PMID- 6720090 TI - [Determination of carbohydrates in foods in the ppm range using high performance liquid chromatography with UV detection. II]. AB - After derivatization (benzoylation) it is possible to determine carbohydrates (mono- to tetrasaccharides) in foods by normal phase as well by reversed phase HPLC. The method shows high selectivity and high sensitivity. The detection limit for sucrose is 0.2 ppm respectively 2 ng (normal phase) and 0.3 ppm respectively 3 ng (reversed phase). For clean up a maximum of 8 min and an additional 70 min rest period are necessary. PMID- 6720091 TI - [Contribution of linoleic acid to the bitter taste of poppy seeds (Papaver somniferum)]. AB - In lipids isolated from poppy seeds which tasted "burning-bitter" the off-taste was associated with the free fatty acids fraction. In this fraction linoleic acid predominates, while oxidized fatty acids were among the minor constituents. The taste threshold of linoleic acid emulsified in water with monolinolein lies in the range of 4.0-6.0 mumol/ml. On the basis of its high concentration and relatively low taste threshold we conclude that free linoleic acid contributes significantly to the "burning-bitter" off-taste in poppy seeds. PMID- 6720092 TI - Dietary selenium intake in Belgium. AB - The estimation of the dietary selenium intake in Belgium has been carried out. Average concentration levels in different food classes, as determined by hydride generation atomic absorption spectrometry are used combined with dietary consumption records or production, importation and exportation statistics. Analysis of duplicate meals has been used as an alternative evaluation method. Dietary intake of selenium in Belgium is discussed and compared with intakes published for other different countries. PMID- 6720093 TI - [Elucidation and chemical identification of a heart strength and heart rate increasing substance from human kidney extracts]. AB - Bioassays involving the measurement of cardioactivity have been used in the past to determine glycoside concentration in post-mortem specimens following glycoside poisoning. This paper describes the presence of a cardioactive principle in alcoholic extracts of kidney that could interfere with these bioassays and which has been identified as tyramine. For the analysis of tyramine a combination of purification methods was employed, including cation exchange with Sephadex CM C 25, gel filtration and HPLC. Detection was achieved using mass spectrometry after careful cation-exchange treatment. The fragmentation pattern with and without prior formation of the TFA-derivative corresponded to that tyramine. IR and UV spectra also indicated the presence of tyramine. Under suitable experimental conditions, positive inotropic and positive chronotropic effects on the right guinea-pig atrium and positive inotropic effect on the left guinea-pig atrium produced by the kidney extract can be shown to differ from those cardiac glycosides. These investigations bring into question earlier court decisions made in legal processes which have been based upon the results of bioassays for the evaluation of cardiac glycoside toxicity. PMID- 6720095 TI - [Growth behavior of the blue blowfly Calliphora vicina maggots]. AB - Fifty-three clusters of blowfly eggs of the genus Calliphora vicina were observed in the laboratory up to the hatching stage under reproducible and virtually field like conditions. Rearing the larvae was then continued up to pupation, the larval growth in length being recorded several times a day. As the object was to study the dependence of the larvae increase in length on the temperature conditions in vitro, the substratal humidity and food supply were kept unchanged during the entire study. The temperature ranged from 6.5 degrees C to 35 degrees C, with the temperature for the individual cluster kept constant during the entire developmental process. Data on about 5500 measured larvae were statistically evaluated. The basic result established was that in the case of the blowfly of the genus Calliphora vicina in vivo, all developmental stages relevant to the entomologic determination of the time of death depend on the temperature conditions: (1) the duration of the egg stage increases with decreasing temperature; (2) the speed of larval growth is slower at lower temperatures; (3) the maximal larval length is reached earlier at higher temperatures; (4) the mean value of maximal length decreases with increasing temperature; (5) larvae under all temperature conditions decrease in size after having reached their maximal length, the decrease in length being more rapid at higher temperatures; (6) constant temperatures over 30 degrees C lead to "stunted forms" which do not pupate and die; (7) constant temperatures under approximately 16 degrees C after the peak of growth has been reached inhibit the readiness to pupate, which causes the larvae to fall into a stationary state of rest, which will be interrupted only when the temperature is raised and resumption of the metamorphosis is thus induced. To allow rapid reconstruction of the larval age in general practice, the established growth data were set out in the form of a diagram designated isomegalendiagram, which permits temperature-fluctuation-related entomologic determination of the time of death with a maximum degree of accuracy. PMID- 6720094 TI - Lowered cold tolerance in cold-acclimated and non-acclimated guinea pigs treated with diazepam. AB - The effects of the clinically most commonly used minor tranquilizer, diazepam, on the survival time and on the mechanism of death in non-acclimated and cold acclimated guinea pigs in severe cold exposure (-20 degrees C) were studied. Cold acclimation for 2 months increased the average survival time from 4 h to 10 h. The lowest rectal temperature at death (14.6 degrees C) was seen in the cold acclimated animals. Diazepam at a dose of 5 or 15 mg/kg i.p. 30 min before the beginning of the exposure reduced dose-dependently the cold endurance of both cold-acclimated and non-acclimated guinea pigs. The serum glucose and free fatty acid concentrations were low in the animals with the long survival time. Histological studies of liver, kidney, and adrenal glands showed no specific changes. Exposure seemed to increase the frequency of contraction bands and to decrease focally the intensity of beta-hydroxybutyrate dehydrogenase reaction in the myocardium, which indicates a mild hypoxic lesion of the muscle cells. PMID- 6720096 TI - [Iatrogenic histopathological findings. A systematic compilation]. AB - A series of drugs and diagnostic agents are deposited (mostly in a metabolized form) in various human organs or cause characteristic histological pictures there. These iatrogenic alterations can frequently be recognized even after a short time and can be demonstrated for varying lengths of time. They may become relevant in various respects in terms of forensic medicine: (1) as an aid to identification in unknown cadavers or cadaver parts, (2) in establishing iatrogenic damage, (3) as an evaluation of findings in sudden and unexpected death from natural causes, and (4) in problems of insurance law with regard to morphological demonstration of chronic drug abuse, especially abuse of analgesics. In a systematic review broken down according to organs, a series of these drugs or diagnostic agents are presented with the morphological alterations they caused, the methods of histological demonstration and the duration of identifiability. PMID- 6720097 TI - [Toxicological aspects of fatal chloroquine poisoning over a period of several days]. AB - The anti-inflammatory and antimalarial drug chloroquine is said to be one of the most frequently used drugs to commit suicide in the Orient and Far East. After the ingestion of large amounts of this 4-amino-chinoline derivate, signs of cardiac conduction disturbances are evidence of cardiotoxic action. For clinical treatment, hemoperfusion by activated charcoal has rather than hemodialysis proved to be partly effective for the removal of the toxic substance. Following a suicidal overdose of chloroquine tablets in a 13-year-old boy, we could confirm the efficiency of hemoperfusion by continued toxicologic examinations. The total elimination was nevertheless slow. Due to high postmortem concentrations in the blood and tissues, we believe that chloroquine is deposited and especially concentrated in the reticulohistiocytary system of the liver. Death after 5 days of clinical treatment in this case may be referred to as the first cardiac arrest with irreversible hypoxic damage of the brain. PMID- 6720098 TI - Evidence for a "new" allele at the esterase D (E.C. 3.1.1.1.) locus. AB - An apparently new EsD gene product (EsD*Dusseldorf) was detected by use of horizontal agarose gel electrophoresis (AGE), starch gel electrophoresis (SGE), and isoelectric focusing (IEF). The observed phenotype EsD (1-Dusseldorf) can be distinguished from any known EsD type. PMID- 6720099 TI - [Age-dependent changes in the intestinal contents of blowfly maggots--a study method in the framework of forensic determination of the time of death]. AB - Maggots of the forensically important blowfly species Calliphora vicina were reared under three different temperature conditions. They were fed food containing insoluable contrast medium. Subsequent radiological examinations proved that the maggots stopped eating immediately upon attaining their maximum length. During the course of their subsequent development, the anterior intestine always remains empty. The evaluation of intestinal filling in blowfly maggots represents an efficient method of determining larval age in establishing time of death. PMID- 6720100 TI - [Blood destruction in pulmonary alveoli: signs of vitality and determination of survival time]. AB - Lungs from 26 cases were examined in which blood was present as a result of a gunshot wound, a stab wound, or aspiration. Signs of vitality and of a time dependent reaction sequence were evaluated to determine survival time. Only those morphologic criteria were considered that could be obtained on paraffin sections. In addition to H & E staining, siderin was identified with the Prussian blue reaction and the activities were determined of tartrate-resistant acid phosphatase, as macrophage marker, and naphthol AS-D chloracetate esterase, as granulocyte marker. The following criteria were evaluated: granulocyte emigration, erythrocyte adherence to the surface of macrophages, macrophage ingestion of erythrocytes, and determination of siderin as indicator of intracellular erythrocyte digestion. Adherence was also observed in those cases that did not survive. The initial sign of vitality was granulocyte emigration, which was observed for the first time after a survival time of 5 min. Erythrophages were found after a survival time of 30 min at least, siderophages after 17 h at the earliest. Literature dealing with vitality and age determination, as well as the pathogenesis of the reaction sequence, is discussed. PMID- 6720101 TI - [Brain stem hemorrhage from capillary telangiectasis--a substrate of sudden death from natural causes]. AB - Pontine haematomas because of capillary telangiectasis must be considered a rare condition. This report deals with autopsies of five such cases. In two of these there was rapid loss of consciousness and/or immediate death, as established by circumstantial evidence. These haematomas proved-- in the estimation of the authors--to be lethal. The two other cases had uremia, and the possibility is discussed that these haemorrhages could be a terminal, concomitant feature of this underlying disease. Whatever significance the brain-stem haemorrhages may have, however attention must be given to these morphological findings in cases of sudden natural death. For the forensic investigator it is also important to know that capillary telangiectasis could be the cause of an accident. PMID- 6720102 TI - [2-stage rupture of the liver as a complication of external heart massage]. AB - A delayed rupture of the liver after resuscitation is reported. In the case of a 27-year-old woman, pulmonary embolism was followed by asystolia, which was remedied by external cardiac massage. This procedure caused ruptures of the liver, which first led to the formation of a subcapsular hematoma and 5 1/2 hours later, due to a secondary rupture of the capsule, led to internal bleeding and death. Degenerative changes of the parenchyma cells in the vicinity of the rupture were recognized, as well as fibrin separations on the detached Glisson's capsule, as signs of a survival period of several hours. Histological investigation of the lungs revealed a hepatocellular embolism and--in the absence of rib or sternum fractures--fat and bone-marrow embolisms. The morphological findings are discussed with reference to pertinent reports in the literature. PMID- 6720103 TI - [Limitations of the post mortem determination of intravital soft-tissue hemorrhages long after death]. AB - Under experimental conditions we investigated the influence of various environmental conditions and different temperatures on extravasated blood in the galea for varying time periods. At 30 degrees C it took 5-6 days before we could no longer histologically identify either red blood corpuscles or hemoglobin. At 4 degrees C and 18 degrees C we succeeded in making the identification for a considerably longer time. The various environmental conditions selected had no essential influence at any temperature. The forensic application of these results is discussed using an actual case as an example. PMID- 6720104 TI - [Significance of the putrefactive bacterium Clostridium sordellii for the determination of age of the cadaver]. AB - The method of determining postmortal interval by means of the content of ABU, GABA and GLU in putrefied postmortem brain is based on the speed of spreading, the metabolism and the growth of certain clostridia. The experiments have shown that the fecal bacteria can reach the brain in a few days. The significance of this temperature-dependent invasion ability of the bacteria for the determination of the age of the corpse is discussed. PMID- 6720105 TI - [Significance of the microscopic study of medium-sized and small branches of the pulmonary artery in the diagnosis of air embolism]. AB - Histomorphological demonstration of an air embolism in the blood of the right chamber of the heart can be altered as a result of the influence of barbiturates, during reanimation, the cause of which is an air embolism in the pulmonary circulation or in injuries to the lungs. PMID- 6720106 TI - [Histopathologic findings in fresh myocardial injuries. Contribution to vital reactions]. AB - Histopathological findings are demonstrated, which arose in 17 myocardial injuries. The injuries concerned were nine stab wounds, six gunshot wounds, one contusion, and one rupture. Initial coagulation necrosis, contraction banding, and sarcoplasmatic vacuoles could be observed, not only intravitally but also supravitally . These changes could be seen much earlier than in cases exclusively restricted to ischemic damage. When a leucocytic reaction occurs at the same time, a longer survival time is indicated. PMID- 6720107 TI - [Fatal E 605 poisoning following intravenous administration]. AB - Lethal toxification by organophosphate insecticides like E-605 are mostly the result of oral ingestion for the purpose of suicide or accidental ingestion by inhalation. An unusual case is reported of E-605 poisoning by injection into the basilic vein. Referring to this case, our findings on distribution of the noxa are presented and discussed. PMID- 6720108 TI - [Unusual Gm-haplotypes possibly due to crossing over]. AB - Four cases are introduced with unusual Gm-haplotypes. Their possible origin is discussed as being either intra- and intergenic or unequal cross over. The last case shows deletions of either y1 or y3 -cistrons due to unequal cross over. PMID- 6720109 TI - [Significance of recent morphologic investigative methods in legal medicine]. AB - This paper reports on the development, technical improvements, and problems occurring in the application of new morphological techniques--mainly electron microscopy (SEM and TEM)--in legal medicine. By means of examples, preparation techniques are explained with regard to the problems involved and artifact interference caused by unsuitable preparations. The increasing automatization of sample preparation and examination and the progress in microelectronics have together brought about a reduction in personnel costs and increased efficiency of the instruments, as well as a reduction in prices. The question of costs is discussed. Anyone using these techniques must have considerable experience. PMID- 6720110 TI - [Experimental studies of skull fractures in infants]. AB - According to pediatric statements, falls from a standing position may cause skull fractures in infants without specific symptoms. Nearly every infant has at some time fallen from the changing table or the baby carriage, etc. From the forensic aspect it is the duty of experts to discuss the "battered child syndrome." Evidence given by the defendants concerning the height of the fall are unreliable. Experimental test series concerned with the stumbling height (82 cm in free fall) and three various types of floor-stone, carpet, and foam-backed linoleum -were carried out. In each case skull fractures were seen. In three cases the fractures crossed the sutures. CONCLUSIONS: (1) Each fall of an infant from the height of a table may cause a skull fracture, which may lead to death; (2) when child mishandling is suspected, all circumstances must be taken into consideration. PMID- 6720111 TI - Determination of p-nitrophenol in serum and urine by enzymatic and non-enzymatic conjugate hydrolysis and HPLC. Application after parathion intoxication. AB - In connection with the toxicologic analysis of a number of parathion intoxications a method for determination of free and conjugated forms of p nitrophenol (p-NP) as the main metabolite of parathion in blood and urine was established. Quantification of conjugates is based on their hydrolysis followed by detection of p-NP using a sensitive HPLC method. Hydrolysis of both p-NP glucuronide and p-NP-sulfate is performed by specific enzymes and also by mineral acid, the latter is also found to be highly selective under definite conditions. The two hydrolysis methods applied showed a good correlation. The levels of free and conjugated p-NP in series of blood and urine samples were established after survival from two parathion intoxications. The individual levels of p-NP-sulfate and p-NP-glucuronide in both cases are discussed in respect of results made by other authors in this field. PMID- 6720112 TI - [Prevention of the recurrence of superficial bladder cancer]. AB - A report is given on recidive prophylaxis in connection with 204 superficial urothelial tumours (pTa and pT1 ) of the urinary bladder. 30 patients received postoperative Betatron or Telekobalt irradiation. The relapse rate was 53%. 24 patients were given a local active unspecific immunotherapy with BCG. The relapse rate was 50%. 48 patients received a local and systematic therapy with vitamin A. The relapse rate was 63%. 102 patients underwent local instillation therapy with Adriamycin. The relapse rate was 27%. The results are classified according to the clinical manifestation (isolated or multifocal tumour, primary or recidive tumour), the infiltration (pTa or pT1 ) and the degree of dedifferentiation of the tumours and discussed in the light of the literature. PMID- 6720113 TI - [Behavior of the mucosa of the large intestine following definite urinary diversion]. AB - Multiple biopsies of the mucous and submucous membranes were taken from 50 patients with definitive diversion of urine using the large intestine and evaluated. The varying behaviour of the membranes in connection with uretero- sigmoidostomies , cysto- sigmoidostomies and rectal bladders is discussed. The reactions of the mucous membrane in connection with uretero-intestinal anastomosis are time-dependent. The most serious changes in the mucous membrane occurred in connection with rectal bladders. PMID- 6720115 TI - [WELS/Fohm--a new inbred rat strain. I. Biochemical and hematological parameters- comparison with a Shoe colony breed: WIST rats]. PMID- 6720114 TI - [Diagnostic and therapeutic attempts in so-called progressive dialysis encephalopathy]. AB - 57 patients from a chronic intermittent haemodialysis programme underwent 198 EEG examinations over a period of 5 years with follow-up. The results show that regular EEG examinations allow incipient dialysis encephalopathy to be recognized already at the pre-clinical stage. Whereas therapeutic measures always had no effect on the full clinical picture of dialysis encephalopathy and all patients died, in all but one case lengthening the dialysis time prevented the syndrome from reaching the clinical stage and in 6 cases EEG changes were reversed. PMID- 6720116 TI - Ionic composition of bile in young and adult rats. PMID- 6720117 TI - [A photocapacitive method for registration of vertical and horizontal components of spontaneous motor activity in rats]. PMID- 6720118 TI - [Experimental surgery in miniature swine MINI-LEWE under thiobarbiturate anesthesia]. PMID- 6720119 TI - [Experiences with partial tongue resection in miniature swine as an indication for experimental studies of mandibular growth]. PMID- 6720120 TI - [Can traffic safety at the onset of twilight be improved?]. PMID- 6720121 TI - [Physiologic effects of wearing underwear]. PMID- 6720122 TI - [Identification of occupation-induced detriments to health as the task of occupational medicine epidemiology]. PMID- 6720123 TI - A mosquito-virulent Bacillus sphaericus in adult Simulium damnosum from northern Nigeria. AB - From newly emerged adult Simulium damnosum from Kaduna River, Northern Nigeria, a mosquito-virulent strain of Bacillus sphaericus was isolated. In another four cases non-virulent B. sphaericus were present. The isolate exerted a LC50 of 50 spores/ml for Culex pipiens L4-larvae and was less virulent for Anopheles stephensi (400 sp/ml) and Aedes aegypti (800 sp/ml). PMID- 6720124 TI - [Preoperative examinations by internists before reoperation]. AB - Special attention should be focused upon the cardiopulmonary system and the liver function as well. The concomitant medical therapy in the pre-, intra- and postoperative phase has to be adapted to the patients actual requirements in order to avoid undesirable side-effects due to toxic plasma levels of the admitted drugs. PMID- 6720125 TI - [Morphological assessment of the adaptation process in the small intestine after jejunoileostomy for extreme obesity]. AB - The paper presents the author's experiments performed for examining the morphological adaptation in the intestinal loop, preserved for the food passage after jejunoileostomy for extreme obesity. Macro-, micro-, and ultramicroscopic examinations were carried out in 20 patients. A characteristic elongation and hypertrophy of the active intestinal loop, thickening of its wall (especially mucosa), hypertrophy and elongation of the intestinal villi as well as reduction of the mucous cells could be observed. The enzymatic activity of the mucous membrane could be found to be increased in the active part of the jejunum too. In the author's opinion the observed changes clearly demonstrate the transient character of those metabolic disturbances which develop after producing the artificial short gut syndrome. PMID- 6720126 TI - [Thyroid function after peritoneal lavage with polivinylpyrrolidone-iodine solution in diffuse peritonitis]. AB - In 36 patients, intraoperative peritoneal lavage with PVP-iodine solution (26 patients) or with the iodine free chemotherapeutic agent Taurolin (10 patients) was performed because of peritonitis. Total iodine serum levels increased considerably after peritoneal lavage with PVP-iodine. In the early postoperative phase, the resorbed iodine was mostly present as iodide in serum. Iodine serum values returned to normal after 30 days. A decrease in T4 and T3 could be observed with a concomitant reciprocal increase of rT3 in the acute phase of peritonitis. Normalization of the thyroid hormone took place after 8 days. A stronger increase in T4 occurred temporarily in 2 of 5 patients known to have thyroid function disorders. These changes in thyroid hormone may also be considered as the consequence of the severe primary disease. Normalization of hormone values was clearly delayed after PVP iodine lavage. The possible risk of an iodine-induced thyrotoxicosis after intraperitoneal application of PVP-iodine is pointed out, and objections are made to using this therapy. PMID- 6720127 TI - [Surgery of the gallbladder and bile ducts in the aged]. AB - From 1972 to 1981, 806 patients suffering from diseases of the bile ducts were seen at our Dept. 20% of them were over 70 years of age. Mortality rate, types of surgery, complications and causes of death are dealt with in detail. All the facts given demonstrate the necessity of early surgical intervention in case of surgical diseases of the bile ducts. PMID- 6720128 TI - [Gastric surgery in the aged]. AB - Because of continuous progression of age surgery of the aged has become a main problem especially in gastric surgery. 282 cases of more than 70 years old patients undergoing gastric operations between 1964 and 1981 are analyzed. There is a majority of emergency operations (62%), only 16% of the ulcer operations were elective. This caused a high mortality rate (total over 40%) compared with 10% in the elective group. Better results could be obtained by a higher elective rate, i.e. earlier diagnosis. PMID- 6720129 TI - [10 years of ambulatory surgery--results of a patient survey]. AB - From 1973 to 1982, 1047 outpatients underwent surgery in our outpatient department. 601 answered a questionnaire concerning their estimation and satisfaction of outpatient surgery. In 91.8% the answer was positive and in favour of outpatient surgery. PMID- 6720130 TI - [Rare variants of chronic granulomatous disease with solitary manifestation in the liver]. PMID- 6720131 TI - [Spontaneous rectal perforation with prolapse of the small intestine]. PMID- 6720132 TI - [Kallocryl Cf.: a means to better visualization of anal fistulas during surgery]. PMID- 6720133 TI - [Surgical therapy of malignant soft tissue tumors]. AB - Soft-tissue sarcomas are rare neoplasms originating from the extraskeletal connective tissues of the body. The GTNM-system is recommended for clinical staging. The most effective treatment are radical surgery and the combination of limited surgical removal and high-dose irradiation. In the management of soft tissue sarcomas of the extremities the isolated hyperthermic perfusion is a successful adjuvant to excision for saving a tumour bearing limb. PMID- 6720134 TI - [Gas gangrene--still a diagnostic and therapeutic problem]. AB - From 1970 to 1980 132 patients were admitted to our Dept. under the diagnosis of gas gangrene. In 54 cases there was no bacteriological evidence of clostridium perfringens. In all patients surgery was performed immediately, followed by hyperbaric oxygen therapy. The overall mortality rate among 78 patients with proven gas gangrene came up to 38%, the amputation after limb injuries to 55%. In our experience we can not state a clear cut advantage of hyperbaric oxygenation as far as the death rate is concerned. PMID- 6720135 TI - [Operative treatment of metastasis related pathologic and incipient fractures of the extremities]. AB - From January 1, 1968 to December 31, 1982 50 metastatic and 18 incipient pathological fractures of the humerus and femur were stabilized by Rush-pins, medullary nailing, A0-plates or endoprostheses. In this palliative management of pathological fractures methyl-metacylate (Pallacos) turned out to be a successful adjunct used in most of our cases. The results obtained demonstrate a mean survival time between 9 to 12 months. Only in cases of inoperability, surgical therapy has to be omitted. The functional use of the affected extremities could be restored in 81% (metastases of the lower extremity), in 75% with metastases of the humerus. Roughly 90% of our patients were relieved of pain. PMID- 6720136 TI - [Cranio-cerebral injury and intraocular pressure]. AB - In 102 patients with cranio-cerebral trauma the intra-ocular pressure was measured. Values of the intra-ocular pressure showed a falling tendency in patients with grade-I trauma during the first 5 days. On the 30th day normal values had been regained. In grade-II and III traumata starting readings were lower and rose again about 3 days after the injury. In no case a glaucoma could be traced. In 4 patients with grade III cranio-cerebral trauma the reaction of the intraocular pressure is similar to that occurring before death. PMID- 6720137 TI - [Mechanical ileus as a complication of a fracture of the anterior pelvic ring]. PMID- 6720138 TI - [Peritoneal irrigation in the diagnosis of intra-abdominal organ injuries in blunt thoracic injuries]. PMID- 6720139 TI - [Knee joint articulation--alternative to distal femoral amputations in arterial occlusive disease stage III and IV]. PMID- 6720140 TI - [Individual health-damaging behavior--extent and importance]. AB - On the occasion of the World Health Day 1983 an appeal was again made to everybody's responsibility for the observance of health-promoting attitudes. On the national scale, numerous institutions have started long ago to concern themselves with the tasks of health education. In accordance with the definition laid down for the unhealthy behavior of individual persons, the most important types of health-compromising activities such as abuse of stimulants, habit forming substances, pharmaceuticals and drugs are dealt with. Here allowance has been made for essential clinical and economic aspects to allow the consequences resulting from attitudes injurious to health to be assessed. Moreover, various health-damaging recreational pursuits are described and the medical terms from modern international literature are provided to permit compilation of a list of the diseases caused by leisure pursuits. In view of the significant incidence of degenerative cardio-vascular diseases and frequent metabolic disorders, the principle of risk factor evaluation is explained. For a systematic presentation of the spectrum of potentially health-damaging attitudes, the concept of exposure, load and stress is recommended as an approach which has already proved its worth in industrial medicine oriented toward the prevention of injuries to health. In the discussion of the consequences deriving from a health-damaging behavior of an individual, allowance is also made for social-medical aspects and recent court decisions. PMID- 6720141 TI - Toxicity of nickel for mammalian cells in culture. AB - The effects of nickel chloride were studied in two human cell lines, HeLa and diploid embryonic fibroblasts, as well as in V79 Chinese hamster cells and in L-A mouse fibroblasts. NiCl2 produces a dose-dependent depression of proliferation and mitotic rate. Effects on viability are accompanied by an increasing release of the intracellular enzyme lactic dehydrogenase. Lactic acid production is stimulated. The plating efficiency is reduced, as are DNA and protein synthesis and, to a lesser degree, RNA synthesis. Comparing these results with those of previous studies of the cytotoxicity of other heavy metals in the same test systems, similar effects are observed though with different intensities and slight differences between the cell lines employed. As regards lethal effects (LC50) the following rank order of cytotoxicity can be established: Ni2+ approximately equal to Pb2+ less than Mn2+ less than Hg2+ less than Cd2+; as regards growth inhibition the same rank order is observed as in the case of the LC50 in HeLa and human fibroblasts, but in L-A cells Ni2+ is more inhibitive than the other metal ions listed above with the exception of Cd2+. With respect to colony formation NiCl2 is less effective than PbCl2, MnCl2, and CdCl2. NiCl2 effects in serum-free medium are much faster and more severe than in medium containing serum or serum albumin indicating that serum constituents, notably albumin, bind the metal effectively and inhibit cellular uptake; this confirms reports of other authors on the serum binding and slow uptake of NiCl2. Synchronized cells are most sensitive in the G1 and early S phases of the cell cycle. Together with the finding that thymidine incorporation is affected to a considerable degree this contributes an explanation of the known genotoxic effects of nickel. PMID- 6720142 TI - [Cadmium content of whole blood of inhabitants from various regions of Bavaria]. AB - The blood Cd-concentration of 670 inhabitants of cities and rural districts (386 children, 175 men and 109 women) was measured by electrothermal atomic absorption spectrometry. The cadmium levels ranged from 0.3 micrograms Cd/1 to 7.3 micrograms Cd/1 blood with a median value of 0.9 micrograms Cd/1. Splitting up the whole collective according to the different living areas, the inhabitants of Munchen, Neustadt and Nurnberg suburbs showed medians between 0.8 and 0.9 micrograms Cd/l blood. Higher medians (1.4 and 1.2 micrograms/l blood) have been calculated for the people living in Weiden and Nurnberg central area. The measured levels and medians correspond with the results of the newer national and international literature. There is no correlation of cadmium levels in blood and age or sex. The median for non smoking women and for children comes to 0.9 and for non smoking men to 0.8 micrograms Cd/l blood. The cadmium concentrations in blood are significantly higher in smokers than in nonsmokers. The group of nonsmokers shows a median of 0.9 micrograms Cd/l, for smokers consuming 20 cigarettes or less a day there is a median of 1.7 micrograms Cd/l while the group smoking more than 20 cigarettes a day has a median value of 2.50 micrograms Cd/l. Except one value all levels higher than 2.50 micrograms Cd/l belong to the group of smokers. The feasibility of blood cadmium analysis for biological screening of population with regard to environmental exposure is discussed. PMID- 6720143 TI - [Setting up an infection control system]. AB - The present paper deals with the manifestations of nosocomial infections. According to a study by Daschner et al. (18) 4,4% of all hospitalized patients contract nosocomial infections. These have negative effects on the process of recovery and present a great economical burden. The specific problem of hospital infections is compounded of the appearance of polyresistant germs arising from incorrect therapy, the unfavourable immune situation of patients at risk, and the invasive medicotechnical treatment of these patients, such as especially transuretral catheters, intubations, tracheotomies, and the application of venous catheters. As the most important sources of infection the faeces of patients and staff as well as moist places must be mentioned. Germs are transferred from here to the patients predominantly via the hands of the medical staff. An important basis for the improvement of the hygienical situation is provided by infection statistics. This paper presents two and examines them for their significance and feasibility. For model A 500 patients of a medical intensive ward were analysed prospectively in summer 1978. Besides microbiological data a great number of patients' parameters such as disposition, kind and quality of medical operations etc. were taken into account. For model B the microbiological findings of 3952 patients of 4 intensive wards were compiled retrospectively. Results of the comparison: Model A is indispensable for defined questions in the area of hospital hygiene, but requires considerable efforts in terms of time and money. Model B can be employed for the longterm control of the frequencies of infection and changes of resistance from already existing reports and does not require considerable additional means. In view of the extensive material it is advisable to process the data electronically. Results of the infection statistics (Modell B): An average infection rate of 16% was determined. Most frequent were infections of the respiratory tract (43%) followed by infections of the urinary tract (29%), blood (13%) and wounds (14%). The most important germs were fungi, Pseudomonas, E. coli, Klebsiella, Proteus, Enterococci, Staph. aureus, and Staph. albus. In the discussion the results are compared with findings in the current literature. Special attention is given to the definition of the terms infection and hospital infection and other problems influencing comparability. In a final statement the importance of environmental examinations and the role of pathology for infection control are treated. PMID- 6720144 TI - [The problem of Salmonella contamination of untreated dried products in the food industry]. AB - The bacteriological examination of 357 specimens of untreated dried food products in the period 1980-1983 revealed a Salmonella contamination of 29 samples (8.1%). Herbs and spices were positive in 6.7%, teas in 5.3%, dried vegetables (except asparagus) in 2.9%, dried mushrooms in 6.8%, and dried asparagus products in 22.9%. On the other hand, salmonellae were not isolated from 366 specimens which had previously been treated by ethylene oxide. The possible causes of primary or secondary contamination in the countries of origin are discussed in view of East Asian fungi and asparagus products. The high degree of Salmonella contamination requires a decontamination of at least herbs, spices and instant products. Irradiation with ionizing rays is not permitted by law in most countries. Ethylene oxide treatment is actually under discussion within the European Community, and its future restriction to herbs and spices, or even a definite ban of its application because of eventual chemical residues or reaction products, appears likely. This, however, would engender a health hazard due to infective organisms which cannot be accepted. PMID- 6720146 TI - [Noise--a stress factor in occupational and other environments]. AB - The effects of noise on health can be divided into aural effects and extraaural effects. The following review describes - after some historical remarks - first the physical and technical basis of noise analysis. The definition of "equivalent continuous sound level" (Lm) and "rating sound level" (Lr) is given. Extraaural noise effects mainly come from the environment (traffic noise, construction noise on building sites). One must distinguish physical and vegetative reactions. An important extraaural effect is the disturbance of sleep. The objectivation and quantification of extraaural effects of noise on health is very difficult because there exist a lot of disturbing factors. The most important aural effect of noise on health is the occupational hearing loss. To assess these effects, information about physiology, pathophysiology and clinical indications of noise induced labyrinthine deafness is necessary. As examples results of investigations into the effect of noise on arc welders, professional musicians and building workers are presented. Generation of noise should be minimised by technical methods, exposure to noise by personal protection. The methods for occupational medical check-up of the employment accident insurance fund are specially mentioned. The results of these preventive procedures can be seen in the decreasing numbers of occupational hearing loss. PMID- 6720145 TI - Staphylococci isolated from abscesses in slaughtered animals: characterization and epidemiological studies. AB - A total of 71 strains of Gram positive, catalase positive cocci were isolated from 112 abscesses observed during inspection of slaughtered animals (sheep, cattle, pigs and goats). On the basis of lysostaphin sensitivity, all strains were identified as staphylococci. However, 4 of them did not ferment glucose anaerobically. Classification at the species level was accomplished by complete characterization of the strains. Amongst the 35 coagulase positive isolates, 30 were classified as S. aureus, 2 as S. intermedius and 3 could not be classified. Of the 36 coagulase negative cultures, 1 was classed as S. hyicus subsp. hyicus, 3 as S. simulans, 2 as S. haemolyticus, 5 as S. hominis, 3 as S. epidermidis, 2 as S. capitis, 3 as S. warneri, 4 as S. xylosus, 1 as S. cohnii and 1 as S. saprophyticus. The remaining 11 strains could not be classified. Seventeen of the 30 S. aureus strains belonged to biotype C, 7 were classified as intermediate (shared properties of biotypes A and C), 3 as similar to bitype C, 1 as similar to biotype A and 2 could not be biotyped. Twelve of the 16 biotype C strains showed characteristic properties of ovine S. aureus. The number of strains lysed by phages of human and bovine origin was 11 and 18, respectively. As many as 25 strains (23 S. aureus and 2 coagulase positive, unclassified cultures) produced enterotoxins. The enterotoxins produced were: C (14 strains), D (2 strains), A (1 strain), E (1 strain), A + C (1 strain) and A + D (6 strains). A good correlation between the type of enterotoxin produced, biotype and phage type was observed. PMID- 6720147 TI - [Effect of a weak magnetic field on the course of an acute inflammation in the rat]. AB - To determine the influence of weak magnetic field on the development of inflammations, a non-specific acute inflammation was induced in rats by subcutaneous injection of sterile SEPHADEX-gel in the lower dorsal quadrants. The magnetic field applied had a strength of 10 Gauss (equivalent to 20 times the magnetic field of the earth), rectangular curve and a frequency of 10 Hz. Following a field exposure of 2 and 3 days, cytological and biochemical analyses of the blood and inflammatory exudate were performed. Parameters were leucocytes and proteins in the blood and in the focus of inflammation as well as blood electrolytes. The protein values in the focus of inflammation of the control animals remained unchanged on the second and third day whereas in the animals exposed to the magnetic field, they increased from the second to the third day. In the blood similar effects could be seen, but they were not as pronounced. We conclude from these data that the magnetic field causes an increased exudation of serum proteins in the focus of inflammation. The cellular component remains unchanged. PMID- 6720148 TI - [Quantitative monitoring of microorganisms in incoming air of air conditioning systems in hospitals]. AB - In eight hospitals the quantity of microorganisms in the supply air of air conditioning systems was determined. A Reuter-Centrifugal-Sampler (by Biotest, Frankfurt) sampled 160 litres of air in four minutes and blew the particles with microorganisms on a culture medium (GKA-medium, by Biotest, Frankfurt). The Agar was breeded for 48 hours at 37 degrees C. The colonic-forming-units were counted and transformed to a volume of a cubic meter (CFU/m3). - In other publications you can find determinations of microorganisms in the supply air for operating theatres up to 15 CFU/m3. We found up to 40 CFU/m3 in the supply air after three step filtration (with an high efficiency filter) and 20-85 CFU/m3 after two step filtration. - The recommendations of other authors and some directives say that in the supply air up to 10 CFU/m3 are acceptable. According to our experiences the supply air should not contain more than 10 CFU/m3 after a 3-step-filtration and not more than 50 CFU/m3 after a 2-step-filtration. Otherwise the function of the air conditioning system should be controlled and the maintenance, too. - We think that according to the different requirements in hygiene a supply air with less than 10 CFU/m3 in the mean allows an unlimited use of the air conditioned room, while mean values up to 50 CFU/m3 are acceptable for normal operating rooms and other rooms, except for operating rooms with special hygienic requirements as for example for transplantation, arthroplasty, heart-operations (corresponds to II. and III. classification of rooms, DIN 1946/4). - Values up to 150 CFU/m3 are acceptable for rooms with normal hygienic requirements for supply air (III. classification of rooms, DIN 1946/4) and for labour-, intensive-care, newborn- and infant rooms. PMID- 6720149 TI - [Acanthamoebae, Naegleria and other free-living Amoebae in cooling and rinsing water of dental treatment units]. AB - 215 water samples were taken from 49 dental treatment units and investigated for the existence of free-living amoebae. In all water-carrying systems of the dental treatment units it was possible to verify the incidence of one or more amoeba species. In 8.2 per cent of the units Naegleria species was found and in 12.2 per cent Acanthamoeba species was present. Seven Naegleria and six Acanthamoeba strains (2 A. castellanii and 4 A. polyphaga) were isolated. From samples originating from 12 dental treatment units (DTU) another 42 amoeba strains were isolated which consisted of 14 different species within 9 classes. Among them Vannella mira (in 19 per cent of samples) and Hartmannella vermiformis (10.6 per cent) were found to be the most frequent species, followed by H. cantabrigensis (9.5 per cent), V. platypodia, Platyamoeba stenopodia and V. simplex (7.1 per cent each). In 10 per cent of samples monotrichous and bitrichous flagellates such as the Bodo species were found, whereas two samples contained ova, larvae and adult free-living nematodes. Among the isolated Naegleria strains no thermophilic strain was present. Consequently they belong to the N. gruberi complex. Among the Acanthamoebae five of the six strains were thermophilic. All strains were investigated for pathogenic properties by means of the mice inoculation test. Two strains proved pathogenic - it was possible to isolate them from the brain and lung of dead mice. Another two strains proved to have invasive properties because they were isolated from the brain of infected animals; however, they did not give rise to disease or death of the respective animals. Supplementary microbiological tests demonstrated the existence of bacteria and fungi in 84 per cent of dental treatment units. Pseudomonas spec. were detected in 75% of dental units, Serratia marcescens in 2% and fungi in nearly 3%. 58.3% of all water samples contained total germ counts of more than 100/ml. PMID- 6720150 TI - [A dust generator for inhalation experiments in a high-pressure chamber]. AB - The health effect of inhalable dust particles at working places is predominantly related to "normal" conditions (i.e. temperature = 20 degrees C, atmospheric pressure = 1013 mbar). A probable risk for humans, working in pressurized places (tunnels) raises from modified respiration conditions. An inhalation experiment with rats was performed in a pressurized exposure chamber (1,5 bar). The dust generator was placed in the chamber and consisted of an endless ball-chain, which was lead through a glass-funnel as a dust-store. The average dust concentration ranged between 10 and 14 mg/m3 air. Short-time variations in case of the quartz dust DQ 12 were unavoidable. PMID- 6720151 TI - [Nickel and chromium content of selected human organs and body fluids]. AB - Nickel and chromium analyses were performed in lung and kidney as well as in blood and urine samples of 45 autopsies from northern Bavaria area. The analyses were carried out with electrothermal atomic absorption after wet oxidative digestion. Median metal concentrations in blood were 4.5 micrograms Ni/kg resp. 2.8 micrograms Cr/kg, in urine 2.7 micrograms Ni/kg resp. 4.9 micrograms Cr/kg. The calculated values agree with the metal levels given in the new literature. Median metal concentrations in lung tissue were 7.4 micrograms Ni/kg resp. 36.5 micrograms Cr/kg; in the kidneys medians of 13.9 micrograms Ni/kg resp. 9.6 micrograms Cr/kg are found. In the literature only a few values for comparison are given. The metal concentrations in the different samples were not influenced by age or sex. PMID- 6720152 TI - [New aspects of peritonitis treatment]. AB - Diffuse peritonitis is a dangerous disease still nowadays. Above all endotoxinemia is responsible for the high lethality. The aim of treatment is to eliminate the source of infection by surgical measures, to drainage and eventually to lavage the peritoneal cavity. Further on parenteral application of antibiotics and sufficient liquid supply are recommended. PMID- 6720153 TI - [Carcinoid tumors of the appendix and small intestine as unusual secondary findings during gynecologic operations in and outside of pregnancy]. AB - Report is given on 9 patients suffering from a carcinoid observed at the Department of Gynecology of the Medical Academy of Erfurt from 1963 till 1982: one carcinoid of the small intestine with metastases and abdominal syndrome and eight cases with carcinoid of appendix. Two of these during pregnancy and the carcinoid of small intestine show the difficulties of the differential diagnosis and the possible combinations in face of gynecologic diseases. In 2 cases of carcinoid of the appendix during pregnancy the children didn't show any malformations. On the strength of supervision of the course we think in accordance to the international literature the sole appendectomy will be sufficient. Nevertheless we make demands for a careful investigation and palpation of the appendix in all gynecologic operations and if necessary the appendectomy. PMID- 6720154 TI - [The significance of vaginal fluid substances as growth media in genital mycosis]. AB - By means of thin layer chromatography amino acids, lipids and phospholipids were detected in the vaginal fluids of pregnant and nonpregnant women with and without vaginal yeast colonization. Though pregnancy and/or yeast colonization do not seem to alter qualitatively the spectrum of amino acids and lipids of the vaginal fluid, an influence is supposed of these substances - like that of glucose - on growth and metabolism of the yeasts and on the clinical manifestation of vaginal candidosis. PMID- 6720155 TI - [Low-carat gold intrauterine device for contraception 44 years in the uterus]. AB - We report on a patient who retained a low-carat gold IUD in her uterus for 44 years. The IUD, which may have been hand-made, has one long and one short arm. The long arm lays within the uterine cavity and the short arm protruded from the cervical canal. The intrauterine device was inserted prior to the second World War. Since she tolerated it well, the patient did not seek regular medical check ups. At 80 years of age, she complained of lower abdominal pain and the IUD was removed. The patient is suspected to have an ovarian tumor. PMID- 6720156 TI - [Hematometra formation in the rudimentary unilateral bicornate uterus]. AB - Report on two rare cases of uterus bicornis unolateralis rudimentarius leading to hematometra in the rudimentary horn of the uterus during adolescence. Symptoms, different degrees in severity of the malformation and surgical treatment are described. PMID- 6720157 TI - [Effect of pure sound and vibration on the embryonic development of the mouse]. AB - Studies were conducted about the effects of noise and vibration on the ontogenesis of mouse. Application of noise and vibration was carried out in 340 female mice in the phenocritical phase. The parameters of pure sound were 100 dB and 10.000 Hz. The vibration was carried out with the oscillating velocity of 87,1 mm/s and the oscillating acceleration of 3,45 X 10(4) mm/s2. The duration of noise was 10 hours, of vibration 4 and 8 hours. In an other experiment the animals were exposed to the combination of noise (10 h) and vibration (4 h). 581 fetuses were evaluated by subsequent parameters: Fetal length and weight, placental diameter, resorptions and haematomas. It was concluded that retardations, resorptions and haematomas were results from noise and vibration exposure. A teratogenic effect of these noxes was not evident. Probable the noxes evoked stress reactions in the female animals. Subsequently a constriction of blood vessels impairs the placental function. PMID- 6720158 TI - [Problems of contraception in teenage girls]. AB - 930 female teenagers of 17 years were questioned to their knowledge of contraceptive methods and its use. Nearly 63,6% of the female teenagers with experiences of cohabitation practised no contraception. There is the demand of an increasing attention of contraception under the frame of sexual education of the youth; it's the main point. PMID- 6720159 TI - [Health behavior of pregnant teenagers in early pregnancy]. AB - Considering the number of birth a special problem of "adolescent pregnants" is not presently valid in the GDR. Studying the health behavior however it becomes obvious that there are existing positive and negative differences, as well. On the contraceptive behaviour of adolescents must be set a careless value. The pregnancies therefore are planned more seldom. Adolescent pregnants smoke more frequent than older ones. This is valid before and during pregnancy, as well. Younger and also older pregnants pay only small attention to sporting activities. Younger ones however are more conscious with regard to nutrition, relaxation after work and body hygiene. Health educational tasks are outlined. PMID- 6720160 TI - [Obstetrical experiences with adolescents]. AB - Course and results of pregnancies of 661 adolescent girls below 18 years are compared with those of 18 037 controls. Perinatal mortality is twice in the adolescent group than in controls. Toxemias of pregnancy, insufficient labor and intrauterine hypoxia are represented more frequently in adolescent girls. PMID- 6720161 TI - [Calcium-containing incrustations on IUD's--detection using electron scanning microscopy]. AB - On the surfaces of intrauterine contraceptive devices the occurrence of incrustations has been noticed, which presented blade or needle crystal structure on electron microscopic scanning exposures. In conformity with earlier findings, these products showed the character of calcium compounds. Attention is called to the significant part that such an incrustation is likely to play in the rise of complications and harmful side effects. PMID- 6720162 TI - [Seasonal dynamics of equine strongyle larvae and its relations to the risk of infection at pasture]. PMID- 6720163 TI - The effect of Amphotericin-B, 5-fluorocytosine and Nystatin on Histoplasma farciminosum in vitro. PMID- 6720164 TI - [Mycoplasmas from goats with contagious caprine pleuropneumonia]. PMID- 6720165 TI - [Efficacy of the paraimmunity inducer PIND-AVI in Rhipicephalus evertsi evertsi infestations in sheep: current perspectives in tick control and the prevention of tick paralysis]. PMID- 6720166 TI - [Epidemiological study of a multiresistant Enterobacter cloacae causing iatrogenic infection in a surgical unit]. PMID- 6720167 TI - Clinical and pathological changes after Eimeria intestinalis infection in rabbits. PMID- 6720168 TI - Ultrastructure of Giardia canis trophozoites. PMID- 6720169 TI - A fatal case of an unusual coccidiosis in a cat: asexual and sexual development of parasites in macrophages. PMID- 6720170 TI - Stages in the development of the ovine immune system. PMID- 6720171 TI - [Etiopathogenesis of Bordetella bronchiseptica infection in swine]. PMID- 6720172 TI - [Myocardial lesions in several forms of progressive muscular atrophy]. AB - Using the clinical, electrocardiographic, biochemical and morphological findings, the authors assessed the cardiovascular system in 30 patients with Duchenne's myopathy and spinal amyotrophy. An analysis of the material revealed considerable metabolic-dystrophic changes in the myocardium, being more pronounced with Duchenne's myopathy. The early diagnosis of myocardial damage in the above diseases can be made on the basis of evidence from the isoenzymic spectrum of creatine kinase. Recommendations are offered on the pathogenetic therapy with due regard for myocardial involvement. PMID- 6720173 TI - [Mitochondrial pathology]. AB - Three adult patients with mitochondrial disease underwent clinical-morphological studies which demonstrated a diffuse and marked defect in mitochondria. The characteristic clinical picture of "ophthalmoplegia plus", a slow progression of the disease, the quantitative and structural changes in the mitochondria of muscle fibers justified the diagnosis of mitochondrial disease. PMID- 6720174 TI - [The olfactory phenomenon in hyperkalemic periodic paralysis]. AB - Out of six patients with hyperkaliemic periodic paralysis observed by the authors, two reported the sensation of the odor of ammonium hydroxide at the moment of paralysis. The study of the ammonia concentration in the venous blood of the patients at the moment of myoplegia attacks showed its sharp increase. The elevated content of ammonia in the blood and the exhaled air responsible for the above olfactory phenomenon is associated with the compromised ammonia clearance by the kidneys due to hyperkaliemia . PMID- 6720175 TI - [Phenylketonuria and hyperphenylalaninemia: clinico-genetic classification of 14 forms]. AB - The current classifications of the clinical patterns of phenylketonurias and hyperphenylalaninemias are reviewed. On the basis of the literature data, a new classification considering the type of the mutant gene, the severity of the biochemical defect and the disease clinical course is proposed. All 14 hereditary determined patterns are divided into three groups: 1) with complete or partial deficiency of the major enzymes of the reaction of oxidation of phenylalanine into tyrosine; 2) with defects of enzymes in the chain of the cofactor synthesis; 3) with enzymatic defects in conjugated links of phenylalanine and tyrosine metabolism. Some forms are presented in the literature only as rare case reports and the underlying molecular disorders of some of them still remain to be explained. The genetic heterogeneity of phenylketonurias seems to-be much wider than is generally accepted and, therefore, the presented classification can not be considered as final. PMID- 6720176 TI - [Changes in zinc metabolism during long-term D-penicillamine treatment of patients with Wilson-Konovalov disease]. AB - Using atomic absorption spectrophotometry, the authots determined zink levels (in correlation with the time-course of copper elimination) in the blood serum and urine of 28 patients with hepatocerebral dystrophy prior to and during the first year of D-penicillamine treatment and in 55 patients who had been on this therapy for a number of years. The zink concentration in the patients' blood serum prior to treatment tended to decline. Such a decrease was also noted in cirrhosis of other etiologies. Thiol therapy resulted in a gradual increase in the urine zink elimination which followed a pattern of the drug dose increment and could be two to three times higher than normal in cases of prolonged treatment. Nevertheless, these patients exhibited no symptoms of zink insufficiency and the zink concentration in the blood serum had been normal for a number of years, which may be explained by an enhanced absorption of zink from the intestines and by its mobilization from the tissue depots. The pathological manifestations observed in six patients with the asthenoneurotic syndrome regressed following zink administration. PMID- 6720177 TI - [Functional muscle changes in patients with cervicothoracic osteochondrosis]. AB - In a total of 80 patients, the authors determined osteochondrosis of the cervicothoracic portion of the spine of vertebrogenic etiology. Twenty-three patients were examined electromyographically, using superficial electrodes. The results obtained showed that these patients at rest manifested pathological activity in the superior and inferior trapezoid muscles associated with pain afferentation of the joints of the cervicothoracic portion of the spine which resulted in gradual muscular changes, manifested by reflectory muscular hypertension observed clinically and by an altered bioelectrical activity seen on the EMG. PMID- 6720178 TI - [Status of the hemostatic system in trigeminal neuralgia and facial pain of cervical origin]. AB - An examination of patients with trigeminal neuralgia and facial pains of the cervical genesis (in cervical osteochondrosis, bone anomalies of the same localization, the syndrome of musculus scalenus anterior) revealed hemostatic impairments. These changes were generalized in trigeminal neuralgia and regional in the second group of patients, being particularly overt during a pain attack. The data obtained must be taken into account in evaluating the pathogenesis and in administering multiple modality therapy. PMID- 6720179 TI - [Syndrome of loss of the corneal and pharyngeal reflexes in lesions of the nervous system of infectious origin]. AB - A peculiar syndrome of the absence of the corneal and pharyngeal reflexes occurring most frequently in patients with infectious impairments of the nervous system is described. This sign is recommended for specifying etiological factors, particularly in functional disorders of the nervous system. PMID- 6720180 TI - [International scientific programs of the socialist countries in the area of psychiatry]. PMID- 6720181 TI - [International clinico-pharmacokinetic study of individual predictions of the therapeutic effect of leponex (methodology and organization)]. AB - Multicentre international studies make it possible to amass rapidly and reliably the necessary amount of representative data allowing for the verification of the results obtained by different scientific schools. They also represent the most effective approach to the search for attaining the mutual understanding among specialists of different scientific schools and for the elaboration of uniform clinical outlooks . Guidelines were developed to be adhered to while organizing and conducting multicentre psychopharmacological studies. The authors describe the general scheme and the basic stages of a multicentre psychopharmacological study of leponex which involved specialists from ten centres from six countries (CSSR, GDR, HPR, PRB , PPR, USSR). PMID- 6720182 TI - [Clinico-pharmacokinetic prediction of the efficacy of treatment: the test dose]. AB - To help individual prediction of the therapy efficacy, the authors elaborated a new method for analyzing the response of the clinical and pharmacokinetic parameters to the pre-treatment administration of the test dose of a psychotropic drug. The above approach was employed in a multicentre clinical-pharmacokinetic study of leponex ( clozapin ) which involved ten research centers from six countries and a total of 136 patients. On the basis of the clinical and pharmacokinetic parameters, a cumulative index was obtained and its prediction potentialities were established. The prognostic assessment of the affectiveness obtained on the basis of this approach was in agreement with the real efficacy of the course therapy in 84% of all cases. PMID- 6720184 TI - [Circulating immune complexes in the serum of mental patients and healthy subjects]. AB - The concentrations of circulating immune complexes (IC) were determined in the blood serum of 105 schizophrenics, 22 chronic alcoholics and 26 patients with CNS organic lesions. To assess antigen-antibody complexes, the authors used the method based on the principle of selective IC precipitation by polyethylene glycol-6000. It was established that the groups of schizophrenic patients and patients with organic CNS impairments included a lot of individuals with elevated levels of the immune complexes. Sex differences were disclosed with regard to this indicator, which was higher in women than in men, while in mentally ill women, it was highest than in healthy ones. The levels of immune complexes in patients with schizophrenia tended to rise with the increasing duration of the disease. PMID- 6720183 TI - [Experimental and clinical characteristics of the Soviet antidepressant inkasan]. AB - Inkasan (3-methyl-8-methoxy-3H, 1,2,5,6- tetrahydropyrazine /1.2.3-ab/-beta carboline hydrochloride) has pharmacological properties characteristic of antidepressants. The clinical antidepressant effect of inkasan is combined with stimulating action. The drug is primarily indicated for patients in whom adynamic (anergic) disturbances are predominant in the clinical picture of depression. PMID- 6720185 TI - [Transformation of individual psychotic forms of alcoholism during the course of the disease (according to the findings of a clinico-epidemiologic study)]. AB - The results of a clinical-epidemiological study of patients with chronic alcoholic psychoses are presented. The socio-demographic and clinical characteristics of patients with a recurrent and a continuous course of the psychotic forms of alcoholism are reviewed. The paroxysm-like course of the disease was characterized by the shortening of clear intervals between paroxysms and by its transformation into a more consistent and prolonged psychopathological syndrome. Data on disturbances of work-related adaptation in patients with the chronic forms of alcoholism are given. An analysis of the data obtained makes it possible to predict the probability of a change in psychotic states and also the duration of remissions. PMID- 6720186 TI - [Evaluation of changes in a contingent of day hospital patients according to the results of a follow-up study]. AB - A comparative study of the mentally ill patients admitted to the hospital for the first time annually over five years (1975-1979) made it possible to establish some tendencies in changes in this population. The follow-up data obtained within a period of 3-5 years were studied. The analysis showed that the inpatient treatment proved to be effective both in controlling the disease in various groups of patients and in altering the composition of the inpatients over the last five years. PMID- 6720187 TI - [Theoretical basis of the newest American classification of mental disorders (Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, 3d Edition--DSM-III, Washington, D.C., APA, 1980, 494 p.)]. PMID- 6720188 TI - Model investigations on the structure of heterogeneous nuclear ribonucleoproteins. AB - Protein HD40 , an RNA-helix destabilizing protein (Mr 40 000) is the major component of 30S heterogeneous nuclear ribonucleoprotein particles (hnRNP) from Artemia salina. The physical properties and the amino acid composition of HD40 are analogous to those of a group of well conserved core hnRNP proteins of higher eukaryotes. HD40 binds to and disrupts the secondary structure of single-stranded polynucleotides and forms extended nucleoprotein filaments at a stoichiometry of one protein per 12-15 nucleotides. The addition of a saturating amount of HD40 (one protein per 8 nucleotides) converts the filaments into bead-like complexes that are similar in properties and appearance to native hnRNP. To gain an understanding of the structure of hnRNP, we have used analytical ultracentrifugation and electron microscopy to investigate the structure of beaded complexes reconstituted from HD40 and poly(A)n of defined sizes. A complex containing 160 nucleotides forms a disc that is 3 nm high by 18 nm in diameter. At n less than 160 the complexes form sectors of the disc: 40 nucleotides give rise to a quarter of a disc, 80 nucleotides, half a disc, etc. At n greater than 160, the additional nucleoprotein elements may either initiate the formation of a second disc adjacent to the first or stack on top of the first disc to form a 6 nm high helix with a diameter of 18 nm. A single "bead" sediments at approximately 30S and contains an average of approximately 300 nucleotides and 1.8 turns of the helix. Native hnRNP particles from A. salina sediment at about 30S, have a diameter of 18-20 nm, and contain RNA fragments 180 to 400 nucleotides long. PMID- 6720189 TI - Effect of ethionine on dolichyl phosphate-dependent transglycosylation reactions in rat liver. AB - Dolichyl phosphates of different chain length (C35, C55 , C75 , Dol-mixture of C90 , 95, 100, 105 and C110 ) were tested as lipid acceptors in transglycosylation reactions. In the absence of exogenously added dolichyl phosphates there were no differences in the rate of synthesis in liver of dolichyl phosphate mannose, dolichyl phosphate glucose and dolichyl pyrophosphate N-acetylglucosamine between normal and ethionine-treated animals. Addition of exogenous dolichyl phosphates of different chain length stimulated the synthesis of dolichyl phosphate mannose and dolichyl pyrophosphate N-acetyl-glucosamine 2 to 4 times depending on the chain length of dolichols , both in normal and ethionine-treated animals. In liver of ethionine-treated rats the formation of dolichyl phosphate glucose was not stimulated. Following ethionine treatment the concentration of free and esterified with fatty acids dolichols was increased. PMID- 6720190 TI - The synthesis of RNA and silk protein in Galleria mellonella silk glands. AB - The silk protein synthesis in silk glands of Galleria mellonella is preceded by the increase of total RNA content. The levels of the main RNA classes: 28S and 18S rRNA, tRNA as well as poly(A) + RNA change proportionally to the total RNA pool of glands. The fibroin-like silk protein of molecular weight of about 240 000 is characterized by the high content of four amino acids: glycine, alanine, serine and leucine, which account for more than 70% of amino acid residues. This fibroin-like protein is present in the posterior, middle and anterior parts of silk gland of the last instar larvae. PMID- 6720191 TI - Brain acetylcholinesterase and its molecular forms in a precocial murid, Acomys cahirinus, and rat during post-natal development. AB - Brain acetylcholinesterase (AChE) and its molecular forms of a precocial murid, Acomys cahirinus, characterized by a large hippocampus, were measured during post natal development and compared with rat. The activity of soluble AChE in Acomys increased slightly up to 4 weeks after birth. The total AChE activity increased somewhat more but, in rats, this increase was still greater. Three main molecular forms of AChE were separated by 7.5% polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis. Their close similarity to the rat AChE forms was assessed by gradient polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis and electrofocusing. Maturation of these forms, i.e., conversion of simple into more complex forms in the soluble fraction of AChE was, however, considerably delayed reaching only after 4 weeks the pattern comparable to that of rat. PMID- 6720192 TI - Some problems of mutagenesis induced by base analogues. AB - A brief survey is presented on the problem of base-analogue-induced mutagenesis. The main conclusions are as follows: (i) Since some of the base analogues may induce the SOS response, the probability exists that, in these cases, some of the mutants may arise via umuC-mediated misrepair mutagenesis; (ii) At least two cellular systems may influence base-analogue-induced mutagenesis: DNA polymerases and mismatch repair systems. Whereas the first may influence the yield of mutations, the second may affect both the yield and specificity of mutations; (iii) Specificity of base-analogue-induced mutations is much more differentiated than hitherto believed. Some of the base analogues are highly specific mutagens, e.g. N4- hydroxycytidine , which induces almost exclusively AT----GC base-pair transitions, whereas the others, e.g. 2-aminopurine and 2-amino-N6- methoxyadenine , may induce both transitions and transversions. PMID- 6720193 TI - Proximity of polyriboguanylic acid-reactive sites in mammalian DNA to portions of DNA preferentially hybridizing with cellular RNA. AB - Transcribed portions of mouse nuclear DNA are adjacent to sites reacting preferentially with polyriboguanylic acid [poly(G)]. This spatial relationship was suggested by hybridization of radioactively labeled Ehrlich ascites RNA with denatured mouse DNA, the latter fractionated by centrifugation in CsCl equilibrium density gradients both in the presence and in the absence of various synthetic polyribonucleotides. The fractions of DNA which preferentially reacted with guanylic acid-rich polyribonucleotides hybridized with radioactive RNA to a higher degree than did the bulk of cellular DNA. This ability to react with polyriboguanylic acid-containing polymers was further enhanced by breaking DNA by sonication. No increased tendency for such hybridization was seen with the DNA that preferentially reacted with polyribouridylic acid. PMID- 6720194 TI - Hydroxylamine and methoxyamine mutagenesis: tautomeric equilibrium of the promutagenic, N6-methoxyadenosine in solvents of different polarities. AB - Ultraviolet (UV) and Infrared (IR) spectroscopy have been applied to a study of the tautomeric equilibrium, in solvents of varying polarities and differing hydrogen bond donor-acceptor properties, of the promutagenic analogue N6- methoxyadenosine , the product of the reaction of the mutagen methoxyamine with adenosine. In the non-polar solvent CCl4, the analogue is predominantly in the amino form, with KT approximately 10. On transfer from CCl4 to chloroform, dimethyl sulfoxide, and water, the equilibrium is shifted stepwise towards the imino form, attaining a KT approximately 10 in favour of the imino species in aqueous medium. Both the UV and, particularly, the IR spectra exhibit two sets of absorption bands which were assigned to the respective tautomers , in dynamic equilibrium with each other. The significance of the foregoing results in the mechanism of hydroxylamine (and methoxyamine) mutagenesis is considered. It is also shown that base pairing of each tautomeric species is significantly dependent on the conformation of the exocyclic N6-methoxy group. It is further demonstrated that infrared spectroscopy provides data which both supplement and extend those obtained by NMR spectroscopy, under conditions where application of the latter is technically limited. PMID- 6720195 TI - Evidence for the selective replication of dwarf pea DNA evoked by exogenous gibberellin application. AB - Characteristics of the total DNA preparations isolated from apical parts of dwarf pea seedlings untreated and treated with gibberellic acid (GA3) were compared. Analytical centrifugation in a self-generated CsCl density gradient revealed the occurrence of a heavy satellite DNA band (p = 1.712 g X cm-3) in addition to the main DNA band (p = 1.696 g X cm-3) in the DNA preparation extracted from GA3 treated seedlings, that could not be detected in the DNA isolated from untreated plants. The existence of this GC-rich DNA fraction was additionally confirmed by means of derivative DNA melting profiles. Comparison of the reassociation kinetics obtained for control DNA with DNA from GA3-treated plants showed changes in the percentage distribution of three main DNA sequence classes, with different repetition frequency in the haploid pea genome. It is postulated that such a variation in the percentage of different C0t families might reflect the selective DNA replication evoked by hormonal treatment of dwarf pea plants. PMID- 6720196 TI - [Comparison of results obtained with the selective proximal vagotomy method with and without drainage during 8 years of surgical treatment of patients with duodenal ulcers]. PMID- 6720197 TI - [Surgical problems in acute necrotizing pancreatitis and the present status of treatment]. PMID- 6720198 TI - [An armature made of Kirschner's wires in the reconstruction of compressions of the plateau of the tibial condyle]. PMID- 6720200 TI - [Results of the surgical treatment of acromioclavicular dislocation]. PMID- 6720199 TI - [Surgical approach in the insertion of peritoneal catheters for CAPD]. PMID- 6720201 TI - [Injuries of the flexor tendons in the vagina fibrosa digiti]. PMID- 6720202 TI - [Pheochromocytoma as a cause of renovascular hypertension (case report)]. PMID- 6720203 TI - [Diphallus--a rare congenital anomaly in the development of the male sexual organ]. PMID- 6720204 TI - [Acute gastroduodenal ulcers and their complications]. PMID- 6720205 TI - [Intensive therapy after extensive resection of the liver]. PMID- 6720206 TI - [Functional adaptation of the wrist after arthrodesis]. PMID- 6720207 TI - [Osteochondrosis ischiopubica--van Neck-Odelberg disease]. PMID- 6720208 TI - [Dissecting osteochondritis of the hip joint and its surgical treatment]. PMID- 6720209 TI - [Blount's operation for adjusting lower extremity inequality]. PMID- 6720210 TI - [Results after Coventry's operation for treatment of arthroses of the knee joint]. PMID- 6720211 TI - [Our approach to the surgical treatment of juvenile aseptic osteochondronecrosis in the head of the 2d metatarsus in young athletes]. PMID- 6720212 TI - [Healing pseudarthroses of the long bones using a pulsating electromagnetic field]. PMID- 6720213 TI - [Treatment of open fractures of the tibia associated with defects of the soft tissue using an external fixation frame--Poldi IV]. PMID- 6720214 TI - [Ewing's tumor of the epistropheus. Case report]. PMID- 6720215 TI - [Osteoid osteoma of the spine]. PMID- 6720216 TI - [Differential diagnosis and treatment of neoplasms of the hand in our practice]. PMID- 6720217 TI - [The MEH 6 bioelectric forearm prosthesis]. PMID- 6720218 TI - [Sensitization of the body by metal implants]. PMID- 6720219 TI - [Arthroplasty of the elbow in patients with progressive polyarthritis]. PMID- 6720220 TI - Quantitative assessment of leukostasis in experimental hypovolemic-traumatic shock. AB - Using a hypovolemic-traumatic shock model without reinfusion of shed blood, 111In oxine-labeled granulocytes were injected to quantify pulmonary leukostasis in dogs. Labeling was facilitated by a non-traumatic and rapid technique for granulocyte processing and a commercially available 111In-oxine solution. Lung biopsy material taken before and after shock showed granulocyte-associated radioactivity to be significantly increased 90 min after the onset of shock. This observation established that pulmonary leukostasis in shock models is not caused solely by reinfusion of shed blood, but rather by humoral factors operative during shock, e.g. by complement activation. The described experimental design should also be useful for in vivo tests of drugs which act on granulocyte function and may have a potential place in the management of shock. PMID- 6720221 TI - Aneurysms of the popliteal artery. AB - A retrospective study of 13 patients with 18 popliteal artery aneurysms has been undertaken. The patients were seen under a period of 12 years. Six of the patients had extrapopliteal aneurysms as well. Seven of the popliteal aneurysms presented as vascular emergencies, due to occlusion of the popliteal artery. In this group the amputation rate was 57%. In the elective group no amputation was necessary nor did any patient suffer from claudication during follow-up. Ultrasonography is a good tool for demonstrating the nature of the disease. Usually a short exclusion bypass is enough to reconstruct the area. A popliteal aneurysm, if not occluded and asymptomatic, is an indication to operate because of the threat to the limb in case of embolism or thrombosis. PMID- 6720222 TI - Effects of dopamine in segmental intestinal ischaemia studied with dopamine receptor blockers. AB - The influence of dopamine blocking agents, namely pimozide 0.1 mg X kg-1 body weight (b.w.) and metoclopramide 3 mg X kg-1 b.w., on the effects of dopamine on central and regional haemodynamics was studied in rats. The metoclopramide dose was given twice during the experiments. An experimental model involving segmental ischaemia of the small intestine was used. According to earlier investigations administration of dopamine and plasma counteracts the negative haemodynamic effects of such ischaemia. In rats treated with pimozide this drug had some effects per se in the controls, slightly reducing cardiac output and the blood flow in the proximal half of the intestine. On the other hand, in the experimental group the positive effect of dopamine seemed to be unaffected by pimozide treatment. In rats treated with metoclopramide, dopamine did not improve the considerable decrease in intestinal and pancreatic circulation caused by the segmental ischaemia. PMID- 6720223 TI - Delayed dopamine treatment of segmental small intestinal ischaemia in the rat. AB - Two groups of rats were subjected to segmental ischaemia of the small intestine for 2 h. According to our previous findings such ischaemia causes impairment of the central circulation as well as of the splanchnic blood flow. Dopamine treatment was initiated 30 or 90 min after the establishment of ischaemia. In the 30-min group cardiac output increased and the blood flow was normalized in those parts of the small intestine where the arteries were not ligated (the non occluded parts). This result corresponds well to our previous observations when dopamine treatment was started immediately after the establishment of ischaemia. In the 90-min group cardiac output was not affected. Again the intestinal blood flow was normalized in the non-occluded parts. In both groups the pancreatic circulation was impaired. PMID- 6720224 TI - Haemodynamic effects of phenoxybenzamine and dopamine in segmental ischaemia of the rat small intestine. AB - Two groups of rats were subjected to a segmental intestinal ischaemia of a degree which, according to earlier investigations with this experimental model, causes secondary impairment of the splanchnic blood flow. Both groups were given plasma and an alpha-adrenergic blocking agent (phenoxybenzamine). They were also given dopamine but in different doses, 12 and 50 micrograms X min-1 X kg-1 b.w., respectively. It was found previously that a normal blood flow in the non occluded parts of the small intestine could be maintained by phenoxybenzamine or the lower dose of dopamine alone in combination with plasma, but the higher dopamine dose caused vasoconstriction, probably because of an alpha-stimulating effect. The combined treatment with penoxybenzamine and dopamine in the present experiments normalized the intestinal blood flow in the non-occluded parts in both groups, i.e. also in the group treated with the higher dose of dopamine. Moreover, the pancreatic circulation was normalized in both groups. Hence alpha adrenergic blockade combined with dopamine and plasma administration seems to have a positive effect on the splanchnic circulation during segmental intestinal ischaemia in the rat. PMID- 6720225 TI - Traumatic rupture of the common duct in sclerosing cholangitis. AB - A women, 52 years, old, with Crohn's disease of the colon treated with colectomy 9 years earlier, got a blunt abdominal trauma in a car accident. At laparotomy two weeks after the accident an isolated transverse rupture of the common hepatic duct was found just below the confluence of the hepatic ducts. The rupture was successfully repaired by a direct anastomosis. Four years later the patient developed attacks of fever and jaundice. A cholangiogram now showed typical signs of sclerosing cholangitis and re-checking of cholangiograms taken after the primary repair revealed that the disease existed already at that time. The cholangitis is supposed to be a contributing factor to the rupture. PMID- 6720226 TI - Colitis cystica profunda lokalisata. AB - A 33-year-old man had a three-year history of ulcerative colitis. After 14 months of treatment he developed localized colitis cystica profunda mimicing a stenosating cancer of the rectum. The process developed over a short period. The diagnosis is based on a histological examination revealing benign submucosal cysts lined by columnar epithelium. A conservative surgical attitude is recommended. PMID- 6720227 TI - Tietze's syndrome: a clinical retrospective study. PMID- 6720228 TI - The bronchial carcinoid adenoma. A clinical, radiological and anatomopathological study of 25 operated patients. PMID- 6720229 TI - Symptomatic sarcoid myopathy with minimal involvement of the peripheral nerves. PMID- 6720230 TI - Orthostatic hypotension associated with hypothyroidism. PMID- 6720231 TI - How should we proceed when a thyroid dysfunction is suspected? PMID- 6720232 TI - Drugs recently released in Belgium. PMID- 6720233 TI - Antidiuretic effect of perorally administered DDAVP in hydrated humans. AB - Urine volume and osmolality were measured in volunteers hydrated with drinking water (2% of body weight). During maintained water diuresis DDAVP (1-deamino-8-D arginine vasopressin) dissolved in water was administered per os. Within 15-30 min a dose-dependent antidiuretic response occurred with a concomitant increase in urine osmolality. Administration of DDAVP through a duodenal tube caused similar antidiuretic effects indicating that the intact peptide can be absorbed from the intestinal mucosa. PMID- 6720234 TI - Precocity of the endothelial proliferation during a course of rapid goitrogenesis. AB - Thyroid hyperplasia was induced in C3H mice by a low iodine diet feeding supplemented with propylthiouracil. The morphological modifications associated to the development of hyperplasia were analyzed at light microscopical level and the cellular proliferation was studied by autoradiography after a pulse labelling with [3H]thymidine. The initial modification during the course of hyperplasia is the development of the vascularization. It includes the dilatation of the capillaries, which occurs before any extended modification of the follicular cells and any change of the thyroid weight, and the proliferation of endothelial cells which starts earlier than that of follicular cells. PMID- 6720235 TI - Influence of progesterone, androstenedione and oestradiol-17 beta on the incorporation of [3H]proline in the human follicular wall. AB - The incorporation of proline, a precursor for collagen specific hydroxyproline, is regarded to reflect the metabolism of collagen. In vitro experiments were carried out to investigate the influence of sex steroids on the incorporation of [3H]proline into the human follicular wall. Tissue pieces from the apical wall of follicles at different stages of development were incubated in the presence of the steroids and [3H]proline, and the tissue bound radioactivity was determined. Progesterone induced a decrease of radiolabelling in both unripe and pre ovulatory follicles. Androstenedione caused a similar effect but only in pre ovulatory follicles. The influence of oestradiol-17 beta on the incorporation of [3H]proline was less pronounced with a tendency towards a decrease of radiolabelling in both types of follicles. It is suggested that the observed biochemical changes induced by sex steroids are of importance for connective tissue remodelling preceding human follicular rupture. PMID- 6720237 TI - [Proceedings of the XXXXVI general meeting of the Japan Hematological Society (1) (Kyoto, April 11, 12 and 13, 1984)]. PMID- 6720236 TI - Immunoreactive calcitonin content in foetal thyroid glands and in placentae of rats. AB - Immunoreactive calcitonin (I-CT) was assayed in rat thyroid glands from foetuses with a gestational age of 15.5-22 days. The mean content of the hormone was 455.0 +/- 35.8 ng/gland. A positive linear correlation was found between the I-CT content in the thyroid glands and the gestational age of the foetuses. I-CT was also present in rat placentae from 10.5-21.5 days old pregnancies. A mean placental concentration of 4.5 +/- 1.2 ng I-CT/mg wet tissue was found. The highest hormone concentrations were observed in placentae from 10.5 day old foetuses, displaying a progressive fall during the further course of pregnancy. It is concluded that the rat foetal thyroid gland produces I-CT beginning from a gestational age of 15.5 days'. The need for further investigations into a possible role of CT in transplacental calcium transport is also indicated. PMID- 6720238 TI - A quantitative study of microtubules in motor and sensory axons. AB - The number, density and distribution of microtubules were compared in the myelinated motor and sensory axons of the spinal roots of lizard (Lacerta muralis). In both motor and sensory axons the average number and density of microtubules were found to be related to the axonal size: the average number of microtubules rose, while the microtubular density decreased with an increase in the cross-sectional area of the axon. More precisely, a linear relationship was observed between the logarithm of the microtubular density and the cross sectional area of the axon. No significant differences in the microtubular number and density were found between motor and sensory axons of corresponding size. Microtubules were unevenly distributed throughout the cross section of both motor and sensory axons. In particular, a nonaccidental association between microtubules and mitochondria was found in both axon types. PMID- 6720239 TI - Microvascular architecture of the enamel organ in the rat-incisor maturation zone. Scanning and transmission electron microscopic studies. AB - In order to clarify the microvascular architecture and ultrastructural features of the capillary vessels related to transendothelial transport of metabolites, scanning electron microscopy of tissues digested by HCl-collagenase and of vascular corrosion casts as well as thin-section, tracer, and freeze-fracture replications were employed to study the maturation zone of rat-incisor enamel organ. The enamel-organ maturation zone was shown to have a well-developed, dense capillary plexus. The capillary vessels were distributed along furrows formed by the enamel-organ papillary ridges. In central regions they formed a regular, blindlike network; in the peripheral regions, however, they formed an irregular, circular network. Everywhere except in the nuclear and perinuclear regions, the very thin capillary-vessel endothelial walls were pierced with numerous fenestrations. Such fenestrations were evident in endothelial walls facing the ameloblast-layer site. In tracer experiments, intravenously injected horseradish peroxidase passed through the fenestrations in the endothelial walls to diffuse throughout the enamel-organ extracellular spaces. It did not, however, pass through intercellular spaces or transendothelial channels. The dense, regular distribution of highly fenestrated capillaries in the enamel organ is thought to make possible the rapid transcapillary exchange of various metabolites between the vascular system and the ameloblast and papillary layers that is necessary for enamel maturation. PMID- 6720240 TI - Pancreas annulare in human embryos. AB - 2 cases of pancreas annulare with duodenal stenosis were found among 3,307 induced abortuses of 5-12 weeks where the pancreatoduodenal area was available for examination. This corresponds to a 0.06% incidence, greatly exceeds the occurrence of the anomaly in neonates and suggests partial prenatal elimination of embryos with pancreas annulare and duodenal stenosis. Microscopic examination of serialed embryonic sections gives evidence of (1) the origin of the ring from the ventral anlage; (2) the underdevelopment of the ring material, which later may cause fibrosis of the annulus, usually observed in neonates; (3) the origin of duodenal stenosis in case of pancreas annulare till 8 weeks of fetal life; (4) the development of such stenosis not only due to atrophy of duodenal segment, resulted from compression by the pancreatic ring, but also due to anomalous differentiation of intestinal segment, the cause of which may be the disturbance of morphogenetic correlations. PMID- 6720241 TI - A quantitative electron microscopic analysis of the membrana granulosa of rat preovulatory follicles. AB - The ultrastructure of the membrana granulosa (MG) of rat preovulatory follicles was examined using stereological techniques. Organelles studied were nuclei, mitochondria, lipid droplets (LD), lysosomes, and smooth and rough endoplasmic reticulum (SER, RER). The peripheral region of the MG contained the greatest volume of mitochondria, LD and SER, organelles associated with steroidogenesis. The volume of RER, an organelle associated with protein production, was greatest in the cumulus oophorus. These results corroborate previous analyses and demonstrate that the rat MG is composed of discrete subregions. PMID- 6720242 TI - Contribution of the superior atrioventricular cushion to the left ventricular infundibulum. Experimental study on the chick embryo. AB - The role of the superior atrioventricular cushion in the normal development of the left ventricular infundibulum was experimentally studied in the chick embryo. 178 embryos at stages 19-24 of Hamburger and Hamilton were selectively labeled using gelatin-india ink; afterward embryos were reincubated until the mature heart stage, in which the final location of the labels was determined. In addition, anatomical microscopic studies were carried out on the chick embryo heart at different stages of the development. 91 embryos were obtained at the mature heart stage, 46 of which were normal. In 82,6% of these 46 embryos labels were found in the left ventricular infundibulum and were distributed in the following regions: (1) base of the free portion of the anteroseptal mitral leaflet (mitroaortic continuity); (2) the same region plus the left surface of the anterior basal portion of the ventricular septum, and (3) the left surface of the anterior basal portion of the ventricular septum. Anatomical microscopic studies showed that the superior atrioventricular cushion appears at stage 18, fusing with the inferior cushion at stage 28. Our results permit us to conclude that the superior atrioventricular cushion plays an important role in the normal development of the left ventricular infundibulum, and it contributes in the posterolateral and anteromedial wall formation. PMID- 6720243 TI - [The sternocostal triangle and its relationship to the blood vessels of the anterior abdominal wall]. PMID- 6720244 TI - Elastic fibers in the anulus fibrosus of the dog intervertebral disc. AB - A light microscopic investigation of the anulus fibrosus in cervical intervertebral discs of the dog was conducted to ascertain the arrangement and distribution of elastic fibers. Elastic fibers were observed in all lamellae of the anulus fibrosus. However, collagenous fibers were the predominant type of connective tissue fiber, and elastic fibers were randomly dispersed among them. Intralamellar (collagenous and elastic) fibers were vertically and obliquely oriented in both superficial and deep lamellae of the anulus fibrosus. All intralamellar fibers were densely and regularly arranged in superficial lamellae, but they were more loosely organized in deep lamellae. A narrow border of interlamellar, elastic fibers was observed between broader, contiguous lamellae in the superficial zone of the anulus fibrosus. Interlamellar elastic fibers wer vertically and obliquely arranged in superficial lamellae; however, they were radially oriented in deep lamellae. The deepest lamella of the anulus fibrosus consisted of a loose, three-dimensional network of intermeshing collagenous and elastic fibers. These observations suggest that elastic fibers are integral components of the articular and shock absorption mechanisms of the anulus fibrosus, and the cervical intervertebral disc of the dog is a suitable model for experimental investigation of the role of elastic fibers in intervertebral disc herniation. PMID- 6720245 TI - [The locked-in syndrome. Clinical study of 10 cases]. AB - Ten cases of locked-in syndrome of syndrome of ischaemic nature are described. Seven of them are conform to the original description. In the other three, the oculomor disturbances are less severe. The clinical spectrum of this syndrome is discussed, special attention being paid to the gaze palsies. PMID- 6720246 TI - [Labeling cerebral activity with 3H-deoxyglucose after milacemide administration in the rat]. AB - Milacemide (2-n-pentylaminoacetamide . HCl) is an anti-epileptic which improves the mood, vigilance and sociability of treated patients. By metabolic charting with radioactive deoxyglucose it is possible to estimate local consumption of glucose in the various regions of the brain in rats treated with milacemide in comparison with rats treated with a placebo. It would seem that milacemide exerts an appreciable activating effect principally on pathways with sensory functions. The activation of the metabolism of cerebral energy in these regions may explain the behavioural improvements observed in the rat and in the first clinical trials in man. PMID- 6720247 TI - [Neurologic adverse effects of piperazine]. AB - Piperazine has been used since the end of the nineteenth century as a urine alkalizing agent in gout and more widely in the past thirty years for its antihelmintic properties. It is known for being well tolerated and of low toxicity. However, there are cases, sometimes in particular circumstances, where piperazine causes severe and impressive neurological disorders, which can be totally reversed if the medication is discontinued. The disorders are accompanied by consistent, but similarly reversible, electroencephalographic changes. The etiopathogenesis of these accidents caused by piperazine is discussed. PMID- 6720248 TI - Changes in response to metrazole during fever in juvenile rats; a new model for febrile convulsions? AB - Previous models for febrile convulsions have used environmentally induced hyperthermia as the stimulus to induce convulsions. Changes in response to metrazole during yeast-induced fever in juvenile rats are reported here. Animals were more susceptible to metrazole during the rising phase of fever but showed some resistance to its convulsant effects once the fever was established and following defervescence. It is suggested that this may form the basis of a physiologically more appropriate model for the study of the pathogenesis of febrile convulsions. PMID- 6720249 TI - Discrimination and identification of emotions in human voice by brain-damaged subjects. AB - Discrimination and identification of emotions in human voice was studied in normal controls and in 4 groups of brain-damaged subjects, subdivided along the right/left and anterior/posterior dimensions. Results showed a failure of right brain-damaged patients, the right posterior group being significantly worse than all the other groups. Qualitative differences emerged as well: both a conceptual and an acoustic deficit seem to contribute to right posterior patient performance. PMID- 6720250 TI - Brainstem auditory evoked responses in coma due to meningoencephalitis. AB - Prognosticating the outcome of an unconscious patient continues to pose a serious challenge to the clinicians. BAERs are the latest addition to neurological diagnostic aids for predicting the outcome of coma. The relative value of BAERs in predicting the outcome of 15 comatosed meningoencephalitis patients has been studied. The results points to a role of BAERs in the detection of brain stem dysfunction in a large majority of patients. However, when used as a prognostic indicant, the traditional bed-side clinical assessment (GCS and vestibulo-ocular cold caloric response) still holds a slight advantage over advanced technology. BAERs may have a place in assessing brain stem dysfunction in neurologic conditions where an adequate clinical assessment may not be possible. PMID- 6720251 TI - Are right-hemisphere lesions really larger? Lesion size and laterality in meningioma patients. AB - Patients with pathologically confirmed diagnoses of meningioma were examined to investigate the hypothesis that left-hemisphere lesions are smaller or declared earlier than right-hemisphere lesions. 77 patients were examined with regard to age at presentation and nature of symptoms. In addition CAT scan films of 47 patients were obtained for measurement of lesion size. There were no differences between right and left lesion groups with regard to size of lesion or age at presentation. Subgroups of patients with lesions in frontal association areas also did not differ. Some relationships were discovered between lesion location and nature of symptoms. PMID- 6720252 TI - Hyperammonemia in asterixis induced by carbamazepine: two case reports. AB - Two patients developed asterixis while they were taking carbamazepine at "therapeutic" levels. The only laboratory abnormality was slight hyperammonemia. It occurred with normal hepatic function as a dose-related effect. In fact, the blood ammonia level decreased and asterixis ceased when carbamazepine was stopped or reduced in dosage. The relationship between asterixis and hyperammonemia during carbamazepine therapy is discussed. PMID- 6720253 TI - Fetal heart rate response to sound stimulation after pethidine injection in the mother. AB - A method for electronic supervision of the human fetus based upon controlled sound stimulation of the fetus and the fetal heart rate response was used to evaluate the effect of pethidine on the fetus. Half an hour after intramuscular injection of 100 mg pethidine in the mother, the fetal heart rate response to sound stimulation was already depressed in 10 out of 20 cases. A general depression of the heart rate response to sound was found 2 and 3 hours after the injection. The fetal heart rate response to sound stimulation seems to constitute a sensitive record of pethidine's influence. PMID- 6720254 TI - The course of subsequent pregnancies after previous cesarean section. AB - The course of pregnancies subsequent to cesarean section (CS) was studied. During the years 1970-72, 543 women were delivered by CS at Boras Central Hospital. A questionnaire was sent to all 543 during the autumn of 1976 and the spring of 1977. The questions concerned further conceptions and the outcome of all subsequent pregnancies after CS. Of the 440 (81%) women who answered the questionnaire, 244 (55.5%) became pregnant, the total number of subsequent pregnancies being 306. The incidence of spontaneous abortion, extra-uterine pregnancy and legal abortion was not significantly higher than the corresponding rate for the total material for our department during the same period. Among the 215 women who completed a new pregnancy, an elective CS was performed in 81 cases (38%). Trial of labor occurred in 143 patients, 91 of whom (68%) gave birth per vaginam , while 43 (32%) were delivered by acute CS. In nearly half of the acute CS cases the indication was a narrow pelvis not detected until labor had started. This indicates that roentgenologic pelvimetry should be considered in certain cases, when planning delivery after a previous CS. PMID- 6720255 TI - Villous structure in different parts of the cotyledon in placentas of insulin dependent diabetic women. A morphometric study. AB - Placentas from 13 insulin-dependent diabetic mothers and 10 non-diabetics were compared by means of photographic planimetry. The material was investigated in fresh state and obtained from three well-defined areas within a cotyledon, central, intermediate and lateral regions. Length and area of the villi in each region were calculated. The non-diabetics showed a consistent organization of the cotyledon, with increasing villous length towards the periphery. The surface areas increased with increasing length. In placentas of diabetic mothers, this organization was disrupted. The villi were of even length throughout the cotyledon. The average length of a villus in the diabetic group did not differ from the average length in the control group. Despite this fact, the average surface area in the diabetic was greater than that in the controls. This increased surface area was due to increased branching of peripheral villi in the diabetic group. The degree of blood glucose control of the diabetic mothers was assessed by the day-to-day variation in maternal blood glucose levels ( MODD ) for periods 12th to 32nd week and 32nd week to term and by "pregnancy glucose value", i.e. the mean of four consecutive daily blood glucose levels from the 32nd week of gestation to term. Only MODD values based on blood glucose values from 12th to 32nd week of gestation were correlated to the villous surface area. The greater the blood glucose variability, the greater was the surface area. PMID- 6720256 TI - Adenocarcinoma of the endometrium stage I. Treatment, survival and recurrence. AB - Survival after treatment of stage I endometrial adenocarcinoma was studied in a material of 111 patients, median follow-up period 6 years. Routine treatment was preoperative intrauterine and vaginal radium followed, in 6 weeks, by total hysterectomy and bilateral salpingo-oophorectomy. The 5-year corrected survival after treatment by operation and/or irradiation was 93%, after irradiation alone 87%. A significantly better survival was found in stage Ia (95%) than in stage Ib (83%) and also in patients with grade 1 tumors (97%) than in those with grade 3 tumors (71%). 21% of the patients had a residual endometrial tumor after preoperative radium, and among them survival was significantly lower than in patients without residual tumor. The recurrence rate was 11.7%. Vaginal metastases did not occur. Our routine treatment afford satisfactory results in stage I, grade 1 and 2. However, supplementary treatment must be recommended in the case of grade 3 tumors, of myometrial deep invasion, and of residual tumor following preoperative radium therapy. PMID- 6720257 TI - Antithrombin III in oral contraceptive users and during normotensive pregnancy. AB - Plasma antithrombin III (AT III) was determined in four groups of subjects, by employing an automated chromogenic technique. In 25 women, discontinuing oral contraceptives led to a 9% elevation of AT III, while in 13 women AT III levels fell by 9% after starting with the pill. In 77 normotensive pregnant patients AT III levels were normal during the third trimester and did not differ from control values 6-8 weeks after delivery. Women taking the pill at that time did not have lower AT III levels than those who did not. Furthermore, AT III levels in 414 oral contraceptive users were the same as in 572 controls, when random samples were taken during pill cycle and menstrual cycle. It is concluded that although synthetic estrogens do cause a decrease in AT III levels, this decrease is probably the result of estrogen-induced hemodilution, which may also occur during the normal menstrual cycle. If low dose pills are thrombogenic, mass screening for AT III deficiency will not identify those at risk, with the exception of the rare cases of hereditary AT III deficiency. PMID- 6720258 TI - Pseudogestational sac in ectopic pregnancy. AB - A case of tubal pregnancy demonstrated by sonography is presented. In addition to the true ectopic gestational sac, an intra-uterine structure closely resembling a gestational sac was detected simultaneously. Such a finding of a pseudogestational sac in the uterine cavity may mislead to the diagnosis of an intra-uterine gestation. Thus, this sonographic finding is not sufficient to exclude the diagnosis of ectopic pregnancy. Clinicians should be aware of the possible finding of a pseudogestational sac in cases of ectopic pregnancy and the pathophysiological basis of this phenomenon is discussed. PMID- 6720259 TI - Results of in vitro fertilization and culture of human ova. AB - Using a technique with different media for fertilization and subsequent culture, cleavage of at least one oocyte was achieved in 35 (83%) out of 42 consecutive patients. A total of 138 oocytes (74 pre-ovulatory, 20 non-ovulatory and 44 atretic) were inseminated in vitro. Fifty-two (70%) of the pre-ovulatory oocytes clove and of these 37 (72%) developed apparently normally to the morula or blastocyst stage, while cleavage of the remaining 15 (28%) was characterized by an abnormal growth curve or abnormal morphology of the embryo. Only one (5%) of the 20 non-ovulatory oocytes clove, and this embryo displayed an abnormal growth curve. None of the atretic oocytes clove. It is concluded that evaluation of morphology and growth curve seems to be of value in distinguishing between apparently normally and abnormally developing embryos in vitro. PMID- 6720260 TI - Cesarean section and maternal mortality in Sweden 1973-1979. AB - During the years 1973-79, 704732 births took place in Sweden and 63 075 cesarean sections (CS) were performed. Within the study period there were 20 maternal deaths associated with delivery or puerperium. Thirteen of these patients were delivered by CS and 7 by the vaginal route. The hospital records of the 13 deaths associated with CS were closely analysed and it was found that 5 of the patients were critically ill before the beginning of surgery, and the CS per se was not responsible for these deaths. The 8 remaining maternal deaths gave a corrected (cesarean-attributed) maternal mortality rate of 12.7/100 000 cesarean deliveries. For vaginal deliveries the mortality rate was 1.1/100 000 deliveries. Thus, the risk of maternal death from CS in Sweden was twelve times as high as that from vaginal parturition. All maternal deaths except one, associated with CS, occurred after emergency operation. No deaths were ascribable to anesthesia complications. The most common causes of death after CS were pulmonary embolism, amniotic fluid embolism, coagulopathy and peritonitis. Time trends in the causes of maternal death in Sweden are discussed. PMID- 6720261 TI - Serum urate as a predictor of fetal outcome in severe pre-eclampsia. AB - Maternal serum urate levels were studied in 50 normal pregnancies and 72 cases of severe pre-eclampsia. Markedly elevated levels of serum urate were found in severe pre-eclampsia, compared with normal pregnancy. In severe pre-eclampsia significantly higher levels were found prior to parturition in cases of growth retardation and perinatal distress, compared with patients whose newborns were of normal size and condition. Particularly high serum urate levels were found early in the third trimester in cases of perinatal death. A slight but significant correlation was found between the weight centile of the newborn and the last maternal urate level before parturition. A rapidly rising urate level reliably predicted perinatal distress. The last maternal serum urate before parturition was correlated with the hemoglobin and erythrocyte volume fraction values in the same blood sample. PMID- 6720262 TI - Effect of smoking on red cell oxygen transport and release in diabetic pregnancy. AB - In order to investigate the effect of smoking on the red cell oxygen transport and release in pregnant diabetic women, 23 smokers and 23 non-smokers were studied in the third trimester. The two groups were comparable with regard to blood glucose regulation, as the median concentration of blood glucose and glycosylated hemoglobin (Hb A1c) did not differ. Red cell 2, 3-diphosphoglycerate (2, 3-DPG) levels were significantly lower in the smokers than in the non-smokers (16.5 vs 17.8 mumol/gHb, p less than 0.01). P50 of the oxyhemoglobin dissociation curve at actual pH and at pH 7.40 was also significantly lower in the smokers (25.9 vs 26.9 mmHg, p less than 0.01, and 26.5 vs 27.8 mmHg, p less than 0.01 respectively). Red cell 2, 3-DPG was significantly correlated with P50 at pH 7.40 (r = 0.73, p less than 0.001). Arterial oxygen saturation was reduced to the same degree in smokers and in non-smokers, as compared with healthy non-smoking pregnant women and no adaptive increase in the hemoglobin concentration occurred in the pregnant diabetic smokers. The study suggests that smoking in pregnant diabetic women impairs the adaptive increase in 2, 3-DPG associated with diabetes induced hypoxia. PMID- 6720263 TI - The incidence of Candida albicans in the vagina of "healthy young women". How often do they have symptoms? Possible etiological factors. AB - The frequency of vaginal Candida albicans was investigated in 603 healthy women at a "Contraceptive Clinic". Swabs were taken from the rectum, which is thought to be the reservoir and thereby the cause of reinfection of the vagina with Candida albicans. A neat correlation exists. Women who have received antibiotics within 3 months prior to the investigation have significantly more frequent bouts of candidosis. The same is true of with users of "the pill" and women using sanitary towels only for menstrual protection, compared with women using tampons only. The women were asked about bathing facilities and the frequency with which they use soap and water for washing of the external genitalia. The latter showed no difference, while there was an apparently increased frequency of positive swabs for Candida albicans in women who were "spot" washing, compared with those who took a shower and those who took a bath. This difference was not significant, however. PMID- 6720264 TI - Acute bilateral visual impairment in a drug addict. A case report. AB - A 27-year-old male with a sudden visual loss in both eyes following an intravenous injection of 3 crushed tablets of Ketobemidon (Ketogran) is presented. However, a mixture of illegal drugs was suspected because of a history of previous heavy drug addiction. Quinine, a well-known additive in illegal narcotics could thus be suspected as the causative agent because of earlier episodes of reduction in visual acuity. An alternative diagnosis is embolism of both retinal central arteries. PMID- 6720265 TI - The combined effect of haematoporphyrin derivative and light on the normal mouse retina. AB - Combined treatment with haematoporphyrin derivative (Hpd) and light irradiation has been reported to be an effective method of killing cancer cells. This would be a very suitable treatment of intraocular tumours because the light can be controlled by the refractive media of the eye. Light and electron microscopy of Hpd and light treated normal mouse retina showed that only the irradiated area was damaged. Tissue destruction increased with greater concentrations of Hpd and longer light exposure. The outer layers of the retina were most sensitive. Hpd was retained in the tissue for 6 days. PMID- 6720266 TI - Retinal vein occlusion: C-reactive protein and arterial hypertension. AB - Eighty-six patients with retinal vein occlusion (37 with central, 49 with branch vein occlusion) and 31 patients with treated essential arterial hypertension were investigated for comparison to an age-matched control group. Serum C-reactive protein (CRP) levels, erythrocyte sedimentation rate (ESR) and plasma viscosity were measured. Serum CRP levels (log10 values) were significantly elevated in patients, with hypertension (P less than 0.001) or with retinal vein occlusion (P less than 0.001) compared to control. The highest mean value of serum CRP were found in patients with both hypertension and retinal vein occlusion, and the values of ESR and serum CRP were significantly higher in this group when compared to normotensive patients with retinal vein occlusion (P less than 0.05 and P less than 0.01, respectively) or to control (P less than 0.001). Increased inflammatory activity may be present in patients with hypertension or retinal vein occlusion. In particular hypertensive patients with elevated serum CRP levels may be more at risk of developing retinal vein occlusion. PMID- 6720267 TI - Dependence of magnification upon the camera-to-eye distance in the Zeiss fundus camera. AB - The magnification of the Zeiss type of fundus camera depends, except for the case of emmetropy, on the camera-to-eye distance. Its relative variation is equal to the product of the patient's ametropia and the difference in the camera-to-eye distance. Moreover, magnification is also affected by changing the diopter range scales on the camera. PMID- 6720268 TI - Anisocoria in untreated unilateral open-angle glaucoma. AB - In 20 consecutive cases of untreated, unilateral open-angle glaucoma (7 primary open-angle glaucoma and 13 pseudoexfoliation glaucoma) it was found that the pupil of the glaucomatous eye was always smaller than the pupil of the contralateral clinically seemingly non-glaucomatous eye. The difference in pupil areas ranged between 0.4 and 40.2% of that of the normal eye. The pupil areas were assessed by planimetry, and when the pupils were compared visually from photographs anisocoria was detected in 65% of the cases. There was no correlation between the degree of anisocoria and the magnitude of intraocular pressure elevation, the extent of the visual field defect or the type of glaucoma. No definite explanation for the anisocoria can be offered. The phenomenon might hypothetically be due to degenerative processes of the ciliary nerves similar to the degenerative changes in the optic nerve in glaucoma. PMID- 6720269 TI - Prognostic features in laser trabeculoplasty. AB - Of 59 phakic eyes with open-angle glaucoma initially treated with laser trabeculoplasty, 45 eyes were followed at least 6 months. Intraocular pressure (IOP) at 6 months was less than 22 mmHg in 37 (82%), of which 25 (81%) were on fewer medications; of 26 eyes followed at least 12 months, IOP was less than 22 mmHg in 24 (92%). Of 49 eyes of patients over 55 years, 43 (88%) had a final IOP less than 22 mmHg, significantly (P less than 0.01) greater than 5/10 eyes of patients under 55 years. Initial IOP correlated positively with reduction of IOP (r = 0.66). IOP was measured 1 h after treatment in 42 eyes, of which 11 (26%) rose greater than or equal to 8 mmHg. This pressure elevation did not significantly affect the success rate. PMID- 6720270 TI - Clinical observations on ten cases of methanol poisoning with particular reference to ocular manifestations. AB - Clinical observations on 10 cases of methanol poisoning, with particular reference to ocular manifestations, are reported. Four patients stated that they had blurring of vision, one of these also had a temporary loss of the lower parts of the visual fields and another one visual hallucinations. Hyperaemia or oedema of the optic discs were found in 5 patients. Two of the patients died, another was severely ill and suffered from impaired vision for a long period of time afterwards. In none of the surviving patients detectable remaining damage to the retina could be revealed by recording the a- and the b-waves of the electroretinogram. Recording of the visual evoked responses showed that one patient had transient subnormal amplitudes in one eye. However, on follow-up registrations all of the patients had values within normal limits. The results of the investigation show a considerable individual variation in susceptibility to methanol poisoning. PMID- 6720271 TI - Laser trabeculoplasty as primary therapy in chronic open angle glaucoma. AB - Sixty-three phakic eyes of 54 patients with early simple (21 eyes) or capsular (42 eyes) glaucoma treated with laser trabeculoplasty (LTP) as the primary therapy were followed retrospectively 12 to 18 months after LTP. In 59 of 63 eyes followed up for 12 months and 46 of 52 eyes followed up for 18 months the intraocular pressure (IOP) was constantly maintained below 22 mmHg with no medication. After a good initial response for 6 to 12 months, 6 eyes required medical therapy because of uncontrolled pressure or progression in the damage of the optic disc or visual fields. The mean pressure reduction of all eyes 18 months after LTP was 28% in simple and 37% in capsular glaucoma. No severe complications were seen. LTP seems to be an effective and safe procedure as the primary therapy for open angle glaucoma. PMID- 6720272 TI - Amblyopia screening in kindergartens with tno stereotest. AB - One hundred and fifty children between 3 and 6 years old were screened for amblyopia with TNO stereotest in their kindergartens. Thirty screening positive children were found of whom 3 were amblyopic with strabismus and no stereopsis. Re-testing showed that 19 children were false screening positive. Three children with refractive errors and equally impaired vision in both eyes were not detected. The test was found suitable for screening of monocular amblyopia in kindergartens, as it was easy to administrate and indicated all children with monocular amblyopia. PMID- 6720273 TI - Abnormal pupillary function in third nerve regeneration (the pseudo-Argyll robertson pupil). A case report. AB - A case of congenital oculomotor paralysis demonstrating retraction of the upper lid and constriction of the pupil in response to eye movements is described. The pupil was found to be unresponsive to light, but to contract promptly on attempted ocular movements which involved motor neurons of the third nerve. As demonstrated by infrared pupillography, the duration of the constriction phase was found to be remarkably long. Also, very little hippus was noted during constriction. The findings are explained on basis of the 'misdirection' hypothesis according to which regenerating nerve fibres find a wrong path in the peripheral part of the damaged nerve. PMID- 6720274 TI - Worldwide prevention of blindness. PMID- 6720275 TI - Heterogeneity, polydispersity, and physiologic role of corneal proteoglycans. AB - Gel chromatography, affinity chromatography, ultracentrifugation, enzymic fragmentation, and analysis of amino acids, hexosamines and neutral sugars were used to characterize a heterogeneous fraction of proteoglycans from bovine corneal stroma. The results indicate that the fraction largely consists of a mixture of the 2 main types of corneal proteoglycans described earlier, namely keratan sulfate proteoglycans and chondroitin sulfate-rich proteoglycans with covalently bound oligosaccharides. Models for the structure of proteoglycans are suggested, an it is concluded that the molecular size of corneal proteoglycans makes them appropriate as 'spacers' between the collagen fibrils, a property important for corneal transparency. Cornea is softer than cartilage because corneal proteoglycans are less underhydrated than cartilage proteoglycans. PMID- 6720277 TI - Spheroid degeneration, keratopathy, pinguecula, and pterygium in Japan (Kyoto). AB - The prevalences of various possibly sunlight-induced degenerations of the exposed section of the eye have been studied in a series of 189 Japanese (Mongols) in Kyoto (subtropical climate, 35 degrees N. lat.). The results were compared with those of the author's examinations, using the same method and apparatus, in Jordan near the Red Sea (Arabs, N = 127) in Greenland (Eskimos, N = 659), and in Denmark (Caucasians, N = 810). In the Japanese series conjunctival spheroid degeneration was noticed in 31% and pinguecula in 60%, i.e. less frequently than in the sunny Jordan, but more frequently than in Greenland and Denmark. Climatokeratopathy was more rarely observed than in Greenland. This goes to show that the risk of corneal complications is lower in Japan despite the high prevalence of solar conjunctival degenerations. Pterygium was seen in a surprisingly small number of cases (1%), indicating that pterygium bears no relation to the conjunctival degenerations. PMID- 6720276 TI - Structure and composition of Bowman's membrane. Study by frozen resin cracking. AB - Bowman's membrane, seen as a homogeneous layer in light microscopy, is demonstrated by transmission electron microscopy as a layer with fibrils in random distribution, for which reason the term used at present is Bowman's layer. Frozen resin cracking demonstrates that the fibrils of the layer run in certain patterns and lie in 3 or 4 strata in the central areas of the cornea. In the periphery, stratification is scarcely demonstrable. The fibrils consist of collagen inseparable by histochemical methods from the collagen in the stroma, but the diameter is only half or two-thirds of the diameter of the stromal fibrils. The authors discuss the possibility that artifacts are responsible for the findings. However, an explanation of the results may be that Bowman's layer is a condensation of the superficial layers of the stroma resulting from the development of the layer. The fibrils are presumed to break in different ways, but apparently in layers in which the breaking strengths are identical. PMID- 6720278 TI - Increased central cornea thickness in systemic sclerosis. AB - Central cornea thickness (CCT) was measured in 32 patients with systemic sclerosis by the Haag-Streit pachymeter with improved centrality. Results were compared with measurements in 29 healthy adults matched with respect to sex and age. CCT was increased (P less than 0.001) in patients with systemic sclerosis (mean 0.56 mm, average SD right and left side 0.0297 mm) as compared to the controls (mean 0.51 mm, SD 0.0109 mm). CCT of right and left eye was increased in 69% and 72% of patients with systemic sclerosis as compared to controls (mean 0.51 mm +/- 2 SD). CCT increased during the first 8 years of the disease (correlation coefficient 0.593) reaching a plateau after 8 years (correlation coefficient 0.005). CCT did not increase during medical treatment with collagen inhibitors. Measurement of CCT may be useful as a supplement to other quantitative methods for diagnosis and control of systemic sclerosis. PMID- 6720279 TI - Giant papillary conjunctivitis in connection with corneoscleral supramid (nylon) suture knots. AB - A material consisting of 27 patients had corneoscleral wound closure by 8-0 polyamide (supramid, nylon) sutures after intracapsular cataract extraction and intraocular lens implantation. A few months after surgery 16 patients had developed giant papillary conjunctivitis of the upper tarsus of the operated eye, associated with itching and blurring. The earlier stages of the condition, as described by other authors, could be defined in the remaining 11 patients. Cytologic tests - pipette samples of tear fluid and tarsal conjunctival scrapings - demonstrated eosinophil leucocytes and neutrophilia in most of the giant papillary conjunctivitis cases. The conjunctival scraping proved the more sensitive test for detection of eosinophils, the pipette test being mainly an indicator of inflammatory reaction. The condition seems to be allergic with an element of mechanical irritation. The use of polyamide sutures of the 8-0 size is not recommended. PMID- 6720280 TI - Influence of cataract extraction on cornea and conjunctiva, assessed by vital staining. AB - A study of the post-operative course in 100 patients subjected to cataract extraction revealed fairly pronounced dehydration of the corneal epithelium and the generally non-exposed segment of the conjunctiva, estimated by Rose Bengal stainability. This dehydration was to become appreciably reduced from the first to the third post-operative day, reaching normal levels of Rose Bengal stainability. The exposed conjunctival segment showed a surprisingly low Rose Bengal stainability on the first post-operative day, in 10% declining until the third day. Disinfection with polyvinylpyrrolidine iodide was found not to alter the stainability of cornea and conjunctiva, compared with the commonly employed method of disinfection with tincture of iodine. In 34% 'bulla'-like formations localized in the superior half of the cornea were noticed on the first post operative day. These were supposed to represent oedema. The percentage had declined to 20 on the third day. PMID- 6720281 TI - Local application of indomethacin in healthy eyes and in post-operative cataract patients. AB - The effects of locally applied Indomethacin were studied. Ten healthy subjects received 1 drop of a 1% watery solution 4 times a day in their left eye during 2 weeks, the right eye serving as control. Neither changes in visual acuity and refraction nor in the appearance and function of the external and anterior segment of the eye were found during this period. Sixty-four patients underwent surgery for simple senile cataract. Half of the patients, by random selection, received Indomethacin solution locally during the first week. The remaining half received routine treatment with a compound preparation of antibiotics and corticosteroid from the third post-operative day. An inflammatory score was calculated and was found to be significantly reduced in the Indomethacin group during the first week. PMID- 6720283 TI - Automated, fully computerized analysis of the clinical electroretinogram. AB - Being a relatively simply composed bioelectric signal, the ERG lends itself very well to computer analysis. This paper presents the results obtained by the employment of an automated, fully computerized ERG analysis system. It is concluded that programmable computing facilities have the effect of rendering diagnostic ERG evaluation more accurate and reliable as well as saving a lot of human effort. PMID- 6720282 TI - The follow-up in patients with pseudoexfoliation of the lens capsule with and without glaucoma. 1. Factors influencing the patients attendance in eye-controls. AB - This study deals with the problem of attendances in patients with pseudoexfoliation of the lens capsule with and without glaucoma. While 640 patients attended the controls, 321 patients did not return for re-examination in 2 years. This represents 1/6 of the capsular glaucoma patients and 1/3 of the non glaucoma patients. The analysis of influencing factors revealed that the glaucoma patients who failed to return had a higher mean age than the non-glaucoma group (P less than 0.001) or the group of glaucoma patients that attended the controls (P less than 0.001). Persons with pseudoexfoliation without glaucoma who did not meet for control were younger than those who met (P less than 0.001). The sex or travelling distance of the patients seemed to be of no influence. Interviewing the glaucoma patients disclosed a resigned attitude towards treatment among those who failed to come. More information and/or communication seem to be the most important factors to achieve better follow-up in persons with pseudoexfoliation without glaucoma. PMID- 6720284 TI - Are optic disc haemorrhages a common finding in all glaucoma patients? AB - Disc haemorrhages are an important risk factor in development and progression of glaucomatous damage, but it is not known whether such bleedings can be found in all glaucoma patients. In this retrospective study of 1506 patients with manifest or suspected glaucoma, sequential optic disc stereophotographs revealed a disc haemorrhage in 94 cases. Distribution of the haemorrhagic and non-haemorrhagic patients according to the frequency of photography indicates that the 2 groups of patients represent different glaucoma populations. Furthermore, patients who do not show a haemorrhage in 1 or 2 random examinations probably will not show a bleeding in the later follow-up, either. PMID- 6720285 TI - Early glaucoma changes in patients with and without an optic disc haemorrhage. AB - Previous reports have shown that retinal nerve fibre layer (RNFL) observation is useful for detection of early glaucoma changes in patients with optic disc haemorrhage. Since disc haemorrhages are not a factor in all glaucoma patients this study was carried out in order to estimate the value of RNFL observation in patients whose first glaucoma damage developed without a haemorrhage. Evaluation of the retrospective data showed that RNFL defects were the first and only detectable glaucoma changes in 46% of haemorrhagic eyes and 26% of non haemorrhagic eyes. RNFL observation is useful in the follow-up of ocular hypertensive patients for detection of very early glaucoma changes, regardless of whether the changes develop with or without an optic disc haemorrhage. PMID- 6720286 TI - Glaucoma screening a 16-year follow-up of ocular normotensives. AB - A follow-up was planned of 1076 subjects with ocular normotension, with an observation period ranging from 15.8 to 18.3 years. Initially, they were included in a glaucoma screening on the island of Falster comprising 2031 volunteer blood donors. In the primary screening all 1976 persons had an applanation pressure below 20 mmHg in both eyes. The 55 with intraocular hypertension have been followed up in other studies, already published. It was possible to trace only 408 subjects (20.6%), now aged 37-78. Fourteen subjects (24 eyes) had developed ocular tensions equal to or higher than 20 mmHg. One of these, a 56-year-old man had a glaucomatous visual field defect in the right eye and a cup/disc ratio of 0.6 in both eyes. A glaucoma risk of 0.25% can thus be given. PMID- 6720287 TI - Separation of background and defect in automatic perimetry. AB - Separation of the performance values obtained at computerized perimetry (Competer system) into 2 parts, one related mainly to the defect and the other to the general background, opens up new and improved ways for the study of correlations involving the visual field performance. PMID- 6720288 TI - Observed incidence of glaucoma in Halsingland, Sweden. AB - In a well defined population, the observed incidence of different types of glaucoma during the years 1980-82 is presented. The great majority of glaucoma patients was found to have primary open angle glaucoma, and of these approximately 3/4 had capsular glaucoma. The observed annual incidence of all types of glaucoma increases with increasing age to a maximum of 0.7% in the age group 81-85 years. In the same age group, the annual incidence of primary open angle glaucoma with visual field defects was 0.44%. PMID- 6720289 TI - Functional damage at diagnosis of primary open angle glaucoma. AB - In a well defined population, all patients with newly diagnosed primary open angle glaucoma were classified according to the degree of functional damage at diagnosis. A comparison was made between patients with simple and capsular glaucoma. No difference could be found between the 2 types of glaucoma when the severity of visual damage at diagnosis was compared. Eyes with capsular glaucoma were found to have significantly higher intraocular pressure than eyes with simple glaucoma in corresponding glaucoma stage. No obvious correlation between age and functional damage at diagnosis was found. PMID- 6720290 TI - The visual field after trabeculectomy. A follow-up study using computerized perimetry. AB - Series of visual fields in 20 eyes in which trabeculectomy had been performed were studied retrospectively. Computerized perimetry was used and the condition of the visual field was summarized into single numbers. Regression analysis was applied to series of such performance numbers. No correlation was found between the regression coefficient and the mean post-operative pressure or the mean pressure reduction. A dependence of the regression coefficient on the size of the visual field defect was observed. PMID- 6720291 TI - Effects on choroidal nerves after panretinal xenon arc and argon laser photocoagulation. AB - The effect on range of accommodation, size of pupil and corneal sensitivity of panretinal photocoagulations was investigated in 30 diabetic patients. Treatments with the xenon arc or the argon laser produced significant changes in the 3 parameters one month after photocoagulation, but only when retrobulbar anaesthesia was used. After 6 months the range of accommodation and the size of the pupil were almost normalized. The corneal sensitivity remained significantly reduced. PMID- 6720292 TI - Diabetic retinopathy II. The course of retinopathy in diabetics treated with oral hypoglycaemic agents and diet regime alone. A one year epidemiological cohort study of diabetes mellitus. The Island of Falster, Denmark. AB - The course of diabetic retinopathy was investigated in 273 out of 306 diabetics treated with oral hypoglycaemic agents (OHA) and 60 out of 72 diet-treated diabetics in an epidemiological cohort study in a period of one year. In the OHA treated diabetics the allover prevalence of retinopathy did not change (P greater than 0.10) after one year (125/306 = 40.9% vs 122/273 = 44.7%). The one year incidence of new and deteriorated background was 3.7% and 6.6%, respectively. New cases of proliferative retinopathy developed in 1.1% and a worsening of pre existing proliferative retinopathy in 1.8%. Among diabetics with pre-existing background retinopathy (n = 93) progressed, and 2% became proliferative. A worsening of retinopathy occurred more frequently (P less than 0.01) in diabetics with an onset age less than 60 years and with a duration greater than 5 years. The incidence of partial sight and legal blindness due to retinopathy was 2.2% and 1.9%, respectively, among all diabetics. Among diet-treated diabetics, 2 diabetics (3.3%) developed background retinopathy. None with pre-existing background retinopathy showed any deterioration. PMID- 6720293 TI - Photometric oculometry. I. An analysis of the optical principles in slit-lamp fluorophotometry. AB - The optical principles of slit-lamp fluorophotometry are analysed by aid of a mathematical model of the optical system. The analysis forms the theoretical basis for a slit-lamp technique called photometric oculometry, which makes possible an estimation of intraocular axial distances and axial length. The technique is based on a calculation--by aid of a mathematical model of the eye- of the ratio between intraocular movement of the slit-lamp focal plane and corresponding movement of the slit-lamp. Intraocular axial distances can be calculated by aid of this ratio and a direct measurement of the slit-lamp movement when the focal plane is moved in the optical axis from retina to cornea. These items are prerequisites for a quantitative determination of the blood retinal barrier permeability to fluorescein during vitreous fluorophotometry. PMID- 6720294 TI - Photometric oculometry. II. Measurement of axial ocular distances with slit-lamp microscopy. Clinical evaluation, and comparison with ultrasonography. AB - Photometric oculometry is a slit-lamp technique, which makes possible an estimation of intraocular axial distances and axial length. The technique is based on a transformation of a sagittal slit-lamp movement into intraocular axial distances when the slit-lamp focal plane is moved in the optical axis from retina to cornea. Determination of the axial length in 50 eyes (refractive range +4.75 to -5.25 D) showed that the axial length varied from 21.9 mm in hypermetropic eyes to 26.0 mm in myopic eyes, with the emmetropic eyes being approximately 24 mm. A comparison of intraocular axial distances determined by photometric oculometry and by ultrasonography on a small series of eyes showed no significant differences between the axial length, the length of the vitreous body, and the lens thickness, whereas a significant difference between the anterior chamber depth was observed (photometry giving slightly larger values than ultrasound). PMID- 6720295 TI - Light penetration of normal and photokeratitis induced rabbit cornea. AB - The passage of light through photokeratitic and normal corneas was investigated using a grating monochromator. The energy output was measured at each selected central wavelength from 280 to 700 nm. The absorption by epithelial and stromal suspensions was continuously registered over the total light spectrum in a recording spectrophotometer. The penetrating quantity of the physiologically effective middle wave ultraviolet (UVB) rays varies according to wavelengths from about 11% at 290 nm up to 50% at 320 nm. Photokeratitis did not alter the transmission characteristics at wavelengths below 310 nm. At longer wavelengths transmission was significantly decreased in photokeratitic corneas compared to normal. No difference was found between the light absorption of the supernatants of photokeratitic and normal corneas. PMID- 6720296 TI - The ultrastructure of contact lens induced changes. AB - The endothelium of 15 human corneas was studied with specular and electron microscopy after exposure to a thick, low water content, soft contact lens (SCL). Five control corneas (no lens wear) were studied using the same methods. SCL wear produced obvious changes in endothelial morphology in 12 of the 15 eyes. With specular microscopy, the changes consisted of an apparent increase in separation of cells and development of areas of loss of membrane reflectivity (blebs). When viewed with electron microscopy, the changes in the same corneas consisted of oedema in the nuclear area of the cells and bulging of the posterior endothelial surface, in some cases over an area of several cells. In 4 cases, the cellular oedema was marked showing both intracellular and intercellular vacuoles. It was concluded that the transient endothelial changes seen with specular microscopy following SCL lens wear were produced by alterations in the contour of the posterior endothelial surface resulting from disturbance to the endothelial environment. PMID- 6720297 TI - Dendritic growth following labyrinthectomy in the squirrel monkey. Light and electron microscopic studies. AB - In the squirrel monkey (Saimiri sciureus) peripheral vestibular dendrites underwent degeneration after destruction of the vestibular end organs (labyrinthectomy). The dendrites subsequently grew into the remodelled area where the end organs, surrounding tissues and inner ear fluid spaces were previously located, and were progressively occupied by connective tissue, blood vessels and also new bone. This finding indicates that peripheral vestibular dendrites of adult squirrel monkey can grow, that Schwann cells migrate along with these dendrites, and that myelin can be formed in vivo in locations not previously destined for myelination. The importance of these findings in relation to the plastic properties of the squirrel monkey vestibular nerve is discussed. PMID- 6720298 TI - Bilaterality of Meniere's disease. AB - The audiometric configurations of a randomly selected group of 360 patients with clinical Meniere's disease were analysed in conjunction with their clinical manifestations. Although 78.6% of the patients had an abnormal pure-tone audiogram in the opposite ear from that which was initially diagnosed as Meniere's disease, based on the entire clinical picture, the disease was found to be definitely bilateral in 32% of the patients. A peaking audiogram type was found to be most common, occurring in about half of the involved ears. In approximately half of those with bilateral disease the second ear became involved within two years of onset of involvement of the first ear, and in another 27% the second ear became involved after a period of 5 years or more. These observations stress the importance of conservation in managing Meniere's disease, especially when considering surgical intervention for intractable disease, with the hope of retaining or restoring labyrinthine function. PMID- 6720299 TI - The ontogenesis of pseudomonopolar cells in spiral ganglion of cat and rat. AB - The ontogenesis of type II ganglion cells (T II cell) in the spiral ganglion in the cat and in the rat was studied by light microscopy and by electron microscopy. In the cat, typical pseudomonopolar T II cells with light-coloured cytoplasm containing abundant neurofilaments are observed at birth in the basal part of the cochlea. No T II cells are observed in more immature areas such as the third turn. A constant number of T II cells is present and no typical sign of degenerative ganglion cells is observed throughout postnatal development. In the rat, T II cells can be recognized with confidence at the 6th day post partum. It is suggested that T II cells represent a population of normal cells in the spiral ganglion that can be seen late during ontogenesis. PMID- 6720300 TI - The effects of fatal hemorrhage on the cochlear vasculature. AB - The condition of the cochlear vasculature was evaluated in 7 normal guinea pigs subsequent to fatal aortic hemorrhage. The cochleas were prepared for histological analysis using a soft surface preparation technique. The data analysis revealed two statistically significant differences: an increase in the number of aggregations and plasma gaps in the vessel at the vestibular membrane ( VSVM ) and in the vessel of the spiral prominence ( VSSP ). In eight instances, a statistical tendency toward a difference was demonstrated. On the whole, the changes observed were small, scattered and inconsistent and were interpreted as indicative of no local circulatory response to hemorrhage. These findings suggest that the cochlear vasculature is either controlled by a marked autoregulation or that histological evidence of a sympathetically mediated vasoconstriction may be counteracted by an elevated PCO2 level causing vasodilation of the constricted inner ear vessels during a state of O2 deficiency. Further, it is proposed that these same mechanisms may also account for the relatively discrete changes seen in the vasculature following noise exposure. PMID- 6720301 TI - The site of involvement of hypertension within the cochlea. A comparative study of normotensive and spontaneously hypertensive rats. AB - The function and morphology of the cochlea of the spontaneously hypertensive rat (SHR) were examined and compared with the age-paired normotensive Wistar Kyoto rat (WKY). Electro- cochleographic study revealed that the function of the cochlea in the SHR declined with increasing age to a greater extent than that of WKY. Electronmicroscopic study revealed that the primary site of the cochlear deterioration of the SHR was the vascular stria, followed by the organ of Corti. Some hypotheses to explain this phenomenon are proposed for further study. PMID- 6720302 TI - Effect of high perilymphatic potassium on brainstem evoked response audiometric thresholds. AB - The perilymphatic space of the cat cochlea was perfused with a solution containing a high potassium ion concentration. The auditory response threshold was monitored with brainstem evoked response audiometry. In the majority of animals the initial perfusion produced a reversible decline in response threshold. With repeat perfusions, there was a variable degree of non-reversible response decline leading ultimately to a total loss of the auditory response. PMID- 6720304 TI - Microprobe analysis of human otoconia. AB - Utricular and saccular otoconia (N = 510) from 1 fetus (39th gestational week; Trisomy-18), 2 babies (1 1/2 and 2 months) and 3 adults (58, 61 and 77 years) were analysed with an energy dispersive X-ray microprobe. In all otoconia the elemental composition showed an extremely high concentration of Ca but also Na, Mg, P, S, Cl and K were identified. The presence of non-Ca elements was interpreted as being due to a protein nucleus of the otoconia. Non-Ca elements are more prominent during fetal age and early post-natally than later in life. Old age otoconia contained high concentrations of P which indicates that a ' phosphatization ' of aging otoconia occurs, i.e. calcite otoconia are transformed in situ into apatite by reaction with phosphate ions. The elemental composition of otoconia in Trisomy-18 was similar to that in early postnatal inner ears. PMID- 6720303 TI - Experimental study of the mechanism of the decrease in endocochlear d.c. potential after administration of nitrogen mustard-N-oxide. AB - 20 mg/kg of body weight of nitrogen mustard-N-oxide hydrochloride ( NMNO ) causes a transient decrease in the magnitude of the endocochlear d.c. potential (EP) in the same manner as does nitrogen mustard (NM). NMNO does not, however, change the electrical resistance of the cochlear partition. When the administered dose of NMNO is increased to 40, 60 and 80 mg/kg body weight, a corresponding diminution in the EP is not observed. No ultrastructural changes in the stria vascularis are observed, even in animals administered 80 mg/kg body weight. The reduction of the EP with NMNO could not be attributed to a loss of the electrical insulator effect of the cochlear partition, or to a functional derangement of the stria vascularis. In the experimental animals whose organ of Corti was already destroyed with kanamycin sulfate (KM), NMNO did not reduce the magnitude of the EP. The organ of Corti may be central in understanding the mechanism of NMNO induced reduction of the EP. PMID- 6720305 TI - The effect of multiple sclerosis on pure tone thresholds. AB - The pure tone audiograms of 44 multiple sclerosis (MS) and 44 matched neurological control patients were studied with a view to finding out whether demyelinating disease is associated with decreased acuity to pure tones. The results show that MS patients have essentially normal hearing but auditory acuity at some of the low frequencies was found to be significantly worse in the MS group compared to the control patients. No correlation was found between the affected frequencies and the patients' age, sex and duration of the disease. The differences in thresholds between the control and MS patients were confined to the 25 patients who had clinical evidence of brain stem lesions suggesting that the cause of the abnormality in thresholds is in the brain stem. PMID- 6720306 TI - Cholesteatoma induction. Consequences of external auditory canal ligation in gerbils, cats, hamsters, guinea pigs, mice and rats. AB - Surgical ligation of the external auditory canals of Mongolian gerbils produces aural cholesteatomas that are similar to spontaneous gerbilline cholesteatomas. These experimental cholesteatomas expand rapidly, medially displacing the tympanic membrane and eroding bone. Less than 2 months after ligation, half these cholesteatomas are in contact with the bony prominence of the cochlea. Ligation induced formation of cholesteatomas may be unique to the gerbil. Keratin deposits are produced by similar ligations of the external auditory canals of cats, guinea pigs, hamsters, mice, and rats. However, in these animals there is no medial displacement of the tympanic membrane, no cholesteatoma formation, and no bone erosion. Cholesteatomas were not seen in cats, guinea pigs, hamsters, mice, and rats even after post-ligation intervals of 6 to 36 months. PMID- 6720307 TI - Histomorphometric analysis of iliac trabecular bone in otosclerosis. AB - With the aim of investigating whether patients with otosclerosis suffer from a generalized bone disorder, a histomorphometric analysis of trabecular bone from the iliac crest was performed. Iliac crest biopsies from 10 patients with otosclerosis and 20 normal controls were obtained after tetracycline double labelling and examined by histomorphometry. No significant differences were found in the estimates of density and remodeling of bone between patients and sex and age-matched normal controls. Qualitatively the bone specimens showed no signs of any generalized bone disorder. PMID- 6720308 TI - Light and scanning electron microscopy of nasal biopsy material from patients with naturally acquired common colds. AB - As our knowledge of the histopathology of common colds is very limited, we have undertaken a blind quantitative examination by scanning electron microscopy and light microscopy of 56 nasal biopsies, taken from 29 volunteers with naturally acquired colds. In agreement with earlier reports we found evidence of sloughing of epithelial cells, but in contrast to in vitro experiments, this did not result in a destruction of the epithelial lining, which by and large remained continuous, with structurally normal cell borders. There was a significant increase in the number of neutrophils, both in epithelium and in lamina propria, already on the 2nd day of the disease, and the hypothesis is advanced that the virus infection itself is the cause of the local neutrophilia. The only other abnormality demonstrated was an increased number of extracellular erythrocytes in the acute stage. The histological picture was not suggestive of an involvement of epithelial mast cells in the inflammation. PMID- 6720309 TI - Studies on the maxillary ostial function in cases with maxillary pain, intrasinusal cysts and chronic sinusitis. AB - The maxillary ostial function, measured as pressure transmission capacity, ostial airway resistance, equivalent ostial diameter during nasal breathing and with a constant artificial air-flow of 16.7 cm3 X S-1 into the sinus, was compared in three groups of patients. One group consisted of 7 sinuses in 6 patients with maxillary pain but without any signs of sinusitis; a second group of 6 sinuses in 6 patients with intramaxillary cysts; and a third group of 6 sinuses in 5 patients with chronic maxillary sinusitis. No impairment of the ostial function was found in groups one and two. In the third group an increased airway resistance of the ostia and small equivalent ostial diameters were found in both sitting and recumbent positions. With the pressure recording technique, the ostium can be judged as patent, non-patent, or partially obstructed, but no further grading can be done. With the pressure-flow technique the ostial function can be evaluated as ostial resistance or equivalent ostial diameters under 'physiological conditions' when the ostium is patent. With a constant artificial air-flow into the sinus the equivalent ostial diameter can be estimated even in non-patent ostia but the equivalent ostial diameters obtained do not always reflect the true functional state of the ostium. PMID- 6720310 TI - Mucociliary activities in fetal rabbits. AB - There have been many morphological investigations on the generation of respiratory epithelium. However, the mucociliary activity of fetal respiratory epithelium has never yet been discussed. In the present work, ciliary activity and mucociliary function in the nose and the trachea of fetal rabbits were studied and, moreover, their respiratory epithelial cells were observed by scanning and transmission electron microscopy. Ciliary activity as noted on the 26th day of fetal life (day 26) for the first time in both of the nasal and the tracheal region and this activity was already equivalent to that in adult rabbits. Mucociliary transport function in either region was first noted on day 27. A quantitative as well as a qualitative immaturity of the respiratory epithelium was recognized on the last day of observation (day 29). The quantitative immaturity is characterized by 1) the ratio of ciliated to non ciliated cells being lower than in the adult epithelium, 2) each ciliated cell possessing about three-fifths as many cilia as those of a full-grown cell, and 3) some cilia being smaller than full-grown ones and the qualitative immaturity by the directional disorder of the basal foot. No differences were observed between a cilium on day 25 or earlier, another on day 26 or later, and a full-grown cilium. It is suggested that cilia of the respiratory epithelium are morphologically prepared for motion and are activated on day 26 by changes in their surroundings, and that the poorer mucociliary transport in fetuses despite an almost normal ciliary beating is due in fairly large part to their qualitative immaturity (directional disorder of the basal foot). PMID- 6720311 TI - Circadian variation of secretory IgA in nasal secretions from normal subjects. AB - In normal subjects the concentration ratio of secretory IgA (sIgA) to total IgA in nasal secretion was measured by means of enzyme-linked immunosorbent assays (ELISA). No marked circadian variation was disclosed in the sIgA/IgA ratio in nasal secretion. PMID- 6720312 TI - The influence of anterior nasal packings on middle ear pressure. AB - In 27 patients, representing 53 ears, middle ear pressure was measured before and after septoplasty/rhinoplasty. On the fourth postoperative day there was no demonstrable statistical difference (Mann-Whitney test). The various possible reasons for postoperative tube occlusion are discussed, mucosa oedema being considered the most important reason. PMID- 6720313 TI - Midline malignant reticulosis. AB - A combined histological, ultrastructural and cytological study was performed on biopsy materials from nasal lesions of 2 patients with midline granuloma. The histological and ultrastructural features of the tissues were necrosis, inflammation and infiltration of atypical histiocytic cells. The DNA-content of these histiocytes exceeded the limits of the 5c Exceeding-Rate and the 2c Deviation Index. The morphological characteristics and the results of the DNA cytophotometry classify the midline granuloma as a local malignant histiocytosis. Clinical follow-up of the cases suggests that radiation therapy offers a good prospect of treatment success. PMID- 6720314 TI - Overpressure and breathiness in spastic dysphonia. An acoustic (LTAS) and perceptual study. AB - Pre- and postsurgical speech segments spoken by patients with spastic dysphonia were submitted to long-time-average-spectrum (LTAS) analysis and for perceptual assessment of breathiness and overpressure. Breathy phonation corresponded to a steep fall in the LTAS, while overpressured phonation produced higher spectral levels and a less steep fall. Mixed breathy-overpressured phonation produced a somewhat elevated spectrum. Post-surgical changes in overpressure are demonstrated by spectral shifts. Perceptual scores correlated well with the objective acoustic spectral measures. PMID- 6720315 TI - Comparative studies of the hepatic effects of di- and mono-n-octyl phthalates, di (2-ethylhexyl) phthalate and clofibrate in the rat. AB - The oral administration of di-n-octyl phthalate (DNOP), mono-n-octyl phthalate (MNOP), di-(2-ethylhexyl) phthalate (DEHP) and clofibrate to young male Sprague Dawley rats for 14 days resulted in liver enlargement. Morphological examination of liver sections from DEHP and clofibrate treated rats, but not from either DNOP or MNOP treated animals, revealed increased numbers of peroxisomes (microbodies). Both DEHP and clofibrate treatment markedly stimulated the activities of certain peroxisomal marker enzymes whereas DNOP and MNOP produced only marginal effects. Similarly both DEHP and clofibrate, but not DNOP or MNOP, increased microsomal cytochrome P-450 content and markedly stimulated microsomal lauric acid hydroxylation activity. The results thus demonstrate that whilst the branched chain phthalate ester DEHP induced peroxisomal proliferation, the straight chain analogue DNOP and its metabolite MNOP were essentially inactive. In addition, DEHP treatment appeared to induce similar form(s) of cytochrome P-450 in rat liver to those previously described after clofibrate administration. PMID- 6720316 TI - Organic acid transport to the blood from the corpus striatum, the thalamus and the cerebellum of the rat. AB - Conscious rats were given intracerebral injections by preplaced microsyringes. The injectates were 0.3-0.5 microliters of 125I- and 131I-o-iodohippurate. One hour after injection the isotopes present in the unopened cranial cavity were measured by gamma spectrometry. Some animals received 200 mg/kg probenecid intraperitoneally and this reduced the rate of absorption from injectates into the corpus striatum to 65.7 +/- 12.6% of control; from injectates into the cerebellum to 57.1 +/- 9.8% of control. Dye injections showed that injections into the cerebellum did not remain in the parenchyma, in contrast to injections into the corpus striatum or thalamus. Probenecid was also given as 2.9% solution, pH 7, mixed with the iodohippurate in the microsyringe. It had no effect on injections into the cerebellum, reduced the rate of absorption from the corpus striatum to 80.9 +/- 3.2% of controls and that from the thalamus to 88.3 +/- 2.2%. The results indicate parenchymal probenecid-sensitive transport of iodohippurate from the corpus striatum and thalamus but failed to settle the matter for the cerebellum. PMID- 6720317 TI - Cardiovascular effects of intramuscular or inhaled terbutaline in asthmatics. AB - 8 stable asthmatics were at random given placebo, 0.125 mg, 0.25 mg, 0.5 mg and 1 mg terbutaline intramuscularly or 2.5 mg as inhalation. Systolic time intervals, echocardiographic parameters and peak expiratory flow (PEF) were measured. Maximal circulatory and respiratory response was obtained after 0.5 mg and 0.25 mg, respectively. The circulatory effect of 2.5 mg inhaled terbutaline equalled 0.125 mg given intramuscularly, while this dosage elicited maximal bronchodilator effect. Thus, nebulized terbutaline has only a minimal circulatory effect, and even the intramuscular dosages were without dramatic circulatory side effects. PMID- 6720318 TI - Sodium N-methyl-D-glucamine dithiocarbamate and cadmium intoxication. AB - The sodium and ammonium salts of N-methyl-D-glucamine dithiocarbamate were prepared and their usefulness as antidotes for cadmium intoxication investigated. This chelating agent was found to be effective in both acute and repeated exposure cadmium poisoning. A single intraperitoneal injection of sodium N-methyl D-glucamine dithiocarbamate (NaNMG-DTC), administered at a level greater than 1.1 mmol/kg body weight, protects against a normally lethal (greater than 95%) dose of cadmium chloride (10 mg CdCl2/kg body weight) and results in a subsequent dose dependent decrease in the liver and kidney burdens of cadmium ion. In repeated exposure cadmium intoxication, repeated administration of NaNMG-DTC can result in substantial reductions in both the kidney (71%) and the liver (40%) levels of cadmium. The LD50 of the compound was not determined, but single injections of 26.6 mmol/kg body weight (injectate volume 1.0 ml) are well tolerated in mice. PMID- 6720319 TI - Alkylation of guanosine by phosphoramide mustard, chloromethine hydrochloride and chlorambucil. AB - Guanosine was reacted in vitro with phosphoramide mustard, chloromethine hydrochloride, and chlorambucil. The products were isolated by HPLC and characterized by UV and fluorescence spectroscopy, and C-8 tritium exchange. The primary products were 7-alkylguanosines according to such evidence. Phosphoramide mustard had 1/10 of the apparent alkylation activity of two other mustards. The primary 7-alkylguanosines were unstable at pH 7.4 and 37 degrees; t1/2 were 3 min. for chloromethine hydrochloride, 2.7 hrs for chlorambucil and 3.0 hrs for phosphoramide mustard. Both dechlorination at the unbound arm of the mustard and imidazole ring opening og guanosine appeared to account for such instability. PMID- 6720320 TI - Tissue disposition of carbon disulfide. II. Whole-body autoradiography of 35S- and 14C-labelled carbon disulfide in pregnant mice. AB - Occupational exposure to carbon disulfide (CS2) has been associated with an increased rate of spontaneous abortions. Animal experiments have shown that CS2 is embryotoxic and teratogenic. In the present study, the embryonal and foetal distribution of CS2 and its metabolites was studied after administration of 35S- or 14C-labelled CS2 to pregnant mice in different stages of gestation. CS2 and its metabolites passed the placenta at all stages of gestation. High levels of metabolites of CS2 were registered in the embryonic neuroepithelium. In mid and late gestation CS2 itself accumulated in the cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) of the brain. 14C-labelled metabolites of CS2 showed affinity for bone and were retained in the liver even at long survival times (24 hours). These localizations may be of significance for some of the reported teratogenic effects of CS2, such as hydrocephalus, ossification defects and foetal liver injury, and support the idea that CS2 and/or its metabolites are embryotoxic and teratogenic by acting directly on embryonal and foetal structures. PMID- 6720321 TI - Breathing pattern and lung volumes during exercise. AB - The interrelationships of ventilation (V), tidal volume (VT), inspiratory (T1), expiratory (TE) and total breath (Ttot) durations, mean inspiratory (VT/TI) and expiratory (VT/TE) flows, and lung volumes were studied in normal subjects at rest and during exercise on a cycle ergometer. The ergometric load was increased by 10 W every minute, from zero W to 200 W. The TI/Ttot ratio increased with V in the range 15 to 60 1 X min-1, indicating that with increasing V the rate of increase of VT/TI decreased whereas that of VT/TE increased. Possible mechanisms responsible for the difference in behaviour of VT/TI and VT/TE are discussed. The VT-TI and VT-TE relationships both displayed three ranges with breakpoints at tidal volumes of about 1.4 and 2.4 1. The relations of TI and TE to end inspiratory volume were approximately linear over the entire VT range studied, whereas the relations of TI and TE to end-expiratory volume showed three ranges with different characteristics. We conclude that the termination of inspiration during cycle exercise is dependent on volume-related afferent feedback from the lungs and/or chest walls, not only in the high but also in the low volume range. PMID- 6720322 TI - Different osmotic stability of two storage pools of adrenomedullary catecholamines: possible relevance to exocytotic release of the hormones. PMID- 6720323 TI - Effects of nicotine on fat induced release of neurotensin-like immunoreactivity in the rat. PMID- 6720324 TI - Lysosomal changes related to exercise injuries and training-induced protection in mouse skeletal muscle. AB - Three experiments were designed to study the lysosomal changes associated with the development and maintenance of the endurance training induced resistance against exercise injuries in mouse skeletal muscles. The activities of arylsulphatase, cathepsin C, cathepsin D, and beta-glucuronidase were assayed from the red part of mouse quadriceps femoris muscle 4 days after prolonged strenuous running of 4-9 h duration. Exercise injuries were characterized by necrotic fibers and focal inflammation. Strenuous running of untrained mice induced necrotic lesions and a 4-5 fold increase in the activities of lysosomal enzymes. This lysosomal response was considerably reduced already by daily training bouts on the 3 days preceding the strenuous exertion. Simultaneously exercise injuries were markedly reduced. Extending the endurance training program increased the running ability of mice and further reduced the necrotic lesions and lysosomal changes induced by the strenuous exercise. The detraining of 1 week after the termination of regular endurance training considerably increased the degree of exercise induced lysosomal response. The detraining of longer durations further increased the lysosomal response and no effect of prior endurance training existed after 1 month detraining. Our observations suggest that the severity of exercise injuries is related to the strength of the exercise stimulus and the level of preceding physical activity and can be characterized by the lysosomal changes. PMID- 6720325 TI - Visually guided switching of forelimb target reaching in cats. PMID- 6720326 TI - Irreversible neuronal damage after short periods of status epilepticus. PMID- 6720327 TI - Assessment of ventilation and respiratory rate by healthy subjects. AB - Ability to judge ventilation (VI) and respiratory rate (RR) was examined in healthy subjects using the standard psychophysical technique of magnitude production. The relationships between objective and subjective magnitudes of VI could be adequately described by power function with the mean exponent 1.9. The mean deviation from the regression line was 3.0%. The requested levels of VI were produced either by changing tidal volume (VT) or RR. Changes in VT resulted in higher exponents of VI judgment. When requesting the subjects to keep VI constant by matching either VT with the imposed changes in RR or vice versa, the lesser acuity was found in adjusting RR to VT than in matching VT with RR. The results indicate that VI is judged on the basis of either VT or RR and is not treated as a concept in its own power. The 'RR' experiments consisted of assessment of RR and breath duration. The relationships between objective and subjective magnitudes of these two parameters were characterized by power functions with the exponents 1.0 and 1.2 respectively and mean deviation from the regression line of 13%. It is speculated that difficulties in adjusting RR to VT depended on a lesser precision in RR judgment. PMID- 6720328 TI - Effects of liver ischemia on degradation of different classes of hepatic proteins. AB - The effects of liver ischemia on hepatic protein degradation were studied in rats. In one series of experiments degradation was measured in incubated liver slices as release of trichloroacetic acid soluble radioactivity from proteins prelabelled with L-(14C)-leucine during 4 h (short-lived proteins) or during 24 h (long-lived proteins). In another series of experiments protein degradation was determined in vivo by measuring decay of radioactivity in hepatic proteins prelabelled with (14C)-sodium bicarbonate administered intraperitoneally 4 h or 24 h before induction of liver ischemia. Degradation of short-lived proteins was reduced by 50% both in vitro and in vivo during liver ischemia while breakdown of long-lived proteins was unchanged. Thus, short-lived and long-lived proteins were differently affected by liver ischemia. These results are consistent with the concept of distinct proteolytic pathways for different classes of proteins. PMID- 6720329 TI - Cation exchange--a common mechanism in the storage and release of biogenic amines stored in granules (vesicles)? II. Comparative studies on sodium-induced release of biogenic amines from the synthetic weak cation-exchangers Amberlite IRC-50 and duolite CS-100 and from biogenic (granule-enriched) materials. AB - Superfusion of phenylethylamine-, noradrenaline- or histamine-charged weak (carboxyl) cation-exchangers (IRC-50 and Duolite CS-100) with isotonic NaCl caused a release of the amines. Similarly, bovine chromaffin granules and nerve granule preparations from bovine splenic nerve, rat vas deferens and rat corpus striatum released their amine(s) upon superfusion with the same solution. The courses of release from the synthetic and biogenic materials showed very similar characteristics and fitted the same exchange equations. The observations support the view that the matrices of the biogenic amine-storing granules have the properties of weak cation-exchanger materials with carboxyls as the cation binding groups, and that the NaCl-induced release of the biogenic amines is due to cation exchange (Na+ in equilibrium Amine+). The possibility that amine release in vivo is based on cation exchange is discussed. PMID- 6720330 TI - [Study of a case of manic-depressive psychosis treated in the acute phase with drugs and family therapy]. AB - This is a case report of a manic-depressive case type II in a melancholic phase (Bipolar affective disorder, depressed) benefiting from a joined drug treatment according to nosological criteria of biological psychiatry (DSM III, RDC) and family sessions on the basis of psychodynamic and systemic criteria according to the logic of family theories. This case illustrates strategies belonging to various frames of reference and their articulation around a particular case. PMID- 6720331 TI - [Psychotherapy-drugs combined. Mixed psychotherapeutic-chemotherapeutic treatment. Countertransference aspects]. AB - This is a clinical case report on young female patient aged 30 whom the author has followed with a mixed treatment of psychotherapy and chemotherapy for one and a half year. This patient has a "borderline" symptomatology. The approach through counter-transfer is preponderant. The importance and use of this analysis are emphasized, first to allow a dynamic research of adequate therapeutic attitudes, then to furnish basic knowledge for understanding the type of material and anxiety brought up by this patient. A more comprehensive reflexion is made concerning the situations leading to the use of a first, then second psychotherapeutic drug, in parallel to the psychotherapeutic approach, and to the problems resulting in the therapeutic relationship throughout the transfer and counter-transfer. PMID- 6720332 TI - [Chemotherapy and psychotherapies. Attempt at integration]. AB - After a brief historic reminder, the author reviews certain difficulties in integrating psychotherapeutic practice. These difficulties are within the global frame of association of techniques and therapists. Criticizing the bifocal tendency, the author justifies an integrated practice and conceptualisation in the area of severe mental disorders. Finally the author proposes elements of a general theory of psychotherapy permitting chemotherapy to find its place as an "armed psychotherapy" or "psychotherapy in reality". PMID- 6720333 TI - Prediction of outcome in schizophrenia. AB - Prediction of 5-8 year outcome from presenting symptoms and background data was attempted in a sample of 110 first-admitted schizophrenics. Correlations between outcome criteria and single predictors as well as factor analytically derived clusters of predictors were studied. A rather consistent pattern of symptom variables as well as personality and social variables was found to be predictive of outcome. 'Atypical' symptoms were associated with good prognosis while longitudinal variables indicative of 'high-risk personality', or duration and severity of illness, were related to bad prognosis. Overt psychotic symptoms usually gave no correlations with outcome. A discriminant analytical approach was also used to predict outcome from combinations of predictor variables. When all variables were used to predict a combined outcome score, a high accuracy was achieved. PMID- 6720334 TI - Seasonality of birth in subtypes of chronic schizophrenia. AB - Several reports in the literature suggest that schizophrenic patients are disproportionately born during the colder months compared to the general population. In this study, we report differences in the seasonality of birth between the subtypes of chronic schizophrenia, particularly when gender is considered. Cold months' births (December to March) are most likely in nonparanoid females and paranoid males. Possible reasons for these differences are discussed in light of genetic and environmental factors in schizophrenia. PMID- 6720335 TI - Life events occurring before and after onset of depression in a Kenyan setting- any significance? AB - In a controlled study of life events in depressed patients in Kenya it was found that the rate of life events was higher in the depressed group in the 27 weeks preceding the onset of depression but with a sharp increase in the last 6-9 weeks before onset. It was also found that the depressed patients continued to experience independent life events after the onset of the depression. It is hypothesized that the continued occurrence of life events after the onset of depression is an incentive to seek help and, eventually, a psychiatric referral. PMID- 6720336 TI - Life events and personality characteristics in depression. AB - Evidence from many sources supports the view that stressful life events might be relevant for the onset and development of depression, but their pathogenic role is still only poorly understood. One approach in trying to elucidate the role of life events in depression, might be to study them from a multi-factorial point of view, taking into account the vulnerability of the individual experiencing them. As part of such an investigation, 138 depressed patients with a mean age of 45 years have participated in a study of life events and personality traits. In particular, it was tested whether aspects of aggression might interact with the occurrence and perception of external stressful events. Patients who scored high on outward aggression had experienced more stressful events, and patients who scored high on inhibition of aggression had experienced fewer, but more negatively. It is concluded that a combined study of the occurrence of life events and the personality characteristics of the patients experiencing them might enhance our understanding of the pathogenic role of life events in depression. PMID- 6720337 TI - [Growth hormone and abnormal carbohydrate metabolism in patients with chronic renal failure]. PMID- 6720338 TI - [Non-hemolytic familial hyperbilirubinemia. Apropos of a case]. PMID- 6720339 TI - [Systemic family therapy: a new concept, a new practice]. PMID- 6720340 TI - Crosscorrelation analysis of intracolumnar neuronal connectivity in area 17 of binocularly deprived cats. AB - Eight cats were binocularly deprived of pattern vision by rearing in masks from the time of eye opening. Twenty five groups of 3 neurons and 28 neuronal pairs were studied in visual orientation columns of their striate cortices. The crosscorrelograms of neuronal discharges were analyzed and the inference of underlying interneuronal connectivity was made. The results were compared with the normal cats data obtained earlier in an identical experiment. Total number of existing interactions was only slightly reduced: from 95010 of analyzed pairs in normal cats to 90 percent in deprived animals. The most pronounced effect of visual deprivation was the reduction of the percentage of neuronal pairs that shared the same source of input from 61 to 34 percent. The proportion of direct excitatory connections was not affected, while an increase in the number of inhibitory correlations was found. PMID- 6720341 TI - Conditioned tactile placing in cats with unilateral neodecortication or spinal cord hemisection. AB - The conditioned tactile placing of the forelimbs was abolished contralaterally after unilateral neodecortication or ipsilaterally after hemisection of spinal cord at high cervical level in cats. However, the conditioned response can be regained with training. The results suggest that training activates additional pathways for the conditioned response. PMID- 6720342 TI - On the possible nature of the processes induced by unconditioned stimulation in the cerebral cortex. AB - Tetanic stimulation of the cortex elicits in some cortical neurons a hyperpolarizing change of the membrane potential and inhibition of impulse activity; after cessation of stimulation often an enhanced discharge occurs. Other neurons respond to stimulation with high-frequency discharges. At the site of stimulation [K+]o is increased more than by 2 mM. If tetanic stimulations are applied at less than 2 min intervals they result in an attenuated K+ release. During tetanic stimulation of the cortex a depolarizing shift of the glial cell membrane potential develops at all strata of the cortex. It is known that conditioned reflex may be elaborated when the electrical stimulation of the motor cortex is used as unconditioned stimulus if the intertrial intervals are not too short. It is hypothesized that the effectiveness of the stimulation of the cortex in eliciting the K+ release and in promoting a conditioned reflex acquisition are interrelated. According to this hypothesis an increase in [K+]o is a signal for myelin formation, and myelination of the naked axonic terminals which convey conditioned signal is the basis for the conversion of the potential connections into the actual ones. PMID- 6720343 TI - [Special states of mind: neurotic phases]. PMID- 6720344 TI - [Elaboration of a life-changes questionnaire adapted to the Spanish population]. PMID- 6720345 TI - [Clinical and etiopathogenic aspects of epileptic (schizomorphic) psychoses developing without consciousness disorders]. PMID- 6720346 TI - [Psychological aspects of vertigo]. PMID- 6720347 TI - [Electroencephalographic aspects of closed craniocerebral injuries]. PMID- 6720348 TI - [Incidence of delirium tremens and alcoholic hallucinations in different types of drinkers. A comparative study]. PMID- 6720350 TI - [Changes in the Leydig cells after pinealectomy. Optical and electron microscopy study]. PMID- 6720349 TI - [Action of phenothiazines on brain catecholamines]. PMID- 6720351 TI - [Renal injuries in childhood]. PMID- 6720352 TI - [Statistical analysis of lithiasis in the Valencia community (1)]. PMID- 6720353 TI - [Benign tumors of the epididymis]. PMID- 6720354 TI - [Carcinoma of the scrotum]. PMID- 6720355 TI - [Solitary renal cyst infected by Brucella. Review of the literature]. PMID- 6720356 TI - [Contribution of ultrasonography to the differential diagnosis of pyelocaliceal lacunar images: our experience]. PMID- 6720357 TI - [Prostatic endometrioid adenocarcinoma; report of a case]. PMID- 6720358 TI - Structure and fiber connections of the hippocampus. A comparative study. PMID- 6720359 TI - Purine metabolism in man--IV. Part A: clinical and therapeutic aspects; regulatory mechanisms. PMID- 6720360 TI - Problems in diagnosis and treatment of adenine and hypoxanthine-guanine phosphoribosyltransferase deficiency. PMID- 6720361 TI - New defects of pyrimidine metabolism. PMID- 6720362 TI - Clinical survey of 200 patients with gout. PMID- 6720363 TI - Incorporation of 15N from glycine into uric acid in gout: a follow-up study. AB - Over-incorporation of 15N-labeled glycine into uric acid indicates over production of uric acid by de novo purine biosynthesis. This metabolic aberration, though considered to be inborn (3), may be modified by changing of life style, aging and long-term therapy. In the patient under study, the protracted use of allopurinol seems to have played the most important role. Aging contributed to a certain extent, and changing life style was the least significant factor. PMID- 6720364 TI - Hyperuricaemia in young New Zealand Maori men. PMID- 6720365 TI - Lean dry gout patients. PMID- 6720366 TI - Hypoxanthine-guanine phosphoribosyl transferase (HGPRT) deficiency in a girl. PMID- 6720367 TI - Urate deposits without gouty arthritis. PMID- 6720368 TI - Postheparin plasma lipoprotein lipase and hepatic triglyceride lipase activities in gout. PMID- 6720369 TI - HDL-cholesterol levels in gouty patients. PMID- 6720370 TI - Hyperuricemia in primary hyperparathyroidism: incidence and evolution after surgery. PMID- 6720371 TI - Pilot study of blood coagulation in gout patients. PMID- 6720372 TI - Characterization of an urate binding alpha 2-globulin from human serum. PMID- 6720373 TI - Metabolic studies of high doses of allopurinol in humans. AB - In animals and in humans given high doses of allopurinol, the oxidation of allopurinol to oxipurinol is inhibited, resulting in a higher proportion of unchanged allopurinol and of allopurinol riboside in plasma and urine than is seen at low doses. The dose which produces this inhibition of allopurinol oxidation is higher in rodents than in man or in the dog. Urinary orotate and orotidine increased in proportion to the dose of allopurinol. These increased levels of orotate would be expected to compete more effectively with 5 fluorouracil for conversion to a nucleotide by orotate phosphoribosyltransferase. Since allopurinol and allopurinol riboside are active against leishmaniae in vitro, it may be possible to attain therapeutic levels of allopurinol and allopurinol riboside in vivo by using high doses of allopurinol. PMID- 6720374 TI - Gout resistant to allopurinol: poor compliance or non-response. PMID- 6720375 TI - Uricostatic effect of allopurinol in the allantoxanamide-treated rat: a new method for evaluating antiuricopathic drugs. PMID- 6720376 TI - The excretion of 14C-hypoxanthine and its metabolites in rats following administration of uricostatic drugs. PMID- 6720377 TI - Pulse radiolysis study of hypoxanthine and xanthine oxidation. PMID- 6720378 TI - Clinical and biochemical correlates of a new HPRT mutation. PMID- 6720379 TI - Renal handling of uric acid in normal subjects: its behaviour with respect to different filtered loads. PMID- 6720380 TI - Evidence of abnormal renal handling of uric acid in patients with nephrolithiasis and hyperuricosuria. PMID- 6720381 TI - Renal handling of uric acid in gout by means of the pyrazinamide and probenecid tests. PMID- 6720382 TI - Behaviour of serum urate in renal disease of varying etiology. PMID- 6720383 TI - Hypouricemia and medullary carcinoma of the thyroid. PMID- 6720384 TI - Enzyme replacement in the Lesch-Nyhan syndrome with long-term erythrocyte transfusions. PMID- 6720385 TI - Pyrazolopyrimidine metabolism in Leishmania: an overview. AB - The demonstration of this unusual metabolic sequence in these organisms indicates that there are substantial differences between these protozoans and their mammalian hosts with respect to pyrazolopyrimidine metabolism. The intracellular forms of L. donovani, which are the pathogenic agents of the human disease, metabolize allopurinol identically. Trypanosoma cruzi, the causative agent of American trypanosomiasis, metabolizes allopurinol in the same manner as leishmania; in addition, the intracellular and bloodstream forms of this organism, the agents of the disease in man, carry out the same reaction sequence. The African trypanosomes, T. rhodesiense and T. brucei also convert allopurinol to the same metabolic products. These metabolic sequences appear to be common to most of the pathogenic hemoflagellate parasites that infect man and this opens a new avenue of research in purine metabolism. PMID- 6720387 TI - Optimized micro-measurement of H.PRTase activity on fibroblasts and hair follicles. PMID- 6720386 TI - Single cell cloning of Leishmania parasites in purine-defined medium: isolation of drug-resistant variants. AB - A simple technique for the isolation of Leishmania donovani and Leishmania tropica promastigote clones derived from a single cell involves the use of semi solid agar. Both species of Leishmania form discrete colonies at high efficiency in completely defined medium lacking serum. Visible colonies appear between eight and fourteen days. Viability of colonies transferred from semi-solid agar to liquid suspension culture is 100%. Using these techniques, we have isolated clonal populations of cells resistant to tubercidin and formycin b. PMID- 6720388 TI - Detection of hypoxanthine guanine phosphoribosyl transferase heterozygotes by thin layer chromatography and autoradiography. PMID- 6720389 TI - Adeninephosphoribosyltransferase (APRT)-activity in patients with nephrolithiasis or renal failure. PMID- 6720390 TI - Turnover and distribution of 14C-uric acid in psoriatic patients. PMID- 6720391 TI - Serum uric acid levels in psoriasis. PMID- 6720392 TI - Urinary excretion of methylated nucleosides in different states of failure to thrive. PMID- 6720393 TI - Regional variation in extracellular purine levels in vivo. PMID- 6720394 TI - Lymphocyte adenosine deaminase levels in active and in inactive forms of HBsAg positive chronic liver disease. PMID- 6720395 TI - Effect of purine restriction on serum and urine urate in normal subjects. PMID- 6720396 TI - Isotope studies of uric acid metabolism during dietary purine administration. PMID- 6720397 TI - Influence of dietary purines on allopurinol metabolism and allopurinol induced oroticaciduria. PMID- 6720398 TI - The effect of beer ingestion on plasma and urine uric acid in gout and normouricaemic subjects. PMID- 6720399 TI - Influence of purines on pyrimidine metabolism in rat hepatocytes. PMID- 6720400 TI - Effects of glycerol on purine metabolism in rat liver cells. PMID- 6720401 TI - Purine release by human erythrocytes. PMID- 6720402 TI - Use of adenine in blood banking. PMID- 6720403 TI - Substance rates of different steps of purine metabolism in normal and preserved red blood cells (RBC) studied in experiments simulating in vivo conditions. AB - A dialysis incubation system simulating the conditions in the circulation can be used: To draw conclusions about the RBC in transporting purines between organs. To improve solutions for "rejuvenating" stored RBC. To design better systems for quality control of stored RBC. PMID- 6720404 TI - Biochemical study of a case of hemolytic anemia with increased (85-fold) red cell adenosine deaminase. PMID- 6720405 TI - Orotate uptake and metabolism by human erythrocytes. PMID- 6720406 TI - Basic molecular defect in ADA-SCID. PMID- 6720407 TI - Genetic mechanism(s) responsible for a deficiency of adenine phosphoribosyltransferase in man. PMID- 6720408 TI - Purine, thymidylate and amino acid requirements for human lymphocyte transformation and fragile chromosome site expression. PMID- 6720409 TI - De novo purine synthesis in human lymphocytes. PMID- 6720410 TI - The hormonal regulation of purine biosynthesis. PMID- 6720411 TI - Ethanol induced alterations of uric acid metabolism. AB - Our observations have shown that chronic oral ethanol administration was associated with increased serum urate, urine uric acid excretion, urine uric acid clearance and oxypurine excretion. The daily rate of uric acid turnover was significantly increased. Intravenous ethanol administration was associated with increased uric acid excretion, increased uric acid clearance and significantly increased oxypurine excretion. Excretion of radioactivity derived from intravenously administered adenine increased significantly. We conclude that hyperuricemia related to ethanol consumption at lower blood ethanol levels (less than 150 mg/dl) results from increased production of uric acid probably secondary to accelerated degradation of adenine nucleotides. PMID- 6720412 TI - Influence of ethanol on the production of allantoin by the perfused rat liver. PMID- 6720413 TI - The pathway of AMP catabolism and its control in isolated rat hepatocytes subjected to anoxia. PMID- 6720414 TI - Stimulation by adenosine of adenine nucleotide turnover in isolated hepatocytes: evidence for a futile cycle between AMP and adenosine. PMID- 6720415 TI - Nucleoside utilization by S and G1 cells. PMID- 6720416 TI - Pyrimidine metabolism in folate deficient lymphoblasts. PMID- 6720417 TI - Pyrimidine metabolism in rat brain cortex and liver. PMID- 6720418 TI - The effect of dipyridamole on plasma adenosine levels and skin micro-circulation in man. PMID- 6720419 TI - Problems of diagnosis in an adolescent with hypoxanthine-guanine phosphoribosyltransferase deficiency and acute renal failure. PMID- 6720420 TI - Human myoadenylate deaminase deficiency. PMID- 6720421 TI - Myoadenylate deaminase deficiency: an enzyme defect in search of a disease. AB - The frequency of MAD deficiency in cases with exercise intolerance compared with the frequency in series of consecutive muscle biopsies suggests a relation between the deficiency and exercise intolerance. Deficiency cases can be presumed by an impaired NH3 production during ischaemic exercise. The ischaemic exercise test also gives information concerning the familial character of the deficiency. PMID- 6720422 TI - Purine metabolism in man--IV. Part B: Biochemical, immunological, and cancer research. PMID- 6720423 TI - Metabolism of guanosine and deoxyguanosine in mammalian lymphocytes and their influence on mitogenic stimulation. PMID- 6720424 TI - Concentration of nucleotides in peripheral blood lymphocytes of various mammalian species. PMID- 6720425 TI - Metabolic findings in a patient with adenosine deaminase deficiency and severe combined immunodeficiency. PMID- 6720426 TI - Nucleotide levels in peripheral blood mononuclear cells of immunodeficient children: problems of measurement. PMID- 6720427 TI - Biochemical and immunological evaluation of long term coformycin administration in the mouse. PMID- 6720428 TI - S-adenosylhomocysteine hydrolase as a pharmacological target for the inhibition of transmethylation. PMID- 6720429 TI - Effect of purine nucleosides on rat macrophage function. PMID- 6720430 TI - Kinetic studies of hypoxanthine-guanine phosphoribosyltransferase in intact cells. PMID- 6720431 TI - Uptake of thymidine by plasma membrane vesicles of L5178Y murine leukemic cells. PMID- 6720432 TI - Adenosine deaminase isozymes in transformed cells. PMID- 6720433 TI - Hypoxanthine-guanine phosphoribosyltransferase in human lymphoblastoid cells: confirmation of four structural variants and demonstration of a new variant (HPRT Ann Arbor). PMID- 6720434 TI - Inhibition of thymidylate synthetase by the new quinazoline antifolate, CB 3717; enzyme purification and kinetics. PMID- 6720435 TI - Plasma nucleoside and base levels following treatment with the new thymidylate synthetase inhibitor CB 3717. PMID- 6720436 TI - The primary structure and posttranslational modification of human hypoxanthine guanine phosphoribosyltransferase. PMID- 6720437 TI - Synergism between purines and thymidine (TDR) in reversal of methotrexate (MTX) toxicity in mice using continuous infusions. PMID- 6720438 TI - Isotachophoretic analysis of some compounds involved in energy metabolism in normal and pathological human muscle extracts. PMID- 6720439 TI - Adenine metabolism in rat skeletal muscle. AB - Electrical stimulation, as anticipated brought about a fall in total ATP. Despite this there was little extra utilization of [8-14C]adenine to replace the ATP lost. The results suggest that allopurinol increased [8-14C]adenine utilization in both resting and stimulated muscle and, in particular, increased incorporation into ATP. After 30 minutes recovery total ATP levels had not returned to control resting values. [8-14C]adenine utilization, however, was markedly increased with most of the label incorporated into ATP. The results again suggest that addition of allopurinol to the medium increased [8-14C] adenine utilization of the label by recovering muscle. PMID- 6720440 TI - Purine nucleotide metabolism in primary rat skeletal muscle cultures. PMID- 6720441 TI - Metabolism of AMP in muscle extracts from patients with deficient activity of myoadenylate deaminase. PMID- 6720442 TI - Effect of hypoxia and exercise on nucleotide metabolism in man. PMID- 6720443 TI - Malignant hyperthermia: adenine incorporation and adenine metabolism in human platelets, influenced by halothane. PMID- 6720444 TI - Enzymes of purine metabolism in muscle specimens from patients with Duchenne-type muscular dystrophy. PMID- 6720445 TI - Non-specific adenylate deaminase from snail foot muscle. PMID- 6720446 TI - Potential role of non-specific snail muscle adenylate deaminase in operating of NADH-dependent dehydrogenases. PMID- 6720447 TI - Balance of purine nucleotides and catabolites in the isolated ischemic rat heart. PMID- 6720448 TI - Inosine incorporation into adenine- and guanine nucleotides in the isolated perfused rat heart is stimulated after ischemia. PMID- 6720449 TI - The Ca-antagonist nifedipine reduces purine nucleoside and oxypurine release from ischemic heart. PMID- 6720450 TI - Purification and characterization of pig heart AMP-deaminase. PMID- 6720451 TI - AMP deaminase from necrotic rat heart. PMID- 6720452 TI - AMP deaminase isozymes in human blood cells. AB - Column chromatographic, electrophoretic and immunological studies showed the distribution of AMP deaminase isozymes in human blood cells as follows: isozyme E1 in erythrocyte, E2 in granulocyte, L in mononuclear cells, platelets and T lymphoblast, and probably E1-L hybrid sets in B-lymphoblast. PMID- 6720453 TI - S-adenosylhomocysteine hydrolase activity in defects of enzymes of purine metabolism and inhibition by various purine compounds. PMID- 6720454 TI - Glucocorticoid effects and their biological consequences. PMID- 6720455 TI - Deflazacort and skeletal, phosphate and glucose metabolism in monkeys. PMID- 6720456 TI - Comparison of the effects of cortisone acetate on calcification, ossification, and resorption of fetal mice long bones--in vivo and in vitro studies. PMID- 6720457 TI - In vitro evidence of the calcium-sparing effect of deflazacort. PMID- 6720458 TI - Bone histomorphometry in corticosteroid-induced osteoporosis and Cushing's syndrome. PMID- 6720459 TI - Bone mineral in lumbar spine, femoral neck and femoral shaft measured by dual photon absorptiometry with 153-gadolineum in prednisone treatment. PMID- 6720460 TI - Effects of glucocorticoids and anabolic steroids on cells derived from human skeletal and articular tissues in vitro. PMID- 6720461 TI - Methods for reducing undesirable side effects of glucocorticoids. PMID- 6720463 TI - Effects of deflazacort on the renal handling of radiocalcium in man. PMID- 6720462 TI - Ex vivo binding to thymic glucocorticoid receptors: correlation with biological responses. PMID- 6720464 TI - Giggle incontinence. PMID- 6720465 TI - [The value of the colpocystogram in the diagnosis and therapeutic indications of urinary incontinence in women]. PMID- 6720466 TI - [The importance of systematic urodynamic exploration prior to surgery for incontinence]. PMID- 6720467 TI - [Cystometry and female incontinence]. PMID- 6720468 TI - [The importance of the pre- and postoperative urodynamic examination in urinary stress incontinence]. PMID- 6720469 TI - [Pre- and postoperative urodynamic examination in urinary stress incontinence treated by the Marshall-Marchett-Krants or Bruch methods]. PMID- 6720470 TI - [Telemetric urodynamic examination of the bladder]. PMID- 6720471 TI - [Pharmacology and drug treatment of urinary incontinence in women]. PMID- 6720472 TI - [The importance of perineal rehabilitation following delivery]. PMID- 6720473 TI - [Biofeedback (controlled auto-relaxation) to complement perineal exercises in the medical treatment of urinary incontinence in women. Preliminary study]. PMID- 6720474 TI - [Endoscopic injection of teflon in the treatment of urinary stress incontinence in women]. PMID- 6720475 TI - The Burch colposuspension procedure. PMID- 6720476 TI - [Complications of the Burch operation]. PMID- 6720477 TI - [Therapy of incontinence by fixation of the vagina to a pyramidal flap. 200 cases]. PMID- 6720478 TI - [The value of the Marshall-Marchetti operation in the treatment of female bladder incontinence]. PMID- 6720479 TI - [Results of the surgical treatment of urinary stress incontinence using the Michon, Kelly and Marshall-Marchetti-Burch technics]. PMID- 6720480 TI - [Surgical treatment of urinary stress incontinence in women. 151 surgically treated cases]. PMID- 6720481 TI - [Musculo-aponeurotic suspension of the bladder neck in the treatment of urinary stress incontinence]. PMID- 6720482 TI - [Aponeurotic suspension of the bladder neck in the surgical treatment of urinary stress incontinence in women. Advantages and preliminary results]. PMID- 6720483 TI - [Free aponeurotic sub-cervical flap in the surgical treatment of urinary stress incontinence in women]. PMID- 6720484 TI - [Recurrence of urinary stress incontinence and its therapeutic approach]. PMID- 6720485 TI - [Repeated surgical treatment of vaginal eversion with recurrent urinary incontinence following total hysterectomy]. PMID- 6720487 TI - Diet and kidney stones. PMID- 6720486 TI - [The use of tissue adhesives in the treatment of urinary stress incontinence in women]. PMID- 6720488 TI - Spontaneous pneumomediastinum as an occupational hazard. PMID- 6720489 TI - Fleas. AB - While more than 2,000 species and subspecies of fleas are known, only nine have significant medical and veterinary importance, and only six involve man. Eggs drop easily from pet hosts to be widely distributed throughout the home. Human flea bites range from small red welts to severe rash and itching; they are usually found only on wrists, ankles and legs. Treatment is symptomatic. Control of flea infestation is based on knowledge of the life cycle of the insect. PMID- 6720490 TI - Thallium-201 myocardial perfusion scanning. AB - This is a minimally invasive imaging technique designed to evaluate patients for suspected coronary artery disease. It is usually performed in conjunction with stress ECG testing. It can accurately determine the presence and extent of coronary artery disease and help determine whether cardiac catheterization is necessary. Thallium scanning can also be used to monitor response to aortocoronary bypass grafting, angioplasty or intracoronary streptokinase infusion. PMID- 6720491 TI - Slipped femoral epiphysis. PMID- 6720492 TI - Childhood cervical adenitis. AB - Cervical lymphadenopathy is common in children. Although infectious adenitis is the most probable diagnosis, a large number of congenital and acquired, neoplastic and non-neoplastic lesions must also be considered. Evaluation of infectious cervical lymphadenitis should include a careful history and physical examination, followed by a tuberculin skin test and cultures of the throat and lymph node aspirate. The first therapeutic step is to prescribe a semisynthetic penicillinase-resistant penicillin, aimed at the most common bacterial organisms. PMID- 6720493 TI - Eye changes after forty. AB - The most common "physiologic" change that occurs in the eyes after age 40 is loss of elasticity of the lens, resulting in presbyopia. Xanthelasmas commonly occur at this age and should be removed only for cosmetic reasons. Entropion and ectropion can be quite irritating; both results from laxity of the eyelid tissues. Relaxation of eyelid tissues also contributes to blepharochalasis. Glaucoma and formation of cataracts are not normal changes but do appear with increasing frequency in persons over 40. PMID- 6720494 TI - Erythroplasia of Queyrat. PMID- 6720495 TI - Alcohol use during pregnancy. AB - Heavy alcohol intake during pregnancy is associated with numerous adverse effects on the fetus, including low birth weight, congenital anomalies, mental retardation, and behavioral and learning disabilities. There is increasing evidence that moderate drinking also may cause these problems, but to a lesser degree. Less is known about the effects of a single drink or a single alcoholic binge, but no absolutely safe level of alcohol consumption has been determined for pregnant women. PMID- 6720496 TI - Nontuberculous mycobacteria. AB - Nontuberculous mycobacteria are identified in almost half of the cultures reported positive for mycobacteria in clinical laboratories in the United States. While many represent saprophytic colonization or laboratory contamination, a significant number of these organisms are the agents of disease. Such organisms can be the cause of pulmonary, soft tissue, cutaneous and lymphatic infections, keratitis, osteomyelitis, postsurgical infection, endocarditis and disseminated disease. PMID- 6720497 TI - Evaluation of proteinuria. AB - Proteinuria may be the initial manifestation of serious renal disease or merely a laboratory finding of little clinical importance. Excretion of urinary protein in excess of 150 mg per 24 hours in an adult is abnormal. It may be of glomerular, tubular or overflow origin. A comparison of the dipstick and sulfosalicylic acid techniques helps distinguish the source of protein, and electrophoresis is confirmatory. Transient and intermittent proteinuria are not clinically important. Persistent proteinuria requires further investigation. PMID- 6720498 TI - Update on drugs and the elderly. PMID- 6720499 TI - Poisonous plants. PMID- 6720500 TI - Two-dimensional echocardiographic evaluation of overriding and straddling atrioventricular valves associated with complex congenital heart disease. PMID- 6720501 TI - ECG-gated nuclear magnetic resonance imaging: appearance of the congenitally malformed heart. PMID- 6720502 TI - Intraoperative detection of changes in left ventricular segmental wall motion by transesophageal two-dimensional echocardiography. PMID- 6720503 TI - Unusual echocardiographic image of ascending aortic aneurysm dissection. PMID- 6720504 TI - Echocardiographic diagnosis of unruptured sinus of Valsalva aneurysm. PMID- 6720505 TI - Two-dimensional echocardiography of ruptured pulmonic valve with infective endocarditis. PMID- 6720506 TI - Echographic premature pulmonic valve opening: sign of reduced right ventricular distensibility. PMID- 6720507 TI - Phonoechocardiography in tricuspid honks. PMID- 6720508 TI - Echocardiographic abnormalities in tuberculous pericardial effusion. PMID- 6720509 TI - Echocardiographic features of hemopericardium. PMID- 6720510 TI - Coronary-to-bronchial artery anastomosis and multiple pulmonary cysts with angina pectoris. PMID- 6720511 TI - Systolic compression of the septal coronary arteries with septal ischemia by thallium-201 scintigraphy. PMID- 6720512 TI - Sudden death in an asymptomatic young man with notched T waves and QT prolongation. PMID- 6720513 TI - Sinus standstill following accidental lidocaine overdose. PMID- 6720514 TI - Atrial flutter with 1-1 atrioventricular conduction: electrophysiologic and histologic correlations. PMID- 6720515 TI - Rheumatoid mitral stenosis requiring valve replacement. PMID- 6720516 TI - Programmed ventricular stimulation in patients without spontaneous ventricular tachycardia. AB - Programmed ventricular stimulation was performed in 52 patients who had not had a documented or suspected episode of spontaneous ventricular tachycardia (VT) or ventricular fibrillation (VF). Programmed stimulation with up to three extrastimuli was performed from the right ventricular (RV) apex in all patients and from the left ventricular (LV) apex in 14 patients. A maximum response of one to five intraventricular reentry beats was induced in 52% of patients. Nonsustained VT (six or more repetitive beats terminating spontaneously within 30 seconds) was never induced in the 16 patients without structural heart disease but was induced (usually with triple extrastimuli) in 45% of nine patients with mitral valve prolapse and in 37% of 27 patients with other types of heart disease. Sustained VT was never induced; however, sustained VF was induced in two patients. During programmed RV and LV stimulation with up to three extrastimuli (with 2 msec pulses, 5 mA in intensity), (1) a maximum response of one to five repetitive beats is a nonspecific finding of no predictive value; (2) nonsustained VT was not induced in patients without structural heart disease who had not had spontaneous VT; (3) nonsustained VT was frequently induced in patients with structural heart disease who had not previously been known to have had VT; (4) the induction of sustained VT appears to be a response specific to patients who have had spontaneous VT or VF; and (5) sustained VF can be induced infrequently in patients who have never had spontaneous VT or VF. PMID- 6720517 TI - Effects of acetyl-strophanthidin on left ventricular function and ventricular arrhythmias. AB - Digitalis drugs can suppress ventricular arrhythmias. It is uncertain whether this effect results from improved left ventricular (LV) function. We utilized radionuclide scanning techniques to evaluate changes in LV ejection fraction (EF) after an infusion of acetyl-strophanthidin in 43 patients with frequent ventricular premature beats (VPBs) (44 to 2400/hr). Acetyl-strophanthidin suppressed ventricular arrhythmia in 17 patients, but LVEF increased in only six of these patients (57% to 67%), while it was unaltered in 11 patients (28% to 30%). In 26 patients ventricular arrhythmia was not suppressed. Fifteen of these patients had an increase in LVEF (60% vs 71%), while this was unchanged in 11 patients (27% vs 29%). Thus no correlation was observed between the positive inotropic and antiarrhythmic action of acetyl-strophanthidin on ventricular arrhythmia and LVEF. We conclude that the suppression of VPBs by acetyl strophanthidin is independent of the drug's effects on LV function. Evidence is reviewed suggesting that the antiarrhythmic effect of acetyl-strophanthidin on ventricular ectopic activity is due to its vagotonic action. PMID- 6720518 TI - Clinical electrophysiology of intravenous sotalol, a beta-blocking drug with class III antiarrhythmic properties. AB - The electrophysiologic changes produced by the intravenous administration of 0.6 mg/kg of sotalol were studied in 12 patients aged 45 to 85 years (mean 68 years). Effects upon atrioventricular (AV) nodal conduction time (AH interval) and His Purkinje conduction time (HV interval) were assessed at identical rates. The Wenckebach cycle length was determined by rapid atrial stimulation. Refractory periods before and after the drug were compared at the same cycle length. Retrograde conduction was studied, with special reference to reentry phenomena within the His-Purkinje system. Sinoatrial function was evaluated using sinus node recovery time and sinoatrial conduction time. The following changes were noted: (1) decrease in sinus rate, (2) prolongation of QT interval, (3) depression of AV nodal conduction (prolonged AH interval) and increase in effective and functional refractory periods of the AV node, (4) increase in relative refractory period of the His-Purkinje system with no associated change in HV interval, (5) prolongation of effective refractory period in the atrium and ventricle, and (6) increase in retrograde refractory period of specialized ventricular tissue and depressed conduction of premature ventricular responses. Reentry phenomena in the His-Purkinje system were not significantly affected by the drug. Thus certain of the electrophysiologic effects of sotalol in humans were found to be in favor of a class III antiarrhythmic mechanism of action. These results justify further studies to evaluate the usefulness of this drug as an antiarrhythmic agent. PMID- 6720519 TI - High prevalence of nonsustained ventricular tachycardia in severe congestive heart failure. AB - The prevalence of ventricular arrhythmias was evaluated in 35 patients with severe congestive heart failure (CHF) in New York Heart Association functional class III to IV. The etiology of CHF was equally distributed between ischemic and nonischemic cardiomyopathy. The severity of cardiac dysfunction was evidenced by left ventricular ejection fraction of less than 20%, mean cardiac index of 1.75 +/- 0.40 L/min/m2, pulmonary capillary wedge pressure of 28.1 +/- 7.1 mm Hg, and mean exercise capacity of 6.0 +/- 3.6 minutes. During 24-hour ambulatory Holter monitoring, 71% of these patients demonstrated repetitive episodes of ventricular tachycardia (VT), 92% had multifocal ventricular ectopic beats, and 88% had greater than or equal to 10 ventricular ectopy/1000 normal heart beats. Within 1 to 72 weeks of the Holter monitoring 25 patients died. Death could be attributed to VT in only one patient. In all the others, death was secondary to worsening CHF. Thus, although asymptomatic malignant ventricular arrhythmia occurred frequently in our patients, sudden death was rarely observed. PMID- 6720520 TI - No electrical instability after intracoronary streptokinase administered into sinus node or AV node of dogs. AB - Intracoronary streptokinase (SK) is being used to treat acute myocardial infarction. Complications including atrioventricular (AV) block and both supraventricular and ventricular arrhythmias have been described. Selective cannulation of the nutrient arteries of the sinus node and AV node in the pentobarbital-anesthetized dog provides a model to study the specific pharmacologic effects of drugs administered directly to these structures. Selective perfusion of 2 ml normal saline into the sinus node artery of five dogs resulted in a transient 38.6% decrease in heart rate (148 +/- 9.6 to 91 +/- 12.7 bpm). This control response is typical of the method. Administration of 100, 500, 1000, 2000, and 4000 IU of SK/ml in these same dogs resulted in similarly brief bradycardias of 41.2%, 40.2%, 39.4%, 41.2%, and 40.3% (p = NS) below the control rate, respectively. The tachycardia induced by 0.0125 and 0.025 micrograms/ml of norepinephrine (24.2% and 31.4% sinus acceleration) was unaffected by the simultaneous administration of 500, 1000, and 2000 IU SK/ml. AV conduction was unchanged by selective perfusion of 1000, 2000, and 4000 IU SK/ml into the AV node artery of seven dogs, respective AV intervals being 111, 114, and 116 msec, with the control interval being 109 msec. Thus after selective perfusion of either the sinus node or AV node with SK in clinically used concentrations, we found no significant chronotropic or dromotropic effect in the dog. PMID- 6720521 TI - Evaluation of left ventricular performance by radionuclide ventriculography in patients with atrioventricular versus ventricular demand pacemakers. AB - In 55 patients with coronary artery disease (n = 37), cardiomyopathy (n = 12), or myocarditis (n = 6) and programmable ventricular or dual-chamber atrioventricular (AV) demand pacemakers, left ventricular (LV) performance was studied by gated radionuclide ventriculography during pacing (60 or 70 to 120 bpm). Twenty-three patients were followed over 4 to 6 months. In 16 patients the findings in ventricular (VVI) and dual-chamber AV (DDD) pacing were compared. In all patients end-diastolic volume (EDV) decreased and cardiac output increased when the pacing rate was changed from 60 or 70 to 120 bpm. For instance, in the patient group with VVI pacemakers, EDV decreased by 7.53% +/- 3.5% (p less than 0.01) and cardiac output increased by 53.5% +/- 19.4% (p less than 0.01). The results were independent of the underlying heart disease. After 4 to 6 months, a reduction of both cardiac output and ejection fraction was found in 6 of the 23 patients. As compared to VVI pacing, a significantly higher cardiac output (2% to 16%) was derived from DDD pacing. The results indicate the dependence of LV performance on the pacing rate and the benefit of DDD pacing. Since gated radionuclide ventriculography provides the means to determine the effect of different pacing modes on LV performance, an optimal pacing mode may be found for each individual. PMID- 6720522 TI - Shortening of ventriculoatrial conduction in patients with left-sided Kent bundles. AB - In six patients with electrophysiologic evidence of ventriculoatrial conduction through a left Kent bundle, we documented that programmed right ventricular stimuli falling within an interval of 60 to 160 msec from the end of the T wave propagated to the left atrium (distal coronary sinus unipolar lead) 10 to 20 msec earlier than the basic paced beats. This phenomenon could be reproduced 24 hours later in two patients, and it was abolished by procainamide and amiodarone in one instance. During this interval we were unable to induce reciprocating tachycardia. Our observations outline a new pattern in ventriculoatrial conduction in patients with left-sided Kent bundles. The findings suggest in addition, that (1) supernormal conduction may be responsible for the observed shortening in retrograde conduction and (2) this phenomenon does not facilitate induction of reciprocating tachycardia. PMID- 6720523 TI - Holter monitoring and provocative maneuvers in assessment of unipolar demand pacemaker myopotential inhibition. AB - Myopotential inhibition was produced by a combination of different provocative maneuvers in 423 (77%) out of 550 consecutive unipolar pacemaker patients. The most useful maneuvers were the hand-to-shoulder press (90% positivity) and the hand-to-hand press (60% positivity). Three groups of 20 patients were then submitted to 24 hours of Holter monitoring. Group A during the provocative maneuvers had shown myopotential inhibition and symptoms of cerebral ischemia. In group B symptomless myopotential inhibition had been induced. Group C had no myopotential inhibition nor symptoms during the tests. Abnormal pacemaker pauses related to myopotential inhibition were recorded during Holter monitoring in 90% of group A and in 80% of group B patients, but only group A patients showed symptoms. Thus in patients who are able to practice provocative isometric maneuvers and who can be selected according to their response, Holter monitoring seems to offer few advantages in discovering myopotential inhibition and related symptoms. PMID- 6720524 TI - Abnormal abdominal computerized tomography with amiodarone therapy and clinical significance. AB - Although the antiarrhythmic agent, amiodarone, is known to cause elevation of liver function tests, the effect of this drug on abdominal computerized tomography (CT) scans in patients on amiodarone therapy is unknown. Since iodine is in its molecular structure, the presence of amiodarone or its metabolites might be expected to produce higher CT numbers similar to the effect of contrast agents. To test this hypothesis, CT scans were performed in a series of 25 patients receiving amiodarone, 14 receiving short-term (mean 2.5 +/- 1.3 days) and 19 receiving long-term therapy (mean 130 +/- 75 days), as well as in a control group not receiving amiodarone. Gastrointestinal symptoms (if any) and liver function tests (LFT) prior to instituting amiodarone therapy and at the time of CT scan were also documented. CT scans showed a modestly increased density in multiple organs in the short-term group, but a markedly increased hepatic density in all but one patient in the long-term group. Presence of gastrointestinal symptoms or abnormal LFT did not appear to correlate with the CT number. Such findings would suggest that increased hepatic density on CT scan is to be expected in patients receiving long-term amiodarone therapy, and although the exact biologic pathways of amiodarone metabolism are uncertain, the liver appears to be a major site of drug storage and/or metabolism. PMID- 6720525 TI - Sequential radionuclide angiographic assessment of left and right ventricular performance and quantitative thallium-201 scintigraphy following acute myocardial infarction. AB - Sequential changes in radionuclide angiographic measurement of left and right ventricular performance and quantitative thallium-201 scintigraphy were studied in 20 patients sustaining their first acute myocardial infarction (AMI). The studies were performed on the average 29.4 hours and 9.4 days after hospital admission. Anterior infarction had greater impairment of left ventricular (LV) performance in terms of ejection fraction and percentage of abnormal contraction area in addition to larger thallium-201 perfusion defects. At the time of the late study evidence of thallium-201 perfusion of infarcted area was seen in 14 of 20 patients, five of whom demonstrated improvement of regional wall motion. The remaining patients in the reperfused group and all of the patients in the nonperfused group failed to show evidence of LV functional improvement. This study indicates that reperfusion as measured by thallium-201 scintigraphy does occur spontaneously in 70% of patients with AMI and only in those patients with established reperfusion is there any potential for improvement in LV performance. PMID- 6720526 TI - Effect of whole-body hypothermia on myocardial blood flow and infarct salvage during coronary artery occlusion in dogs. AB - The effect of moderate whole-body hypothermia on blood flow to acutely ischemic and nonischemic myocardium and on the relationship between blood flow and necrosis after 5 hours of left anterior descending (LAD) coronary artery occlusion was investigated in 20 dogs. Blood flow to ischemic myocardium was not significantly increased or decreased by hypothermia. However, much less myocardial necrosis (shown by nitro blue tetrazolium staining) was observed in the hypothermia-treated animals. Therefore, this protective effect of hypothermia is not a result of improved blood flow to the ischemic region, but is more likely due to decreased metabolic requirements. Nearby noninfarcted myocardium had slightly higher blood flow than homologous tissue in the corresponding controls under both normothermic and hypothermic conditions. This tissue, which must compensate for the loss of contractility in the ischemic region, appears to maintain its ability to respond to increased demand for blood flow even during moderate hypothermia. Blood pressure and cardiac output data indicate that hypothermia did not interact with myocardial infarction to produce or exacerbate cardiogenic shock. Consequently, whole-body hypothermia may prove to be a safe and effective emergency pretreatment which may significantly decrease the amount of necrotic myocardium when initiated prior to emergency coronary artery bypass surgery. PMID- 6720527 TI - The noninvasive assessment of pulmonary capillary wedge pressure in mitral regurgitation. AB - The interval between the aortic closure sound and the mitral opening snap (A2-OS) has been shown to have a significant inverse correlation with pulmonary capillary wedge pressure (PCW) in mitral stenosis. The present study critically examines the relationship of several noninvasively determined diastolic intervals to PCW in patients with relatively pure mitral regurgitation (MR). Fifty-seven patients with MR of diverse etiologies were studied with echocardiograms and phonocardiograms in addition to right and left heart catheterization. Noninvasive determination of the time intervals of aortic closure sound to mitral valve opening (A2-MO), mitral D point to E point (D-E), aortic closure sound to mitral E point (A2-E), the interval from the onset of the QRS to mitral closure (Q-C), and the ratio Q-C/A2-E were compared to invasive measurements of mean PCW, the height of the V wave of PCW (PCW-V), and the ratio of PCW-V to left ventricular (LV) peak systolic pressure (PCW-V/LV). Correlation between each of the five noninvasive intervals and each of the three invasive pressure measurements was then determined. Of the noninvasive intervals studied, A2-MO had the best inverse correlation with all measures of PCW. All 18 patients having a short A2-MO (less than 40 msec) had a PCW-V of greater than or equal to 40 mm Hg and all seven patients having a long A2-MO (greater than 85 msec) had a PCW-V of less than 22 mm Hg. A2-E also had a strong inverse correlation with PCW.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS) PMID- 6720528 TI - Left ventricular wall motion abnormalities in Kawasaki's disease. AB - Two-dimensional (2DE) and M-mode echocardiographic examinations were reviewed for 21 patients with Kawasaki's disease. Cardiac catheterization including coronary angiography was performed in 14 patients. 2DE detected regional myocardial contraction deficits in four patients later proven to have coronary disease. Coronary aneurysms were detected by echocardiography in two of four patients with proven coronary lesions. Although a minor pericardial effusion was detected in two patients and an increased left ventricular (LV) cavity dimension was found in one patient, M-mode function studies were not helpful for detection of cardiac involvement. ECG and chest x-ray examination were also noncontributory. We conclude that 2DE detection of LV wall contraction abnormalities may be a sensitive method for detecting cardiac contraction abnormalities may be a sensitive method for detecting cardiac involvement in Kawasaki's disease. 2DE may be better for assessing LV contraction than for imaging aneurysms in Kawasaki patients. PMID- 6720529 TI - Intravenous labetalol in the management of severe hypertension and hypertensive emergencies. AB - The intravenous administration of labetalol, a combined alpha- and beta adrenergic receptor blocking agent, reduced diastolic blood pressure by 30 mm Hg or more in 15 of 17 patients with severe hypertension (supine diastolic blood pressure greater than or equal to 125 mm Hg). A method repeated intravenous injection of the drug produced a prompt but gradual reduction of arterial blood pressure without the induction of a reflex tachycardia. Side effects were mild and of brief duration despite the presence of hypertensive complications in many of these patients. Hypotension, coronary insufficiency, or neurologic deterioration did not occur. Labetalol appears to be a suitable alternative to the direct vasodilating agents in the management of patients with severe hypertension and hypertensive emergencies. PMID- 6720530 TI - Calcification of the tricuspid anulus diagnosed by two-dimensional echocardiography. AB - An 84-year-old female who previously underwent repair of an atrial septal defect had evidence of increased reflectiveness of the posterior tricuspid anulus in the apical four-chamber view and the right ventricular two-chamber view. In addition, the inferior vena cava was dilated and during contrast echocardiography, contrast echoes appeared during systole suggesting tricuspid regurgitation. Tricuspid annular calcification was confirmed by fluoroscopic examination. Tricuspid annular calcification is extremely rare and in the present series occurred in 1 of 80 patients with mitral annular calcification. Lateral resolution echoes from a calcified aortic valve and echoes originating from a calcified right coronary artery have to be distinguished from tricuspid annular calcification. PMID- 6720531 TI - Factors that predict syncope during ventricular tachycardia in patients. PMID- 6720532 TI - Ventricular arrhythmias: mechanisms and actions of antiarrhythmic drugs. AB - Choosing the correct drug therapy of ventricular arrhythmias is difficult, even when, for discussion, reentry is arbitrarily considered the mechanism for arrhythmias. To counter ventricular arrhythmia with its many possible reentry circuits, an antiarrhythmic drug should lengthen the refractory period but not affect conduction velocity. Antiarrhythmic drugs for ventricular rhythm disturbances do work by prolonging the refractory period, slowing conduction, or both. However, in anatomically and functionally determined circuits, drugs may stop or decelerate tachycardia; but in some cases antiarrhythmics, particularly class I drugs, can theoretically accelerate tachycardia. Individual drug level determinations are important; what is therapeutic in one patient may worsen the arrhythmia in another. The changeable electrophysiologic milieu in early stages of ischemic heart disease makes controlled investigations difficult. However, individual variance calls for further systematic investigation of new ways to interrupt, isolate, or destroy the reentry pathway, and such investigation probably should be conducted in patients with inducible ventricular tachycardia. PMID- 6720533 TI - The interaction of mexiletine with other cardiovascular drugs. AB - Drug-drug interactions can be adverse or beneficial and can be classified as pharmacokinetic or pharmacodynamic. Several adverse pharmacokinetic drug interactions have been described for mexiletine. Because it is a weak base, mexiletine undergoes several pH-dependent drug interactions in the gastrointestinal tract and kidney. Since mexiletine is metabolized by hepatic mixed-function oxidases, its metabolic rate can be altered by drugs that induce or inhibit this drug metabolizing system. Phenytoin and rifampin have been shown to increase mexiletine clearance and decrease its plasma concentration. Striking examples of beneficial pharmacodynamic interactions occur with mexiletine. Combining mexiletine with either beta-adrenergic blocking drugs or with quinidine markedly increases antiarrhythmic efficacy and substantially decreases the incidence of adverse effects. These beneficial interactions will have a major impact on the clinical use of mexiletine. PMID- 6720534 TI - Long-term mexiletine for ventricular arrhythmia. AB - Use of mexiletine was evaluated in 313 patients with ventricular tachyarrhythmias refractory to conventional antiarrhythmic drugs. Therapy with mexiletine was continued long term in 107 patients who responded to the drug and were free of side effects during a short-term evaluation in hospital. During an average follow up of 22.8 months (0.1 to 70 months), 19 patients died (17.8%). Eleven patients had sudden death (3.6% per year), while six patients died of progressive congestive heart failure and two of noncardiac causes. Nonfatal ventricular arrhythmia recurred in 14 patients (4.9% per year). Overall, 25 patients had recurrent arrhythmia (incidence of 5.5% per year). Side effects occurred in 13 patients after an average of 5.1 months and were primarily gastrointestinal and neurologic. Sixty-one patients (57%) have continued on mexiletine therapy for an average of 32.2 months (1 to 70 months). Outcome during long-term therapy was not related to drug dose, blood level, or presenting arrhythmia. We conclude that if therapy with mexiletine is carefully evaluated and individualized, the drug is effective and well tolerated during long-term use. PMID- 6720535 TI - Long-term clinical experience with mexiletine. AB - Mexiletine was given to 12 patients for different periods of time varying from 4 to 96 months, with a mean of 47.8 months. At the latest follow-up in August 1983, five patients had been taking mexiletine for 74 to 96 months (mean 85 months). Mexiletine was well tolerated and serious side effects were not seen. In particular, there was no rise in antinuclear factor titer. The serum level of mexiletine was easily maintained within the therapeutic range, and most side effects correlated closely with the drug level. It is concluded that mexiletine can be administered for a long time as a safe alternative to other antiarrhythmic drugs. PMID- 6720536 TI - Suppression of high-grade ventricular ectopic activity by antiarrhythmic drug treatment as a marker for survival in patients with chronic coronary artery disease. AB - In order to investigate the relationship between the ease of suppression of complex (frequent multiform, repetitive, and early) ventricular premature beats (VPBs) and subsequent survival, 50 consecutive patients with chronic coronary artery disease (CAD) were followed retrospectively during a mean observation period of 16 months. A total of 124 drug trials were performed using single or combined class I, II, and III antiarrhythmic drugs. Thirty-nine patients were considered "responders" (elimination of Lown classes greater than or equal to IVa and reduction of greater than 30 multiform VPBs to occasional unifocal VPBs during Holter monitoring), whereas in 11 patients VPBs could not be adequately suppressed ("nonresponders"). There were no significant differences in age and congestive heart failure in the two groups. There were three deaths (one sudden) in the 39 "responders" but five deaths (three sudden) in the 11 "nonresponders" (p less than 0.01 for all deaths, p less than 0.05 for sudden deaths). Cumulative probability of survival at 12 months was 0.93 for "responders" and 0.64 for "nonresponders" (p less than 0.005). Significant side effects necessitated drug withdrawal in four patients. Our data suggest that survival in patients with CAD is better when complex VPBs can be suppressed. PMID- 6720537 TI - Effects of intravenous amiodarone in patients with inducible repetitive ventricular responses and ventricular tachycardia. AB - We studied the effects of intravenous amiodarone administration (5 mg/kg) on reproducible repetitive ventricular responses and ventricular tachycardia (VT) induced by programmed electrical stimulation of the heart in 32 patients. Intravenous amiodarone prevented induction of bundle branch reentry in only 2 of 11 patients (18.2%) and did not change His-Purkinje conduction and refractoriness in the remaining 9 of 11 (81.8%) patients. In contrast to the small effect of intravenous amiodarone on bundle branch reentry, the drug completely abolished intraventricular reentry in three of nine (33.3%) patients and in the remaining six of nine (66.7%) patients decreased the number of intraventricular reentrant beats from up to five beats in control to one to two beats after the drug. The drug also prevented induction of VT (greater than or equal to 5 ventricular ectopic beats in a row) in three of five (60%) patients with nonsustained VT and in three of seven (42.9%) patients with sustained VT. In two of seven (28.6%) patients with sustained VT, only nonsustained tachycardia could be induced after drug administration. In another two of seven (28.6%) patients, sustained VT with slower rates was induced after the drug. In 11 of 12 (91.7%) patients with VT the coupling interval between the last stimulus and the first ventricular beat increased after drug administration. These effects of intravenous amiodarone occurred in the absence of effect on ventricular effective refractory period. These findings suggest that intravenous amiodarone might have greater effect on diseased ventricular tissue, the site of reentry in VT, than on healthy ventricular tissue. PMID- 6720538 TI - Antidysrhythmic actions of meobentine sulfate. AB - The antiarrhythmic efficacy of meobentine sulfate, a bethanidine derivative lacking inhibitory effects on adrenergic neuronal function, was assessed in three canine models. Intravenous meobentine sulfate, administered in dosages of 5.0, 10,0, and 20.0 mg/kg, produced a dose-related increase in the ventricular fibrillation threshold (VFT) under nonischemic conditions (7.6 +/- 1.8 mA vs 37.8 +/- 8.6 mA) (20 mg/kg; p less than 0.05) and during regional myocardial ischemia (5.6 +/- 1.5 mA vs 41.8 +/- 9.1 mA) (20 mg/kg; p less than 0.05). The VFT was also increased in the presence of chronic ischemic injury (6.4 +/- 1 mA to 31 +/- 10 mA) (20 mg/kg; p 0.05). In the conscious dog, 4 days after an anterior myocardial infarction, programmed electrical stimulation (PES) produced nonsustained ventricular tachycardia (VT) in five dogs. After meobentine sulfate administration, eight of nine animals had sustained VT and one animal developed ventricular fibrillation (VF). At a dose of 20 mg/kg, there was prolongation of the cycle length of the VT (169 +/- 11 msec to 237 +/- 20 msec), prolongation of the QRS duration (58 +/- 2.6 msec to 71 +/- 3.7 msec), and prolongation of the delay in epicardial activation. There was an enhanced potential after meobentine administration for programmed stimulation to produce ventricular arrhythmias with the introduction of fewer premature impulses. In the third canine model, conscious dogs with a previous anterior myocardial infarction developed VF in response to electrically induced left circumflex coronary artery injury. Meobentine (20 mg/kg) failed to prevent VF in eight of eight dogs. These results suggest that while meobentine sulfate significantly increases the electrical VFT, it does not protect the conscious canine from the induction of ventricular tachyarrhythmias in response to PES, and it does not prevent VF in a conscious canine model of sudden coronary death.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS) PMID- 6720540 TI - Characterization of chronically implanted ventricular endocardial pacing leads. AB - The expected implant lifetime of pacemaker generators has been extended with the introduction of lithium power sources. Consequently, the pacing lead may become the component that determines the total implant lifetime of the pacemaker. This fact emphasizes the necessity for accurate assessment of the integrity of a chronically implanted lead. In this study, chronic threshold and impedance data from 61 patients having the same type of ventricular endocardial lead for up to 10 years were retrospectively analyzed. The mean acute current threshold was 0.81 +/- 0.33 mA. The chronic current threshold had a range of between 1 and 5 mA, which was approximately two to five times greater than the acute implant value. Chronic voltage threshold and impedance were 0.7 to 4 V and 335 to 775 omega, respectively. The findings of this study provide general guidelines for chronic lead parameters and illustrate some of the difficulties encountered in gathering and interpreting long-term lead data. PMID- 6720539 TI - Electrophysiologic effects of intravenous metoprolol. AB - We evaluated the electrophysiologic effects of intravenous metoprolol, a selective beta-1-blocking agent, in 12 patients. Electrophysiologic parameters were measured during the control period, immediately following, and 4 to 6 hours after infusion of 0.15 mg/kg. Metoprolol serum concentration was serially measured in 6 of the 12 patients. Immediately after metoprolol infusion, the sinus cycle length increased by 20% from 738 +/- 166 msec to 885 +/- 181 msec (p less than 0.01), AH interval during sinus rhythm increased by 34% from 83 +/- 27 msec to 112 +/- 37 msec (p less than 0.01), and antegrade atrioventricular (AV) nodal Wenckebach cycle length increased by 20% from 360 +/- 188 msec to 432 +/- 199 msec (p less than 0.01). Sinus node recovery time and sinoatrial conduction time did not become abnormally prolonged in any patient. His-Purkinje conduction was unaltered. High atrial and ventricular refractory periods were modestly increased (less than 15 msec); the increase in refractoriness reached statistical significance when repeat measurements were made at 4 to 6 hours. No adverse effects were noted. Metoprolol serum concentration at the time of peak measured electrophysiologic effect was 54.6 +/- 15.2 ng/ml. We conclude that at this dose, intravenous metoprolol significantly prolongs sinus cycle length and AV nodal conduction, may modestly increase atrial and ventricular refractoriness, and appears to have electrophysiologic potency similar to propranolol. It is well tolerated following intravenous administration and may be of particular value in the acute treatment of supraventricular tachycardia when beta-receptor selectivity is desired. PMID- 6720541 TI - Endocardial activation in patients with coronary artery disease: effects of regional contraction abnormalities. AB - Endocardial mapping was performed on 16 patients undergoing coronary artery bypass surgery, and the results were correlated with ventriculography. Bipolar electrograms were recorded from 25 to 30 left ventricular (LV) endocardial sites by a specially designed probe which was inserted through the LV vent. Electrograms were evaluated for timing and presence of fragmentation. Five patients had normally contracting ventricles, four had areas of hypokinesis, six had areas of akinesis, and one had an area of dyskinesis. In each patient earliest endocardial activation was in the septum, most often the middle portion. Latest activation was in the lateral basal area in 13 patients and in the lateral apical area in three patients. Fragmented electrograms were not found in any normal or hypokinetic zones but were found in three of six akinetic segments, and in the one dyskinetic segment. These findings describe endocardial activation of the LV and the changes seen with regional contraction abnormalities. PMID- 6720542 TI - The effect of early prehospital transtelephonic coronary intervention on morbidity and mortality: experience with 284 postmyocardial infarction patients in a pilot program. AB - We have evaluated, in a pilot study, the effects of subsequent mortality and morbidity of a prehospital program for postmyocardial infarction patients experiencing recurrent chest pain. Two hundred eighty-four patients were enrolled during their late hospital period: 161 in a program incorporating patient education, routine transtelephonic follow-up, and emergency prehospital CCU controlled intervention; 124 in a control group receiving usual medical care. Cardiac mortality over a median of 13 months of follow-up was significantly reduced in the treatment group (5.8%) vs control (12.9%), p = 0.036, although the incidence of acute events (nonfatal infarction plus cardiac death) was similar in both groups. This suggests that the program does not affect the acute incident but rather the mortality subsequent to it. Prehospital ventricular arrhythmias present in 7 of 54 treatment patients with recurrent chest pain did not recur following self-injection by a prefilled lidocaine syringe; only one patient who was initially arrhythmia-free had ventricular ectopic beats after lidocaine injection. Delay from onset of symptoms to hospital arrival was 1.9 hours. Routine telephone follow-up uncovered ventricular arrhythmias in 30% of treatment patients and, despite the program's patient educational efforts, unreported angina in 20% of the treatment group. In the treatment group there were 99 emergency calls placed by 62 patients, 50% within 12 weeks after discharge and 80% by 35 weeks, resulting in 74 Emergency Department evaluations and 57 hospital admissions. Overuse of the emergency system occurred with only one patient, and physician acceptance was high.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS) PMID- 6720543 TI - Acetylcholine-calcium interactions in the canine atrium and sinus node. AB - Although the enhancement of acetylcholine release by extracellular calcium is well recognized, the potential arrhythmogenicity of vagal-calcium interactions has not been studied. We used anesthetized mongrel dogs and recorded: ECG, arterial pressure, and electrograms from the sinus node, sulcus terminalis, right atrium, right ventricle, and His bundle. All animals were autonomically decentralized. The sinus node artery was catheterized, its distribution was verified, and it was autologously perfused via the femoral artery. Vagal stimulation was carried out during autologous blood perfusion of the sinus node artery and again during perfusion with oxygenated Tyrode solution, with calcium concentrations ranging from 1.8 to 16.2 mmol. Vagal slowing of rate was accentuated in the presence of calcium concentrations as low as 2.7 mmol. Further increments in calcium concentration resulted in vagally-induced atrial fibrillation. Fibrillation was characterized by rapid, regular repetitive activity which was superceded by chaotic atrial rhythm at about 10 seconds and blocked by atropine. Elevations in calcium alone (5.4 to 16.2 mmol) resulted in atrial fibrillation which was chaotic in appearance and not blocked by atropine. We conclude that increases in calcium concentration within the distribution of the sinus node artery are arrhythmogenic alone, and also enhance vagally-induced changes in atrial rhythmicity. PMID- 6720544 TI - Total disconnection of the right ventricular free wall: physiological consequences in the dog. AB - We recently described a new surgical procedure involving total disconnection and subsequent reattachment of the right ventricular free wall ( RVFW ) to confine electrically induced arrhythmic activity to the diffusely diseased RVFW of patients with arrhythmogenic right ventricular (RV) dysplasia. Although no major adverse effects were noted in patients with previously akinetic right ventricles, the consequences of this procedure are unknown in patients with a normally contractile RVFW . This study examined the physiologic consequences of RVFW disconnection in 15 mongrel dogs. Measurements were obtained before surgery, at 30 minutes following surgery, and following a 15-day recovery period. After surgery, the RVFW was electrically isolated from sinus rhythm. At follow-up, left ventricular (LV) pressure, dP/dt, and cardiac output were reduced to 52 mm Hg, 704 mm Hg/sec, and 1.18 L/min, respectively, during sinus rhythm. These values were increased to 76.2 mm Hg, 890 mm Hg/sec, and 1.69 L/min, respectively, when the RVFW was paced in synchrony with sinus rhythm. These studies show that the loss of RVFW contraction depressed hemodynamic function of the normal heart, which is partially compensated by contraction of the left ventricle. Electrical stimulation of the RVFW synchronously with the left ventricle returned cardiac performance toward normal. Finally, this preparation provides a model for independent assessment of the contribution of the RVFW to cardiac function. PMID- 6720545 TI - Anterolateral ST segment depression in acute inferior myocardial infarction: angiographic and clinical implications. AB - We examined the relationship between coronary anatomy and anterolateral ST segment depression during inferior acute myocardial infarction (AMI) in 84 consecutive survivors of inferior AMI, who underwent prospective coronary angiography a median time of 2 weeks after AMI. Multivessel disease was defined as two or more significantly (greater than 70%) stenosed vessels. A QRS scoring system was used to estimate myocardial infarct size. Patients with ST depression had more multivessel disease compared to patients with no ST depression (53% vs 6%, p less than 0.01), more left anterior descending stenoses (36% vs 10% p less than 0.05), and higher QRS scores (5.8 +/- 3.2 vs 2.6 +/- 1.8, p less than 0.01) indicating larger infarcts. Patients with ST depression and one-vessel disease (47%) still had higher QRS scores compared to patients with no ST depression (4.8 +/- 2.9 vs 2.6 +/- 1.8, p less than 0.001) and had an increased prevalence of infarct-related vessels with a terminal branch supplying the left ventricular lateral wall or apex. We conclude that anterolateral ST depression during inferior AMI may indicate the presence of additionally stenosed vessels or that the infarct-related vessel has a large vascular territory. The absence of ST depression virtually precludes multivessel disease. PMID- 6720546 TI - Right ventricular function in coronary artery disease as assessed by two dimensional echocardiography. AB - Two-dimensional echocardiography (2DE) was performed in 64 patients with coronary artery disease. There were 46 men and 18 women, aged 58.7 +/- 11.4 years. An apical four-chamber view, a two-chamber right ventricular (RV) view, and a subcostal four-chamber view were obtained in 58 of 64 (91%) patients. Regional wall motion abnormalities ( RWMA ) of the RV free or diaphragmatic wall were detected in 4 of 18 (22%) patients with acute inferior myocardial infarction (IMI) and in 3 of 14 (21%) patients with old IMI. All seven patients with RWMA by 2DE had two or more of the following findings: hypotension, second- or third degree atrioventricular block, atrial arrhythmias, or ventricular tachycardia. The RV ejection fraction by first-pass radionuclide angiography was 19.7 +/- 8.3% in patients with IMI and RV RWMA by 2DE compared to 35.3 +/- 9.6% (p less than 0.005) in patients without. A hyperdynamic RV wall motion was seen in 12 of 15 (80%) patients with acute anterior MI (AMI). No RV RWMA was observed in 17 patients with greater than 75% obstruction of right coronary artery and absent infarction. Thus, RWMA of the right ventricle were detected by 2DE in 22% of patients with IMI and identified patients with clinically significant RV dysfunction, probably due to RV infarction; a compensatory hyperdynamic RV wall motion was observed in 80% of patients with acute AMI. PMID- 6720547 TI - Effects of resting ischemia assessed by thallium scintigraphy on QRS scoring system for estimating left ventricular function quantified by radionuclide angiography in acute myocardial infarction patients. AB - The purpose of this study was to determine whether resting ischemia limits the usefulness of the QRS scoring system in predicting left ventricular (LV) ejection fraction (EF) in patients with acute infarction. We studied 48 patients after acute infarction by means of 12-lead ECG, thallium-201 scintigraphy, and radionuclide angiography. The thallium-201 scintigrams showed fixed defects in 25 patients, perfusion defects with partial or complete redistribution in the delayed images in 19 patients, and normal images in the remaining four patients. In the 48 patients there was a significant correlation between the QRS score and LVEF (r = -0.67; p less than 0.001). Patients with fixed defects showed a better correlation than patients with resting ischemia (r = -0.77 vs r = -0.60). A QRS score of 3 or less was used to separate patients with LVEF of 40% or greater from those with lower LVEF in patients with fixed defects (p = 0.0005), but this cutoff did not categorize patients with resting ischemia as to LVEF. Thus the presence of rest ischemia in patients with acute infarction may affect the correlation between QRS score and LVEF. PMID- 6720548 TI - Long-term study of high-dose diltiazem in chronic stable exertional angina. AB - The efficacy of a calcium slow channel-blocking drug, diltiazem (360 mg/day), was compared to placebo in 15 men with exertional angina during a 21-week study. Symptom-limited exercise testing was used to evaluate the effects of the drug. Analysis of variance indicated the increase in the values of three time-related variables, time to onset of angina, time to onset of 1 mm ST depression, and total duration of exercise, were highly significant (all p less than 0.001). The increase from the second week of placebo to the last week of diltiazem was 4 X 1 minutes for time to angina, 2 X 4 minutes for time to 1 mm ST depression, and 2 X 3 minutes for total duration. In addition, the differences between mean values of these variables for placebo and corresponding diltiazem period at weeks 3 and 4 were significant (p less than 0.01, p less than 0.01, p less than 0.05) and for diltiazem week 20 and placebo week 21 were significant (p less than 0.005, p less than 0.01, p less than 0.005). Weekly angina frequency was reduced from a mean of 17 episodes/week during placebo to one episode/week during diltiazem (p less than 0.001). Submaximal pressure-rate product was reduced significantly during diltiazem (p less than 0.001), and the ECG evidence of myocardial ischemia was reduced by diltiazem at submaximal (p less than 0.02) and maximal exercise (p less than 0.001). The drug was well tolerated and appears to be effective monotherapy for exertional angina. PMID- 6720549 TI - Attenuation correction of equilibrium radionuclide angiography for noninvasive quantitation of cardiac output and ventricular volumes. AB - Gated equilibrium radionuclide angiography (RNA) provides count information which is proportional to ventricular volumes. In order to convert ventricular count data directly to accurate absolute volumes, we performed attenuation correction on equilibrium radionuclide angiograms by means of a simple geometric method of attenuation distance quantitation. Attenuation distance defined during imaging agreed with similar measurements obtained during fluoroscopy (r = 0.86). In seven patients, 23 simultaneous cardiac output determinations by Fick and radionuclide imaging techniques showed excellent correlation over a wide range of cardiac outputs (r = 0.91). Radionuclide angiographic ventricular volumes correlated with contrast angiographic ventricular volumes in 28 patients (r = 0.80). The weaker correlation found for ventricular volume data may be due to inaccuracies in ventricular volume calculation when single-plane contrast angiography is applied to patients with wall motion abnormalities. We conclude that attenuation corrected RNA allows direct calculation of cardiac output and ventricular volumes in individual patients without use of regression equations. PMID- 6720550 TI - Generalized equations for predicting functional capacity from treadmill performance. PMID- 6720551 TI - Infective endocarditis in infants and children during the past 10 years: a decade of change. PMID- 6720552 TI - Short-term prognosis in acute myocardial infarction: evaluation of different prediction methods. PMID- 6720554 TI - Myocardial infarction with normal coronary arteries complicated by ventricular septal rupture. PMID- 6720553 TI - Right ventricular myocardial infarction with ventricular septal rupture. PMID- 6720555 TI - Increased myocardial ischemia during supine compared to erect exercise demonstrated by thallium-201 myocardial perfusion imaging. PMID- 6720557 TI - Contrast echocardiographic documentation of paradoxical embolism. PMID- 6720556 TI - Acute right ventricular dilation and echocardiographic volume overload following pericardiocentesis for relief of cardiac tamponade. PMID- 6720558 TI - Aortic flow velocity in older subjects using continuous-wave Doppler echocardiography. PMID- 6720559 TI - Rupture of dissecting aortic aneurysm into the right atrium: clinical and echocardiographic recognition. PMID- 6720560 TI - Surgical removal of right atrial thromboembolus detected by two-dimensional echocardiography in pulmonary embolism. PMID- 6720561 TI - Recurrent multiple myxomas. PMID- 6720563 TI - Common origin of right and left coronary arteries from the region of left sinus of Valsalva: association with unexpected intrauterine fetal death. PMID- 6720562 TI - Mediastinal tumor causing continuous murmur. PMID- 6720564 TI - Isolated endocardial fibroelastosis of the right ventricle associated with pulmonary hypertension. PMID- 6720565 TI - Nonlinear dynamics, electrical alternans, and pericardial tamponade. PMID- 6720566 TI - The epidemiology of sudden unexpected death: risk factors for men and women in the Framingham Heart Study. PMID- 6720567 TI - Overcoming drug resistance in the treatment of cancer. PMID- 6720568 TI - The Rx-OTC switch: good for pharmacy. PMID- 6720569 TI - Preferred provider organizations: how burning an issue? PMID- 6720570 TI - Epilepsy and the practice of pharmacy. PMID- 6720571 TI - Epilepsy: current therapeutics. PMID- 6720572 TI - Epilepsy: patient education and services. PMID- 6720573 TI - Helping your patients stop smoking: new resources, new approaches. PMID- 6720575 TI - Women in pharmacy management--why not? PMID- 6720574 TI - Can independent pharmacy survive? PMID- 6720576 TI - Pharmacy computers: regulation by boards of pharmacy. PMID- 6720577 TI - Ethylene oxide dispersion from gas sterilizers. PMID- 6720578 TI - Theory and practice in the development of a multisorbent passive dosimeter system. AB - A new family of passive dosimeters has been developed to allow the use of multiple sorbents and analytical techniques suited to a wide range of sampling situations. The dosimeter hardware has been designed to be reusable with interchangeable sorbent capsule refills to provide low cost per test. Capsules have been designed both for conventional solvent desorption and to be used with a newly developed rapid thermal desorber capable of automation for multiple samples. The development of the system is described together with laboratory tests and results and the effects of environmental parameters. PMID- 6720579 TI - Malathion and diazinon levels in grain dust from New Orleans area grain elevators. AB - Insecticides applied to grain may be present in dust generated during grain handling and could expose workers to high insecticide concentrations, or be fed to animals in the form of pelleted grain dust. Residual levels of two organophosphate insecticides, malathion and diazinon, were measured in 31 samples of grain dust collected from six terminal grain elevators along the Mississippi River in the New Orleans area. These grain elevator samples and additional spiked samples were extracted and analyzed by gas chromatography. The lower limit of detection for malathion was 0.1 micrograms/g and for diazinon, 0.01 micrograms/g. Recovery of malathion from samples spiked with less than 1 micrograms/g was erratic. Mean recoveries of both malathion and diazinon from spiked samples ranged from 83 to 92% at levels of 1 to 50 micrograms/g of dust. Samples of grain dust from the elevators contained 0.17 to 32 micrograms of malathion/g of dust, but diazinon was not detectable at the 0.01 micrograms/g limit of detection. PMID- 6720580 TI - Exposure of embalmers to formaldehyde and other chemicals. AB - Seven funeral homes were surveyed in 1980 to determine the magnitude of embalmers' exposure to formaldehyde, other chemical vapors, and total and respirable particulates. Air was monitored for formaldehyde by personal and area samples, and assayed using the chromotropic acid method. Personal sampling revealed time-weighted average formaldehyde concentrations which ranged from 0.1 to 0.4 ppm (mean 0.3 ppm) and 0.5 to 1.2 ppm (mean 0.9 ppm) during the embalming of intact and autopsied bodies, respectively. Concentrations of other airborne chemicals and of particulates were negligible. In preparing autopsied bodies, embalming technique and condition of the body itself appeared to be major determinants of formaldehyde exposure. PMID- 6720581 TI - The development and use of a universal model to predict tree crop harvester pesticide exposure. AB - A simple regression model is presented for predicting the transfer of residual foliar applied pesticide to the body of a Florida citrus harvester. This model is dependent on work rate and residue concentration and agrees with an earlier model derived from similar data taken from a California study. This suggests that observed regional differences in the morbidity of harvesters in treated fields may be due to regional differences in foliar pesticide residue levels rather than regional differences in transport mechanisms of pesticide from foliage to worker. Eventual metabolite output in worker urine is also predicted. PMID- 6720583 TI - Asbestos found in New York talc. PMID- 6720582 TI - Bias in air sampling techniques used to measure inhalation exposure. AB - Factors have been evaluated which contribute to the lack of agreement between inhalation exposure estimates obtained by time-weighted averaging of samples taken with mini hi-volume samplers, and those measured by time integrating, low volume, lapel mounted, personal monitors. Measurements made with real-time aerosol monitors on workers at a Be-Cu production furnace show that part of the discrepancy results from variability of the aerosol concentration within the breathing zone. Field studies of sampler inlet bias, the influences of the electrostatic fields around polystyrene filter holders, and resuspension of dust from work clothing, were done in three areas of a Be plant. No significant differences were found in Be air concentrations measured simultaneously by open and closed face cassettes, and "mini hi-volume" samplers mounted on a test stand. No significant influence on Be collection was detected between either positively or negatively charged monitors and charge neutralized control monitors. The effect of contaminated work clothing on dust collection by lapel mounted monitors is most important. Beryllium release from the fabrics affected air concentrations measured by fabric mounted monitors more than it affected concentrations measured by monitors positioned above the fabrics. The latter were placed 16 cm from the vertically mounted fabrics, to simulate the position of the nose or mouth. We conclude that dust resuspended from work clothing is the major source of the observed discrepancy between exposures estimated from lapel mounted samplers and time-weighted averages. PMID- 6720584 TI - Hazardous materials management and control program at Oak Ridge National Laboratory--environmental protection. AB - At a large research laboratory facility the management and control of hazardous materials, and their subsequent wastes can be an unmanageable task. Environmental regulations, mandated by the Resource Conservation and Recovery Act of 1976, established a Federal program to provide comprehensive regulation of hazardous solid waste materials from their generation time to their disposal. In an effort to comply with these regulations, a Hazardous Materials Management and Control Program was created at Oak Ridge National Laboratory. The program provides personnel with specific guidelines for the procurement, use, storage, transportation and disposal of hazardous materials/wastes, and ensures that they are managed in a manner which adequately protects all personnel, the general public, and the environment. PMID- 6720585 TI - Aerosols generated by accidents: pressurized liquid release experiments. AB - Safety assessments and environmental impact statements for facilities require an estimation of airborne releases from accidents. Aerosols generated by accidents are being investigated to develop the source terms for these releases. One example of a severe accidental release event is a pressurized liquid release. Pressurized liquid release experiments performed in static air measured the mass airborne as a function of source size and containment pressure. Pressurized releases with the containment breach above the liquid level were investigated. For this configuration, only containment pressure at the time of release was found to be a significant parameter. Releases in static air can be estimated using the relationships developed in this work. Weight percent of the airborne source ranged from 4 X 10(-4) to 0.15%. All of the pressurized releases produced a significant fraction of respirable particles. PMID- 6720586 TI - Sinus node function and conduction system before and after surgery for secundum atrial septal defect: an electrophysiologic study. AB - Arrhythmias are common in the natural history as well as in the late postoperative course of patients with atrial septal defect (ASD); electrophysiologic disturbances may result from the ASD itself or from surgery. Electrophysiologic studies were performed in 18 children (mean age 10 years) both before and after surgical closure of the ASD. Sinus node (SN) function, conduction intervals and refractory periods (atrial and atrioventricular [AV] nodal) were determined. Before surgery, corrected SN recovery time was prolonged in 14 patients; the mean value for the group was 357 +/- 163 ms. The AH interval was slightly prolonged, as were AV nodal refractory periods. Postoperatively, SN recovery time decreased in all patients who remained in sinus rhythm (p less than 0.02), but 5 patients had atrial ectopic rhythm. The AH interval decreased significantly (p less than 0.02), as did the refractory periods, mainly for the AV node (p less than 0.01). The pacing rate at which second-degree AV block occurred increased. Thus, closure of ASD improves AV conduction, decreases AV nodal refractory periods and improves SN function, probably by suppressing rightsided heart volume overload. However, SN function may be lost, probably as a result of the operative procedure. PMID- 6720587 TI - Tetralogy of Fallot with absent pulmonic valve: analysis of 17 patients. AB - Seventeen patients with tetralogy of Fallot (TF) and absent pulmonic valve were seen at Children's Hospital of Pittsburgh from 1958 to 1981. In 7 patients, severe respiratory symptoms developed due to bronchial compression by an aneurysmal pulmonary artery, and 6 died. In 4 patients, moderate respiratory symptoms developed. Six patients remained free of respiratory distress. Medical and surgical management of patients with respiratory distress in infancy has been frustrating and frequently unsuccessful. A 4-month-old infant with respiratory distress underwent complete intracardiac repair with valve insertion and has subsequently survived with relief of symptoms. Considering the high mortality rate in this group of patients, further attempts at aggressive surgical repair in infancy for patients with severe respiratory symptoms is warranted. An anatomic review of pathologic specimens with this anomaly confirmed previous reports of the frequent association of absence of the ductus arteriosus in patients with tetralogy of Fallot and absent pulmonary valve. The exception is noted in patients with discontinuity between the right and left pulmonary arteries in which a ductus arteriosus may be present supplying the isolated left pulmonary artery. PMID- 6720588 TI - Pulmonary artery aneurysms: echocardiographic features in 5 patients. AB - Two-dimensional (2-D) echocardiographic studies were performed in 5 patients (2 adults, 3 pediatric cases) with proved aneurysm of the main pulmonary artery (PA). Two-dimensional echocardiography correctly localized the site of the aneurysm in all 5 patients and accurately categorized the type of aneurysm as saccular in 2 patients and fusiform in 3 patients. Fusiform aneurysms were characterized by their huge size, which made it impossible to image them completely in any single 2-D sector plane in 2 patients and by their tendency to cause displacement of the left atrium in 1 patient. Two-dimensional echocardiographic diagnosis of PA aneurysm was suggested prospectively without knowledge of angiographic findings in 3 of 5 patients. Two-dimensional echocardiography appears to be a useful noninvasive technique in the recognition of PA aneurysms. PMID- 6720589 TI - Quantitative radionuclide angiocardiography using gold-195m. AB - A limitation of first-pass radionuclide angiocardiography is the limited repeatability because of the relatively long half-life of technetium-99m (Tc 99m). The feasibility, reproducibility and validity of multiple sequential quantitative first-pass studies were assessed in humans using the short-lived isotope gold-195m (Au-195m) (half-life of 30.6 seconds, 262 keV), which can be directly obtained from a generator made of its parent isotope, mercury-195m (half life of 41.6 hours). Thirty-three subjects (13 normal volunteers and 20 cardiac patients) were studied using a large-field gamma camera equipped with a medium energy collimator. After Au-195m intravenous injections, repeat first-pass studies were performed in the left anterior oblique projection. A left anterior oblique study was then obtained after i.v. injection of Tc-99m. Left ventricular ejection fraction calculations were performed separately by 2 observers. Reproducibility of Au-195m first-pass studies was excellent. The correlation coefficients for left ventricular ejection fraction from the first and the second Au-195m injections were 0.93 and 0.98 for observers 1 and 2, respectively. The correlation coefficients between Au-195m and Tc-99m first-pass studies were 0.95 and 0.98, respectively. PMID- 6720590 TI - Exercise testing in chronic congestive heart failure. PMID- 6720591 TI - Influence of early nonparasystolic impulses on the atrial parasystolic rhythm. PMID- 6720592 TI - Mechanism of tachycardia-dependent bundle branch block. PMID- 6720593 TI - Intra-Hisian blocks of several degrees induced by the ajmaline test. PMID- 6720594 TI - Procainamide cardioversion of fetal supraventricular tachyarrhythmia. PMID- 6720595 TI - Ventricular tachyarrhythmias complicating amiodarone therapy in the presence of hypokalemia. PMID- 6720596 TI - Incessant ectopic atrial tachycardia: successful surgical treatment with regression of dilated cardiomyopathy picture. PMID- 6720598 TI - Steroid-responsive eosinophilic myocarditis: diagnosis by endomyocardial biopsy. PMID- 6720597 TI - Shoshin beriberi: report of two successfully treated patients with hemodynamic documentation. PMID- 6720599 TI - Patent ductus arteriosus in adults: diagnosis by suprasternal and parasternal pulsed Doppler echocardiography. PMID- 6720600 TI - Detection by Doppler echocardiography of acquired pulmonic stenosis due to extrinsic tumor compression. PMID- 6720601 TI - Detection and quantitation of right ventricular outlet obstruction secondary to aneurysm of the membranous ventricular septum by combined two-dimensional echocardiography: continuous-wave Doppler ultrasound. PMID- 6720603 TI - Digoxin-diltiazem interaction. PMID- 6720602 TI - Prevalence of right-to-left atrial shunting in a healthy population: detection by Valsalva maneuver contrast echocardiography. PMID- 6720604 TI - Needle in the heart: two-dimensional echocardiographic findings. PMID- 6720606 TI - Mitral valve commissurotomy. PMID- 6720605 TI - Classification of site of ventricular septal defect by two-dimensional echocardiography. PMID- 6720607 TI - The gill in the spiny dogfish, Squalus acanthias: respiratory and nonrespiratory function. AB - Aspects of functional anatomy with respect to water and blood flow through the gills of Squalus acanthias and one specimen of Mustelus mustelus are described. A reconstruction of an entire filament has been made. The cavernous body in the proximal segment of the filament is relatively small, contains a small amount of elastic tissue, and has no connections with the underlying afferent filament artery, except at its junction to the middle segment. In the middle segment of the filament, the wall and columns of the cavernous body are well supplied with elastic tissue. The size of the cavernous body increases gradually distally. The underlying afferent filament artery opens into it with numerous pores and eventually becomes incorporated in the cavernous body. The distal segment of the filament is characterized by the rapid increase in size of the cavernous body. Toward the free edge of the filament it almost reaches the efferent filament artery; toward the diaphragm it forms an anastomosing bridge with the neighboring filaments. Wall and columns in the distal segment of the cavernous body are richly supplied with elastic tissue. The afferent filament artery is no longer discernible. In living specimens the tips of opposite filaments are in close apposition during the whole respiratory cycle. Application of artificial ventral aortic pressure to freshly killed specimens evoked the same reaction in the filament tips. The cavernous bodies provide the hydrostatic skeleton, necessary to keep the gill sieve closed. Lamellae are equipped with finger-like appendages to facilitate adherence to the opposite filament tips. Lamellar appendages also reduce the dead space between lamellae of neighboring filaments. The whole of cavernous bodies may also serve as an elastic blood reservoir with a function similar to that of the bulbus arteriosus in teleost fish. Of all suitable places, only the lamellar streambed was clear and convincing in its response to perfusion with adrenalin or acetylcholine. Structural details of the nonrespiratory circulation within the gills are described. PMID- 6720608 TI - The fine structure of the placenta and chorionic vesicles of the bush baby, Galago crassicaudata. AB - The fine structure of the placental villi and the chorionic vesicles of the bush baby, Galago crassicaudata, were examined. The placenta was of the diffuse epitheliochorial type. The trophoblastic epithelium of the placental villi consisted of cells joined by tight junctions and desmosomes. The apical borders of these cells interdigitated with corresponding processes on the uterine epithelial cells. The fetal capillaries indented the trophoblastic cells later in gestation, and the trophoblast over the capillaries was correspondingly thinner with advancing gestation. The trophoblast of the villi was characterized by numerous lipid droplets and moderate amounts of granular endoplasmic reticulum (ER). The apical cytoplasm often had many mitochondria as well as small electron dense vesicles and tubules. Uterine epithelial cells contained agranular ER and a well-developed Golgi apparatus. The apical cytoplasm contained numerous granules often with an electron-dense content. The uterine epithelial cells appeared to be secretory, contributing to the electron-dense material found between the fetal and maternal cells. Fetal capillaries were of the continuous type, whereas occasional fenestrae were observed in maternal capillaries. Recesses in the trophoblastic epithelium occurred at the tips, sides, and bases of the villi. These areas had taller trophoblastic cells that appeared to be more active in phagocytosing uterine content. The chorionic vesicles are invaginations of the chorion opposite the mouths of uterine glands. A layer of columnar trophoblastic cells covered the villi of the vesicles. These cells had abundant vacuoles and coated pits and vesicles. The mesodermal component of the chorionic vesicles included a capillary network and a layer of smooth muscle cells in the wall of the vesicle. It was concluded that the trophoblast of the placental villi is engaged in both hemotrophic and histotrophic nourishment of the embryo. The specialized chorionic vesicles are particularly important in providing histotrophic nutrients to the embryo, especially the secretions of the uterine glands. The similarity of the chorionic vesicles to the areolae of other species suggests they may be the pathway by which iron is transported from mother to fetus, perhaps by receptor-mediated endocytosis of macromolecules derived from uterine gland secretions. PMID- 6720609 TI - Ultrastructural characterization of the nasal respiratory epithelium in the rat. AB - This ultrastructural study of the respiratory epithelium of the rat nasal mucosa revealed six morphologically distinct cell types: goblet cells, basal cells, ciliated cells, nonciliated columnar cells, cuboidal cells, and brush cells. The latter three have not been previously characterized in the rat nasal mucosa by transmission electron microscopy. Cuboidal cells observed on the conchae and lateral wall had short apical microvilli which were less dense than the microvilli of the nonciliated columnar cells. Nonciliated columnar cells also identified on the conchae and lateral wall had short microvilli and an extensive network of smooth endoplasmic reticulum in the apical region. The brush cell had distinct ultrastructural features; it was pear-shaped, with the broad base adjacent to the basement membrane and large microvilli on the surface. Microfilaments, microtubules, vesicles, and paired cisternae were found in the apical cytoplasm. Brush cells occurred singly on the conchae and lateral wall but were not identified in the respiratory epithelium of the nasal septum. These findings indicate the complexity of cell types composing the rat nasal respiratory epithelium. PMID- 6720610 TI - Electron microscopic analysis of the effect of progesterone upon the hormone sensitive solitary cilia and centriolar complexes in the luminal epithelial cells of the uterus of the ovariectomized-adrenalectomized rat. AB - The time course of the hormonally controlled deciliation cycles of the centriolar complexes in the cells of the luminal epithelium of the uterus of the ovariectomized and adrenalectomized rat was analyzed at ultrastructural levels. The results were expressed quantitatively. The half-life of the solitary cilia after progesterone administration in the cell population was 14.6 hr, longer approximately by 1 hr than that previously reported for the estrogen-induced deciliation of the same cells. The time course of the progesterone-induced loss of solitary cilia strongly suggested that the phenomenon is biphasic. After the initial loss of 50%, the process progressed slowly. Twenty-four hours after the injection of the hormone, 35% of the cilia remained; after 60 hours, 4% were still present. This is in striking contrast to the effect of estrogen, which causes almost complete deciliation within 24 hr after the injection of the hormone. Prolonged exposure of the deciliated luminal epithelial cells to progesterone leads to disarrangement of the diplosome relationship. The phenomenon might be causally correlated with the block of estrogen-induced mitoses by this hormone; this view, however, needs further experimental corroboration. PMID- 6720611 TI - Effects of progesterone on the oviductal epithelium in estrogen-primed prepubertal beagles: light and electron microscopic observations. AB - A total of 45 prepubertal beagles 6 to 8 weeks of age were used to study the cytological changes that accompany regression of the oviductal epithelium. The oviductal epithelium in untreated pups consisted of undifferentiated low cuboidal cells that measured 10.3 +/- 2.0 microns in height. In response to estradiol (E2), low cuboidal cells underwent hypertrophy, hyperplasia, and cytodifferentiation and gave rise to columnar ciliated and secretory cells. After 12 days of E2 treatment the epithelium was fully differentiated and measured 29.4 +/- 2.6 microns in height with 56% of the cells possessing cilia. When E2 treatment was continued for an additional 12 days, the epithelium was maintained in a differentiated state. However, if E2 treatment was terminated or progesterone (P) given alone or in conjunction with E2, the oviductal epithelium regressed and after 6 days was composed of low cuboidal cells that ranged in height from 9 to 14 microns with approximately 25% of the cells possessing cilia. A variety of cytological changes characterized the process of regression. The most immediate signs that regression was underway was a reduction in the height of the epithelium and the presence of cells with shrunken, pleomorphic nuclei that lacked prominent nucleoli. Degenerative events included: pinching off and shedding of the apical cytoplasm of cells comprising the epithelium, extrusion of whole cells and/or nuclei, and resorption of cilia and basal bodies. During the first 6 days following E2 withdrawal or P treatment, macrophages and cellular debris were frequently present within the lumen of the oviduct. The process of regression did not proceed synchronously throughout the ampulla of the oviduct, nor did all cells appear to degenerate in the same manner. The cytological changes that accompanied oviductal regression following P treatment were identical to those observed following E2 withdrawal. Results from experiments conducted in the present study show that: E2 induces the oviductal epithelium to differentiate and is required to maintain the epithelium in a differentiated state, E2 withdrawal or P treatment causes the oviductal epithelium to regress, at least three distinct degenerative processes are involved in the transition of columnar ciliated and secretory cells into low cuboidal cells, and regression does not occur synchronously throughout the ampulla region of the oviduct. PMID- 6720612 TI - A quantitative study of pituitary colloid in the bat Myotis lucifugus lucifugus in relation to age, sex, and season. AB - Extracellular colloid accumulations were examined in pituitary glands of adult and juvenile, male and female, little brown bats, Myotis lucifugus lucifugus (Chiroptera: Vespertilionidae), collected at various times during the annual reproductive cycle. Round or ovoid periodic acid-Schiff-reactive accumulations of colloid were scattered throughout the pars distalis, pars intermedia, and pars tuberalis. These accumulations were surrounded by processes of agranular "follicular" cells. The proportion of the volume of the pars distalis occupied by colloid (volume fraction) exhibited considerable variation among animals, ranging from 0.00 to 3.18% in the total sample of bats. Pituitaries of juvenile males, yearling males, and nonparous females contained significantly less colloid than those of parous females and adult males. The mean volume fraction for each of these groups suggested that colloid content increased progressively from birth through sexual maturity in this animal. In addition, the frequency distribution of colloid content measurements made in parous females and adult males provided indirect evidence that colloid continues to accumulate throughout life. No sexual dimorphism in colloid content was observed before or after sexual maturity, and colloid content did not fluctuate in relation to the annual reproductive cycle of either males or females. PMID- 6720613 TI - The early development of the hypoglossal nerve and occipital somites in staged human embryos. AB - Serial sections of 105 human embryos (including 20 silver preparations) from stage 11 (24 days) to stage 22 (54 days) were studied, and 23 graphic reconstructions were prepared. The hypoglossal nucleus is evident at stage 12 and becomes isolated from other efferent nuclei at stage 14. The first hypoglossal nerve fibers appear at stage 12. The roots unite at stage 14 and the main trunk arrives in the tongue at stage 15. Four occipital somites can be identified during stage 13, and the sclerotomic material forms two bilateral masses. The fourth sclerotome separates in stage 14 and develops like a vertebra. This and the remaining sclerotomic material form the basioccipital and exoccipital parts of the chondrocranium , which are the first to appear. Four occipital myotomes develop and grow towards the tongue as the "hypoglossal cord", which arrives prior to the hypoglossal nerve. The developmental similarity in the hypoglossal region between birds and mammals, combined with experimental studies in birds, renders it extremely likely that the hypoglossal musculature in mammals also is derived from occipital somites. The present study is the first in which this conclusion is adequately supported in the human. This investigation aids in the interpretation and timing of origin of variations (e.g., bipartite hypoglossal canal) and anomalies (e.g., persistent hypoglossal artery). PMID- 6720614 TI - Ultrastructural localization of lectin receptors on the bone-marrow sinusoidal endothelium of the rat. AB - The bone-marrow sinusoidal endothelium is a cellular barrier that separates developing blood cells in the extravascular space from the peripheral circulation. Mature blood elements enter the circulation via transendothelial migration pores. In the present study, monosaccharide constituents on the bone marrow endothelium were examined using lectin-affinity cytochemistry. With lectin horseradish and lectin-ferritin conjugates, mannosyl, N-acetylglucosaminyl, galactosyl, N-acetylgalactosaminyl, and sialic acid were localized to the luminal plasmalemma, bristle-coated pits and diaphragmed fenestrae. These were conspicuously reduced on the abluminal plasmalemma. When the tissue was treated with biotinylated lectins followed by avidin-ferritin, only a localization with wheat-germ agglutinin (sialic acid; N-acetylglucosaminyl) was observed. Pretreatment of the bone marrow with neuraminidase enabled the localization of the other monosaccharide components by the biotin-avidin method. Accumulations of carbohydrate residues were identified near the endothelium subjacent to migrating cells. Fucosyl moieties marked by Ulex europaeus agglutinin ( UEA ) reagents on the endothelium were not present. All binding was abolished by incubation of tissue and lectin conjugates with specific hapten sugars. labeling was also not present after Pronase E treatment, indicating that the identified monosaccharides are components of glycoproteins rather than glycolipids. The possible function of endothelial-surface glycoproteins as receptors for the surfaces of mature blood cells and their role in transmural migration are discussed. PMID- 6720615 TI - Injury to nerves and the initiation of amphibian limb regeneration. AB - The possibility has been investigated that nerves, which promote mitotic activity during the growth phase of limb regeneration, may also release factors upon injury to stimulate the cellular events during the initiation of regeneration. These events have been compared in control, innervated limb stumps and in limbs denervated for various periods before amputation. Wound closure occurred in an essentially normal manner in limbs denervated at the time of amputation but frequently occurred at reduced rates or not at all in limb stumps denervated 5 days before amputation. Tissue loss and various degrees of morphological regression were seen in many of the predenervated limb stumps, including all of those denervated for 6 days or more before amputation. Evidence is presented which suggests that regression may result from a combination of the denervated state and disturbance to the limb's vascular system. Limbs predenervated 2-10 days before amputation were fixed 7 days after amputation and examined histologically. All limb stumps, including those involved in regression, showed tissue dissociation and cellular dedifferentiation. Autoradiography revealed that the dedifferentiation involved DNA synthesis in both denervated and innervated limbs. Seven days after amputation, DNA-labeling indices in limb stumps predenervated 2 or 4 days were similar to those of control limbs, but labeling indices were significantly reduced in limbs predenervated 6 or more days. The results are assessed in light of the state of nerve degeneration in the limbs at the time of amputation and are discussed in terms of what is known regarding nerve-derived growth-promoting substances. PMID- 6720616 TI - Microvascular architecture of the pampiniform plexus-testicular artery system in the rat: a scanning electron microscope study of corrosion casts. AB - The vascular architecture of the rat pampiniform plexus was studied by scanning electron microscopy of vascular corrosion casts. The plexus consists of a thick bundle of many anastomosing veins that entirely and closely surround the convoluted segments of the testicular artery. This specially developed close contact of the pampiniform plexus with the testicular artery may allow heat exchange between the plexus and the artery to maintain the cooled condition of the testis. The epididymal arteries are also closely surrounded by the networks of the epididymal veins. It is likely that heat exchange may operate even between these epididymal vessels. The ductus deferens is provided with no vascular channels for such heat exchange. A loose or coarse capillary network is always observed between the testicular artery and the pampiniform plexus. This network is supplied by the epididymal arteries and drains into the pampiniform plexus. PMID- 6720617 TI - A radioautographic study of the incorporation of iron 55 by the ameloblasts in the zone of maturation of rat incisors. AB - This study was designed to study the time course of the incorporation of 55Fe into the ameloblasts of maturation in rat incisors. Male Sherman rats (100 +/- 5 gm) were injected intravenously with 0.9 mCi of 55Fe and sacrificed in pairs by perfusion at various time intervals from 5 min to 7 days after injection. The incisors were demineralized in 4.13% disodium EDTA, postfixed in 1% osmium tetroxide in veronal acetate buffer, and embedded in Epon. Incisors from control rats injected with only physiological saline were treated in the same way. Sections from blocks of tissue in the zone of maturation were prepared for light microscope radioautographic observations. The greatest incorporation of iron occurred at 9 mm within the zone; at this site the ameloblasts contained few pigment granules. About 5 mm deeper into the zone the activity fell off to zero, as observed at 2.5 hr after injection of 55Fe. Between 1 day and 7 days after injection the 55Fe labeling was found over the cells containing many pigment granules, while the initial labeling over the cells within 9 mm of the zone had diminished. These data have shown that at any given time, from 30 min to 4 hr, the iron enters the maturation ameloblasts over a wide extent of the zone, reaching a maximum at about 9 mm from the onset of maturation. However, at longer times (1 day to 7 days) the labeling curve shifts and shows the greatest activity beyond 9 mm within the zone. PMID- 6720618 TI - The development of the spleen in the Australian lungfish, Neoceratodus forsteri Krefft, with special reference to its relationship to the "gastro"-enteric vasculature. AB - The spleen of Neoceratodus forsteri Krefft grows in the shape of a " boomerang " on the left lateral-dorsal-right lateral part of the borderline between the foregut and the yolkgut . Development of the spleen follows the following stages: 1) appearance of the splenic primordium as a mesenchymal condensation in a limited portion of the region supplied by the third and fourth vitelline arteries on both sides, 2) development of the splenic sinuses within the primordium, 3) formation of the "gastric" and enteric splenic portal systems and 4) growth of the spleen along the anterior extremity of the spiral valve. The blood vascular dynamics of the foregut and the yolkgut are intimately involved with the formation of the spleen in this species. These processes were, therefore, compared with similar processes in other animals, and the characteristics of this organ common to vertebrates were investigated. PMID- 6720619 TI - Effect of calcium supplementation on urinary hydroxyproline in osteoporotic postmenopausal women. AB - Although calcium supplements are widely used to reduce bone resorption in osteoporosis, their beneficial effect is not conclusively established. We studied the effect of a calcium supplement (1 g/day for 8 days) in 14 postmenopausal osteoporotic women. The fasting urinary hydroxyproline/creatinine ratio decreased from 0.022 +/- 0.001 to 0.017 +/- 0.001 (p less than 0.005) indicating a significant reduction in bone resorption. Both the tubular maximum for phosphate reabsorption (1.12 +/- 0.06 to 1.34 +/- 0.07, p less than 0.005) and plasma phosphate concentration (1.04 +/- 0.04 to 1.14 +/- 0.04, p less than 0.01) increased, consistent with suppression of parathyroid hormone activity. These results support the concept that calcium supplementation is useful in the treatment of postmenopausal osteoporosis. PMID- 6720620 TI - Liver concentrations of vitamin A and carotenoids, as a function of age and other parameters, of American children who died of various causes. AB - To assess the age-dependent vitamin A status of children, liver samples taken at autopsy from 170 American children 0-15 yr of age were analyzed for vitamin A and carotenoids. The median liver vitamin A concentration at birth was low (11 micrograms retinol/g), remained constant to 3 mo, rapidly increased to 4 yr (130 micrograms/g) and then remained constant into adolescence. In contrast the vitamin A status of premature infants deteriorated after birth. Of infants less than 3 mo, approximately one-fourth and two-thirds showed liver vitamin A concentrations less than or equal to 5 micrograms retinol/g and less than or equal to 20 micrograms/g, respectively. On the other hand, essentially all infants greater than or equal to 6 months showed an adequate vitamin A status, defined as liver stores greater than 20 micrograms retinol/g liver. Liver carotenoid concentrations did not meaningfully correlate with age or with vitamin A concentrations. Parameters that did not significantly affect the vitamin A concentration were: 1) height and weight in infants less than 1 mo, except in the highest weight-height groups, 2) sex, although values of females were slightly higher than males, and 3) causes of death. PMID- 6720621 TI - Interactions of alfalfa plant and sprout saponins with cholesterol in vitro and in cholesterol-fed rats. AB - The in vitro interactions of saponins from alfalfa plant and alfalfa sprouts with cholesterol and the effects of alfalfa plant and sprout and saponin-free alfalfa plant on diet-induced liver cholesterol accumulation, bile acid excretion, and jejunal and colonic morphology were examined. Cholesterol-saponin interactions have been suggested as mechanisms for the observed hypocholesterolemic effects of alfalfa as well as the changes in intestinal morphology. Alfalfa plant saponins bound significant quantities of cholesterol both from ethanol solution and from micellar suspension. Alfalfa sprout saponins interacted with cholesterol to a lesser but significant extent. Sprout saponins also inhibited growth of Trichoderma viride significantly, another measure of saponin-cholesterol interaction. Bile acid adsorption was greatest for alfalfa plant and was not reduced by removal of saponins from the plant material. The ability of alfalfa to reduce liver cholesterol accumulation in cholesterol-fed rats was enhanced by removal of saponins and alfalfa sprouts did not prevent accumulation. Removal of saponins from alfalfa reduced the changes in intestinal morphology previously reported, but interaction with membrane cholesterol did not appear to be the cause of this effect of saponins. Saponin-cholesterol interaction is an important part of the hypocholesterolemic action of alfalfa but interaction of bile acids with other components of alfalfa may be of equal importance. PMID- 6720622 TI - Diagnosis of anemia and iron deficiency: analytic and biological variations of laboratory tests. AB - We describe the magnitude of analytic errors and the within-subject biological variations for laboratory tests that are used in the diagnosis of anemia and iron deficiency. For Hb, hematocrit, and red cell indices, coefficients of variation for analytic and biological variations are less than 4%. In general, higher coefficients of variation are characteristic of serum iron, iron-binding capacity, serum ferritin, and erythrocyte protoporphyrin. Particularly high analytic variations between different laboratories have been described for iron binding capacity and the greatest biological variations have been noted for serum iron. An awareness of these sources of error is helpful in designing studies and in interpreting laboratory results. PMID- 6720623 TI - Iron absorption from typical Latin American diets. AB - The availability and daily absorption of iron was determined by the extrinsic label method in typical lower middle to lower class diets consumed in regions of Argentina, Brazil, Chile, Mexico, Peru, and Venezuela. Differences in iron absorption from meals up to 7-fold, could be attributed to the varying contents of absorption enhancers, eg, in meat, and of inhibitors in tea, vegetables, and wheat or maize bread. The total iron available in the diets from four countries did not meet the physiological requirements for normal subjects but deficient subjects fulfilled their requirements absorbing from 1.0 to 2.1 mg/day. In five diets heme iron (6 to 24% of the total) provided 34 to 73% of the iron absorbed. These data suggest that such absorption and utilization studies may be used to correlate the prevalence of iron deficiency in a population with certain diets and to guide fortification programs. PMID- 6720624 TI - Dietary potassium and blood pressure in a population. AB - A population based study of 685 men and women aged 20 to 79 yr in a predominantly Caucasian community in Southern California found dietary potassium intake estimated from 24-h recall dietary history to be significantly and negatively correlated with age-adjusted systolic pressure in both men and women and with age adjusted diastolic blood pressure in men. These correlations remained after exclusion of persons taking antihypertension medication or those with categorical hypertension (blood pressure greater than 160/95), and also persisted after adjusting for other dietary variables including alcohol and calcium intake. In women, correlations with blood pressure increased after excluding those taking sex hormones, suggesting that hormonal status may be an important determinant of blood pressure in women and may obscure other relationships. These findings support the etiological relationship of dietary potassium with blood pressure in populations. PMID- 6720625 TI - Evaluation of plasma tocopherols in relation to hematological indices of Brazilian infants on human milk and cows' milk regime from birth to 1 year of age. AB - A study was carried out to evaluate the effects of a human milk and cows' milk regime on plasma tocopherols and hematological status of 176 Brazilian infants from birth to 12 months of age. Plasma total tocopherols and the ratio of tocopherols/total lipids were significantly higher (p less than 0.01) for breast fed infants than for cows' milk-fed infants at all ages. Hydrogen peroxide stimulated erythrocyte hemolysis was greater for cows' milk-fed infants than breast-fed infants; the difference was statistically significant (p less than 0.01) at 3, 6, and 9 months of age. Among the hematological indices examined, Hb levels were significantly higher (p less than 0.01) for the breast-fed infants at 3 and 12 months, while the reticulocyte counts were significantly higher for the cows' milk-fed infants at all ages; hematocrit values more or less remained similar for both groups. It is concluded from these results that although a human milk regime is ideal as compared to a cow's milk regime for maintaining adequate vitamin E status during the 1st year of early life, there may be other influencing factors besides vitamin E to explain such differences in the hematological indices of the breast-fed and cows' milk fed-Brazilian infants. PMID- 6720627 TI - Measurement of secretory IgA in serum by radioimmunoassay in patients with chronic nonalcoholic liver disease or carcinoma. AB - The authors describe the development of a double antibody radioimmunoassay specific for human secretory IgA (sIgA), and they report the results of measurements of serum sIgA concentrations in patients with chronic, nonalcoholic liver disease or carcinoma. Above-normal sIgA concentrations (greater than 25 micrograms/mL) were found in 22 of 38 sera from patients with chronic active liver disease and in 37 of 40 sera from patients with primary biliary cirrhosis. Markedly increased concentrations (greater than 118 micrograms/mL) were specific for primary biliary cirrhosis. Above-normal sIgA concentrations were found frequently in patients with colorectal (29/86, 34%), pancreatic (38/70, 54%), gastric (11/30, 37%), or mammary (6/46, 13%) carcinoma. An above-normal concentration of sIgA was more specific for hepatic metastases than an above normal alkaline phosphatase activity in each type of carcinoma. The authors conclude that measurement of sIgA in serum is a useful diagnostic test in patients with chronic liver disease suspected of having primary biliary cirrhosis or in patients with carcinoma suspected of having hepatic metastases. PMID- 6720626 TI - Dietary-induced changes in the fatty acid composition of human cheek cell phospholipids: correlation with changes in the dietary polyunsaturated/saturated fat ratio. AB - Healthy normotensive volunteers aged 20 to 59 yr were randomly allocated either to a control group or to one of two experimental groups. The control group ate a low P/S ratio diet for 12 wk while the first experimental group ate a high P/S ratio diet for 6 wk followed by a low P/S ratio diet for the next 6 wk. The second experimental group ate a low P/S ratio diet in the first 6 wk followed by a high P/S ratio diet for the next 6 wk. Dietary P/S ratio, plasma linoleic acid (18:2), and cheek cell phospholipid 18:2 levels were compared in each dietary group at the end of the 1st and 2nd 6 wk. On change from a low to a high P/S ratio diet, there was a 36% increase in the proportion of 18:2 in the cheek cell phospholipids in comparison with the proportion existing before the change. This was associated with an increase in the proportion of 18:2 in the plasma lipids of this group. No reduction in the proportion of 18:2 in the cheek cell phospholipids was apparent in the control group or the group which changed from a high to a low P/S ratio diet, although in the latter group there was a reduction in the proportion of 18:2 in the plasma lipids. As the phospholipid fatty acid composition of human cheek cells reflects dietary lipid status under certain conditions, this observation may be useful in dietary and nutritional studies, particularly as human cheek cells can be obtained in a noninvasive manner. PMID- 6720628 TI - Agarose electrophoresis and immunonephelometric quantitation of cerebrospinal fluid immunoglobulins: criteria for application in the diagnosis of neurologic disease. AB - The cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) IgG index, the CSF to serum albumin ratio, and electrophoresis on agarose gel of CSF and serum were evaluated retrospectively for their usefulness in the differential diagnosis of multiple sclerosis (MS). Standardized procedures were adopted for grading the intensity of oligoclonal banding and for the certainty of diagnosis of MS. One hundred and forty-nine patients were studied, including 23 with definite multiple sclerosis (MS), 12 with probable MS, 20 with possible MS, 20 with inflammatory neurologic disease, 65 with noninflammatory neurologic disease, and nine with no neurologic disease. The CSF IgG index and the CSF to serum albumin ratio were calculated from nephelometric measurements of serum and CSF IgG and albumin. The intensity of oligoclonal banding was graded relative to the density of the prealbumin band. Eighty-eight per cent of cases of definite MS had distinct oligoclonal bands, and an equal number had an elevated IgG index. These tests were not specific for MS, however, since 50% of cases of inflammatory neurologic disease and 5% of those with noninflammatory neurologic disease had an elevated IgG index. Similarly, 48% of cases with inflammatory disease and 25% with noninflammatory disease had oligoclonal bands. However, only patients with definite MS (21%) or possible MS (4%) had prominent oligoclonal bands whose density was greater than or equal to that of prealbumin, together with a CSF IgG index greater than 1.50. This combination of findings therefore may enhance the level of suspicion of MS. By contrast, an isolated increase in the CSF to serum albumin ratio may suggest a diagnosis other than MS. PMID- 6720629 TI - Hypercoagulation and fibrinolysis in oral sub-mucous fibrosis. AB - In seven out of seven patients suffering from oral submucous fibrosis (OSMF), we detected circulating molecules that are immunologically similar to fibrinogen (MISFI), as suggested by the hemagglutination inhibition studies using the FDP Kit (Wellcome) and by paracoagulation tests such as serial dilution protamine tests. The ethanol gelation test was positive in three of the seven patients. Cryofibrinogen developed in six of the seven patients within three to six days of incubation of plasma samples at 4 degrees C. Plasma kept at 37 degrees C did not develop any fibrous or amorphous precipitate. In OSMF, fibrinogen, fibrinogen intermediates, and fibrin degradation products deserve further scrutiny, as this may help define the etiology of OSMF which is, so far, obscure. PMID- 6720630 TI - Detection of bacteremia with the BACTEC 16B resin blood culture medium. AB - A new blood culture medium (16B) containing adsorbent and cationic exchange resins has become available for use with the BACTEC instrument (Johnston Laboratories, Towson, MD). Its purpose is to enhance the detection of bacteremia through binding of antimicrobials. The performance of the BACTEC 16B resin medium was compared with the routine BACTEC 6B medium in patients with suspected sepsis receiving antibiotics. A total of 1,227 blood specimens were inoculated in 6B and 16B media and yielded 93 positive cultures from 43 clinically septic patients. Of 103 bacterial isolates recovered, 63 (61.2%) were recovered in both media, 14 (13.6%) in the routine 6B medium only, and 26 (25.2%) in the resin medium only (P greater than 0.05). Staphylococci, both coagulase positive and negative, were recovered much more frequently in resin medium (P less than 0.01). When the results of all the blood culture sets collected for each patient on any given day were considered, the routine 6B medium was the only source of isolation for seven bacterial species in six patients, and the resin medium was the only source of isolation for nine species in nine patients. However, of the nine organisms whose sole isolation source was the resin medium, eight were recovered early in the course of antibiotic therapy (6 within 24 to 36 hours and 2 within 36 to 48 hours of the first antibiotic dose) and had been isolated previously in routine 6B medium. In no instance was the antibiotic regimen changed as a result of the persistence of the organism in resin medium in the early phases of treatment. The use of resin medium did not improve overall detection time for 63 isolates recovered in both media. In conclusion, although the 16B resin medium did recover a greater number of bacterial isolates, it contributed very little information that might be of use in modifying and improving the treatment of septic patients receiving antimicrobials. PMID- 6720631 TI - Turbidimetric measurement of total urinary proteins: a revised method. AB - A turbidimetric method for the determination of total urinary proteins is proposed that uses a specimen blank for each urine. The precipitant, trichloroacetic acid (TCA), is introduced into the blank and the sample in the same amount. The blank is the supernatant of the TCA-treated urine for each specimen. Turbidity is measured by reading the 420-nm absorbance 35 minutes after the TCA addition when the turbidity curves for most urine samples plateau. This improved method was compared with an established procedure that uses water to prepare the blanks and that measures turbidity 5 minutes after the TCA addition. Of the 69 urine specimens that were analyzed by the two methods, the revised procedure yielded higher values (greater than or equal to 150%) for 5 samples, while 21 samples had lower values (less than or equal to 50%). In the latter group, four cases would have been classified erroneously as having significant proteinuria by the established method. PMID- 6720632 TI - Blue bodies in cytology specimens in a case of pulmonary talcosis. AB - Unusual extracellular birefringent laminated ovoid structures are seen in bronchial brushing, aspiration, and washing specimens in a 28-year-old woman who had histologic evidence of pulmonary talcosis. Energy dispersive x-ray analysis and microchemical studies have identified them to be calcium carbonate. These structures are known as pulmonary blue bodies and are seen mainly in histologic paraffin sections. Their occurrence in cytologic preparations and association with talcosis have not been reported. PMID- 6720633 TI - Spider bite hemolytic anemia: positive Coombs' test, erythrophagocytosis, and leukoerythroblastic smear. AB - The full hematologic profile of spider bite hemolytic anemia has not been documented in the literature. The two patients had brisk intravascular hemolysis with direct Coombs' tests positive for complement and with peripheral blood smears showing spherocytosis, erythrophagocytosis, and leukoerythroblastosis. The author's experience, along with that in the literature reviewed herein, suggests that the hemolytic anemia that can follow the bite of the brown recluse spider could be confused with autoimmune hemolytic anemia. PMID- 6720634 TI - Editorial series: Disease, Medical Research, and the American Journal of Clinical Pathology. 6. Research design. PMID- 6720635 TI - Phagocytic plasma cells in patients with multiple myeloma. PMID- 6720636 TI - Issues associated with treatment and nontreatment decisions. Special reference to newborns with handicaps. PMID- 6720638 TI - Patterns of primary care that create dependency. AB - Significant moral tension exists between attempts to address the medical problems of children in the public primary care clinic and the impact of these efforts on the self-reliance of children and families in providing for their own health care needs. We describe and demonstrate dependency-inducing practices. We discuss the moral reasons why such practices should be strictly limited, as well as the exceptional circumstances in which they are appropriate. These moral concerns suggest changes in how we provide clinic services, which we demonstrate by reference to common practices, such as providing free services, following up on missed appointments, and making arrangements for families with outside agencies. We argue that the mistakes of colonialism may be repeated unless enhancing the self-reliance of families becomes a major goal in the clinic setting. PMID- 6720637 TI - 'Baby Doe' rules. There are alternatives. AB - The federal government's "Baby Doe" rule has elicited a strong negative response; however, a more constructive option for concerned health care providers would be to formulate reasonable alternatives to such rules. Such an alternative infant advocacy process has been developed within our community. This multistep process, which attempts to optimize individual patient care and provide public accountability, lists (1) six ethical propositions that ensure that decisions are made in the best interests of the infant; (2) five decision-making principles that define physician and parent obligations and ensure that decisions are made only after careful thought; and (3) guidelines for committee review that ensure that decisions are reviewed in a manner that recognizes the rights of the child and the parents as well as society's interest in ensuring that the best decisions are made in matters of life and death. PMID- 6720639 TI - Height and weight status of Indochinese refugee children. An anthropometric study of 1,650 children. AB - To provide guidelines for assessing growth status of Indochinese refugee children, height and weight measurements were obtained from 1,650 children residing in Lao refugee camps, Cambodian refugee camps, and surrounding Thai villages. These are compared with the few existing growth references for Asian children. In comparison to US growth standards (National Center for Health Statistics/Centers for Disease Control) for children, the mean weight for age and mean height for age of the studied groups are approximately 2 SDs below US means. Weight for height is 0.7 SD below US means. This marked difference in growth status appears to be due to nutritional factors related more to cultural or economic issues affecting these children than to their genetic background. The US growth standards can serve as reference tools in evaluating the growth status of newly arrived Southeast Asian children, if used with the perspective that Southeast Asian children, on a group basis, have different distributions on US growth curves. PMID- 6720640 TI - Outbreak of varicella in a newborn intensive care nursery. AB - An outbreak of nosocomial varicella occurred in the neonatal intensive care unit of a west Texas hospital in 1982. Two health care workers and two infants were infected. The two infants acquired varicella following intimate exposures, although their mothers were shown to be seropositive. One of these infants had varicella-zoster antibody when exposed, received varicella-zoster immune globulin, and still had chickenpox develop. Thus, the presence of varicella zoster antibody may not prevent infection in infants. PMID- 6720641 TI - Childhood injuries caused by nonpowder firearms. AB - Motivated by four penetrating brain injuries to children caused by BBs, a study was undertaken to (1) assess the danger posed by nonpowder guns and rifles and (2) evaluate current regulations pertaining to these products. Data from the US Consumer Product Safety Commission indicate that there are many nonpowder firearm injuries, predominantly among males aged 5 to 24 years. Nonpowder firearm injuries are close in prevalence to those caused by powder firearms and include fatalities. More than one fourth of reported nonfatal injuries are to the eye, face, head, or neck. Despite the hazard they pose, nonpowder firearms are regulated loosely, such that young teens can legally purchase and use the products in most jurisdictions. We propose stricter regulations and other means to prevent serious and fatal nonpowder firearm injuries. PMID- 6720642 TI - Prevalence of Chlamydia trachomatis cervical infection in female adolescents. AB - To determine the prevalence of infection with Chlamydia trachomatis in young girls with the same socioeconomic background from New York City, 186 sexually active female adolescents (age range, 12 to 17 years; mean age, 15.5 years) were screened. One third of the patients were pregnant. Papanicolaou smears, endocervical cultures for C trachomatis and Neisseria gonorrhoeae, and syphilis serologic tests were obtained prospectively. Chlamydia trachomatis was isolated from 10.2% of the subjects, and N gonorrhoeae was isolated from 9.7% of the subjects; 3.2% of the subjects had syphilis. At least one sexually transmitted disease was found in 17.2% of the subjects. Eight (44%) of 18 patients with N gonorrhoeae also harbored Chlamydia. The high rate of multiple infection should have significant implications with regard to treatment. High isolation rates of C trachomatis and other sexually transmitted pathogens suggested that routine screening may be warranted in even the very young, sexually active female adolescent, and especially in pregnant girls. PMID- 6720643 TI - Bone mineral status in childhood accidental fractures. AB - We studied the bone mineral and calcium (Ca) status of 17 children who suffered an accidental fracture in 1980. These children were matched by age and sex to a nonfractured control group. Blood was drawn for serum Ca, phosphorus, magnesium, 25-hydroxycholecalciferol ( calcidiol ), alkaline phosphatase, and albumin. Bone mineral content (BMC) was evaluated by photon absorptiometry. There were no differences in serum values between the two groups. Twelve (71%) of the 17 children in the fracture group had a lower BMC than their matched controls. The BMC of the fracture group was lower than their controls, 0.423 +/- 0.042 v 0.461 +/- 0.037 g/cm. Four of the 15 in the fracture group ingested less than 60% of the recommended dietary allowance (RDA) for Ca and P (800 mg/day), while all the controls were ingesting at least 60% of the RDA. Four children of the fracture group who were ingesting less Ca and P than those of the control group also had low BMC. PMID- 6720644 TI - The pulmonary index. Assessment of a clinical score for asthma. AB - We used a clinical score, the pulmonary index (PI), in the emergency room assessment of children with acute asthma. The PI was derived from respiratory rate, wheezing, inspiratory-expiratory ratio, and use of accessory muscles. Patients were treated with a beta-adrenergic drug and were assessed before and at 15-minute intervals after treatment using clinical examination, PI, and spirometry. The PI before treatment correlated significantly with the mean percent of forced expiratory volume in the first second to forced vital capacity ratio. The PI 30 minutes after treatment correlated significantly with all tests of pulmonary function performed. The PI is a simple score that is easily derived from clinical observation. PMID- 6720645 TI - Clinical and roentgenographic scoring systems for assessing bronchopulmonary dysplasia. AB - Because investigation of bronchopulmonary dysplasia (BPD) has been hampered by imprecise methods for diagnosis and grading of severity, we evaluated new clinical and roentgenographic scoring systems in neonates with severe respiratory distress. The study population included 110 premature neonates who were admitted consecutively over a two-year period and who required mechanical ventilation. The clinical scoring system used measures of gas exchange, respiratory distress, and growth rate; roentgenographic scoring involved numerical assessment of features characteristic of BPD. A significant correlation was noted at 21 days of age between clinical and roentgenographic scores. In a linear stepwise multiple regression, we found that the best predictors of clinical score were birth weight (ie, degree of prematurity) and roentgenographic score. With further development and validation, BPD scoring should be helpful by improving our understanding of the epidemiology of this disease, providing a means for evaluation of treatment, and facilitating multicenter investigations. PMID- 6720647 TI - Persistent pulmonary hypertension of the newborn. Trends in incidence, diagnosis, and management. AB - Persistent pulmonary hypertension of the newborn ( PPHN ) has become a more commonly recognized problem in neonatal intensive care nurseries. In 62 neonates, 27 from 1980 and 35 from 1981, we compared classification, methods of diagnosis, modes of therapy, and survival. Thirty neonates (48%) had primary and 32 (52%) had secondary PPHN . Overall survival was 71% with significant differences in primary v secondary PPHN . Survival was also higher in 1981 than 1980 and was related to earlier diagnosis and to the more rapid initiation of therapy. PMID- 6720646 TI - Sex differences in childhood lupus nephritis. AB - The renal status of 60 children (15 male and 45 female) with systemic lupus erythematosus seen over a 21-year period was evaluated clinically and by renal biopsy. The occurrence of serious clinical renal disease at initial observation, more severe renal impairment at outcome, and diffuse proliferative lupus nephritis were more common in male than in female patients. Although lupus is relatively uncommon in male subjects, our epidemiologic study shows that there is a sex difference in the severity of lupus nephritis, with male subjects being more severely affected than female subjects. PMID- 6720648 TI - Parietal foramina clavicular hypoplasia. An autosomal dominant syndrome. AB - A male infant was evaluated with macrocephaly, scaphocephaly , a high forehead, a parietal foramen, a midline posterior occipital dermoid, and sloped shoulders. A skeletal survey also showed distal hypoplasia of the clavicles with bilateral loss of the acromion. Similar features were evident in his father, grandfather, and two paternal great-aunts. To our knowledge, this is the second report of this syndrome, which may be designated as parietal foramina-cleidocranial dysplasia. Our three-generation family and male-to-male transmission clearly established an autosomal dominant mode of inheritance for this syndrome. PMID- 6720649 TI - Picture of the month. Congenital varicella syndrome. PMID- 6720650 TI - Radiological case of the month. Fracture of the sella turcica. PMID- 6720651 TI - Primary hypertriglyceridemia. PMID- 6720652 TI - The role of the clinician in research. PMID- 6720653 TI - Unsuspected esophageal perforation in association with chronic peptic stricture. AB - A case of vomiting-induced perforation of the lower esophagus proximal to a chronic peptic stricture is described. The patient had a remarkably benign course and conservative management resulted in complete cure. Criteria for nonoperative management of esophageal perforation are outlined. Esophageal injury due to retained pills, we believe, contributed to occurrence of this syndrome. PMID- 6720654 TI - Secretin-induced gastrin response in the Zollinger-Ellison syndrome and chronic duodenal ulcer patients before and after cimetidine treatment. AB - A secretin provocative test was performed in 16 patients with chronic duodenal ulcer and in five patients with the Zollinger-Ellison syndrome. In four chronic duodenal ulcer patients a second secretin test was done during acute iv cimetidine administration. There were only slight variations of gastrin compared with the first test. A third test was done on the same four chronic duodenal ulcer patients after 1 month's po cimetidine treatment (1 g/day); gastrin at 0 time was significantly higher than in the previous two tests (p less than 0.01). Integrated gastrin response after secretin was significantly lower in the third test than in the first (p less than 0.05). In two Zollinger-Ellison syndrome patients treated with 1.0 and 1.4 g/day cimetidine for 3 months, gastrin at 0 time was not markedly increased, whereas compared with the first test gastrin levels were higher at each time after secretin. These data suggest that previous cimetidine treatment does not alter, and may even increase, the diagnostic sensitivity of the secretin test. PMID- 6720655 TI - The morphological effects of chenodeoxycholic acid on human gastric mucosa. AB - Morphology of human gastric mucosa was examined by light microscopy before and after exposure to suspensions of chenodeoxycholic acid tablets. During gastroscopy with a flexible instrument the gastric mucosa of eight control subjects without gastric disease was biopsied. In five other patients the chenodeoxycholic acid tablet suspension was instilled immediately after control biopsies of mucosa. Subsequent biopsies were collected after 10-15 min exposure to the suspension. Surface mucosal cells regularly showed development of clear cytoplasmic vacuoles, marked cytoplasmic condensations, and pyknosis of the nuclei. Appreciable changes in relative cytoplasmic staining density, loss of intactness of cells, and loss of surface mucous cell granules were observed less frequently. Thus, exposure of gastric mucosa to chenodeoxycholic acid tablet suspensions may be associated with histological changes in surface mucosal cells. PMID- 6720656 TI - Trichobezoar: two case reports--a new physical sign. AB - Two cases of trichobezoar in young emotionally disturbed West Indian children are reported; one was due to blanket-chewing and the other was due to trichotillomania. Both were treated successfully by surgery. The previously undescribed physical sign of indentability is introduced. The literature on trichobezoars is reviewed. PMID- 6720657 TI - Gastric bezoars: treatment and prevention. AB - Gastric bezoars may occur in the normal stomach as a result of ingestion of various objects which do not pass through the pylorus. Most gastric bezoars occur as a complication of previous gastric surgery in which there is a loss of normal pyloric function, hypoperistalsis, and low gastric acidity. They may also occur as a complication of cimetidine therapy. Symptoms include epigastric fullness, regurgitation, nausea and vomiting, and epigastric pain. A simple treatment utilizing an ordinary Teledyne Water Pik jet stream through a gastroscope is described to break up a large phytobezoar. This method is probably the treatment of choice and should be used more widely. PMID- 6720658 TI - Crohn's disease of the vulva. PMID- 6720659 TI - Pelvic-femoral osteomyelitis complicating Crohn's disease. AB - Osteomyelitis of the pelvic bones arises in Crohn's disease when enteric fistulas from the ileocolonic region allow extention of the anaerobic intestinal flora to the psoas region of the right hemipelvis. Bone destruction is usually an unexpected finding during roentgenographic evaluation of abdominal symptoms in young men with severe ileocecal disease. Suppressive therapy and previous abdominal surgery do not appear to be significant predisposing factors. Therapy requires de-bridement, resection/saucerization, drainage, and appropriate antibiotic coverage. PMID- 6720660 TI - Pancreatic fibrosis in chronic alcoholics and nonalcoholics without clinical pancreatitis. AB - A postmortem study was undertaken to determine the prevalence and nature of pancreatic injury in chronic alcoholics with no clinical pancreatitis. The material for this postmortem study was obtained from 101 entire pancreata. From five sites in each of the pancreata, sections were obtained and evaluated by two pathologists who used a 0-3 numerical grading of fibrosis. Forty-seven percent of the alcoholics had diffuse fibrosis of all five segments, in contrast to only 29% of the nonalcoholics. No fibrosis was present in 32% of the alcoholics and 56% of the nonalcoholics (p less than 0.05). The nonalcoholics tended to show an increase with age in the proportion of cases having fibrosis. The data suggest that there is ongoing pancreatic damage in chronic alcoholics before the onset of clinical pancreatitis. PMID- 6720661 TI - Issues in clinical parasitology: the management of hydatid cyst. AB - Echinococcal or hydatid cyst is not commonly seen in the United States; however, two cases were seen within a 6-month period at a southern teaching hospital, and it is endemic in many areas of the world. The causative organism, Echinococcus granulosus, is a tapeworm of dogs; the normal intermediate hosts are hoofed animals. When man becomes infected enlarging cysts in the liver, lung, nervous system, or peritoneum may cause considerable morbidity. While surgery traditionally has been the treatment of choice, in the past few years the usage of high doses of mebendazole has been suggested as a possible alternative. This review describes two cases and the recent literature regarding the use of mebendazole as therapy for hydatid disease. PMID- 6720662 TI - Choledochoduodenal fistula: a rare complication of duodenal ulcer. AB - Spontaneous biliary enteric fistula caused by duodenal ulcer is a rare phenomenon. In most cases it is diagnosed incidentally, because it seldom gives clinical symptoms. The fistula per se is not an indication for surgery. When surgery is recommended, the operation of choice is vagotomy and antrectomy. A short review of the literature with three of our cases is presented. PMID- 6720663 TI - Associations between diseases of the thyroid and the liver. AB - There are clinical and laboratory associations between thyroid and liver disease. Patients with chronic liver disease may have thyroiditis, hyperthyroidism, or hypothyroidism. Occasionally, alcoholics with active cirrhosis will show eye signs or laboratory evidence of hyperthyroidism, and yet be euthyroid on further testing. Patients with subacute thyroiditis or hyperthyroidism may have abnormalities in liver function tests which return to normal as the thyroid condition improves. In similar fashion, patients with acute or chronic liver disease may have changes in thyroid function tests which improves as the liver inflammation resolves. These interrelationships must be remembered if errors in patient care are to be avoided. PMID- 6720664 TI - Gastroenterology and the law. PMID- 6720665 TI - Ten-year incidence of coronary heart disease in the Honolulu Heart Program. Relationship to biologic and lifestyle characteristics. AB - In 10 years of follow-up of 7705 Japanese men living in Hawaii, aged 45-68 years and judged free of coronary heart disease (CHD) at the initial examination during 1965-1968, a total of 511 new CHD cases were identified: fatal CHD, 139; nonfatal myocardial infarction (MI), 216; acute coronary insufficiency, 55; and uncomplicated angina pectoris (AP), 101. The incidence rate of fatal CHD and nonfatal MI for this cohort is less than half the rate for US whites and approximately twice the rate for Japanese men in Japan. The relationships of 14 biologic and lifestyle characteristics measured at baseline examination to the incidence of total CHD and specific manifestations of CHD were examined in bivariate and multivariate analyses. In bivariate analyses, all variables except heart rate were significantly related to the risk of total CHD after adjustment for age. However, when an independent contribution of each variable to CHD risk was evaluated in multiple logistic analyses in which all other variables were taken into account, the numbers of risk factors retaining significant associations varied by clinical subgroup of CHD. Among the characteristics studied, systolic blood pressure was the most powerful and consistent risk factor for all manifestations except AP. Cigarette smoking showed a similar pattern. Serum cholesterol was significantly associated with fatal CHD and nonfatal MI, but its contribution to CHD risk was less potent than systolic blood pressure or cigarette smoking. Glucose intolerance was strongly associated with fatal CHD, but with no other manifestations of CHD. Alcohol consumption demonstrated a strong protective effect upon fatal CHD and nonfatal MI. Uncomplicated AP was distinguished from other CHD manifestations by the lack of association with most of the known major risk factors for CHD, including blood pressure, serum cholesterol, and cigarette smoking. PMID- 6720666 TI - Ten-year incidence of coronary heart disease in the Honolulu Heart Program. Relationship to nutrient intake. AB - Nutrient intake was determined in over 8000 men of Japanese ancestry residing on the island of Oahu. Nutrient determination took place at the initial examination during the years 1965-1968. This report relates nutrient intake to the risk of developing coronary heart disease in the 10 years subsequent to the initial examination. Men who developed coronary heart disease had a lower average intake of calories, carbohydrates, starch, and vegetable protein than men who remained free of coronary heart disease. Men who developed coronary heart disease also had a higher mean intake of percentage of calories from protein, fat, saturated fatty acids, and polyunsaturated fatty acids than men who remained free of coronary heart disease. These men also had a significantly lower mean percentage of calories from carbohydrates and a higher mean ingestion of cholesterol per 1000 calories than men who remained free of coronary heart disease. In multivariate analyses including age, systolic blood pressure, serum cholesterol, cigarettes smoked per day, and physical activity index, carbohydrates, vegetable protein, percentage of calories from saturated fatty acids, and percentage of calories from polyunsaturated fatty acids are no longer significantly related to incidence. PMID- 6720667 TI - Hypertension among Asians and Pacific islanders in California. AB - Hypertension is investigated among Asians and Pacific islanders in California. Descriptive rates are provided for four Asian and Pacific islander ethnic-sex-age subgroupings. Overall, Filipinos have rates of hypertension nearly equal to those of American blacks and, in some large demographic categories, have prevalence rates comparable to blacks. Uncontrolled hypertension is shown to be related to overall health levels measured by life expectancy, chronologic age, and relative body weight. Change in dietary patterns toward the adoption of American foods increases both relative body weight and the risk of hypertension. The adjusted rates of hypertension are similar for men and women after the effects of relative body weight, alcohol consumption, and other variables are removed. A psychologic dimension of variables, including excess alcohol intake and proneness to depression and boredom, increases prevalence of high blood pressure. Social support mechanisms such as marriage, religious affiliation, and a large number of friends are associated with lower levels of hypertension. Many predictor variables are analyzed along with reasons for the high prevalence rates of hypertension for Filipinos and low rates for Japanese. PMID- 6720668 TI - Hormonal and personal effects on estrogen receptors in breast cancer. AB - Since high estrogen receptor protein in breast cancer tissue has a favorable effect on patient prognosis, factors influencing estrogen receptor levels are the focus of this research. From April 1977 to December 1978, 246 histologically confirmed primary breast cancer patients from three North Carolina hospitals were interviewed and provided with photographic displays of hormonal products. Their tumor tissue was analyzed for estrogen receptor protein by the sucrose density gradient assay. Data were analyzed by multiple regression and logistic regression techniques. No statistically significant relationship was found between gonadal hormone usage and estrogen receptor levels, although recent users of either oral contraceptives or replacement estrogens had lower receptor levels. Users of progestogen-predominant and -intermediate types of oral contraceptives also had lower estrogen receptor protein. An effect of menopausal status, independent of age, was not evident. Statistically significant associations involved age and race among postmenopausal patients. With black breast cancer patients aged less than 70 years as the reference group, the relative odds of having high estrogen receptor protein (greater than 10 fmol/mg of cytosol protein) were 2.4 times greater among whites aged less than 70, 1.6 times greater in blacks aged greater than or equal to 70, and 12.8 times greater in whites greater than or equal to 70 years. These differences in estrogen receptor protein may contribute to the black white differential in breast cancer survival. PMID- 6720670 TI - Trends in the incidence of cancer of the corpus uteri in Denmark, 1943-1980. AB - The occurrence of cancer of the corpus uteri in Denmark is examined by the use of data from the Danish Cancer Registry. The study population consists of 14,149 cases diagnosed with cancer of the corpus uteri between 1943 and 1980. Since 1943, the incidence has been steadily increasing. The trend in the incidence rates varies in different age groups, and examination of birth cohorts shows higher rates after the age of 50 for more recent generations. The trend is evaluated in relationship to changes in diagnostic practices and to changes in prevalence of risk factors. Of the latter, estrogen use is considered a plausible explanation for the increasing incidence in women aged 55-64 years Correction of the age-specific incidence rates for hysterectomy reveals a pattern very similar to that of breast cancer. PMID- 6720669 TI - Cervical cancer in the Republic of Panama. AB - Cervical cancer is more common in Latin America than elsewhere in the world. Previous work indicated that Panama also had a high incidence of cervical cancer and that the disease clustered in rural Herrera Province; to document this and collect detailed information on risk factors, the authors established a population-based Cervical Cancer Registry in Panama. Cervical cancer cases diagnosed between 1974 and 1979 were identified by visiting every major hospital in the country. The registry abstracted epidemiologic, clinical, and other information from patients' hospital charts. It recorded an age-adjusted invasive cervical cancer incidence of 28.4/100,000 between 1974 and 1979; rural Herrera Province supported the highest rate (79.1/100,000), while urban Panama Province had a low rate (24.6/100,000); in situ disease followed a similar pattern (48.7/100,000 in Herrera Province and 17.6/100,000 in Panama Province). Women born in Herrera Province retained high cervical cancer rates irrespective of residence at diagnosis (64.7/100,000), while women from Panama Province had low rates (12.4/100,000) which were comparable to those seen in US whites. In addition to having high cancer rates, women from Herrera Province developed invasive disease at an unusually young age; women between 35 and 39 years of age had an incidence of 151/100,000. PMID- 6720671 TI - Diet, prevalence and 10-year mortality from coronary heart disease in 871 middle aged men. The Zutphen Study. AB - The Zutphen Study is a longitudinal investigation among middle-aged men of relationships between diet, other risk characteristics, and coronary heart disease (CHD). In 1960, dietary data were collected by the cross-check dietary history method. CHD mortality data were collected during 10 years of follow-up. The 14 men with CHD at baseline consumed 524 kcal/day less than the 857 CHD-free men. During 10 years of follow-up, 30 men who were initially free of CHD died from CHD. Those men consumed 273 kcal/day less than men who did not die from CHD. The inverse relationship between energy intake and CHD became stronger when energy intake was expressed per kg of body weight. Dietary cholesterol per 1000 kcal was significantly positively related to CHD, while vegetable protein, polysaccharides, and dietary fiber were significantly inversely related to CHD. These relationships were no longer statistically significant when energy intake per kg of body weight was added to the logistic model. The inverse relationship between energy intake per kg of body weight and CHD became insignificant when subscapular skinfold and serum cholesterol were added to the logistic model. It is concluded that the influence of energy intake per kg of body weight on CHD is mediated through other risk characteristics: subscapular skinfold and serum cholesterol. PMID- 6720672 TI - Parental survival, an independent predictor of longevity in middle-aged persons. AB - In a 25-year follow-up of 2370 middle-aged civil servants and spouses of civil servants, the authors studied the effect of the number of parents (none, one, or both) which a middle-aged person still has alive on this person's survival. Among men, no relationship was found with the number of parents alive after 15 years of follow-up and a weak gradient was found after 25 years. Among women, there was a clear gradient of mortality according to the number of parents alive, both after 15 and after 25 years. In a logistic regression analysis of mortality, after 25 years, the age-adjusted effect of having both parents alive relative to none was significant in men and women (for men: odds ratio = 0.63, 95% confidence interval = 0.42-0.97; for women: odds ratio = 0.36, 95% confidence interval = 0.19-0.69). These estimates did not change materially upon inclusion of other determinants for chronic disease and death into the model (smoking, blood pressure, serum cholesterol, and body mass index). The authors concluded that the parental effect was independent of these risk factors. PMID- 6720673 TI - Age at menarche and subsequent reproductive events. AB - A woman's age at menarche may be related to later reproductive performance, including age at first birth and risk of spontaneous abortion. This paper presents data from 2062 women with 4477 pregnancies in the Menstrual and Reproductive Health Study, a prospective study which has been in progress since 1935. Age at menarche is directly related to the age at which a woman marries and conceive a first child, but is unrelated to total fertility, frequency of induced abortion, or risk of stillbirth. Women with either early or late menarche are significantly more likely to have had an ectopic pregnancy. Overall spontaneous abortion risk declines slightly with increasing age at menarche. This trend is not seen, however, when first pregnancies alone are considered. This suggests that the overall trend with age at menarche is not related to a woman's underlying spontaneous abortion risk but rather to unknown selective factors. Women who were very young (less than 11 years) at menarche differ from the others with regard to many measures of reproductive performance. However, these women represent only a small proportion of the total study group. PMID- 6720674 TI - Association between reported diet and all-cause mortality. Twenty-one-year follow up on 27,530 adult Seventh-Day Adventists. AB - This report examines the association between mortality from all causes during a 21-year period and frequency of consumption of 28 specific foods among 27,530 adult California members of the Seventh-Day Adventist Church. Food consumption was measured at the beginning of the study (1960) by a self-administered questionnaire. Deaths were identified by computer-assisted matching of study subjects to the file of death certificates for all deaths that occurred in California during 1960-1980. All-cause mortality showed a significant negative association with green salad consumption and a significant positive association with consumption of eggs and meat. For green salad and eggs, the association was stronger for women; for meat, the association was stronger for men. All the observed associations were adjusted for age, sex, smoking history, history of major chronic disease, and age at initial exposure to the Adventist Church. PMID- 6720675 TI - Association of childhood leukemia with maternal age, birth order, and paternal occupation. A case-control study. AB - Previous investigations have drawn conflicting conclusions concerning the association between childhood leukemia and maternal age, birth order, socioeconomic status, and paternal occupation. In this study, 255 childhood leukemia cases diagnosed in California between 1975 and 1980 were individually matched with two living controls on the basis of sex, date of birth, and county of birth. Data were derived from subjects' birth certificates. Socioeconomic status and paternal benzene exposure were determined from the paternal occupation stated on the birth certificate. Hispanics and males were overrepresented in the case group. Cases were also less likely to be of birth order one. No difference was found between case and control groups for maternal age or paternal occupation. Analyses with stratification on age, sex, and leukemia cell type are reported. PMID- 6720676 TI - Prevalence of gallstone disease in an Italian adult female population. Rome Group for the Epidemiology and Prevention of Cholelithiasis (GREPCO). AB - A population of female civil servants in Rome, Italy, was investigated to determine the prevalence of symptomatic and asymptomatic gallstone disease and to define the associated factors. Field activities started in February 1981 and concluded in April 1982. Diagnosis was assessed by real time ultrasonography. Prevalence of gallstone disease increased with age from 2.5% in the 20- to 29 year-old age group to 25.0% in the 60- to 64-year-old age group, based on both presence of gallstones and history of cholecystectomy. Only one third of the women with gallstones had complained of at least one episode of biliary pain in the last five years. Frequency of "minor" dyspeptic symptoms was not different between women with and those without gallstones. In a multiple logistic function analysis, a positive association was found between age, body mass index, parity, and prevalence of gallstone disease. No association was demonstrated between the presence of gallstones or cholecystectomy and other major sex-specific factors, including age at menopause, use of oral contraceptives, and duration and frequency of menstrual cycle. PMID- 6720677 TI - Investigation of an outbreak of Salmonella oranienburg infections in Norway, caused by contaminated black pepper. AB - From November 1981 to August 31, 1982, 126 bacteriologically confirmed cases of Salmonella oranienburg infections were reported in Norway. This paper summarizes the development of the outbreak and describes the epidemiologic and microbiologic investigations leading to the discovery of contaminated black pepper as the source of the outbreak. In an investigation limited to 26 patients in the Trondelag region, the Trondheim Public Food Control Laboratory isolated S. oranienburg from six samples of black, ground pepper from the patients' households and from 15 samples of black, ground pepper from unopened, original packings having the trademark of the Norwegian Cooperative Association (Co-op). PMID- 6720678 TI - Interpreting multiple logistic regression coefficients in prospective observational studies. AB - Multiple logistic models are frequently used in observational studies to assess the contribution of a risk factor to disease while controlling for one or more covariates. Often, the covariates are correlated with the risk factor, resulting in multiple logistic coefficients that are difficult to interpret. This paper highlights the problem of assessing the magnitude of a multiple logistic coefficient and proposes a supplemental procedure to the usual logistic analysis for describing the relationship between a risk factor and disease. An example is given, along with results that are not apparent when the multiple logistic coefficient is considered alone. Conclusions that are presented are important in biologic studies if describing the effect of a risk factor is influenced by correlation with a covariate. PMID- 6720679 TI - Test of the National Death Index. PMID- 6720681 TI - A further characterization of the selective K movements observed in human red blood cells following acetylphenylhydrazine exposure. AB - Following brief exposure to acetylphenylhydrazine, the potassium permeability of the human erythrocyte membrane is selectively augmented. While a similar increase in potassium permeability results from the intracellular accumulation of calcium (the Gardos phenomenon), we have found a number of features that allow these two pathways to be distinguished from one another. The acetylphenylhydrazine pathway does not require calcium for its activation, and can be seen even in the presence of a molar excess of the calcium chelator EGTA. The transmembrane potassium movement via this channel has a specific requirement for the anion chloride, and it can be inhibited by furosemide. The potassium that moves through the Gardos pathway, on the other hand, can be accompanied by any permeant anion, and is inhibitable by quinidine or cetiedil. Thus, acetylphenylhydrazine exposure seems to promote K + Cl cotransport, whereas the Gardos pathway represents a potassium conductive channel. While full demonstration of both these pathways requires harsh in vitro manipulation, the large electrochemical potassium gradient favoring the movement of this cation out from the erythrocyte suggests that even a partial activation of either pathway could cause intracellular dehydration and thus contribute importantly to the pathophysiology of in vivo red cell destruction. PMID- 6720680 TI - Monocyte transferrin-iron uptake in hereditary hemochromatosis. AB - Transferrin-iron uptake by peripheral blood monocytes was studied in vitro to test the hypothesis that the relative paucity of mononuclear phagocyte iron loading in hereditary hemochromatosis results from a defect in uptake of iron from transferrin. Monocytes from nine control subjects and 17 patients with hemochromatosis were cultured in the presence of 59Fe-labelled human transferrin. There was no difference in 59Fe uptake between monocytes from control subjects and monocytes from patients with hemochromatosis who had been treated by phlebotomy and who had normal body iron stores. However, 59Fe uptake by monocytes from iron-loaded patients with hemochromatosis was significantly reduced compared with either control subjects or treated hemochromatosis patients. It is likely that this was a secondary effect of iron loading since iron uptake by monocytes from treated hemochromatosis patients was normal. Assuming that monocytes in culture reflect mononuclear phagocyte iron metabolism in vivo, this study suggests that the relative paucity of mononuclear phagocyte iron loading in hemochromatosis is not related to an abnormality in transferrin-iron uptake by these cells. PMID- 6720682 TI - Increased prevalence of polycythemia vera in parents of patients on polycythemia vera study group protocols. AB - An investigation of relatives of 652 patients entered on studies of the Polycythemia Vera Study Group yielded five documented cases of the disease among the parents of patients. When compared with expected values based on the Connecticut Tumor Registry and other population studies a significant increase was found in the lifetime incidence of polycythemia vera in parents of these patients. PMID- 6720684 TI - Pancytopenia with hypercellular bone marrow--a possible paraneoplastic syndrome in carcinoma of the lung: a report of three cases. AB - Three patients with idiopathic pancytopenia and hypercellular bone marrow who developed carcinoma of the lung within two years of diagnosis are reported. All three patients had macrocytic anemia associated with a megaloblastic marrow in the presence of normal serum vitamin B12 and folic acid levels. Neutropenia with monocytosis, elevated serum muramidase and LAP scores, and increased fetal hemoglobin levels were also found. In all cases Ham's tests were negative with a normal bone marrow karyotype. In all three patients, pancytopenia due to myelodysplasia, a probable preleukemic state, was diagnosed initially prior to the appearance of carcinoma of the lung. One of the patients showed improved leukocyte and platelet counts during chemotherapy, while the other two died before chemotherapy could be administered. In the light of the above findings we suggest that carcinoma of the lung may be the cause of a paraneoplastic syndrome with pancytopenia, particularly in patients with a hypercellular marrow with a normal karyotype. PMID- 6720683 TI - Infectious complications in 127 patients with hairy cell leukemia. AB - Information regarding infectious complications was obtained on 127 patients with hairy cell leukemia who were diagnosed between March 1974 and April 1982. Forty seven patients (37%) had 111 documented infections (cultures positive), and 40 patients (31.5%) had 113 nondocumented infections (no culture results available, or cultures negative). The remaining 40 patients (31.5%) had no significant infections during the course of their disease. Patients without infection lived significantly longer than did patients who developed an infection (92% v 49% were alive at 4 years; P = .0012). Thirty-three of the 47 patients with documented infection have died; 29 of an infectious problem and four of a noninfectious problem. There was also a statistically significant difference in actuarial survivals between the documented-infection and nondocumented infection groups (P = .007). The two most common types of infection were bacteremia (30 episodes) and pneumonia (27 episodes). In the culture-documented group with bacteremia, E coli and P aeruginosa caused ten and eight infections, respectively, and three infections were due to S aureus. There were eight systemic infections of nonbacterial origin; in five, the organism cultured was M kansasii, and three were fungal infections. Blood counts at the time of diagnosis were not correlated with subsequent development of infection. Patients with hairy cell leukemia have a significant susceptibility to infections that can affect morbidity and mortality. Many of the infectious complications encountered are those common in patients whose immune system is compromised; however, the occurrence of disseminated atypical mycobacterial disease requires a heightened awareness. PMID- 6720685 TI - Absence of platelet activating factor (PAF) mediated platelet aggregation: a new platelet defect. AB - The failure of normal human platelets to aggregate in response to platelet activating factor (PAF) has not been previously observed. We report here the first case of a patient whose platelets did not aggregate to PAF on multiple occasions. PMID- 6720686 TI - Pulmonary hemorrhage and acute renal failure in a patient with mixed connective tissue disease. AB - Mixed connective tissue disease (MCTD) is considered to have a benign clinical course. Recently, renal disease has been recognized as a frequent complication (20%). This report describes a patient with MCTD who developed pulmonary hemorrhage and acute renal failure. The renal biopsy, in addition to a long standing membranous nephropathy, revealed a tubulointerstitial nephritis. Immunofluorescent and electron microscopy showed immune complex deposition along the tubular basement membrane. Life-threatening, immune complex-mediated events can occur in the course of MCTD, manifested as pulmonary hemorrhage and tubulointerstitial nephritis. PMID- 6720687 TI - Rebound following hemodialysis of cimetidine and its metabolites. AB - The effect of hemodialysis on the pharmacokinetics of cimetidine and its metabolites was studied after the intravenous administration of a 300-mg dose of cimetidine. Serum concentrations were monitored before, during, and after hemodialysis. Cimetidine pharmacokinetics were similar to those in patients with end-stage renal failure, with a total body clearance of 3.3 +/- 1.0 mL/min/kg and a half-life of 4.1 hours. Dialysis caused an initial decrease in serum concentrations for cimetidine, hydroxymethyl cimetidine, and cimetidine sulfoxide, followed by a rebound in serum concentrations immediately after treatment. Dialysis clearances, as calculated from extraction ratios, were 83 +/- 15, 90 +/- 16, 93 +/- 24, and 126 +/- 23 mL/min for cimetidine, hydroxymethyl, sulfoxide, and creatinine, respectively. After four hours of dialysis, 10% +/- 3.2% of the cimetidine dose was recovered in the dialysate. The sulfoxide and hydroxymethyl metabolites demonstrated relatively constant serum concentrations for up to 24 hours postdosing, and therefore, estimates of their terminal half lives were not possible. In one patient, accumulation of both metabolites occurred during multiple dosing. Hemodialysis is an ineffective means of decreasing the total body load of cimetidine and its metabolites. Presumably, sequestration of the drug in body tissues decreases the amount of drug present in the blood available for dialysis removal, with rebound occurring due to postdialysis re-equilibriation between blood and extravascular fluids. PMID- 6720688 TI - National Kidney Foundation revised standards for reuse of hemodialyzers. AB - The National Kidney Foundation, Inc convened a group with expertise and experience in dialysis, including one or more physicians, nurses, consumers (patients), industry representatives, and microbiologists to formulate these standards, which were subsequently approved by the Executive Committee of the National Kidney Foundation at its December 2, 1983 meeting. The Executive Committee of the National Kidney Foundation has decided to issue these Standards for Reuse of Hemodialyzers in the interest of better patient care. These standards will be reviewed periodically as the science of dialyzer reuse develops. Accordingly, the Foundation requests comments and suggestions from all interested parties. PMID- 6720689 TI - Times change and diseases are changed in them. PMID- 6720690 TI - Carcinogenicity of petroleum lubricating oil distillates: effects of solvent refining, hydroprocessing, and blending. AB - Certain refining processes were investigated to determine their influence on the dermal carcinogenic activity of petroleum-derived lubricating oil distillates. Specifically, the effects of solvent refining, hydroprocessing, a combination of both processes, and the blending of oils processed using each technique were evaluated in standard mouse skin-painting bioassays. The refining process used as well as the level or severity of treatment greatly influenced the carcinogenic outcome of processed lubricating oils. Solvent refining at severities normally used appeared to eliminate carcinogenicity. In contrast, hydroprocessing alone at mild levels of treatment was successful only in reducing the carcinogenic potency; severe hydroprocessing conditions were necessary to eliminate carcinogenic activity without the use of additional refining processes. Carcinogenic activity could also be eliminated by following moderate solvent refining with mild hydroprocessing. Blending of hydroprocessed oils with solvent refined oils resulted in a substantial reduction or even elimination of carcinogenic activity. However, the degree of protection obtained varied with the particular distillates used and appeared largely dependent on the inherent biological activity of the hydroprocessed oil. PMID- 6720691 TI - Exposure-effect and exposure-response relationships between occupational exposure to styrene and neuropsychological functions. AB - A neuropsychological test battery was administered to 50 workers exposed to styrene and to 50 sex-, intelligence-, and age-matched controls. The main styrene metabolites, ie, mandelic acid (MA) and phenylglyoxylic acid (PGA), were measured as exposure indices in the urine collected on Saturday mornings, just before neuropsychological testing. Exposure-response and exposure-effect relationships were found between the intensity of the exposure (as reflected by the sum of MA and PGA) and the scores of the neuropsychological tests. Verbal learning skills were significantly impaired in workers with a sum of MA and PGA higher than 150 mmole/mole creatinine, corresponding to styrene airborne concentrations higher than 25 ppm (mean daily exposure). Logical memory and visuo-constructive abilities were shown to be significantly affected in workers with MA and PGA higher than 300 mmole/mole creatinine, corresponding to exposure levels of more than 50 ppm of styrene in air. PMID- 6720692 TI - Clinical studies of psychoorganic syndromes among workers with exposure to solvents. AB - Exposure to organic solvents is common in industry. In Sweden, patients being evaluated for suspected solvent-related diseases now constitute the largest group of patients seen at many clinics of occupational medicine, largely replacing classical occupational disorders. The findings in 128 consecutive patients with solvent exposure have been reviewed for the period 1978-1981. The duration of exposure was 9 years or more for those with a diagnosis of psychoorganic syndrome (POS). "Incipient" POS was seen after a minimum exposure of 3 years duration. Patients with POS also had an increased frequency of polyneuropathy in comparison to those without any signs of POS. It was not possible to link these abnormalities with particular solvent exposure. Clinical chemistry tests were normal except for liver function tests in a few patients. PMID- 6720694 TI - Quantitative estimates of cancer in the workplace. PMID- 6720693 TI - Cancer mortality among shoe and leather workers in Massachusetts. AB - A proportional mortality analysis of death certificates of 2,798 shoe and leather workers demonstrated a statistically significant excess of bladder cancer among female shoe workers (PMR = 2.51, 95% confidence interval 1.23 to 5.12). A case referent analysis of 289 leather workers, on whom detailed occupational information was available, demonstrated an association of lung cancer with work in leather-tanning jobs (odds ratio = 4.2, 95% confidence interval 1.09 to 16.2). PMID- 6720695 TI - Cancer mortality among woodworkers. AB - The mortality experience of 10,322 men employed in woodworking industries was compared with that of 406,798 nonwoodworkers. All subjects were enrolled in an American Cancer Society study and followed prospectively from 1959 through 1972. Age-adjusted rates of death from all causes and from all cancers were not higher in the woodworker group, but excess rates were observed for cancers of the lung, stomach, and bladder, as well as nonmelanoma skin cancer and possibly leukemia. Woodworkers experienced significantly decreased rates of colon-rectum cancer and coronary heart disease. The elevated cancer rates could not be explained by cigarette smoking habits. If anything, there is evidence to suggest a possible interaction between employment in woodworking trades and heavy cigarette smoking, in increasing the risk of lung and bladder cancer. PMID- 6720696 TI - Further cases of lead poisoning from wine. AB - Lead intoxication has been reported to occur as a consequence of nonoccupational exposure, the source being mostly the leaching of lead from fluid containers in domestic use. Three such cases are described, for which the cause has been identified to be in the lining of the vat used to contain home-made wine. All cases are members of the same family. PMID- 6720697 TI - Commentary: Exposure and mortality among chrysotile asbestos workers. American Journal of Industrial Medicine 4:421-433, 1983. PMID- 6720698 TI - Presentation of data on pulmonary fibrosis and cigarette smoking. PMID- 6720699 TI - OSHA regulations concerning cytotoxic agents. PMID- 6720700 TI - Discoloration of hydralazine injection. PMID- 6720701 TI - Bioavailability of morphine from rectal suppositories. PMID- 6720702 TI - Reducing lost floor stock charges. PMID- 6720703 TI - Unit dose packaging for ophthalmic ointments. PMID- 6720704 TI - A matter of timing: serum samples for aminoglycoside determination. PMID- 6720705 TI - Lean body mass and volume of distribution. PMID- 6720706 TI - Inadvisability of using caffeine and sodium benzoate in neonates. PMID- 6720707 TI - Fear of anticancer drugs. PMID- 6720708 TI - Indicators to control drug costs in hospitals. AB - A set of monthly indicators that can be used to track hospital drug costs is described; use of the indicators is illustrated using data from one hospital pharmacy department. Weighted for the top 100 drug products' contribution to drug expenditures, the drug-cost inflation index identifies changes in the price of drug products, and the drug-cost index accounts for changes attributed to newly marketed drug products and changes in drug use. Pharmacologic-cost indicators represent the expenditure for drug products in specific pharmacologic classifications per patient day, and disease-drug cost indicators represent the expenditure per day for drugs used to treat patients with specific diseases. Other indicators are the drug cost per patient day, per outpatient clinic visit, and per outpatient prescription. Indicators of intravenous solution cost per patient day, contrast media cost per radiologic procedure, and radiopharmaceuticals cost per procedure are described. Hospital pharmacy directors can use the indicators to develop accurate drug budgets and to monitor changes in drug costs on a routine basis; the indicators also can provide useful information in monitoring drug costs for diagnosis-related groups. PMID- 6720709 TI - Permeability of latex and polyvinyl chloride gloves to carmustine. AB - Permeability of latex and polyvinyl chloride gloves to the antineoplastic agent carmustine was studied. The latex gloves were of two types: sterile surgical gloves and disposable utility gloves. Polyvinyl chloride gloves of two thicknesses (0.20 mm and 0.35 mm) were tested. Both single and double thicknesses of each material were exposed to carmustine 3.33 mg/ml in a 10% aqueous solution of ethanol, and to the solvent alone, for 5-90 minutes. Permeation of carmustine was tested using a mutagenicity assay and a chemical assay. A time-dependent increase in carmustine permeation was observed for all types of materials (both double and single thicknesses). Mean amounts of carmustine permeating single gloves at 90 minutes ranged from 53 to 86 micrograms for the mutagenicity assay and 49 to 78 micrograms for the chemical assay. Double thicknesses of glove material (especially of the thicker polyvinyl chloride) reduced the amount of drug permeation. These latex and polyvinyl chloride glove materials offer only limited protection against contact exposure to carmustine. Latex surgical gloves may be slightly less permeable than the other types tested. PMID- 6720710 TI - Stability of dobutamine hydrochloride and verapamil hydrochloride in 0.9% sodium chloride and 5% dextrose injections. AB - The stability of dobutamine hydrochloride (250 micrograms/ml) and verapamil hydrochloride (160 micrograms/ml) alone and in combination in 0.9% sodium chloride injection or 5% dextrose injection was studied. Solutions were stored both in plastic i.v. bags and in amber-colored glass bottles at 24 degrees C and 5 degrees C for up to seven days. Before storage and at various times during storage, solutions were assayed at least in triplicate by high-performance liquid chromatography, pH was recorded, and visual appearance was noted. All solutions tested under all conditions retained at least 90% potency for seven days. In plastic i.v. bags, dobutamine either alone or in combination with verapamil in both diluents turned a light-pink color in 24 hours at 24 degrees C. The intensity of the pink color increased with time in 0.9% sodium chloride injection; in 5% dextrose injection, solutions, became clear in 48 hours. The pH of solutions prepared in plastic i.v. bags in 5% dextrose injection decreased from 4.0 to 3.1 during the seven-day period at 24 degrees C; results for solutions in amber bottles were similar. At 5 degrees C, the pH and clarity of all solutions in bags and bottles remained stable for seven days. At the concentrations tested, dobutamine hydrochloride combined with verapamil hydrochloride is stable in 0.9% sodium chloride injection and 5% dextrose injection for 48 hours at 24 degrees C and for seven days at 5 degrees C. PMID- 6720711 TI - Pharmacy practice in a small pediatric hospital. AB - Pharmaceutical services provided in a 72-bed pediatric hospital are described. One full-time pharmacist, one full-time technician, and a half-time pharmacy assistant staff the pharmacy, which is open 40 hours per week, and a pharmacist is on call when the pharmacy is closed. The technician makes hourly rounds to nursing units to pick up new orders and deliver medications. Unit dose carts are exchanged at 4 p.m. The pharmacy prepares individual doses of i.v. medications that are used Monday through Friday. More than 80% of new orders are filled during pharmacy hours; a night cabinet provides 75% of medications needed when the pharmacy is closed. The pharmacist provides drug information to physicians and nurses and counsels parents of discharged patients. Workload data and logs that reflected calls received and drugs obtained after hours were used to justify expansion of pharmacy hours, which is expected for 1984. Pharmacists in small hospitals must balance distributive, clinical, and administrative demands to provide reliable and consistent service during limited hours of operation. PMID- 6720712 TI - Cost of discarded medication in Indiana long-term care facilities. AB - The cost of discarded medication was studied in 17 Indiana intermediate-care and skilled-nursing facilities with varying bed capacities and drug-distribution systems. During visits to each facility, one or two pharmacists collected data on patients' drug regimens and the quantities of medication dispensed and discarded over periods of one to seven months. A total of $ 5,620 worth of medication ($ 4,472 excluding topical medications) was destroyed in the facilities during the study period. The projected annual cost of discarded medication was approximately $ 15,800 ($ 12,460 excluding topical medications). In the 13 facilities using some type of unit dose drug distribution system, the mean projected annual cost of discarded medication per patient ($ 4.07) was significantly less than for the four facilities using traditional drug-distribution systems ($ 23.54). There was an inverse relationship between bed capacity and mean projected annual cost of discarded medication per patient. The use of unit dose drug distribution systems in all long-term care facilities would be expected to result in substantial savings in the costs of discarded medications. PMID- 6720713 TI - Assessment of vendors and drug-product selection. AB - Methods of assessing services and drug products provided by pharmaceutical vendors are discussed. Pharmacists must develop and justify criteria other than cost for selecting drug products to avoid pressures for basing product selection on price alone. Criteria used by many hospitals for evaluating pharmaceutical vendors are inspection of vendor facilities, availability of returned-goods policies, and availability of institution-specific services. Factors influencing a hospital's selection of a particular brand of drugs include product bioavailability, packaging, and labeling. A variety of hospital personnel should be allowed to participate in the evaluation of vendors and drug products to ensure accuracy and broad institutional support of the system. Guidelines for vendor representative activities in hospitals should be developed to promote the most effective use of vendor services and to prevent undesirable use of hospital personnel time. Effective criteria for evaluating pharmaceutical vendors and drug products saves time for the institution and ensures that drugs purchased are not associated with hidden expenses related to drug use. PMID- 6720714 TI - Use of financial reports in managing pharmacies. AB - The use of financial reports for preparing and monitoring the pharmacy budget is reviewed. Internal reports are generated within the department or hospital and are used to compare actual financial performance with budgeted projections. External reports are usually prepared by outside agencies and are used to compare the productivity, operations, and financial performance of one hospital with others in a predetermined group. The level of detail used in preparing financial reports determines the level of detail that can be used to monitor the budget. Internal reports on revenue, nonlabor expense, and labor expense are discussed, and the limitations of external reports comparing hospitals are presented. Effective use of financial reports is important in accurate budget forecasting, and pharmacy managers must seek out the financial information that will be of most value to them. PMID- 6720715 TI - New directions for hospital pharmacy. PMID- 6720716 TI - Preventing problems with premixed theophylline intravenous infusions. PMID- 6720717 TI - Pharmaceutical services for a visiting-nurse home health service. PMID- 6720718 TI - Turnabout day: experiment in pharmacist--technician role reversal. PMID- 6720719 TI - Clinical importance of pharmacist-obtained medication histories using a validated questionnaire. PMID- 6720720 TI - Peritoneal dialysis complicated by fungal peritonitis and peritoneal fibrosis. PMID- 6720721 TI - Prospective study of alcoholism treatment. Eight-year follow-up. PMID- 6720722 TI - Disparate cardiovascular effects of obesity and arterial hypertension. PMID- 6720723 TI - Reference weights. Practical considerations. PMID- 6720724 TI - Unrecognized pulmonary embolism presenting as disseminated intravascular coagulation. AB - Six patients are described in whom disseminated intravascular coagulation of uncertain cause was found to be due to occult pulmonary embolism. The peripheral blood smear showed thrombocytopenia in all patients and schistocytes in four. Coagulation studies revealed increased levels of fibrinogen/fibrin degradation products (six of six patients), positive results for fibrin monomer (five patients), prolonged thrombin times (four patients), hypofibrinogenemia (three patients), prolonged prothrombin times (two patients), and decreased plasma coagulation factors (two patients). Pulmonary embolism was confirmed by lung scanning or pulmonary angiography. Institution of full-dose heparin therapy was associated with hemostatic and clinical improvement in all patients. The association of disseminated intravascular coagulation with occult pulmonary embolism merits recognition since full-dose heparinization is required for successful therapy. PMID- 6720725 TI - Equine antitoxin use and other factors that predict outcome in type A foodborne botulism. AB - The use of trivalent equine antitoxin in treating foodborne botulism has not been adequately assessed. One hundred thirty-two cases of type A foodborne botulism reported to the Centers for Disease Control in the period from 1973 to 1980 are reviewed to evaluate the effect of antitoxin therapy and other factors on the outcomes of patients with botulism. The fatality rates were higher in patients over 60 years old and in those who were index patients (the first or only patient in an outbreak). The clinical course was longer in patients over 60 years old, patients whose incubation period was less than 36 hours, and index patients. Patients who had received trivalent equine antitoxin had a lower fatality rate and a shorter course than those who did not receive antitoxin, even after controlling for age and incubation period. Patients who received antitoxin in the first 24 hours after onset had a shorter course but about the same fatality rate as those who received antitoxin later. These results suggest that trivalent antitoxin has a beneficial effect on survival and shortens the course of patients with type A botulism. PMID- 6720726 TI - Normal serum thyroxine values in patients with acute psychiatric illness. AB - The medical records of 278 consecutive patients with acute psychiatric illness admitted to a closed psychiatric unit after admission from the emergency room were reviewed. Serum thyroxine levels had been determined within 72 hours of admission in 106 patients (38 percent); in 74 of these patients (70 percent), the determination had been made within 24 hours. Ten patients (9 percent) were hypothyroxinemic, but further thyroid testing revealed that they were functionally euthyroid. Only one patient had hyperthyroxinemia, which was considered secondary to her postpartum state. The prevalence of hypothyroxinemia in the population studied is consistent with that in previous reports. However, the striking absence of hyperthyroxinemia in these patients is contrary to findings in several recent reports. Further prospective studies should clarify this issue. PMID- 6720727 TI - Serum glucose levels during long-term observation of treated and untreated men with mild hypertension. The Oslo study. AB - Serum glucose levels, triglyceride levels, and body weight are reported from a controlled drug trial in men, aged 40 to 49, with uncomplicated mild hypertension. The drug treatment started with hydrochlorothiazide alone, and methyldopa was added when necessary. If side effects occurred, methyldopa was replaced by propranolol. No detailed advice about diet, smoking, or weight reduction was given to any group. The untreated control subjects had a small increase in serum glucose levels during five years, from 6.08 to 6.21 mmol/liter. Those treated with hydrochlorothiazide alone and those treated with hydrochlorothiazide plus methyldopa had a small increase in serum glucose levels of the same order as that in the control subjects. However, those receiving the thiazide/propranolol combination experienced a sizeable increase in glucose levels, from 5.96 to 6.53 mmol/liter (p less than 0.001). This increase was significantly greater than the increase in the other groups (p less than 0.001). The thiazide/propranolol group also showed a significant increase in serum triglyceride levels (p less than 0.05). There was no difference in serum potassium levels in the different drug groups. The results indicate that moderate thiazide doses do not have significant effects on serum glucose levels in this age group. Propranolol in combination with thiazide seems to increase the level of serum glucose. PMID- 6720728 TI - Evidence for heterogeneity in hereditary hemochromatosis. Evaluation of 174 persons in nine families. AB - Hereditary hemochromatosis is an autosomal recessive disease in which the gene is linked to the HLA system. Investigation of nine unrelated probands and their family members has revealed distinct groups based on biochemical and clinical manifestations of the disease. Four different types of disease expression were identified: Group I--classic hereditary hemochromatosis with elevated transferrin saturation, serum ferritin levels, and liver iron content; Group II--severe iron overload, accelerated disease manifesting at an early age; Group III--elevated total body iron stores, normal transferrin saturation and serum ferritin levels; Group IV--markedly elevated findings on serum biochemical tests, e.g., transferrin saturation, serum ferritin levels, with minimal elevation in total body iron stores. This evidence for several clearly distinguishable modes of expression in different families suggests that more than one genetic lesion in iron metabolism may be responsible for iron overload in hereditary hemochromatosis. This genetic heterogeneity may be helpful in delineating the fundamental abnormalities in iron metabolism in this group of disorders. PMID- 6720729 TI - Tuberculosis mimicking cancer--a reminder. AB - The charts of 26 patients who were referred with a presumptive diagnosis of neoplasms and who were ultimately found to have only tuberculosis were reviewed. Twenty-one patients (81 percent) were born in the United States, and only three patients had a history of exposure to tuberculosis. Most patients had few symptoms, and the average duration of symptoms was 2.8 +/- 1.5 months. Classic symptoms of tuberculosis, like fever, hemoptysis, and weight loss, were uncommon. Chest roentgenographic abnormalities were present in 62 percent of the patients. Although some of the patients had undergone nondiagnostic biopsy procedures before referral, none had had skin tests for tuberculosis. Underlying conditions were found in eight patients, and alcoholism was the most common. Laboratory abnormalities were rare with the exception of increased platelet counts, which were found in eight patients. The most common form of tuberculosis was pulmonary (14 patients) followed by lymphadenitis (nine patients). Tuberculosis remains an elusive disease even in countries with advanced medical technology. In some cases, its presentation may suggest the presence of malignancy. PMID- 6720730 TI - Medial plantar sensory response. Sensitive indicator of peripheral nerve dysfunction in patients with diabetes mellitus. AB - The effects of near-normal glucose control on nerve conduction results were studied in 10 patients with insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus who underwent a six-month program of intensification of therapy. The most striking electrophysiologic abnormality was the medial plantar sensory nerve conduction response. A sensory nerve action potential could not be elicited in seven of the 10 patients at the baseline evaluation. Over the six-month period of near-normal glucose control, there was a return of sensory nerve action potential in all 10 patients. Medial plantar sensory nerve conduction responses appear to be a sensitive and early electrophysiologic indicator of peripheral nerve dysfunction in patients with diabetes mellitus. Near-normalization of plasma glucose levels by intensification of diabetes management may be accompanied by correction of this early abnormality. PMID- 6720731 TI - Severe theophylline toxicity. Role of conservative measures, antiarrhythmic agents, and charcoal hemoperfusion. AB - The presenting symptoms, course, and treatment of 10 patients with severe theophylline toxicity (heart rate above 120, multifocal atrial tachycardia or premature ventricular contractions, hypotension, seizures) are described. Theophylline levels at presentation averaged 66 micrograms/ml (range 30 to 180 micrograms/ml). All patients had marked tachycardia; 80 percent had gastrointestinal symptoms, 50 percent were hypotensive, and 20 percent had seizures. A known history of poor compliance or other risk factors to overdosage was present in 60 percent. Of the five patients in whom drug clearances were determined, two had uniform first-order drug elimination. Three had biphasic elimination with an initial period of delayed elimination due to either zero order kinetics or continued drug absorption. During the first-order elimination period, mean plasma theophylline clearance was 28.0 +/- 4.3 ml per minute with a half-life of 8.2 hours. In the patients with initially delayed elimination, the mean clearance during the slow phase was 9.6 +/- 3.3 ml per minute with an apparent half-life of 31 hours. One patient was treated with charcoal hemoperfusion but the others received conservative management alone; all recovered without permanent sequelae. Propranolol and verapamil were useful in controlling supraventricular tachycardia. It appears that most patients with severe theophylline toxicity can be managed without hemoperfusion, which should be considered only when drug clearance is reduced, and hypotension, tachycardia, ventricular ectopy, or seizures are refractory to conservative measures. PMID- 6720732 TI - Interactions between thioridazine and bromocriptine in a patient with a prolactin secreting pituitary adenoma. AB - Reported herein is the possible interaction between two drugs used to treat a man with a large prolactin-secreting pituitary adenoma. The patient had a long history of schizophrenia that was treated with many different medications, including phenothiazines. Evaluation of progressive lethargy led to the discovery of a large parasellar tumor and a prolactin level of 7,981 ng/ml. His serum prolactin level fell to the 400 ng/ml range during bromocriptine therapy but rose whenever the antipsychotic thioridazine was added to his regimen. A marked deterioration of his visual fields was noted after 3 months' therapy with both drugs, and this abnormality resolved five days after the thioridazine was stopped. The use of dopamine antagonists such as thioridazine in patients with prolactinoma may interfere with bromocriptine's action, resulting in potentially serious complications. PMID- 6720733 TI - Acute necrotizing pneumonitis and hyperglycemia after amiodarone therapy. Case report and review of amiodarone-associated pulmonary disease. AB - Amiodarone is a new and powerful antiarrhythmic agent currently under investigation in North America. In the past two years, there have been increasing reports of serious side effects associated with its use, including 14 cases of pneumonitis or pulmonary fibrosis. This report describes a case of acute necrotizing pneumonitis, a complication that has not been observed previously with amiodarone therapy. Amiodarone also appeared to alter carbohydrate metabolism in this patient. Metabolic changes induced by this drug may be mediated by superoxide radicals. A high index of suspicion for pulmonary complications should be maintained in patients taking amiodarone, and nonspecific respiratory complaints should be investigated carefully. PMID- 6720734 TI - Renal infarction due to renal artery dysplasia with dissection. Report of a case in a normotensive patient. AB - A previously healthy 44-year-old man with well-documented normotension had a sudden onset of left flank pain and delayed onset of constitutional symptoms, hematuria, and elevations of lactic dehydrogenase, serum glutamic oxaloacetic transaminase, serum glutamic pyruvic transaminase, and creatinine levels. Angiography revealed unilateral renal artery fibromuscular dysplasia with dissection and infarction. In the year since, he has remained well and normotensive without therapy. The literature is reviewed. PMID- 6720735 TI - Psoas muscle abscess due to Yersinia enterocolitica. AB - A psoas muscle abscess due to Yersinia enterocolitica developed in a 71-year-old man with mild type II diabetes mellitus. There was no evidence of gastrointestinal infection or septicemia, and treatment with computed tomography directed percutaneous drainage and cefoxitin resulted in cure. This represents the first known reported case of psoas abscess due to Y. enterocolitica. PMID- 6720736 TI - Hematologic abnormalities simulating anorexia nervosa in an obligatory athlete. AB - Obligatory runners and patients with anorexia nervosa share psychologic characteristics. The intensely atheletic person described in this report demonstrated hematologic abnormalities identical to those previously reported in anorexia nervosa. These findings, as well as nonhematologic features of the case, support the contention that obligatory running and anorexia nervosa represent interrelated disorders. PMID- 6720737 TI - Pericarditis resulting from infection and fistula between the left ventricle and transverse colon. AB - A patient is described who presented with acute pericarditis and acute ulcerative colitis. Previous resection of a left ventricular apical aneurysm had been performed four years earlier, and no problems had arisen until pericarditis developed. After hospital admission and investigation, the patient's condition suddenly deteriorated, and he died. Autopsy showed the causes of death to be a fistula between the left ventricle and transverse colon and septicemia. PMID- 6720738 TI - Cutaneous extramedullary hematopoiesis following splenectomy for idiopathic myelofibrosis. AB - A 50-year-old man with idiopathic myelofibrosis had development of extensive cutaneous extramedullary hematopoiesis after undergoing splenectomy. Treatment with hydroxyurea was not effective, but electron-beam irradiation controlled the cutaneous infiltration. This rare clinical manifestation of idiopathic myelofibrosis can be confused with cellulitis, and diagnosis depends upon biopsy. PMID- 6720739 TI - Impact of the patient at risk on current and future antimicrobial therapy. PMID- 6720740 TI - Experimental aspects of intraabdominal abscess. AB - Two animal models were used to examine the bacteriologic aspects and antibiotic treatment of intraabdominal abscess. The first model was designed to simulate the septic complications of colonic perforation using an inoculum of stool implanted intraperitoneally in rats. The results showed that coliforms were responsible for early lethality, Bacteroides fragilis appeared to play a particularly important role in abscess formation, and optimal treatment required antimicrobial regimens directed against both coliforms and anaerobes. The second model was designed to examine the pharmacokinetic properties of antibiotics and therapeutic efficacy of various antimicrobials in a subcutaneous abscess involving B. fragilis in mice. This work showed all drugs penetrated abscesses, although there was a diminishing antimicrobial effect with progressive delays in the time that treatment was initiated. It is suggested that bacteria within an abscess are in a stationary phase of growth so that early institution of treatment is critical for optimal in vivo activity, and bactericidal drugs may be preferred once an abscess has formed. PMID- 6720741 TI - Prenatal diagnosis of chronic granulomatous disease. AB - A luminol enhanced chemiluminescence micromethod has been adapted for use in prenatal diagnosis of chronic granulomatous disease (CGD). After validation of the assay in normal adults, newborns, fetuses, CGD carriers, and CGD patients, the fetuses of two pregnant CGD carriers were tested after fetoscopic aspiration of fetal blood. Normal neutrophil chemiluminescence and nitroblue tetrazolium slide tests were followed by delivery of two healthy infants whose normality was confirmed. Amniocytes proved useless for the prenatal diagnosis of CGD. They were found to have negligible nitroblue tetrazolium reduction, oxygen metabolism, and oxygen dependence. PMID- 6720742 TI - The consumers' views of genetic counseling of hemophilia. AB - Twenty-five Scottish and 22 Canadian patients with hemophilia, and 15 Scottish and 14 Canadian carriers of hemophilia participated in the study. They were interviewed with respect to their experience of and attitudes to genetic counseling, perceptions of the counselor's role, and satisfaction with existing care for families with hemophilia. Most patients and carriers favor genetic counseling as part of general counseling offered to them by the hemophilia center and think that such counseling should include dealing with such issues as schooling, employment, emotions, and psychological problems. Prenatal testing and termination of pregnancy is at present unacceptable to most of the participants, although they do not object to the use of these methods in cases of illnesses more severe than hemophilia. PMID- 6720743 TI - Oculopharyngeal and distal myopathy: a case study from Papua New Guinea. AB - Distal limb myopathy with onset at 30 years, followed by the development of progressive ptosis, external ophthalmoplegia, and pharyngeal myopathy was observed in a 37-year-old Melanesian man from the Gulf Province of Papua New Guinea. Ptosis and external ophthalmoplegia without apparent distal muscle involvement or dysphagia with onset at 35 and 25 years of age, respectively, were noted in the patient's 44- and 27-year-old sisters. Autosomal recessive inheritance appears to be likely in this family. This myopathic syndrome has not previously been reported in Melanesians. PMID- 6720744 TI - Ethical considerations in medical genetics--the prenatal diagnosis of hemophilia B. AB - A couple is presented who underwent prenatal counseling and amniocentesis for sex determination because the wife was an obligate carrier of hemophilia B. Although the fetus was determined to be male, the parents elected not to have further testing to determine if he had hemophilia or not. The difficulties in the in utero diagnosis of hemophilia B are presented and discussed. In addition, the moral reasoning and decision-making process that this couple went through regarding the decision not to have further fetal testing and to continue the pregnancy is presented and analyzed. These moral decisions appear to be based on family and personal ties, and bonding to the fetus after perception of fetal movement. They combine considerations of the duties and rights involved in such situations, and attend to the anticipated consequences as well. PMID- 6720745 TI - The bingo model of survivorship. II: statistical aspects of the bingo model of multiplicity 1 with application to hereditary polyposis of the colon. AB - Some Mendelian disorders (Huntington chorea, hereditary polyposis coli) are not manifest at birth but show a distribution in the age of onset. Patients at risk fall into three groups. In type I, they are affected when first examined. In type II, they are not affected at one visit, but are at a later visit. Those of type III (who comprise an indistinguishable mixture of those who have, and those who have not, inherited the gene) are never found to be affected. This paper posits a model that the age of onset is logistic. (It is a degenerate bingo model in which competing causes of death may be ignored.) The statistical properties of maximum likelihood estimation (MLE) are explored by Monte Carlo simulation of this logistic function with known arbitrary parameters. Two schemes are used: point prevalence (or synchronic) data of types I and III, and piecewise longitudinal (diachronic) data; this allows all three types to be included. Samples of various sizes between 25 and 100 are used. While estimates of the parameters are positively biased (especially with small samples), the estimate of the mean appears to be consistent, almost unbiased, and fairly precise, though somewhat larger than the estimates from the lower bound (a fact that calls for some caution in interpreting actual data). The MLE was applied to 109 patients with the Gardner syndrome (GS); measures of variability found by applying MLE to four random subsets of 25 each were compared against the asymptotic estimates. The analysis was also applied to 36 persons with familial polyposis coli (FPC). The mean age of onset in GS and FPC was similar, and since they are rather earlier than is currently believed, it is recommended that regular supervision be started at not later than 10 years of age. PMID- 6720746 TI - Syndrome of multiple pterygia, camptodactyly, facial anomalies, hypoplastic lungs and heart, cystic hygroma, and skeletal anomalies: delineation of a new entity and review of lethal forms of multiple pterygium syndrome. AB - Three unrelated stillborn infants (cases 1-3) are presented here with a distinct constellation of multiple anomalies: namely, multiple pterygia involving chin-to sternum, cervical, axillary, antecubital, crural and/or popliteal areas, flexion contractures of multiple joints, small chest, hydrops, characteristic abnormal facial appearance with hypertelorism, markedly flattened nasal bridge with hypoplastic nasal alae, cleft palate, micrognathia, apparently low-set malformed ears, short neck with a cystic hygroma at the back of the neck and head, and pulmonary and cardiac hypoplasia. Radiographic studies, in addition, showed scalp edema, microbrachycephaly, flattened mandibular angle, lack of normal curvature at the cervico-thoracic junction, marked bony fusion of posterior spinous processes of older fetuses (cases 1, 2), thin crowded ribs, markedly hypoplastic scapulae, hypoplastic iliac wings, ischia and pubic bones, undermodeling of tubular bones, and radio-ulnar synostosis. Histologic studies of the skeletal system showed cartilaginous and bony fusion of the spinous processes (cases 1, 2), fusion of epiphyseal cartilages of distal humerus and proximal ulna, a poorly developed joint space, an abnormal growth plate, and weak safranin staining of the resting cartilages (cases 1, 2). To the best of our knowledge, this pattern of anomalies constitutes a previously undescribed syndrome. Prenatal diagnosis of this entity is possible by ultrasonographic studies on the basis of nonimmune fetal hydrops, a cystic hygroma at the back of the head and neck, diminished fetal activity, short and fixed limbs, and/or maternal hydramnios. Three additional cases (cases 4-6) are also presented to show a possible heterogeneity of this syndrome. PMID- 6720747 TI - Lethal multiple pterygium syndrome. AB - We report on two fetuses with a lethal form of multiple-pterygium syndrome born to first cousins. The two pregnancies aborted spontaneously in the 2nd trimester, the fetuses, 10-11 weeks of embryonic age, showing multiple pterygia and multiple cartilaginous fusions. One had cleft lip and palate. In both cases the microscopic anatomy of the placenta showed villi with scalloped border and intravillous trophoblastic invaginations. PMID- 6720748 TI - Brief clinical report: lethal multiple pterygium syndrome in an 18-week fetus with hydrops. AB - We present the case of an 18-week abortus with lethal multiple pterygium syndrome and hydrops. Radiographic and anatomic study showed none of the bony abnormalities reported in live-born children with multiple pterygium syndrome. The pathogenesis of the hydrops was not apparent. The findings of cleft palate, pulmonary hypoplasia, muscular atrophy, gracile thoracic bones, and fetal death are typical of the lethal variant. PMID- 6720749 TI - The Bartsocas-Papas syndrome: autosomal recessive form of popliteal pterygium syndrome in a male infant. AB - We report on an additional patient with the severe autosomal recessive form of the popliteal pterygium syndrome. The patient was diagnosed at birth and had all of the phenotypic manifestations of this rare syndrome. Clinical findings and natural history suggest this is a distinct genetic entity. PMID- 6720750 TI - Maternal cell contamination mooted by amniocyte clones. PMID- 6720751 TI - Fragile X males with normal intelligence? And if so, why? PMID- 6720752 TI - Occurrence of neural tube defects among first-degree relatives of probands in British Columbia. PMID- 6720753 TI - Diagnosis and penetrance of dystopia canthorum in Waardenburg syndrome type I (WS1) PMID- 6720754 TI - Dialyzers: to reuse or not reuse, ethics is the question. PMID- 6720755 TI - A potential role for exercise training in modulating coronary risk factors in uremia. PMID- 6720756 TI - Adverse ocular effects of acetate hemodialysis. PMID- 6720757 TI - Severe hyperuricemia in patients with volume depletion. AB - Profound hyperuricemia (19-42 (27 +/- 3.3) mg/dl) was noted in seven adult patients with volume depletion and marked prerenal azotemia (SUN, 155 +/- 30 mg/dl and serum creatinine 5.2 +/- 1.1 mg/dl). The serum level of uric acid returned to normal following the administration of 3.2 +/- 0.4 liters of saline/day over a period of 3.4 +/- 0.6 days. Throughout the course of the illness, there were significant correlations (r = 0.83, p less than 0.01) between the serum levels of both urea nitrogen and creatinine and those of uric acid. Because of the rapid reversibility of this hyperuricemia with hydration, it should be differentiated from other clinical conditions associated with acute renal failure and profound hyperuricemia. PMID- 6720758 TI - The various renal manifestations of the nephropathic form of cystinosis. AB - Three phenotypic forms of cystinosis (nephropathic, juvenile-onset and benign adult forms) are well recognized. That not all infants and children have the classical nephropathic form with Fanconi's syndrome is illustrated by 2 of the 3 patients in this report. Case 1 had the typical nephropathic form with generalized proximal tubular dysfunction. In contrast, case 2 had transient features of Bartter's syndrome which preceded the manifestations of Fanconi's syndrome. Case 3 was more complex because he first presented with a syndrome of nephrogenic diabetes insipidus. He then developed features of Fanconi's syndrome as well as metabolic acidosis, hyponatremia and hyperkalemia. The failure of deoxycorticosteroid administration to elevate the serum concentration suggested, in retrospect, that he may also have had a form of acquired pseudohypoaldosteronism. PMID- 6720759 TI - What tangled webs we weave. Presidential address. PMID- 6720760 TI - Stromal invasion in endometrial adenocarcinoma. AB - The ability to predict myometrial invasion by endometrial adenocarcinoma is useful for preoperative treatment purposes. The presence of stromal invasion is one possible method of predicting myometrial invasion, but criteria for the presence of stromal invasion have been lacking. Recently, criteria for its detection were proposed. We evaluated the validity of the proposed criteria in two conditions: (1) atypical hyperplasia (119 cases) and (2) endometrial adenocarcinoma Stage I, grade 1 (83 cases). Adenocarcinoma without stromal invasion according to the criteria of Kurman and Norris was present in 43 cases and adenocarcinoma with stromal invasion was present in 40 cases. This series demonstrated the ability of prehysterectomy endometrial sampling to predict the probability of myometrial penetration. In addition, none of our patients without stromal invasion in the resected uterus had myometrial penetration and no metastases have occurred. In those showing stromal invasion in the excised uterus, the myometrium was invaded in 34 of 51 cases (67%). Since myometrial penetration was not present when there was no stromal invasion in the resected uterus, stromal invasion deserves further evaluation and should be considered in future classification of endometrial adenocarcinoma. PMID- 6720761 TI - Efficacy and safety of low-dose 15-methyl prostaglandin F2 alpha for cervical ripening in the first trimester of pregnancy. PMID- 6720762 TI - Critical fetal reserve and antenatal cardiotocography. PMID- 6720763 TI - Predictive value of test results. PMID- 6720764 TI - Routine dilatation and curettage during cervical conization. PMID- 6720765 TI - Addition of dilatation and curettage to conization. PMID- 6720766 TI - Therapy of nausea and vomiting of pregnancy. PMID- 6720767 TI - Use of needle guide to improve sonographically directed amniocentesis. PMID- 6720768 TI - Outpatient intravenous heparin. PMID- 6720769 TI - Pancreatic carcinoma in pregnancy: a case report. PMID- 6720770 TI - Elective cesarean hysterectomy--revisited. AB - A review of 80 cases of planned or anticipated cesarean hysterectomies done at major centers in the greater Los Angeles area is presented. There were no deaths and five cases of morbidity. Nineteen percent, or one of five cases, required blood transfusions. According to the recommendation of the American Association of Blood Banks, a program of homologous blood replacement should be instituted. Cesarean hysterectomy is a formidable procedure but should not be discarded. In proper hands there are numerous advantages to the operation. Residency training programs should include the teaching of planned or anticipated cesarean hysterectomy in order that skills for the occasional emergency cesarean hysterectomy may be developed. PMID- 6720771 TI - Current use of the extraperitoneal cesarean section: a decade of experience. AB - Avoidance of the peritoneal cavity is surgically sound and is a primary defense against infections that complicate cesarean sections. A decade of data confirms previous findings that the extraperitoneal cesarean section is an efficacious surgical procedure. Data from 346 cases during this 10-year period support the recommendation that the procedure is a viable alternative to the transperitoneal cesarean section. My experience suggests that the extraperitoneal approach is being rejected not because it lacks merit but because of other factors. PMID- 6720772 TI - Trial labor following previous cesarean section. AB - Elective repeat cesarean section continues to remain the standard of care in the United States. This paper is a study of 242 patients with previous cesarean section who requested and were allowed a trial of labor. One hundred sixty-six (69%) achieved successful vaginal delivery with no maternal or fetal mortality or significant morbidity. Review of the English literature indicates similar results in other independent studies. Continued accumulation of cases showing the efficacy of post-cesarean section trial of labor should encourage a reassessment of the continuing practice of elective repeat cesarean section. PMID- 6720773 TI - Psychological effects and management of perinatal loss. AB - Serious short-term and long-term psychological sequelae may result from unresolved loss. It is now recognized that perinatal loss presents a situation where the early activation of the grief process may be prevented by the circumstances of the loss. Some theoretical aspects of the management of perinatal loss are considered together with a description of a program that has been set up to try to help to create some reality out of an unreal situation. The possible sequelae of unresolved loss are briefly reviewed. PMID- 6720774 TI - Ruptured corpus luteum with hemoperitoneum: a study of 173 surgical cases. AB - Ovarian hemorrhage from the corpus luteum of menstruation or pregnancy can be a life-threatening surgical condition which occurs at all stages of a woman's reproductive life. A corpus luteum cyst predisposes to rupture. There may be a delay of menses. Pregnancy increases the risk of rupture, and there is an increased risk of abortion and ectopic pregnancy. Most ruptures occur in the right ovary and can be misdiagnosed as appendicitis. Culdocentesis is positive for hemoperitoneum, and if the hematocrit is over 12%, surgical intervention is indicated for hemostasis. A tissue diagnosis should be made by cystectomy, luteectomy, or wedge excision. PMID- 6720775 TI - Ultrasonography in preterm labor. AB - A prospective study was conducted with ultrasonography in a group of 48 patients who presented with significant premature uterine activity. The study attempted to characterize the ultrasonographic signs exhibited by the cervix and lower uterine segment in conjunction with preterm labor. These signs, their frequency of occurrence, and possible clinical significance are described. PMID- 6720776 TI - Hypokalemia of various etiologies complicating elective surgical procedures. AB - During a 12-month period, 7933 surgical procedures were performed in a suburban intercommunity hospital. Thirty scheduled procedures were cancelled preoperatively by the anesthesia department because the level of serum potassium was below 3.2 mEq/L. Hypokalemia compromised three patients intraoperatively, and two patients suffered severe and life-threatening complications postoperatively. A preoperative bowel preparation produced severe hypokalemia in one patient, thus bringing the routine use of this time-honored procedure into question. The suggestion is made that all patients who are over 50 years of age, and who are scheduled for elective operation, receive an admission evaluation of the level of serum potassium. PMID- 6720777 TI - Desmoid tumor in a cesarean section scar. PMID- 6720778 TI - Combined interstitial and intrauterine pregnancy: cornual resection in early pregnancy and cesarean delivery at term. PMID- 6720779 TI - Dilated cardiomyopathy and thyrotoxicosis complicated by septic abortion. PMID- 6720780 TI - Transient fetal anuria of unknown etiology: a case report. PMID- 6720781 TI - Arachnoid cyst as a cause of the amenorrhea-galactorrhea syndrome. PMID- 6720782 TI - Hemoglobin A1c levels and variant hemoglobins. PMID- 6720783 TI - Influence of seminal ejaculate on the amniotic fluid phospholipid lung profile. PMID- 6720784 TI - Angiographic management of bleeding in gestational trophoblastic malignancy. PMID- 6720785 TI - Hemorrhage after fetal scalp blood sampling. PMID- 6720786 TI - The ratio of fetal heart rate accelerations to fetal movements according to gestational age. PMID- 6720787 TI - Antenatal diagnosis of median cleft face syndrome: sonographic demonstration of cleft lip and hypertelorism. PMID- 6720788 TI - Sinusoidal fetal heart rate pattern associated with massive fetomaternal transfusion. PMID- 6720789 TI - Virilization of the female fetus with maternal danazol exposure. PMID- 6720790 TI - Human chorionic gonadotropin levels in complete and partial hydatidiform moles and in nonmolar abortuses. AB - The rates of regression of human chorionic gonadotropin (hCG) in patients with complete hydatidiform moles, partial hydatidiform moles, and nonmolar abortions were compared. No difference in rates of regression was found among the three groups, but levels of hCG immediately after uterine evacuation were significantly higher in the group with complete hydatidiform moles. Differences in the time required for hCG levels to become undetectable were attributed to the difference in the degree of initial elevation of hCG. PMID- 6720791 TI - Effect of estradiol and progesterone on human chorionic gonadotropin secretion in vitro. AB - Many of the substances known to control the secretion of pituitary gonadotropins also modulate the secretion of human chorionic gonadotropin (hCG) by the placenta. In order to study the effect of estrogens and progestins on hCG secretion, term placental explants were cultured in culture media for 144 hours. During the culture period, hCG secretion increased after 48 hours, and a fortyfold increase was observed after 144 hours (p less than 0.001). Compared to concentrations of hCG in control cultures, secretion of hCG was markedly suppressed in the presence of progesterone 2.25 X 10(-5)M (p less than 0.001), a concentration similar to that found in term placental tissue (1.7 +/- 0.2 micrograms/gm of tissue). Suppression of hCG by progesterone occurred in a dose response manner (r = -0.9100, p less than 0.01). Estradiol, an important steroid modulator of pituitary gonadotropins, did not significantly suppress the secretion of hCG, except in pharmacologic concentrations (10(-4)M), and physiologic concentrations of estradiol had no effect on the suppression of hCG by progesterone. These results suggest that the mechanism by which progesterone suppresses the secretion of hCG differs from the manner in which steroids modulate the secretion of pituitary gonadotropins. PMID- 6720792 TI - Accuracy of serum human chorionic gonadotropin concentrations and ultrasonic fetal measurements in determining gestational age. AB - Prior to 60 days' gestation, the maternal serum concentration of human chorionic gonadotropin (hCG) can predict the estimated date of confinement, but later in pregnancy, hCG concentrations vary widely. The current study was performed to compare the accuracy of hCG measurements with other determinants of gestational age. Fifteen patients in whom gestational age was documented were monitored prospectively throughout pregnancy. One to two determinations of hCG (beta subunit) were obtained during the first 60 days. Then, ultrasonographic measurements of crown-rump length were obtained between 8 and 16 weeks' gestation and two measurements of biparietal diameter were performed between 18 and 32 weeks. These results were compared to actual dates of gestation. The mean (+/- SD) difference between gestational age predicted by single measurements of hCG and actual gestational age was 3.2 +/- 2.5 days (r = 0.94, p less than 0.0001), which compared favorably with estimates by crown-rump measurements (6.7 +/- 6.5 days) and measurements of biparietal diameter (6.3 +/- 5.3 days). These results demonstrate that hCG measurements during the first 60 days accurately predict gestational age and complement ultrasonic determinations of gestational age used later in pregnancy. PMID- 6720793 TI - Calcium levels in normal and hypertensive pregnant patients. AB - Epidemiologic studies of hypertension in nonpregnant patients have suggested that abnormal calcium metabolism contributes to the genesis of hypertension. We have studied serum ionized calcium, total calcium, phosphorus, magnesium, total protein, and albumin in 16 normal pregnant women, 12 gravid patients with chronic hypertension, and 31 gravid patients with pregnancy-induced hypertension. In contradistinction to the reported difference in ionized calcium between nonpregnant normal and hypertensive patients, we have found no difference in serum ionized calcium between our groups. PMID- 6720794 TI - Sodium nitroprusside for control of severe hypertensive disease of pregnancy: a case report and discussion of potential toxicity. AB - Sodium nitroprusside has been used to alter blood pressure in severe hypertensive disease of pregnancy; however, concern exists in regard to potential lethal complications from cyanide toxicity in both mother and fetus. We recently evaluated levels of cyanide in the liver of an infant stillborn to a woman in whom sodium nitroprusside was used to control gestational hypertension secondary to mitral valve disease. The fetal liver demonstrated levels of cyanide below toxic ranges. Biologic activity, potential toxicity, and treatment of toxic symptoms of nitroprusside are discussed. PMID- 6720795 TI - Intrapartum to postpartum changes in colloid osmotic pressure. AB - A study was undertaken to determine the effect of route of delivery on plasma colloid osmotic pressure. Plasma colloid osmotic pressure was measured on admission to the hospital and 8 to 24 hours post partum in 72 patients at term with uncomplicated prenatal histories. Thirty-six patients underwent uncomplicated vaginal deliveries (local anesthesia, 18; conduction anesthesia, 18) and 36 patients had cesarean sections (conduction anesthesia, 18; general anesthesia, 18). The mean (+/- SD) intrapartum colloid osmotic pressure of the overall group was 21.0 +/- 2.1 mm Hg, and it declined significantly (p less than 0.01) to 15.4 +/- 2.1 mm Hg post partum. A comparison of the intrapartum and postpartum reductions in colloid osmotic pressure between patients who underwent vaginal delivery and those who underwent cesarean section revealed no significant differences. Furthermore, the mean reductions in colloid osmotic pressure when all four groups were compared by type of anesthesia were not significantly different. Fifteen patients (20.8%) in the study had a postpartum colloid osmotic pressure of less than 13.6 mm Hg, and five (6.9%) had a postpartum colloid pressure of less than 12.5 mm Hg. Our results indicate that, for normal pregnancy, colloid osmotic pressure is uniformly lowered in the post partum and, in some cases, to levels that have been reported to be dangerously low. PMID- 6720796 TI - Excretion of ibuprofen into breast milk. AB - Concentrations of ibuprofen in breast milk and serum were compared in 12 patients who had ingested one 400 mg tablet of ibuprofen every 6 hours over a 24-hour period for relief of post-cesarean section pain. Samples of breast milk and blood were obtained simultaneously over a 34-hour period beginning just prior to the first dose of ibuprofen. Gas-liquid chromatography assay methodology capable of detecting 1 microgram/ml was used to determine concentrations of ibuprofen in serum and breast milk. Ibuprofen was present in the serum with a half-life of approximately 1.5 hours. No measurable amounts of ibuprofen were found in the samples of breast milk. The conclusion drawn is that, in lactating women who take up to 400 mg of ibuprofen every 6 hours, less than 1 mg of ibuprofen per day is excreted in breast milk. PMID- 6720797 TI - The relationship between fetal heart rate accelerations, fetal movements, and uterine contractions. AB - The association between fetal heart rate (FHR) accelerations and fetal movements during uterine contractions was studied in 52 pregnant women near term or at the beginning of labor. FHR and uterine contractions were recorded by tococardiograph. At the same time, fetal movements, whether associated or not with contractions, were viewed by real-time ultrasound. During uterine contractions, 95.5% of the FHR accelerations were associated with fetal movements. Also, 90.9% of the accelerations which appeared when the uterus was not contracting were associated with fetal movements. Fetal movements were not seen in 91% of uterine contractions which were not associated with FHR accelerations. The suggestion is made that uterine contractions stimulate both fetal movements and FHR accelerations. PMID- 6720798 TI - The relationship between circulating catecholamines and ST waveform in the fetal lamb electrocardiogram during hypoxia. AB - Previous studies from this laboratory have shown that changes in the ST waveform in the fetal electrocardiogram are a sign of fetal asphyxia. In the present study, seven chronically instrumented fetal lambs between 117 and 143 days' gestation were studied during 16 one-hour periods of maternally induced hypoxia. The aim was to test the hypothesis of a relationship between the concentration of circulating catecholamines and T-wave amplitude. The response to hypoxia was aged dependent. Fetuses below 126 days of gestation did not react with electrocardiographic changes and output of epinephrine unless acidosis occurred. In more mature fetuses, hypoxia per se would induce a surge of epinephrine and changes in the ST waveform. Overall there was a strong correlation between the T/QRS ratio and the level of circulating epinephrine. During normoxia, epinephrine was undetectable (less than 0.1 nmol/L) in most fetuses; norepinephrine showed an increase at term. The analysis showed one fetus with chronic changes in the ST waveform (T/QRS ratio greater than 0.30) related to a marked increase in the plasma level of epinephrine in spite of normal blood gas values. These findings complement previous results in the acute and chronically instrumented fetal lamb and suggest that changes in the ST waveform expressed as T/QRS ratio identify a change to anaerobic myocardial metabolism mediated by beta adrenergic stimulation. PMID- 6720799 TI - Fetal weight/placental weight ratio and perinatal outcome. AB - The relationship of placental size to perinatal outcome was investigated in a population of low-risk infants. A trimmed and drained placenta was weighed for each of 417 low-risk infants, and for 108 infants whose intrapartum course was complicated only by compression of the umbilical cord. Tracings from intrapartum electronic fetal heart rate monitoring were analyzed by an investigator who was unaware of the fetal weight/placental weight ratio. The incidence of perinatal problems was increased in those infants whose fetal weight/placental weight ratio was greater than 11: intrapartum fetal distress, 20% (p = 0.0046); meconium stained amniotic fluid, 28.9% (p = 0.0017); Apgar score less than 7, 11.1% (p = 0.04); and hyperbilirubinemia, 24.4% (p = 0.0008). On the basis of these data, the conclusion drawn was that there is a population of presumably low-risk infants who are at increased risk because they have outgrown their placentas. PMID- 6720800 TI - Neurological control of fetal heart rate in 20 cases of anencephalic fetuses. AB - Fetal heart rate (FHR) is influenced by the central nervous system, cardiac automatism, biochemical factors, etc. Changes in FHR were correlated with the anatomic defect in autopsy material from 20 anencephalic infants, and, on this basis, the following hypotheses were formed, subject to later experimental proof. (1) The FHR baseline level is controlled by the medulla oblongata and vagus nerve. (2) The biphasic sleep-awake pattern is controlled by the cerebral cortex. (3) The midbrain is involved in the occurrence of acceleration. (4) A relative high level of short-term variability is shown when small lesions of the lesser central nervous system are present, but we cannot conclude that the cortex is critical for short-term variability. On the other hand, long-term variability seems to be correlated to the presence of the medulla oblongata and midbrain, and might be amplified by the cerebral cortex. (5) U-shaped decelerations are connected with the medulla oblongata, but V-shaped decelerations depend on intracardiac reflexes and myocardial stretch. PMID- 6720801 TI - Embryonic/fetal growth following suckling-induced delay of implantation. AB - In rats fertilized during the first or second day post partum (second consecutive pregnancy), suckling induces delay of implantation for 8 to 22 days. However, pregnancy is prolonged for only 3 to 17 days because accelerated embryonic and early fetal growth makes up 4 to 5 days of the implantation delay. After implantation, embryonic/fetal growth is accomplished within 11 to 12 days for a second consecutive pregnancy, whereas 16 days are required for first or second spaced pregnancies. After weaning, increased function of the intestinal tract and liver is not needed anymore for mammary milk synthesis, and abundant nutrients can be shifted to the uteroplacental unit for rapid embryonic/fetal growth. Because the exponential curves for fetal growth are similar for first, second consecutive, and second-spaced pregnancies, it seems that, besides an increased supply of nutrients, an as yet unidentified maternal or a placentofetal factor(s) may play a role for embryonic/fetal growth. PMID- 6720802 TI - Acute intermittent porphyria and hydatid mole: etiology of hyperthyroidism. PMID- 6720803 TI - Uterine infarction with endotoxic shock: a case report. PMID- 6720804 TI - Fetal malformations associated with maternal hypoxia. PMID- 6720805 TI - Schmidt's syndrome presenting with intrauterine growth retardation and postpartum addisonian crisis. PMID- 6720806 TI - Fertility following cesarean section endoparametritis. PMID- 6720807 TI - Utility of intraoperative bacterial cultures in the prediction of endometritis following cesarean birth. PMID- 6720809 TI - Origin of the epithelium of atretic hemivaginas. PMID- 6720808 TI - Femur length in the estimation of fetal weight less than 1500 grams. PMID- 6720810 TI - Aggressive cervical cerclage. PMID- 6720811 TI - In caul delivery of the premature infant. PMID- 6720812 TI - Retinal vascular changes in malignant melanoma of the choroid. AB - A review of fluorescein angiograms from 41 patients with malignant melanoma of the choroid showed that 11 patients (27%) had evidence of retinal vascular abnormalities. Abnormal retinal capillaries were found in eight cases, areas of capillary nonperfusion in seven cases, and microaneurysms in four cases. Lipid exudation, retinal neovascularization, and arteriovenous communication were noted in one case each. Histopathologic studies in eight cases showed extensive degeneration of the overlaying retina in all eight cases and extension through Bruch's membrane by the tumor in four cases. Abnormal capillary architecture was demonstrated by trypsin digest preparations from four cases. PMID- 6720813 TI - Choroidal granuloma in sarcoidosis. AB - We examined two patients--a 33-year-old black man and a 62-year-old white woman- who had pale yellow choroidal tumefactions with subretinal fluid and reduced vision. One patient had a history of granulomatous iritis; both patients were initially thought to have metastatic choroidal carcinoma. Systemic investigation yielded positive tissue diagnosis for sarcoidosis, leading to the diagnosis of presumed sarcoid choroidal infiltration. There was striking absence of inflammation of the retina, retinal vessels, and vitreous cavities. Fluorescein angiography disclosed initial hypofluorescence and late hyperfluorescence and ultrasonography demonstrated medium internal reflectivity. Neither study could exclude metastatic choroidal carcinoma. One patient had an increased level of angiotensin-converting enzyme on serial determinations through 15 months of observation and during treatment with corticosteroids, indicating a good correlation with improved vision and flattening of the choroidal granuloma. In both cases there was only partial resolution of the choroidal granuloma with corticosteroids. We conclude that choroidal granuloma can be the sole ocular manifestation of sarcoidosis and in this context is likely to be confused with metastatic choroidal carcinoma. We also believe that biopsy confirmation is needed because noninvasive tests such as gallium scans and angiotensin-converting enzyme cannot be relied on for diagnosing sarcoidosis and excluding carcinoma. PMID- 6720815 TI - Intraocular argon laser photocoagulation in the management of severe proliferative vitreoretinopathy. AB - We surgically repaired seven eyes with severe proliferative vitreoretinopathy with intraocular argon laser photocoagulation. Five of the seven retinas were still attached six or more months postoperatively. Endolaser photocoagulation was used in conjunction with pars plana vitrectomy, periretinal membrane stripping, fluid-air exchange, and planned retinotomies. The advantages of endolaser photocoagulation include easier management of posterior retinotomies in an air filled eye, isolation of anterior traction and retinal breaks by creating an encircling demarcation line posterior to the problem, and less manipulation of existing scleral buckling material. PMID- 6720814 TI - Spontaneous reattachment of the retina despite proliferative vitreoretinopathy. AB - In six cases of spontaneous retinal reattachment despite severe proliferative vitreoretinopathy, the retina was initially attached after a buckling procedure or vitreous surgery for proliferative vitreoretinopathy. However, each retina suddenly detached several weeks later. Surprisingly, the retinas settled slowly during the following weeks without further treatment. One case was marked by repeated episodes of detachment and reattachment. In none of the cases could an open retinal break be detected. In certain cases of proliferative vitreoretinopathy in which no open break is apparent and the detachment appears to be tractional, an observation period of several weeks may allow the retina to reattach spontaneously without further surgery. PMID- 6720816 TI - Angioid streaks associated with hereditary spherocytosis. AB - We examined members of a family in whom hereditary spherocytosis had appeared in three generations. Angioid streaks were confirmed in the second generation and presumed to exist in the first generation. A woman in the third generation with hereditary spherocytosis did not have angioid streaks but these are age-related and may develop later. The one individual in the second generation without hereditary spherocytosis did not have angioid streaks. Angioid streaks associated with hereditary spherocytosis in this family did not appear to be coincidental. Patients with hereditary spherocytosis should be examined for angioid streaks because of the implications for their vision. PMID- 6720817 TI - Reducing surgically induced astigmatism by using a scleral tunnel. AB - We conducted a prospective study of 36 eyes undergoing pars plana lensectomy, vitrectomy, and implantation of an intraocular lens. We used a scleral tunnel begun 3 mm posterior to the corneoscleral limbus and entered the anterior chamber through clear cornea. We found that this technique produced minimal postoperative astigmatism. After follow-up periods ranging from three to 15 months, the average change in the flatter meridian was -0.07 diopter and that in the steeper meridian was +0.26 diopter. The mean induced astigmatism was -0.33 diopter. A group of nine eyes undergoing pars plana lensectomy and vitrectomy alone showed no significant changes in the postoperative astigmatism. Statistical comparisons established that there was no significant difference between eyes undergoing intraocular lens implantation in addition to pars plana lensectomy and vitrectomy and those not undergoing intraocular lens implantation. PMID- 6720818 TI - Clinicobiochemical correlations in aging-related human cataract. The Pan American Association and American Journal of Ophthalmology lecture. AB - In a series of 50 consecutive adult patients (24 men and 26 women) we studied aging-related cataract by means of comprehensive presurgical examination of the patient, the eyes, and the cataractous lens; cataract sample collection from predetermined sites during surgery; biochemical analyses with high-performance liquid chromatography of each individual lens sample; and computer-assisted biostatistical data analysis. Compared with normal values established on clear human lenses obtained from a donor eye program, the ratios of 23,000 (23K) crystallin to total beta, gamma, and low molecular weight soluble proteins were statistically significantly lower in the anterior axial lens cortex (P less than .001) and in the lens nucleus (P less than .001). Increased grades of cortex opacification and nucleus opacification were generally associated with progressively decreased 23K crystallin ratios. In this series of patients with diverse cataract-associated systemic diseases, family histories, ophthalmic disorders, and drug-use patterns, decreased 23K crystallin ratios were a sensitive marker for aging-related cataract. Similar biochemical abnormalities in patients with multiple cataract-associated factors may have important clinical implications. PMID- 6720819 TI - Herpesvirus inoculation of cornea. AB - We investigated the effect of primary ocular inoculation with an avirulent herpesvirus type 1 thymidine-kinase-negative mutant on keratitis, survival, and establishment of trigeminal ganglionic latency after ocular challenge with several virulent herpesvirus type 1 thymidine-kinase-positive strains in the murine model. The effect of previous inoculation with the thymidine-kinase negative mutant was to reduce the severity of keratitis, promote survival, and reduce the frequency of recovery of latent virus compared to the control group for all three superinfecting challenge strains. However, the thymidine-kinase phenotype (negative or positive) of recovered latent ganglionic virus or viruses disclosed incomplete protection from the previous inoculation and recovery of more than one virus strain from the same trigeminal ganglion in several mice. The success of a live, attenuated herpesvirus type 1 vaccine against ocular herpes may be limited in certain individuals by possible superinfection and secondary ganglionic colonization by wild-type herpesvirus capable of producing recurrent ocular disease. PMID- 6720820 TI - Quantitative analysis of wide-field endothelial specular photomicrographs. AB - Samples from the center of a wide-field specular micrograph adequately assessed cell density and frequency distribution of cell areas. A preliminary analysis of the spread of values indicated whether an increased sample size was required. An algorithm determined how large a sample taken from the central photograph (three, five, or nine rectangles) was necessary to permit detection of a 10% change in cell area. This analysis of sample size also indicated that sampling by small field specular microscopy was not representative of the surrounding square millimeter of corneal endothelium. PMID- 6720821 TI - Absent meibomian glands in the ectrodactyly, ectodermal dysplasia, cleft lip palate syndrome. AB - A 27-year-old woman with the syndrome characterized by ectrodactyly, ectodermal dysplasia, and cleft lip-palate had an absent lacrimal punctum in each eye, with signs and symptoms of nasolacrimal obstruction during childhood. Examination disclosed bilateral corneal vascularization and opacification, with diffuse superficial punctate staining of the ocular surface epithelium by fluorescein, an instantaneous tear film break-up time, and normal Schirmer tear measurements. A full-thickness biopsy specimen of the eyelid confirmed the absence of meibomian glands that had been suspected because of absent meibomian gland orifices and secretions. The total absence of meibomian gland secretions in this patient may be a primary feature of this case and may contribute to a lipid-deficient and unstable tear film with resultant desiccation and destruction of the ocular surface epithelium. Breakdown of the corneal epithelium in association with obstruction and infection of the nasolacrimal system may be a particularly disastrous combination for the cornea that resulted in the recurrent, severe bacterial corneal ulcers found in our patient. PMID- 6720822 TI - Optic neuropathy in Paget's disease. AB - Of 22 patients (18 men and four women ranging in age from 50 to 89 years) with radiographic and clinical evidence of Paget's disease, nine had visual field defects. All nine had arcuate scotomas and five of the nine had generalized constriction. The visual field changes were asymptomatic in six of nine patients and progressive in two patients. Only two patients had radiographic evidence of optic canal constriction by bony impingement. There was no objective improvement in the optic neuropathy in the three patients treated with synthetic salmon calcitonin. Our data suggested that the optic neuropathy of Paget's disease cannot be explained solely on the basis of bony compression and the cause of optic neuropathy in patients with normal optic canals remains unknown. PMID- 6720824 TI - The American Journal of Ophthalmology--100 years. PMID- 6720823 TI - Surgical treatment of lateral rectus muscle paralysis. AB - We conducted a retrospective study of 55 cases to investigate the effectiveness of three different surgical procedures (medial rectus muscle recession and lateral rectus muscle resection in 16 cases, the Hummelsheim procedure in 27 cases, and the Jensen procedure in 12 cases) in the treatment of lateral rectus muscle paralysis. All three procedures were equally effective. Shorter duration of lateral rectus muscle paralysis, greater preoperative lateral version, less contracture of the medial rectus muscle, and a traumatic origin for the sixth cranial nerve damage had a significant effect (P less than .05) on the final results of surgery. PMID- 6720825 TI - Use of the Doppler probe to detect the course of the superficial temporal artery. PMID- 6720826 TI - Keratoconus and eye rubbing. PMID- 6720827 TI - Silastic button for nasolacrimal intubation. PMID- 6720828 TI - Watertight entry with a bent disposable needle for anterior capsulotomy. PMID- 6720829 TI - Scleroplasty after evisceration and ball implant. PMID- 6720830 TI - A simple method for corneal and retinal protection during cataract surgery. PMID- 6720831 TI - Toxic effect of fluorouracil on the rabbit retina. PMID- 6720832 TI - Clinical and pathologic description of 17 cases of corneal intraepithelial neoplasia. AB - In 17 patients with corneal intraepithelial neoplasia (dysplasia), the epithelium formed a gray plaque at the corneal limbus adjacent to a conjunctival papilloma in seven cases, leukoplakia in six cases, a pterygium in one case, and a pinguecula in one case. The lesion was an extension of a similar neoplastic process of the conjunctiva in 15 cases, was associated with chronic conjunctivitis in one case, and was isolated to the cornea in one case. Fine white dots mottled the opalescent, ground-glass sheet, whose fimbriated leading edge consisted of sharply demarcated gray fingers that extended to the visual axis in some cases. The disorder can wax and wane spontaneously, shown in one case observed for 16 years. Histopathologically, the thick, hypercellular corneal epithelium abutted sharply against adjacent normal epithelium and demonstrated both cellular pleomorphism and poor intercellular adhesion in the deeper layers. The adjacent conjunctival neoplastic lesions ranged from mild dysplasia to invasive squamous cell carcinoma. Ultrastructurally, the corneal epithelium showed a marked decrease in desmosomal attachments, an abundance of intracytoplasmic filaments characteristic of keratin, and a loss of epithelial basement membrane and hemidesmosomes. The lesion did not extend into Bowman's zone. We classify this dysplastic process as a mild form of corneal intraepithelial dysplasia, a term used to designate the spectrum of epithelial changes ranging from dysplasia to carcinoma in situ. The virulence of the corneal lesion itself is low. PMID- 6720833 TI - Therapeutic effects of short-term plasma exchange in endogenous uveitis. AB - We studied the effects of plasma exchange in nine patients with endogenous uveitis and in one patient with Behcet's syndrome (a total of 15 episodes of uveitis). Topical or systemic drug therapy, which was begun four to 12 weeks before admission, was continued throughout the entire study period of five weeks. Plasma exchange was carried out in four sessions during a one-week period. In each patient a total of 12 liters of plasma was removed and replaced by a 3% human albumin electrolyte solution. Immediately after the plasma exchange period there was a reduction of cellular infiltration of the anterior chamber and vitreous body in all injured eyes. In 21 of 30 instances there was complete remission of inflammatory activity for the control period of 18 months after four plasma exchange sessions. All patients had improved visual acuities. The only side effect was incompatibility reactions to human albumin in two cases. PMID- 6720834 TI - Diagnosing sarcoidosis by transconjunctival biopsy of the lacrimal gland. AB - A transconjunctival approach produced adequate biopsy specimens of the lacrimal gland in 24 of 27 patients with possible sarcoidosis. In five of the 24 noncaseating granuloma confirmed the diagnosis of sarcoidosis. Three of the five patients with enlarged lacrimal glands and four of the seven patients with increased lacrimal gland uptake of gallium had sarcoidosis confirmed by the biopsy. In carefully selected cases transconjunctival biopsy of the lacrimal gland should be considered an important part of the diagnostic evaluation of possible sarcoidosis. PMID- 6720835 TI - Contraction anisocoria resulting from half-field illumination. AB - We recorded pupillary responses to alternating half-field visual stimuli in 13 normal subjects (eight men and five women ranging in age from 23 to 28 years). We found that stimulation of the temporal visual field caused more pupillary constriction than did equivalent stimulation of the nasal field. Temporal stimuli also produced a direct pupillary response that was larger than the consensual response. Nasal stimulation, however, elicited a larger consensual pupillary response than a direct response. Our findings imply an asymmetric decussation of pupillomotor pathways in the midbrain in humans, as well as greater sensitivity of the nasal retina. PMID- 6720836 TI - Computed tomography in penetrating injury to the eye. AB - We used computed tomography to detect and localize foreign bodies in two unusual cases of penetrating injury to the eyes. In one case, a large broken twig appeared to have penetrated the globe and the inferior rectus muscle; in the other, the globe was ruptured by many glass shards . In the first case surgery showed the computed tomographic impression to be incorrect. The globe and the inferior rectus muscle were intact and vision and motility were normal postoperatively. In the second case, swelling made direct visualization impossible, and computed tomography was used to locate the foreign bodies. PMID- 6720837 TI - Graphic analysis of paralytic strabismus with the Lancaster red-green test. AB - We used the Lancaster red-green test to monitor changes in ocular alignment in patients with paralytic strabismus. By inferring the position of the right eye and that of the left eye at many different positions of gaze and then plotting the data on a graph, one can derive a static eye position curve. The location of the curve relative to the line depicting normal ocular alignment ( orthophoria ) indicates whether there is an esodeviation or an exodeviation . The slope of a line drawn tangent to the curve indicates, for that particular point, whether the deviation is concomitant or not and which eye is relatively weak or restricted and by how much. This graphic technique provides a simple, sensitive, and quantitative measure of ocular alignment that may be especially useful for detecting subtle changes in the relative positions of the two eyes. This method may be a useful adjunct in the planning and evaluation of therapy for patients with paralytic strabismus. PMID- 6720838 TI - Successful treatment of postoperative Candida endophthalmitis in an eye with an intraocular lens implant. AB - Candida endophthalmitis developed in the left eye of a 71-year-old man two months after he underwent extracapsular cataract extraction and intraocular lens implantation. The symptoms included decreased vision and redness but no pain. The discovery of the cause of the endophthalmitis was delayed because it was initially treated as a sterile postoperative inflammation. Vitrectomy with intracameral amphotericin B and treatment with topical and systemic amphotericin B and flucytosine led to resolution of the infection and a final visual acuity of 20/80. It was not necessary to remove the intraocular lens. PMID- 6720839 TI - Treatment of total retinal detachment in morning glory syndrome. AB - A 14-year-old girl had headaches and sudden loss of vision as a result of total retinal detachment in association with the morning glory optic nerve anomaly. Metrizamide cisternography with contrast dye introduced into the subarachnoid space disclosed migration of metrizamide with radiographic enhancement in the subretinal space. The demonstration of an abnormal communication between the subarachnoid and subretinal spaces suggested that the subretinal fluid is of cranial origin. The patient underwent surgical removal of a window of dura from the optic nerve sheath. This resulted in retinal reattachment and improvement of visual acuity to 20/200. The retina was still attached after a 15-month follow-up period. PMID- 6720840 TI - Ophthalmomyiasis interna causing visual loss. AB - Ophthalmomyiasis interna caused severe intraocular inflammation and loss of vision in two eyes. In the first eye, the organism was found in the vitreous and created a severe uveitis; a second-stage larva of Hypoderma lineatum was later removed from the anterior chamber. Phthisis bulbi ensued with loss of all vision. In a second eye, a subretinal maggot was observed to produce tracks in the pigment epithelium, with subretinal and vitreous hemorrhage. Severe uveitis and traction retinal detachment later developed. Despite successful reattachment of the retina, visual acuity remained only light perception. These cases demonstrate that ophthalmomyiasis interna is not always a benign condition. PMID- 6720841 TI - Vitreous hemorrhage nontoxic to retina as a stimulator of glial and fibrous proliferation. AB - To test the belief that blood is toxic to the retina, we developed an experimental model of vitreous hemorrhage in rabbits by injecting various amounts of autologous, uncoagulated , whole blood into their vitreous cavities, with the vitreous humor either intact or previously compressed by an expanding perfluoropropane gas bubble. Blood in the eyes with compressed vitreous cleared in half the time required for the same volume injected into eyes with intact vitreous (75.6 days vs 39.2 days). Large volumes of intravitreal blood (0.25 to 0.50 ml) were never toxic to the retina by ganzfeld and bright-flash electroretinography throughout a four-month observation period. The results indicated that massive vitreous hemorrhage has a dense filtering effect that can extinguish the ganzfeld but not the bright-flash electroretinogram. Blood caused moderate hemoglobin staining of the retina, without significant iron staining (confirmed by X-ray microprobe analysis). Hemoglobin residues accumulated within cells of the inner retina, especially Muller's cells. Blood clot retraction after the injection of large volumes of fresh blood (1 ml) produced traction retinal detachment, hole formation, and subretinal accumulation of blood. This correlated with a complete and persistent extinction of the ganzfeld and bright-flash electroretinograms throughout the four-month observation period. A striking finding was that almost all eyes developed glial membranes on the peripheral retina. Fibrous membranes, causing local retinal contraction, were found over the medullary wings and optic disk in eyes with vitreous compression. PMID- 6720842 TI - Enlargement of the optic disk in childhood optic nerve tumors. AB - Two children, a 9-year-old girl and an 8-month-old girl, were first examined because of unilateral proptosis. Both children were found to have unilateral optic nerve glioma, accompanied in the second case by neurofibromatosis. Two years after Patient 1 was first examined, the initial findings of thin vertical retinal striae and a gray opacification of the peripapillary retina had resolved. The enlarged left optic disk had an average diameter of 2 mm while that of the normal right optic disk was 1.6 mm. The disk-arteriolar ratio was R.E.:16:1 and L.E.: 20:1. Four years later, the patient's visual acuity was still 20/20 in both eyes and the only visual field abnormality was an enlarged blind spot corresponding to the enlarged left optic nerve head. Fundus photographs, orbital echography, and computed tomography showed no change in the size or location of the optic nerve glioma during the six-year follow-up period. In Case 2, the initial intraocular pressure was higher in the proptotic right eye than in the left eye (25 vs 19 mm Hg), but subsequent intraocular pressures were within normal limits and approximately equal in the two eyes. The disk-arteriolar ratio was R.E.:21:1 and L.E.: 18:1 and the cup-disk ratio was R.E.: 0.7 and L.E.: 0.3. Computed tomography disclosed an enlarged right retrobulbar optic nerve, a superior orbital fissure that was much larger on the right than on the left, and a larger cavernous sinus on the right. The right sphenoid bone was partially absent. Despite mild developmental delay, the patient's visual acuity apparently remained normal and the ophthalmologic findings did not change significantly during the 18-month follow-up period. PMID- 6720843 TI - The clinical implications of bilateral microphthalmos with cyst. AB - An infant with bilateral congenital microphthalmos with cyst developed neurologic and cardiac abnormalities that resulted in her death at the age of 7 months. When she was first examined, the cystic masses in both eyes transilluminated and were easily deformable. No ocular structures could be identified. Bilateral microphthalmos with cyst appears to be associated with major systemic abnormalities whereas unilateral microphthalmos with cyst is associated with much less serious systemic abnormalities. PMID- 6720844 TI - Reporting ocular fireworks injuries. PMID- 6720845 TI - Exophthalmos secondary to massive intraocular gliosis in a patient with a colobomatous cyst. PMID- 6720846 TI - Fireworks burn of choroid and retina. PMID- 6720847 TI - Ocular staphylococcal infections. PMID- 6720848 TI - Intravenous miconazole in the treatment of keratomycosis. PMID- 6720849 TI - Pilocarpine and the increase in intraocular pressure after trabeculoplasty. PMID- 6720850 TI - Unknown giant cell lesion 11 years after successful treatment of retinoblastoma. PMID- 6720851 TI - New technique for visualization of infusion cannula during vitreous surgery. PMID- 6720852 TI - A corneal shield to prevent light-induced maculopathy during cataract surgery. PMID- 6720853 TI - Prolapse of the globe into the ethmoid sinus. PMID- 6720854 TI - Comparison of two methods of marking the visual axis on the cornea during radial keratotomy. PMID- 6720855 TI - Acute retinal necrosis. PMID- 6720856 TI - Aspirin and recurrent hyphema after blunt ocular trauma. PMID- 6720857 TI - Distribution of pattern-evoked potentials in the facial area. PMID- 6720858 TI - Retinal detachment in myopic eyes after intracapsular and extracapsular cataract extraction. PMID- 6720859 TI - Iris color and hearing loss. AB - This study investigated the relation between iris color and hearing loss in 261 adult textile workers exposed to either a low-noise environment (below 85 dB) or a high-noise environment (above 102 dB). The subjects included 48% white males, 28% white females, 15% black males, and 9% black females. No relation was found between iris color and hearing loss in the control or low-noise group. A significant relation between iris color and hearing loss or hearing threshold levels was found for workers in the high-noise environment. Other variables, however, were found to predict susceptibility to hearing loss better than iris color alone. PMID- 6720860 TI - Cortical indices of impaired ocular accommodation and associated convergence mechanisms. AB - The accommodative and fusional vergence mechanisms were examined electrophysiologically in a juvenile suffering from a severe reduction in focusing ability. We used the visually evoked response (VER) to diagnose the accommodation-vergence insufficiency. The procedure is shown to be effective for monitoring longitudinally the ability of simple orthoptic techniques to restore normal accommodative function. PMID- 6720861 TI - Clinical determination of the corrected retinal image size in spectacle-corrected aphakes. AB - For individual spectacle-corrected aphakic patients, a method of estimating the size of the corrected retinal image corresponding to distant objects smaller than Snellen 6/360 (20/1200) is developed. Our results indicate that an estimate of the corrected retinal image size corresponding to a distant Snellen 6/12 (20/40) object in an individual spectacle-corrected aphake can be obtained to within plus or minus 1.0 micron of error using a multivariate regression model based on the measurement of six patient factors: axial length, anterior corneal power, spectacle lens back vertex power, lens thickness, lens back curve, and lens vertex distance. Clinical application of these results are discussed along with comparisons to other results based on traditional spectacle magnification formulas. The size of the corrected retinal image corresponding to a Snellen 6/12 (20/40) object was found to vary between 60 and 84 micron in patients corrected with CR-39 optical plastic and for patients corrected with high-index optical glass, it was between 56 and 78 microns. PMID- 6720862 TI - Wide-angle optical model of the eye. AB - There are two approaches to the design of a wide-angle optical model of the eye. One approach is based upon data on biological and physical characteristics of the eye (cornea, crystalline lens) collected from the literature or from in vivo or in vitro measurements. From these data a model is built whose configuration is as close as possible to that of a living eye. Then the visual function of the model is calculated and checked for its conformity with the living eye. The second design approach starts with measurements of the optical performance of a living eye. Then the unknown parameters (asphericity of the cornea, distribution of the thicknesses of the individual layers of the crystalline lens, their curvatures and refractive indices, and sphericity of the layers) can be calculated by fitting the curve of the corresponding optical performance calculated from the model to the curve measured in vivo. Using this approach, we measured the axial spherical aberrations in 50 emmetropic volunteers (100 eyes), calculated the best fit to all the measurements, and used it as the average curve of axial spherical aberrations of an emmetropic eye. In this paper we present the results and calculations and discuss the validity of this approach. PMID- 6720863 TI - Relation of symptoms to accommodative infacility of school-aged children. AB - Conventional optometric wisdom holds that accommodative infacility may result in asthenopic symptoms, yet the literature contains little support for this belief. We determined whether failure to achieve 8 cycles per minute of binocular accommodative facility or 11 cycles per minute of monocular accommodative facility tends to be associated with symptoms. Sixty subjects were given questionnaires to determine whether they were symptomatic. Monocular and binocular accommodative rock using plus and minus 2 D lenses was performed. Statistical analysis indicates that symptomatic subjects performed significantly poorer than asymptomatic subjects on both monocular and binocular facility tests. Patients presenting with asthenopic symptoms should therefore be tested for accommodative infacility. PMID- 6720864 TI - Predicting results in the orthoptic treatment of accommodative dysfunction. AB - A retrospective analysis of the records of 114 orthoptic patients diagnosed as having accommodative dysfunction (accommodative insufficiency, fatigue of accommodation, infacility of accommodation, or spasm of accommodation) has allowed the construction of models of the results of orthoptic treatment. Discriminant analysis completed on various samples of the group provides linearized discriminant functions for the success of the treatment (either total or partial/none) and for the change in accommodative amplitude. These data indicate that linearized discriminant functions using the age and AC/A ratio of the patient are effective in postpredicting the success category of 60% of a calibration sample of 99 patients. Similar functions using the patient's age, initial accommodative amplitude, and blur value of the near positive vergences allow the postprediction of the category of change in accommodative amplitude with treatment (3 D or more vs. 2 D or less). Seventy-eight percent of a sample of 68 patients were correctly classified. The application of these models in predicting the results of treatment of similarly afflicted subjects is discussed. PMID- 6720865 TI - Grating visual evoked potentials in the evaluation of laser bioeffects: twenty nanosecond foveal ruby exposures. AB - A series of experiments was performed to determine the parameters necessary to produce immediate measurable changes in the visual system of nonhuman primates after exposure of the fovea to laser radiation. The parameters investigated were stimulus spatial frequency (1.6 and 2.8 c/deg), size of the visual field stimulated (30 and 3.6 degrees), retinal diameter of the laser exposure (50 and 500 micron), and total intraocular energy. Steady-state visual evoked potentials (VEP's) were recorded from cynomolgus monkeys in response to an oscillating grating. Single 20 ns Q-switched ruby laser pulses (694.3 nm) were directed into the fovea of the experimental eye during the pattern stimulation. No immediate effects on the VEP were noted. Strong delayed effects occurred 45 to 120 s postexposure and were characterized by large phase shifts in the response signal as referenced to the stimulus, magnitude decreases, variance increases, and a loss of waveform correlation with pre-exposure baseline signals. These effects persisted for approximately 30 s before the VEP again became normally re entrained. PMID- 6720866 TI - Reading performance and eye-movements through Varilux 2 and ST-25 lenses. AB - Reading rate, reading comprehension, and photoelectrically recorded eye movements while reading through Varilux 2 and ST-25 lenses were compared for seven subjects who were predominantly myopic, who ranged from 25 to 60 years of age, and who wore adds of 1.00 to 2.25 D. Tests were done at near (40 cm) and intermediate (57 cm) distances before and after a month of adaptation to the lenses using paragraphs that subtended less than 14 deg. A three-way analysis of variance indicated no significant differences in performance between the two types of lenses. PMID- 6720867 TI - Measurement of the refractive indices of hydrogel materials by interferometry. AB - The purpose of this study was to measure the refractive indices of hydrophilic hydrogel materials of different equilibrium water content. The need to measure the refractive indices precisely has been an important factor in the design of soft hydrophilic lenses. The inaccuracy of measuring the refractive index of hydrogel materials using an Abbe refractometer led to the use of a Linnik micro interferometer. The experimental results showed a close agreement to the theoretical data. PMID- 6720868 TI - Objective refraction: comparison of retinoscopy and automated techniques. AB - The Canon Autoref R-1 and Dioptron II automated objective refractors and static distance retinoscopy were performed in a clinical setting on 75 subjects. Each technique was performed by a different examiner and the findings were compared by statistical analysis. The results were comparable with all three techniques. These data are discussed in light of their clinical significance. PMID- 6720869 TI - Personality test measures in optometry school admissions. AB - Predicting clinical competence among optometry students from data obtainable at the time of admissions is the focus of this study. Preoptometry grades, Optometry College Admission Test (OCAT) scores, and applicant scores on a standardized personality inventory were tested as predictors of faculty ratings of student performance in optometry clinics. Students' clinical performance was best predicted by certain personality dimensions, objectively measured by the California Psychological Inventory (CPI). Preoptometry grades and OCAT scores, although significantly correlated with optometry grades, were generally poor predictors of clinical performance. For men, achievement drive, self-confidence, and tolerance and for women, self-confidence, assertiveness, and interpersonal effectiveness were the personal qualities most highly correlated with instructors' ratings of performance. The study demonstrates that these personal qualities, as well as the degree to which an applicant presents a "good impression," can be objectively assessed at the time of application to optometry school. PMID- 6720870 TI - Response of pulmonary macrophages to unilateral instillation of carbon. AB - Production and delivery of macrophages to the alveoli are dependent upon chemotactic and mitogenic stimuli. To determine whether these mechanisms occur uniformly throughout the lungs or are localized to the areas of particulate deposition, the authors instilled 4 mg of carbon in one lung of a rat, the other lung serving as a control. Following split-lung lavage, little change was seen in the number of cells lavaged from nontreated lungs, whereas the yield of macrophages from the black lungs rose from 32 X 10(4) to 400 X 10(4) after 2 days; control values were not attained until 3 weeks. Labeling indices for cell nuclei in the white lungs were slightly elevated, whereas in the black lungs the value rose from 0.4 to 1.0-1.5% for 3 weeks before falling to normal. The increased labeling was limited to interstitial cells. The results provide further support for the dual origin of alveolar macrophages and indicate the importance of local generation of chemotactic and mitogenic factors in stimulating the cellular response and in directing these cells to the sites of maximal deposition of particles. PMID- 6720871 TI - Lysophosphatidylcholine-induced gastric injury and ulceration in the guinea pig. AB - The effect of lysophosphatidylcholine (lysoPC) on the guinea pig stomach was studied. At concentrations observed in gastric secretions of gastric ulcer patients (1 to 2 mM), lysoPC induced both functional and morphologic changes in the gastric mucosa. Two millimolar lysoPC caused back diffusion of H+ and forward diffusion of Na+, indicating impairment of the gastric mucosal barrier. In the lysoPC-treated stomachs, an increase was observed in 1) the number of mucosal erosions, 2) the intensity of inflammation, and 3) the degree of vascular congestion. Microvascular plugging by platelets, vascular stasis, and polymorphonuclear leukocyte margination were dose-responsive to lysoPC. Pretreatment of animals with aspirin (20 mg/kg) did not alter injury. These results indicate a role of lysoPC reflux in gastric mucosal injury, including mucosal erosions and ulcerations. PMID- 6720872 TI - Tympanic membrane cholesteatoma (keratoma). AB - Four cases of tympanic membrane cholesteatoma are presented and the characteristics of this lesion are discussed. Failure to recognize and remove all the squamous epithelium medial to the tympanic membrane at the time of grafting eventually will result in graft breakdown due to continued production and desquamation of squamous epithelium into the middle ear. PMID- 6720873 TI - Identification of hearing loss in the neonatal intensive care unit population. AB - A protocol was designed to evaluate babies in neonatal intensive care units by means of the auditory brain stem response (ABR) audiometric technique during their hospitalization. This article presents the results obtained from 200 babies. Twenty-three infants failed the ABR test. Fifteen babies were followed. Ten of these infants had significant sensorineural hearing loss. Three had unilateral involvement and seven had bilateral impairment. The seven bilaterally affected infants were fitted with appropriate hearing aid amplification and enrolled in audiologic habilitation programs. Continued follow-up of these babies has confirmed the hearing loss diagnosis. These data estimate that 5 percent of babies in neonatal intensive care units have some degree of hearing loss. The findings encourage the use of the ABR technique as a means of identifying hearing loss in the neonatal intensive care unit population. PMID- 6720874 TI - Blepharospasm--oromandibular dystonia (Meige's syndrome) misdiagnosed as secondary hemifacial spasm. AB - Orofacial dyskinesia (Meige's syndrome) is a rare clinical entity. This disorder was first described in 1910 by Henry Meige as "spasm facial median," a disabling spasm of the facial musculature which had frequently been misdiagnosed and inappropriately treated. This report concerns a patient who presented with tonic hemifacial spasm twenty-two years after contracting Bell's palsy. The condition was initially thought to be secondary to faulty regeneration of the facial nerve until Meige's syndrome became fully manifested over a period of two years. The diagnostic characteristics as well as the forms of treatment for this unusual disorder are presented. PMID- 6720875 TI - Residual cholesteatoma in the middle cranial fossa. A case report. AB - This is a case report describing a large asymptomatic residual cholesteatoma in the middle fossa of a patient who had had a classic modified radical mastoidectomy twenty-six years previously. PMID- 6720876 TI - Residency and fellowship training in otology, neurotology, and skull base surgery within an academic department of otolaryngology. PMID- 6720877 TI - Otolaryngology residency training at the University of Miami. PMID- 6720878 TI - A large artery in the apical region of the cochlea of a man with pulsatile tinnitus. PMID- 6720880 TI - Primary cholesteatoma in the congenitally atretic ear. AB - A developmental aberration significant enough to cause a congenital auricular atresia may well entrap ectodermal keratinous elements medial to an atresia plate, resulting in a primary cholesteatoma. We report such a case and discuss the proposed pathogenesis and pertinent embryology. A two-stage surgical procedure is offered as a reasonable management alternative when the cholesteatoma is well encapsulated. PMID- 6720879 TI - Residual and recurrent cholesteatoma in closed tympanoplasty. AB - There are actually two principal approaches to the surgical treatment of middle ear cholesteatoma, a subject very much debated. First, the cholesteatoma can be exteriorized and treated with an open technique (classic or modified radical mastoidectomy, open tympanoplasty); and second, the radical removal of the cholesteatoma is also possible in the majority of cases by closed tympanoplasty. In this article we examine 283 patients (forty-four children and 239 adults) operated on by the closed technique to review and discuss the postsurgical cholesteatoma problem (residual and recurrent). Total incidence of residual cholesteatoma is 13.43 percent. It is higher in children (25 percent) than in adults (11.72 percent) and is more frequently localized in the mesotympanum (47.54 percent) than in the epitympanum (40.98 percent) or in the mastoid (6.56 percent). Recurrent cholesteatoma, with a total incidence of 7.77 percent, is much less frequent when staged tympanoplasty has been performed than when a one stage operation has been done. No endotemporal or endocranial complications (labyrinthine fistula, facial nerve paralysis) have been noticed in cases of postsurgical cholesteatoma. These data confirm the opinion that staged tympanoplasty with Silastic sheeting and reconstruction of the erosions of the posterior wall is the technique of choice for surgical therapy of middle ear cholesteatoma. PMID- 6720881 TI - Transmastoid labyrinthectomy: surgical management of vertigo in the nonserviceable hearing ear. A five-year experience. AB - We have continued to employ transmastoid labyrinthectomy since reporting our results for the first 15 patients. Further experience has confirmed our earlier findings that the vestibular system rapidly accommodates to complete unilateral surgical vestibular ablation, regardless of age and vestibular activity of the ear operated upon as measured by bithermal caloric testing. Patients are able to ambulate in one to three days and typically return home three to eight days postoperatively. Only 7 percent of sixty patients retained occasional unsteadiness and only two individuals stated that they suffered constant unsteadiness. Once compensated, there was no instance in which vertigo or unsteadiness returned during the follow-up period. In the individual with unilateral sensorineural hearing loss and incapacitating dysequilibrium, the ear with the hearing loss can be reliably implicated as the one producing the vertigo, regardless of the vestibular activity in that ear as measured by the bithermal caloric test. As we gain more experience, this has continued to be a valid assumption. No individual has lost hearing in the contralateral ear during the period of observation. Dysequililbrium with all its variants--rotary vertigo, instability, veering , ataxia, and lightheadedness--is one of man's most disabling and incapacitating afflictions and affects an individual's ability to pursue normal life and work. We continue to be impressed with the length of time many individuals have borne this incapacitation; one-third of our patients have been incapacitated for over five years.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS) PMID- 6720882 TI - Cockayne syndrome--an audiologic and temporal bone analysis. AB - Cockayne's syndrome is a triad of dwarfism, retinal atrophy, and deafness. Over thirty cases have been presented in the literature. We have examined and audiometrically tested three patients (ages 13 to 17) with confirmed Cockayne's syndrome and have analyzed the temporal bones of another who died at age 24. To our knowledge this is the first reported temporal bone analysis of a patient with Cockayne's syndrome. Audiograms revealed bilateral symmetric sensorineural hearing loss that was greatest in the high frequencies. Temporal bone examinations revealed inner and outer hair cell losses in the basal turn of the cochlea with corresponding neuron losses in the spiral ganglion. We have found that the clinical and histopathologic features resemble those of presbycusis and conclude that this corresponds well with the generalized, rapid, premature aging process characteristic of this disease. PMID- 6720883 TI - The University of Utah training program in otolaryngology--head and neck surgery. PMID- 6720884 TI - Bell's palsy in a physician. PMID- 6720885 TI - Protein synthesis versus energy state in contracting muscles of perfused rat hindlimb. AB - The goal of these studies was to evaluate acute changes in protein metabolism in skeletal muscle in response to contractile activity. Rates of protein synthesis were measured by following L-[U-14C]phenylalanine incorporation into protein in muscles of the perfused rat hindlimb at rest, during 10 min of maximal isometric muscle contractions, and during 10 min of recovery. Synthesis measurements were carried out under conditions that ensured that the specific radioactivity of the tRNA-bound precursor amino acid was equal to that of extracellular phenylalanine. Protein degradation was estimated by measuring the release of Nt-methylhistidine. Rates of synthesis were markedly inhibited in response to muscle contractions in tibialis anterior, gastrocnemius, and plantaris but were unaffected in soleus. Rates of synthesis returned toward those observed in the resting condition during the recovery period. Rates of degradation were also markedly inhibited in response to muscle contractions. Decreased rates of synthesis correlated with reduced tissue contents of ATP and creatine phosphate, a reduced ATP/ADP, and an elevated tissue content of lactate. The results demonstrate that isometric contractions in muscles consisting of a high proportion of fast glycolytic fibers result in a marked depression in rates of protein synthesis that may be due to an altered energy state. PMID- 6720886 TI - Energy metabolism in rats with ventromedial hypothalamic lesions. AB - Rats with ventromedial hypothalamic lesions (VMH) have increased ability to accumulate energy. The aim of this investigation was to characterize the main processes responsible for the reduced energy expenditure, using indirect calorimetry, nitrogen, and energy balance techniques. Metabolism was studied during different metabolic conditions created by a strict feeding regimen with concentrated feeding periods. A computerized system for indirect calorimetry enabled continuous study of individual animals for prolonged time periods. We found a mean decrease of 15.5% in total energy expenditure and decreased nitrogen retention in VMH rats. Calculation of respiratory quotient (RQ), energy expenditure, and the metabolic mixture demonstrated fluctuations in metabolism in accordance with the feeding regimen. The same percent reduction in resting postabsorptive energy expenditure was found as in total expenditure. Quantitatively, this main finding means that metabolic processes that occurred both in the resting and postabsorptive state were responsible for two-thirds of the total reduction in energy expenditure, whereas only one-third could be attributed to differences in dietary-induced thermogenesis and/or physical activity. It is concluded that VMH-animals spent as much as 10.3% of their total energy expenditure on liponeogenesis compared with 2.5% in controls. PMID- 6720887 TI - Influence of exercise on urea, creatinine, and 3-methylhistidine excretion in normal human subjects. AB - To evaluate the effects of exercise on net protein catabolism, the losses of urea in sweat and urine and urinary creatinine and 3-methylhistidine (3MH) excretion were determined in eight healthy subjects during cycle ergometer exercise performed at approximately 45% of VO2max for 90 min. The subjects ingested a meat free diet for 5 days starting 3 days before and continuing for 1 day after the day of exercise. During exercise, total urea excretion (urine + sweat losses) increased 100% above pre- and postexercise values. Thirty percent of the total urea excretion during exercise was in the form of sweat losses. Total protein breakdown (as reflected by urea excretion), however, could account for less than 5% (21 +/- 4 kcal) of total calorie expenditure during the exercise (567 +/- 83 kcal). Urinary creatinine excretion increased by 50% during exercise. Urinary excretion of 3MH also tended to rise, but the ratio of urinary 3MH to creatinine showed no change in response to exercise. We conclude that 1) light to moderate exercise results in an increase in net protein catabolism and an increase in creatinine excretion; 2) sweat losses are an important route for urea excretion during exercise; 3) there is no evidence of a disproportionate increase in breakdown of myofibrillar contractile proteins; and 4) in spite of the increase in the rate of protein catabolism, protein is only a minor source of energy during light to moderate exercise. PMID- 6720888 TI - Catecholamine physiology in ovine fetus. II. Metabolic clearance rate of epinephrine. AB - This study measured the metabolic clearance rate (MCR) of epinephrine (E) in 13 chronically catheterized fetal lambs between 120 and 145 days gestation. The E MCR was determined by a constant infusion method at an E infusion rate of 0.1 microgram/kg estimated fetal wt. Fetal and maternal arterial blood samples were taken for measurements of catecholamine levels, pH, blood gases, and glucose. There was a significant positive correlation between gestational age and E-MCR (r = 0.87, P less than 0.001). The E production rate in fetuses less than 132 days (n = 6) (1,234 +/- 301 pg/min) was not significantly different from fetuses greater than or equal to 132 days (n = 7) (1,195 +/- 242). Catecholamine infusion resulted in a decrease in pH from a control value of 7.37 +/- 0.01 to 7.31 +/- 0.01 by 15 min of infusion, but there were no significant changes in fetal heart rate or blood pressure. The mean fetal plasma glucose concentration increased 45% above base line at 15 and 20 min and 65% above base line by 30 min of catecholamine infusion. After 60 min of infusion plasma norepinephrine (NE) increased from 380 +/- 60 to 520 +/- 75 pg/ml and plasma dopamine from 100 +/- 20 to 240 +/- 50 pg/ml (both P less than 0.05). These results indicate that E-MCR increases with maturation in the absence of a change in basal E production. PMID- 6720889 TI - Diabetogenic activity of native and biosynthetic human growth hormone in obese (ob/ob) mouse. AB - It has been repeatedly suggested that diabetogenic activity is not an intrinsic property of native pituitary growth hormone (GH) and that the diabetogenic effects produced by GH preparations are due to low-molecular-weight contaminants or degradation products of the hormone. This possibility was evaluated in this study by assessing the ability of purified native human GH (hGH) and biosynthetic methionyl-hGH to exacerbate fasting hyperglycemia and glucose intolerance in the obese (ob/ob) mouse. Native hGH that had been purified by DEAE-cellulose chromatography (A-type; 1.8 IU/mg) produced fasting hyperglycemia and glucose intolerance in the ob/ob mouse when injected subcutaneously at doses of 50 micrograms/day or greater for 3 days. It had no effect when a single subcutaneous dose of 200 micrograms was administered 24 h previously. To eliminate possible contamination with smaller peptides, the hGH was gel-filtered on a column of Sephacryl S-200 in 6 M guanidine-HCl. When injected subcutaneously into ob/ob mice at a dose of 50 micrograms/day or greater for 3 days, the guanidine-treated hGH produced glucose intolerance. Also biosynthetic methionyl-hGH produced marked fasting hyperglycemia and glucose intolerance when injected subcutaneously at doses of 50 or 100 micrograms/day for 3 days. These results support the conclusion that hGH itself is indeed diabetogenic but that chronic exposure of the organism to the hormone is required for its effects on glucose metabolism to become clearly manifest. PMID- 6720890 TI - Splanchnic arterial blood flow in rats with portacaval shunts. AB - With indirect methods, it was shown in rats with portacaval shunts (PCS) that total hepatic blood flow (THBF) remained constant when expressed per gram of liver. These results implied an absolute increase in hepatic arterial blood flow (HABF). The aim of this study was to investigate HABF and splanchnic nonhepatic arterial blood flow (SNHABF) with a direct method (57Co microspheres) in PCS rats. One month after surgery, the following results were obtained in PCS rats compared with pair-fed, sham-operated rats: 1) liver mass atrophy was 42.3 +/- 10.9%, 2) HABF (ml X min-1 X g liver-1) was increased by a factor of 2.7, 3) SNHABF (ml X min-1 X 100 g body wt-1) was higher (9.8 +/- 3.3 vs. 5.6 +/- 2.7) (P less than 0.05) and 4) THBF (ml X min-1 X g liver-1) was decreased (1.36 +/- 0.34 vs. 1.85 +/- 0.86) but not significantly. Increases in HABF and SNHABF were not the direct consequence of an increase in cardiac output as attested by a normal cerebral blood flow (ml X min-1 X g organ-1) in PCS rats. In PCS rats, an increase in HABF may prevent the further spread of liver necrosis. The cause and the reason for an increase in SNHABF remain unknown. PMID- 6720891 TI - Chronic electrical activity of cat intestine. AB - Spontaneous electrical activity was recorded with bipolar electrodes from the gastrointestinal tracts of unanesthetized fasted cats (upper and lower cut-off frequencies: 35 and 3 Hz). In addition to slow waves (SWs) and spike potentials (SPs), the following three patterns of activity were recorded that are not observed in vitro. 1) Intense bursts of SPs (migrating spike complexes, MSCs) migrate caudally at a velocity of approximately 1 mm/s. MSCs resemble migrating myoelectric complexes (MMCs) in their velocity and by their traversal of intestinal anastomoses. SWs are usually suppressed during and immediately after the MSC, and, on their return, propagate at a higher velocity than they do prior to the MSC. Unlike its effect on MMCs, motilin does not appear to elicit MSCs, a finding consistent with the fact that MSCs occur infrequently in the duodenum and not at all in the antrum. 2) Bursts of SPs are found in the absence of recorded SWs. The SP bursts are of variable duration and occur virtually simultaneously at several recording sites, or propagate at 1-2 cm/s in either direction along the jejunum. The more usual caudally propagating SPs occur when SWs reappear. 3) "Minute rhythms," periods of spiking SWs, occur simultaneously over long lengths of upper bowel, sometimes including antrum, at intervals of about 1-2 min. It is proposed that, despite their differences, the cat MSC may be the functional counterpart of the MMC, that cat SWs are not omnipresent, and that the minute rhythms described here are of central origin. PMID- 6720892 TI - Colonic migrating and nonmigrating motor complexes in dogs. AB - We report here the characteristics of a cyclic motor activity in the colon of conscious dogs and its relationship to small intestinal migrating motor complexes (MMCs). The colonic motor activity was recorded by four equispaced strain gauges and small intestinal myoelectric activity by four equispaced bipolar electrodes. The colonic motor activity was characterized by rhythmic bursts of contractions. The mean durations of bursts of contractions varied from 7.0 to 11.5 min at the four colonic recording sites. Those bursts of contractions which migrated over at least three recording sites were called colonic migrating motor complexes (CMMCs). All other patterns of bursts of contractions were called colonic nonmigrating motor complexes (CNMCs). A total of 160 CMMCs were recorded during a total recording period of 132 h; 151 CMMCs migrated caudad and 9 orad. The mean period of caudad migrating CMMCs was 53.3 +/- 5.4 (SE) min, and their mean migration time was 11.3 +/- 1.2 (SE) min. The onset of CMMCs was not temporally related to the onset of small intestinal migrating myoelectric complexes in the duodenum or their arrival in the terminal ileum. CMMCs did not have phases I to IV like those of small intestinal MMCs, but two consecutive CMMCs were separated by a quiescent state or by one or more randomly occurring bursts of contractions (CNMCs). PMID- 6720893 TI - Induction of rat hepatic and intestinal alkaline phosphatase activity produced by bile from bile duct-ligated animals. AB - Bile duct ligation caused a threefold elevation of not only hepatic but also intestinal alkaline phosphatase. The increase was transient in intestinal mucosa and peaked at 12 h. Hepatic phosphatase levels reached a plateau by 36 h. Intraperitoneal injection of bile from ligated animals into normal rats produced qualitatively similar results. Studies were performed to further characterize the induction of phosphatase activity in both tissues. The addition of bile from ligated animals to organ explants of liver and intestine produced a two- and threefold rise in activity, respectively. Therefore, neural and hormonal factors are not essential in producing this induction. The increased activity produced in vitro in both tissues was due to heat-stable and dialyzable factor(s) and was blocked by inhibitors of protein synthesis. In the intestine activity occurred over the entire brush border as demonstrated by electron microscopic histochemistry. In the liver, increased activity was noted over the entire plasma membrane and was not localized to the canalicular membrane. Tunicamycin treatment of liver and intestinal explants markedly suppressed the induced phosphatase activity. Simultaneous treatment with protease inhibitors restored some of the phosphatase activity. These findings suggest that glycosylation of the alkaline phosphatase might provide at least partial protection from proteolysis. PMID- 6720894 TI - Canine interdigestive and postprandial gallbladder motility and emptying. AB - The objectives of this study were to characterize intraluminal gallbladder pressure during fasting and postprandially and to determine the relationships between its intraluminal pressure and emptying. Conscious dogs, with chronic indwelling gallbladder and duodenal catheters to measure pressures and infuse nonabsorbable markers, were used to quantify intraluminal pressures and emptying of gallbladder contents and bile into the duodenum during interdigestive and postprandial periods. During the interdigestive period, a brief rise in intragallbladder pressure followed by the flow of bile and 20% of gallbladder marker into the duodenum occurred only during phase II (a period of irregular duodenal contractility preceded by absent duodenal activity, phase I, and followed by a period of regular duodenal contractility, phase III). We suggest that intragallbladder pressure increased secondary to contraction of the gallbladder against a closed sphincter of Oddi and its decline to base line was accompanied by sphincter relaxation, partial gallbladder emptying, and flow of bile into the duodenum. Postprandially, intragallbladder pressure transiently increased and was followed by an isotonic phase lasting 74 +/- 12 min that ended with the onset of rhythmic large-amplitude pressure elevations that continued for 5.1 +/- 1.6 h. Gallbladder emptying was most rapid during the first 30 min postprandially and was completed by 2 h. Thereafter, large-amplitude gallbladder pressure elevations may prevent gallbladder filling and divert hepatic bile into the duodenum until return of the fasting pattern. PMID- 6720895 TI - Supramaximal caerulein stimulation and ultrastructure of rat pancreatic acinar cell: early morphological changes during development of experimental pancreatitis. AB - Rats infused with a supramaximally stimulating dose of the cholecystokinin pancreozymin analogue caerulein develop acute interstitial pancreatitis (M. Lampel and H.F. Kern. Virchows Arch. A 373: 97-117, 1977). We have studied the early (30-180 min) morphological changes in pancreatic acinar cells induced by infusing caerulein (2.5 micrograms X kg-1 X h-1). The techniques of thin-section electron microscopy, freeze fracture, and enzyme and immunocytochemistry were employed. Shortly (30 min) after the onset of caerulein infusion, large vacuoles appeared in the Golgi area. After longer periods of infusion, these vacuoles further enlarged (probably by fusion with other such vacuoles as well as autophagic vacuoles) and became more widely distributed in the cytoplasm. These large vacuoles were found to be acid phosphatase positive and to be labeled by antibodies directed against digestive zymogens as well as the lysosomal enzyme cathepsin D. These observations indicate that the large vacuoles contain both digestive zymogens and lysosomal hydrolases. During caerulein infusion, morphological evidence of exocytosis at the luminal plasmalemma was reduced or absent, and evidence of basolateral exocytosis was not noted. These studies suggest that secretagogue hyperstimulation with caerulein interferes with the processes involved in condensing vacuole maturation, which normally lead to the separation of digestive zymogens and lysosomal hydrolases. As a result, both types of enzymes remain within the same compartment. This may lead to the intracellular activation of digestive enzymes by lysosomal hydrolases and be an important step in the development of acute pancreatitis. PMID- 6720896 TI - Parathyroid hormone-induced phosphate excretion following preequilibration with 32P. AB - Parathyroid hormone (PTH) stimulates a secretory component of avian renal inorganic phosphate (Pi) transport, but the secreted Pi does not appear to be derived directly from peritubular (plasma) Pi. In the present study, experiments were conducted to determine whether differences in parathyroid status during 32P infusion influenced entry of the isotope into the Pi secretory pool. Fractional excretion values for Pi (FEPi) and 32P (FE32P) were compared in normal and parathyroidectomized (PTX) anesthetized birds that had been preinfused with 32P for 0, 90, and 240 min before PTH infusion. The results demonstrate that in the absence of exogenous PTH, FEPi is identical to FE32P in normal and PTX birds, reflecting full equilibration of 32P with excreted Pi under these conditions; and, regardless of the duration of 32P preequilibration or the parathyroid status of the experimental animals, exogenous PTH always causes FEPi to exceed FE32P. It is concluded that the Pi secretory pool is inaccessible to 32P under conditions that should markedly alter cellular Pi influx and efflux. PMID- 6720897 TI - Sympathetic nervous system in the loss of autoregulation in acute renal failure. AB - The responsiveness of the renal vascular system was investigated in uninephrectomized Sprague-Dawley rats in which acute renal failure had been induced by norepinephrine. The animals were studied at 1' and 3 wk after norepinephrine infusion. Uninephrectomized littermates served as controls. Compared with controls, there was an absence of renal blood flow autoregulation in 1-wk acute renal failure that returned in part by 3 wk. In 1-wk rats there was a marked increase, rather than decrease, in renovascular resistance as renal perfusion pressure was decreased. The renal vasculature was significantly less responsive in 1-wk rats than in control or 3-wk animals when acetylcholine, angiotensin II, or norepinephrine was infused into the renal artery at minimal vasoactive doses (all P less than 0.01). Paradoxically, renal vasoconstriction in response to renal nerve stimulation was greater in 1-wk than in 3-wk and control rats (P less than 0.01) and was not inhibited by renal artery infusion of phenoxybenzamine. Renal denervation significantly improved renal blood flow autoregulation in 1-wk animals (P less than 0.001) and completely abolished the increase in renovascular resistance as renal perfusion pressure was lowered. No effects of renal denervation on renal blood flow autoregulation were seen in control and 3-wk rats. It is concluded that renovascular responses to neurohumoral stimuli are aberrant in acute renal failure. The loss of renal blood flow autoregulation is related to an increased renovascular resistance that is due to increased activity of non-alpha-adrenergic mechanisms of the autonomic nervous system. PMID- 6720898 TI - Ion and water transport by the flounder urinary bladder: salinity dependence. AB - Urinary bladders from seawater-acclimated (SW) flounder had a transepithelial resistance (Rt) of congruent to 2,000 omega X cm2 and absorbed Na and Cl at equal rates of about 3 mueq X cm-2 X h-1 in an electrically silent manner; the short circuit current (Isc) was 0.03 +/- 0.01 mueq X cm-2 X h-1. The transport of Na and Cl was only partially coupled. Removal of Na (or Cl) from the bathing solutions reduced net Cl (or Na) absorption by only 60%, yet there was neither a change in transepithelial potential nor the appearance of a short-circuit current that could be associated with the net Cl (or Na) transport that remained. Bladders from freshwater-acclimated (FW) flounder had a fivefold lower Rt and exhibited the same partially coupled and equal Na and Cl transport, but the ion transport rates were twice as large as those of SW bladders and the bladders exhibited a significant Isc of 0.51 +/- 0.08 mueq X cm-2 X h-1. The rate of fluid transport was much lower in FW than in SW bladders, reflecting a sixfold decrease in hydraulic conductivity (Lp). In both SW and FW bladders a large portion of the serosal-to-mucosal ion movement appears to be through nonconductive pathways. PMID- 6720899 TI - Passive and active ion transport by the urinary bladder of a euryhaline flounder. AB - The effects of voltage clamping on the flux ratios and unidirectional and net fluxes of Na and Cl were used to gain insight into the mechanisms of active and passive ion transport across urinary bladders isolated from seawater-(SW) and freshwater-acclimated (FW) flounder, Platichthys stellatus. Although the transepithelial conductance (Gt = 2.77 mS X cm-2) of FW bladders was much greater than that of SW bladders (Gt = 0.40 mS X cm-2), the current-voltage relationships of both SW and FW bladders were markedly nonlinear. Under short-circuit conditions there was a large difference in the serosal-to-mucosal Na flux (JNasm) between SW (0.10 mueq X cm-2 X h-1) and FW (1.71 mueq X cm-2 X h-1) bladders, but their mannitol permeabilities were identical. The results indicate that 1) the paracellular pathway of both SW and FW bladders is Cl selective and Cl movements through the shunt account for a maximum of 90% of Gt in SW bladders and 19% in FW bladders; 2) the larger Gt of FW bladders is due to greater conductance of the apical cell membrane; 3) the majority of the passive ion movement across these epithelia proceeds through nonconductive, presumably transcellular, pathways; and 4) active transport of Na and Cl occurs by neutral coupling to each other and to other unidentified ions. PMID- 6720900 TI - Heterogeneity of uridine incorporation along the rabbit nephron. II. Effect of DOCA. AB - Uridine uptake was investigated in microdissected segments from the entire length of tubules from normal rabbit kidneys and the effect DOCA treatment was studied. Uridine uptake was measured after in vitro incubation of kidney pyramids with [14C]uridine (0.25 mM). Determinations were done on intact segments, and also using TCA precipitation on both the acid-soluble fraction considered as representative of the pyrimidine nucleoside precursor pool and the acid-insoluble one containing the precipitated nucleic acids. In normal rabbits the fraction of uridine incorporated in the insoluble fraction represented about 5% of that in the soluble one for all segments. Maximal values were found in the distal convoluted tubule (DCT) and the connecting tubule (CNT), where uridine uptake was two- to fourfold higher than in other segments. After DOCA treatment, a significant increase in uridine uptake in the soluble fraction was present in the cortical collecting (CCT) (+90%, P less than 0.001) and medullary collecting tubules (MCT) (+63%, P less than 0.05) when values were corrected for the cellular swelling induced by DOCA in all segments. An even more marked rise in uridine incorporation was observed in the insoluble fraction of the DCT (+88%, P less than 0.05), CCT (+291%, P less than 0.001), and MCT (+422%, P less than 0.05). These results indicate that 1) the level of uridine uptake in soluble and insoluble fractions widely differs along the tubular length of the normal rabbit nephron; and 2) DOCA treatment induces an increase of uridine incorporation in both the pyrimidine precursor pool and nucleic acids of the collecting tubule, known to be the target site for corticosteroid hormones. PMID- 6720901 TI - Ca-dependent hemodynamic and natriuretic effects of atrial extract in isolated rat kidney. AB - The effects of rat atrial tissue extract on renal hemodynamics and fluid and electrolyte excretion were investigated in the isolated perfused rat kidney (IK). IK were perfused at a constant effective perfusion pressure of about 90 mmHg. After control clearance periods (C), extracts of rat atria (AE) or ventricles (VE) were added to the perfusate and three 10-min experimental periods followed. AE, but not VE, significantly increased (P less than 0.001) renal vascular resistance (RVR) to 133 +/- 8% of C, GFR to 201 +/- 34%, filtration fraction to 245 +/- 41%, urine flow (V) to 675 +/- 131%, fractional excretion (FE) of H2O to 336 +/- 29%, absolute Na excretion (UNaV) to 1,259 +/- 290%, FENa to 642 +/- 129%, UKV to 2,226 +/- 1,237%, and FEK to 542 +/- 119%. Despite the marked natriuresis, since GFR doubled, Na reabsorption rose from 78.3 +/- 36.3 in C to 132 +/- 36.3 mueq/min after AE. The effects of AE were immediate and lasted to the end of the perfusion. The lower the initial control GFR, the larger was the AE-induced increase in GFR. Perfusion with low [Ca] (0.2 mM) or verapamil (10(-5) M) severely blunted the hemodynamic, diuretic, kaliuretic, and natriuretic effects of AE. AE decreased rather than increased the RVR when IK were perfused with vasoconstrictors such as angiotensin II, norepinephrine, or vasopressin. The results demonstrate that AE acts directly on the kidney, eliciting powerful Ca dependent hemodynamic and natriuretic responses. The natriuresis induced by AE can be accounted for, at least in part, by its renal hemodynamic effects rather than by the presence of a putative tubular natriuretic factor. The hypothesis is advanced that AE contains a substance(s) which behaves as a functional agonist/antagonist of endogenous vasoconstrictors with a preferential site of action on the efferent arterioles of the renal vasculature. PMID- 6720902 TI - Pathways of K+ permeation across the rabbit cortical collecting tubule: effect of amiloride. AB - These experiments were designed to examine passive K+ transport by the rabbit cortical collecting tubule. Potassium diffusion voltages were used to assess the presence of apical and basolateral K+ conductances. With amiloride (0.1 mM) in the lumen, reproducible K+ diffusion voltages from both the lumen and bath were obtained. Amiloride enhanced the magnitude of these voltage deflections (delta VT). There were time-dependent increases in the K+ diffusion voltage but the steady-state values were highly reproducible in the same tubule. In the amiloride treated tubules, delta VT induced by raising bath [K+] to 20 mM was larger than that produced by the same increase in lumen [K+]. To evaluate whether the amiloride-treated tubule had, as suggested by the K+ diffusion voltages, substantial K+ permeabilities on both apical and basolateral membranes, the K+ rate coefficient (lumen-to-bath, KK) was measured before and after amiloride treatment. The amiloride-induced increase in KK, from 66 +/- 6 to 205 +/- 35 nm/s, was significantly larger than could be accounted for by the changes in transepithelial voltage or membrane voltages alone. This discrepancy could be due to single-file diffusion across the apical membrane and/or the (secondary) enhancement of K+ permeability following inhibition of Na+ transport. PMID- 6720903 TI - Renal adaptation to phosphate load in the acutely thyroparathyroidectomized rat: rapid alteration in brush border membrane phosphate transport. AB - The sustained in vivo infusion of phosphate into thyroparathyroidectomized rats resulted, after 1 h, in a marked decrease in net phosphate reabsorption, even though the plasma concentration of phosphate continued to rise. This response to phosphate infusion was expressed at the level of the proximal tubule brush border membrane. Within 40 min of the initiation of the infusion the Na+-dependent phosphate uptake system in isolated membrane vesicles was decreased. Phosphate uptake in the absence of Na+, Na+-dependent D-glucose uptake, and 22Na+ uptake were not affected. These findings demonstrate the locus of this parathyroid hormone-independent adaptation and indicate the rapidity with which the membrane transport system is regulated. PMID- 6720904 TI - Resetting of tubuloglomerular feedback: evidence for a humoral factor in tubular fluid. AB - Experiments were performed on chronically salt-loaded rats to determine whether resetting of tubuloglomerular feedback is caused by changes in the sensitivity of the juxtaglomerular apparatus itself or by changes of tubular fluid composition. The feedback response was quantified in both salt-loaded and salt-deplete rats by measuring early proximal flow rate (EPF) during loop perfusion at 40, 10, and 0 nl/min using tubular fluid harvested from both groups and with Ringer solution. In salt-loaded rats endogenous tubular fluid produced only a small feedback response (EPF40-0 = 1.9 +/- 1.5 nl/min), whereas exogenous tubular fluid from salt-deplete rats or Ringer solution produced normal feedback responses (EPF40-0 = 15.4 +/- 2.0 and 10.6 +/- 1.7 nl/min, respectively). In salt-deplete rats, endogenous tubular fluid and Ringer solution produced feedback responses of similar magnitude (EPF40-0 = 14.2 +/- 1.8 and 13.0 +/- 2.0 nl/min, respectively) but exogenous tubular fluid from salt-loaded rats elicited only a small feedback response (EPF40-0 = 1.5 +/- 1.6 nl/min), indistinguishable from that seen in salt loaded rats with endogenous tubular fluid. It is concluded that an inhibitory factor in the tubular fluid of chronically salt-loaded rats causes a reduction in tubuloglomerular feedback response. PMID- 6720905 TI - Placental transport of calcium and phosphorus is not regulated by vitamin D. AB - The role of 1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D3 in regulating the maternal-to-fetal transfer of calcium and phosphorus across the placenta was examined by measuring maternal and fetal plasma levels of these elements in vitamin D-replete and -deficient rats. Pregnant rats in their 20th day of gestation and their fetuses were studied. Two diets with different calcium and phosphorus contents were used to produce either hypocalcemia or hypophosphatemia in the vitamin D-deficient rats. Calcium and phosphorus levels in fetal plasma were always higher than maternal values, and in vitamin D deficiency a twofold gradient of calcium and a fivefold gradient of phosphorus concentrations across the placenta were observed. Since protein levels in fetal plasma were approximately fivefold lower than maternal values, protein binding does not account for the higher fetal than maternal concentrations of plasma calcium. These results, together with previous data showing normal calcium content of vitamin D-deficient fetuses, indicate that 1,25 dihydroxyvitamin D3 and other vitamin D3 metabolites are not involved in the active transport of calcium and phosphorus across the placenta in the rat. PMID- 6720906 TI - Transmural DC electrograms after coronary artery occlusion and latex embolization in pigs. AB - Changes in epicardial and endocardial direct current (DC) electrograms and ventricular arrhythmias observed during 60 min of left anterior descending coronary artery (LAD) occlusion in nine anesthetized pigs were compared with those observed in eight other pigs after embolization of the LAD with latex, a procedure able to block collateral blood flow to the ischemic area. After LAD occlusion 1) T-Q segment depression and S-T segment elevation showed a faster rate of development, and monophasic potentials occurred earlier in the endocardium than in the epicardium; 2) T-Q segment depression was greater at the center than at the periphery of the ischemic area during the first 20-30 min, and later it become greater at the periphery than at the center; and 3) a period of transient recovery in the local activation beginning after 8-15 min and lasting for 10-20 min occurred in all cases, commonly associated with T-wave alternans. LAD embolization with latex induced greater T-Q and S-T segment changes in the epicardium than in the endocardium, increased the incidence of ventricular fibrillation, and failed to impede the appearance of the period of transient electrical recovery. Thus, within an acutely ischemic area in the in situ pig heart, there are inhomogeneities in the magnitude and time course of the electrical changes, which are not prevented by procedures able to block collateral blood flow to the ischemic area. Ventricular fibrillation was also not prevented by such a procedure. PMID- 6720907 TI - Glutamic dehydrogenase activity in rat heart: demonstration of two forms of enzyme activity. AB - Glutamic dehydrogenase (GDH) activity in rat heart was found to be 2.1 U/g of heart (wet wt). The mitochondrial glutamic dehydrogenase activity accounted for only 18% of the total. This percentage of the total activity in heart mitochondria was not altered by nagarse treatment, acetone extraction, sonication in Triton X-100, and extraction with buffer containing a protease inhibitor. The remainder of the activity was present in the cytosol. Cytosolic GDH activity differed from mitochondrial GDH activity by its pH curve, stability to heat, Arrhenius plot, and the effect of different nucleotides. Acetone extraction of the mitochondria resulted in GDH that was stable to heat and had a shallow temperature activation curve resembling cytosolic GDH. Acetone extraction of cytosolic GDH inactivated it. The cytosolic activity was purified 288-fold and the mitochondrial activity 100-fold. Purified cytosolic and mitochondrial GDH enzymes had different monomeric molecular weights on sucrose density gradient centrifugation. Gel filtration of cytosolic and mitochondrial GDH also showed different monomeric molecular weights. We conclude that rat heart GDH exists in two forms with different physical and kinetic characteristics. The majority of GDH activity in rat heart is cytosolic. The mitochondrial enzyme has a lipid soluble component that can be removed with acetone without destroying its activity. PMID- 6720908 TI - In situ double-beam NADH laser fluorimetry: choice of a reference wavelength. AB - A double-beam laser fluorimeter, using a single optical fiber to guide the lights, was constructed for in situ and on-line monitoring of NADH concentration [( NADH]) from normally blood-perfused living tissues. The device was tested on an isolated blood-perfused rat heart system to determine the most efficient reference wavelength for the compensation of the hemodynamic artifact induced by blood circulation in the tissues on the fluorescence measure; 586 nm was found to be an accurate reference wavelength, and a mathematical relationship was established that allowed the digital treatment of the measured fluorescence to give a signal (compensated fluorescence) that varied only with [NADH] in the volume of tissue investigated. PMID- 6720909 TI - Quantitation of rhythmic diameter changes in arterial microcirculation. AB - The diameter of the arterial and arteriolar blood vessels was measured as a function of time in the hamster skin fold window preparation. When the animals recovered from the surgical implantation, the diameters of the arterial microvessels exhibited a continuous rhythmic activity throughout the preparation for a period of 2 wk while the chamber was intact. The amplitude of the diameter changes was directly proportional to the mean vessel size. The frequency of this phenomenon was determined by power spectrum analysis implemented with a Fourier transform method and was found to decrease from a maximum of 9-15 cycles/min in 8 to 15-micron A4 arterioles to 1-3 cycles/min in 70- to 100-micron A1 small arteries. A1 and A4 vessels had relatively well-defined characteristic fundamental frequencies, whereas A2 and A3 vessels showed a power spectrum that included the frequencies present in A1 and A4 vessels. The activity was not synchronized throughout the microvasculature, and frequencies and amplitudes of diameter variations changed at branching points. Anesthesia induced by the intravenous injections of pentobarbital and chloralose-urethan invariably stopped this activity throughout the preparation. The distribution of this time-dependent activity and the nature of the effect of the anesthetics suggests that this phenomenon is due to local pacemaker activity of groups of unitary smooth muscle cells. PMID- 6720910 TI - Cessation of arterial and venous flow at a finite driving pressure in porcine coronary circulation. AB - We investigated the hypothesis that coronary capacitance is responsible for epicardial coronary artery flow stopping at arterial pressures greater than the coronary venous pressure. Using an in situ blood-perfused swine heart preparation, we compared the arterial pressures at which coronary artery inflow and coronary sinus outflow ceased. A pressure change was used that had the time course of aortic pressure during diastole. Data were obtained in hypocalcemic arrested, adenosine-vasodilated preparations before and after pharmacologic interventions simulating the coronary circulation of the intact beating heart. The effect of extravascular compression was studied with barium contracture, while acetylcholine was infused to increase coronary vasomotor tone. The arterial pressure when arterial flow ceased was 13 +/- 5 mmHg in the arrested-vasodilated preparations, 37 +/- 10 mmHg after acetylcholine, and from 18 to 150 mmHg during barium contracture. Coronary sinus outflow ceased when arterial pressure was slightly less than the arterial pressure at which arterial flow had stopped. The differences between the arterial and venous zero flow arterial pressures were as follows: arrested-vasodilated 4 +/- 3 mmHg, acetylcholine 9 +/- 4, and barium contracture 0 +/- 3. The arteriovenous pressure gradients across the coronary bed at the instant venous flow ceased were as follows: arrested-vasodilated 5 +/- 6 mmHg, acetylcholine 23 +/- 6, and from 12 to 128 during barium contracture. These data do not support the suggestion that cessation of epicardial artery flow is solely a capacitance phenomenon. PMID- 6720911 TI - Fluid dynamics of aortic stenosis: mechanisms for the presence of subvalvular pressure gradients. PMID- 6720912 TI - New method for the collection of cerebrospinal fluid from the cisterna magna of conscious dogs. AB - We have developed a catheter system than can be implanted chronically into the cisterna magna of the dog to obtain serial samples of cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) for up to 8 wk. A direct access to the CSF of the cisterna magna provided an opportunity to determine also base-line values of CSF sodium, potassium, norepinephrine, epinephrine, and angiotensin II immunoreactivity and compare relative differences in the concentration of these variables between the central and peripheral compartments. PMID- 6720913 TI - Changes in circulating blood volume influence aortic characteristic impedance in awake dogs. AB - Experiments on five chronically instrumented dogs were performed to study the effects of changes in circulating blood volume on the aortic smooth muscle activity in awake animals. The external diameter of the proximal descending aorta was measured with a sonomicrometer. Aortic pressure was measured in the same cross-sectional area with a catheter-tip transducer. Acute hemorrhage of 15% of the estimated blood volume was performed 17 times by quickly withdrawing blood through a jugular cannula. At any given arterial pressure within the range of overlap the aortic diameter (D) was always decreased after hemorrhage compared with control, and the pressure-strain elastic modulus (Ep) and the characteristic impedance (Zc) were always increased. For example at 140 kdyn X cm-2 (104.5 mmHg) delta D = -0.61 +/- 0.12 mm or delta D = -3.44 +/- 0.68% of control, delta Ep = 31.0 +/- 8.6%, and delta Zc = 22.6 +/- 4.5%. Each of these changes was significant with P less than 0.01. Volume expansion of 30% was performed eight times by infusing warm saline. At any given arterial pressure D was always increased and Ep and Zc were always decreased. At 140 kdyn X cm-2 delta D = 0.55 +/- 0.15 mm or delta D = 3.12 +/- 0.95% of control, delta Ep = -12.4 +/- 3.2%, and delta Zc = -12.0 +/- 2.1%. Each of these changes was significant with P less than 0.01. Since in these awake animals the changes in circulatory blood volume modified the arterial pressure only slightly, the contribution of viscoelasticity and myogenicity to the observed responses was minimal. PMID- 6720914 TI - Synchronization of automatic cells in S-A node during vagal stimulation in dogs. AB - In anesthetized, open-chest dogs, one burst of stimuli was delivered to the left or right vagus nerve each cardiac cycle. The timing of the stimulus bursts relative to the cardiac cycle was varied by a constant, small amount on successive cardiac cycles, until the entire cardiac cycle was scanned. The level of vagal activity was changed by varying the number of stimulus pulses in each burst; two levels of activity were used in each experiment. For a given level of vagal activity, the mean cardiac cycle length and the amplitude of the phase response curve were significantly greater during right than during left vagal stimulation. These response characteristics increased as the level of vagal activity was augmented. The minimum-to-maximum phase differences of the phase response curve were less during right than during left vagal stimulation and when the level of vagal activity was increased. The disparities between the minimum-to maximum phase differences for the right and left vagi are probably ascribable to the associated differences in the overall magnitudes of the chronotropic responses, rather than to any fundamental difference in the innervation of the effector cells by nerve fibers originating from the right and left sides. PMID- 6720915 TI - Effect of aminophylline on adenosine and exercise dilation of rat cremaster arterioles. AB - The present study was undertaken to evaluate the role that adenosine may play in exercise vasodilation. Responses of rat cremaster muscle arterioles to either topically applied adenosine or muscle exercise were recorded via video-microscopy before and after topical administration of aminophylline (10(-4) M). In all experiments, alpha-adrenergic receptors were blocked by pretreatment with phentolamine. Under control conditions the average concentration of adenosine required to produce a 50% dilation response (ED50) was 1.9 X 10(-6) M, and the full dose-response curve spanned 2 log units from threshold to near maximum responses. Topical aminophylline increased the ED50 for adenosine dilation to 9.1 X 10(-6) M. Stepwise increases in muscle twitch rate produced a progressive arteriolar dilation, and the dilation associated with 2-Hz exercise approached the maximal dilation observed with adenosine. Topical aminophylline, however, had no effect on the arteriolar dilation response to cremaster muscle exercise. It is unlikely that our results can be explained by any influence that exercise might have on the arteriolar sensitivity to adenosine or on the efficacy of aminophylline blockade because aminophylline had no effect on the arteriolar response to even the lowest rates of exercise tested. We conclude either that adenosine does not mediate exercise dilation in rat cremaster muscle or that interstitial adenosine levels during exercise in the presence of 10(-4) M aminophylline are significantly higher (5X) than during exercise without aminophylline. PMID- 6720916 TI - Transmural changes in porcine and canine hearts after circumflex artery occlusion. AB - The distribution of the coronary collateral circulation is an important determinant of the myocardial response to acute coronary artery occlusion. The dog shows an unequal response across the ventricular wall, whereas the pig seems to have more uniform transmural changes. This study was undertaken to compare the metabolic and blood flow response in pigs and dogs to acute occlusion of the circumflex artery. Microspheres (8-10 micron) were used to determine control blood flow and flow 5 min after occlusion. A transmural tissue sample from the center of the ischemic zone was taken at 8 min after occlusion, and inner, middle, and outer layers were analyzed for high-energy phosphates and lactate. The remainder of the heart was analyzed for microsphere distribution. The epicardium in the dog showed less severe damage than the subendocardium. High energy phosphates were higher and lactate lower in this region. In the pig high energy phosphates and lactate were the same in the subepicardium and subendocardium. Blood flow to regions surrounding the central ischemic zone in pigs was generally uniform across the ventricular wall or greater in the inner wall than in the outer wall. These results verify that dogs as a group have a greater subepicardial protection during coronary artery occlusion. Pigs, however, demonstrate uniform ischemia or even slightly less severe ischemia in the subendocardium in regions of restricted blood flow. PMID- 6720917 TI - High-speed eight-channel thermocouple amplifier. AB - An eight-channel thermocouple amplifier system was constructed to measure rapid changes in temperature of only 1 or 2 degrees C simultaneously from many sites within the heart. The system has a response time of less than 5 ms, a resolution of less than 0.025 degrees C, and a voltage gain of approximately 2,500. PMID- 6720918 TI - Regional myocardial blood flow and necrosis in primates following coronary occlusion. AB - The effects of acute coronary artery occlusion on regional myocardial blood flow distribution in the remote nonischemic zone, the central ischemic zone, and the lateral border zone of the infarct were evaluated in conscious primates. Prior to coronary artery occlusion, blood flow was 1.51 +/- 0.11 in endocardial (Endo) and 1.36 +/- 0.11 ml X min-1g-1 in epicardial (Epi) layers with an Endo-to-Epi ratio of 1.17 +/- 0.05. Regional blood flow in the remote nonischemic zone increased by 28.0 +/- 4.7 and 31.7 +/- 3.6% for Endo and Epi layers, respectively, following coronary occlusion and remained elevated during the subsequent 24 h. At the center of infarct, Endo and Epi blood flows were depressed by 97.9 +/- 0.7 and by 97.9 +/- 0.8%, respectively, at 5 min after coronary occlusion and remained severely depressed throughout the 24-h observation period. Blood flow at the ischemic lateral border of the infarct was severely depressed and similar to the flow at the center of the infarct, whereas the nonischemic lateral border of the infarct had blood flow levels similar to the remote, nonischemic myocardium. Microsphere loss was not a feature of the primate infarct. PMID- 6720920 TI - Acid-base status of fish at different temperatures. AB - In the water-breathing fishes, rising temperatures are accompanied by progressive reduction in pH, reductions in bicarbonate concentration, and slight rises in CO2 partial pressure. The pH-temperature slope of both intra- and extracellular compartments varies considerably, from -0.009 to -0.033/degrees C, with a rather consistent pattern of red muscle greater than white muscle greater than heart. Three different approaches to acid-base analysis, the imidazole-alphastat model, the strong-ion difference analysis, and the delta-bicarbonate approach, were applied to a set of data from the fresh-water channel catfish (Ictalurus punctatus). A principal difficulty encountered in using all three approaches was that assumptions were required regarding the chemical behavior of the intracellular buffers, but the delta-bicarbonate approach has the practical advantage of emphasizing parameters that can be measured directly. Closed-system models are not generally applicable to fish, and the interest for future work lies in deciphering the significance of tissue-to-tissue variations in pH regulation and in elucidating the mechanisms of the strong-ion transfers. PMID- 6720919 TI - Cytochrome P 450-linked monooxygenase: involvement in the lamb ductus arteriosus. AB - CO and metyrapone were tested on isolated ductus arteriosus preparations from mature fetal lambs equilibrated at low (4-12 Torr) and high (511-712 Torr) O2 partial pressure (PO2). CO completely reversed the contractile tension of the ductus at either PO2 value and was equally effective in the absence and presence of indomethacin. CO relaxation still occurred when the tissue was exposed to a gas mixture having a CO-to-O2 ratio of 0.27. The inhibitory effect of CO on the O2-contracted ductus was variably reversed by light. Metyrapone was also a relaxant agent, and its action was greater at low than at high PO2. Unlike the lamb ductus, the O2-constricted guinea pig ductus did not respond to CO (maximum CO-to-O2 ratio around 1), whereas it was relaxed by metyrapone. These findings implicate a cytochrome P450-catalyzed enzymic process in the maintenance of muscle tone of the lamb ductus arteriosus and in the contractile response of the vessel to O2. PMID- 6720921 TI - Influence of thermal acclimation on glucose production and ketogenesis in isolated eel hepatocytes. AB - Hepatocytes were isolated by collagenase perfusion of the liver from adult eels (Anguilla anguilla L.) acclimated to different temperatures. Whereas the relative weight of the liver increased in cold-acclimated fish, hepatocytes from 10- and 20 degrees C-acclimated animals did not differ in cellular weight, dry weight, or protein content. Endogenous rates of oxygen consumption and respiratory control ratios were independent of acclimation temperature. There was no effect of temperature on triacylglycerol content, but glycogen concentration was significantly higher in hepatocytes of cold-acclimated fish. Liver cells from cold-acclimated eels exhibited higher rates of glucose release and ketogenesis than those from warm-acclimated animals. It is concluded that the increase in acetoacetate production induced by cold acclimation results primarily from a higher rate of lipolysis. Cellular interactions between ketogenesis and gluconeogenesis are demonstrated and discussed. PMID- 6720922 TI - Low-temperature dormancy in fish. AB - The importance of low ambient temperature in the physiology of winter dormancy was studied in the brown bullhead (Ictalurus nebulosus) and the largemouth bass (Micropterus salmoides). The bullheads frequently entered a sleep-like state at low temperatures; the likelihood of being aroused from this state was inversely proportional to the ambient temperature. Spontaneous activity for both species was relatively constant from 17 to 7 degrees C; at lower temperatures activity decreased. The selected temperature was lowered in both species as a consequence of acclimation to 3 degrees C; if given the opportunity, fish of both species moved to temperatures above 25 degrees C within 1 day in spite of the consequent acid-base and metabolic imbalances. In bass, food intake was very low for acclimation temperatures of 8 degrees C and below; at higher temperatures the relationship between food intake and acclimation temperature required 4 wk to stabilize. Quiescent brown bullheads exhibited discontinuous breathing. Alteration of brain temperature with implanted thermodes indicated that the main locus of control of this breathing pattern is in the medulla; lesser influences emanate from the anterior hypothalamus and the midbrain. Metabolism was measured at a series of acclimation temperatures between 3 and 17 degrees C for both species. No evidence of a discontinuous function (metabolic shutdown) was seen for either species. PMID- 6720923 TI - Why bluefin tuna have warm tummies: temperature effect on trypsin and chymotrypsin. AB - Giant bluefin tuna warm their viscera during and after a meal. The cecum of a 500 kg bluefin weighs about 9 kg and contains about 20,000 pyloric ceca, each about 10 cm long and 1.5 mm diam. Trypsin was assayed with alpha-benzoyl-DL-arginine-p nitroanilide HCl and chymotrypsin with glutaryl-L-phenylalanine-p-nitroaniline. The effects of pH on specific activity over the range 7.5-9.5 were negligible relative to temperature effects. Specific activity and maximal reaction velocity extrapolated from a Lineweaver-Burke plot (Vmax) increased with an increase in temperature in a similar fashion (Q10 ca. 2 over temperature range of physiological significance), whereas Km was constant over the same temperature range. The advantage of the warm cecum is that protein is digested in about one third the time, so that these tuna can process about three times as much food per day. PMID- 6720924 TI - Body composition in the rat: interactions of exercise, age, sex, and diet. AB - Changes in rat body composition (15 components) associated with changes in level of physical activity (cage restraint, ad libitum activity in living cages, and ad libitum wheel running), age at initiation of regimen (22 days-16 wk), sex, and diet (chow and 60% fat) are evaluated. Running regimen initiation at 7 wk of age or younger is associated with a decrease in the fat-free body mass (FFBM) in males and an increase in females. Initiation at 11 wk or older does not change FFBM. Both reduce body fatness in either sex. Age altered the mass of 11 components, diet altered the mass of 10 components, and activity altered the mass of 8 components, and there were 6 interactions between the experimental variables. The significance of interactions in general is discussed. Our data together with those of other investigators indicate that the responses to volitional wheel running and forced treadmill running are similar, but data from swimming rats may not be comparable in some cases. PMID- 6720925 TI - Neuronal GABA release and GABA inhibition of ACh release in guinea pig urinary bladder. AB - gamma-Aminobutyric acid (GABA) and glutamate decarboxylase (GAD) are present in the urinary bladder of guinea pigs, and the possible correlation in regional distribution between GABA, GAD, and the number of vesical ganglion cells was studied. Electrical stimulation of the bladder strips produced an increase in the calcium-dependent and tetrodotoxin-sensitive [3H]GABA release and contractions in the strips preloaded with [3H]GABA. Nicotine, acetylcholine chloride (ACh), and hexamethonium did not significantly alter the release of [3H]GABA. Bicuculline significantly enhanced [3H]ACh release and cholinergic components of contractions evoked by electrical stimulation of the bladder strips preloaded with [3H]choline, thereby suggesting that this compound antagonizes the effect of endogenous GABA released during stimulation. GABA and muscimol but not baclofen reduced both the [3H]ACh release and contractions evoked by nicotine. These effects of GABA were antagonized by bicuculline and furosemide but not by alpha- and beta-adrenergic blockers. These findings suggest that GABA may be a noncholinergic nonadrenergic inhibitory neurotransmitter in the urinary bladder. The motility of the urinary bladder is thus inhibited by reducing the release of ACh from the postganglionic cholinergic neurons through bicuculline-sensitive GABA receptors probably associated with the chloride ion channel. PMID- 6720926 TI - An illustration of the experimental range of variation of blood pressure. AB - The nominal uniformity of long-term mean pressure (approximately 100 mmHg at heart level) for all mammalian species belies the broad nature of its variance, which is found at many time scales. Such variations should be a useful index of physiologically normal and pathological processes. However, it is dubious whether a scientifically meaningful determination of central blood pressure at its many process scales can be achieved from a few isolated measurements: to cite a common and highly significant instance, measurement made by a physician on a patient during one or two office visits. The data presented here are far from exhaustive (a few reports in the literature and detailed longitudinal data on 1 subj), but they serve to illustrate a protocol and a sample of the physiological results that might be expected if data were gathered for larger populations. The basic scales of interest lie in the lower-frequency domain, involving periods of fluctuations longer than tens of minutes. PMID- 6720927 TI - Intracranial volume adjustments and cerebrospinal fluid pressure in the osmotically swollen rat brain. AB - Acute dilutional hyponatremia (DH) (plasma [Na+] approximately equal to 110 meq/l over 3 h) was produced by intraperitoneal dialysis with distilled water in pentobarbital-anesthetized rats with either closed (SC) or open (SO) skulls. SO rats showed marked brain protrusion during DH, but the loss of brain Na+ and Cl- and gain in brain water was the same as that seen in SC rats. During DH, cerebrospinal fluid pressure (PCSF) rose five to six times within 90 min postdialysis and then fell toward control values in both SC and SO rats. This pattern did not correlate with changes in brain water, suggesting that volume adjustments in another intracranial compartment, possibly bulk CSF, are partially responsible for changes in PCSF. The pressure-volume characteristics of the intracranial space, as measured by the pressure-volume index (PVI), were unaffected by osmotic brain swelling. Comparison of PCSF values observed during DH with values predicted from PVI data showed that actual PCSF is, at most, half the predicted value. This again suggests reduction of a nontissue intracranial compartment, which, from relative size considerations, is probably bulk CSF. PMID- 6720928 TI - Modulation of feeding by endogenous sugar acids acting as hunger or satiety factors. AB - Endogenous sugar acids, 3,4-dihydroxybutanoic acid (2-deoxytetronic acid, 2-DTA) and 2,4,5-trihydroxypentanoic acid (3-deoxypentonic acid, 3-DPA), have been identified in the serum of fasted rats. Effects of these sugar acids on rat feeding behavior and neuron activity were investigated. Injections of 2-DTA (2.5 mumol) into the third cerebral ventricle of chronic rats suppressed food intake and single-neuron activity in the lateral hypothalamic area (LHA). Food consumption was reduced for 24 h, even in 72-h food-deprived rats. The same amounts of 3-DPA elicited feeding and increased LHA single-neuron activity with latencies of 6-8 min. Electrophoretically applied 2-DTA significantly and specifically suppressed activity of glucose-sensitive neurons in the LHA, whereas 3-DPA facilitated the activity. Nonglucose-sensitive LHA neurons were not affected by these sugar acids. The high correlation between modulation of feeding behavior and changes in LHA neuron activity after injection of these sugar acids suggested that 2-DTA may act as an endogenous satiety substance and 3-DPA as a hunger substance. The effects may be mediated through glucose-sensitive neurons in the LHA. PMID- 6720929 TI - Catecholamine turnover in rats with ventromedial hypothalamic lesions. AB - The disappearance of norepinephrine (NE) from brown adipose tissue, heart, and pancreas in vivo has been examined in rats with ventromedial hypothalamic (VMH) lesions and in appropriate control rats. Two weeks after the introduction of these lesions, the rate of NE turnover following blockade of NE synthesis with alpha-methyl-p-tyrosine was significantly greater in brown adipose tissue and heart of rats with VMH lesions than in sham-operated controls. This significant increase occurred whether the animals were fed ad libitum or pair-gained to the sham-operated controls. In the pancreas, on the other hand, no effects of hypothalamic lesions could be detected. When rats were fasted, NE turnover slowed in both sham-operated and VMH-lesioned rats, but the turnover slowed more in sham operated than in VMH-lesioned rats. When exposed to the cold for 6 h during measurements of NE turnover, VMH-lesioned rats increased their rate of NE turnover as did sham-operated rats. Fasted animals exposed to the cold had significantly higher rates of NE turnover whether or not they also had VMH lesions. Animals with electrolytic or knife-cut VMH lesions showed comparable rates of NE turnover in the fasted state. Eight weeks after hypothalamic lesions, similar studies were conducted. By this time NE turnover was not significantly different between the VMH-lesioned and sham-operated rats fed ad libitum. However, fasting, which slowed NE turnover in sham-operated rats, had no effect in VMH-lesioned animals. These data are discussed in relation to the autonomic hypothesis. PMID- 6720930 TI - Effects of bilateral vagal cold block on vasopressin in conscious dogs. AB - Bilateral vagal cold block was used to interrupt afferent nerve traffic in the cervical vagi and thus to determine the tonic inhibitory influence of vagal afferents on plasma arginine vasopressin (AVP) concentrations in the conscious dog. Experiments were performed in conscious aortic baroreceptor-denervated dogs with carotid baroreflexes intact or with sinoaortic denervation. In the presence of intact carotid baroreflexes (n = 11) vagal cold block significantly increased arterial pressure (99 +/- 5 to 120 +/- 8 mmHg), heart rate (98 +/- 2 to 168 +/- 11 beats/min), and AVP (2.9 +/- 0.6 to 6.7 +/- 1.3 microU/ml). Chronic sinoaortic denervation did not significantly alter plasma AVP (4.4 +/- 1.0 microU/ml). However, vagal cold block in these totally denervated animals caused a significantly greater increase in arterial pressure (116 +/- 7 to 167 +/- 7 mmHg) and plasma AVP (4.4 +/- 1 to 33.4 +/- 4.8 microU/ml) compared with the responses observed in dogs with intact carotid baroreflexes. These results indicate that vagal afferent nerves exert a significant tonic inhibitory influence on the secretion of AVP in the conscious aortic baroreceptor-denervated dogs as well as in dogs with sinoaortic denervation. PMID- 6720931 TI - A distributed model of peritoneal-plasma transport: theoretical considerations. AB - Transport of water-soluble substances between the peritoneal cavity and the plasma was modeled with a distributed approach. The model includes diffusion and convection through tissue as well as membrane transport across blood capillaries, which are assumed to be distributed uniformly in the tissue. Lymphatic uptake via the diaphragm is also included. Transport in the remainder of the body is modeled by a system of compartments. The resulting system of mass balances and rate equations is solved numerically to provide predictions of peritoneal volume and concentrations in plasma, peritoneal fluid, and tissue surrounding the cavity. The model sensitivity is explored by varying key parameters to determine whether the changes would have a significant effect on model output. Key parameters include peritoneal surface area, tissue diffusivity, capillary permeability, tissue void fraction, and hydrostatic and osmotic pressures in the capillaries and interstitium. PMID- 6720932 TI - Local cerebral glucose utilization in fetal and neonatal sheep. AB - The newborn mammalian brain of several species has been shown to have a lower average rate of energy metabolism and a narrower range of rates in its various components than is found in maturity. In a further study of cerebral energy metabolism during development, we have employed the [14C]deoxyglucose method for measuring local cerebral glucose utilization in fetal and neonatal sheep. After establishing the lumped constant to be 0.40 and finding the rate constants for the kinetic behavior of deoxyglucose in plasma and brain to be close to those in other species, we measured the rates of glucose utilization in 44 regions of the brain. The rates were low and homogeneous in midgestation, except for those of brain stem nuclei of the auditory and vestibular systems and those of the hippocampus which were relatively high. In the last 7 wk, local rates rose approximately threefold. After birth there was a further average increase of 50% above full-term levels. The study shows that cerebral energy metabolism rises in most structures during prenatal maturation, a time when sensory stimulation is at a relatively low level and behavioral responses are minimal. PMID- 6720934 TI - Free amino acid uptake by bivalves. PMID- 6720933 TI - High-altitude adaptation and maximum work performance. AB - The treadmill work performance of rats at sea level with normal or elevated hematocrits was compared with that of rats conditioned in a hypobaric chamber at 450 Torr for 3 wk with similar hematocrit adjustments. A mean increase in hematocrit to 62 significantly improved the work performance of rats at sea level and at ambient O2 tensions of 100, 75, and 35 Torr. By contrast, rats conditioned in a hypobaric chamber with mean hematocrits of 40 and 58 performed similarly at all O2 tensions compared with sea-level rats with hematocrits of 43. Thus, although an increase in O2-carrying capacity of the blood of sea-level animals increased work capacity, altitude adaptation did not appear to result in any positive effect on work capacity, and indeed, seemed to interfere with the beneficial effect of polycythemia on maximum work performance. PMID- 6720935 TI - Stretch-induced growth in chicken wing muscles: nerve-muscle interaction in muscular dystrophy. AB - Skeletal muscle growth following denervation and denervation plus passive stretch was characterized in the patagialis muscle of normal and dystrophic chicks until 8 wk of age. In both genotypes, muscles denervated at 1 wk of age grew at reduced rates compared with contralateral control muscles whether or not they were passively stretched. Histograms of fiber size distributions as well as morphological criteria showed that passive stretch of denervated dystropic muscles substantially delayed the development of pathology. Denervation alone provided less protection. There was no evidence of fiber necrosis in any denervated dystrophic muscle, although many fibers did exhibit extreme hypertrophy and abnormal morphology. When denervated dystrophic muscles were allowed to reinnervate, growth and development of pathology was rapid. Because denervation, denervation with passive stretch, or passive stretch alone retards, but does not prevent, the development of pathology, it is concluded that dystrophy in the chick is a myogenic defect that is exacerbated by neurally mediated contractile activity. PMID- 6720936 TI - Activation by N-ethylmaleimide of a latent K+-Cl- flux in human red blood cells. AB - Twenty to fifty percent of the ouabain-insensitive Na+ and K+ fluxes in human red blood cells are mediated by Cl(-) -dependent coupled transport (cotransport). In this paper we report on the effect of the sulfhydryl group reagent N ethylmaleimide (NEM) on Cl(-) -dependent ouabain-insensitive Na+ and K+ fluxes in human red blood cells. We found that NEM altered Na+ -K+ cotransport and activated a latent Cl(-) -dependent K+ transport mode normally apparently silent. This conclusion was based on the following observations. 1) At low concentrations (0.25 mM) NEM abolished the bumetanide-sensitive Na+ efflux and had no effect, even at a 10-fold higher concentration, on the bumetanide-sensitive K+ efflux. 2) At concentrations above 0.1 mM, NEM stimulated Cl(-) -dependent K+ efflux that was only partially inhibited by high concentrations of bumetanide or furosemide. In experiments using Rb+ as a K+ analogue, NEM activated Rb+ influx by stimulating the maximum velocity and lowering the apparent external cation affinity. The data suggest the presence of chemically reactive groups in human red blood cells for both Cl(-) -dependent K+ transport activated by NEM and Cl(-) -dependent coupled Na+-K+ movements. PMID- 6720937 TI - Electrical and anatomic characteristics of cells of ferret paratracheal ganglion. AB - A preparation has been developed for study of the electrical properties of the neurons of the ferret paratracheal ganglia. Two cell types were identified. AH cells were characterized by the presence of a single action potential in response to cathodal current pulses, followed by a profound after hyperpolarization that lasted for several hundred milliseconds. Electrical stimulation of branches of the laryngeal nerves produced a fast excitatory postsynaptic potential (EPSP) that was often followed by an apparent inhibitory postsynaptic potential (IPSP). A similar response was seen with electrical stimulation of interganglionic nerve trunks. Hexamethonium reversibly inhibited fast EPSPs in these cells. Type B cells could not be excited by intracellular current injections. At least some of these cells appear to be neurons as electrical stimulation of nerve trunks resulted in a slow EPSP and, rarely, a fast IPSP. Ganglia have between 10 and 20 cell bodies, and their diameters are between 15 and 40 microns. Two types of nerve endings were seen: 1) those with mainly round agranular vesicles 50-60 nm in diameter, and 2) those with large dense-cored vesicles of approximately 100 nm with an electron-lucent halo around the core. PMID- 6720938 TI - Neural coordination of excitation of ferret trachealis muscle. AB - The distribution of junction potentials and synaptic potentials to muscle cells and ganglion cells in the ferret trachealis muscle-nerve plexus preparation was studied with local electrical stimulation of branches of the laryngeal nerve or the interganglionic nerve trunk. Stimulations evoked excitatory junction potentials in muscle cells and fast excitatory postsynaptic potentials in ganglion (AH) cells located throughout the preparation, regardless of the location of the stimulating electrode. Evoked excitatory junction potentials were nearly simultaneous in widely separated muscle cells, suggesting that excitation of different muscle cells is coordinated. The apparent conduction velocity to muscle cells after a local nerve stimulation was 0.1-0.2 m/s. Dissemination of input to ganglion cells and muscle cells was dependent on the integrity of the interganglionic nerve trunk. There was evidence based on analysis of conduction velocities that coupling of electrical activity in different AH ganglion cells and muscle cells was related to the following: 1) an interlacing arrangement of myelinated preganglionic neurons that enter the plexus from multiple branches of the laryngeal nerve, and 2) interlacing neural circuits characterized by synapses between neurons whose cell bodies lie in different ganglia. PMID- 6720939 TI - Lipolysis and fatty acid transport in rat heart: electron microscopic study. AB - Lamellar structures with a periodicity of 50 A developed in myocytes of glutaraldehyde-fixed heart tissues from young and adult rats when the tissues were incubated with tannic acid (pH 7.4) at 25 degrees C. The increase in lamellar structures (P less than 0.025) was accompanied by a significant decrease in intracellular lipid droplets (P less than 0.025), indicating that tissue lipase was active in fixed tissue and that the lamellar structures were probably composed of fatty acids formed by lipolysis. The lamellar structures in myocytes were located in the lumen of intracellular channels near lipid droplets and mitochondria and in the outer compartment of mitochondria. Lamellar structures were found at the periphery of chylomicrons, in intraendothelial channels, and in extracellular space of incubated fixed tissues from chylomicron-injected young rats. Chylomicron-lipid disappeared from capillaries (P less than 0.025) and lamellar structures with wide interlamellar spacings (80-1,000 A) developed in the extracellular space surrounding capillaries (P less than 0.025) in unfixed heart tissue from chylomicron-injected fasted young rats when the tissue was incubated without tannic acid; lamellar structures did not develop in similarly treated tissue from uninjected rats. Thus the lamellar structures found in extracellular space represent fatty acids derived from lipolyzed chylomicrons. We conclude that fatty acids produced by lipolysis in incubated heart accumulated and spread in an interfacial continuum of external leaflets of cell membranes extending from the capillary lumen to extracellular space and from intracellular lipid droplets to the interior of mitochondria in myocytes. When fatty acids overcrowded the continuum, they formed lamellar extensions of the continuum at different sites along its course through the tissue. PMID- 6720940 TI - Energetics of isometric contraction in porcine carotid artery. AB - The rate of ATP utilization ( JATP ) and unloaded shortening velocity ( Vus ) of porcine carotid artery were studied during tension development and maintenance to assess the importance of mechanisms proposed to account for its high economy of tension maintenance. Previous work from our laboratory established that the rate of O2 consumption ( JO2 ) can be used to measure rates of tissue phosphagen utilization as early as 30 s after initiation of contraction. Studies at 37 degrees C of tissue JO2 indicated the following. 1) The basal JO2 was 0.069 +/- 0.017 mumol O2 X min-1 X g-1) (n = 10). During steady-state tension maintenance suprabasal JO2 was 0.079 +/- 0.012 mumol O2 X min-1 X g-1 for tissues stimulated with KCl (n = 11) and 0.213 +/- 0.022 (n = 3) for tissues stimulated with KCl + histamine. 2) For both stimulation conditions an initial elevated (peak) suprabasal JO2 was observed that correlated with the rate of tension development. The peak suprabasal JO2 was approximately twice the steady-state suprabasal JO2 measured 10 min after stimulation. 3) There was no significant change in JO2 during tension redevelopment after a rapid length step at 15-20 min after stimulation (n = 4). Studies of Vus indicated the following. 1) During steady state tension maintenance Vus was 0.008 +/- 0.001 tissue lengths/s for tissues stimulated with KCl (n = 13) tissue lengths/s for tissues stimulated with KCl + histamine (n = 6). 2) An initial twofold peak in Vus was observed at 0.25-0.5 min in that decreased to steady-state levels by 4 min after KCl stimulation, whereas minor decreases in Vus still occurred until 10-20 min after KCl + histamine stimulation. 3) The measured transient in Vus , although biphasic, does not temporally correlate with the transient in JO2 even after the JO2 time course was corrected for delays resulting from O2 diffusion and the electrode response time. The mechanism underlying the observed maximum change of two- to fourfold in both JATP and Vus is not sufficient to account for the high economy of tension maintenance. PMID- 6720941 TI - High-resolution 23Na-NMR studies of human erythrocytes: use of aqueous shift reagents. AB - Aqueous shift reagents were used to clearly distinguish intra-and extracellular 23Na-nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) signals in samples consisting of whole blood or suspensions of washed human erythrocytes (both fresh and outdated). The lanthanide chelates Dy(PPP)2(7-) and Tm( TTHA )3- were used to shift the extracellular signals upfield, and Dy( TTHA )3- and Tm(PPP)2(7-) were similarly used to shift extracellular resonances downfield. The absolute intensities of the signals were used along with the measured hematocrit to simultaneously determine the intra- and extracellular Na+ concentrations. The results were generally within 5% of the values determined by more time-consuming centrifugation-flame emission photometry measurements on the same samples. Thus the 23Na-NMR signals from both intra- and extracellular cations suffer no NMR invisibility within experimental error. The lower level of intracellular Na+ in fresh erythrocytes (less than 12 mM) is easily distinguished from the higher level (approximately 30 mM) in erythrocytes that have been stored (in the cold) outside the body for some weeks. PMID- 6720942 TI - Intracellular pH and bicarbonate activities in rabbit colon. AB - The short-circuited epithelium of rabbit colon is thought to actively absorb chloride ion by a mechanism in the mucosal cell membrane that exchanges chloride for bicarbonate ion. If this model is correct bicarbonate may be accumulated above electrochemical equilibrium across the mucosal cell membrane. To test this model intracellular pH was measured using a new hydrogen ion-selective liquid membrane microelectrode that is fast, highly selective, and easy to fabricate with a very small tip diameter. These measurements show that the average intracellular pH in this epithelium is 6.9 +/- 0.1. The mucosal cell membrane electrical potential difference, measured by conventional open-tipped microelectrodes, averaged -52 +/- 3 mV. Intracellular pH is above a value predicted for an equilibrium distribution of hydrogen ion across both cell membranes, implying that a mechanism exists for "uphill" extrusion of this ion from the cell. Intracellular bicarbonate activity calculated from these measurements averaged 8 +/- 1 mM. The electrochemical potential gradient for bicarbonate across the mucosal membrane averaged -28 +/- 2 mV, demonstrating that intracellular bicarbonate is concentrated above an equilibrium distribution across the mucosal membrane. Thus energy in the "downhill" electrochemical potential gradient for bicarbonate exit from the cell may drive the entrance of chloride into this epithelium and energize transepithelial chloride absorption. PMID- 6720943 TI - Sites of protein conservation and loss during starvation: influence of adiposity. AB - Previous studies have established that older (16 wk) and more obese rats conserve body protein during prolonged starvation. This adaptation is due in part to a curtailment of muscle proteolysis. To determine whether this response occurs also in younger rats and whether protein is conserved at sites other than muscle, studies were conducted in young 6-wk-old rats previously fed either a chow or a high-fat diet before starvation. Fat feeding caused a marked increase in adipose mass and prolonged survival. Whereas chow-fed rats survived the fast for approximately 5 days, fat-fed rats lived for 10 days and diminished their excretion of nitrogen for at least 6 days, indicative of protein conservation. Despite the ability of fat-fed rats to survive the fast longer, protein was conserved in only a few organs. The timing and magnitude of protein loss from liver, kidney, intestine, and lung was similar to that in chow-fed rats, and little protein was lost during the fast from brain, stomach, skin, and soleus muscle in either group. In fat-fed rats, cardiac and skeletal muscle were the principle tissues in which protein was conserved, and this adaptation was lost when body fat stores were nearing exhaustion. In both groups nitrogen excreted in the urine early in the fast was derived mainly from protein lost from muscle, liver, and to a lesser extent intestine. Later in the fast, the principal source was muscle. These findings indicate that during starvation in the rat the conservation of protein occurs principally in skeletal and cardiac muscle. They also suggest that the ability of the rat to conserve protein is dependent on the size of its lipid stores. PMID- 6720944 TI - Effect of age and gene dosage on brown adipose tissue of Zucker obese fa/fa rats. AB - Experiments were performed to investigate the effect of age and genotype on brown adipose tissue thermogenesis in Zucker rats. Specific [3H]GDP binding to interscapular brown adipose tissue mitochondria ( IBATM ) was reduced in 14-day old preobese fa/fa rats and remained lower after weaning. A gene-dosage effect of the recessive fa gene was observed in 8- to 10-wk-old rats in both IBATM [3H]GDP binding and the thermic effect of a balanced meal (50 kJ Complan ), measured by indirect calorimetry. In each case the heterozygote (Fa/fa) group had a value intermediate between those of obese (fa/fa) and the homozygous lean (Fa/Fa) groups. Norepinephrine increased IBATM [3H]GDP binding to similar levels in lean (Fa/fa) and obese (fa/fa) rats and induced similar increases in oxygen consumption in Fa/Fa, Fa/fa, and fa/fa rats. It is concluded that the impaired, diet-related brown adipose tissue thermogenesis is closely related to the primary gene defect in the obese rat. This defect may result from misregulation of the autonomic nervous system. PMID- 6720945 TI - Lactate and regulation of lung glycolytic rate. AB - The effect of exogenous lactate on glycolytic rate was studied with the isolated perfused rat lung. Glucose utilization was estimated from the rate of 3H2O production from [5-3H]glucose, and lactate and pyruvate production was measured by perfusate assay. Glucose utilization was unaffected by addition of 0.5 mM lactate to the perfusate but decreased by 27% with 1 mM lactate. With 2 mM lactate, glucose utilization was decreased by 46% and lactate production decreased 95%. With addition of 0.2 mM pyruvate plus 2 mM lactate, glucose utilization was decreased 63% compared with control. These data indicate that the effect of lactate on glucose utilization was not through change in the cellular redox state. During lung anoxia produced by ventilation with CO, glucose utilization and lactate production were again markedly decreased by addition of lactate (2 mM) to the perfusate. However, addition of pyruvate plus lactate resulted in a markedly stimulated rate of glucose utilization. This result indicates that during anoxia the effect of lactate on glycolysis resulted from alteration of the redox ratio. This study indicates that lactate influences the rate of glycolysis in the normal lung through its utilization as a substrate for mitochondrial metabolism. During anoxia, changes in the lung redox state with lactate are a major determinant of the glycolytic rate. PMID- 6720946 TI - Changes in ovine fetal hindlimb amino acid metabolism during maternal fasting. AB - The flux of various substrates across the ovine fetal and maternal hindlimbs was measured in the fed state and after 5 days of maternal fasting. Whole blood concentrations of glucose, oxygen, ammonia, and six amino acids (glutamate, glutamine, alanine, valine, isoleucine, and leucine) were determined in the fetal and maternal femoral artery and distal inferior vena cava in 15 chronic animal preparations. During fasting the fetal arterial glucose concentration fell by 40% (from 0.828 to 0.494 mM), and the arteriovenous concentration difference decreased by 30% (from 0.148 to 0.099 mM). Similar changes were noted in maternal blood. Fetal oxygen concentrations remained similar between the fed and fasted state, and the fetal arteriovenous oxygen concentration difference increased slightly from 0.861 to 1.02 mM. The glucose oxygen quotient decreased in the fetus from 1.20 to 0.621. In addition, significant changes occurred in the net balance of several amino acids during the fasted state. Both alanine and glutamine, which demonstrated a positive uptake by the fetal hindlimb during the fed state, showed a substantial efflux from the fetal hindlimb during the fasting period. The fetal arteriovenous concentration difference of the branched-chain amino acids (leucine, isoleucine, and valine) increased significantly during fasting. These observations are consistent with the hypothesis that the ovine fetus adapts to a diminished supply of glucose from the mother by enhanced amino acid catabolism and, possibly, proteolysis with subsequent release of gluconeogenic precursors in the form of alanine and glutamine. PMID- 6720947 TI - Distribution of sodium in cellular and luminal compartments of turtle thyroid glands. AB - Sodium distribution in luminal and cellular compartments of turtle thyroid was studied by measurements of radiosodium uptakes into whole thyroid and luminal fluid, sampled with micropipettes, and of Na+ activities in the luminal and cellular fluids of thyroid follicles with a liquid ion-exchange microelectrode. Thyroid water and electrolyte contents were also determined chemically. Radiosodium uptake by both the whole thyroid and by the luminal fluid of control and thyrotropin (TSH)-treated turtles did not reach maximal levels until 16-24h after injection of the radioisotope. In control animals, the volumes of distribution of radiosodium in the whole thyroid and the luminal fluid were much smaller than those calculated from the chemical analysis data for the corresponding tissues. TSH increased the radiosodium spaces to values almost equal to those of the chemically determined sodium spaces. Luminal fluid sodium concentration increased after TSH and decreased after ouabain and furosemide treatments. Intracellular sodium concentration markedly increased after ouabain and decreased after TSH and furosemide. These and our previous results suggest a Na+-I- cotransport mechanism in the thyroid. PMID- 6720948 TI - Calculation of substrate turnover rate in stable isotope tracer studies. PMID- 6720949 TI - Specificity of an Na+ -dependent taurocholate transport site in isolated rat hepatocytes. AB - The structural specificity of the taurocholate uptake mechanism was studied by determining the ability of 100 microM structural analogues of taurocholate to inhibit the uptake of 5 microM [14C]-taurocholate into freshly isolated rat hepatocytes. Taurocholate was a more potent inhibitor than cholate. The fewer the number of hydroxyl groups, the more potent the inhibitors. Neither hydroxyl group orientation (alpha or beta) nor esterification with formic acid strongly influenced inhibitory potency. Replacement of hydroxyl groups with keto groups, however, diminished inhibitory potency. These facts suggested that distortion of the sterol backbone may be an important factor in diminishing inhibitory potency. Charge on the nonsteroid moiety affected potency. Both neutral and negatively charged compounds inhibited more strongly than positively charged compounds. As important as charge, however, was length of the nonsteroidal moiety. Inhibitory potency increased progressively as length beyond C-17 increased up to 11 A. Inhibitory potency was reduced again, however, with an extremely long end group of 18 A. The inhibitors do not act as cytotoxins since cellular oxygen consumption was not diminished by any of them. Furthermore, inhibition was specific for the taurocholate uptake mechanism. The three most potent inhibitory compounds inhibited L-alanine uptake little or not at all. The kinetics of inhibition, determined for three selected compounds, were consistent with competitive inhibition. The structural specificity of the rat hepatocyte sodium dependent taurocholate uptake site is similar to that of the guinea pig ileum uptake site. PMID- 6720950 TI - Effect of intraluminal pH on cholesterol and oleic acid absorption from micellar solutions in the rat. AB - We have studied the effects of intraluminal pH on micellar solubilization and on absorption rate of oleic acid (OA) and cholesterol in proximal small bowel segments and the total small bowel in rats. In addition, pH effect on fecal excretion of [3H]cholesterol was studied over a period of 4 days after duodenal administration of cholesterol in solutions at different pH using beta-sitosterol as a nonabsorbable marker. Rates of absorption of OA and cholesterol were, respectively, 1.8 and 1.9 times higher at pH 5.5 in both proximal bowel segments as compared with pH 6.5 (P less than 0.001). Similar observations were made when the whole small bowel was perfused. At pH 5.5, 1.8 times more OA was absorbed and 1.5 times more cholesterol than at pH 6.5 (P less than 0.001). Also, fecal output of radioisotope following administration of pH 5.5 solution was only 47% of the excretion using the pH 6.5 solution. Excretion of beta-sitosterol, which serves as a nonabsorbable marker, was not affected by pH differences. In vitro measurements of micellar solubility at the two pH levels by ultracentrifugation showed that an increase of one pH unit resulted in a decreased number of particles in the oil phase (oleic acid and cholesterol in the emulsified particles in pH 6.5 solution is 37 and 34%, respectively, of that in the pH 5.5 solution) due to increased solubilization into the micellar phase. Measurements of monomer activities of OA and cholesterol using a polyethylene disk technique showed a significantly higher activity at the lower pH.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS) PMID- 6720951 TI - Intestinal transport of 5-methyltetrahydrofolate. AB - The mechanism of intestinal absorption of 5-methyltetrahydrofolate (5- CH3THF ) has been the topic of some controversy. In the present study, we have used enzymatically prepared 5- CH3THF to characterize transport by rat intestinal loops in vivo and everted jejunal sacs in vitro. Transport of 5- CH3THF is saturable (Km = 5.2 microM) and highly pH dependent, with the rate of maximal transport occurring at pH 5.8. Transport is competitively inhibited by folic acid (Ki = 4.2 microM) and methotrexate (Ki = 4.65 microM). Metabolic poisons and anaerobiosis greatly reduce 5- CH3THF transport. We conclude that 5- CH3THF transport in the rat intestine occurs by the same structure-specific mechanism responsible for the transport of unreduced folic acid and other monoglutamyl folates. PMID- 6720952 TI - Plasma secretin and pancreatic response to various stimulants including a meal. AB - In dogs with gastric and duodenal Thomas cannulas, we investigated the threshold dose range of exogenous secretin and intraduodenal HCl for pancreatic bicarbonate secretion and, with a recently developed radioimmunoassay, measured the increase in plasma secretin concentrations. Synthetic secretin (2.5, 7.5, and 22.5 ng X kg 1 X h-1) was dissolved in saline or 0.1% dog albumin and given with or without a background infusion of 30 ng X kg-1 X h-1 of caerulein. The minimal dose of secretin that elicited a significant pancreatic bicarbonate response as well as an increase in plasma secretin concentration was 7.5 ng X kg-1 X h-1 when administered with albumin and 22.5 ng X kg-1 X h-1 without albumin. The threshold dose for duodenal HCl was 2 mmol X h-1. The threshold secretin dose for bicarbonate secretion and for an increase in plasma secretin levels was unchanged with a background caerulein infusion. Furthermore, postprandial secretin concentrations were measured. After a meat meal plasma secretin release appeared to occur in spikes up to 10 pmol X l-1 corresponding to secretin levels seen during infusion of 7.5 ng X kg-1 X h-1 of secretin and intraduodenal acid perfusion at a dose of 2 mmol X h-1. PMID- 6720953 TI - Food proteins and gut mucosal barrier I. Binding and uptake of cow's milk proteins by adult rat jejunum in vitro. AB - To study small intestinal binding, breakdown, and uptake of bovine serum albumin (BSA) and beta-lactoglobulin ( BLG ), radiolabeled with 125I or 14C, the rat everted gut sac technique was used as a model of intestinal protein handling. Binding and uptake were found to be nonspecific and nonsaturable. There was a close correlation between both processes (r = 0.8). A consistent difference between BSA and BLG was shown in that more BLG was bound and taken up between 1 and 30 min than was BSA (P less than 0.001). As shown by trichloroacetic acid precipitation and gel filtration on Sephadex G-100 and Bio-Gel P-2, this difference was due to differential protein breakdown that takes place during protein attachment and transport across the intestinal mucosa. High-molecular weight fragments were generated from BSA, whereas the molecular weight of most fragments generated from BLG was very low (mol wt less than 500). Size and structure of these food protein fragments might not only influence their intestinal binding and uptake characteristics but might also play a role in the physiological induction of tolerance and their relative antigenic potential. PMID- 6720954 TI - Comparison of colonic and ileal propulsive capabilities under conditions requiring hydrostatic work. AB - The intrinsic ability of cat colonic segments to do hydrostatic work to expel fluid was investigated in vitro and compared with the propulsive ability of ileal segments evaluated under identical conditions. Colonic segments spontaneously produced propulsive complexes at an average interval of 4.8 min when basal intraluminal pressure was set at 5 cmH2O. These complexes produced a net ejection of fluid in the aboral direction. When the capacitance of the evaluation system was set at 0.025 ml/cmH2O, colonic segments ejected only 5% of their content. This percentage increased to 23% when evaluation capacitance was increased to 0.125 ml/cmH2O. Peak aboral pressure associated with these complexes was approximately 37 cmH2O at both capacitances. Ileal segments aborally ejected almost twice as much fluid (44% of their luminal content) as did colonic segments at a capacitance of 0.025 ml/cmH2O even though ileal luminal content was five times less than colonic content. The aborally ejected volume per complex did not change when ileal segments were evaluated at two different capacitances even though higher pressures were required to eject fluid at the lower capacitance than at the higher capacitance. These results indicate that the propulsive behavior of ileal and colonic segments has some qualitative aspects that are similar but that only the propulsive ability of colonic segments is pressure limited under the conditions tested. Possible mechanisms that might produce this limitation are considered. PMID- 6720955 TI - Ion transport by rabbit descending colon: mechanisms of transepithelial potassium transport. AB - In vitro preparations of rabbit descending colon were studied under steady-state short-circuit conditions to determine 1) the K concentration dependence of unidirectional K fluxes; 2) the effects of the K channel blocker barium and the diuretic agent furosemide; and 3) the steady-state tissue specific activity of 42K when added to the luminal bathing solution. Results from these studies reveal that 1) labeling of cellular K from the mucosal solution is less than 25% of that from the serosal solution; 2) both unidirectional K fluxes are composed of saturable and nonsaturable components; 3) the serosal-to-mucosal saturable component is abolished by ouabain, and subsequent addition of 2,4-dinitrophenol abolishes the saturable component of the mucosal-to-serosal K flux; 4) luminal or serosal barium alters K transport in a manner consistent with the presence of barium-sensitive K conductances at both membranes; 5) luminal furosemide did not alter K transport; and 6) there is no shunt selectivity for K. We conclude that the majority of both unidirectional K fluxes follow a transcellular pathway and that both the apical and basolateral membranes possess active K uptake mechanisms and barium-sensitive K exit mechanisms. PMID- 6720956 TI - Mechanism of active potassium absorption and secretion in the rat colon. AB - To characterize and contrast the active potassium absorptive and secretory processes present in the rat colon, unidirectional 42K fluxes were performed under short-circuit conditions across isolated distal (D) and proximal (P) colonic mucosa of control rats and animals with hyperaldosteronism due to sodium depletion (aldosterone group). In the control D colon there was net potassium absorption (+0.51 +/- 0.07 mueq X h-1 X cm-2). The absorptive process appears electroneutral because net potassium flux ( JK net ) was unchanged in sodium-free Ringer solution (+0.76 +/- 0.12 mueq X h-1 X cm-2), whereas short-circuit current (Isc) was reduced to zero, and in chloride-free Ringer solution. In P colon of controls, net potassium secretion was -0.19 +/- 0.02 mueq X h-1 X cm-2 and was abolished by removal of sodium but not by removal of chloride. In both P and D colon aldosterone produced active potassium secretion (-0.39 +/- 0.06 mueq X h-1 X cm-2, P less than 0.001, and -0.90 +/- 0.07 mueq X h-1 X cm-2, P less than 0.001, respectively) that was sodium and chloride dependent. Although mucosal amiloride in D colon of aldosterone animals reduced net sodium flux to zero and reversed Isc from 4.1 +/- 0.6 to -1.1 +/- 0.1 mueq X h-1 X cm-2, net potassium secretion was not affected. Thus, in the presence of amiloride, Isc is accounted for by JK net (-0.93 +/- 0.12 mueq X h-1 X cm-2). These data indicate that 1) the active potassium absorptive process is electroneutral and could be explained by a potassium-proton exchange, and 2) the potassium secretory process is stimulated by aldosterone, is not inhibited by amiloride, and probably is electrogenic. PMID- 6720957 TI - Electrical coupling of longitudinal and circular intestinal muscle. AB - Space constants (lambda) were determined for longitudinal-circular muscle strips of cat jejunum by the partition method. Pulses of hyperpolarizing current spread along the major axes of circular muscle cells. In the absence of electrical coupling lambda measured from the longitudinal side of the strips should have been approximately 20 times shorter than lambda measured from the circular side. Median values were found to be statistically the same, 2.4 mm for the longitudinal side (n = 13) and 2.9 mm for the circular (n = 25). Methyl blue, iontophoretically injected into cells on the longitudinal side after recording large hyperpolarizing responses, was found in muscle cells located superficially in the longitudinal layer. The radial lambda for longitudinal muscle, determined from the change in magnitude of the hyperpolarizing response as the microelectrode was advanced through the layer, was 0.27 mm. This is too large to cause differences in depth of recording to significantly affect the circumferential lambda in this layer. These data provide evidence for a high degree of electrical coupling between the two muscle layers of cat jejunum. PMID- 6720958 TI - Microsphere fractionation of intestinal blood flow. PMID- 6720959 TI - Magnesium transport in the proximal straight tubule of the rabbit. AB - Magnesium transport was evaluated in proximal straight tubules of rabbits by in vitro perfusion. Magnesium transport from lumen to bath was less than the fractional absorption rates of sodium and calcium. Accordingly, the tubule fluid magnesium concentration increased with water absorption. Magnesium transport in proximal straight tubules obtained from rabbits maintained on high dietary magnesium intake was not different from normal animals, which suggests little, if any, change in tubular function. There were no discernible differences in magnesium fluxes between superficial and juxta-medullary proximal straight tubules. To assess bath-to-lumen magnesium flux, tubules were perfused with solutions containing zero magnesium concentration. Magnesium movement from the bath to lumen was small and dependent on the transepithelial magnesium concentration gradient. This magnesium influx may be sufficient to account for net magnesium entry provided the appropriate concentration gradients from interstitium to lumen are available in the intact kidney. PMID- 6720960 TI - Structural prerequisites for the hypotensive action of parathyroid hormone. AB - We assessed the vascular, phosphaturic, and calcemic responses to several synthetic parathyroid hormone (PTH) analogues. Bovine (b) PTH (1-34), human (h) PTH (1-34), hPTH (53-84), [ Nle8 , Nle18 , Tyr34 ]bPTH (1-34), and [ Nle8 , Nle18 , Tyr34 ]bPTH (3-34) were administered in doses between 1 and 500 micrograms/kg as bolus intravenous injections to male Wistar-Kyoto rats aged 18-26 wk. Antagonism of the action of PTH was assessed in rats pretreated with 10 or 100 micrograms/kg [ Nle8 , Nle18 , Tyr34 ]bPTH (3-34) followed by 10 micrograms/kg of bPTH (1-34), or with 10 micrograms/kg hPTH (53-84) followed by 10 micrograms/kg hPTH (1-34). Bovine PTH (1-34), hPTH (1-34), and [ Nle8 , Nle18 , Tyr34 ]bPTH (1 34) produced virtually identical log dose-dependent hypotension, with 100 micrograms/kg of each analogue producing a 56% reduction in mean arterial pressure. Neither hPTH (53-84) nor [ Nle8 , Nle18 , Tyr34 ]bPTH (3-34) demonstrated any effect on mean arterial pressure at doses up to 500 micrograms/kg. Pretreatment with the inactive analogues failed to antagonize the vasodilating response to either bPTH (1-34) or hPTH (1-34). The vasoactive analogues significantly increased urinary phosphorus excretion while the inactive analogues did not modify it. hPTH (1-34) produced a modest decrease in serum Ca2+ at 1 min after injection. The results document that the vasodilating effect of PTH is a specific action of the peptide. Deletion of the first two amino acid residues abolishes both the phosphaturic and hypotensive effects of the peptide. Acute changes in serum Ca2+ do not appear to be a prerequisite for the vasodilatory response. Inactive analogues of PTH do not antagonize the vascular actions of the peptide. PMID- 6720961 TI - Cortical tubular and glomerular dopamine receptors in the rat kidney. AB - Dopamine receptors in glomeruli and renal cortical tubules were characterized using radioligand binding and adenylate cyclase studies. The binding of [3H]haloperidol to glomeruli and tubules was rapid, saturable with time and ligand concentration, reversible, of high affinity, and demonstrated stereoselectivity and antagonist and agonist rank potency for binding to dopamine receptors. Analysis of kinetic data and Rosenthal plots in glomeruli revealed a single class of [3H]haloperidol binding sites with an apparent dissociation constant (Kd) of 6 nM and maximum receptor density (Bmax) of 0.42 pmol/mg protein. In tubules, at least two binding sites were noted, one with an apparent Kd of 38 nM and Bmax of 1.90 pmol/mg protein and another with an apparent Kd of 183 nM and Bmax of 3.50 pmol/mg protein. Dopamine and apomorphine increased adenylate cyclase in tubular membranes while no increases were noted in glomeruli. These studies suggest that glomeruli have D2 dopamine receptors, while renal cortical tubules contain the D1 dopamine receptor. PMID- 6720962 TI - Effect of acute thyroparathyroidectomy on nephron acidification. AB - The effect of the absence of parathyroid hormone on nephron acidification was determined in rats after acute thyroparathyroidectomy (TPTX). Tubular fluid samples were obtained from the superficial late proximal tubule (LPT), the early distal tubule ( EDT ), and along the inner medullary collecting duct (IMCD), and the results were compared with those obtained from control rats. In the LPT after TPTX, pH was lower, 6.66 +/- 0.01 vs. 6.73 +/- 0.01, and ammonium and net acid delivery were increased significantly. In the EDT no differences in pH, bicarbonate, or net acid were found between groups, whereas ammonium and acid phosphate were significantly different. Along the IMCD in control rats, pH decreased from 6.58 to 5.21 and the addition of about 430 nmol/min of net acid was observed. After TPTX more net acid entered the duct and pH was lower, 5.66, but did not change; neither did the amount of bicarbonate, ammonium, acid phosphate, or net acid change significantly along the duct. Net acid excretion was not different, however, among groups. These results demonstrate that TPTX markedly affects nephron acidification, increasing net acid along the proximal tubule. In contrast to that in control rats, however, net acidification is completed prior to the IMCD. We conclude that the acute absence of parathyroid hormone may significantly affect local nephron acidification but does not alter acid excretion. PMID- 6720963 TI - Role of uremia, brain calcium, and parathyroid hormone on changes in electroencephalogram in chronic renal failure. AB - Acute uremia is associated with increased calcium (Ca) in brain and changes in electroencephalogram (EEG), and both derangements are related to excess parathyroid hormone (PTH). Also changes in EEG in patients with chronic renal failure (CRF) correlated directly with blood levels of PTH, and fall in PTH was followed by improvement in EEG. We examined whether chronic uremia per se has an effect on brain calcium or EEG. Uremia was produced by 5/6 nephrectomy and maintained for 32-70 wk in seven thyroparathyroidectomized (TPTX) and seven control dogs. There were no differences in creatinine clearance and serum electrolytes except for HCO3, which was lower in control animals (P less than 0.01). Serum PTH was undetectable in TPTX dogs but was significantly elevated in control animals (32.3 +/- 3.3 mu leq /ml). Calcium in gray and white matter was significantly increased in both groups but much higher in control animals. The percent waves of less than 7 Hz in EEG were similar in both groups prior to uremia (TPTX 4.6 +/- 0.8 vs. control 4.2 +/- 0.5%) but remained unchanged in TPTX animals and increased significantly in control dogs (19.0 +/- 1.3%) after uremia. These data suggest that CRF per se is associated with marked rise in Ca in both gray and white matter and increment is higher in the presence of PTH. Disturbance in EEG in a state of CRF requires the presence of excess PTH and is prevented despite increased Ca in brain if hyperparathyroidism is not allowed to develop. PMID- 6720964 TI - Glomerular capillary wall function in human lupus nephritis. AB - Eighteen patients with nephrotic-range proteinuria due to lupus nephritis were evaluated with a differential solute clearance technique. Renal plasma flow was similar to that in 17 healthy volunteer controls (506 +/- 75 vs. 503 +/- 32 ml/min, P = NS), while oncotic pressure in pre- and postglomerular plasma was depressed by 9.2 and 17.3 mmHg, respectively. These findings are consistent with elevation of net ultrafiltration pressure and suggest that glomerular hypofiltration (51 +/- 9 vs. 103 +/- 8 ml/min, P less than 0.001) was due to a lowered glomerular ultrafiltration coefficient (Kf). In lupus nephritis the fractional clearance of smaller dextrans (radii less than 50 A) was depressed, while that of larger dextrans (radii greater than 50 A) was elevated. A pore model of solute transport, when applied to the dextran filtration data, revealed a subpopulation of large protein-permeable pores in lupus nephritis not present in controls. Moreover, the fraction of glomerular filtrate permeating these enlarged pores correlated directly with the respective fractional clearances of albumin (r = 0.71) and immunoglobulin G (r = 0.75) in individual patients. Immunosuppression in nine patients was associated with an increase of the filtration rate and filtration fraction. Conversely, fractional protein clearances and the area fraction of the glomerular membrane occupied by large pores decreased. We conclude that human immune glomerular inflammation is manifested by a reduction of Kf and increased glomerular porosity and that these membrane alterations are partially reversible. PMID- 6720965 TI - Effects of luminal fluid anions on calcium transport by proximal tubule. AB - To determine whether the anion composition of tubule fluid affects calcium absorption by the renal proximal tubule, in vivo microperfusion techniques were employed in anesthetized rats. Experiments were designed so that total calcium and sodium concentrations were kept constant in fluids entering the tubule. A control solution, in which the main anion was chloride, was modified either by addition of ethyleneglycol-bis(beta-aminoethylether)-N,N'-tetra-acetic acid or by replacing most of the chloride with nitrate, thiocyanate, sulfate, or citrate. Sufficient mannitol was added to the perfusion fluids to reduce net fluid flux to near zero. Net fluxes of calcium and sodium were calculated from measurements of total concentrations in perfused and collected fluids. Electrochemical driving forces across the tubule wall were calculated from measurements of transepithelial voltage and of Ca2+ activity in perfused and collected fluids. Results showed that calcium absorption by the proximal tubule depends on both the luminal Ca2+ activity and the transepithelial voltage. With zero transepithelial electrochemical driving force calcium absorption was significantly different from zero. Calcium and sodium transport rates were seen to vary independently. We conclude that the calcium absorptive mechanism involves active transport and can be dissociated from the sodium transport pathway. Calcium transport is also affected by changes in transepithelial electrochemical driving forces with an apparent permeability similar to values reported for sodium and potassium. PMID- 6720966 TI - Luminal influences on potassium secretion: low sodium concentration. AB - In vivo microperfusion techniques were employed in anesthetized rats to determine whether K secretion by renal distal tubules requires the presence of Na in luminal fluid, and, if it does, in what concentration range do changes in Na concentration have the most effect. In a first series of experiments Na in perfusion fluid was replaced at constant Cl with tetramethylammonium (TMA). When the perfusion fluid Na concentration was reduced from 96 or 34 mM to 10 or 3 mM, K secretion was reduced by 50-60% and transepithelial voltage ( VTE ) was reduced by 40-60%. In a second series of experiments, in which NaCl was replaced with urea, perfusion fluid Na concentration again was reduced to 3 mM, and K secretion and VTE were reduced. In a third series of experiments, Na was replaced with rubidium. The reduced K secretion could not be explained solely by changes in electrical driving forces. The results indicate that some luminal Na (half maximal concentration approx 10 mM) is necessary to permit K secretion to proceed at a normal rate. Considering prior measurements of luminal Na concentration in rat distal tubules, it is unlikely that changes in luminal Na concentration play an important role in regulating the rate of distal K secretion. PMID- 6720967 TI - Mechanisms of escape from sodium retention during angiotensin II hypertension. AB - This study examined the role of increased renal arterial pressure (RAP) in renal escape from the chronic Na-retaining effects of angiotensin II (ANG II). When RAP was allowed to increase during ANG II infusion (5 ng X kg-1 X min-1), urinary Na excretion (UNaV) decreased transiently on the first day but there was no significant change in Na iothalamate space or cumulative Na balance when ANG II infusion was continued for 6 days. Mean arterial pressure (MAP) rose from 100 +/- 3 to 132 +/- 2 mmHg after 3 days and remained near that level for the next 5 days of ANG II infusion. When RAP was prevented from rising with a servo-controlled aortic occluder, UNaV remained below control even after 6 days of ANG II infusion, cumulative Na balance increased by 210 +/- 37 meq, and Na iothalamate space rose by 1,158 +/- 244 ml. MAP did not plateau when RAP was servo-controlled during ANG II infusion but continued to rise and after 6 days averaged 157 +/- 3 mmHg. In three of the eight dogs in which RAP was servo-controlled during ANG II infusion, Na and water retention became so severe that MAP increased to 165-180 mmHg and pulmonary edema developed within 4-6 days. These data suggest that a rise in RAP is essential in allowing the kidneys to escape from the chronic Na retaining actions of ANG II and in attaining Na balance and a stable level of MAP without severe volume expansion. PMID- 6720968 TI - Ammonia transport by the turtle urinary bladder. AB - Ammonia transport across the turtle bladder was examined by adding NH4Cl to the serosal (S) or mucosal (M) solution. With appropriately fixed levels of pH and/or NH4Cl concentration the transepithelial flow of ammonia parallels the extracellular concentration of NH+4 while that of NH3 is kept constant and parallels the extracellular concentration of NH3 while that of NH+4 is kept constant. This suggests that NH+4 as well as NH3 traverses the bladder wall. The apparent S----M permeability to NH3 was 15-18 times greater than that to NH+4. At pH 6.4 in both S and M solutions, the net flow of ammonia was from S----M, but at pH 8.4 in the S and 6.4 in the M or vice versa ammonia transport was of the same magnitude in both directions. The relative permeability of the M membrane to NH+4 was less than that to Na and nearly the same as that to K. The relative permeability of the S membrane to NH+4 was greater than that to K. At S pH of 8.4 and M pH of 6.4, ammonia transport was a linear function of NH4Cl concentration. At S pH of 6.4 and M pH of 6.4, ammonia transport was a saturation function of NH4Cl concentration in that it was linear up to 5 mM and constant and maximal in excess of 7.5 mM. The net transport of methylamine directed from S to M was competitively inhibited by NH4Cl, suggesting that the two substances are transported through a common carrier system. At pH 6.4 in both S and M, the S addition of NH4Cl induced an increase in reverse short-circuit current, the magnitude of which approximated the chemically determined rate of ammonia transport. This means that ammonia transport at pH 6.4 is, at least in part, electrogenic due to the flow of ionic NH+4 through a transbladder conductive path. However, when the S pH was raised to 8.4 the increase in ammonia transport was not associated with an increase in current. The present study demonstrates that the turtle bladder is capable of transporting ammonia with different characteristics of NH+4 and NH3 transport. PMID- 6720969 TI - Measurement of inhibitors of calcium phosphate precipitation in plasma ultrafiltrate. AB - Two methods are described to measure quantitatively the inhibitory activity of calcium phosphate precipitation in undiluted plasma ultrafiltrates. The first, called the "seed test," is based on the determination of the amount of apatite needed to induce the precipitation of calcium phosphate from the ultrafiltrate that previously had been brought to a constant [Ca X Pi] supersaturation. The second, called the "supersaturation test," is based on the determination of the minimum [Ca X Pi] product necessary to induce the precipitation of calcium phosphate, care being taken to eliminate the influence of chelators. With both techniques pyrophosphate was found to be the most effective inhibitor, magnesium and citrate being less active. At the physiological concentrations present in plasma ultrafiltrate, magnesium represented the greatest part of the activity in the seed test, while pyrophosphate was the most important in the supersaturation test. However, the three known inhibitors represented only part of the total inhibitory activity. In a pilot study, patients with renal failure showed an increase in inhibitory activity both in the known and unknown fractions. PMID- 6720970 TI - Na+ gradient-dependent Pi uptake in basolateral membrane vesicles from dog kidney. AB - To ascertain whether Na+ gradient-stimulated 32Pi uptake was demonstrable in renal basolateral membrane vesicles, we measured 32Pi uptake in basolateral membrane suspensions isolated from canine renal cortex and compared solute uptake in basolateral suspensions with that measured in brush border suspensions. Measurements revealed Na+ gradient-dependent 32Pi transport in basolateral preparations. D-[3H] Glucose uptakes in basolateral suspensions were not stimulated by the Na+ gradient in contrast to findings in brush border suspensions. Na+ gradient-dependent 32Pi transport in basolateral suspensions was electrogenic in contrast to that measured in brush border preparations. Unlike 32Pi uptake in brush border preparations, Na+ gradient-dependent 32Pi uptake in basolateral suspensions did not increase as extravesicular pH was increased from 6.5 to 7.5. Na+ gradient-dependent 32Pi uptake in basolateral membranes showed saturation over the range of [Pi] from 5 to 100 microM (apparent Km, 14 +/- 2 microM; apparent Vmax, 34 +/- 2 pmol Pi X mg protein-1 X 30s-1). Our findings are compatible with the presence of an electrogenic Na+-Pi cotransporter in the canine proximal tubular basolateral membrane. PMID- 6720972 TI - Attenuated pressure natriuresis in the early phases of two-kidney Goldblatt hypertension. AB - We studied the effect of changing perfusion pressure on the excretory function of isolated perfused nonclipped kidneys from the two-kidney Goldblatt hypertensive rat ( GHR ). Kidneys were studied from newly hypertensive rats about 8 days after contralateral renal artery clipping [blood pressure (BP) 138 +/- 4.3 mmHg] and before onset of hypertension 3 days following surgery (BP 111 +/- 1.9 mmHg). In addition, nonclipped kidneys from adrenalectomized Goldblatt rats were also examined approximately 9 days following surgery (BP 114 +/- 4.7 mmHg). Kidneys from sham-operated rats served as controls. We noted no differences in GFR in kidneys from newly hypertensive rats and sham controls above a perfusion pressure of 120 mmHg. In response to increasing perfusing pressure, perfusate flow and fractional sodium excretion were significantly lower in newly hypertensive rats than in sham-operated controls. No differences in glomerular filtration rate, perfusate flow, or sodium excretion were noted in kidneys from sham-operated rats or Goldblatt rats 3 days following surgery. After clipping, adrenalectomized (ADX) Goldblatt rats had less of a rise in blood pressure than did rats with intact adrenal glands. No attenuation of natriuresis was noted in the ADX-clipped group in response to increasing perfusion pressure. Isolated perfused kidneys from ADX rats had greater sodium excretion at all levels of pressure than kidneys from rats with intact adrenal glands. Deoxycorticosterone acetate replacement returned sodium excretion to that approaching intact rats. We conclude that nonclipped kidneys of newly hypertensive Goldblatt rats exhibit blunted pressure natriuresis.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS) PMID- 6720971 TI - Calcium restriction and parathyroid hormone enhance renal compensatory growth. AB - Calcium has been shown to control the proliferation of various cells in vitro and in vivo. Despite this information it is not known whether the Ca status or Ca regulating hormones could modulate the degree of compensatory growth of the remaining kidney after renal mass reduction. In the present work the influence of dietary Ca, parathyroid hormone (PTH), and calcitonin (CT) on renal compensatory growth ( RCG ) was studied in unilaterally nephrectomized (UNI-NX) rats. UNI-NX rats were pair-fed diets with high (1.1%, HCa) or low (0.1% LCa) Ca content for 3, 8, and 15 days. After UNI-NX the wet weight of the remaining kidney increased much more in rats fed LCa than HCa. Values of dry weight, total protein, and DNA content were also significantly higher in the remaining kidney removed from rats fed LCa than from those fed HCa. LCa did not display such effects in sham operated rats with intact renal mass. The amount of dietary Ca did not influence the progressive rise in glomerular filtration rate (clearance of inulin) of the remaining kidney as assessed 3, 8, and 15 days after UNI-NX. In UNI-NX rats fed LCa chronic administration of CT in doses that induced hypocalcemia did not inhibit the enhanced RCG induced by LCa. In UNI-NX rats fed HCa chronic administration of PTH mimicked the effect of LCa. In conclusion, dietary Ca restriction can markedly enhance the compensatory but not the normal growth of the kidney.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS) PMID- 6720973 TI - Quantitative ultrastructure and functional correlates in proximal tubule of Ambystoma and Necturus. AB - The functional properties of the proximal tubule in the salamander Ambystoma tigrinum have been well characterized but its ultrastructure has not been examined. We therefore analyzed the qualitative and quantitative ultrastructure of the proximal tubule in this species as a basis for structure-function correlations. In addition, a comparative study between species was performed between Ambystoma and Necturus. In Ambystoma the basal cell membrane but not the lateral cell membrane has a highly elaborate organization and is greatly amplified at the basal cell surface. Therefore, the bulk of the basolateral membrane does not face the lateral intercellular space but faces a basal extracellular labyrinth immediately adjacent to the peritubular space. We suggest that this intraepithelial compartment may serve as a site for solute-solvent interactions. The morphometric comparative analysis provides quantitative estimates of tubule dimensions, volume of cells and extracellular channels, areas of luminal, lateral, and basal cell membranes as well as averaged dimensions of the lateral intercellular spaces. Structure-function correlations show that when certain functional parameters are normalized on the basis of ultrastructural rather than epithelial dimensions the interspecies variability decreases. PMID- 6720974 TI - Aldosterone effects on papillary collecting duct pH profile of the rat. AB - A number of recent studies have suggested that the medullary and papillary collecting ducts possess a high capacity for bicarbonate reabsorption. Because 3H binding studies have suggested the presence of mineralocorticoid receptors along the papillary collecting duct and because clearance studies have suggested that aldosterone affects urinary acidification, we designed a series of clearance and micropuncture studies to examine the role of the papillary collecting duct in final urinary acidification. The studies were conducted in intact and adrenalectomized rats receiving either replacement glucocorticoids alone or glucocorticoids with acute infusion of physiological doses of aldosterone. The results show that under normal acid-base status all rats had a pH profile along the papillary collecting duct with more terminal portions being more acidic than the proximal portions. This decreasing pH profile was diminished in acidotic adrenalectomized rats but returned to normal with acute administration of aldosterone. In all cases the luminal potential difference was slightly positive and did not change with adrenalectomy or administration of aldosterone. These results demonstrate that the papillary collecting duct participates in the generation of maximal urinary pH gradient and that this process is partly influenced by aldosterone. PMID- 6720975 TI - Intracellular pH of hepatocytes in primary monolayer culture. AB - Nonproliferating rat hepatocytes in primary monolayer culture were used for determining liver cell intracellular pH and the degree of intracellular pH homeostasis. The dimethyloxazolidinedione weak acid distribution method was adapted for use in monolayer culture. Intracellular pH of cultured hepatocytes in bicarbonate:CO2 medium was relatively constant at 6.85-7.05 over the external pH range of 7.0-8.0. Below an external pH of 7.0, intracellular pH fell below 6.8. Varying PCO2 between 15 and 40 mmHg did not alter the extracellular versus intracellular pH curve. In N-2-hydroxyethylpiperazine-N'-2-ethanesulfonic acid medium, in the absence of bicarbonate, intracellular pH homeostasis was less well defended. In this setting, the intracellular versus extracellular pH relationship curve could be described by a straight line with slope of 0.59 +/- 0.04. The system responded to the addition of the protonophore carbonyl cyanide p trifluoromethoxyphenyl hydrazone with an increase in the transmembrane pH gradient. Addition of nigericin in 5 mM K+ medium resulted in intracellular acidification to pH 5.5 +/- 0.2. Metabolism of 20 mM added fructose resulted in intracellular acidification. Incubation in sodium-free media at extracellular pH of 7.6 reduced intracellular pH to 6.67 +/- 0.02 compared with an intracellular pH of 6.99 +/- 0.04 in cultures exposed to medium sodium concentrations of 20-80 meq/liter. PMID- 6720976 TI - Effect of increased intracardiac and arterial pressure on plasma vasopressin in humans. AB - The effects of loading cardiopulmonary and sinoaortic baroreceptors on plasma arginine vasopressin (AVP) levels were examined in 18 healthy young adults after a mild water restriction. Cardiopulmonary receptors were acutely loaded by volume expansion which increased central venous pressure (CVP) from 4.7 +/- 1.9 to 7.3 +/- 2.2 mmHg but did not change mean arterial blood pressure (MAP). Both receptor groups were acutely loaded by applications of lower body positive pressure, which induced a comparable increase in CVP and, in addition, raised MAP from 85 +/- 6.7 to 93 +/- 6.8 mmHg (P less than 0.001). There was evidence of reflex activation as forearm blood flow and heart rate increased during volume expansion while the increase in heart rate was blocked during lower body positive pressure. Neither intervention significantly altered the control AVP level of 4.6 +/- 1.4 pg/ml. An investigation of more prolonged stimulation of cardiopulmonary receptors was carried out using 1 h of head-down tilt. Again, despite increases in CVP (5.1 +/- 1.3 to 9.0 +/- 1.4 mmHg, P less than 0.005), AVP (5.7 +/- 2.4 pg/ml) did not decrease. MAP did not change during head-down tilt. There were no changes in osmolality throughout any of the studies. AVP levels in humans are therefore not responsive to moderate isosmotic loading of the cardiopulmonary and sinoaortic baroreceptors under conditions of mild water restriction. PMID- 6720977 TI - Ouabain-induced reflex coronary vasodilatation mediated by cardiac receptors. AB - Experiments were performed to determine the effects of digitalis-induced stimulation of cardiac receptors on the coronary circulation. In chloralose anesthetized dogs, left circumflex coronary artery was perfused at constant flow, and heart rate was maintained constant by electric pacing. Ouabain injection in the perfused coronary artery produced a significant decrease in coronary perfusion pressure. Epicardial application of lidocaine completely blocked the reflex response. Vagotomy also prevented this reflex response. Sympathetic blockade with intravenous guanethidine or intracoronary phentolamine partially reduced the reflex coronary vasodilatation. Intracoronary atropine also partially reduced the coronary vasodilator response to ouabain. The combined administration of guanethidine and atropine completely abolished the coronary reflex response. These data demonstrate that ouabain can evoke reflex coronary vasodilation by stimulating cardiac receptors. This reflex response is mediated by activating cholinergic vasodilator fibers and inhibiting sympathetic vasoconstrictor fibers. PMID- 6720978 TI - Hypercapnia potentiates renal vasoconstriction during hemorrhagic hypotension in awake rabbits. AB - Although both hemorrhagic hypotension and hypercapnia increase renal vascular resistance (RVR) modestly, effects of interaction between these stimuli on RVR have not been examined systematically in unanesthetized animals. The purpose of this study was to test the hypothesis that renal vasoconstriction during hemorrhagic hypotension is affected by arterial CO2 tension (PCO2). Unanesthetized rabbits were placed into an environmental chamber, and six were exposed to normocapnia (PCO2 approximately 29 mmHg) and six to hypercapnia (PCO2 approximately 62 mmHg). Renal blood flow (RBF) was measured with 15-micrograms microspheres during 1) normotension [mean arterial pressure (MAP) 84-88 mmHg]; 2) moderate hemorrhagic hypotension (MAP 61-64 mmHg); and 3) severe hemorrhagic hypotension (MAP 44-50 mmHg). When MAP was normal, RBF was 437 +/- 59 and 345 +/- 59 ml X min-1 X 100 g-1 in the normocapnic and hypercapnic groups, respectively (NS; P greater than 0.05). In addition, RVR (MAP/RBF) was 0.22 +/- 0.04 in the normocapnic group and 0.32 +/- 0.08 mmHg X ml-1 X min X 100 g in the hypercapnic group (NS; P greater than 0.05). During moderate hypotension, RVR was 0.48 +/- 0.18 in the normocapnic group and 1.74 +/- 0.36 mmHg X ml-1 X min X 100 g in the hypercapnic group (P less than 0.05, comparison between groups). During severe hypotension, RVR was 0.46 +/- 0.14 and 3.13 +/- 1.13 mmHg X ml-1 X min X 100 g during normocapnia and hypercapnia, respectively (P less than 0.05, comparison between groups). Thus, in unanesthetized rabbits, although hypercapnia does not increase RVR compared with normocapnia when arterial pressure is normal, hypercapnia greatly potentiates renal vasoconstriction during hemorrhagic hypotension. PMID- 6720979 TI - Pressor effects of brief and prolonged infusions of epinephrine in the conscious rat. AB - Plasma epinephrine may be increased in some patients with essential hypertension, and prolonged infusion of this catecholamine has been claimed to raise blood pressure. The objectives of our experiments were to determine whether continuous intravenous infusion of epinephrine raised blood pressure in a rat preparation known to respond in this way to angiotensin II in low dose and, if so, the plasma concentration of epinephrine required to raise pressure in comparison to the physiological range of plasma catecholamine concentration in the rat. Intravenous infusion of epinephrine at a rate of 400 ng X kg-1. min-1 or less for 30 min into Wistar rats did not increase mean arterial pressure (MAP); pressure did rise when the rate was increased to 800 ng X kg-1. min-1. However, when rats were given epinephrine at 400 ng X kg-1. min-1 for 4 days with continuous blood pressure recording, average MAP showed a progressive rise on successive days of infusion, reaching a maximum increase of 12 mmHg on the 4th and final day of infusion (P less than 0.02). Blood pressure did not change significantly during epinephrine infusion at 10 and 70 ng X kg-1. min-1. Plasma epinephrine was raised more than 13 times basal at the highest rate of infusion. In comparison, blood pressure and catecholamine concentrations increased only slightly although significantly during a period of restraint. We confirm the existence of a slowly developing pressor effect of epinephrine, but it is small and requires a large sustained increase of plasma epinephrine for its development. PMID- 6720980 TI - Decreased uptake of exogenous substrates following graded muscle stimulation. AB - An exercising in vivo canine hindlimb model was used to assess the pattern of exogenous substrate delivery and uptake as a function of contraction frequency. The limb was stimulated to contract at 0, 4, 8, 12 8, 4, and 0 Hz for 10-min periods. Blood flow was proportional to stimulatory frequency. Oxygen consumption increased to a maximum at 12 Hz and subsequently declined. Glucose, free fatty acid, and lactate uptakes decreased despite increased deliveries and maintained arterial concentrations at 12 Hz. At this point there was a net release of glycerol and lactate from the muscle. Microvascular shunting was not the cause of decreased exogenous substrate uptake at 12 Hz. A switch from exogenous to endogenous muscle substrates occurred with the onset of decreased substrate uptake. The mechanism that facilitates this switch from exogenous to endogenous substrates remains unknown. PMID- 6720981 TI - Rabbit carotid sinus reflex under pentobarbital, urethan, and chloralose anesthesia. AB - To determine the effects of different anesthesias on the performance of the arterial baro-reflex, the open-loop characteristic of the carotid sinus reflex was analyzed in 24 rabbits under anesthesia with pentobarbital (30 mg/kg), urethan (800 mg/kg), alpha-chloralose (80 mg/kg), or a mixture of alpha chloralose (40 mg/kg) and urethan (0.4 g/kg). For each rabbit and anesthesia, mean systemic arterial pressure and heart rate were measured as carotid sinus pressure was changed in 10-mmHg steps between 40 and 150 mmHg. This set of measurements was repeated four times at 1-h intervals. A logistic function curve was fitted to the carotid sinus pressure-arterial pressure relationship. The parameters of this curve were then analyzed to delineate the specific effects of the anesthesias on the relationship. The main finding was that the response range and the slope parameters under alpha-chloralose anesthesia were significantly smaller than those obtained under the other anesthesias. Propylene glycol, used as the solvent for chloralose, did not affect the reflex control of arterial pressure or heart rate. The reflex under chloralose-urethan anesthesia showed characteristics similar to those under urethan anesthesia. We conclude that although alpha-chloralose has traditionally been used in the dog to obtain strong reflex responses, it weakens the reflex control of arterial pressure in the rabbit. PMID- 6720982 TI - Instantaneous renal arterial pressure-flow relations in anesthetized dogs. AB - Instantaneous renal arterial pressure-flow (P/ Qra ) relations were investigated in 11 anesthetized dogs using the nonpulsatile fall in aortic pressure and renal arterial flow ( Qra ) during cardiac arrest caused by vagal stimulation. We found that P/ Qra relations were linear with an extrapolated zero flow intercept (Ped, effective downstream pressure) of 20.8 +/- 1.9 mmHg and the reciprocal of the slope (Ra, arterial resistance) of 0.6 +/- 0.04 mm Hg X ml-1 X min. These values are markedly lower than the values found in similar experiments in coronary and femoral arteries. Raising renal venous pressure (5 dogs) decreased Qra and elevated Ra and Ped in the ipsilateral renal artery while decreasing Qra and elevating Ra but not Ped in the contralateral renal artery. Carotid artery occlusion (6 dogs) decreased Qra and elevated Ra and Ped. Alpha-Adrenergic blockade (4 dogs) lowered Ped and Ra. Arterial resistance seems to be more important for change in P/Q relations in the renal arterial bed than it is in other arterial beds investigated so far. We suggest that the effective downstream pressure to renal arterial flow is downstream from the glomerular capillaries. The location of the "vascular waterfall " phenomenon appears to be between the intrarenal veins and the veins outside the capsule. PMID- 6720983 TI - Photoaffinity labeling of adenosine transporter in cardiac membranes with nitrobenzylthioinosine. AB - The kinetic and molecular properties of the adenosine transporter in guinea pig cardiac membranes were studied using nitrobenzylthioinosine (NBMPR), a potent and specific inhibitor of nucleoside transport. [3H]-NBMPR bound tightly but reversibly to guinea pig cardiac membranes (apparent dissociation constant 0.24 +/- 0.07 nM; maximum binding capacity 1.24 +/- 0.45 pmol of NBMPR bound/mg protein). Reversible high-affinity [3H]NBMPR binding was inhibited in an apparent competitive manner by adenosine (apparent inhibition constant 0.14 mM). L-N phenylisopropyladenosine (L-PIA) had no effect on NBMPR binding. Exposure of cardiac membranes in the presence of [3H]-NBMPR and dithiothreitol, a free radical scavenger, to ultraviolet light resulted in covalent incorporation of 3H into polypeptides of apparent molecular weight 66,000-50,000. Covalent attachment of [3H]NBMPR under equilibrium binding conditions was inhibited by adenosine, nitrobenzylthioguanosine , and dipyridamole but was unaffected by the adenosine receptor agonist L-PIA. These data suggest that the photolabeled molecular weight protein (apparent mol wt 66,000-50,000) is involved in adenosine permeation by guinea pig cardiac membranes. PMID- 6720984 TI - Pulmonary vascular effects of vasoactive intestinal peptide in conscious newborn lambs. AB - Vasoactive intestinal peptide (VIP) may be a neurotransmitter in a peptidergic nervous system and is found in nerves in pulmonary blood vessels. Information regarding its pulmonary vascular effects is limited. We therefore studied VIP's effect on pulmonary vascular tone in the immature lung. Normoxic and hypoxic unsedated newborn lambs with chronically implanted flow probes around the right and left pulmonary arteries were used. VIP was injected into one pulmonary artery only, and direct effects of this peptide on the pulmonary vessels were determined by comparing the flow changes in the injected vs. the uninjected lung. VIP was a powerful pulmonary vasodilator with a threshold of 0.3 microgram/kg. It also was a systemic vasodilator (after 1 microgram/kg, aortic pressure fell 27% and cardiac output increased 29%, both P less than 0.01), with a threshold of 0.1 microgram/kg. Pretreatment with propranolol (1 mg/kg iv) did not abolish pulmonary or systemic vasodilation after VIP. On the other hand, pretreatment with indomethacin (3 mg/kg per day for 3 days) abolished VIP-induced pulmonary vasodilation but probably did not affect systemic vasodilation. We conclude that VIP is a powerful pulmonary vasodilator in the newborn lamb and that this dilation can be blocked by the cyclooxygenase inhibitor indomethacin. VIP is also a powerful systemic vasodilator in the newborn lamb but this effect is not blocked by either propranolol or indomethacin. PMID- 6720986 TI - Microvascular alterations in the one-kidney, one-clip renal hypertensive rat. AB - The microcirculation was studied in one-kidney, one-clip renal hypertensive rats ( 1KG ) and uninephrectomized controls at 4-6 and 8-10 wk postoperation. Under chloralose-urethan anesthesia the gracilis muscle was transilluminated in situ with a light pipe. Measurements of arteriolar and capillary density and arteriolar diameter were made in three consecutive states: innervated, denervated, and vasodilated with nitroprusside. Arteriolar wall-to-lumen ratio was measured after vasodilation. At 4-6 wk vasoconstriction was significantly greater in 1KG and vasodilated arteriolar diameter was significantly smaller, partially because of an elevated wall-to-lumen ratio. Capillary density in 1KG was reduced in the innervated and denervated states compared with controls. At 8 10 wk in the 1KG , arteriolar vasoconstriction was no longer significantly elevated. However, the vasodilated arteriolar diameter was smaller, wall-to-lumen ratio had increased further, and rarefaction of arterioles and capillaries was present. Thus, with time, structural mechanisms for increasing vascular resistance were seen to displace the active mechanism of vasoconstriction. PMID- 6720985 TI - Impaired central mediation of the arterial baroreflex in chronic renal hypertension. AB - After 6 wk of renal hypertension in rabbits, the arterial baroreflex control of heart rate (HR) is impaired but the baroreflex control of lumbar sympathetic nerve activity ( LSNA ) is preserved. This selective impairment may reflect a predominant abnormality in the baroreceptors. In this study, we tested the hypothesis that renal hypertension of longer duration may impair baroreflex control of LSNA through a defect in the central nervous system mediation of the reflex. Four months after induction of renal hypertension, baroreflex responses were determined during increases in arterial pressure with intravenous phenylephrine or decreases in pressure with vena caval occlusion under chloralose urethan anesthesia. Reflex control of LSNA and HR was impaired markedly in hypertensive rabbits. Reflex inhibition of LSNA and HR in response to afferent electrical stimulation of the left aortic depressor nerve (all arterial baroreceptor afferents cut) was attenuated in hypertensive in contrast to normotensive rabbits. This attenuation was noted when the medullated fibers only were stimulated or when both medullated and nonmedullated fibers were stimulated. We conclude that baroreflex control of LSNA that is preserved after 6 wk of hypertension is impaired after 4 mo of hypertension. The impairment reflects an abnormality in the central nervous system mediation of the reflex. PMID- 6720987 TI - Fitting physiological models to data. AB - Methods of fitting models to experimental data obtained from biological systems are reviewed. The Michaelis-Menten model is used as the working example of a familiar and well-studied biological model. Criteria for selecting models include goodness of fit, freedom from systematic errors, and simplicity. A given model is usually fitted and the optimal parameters determined by minimization of an objective function, usually the sum of the squared errors. Freedom from systematic errors is best judged graphically. The important mathematical methods of fitting models are derived from the calculus and include linear and quadratic programming. The latter leads to minimization of the sum of squares of errors. Optimal search procedures, which also perform this minimization, are surveyed. Other properties of models, such as the proper number of parameters and whether linearization is appropriate, are discussed. The specialized problems of biological models and data are considered. PMID- 6720988 TI - Multiexponential, multicompartmental, and noncompartmental modeling. I. Methodological limitations and physiological interpretations. AB - Multiexponential, multicompartmental, and noncompartmental analysis methods are conventional modeling tools in life science areas, and, on occasion, a number of facets of each are misunderstood, misused, or misinterpreted. We critically examine some of the assumptions, subtleties, and properties of each of these methodologies, with emphasis on their applicability and their interpretation in physiological terms. We discuss the similarities and differences in noncompartmental and compartmental approaches, their relationships with multiexponential models, and several important assumptions that must be satisfied in the practical application of these techniques. A key issue is the highly restricted structure of the noncompartmental model, limiting its applicability quite severely. Noncompartmental analysis is not model independent, as it is often called. Another issue is the importance and manner of choosing a suitable multicompartmental topology, consistent with system structure and modeling goals, when a physiological mapping of specific model parameters is desired. PMID- 6720989 TI - Multiexponential, multicompartmental, and noncompartmental modeling. II. Data analysis and statistical considerations. AB - Sums-of-exponentials models are widely used in biomedical research, chiefly as models of data, despite a sizable folklore criticizing their usefulness. Problems in multiexponential model fitting are addressed here, along with an exposition of how to quantify them and critically assess their quality with available statistical methods and computer programs. This class of models also is reconciled with two classes of models of systems: multicompartmental and noncompartmental models. Key issues include the importance of choosing a correct data error model, the necessity for computing model precision estimates, and the distinction between problems due to experiment design or overparameterization and purported difficulties with multiexponential models. Methods for obtaining statistical estimates of model precision, for checking goodness of fit of competing models, and for improving sampling designs are presented. Also the classic Lanczos problem is revisited, and some difficulties are resolved with a more efficient experiment design. PMID- 6720990 TI - Role of intestinal calcium absorption in plasma calcium regulation of the rat. AB - Transmural calcium movement in the intestine involves both saturable and nonsaturable components, with the saturable movement subject to regulation by vitamin D and indirectly by parathyroid hormone. Under conditions of high-calcium intake, calcium absorption due to the saturable component is minimized and the numerical value of the nonsaturable component can equal that found in vitamin D deficient or parathyroidectomized (PTX) animals on similar calcium intakes. Yet in PTX animals intestinal calcium represents a larger proportion of the calcium inflow into the central pool, and PTX animals are less able to regulate their plasma calcium than hormonally intact animals. This demonstrates that intestinal calcium input in the rat can be classified as a signal disturbing (raising) the plasma calcium. PMID- 6720991 TI - Circadian variations in contributions of bone and intestine to plasma calcium in dogs. AB - Young euparathyroid dogs, prelabeled with radiocalcium and fed a normal-calcium diet exhibited circadian variations in the amount of bone calcium contributed to the plasma calcium pool, as evaluated by changes in plasma calcium-45 radioactivity. When these dogs were fed a low-calcium diet or fasted, the contribution of bone calcium to plasma calcium rose to the point where bone constituted nearly the sole source of plasma calcium, and plasma calcium-45 no longer varied. In thyroparathyroidectomized (TPTX) dogs fed a normal diet, the fraction of plasma calcium due to bone contribution was reduced and plasma calcium-45 did not vary. When dietary calcium in TPTX dogs was increased by supplementation with calcium lactate pills, total plasma calcium rose, but the contribution of bone calcium to the plasma calcium pool remained unchanged. Thus the ability of normal young dogs to modulate bone calcium mobilization in response to dietary calcium intake appears to be hormonally regulated in a circadian manner. PMID- 6720992 TI - Transient response of the calcium homeostatic system: effect of calcitonin. AB - With the use of an intravenous step load of calcium, a rapid (less than 30 min) process that helps regulate plasma calcium has been identified in pigs. The process appears to be calcitonin dependent, may not involve simple equilibration, and varies inversely with age, as it is virtually absent in old sheep compared with its intensity in young sheep. Based on these findings and a general model of calcium homeostasis, five classes of regulatory processes are proposed. Grade I (half time, t1/2, congruent to 15 min) is a transient and saturable response present only in young individuals and is calcitonin dependent. Grade II (1/2 congruent to 60-90 min) is parathyroid hormone and possibly calcitonin dependent. Grade III (t1/2 = 3-4 h) is parathyroid hormone dependent and probably renal in nature. Grade IV (t1/2, several hours) is vitamin D dependent and intestinal in nature. Grade V (t1/2, hours or days) is parathyroid hormone and calcitonin dependent and skeletal in nature. PMID- 6720993 TI - Calcium homeostasis in cows, with special reference to parturient hypocalcemia. AB - Calcium homeostasis is described in terms of controlled, disturbing, and controlling signals. Plasma calcium concentration [( Ca]p) and bone calcium mass (Mb) are the two main controlled signals. Disturbing signals include calcium intake (Vi) and clearance of plasma calcium to feces ( Clf ), bone (Clo+), placenta (Clp), and milk ( Clm ). Clo+ is a disturbing signal for [Ca]p and a controlling signal for Mb. Homeostasis is maintained by input control. Fractional renal calcium reabsorption (alpha r) decreases when calcium entry into plasma is excessive, but usually calcium entry rate (VT) responds effectively to small changes in [Ca]p associated with changes in disturbing signals. With increases in Vi, both fractional calcium absorption (alpha d) and fraction of bone calcium removed (lambda b) decrease to maintain VT at an appropriate level. As Clo+ declines with advancing age, [Ca]p rises slightly but VT decreases: a 1% change in [Ca]p would lead to a 13% change in VT. In heavily lactating cows, this response of VT may be enhanced. Parturient hypocalcemia may be the result of delayed negative feedback responses of lambda b (1 wk) and alpha d (1 day). Positive feedback between [Ca]p and gut motility may lead to transient suppression of VT during hypocalcemia, despite high plasma parathyroid hormone and 1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D3 concentrations. Parturient paresis is an example of a disordered accelerative response in a complex control system amenable to a variety of physiologically rational management procedures. PMID- 6720994 TI - Excretion of ouabain by Malpighian tubules of Oncopeltus fasciatus. AB - An in vitro preparation of Malpighian tubules was used to investigate the excretion of the polar cardiac glycoside, ouabain, in Oncopeltus fasciatus. Tubules were found to consist of at least two morphologically and physiologically distinct segments, both of which metabolized ouabain. The distal segment (segment II) secreted primary urine and ouabain. Secretion of ouabain by segment II was not observed to occur against a concentration gradient and increased with increasing fluid secretion. The proximal segment (segment I) reabsorbed fluid and ouabain but not metabolites. Ouabain was reabsorbed against a strong concentration gradient (23-fold), was independent of fluid reabsorption, and increased with increasing fluid secretion by segment II. In rapidly secreting Malpighian tubules (a situation of high cardiac glycoside secretion by segment II), the presence of segment I reduced the excretion of ouabain by 84-93%, mainly by reducing ouabain concentration. It appears excretory loss of cardiac glycosides can be reduced in O fasciatus and thus may be a factor in the sequestration of cardiac glycosides in this insect. PMID- 6720995 TI - A model for the distribution and clearance of inert substances in subcutaneous tissue. AB - The subcutaneous space has received attention in recent years as a route for the continuous administration of drugs and implantation of drug delivery systems. Yet little work has been devoted to an examination of the mass transport (distribution) of drugs in the subcutaneous space and the factors that influence their rate of clearance. A mathematical model is developed to describe the spreading and resorption of substances infused into the subcutaneous space. It simulates radial diffusion and flow in the direction of spreading as well as lateral convection into the systemic circulation. An analytic solution is obtained for the distribution of the substance as a function of time and position in the subcutaneous space. Two independent parameters, v (Peclet no.) and H (generalized Biot no.), are found to control the transport. Examples are presented to illustrate the effects of these parameters on the distribution of substances in the subcutaneous space. PMID- 6720996 TI - Feeding-associated corticosterone peak in rats under various feeding cycles. AB - Features of the anticipatory (prefeeding) corticosterone peak under restricted feeding were examined in rats by forcing them to various feeding schedules. Meal feeding appears specific in inducing the anticipatory corticosterone peak, since other regular manipulations such as daily cleaning of the rat cage and sampling of vaginal smear were without effect. Under meal intervals of 22,24, and 26 h, the phase relation of prefeeding hormone peak to meal was 30 min, 2.5 h, and 4.5 h, respectively. When the interval was extended to 30 h, a hormone peak appeared not immediately but several hours before meal, and when it was shortened to 18 h, hormone peak was not observed before meal but appeared when regular meal was omitted; the interval between a preceding meal and the hormone peak was similarly 18-20 h in both cases. On the other hand, a single meal feeding had a bidirectional immediate effect on plasma hormone levels, namely, a postprandial elevation of the basal hormone level and a postprandial reduction of the already elevated prefeeding hormone level under restricted feeding. Both effects were observed alternately when rats were fed twice a day for 2 wk. It is concluded that the 24-h pattern of plasma corticosterone level in rats under restricted feeding is determined primarily by the interaction of three different factors: a light- entrainable circadian rhythm, a separate oscillation associated with meal feeding, and a bidirectional effect of a single meal. PMID- 6720997 TI - Isoproterenol-induced blood flow in rats acclimated to room temperature and cold. AB - Blood flow was measured with labeled microspheres in cold (6 degrees C)- and room temperature-acclimated rats at rest and during infusion of the beta-agonist, isoproterenol. Isoproterenol elicited decreased mass-specific blood flows (ml . g 1 . min-1) to liver (55% of control), kidney (48%), and white fat (64%) in room temperature-acclimated (RT) rats. Blood flow was similarly decreased in liver (51%), kidney (37%), and white fat (70%) in cold-acclimated (CA) rats. In contrast, isoproterenol increased blood flows to brown fat and cardiac and skeletal muscles. The blood flows to cardiac muscle during isoproterenol infusion were comparable in both RT (12.7 ml . g-1 . min-1) and CA (11.7 ml . g-1 . min-1) animals, representing increases of 2.9- and 2.6-fold above control values, respectively. Blood flow to skeletal muscle was also similarly elevated in RT and CA animals, representing increases 5.9 and 5.6 times those of their respective control values. In contrast, although isoproterenol greatly stimulated (ca. 8 fold) blood flow to brown fat (interscapular plus cervical depots) in RT animals, it had a greater effect on these two depots in the CA rats (18-fold increase). These data emphasize the importance of brown fat as a major effector of nonshivering thermogenesis as well as the importance of beta-adrenergic receptors in mediating the metabolic response of nonshivering thermogenesis. PMID- 6720999 TI - Hepatic ammonia metabolism in a uricotelic treefrog Phyllomedusa sauvagei. AB - Glutamine synthetase, a mitochondrial enzyme in liver of uricotelic reptiles and birds, is present in the cytosolic compartment of Phyllomedusa sauvagei liver. The average level is sufficient to account for the rate of uric acid excretion by adult frogs but is far lower than that present in birds and reptiles. Except for lower carbamoylphosphate synthetase activity, the activities of the urea cycle enzymes in P. sauvagei liver are comparable with those in adult ureotelic amphibians. The subcellular distribution of the urea cycle enzymes is much the same as in ureotelic amphibians and mammals with the possible exception of the occurrence of a small percentage of the carbamoylphosphate synthetase and ornithine transacarbamylase activities in the cytosol. In keeping with the subcellular localization of the enzymes, citrulline, and not glutamine, is formed by isolated liver mitochondria. The rapid degradation of glutamine by these mitochondria suggests a high degree of compartmentation of glutamine in the cytosol of P. sauvagei if it is to function as a precursor of uric acid in this compartment. PMID- 6720998 TI - Renal and iliac vascular responses to left ventricular receptor stimulation in conscious dogs. AB - The purpose of the present study was to investigate the relative responses of the renal and iliac vascular beds to the selective chemical stimulation of left ventricular receptors in the conscious dog. Twenty dogs were chronically instrumented to obtain measurements of arterial blood pressure, renal blood flow, and iliac blood flow before and after a bolus intracoronary injection of veratridine (0.4-1.0 micrograms/kg in 0.5-ml vol) with the heart paced. The responses to intracoronary veratridine were a significant reduction in arterial blood pressure averaging 25 mmHg accompanied by a simultaneous reduction in renal blood flow of 25%. Renal resistance did not change throughout the course of the response analyzed (50 s). Iliac blood flow, however, increased, reaching a peak of 35% above control due to a 51% decrease in iliac resistance. After sinoaortic denervation, renal resistance still failed to show a decrease, although the recovery of arterial blood pressure and iliac resistance was prolonged. After a mild hypotensive hemorrhage (20 ml/kg), a greater decrease in iliac resistance occurred with intracoronary veratridine injections, but renal resistance still did not change. The reduction in iliac resistance with intracoronary veratridine was significantly attenuated after phentolamine administration (2 mg/kg iv) but not after atropine alone (0.2 mg/kg iv). A significant cholinergic receptor component of iliac vasodilation was observed only after prior alpha-adrenergic receptor blockade. The results of this study are consistent with the conclusion that in the conscious dog, left ventricular receptors exert a preferential neural control over skeletal muscle vascular resistance and do not influence renal vascular resistance. PMID- 6721000 TI - Cardiovascular actions of microinjections of angiotensin II in the brain stem of rats. AB - The blood pressure and heart rate responses to microinjection of angiotensin II (ANG II) into the brain stem of urethan-anesthetized rats were studied. Microinjection of ANG II into the area postrema (AP) resulted in significant elevation of blood pressure and significant reduction of heart rate. Microinjection into the region of the nucleus tractus solitarius (NTS) yielded a significant dose-dependent elevation in blood pressure and consistent increases in heart rate. The response to microinjection of ANG II into the region of the NTS was not due to leakage into the peripheral circulation, since intravenous administration of the ANG II antagonist, saralasin, did not attenuate the response. In fact, the cardiovascular response was increased after peripheral ANG II blockade, and the heart rate, which was consistently but not significantly elevated by NTS injection alone, was significantly elevated after saralasin pretreatment. Thermal ablation of the AP did not change the heart rate or the pressor response to microinjection of ANG II into the region of the NTS, indicating that the response was not mediated through the AP. PMID- 6721001 TI - Ultradian oscillations in blood pressure and heart rate in free-running dogs. AB - A long-term (14-24 h) telemetry recording of mean arterial pressure (MAP) and heart rate (HR) was obtained from conscious unrestrained dogs (n = 9) maintained in a closed environment. MAP and HR records were analyzed for their harmonic content by the fast Fourier transform method. The power spectral density functions of MAP and HR clearly revealed the existence of coherent ultradian rhythms of MAP and HR with a period of 1-2 h. HR and MAP are in phase and sustained during a 24-h period. To elucidate the nature of these rhythms, two additional studies were conducted (n = 4) in which clonidine (200 micrograms/kg) was administered systemically. In series I, a 7-h control period preceded the administration of clonidine, whereas in series II the order was reversed. Control (series I) and recovery (series II) periods were compared with a 0- to 7-h postinjection period. The results show that clonidine drastically and significantly reduces the amplitude of both MAP and HR oscillations for an average period of 7 h. This response was very consistent in both series and in all four dogs. These results implicate the central nervous system as the origin of these rhythms. PMID- 6721002 TI - Vascular recovery following hemorrhage in the dogfish shark Squalus acanthias. AB - Cardiovascular regulatory systems were examined in the dogfish shark after hemorrhage of 1% of body weight. An immediate 45% decrease in mean dorsal aortic pressure and delayed increases in plasma epinephrine concentration and plasma norepinephrine concentration were noted. During the recovery period following hemorrhage, the catecholamine levels peaked (epinephrine 203% of control, norepinephrine 148% of control) and then returned toward control values. Hematocrit, however, continued to decline as blood pressure recovered. Phentolamine pretreatment, which in itself caused a 55% decrease in dorsal aortic pressure, did not prevent the recovery of blood pressure after hemorrhage. This study indicates that 1) hemorrhage causes an increase in circulatory catecholamine concentration, possibly by a baroreceptor reflex; 2) volume recruitment, as indicated by the drop in hematocrit, is a major mechanism contributing to the recovery of dorsal aortic pressure after hypotension; and 3) alpha-adrenergic receptors are not necessary for the recovery of dorsal aortic pressure after hemorrhage. PMID- 6721003 TI - Units in the amygdala responding to activation of carotid baro- and chemoreceptors. AB - The distribution of units in the amygdala responding to selective activation of baro- and chemoreceptors was investigated in 12 cats under alpha-chloralose anesthesia. Changes in the firing frequency of spontaneously discharging units were monitored during baroreceptor activation (BA) (phenylephrine hydrochloride, 2 micrograms/kg iv) and chemoreceptor activation (CA) (sodium cyanide, 25 micrograms in 0.1 ml saline into the medial thyroid artery). CA altered the firing frequency of 23% (35/154) of the units; 37% (13/35) were excited, and 63% (22/35) were inhibited. BA altered the firing frequency of 16% (24/154) of the units; 71% (17/24) were excited, while 29% (7/24) were inhibited. The units responsive to CA were located primarily in the dorsomedial amygdala, while those responsive to BA were located primarily in the ventrolateral amygdala. The anatomic separation of units within the amygdala responding to activation of baroreceptors or chemoreceptors suggests that the specificity of function of different parts of the amygdala is related to the different kinds of inputs received by these components of the amygdala from cardiovascular receptors. PMID- 6721004 TI - Mental representations for pictures and words: same or different? AB - Do pictures and their corresponding verbal labels activate common meaning representations? Alternatively, do pictures invariably act like words-in-context generating some but not all of the semantic content activated by their labels? These possibilities were evaluated in a cuing experiment in which the cues consisted of either pictures or their labels and the targets consisted of related words. Modality and cue presence-absence during the study trial were manipulated along with preexperimental measured-meaning set size and cue-target strength. The results indicated that as long as category size and relative strength were equal, pictures and words appeared to activate functionally identical semantic representations. However, this commonality should not be expected across all drawings of the same referent. A second experiment using rhyming words indicated that the phonemic representations activated by naming a picture or reading a word were identical. However, subjects were able to use visual information contained in the labels to facilitate retrieval. PMID- 6721005 TI - Force of symmetry in form perception. AB - Many objects, natural and manufactured, have at least one axis of symmetry; thus, the detection of symmetry could facilitate the detection and representation of objects. Literature is reviewed that supports the notion that humans have effective and efficient symmetry-detection ability. The question addressed in the present research is whether symmetry detection leads to biases in representations of visual forms. Two types of experimental tasks were used: a similarity-judgment task and a matching-figures task in which reaction time to find identical figures in a display was measured. Stimuli varied in degree of measured symmetry. The results of the experiments reported here indicate that nearly symmetric standard forms are judged to be more similar to, and are more confusable with, even more symmetric forms than they are with less symmetric forms. The pull toward a more symmetric form does not occur for standard forms of lower symmetry. These findings can be accounted for by a two-stage process. First, the perceiver quickly determines the presence of overall symmetry. Then, if the form is perceived as having overall symmetry, the form is assumed, sometimes incorrectly, to have symmetry at the local level as well. PMID- 6721006 TI - Toward the laboratory study of sadness and crying. PMID- 6721007 TI - Effect of deprivation level on the magnitude of positive induction in discriminative straight-alley performance. AB - Groups of rats received discriminative straight-alley training under 75% or 90% predeprivation body weight levels. After training, one-half of the subjects at each body weight level received extinction trials to only the stimulus associated with reward (S +), and one-half received intermixed extinction trials to S + and the stimulus associated with nonreward (S -). In extinction, rats trained under 75% body weight displayed greater persistence when alternated between S + and S - than when extinguished to S + only (positive induction). Subjects trained under 90% body weight levels failed to show evidence of positive induction. These results support an interpretation of positive induction based on deprivation dependent frustrative reactions. PMID- 6721008 TI - Voice recognition: effects of orienting task, and a test of blind versus sighted listeners. AB - Three experiments on memory for unfamiliar voices are reported. In the first two experiments, the type of encoding was manipulated by orienting tasks. In each study, one group rated the pleasantness of the voices, another group made judgments of pitch, and a third group performed no orienting task. Recognition memory was not correlated with encoding condition in either experiment. In Experiment 2, voice memory was better when the message remained constant from study to test than when it was changed. In Experiment 3, a group of blind adults was tested with no orienting task. The blind subjects' memory was equivalent to that of the appropriate sighted group of Experiment 2. It is proposed that voices represent a psychologically unitary stimulus that cannot be encoded with differing degrees of elaboration; therefore, voices are not sensitive to orienting tasks in the way that other classes of events, such as words and faces, are. PMID- 6721009 TI - Is it possible to evaluate the IPO project? PMID- 6721010 TI - Evaluation of the effects of the North Carolina Improved Pregnancy Outcome Project: implications for state-level decision-making. AB - This study was designed to assess the effects of the North Carolina Improved Pregnancy Outcome (IPO) Project on use of prenatal care and incidence of low birthweight among its primarily Black registrants . Weighted least squares and stratified analysis procedures were used to scrutinize vital statistics data for subpopulation effects. IPO services were received by 51.7 per cent of Black women in the counties served by the project. For all Black registrants , the risk of receiving less than adequate prenatal care was 55.1 per cent of that of the comparison group. For Black teenage registrants , the risk was even less: 37.2 per cent of that of the comparison group. Nevertheless, no corresponding effects on the incidence of low birthweight could be detected. The evaluation methods used in this study can be applied to programs for mothers and infants in other locales to generate useful and practical information for state-level decision making. PMID- 6721011 TI - An empiric study of ecological inference. AB - Aggregate-level (macro) data are sometimes used when examining health care issues. Although they may be more accessible than individual (micro) observations, their interpretation is subject to ecological bias which in most cases is not measurable. This paper examines the implications of using aggregate level data by conducting two separate analyses (micro and macro). Using as a database hospital episodes of care for the North Carolina Medicare aged population, regression models are developed from an examination of geographic grouping effects to explore the impact of extended care services, skilled nursing facility, and home health agency care on acute care hospital days. Specific problems encountered are: variable definition, collinearity , variance reduction, dilution of effect, spurious correlation, and observation influence. Stronger collinear (correlation among independent variables) relations occur at the macro level than at the micro-level and spurious macro-correlations result from model specification and definition of interaction effects. PMID- 6721012 TI - Age-specific hysterectomy and oophorectomy prevalence rates and the risks for cancer of the reproductive system. AB - A sample survey was conducted in 1982 to determine the prevalence of hysterectomy and oophorectomy among upstate New York women, ages 25-74. The effects of this surgery on age-specific estimates of the risk for cancer of the uterus, cervix, and ovary were calculated. Overall, 16.9 per cent of the women reported having had a hysterectomy and 9.9 per cent reported a bilateral oophorectomy. The adjustment for age-specific hysterectomy increased the 1977-1979 average annual incidence rate of cervical and uterine cancer by 21 per cent. In several five year age categories, the increase reached 54 per cent. The 1977-1979 average annual incidence rate of ovarian cancer increased by 12 per cent after adjusting for age-specific bilateral oophorectomy. The increase reached 29 per cent in one five-year age group. The sample results show a lower prevalence of hysterectomy among women 25 to 40 years old and among women 70 to 74 than estimates based on the application of mathematical models to data on surgical incidence. PMID- 6721013 TI - Peer pressure and risk-taking behaviors in children. AB - We asked 771 children in grades 5-8 about the dares or challenges they received from other children. A pilot study established categories for classification of the actions proposed ("What did they try to get you to do?"); the techniques utilized ("How did they try to get you to do that?"); and children's responses ("What did you say or do?"). Peer pressure was reported most frequently by 8th grade students. About 50 per cent of the dares encouraged problem behaviors that placed the children (or others) at risk for personal injury, or the potential development of habits hazardous to their health. With increasing age, more occurred in the school environment and fewer involved risk of personal injury. Among 7th and 8th graders, more boys were dared to perform acts of violence, and more girls were challenged to be sexually active. PMID- 6721014 TI - Cancer of the breast, colon, ovary, and testis in the United States: rates 1970 78 from a hospital reporting system. AB - We have explored the use of data from the Commission on Professional and Hospital Activities-Professional Activity Study ( CPHA -PAS) for ascertaining information on cancer incidence, with regional breakdowns. Extirpative surgical procedures were linked with discharge diagnoses to provide estimates of numbers of incident cases. We calculated incidence rates for four cancers: breast, colon, ovary, and testis. CPHA -PAS inferred rates corresponded closely to those of other reporting systems for breast cancer in most age groups, and for colonic and testicular cancer in some age groups. Ovarian cancer rates were consistently underestimated. We conclude that a cancer incidence reporting scheme based on hospital discharge data can work for certain cancers, and be very inexpensive and efficient. It must, however, be used with care. PMID- 6721015 TI - Epidemiologic investigation of a Yersinia camp outbreak linked to a food handler. AB - In July 1981, an outbreak of gastroenteritis occurred at a summer diet camp. Of the 455 campers and staff, 35 per cent developed an illness characterized by abdominal pain, fever, diarrhea, and/or nausea and vomiting. A total of 53 per cent experienced abdominal pain. Seven persons were hospitalized, five of whom had appendectomies. Yersinia enterocolitica serogroup 0:8 was isolated from 37 (54 per cent) of 69 persons examined, including the camp cook and three assistants. An epidemiologic investigation demonstrated that illness was associated with consumption of reconstituted powdered milk and/or chow mein . Y. enterocolitica serogroup 0:8 was subsequently isolated from milk, the milk dispenser, and leftover chow mein . Information obtained during the investigation suggested that the Yersinia had been introduced by a food handler during food processing procedures. PMID- 6721016 TI - A randomized study of the impact of home health aides on diabetic control and utilization patterns. AB - Home health aides were offered to half of a group of 227 low-income diabetic clinic patients; in the group offered aides, fasting blood sugar (FBS) declined when compared to control group (10.1 mg/dl vs an increase of 5.1 mg/dl), and missed clinic appointments and emergency room use also decreased. The group of 44, who, upon offer of an aide actually accepted one, showed a significant increase in eye clinic appointments as well as the greatest decline in FBS (13.9 mg/dl). PMID- 6721017 TI - Waterborne giardiasis at a mountain resort: evidence for acquired immunity. AB - In November 1981, an outbreak of waterborne giardiasis occurred at a popular ski resort in Colorado. Stratification of illness by consumption of municipal tap water showed a striking dose-response, with an attack rate of 42 per cent among persons who drank six or more glasses of water per day. Filtered water samples revealed Giardia cysts in specimens both before and after treatment, and several deficiencies were found in the water treatment facility. Residents who had lived in the area greater than 2 years had a lower attack rate for illness than short term residents. PMID- 6721018 TI - The relationship between weight-height indices and the triceps skinfold measure among children age 5 to 12. AB - This study examines several weight for height indices--Quetelet's index W/H2, W/H, and Rohrer's index W/H3--for their appropriateness in estimating adiposity among young children. Data were obtained for a sample of 1,668 children age 5-12 residing in Forsyth County, North Carolina. Although W/H2 was found to be the most useful of these indices, the results suggest that no index, including the tricep skinfold measure, can be considered completely satisfactory in estimating adiposity among children. PMID- 6721019 TI - A pseudo-outbreak of influenza A associated with use of laboratory stock strain. AB - In November 1982, when influenza type A(H3N2) viruses were spreading in the United States, influenza A(H1N1) viruses were reportedly isolated from 10 hospitalized patients in New Mexico, only two of whom had influenza-like illnesses. Reference stock influenza A/Fort Monmouth (FM)/1/47(H1N1) virus had been used to prepare fluorescent antibody test slides in the laboratory reporting the isolates. After investigation, it was concluded that the isolates from the patients' cultures were a result of laboratory contamination. When an unexpected cluster of unusual virus isolates is reported, the possibility of laboratory contamination should be considered. PMID- 6721020 TI - Consumer demand for patient-oriented pharmacy services. AB - The purpose of this study was to investigate the extent of consumer demand for patient-oriented pharmacy services. Data, collected via a self-administered questionnaire distributed to 300 households, were analyzed using Kruskal's program for additive conjoint analysis. The results indicate substantial consumer demand for making advisory services available on request, moderate demand for provision of patient medication records, and little demand for voluntary provision of advisory services. PMID- 6721021 TI - Predicting changes in perceived health status. AB - Panel data from the Los Angeles Health Survey (N = 903) were used to examine variables associated with changes in perceived health status over a one-year period. Our findings replicate previous research showing that perceived health status is associated with variations in chronic illness, disability, and the utilization of health services. However, we found that neither positive nor negative changes in perceived health status were related to any indicator of health beliefs or practices or physical health status. The data suggest that single item measures of perceived health status may reflect the individual's sense of long-standing chronic illness. PMID- 6721022 TI - Outbreak of illness due to volatilized asphalt coming from a malfunctioning fluorescent lighting fixture. AB - We investigated an outbreak of headache, eye irritation, sore throat, nasal congestion, and nausea in an office complex, ongoing for three months and regularly resolved upon leaving the building. Investigation suggested that the etiology of the illness was malfunctioning fluorescent light ballasts , which overheated and resulted in melting and volatilization of contained asphalt . Correction of the problem resulted in almost complete disappearance of symptoms within two weeks. PMID- 6721023 TI - The benefits of comprehensive care of hemophilia: a five-year study of outcomes. AB - Eleven of 22 federally funded Comprehensive Hemophilia Centers have collected data on outcomes, before and after five years of this program's existence. Improved health, decreased hospitalization, decreased absenteeism, and a decrease in the unemployment rate from 36 per cent to 13 per cent were accompanied by decreased costs of care. In this model of a chronic handicapping illness, the early application of comprehensive care is preferable to the previous emphasis on end-stage rehabilitative efforts. PMID- 6721024 TI - Comments received on occupational mortality surveillance. PMID- 6721025 TI - Occupation/industry of parents on birth certificates. PMID- 6721026 TI - On religious affiliation of mothers relinquishing their newborns. PMID- 6721027 TI - On homicide in children and adolescents. PMID- 6721028 TI - Are sperm immobilizing antibodies in cervical mucus an explanation for a poor postcoital test? AB - Previous authors reported high incidences of complement dependent sperm immobilizing antibodies in cervical mucus (CM) and found a correlation with poor postcoital tests. In all those investigations the CM samples were tested after dilution with a salt solution. In the present study we investigated 50 CM samples from infertile couples who had during the routine fertility investigation poor postcoital tests. All CM samples were tested after dilution with an equal volume of normal human serum; only one sample was found positive. On the other hand, if the CM samples were diluted with an equal volume of a buffered salt solution, many positive results were obtained. With some guinea pig serum batches, however, all tests with buffer-diluted CM samples were negative, despite good reaction of the positive control serum. We concluded that the positive results with buffer diluted CM samples were due to a factor in the animal serum used as complement preparation and that complement-dependent sperm immobilizing antibodies in CM are an unlikely cause of a poor postcoital test. PMID- 6721029 TI - Detection of antispermatozoal antibodies of IgA class in cervical mucus. AB - A simple procedure for detection of antisperm antibodies of IgA class in human cervical mucus is described and the results of its application to samples from 102 patients are presented. The results suggest that the IgA immunobead test (IgA IBT) is a specific and clinically useful test for sperm antibodies. There was a strong correlation between the IgA-IBT and the presence of complement-dependent sperm immobilization in serum (Spearman's, r = 0.92, p less than 0.001). Positive IgA-IBT results occurred only in mucus samples that showed poor penetration by normal sperm. An added advantage of the IgA-IBT is that both the immunoglobulin class and the site of binding to the sperm surface can be determined simultaneously. PMID- 6721030 TI - Effects of immunization of mothers on the immune reaction of their offspring: inhibition of immune responses of offspring caused by antibody imported through the milk. AB - Effects of immunization of pregnant AKR mice with nucleated chicken erythrocytes (CRBC) on immune responses of their offspring were examined. Antigen-specific reduction of generation of cytotoxicity and plaque forming cells (PFC) was demonstrated in the offspring at 8 weeks after birth, and lasted for 15 weeks. Cross-fostering experiments and cell transfer experiments showed that such suppression would be induced by antibody contained in the milk of immunized mothers rather than suppressor cells. Activities to enhance opsonization and to mediate antibody-dependent cell-mediated cytotoxicity (ADCC) were demonstrated in the serum of such offspring before challenge with CRBC. Delayed footpad reaction (DFR) was maintained at the normal level in such offspring of immunized mice. PMID- 6721031 TI - Lance and liability. An update. PMID- 6721032 TI - Intraarterial streptokinase infusion for acute popliteal and tibial artery occlusion. AB - Eight consecutive patients with acute thrombotic or embolic occlusion of the popliteal or tibial artery were treated with low-dose intraarterial streptokinase followed by arterial reconstructive surgery where appropriate. Three patients had acute thrombosis of a popliteal aneurysm with limb-threatening ischemia. All three were relieved of their acute ischemia by streptokinase infusion accompanied by lysis of clots in the popliteal artery outflow tract. Each patient then underwent elective popliteal aneurysm bypass. Four patients had acute embolic popliteal or tibial artery occlusion. Each was relieved of ischemic symptoms. One required surgery to remove residual clot. One patient with thrombosis of the tibioperoneal trunk did not have a decrease in symptoms with streptokinase infusion, but did experience sufficient outflow tract thrombolysis to permit construction of a tibial bypass with resultant restoration of normal circulation. Low-dose intraarterial streptokinase may be the treatment of choice for selected patients who present with thrombosis of a popliteal aneurysm with tibial vessel involvement or with embolic popliteal or tibial artery occlusion. PMID- 6721033 TI - Midline sternotomy for the treatment of primary pulmonary neoplasms. AB - Twenty-eight of 160 patients operated on for suspected primary pulmonary neoplasms from July 1980 through June 1983 were approached by median sternotomy. Patients who underwent sternotomy had more general risk factors and more severely impaired pulmonary function than those who underwent posterolateral thoracotomy, but the morbidity and postoperative hospital stay were similar in the two groups. The amount of analgesic required for control of postoperative pain in the sternotomy patients was considerably less than that required for the thoracotomy patients. We believe that transternal resection is a reasonable alternative to posterolateral thoracotomy in the surgical treatment of primary pulmonary neoplasms, particularly peripheral neoplasms in the upper and middle lobe regions. It may be the preferred incision in the surgical treatment of impaired pulmonary function. PMID- 6721034 TI - The St. Jude experience. AB - This paper covers our experience with the use of the St. Jude prosthetic heart valve from November 1979 through August 1983 in 91 patients operated on for aortic and mitral valve replacement. Nonfatal complications included hemorrhagic sequela due to anticoagulation, with an annual rate of 1 percent (1.4 percent per 100 patient years), thromboembolism with an annual rate of 0.8 percent (0.87 percent per 100 patient years), sternal infection 1 percent, operative cardiovascular accident 1 percent, and pericardial tamponade 1 percent. Operative mortality was 1 percent, early mortality (within 30 days) was 3 percent, and late mortality was 3 percent, with a total overall mortality of 7 percent. Excluding two patients who died from noncardiac causes, the overall mortality was 5 percent. The mortality rate per year was 2 percent. The survival rate 3.8 years postoperatively was 89 percent for mitral valve replacement patients and 93 percent for aortic valve replacement patients, for an overall 38 year survival rate of 92 percent. All patients were anticoagulated with warfarin. There were no instances of valve failure, replacement, or serious hemolysis. Eighty-three percent were active or working with a New York heart functional class I. In our experience, the complication rate with the St. Jude valve is as low or lower than that for any other mechanical prosthetic cardiac valve available in the world today. PMID- 6721035 TI - Sepsis from sinusitis in nasotracheally intubated patients. A diagnostic dilemma. AB - The cause of sepsis in the intensive care unit patient can be a perplexing diagnostic problem. We have recently encountered seven patients who had sepsis associated with sinusitis of the paranasal sinuses. They represented 26 percent of all patients who had nasotracheal intubation for 5 days or more. Sinusitis as a complication of nasotracheal intubation has been previously reported, but its frequency has not been appreciated. Three case reports are presented to emphasize the importance of making this diagnosis. Standard x-ray studies will not adequately demonstrate all the paranasal sinuses. We have utilized computerized tomography to study these patients and found it to clearly demonstrate all the paranasal sinuses. We suggest a plan to help prevent sinusitis from nasotracheal intubation. Should this complication occur, however, the nasotracheal tube should be removed and the sinuses surgically drained or treated aggressively with topical agents. PMID- 6721036 TI - Acute appendicitis in children: factors affecting morbidity. AB - Appendicitis is a disease that continues to be characterized by a high morbidity rate that has changed little over the past 50 years. A significant proportion of patients (39 percent in this study) still present with advanced disease (gangrene, perforation, or abscess), as determined at operation. Duration of symptoms was the factor most closely associated with advanced disease. Patients with advanced disease had 88 percent of the morbidity. Primary care physicians referred patients who had symptoms for a longer period of time and who ultimately were found to have a more advanced stage of disease compared with patients who were referred from emergency rooms. This difference did not correlate with third party insurance coverage, as both referral groups exhibited a similar profile of coverage. In this study, the number of normal appendices removed was 5 percent. Early intervention remains the most promising means to reduce morbidity, mortality, and discomfort for the child and expense to the family or insurance carrier of a child with suspected appendicitis. PMID- 6721037 TI - Coaxial balloon dilation and calibration of urethral strictures. AB - New coaxial balloon dilators with standard urologic tip configurations have been designed for use in urethral strictures. Balloon dilatation provides several advantages over conventional dilatation of strictures including improved access and decreased mucosal trauma due to a low silhouette, adjustability of diameter and rigidity, decreased instrumentation, and facilitation of intermittent self dilation by the patient. The instruments were evaluated in 51 strictures (41 patients) as both a dilator and a calibrator. All catheters were located across the stricture easily (although two required filiform attachments). All clinical goals were achieved, and no complications were identified. Two patients were started on a program of intermittent self-dilation after internal urethrotomy with good results. It is our initial clinical impression that slow, gradual dilation of strictures is superior to rapid, abrupt dilation. This can only be practically achieved with balloon dilators. PMID- 6721038 TI - Pancreaticoduodenectomy for trauma: a viable option? AB - Over a 6 year period, 10 patients underwent pancreaticoduodenectomy for trauma. This was reserved for proximal pancreatic duct or ampulla injuries at locations that precluded reconstruction and combined devascularization injuries of the pancreas and duodenum. This was thought to be the most conservative indication for the procedure. All patients are alive an average of 3.5 years after injury, and only two continue to require some form of long-term medical therapy. Ninety percent of the patients have returned to functional activity. When confined to strict criteria for resection, pancreaticoduodenectomy is a viable option. The long-term complications of this procedure are minimal and can be well controlled. PMID- 6721039 TI - Antimicrobial prophylaxis in elective colon surgery. Experience of 1,035 operations in a community hospital. AB - An 11 year study of 1,035 elective colon resections reaffirmed the value of oral antibiotic prophylaxis. Five antibiotic regimens were used in 88 percent of the patients. The most effective and most frequently used regimen was the combination of parenteral cephalosporin with oral erythromycin and an aminoglycoside. The overall infection rate with this regimen was 11 percent and the wound sepsis rate was 2.5 percent. The use of parenteral cephalosporins alone was not effective. Furthermore, resistant bacteria were cultured from the wound infections of parenteral cephalosporin patients. A nondirective annual review of these data and each surgeon's infection rate resulted in a change in the antibiotic ordering practices and decreased infection rates. It is no longer acceptable surgical practice to omit antibiotic prophylaxis in colon operations. PMID- 6721040 TI - Abnormal mammographic findings. A critical appraisal. AB - We performed a 1 year review of mammographic interpretations and breast biopsy experiences at Madigan Army Medical Center, correlating biopsy results with mammographic interpretations when possible. Fibrocystic mammary dysplasia was reported in two thirds of our patients, with interpretations heavily weighted toward findings of moderate or severe dysplasia. Sixteen percent of our patients had indeterminate or suspicious mammograms, and only 11 percent of the mammograms were read as normal. Of 19 patients who underwent needle-directed biopsy for nonpalpable lesions and suspicious or indeterminate mammograms, two had invasive cancer and one lobular carcinoma in situ. Our data suggest that many patients who have indeterminate mammograms are followed in preference to early biopsy if there is no palpable lesion and no high yield radiologic criteria of malignancy. PMID- 6721041 TI - Breast cancer in association with lobular carcinoma in situ. Clinicopathologic review and treatment recommendation. AB - A 6 year follow-up study of 80 women with coexisting lobular carcinoma in situ and infiltrating breast cancer has been conducted to emphasize the natural history and management of these cancers. Treatment of the contralateral breast is of utmost importance as lobular carcinoma in situ is a multicentric neoplasm associated with a subsequent high occurrence of invasive cancer. This series has documented a high incidence of bilateral cancer. Six patients (7.5 percent) had simultaneous bilateral tumors and eight patients (10 percent) had the subsequent development of a second primary tumor, representing approximately four times the expected rate. Despite a well structured out-patient department, follow-up was suboptimal. Six of eight metachronous tumors were detected at a late stage (T2 and greater). PMID- 6721042 TI - Operation or observation for penetrating neck wounds? A retrospective analysis. AB - A review of 83 patients with penetrating neck wounds was performed to assess the relative merits of operation versus observation. Fifty patients (60 percent) underwent immediate surgery, 28 of whom (56 percent) had no significant neck injury. There were no deaths and only two complications (4 percent). Thirty-three patients (40 percent) were treated with initial observation, one of whom required subsequent surgery. In the latter group, there were also no deaths and two complications (6 percent). Length of hospital stay did not differ between patients with negative findings on exploration and those observed. When clinical signs as indications for surgery were present, management was more often correct than when signs were absent (82 and 52 percent, respectively), but the presence or absence of signs correctly predicted injury or lack of injury in over 80 percent of the patients. These data demonstrate the safety and efficacy of selective observation of patients with penetrating neck trauma, and confirm that clinical signs are a reliable indicator of significant injury. PMID- 6721043 TI - The island cheek flap: repair of cervical esophageal stricture and new extended indications. AB - Seven patients had reconstruction with an island cheek flap based on the facial vein and artery. The flap carries a swatch of buccal mucosa that can be rotated inferiorly as far as the superior mediastinum and superiorly to the oral cavity. Five patients had repair of cervical esophageal strictures and fistulas. In four, results were very successful. One patient had diminished but persistent dysphagia which was shown to be secondary to a carcinomatous polyneuropathy; however, he had complete resolution of aspiration after correction of his mechanical obstruction and tracheoesophageal fistula. Morbidity was minimal. Parotiditis developed in one patient who had Stensen's duct ligated. Minor numbness of the lip and a single case of Frey's syndrome were also observed. In another patient, reconstruction of the floor of the mouth preserved normal speech and swallowing. Finally, a permanent speech fistula was also created but was substantially taken down because of functional dissatisfaction. Other potential applications need to be explored. PMID- 6721044 TI - Role of hysterectomy in predisposing the patient to sigmoidovesical fistula complicating diverticulitis. PMID- 6721045 TI - Contribution of endoscopy to diagnosis and treatment of gastric cancer. AB - The contribution of fiberoptic endoscopy to the diagnosis and treatment of gastric cancer was evaluated in 174 patients. For the purpose of staging, they were compared with 99 patients admitted to the same institution in the pre endoscopy era. The frequency of minimal gastric cancer (stages I and II) was 16.5 percent in the patients who had esophagogastroduodenoscopy in contrast with only 4 percent in the patients without endoscopy. Fiberoptic endoscopy was superior to barium gastrography in the diagnosis of minimal gastric cancer. The effect of early diagnosis on survival was such that at 3 year follow-up, the cumulative proportion of stage I and II patients still alive was 85 percent compared with only 17.5 percent of stage III patients and none of the stage IV patients. PMID- 6721046 TI - Choledochoscopy in surgery for choledocholithiasis. Six year experience in 380 consecutive patients. AB - Choledochoscopy is a definite advance in biliary surgery as it simplifies the operative procedure and decreases the retained stone rate. Easy to perform without special training, its use is cost-effective. Therefore, we agree with Kappes et al [10] recommendation that routine intraoperative biliary endoscopy be performed in all patients undergoing common bile duct exploration. PMID- 6721047 TI - Vesicoenteric fistulas. AB - Vesicoenteric fistulas are a challenge to both the urologist and the general surgeon. Awareness of the possibility of an enteric origin of recurrent urinary symptoms should help us prevent the long delays in diagnosis. Thorough and accurate preoperative evaluation will help us make the proper selection as to a one stage or multistage repair. There is room for both in the surgeon's armamentarium, and a wise decision can produce excellent results as seen in this series. When the fistula is of malignant origin, the long-term prognosis remains poor, as it is for any colonic carcinoma extending beyond the serosa and involving a contiguous organ. Fistulas secondary to radiation necrosis and recurrent tumor have an extremely poor outlook with some palliation afforded by a diverting colostomy or a Hartman procedure. Patients with fistulas due to diverticular disease and, to a lesser extent, Crohn's disease can look forward to complete correction with low mortality and morbidity. PMID- 6721048 TI - Influence of hepatic artery ligation on survival. An experimental study in rats. AB - Interruption of the arterial blood supply to the liver has been used clinically for more than 15 years in patients with nonresectable liver tumors. The induced effect of hepatic artery occlusion on blood flow and metabolism has been studied extensively, whereas survival time has hardly been examined. Evidence of prolongation of survival after hepatic artery ligation, although not properly statistically analyzed, has been found in previous series of experimental animals, but the effect has not been established clinically. In this experimental study of rats with adenocarcinoma in the liver, a statistically significant prolongation of survival time was observed for the animals subjected to hepatic artery ligation when compared with untreated control animals. A statistically significant increase in body weight developed in all ligated animals during the experimental period, whereas the untreated control animals showed a statistically significant decrease in body weight. PMID- 6721050 TI - Thrombectomy of a Hemasite graft. AB - Hemasite is a new device incorporated in a graft that is used for hemodialysis. A technique of thrombectomizing this device incorporated graft is described. PMID- 6721049 TI - Polytetrafluoroethylene versus autogenous vein grafts for vascular reconstruction in contaminated wounds. AB - A high incidence of dissolution and disruption of infected autogenous vein grafts has been demonstrated. PTFE, on the other hand, has been shown to maintain its structural integrity in the presence of well-entrenched infection, with a relatively small incidence of anastomotic disruption related to host artery necrosis. In addition, PTFE performed as well as autogenous vein when antibiotics were administered. Therefore, PTFE graft material is advocated for controlled clinical trials in patients with contaminated vascular injuries. PMID- 6721051 TI - Subclavian artery occlusion 42 years after mastectomy and radiotherapy. AB - Left subclavian artery occlusion developed in a patient 42 years after a left radical mastectomy and radiotherapy. The vascular supply was successfully reconstructed by a graft from the right subclavian artery to the left brachial artery. Clinical and experimental evidence has demonstrated that radiotherapy can damage large vessels [2,4,5]. It is our contention that radiotherapy was the causative factor in the case of subclavian artery occlusion reported herein. PMID- 6721052 TI - Squamous cell carcinoma of the breast. AB - Squamous cell carcinoma is a rare type of breast malignancy. Three patients are described. The clinical features, histologic findings, and postoperative course are described. All three patients had operation, and two received chemotherapy and radiotherapy. Two patients are well 2 and 6 years postoperatively, and the third patient died from extensive metastases within 34 months after radical mastectomy without postoperative chemotherapy and radiotherapy. PMID- 6721053 TI - Ehlers-Danlos syndrome type IV: dramatic, deceptive, and deadly. PMID- 6721054 TI - Endoscopy and early gastric cancer. PMID- 6721055 TI - Treatment options in vesicoentric fistulas. PMID- 6721056 TI - The changes in activities of some mitochondrial oxidases in the brain and liver of rats with gamma-irradiated heads. PMID- 6721057 TI - [Vigilance evaluation by uncertain luminous spots in a prolonged and monotonous situation]. PMID- 6721058 TI - [Evaluation of the intracellular hydroelectrolytic and protein content by a non invasive method]. PMID- 6721059 TI - [Towards a daily surgical hospital II. Analytical study of the evaluation criteria for Newman's test]. PMID- 6721060 TI - [Comparison of pethidine and prilocaine for spinal anesthesia in 100 urologic operations]. PMID- 6721061 TI - [Ambulatory anesthesia in children for computed x-ray tomography]. PMID- 6721062 TI - [Evaluation of an apparatus to study the erythrocyte filterability by filtration pressure for a routine clinical use: the erythrometer]. PMID- 6721063 TI - [Endocrine forms of infertility as a risk factor for the failure to carry a subsequent pregnancy to term]. PMID- 6721065 TI - [Problems of primary prevention and the strategy with risk groups in modern gynecology]. PMID- 6721064 TI - [Ovarian hormonal function and neuroendocrine disorders in patients with intrauterine synechiae]. PMID- 6721066 TI - [Histochemical characteristics of the protective barrier of the endometrium in healthy women]. PMID- 6721068 TI - [Importance of echography in follicle detection and the diagnosis of ovulation]. PMID- 6721067 TI - [Ultrasonic echography and steroid hormone determination in diagnosing infertility of unexplained origin]. PMID- 6721069 TI - [Treatment of patients with infertility due to hyperprolactinemia]. PMID- 6721071 TI - [Clinical characteristics of complex forms of extrauterine pregnancy]. PMID- 6721070 TI - [Effect of repeated induced abortions on female reproductive function]. PMID- 6721072 TI - [Characteristics of the clinical picture of tubal pregnancy depending on the structural and functional state of the uterine tubes]. PMID- 6721073 TI - [Prevention of puerperal endometritis by zinc electrophoresis with diadynamic currents]. PMID- 6721074 TI - [Vibration massage as a means of accelerating uterine involution following labor]. PMID- 6721075 TI - [Immunochemical study of the system of soluble leukocyte antigens in patients with exacerbated chronic salpingo-oophoritis]. PMID- 6721076 TI - [Experience with combined treatment using hemosorption in the generalized suppurative-septic infection of puerperae and women with septic abortion]. PMID- 6721077 TI - [Clinico-microbiological diagnosis of nonclostridial anaerobic infections in gynecology]. PMID- 6721078 TI - [Importance of echography in examining patients with developmental defects of the uterus and vagina]. PMID- 6721079 TI - [Potentials of computer tomography in diagnosing ovarian and uterine tumors]. PMID- 6721080 TI - [Echinococcosis of the female genitalia]. PMID- 6721081 TI - [Evaluation of the immune status of patients with dysfunctional uterine hemorrhages during treatment with female sex hormones]. PMID- 6721082 TI - [Ovarian androblastoma of the Sertoli type]. PMID- 6721083 TI - [Septic abortion: clinical aspects, diagnosis, treatment]. PMID- 6721084 TI - [Resuscitation and intensive care in asphyxia neonatorum]. PMID- 6721085 TI - [Differentiated approach to the treatment of hypoxia in newborn infants]. PMID- 6721086 TI - [Blood and urine indices during physiologic pregnancy and the postpartum period]. PMID- 6721087 TI - [Concentration of folic acid in the blood of healthy pregnant, parturient and puerperant women and pregnant, parturient and puerperant women with hemoglobinopathies]. PMID- 6721088 TI - [Concentration of endogenous heparin during physiologic pregnancy]. PMID- 6721089 TI - [Estriol and its role in reproductive function]. PMID- 6721090 TI - [Course and outcome of pregnancy and labor in multipara]. PMID- 6721091 TI - [Changes in lipid peroxidation indices and their correction in women before artificial interruption of pregnancy]. PMID- 6721092 TI - [Role of serum factors in the immunologic reactivity of the mother in physiologic pregnancy and pregnancy complicated by late toxemia]. PMID- 6721093 TI - [Enzymatic and non-enzymatic fibrinolysis of the blood and urine in nephropathy of pregnancy]. PMID- 6721094 TI - [Method of multichannel electromyoreflexography in evaluation of the convulsion susceptibility of patients with late toxemia]. PMID- 6721095 TI - [Functional status of the kidneys in pregnancy complicated by diabetes mellitus]. PMID- 6721096 TI - [Various indices of natural resistance in anemia of pregnancy]. PMID- 6721097 TI - [Metoclopramide in the complex treatment of chronic cholecystitis in pregnant women]. PMID- 6721098 TI - [Diagnosis of lesions of the upper digestive system during pregnancy]. PMID- 6721099 TI - [Activity of nonspecific immunoprotective factors in puerperants with rheumatic heart lesions]. PMID- 6721100 TI - [Effect of plasma substitute solutions on the immunologic indices of pregnant women with spontaneous abortions]. PMID- 6721101 TI - [Comparative evaluation of the informative value of ultrasonic scanning and thermography in the diagnosis of ectopic pregnancy]. PMID- 6721102 TI - [Infrared thermography of the thyroid gland in pregnancy]. PMID- 6721103 TI - [Chronic toxoplasmosis and pregnancy]. PMID- 6721104 TI - [Posttraumatic acute renal failure in pregnancy]. PMID- 6721105 TI - [Prevention of infectious diseases in maternity hospitals]. PMID- 6721106 TI - [Incidence of menstrual function disorders in the histories of pregnant women with late toxemia]. PMID- 6721107 TI - [Obstetrical problems in early amniocentesis (a discussion of the 1st cases)]. PMID- 6721108 TI - [Serum ferritin levels in normal pregnancy and in women in threatened abortion and premature labor]. PMID- 6721109 TI - [Comparative evaluation of the protein fractions in the maternal and fetal serum, and amniotic fluid in normal labor]. PMID- 6721111 TI - [Perinatal mortality in EPH gestoses]. PMID- 6721110 TI - [Electron microscopic changes in the placenta in late pregnancy toxicoses]. PMID- 6721112 TI - [Premature labor in pregnant women with hypertensive diseases]. PMID- 6721113 TI - [Methodological possibilities in studying the nutrition of pregnant women and nursing infants]. PMID- 6721114 TI - [Dynamic changes in the frequency of the uterine contractions during tocolysis with the beta-adrenomimetic Partusisten in high rupture of the amniotic sac]. PMID- 6721115 TI - [Importance of episiotomy in premature labor]. PMID- 6721116 TI - [Relation between ultrasonic and hormonal parameters in fetal hypotrophy]. PMID- 6721117 TI - [Anesthesia and resuscitation of pregnant women with diabetes during cesarean section]. PMID- 6721118 TI - [Our experience with treatment methods for puerperae with suppurative mastitis]. PMID- 6721119 TI - [Serum ferritin and ceruloplasmin levels in pathological pregnancy]. PMID- 6721120 TI - [Use of the vasoconstrictor preparation POR 8 Sandoz in gynecological surgical practice]. PMID- 6721121 TI - [Surgical treatment of vaginal prolapse and urinary incontinence in women]. PMID- 6721122 TI - [Hormonal studies in patients with idiopathic varicocele]. PMID- 6721123 TI - [Case of the psychotherapeutic treatment of pseudopregnancy by pseudolabor]. PMID- 6721124 TI - [Comparative study of the oral administration of flunitrazepam with oral pentobarbital and intramuscular administration of atropine and pethidine (meperidine) as premedication]. AB - Thirty-four patients were allocated at random to treatment with 1 mg of flunitrazepam, orally, the night before operation, and 1 mg on the morning of operation (Group 1), and another 34 to treatment with 100 mg of pentobarbital, orally, the night before operation, followed by intramuscular atropine (0.01 mg/kg)+pethidine (meperidine 1 mg/kg) on the morning of operation (Group 2). The patients in both groups slept equally well. As far as apprehension and excitement (= anxiolytic effect) just before induction of anaesthesia were concerned, oral flunitrazepam proved to be markedly better than i.m. atropine+pethidine. There were no significant differences in cardiovascular variables between the two groups. From the anaesthesiologist's point of view, atropine had beneficial antisecretory effects, but, from the patients point of view, it caused only a subjective unwanted effect (dry mouth). In our opinion, oral flunitrazepam is a useful alternative agent for routine premedication. However, when used without i.m. atropine, excessive salivary secretion in some patients may occur and be disturbing, especially during extubation. PMID- 6721125 TI - [Anesthesia in a patient with hereditary angioedema]. AB - One of the most serious manifestations of hereditary angioneurotic edema is the occurrence of an acute airway obstruction due to laryngeal edema. The anesthetic technique of choice is a conduction rather than an intubation anesthesia. In the treatment of an acute attack steroids and antihistamines are commonly ineffective. Specific prophylactic and therapeutic measures involving the infusion of fresh-frozen plasma and treatment with Danazol are described. PMID- 6721126 TI - [Etomidate as an anticonvulsive agent]. AB - Experiences with etomidate as an agent with hypnotic, brain protective and anticonvulsive effects are discussed. The application of etomidate is described at one patient with epilepsy and withdrawal symptoms after resuscitation. PMID- 6721127 TI - [Effect of anesthesia on blood coagulation factor XIII]. AB - 57 patients who had undergone surgical operations because of varicosis were examined for the influence of the mode of anaesthesia on the plasma levels of factor XIII. Within a randomized study the patients were given by alternate order halothane (NA) (n = 19), neurolept-analgesia (NLA) (n = 19) or peridural anesthesia (PA) (n = 19). Pre- and postoperatively as well as at the 1st, 3rd, 5th, and 7th p.o. day the plasma levels of factor XIII, fibrinogen (factor I) and fibrinogen-degradation-products (FDP) were measured. FDP were not found. The levels of factor XIII remained within the normal range. Fibrinogen showed an identical course: the postoperative findings were lower than the initial ones. 24 h later the levels were higher. At the 7th p.o. day the most important readings were found. In comparing the three methods of anaesthesia the most obvious differences in the data on factor XIII were in the peridural anesthesia-group, especially on the 3rd p.o. day with significant lower results than in the other groups. The modes of anaesthesia used had no visible influence on the range of factor XIII. PMID- 6721128 TI - [POR 8 (ornipressin). Local vasoconstrictive effect and hemodynamic activity during surgery in ENT clinics]. AB - POR 8 (ornipressin) at a concentration of 5 IU in 10 ml of 1% lidocaine was used as a local vasoconstrictor in 262 ENT operations. Anaesthesia was carried out with either halothane or enflurane, or with diazepam and fentanyl. The doses of POR 8 lay between 2.7 IU and 3.5 IU. Under inhalational anaesthesia there was a good vasoconstriction in 85% to 90%, and anaesthesia with diazepam-fentanyl in 60% to 83% of cases, depending on the site of operation. There should be a 10-20 minute interval between infiltration and the beginning of surgery. Under inhalational anaesthesia the systolic blood pressure fell by 10% after infiltration of POR 8, when the diastolic blood pressure rose by 6%. During diazepam-fentanyl anaesthesia the systolic blood pressure increased by 23%, the diastolic by 27%. POR 8 was not found to have an antidiuretic effect. There was no difference between the osmolality, sodium and potassium levels of 30 patients measured before infiltration and 24 hours later. Because of the minimal side effects of POR 8 on the cardiovascular system during inhalational anaesthesia we recommend the use of these substance as a local vasoconstrictor instead of epinephrine. PMID- 6721129 TI - [A case of anaphylactoid reaction following administration of etomidate]. AB - After injection of etomidate during surgery for herniation of an intervertebral disk an anaphylactoid reaction occurred. Generalized erythema, severe urticaria, and rise in heart rate and blood pressure drop were observed. After treatment with an antihistaminic and a corticosteroid the phenomenons completely disappeared within 45 minutes. PMID- 6721130 TI - [Technical innovation on a cava catheter]. AB - A method is described for fixing a central-vein-catheter, during insertion when the envelope is withdrawn, so as to render the procedure more sterile. PMID- 6721131 TI - Determination of fluorophor-labeled compounds based on peroxyoxalate chemiluminescence. AB - Fluorophor-labeled compounds are determined by adding an aromatic oxalate ester and hydrogen peroxide and measuring the resulting chemiluminescence (CL). Rhodamine B is excited more efficiently than 2',7'-dichlorofluorescein and dimethylaminonapthalenesulfonic acid. Hydrogen peroxide concentration is the most important variable influencing intensity-time characteristics of the reaction. Measurements are possible in a predominantly aqueous reaction medium but precision is poor, presumably due to oxalate ester insolubility on a microscale. Increasing the percentage of organic solvent leads to improved precision and a larger signal. The detection limit for rhodamine B is around 10(-9) M for a medium containing 50% organic solvent. It is limited by variability in background CL which is associated with impurities in the solvents used for the measurement. The CL excitation efficiency decreases when rhodamine is bound to protein but increases when rhodamine is coupled to folic acid. The addition of albumin to rhodamine-labeled antialbumin causes a 30% decrease in CL intensity. PMID- 6721132 TI - Direct optical resolution of a series of pharmacologically active racemic sulfoxides by high-performance liquid affinity chromatography. AB - A series of pharmacologically active racemic sulfoxides was investigated with respect to optical resolution by an affinity chromatographic technique based on enantioselective interactions with immobilized bovine serum albumin. The results show that very small changes in the molecular structure of a drug, at a large distance from the asymmetric center, can drastically alter not only its affinity for the albumin molecule but also the enantioselectivity in the reversible binding process. Apart from being an excellent, rapid method for studies of drug binding to and transport by serum albumins, it has a large potential application as a chromatographic technique for the determination of enantiomeric purity as well as stereoselective uptake processes of drugs. PMID- 6721133 TI - An apparatus for reproducible large scale preparation of polyacrylamide gradient tube gels. AB - A device for the preparation of polyacrylamide tube gels for pore gradient gel electrophoresis is described. The glass tubes are arranged in the shape of a hollow cylinder, of which the outer as well as the inner surface can be cooled. By this arrangement, the maximum distance the heat of reaction has to be conducted is 7.5 mm. According to the outer diameter of the tubes, the number of gels held by one device ranges from 125 (5 mm) to 500 (2.5 mm). The gels are demonstrated to be identical, and allow for highly reproducible separations. PMID- 6721134 TI - Fluorometric assays for DNA deposited on filters. AB - Procedures for collecting DNA from dilute solutions as small spots of the insoluble cetyltrimethylammonium salt deposited on either glass fiber or Millipore filters are described. This method of concentration facilitates the fluorescent assay of DNA, either by a microreaction in which the spots on glass fiber are punched out, reacted with a small volume of 3,5-diaminobenzoic acid, and then assayed in a microcuvette or, alternatively, by spotting the DNA onto black Millipore filters and soaking these in ethidium bromide so that the fluorescence of each spot can be measured by direct scanning. These methods are capable of detecting DNA amounts as low as, respectively, 50 and 10 ng. The most important advantage in this procedure is not, however, its intrinsic sensitivity but, rather, the ability to recover and assay DNA from very dilute solutions. The use of silver both to stain DNA on filters and to enhance the sensitivity of the 4',6-diamidino-2-phenylindole fluorescence method of estimating DNA is also briefly described. PMID- 6721135 TI - Importance of sodium dodecyl sulfate source to electrophoretic separations of thylakoid polypeptides. AB - Electrophoretic banding patterns of Chlamydomonas reinhardtii thylakoid polypeptides differ depending on whether impure, or pure sodium dodecyl sulfate (SDS) is used. Bands of Mr 45,000 and 36,000 were found when impure sodium dodecyl sulfate was used, but the Mr 45,000 band was absent when pure sodium dodecyl sulfate was used. Seven thylakoid polypeptides were isolated using preparative polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis, and the pure sodium dodecyl sulfate. Polypeptide (Mr 36,000) reran as a single band in pure sodium dodecyl sulfate, but yielded Mr 45,000 and 36,000 bands in impure sodium dodecyl sulfate. Although the Rf of most of the six other polypeptides differed, depending on whether pure or impure sodium dodecyl sulfate was used, the Mr of these polypeptides was the same with both. Thus, the banding pattern difference due to SDS source results from differences in Rf without changes in apparent Mr and a marked change in Mr of one polypeptide. PMID- 6721136 TI - Determination of trace levels of fatty acid metal salts by high-performance liquid chromatography with fluorescence prelabeling. AB - A simple method is described for picomole determinations of fatty acid metal salts. Fatty acid salts are directly labeled with 4-bromomethyl-7-methoxycoumarin in the presence of excess ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid tripotassium salt without any solvent extractions. The fluorescence derivatives of fatty acids are separated by reverse-phase high-performance liquid chromatography followed by fluorometric detection. The response of each fatty acid (C8-C18) calcium salt is linear from 1 to 50 micrograms/ml of samples. The detection limit is about 7 pmol. Good recoveries are obtained for the calcium salts of myrystic acid and soap (C8-C18, C18:1,2). The new method is successfully applied to the study on biodegradation of fatty acids in river water. PMID- 6721137 TI - Affinity chromatography of estrogen receptors on diethylstilbestrol-agarose. AB - Diethylstilbestrol was coupled to epoxy-activated agarose yielding an affinity resin which is highly efficient for the isolation of estrogen receptors. This resin, diethylstilbestrol-agarose (DES-agarose), bound two proteins (Mr = 50,000 and 65,000) from rabbit uterine cytosol that show a specific interaction with estradiol. A two step procedure--adsorption on DES-agarose followed by a selective elution with p-sec-amylphenol and NaSCN, yielded highly purified estrogen receptors which can be used in the studies of estradiol-receptor interactions with other cell constituents. PMID- 6721138 TI - Determination of cystamine by high-performance liquid chromatography. AB - A highly sensitive and specific assay method for cystamine using high-performance liquid chromatography has been developed. The method is based on postcolumn derivatization of cystamine with o-phthaladehyde in the presence of 2 mercaptoethanol and sodium hypochlorite. The separation of cystamine was achieved using a cation exchange column (ISC-05/S0504). The assay was linear over the concentration range of 2 to 200 pmol. For the application of this assay method to biological materials, the pretreatment with a cation exchange column (Dowex 50W X 8) was necessary to remove interfering o-phthaladehyde-reactive substances. Since cysteamine in biological materials was quantitatively converted to cystamine during these sampling procedures, this method was found to be suitable for assaying the cysteamine plus cystamine content in various organs and tissues. The cysteamine-cystamine content in various tissues of rat determined by the present assay method has been presented. PMID- 6721139 TI - An apparatus for simultaneous manual solid-phase synthesis of multiple peptide analogs. AB - A new design of reaction vessel for simultaneous manual solid-phase synthesis of multiple peptide analogs is described. Simultaneous use of four of these vessels attached to a single rotary mixer has been successfully applied to synthesis of two sets of four decapeptide amide analogs. Efficient coupling was indicated by chemical determination at the end of each synthesis cycle and overall final yields of between 78 and 84% were obtained. The products obtained were of a high quality, as assessed by high-performance liquid chromatography and amino acid analysis. This system allows expeditious synthesis of multiple peptide analogs for structure-function studies with economical use of efficiently ventilated laboratory space. PMID- 6721140 TI - An automated method for determination of the sedimentation coefficient of macromolecules using a preparative centrifuge. AB - Following centrifugation in a preparative ultracentrifuge at relatively high speeds for 1-3 h, quartz tubes containing approximately 150 microliter of macromolecular solution are optically scanned using an apparatus and method previously described (Attri, A. K., and Minton A. P. (1983) Anal. Biochem. 133, 142-152). The resulting data are processed by microcomputer immediately upon completion of scanning to yield the sedimentation coefficient of the solute. Calculated values agree to within a few percent with those found in the literature and with the results of control experiments carried out using an analytical ultracentrifuge. PMID- 6721141 TI - Chromatographic separation of choline, trimethylamine, trimethylamine oxide, and betaine from tissues of marine fish. AB - A chromatographic procedure using sequential ion-exchange columns is described for separating choline, trimethylamine, trimethylamine oxide, and betaine extracted from marine fish tissues; added exogenous carnitine can also be separated by the system. Choline with its positive charge binds to the AG 50W-X8 (Na+, pH 9) column. The column is first eluted with 0.1 N NaOH to collect trimethylamine, trimethylamine oxide, and betaine; choline is then eluted with 0.5 N NaOH. The amines collected with 0.1 N NaOH are subsequently separated using an AG 50W-X8 (H+, pH 4) column eluted with a linear 0-1 M NaC1 gradient. PMID- 6721142 TI - The interaction of proteins with hydroxyapatite. I. Role of protein charge and structure. AB - The criteria for elution of proteins from hydroxyapatite columns were examined as a function of (1) protein isoelectric point (22 proteins with isoelectric points between 3.5 and 11.0); (2) ionic nature of eluant (Na salts of PO4, F-, Cl-, SCN , ClO-4, and CaCl2); and (3) structural differences between related proteins. It was found that proteins can be classified into three groups: (1) basic proteins, which elute at similar, moderate molarities of PO4, F-, Cl-, SCN-, and ClO-4, and low (less than 0.003 M) Ca2+; (2) acidic proteins which elute at about equal moderate molarities of PO4 and F-, but do not elute with Ca2+ and usually not with Cl-; (3) neutral proteins, which elute with PO4, F-, and Cl-, but show a strong anion specificity, and do not elute with Ca2+ or SCN-. Furthermore, individual specific polar groups are not in general crucial to binding or desorption, and variations in structure, other than major loosening, do not influence strongly the pattern of protein-hydroxyapatite interaction. PMID- 6721143 TI - The interaction of proteins with hydroxyapatite. II. Role of acidic and basic groups. AB - The elution behavior from hydroxyapatite columns of the modification products of seven basic and three acidic proteins has been investigated. Three classes of NH2 derivatives were prepared. These consisted of (1) replacement by a guanidyl group with no change in charge; (2) blocking with loss of charge; and (3) replacement of positive charges by negative ones. Two types of COOH derivatives were prepared: (1) blocking with loss of charge; and (2) replacement of COOH by SO3H with no change in charge. The elution behavior of the derivatives in PO4, F-, Cl , ClO-4, and Ca2+ ion eluants showed that (1) the elution patterns are determined by the isoelectric points of the proteins, there being no symmetry between the binding or elution behavior of acidic and basic proteins; (2) the binding of basic proteins requires the presence of a high density of positively charged groups; (3) the binding of all proteins to hydroxyapatite equilibrated with phosphate buffer is enhanced by a decrease in the number of their negative charges; and (4) calcium ions affect the binding of proteins to hydroxyapatite at the level of carboxyls, since clusters of carboxyls strengthen both the interaction with Ca2+ and the binding to hydroxyapatite. PMID- 6721144 TI - The interaction of proteins with hydroxyapatite. III. Mechanism. AB - The mechanism of protein binding to and elution from hydroxyapatite (HA) has been established. Binding occurs both by nonspecific attraction between protein positive charges and HA and by specific complexing of protein carboxyls with calcium loci on the mineral. Elution can take place either as the result of the nonspecific ion screening of charges or by the specific displacement of protein groups from sites on the column with which they had complexed. PMID- 6721145 TI - Isolation of molecules recognized by monoclonal antibodies and antisera: the solid phase immunoisolation technique. AB - A simple technique for the isolation of antigens recognized by antisera and monoclonal antibodies has been developed. This method, the solid-phase immunoisolation technique, employs the protein-binding properties of polyvinylchloride microtiter plates. Antibodies are adsorbed to the plates either directly or via an anti-immunoglobulin reagent. Antigen is then placed in the wells, and allowed to adsorb to the antibody. The well is washed, and the antigen is then eluted with a denaturing electrophoresis sample buffer for one- or two dimensional analysis. The solid-phase immunoisolation technique has been used to isolate a variety of cell membrane antigens with high signals and low backgrounds. The ease of the procedure and the high signal-to-noise ratio make this method preferable to the use of a staphylococcal adsorbent for many applications. PMID- 6721146 TI - A continuous-flow, rapid-mixing, photolabeling technique applied to the acetylcholine receptor. AB - A continuous-flow technique is described in which a photoaffinity label, membrane rich in acetylcholine receptor, and various effectors are rapidly mixed, passed through a delay tube, through a tube in which they are irradiated, and are collected in a tube containing quencher. Delay times as short as 20 ms between mixing and photolysis are achievable. Because the flow is continuous, milliliter volumes of membrane can be labeled in a single run, which is convenient for the analysis of both the functional effects and sites of photolabeling. Using this technique, we have found that receptor in its transitory, active state, in which the channel is open, is more susceptible to photolabeling by the noncompetitive inhibitor analog [3H] quinacrine azide than is receptor in either its resting or desensitized states, in which the channel is closed. This technique should prove generally useful for the photolabeling of transient conformational states of macromolecules. PMID- 6721147 TI - Two simple procedures for isolation of allophycocyanin II from Anacystis nidulans. AB - Allophycocyanin II purification using initial extraction of phycobiliproteins by acetone treatment is introduced. An additional fast method using Al2O3 is described. Both extraction procedures are followed up by conventional hydroxylapatite chromatography. PMID- 6721148 TI - The analysis of picomole amounts of L(+)- and D(-)-lactic acid in samples of dental plaque using bacterial luciferase. AB - L(+)-Lactic acid (5 pmol) and D(-)-lactic acid (20 pmol) were assayed by coupling the generation of NADH with the use of bacterial luciferase. The binding of NADH to L(+)-lactic dehydrogenase made it necessary to denature the protein so that the assay with bacterial luciferase was effective. The coupled luciferase assay of L(+)-lactic acid was 400 times more sensitive than the fluorometric assay. The luciferase coupled assay was used to analyze the L(+)- and D(-)-lactic acid contents of small samples of dental plaque. PMID- 6721149 TI - The use of Cerenkov radiation for monitoring reactions performed in minute volumes: examples from recombinant DNA technology. AB - A method in which minute volumes of initially unknown size are used to monitor reactions has been developed. It is applicable whenever 32P-labeled substrates can be distinguished from 32P-labeled products by a filter assay. Three determinations are required: the Cerenkov radiation emitted (1) by the unknown aliquots affixed to filters and dried; (2) by the identical filters after processing to remove either substrates or products; and (3) by a precisely measured, necessarily much larger, aliquot in solution. Given the value obtained in (3) and the efficiency with which Cerenkov radiation can be detected in the dry state (25%) compared with the liquid state (56%), the unknown volumes, together with their acid-insoluble radioactivity, can be calculated from (1) and (2), respectively. Since the known volume counted in solution is not lost to further manipulations, the entire procedure uses less than 0.5 microliter. PMID- 6721150 TI - Ophthalmic and norophthalmic acid in lens, liver, and brain of higher animals. AB - A sensitive high-performance liquid chromatographic method for the determination of nanomole levels of ophthalmic and norophthalmic acid has been described. The procedure is based upon the conversion of amino group to 2,4-dinitrophenyl derivatives and the detection at 420 nm. This method was applied to the determination of the peptides in lens, liver, and brain of several animals. Mean recoveries were 93.6% for ophthalmic acid and 92.3% for norophthalmic acid added to cattle lens homogenate. PMID- 6721152 TI - Desorption chemical ionization mass spectrometry of guanidino compounds. PMID- 6721151 TI - Ferrocene-mediated enzyme electrode for amperometric determination of glucose. PMID- 6721153 TI - Potentiometric digoxin antibody measurements with antigen-ionophore based membrane electrodes. PMID- 6721155 TI - Chlorogenic acid composition of instant coffees. PMID- 6721154 TI - Spectrophotometric determination of trace boron in biological materials after alkali fusion decomposition. PMID- 6721156 TI - Comparative assessment of high-performance liquid chromatographic methods for the determination of ascorbic acid and thiamin in foods. PMID- 6721157 TI - Improved capillary gas-chromatographic - mass spectrometric method for the determination of anabolic steroid and corticosteroid metabolites in horse urine using on-column injection with high-boiling solvents. PMID- 6721158 TI - Simultaneous multi-element analysis of blood serum by flow injection - inductively coupled plasma atomic-emission spectrometry. PMID- 6721159 TI - Ultracentrifugal subfractionation of high-density lipoprotein. PMID- 6721161 TI - Rapid determination of halogens in blood serum by instrumental neutron-activation analysis. PMID- 6721160 TI - Simultaneous in vivo measurement of total body nitrogen by neutron-activation analysis and of protein turnover in humans and animals. PMID- 6721162 TI - Minor and trace element analysis of gallstones. PMID- 6721163 TI - Measurement of aluminium in dialysis fluid and water by a spectrophotometric procedure. PMID- 6721164 TI - New analytical assays using hydrogen peroxide and peroxidase. PMID- 6721165 TI - Amperometric determination of glycerol and triglycerides using an oxygen electrode. PMID- 6721166 TI - Voltammetric behaviour of phylloquinone (vitamin K1) at a glassy-carbon electrode and determination of the vitamin in plasma using high-performance liquid chromatography with electrochemical detection. PMID- 6721167 TI - Organophosphorus sulphides, sulphoxides and sulphones. Part I. Determination of residues in fruit and vegetables by gas-liquid chromatography. PMID- 6721168 TI - Rapid procedure for the determination of vitamins A and D in fortified skimmed milk powder using high-performance liquid chromatography. PMID- 6721169 TI - Determination of marker chromium in faeces using inductively coupled plasma emission spectrometry. PMID- 6721170 TI - Determination of nitrite and nitrate in meat products by high-performance liquid chromatography. PMID- 6721171 TI - Fine structure of the epidermal cuticle of some Brazilian earthworms (Oligochaeta: Annelida). AB - Electron microscopic techniques were adopted to study the epidermal cuticle of 4 species of brazilian earthworms. Basically this structure consists of collagenous fibers arranged in alternate layers and embedded in an amorphous and fibrillar matrix. Of characteristics, the ellipsoidal projections of the cuticle of P. hawayana were found to be enclosed between 2 parallel layers, where each layer consists of 2 electron dense lines, separated by a space filled with an electron dense material. PMID- 6721173 TI - Anomalous contrahentes muscles in human feet. AB - Anomalous muscles were found in the third layer of plantar musculature in 2 human feet. Although they occupied the approximate position of m. adductor hallucis caput obliquum , they were larger than that muscle and showed more extensive insertions. In one specimen the muscle inserted into the areas of the metatarsophalangeal joint capsules of the first and second toes. In the second specimen the insertion was into the metatarsophalangeal joint capsules of the 4 medial toes. The m. adductor hallucis caput transversum was missing in both feet. Both muscles were supplied by ramus profundus n. plantaris lateralis. The location and innervation of these unusual muscles indicates that they are contrahentes . PMID- 6721172 TI - Peroneus digiti minimi. AB - 298 human cadaver feet were dissected to determine the incidence of occurrence and size of the peroneus digiti minimi. It was found to be present in 59.7% of the specimens and ranged in size from 0.5 mm to 2 mm. This was a much higher incidence of occurrence than had previously been documented. The significance of this finding is in question at the present time and needs further investigation. PMID- 6721174 TI - Osteology of the musk shrew (Suncus murinus). AB - In the present study using 29 adult musk shrew of both sexes, most findings were identified to be similar to those by Sharma (1958) on the osteology , and there was no remarkable difference between skeletal structure of wild musk shrew in India and that of breeding species in Japan except the number of the vertebra lumbalis and existance of the dens caninus . However, it was elucidated that the os articulare coccygis like H-letter in shape is characteristic for this animal, and shows 17 components as many between interspace ventral to the adjacent os coccygis , and that there exists the proc. spinosus appendicularis nominated newly over the vertebra thoracica II, which plays significant role to head and neck as origin or insertion for strong m. serratus dorsalis, m. splenius, and m. semispinalis . PMID- 6721175 TI - [Age and sex dependence of the diameter of the lumen of the ascending, thoracic and abdominal aorta]. AB - The quantitative estimation of luminal diameter of 102 aortas (ascending, thoracic and abdominal aorta) from neonates to adults of 80 years showed a continuous increase with a marked change until the age of 15. From the 20th up to the 80th year we observed a further enlargement of the inner vessel-diameter of about 50%. PMID- 6721176 TI - [The vena cava--reflections on nomenclature]. AB - In the course of standardization of anatomical nomenclature old nomenclatures are retained although their sense is not clear. One example is the term " Hohl "- Vene (= "hollow" vein). During the time of ancient medicine the names artery/vein signified a hollow structure and later the meaning was limited to vessels. At that time two names existed for the inferior vena cava: vena magna (the "big" vein) and vena cava (the "hollow" vein). Later authors thought that the name vena cava was an error of translation. But the history of medicine demonstrates a clear coherence between the words "hollow space" and "spirit". Therefore the name " Hohl "- Vene indicates that people supposed the animal spirit being in the hollow part of the blood circulation. PMID- 6721177 TI - [Postnatal development of the width and height of the palate and the palate foramina]. AB - During the postnatal development the anterior width of the palatum durum increases between the 2nd and 5th year more than the posterior palatal width. Also increases the height of the palatum durum and large during the 2nd dentition as to the distance of the foramen palatinum majus from the dens caninus . The size of the foramina palatina enlarges inconstantly during postnatal growth. In children there are 2.37, in adult 2.42 (mean) foramina palatina minora on the right side. Side differences are not significant. PMID- 6721178 TI - Morphometric analysis of myocardial cells in a teleost. AB - Morphometric parameters are described for myocardial cells in the ventricle and atrium in a teleost, Gadus virens L. The myofibrils volume fractions are 73 and 78% in ventricle and atrium, respectively. The corresponding values for mitochondria and sarcoplasmic reticulum are 23 and 20%, and 0.5 and 0.4%. The muscle cells in the ventricle contain more glycogen than the atrial ones. The morphometric parameters are compared with those previously reported for cardiac muscle cells in mammals. PMID- 6721179 TI - Alcohol induced cardiac malformations in the rat. AB - A pattern of malformations described as the "fetal alcohol syndrome" (FAS), observed in the progeny of chronic alcoholic women, has been recently reported (Jones et al. 1973). Laboratory investigations in this area have focused primarily on the development of animal models which mimic the syndrome (Randall 1977; Chernoff 1977). In the present investigation, a single, intraperitoneal injection of an alcohol solution (0.03 ml/gm body weight of a 25% solution of 95% ethanol) was administered on day 10 of gestation to pregnant Sprague-Dawley rats. Fetuses were recovered on day 18 of gestation and examined for external malformations. Subsequent to standard fixation procedures utilizing Bouin's fixative, the tissues were serially sectioned at 8 micron and stained with hematoxylin and eosin. External malformations were infrequent in the experimental fetuses consisting of adactyly , wrinkled skin, and gastroschisis. Histological examination, however, revealed severe umbilical hernias and interatrial-septal defect in the experimental fetuses. The interatrial-septal defect was of the ostium secundum type and occurred in 41% of the offspring of the treated animals. It was not present in the control fetuses. This type of defect is recognized by the lack of a complete septum primum in the septal wall, permitting complete communication of the two atria at the level of the foramen ovale. The septum secundum usually remained intact. PMID- 6721180 TI - [Electron microscopic observations on the extrusion of enteroendocrine cells from the epithelium of the mouse small intestine]. AB - By means of electronmicrographs it could be showed that enteroendocrine cells at the tips of the villi intestinalis are extruded in a way similar to other intestinal cells. They lose their contact to the basal lamina. An at first small process protrudes into the intestinal lumen. The cell as an entity can follow afterwards. Frequently this extrusion takes place together with neighbouring cells and as a consequence, there is a cell complex in the intestinal lumen which can be connected with the epithelium by means of a small cytoplasm bridge. A second way leads over rupturing of the protruding part of the cell and the extrusion of the cell residue. PMID- 6721181 TI - Intrarenal arterial pattern of human kidney--corrosion cast study. AB - Study of intrarenal arterial pattern of kidney by corrosion cast method has been carried out on 100 kidneys obtained from post mortem bodies. The abnormal origin of renal artery is rare --only 3 percent. Renal artery divided extrarenally in 71 percent, intrarenally in 16 percent and at the hilum in 11 percent cases into anterior and posterior divisions. Renal artery did not divide into 2 divisions but continued as anterior division and divided into upper, middle and lower segmental arteries in one percent. The branching pattern of anterior division shows 5 different variations. Posterior segmental artery showed 3 different patterns. Variations in the origin of apical segmental artery were divided in 7 types and that of lower segmental artery in 5 types. The variations in origin of upper and middle segmental arteries were also observed. There were variations in the intrarenal branching pattern of all the segmental arteries. PMID- 6721182 TI - [Arterial vascularization of the triceps sural muscle]. AB - The triceps surae muscle, the dorsal and medial leg skin constitute a very important reserve of muscular and myocutaneous flaps. The material on which the study was carried out consisted of 20 legs from standard cadavers. The superficialis femoral artery was injected with terebenthene and minimum mixture. The medial head of gastrocnemius is 23.3 em long, 6.9 cm wide, 1.25 mm thick at distal third. Its dominant blood supply is carried by the medialis gastrocnemius artery. It rises from popliteal artery 1.2 cm above the femoral tibial articulation with 1.9 mm diameter. It runs 3 cm down before entering muscle where it provides 2 or 3 mean branches. These branches give musculocutaneous arteries to the skin of the dorsal leg. The same study was performed for the lateral head of gastrocnemius and soleus. We studied also arteries of dorsomedial leg skin. The characteristics of long saphenous and short saphenous arteries were described. These muscles and dorsomedial leg skin can be used as muscular or myocutaneous flap for covering defects between the lower leg and the lower thigh. PMID- 6721183 TI - A new conception concerning the angioarchitectural organization of the canine kidney. AB - The sublobular artery arises from the arcuate artery, as a constant vessel possessing its proper personality, giving 2 equal subdivisions, from which part the interlobular arteries. The sublobular arteries are characterized by a particular origin and branching type, having no or sporadically disposed glomeruli. Occasionally, arteriae interlobulares derive directly from the arcuate artery too. The authors suggest the acception of term "Arteria sublobularis " in the international nomenclature of the renal vessels. According our opinion the canine kidney is composed of a number of conical units, containing in their axis a sublobular artery of 2nd order. Certain theoretical and practical aspects of this new conception are briefly discussed. PMID- 6721184 TI - [Structure of the placenta in bears]. AB - It is described the placenta of a bear ( Tremarctos ornatus ). The placenta shows a discoidal form (placenta discoidalis ) with a distinct marginal hematoma. Histological the placenta is a placenta endotheliochorialis which is characterized by the placental labyrinth and a striking transitional zone. PMID- 6721185 TI - Studies on the histogenesis of the tunica mucosa of the stomach of the Egyptian water buffalo (Bos bubalus L.). V. Histogenesis of the abomasal mucosa. AB - The primordia of the mucosal longitudinal folds are already prominent in the fetus with 9 cm CRL. In the fetus with 9 cm CRL the epithelium is stratified and becomes mixtured of simple and pseudostratified columnar in the fetus with 16 cm CRL in which the primordia of the abomasal glands are firstly seen but finally in the fetus with 17 cm CRL the whole epithelium becomes simple columnar. Although some few parietal cells are evident in the fetus with 73 cm among some fundic glands, but the complete-establishment of their cellular elements is completed postnatally. The Lamina muscularis mucosae is firstly seen in the fetus with 16 cm in the terminal portion of the abomasum. PMID- 6721186 TI - [An error in the Reichert-Gaupp theory. A contribution to onto- and phylogenesis of the temporomandibular joint and ear ossicles in mammals]. AB - The theory of Reichert- Gaupp is refuted by A) new embryological, B) some teratological and C) a new morphological and functional interpretation of palaeontological findings: A) Before the formation of the chondrocranium the still fibrous anlagen of the Meckel's cartilage and of the hyoidal (!) malleus incus-complex are still sharply outlined each against other. The hyomandibular boundary between them is yet distinctly visible. B) In the malformations being reconducted to an arrest of development the malleus-incus-complex regularly shares the fate of the outer ear (II. visceral arch) but never the destiny of the face (I. visceral arch). The ossicle-chain is not only a functional but also an ontogenetic unit and consequently also a phylogenetic unit. C) The phylogenetic changes of the temporomandibulary joint (tmj) of the Therapsida result by steps out of autochthon (!) structures. The functional background is discussed. We see the articulare as homologue to the processus condylaris and the quadratum to the articular disk. The phylogenetic older quadrato -articular hinge-joint is preserved in the inferior part and the phylogenetic younger quadrato - squamosal slide-joint, which in the human embryo also develops 2 weeks later than the first, is situated superior to the ginglymus . Thus the Mammals have 2 tmj on each side but no squamoso -dental joint. PMID- 6721187 TI - [Rostral curvature of the proximal visceral segment--a previously unknown embryonal movement]. AB - Before the development of the chondrocranium within the head region of the human embryo the following different, so far unknown, tissue shifts are demonstrable: Because of the dorsal brain- sheats of the rostral regions of the brain (mes- and diencephalon) don't have yet blood-vessels (area avasculosa ), they are unable to increase and have to be completed by material from more caudal regions. Therefore from the middle of the 5th up to the end of the 7th week of the embryonic life the mesenchymal and ectodermal rhombencephalic brain- sheats are drawn from caudal to rostral. This becomes possible because the rhombencephalon by that passively is put into the pontine and the neck flexures, which also shift rostralwards , thus allowing the hindbrain to shorten. The proximal ends of the visceral arches I and II, where the anlagen of the temporomandibular joint and of the ear are localized, are parts of the latero-basal rhombencephalic brain- sheats . They take part in of this rostral shift. By that all their axial structures, the first branchial groove and the anlage of the auricle synchronistically undergo positional changes proving the rostral bend of the proximal region of the two visceral arches. PMID- 6721188 TI - Comparative histometric study in the aortic arch of birds. AB - A histometric method was here adopted to study the concentration of elastic and collagenous fibers, muscle cells and cellular population of the mesarteria of the middle portion of the aortic arch of several species of birds were studied. The statistical analysis consist of the F test followed by Snedecor 's contrast test. The results obtained show that the concentration decrease on the sequential order of: fibers elastic, muscle cells and collagenous fibers in the goose, duck, black culture and turkey, while in the peking duck the collagenous fibers were in more amount the muscular tissue, but not exceed the elastic fibers. From the variations pointed out here for the differents elements studied, only those of the muscular tissue have demonstrated a relative statistical signification. PMID- 6721189 TI - [Accessory peroneal nerves in the human]. AB - The Nervus peroneus profundus accessorius was described by Ruge (1878) in the lower mammals and for the first time identified by Bryce (1897) in man. It is an accessory terminal branch of the superficial peroneal (musculocutaneous) nerve which winds round the lateral malleolus beneath the tendons of the peronei muscles and reaches the dorsum of the foot; there it often supplies the lateral portion of the extensor digitorum brevis muscle. In further investigations this nerve has been traced in 21.2% of subjects resp. in 13.5% of legs. This nerve, however, is not the only accessory branch of the common peroneal nerve: In 14 out of 140 subjects (10%) resp. in 22 out of 280 legs (7.9%) a Nervus peroneus superficialis accessorius has been found. This nerve pierces the anterior crural intermuscular septum either in common with deep peroneal (anterior tibial) nerve or at a lower point. Then it descends in front of the septum rarely giving off muscular branches to the extensor digitorum longus and peroneus tertius muscles; in the lower half of the leg it pierces the crural fascia, passes in front of the ankle joint and becomes the medial cutaneous nerve of the dorsum of the foot. This accessory superficial peroneal nerve may be of importance in surgery of the leg and foot. PMID- 6721190 TI - When the marginal artery is not marginal. AB - In the course of dissection one does not normally pay much attention to the anastomosing loops forming the marginal artery. The observation of a significant precolic anastomosing loop on the descending colon of a spare subject came as quite a surprise. The same was noted on a second subject, an obese male with sagging abdomen and, to a lesser degree, on a third. Such an occurrence would have surgical significance, if only because the evaluation of the blood supply to the segment of bowel that was to be resected would be much more difficult. In addition, the blood supply to the distal bowel could be impaired following resection, depending upon the collateral circulation. PMID- 6721191 TI - [Comparison of growth functions as exemplified by the southern smooth whale Eubalaena australis]. AB - 6 year's observations of the southern right whale in the San Jose Golf off Argentina by an American research team have yielded graphical growth curves. As the values are in good agreement with older results from 1908 to 1969 mathematical approximations are performed giving interesting results and allowing for a better insight into the properties of the growth functions applied. The different course of 3 functions as gained by nonlinear regressions is demonstrated by a graph. The results for 9 growth functions are combined in tables together with the values of the parameters and characteristic data. PMID- 6721192 TI - [Formation of mean values in growth spurts and incremental growth humps]. AB - When averaging growth spurts and increase humps the question arises as to how much this procedure will affect the shape of the combined curves. It is shown that the frequency distribution is the main bar, reducing effects of disshaping . Examples for the growth spurts and humps show this influence in selected cases. Generally anxieties about unaccountable deformances can be cut down for the growth spurts and restricted for the increase humps. PMID- 6721193 TI - Congenital absence of the breast. AB - A case of unilateral absence of the breast and nipple in a male, accompanied by partial absence of the pectoralis major muscle, is discussed. PMID- 6721194 TI - [Osteon patterns in the diaphysis of the human femur]. AB - 25 bone cylinders from 5 human femora were examined with respect to the direction of osteons, visualizing the Haversian systems. These canal systems, infiltrated with indian ink showed characteristic patterns. The osteons of the femur shaft run from proximally anterior to distally posterior, forming a double diagonal architecture. From these results it is derived, that the architecture of osteons may be looked at as a functional adaptation to mechanical stresses in the femur diaphysis. PMID- 6721195 TI - Regional distribution of cholinergic nerves in rat parietal pericardium. AB - The innervation pattern of parietal pericardium was studied in normal as well as chemically sympathectomized rats using the cholinesterase histochemical method. The existence of important regional variations in the distribution of cholinergic nerves within various portions of parietal pericardium studied was observed. The atria appear more richly innervated than ventricles, while the innervation of atria is characterized by the existence of thin and thick cholinergic nerve fibers not organized in plexuses and of elbow-shaped acetylcholinesterase cholinergic nerve fibers. Small blood vessels and islands of adipocytes receive a cholinergic innervation as well. The chemical sympathectomy does not alter the pattern of stained cholinergic nerve fibers. A possible afferent significance of the atrial innervation is discussed. PMID- 6721196 TI - [Pressure load of the temporomandibular joint--an experimental study]. AB - In the connection with the pathogenesis and therapy of the diseases of the temporo- mandibulare joint it is of interest, if and in what kind of extent the joint is pressure burden. For examining this problem photoelastic investigations on a lower jaw model were performed. According to the opening angle, burden height and attack point of the burden, pressure strengths of 90-270 N were ascertained on the proc. condylaris , when a pure rotation-movement was performed. PMID- 6721197 TI - [The urogenital artery of the adult dog]. AB - For this study 52 formaldehyde-fixed pelvis from both sexes dogs (Canis familiaris), unknown races and different ages, injected with latex through the aorta, were used. The results were classified in common (A) and uncommon (B, B1, B2 and B3) modalities: A-44 dogs (84.62%; 74.82-94.42%), with emergence of the urogenital artery from the visceral branch of the hypogastric artery; B-5 dogs (9.62%; 2.70-22.10%), where the vessel arises from the umbilical artery. In this manner, the intrapelvic organs (ureter, deferent duct, bladder, prostate and urethra in male, and ureter, bladder, urethra, uterus and vagina in female) are supplied with blood through the urogenital and umbilical arteries, and urethral branch, as well as the cranial and ventral vesical arteries to the bladder. PMID- 6721198 TI - Contribution to the study of diaphragm innervation in Nelore bovines. AB - The phrenic nerves, in Nelore bovines, divide more frequently (60%) in a dorsal branch and a ventrolateral trunk, in both left and right sides. Another division, in trifurcation, giving off dorsal, lateral and ventral branches occurred in 23.3% of cases in the right side and in 30% left side. The division in ventral branch and dorsolateral trunk was observed in 16.6% of cases in the right side and 10% left side. The dorsal branches, both left and right, were distributed among their corresponding lumbar portions in all the cases verified. In 3% of the muscles studied, the right dorsal branch sent a nervous twig to caudal vena cava, and in 73.3% of the muscles, the left dorsal branch innervated the left lumbar portion and also sent some twigs which, after crossing the middle line, distributed in the right lumbar portion, ventral to esophageal hiatus. The lateral and ventral branches, in both left and right sides, innervated corresponding parts of the muscle. Connections (anastomosis) were observed between left lateral and dorsal branches in 10% of cases, and between dorsal left and right branches in 6.7% of cases. PMID- 6721199 TI - Quantitative description of a teleost exocrine pancreas. Ultrastructural morphometric study of nonstimulated acinar cells. AB - The quantitative analysis of exocrine pancreas was fulfilled in teleost fish ( Pimelodus maculatus). The volume fraction occupied by acinar cells, blood vessels and ducts has been assessed by point-counting volumetry in 0.25 micron araldite sections. Measurements of the diameters of the transections of acinar cells nuclei and nucleolus allowed the assessment of the mean nuclear and nucleolar volume according to the method of Bach (1963). With these data, the cytoplasm nuclei and nucleolus volume was calculated in cubic micrometers. Morphometric ultrastructural data was obtained by applying over the electronmicrophotographs (X 21,000) a test system of 84 segments regularly spaced one from another (Weibel 1966). The results obtained was analysed and compared to the mammalian. PMID- 6721200 TI - The ultrastructure of the tracheal epithelium in European common lizard (Lacerta agilis L.) and in sand lizard (Lacerta vivipara Jacq.). AB - This study describes the ultrastructure of the tracheal epithelium in the European Common lizard (Lacerta agilis L.) and in the Sand lizard (Lacerta vivipara Jacq .). The main attention is paid to the granular cells of secret producing type, which form the substantial part of this epithelium and which were observed for the first time in the house gekko . Contrary to the findings in house gekko , in the representatives of the genus Lacerta 2 types of electrondense granules were observed. One type is homogeneous and lighter in colour, the other is darker with lamellar pattern. Among other elements, the ciliated cells as well as basal and plasmatic cells were found. In both species we also succeeded in proving the presence of isolated neurosecret -producing cells. PMID- 6721201 TI - The organum vascolosum laminae terminalis of the domestic fowl: a Golgi and ultrastructural study. AB - The organum vascolosum laminae terminalis (OVLT) of the fowl was studied both with the aid of the rapid Golgi method and at ultrastructural level. Small and medium-sized isodendritic neurons were observed after silver impregnation of the OVLT. Their processes often run towards the great number of blood capillaries of the organ. Small bipolar neurons were intermingled between isodendritic elements. A peculiar ultrastructural finding of the OVLT neurons was the presence of a variable amount of dense-core vesicles 90-150 nm in diameter in their cytoplasm. Numerous nerve fibers and terminals surrounded neurons, glial cells and capillaries of the OVLT. These terminals were classified into 3 main types according to the diameter of dense core vesicles observed in them. Statistical evaluations of the populations of dense core vesicles confirmed this subdivision. Type 3 terminals had ultrastructural features of monoaminergic endings, whereas type 1 and 2 terminals were probably peptidergic fibers. Neurohaemal contacts were observed. between terminals with large dense core vesicles (type 2) and blood capillaries of the OVLT. PMID- 6721202 TI - A biophysical, morphological and morphometrical survey of the eye of the small shark (Hemiscyllium plagiosum). AB - The biophysical and morphological characteristics of the small shark's ( Hemiscyllium plagiosum ) eye were studied. The focal lengths of the lens were found to be very short. A small proportion of cones were present in the retina and this proportion varied with the weights of the sharks. The topographic distribution of cones in different segments of the retina was also presented. PMID- 6721203 TI - [Heavy metals in the mammalian body with special reference to zinc and its methods of detection]. AB - In this study the presence of heavy metals in mammals with special regard of the zinc have been investigated. The methods of the detection of zinc were described too. The current methods for investigating heavy metals ( dithizon -, sulfid silver- and fluorescence-method) are compared. The use of these methods is discussed. The occurrence of the heavy metals in tissues of various species is demonstrated. Metabolic functions of heavy metals are explained. The important role of zinc-ions in the storage of hormones and other substances as well as the importance of cobaltous-ions for the degranulation of mast cells are referred too. PMID- 6721204 TI - Closure of the interventricular foramen and morphogenesis of the membranous septum and ventricular septal defects in the human heart. AB - The development of the atrioventricular and interventricular membranous septum was studied The interventricular foramen is closed by the growth of the endocardial crest of the interventricular muscular septum towards the cranio ventral atrioventricular cushion and towards the part B of the outflow tract ridge B-3; the bulbus is septated by the apposition and fusion of parts A and B of the outflow tract ridges A-1 and B-3. The membranous septum develops from the crest of the interventricular muscular septum between the interventricular muscular septum and the right border of the atrioventricular cushions, where it forms the atrioventricular mesenchymal septum. This last develops towards the right surface of the interventricular muscular septum and forms the septal cusp primordium of he tricuspid valve; this is undermined, for which reason the septal cusp is cut off from the interventricular muscular septum at the 5th month of fetal life. From the 6th month of intrauterine life, the undermining extends to the atrioventricular mesenchymal septum, for which reason the right septal cusp becomes inserted in the right face of the atrioventricular mesenchymal septum which becomes divided into atrioventricular and interventricular. The Authors advance some hypotheses as to the origin of certain defects of the interventricular septum. PMID- 6721206 TI - [Frequency of different sites of origin of the right gastric artery]. AB - The aim of this study was to investigate the frequency of the different possibilities of the origin of the right gastric artery. The most frequent origin of the A. gastrica dextra was the A. hepatica propria (ca. 53%). Often the artery arised from the region where the A. hepatica communis divides into its branches (ca. 20%) or from the left hepatic branch (ca. 15%). In some cases (ca. 8%) it occurred as a branch of the A. gastroduodenalis and only in ca. 4% it arised from the A. hepatica communis. The findings concerning the frequency of the origin from the A. hepatica propria and from the A. hepatica communis are in accordance with the results obtained by some other authors. The observations concerning the frequency of the origin from some other arterial vessels (gastroduodenal artery, left and right hepatic branches and some other little branches) vary widely in the literature. As an incidental finding the observation of a truncus gastrolienalis and a truncus hepato- mesentericus has been made. Thereby the A. hepatica communis showed a flexuous course around the portal vein. In this connection the definition of the term "truncus hepato- mesentericus " is discussed. PMID- 6721205 TI - Activation of plasmalemmal acetylcholine esterase in enucleating normoblasts. PMID- 6721207 TI - Relationship between anterior malleus ligament and nerve chorda tympani. AB - In this paper was investigated relationship between anterior malleus ligament and nerve chorda tympani, according the sex and the ethnic group. It was used 48 temporal bones. PMID- 6721208 TI - On the microscopic anatomy of periadventitial tissue of Cisterna chyli and Ductus thoracicus of the cat (Felix domestica). AB - Anatomical and histological techniques were adopted to study the structure of periadventitial tissue of Cisterna chyli and Ductus thoracicus of the cat. Basically this tissue is represented by a loose connective tissue, presenting a relatively large amount of unilocular adipocytes. Inside the periadventitial tissue there is a predominantly collagenous membrane and it seems to link the cisterna chyli and the ductus thoracicus to the adventitia of the Aorta. PMID- 6721210 TI - Topographical distribution of the astrocytic lamellae in the hypothalamus. AB - The distribution of astrocytic lamellae in hamster hypothalamus was studied by electron microscopy. The astrocytic lamellae (AL) are laminar expansions of the larger astrocyte processes devoided of cell organelles. In this paper, we describe the stratified structures of astrocytic lamellae which are found according to the following patterns: surrounding neuronal somata or delimiting one soma from the other, somata from blood vessels or from neuropile. In addition, layers of astrocytic lamellae are found surrounding nervous processes, blood vessels and forming a part of the subpial layer, as well as delineating the synaptic endings. Therefore, the astrocytic lamellae form a network through the hypothalamic components. The functional significance of these structures is discussed in relation to the physiologic studies on astrocytic membranes, as a basis for the understanding of their role in neuron metabolism. PMID- 6721209 TI - [Surface of the floor of the anterior cranial fossa and orbital roof as well as angles and measurements of the orbits]. AB - With the aid of diagraphic drawings the floor-space of the anterior cranial fossa and of that orbital roof area of adults which is adjacent to the floor of the anterior cranial fossa (separated by the paranasal sinuses) were investigated. On the right side there is a mean of 730 mm2 and on the left side 717 mm2. The paries medialis orbitae on the right side runs by about 1 degree more to the rostral and medial side as left. The angle on the right side between frontomolare orbitale , the lateral end of the fissura orbitalis superior and the mediansagittal plane is somewhat bigger (35 degrees) than on the left side (33.9 degrees). Different angles inside the orbita, the extension of the orbita behind the frontozygomatic suture, the depth of the orbita, right-left-differences of the apertura orbitae canalis optici and the greater retardation of the laterally border of the orbita on the right side were investigated. The medical importance for neurosurgeons and ophthalmologists is demonstrated. PMID- 6721211 TI - Effect of pulp vitality on periodontal reattachment following free autogenous gingival graft in dogs. AB - The aim of the present study was to examine the effects of pulp vitality on the periodontal reattachment following the free autogenous gingival graft. Maxillary bilateral premolars in each of 4 dogs were used. Denuded root surfaces were prepared after the labial alveolar osteotomies on the experimental region. 4 weeks later, the pulp in the right teeth was exstirpated and the root canals either were filled with gutta percha points and root canal sealer or were left open (infected teeth). The left teeth were kept in the vital pulp as a control. The graft was placed over the denuded root after 4 weeks. The animals were sacrificed 4 and 12 weeks postoperatively and a serial section of the premolars with surrounding tissues was prepared for a light microscopic examination. The clinical and histopathological findings showed that the gingival recession was more found in the infected teeth than the vital teeth and the former produced less periodontal reattachment as compared with the latter, and the interface between the donor and the recipient bed was characterized by the increased number and size of blood vessels. PMID- 6721212 TI - Sialic acid in the submandibular glands of suckling rodents and carnivores. AB - In the submandibular gland of suckling rats, the presence of sialic acid can be demonstrated only after the second week of life. In the submandibular glands of suckling rabbits, mice and rats, on the contrary, the determination of sialic acid indicated that in all subjects this component was already present at this stage and that the sialic acid content increased with growth. The presence of sialic acid, which was found at on earlier stage in rabbits, mice and cats than in rats was explained on the basis of some data relevant to the position and function of sialic acid in glycoprotein molecules. PMID- 6721213 TI - The fine structure of the swine sweat gland. I. The acini. AB - The structure of the acini in the swine sweat gland is described here at the TEM level. The acini of the sweat gland in the pig is formed by 2 secretory cell types: dark seromucous cells and clear cells. The dark seromucous cells are actively secretory and their secretion is apocrine. The clear cells seem to be involved in an active transport of water and electrolytes through their cytoplasms. PMID- 6721214 TI - [Chest circumference of East German children in mathematical analysis]. AB - Determinations of chest circumference for GDR children and youth in the years 1956 to 1958 as compiled by Marcusson and Oehmisch ( Marcusson 1961) are submitted to nonlinear regressions using a growth function proposed by the author. In addition the puberal growth spurt and growth velocities are calculated and represented in tables and graphs. Finally specific properties of growth development in chest circumference are confronted with those of the foot, tibia and radius as well as head circumference and body height. Possible changes due to acceleration will scarcely effect the latter considerations. PMID- 6721215 TI - [Latissimus arc of the upper arm]. AB - We observed 2 different kinds of an arcus axillaris which might have caused neurovascular symptoms at the forearm and hand. According to our observations it seems that an arcus axillaris , which is an anomaly of the m. latissimus dorsi, occurs more often than is commonly reported in text-books of anatomy. PMID- 6721216 TI - Serotonin nerve fibers in the primary visual cortex of the monkey. Quantitative and immunoelectronmicroscopical analysis. AB - A quantitative and immunoelectronmicroscopical analysis of serotonin nerve fibers in the primary visual cortex of the monkey (Macaca fuscata) was made using a sensitive immunoperoxidase method for serotonin. The overall numerical density of serotonin-containing varicosities in the primate striate cortex was approximately 770,000/mm3 and the highest concentration of immunoreactive varicosities (ca. 1,400,000/mm3) was observed in the upper portion of layer IVc, the next highest concentration being in layer IVb (ca. 1,180,000/mm3). At the ultrastructural level, the electron dense immunoreactive products were observed in the small granules (10-65 nm in diameter). The varicosities were usually small (0.5-1.0 micron in diameter) and made contact with both stellate and pyramidal cells. Serotonin fibers were often in close apposition to the poorly myelinated axons in layers IVb, V, and VI, and they rarely formed distinct synaptic structures with unlabelled neuronal elements. PMID- 6721217 TI - Post-metamorphic retinal growth in Xenopus. AB - The postmetamorphic growth of the retina in Xenopus was studied using 3H thymidine ( 3HT ) autoradiography and quantitative morphometric assays. 3HT was administered to tadpoles at stages 58, 62 and 66 and the animals sacrificed between 3 weeks and 12 months after metamorphosis. Reconstructions were made from serial sections and the position of labelled cell groups in the retina were established. On the reconstructed retina, regions formed up to stage 58, between stages 58 and 66 and after metamorphosis were measured. The area of the dorsal, ventral, temporal and nasal retinal halves was also determined from stage 58 through to adult. The entire retinal area increased 10-fold from stage 58 to 12 months after metamorphosis, the fastest growing region being the retinal periphery due to continuous cell addition at the ciliary margin. Concommitant with the retinal area growth, the number of ganglion cells increased from 20,000 to 85,000 over the time of investigation. Asymmetric cell addition to the ciliary margin from stage 58 onwards resulted in a predominantly crescentic retinal growth along the nasoventral ciliary margin. Consequently, the optic nerve head became displaced away from the geometric centre of the eye into the dorso temporal retinal quadrant. These results suggest that besides a sustained cell production exclusively at the ciliary margin, a passive area expansion contributes to the overall retinal growth from the metamorphic climax to adulthood. It is also apparent that the steady increase of the number of retinal ganglion cells and optic fibers necessitates a continuous remodelling of the retinotectal connections throughout the lifespan of the animal. PMID- 6721218 TI - Cytodifferentiation and synaptogenesis in the neostriatum of fetal and neonatal rhesus monkeys. AB - Cytodifferentiation and synaptogenesis in the neostriatum (caudate nucleus and putamen) were analyzed by the Golgi impregnation method and electron microscopy in 14 fetuses and 8 postnatal rhesus monkeys. During the second fetal month the neostriatum consists primarily of simple, mostly bipolar, immature cells and a small number of undefined profiles ending with growth cones. The first morphologically defined synapses appear in the putamen at embryonic day 60 ( E60 ) and in the head of the caudate nucleus at E65 . Synaptic density in both structures is less than one per 1000/micron2 of neuropil at this stage; synapses are characterized by asymmetric junctions between axonal profiles and immature dendritic shafts, accumulation of an intermembrane web and aggregation of round clear vesicles in presynaptic profiles. During the third fetal month neuronal cell bodies and glial cells enlarge, and axonal and dendritic processes in Golgi preparations become more complex. Although the basic morphology of synapses remains unchanged, their density increases to 9/1000 micron2 in the putamen and 3.7/1000 micron2 in the caudate. During the fourth fetal month the four principal cell classes of the neostriatum emerge. Spines on the shafts of dendrites are followed closely by the appearance of axospinous synapses. Synaptic density in the putamen is still significantly higher (10.1/1000 micron2) than in the caudate (5.4/1000 micron2), but by the end of the fifth fetal month ( E150 ) it is the same (80/1000 micron2) in both structures. A dramatic increase in synaptic density to 125/1000 micron2 occurs before term ( E165 ) with the emergence of the first asymmetric synapses as well as symmetric synapses with flat or pleomorphic vesicles that terminate predominately on dendritic shafts. Synaptic density continues to increase after birth, reaching a plateau of approximately 190/1000 micron2 at the end of the first postnatal month. Throughout postnatal development the proportions of symmetric and asymmetric synapses on the smooth dendritic shafts undergo systematic fluctuations which may reflect the ingrowth of various afferents as well as local cytological differentiation including the formation of cellular compartments. PMID- 6721219 TI - Induction of Mullerian duct derivatives in testicular feminized (Tfm) mice by prenatal exposure to diethylstilbestrol. AB - When pregnant mice carrying the Tfm mutation gene were injected with diethylstilbestrol (DES) from Days 9 to 16 of gestation, the regression of the Mullerian duct derivatives was inhibited in their wild male and Tfm male offspring. The degree of persistence of the Mullerian duct derivatives demonstrated a dependence on DES dose. Complete or almost complete preservation of the Mullerian ducts was observed in the animals exposed to high doses of DES. Since Tfm males from non-injected mothers had no reproductive tract except the vaginal anlage, despite the presence of testes, bilateral occurrence of the Mullerian duct derivatives in Tfm males following prenatal exposure to DES indicates that the characteristic features of the reproductive tract in these animals are almost the same as that in normal females. PMID- 6721220 TI - Septal neurons containing glutamic acid decarboxylase immunoreactivity project to the hippocampal region in the rat brain. AB - Injections of the fluorescent dyes Fast Blue or Granular Blue into either the hippocampus (volume approximately 50 nl) or the entorhinal area (100-150 nl) resulted in labeling by retrograde axonal transport of cells in the diagonal band of Broca (dbB) and the medial septum (MS). A large number (approximately 30%) of these cells contained glutamic acid decarboxylase (GAD)-like immunoreactivity, as determined by combined retrograde fluorescent tracing and GAD immunohistochemistry. Not all GAD positive cells in the dbB and MS were labeled by fluorochromes in a single experiment. The GAD-stained and fluorochrome containing cells were present at all rostro-caudal levels of the septum and appeared not to belong to any single morphological class of cells. Double staining experiments showed that the GAD-positive cells did not contain acetylcholinesterase reaction product. These findings provide evidence that a significant portion of the septo-hippocampal projection may utilize gamma aminobutyric acid as a neurotransmitter. PMID- 6721222 TI - Proliferation of spermatogonia and Sertoli cells in maturing mice. AB - Spermatogonial proliferation was studied in mice from day 13 p.p. when the seminiferous epithelium is incomplete, until week 12 p.p. when a steady state at adult levels has been attained. Counts of undifferentiated, A1 and intermediate spermatogonia and primary spermatocytes in stages IV and IX of the cycle of the seminiferous epithelium were made in whole mounted seminiferous tubules. Sertoli cell proliferation was studied in a separate series from 6 to 14 days p.p. employing the 3H-thymidine labeling index. It appeared that 1. Sertoli cell proliferation stops at day 12 whereafter the cells obtain their adult appearance; 2. The numbers of stem cell spermatogonia and the production of differentiating A1 spermatogonia increase almost twofold between day 13 and week 12; 3. The efficiency of the divisions of the differentiating A1-B spermatogonia is similar to that in the adult throughout this period; 4. At all ages studied, the cell counts revealed an almost constant numerical relationship between Sertoli cells and germ cells, which suggests a function of Sertoli cells in the regulation of spermatogonial proliferation. PMID- 6721221 TI - Neuronal types in the neocortex-dependent lateral territory of the human thalamus. A Golgi-pigment study. AB - Nerve cell types of the neocortex-dependent nuclei of the human thalamus were investigated with the use of a transparent Golgi technique, that allows one to study not only the peculiarities of the cell processes, but also the marking characteristics of the intraneuronal lipofuscin pigment deposits. Three principal types of neurons have been distinguished: Type I is a medium-sized to large neuron with a profusely radiating dendrite system. Numerous large vacuolated lipofuscin granules are contained in one pole of the cell body. Type II is a small to medium-sized neuron with a few sparsely branching dendrites. Small and intensely stained pigment granules are dispersed within the cell body. Type III is a medium-sized to large neuron with only a few thick and almost unbranched dendrites devoid of spiny appendages. The dendrites extend over long distances. The cell body is devoid of lipofuscin granules. PMID- 6721224 TI - Peroxisomes in sebaceous glands. III. Morphological similarities of peroxisomes with smooth endoplasmic reticulum and Golgi stacks in the circumanal gland of the dog. AB - In the canine circumanal gland, the morphological alterations of peroxisomes during differentiation and maturation of the glandular cells were studied by electron microscopy, cytochemistry and freeze-etch technique. Each of the following three cell types has its own characteristic peroxisomal population: 1) The basal cell contains only a few small peroxisomes, which appear as spherical and tubular profiles showing strong DAB reaction. In the differentiating basal cells, these are joined by a few dilated, hemispherical organelles with intensely stained small marginal plates. 2) In the intermediate cell, additional to spherical and tubular peroxisomes, numerous elongated organelles with distinct marginal plates are observed, displaying weak catalase activity. 3) In the mature cell, dumbbell-shaped peroxisomes with enlarged marginal plates predominate. Serial section analysis and freeze-etching studies reveal that these dilated particles are of erythrocyte-like shape. They exhibit very weak catalase activity or do not contain any visible DAB reaction product. In their flattened, thin central portions, the membranes enclose the marginal plates and form straight cisternae, which are closely associated with adjacent fenestrated cisternae of ER on both sides, referred to as paramarginal cisternae. Dumbbell-shaped peroxisomes with their corresponding paramarginal cisternae form large peroxisome-ER complexes. Furthermore, three to five dumbbell-shaped particles are often stacked in parallel. Only at their flat poles are the organelles in close contact with paramarginal cisternae. The observation of continuities, in particular between erythrocyte-like organelles and tubular peroxisomes in mature glandular cells, indicates the existence of a peroxisomal compartment composed of two segments in the mature stage. In freeze-etch replicas of mature glandular cells, only the dilated segments of the peroxisomal compartment can be easily recognized because of their unusual size and erythrocyte-like shape. Additionally, on the E-face of their central portion, a straight, square or rectangular area with a distinct crystalline pattern is seen, which corresponds to the marginal plate. These findings indicate that the circumanal gland of the dog offers a unique possibility to analyze the biological properties of a well-defined peroxisomal compartment. PMID- 6721223 TI - The splenius capitis muscle of the rat, architecture and histochemistry, afferent and efferent innervation as compared with that of the quadriceps muscle. AB - The splenius muscle of the rat was investigated with regard to its structure and innervation. The latter was compared with that of the quadriceps muscle. The results can be summarized as follows: The splenius muscles of both sides form a bipennate muscle plate connecting the occipital bone with the spinous process of the second thoracic vertebra. The lateral parts of both muscles are attached directly to this prominent bony process, whereas the medial parts end in a median raphe which forms a tendinous cranial extension of the second thoracic vertebra. This tendinous extension, showing no connection to the cervical vertebrae, serves also for the attachment of acromio-trapezius muscle fibers. The lateral part of the splenius muscle is divided into two parts by a tendinous intersection. The splenius muscle consists mainly of fast twitch fibers: 55% were characterized as IIB and 40% as IIA fibers by histochemical demonstration of myosin ATPase activity. A high content of muscle spindles--57 spindles per gram of muscle tissue--was found. Comparing several aspects of the innervation of the splenius to that of the quadriceps muscle, the following results could be obtained: The ratio of motor end plate size to muscle fiber volume is significantly higher in the splenius than in the quadriceps muscle. As demonstrated by transganglionary HRP-transport, the main part of labeled splenius afferents to the spinal cord terminates in the central cervical nucleus. Quadriceps afferents, entering the lower thoracic and upper lumbar segments, mainly end in the area of Clarke's column. Several labeled fibers descend to the sixth lumbar and first sacral segments, where they terminate in the area of Stilling's nucleus. A group of primary afferents from both muscles--most probably III- and IV-afferents- projects to the dorsal laminae of the dorsal horn; terminals from the splenius are accumulated in the lateral parts of these laminae, whereas those of the quadriceps are more concentrated in the medial areas. Within the brain stem, most afferents from the splenius terminate in the external cuneate nucleus. Most of the quadriceps afferents course to the gracile nucleus. Terminals from both muscle nerves were found in the area of the spinal vestibular nucleus. In conclusion, the most conspicuous results were: 1) Besides the segmental projection to the dorsal horn there is an almost exclusive projection of splenius primary afferents to relay nuclei to the cerebellum. 2) The relatively high ratio: end plate size/muscle fiber volume, which is characteristic of finely adjusting muscles.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 400 WORDS) PMID- 6721225 TI - Seasonal variations in the cerebrospinal fluid-contacting area of the pineal gland in the golden hamster (Mesocricetus auratus). AB - The cerebrospinal fluid-contacting area in the pineal recess of the golden hamster (Mesocricetus auratus) has been investigated light and electron microscopically. The results reveal that in this area the ventricular surface is composed of glial cell processes and protruding pinealocytes. The relative extent of these two components varies considerably and seems to be related to the season of the year: Morphometric analysis shows that in June, the mean size of the total cerebrospinal fluid-contracting area and, in addition, the relative extent of the area occupied by protruding pinealocytes is significantly larger than in November. The physiological significance of this finding remains to be determined. PMID- 6721226 TI - Mitotic activity during somite segmentation in the early chick embryo. AB - The mitotic activity of the somites, segmental plate and posterior mesoderm were investigated in colchicine-treated and untreated chick embryos at st. 7-14. The mitotic figures in the somites are restricted to the proximity of the lumen and have their spindles orientated predominantly tangentially to the cavity. In the segmental plate there is no pattern in terms of the position or orientation of the mitotic spindles, but there is a single region, often found close to the cranial end of the segmental plate, with an elevated mitotic index. This may indicate a certain degree of synchrony among groups of segmental plate cells. These results are discussed in relation to the process of somite segmentation. PMID- 6721227 TI - Glycogen autophagosomes in polymorphonuclear leukocytes induced by rickettsiae. AB - Guinea pig polymorphonuclear leukocytes (PMNs), rich in glycogen granules, were collected from sodium-caseinate-induced peritoneal exudate. When these cells were incubated with rickettsiae, many microorganisms were phagocytized within 30 minutes at 35 degrees C and vacuoles up to 5 microns in diameter containing glycogen granules were present. Contained within these vacuoles were phagocytized extracellular material and a dense, lysosomelike substance that was acid phosphatase positive. These vacuoles, which were interpreted to be autophagosomes, were absent from PMNs that had not been stimulated with microorganisms. The number of rickettsiae in the PMN did not appear to be related to the number of autophagosomes. About 8% and 80% of thin-sectioned profiles of PMNs contained these vacuoles after 30 minutes and 4 hours incubation, respectively. After 4 hours, the PMNs contained multiple autophagosomes. Almost all of the glycogen granules were in autophagosomes in some of the cells. In some PMNs, discontinuous membranes encircled some glycogen. When PMNs were initially incubated with thorium dioxide and ferritin, and extensively washed prior to incubation with rickettsiae, glycogen was found surrounded by flattened secondary lysosomes containing the dense tracers. Some autophagosomes also contained the electron-dense tracers. These results suggest that rickettsiae induce the rapid formation of glycogen-containing autophagosomes in guinea pig peritoneal PMNs in vitro. PMID- 6721228 TI - Morphometric study on vascularization in the tail musculature of the anuran tadpole by scanning electron microscopy: I. Prometamorphic stage. AB - Vascularization in the tail musculature, which contains red and white muscle fibers, of the prometamorphic anuran tadpole was analyzed quantitatively by scanning electron microscopy (SEM). The sample was fixed in glutaraldehyde and osmium tetroxide; this was followed by freeze-fracturing in liquid nitrogen. As good ultrastructural preservation and reliable identification of capillaries were given by this technique, various morphometric parameters, cross-sectional capillary area in particular, could be measured exactly. In red muscle fiber that had a small cross-sectional area (2,060.1 micron2), high capillary density (1,283.5 capillaries/mm2) and a large cross-sectional capillary area (96.4 micron2) was found. Although white fiber (9,327.2 micron2) was 4.6 times greater than red fiber in cross-sectional fiber area, capillary density (95.8 capillaries/mm2) and cross-sectional capillary area (29.5 micron2) were 13.4 times and 3.3 times smaller than those of red fiber, respectively. From these morphometric values the following parameters were evaluated; (1) capillary/muscle fiber number ratio of red muscle fiber (2.64) was 3.0 times greater than that of white fiber (0.89); and (2) total cross-sectional capillary area per cross sectional area of one muscle fiber was 44.0 times greater for red fiber (1,235.4 micron2)/10(4) micron2) than for white fiber (28.1 micron2)/10(4) micron2). Comparison of the latter parameter between the different fiber types may reflect the differences of real blood supply to them; i.e., red fiber was supplied a 44.0 times richer blood flow than white fiber. Advantages of morphometric study by SEM, and the relationship between obtained parameters for vascularization and blood supply to the different muscle fiber types, are discussed. PMID- 6721229 TI - The anionic barrier system on the mesonephric renal glomerulus of the brown hagfish, Paramyxine atami Dean (Cylostomi). AB - The distribution of anionic groups of acid mucopolysaccharides on the surface of glomerular constituents of a brown hagfish, Paramyxine atami Dean, has been studied morphologically. The ionized anionic groups of acid mucopolysaccharides were labeled on fixed tissues by staining with cationic cacodylate iron colloid (Fe-Cac) at pH 4.0. The glomerular permeability to cationic and anionic macromolecules was observed morphologically in the kidney of the animal injected with native anionic ferritin (NF) or cationized ferritin (CF) into the dorsal aorta. Histochemical staining of tissues with Fe-Cac (pH 4.0) revealed the ionized anionic groups of acid mucopolysaccharides on both luminal and abluminal surfaces of endothelial cells, within the glomerular basement membrane (GBM), and on the visceral epithelial cell surface facing the urinary space. The CF molecules introduced into the dorsal aorta easily passed through the fenestrae of the capillary endothelial cell layer and the thick fibrillar GBM, reaching the urinary space to be adsorbed to the visceral epithelial cell surface or taken up by these visceral epithelial cells. On the other hand, NF hardly passed through the capillary wall. These results show that the nonosmoregulating mesonephric glomerulus of the brown hagfish has a working anionic barrier system. The function of its glomerulus is compared to that of the mammalian metanephric glomerulus. PMID- 6721230 TI - Migration of lymphocytes through the cutaneous basal lamina in normal skin: an ultrastructural study. AB - Incubation of skin in 2 N sodium bromide allows separation of dermal and epidermal layers leaving an intact basal lamina covering the dermal portion. Examination of the surface of the dermis by SEM shows cells migrating through the basal lamina. By scanning and transmission electron microscopy, these cells have the characteristics of lymphocytes. The migrating lymphocytes produce a sequence of basal lamina deformations including dome formation, effacement of corrugations, and central fenestrations with hole formation allowing lymphocyte passage. Following passage there is reestablishment of a relatively smooth basal lamina in the crater base, effacement of the crater rim, and finally reformation of basal lamina corrugations. This deformability of the basal lamina supports the hypothesis that basal lamina is thixotropic. This study is the first demonstration in three dimensions of lymphocyte traffic across the basal lamina, an important component of skin-associated lymphoid tissue (SALT). PMID- 6721231 TI - Mesometrial smooth muscle in the mouse: its control of uterine blood flows. AB - The form and function of the mesometrial smooth muscle and the interposed mesometrial branches and tributaries of the uterine vessels were studied in the nonpregnant and pregnant mouse to see whether contractions of mesometrial muscle alter uterine blood flows. Histological sections of mouse uterine horn demonstrated that the outer longitudinal layer of myometrium extends onto the mesometrium and sandwiches the mesometrium and its vessels as a bilaminar myometrial extension (BME). The BME ends midway across the mesometrium as a free edge. Cleared specimens, perfused with silicone rubber, revealed that the mesometrial branches and tributaries of the uterine vessels formed longitudinally communicating looping arcades between adjacent mesometrial vessels. Comparisons with human dissections and uterine histological sections revealed similar patterns of mesometrial smooth muscle and mesometrial blood vessels. BME activity and its control of mesometrial blood flow were studied by transillumination of the surgically exposed mesometria of anesthetized day 12 pregnant mice. Observed contractions of the BME coincided precisely with uterine contractions measured at the cervix and the BME contractions diminished or stopped venous outflow particularly in the midhorn regions. Arterial flows seemed to be unaffected and were diminished or halted only during infrequent forceful and sustained contractions. Trapped venous outflow passed up or down the venous arcades to escape through less restricted mesometrial veins. Uterine and BME contractions normally take place throughout gestation. It is possible that abnormally long and forceful contractions may compromise the embryo or fetus. PMID- 6721232 TI - Seasonal changes in fine structure of the ductuli efferentes of the ground squirrel, Citellus lateralis (Say). AB - The morphological changes that the ductuli efferentes undergo during the seasonal breeding cycle of the ground squirrel Citellus lateralis were examined by means of electron microscopy. At the time of spermatogenetic activity the epithelium of the ductuli was composed of highly differentiated principal and ciliated cells. Distinctive cytological features of these cells during this period were the presence of a heterogeneous collection of numerous membrane-bound granules in principal cells and large accumulations of glycogen in ciliated cells. Structurally these cells were specialized for movement of luminal contents and its modification by absorption and possible secretion. With the onset of testicular regression, profound changes occurred in both cell types. Initially the lumen of the ductuli became occluded by masses of apical cytoplasm protruded from principal and ciliated cells as well as by degenerating cells which had been sloughed from the epithelium. This leads eventually, by the time of complete testicular regression, to reduced ductuli containing cells smaller in size with fewer organelles than those present during the period of spermatogenesis. The membrane-bound granules in principal cells and the accretions of glycogen in ciliated cells had now virtually disappeared. There was, however, a dramatic increase in dense inclusions representing deposits of lipofuchsin. As yet the cellular mechanisms controlling and effecting these dramatic changes in morphological appearance are unknown. PMID- 6721233 TI - The structure of the parietal pleura and its relationship to pleural liquid dynamics in sheep. AB - We studied the parietal pleura of six sheep to obtain information on pleural structure, blood supply, and lymphatic drainage. In the strict sense, the parietal pleura is composed of a single layer of mesothelial cells and a uniform layer of loose, irregular connective tissue (about 23 micron in width) subjacent to the mesothelial cells. The parietal pleural blood vessels are 10-15 micron from the pleural space. Tracer substances put in the pleural space are removed at specific locations. Colloidal carbon and chick red blood cells are cleared by the parietal pleural lymphatics located over the intercostal spaces at the caudal end of the thoracic wall and over the lateral sides of the pericardial sac. In these areas the mesothelial cells have specialized openings, the stomata, that directly communicate with the underlying lymphatic lacunae. Cells and particulate matter in the pleural space are cleared only by the parietal pleural lymphatics. Compared to the visceral pleura, we believe the thinness of the parietal pleura, the closeness of its blood vessels to the pleural space, and its specialized lymphatic clearance pathways, together indicate that the parietal pleura plays a major role in pleural liquid and protein dynamics in sheep. PMID- 6721235 TI - The development of capillaries in the telencephalon of beagle puppies. AB - The microvessels of the telencephalons of Beagle puppies between newborn and 72 hours of age were investigated ultrastructurally at 24-hour intervals. The morphometry of the microvasculature from the germinal matrix was compared with that of the microvasculature from the borderzone cerebral cortex. The endothelial cell walls of the microvessels from these two sites were similar during the study period, but the lumina of the matrical microvessels were significantly larger than the lumina of the control cortical microvessels. The proportion of matrical microvessels with large lumina undergoes progressive attrition with time. The values (areas) for the lumina of the matrical microvessels, and their distribution, come to resemble those of the cortex. The morphometry of the cortical microvasculature is comparatively static. The data suggest that there is an active modification in the microvasculature of the germinal matrix of the Beagle puppy in the immediate postnatal period. PMID- 6721234 TI - Lymphocyte proliferation in neonatally thymectomized rats. AB - Autoradiography has been used to evaluate lymphocyte proliferation in the neonatally thymectomized rat in comparison with the normal animal. The data obtained show that the proliferative activity of lymphocytes is greatly increased in the thymus-dependent areas 4-6 weeks after thymectomy, whereas it is normal or slightly increased 3 months later. It seems plausible to assume that a thymus factor or chalones in situ produced by specific cells normally regulate the proliferation of thymus-derived cells. The increase of the proliferative activity accounts for the repopulation of the thymus-dependent areas, which are completely replenished in the older animals. Recirculation of the thymus cells is not confined to the thymus-dependent areas. PMID- 6721236 TI - Pleuroperitoneal canal closure in the rat. AB - Pleuroperitoneal canal development and closure were studied with light microscopy and transmission and scanning electron microscopy in 12.75- to 16-day fetuses. The major chronological events described in this paper are 1) the caudal tips of the lung buds projecting to the pleuroperitoneal canal (12.75 through 13.50 days); 2) the caudal tips of the lungs becoming situated medial to the canal areas at 14 days; and 3) both canals becoming crescent shaped with a uniform diameter until closure. Concurrently, the developing diaphragm and associated pleuroperitoneal folds assume more caudal positions. Both canal regions are bordered by the liver, lung, gonadal ridge, and suprarenal glands. In addition, on the left side, the stomach and mesogastrium also border the early canal. The right canal closes before the left (right, 14.75-15 days; left, 15-15.25 days). The results suggest that the pleuroperitoneal folds are pushed together, thereby closing the canals. This may be accomplished by one or a combination of the following: 1) enlargement of the liver pushing the ventral fold dorsad and a molding of the liver to the dorsal body wall caudal to the canal; 2) liver and thorax enlargement which appears to pull the dorsal fold taut against the central fold; and 3) a change in the orientation of the canal near the time of closure. Each canal is fully closed by the mergence of the dorsal and ventral fold mesothelia and mesenchyme. This study provides a basis for relating pleuroperitoneal canal development and closure to the surrounding organs and tissues. PMID- 6721237 TI - The effects of laser light on sperm motility and velocity in vitro. AB - The effect of Laser light on the motility and the velocity of human spermatozoa were measured by means of multiple exposure photography. Total sperm motility increased after Laser irradiation at 4 J/cm2, 8 J/cm2 and 32 J/cm2 respectively with respect to control. However, no influence on sperm velocity was demonstrated after Laser irradiation. This observation suggests that Laser light stimulates non-motile live spermatozoa. PMID- 6721238 TI - Studies on prolonged spermatozoa survival in chiroptera. III. Preliminary data on carnitine. AB - High epididymal levels of free carnitine during hibernation may have a role in extended sperm survival in bats. Accessory gland carnitine may further enhance the survival of ejaculated spermatozoa. The role of carnitine, if any, in uterine sperm storage, is as yet more obscure. PMID- 6721239 TI - Phospholipids in guinea pig spermatozoa before and after capacitation in vitro. AB - Phospholipids of guinea pigs spermatozoa were examined using high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) and thin layer chromatography (TLC). Two types of spermatozoa were compared: fresh epididymal (uncapacitated) spermatozoa and epididymal spermatozoa preincubated in Ca2+-free medium for 17-18 hr (capacitated spermatozoa). Determination of lipid phosphorus revealed that the total phospholipid content of spermatozoa did not change significantly during capacitation of spermatozoa. HPLC analyses of choline and ethanolamine phosphatides, lysophosphatides, and sphingomyelin revealed that the relative amounts of these phospholipids remained unchanged during capacitation. In contrast to spermatozoa, phospholipids in the medium surrounding spermatozoa reduced by 20% during capacitation of spermatozoa, suggesting that spermatozoa may utilize extracellular phospholipids as possible energy sources during their capacitation. PMID- 6721240 TI - [Triglycerides and phospholipids - relation to fertility]. AB - Searching for further characteristics of sperm in the diagnosis of male infertility it was examined if ejaculates with "normo-, oligo-, astheno-, terato " and "azoospermia" showed typical modifications in their triglyceride- and phospholipid contents. The examination was conveyed in spermatozoa and seminal plasma. In its results the examination of triglycerides showed no connection between concentration and diagnosis. In relation to its phospholipid contents the seminal plasma of "oligo-" and "azoospermia" was richer while it was diminished in the seminal plasma of "terato-" and "asthenozoospermia". The examination of spermatozoa taken from terato- and oligozoosperm ejaculates showed as well diminished concentrations in their phospholipid contents. PMID- 6721242 TI - Multiple malformation of bovine spermatozoa with special reference to their lightmicroscopic fluorescing pattern and electron-microscopic structure. AB - The light microscopic examinations of sperm samples from a sterile Fleckvieh-bull stained by the AT specific fluorochrome Hoechst 33258 showed beneath the constantly occurring paraxial tail numerous other malformations, which appeared under the electron microscope as multiple defects of essential cell organelles: defects of the acrosome as irregular thickening or forming of overturned folds "knobbed acrosome", sometimes with vesicles and inclusions inside, partial separation of the acrosome lamina from the nucleus. The defects of the nucleus were present as double-headed sperms, macro- and microcephalic forms besides bizarre shaped heads with gigantic cavities, often filled with membranes, cytoplasm and canaliculi even as heads with ridges which extended from the base to the apex. The main tail defect was a paraxial inserted tail, sometimes coiled, folded or bent down and combined with duplication or even multiplication of the tail with one or two implantation fossae. This multiplication was followed by extensive disturbances of the tail elements as lack or excessive numbers up to the isolation of tubules, fibers and mitochondria. Often there was no contact between tail and implantation fossa. Another defect was the existence of voluminous cytoplasmic droplets covering not only great parts of the tail but also the total head which included "arch like double membranes" and up to 15 tail segments. The persisting cytoplasmic droplet even as the generally occurring paraxial inserted tail are discussed in connexion with the existing hormonal imbalance as probably genetic damage leading to extensive defects during spermiogenesis. PMID- 6721241 TI - Effect of cooling, freezing and thawing rates and storage conditions on preservation of human spermatozoa. AB - Human spermatozoa was relatively resistant to cooling shock. However, when diluted semen was cooled faster than 10 degrees C per minute from room temperature (RT) to 5 degrees C and rewarmed to RT, percentage motility and percentage alive of spermatozoa decreased when compared to the slower cooling rates (less than 5 degrees C/min). The optimum cooling rate from RT to 5 degrees C resulting in maximum survival of human spermatozoa was found to be 0.5 to 1 degree per minute when cooled from RT to 5 degrees C and subsequently frozen thawed in liquid nitrogen (LN2). The optimal freezing rate of 10 degrees C per minute, from 5 degrees to -80 degrees C, resulted in higher survival of human spermatozoa than slower (1.1 degrees C/min) or faster (87.1 degrees C/min) freezing rates. Slow thawing in 20 or 35 degrees C air, on a dry bench, resulted in better survival than the other slower or faster thawing methods used. The temperature at which human semen samples were transferred to LN2 significantly influenced spermatozoa survival. Survival was higher when transferred at -30 degrees C or lower when compared with samples transferred at -15 degrees C or higher. However, maximal spermatozoa survival was obtained when the samples were transferred at -80 degrees C or lower. Transfer of human semen from LN2 to -25 to -30 degrees C and storage for 24 hours significantly reduced spermatozoa viability when compared with storage at 196 degrees C or -80 to -85 degrees C. No significant differences were found between storage temperatures of -80 to -85 degrees C and -196 degrees C in the maintenance of spermatozoa viability for up to 90 days. PMID- 6721243 TI - Reversible inhibition of spermatogenesis by danazol with combination of testosterone enanthate in rabbit. AB - Danazol (15 mg/kg b.w./day; oral) with combination of testosterone enanthate (5 mg/kg b.w./15 days; S.C.) was tested in male rabbits for reversible suppression of spermatogenesis. Semen analyses for efficacy and reversibility were performed biweekly. The regimen resulted in complete azoospermia or severe oligozoospermia in all the animals within 75 days of treatment accompanied with decreased motility, vitality and increased sperm abnormalities. Semen volume and pH did not alter significantly. Libido was unaffected. All seminal characteristics were within normal range after 115 days of recovery. In conclusion, the drug combination in given dose regimen resulted in reversible inhibition of spermatogenesis in rabbits. PMID- 6721244 TI - [Sex role and identity of childless andrology patients]. AB - By means of the Bem Sex-Role Inventory (BSRI) 1000 childless married patients of andrology have been examined in order to determine their masculinity, femininity, androgynity and social desire scores. The results have been compared with a control group of 111 students of medicine and dentistry and with data of a study on 444 students at Stanford University. Significant differences have been shown in social desire only, but in no other respect. Thus, the results do not indicate differences of sex role and self image between andrological patients and control groups in Hamburg as well as in Stanford. PMID- 6721245 TI - [Fine structure of the bladder tegument of Taenia saginata metacercaria with reference to establishment in the final host]. AB - The ultrastructure of the bladder tegument of the metacestode of Taenia saginata, with considerations on the establishment in the definitive host. The tegument surface of invaginated Taenia saginata metacestodes was demonstrated by scanning electron micrograph. The tegument is folded irregularly and its surface is amplified by the presence of microtriches, 44-45 microtriches/micron 2. The microtriches are about 500 nm long and have an absorptive function. Likely, form and sensity of microtriches turn out a capillary attraction that plays an important role in contact with surface (finger, tongue and duodenum of man, instrumentarium , glass, plastics). This opinion is supported by scanning electron micrograph of the surface of finger-tips, of the tongue and the duodenum of man. PMID- 6721246 TI - Osmoregulation in a parasitic nematode, Setaria cervi. AB - Studies on osmotic and ionic regulation in Setaria cervi indicate that it can osmoregulate in hypertonic solutions but not in hypotonic solutions. The depression of the freezing point (delta degrees C) of host's peritoneal fluid was -0.71 degrees C. PMID- 6721247 TI - [Further contribution to the occurrence of black flies (Diptera, Simuliidae) in East Germany]. AB - A further contribution to the occurrence of Simuliidae (Diptera) in the GDR. The cause of the damage to grazing cattle in the area of Waldheim - Heiligenborn in May 1971 was Boophthora erythrocephala. In the area 6 species of Simuliidae were proved. The history of the occurrence of Simuliidae in the GDR has been completed. PMID- 6721248 TI - Connections between poultry biting lice and microflora. AB - Microorganisms were found in about 300 Mallophaga ( Menopon gallinae, Eomenacanthus stramineus , Goniocotes gallinae) and 11 host hens. The majority of isolated bacteria was determined as grampositive cocci. The microflora found on the surface of and inside the Mallophaga as well as in the samples of hen's skin did not exhibit significant qualitative differences. The internal microflora in Mallophaga appeared qualitatively a little poorer than the external. Breeding of bacteria from interior tissues of nymphs of G. gallinae seldom succeeded, although bacteria were found in all microscopical preparations. The results indicate the bacteriostatical effect of an unknown agent in the digestive system of Mallophaga, as well as the presence of microorganisms (probably specific to the insects investigated) which, however, cannot be distinguished by the usual methods. PMID- 6721249 TI - Microvascular alterations in thrombin-induced experimental disseminated intravascular coagulation in the dog. AB - Disseminated intravascular coagulation is often characterized by organ failure and bleeding. By use of light microscopy, previous studies have shown extensive fibrin deposition in vessels. However, quantification of fibrin deposition using ultrastructural methods has not been reported. In this study dogs were infused with thrombin, and disseminated intravascular coagulation developed. Using a blinded morphometric analysis method, we observed deposition of fibrin in nearly half of the microvascular vessels. Such deposition probably accounts at least for part of the organ dysfunction. Almost half the vessels also had altered endothelial structure including thinning of the endothelial membrane, formation of extremely thin spots, fenestrations, and even a few ruptured areas. These findings at least in part explain the extravasation of blood in disseminated intravascular coagulation. PMID- 6721250 TI - Pulsed Doppler assessment of deep femoral artery hemodynamics: a preliminary report. AB - The functional capability of the deep femoral artery (DFA) as a collateral channel is an important feature in patients suffering peripheral arterial occlusive disease (PAOD). A noninvasive method of indirect quantification of the DFA blood flow volume is presented. In normal lower limbs, it was found that the common femoral artery (CFA) mean blood flow volume was maintained at 59% of its resting value when the superficial femoral artery (SFA) was occluded by a pneumatic cuff placed around the thigh. The reduction of the mean flow volume is mainly due to an increase of the diastolic backward flow, while the maximum systolic flow remains constant. In a few patients with various degrees of stenosis of the DFA, we observed a much greater drop in mean CFA blood flow volume than in normal subjects. On the basis of this preliminary study, we conclude that: --When the normal SFA is occluded, pulsatile flow through the CFA is maintained. --Occlusion flow reflects the runoff and the compliance of the DFA bed. --Occlusion flow is diminished in patients with DFA stenosis. It is suggested that this non-invasive test might help the physician to assess the involvement of the DFA in PAOD. Further investigation is needed to establish the correlation between quantitative occlusion blood flow volume and the degree of DFA stenosis. PMID- 6721251 TI - Multi dose cardioplegic perfusion: a tool for long term heart arrest. PMID- 6721252 TI - Mitral valve prolapse and spasm of normal coronary arteries: report of four cases and review of the literature. AB - The association between mitral valve prolapse (MVP) and atypical chest pain has been well-described. Numerous theories have been proposed to explain this association. A number of lines of evidence suggest that underlying ischemia may cause chest pain in some patients with MVP. We have recently evaluated 4 patients with chest pain syndromes who had angiographic evidence of MVP and spasm of angiographically normal coronary arteries. The possibility that coronary spasm is the underlying etiology of chest pain in some patients with mitral valve prolapse raises a theoretical argument against beta-blockade in these patients. Three of our patients were successfully treated with calcium channel blockers. PMID- 6721254 TI - Nifedipine in ulnar artery occlusion. AB - With the introduction of the calcium channel blocker, Nifedipine, potent peripheral vasodilatation has been demonstrated. Its main action is on the peripheral arterioles and venules with decreased peripheral resistance. Calcium affects most smooth muscle cells of the peripheral arteries and arterioles. Any small increase in the radius of a peripheral vessel or collateral increases the blood flow by an increment of four square. It is not surprising, therefore, that the calcium entry blocker exerts a vasodilatory effect. That effect varies with the intensity of the disease in the vascular bed in the different patients. PMID- 6721253 TI - Giant right atrial myxoma with rheumatic mitral valve disease. AB - A patient with a 456 Gram right atrial myxoma is described. Associated rheumatic mitral valvular heart disease obscured the presence of the tumor and only with presentation of bradyarrhythmias leading to pacemaker implantation was the diagnosis suspected. Successful surgical removal of the tumor and correction of the intracardiac valvular dysfunction were performed. The role of echocardiography in the early detection of these tumors is reinforced. PMID- 6721255 TI - The involvement of small vessels in Buerger's disease in their clinicopathological correlation. PMID- 6721256 TI - Descending venography. PMID- 6721257 TI - A 21-month-old girl presenting with status asthmaticus. PMID- 6721258 TI - Airborne pollen sampling in Manoa Valley, Hawaii: effect of rain, humidity and wind. AB - Kramer-Collins pollen sampling was conducted over 24 hours for 25 consecutive months at two valley sites in Honolulu. Of 1,059 expected samples, 699 (66.0%) were collected. Only 25 were considered excellent, i.e., eight three-hour collection bands. Twenty eight were considered good, ie., two to six bands. The difficulties in the study were associated with the weather directly (17.5%), the power source (3.9%), inadequancy of the samplers (63.1%) and the inexperience of technicians (15.3%). Sampler problems were also indirectly attributable to the high humidity, rain and wind, which differed at the two sites. PMID- 6721259 TI - A 13-month work-leisure-sleep environment fungal survey. AB - Thirty plates per month for 13 months were exposed in patients' work-leisure sleep environments in central New York State. Results show the months of highest mold prevalence in decreasing order were October, September, May and July. These months are also typically our high pollen months. The categories of highest prevalence in decreasing order were yeats, mycelia sterilia, Cladosporium, Penicillium, Rhodotorula, bacteria, Alternaria, Aureobasidium, Epicoccum, Aspergillus, Geotrichum, Basidiomycetes, Actinomycetes and Phoma. These were present in at least 14% of all 390 plates. The present study includes a discussion of the value of these findings in an allergy practice. PMID- 6721260 TI - Hyposensitization in hay fever with grass pollen extracts: a three-year study comparing a dialysed alum adsorbed extract with allpyral. AB - Immunotherapy with a dialysed aqueous extracted alum absorbed extract of grass pollens and with undialysed pyridine extracted alum precipitated extract of grass pollens (Allpyral) was compared in 58 patients with hay fever over a three year period in a randomized open study. Both types of treatment resulted in similar immunological responses as measured by changes in grass specific serum IgE and IgG. The dialysis of the grass pollen material did not decrease or increase the stimulation of specific immunoglobulins. The incidence of both local and systemic side effects was similar in both treatments. More injection site granulomata occurred in patients treated with the new alum adsorbed extract, although the difference did not achieve statistical significance. Symptom-medication data showed that patients who received the conventional pyridine extracted materials obtained a better clinical response, but all treatments gave continuing clinical benefit in each successive year. PMID- 6721261 TI - Mold allergy: a three year investigation (1980-1982) of the airborne fungal spores in Naples, Italy. AB - The purpose of the study was to examine the seasonal changes of the most important anemophilous species of molds, mainly those of allergenic interest. A spore-mold calendar for Naples, Italy was developed by continuous sampling over a 3-year period (January 1980-December 1982). The results reveal the climatic conditions are favorable for the growth of some fungi with dry spores in Naples and very high atmospheric concentrations of mold spores are to be found in summer months, particularly those of Cladosporium. Allergic sensitization with skin test reactivity and clinical signs of sensitivity to inhaled fungal spores is nevertheless found infrequently and generally not correlated with the seasonal patterns of presence of the spore molds in the atmosphere. PMID- 6721262 TI - Decreased sensitivity to tartrazine after aspirin desensitization in an asthmatic patient intolerant to both aspirin and tartrazine. AB - An aspirin- and tartrazine-sensitive asthmatic patient underwent a desensitization to the adverse effects of aspirin by oral aspirin challenges. After a month of daily aspirin ingestion, the patient's reactivity to tartrazine, tested by oral challenge, was observed to the blunted. This report suggests that desensitization to the adverse effects of aspirin might protect the patient against the adverse effects of tartrazine. PMID- 6721263 TI - Toxic reactions induced by hymenoptera venom. AB - A man experienced a toxic reaction after being stung simultaneously by 175 yellow jackets. After an initial minor anaphylactoid shock he presented a delayed acute renal failure secondary to intravascular hemolysis and rhabdomyolysis. He completely recovered without sequellae after hemodialysis. A second clinical case of hymenoptera venom-induced toxic reaction is presented. A woman was stung by 65 bees at the same time and she only had minor symptoms of anaphylactoid shock associated with an extensive angioedema. No symptom of acute renal failure, myolysis or hemolysis could be detected. PMID- 6721264 TI - The impact of peer review on professional practice. PMID- 6721265 TI - How to influence social policy affecting children and families. PMID- 6721266 TI - Bacteremic nosocomial pneumonia. Analysis of 172 episodes from a single metropolitan area. AB - We studied 172 episodes of bacteremia attributed to nosocomial pneumonia in 168 patients, observed in the 4 major hospitals of a single metropolitan area over a 5-yr period. Overall mortality for these patients was 58%. Deaths attributed directly to nosocomial pneumonia occurred almost exclusively in patients with serious and largely irreversible underlying diseases. These data confirm the high mortality associated with endemic hospital-acquired pneumonia. Although some deaths appear to be preventable, primarily by measures designed to reduce the risk of aspiration, analysis of the data herein raises doubts whether overall mortality can be significantly reduced by currently available measures. PMID- 6721267 TI - Theophylline clearance. Lack of effect of influenza vaccination and ascorbic acid. AB - Warnings have been issued regarding safety in the use of theophylline preparations in patients receiving influenza vaccination. These were prompted by reports that influenza vaccination caused inhibition of metabolism of theophylline and aminopyrine. Previous work has indicated a role for ascorbic acid in mixed function oxidase activity, and ascorbic acid is commonly used by the public. We studied the effect of influenza vaccination and ascorbic acid supplementation on the rate of elimination of theophylline. In 11 patients and 12 normal subjects no significant effects of influenza vaccination or ascorbic acid supplementation on theophylline clearance, serum half-life, or apparent volume of distribution were detected (p greater than 0.3). We conclude that neither influenza vaccination nor ascorbic acid supplementation induce a predictable effect on theophylline disposition. PMID- 6721268 TI - Relationship between oxygen uptake and oxygen transport in stable patients with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. Physiologic effects of nitroprusside and hydralazine. AB - This study was designed to determine whether alterations in systemic oxygen transport induced by the use of vasodilators for pulmonary hypertension would simultaneously affect oxygen uptake in patients with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD). Six stable patients with moderate to severe COPD were studied during resting conditions, nitroprusside infusion, a second control period, and after administration of hydralazine. Systemic oxygen transport fell with nitroprusside infusion (523 +/- 94 to 418 +/- 78 ml/min/m2, p less than 0.05). With this there was a fall in oxygen uptake (135 +/- 11 to 119 +/- 12 ml/min/m2, p less than 0.05), but only a minimal increase in oxygen extraction. In contrast, systemic oxygen transport was augmented in all patients when hydralazine was administered (444 +/- 121 to 840 +/- 157 ml/min/m2, p less than 0.05). There was also a net increase in oxygen uptake in these patients (122 +/- 19 to 148 +/- 21 ml/min/m2, p less than 0.05). We postulate that these clinically stable patients have a resting oxygen uptake that may become dependent on systemic oxygen transport whenever the latter decreases. This phenomenon has been described previously only in patients with adult respiratory distress syndrome, and it is important to consider when designing studies of pharmacologic therapy for COPD complicated by pulmonary hypertension. PMID- 6721269 TI - Asthma induced by suggestion: is it due to airway cooling? AB - The effect of suggestion on the airway response to 10 inhalations of normal saline followed by doubling concentrations of isoproterenol was assessed in 12 normal and 30 asthmatic subjects. It was suggested that the first 5 saline solutions contained a bronchoconstrictor and that the second 5 contained a bronchodilator, or vice versa, and that the first 4 isoproterenol solutions were inert, whereas the last was a bronchodilator. Nine asthmatic, but no normal subjects, bronchoconstricted after saline inhalation, with a mean fall in specific airway conductance (SGaw) of 40%. This was dose-dependent and was abolished when inhalations were carried out at 37 degrees C 100% relative humidity. Suggestion did not affect the airway response to saline or isoproterenol in either group, but it did influence the subjective impression of airway caliber recorded on a visual analogue scale. In this study, the bronchoconstriction after saline inhalation, previously attributed to the effect of suggestion, was caused by airway cooling. PMID- 6721270 TI - Chronic bronchitis. Correlation of morphologic findings to sputum production and flow rates. AB - We have assessed bronchial mucous gland size in a group of 26 patients with severe chronic air-flow obstruction and hypoxemia from the NIH Nocturnal Oxygen Therapy Trial. These patients had their sputum volume assessed at least 4 times when free from exacerbations. Mucous gland size was assessed by the gland/wall ratio (Reid Index), by absolute gland area, and by the volume proportion of glands. The volume of sputum produced was significantly related to the volume proportion of mucous glands (Rho = 0.53, p less than 0.01) and to the absolute gland area (Rho = 0.49, p less than 0.05), but not to the Reid Index, (Rho = 0.35, p greater than 0.05). Volume proportion of glands can be easily and quickly measured using a computer-assisted digitizer, and it is the method of choice for measuring mucous gland size in this series. Neither the Reid Index nor the volume proportion of glands was related to the forced expiratory volume in one second (FEV1), and the measurements were not significantly related to each other. The amount of sputum produced was not related significantly to the FEV1 (Rho = 0.26, p greater than 0.05). PMID- 6721271 TI - Use of spacers to facilitate inhaled corticosteroid treatment of asthma. AB - Budesonide, a topically active corticosteroid, was administered in doses of 400 and 1,600 micrograms/day to 35 asthmatic adults, using a standard inhalation device or a tube or cone spacer. The spacers reduced oropharyngeal candidiasis by an amount equivalent to a 90% reduction in drug dose (p = less than 0.005) and doubled the drug's overall antiasthmatic potency (delta FEV1, p = 0.05) without significantly increasing its overall effect on blood eosinophils (p = 0.14) or the A.M. serum cortisol (p = 0.12). Steroid-induced neutrophilia increased by an amount approximating that produced by an extra half tablet of prednisone per day (p = 0.002). Both the airways and systemic effects of the spacers were greater in patients who had small airways dysfunction present prior to the study. The data suggest an increase in intrapulmonary drug deposition during spacer treatment without a material shift in regional delivery within the lung. Spacers should be particularly useful for patients whose response to inhaled steroid is compromised by by dose-limiting oropharyngeal complications. They can also reduce drug costs. They should be used selectively in children until their effect on regional intrapulmonary drug deposition has been more clearly defined. PMID- 6721272 TI - Exercise capacity as a predictor of post-thoracotomy morbidity. AB - Although severe impairment on routine pulmonary function tests will identify patients with a high post-thoracotomy morbidity, cardiopulmonary complications often develop in patients with only a mild-to-moderate impairment in pulmonary function. To determine whether the preoperative exercise capacity can prospectively identify those at risk of developing complications, 22 patients scheduled for thoracotomy (mean age, 55.7 +/- 2 yr) underwent an incremental exercise test on a cycle ergometer to determine their maximal O2 uptake (VO2max) prior to thoracotomy. Routine pulmonary function tests were performed and postoperative forced expiratory volume in one second (FEV1) was predicted from split function perfusion lung scan in all subjects. Eleven of the 22 patients had no cardiopulmonary complications postoperatively. The age, history of prior cardiovascular disease, degree of impairment on routine pulmonary function tests, and predicted postoperative FEV1 were similar in those who did and those who did not experience complications. However, those without complications had a significantly higher VO2max than did those who experienced complications (22.4 +/ 1.4 versus 14.9 +/- 0.9 ml/kg/min, p less than 0.001). Only 1 of 10 patients with a VO2max greater than 20 ml/kg/min had a complication, whereas all 6 patients with a VO2max less than 15 ml/kg/min had a complication. We conclude that exercise testing is a useful adjunct in the evaluation of operative risk for thoracotomy. PMID- 6721273 TI - Influence of hypercapnia and/or hypoxemia and metabolic acidosis on theophylline kinetics in the conscious rabbit. AB - This study investigated the effect of acute changes in blood gases and pH on theophylline kinetics. Groups of 6 conscious rabbits were exposed to air (control) or to a high CO2 and/or low O2 atmosphere for 570 minutes, or received 47 ml/kg of 0.3N HCl by gavage. Once blood gases or pH were stabilized, they received 2.5 mg/kg theophylline intravenously. Urine, blood samples, and cerebrospinal fluid were collected. Metabolic acidosis did not modify theophylline kinetics. Theophylline serum concentrations increased with hypercapnia (p less than 0.05), hypoxemia (p less than 0.01), and hypercapnia combined with hypoxemia (p less than 0.001), compared with those in control animals. These increases were related to a decrease in theophylline nonrenal clearance (Clnr). Thus, Clnr decreased from 1.52 +/- 0.05 ml/min/kg in control animals to 1.13 +/- 0.13 in hypercapnia (p less than 0.01), 1.09 +/- 0.09 in hypoxemia (p less than 0.001), and 1.02 +/- 0.02 in hypoxemia combined with hypercapnia (p less than 0.001). Theophylline protein binding was not affected by any of the experimental conditions. The ratio of central nervous system to serum theophylline concentration was increased by 16% (p less than 0.05) with hypercapnia combined with hypoxemia. It was concluded that both hypercapnia and/or hypoxemia decreased theophylline biotransformation. Such a decrease may be the cause of toxicity. PMID- 6721274 TI - The regulation of lung fibroblast proliferation by alveolar macrophages in experimental silicosis. AB - To determine if macrophages regulate the numbers of fibroblasts in the silicotic lung, we exposed macrophages to quartz particles in vitro and in vivo and determined if the secretory products from these cells influenced the proliferation of cultured lung fibroblasts. Macrophages were recovered by lavage from the lungs of normal guinea pigs. Monolayers of these cells were exposed to sized quartz particles for 2 h. Macrophages were exposed to silica in vivo by the intratracheal injection of quartz particles. Macrophages were recovered from the silicotic guinea pigs 2, 14, 42, and 180 days after injection. Monolayers of these cells were also cultured for 2 h in the absence of a stimulus. Fibroblasts were derived from explants of the lungs of young guinea pigs. The effect of supernatants from the macrophage cultures on the proliferation of fibroblasts in vitro was determined in all experiments by measuring the incorporation of tritiated thymidine, and in some cases by direct cell counts. Macrophages exposed to quartz in vitro or for a short time (2 days) in vivo inhibited the proliferation of lung fibroblasts. In contrast, macrophages exposed in vivo for 42 and 180 days enhanced the proliferation of fibroblasts. These results suggest that alveolar macrophages from guinea pigs elaborate factors with opposing effects on the growth of fibroblasts and that the duration of exposure to silica is an important determinant of the predominant effect. These results also lend support to the notion that alveolar macrophages regulate the number of fibroblasts in the normal and the diseased lung. PMID- 6721275 TI - Effect of acute hypoxia on airway and vascular exchangeable lung water spaces in dogs. AB - To determine if alveolar hypoxia causes subclinical noncardiogenic pulmonary edema, we measured in 8 dogs the rebreathing pulmonary tissue volume (Vt) and the pulmonary extravascular water volume using the single-pass double-indicator dilution method. After baseline measurements, the dogs were ventilated with the lowest concentration of oxygen that would not cause left ventricular failure (9 to 13% O2). One to 6 h of hypoxia had no effect on Vt, but caused a reversible 38% fall in pulmonary extravascular lung water volume by the indicator method (p less than 0.01). The ratio of the extravascular to vascular volumes estimated from the relative peak heights of the 2 indicator dilution curves did not change with hypoxia, which implies that hypoxia caused a derecruitment of pulmonary blood vessels rather than a real decrease in extra-vascular lung water volume. This conclusion is supported by our rebreathing measurement of the airway exchangeable tissue volume, which is virtually independent of tissue perfusion, and which did not fall during hypoxia. To determine if this alteration in the pulmonary circulation can cause pulmonary edema when the cardiac output is increased, we opened a femoral artery to femoral vein shunt in 9 additional dogs during ventilation with 9 to 13% oxygen. Cardiac output increased over 50% but pulmonary edema developed in only 1 dog, the dog that also had the highest mean pulmonary artery pressure of the group (35 mmHg versus group mean of 26 mmHg during hypoxia). We conclude that 1 to 6 h of alveolar hypoxia in dogs consistently decreases the volume of perfused lung tissue.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS) PMID- 6721276 TI - Nifedipine attenuates acute hypoxic pulmonary vasoconstriction in awake piglets. AB - The calcium channel blocker nifedipine was administered to awake piglets to determine the drug's potential efficacy as a pulmonary vasodilator in newborns. We hypothesized that nifedipine attenuates acute hypoxic pulmonary vasoconstriction in this age group. Hemodynamic and arterial blood gas measurements were made in 24 catheterized piglets, 10 +/- 3 days of age, while they breathed room air and then 12% O2, 4% CO2, and 86% N2 gas. Thirteen piglets were studied before and after infusions of 15 and 40 micrograms X kg-1 X min-1 of nifedipine prior to hypoxia to see if the drug prevents hypoxic pulmonary vasoconstriction. In 7 animals, nifedipine was administered after the onset of hypoxia to see if the drug reduces ongoing hypoxic pulmonary vasoconstriction. Nifedipine significantly increased heart rate (56 +/- 28%) and cardiac output (48 +/- 45%) and decreased systemic artery pressure (-11 +/- 7%) and systemic vascular resistance (-37 +/- 18%) compared with pretreatment values under normoxic conditions. Pulmonary artery pressure increased (28 +/- 21%) after nifedipine treatment, but total pulmonary resistance remained unchanged during normoxia. Nifedipine did not reduce pulmonary artery pressure compared with pretreatment values during hypoxia, but reduced the elevation in total pulmonary resistance associated with hypoxia by 45 to 99% in a dose-dependent manner. We conclude that nifedipine vasodilates the constricted pulmonary vasculature associated with hypoxia in newborns but that this effect is manifested primarily by a rise in cardiac output rather than by a reduction in pulmonary artery pressure in this age group. PMID- 6721277 TI - Morphologic correlation of physiologic changes caused by SO2-induced bronchitis in dogs. The role of inflammation. AB - Chronic bronchitis was induced in 6 mongrel dogs by exposure to SO2 gas for 6 to 18 months. All of the dogs developed cough and mucus hypersecretion. Chronic airway obstruction and decreased airway responsiveness to inhaled histamine developed in 5 of the dogs. Histologic changes in dogs evaluated after SO2 exposure included significant mucous gland hypertrophy and hyperplasia, epithelial thickening, and a decrease in the number of luminal cells containing undischarged secretory granules. Acute and chronic inflammation were found in the dogs with airway obstruction and decreased responsiveness to histamine, but such inflammation was absent in the one dog that failed to develop physiologic changes. After a period of recovery from SO2 exposure of 9 to 21 months, inflammation regressed dramatically and the other histologic changes returned toward normal. Physiologic changes regressed somewhat in those dogs that had had changes. These findings suggest that inflammation may be an important factor influencing the development of airway obstruction and altered airway responsiveness in the setting of chronic bronchitis. PMID- 6721279 TI - Respiratory responses to external resistive loads during vagal blockade in awake dogs. AB - The present study examined the possibility that mechanoreceptors in the chest wall structures (rib cage and diaphragm) contribute to the increase in the neuromuscular drive to breathe (occlusion pressure) when the load on the respiratory muscles is increased in conscious animals and humans. Studies were carried out in 4 awake dogs in which external resistive loads (12 cmH2O/L/s) were applied during inspiration to increase the load on the respiratory muscles. Loads were applied via a tracheostomy during complete vagal blockade performed by cooling exteriorized cervical vagal loops. The ventilatory and occlusion pressure responses to the load were compared over the same range of chemical drive by applying loads during CO2 rebreathing. During vagal blockade, inspiratory resistive loads had no consistent effect on the duration of inspiration or expiration and decreased the ventilatory response to hypercapnia by decreasing average inspiratory flow rate. In all animals, however, inspiratory loading increased the occlusion pressure (P100) response to hypercapnia. The P100 at PCO2 = 55 mmHg increased during flow loading in all 4 animals, and the slope of the change in P100 produced for a given change in PCO2 (delta P100/delta PCO2) increased in 3 of the 4. Flow loading had no effect on end-expiratory lung volume at rest and did not influence the decrease in lung volume observed during hypercapnia. The present study indicated that the neuromuscular drive to breathe, as assessed from the occlusion pressure, is increased in conscious animals subjected to ventilatory loads during vagal blockade.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS) PMID- 6721278 TI - Granulocyte adherence in pulmonary and systemic arterial blood samples from patients with adult respiratory distress syndrome. AB - The accumulation of granulocytes in lung capillaries, caused by increased granulocyte adherence in response to circulating inflammatory mediators, is proposed as one mechanism of pulmonary vascular injury in the adult respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS). The adherence characteristics of granulocytes from humans with this syndrome have, however, not been described. We assayed the granulocyte adherence to nylon fiber columns using whole blood samples collected from the pulmonary artery of 14 patients within 24 h of satisfying criteria for ARDS. The mean value was 83% of that of normal subjects, and granulocyte adherence was less than or equal to control in samples from 10 of 14 patients. Eight of 12 plasma samples, including 7 of 10 from patients with decreased or normal whole blood granulocyte adherence, contained an activity that increased the adherence of granulocytes isolated from normal subjects. These data suggest that granulocytes may become desensitized to a circulating adherence-promoting mediator or that granulocytes with different functional characteristics circulate in some patients with ARDS. Granulocyte adherence varied directly with the circulating platelet number, indicating that adherence may be influenced by cell cell interactions as well as by humoral mediators. The granulocyte adherence was a mean of 75% of control samples in samples from 3 patients with increased lung uptake of indium-labeled leukocytes, suggesting that granulocyte accumulation in the lung can occur in the absence of markedly enhanced adherence of circulating cells. These data also suggest that alterations in lung endothelial cells, or the local elaboration of inflammatory mediators, may be important determinants of granulocyte accumulation in the pulmonary microvasculature in established ARDS. PMID- 6721280 TI - Regulation of mucociliary transport. Response of mucous cells to stimulation by amiloride applied to the frog palate in vitro. AB - Mucociliary transport (MCT) over the surface of isolated frog palatal epithelium was significantly inhibited by the diuretic drug amiloride (50% at 10(-5)M); this occurred when the drug was applied to the mucosal but not to the submucosal surface. The rate of ciliary beating was unchanged by treatment with amiloride (13.5 +/- 1.3 Hz, amiloride; 13.4 +/- 1.4 Hz, control). Spontaneous reversal of inhibition of MCT occurred after extended rinsing (1.5 to 3 h) with Ringer's solution; however, addition of mucus immediately restored MCT to control level. Amiloride applied to the mucosal surface stimulated 2.5 to 3 times as many cells to discharge mucus; this was correlated with an increase of 28% in apparent viscoelasticity of the mucus transport layer measured in situ (approximated by determining breaking strength of mucus using a surface tension balance). Other effects of mucosal application of amiloride included reduction of the transepithelial electrical potential by 62% and increased sodium (17%) in secreted mucus. This is the first report of a stimulatory effect by amiloride on mucous secretory cells. PMID- 6721281 TI - Airway macrophages. The importance of the fixation method. AB - Two methods of fixation, intravascular perfusion and intratracheal instillation, were compared with regard to the number, distribution, and appearance of airway and alveolar macrophages. With instillation of fixative, the number of airway macrophages present was reduced to only 32.6% of that seen after intravascular perfusion. Macrophages may have important physiologic and pathologic roles in the airways. The method of fixation is crucial for preservation of their numbers and location. PMID- 6721282 TI - The pathogenesis of interstitial pneumonitis induced by trehalose dimycolate. II. Reserpine prevents formation of lesions. AB - A single intraperitoneal injection of 10 micrograms of trehalose dimycolate (TDM) produced interstitial and hemorrhagic pneumonitis in C57BL/6 mice. As a part of an investigation of a possible role for cell-mediated immunity in the pathogenesis of this disorder, we found that reserpine, 3 mg/kg, given before, at the same time, or on Day 5 after administration of TDM, significantly reduced development of interstitial pneumonitis by Day 7. Smaller doses were less effective. Administration of reserpine, 3 or 2 mg/kg, 1 to 3 days after administration of TDM was lethal to most mice. Reserpine has been shown to inhibit expression of cell-mediated immune responses in mice, probably by causing intercellular release and degradation of vasoactive amines. Inhibition of pulmonary lesions by reserpine in TDM-treated mice suggests that a similar mechanism may be involved in the pathogenesis of TDM-induced lung injury. PMID- 6721283 TI - Guinea-pig-derived allergens. Clinicoimmunologic studies, characterization, airborne quantitation, and size distribution. AB - Of 20 serum samples from laboratory workers who experienced allergic symptoms after exposure to laboratory animals, 9 contained elevated IgE antibodies to guinea pig urine, pelt, or albumin by the radioallergosorbent test (RAST). Skin testing documented allergenic activity with all 3 guinea pig allergens. The cross reactivity of these 3 guinea pig allergens was studied in RAST inhibition assays. Guinea pig pelt extract and urine produced dose-related inhibition in all 3 assays, but guinea pig albumin was inhibitory in only the homologous assay. Characterization by gel filtration, polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis, and isoelectric focusing demonstrated heterogeneity of the allergens. Air filter samples were taken in a guinea pig housing room, a research laboratory, and a library, using a high volume air sampler. An outdoor air filter sample was also taken. Guinea pig urine allergen activity was detected in all indoor air filter samples by RAST inhibition. Guinea pig pelt allergen activity was detected in all air filter samples, except the library and outdoors. Guinea pig albumin was not detected in any air filter sample. Sizing of airborne particles demonstrated that most guinea pig allergen activity was associated with particles of a diameter greater than 5 mu and less than 0.8 mu. Urine appears to be the major source of guinea pig allergens, and it is present in airborne particles small enough to penetrate the lower respiratory tract when inhaled. PMID- 6721284 TI - Glycopyrrolate and atropine inhalation: comparative effects on normal airway function. AB - Bronchodilation was produced in normal subjects by inhalation of high doses of a quaternary parasympatholytic agent (glycopyrrolate), and responses were compared with those of atropine and a placebo. Both drugs induced significant increases in specific airway conductance (SGaw) and forced expiratory flows, but the effects of glycopyrrolate were sustained significantly longer (greater than 6 h). Whereas atropine produced an increased heart rate (26%) and severe dry mouth in all subjects, these symptoms were absent with glycopyrrolate and placebo. Therefore, glycopyrrolate produces significant bronchodilation of long duration but free of the side effects of muscarinic blockade that characterize atropine inhalation. PMID- 6721285 TI - Maximal respiratory pressures in children. AB - Maximal inspiratory ( PImax ) and expiratory ( PEmax ) pressures were measured 7 separate times during 1 month in 40 children (13 males and 27 females, 101 to 208 months of age). After an initial period of learning, the Pimax for 20 repeated efforts was 11.1 +/- 2.4 kPa and the PEmax was 14.0 +/- 3.6 kPa. Mean values for the 20 efforts were 83% of PImax and 84% of PEmax . Individual coefficient of variation was 10% for PImax and 11% for PEmax . Postpubertal boys had higher pressures than did girls, primarily related to their greater muscle area. Pressures correlated with upper arm muscle area in both sexes and with age and height in boys. The PEmax was lower in these children than in previously reported normal adults, probably because of less muscle development. The PImax was similar to adult values, suggesting that a factor in addition to muscle strength influences inspiratory pressures in children. PMID- 6721287 TI - Choledochal obstruction by cystic duct stone. Mirizzi's syndrome. AB - Two patients with high-grade common bile duct obstruction from an impacted cystic duct stone are described. A low-lying cystic-choledochal duct juncture or contiguity of a large cystic duct with the common hepatic duct are usual preexisting anatomic conditions. Known as Mirizzi's syndrome, this uncommon phenomenon needs to be considered when clinical and intraoperative findings indicate obstruction of the common bile duct by stone, but bidirectional exploration of the common bile duct or location of an elusive calculus after choledochotomy proves unexpectedly difficult. PMID- 6721286 TI - Branhamella catarrhalis pneumonia and immunoglobulin abnormalities: a new association. AB - A case of Branhamella catarrhalis pneumonia in a patient with multiple myeloma is reported. With the inclusion of this case, 5 of 17 (29.4%) reported cases of Branhamella pneumonia or empyema have occurred in patients with underlying diseases associated with immunoglobulin abnormalities. This strong clinical association suggests that qualitatively and quantitatively normal immunoglobulins are important host defense mechanisms in preventing infection with this pathogen. The sputum Gram stain demonstrating kidney-shaped gram-negative diplococci may be an early clue to the diagnosis, as well as an initial guide to empiric therapy, and may help the laboratory isolate and identify this pathogen, which, because of its morphologic resemblance to Neisseria, is frequently reported as "normal flora". PMID- 6721288 TI - Pyloric exclusion in the management of complicated duodenal and pancreatic disease. AB - Pyloric exclusion with gastrojejunostomy has been shown to be an effective adjuvant in the treatment of severe duodenal and pancreatic trauma. The authors have successfully applied this technique to the treatment of two patients with complicated pancreatic pseudocysts drained by cyst duodenostomy. A third patient with malignant duodenocolic fistula was palliated with this modality but eventually succumbed to his advanced disease. PMID- 6721290 TI - The impact of demographic trends on hospital surgical care. AB - The projected increase in numbers and percentages of elderly people has great potential impact on health services generally. Only rarely, however, has the impact of age of patients on a surgical service been quantitated. Two hundred fifty-five consecutive laparotomies performed in men older than 65 years of age were compared with 174 consecutive laparotomies in men younger than 65 years of age, all from a Veterans Administration Medical Center experience. Morbid factors, including mortality, increased with age with the greatest increments over the age of 75 years and especially over the age of 85 years. An intensity-of care index was devised; the intensity-of-care ratios progressively increased with age. Unless there are significant technical advances, future surgical results will not be as good as they are at present, since the patient composition will be less favorable. Any estimates of the costs of surgical care in the future must include the projected age of patients as a major factor. PMID- 6721289 TI - Evaluation of antibiotic therapy and surgical techniques in cases of homicidal wounds of the colon. AB - Infectious morbidity associated with colonic trauma was evaluated with respect to the specific site of the colonic injury, the surgical method used, and the antibiotic treatment prescribed. Septic complications were more frequent among patients who had left-sided colon injuries (P = less than 0.01) and among those who received antibiotics known to be ineffective against anaerobic bacteria (P = less than 0.01). A statistical analysis of the different surgical methods used, i.e., primary repair of the colon, primary repair with loop exteriorization, or colostomy, was indeterminable. PMID- 6721291 TI - Carcinoma of the gallbladder. AB - Carcinoma of the gallbladder does not present with any specific signs or symptoms, frequently mimicking benign gallbladder disease. Thus the diagnosis often is not made pre- or intraoperatively. A retrospective review of the Louisiana State University Medical Center-Shreveport experience was done to evaluate stage at diagnosis, therapy, and outcome. Thirty cases of gallbladder carcinoma were diagnosed between 1952 and 1982. The mean age of the patients was 67.4 years with 23 women and seven men. Six patients had the diagnosis made only after final pathologic examination of the specimen and had a mean survival of 7.4 months. Only three patients had the diagnosis made at operation with the tumor localized and the procedure thought to be curable with a mean survival 13.0 months. A biopsy alone or autopsy diagnosis was performed in 11 patients and a palliative procedure done in ten patients, with mean survival 0.9 months and 3.6 months, respectively. Successful surgical therapy is usually more fortuitous than planned. Surgeons must maintain a high index of suspicion and obtain frozen section diagnosis of any suspected tumor. PMID- 6721292 TI - Penetrating carotid arterial trauma. AB - Injury to the carotid arteries from penetrating occurred in 15 patients during a recent 4-year interval. Fourteen of the injuries involved the common and/or internal carotid arteries, while one isolated external carotid injury was also encountered. Gunshot wounds accounted for eight injuries (53%) and sharp-edged instruments for seven injuries (47%). Surgical management included six ligations and nine vascular repairs. Neurologic status was normal on admission in eight patients, all of whom did well. Seven patients had preoperative neurological deficits; all three mortalities occurred in these patients. Identification of a preoperative deficit is significant because it conferred a guarded prognosis. However, hypotension and even circulatory arrest did not preclude recovery. PMID- 6721293 TI - Subclavian cannulation. Valuable dialysis access alternative. AB - The subclavian vein was used for temporary dialysis access in 67 patients. There were 733 dialysis treatments performed using a total of 87 catheters during the study period. The catheters were left in place for an average of 24.5 days per patient and 18.9 days per catheter. A mean of 10.9 dialysis treatments per patient, and 8.4 dialysis treatments per catheter were performed. Seven patients expired with their catheters indwelling. None of these deaths were related to the catheter. There were 21 associated catheter complications. Twelve of these catheter complications were corrected by changing the catheter over a guide wire. The technique for catheter insertion, proper catheter care including home care, and complications due to the catheters are discussed. Subclavian catheter dialysis access appears to be a valuable adjunct for dialysis and has replaced the use of Scribner shunts and repeated femoral catheterizations for temporary access in our institution. PMID- 6721294 TI - Clavicular excision in management of vascular trauma. AB - The problems of surgical management of injury to blood vessels of the thoracic outlet are illustrated by a case report of clavicular excision to gain direct access to the damaged vessels. The article reviews the surgical procedure and documents its efficacy and the lack of subsequent deformity or dysfunction. It recounts the hazards of unsuccessful attempts to repair the clavicle. Last, it discusses the beneficial effects of clavicular resection carried out for reasons other than vascular injury. PMID- 6721295 TI - Internal hernia and gangrenous intestine. A rare complication of a femoral- femoral bypass graft. AB - An unusual case of an internal hernia related to a retropubic femoral-femoral bypass graft is presented. An orifice between the left and right inguinal ligaments and a protruding intraperitoneal portion of the prosthetic graft material resulted in herniation and strangulation of a portion of the small intestine. Technical factors (graft redundancy or misplacement) and natural factors (pulsatile erosion or age elongation) may be implicated. The potential for this complication exists in all grafts currently placed. The subcutaneous location appears to be a better technique. PMID- 6721296 TI - Statement from the 1983 meeting of the International Commission on Radiological Protection. PMID- 6721297 TI - Left ventricular mural thrombi complicating acute myocardial infarction. Long term follow-up with serial echocardiography. AB - To determine the clinical significance of left ventricular thrombi, we used two dimensional echocardiography to study 261 patients with acute transmural myocardial infarction. Mural thrombi were found in 46 patients. This complication occurred in 34% (44 of 130) of anterior wall infarctions but in only 1.5% (2 of 131) of inferior wall infarctions. An apical wall motion abnormality was present in all patients with thrombus. Severe depression of left ventricular function was not a prerequisite for thrombus formation: the mean left ventricular ejection fraction was 37 +/- 1.5%. Forty-three patients with left ventricular thrombi were followed for a mean duration of 15 months with serial echocardiography. None of the 25 patients who received anticoagulation treatment had an embolic event. Embolization occurred in 7 of 18 patients who had not received anticoagulation treatment. All embolic events occurred within 4 months of infarction. Although anticoagulation treatment appeared to provide protection against embolic events, the prevalence of left ventricular thrombi on follow-up echocardiographic study was essentially the same whether or not this treatment was used. PMID- 6721298 TI - Persistent Campylobacter jejuni infection in an immunocompromised patient. AB - Recurrent bacteremia and enteritis due to a specific serotype of Campylobacter jejuni occurred over a 12-month period in a patient on hemodialysis with systemic lupus erythematosus who was also deficient in serum IgA and IgM. A bactericidal defect in the patient's sera for C. jejuni was shown. A role for immunoglobulins in the host response to C. jejuni is suggested, in that the IgA deficiency may have predisposed the patient to chronic gastrointestinal carriage and because the resolution of the bacteremia corresponded with the delayed appearance in the blood of IgG specific for the infecting strain. PMID- 6721299 TI - Influenza vaccination and warfarin anticoagulation. AB - Because influenza vaccine can markedly depress hepatic cytochrome P450 activity and may have caused an extreme prolongation of the prothrombin time in one patient receiving warfarin, we studied the effect of influenza vaccine on anticoagulation in 21 male outpatients receiving chronic warfarin therapy. Prothrombin times measured three to five times in the month after vaccination were in the therapeutic range as often as those measured before vaccination. Mean changes in prothrombin times measured after vaccination were not significantly different from those on the day of vaccination or in the 3 months before vaccination. The size of this study assured an 80% chance that any deviation from the observed mean prothrombin times would not exceed 2.1 s. No patient had any bleeding or thromboembolic problems. Thus, influenza vaccination of patients anticoagulated with warfarin appears to be safe. PMID- 6721300 TI - Ethionamide-induced goitrous hypothyroidism. AB - A 42-year-old woman developed goitrous hypothyroidism while receiving ethionamide for treatment of an atypical mycobacterial infection. Five weeks after discontinuation of ethionamide therapy, thyroid function had returned to normal. The goitrogenic effect was studied in vitro by incubating ethionamide in various concentrations (10(-3) to 10(-7) mol/L) with ovine thyroid cells in tissue cultures. Ethionamide inhibited the trapping of technetium and organification of iodine at concentrations seen clinically (10(-5) mol/L). Ethionamide appears to be a potential goitrogen in susceptible persons. PMID- 6721301 TI - Unidentified virus-like particles in the intestine of patients with the acquired immunodeficiency syndrome. PMID- 6721302 TI - Diagnostic decision. The measurement of anticonvulsant agent levels. AB - Monitoring levels of antiepileptic drugs is useful in formulating a therapeutic plan but not in making a diagnosis. Differences in assay methods are not important. Differences in therapeutic ranges do not reflect procedural differences but merely the source that is quoted. Therapeutic ranges are not absolute criteria for therapy, but guides to a clinical balance between dose and side effects. Because therapeutic ranges reflect trough (early morning) serum levels, clinical determinations should be done at this time. Serum drug determinations should be used to establish the successful drug level for a patient; assess compliance; identify the relative contributions of each drug to efficacy and to side effects in complex programs; identify bioavailability problems; and characterize idiosyncrasies in the rate of drug metabolism. PMID- 6721303 TI - Dialect is diagnostic. AB - Folk medical language, as spoken in western Alabama, contains medical dialect terms that have an ancient lineage, with structure and meaning very similar to those of their earliest roots. The dialect has precise medical meanings and is used with astonishing accuracy by patients. Terms and phrases are often diagnostic as well as colorfully descriptive. An appreciation of medical dialect makes practice more fun, history taking and diagnosis easier, and lessens misunderstandings with patients. It sharpens the physician's senses to every level of what patients feel and say, verbal and otherwise. An appreciation of dialect heightens respect for patients and gives the physician a sense of continuity with cultures and ages past. Understanding and respect for medical dialect can be a powerful aid to patient care. PMID- 6721304 TI - Baclofen in the treatment of neuralgia. PMID- 6721305 TI - Radiologic methods to evaluate bone mineral content. Health and Public Policy Committee, American College of Physicians. PMID- 6721306 TI - Low-level radioactive waste management. Health and Public Policy Committee, American College of Physicians. PMID- 6721307 TI - Small-vessel vasculitis and methotrexate. PMID- 6721308 TI - Bronchial carcinoid and parathyroid adenoma. PMID- 6721309 TI - Plasma cortisol and primary aldosteronism. PMID- 6721310 TI - Agranulocytosis, thrombocytopenia, and procainamide. PMID- 6721311 TI - Empiric use of aminoglycosides in hospitals. PMID- 6721312 TI - Severe but reversible neurotoxicity from acyclovir. PMID- 6721313 TI - Prophylactic acyclovir therapy and herpes simplex. PMID- 6721314 TI - [Bone and muscular lesions in sarcoidosis]. AB - Bone lesions are observed in 10 to 15 p. 100 of cases of sarcoidosis. They occur in women in 2 out of 3 cases; the age of onset is slightly later than that of the sarcoidosis; the lesions involve mainly the fingers and toes but any part of the skeleton may be affected. The lesions are nearly always lytic, sometimes associated with chronic cutaneous, ocular or nasal sarcoid lesions; progression is slow and improvement is usually observed with steroid therapy: mortality is higher in patients with sarcoidosis and bone lesions than when there are none. Muscle involvement is present in about 50 p. 100 of cases of sarcoidosis but is usually clinically latent. Symptoms are sometimes observed related either to intramuscular nodules or to pseudomyopathy . These clinical presentations may be the only clinical sign of sarcoidosis for some time. It is important to recognise the true underlying cause with the aid of histology as steroid treatment is effective. PMID- 6721315 TI - [Joint manifestations in sarcoidosis]. AB - The commonest type of joint involvement in sarcoidosis is the acute arthritis of the L ofgren syndrome. This usually precedes the erythema nodosum and regresses in a few weeks. Arthritis without erythema nodosum is less common and has a much more variable presentation. Chronic sarcoid polyarthritis is very rare and does not usually cause bone erosion or deformation. It is usually associated with involvement of other organs. In children, sarcoid polyarthritis may resemble Still's disease. The entity of sarcoid sacro iliitis is discussed. Rare cases of sarcoid spondylodiscitis simulating bacterial spondylodiscitis have been described. PMID- 6721316 TI - [Ocular manifestations in sarcoidosis]. AB - Ocular complications of sarcoidosis are encountered in about a third of cases. They are subacute or chronic conditions, the commonest being anterior, middle and posterior uveitis, and involvement of lacrimal apparatus. The measurement of the angiotensin converting enzyme has thrown new light on these troublesome problems. PMID- 6721317 TI - [Chronic articular manifestations of sarcoidosis. Apropos of 7 cases]. AB - Chronic articular involvement is rare in sarcoidosis (approximately 0,2 p. 100). The authors report seven cases and describe the special features of chronic sarcoid polyarthritis: incidence of synovitis, possibility of destructive forms resembling rheumatoid arthritis, sensibility to steroids, relatively good functional prognosis. The diagnosis is essentially histological; it should be suspected in any chronic polyarthritis of obscure origin and confirmed by synovial biopsy. The physiopathology of sarcoid synovitis has not yet been determined. PMID- 6721318 TI - [Neuroendocrine sarcoidosis: a case]. AB - The authors report a case of neuro-endocrine sarcoidosis, associating panhypopituitarism , diabetes insipidus, and involvement of the optic chiasma with behavioural changes, chronic meningitis and a diffuse pyramidal syndrome. The diagnosis was suggested by the presence of mediastinal lymphadenopathy and confirmed during a surgical procedure to conserve the optic nerves. The clinical course on corticosteroids was unfavourable because of iatrogenic cushing' syndrome and steroid dependence . It was not possible to withdraw steroids, even with the use of immunosuppressors (Methotrexate). PMID- 6721319 TI - [Aortic dissection and Horton's disease. 2 cases]. AB - The authors report two cases of temporal arteritis complicated with dissecting aneurysm of the aorta. The first one is discovered on systematical physical examination, the second is revealed by a thoracic pain. Clinical course is favourable under steroid therapy in both cases. Eleven cases of such complication with pathological control are reported in literature. Physiopathological mechanisms are discussed and active inflammatory involvement of aortic wall seem to be the main cause. PMID- 6721320 TI - [Anatomo-clinical conference at the Pitie-Salpetriere Hospital. Granulomatous hepatitis in Salmonella typhi septicemia]. PMID- 6721321 TI - [The heart in sarcoidosis]. AB - This paper discusses the problems of cardiac sarcoidosis in patients with respiratory diseases. Emphasis is placed on the difficulty of diagnosing minimal and atypical lesions, the value of thallium scintigraphy and therapeutic problems. PMID- 6721322 TI - [Skin manifestations of sarcoidosis. Review of the literature and 53 personal cases]. AB - The authors review the literature and 53 personal cases, and describe the very variable appearances of the skin lesions in sarcoidosis: these may be divided into two main groups: non-specific "vasculitis" mainly represented by acute lesions of the erythema nodosum type, and specific polymorphic lesions often difficult to diagnose clinically and requiring skin biopsy. As in previous reports, the personal cases bring out a number of special features: silicotic granulomatous sarcoid like lesions may be observed in authentic cases of sarcoidosis; lesions identical to those described in systemic sarcoidosis may appear in isolation without other localisations. Is this cutaneous sarcoid? or sarcoid-like granulomata of unknown origin? The treatment of sarcoid skin lesions is described briefly. PMID- 6721323 TI - [Specific lipids from Mycobacterium ulcerans]. AB - The main lipids synthesized by Mycobacterium ulcerans are specific for the species. Three products were isolated by chromatography. Their structures were determined by means of spectrographic methods performed on the natural substances or on their split products. The most abundant products were phthiodiolone diphthioceranate and phenolphthiodiolone diphthioceranate . These structures have some analogies with those of phthiocerol dimycocerosate synthesized by M. tuberculosis and M. bovis, and with those of phenolphthiocerol mycocerosate synthesized by M. bovis. The reverse configuration of the polymethyl-branched chain fatty acids isolated from the substances, according to their origin, remains to be pointed out. Little attention has generally been paid to the stereochemistry of such molecules. We verified that the branched-chain fatty acids found in diacyl phthiocerol and in the mycoside of M. leprae have the same configuration as in the analogous molecules isolated from M. tuberculosis or M. bovis, contrary to M. ulcerans. Another peculiarity of phenolphthiodiolone isolated from M. ulcerans is the occurrence of the phenol group in free form. PMID- 6721324 TI - Biological characterization of Actinobacillus species and Pasteurella ureae. AB - Forty-seven strains of Actinobacillus and eleven strains of Pasteurella urea were studied using 119 morphological, physiological and biochemical characters. The resulting data were subjected to numerical analysis using the complement of Gower's coefficient excluding negative matches. Clustering was by unweighted pair group average linkage. At distance level 0.30, seven phenons and five isolated strains (including one strain of "A. seminis ") were obtained. The seven phenons correspond to Actinobacillus lignieresii , A. suis, A. equuli , A. capsulatus, "A. salpingitidis ", Actinobacillus sp. (Ross) and P. ureae. The characteristics allowing identification of the seven phenons are tabulated. PMID- 6721325 TI - [Fosfomycin resistance in Staphylococcus saprophyticus and other species of coagulase-negative staphylococci]. AB - Susceptibility of 121 isolates of coagulase-negative staphylococci to two antimicrobial agents, novobiocin and fosfomycin, was determined using the agar dilution method. Isolates included 45 strains of Staphylococcus saprophyticus, 26 strains of S. cohnii and S. xylosus, 24 strains of S. epidermidis and 26 strains of S. hominis, S. capitis, S. warneri and S. auricularis . The minimal inhibitory concentration average of fosfomycin for S. saprophyticus differed (p less than 0.001) from that other for novobiocin-resistant staphylococci (S. cohnii and S. xylosus) and for S. epidermidis (p less than 0.001). Out of 45 isolates of S. saprophyticus, 42 were resistant to fosfomycin. The results were very heterogeneous with regard to fosfomycin for all of the other coagulase-negative staphylococci. Resistance to fosfomycin, like resistance to novobiocin, could be used as a presumptive test for the identification of S. saprophyticus. PMID- 6721326 TI - Rabbit lens cell cultures in the characterization of Spiroplasma mirum pathogenicity. AB - Spiroplasma mirum grew to high titres, 10(8) colour-changing units per ml of supernatant medium, and produced cytopathology which consisted of vacuolization, granulation and polynucleation . S. mirum did not grow in cell culture medium (Dulbecco's MEM+10% foetal bovine serum), thereby indicating the need for cultured cells or a cell culture product. Growth was also obtained from cell-free supernatants from AG-4676 cultures. S. mirum propagated in AG-4676 produced cataracts and death in suckling Wistar rats. PMID- 6721327 TI - [Effect of diffuse light and heat on 8 BCG vaccines prepared from 4 different strains]. AB - In order to improve our knowledge of the effect of daylight on freeze-dried and rehydrated BCG, 8 BCG vaccines prepared with four BCG strains--Danish 1331, French 1173-P2, English (Glaxo-1077) and Japanese 172--were studied. Four of them were in amber-coloured ampoules manufactured in Copenhagen (K. Bunch Christensen) and four were in colourless ampoules manufactured by Institut Pasteur Production (Paris). Samples of these vaccines, both freeze-dried and rehydrated for use in children, were exposed to both factors and checked regularly for their viability. Daylight had a deleterious effect on the viability of both freeze-dried and (especially) rehydrated BCG vaccines. The fall in viability began after 2-h exposure of rehydrated vaccines and after 8-h exposure of freeze-dried ones. BCG survival was improved by coloured ampoules. Differences were observed between BCG strains in terms of the light effect, with the French strain being most resistant, the Danish least resistant and the others intermediate. UV irradiation was even more deleterious: 50% survival after 30-min exposure at 20 microW /cm2. In conclusion, since BCG vaccines are sensitive to these factors, they must therefore be protected and their viability checked during BCG vaccination campaigns. PMID- 6721328 TI - Growth and enzyme production by Aspergillus terreus in holocellulose. AB - The growth of Aspergillus terreus Thom in holocellulose medium and the production of xylanase and cellulolytic enzymes were studied and compared with growth and enzyme production in xylan and cellulose powder media. Hemicellulose and cellulose were utilized simultaneously by the fungus when grown in holocellulose medium. The growth was similar in the presence of xylan and cellulose powder, but xylan was consumed earlier than cellulose. Cellulose powder, carboxymethylcellulase and xylanase activity reached a maximum earlier in cellulose powder and xylan medium than in holocellulose medium. PMID- 6721330 TI - The gravimetric dust monitor--a new instrument which provides integral assessment of multiple shift-length respirable dust samples. PMID- 6721329 TI - [Digestive and cutaneous colonization of Staphylococcus epidermidis in hairless axenic mice]. AB - In order to determine the cutaneous and digestive colonization of S. epidermidis in germ-free HRS mice, several groups of animals were contaminated with this strain according to different methods. The bacterial cutaneous enumerations were performed after preliminary crushing of the cutaneous biopsy. In this study, whatever the method of contamination of germ-free HRS mice, the kinetics of S. epidermidis cutaneous colonization was parallel to the kinetics of intestinal colonization. The isolation of bacteria on skin was possible only when microorganisms were eliminated in faeces (6 h after contamination). During a single experiment, there was only slight variability in colonization, whether intestinal or cutaneous. Some differences could be found from one experiment to another, but all animals in the same trial showed the same cutaneous bacterial count. This experimental model is characterized by an interrelation between the intestinal and cutaneous ecosystems. PMID- 6721331 TI - Inhalable dust spectrometers as versatile samplers for studying dust-related health effects. PMID- 6721332 TI - The development of an inhalable dust spectrometer. PMID- 6721333 TI - A comparison of Chinese diagnostic standards of silicotic radiographs and the ILO International Classification of Radiographs of Pneumoconioses. PMID- 6721334 TI - Screening for new occupational hazards of cancer in young persons. PMID- 6721335 TI - Health hazards in a small automotive body repair shop. PMID- 6721336 TI - Mass concentrations of airborne asbestos in the non-occupational environment--a preliminary report of U.K. measurements. PMID- 6721337 TI - The performance of passive diffusion monitors for organic vapours for personal sampling of painters. PMID- 6721338 TI - Health hazard assessment of phosgene formation in gases of combustion of polyvinyl chloride using a simplified method of mathematical modelling. PMID- 6721340 TI - Exposure limits: history, philosophy, future developments. PMID- 6721339 TI - Sampling of gaseous pollutants on activated charcoal with 900 mg tubes. PMID- 6721341 TI - Air curtains for reducing exposure of heading machine operators to dust in coal mines. PMID- 6721342 TI - Improved visualization through cataracts using intravitreal illumination. AB - It is known that intravitreal illumination during vitrectomy improves both contrast and resolution for the surgeon by eliminating backscatter and reflections from both cornea and lens. The experiments described in this paper set out to quantitate the amount of improvement in these optical parameters using simulated intravitreal illumination when a target was viewed behind a cataractous lens. The results show an almost fourfold increase in contrast and a twofold increase in resolution when the illumination is placed behind the cataract, ie, intravitreal illumination vs external microscope illumination where the illumination is placed between the cataract and the observer. PMID- 6721343 TI - Bee sting of the cornea. AB - Irreversible heterochromia-iridis, internal ophthalmoplegia, and punctate subcapsular lenticular opacities developed in a 9-year-old girl after she received a bee sting in her right cornea. These complications persisted even after an 11-month follow-up period. To the author's knowledge, this presentation is the first of its nature. The pathogenesis of these changes is discussed and the literature is reviewed. PMID- 6721344 TI - Intracapsular cataract extraction complicated by vitreous loss: final vision without vitrectomy. AB - Forty-one eyes with vitreous loss during routine intracapsular cataract extraction were not treated with a vitrectomy. A total of 27 eyes or 66% achieved vision of 20/50 or better. Twenty-two eyes were followed longer than three years. PMID- 6721345 TI - Visual evoked potentials as an aid in the diagnosis and treatment of temporal arteritis. AB - A patient who presented with temporal arteritis was followed using pattern visual evoked potentials (VEPs). Prior to treatment, both amplitudes and wave latencies of the VEP were abnormal. Following a two-week course of corticosteroids, both the visual acuity and VEPs returned to normal. It is suggested by this patient, that VEPs may be useful in the diagnosis and management of patients with temporal arteritis. PMID- 6721346 TI - Congenital HIPO syndrome. AB - A newborn girl had a combination of hemihypertrophy, intestinal web, preauricular skin tag, and congenital corneal opacity. This association is contrasted to Goldenhar's syndrome. PMID- 6721347 TI - Pseudovitreous fluid based on sodium carboxymethylcellulose. AB - Various materials have been suggested for vitreous replacement following vitreoretinal surgery. We studied the use of a viscous physiologic solution based on sodium carboxymethylcellulose, a synthetic polymer structurally similar to hyaluronic acid. Following vitrectomy this pseudovitreal fluid was injected into the vitreous cavity of rabbits. The material appeared to be well tolerated during a six-month observation period. PMID- 6721348 TI - Keratitis in relapsing polychondritis. AB - An 11-year-old girl developed peripheral corneal thinning and superficial pannus formation with no other ocular or systemic signs. During the subsequent two years she developed inflammation of both ears, progressive collapse of the nasal cartilage, and polyarthritis. A clinical diagnosis of relapsing polychondritis was made. A spontaneous perforation of her right eye secondary to progression of peripheral ulcerative keratitis was successfully repaired. Treatment with dapsone, a nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory agent resulted in remission of her ocular and systemic disease. PMID- 6721349 TI - Pupillary sparing oculomotor palsy from acute subdural hematoma. AB - An acute subdural hematoma presented as a partial third nerve palsy with complete pupillary sparing. The patient was alert and oriented, and except for a subtle hemisensory hypalgesia, there were no other neurologic signs. Preoperative diagnosis was made by CT scan and cerebral angiography. The patient underwent successful craniotomy and within six weeks after surgery, her third nerve palsy had completely resolved. PMID- 6721350 TI - Suppurative interstitial ring keratitis due to streptococcus. AB - Three cases of interstitial ring abscess of the cornea caused by different strains of streptococcus are described. These infections occurred in three different clinical settings: after penetrating trauma at the limbus, after a cataract operation, and in conjunction with keratoconjunctivitis sicca. The acute appearance of a light, interstitial ring not extending to the limbus in the post traumatized eye should alert the clinician to the possibility that a streptococcus may be responsible. The ring frequently progresses rapidly to a total ring abscess with intraocular extension. The outcome was poor in all three patients. PMID- 6721351 TI - [Vestibular neurotomy by the posterior retrosinus approach. Technics, results and indications]. AB - A posterior retrosinus approach was used for 50 vestibular neurotomies to treat patients with severe "Meniere's" disease. The pontocerebellar angle is approached by trephination of a 2 cm diameter opening immediately behind the mastoid and lateral sinus. The acoustic-facial nerve bundle lies 55 mm deep to the craniotomy opening. The vestibular nerve is separated from the cochlear and sectioned, the facial nerve not being at risk as it lies much deeper. Results after a minimum follow up of one year showed recovery from vertigo in 96 p. 100 of cases. Deafness, which was unchanged following surgery, did not appear to progress in most cases. Tinnitus was unchanged. Facial nerve lesions were never observed. The operation is a simple one (duration of 90 minutes) and is reliable, and vestibular neurotomy by the pontocerebellar angle approach appears to be most effective currently available method for treating severe cases of "Meniere's" disease. Decompression procedures provide results that are too inconstant, while neurectomy by a suprapetrous approach is a much riskier op eration than that which uses a posterior approach as described above. PMID- 6721352 TI - [Cystic lymphangioma: a practical problem of cervical oncology. Apropos of 4 cases]. AB - Cystic hygroma is a benign dysembryoplasia of the lymphatic system of mainly cervical expression. Clinical findings of a stereotyped nature were found in 4 cases of this particular aspect of infantile surgical affections. On operation there was an obvious relation with the internal jugular vein, and an entire segment had to be removed in 2 cases. These data confirm conventional pathogenic theories. PMID- 6721353 TI - [Partial surgery of laryngeal vestibule cancer]. AB - A retrospective study was conducted of 141 cases of laryngeal vestibule cancer treated by partial surgery between 1968 and 1977. Patients underwent either subglottic laryngectomy (105 cases) or subtotal laryngectomy with cricohyoidoplexy (36 cases). Operative mortality was 6.5 p. 100. Overall survival rate was 63 p. 100 at 3 years, with lymph node invasion in 32 p. 100 of cases, and a 3 year survival rate for group N of 71 p. 100 as against 50 p. 100 for group N+. PMID- 6721354 TI - [Role of gastroesophageal reflux in acute recurrent laryngeal dyspnea in children]. AB - Recurrent laryngeal croup (RLC) in children is rarely discussed unless permanent laryngeal obstruction is involved or there is an allergic basis. An atypical case is described where gastro-esophageal reflux (GER) was not only associated with but was also directly related to the provocation of each period. A series of 15 patients with RLC were investigated for the presence of GER, and this was confirmed in 7 cases. These findings suggest that GER may be responsible for the onset of RLC, as is now admitted for numerous respiratory manifestations in children. Moreover, GER may be implicated in the course of various laryngeal obstructive lesions, particularly subglottic angioma. PMID- 6721355 TI - [Stroboscopic study of the respiratory mucosal ciliary beat frequency]. AB - Abnormalities of the ciliary function have been found as an important factor in chronic respiratory diseases. For the study of the ciliary beat frequency, we developed a stroboscopic method using a stroboscopic illuminator ( Strobo Hertz) substituted to the normal light of an inverted optic microscope (Leitz). The ciliated cells obtained either by nasal scraping or tracheobronchial brushing were maintained in a culture medium (IP 199) at 37 degrees C. The ciliary beat frequency was measured at various times, at least one hour after the sampling. Nasal scraping, was performed with a curette in 17 children from 10 months to 16 years who complained of chronic respiratory diseases. Ciliated cells were obtained in 14 samples. In one of them 5 years old with a situs inversus, although the ciliated cells were numerous, the cilia appeared immotile. In the 13 others, the frequency was from 7 to 11.5 Hz with a mean of 10.8 Hz. These results were compared to those obtained by tracheobronchial brushings performed in 7 patients from 4 months to 46 years who underwent an endoscopic investigation. The ciliary frequency was 7 to 10 Hz with a mean of 8.5 Hz. The study of the ciliary beat frequency obtained by nasal scraping seems to be a reliable method for the detection of abnormal ciliary function. Nasal scraping is a non invasive method. Moreover, the stroboscopic method is a non expensive tool. PMID- 6721356 TI - [Early diagnosis of acoustic neurinoma. Tumors less than 2 centimeters]. AB - Computerized gas meatography ( CGM ) represents the must reliable method for detection of stages I and II of acoustic neurinomas. A critical study of its indications was conducted based of results in a series of 14 tumors of less than 2 cm diameter and of 43 CGM . Although early auditory evoked potentials are currently the most significant selection criteria, procedures for detecting retrocochlear lesions remain unchanged, particularly for the ENT specialist. PMID- 6721357 TI - [Suprapetrosal approach to the anterosuperior surface of the petrous bone. Its importance for the treatment of rare lesions of the sphenoid bone, trigeminal nerve and internal carotid artery]. AB - The anterior suprapetrosal approach provides access to the anterior part of the middle cerebral fossa and its various openings: small round, oval and large round foramina. Trephination of the floor of the cerebral fossa reveals the Eustachian tube, the intrapetrosal portion of the internal carotid artery, the pterygomaxillary fossa, and possibly a particularly markedly developed recess of the sphenoidal sinus. This new surgical approach can resolve certain rare but classical therapeutic problems, particularly of excision of tumors in this region: neurinomas of V developing anteriorly, meningioma. PMID- 6721358 TI - [Pseudoxanthoma elasticum. Morphological and biomechanical study of dominant type 1 and recessive type 2 forms]. AB - A study of two genetically distinct types of pseudoxanthoma elasticum was performed by optical microscopy, scanning electron microscopy and by tonometry. No difference was recognized and measured between the two groups of patients because interindividual variability of the dermal alteration is so large in each of the groups. PMID- 6721359 TI - [Melanoma and dysplastic nevus after 8 years of topical Caryolysine]. AB - A 48-year-old woman with poikiloderma atrophicans vasculare was treated with topical mechlorethamine, applied three times weekly, for eight years. After five years treatment she developed nine melanocytic naevi on covered skin. The naevi spread for the next three years and a surgical excision was performed. Pathological examination revealed one level II SSM, one level I SSM and seven junctional naevi with focal dysplasia or melanocytic hyperplasia. The development of melanoma and dysplastic naevi after topical mechlorethamine has not been previously reported. However it seems likely that mechlorethamine was the causative agent. As for the mechlorethamine's imputability in this case, we have used a method combining intrinsic identification of adverse drug responsibility's score, based on the clinical case and on extrinsic identification based on literature evaluation. We suggest that mechlorethamine could act as UV light. PMID- 6721360 TI - [Cutaneous responses to an injectable collagen implant (zyderm). Clinical, histological and ultrastructural correlations after intradermal tests]. AB - A test implant of Zyderm collagen was carried out on 250 patients using the volar forearm site. The behaviour of the implant in the host tissue was followed-up in 6 cases by both direct and electron microscopy. There were 14 positive reactions. Biopsy was carried out in 3 cases, all of which exhibited severe reactions; foreign body granulomata were found in 2 of these, perivascular lymphocytic infiltration in the third. All 3 had a follow-up for 3 months and the biopsy sites healed normally. Trial implants are always advisable with collagen material. In order to avoid the possibility of such delayed hypersensitivity reactions, the test implant should be investigated at 72 hours and kept under observation for 4 weeks prior to carrying out the full corrective procedure. In two cases, reactive adverse reactions at the collagen implant treatment site were observed in spite of negative reaction at the test site. Nevertheless evidence suggests that Zyderm injectable collagen is a suitable material, leading to good cosmetic results; it carries minimal risk and is well tolerated even after a long period of time. PMID- 6721361 TI - [Familial Degos' atrophic papulosis (mother-daughter)]. AB - Degos' disease (malignant atrophic papulosis) occurring in mother and daughter is described. Mother's eruption is composed of multiple characteristic lesions (up to 600). She does not have any gastrointestinal, neurological nor other visceral manifestations after a 9-year course. One year after the onset of the disease, she had a daughter. The pregnancy was normal and the newborn did not have any cutaneous manifestation. The daughter's first skin lesion appeared when she was 3 months old. She has now been under observation for nearly nine years and developed only four skin lesions without any visceral manifestation. Laboratory investigations show an increase in fibrinogen in both mother and child, without any sign of disseminated intravascular coagulation. The research for "slow virus" by a primate's intravascular inoculation of mother's skin lesion in negative. PMID- 6721362 TI - [Basocellular epithelioma of the leg with inguinal lymph node metastasis]. PMID- 6721363 TI - [Syphilitic orchiepididymitis. Apropos of a pseudotumoral case]. PMID- 6721364 TI - [A case of Kaposi-Juliusberg pustulosis (eczema herpeticum) in an infant, treated with acyclovir]. PMID- 6721365 TI - [Visualization of the Soldado virus by electron microscopy in the tissues of the vector tick Ornithodoros (Alectorobius) maritimus Vermeil and Marguet, 1967]. AB - By means of transmission electron microscopy, it was possible to visualize typical viral particles of Soldado virus (Bunyaviridae, Nairovirus ) in the tissues of a naturally infected Ornithodoros ( Alectorobius ) maritimus tick. PMID- 6721366 TI - [Cross fertilization of Teladorsagia trifurcata with T. circumcincta]. PMID- 6721367 TI - [Description of 2 new species of the genus Cycloplectanum Oliver, 1968 (Monogenea, Monopisthocotylea, Diplectanidae)]. AB - The author propose Cycloplectanum beverleyburtonae n. sp. to name the gill parasite discovered on Epinephelus guaza (Linnaeus, 1758) ( Serranidae ) in the Mediterranean Sea (Gulf of Lion) reported to Diplectanum americanum Price, 1937 and Cycloplectanum caballeroi n. sp. to name the gill parasite discovered on Stereolepis gigas Ayres , 1809 ( Percichthyidae ) off the Mexican coast of the Pacific Ocean also reported to Diplectanum americanum Price, 1937. PMID- 6721368 TI - [Host-parasite relations of the trematode Microphallus papillorobustus (Rankin 1940). III Factors involved in the behavioral changes of the Gammarus, intermediate hosts and predator tests]. AB - The responses of infected and uninfected Gammarus to certain stimuli are experimentally studied. Under the influence of the cerebral metacercaria of Microphallus papillorobustus , the light preferendum of the Gammarids is shifted towards an area of higher illumination, the phototactism becomes strongly positive, the geotactism is reversed from positive to negative, the responses to mechanical disturbances are altered. Predator tests show that infected Gammarids are more vulnerable than uninfected ones to predation by one of the definitive host of the Trematode, Larus cachinnans . Thus the transmission is favoured. PMID- 6721369 TI - Some new molluscan hosts of Dicrocoelium dendriticum in Spain. AB - Twenty species of the family Helicidae (Gastropoda, Pulmonata) from the N.W. of Spain were tested as hosts for D. dendriticum in experimental conditions. The relationship between the egg hatching in the digestive tract and the development of sporocysts (108-110 days after egg ingestion) was studied. Three species were found to be new intermediate hosts of this trematode: Candidula intersecta , Helicella corderoi and H. jamuzensis . On the basis of the results obtained, the ecological value of the positive species in the life cycle of the parasite is discussed. PMID- 6721370 TI - [A comparison of the superficial argentophilic structures of miracidia from 12 species of the genus Schistosoma]. AB - Observation of miracidia of twelve species of Schistosoma shows the fundamental epidermal cell pattern is: 6, 9, 4, 3. Comparison of superficial argentophilic organites permits us: --to divide these species into three inequal groups: mansoni group: Schistosoma mansoni, S. rodhaini. haematobium group: S. haematobium, S. bovis, S. indicum , S. intercalatum, S. margrebowiei , S. mattheei, S. nasale and S. spindale . japonicum group: S. japonicum, S. incognitum . --to emphasize the relatively narrow specificity between members of each group and the snail-hosts. --to position the above species of Schistosoma within the Schistosomatoidea . Furthermore this character gives us some idea of the degree of evolution of species of Schistosoma. PMID- 6721372 TI - Anatomical adaptation to haplodiploidy in the Oxyuroid (Nematoda) Desmicola skrjabini n. sp. from a diplopod in Gabon. AB - Desmicola skrjabini n. sp. (Oxyuroidea; Nematoda) is described on the basis of female morphology from the hind-gut of Pachybolus sp. ( Pachybolidae ; Spirobolida ; Diplopoda ) from Gabon. The new species differs from the type and only other species in lacking interlabial formations and obvious cephalic papillae, and in having what appear in apical view as finger-like cuticular ornamentations on the anterior surface of the lips. D. skrjabini is didelphic and a seminal receptacle is present in only one branch of the reproductive tract. In oxyuroids , males develop from unfertilized eggs whereas females develop from fertilized eggs. It is suggested that the curious reproductive anatomy of Desmicola ensures production of eggs of both types and therefore offspring of both sexes. PMID- 6721371 TI - [Experimental schistosomiasis III. Observations on the infestation of Biomphalaria glabrata by a miracidium of Schistosoma mansoni]. AB - 380 B. glabrata infected with 1 miracidium of S. mansoni produced 87 positive snails (22,9%), 38 of which sending out male cercariae and 49 female cercariae. The snails belonged to 3 experimental series kept at 27 degrees and 24 degrees C for 15 weeks under continuous lighting. There was no difference between the proportions of both sexes. The survival of the positive snails was favoured by the male sex. The shedding of female cercariae was greater than shedding of male. During those 15 weeks, the cercarial shedding of both sexes showed large and recurring changes. A certain correlation seems to exist between the sex of cercariae, the abundance and the frequency of cercarial shedding, and the longevity of the parasitized snails. All those factors could take a part in the epidemiology of the schistosomiasis. PMID- 6721373 TI - [Erythrocytemia and splenomegaly in an experimental Trypanosoma brucei gambiense infection in the mouse]. AB - In accordance with observations reported in the litterature concerning experimental african trypanosomiasis, highly significant correlations were found between any pair of the following parameters: duration of infection, parasitaemia, spleen volume, number of erythrocytes, or between the sharp decrease of the number of erythrocytes and the combines effect of the increase of all other parameters. In subacute T. gambiense infections in mice, it was statistically demonstrated that, in the absence of variation in numbers of erythrocytes, any correlation between the increase of spleen volume and of parasitaemia is repealed. This result suggests the existence of a clear interaction, in the course of the infection, between the development of splenomegaly and the drop of erythrocytaemia. However, it is not clear which one, of the erythrophagocytic activity or the hypertrophy of the spleen is the cause of the other. The influence of splenectomy was studied, assuming that the anaemic syndrome was due to augmentation of the phagocytic activity. However, the suppression on that occasion of the erythrocytic and immunological activities of this important organ, did not produce any improvement in the course of the disease or a prolongation of the survival time of the infected animals. In rodents, the functions of production and of removal of erythrocytes are indeed performed by the same organ, so that no conclusions can be drawn from the splenectomy. We also wondered whether the sequestration and destruction of red cells sensitized by the parasitic antigen could not be extended to immature cells of the erythroblastic line present in the bone marrow (and also in the spleen, in rodents), if, as could be assumed, these cells are coated "in situ" by the soluble antigens actively concentrated by these major effector organs of the reticuloendothelial system. PMID- 6721374 TI - [The Bothriocephalus scorpii complex (Mueller, 1776). Differentiation of species of parasites of the turbot (Psetta maxima) and the brill (Scophthalmus rhombus). Study of protein fractions and antigen complexes]. AB - Previous electrophoretic studies (Renaud et al., 1983) carried out on the Cestode Bothriocephalus scorpii (Mueller, 1776) showed that the populations parasiting the Turbot and the Brill on the Mediterranean coast, are two distinct species: Bothriocephalus (supra sp. scorpii) gregarius and Bothricephalus (supra sp. scorpii) barbatus respectively. This work has been done with the purpose of identifying these two species by using biochemical tests. The study of whole body proteins by electrophoresis of zones of acrylamide gel shows the existence of nineteen distinct protein fractions in both populations. Among those different protein fractions, two of them (Rf 53 and Rf 87) are present only in the Cestode of the Brill and one (Rf 42) seems to be specific of the Turbot. On the other hand, the fraction of Rf 27 is present only in the Cestodes of the Brill. The immunoelectrophoretic study of antigenic components shows seven or eight major fractions depending on the source of protein, five of them being common to both. The reactions of absorption of antiserum permitted characterization of three arcs of precipitation proper in the Cestodes of the Brill corresponding to protein fractions of Rf (27, 53, 87) and three arcs in the Cestodes of the Turbot, corresponding to protein fractions of Rf (42, 21, 66). PMID- 6721375 TI - [Superficial argentophilic structures of miracidia and cercaria of Paramphistomum leydeni Nasmark 1937]. AB - The life cycle of Paramphistomum leydeni Nasmark, 1937, is carried out in the laboratory. Adults were obtained from the rumen of a naturally infected Bos taurus in Czechoslovakia. Laboratory-reared Planorbis planorbis experimentally infected shed the first cercariae two months after exposure to miracidia. Argentophilic structures in miracidia and cercariae are described. In miracidia, these structures are similar to those previously described from species of Paramphistomum: P. togolense, P. phillerouxi, P. daubneyi, P. microbothrium. They differ, however, from those of Calicophoron calicophorum. In cercariae, argentophilic structures have some features in common with those of the species of Paramphistomum mentioned above, especially at the levels CII and AM V, but the very peculiar acetabular chaetotaxy allows us to distinguish P. leydeni from these species. Thus, each species can easily be differentiated from the related species; moreover the genus Paramphistomum as characterized by Nasmark (1937) appears to be justified. PMID- 6721376 TI - [Redescription of Cercaria setifera F.S. Monticelli, 1914 (nec J. Muller) (Trematoda), a parasite of Conus ventricosus Hwass; comparison with various ophthalmotrichocercous cercariae from the western Mediterranean]. AB - Cercaria setifera is a Digenean parasite of Conus ventricosus, the cercariae having been recovered from this mollusc on the French mediterranean coast. The cercaria is redescribed in this paper and various aspects of its behavior are noted. Several species of Lepocreadiid cercariae from the western Mediterranean Sea have been previously confused with Cercaria setifera. In this paper the synonyms of C. setifera are discussed. The metacercarial and adult stage are, as yet, unknown. PMID- 6721377 TI - [New filaria of the magpie, Eufilaria kalifai n. sp. (Lemdaninae) and its development in Culicoides nubeculosus]. AB - E. kalifai n. sp. (Lemdaninae) is described from Pica pica galliae captured in France (Herault); this species resembles E. longicaudata from North American Corvidae as well as E. delicata and E. bartlettae from European Turdidae but is distinguished principally by the large size of the microfilaria (180-220 microns). The life is completed using Culicoides nubeculosus as intermediate host. The above four species of Eufilaria are very similar but the caudal extremity of the infective stage has four "languettes" in the parasites of Corvidae; it is smooth in parasites of Turdidae. PMID- 6721378 TI - [Life cycle of Leranthropus kroyeri Van Beneden 1851, hematophagous branchial copepod of the sea bass Dicentrarchus labrax (Linne, 1758) in wild and experimental populations]. AB - The life cycle of Lernanthropus kroyeri Van Beneden, 1851, copepod (Siphonostomatoida) parasite of Dicentrarchus labrax is described. The cycle comprises two nauplii, one infective copepodid, four fixed copepodids and one preadult. All the attached stages are caracterised by the lack of the frontal filament. This is the first description of a life cycle lacking a chalimus for Siphonostomatoida Copepods parasitic on fish. PMID- 6721379 TI - [Pelvic echography]. PMID- 6721380 TI - [Prepubertal genital hemorrhage. Study of 50 cases]. PMID- 6721381 TI - [Value of enzyme assay of urinary estrogens in exploring menstrual disorders in adolescents]. PMID- 6721382 TI - [Endometriosis in adolescents. Apropos of 10 cases]. PMID- 6721383 TI - [Incidence and degree of pubertal development in Turner's syndrome]. PMID- 6721384 TI - [Sexual information and contraception in adolescence]. PMID- 6721385 TI - Cleft lip nasal deformity. AB - The nasal deformity in the cleft lip patient is produced by the lower lateral cartilage being subluxed inferiorly and laterally, which falsely lengthens the nose on the cleft side. The columella is not short. It simply extends laterally to a dipped area in the rim of the nostril. The cleft lip nasal deformity is correctable at the time of primary lip repair by advancing the lower lateral cartilage superiorly and medially. The correction will last with the cartilage fixed to the upper lateral cartilage-septal junction, its normal position. A deficient repair will not improve. A good repair will last, will not interfere with growth of the nose, and will free the patient from years of unnecessary embarrassment . Correction of the cleft lip nasal deformity in the adult requires repositioning of the lower lateral cartilage similar to what can be and should be done in the infant. PMID- 6721386 TI - Sphincter pharyngoplasty for correction of velopharyngeal incompetence. AB - Sphincter pharyngoplasty is our procedure of choice for cases of velopharyngeal incompetence with good mobility of the lateral pharyngeal walls. The technique and results in 16 patients are discussed. PMID- 6721387 TI - SAFE: a practical guide to psychological factors in selecting patients for facial cosmetic surgery. AB - Selecting appropriate patients for facial cosmetic surgery can reduce patient management problems as well as increase the number of patients satisfied with their treatment and with the aesthetic result. In addition to medical considerations, the psychological make-up of a particular patient should play an important role in the decision to operate. Research with 55 patients undergoing aesthetic regenerative facial surgery has produced data which indicate particular personality characteristics to consider in the selection process. These four characteristics--self-evaluation of attractiveness, anxiety, fear, and expectation--are represented by the acronym SAFE; they are presented in this article along with the techniques for a surgeon to use when evaluating a patient for each characteristic. This method aids in selecting SAFE patients for surgery. PMID- 6721388 TI - The "maxi-SMAS": management of the platysma bands in rhytidectomy. AB - A prospective clinical study using standardized measurements for dissection was undertaken to determine the effectiveness of an extended superficial musculoaponeurotic system (SMAS) procedure in correcting platysma bands. Favorable results were obtained in 77 consecutive patients without the risk of midline deformities. All patients were followed for one year; some have now been followed for 2 1/2 years. The maxi-SMAS operation has a low complication rate and there was no nerve damage in this series. PMID- 6721389 TI - The tri-plane face lift dissection. AB - This article reviews the author's series of 750 rhytidectomies done over an eight year period, beginning with the earlier pure Skoog technique with no subcutaneous undermining and evolving into the present technique with widespread undermining except in the lower face. The current technique, which is a tri-plane dissection, is discussed in detail. The upper face dissection is in the subcutaneous plane. The lower face dissection is in the sub-SMAS plane and the neck dissection is in the preplatysmal plane. Ways to avoid post-operative neck deformities are discussed. The conclusion is that whether one undermines the skin of the lower face or not probably makes no difference in the aesthetic results, but this technique would appear to minimize complications, particularly hematoma formation. PMID- 6721390 TI - Periosteal chondroma: another cause of carpal tunnel syndrome. AB - Periosteal chondroma has not been previously described as a cause of carpal tunnel syndrome. This report describes a case of periosteal chondroma developing in the floor of the carpal canal and presenting as carpal tunnel syndrome. PMID- 6721391 TI - Benign sequelae of a transorbital stab wound: an unusual case report. AB - A case of a benign steak knife wound to the left orbit is presented. The perioperative strategy for this and similar injuries is discussed. PMID- 6721392 TI - Skin expansion to eliminate large scalp defects. AB - In three children aged 3 to 8 years with large scalp defects temporary expanders of silicone elastomer were inserted under the scalp above the pericranium and under the galea through an incision at the junction of the defect and the normal scalp. Over the following six to eight weeks, the expanders were inflated weekly or semiweekly with injections of saline. During expansion, hair growth continued. When the scalp flap expansion was completed, the scalp margin was advanced. Two of the 3 patients required additional expansion, so a deflated expander was left under the scalp. The entire defect was covered in each case. This technique has wide application for a variety of reconstructive problems. PMID- 6721393 TI - "True" high-tension electrical injuries. AB - A series of 48 patients with high-voltage electrical injuries managed over a six month period was reviewed. The line voltage at the time of injury was recorded for 40 of the patients, with an average of 14,200 volts. The mean duration from injury to admission was 11 hours. The study group of 48 patients was readily divided into two subgroups: a majority (31) sustained a "true" high-voltage, prolonged contact electrical injury, and a smaller subgroup (17) sustained flash and clothing burns. There was no difference between the two subgroups in the magnitude of voltage exposure. However, patients in the "true" high-voltage subgroup sustained a wide variety of injuries to almost every organ system. Transient EKG abnormalities were noted in 16 patients. The occurrence of myoglobinuria and/or hemoglobinuria was nearly universal and was treated by volume expansion alone without bicarbonate or mannitol. Resuscitation of the "true" group required an average of 7 cc/kg/% BSA of Ringer's lactate. No incidence of acute tubular necrosis was observed. Initial debridement was almost always performed on patients in the "true" subgroup on the day of admission. Flap coverage and/or amputation was required in 70% of these 31 patients. Wound management required an average of 2.4 debridements and 2.2 wound closure procedures. There was no evidence of delayed or progressive tissue necrosis. The principles of resuscitation and aggressive operative management are discussed. PMID- 6721395 TI - Skin ulceration induced by kerosene injection. AB - This article describes 2 patients with skin ulceration induced by kerosene injection. This is an unusual cause of ulceration, which could not be documented in the literature. The article also outlines the appropriate management of these cases, which should be considered true surgical emergencies. PMID- 6721394 TI - The effects of intraprosthetic methylprednisolone on implant capsules and surrounding soft tissue. AB - One of the many methods that have been suggested for the prevention of implant capsule contracture is the use of soluble steroids within the implant. In this study a range of concentrations of methylprednisolone hemisuccinate was tested in rabbits, and even the lowest concentration was found to be effective in the prevention of contracture. Higher concentrations were found to result in extremely large capsules. No atrophy of the skin over the implants was seen even with use of the highest concentrations of the steroid, but this may have been due to the short (five-month) interval between implant placement and measurement. PMID- 6721396 TI - Folded skin with lipomatous nevus in the forehead and scalp. AB - An 18-year old Japanese woman with folded skin in the forehead and scalp was found to have an underly Brachycephaly with peculiar hair lines, broad and sparse eyebrows, bilateral epicanthi, and decreased neck-shoulder angles were found, as well as reticular pigmentation of fingers and toes. Routine laboratory data and endocrine analyses were within normal limits. Combined longitudinal and coronal incisions in the forehead and scalp initially, followed by gull-wing incisions along the eyebrows, resulted in satisfactory improvement of the clinical appearance. PMID- 6721397 TI - T abdominoplasty to remove multiple scars from the abdomen. AB - A patient presented with multiple scars on the abdomen from previous surgical procedures. Much of the scarring was eliminated and the form of the abdomen restored by an atypical inverted T abdominoplasty. PMID- 6721398 TI - Facial pain due to perineural invasion by basal cell carcinoma. AB - Perineural invasion by basal cell carcinoma is rare and has been reported only in cases of extensive recurrent carcinoma. A patient with facial pain and progressive fifth cranial nerve symptoms was found to have perineural invasion by basal cell carcinoma in the absence of recurrent disease. PMID- 6721399 TI - Hooked forceps. AB - A combined hooked forceps is presented which may be very useful for procedures performed without assistance. PMID- 6721400 TI - The universal sterilization principle and a corollary. PMID- 6721401 TI - Method of explaining capsular scar contracture to patients. PMID- 6721402 TI - Adhesive obstruction. PMID- 6721403 TI - Axillofemoral bypass in poor risk patients with critical ischaemia. AB - While there is an abundance of information about the results of axillofemoral grafting in the North American literature there is little published data from this country. This may reflect a reluctance on the part of British surgeons to use the technique. In the years 1976-1981 we have performed 30 axillofemoral bypasses in 27 patients to alleviate critical ischaemia of the lower limb. Grafts were inserted to bypass aortoiliac occlusive disease in patients too old or too ill for an intra-abdominal operation. Thirty-three limbs were at risk of major amputation, 10 because of gangrene and 23 because of rest pain. Operative mortality was nil and complications were few. Only 38% of grafts remained patent for 2 years but results in terms of limb salvage were satisfactory. Only 3 major amputations were necessary and this confirms our view that the operation is a valuable alternative to intra-abdominal reconstruction in poor risk patients. PMID- 6721404 TI - A peroperative test of the function of the sphincter of Oddi. AB - A simple peroperative flow test has been developed to help detect organic stenosis of the Ampulla of Vater. The influence of glucagon and propantheline bromide on the flow of saline through the Ampulla during operation in 79 patients was measured. By measuring the flow rate of saline before and after the administration of glucagon to patients the effective diameter of the sphincter of Oddi and its ability to relax could be deduced. Glucagon was found to be most effective in relaxing the Ampulla. For the test to be successful impacted stones must be excluded by cholangiography, but free lying stones do not affect the test. In 7 of the 62 patients receiving glucagon flow was slow and the sphincter failed to relax. Two of these patients had impacted stones and were treated by ampullary dilatation and the other 5 (who had no stones showing on X-rays) were treated by trans-duodenal sphincterotomy; 2 of these patients were found to have small non-obstructing stones impacted at the Ampulla. PMID- 6721405 TI - Mortality in acute pancreatitis. AB - The mortality from acute pancreatitis at a single centre between 1967 and 1980 is described. The overall mortality was 11% and remained at a similar level throughout the review period during which annual admission rates doubled. Two main groups of mortality were identified. In those with primary pancreatico biliary or gastric pathology, there were less associated medical conditions and death was commonly due to abscess formation. In those without such primary pathology pre-existing poor medical condition was common and contributed to death from milder forms of pancreatitis. Our findings suggest that a decrease in the mortality of acute pancreatitis is more likely to be achieved through improved medical management than by operative intervention. PMID- 6721406 TI - Transduodenal exploration of the common bile duct in a district general hospital. AB - In an 8 year period 214 transduodenal explorations were undertaken in a district general hospital. These were performed on 208 patients and in 40 instances a combined supraduodenal and transduodenal approach was employed. There were 23 deaths in 208 patients, a mortality of 11%. Twelve deaths occurred in 64 patients who underwent negative exploration. Postoperative pancreatitis was the most common cause of death and the occurrence resulted in a 53% mortality. We conclude that the transduodenal operation should only be performed by experienced surgeons with definite proof of common bile duct stone, and when the standard supraduodenal approach is unsatisfactory. PMID- 6721407 TI - A comparison of two types of vacuum drainage after cholecystectomy. AB - Following cholecystectomy, 50 patients were randomly allocated for suction drainage by small (2.5 mm) Redivac or large calibre (6 mm) Redivac drains. There were 25 patients in each group. Subhepatic collection was detected by ultrasonic examination in 5 patients on the seventh postoperative day. The smaller drain was used in all of these patients. Of these 5 patients, one developed pulmonary infection, a second had internal bleeding requiring laparotomy, while the remaining 3 were asymptomatic. Subhepatic fluid was not detected in any patient who had the larger drain. PMID- 6721408 TI - The Falklands war--triage. AB - In order to provide first class treatment for casualties in the recent Falklands war it was necessary to apply rigid rules. Those who required treatment most urgently received earlier resuscitative and surgical care to give the best possible chance of good quality survival. The concept of Triage was applied at every level of medical care but was found to be most crucial at surgical centres. The dynamic nature of the Triage system was noted. Patients required constant reassessment and updating by experienced well trained teams. The system worked well. The success in employing resuscitation trained dental officers in the Triage role was particularly worth noting. PMID- 6721409 TI - The natural history of the post anal (pilonidal) sinus. AB - Forty-two military hospital patients with post anal (pilonidal) sinus disease who had returned a questionnaire were studied retrospectively. Overall recurrence rate after various treatments was high, and it is suggested this be considered a chronic disease with a natural regression. Seldom this point seems to be after the 30th birthday. However, there appears to be a small group that develop the condition for the first time in their fourth decade. Sitting down at work appears to be a significant (p = less than 0.05) factor in aetiology. PMID- 6721410 TI - An unusual injury in a most unusual situation: conservative management of retained intracranial foreign body. PMID- 6721411 TI - Regional anaesthesia in elective hand surgery. PMID- 6721412 TI - The direct perfusion of surgical wounds with local anaesthetic solution: an approach to postoperative pain. PMID- 6721413 TI - Needle aspiration in the treatment of pancreatic pseudocyst in childhood. PMID- 6721414 TI - The use of pedicled transplants of sigmoid colon or other parts of the intestinal tract for vaginal reconstruction. PMID- 6721415 TI - Delayed rupture of the spleen can masquerade as appendicitis. PMID- 6721416 TI - Bone scintigraphy in the preoperative evaluation of osteoid osteoma and osteoblastoma of the spine. PMID- 6721417 TI - Intrahepatic calcifications in infants and children following umbilical vein catheterization. PMID- 6721418 TI - Gruntzig angioplasty balloon catheters in the treatment of bile duct stenosis. PMID- 6721419 TI - Hereditary pancreatitis in children. PMID- 6721420 TI - The laryngeal saccule: radiological features in normal children and in upper airways obstructions. PMID- 6721421 TI - Thoracic complications of plasma cell granuloma of the lung. PMID- 6721422 TI - Sonography of mediastinal masses in infants and children. PMID- 6721423 TI - CT-evaluation of the pediatric mediastinum. PMID- 6721424 TI - Hydatid cyst of the heart in children. A series of nine cases. PMID- 6721425 TI - Echo planar imaging in paediatrics: real-time-nuclear magnetic resonance. PMID- 6721426 TI - Megapolycalicosis with ureteric obstruction: a retrospective analysis of ten childhood cases. PMID- 6721427 TI - Excretory urography with four different contrast media: radiological and biochemical trials in 295 young infants. PMID- 6721428 TI - Renal involvement in tuberous sclerosis. PMID- 6721429 TI - Urinary tract malformations: prenatal diagnosis and neonatal follow-up by sonography. PMID- 6721430 TI - Normal vascular anatomy on transfontanellar real time ultrasound in the newborn. PMID- 6721431 TI - The site of neonatal periventricular hemorrhage. An important prognostic sign of mortality and morbidity. PMID- 6721432 TI - Radiological aspects of South American blastomycosis in children. PMID- 6721433 TI - Pattern profile comparisons: differences and similarities. PMID- 6721434 TI - [The pectoralis major musculocutaneous flap. Anatomical study]. PMID- 6721435 TI - [Value of trapezius musculocutaneous flaps in reconstructive cervicofacial surgery]. PMID- 6721436 TI - [Value of the clavicle osteomyocutaneous flap in extensive loss of substance on the face. A clinical case]. PMID- 6721437 TI - [The platysma musculocutaneous flap. Its use in transmaxillary buccopharyngectomies]. PMID- 6721438 TI - [Possibilities of using a cartilage graft from the ear in the repair of mutilations or malformations of the external ear]. PMID- 6721439 TI - [Therapeutic strategy in the repair of temporoparietal alopecia: value of the median or paramedian sagittal flap. Apropos of 6 cases]. PMID- 6721440 TI - [Reflections on 7 years' use of the inserted flap]. PMID- 6721441 TI - [Advantages and drawbacks of bilumen prostheses. Personal experience in 101 prostheses surgically treated over a 3-year period]. PMID- 6721442 TI - [Treatment of tissue losses at the fingertip]. PMID- 6721443 TI - [Detattooing]. PMID- 6721444 TI - [The naso-cheek or nasolabial rotation flap with subcutaneous pedicle in the repair of tissue loss above the lip]. PMID- 6721445 TI - [Value of silastic foam bandages in reconstructive surgery]. PMID- 6721446 TI - Effect of baclofen on sleep-related periodic leg movements. AB - Five patients with nocturnal myoclonus (periodic leg movements during sleep), mean age 59.6 years, were monitored polygraphically for fifteen successive nights. Using a double-blind drug study design with placebo at baseline, we investigated the effect of baclofen on these patients. All patients had the repetitive sleep-related abnormal movements during both the baseline nights and those on which baclofen had been administered. The number of movements varied during the four baseline nights, but the movements induced sleep fragmentation, i.e., very short electroencephalographic changes. Baclofen increased the number of movements but decreased their amplitude during non-rapid eye movement (REM) sleep and shortened the interval between movements. Its effect on sleep was dose related: as dosages increased, delta sleep progressively increased and REM sleep decreased. Sleep fragmentation resulting from muscle twitches decreased, as indicated by the diminution in alpha electroencephalographic arousals and K complexes. Baclofen dosages of 20 mg and 40 mg were the most efficacious. PMID- 6721447 TI - Effect of high-dose intravenous steroid administration on contrast-enhancing computed tomographic scan lesions in multiple sclerosis. AB - Six consecutive patients with multiple sclerosis and lesions contrast enhancing on computed tomographic scan were treated with high-dose intravenous infusions of methylprednisolone. Double-dose delayed computed tomographic scans were repeated at varying intervals during corticosteroid treatment. Contrast enhancement of sclerotic plaques was reduced or eliminated within as little as 8 hours after the first infusion. Rapid associated partial clinical improvement was noted in four patients with recent exacerbations of disease activity. Similar attenuation of contrast-enhancing plaques and clinical improvement were less predictable following oral corticosteroid therapy in conventional dosage. These studies suggest that the dose, route of administration, and duration of corticosteroid therapy in multiple sclerosis may partially determine the effect of treatment. PMID- 6721448 TI - Use of a heparinoid in patients with hemorrhagic stroke and thromboembolic disease. AB - A new heparinoid, Org 10172, was given to five patients with hemorrhagic stroke with thromboembolic complications. Treatment did not cause progression of cerebral bleeding, and thrombotic processes were inhibited. No side effects were encountered. PMID- 6721449 TI - Neglect in children. AB - Three children developed neglect following right-hemispheric lesions. In the first, computed tomography (CT) demonstrated a striatoinsular infarction. In the second, CT revealed a large meningioma compressing the right hemisphere, and in the third, CT revealed two intracerebral hemorrhages in the right posterior parietal and occipital lobes. Neglect in these children produced a clinical picture comparable to that occurring in adults, but there was a rapid and complete recovery. The paucity of reports of neglect in children may be a function of the rapid recovery, the phenomenon being missed if not looked for in the acute stage. We conclude that, at least for children aged 6 years or more, the right hemisphere is dominant for directed selective attention. PMID- 6721450 TI - Outcome of neonatal intraventricular hemorrhage with periventricular echodense lesions. AB - The incidence of periventricular-intraventricular hemorrhage (PV-IVH) in a group of 460 preterm infants with birth weight less than 2,250 gm, studied by cranial ultrasonography, was 39%. Sixty-four (36%) of the infants with periventricular intraventricular hemorrhage had, in addition, periventricular intraparenchymal echodensity (IPE) evident on ultrasound scan. Thirty-three of the 64 infants had large IPE, and 31 had small IPE. Large IPE consisted of globular echodensity, most often on the side of maximum intraventricular hemorrhage, extending from the external angle of the lateral ventricle into major portions of the white matter of the frontal and parietal lobes; small IPE, often bilateral, consisted of linear echodensity extending for a few millimeters from the external angle of the lateral ventricle into the periventricular white matter. The outcome for infants with large and small IPE differed markedly. Mortality was greatest (94%) for infants with large IPE and birth weight less than 1,000 gm. All survivors with large IPE, regardless of birth weight, had moderate to severe neurological deficits evident on follow-up. In contrast, infants with small IPE and birth weight less than 1,000 gm had a mortality of 38%. Moreover, 70% of all survivors with small IPE were free of neurological deficits on follow-up. The difference in outcome appeared to relate in largest part to the severity of the parenchymal involvement. These data have major significance for decisions concerning management of infants with periventricular-intraventricular hemorrhage and intraparenchymal involvement. PMID- 6721451 TI - Long-term corticosteroid treatment of myasthenia gravis: report of 116 patients. AB - One hundred sixteen patients, aged 8 to 82 years, with myasthenia gravis were treated with prednisone, 60 to 80 mg daily, until the onset of improvement, followed by lower-dose alternate-day therapy of several years' duration. Of all patients, 80.2% achieved either remission (27.6%) or marked improvement (52.6%). Moderate improvement occurred in 14.7%, and 5.2% showed no improvement. Increasing age correlated with a favorable outcome, but sex, duration of illness prior to treatment, severity and distribution of weakness at the time of onset of treatment, and presence of thymoma were not factors in the response to therapy. PMID- 6721452 TI - Mirror movement: application of movement-related cortical potentials. AB - In a patient with Kallmann's syndrome (hypogonadotropic hypogonadism and anosmia) manifesting mirror movement, cortical potentials associated with unilateral and bilateral simultaneous voluntary middle finger extensions were studied. Premovement negative slope, which has been shown to reflect preparatory excitation of motor cortex corresponding to the voluntary movement, was recorded bilaterally in this patient in spite of intended unilateral hand movement. It is suggested that mirror movement in this particular patient is generated by unintended excitation of the opposite motor cortex. PMID- 6721453 TI - Transfer of language dominance. AB - It has been suggested that recovery from aphasia may depend on the ability of the nondominant hemisphere to subserve language functions. We describe a patient who illustrates a possible "transfer" of language dominance. The patients sustained two infarcts two years apart, one in each hemisphere, involving mirror image territories in the temporoparietal area. The clinical course of each infarct was almost identical, consisting of an initial Wernicke's aphasia which evolved into anomic aphasia during recovery. PMID- 6721454 TI - Lack of clinical benefit from naloxone in a dementia day hospital. PMID- 6721455 TI - Nuclear magnetic resonance versus computerized tomographic enhancement imaging in multiple sclerosis: an apples and oranges comparison? PMID- 6721456 TI - Computed tomography in acute hemorrhagic leukoencephalitis. PMID- 6721457 TI - The role of lens implantation in cataract surgery. AB - Cataract surgery results in a substantial loss of the refractive power of the eye, which may be corrected by wearing cataract glasses, by using contact lenses, or by replacing the cataractous lens with an intraocular lens implant. This chapter discusses the advantages and disadvantages of each of these methods, and emphasizes the role of lens implants. The three kinds of intraocular lens implants currently available include the iris-supported lens, the anterior chamber lens, and the posterior chamber lens. Intraocular lens implants are rapidly becoming the method of choice in many patients who require cataract operations. PMID- 6721458 TI - A cephalometric study of 500 adult male medical students of Uttar Pradesh. AB - Various measurements of the head and face were made on 500 male medical students of the S.N. College, Agra (India) and the possible indices were calculated. The regression lines were calculated between the nasal index and the upper facial index as well as between nasal index and the total facial index. A significant correlation was found between the above three indices. A formula was derived, by which if one index is known the other can be calculated. PMID- 6721459 TI - Incidence, pattern and direction of hair distribution on the dorsum of phalanges of the hands of male medical students of Uttar Pradesh, India. AB - In the present investigation direction and pattern of hair distribution were observed on the dorsum of phalanges of hands in 115 male medical students from Uttar Pradesh, India. Inproximal phalanges of the hands the direction of hair showed the relation with fingers. Observation of hair from little finger to thumb revealed the changes in direction from ulnar to radial (p less than 0.05). Probability of incidence of hair distribution was also studied among the fingers of both the hands. This correlation was significant on the proximal phalanges (p less than 0.05). However, no significant correlation coefficient was observed in the middle phalanges of the hands. PMID- 6721460 TI - [Quantitative value of the hallux pattern: mother-child correlation]. AB - Mother-child correlations based upon the ridge-counts of the patterns of the hallucal areas of the soles were computed and compared with the results from finger-tips and palms. The results which are to be found in the hallucal areas of the sole join seamless to those known from finger and hand characters and show that the ridge-count of the hallucal pattern is in the same way suitable for quantitative genetic analysis of dermatoglyphics as the generally accepted dermatoglyphic counts. PMID- 6721461 TI - [Bone age of children in 2 communities in Hungary with different fluoride levels in the drinking water]. AB - The adverse effects of ingested fluoride were investigated. The bone-age of children consuming drinking water containing optimum (about 1 mg/l) fluoride concentration with regard to caries prophylaxis was compared with the bone-age of those consuming drinking water containing low (0.14-0.26 mg/l) fluoride concentration. The examinations were conducted on 7-14-year old Hungarian children. The bone-age was determined by the TW2 method. No significant difference was found between the bone-age of the children belonging to the group consuming water with optimum fluoride concentration and those in the other group consuming water with low fluoride concentration. PMID- 6721462 TI - Pharmacokinetics of metronidazole in patients undergoing continuous ambulatory peritoneal dialysis. AB - The pharmacokinetics of metronidazole, its biologically active alcohol metabolite, and its inactive acid metabolite were studied in five noninfected patients undergoing continuous ambulatory peritoneal dialysis and five patients undergoing hemodialysis. The latter were studied on off-dialysis days as a control group. Peritoneal dialysis caused insignificant changes in the apparent volume of distribution, elimination half-life, and total body clearance of metronidazole. Peritoneal dialysis clearance (4.49 +/- 0.88 ml/kg per h [mean +/- standard deviation]) accounted for only 8.9% of total body clearance (50.17 +/- 18.64 ml/kg per h). Analysis of the 24-h area under the serum concentration versus time curves and peritoneal dialysis clearance data for the two metabolites suggested a similar insignificant effect of peritoneal dialysis on their elimination. Metronidazole dialysate concentrations in the first 6-h exchange ranged from 7.6 to 11.7 micrograms/ml. This would suggest that cumulative penetration of metronidazole from the systemic circulation into the peritoneal cavity with dosing every 8 h should lead to adequate concentrations for the treatment of anaerobic peritonitis. For the treatment of systemic anaerobic infections, it would appear at present that metronidazole dosage adjustments are not necessary in patients undergoing continuous ambulatory peritoneal dialysis. The potential for metabolite accumulation was noted in this study. If further studies confirm that excessive serum metabolite concentrations are toxic, dosage reduction in this group of patients may be warranted. PMID- 6721463 TI - Staphylococcal endocarditis in rabbits treated with a low dose of cloxacillin. AB - Rabbits with established staphylococcal endocarditis, injected twice at an interval of 2 h with either 0.5 mg of cloxacillin per kg or saline, were sacrificed 2.5 h after the second injection. Vegetations were excised, weighed, and cultured, and ultrathin sections were prepared and examined by light microscopy, transmission electron microscopy, and scanning electron microscopy. Several affected valves were examined histologically. Concentrations of cloxacillin in serum were determined 1 and 3 h after dosage. Staphylococci grown on membranes placed on agar containing 0.09 micrograms of cloxacillin per ml and in broth at the same cloxacillin concentration (one-third of the MIC) were examined by transmission electron microscopy. The mean numbers of CFU per gram of vegetations from control and treated rabbits were 2.28 X 10(10) and 1.31 X 10(10), respectively. Vegetations of treated rabbits contained staphylococci of normal size and form as well as organisms two to six times larger than normal with multiple cross walls. Larger bacterial cells were usually located in areas close to blood; cells of normal size were usually embedded in fibrin. The structures of these staphylococci and those grown on membranes in the presence of 0.09 micrograms of cloxacillin per ml were comparable but were different from those grown in broth containing this concentration of cloxacillin. Concentrations of cloxacillin in serum were 0.166 micrograms/ml at 1 h and 0.286 micrograms/ml at 3 h after dosage. The similarities in ultrastructure between staphylococci in vegetations of treated rabbits and staphylococci grown on membranes suggest that the vegetations contained approximately 0.09 micrograms of cloxacillin per g. Thus, antibiotic penetration from blood into vegetations and diffusion into fibrin were limited. PMID- 6721464 TI - In vitro activity of ciprofloxacin, a new carboxyquinoline antimicrobial agent. AB - The in vitro activity of ciprofloxacin (Bay o 9867), a new carboxyquinoline antimicrobial agent, was compared with those of norfloxacin, nalidixic acid, and several other oral and parenteral antimicrobial agents. Ciprofloxacin was substantially more active than nalidixic acid or cinoxacin against all gram negative bacteria tested. Virtually all strains of Enterobacteriaceae were inhibited by the new drug at concentrations of less than or equal to 0.125 micrograms/ml. Ciprofloxacin was more active than norfloxacin against Klebsiella sp., Enterobacter sp., and Serratia marcescens, and it was the most active agent against Pseudomonas aeruginosa (MIC90, 0.5 micrograms/ml). The new drug also demonstrated significant activity against gram-positive cocci, inhibiting all strains of staphylococci at concentrations of less than or equal to 1.0 microgram/ml. Ciprofloxacin was bactericidal at concentrations near the MIC against most isolates tested. Although stepwise increases in resistance were seen with Escherichia coli and P. aeruginosa during serial passage on plates containing incremental concentrations of the drug, significant resistance did not emerge during incubation of strains in broth containing concentrations of ciprofloxacin above the MBC. PMID- 6721465 TI - In vitro activities of two new antifungal azoles. AB - The antifungal activities of equimolar quantities of three azole compounds, Bay n 7133 [1-(4-chlorophenoxy)-3,3-dimethyl-2-(1,2,4-triazole-1-yl)methylbutan-2-O1], Bay 1 19139 [1-(4-chlorophenoxy)-1-(1-imidazolyl)-3,3-dimethyl-2-butanol hydrochloride], and ketoconazole, were compared by testing the susceptibility in vitro of 10 clinical isolates each of Candida albicans, Candida parapsilosis, Torulopsis glabrata, Cryptococcus neoformans, Aspergillus fumigatus, Aspergillus niger, Aspergillus flavus, Rhizopus spp., Mucor spp., and Coccidioides immitis. Molecule for molecule, ketoconazole was consistently the most active drug. All three azoles were primarily fungistatic, although they were fungicidal at clinically relevant concentrations against some strains of A. niger. PMID- 6721466 TI - Effect of inoculum, pH, and medium on the activity of ciprofloxacin against anaerobic bacteria. AB - The in vitro activity of ciprofloxacin against 30 Bacteroides fragilis group, 30 Clostridium, and 30 Peptococcaceae strains was determined by the agar dilution method in two different culture media at three pH and in three inoculum densities. In Wilkins-Chalgren agar the MICs for 90% of the strains were 0.12 micrograms/ml for B. fragilis, 0.5 micrograms/ml for Clostridium spp., and 2 micrograms/ml for Peptococcaceae. The pH and medium composition affected the MICs of ciprofloxacin. PMID- 6721467 TI - Pharmacokinetics and tolerance of cefuroxime axetil in volunteers during repeated dosing. AB - A total of 158 volunteers each received 21 repeated oral doses of 500 mg of cefuroxime axetil (CAE) during four comparative cross-over trials. Pharmacokinetics were studied in 8 volunteers (CAE versus ampicillin), relative bioavailability and tolerance were studied in 100 volunteers (CAE versus pivmecillinam and CAE versus pivampicillin), and tolerance alone was studied in 50 volunteers (CAE versus ampicillin). Overall, urinary recoveries of the active antibiotics ranked absorption of the drugs in the order least to greatest: pivmecillinam, ampicillin, CAE, and pivampicillin. The pharmacokinetics of CAE and ampicillin did not change after repeated dosing. Peak serum levels of cefuroxime were significantly higher than those of ampicillin after doses 1 and 21 but the urinary recoveries of both antibiotics were around 35% of the dose. CAE was as well tolerated as ampicillin but there were smaller numbers of episodes of fluid bowel motions on pivmecillinam and pivampicillin than on CAE, which may have been due to the smaller amounts of active antibiotic in the doses of the pivaloyloxymethyl esters. PMID- 6721468 TI - Influence of tetracyclines on human polymorphonuclear leukocyte function. AB - Low concentrations of oxytetracycline, doxycycline, or minocycline (less than 10 micrograms/ml) did not influence in vitro polymorphonuclear leukocyte random migration, chemiluminescence, or glucose oxidation. At high concentrations of doxycycline or minocycline (greater than 10 micrograms/ml), chemiluminescence and glucose oxidation were impaired. High concentrations of doxycycline also reduced random migration. Oxytetracycline did not influence these functions in concentrations up to 100 micrograms/ml. The inhibiting effect of doxycycline and minocycline was abolished when 4 mM Mg2+ was added to the reaction mixture, and 4 mM Ca2+ partly restored minocycline-inhibited polymorphonuclear leukocyte functions. This indicates that the major effect of tetracyclines on in vitro polymorphonuclear leukocyte functions is mediated by their divalent cation chelating effect and that the results of in vitro experiments are highly dependent on the concentration of divalent cations in the reaction mixtures. The difference between the tetracyclines may be due to differences in lipid solubility, with solubility being highest for minocycline and lowest for oxytetracycline, or to different divalent cation chelating ability. PMID- 6721469 TI - Prophylaxis of Candida albicans infection in neutropenic mice with liposome encapsulated amphotericin B. AB - The efficacy of liposome-encapsulated amphotericin B in the prophylaxis of disseminated Candida albicans infections in neutropenic mice was studied. The administration of liposome-encapsulated amphotericin B was associated with protection against infection with C. albicans when used at doses of greater than or equal to 2 mg of amphotericin B per kg of body weight. Neither empty liposomes nor free amphotericin B showed prophylactic efficacy. PMID- 6721470 TI - Susceptibilities of bacterial and fungal urinary tract isolates to desferrioxamine. AB - Desferrioxamine, a safe and effective iron chelator, was evaluated for its antibacterial and antifungal activity. The susceptibilities of 124 urinary tract isolates and 28 clinical isolates of Neisseria gonorrhoeae to desferrioxamine concentrations that are readily achievable in urine were determined. Of all isolates, 27% were inhibited by a concentration of less than or equal to 12.5 mM. Proteus mirabilis and N. gonorrhoeae isolates were particularly susceptible to the chelator. Desferrioxamine appears to have limited potential as an antibacterial agent. PMID- 6721471 TI - Antibiotic resistance of Erysipelothrix rhusiopathiae isolated from pigs with chronic swine erysipelas. AB - The susceptibility of 258 isolates of Erysipelothrix rhusiopathiae from slaughtered pigs affected with chronic erysipelas in Japan to antimicrobial agents was determined. A total of 111 (43.0%) strains showed resistance to erythromycin, oleandomycin, oxytetracycline, or dihydrostreptomycin. Plasmids were not detected. This is the first report of resistance of E. rhusiopathiae to these antibiotics. PMID- 6721472 TI - In vitro activity of ticarcillin plus clavulanic acid against 632 clinical isolates. AB - A total of 632 clinical bacterial isolates were tested for susceptibility to twofold dilutions of ticarcillin alone and in combination with 1, 2, and 4 micrograms of clavulanic acid (CA) (Timentin) per ml by a reference microdilution method. With the addition of CA, ticarcillin MICs were reduced eightfold or greater with 54 of 59 (92%) strains of the family Enterobacteriaceae with ticarcillin MICs of greater than or equal to 64 micrograms/ml. The inhibitory effect of CA on pseudomonads was minimal. Ticarcillin MICs for beta-lactamase producing Haemophilus influenzae, Neisseria gonorrhoeae, and most Staphylococcus aureus were reduced to less than or equal to 0.5 micrograms/ml when CA was added. For dilution susceptibility testing of ticarcillin-clavulanic acid, dilutions of ticarcillin combined with 2 micrograms of CA per ml is suggested. PMID- 6721473 TI - Enterobacteriaceae as indicators of good manufacturing practices in rendering plants. AB - Finished products and samples from the environment of the production line in rendering plants were checked for Enterobacteriaceae and salmonellae. Improvements in hygiene and measures taken to limit multiplication of microorganisms in the dry area of the production lines resulted in reduction of both numbers of Enterobacteriaceae in environmental samples and frequency of their occurrence in finished products. Simultaneously, there was an equivalent reduction of salmonellae positives in environmental samples and finished products. Consequently, the determination of Enterobacteriaceae can be used as an effective tool to assess the improvements in good manufacturing practices. PMID- 6721474 TI - Bacillus polymyxa bacteriophages from Brazilian soils. AB - Ten phages of Bacillus polymyxa were isolated from four different Brazilian soils. All were dsDNA-containing phages belonging to Bradley types A and B. Data obtained from electron microscopy and tests of resistance against physical and chemical agents showed that the isolates could be distributed among six different groups. Host range data were in agreement with this classification. When tested against 88 strains of 18 Bacillus species, these phages only infected B. polymyxa strains, thus revealing specificity for this species. Three phage groups lysed all 42 available B. polymyxa strains and are suggested for use in rapid identification of this species. PMID- 6721476 TI - Teaching severely handicapped adolescents to follow instructions conveyed by means of three-dimensional stimulus configurations. AB - The present study investigated the feasibility of teaching three low-functioning (one sighted and two blind) adolescents a large repertoire of instruction following responses. Three-dimensional cues, that is, dolls and small copies of objects, were used to convey the instructions. Training was structured in a stepwise fashion. Initially, the subjects were taught to take full-size objects in response to the experimenter presenting small copies of such objects. Then, they were trained to assume body positions represented through dolls. Subsequently, they were trained to assume body positions in relation with objects (represented through dolls and small copies of objects). Finally, they were trained to perform activities each of which was represented through two dolls in relation with small copies of objects. All subjects learned successfully. Generalization responding was observed at each stage of the program. PMID- 6721475 TI - Spoken and signed naming of foods after receptive exclusion training in severe retardation. AB - Two low-functioning mentally retarded subjects learned to name food items after receptive exclusion training, conducted as follows: The subjects first learned to select a small number of foods in a two-choice matching-to-sample task. For one subject, the samples were dictated names; for the other, the samples were manual signs. They also learned to name these "known" foods, either orally or by signing. On exclusion trials, a known food was displayed with a new food whose corresponding name or sign had not yet been learned, and a novel sample (spoken or signed), corresponding to the new food, was presented. The subjects typically selected the new food immediately, apparently by "excluding" the food related to the known sample. If a known sample was presented, however, the subjects continued to select the known food correctly. Periodically during exclusion training with a number of new foods, the subjects were tested for production of food names or signs. With few exceptions, the subjects produced the food names without direct training, often after only a few receptive exclusion trials. The results suggest strategies for teaching simple receptive and expressive relations to severely mentally retarded individuals. PMID- 6721477 TI - Introducing a general prompting and recording system: its effect on client and staff behavior in an institutional ward. AB - This study describes the evaluation of a "low-key" approach to training staff in procedures designed to increase the degree of independence of mentally handicapped people. Training leaflets describing a method of giving graded prompts to residents were distributed to staff on a hospital ward. Subsequently, checklists were introduced on which staff recorded the amount of assistance they gave residents in a variety of self-help skills. Time-sampling observations provided data on residents' engagement in such skills and their degree of independence. The amount of staff prompting was not affected by the interventions. The introduction of each intervention increased the frequency with which staff allowed residents to do tasks independently, but the effect did not persist. The amount of residents' independent activity increased prior to the introduction of the leaflets, remained stable after their introduction, and increased further when checklists were introduced. These results are discussed in terms of the training materials used and the role of supervisors in staff training. PMID- 6721478 TI - Predicting retarded students' short-term growth from home environment. AB - This investigation sought to determine whether change in mentally retarded students' developmental status and adjustment could be predicted by variables of the psychological home environment for periods of one and two years. Over 120 trainable mentally retarded (TMR) and over 220 educable mentally retarded and educationally handicapped (EMR-EH) children were subjects. Annual interviews were conducted in the homes. Environmental data consisted of the Caldwell HOME (for TMR) or Henderson HELPS (for EMR-EH), the Moos Family Environment Scale, and the Home Quality Rating Scale. Eight dependent student variables included three factor scores of the Adaptive Behavior Scale as indicators of developmental status. Five adjustment scores included the two maladaptive scores from the Adaptive Behavior Scale and impact on family, psychological adjustment and social adjustment scores. First year student scores were partialled out to permit prediction of second and third year scores from first year environment scores. Stepwise multiple regression showed that environmental variables significantly improved R2 for all eight student scores in the second year and six to eight in the third year for the TMR group and six of eight in the second year and all eight in the third for the EMR-EH group. Data were interpreted to favor a concept of parent-child relationships as a continuously interactive phenomenon. PMID- 6721479 TI - Patterns of job satisfaction among mentally retarded adults. AB - This study examined the correlates of job satisfaction in a sample of 65 mentally retarded adults who had been released from a state institution nearly five years prior to the research. The sample members were divided into four groups on the basis of their job status and job mobility. In two of the groups, sample members were downwardly mobile. In the other two groups, they were either upwardly mobile or had maintained a stable employment status. It was found that the downwardly mobile sample members were much less satisfied with their jobs than were those who were not downwardly mobile. Other variables that were found to correlate with sample members' job satisfaction included the size of the work setting, the social skills and communication skills of the sample members, and the extent to which sample members were given feedback about their performance by their supervisors at work. PMID- 6721480 TI - Effects of facial screening and blindfold on self-injurious behavior. AB - Previous research has demonstrated that a variety of maladaptive behaviors in children can be suppressed by facial screening. The effectiveness of various screening procedures for reducing self-injurious behaviors were compared in three experiments using alternating treatments designs. In Experiments 1 and 2, an immediate substantial response reduction occurred with facial screening in which visual blocking was present but not when visual blocking was absent. In Experiment 3, both facial screening with visual blocking and a blindfold procedure proved equally effective in reducing self-injury but for practical reasons, therapists preferred to use facial screening. PMID- 6721481 TI - Token reinforcement during WISC-R administration. II. Effects on mildly retarded, black students. AB - In the first of two experiments, mildly retarded, elementary-aged, low-social status black children were administered the WISC-R under standardized-testing conditions or conditions employing token reinforcement for correct responding. Token-reinforcement subjects scored significantly higher on both the Verbal subtest and Full-Scale IQ, but not the Performance subtest. Results replicate previous findings with elementary-aged, nonretarded, black children. The same design was utilized in a second study employing mildly retarded, junior-high age, low-social status, black students. No significant differences were found between groups, suggesting that age may affect results when using tangible rewards. Coupled with previous studies, these findings imply that nonbiased intellectual assessment appears to require an analysis of motivational factors. PMID- 6721482 TI - A streamlined weight loss program for moderately retarded adults in a sheltered workshop setting. AB - An abbreviated version of a behavioral weight loss program for obese retarded adults was provided for two groups of eight moderately retarded, obese adults working in a sheltered workshop. The program involved ten weeks of treatment, five weeks of maintenance and included a one-year follow-up check. Pictured materials were developed to facilitate the subject's comprehension and practice of the behavioral weight loss strategies. subjects in one treatment group were also paired to assess the impact of a buddy reinforcement program on their weight loss. Following ten weeks of treatment, significant weight loss was observed (mean percent weight loss = 6.2); weight loss continued during five weeks of maintenance (additional mean percent weight loss = 1.8). No differences in weight loss or percent weight loss were found between the buddy reinforcement group and the other treatment group at the end of treatment of maintenance and during follow-up. At one year follow-up, 37.5% of the sample maintained a weight loss. Discussion centers around the issues of developing efficient weight loss strategies for obese retarded adults, high inter-individual variability observed in weight loss during treatment, and relatively low long-term maintenance of weight loss after treatment terminated. PMID- 6721483 TI - Psychometric properties of the psychopathology instrument for mentally retarded adults. AB - One hundred and ten adults, from borderline to severe levels of mental retardation, were assessed through the outpatient clinic of a university affiliated mental health center and a large state psychiatric hospital. These patients were included only after they had demonstrated the ability to respond to questions of similar difficulty to those presented in the Psychopathology Instrument for Mentally Retarded Adults. This measure was designed by the authors based on DSM III criteria, and covered seven types of psychopathology including schizophrenia, depression, psychosexual disorders, adjustment disorder, anxiety, somatoform disorders, and personality problems. In the present study the psychometric properties of the scale were reviewed and/or evaluated including internal consistency of items and test-retest reliability, and factor analysis. PMID- 6721484 TI - Interdisciplinary services used by public schools. AB - A questionnaire to survey interagency cooperation was developed and sent to public school educational agencies throughout the country. Respondents included: special education supervisors and principals, school psychologists, and administrators at the local, regional, and state level. It was found that children with specific learning disabilities were referred more frequently than children with mental retardation and identification and assessment were the interdisciplinary services most requested in terms of evaluation and inservice training for public school staffs. PMID- 6721485 TI - Effects of institutional tours on attitudes toward the mentally retarded and their institutional settings. PMID- 6721486 TI - Heterotrophic nitrification among denitrifiers. AB - Twelve denitrifying bacteria representing six genera were tested for an ability to nitrify pyruvic oxime heterotrophically. Six of these bacteria exhibited appreciable nitrification activity, yielding as much as 5.8 mM nitrite and little or no nitrate when grown in a mineral salts medium containing 7 mM pyruvic oxime and 0.05% yeast extract. Of the six active bacteria, four (Pseudomonas denitrificans, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, and two strains of Pseudomonas fluorescens) could grow on yeast extract but not pyruvic oxime, one (Pseudomonas aureofaciens) could grow slowly on pyruvic oxime, and one (Alcaligenes faecalis) could apparently grow on pyruvic oxime in the presence of yeast extract but not in its absence. Eight of the twelve bacteria in the resting state could oxidize hydroxylamine to nitrite, and P. aureofaciens was remarkably active in this regard. In general, those denitrifiers active in the nitrification of pyruvic oxime or hydroxylamine or both are abundant in soils. A possible advantage of having nitrification and denitrification capabilities in the same organism is discussed. PMID- 6721487 TI - Eradication of Salmonella and Arizona species from turtle hatchlings produced from eggs treated on commercial turtle farms. AB - On commercial turtle farms more than 40% of the hatchlings excrete detectable levels of Salmonella and Arizona spp. when hatched from nonsanitized eggs incubated in sawdust or dirt-filled chambers. Over a 3-year period on 10 farms, more than 10(6) turtle eggs were treated in an attempt to hatch Salmonella-free turtles. Eggs were sanitized in disinfectant, treated by temperature- or pressure differential dip methods in solutions containing 500 micrograms or more of gentamicin sulfate per ml, and hatched in sanitized plastic chambers free of bedding material. The Salmonella and Arizona spp. infection levels for turtles produced from treated eggs were 0 and 1.12% for years 1 and 2, respectively, whereas infection levels for hatchlings produced from nontreated eggs during these periods were 47 and 44%, respectively. During year 3, dip solutions were filtered daily, treated at 100 degrees C for 15 min on a weekly basis to free the solution of microbial contaminants and egg protein, charged with gentamicin after 10,000 to 20,000 eggs had been treated to maintain antimicrobial activity at 500 micrograms/ml or more, and maintained at pH 6.0 to preserve optimal antimicrobial activity. The implementation of these measures in year 3 resulted in an infection level of 0.15% when the tissues of 3 of 1,959 hatchlings tested were positive for Salmonella and Arizona spp., whereas the tissues of 66 (49.0%) of 135 hatchlings produced from nontreated eggs were positive. PMID- 6721488 TI - Successive changes in the epimural bacterial community of young lambs as revealed by scanning electron microscopy. AB - Scanning electron microscopy was used to determine the time of initial colonization of the rumen epithelium of young lambs and successive changes with time in the morphological composition of the epimural community. Tissue samples were obtained from two groups of lambs at 1, 2, 4, 6, 8, and 10 weeks of age. Comparisons were made with the epimural communities observed at 12 well distributed sites in the rumen of a mature wether. Epimural bacteria were already present on the epithelium at 1 week of age. The morphological composition of the epimural community changed with age, with the pattern of succession being similar in both groups of lambs. A total of 24 morphotypes were distinguished by scanning electron microscopy; 17 were rod shaped, 4 were cocci, 2 were spiral, and 1 was filamentous. These morphotypes were further subdivided into: (i) those persisting after their initial colonization in young lambs and present in the adult (7 morphotypes), (ii) those seen only in the adult (2 morphotypes), and (iii) those present only in young lambs (15 morphotypes). The seven morphotypes present in both the lamb and the adult could be considered indigenous members of the epimural community. Several morphotypes appeared restricted in their colonization to certain regions of the papillae, suggesting the presence of microhabitats within the epithelial habitat. Two rod-shaped bacteria were repeatedly seen specifically attached to one another, suggesting an interspecific association. PMID- 6721489 TI - Isolation and identification of adherent epimural bacteria during succession in young lambs. AB - Successive changes in aerobic and anaerobic bacterial counts and changes in the generic composition of the epimural community in lambs from 1 to 10 weeks were determined. Bacterial culture counts revealed a predominantly anaerobic community, with the mean anaerobic count being 1.4 X 10(7) CFU/cm2 of tissue surface. The aerobic count was highest at 1 week of age and declined significantly thereafter to a mean of 1.8 X 10(4) CFU/cm2, thus representing only 0.13% of the mean anaerobic count after week 1. Of the 345 strains isolated anaerobically at 1, 2, 4, 6, 8, and 10 weeks of age, 47, 32, 12, 32, 2, and 5% were capable of growth in a partially reduced medium, indicating a reduction in the number of facultative anaerobes with time. The majority of isolated strains were identified as belonging to genera commonly isolated from rumen contents. In some instances, however, strains did not correspond to previously described species, and some genera were present in proportions different from those expected in rumen fluid. At three of the sampling times, one genus was dominant, constituting 45 to 55% of the isolates. These dominant isolates were Streptococcus bovis, Bacteroides sp., and an anaerobic Streptococcus sp. for weeks 1, 2, and 10, respectively. During the transition period (weeks 4 to 8), two or more groups were codominant. PMID- 6721490 TI - 7 alpha-Dehydroxylation of bile acids by resting cells of a Eubacterium lentum like intestinal anaerobe, strain c-25. AB - 7 alpha-Dehydroxylation of cholic acid and chenodeoxycholic acid by whole cells of strain c-25, a Eubacterium lentum-like intestinal anaerobe, was studied. 7 alpha-Dehydroxylase activity was observed only in whole cells grown in the presence of the primary bile acid (cholic acid or chenodeoxycholic acid). Chenodeoxycholic acid was twice as effective as cholic acid as an inducer. Although cells grown in the presence of chenodeoxycholic acid had no significant substrate specificity for the two primary bile acids, cells grown in the presence of cholic acid showed two times greater activity against cholic acid than chenodeoxycholic acid. Exposure of cell suspensions to atmospheric oxygen resulted in little loss of the 7 alpha-dehydroxylase activity. The induced enzyme had an optimal pH range of 7.3 to 7.7. Although adding flavin mononucleotide to the growth medium significantly increased the 7 alpha-dehydroxylation of bile acids without an increase in cell growth, inhibition of the enzyme activity was observed in the resting cell system when flavin mononucleotide was included in the reaction mixture. PMID- 6721491 TI - Secondary substrate utilization of methylene chloride by an isolated strain of Pseudomonas sp. AB - Secondary substrate utilization of methylene chloride was analyzed by using Pseudomonas sp. strain LP. Both batch and continuously fed reactors demonstrated that this strain was capable of simultaneously consuming two substrates at different concentrations: the primary substrate at the higher concentration (milligrams per liter) and the secondary substrate at the lower concentration (micrograms per liter). The rate of methylene chloride utilization at trace concentrations was greater in the presence of the primary substrate, acetate, than without it. However, when the substrate roles were changed, the acetate secondary substrate utilization rate was less when methylene chloride was present. Thus, substrate interactions are important in the kinetics of secondary substrate utilization. Pseudomonas sp. strain LP showed a preference toward degrading methylene chloride over acetate, whether it was the primary or secondary substrate, providing it was below an inhibitory concentration of ca. 10 mg/liter. PMID- 6721492 TI - Enteric bacteria in aerobically digested sludge. AB - Indicator bacteria, Salmonella spp., and total aerobic bacteria were determined in samples of undigested sludge and sludge that had been treated by one or two stages of aerobic digestion. Aerobic sludge digestion reduced the level of indicator bacteria by 1 to 2 log10 per g. The level of Salmonella spp. was also reduced during aerobic treatment of sludge. In general, aerobic treatment of sludge reduced, but did not eliminate, indicator bacteria and Salmonella spp. PMID- 6721493 TI - General method for determining anaerobic biodegradation potential. AB - A simple, generalized method was refined and validated to test whether an organic chemical was susceptible to anaerobic degradation to CH4 + CO2. The method used digested sewage sludge diluted to 10% and incubated anaerobically in 160-ml serum bottles with 50 micrograms of C per ml of test chemical. Biodegradation was determined by the net increase in gas pressure in bottles with test chemicals over the pressure in nonamended sludge bottles. Gas production was measured by gas chromatography and by a pressure transducer. The latter method is recommended because of its speed, accuracy, and low cost. Sewage sludge from municipal digesters with 15- to 30-day retention times was found to be suitable. The sludge could be stored anaerobically at 4 degrees C for up to 4 weeks with satisfactory test results. p-Cresol, phthalic acid, and ethanol are suggested as reference chemicals to confirm sludge activity and method reliability. A revised anaerobic salts medium was developed which minimizes problems of a biological gas production (CO2), avoids precipitation, and meets the requirements of the anaerobic microbiota. When greater than 75% of the theoretical gas production was observed, the chemical was judged to be degradable, and when 30 to 75% of the expected gas was produced, it was termed partially degradable. This method has been tested on more than 100 chemicals of various physical properties and found to reproducibly determine anaerobic biodegradation potential. Of the chemicals tested, 46 were found to be anaerobically degraded. Sludges from nine different municipal treatment plants were surveyed for their ability to degrade nine chemicals which differed in susceptibility to degradation.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS) PMID- 6721494 TI - Evidence for polyphosphate in phosphorylated nonhistone nuclear proteins. AB - Structural studies of eucaryotic nuclear proteins have revealed the presence of bound polymeric phosphates. 32P-labeled and nonlabeled nonhistone nuclear proteins (NHPs) were isolated from rat liver nuclei and subjected to various controlled hydrolytic conditions. The analysis of protease-trypsin limit peptides revealed the presence of six phosphorylated, homogeneous fragments with phosphate/amino acid molar ratios greater than unity, ranging from 1.3 to 79. Alkaline beta elimination of phosphoester bonds released polymeric phosphates with chain lengths from 2 to over 200, as determined by using two-dimensional chromatographic analysis. The identity of these labeled polymeric phosphates was established to be polyphosphate by a number of criteria, including chromatographic mobility, gravimetric precipitation to constant specific activity, generation of orthophosphate on hydrolysis, and the determination of the delta H of hydrolysis of phosphoanhydride bonds. The evidence suggests that, in addition to the phosphomonoesters of serine and threonine, multiple phosphoanhydride linkages can result in the formation of polyphosphorylated NHPs. Previous investigators have demonstrated that exogenous, free polyphosphate causes destabilization of chromatin and enhancement of transcription in vitro. Although the function of the polyphosphorylated NHPs is currently unknown, such findings have possible functional implications with regard to the postulated role of NHPs as positive modifiers of gene expression. PMID- 6721495 TI - Dissociation and oxygen equilibrium properties of the extracellular hemoglobin of Eisenia foetida. AB - The dissociation and oxygen equilibrium properties of whole blood and the purified hemoglobin from Eisenia foetida were compared. Oxygen affinities agreed approximately with each other in the range of pH 6.0 to 9.5. The values of n1/2 were higher in whole blood than in the purified hemoglobin between pH 7.0 and 9.5. The maximum values, obtained near pH 8, were about 6 in whole blood and 3.5 in the purified hemoglobin. In the purified hemoglobin, alkaline dissociation started at pH 7.8, and the approximately 60 S whole molecule dissociated completely into approximately 10 S and 5-6 S components at pH 9.1. In whole blood, however, the dissociation started at pH 8.2 and the complete disappearance of the approximately 60 S molecule occurred at pH 9.6. The values of n1/2 for the dissociation products were lower than those of the purified hemoglobin between pH 7.0 and 9.0. The value of n1/2 decreased with increasing dissociation of the approximately 60 S whole molecule with a pH rise in both whole blood and the purified hemoglobin. Addition of CaCl2 or MgCl2 up to 10 mM to the purified hemoglobin at pH 8.0-8.1 induced increases in oxygen affinity and cooperativity and in the stability of the approximately 60 S whole molecule. The effect on the oxygenation properties was greater with CaCl2 than MgCl2 at the same molar concentration. The stabilizing effect on the approximately 60 S molecule was almost the same with both CaCl2 and MgCl2. These results suggest that the dissociation of property of the hemoglobin in whole blood is controlled by both Ca2+ and Mg2+, and that its oxygenation property is controlled by Ca2+. PMID- 6721496 TI - Superoxide dismutase and chilling injury in Chlorella ellipsoidea. AB - The relationship between superoxide dismutase (SOD) and chilling injury was examined in chilling-sensitive and chilling-resistant strains of Chlorella ellipsoidea. The sensitive strain contained less SOD than the resistant strain. Moreover, all of the SOD in the sensitive strain was the H2O2-sensitive, iron containing SOD, whereas most of the SOD in the resistant strain was the H2O2 resistant, manganese-containing SOD. Illumination further enhanced the disparity in SOD content between the sensitive and resistant strains since the SOD in the former declined during illumination, whereas the SOD in the latter strain did not. It was possible to elevate the SOD content of the sensitive strain and to increase the proportion of MnSOD by prior growth in the presence of 50 microM paraquat. The SOD content of the cultures after 5 h of illumination at 4 degrees C fell in the order sensitive strain less than paraquat-induced sensitive strain less than resistant strain. The resistance of these cultures to chilling injury was related to SOD content. This was the case whether resistance was assessed in terms of growth rate after chilling, bleaching of chlorophyll during chilling, or loss of viability during chilling. It thus appears likely that O2- is an agent of chilling injury. PMID- 6721497 TI - The effect of low ionic strength on the circular dichroic spectrum of chromatin and nucleosomal subunits. AB - Circular dichroism has been used to measure the conformation changes in the DNA of chromatin and chromatin subunits as a function of ionic strength. Transfer of chromatin from 0.15 M to 0.25 mM salt led to an enhancement of the circular dichroic bands at 275 and 285 nm. Removal of histone H1 did not appreciably affect the circular dichroic spectrum when measured in 0.15 M salt, but in 0.25 mM salt H1 depletion led to a marked increase in the ellipticity. Conformation changes due to low ionic strength were also observed with a 145- and a 172-bp chromatin subunit. A linear combination of the ellipticities of the DNA of the two domains in chromatin, namely core and linker, was successful for measurements at 0.15 M salt, but large unexplained discrepancies appeared with the data from measurements in 0.25 mM salt. PMID- 6721498 TI - Activation of NAD-linked malic enzyme in intact plant mitochondria by exogenous coenzyme A. AB - O2 uptake by potato and cauliflower bud mitochondria oxidizing malate was progressively inhibited as the pH of the external medium was increased, in response to accumulation of oxaloacetate. Adding 0.5 mM coenzyme A to the medium reversed this trend by stimulating intramitochondrial NAD-linked malic enzyme at alkaline pH. In intact potato mitochondria, coenzyme A stimulation of malic enzyme was not observed when the external pH was above 7.5; in cauliflower mitochondria, coenzyme A stimulated even at pH 8. This difference in the response of intact mitochondria was attributed to an inherent difference in the properties of malic enzyme from the two tissues. Malic enzyme solubilized from potato mitochondria was inactive at pH values above 7.8, while that from cauliflower mitochondria retained its activity at pH 8 in the presence of coenzyme A. In potato mitochondria, coenzyme A stimulation of O2 uptake at alkaline pH was only observed when NAD+ was also provided exogenously. The results show that coenzyme A can be taken up by intact mitochondria and that pH, NAD+, and coenzyme A levels in the matrix act together to regulate malate oxidation. PMID- 6721499 TI - Stereochemical course of the transmethylation catalyzed by histamine N methyltransferase. AB - The stereochemical course of the methyl group transfer catalyzed by histamine N methyltransferase was studied using S-adenosylmethionine (AdoMet), which carried a chiral methyl group. The incubation of these AdoMet samples and histamine with a partially purified enzyme obtained from guinea pig brains gave the corresponding methylated histamine. The N-methylhistamine samples were degraded to convert the N-methyl group into the methyl group of acetate using a reaction sequence of known stereochemistry. The results of the configurational analysis of these acetate samples indicated that the enzymatic transfer of the methyl group from the sulfur of AdoMet to the nitrogen of histamine occurs with inversion of configuration. PMID- 6721500 TI - Acyl coenzyme a:phospholipid acyltransferases in porcine platelets discriminate between omega-3 and omega-6 unsaturated fatty acids. AB - The properties of porcine platelet acyltransferases which catalyze the incorporation of unsaturated fatty acids into the 2 positions of phospholipids were compared with those of porcine liver microsomes and rat liver microsomes. There were significant differences in the relative rates of incorporation of acyl groups into phospholipids as catalyzed by the membranes from different species and organs. The 1-acylglycerophosphate acyltransferase system showed relatively broad specificity for saturated and unsaturated fatty acids, with 14- to 20 carbon chains, while unsaturated acyl-CoAs with 18- and 20-carbon chains were generally good substrates in the acylations of 1-acylglycerophosphocholine and 1 acylglycerophosphoinositol. omega-3 and omega-6 unsaturated fatty acids were recognized differently by different acyltransferase systems in platelets. When activities for combinations of omega-3 and omega-6 unsaturated acyl-CoAs with the same number of carbons and with similar number of double bonds were compared, omega-6 fatty acids were relatively more preferred substrates than omega-3 fatty acids for the 1-acylglycerophosphoinositol acyltransferase system as compared with 1-acylglycerophosphocholine acyltransferase system. PMID- 6721501 TI - Regulation of branched-chain alpha-ketoacid dehydrogenase kinase. AB - Isolated rabbit liver branched-chain alpha-ketoacid dehydrogenase was inhibited in a mixed manner relative to ATP by alpha-ketoisocaproate, alpha-keto-beta methylvalerate, alpha-ketoisovalerate, alpha-ketocaproate, alpha-ketovalerate, and alpha-chloroisocaproate with I40 values (mM), respectively, of 0.065, 0.49, 2.5, 0.2, 0.5, and 0.08. The concentration (mM) of alpha-ketoisocaproate, alpha keto-beta-methylvalerate, and alpha-ketoisovalerate needed to activate branched chain alpha-ketoacid dehydrogenase in the perfused rat heart to 50% of total activity was 0.07, 0.10, and 0.25, respectively. Isolated branched-chain alpha ketoacid dehydrogenase kinase was inhibited (I40 values, mM) by octanoate (0.5), acetoacetyl-CoA (0.01), methylmalonyl-CoA (0.2), NADP+ (1.5), and heparin (12 micrograms/ml). The kinase activity, in the presence or absence of ADP, was inhibited approximately 30% by 0.1 mM isobutyryl-CoA, isovaleryl-CoA, and malonyl CoA, while not affected by NAD+ and NADH (1 mM), CoA, acetyl-CoA, methylcrotonyl CoA, crotonyl-CoA, beta-hydroxy-beta-methyl-glutaryl-CoA, octanoyl-CoA, succinyl CoA, and propionyl-CoA (0.1 mM). The following compounds at 2 mM also did not inhibit branched-chain alpha-ketoacid dehydrogenase kinase; acetate, propionate, beta-hydroxybutyrate, lactate, acetoacetate, malonate, alpha-ketomalonate, succinate, citrate, oxaloacetate, FAD, and NADPH. These findings help explain the unique effects of Leu compared with Val and Ile on branched-chain amino acid metabolism and the differences between control of the kinases associated with pyruvate dehydrogenase and branched-chain alpha-ketoacid dehydrogenase. PMID- 6721503 TI - The role of glutamine in regulation of ammonium transport in Azotobacter vinelandii. AB - Under N2-fixing conditions, Azotobacter vinelandii expresses a specific transport system for methylammonium (ammonium) [E. M. Barnes, Jr. and P. Zimniak (1981) J. Bacteriol. 146, 512-516]. This activity is decreased markedly by culture of cells in the presence of 10 mM ammonium or 2 mM methylammonium; in both cases, the Vmax values for methylammonium uptake were 25% of those of N2-fixing cells. Mixing experiments with assay medium indicate that transport activity is controlled by intracellular rather than extracellular metabolites. Glutamine synthetase activity of cells cultured with ammonium was 33% that of N2-fixing cultures, but activity was unaffected by incubation with methylammonium. Thus ammonium transport and ammonium fixation are regulated independently. When ammonium was removed from the medium, cells recovered over 90% of the initial transport activity after 1 h; this recovery was not affected by addition of chloramphenicol. The loss of uptake activity in cells incubated with ammonium or methylammonium correlated with over sixfold increases in intracellular levels of glutamine and gamma-glutamylmethylamide, respectively. Recovery of transport was accompanied by similar reductions in pools of these compounds. Over one-half of methylammonium transport activity could be blocked by direct addition of 10 mM glutamine or gamma-glutamylmethylamide to transport assays; these concentrations were similar to those observed in vivo. The glutamine analog, 6-diazo-5-oxo-L norleucine, was the most potent inhibitor found (68% inhibition at 10 microM). These results indicate that the regulation of ammonium transport by ammonium and methylammonium is due to inhibition of the transporter by intracellular gamma glutamyl amides rather than by repression of transporter synthesis. PMID- 6721502 TI - Clofibric acid, phenylpyruvate, and dichloroacetate inhibition of branched-chain alpha-ketoacid dehydrogenase kinase in vitro and in perfused rat heart. AB - Branched-chain alpha-ketoacid dehydrogenase kinase, purified from rabbit liver, was inhibited by clofibric acid, phenylpyruvate, and dichloroacetate in a mixed manner relative to ATP. I40 values relative to 75 microM ATP were 0.33, 1.7, and 3.0 mM, respectively. Inhibition of the kinase by acetate, pyruvate, and lactate was minimal; whereas a p-hydroxyphenyl substitution of these compounds increased their potency as kinase inhibitors, a phenyl substitution gave the most potent inhibitors. Clofibric acid, phenylpyruvate, and dichloroacetate activated branched-chain alpha-ketoacid dehydrogenase in perfused rat hearts. Perfusate concentrations that gave 50% activation (A50) were 0.1, 0.32, and 0.63 mM, respectively. A50 concentrations of clofibric acid and phenylpyruvate also increased flux (decarboxylation of alpha-keto[1-14C]isovalerate) through branched chain alpha-ketoacid dehydrogenase in perfused rat heart. These findings suggest that, although clofibric acid and phenylpyruvate can inhibit substrate utilization by the branched-chain alpha-ketoacid dehydrogenase complex, the major effect of these compounds on branched-chain amino acid metabolism is due to inhibition of branched-chain alpha-ketoacid dehydrogenase kinase with subsequent activation of and increased flux through the complex. PMID- 6721504 TI - [Effect of PSK on the recovery of macrophage function in tumor-bearing mice]. AB - Chemotactic response of macrophage to PHA was depressed at early stages in allogeneic sarcoma 180-bearing ICR mice and syngeneic X5563-bearing C3H/He mice and their depressed response were restored to the normal levels by PSK. Macrophages-dependent resistance against Listeria monocytogenes at early phase of infection was depressed at the early stage after tumor inoculation. The depressed resistance was restored by PSK in X5563-bearing mice and by a combination of tumor resection and PSK in sarcoma 180-bearing mice. PMID- 6721505 TI - [Synergism of hyperthermia and hematoporphyrin derivative]. AB - Much attention has been given to the photoradiation therapy, since its mechanism of effect is thought to be due to the cytotoxicity of singlet oxygen produced from hematoporphyrin derivative (HPD) by the light. We studied the effects of hyperthermia (HT) on cultured cells (T1) of ethylnitrosourea induced rat brain tumor which had uptaken HPD, because the extent of photopenetration is limited and the absorbed light is converted to heat. We used the T1 cells preincubated in Eagle MEM with 10% FCS and 2 micrograms/ml HPD, and estimated the cell survival by the colony formation using soft agar overlayer method. Synergistic effects of HT and HPD were recognized at the temperature over 41.5 degrees C-HT, suggesting that combined HT and HPD therapy could be a new promising technique. In these experiments, an increased cell proliferation was observed after temporary suppression by "insufficient hyperthermia" at 41.5 degrees C. This is a kind of rebound phenomenon, which has an important clinical implication. We should pay attention not only to the cell damage by HT but also to the outcome of the therapy which have received insufficient HT. PMID- 6721506 TI - [Radiosensitization by oxygen in Ehrlich tumor receiving artificial blood substitute (FOB 20%)]. AB - To enhance tissue PO2 of radioresistant hypoxic cells of tumor, artificial blood substitute (FOB) was applied, because it is excellent solvent for oxygen and allows the blood circulation system to recover and consequently increase the oxygen supply from blood to the tissue. When trasplanted Ehrlich tumor of mice on thigh grew about 1,000 mm3 in volume, those were divided into three groups, group 1: 60Co gamma-ray irradiation alone, group 2: irradiation under breathing oxygen, and group 3: irradiation under breathing oxygen after exchange transfusion with FOB. The radiosensitization of FOB was studied by comparing with the OER values of three groups for 50% TGD time, 50% SD time, and 50% and 75% TCP. The OER values of 50% TGD time, 5, 10 and 50% SD time 10 of oxygen group were 1.46, 1.29, and 1.22, respectively, and oxygen effect was observed in this group. Those values of FOB group were 2.02, 1.56, and 1.56, respectively and oxygen effect of FOB group was greater than those of oxygen effect of FOB group was greater than those of oxygen group. Animals receiving FOB were apparently radiosensitized by oxygen against animals breathing oxygen at small doses irradiation effect (50% TGD time, and 50% SD time). The OER values of 50% and 75% TCP at 30 days and 90 days after irradiation of oxygen group were about 1.5 (1.46-1.61) and these of FOB group about 1.3 (1.15-1.38). Radiosensitization by oxygen of animals receiving FOB was not clearly recognized against animals breathing oxygen in TCP effect at high dose irradiation. These results indicate that radioresistant hypoxic cells of tumor receiving artificial blood substitute (FOB) increase the sensitivity of 60Co gamma-ray irradiation, especially at small dose irradiation. PMID- 6721508 TI - [Pharmacokinetics of human interferons]. AB - Interferon in the blood was rapidly cleared from the circulation after intravenous injection. Intramuscular injection of alpha-interferon caused low but stable interferon levels in the blood. However, in the case of beta-interferon, interferon was never detected consistently in the blood after intramuscular or subcutaneous administration. Intraarterial administration of beta-interferon also caused low but stable interferon levels in the blood. Our studies suggest that beta-interferon should be given intravenously to see clinical beneficial. No difference in pharmacokinetics was seen between natural interferon and recombinant interferon. No difference was also noted between partially purified interferon and highly purified interferon. PMID- 6721507 TI - [Endoscopic preoperative intralesional injection of OK-432 in early gastric cancer]. AB - The study group consisted of 35 patients with early gastric cancer, 16 of whom were admitted for preoperative immunotherapy. Ten to 40 K.E. of OK-432 was injected intralesionally by endoscope, and then gastrectomy was performed. After the intralesional injection, fever, nausea, vomiting and epigastralgia occurred. In cancer lesion and regional lymph node, histological findings from OK-432 treated group were compared to those of the control group. Lymphoid cell infiltration at cancer lesion was marked in OK-432 treated group, and degenerated cancer cells were found in 3 cases. On the other hand, lymphoid follicles showed a marked statistical increase in OK-432 treated group. Also the cases with marked lymphoid follicle showed increased numbers of peripheral blood lymphocyte. From the results, intralesional injection of OK-432 may confirm the tumor-associated antigenicity and serves as a useful method to potentiate the specific and/or non specific immunity in regional lymph nodes. PMID- 6721509 TI - [Phase II study of etoposide in malignant lymphoma]. PMID- 6721510 TI - [Prophylactic effect of OK-432 on serosal invasion in an experimental model of peritoneal dissemination]. PMID- 6721511 TI - [Gestagen treatment of endometrial carcinoma--theoretical and practical application]. AB - Since Kistner in 1959 took up the gestagen therapy for endometrial hyperplasia and endometrial carcinoma with a view to inhibiting cellular proliferation, many clinical reports on that therapy have been published. It has been clarified by cell-biological studies that progesterone inhibit the DNA synthesis of endometrial cells followed by the discontinuance of cell division. At dichophase , prior to the onset of the S-stage in cell division cycle, under conjugation of progesterone with a certain specific type of protein (hormone receptor) the cells are induced toward the development of secretory function, i.e. toward differentiation, resulting in no synthesis of DNA. On the basis of the consideration mentioned above, when hormone treatment will be applied to endometrial carcinoma it is required that those cancer cells have the gene activated by administered hormone or have specific type of protein produced by hormone dependent gene in cytoplasm. When cancer cells have still retained the traits of the normal epithelial cells of endometrium, they were believed still possess the character to show the specific reaction to progesterone. However, not all the cancer cells can be considered to have a uniform character (the degree of differentiation), so gestagen therapy cannot be interpreted to be able completely to bring about the fundamental cure of endometrial carcinoma. PMID- 6721512 TI - [5-Fluorouracil concentration in various tissues from cancer patients after oral administration of 5-fluorouracil]. AB - 5-Fluorouracil(5-FU)is a widely used antitumor agent for treating patients with adenocarcinoma of gastroenterial tract and breast following intravenous or oral administration. The blood level of 5-FU peaked rapidly after intravenous bolus injection and then decreased in a short time, disappearing 90 minutes after injection. But the blood level of 5-FU peaked from 15 to 30 minutes after oral administration of 5-FU tablets or dry syrup and decreased slowly, frequently showing 0.02 microgram/ml at 120 minutes after oral administration. In cancer chemotherapy, a tissue drug concentration is represented by its serum level in practice, generally because of the difficulty in determining the tissue drug level of the patients. This study was performed to determine the tissue 5-FU level after oral administration of 5-FU. Before surgery, 400 to 600 mg of 5-FU tablets was orally administered to 13 patients including 5 cases of gastric, 5 of breast, 1 of colon and 2 of other types of cancer. Tissue specimens of different sites and serum samples were obtained during the operation: cancer tissues, normal gastric or colon wall, normal breast, lymph nodes and subcutaneous fatty tissues, etc. The materials were frozen immediately at -20 degrees C and sent to Pharmaceutical Research Laboratories, Fuji Plant, Kyowa Hakko Kogyo Co., Ltd. ( Nagaizumimachi , Shuntogun , Shizuoka , Japan). The materials were assayed for 5 FU by bioassay method using Staphylococcus aureus 209P or Micrococcus flavus ATCC 10240 as the test organisms. The 5-FU concentration in mastopathy tissue was traced to all of the agents at 20 to 180 minutes after 400 mg of 5-FU was administered orally in tablet form. 5-FU concentrations in gastric cancer tissues ranged from 0.30 to 1.30 micrograms/g at 163 to 235 minutes after administering 600 mg of 5-FU tablets, whereas in normal gastric wall were much lower than in gastric cancer tissues. That in the breast cancer tissues was 0.042 to 0.12 microgram/g at 100 to 240 minutes after oral administration. 5-FU was maintained at a higher concentration in cancer tissues for a long time, while the serum concentration decreased to trace amounts. 5-FU in non-cancerous tissues was invariably traced in most patients as mastopathy tumors. From the above results, 5-FU tablets proved to be a useful drug in cancer chemotherapy. PMID- 6721513 TI - [Evaluation of serum tissue polypeptide antigen (TPA) in patients with urogenital cancer]. AB - The level of serum TPA was determined by radio-immunoassay in 19 healthy subjects and 90 patients with urogenital cancer. The normal level of serum TPA was 86 +/- 24 U/l, and the level of more than 134 U/l was determined positive. The positive rate of TPA was 38.9% in 90 patients, while that of CEA was 25.6%. In 19 patients with bladder tumor and 7 with testicular tumor, the positive rates of TPA were 52.6% and 71.4%, respectively, and the level of serum TPA was high in these positive patients. Considering the low positive rate of CEA, TPA may be a more useful marker than CEA in patients with bladder tumor and testicular tumor. Serial determinations of serum TPA and CEA showed the considerable variation of serum TPA compared with serum CEA and a temporary elevation of serum TPA following radical nephrectomy and retroperitoneal lymphadenectomy. However, the level of serum TPA fell significantly after the successful treatment in 8 patients (2 with renal cell cancer, 3 with bladder tumor, 1 with prostate cancer, 2 with testicular tumor) and rose sharply with recurrent or metastatic disease in 4 patients (2 with bladder tumor, 2 with testicular tumor). Although there was no correlation between the levels of serum TPA and serum PAP, the level of serum TPA tended to change in parallel with the level of serum AFP or HCG in 3 patients with testicular tumor. PMID- 6721514 TI - [Combined chemotherapy with alpha interferon for neuroblastoma]. PMID- 6721515 TI - [Breast cancer--topics from basic research]. AB - The measurement of estrogen and progesterone receptors in human breast cancer provides useful markers for predicting response to endocrine therapy. In human breast cancer, about 90% of unresponsive tumors and 60-80% of tumors responsive to endocrine therapy can be predicted by receptor measurement. Hormone-dependency of breast cancer easily disappears, and endocrine therapy for hormone-dependent cancer markedly encourages disappearance. Since very useful non-steroidal antiestrogens have been synthesized recently, the usefulness of drug-based endocrine therapy for breast cancer has become more important compared with brought about by surgical therapy. To improve the effectiveness of endocrine therapy for hormone-dependent cancer, the proliferation of hormone-independent cancer cells developing from hormone-dependent cancer cells during endocrine therapy should be inhibited. For inhibition, chemotherapy combined with the endocrine therapy and adjuvant endocrine therapy seem to be useful methods for the future. PMID- 6721516 TI - Origin of Tancho's nodules. PMID- 6721517 TI - Allergic reaction to phenyl dimethicone in a sunscreen. PMID- 6721518 TI - Familial lichen planus. PMID- 6721519 TI - Granuloma annulare. PMID- 6721520 TI - Laser test treatments for postsolar poikiloderma. PMID- 6721521 TI - Dermal collagen degradation and phagocytosis. Occurrence in a horse with hyperextensible fragile skin. AB - A 2-year-old female horse had large areas of hyperextensible, fragile skin that were interspersed with areas of normal skin. Affected skin tore easily and contained reduced amounts of dermal collagen. Collagen fibers were fragmented and disorganized, and in trichrome-stained sections, many fibers had abnormal red stained centers. Electron microscopy showed that many collagen fibers had discrete foci of degradation in which the fibrils were fragmented, loosely packed, and widely separated by granular material. Collagen fibril fragments were present in secondary lysosomes in dermal fibroblasts, but there were no degranulated mast cells or inflammatory cells in these areas. This suggested that a noninflammatory degradation and phagocytosis of collagen had occurred in the areas of hyperextensible fragile skin in this horse. Unaffected skin had no signs of collagen degradation or phagocytosis; uniformly cylindrical collagen fibrils were densely packed into morphologically normal fibers. PMID- 6721522 TI - Photoprotective adaptation. Some quantitative aspects. AB - The magnitude and time course of UV radiation-induced photoprotection was investigated in fair-skinned volunteers. Resistance to sunburn was evident three days following single exposures to UV-B, reached a maximum by seven days, and declined gradually over a period of 30 to 40 days. Both the magnitude and time course of UV radiation-induced photoprotection were dose related. The maximal mean protection factor following an exposure to 2 minimal erythemal doses was 4.2. The present findings, along with earlier studies, suggest that there are pronounced spectral differences with regard to the induction of photoprotective adaptation and that UV-B wavelengths are the most effective. PMID- 6721523 TI - X-ray epilation for the treatment of trichiasis. AB - .richiasis is a complication of many different disorders of the eyelids. Treatment is difficult and painful when conventional methods of plucking, surgical excision, electrolysis, or cryotherapy are employed. Since superficial x ray therapy for the treatment of eyelid skin cancers causes permanent loss of the eyelashes in the irradiated field, we attempted to exploit this observation for the treatment of trichiasis. A rabbit model was used to determine the minimum permanent epilating dose. The dose was found to be approximately 4,000 rad of superficial radiation along with the following factors: 110 kV, 10 mamp, a target skin distance of 20 cm, a half-value layer of 1.0 mm of aluminum, and no filter. The dosage schedule used was 300 rad given three times per week. Two patients with severe scarring trichiasis were treated with the same factors and a total dose of 4,000 rad; excellent results were achieved. We believe that x-ray therapy is an easy, safe, and painless method for the management and cure of chronic trichiasis. PMID- 6721524 TI - Paper-tape occlusion of anthralin paste. A new outpatient therapy for psoriasis. AB - We present a new method for the outpatient use of anthralin paste in the treatment of psoriasis. By instructing the patient to cover the nightly paste application with semipermeable paper tape, we devised a practical and easy method for home therapy. In a study of 12 patients with unresponsive plaque-type psoriasis, six responded with 90% or better clearing of treated sites and two with 70% clearing, compared with symmetrical control sites. Four patients showed no substantial improvement. The average duration of therapy was 11 weeks. A three month reevaluation of the conditions of these patients disclosed that improvement had been substantially maintained. Despite the tape occlusion, irritation was a manageable problem, except in three patients who had to halt therapy. Although less effective than conventional inpatient anthralin paste regimens, this method is more cost-effective for those with limited plaque disease. PMID- 6721525 TI - Vitiligo treated with topical clobetasol propionate. AB - Seventy-five patients with vitiligo were treated with intermittent topical applications of clobetasol propionate for varying times within a three-year period. The best results occurred in the facial lesions of Asian or black patients. Repigmentation of 90% to 100% was achieved in more than 80% of patients with vitiligo of the face and more than 40% of patients with vitiligo on other parts of the body. Progressive repigmentation continued even after the treatment stopped. Intermittent therapy helped to avoid the problems of adverse local effects from the use of potent adrenal steroids. PMID- 6721526 TI - A simplified hyperbaric oxygen technique for leg ulcers. AB - A modified technique for administering hyperbaric oxygen with the use of disposable polyethylene bags was evaluated for the treatment of arterial leg ulcers. The potential advantages of the method include fairly low expense, lack of cross-infection, and simplicity in the administration of oxygen. Six men with 27 chronic arterial ulcers were treated with this technique, and five men (ten ulcers) served as controls. In the treated group, 18 of 27 ulcers (5/6 patients) were healed within six to 21 days, with 50% to 90% reduction in size of seven of nine of the remaining ulcers after a three-week period. None were healed in the control group. The treated ulcers healed by 7.8% +/- 1.15% per day compared with 0.5% +/- 0.37% in the control patients. The results indicate that our technique of administering hyperbaric oxygen for the treatment of leg ulcers is simple and effective. It can be adapted for either inpatient or outpatient treatment. PMID- 6721528 TI - Benign cephalic histiocytosis. AB - A 2-year-old boy was seen because of an extensive asymptomatic papular eruption on the face, neck, and shoulders of 18-months' duration. A skin biopsy specimen revealed cellular infiltrates composed predominantly of histiocytes. Electron microscopy of biopsy material disclosed "comma-shaped" inclusion bodies in the cell cytoplasm, consistent with the findings described in benign cephalic histiocytosis. To the best of our knowledge, this is the first report of this clinical entity in the American literature. PMID- 6721527 TI - Dermal lipofuscinosis associated with amiodarone therapy. Report of a case. AB - Amiodarone hydrochloride is a noncompetitive adrenergic blocker used in the treatment of tachyarrhythmias. Its use in Europe and South America has been associated with cutaneous pigmentation thought to be caused by lipofuscin deposition in the dermis. We describe a similar case occurring in North America. A skin biopsy specimen from the patient was examined by light microscopy, fluorescence microscopy, and electron microscopy. From these examinations, a diagnosis of dermal lipofuscinosis was made. PMID- 6721529 TI - Vitiligo and acromegaly. PMID- 6721530 TI - Cowden's disease. Association with squamous cell carcinoma of the tongue and perianal basal cell carcinoma. PMID- 6721531 TI - Disappearance of a nevocellular nevus with depigmentation. PMID- 6721532 TI - Transepithelial elimination of amyloid. PMID- 6721533 TI - Dominant dystrophic epidermolysis bullosa. PMID- 6721534 TI - Rapid hemostasis with Monsel's solution. PMID- 6721536 TI - Pericervical granuloma in a child due to constricting rubber bands. PMID- 6721535 TI - Linear hypopigmentation after intra-articular corticosteroid injection. PMID- 6721537 TI - Sunscreen use and sun exposure. Trends in a white population. AB - Four hundred eighty-nine patients were surveyed during the summer months to evaluate their sun-exposure habits and beliefs, and their use of sunscreens. Seventy-one percent had one or more hours of sun exposure on at least one day per week. Men had more sun exposure than women. Subjects 30 years old and younger spent more time in the sun than those older than 30 years. Subjects with skin types 1 and 2 were least frequently sun exposed and tended to use sunscreens most often. Overall, sunscreens were used by 41% of the subjects, one third of whom used them with the belief that tanning would be promoted. In a four-week follow up evaluation, 342 patients were contacted by telephone. Knowledge of the sun protection factor and sun-exposure risks was improved, presumably by reading an informational pamphlet provided; but sunscreen use improved very little. PMID- 6721538 TI - Keratoacanthoma. A clinical study. AB - Keratoacanthoma (KA) is a relatively common tumor believed to be a benign epidermal neoplasm. Ninety patients with one or more KAs were observed in regard to clinical, therapeutic, and prognostic implications. In particular, we were able to analyze the relationship of KA to internal malignant neoplasms in 78 patients. Keratoacanthoma is a disease of the elderly (mean patient age, 64.1 years). It is associated with other nonmelanoma cutaneous neoplasias in 21% of cases, a figure lower than that seen with squamous cell carcinomas. When solitary, KA is not associated with concurrent or subsequent internal malignant neoplasms more often than would be predicted by population statistics. Therapy is generally curative, but about 8% of the patients had recurrences. These patients may be successfully treated with several existing modalities. PMID- 6721539 TI - Paresthesia from cutaneous exposure to a synthetic pyrethroid insecticide. AB - Occupational exposure to fenvalerate, a synthetic pyrethroid insecticide, has been reported to cause paresthesia. An assay was devised in our laboratory for subjective grading of the sensation produced by the topical application of this compound. The present double-blind study compared human discrimination of topically applied technical fenvalerate, the heavy-ends fraction of fenvalerate, and ethyl alcohol (vehicle). Both forms of fenvalerate showed a statistically significant increase in inducing paresthesia over the vehicle alone. The onset of the cutaneous sensations occurred at one hour, peaked at three to six hours, and lasted approximately 24 hours. Numbness, itching, burning, tingling, and warmth were the most frequently reported sensations. The difference between the two fractions of fenvalerate was not statistically significant. PMID- 6721540 TI - Chronic neuralgia incidence following local anesthetic therapy for herpes zoster. AB - We treated 72 patients, referred to a pain clinic for acute herpes zoster neuralgia, with local anesthetics administered by nerve block and infiltration. Only those patients with severe pain initially proved to be at risk for the development of chronic postherpetic neuralgia (defined as pain in the involved dermatomes lasting at least six months). Although local anesthetic injections effectively relieved the acute pain of active herpes zoster, they did not prevent the development of chronic postherpetic neuralgia. PMID- 6721541 TI - Syringoacanthoma. Acanthotic lesion of the acrosyringium. AB - An acanthotic and papillomatous cutaneous lesion with a seborrheic verruca (keratosis)-like clinical appearance that, under light microscope examination, shows intermingling of sweat ductal and epidermal cells is described. Other lesions related to the distal end of the eccrine sweat duct have been recorded before, but these lesions, named syringoacanthoma herein, have not been described previously, to my knowledge. Twenty-one cases of syringoacanthoma , 12 benign and nine malignant, are reviewed and their relationship with similar lesions is discussed. PMID- 6721542 TI - Pyoderma gangrenosum in childhood. AB - A review of our records disclosed eight children with pyoderma gangrenosum. All had associated inflammatory bowel disease, and four had arthritis. In three patients the bowel disease was severe and required resection of portions of the affected bowel. The cutaneous lesions had a chronic course (average duration, 2 1/2 years), and systemic therapy was required in seven cases. Previously reported cases of pyoderma gangrenosum in children are reviewed, and the management of this skin disorder in childhood is discussed. PMID- 6721543 TI - Antimalarial psychosis revisited. AB - Drug-induced psychosis resulted from the administration of quinacrine hydrochloride at a dosage of 100 mg twice daily for the treatment of discoid lupus. After two weeks of drug treatment, the patient exhibited symptoms similar to those seen in the manic phase of bipolar affective disorder. Although the incidence of antimalarial psychosis is unclear and perhaps small, we recommend close observation of patients for behavioral changes suggesting the development of antimalarial psychosis. Astute observation, leading to the early detection of behavioral changes, may help avert the development of a costly and disabling complication of drug therapy. PMID- 6721544 TI - Metastasizing eccrine sweat gland carcinoma. Report of a case. AB - We report a case of eccrine sweat gland carcinoma arising from the occipital region, which later metastasized to the regional lymph nodes and spread widely to the viscera. After wide local excision of the primary tumor, it recurred locally, and then metastasized presumably via regional lymph nodes. Widespread metastasis to visceral organs occurred after a ten-year latent period from the appearance of the original tumor. Histochemical and enzymatic histochemical examinations of the specimens from the original tumor and metastasized lesions obtained at autopsy disclosed the characteristics of eccrine sweat gland tumor. PMID- 6721545 TI - Malignant pilomatricoma. AB - An 86-year-old man had a tumor in the right posterior cervical region. The lesion showed histopathologic features of pilomatricoma but differed from that lesion by the presence of cytologically atypical cells and focal squamoid differentiation. The term "malignant pilomatricoma" is suggested for this tumor. PMID- 6721546 TI - Atypical fibroxanthoma (AFX). PMID- 6721547 TI - Pilomatrixoma (pilomatricoma, calcifying epithelioma of Malherbe). PMID- 6721548 TI - Inflammatory metastatic carcinoma of the parotid. PMID- 6721549 TI - Giant solitary trichoepithelioma. PMID- 6721550 TI - Congenital giant cellular blue nevus resulting in dystocia. PMID- 6721551 TI - Kaposi's varicelliform eruption. Development in a patient with a healing second degree burn. PMID- 6721552 TI - Malformation syndromes--a diagnostic approach. PMID- 6721553 TI - Blood transfusion in the preterm infant. PMID- 6721554 TI - Symptoms, atopy, and bronchial reactivity after lower respiratory infection in infancy. AB - We studied the prevalence of subsequent respiratory symptoms and the relation between atopic status and bronchial reactivity in 200 index children and their controls 7 years after acute lower respiratory tract infections in infancy. Index children with recurrent symptoms differed from controls in respect of social and family characteristics and atopic background. Ventilatory function was diminished and bronchial reactivity increased. Symptom free index children also came from poorer environmental backgrounds, but did not otherwise differ from controls. 'Atopic' index children differed significantly from controls in respect of subsequent symptoms and ventilatory function and similar adverse trends were observed in 'non-atopic' index children. A comparable proportion of 'atopic' and 'non-atopic' index children showed bronchial reactivity (33.5% and 38.9% respectively). Index subgroups with and without bronchial reactivity had increased cough and wheeziness compared with respective matched controls. The former included children with 'established' asthma and the latter those with 'established' bronchitis. Atopic backgrounds were similar in both subgroups, with no differences between cases and controls. These findings suggest that atopic background and bronchial reactivity are not closely related but may contribute independently to the persistence of symptoms after respiratory infections in infancy. Bronchial reactivity may be a more useful basis than atopic status on which to separate children with episodic cough or wheeze, or both, into 'asthmatic' and 'bronchitic' subgroups. PMID- 6721555 TI - Outcome for acute bronchitis, bronchiolitis, and pneumonia in infancy. AB - The clinical and respiratory function characteristics of 200 children 7 years after their admission to hospital with acute lower respiratory tract infection in infancy have been presented. Results were subsequently analysed according to disease category (bronchitis, bronchiolitis, or pneumonia) at initial presentation. Within each diagnostic category recurrent cough and wheeze, a tendency for colds 'to go to the chest', medication, absence from school, and family doctor consultations were significantly increased. Ventilatory function was diminished and bronchial reactivity increased when compared with matched controls. Studies of a different design are required to elucidate the mechanisms whereby symptoms are increased, ventilatory function impaired, and bronchial reactivity increased after severe lower respiratory infection in infancy. PMID- 6721557 TI - Nutritional hazards of elimination diets in children with atopic eczema. AB - The intake of nutrients over a five day period was studied in 23 children whose atopic eczema was being treated by the avoidance of multiple foods. The results were compared with those from 23 healthy control children not on a diet. Significantly low intakes of calcium were discovered in 13 patients but not in controls. Avoidance of multiple foods is potentially hazardous and requires continued paediatric and dietetic supervision. PMID- 6721556 TI - Idiopathic thrombocytopenia, initial illness and long term follow up. AB - One hundred and eighty one children with thrombocytopenia for which no cause could be found have been studied. One patient died with severe bleeding possibly from disseminated intravascular coagulation and one developed cerebral haemorrhage, both within two weeks of onset. Ninety one per cent of the 135 with acute disease but only 36% of those with chronic disease remitted spontaneously. Twenty per cent of spontaneous remission occurred more than one year after onset. Six patients have run an intermittent course for 10 to 20 years. Four patients have had symptomless thrombocytopenia for between 10 and 30 years. Of 32 children treated by splenectomy 24 maintained normal platelet values thereafter. One boy died from pneumococcal septicaemia two years after splenectomy but he had not received prophylactic penicillin. One hundred and fifty eight patients were followed up 3 to 37 years (mean 16.4 years) after onset. None who recovered spontaneously or after splenectomy had had further bleeding problems. No patient nor immediate relative had developed other autoimmune disease. We consider that a short course of corticosteroids immediately after diagnosis is justified in all cases even though we cannot produce proof that it influences the course of the disease. We do not accept any place for long term immunosuppressant treatment. PMID- 6721558 TI - Food allergy: the major cause of infantile colitis. AB - Forty six children presented with colitis between 1977 and 1981, and all 8 of those below the age of 2 years had food allergic colitis which resolved completely after exclusion of certain foods. In most of the 8 the onset was soon after starting foods other than breast milk. The most common offending food was cows' milk protein, but soya (3 cases) and beef (1 case) were also implicated. A history of allergy in the child or family was common as were blood eosinophilia, high concentrations of serum IgE, and positive IgE antibodies. Colonoscopic appearances were distinctive and biopsies showed a noticeable increase in eosinophils and IgE-containing cells in the lamina propria. We suggest that food allergy is the major cause of colitis in infancy and that an exclusion diet is the treatment of choice. PMID- 6721559 TI - Duration of chronic active hepatitis and the development of cirrhosis. AB - Chronic hepatitis implies that clinical and biochemical features of hepatitis have been present for at least 6 months; but irreversible liver damage may occur with subclinical disease suggesting that pathological features should also define chronicity. We examined 28 children with hepatitis B negative chronic active hepatitis to determine whether the severity of abnormal biochemical tests of liver function, raised serum immunoglobulin concentrations, and positive serum autoantibodies, which are characteristic features in immunosuppressant responsive disease, varied with the duration of symptoms. The pattern of abnormality in these patients was similar whether the disease had been present for less than three months, from three to 6 months, or for more than 6 months, and apart from lack of hyperbilirubinaemia was similar in patients presenting with complications of cirrhosis without previous symptoms of liver disease. Two children died of liver disease. The remainder showed a clinical, biochemical, and immunological response to prednisolone or azathioprine, or both. These drugs have now been withdrawn in 8 patients without relapse, and disease activity is completely suppressed in 13. Unfortunately, 15 survivors have definite cirrhosis and a further five have possible cirrhosis. Eight of 10 survivors with symptoms of more than 6 months duration before treatment have cirrhosis compared with two of 12 with symptoms of less than 6 months. It is suggested that consideration of this diagnosis at onset of symptoms and immediate immunosuppressant treatment after appropriate confirmatory investigations may reduce the incidence of cirrhosis in hepatitis B negative chronic active hepatitis in children. PMID- 6721560 TI - Cross sectional echocardiography in determining persistent patency of the ductus arteriosus in preterm infants. AB - Thirty preterm infants (gestational age 26 to 30 weeks) were investigated by cross sectional echocardiography using a 5 or 7.5 MHz transducer positioned in the suprasternal notch or the left subclavicular position to enable visualisation of the aortic arch, main pulmonary artery, left pulmonary artery, and ductus arteriosus. Each infant was investigated on at least one occasion during both the first and second weeks of life and when possible between the ages of 26 and 31 days. There was prolonged patency of the ductus arteriosus during the first two weeks of life in all infants, and complete closure of the ductus arteriosus occurred only in four patients, all of whom had reached a postconceptional age of 32 to 34 weeks. Eighteen infants received intravenous indomethacin between the age of 5 and 10 days. In these patients ductal narrowing did not occur until a maximum postconceptional age of 29 weeks. PMID- 6721561 TI - Latamoxef and the newborn. AB - Thirty one preterm neonates who had clinical, radiological, or bacteriological evidence of infection and who would normally have received gentamicin and penicillin were treated with latamoxef (Moxalactam) 100 mg/kg/day. All were examined prospectively for clinical improvement and possible side effects. Biochemical and haematological values were monitored and pharmacokinetic variables determined. Thirty babies improved during treatment; latamoxef was effective in eradicating the infecting organisms in 7 of 9, including three babies infected with Lancefield group B streptococci. High serum concentrations of latamoxef were achieved after either intravenous or intramuscular administration and accumulation did not occur. Treatment had no effect on renal or hepatic function nor did it result in increased serum values of non-protein bound bilirubin. Clotting studies, where performed, were normal and no babies had bloody stools. Two disulfiram-like reactions were recorded. Latamoxef proved a safe and efficacious alternative to gentamicin with penicillin in the initial treatment of neonates with clinical evidence of infection. PMID- 6721562 TI - Simplified pneumographic monitoring of infants at risk from sudden infant death syndrome. AB - A system of pneumographic study of infants considered at increased risk from the sudden infant death syndrome is described. It is simple for nursing staff to use and for clinicians to interpret. A total of 166 'at risk' infants were studied and 85 were subsequently monitored at home. Seventeen of these infants, 16 of whom had had abnormal pneumograms, subsequently suffered significant apnoea. Four of 20 babies who had abnormal pneumograms did not have subsequent episodes of apnoea. Two babies died; the first was on a monitor but the second, despite having had an abnormal pneumogram, was not. PMID- 6721564 TI - Serum immunoglobulin concentrations in febrile convulsions. AB - The mean, age adjusted, serum IgA values of 47 children with febrile convulsions were almost identical to those of controls. Five children had serum IgA values less than 0.1 g/l by nephelometry, suggesting that in some cases at least there may be an association between a low serum IgA concentration and febrile convulsions. PMID- 6721563 TI - Ultrasound diagnosis of gastro-oesophageal reflux. AB - A method of diagnosing gastro-oesophageal reflux using ultrasound is described. This method was compared with barium swallow examination in 20 patients and found to be as accurate in infants and young children. PMID- 6721565 TI - Febrile convulsions: electroencephalographic changes related to rectal temperature. AB - Nine children had simultaneous continuous electroencephalographic monitoring and temperature recording immediately after febrile convulsions. Background electroencephalographic rhythms did not alter with temperature and with one exception, seizure discharges occurred only during sustained high pyrexia. PMID- 6721566 TI - Weight as the best standard for glomerular filtration in the newborn. AB - The relation between surface area and body weight changes dramatically in infancy. In 31 healthy infants of 27 to 40 weeks' gestation, variations in glomerular filtration rate were reduced more than twofold by choosing glomerular filtration rate/kg body weight rather than glomerular filtration rate/m2. The former provides the most useful and practical index of renal function in the neonate. PMID- 6721567 TI - Arthritis in cystic fibrosis. AB - We have confirmed previous observations of a transient, non-disabling recurrent arthritis in patients with cystic fibrosis. This arthritis differs from classic rheumatoid arthritis, is frequently associated with skin arthritis lesions, and its occurrence is unrelated to the severity of lung disease. PMID- 6721568 TI - Participation as colleagues: an experience of working in a new relationship with overseas postgraduates. PMID- 6721569 TI - Pancuronium bromide induced joint contractures in the newborn. PMID- 6721570 TI - Alterations in leukocyte aryl hydrocarbon hydroxylase activity associated with treatment and age in psoriasis patients and healthy individuals. AB - We have examined the relationship between topical psoriasis treatment and the activity of the mixed function oxidase, aryl hydrocarbon hydroxylase (AHH), in peripheral blood monocytes and lymphocytes from 20 patients with psoriasis. These data were compared to monocyte and lymphocyte AHH activity measured in 20 normal subjects. AHH activity was determined in cells induced with benzanthracene and in uninduced control cells. Monocyte and lymphocyte AHH activity in six untreated psoriasis patients was similar to that in the healthy controls. AHH activity in either uninduced or induced monocytes showed an increase with age in both the healthy and the untreated psoriatic subjects. Lymphocytes from the healthy subjects showed an age-related decline in enzyme activity. Fourteen patients with psoriasis receiving topical tar and/or topical corticosteroid therapy had significantly higher (P less than 0.05) levels of basal and induced monocyte and lymphocyte AHH activity than the healthy controls. AHH activity is age-related and appears to be controlled differently in monocytes and in lymphocytes. AHH activity in circulating monocytes and lymphocytes may be stimulated by topical tar and/or steroid therapy of psoriasis. PMID- 6721571 TI - Regenerated cutaneous nerves in human epidermal and subepidermal regions. An electron microscopy study. AB - To elucidate the regeneration of cutaneous nerves in human skin, biopsy specimens were taken from the regenerated skin of extremities of five adult men with third degree burns that had occurred about 3 weeks previously. Numerous subepidermal nerves could be detected in the newly formed granulation tissue, independent of the blood vessels. These nerves were axon-Schwann's cell complexes. Some axons were packed with small clear vesicles 40-60 nm in diameter or large dense-cored vesicles 70-100 nm in diameter and large dense bodies. Schwann's cell components showed a relatively abundant cytoplasm and many microfilaments. Intraepidermal nerves were frequently encountered in the interspace between the basal lamina and the cytomembrane of basal keratinocytes in most cases or in the intercellular spaces between basal keratinocytes; however, they were never seen in and beyond spinous layers. They were seen as axon-Schwann's cell complexes or naked axons. In one case a Schwann's cell containing axons migrated into the epidermis. These findings suggest that cutaneous nerves may show hyperregeneration in very early stages of wound healing. PMID- 6721572 TI - Topical indomethacin protects from UVB and UVA irradiation. PMID- 6721573 TI - Decreased skin thickness of pigmented spots appearing in localized scleroderma (morphoea). Measurement of skin thickness by 15 MHz pulsed ultrasound. PMID- 6721574 TI - Sequential studies of gliadin antibodies in patients with dermatitis herpetiformis. AB - Sequential studies of circulating gliadin antibodies (IgG, IgA, IgM, IgD) were performed in 24 patients with dermatitis herpetiformis (DH) by an ELISA. Three groups of patients were studied: (a) 14 patients who responded to a gluten-free diet and were able to stop their drug therapy, (b) 5 patients who did not respond to a gluten-free diet, (c) 5 patients with normal jejunal biopsies, who did not receive a gluten-free diet. Most of the serum gliadin antibodies detected were of IgG class, but in several patients IgA gliadin antibodies were found in addition. When the patients were on a normal diet, 63% had elevated IgG gliadin antibody titres (titres which exceeded the maximum titre of the controls by one dilution) and there were no significant differences between the three groups. When the patients were followed up, there was a significant fall in the gliadin antibody titres in those who responded to a gluten-free diet compared to the two other groups of patients. Thus assays of IgG gliadin antibodies might be helpful in some patients in judging the compliance of patients on a gluten-free diet. PMID- 6721575 TI - Crystal-phagocyte interaction in calcinosis interstitialis. AB - Based on recent findings indicating the stimulation of the respiratory burst in human neutrophils by crystal phagocytosis, ectopic calcified nodules of a patient with calcinosis interstitialis were exposed to autologous granulocytes and monocytes in vitro. The activity of the respiratory burst was determined by luminol-enhanced chemiluminescence. Controls included amorphous monosodium urate, microcrystalline monosodium urate, hydroxyapatite, and zymosan. Microcrystalline monosodium urate elicited a marked stimulation of both granulocytes and monocytes as did hydroxyapatite in granulocytes. Hydroxyapatite caused no stimulation of monocytes, possibly reflecting selective functional modulation. On the other hand, amorphous monosodium urate failed to induce a respiratory burst with granulocytes or monocytes. Likewise, the contents of the nodule evoked only marginal stimulatory activity on the phagocytes. Stimulation by zymosan was normal with both cell types. The finding that material of the excised nodule failed to induce a respiratory burst in phagocytes may explain the lack of inflammatory reaction in vitro around the nodules on histologic examination, particularly since products of stimulated phagocytes have been described as causing tissue destruction. PMID- 6721577 TI - Effect of macrophages on elimination of dermal melanin from the dermis. AB - To facilitate the mobilization of dermal melanin from the skin, we studied the role of macrophages in the elimination of dermal melanin in incontinentia pigmenti. The protein and melanin moieties of mouse-melanoma melanosomes were labeled with 14C and 3H, respectively. Labeled melanosomes were injected intracutaneously into the backs of guinea pigs. Carrageenan, a macrophage toxic agent, showed an inhibitory effect on the degradation and elimination of protein moiety of melanosomes from the dermis, when carrageenan was injected i.p. at the time of inoculation of melanosomes. Delayed-type inflammatory infiltrates in contact dermatitis showed some increase in the elimination of melanin moiety of melanosomes from the dermis. PMID- 6721576 TI - Parathyroid hormone and calcium metabolism in generalized scleroderma. Increased PTH level and secondary hyperparathyroidism in patients with aberrant calcifications. Prophylactic treatment of calcinosis. AB - Parathyroid hormone (PTH) in serum and biochemical parameters of calcium metabolism were analysed in 45 patients with systemic sclerosis. Calcification of the skin and subcutaneous tissue was assessed by X-ray examination of the hands. Analyses disclosed secondary hyperparathyroidism (increased PTH in serum, low calcium 'ion' in serum, decreased urinary excretion of calcium and phosphate), in particular in patients with calcinosis (P less than 0.05) as compared to those with no calcinosis. The duration of systemic sclerosis was longer in patients with calcinosis (P less than 0.05). The calcinosis type of systemic sclerosis is characterized by secondary hyperparathyroidism developed during the progression of the disease. A hypothesis is made regarding calcium metabolism in the early no calcinosis (with increased synthesis of Vitamin D) and late calcinosis types. PTH may stimulate aberrant calcification. The hypothesis implicates that prophylactic treatment with Vitamin D in low dose may prevent calcinosis. PMID- 6721578 TI - Response of epidermal polyamines to orally administered aromatic retinoid RO 10 9359. AB - Polyamine levels were measured in skin (pure epidermis) and 24-h urine before and 15 days after the start of continuous oral treatment with Etretinate (1 mg/kg/day) in 20 patients with various dermatoses. In uninvolved epidermis, treatment modified levels of spermidine (45% increase, P less than 0.05) and spermine (30% increase, P less than 0.05). In urine, the putrescine concentration was significantly altered, increasing from 1.96 to 2.60 micrograms/mg creat (P less than 0.05). During the time interval considered, variations in polyamine levels did not reflect the inhibiting mechanism of retinoids on ornithine decarboxylase, the key enzyme in the regulation of polyamine synthesis. PMID- 6721579 TI - A procedure for determining plasmatic trichloroacetic acid in human subjects exposed to chlorinated solvents at environmental levels. PMID- 6721580 TI - Histopathological, hematological, condition-factor, and organ weight changes associated with selenium accumulation in fish from Belews Lake, North Carolina. PMID- 6721581 TI - Biochemical interactions of chlorine dioxide and its metabolites in rats. PMID- 6721582 TI - Reduction in toxicity of organic priority pollutants by pilot-scale conventional wastewater treatment process. PMID- 6721583 TI - Multiple bioassays to assess the toxicity of a sanitary landfill leachate. PMID- 6721584 TI - Pulmonary function of exposed and control workers in a Nigerian nonsoapy detergent factory. AB - Respiratory symptoms and spirometric pulmonary function data [i.e., first-second forced expiratory volume (FEV1.0) and forced vital capacity (FVC)] for 128 (30%) males who were exposed to alkyl benzene sulphonate in a detergent factory and for 56 (76%) unexposed workers in the same factory are reported herein. Exposed subjects had been employed for 1 month to 15 yr, and they generally complained of cough and mucus secretions, nasal catarrh, chest pain, and breathlessness. Unexposed workers had been employed for 1 month to 13 yr and had a significantly lower (P less than .001) frequency of symptoms, as well as significantly higher (.01 greater than P greater than .001) FEV1.0 and FVC than the exposed workers. The reduction in pulmonary function of exposed subjects from the predicted was significantly higher (.01 greater than P greater than .001) than that experienced by the unexposed subjects. There was a significant 8-hr workshift depression in lung function. There was radiological evidence of pulmonary fibrosis, but lack of pre-employment chest radiographs renders this inconclusive. Respiratory symptoms in exposed subjects decreased with duration of employment, which probably indicates the exodus from the work force of those who could not tolerate the nonsoapy detergent. PMID- 6721585 TI - Effect of phenobarbitol pretreatment on regeneration of plasma cholinesterase activity inhibited by parathion or dichlorovos. PMID- 6721586 TI - There was no statistical evidence that exposure to cotton dust produced emphysema, interstitial fibrosis or cor pulmonale is unfounded. PMID- 6721587 TI - Protein excretion patterns in cadmium-exposed individuals: high resolution electrophoresis. AB - High resolution electrophoresis was used to evaluate protein excretion patterns in six cadmium-exposed individuals with proteinuria, seven subjects with nonspecific nephropathies, and four normal unexposed subjects. The aim of the investigation was to determine (a) the type of excretion pattern (i.e., glomerular, tubular, or mixed) associated with cadmium exposure and (b) if the pattern in the cadmium-exposed individuals was distinctly different from subjects with nonspecific nephropathies. The electrophoretic results were consistent with the quantitative results for the cadmium-exposed workers. The results suggest that the pattern associated with cadmium exposure can be glomerular or mixed and that it is different (i.e., no gamma band) from nonspecific nephropathies. PMID- 6721588 TI - Variability of blood lead concentrations during infancy. AB - As part of a study of early childhood development, more than 200 children had their blood lead concentrations (PbB) determined semiannually during the first 2 yr of life. These children were selected from 11,837 consecutive births surveyed for umbilical cord PbB at Boston Lying-In Hospital. Candidate subjects were drawn from the highest, lowest, and middle deciles of PbB. The mean PbB was 7.2 +/- 5.3 (standard deviation) micrograms/dl at birth and did not change appreciably with age. However, the average change in an individual's PbB every 6 months was 4 micrograms/dl, which was several fold in excess of the analytical reproducibility. Only 25% of the children in the highest category at birth were in the highest category at 2 yr of age. Approximately 40% of the children remained in their immediately previous PbB tertile category. A stochastic description of these patterns of change fits the data. Our results should caution investigators who might wish to rely on a single determination to categorize children with PbB. PMID- 6721589 TI - Lead concentrations of enamel and dentine of deciduous teeth of children from two Finnish towns. AB - The proton-induced x-ray emission method was used to analyze lead concentrations in enamel and dentine of deciduous teeth of 105 6- and 9-yr-old children living in two Finnish towns. Helsinki, the capital city, was assumed to represent high lead exposure and Kuopio, a country town in the middle of Finland, low or moderate lead exposure. In all but two teeth the enamel contained higher lead concentrations than dentine. The individual enamel-dentine lead concentration ratio was not stable but varied greatly. The median dentine lead concentration for 9-yr-old children in Helsinki and Kuopio was 2.0 ppm and 2.9 ppm, respectively, and for 6-yr-old children was 2.5 ppm and 2.7 ppm, respectively. The enamel lead concentrations found in 9-yr-olds in Helsinki and Kuopio were 4.2 and 4.5 ppm, and in 6-yr-olds were 9.1 and 4.4 ppm, respectively. The results reveal low or moderate lead concentrations. Nevertheless, a twofold and statistically significant (P less than .01) increase was found in the enamel of Helsinki children born in 1974 compared with those born in 1971. PMID- 6721590 TI - Reproductive outcomes in families of DBCP-exposed men. AB - The families of 30 workers employed in a plant which, until 1977, had produced 1,2-dibromo-3-chloropropane (DBCP), have been monitored for 5 yr. Thirteen men who were azoospermic in 1977 had more than 100 hr of estimated exposure in production; of these, 4 have recovered spermatogenesis and 2 have fathered 4 female children. Eight men who were oligospermic in 1977 had been exposed for 34 95 hr; of 8 children subsequently born to their wives, 6 were female. Five men with exposure times estimated to be between 10 and 60 hr were normospermic in 1977, and of 5 children subsequently born to them, 4 were male and 1 was female. The outcome of the pregnancies among families of 4 non-exposed men and of exposed men prior to exposure resulted in 27 male and 24 female children. No increase in spontaneous abortion occurred in pregnancies fathered by exposed men. Four infant deaths and 5 congenital anomalies occurred among the babies born of unexposed pregnancies. No infant or fetal deaths and no congenital abnormalities occurred among children born to wives of men after the men were exposed. The birth of at least 10 females of 12 babies born to wives of exposed men with evidence of testicular toxicity would be expected according to binomial probabilities with a P = .015. The children born to families of exposed workers are in good health. A possible explanation for the observed female sex predominance might be Y chromosome non-disjunction, which was reported to be more frequent in sperm of DBCP workers by Kapp et al. PMID- 6721592 TI - [Ureteral complications after aorto-ilio-femoral surgery. Review of 46 cases]. PMID- 6721591 TI - Eggs, serum lipids, emotional stress, and blood pressure in medical students. AB - Emotional stress that occurred as a result of anticipation and participation in final exams did not change mean serum total cholesterol or high density lipoprotein cholesterol significantly in 26 male students who had eaten two eggs daily while maintaining a controlled diet for 12 wk. These same men continued to maintain a controlled diet but abstained from eating eggs for 12 wk which resulted in a statistically significant lower total cholesterol level at the end of 6 wk and on the day of final exams at the end of 12 wk. Mean values for high density lipoprotein cholesterol in abstainers were significantly reduced at the end of 6 wk, but did not change further by 12 wk. Mean serum triglycerides values were variable. Blood pressures were not changed significantly. PMID- 6721593 TI - [Ureteral stripping]. PMID- 6721594 TI - [Rhabdomyosarcoma of the epididymis]. PMID- 6721595 TI - [Familial male hypogonadism in spinal and bulbar muscular atrophy of late onset (Kennedy's disease). A new cause of hypogonadism]. PMID- 6721596 TI - [Adenomatoid tumor of the epididymis]. PMID- 6721597 TI - [Diagnosis with intracavitary echography of a tumor of the terminal ureter]. PMID- 6721598 TI - [Renal cystic diseases in pigs]. PMID- 6721599 TI - Presidential address: Mr. Hunter builds his dream department. PMID- 6721600 TI - The natural history of hepatic metastases from colorectal cancer. A comparison with resective treatment. AB - Five-year survival after resection of hepatic metastases from colorectal cancer is 25%. Although resection palliates some patients who do not live that long, 50% of patients so treated are not helped at all. Until ignorance of a cancer's real stage is resolved by improved techniques, the evaluation and choice of therapy can be based only upon knowledge of the natural history of untreated metastases and determinants of prognosis derived from treated patients. Analysis of the survival rates of 252 patients who had biopsy proven, unresected hepatic metastases that were the only evidence of residual disease shows the extent to which natural history, rather than resection, may determine length of survival-- and indicates the need for critical analysis of 2- and 3-year survival rates reported after any therapy. Study of 141 patients who had hepatic metastases resected shows that the stage of the primary lesion, being female, and the absence of extrahepatic metastases are significant determinants of favorable prognosis after resection of hepatic metastases. PMID- 6721601 TI - The role of surgical resection when combined with chemotherapy and radiation in the management of pelvic rhabdomyosarcoma. AB - With the development of combined chemotherapy and radiation therapy for embryonal rhabdomyosarcoma, the role and extent of surgical resection of these pelvic tumors need to be defined. Thirty-six children with pelvic genitourinary rhabdomyosarcoma seen at St. Jude Children's were managed on protocols combining surgical resection and radiation, and chemotherapy. Ten children presented with cervical-vaginal tumors, which were managed with combined therapy; the surgical resection was histovaginectomy in eight and pelvic exenteration in one. Eight of the ten are free of disease from 1 to 14 years. Twelve children presented with bladder and prostate tumors, which were resected with segmental cystectomy in four cases, biopsy in five, and pelvic exenteration in three. All received combination therapy and six of the twelve are surviving free of disease from 6 months to 16 years. Fourteen children presented with paratesticular rhabdomyosarcoma. Chemotherapy was combined with radical orchiectomy in all cases. Retroperitoneal node dissection was done in nine and five had inguinal node dissection. Nine of the 14 are surviving NED from 2 to 16 years. One patient died, free of disease, with complications of combination therapy. The results of this review supports the approach of combining chemotherapy, radiation, and complete surgical resection. PMID- 6721602 TI - Esophageal atresia. Prognostic factors and contribution of preoperative telescopic endoscopy. AB - In recent years, the surgical correction of esophageal atresia with distal tracheoesophageal fistula (TEF) has become increasingly successful. However, there remains a group of high-risk patients with specific anatomical abnormalities in whom the mortality remains appreciable. These associated disorders include cardiac, renal, and chromosomal anomalies as well as severe respiratory distress syndrome. These factors, rather than low birth weight or early gestational age, are primarily responsible for surgical mortality. Preoperative telescopic bronchoscopy has been a useful adjuvant confirming the diagnosis, identifying unusual variants, and permitting the proper anatomic placement of the endotracheal tube. A Fogarty balloon catheter can be passed bronchoscopically into the distal TEF in patients with severe respiratory distress syndrome to occlude the fistula and facilitate effective positive pressure ventilation. Thirty-two patients were treated for esophageal atresia among whom 28 had esophageal atresia with distal TEF, three had esophageal atresia alone, and one had esophageal atresia with proximal TEF. The higher-risk group comprised those with severe respiratory insufficiency as evidenced by a room air paO2 of less than 60 mmHg; this group accounted for nine of the ten deaths in the total series. There was one late death following surgical correction. In summary, in the absence of severe respiratory insufficiency or associated life-threatening congenital anomalies, the results of surgical correction for esophageal atresia are remarkably good and survival in this group approximates 100%. PMID- 6721603 TI - Hyperadrenalism in childhood and adolescence. AB - Hyperadrenalism in childhood and adolescence has unique features that influence diagnosis and management. We reviewed our experience with 18 patients, ranging in age from 18 months to 18 years. Nine had bilateral adrenal hyperplasia, eight had adrenal neoplasms, and one had micronodular hyperplasia. Patients with congenital adrenal hyperplasia and hyperaldosteronism were excluded. Six patients with Cushing's disease diagnosed in earlier years were treated by total adrenalectomy and recently two patients underwent transsphenoidal removal of pituitary tumors. Bilateral adrenalectomy was carried out in one patient with micronodular hyperplasia and in a second because of elevated adrenocorticotrophic hormone (ACTH) levels from an undefined source. Eight patients had adrenal neoplasms, including five adenomas and three carcinomas. We found no reliable criteria to differentiate before surgery between adrenal adenomas and adrenal carcinomas. The most recognizable characteristic of malignancy was tumor size, specifically weight greater than 75 gms. Of the three patients with adrenal carcinoma, one expired 20 months after adrenalectomy and 8 months after receiving palliative partial hepatectomy for liver metastasis. Two patients are well with normal growth and development at 11 and 20 years following adrenalectomy. With the exception of one patient who died 6 years after surgery from a glioblastoma multiforme, all patients with adrenal adenomas are well. Eight patients underwent bilateral adrenalectomy for hypercortisolism. Five of the six who have reached their adult stature are significantly stunted. Four of six patients with Cushing's disease, treated by total adrenalectomy, have developed Nelson's syndrome at 2, 6, 10, and 12 years after surgery. Of the two patients undergoing transsphenoidal surgery, one had recurrent disease at 2 years and was treated by pituitary irradiation with recovery. The patients undergoing adrenalectomy for micronodular hyperplasia and ectopic ACTH are well at 2 and 4 years, respectively. Cushing's disease in children and adolescents is best treated by transsphenoidal removal of the pituitary adenoma. Adrenalectomy, once the most accepted approach, plays a secondary role and is indicated primarily in micronodular adrenal hyperplasia, in patients with ectopic ACTH production of an undefined source, and in recurrent Cushing's disease following prior pituitary irradiation. The high incidence of Nelson's syndrome in children treated by adrenalectomy mandates that patients at risk be monitored lifelong for the progression of a pituitary tumor.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 400 WORDS) PMID- 6721604 TI - Surgical judgment in the management of abdominal stab wounds. Utilizing clinical criteria from a 10-year experience. AB - A 10-year retrospective study of patients with stab wounds to the abdomen managed under a protocol of selective management has been performed. Patients were assessed on the basis of clinical presentation and physical examination, with minimal diagnostic studies. Peritoneal lavage was not utilized in the evaluation of the patients. Two hundred and nineteen such patients were identified. One hundred and eleven of these patients were treated nonoperatively. Ninety patients were treated by immediate laparotomy. Eighteen patients, initially observed, underwent delayed laparotomy. One patient, not explored despite clear-cut indications for laparotomy, died of sepsis, emphasizing the need for strict adherence to the stated protocol. The negative or unnecessary laparotomy rate was 7.8%. The false-negative examination rate was 5.5%. Overall mortality rate was 2.3%. The accuracy of careful clinical evaluation and observation is comparable to, or better than, any other method currently available to identify intra abdominal injuries in patients with abdominal stab wounds. The study suggests that selective management of stab wounds of the abdomen may be safely practiced in a smaller community hospital. PMID- 6721605 TI - The Greenville gastric bypass. Progress report at 3 years. AB - Two hundred and ten morbidly obese patients underwent a standardized gastric bypass procedure between February 1980 and November 1983. We conclude, based on 100% follow-up, that the operation is safe (operative mortality--1%, significant complications--10%) and effective (reoperation rate--4%). Only one patient failed to lose more than 25% of preoperative weight. The operation produced a mean weight loss in the group from 289 pounds (202-505) before surgery to 176 pounds (118-308) at 18 months after surgery. Stated as "per cent of ideal weight," patients lost from a preoperative mean of 214% (153-350) to 130% (88-189) at 18 months. Maximum weight loss was reached by 18 months after the procedure and was maintained during 36 months of observation in over 95% of patients. When patients were divided into four groups according to preoperative weight, weight loss occurred at a roughly similar rate, but heavier patients, although they lost more weight, plateaued at a higher weight than patients originally less obese. Striking and objective benefits were seen in patients with diabetes, hypertension, heart disease, and pulmonary insufficiency. PMID- 6721606 TI - Fine needle aspiration cytology in lieu of open biopsy in management of primary breast cancer. AB - Fine needle aspiration (FNA) can be used in place of open breast biopsy in most patients with primary breast cancer. This report summarizes our experience with 398 patients who had FNA of the breast. There was a total of 136 cancers, of which 100 (74%) were diagnosed by FNA. Seventy-one patients had mastectomy without frozen section. Thirteen had an excisional biopsy before mastectomy by preference of the surgeon. These cases occurred early in this series, before the surgeons became confident in the technique. The presence of locally advanced disease was confirmed by FNA in 12 patients and metastases to the breast were confirmed in four. There were no false-positives. Fine needle aspiration was interpreted as "suspicious" but not diagnostic of malignancy in 31 patients and open biopsy was requested. Biopsies demonstrated primary breast carcinoma in 22 patients and metastatic cancer in one. There were 103 patients with FNA negative for cancer who had open biopsy; 102 were confirmed negative, and one was positive for cancer. Fine needle aspiration yielded insufficient material in 38 patients, and 12 of these were found to have carcinoma with open biopsy. Advantages of FNA: It is safe, atraumatic and rapid, and permits definitive discussion about treatment planning at the initial office visit. It obviates the need for frozen section, reducing anesthesia and operative time. Our experience shows that FNA is highly accurate in the diagnosis of breast malignancy if rigorous criteria are used. Although a negative FNA requires biopsy to exclude malignancy, a FNA that is positive for cancer eliminates the need for open biopsy and allows the surgeon to proceed to mastectomy with confidence. PMID- 6721608 TI - Experience with vagotomy--antrectomy and Roux-en-Y gastrojejunostomy in surgical treatment of duodenal, gastric, and stomal ulcers. AB - Gastroduodenostomy (Billroth I) is our reconstruction of choice following gastric resection for gastroduodenal ulcer. Dissatisfaction with a Billroth II anastomosis has led us in recent years to employ a Roux-en-Y diversion in selected cases, particularly those in which the pathologic state of the pyloroduodenal canal would render a Billroth I anastomosis unsafe. During the past 7 years, truncal vagotomy-antrectomy and Roux-en-Y (VARY) has been carried out in 50 selected patients: duodenal ulcer (DU) 13 patients, gastric ulcer (GU) 11 patients, and stomal ulcer (SU) 26 patients. Fourteen patients (28%) developed postoperative complications, of which nine (18%) were of major degree and five (10%) of a lesser degree. No hospital death occurred among the 50 patients. Five patients (10%) developed postoperative delayed gastric emptying and two of the five required revision of the Roux. Forty-five patients had no clinical problems with delayed emptying. Overall results showed a Visick grading of I in 72%, Visick II in 24%, and Visick III in 4%. Further analysis revealed that of the 13 patients with DU who had VARY, 62% were Visick I, 30% Visick II, and 8% Visick III. The 11 GU patients with VARY were graded Visick I 73% and Visick II 27%. Of 26 patients with SU who underwent VARY, 77% were Visick I, 19% Visick II, and 4% Visick III. Mild to moderate dumping took place in 8% of the 50 patients, mild diarrhea 10%, weight loss 10%, and no patient experienced alkaline reflux gastritis. Long-range postoperative gastric emptying studies among nine patients using a radionuclide revealed varying patterns of emptying. Overall clinical results have been satisfactory and we are continuing to use VARY in selected cases, particularly those in which a Billroth I reconstruction appears contraindicated. PMID- 6721607 TI - Surgical treatment of intractable esophagitis. AB - An operative technique combining a 360-degree fundoplication which is stabilized by anchoring the gastroesophageal junction to the middle arcuate ligament was used in a series of 140 patients since 1973. The patients were evaluated 1 year or more after surgery with clinical and radiographic assessment, regardless of complaints. Clinical results have been good in 91%. There has been no operative mortality and minor transient morbidity. X-rays done at least 1 year after surgery were compared with results obtained in 88 patients who had a modification of Hill's posterior gastropexy performed during the earlier years of this experience. The incidence of x-ray abnormalities with the posterior gastropexy was reduced from 23.5% to 5% when fundoplication was used in combination with a posterior gastropexy. The anchorage of the esophagogastric junction to the middle arcuate ligament allows a relatively loose fundoplication and thereby has reduced the incidence of disabling gas-bloat. Stabilizing the fundoplication prevents the occurrence of other complications related to fundoplication such as disruption, migration, and obstruction. This technique avoids the use of sutures in the esophageal wall, thus reducing the potential for perforation, fistula, or injury to the vagus nerves. PMID- 6721609 TI - Early gastric cancer. AB - Although common in Japan, early gastric cancer (EGC = gastric adenocarcinoma confined to the mucosa and submucosa of the stomach, with or without regional lymph node metastases) is thought to be an infrequent occurrence in the United States. However, a review of all "curative" resections for carcinoma of the gastric body and antrum at the University of Virginia between 1974 and 1982 revealed EGC in five of 31 patients (16%). The purpose of the present study was to compare EGC to more advanced gastric cancer (ADV; n = 26) to determine whether any presenting historical, laboratory, x-ray, or endoscopic features distinguished the two groups before surgery and to ascertain whether postoperative survival in the United States mimicked the Japanese experience. All surviving patients were contacted, all charts were abstracted, all pathologic specimens were reexamined, and all radiographs were reviewed blindly by an experienced radiologist. Statistical evaluation was accomplished using Kaplan Meier plots, chi square analysis, and unpaired "t" tests, as appropriate. At presentation, patients with EGC were younger (44 +/- 6 vs. 67 +/- 2 years, p less than 0.01) with higher admission albumin levels (4.1 +/- 0.2 vs. 3.7 +/- 0.1 mgm/dl, p less than 0.01). Although not significantly different, admission hemoglobin tended to be higher (41 +/- 2 vs. 35 +/- 2%), the incidence of weight loss tended to be less (40 vs. 65%), duration of symptoms tended to be longer (21 +/- 11 vs. 8 +/- 3 months), and tumor diameter tended to be smaller (1.7 +/- 0.6 vs. 5.8 +/- 0.7 cm) in EGC. No differences were apparent with respect to endoscopic or radiographic appearance, tumor location (greater than 70% antrum), presence of regional lymph node metastases (EGC = 2/5; ADV = 20/26), or type of resection (subtotal gastrectomy in 4/5 EGC, in 19/26 ADV). On median 5-year follow-up, however, survival with EGC has been 100%. In contrast, the Kaplan Meier estimate of 5-year survival in ADV is 15% (42% with muscularis invasion, 0% with serosal invasion, 12% with extra-gastric spread; p less than 0.01 vs. EGC). One suture line recurrence in EGC was successfully treated by re-resection. No ADV patient with recurrence survives (p less than 0.01). Thus, EGC behaves similarly in the United States and Japan; for example, prognosis is excellent even in the presence of lymph node metastases. Inability to distinguish EGC from ADV before surgery justifies an aggressive surgical approach to all patients with resectable gastric neoplasms. PMID- 6721611 TI - Inhibition of Leishmania amastigote growth by antipain and leupeptin. AB - Antipain and leupeptin were found to be potent inhibitors of the growth of Leishmania mexicana mexicana amastigotes in explanted mouse unstimulated peritoneal macrophages. Antipain at 100 mg l-1 reduced eight-fold the percentage of macrophages infected and to 5% of the control the number of amastigotes present after seven days incubation. At 1 mg l-1, antipain and leupeptin were as effective antileishmanial agents as pentamidine isethionate, all three stopping parasite multiplication over the seven-day incubation. PMID- 6721610 TI - Longitudinal pancreaticojejunostomy in chronic relapsing pancreatitis with onset in childhood. AB - Despite the rarity of chronic relapsing pancreatitis in children, in the last 15 years at Vanderbilt University Medical Center and its Children's Hospital we have used longitudinal pancreaticojejunostomy in treatment of eight patients whose symptoms began in childhood. Duration of symptoms ranged from 2 to 36 years. Seven of the eight patients had hereditary pancreatitis. Recurrent epigastric pain was characteristic and serum amylase was elevated in all patients on admission or shortly thereafter. Demonstration of an obstructed dilated pancreatic duct in all and stones in seven of eight patients by operative pancreatography in three early patients and by endoscopic retrograde cholangiopancreatography (ERCP) in five others established the therapeutic problem and facilitated treatment by removal of stones and longitudinal pancreaticojejunostomy. Results were uniformly excellent, both in the early postoperative period and in long-range follow-ups. Early diagnosis and early surgical drainage of the obstructed pancreatic duct by longitudinal pancreaticojejunostomy are desirable objectives in chronic relapsing pancreatitis with onset in childhood. PMID- 6721612 TI - Inbred mice as model hosts for cutaneous leishmaniasis. I. Resistance and susceptibility to infection with Leishmania braziliensis, L. mexicana, and L. aethiopica. AB - The susceptibility of 12 strains of inbred mice representing a broad genetic spectrum to infection of Leishmania braziliensis, L. mexicana and L. aethiopica was determined. Levels of susceptibility were evaluated by gross morphology of lesions, evidence of resolution, persistence of parasites at the site of inoculation, and visceralization to the spleen or liver following inoculation in noses. Very different patterns of responses were noted among the infections with the three species of Leishmania. Among the strains of inbred mice infected with L. braziliensis, patterns of cutaneous lesion development indicated a broad range of susceptibilities and responses. Two strains of inbred mice (AKR/J and CBA/J) showed only a slight and transient swelling of the nose. The SWR/J, C57L/J, A/J, A/HeJ and DBA/1J showed initial swellings or nodules which eventually resolved. In contrast, the BALB/cJ mice were ranked as most susceptible, based on progressive dermal lesions and visceralization. Four strains of inbred mice (C3H/HeJ, C57BL/6J, CBA/J and CBA/CaJ) showed no evidence of infection. Lesion development in most strains of inbred mice infected with L. mexicana occurred later than with L. braziliensis but was then more rapidly progressive with no indication of resolution. Two strains (C3H/HeJ and C57BL/6J) showed no evidence of infection. Only slight swellings of the nose were seen in the 12 strains of inbred mice infected with L. aethiopica; however, parasites were isolated by culture from apparently normal noses in five groups (A/HeJ, AKR/J, BALB/cJ, DBA/2J and SWR/J). PMID- 6721613 TI - Affinity separation and partial characterization of serologically active Leishmania donovani antigens. AB - Leishmania donovani-soluble antigens capable of antibody production in rabbits were separated from the total antigenic make-up of the parasite by adsorption on to anti-Leishmania immunoglobulins coupled to CNBr-activated Sepharose 4B (ALIG). Immune rabbit sera were produced either by intravenous inoculation of living promastigotes or by intradermal and subcutaneous inoculation of soluble antigens. Approximately four times as much soluble antigen was bound to ALIG produced by i.v. than i.d. and s.c. inoculation although the percentage recovery was less. The antigenic fractions recovered were subjected to immunoelectrophoresis, isoelectric point and molecular weight determination. The results of affinity chromatography indicate high antigen-antibody interaction affinity, the recovery of at least 28 antigens (with 0.15 M NaCl, pH 11.0) and complete loss of serological activity (determined by immunoelectrophoresis) on treatment with 8 M urea. PMID- 6721614 TI - Biting activity and resting behaviour of Anopheles merus Donitz (Diptera: Culicidae) on the Kenya Coast. AB - Behavioural studies on An. merus were conducted during a period of 11 months in Jimbo, a village on the Kenya Coast. The biting activity of An. merus both outdoors and indoors attained a peak between 24.00 and 01.00 hours. The mosquito showed a stronger tendency to bite outdoors than indoors and was markedly exophilic. Various outdoor resting sites were also identified. PMID- 6721615 TI - Acetone-fixed, Giemsa-stained thick blood films for the diagnosis of malaria. PMID- 6721616 TI - Non-poisonous adhesives for capture of desert rodent reservoirs of leishmaniasis. PMID- 6721618 TI - [Origin of the left coronary artery from the trunk of the pulmonary artery. Report of a case]. AB - The congenital anomalies of the coronary arteries are varied. The left trunk arising from the pulmonary artery is a rare and serious one. With coronary angiography the diagnosis is possible. The surgical technics offer an effective treatment. We report the first case with these anomalies at the Instituto Nacional de Cardiologia Ignacio Chavez. It was diagnosed with coronary angiography and it was treated by suturing the left main coronary artery in its origin, and with implantation of a safenous vein graft between the aorta and the left main coronary artery. The results were satisfactory. PMID- 6721619 TI - [13th National Congress of Cardiology. Guadalajara, Mexico, 13-17 November 1983. Abstracts]. PMID- 6721617 TI - [Simplified method of obtaining the correction factor for calculating ventricular volumes]. AB - For the accurate measurement of ventricular volume it is required the obtainment of a correction factor for the magnification caused by the non-parallel X-rays and the "pincushion" distortion, which causes more magnification in the periphery than in the center of the fluoroscopic field. The Kasser and Kennedy method is based in the attainment of the relation between the actual and projected dimensions of a micrometrically calibrated grid filmed at the distance measured between the intensifier tube and the mid-thoracic line during the ventriculography. This technique is very accurate but expensive and troublesome. With the simpler catheter method it is obtained the relation between the projected and actual linear dimensions of the ventriculographic catheter inmediately before ventriculography. This study was aimed to compare the accuracy of the catheter method and two other proposed methods, in which the relation between the projected and actual dimensions were obtained by filming one central coin or five arranged through the fluoroscopic field at the distance measured between the tube and the patients during the ventriculography. These four correction factors were obtained in 15 patients undergoing a diagnostic cardiac catheterization. The catheter method showed a poor correlation with the grid method (r = 0.34), while both coin methods showed a high correlation with the grid method (r = 0.93 and 0.92, respectively). It is concluded that the catheter method is inaccurate and therefore is unwise to use it for the estimation of ventricular volumes. Because the peripheric distortion is clinically unimportant, the central coin methods is proposed as a simplified method for obtaining the magnification correction factor.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS) PMID- 6721620 TI - An interaction of endogenous and exogenous opiates in the guinea-pig isolated ileum. AB - In the myenteric plexus-longitudinal muscle preparation of the guinea-pig ileum an interaction of exogenously applied opiates with posttetanic inhibition was studied. The electric tetanic stimulation (30 Hz) evoking the release of endogenous opioids resulted in an inhibition of neurogenic cholinergic twitch contractions (0.1 Hz) of the same preparation. This posttetanic inhibition was largely attenuated or even reversed into potentiation if tested in the presence of ketocyclazocine (40 nmol/l) or pentazocine (0.3 and 3 mumol/l) and also methionine-enkephalin (0.2 and 2 mumol/l) or morphine (1 mumol/l) while it was not affected in the presence of leucine-enkephalin (2 mumol/l) or D-Ala2-D-Leu5 enkephalin (40 and 400 nmol/l). An involvement of kappa- and mu-opiate receptors in the action of the endogenous mediator(s) of posttetanic inhibition is suggested. PMID- 6721621 TI - The use of the writhing test in mice for screening different types of analgesics. AB - The prostaglandin synthesis inhibitors studied were highly potent analgesics against ATP and ACh-induced writhing, but slightly effective or ineffective against MgSO4-induced pain. Morphine also proved to be more effective against ATP and ACh than against MgSO4-induced writhing. ATP and ACh-induced writhing syndrome could be inhibited by the prostaglandin receptor antagonist- Sc-19220. However, Sc-19220 failed to inhibit writhing elicited by MgSO4. The concentration of malondialdehyde was significantly higher in the peritoneal fluid following intraperitoneal injection of ATP and ACh, but was unaltered when MgSO4 was applied as a challenge substance. These results suggest that the prostaglandin system might be involved in the ATP- and ACh- but not in MgSO4-induced pain reaction. PMID- 6721622 TI - Effects of DL-allylglycine, alone or in combination with morphine, on passive avoidance behaviour in C57BL/6 mice. AB - In a first set of experiments the posttrial intraperitoneal acute administration of the GAD-inhibitor DL-allylglycine impaired the memory processes of C57BL/6 (C57) mice tested in a passive avoidance apparatus. Memory improvements were, on the contrary, observed following morphine treatment. These effects were dose- and time-dependent. They were, in particular, evident if mice were injected immediately, or 30 min, but not 60 min, after training in the apparatus, and were absent in the no-footshock groups, suggesting lack of proactive effects of the drugs on performance. In a second set of experiments, the posttraining administration of allylglycine, at a per se ineffective dose (5 mg/kg), antagonized the memory improvement exerted by the administration of morphine (0.5 or 1.0 mg/kg). The results support the hypothesis of an involvement of GABAergic mechanisms in the memory consolidation processes, and suggest the possibility that GABAergic systems play a role in the effects of morphine on memory in C57BL/6 mice. PMID- 6721623 TI - ATP-dependent Ca-uptake by rat vas deferens smooth muscle microsomes: properties of oxalate stimulated and oxalate-independent Ca-uptake. AB - The oxalate-stimulated and -independent components of the ATP-dependent azide insensitive Ca-uptake by rat vas deferens smooth muscle microsomes differ in the following properties: (a) 5, 5'-disulfonate stilbene (DIDS) and digitonin inhibited the oxalate-independent Ca-uptake more strongly than the oxalate stimulated component; (b) phosphatidylserine inhibited the oxalate-stimulated Ca uptake and had no significant effect on the oxalate-independent uptake and (c) digitonin treatment of microsomes changed the density distributions of the two modes differentially. The untreated microsomes gave two Ca-uptake peaks on sucrose density gradients: one at density 1.130 +/- 0.010 g/ml and the other at 1.214 +/- 0.005 g/ml. Digitonin treatment shifted the distribution of the lower density peak to slightly higher density for the oxalate-independent Ca-uptake but not for the oxalate-stimulated Ca-uptake. Distribution of phosphodiesterase I was also shifted to higher densities while distributions of the higher density Ca uptake peak, NADPH: cytochrome c reductase and of cytochrome c oxidase were not significantly altered. Thus clearly the oxalate-stimulated and the oxalate independent Ca-uptake in rat vas deferens smooth muscle microsomes show several differences but it is unknown whether the differences are due to the existence of two distinct Ca-pump proteins or due to different microenvironment of the same protein resulting from membrane heterogeneity. PMID- 6721624 TI - Correlation of the hemodynamic and pharmacokinetic profile of intravenous milrinone in the anesthetized dog. AB - The relationship between the hemodynamic effects of milrinone and its plasma concentration was studied in the anesthetized instrumented dog. Milrinone was administered intravenously either as a single bolus of 10, 30 or 100 micrograms/kg or infused at a rate of 10 micrograms/kg/min. The changes in drug plasma concentration and cardiovascular parameters were determined simultaneously during the course of drug action. The intravenous bolus injections of milrinone caused dose-dependent increases in its maximum plasma concentration that resulted in concomitant increases in both cardiac contractile force and heart rate with simultaneous decreases in systolic and diastolic blood pressure. The intravenous infusion of milrinone caused parallel increases in both drug plasma concentration and cardiac contractile force; following termination of the milrinone infusion, there was a gradual decline in both its plasma concentration and in its inotropic activity, with a similar time course for these two parameters. A positive correlation (r = 0.78; p less than 0.008) was obtained between milrinone plasma concentration and its inotropic effect. PMID- 6721625 TI - Effects of 4 antiarrhythmic drugs on sinoatrial conduction time in isolated and blood-perfused dog atria. AB - We examined the effects of four antiarrhythmic drugs (quinidine, disopyramide, procainamide and propranolol) on sinus cycle length (SCL), sinoatrial conduction time (SACT) measured by a constant atrial pacing technique, and atrial developed tension (DT), using isolated blood-perfused dog atrial preparations. When an infusion rate of 10-40 micrograms/min of quinidine, disopyramide or procainamide was continuously given into the sinus node artery and propranolol at a rate of 1 4 micrograms/min, all the agents prolonged SCL and SACT, and reduced DT dose dependently, but not in the same fashion. Propranolol caused almost a parallel action in prolongation of SCL and SACT, and reduction of DT in increasing doses. Quinidine, disopyramide and procainamide caused negative inotropic and chronotropic effects with only a small prolongation of SACT in a relatively small dose. At larger doses, quinidine and disopyramide produced a relatively more marked prolongation of SACT than procainamide. In the doses used, quinidine, disopyramide and procainamide caused relatively small depression of DT in contrast to propranolol. The order of potencies for inducing a prolongation of SACT was propranolol greater than quinidine = disopyramide greater than procainamide. PMID- 6721626 TI - Preventive and reverse effects of nifedipine on human bronchoconstriction "in vitro". AB - The effects of nifedipine, a calcium channel blocking agent, on human bronchoconstriction induced by acetylcholine and histamine were studied in vitro. Bronchial preparations were obtained from 13 patients undergoing surgery for bronchial carcinoma. Bronchial strips were mounted for continuous isometric tension recording. Acetylcholine and histamine caused bronchoconstrictions, but the constrictive effects were inhibited by 2.9 X 10(-6) M nifedipine. At a concentration of 2.9 X 10(-6) M nifedipine increased by 22-fold the concentration of acetylcholine required to produce a 50% of maximal contraction of bronchial strips, and by 160-fold the concentration of histamine required. Nifedipine also reversed already established bronchoconstrictions by acetylcholine and histamine. The percentage of contraction at 20 min after 2.9 X 10(-6) M nifedipine was 7 +/- 11.1% (mean +/- SEM) and - 21 +/- 20.0% of the control maximal response by 10(-3) M acetylcholine and 10(-3) M histamine, respectively. Thus, nifedipine clearly prevented and reversed pharmacologically-induced bronchoconstriction in humans. These results suggest that it is valuable to administer nifedipine to prevent and treat asthma attack. PMID- 6721627 TI - Isoprenoid quinone composition of representatives of the genus Campylobacter. AB - The isoprenoid quinone composition of 17 strains representing nine species or sub species of the genus Campylobacter was investigated. All strains produced similar respiratory quinone patterns consisting of unsaturated menaquinones with six isoprene units and a novel unidentified quinone. Mass spectral analysis indicate the unknown compound has six isoprene units and a formula C42H58O2. The present study indicates respiratory quinones may be useful generic markers for Campylobacter. PMID- 6721628 TI - Morphological anomalies induced by Congo red in Aspergillus niger. AB - Aspergillus niger germ tubes were exposed for 6 h to 0.15 mg/ml of Congo red, a stain which prevents chitin microfibril assembly. The most evident alterations, detected under ultraviolet light and by transmission and scanning electron microscopy, concerned the hyphal tips which burst or, most frequently, expanded into bulges. In the latter structures, new hyphal tips appeared which, after giving rise to more or less developed hyphae, were themselves converted into new bulges. Therefore, segments derived from isotropic and polarized growth alternated in the organisms exposed to the dye. An interpretation of these abnormalities is advanced based upon the assumption that the maintainance of a regular gradient of wall viscosity in the hyphal extension zone depends primarily on the capability of glycan chains to form crystalline aggregates of increasing complexity. PMID- 6721629 TI - Determination of cell wall teichoic acid structure of staphylococci by rapid chemical and serological screening methods. AB - Investigations of cell wall teichoic acid structures of various staphylococci were carried out by a rapid method based on the gas-liquid chromatographic separation of products obtained after treatment of phenol-extracted cells with 70% hydrofluoric acid. In most of the strains teichoic acids of the poly(glycerolphosphate) and/or poly(ribitol-phosphate) type were found. Teichoic acids of the poly(glycerolphosphate-N-acetylglucosaminephosphate) type and polymers consisting of N-acetylglucosaminephosphate were present in few strains. The results obtained by the rapid chemical screening method were compared with data obtained by serological analysis of teichoic acid structures using specific antisera and the lectin wheat germ agglutinin. Teichoic acid components occurring in low concentrations could only be detected with the chemical and not with the serological method. A number of strains of species of the genus Staphylococcus have been studied using these rapid methods. With a few exceptions, the teichoic acid structure proved to be a constant marker within a given species. PMID- 6721630 TI - [Intracranial meningiomas and epilepsy]. PMID- 6721631 TI - [The bulbocavernous reflex in the differential diagnosis of impotence]. PMID- 6721632 TI - [Excretion of 3,4-dimethoxyphenylethylamine. Central and peripheral synthesis]. PMID- 6721633 TI - [Effect of prolonged administration of sex steroids on the L leucineaminopeptidase activity of the hypothalamus, cerebral cortex and amygdala of intact and ovariectomized rats]. PMID- 6721635 TI - [Diagnostic importance of the manganese content of cattle hair. 1. Effect of exogenous factors on the manganese concentration of the covered hair of cattle]. PMID- 6721634 TI - [Effect of heminevrin on the oxidative metabolism of various rat tissues in vitro]. PMID- 6721636 TI - [Diagnostic importance of the manganese content of cattle hair. 3. Cleaning the hair, a prerequisite for the determination of physiological manganese levels]. PMID- 6721637 TI - [Differentiation of Bordetella bronchiseptica strains. 3. Brief study of different reaction of various mouse lines to Bordetella bronchiseptica strains]. PMID- 6721638 TI - [Karyovolumetric reactions of large cell neurosecretory nuclear regions, supraoptic nucleus and paraventricular nucleus, in swine and calves and their possible relation to sexual function]. PMID- 6721639 TI - [Metabolic studies of pregnant and nonpregnant gilts]. PMID- 6721640 TI - [Diagnostic importance of the manganese content cattle hair. 4. Physiologically based manganese concentration of cattle hair and the critical appraisal of the so called hair test theory]. PMID- 6721641 TI - [Measurement of the phagocytic activity of swine blood using a radioreagent technic]. PMID- 6721642 TI - [Progesterone determination for reproduction control in cows using tritium radioimmunoassay. 1. Methods and choice of specimen]. PMID- 6721643 TI - [Progesterone determination for reproduction control in cows using tritium radioimmunoassay. 2. Results of experimental and production studies]. PMID- 6721644 TI - [Diagnostic importance of the manganese content of cattle hair. 2. Manganese content of hair and its dependence on environmental factors]. PMID- 6721645 TI - [Effect of colostrum intake on protein concentration in the blood of young goats]. PMID- 6721647 TI - [Effect of chronic metabolic acidosis on the phagocytic activity of neutrophilic granulocytes in young cattle]. PMID- 6721646 TI - [Mineralization of the skeleton in various stages of lactation--a contribution to formal pathogenesis and diagnosis of "lactation osteoporosis" in dairy cows]. PMID- 6721648 TI - [Phagocytic activity of neutrophilic granulocytes and antibody formation in weaned piglets following immunization with human protein (methodological principles]. PMID- 6721649 TI - [Supraventricular arrhythmia in newborn infants and interatrial septal aneurysm]. AB - Three neonates with relapsing supraventricular arrhythmia, diagnosed in utero in one case, presented with aneurysm of the atrial septum (AAS) found at TM and bidimensional echocardiographic examination. Arrhythmia consisted of atrial flutter 1/1 or 2/1 (1 case) or supraventricular extrasystoles with episodes of supraventricular tachycardia (2 cases). Although AAS not associated with congenital heart disease related with a downstream obstacle on the right or left heart is considered a rare condition, it is likely that echocardiography will disclose it more frequently. Anyhow, it seems worthwhile searching for it in cases with apparently primary supraventricular arrhythmias. Although the precise relationships between arrhythmia and AAS are not yet known, one could suggest that this organic anomaly is susceptible of originating and of maintaining the arrhythmia longer, if not in a more sever fashion, than in neonatal isolated arrhythmia, especially without any preexcitation syndrome. Further studies are necessary for a better understanding of the meaning and mechanism of such an association. PMID- 6721650 TI - [Ambulatory treatment of diabetes in children by continuous subcutaneous infusion of insulin using a portable pump]. AB - Six diabetic children, aged 2 to 4 years, were selected for continuous subcutaneous insulin infusion (SCII) therapy using a portable pump, because of unstable glycemic control. Under previous conventional insulin therapy, they experienced both chronic hyperglycemia (mean: 2.10 +/- 0.07 milligrams, HbA1 C: 9.02 +/- 0.2%) and frequent or severe hypoglycemic manifestations. Reduction of both glycemic level: 1.08 +/- 0.04 milligrams (p less than 0.01) and instability: M index 0.76 +/- 0.2 vs 5.5 +/- 1.4 (p less than 0.01) was obtained the first week after CSII therapy was started. The metabolic improvement was maintained over 5 to 9 months of ambulatory CSII therapy: HbA1 C decreased down to 7.6 +/- 0.6% (p less than 0.05), while hypoglycemic episodes became rare. The portable insulin delivery system was well tolerated both physically and psychologically by 5/6 of the children and their families. PMID- 6721651 TI - [Ectodermal dysplasia and familial ectrodactyly]. AB - The purpose of this report is to describe a familial observation of EEC syndrome (ectrodactyly, ectodermal dysplasia, cleft palate). The two cases, a boy and his mother, had no cleft palate but the teeth malformations were typical of this affection. The variability of the syndrome is discussed. PMID- 6721652 TI - [Mediterranean boutonneuse fever. Apropos of a fatal case in a newborn infant]. AB - The authors report the case of a 20 day-old neonate who presented with boutonneuse fever. According to their knowledge, this is the first reported case occurring in a neonate. In this child, the infection seemed to be unusually severe with rapid evolution and encephalic signs. PMID- 6721653 TI - [Extensive cerebral infarction in a case of hemolytic-uremic syndrome]. AB - A hemolytic-uremic syndrome is reported in a 9 month-old girl. It was remarkable because of the severity of the renal lesions, which ended in terminal renal failure; there were also neurologic changes, responsible for a coma of 3 month duration and for right-sided hemiplegia. Two CT scan examinations showed a left hemispherical hypodensity, resulting from a largely extended infarction in the sylvian area. After a 3 year's follow-up, the magnitude of the clinical improvement shows the possibility of neurologic recovery in children. PMID- 6721654 TI - [Congenital familial dwarfism with cephaloskeletal dysplasia (Taybi-Linder syndrome)]. AB - The authors report the case of an infant presenting with a syndrome associating dwarfism, microcephaly, facial dysmorphy and important skeletal abnormalities consisting of radiologic changes concerning the skull, long bones, vertebrae, pelvis, ribs, metacarpus and metatarsus. Severe cerebral atrophy and neurologic involvement were responsible for death in the first year of life. This rare syndrome is likely to have an autosomal recessive transmission. PMID- 6721655 TI - [Radiological case of the month: finger growth disorders, sequelae of purpura fulminans]. PMID- 6721656 TI - [Accidents in children. Epidemiologic studies of a rural and an urban area]. AB - This study concerns all types of accidents which occurred within 1 year in children less than 15 years of age in 2 limited geographic areas: one urban, the other rural. 937 accidents have been registered. The accidental morbidity rate is 90 per 1,000 and the mortality rate 0.2 per 1,000 (close to the national average). Approximately 30% of accidents occur at home, 30% at school, 40% outside. Accidental death is more frequent in males, this difference increasing after the age of 10 years. The cost of the care was rather high, even though most of the accidents have had minor or no consequences. Nevertheless, 1% of them have been very serious involving either severe injury cured without sequelae (0.2 per 1,000), definite sequelae (0.6 per 1,000) or death (0.2 per 1,000). PMID- 6721657 TI - [Transient hyperphosphatasemia in infancy. Apropos of a case]. PMID- 6721658 TI - [Neonatal jaundice in AB fetomaternal incompatibility]. PMID- 6721659 TI - [Dangers of camphor dressings in children]. PMID- 6721660 TI - [Pediatric dermatomyositis. Apropos of 28 cases]. AB - The authors report 28 cases of juvenile dermatomyositis. Bohan and Peter criteria were fulfilled in all cases. All children received a treatment with prednisone as soon as diagnosis was established. Five patients (18%) died during this treatment. The remaining children were followed for at least 2 years after prednisone treatment was discontinued. An acute onset was found in 4 of the 5 children who died and in 6 of 23 children still alive. Swallowing disorders were present in all children who died and in 11 of the children still alive. Ten children recovered fully and 13 presented with sequellae. The average interval between clinical onset and diagnosis was 2 months 19 days for the children who recovered and 5 months 21 days for those presenting with sequellae. The average duration of the period of activity of dermatomyositis was 6 months for the children who recovered and 3 years 4 months for those with sequellae. PMID- 6721661 TI - [Kinetics of the testicular steroidogenic response to stimulation with placental gonadotropin in the prepuberal boy]. AB - The kinetics of the plasma level responses of steroid hormones to a single injection of human chorionic gonadotrophin (hCG) (100 Ul/kg) was studied for one week in 7 prepubertal boys. Plasma testosterone levels progressively increased up to 8.22 +/- 1.33 nmol/l, usually at the 100th hour. The kinetics of dihydrotestosterone was quite similar. On the other and, progesterone, 17 alpha hydroxyprogesterone and delta 4-androstenedione did not change significantly; 17 beta-estradiol slightly increased 5 to 7 days later. This profile of response is deeply different from those observed in adults, in whom are observed an early response (24 hrs) of 17 alpha-hydroxyprogesterone and estradiol and a two-phase response of testosterone. These results show that the hCG-induced steroidogenic desensitization is present only in patients previously exposed to a certain level of gonadotrophic stimulation (endogenous or exogenous). PMID- 6721662 TI - [Intramural hematoma of the duodenum and chronic pancreatitis after jejunal biopsy]. AB - A 12 year-old boy presented with duodenal hematoma in the hours following small bowel biopsy. Two years later, he presented with abdominal pain and diarrhea. Investigations allowed to find a chronic calcified pancreatitis, which is suggested to be the consequence of the previous duodenal hematoma. PMID- 6721663 TI - [Wandering spleen. Apropos of a case in a 4-year-old girl]. AB - The case of a 4 year-old girl with ectopic spleen is reported. The diagnostic values of ultrasonography and scintigraphy are emphasized. PMID- 6721664 TI - [Iconography: neonatal brain abscess]. PMID- 6721665 TI - [The metabolic patient: a patient... rich in lessons]. PMID- 6721666 TI - [Severe neonatal thrombopenia. Analysis of the etiologic data on 64 cases]. AB - In many cases of neonatal thrombocytopenia, etiology does not fit with usually known causes. Analyzing, in an intensive care unit, 64 cases of severe neonatal thrombocytopenia (platelets less than 50 x 10(9)/l before hour 72), the authors attempted to determine other possible causes of the disorder. In this study, classical etiologies were present in 33% of cases. In the other 67%, hypotrophy and/or hypoxia were significantly more frequent (p less than 0.01) than in the first group. With reference to clinical and experimental data in the literature, the possible role of acute or chronic hypoxia as a cause of thrombocytopenia is discussed. PMID- 6721667 TI - [Prognosis of the systemic forms of juvenile chronic arthritis. Apropos of 100 cases]. AB - The records of 100 children presenting with systemic juvenile rheumatoid arthritis were studied retrospectively. The precocity of onset and intensity of initial extra-articular signs did not seem to be correlated with a more severe outcome. On the other hand, the number of arthritides present during the first 6 months seemed to be associated with a different prognosis: the oligo- or abarticular forms generally had a better prognosis. In girls, onset was earlier and remissions were twice more frequent than in boys. Contrary to all other joints, the hip was susceptible of a radiological improvement in 25% of cases. Joint disabilities, especially of the wrist, were initially related to inflammation and pain; secondarily, they were chiefly related to the anatomic evolution, resulting in fusion of the joint spaces. At the last clinical examination after a 10 year's evolution, half of patients were in clinical remission, either without articular sequellae, with sequellae, the most severe of which being the hip involvement; 25% of patients still had systemic symptoms; 25% presented with polyarthritis with persisting biological and articular inflammatory signs. PMID- 6721668 TI - A comparative outcome study of individual, group, and conjoint psychotherapy. AB - Sixty-four outpatients were assigned to individual, group, or conjoint psychotherapy with experienced private clinicians. The length of the treatments ("cognitive insight" or "affective insight" therapies) averaged 26.8 sessions. To examine comparative outcomes, patients and significant others were assessed on both general outcome measures (eg, symptoms, target complaints) and mode-specific indexes (eg, private self-awareness, interpersonal functioning, and family environment). The most notable finding was the significant improvement of the sample as a whole at both termination and follow-up (average, 31 weeks). When differential outcomes did appear, they were more often attributable to differences among therapists and to interactive effects (ie, a particular fit between specific patient characteristics and a specific mode of therapy) than to main effects for any single therapy. The findings also demonstrated the importance of a systems approach to understanding fully the effects of psychotherapy because the patient's view of the family, the significant other's view of the patient, and the significant other's own adjustment tended to vary together, regardless of the mode of treatment. PMID- 6721670 TI - Does behavior therapy normalize the classroom behavior of hyperactive children? AB - This study evaluated the effectiveness of eight weeks of intensive behavioral treatment in normalizing the classroom behavior of 28 children with attention deficit disorder with hyperactivity (ADDH). Using blind classroom observers, treatment efficacy was examined for full normalization, partial normalization, and the rate of hyperactive children classified as being like normals. Evidence for normalization was scarce. With treatment, there was no significant change in the percentage of hyperactive children classified as normal. Some normalization gains were found at midtreatment but were not sustained. Attention, activity, and impulsivity, the primary features of ADDH, were not normalized. Aggression, however, was consistently and fully normalized. The modification of aggression does not appear to remedy hyperactive behaviors. The clinical meaningfulness of treatment was minimal; the hyperactive children remained deviant in many aspects of classroom conduct. PMID- 6721669 TI - Brief psychotherapy of bereavement reactions. The relationship of process to outcome. AB - We studied the relationship of dispositional and process variables with outcome in 52 bereaved patients given time-limited dynamic psychotherapy. Outcomes were generally favorable in symptom relief and improvement in relationship and occupational functioning. Patients' symptoms improved more than did their social and work functioning. Pretreatment levels of impairment or distress were significantly related to outcome, but most demographic and dispositional variables did not predict outcome. Process variables examined in relation to outcome--therapeutic alliance and actions by the therapist--were not significantly related to either type of outcome. When we considered the same process variables in interaction with two dispositional variables, motivation for dynamic therapy and developmental level of the self-concept, we found significant predictions of outcome. The major findings suggest that more exploratory actions were more suitable for highly motivated and/or better-organized patients and less suitable for patients with lower levels of motivation or organization of self concept. More supportive actions were more suitable for patients at lower dispositional levels and less therapeutic for patients at higher levels. PMID- 6721671 TI - Growth hormone secretion in prepubertal children with major depression. II. Sleep related plasma concentrations during a depressive episode. AB - Plasma growth hormone (GH) concentrations were determined every 20 minutes during sleep in 71 prepubertal children: 22 had endogenous major depressive disorder, 20 had nonendogenous major depressive disorder, 21 had nondepressed neurotic disorders, and eight were normal. Both depressive groups secreted significantly more GH during sleep than did controls. Measures included maximal GH plasma peak and area under the curve (AUC) during the total sleep period, during the first three hours after sleep onset, and during the first five hours after sleep onset. An AUC cutoff of 2,000 ng X min/mL identified positively half the prepubertal children with major depression; with a specificity of 78% (v neurotics) and 100% (v normal children). Increased GH secretion during sleep may be a marker of illness, a past episode, or trait for prepubertal major depression regardless of endogenicity. PMID- 6721672 TI - Growth hormone secretion in prepubertal children with major depression. IV. Sleep related plasma concentrations in a drug-free, fully recovered clinical state. AB - Prepubertal children with major depressive disorder have shown increased growth hormone (GH) secretion during sleep while in a depressive episode. When restudied in a fully recovered state (for at least three months) and drug free (for at least one month), their increased GH secretory pattern during sleep had not changed. Illness-recovery correlations using area under the curve for GH secretion during sleep were highly significant, whereas paired comparisons showed no significant differences. In addition, children who had recovered from major depressive episodes secreted significantly more GH during sleep than did nondepressed neurotic and normal children. No significant differences in delta sleep were found in the depressed group between ill and recovered states nor among those who had recovered from major depressive episodes or controls. It is concluded that increased GH secretion during sleep is independent of depressive episodes, remains unaltered after full recovery, and may be a true marker of trait for major depressive disorder in prepuberty. PMID- 6721673 TI - Comparative diagnostic criteria for melancholia and endogenous depression. AB - Five scales were evaluated for the diagnosis of melancholia or endogenous depression. Of 21 total items, none appeared in all five scales, but four items occurred in four of the scales: autonomy of mood, prevasive anhedonia, psychomotor change, and guilt. Vegetative changes were represented inconsistently, with anorexia and weight loss in three scales, as was distinct quality of mood. Thereafter, item agreement between the scales fell off. Scale performance was tested in 50 depressive patients. Major differences were found in frequency of melancholia and scale orientation toward inpatients and outpatients. A number of old controversies remain dormant in these scales. Unresolved are the relationship between melancholia and severity of depression; the relevance of precipitating events, previous depressive episodes, type of onset, and adequacy of personality; and whether to classify by category or continuum. The merits of statistically and consensually derived scales also need to be evaluated. PMID- 6721675 TI - More on combination antidepressant therapy. PMID- 6721674 TI - Growth hormone and prolactin response to apomorphine in schizophrenia and the major affective disorders. Relation to duration of illness and depressive symptoms. AB - The responses of serum prolactin (PRL) and growth hormone (GH) to the dopamine agonist apomorphine hydrochloride (0.75 mg subcutaneously) were studied in a large group of unmedicated hospitalized patients with functional psychoses. There were no differences in the GH response in various diagnostic groups. The PRL response was greater in patients with affective disorders. The GH response was inversely related to total duration of illness in the entire sample of patients, but this correlation was independent of age effect only in the group of patients with major depression. In schizophrenics, the effect of the two factors, age and duration of the illness, could not be separated. The apomorphine-induced GH response was significantly correlated with psychosis ratings and negative symptom scale scores. The apomorphine-induced PRL suppression correlated significantly with various measures of depression across diagnostic groups. PMID- 6721677 TI - Influence of infection with an influenza A virus (fowl plague) on Ca++-uptake and lipid metabolism of chick embryo cells in culture. AB - After infection of primary chick embryo cells with an influenza A virus (FPV) the synthesis of polar lipids was specifically inhibited, while mono-, di- and triacylglycerols and fatty acids accumulated. Influx of Ca++ accelerated and Ca++ accumulated in the infected cells. Since enzymes like choline phosphotransferase are sensitive to high concentrations of Ca++, specific inhibition of the synthesis of polar lipids is presumably due to an increased influx of Ca++ by the infection. PMID- 6721676 TI - Infection of specific-pathogen free lambs with a herpesvirus isolated from pulmonary adenomatosis. AB - In two experiments, 18 specific-pathogen free (SPF) lambs were inoculated by several routes with the Scottish strain of caprine herpesvirus 1 (CHV 1). Seventeen of the lambs developed interstitial changes in the lungs ranging from focal cellular infiltration to a widespread proliferative pneumonia. Five weeks after the initial inoculation 3 lambs were given a course of corticosteroid by intravenous injection. Subsequently virus was reisolated from all 3 lambs. Virus was also recovered from one of these lambs on one occasion prior to steroid treatment. It has therefore been established that CHV 1 can cause pneumonia and can be reisolated from infected sheep for at least 6 weeks after infection. It is suggested that CHV 1 might cause a latent infection in sheep which is reactivated following the development of pulmonary adenomatosis. PMID- 6721678 TI - Molecular homology among the structural proteins of densonucleosis virus from silkworm, Bombyx mori. AB - Similarities among the four structural proteins of Bombyx densonucleosis virus (DNV) were examined by four independent techniques, peptide mapping, immunodiffusion tests, amino acid analysis and enzyme linked immunosorbent (ELISA) technique. The peptide maps produced by Staphylococcus aureus V8 protease, or chymotrypsin indicated the existence of sequence homology among the proteins. The results of immunodiffusion tests revealed that these four structural proteins share common antigens. The amino acid compositions of these proteins were also very similar to each other. However, the amount of amino acid residues (e.g., serine) in VP3 was not always sufficient to account for the amount found in the smaller structural protein, VP2. These results indicate that the four structural proteins of Bombyx DNV probably originate, at least partially, from a common DNA sequence, and that VP2 is not a direct cleavage product of VP3. PMID- 6721679 TI - Differential replication of attenuated and virulent influenza viruses in organ cultures of ferret bronchial epithelium. Brief report. AB - In contrast to its abundant replication in ferret nasal epithelium in vivo and in vitro, comparable to that of the virulent strains, the attenuated influenza virus A/PR/8/34 produced much lower yields than the virulent strains in organ cultures of bronchial epithelium agreeing with its relative inability to infect the lower respiratory tract of ferrets. The replication of another attenuated strain showed different temperature characteristics in bronchial epithelium to that in nasal turbinate epithelium. PMID- 6721680 TI - 3'-Terminal sequences of influenza C virion RNA. Brief report. AB - The 3'-terminal nucleotides of the genome segments of influenza C/Taylor/47. C/Bavaria/79 and C/Johannesburg/1/66 were identified by two RNA sequencing techniques. These comprised 11 nucleotides (3' UCGUCUUCGUC) which were found to be conserved among the genome segments of each virus. PMID- 6721681 TI - Biochemical study of the Feline Herpesvirus 1. Identification of glycoproteins by affinity. AB - Feline Viral Rhinotracheitis herpesvirus (Feline Herpesvirus 1; FHV-1) was purified by rate zonal isopycnic centrifugation. Viral nucleocapsids were isolated from the nuclei and purified. Analysis of the purified and radiolabelled viral polypeptides and glycoproteins by gradient SDS polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis revealed that 23 viral proteins and 6 glycoproteins were present in the whole virus particle. Tween 80-diethylether treatment removed the major glycoproteins. FHV-1 viral glycoproteins were detected using [14C] glucosamine and a lectin binding procedure. The fluorescein isothiocyanate-Concanavalin A (FITC-Con A) specificity was checked by trials on other viruses whose glycoproteins had already been described. The FITC-Con A allows a very simplified procedure for glycoprotein determination after slab acrylamide gel electrophoresis and can be used prior to Coomassie blue staining of proteins. PMID- 6721682 TI - Translation of vaccinia virus and cellular mRNA in cell-free systems prepared from uninfected and vaccinia virus infected L929 cells. AB - Cell-free translation systems were prepared from uninfected and vaccinia infected (3 and 5 hours post-infection) L929 cells. The systems were made mRNA dependent in order to translate exogenous mRNA mixtures. The overall rate of protein synthesis was similar in the three translation systems. However, one-dimensional electrophoresis showed that the systems differed in terms of the translation efficiency for individual mRNAs. This could be demonstrated with each of the following mRNA mixtures: early vaccinia mRNA synthesized by vaccinia cores in vitro, mRNA isolated from polysomes of vaccinia infected HeLa cells ("late" vaccinia mRNA) and cytoplasmic ascites mRNA. When the above mentioned groups of mRNAs were allowed to compete for translation in the cell-free systems and their products were analyzed on one-dimensional gels, the following order of translational efficiency was observed: the most prominent species of vaccinia early mRNA (other species could not be judged) were translated better than some late vaccinia mRNA species which in turn were slightly more efficiently translated than cellular mRNAs. PMID- 6721683 TI - [Connections between area AIV and areas AI, AII and Ep of the auditory cortex in the cat]. AB - Zones AI A11 and Ep in the cat auditory corex have been studied layer-by-layer electron microscopically after the zone AIV has been removed. Terminals having degeneration signs according to the dark type are mainly found in the layers V-VI of all the auditory cortex zones studied. Additional degenerative zones are revealed in the layer I of the zone AII and in the layer II of the zone Ep. Not any additional foci of degeneration are found in the zone AI. A suggestion is made concerning a physiological significance of the afferent distribution in the connective systems investigated. The corticocortical connections are formed by axodendritic and axospine synapses. PMID- 6721684 TI - [Study of the caudate-cortical projections of the rat and cat brain by the fluorescence labeling method]. AB - Direct caudate-cortical projections have been studied by means of the fluorescent label method. Neither in rats, nor in cats fluorescent neurons have been revealed in the caudate nucleus when primulin is injected into various cortical fields. The negative results obtained do not, however, give enough reasons to repudiate the existance of the direct caudate-cortical projections, since additional experiments performed with injection of a luminiscent dye into other brain structures demonstrate that primulin transport is not always fulfilled. PMID- 6721685 TI - [Changes in adrenergic nerve plexuses of the heart during immobilization stress in the rat]. AB - Luminescent microscopical analysis on the state of the cardiac adrenergic neural apparatus under immobilization stress has been performed in 48 rats of August and Wistar strains. The rats of August strain demonstrate a high sensitivity to the stress: 40% of the animals died during the first 4-17 h of immobilization. Cryostate sections are treated in 2% glyoxylic acid and studied in the luminescent microscope. Quantitative analysis of density distribution of the adrenergic neural terminals is performed by means of dot nets. Decreasing luminescent brightness and decreasing density by 10-15% are noted in the right auricle, and by 30-34%--in the left ventricle, comparing to that of the control. In the animals died a sudden death these parameters are even stronger (28% and 54%, respectively). The data obtained correlate to the functional disturbances of the heart activity (fluctuations of the arterial pressure, disturbances of the rhythm, ECG changes). A suggestion is made that catecholamines content in the neural terminals of the heart is of certain importance in development of the cardiovascular disturbances under immobilization stress. PMID- 6721686 TI - [Innervation of the atrioventricular portion of the interatrial septum in the rat]. AB - A quantitative electron microscopical investigation has revealed reliable differences in contents of muscular, connective tissue and neural elements in the conductive system, on the one hand (in the atrioventricular node and in the internodal specialized pathways) and in the working myocardium of the inferior third of the interatrial septum, on the other hand. Morphometrical analysis of the neuromuscular interrelations, performed separately for every type of specialized conductive myocytes (II, III) and of working cardiomyocytes of the interatrial septum, reveals some differences in size of the neural fibers and their terminals and in distance between them and myocytes. The synaptic vesicles of the efferent terminals are qualitatively different in all types of the myocytes. The afferent terminals situating near specialized cardiac cells are characterized. Criteria for distinguishing small and large granular vesicles in the terminals are discussed. A suggestion is made that the innervational peculiarities revealed reflect certain specificity in regulation the conduction in the atrioventricular area of the heart. PMID- 6721687 TI - [Angioarchitectonics of eyeball blood vessels in the normal dog and in dogs with experimental coarctation of the aorta]. AB - Three series of chronic experiments for production of a dosed coarctation of the aorta (1/2, 2/3 and 3/4 of its lumen) have been carried out in 96 dogs. The postoperative period in all the animals had a smooth course. After the operation, by means of functional and pathomorphological investigation architectonical peculiarities of the eye ball vessels are studied. For comparison of the changes occurring in the eye ball vessels under the given pathology, its normal blood supply has been studied in 20 dogs. At various degree of the aortal coarctation already during the first week of the experiment, certain changes develop in the vascular system of the eye ball coats: spasm of the arterioles, up to the capillaries and dilatation of the venules. Vascular convolution of various degree is revealed. The changes described are directly dependent on the degree of the aorta narrowing and duration of the experiment. PMID- 6721688 TI - [Hemocapillary bed of the heart in mammals and myocardial oxygen supply in hypertension]. PMID- 6721689 TI - [Individual and age-related features of the extrinsic arteries of the adrenal glands in newborn infants]. AB - The origin, form, dimensions and position of the main and accessory adrenal arteries have been investigated in 192 preparations of the adrenals obtained from corpses of newborns with body mass of 2,500-4,800 g. The adrenal vessels are injected with thicken and roentgenocontrast masses, that is followed with roentgenography, photography and preparation. The main adrenal arteries occur: superior--in 100% (from 2 to 19), middle--in 75% (from 1 to 4), inferior--in 66% (from 1 to 6). The accessory arteries are noted in 66%: inferior--in 44%, middle- in 15%, superior--in 6%. The number of the accessory arteries is from 1 to 6. The greatest variability in number demonstrate the main superior (Wn-1323) and the accessory inferior (Wn-900) arteries. There is not any essential difference in the total number of right-sided and left-sided arteries. There are two extreme forms of the organ's blood supply: the aortal (13%) and the renal (3%). A mixed form (84%) is observed more often when all the three groups of the adrenal arteries participate. The diameter of the main adrenal arteries varies: the superior--0.1-0.75, the middle--0.1-1.5, the inferior--0.1-1.5 mm. The summation diameter of all the adrenal arteries that approach the organ is 2.2-6.2 mm. Right sided and left-sided differences are not significant. PMID- 6721690 TI - [Several anatamo-anthropologic features of the bones of the forearm]. AB - Corpses of 242 Lithuanians died at the age of 14-95 years from Kaunas and its environs have been studied somatometrically . The forearm bones from the corpses have been extracted, macerated and studied osteoscopically by means of a stereomicroscope, osteometrically and electroroentgenographically . The data obtained are treated by means of a computer. The signs of lateral asymmetry in the forearm bones, that is more often right-sided, are described. Sex differences in the forearm bones are also described. These differences could be used as a base for the method of sex determination by means of discriminant functions. Age differences of the bones studied are presented. PMID- 6721691 TI - [Changes in the respiratory muscles and their microcirculatory bed during exposure of the body to chronic hypoxia and its aftereffects]. AB - Changes of the respiratory muscles have been studied under the effect of a rarefied atmosphere when the pressure is 560 mm Hg (2,500 m), 405 mm Hg (5,000 m), 286 mm Hg (7,500 m) and during the period of their aftereffect. The experimental group consists of 260 and the control group--of 130 white rats. Adaptation of the respiratory muscles to the effect of the rarefied atmosphere at the pressure of 560 mm Hg takes place mainly at the expense of certain functional changes of the microcirculatory bed and hypertrophy of the muscle fibers. The period of aftereffect is characterized with normalization of these phenomena. Adaptation of the respiratory muscles at the pressure of 405 mm Hg takes place at the expense of hypertrophy of the muscle fibers, small destructive changes and a complex rearrangement of the microcirulatory bed. During the period of aftereffect, by the 40th day no destructive changes are noted in the muscle tissue. The capillary bed undergoes some rearrangements by the 42d -56th day with increasing quantitative indices per area unit. This results in improvement of the muscles nutrition. In the respiratory muscles at the pressure 286 mm Hg, atrophic changes in the muscle fibers take place at certain stages of the experiment. Essential destructive changes are observed, rearrangement of the microcirculatory bed with decreasing convolution of the longitudinal capillaries and a decreasing number of the transversal capillaries are noted by the end of the experiment. During the period of aftereffect, by the 56th day, the external and internal intercostal muscles completely restore their structure, and in the diaphragm the destructive changes remain. By the same time, the microcirculatory bed becomes more rare at the expense of decreasing capillarization of the muscle fibers and a decreasing number of the transversal capillaries. PMID- 6721692 TI - [Use of an REIS-D apparatus for phlebo- and lymphography]. PMID- 6721693 TI - [Determination of the porosity of the bones of the human cranial vault by the resonator method]. PMID- 6721694 TI - [Definition of the concept of "tissue"]. PMID- 6721695 TI - Foreign body removal from the upper gastrointestinal tract. PMID- 6721697 TI - A neuromuscular approach to muscle aches, cramps and pains. PMID- 6721696 TI - Contemporary management of lymphoma: chromosome studies. PMID- 6721698 TI - Zinc in the aged adult. PMID- 6721699 TI - Malingering: detection and reporting. PMID- 6721700 TI - [Patho- and morphogenesis of atherosclerosis (clinico-experimental aspects)]. AB - The lipoproteids of low and very low density (LDL and VLDL), being the main carriers of plasma cholesterol, in their interaction with the arterial wall constitute the material basis for development of atherosclerosis, determining the key aspects of its patho- and morphogenesis. The development of hypercholesterolemia is associated with qualitative changes of interactions of lipoproteids with cell membranes. The electrostatic charge of lipoproteid particle acquires in this process specific importance. Early stages of atherosclerotic lesions are accompanied by an activation of LDL-nonspecific endocytosis. Actually, the main problem in the atherosclerosis pathogenesis resides in LP and arterial wall homeostasis. PMID- 6721701 TI - [Formation and accumulation of myelin bodies and other membrane structures in the arterial wall in man in atherosclerosis]. AB - Unaltered areas and fibrolipid plaques of various human arteries were examined electronmicroscopically. Myelin bodies were found to be produced by smooth-muscle cells of the intima and media of unaltered parts of the arterial wall. The formation of myelin bodies by smooth-muscle cells significantly increases in the fibrolipid plaques. Myelin bodies are frequently located in the cytoplasm matrix of altered smooth-muscle cells, in the areas of myofilament lysis. They are also found within mytochondria and in the cystern lumina of the granular cytoplasmatic reticulum. The accumulation of membranous structures in the fibrolipid plaques results from myelin-body production by smooth-muscle cells and vacuoles and vesicules of a varying size. PMID- 6721702 TI - [Changes in the microcirculatory bed of the mesentery in the rat in the intestinal form of acute radiation disease (experimental morphologic study)]. AB - Total mesentery preparations of the rat after single total irradiation at the dose levels of 15 and 30 Gy were examined by V. V. Kupriyanov 's method and staining by N.E. Yarigin and S.V. Panchenko . Monotonous pathomorphological changes characteristic of microcirculation disorders were revealed such as blood overdistribution into the venous part of microvasculature prestasis , stasis and lymphostasis. Apart from these qualitative alterations, morphometry of certain parts of microvasculature was performed and some indexes and ratios were calculated. Changes of quantitative parameters were as follows: increase of the capillaries, postcapillaries and venules diameter, increase of their surface and volume, increase of diameter of pericapillary diffusion zone; decrease of the correlation ratio between total arteriolar influx and total venular blood passage within a mesentery segment; decrease of the calculated linear speed of blood in capillaries, postcapillaries and venulas . PMID- 6721703 TI - [The tasks and role of pathology among other medical sciences]. AB - The results of discussion on the current state of pathology in medical science and practical hospital work are presented in this paper which is the author's report on the 2nd symposium of the societies of pathologists in socialist countries. Special attention is drawn to the significance of necropsies in comparing clinical and post-mortem diagnoses, the related numerical materials are provided. The decrease of necropsies of patients dying in hospitals in most countries of the world is noted, and the methods of getting rid of this are indicated both for scientific goals and health service. The increasing necessity of contacts between pathologists and clinicians is pointed out and the ways of realization of this important tool for further development of medicine are traced. The comparative data on the methods of training in pathology in many European countries and USA are presented. The paper is concluded by a review on the state of pathology in the GDR, measures taken by the GDR Ministry of Health and by the Society of GDR pathologists. The confidence is expressed in success of these measures in the process of realization by the GDR government of the X Party Congress and the 5th Plenum of the SUPG Decisions on the development of science and its effectiveness. PMID- 6721704 TI - [The "border zone" of a developing myocardial infarct]. AB - The heart of 42 patients dying within 24 hours from acute myocardial infarction was studied by ordinary light and polarizing microscope. The interrelationship between the zone of irreversible ischemic damage and surrounding tissue was investigated. It is shown that during the time of the infarction formation the border zone which could be morphologically identified is absent. Altered cells with relaxated sarcomers are found to be in close neighbourhood with surviving cardiomyocytes or a relatively narrow zone of reperfusion changes also consisting of non-viable myocytes is present between them. PMID- 6721705 TI - [Morphologic characteristics of disorders of liver function in myasthenia]. AB - Clinico-morphological study of the liver was carried out in 54 patients with generalized severe myasthenia of 1 1/2-2-year duration. The functional values of the liver were studied before thymectomy and on the 1st post-operation day. Eight liver punctates were examined histologically and electron-microscopically. A picture of nonspecific reactive hepatitis whose clinical manifestations included hyperbilirubinemia, and disorder of the absorbing and excreting functions of the liver was revealed. Ultrastructural signs of cholestasis were found. The observed fibrosis of the organ was accompanied by hypertrophy and hyperplasia of lipocytes but without their manifest transformation into lipofibroblasts . Hypoplasia of hepatocytes was observed in myasthenia which may be due to their thymus-dependent inhibition. The mechanism of disturbance of pigment metabolism in the liver of patients with myasthenia is multi-component and may be associated with disorders in bile evacuation, hematotissue barrier, and probably, structural-functional incompetence of hepatocytes. PMID- 6721706 TI - [Features of the manifestations of bronchopulmonary pathology and hepatitis B in children with hypogammaglobulinemia]. AB - Two cases of hypogammaglobulinemia (Bruton's syndrome) in brothers are described. Their sisters had no this disease. Pronounced changes in the lymph nodes, spleen and thymus typical for this condition were combined in both cases with lung and kidney malformations as well as with chronic pneumonia and inanition. The both boys have viral respiratory infections that followed by marked antibody formation and clear-cut structural alterations characteristic of different stages of these diseases. Besides this the older brother was found to have chronic viral hepatitis B with an unusual giant-cell reaction. PMID- 6721707 TI - [Case of Wegener's granulomatosis]. AB - A 26 year-old woman first complained at a sparse sputum stained with blood. 18 days later haemorrhagic petechias on the lower limbs skin appeared and rapidly disappeared. The gradually enhancing cough was followed by haemoptysis and bleeding. The death occurred at the 41st day of the disease from persisting lung bleeding. The cause of lung bleeding was Wegener's granulomatosis which was characterized by destructive angiitis, haemic and tissue eosinophilia, lymph node granulomatosis and diffuse glomerulonephritis. PMID- 6721708 TI - [Adamantinoma of the tibia]. PMID- 6721709 TI - [Features of the preparation of sections in a cryostat from fresh-frozen tissue for histoenzymologic studies]. PMID- 6721710 TI - Quantitative CSF IgG measurements. PMID- 6721711 TI - Autism. PMID- 6721712 TI - Computed tomographic study of children with classic autism. AB - Computed tomographic (CT) scans were obtained for nine autistic boys aged between 9 and 16 years. All were considered to have classic childhood autism of unequivocal diagnosis, with symptoms present from infancy, and were functioning in the borderline or normal level of intelligence. They had performed poorly on tests purported to measure left hemispheric functions. There was no sign of abnormality of any kind on the CT scans or any asymmetry that might be related to lateralized cognitive functions. It is suggested that earlier reported abnormalities are a function of the inclusion of patients with a heterogeneous collection of disorders in the tested sample. PMID- 6721713 TI - Visuospatial impairment in Parkinson's disease. Role of perceptual and motor factors. AB - We investigated the role of perceptual and motor factors in visuospatial impairment in 30 patients with Parkinson's disease (PD) and 30 matched controls. All subjects were administered visuospatial tests, which included "visuoperceptual" tasks, requiring minimal motor responses, and "visuomotor" tasks. The performance of patients with PD was considerably impaired on several tasks from both groups, and this impairment was not related to depression or intellectual impairment. Patients in stage 3 of the disease tended to show the greatest impairment. Those in stage 1 (unilateral symptoms), however, tended to show more impairment than those in stage 2. PMID- 6721714 TI - Language disturbance. An initial symptom of cortical degenerations and dementia. AB - Six patients manifested progressive language disturbance, resembling aphasia secondary to a focal dominant hemisphere lesion, as either an isolated initial symptom or a prominent early feature of a more generalized dementing illness. None had a history of transient ischemic attacks or stroke, and in all cases an extensive clinical and laboratory investigation failed to show either a focal brain lesion or a definable etiology of dementia. This article discusses the relationship of isolated or early aphasia to known dementing syndromes. Patients who consult physicians for language disturbance should be evaluated and followed up both for evidence of progressive language deterioration and for the development of a generalized dementia. PMID- 6721715 TI - Psychometric differentiation of mild senile dementia of the Alzheimer type. AB - A brief (ten-minute), easily administered battery of four psychological tests was developed to classify successfully 98% of patients with mild dementia of the Alzheimer's type and healthy older persons matched for age, sex, and social position. Only two of 84 persons (one demented, one healthy) were misclassified. The four tests are the logical memory and mental control subtests of the Wechsler Memory Scale, Form A of the Trailmaking Test, and word fluency for letters S and P. PMID- 6721716 TI - Cholestatic liver dysfunction after long-term phenytoin therapy. AB - Cholestatic jaundice developed in a 64-year-old woman who had received phenytoin sodium for more than 40 years. Discontinuation of phenytoin therapy resulted in resolution of the hepatic abnormalities, which recurred on rechallenge, strongly suggesting a causal relation to the drug. Phenytoin therapy was discontinued again, with complete resolution of the hepatic abnormalities. The liver biopsy specimen obtained during therapy showed cholestasis compatible with obstruction of the biliary tree, although an obstructive process was never demonstrated. The biochemical abnormalities and histologic features observed most likely represent an unusual response to phenytoin therapy. PMID- 6721717 TI - Intracranial schwannoma of the hypoglossal nerve. AB - Two patients had a solitary intracranial schwannoma of the hypoglossal nerve. Such schwannomas are rare, and these two cases bring the total number of reported cases to 16. Hemiatrophy of the tongue is always present but is rarely reported by patients. Diagnosis can be facilitated by high-resolution computed tomographic scanning of the posterior fossa and foramen magnum region. The hazards formerly associated with removal of these tumors have largely been eliminated. PMID- 6721718 TI - Patients with multiple sclerosis experience hearing loss specifically for shifts of tone frequency. AB - After exposure to a prolonged tone of changing intensity but constant frequency, controls, patients with peripheral hearing loss, and patients with multiple sclerosis (MS) demonstrated a reduced sensitivity to shifts in intensity; sensitivity to frequency shifts was unaffected. After exposure to a prolonged tone of changing frequency but constant intensity, control and patients with peripheral hearing loss demonstrated reduced sensitivity to shifts in frequency; sensitivity to intensity shifts was unaffected. Some patients with MS showed no loss of sensitivity to shifts in frequency. Our findings suggest that some patients with MS have abnormal mechanisms for processing changes of frequency. If such processing of frequency change is important for understanding speech, then this observation of a specific central hearing defect may help to explain poor speech discrimination in some patients with MS who have normal audiograms. PMID- 6721719 TI - Obstructive sleep apnea in association with posterior fossa neurologic disease. AB - Sleep apnea in association with neurologic disease is uncommon, and its documentation with nocturnal polysomnography (PSG) is rare. Two patients with posterior fossa neurologic disease had obstructive and central sleep apnea on PSG. The first was a 40-year-old woman who experienced a respiratory arrest ten days after neurosurgical decompression of a cervical syrinx associated with syringobulbia. Nocturnal PSG demonstrated obstructive sleep apnea. Tracheostomy was performed and a second nocturnal PSG showed no sleep apnea. The second patient was a 76-year-old woman with daytime hypersomnolence, nocturnal choking spells, progressive spastic paraparesis, and left-sided cerebellar tremor. Neurologic evaluation led to the diagnosis of olivopontocerebellar degeneration. Nocturnal PSG showed multiple episodes of central and obstructive apnea. These cases support the hypothesis that central and obstructive sleep apnea can originate from a central mechanism. PMID- 6721720 TI - Pain in Guillain-Barre syndrome. AB - The clinical features of pain were prospectively analyzed in 29 consecutive patients with Guillain-Barre syndrome (GBS). Sixteen (55%) had characteristic pain early in the illness described as similar to the muscular discomfort following exercise ("charley horse"). Pain preceded weakness by one to five days in four patients. The anterior and posterior aspects of the thighs, the buttocks, and the low part of the back were most frequently affected. Pain was frequently worse at night. Specific clinical signs or electrophysiologic abnormalities were not associated with pain, but serum creatine kinase level was elevated in ten of 13 patients with pain and only one of eight without pain. A review of previously reported pathologic material in five patients with GBS failed to disclose a relation between inflammation of dorsal root ganglia and pain. These results suggest that alterations in muscle related to neurogenic changes may cause the typical pain of GBS. PMID- 6721721 TI - Quantitative axon terminal and end-plate morphology in amyotrophic lateral sclerosis. AB - An axon-end-plate double stain yielded more synaptic detail than the older methylene blue stain of the muscle biopsy specimen. Application of the double stain to amyotrophic lateral sclerosis confirmed earlier and well-known findings of denervation, abnormal end-plates, and axonal sprouting. Little new data emerged, however, and the sprouting index seemed to mislead. As in several previous investigations, muscle from normal human subjects showed evidence for at least past if not current denervation, substantiating the need for continued rigorous controls in such studies. PMID- 6721722 TI - Cerebral arteritis and bacterial meningitis. AB - Twelve cases of large- and medium-sized cerebral artery stenosis and/or occlusion associated with bacterial meningitis occurred. Neurological complication due to arterial involvement developed in seven patients on the third and fourth days of illness; in one patient, it developed on the fifth day, and in another it developed on the 14th day. In three cases, this could not be determined. Arterial stenosis is considered primarily to result from arterial spasm due to humoral factors that may be elaborated within the CSF or arterial wall, as in the cases of ruptured aneurysm; and secondarily, from to inflammatory involvement of major vessels at the base of the brain and from irritation by angiographic contrast material. PMID- 6721723 TI - Lipid storage myopathy in familial hyperlipoproteinemia. AB - We studied a 23-year-old man with lipid storage myopathy. Five members of his family had hyperlipoproteinemia, and his consanguineous parents had elevated serum creatine kinase levels, although only the father showed clinical evidence of myopathy. The patient's intramuscular carnitine content was slightly reduced, but the reduction was not significant compared with the average value for reported cases with carnitine deficiency. Urinary excretion of carnitine showed good responses to starvation, long-chain fatty acid loading, and corticotropin administration. Therefore, his carnitine metabolism was normal. Administration of corticotropin or carnitine did not bring about any improvement of the symptoms. A connection between lipid storage myopathy and hyperlipoproteinemia was suggested. PMID- 6721724 TI - Divry-Van Bogaert syndrome. Clinical and ultrastructural findings. AB - A case of a progressive disease with epilepsy, marble skin, and roentgenographic evidence of tapering of the distal carotid branches with corticomeningeal angiomatosis was studied. The clinical course, angiographic findings, and skin biopsy results justified the diagnosis of noncalcifying venous capillary angiomatosis, or Divry-Van Bogaert syndrome. PMID- 6721725 TI - Respiratory failure in myasthenia gravis due to vocal cord paresis. AB - Paroxysmal dyspnea and stridor in a patient with myasthenia were shown to be due to weakness of vocal cord abductors that improved with anticholinesterase therapy. Despite adequate inspiratory force, breathing was severely impaired by increased inspiratory resistance. The inspiratory flow-volume loop was useful in documenting the laryngeal obstruction and monitoring the effect of therapy. Reinterpretation of previous studies suggests that upper airway obstruction may often contribute to respiratory failure in patients with myasthenia. PMID- 6721726 TI - Delayed onset of dexamethasone-dependent cerebral dysfunction following metrizamide myelography. PMID- 6721727 TI - Facioscapulohumeral dystrophy associated with multiple sclerosis. PMID- 6721728 TI - Transient global amnesia. PMID- 6721729 TI - Hypothalamic astrocytoma. PMID- 6721730 TI - Lumbar disk diagnosis. PMID- 6721731 TI - Problems in clinical pain evaluation. PMID- 6721732 TI - Potent therapeutic effect of carbamazepine-10,11-epoxide in trigeminal neuralgia. AB - The clinical effects of carbamazepine-10,11-epoxide were assessed in six patients with trigeminal neuralgia. The patients were first given an optimal therapeutic dose of carbamazepine. Part of or the entire carbamazepine dose was then exchanged for the metabolite carbamazepine-10,11-epoxide for three to six days. The patients were unaware of changes in the therapeutic regimen (single-blind). Carbamazepine dosages ranged from 400 to 1,400 mg/day and carbamazepine-10,11 epoxide dosages ranged from 300 to 1,000 mg/day. The clinical effects were assessed by the patients' recordings of pain attacks. When carbamazepine-10,11 epoxide and carbamazepine were given in similar doses, the pain control was comparable. On a plasma concentration basis, carbamazepine-10,11-epoxide had a considerably higher pain-relieving potency than carbamazepine. During carbamazepine treatment, the epoxide metabolite contributes to the antineuralgic effect to an extent that might be comparable to that of the parent drug. No side effects were seen during carbamazepine-10,11-epoxide therapy. PMID- 6721733 TI - Gamma-aminobutyric acid and homovanillic acid concentration in the CSF of patients with senile dementia of Alzheimer's type. AB - The investigation of enzyme and neurotransmitter levels and/or their metabolites in the CSF of patients with senile dementia of Alzheimer's type (SDAT) could become a promising approach for a clinical research and diagnostic procedure. To learn more about the metabolic reflections of central metabolism in the CSF of patients with SDAT, we measured CSF levels of gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA) and homovanillic acid (HVA), the dopamine metabolite. In 16 female patients with SDAT and in eight matched control patients, CSF GABA levels were measured by ion exchange with fluorimetric detection, and HVA levels were measured fluorimetrically. The GABA content of the CSF was significantly reduced in patients with SDAT, whereas the HVA level was unchanged. PMID- 6721734 TI - Treatment of status epilepticus with lorazepam. AB - Twenty-one episodes of status epilepticus (SE) were each treated with 1 to 9 mg (mean, 4 mg) of intravenous lorazepam. All patients with generalized tonic-clonic ( GTC ) SE responded within 15 minutes. Nine (82%) of the 11 patients with episodes of partial SE with altered responsiveness responded poorly. Respiratory depression occurred in five instances (two requiring intubation) and was associated with transient loss of brain-stem reflexes, hypotension, and decorticate posturing in three cases. Generalized tonic-clonic SE was transformed into partial SE with altered responsiveness in three patients. In an additional four patients, marked lethargy developed. Lorazepam appears effective in controlling GTC SE but only occasionally effective in partial SE with altered responsiveness. PMID- 6721735 TI - Cerebellar norepinephrine in patients with Parkinson's disease and control subjects. AB - Norepinephrine was measured in postmortem cerebellar cortex of 22 non neurological control subjects and nine patients with Parkinson's disease, using the high-performance liquid chromatography method with amperometric detection. In all control subjects, substantial amounts of norepinephrine was found in cerebellar cortex. There was a moderate negative correlation between age of control subjects and cerebellar norepinephrine concentration. In the patients with Parkinson's disease, the cerebellar cortical norepinephrine levels were significantly below normal. This is in accord with previously reported reduced norepinephrine levels in locus ceruleus and other regions of the parkinsonian brain. Although the main symptoms of Parkinson's disease are primarily caused by disturbed basal ganglia (dopamine) function, cerebellar dysfunction related to norepinephrine may contribute to some abnormalities of motor performance in this disorder. PMID- 6721736 TI - Far-field auditory evoked potentials in near-miss sudden infant death syndrome. AB - Auditory evoked potentials (AEPs) were determined in 16 patients with near-miss sudden infant death syndrome. The AEPs were normal in all patients except one with prolonged 1 to V interpeak latency (bilaterally) and another with an asymmetry of interear 1 to V interpeak latency difference. These results indicate that AEPs do not permit detection of infants at high risk for crib death. PMID- 6721737 TI - Memory disturbance in chronic progressive multiple sclerosis. AB - Forty-four patients with chronic progressive multiple sclerosis (MS) were compared with age- and education-matched control groups on a battery of clinical and experimental memory measures. Patients with MS performed substantially below the control groups on both immediate learning and delayed recall tasks, particularly in the retrieval of spatial information. The MS sample was subdivided into three groups using a cluster analytic procedure. One group (N = 9) performed well below expectations on memory tasks, exhibited signs of global cognitive disturbance, and had an atypical personality adjustment, characterized by irritability, social withdrawal, and apathy. A second group (N = 19) showed mild memory disturbance, associated with a greater use of psychotropic medications and a higher incidence of reactive depression. A third group (N = 16) performed normally on memory measures. The three groups of patients with MS did not differ in length or overall severity of illness. PMID- 6721738 TI - Tibial nerve branching in the tarsal tunnel. AB - To provide an anatomical basis for diagnosis and treatment of the tarsal tunnel syndrome, the relationship of the tibial nerve to the tarsal tunnel was investigated in 31 feet of 20 cadavers. The bifurcation into medial and lateral plantar nerves occurred within 1 cm of the malleolar-calcaneal axis in 90% of the feet. Seven of 11 bilateral specimens were bilaterally symmetrical in the bifurcation location; three varied within 1 cm between sides; and in the fourth cadaver, one side bifurcated at 3 cm and the other at 5 cm proximal to the axis. The calcaneal nerve showed great variability; in seven cadavers, it arose within, in eight cadavers proximal to, and in five cadavers there were multiple branches arising both proximal to and within the tarsal tunnel. PMID- 6721739 TI - Plasma exchange in neurologic diseases. PMID- 6721740 TI - Empty sella turcica in intracranial sarcoidosis. Pituitary insufficiency, primary polydipsia, and changing neuroradiologic findings. AB - A 37-year-old man with visual loss was found to have hypopituitarism and primary polydipsia associated with sarcoidosis. Neuroradiologic studies demonstrated a dramatic evolution of CNS lesions, including a left thalamic infarct, an enhancing suprasellar mass, and ultimately an empty sella turcica. The patient has been clinically stable in spite of these changes. This case is likely to be the first reported of CNS sarcoidosis with an empty sella turcica documented by computed tomography. PMID- 6721741 TI - Neuromyelitis optica in the elderly. AB - Blindness and quadriparesis developed in an elderly woman whose symptoms began at the age of 69 years. Postmortem examination revealed extensive demyelinative lesions in the optic nerves and spinal cord. The clinical and pathologic findings were consistent with the diagnosis of neuromyelitis optica ( NMO ). This case serves to document that NMO and presumably typical multiple sclerosis can occur initially at an advanced age. PMID- 6721742 TI - Symptomatic extrinsic compression of the cervical carotid artery. AB - A 41-year-old man had external compression of the internal carotid artery. He had hemispheric symptoms brought on by flexion of the neck and turning his head to the left. The compression was diagnosed by positional angiography. Treatment consisted of excision of the posterior belly of the digastric muscle and associated fascial bands. PMID- 6721743 TI - Benign focal amyotrophy. Variant of chronic spinal muscular atrophy. PMID- 6721744 TI - Traumatic fourth nerve palsy. Clinicoanatomic correlations with computed tomographic scan. PMID- 6721746 TI - Retinal detachment. PMID- 6721747 TI - Superior limbic keratoconjunctivitis. PMID- 6721745 TI - Auditory-visual synesthesia. Report of a case with intact visual pathways. PMID- 6721748 TI - Rhegmatogenous retinal detachments caused by paravascular vitreoretinal traction. AB - We describe three cases of shallow posterior rhegmatogenous retinal detachment caused by tiny retinal tears. The clinical appearance of the detachments was very similar to that of idiopathic central serous chorioretinopathy or traction retinal detachment. However, the correct diagnosis was made by finding a tiny paravascular break. Vitrectomy without a thermal adhesion was successful in repairing the detachments. PMID- 6721749 TI - Multiple evanescent white dot syndrome. I. Clinical findings. AB - We examined 11 young patients with unilateral ocular findings that included multiple white dots at the level of the retinal pigment epithelium (RPE) or the deep retina, vitreal cells, RPE granularity in the macula, reduced visual acuity, electroretinogram (ERG) and early receptor potential (ERP) amplitudes, and fluorescein leakage from disc capillaries and late staining of the RPE. Recovery of visual function included a dramatic improvement in ERG and ERP amplitudes over several weeks. The etiology of this syndrome remains uncertain; there is no definite evidence of systemic involvement. PMID- 6721750 TI - Multiple evanescent white dot syndrome. II. Electrophysiology of the photoreceptors during retinal pigment epithelial disease. AB - We performed electrophysiologic studies of photoreceptor function in three patients with multiple evanescent white dot syndrome. During the acute stage, while the visual acuity was impaired, the electroretinogram (ERG) a-wave and the early receptor potential (ERP) amplitudes were profoundly decreased. The ERP regeneration times, determined for one subject, were prolonged. These findings suggest that photoreceptor function was impaired (abnormal a-wave), the effective visual pigment optical density of the outer segments was markedly reduced (ERP amplitude), and visual pigment regeneration was abnormal (ERP regeneration kinetics). During the recovery stage, the ERG and ERP amplitudes and visual acuity returned to normal. Our patients' disease seemed to be primarily of the retinal pigment epithelium (RPE). The decreased visual pigment density and prolonged regeneration kinetics emphasize the physiologic dependence of the sensory retina on the RPE. PMID- 6721751 TI - Optic nerve head drusen. High-resolution computed tomographic approach. AB - Optic nerve head drusen are rare, inherited concretions, which are almost always calcified; their appearance must be known because they represent one of the major causes of pseudopapilledema. The computed tomographic (CT) scan can show small and buried drusen, which are sometimes difficult to diagnose by the ophthalmoscopic examination. Four cases of drusen (two bilateral and two unilateral) were confirmed or diagnosed by high-resolution CT. The CT appearance of drusen is characteristic because the calcifications are well defined, punctate, and strictly located in the optic disc. The use of high-resolution CT scanners is very helpful. PMID- 6721752 TI - Functional amblyopia associated with abnormalities of the optic nerve. AB - Seven patients with structural abnormalities of one or both of their optic nerves had decreased visual acuity partly due to functional amblyopia. They were treated with conventional amblyopia therapy and their visual acuities improved. Functional amblyopia can coexist either secondary to, or coincidentally with, structural optic nerve abnormalities. PMID- 6721753 TI - Immersion A- and B-scan ultrasonography. Its use in preoperative evaluation of diabetic vitreous hemorrhage. AB - Immersion A- and B-scan ultrasonography was performed before vitreous surgery in 256 eyes with diabetic vitreous hemorrhage. Of 32 eyes with vitreous hemorrhage without vitreous traction (group 1), 28 (88%) showed useful postoperative vision. Of 87 eyes with vitreous traction without tractional retinal detachment (group 2), 69 (79%) had useful postoperative vision. Eyes with tractional retinal detachments were classified as follows: X-shaped detachment with narrow vitreoretinal adhesions (group 3, 75 eyes), and H-shaped detachment with broad vitreoretinal adhesions (group 4, 62 eyes). Useful postoperative vision returned in 43 eyes in group 3 (57%) and in only 14 eyes in group 4 (23%), a statistically significant difference. Visual improvement was greater in groups 1 and 2 than in groups 3 and 4. Postoperative functional results were worse when the macular area was the site of vitreoretinal adhesion and traction. PMID- 6721754 TI - Transport of fluorescein in the ocular posterior segment in retinitis pigmentosa. AB - The function of the blood-retinal barrier was assessed by vitreous fluorophotometry in 12 patients with various genetic types of retinitis pigmentosa and in 11 normal subjects. The measurements were corrected to minimize the effect of artifacts. We evaluated the inward penetration of fluorescein sodium across the blood-retinal barrier and determined the outward permeability coefficient for fluorescein by interpreting the data with a pharmacokinetic computer model. Patients with retinitis pigmentosa had increased inward permeability and decreased outward permeability to fluorescein in comparison with values of normal subjects. PMID- 6721755 TI - The macula in ocular toxoplasmosis. AB - Of 60 attacks of ocular toxoplasmosis, in 37 (62%) no apparent macular problems were demonstrated on inspection, in seven (12%) active retinitis was evident within 5 degrees of the umbo, and in seven (12%) some evidence was shown of mild macular edema; severe edema, such as cystoid macular edema, was uncommon. PMID- 6721756 TI - Laser trabeculoplasty primary therapy in open-angle glaucoma. A preliminary report. AB - Thirty-three patients with chronic open-angle glaucoma were treated with argon laser trabeculoplasty as the primary therapeutic modality. In 18 patients (55%) successful normalization of intraocular pressure (less than 21 mm Hg) was achieved. Of these, ten patients underwent bilateral procedures and eight patients underwent unilateral treatment. The IOP was normalized within five weeks in 27 of these 28 eyes. During the follow-up period, ranging from six to 18.5 months, IOP has remained lower than 21 mm Hg in all the successfully treated eyes. In 15 patients (45%) the treatment failed to control IOP by four weeks. In these patients, only one eye was treated. Significant correlations with successful outcome included initial IOP, well-delineated angle landmarks, and date of treatment. The date of treatment was consistent with an improvement in the treatment administration over time. PMID- 6721757 TI - Argon laser trabeculoplasty as initial therapy for glaucoma. AB - Argon laser trabeculoplasty (ALT) was used as the initial treatment in 30 eyes of 20 patients with uncontrolled open-angle glaucoma in Egypt. None of the patients had received previous medical or surgical therapy. The average reduction of intraocular pressure with ALT alone was 10.1 mm Hg. Medical and surgical glaucoma therapy was avoided in 83% (25 eyes) of the treated eyes during an average follow up period of 7 1/2 months. The data indicate that ALT can be used as a safe and effective initial treatment for glaucoma in developing countries where socioeconomic factors make the medical treatment of glaucoma impractical. PMID- 6721758 TI - Differential light threshold. Short- and long-term fluctuation in patients with glaucoma, normal controls, and patients with suspected glaucoma. AB - In the diagnosis and evaluation of progression of chronic open-angle glaucoma, a quantitative comparison of visual fields is important for which a knowledge of the spontaneous fluctuation of the visual field is essential. This study shows that in patients with glaucoma, the components of the short- and long-term fluctuation are substantially greater than in patients without the disease. Patients with suspected glaucoma show fluctuation in between, and all components of the fluctuation are greater in them than in normals and smaller than in patients with open-angle glaucoma. PMID- 6721759 TI - Chromobacterium violaceum infection of the eye. A report of two cases. AB - We report what we believe to be the first two known cases of Chromobacterium violaceum infection of the eye. One patient had conjunctivitis as the initial manifestation of an ultimately fatal infection. In the second patient, who suffered from chronic granulomatous disease of childhood, orbital cellulitis developed as part of a disseminated C violaceum infection from which he subsequently recovered. Infections caused by C violaceum may involve the eye and orbit. These infections are frequently fatal, but early recognition and aggressive treatment may result in a higher cure rate. PMID- 6721760 TI - Inferior oblique surgery. Experience at the Mayo Clinic from 1960 to 1981. AB - Three hundred thirty-seven patients underwent inferior oblique disinsertions at the Mayo Clinic Rochester, Minn, from 1960 to 1981. Versions and hyperdeviations in the primary position were recorded preoperatively and postoperatively. The criteria of a successful result were (1) correction of diplopia, (2) correction of hyperdeviation in the field of action of the inferior oblique, and (3) correction of versions in adduction. Clinical failure was reflected in persistence of hyperdeviation in primary gaze and persistence of overaction of the inferior oblique muscle in adduction. A successful result was found in 88% of primary inferior oblique disinsertions. For secondary inferior oblique overaction, a successful result was found in 72% of patients. We have found that inferior oblique disinsertion is a safe, fast, reliable, and effective weakening procedure with good results. PMID- 6721761 TI - Cyclodeviation in acquired vertical strabismus. AB - The prevalence and pattern of cyclodeviation can differentiate among superior oblique palsy, dysthyroid ophthalmopathy, myasthenia gravis, and skew deviation. Excyclodeviation was detected in 30 of 33 patients with superior oblique palsy, eight of 15 patients with dysthyroid ophthalmopathy, three of six patients with nondysthyroid restrictive ophthalmopathy, and one of 13 patients with myasthenia. No cyclodeviation was found in cases of skew. Incyclodeviation was found in two patients with dysthyroid ophthalmopathy, two with nondysthyroid restrictive ophthalmopathy, and three with myasthenia. The amount of cyclodeviation did not vary between head-tilt positions, but did vary between primary and eccentric gaze positions, usually in the same direction as the amount of hyperdeviation. The patient's awareness of the presence of cyclodeviation varied with the degree of cyclodeviation, being 100% (4/4) for 15 degrees, 86% (12/14) for 10 degrees, and only 55% (11/21) for 5 degrees. PMID- 6721762 TI - Saccadic velocity studies in superior oblique palsy. AB - Eighteen patients (21 eyes) with superior oblique palsy had vertical saccadic velocity measurements in primary gaze, adduction, and abduction. No noticeable difference was found when upward saccades were compared with downward saccades in all fields of gaze. Thus, saccadic velocity studies would not be helpful in the diagnosis of superior oblique palsy. PMID- 6721763 TI - Episodic vertical oscillopsia and downbeat nystagmus in a Chiari malformation. AB - A 36-year-old woman had intermittent downbeat nystagmus. Between episodes of downbeat nystagmus, eye movements were normal, except for stationary positional nystagmus and decreased vestibulo-ocular responses (VOR) to rotation. Smooth pursuit, optokinetic nystagmus, and visual-VOR interactions, which are usually impaired in patients with downbeat nystagmus and cerebellar dysfunction, were normal. Computed tomography and findings during a suboccipital craniotomy demonstrated a mild Chiari malformation, type 1. Episodic downbeat nystagmus that is not associated with other ocular motor abnormalities due to cerebellar dysfunction can be an initial sign of a Chiari malformation. PMID- 6721764 TI - The persisting pseudomelanoma problem. AB - We reviewed 6,169 cases in which whole eyes were submitted to the Armed Forces Institute of Pathology (AFIP), Washington, DC, between January 1970 and December 1980. We sought to determine whether there had been any change in the frequency of incorrect diagnoses of malignant melanoma since two previous studies had been conducted at the AFIP. Of 744 eyes with clear media submitted with the clinical diagnosis of malignant melanoma, the rate of incorrect diagnosis was 6.4% (48 of 744 cases). During the 11-year study, the rate of incorrect diagnoses declined from 12.5% to 1.4%. Despite that overall decrease, the locations and frequency of simulating lesions were comparable with those found in the two previous studies. We believe our current findings reflect a significant increase in diagnostic accuracy among clinicians practicing outside of major academic centers. PMID- 6721765 TI - Chemical preparation of the eye in ophthalmic surgery. III. Effect of povidone iodine on the conjunctiva. AB - A half-strength povidone-iodine (Betadine) solution was used topically as part of the preoperative chemical preparation of the eye. Aerobic and anaerobic bacterial cultures of the conjunctiva were taken before and after the chemical preparation in 30 consecutive patients; the second eye served as a control. In the control eyes, no significant change in the number of colonies or species of bacteria was found. In the povidone-iodine-treated eyes, the numbers of colonies decreased 91% and the number of species decreased 50% (statistically significant). We therefore recommend that a half-strength povidone-iodine solution be used as part of the chemical preparation of the eye for surgery. PMID- 6721766 TI - Mucoepidermoid carcinoma of the conjunctiva. AB - A 73-year-old man had a limbal nodule that, on histopathologic examination, proved to be mucoepidermoid carcinoma of the conjunctiva. Despite radiation therapy and extensive corneoscleral lamellar resection, widespread invasion of the lids and orbit ultimately led to exenteration. Although mucoepidermoid carcinoma of the conjunctiva resembles squamous cell carcinoma clinically and histopathologically, it pursues a more rapid and destructive clinical course. Intraepithelial invasion often leads to tumor involvement of conjunctiva and skin that seem normal on clinical examination. Special stains and a high level of suspicion are required for diagnosis of mucoepidermoid carcinoma of the conjunctiva, and proper initial management demands more aggressive surgical resection than is usually indicated for squamous cell carcinoma. PMID- 6721767 TI - Idiopathic solitary granuloma of the uveal tract. AB - We reviewed the clinical and histopathologic features of 11 cases of a distinctive solitary necrotizing granuloma of the uveal tract. No clinical or histopathologic cause for the lesion could be found in any case. The granulomas were located between the pars plana ciliaris and the equator and had an annular configuration. Uveal effusion and total retinal detachment were present in each eye. Uveitis was unilateral in all cases, and all patients were in otherwise good health. The morphologic characteristics of the solitary necrotizing granuloma suggest an infection, but the cause of this previously unreported entity remains to be determined. PMID- 6721768 TI - Experimental retinal detachment. VI. The permeability of the blood-retinal barrier. AB - Fluorophotometry was used to study the permeability of the blood-retinal barrier in six monkeys with stable rhegmatogenous retinal detachments. Fluorescein transport was inhibited by probenecid. The rate of fluorescein disappearance (KvVv) was determined following intravitreal injection. In a separate experiment the equilibrium vitreous-plasma concentration ratio (Cv/Cp) was determined following intraperitoneal administration. Expressed in equivalent volumes of vitreous, the rate of fluorescein diffusion across the blood-retinal barrier (K'vVvCv/Cp) was 0.29 microL/min in control eyes and 0.73 microL/min in detached eyes. The rate of fluid movement across the blood-retinal barrier (K'vVv) [1 - (Cv/Cp)] was 2.89 microL/min in control eyes and 6.38 microL/min in detached eyes. Posterior movement of fluid contributes to retinal apposition under normal conditions and accounts for the rapid resolution of retinal detachment following closure of the retinal hole. PMID- 6721769 TI - Experimental retinal detachment. VII. Intravenous horseradish peroxidase diffusion across the blood-retinal barrier. AB - Intravenous horseradish peroxidase (HRP) was administered to cynomolgus monkeys to study chorioretinal diffusion in eyes with retinal detachment. In control eyes, HRP was contained within the choriocapillaris and did not penetrate beyond Bruch's membrane. In addition, HRP was confined within blood vessels of the sensory retina. In detached eyes, HRP diffused out of the choriocapillaris and through the intercellular spaces of the retinal pigment epithelium (RPE), where it was blocked by zonulae occludentes. Occasionally HRP was found within pinocytotic vesicles of the RPE. It was also confined within retinal blood vessels by their endothelial cells. It is concluded that the blood-retinal barrier remains intact to HRP following long-term rhegmatogenous retinal detachment. However, a slight alteration exists at the choriocapillaris in detached eyes. PMID- 6721770 TI - Surface deposits on worn hard contact lenses. AB - Giant papillary conjunctivitis (GPC) is associated with deposits on contact lenses. We used scanning electron microscopy to study the anterior surface of 30 hard contact lenses, both cleaned and not cleaned, worn by patients with GPC and with keratoconus and by asymptomatic subjects. Uncleaned lenses worn by asymptomatic subjects for one day had deposits on about 5% of the surface. In most cases, the deposits were removed completely by one cleaning. Uncleaned lenses worn by patients with GPC or keratoconus had deposits on about 90% of the surface. Most of these deposits were removed by one cleaning. However, residual deposits after cleaning were greater on lenses from patients with keratoconus than on those from patients with GPC. Lenses from asymptomatic subjects rarely had residual deposits after cleaning. We found that the types of deposits on worn soft and hard contact lenses are similar, that there are fewer deposits on hard lenses than on soft lenses, and that deposits on hard lenses, unlike those on soft lenses, generally can be removed by one cleaning. PMID- 6721771 TI - Endothelial damage in monkeys after radial keratotomy performed with a diamond blade. AB - Anterior radial keratotomy was performed with a diamond blade in ten rhesus monkey eyes. Results were compared with those of a previous study in which a metal blade was used. Histologic assessment showed endothelial degeneration, but fewer edematous endothelial cells, than in the previous study. Specular microscopy demonstrated statistically significant endothelial cell losses (7.99%), when preoperative and three-month postoperative values were compared. Autoradiography showed little cell division in the endothelial cell layer. Cell loss seemed to be repaired mainly by the spreading of neighboring cells. Endothelial cell division is also limited in humans, and the cumulative loss of cells due to surgical trauma combined with continuous damage-related losses and later age-related reductions in cell numbers could produce corneal decompensation in some patients years after radial keratotomy. PMID- 6721773 TI - Displacement of optic nerve head in response to short-term intraocular pressure elevation in human eyes. AB - Mechanical movement, reflecting compression within the lamina cribrosa, has been suggested as an initiating event in the production of damage in glaucoma. Reversible movements within the lamina cribrosa were sought and studied by characterizing the displacement of fine platinum wire following short-term elevation of intraocular pressure in 13 enucleated human eyes. With IOP elevation, maximum movement in the optic nerve occurred near its center, with minimum movement at its periphery. The difference in movement between these two locations increased with increases in IOP. However, the greatest displacement per unit of IOP elevation occurred at the lowest IOP. Resistance to further displacement occurred as higher IOP was reached. The differential mechanical displacement observed may initiate damage in open-angle glaucoma by causing compression of the vessels and/or shearing of axons within the lamina cribrosa. PMID- 6721772 TI - Dexamethasone protection against photochemical retinal injury. AB - Photochemical retinal injury was produced in the foveomacula of the rhesus monkey using the light from an indirect ophthalmoscope. The eyes were examined by both light and electron microscopy. Damage consisted of vacuolization of the retinal pigment epithelium and neurosensory retinal layers. Pretreatment with subcutaneous injection of dexamethasone for 16 weeks prior to light exposure markedly decreased damage to the retinal pigment epithelium, but had no apparent effect on damage to the neurosensory retina in eyes examined 18 hours after exposure. The mechanism responsible for this protective effect is unknown. PMID- 6721774 TI - A reasoned approach to nasal base surgery. AB - Although remodeling the nasal base is one of the most demanding and important parts of rhinoplasty, it is usually taught and performed in such a seemingly empirical manner that the entire process becomes bewildering and mysterious to many students. Because the cartilaginous skeleton of the nasal base bears a striking resemblance to a tripod, we have been using remodeling techniques for the past 25 years that employ mechanical principles that could be used if one desired to change the configuration of a tripod. PMID- 6721775 TI - Revision rhinoplasty. A decision dilemma. AB - Although most of the previous literature on revision rhinoplasty discusses a certain nasal deformity with its specific management, patients seen for revisional rhinoplasty are usually seen with a combination of different problems that confuse the surgeon. The aim of this article is to offer a simplified and systematic approach to revision rhinoplasty. Examples of preoperative cases, their step-by-step analysis, and postoperative results are given. PMID- 6721776 TI - Augmentation mentoplasty with polyamide mesh. Update. AB - Augmentation mentoplasty, a cosmetic surgical procedure to reshape the contour of the mental area, usually requires insertion of an alloplastic material. Polyamide mesh was used in a ten-year experience; the technique is described. Results in the more than 400 patients have been uniformly good. Consistent advantages are ease of insertion that facilitates the surgical procedure, minimal postoperative morbidity or reaction, flexibility in conforming to the shape of the mandible, postoperative ingrowth of fibrous tissues precluding late displacement, and a natural feel to the reconstructed area. PMID- 6721777 TI - 512 rhytidectomies. A retrospective study. AB - A retrospective study of 512 rhytidectomy surgeries performed by one of us (F.M.K.) showed that the sequential technique and two-stage concept was used in most cases, with improvement in results noted when platysmal-superficial musculoaponeurotic system flaps were incorporated into the surgical routine. The majority of the patients were treated as outpatients; drains were rarely used. Statistical analysis of results and complications are discussed, as well as the aesthetic philosophy involved in this area of surgery. A comparison with other retrospective studies of this procedure is also given. PMID- 6721778 TI - The face-lift incision. AB - Numerous variations of the "standard" face-lift incision are used to achieve adequate exposure, skin redraping , and minimal scar deformity. Our incision technique is based on careful study of over 1,000 of our patients who underwent rhytidectomies . We believe that our technique allows the goals of rhytidectomy to be achieved with minimal morbidity. PMID- 6721779 TI - Bell's palsy. Nonrecurrent v recurrent and unilateral v bilateral. AB - Bell's palsy was classified into five categories--unilateral nonrecurrent , unilateral recurrent, simultaneous bilateral, alternating bilateral, and recurrent bilateral type--based on the clinical statistical study of two large series of patients with Bell's palsy treated at different locations in Japan. One series consisted of 1,217 patients and the other of 1,197 for a total of 2,414 patients in this study. The incidence of each type and the age and sex distributions were similar in the two groups. Clinical features of each type are described. The results imply that more specific causative factors trigger the recurrences and the simultaneous bilateral attacks. PMID- 6721780 TI - Motor and sensory facial nerve grafts. An experimental comparative study. AB - Two groups of four rabbits each were used. In the first group, the greater auricular nerve was grafted into the ipsilateral facial nerve. In the second group, the facial nerve was grafted into the contralateral facial nerve. Electromyographic studies were performed on both groups 21 to 24 weeks afterward, together with an axonal count of the grafted nerves and histologic studies of the facial muscles. No differences between the groups were found in rest periods, periods of voluntary activity, and magnitude of the action potentials. In the auriculo-facial grafts, the number and density of axons was greater. The conclusion of this study is that the facial nerve can function adequately with a smaller number of axons than it normally has with sensitive nerves of a lesser width proving to be useful grafts. PMID- 6721781 TI - The cheek-neck rotation flap for closure of temporozygomatic-cheek wounds. AB - The head and neck surgeon is often consulted for evaluation and treatment of traumatic or neoplastic lesions of the lateral aspect of the face. Large malignant cutaneous lesions may require excision with wide margins, often parotidectomy, and possibly neck dissection. Traumatic lesions may involve notable soft-tissue loss, and parotid, facial nerve, or mandibular injury. Management of such planned or unplanned wounds challenges the surgeon due to the magnitude of the soft-tissue defect, cosmetic and functional considerations, and the need for soft-tissue protection and nourishment of repaired structures. Primary reconstruction with a large cheek-neck rotation flap provides the advantages of reliability, simplicity, excellent exposure, vital-structure protection, superior aesthetic results, and eliminates the need for a second operative site to harvest skin grafts or distant flaps. Four illustrative cases are reported, with a discussion to address parotid metastases from carcinoma of the lateral aspect of the face and initial treatment of shotgun injuries to the face. PMID- 6721782 TI - Spastic dysphonia and essential (voice) tremor treated with primidone. AB - Primidone has been reported to be effective in reducing tremor in patients with benign essential tremor. There is at least one report that suggests that the medication may reduce voice tremor, a frequent component of the essential tremor syndrome. Three patients with spastic dysphonia of essential (voice) tremor and one with more typical essential (voice) tremor were treated with primidone and experienced no alleviation in the voice signs. The side effects experienced by all patients were consistent with those noted in previous reports. Primidone does not seem to be effective in treating essential voice tremor or spastic dysphonia of essential voice tremor. PMID- 6721783 TI - Dermatofibrosarcoma protuberans of the head and neck. AB - To elucidate the natural history of dermatofibrosarcoma protuberans of the head and neck, 17 cases were reviewed and compared with 92 others contained within the English literature. The prototypic case is seen as a firm, solitary, slowly enlarging, asymptomatic, cutaneous nodule between 2 and 5 cm in size and of two years' duration. It is more common in men and in persons aged between 30 and 40 years. The scalp and neck-supraclavicular fossa are the most common sites, accounting for half of the cases. Approximately 50% to 75% of the patients experience local recurrence after initial surgery and, of these, half to three fourths manifest within three years of treatment. Metastases, seen in no more than 6% of all cases, are almost invariably preceded by two or more local recurrences and occur primarily through the bloodstream to the lungs and bones and less often to regional lymph nodes. Prognostic factors, differential diagnosis, and histogenesis are included. PMID- 6721784 TI - Papillary carcinoma of the thyroid gland seen as lateral neck cyst. AB - The clinical, roentgenographic, histologic, and cytologic features of four cases of papillary carcinoma of the thyroid gland seen as lateral neck cysts are discussed. Carcinoma of the thyroid gland characteristically is a solid tumor and appears as a firm, painless, and otherwise asymptomatic mass in the anterior paramedial part of the neck. A nontender fluctuant lateral neck mass commonly implies a benign lesion. The diagnostic procedures used (namely, fine-needle aspiration and ultrasound and thyroid scans) may belie the nature of the lateral neck lesion. Examination of the tissue is necessary to confirm the diagnosis. PMID- 6721785 TI - Carotid-cavernous fistula following nasopharyngeal biopsy. AB - A middle-aged man with a cervical lymph node metastasis underwent nasopharyngeal biopsy in search of the primary tumor. Following biopsy his eye became swollen and painful with unilateral loss of vision. A carotid-cavernous fistula was demonstrated, as was deficient ossification at the base of the skull. The fistula was successfully treated with balloon embolization. PMID- 6721786 TI - Computed tomographic assessment of squamous cell carcinoma. PMID- 6721787 TI - Ductal cyst. PMID- 6721788 TI - Release from first-formant masking in presbyacusis. AB - Using synthetic vowels, the effects of first-formant masking on discrimination of the presence of a transition in the second formant were measured under conditions of first-formant attenuation and dichotic presentation. The subjects were 26 listeners between the ages of 61 and 91 with borderline to moderate sensorineural hearing losses. Results indicated: (1) dichotic presentation was significantly superior to monotic presentation; (2) attenuation of the first formant did not result in significant improvement of second-formant transition discrimination. Improved performance in the dichotic conditions may be related to the fact that subjects selected lower most comfortable listening levels than for monotic conditions. Results are compared to those of another study using natural speech stimuli. PMID- 6721789 TI - Binaural interaction measured behaviorally and electrophysiologically in young and old adults. AB - 12 young men (mean age = 39.1 years) and 12 older men (mean age = 69.4 years) presenting some degree of sensorineural hearing loss were chosen so that the two groups were audiometrically matched. Behavioral tests of binaural interaction (BI) included binaural fusion, rapidly alternating speech perception, and masking level difference (at 500 Hz). There was a tendency toward better performance by the younger subjects for each of these tests, but these comparisons fell short of statistical significance. Auditory brainstem responses (ABRs) and middle-latency responses (MLRs) to clicks were recorded in both monaural and binaural modes, with off-line derivation of BI components. Latencies of wave V (in ABR) and waves Pa and Nb (in MLR) were prolonged in the older subjects for all conditions; this effect was independent of degree of hearing loss. BI components did not differ substantially between the two groups, except for a 0.45-ms latency difference for the 'N1' peak, as expected from the raw ABR data. MLRs for both groups showed a pattern of BI which was different from that seen in young subjects with normal hearing, in that latency for wave Pa in MLR was not reduced in the binaural condition. The young subjects showed the expected reduction of binaural wave Pa amplitude compared to monaural sum responses, while the older subjects, as a group, did not. No significant correlations were found between behavioral and electrophysiological tests. PMID- 6721790 TI - Time- and intensity-dependent low-pass filtering of auditory brain stem responses. AB - A new method of filtering auditory brain stem responses (ABR), which is time-and intensity-dependent, is proposed. The epoch containing the averaged response is divided up into 128 overlapping segments and each segment is differently filtered. The characteristics of a filter that is applied to a segment of the response are derived from the time-dependent spectral composition of normal ABRs at the appropriate stimulus intensity. After filtering, the segments are added together to yield a response with no significant amplitude and/or phase distortion, and with distinctly pronounced peaks that are excellently suitable for evaluation with an automated system. PMID- 6721791 TI - Renal and biochemical changes produced in broilers by high-protein, high-calcium, urea-containing, and vitamin-A-deficient diets. AB - Three hundred 18-day-old male chicks (Arbor Acre) were divided into five groups of 60 each and given high-protein (42.28%), high-calcium (3.37%), urea-containing (5%), vitamin-A-deficient, or control diets to study the effect of nutritional imbalances on the development of nephritis and related biochemical changes over 15 weeks. The first four diets increased the levels of glutamate oxaloacetate transaminase, glutamate pyruvate transaminase, uric acid, and nonprotein nitrogen in serum. Blood urea was increased by only the urea diet. Hypoglycemia and a decrease in hepatic glucose-6-phosphatase were also observed in chicks fed the first four diets. The vitamin-A-deficient diet resulted in a depletion of vitamin A in the liver and kidneys. These changes were directly correlated with the prolonged feeding of experimental diets and also with the severity of nephritis and degenerative changes in various organs. It was concluded that increasing the intake of nitrogen or calcium in order to increase production may in fact have the opposite effect, leading to degenerative changes in various tissues and to nephritis. PMID- 6721792 TI - Comparative studies on competitive exclusion of three isolates of Campylobacter fetus subsp. jejuni in chickens by native gut microflora. AB - Resistance of young chicks to Campylobacter fetus subsp. jejuni was substantially increased by early exposure to native gut microflora. Protection was demonstrated against two human isolates and a chicken isolate of C. fetus subsp. jejuni. Significant protection against the chicken isolate was observed throughout a 91 day test period. Infection reached 100% (25/25) in the untreated group at 56 days of age and only 4% (1/25) in the group treated with native gut microflora. Campylobacter fetus subsp. jejuni was isolated from the ceca and less frequently from the gall bladder and liver of chicks that actively shed the bacteria. Cultures of feces from chicks reared on wood-shavings litter were often negative, suggesting that culturing litter as an indicator of infection has limited value. PMID- 6721793 TI - An enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay for detecting antibodies to Pasteurella multocida in chickens. AB - An enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) was developed to detect the humoral antibody response in chickens receiving subcutaneous injections of the CU vaccine strain of Pasteurella multocida. Serum samples were collected twice weekly for 3 weeks, and chicken antibody responses were monitored using ELISA. The positive/negative ratio method of analysis was used to determine the antibody titer of vaccinated chickens. After a loge transformation of the ELISA titer, a linear relationship was confirmed between ELISA titer and positive/negative ratio. Regression analysis was used to construct a standard curve and derive an equation from this relationship. Using this equation, only one dilution was needed to determine the antibody titer of any unknown serum sample. The ELISA technique was used to monitor the mean antibody titer of vaccinated chickens over the 3-week period. A classic primary response curve occurred when titer was plotted against time. PMID- 6721794 TI - A comparison of avian and mammalian cell cultures for the propagation of avian reovirus WVU 2937. AB - Two avian and seven mammalian cell lines were evaluated for their application in propagating avian reovirus WVU 2937. Cultures were compared for monolayer formation time, support of viral replication, passages and postinfection time required for expression of cytopathic effect (CPE), type of CPE, and virus yield. CPE was observed on the first passage with infected egg yolk in primary chicken embryo kidney cells, primary through tertiary chicken embryo liver (CEL) cells, and African green monkey kidney (VERO) cells; on the third blind passage of infected supernatant in Georgia bovine kidney cells, Crandall feline kidney cells, and baby hamster cells; on the fifth blind passage in rabbit kidney cells; and on the tenth blind passage in porcine kidney cells. CPE was not observed after 10 viral passages in rabbit bone-marrow cells. Monolayer formation time and postinfection time for CPE expression occurred sooner, and virus yield was greater, with CEL and VERO cells than with other cell lines. PMID- 6721796 TI - Epidemiological study of an outbreak of infectious coryza on a poultry farm in Iraq. AB - This report deals with an outbreak of infectious coryza (IC) in a Badosh, Iraq, poultry farm in 1982. It appears to be the first published report of IC in Iraq, although claims of previous occurrence of the disease have been made. PMID- 6721795 TI - Evaluation of inactivated Mycoplasma gallisepticum oil-emulsion bacterins for protection against airsacculitis in broilers. AB - Broiler chicks were vaccinated subcutaneously in the neck at various ages with a single 0.5-ml dose of beta-propiolactone-inactivated Mycoplasma gallisepticum (MG) oil-emulsion bacterin. Four weeks later, vaccinated and control chicks were placed in cold environmental cabinets, infected with infectious bronchitis virus intratracheally, and 2 days later challenged by aerosol exposure to live MG broth culture. All chicks were killed 21 days later and scored postmortem for the rate and severity of airsacculitis produced in each group. Broiler chicks vaccinated at 1 day of age had only slight protection against the development of airsacculitis. Results were variable when chicks were vaccinated at 7 days of age, with little evidence of resistance to airsacculitis. However, when broiler chicks were vaccinated with MG bacterins at 11 to 15 days of age, they acquired significant protection against airsacculitis compared with controls. Viable MG organisms were readily isolated from most of the sampled tracheas and air-sac lesions cultured 21 days post-challenge, indicating a lack of protection against infection of the respiratory tract. MG-vaccinated chicks generally produced antibodies readily detectable by the rapid serum-plate test, tube-agglutination, and hemagglutination-inhibition (HI) tests. Some of the vaccinated chicks, but none of the unvaccinated control chicks, developed positive reactions to agar-gel precipitin tests following challenge. Low HI titers at challenge were not necessarily indicative of lack of protection against the development of airsacculitis, since good protection was often observed in chickens with low to moderate HI titers. PMID- 6721797 TI - Tendon avulsion as a cause of lameness in turkeys. AB - Avulsion of the lateral intertarsal tendon is a common cause of hock deformity and lameness in turkeys. The clinical and pathological features of this condition are described. PMID- 6721798 TI - Epizootiology, pathology, and microbiology of an outbreak of urolithiasis in chickens. AB - An outbreak of urolithiasis that doubled the annual mortality rate of chickens in a large flock of table-egg-layers is described. Despite the presence of a large unilateral urolith and/or severe renal atrophy, the layers often maintained active egg production and apparent homeostasis until a small urolith blocked the ureteral flow from the contralateral kidney. This terminal episode appeared to produce acute obstructive renal failure, rapidly developing visceral gout (visceral urate deposition), uremia, and death. The atrophy observed appeared to be acquired and progressive. Histologic features in the kidneys were acute to chronic glomerulonephritis, interstitial nephritis, and pyelonephritis. Epizootiologic and microbiologic studies indicated that a combination of infectious and noninfectious mechanisms may have been involved. Causative roles for calcium-phosphate imbalance, infectious bronchitis (IB), Newcastle disease (ND), and adenovirus or reovirus infections could be neither excluded nor confirmed. Contributory factors may have been spray ND-IB and other vaccinations of 15-week-old ND-IB-susceptible pullets, water deprivation, shipping stress, Mycoplasma synoviae infection, immune complex disease, and mycotoxins. PMID- 6721799 TI - Establishment and competitive exclusion of Yersinia enterocolitica in the gut of monoxenic and holoxenic chicks. AB - Newly hatched chicks subcutaneously injected with or orally exposed to Yersinia enterocolitica were colonized in the gastrointestinal tract by this bacteria. Colonization did not take place when chicks were exposed to less than 10(8) colony-forming units. In monoxenic chicks, major colonization was detected in the crop, ceca, and cloaca; fewer numbers colonized other regions of the gastrointestinal tract, and there was little evidence of bacteremia. None of the chicks exhibited clinical signs, although colonization was demonstrated throughout the gastrointestinal tract over the 28-day test period. Prior colonization by native gut microflora prevented subsequent colonization by Y. enterocolitica in holoxenic chicks. PMID- 6721800 TI - Improved focus assay of reticuloendotheliosis virus in a quail fibroblast cell line (QT35). AB - Reticuloendotheliosis virus (REV) strains T and CS consistently induced focus formation in a quail fibroblast cell line designated QT35 that was maintained under agarose overlay following inoculation of REV. The foci were more distinct and better circumscribed than those that developed in QT35 cultures under fluid medium. The focus formation in QT35 cultures under agarose overlay was inhibited by REV antiserum, and there were a highly significant correlation (r = 0.966, P less than 0.005) and a linear relationship between the number of foci that developed and relative virus concentration inoculated. This provides a valid focus assay for REVs. PMID- 6721801 TI - Correlation of titer, preservation method, and storage of Mycoplasma gallisepticum F strain and the immune response in chickens. AB - The F strain of Mycoplasma gallisepticum (MG) was used either fresh or after lyophilization or freezing at -60 C to vaccinate young leghorn chickens. Vaccine stored either frozen or lyophilized for 22 months was also used. Each vaccine preparation was given at dosages ranging from 10(5) to 10(9) colony-forming units/ml. All dosage levels of MG significantly (P less than 0.05) reduced air sac lesion scores after aerosol challenge with the R strain of MG at 6 weeks postvaccination, regardless of the method of vaccine preservation or storage. PMID- 6721802 TI - Response of broiler-type chickens to live Pasteurella multocida--duration of immunity and minimum dose. AB - Broiler-type chickens were exposed to avirulent Pasteurella multocida by stick wing once or twice, and groups were challenged with pathogenic P. multocida at 20, 50, or 80 weeks postexposure. Immunity was not lower when chickens were challenged at 80 weeks rather than at 20 and 50 weeks postexposure. Various doses of avirulent P. multocida were administered by stick-wing or subcutaneously in the back of the neck. Results of challenge at 20 weeks postexposure indicated that protection was reduced when exposure dose by either route was lower than 6.1 X 10(4) viable organisms. PMID- 6721803 TI - Evaluation of the microagglutination test in the diagnosis of Mycoplasma gallisepticum infection in chickens. AB - The sensitivity and specificity of the microagglutination (MA), serum-plate agglutination (SP), and hemagglutination-inhibition (HI) test for Mycoplasma gallisepticum (MG) were compared in groups of chickens infected with MG, M. synoviae, or Pasteurella multocida or inoculated with bacterins prepared from Staphylococcus aureus or Erysipelothrix rhusiopathiae. Of the three tests evaluated, the HI test had the highest specificity, but it was the least sensitive. Both the MA and SP tests were more sensitive than the HI test but lower in specificity. The MA test was less sensitive than the SP test in detecting antibodies against heterologous MG strains. PMID- 6721804 TI - Measurement of tetracycline levels in parakeets. AB - Parakeets were fed hulled millet seed containing 0.5% chlortetracycline (CTC) or minocycline. Blood concentrations of more than 1 micrograms CTC/ml and more than 5 micrograms minocycline/ml were obtained. Equivalent drug assay results were obtained from blood specimens collected by venipuncture or by use of treated filter-paper discs. The latter is a fairly simple method for assaying CTC concentrations in blood of treated psittacines. PMID- 6721805 TI - The influence of nutrient density of broiler rations on the effective dose of anticoccidial drugs. AB - Anticoccidial drugs were added to diets formulated with a nutrient density of 1479 kcal/lb and 24% protein or with 80% of those energy and protein levels (low density) to determine whether rate of feed intake influences efficacy of drugs in broilers infected with coccidiosis. In four experiments with monensin, broilers receiving 60 or 100 ppm of monensin in the lower-density ration consumed more feed per unit of gain but gained less weight than those on the control diet. Coccidiosis (Eimeria tenella) was better controlled by 60 ppm of monensin in the low-density diet than in the high-density diet. There was some evidence of a similar efficacy-enhancing effect with nicarbazin, salinomycin, and lasalocid but not with robenidine. When drug intake was calculated as mg/kg of weight gain, there was a strikingly higher rate of intake of most drugs in the low-density diet, accounting for the apparent increase in activity. These results suggest that in countries where nutrient density of feeds varies significantly from those used in the United States, some compensation in levels of certain feed additives might be considered. PMID- 6721806 TI - Transferred humoral immunity in chickens to Mycoplasma gallisepticum. AB - Progeny chicks of Mycoplasma gallisepticum (MG)-infected and MG-free white leghorns were used to evaluate the protective effects of maternal antibodies against aerosol challenge with the virulent R strain of MG at 3, 7, or 14 days of age. Interference by maternal antibodies with day-1 vaccination with the F strain of MG was also studied. In another trial, 8, 4, or 2 ml of high- or low-titered antiserum was given to 20-day-old commercial white leghorn chicks. Protection was measured in terms of air-sac lesions post-challenge with the R strain of MG as above. Maternal antibody in the chicks conferred very little protection against challenge and did not interfere with day-1 vaccination with the F strain of MG. Low-titered antibody gave no protection against growth of MG in the tracheas, but the high-titered MG antiserum did confer some protection against airsacculitis. This protection might be due to growth-inhibition antibody in the transferred serum. PMID- 6721807 TI - Evaluation of attenuated strains of Mycoplasma gallisepticum as vaccines in young chickens. AB - Five trials were conducted to evaluate the virulence and the vaccination efficacy of the F, R, S6, and A5969 strains of Mycoplasma gallisepticum (MG) at different in vitro passage levels. Vaccination was done by eye-drop or aerosol, and efficacy was evaluated in terms of air-sac lesions after aerosol challenge with the R strain of MG. Continuing medium passage of these strains of MG resulted in gradual attenuation. Aerosol vaccination with highly attenuated MG at 21 days of age was more effective in stimulating the development of immunity than was eye drop vaccination at 7 days, but aerosol vaccination induced more air-sac lesions. Aerosol vaccination with high-passaged F or S6 strain provided good immunity against MG challenge. Back-passage in chickens of the F strain of over 300 medium passages did not substantially increase the virulence, but back-passage of the S6 strain at the 258th passage and F strain at the 11th and 252nd passage did result in increased virulence. Both low- and high-passaged F and S6 strains were virulent for turkey poults, but only the high-passage F strain did not significantly (P less than 0.05) affect body weight. PMID- 6721808 TI - Thermal protection performance of survival suits in ice-water. AB - Five models of dry and insulative survival suits for cold-water immersion were studies for their thermal protection while worn by subjects floating in ice-water at 1 degree C for 6 h. Rectal temperature, extremity skin temperatures, and heart rate were monitored. No significant differences occurred in the thermal or heart rate responses of the subjects wearing the five models of suits. The immersion induced only mild hypothermia; the overall amount of rectal cooling during the 6 h period was 0.80 degree C, or a rate of 0.13 degree C/h. Extremity temperatures fell within the first 2 h to levels that induced strong sensation of cold and moderate shivering. The results show that dry and insulative survival suits can provide excellent protection against fatal levels of hypothermia resulting from ice-water immersion. Predicted survival time, given the very low cooling rate observed, exceeds 1 d if drowning can be avoided. PMID- 6721809 TI - The military performance of soldiers in sustained operations. AB - Two 9-d tactical defensive exercises were carried out. The first assessed and compared the performance of three platoons of infantry scheduled for either 0, 1.5, or 3 h of sleep in every 24 h, and the second determined whether soldiers are likely to remain militarily effective during a period of partial sleep loss following a period with no scheduled sleep at all. To this end, 10 infantry soldiers were scheduled for 4 h of sleep in every 24 for a 6-d period following a 3.75-d period without any scheduled sleep. Performance, physical fitness, and mood were assessed throughout both exercises. Results indicated that the effects of sleep loss are psychological rather than physiological; soldiers are likely to be militarily ineffective after 48-72 h without sleep; and a small amount of recovery sleep relative to the amount lost has very beneficial effects. PMID- 6721810 TI - A study of maximal oxygen consumption in Chinese males. AB - Maximal oxygen intake has been proposed as a standard for cardiovascular fitness. Measurement of maximal heart rate, blood pressure, oxygen consumption, and exercise duration can assess the individuals' functional aerobic capacity or reserve resulting from cardiac disease. The purpose of the present study is to evaluate the physiologic response to maximal treadmill exercise. The Chinese Air Force protocol (CAF protocol - a constant speed of 5.6 kmph with a 5% increase in grade every 3 min) was used in 202 healthy men of 30 to 57 years of age. Their mean maximal heart rate and maximal oxygen consumption are 181 b.m-1 and 40.4 ml.kg-1.m-1, respectively. The study revealed that aging bears a prominent influence on maximal heart rate and maximal diastolic pressure but not on systolic pressure. There are two major influences on max .Vo2, namely, age and habitual physical activity level. Activity had a more significant effect than the age factor. Maximal oxygen consumption was lower in sedentary than in physically active persons and diminished with age. It had a high correlation with duration of exercise by this standardized protocol. Accordingly by regression equations, average normal values from healthy persons could be predicted from activity status and age, and values expected on testing could be estimated from the duration of the exercise. PMID- 6721811 TI - Pilot disorientation and the use of a peripheral vision display. The 1983 Annual Harry G. Armstrong Lecture. PMID- 6721812 TI - Regulations and the air ambulance. AB - The recent biopolitical history of air ambulance development and the need for regulations is reviewed. There has been significant interaction between Aerospace Medical Association committees, the Federal Aviation Administration, and the Civil Aeronautics Board. The Federal Aviation Administration's Advanced Notice and Withdrawal of Proposed Rulemaking, the latter based on the FAA supposition that the "majority" of states had enacted regulations and guidelines, is compared to actual data that only seven states have regulations and two have guidelines. The precedence for FAA to act on regulations is established. The Aerospace Medical Association and the National Highway Traffic Safety Administration - not the FAA - have established and documented excellent guidelines. The FAA is providing a valuable service to aviation in general and air ambulance operations specifically through physiological training at military facilities which can provide information to promote patient protection in air ambulance operations. PMID- 6721813 TI - The sickle cell trait in relation to the training and assignment of duties in the Armed Forces: I. Policies, observations, and studies. AB - Opinions differ widely concerning the risks assumed by individuals with sickle cell trait (SCT) while engaged in military activities that involve exposure to hypoxic environments and other stress situations. Some claim that there is no scientific evidence of greater risk to those with SCT than to those without it, and that any and all restrictions are unfounded and unjust. Others believe that the success of military missions with the least possible risk to the health and safety of individuals are major concerns and that restrictions on the selection, training, and assignment to duties are necessary. Clinical observations indicate that in vivo sickling of erythrocytes in individuals with the SCT may occur in association with cardiac, pulmonary, and other primary diseases. Past scientific investigations have been inadequate and the conclusions drawn have been conflicting. Future policies will be based on information from new investigations combined with facts revealed in the literature and from retrospective studies of the experiences of those with and without the SCT while on duty in the Armed Forces. PMID- 6721814 TI - The effects of acceleration forces on night vision. AB - The effects of Gy and Gz acceleration forces on cone-type mesopic vision threshold values are examined. An experiment has been conducted on the Dynamic Environment Simulator, a three-axis human centrifuge, to reproduce an acceleration environment in a simulated night-flight combat situation. Acceleration environments studied were levels of +1 Gz, + 1Gy, +1.4 Gz, +2 Gz, +3 Gz, and +2 Gy in combination with +1 Gz. A visual task was performed which determined 20/50 visual acuity illumination threshold values. Physiological parameters recorded were arterial oxygen saturation (SaO2) by ear oximetry, heart rate, and visual acuity threshold values. There were 10 male subjects, all members of the United States Air Force. Their ages ranged from 25-39 years (mean +/- S.D., 29.1 +/- 4.3). Results were zero means obtained by self-pairing with +1 Gz controls. Analysis was done by self-pairing, two-tailed t test. Results showed no significant shift in luminance threshold values at +1 Gy or +1.4 Gz, and significant increases in luminance thresholds at the 0.01 level for +2 Gz, +3 Gz, and +2 Gy in combination with +1 Gz. PMID- 6721815 TI - Effects of extended hypoxia on night vision. AB - The effects of 16 d of sustained hypoxia (4300-m equivalent) on the dark adaptation threshold function were studied in 12 male subjects measured periodically (days 2,4,6,9,11,13,16 of exposure) over a 20-min test period for both red and green stimuli using a new computerized dark adaptometer. Comparison with sea level performance showed negligible elevations of thresholds for red response, but highly significant impairment of green response (p less than 0.00001) over almost the entire dark adaptation function. These losses peaked between the sixth and ninth day followed by little recovery, except at the eleventh day when the subjects descended briefly to 3200 m elevation. Impairments developed rapidly again upon return to the original higher altitude. The results differ from previous findings after shorter exposure periods, which showed only slight impairments of the early segment of dark adaptation. Implications of the results are discussed. PMID- 6721816 TI - Physiological responses and survival time prediction for humans in ice-water. AB - Lightly-clothed, nonexercising humans - 10 females and 11 males - were immersed in 0 degree C water for durations of 25-40 min until their core temperatures decreased to 35 degrees C. Ventilation rate increased 434% in the first 1-2 min of immersion, which increased the respiratory exchange ratio from 0.8 to 1.4. After 10 min of immersion, mean skin temperature had fallen to 5 degrees C and mean rectal and tympanic cooling rates were 6.02 and 5.40 degrees C/h, respectively. No sex differences occurred. By 15-20 min of immersion, maximum shivering metabolism was attained with levels nearly 4 times the preimmersion metabolic rate. This metabolic response was accompanied by heart rates in the range of 90-110 beats/min and increases in respiratory minute volume that were 250-300% greater than preimmersion. Predictions of survival time in 0 degree C water (based on hypothermia rather than drowning) were 1-1.5 h for the average person under the conditions of this study. PMID- 6721817 TI - Marital assortment for personality dispositions: assessment with three different data sources. PMID- 6721818 TI - Using the triple test cross to investigate the genetics of behavior in wild populations. III. Activity and reactivity. PMID- 6721820 TI - The analysis of mating behavior data. PMID- 6721819 TI - Strain-differentiated circadian and ultradian rhythms in locomotor activity of the laboratory rat. PMID- 6721821 TI - Callosal inhibition: the key to the brain code. AB - A mechanism for interhemispheric communication is proposed based upon the assumption of homotopic callosal inhibition. The implied pattern of cortical activity in each cerebral hemisphere is shown to be the mirror-image and "photographic negative" of the contralateral pattern. Mirror-imagery is a direct consequence of (1) approximate cerebral hemispheric bilateral symmetry and (2) homotopic callosal connections. The photographic negative relationship is a direct consequence of (1) bilaterally symmetrical activation of the cortex via subcortical "attentional" mechanisms and (2) inhibition by a unilaterally established engram of an identical cortical pattern contralaterally. In language generation and understanding, excitation predominantly in the left hemisphere produces on the right inhibition of language-related neurons as well as excitation of all surrounding "contextual" neurons. The suggested dichotomy of verbal and contextual functions of the cerebral hemispheres is shown to be supported by previous findings concerned with cognition in brain-damaged patients. Unlike earlier suggestions of linguistic and paralinguistic specializations in the left and right, the mirror-image negative hypothesis is based upon an explicit physiological process rather than unspecified differences in "information processing." PMID- 6721822 TI - [Nomenclature for hip signs in the newborn]. PMID- 6721823 TI - [Hematoma and thrombosis prevention after hip surgery]. PMID- 6721824 TI - [Vascular complications in hip endoprosthesis]. PMID- 6721825 TI - [Etiology, diagnosis and treatment of tardy ulnar nerve palsy]. PMID- 6721826 TI - [2-stage flexor tendon transplantation--surgical technic--histology--results]. PMID- 6721827 TI - [Our experience with the so-called tennis elbow--clinical picture and treatment]. PMID- 6721828 TI - Structure and thermal interconversion of cyclobilirubin IX alpha. AB - One of the two main photoproducts in bilirubin metabolism during phototherapy in neonatal hyperbilirubinaemia is (EZ)-cyclobilirubin. However, it has not yet been possible to come to a final conclusion as to its chemical structure, despite the fact that much effort has been expended on the problem. The present paper demonstrates that (EZ)-cyclobilirubin is formed by the intramolecular cyclization of the C-3-vinyl group with the position at C-7 rather than at C-6, without delta lactone-ring formation. The evidence comes from 13C-n.m.r. spectra, which indicate that an oxygen-bound quaternary carbon atom is not present, and from 1H n.m.r. spectra, which indicate that the orientation of the methyl group at C-2 is equatorial; these findings are supported by mass spectra. The existence of both an epimeric relationship at C-7 between (EE)- and (EZ)-cyclobilirubins A and B and of steric isomers of the hydrogen atom and methyl group at C-2 is supported by the fact that the methyl-group protons at C-2 and C-7 are observed as a paired signal in 1H-n.m.r. spectra, and that new signals at C-7, C-2 and C-3 beta appear in 13C-n.m.r. spectra, that mass spectra of (EZ)-cyclobilirubins A and B are extremely similar and that, furthermore, thermal interconversion between (EE)- and (EZ)-cyclobilirubins A and B is observed. PMID- 6721829 TI - X-ray diffraction studies of enkephalins. Crystal structure of [(4'-bromo) Phe4,Leu5]enkephalin. AB - In order to investigate the structure-activity relationship of [Leu5]- and [Met5]enkephalins, [(4'-bromo)Phe4, Leu5]-, [(4'-bromo)Phe4, Met5]- and [Met5] enkephalins were synthesized and crystallized. The crystal structure of [(4' bromo) Phe4, Leu5]- enkephalin was determined by X-ray diffraction method using the heavy atom method and refined to R = 0.092 by the least-squares method. The molecule in this crystal took essentially the same type I' beta-turn conformation found in [Leu5]enkephalin [Smith & Griffin (1978) Science 199, 1214-1216). On the other hand, the preliminary three-dimensional Patterson analyses showed that the most probable conformations of [(4'-bromo)Phe4,Met5]- and [Met5]enkephalins are both the dimeric extended forms. Based on these insights, the biologically active conformation of enkephalin was discussed in relation to the mu- and delta receptors. PMID- 6721830 TI - Studies on the alpha-subunit of bovine brain S-100 protein. AB - A method is described for the rapid purification of both S-100 protein and calmodulin from crude bovine brain extracts by the use of a fluphenazine Sepharose affinity column eluted stepwise with decreasing concentrations of free Ca2+. Protein containing only alpha-subunit was purified from preparations of S 100 protein by anion-exchange chromatography. This protein co-migrated with the alpha-subunit of S-100 protein on sodium dodecyl sulphate/urea/polyacrylamide-gel electrophoresis and had an amino acid composition identical with that previously reported for this subunit. The results of u.v.-absorption and fluorescence emission spectroscopy indicate that the tryptophan residue of the purified alpha subunit of S-100 protein undergoes a Ca2+-induced change in environment. Measurements of changes in tryptophan fluorescence with increasing Ca2+ concentrations suggest an apparent dissociation constant of the alpha-subunit for Ca2+ of 7 X 10(-5)M in the absence of K+. In the presence of 90mM-K+ this value is increased to 3.4 X 10(-4)M. PMID- 6721831 TI - Anticoagulant activities of heparin oligosaccharides and their neutralization by platelet factor 4. AB - Oligosaccharides of well-defined molecular size were prepared from heparin by nitrous acid depolymerization, affinity chromatography on immobilized antithrombin III (see footnote on Nomenclature) and gel chromatography on Sephadex G-50. High affinity (for antithrombin III) octa-, deca-, dodeca-, tetradeca-, hexadeca- and octadeca-saccharides were prepared, as well as oligosaccharides of larger size than octadecasaccharide. The inhibition of Factor Xa by antithrombin III was greatly accelerated by all of these oligosaccharides, the specific anti-Factor Xa activity being invariably greater than 1300 units/mumol. The anti-Factor Xa activity of the decasaccharide was not significantly decreased in the presence of platelet factor 4, even at high platelet factor 4/oligosaccharide ratios. Measurable but incomplete neutralization of the anti-Factor Xa activities of the tetradeca- and hexadeca saccharides was observed, and complete neutralization of octadeca- and larger oligo-saccharides was achieved with excess platelet factor 4. The octa-, deca-, dodeca-, tetradeca- and hexadeca-saccharides had negligible effect on the inhibition of thrombin by antithrombin III, whereas specific anti-thrombin activity was expressed by the octadeca-saccharide and by the larger oligosaccharides. An octadecasaccharide is therefore the smallest heparin fragment (prepared by nitrous acid depolymerization) that can accelerate thrombin inhibition by antithrombin III. The anti-thrombin activities of the octadecasaccharide and larger oligosaccharides were more readily neutralized by platelet factor 4 than were their anti-Factor Xa activities. These findings are compatible with two alternative mechanisms for the action of platelet factor 4, both involving the binding of the protein molecule adjacent to the antithrombin III-binding site. Such binding results in either steric interference with the formation of antithrombin III-proteinase complexes or in displacement of the antithrombin III molecule from the heparin chain. PMID- 6721832 TI - Mechanism of hexachlorobenzene-induced porphyria in rats. Effect of phenobarbitone pretreatment. AB - The effect of a pretreatment with phenobarbitone (PB) on the porphyrinogenic action exerted by hexachlorobenzene (HCB) was examined in female rats. Kinetic studies of enzyme function after HCB poisoning showed that porphyrinogen carboxy lyase was the only enzyme of haem biosynthesis that markedly lowered its activity. Both stages of uroporphyrinogen (UPG) III decarboxylation were decreased. This enzyme, together with UPG I synthase (increased levels) were the first enzymes altered. Subsequently, an increase in delta-aminolaevulinate (AmLev) synthase and ferrochelatase was detected; AmLev dehydratase was the last to increase. On long-term exposure, PB alone did not modify the basal values of haem intermediates; only the content of cytochrome P-450 increased. All the enzyme activities studied showed no significant changes, except ferrochelatase, which increased. With both drugs the metabolic impairment promoted by HCB was accelerated and enhanced by prior PB treatment leading to the onset of an earlier and stronger porphyria. A more noticeable accumulation and excretion of higher carboxylated porphyrins and precursors was more promptly observed as a consequence of the early porphyrinogen carboxy-lyase blockade and the concomitant induction of AmLev synthase. Although the enzymic activities of both AmLev dehydratase and ferrochelatase were enhanced, this response differed in time. For UPG I synthase this pretreatment elicited lower values than those found in the HCB group. Cytochrome P-450 contents were immediately and slightly enhanced by all the drugs, but the values for the combined treatment were the lowest. Of the several hypotheses that could explain the action of HCB on the haem pathway, our results would suggest that the porphyrinogenic action of HCB is mediated by some of its metabolic products. PMID- 6721833 TI - Binding and uptake of [3H]adrenaline by perfused rat liver. AB - The binding and uptake of [3H]adrenaline by the intact perfused rat liver was investigated. We showed that the administration of [3H]adrenaline to liver resulted in the rapid uptake of the radioligand, and that such uptake was independent of any Ca2+ redistributions induced by the hormone. At low adrenaline concentrations (less than 50 nM) uptake was inhibited by prazosin, whereas at higher hormone concentrations a significant proportion of total [3H]adrenaline uptake could not be inhibited by this antagonist. [3H]Adrenaline uptake could be directly correlated with adrenaline-induced responses such as an increased rate of respiration and glycogenolysis. The partial inhibition (approx. 25%) of [3H]adrenaline uptake by antagonists was sufficient for the total inhibition of hormone-induced responses. The effect of various pharmacological agents on [3H]adrenaline uptake was investigated, and the contribution of tissue-related factors to alpha-adrenergic agonist-antagonist interactions in vivo is discussed. PMID- 6721834 TI - Role of thiols, pH and cathepsin D in the lysosomal catabolism of serum albumin. AB - Attempts were made to assess the role of thiols and to determine the cathepsins involved in the degradation of serum albumin in mouse liver and kidney lysosomes. Unlike cysteine or beta-mercaptoethanol, reduced glutathione (GSH) did not stimulate the degradation of formaldehyde-treated albumin in liver lysosomes, suggesting that the tripeptide did not penetrate the membrane. However, GSH was a much more effective stimulant of proteolysis in kidney lysosomes than was cysteine at low concentrations, and the effect was saturable at 1-2 mM concentrations. Thiols did not stimulate proteolysis in lysosomes when the disulphide bonds of albumin were reduced and alkylated, suggesting that the stimulatory effects were solely due to disulphide-bond reduction in protein substrates. Results obtained with thiols and iodoacetamide suggested that albumins denatured by disulphide-bond reduction and alkylation, disulphide-bond reduction without alkylation, or by treatment with 8 M-urea, were all degraded primarily by cathepsin D in lysosomes, but formaldehyde-denatured albumin was attacked by thiol proteinases. These findings correlated well with studies on the degradation of these proteins by rat liver lysosome (tritosome) extracts. Studies with the proteinase inhibitors leupeptin and pepstatin and the stimulatory effects of thiols in these extracts suggested that formaldehyde-denatured albumin was degraded primarily by the thiol proteinases, but that native albumin or albumins denatured by disulphide-bond reduction or by treatment with 8 M-urea were attacked by cathepsin D. Denaturation of serum albumin by any of the methods used caused a shift in the pH optimum of albumin catabolism by tritosome extracts or by purified cathepsin D from approx. 3-4 to 5-6. These results were discussed in terms of a possible mechanism for the catabolic aspect of serum albumin turnover. PMID- 6721835 TI - A new look at vitreous-humour collagen. AB - The collagens of bovine vitreous-humour and nasal-septum cartilage have been extracted, fractionated and compared. Both tissues show the same heterogeneity of collagen types, consisting of type II, 1 alpha, 2 alpha, 3 alpha and C-PS collagens. The type II collagen of the vitreous humour was significantly more hydroxylated both in the lysine and proline residues than was that of cartilage. C-PS1 collagen, together with higher-Mr forms were present in the vitreous humour, but the higher-Mr forms were not seen in cartilage. Both C-PS1 and C-PS2 were present in vitreous humour and cartilage, but vitreous humour contained three times more of these collagens than did cartilage. Despite the difference in amount, the molar ratio C-PS1/C-PS2 was approx. 1 in both tissues, suggesting that they are components of a larger molecule. The 1 alpha, 2 alpha, 3 alpha collagens were present in the same concentration in both tissues. These three chains co-precipitated on dialysis against phosphate-buffered saline, pH 7.2, in a manner analogous to type V collagen. PMID- 6721836 TI - Phosphorylation in vivo of the P light chain of myosin in rabbit fast and slow skeletal muscles. AB - The P light chain of myosin is partially phosphorylated in resting slow and fast twitch skeletal muscles of the rabbit in vivo. The extent of P light-chain phosphorylation increases in both muscles on stimulation. Rabbit slow-twitch muscles contain two forms of the P light chain that migrate with the same electrophoretic mobilities as the two forms of P light chain in rabbit ventricular muscle. The rate of phosphorylation of the P light chain in slow twitch muscle is slower than its rate of phosphorylation in fast-twitch muscles during tetanus. The rate of P light-chain dephosphorylation is slow after tetanic contraction of fast-twitch muscles in vivo. The time course of dephosphorylation does not correlate with the decline of post-tetanic potentiation of peak twitch tension in rabbit fast-twitch muscles. The frequency of stimulation is an important factor in determining the extent of P light-chain phosphorylation in fast- and slow-twitch muscles. PMID- 6721837 TI - Stimulation of 3-hydroxy-3-methylglutaryl-coenzyme A reductase in mouse uterine epithelial cells by oestradiol-17 beta. AB - The characteristics of 3-hydroxy-3-methylglutaryl-CoA reductase from mouse uterine epithelial cells were studied. Preliminary experiments showed that enzyme activity was stimulated approx. 10-fold 18h after administration of 100ng of oestradiol-17 beta. This activity was associated with all particulate fractions of the uterine luminal cell. The Km for D-3-hydroxy-3-methylglutaryl-CoA was 5.54 +/- 1.12 microM. The detailed time-course of oestrogen stimulation showed two peaks of activity, 9 and 15h after hormone treatment. The DNA content of the epithelial cells doubled between 6 and 12h after hormone treatment, whereas the protein content increased linearly over the 18h period. The peak of enzyme activity at 9h is associated with early S phase of the epithelial cells; the peak at 15h may be associated with a second S phase or with mitosis. Pretreatment with progesterone for 3 days before injection of oestradiol-17 beta (a treatment which inhibits uterine epithelial DNA synthesis) reduced the oestrogenic stimulation of enzyme activity by 63%; progesterone treatment alone did not stimulate enzyme activity. These data suggest that uterine epithelial 3-hydroxy-3-methylglutaryl CoA reductase may play an important role in the cell cycle in this tissue. PMID- 6721838 TI - Effect of creatine on contents of myosin heavy chain and myosin-heavy-chain mRNA in steady-state chicken muscle-cell cultures. AB - Embryonic-chick muscle cells reach a steady state with respect to protein metabolism after approx. 1 week in cell culture. To determine if this steady state could be altered by the administration of agents that have been reported to stimulate myosin heavy-chain synthesis, 7-day muscle-cell cultures were treated with 0-1 mM-creatine. Incorporation of [3H]leucine into myosin heavy chain was stimulated by 30-40% at the optimum creatine concentration (0.2 mM), but this stimulation was blocked when actinomycin D (10 micrograms/ml) was also present. However, the quantity of myosin-heavy-chain mRNA as measured by hybridization in vitro was only 15% higher in creatine-treated cultures, and was therefore not entirely responsible for the observed effect. It is important to note that creatine only exerted its action on myosin-heavy-chain synthesis rate in steady state cultures; creatine was ineffective in altering this rate in rapidly differentiating 3-day muscle cultures. Finally, muscle-cell cultures that had been grown for the entire 7-day culture period in the presence of 0.2 mM-creatine were assayed for quantity of myosin heavy chain. Control and creatine-treated cultures contained 12.7 +/- 1.5 and 20.5 +/- 1.8 micrograms/dish respectively. In conclusion, creatine apparently enhances the quantity of myosin heavy chain in steady-state embryonic muscle-cell cultures, but it probably does not mediate regulation of myosin content in adult skeletal muscle. PMID- 6721839 TI - Isolation and partial characterization of proteoglycans from rat incisors. AB - Newly synthesized proteoglycans of rat incisors were labelled in vivo for 6h with [35S]-sulphate in order to facilitate their detection during purification and characterization. Proteoglycans were extracted from non-mineralized portions (predentine) of rat incisors with 4M-guanidinium chloride and subsequently from dentine by demineralization with a 0.4M-EDTA solution containing 4M-guanidinium chloride. Both extractions were performed at 4 degrees C in the presence of proteinase inhibitors. Purification of proteoglycans was achieved with a procedure involving gel-filtration chromatography, selective precipitation of phosphoproteins, affinity chromatography and ion-exchange chromatography. Two proteoglycan populations were found in the initial extract (Pd-PG I and Pd-PG II), whereas only one fraction (D-PG) was obtained after demineralization. The minor proteoglycan fraction from the first extract, Pd-PG I, although not totally characterized, differed sharply from the other proteoglycans in that it had a larger molecular size with larger glycosaminoglycan chains composed of chondroitin 4- and 6-sulphate isomers. In contrast, the major proteoglycans Pd-PG II and D-PG had smaller hydrodynamic sizes with smaller glycosaminoglycan chains (but larger than those from bovine nasal cartilage proteoglycans) composed exclusively of chondroitin 4-sulphate. The major proteoglycans were incapable of interacting with hyaluronic acid. In general, the amino acid compositions of the major proteoglycans of rat incisors resembled that of bovine nasal cartilage proteoglycans, but the former had lower proline, valine, isoleucine, leucine, and higher aspartic acid, contents. PMID- 6721840 TI - Evidence for two forms of ligandin (YaYa dimers of glutathione S-transferase) in rat liver and kidney. AB - CM-cellulose chromatography of rat liver and kidney cytosol at pH6 reveals the presence of a second Ya-subunit dimer of glutathione S-transferase (GST-F) in addition to the recently described GST-YaYa (GST-L; our nomenclature) [Hayes & Clarkson (1982) Biochem. J. 207, 459-470]. The two forms are structurally similar (by the criteria of CNBr- and Staphylococcus-V8-proteinase-cleavage peptide maps), and both are sensitive to inhibition by haemin. However, their kinetic parameters with 1-chloro-2,4-dinitrobenzene are quite distinct, and they show differential inducibility by phenobarbitone. These results suggest a similar heterogeneity in Ya-subunits to that previously described for Yb-subunits of glutathione S-transferase and indicate that significant gene duplication may have occurred in these multifunctional intracellular binding proteins. PMID- 6721841 TI - Properties of a new calcium ion antagonist on cellular uptake and mitochondrial efflux of calcium ions. AB - Compound YS 035 [NN-bis-(3,4-dimethoxyphenethyl)-N-methylamine] is a new synthetic compound capable of inhibiting Ca2+ uptake by different cells. The inhibition of Ca2+ uptake by muscle cells isolated from chicken embryo is dose dependent in the compound YS 035 concentration range 10-30 microM. The new compound also inhibits Ca2+ entry into rat brain synaptosomes and less effectively into baby-hamster kidney cells. Compound YS 035 partially inhibits the slow Ca2+ release induced by Ruthenium Red and the rapid Na+-dependent efflux from heart mitochondria. The inhibition of the Na+/Ca2+ exchange appears to be of a non-competitive type with an apparent Ki of 28 microM. The new Ca2+ antagonist totally inhibits the Ca2+ efflux from liver mitochondria induced by Ruthenium Red, but it does not affect the release induced by uncoupler, respiratory inhibitor or chelator, nor the mitochondrial ATP synthesis and membrane potential. The properties shown by the new compound indicate it to be a Ca2+ antagonist and a useful tool for studies on the mitochondrial Ca2+ transport. PMID- 6721842 TI - Development of gluconeogenesis from dihydroxyacetone in rat hepatocytes during a feeding cycle and starvation. AB - Pyruvate kinase activity and the rates of gluconeogenesis and glycolysis in rat hepatocytes were evaluated by production of glucose and lactate + pyruvate from dihydroxyacetone during a feeding cycle or progressive starvation. In fed rats, during daylight (low food intake) and until darkness, gluconeogenesis progressively increased and glycolysis decreased slightly, but gluconeogenesis never exceeded glycolysis. During nocturnal feeding, gluconeogenesis and glycolysis returned to their morning rates. After 8 h starvation, an equal proportion of dihydroxyacetone was converted into glucose and into lactate + pyruvate. When glycogen was depleted (11 h of starvation), gluconeogenesis was maximal and glycolysis minimal. In fed and starved rats, the concentration of fructose 1,6-bisphosphate was the same. The activity ratio of pyruvate kinase (ratio of velocity at 0.5 mM-phosphoenolpyruvate to the maximum catalytic activity obtained with 4mM-phosphoenolpyruvate) was high in crude extracts of cells incubated with dihydroxyacetone and low in (NH4)2SO4-treated extracts, but remained unchanged during the whole experiment. There was no correlation between the rates of gluconeogenesis and glycolysis from dihydroxyacetone and the activity ratio of pyruvate kinase. PMID- 6721843 TI - Copper-phenanthroline-induced site-specific oxygen-radical damage to DNA. Detection of loosely bound trace copper in biological fluids. AB - Copper(II) ions, in the presence of 1,10-phenanthroline, O2 and a reducing agent, degrade DNA with the release of thiobarbituric-acid-reactive material. This reaction, dependent on the formation of oxygen radicals, was made the basis of a sensitive and specific assay for loosely bound copper in body fluids. When applied to certain extracellular fluids, trace amounts of copper could be detected in the lower micromolar range. PMID- 6721844 TI - Hypomethylation of hepatic nuclear DNA in rats fed with a carcinogenic methyl deficient diet. AB - A progressive decrease was observed in the 5-methyldeoxycytidine content of hepatic DNA in male F344 rats fed with a hepatocarcinogenic methyl-deficient diet. The same dietary regimen resulted in altered hepatic contents of S adenosylmethionine, the methyl-donating species, and S-adenosylhomocysteine, an inhibitor of DNA methylase. The data indicate that this carcinogenic dietary manipulation is sufficient to alter a possible regulatory process, DNA methylation. PMID- 6721846 TI - Possible explanation and implications of the reaction of ascorbic acid with some disulphide reagents. PMID- 6721845 TI - Is N-acetylglutamate a short-term regulator of urea synthesis? AB - A method is described for determining N-acetylglutamate as glutamate. N Acetylglutamate content of hepatocytes from 48 h-starved rats is high. It shows no parallelism with rates of urea synthesis from glutamine. We question its accepted function as a short-term regulator of urea synthesis. PMID- 6721847 TI - The stimulation of mitochondrial pyruvate carboxylation after dexamethasone treatment of rats. AB - Treatment of rats for 3 h with dexamethasone was shown to stimulate both pyruvate carboxylation and decarboxylation in the subsequently isolated mitochondria. The effect of hormone treatment on pyruvate carboxylation was also apparent in liver homogenates assayed within minutes of killing the animal and was independent of the temperature at which the assay was performed, suggesting that it was not an artifact of the mitochondrial preparation procedure. The stimulation of both aspects of pyruvate metabolism in the intact organelle was independent of the induction of either pyruvate carboxylase or pyruvate dehydrogenase. Similarly, there was no change in the percentage of pyruvate dehydrogenase in the active form, indicating that the effect of steroid treatment on pyruvate oxidation was not via changes in the degree of phosphorylation of the enzyme. Adrenalectomizing the animals for a period of 14 days before the experiment had no effect on either parameter. Glucocorticoid treatment of the animals increased the rate of pyruvate uptake into the mitochondria, as measured by the titration of pyruvate metabolism with alpha-cyano-4-hydroxycinnamate, a specific inhibitor of the pyruvate translocator. It also increased the intramitochondrial concentrations of acetyl CoA and ATP and led to an elevated [ATP]/[ADP] ratio within the mitochondria. It is suggested that both enzymes of pyruvate metabolism exist in the mitochondria under considerable restraint and that glucocorticoids act to relieve this restraint by alterations in substrate supply and the intramitochondrial concentrations of effector molecules. PMID- 6721848 TI - Effect of treatment of rats with dexamethasone in vivo on gluconeogenesis and metabolite compartmentation in subsequently isolated hepatocytes. AB - Hepatocytes prepared from rats treated with dexamethasone for 2 or 3h and maintained in the presence of 10 microM-dexamethasone in the preparation and incubation buffers showed significantly elevated rates of gluconeogenesis compared with those prepared from control animals. Dexamethasone treatment also increased the sensitivity of the cells to glucagon and the catecholamines. Analysis of the concentrations of metabolites in the gluconeogenic pathway indicated that dexamethasone decreased the intracellular concentration of pyruvate and increased those of phosphoenolpyruvate, acetyl-CoA and citrate, suggesting a stimulation of the reaction(s) converting pyruvate into phosphoenolpyruvate. This was substantiated by analysis of the pattern of metabolites found in the mitochondrial compartment after digitonin fractionation of the cells. Inclusion of 3-mercaptopicolinate in the incubation enhanced the effect of the hormone on the distribution of metabolites. Thus, in the absence of an effect of the steroid at the level of phosphoenolpyruvate carboxykinase or pyruvate kinase, dexamethasone treatment still increased the formation of malate, aspartate and citrate from pyruvate, indicating a stimulation in the intact cell of pyruvate carboxylase. It is suggested that the stimulation of pyruvate carboxylase is a result of a general activation of mitochondrial function, with an increase in the intramitochondrial concentrations of acetyl-CoA and ATP, a decrease in glutamate and an enhanced intramitochondrial [ATP]/[ADP] ratio. PMID- 6721849 TI - Developmental and comparative aspects of brine shrimp tubulin. AB - Tubulin from embryos of the brine shrimp Artemia has been purified to apparent homogeneity by chromatography on phosphocellulose P11 and DEAE-cellulose, (NH4)2SO4 fractionation and assembly-disassembly of microtubules. Peptide mapping indicated that Artemia and bovine brain tubulin were very similar in spite of differences in the electrophoretic behaviour of tubulin from these two organisms. Isoelectric focusing and two-dimensional gel electrophoresis were used to resolve and identify several Artemia isotubulins . The isotubulin composition and the quantity of tubulin did not change during pre-emergence development of Artemia embryos. Formation of microtubules with tubulin purified from embryos at different stages of development did not require glycerol or microtubule associated proteins and formation of structurally normal microtubules was actually hindered by glycerol and Mg2+. The characteristics of Artemia tubulin, in concert with the unusual life history of Artemia, suggest that this organism will be very useful for the study of tubulin gene expression and tubulin utilization during embryo development. PMID- 6721850 TI - A double-isotope method for the measurement of ketone-body turnover in the rat. Effect of L-alanine. AB - The synthesis of 4-3H-labelled ketone bodies, and their use along with 14C labelled ketone-body precursors, is employed using an 'in vivo' rat infusion model to measure ketone-body turnover. The use of two isotopes is necessary to measure ketone-body turnover when ketogenesis may occur from more than one precursor such as glucose and fatty or amino acids. Requirements of isotopic equivalence in terms of metabolic similarity, valid stoichiometry and the lack of differences in the kinetics of relevant enzymes is demonstrated for the 4-3H- and 14C-labelled ketone bodies. The hypoketonaemic effect of L-alanine is shown by two distinct phases after the administration of L-alanine. During the first 12 min after alanine administration ther was a 50% decrease in acetoacetate and a 30% decrease in 3-hydroxybutyrate production, with no significant change in the utilization of either compound. The hypoketonaemic action of alanine during the following 16 min was primarily associated with an uptake of 3-hydroxybutyrate that was somewhat greater than the increase in its production. There were essentially equivalent decreases in production and utilization of acetoacetate, resulting in no significant net change in the level of this ketone body in the blood. PMID- 6721851 TI - Altered metabolic states do not change the intracellular distribution of hexokinase in Zajdela hepatoma ascites cells. AB - The distribution of hexokinase between bound and soluble forms was studied by digitonin fractionation of Zajdela hepatoma ascites cells maintained under various metabolic conditions. Addition of glucose to Zajdela cells respiring on endogenous substrates induces an immediate inhibition of respiration by 50-60% ( Crabtree effect), and a production of acid due to glycolysis. Acid production decreases abruptly after 60s to 50% of the initial rate. The ATP/ADP ratio is not altered by the addition of glucose or by different rates of glycolysis. The uncoupling agent carbonyl cyanide m-chlorophenylhydrazone decreases the ATP/ADP ratio by 10-fold in cells respiring on endogenous substrate, but has little effect on cells oxidizing glucose. Rapid fractionation of the cells under these various metabolic conditions revealed no change in the distribution of hexokinase. Approx. 75% of hexokinase is bound in all cases, in contrast with lactate dehydrogenase, 95% of which was in the soluble form. Longer-term incubations (to 20 min) revealed only slight (10-15%) increases in soluble hexokinase in cells incubated with glucose. Various metabolic inhibitors had little additional affect on the subcellular distribution of hexokinase. Thus a rapid release of hexokinase from mitochondrial membrane is not a mechanism by which glycolysis is regulated in rapidly growing Zajdela hepatoma. PMID- 6721852 TI - Changes in the subcellular distribution of the cytochrome b-245 on stimulation of human neutrophils. AB - Cytochrome b-245 of neutrophils has a bimodal distribution in sucrose density gradients. The lighter component (d = 1.14) is shown to be associated with the plasma membrane by the similarity between its density and that of markers of this organelle, as well as a parallel increase in the density of the cytochrome and plasma membrane after treatment with digitonin or dimethyl suberimidate. The cytochrome b-245 of monocytes and cytoplasts, the latter produced by the removal of nuclei and granules from neutrophils, was located only in the plasma membrane. The denser peak of cytochrome (d = 1.19), which contained approximately half of the cytochrome b of neutrophils, had a similar density-distribution profile to the specific granules. After hypo-osmotic disruption of this denser material, the cytochrome distributed with the density of membranes, suggesting an original location within the membrane of the intracellular structure. Redistribution of the cytochrome from the granules to the membranes was observed after stimulation of respiratory activity with soluble agents or opsonized particles. This translocation is not responsible for activation of the oxidase system. There was poor agreement between the kinetics of the transfer of cytochromes from the dense component to the membranes, and degranulation of specific-granule contents, suggesting that the cytochrome may be located in another intracellular structure or that its localization becomes further modified after granule fusion. PMID- 6721853 TI - The carboxybiotin complex of pyruvate carboxylase. A kinetic analysis of the effects of Mg2+ ions on its stability and on its reaction with pyruvate. AB - The enzyme-[14C] carboxybiotin complex of sheep liver pyruvate carboxylase was isolated and the reaction between this and pyruvate was studied by using the quenched-flow rapid-reaction technique. At 0.5 degrees C the reaction was 80% complete within 180 ms. The reaction was monophasic and obeyed pseudo-first-order kinetics. Increasing concentrations of Mg2+ caused a decrease in the magnitude of the observed pseudo-first-order rate constant. Throughout the carboxylation of pyruvate, the rate-limiting step of the reaction occurred after the dissociation of carboxybiotin from the first sub-site, whereas in the slow phase of the reaction with 2-oxobutyrate this dissociation is the rate-limiting step. It is possible, from the reaction scheme proposed, that the inhibition of overall enzymic activity by high concentrations of Mg2+ could be caused by the transfer of the carboxy group from biotin to pyruvate becoming rate-limiting. The efficacy of a substrate as a signal for the movement of carboxybiotin from the first sub site is reflected by the amount that the effective affinity of the enzyme- carboxybiotin complex for Mg2+ is lowered. In the presence of the substrates tested, the affinities of the carboxybiotin complex can be arranged in order of increasing magnitude, i.e.: (formula; see text). The kinetics of the decay of the enzyme-[14C] carboxybiotin complex at 0 degree C in the absence of substrates are similar to the reaction with pyruvate except that the carboxybiotin is also unstable in the first sub-site, to some degree. This similarity allows for the proposal of a general scheme for the decarboxylation of the enzyme- carboxybiotin complex in the presence or in the absence of substrates. PMID- 6721854 TI - The effect of starvation on branched-chain 2-oxo acid oxidation in rat muscle. AB - Oxidative-decarboxylation rates of branched-chain amino acids in rat hemidiaphragm and of branched-chain 2-oxo acids in hemidiaphragm, soleus muscle and heart slices of 110-120 g rats were increased considerably by 3-4 days of starvation, when they were calculated from the specific radioactivity in the medium. When the supply from endogenous protein degradation to the oxidation precursor pool was severely limited by transaminase inhibitors, oxidative decarboxylation rates of branched-chain 2-oxo acids rose significantly. Since this apparent increase was relatively larger in preparations from fed rats than from 3-days-starved rats, the differences in oxidation rates with nutritional state became less or even not significant. With rat heart the smaller dilution of the oxidation precursor pool after starvation is in accordance with the reported decrease in protein breakdown. Since protein degradation increases with starvation in skeletal muscles, we suggest that the amino acid pool arising from protein degradation is more segregated from the oxidation precursor pool in muscles from starved than from fed rats. We conclude that starvation increases branched-chain amino acid and 2-oxo acid oxidation in skeletal and cardiac muscle considerably less than has been suggested by previous studies. PMID- 6721855 TI - The transverse distribution of phospholipids in the membranes of Golgi subfractions of rat hepatocytes. AB - The transverse distribution of phospholipids in the membranes of subfractions of the Golgi complex was investigated by using phospholipase C and 2,4,6 trinitrobenzenesulphonic acid as probes. In trans-enriched Golgi membranes, 26% of the phosphatidylethanolamine is available for reaction with trinitrobenzenesulphonate or for hydrolysis by phospholipase C, and 72% of the phosphatidylcholine is hydrolysed by phospholipase C. In cis-enriched Golgi membranes, 45% of the phosphatidylethanolamine is available for reaction with trinitrobenzenesulphonate and for hydrolysis by phospholipase C, and 95% of the phosphatidylcholine is hydrolysed by phospholipase C. Under the conditions used with either probe the contents of the Golgi vesicles labelled with either [3H]palmitic acid or [14C]leucine were retained. Galactosyltransferase activity of the membrane vesicles was partially inhibited by the experimental procedures used to investigate the transverse distribution of phospholipids. However, the residual activity was latent, suggesting that the vesicles remained closed. Trinitrobenzenesulphonic acid caused no detectable morphological change in either Golgi fraction. Phospholipase C treatment caused morphological changes, including fusion of vesicles and the appearance of 'signet-ring' profiles in some vesicles; however, the vesicles remained closed and the bilayer was retained. It appears, therefore, that neither probe causes major disruption of the Golgi vesicles nor gains access to the inner surface of the membrane bilayer. These observations suggest that phospholipids have a transverse asymmetry in Golgi membranes, that this distribution differs in trans and cis membranes, and that the phospholipid structure of Golgi membranes is inconsistent with a simple flow of membrane bilayer from endoplasmic reticulum to Golgi membranes to plasma membrane. PMID- 6721856 TI - Characterization of the ATP-G-actin aggregates formed at low potassium chloride concentration. AB - The ATP-G-actin aggregates formed by incubation of ATP-G-actin in 7.5 mM-KCl were characterized by electron-microscopical observation, by high-pressure liquid chromatography and by the study of the 1,N6-etheno-ATP-ATP exchange reaction between the free and the actin-bound nucleotide. In 30 mM-KCl the initial rate of the reduced-viscosity increase is found to be directly related to the amount of the aggregates formed in the course of the preincubation in 7.5 mM-KCl. PMID- 6721857 TI - Quantitative determination, isolation and characterization of pig lung tubulin. AB - Tubulin from pig lung was quantitatively determined, isolated and characterized. It accounted for about 0.3-0.4% of the total soluble protein of pig lung, as measured by colchicine binding or radioimmunoassay. Purified tubulin was obtained by several cycles of polymerization and depolymerization in the presence of dimethyl sulphoxide and 2H2O as stabilizing agents. The proteolytic cleavage patterns of the lung tubulin subunits closely resembled those of other mammalian cytoplasmic tubulin subunits, such as those of brain and kidney. However, the pattern of lung isotubulins on isoelectric focusing differed substantially from that of brain isotubulins . These differences did not appear to be the result of major lung tubulin post-translational modifications, since approximately the same pattern of isotubulins was found for the tubulin synthesized by lung poly(A) containing mRNA in a reticulocyte system in vitro. PMID- 6721858 TI - Investigation of the binding of Ca2+, Mg2+, Mn2+ and K+ to the vitamin D dependent Ca2+-binding protein from pig duodenum. AB - The cation-binding properties of the vitamin D-dependent Ca2+-binding protein from pig duodenum were investigated, mainly by flow dialysis. The protein bound two Ca2+ ions with high affinity, and Mg2+, Mn2+ and K+ were all bound competitively with Ca2+ at both sites. The sites were distinguished by their different affinities for Mn2+, the one with the higher affinity being designated A (Kd 0.61 +/- 0.02 microM) and the other B (Kd 50 +/- 6 microM). Competitive binding studies allied to fluorimetric titration with Mg2+ showed that site A bound Ca2+, Mg2+ and K+ with Kd values of 4.7 +/- 0.8 nM, 94 +/- 18 microM and 1.6 +/- 0.3 mM respectively, and site B bound the same three cations with Kd values of 6.3 +/- 1.8 nM, 127 +/- 38 microM and 2.1 +/- 0.6 mM. For the binding of these cations, therefore, there was no significant difference between the two sites. In the presence of 1 mM-Mg2+ and 150 mM-K+, both sites bound Ca2+ with an apparent Kd of 0.5 microM. The cation-binding properties were discussed relative to those of parvalbumin, troponin C and the vitamin D-dependent Ca2+-binding protein from chick duodenum. PMID- 6721859 TI - Nonidet P-40 extraction of lymphocyte plasma membrane. Characterization of the insoluble residue. AB - Purified preparations of lymphocyte plasma membrane were extracted exhaustively with Nonidet P-40 in Dulbecco's phosphate-buffered saline medium. The insoluble fraction, as defined by sedimentation at 10(6) g-min, contained about 10% of the membrane protein as well as cholesterol and phospholipid. The lipid/protein ratio, cholesterol/phospholipid ratio and sphingomyelin content were increased in the residue. Density-gradient centrifugation suggested that the lipid and protein form a common entity. As judged by sodium dodecyl sulphate/polyacrylamide-gel electrophoresis, the Nonidet P-40-insoluble fractions of the plasma membranes of human B lymphoblastoid cells and pig mesenteric lymph-node lymphocytes possessed similar qualitative polypeptide compositions but differed quantitatively. Both residues comprised major polypeptides of Mr 28 000, 33 000, 45 000 and 68 000, together with a prominent band of Mr 120 000 in the human and of Mr 200 000 in the pig. The polypeptides of Mr 28 000, 33 000, 68 000 and 120 000 were probably located exclusively in the Nonidet P-40-insoluble residue, which also possessed a 4-fold increase in 5'-nucleotidase specific activity. The results indicate that a reproducible fraction of lymphocyte plasma membrane is insoluble in non-ionic detergents and that this fraction possesses a unique polypeptide composition. By analogy with similar studies with erythrocyte ghosts, it appears likely that the polypeptides are located on the plasma membrane's cytoplasmic face. PMID- 6721860 TI - Binding of haemoglobin to the red-cell membrane in the presence of copper chloride. AB - Methaemoglobin may be an important factor for initiation and development of lipid peroxidation in Cu(II)-treated red blood cells. It seems likely that the initiation of peroxidation by methaemoglobin is only possible if direct contact between haemoglobin molecule and the cell membrane is realized. In view of this, the binding of haemoglobin to the red-blood-cell membrane in the presence of CuCl2 was studied. It was found that the haemoglobin quenching of the fluorescence of 12-(9-anthroyl)stearic acid-labelled red-blood-cell membranes greatly increases in the presence of CuCl2. This effect is relatively independent of pH and the ionic strength of the medium, indicating that in this case the binding of haemoglobin is not electrostatic in nature. The haemoglobin quenching of the fluorescence of the inside-out and the right-side-out resealed ghosts were almost the same in the presence of CuCl2. This result suggests that, in the presence of ionic copper, both surfaces of the membrane possess approximately equal amounts of sites for the binding of haemoglobin. PMID- 6721861 TI - Benzyloxycarbonylphenylalanylcitrulline p-nitroanilide as a substrate for papain and other plant cysteine proteinases. AB - After preliminary assays, with papain, bromelain and ficin, on a range of citrulline p-nitroanilides, values of Km and kcat. for the papain-catalysed hydrolysis of three derivatives, N alpha- benzyloxycarbonylcitrulline p nitroanilide, benzyloxycarbonylphenylalanylcitrulline p-nitroanilide and benzyloxycarbonylglycylphenylalanylcitrulline p-nitroanilide, were obtained. It is concluded that benzyloxycarbonylphenylalanylcitrulline p-nitroanilide is a highly selective substrate for the sensitive detection and assay of the plant cysteine proteinases. PMID- 6721862 TI - Bradykinin stimulates bone resorption and lysosomal-enzyme release in cultured mouse calvaria. AB - The effect of bradykinin on bone resorption was studied in cultures of newborn mouse calvaria. Bradykinin (0.03 microM, 1 microM) stimulated the release of 45Ca2+ from bones dissected out from mice prelabelled in vivo with 45Ca. Bradykinin (1 microM) also augmented the release of stable calcium ( 40Ca ), Pi and the lysosomal enzyme beta-glucuronidase. The stimulatory effect of bradykinin on mineral mobilization and lysosmal -enzyme release could be blocked by indomethacin. It is speculated that concomitant generation of thrombin and bradykinin in areas of trauma and inflammation may induce resorption of nearby bone tissue. PMID- 6721863 TI - Abnormal antioxidant defence in some tissues of congenitally obese mice. AB - The concentration of lipoperoxides (estimated as thiobarbituric acid-reactive material) and some components of the antioxidant defence system have been compared in various tissues of lean and congenitally obese mice. NADPH-stimulated lipoperoxide generation in vitro was significantly higher in microsomes (microsomal fractions) prepared from obese hepatic tissue than lean. Plasma, liver and brain lipoperoxide concentration was significantly higher in obese mice. In blood derived from obese mice the concentration of non-enzymic antioxidants including caeruloplasmin and vitamin A was higher, but hepatic retinol concentration was lower in these animals. In all the tissues assayed the glutathione peroxidase activity against H2O2 was less than its activity against cumene hydroperoxide. Assayed with either substrate, glutathione peroxidase activity was significantly higher in the brain and blood of obese mice than their lean counterparts. Conversely, liver glutathione peroxidase was decreased in obese animals, representing 43% of the activity of the lean-mouse liver enzyme against H2O2 and 81% of the cumene hydroperoxide-reducing activity. The liver of obese mice had significantly less, and the kidneys more, oxidized glutathione than the corresponding tissues of lean mice. Further investigations on hepatic tissue indicated that glutathione reductase activity was lower in the obese animals, but there was no significant difference between glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase activity in obese and lean mice. PMID- 6721864 TI - Comparison of the degradative fate of monoamine oxidase in endogenous and transplanted mitochondrial outer membrane in rat hepatocytes. Implications for the cytomorphological basis of protein catabolism. AB - The degradative fate of monoamine oxidase in endogenous and transplanted mitochondrial outer membrane has been compared in rat hepatocyte monolayers. Monoamine oxidase was specifically irreversibly radiolabelled by the suicide inhibitor [3H]pargyline. Hepatocyte monolayers were cultured in conditions in which rates of protein catabolism like those in vivo are maintained [Evans & Mayer (1983) Biochem. J. 216, 151-161]. Incubation of hepatocyte monolayers for 17 h with [3H]pargyline specifically radiolabels mitochondrial monoamine oxidase, as shown by Percoll-gradient fractionation of broken hepatocytes. Monoamine oxidase is degraded at a similar rate to that observed in liver in vivo (t1/2 approx. 63 h). The effects of leupeptin, methylamine and colchicine on the degradation of endogenous radiolabelled enzyme has been studied over prolonged culture periods. Culture of hepatocytes for periods of up to 80 h with inhibitors was not cytotoxic, as demonstrated by measurements of several intrinsic biochemical parameters. Leupeptin, methylamine and colchicine inhibit the degradation of endogenous monoamine oxidase by 60, 38 and 18% respectively. Monoamine oxidase in mitochondrial-outer-membrane vesicles introduced into hepatocytes by poly(ethylene glycol)-mediated vesicle-cell transplantation is degraded at a similar rate (t1/2 55 h) to the endogenous mitochondrial enzyme. Whereas leupeptin inhibits the degradation of endogenous and transplanted enzyme to a similar extent, methylamine and colchicine inhibit the degradation of transplanted enzyme to a much greater extent (85 and 56% respectively). Fluorescence microscopy (with fluorescein isothiocyanate-conjugated mitochondrial outer membrane) shows that transplanted mitochondrial outer membrane undergoes internalization and translocation to a sided perinuclear site, as observed previously with whole mitochondria [Evans & Mayer (1983) Biochem. J. 216, 151 161]. The effects of the inhibitors on the distribution of transplanted membrane material in the cell and inhibition of proteolysis show the importance of cytomorphology for intracellular protein catabolism. PMID- 6721865 TI - The influence of renal function on lactate and glucose metabolism. AB - The relationship of lactate metabolism to renal function was studied in the isolated perfused rat kidney. A new radioisotopic method has been developed that enables the simultaneous measurement of lactate production and consumption in the presence of physiological concentrations of both lactate and glucose. In kidneys from fed rats, when glucose was absent, lactate production was only 12 mumol/h per g dry wt, and in kidneys from starved rats there was no lactate production, indicating that neither the phosphoenolpyruvate/pyruvate substrate cycle nor other analogous cycles for the recycling of lactate carbon are operating in the intact kidney cortex. Lactate production from glucose occurred at a high rate, at the same time as lactate consumption, demonstrating that lactate recycling between renal cortex and medulla can occur in the intact kidney. Lactate production from glucose correlated with glomerular filtration rate (P less than 0.001), urine flow rate (P less than 0.01) and sodium reabsorption (P less than 0.05). There was significant basal lactate production at zero glomerular filtration rate. Lactate consumption was not correlated with any renal function. When Na+ reabsorption was inhibited with the diuretic frusemide, or when filtration was entirely prevented (the 'non'-filtering kidney'), lactate production was decreased by 39% and 50% respectively. Basal lactate production determined in this way was the same as that calculated above by linear regression. Prevention of filtration, but not the addition of frusemide, significantly inhibited lactate consumption. It is concluded that glycolysis is required for medullary Na+ transport, and that some different transport function(s) require lactate oxidation. PMID- 6721866 TI - Phenylalanine hydroxylase in liver cells. Correlation of glucagon-stimulated enzyme phosphorylation with expressed activity. AB - Phenylalanine is transported rapidly into, but is not concentrated by, liver cells. Glucagon increased flux through phenylalanine hydroxylase; a half-maximal response was obtained at 0.7 nM. Under control conditions, 0.2-0.3 mol of phosphate were incorporated per mol of subunit of the hydroxylase at steady state. Glucagon increased this incorporation of phosphate into the hydroxylase to a maximal value of approx. 0.6 mol of phosphate per subunit; a half-maximal response was obtained at 0.3 nM. Glucagon, added simultaneously with [32P]Pi to liver cells, inhibited incorporation of 32P into the enzyme. The effects of glucagon were reproduced with dibutyryl cyclic AMP. Changes in phosphorylation correlated closely with changes in flux through phenylalanine hydroxylase in cell incubations. PMID- 6721867 TI - A sensitive fluorometric assay for dopamine-beta-hydroxylase activity by high performance liquid chromatography. AB - A sensitive and specific fluorometric assay for dopamine-beta-hydroxylase (DBH) activity is described. The main natural substrate, dopamine (DA), was used and incubated under optimal conditions. Norepinephrine (NE) formed enzymatically from DA was isolated by an aluminum oxide column and was analyzed by high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) with trihydroxyindole fluorescence. Epinephrine (EN) was added to the incubation mixture as an internal standard after incubation, and this assay was therefore highly reproducible. HPLC conditions were settled to elute the product, NE, prior to the substrate, DA, and the internal standard, EN, between NE and DA. Only catecholamines produced significant peaks, and therefore, this assay is highly specific. We applied this method to measure the DBH activity in human serum and cerebrospinal fluid. PMID- 6721868 TI - Elevation of thiobarbituric acid values in the rat liver intoxicated by T-2 toxin. AB - In the present study we first demonstrated that T-2 toxin markedly stimulated lipid peroxidation specifically in the liver of rats. The amount of lipid peroxides in the liver, estimated by the thiobarbituric acid (TBA) method, increased dose dependently, being proportional to the extent of its acute toxicity measured by various parameters in rats fed a commercial diet. Further, to elucidate the mechanism of lipid peroxidation and its role in hepatic injury caused by T-2 toxin, time-course studies on the correlation between lipid peroxide content and some biological and histopathological data were undertaken in rats given 4 mg of the toxin/kg perorally. The TBA reactive substances in the liver began to increase after 6 hr. However, much earlier than this there were some other alterations, which included decreases in the amount of cytochrome P 450 in the liver, of GPT (thereafter an increase) and phospholipids in the plasma, and of basophilic masses in the hepatocytes (arrayed as a rough endoplasmic reticulum in the electron micrograph). The vitamin E-deficient study showed that vitamin E markedly inhibited the stimulative effect of T-2 toxin on lipid peroxidation, but not diminish any other measured parameters of the injury. The toxin-induced stimulation of lipid peroxidation does not appear to be caused by activation of microsomal NADPH-cytochrome c reductase nor by a decrease in the level of cytosolic glutathione peroxidase. These results suggest that T-2 toxin might induce some alteration of the membrane structure and consequently might stimulate lipid peroxidation in situ. PMID- 6721870 TI - Changes of reduced glutathion, glutathion reductase, and glutathione peroxidase after radiation in guinea pigs. AB - In this series of experiments the protective action of reduced glutathion due to ionizing radiation has been studied. In the experimental group 18 guinea pigs were exposed to successive radiations of 150 rad 3 or 4 days apart. Total dose given amounted to 750 rad which is the LD50 for guinea pigs. Blood samples were taken 30 min after each exposure. The control series were sham radiated but otherwise treated identically. The cells of the removed blood samples were separated by centrifugation and were subjected to the reduced glutathion stability test. GSSGR, GPer, and LDH enzyme activities were also measured of which the latter served as a marked enzyme. It was found that LDH did not show any alteration after radiation. The reduced glutathion stability test showed a consistent but minor reduction (P greater than 0.05), in the experimental group. GSSGR enzyme activity on the other hand was reduced significantly (from 176.48 +/ 11.32 to 41.34 +/- 1.17 IU/ml of packed erythrocytes, P less than 0.001) in the same group. GPer activity showed a consistent but minor elevation during the early phase of the experimental group. It was later increased significantly beginning after 600 rad total radiation on the fourth session (P less than 0.050). PMID- 6721869 TI - Visualization of lactoperoxidase binding to microtubule and tubulin. AB - The binding of lactoperoxidase to microtubules and tubulin was shown in both electron micrography and polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis by tracing the enzymatic activity of lactoperoxidase. Lactoperoxidase bound to purified microtubules appeared to distribute evenly on the surface without forming special structures. Both alpha and beta-tubulin separated by sodium dodecylsulfate polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis bound lactoperoxidase, and could be detected by the use of lactoperoxidase reaction. Electrophoretic study revealed that the interaction between lactoperoxidase and tubulin were not strictly specific and a variety of proteins other than alpha- and beta-tubulin, including actin and neurofilament subunits, bound lactoperoxidase. PMID- 6721871 TI - A search for D-amino acids in tumor tissue. PMID- 6721872 TI - Analysis of hyperpolarizing afterpotentials in the atrial myocardium. AB - Afterpotentials following a train of paced action potentials in isolated pectinate muscles bordering the crista terminalis in the rabbit atrial myocardium were analyzed. Electrical measurements were performed using a standard microelectrode technique. An ultrastructural stereological analysis was undertaken to study intercellular clefts within the preparations used. After cessation of a rapid drive, afterpotentials showed an initial depolarization followed by a delayed hyperpolarization. The initial depolarization could be blocked by verapamil (13.2 microM) leaving a monotonous hyperpolarization. This hyperpolarization was modelled supposing a K+-depletion out of morphological identified intercellular clefts. From best approximation of the measured after hyperpolarization (1) the internal K+ activity was estimated to be in the range of 82 to 90 mM depending on the pacing interval Io. It decreased due to shortening of Io; (2) the accumulated "cleft" K+ activity was estimated to be about 2 mM at a pre-drive pacing interval of 250 ms; it decreased by increasing of Io, (3) decreasing of Io accelerated the K+-depletion, (4) a single beat accumulation of about 0.28 mM was estimated. The morphologically measured geometry of the intercellular clefts (mean cleft width 0.5 micron, ratio of cleft and cell volume 0.09 +/- 0.03) agreed well with the electrophysiological findings. PMID- 6721873 TI - The effect of injectable contraceptive on lipid metabolism in women. AB - The effect of long acting progestational contraceptive injection, norethisterone oenanthate was studied in twenty six women. The post injection results showed a significant decrease in total lipids, free cholesterol, total cholesterol, triglycerides, phospholipids and free fatty acids. PMID- 6721874 TI - [Absorption of enzymatic protein hydrolysates and equimolar amino acid mixtures in the perfused small intestine of the rat]. AB - Casein, wheat gluten or field-bean protein isolate (vicia faba) was hydrolyzed enzymatically by trypsin or thermitase (proteinase from Thermoactinomyces vulgaris). The degree of splitting of the protein peptide bounds was, resp., 18% or 30% for casein, 8% or 30% for wheat gluten and 16% or 29% for the field-bean protein isolate. The peptide pattern of the protein hydrolysates was measured by gel chromatography. The absorption of the enzymatic protein hydrolysates was compared with the absorption of the equimolar mixtures of free amino acids by perfusion of the distal or proximal part of the small intestine of nonanaesthesized rats. The absorption was measured on the basis of the amino acid disappearance from the perfused part of the small intestine and expressed as absorption of the total amino acids, of each single amino acid and as coefficient of variation of amino acid absorption. There are no differences in the total amino acid absorption of the tryptic casein hydrolysate and the three thermitatic protein hydrolysates compared with their corresponding mixtures of free amino acids. The absorption is decreased in case of larger oligopeptides. Their preceding mucosal hydrolysis is slower than the absorption of the splitting products. This is true for tryptic hydrolysates of wheat gluten and field-bean protein. The absorption patterns of the single amino acids are different for protein hydrolysates compared with their equimolar mixtures of amino acids in case of a same total absorption, too. The coefficient of variation is low (more equal amino acid absorption) in hydrolysates consisting of a homogeneous mixture of low molecular weight peptides. It is more increased in mixtures of free amino acids or in hydrolysates containing longer-chain peptides. PMID- 6721875 TI - The presence of steroids in larval and mature brook lampreys (Lampetra planeri Bloch). AB - The presence of steroids was investigated by radioimmunoassay - mass spectrometry in serum and homogenates of gonads and presumed adrenocortical (pro- and opisthonephric) tissue of larval and mature brook lampreys (Lampetra planeri Bloch) of both sexes. Pregnenolone was detected in all tissue samples studied whereas androstenedione could be identified only in presumed adrenocortical tissue from male and female mature animals as well as in testis. Testosterone was present in testis of adult lampreys and in sera of larval and adult animals. PMID- 6721876 TI - [Microsomal glucose 6-phosphate dehydrogenase in the rat testis--an testis- specific isoenzyme?]. AB - Mammalian tissues contain cytosolic and microsomal glucose 6-phosphate dehydrogenase (G6PD). In the present study it was examined whether the microsomal G6PD in liver and testis of the rat are homologous. Kinetic parameters and immunological reactivity were estimated using rabbit antiserum against mice erythrocyte G6PD. Kinetic parameters allow to distinguish cytosolic and microsomal G6PD in rat liver but not in testis, whereas the immunological properties of the testis enzymes are different. The cytosolic G6PDs from liver and testis of the rat are identical enzymes having extremely similar properties to mice erythrocyte G6PD. The microsomal G6PD of both organs are not homologous enzymes. Testicular microsomal G6PD is likely to be an organ specific G6PD isoenzyme. PMID- 6721877 TI - [Selection criteria in metabolic systems]. AB - In a given environment the physico-chemical parameters of a metabolic system are externally prescribed constant quantities. The living cell, however, is able to regulate the catalytic activities through its programme of gene expression. The paper investigates to what extent this programme is amenable to optimization by evolutionary selection. Abstract, but typical mathematical models of the cellular metabolic system together with the epigenetic metabolism of biomacromolecules (enzyme protein, structural protein) were formulated and evaluated. Selection needs a criterion and the existence of an optimum of parameter values with respect to that criterion. As selection criterion served the growth rate of the cell. Parameters were the rate constants of metabolic reactions whose values may be chosen by regulation of gene expression. Two main types of parameters were distinguished: those which influence the growth rate in a monotonous manner, and those whose positive influence has a maximum. It was found that a maximum is defined if the parameter is part of an autocatalytic cycle limited by competition. The most common such situation is that of a biomacromolecule contributing directly or indirectly, but in an essential manner, to biosynthesis and growth, while competing at the same time for the share in biosynthesis. As the rate of biosynthesis has a natural upper bound, and as most proteins as end products of biosynthesis play an essential role in other parts of metabolism, the conclusion was reached that most of the controllable parameters of gene expression are amenable to evolutionary optimization. PMID- 6721878 TI - Adenylate cyclase activity and localization in necrotic and non-necrotic areas of rat myocardium after injection of high doses of isoproterenol. AB - With the help of electron microscopical cytochemical investigation, adenylate cyclase activity was shown to be strongly reduced in the necrotic tissue 24 h after isoproterenol injection. However, no changes were found in the basal activity of adenylate cyclase in this tissue region by biochemical determination, while the isoproterenol-stimulated activity was markedly reduced under corresponding conditions in the same tissue. It was suggested that these discrepancies between cytochemical and biochemical findings are due to partial solubilization of the adenylate cyclase protein by damaging the membrane structure. PMID- 6721879 TI - The kinetics of the Cl-pH equilibration in human red blood cells. AB - If erythrocytes were transferred into solutions of different ionic composition, they changed the inner pH and chloride concentration until reaching a new quasi equilibrium state (C-State). Electrochemical measurements were performed to follow the kinetics of this adaption and to answer the question whether the time constant of unidirectional chloride flux or time constant of chloride net flux is responsible for this process. It was found that the kinetics depend strongly on the kind and the concentration of the buffer system used. In unbuffered solutions, a new Cl-pH-equilibrium is reached very fast and proceeds by the Cl /HCO-3-exchange. If Tris or phosphate buffer were used, this process had a time constant of about 10(-3) S-1 and was mainly realised by a Cl-/OH-exchange or Cl H+-cotransport. If the suspension contained phosphate, an overshoot of pH took place. The reason for this behavior is the additional exchange of Cl- for HPO2 (4) + H+. PMID- 6721880 TI - The effect of lesions in the mesencephalic reticular formation upon conditioned avoidance responses in rat: I. Lesions of the nucleus commissurae posterioris. AB - After bilateral symmetric lesions of the n. commissurae posterioris (NCP) hooded rats of the Long-Evans strain did not acquire the conditioned avoidance response (CAR) in a jumping test. The NCP rats were rather unable to find out the escape possibility on the rod hanging in the middle of the apparatus. They did not learn the context between the conditioned stimulus (CS), the unconditioned stimulus (UCS) and the jump. In an Y-maze formation of CAR was even better in NCP rats than in sham-operated controls because of their shorter reaction times and their higher running speed. Their brightness discrimination, on the other hand, was significantly impaired and erroneous runs were only reduced to a low insignificant amount after more than 100 trials. Lesions in the NCP had no severe effects upon preoperatively learnt CARs, but brightness discrimination was still impaired. From these results it may be concluded that NCP plays a role in the formation of goal-directed behaviour depending on external cues and in actual visually guided behaviour. PMID- 6721881 TI - Toxic effect of lead on the testes of rat. AB - Biochemical and histopathological studies were performed on the testes of rats after feeding lead acetate at a concentration of 0.25, 0.50 and 1.0 g/l over a period of 60 days. Testicular atrophy along with cellular degeneration was conspicuous at 1 g/l. Furthermore, high cholesterol concentration and significantly low ascorbic acid concentration were found in the testes at the same dosage. The lowest dose (0.25 g/l) did not produce any significant morphological and biochemical alteration whereas 0.5 g/l resulted in partial inhibition of spermatogenesis. PMID- 6721882 TI - Human IgG aggregates induce selective stimulation of IgM rheumatoid factor synthesis by rheumatoid blood mononuclear cells. AB - Peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBM) from patients with active rheumatoid arthritis (RA) contain precursor B lymphocytes specific for IgM rheumatoid factor (IgM-RF) synthesis. In this study, human IgG aggregates (HaIgG) were used to stimulate monocyte-depleted PBM from 46 patients with RA and 21 normal controls. The cells were incubated with HaIgG and pokeweed mitogen for 72 hours, washed, and then cultured in microwells for an additional 11 days. HaIgG induced an increase in IgM-RF synthesis by RA cells with optimum response at 0.1 microgram/ml (P less than 0.001). Total IgM synthesis remained unchanged. In contrast, HaIgG did not stimulate IgM-RF production by normal cells. Specificity of the IgM-RF response was shown by the concomitantly increased IgM-RF/IgM ratios, while IgM anti-trinitrophenyl antibodies did not increase. Aggregation of the IgG was required for it to be an effective stimulus. The findings suggest that circulating immune complexes in RA patients may provide the stimulus for sustained production of IgM-RF in vivo. PMID- 6721883 TI - Extracellular presence of the lysosomal proteinase cathepsin B in rheumatoid synovium and its activity at neutral pH. AB - The presence of the lysosomal proteinases cathepsin B and cathepsin D at extracellular sites in rheumatoid synovium was demonstrated using the antibody capture technique. Unlike cathepsin D, the cysteine proteinase cathepsin B was commonly detected only at the edges of the synovial explants. Radioimmunoassay and enzyme activity assay of these proteinases demonstrated that both were released from rheumatoid synovial cells in comparable amounts. Since lysosomal cathepsin B is unstable and denatured at physiologic pH and the antibody used only recognizes inactivated enzyme, we believe the selective detection of cathepsin B at the edge of the synovium may be due to the proteinase maintaining a native conformation within the explant, where the pH may be low enough to permit this. By use of a fluorescent substrate in a sensitive, continuous enzyme assay, cathepsin B was shown to express significant activity at neutral and alkaline pH before being inactivated. This and earlier work from this laboratory indicate that cathepsin B secreted by rheumatoid synovial cells may possess extracellular activity in vivo and be involved in the degradation of connective tissue macromolecules. PMID- 6721884 TI - Costs and outcomes in rheumatoid arthritis and osteoarthritis. AB - A prospective descriptive study was done on the direct and indirect costs to ambulatory patients with rheumatoid arthritis and osteoarthritis, stratified at study entry by level of function. Measures of health status over a 1-year period were taken. On a yearly basis, in 1979 dollars, patients spent an average of $147 for arthritis medications, aids, and devices, and $207 for outpatient visits. A small number were hospitalized and incurred an average charge of $245, and an additional $84 for physician fees. In addition to direct monetary costs, patients averaged 6.8 days of restricted activity costs, patients averaged 6.8 days of restricted activity per month, in some cases so severe as to confine patients to bed for an average of 1.3 days per month. Among students and working patients, 2.5 work-days per month were lost due to arthritis, and 30% reported that they were unemployed or retired because of impaired health. Functional capacity and specific diagnosis on entry to the study were the most important determinants of arthritis-related expenditures. Both direct and indirect costs varied considerably from the observed average. Twenty percent of patients incurred no costs for arthritis-related purchases, 42+ had no costs for outpatient visits, and 93% had no inpatient costs. Yet for some patients, the financial burden was very high. PMID- 6721885 TI - A comparison of the sensitivity of the 1971 and 1982 American Rheumatism Association criteria for the classification of systemic lupus erythematosus. AB - The sensitivity of the American Rheumatism Association's preliminary and revised criteria for the classification of systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) was tested in 156 of our SLE patients. Eighty-eight percent met the 1971 preliminary criteria. Eighty-three percent fulfilled the 1982 revised criteria when arthritis was strictly defined (nonerosive arthritis) and 91% when arthritis was more liberally defined (nondeforming arthritis). Analysis revealed that of the 3 serologic tests added in the revised criteria (antinuclear antibody, anti-Sm, anti-DNA), the antinuclear antibody test accounted for the increased sensitivity of the revised criteria. PMID- 6721886 TI - Renal vein thrombosis and inferior vena cava thrombosis in systemic lupus erythematosus. Frequency and risk factors. AB - Phlebography of the inferior vena cava with selective study of the renal veins was performed in 43 patients with systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE). Inferior vena cava thrombosis (IVCT) or renal vein thrombosis (RVT) was found in 3 of 11 patients (27%) with nephrotic syndrome, in 8 of 13 (61.5%) with previous thrombophlebitis, and in 3 of 4 (75%) with suggestive acute clinical picture. In contrast, none of the 20 control patients with SLE had IVCT or RVT. These results show that SLE patients with thrombophlebitis have a very high risk of developing IVCT or RVT; patients with nephrotic syndrome have a smaller risk. Neither IVCT nor RVT was found in SLE patients without antecedent thrombophlebitis or nephrotic syndrome. PMID- 6721887 TI - Specificity analysis of monoclonal anti-DNA antibodies from B6-lpr/lpr mice. AB - The binding properties of B6-lpr/lpr anti-DNA monoclonal antibodies were characterized to evaluate the influence of genetic background on the diversity and specificity of lpr-induced autoantibody responses. Six anti-DNA antibodies were produced from fusions with B6-lpr/lpr mice, while another was obtained from a fusion with a B6-+/+ mouse immunized with lipopolysaccharide. Each antibody bound single-stranded DNA in preference to double-stranded DNA, with variation of over 300-fold in relative binding activities. In terms of binding to a panel of synthetic polynucleotides, each antibody exhibited a unique antigenic specificity. This binding, however, was not dependent on recognition of a unique base or sugar moiety, since individual antibodies bound polymers of dissimilar composition. These results suggest a diversity of binding reactions for B6 lpr/lpr anti-DNA antibodies, with a clonal repertoire similar to that of mice from autoimmune backgrounds. PMID- 6721888 TI - The lubricating activity of human synovial fluids. AB - The lubricating abilities of human synovial fluids were measured using a rotating cartilage-on-glass apparatus. A total of 247 human fluids were lubrication tested. Of these, 20 of the 180 knee fluids from patients with degenerative/traumatic joint disease lubricated less well than normal bovine synovial fluid. The remainder of the fluids from the knee and other joints were equivalent to normal bovine synovial fluid in their lubricating properties. The concentrations of hyaluronic acid, protein, and sialic acid and the relative viscosity of 117 human fluid samples were determined, but no relationships between the gross composition and the lubricating abilities were apparent. PMID- 6721889 TI - Acid labile alpha-interferon in sera and synovial fluids from patients with juvenile arthritis. PMID- 6721891 TI - On the prognosis of patients with mixed connective tissue disease. PMID- 6721890 TI - Myoadenylate deaminase deficiency in a patient with progressive systemic sclerosis. PMID- 6721892 TI - Comments on Ryan article: The radiographic diagnosis of sacroiliitis. PMID- 6721893 TI - Modified method for testing human natural thymocytotoxic antibody. PMID- 6721894 TI - Poor long-term results from low-dose methotrexate therapy in rheumatoid arthritis. PMID- 6721895 TI - What constitutes excellence in an academic unit. PMID- 6721896 TI - The language of the schools. PMID- 6721897 TI - Definition of and competencies for aural rehabilitation. PMID- 6721898 TI - Guidelines for graduate training in amplification. PMID- 6721899 TI - Marginal copper deficiency in rats. Aortal morphology of elastin and cholesterol values in first-generation adult males. AB - A marginal, 2 parts per million (ppm) copper diet (experimental) was fed to female rats for 4 months prior to breeding, through gestation/lactation, and to the weaned offspring to determine the consequences in adult, male offspring on cholesterol values and aortal morphology. Liver copper concentrations of the dams and pups at day 21 of lactation and of the 117-day-old offspring who consumed the experimental diet were lower (P less than 0.0001) than corresponding rats fed a 10 ppm copper diet (control). However, statistically significant differences due to dietary treatments were not evident in pre- or post-weaning gain in body weight, litter size, cannibalism of pups, or total cholesterol concentrations of the serum and aorta. Ultrastructural examination of experimental offspring aortas revealed focally abnormal features of endothelial cells, the subendothelial space, collagen fibers, smooth muscle cells, and particularly elastin. The ultrastructural irregularities of elastin included discontinuous regions of the internal elastic lamina comprised of stained clumps of elastin of irregular size and shape. The results of this study suggest that a marginal copper nutriture begun in utero will elicit morphologic abnormalities of the aorta in rats that are otherwise without overt signs of copper deficiency. PMID- 6721900 TI - The lipoproteins of human umbilical cord blood apolipoprotein and lipid levels. AB - The levels of apolipoproteins B, E and A-1 and the molecular species of triacylglycerols, phospholipids and cholesteryl esters were individually quantitated by electroimmunoassay and gas chromatographic total lipid profiling in 50 fresh samples of umbilical cord sera obtained from full term, normal delivery, healthy human neonates. All samples were screened for IgA to eliminate those samples with maternal blood contamination. The whole serum apolipoprotein levels in mg/dl +/- SEM for all neonates were; Apo B = 25.4 +/- 1.2; Apo E = 5.0 +/- 0.3; Apo A-1 = 86.6 +/- 2.3. These values represented 25% and 60% of adult serum values for Apo B and A-1, respectively, with normal adult values for Apo E. Apo A-1 was higher (P less than 0.020) in sera from female when compared to male neonates. The whole serum lipid values in mg/dl +/- SEM for all neonates were: 20.8 +/- 2.0 for triacylglycerols; 74.2 +/- 2.6 for lecithin and sphingomyelin; 79.8 +/- 2.7 for cholesteryl esters and 20.4 +/- 0.8 for unesterified cholesterol. Phospholipids, cholesteryl esters and total cholesterol levels were higher (P less than 0.025) in sera from female neonates when compared to males. The proportion of unesterified cholesterol relative to cholesteryl esters was high in comparison to adult sera, however the total cholesterol to phospholipid ratios were similar. The molecular species of cord sera triacylglycerols indicated a decreased proportion of C16 fatty acids with increased C18 and C20 when compared to adult sera. The molecular species of cord sera phospholipids similarly contained a decreased proportion of C16/18 fatty acids with increased C18/20 or C16/22 fatty acid combinations when compared to adults. The cord sera cholesteryl esters contained a significantly higher proportion of cholesterol esterified to C16 fatty acids with decreased amounts of cholesterol esterified to C18 and C20 fatty acids when compared to adults. Good correlations were obtained between Apo B and total serum cholesterol (R = 0.77) and also between Apo B and total serum triacylglycerols (R = 0.78). PMID- 6721901 TI - Coronary artery spasm in the rat induced by hypothalamic stimulation. AB - Anesthetized rats were sterotaxically implanted with electrodes and electrically stimulated in the lateral hypothalamus. During elevation of the S-T segment on simultaneous precordial electrocardiograms, the heart was perfused with glutaraldehyde-paraformaldehyde fixative and the major coronary arteries prepared for morphometry of luminal dimensions. A similar procedure was performed in a second group receiving intravenous arginine vasopressin (AVP) in place of hypothalamic stimulation. Elevation of the S-T segment was present in these animals as well. Control animals were implanted, not stimulated and otherwise treated in the same way. Morphometry showed that reductions of mean luminal diameter and cross-sectional area of statistical significance occurred in the two experimental groups compared to controls, suggesting that coronary spasm was the cause of the elevated S-T segments. Pooled plasma from separate groups of implanted control and hypothalamically-stimulated animals revealed substantial elevation of AVP levels in the latter raising the possibility that the neuroendocrine was involved in eliciting coronary artery spasm. PMID- 6721902 TI - Injury of arterial endothelial cells in diabetic, sucrose-fed and aged rats. AB - The toxicity of elevated levels of very low density lipoproteins (VLDL, d less than 1.006 g/ml) was investigated using porcine aortic endothelial cells in vitro. VLDL isolated from normal rat serum and added at elevated levels was as toxic as VLDL isolated from streptozotocin-induced diabetic rat serum. Injury was detected by scanning electron microscopy in 4-day-old primary cultures of endothelial cells after a 1/2-h exposure to diabetic rat serum. Bleb formation and contraction was seen first in isolated cells (1/2 h), followed by cells at the periphery of the monolayer (1 h) and finally in cells throughout the monolayer (4 h). By 10 h few cells remained attached to the dish. A similar sequence of events occurred in 1-day-old cultures after a 3-h lag period. Serum from sucrose-fed as well as aged rats was also found to be toxic to endothelial cells in vitro. Elevated levels of VLDL were responsible for the toxicities of these sera. Scanning electron microscopy of the aortas from diabetic and sucrose fed rats revealed endothelial desquamation, platelet and leukocyte attachment, fibrin deposition and the presence of microthrombi. The common occurrence of both micro- and macrovascular disease in diabetic, sucrose-fed, and aged rats and the toxicity of their serum in vitro suggest that elevated levels of VLDL may initiate vascular disease in these models. PMID- 6721903 TI - Ultrastructural changes in the comb and aorta of chicks fed excess testosterone. AB - The mode of cellular response to testosterone was monitored in the combs and aortas of chicks with the aid of an electron microscope. A 7-week treatment of 30 mg of testosterone per day had little effect on plasma lipid metabolism. However, this treatment resulted in the activation of fibroblasts in the comb, activation of fibroblast-like and smooth muscle cells in the aorta, and degeneration of smooth muscle cells in the aorta. A treatment of 150 mg of testosterone per day for 7 weeks induced hyperlipidemia and lipid-rich aortic lesions. The abdominal aorta had more activated and degenerated smooth muscle cells, with or without stainable lipid droplets, than the ascending aorta. PMID- 6721904 TI - Suppression of cholesterol biosynthesis by constituents of barley kernel. AB - Hepatic beta-hydroxy-beta-methylglutaryl CoA (HMG-CoA) reductase, cholesterol 7 alpha-hydroxylase (7 alpha-hyd), and fatty acid synthetase (FAS) activities and cholesterol levels were determined in chicks fed isonitrogenous corn- and high protein barley flour (HPBF) based diets. HMG-CoA reductase (-27%), 7 alpha-hyd ( 30%), and serum cholesterol (-13%) were reduced, whereas FAS increased (28%) in comparison to a corn-based (control) diet. fractions obtained by serial extractions of HPBF with solvents of increasing polarity were fed at levels equivalent to 20% HPBF in a corn-based diet to female White Leghorn (WHL) chickens for 3 weeks. A petroleum ether-soluble fraction of HPBF produced 3 effects: an increase in body weight (18%), a strong suppression of HMG-CoA reductase (-36%) and FAS (-40%) accompanied by decreases in serum triglyceride ( 9%) and cholesterol levels (-23%). The methanol-soluble fraction produced a significant suppression of HMG-CoA reductase (-49%) and serum cholesterol level ( 29%), and an increase in FAS activity (95%). These effects were duplicated in 7 week-old broiler chickens which also showed a significant decrease in chol-LDL (low density lipoprotein) levels by these fractions. The factor(s) lowering serum cholesterol concentration was about equally divided between the polar and nonpolar fractions, and each was significantly more effective than the 20% HPBF in the corn-based diet. The observed effects on lipogenesis and cholesterogenesis might be attributed to a number of chemical constituents of HPBF, but cannot be attributed to the water-insoluble plant fibers. PMID- 6721905 TI - Changes in the connective tissue proteins, glycosaminoglycans and calcium in the arteries of the cynomolgus monkey during atherosclerotic induction and regression. AB - The chemical composition of the aorta, carotid, coronary and cerebral arteries of the cynomolgus monkey was determined during the induction and 'regression' of atherosclerosis. The feeding of a 2% cholesterol and 10% butter diet for 6 months resulted in extensive and severe atherosclerosis involving the aorta, carotid and coronary arteries. The involvement of these vessels was reflected by increases in arterial weight and chemical content of cholesterol, collagen, elastin, glycosaminoglycans (GAGs) and calcium. The cerebral arteries, which showed no atherosclerotic involvement, likewise showed no significant changes in weight and composition. During the 12-month regression period marked changes in the chemical composition of the involved arteries occurred and these included further increases in the collagen, GAG and calcium content of the vessels and decreases in the free and esterified cholesterol content. These changes were consistent with the gross and microscopic findings which revealed that during regression the pre-established lesions had not decreased in size but had become more fibrotic and calcified while the number of foam cells and amount of lipid contained in the lesion had decreased. During induction and regression, much of the cholesterol contained in the involved vessels appeared to be present in a crystalline form as indicated by the appearance of cholesterol clefts in the lesions. Aortic collagen was not altered with respect to amino acid composition and behavior in acrylamide gels throughout the study. However, elastin prepared by hot alkali treatment from diseased vessels, showed minor changes in amino acids during induction and marked changes during regression presumably due to the binding of glycoproteins to the elastin. The GAG composition of the involved arteries did not change during induction, whereas during regression the percent dermatan sulfate increased while the percent of heparan sulfate decreased. The over-all findings are consistent with the concept that the interaction of the connective tissue proteins with the GAGs, lipoproteins and calcium of the artery plays an important role in the development and regression of advanced atherosclerotic disease. PMID- 6721906 TI - [Hypoxia, an important pathogenetic factor in hyaline membrane disease in the newborn infant]. PMID- 6721907 TI - [Right and left systolic electromechanic intervals in healthy newborn infants at term]. PMID- 6721908 TI - [Gas measurement in the healthy newborn infant in Mexico City; comparative study between arterial blood and arterialized blood]. PMID- 6721909 TI - [Bases for the diagnosis of pulmonary tuberculosis in children]. PMID- 6721910 TI - [Diffuse cutaneous hyperpigmentation of the mucosae and fundus oculi associated with systemic lupus erythematosus]. PMID- 6721911 TI - [Periventricular leukomalacia in a newborn infant]. PMID- 6721912 TI - [Pediatric training in the education of the surgeon]. PMID- 6721913 TI - Ontogenesis of circadian sleep-wakefulness rhythms and developmental changes of sleep in the altricial rat and in the precocial guinea pig. AB - Ontogenesis of circadian sleep-wakefulness rhythms and other developmental changes of sleep were examined in the altricial rat and in the precocial guinea pig. Circadian sleep-wakefulness rhythms began to emerge on the 4th-4.5th week after birth in rats born and raised not only under light-dark (LD) 12:12 h lighting schedule but also under a constant light condition. Only ultradian rhythms were recognized in the rat up to 2.5-3.5 weeks after birth. Unlike the rat, the guinea pig did not develop significant diurnal and circadian sleep rhythms during the course of its growth. Sleep-wakefulness rhythms of the 1-week old infant guinea pig were very similar to those of the adult. During the development of the altricial rat the periods of slow wave sleep (SWS) and paradoxical sleep (PS) cycles, and the amounts of SWS per day increased. On the other hand, the amounts of PS per day and the length of the PS episodes decreased. For the guinea pig, however, these parameters of sleep were apparently constant throughout development. PMID- 6721914 TI - The development of air-righting reflex in postnatal growing rabbits. AB - The investigations were carried out in 6 growing rabbits from the 5th day of life up to the 17th day in intervals of 3 days, as well as in 6 adult animals. The movements of the animals were filmed during free fall by means of a high speed camera (1000 pictures/s) in the frontal or the lateral view. The age-dependent development of head and shoulder rotation is described; the latency of this sensorimotor reaction decreases, and the head rotation velocity increases. The air-righting reflex is interpreted as a programmed command act. The postnatal changes in the timing of this reflex allow conclusions regarding the functional development of the spinal cord along the craniocaudal axis. PMID- 6721915 TI - The existence of a separate, brief critical period for the corpus callosum to affect visual development. AB - The critical period for the role of the corpus callosum in visual development was explored in terms of the length of time during which the callosum has any influence on the development of visual acuity. Cats were given a surgical section of the posterior corpus callosum at 1, 2, 3, 4 and 29 weeks of age. These, as well as normal and operated control cats, were behaviorally tested for visual acuity thresholds from 5 through 29 weeks of age. Only the 1, 2 and 3 week callosum-sectioned cats showed deficits in visual acuity; the 4 and 29 week callosum-sectioned cats had acuity thresholds equivalent to those of the control cats. These results define a relatively brief critical period of time during which the corpus callosum effectively interacts with the developing visual system. This critical period ends during the fourth postnatal week; throughout the first postnatal month the corpus callosum's effectiveness in altering subsequent visual development gradually declines. Using the amount of acuity deficit as the measure of alteration of visual development, the input of the corpus callosum during the first postnatal month is as critical to visual development as is normal visual input during the first 4-6 postnatal months. PMID- 6721916 TI - Impairment of acquired temporal response regulation of rats under normobaric hypoxia. AB - Effects of hypoxia on learning involving temporal regulation of behaviour was investigated. Under 10% hypoxia there was a decrease in the number of conditioned responses, and the 'efficiency' of reinforcement, but no modification of temporal discrimination. Normobaric hypoxia may be a useful model for studying certain behavioural and pharmacological effects of cerebral circulatory insufficiency, and their implications at the level of the central nervous system, but it would be incorrect to use such a model to study factors that might prevent the loss of acquired knowledge. PMID- 6721917 TI - Numerosity judgments in peripheral vision: limitations of the cortical magnification hypothesis. AB - We studied visual numerosity judgments for linear dot arrays with regular spacing under central and off-axis observation conditions. Results indicate that an appropriate increase in stimulus size, as determined by the human cortical magnification factor, may compensate for the retinal inhomogeneity of numerosity judgments. Such a compensation, however, is no longer possible if in the numerosity judgments observers are deprived of the cue of overall dot-array length. Thus, there are aspects of the relative insensitivity of peripheral visual function that are not captured by purely geometrical considerations of the retino-cortical projection. PMID- 6721918 TI - Lateral telencephalic lesions affect visual discriminations in pigeons. AB - The importance of the lateral telencephalon of the pigeon for visual performance was examined. Lesions in this area markedly impaired both the acquisition and the retention of instrumentally learned hue, intensity and pattern discriminations. Comparable lesions of the thalamofugal visual projection in the dorsoanterior telencephalon did not have an appreciable effect. Laterally lesioned pigeons showed only a minor, non-significant impairment in an instrumental auditory discrimination task. These results generally agree with findings of other authors on domestic chicks but disagree with previous work on pigeons. The visual discrimination performance of laterally lesioned subjects improved gradually over the course of days and weeks without specific experience being necessary, and after 3 months the recovery was virtually complete. The effect of lateral telencephalic lesions is discussed in connection with known visual projections within the avian endbrain and their relationship with other functional systems. PMID- 6721919 TI - [14C]deoxyglucose uptake of the rat visual centres under monocular optokinetic stimulation. AB - Monocular optokinetic stimulation ( OKS ) in Long-Evans rats enhances the uptake of [14C]2-deoxy-D-glucose (2-DG) in the pretectal nucleus of the optic tract (NOT) and superior colliculus (SC) contralaterally to the open eye regardless of the movement direction. Metabolic increases in NOT and SC are therefore found to be unrelated to the ocular nystagmus that in monocularly viewing rats follows only to OKS nasalward for the seeing eye. Since the oculomotor asymmetry has been attributed to the directional selective properties of NOT neurons responding to nasalward movement in the contralateral visual field but being inhibited by opposite ( temporalward ) movement, the enhanced 2-DG uptakes observed in the present experiments seem to represent the NOT excitatory metabolic work in the case of nasalward movement and the NOT inhibitory metabolic expenditure in the case of temporalward movement. PMID- 6721920 TI - Peptide-induced emesis in dogs. AB - Systemic administration of apomorphine, angiotensin II, neurotensin and leucine enkephalin induces emesis in dogs in a dose-dependent fashion. Receptors for Leu enkephalin and angiotensin II but not apomorphine show receptor desensitization, such that a second systemic administration 5 min after the first is ineffective. Domperidone blocked the emetic response to apomorphine but not to Leu-enkephalin or angiotensin II. Naloxone selectively blocked the Leu-enkephalin response, while saralasin blocked responses to both angiotensin II and Leu-enkephalin, but not apomorphine. Chlorpromazine prevented the emetic response to all agents, suggesting a dopamine receptor in the emetic pathway on the brain side of the blood-brain barrier. In dogs with ablation of the area postrema the emetic response to apomorphine and all peptides was prevented. PMID- 6721921 TI - Physiological plasticity of single neurons in auditory cortex of the cat during acquisition of the pupillary conditioned response: I. Primary field (AI). AB - The effects of conditioning on the discharges of single neurons in primary auditory cortex (AI) were determined during acquisition of the pupillary conditioned response in chronically prepared cats. Acoustic stimuli (1-s white noise or tone) were presented with electrodermal stimulation unpaired during a sensitization control phase followed by pairing during a subsequent conditioning phase. Stimulus constancy at the periphery was ensured by the use of neuromuscular blockade. Discharge plasticity developed rapidly for both evoked and background activity, the former attaining criterion faster than the latter. The pupillary dilation conditioned response was acquired at the same rate as were changes in evoked activity (i.e., 10-15 trials) and faster than background activity (i.e., 20-25 trials). Increases in background activity were correlated with increasing level of tonic arousal, as indexed by pretrial size of the pupil. PMID- 6721922 TI - Physiological plasticity of single neurons in auditory cortex of the cat during acquisition of the pupillary conditioned response: II. Secondary field (AII). AB - The discharges of 22 single neurons were recorded in the secondary auditory cortical field (AII) during acquisition of the pupillary dilation conditioned defensive response in chronically prepared cats. All 22 neurons developed discharge plasticity in background activity, and 21/22 cells developed plasticity in their responses to the acoustic conditioned stimulus (CS). Nonassociative factors were ruled out by the use of a sensitization phase (CS and US [unconditioned stimulus] unpaired) preceding the conditioning phase and by ensuring stimulus constancy at the periphery by neuromuscular paralysis. Changes in background neuronal activity were related to measures of behavioral learning or to changes in the level of arousal. Specifically, decreases in background activity (17/22 cells) developed at the time that subjects began to display conditioned responses. Increases in background activity (5/22) developed in animals that became more tonically aroused during conditioning. However, both increases (11/22) and decreases (10/22) in evoked activity developed independently of the rate of pupillary learning, tonic arousal level, or changes in background activity. These findings indicate that changes in background activity are closely related to behavioral processes of learning and arousal whereas stimulus-evoked discharge plasticity develops solely as a consequence of stimulus pairing. A comparative analysis of the effects of conditioning on secondary and primary (AI) auditory cortex indicates that both regions develop neuronal discharge plasticity early in the conditioning phase and that increases in background activity in primary auditory cortex are also associated with elevated levels of tonic arousal. In addition, the overall incidence of single neurons developing learning-related discharge plasticity is significantly greater in AII than in AI. The relevance of these findings is discussed in terms of parallel processing in sensory systems and multiple sensory cortical fields. PMID- 6721923 TI - Hippocampectomy disrupts acquisition and retention of learned conditional responding. AB - The effects of bilateral hippocampal and neocortical lesions were examined on acquisition and retention of classically conditioned responses based on (a) simple associations, (b) a nonconditional discrimination, and (c) a conditional discrimination in the same subjects. Results showed that combined hippocampal and neocortical damage permanently prevented (within the limits tested) both acquisition and retention of learned behavior based on the conditional discrimination but had no effect on behaviors based on the nonconditional discrimination or simple associations. Neocortical lesions alone had no effect on either conditional or nonconditional discriminative responding, but they did temporarily disrupt acquisition and retention of behavior dependent on CS-CS (two conditioned stimuli) associations. Neither lesion affected learned behaviors mediated by CS-US (conditioned stimulus and unconditioned stimulus) associations. Thus, results showed that hippocampal damage selectively disrupted learned conditional behaviors and also revealed that central nervous system control of conditional discrimination performance, within-compound associations, and CS-US associations is mediated by different neural mechanisms. PMID- 6721924 TI - Fimbria-fornix lesions impair spatial working memory but not cognitive mapping. AB - Three experiments were designed to evaluate the relative merits of two theories of hippocampal function, the cognitive mapping theory and the working memory theory. Rats were tested in a series of maze tasks that varied in memory requirements. In the experiments that required cognitive mapping but not working memory (Experiments 1 and 3), rats with fimbria-fornix lesions reached stable levels of performance that were as accurate as those of control rats, and they also performed accurately during transfer tests, results demonstrating that they used a cognitive mapping strategy to solve the discrimination. In the experiment that required working memory (Experiment 2), rats with fimbria-fornix lesions performed at chance levels during all of postoperative testing, and they distributed their choices randomly between the correct and the incorrect goals. These results are seen as generally refuting the predictions made by the cognitive mapping theory and supporting the predictions made by the working memory theory. Additional analyses (Experiment 3) examined the nature of a transitory impairment exhibited by rats with fimbria-fornix lesions in two tasks that did not require working memory. Postoperatively, the performance of the rats with lesions was initially impaired but recovered to normal levels with a time course similar to that seen during preoperative acquisition. These results are seen as requiring an extension of the working memory theory of hippocampal function, and discussion is focused on the possibility of a temporary retrograde amnesia following fimbria-fornix lesions and the distinctions between different types of memory abilities. PMID- 6721925 TI - Opiate modulation of the active and inactive components of the postshock reaction: parallels between naloxone pretreatment and shock intensity. AB - Electric footshock elicited an immediate burst of activity followed by a period of immobility termed freezing. Naloxone, an opiate antagonist, enhanced both of these postshock reactions (Experiment 1). Naloxone's effects on the active and inactive components of the postshock reaction paralleled those of increasing shock intensity (Experiment 2). This finding suggests that the drug caused these results by enhancing the perceived intensity of shock. The facilitatory effects of naloxone on the active and inactive reactions to shock appear to be specific to nociceptive stimuli, as naloxone decreased the activity burst elicited by a nonnociceptive startling stimulus and had no effect on the freezing that followed that nonnociceptive stimulus (Experiment 3). Naloxone could accomplish its alteration of perceived intensity by antagonizing endogenous opioid analgesic systems. However, as hypophysectomy did not block the drug's action, the effects are not mediated by pituitary opioids (Experiment 4). PMID- 6721926 TI - Influence of naloxone on shock-induced freezing and analgesia. AB - Six experiments were designed to examine whether mild shock activates an opiate analgesia in rats. The first three experiments explored whether naloxone potentiates shock-induced freezing by blocking an opiate analgesia. In Experiment 1, subjects treated with either a low or a high dose of naloxone froze more following mild shock. Experiment 2 revealed that both dose levels of the drug increase pain reactivity. The results of Experiment 3 suggested that a naloxone induced increase in pain reactivity accounts for the drug's effect on freezing. The last three experiments investigated the nature of the analgesia induced by mild shock. In Experiment 4, mild shock induced a profound analgesia as measured by the tail-flick test. Experiment 5 demonstrated that mild shock elicits a transient naloxone-insensitive analgesia which rapidly dissipates to reveal an analgesia that is reversed by a high dose of naloxone. This suggests that mild shock activates both the nonopiate and the opiate form of analgesia. Experiment 5 also showed that a low dose of naloxone potentiates shock-induced analgesia. Experiment 6 revealed that this potentiated analgesia is attenuated by a high dose of naloxone. Implications of the results are discussed. PMID- 6721927 TI - Morphine analgesia: enhancement by shock-associated cues. AB - Recent research has shown that rats exposed to repeated stress display enhanced morphine analgesia. This study examined the possible contribution of classically conditioned analgesia to this effect. First, drug-naive rats exposed to nine daily sessions of stress, each consisting of a single 45-s exposure to footshock, subsequently displayed enhanced analgesic responsiveness to morphine 1 and 10 days after stress (Experiments 1, 2, and 5). This enhancement was also observed in morphine-experienced rats 1 and 8 days after stress (Experiment 1). Second, the effect of footshock stress on morphine analgesia was found to be specific to the environment in which stress was administered (Experiments 2 and 3). Rats tested in the same distinctive environment in which stress was administered displayed enhanced morphine analgesia; rats shocked elsewhere did not differ from nonshocked controls (Experiment 2). Third, conditioned analgesia was found under the same conditions that yielded enhanced morphine analgesia (Experiments 2 and 4). Lastly, both this conditioned analgesia and the acute analgesia elicited by the footshock stressor were found to be attenuated by naloxone (Experiments 5 and 6). These data are consistent with the hypothesis that the enhanced morphine analgesia observed after repeated footshock stress reflects the contribution of an opioid mediated , conditioned analgesia elicited by cues formerly paired with the stressor. PMID- 6721928 TI - Visual learning suppressed by cooling the temporal pole. AB - Three monkeys were trained to remember colored photographs of objects over delays of 0, 15, 30, and 45 s. Then two pairs of cooling devices were implanted bilaterally over the anterior 9 mm of the temporal lobe. The devices consisted of 3 X 10 mm loops of stainless steel tubing into which cooled methanol could be pumped. One pair (anterior pair) covered the medial part of the temporal tip (area TG), starting at the rhinal sulcus and extending 3 mm laterally. The second pair (posterior pair) was placed 3 mm lateral to the anterior pair, covering the rest of TG and the anterior extreme of the inferotemporal gyri, anterior TE. Cooling either pair of probes produced a deficit at all delays, but the deficit was greater at the longest delays. There was no difference between cooling the anterior pair and cooling the posterior pair except that cooling the anterior pair greatly increased the disruption of recall that is produced by an interfering stimulus. When all four probes were cooled, which suppressed the function of the entire temporal tip, performance dropped to chance at all delays. While under this condition, the animals could not learn new visual discriminations but could perform previously learned visual discriminations. These results are consistent with the suggestion that the temporal pole is the store for the brief anterograde memory that is available to the medial temporal amnesics. PMID- 6721929 TI - Hormonal modulation of genital reflexes in male and masculinized female dogs. AB - When testosterone propionate (TP) is administered to adult, neonatally castrated male dogs and to adult females with masculinized genitalia produced by prenatal and neonatal exposure to androgen, both types of animals are unsuccessful in their attempts to copulate with receptive females. They mount and thrust vigorously but do not achieve intromission and establish a copulatory "lock." The deficit could be due to incomplete "organization" of neuromuscular mechanisms mediating erection or to the fact that the penis of such dogs are abnormally short. In this experiment, neonatally castrated males and genitally masculinized females were tested before and after TP treatment for responses to manual stimulation of the genitalia. An additional experimental group consisted of males castrated as adults, and there was a control group of normal males. After a series of TP injections, neonatally castrated males, adult castrates, and genitally masculinized females exhibited complete and strong erectile and ejaculatory reflexes. Erect penis lengths of neonatally castrated males and masculinized females were significantly shorter than those of normal males or of males castrated as adults. It is tentatively concluded that the failure of males castrated at birth, and of genitally masculinized females, to insert and lock when mounting receptive females is due to incomplete penile development and not to incomplete "organization" of spinal reflex mechanisms. However, because artificial stimulation was employed, results of this study do not prove that central nervous system mechanisms necessary for insertion and locking in copula were normally developed. PMID- 6721930 TI - Comparative potency of tactile, auditory, and visual stimulus repetition in eliciting activated forebrain EEG in the rabbit. AB - The experiments addressed the question of whether certain modalities of stimulation are more effective in eliciting immobility-related, atropine sensitive neocortical low-voltage fast activity and hippocampal rhythmical slow activity from the rabbit. More pronounced activation and less pronounced habituation followed tactile than auditory and visual stimulation. On the basis of these results, and other studies, it is suggested that atropine-sensitive electroencephalographic activity may be importantly involved in the central programming, initiation, and guidance of movement. PMID- 6721932 TI - Thirst and sodium appetite after colloid treatment in rats with septal lesions. AB - Previous experiments in which angiotensin II (AII) and mineralocorticoids were administered to rats have suggested that these hormones play a natural role in mediating thirst and sodium appetite. This hypothesis was examined by making use of rats with septal lesions, which have an apparent sensitivity to the central effects of AII, and studying their behavioral response to subcutaneous colloid treatment, which produces hypovolemia and thereby stimulates the secretions of renin and aldosterone. The induced thirst and sodium appetite both were markedly enhanced in the brain-damaged animals. However, water intake was not increased when the hypovolemia was moderate, and sodium appetite was augmented only when animals had been sodium deprived, a procedure known to potentiate aldosterone secretion. These findings support previous suggestions that whereas AII normally contributes little to thirst, it may help to mediate sodium appetite in rats when aldosterone is abundant. Finally, the two drives were not elicited uniformly; those animals that drank the most water after colloid treatment consumed the least saline. These findings suggest that whereas septal lesions may sensitize the rat's brain to the sodium-appetite-eliciting effects of AII as well as to its dipsogenic effects, sodium appetite emerges only if the induced thirst is not too pronounced. PMID- 6721931 TI - Preabsorptive pregastric vagally mediated histaminergic component of drinking elicited by eating in the rat. AB - Preabsorptive stimulation by food was confined to the pregastric (oropharynx and esophagus) segment of the gastrointestinal tract by having male Sprague-Dawley rats sham feed liquid food which then drained out a gastric cannula. This procedure provided a paradigm for studying the effect of preabsorptive pregastric food-contingent stimulation on drinking behavior. Sham feeding elicited drinking that was (a) attenuated by complete bilateral subdiaphragmatic vagotomy (with hepatic branch intact), (b) attenuated by peripheral cholinergic blockade with intraperitoneal atropine methyl nitrate (0.25 mg/kg), and (c) abolished by combined antagonism of H1 and H2 histamine receptors with the use of intraperitoneal dexbrompheniramine (1 mg/kg) and cimetidine (16 mg/kg). These results provide evidence for a preabsorptive pregastric vagally mediated histaminergic component of drinking elicited by eating in the rat. PMID- 6721933 TI - Suckling in the rat: evidence for patterned behavior during sleep. AB - Electrophysiological recordings showed that 2-wk-old rats are actually asleep 66% of the time while suckling on the dam. The pups are no more likely to be awake while on the nipple than between nursing bouts. Sucking behavior, recorded electromyographically, occurred during sleep as well as during wakefulness. Pups were found to be asleep just prior to the dam's periodic milk ejections (ME) in 100% of 33 recorded instances and were briefly awakened by the ME, but 60% were asleep again within 30 s. These studies demonstrate the embedding of a vital early behavior pattern in the states of sleep. PMID- 6721934 TI - [Biliary ileus (presentation of 6 cases)]. PMID- 6721935 TI - [A new technic for experimental measurement of biliary pressure]. PMID- 6721936 TI - [Experimental pharmaceutical therapy of sinusoidal portal hypertension]. PMID- 6721937 TI - Anatomical basis of total prostatocystectomy in man. AB - In the first part of this paper special emphasis is given to the anatomy of Denonvillier 's fascia which is derived from the prostatic capsule and covers the seminal vesicles, and to the preprostatic veins. In the second part devoted to the surgical technique of total prostatocystectomy the authors propose that the vesicoprostatic unit be freed by dissecting posterior to Denonvillier 's fascia. It is also proposed that the membranous urethra be sectioned prior to performing hemostasis of the preprostatic veins. PMID- 6721938 TI - Anatomical bases of transaxillary resection of the first rib. AB - Anatomical study of the costoclavicular space, with approach via inferolateral axillary route, allowing resection of the first rib. With the patient in the semisupine position, lifting the arm to the zenith allows the costoclavicular space to be opened widely and separation of the plane of the first rib from the neurovascular structures of the lateral wall of the axillary pyramid. In the first part of our work, we study successively the bony frame and its anatomical variations, the muscular frame and its anomalies, the cervical pleura and its associated fibromembranous complex. The second part is a succinct summary of the different stages of transaxillary resection of the first rib, with mention of the operative risks and landmarks in this approach. PMID- 6721939 TI - Anatomical basis for the use of the pectoralis major myocutaneous flap in reconstructive surgery. AB - The aim of this study was to clearly identify the vascularization of the pectoralis major myocutaneous flap owing to the importance of its use in the surgery of cervicofacial cancer. This work was based on the study of 40 pectoralis major muscles. The anatomical specimens were dissected after non selective injection of red latex followed by selective injection via the arterial pedicle of the muscle and finally injection of the cutaneous territory supplied by this pedicle. This study confirms the existence of a main arteriovenous pedicle vascularizing the donor site. The pedicle, lying at the deep surface of the pectoralis major, originates from the thoracoacromial artery. Rotation of the myocutaneous flap is achieved around this pedicle, the latter ensuring the survival of the flap. Participation of other arteries in the vascularization of the pectoralis major myocutaneous flap was also noted in this study. PMID- 6721940 TI - Radiological anatomy of the right gastroepiploic artery. AB - Most gastroplasties performed to replace the esophagus are vascularized by the right gastroepiploic artery alone. Its origin, course and anatomical relations are classical and subject to little variation. Conversely, its mode of termination and relations to the left gastroepiploic artery have received quite different descriptions in the literature. This report describes the radiological anatomy of the right gastroepiploic artery based on arteriograms in 50 subjects. The right gastroepiploic artery was much larger (diameter 1.7 to 2.6 mm at its origin) than the left (absent in 3 cases) in our series. Direct end-to-end anastomosis of these two arteries, as described in classical reports, was found in only 23.5% of cases. PMID- 6721941 TI - Contribution of the superficial and deep circumflex iliac arteries to the blood supply of the anterior third of the iliac crest and adjacent skin. AB - The contribution of the superficial and deep circumflex iliac arteries to the blood supply of the anterior third of the iliac crest and adjacent skin was studied in fresh cadavers using the Indian ink arterial injection method followed by one examination. PMID- 6721942 TI - Effect of age on pressure-flow dynamics in secundum atrial septal defect. PMID- 6721943 TI - Determinants and importance of atrial pressure morphology in atrial septal defect. AB - A prominent "v" wave relative to the "a" wave in the jugular vein and right atrial pressure tracing is considered to be a common haemodynamic sign of atrial septal defect. Since the prevalence, age relation, and haemodynamic determinants of the "v" greater than or equal to "a" wave configuration have not been studied the pressure recordings from 15 adults and 80 children with an isolated secundum atrial septal defect in sinus rhythm and from 40 adults and 55 children in sinus rhythm without structural cardiac abnormalities or with coronary and valvular heart disease were studied to assess the sensitivity and specificity of the "v" greater than or equal to "a" wave configuration in atrial septal defect. Only 20% of adults with an atrial septal defect had prominent right atrial "v" waves compared with 63% of children, although the specificity was quite high for each group. In adults "left atrialisation " of the right atrium ("v" greater than or equal to "a" wave) occurred in younger patients with higher right atrial and right ventricular end diastolic pressures. In contrast, in children no age related or haemodynamic determinants for the "v" greater than or equal to "a" pattern were found. In addition, most adults but few children with an atrial septal defect had "right atrialisation " of the left atrial wave configuration ("a" greater than "v"). This was found in older adults with lower right atrial and right ventricular end diastolic pressures and in older children with larger left to right shunts. Thus in contrast to children adults with an atrial septal defect rarely show a prominent "v" wave in the right atrium. The presence of a prominent right atrial "v" wave in adults with an atrial septal defect is associated with relatively higher left atrial and right heart pressures than is the absence of this sign and may be related to relatively higher systolic transatrial flow in these patients. The relative paucity of prominent right atrial "v" waves in older adults suggest that the systolic phase flow may diminish with age, possibly from progressive alteration in compliance of the chronically dilated right ventricle. PMID- 6721944 TI - Bidirectional shunt in uncomplicated atrial septal defect. AB - The presence of right to left shunts at atrial level in 40 patients with an uncomplicated atrial septal defect was determined by measuring the pulmonary vein to systemic artery oxygen stepdown . In six patients (group 1) a sizeable right to left shunt was found: left atrial oxygen stepdown was greater than or equal to 0.7 vol%, mean right to left shunt 0.67 1/min/m2 (range 0.36-1.0), and arterial oxygen saturation between 84% and 90.5%. The patients in group 1 did not show any differences from those with left to right shunts alone (group 2) as regards sex, cardiac rhythm, heart rate, "a" wave and mean right atrial pressure, end diastolic right ventricular pressure, morphology of diastolic right ventricular pressure curves, pulmonary to systemic vascular resistance ratio, size of the defect, and coexistence of anomalous pulmonary venous drainage. Patients with coexisting right to left shunts were, however, significantly older and had smaller left to right shunts. Thus an appreciable number of patients with uncomplicated atrial septal defects have major right to left shunts which are unrelated to pulmonary hypertension or right heart failure. These shunts may be detected by the usual oximetric techniques and apparently develop with age, which suggests that they result from changes associated with chronic right volume overload. PMID- 6721945 TI - Endocardial fibroelastosis and hypoplasia of the left ventricle in neonates without significant aortic stenosis. AB - Endocardial fibroelastosis in neonates with hypoplasia of the left ventricle is usually associated with severe aortic stenosis or atresia. In this study three hearts were examined, in which severe hypoplasia of the left ventricular cavity with myocardial hypertrophy and endocardial fibroelastosis were associated with small but non-stenotic subaortic outflow tracts and aortic valves. These features were contrasted with those of neonatal left heart hypoplasia in aortic stenosis and atresia. The index cases were examples of the very rare contracted form of endocardial fibroelastosis. PMID- 6721946 TI - Doppler echocardiographic features of coronary arteriovenous fistula. Complementary roles of cross sectional echocardiography and the Doppler technique. AB - The Doppler echocardiographic features of coronary arteriovenous fistula were investigated in eight patients with left or right coronary arteriovenous fistulas who had a continuous heart murmur in the upper precordial area and whose diagnoses were confirmed by coronary angiography. In four patients the dilated lumen of the coronary arteriovenous fistula was visualised by cross sectional echocardiography. Of these, three showed abnormal unidirectional continuous flow signals with broad velocity spectra in the fistula. Abnormal, powerful, unidirectional or bidirectional continuous Doppler signals were detected in part of the pulmonary artery in two of the eight patients, in part of the right ventricle in two, and in part of the right atrium in one; these signals were interpreted as indicating shunt flow. Although the opening of the fistula was difficult to visualise by cross sectional echocardiography, the pulsed Doppler technique helped identify the site in patients with dilatation of the coronary artery. In the remaining three patients with a small shunt no abnormal findings were obtained with cross sectional echocardiography or the Doppler technique. The size of the fistula below which no abnormal findings may be obtained by Doppler echocardiography still needs to be determined. PMID- 6721947 TI - Computed tomographic appearances of cardiac amyloidosis. AB - Computed tomography was used to identify the characteristic appearances of histologically confirmed cardiac amyloidosis in two patients. Mean myocardial density and 95% confidence limits in one of these patients (30.6 +/- 3.4 Hounsfield units (HU) ) were significantly lower than in patients with diffuse hypertrophic cardiomyopathy (range from 38.8 +/- 5.7 HU to 45.9 +/- 4.4 HU) and normal myocardium (range from 41.9 +/- 4.3 HU to 44.8 +/- 4.4 HU) on pre-contrast computed tomograms. Although only an approximate myocardial density was obtained in the second patient with amyloidosis, a similar result (30 HU) was noted on pre contrast tomograms. Diffuse thickening of the interventricular septum and left ventricular free wall was found in both patients. Myocardial density on post contrast computed tomograms was 102.8 +/- 5.2 HU in one patient and approximately 100 HU in the other. A pericardial effusion was noted in the first patient. A low myocardial density on pre-contrast tomograms and diffuse myocardial thickening on post-contrast tomograms are considered to be important features of cardiac amyloidosis. PMID- 6721948 TI - Incoordinate left ventricular wall motion after acute myocardial infarction. Serial echocardiographic assessment. AB - Serial simultaneous M mode echocardiograms, phonocardiograms, and apexcardiograms were recorded and digitised in 20 patients with a first myocardial infarction immediately after and two, three, seven, and 56 days after hospital admission. Left ventricular maximum and minimum dimensions, normalised maximum rate of change of dimension during systole and diastole, and three previously defined indices of the coordination of left ventricular wall motion were measured. Incoordinate left ventricular wall motion was detected in all patients but was more pronounced in those with an anterior infarction (15) than in those with an inferior infarction (5). Although on the first three days after admission patients with heart failure (7) were indistinguishable echocardiographically from those without (13), differences became apparent later with an increase in left ventricular dimension and more pronounced evidence of incoordination in those with heart failure. In the first two days after admission patients with full thickness infarcts (14) were indistinguishable echocardiographically from those with partial thickness infarcts (6) despite the former being of much larger size as judged by the measurement of cardiac enzyme activity. Abnormal indices of coordination reverted to normal with time in patients with partial thickness infarctions, whereas only partial reversion of these indices occurred in those with full thickness infarctions. The use of digitised M mode echocardiograms is a sensitive means of detecting and following the evolution of incoordinate left ventricular wall motion in patients with an acute myocardial infarction whatever the position, type, or size of the infarct. Incoordination so detected is, however, quantitatively unrelated to infarct type or size or to the clinical state of the patient. PMID- 6721949 TI - Left ventricular thrombosis and cerebrovascular accident in acute myocardial infarction. AB - In a prospective study of 90 consecutive patients with acute myocardial infarction, 15 (28.3%) of 53 patients with an anterior wall infarction developed a left ventricular thrombosis diagnosed by cross sectional echocardiography. Patients received anticoagulants only after a left ventricular thrombosis had been diagnosed. Twenty eight patients had an inferior infarction, but none of these had a left ventricular thrombosis. Five (5.5%) of the 90 patients suffered a cerebrovascular accident, and all had an anterior wall infarction. In four of these five patients a left ventricular thrombosis was confirmed by echocardiography before the cerebrovascular accident. All patients with left ventricular thrombosis had apical akinesis. The incidence of a thrombosis did not differ in patients with a first anterior myocardial infarction and with reinfarctions. Among the 40 patients with a first anterior wall infarction, 12 with a thrombosis had a significantly higher incidence of enlarged heart on chest radiographs and significantly higher serum aspartate aminotransferase enzyme activity than those without. Thus patients with a large anterior wall infarction and with akinesis in the apical region are at high risk of developing a left ventricular thrombosis, which may be a source of peripheral emboli. Left ventricular thrombosis appears to be rare with infarctions in other locations. PMID- 6721950 TI - Temporal evolution of changes in left ventricular function induced by cold pressor stimulation. An assessment with radionuclide angiography and gold 195m. AB - The evolutionary changes in left ventricular function induced by cold pressor stimulation were investigated at 90 second intervals by rapid sequential first pass radionuclide angiography using the short half life tracer gold 195m. The results in 12 subjects with normal coronary arteries were compared with those in 12 patients with coronary artery disease. Left ventricular ejection fraction fell significantly from resting values in both groups after 1 minute of cold pressor, but only in patients with coronary disease was the significant fall maintained at 2.5 and 4 minutes. In both groups, the maximum decrease in ejection fraction occurred after 1 minute, whereas the maximum rise in systolic blood pressure occurred after 2.5 minutes. New abnormalities of regional ventricular function developed in 10 normal subjects after 1 minute of cold, with a total of 12 new abnormal segments. Only two such segments were seen at the later stages of imaging. Twenty one new segments developed after 1 minute in the coronary disease group, and 13 segments remained abnormal after 4 minutes. Three patients, two of whom had left main stem stenoses, showed persistent abnormalities of ventricular function after 2 minutes of recovery from cold stimulation. Thus left ventricular function changes rapidly during a period of cold stimulation in both those without and those with coronary disease. When the cold pressor test is used with multiple gated equilibrium imaging, the timing of imaging may be crucial to the results and interpretation of the test. The discordance between functional changes and rise in blood pressure is further evidence that alterations in afterload are not solely responsible for cold induced abnormalities. PMID- 6721951 TI - Superior mediastinal obstruction with aortic dissection after aortic valve replacement. Diagnosis by computed tomography. AB - In two patients aortic dissection occurred as a late complication of aortic valve replacement and caused superior vena caval obstruction. The dissection and superior vena caval obstruction were diagnosed by computed tomography. PMID- 6721952 TI - Late strut fracture in a Bjork-Shiley valve prosthesis (current series). AB - Fracture of the short strut of the latest series of Bjork-Shiley mitral valve prostheses occurred 12 months after implantation. The patient died despite emergency surgery to excise and replace the prosthesis. Bjork-Shiley 29-33 mm valves with a 60 degree opening angle manufactured between February 1981 and March 1982 have a predicted strut fracture rate of 0.3% (three times greater than that of valves produced outside these dates). Unimplanted valves from this batch have now been recalled by the manufacturers. PMID- 6721953 TI - Shoshin beriberi: a rare diagnostic problem. AB - A 30 year old man with a 15 year history of alcohol abuse presented with symptoms and signs of circulatory shock, severe disturbances of renal and liver functions, and metabolic acidosis. The cardiovascular and metabolic features were attributable to Shoshin beriberi. He recovered completely after treatment with thiamine. PMID- 6721954 TI - Dobbs-Nicholson score for prescribing digoxin. PMID- 6721955 TI - Toxicity caused by local anaesthetic agents. PMID- 6721956 TI - Changes in lung volume and (PAO2-PaO2) during anaesthesia. AB - The theory, that the decrease in lung volume which occurs after induction of general anaesthesia is the cause of the higher (PAO2-PaO2) during anaesthesia, was examined in 18 patients. Lung volume was increased during anaesthesia by changing the posture of the patient to 30 degrees head-up, but there was no improvement in (PAO2-PaO2). There were no correlations between change in (PAO2 PaO2) and in cardiac output between different postures. It is concluded that gas exchange is independent of change in lung volume during anaesthesia, at least over the range examined. It remains possible that restoration of lung volume to pre-anaesthetic values may not restore regional distribution of ventilation to pre-anaesthetic values. PMID- 6721957 TI - Pharmacokinetics of alcuronium in elderly patients undergoing total hip replacement or aortic reconstructive surgery. AB - The pharmacokinetic behaviour of alcuronium was studied in three patients undergoing resection of an aortic aneurysm, and in another two patients undergoing total hip replacement (group I). A control group of five elderly patients undergoing relatively minor surgery was included (group II). In group I patients, the values of the pharmacokinetic parameters such as plasma clearance, elimination half-life and the apparent volume of distribution of the drug were found to be comparable to those obtained in normal young patients in previous studies. The group II patients, however, were found to have a prolonged elimination half-life as a result of reduced plasma clearance, possibly an age related effect. The differences between these two groups of patients may be explained by the differences in the extent of haemorrhage and fluid replacement or changes in blood circulation, or both. However, alcuronium must still be used cautiously in both groups of patients, especially in the light of a recent finding that patients undergoing aortic reconstructive surgery have a high frequency of functional renal failure after operation. PMID- 6721958 TI - Plasma bupivacaine concentrations during combined regional and general anaesthesia for resection and reconstruction of head and neck carcinomata. AB - Venous plasma bupivacaine concentrations were measured in patients undergoing resection and reconstruction surgery for intra-oral malignancy. Vth cranial nerve and cervical plexus blocks were performed using 0.5% bupivacaine. Total dosage was higher than recommended by U.K. manufacturers. Mean peak venous plasma concentrations were higher than previously recorded. A significant different was found in the peak concentrations when adrenaline was included. The significance of these results in relation to systemic toxicity and recommended dosage is discussed. PMID- 6721959 TI - Effects of ketamine anaesthesia on the metabolic response to pelvic surgery. AB - The effects of ketamine anaesthesia on the metabolic and endocrine response to pelvic surgery were investigated, and compared with results obtained in a control group of patients anaesthetized with thiopentone and halothane. Ketamine anaesthesia before the onset of surgery was associated with a significant increase in blood glucose and plasma cortisol concentrations, and in heart rate. However, when surgery was established there were no metabolic, endocrine or haemodynamic differences between ketamine and halothane anaesthesia. We conclude that ketamine does not exacerbate the metabolic response to surgery. PMID- 6721960 TI - Inhibition of fetal methionine synthase by nitrous oxide. AB - The activity of the enzyme methionine synthase in fetal and maternal liver was investigated before and after exposure to nitrous oxide. Timed-pregnant rats on day 19 of gestation were exposed to either 10% or 50% nitrous oxide for various times up to 240 min. After exposure, fetal and maternal livers were removed and methionine synthase activity assayed. Normal methionine synthase activity in the fetus was about 50% of that in the mother. Both fetal and maternal methionine synthase activity decreased progressively with increasing time of exposure to nitrous oxide and recovered only slowly after the agent was discontinued. PMID- 6721961 TI - Effect of nitrous oxide on halothane-induced hepatotoxicity in hypoxic, enzyme induced rats. AB - The degree of hepatotoxicity induced by halothane in hypoxic (14% inspired oxygen), enzyme-induced (phenobarbitone treatment for 10 days), male Sprague Dawley rats was assessed by histological examination and analysis of serum aspartate aminotransferase (Asp. AT) concentrations. There was a significant direct, linear relationship between dose of halothane and histology score (P = 2.96 X 10(-5), and Asp. AT concentration (P = 4.8 X 10(-5) ). The effect of administration of nitrous oxide before (70%) and during (86%) hypoxia was tested for in the presence and absence of 0.75% halothane. Nitrous oxide was found to produce no effect in the absence of halothane, but to potentiate the hepatotoxicity of 0.75% halothane (P = 0.0003 for Asp. AT and 0.0016 for histology scores). The possible mechanisms of this effect are discussed. PMID- 6721962 TI - Displacement of some basic drugs from human serum proteins by enflurane, halothane and their major metabolites. An in vitro study. AB - The influence of volatile anaesthetics (halothane, enflurane) on the serum protein binding of three highly bound basic drugs has been studied in vitro by equilibrium dialysis. Radioactive labelled isotopes were used for the determination of drug concentrations. Enflurane, halothane and the halothane metabolite trifluoroacetic acid (TFA) inhibited the binding of diazepam to serum and to its main binding protein, albumin. The binding of diazepam to albumin was inhibited in a competitive manner and was not related to the anaesthetic potency of the vapours. Thus the observed displacement of diazepam should be regarded as a side-effect of the volatile anaesthetics. The binding of propranolol and prazosin in serum was not significantly influenced by the investigated anaesthetics. At clinically relevant concentrations of the anaesthetics, diazepam was displaced significantly only by enflurane with an increase in free fraction of 60% in serum. TFA in concentrations seen after operation significantly increased the free fraction of diazepam up to 90%. We conclude that enflurane anaesthesia may temporarily potentiate the pharmacological effect of diazepam and that, in the postoperative period following halothane anaesthesia, a more rapid elimination of diazepam could be expected. PMID- 6721963 TI - Calibration atmosphere generator for operating theatre pollution studies. A system for the controlled production of trace concentrations of inhalation anaesthetics. AB - The design and performance of an apparatus for producing accurately known trace concentrations of anaesthetic agents in air is described. The generator was constructed to facilitate the testing and calibration of equipment used in measuring the personal exposure of operating theatre staff to waste anaesthetic gases, and operates on the principle of the controlled injection of the pure anaesthetic agent into a diluting air stream. It is compact, simple to construct and easy to operate. Furthermore, it has a short stabilization time and can provide a wide range of predetermined concentrations with very good repeatability. It appears to be considerably more flexible than systems which have been described previously and should be of interest to groups involved in monitoring pollution in the operating theatre. PMID- 6721964 TI - Bupivacaine toxicity in association with extradural analgesia for caesarean section. AB - Evidence of central nervous system toxicity was noted in two patients undergoing extradural analgesia for Caesarean section. There was no cardiovascular depression and both patients recovered rapidly. The patients had received total doses of bupivacaine plain solution of 357.5 mg and 356.25 mg, respectively and the relationship of these to the clinical signs of bupivacaine toxicity is discussed. PMID- 6721965 TI - Etomidate. PMID- 6721966 TI - Sister chromatid exchanges in lymphocytes of humans anaesthetized with isoflurane. AB - The potential mutagenicity of isoflurane was investigated by the sister chromatid exchange (SCE) test using peripheral blood lymphocytes from patients before and after anaesthesia. Thirty patients, aged 18-59 yr (median 29.5 yr), were anaesthetized for minor orthopaedic operations with isoflurane and nitrous oxide in oxygen for 37-90 min (median 64 min). Venous blood samples were drawn before the induction of anaesthesia, immediately after completion of anaesthesia and on the following day. SCE was examined in 30 cells from each specimen. In the 30 patients, the SCE values observed immediately after completion of anaesthesia and the day after were not different statistically from the SCE values observed before the induction of anaesthesia. Separate statistical evaluation of SCE observed among the 19 non-smoking patients also revealed unchanged SCE values. In 11 cigarette-smoking patients (average 10 cigarettes per day), SCE was increased the day after operation when compared with SCE before the induction of anaesthesia (P less than 0.02). This might reflect differences in SCE formation attributable to the patients' smoking habits, but further studies of SCE in cigarette smokers are required to elucidate this. It was concluded that there was no indication, from the SCE test, of a mutagenic effect of short-term exposure to anaesthetic concentrations of isoflurane and nitrous oxide in oxygen. PMID- 6721967 TI - Atropine increases inspiratory flow during enflurane anaesthesia after pethidine premedication. AB - The effects of atropine i.v. on inspired volume and occlusion pressure were measured in three groups of patients. Group PE received premedication with pethidine 50 mg and promethazine 12.5 mg i.m., and anaesthesia was provided by 2% enflurane in 67% nitrous oxide. Group TE received temazepam 20 mg orally for premedication and similar anaesthesia. Group TH received temazepam premedication and 1% halothane in 67% nitrous oxide. Atropine 0.02 mg kg-1 i.v. increased significantly the inspiratory flow in the first 1 s of inspiration, and this effect was greater in the group that received pethidine (9% increase in flow). However, occlusion pressure did not change, and minute volume was not altered. The results suggest that atropine increases inspiratory flow after pethidine premedication without increasing the force developed during inspiration, possibly by bronchodilatation. PMID- 6721968 TI - Subarachnoid blockade with bupivacaine. A comparison with cinchocaine. AB - Subarachnoid anaesthesia was induced in 40 patients with 0.5% bupivacaine 3 ml with no glucose, 5% glucose or 8% glucose, or with hyperbaric cinchocaine . The injections were made in the lateral position and the patients turned supine immediately. The onset, extent and duration of sensory and motor blockade, the quality of anaesthesia, cardiovascular effects, and the frequency of side-effects were studied. The hyperbaric solutions produced a greater cephalad spread (T6-T7) than the glucose-free solution (T10-T11). Cinchocaine produced a longer duration of action at T10 and T12 than the hyperbaric bupivacaine solutions. No advantage was seen when 8% rather than 5% glucose was used. The glucose-free bupivacaine produced intense blockade of long duration and was suitable when a lower level of blockade was adequate for the proposed surgery. PMID- 6721969 TI - Long-term outcome after repair of fractured neck of femur. Comparison of subarachnoid and general anaesthesia. AB - One hundred and forty-eight patients undergoing "pin-and-plate" repair of fractured neck of femur received either subarachnoid blockade or general anaesthesia. The patients were followed up for 1 year after surgery. At the end of the year, 34% had died and 50% had returned home. Twelve per cent were either in hospital or in institutional care; 4% were lost to follow up. The mean duration of acute plus convalescent hospital bed occupancy was 84.4 days. There was a significantly lower mortality in the subarachnoid anaesthetic group by 14 days after surgery. The majority of the deaths in the general anaesthetic group were clustered between 6 and 16 days. However, at the end of 2 months the mortality rates were similar in both groups. It is conceivable that the difference in the distribution of deaths between the groups was a result of thrombo-embolism. PMID- 6721970 TI - General anaesthesia for caesarean section in severe pre-eclampsia. Comparison of the renal and hepatic effects of enflurane and halothane. AB - In a randomized study of patients undergoing Caesarean section, either enflurane (mean 0.24 MAC-h) or halothane (mean 0.23 MAC-h) and 50% nitrous oxide in oxygen were administered to women (n = 12) with severe pre-eclampsia-eclampsia and to 16 healthy pregnant patients with normal renal and hepatic function. No evidence of nephrotoxicity was found in any pre-eclamptic or normal patient. Metabolism of enflurane resulted in plasma inorganic fluoride concentrations (max 15 mumol litre -1) which were well below the toxic value. Postoperative liver function tests showed no important changes from preoperative values, although reductive metabolites of halothane were not measured. In patients with severe pre-eclampsia there appears no contraindication to enflurane or, probably, halothane as volatile supplements during general anaesthesia. PMID- 6721971 TI - Continuous intercostal nerve blockade. An anatomical study to elucidate its mode of action. AB - India ink was injected through extradural catheters placed in the posterior intercostal space in 12 cadavers undergoing autopsy and the subsequent spread of the India ink was assessed under direct vision. The ink spread subpleurally to reach a number of intercostal spaces and medially to reach the paravertebral space. It is concluded that analgesia extending over a number of dermatomes is achieved by subpleural tracking of local anaesthetic to reach intercostal nerves above and below the one injected. PMID- 6721972 TI - Anaesthesia for caesarean section and the Jervell, Lange-Nielson syndrome (prolonged Q-T interval syndrome). PMID- 6721973 TI - "Failed intubation" in obstetric anaesthesia. An indication for use of the "Esophageal Gastric Tube Airway". AB - The management of failure to intubate the trachea during emergency Caesarean section in a 116.7-kg woman is described. General anaesthesia was continued with the aid of a Gordon and Don Michael Esophageal Gastric Tube Airway. The forward displacement of the larynx caused by the tube in the oesophagus improved the patency of the airway. PMID- 6721974 TI - Rapid tracheal intubation with non-depolarizing neuromuscular blocking drugs: the priming principle. PMID- 6721975 TI - Phosphorus-31 nuclear magnetic resonance studies of muscle metabolism in malignant hyperpyrexia. PMID- 6721976 TI - Continuous intercostal nerve blockade. PMID- 6721977 TI - Chlormethiazole infusion in elderly patients undergoing spinal anaesthesia. PMID- 6721978 TI - Accidental dural puncture. PMID- 6721979 TI - Transsacral neurolytic nerve blockade. PMID- 6721980 TI - Haemodynamic consequences of application of acrylic cement during induced hypotension. PMID- 6721981 TI - Ventricular arrhythmia or supraventricular arrhythmia with aberrant conduction. PMID- 6721982 TI - Changes in residual volume following oxygen breathing. PMID- 6721983 TI - Increased forearm vascular resistance after dopamine blockade. AB - The peripheral haemodynamic effects of a 40 mg intravenous injection of domperidone (a dopamine antagonist) have been studied in 10 normal subjects. In four subjects domperidone was infused directly into the brachial artery and the effects on forearm blood flow were measured. When administered systemically, domperidone significantly decreased forearm blood flow by 9% (P less than 0.01) and significantly increased calculated forearm vascular resistance by 11% (P less than 0.01). The drug produced no measurable changes in forearm blood flow at any dose when infused directly into the brachial artery. A further study was carried out into the effects of a systemic injection of domperidone on peripheral sympathetic tone. Reduction of sympathetic tone in the forearm was achieved by passively raising the legs of eight recumbent subjects. Before domperidone administration, passive leg elevation significantly increased forearm blood flow by 39% and decreased forearm vascular resistance by 13%. After drug administration the absolute values of vascular resistance increased and the changes between the supine and elevated position values when compared with those of the corresponding values prior to drug administration were significantly lower. These results suggest that the role of domperidone in increasing peripheral vascular tone is unlikely to be mediated by a direct local effect on peripheral resistance vessels. Any effect the drug may have is suggested to be mediated via a central control mechanism. PMID- 6721984 TI - Drug metabolite concentration-time profiles: influence of route of drug administration. AB - In order to assess the contribution of an active metabolite to the overall pharmacological response following drug administration it is necessary to characterise the metabolite concentration-time profile. The influence of route of drug administration on metabolite kinetics has been investigated by computer simulation. Comparisons between simulated profiles and published concentration time data have been carried out. A route dependence in metabolite concentration time curves is readily apparent provided the metabolite kinetics are formation rate limited and the hepatic clearance of drug is greater than 25 l/h (medium to highly cleared). Oral drug administration produces a triphasic metabolite concentration-time profile whereas only two phases are discernable after intravenous drug administration. The magnitude of the difference in maximum metabolite concentration is directly proportional to the hepatic clearance of drug due to first-pass metabolite production. The route dependence in the shape of the metabolite concentration-time curves is most dramatic when the absorption and distribution of drug and the elimination of metabolite is rapid. A reduction in the rate of either of these processes alters the shape of the metabolite concentration-time profile such that the consequence of first-pass metabolite formation may be reduced. PMID- 6721985 TI - Alterations in prednisolone disposition as a result of time of administration, gender and dose. AB - The disposition of total and free prednisolone has been studied in four male and four female volunteers, each of whom received an intravenous dose of 0.075 mg/kg (low) and 1.5 mg/kg (high) of prednisolone at both 06.00 h and 18.00 h. For the low dose, free prednisolone clearance was 14% lower (P = 0.012) and time-averaged prednisolone free fraction was 22% higher (P less than 0.001) in the morning, there being no circadian difference in total prednisolone clearance. There was no circadian differences in prednisolone disposition at the high dose. These findings are consistent with a mechanism in which cortisol causes a simultaneous competitive inhibition of prednisolone clearance and plasma protein binding at low, but not at high prednisolone doses. Prednisolone clearance was higher in female than in male subjects, the mean increase being 18% (P = 0.022) for total prednisolone and 21% (P = 0.036) for free prednisolone. Mean total prednisolone clearance and steady-state distribution volume were two-fold higher at the high vs the low dose (P less than 0.001), but free prednisolone clearance showed a dose dependent decrease of 11% (P = 0.019). There was no change in free prednisolone steady-state distribution volume. PMID- 6721986 TI - Pethidine binding in whole blood: methodology and clinical significance. AB - A three-compartment equilibrium dialysis method was developed for the simultaneous and direct determination of drug binding in whole blood and in plasma and of the blood to plasma concentration ratio (b/p). The unbound fraction of pethidine in the blood of six healthy volunteers (0.63, s.d. 0.09, n = 23 determinations) was significantly different from that in the blood of six patients (0.72, s.d. 0.08, n = 24 determinations). There was no significant difference in the b/p of six patients (0.84, s.d. 0.09, n = 24 determinations) and six volunteers (0.90, s.d. 0.14, n = 23 determinations). The observed unbound fraction of pethidine in blood (0.6 to 0.7) was considerably lower than previously reported. As this value for the unbound fraction (0.6 to 0.7) is similar to the reported estimated hepatic extraction ratio of the drug in man, it is proposed that pethidine elimination should be described as 'capacity limited, binding sensitive' rather than 'flow-limited'. PMID- 6721987 TI - Pethidine binding in plasma: effects of methodological variables. AB - Several methodological variables potentially influencing the plasma protein binding of [14C]-pethidine in vitro were investigated using equilibrium dialysis and rigorous pH control. Ionic strength of buffer, pethidine concentration and 21 days of plasma samples frozen to -8 degrees C did not affect the outcome of the binding experiments. Unbound fraction decreased with increasing temperatures between 25 degrees C and 37 degrees C. Unbound fraction decreased with increased pH between pH 7.0 and 8.0; the mean unbound fraction at an equilibrium pH of 7.4 and at 37 degrees C was 0.58 (s.d. 0.03, n = 58). It is likely that previous reports of pethidine unbound fraction as being between 0.2 and 0.4 represent artefacts caused by inadequate pH control during dialysis. PMID- 6721988 TI - Pharmacokinetics of prednisone and its metabolite prednisolone in children with nephrotic syndrome during the active phase and in remission. AB - The kinetics at steady state of prednisone and its metabolite prednisolone were determined in nine nephrotic children during the active phase of the disease and in remission. There were no differences in serum prednisone levels between the two occasions. Prednisone levels were lower than prednisolone levels. Total serum prednisolone levels were significantly lower during the active phase than in remission (AUC: 2452 +/- 207 vs 3392 +/- 293 ng ml-1 h respectively). Half-life values were similar on both occasions. The binding of prednisolone to serum proteins was markedly impaired during the active phase as compared to the remission. Free fraction values correlated positively with total drug concentration. A negative correlation between free fraction and serum albumin level was found during the active phase. Free prednisolone levels during the active phase did not differ significantly from those observed during remission (AUC: 937 +/- 128 vs 847 +/- 81 ng ml-1 h respectively). These data indicate that pharmacokinetic changes are unlikely to be responsible for alterations in steroid responsiveness in nephrotic patients with hypoalbuminaemia. PMID- 6721989 TI - Desipramine pharmacokinetics in Chinese and Caucasian volunteers. AB - In order to better define the role of pharmacokinetic variation in reported cross ethnic differences in dosing patterns of some psychoactive drugs, single dose kinetics of the tricyclic antidepressant desipramine (DMI) were studied in 14 Chinese and 16 Caucasian healthy volunteers. DMI and 2-OH-DMI concentrations were assayed with h.p.l.c. in serial plasma and 24 h urine samples over 5 days following an oral 100 mg dose of DMI. Mean total clearance of DMI ( CLDMI ) from plasma was significantly (P less than 0.05) higher in the Caucasians (123 +/- 57 l/h) than in the Chinese (73.5 +/- 38.8 l/h). There was no significant difference in the apparent clearance of DMI by hydroxylation, fraction of dose metabolized to the hydroxy metabolite, DMI t1/2 or plasma protein binding between the two groups. Trimodal distribution of CLDMI was found, with 4/14 (29%) Chinese demonstrating slow CL (less than 33 l/h) and 4/16 (25%) Caucasians rapid CL (greater than 195 l/h). Correcting CL values for the greater mean weight of the Caucasians did not alter the pattern of distribution. CLDMI did not correlate with body weight. Although environmental factors cannot be ruled out, these results are consistent with genetically based differences in hepatic metabolism, probably affecting pathways in addition to hydroxylation, and suggest that 30% of Orientals would be at risk for toxicity from routine doses of tricyclics or similarly metabolized drugs. PMID- 6721990 TI - Pharmacokinetics of primaquine in man: identification of the carboxylic acid derivative as a major plasma metabolite. AB - A method is described for the simultaneous determination of the carboxylic acid and N-acetyl-derivatives of primaquine, in plasma and urine. After oral administration of 45 mg primaquine, to five healthy volunteers, absorption was rapid, with peak primaquine levels of 153.3 +/- 23.5 ng/ml at 3 +/- 1 h, followed by an elimination half-life of 7.1 +/- 1.6 h, systemic clearance of 21.1 +/- 7.1 l/h, volume of distribution of 205 +/- 371 and cumulative urinary excretion of 1.3 +/- 0.9% of the dose. Primaquine underwent rapid conversion to the carboxylic acid metabolite of primaquine, which achieved peak levels of 1427 +/- 307 ng/ml at 7 +/- 4 h. Levels of this metabolite were sustained in excess of 1000 ng/ml for the 24 h study period, and no carboxyprimaquine was recovered in urine. N acetyl primaquine was not detected in plasma or urine. Following [14C]-primaquine administration to one subject, plasma radioactivity levels rapidly exceeded primaquine concentrations. Plasma radioactivity was accounted for mainly as carboxyprimaquine . Though 64% of the dose was recovered over 143 h, as [14C] radioactivity in urine, only 3.6% was due to primaquine. As neither carboxyprimaquine nor N- acetylprimaquine were detected in urine, the remaining radioactivity was due to unidentified metabolites. PMID- 6721991 TI - Pharmacokinetics of (+)-, (-)- and (+/-)-verapamil after intravenous administration. AB - The pharmacokinetics of (+)-, (-)-, and (+/-)-verapamil were studied in five healthy volunteers following i.v. administration of the drugs. Pronounced differences of the various pharmacokinetic parameters were observed between the ( )- and (+)-isomers. The values for CL, V, Vz, and Vss of the (-)-isomer were substantially higher as compared to the (+)-isomer, whereas terminal t 1/ 2Z was nearly identical for both isomers. No dose dependency of the pharmacokinetics could be observed in two subjects who received 5, 7.5 and 10 mg of (-)- and 5, 25 and 50 mg of (+)-verapamil. Protein binding for the two isomers was also different. The fu of (-)- (0.11) was almost twice as much as that of (+) verapamil (0.064). Pharmacokinetic parameters of (+/-)-verapamil, which was administered to three subjects who had received (+)- and (-)-verapamil, were very similar to the averaged values of the isomers given separately. Due to the higher CL of (-)-verapamil the extraction ratio of the (-)-isomer is substantially higher. Thus, it can be anticipated that following oral administration of racemic verapamil bioavailability of (-)-verapamil will be substantially less. Since the (-)-isomer is more potent than the (+)-isomer, the present findings could explain the reported differences in the concentration-effect relationship after i.v. and oral administration of racemic verapamil. PMID- 6721992 TI - A simple test for acetylator phenotype using caffeine. AB - A method is presented for the use of caffeine, in the forms commonly ingested by a large proportion of the world's population, to test for the clinically important acetylation polymorphism. Each of 146 subjects provided a spot sample of urine between 2 and 6 h after coffee, tea or cola soft drink consumption, and the molar ratio of 5-acetylamino-6- formylamino -3-methyluracil ( AFMU ) to 1 methylxanthine (1X) was determined by a simple h.p.l.c. assay. The ratio afforded segregation of three apparent modes of acetylation capacity in this population, in concordance with a standard sulphamethazine phenotyping procedure and with other methods using controlled caffeine intake and urine collections. The day-to day consistency of the method was established in eight selected subjects. PMID- 6721993 TI - A rapid method for determination of acetylation phenotype using dapsone. AB - A rapid, simple one-stage protein precipitation method for the estimation of plasma dapsone (DDS) and monoacetyldapsone (MADDS) concentration by high-pressure liquid chromatography (h.p.l.c.) is described. Its performance in the assignment of acetylator phenotype was compared with a reference h.p.l.c. method utilising an extraction procedure and internal standard. The rapid h.p.l.c. technique combined with measurement of the plasma MADDS/DDS ratio is, in our opinion, the method of choice for the determination of the acetylator phenotype in population studies. PMID- 6721994 TI - Urinary bile acid and bile alcohol excretion does not reflect the genetic polymorphism of debrisoquine hydroxylation. AB - Excretion of the major urinary bile alcohol 27-nor-5 beta-cholestane-3 alpha, 7 alpha, 12 alpha, 24,25- pentol , and of cholic, chenodeoxycholic, deoxycholic and lithocholic acid was measured in 24 h urine collections of 10 extensive and seven poor metabolizers of debrisoquine. There was no significant difference of the excretion of these cholesterol metabolites between the two groups, indicating that cholesterol hydroxylation to bile alcohols and bile acids is probably not controlled by the same genes responsible for the 'debrisoquine-type' hydroxylation polymorphism. PMID- 6721995 TI - Rifampicin kinetics in undernutrition. AB - Rifampicin 10 mg/kg was administered as a single dose to eight undernourished subjects, 10 well nourished subjects and 10 undernourished patients on continuous antituberculosis therapy as a single dose. The area under plasma time concentration (AUC0----infinity) and the peak concentration were significantly reduced in both the undernourished groups. The apparent oral and renal clearances were increased in both the undernourished groups. The (AUC0----infinity) was reduced in undernourished due to reduced absorption and/or changes in total body clearance or disposition. The plasma protein binding of the drug was significantly reduced in the undernourished resulting in increased free drug concentration. This might be sufficient to ensure adequate therapeutic efficacy. Therefore alteration in dosage regimes are not necessary in the undernourished. PMID- 6721996 TI - Kinetic interactions of nadolol and propranolol with cimetidine. PMID- 6721997 TI - Protecting the poor metaboliser--from what? PMID- 6721998 TI - Interindividual variations in metoprolol metabolism--some clinical and other observations. PMID- 6721999 TI - The role of peritoneal lavage in diagnosis of abdominal emergencies. PMID- 6722000 TI - Distribution by decades of major causes of death: a study based on five-year post mortem findings. PMID- 6722001 TI - The use of Goretex (P.T.F.E.) for angio-access for chronic haemodialysis. The place of peri-operative antibiotics. PMID- 6722002 TI - Tegadern versus gauze dressing in breast surgery. PMID- 6722003 TI - Alveolar soft part sarcoma: ultrastructural and immunohistological studies with monoclonal antibodies. PMID- 6722004 TI - Leiomyosarcoma of the ileum during contact with thallium. PMID- 6722005 TI - Mechanisms of tumour cell escape encountered in treating lymphocytic leukaemia with anti-idiotypic antibody. AB - Four patients with chronic lymphocytic leukaemia were treated by one or more infusions of polyclonal antibody specific for the immunoglobulin idiotype expressed on their leukaemic cells. The antibody was in the form of IgG from sheep antiserum. Three of the 4 cases showed a significant fall in blood lymphocyte count. On one occasion most of the residual circulating lymphocytes were apparently dead. However on all occasions the cell counts rebounded to near pre-infusion levels within one week. Viable lymphocytes recovered from the blood after infusion always showed evidence of antigenic modulation: a diminished level of surface idiotype in a patched distribution, with an accompanying refractoriness to lysis by anti-idiotype plus complement. When cultured in vitro blood lymphocytes from three of the four patients revealed an appreciable export of idiotypic Ig. These 3 patients showed plasma levels of idiotypic Ig up to 400 micrograms ml-1, reduced by plasma exchange prior to infusion. The fourth patient had a level of less than 4 micrograms ml-1, and was the only one in whom free antibody could be found in the plasma after infusion. These cases demonstrate two major factors which thwart antibody attack on leukaemic cells--extracellular antigen and antigenic modulation--as well as problems relating to sparseness of surface antigen, recruitment of effectors, and exhaustion of effectors. PMID- 6722006 TI - Misonidazole and CCNU: further evidence for a pharmacokinetic mechanism of chemosensitization and therapeutic gain. AB - Detailed studies of the effects of misonidazole (MISO) on the pharmacokinetics of CCNU in the KHT tumour, bone marrow and the gut have been carried out in order to elucidate the mechanism of chemosensitisation by MISO, and the therapeutic gain often obtained due to the preferential enhancement of tumour toxicity. In experiments where CCNU concentration and growth delay were both measured in the same transplant group of tumours, we found that tumour response is well correlated with tumour peak CCNU concentration. Further, with MISO treatment the tumour peak CCNU concentration was increased such that the enhancement of tumour response can be entirely accounted for by this increase. The effects of MISO on the CCNU pharmacokinetics in bone marrow and in the gut were different from the tumour in that peak CCNU concentration was not increased. We suggest that this is the explanation for the therapeutic gain. PMID- 6722007 TI - Cellular X-ray repair parameters of early passage squamous cell carcinoma lines derived from patients with known responses to radiotherapy. AB - We have investigated X-ray survival parameters and repair of potentially lethal damage ( PLDR ) in ten early passage squamous cell carcinoma cell lines derived from patients who were biopsied before initiation of radiotherapy or after radiation therapy failure. Radiosensitivity (D0) ranged from 1.07 to 1.93 (Gy), extrapolation numbers (-n) from 1.17 to 2.14 and PLD recovery at 24 h from 1.4 to 20.3. Despite significant differences in these parameters amongst the cell lines, a firm correlation between radiocurability and any individual radiobiological parameter could not be established. Our data suggest that the mechanisms associated with radioresistance are complex and that any single radiobiological parameter may not predict clinical success or failure. PMID- 6722009 TI - Recombinant interferon in advanced breast cancer. AB - Fifteen patients with locally advanced refractory breast cancer have been treated with recombinant leucocyte interferon ( rIFN -alpha A) for up to 12 weeks. Toxicity was considerable with the initial dosage schedule employed but became acceptable after reducing the starting dose by 50%. Minor side effects occurred in all patients and major CNS toxicity in six. Nine patients showed some evidence of tumour regression at 4 weeks. Only two of these were still responding at 12 weeks. Response was unrelated to the length of previous history, oestrogen receptor status or previous responsiveness to cytotoxic or hormone therapy. PMID- 6722008 TI - Metastasis of murine mammary tumour lines from the mammary gland and ectopic sites. AB - A murine model of spontaneous metastasis of mammary adenocarcinomas in mice was developed by serial transplantation of spontaneous BALB/cfC3H/ Crgl tumours into the mammary gland. Through 8 transplant generations, 5 lines demonstrated maintenance of metastatic phenotype and consistent gross and histological morphology and growth properties. Tumour lines M12, M35 , and M51 metastasized from the mammary gland with overall frequencies of 53, 80, and 85%, respectively. Line T5 was weakly metastatic, capable of a minor degree of lung colonization in 8% of hosts, while line WT2 failed to establish any grossly or histologically detectable pulmonary foci. The significance of the mammary gland as transplant site was shown by comparing the growth and metastasis of these lines in mammary gland with that observed upon subcutaneous transplantation. Subcutaneous metastatic frequency of one tumour line was significantly reduced from that obtained when grown in the mammary gland while histological organization differed markedly in 2 of the tumours. Furthermore, while tumours implanted into the gland grew as well encapsulated masses, the same tumours grown subcutaneously frequently invaded the body wall and occasionally colonized adjacent peritoneal organs and, more often, mesenteries. Intravenous injection of dissociated tumours further emphasized the importance of events that occur at the primary site. There was no correlation between spontaneous metastatic ability and the capacity to colonize the lung following i.v. inoculation. This study demonstrates the importance of transplant site in the assessment of metastasis in experimental systems. PMID- 6722010 TI - The role of computed tomography in the detection of intrathoracic lymphoma. AB - Computed tomographic scanning of the chest in 100 patients with newly diagnosed malignant lymphoma detected mediastinal lymphadenopathy (39%) and parenchymal deposits (15%) with a significantly greater sensitivity and specificity than conventional radiological techniques. This principally affected the staging and treatment of patients with limited stage disease. The stage was changed in 10/61 patients (16%) with Stages I-III prior to CT scan and treatment was altered in 11/29 (38%) patients for whom radiation was the treatment of choice. Complete remissions as defined by CT scan have been more durable than those defined by CXR alone. PMID- 6722012 TI - Intercellular junctions of methylcholanthrene-induced rat skin basocellular and squamous carcinomas. AB - The occurrence of different intercellular junctions in epithelial rat skin tumours induced by methylcholanthrene was investigated using thin sections and freeze-fracture replicas examined by electron microscopy. Tumours which appeared first were basal cell carcinomas. Later, different tumours of hair follicle and of sebaceous gland origin were formed. Finally, in the majority of tumours a squamous component evolved. Metastases developed from the squamous carcinomas exclusively. Desmosomes and gap junctions were detected in basal cell carcinomas whereas, in squamous carcinomas, tight junctions were also seen. While all three types of junction were found in the primary squamous tumours, the tumour metastases in lymph nodes and lungs contained only desmosomes. PMID- 6722011 TI - The cocarcinogenic effect of intrarectal deoxycholate in rats is reduced by oral metronidazole. AB - Bile acids enhance colorectal carcinogenesis in animals and man, perhaps after degradation by faecal anaerobes. The promotional effect of sodium deoxycholate (SDC) and its relationship to bacteria was examined in male Sprague-Dawley rats (n = 115) which had received a 6-week course of azoxymethane (total dose 90 mg kg 1 s.c.) Two groups received 3 X weekly intrarectal (i.r.) instillations of N saline or 0.12 M SDC for 18 weeks. Another group received SDC i.r. plus metronidazole (22.5 mg kg-1) daily in the drinking water. Controls had no instillations or metronidazole alone. By 28 weeks SDC had increased mean colonic crypt depth by 9% (P less than 0.001), and had almost trebled colorectal tumour yields from 2.4 +/- 0.4 per rat (mean +/- s.e.) in controls to 6.4 +/- 0.5 (P less than 0.001). Tumour yields after SDC + metronidazole (4.2 +/- 0.5) remained 75% higher than in controls (P less than 0.01) but were 33% less than after SDC alone (P less than 0.01), and the increase in crypt depth was maintained at 7% (P less than 0.001). Neither metronidazole alone nor saline i.r. had any effect on tumour yield, but metronidazole alone reduced crypt depth by 9% (P less than 0.001). Deoxycholate is a potent cocarcinogen and also stimulates mucosal hyperplasia. Metronidazole reduces its tumour-promoting effect, suggesting that faecal anaerobes are important in bile acid cocarcinogenesis. PMID- 6722014 TI - A possible rising incidence of malignant germ cell tumours in young women. PMID- 6722013 TI - Conjugation of 1-naphthol by human colon and tumour tissue using different experimental systems. AB - The metabolism of 1-naphthol, a model phenolic substrate, to its glucuronic acid and sulphate ester conjugates has been studied in short-term organ cultures of normal human colon and tumour tissue, subcellular fractions of these tissues, human colonic tumour cell lines and human colonic tumour xenografts. Normal colonic tissue, in short-term organ culture, formed more 1-naphthyl sulphate than glucuronic acid conjugates. In contrast the colonic tumours, under the same conditions, produced more 1-naphthyl beta-D-glucuronide than 1-naphthyl sulphate. A marked interindividual variation in sulphate ester and glucuronic acid conjugation was noted in both normal and tumorous colon. The conjugation of 1 naphthol was also investigated, using subcellular fractions, where the metabolism found with normal colon reflected that observed utilizing short-term organ culture, but that from colonic tumour samples did not. Cell lines derived from human colonic adenocarcinomas metabolised 1-naphthol almost exclusively to its glucuronic acid conjugate. Xenografts derived from human colonic tumours formed similar conjugates to surgical samples in culture. Thus somewhat different results were obtained dependent on the experimental model chosen. However, in all colonic tumour systems studied, when the cells remained intact and where tissue architecture was maintained, 1-naphthol was metabolised predominantly to its glucuronic acid conjugate. PMID- 6722015 TI - Quantitative lung scintigrams and lung function in the selection of patients for pneumonectomy. AB - A method for predicting postoperative respiratory function following lung resection has been used in 11 patients with both histologically proven bronchial carcinoma and chronic obstructive airways disease, in order to assess their fitness for surgical treatment. Quantitative ventilation and perfusion scintigrams were used to measure the amount of functioning tissue in each lung. These data were used in conjunction with spirometric measurements to calculate the likely functional effect of pneumonectomy. There was a high degree of correlation (r) between predicted and measured lung function for both FEV1 (r = 0.75, P less than 0.01) and FVC (r = 0.88, P less than 0.01). The postoperative FEV1 was within 150 ml of the predicted value in 45% of the patients. In the remaining patients the actual volumes were greater than predicted by 210-540 ml. For FVC the results were within 150 ml of predicted in 45% of patients and in the remainder actual volumes were greater by 160-650 ml. Both sets of calculations underestimated lung volumes by an average of 200 ml. The method is shown to be accurate, simple, non-invasive, and readily available and brings a degree of objectivity to an important decision that is often based mainly on clinical assessment. PMID- 6722016 TI - Archie: the use of a microcomputer in an allergy clinic. AB - In an attempt to improve the efficiency and quality of allergy history taking we surveyed the practice of 57 allergy clinics in the UK. After studying their methods we developed a computer program based on a relatively inexpensive (pounds 2500) microcomputer system to obtain a detailed history from patients suffering from asthma or rhinitis. The program automatically suggests appropriate allergy tests depending on the answers given to the questions. Details of the history and the results of tests are collated and printed in a form suitable for storing in the patient's records, and are filed on magnetic disk for subsequent analysis. Computer interrogation was accepted and enjoyed by patients. PMID- 6722017 TI - Digital vasculitis in patients with cryptogenic fibrosing alveolitis. AB - Twelve patients are described with features of cryptogenic fibrosing alveolitis (CFA) with associated florid digital vasculitis (DV). Nine patients had features of various 'connective tissue disorders' involving systems other than the lung, but three had no such features. The immunological features of these patients with DV have been compared with a group of 17 patients who had CFA alone ('lone CFA') and in whom the same range of special laboratory tests were being undertaken concurrently. The group with DV had a higher erythrocyte sedimentation rate and a higher serum IgM, but the most interesting immunological distinction was an increased prevalence of antinuclear antibodies with a nucleolar staining pattern. In addition, the group with DV also had a greater prevalence of single stranded DNA antibodies and of smooth muscle autoantibodies. Circulating immune complexes were not detected more frequently in the group with vasculitis. Ten of the 12 patients were initially treated with corticosteroids and neither the vasculitis nor the lungs improved. In eight the incapacitating DV responded to immunosuppressants (four) or penicillamine (four). In three of these eight patients the lungs also improved. PMID- 6722019 TI - Changes in tuberculosis notification rates in the white ethnic group in England between 1971 and 1978/79. PMID- 6722018 TI - Deaths occurring in newly notified patients with pulmonary tuberculosis in England and Wales. AB - In a survey of the chemotherapy prescribed for 1312 adult patients of white or Indian subcontinent ethnic origin with pulmonary tuberculosis only, notified in the 6 months from October 1978 to March 1979, it was found that 163 (12%) patients died before they had completed chemotherapy. Of the 163 patients who died 96% were of white ethnic origin; 15% of the 1022 white patients died compared with 2% of the 290 Indian subcontinent patients. According to the death certificate, approximately half the white patients died from tuberculosis, and in a further 31% tuberculosis was a contributory factor. Death from tuberculosis most frequently occurred in the older age groups, accounting in part for the different findings in these two ethnic groups, because of the excess of older white patients. In a step-wise multivariate discriminant analysis death from tuberculosis was found to be significantly associated in the white patients with the radiographic extent of disease before treatment, and with age, extent of cavitation and a positive sputum smear result, but not sex. Most of the deaths from tuberculosis occurred early, 38% before the end of the first week of chemotherapy and 69% by the end of 4 weeks. There was a further group of 51 adult patients with pulmonary tuberculosis notified in the same 6-month period in whom the diagnosis was not made until after death, 25 of them dying from tuberculosis. It is concluded that there is still a substantial risk of death from tuberculosis in patients with extensive disease in the older age groups. PMID- 6722020 TI - Painless myocardial infarction in asthma. AB - Of a total of 35 instances of painless myocardial infarction encountered in a District General Hospital over a 15-year period, ten occurred in seven patients admitted with acute exacerbations of asthma. There was a marked preponderance of anterior infarcts. No instance was found during a prospective study of 49 acute asthmatic admissions of 36 patients, during one of these 15 years. Although uncommon, the association of painless myocardial infarction and asthma has important implications for treatment. PMID- 6722021 TI - Temporal clustering of familial sarcoidosis in non-consanguineous relatives. PMID- 6722022 TI - Interstitial pneumonitis in myasthenia gravis. AB - Both myasthenia gravis and interstitial pneumonitis are associated with various autoimmune phenomena and can coexist with other immune disorders, but the two have not been described together. We present a woman with such a concurrence whose clinical picture improved following plasmapheresis and thymectomy. PMID- 6722023 TI - Erythromycin in the management of troublesome BCG lesions. AB - We have recently seen six persons with troublesome post-BCG lesions. All lesions healed whilst on therapy with erythromycin for a period of 2-4 weeks. Erythromycin has some effect on the atypical mycobacteria ( Wolinsky et al. 1957) but its use has not previously been described for treatment of BCG lesions. PMID- 6722024 TI - Rheumatoid pneumoconiosis in a dolomite worker: a light and electron microscopic, and X-ray microanalytical study. AB - A 46-year-old woman suffering from rheumatoid arthritis developed numerous round opacities at the apex of the right lung 11 years after an exposure to dolomite . Resected lung showed discrete nodules, 0.8-2 cm in diameter, with central necrosis surrounded by palisading fibroblasts and a prominent inflammatory zone. A large number of birefringent dust particles were seen in the necrotic centres and around the nodules. By electron microscopy the particles were dense, mostly elongated and lamellar, varying from 0.005 to 3 microns in width, and from 0.1 to 6.5 microns in length. Energy dispersive x-ray microanalysis of the dust particles gave elemental spectra with high spikes of silicon, aluminium and potassium, and minimal magnesium, calcium, iron and titanium. According to chemical analysis, the original dolomite consisted almost entirely of magnesium and calcium carbonates and only of traces of silicon, aluminium and potassium. Apparently the human organism can better eliminate calcium and magnesium carbonates than silicon, aluminium and potassium. PMID- 6722025 TI - Bilateral bronchial carcinoma. AB - Fibreoptic bronchoscopy was performed in 69 out of 73 consecutive patients with carcinoma of the lung, in four of whom a second synchronous bronchial carcinoma was found in the opposite lung. Three of these second tumours were radiographically occult. Another patient with a radiologically occult bronchial carcinoma in the right upper lobe bronchus had 16 years earlier undergone a left lower lobe resection because of a squamous cell carcinoma. These findings emphasize the importance of careful bronchoscopic examination of the whole bronchial tree before surgical treatment of the lung cancer. PMID- 6722026 TI - Dermal elastosis in hairless mice after UV-B and UV-A applied simultaneously, separately or sequentially. AB - The elastosis-inducing capacity of UV-A and UV-B was studied in the skin of hairless mice. After irradiation with UV-B and UV-A applied either simultaneously, separately or sequentially, the degree of elastosis in the dermis was microscopically evaluated. This semi-quantitative method showed no significant elastosis in the UV-A irradiated mice, and moderate elastosis in the UV-B irradiated mice. Heavy elastosis was observed when the mice were exposed sequentially to UV-B and a large dose of UV-A, but if a moderate dose of UV-A was given simultaneously with UV-B, the degree of elastosis was slightly reduced compared with the elastosis induced by UV-B alone. PMID- 6722027 TI - Autonomic function in cholinergic urticaria and atopic eczema. AB - Autonomic function in patients with cholinergic urticaria and atopic eczema was compared with that in patients with chronic idiopathic urticaria and non-atopic allergic contact dermatitis, respectively. Forty-nine patients were studied. The following specific tests of sympathetic and parasympathetic function were used to assess the integrity of autonomic control: pupillary reflex amplitude in response to pulsed light stimulation and response to topical arecoline hydrobromide (parasympathetic); the speed of pupillary dilatation following a large light reflex (sympathetic); pupillary resting diameter (sympathetic and parasympathetic); sweat gland response to forearm intradermal injection of acetylcholine chloride; and the effect of postural change and deep breathing on blood pressure and heart rate (sinus arrhythmia indicating parasympathetic function). No significant difference in autonomic function was found between the four groups of patients. PMID- 6722028 TI - Correlations between human skin bacteria and skin lipids. AB - Correlation matrices were constructed for various human skin variables (propionibacteria, micrococcaceae, sebum excretion rate, percentage of free fatty acids and free fatty acid production rate). Two independent populations were studied (n = 87 and n = 103), and a subpopulation (n = 30) was investigated on three occasions at intervals of I month. In this way consistently high correlations could be differentiated from 'fortuitous' correlations. Propionibacteria versus micrococcaceae showed the highest correlation coefficient and propionibacteria versus percentage free fatty acids was also highly correlated. A scatter diagram indicated a relationship between the lower threshold of microbial density and sebum excretion rate. An explanation based on relative duct and gland size is presented. PMID- 6722029 TI - Intercellular junctions and the permeability barrier in human sebaceous glands. AB - Human sebaceous glands were studied by electron microscopy using lanthanum tracer and freeze-fracture methods. Gap junctions but no tight junctions were found. It is suggested that the essential permeability barrier may be formed by the secreted sebaceous neutral lipid. PMID- 6722031 TI - Clobetasol propionate for PUVA overdosage. PMID- 6722030 TI - Is hepatoerythropoietic porphyria a homozygous form of porphyria cutanea tarda? Inheritance of uroporphyrinogen decarboxylase deficiency in a Spanish family. AB - A patient with hepatoerythropoietic porphyria (HEP) is described. He was shown by a family study to be homozygous for a gene that causes greater than 95% suppression of erythrocyte uroporphyrinogen decarboxylase activity. PMID- 6722033 TI - Uncommon complications of hairy cell leukaemia. PMID- 6722032 TI - Radioimmunoassay of fragment E-related neoantigen: validation studies and clinical application. AB - Measurement of fibrinogen-fibrin degradation products (FDP) levels in plasma may provide a direct index of plasmin action, and increased levels of FDP would indicate coagulopathy. We have established an E-neoantigen radioimmunoassay ( Eneo RIA) that can determine normal and pathological plasma levels of E-related FDP. The assay employs rabbit antiserum produced against fragment E derived from a plasmin digest of fibrinogen and subsequently absorbed with fibrinogen. The absorbed antiserum contains antibodies which are equally reactive with fibrinogen derived E (Fg-E) and fibrin derived E (Fb-E) but not with fibrinogen at 1 mg/ml. The Eneo RIA was validated by assay parallelism and by recovery experiments. Plasma Eneo immunoreactivities in 14 normals were 4-22 ng/ml (mean 12.7 ng/ml). Plasma Eneo levels in 23 of 24 patients with neoplastic and haematological diseases were elevated above normal (range 27-2027 ng/ml). Unusually high Eneo values were observed with three patients whose diseases were complicated by either disseminated intravascular coagulation (DIC) or deep vein thrombosis. After heparin therapy, the Eneo level of a patient with chronic DIC declined. A pathological plasma was eluted from a Sephadex G-200 column and Eneo immunoreactivity was determined on the eluates. The gel filtration pattern of Eneo indicates that E-related FDP is a family of plasmic fragments derived from crosslinked fibrin. PMID- 6722034 TI - Autoimmune haemolytic anaemia and aplastic crisis. PMID- 6722035 TI - The effects of low-dose vincristine on megakaryocyte colony-forming cells and megakaryocyte ploidy. AB - The administration of low-dose vincristine (VCR) (0.1 mg/kg) to mice resulted in thrombocytosis without prior thrombocytopenia. No significant changes in marrow megakaryocyte numbers were found. However, after a minor early decrease, mean megakaryocyte ploidy increased, with a peak at 3 d. The number of megakaryocyte colony-forming cells (MEG-CFC) in bone marrow did not change significantly. In contrast with the effects on marrow, the concentration of megakaryocytes and the content of MEG-CFC in the spleen were significantly reduced for 1-2 d after VCR. This reduction was followed by a compensatory rise in the splenic content of MEG CFC (peak 3-fold increase at 3 d), and 1-2 d later, an increase in splenic megakaryocytes which was concurrent with the increased platelet count. Culture of marrow and spleen cells in the presence of VCR resulted in inhibition of megakaryocyte colony formation at concentrations greater than 5 ng/ml and parallel reduction of the number of megakaryocytes per colony and the mean ploidy of colony megakaryocytes. The results suggest that the thrombocytosis induced by low-dose VCR does not result simply from an effect on platelets, but reflects compensatory changes in megakaryopoiesis secondary to toxic suppression of megakaryocytes and their progenitors. PMID- 6722036 TI - Characterization of leucocyte phagocytic stimulatory material released by activated human platelets. AB - The action of material released by activated human platelets on the phagocytic activity of human neutrophils and monocytes has been examined under conditions where there was a low background level of exposure of the leucocytes to platelet release products ( PRPr ). Incubation with PRPr produced an approximate three fold stimulation of particle ingestion by both cell types. Material with stimulatory activity passed through ultrafiltration membranes capable of retaining molecules greater than 500 Daltons. This low molecular weight stimulator was inactivated by ATP diphosphopyrolase to suggest it could be one or more of the nucleotide di- or triphosphates in PRPr . Comparison with the action of specific nucleotides revealed only ADP and ATP exerted equivalent stimulatory effects at concentrations consistent with those of nucleotides normally present in PRPr . This effect was mediated by induction of a change in leucocyte behaviour which was sustained in the absence of continued exposure to the stimulatory agent. Stimulation of phagocytosis was also produced by high molecular weight material in PRPr , but this appeared to be mediated by dissociation of low molecular weight stimulator from a high molecular weight complex. These observations extend the range of biological functions known to respond to nucleotides in PRPr , and have implications for the interpretation of leucocyte phagocytic activity assessed in vitro in view of the potential modification of this process by exposure of leucocytes to PRPr during the isolation of leucocytes from peripheral blood. PMID- 6722037 TI - Factors influencing platelet survival during antilymphocyte globulin treatment. AB - The antiplatelet effect of antilymphocyte globulin (ALG) was studied during 49 courses of therapy of 4-5 d given to 43 patients with severe aplastic anaemia. Concomitant corticosteroid therapy was usually given in moderate ( MDC ) dosages from 10 to 30 mg daily (40 courses); in nine courses the ALG infusions were combined with high dose (20 mg/kg) methylprednisolone (HDC). Clinical side effects were mainly seen during the first ALG infusion. In all MDC -treated patients a decrease of the peripheral-blood leucocyte count to 20-30% of the pretreatment level during the first ALG infusion was associated with a severely shortened platelet survival. During subsequent infusions, which were tolerated much better, the survival of transfused platelets increased considerably. In the HDC-treated patients platelet survival was only slightly shortened on the first day of therapy, but the decrease of the leucocyte count was also less in these patients. Diffuse intravascular coagulation, circulating immune complexes and complement activation were excluded as major causes of the shortened platelet survival. Although ALG reacted with platelets in vitro and in vivo (as detected with indirect immunofluorescence), bystander destruction was likely during the first ALG infusion when massive leucocyte destruction occurred. PMID- 6722038 TI - Long-term haemopoiesis in human fetal liver cell cultures. AB - Haemopoiesis in human fetal liver is almost entirely restricted to the erythroid series but when fetal liver cells were cultured under conditions established for the long-term maintenance of adult marrow haemopoiesis, a rapid switch to granulopoiesis was observed. Erythroid progenitor cells (BFU-E) rapidly disappeared, even though no humoral or cellular inhibitors of erythropoiesis could be detected, while myeloid progenitors (CFU-GM) increased in number. When the fetal liver cells were seeded onto stromal layers derived from adult marrow, in which endogenous haemopoiesis had ceased, granulopoiesis was established and maintained for more than a year, considerably longer than has previously been achieved with human haemopoietic cells. PMID- 6722039 TI - Lodgement of haemopoietic cells in the course of haemopoiesis on cellulose ester membrane: an experimental model for haemopoietic cell trapping. AB - Intraperitoneally implanted cellulose ester membrane in mice was used as a model to study the lodgement of haemopoietic cells into haemopoietic organs. A heterogeneous cellular coat developed on the membrane. Its upper layer ( epilayer ) thinned out and formed a veil over the cellular coat. Numerous microvilli developed on its free surface. They were randomly oriented. A week after implantation, mice were given total body irradiation (400 cGy) and were infused intraperitoneally with 10(5) marrow cells. Two days after infusion round cells were penetrating the epilayer . Extensive interaction was noted between the surface of the penetrating cells and the microvilli of the epilayer . Penetration was through a single cell in the epilayer and not at the junction of two cells. These observations suggest specific interaction between haemopoietic cells and the supporting tissue leading to lodgement of haemopoietic cells. Intraperitoneally implanted cellulose ester membrane may provide an experimental model for haemopoietic cell trapping. PMID- 6722040 TI - In vitro differentiation of myeloid progenitor cells in patients with eosinophilia. AB - Colony-forming cells of the granulocytic/macrophage ( CFCGM ) and eosinophilic ( CFCEo ) series were grown from bone marrow and/or peripheral blood of 20 patients with persistent eosinophilia mainly due to helminthic diseases and of 17 patients without eosinophilia. The semi-solid culture technique of haemopoietic cells was applied using different sources of colony-stimulating factor (CSF). After 14 d of incubation the number of CFCs as well as their differentiation into the CFCGM and CFCEo was evaluated. The total median CFC count in the bone marrow differed significantly between the patient and the control group. No difference of the total colony count was observed when culturing peripheral-blood lymphocytes of patients or controls. 47% Luxol-fast-blue positive colonies were identified in the peripheral blood cultures from patients with eosinophilia as compared with 56% from controls using human placenta-conditioned medium as source of CSF. In contrast, bone-marrow cultures showed a significantly lower proportion of CFCEo (14% v. 18% resp.). No difference could be observed with regard to the source of stimulus. Thus, the discrepancy of the peripheral-blood and bone-marrow eosinophilia and of the in vitro culture findings may indicate that the commitment of granulocytic progenitor cells into the eosinophilic series is unaffected by a defined stress, such as helminthic diseases or is not measurable in the culture dish. PMID- 6722041 TI - Human mixed cell colonies: unicellular or multicellular origin--analysis by G-6 PD. AB - Marrow and peripheral blood cells from normal women heterozygous (GdB/GdA) at the X-chromosome-linked glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase (G-6-PD) locus were cultured at cell concentrations ranging from 2 X 10(4)/ml to 4 X 10(5)/ml to test formally the plating conditions necessary for reliable enumeration of multipotent stem cells (CFU-mix). The culture system was rigorously tested by plating cells obtained after velocity sedimentation and the G-6-PD enzyme type of individual colonies was determined. At cell concentrations less than or equal to 7.5 X 10(4)/ml for marrow and less than or equal to 1 X 25 X 10(5)/ml for peripheral blood, mixed-cell colonies had either type A or type B enzyme, but not both. At higher cell concentrations, significant numbers of colonies showed both enzyme types and therefore arose from more than one cell. These studies demonstrate that enumeration of CFU-mix by in vitro colony assay is accurate only at low cell concentrations. Studies of haematopoietic differentiation relying on in vitro colony assays of multipotent stem cells must be carefully analysed in light of these data. PMID- 6722042 TI - Lung cancer mortality among workers making lead chromate and zinc chromate pigments at three English factories. AB - Lung cancer mortality among 1152 men working at three English chromate pigment factories was studied from the 1930s or 1940s until 1981. Workers at factory C were exposed only to lead chromate and experienced normal mortality (Obs/Exp deaths 7/6.45). Workers at factories A and B were exposed to both lead and zinc chromate; mortality was normal among those who had only low exposure (O/E 7/6.95). For workers with high or medium exposure lung cancer mortality was significantly raised among men remaining at least a year after entering service at factory A during 1932-54 (O/E 21/9.45) and at factory B during 1948-67 (O/E 11/2.50). At factory A, 1933-46 entrants staying only 3-11 months were not affected (O/E 6/5.04) and 1955-63 entrants also appeared unaffected (O/E 2/2.00); working conditions there improved in 1955. The hazard at factories A and B affected workers who left after one year as well as those with longer service, and latent intervals were unusually short. The results indicate that moderate or heavy exposure to zinc chromate may give rise to a severe risk of developing lung cancer, but that exposure which is relatively mild or lasts less than a year may not constitute an effective risk. The results provide no indication that lead chromate induces lung cancer in man, even under conditions conducive to lead poisoning. PMID- 6722043 TI - Long term mortality study of chromate pigment workers who suffered lead poisoning. AB - Long term mortality was studied in a group of 57 chromate pigment workers who suffered clinical lead poisoning, mostly between 1930 and 1945. One death was attributed to lead poisoning and there were significant excesses of deaths from nephritis (observed/expected 3/0.24) and cerebrovascular disease (9/2.20), as well as non-significant excesses for respiratory diseases (7/3.59) and accidents and violence (3/1.13). The deaths from nephritis followed long spells of service exceeding 10 years. Poisoning appeared to have more adverse long term effects on older workers: 15 men aged 40 or over at the time of acute poisoning experienced generally high mortality, and 30 years later or by the end of 1981 only two survived instead of the seven expected. The risk of cerebrovascular disease appeared to be unrelated to duration of exposure and affected even men employed for under one year. Excluding the 57 lead poisoned men, other contemporary workers at the factories showed no excess mortality from cerebrovascular disease. PMID- 6722044 TI - Mortality of fire fighters in Western Australia. AB - All except 17 (1.7%) of 990 fire fighters employed by the Western Australian Fire Brigade between 1 October 1939 and 31 December 1978 were successfully followed up to 31 December 1978. Mortality from all causes was less than expected (SMR 0.80 with 95% confidence interval 0.67 to 0.96). There was evidence of the healthy worker effect but none that mortality increased with increasing duration of employment. A small proportional excess of deaths from road traffic accidents ( SPMR 1.66) appeared to be unrelated to fire service. Deaths from other accidents, poisonings, and violence were significantly less than expected (SMR 0.35 with 95% confidence interval 0.10 to 0.90) and may indicate an effect of training and experience on accident proneness. There was no evidence of increased mortality from cardiovascular or respiratory disease, or from any other cause. PMID- 6722045 TI - Mortality study of British pathologists 1974-80. AB - Membership lists of the Royal College of Pathologists from 1974 to 1980 were used to establish a population of 2307 men and 413 women. During the period of study 126 of these pathologists died and death certificates were obtained for 121. The standardised mortality ratios (SMR) for all causes in men were 56 and in women 99. Deaths from accidents, poisoning, violence, and especially suicide, were noted to be in excess of that expected from the general population but similar to that for medical practitioners. Drug overdose was the cause of each suicide. Excess deaths from lymphatic and haemopoietic neoplasms noted in a previous study were not present but an excess of brain tumours was found. Including 1981 data thus far collected, deaths from brain tumour were apparently in excess (observed 6, expected less than 2.0, p less than 0.02). Possible aetiological hypotheses include previous exposure to organic solvents or tuberculosis infection. In view of the pathologists' exposure to formaldehyde it is interesting to note that no nasal or nasal sinus tumours were reported and the SMR for lung cancer was 41. PMID- 6722046 TI - Urinary fluoride concentration as an estimator of welding fume exposure from basic electrodes. AB - Urinary fluoride concentrations have been measured in electric arc welders using basic electrodes. The fluoride concentration and the total welding fume concentration in air showed a linear relation with postshift urinary fluoride concentration. The measured concentrations were below internationally recommended postshift urinary fluoride concentrations believed to cause fluorosis. Biological monitoring by postshift urinary fluoride measurements is evaluated for the prediction of total welding fume exposure, when a specific basic electrode was used, by means of confidence limits and tests of validity. PMID- 6722047 TI - Mobility of diesel versus non-diesel coal miners: some evidence on the healthy worker effect. AB - Workers who are particularly susceptible to the effects of their occupational exposure, from the perspective of the healthy worker effect, soon leave the workplace. The result of this mobility, called survival bias, is that cross sectional studies based on the survivors underestimate the true risk of occupational exposures. Two questions are addressed in this empirical study of the "survival bias" component of the "healthy worker" effect. Do miners with respiratory impairment or symptoms disproportionately leave jobs that have a potentially harmful respiratory exposure? And does the presence of an additional potentially harmful respiratory exposure, in this case diesel emissions, accelerate the rate of mobility for miners with respiratory impairment or symptoms? No confirmation was found for the survival effect in a study of 738 diesel and 420 non-diesel US underground coal miners. No additional increment in mobility was associated with exposure to both coal mine dust and diesel emissions. PMID- 6722048 TI - Role of histamine in the aetiology of byssinosis. II. Lung histamine concentrations in guinea pigs chronically exposed to cotton and flax dusts. AB - Data presented in this study support the finding that cotton and flax dusts contain agents which potentiate the formation or accumulation of histamine or both in the lungs of guinea pigs exposed to dust, and that such agents are present at much higher levels in cotton dust than in flax dust. The potentiating effect may be through the recruitment of mast cells into the lung. Both cotton and flax dusts contain methylating enzyme inhibitory agents, whereas cotton dust also contains agents that inhibit histaminase activity; flax dust contains agents potentiating histamine activity. These agents working together result in the accumulation or depletion of histamine observed in the different groups of animals exposed to either cotton or flax dust in this study. PMID- 6722049 TI - Exposure to oxides of nitrogen: respiratory symptoms and lung function in British coalminers. AB - Five hundred and sixty British coalminers with relatively high or relatively low exposures to oxides of nitrogen, based on measurements of concentrations of these gases at nine collieries over four years, and records of the men's places of work and colliery mining conditions over a total of eight years have been studied. Data on these men's respiratory symptoms and ventilatory capacity (FEV1), obtained as part of an epidemiological study of British coalminers, have been used to investigate possible adverse effects of exposure to oxides of nitrogen. Exposures to oxides of nitrogen were generally well below threshold limit values, though occasional peaks after shotfiring and during diesel locomotive use did exceed short term limits. No relationship was found between exposure and respiratory symptoms or decline in FEV1 nor was there any evidence of differences in symptoms of FEV1 between 44 pairs of men matched for age, dust exposure, smoking habit, coal rank, and type of work, but differing in respect of exposure to oxides of nitrogen. It has not been possible to detect any adverse effects on the health of this working population of the levels of nitrogen oxides that have occurred in British mines over the past decade. With the current levels of these gases, any long term effects on respiratory health are so small as to be undetectable in the presence of smoking and dust exposure. PMID- 6722050 TI - Extrinsic allergic bronchiolitis in a bird fancier. AB - A patient in whom a severe systemic illness was characterised by weight loss, arthralgia and breathlessness was exposed to her pet bird. This pragmatic approach reproduced the features of her illness. The changes that occurred in her pulmonary physiology and histology differed from those seen in extrinsic allergic alveolitis in many important respects. PMID- 6722051 TI - Chromosome analysis from peripheral blood lymphocytes of workers after an acute exposure to benzene. AB - A spillage of about 1200 gallons of benzene occurred during the loading of a ship, and 10 workers on a single shift were exposed to benzene. Shortly afterwards, an assay of the urine of these individuals showed that substantial amounts of phenol were being excreted. About three months after the incident samples of venous blood were taken from 10 individuals exposed to benzene and 11 men on a comparable shift who acted as controls. The lymphocytes were stimulated to divide in short term cultures. For each subject, 200 cells at metaphase were examined for chromosome damage using 48 h cultures, and sister chromatid exchanges (SCE) were analysed from about 30 cells in their second division, using 72 h cultures. The most frequent types of aberrations in all the individuals were chromatid gaps, with occasional breaks of chromatids and chromosomes. There were few exchanges within or between the arms of chromatids or chromosomes. More cells in the control than in the exposed group showed damage, an effect that was especially noticeable for chromatid gaps. All values, however, were considered to be within a normal range. There were slightly more SCE in some of the exposed individuals than in the controls and there was a trend towards a positive association between the frequency of SCE recorded for each individual and the maximum value for the excretion of phenol in the urine on the day after the incident. There is no evidence to indicate that benzene induced any type of lasting chromosome damage in the lymphocytes of the 10 exposed workers when cells were examined about three months after the incident. PMID- 6722052 TI - Raised serum bile acid concentrations after occupational exposure to styrene: a possible sign of hepatotoxicity? AB - Fasting serum concentrations of conjugated bile acids were investigated in 23 men who had been exposed to styrene and compared with the concentrations in 60 non exposed individuals. Eleven of the exposed subjects had raised concentrations of either cholic acid or chenodeoxycholic acid or both. There were no indications of alcohol abuse, drug intake, or undiagnosed liver disease. It is possible, therefore, that the raised bile acid concentrations were due to exposure to styrene. This would support the concept that occupational exposure to styrene may affect the liver and point to the possibility that raised serum bile acid concentrations might be a sensitive and early indicator of hepatic injury in individuals exposed to organic solvents. PMID- 6722053 TI - Genotoxic exposure of workers creosoting wood. AB - In a small wood preserving industry spot samples were taken from contaminated surfaces at several places and tested for mutagenicity. The results suggest that the application of a wipe test can give a first indication of occupational exposure to mutagenic and carcinogenic substances, particularly when exposure occurs more from skin contact than from inhalation. One of the pesticide chemicals used to preserve wood is the mutagenic creosote . It was found that mutagens appeared in the urine of rats after intraperitoneal administration of creosote . Despite these results, no increase in mutagenicity could be detected in the urine of creosote workers in relation to their work. PMID- 6722054 TI - Prognostic value of acetylcholine challenge test: a prospective study. AB - Eleven hundred and nine iron mine workers aged 35 to 55 with normal chest radiographs were submitted to a pulmonary examination consisting of a questionnaire, a clinical examination, and pulmonary function testing including an acetylcholine challenge test. A positive response (decrease of FEV1 of more than 10%) was observed in 210 subjects (Ace+). The remaining 899 had a negative response (Ace-). Bronchitis, asthma, dyspnoea, and obstructive syndrome were more frequent in the Ace+ group. Five years later, 820 subjects were reexamined: occasional cough and sputum and chronic bronchitis appeared more frequently among subjects without symptoms at the first examination but with a positive acetylcholine challenge test. The obstructive syndrome was more often observed and regressed more rarely in the Ace+ group. The results confirm the use of a test of bronchial hyperreactivity as a means of identifying subjects at risk from chronic obstructive lung disease. PMID- 6722055 TI - Thin layer chromatography of p-aminophenol in urine after mixed exposure to aniline and toluene. AB - A simple method of evaluating p-aminophenol in the urine of people exposed simultaneously to aniline and toluene relies on separating p-aminophenol from hippuric acid and other physiological components of the urine by thin layer chromatography. The adsorbents and developing system have been thus fixed to make possible the separation of p-aminophenol from hippuric acid, urea, and creatinine and their quantitative determination. This method also makes possible the determination of p-aminophenol in urine in the presence of hippuric acid. Hippuric acid is a physiological component of urine and also the metabolite of toluene, so the determination of p-aminophenol is possible also after simultaneous exposure to both compounds: aniline and toluene. At the same time the concentrations of urea and creatinine as additional factors may be determined. The limit of detection of the method is: 5 micrograms/ml for p aminophenol, 9 micrograms/ml for hippuric acid, 8 micrograms/ml for urea, and 6 micrograms/ml for creatinine. PMID- 6722056 TI - Optimum weights for commercial divers. AB - Obesity is one of the factors which increase the risk of decompression sickness. It has been suggested that any diver whose weight is more than 20% in excess of that derived from currently accepted tables should therefore be stopped from diving until he has lost enough weight. Published tables of average and standard weights for men, however, are unsuitable for application to men recruited for commercial diving, as the populations on which the tables were based differ in important respects from divers. Furthermore, the tables may assume that men are weighed and measured clothed and in shoes, whereas in most medical examinations the measurements are made on men without shoes and partially clad . Analysis of weight measurements of 1520 divers whose records are in the Decompression Sickness Central Registry in Newcastle upon Tyne suggests that divers as a group are substantially heavier than other populations on whom height-weight tables have been based. A table derived from American data of 1935-53 is often used as a guide. If this table is used the percentage of divers rejected as overweight may be as high as 13.6%. More recent and more appropriate data on heights and weights are required for use as reference standards for divers, or perhaps another measurement indicating obesity should be used. PMID- 6722057 TI - Is chronic detergent ingestion harmful to the gut? AB - Synthetic detergents are used in large quantities as household and industrial cleaners. Because of the common practice of leaving dishes washed in detergent solutions to dry without rinsing these compounds are ingested. We have calculated that an adult takes in about 1 mg/kg detergent a day and babies can be administered between seven and 10 mg/kg a day. Rats were fed a dose of 100 mg/kg a day in a pilot experiment and gross abnormalities were found in the gastrointestinal tract, the most striking being subtotal villous atrophy of the small bowel mucosa and glandular atrophy in the colon. These changes were not reversible 12 weeks after cessation of detergent administration. PMID- 6722058 TI - Actual hazard of methyl bromide fumigation in soil disinfection. PMID- 6722059 TI - Lung mechanics in relation to radiographic category of coalworkers' simple pneumoconiosis. PMID- 6722060 TI - Congenital toxoplasmosis. PMID- 6722061 TI - Congenital toxoplasmosis: a prospective survey in Brussels. AB - A prospective survey of antenatal patients was made at a hospital in Brussels over the period 1979-1982 to assess the incidence of congenital toxoplasmosis. Of 2986 patients assessed, 1403 (47%) had no toxoplasma antibodies and were at risk. The susceptible population was assessed every 6 weeks and 20 of these women (1.4%) seroconverted during pregnancy. Ten of the seroconverters had a therapeutic abortion; of the remaining 10 two gave birth to congenitally infected infants. Of the 1583 (53%) patients with a positive serology for toxoplasmosis initially, 17 (1.1%) had high antibody titres indicating that the infection could have taken place early in pregnancy. Nine infants born to these women were followed at our hospital and two of them were affected. PMID- 6722062 TI - Blood rheology in pre-eclampsia and intrauterine growth retardation: effects of blood pressure reduction with labetalol. AB - Blood viscosity ( Contraves L S 30) and its determinants were measured in 23 patients with mild/moderate pre-eclampsia, 10 patients with intrauterine growth retardation and 22 control subjects, matched for age and gestation. Both abnormal groups had a significantly increased blood viscosity at high shear rate (94 s-1) associated with increased haematocrit. Fibrinogen levels were also increased, but there were no significant differences between groups in plasma viscosity, low shear viscosity (0.94 s-1) or red cell deformability, measured by a low-shear washed cell system of filtration through 5-micron pore diameter Nuclepore filters. In the pre-eclamptic group, measurements were repeated after 1-2 weeks in nine patients treated with labetalol (a combined alpha and beta adrenergic blocker) and in 10 patients treated with bed rest. Labetalol reduced blood pressure but no change in rheology was seen in either group. Control of blood pressure by labetalol does not adversely affect rheology, in contrast to diuretics which are known to cause haemoconcentration and increased blood viscosity. PMID- 6722063 TI - The value of ultrasound measurement of amniotic fluid volume in the management of prolonged pregnancies. AB - Ultrasound assessment of amniotic fluid volume was used to monitor 335 patients with prolonged pregnancy. Reduced amniotic fluid was diagnosed when no single vertical pool of amniotic fluid measured greater than 30 mm. Sixty-five patients with reduced amniotic fluid had labour induced while 270 patients with normal amniotic fluid were managed expectantly unless the cervix was favourable. Patients with reduced amniotic fluid had a statistically significant increase in meconium-stained amniotic fluid and growth-retarded babies and were more likely to require delivery by caesarean section for fetal distress. There were no perinatal deaths in the series and the perinatal outcome was satisfactory in both groups. Ultrasound measurement of amniotic fluid represents an effective discriminatory test in post-term pregnancy. PMID- 6722064 TI - Immunoreactive trypsin and the prenatal diagnosis of cystic fibrosis. AB - Immunoreactive trypsin (IRT) was measured by radioimmunoassay in a series of amniotic fluids obtained at between 15 and 19 weeks from pregnancies with a 1-in 4 risk of fetal cystic fibrosis. IRT concentrations were significantly depressed in nine affected pregnancies, but the degree of overlap with the normal range was too great for this to be useful in early prenatal diagnosis. Furthermore, in one fetus, presumed to have cystic fibrosis, the fetal plasma IRT concentration was within the normal range. PMID- 6722066 TI - Adenocarcinoma-in-situ of the cervix uteri associated with cervical intraepithelial neoplasia in pregnancy. Case report. PMID- 6722065 TI - Does oestriol add to the beneficial effect of combined hormonal prophylaxis against early postmenopausal osteoporosis? AB - Sixty-nine healthy women in the early menopause were assessed in terms of calcium metabolism, coronary risk factors, Kupperman index, and various serum hormones before and during replacement therapy with 17 beta-oestradiol plus oestriol and norethisterone acetate. The patients were followed for 1 year, and the daily doses used were: 17 beta-oestradiol: 2 mg from day 1 to day 22, 1 mg from day 23 to day 28; oestriol: 1 mg from day 1 to day 22, 0.5 mg from day 23 to day 28; and norethisterone acetate: 1 mg from day 13 to day 22. Group A (n = 22) received 17 beta-oestradiol and norethisterone acetate; group B (n = 20) received 17 beta oestradiol plus oestriol and norethisterone acetate and group C (n = 23) received a placebo. The responses in groups A and B were similar with no significant difference between the two therapy regimens. The results suggest that in the dose given, oestriol does not add significantly to the beneficial effect of combined hormonal prophylaxis against early postmenopausal osteoporosis. PMID- 6722067 TI - Vaginal carcinoma arising in vaginal condylomata. Case report. PMID- 6722068 TI - Filled bladder simplifies human embryo transfer. PMID- 6722069 TI - Long-term follow-up of intraocular lens implants: the first 127 compared with the latest 100 of the same style in a span of 9 years. AB - The long-term follow up of the first 127 patients (127 eyes) treated by one surgeon with cataract extraction and Federov I lens implantation is reported. The proportion of patients achieving visual acuity of 6/12 or better had decreased since the one year follow-up. Corneal oedema was the most serious long-term complication. This group of patients is compared with the latest 100 patients (100 eyes) operated on by the same surgeon using the same type of implant. There was a reduction of some operative complications, and improvement in surgical techniques had resulted in a lower sample endothelial cell loss at one month. PMID- 6722070 TI - Posterior capsulotomy and retinal detachment following extracapsular lens surgery. AB - A retrospective analysis of the results of extracapsular cataract surgery with and without implant is presented. Surgery was performed by a group of consultants and registrars from 1975 to 1982, and minimum patient follow-up was 12 months (mean 26.2 months). The incidence of postoperative capsulotomy was 14.3%, but the need for this procedure declines, becoming negligible after 3.5 years. Of 242 eligible eyes, aphakic retinal detachment occurred in only one. PMID- 6722071 TI - Postural change of IOP in normal persons and in patients with primary wide open angle glaucoma and low-tension glaucoma. AB - The values of intraocular pressure (IOP) measurements by an Alcon pneumatic tonometer and a Goldmann applanation tonometer were found to be close, with a correlation coefficient of 0.92. Measured by the pneumatonograph the IOP after 30 minutes in the supine position was highest in normal persons, in patients with primary wide open-angle glaucoma and low-tension glaucoma. The greatest difference in IOP between subjects sitting and supine was observed in patients with low-tension glaucoma. PMID- 6722072 TI - Effects of adrenergic drugs on aqueous humour dynamics in the normal human eye. I. Salbutamol. AB - The immediate effects of topical salbutamol, a beta 2 adrenergic agonist, on the aqueous humour dynamics of 22 normal subjects was studied by fluorophotometry and tonography. Significant lowering of intraocular pressure was accompanied by a significant increase in both aqueous flow rate and tonographic facility of outflow. Uveoscleral outflow was calculated and found to be significantly increased by salbutamol. This appeared to be the predominant acute pressure lowering effect of beta receptor stimulation in the normal human eye. PMID- 6722073 TI - Acute conjunctivitis caused by an atypical chlamydial strain: Chlamydia IOL 207. AB - A case of acute conjunctivitis in man caused by Chlamydia IOL 207 is described. Chlamydiae were isolated from the eye, and rising titres of type-specific antibodies to C. IOL 207, in serum and tears demonstrated an aetiological role for this agent. C. IOL 207 is an atypical chlamydial strain which serological studies suggest is widespread in some communities. PMID- 6722074 TI - Primary and secondary overacting inferior oblique muscles: an ultrastructural study. AB - Biopsy material from primary and secondary overacting inferior oblique muscles were examined by light and electron microscopy. Most muscle fibres were in different stages of atrophy. A high variation of alterations was encountered in all muscles. The most striking abnormalities were huge accumulations of mitochondria and muscle vacuolisation related mainly to the enlargement of the tubules of sarcoplasmic reticulum. The mitochondrial aggregates and vacuolisation occupied more muscle surface in the inferior muscles of primary overaction than those of secondary overaction. PMID- 6722075 TI - A syndrome of congenital retinal dystrophy and saccade palsy--a subset of Leber's amaurosis. AB - Three children who presented in infancy with a severe visual defect and absent or barely recordable electroretinograms, with relatively well preserved visually evoked cortical potentials, were subsequently found to have vertical and horizontal saccade palsies with head thrusts but relatively good visual acuity. These children, who were clearly different from other infants with congenital retinal dystrophy, were also developmentally delayed and had systemic motor and speech defects, but their visual prognosis was relatively good. The recognition of their saccade palsy was delayed because their poor visual attention in infancy was ascribed purely to the tapetoretinal degeneration. We consider these patients represent a clear subset of those patients who are diagnosed as having congenital retinal dystrophy or Leber's amaurosis. PMID- 6722076 TI - Vitrectomy and fluid/silicone-oil exchange for giant retinal tears: results at six months. AB - The results of vitrectomy combined with fluid/silicone-oil exchange in 73 eyes with giant retinal tears are reported at six months after surgery. Initial anatomical success was achieved in 71 out of 73 eyes (97%) and, prior to removal of silicone-oil, in 66 out of 73 eyes (90%). In 63 eyes (86%) the retina remained attached six months after surgery. Of these visual acuity was 6/60 or better in 44 (70%). The high proportion of eyes with macular detachment before surgery and the frequency of macular abnormalities are thought to account for reduced vision in many of the anatomically successful cases. PMID- 6722078 TI - Effect of viewing high luminance gratings on the amblyopic visual system. AB - Five amblyopes viewed high contrast square wave gratings of 8 different spatial frequencies all presented at very high luminance. They were required to indicate the orientation of the grating, horizontal or vertical, and received immediate auditory feedback if incorrect. Each amblyope viewed 480 grating presentations daily for 15 days over 3 weeks. After this 'treatment' improvements in visual acuity and/or visually evoked potentials were observed and persisted after treatment. PMID- 6722077 TI - Retinal pigment epithelial hamartoma--unusual manifestations. AB - Hamartoma of the retinal pigment epithelium is an uncommon tumour of young adults. We have seen 2 patients with this clinical diagnosis, both with unusual manifestations. In one patient growth of the tumour was observed over a 5-year period. In the second patient arterial-arterial anastomoses were detected at a site distal to the tumour. PMID- 6722079 TI - Alteration of regression of cholesterol accumulation in rats by dietary pectin. AB - Male, Wistar rats (50-74 g) were given a semi-purified diet containing cholesterol (10 g/kg diet) for 4 weeks, groups of control and experimental animals killed, and the remainder of the cholesterol-fed animals given either a semi-purified cholesterol-free diet without a fibre source or a similar diet with pectin (50 g/kg diet) for 8 weeks. Animals were killed at 2-week intervals and serum and liver cholesterol and triglycerides, faecal neutral steroids and acidic steroids measured. Animals given pectin had significantly lower serum cholesterol levels than animals given the basal diet after 4 and 6 weeks. Both experimental groups efficiently decreased their liver cholesterol levels during regression. Bile acid excretion was elevated in both groups, especially in rats receiving pectin, but neutral steroid excretion was unchanged. The increase in bile acid excretion was primarily in the form of chenodeoxycholic acid and its metabolites. This increased bile acid excretion is postulated to result from stimulation of the normal mechanism for increased steroid excretion in the rat, i.e. a change in the value of cholic: chenodeoxycholic acid or from a mechanism not yet elucidated. PMID- 6722080 TI - Sugars-eating habits of 405 11- to 14-year-old English children. AB - Between September 1979 and July 1981, 405 northern-English children, initially aged 11-12 years, each recorded all food and drink consumed on five occasions on each of three consecutive days. Sugars and nutrient intakes were calculated using food tables. The average total sugars intake was 118 g/d or 21% of the energy intake and 43% of the carbohydrate intake; these percentages were similar for both sexes, all social class groups and surveys. Sugars were found to be derived from a variety of food sources with confectionery being the single largest source. Sugars were fairly evenly consumed over the average day with a high amount in foods eaten between meals. Snacks accounted for 65% of the sugars intake but only 46% of the energy intake. Sugars intake and snacking therefore seem to have been major components of the eating habits of these children. If dietary changes towards lower sugars intakes are to be achieved a vigorous, informed health education campaign is necessary together with effective labelling of manufactured foods, the development of new products and the modification of some existing ones. PMID- 6722081 TI - The Bacon Chow study: effect of nutritional supplementation on maternal weight and skinfold thicknesses during pregnancy and lactation. AB - Effects of a feeding programme on maternal weight, triceps and subscapular skinfolds during pregnancy and lactation were assessed in a marginally undernourished population of rural Taiwan. Mothers participated during two pregnancy and lactation periods. At 3 weeks after the delivery of the first infant, one group of 114 mothers began consuming a nutrient-dense supplement (A), while another group of 111 received a placebo (B). There was no significant A-B difference in pregnancy weight gain (A 7.52 kg, B 7.75 kg) or in mean maternal weight, triceps or subscapular skinfolds at any time during pregnancy or lactation. Despite a general trend toward moderate weight loss during lactation, one-third of mothers in both groups gained weight. Highly significant increases in weight and skinfold thicknesses from one lactation period to the next characterized both groups. The absence of demonstrable supplement-effects on maternal anthropometry concomitant with increments in infant birth weight supports the notion that infants can benefit from maternal supplementation without changes in maternal nutritional status. PMID- 6722082 TI - High efficiency of energy utilization in 'cafeteria'-and force-fed rats kept at 29 degrees. AB - Male, Sprague-Dawley (Charles-River) rats, of initial weight 272 g, were given a powdered stock diet (T1) ad lib., force-fed a synthetic diet (T2) or offered a range of palatable foods in conjunction with the powdered stock diet (T3) or a similar diet supplemented with certain minerals and vitamins (T4). Metabolizable energy (ME) intake (kJ/d) averaged 303, 453, 402 and 383 for T1, T2, T3 and T4 respectively and corresponding weight gains were 5.5, 6.9, 8.2 and 7.9 g/d and were significantly different (P less than 0.001). The intakes of T3 and T4 rats ranged from 10 to 60% above the mean value for T1. Crude protein (CP; nitrogen X 6.25) retentions were similar for T1, T3 and T4 rats and significantly lower (P less than 0.01) for T2 rats. Fat retentions were 1.1, 4.1, 2.9 and 2.4 g/d for T1 to T4 respectively (P less than 0.001). The energy contents of the gain (MJ/kg) were 12.7, 26.0, 16.7 and 14.9 for T1 to T4 respectively (P less than 0.001) and energy retentions (kJ/d) were 70, 179, 139 and 117 respectively (P less than 0.001). A linear regression of energy retention (ER) on ME yielded a slope of 0.78 and a mean energy requirement for zero balance of 510 kJ/kg body- weight0 .75. These results are in conflict with reports of 'diet-induced thermogenesis' in 'cafeteria'-fed rats. PMID- 6722083 TI - The effect of over-feeding newborn rabbits on somatic and visceral growth, body composition and long-term growth potential. AB - Newborn rabbits were over-fed by encouraging them to suck from two lactating does. These double-fed animals were compared with single-fed litter-mate controls. Single- and double-fed rabbits were compared with respect to body weight, bone length and weights of heart, kidney, lung, liver, spleen, stomach, brain and adipose lobes at ages 7, 14 and 21 d and at 25 weeks. Body composition with respect to fat, protein and water was also analysed in animals killed during the first month of life. Double feeding had a profound effect on body-weight, such that by 21 d of age these animals weighed 65% more than controls. Longitudinal growth was also increased, but to a lesser extent. Organ weights were largely determined by body-weight with the exception of the brain which was unaffected by double feeding and the heart and adipose lobes which were represented to excess. Body composition studies demonstrated a marked increase in body fat and a decrease in body water as a percentage of body-weight in the double-fed. When mature, double-fed rabbits weighed a little more than controls and had accumulated significantly more fat. No other difference between them was demonstrated. Other experiments on rats, mice and pigs, along with these experiments on rabbits, suggest that young mammals respond to over-feeding with a limited increase in real growth associated with excess deposition of adipose tissue. Studies on infants of diabetic mothers have demonstrated that the human fetus responds to over-nutrition in a very similar way. Therefore we should be cautious about over-feeding human infants, especially premature ones, as it seems unlikely that excessive deposition of fat will be beneficial. PMID- 6722084 TI - The effects of food restriction and exercise on site-specific differences in adipocyte volume and adipose tissue cellularity in the guinea-pig. 1. Superficial and intra-abdominal sites. AB - The volume and number of adipocytes were measured in fourteen anatomical sites of adult guinea-pigs kept in small cages and fed ad lib., kept in small cages and on restricted diet or fed ad lib. and exercised. In the sedentary ad lib.-fed animals, there was no significant correlation between percentage body-weight as adipose tissue, as determined by direct dissection, and mean adipocyte volume based on samples from many different sites. The correlation was significant, though not high, for sedentary, restricted-diet animals and for exercised specimens. The correlations between the volume of adipocytes from left-right pairs of sites, and from sites around the same limb, were highly significant under all conditions studied. The correlation between the volume of adipocytes from sites other than left-right pairs of sites was weaker and in some cases statistically insignificant in sedentary ad lib.-fed guinea-pigs. The volume of adipocytes from sites in the groin region, the mesenteries and medial to the trapezius muscle failed to correlate in many cases with the volume of adipocytes from other sites sampled. The number of adipocytes at each site was similar in the exercised and sedentary ad lib.-fed animals. The restricted-diet, sedentary group had fewer adipocytes at all sites studied except the omental and mesenteric fat mass and the groin sites. It is suggested that moderate regular exercise or fasting gives rise to closer coordination between adipocytes at different sites because central factors regulating adipocyte volume become more prominent than local factors. PMID- 6722085 TI - The effects of food restriction and exercise on site-specific differences in adipocyte volume and adipose tissue cellularity in the guinea-pig. 2. Intermuscular sites. AB - Two intermuscular adipose depots, the popliteal mass (POP) and the fat under the gluteus superficialis muscle ( GLS ) were studied in guinea-pigs maintained under three different regimes of diet and exercise. Eleven different sites in POP and four sites in GLS were defined using associated muscle and fascia as 'landmarks'. Samples of twenty to twenty-five adipocytes from each site were removed and their mean volume measured; a consistent pattern of distribution of larger and smaller adipocytes within POP and GLS was found in all animals. The correlation between the volume of adipocytes from sites between the same pairs of muscles was substantially greater than the correlation between the volume of adipocytes from comparable sites between different muscles, whether the sites were within the same fat mass (POP) or in different fat masses (POP and GLS ). The volume of adipocytes from the edge of the fat mass correlated more closely with those from the edge of the same or a synergistic muscle than with the volume of cells from the centre sites or edge sites from an interface with another muscle. These effects were most pronounced in exercised animals and weak or insignificant in sedentary ad lib.-fed animals. The volume of adipocytes from edge sites correlated with the gross weight of the adjacent muscles in exercised animals only. It is concluded that muscle activity has a local effect on the volume of adjacent adipocytes. It is suggested that the mechanism involved is mechanical rather than biochemical. PMID- 6722086 TI - Is phenylalanine requirement in infants and children related to protein intake? AB - Two groups of children with phenylketonuria (PKU) received protein at two different levels. The protein source was a protein hydrolysate, devoid of phenylalanine, and intact protein from milk, vegetables and fruit. One group (RDA group) was given protein at a level based on the recommendations of the (US) Food and Nutrition Board (1974, 1980). The other group (FAO group) was given protein at the level of intake corresponding to the Joint FAO/WHO ad hoc Expert Committee (1973) safe levels of intake of egg or milk protein. The children were monitored very closely for several years. From an earlier study evaluating the protein intake of the two groups it was suspected that the Joint FAO/WHO ad hoc Expert Committee (1973) recommendations were marginal. In the present study the phenylalanine intake of the two groups required to maintain the plasma phenylalanine concentration at the required level was established. The results showed that the RDA group required more phenylalanine than the FAO group. This difference was statistically significant from the age of 5-15 months. We have interpreted the greater requirement for phenylalanine in the RDA group as a result of a greater nitrogen intake and thus a more rapid chemical maturation of N (increase in protein concentration of the body with age). It is known that up to the age of 6 months the chemical maturation of N is related to the N intake. In the present study we have found that this difference in chemical maturation lasted up to the age of 15 months.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS) PMID- 6722087 TI - The effect of vitamin E and oxidized fish oil on the nutrition of rainbow trout (Salmo gairdneri) grown at natural, varying water temperatures. AB - Groups of rainbow trout (Salmo gairdneri) of approximate mean initial weight 8 g were grown in outdoor tanks over a 14-week period at water temperatures between 12 degrees (start) and 6 degrees (end). Four diets were used. Two contained non oxidized fish oil (120 g/kg) with or without supplementary DL-alpha tocopheryl acetate and two contained moderately oxidized fish oil again with or without DL alpha-tocopheryl acetate. The measured selenium content of the diets was 0.10 mg/kg. No significant differences occurred as a consequence of the use of moderately oxidized oil compared with the corresponding treatments using non oxidized oil. Significant differences did occur between dietary treatments that contained supplementary DL-alpha-tocopheryl acetate and those that did not. These differences applied to weight gain, haematocrit, erythrocyte fragility, mortalities, liver and muscle tocopherol concentrations and lipid peroxidation of liver mitochondria in vitro. Liver glutathione peroxidase (EC 1.11.1.9) activity was unaffected by the dietary treatments used and the proportions of fatty acids in polar lipids of liver and muscle were little changed by the diets used. Severe muscle damage occurred in trout given diets lacking supplementary DL-alpha tocopheryl acetate. Previous experiments carried out on rainbow trout at a constant water temperature of 15 degrees ( Hung et al. 1981; Cowey et al. 1981, 1983), using diets lacking supplementary vitamin E, did not lead to differences in weight gain, pathological changes or mortalities. Vitamin E requirement may increase as water temperature decreases; minimum dietary requirements for vitamin E measured at a constant water temperature of 15 degrees may not be valid under practical conditions where water temperatures vary over the year. PMID- 6722088 TI - The zinc requirements of broiler chicks and turkey poults fed on purified diets. AB - Chicks and turkey poults were fed for 3 weeks on low-zinc diets, prepared from purified ingredients, supplemented with zinc oxide at graded levels. Birds of both species given the unsupplemented basal diets grew poorly, with high mortality rates. All had severe hyperkeratosis but bone development was normal. Only when birds received diets with low concentrations of added Zn were leg abnormalities observed. Zn requirements were assessed visually from dose-response graphs. The chick required 18 mg Zn/kg diet for maximal live weight and 24 mg Zn/kg for maximal Zn concentration in blood serum. The responses of tibial Zn and net retention of Zn did not reach plateaux within the range of dietary Zn concentrations studied. The turkey poult's Zn requirement for maximal live weight was 25 and 28-29 mg/kg for net retention of Zn and for maximal concentration of Zn in blood plasma and in the tibia; 41 mg Zn/kg diet was required for maximal Zn in blood serum. Liver Zn was not correlated with dietary Zn in either species. PMID- 6722089 TI - The role of condensed tannins in the nutritional value of Lotus pedunculatus for sheep. 1. Voluntary intake. AB - Voluntary intake was determined with vegetative Lotus pedunculatus cut and fed fresh to growing sheep of 42-46 kg live weight. Effects attributable to condensed tannins were assessed by growing the plant under high and low levels of soil fertility, inducing low and high concentrations of tannin (Expt 1), or by binding the tannins through spraying the herbage with polyethylene glycol (molecular weight 3350, PEG; Expt 2). Primary-growth lotus was used in Expt 1 and secondary growth lotus in Expt 2. Concentrations of total and free condensed tannin were determined in fresh lotus, free tanning being defined as that not bound by mascerates of the plant. In Expt 1 the herbages fed contained respectively 46 and 106 g total condensed tannin/kg dry matter (DM) and 3 and 14 g free condensed tannin/kg DM. Mean metabolizable energy (ME) intakes were 0.89 and 0.77 MJ/kg live weight0 .75 per d (P less than 0.05) respectively. The lotus used in Expt 2 contained 63 and 5 g total reactive condensed tannin and free condensed tannin/kg DM respectively. After spraying with PEG at 2.4 g/g total condensed tannin, these values were reduced to 7 and 0.5 g/kg DM respectively. PEG addition increased apparent digestibility (proportion of each nutrient ingested) of cellulose, hemicellulose and nitrogen by 0.05, 0.08 and 0.26, and increased ME intake from 0.48 to 0.69 MJ/kg live weight0 .75 per d. It was concluded that high concentrations of condensed tannins depressed ME intake, due to depressions in both the voluntary intake and digestion of organic matter.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS) PMID- 6722090 TI - The role of condensed tannins in the nutritional value of Lotus pedunculatus for sheep. 2. Quantitative digestion of carbohydrates and proteins. AB - Primary growth vegetative Lotus pedunculatus containing 46 and 106 g/kg dry matter (DM) of total condensed tannin and 3 and 14 g/kg DM of free condensed tannin, was cut and fed fresh at hourly intervals (750 g DM/d) to sheep fitted with permanent cannulas into the rumen and duodenum. Low- and high-tannin lotus contained respectively 41.3 and 31.6 g total nitrogen/kg DM and 132 and 152 g lignin/kg DM. The two forms of lotus were similar in carbohydrate composition. Nutrient intake was recorded and faecal output measured by direct collection. Digesta flow to the duodenum was estimated by measuring dilution at the duodenum of inert ruthenium phenanthroline (Ru-P) and chromium-EDTA markers continuously infused into the rumen. Effects attributable to condensed tannins were assessed by comparing the digestion of the two diets, and by comparing the digestion of each with predicted values for non-tannin-containing fresh forages fed at similar intakes. Apparent digestibility of all nutrients measured was less for high- than for low-tannin lotus (P less than 0.01). The levels of cellulose digested ruminally and post- ruminally in both forms of lotus were similar to predicted values. However, less hemicellulose and readily fermentable carbohydrate (RFC; soluble carbohydrate + pectin) was digested in the rumen in sheep given both forms of lotus than would be predicted for non-tannin-containing fresh forage diets, but this was compensated for by greater post-ruminal absorption of both nutrients. Total N gains across the rumen (duodenal N flow--total N intake) were 1.8 and 10.5 g/d for low- and high-tannin lotus v. predicted losses of 3.7 and 2.1 g/d for non-tannin-containing fresh forages given at the same total N intakes. Post-ruminal digestion of non- amonia -N (NAN; proportion NAN flowing at duodenum) was 0.71 and 0.67 for low- and high-tannin lotus respectively v. 0.76 for comparable non-tannin-containing fresh forages. Energy absorbed as amino acids from the small intestine was calculated to be 0.29 of metabolizable energy for both forms of lotus, compared with 0.17 and 0.21 for perennial ryegrass and white clover. It was concluded that the presence of condensed tannins in lotus markedly increased post-ruminal NAN absorption compared with non-tannin containing fresh forage diets, but depressed ruminal digestion of RFC and hemicellulose. PMID- 6722091 TI - Absorption kinetics of some carbohydrates in conscious pigs. 1. Qualitative aspects. AB - Concentrations of reducing sugars, glucose, fructose and lactic acid in blood obtained from arterial and portal catheters were measured for periods of 8-24 h in twenty-three unanaesthetized pigs (mean body-weight 50 kg). From 6 to 8 d after implantation of catheters, the animals received experimental meals containing different levels (400, 800, 1200, 1600 g respectively) of different sugars (glucose ten meals, sucrose eighteen meals, lactose nine meals, maize starch sixteen meals) as well as a protein-mineral-vitamin premix. After each meal the reducing sugars appeared in the portal blood in successive waves. The porto-arterial differences in the concentration of reducing sugars, representing the real appearance of sugar-hydrolysis products in the animal, varied greatly according to the sugar ingested and its level of intake. For each level of intake, these differences were larger, but of shorter duration, for glucose and sucrose than for maize starch. For these three carbohydrates, the higher the level of ingestion, the larger and the more persistent the porto-arterial differences. Lactose represented a special case, as the porto-arterial differences of reducing sugars were always much lower than those obtained with the other sugars and they did not vary with the level of intake. Our findings show that the products formed by feeding glucose and sucrose appear more rapidly in the portal blood than those formed by feeding lactose. Accordingly, the length of time of digestion of glucose and sucrose is shorter than that of maize starch and lactose. PMID- 6722092 TI - Absorption kinetics of some carbohydrates in conscious pigs. 2. Quantitative aspects. AB - Concentrations of reducing sugars, glucose, fructose and lactic acid in blood obtained from arterial and portal catheters were measured together with the portal hepatic blood flow-rate for periods of 8-24 h in twenty-six unanaesthetized pigs (mean body-weight 51 kg). The animals received experimental meals containing different amounts (100-1600 g) of different sugars (glucose fifteen meals, sucrose twenty-four meals, lactose fourteen meals, maize starch nineteen meals) together with a protein-mineral-vitamin mixture (150 g) 6-8 after implantation of the catheters and an electromagnetic flow probe. Because the portal blood flow pattern did not differ between test meals, net absorption followed the same trends as for porto-arterial concentration differences (R erat et al. 1984). Apart from lactose, the amounts of reducing sugars appearing in the portal vein correlated with the intake of the test meal, but the absorption pattern was different for each sugar. The appearance of reducing sugars was faster and earlier after intake of glucose than after sucrose and the same was the case for sucrose relative to maize starch. The differences between the three carbohydrates tended to increase with the level of intake. With a test meal containing 1 kg carbohydrate, i.e. a normal meal in a 50 kg pig, digestion of sucrose and maize starch was not finished 8 h after the meal since only 60 and 52% respectively of their hydrolysis products were recovered in the portal blood. In the case of lactose, the amounts of reducing sugars appearing in the portal blood were always very small and constant (113-118 g within 8 h) whatever the level of intake, i.e. 30 and 15% of their hydrolysis products for intakes of 400 and 800 g respectively. Depending on the carbohydrate ingested, the uptake of glucose by the gut cell wall ranged from 14 to 21 g/h and the production of lactic acid from 2.5 to 3.5 g/h. PMID- 6722093 TI - Protein utilization in the young steer: digestion and nitrogen retention of 15N labelled rumen bacterial protein. AB - 15N-labelled mixed rumen bacteria, obtained from a steer that had received [15N]urea in its diet, were disrupted ultrasonically and freed from nucleic acids and their degradation products. Samples were subjected to a simulated abomasal digestion with pepsin. The digests were infused with a non-absorbable marker (polyethylene glycol) into the duodenum of four steers equipped with simple duodenal and re-entrant ileal cannulas and adapted to a diet of barley straw, flaked maize and urea. The outflow from the ileum was collected for 6-7 h. The mean value for the digestibility of 15N bacterial proteins in the small intestine was estimated to be 0.74. [14C]urea was administered intravenously during the infusion of the 15N-labelled protein into the duodenum. Urine and faeces were collected for the next 48 h and the proportion of urea-N produced, that was excreted in the urine, estimated from urine 14C excretion. Total urea 15N production was estimated from this value and the amount of 15N excreted in the urine. The mean proportion of 15N absorbed that was deposited in body protein, 0.70, was calculated by difference. The over-all efficiency of utilization of 15N in the infused rumen bacterial protein was 0.52. An approximate estimate of the mean rate of protein synthesis calculated from the data was 24 g/kg body-weight (W)0.75 per d and compared with an estimated net deposition of protein of 1.67 g/kg (W)0.75 per d. The importance of these values in factorial schemes for estimating ruminant N requirements is discussed. PMID- 6722094 TI - Octopine dehydrogenase from Pecten maximus: steady-state mechanism. AB - The steady-state kinetic mechanism of the reaction catalyzed by octopine dehydrogenase [N2-(1-carboxyethyl)-L-arginine:NAD+ oxidoreductase] was investigated at pH 6.9 and 9.2 by studies of substrate inhibition, analogue inhibition, and product inhibition. In the direction of octopine synthesis, the inhibition patterns in the presence of delta- guanidinovalerate and propionate show that NADH binds to the enzyme first followed by L-arginine and pyruvate which bind randomly. In the direction of octopine oxidation, the substrate patterns show that NAD binds to the enzyme before octopine in a rapid equilibrium fashion, and the product inhibition patterns show that the products L-arginine and pyruvate are released in a random fashion. Double, synergistic, substrate inhibition by L-arginine and pyruvate was shown to be due to binding (hypothetically of the imine) to the free enzyme and the enzyme-NAD complex. Furthermore, an alternate minor pathway was demonstrated which includes an enzyme NADH-octopine complex and an enzyme-octopine complex. PMID- 6722095 TI - Near- and far-ultraviolet circular dichroism of the catalytic subunit of adenosine cyclic 5'-monophosphate dependent protein kinase. AB - The circular dichroism spectrum of the catalytic subunit of cAMP-dependent protein kinase was measured in the far-UV (190-240 nm) and near-UV (250-300 nm) region. Data from the far-UV spectra were processed with the CONTIN program for estimation of globular protein secondary structure [ Provencher , S. W. (1982) CONTIN (Version 2) User's Manual, European Molecular Biology Laboratory, Heidelberg, West Germany]. The composition of the protein determined by this method was 49 +/- 2% alpha-helix, 20 +/- 4% beta-sheet, and 31 +/- 3% remainder. This composition changes when the protein is allowed to bind Kemptide , a synthetic peptide substrate, with more than half of the disordered portion of the protein taking the form of beta-sheet. A certain portion of the alpha-helical structure also appears to move into a beta-sheet form. The near-UV CD spectrum of catalytic subunit shows changes in aromatic amino acid dichroism associated with substrate binding. These changes can be ascribed with a fair degree of certainty to alterations in the orientation of a tyrosine residue at the surface of the protein. These findings are discussed in terms of previous work on induced dichroism in this enzyme with regard to control mechanisms operating at the active site. PMID- 6722096 TI - 1H NMR and circular dichroism studies of the B and Z conformations of the self complementary deoxyhexanucleotide d(m5C-G-C-G-m5-C-G): mechanism of the Z-B-coil transitions. AB - The double-helical conformations of d(m5-C-G-C-G-m5-C-G) in aqueous solution were studied by circular dichroism and 1H NMR spectroscopy. In 0.1 M NaCl, only the B form is detected whereas the Z form is strongly predominant in 3 M NaCl. In the presence of 2 M NaCl, two resonance signals corresponding to the B and Z duplexes were observed for each proton below 50 degrees C, indicating a slow exchange between B and Z. However, the B-Z exchange becomes intermediate or fast in the 55 80 degrees C temperature interval. By contrast the exchange between B helix and single-stranded (or coil) forms is much faster for the same temperature conditions. The Z form is only detectable when the coil form is practically absent. With decreasing temperature the B form decreases in favor of the Z form. From proton line-width measurements under various experimental conditions, it was also shown that Z exchanges only with B, while the latter also exchanges with the single-stranded form (S): Z in equilibrium B in equilibrium S. The enthalpy value is about 8 +/- 1 kcal/mol for the B-Z transition and about 40 +/- 2 kcal/mol for the B-S dissociation (2 M NaCl solution). The activation energy is about 47 +/- 2 kcal/mol for the Z----B and 39 +/- 2 kcal/mol for the B----Z reaction. Very good agreement between the experimental results and computed data (based on the above kinetic reaction model) was found for the B, Z, and coil proportions. The B-Z transition of methylated d(C-G)n oligomers is only possible when the Watson-Crick hydrogen bonds between the CG base pairs are firmly maintained; otherwise, the transformation from B to Z would not occur, and B-S dissociation would take place instead. PMID- 6722097 TI - Sequential resonance assignments in 1H NMR spectra of oligonucleotides by two dimensional NMR spectroscopy. AB - A sequential assignment procedure is outlined, based on two-dimensional NOE ( NOESY ) and two-dimensional J-correlated spectroscopy ( COSY ), for assigning the nonexchangeable proton resonances in NMR spectra of oligonucleotides. As presented here the method is generally applicable to right-handed helical oligonucleotides of intermediate size. We applied it to a lac operator DNA fragment consisting of d( TGAGCGG ) and d( CCGCTCA ) and obtained complete assignments for the adenine H8, guanine H8, cytosine H6 and H5, thymine H6 and 5 methyl, and the deoxyribose H1', H2', H2", H3', and H4' resonances, as well as some H5', H5" (pairwise) assignments. These assignments are required for the analysis of two-dimensional NOE and J-coupling data in terms of the solution structure of oligonucleotides. PMID- 6722098 TI - Magnesium binding and conformational change of DNA in chromatin. AB - The structure of chromatin in the presence of Mg2+ ions was examined by circular dichroism and equilibrium dialysis. Circular dichroism (CD) shows that above 260 nm the intensity of the spectrum of DNA in nucleoproteins decreases as the Mg2+ concentration increases. This change is an intrinsic characteristic of DNA since it is also observed in protein-free DNA and has been attributed to a change in the winding angle of base pairs around the DNA axis. Some structural elements of the DNA in the nucleosome core, therefore, are as movable as those of protein free DNA. The basic organization of H1-depleted chromatin, 146 base pairs (bp) of DNA wound around core histones and a residual 49 bp in the linker region in the repeating unit, is maintained both in the presence and in the absence of Mg2+ ions, as shown by the fact that the CD spectrum of H1-depleted chromatin has the same type of linear combination between the spectrum of protein-free DNA and that of the nucleosome core in 0.2 mM MgCl2-10 mM triethanolamine (pH 7.8) as it has in 1 mM ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid-10 mM tris(hydroxymethyl) aminomethane (pH 7.8). The ellipticity of chromatin shows a smaller decrease relative to the other nucleoproteins and protein-free DNA upon the addition of Mg2+ ions. Therefore, some structural elements of chromatin are apparently somewhat protected against the conformational change induced by these ions. The spectrum of chromatin becomes almost indistinguishable from that of H1-depleted chromatin in 0.2 mM MgCl2.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS) PMID- 6722099 TI - Sulfhydryl-modifying reagents reversibly inhibit binding of glucocorticoid receptor complexes to DNA-cellulose. AB - Glucocorticoid -receptor complexes from intact rat thymus cells incubated with [3H]dexamethasone at 0 degree C are in the nonactivated form and do not bind to DNA-cellulose. Upon being warmed, they are transformed to activated complexes that bind to DNA-cellulose at 0 degree C. We have found that treatment of dexamethasone-receptor complexes with the sulfhydryl-modifying reagents methyl methanethiosulfonate ( MMTS ) and 5,5'-dithiobis(2-nitrobenzoic acid) (DTNB), either before or after the warming, inhibits subsequent binding to DNA-cellulose. The effects of these reagents can be reversed at 0 degree C by dithioerythritol and other sulfhydryl-containing compounds. These results provide the first clear evidence that sulfhydryl-modifying reagents inhibit the binding of activated dexamethasone-receptor complexes to DNA-cellulose and suggest that sulfhydryl groups may be located in or near the DNA binding domain of the rat thymus glucocorticoid-receptor complex. Furthermore, addition of dithioerythritol at 0 degree C to nonactivated receptor complexes that have been treated with MMTS or DTNB produces a substantial increase in the capacity of these complexes to bind to DNA-cellulose, raising the possibility that sulfhydryl groups may be associated with a region on the receptor that plays a critical role in the activation process. PMID- 6722100 TI - Phosphoprotein particles: calcium and inorganic phosphate binding structures. AB - Phosphoprotein particles were isolated in their native state from the physiological fluid of the estuarine clam Rangia cuneata , and the characteristics of the mineral ion-protein complex which constitutes the native particle were investigated by using mineral ion binding and mineral ion exchange techniques. The particles are aspartic acid rich, highly phosphorylated proteins containing calcium, magnesium, and inorganic phosphate ions and covalently cross linked via histidinoalanine residues. Twenty-nine percent of the amino acid residues are phosphorylated. In their native state, the particles contain a protected pool of calcium and inorganic phosphate ions and an exchangeable pool of calcium and magnesium ions. The Ca/PO4 ratio in the protected pool is about 2.5. The number of binding sites for the protected mineral is unknown, but on the average, the native particles contain about 0.2 inorganic phosphate ion per organic phosphate residue. There is 1.0 exchangeable metal ion binding site per organic phosphate residue, and there is probably a phosphoserine residue at each site. These sites bind calcium with an apparent binding constant (KCa) of 4 X 10(3) M-1 at 50% saturation under physiological conditions, and KCa/ KMg is about 1.6. In vivo, about 85% of the exchangeable sites are occupied. The total number of calcium ion binding sites (N) in the phosphoprotein particles is related to the number of organic phosphate residues (Po) and the number of bound inorganic phosphate ions (Pi) by the equation N = Po + 2. 5Pi . The phosphoprotein particles probably serve as both the transporter and reserve source of calcium ions for shell development. PMID- 6722101 TI - Fidelity of the eukaryotic codon-anticodon interaction: interference by aminoglycoside antibiotics. AB - A homologous in vitro method was developed from Tetrahymena for ribosomal A-site binding of aminoacyl-tRNA to poly(uridylic acid)-programmed ribosomes with very low error frequency. The reaction mixture pH was the crucial factor in the stable A-site association of aminoacyl-tRNA with high fidelity. At a pH greater than 7.1, endogenous activity translocated A-site-bound aminoacyl-tRNA to the P site. If translocation was allowed to occur, a near-cognate amino-acyl-tRNA, Leu-tRNA, could stably bind to the ribosome by translocation to the ribosomal P site. Near cognate aminoacyl-tRNA did not stably bind to either site when translocation was blocked. Misreading antibiotics stimulated the stable association of near-cognate aminoacyl-tRNA to the ribosomal A site, thereby increasing the error frequency by several orders of magnitude. Ribosome binding of total aminoacyl-tRNA near equilibrium was not inhibited by misreading antibiotics; however, initial rate kinetics of the binding reaction were dramatically altered such that a 6-fold rate increase was observed with paromomycin or hygromycin B. The rate increase was evident with both cognate and near-cognate aminoacyl-tRNAs. Several antibiotics were tested for misreading potency by the ribosome binding method. We found gentamicin G418 greater than paromomycin greater than neomycin greater than hygromycin B greater than streptomycin in the potentiation of misreading. Tetracycline group antibiotics effectively inhibited A-site aminoacyl-tRNA binding without promoting misreading. PMID- 6722102 TI - Carbon-13 NMR studies of native and modified ovine submaxillary mucin. AB - Natural abundance 13C NMR spectroscopy has been used to study the solution structure and dynamics of the ovine submaxillary mucin (OSM). Results at both 45.3 and 67.9 MHz show the extremely viscous mucin to possess sufficient internal segmental flexibility to allow high-resolution 13C NMR studies. Essentially all of the resonances in the spectra have been assigned to individual carbons of the carbohydrate disaccharide side chain alpha- NeuNAc2 ----6 alpha-Gal-NAc-Ser/Thr and to the protonated carbons of the major peptide residues. Spin-lattice relaxation times and nuclear Overhauser enhancements reveal that the internal mobility of the mucin is unaffected by large changes in molecular weight and hence bulk viscosity. On the basis of the relaxation measurements the peptide and carbohydrate side chain mobilities increase stepwise from the glycosylated peptide residue alpha-carbons to the terminal sialic acid (NeuNAc) side-chain C9 carbon. Removal of the terminal sialic acid C8 and C9 side-chain carbons as well as the complete removal of the NeuNAc residue does not alter the dynamics of the peptide core. However, the removal of carbons C8 and C9 from the NeuNAc residue produces an increase in its ring mobility or conformational flexibility. Complete removal of sialic acid produces an increase in the mobility or flexibility of the GalNAc ring and reduces the chemical shift sensitivity of the GalNAc ring carbons to the different serine and threonine linkages. The pKa value for the sialic acid carboxyl group in the intact mucin is 2.0, while it increases to 2.4 after the removal of the NeuNAc C8 and C9 side-chain carbons. This change in pKa confirms the intramolecular hydrogen bond interaction of the C8 hydroxyl with the C2 carboxyl group in the alpha-NeuNAc residue as previously suggested by Jennings and Bhattacharjee [ Jennings , H.J., & Bhattacharjee , A.K. (1977) Carbohydr . Res. 55, 105-112]. The relaxation time values and temperature dependence of the chemical shift of the NeuNAc C7 carbon suggest that this group is also involved in an intramolecular interaction. Overall the 13C NMR results indicate that the relatively simple mucous glycoprotein, OSM, is a highly extended and internally flexible molecule which in solution possesses little secondary structure. PMID- 6722103 TI - Interaction of glycophorin with phosphatidylserine: a Fourier transform infrared investigation. AB - Glycophorin, from the human erythrocyte membrane, has been isolated in pure form and reconstituted into unilamellar vesicles with bovine brain phosphatidylserine (PS). Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy has been used to monitor the protein conformation as well as the effect of protein on lipid order and melting. Glycophorin, at levels of 1 mol %, nearly abolishes the gel to liquid-crystal phase transition seen in pure PS vesicles between 8 and 16 degrees C by inducing significant disorder into the lipid gel phase. A transition of reduced magnitude remains between 14 and 22 degrees C in the lipid/protein complexes. Evidence is presented for specific interaction of glycophorin with the interfacial region of PS. In general, the effects on lipid melting produced by protein at the 1 mol % level are more pronounced than those noted in a previous study of glycophorin/phosphatidylcholine interactions [ Mendelsohn , R., Dluhy , R. A., Taraschi , T., Cameron, D., & Mantsch , H.H. (1981) Biochemistry 20, 6699-6706]. Two bands are observed for the protein amide I (C = O stretching) mode. A main feature at 1653 cm-1 indicates that the bulk of the secondary structure is random coil or alpha-helical. A weaker shoulder at 1675 cm-1 suggests the occurrence of a small proportion of the beta-sheet form. The results confirm circular dichroism studies of Schulte & Marchesi (1979) [ Schulte , T.H., & Marchesi , V.T. (1979) Biochemistry 18, 275-280]. Fourier transform infrared (FT-IR) studies of a ternary complex of PS/dipalmitoyl-phosphatidylcholine- d62 (DPPC- d62 )/glycophorin indicate that the glycophorin preferentially interacts with the PS component.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS) PMID- 6722104 TI - Static and time-resolved fluorescence studies of fluorescent phosphatidylcholine bound to the phosphatidylcholine transfer protein of bovine liver. AB - Phosphatidylcholine analogues containing a cis- parinaroyl chain at the sn-1, sn 2, or both sn-1 and sn-2 positions (1-PnA-PC, 2-PnA-PC, and diPnA -PC, respectively) have been used to investigate the lipid binding site of the phosphatidylcholine transfer protein (PC-TP) from bovine liver by fluorometric techniques. Binding of these fluorescent lipids to the protein was registered by measuring the enhancement of parinaroyl fluorescence and the quenching of the tryptophanyl fluorescence. The fluorescence intensity of 1-PnA-, 2-PnA- and diPnA -PC bound to PC-TP was proportional to the chromophore content. The energy transfer efficiency between the tryptophan residues and the bound chromophores was approximately 40% for 1-PnA- and 2-PnA-PC and 60% for diPnA -PC. Quenching of the tryptophanyl fluorescence was, in part, accounted for by a decrease of the fluorescence lifetimes. The orientation of the 1 and 2 fatty acyl chains of the PnA-PC analogues on the transfer protein was analyzed by time-resolved fluorescence anisotropy measurements. The fluorescence anisotropy decayed according to a single exponential function yielding a rotational correlation time of 26 ns for 1-PnA-PC, 11 ns for 2-PnA-PC, and 15 ns for diPnA -PC. These correlation times indicate that both fatty acyl chains are immobilized at different positions on the protein. From the difference in correlation time we propose that the shape of the phosphatidylcholine transfer protein is ellipsoidal (axial ratio congruent to 2.5) with the 1 fatty acyl chain oriented parallel to the long symmetry axis and having an angle of 60-90 degrees with the 2 fatty acyl chain. PMID- 6722105 TI - pH-induced destabilization of phosphatidylethanolamine-containing liposomes: role of bilayer contact. AB - The mechanism of pH-induced destabilization of liposomes composed of phosphatidylethanolamine and a charged cholesteryl ester was studied by following the release of encapsulated aqueous contents. The kinetics of release were measured continuously by using the water-soluble fluorophore 8-aminonaphthalene 1,3,6-trisulfonic acid in combination with the water-soluble quencher p- xylylenebis (pyridinium) bromide. With this fluorescence assay, release of contents from liposomes composed of phosphatidylethanolamine and cholesteryl hemisuccinate was shown to be a function of pH, ratio of phosphatidylethanolamine to cholesteryl hemisuccinate, and acyl chain composition of the phosphatidylethanolamine. Leakage was very slow at pH 5.5 and increased dramatically with decreasing pH down to 4.0. Replacing phosphatidylethanolamine by phosphatidylcholine eliminated the effect of pH on leakage. Analysis of the kinetics of release by a mass action model demonstrated that bilayer destabilization and leakage occur subsequent to aggregation. The requirement of bilayer contact for destabilization has been found previously for acidic phospholipid bilayers in the presence of divalent cation and for saturated phosphatidylcholine bilayers below the isothermal phase transition temperature. The phosphatidylethanolamine-containing bilayers examined here satisfy the same requirement. PMID- 6722106 TI - Metastability in the phase behavior of dimyristoylphosphatidylethanolamine bilayers. AB - A new subgel phase is demonstrated to occur in hydrated dimyristoylphosphatidylethanolamine ( DMPE ) by using dilatometric and calorimetric techniques. The formation of the subgel phase takes place very slowly at temperatures near 0 degree C, but it can still be observed at 25 degrees C. Once formed, the subgel phase melts (delta Hh = 16.0 +/- 0.6 kcal/mol and delta V = 0.085 +/- 0.014 mL/g) directly into the liquid-crystalline phase at a temperature, Th = 56.3 degrees C, that is higher than the gel to liquid crystalline transition temperature, Tm = 49.6 degrees C. Thus, the gel phase appears to be metastable over its entire temperature range. In this regard, DMPE behaves differently from dipalmitoylphosphatidylcholine and distearoylphosphatidylcholine but similarly to dilaurylphosphatidylethanolamine . This unusual long-lived metastability provides cells an additional option in determining the properties of membranes. PMID- 6722107 TI - Tyrosine and tyrosinate fluorescence of bovine testes calmodulin: calcium and pH dependence. AB - At physiological pH, bovine testes calmodulin (t-CaM) upon excitation at 278 nm shows typical tyrosine fluorescence at 305 nm and a spectral band characteristic of emission from tyrosinate , at 330-350 nm. In addition, a new band at 312-320 nm appears upon excitation at 288 nm. The pH dependence of the excitation spectra demonstrates that the intense tyrosinate emission at 330-355 nm originates from direct excitation of ground-state tyrosinate . The tyrosinate emission shows complex pH dependence and reaches its highest intensities at pH 7.0 and 8.5, in both apo (Ca free) and holo (Ca saturated) t-CaM. The evidence suggests that the major contribution to the tyrosinate emission at 330-350 nm originates from Tyr 99. In holo t-CaM, the tyrosine emission at 305 nm is quenched at basic pH values and exhibits a sigmoidal pH titration curve with pK(app) 7.0. The tyrosine emission in apo t-CaM is weaker and is almost insensitive to changes in pH. The pH dependence of the emission at 316 nm is the same as the pH dependence of the tyrosine emission in both apo and holo t-CaM. The differences between the fluorescence of apo and holo t-CaM are attributed to a Ca2+-induced shift in the pKa of carboxylic side chains located in the immediate vicinity of the tyrosine residues. The enhancement of the fluorescence by Ca2+ is pH dependent and is maximal at pH 6.5. Above pH 8.0, there is almost no Ca2+ effect on the fluorescence.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS) PMID- 6722108 TI - Excitation transport and trapping in a synthetic chlorophyllide substituted hemoglobin: orientation of the chlorophyll S1 transition dipole. AB - Excitation transport in synthetic zinc chlorophyllide substituted hemoglobin has been observed by pico -second time-resolved fluorescence depolarization experiments. In this hybrid molecular system, two zinc chlorophyllide molecules are substituted into the beta-chains of hemoglobin, while deoxy hemes remain in the alpha-chains. The rate of excitation transfer between the two chlorophyllides is analyzed in terms of the distance and orientation dependences predicted by the F orster dipole-dipole theory. In this analysis, the beta-beta interchromophore geometry is assumed to be that of the deoxyhemoglobin crystal structure. When combined with steady-state fluorescence depolarization data of the complementary hybrid containing zinc chlorophyllide in the alpha-chains, these experiments provide the necessary information to determine the orientation of the S1 transition dipole moment in the zinc chlorophyllide molecule. We also find that the fluorescence lifetime of the zinc chlorophyllide is 1.42 ns when the heme is in the deoxy state but 3.75 ns when the heme is ligated to carbon monoxide. This is explained by irreversible excitation transfer from the S1 state of the zinc chlorophyllide to the lower energy excited states present in deoxy heme. PMID- 6722109 TI - Proteoglycan synthesis and deposition in fetal rat bone. AB - A pulse-labeling approach has been used to study proteoglycan metabolism in fetal rat bone. Pregnant rats were injected with [35S]sulfate and sacrificed 6, 24, or 48 h later. Fetal calvaria were dissected and extracted sequentially with 4 M guanidine hydrochloride and 4 M guanidine hydrochloride/0.5 M ( ethylenedinitrilo )tetraacetic acid (EDTA). With time after injection, the proportion of total incorporated radioactivity decreased in the guanidine pool (corresponding to nonmineralized bone and associated soft tissues) and increased in the guanidine/EDTA pool (mineralized bone). Chromatographic analysis of the proteoglycan species present in these pools after different labeling times indicated that three species of proteoglycan are synthesized in fetal rat calvaria. A large chondroitin sulfate (CS) proteoglycan and a smaller dermatan sulfate (DS) proteoglycan are located in the nonmineralized compartment. A CS proteoglycan similar in size to the DS proteoglycan is initially present in the nonmineralized bone but subsequently is located in the mineralized matrix. A fraction of the small CS proteoglycan is strongly associated with collagen. PMID- 6722110 TI - Two-stage maturation process for newly replicated chromatin. AB - HTC cells have been labeled by short exposures to [3H]thymidine in order to identify newly synthesized DNA. By either isolating nuclei directly or isolating them after an extensive fixation with formaldehyde, we have been able to identify two phases in the maturation process of newly replicated chromatin. The first phase which is relatively brief (less than 5 min) is reflected in a diffuse, irregular organization of nucleosomes on new DNA immediately postreplicatively . The second phase which lasts from 5 to 30 min postreplication is characterized by a normal repeat length for the nucleosomes which are nonetheless more weakly bound than bulk nucleosomes. This is reflected in increased sliding during nuclease digestion as well as increased nuclease sensitivity and the presence of easily dissociated histones which has been described by other workers. PMID- 6722111 TI - Polymorphism of tubulin oligomers in the presence of microtubule-associated proteins. Implications in microtubule assembly. AB - The interaction between tubulin and microtubule-associated proteins (MAPs) in solutions of cycled microtubule protein has been studied by using radioactively labeled MAPs. Kinetic data of MAP association to microtubules in the polymerization process indicate that an oligomer P of tubulin and MAPs is the polymerizing species. Analysis of MAP binding to microtubules formed from solutions in which the ratio MAPs/tubulin was varied shows evidence for a polymorphism of tubulin-MAP oligomers. When the ratio MAPs/tubulin is decreased by addition of dimeric tubulin to 3 times cycled microtubule protein, an oligomer P' less rich in MAPs than P and unable to incorporate in microtubules is formed. The data further show that while tau, MAP1, and MAP2 can bind to oligomer P, only MAP1 and MAP2 can bind to oligomer P'. Therefore, the interactions of tau factor and of MAP1 and MAP2 with tubulin follow different patterns. PMID- 6722112 TI - Comparison of the fluorescence and conformational properties of smooth and striated tropomyosin. AB - In contrast to previous conformational studies with rabbit skeletal and cardiac tropomyosins, (i) when the cysteine side chains of chicken gizzard tropomyosin were reacted with 5,5'-dithiobis(2-nitrobenzoate), an interchain disulfide cross link was not produced, (ii) when they were labeled with pyrenylmaleimide , excimer fluorescence was not observed, and (iii) when they were labeled with didansylcystine , a long-lived fluorescence component did not appreciably contribute to the fluorescence decay over a large temperature range including the major unfolding transition. In addition, the temperature dependence of the ellipticity at 222 nm did not reveal a pretransition prior to the main helix unfolding transition. This indicates that gizzard tropomyosin does not exhibit a localized chain-open state in the region of its cysteine residues, analogous to that seen with cardiac and skeletal tropomyosins, nor in any other region of the molecule. As a consequence, these observations suggest that gizzard tropomyosin is more rigid than striated tropomyosin. PMID- 6722113 TI - Isolation of brain alpha-actinin. Its characterization and a comparison of its properties with those of muscle alpha-actinins. AB - A rapid purification procedure has been developed for the isolation of alpha actinin from chicken brain. Brains were homogenized in cold water containing 0.5 mM phenylmethanesulfonyl fluoride (PMSF), the homogenate was centrifuged, and the alpha-actinin was extracted from the pelleted material in a low ionic strength buffer for 30 min at 22 degrees C. Purification of the protein to homogeneity on sodium dodecyl sulfate containing polyacrylamide gels required an ammonium sulfate precipitation step followed by chromatography on columns of DEAE cellulose, hydroxylapatite, and Sepharose CL-6B. The alpha-actinins from chicken pectoral muscle (skeletal) and gizzard (smooth muscle) were purified in a similar fashion but without the DEAE-cellulose chromatography step. All three alpha actinins have an identical Stokes radius of 7.1 nm determined by gel filtration chromatography. The individual proteins are homogeneous on sodium dodecyl sulfate polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis but do not comigrate; however, all three alpha actinins have identical retardation coefficients, obtained from electrophoretic mobilities at different acrylamide concentrations, which indicates that they all have similar subunit molecular weights (about 105 000). All three proteins behave similarly on isoelectric focusing gels (pI of native proteins congruent to 4.7 4.9) and have similar UV and CD spectroscopic properties. Significant differences exist both in their amino acid composition and in their peptide maps, obtained from limited proteolysis, which indicates that the proteins are all unique gene products.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS) PMID- 6722114 TI - Nucleotide in monomeric actin regulates the reactivity of the thiol groups. AB - A new thiol reagent, 2,4-dinitrophenyl glutathionyl disulfide, allowed the characterization of four thiol groups in monomeric actin by stoichiometric reaction. The number of thiol groups exposed to the reagent was found to depend on the nucleotide bound. In the absence of ATP, G-actin exposed four thiol groups ( G4s ). On the addition of ATP (1 equiv), three of them were shielded. The resulting actin with one thiol group exposed ( G1s ) is the form of monomeric actin normally produced by depolymerization of F-actin in buffers containing ATP. G1s is stable over hours, while G4s , i.e., monomeric actin in ATP-free solution, is not. This must be concluded from the fact that the shielding effect of thiol groups induced by addition of ATP was lost within ca. 30 min probably due to denaturation of G4s to G4s *. Therefore, denaturation of monomeric actin must be understood in terms of loss of thiol shielding, rather than by oxidation of the thiol groups. Addition of equimolar amounts of Ca2+ significantly retarded the denaturation process. ADP (50 equiv) shielded only ca. two of the four thiol groups but, similar to ATP, protected actin from denaturation. Three ATP analogues (10 equiv) were tested but had no shielding effect. In the presence of these analogues actin ( G4s ) rapidly denatured (to G4s *) as in the absence of added nucleotides. It was shown that the thiol-shielding activity and the protective capacity of a nucleotide are interrelated with its binding capability to monomeric actin. G1s was found to be polymerizable as was G approximately 2s on the addition of ATP. No polymerization could be detected for G4s or G4s *.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS) PMID- 6722115 TI - Effect of base-pair stability of nearest-neighbor nucleotides on the fidelity of deoxyribonucleic acid synthesis. AB - The influence of the stability of base pairs formed by nearest-neighbor nucleotides on misincorporation frequency has been studied with the large fragment of DNA polymerase I, the alternating DNA copolymers, poly(dI-dC) and poly-(dG-dC), as template-primers, and dGTP, dITP, and dCTP as substrates. We have utilized the difference in thermodynamic stability between the doubly H bonded I X C base pair and triply H-bonded G X C base pair to examine the effects of base-pair stability of both the "preceding" and the "following" nucleotides on the frequency of insertion of a mismatched nucleotide, as well as on its stable incorporation into polynucleotide. The present studies demonstrate that the stability of the base pairs formed by nearest-neighbor nucleotides affects the frequency of incorporation of noncomplementary nucleotides. Misincorporation frequency is increased when the nearest-neighbor nucleotides form more stable base pairs with the corresponding nucleotides in the template and is decreased when they form less stable base pairs. The stability of the base pair formed by a nucleotide either preceding (5' to) or following (3' to) a misincorporated nucleotide influences misincorporation frequency, but by different mechanisms. The stability of base pairs formed by preceding nucleotides affects the rate of insertion of mismatched nucleotide but does not protect the mismatched nucleotide from removal by the 3' to 5' exonuclease activity. In contrast, the stability of a base pair formed by a following nucleotide determines whether a misincorporated nucleotide is extended or excised by affecting the ability of the enzyme to edit errors of incorporation. PMID- 6722116 TI - Non-ohmic proton conductance of mitochondria and liposomes. AB - Direct measurements of the proton/hydroxyl ion flux across rat liver mitochondria and liposome membranes are reported. H+/OH- fluxes driven by membrane potential (delta psi) showed nonlinear dependence on delta psi both in mitochondria and in liposomes whereas delta pH-driven H+/OH- flux shows linear dependence on delta pH in liposomes. In the presence of low concentrations of a protonophore the H+/OH- flux was linearly dependent on delta psi and showed complex dependence on delta pH. The nonlinearity of H+/OH- permeability without protonophore is described by an integrated Nernst- Plank equation with trapezoidal energy barrier. Permeability coefficients depended on the driving force but were in the range 10( 3) cm/s for mitochondria and 10(-4)-10(-6) cm/s for liposomes. The nonlinear dependence of H+/OH- flux on delta psi explains the nonlinear dependence of electrochemical proton gradient on the rate of electron transport in energy coupling systems. PMID- 6722117 TI - Phospholipids chiral at phosphorus. Synthesis of chiral phosphatidylcholine and stereochemistry of phospholipase D. AB - Chirally labeled 1,2-dipalmitoyl-sn-glycero-3-phosphocholines (DPPC) with known configuration were synthesized by N-methylation of chirally labeled 1,2 dipalmitoyl-sn-glycero-3-phosphoethanolamine (DPPE). Transphosphatidylation of (RP)- and (SP)-[18O]DPPC catalyzed by phospholipase D from cabbage gave (RP)- and (SP)-[18O]DPPE, respectively, as indicated by 31P nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) analysis of [18O]DPPE. Therefore, phospholipase D catalyzes transphosphatidylation with overall retention of configuration at phosphorus. The steric course of hydrolysis of DPPC catalyzed by the same enzyme was elucidated by the following procedures. Hydrolysis of (RP)-[17O, 18O]DPPC by phospholipase D gave 1,2-dipalmitoyl-sn-glycero-3-[ 16O , 17O, 18O]phosphate ( [ 16O , 17O, 18O] DPPA ) with unknown configuration. The latter compound was then converted to 1-[ 16O , 17O, 18O]phospho-(R)-propane-1,2-diol by a procedure involving no P-O bond cleavage [ Bruzik , K., & Tsai, M.-D. (1984) J. Am. Chem. Soc. 106, 747-754]. The configuration of the phosphopropane -1,2-diol was determined as RP by 31P NMR analysis following ring closure and methylation [ Buchwald , S. L., & Knowles, J. R. (1980) J. Am. Chem. Soc. 102, 6601-6603]. The results indicated that hydrolysis of DPPC catalyzed by phospholipase D also proceeds with retention of configuration at phosphorus. Our results therefore support a two-step mechanism involving a phosphatidyl-enzyme intermediate in the reactions catalyzed by phospholipase D from cabbage. PMID- 6722118 TI - Phospholipids chiral at phosphorus. Absolute configuration of chiral thiophospholipids and stereospecificity of phospholipase D. AB - Separate diastereomers of 1,2-dipalmitoyl-sn-glycero-3- thiophosphoethanolamine ( DPPsE ) were prepared in 97% diastereomeric purity and characterized by 31P, 13C, and 1H nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR). The isomers hydrolyzed by phospholipases A2 and C specifically were designated as isomer B (31P NMR delta 59.13 in CDCl3 + Et3N ) and isomer A (59.29 ppm), respectively, analogous to the isomers B and A of 1,2-dipalmitoyl-sn-glycero-3- thiophosphocholine ( DPPsC ) [ Bruzik , K., Jiang , R.-T., & Tsai, M.-D. (1983) Biochemistry 22, 2478-2486]. Phospholipase D from cabbage was shown to be specific to isomer A of DPPsC in transphosphatidylation . The product DPPsE was shown to be isomer A. The absolute configuration of chiral DPPsE at phosphorus was elucidated by bromine-mediated desulfurization in H2 18O to give chiral 1,2-dipalmitoyl-sn-glycero-3 [18O]phosphoethanolamine ( [18O]DPPE) followed by 31 P NMR analysis [ Bruzik , K., & Tsai, M.-D. (1984) J. Am. Chem. Soc. 106, 747-754]. The absolute configuration of chiral DPPsC was elucidated by desulfurization in H2 18O mediated by bromine or cyanogen bromide to give chiral 1,2-dipalmitoyl-sn-glycero 3-[18O]phosphocholine ( [18O]DPPC), which was then converted to [18O]DPPE by phospholipase D with retention of configuration [ Bruzik , K., & Tsai, M.-D. (1984) Biochemistry (preceding paper in this issue)]. The results indicate that isomer A of both DPPsE and DPPsC is SP whereas isomer B is RP. PMID- 6722119 TI - Dissociation kinetics and equilibrium binding properties of polyene antibiotic complexes with phosphatidylcholine/sterol vesicles. AB - The interactions of sonicated vesicles with the polyene antibiotics amphotericin B, candicidin, mediocidin , and a water-soluble, guanidine derivative of amphotericin B were examined by UV-visible spectroscopy at concentrations below which the polyenes become self-associated. The association constants, Kapp, and the numbers of binding sites per sterol or phospholipid molecule (n) were determined at 30 degrees C and pH 7.4. A single class of binding sites was found, with no evidence of cooperativity. For the binding of mediocidin , amphotericin B, and the guanidine derivative with phosphatidylcholine (PC), PC/cholesterol, and PC/ergosterol vesicles, Kapp was in the range of (1.0-3.0) X 10(6) M-1; Kapp was higher for candicidin-vesicle interaction, reaching 9.0 X 10(6) M-1 with PC/ergosterol vesicles. Binding of the guanidine derivative of amphotericin B to PC vesicles lacking sterol was extensive (n = 0.46); since the other polyenes, which have low aqueous solubilities, had n less than 0.05, positive charges in the mycosamine moiety appear to enhance the extent of polyene antibiotic interaction with the glycerophospholipid head group. Higher values of n (and, therefore, of nKapp ) were found with sterol-containing than with sterol-free vesicles, suggestive of penetration of the polyenes toward the interior of the bilayer when sterol is present. For binding to PC/sterol vesicles, nKapp followed the order of candicidin greater than guanidine derivative of amphotericin B greater than amphotericin B much greater than mediocidin . The values of n and nKapp were appreciably higher for amphotericin B-ergosterol than for amphotericin B-cholesterol interaction in vesicles.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS) PMID- 6722120 TI - Phosphorus-31 nuclear magnetic resonance studies of the binding of nucleotides to NADP+-specific isocitrate dehydrogenase. AB - The interaction of the 2'-phosphate-containing nucleotides (NADP+, NADPH, 2' phosphoadenosine 5'-diphosphoribose, and adenosine 2',5'-bisphosphate) with NADP+ -specific isocitrate dehydrogenase was studied by using 31P NMR spectroscopy. The separate resonances corresponding to free and bound nucleotides, characteristic for slow exchange of nuclei on the NMR time scale, were observed in the spectra of the enzyme (obtained in the presence of excess ligand) with NADP+ and NADPH in the absence and presence of Mg2+ and with 2'-phosphoadenosine 5'-diphosphoribose in the absence of metal or in the presence of the substrate magnesium isocitrate. The position of the 31P resonance of the bound 2'-phosphate group in these spectra is invariant (delta = 6) in the pH range 5-8, indicating that the pK of this group is much lower in the complexes with the enzyme than that (pK = 6.13) in the free nucleotides. The additional downfield shift of this resonance by 1.8 ppm beyond that (delta = 4.22) of the dianionic form of the 2'-phosphate in free nucleotides suggests interaction with a positively charged group(s) and/or distortion of P-O-P angles as the result of binding to the enzyme. A single resonance of 2'-phosphate was observed in the spectrum of the enzyme complex with 2'-phosphoadenosine 5'-diphosphoribose in the presence of Mg2+, with the chemical shift dependent on the nucleotide to enzyme ratio, characteristic for the fast exchange situation. Addition of metal does not perturb the environment of the 2' phosphate in the complexes of NADP+ and NADPH with isocitrate dehydrogenase.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS) PMID- 6722121 TI - Isolation and identification of the phosphorylated species of rhodopsin. AB - Rhodopsin is phosphorylated in a light-dependent manner by a kinase intrinsic to the rod outer segment. We have used chromatofocusing to separate six phosphorylated species of rhodopsin and have recovered in the pH gradient fractions 60-80% of the initial phosphorylated sample loaded on the column. The isolated species of rhodopsin coincide with the species that are observed in isoelectric focusing gels in the pH range 6.1-4.7. Unphosphorylated rhodopsin focuses at a pI of 6.0. Two species having two phosphates per rhodopsin with isoelectric points of 5.45 and 5.40 have been isolated. The phosphate to rhodopsin ratios for the remaining species are 3.8, 5.0, 6.1, and 8.2 with isoelectric points of 5.16, 4.99, 4.85, and 4.73, respectively. The chromatofocusing profile suggests that there may be multiple forms of rhodopsin with the same number of phosphates among some of the other phosphorylated forms of rhodopsin. PMID- 6722122 TI - Interaction of tubulin with bifunctional colchicine analogues: an equilibrium study. AB - The interaction of tubulin with simple analogues of colchicine that contain both its tropolone and trimethoxyphenyl rings has been characterized, and the results were analyzed in terms of the simple bifunctional ligand model developed for the binding of colchicine [ Andreu , J. M., & Timasheff , S. N. (1982) Biochemistry 21, 534-543] on the basis of interactions of tubulin with single-ring analogues. The compound 2-methoxy-5-(2,3,4-trimethoxyphenyl)-2,4,6- cycloheptatrien -1-one has been found to bind reversibly to 0.86 +/- 0.06 site of purified calf brain tubulin with an equilibrium constant of (4.9 +/- 0.3) X 10(5) M-1 (25 degrees C), delta H degrees app = -1.6 +/- 0.7 kcal mol-1, and delta S degrees app = 20.5 +/- 2.5 eu. The binding appears specific for the colchicine site. The closely related compound 2-methoxy-5-[[3-(3,4,5-trimethoxyphenyl)-propionyl]amino] -2,4,6- cycloheptatrien -1-one interacts weakly with tubulin. Binding of the first analogue is accompanied by ligand fluorescence appearance, quenching of protein fluorescence, perturbation of the far-ultraviolet circular dichroism of tubulin, and induction of the tubulin GTPase activity, similarly to colchicine binding. Substoichiometric concentrations of the analogue inhibit microtubule assembly in vitro. Excess analogue concentration under microtubule-promoting conditions induces an abnormal cooperative polymerization of tubulin, similar to that of the tubulin-colchicine complex. PMID- 6722123 TI - A positional isotope exchange study of the argininosuccinate lyase reaction. AB - 15N nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy was used to follow the positional isotope exchange reaction of bovine liver argininosuccinate lyase. The enzyme was shown to catalyze the N-3-N-2 positional nitrogen exchange in [3 15N]argininosuccinate in the presence of excess arginase. The ratio of the positional isotope exchange rate and the rate for net substrate turnover is less than 0.15 at low levels of fumarate but increases to a limiting value of 1.8 at high fumarate. These data have been interpreted to mean that the dissociation of fumarate and arginine from the ternary enzyme complex is random although fumarate is released at least an order of magnitude faster than is arginine from this complex. The rate constant for the release of fumarate from enzyme-arginine fumarate is at least 6 times faster than the turnover number of the reverse reaction of argininosuccinate lyase. The lower limit for the release of arginine from this same complex is 0.5. PMID- 6722124 TI - Proflavin binding within the fibrinopeptide groove adjacent to the catalytic site of human alpha-thrombin. AB - Human alpha-thrombin with high fibrinogen-clotting activity binds proflavin at a single specific site (n = 0.996 site/alpha-thrombin, Kd = 22.0 microM) with the same affinity as the bovine enzyme (Kd = 22 +/- 3 vs. 24 +/- 3 microM, respectively, at pH 7.4, approximately 23 degrees C). This human enzyme form further displayed no significant difference in its ability to bind the dye over a broad NaCl concentration range (0.15-3 microM), and its hydrolysis of Bz-Arg-OEt was inhibited by the dye in a simple competitive manner (Ki = 30 +/- 3 microM). Conversion of the human alpha- to gamma-thrombin by controlled tryptic digestion essentially destroyed clotting activity without appreciably altering synthetic substrate activities and caused only approximately 2-fold reduction in proflavin binding. Chemical modification of approximately four tryptophans or approximately four tyrosines per enzyme also caused analogous differential losses of clotting vs. synthetic substrate activities and reduced proflavin binding approximately 5- and approximately 10-fold, respectively. Inactivation of the enzyme by conjugation at the catalytic serine (Ser-195, chymotrypsin numbering) with MeSO2 F, PhMeSO2 -F, or i- Pr2P -F decreased binding approximately 4-, 26-, and 55 fold, respectively, following the increasing size and steric hindrance properties of the conjugated group. Conjugation of the catalytic histidine (His-57) with Tos Lys-CH2-Cl decreased binding only approximately 10-fold, suggesting partial displacement by the dye. Such partial displacement appeared to occur to a slightly greater extent with the conjugate of a large exo site affinity-labeling reagent, which covalently attaches to the enzyme within the fibrino-peptide groove distal to the catalytic site.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS) PMID- 6722125 TI - Lectin from sainfoin (Onobrychis viciifolia scop.). Complete amino acid sequence. AB - The complete amino acid sequence of a lectin from sainfoin ( Onobrychis viciifolia Scop . var. Eski ) has been determined by sequential Edman analyses of the intact protein and peptides derived from digests with trypsin and thermolysin. Peptides were purified by pH fractionation, by gel filtration, and by cation-exchange and reverse-phase high-performance liquid chromatography. Seven segments of continuous sequence, accounting for the entire protein, were aligned through sequence comparison with several homologous leguminous lectins to give the final structure. Sainfoin lectin monomer, a glycoprotein which contains a single polypeptide chain of 236 amino acid residues with a molecular weight of 26 509, has amino- and carboxyl-terminal residues of alanine and threonine, respectively. A single residue of cysteine, located at position 33, is the only sulfur-containing amino acid present. Asparagine-118 is the single oligosaccharide attachment site. At least two apparent allelomorphic forms of the protein, having valine or isoleucine at position 49 in equal amounts, were detected. The amino acid sequence of sainfoin lectin exhibits circular permutation relative to that of the homologous protein concanavalin A. PMID- 6722126 TI - Self-assembly of basement membrane collagen. AB - The in vitro self-assembly of murine type IV collagen was examined by using biochemical and morphological techniques. Dimeric collagen undergoes a rapid and reversible thermal gelation at neutral pH without an appreciable lag period. The process is seen to be concentration dependent and inhibited by 2 M urea. The formed complex can be visualized by electron microscopy rotary shadowing as an irregular polygonal lattice network with extensive side by side associations within the collagenous triple-helical part of the molecules, two and three strands thick. Measurements on the matrix suggest a median stagger dimension of 170 nm, one-fifth the length of a dimer. The conversion of pepsin-generated monomers into N-terminally bound tetramers can also be demonstrated in vitro. This process is also concentration dependent and inhibited and reversed by 2 M urea but is thermally irreversible and occurs at a slow rate relative to the lateral associations. These tetramers can be seen by rotary shadowing as four armed "spider" structures. It is proposed that lateral associations, by virtue of their faster rate of formation, precede 7S bond formation, and several models for the assembly of basement membrane collagen are discussed. PMID- 6722127 TI - Metal ion and drug binding to proteolytic fragments of calmodulin: proteolytic, cadmium-113, and proton nuclear magnetic resonance studies. AB - Tryptic fragmentation of Ca2+-saturated calmodulin (CaM) takes place mainly at Lys-77; however, proteolysis can occur instead at Arg-74 or Lys-75. This cleavage pattern results in the production of three peptides each of the amino- and carboxy-terminal halves of CaM of slightly different length. A purification scheme for the three carboxy-terminal half-peptides is reported. Proton nuclear magnetic resonance (1H NMR) studies of peptides comprising the amino- or carboxy terminal half of CaM reveal the great structural similarity between these two proteolytic fragments and the intact protein. Since this was observed for the apoprotein as well as the Ca2+-saturated protein, this means that the two halves of the protein are independently folded. A comparison of the changes in the 1H NMR spectra observed for the intact protein and the fragments upon addition of Ca2+ clearly identified sites III and IV as the two high-affinity binding sites. Furthermore, addition of Ca2+ or Cd2+ induces qualitatively similar changes in the spectra, thus indicating that Cd2+ is a reliable replacement for Ca2+ in these studies. Subsequent 113Cd NMR studies of trifluoperazine (TFP) binding to tryptic and thrombic fragments of calmodulin revealed the presence of two distinct drug binding sites, one located in the amino-terminal half and one located in the carboxy-terminal half. The spectral changes, induced upon addition of the antipsychotic drug, were similar to those observed upon binding of TFP to intact calmodulin. The strongest TFP binding site is located in the carboxy terminal half. PMID- 6722128 TI - Determination of tyrosine exposure in proteins by second-derivative spectroscopy. AB - The mutual interference between the second-derivative bands of tyrosine and tryptophan in proteins has been evaluated in terms of the ratio r between two peak to peak distances. The r values have been found to be not only related to the tyrosine/tryptophan ratio but also dependent on the polarity of the medium in which tyrosyl residues are embedded. The results obtained on purified proteins have been found consistent with the available X-ray information and with the existing solvent perturbation data. PMID- 6722129 TI - Use of high-speed size-exclusion chromatography for the study of protein folding and stability. AB - The urea denaturation of sperm whale myoglobin and thermal denaturation of ribonuclease have been studied by following the associated volume changes by size exclusion chromatography on a Toya Soda TSK 3000SW gel permeation column. The permeation properties of the gel have been shown to be invariant in the following solvent systems: 0.2 M NaCl; 8.0 M urea-0.2 M NaCl; and 6.0 M guanidinium chloride ( GdmCl ). A precise measurement of the volume changes associated with solvent-induced protein denaturation is thus practicable. The column was calibrated in the above solvent systems by using 12 well-characterized proteins as standards. In the case of the denaturation of myoglobin by urea, the rate of equilibration of folded and unfolded species is slow on the time scale of the chromatographic experiment, and the two forms are well separated on the column in the transition region. Both the folded and unfolded species are shown to undergo significant swelling in urea. This result suggests that the view of denaturation based solely on the preferential solvation of the unfolded protein is incorrect. The rate of interconversion between folded and unfolded ribonuclease is fast relative to the time scale of the chromatographic experiments performed in this study. This is reflected in the fact that only one peak is observed in the elution profiles of ribonuclease in the transition region. Thermally unfolded ribonuclease has a smaller volume than the unfolded state in urea or GdmCl , suggesting that it has residual structure. The van't Hoff delta H for the thermal unfolding of ribonuclease calculated from the size-exclusion chromatographic experiments (36 +/- 3 kcal/mol) is significantly lower than previously reported values.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS) PMID- 6722130 TI - Immunoaffinity purification and properties of a high molecular weight calf thymus DNA alpha-polymerase. AB - A rapid, three-step purification of DNA alpha-polymerase from calf thymus is described. The key feature is immunoaffinity chromatography using a column of immobilized monoclonal immunoglobulin G (IgG) developed against human KB cell alpha-polymerase. This step is followed by preparative sucrose gradient sedimentation. The highly purified polymerase has a specific activity of 35 000 nmol of nucleotide incorporated per hour per milligram. Its molecular weight is 404 000. This molecular weight is higher than observed in some earlier purifications, possibly because salt concentrations are kept at nearly physiological levels. Also, the rapidity of purification in the presence of multiple protease inhibitors minimizes degradation. The purified enzyme is inhibited by aphidicolin, N-ethylmaleimide, and the specific monoclonal IgG, thereby identifying it as DNA alpha-polymerase. ATP at 4 mM concentration stimulates enzymatic activity up to 4-fold on calf thymus DNA templates. The enzyme is also capable of priming single-stranded DNA with RNA. The procedure represents a significant advance from purifying alpha-polymerase from calf by conventional means, since it avoids ion-exchange chromatography and harsh conditions. It also minimizes the time required to produce sufficient quantities of purified high molecular weight polymerase for analysis. PMID- 6722131 TI - Neutron small-angle scattering studies of ribonuclease in mixed aqueous solutions and determination of the preferentially bound water. AB - Neutron small-angle measurements of ribonuclease A in mixed solutions of ethanol water and glycerol-water have been used to estimate the region near the molecule that only contains water. When glycerol is used as probe, the region corresponds to an interaction parameter xi of 0.23 +/- 0.05 g of water/g of protein. For ethanol xi is -0.07 +/- 0.05, corresponding to the macromolecule being equally accessible to ethanol and water. The observations of the radius of gyration in the mixed solutions are used to show that the volume excluding glycerol is found on the exterior of the protein. PMID- 6722132 TI - Quasi-elastic light scattering studies of native hepatic bile from the dog: comparison with aggregative behavior of model biliary lipid systems. AB - Using quasi-elastic light scattering ( QLS ), we have characterized the macromolecular components in hepatic bile obtained from the dog and compared these results with data from model bile solutions containing the bile salt (BS) sodium taurocholate (TC), egg lecithin (L), and cholesterol (Ch). Native bile samples were obtained by direct catheterization of the common bile duct in a previously cholecystectomized dog fitted with a Thomas duodenal cannula. Hepatic bile was sampled during three secretory states: (A) unstimulated "fasting" bile, (B) "stimulated" secretion during an intravenous TC infusion, and (C) "secretin stimulated" secretion. All three samples had comparable molar ratios of L/BS (0.21 +/- 0.03) and Ch/L (0.027 +/- 0.006) but differed in the total lipid concentration (BS + L + Ch): (A) 13.1 +/- 0.8, (B) 6.7 +/- 0.8, and (C) 3.0 +/- 0.4 g/dL. From the QLS autocorrelation functions measured on samples B and C, three macromolecular components (denoted 1 alpha, 1 beta, and 2) were resolved. Component 1 alpha (hydrodynamic radius R1 alpha = 10 +/- 2 A) is comparable in size to the micellar aggregates of model systems. Component 1 beta (R1 beta = 67 +/- 7 A) appears to reflect an average of biliary proteins. Component 2 (R2 = 650 +/- 15 A) is a trace component whose size and sedimentation behavior are compatible with those of the canalicular membrane vesicles postulated to be present in bile [ Godfrey , P. P., Warner, M. J., & Coleman , R. (1981) Biochem. J. 196, 11]. Serial dilution of the B and C bile samples with Tris buffer (0.15 M NaCl, pH 8.0) showed a remarkable similarity in the behavior of the 1 alpha component as compared to the mean hydrodynamic radius Rh of similarly diluted model bile solutions. When a critical dilution factor, d gamma, is reached, Rh increases abruptly from approximately 30 to approximately 400 A. Above a second dilution factor, d alpha, it then decreases to a value of approximately 150 A. Similar results were obtained on sample A but were shifted to higher dilutions. Such behavior is consistent with the presence of "mixed disk" micelles [ Mazer , N. A., Benedek , G. B., & Carey, M. C. (1980) Biochemistry 19, 601] in native bile which undergo a micelle-to-vesicle transition upon dilution. From the d gamma and d alpha values, estimates of the intermicellar bile salt concentrations were made for all three samples (range 1.4-6.2 mM) which agree well with previous experimental results on model and native bile. These studies offer compelling evidence for the existence of micellar aggregates in native bile whose size, structure, and equilibria are similar to those found in model bile solutions. PMID- 6722133 TI - Kinetics of tyramine transport and permeation across chromaffin-vesicle membranes. AB - Tyramine permeates chromaffin-granule membranes via a reserpine-insensitive mechanism. The rate is unsaturable and increases with pH, indicating permeation of the unprotonated form of the amine. Reserpine-insensitive dopamine uptake is at least 10 times slower, consistent with dopamine's lesser lipophilicity. Dopamine is transported into chromaffin-granule membrane vesicles via a saturable, reserpine-sensitive, proton-linked mechanism. Tyramine inhibits dopamine transport with a Ki of 5-10 microM. Tyramine is not accumulated nearly as well as dopamine because inward transport is opposed by outward permeation. Nevertheless, the velocity of reserpine-sensitive tyramine transport can be deduced from the steady-state level of tyramine accumulation and the rate of permeation. Vmax for tyramine transport is about one-third of the value for dopamine transport. Therefore, two aromatic hydroxyls are not needed for monoamine transport but are required for efficient accumulation and storage. PMID- 6722134 TI - Partition of fatty acids and fluorescent fatty acids into membranes. AB - We have measured the membrane/water partition of free fatty acids, of a fluorescent analogue, and of chlorpromazine into plasma membranes from lymphoma, platelets, red cells, and liposomes of egg phosphatidylcholine. Three different methods were used: hygroscopic desorption [ Conrad , M.J., & Singer, S.J. (1979) Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A. 76, 5202-5206; Conrad , M.J., & Singer, S.J. (1981) Biochemistry 20, 808-818], centrifugation, and fluorescence titration. The partition coefficients for chlorpromazine and all fatty acid/membrane combinations were in the range 10(2)-10(5). No significant partition difference was observed between liposomes and plasma membranes. These results suggest, therefore, that fatty acids and chlorpromazine can readily partition into artificial and cell plasma membranes. PMID- 6722135 TI - NADH- and oxygen-dependent multiple turnovers of cytochrome P-450-CAM without putidaredoxin and putidaredoxin reductase. AB - Phenazine methosulfate (PMS) has been successfully used to mediate electron transfer from NADH to cytochrome P-450-CAM in the absence of putidaredoxin and putidaredoxin reductase under aerobic conditions. Identification and quantitation of exo-5- hydroxycamphor , the only product, has been accomplished by gas chromatography. In the absence of cytochrome P-450-CAM, or when other heme proteins (hemoglobin, myoglobin, horseradish peroxidase) are substituted for P 450-CAM, no exo-5- hydroxycamphor is detected. Product formation is not inhibited by the addition of catalase, superoxide dismutase, or hydroxyl radical scavengers; however, significant inhibition is observed with carbon monoxide and metyrapone, known inhibitors of the fully reconstituted P-450 system. Addition of 2,3-dimercaptopropanol to the NADH/PMS/P-450 system leads to a 4-fold increase in product formation; when putidaredoxin is added (without dimercaptopropanol), a 20 fold increase in product formation is observed. Constant bubbling with oxygen results in a further increase in the amount of product (150-fold increase overall). Our results show that PMS can substitute for the electron-transfer proteins putidaredoxin and putidaredoxin reductase in the transfer of electrons from NADH to P-450-CAM, resulting in multiple turnovers. Molecular oxygen dependent multiple turnovers of cytochrome P-450 have not been previously observed without the fully reconstituted, three-protein system. PMID- 6722136 TI - Phosphate is an inhibitor of copper-zinc superoxide dismutase. AB - The superoxide dismutase (SOD) activity of bovine copper-zinc superoxide dismutase (Cu,Zn-SOD) in 50 mM Hepes [4-(2-hydroxyethyl)-1- piperazineethanesulfonic acid], pH 7.4, was decreased by approximately 50% when the solution was made 10 mM in phosphate, in spite of the fact that the ionic strength of both solutions was adjusted to be equal. A similar experiment was carried out with bovine Cu,Zn-SOD chemically modified at Arg-141 with phenylglyoxal, which consequently had approximately 20% of the activity of the unmodified protein. (This activity was shown not to be due to residual unmodified protein.) Addition of 10 mM phosphate to solutions of the modified protein caused only a small decrease (less than 5%) in the SOD activity. The presence of phosphate also caused the affinity of Cu,Zn-SOD for binding azide or cyanide anions to be reduced; this effect of phosphate was also much less for the arginine-modified protein. We conclude that the inhibitory effect of phosphate on bovine Cu,Zn-SOD is due primarily to the neutralization of the positive charge on the side chain of Arg-141. The effect of increasing ionic strength on the activities of the native and arginine-modified proteins was also investigated. We found that at high concentrations of phosphate (greater than or equal to 10 mM), the SOD activities of native and arginine-modified Cu,Zn-SOD were inhibited comparably when the ionic strength was increased. This effect is presumably due to the lysine residues near the active site.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS) PMID- 6722137 TI - Stereochemistry of the reactions catalyzed by chicken liver fatty acid synthase. AB - The stereochemistry of the four partial reactions catalyzed by chicken liver fatty acid synthase that lead to the synthesis of palmitic acid has been determined. The reduction of acetoacetyl-CoA to 3-hydroxybutyryl-CoA by NADPH proceeds with the transfer of the pro-4S hydrogen of NADPH to form D-3 hydroxybutyryl-CoA. During the subsequent dehydration of D-3-hydroxybutyryl-CoA the pro-2S hydrogen and the 3-hydroxyl group are removed in a syn elimination to form crotonyl-CoA. Crotonyl-CoA is reduced to butyryl-CoA by NADPH, with the transfer of the pro-4R hydrogen of NADPH to the pro-3R position in butyryl-CoA and the transfer of a solvent hydrogen to the pro-2S position. The occurrence of the syn dehydration, when combined with the results of a previous study [ Sedgwick , B., & Cornforth , J. W. (1977) Eur. J. Biochem. 75, 465-479], implies that the condensation of the enzyme-bound malonyl moiety with the enzyme-bound saturated fatty acid to form a 3-keto intermediate proceeds with inversion at C-2 of the malonyl. The stereochemistry of the hydration was derived from an analysis of the spin-spin coupling constant of 3-hydroxy[2-2H]butyric acid benzylamides obtained from 3-hydroxy[2-2H]butyryl-CoA synthesized by fatty acid synthase. The elucidation of the stereochemistry of the reduction of crotonyl-CoA relied on the previously established stereochemistry of pork liver acyl-CoA dehydrogenase. The source of all 28 prochiral hydrogens of the palmitic acid synthesized by chicken liver fatty acid synthase was inferred from the results of this work. PMID- 6722138 TI - Beta(Leu121-Lys122) segment of fibrinogen is in a region essential for plasminogen binding by fibrin fragment E. AB - It was shown previously that two sequentially nonidentical regions of human fibrin(ogen), present in fragments D and E, carry specific plasminogen-binding sites [V aradi , A., & Patthy , L. (1983) Biochemistry 22, 2440-2446]. Comparison of the affinity of a variety of fragment E species for immobilized Lys plasminogen revealed that fragment E3e [(alpha 20/24-78, beta 54-122, gamma 1 53)2] possesses a strong plasminogen-binding site, whereas fragment E3t [(alpha 20/24-78, beta 54-120, gamma 1-53)2] has 30-fold lower affinity for the affinant . Since the two fragments differ only in the beta ( Leu121 - Lys122 ) segment, this suggests that residues beta ( Leu121 - Lys122 ), present in the triple helical connector region of fibrin(ogen), are essential for plasminogen binding by fragment E. Reduction and alkylation of fragment E3e lead to the destruction of the plasminogen-binding site, indicating that none of the separated, alkylated polypeptide chains of the fragment are able to bind to plasminogen and probably the coiled-coil superstructure of the connector region is necessary for the maintenance of the plasminogen-binding site of fragment E. PMID- 6722139 TI - Influence of cholesterol on bilayers of ester- and ether-linked phospholipids. Permeability and 13C-nuclear magnetic resonance measurements. AB - 13C-NMR and permeability studies are described for sonicated vesicles of phosphatidylcholines bearing two 16-carbon saturated hydrocarbon chains with (a) one ether linkage at carbon 1 (3) or 2 of glycerol and one ester linkage at carbon 2 or 1 (3) of glycerol; (b) two ether linkages and (c) two ester linkages at carbons 1 (3) and 2 of glycerol. The results of 13C-NMR relaxation enhancement measurements using cholesterol enriched with 13C at the 4 position indicate that no significant relocation of the cholesterol molecules takes place in the bilayer when a methylene group is substituted for a carbonyl group in phosphatidylcholine. The 4-13C atom of cholesterol undergoes similar fast anisotropic motions in diester- and diether -phosphatidylcholine bilayers, as judged by spin-lattice relaxation time measurements in the liquid-crystalline phase; although the fast motions are unaltered, linewidth and spin-spin relaxation time measurements suggested some restriction of the slow motions of cholesterol molecules in bilayers from phosphatidylcholines containing an O-alkyl linkage at the sn-2 position instead of an acyl linkage. At temperatures above the gel to liquid-crystal phase transition, the kinetics of ionophore A23187 mediated 45Ca2+ efflux from vesicles prepared from each type of phosphatidylcholine molecule were the same; the kinetics of spontaneous carboxyfluorescein diffusion from diester- and diether -phosphatidylcholine vesicles were the same, whereas mixed ether/ester phosphatidylcholine molecules gave bilayers which are less permeable. The rate constants were reduced on cholesterol incorporation into the bilayers of each type of phosphatidylcholine molecule. The reductions were not statistically significant for 45Ca2+ release. The rate constants for carboxyfluorescein release were also reduced by cholesterol to the same extent in vesicles from diester-, diether -, and 1-ether, and 1-ether-2-ester-phosphatidylcholines; however, a smaller reduction was noted in bilayers from the 1-ester-2-ether analog. The results provide further evidence that there are no highly specific requirements for ester or ether linkages in phosphatidylcholine for cholesterol to reduce bilayer permeability. This is a reflection of the fact that in both diester- and diether -phosphatidylcholine bilayers, the 4-13C atom of cholesterol is located in the region of the acyl carboxyl group or the glyceryl ether oxygen atom. PMID- 6722140 TI - Permeability properties of the subepithelial tissues of Necturus gallbladder. AB - The permeability properties of the subepithelial connective tissue of Necturus gallbladder were evaluated by measurement of electrical resistance, dilution potentials and hydraulic water permeability. The gallbladder epithelial cells were removed by scraping and the underlying connective tissue placed in an Ussing chamber. The electrical resistance was 2.2 +/- 0.8 omega X cm2; the tissue was slightly cation selective relative to free solution. The subepithelial tissues restricted the rate of diffusion of small solutes to 50% of the free solution value. The hydraulic water permeability averaged 2.1 X 10(-2) cm/s per atm. We conclude that limitations of the area of subepithelium available for fluid movement are the most important factors in determining the restrictions to solute and water flow offered by the subepithelial tissues. PMID- 6722141 TI - Association of actin with the platelet membrane. AB - Human platelet membrane-actin associations were studied by means of differential extraction of purified membranes and low-shear viscometry of membrane-F-actin mixtures. As indicated by resistance to extraction with 0.6 M potassium iodide, a significant amount of platelet actin appears to be tightly associated with the membrane. When tested by falling-ball viscometry, both whole and KI-extracted membranes increased the low-shear viscosity of preformed rabbit skeletal muscle F actin at physiologically reasonable pH and ionic conditions. This membrane associated actin gelation activity was dependent upon low free calcium concentration (10(-8)-10(-7) M). The results are consistent with specific associations between actin and platelet membranes and may be relevant to membrane cytoskeletal interactions believed to occur in the intact cell. PMID- 6722142 TI - Leakiness of brush-border vesicles. AB - From the water content of pelleted brush-border vesicles and from a comparison of the aqueous volume within the pellet that is available to [3H]inulin (58%), inulin [14C]carboxylic acid (34%, both approx. 5000 daltons), [3H]raffinose (97%, 540 daltons) and [3H]glucose (94%, 180 daltons) it is concluded that only 1 in 4 to 6 of the brush-border vesicles is sealed. The implication of this finding for labelling and transport studies and for vesicle formation is discussed. PMID- 6722143 TI - Phospholipid asymmetry in the membranes of intact human erythrocytes and in spectrin-free microvesicles derived from them. AB - Phospholipase A2 from bee venom and Naja naja has been used to study the orientation of phospholipids present in the membrane of intact human erythrocytes and in spectrin-free microvesicles derived from the cells by treatment with Ca2+ and A23187. Little difference between the cells and microvesicles was observed in the apparent accessibility of phospholipids to the enzyme, suggesting that the original lipid asymmetry was maintained in the absence of spectrin. However, incubation of the microvesicles for 16 h at 37 degrees C did lead to partial loss of asymmetry in the transmembrane distribution of phosphatidylcholine and phosphatidylethanolamine but not of phosphatidylserine. Despite the similarity of lipid asymmetry in cells and fresh microvesicles, the latter were about 40-fold more sensitive to phospholipase treatment than were cells. Although they retained the lipid asymmetry of intact cells, the microvesicles resembled ghosts in their great sensitivity to phospholipase A2 attack, suggesting that the lipid packing in microvesicles and ghosts was similar. This conclusion was supported by the results of experiments with a fluorescent probe Merocyanine 540. PMID- 6722144 TI - Interacting effects of temperature, pressure and cholesterol content upon the molecular order of dioleoylphosphatidylcholine vesicles. AB - Dioleoylphosphatidylcholine (DOPC) multilamellar vesicles containing varying amounts of cholesterol (0-50 mol%) were studied by measuring the polarisation of diphenylhexatriene fluorescence at 6, 23.5, and 35.5 degrees C, and at hydrostatic pressures up to 1.5 kbar . Interactions between temperature and pressure were quantified as the temperature-pressure equivalence which was approximately 19-23 K X kbar -1 for all binary mixtures of cholesterol and DOPC. Polarisation was linearly related to cholesterol/DOPC ratio, except at low temperature. In all cases pressure caused an increase in polarisation (i.e., an increase in molecular order) but did not alter the slope of the graph relating polarisation to cholesterol/DOPC ratio. The relative ordering effect of cholesterol and pressure was quantified by calculating the cholesterol-pressure equivalence. An increase in cholesterol/DOPC ratio of approximately 0.35-0.50 increased polarisation by an amount equivalent to an increase in pressure of 1 kbar . Cholesterol-pressure equivalence tended to decrease as temperature decreased and pressure increased; that is, as membrane order increased. PMID- 6722145 TI - Absorption of D- and L-carnitine by the intestine and kidney tubule in the rat. AB - The process by which L- and D-carnitine are absorbed was investigated using the live rat and the isolated vascularly perfused intestine. A lumenal dose of 2-6 nmol in the perfused intestine resulted in less than 5% transport of either isomer to the perfusate in 30 min. The L-isomer was taken up by the intestinal tissue about twice as rapidly as the D-isomer by both the perfused intestine (52.8% and 21.6%, respectively) and the live animal (80% and 50%, respectively) in 30 min. After 1 h 90% of the L-carnitine had accumulated in the intestinal tissue and was released to the circulation over the next several hours. Accumulation of D-carnitine reached a maximum of 80% in 2 h and release to the circulations was similar to that of L-carnitine. Uptake of both L-[14C]carnitine and acetyl-L-[14C]carnitine was more rapid in the upper jejunal segment than in other portions of the small intestine. Acetylation occurred in all segments, resulting in nearly 50% conversion to this derivative in 5 min. Increasing the dose of L-carnitine reduced the percent acetylation. The uptake of both isomers was a saturable process and high concentrations of D-carnitine, acetyl-L carnitine and trimethylaminobutyrate inhibited L-carnitine uptake. In the live animal after 5 h, the distribution of isotope from L-[14C]carnitine and D [3H]carnitine differed primarily in the muscle where 29.5% of the L-carnitine and 5.3% of the D-carnitine was found and in the urine where 2.9% of the L-carnitine and 7.1% of the D-carnitine was found. The renal threshold for L-carnitine was 80 microM and for D-carnitine 30 microM, in the isolated perfused kidney. Approx. 40% of the L-carnitine but none of the D-carnitine excreted in the urine was acetylated. L-Carnitine and D-carnitine competed for tubular reabsorption. PMID- 6722146 TI - Nucleoside transport in human erythrocytes. Nitrobenzylthioinosine binding and uridine transport activities have similar radiation target sizes. AB - Intact human erythrocytes were irradiated in the frozen state with a high-energy electron beam. Nitrobenzylthioinosine-sensitive uridine influx, equilibrium exchange uridine influx and high-affinity nitrobenzylthioinosine binding were inactivated as a simple exponential function of the radiation dose, indicating an in situ target size of 122 000. The results suggest that the nitrobenzylthioinosine-binding site(s) and the permeation site(s) of the transporter are present on the same transporter element. PMID- 6722147 TI - Accelerated net efflux of 3-O-[14C]methylglucose in isolated fat cells. AB - A flow-tube apparatus suited for measurement of rapid efflux of sugars from adipocytes is described. Due to heterogeneity of fat cell populations, a conventional analysis of the time-course of net efflux of 3-O-methylglucose based on the integrated rate equation can produce gross errors in estimates of kinetic parameters. The half-saturation constant and maximum transport capacity for 3-O methylglucose transport were found to be about 3-fold higher for net efflux than for equilibrium exchange flux, both in insulin-stimulated and non-stimulated adipocytes. This suggests asymmetric kinetic parameters for 3-O-methylglucose transport. PMID- 6722148 TI - Effects of ketohexosemia on the ketohexose transport in the small intestine of rats. AB - It was observed previously (Cs aky , T.Z. and Fischer, E. (1981) Diabetes 30, 568 574), that sustained hyperglycemia enhances the intestinal transport of aldohexoses ; on the other hand, hyperfructosemia affects primarily the transport of fructose. The present study examines in detail the hyperketosemia -induced intestinal ketose transport. Intravenously infused 3-O- methylfructose produces marked 3-O- methylfructosemia without concomitant hyperglycemia; in such animals the intestinal transport of both fructose and 3-O- methylfructose increased. The hyperketosemia -induced increased ketose transport was inhibited by phloretin but only if placed on the serosal compartment. Phlorizin affects neither the basal nor the induced intestinal ketohexose transport. The enhancement of the intestinal ketohexose transport is not sodium-dependent and is not inhibited by ouabain. PMID- 6722150 TI - Reorientation rates and asymmetry of distribution of lysophospholipids between the inner and outer leaflet of the erythrocyte membrane. AB - Labelled lysophospholipids were inserted into the outer layer of the erythrocyte membrane and their reorientation (flip) to the inner layer quantified by following the increase of the fraction of lysophospholipids not extractable by albumin. Flip rate constants were calculated from the kinetics of equilibration of the lysophospholipids between two compartments, the outer and the inner leaf of the bilayer, in the early phase of the flip kinetics where correction for non enzymatic hydrolysis and acylation could be omitted. The distribution of a lysophospholipid finally attained reflects its affinity for the two layers. Whereas lysophosphatidylcholine has a slight preference for the outer layer of the membrane, lysophosphatidylserine spontaneously concentrates in the inner layer up to a ratio of 4:1. This asymmetry mimics the distribution of phosphatidylserine in the native membrane. Flip rates depend on membrane lipid compositions. They are enhanced by cholesterol depletion. Comparison of various mammalian species demonstrates that erythrocytes with a higher phosphatidylcholine/sphingomyelin ratio and high content of polyunsaturated fatty acids (mouse and rat) have a high transbilayer mobility, in contrast to erythrocytes with a low phosphatidylcholine/sphingomyelin ratio and a low content of polyunsaturated fatty acids (ox). Molecular properties of lysophospholipids influence their transbilayer mobility. Flip rates of lysophospholipids are enhanced not only by unsaturation of their fatty acid, but also by a negative net charge on the headgroup. This indicates that the strongly asymmetric distribution of phosphatidylserine in the native erythrocyte membrane, which is maintained for the lifespan of the cell, does not result from a lack of transbilayer mobility. PMID- 6722149 TI - Effects of lipid structure on peptide-lipid interactions. Complexes of salmon calcitonin with phosphatidylglycerol and with phosphatidic acid. AB - The interactions of salmon calcitonin with a number of phospholipids are studied by electron microscopy, circular dichroism and the leakage of carboxyfluorescein. At room temperature, calcitonin reacts strongly with dimyristoylphosphatidylglycerol and egg phosphatidic acid, while only moderate or no interaction is observed with several other phospholipids. The interaction is judged by the dissolution of the phospholipid dispersion and by electron microscopic observation and is in general concomitant with an increase in the helical content of the peptide. The electrostatic charge and the transition temperature of each of the phospholipids are important factors in determining the extent of reaction with salmon calcitonin. An exception is the sulphatide from bovine brain. The resulting morphology of the complex formed between salmon calcitonin and phosphatidic acid is quite different from that formed with phosphatidylglycerol. In the case of phosphatidylglycerol and most other negatively charged phospholipids, disc-shaped complexes are observed under the electron microscope by negative staining. The calcitonin- DMPG complexes are about 7 nm thick and their diameter increases with an increasing lipid-to-peptide ratio. In contrast, phosphatidic acids form spherical complexes with salmon calcitonin causing large multilamellar structures to spontaneously break-up into smaller particles of about 10 to 20 nm in diameter independent of the lipid-to peptide ratio. The contrasting effects of salmon calcitonin on the morphology of these two phospholipids is explicable by consideration of the size of the lipid headgroup. Phosphatidic acid can accommodate the peptide without rupture of the bilayer, while the larger headgroup of phosphatidylglycerol requires the bilayer to rupture. This model is supported by studies of calcitonin-induced leakage of carboxyfluorescein from sonicated vesicles of 75% egg phosphatidylcholine and 25% either egg phosphatidic acid, egg phosphatidylglycerol or dimyristoylphosphatidylglycerol . There was a much greater increase in carboxyfluorescein leakage from phosphatidylglycerol-containing vesicles induced by salmon calcitonin demonstrating the greater ability of the peptide to rupture bilayers containing this phospholipid. PMID- 6722151 TI - Characterization of valine transport in sea urchin eggs. AB - In unfertilized eggs, the mechanism of valine uptake can be summarized as follows. It is saturable over the external concentration of valine and insensitive to the presence of external sodium, depletion of cellular energy supplies and intracellular acidosis. The activation energy for the transport reaction (16.3 kcal/mol) is within the range of values reported for active transport of small molecules. In fertilized eggs, the total rate of valine uptake can be divided into two components: (i) a Na+-insensitive uptake which accounts for about 7% of total absorption as shown by studies in Na+-free medium seems to possess the same characteristics as in unfertilized eggs, (ii) a Na+-dependent transport of valine which constitutes the main entry is formed about 5 min after fertilization. It follows Michaelis-Menten kinetics characterized by 15-fold increase in Vmax with no change in Km. These two mechanisms have characteristics in common, such as their insensitivity to metabolic energy supply, their energy of activation and their ability to concentrate valine. The relationship between the establishment of the Na+-dependent valine uptake and the ionic events triggered by fertilization is discussed. PMID- 6722152 TI - Measurement of the glucose permeation rate across phospholipid bilayers using small unilamellar vesicles. Effect of membrane composition and temperature. AB - Small unilamellar vesicles were used to measure the permeability of saturated phosphatidylcholine bilayers to glucose. The presented method circumvents most of the common restriction of classical permeability experiments. Increasing the fatty acid chain length of the lipids reduced the permeation rate significantly. Raising the temperature above that of the lipid phase transition drastically increased membrane permeability. Arrhenius plots demonstrated the activation energy to be independent of membrane composition and the phase-state of the lipids. The permeation process is discussed in terms of a constant energy to disrupt all hydrogen bonds between permeant and aqueous solvent prior to penetrating the membrane. The magnitude of the permeability coefficient is partly determined by a unfavourable change in entropy of activation on crossing the water/lipid interface. All results indicate that the penetration of the dehydrated permeant into the hydrophobic barrier is the rate-limiting step in the permeation of glucose. PMID- 6722153 TI - Anesthetic-protein interaction. Random versus helix polylysine monolayers and interaction with 1-alkanols. AB - Penetration of 1-alkanols into monolayers of hydrophobic polypeptides, poly(epsilon-benzyloxycarbonyl-L-lysine) and poly(epsilon-benzyloxycarbonyl-DL lysine), was compared with their adsorption on the air/water interface in the absence of monolayers. The polypeptide prepared from L-lysine is generally considered to be in the alpha-helical form whereas DL-copolymer polypeptide contains random-coiled portions due to the structural incompatibility between the two isomers. The free energy of adsorption of 1-alkanols on the air/water interface at dilute concentrations was -0.68 kcal X mol-1 per methylene group and 0.15 kcal X mol-1 for the hydroxyl group at 25 degrees C. In the close-packed state, the surface area occupied by each molecule of 1-alkanols of varying carbon chain-lengths showed nearly a constant value of about 27.2 A2, indicating perpendicular orientation of the alkanol molecules at the interface. About 75% of the water surface was covered by 1-butanol in this close-packed state. The mode of adsorption of 1-alkanols on the vacant air/water interface followed the Gibbs surface excess while the mode on the polypeptide membranes followed the Langmuir adsorption isotherm, indicating that the latter is characterized by the presence of a finite number of binding sites. The free energies of adsorption of 1 alkanols on the L-polymer monolayers were more negative than those on the vacant air/water interface and less negative than those on the DL-copolymer monolayers. Thus, the affinity of 1-alkanols to the interface was in the order of vacant air/water interface less than L-polymer less than DL-copolymer. The difference between the air/water interface and L-polymer was about 0.54 kcal X mol-1 and that between L-polymer and DL-copolymer was 0.17 kcal X mol-1 at 25 degrees C: the adsorption of 1-alkanols to the DL-copolymer was favored compared to the L polymer. The polar moieties of the backbone of the DL-copolymer may be exposed to the aqueous phase at the disordered portion. Dipole interaction between this portion and 1-alkanol molecules may account for the enhanced adsorption of the alkanols to the DL-copolymer. PMID- 6722154 TI - Magneto-electro-fusion of human erythrocytes. AB - In inhomogeneous (static) magnetic fields close contact between 'magnetic' human erythrocytes was established. The cells were made magnetic by incubating them in a medium containing small Fe3O4 -particles which adsorbed to the outer membrane surface. Fusion was induced by applying two electric field pulses (field strength: 8.5 kV X cm-1; duration: 60 microseconds) to the magnetically collected cells. This procedure allowed the use of electrically conductive media (3 X 10( 3) omega -1 X cm-1). Fusion of red blood cells occurred very often. If cell suspensions of high density were used fusion resulted in the formation of giant red blood cells with osmotically intact membranes. PMID- 6722155 TI - Sequences around the 3'-end of a ribosomal RNA gene of hamster mitochondria. Further support for the 'transcriptional attenuation' model. AB - We have determined DNA sequences near and beyond the end of the large ribosomal subunit RNA gene of hamster mitochondria. They indicate that (1) at least 20% of the rRNA transcripts terminate beyond the gene, in the downstream tRNAleu gene; (2) a transcription-attenuator-like structure occurs just upstream from the end of the rRNA gene; and (3) a conserved reading frame (' URF1 ') has an unusual initiation codon, GTG, in rodent mitochondria. PMID- 6722156 TI - Binding of the estradiol-receptor complex to reconstituted nucleoacidic protein from calf uterus. AB - Non-histone protein-DNA complexes with acceptor activity for estradiol-receptor complexes were reconstituted from fractionated calf uterine chromatin. Acceptor activity had tissue specificity with target tissue binding exceeding non-target tissue binding. The binding of estradiol-receptor complexes to acceptor sites was dependent on intact non-histone protein-DNA complexes, reconstituted select non histone proteins, and protein equivalent: DNA reconstitution ratios. [3H]Estradiol-receptor complexes were bound to reconstituted non-histone protein DNA complexes (i.e., nucleoacidic protein) with a high affinity and with a limited number of binding sites. Fractionation of uterine chromatin non-histone proteins identified two major sets of non-histone proteins which had acceptor activity when reconstituted with DNA. Thus, it seems possible to reconstitute nucleoacidic protein fractions with specific acceptor activity for the calf uterine estrogen receptor. PMID- 6722157 TI - Transcription in vaccinia virus cores. The RNA produced during the first round of transcription does not differ from RNA transcribed in subsequent rounds. AB - RNA was synthesized in vitro in vaccinia virus cores for times sufficiently short that only the first round of transcription took place. This RNA was compared to RNA synthesized for longer times (which is mainly comprised of reinitiated RNA) by hybridization to fragments of vaccinia virus DNA obtained with several different restriction endonucleases. Under the conditions studied, the composition of mRNA produced during the first round of transcription was the same as that produced in subsequent (reinitiated) rounds. Thus, there is no special arrangement of polymerase molecules within the cores that would allow, in the first round of transcription, for the synthesis of mRNAs distinct from those made in subsequent rounds of transcription. Thus, attachment of polymerase molecules to DNA is likely to occur during preincubation in a way similar to that during reinitiation. PMID- 6722158 TI - Interaction of nucleic acids with a non-intercalative anti-leukemic compound containing bisquarternary heterocycles. AB - The binding of an antitumour drug with bisquarternary ammonium heterocyclic structure, NSC-101327, to nucleic acids has been examined by using ultraviolet absorption and CD measurements. Like the minor groove-binding oligopeptides, netropsin and distamycin A, the optically inactive chromophoric system of NSC 101327 shows induced Cotton effects in the CD spectra of complexes with various DNAs, RNA and single-stranded polynucleotides. This property directly reflects interaction of NSC-101327 with different types of nucleic acids at moderate ionic strength, which contrasts with previous findings of a higher selective binding of netropsin to B-DNA. However, an efficient interactin of NSC-101327 with dA X dT basepair sequences is demonstrated by a large melting temperature increase of dA X dT-rich DNAs. NSC-101327 also reacts with dG X dC base pairs of B-DNA and forms a complex with Z-DNA of poly( br8dG -dC) X poly( br8DG -dC). The affinity of NSC 101327 to poly(dG-dC) X poly(dG-dC) is, however, lower, and the CD spectral binding effect depends on the ionic strength. The CD results of the complex with poly(dA-dT) X poly(dA-dT) suggests at least two binding modes, in accordance with previous conclusions. This is indicated by a clear-cut initial increase of the CD signal and a subsequent large decrease to negative CD signals. Competition experiments with netropsin suggest that binding of NSC-101327 occurs preferentially in the minor groove without intercalation. NSC-101327 also tends to interact with lower binding affinity to dG-dC pairs in B-DNA, with rA X rU pairs of RNA and with single-stranded polynucleotides. Thus our results suggest that NSC-101327 represents a DNA groove-binding ligand of lower basepair specificity and lower conformational selectivity compared to the B-specific netropsin probe. PMID- 6722159 TI - Affinity labelling of the eukaryotic elongation factor EF-2 with the guanosine nucleotide analogue 5'-p-fluorosulfonylbenzoylguanosine. AB - During the translocation of the nascent peptide chain from the ribosomal aminoacyl-site to the peptidyl-site, GTP is hydrolyzed by a mechanism dependent on both ribosomes and the elongation factor EF-2. For insight into the mechanism of GTP hydrolysis, we studied the ability of the GTP analogue 5'-p- fluorosulfonylbenzoylguanosine ( FSO2BzGuo ) to act as an affinity label of the guanine-specific site. Pre-incubation of EF-2 with FSO2BzGuo at increasing concentrations progressively inactivated the EF-2 and ribosome-dependent GTPase activity. Up to 0.5 mM FSO2BzGuo , the inactivation of the GTPase activity was stoichiometrically correlated with the covalent binding of [3H] FSO2BzGuo . Thus, one molecule of covalently bound FSO2BzGuo completely inactivated the GTPase activity of EF-2. Ribosomes or 60-S ribosomal subunits pre-incubated with FSO2BzGuo were not inactivated, consistent with the idea that the GTP hydrolysis involved in the ribosomal translocation takes place on EF-2. PMID- 6722160 TI - Dynamics of Z-form DNA. AB - The torsional and bending rigidities of Z-form DNA have been studied by nanosecond fluorescence anisotropy measurements of intercalated ethidium. The results suggested that Z-form DNA was considerably more flexible than B-form DNA. We have investigated the temperature dependence of the rigidity of B- and Z-form DNA and found that the temperature dependence of the torsional rigidity of Z-form DNA was remarkably lower than that of B-form DNA. PMID- 6722161 TI - Rapid and quantitative recovery of DNA fragments from gels by displacement electrophoresis (isotachophoresis). AB - The use of displacement electrophoresis (synonymous to isotachophoresis, steady state stacking, and moving boundary electrophoresis) for recovery of DNA fragments from agarose and polyacrylamide gels is described. Complete recovery of DNA molecules ranging from oligonucleotides to 20 000-basepairs-long fragments was achieved. The DNA is recovered in a small volume (0.1-0.3 ml) and can be used directly in enzyme-mediated cleavage and ligation reactions. The recovered DNA contained no inhibitory contaminants as revealed by ligation or restriction enzyme cleavage. PMID- 6722162 TI - Formation of deoxyribonucleoside 5'-monophosphates dependent on DNA synthesis in nuclei isolated from regenerating rat liver. AB - Hydrolysis of deoxyribonucleoside 5'-triphosphate, resulting in deoxyribonucleoside 5'-monophosphate formation dependent on DNA synthesis, was observed in nuclei isolated from regenerating rat liver. The intensity of the hydrolysis in nuclei varied at different times after partial hepatectomy, showing its maximum at 48 h. The rates of DNA synthesis altered corresponding to the intensities of hydrolysis. Proportionality between decrease in DNA synthesis and decrease in dNMP production was also observed in nuclei treated with various inhibitors of DNA synthesis. The formation of dNMP was detected with the four DNA substrates, indicating no involvement of specific dNTPase . Although regenerating nuclei contained a nonspecific dNTPase activity that can cause release of dNMP , this activity was independent of DNA synthesis and not inhibited by inhibitors of DNA synthesis. These results indicated that regenerating liver nuclei had two different activities for dNMP production; one is DNA synthesis-dependent, and the other is a non-specific dNTPase activity. This paper has focused on the former activity. PMID- 6722163 TI - Mature methyl-deficient tRNA isolated from a mammary adenocarcinoma. AB - A transplantable rat tumor, mammary adenocarcinoma 13762, accumulates tRNA which can be methylated in vitro by mammalian tRNA (adenine-1) methyltransferase. This unusual ability of the tumor RNA to serve as substrate for a homologous tRNA methylating enzyme is correlated with unusually low levels of the A 58-specific adenine-1 methyltransferase. The nature of the methyl-accepting RNA has been examined by separating tumor tRNA on two-dimensional polyacrylamide gels. Comparisons of ethidium bromide-stained gels of tumor vs. liver tRNA show no significant quantitative differences and no accumulation of novel tRNAs or precursor tRNAs in adenocarcinoma RNA. Two-dimensional separations of tumor RNA after in vitro [14C]methylation using purified adenine-1 methyltransferase indicate that about 25% of the tRNA species are strongly methyl-accepting RNAs. Identification of six of the tRNAs separated on two-dimensional gels has been carried out by hybridization of cloned tRNA genes to Northern blots. Three of these, tRNALys3 , tRNAGln and tRNAMeti , are among the adenocarcinoma methyl accepting RNAs. The other three RNAs, all of which are leucine-specific tRNAs, show no methyl-accepting properties. Our results suggest that low levels of a tRNA methyltransferase in the adenocarcinoma cause selected species of tRNA to escape the normal A58 methylation, resulting in the appearance of several mature tRNAs which are deficient in 1-methyladenine. The methyl-accepting tRNAs from the tumor appear as ethidium bromide-stained spots of similar intensity to those seen for RNA from rat liver; therefore, methyladenine deficiency does not seem to impair processing of these tRNAs. PMID- 6722164 TI - Partial purification and characterization of the major AP endonuclease from Chlamydomonas reinhardi. AB - The major AP endonuclease from Chlamydomonas reinhardi has been partially purified and characterized. The enzyme has a molecular weight of about 38 000 as measured by molecular sieving. There is an absolute requirement for a divalent cation, with magnesium being better than manganese. The activity is stimulated by dithiothreitol and Triton X-100. The activity is sensitive to ionic strength, as 50 mM NaCl or KCl results in 70% inhibition. The enzyme is specific for apurinic and apyrimidinic (AP) sites and does not cleave DNA that has been damaged by ultraviolet light, methyl methanesulfonate, osmium tetroxide or sodium bisulfite. There is no deficiency in the AP endonuclease activity in extracts prepared from two mutants of Chlamydomonas that are sensitive to both ultraviolet light and methyl methanesulfonate. There was no evidence for induction of AP endonuclease after exposure of the cells to methyl methanesulfonate. PMID- 6722165 TI - Evidence for attachment of interphase chromatin to the nuclear matrix via matrix bound nucleosomes. AB - Chromatin structure has been studied in the sites of attachment to the nuclear matrix in interphase mouse liver and spleen nuclei. The patterns of fragmentation of the DNA belonging to these sites (0.3-2% of total DNA in spleen and liver, respectively) with staphylococcal nuclease and DNAase I were very close to those of usual nucleosomal chains. Moreover, the nuclear matrix preparations contained all five major histones, including H1, in almost stoichiometric amounts. The histone/DNA ratios for the matrix were also similar to those found in nuclei. These findings and the size of the matrix-protected DNA indicated that interphase chromatin was attached to the nuclear matrix via matrix-bound nucleosomes and, to a much lesser extent, oligonucleosomes up to 5-6 units long. Two-dimensional electrophoretic separation of the matrix-bound histones revealed that modifications of histone H1 and, probably, of other histones were distinguished from those in bulk chromatin. Study of binding of exogenously added labeled histone octamers or mononucleosomal size DNA to nuclear matrix excluded the possibility of their artifactual trapping during the isolation procedure. PMID- 6722166 TI - Non-histone proteins of soluble nucleoproteins released from mouse myeloma nuclei by mild micrococcal nuclease digestion. AB - Mono- and dinucleosomes preferentially cleaved from mouse myeloma chromatin by very mild micrococcal nuclease digestion at 0 degree C are soluble and are released from nuclei under near-physiological conditions in which normal nucleosomes containing Hl are insoluble. These nucleosomes are highly enriched in RNA, high-mobility-group proteins and a unique subset of other non-histone proteins. They are nearly devoid of histone Hl and contain DNA significantly less methylated than whole myeloma DNA, indicating that they comprise a subset of genomic sequences. Previously we have shown that this fraction is enriched in transcribed DNA sequences. Non-histone proteins that co-sedimented with readily solubilized nucleosomes included many of the most basic, low-to-moderate molecular weight chromosomal proteins. Many of these proteins were also preferentially acetylated in vivo. The residual, pelleted chromatin was highly enriched in high molecular weight proteins (greater than 60 000), and very depleted in medium molecular weight proteins. Readily solubilized nucleoproteins sedimenting like mononucleosomes were partly resolved by electrophoresis, under non-denaturing conditions, into several subfractions differing significantly in non-histone protein contents. Methods described here should be useful for identifying and isolating non-histone proteins bound to nucleosomes and other chromatin regions that are structurally and functionally unique. PMID- 6722167 TI - Light-scattering study on subunit association-dissociation equilibria of bovine liver glutamate dehydrogenase. AB - The subunit dissociation of bovine liver glutamate dehydrogenase (L-glutamate: NAD(P)+ oxidoreductase (deaminating), EC 1.4.1.3) induced by guanidine hydrochloride ( GdnHCl ) in 0.2 M phosphate buffer (pH 7.3) was investigated by light-scattering molecular-weight measurements. With increasing GdnHCl concentration, two-step transition was observed in the molecular weight change. The dissociation behavior was well described by assuming the dissociation association equilibria expressed as HK1 in equilibrium 2T K2 in equilibrium 6M where H, T, and M represent the hexameric, trimeric and monomeric forms of the enzyme, respectively. GdnHCl concentration dependence of the two equilibrium constants was interpreted in terms of the binding of GdnHCl on the protein. According to this treatment, the numbers of amino acid residues present at the trimer-trimer contact area within hexamer, N3, and at the monomer-monomer contact area within trimer, N1, were estimated to be as follows; N3 = 21 +/- 2 and N1 = 27 +/- 5. These values seem to be reasonable considering the physical model proposed for this enzyme. PMID- 6722168 TI - Structural comparison of lactate dehydrogenase homologs differing in sensitivity to hydrostatic pressure. AB - The muscle-type (M4) lactate dehydrogenases (L-lactate: NAD+ oxidoreductase EC 1.1.1.27) of two teleost fishes, Sebastolobus alascanus and Sebastolobus altivelis , differ in the susceptibility of ligand binding to perturbation by moderate hydrostatic pressures. The enzyme homologs were purified by affinity chromatography. The amino-acid compositions of these enzymes are virtually identical. The proteins were digested with trypsin and the peptide mixtures mapped using reverse-phase HPLC. Although there was variation in elution times of some peaks, the amino-acid compositions of the fractions from the two profiles were highly similar. Only one clear difference in amino-acid composition was found and this peptide was sequenced using the manual dansyl-Edman method. The enzyme of S. alascanus , which is susceptible to pressure-perturbation, had a histidine at position 115; the S. altivelis enzyme had an asparagine. Ionization of histidine is affected by pressure and may be involved in the differences between the two lactate dehydrogenase homologs. There is no covalently bound phosphate associated with either enzyme, and thus phosphorylation cannot account for the differences between the enzyme homologs. Acquisition of pressure tolerance appears to involve only minor changes in primary structure. PMID- 6722169 TI - The interaction of hemin with skeletal muscle actin. AB - The ability of actin to interact with hemin was studied. It was found that the Soret absorption band of hemin changes in the presence of actin and that hemin is capable of quenching the fluorescence intensity of actin. These findings were indicative of hemin binding to actin. The binding constant for the high affinity site was calculated to be 5.3 X 10(6) M-1. The amounts of native G- and F-actin were estimated by their DNAase I inhibition activity. It was observed that the binding of hemin to G-actin is followed by a slow decrease in the ability of actin to inhibit DNAase I activity and to polymerize upon addition of salts. Binding of hemin to F-actin resulted in a gradual depolymerization of the filaments, to an inactivated form, as expressed by a reduction in the ability of hemin-bound F-actin to inhibit DNAase I activity in the absence as well as in the presence of guanidine-HCl. Electron microscopy studies further corroborated these findings by demonstrating that: (1) hemin-bound G-actin failed to show formation of polymers when salts were added; (2) a marked reduction in the amount of actin polymers was observed in the specimens examined 24 h after mixing with hemin. It is suggested that the elevated amounts of free hemin formed under pathological conditions, might be toxic to cells by interfering with actin polymerization cycles. PMID- 6722170 TI - Purification and properties of the main coagulant and anticoagulant principles of Vipera russellii snake venom. AB - Vipera russellii venom was separated into thirteen fractions by means of DEAE Sephadex A-50 column chromatography. Fraction III possessed anticoagulant and phospholipase A activities and Fraction XI possessed procoagulant and caseinolytic activities, both were further purified by gel filtration on Sephacryl S-200 column. Purified procoagulant (Component II) was a two-chain protein with molecular weight of 86 000 consisting of A-chain (Mr 66 000) and B chain (Mr 20 000). It was a glycoprotein containing 7.8% neutral sugar and 715 amino-acid residues. The procoagulant activity was 10-times that of the crude venom. It was an acidic proteinase with isoelectric point of pH 4.2. Upon heat treatment at 60 degrees C, Component II was stable at pH 5.5 and 7.2 for 3 h, but was destroyed completely after 30 min at pH 8.9. It was devoid of esterase or amidase activity. Purified anticoagulant (Component I) was a single peptide chain with molecular weight of 16 000. It was carbohydrate free and contained 136 amino acid residues. It was a basic protein with an isoelectric point of larger than pH 10. It was a potent phospholipase A with an enzymatic activity of 510 +/- 30 mumol/min per mg using phosphatidylcholine as substrate, and 1 microgram/ml was sufficient to cause 100% hemolysis by the indirect hemolytic method. Upon heat treatment at 90 degrees C, Component I was heat stable at pH 5.5 for more than 3 h, but was destroyed completely after 2 h at pH 7.2 and 8.9. The anticoagulant activity of Component I could be neutralized by platelet factor 3, tissue thromboplastin and cephalin. PMID- 6722171 TI - AM1, a glycoprotein from the submandibular glands of the mouse, has esterolytic and amidolytic activities. AB - The previously isolated female submandibular glycoprotein AM1 ( Nieuw Amerongen , A.V., Vreugdenhil , A.P. and Roukema , P.A. (1977) Biochim. Biophys. Acta 495, 324-335) has been shown to have hydrolytic activity using N-alpha-benzoyl-L arginine ethylester (BAEE) and ChromozymR PK as a substrate. AM1 can be secreted in vivo by isoproterenol, and to a lesser extent by carbamylcholine and phenylephrine. Based on BAEE as a substrate, AM1 has an optimum pH of 7.8. In female submandibular glands, about one-third of total esterolytic activity resided in glycoprotein AM1, but in male submandibular glands, less than 3%. The Km value of glycoprotein AM1 is 50 microM and its Vmax is 117 mumol/min per mg glycoprotein AM1. The enzymatic activity is not inhibited by Ca2+, Mg2+ and Na+, slightly by Cu2+ and strongly by Hg2+ and phenylmethylsulfonyl fluoride. Glycoprotein AM1 is capable of hydrolyzing ChromozymR PK with a turnover value 20 fold lower than that for BAEE. With ChromozymR PK as a test substrate, glycoprotein AM1 was purified by a factor of 11. With this substrate, glycoprotein AM1 has an optimum pH between 6.6 and 7.6. Also with chromozymR PK as a substrate, the submandibular glands of female mouse showed a much higher activity of glycoprotein AM1 than the submandibular glands of the male mouse. About 75% of all enzymatic activity of female submandibular glands resided in glycoprotein AM1 and in male submandibular glands 22%. The Km value is 57 microM and its Vmax 6.7 mumol/min per mg glycoprotein AM1. From the biochemical characteristics and the localization of glycoprotein AM1, it has been concluded that glycoprotein AM1 is not identical to any of the other described murine submandibular esteroproteinases , such as kallikrein, gamma-subunit of the nerve growth factor, proteinase A and proteinase F. PMID- 6722172 TI - Binding of S-adenosylhomocysteine to hydroxyindole O-methyltransferase. AB - Biochim Biophys Acta 1984 May 31;787(1 ) 1-7 (S-adenosyl-L-methionine:N acetylserotonin O-methyltransferase, EC 2.1.1.4) purified from bovine pineal gland forms a complex with S-adenosylhomocysteine, one of the products of the reaction catalyzed by the enzyme. The binding of S-adenosylhomocysteine to the enzyme has been characterized by the use of S-[8-14C]adenosylhomocysteine or S-[U -14C]adenosylhomocysteine. The complex did not dissociate during filtration through Sephadex G-25. Long-term dialysis against ligand-free phosphate buffer did bot dissociate the bound S-adenosylhomocysteine. S-Adenosylhomocysteine co migrated with hydroxyindole O-methyltransferase on disc polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis. Although the complex was stable even under nonequilibrium conditions, the bound S- adenosylhomocysteine was separated into adenosine and homocysteine in the presence of S- adenosylhomocysteine hydrolase. The binding of S-adenosylhomocysteine was optimal at pH 7.0, but was not dependent on temperature. Scatchard plots showed that Kd was 6.5 X 10(-9) M and the maximal binding was 1 mol of S-adenosylhomocysteine per subunit of the enzyme. Hydroxyindole O-methyltransferase cannot form a stable complex with S adenosylmethionine, and the addition of excess amounts of S-adenosylmethionine impairs the binding of S-adenosylhomocysteine to the enzyme. The product inhibition by S-adenosylhomocysteine may be based on the binding of S adenosylhomocysteine to the enzyme with high affinity and on the stable enzyme product complex formation during the transmethylation reaction. PMID- 6722173 TI - The domain structure of the cholesterol side-chain cleavage cytochrome P-450 from bovine adrenocortical mitochondria. AB - A homogeneous cytochrome P-450scc preparation with a specific enzyme content of 18 nmol/1 mg protein has been obtained using affinity chromatography on adrenodoxin-Sepharose under optimal conditions of the protein adsorption onto and desorption from the affinity sorbent. The data on the N-terminal amino acid sequence of the enzyme, along with the results of electrophoretic and spectrophotometric analyses favoured the multistage cholesterol transformation to pregnenolone to be catalyzed by single species of cytochrome P-450scc consisting of one polypeptide chain. Limited proteolysis of cytochrome P-450scc with trypsin resulted, at the initial stages, in the formation (in an equimolar ratio) of two large polypeptide fragments, I and II, with Mr 27000 and 22000, respectively. Prolonged action of trypsin led to the digestion of fragment II and the formation of a stoichiometric amount of fragment III, Mr of about 14000. Cytochrome P 450scc converted by trypsin into equimolar mixtures of fragments I and II or I and III retained the major spectral and functional properties of the native protein. The aspartyl-prolyl linkages, sulphhydryl groups, and surface tyrosine residues are distributed nonuniformly among fragments I and II. These data, as well as a different resistance of the fragments to the action of trypsin, suggest that cytochrome P-450scc consists of two independently folded domains linked with a short loop of the polypeptide chain, the domains being rigidly associated under neutral conditions. PMID- 6722174 TI - Chemical modification of dopamine beta-hydroxylase. AB - Dopamine beta-hydroxylase (3,4- dihydroxyphenylethylamine ,ascorbate:oxygen oxidoreductase (beta-hydroxylating), EC 1.14.17.1) is the terminal enzyme in the biosynthetic pathway of norepinephrine. Chemical modification studies of this enzyme were executed to investigate contributions of specific amino-acid side chains to catalytic activity. Sulfhydryl reagents were precluded, since no free cysteine residue was detected upon titration of the denatured or native protein with 2-chloromercuri-4-nitrophenol. Incubation of enzyme with diazonium tetrazole caused inactivation of the protein coupled with extensive reaction of lysine and tyrosine residues. Reaction with iodoacetamide resulted in complete loss of enzymatic activity with reaction of approximately three histidine residues; methionine reaction was also observed. Modification of the enzyme using diethylpyrocarbonate resulted in complete inactivation of the enzyme, and analysis of the reacted protein indicated a loss of approx. 1.7 histidine residues per protein monomer with no tyrosine or lysine modification observed. The correlation of activity loss with histidine modification supports the view that this residue participates in the catalytic function of dopamine beta hydroxylase. PMID- 6722175 TI - Chemical modification of cytochrome P-450 LM2. Characterization of tyrosine as axial heme iron ligand trans to thiolate. AB - Phenobarbital-inducible isozyme cytochrome P-450 LM2 (RH, reduced flavoprotein:oxygen oxidoreductase (RH-hydroxylating), EC 1.14.14.1) from rabbit liver microsomes has been modified with N-acetylimidazole and tetranitromethane. Up to four tyrosine residues of cytochrome P-450 LM2 are accessible to O acetylation and to nitration. N-Demethylase activity, spectral dissociation constants and substrate binding kinetics of differently acetylated enzyme indicate the existence of two groups of accessible tyrosines also differing in their reactivity towards N-acetylimidazole. The fast-reacting tyrosine residue representing the first group is involved in the binding of the type II substrate aniline and appears to be located near the heme as shown by the protecting effect of the inhibitor metyrapone against modification, but obviously is not necessary for N-demethylation. Acetylation of one further tyrosine residue, however, caused an almost complete inhibition of the enzyme, indicating its involvement in the catalytic mechanism at the active center. Nitration of two tyrosine residues inactivates to about 20%. Obviously the third and fourth tyrosine residue are without functional importance. The experiments evidencing two functionally linked tyrosines are in line with HPLC analyses of tryptic peptides of cytochrome P-450 LM2 nitrated in the presence of metyrapone which gave evidence for the location of two distinct tyrosine residues in the active center. Nitration of tyrosine residues results in the partial formation of a hyperporphyrin spectrum of cytochrome P-450 LM2. Its appearance is prevented in the presence of metyrapone and can be reversed by reduction of the nitrotyrosinate . PMID- 6722176 TI - Characterization and localization of an iron-binding 18-kDa glycopeptide isolated from the N-terminal half of human lactotransferrin. AB - Mild treatment of iron-saturated human lactotransferrin by trypsin at pH 8.2 cleaves the molecule into a N-tryptic (Mr approximately equal to 30000) and a C tryptic (Mr approximately equal to 50000) fragment, which have been isolated. Each of them carries a glycan moiety and keeps the property to bind reversibly one Fe3+. The N-tryptic fragment has been submitted to a second tryptic digestion which led to an iron-binding glycopeptide fragment with a molecular weight of about 18500. This fragment, the smallest iron-binding peptide isolated up to now from a transferrin, includes the ND2 domain of human lactotransferrin. PMID- 6722177 TI - The structure of the histone dimer H2A-H2B studied by spectroscopy. AB - The spatial organization of the histone dimer (H2A-H2B) in 0.1-1.0 M NaCl is characterized by the inclusion of 38% of the residues in alpha-helical segments, an average fluorescence quantum yield of 0.085 +/- 0.003, a red shift of absorption (lambda max = 278 +/- 0.5 nm) and fluorescent spectra (lambda max = 304.4 +/- 0.3 nm) as compared to the respective spectra of free tyrosine. The changing of position lambda max of tyrosine fluorescence of histones during denaturation has been shown. The dimer (H2A-H2B) exhibited a conformational change in a transition centred at about 0.5 M NaCl. The dimer denaturation takes place at higher urea concentrations as the ionic strength of the medium increases. The quenching of tyrosine fluorescence of the histone dimer (H2A-H2B) was performed using the ions I-, Cs+ and acrylamide. It has been shown that, at a concentration of NaCl over 0.5 M, dimer compactization takes place, as well as the screening of some part of tyrosyls for te against the quenching effect of Cs+. Our experiments made it possible to identify three zones in the composition of the histone dimer (H2A-H2B) and determine the number (ni) and fluorescence quantum yields (qi) of tyrosyls included in the following specific zones: zone I, n1 = 2, q1 = 0.136; zone II, n2 = 3; q2 = 0.08; zone III, n3 = 3; q3 = 0.055. PMID- 6722178 TI - Tyrosinamide residues enhance pinocytic capture of N-(2 hydroxypropyl)methacrylamide copolymers. AB - N-(2-Hydroxypropyl)methacrylamide ( HPMA ) copolymers have been proposed as a potential lysosomotropic drug delivery system. HPMA copolymers bearing tyrosinamide residues, bound either directly to the polymer backbone or via a glycylglycine spacer, were radiolabelled with [125I]iodide and the effect of tyrosinamide content on their rate of pinocytic uptake by rat visceral yolk sacs cultured in vitro was measured. Incorporation of tyrosinamide enhanced uptake of the copolymer, most markedly at substitutions above 10 mol%. 2,4-Dinitrophenol, an inhibitor of pinocytosis, was used to confirm that tissue association of 125I radiolabelled copolymer was due to pinocytic uptake. The side-chain -Gly-Gly-Tyr NH2 was degraded following the internalization of copolymers containing this spacer and degradation was partially sensitive to the lysosomal thiol-proteinase inhibitor leupeptin. It is postulated that the effect of tyrosinamide residues is to increase the hydrophobicity of poly( HPMA ) and thus to increase its capacity for nonspecific adsorptive pinocytosis. PMID- 6722179 TI - Fibrinogen and fibrin interaction with concanavalin A dimer and its influence on coagulation. AB - Concanavalin A dimer interacts with fibrinogen and soluble fibrin at pH 5.2 Analysis of the binding data shows that there are in both cases four binding sites per molecule and that the dissociation constant does not change by removal of fibrinopeptides A and B. Ultracentrifugal studies show that no aggregates of fibrinogen or fibrin are formed through concanavalin A binding and that up to four molecules of concanavalin A dimer can bind to one molecule of fibrinogen or fibrin. These results imply that the four carbohydrate chains in the molecule are accessible to concanavalin A dimer. There is a diminution in the coagulation of fibrinogen by thrombin at low relative lectin concentrations and an increase at high concentrations. However, the lectin always favours the aggregation of fibrin monomers and does not have any inhibitory effect on the release of fibrinopeptides. We conclude that the electric charge in the neighbourhood of the carbohydrate in both chains, B beta and gamma plays an important role in the attraction between monomeric fibrin and fibrinogen-monomeric fibrin. The different effect of concanavalin A on the coagulation, depending on the relative concentration of the lectin, would be the result of the screening of this electric charge favouring either the interaction of fibrinogen-monomeric fibrin or the polymerization of monomeric fibrin. PMID- 6722180 TI - Kinetics and mechanism of Ca2+ binding to arsenazo III and antipyrylazo III. AB - Equilibrium and temperature-jump spectrophotometric measurements were carried out on arsenazo III (Ar) and antipyrylazo III (Ap) in order to establish the kinetic reaction schemes for complexing of these dyes with Ca2+. The reaction media contained 30 mM Na2HPO4 as the buffer salt, at pH 7.4. Dependence of the relaxation rate of arsenazo III on dye and Ca2+ concentrations indicates the presence of both CaAr and CaAr2 complexes, with the CaAr2 form being responsible for the slow, 10-20 ms relaxation of this dye. For antipyrylazo III, the relaxation rate is much faster, less than 1 ms, and the complexing kinetics can be covered with only a CaAp complex. Unlike arsenazo III, antipyrylazo III binding with Ca2+ is rate-limited by a slow structural transition in the dye, taking antipyrylazo III from a low- to a high-affinity structure for Ca2+. PMID- 6722181 TI - Differentiation between ligand trapping into intact cells and binding on muscarinic receptors. AB - Binding properties of [3H] dexetimide , L-quinuclidinyl[phenyl-4-3H] benzilate and [3H]methylscopolamine were compared with intact 108 CC 15 cells and membrane preparations of those. The ability of the three ligands to label specifically muscarinic receptors on membrane fractions was quite similar. By contrast, when performed with intact cells, [3H] dexetimide and L-quinuclidinyl [phenyl-4 3H]benzilate revealed higher nonspecific binding which was prevented by methylamine, suggesting a trapping of the ligands within the cells presumably in the lysosomes. To the contrary, such nonspecific 'binding' or trapping was not detectable when [3H]methylscopolamine was used as ligand, a fact which makes this ligand particularly appropriate for labelling cell surface muscarinic receptors. It is concluded that more caution is needed in binding studies when performed with intact cells; indeed, besides specific binding on receptor sites, [3H]ligand can be entrapped within the cell and can even sometimes give the illusion of specific binding. The use of lysosomal agents which do not interfere with specific receptors on membrane preparations should allow one, in most cases, to discard the possibility of a trapping phenomenon in intact cells. PMID- 6722182 TI - Lipid-cell interactions. Liposome adsorption and cell-to-liposome lipid transfer are mediated by the same cell-surface sites. AB - The competitive behavior of solid vs. fluid liposomes in liposome-to-cell adsorption and cell-to-liposome lipid transfer processes was investigated with L cells and FBT epithelial sheets. Binding, transfer and 31P-NMR experiments have demonstrated that: (i) solid liposomes adhere to the cell surface as integral vesicles retaining the entrapped substances; (ii) fluid liposomes are partly disintegrated at the cell surface with concomitant entry of entrapped substances into the cytoplasm, while their lipids remain on the cell surface; (iii) fluid liposomes that escape lysis dissociate from the cell, taking away cell lipid molecules. The latter process underlies the mechanism of cell-to-fluid liposome lipid transfer. In contrast, no lipid transfer occurs between the plasma membrane and solid liposomes. Cell-bound solid liposomes interfere with the transfer of cell lipids to fluid liposomes, while these in turn inhibit the binding of solid liposomes to the cell surface. Moreover, cell-induced aggregation of both fluid and solid freshly added liposomes is also inhibited by preincubation of the cells with either solid or fluid liposomes. Thus, different types of interaction of both fluid and solid liposomes with the cell are mediated by the same (or closely related) sites on the cell surface. PMID- 6722184 TI - Effects of ammonium chloride and chloroquine on endocytic uptake of liposomes by Kupffer cells in vitro. AB - In this study we investigated the interaction of liposomes with rat Kupffer cells in maintenance culture by using the lysosomotropic amines ammonium chloride and chloroquine as inhibitors of intralysosomal degradation. The liposomes (large unilamellar vesicles) contained either the metabolically inert 3H-labeled inulin or the degradable 125I-labeled bovine serum albumin. In control incubations, the cells released nearly all accumulated protein label and about 30% of the lipid label when they were incubated in the absence of liposomes, after an initial uptake period of 1 h in the presence of liposomes. This release of label was, for the greater part, suppressed in the presence of ammonia or chloroquine. When the inhibitors were present during the initial uptake period, a several-fold increase in the amount of protein label accumulating in the cells and a smaller, but still marked, increase in lipid label accumulation were observed. The effect of ammonia when present during uptake was readily reversible in contrast to that of chloroquine. Experiments with encapsulated inulin revealed that both lysosomotropic agents also affected the uptake process per se to some extent, probably as a result of impaired membrane/receptor recycling. Labeled liposomes adsorbed to the cells at 4 degrees C were effectively internalized and processed intracellulary after shifting the temperature to 37 degrees C, even when a 500 fold excess of unlabeled liposomes was present in the medium during the 37 degrees C incubation. The observed effects of ammonia and chloroquine indicate that, after uptake, the liposomes are degraded within lysosomes, thus confirming our previous conclusion that endocytosis is the major uptake mechanism at 37 degrees C. From the temperature-change experiments we conclude that, at 4 degrees C, the liposomes are bound with high affinity to the cells, remaining firmly attached to the cell-surface structures which initiate their internalization when the temperature is raised to 37 degrees C. PMID- 6722183 TI - Effect of drugs and temperature on biosynthesis and transport of glycosphingolipids in cultured neurotumor cells. AB - Neuroblastoma and glioma cells were grown in the presence of [3H]galactose, and the incorporation of 3H into gangliosides and the transport of newly synthesized gangliosides to the cell surface were examined under different experimental conditions. A variety of drugs, including inhibitors of protein synthesis and energy metabolism, modulators of the cytoskeleton and the ionophore monensin, had no effect on the transport of newly synthesized GD1a in neuroblastoma cells. Only low temperature effectively blocked translocation to the plasma membrane. Monensin, however, had marked effects on the biosynthesis of gangliosides and neutral glycosphingolipids. Whereas incorporation of 3H into complex glycosphingolipids was reduced, labeling of glucosylceramide was increased in cells exposed to monensin. In addition, biosynthesis of the latter glycolipid was less susceptible to low temperatures than that of more complex ones. Previous studies have implicated the Golgi apparatus as the predominant site of glycosylation of gangliosides. As monensin has been reported to interfere with the Golgi apparatus, our results indicate that glucosylceramide may be synthesized at a site that is separate from the site where further glycosylation occurs. Once synthesis of a ganglioside is completed, transport of the molecule to the cell surface proceeds under conditions of cytoskeletal disruption, energy depletion and ionic inbalance , but not low temperature. PMID- 6722185 TI - Regulatory properties of rabbit red blood cell hexokinase at conditions close to physiological. AB - The true level of hexokinase in rabbit erythrocytes was determined by three different methods, including the spectrophotometric glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase coupled assay and a new radioisotopic assay. The value found at 37 degrees C (pH 7.2) was 10.23 +/- 1.90 mumol/h per ml red blood cells, which is lower than previously reported values. More than 40 cellular components of the rabbit erythrocytes were tested for their effects on the enzyme. Their intracellular concentrations were also determined. Several of these compounds were found to be competitive inhibitors of the enzyme with respect to Mg X ATP2-. Furthermore, reduced glutathione at a concentration of 1 mM was able to maintain hexokinase in the reduced state with full catalytic activity. The ability of orthophosphate to remove the inhibition of some phosphorylated compounds was examined under conditions similar to cellular (pH 7.2 and 50 microM of orthophosphate) and found to be of no practical interest. In contrast, the binding of ATP4- and 2,3-diphosphoglycerate to the rabbit hemoglobin significantly modifies their intracellular concentrations and the formation of the respective Mg complexes. The pH-dependence of the reaction velocity and of the kinetic properties of the enzyme in different buffer systems were also considered. This information was computerized, and the rate of glucose phosphorylation in the presence of the mentioned compounds was determined. The value obtained, 1.94 +/- 0.02 mumol/h per ml red blood cells, is practically identical to the measured rate of glucose utilization by intact rabbit erythrocytes (1.92 +/- 0.3 mumol/h per ml red blood cells). These results provide further evidence for the central role of hexokinase in the regulation of red blood cell glycolysis. PMID- 6722186 TI - Rapid purification and activity of apolipoprotein C1 on the proliferation of bovine vascular endothelial cells in vitro. AB - The growth-promoting activity of human high-density lipoproteins (HDL) and of their apolipoprotein components on bovine vascular endothelial cells in vitro has been compared. When maintained on plastic culture dishes and exposed to medium containing lipoprotein-deficient serum and fibroblast growth factor, these cells do not proliferate. Addition of either HDL or the total HDL apolipoproteins induces significant cell proliferation. Apolipoprotein C1, purified by chromatography on the ion-exchanger resin Polybuffer exchanger 94, has an effect on the cell growth similar to that of the total apolipoproteins of HDL. PMID- 6722187 TI - Properties and regulation of a trans-plasma membrane redox system of perfused rat heart. AB - Ferricyanide was reduced to ferrocyanide by the perfused rat heart at a linear rate of 78 nmol/min per g of heart (non-recirculating mode). Ferricyanide was not taken up by the heart and ferrocyanide oxidation was minimal (3 nmol/min per g of heart). Perfusate samples from hearts perfused without ferricyanide did not reduce ferricyanide. A single high-affinity site (apparent Km = 22 microM) appeared to be responsible for the reduction. Perfusion of the heart with physiological medium containing 0.5 mM ferricyanide did not alter contractility, biochemical parameters or energy status of the heart. Perfusate flow rate and perfusate oxygen concentration exerted opposing effects on the rate of ferricyanide reduction. A net decreased reduction rate resulted from a decreased perfusion flow rate. Thus, the rate of supply of ferricyanide dominated over the stimulatory effect of oxygen restriction; the latter effect only becoming apparent when the oxygen concentration was lowered at a high perfusate flow rate. Whereas glucose (5 mM) increased the rate of ferricyanide reduction, pyruvate (2 mM), acetate (2 mM), lactate (2 mM) and 3-hydroxybutyrate (2 mM) each had no effect. Insulin (3 nM), glucagon (0.5 microM), dibutyryl cyclic AMP (0.1 mM) and the beta-adrenergic agonist ritodrine (10 microM) also had no effect, however, the alpha 1-adrenergic agonist, methoxamine (10 microM), produced a net increase in the rate of ferricyanide reduction. It is concluded that a trans-plasma membrane electron efflux occurs in perfused rat heart that is sensitive to oxygen supply, glucose, perfusion flow rate, and the alpha-adrenergic agonist methoxamine. PMID- 6722188 TI - [The theory of double-helical DNA packing: globular state of a homogeneous elastic macromolecule in a small volume]. AB - Globular state of persistent chain modelling DNA double helix in the cavity with unpermeable walls was studied. The effect of excluded volume was accounted for by Onsager method. For the most interesting case when the cavity size is much smaller than the persistent length, the globule is like a hoop wound on the cavity walls on the inside. Depending on the molecule thickness four limiting regions with quantitatively distinguished properties of the globule are possible. For all the regions the thickness of " hoops " along and across the walls is found, as well as both characteristics widths of orientational distribution of the chain elements. PMID- 6722189 TI - [Mechanism of the piezoelectric polarization of collagen]. AB - Dipole structure and mobility of dipoles in helical regions of collagen macromolecules were analysed. The mechanism of shearstressed piezoelectric polarization was proposed. On the proposed model quantitative calculations were carried out; the obtained value of coefficient e14 for oriented artificial collagen film comes to an agreement with experimental meaning. PMID- 6722190 TI - [Calorimetric study of bacteriophage T4 ghosts]. AB - Heat-induced structural transitions of bacteriophage T4 ghosts have been studied using differential scanning microcalorimetry and electron microscopy. The tail reorganization process is not an exothermic one. It is shown to correlate well with a heat absorption peak at maximum of 70 degrees C, but the sheath contraction and the hexagon -to-star base-plate transition themselves appear to proceed without any significant changes in enthalpy. PMID- 6722191 TI - [Electro-osmotic processes in the region of bilayer lipid membrane contact]. AB - The influence of outer voltage on a contact of two bilayer lipid membranes has been revealed and investigated. The effect was due to the origination of an electro-osmotic water flow in the contact region. PMID- 6722192 TI - [Effect of glycerol on the capacity and conductivity of lipid bilayer membranes]. AB - It is shown that glycerol addition to one side of BLM containing cholesterol leads to a significant decrease of its capacity, and the decrease rate is in indirect proportion to glycerol concentration. Washing out or addition of glycerol to another side results in a full or partial reconstitution of the capacity. The effect of glycerol on the BLM conductivity is manifested in its increase for membranes having specific conductivity above 2.10(-7) Om-1 X cm2. The peculiarity of glycerol is manifested in the fact that during definite period of time (20 +/- 30 min) the membrane is under "stress" condition with the characteristic current fluctuations, which may be compared with its medium meaning. Such condition is preserved up to the moment of BLM rupture. It is supposed that such effects are due to the big-scale reconstructions of membrane structure under the influence of glycerol. PMID- 6722193 TI - [A model of non-electrogenic cation transport through bilayer lipid membranes]. AB - Quantitative relationship between the proton diffusion potential in the unstirred layers near BLM and NH4Cl was investigated. It has been found that in the range of low concentrations of NH4Cl the potential value depends on the difference of salt concentrations on different sides of the membrane. At higher concentrations the potential value is the function of the ratio of salt concentrations at different BLM sides. In the limiting case the potential value equals 58 mV with NH4Cl concentrations ratio equaling ten. A model is suggested which quantitatively describes the experimental data. It has been shown that the results obtained can be used in determining BLM permeability for weak acids and bases. PMID- 6722194 TI - [Structural transformations and aggregation stability of lecithin liposomes in cryoprotective media]. AB - To study the structural transformations and aggregation stability in liposomes, a new approach is proposed whose efficiency is demonstrated during the analysis of light scattering by lecithin liposome sols doped with low-molecular cryoprotectors . This approach is used to determine absolute dimensions, relative values of weight concentration, masses of vesicules and their surface densities as well as their polydispersity characteristics. The anisotropic scattering data suggest that cryoprotectors eliminate small scale defects which are partially restored at low temperatures. Low-molecular cryoprotectors are found to produce some favourable changes in dimensions and distribution of liposomes and to increase their aggregation and structural stability. PMID- 6722195 TI - [Permeability and damage of the erythrocyte membrane at -1 degree C to -9 degrees C shown by the NMR relaxation method]. AB - Amount of inter--and extracellular unfrozen water in the intact human erythrocytes as well as tau a, "a life time" of water molecules in these cells, have been determined. The progressive compression of the erythrocytes during freezing them as deep as -5 degrees C has been found to submit to the ideal osmometer law. The membrane impermeability to Mn2+ ions has been disturbed when the temperature falls to -7 degrees C and below, the erythrocytes reaching "the minimal volume". PMID- 6722196 TI - [Effect of chitosan on the electrophoretic motility of thymocytes]. AB - An increase of contact interaction between macrophages and thymocytes in the presence of polysaccharide chitosan was suggested to be due to the change of surface charge of interacting cells. It was found that incubation of thymocytes in the presence of chitosan leads to the change of their charge in the positive direction. The measurement of electrophoretic mobility of the cells was carried out on " Parmoquant 2" (Carl Zeiss Jena, DDR). The change of electrophoretic mobility increases with decrease of pH, increase of chitosan concentration and decrease of the cell concentration in the medium. This phenomenon is probably due to absorption of positively charged molecules of chitosan on negatively charged cell surface. PMID- 6722197 TI - [A model of central regulation of movement parameters]. AB - The central processes responsible for a gradation of muscle torques or joint angles are suggested on the basis of the mass-spring hypothesis. Two fundamental commands (reciprocal and co- activative ) involved in the control over antagonist muscles are defined in terms of shifts of the so-called invariant characteristics (muscle torque vs joint angle). Each of the commands is graded by a neuronal ensemble arranged in line. Excitation propagates along the line at a centrally established rate. As the wave front moves, the output ensemble neurons are tonically recruited, and they discretely contribute to the respective command according to the superposition principle. The terminal position of the wave front of the reciprocal command is responsible for the final angular limb position, whereas the wave velocity--for the movement speed. The coactivation command just enhances muscle stiffness for a time of the movement. The theory presented is sufficiently well-defined to yield a variety of specific and testable predictions. After insignificant modifications the theory may be referred to the generation of the eye and head movements, both slow and fast ones. PMID- 6722198 TI - [Melting method in the detection of differences between DNA from normal and tumor tissues]. PMID- 6722199 TI - [Connectin from muscle cells is a collagen protein]. AB - By X-ray analysis a collagen-like structure was observed in the muscle protein connectin . Hydration of species gives a clearer diffraction pattern, which is characteristic of the collagen-like structures. The functional role of connectin should consist in the fixation of maximum length of muscular cells. PMID- 6722200 TI - [Effect of a series of small amplitude magnetic field pulses on the electrical activity of mollusk neurons]. AB - Possibility of summing up in time the effects of small values of impulses of 1 Oe magnitude magnetic field (MF) on the electrical activity (EA) of Lymnaea stagnalis neurons was studied. The single impulse of MF did not cause changes in neurons EA. EA changes took place under the action of 5-8 impulses of MF. The neuron reaction has a threshold nature dependent on the number of applied impulses. PMID- 6722201 TI - [Permeability of bilayer lipid membranes to amphotericin B]. AB - The permeability coefficient of BLM to amphotericin B decreases as cholesterol content of the membrane and KCl concentration of the aqueous medium increases. This effect is supposed to be the result of significant growth of BLM microviscosity caused by sharp increase of BLM half-pores content. The data obtained show the biological effect of amphotericin B to the "two-sided" one. To account for the lack of the polyene effect on the anion permeability of biological membranes the hypothesis is suggested that half-pores and pores are not formed in these membranes. PMID- 6722202 TI - [Effect of ozone on the permeability of flat bilayer lipid membranes]. AB - The influence of the liposome ozonolysis products on ionic permeability and stability of the planar bilayer lipid membrane ( PBLM ) was studied by electroconductivity . Addition of ozonized liposomes and PBLM preparation from the products of the ozonized lipids results in a decrease of the PBLM resistance. It is suggested that the enhancement of PBLM stability from ozonized lipids may be caused by production during lipid peroxidation of the intermolecular bonds between lipid molecules and by an increase of the lipid bilayer rigidity. PMID- 6722203 TI - [Spectroscopic study of myosin from denervated rabbit muscles]. AB - Spectra of tryptophan UV-fluorescence and UV-absorption of myosin isolated 30 days after denervation of white skeletal muscles of rabbit were studied. It has been observed that fluorescence intensity of such myosin in the maximum decreases. This decrease becomes more pronounced after purification of protein from admixtures. It has been shown that after denervation the absorption at 260 nm increases, however, the difference disappears after myosin purification. The data obtained point to a change of myosin structural state after denervation. PMID- 6722204 TI - [Lipid bilayer with ion channels--a dipole with inductive properties]. AB - A cyclic peptide-alamethicin forms cation selective channels in lipid bilayers. Anomalous behavior of bilayer capacitance observed during impedance measurements of the planar bilayer containing the peptide is reported. The band of the frequencies used is 30-30000 Hz. The bilayer capacitance measured at a given frequency depends on the value of constant voltage applied to the membrane in series with alternating field. The field dependent capacitance has a negative sign and is equivalent to the inductance so far as phase shift angle between voltage and current is considered. Absolute magnitude of the negative capacitance can exceed several times the geometrical capacitance of the bilayer. In the absence of the applied field the alamethicin molecules lie flat on the membrane surface. The applied field tilts the molecules through the hydrocarbon region of bilayer, so that now the long axis of the peptide monomer is perpendicular to the membrane plane. Lateral diffusion of monomers along the membrane plane results in the formation of oligomers-transmembrane ion channels, and appearance of membrane current. The time period between the moment of tilting of monomers across the lipid bilayer and the moment of the channel formation determines the phase shift between voltage and current seen as a negative capacitance during the impedance measurements. PMID- 6722205 TI - [Kinetics of formation of optically active liquid-crystalline microphases of low molecular weight DNA]. AB - Studies were carried out of compactization kinetics of low molecular DNA by means of CD and correlation spectroscopy. PMID- 6722206 TI - A hierarchical neural network model for associative memory. AB - A hierarchical neural network model with feedback interconnections, which has the function of associative memory and the ability to recognize patterns, is proposed. The model consists of a hierarchical multi-layered network to which efferent connections are added, so as to make positive feedback loops in pairs with afferent connections. The cell-layer at the initial stage of the network is the input layer which receives the stimulus input and at the same time works as an output layer for associative recall. The deepest layer is the output layer for pattern-recognition. Pattern-recognition is performed hierarchically by integrating information by converging afferent paths in the network. For the purpose of associative recall, the integrated information is again distributed to lower-order cells by diverging efferent paths. These two operations progress simultaneously in the network. If a fragment of a training pattern is presented to the network which has completed its self-organization, the entire pattern will gradually be recalled in the initial layer. If a stimulus consisting of a number of training patterns superposed is presented, one pattern gradually becomes predominant in the recalled output after competition between the patterns, and the others disappear. At about the same time when the recalled pattern reaches a steady state in the initial layer, in the deepest layer of the network, a response is elicited from the cell corresponding to the category of the finally recalled pattern. Once a steady state has been reached, the response of the network is automatically extinguished by inhibitory signals from a steadiness detecting cell.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS) PMID- 6722207 TI - Note on the estimation of the correlation function of neural spike trains. AB - The use of time-bins in the estimation of the correlation function of neural spike trains has a filtering effect on the estimate and results in distortion and aliasing. Prior low-pass filtering of the spike trains, on the other hand, and computation of the correlation function of the emerging waveforms in the standard way result in an estimate that is also a filtered version of the original function but distortion- and alias -free. In addition, the correlation function so computed can be normalized. An analogous definition of the correlation coefficient for the first technique enables the comparison of these various correlation estimates and clarifies their properties. PMID- 6722208 TI - A hypothetical explanation of congenital nystagmus. AB - Congenital nystagmus (CN) is a conjugate, rhythmic, eye movement disorder characterized by a wide variety of waveforms ranging from jerk to pendular types. No detailed mechanisms have been proposed to explain the generation of the CN waveform. This paper proposes a hypothetical mechanism for CN, and shows with computer simulations that a model based on this hypothesis can account for a variety of disparate waveforms. The basis of this model is a gaze-holding network, or neural integrator, that has both position and velocity feedback loops. The signals carried in these loops could arise from either afference or efference . In normal subjects, the position feedback would be positive and the velocity feedback would be negative. Both would help to increase the time constant of an imperfect neural integrator in the brain stem. We propose that in patients with CN the sign of the velocity pathway is reversed, making the neural integrator unstable. This instability could manifest as many different CN waveforms, depending on the direction and velocity of post-saccadic ocular drift and actions of nonlinearities within the position and velocity feedback loops. Thus a single underlying abnormality may be responsible for a variety of CN waveforms. PMID- 6722209 TI - A linear theory for global electrocortical activity and its control by the lateral hypothalamus. AB - A linear model for electrocortical waves and their control by the lateral hypothalamus is proposed. It is argued that such a linear model is not in contradiction to non-linearity of neural elements on the microscopic scale. Telencephalic structures are treated as a mass of linked oscillators generating activity with a number of resonant modes. The lateral hypothalamus is regarded as controlling damping of activity in the telencephalic mass, and therefore exerting a specific parametric control over all signal processing in the cortical networks. An initial test is proposed to assess the constancy of telencephalic natural frequencies, with variation in lateral hypothalamic damping. PMID- 6722210 TI - A test for constant natural frequencies in electrocortical activity under lateral hypothalamic control. AB - An initial test for a theory of lateral hypothalamic regulation of electrocortical activity is undertaken. The theory supposes lateral hypothalamic input directly or indirectly damps telencephalic resonances involving linear wave phenomena, enabling this pathway to act as parametric control of information processing in cortical neural networks. Relative changes in left and right electrocortical power spectra are used to test for the presence of resonant modes with constant natural frequencies in conditions of asymmetrical damping, following unilateral lesion of the lateral hypothalamus. Natural frequency values for the modes clustered about center frequencies in the EEG band are obtained. This method has the advantage of minimising the effects of time-variation and the recorded signal's distortion from the electrocortical local spatial average, but limits consideration to five dominant modes of resonance. The uncertainty of true model order, and errors in curve-fitting impose limitations on the test. PMID- 6722211 TI - Inference of a stable dispersion relation for electrocortical activity controlled by the lateral hypothalamus. AB - A second test is undertaken for a theory of linear wave motion in electrocortical waves, under lateral hypothalamic control via regulation of damping. This test invokes a general property of linear systems, namely that wave motion with characteristic natural frequencies implies fixed phase velocities associated with each wavelength, independent of the changes in hypothalamic input. A means of testing the invariance of this dispersion relation at the point of recording is derived from a simplified biophysical model for waves in a dipole layer. The method avoids some problems implicit in direct spatio-temporal wave analysis. Results confirm that the model under test is internally consistent, and is also consistent with other findings concerning the origin and spatial nature of the EEG. PMID- 6722212 TI - Spectral analysis of the surface electromyogram as a tool for studying rate modulation: a comparison between theory, simulation, and experiment. AB - Theoretical work suggests that if the interpulse intervals ( IPIs ) of motor unit action potential trains ( MUAPTs ) are independently and normally distributed, then spectral analysis of the electromyogram could be a useful tool for studying rate modulation by virtue of the presence of a peak in the power spectrum at the average firing frequency of all active motor units. It is shown in this paper that IPIs need not be normally distributed, specifically that the results are very much the same if the IPIs are distributed according to a Gamma probability density function ( PDF ). Simulation of the electromyogram based on this theory proved the applicability of the method. Experimental results obtained for the masseter, biceps brachii and first dorsal interosseus (FDI) muscles, however, were in disagreement with both theory and simulation except for the biceps muscle at force levels up to 20% of the maximal force and for the masseter and FDI muscles in 1 out of 5 subjects. This indicates that the models for MUAPTs hitherto used might not be generally correct. Apart from this discrepancy, our results reveal differences between masseter and FDI muscles on the one hand and the biceps brachii on the other, which indicate that motor unit synchronisation is much more pronounced in the latter muscle. PMID- 6722213 TI - [Isolation and properties of neurospecific proteins 14-3-2, 14-3-3 and 10-40-4]. AB - A procedure for isolation of three neurospecific proteins 14-3-2, 14-3-3 and 10 40-4 from human brain is proposed. This procedure includes successive ammonium sulphate precipitation, ion-exchange chromatography on DEAE-cellulose, gel filtration through Sephadex G-150 and ion-exchange chromatography on DEAE Sephadex A-50. Specific antisera raised against these antigens were used to prove their neurospecificity and to study their species-specificity. Some physico chemical properties of the isolated proteins were investigated. The 14-3-2 protein--neurospecific enolase, appeared to be much more stable at high temperatures than the non-neuronal enzyme isoform. PMID- 6722214 TI - [Effect of thyroid state on the phospholipid regeneration rate of rat liver mitochondria]. AB - The rate of phospholipid renewal in mitochondria of normal, hypothyroid, hyperthyroid and thyrotoxic rats was studied. Mitochondria were isolated from rat livers 24 and 48 hrs after administration of 3H-glycerol and 14C-palmitic acid. In mitochondria of hypothyroid animals, practically no phospholipid renewal is observed. In mitochondria of hyperthyroid and thyrotoxic rats, the rate of degradation of phospholipids labelled with glycerol, was approximately 1.5 times as low as that in controls. The decrease in the rate of renewal of the fatty acid residues in mitochondrial phospholipids was still more pronounced in hyperthyroid and thyrotoxic animals. Possible reasons for these changes connected with the thyroid state are discussed. PMID- 6722215 TI - [Sequential activation of various types of nuclear RNA polymerases of rat liver cells during the process of DNA synthesis induction by cycloheximide]. AB - The dynamics of changes in the activity of RNA polymerases I and II (EC 2.7.7.6) and the activities of free and bound forms of RNA polymerase II in isolated rat liver nuclei after a singular injection of sublethal dose of cycloheximide (CHI) was studied. Activation of RNA polymerases occurs in three steps. The first step (1--2 hours after CHI injection) coincides with inhibition of protein synthesis and predominant activation of both forms of RNA polymerase II. The second step (6 -24 hours after CHI injection) is characterized by de novo protein synthesis and activation of RNA polymerase I and RNA polymerase II. The third step (36--48 hours after CHI injection) witnesses activation of both RNA polymerases which coincides with the beginning of stimulation of DNA replication. It is assumed that this step is coupled with the synthesis of a special form of RNA polymerase, RNA polymerase IV, which is responsible for transcription of genes synthesizing various chromatin components (histones, NHB, RNA prime). At all steps the activity of free RNA polymerase II remains at a sufficiently high level. Consequently, the activity of chromatin is limited by chromatin structure rather than by RNA polymerase II content in it. Presumably, such activation of various forms of RNA polymerase is essential for cell preparation for DNA replication. PMID- 6722216 TI - [Regularities of the content and organization of pyrimidine oligonucleotide sequences in insect DNA]. AB - Certain regularities in content and organization of pyrimidine oligonucleotide sequences of DNA from 15 insect species belonging to 4 orders were studied. The degree of nucleotide clusterization in insect DNA was found to be species specific, being the highest in Hymenoptera and lowest in Lepidoptera; the Blattodea and Coleoptera occupy an intermediate position by this index between them. The changes in the DNA cluster structure during the evolution of insect species are not of vector type; the degree of clusterization of DNA nucleotide is either increased (Hymenoptera) or decreased (Lepidoptera as compared with Blattodea). In the DNA oligonucleotide fractions containing both pyrimidine nucleotides the percentage content of thymidyl nucleotides is much higher than that of cytidyl nucleotides, the thymine content being increased with the lengthening of oligopyrimidine clusters. The insect species with a higher degree of clusterization of DNA pyrimidine nucleotides contain more thymidyl nucleotide residues. These results agree well with the hypothesis suggesting that during the evolution of large taxons the accumulation of long pyrimidine sequences in animal DNA is accompanied by an increase of thymidyl nucleotide content in them. This can largely be due to the increase of matrix resistance during the evolution and is biologically significant for animals of any taxons, including insects. PMID- 6722217 TI - [Study of conformational changes in immunoglobulin M using the method of differential spectroscopy]. AB - Using differential and solvent-perturbation spectrophotometry, the nature of conformational changes in immunoglobulin M (IgM) in different regimens was investigated. The quantities of tryptophan and tyrosine chromophores exposed on the surface of the molecule and screened, were evaluated. The changes in pH (7.8- --2.0) of the surrounding medium and splitting of carbohydrate groups from IgM were shown to cause opposite effects, i. e., a "blue shift" of the spectrum and exposure of new chromophores by acidification, and a "red shift" and screening of chromophores by splitting of carbohydrate groups. The experimental results agree well with the previously made assumption on the differences in the spatial conformational changes in the IgM molecule under effects of pH of the surrounding medium and the loss of carbohydrate groups. Analysis of the spectral characteristics of some free Fab- and (Fc)5-fragments derived from the IgM molecules allowed a specification of the changes occurring in different parts of the whole molecule. The main conformational changes after acidification occur in the (Fc)5-fragment responsible for the effector function of IgM. PMID- 6722218 TI - [Dissociation constants of succinate dehydrogenase complexes with succinate, fumarate and malonate]. AB - The rates of the oxidized (Eox) and reduced (Ered) (by NAD . H through the ubiquinone pool) succinate dehydrogenase inhibition by N-ethyl-maleimide are equal and obey pseudo-first order kinetics. The protection of the enzyme against irreversible alkylation was used to quantitate the dissociation constants for Eox and Ered complexes with fumarate, succinate and malonate under conditions when no intramolecular redox reactions might occur. the membrane-bound succinate dehydrogenase catalyzes the succinate : phenazine-methosulphate reductase reaction in the presence of thenoyltrifluoroacetone by a Slater-Bonner mechanism. A comparison of the constants measured by the protection with those derived from the steady-state kinetics shows that succinate affinity for Eox is about 10 times higher than that for Ered; the reverse relations were found for fumarate, whereas the affinity for malonate only slightly depends on the redox state of the enzyme. The data obtained suggest that the dicarboxylate binding at the active site induces changes in the enzyme redox potential. The surface charge does not contribute significantly to the energy of the dicarboxylate binding to the active site of the membrane-bound enzyme. PMID- 6722219 TI - Serum and urine amino acid patterns during the first month of life in small-for date infants. AB - Prenatal nutrition is impaired in small-for-gestational-age infants. Serum amino acids may show some biochemical features related to the nutritional state of these children. We have carried out a study on serum and urine amino acids in 12 small-for-date infants (SFD) and 14 healthy newborns from birth to 1 month of life. SFD infants showed a high serum level of alanine and decreased concentrations of branched chain amino acids, aspartate, cystine and tryptophan at birth. The results are compatible with a protein malnutrition state. Levels of serum amino acids in SFD infants showed no differences in relation to normal infants after 1 month of rehabilitation with a diet consisting of an adapted milk formula. PMID- 6722220 TI - Plasma amino acids of the mid-trimester human fetus. AB - The amino acid concentrations in umbilical cord plasma taken at fetoscopy were measured from 12 fetuses between 18 and 29 weeks gestation. Concurrent maternal plasma levels were measured. Fetal plasma showed consistently higher concentrations of plasma amino acids with the ratios varying between 1.1:1 and 3:1 and the difference always reached statistical significance. It is suggested that these results reflect the in vivo situation of the mid-trimester human fetus. PMID- 6722221 TI - Iron status of the preterm infant during the first year of life. AB - The iron status of 49 preterm infants (mean gestational age 33.1 weeks) was assessed serially during the 1st year of life. Haemoglobin concentration, serum ferritin, serum transferrin, serum iron, and transferrin saturation were measured on nine occasions in each infant. In 16 infants of gestational age 28-32 weeks the haemoglobin concentration was significantly lower at 3, 6, and 9 weeks when compared to 33 infants of gestational age 33-36 weeks. For all other measures of iron status there were no significant differences between these gestational age groups. For the entire group of 49 infants the mean haemoglobin concentration reached a nadir of 11.2 g/dl at 9 weeks. Mean serum iron and transferrin saturation reached peaks of 24 mumol/l and 65%, respectively, at 3 weeks. The mean serum ferritin remained over 100 micrograms/l until after 18 weeks. 13 infants (26%) had iron deficiency defined as either serum ferritin less than 10 micrograms/1 (n = 10) or transferrin saturation less than 10% (n = 5) or both (n = 3). PMID- 6722222 TI - The effects of myometrial activity on fetal thoracic dimensions and uterine blood flow during late gestation in the sheep. AB - We wished to investigate mechanisms by which non-labour contractions of the uterus influence fetal sleep states and respiratory activity during late pregnancy. The relationship between the dimensions of the fetal chest and uterine contractions was examined in 5 pregnant sheep. The dorso-ventral dimension at the level of the xiphisternum (3 fetuses) decreased, on average by 4.4-9.4% while increases of 16.6-18.7% were seen in the transverse dimension (4 fetuses). Blood flow in a middle uterine artery was monitored using a Doppler technique in 5 pregnant sheep. Non-labour uterine contractions were accompanied by mean reductions of 6.5-12.7% in blood flow. Postural adjustments by the ewe also influenced uterine blood flow. A mean increase in blood flow of 5.9-12.0% followed a change from standing to lying; standing caused a mean reduction of 5.9 11.8%. We conclude that the influence of uterine contractions on the fetus is likely to be complex, involving distortion of the body and alterations in utero placental haemodynamics. PMID- 6722223 TI - Differential stabilities of fetal intestinal disaccharidases determine their relative amounts released into amniotic fluid. AB - Comparison of relative disaccharidase activities in jejunal mucosa, amniotic fluid, and meconium samples taken from the ileum, proximal and distal colon of 5 human fetuses, indicates that trehalase and lactase are more sensitive to the denaturation conditions existing in the fetal intestinal lumen than maltase, sucrase, palatinase and turanase . Relative activities of sensitive disaccharidases (trehalase and lactase) were also low in the amniotic fluid of these fetuses as compared to the jejunal mucosa. These results suggest that the in vivo stability of disaccharidases, exposed to proteolytic digestion and other denaturing conditions in the fetal intestinal lumen, governs the relative activities of these enzymes released into the amniotic fluid. PMID- 6722224 TI - The rising threat of nuclear war. PMID- 6722225 TI - Schizophrenia and wheat gluten enteropathy. PMID- 6722226 TI - Plasma dexamethasone concentrations and differential suppression response of cortisol and corticosterone in depressives and controls. AB - After a dexamethasone suppression test (DST), cortisol, corticosterone, and the test substance were determined by a direct radioimmunoassay in 42 samples obtained from 22 depressed patients and 8 controls. The DST results of both glucocorticoids agreed in most of the tests. In all seven cases with elevated but not definitely abnormal post-DST (1600 hr) cortisol levels (transitional range 30 50 ng/ml) the concurrent determination of corticosterone indicated that this corticosteroid may serve as a potent additional discriminator. Dexamethasone plasma concentrations at 1600 hr after a 1-mg test dose of dexamethasone at 2300 hr were significantly (p less than 0.01) lower in cortisol and corticosterone nonsuppressors than in suppressors. Since these data were obtained 17 hr after ingestion of dexamethasone (half-life 3.5-5 hr) any conclusions about an inverse correlation between dexamethasone and corticosteroid plasma concentrations would be speculative. However, the dexamethasone pharmacokinetics might be an important variable and may contribute to some of the recent uncertainty about the DST. PMID- 6722227 TI - Abnormalities in late positive components of event-related potentials may reflect a genetic predisposition to schizophrenia. AB - Event-related potentials (ERPs) were recorded at the Cz region during syllable discrimination tasks in siblings of schizophrenic probands. ERPs in these siblings were compared to those of normal controls and schizophrenics. Siblings, similar to normal controls, displayed an increase in amplitudes of N100 according to the allocation of their attention between two different channels (ears), Siblings different from normal controls, however, failed to demonstrate an augmentation of late positive components upon detection of target stimuli in the attended channel. Mean amplitudes of late positive components elicited by target stimuli in the attended channel for siblings were nearly equal to those of unmedicated schizophrenics, with these values in siblings being significantly smaller as compared to those of normal controls. Based on these results, it was concluded that abnormalities of late positive components in siblings may reflect a genetic predisposition to schizophrenia. PMID- 6722228 TI - A study of primary affective disorder in the People's Republic of China. AB - Symptoms, course, and familial factors relating to depression were ascertained for 40 Chinese patients who had histories of primary affective disorder. In general, the symptoms, course, and familial factors among these patients were similar to findings in equivalent U.S. populations. A high degree of diagnostic interrater reliability was demonstrated in this cross-cultural study. Depression ratings of this population and euthymic controls showed a high correlation between the Carroll rating scale (a self-rating) and the 17-item Hamilton depression scale. Many of the currently depressed Chinese showed nonsuppression of serum cortisol after dexamethasone administration. This study suggests that effective disorder (particularly bipolar affective disorder) in China is similar to that seen in the U.S. PMID- 6722229 TI - Abnormal dexamethasone tests in withdrawing alcoholic patients. PMID- 6722230 TI - The dexamethasone suppression test during recurrent major depressive episodes. PMID- 6722231 TI - Dexamethasone suppression test: experimental model in rats, and effect of age. PMID- 6722232 TI - Serum dopamine-beta-hydroxylase activity in female manic-depressive patients. PMID- 6722233 TI - Blink rate and blunted affect among chronic schizophrenic patients. PMID- 6722234 TI - Serum cholesterol in aggressive conduct disorder: a preliminary study. PMID- 6722235 TI - Lithium versus fluphenazine for prophylaxis in mainly schizophrenic schizo affectives. PMID- 6722236 TI - Luteolytic influence of intrauterine dead embryos in the early pregnant rat. AB - The present investigation was an endeavour to study if annihilation of embryos in the uterus of the rat before the establishment of placental luteotropic functions has any influence on corpus luteal function, and, if there is any, whether it is local or systemic. The responsibility of pregnancy maintenance was imposed on a single ovary by performing unilateral ovariectomy after implantation (on Day 5 postcoitum). The implantation sites in one uterine horn, either ipsilateral or contralateral to the remaining ovary, were selectively destroyed by injecting 0.1 ml of sterile normal saline to that particular horn only, and the peripheral progesterone level and viability of the embryos in the untreated horn, which depended on the functions of the remaining ovary, were examined. Selective killing of embryos in the uterine horn of the ovariectomized side did not exert any influence on the fetal viability in the untreated horn ( nonovariectomized side) and the peripheral progesterone level also remained statistically unaffected. On the contrary, induction of fetal resorptions in the uterine horn of the intact side produced a significant fall in the peripheral level of progesterone and induced resorption of embryos of the ovariectomized side also. The latter could significantly be prevented by simultaneous administration of exogenous progesterone, indicating luteolysis as the major, if not sole, factor responsible for fetal resorption in the untreated horn. The luteolytic effect was attributed neither to saline itself, nor to the distension of the uterine horn caused by saline injection. Luteolytic factors from the dead embryo-bearing horn which act locally on the adjacent ovary only, are discussed. PMID- 6722237 TI - Nightly duration of pineal melatonin secretion determines the reproductive response to inhibitory day length in the ewe. AB - The pineal controls the reproductive response of ewes to both stimulatory (short) and inhibitory (long) day lengths. Melatonin, a pineal hormone whose nocturnal secretion is entrained by photoperiod, mediates the effect of stimulatory photoperiod. We now report that melatonin also mediates the effect of inhibitory day length, monitored as response to estradiol negative feedback on luteinizing hormone (LH) secretion. Ovariectomized, estradiol-implanted ewes were pinealectomized and intravenously infused with melatonin to restore the nightly melatonin rise. Following transfer from short to long days, and a concurrent switch from short- to long-day melatonin patterns, LH dropped precipitously in pinealectomized ewes, matching the photoinhibitory response of pineal intact controls. LH dropped similarly in pinealectomized ewes when long-day melatonin was infused under short days. Pinealectomized ewes transferred from long to short days displayed a marked LH rise, provided melatonin was also switched to the short-day pattern. LH remained suppressed if long-day melatonin was infused following transfer to short days. These data indicate the nighttime melatonin rise mediates reproductive responses to inhibitory, as well as stimulatory photoperiods; they further suggest the duration of this rise controls suppression of LH under long days. Rather than being strictly pro- or antigonadal, the pineal participates in measuring day length. PMID- 6722239 TI - Evidence against a role of prolactin in the timing of ovulation in the turkey. AB - Two separate experiments in which blood was sampled at 2-h intervals from turkeys hens failed to show a significant change in plasma prolactin (Prl) concentrations in relation to the preovulatory surge of luteinizing hormone (LH) for the first (C1) ovulation of a sequence. Intravenous injection of 125 IU of ovine Prl (NIH-P S10) or of 1 or 2 ml of antiserum to turkey Prl at varying intervals before C1 ovulation had no effect on the timing or incidence of C1 ovulation. However, injection of Prl before C1 ovulation tended to inhibit ovulation of the second (C2) egg of the sequence, while injection of antiserum to Prl before C1 ovulation tended to either advance or inhibit C2 ovulation. Possibly, the effects of Prl and Prl antiserum on C2 ovulation reflect interference with maturation of the C2 ovarian follicle rather than interference with neuroendocrine processes that regulate the timing of the preovulatory surge of LH. The data for C1 ovulation argue against a change in circulating levels of Prl as a factor in the timing of the preovulatory surge of LH. PMID- 6722238 TI - Orchidectomy unleashes pulsatile luteinizing hormone secretion in the rat. AB - We charted the development of pulsatile luteinizing hormone (LH) secretion as a function of the time elapsed after removal of the testes. On seven occasions between the moment of castration and 80 days afterwards, we obtained consecutive blood samples at frequent (2.5- to 5-min) intervals from cannulated male rats. Orchidectomy increased both the amplitude and frequency of LH release within 1 day after surgery. Amplitude: From 19 h through 80 days postcastration, peak LH levels rose steadily, and LH pulses grew progressively more pronounced in nadir to-peak amplitude. Frequency: Our findings offer new evidence establishing an increase in LH pulse frequency from less than 1 per h to 2-3 per h within 1 day after orchidectomy. Once deprived of testicular influences, the frequency of pulsatile LH discharges remained static through 80 days. The sudden onset (less than 1 day after castration) and temporal uniformity of high-frequency LH pulses demonstrate that LH release is governed by an intrinsic, 20- to 30-min neural periodicity in castrate rats. Most important, these findings imply that the testes mask or modulate the expression of an intrinsic, 20- to 30-min neural generator directing the periodic discharge of LH in the intact male rat. PMID- 6722241 TI - Visualization of pronuclei in living bovine zygotes. AB - Bovine embryos were surgically collected from the oviducts of superovulated crossbred heifers 48 h postonset of estrus. The one-celled ova were treated with 4'-6'-diamidino-2-phenylindole (DAPI) and observed under ultraviolet light by fluorescence microscopy. Both male and female pronuclei were visualized, identified and subjected to micromanipulation. PMID- 6722240 TI - Modulation of phospholipase A2 activity associated with human sperm membranes by divalent cations and calcium antagonists. AB - Phospholipase A2 activity in sonicates and acid extracts of ejaculated, washed human sperm was measured using [1-14C] oleate-labeled autoclaved E. coli and 1-[1 14C] stearoyl-2-acyl-3-sn- glycerophosphorylethanolamine as substrates. Phospholipase A was optimally active at pH 7.5, was calcium-dependent, and exclusively catalyzed the release of fatty acid from the 2-position of phospholipids. The activity was membrane-associated, and was solubilized by extraction with 0.18 N H2SO4. Acid extracts of human sperm had the highest specific activity (1709 nmols /h per mg), followed by mouse, rabbit and bull, which were 105, 36 and 1.7 nmols /h per mg, respectively. para-bromophenacyl bromide inhibited human sperm phospholipase A2 activity, but mepacrine was without effect. In the presence of 1.0 mM added CaCl2, phospholipase A2 activity was inhibited by Zn2+ and Mn2+; whereas Cu2+, Cd2+, Mg2+, or Sr2+ had no effect. Zn2+ stimulated activity at low concentrations (10(-6) to 10(-8) M), and inhibited activity in a dose-dependent manner at concentrations of 10(-5) M. The extent of stimulation by low concentrations of Zn2+ was dependent on Ca2+ concentration; at 10(-7) M, Zn2+ activity was stimulated 160% with 0.5 mM CaCl2, and only 120% with 1.0 mM CaCl2. At low concentrations (10(-5) to 10(-7) M), methoxyverapamil (D600) and trifluoperazine stimulated human sperm phospholipase A2 activity, and trifluoperazine but not D600 produced almost complete inhibition between 10(-5) and 10(-4) M of the drug. The significance of human sperm phospholipase A2 activity and its modulation by Ca2+, Zn2+ and Mn2+ in the sperm acrosome reaction is discussed. PMID- 6722242 TI - Phagocytosis of sperm cytoplasmic droplets by a specialized region in the epididymis of the brushtailed possum, Trichosurus vulpecula. AB - During sperm maturation in the brushtailed possum, Trichosurus vulpecula, cytoplasmic droplets are shed from maturing spermatozoa in the distal regions of the head of the epididymis. Examination of luminal contents from various regions of the epididymis showed that the proportion of detached droplets in the luminal contents was reduced from about 45% in the proximal corpus epididymidis to less than 10% in the distal corpus and cauda epididymides. In contrast, the proportion of droplet-free spermatozoa increased from about 45% to more than 90% in the luminal contents. Disappearance of detached cytoplasmic droplets from the lumen was found to be associated with a region of specialized principal cells lining Regions 6 and 7 of the epididymis which selectively sequester and phagocytose free droplets from the luminal milieu. The luminal surfaces of these cells are characterized by a complex system of interdigitating processes which appear as waves of microfolds . These processes contrast with the stereocilia which cover the luminal surfaces of principal cells in adjacent, nonphagocytic regions of the duct. Cytoplasmic droplets are phagocytosed with their limiting membrane intact and gradually become condensed as they are transported deeper into the cell. Membrane lamellae are gradually compacted, transformed into concentrically arranged membrane stacks and then condensed into small electron-dense vesicles, which are probably degraded by the epithelial cells. The presence of a specific recognition factor on cytoplasmic droplets is suggested by the observation that phagocytic principal cells are able to selectively remove detached cytoplasmic droplets from the lumen in the presence of sperm-associated droplets and spermatozoa. PMID- 6722243 TI - Development of the caruncular and intercaruncular regions in the bovine endometrium. AB - Uterine specimens from fetal and postnatal heifers were examined by various types of microscopy to determine when the endometrium differentiated into caruncular and intercaruncular regions and changes in the cell types as the uterus developed. The luminal surface of the fetal uterus was formed into prominent pedunculated or mushroom-shaped nodules. Glandular development was first observed at about 250 days of gestation as short invaginations of the epithelium of the internodular surface adjacent to nodular stalks. The basal profile of each epithelial cell in the deeper portions of developing glands formed cytoplasmic processes which extended into the stroma. Between birth and 3 months of age there was a tremendous increase in the glandular epithelium. Concurrent thickening of the connective tissue component caused expansion of the nodular peduncle and a gradual flattening of the nodule until, by 1 year of age, only slight elevations remained, with a discrete caruncle visible on each. By following the development of the glandular component it was concluded that only the apical portion of each fetal nodule will develop into a caruncle and the sides of the nodule, together with the internodular portion, are destined to be the intercaruncular region. PMID- 6722244 TI - Production and characterization of monoclonal antibodies to the sperm acrosome stabilizing factor (ASF): utilization for purification and molecular analysis of ASF. AB - Utilizing hybridoma technology and highly purified acrosome stabilizing factor (ASF), six monoclonal antibodies (mAbs) specific for ASF were produced and characterized. Specificity and binding properties of each clone were examined by immunoperoxidase labeling of electrophoretic blots of rabbit serum, seminal plasma, cauda epididymal fluid and vasectomized seminal plasma separated on native and sodium dodecyl sulfate (SDS)-polyacrylamide gels. All mAbs recognize ASF in seminal plasma and cauda epididymal fluid but do not bind components in serum or vasectomized seminal plasma. Purification of ASF by affinity chromatography utilizing the mAbs, has shortened the 6-day isolation procedure for ASF used previously to less than 2 h and has increased the yield from 2 micrograms to 300 micrograms of ASF obtained per ml of seminal plasma. Three mAbs were used in conjunction with Cleveland digest with Staphylococcus aureus V8 protease, SDS-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis (SDS-PAGE) and immunoperoxidase labeling of Western Blots, to identify peptides containing specific determinants recognized by each mAb. At least five separate determinants were recognized by the six mAbs. The sensitivity of the Western blotting technique in conjunction with the specificity of the mAbs was exploited to detect polymeric forms of ASF in seminal plasma and cauda epididymal fluid. ASF is shown to be a 360-kd dimer consisting of two identical 180-kd monomers. Tools are now available to develop sensitive qualitative and quantitative assays for ASF, thus providing rapid, extremely sensitive methods for evaluating experiments designed to probe the molecular mechanism of capacitation. PMID- 6722245 TI - Program for the seventeenth annual meeting of the Society for the Study of Reproduction, including symposia on communication and control in reproduction and creative research. University of Wyoming, Laramie, Wyoming, July 23-26, 1984, Abstracts. PMID- 6722246 TI - Mechanical suitability of glycerol-preserved human dura mater for construction of prosthetic cardiac valves. AB - We have examined the tensile viscoelastic properties of fresh and glycerol preserved human dura mater, and correlated the results with structural information from the scanning electron microscope. The interwoven laminar structure of dura produces rather high flexural stiffness, while the crossed fibrillar laminae produce planar mechanical isotropy. Glycerol storage shifts the stress-strain curve to lower strain, reduces stress relaxation and creep, and lowers the ultimate tensile strength and strain at fracture. These changes may be due to glyceraldehyde crosslinking, or to increased interfibrillar friction. The latter hypothesis suggests that glycerol storage may reduce the fatigue lifetime of the tissue. PMID- 6722247 TI - Stereochemistry of poly(methyl methacrylate) acrylic resin denture base material. AB - Nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) 13C has been used to determine the tacticity of poly(methyl methacrylate) (PMMA) denture base materials. Curing cycle has no effect on tacticity. A tendency towards a mainly syndiotactic arrangement is shown. Industrially produced PMMA showed the same tacticity as the dental products. PMID- 6722248 TI - The response of bone to carbon--carbon composites. AB - A cloth-sandwich construction of a carbon-carbon composite material has been implanted in the femora of a series of rats and the response of the bone to this material compared to the response to titanium. It is shown that the carbon provides for excellent hard tissue biocompatibility. When the composite has a surface texture associated with fibre run out there is a degree of bony attachment, the interfacial shear strength for the composite-bone system being significantly greater than that for the titanium-bone system during the period 4 40 weeks post implantation. PMID- 6722249 TI - Degradation of poly (isobutyl cyanoacrylate) nanoparticles. AB - Poly(isobutyl cyanoacrylate) nanoparticles were prepared. They were degraded in two enzyme-free media at pH 7 and 12 in the presence of rat liver microsomes. The conventional formaldehyde-producing degradation route was studied, and showed a very low efficiency. Another pathway, consisting of ester hydrolysis, was identified and studied. In contrast to the formaldehyde pathway, ester hydrolysis was shown to be catalysed by enzymes. Finally, the release rate of adsorbed actinomycin from nanoparticles was proved to correlate exactly with the degradation rate of the polymer. PMID- 6722250 TI - The synovial response to intra-articular acrylic cement particles in guinea pigs. AB - The histology and cytology of the tissue response to intra-articular insertion of particles of acrylic bone cement containing barium sulphate has been studied in the guinea pig knee joint. Following insertion of the acrylic, fibrinous debris admixed with particles became adherent to the synovial membrane. Cell proliferation at the interface between the debris and the synovial tissue engulfed the debris, and a new layer of intimal lining cells formed over its surface. This process led to incorporation of the particles into vascularized subintimal tissue. The response to subintimal acrylic cement particles was by multinucleate giant cells (macrophage polykaryons), macrophages and fibroblasts, with a variable amount of intermingled fibrosis. After incorporation was complete, the long-term (3 months to 1 year) subintimal response acquired a basically stable histological appearance amongst which no zones of tissue necrosis were found. However, in some instances it did contain foci of neutrophil infiltration, and it is possible that such foci are a reaction to minor episodes of cell damage. PMID- 6722251 TI - Toxicity testing of medical device materials tested in human tissue cultures. AB - Rubber and plastic parts of medical devices were applied to human cell monolayers either directly or as aqueous extracts made at different time/temperature conditions. Thirteen rubber and twelve plastic samples were tested. The cultures were observed and photographed by use of a microscope with a camera before and after treatment with the test materials. The toxicity of the specimens was evaluated by comparison of the photographs. Alterations or disappearance of the cells or inhibited growth were interpreted as toxic effects of the materials. Twelve of the rubber and six of the plastic samples were evaluated as toxic in one or more of the systems. PMID- 6722252 TI - Technical aspects of gaseous formaldehyde as a sterilant. AB - The design of a sterilizer for sterilization of heat sensitive items using gaseous formaldehyde and steam is described. The sterilizer is able to create a constant formaldehyde-steam concentration over a period of at least one hour. It is further able to operate at formaldehyde concentrations close to saturation with only small residues on sterilized plastic materials. The autoclave is used for measurement of formaldehyde solubility in polyolefines and poly(vinyl chloride) being approx. 15 and 250 ppm, respectively, at 70 degrees C and 30 mg HCHO I-1. The diffusion coefficient of formaldehyde in poly(vinyl chloride) is measured and is in the same order of magnitude as for ethylene oxide in poly(methyl methacrylate) i.e. 10(-10) cm2 s-1. Measurements of airborne formaldehyde in front of different sterilizers show that it is possible to design facilities meeting occupational exposure limits. PMID- 6722253 TI - Ethylene chlorohydrin formation in radiation- and ethylene oxide-sterilized poly(vinyl chloride). AB - Published reports on the formation of ethylene chlorohydrin in ethylene oxide sterilized poly(vinyl chloride) are contradictory. The present paper discusses parameters involved in the ethylene chlorohydrin formation, such as the stabilizer system, plasticizer content and thermal strain during manufacture. It is shown that ethylene chlorohydrin can be formed in ethylene oxide-sterilized poly(vinyl chloride) previously sterilized by irradiation, in amounts dramatically exceeding published 'safe levels'. PMID- 6722254 TI - Adsorption of purified thrombin or antithrombin III for two insoluble anticoagulant polystyrene derivatives: II. Competition with the other plasma proteins. AB - In the preceding paper, we described results concerning the adsorption of purified thrombin and antithrombin III on two insoluble anticoagulant polystyrene derivatives. We now report similar results obtained in a plasma system. In each case, the purified protein was mixed with fresh platelet poor plasma in order to maintain the same concentrations of all the other plasma proteins. The thrombin molecule was modified by alkyl phosphorylation of the active serine site prior to mixing with plasma. The adsorption of antithrombin was found to be reduced 8 to 9 times when the protein solution was substituted by diluted plasma. In contrast, the thrombin adsorption only depends on the substituents bound on the polymeric chain. These results are supported by those of the study of the competition between purified antithrombin and albumin. PMID- 6722255 TI - Catalysis of the generation of thrombin-antithrombin complex by insoluble anticoagulant polystyrene derivatives. AB - The inhibition of thrombin by antithrombin III is known to be accelerated by heparin through the formation of complexes between the muccopolysaccharide and both proteins. In the preceding papers, we reported that polystyrene derivatives absorb thrombin and its inhibitor with a higher affinity for the protease than for the antiprotease. These complexes are responsible for the catalysis of the generation of thrombin-antithrombin complex which was observed either with purified proteins or in plasma. The protease-antiprotease complex has an affinity for the polymer surface which is higher than that of antithrombin but lower than that of thrombin. Therefore, the thrombin-antithrombin complex generated on the insoluble material is desorbed by thrombin and a catalytic anticoagulant effect can be observed with these polymers. PMID- 6722256 TI - Simplified evaluation and documentation of data from glucose controlled insulin infusion system (GCIIS). PMID- 6722257 TI - [Reflections on the organization and assessment of a medico-technical service in the hospital]. PMID- 6722258 TI - Time optimal binary test signal sequences for the analysis of the respiration control system in babies. PMID- 6722259 TI - [Advances in the mechanical administration of drugs: a completely implantable pump system--overview]. PMID- 6722260 TI - Mechanical hypothesis of sperm penetration. AB - Sperm have generally been supposed to penetrate the zona pellucida surrounding the mammalian egg with the aid of a protease, acrosin. Difficulties associated with this view are discussed and an alternative, mechanical hypothesis introduced. The calculated force exerted by individual sperm is too small to permit the rupture of any but the weakest of secondary chemical bonds. Mechanical progress through the zona must rely on stress relaxation in a viscoelastic medium. The known properties of the zona appear to be consistent with such a mechanism of penetration. PMID- 6722261 TI - Cell poking. Determination of the elastic area compressibility modulus of the erythrocyte membrane. AB - Cell poking, a new method for measuring mechanical properties of single cells was used to determine the elastic area compressibility modulus of osmotically swollen human erythrocytes. With this method we determined the force required to indent cells attached to a glass coverslip (Petersen, N.O., W. B. McConnaughey , and E. L. Elson , 1982, Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA, 79:5327. Forces on the order of one millidyne and indentations on the order of one micron were detected. An analysis of these data in terms of a simplified mechanical model yielded the elastic area compressibility modulus. This analysis used a variational approach to minimize the isothermal elastic potential energy density function given by E. A. Evans and R. Skalak (Mechanics and Thermodynamics of Biomembranes, 1980, CRC Press, Boca Raton , FL). Measurements on swollen erythrocytes gave a range of values, depending in part on the osmotic conditions, of 17.9 +/- 8.2 to 34.8 +/- 12.0 mdyn /micron for the elastic area compressibility modulus at 25 degrees C. Fractional area expansion greater than 2.6 +/- 0.8% produced rapid cell lysis. These values were not corrected for the reversible movement of water across the cell membrane in response to hydrostatic pressure gradients. Our results agree reasonably with those obtained by Evans et al. (Evans, E.A., R. Waugh , and L. Melnick , 1976, Biophys. J., 16:585-595.) using micropipette aspiration under similar conditions. PMID- 6722262 TI - A barrier to lateral diffusion of porphyropsin in Necturus rod outer segment disks. AB - Microspectrophotometry was used to study lateral diffusion of the visual pigment, porphyropsin , in the disk membrane in intact mudpuppy (Necturus maculosus) rod outer segments (ROS), isolated in frog Ringer's solution. A concentration gradient of unbleached visual pigment was produced on the disks by rapidly photobleaching 40% of the pigment in an area spanning 1/4 or 1/2 of the cell's width. The change in optical density of the cells at 580 nm was then followed with time on either the bleached or unbleached side. The temperature dependence of porphyropsin diffusion yielded a Q10 of 2.5 between 10 and 20 degrees C with an activation energy of 12 +/- 2 kcal. At completion of pigment diffusion, the center and edge of the disk had, respectively, attained only 90 and 55% of the concentration expected. Computed diffusion coefficients (5.4 X 10(-9) cm2/s) were similar at the center and periphery of the disk immediately after the flash, however, an additional slow component for diffusion was detected at the periphery. A comparison of optical density at 525 nm along the diameter of ROS before and after the flash showed a persistent (20 min) postbleach concentration gradient of unbleached porphyropsin . This suggests that 15% of the prophyropsins may be sequestered into distinct areas on a mudpuppy disk and are not free to diffuse over the whole surface. This argument is supported by the observation that mudpuppy disks are separated into petal -shaped regions by incisures, some of which penetrate nearly to the disk center. PMID- 6722264 TI - Lateral diffusion and phase separation in two-dimensional solutions of polymerized butadiene lipid in dimyristoylphosphatidylcholine bilayers. A photobleaching and freeze fracture study. AB - Mixed vesicles of dimyristoylphosphatidylcholine (DMPC) and a polymerizable lipid containing one diene group per chain are studied by freeze fracture electron microscopy and by the photobleaching (fluorescence recovery after photobleaching) technique. Large thin-walled vesicles of some micron in diameter become more stable after photochemical polymerization. Before polymerization bilayers of the diene lipid exhibit a liquid crystal-to-gel transition at Tg = 31 degrees C. Upon polymerization the transition remains but shifts to a slightly higher temperature (Tg* = 34 degrees C). The transitions in both cases are accompanied by a freezing in of the lateral mobilities. The mixed vesicle exhibits lateral phase separation after polymerization. Before polymerization the two lipids appear miscible at all compositions in the fluid state and at DMPC concentrations at or below 50 mol % in the solid state. After polymerization a two-dimensional solution of the polymer in DMPC is obtained at T greater than Tg*, while lateral phase segregation into DMPC-rich domains and patches of the polymer is observed at T less than Tg*. The domain structure appears identical irrespective of whether polymerization is performed at T greater than Tg or at T less than Tg. A typical value of the diameter of the polymerized lipid domains (approximately 400 A) indicates a rather small aggregation number (N less than 100 monomers). The lateral diffusion coefficient in butadiene-lipid bilayers only decreases from D1 = 3.10(-7) cm2/s to D1 = 8.10(-8) cm2/s (that is by a factor of 4) upon polymerization. This is consistent with the freeze fracture finding of a small aggregation number. We point out the similarities of the mixed vesicles with plasma membranes coupled to the cytoskeleton. PMID- 6722263 TI - Phase resetting of the rhythmic activity of embryonic heart cell aggregates. Experiment and theory. AB - Injection of a current pulse of brief duration into an aggregate of spontaneously beating chick embryonic heart cells resets the phase of the activity by either advancing or delaying the time of occurrence of the spontaneous beat subsequent to current injection. This effect depends upon the polarity, amplitude, and duration of the current pulse, as well as on the time of injection of the pulse. The transition from prolongation to shortening of the interbeat interval appears experimentally to be discontinuous for some stimulus conditions. These observations are analyzed by numerical investigation of a model of the ionic currents that underlie spontaneous activity in these preparations. The model consists of: Ix, which underlies the repolarization phase of the action potential, IK2, a time-dependent potassium ion pacemaker current, Ibg, a background or time-independent current, and INa, an inward sodium ion current that underlies the upstroke of the action potential. The steady state amplitude of the sum of these currents is an N-shaped function of potential. Slight shifts in the position of this current-voltage relation along the current axis can produce either one, two, or three intersections with the voltage axis. The number of these equilibrium points and the voltage dependence of INa contribute to apparent discontinuities of phase resetting. A current-voltage relation with three equilibrium points has a saddle point in the pacemaker voltage range. Certain combinations of current-pulse parameters and timing of injection can shift the state point near this saddle point and lead to an interbeat interval that is unbounded . Activation of INa is steeply voltage dependent. This results in apparently discontinuous phase resetting behavior for sufficiently large pulse amplitudes regardless of the number of equilibrium points. However, phase resetting is fundamentally a continuous function of the time of pulse injection for these conditions. These results demonstrate the ionic basis of phase resetting and provide a framework for topological analysis of this phenomenon in chick embryonic heart cell aggregates. PMID- 6722265 TI - Scaling of the equilibrium sedimentation distribution in dense DNA solutions. AB - DNA molecules, several persistence lengths long in sedimentation equilibrium at speeds high enough to maintain fairly close packing, show a dense, sharply bounded turbid phase and an isotropic phase (as with shorter fragments) and also an intermediate, somewhat turbid region. The concentration distribution in the isotropic phase is in satisfactory agreement with a simple extension of scaled particle theory in which semiflexible chains are equivalent to straight rods of the same length. The net intermolecular interactions, as inferred from the Zimm cluster integral, are purely repulsive. As in our previous study with short fragments, the results are compatible with a hard-core electrostatic radius, decreasing with increasing salt concentration. However, for the longer fragments it is necessary to infer either a slightly greater mass per unit length or a slightly smaller electrostatic radius for closest agreement with scaled particle theory. The properties of the solution at the boundary with the turbid, presumably strongly ordered phase are consistent with those found for shorter fragments and with theoretical scaling expectation for a hard, asymmetric particle. PMID- 6722266 TI - A model of dynamic quenching of fluorescence in globular proteins. AB - A model is presented for the quenching of a fluorophore in a protein interior. At low quencher concentration the quenching process is determined by the acquisition rate of quencher by the protein, the migration rate of quencher in the protein interior, and the exit rate of quencher from the protein. In cases where the fluorescence emission observed in the absence of quencher could be described by a single exponential decay, the presence of quencher led to doubly exponential decay times, and the aforementioned exit rates of the quencher could be determined from experimental data. At high quencher concentration, the processes became more complex, and the deterministic rate equations used at low quencher concentration had to be modified to take into account the Poisson distribution of quencher molecules throughout the protein ensemble and also by using a migration rate for quencher in the protein interior that is a function of the quencher concentration. Simulations performed for typical fluorescent probes in proteins showed good agreement with experiments. PMID- 6722267 TI - Oxygen distribution and migration within Mbdes Fe and Hbdes Fe. Multifrequency phase and modulation fluorometry study. AB - Quenching of the intensity and lifetime of porphyrin fluorescence from Mbdes Fe and Hbdes Fe (iron-free myoglobin and hemoglobin) by oxygen was investigated using a multifrequency cross-correlation phase fluorometer. The single exponential decay characteristic of porphyrin emission of Mbdes Fe and Hbdes Fe became doubly exponential upon application of oxygen pressure. The results were interpreted in terms of a general model of dynamic quenching of fluorescence in globular proteins. The model accounted for the rate k+ of acquisition of quencher by the protein, the exit rate k- of quencher from the protein, and the migration rate chi of quencher in the protein interior. The values of k+, k-, and chi were different for Mbdes Fe and Hbdes Fe. The addition of 40% sucrose, which increased the bulk viscosity sixfold, modified these rates. These results are discussed and compared with previous quenching studies on proteins. The significance of these results and the model for the interpretation of protein quenching studies is emphasized. PMID- 6722268 TI - A quantitative description in three dimensions of oxygen uptake by human red blood cells. AB - Oxygen uptake by human erythrocytes has been examined both experimentally and theoretically in terms of the influence of unstirred solvent layers that are adjacent to the cell surface. A one-dimensional plane sheet model has been compared with more complex spherical and cylindrical coordinate schemes. Although simpler and faster, the plane sheet algorithm is an inadequate representation when unstirred solvent layers are considered. The cylindrical disk model most closely represents the physical geometry of human red cells and is required for a quantitative analysis. In our stopped-flow rapid mixing experiments, the thickness of the unstirred solvent layer expands with time as the residual turbulence decays. This phenomenon has been quantified using a formulation based on previously developed hydrodynamic theories. An initial 10(-4) cm unstirred layer is postulated to occur during mixing and expand rapidly with time by a (t)0.5 function when flow stops. This formula, in combination with the three dimensional cylinder scheme, has been used to describe quantitatively uptake time courses at various oxygen concentrations, two different external solvent viscosities, and two different internal heme concentrations. PMID- 6722269 TI - Delayed rectification in the cardiac Purkinje fiber is not activated by intracellular calcium. AB - This study was designed to test the hypothesis that an outward current (Ix) responsible for action potential repolarization in the cardiac Purkinje fiber is activated by intracellular calcium (Cai). Pharmacological probes were combined with the measurement of membrane current and contractile activity under voltage clamp conditions. Experiments were designed to examine properties of Ix that have previously linked activation of this current to changes in Cai. The independence of Ix from Cai was demonstrated for each case tested. Thus, the results of these experiments support the view that Ix is not a calcium-activated current. PMID- 6722270 TI - Impulse responses of automaticity in the Purkinje fiber. AB - We examined the effects of brief current pulses on the pacemaker oscillations of the Purkinje fiber using the model of McAllister , Noble, and Tsien (1975. J. Physiol. [Lond.]. 251:1-57). This model was used to construct phase-response curves for brief electric stimuli to find "black holes," where rhythmic activity of the Purkinje fiber ceases. In our computer simulation, a brief current stimulus of the right magnitude and timing annihilated oscillations in membrane potential. The model also revealed a sequence of alternating periodic and chaotic regimes as the strength of a steady bias current is varied. We compared the results of our computer simulations with experimental work on Purkinje fibers and pointed out the importance of modeling results of this kind for understanding cardiac arrhythmias. PMID- 6722271 TI - Rhodopsin lateral diffusion as a function of rod outer segment disk membrane axial position. AB - Rhodopsin lateral diffusion was measured at three points along the axis of frog outer segments using the method of absorbance recovery after photobleaching. Mean recovery times were slightly longer in distal disk membranes than in proximal disks. A small reduction of pigment mobility with disk age may reflect subtle changes in membrane composition. PMID- 6722272 TI - Mass-spectrometric investigations on hydration of nucleic acid components in vacuum. II. N-methylated adenines. AB - Association reactions between water and N-methylated adenines (M), occurring under field-ionization conditions in a mass spectrometer at the tungsten point emitter surface, were studied at a number of temperatures. The origin of the peaks observed in the mass spectra at m/e ratios corresponding to MH+ was assigned to M X H2O monohydrates , of those corresponding to (MH X H2O)+ and (MH2)2+ to double hydrates M(H2O)3. Measurements of the relative peak intensities allowed calculation of apparent equilibrium constants, Kass, for successive hydration steps, and hence the respective van't Hoff enthalpies of hydration. Both the equilibrium and the energy parameters obtained support the available quantum-mechanical single-layer hydration schemes of adenine and of its N methylated derivatives. PMID- 6722274 TI - Stochastic model for electric field-induced membrane pores. Electroporation. AB - Electric impulses (1-20 kV cm-1, 1-5 microseconds) cause transient structural changes in biological membranes and lipid bilayers, leading to apparently reversible pore formation ( electroporation ) with cross-membrane material flow and, if two membranes are in contact, to irreversible membrane fusion ( electrofusion ). The fundamental process operative in electroporation and electrofusion is treated in terms of a periodic lipid block model, a block being a nearest-neighbour pair of lipid molecules in either of two states: (i) the polar head group in the bilayer plane or (ii) facing the centre of a pore (or defect site). The number of blocks in the pore wall is the stochastic variable of the model describing pore size and stability. The Helmholtz free energy function characterizing the transition probabilities of the various pore states contains the surface energies of the pore wall and the planar bilayer and, if an electric field is present, also a dielectric polarization term (dominated by the polarization of the water layer adjacent to the pore wall). Assuming a Poisson process the average number of blocks in a pore wall is given by the solution of a non-linear differential equation. At subcritical electric fields the average pore size is stationary and very small. At supercritical field strengths the pore radius increases and, reaching a critical pore size, the membrane ruptures (dielectric breakdown). If, however, the electric field is switched off, before the critical pore radius is reached, the pore apparently completely reseals to the closed bilayer configuration (reversible electroporation ). PMID- 6722273 TI - A quantum chemical study of the effect of Na+ on the hydrogen bonds in the adenine-thymine base-pair. AB - It is shown, by quantum chemical calculations, that an Na+ located in the neighborhood of the adenine thymine base-pair can dissociate the hydrogen bonds in it. However, a water molecule placed between Na+ and the base-pair would provide perfect protection for the hydrogen bonds. The suggestion is put forward that a hydrophobic carcinogen (for example) could perturb sufficiently the water structure around DNA to allow Na+ to penetrate to molecular distance from the base-pair. This could result in the 'breaking' of hydrogen bonds and, eventually, irregular cell division. PMID- 6722275 TI - Computer simulation of sustained oscillations in peroxidase-oxidase reaction. AB - A system of differential equations of second order exhibiting transitional behaviour and sustained oscillations has been obtained for a complete scheme of the peroxidase-oxidase reaction. The concentrations of hydrogen peroxide and of hydrogen donor radicals are slow variables of the system. The most essential reactions responsible for oscillations have been selected. Analysis of the system in phase plane and in parameter space has been carried out. The dependence of oscillation period and amplitude on the parameter values has been investigated. PMID- 6722276 TI - Some aspects of studies of thermal transitions in proteins by means of their intrinsic fluorescence. AB - The changes in intrinsic fluorescence parameters induced by thermal transitions in proteins are developed on the background of the common thermal fluorescence quenching due to an activation of collisions between the excited chromophores and neighbouring quenching groups. Two methods of separation of the thermal quenching and conformational change contributions to the temperature dependence of the fluorescence parameters are presented. One is based on the use of the linearity of the plots of the reciprocal fluorescence quantum yield, 1/q, vs. the T/eta ratio (T, temperature; eta, solvent viscosity) for native proteins containing a single fluorescing chromophore (T.L. Bushueva , E.P. Busel and E.A. Burstein , Biochim. Biophys, Acta 534 (1978) 141). The other method is based on a consideration of the phase plots for the tryptophan fluorescence of proteins (fluorescence intensity at a fixed wavelength vs. intensity at any other fixed wavelength). The methods have been used for a study of the thermal transitions in Mg2+-loaded whiting parvalbumin (tryptophan fluorescence), Mg2+-loaded pike parvalbumins pI 4.2 (tyrosine fluorescence) and pI 5.0 (phenylalanine fluorescence), and Ca2+-loaded bovine alpha-lactalbumin (tryptophan fluorescence). The thermal denaturation curves for the parvalbumins show two stepped character. The main change of the protein conformation occurs at the higher temperature step. Comparison of the fluorescence data with the microcalorimetry results shows that the maxima of the asymmetric heat sorption peaks for pike parvalbumins correlate with the mid-points of the higher temperature steps of the fluorimetric curves. PMID- 6722278 TI - Conductivities and anisotropies in diffusely arranged nervous tissues; their determination and importance in neurophysiological studies. AB - A new method for conductivity measurements in nervous tissues is introduced. A multi-electrode device is used for successive current injections and simultaneous potential recordings, which improves statistical evidence. A procedure to investigate anisotropies in nervous tissue is theoretically developed and experimentally applied to the thoracic ganglia of the migratory locust Locusta migratoria. The region around the frontal acoustic neuropile of the metathoracic ganglion exhibits a very slight anisotropy. Its preference direction is represented by the animal's body longitudinal axis. In the mesothoracic ganglion no anisotropy at all was revealed. Inhomogenities could not be found within the nervous tissue investigated. These results are discussed with respect to neurophysiological investigations. PMID- 6722277 TI - Effects of pressure on the phase transition of bilayers in liposomes. Influence of cholesterol and alpha-tocopherol. AB - The effects of pressure on the gel-to-liquid crystalline phase transition temperature of dimyristoylphosphatidylcholine (DMPC) bilayers containing cholesterol, alpha-tocopherol, and alpha-tocopheryl acetate were studied by fluorescence depolarization. The transition temperature of cholesterol mixtures (greater than 7.5 mol%) was lower than that of 100% DMPC at atmospheric pressure, but it became higher than the latter on increase in pressure. The thermodynamic parameters of the transition (delta V, delta S, delta H) were estimated and the functions of cholesterol and alpha-tocopherols in the bilayers are discussed. PMID- 6722279 TI - Structure of ascorbic acid and its biological function. VI. Its importance for the Na+/K+-transport. AB - Ascorbic acid/isoascorbic acid are present as radicals at physiological pH with the unpaired electron located in the C(4) region. Since a distinction can be made between both types of radicals, the electron spin resonance technique can be used for discrimination between the epimers of vitamin C. The radical has a cyclic side-chain structure which is formed by the hydrogen bond C(3)-O-... HO-C(6) (approximately equal to 2.7 kJ) and which engulfs Na+ or K+ in the case of the ascorbyl or the isoascorbyl radical, respectively. The radicals Na-ASC and K-Iso ASC are electroneutral. Red. glutathione affects both types of radicals by restoring the original electronic configuration at C(4) without changing the electroneutral bicyclic structure. In this way, the mobile carriers Na-ASC and K Iso-ASC can transport Na+ and K+ across membranes. Its highest efficiency is around 37 degrees C and pH approximately equal to 7, that is, at physiological values. The biological importance of the side chain of vitamin C is outlined and a possible transport mechanism proposed. PMID- 6722280 TI - UV-induced small structural changes in the T7 bacteriophage studied by melting methods. AB - UV optical absorption and circular dichroism (CD) properties (spectra and melting curves) of T7 bacteriophage were investigated to detect "in situ" structural damages which can be related to the biological inactivation due to UV irradiation. UV doses (0.2-1.2 kJ/m2 at 254 nm) near to the biologically effective minimal dose were applied where the initial genetic damage (approximately 10 events/phage) was observed. The decrease of the melting temperature of the helix-coil transition and the broadening of the transition range indicate the destabilization of the intraphage structure due to the presence of about 0.1-0.6% damaged base concentration. PMID- 6722281 TI - Ultrasound elicits tonic responses and diminishes the phasic responses to adequate stimuli in thread-hair mechanoreceptors of Acheta domesticus. AB - Single mechanoreceptor cells in filiform hair sensilla on the cercus of Acheta domesticus were stimulated adequately by steplike deflections in their plane of least restraint and inadequately by ultrasound. Ultrasound was fed either into the cercus or into the thread-hair as substrate-borne sound of 110-120 kHz. The receptor responds to deflections of the thread-hair (adequate stimuli) with phasic receptor potentials which can be picked up transepithelially . These responses can be either depolarizing (excitatory responses) or hyperpolarizing (inhibitory responses). Ultrasound applied simultaneously or shortly preceding the adequate stimulus reduces both kinds of responses in a graded way. The receptor can respond to ultrasound alone. At small intensities the responses are predominantly inhibitory; with increasing intensity they may become excitatory. In both cases the responses to ultrasound are tonic and do not reach the peak responses to saturating adequate stimuli. The "off-effect", which follows adequate stimuli and leads to inhibitory responses after excitatory stimuli and vice versa, typically does not occur or is excitatory at the end of sonication. The observed effects of sonication are totally reversible. The correlation between transepithelial voltage, spike frequencies and spike amplitudes in the unsonicated and sonicated sensilla allows the responses to be attributed to sonication to the same conductance, which is also modulated by adequate stimuli. A model is discussed, according to which ultrasound exerts its effects by facilitating dissipative relaxation in the dendritic membrane, which is assumed to be involved in stimulus-energy transfer. PMID- 6722282 TI - Quantitative analysis of prostanoids in biological fluids by combined capillary column gas chromatography negative ion chemical ionization mass spectrometry. AB - An assay for the quantitative analysis of six biologically important prostanoids based on combined gas chromatography negative ion chemical ionization mass spectrometry has been developed. Prostanoids were extracted from biological fluids by liquid chromatography on Sep-Pak cartridges and converted to pentafluorobenzyl ester derivatives. Samples were injected on capillary column by the splitless technique and injections were made in a high boiling hydrocarbon solvent (n-dodecane) in order to minimize chromatographic run times. Quantification was carried out using selected ion monitoring of the appropriate [M-pentafluorobenzyl]- anion. The assay has been used for profiling cyclooxygenase metabolites of arachidonic acid in guinea pig lung perfusate after induction of anaphylaxis and platelet rich plasma after collagen-stimulated aggregation. PMID- 6722283 TI - Determination of metabolites of 3-chloro-4-benzyloxyphenylacetic acid (benzofenac) by GC/MS method. AB - Metabolites of benzofenac (3-chloro-4- benzyloxyphenylacetic acid) were determined in rat, rabbit, dog, and human urine by GC/MS. Before analysis the urine was extracted and the extracts were treated with diazomethane. Deuterium labelled benzofenac , 3-chloro-4-[( methylene-2H2]- benzolyoxy ) phenylacetic acid was used for the elucidation of the structures of some main metabolites and the determination of trace metabolites. The structures of the metabolites were determined from spectra obtained by electron impact and chemical ionization. PMID- 6722284 TI - Mass spectrometric identification of abnormal aromatic compounds in the urine of a child with Reye's like syndrome. AB - The urine of a young child with hypoglycemia and a Reye's like syndrome contained an excess of unusual aromatic products with a three carbon chain, phenylpropionylglycine and 3- and 4-(hydroxyphenyl)propionic and 3-(3-methoxy-4 hydroxyphenyl)propionic acids, as well as of organic acids usually found in fatty acid beta-oxidation defects: the mono- and dicarboxylic acids derived from the respective (omega-1) and omega-oxidation of C6 to C10 fatty acids. PMID- 6722285 TI - Laser desorption mass spectrometry of synthetic lipid A-like compounds. AB - The applicability and the present limitations of the laser microprobe mass analyser LAMMA -500 as an instrument for the structural analysis of higher molecular weight, non-volatile, bio-organic compounds (less than or equal to 2000 u) were investigated. For this purpose mass spectra of various synthetic and natural compounds representing cell wall components of Gram-negative bacteria, e.g. phospholipids and lipid A-like molecules were studied. In several cases these spectra exhibited relatively simple and interpretable patterns with a prominent quasi-molecular ion originating from alkali attachment. For one group of the compounds studied--synthetic lipid A-like molecules containing a phosphate moiety--the spectra were rather complicated and lacked pronounced quasi-molecular peaks. Possible reasons for this observation are discussed. PMID- 6722286 TI - Determination of tryptamine in brain tissue by capillary gas chromatography mass spectrometry (selected ion monitoring). AB - The development of an analytical method for the determination of brain tryptamine using capillary gas chromatography mass spectrometry (selected ion monitoring) is presented. The method involves solvent extraction of brain homogenates and further derivatization (pentafluoropropionyl derivatives) of the dried extracts. Gas chromatographic analysis is performed using a bonded phase silica fused capillary column. Selected monitoring of m/z 289 and 292 (isotope dilution technique) allows the determination of tryptamine in adult rat brain (450 +/- 73 pg g-1) (means +/- SEM), n = 6. PMID- 6722287 TI - Immobilization of enzymes masks their active site. AB - We studied the effect of immobilizing cellulase to carboxycellulose sodium by radiation polymerization on the masking of the active site of the enzyme. Masking of the enzyme during the preparation of immobilized enzyme was assayed at low temperature. The activity of immobilized enzyme was retained during repeated batch reactions, indicating that the enzyme was firmly trapped in the polymer matrix. Various compounds (designated monomers) were used to dissolve the carboxymethylcellulose; enzyme activity was affected by the nature of the monomer, by the monomer concentration, and by the solubility of the substrate in monomer. PMID- 6722288 TI - Catalysis by protein disulphide-isomerase of the assembly of trimeric procollagen from procollagen polypeptide chains. AB - Type-I procollagen, 14C-biosynthetically labelled, was reduced under denaturing and non-denaturing conditions. Reoxidation to disulphide-linked trimers occurred with non-denatured chains in the presence of an oxidant system containing oxidized and reduced glutathione. Dimeric intermediates were not detected. This reoxidation was accelerated by homogeneous beef liver protein disulphide isomerase. PMID- 6722289 TI - Divergent neuropeptide evolutionary drifts between American and Australian marsupials. AB - Present-day marsupials, which are supposed to have arisen from a single stem diverging from the placental stem some 130 million years ago, exist only in the American and Australian continents. Comparison of the homologous genes and their protein products, which evolved under different environmental conditions, may provide arguments for either selective or neutral evolution. In contrast to Australian Macropodidae, which have peculiar neurohypophysial peptides, namely mesotocin and two pressor peptides, lysine vasopressin and phenypressin, the South American oppossum, Didelphis marsupialis, has oxytocin, lysine vasopressin, and arginine vasopressin. Because placental mammals have oxytocin and usually arginine vasopressin, and nonmammalian tetrapods have mesotocin and arginine vasotocin, it is assumed that (1) selective change of arginine vasotocin into arginine vasopressin occurred in mammalian ancestors and a subsequent gene duplication in the marsupial line gave rise to two pressor peptides with divergent neutral drifts in American and Australian groups, and (2) mesotocin of nonmammalian tetrapods has been preserved in Australian marsupials and reclaimed for milk-ejecting function whereas it has been converted into oxytocin in South American oppossums. The change of mesotocin into oxytocin seems neutral rather than selective. PMID- 6722290 TI - Exercise endurance-training alters vitamin E tissue levels and red-blood-cell hemolysis in rodents. AB - Muscle tissue levels of d1-alpha-tocopherol (vitamin E) were significantly lower in endurance-trained rats than in sedentary animals, whether the animals were fed on vitamin-E-deficient or control (vitamin-E-sufficient) diets. In vitamin-E deficient rats, liver tissue levels of vitamin E were significantly lower in those that were endurance-trained than in those that were sedentary; this was not the case in control animals. In addition, for vitamin-E-deficient rats, the onset of red-blood-cell hemolysis in the sedentary animals occurred one week earlier than in the endurance-trained animals. Thus, it appears that training induces a protective effect against hemolysis despite vitamin E deficiency. PMID- 6722291 TI - High-mannose oligosaccharides from human Tamm-Horsfall glycoprotein. AB - The present communication reports the occurrence of high-mannose oligosaccharides on Tamm-Horsfall glycoprotein prepared from human pooled urine. The Pronase digest of the glycoprotein was fractionated by gel filtration and a high-mannose glycopeptide species was separated from complex-type glycopeptides. When high mannose glycopeptides were digested with endo-beta-N-acetylglucosaminidase H, followed by reduction with [3H]KBH4, three oligosaccharides were resolved by thin layer chromatography. On the basis of chromatographic mobility and exoglycosidase digestions the composition Man7-, Man6-, and Man5-GlcNAc was assigned to the three oligosaccharides. Man6GlcNAc is by far the major component. PMID- 6722292 TI - [Cerebrosides as one of the factors regulating the functional state of the blood vascular wall system]. AB - During 4 months rats were given intraperitoneal injections of cerebrosides in a dose of 5 mg/kg bw. The measurements were taken of the arterial blood pressure and the function of blood cells. It has been demonstrated that as compared to the control, the experimental animals showed a significant elevation of the blood pressure, hyperaggregation of platelets and red cells, an increase in the ability of platelets to adhesion. It has been also disclosed that there was a decrease in the time of the occurrence of muscle fatigue and death under stress induced by forced dynamic work. The data obtained are of interest in the aspect of investigating the role played by glycolipids in the pathogenesis of cardiovascular diseases. PMID- 6722293 TI - [Control of cardiac rhythm by stimulation of the vagus nerve in bursts in the rat]. AB - Burst stimulation of the vagus nerve in rats made it possible to obtain the ranges of the heart rate regulation. The increase of the number of impulses in a burst from 1 to 16 leads to a consistent decrease in the range of regulation from respectively 72.1 and 66.7% to 30.4 and 25% of the initial rate. The maximal range (10.1% of the initial rate) is reached with 4 impulses in a burst. The phenomenon of the regulation is reversed by atropine. PMID- 6722294 TI - [Coronary blood outflow along parasinoidal pathways in the left heart (possible pathogenesis of angina attacks with normal coronary circulation)]. AB - Acute experiments on isolated cat hearts were made to study the involvement of the parasinus pathways of the left heart in the blood outflow from the myocardium. The magnitude of the blood outflow to the left heart via the parasinus pathways may vary within a wide range, depending on heart function conditions. During heart work normalization, the specific values of the outflow to the left heart are minimal, amounting on an average to 10%, those under heart perfusion with venous blood to 39%, reaching 64% after 30 minutes of ischemia. The data obtained indicate that the assessment of myocardial supply by the blood inflow to the coronary arteries cannot be regarded as adequate and that angina pectoris attacks may occur because of the shunt drainage of the coronary blood, by-passing the myocardial capillaries. PMID- 6722295 TI - [Role of the locus coeruleus in the development of cerebrovascular disorders in acute myocardial ischemia]. AB - Experiments on rats were made to examine the total cerebral blood flow during locus coeruleus (LC) stimulation, acute myocardial ischemia and in the presence of acute myocardial ischemia after LC precoagulation . LC electric stimulation caused a decrease in the cerebral blood flow. The most profound cerebrovascular disorders were observed in animals with acute myocardial ischemia without LC precoagulation and were followed by cardiac arrhythmias. Cerebrovascular hemodynamic disorders occurring in acute myocardial ischemia were prevented by LC coagulation. It is suggested that the cerebrovascular disorders are consequent on the formation in the LC of the hyperactive determinant structure and play a role of a secondary pathogenetic factor in heart regulation disorders. PMID- 6722296 TI - [2 types of dynamics of filling of veins in the extremities during obstruction of venous outflow]. AB - The method of venous occlusion plethysmography improved by introduction of differential and logarithmic-computing signal amplifiers was used to study the time course of blood inflow to the limbs in 35 healthy individuals and 115 patients with diseases of lower limb veins. Two types of the time course of the vein blood content were defined. With type I the volume velocity (VV) of blood supply to the segment under study decreases, whereas with type II the VV first decreases and then remains unchanged for a long time. Type I occurs in 76% of healthy individuals, type II in 74% of patients. With type II the increment of the vein capacity is significantly reduced in both healthy individuals and in patients with varicose veins. Moreover, in healthy individuals, the VV, the time of constant venous volume attainment, and the rate of blood outflow from veins (after occlusion removal) significantly differ as well in types I and II. Both types of the blood content remain unchanged while both applying the functional tests and during examinations at varying times. It is assumed that type II blood content is determined by greater rigidity of the venous vessels. PMID- 6722297 TI - [Dynamics of changes in the electroretinogram of isolated frog and turtle retinas during rhythmic photic stimulation in conditions of induced lipid peroxidation]. AB - Comparative study of isolated retinas of frogs and turtles exposed to rhythmical photostimulation was conducted. It was shown that there are marked differences between the responses of isolated retinas of frogs and turtles to the rhythmical photostimulation. A considerable depression of the total amplitude of the rhythmical electroretinogram was observed under the conditions of induced lipid peroxidation. Introduction of a selenium compound to the superfusing medium increased to a certain extent both the single and rhythmical responses of isolated retinas of the animals. PMID- 6722298 TI - [Effect of hydrocortisone on clearance of inert colloid from blood by reticuloendothelial cells]. AB - The authors studied the effect of hydrocortisone (125 mg/kg) on blood clearance of colloidal carbon in vivo in adult female rats weighing 240-280 g. Administration of the hormone caused the depression of reticuloendothelial absorption function 2, 24 and 48 h after hormonal stimulation. The depression of the absorption ability was accompanied by a decrease in phagocytic activity of Kupffer cells, the major compartment of the reticuloendothelial system. No changes were recorded in the absorption ability of the reticuloendothelial cells after daily administration of hydrocortisone in a single dose of 12.5 mg/kg for 1, 2 and 3 weeks. PMID- 6722299 TI - [Pathways of invasion of the lungs by Pseudomonas aeruginosa during burn injury]. AB - P. aeruginosa pneumonia was induced in experiments on rats with stage III-IV thermal burns occupying 18-20% body skin surface. Electron microscopy was used to study the pathways of microorganism invasion from the lungs to the blood. The three main pathways of invasion were discovered: via the dilated intercellular gaps and degenerated basal membrane of the capillary endothelium; via the cytoplasmic channels, and via cell cytoplasm due to incomplete phagocytosis and destruction of macrophages and endotheliocytes. Endocytobiosis of P. aeruginosa in dystrophic pulmonary cells has been demonstrated as one of important factors of the pathogenesis of bacterial invasion. PMID- 6722300 TI - [Proteolytic resistance and thermostability of catalase and histidine decarboxylase from Micrococcus sp. n]. AB - Catalase from Micrococcus sp. n. is not hydrolyzed by trypsin at the protein/protease (pn/pe) exceeding 10/1. Histidine decarboxylase (HDC) loses 50% of activity after the first nine minutes of hydrolysis at the pn/pe ratio equal to 6/1, followed by a slow linear inactivation. Investigation of thermal stability at varying pH and temperatures demonstrated that catalase and HDC preserve 70-80% of activity after 5 minutes of incubation at 72 degrees C only at pH approaching the optimal pH of enzymatic activity (pH 7.45 for catalase and pH 5.55 for HDC). PMID- 6722301 TI - [Cytophotometric study of changes in glutamate dehydrogenase and GABA transaminase in the cerebral cortex during corazole kindling]. AB - It has been demonstrated in (CBA X C57BL/6) F1 mice that daily corazole injections (30 mg/kg) lead to the development of pharmacological kindling that manifests in a progressive increase of seizure susceptibility, seizure occurrence in response to the subthreshold convulsant dose and in demonstrable seizures. Cytophotometric study of the histological specimens of the sensorimotor cortex discovered the reduced enzymatic activity of glutamate dehydrogenase and GABA transaminase in the neurons. In the neuroglial cells, the activity of glutamate dehydrogenase also declined, whereas that of GABA transaminase tended on the contrary, towards increase. PMID- 6722302 TI - [Seasonal structural and functional changes in the rabbit heart]. AB - A study was made of some characteristics of the function and ultrastructure of intact rabbit heart during varying seasons. These characteristics appeared markedly different in winter, spring, summer and autumn. During the development in the myocardium of pathological processes (as a result of aorta coarctation and diphtheritic intoxication), the amplitude of changes in some parameters that characterize the function and ultrastructure of the heart was decreased. The author concludes that it is advisable to make control experiments during the appropriate season while carrying out physiological and morphological investigations. PMID- 6722304 TI - [Study of electromechanical coupling in smooth muscle cells of the ureter using phenothiazines]. AB - Chlorpromazine (ClP) and trifluoperazine (TFP) depress electrical and mechanical activity of ureter smooth muscle cells. Contraction was depressed by less doses of the substances applied as compared with the processes responsible for generation of spike activity. ClP causes the displacement of the dose-effect curve for Ca2+ towards larger concentrations of the latter. Trifluoperazine displaces the dose-effect curve for contraction to the right and downwards. It is concluded that inhibition of contraction and depression of ClP and TFP spikes is due to the calmodulin blocking on which kinase activity of myosin light chains depends. It is supposed that processes responsible for activation of the membrane systems of Ca2+ transport in the process of spike generation are also calmodulin dependent. PMID- 6722303 TI - [Effect of benzodiazepine tranquilizers on the ischemic focus and redistribution of blood flow in the ischemic myocardium]. AB - It has been shown in experiments on dogs with acute coronary insufficiency (coronary artery constriction and electrical pacing of the right atrium) that the tranquilizers diazepam (0.1 and 0.3 mg/kg) and chlordiazepoxide (1.0 mg/kg) do not change the epicardial electrogram as compared to control. The drugs increase the ratio of the retrograde coronary circulation in the ligated coronary artery to the circulation in intact areas of the myocardium, that may evidence circulatory redistribution in favour of the affected myocardial area. PMID- 6722305 TI - [Localization of dopamine receptors on nerve cell membranes]. AB - Experiments on rabbits anesthetized with urethane and chloralose were made to study the effect of microiontophoretically applied dopamine (DA) and immobilized DA connected with a polymer (DA-P) on extracellularly recorded activity of sensorimotor cortical neurons. Both DA-P and low-molecular DA reduced the frequency of spontaneous action potentials in the majority of the examined neurons in a dose-dependent manner. The inhibitory effect of DA-P was less powerful than that of DA under the same conditions of microiontophoretic application. Since low-molecular DA included in the structure of DA-P does not penetrate the neuron, it is concluded that the specific inhibitory effect of DA on neuronal activity is determined by its interaction with receptors located on the external surface of the neuronal membrane. PMID- 6722306 TI - [Change in the activity of natural killer cells in normal subjects and in virus diseases on exposure to interferon in vitro]. AB - The activity of natural killers was examined in peripheral blood of healthy subjects and patients with chronic hepatitis and disseminated sclerosis. An attempt was made to correct natural killer activity by human leukocyte interferon in vitro. To assess the activity of natural killers, use was made of the method of serial dilutions. An optimal effector/target ratio was employed in experiments. The patients with chronic hepatitis and disseminated sclerosis demonstrated a reduction in the activity of natural killers whatever the effector/target ratio. The action of interferon in vitro is specific immunomodulatory in nature. Administration of interferon in a dose of 250 Units/ml raises the magnitude of the cytotoxic index in healthy donors and in patients with chronic hepatitis and disseminated sclerosis, making the shape of the killer activity curve approach that of normal. Such an approach can be used for preliminary assessment of the sensitivity of natural killers to interferon in viral diseases of man. The potentialities and efficacy of interferon in clinical medicine are discussed. PMID- 6722307 TI - [Activity of natural killer cells and their sensitivity to interferon in aged mice]. AB - The authors studied the activity of natural killers in young and old mice and effects on this activity of interferon and its inducer (synthetic polynucleotide poly-I:C). The activity of natural killers as indicated by the 51Cr-release microtest and the content of the cells that recognize and lyse the target cells, determined in isolated conjugates in agarose were appreciably lower in old mice than in young ones. Administration of poly-I:C or interferon to the animals (or interferon treatment of splenocytes in vitro) led to an increase in the activity of natural killers in young mice, with no significant effect on old animals' cells. PMID- 6722308 TI - [Secondary development of minced muscle tissue of amphibia during transplantation and cultivation in diffusion chambers]. AB - The development of the skeletal muscular tissue from the frog Rana ridibunda was studied under autotransplantation and cultivation in diffusion chambers of the minced gastrocnemius muscle implanted intraperitoneally to other species of the same family. The material was examined by light or scanning electron microscopy. In both series of experiments, the muscular tissue from adult frogs retained its viability and reconstructive activity for a long time. The muscle material underwent reconstruction starting from myoblast formation by means of their separation and migration from disintegrating muscle fibers. The reconstruction eventuated in the formation of differentiated muscle fibers. The development of the muscular tissue proceeded more rapidly during cultivation in diffusion chambers under homo-implantation as compared with the process occurring in the minced muscle autotransplant. PMID- 6722309 TI - [Individual variability in the proliferative potential of human diploid fibroblasts in vitro]. AB - The rate of individual variability of proliferative potential determined by the percentage of colonies containing 16 and more cells (the cloning efficiency) was studied 16 embryonic and 15 postnatal strains of human diploid fibroblasts. It is highly probable that these differences are hereditary in nature and determined by the genotype of the given cell line. This conclusion is based on the fact that the cloning efficiency is a criterion marking each individual cell line and is well reproducible in a series of experiments. PMID- 6722310 TI - [Effect of adrenaline on the post-heat damage to the spermatogenic function in rats]. AB - Administration of adrenaline for 5 days did not produce any effect on the mass and histostructure of rat testes. However, adrenaline overtly potentiated an adverse action of high temperature on spermatogenic function of the testicles (immersion of the scrotum into water heated to 41 degrees C for 30 min). That manifested in a further decrease in the testicular mass and an increase in the number of spermatic tubules which had lost two or more generations of germinal cells. It is assumed that the sensitivity of the testes to adrenaline rises under high temperature. PMID- 6722311 TI - [Morphological and ultrastructural changes in the lungs as affected by different shock-producing factors]. AB - Experiments on 234 guinea-pigs were made to study the effects of 3 shock-inducing agents (acute hemorrhage, graded chest injury, Salmonella endotoxin). Application of histological methods, electron microscopy, electron histochemistry with the use of rutenium red and Pattle 's method for determining the stability of pulmonary vesicles disclosed that the typical reaction seen within the first 6 hours was the spasm of bronchioles and venules, followed by the development of bilateral small-focal contractile atelectases and microcirculatory disorders in the form of the sludge syndrome, leukostasis, accumulation of megakaryocytes, DVS , and dystrophy of the capillary endothelium. Following 12-24 hours structural changes in the surfactant system supervened: the loss of lamillar bodies by large alveolocytes, disorganization of the surfactant film, a critical fall of the Pattle stability. Intraalveolar edema was recorded at the ultrastructural level after 6-12 hours and at the histological level after 24 hours. The degree and time of the development of the changes depended on the type of a shock-inducing agent. PMID- 6722312 TI - [Cortical efferents in different areas of the cat orbitofrontal cortex]. AB - The efferental relations of different parts of the cat orbitofrontal cortex with other parts of the neocortex are not equal. As to the distribution in different zones of the neocortex they differ in the quantitative and spatial characteristics. The number of efferents originating from the orbitofrontal cortex increases from the medial part of the proreal gyrus to its dorsolateral parts and anterior part of the orbital gyrus. Thus the frontal part of the orbital gyrus has the greatest number of the efferental relations with other parts of the neocortex including the projection visual cortex. The relations disclosed suggest that the cat has the "circles" between the orbitofrontal cortex, parietal cortex and limbic cortex, apparently consequent on the bilateral influences between the three structures. PMID- 6722313 TI - [Topography of small, intensely fluorescing cells in rat lumbar sympathetic ganglia]. AB - The localization of small intensely fluorescent (SIF cells on serial cryostat slices and total preparations of the L2 and L4 rat lumbar sympathetic ganglia was studied after treatment by the modified Falck method. In the ganglia, the SIF cells occur both as clusters and singly. The cells are round in shape, frequently forming processes. The clusters of the SIF cells are usually localized beneath the ganglionic capsule in the proximity to the blood vessels. Large sympathetic ganglia contain from 35 to 51 cells, whereas small ganglia 5 to 9 cells. The regions of preferable SIF cells localization in L3 and L4 ganglia were found. PMID- 6722314 TI - [Resorption of collagen by hepatocytes during the reverse development of liver cirrhosis]. AB - Electron microscopy applied in experiments on white mice has demonstrated the presence of vacuoles containing collagen fibers in the cytoplasm of hepatocytes during reverse development of liver cirrhosis. As the organ regenerated, the number of vacuoles with decomposing collagen in the hepatocytes and the number of phagocytosing hepatocytes increased. Based on the data obtained the conclusion is made that during reverse development of liver cirrhosis one can observe the phenomenon of intracellular resorption of collagen by hepatocytes by means of collagen phagocytosis. PMID- 6722315 TI - [Effect of retinoids on rat spleen]. AB - It has been shown in experiments on Wistar male rats with the use of light and electron microscopy and morphometry that a single intraperitoneal injection of high doses of all-trans-methylretinoate and methyl-7,8- dihydroretinoate leads to an increase in the spleen weight, the appearance in the spleen of red cells changed in the shape, activation of phagocytic intensity of macrophages, intercellular interaction, lymphocyte proliferation and formation of new lymph follicles. PMID- 6722316 TI - [Structural homeostasis and possible mechanisms for its maintenance in the process of the formation by the liver parenchyma of a response to damage]. PMID- 6722317 TI - [Effect of angiotensin on the ultrastructure of the rat thyroid gland]. AB - Four hours after administering angiotensin to rats accumulation of radioactive iodine by the thyroid glands is inhibited. Angiotensin produces the contraction of thyroid arterioles. The cytoplasm of endotheliocytes of the perifollicular exchange microvessels becomes dense and luminar surfaces very involuted. Administration of angiotensin also leads to the changes in the ultrastructure of thyrocytes. The cisternae of the granular endoplasmic network get enlarged, the number of membrane-associated ribosome and mitochondria diminishes, that of lysosomes increases. PMID- 6722318 TI - [Histochemical analysis of the glycosaminoglycan content in the choroid plexus during hydration and dehydration]. AB - Histochemical study of the choroid plexus of the control and hydrated dogs injected with pituitrin solution (25 IU/kg bw) into the cerebral ventricle via a special cannula has demonstrated the ventricular surface of the choroid epithelium to bear compounds belonging to the class of glycosaminoglycans (GAG), primarily containing hyaluronic acid. The animals exposed to hydration showed an overt increase, whereas those treated with pituitrin a reduction in the content of GAG as compared with controls. The data obtained suggest that GAG contained by the choroid plexus are involved in the mechanism by which the rate of CSF formation is regulated. PMID- 6722319 TI - [Ultrastructural study of lymph node cells in experimental burn injury]. AB - Ultrastructure of the lymph nodes was examined in rats with experimental thermal burns of the skin. Ultrastructural studies of lymph node cells demonstrated the signs of destruction at the ultrastructural level. In the authors' opinion, destructive changes in lymph node cells may form the structural basis for secondary immunological deficiency typical for burn injury. PMID- 6722320 TI - [Role of the hypothalamus in inhibiting the hypophysis-adrenal cortex system through the feedback mechanism]. AB - Chronic experiments were made on intact rabbits and rabbits with destroyed paraventricular and ventromedial nuclei of the hypothalamus to explore the hydrocortisone-induced inhibition of the stressor response of the pituitary adrenocortical system. Intravenous injection of hydrocortisone in a dose of 100 micrograms/kg 5 minutes before immobilization stress led to inhibition of corticosteroid elevation induced by immobilization of the animals. Inhibition of the stressor reaction was maximal in intact animals, less in rabbits with destroyed ventromedial nuclei, and further less in animals with destroyed paraventricular nuclei. The paraventricular and ventromedial nuclei of the hypothalamus are necessary for inhibition of the pituitary-adrenocortical system by the feedback mechanisms. PMID- 6722321 TI - [The double ratio as an index of the normal functional organization of the human heart cycle at rest]. AB - The three-phase temporal dynamic structure of the cardiac cycle of man was assayed with the ECG curves using the double ratio. The magnitude of the double ratio is virtually permanent for normal men at rest, being independent of the sex or age. The double ratio within the limits 1.20 +/- 0.03 is regarded as criterion of normal dynamic organization of the cardiac cycle. PMID- 6722322 TI - [The "no reflow" phenomenon in the cerebral cortex in the early postischemic period]. AB - Experiments on white rats with clinical death due to blood loss were made to demonstrate the presence of the "no-reflow" focuses in the cerebral cortex in the first minutes of recirculation. The microcirculatory disturbances were functional in nature and were determined by the spasm of the small intracranial arteries, arterioles and precapillary sphincters. PMID- 6722323 TI - [Electrical activity of the cerebral cortex in fasting dogs with preserved and disordered gastric innervation]. AB - Chronic experiments on 6 hungry dogs were made to record the motor periodicity of the stomach from fistulas in the fundal area and the electrocorticograms (ECoG) from bipolar electrodes implanted into cranial bones. Five months before experiments 2 dogs of the six were subjected to selective distal vagotomy. Analysis of 700 ECoGs allowed the conclusion to be made that apart from stereotyped periodicity of the frequency spectrum of the ECoG according to the phases of gastric motor periodicity cycles, in each successive cycle there add up unique compositions of 5 main ECoG frequencies, which do not recur in other cycles (within the range from 2 to 30 Hz) consequent on the asymmetry in electric activity of the right and left hemisphere cortex and on the phenomenon of migrating wave activation. Denervation of the gastroduodenal zone organs leads to substantial restitution and destabilization of the frequency spectrum of the ECoG, disorders in the regulation of migrating wave activation. It is suggested that the features of the ECoG described are linked with the enterogastric mechanisms of hunger motivation. PMID- 6722324 TI - [Effect of inhibitors of prostaglandin biosynthesis on mouse resistance to cooling: fact and hypothesis]. AB - Prostaglandin (PG) biosynthesis inhibitors increase the resistance of mice to cold in acute experiments when administered 30-90 min before cooling in the doses that are sufficient for the attainment of PG synthesis inhibition. It is suggested that the so-called "permissive" effect on the catecholaminergic mechanisms of cold defence underlies the protective effect of PG synthesis inhibitors. The effect under consideration is similar to the known "permissive" effect of corticosteroids, the mechanism of which may be therefore identified presumably as the blockade of PG biosynthesis or action. PMID- 6722325 TI - [Disorder of the phagocytosis process in alveolar macrophages in thermal injury]. AB - Bacteriological assay, cytochemical studies of succinate and malate dehydrogenases, acid phosphatase, glycogen and lipids, as well as electron microscopy were used in experiments on 75 rabbits to examine over time phagocytosis of alveolar macrophages and some mechanisms of its disturbance after burn trauma. It was established that the phagocytic function of alveolar macrophages gets disturbed shortly after trauma, remaining depressed up to the time of convalescence. It was demonstrated that the mechanism by which phagocytic function gets disturbed differs with time following trauma. Primary depression of phagocytosis occurs immediately after burn. At the height of burn disease the cells develop an energy deficient state, whereas the time of convalescence is marked by the emergence of poorly differentiated forms of macrophages having the reduced phagocyte capacity. PMID- 6722326 TI - [Toxic activity of the blood plasma in the early postresuscitation period]. AB - The time course of blood plasma toxicity was studied in dogs in the early postresuscitation period 10 minutes after clinical death because of acute hemorrhage. The duration of dying, the rate of the recovery of the main vitally important body functions were discovered to affect the rate of accumulation in the blood of substances with different molecular weights. There were 3 phases in blood plasma toxicity accumulation. The first phase is marked by the overflow of blood vessels with low-molecular substances, the second one by relative lessening of the content of low-molecular metabolites and an increase in the content of medium-molecular substances. The second phase is in agreement with the maximal rise of blood plasma toxicity. The third phase that develops by the 60th minute of the postresuscitation period is characterized by reduction of the peak activity of all substances under study and by overt toxicity with relative normalization of the main body functions. PMID- 6722327 TI - [Morphofunctional characteristics of an abdominal aorta autograft after surgery]. AB - The reconstruction of the abdominal aorta transplant was studied in experiments with 40 mongrel dogs shortly after operation. One, 12 and 24 hours and on days 5 and 10 after operation the total amount of protein was measured in the aortic arch, in the thoracic part, in the plasty area and in the zones lying above and beneath the plasty area. Disc electrophoresis was used to examine the qualitative composition of proteins. The localization of acridine orange in the autotransplant wall was defined with the aid of fluorescent microscopy. The preparations were studied by scanning electron microscopy. Denervation and devascularization were found shortly after operation to provoke the reduction of endotheliocytes, formation of interendothelial "holes" favouring rapid imbibition with blood of the vascular wall, which in turn led to cell destruction in the auto-transplant by day 5 after operation. On the 8th 10th day there occurred irreversible changes in the collagen-elastic framework of the aorta. PMID- 6722328 TI - [Commissural mechanisms of restoring visual functions]. AB - The perimetric studies were carried out in adult cats with reduced classical and commissural visual pathways. The data obtained indicate substantial recovery of the temporal visual fields in cats with unilateral optic tract transection during one year after operation. The animals with combined optic tract and cerebral commissural transection did not demonstrate any remarkable restitution of visual fields. These findings allow the conclusion about the primary role of cerebral commissures in the compensatory mechanisms of visual functions after visual tract injury. PMID- 6722329 TI - [Changes in biochemical and hematological indices during hemosorption in the acute period of the crush syndrome]. AB - The clinical manifestations of toxemia and hemoconcentration were recorded in dogs in the early decompression period of the long-term crush syndrome. Hypermyoglobinemia and other fairly substantial biochemical shifts were discovered in the blood. During hemosorption with the use of coal adsorbents, the blood concentration of myoglobin, potassium and other ingredients was consistently reduced. Erythrocytosis caused by high hemoconcentration was noticed. There occurred redistributive leukopenia characteristic of hemosorption. PMID- 6722330 TI - [Biotesting of a burn toxin on mice with reticuloendothelial system block]. AB - Experiments on mice with reticuloendothelial system blockade were made to assay the toxic properties of the preparations obtained from the skin of burn and normal rats. As regards the activity level the preparations can be classified with either highly toxic or little toxic. Analysis of the dose-response dependence indicates that toxicity of the extracts is accounted for by at least two different toxins. PMID- 6722331 TI - [Effect of ischemia and postischemic reperfusion on fatty acid oxidation in heart mitochondria]. AB - During permanent coronary artery occlusion (1 and 4 h) the respiratory rate of rabbit heart mitochondria with palmitoyl-CoA, palmitoyl carnitine and acetate was progressively reduced to a similar extent. Oxidation of palmitoyl carnitine was incomplete, whereas beta-oxidation of palmitoyl carnitine was not altered significantly. Postischemic reperfusion (3 h) promoted the recovery of mitochondrial respiration. The data obtained suggest that in both the control and ischemia, palmitate oxidation is limited by outer carnitine palmitoyltransferase but not limited by the tricarboxylic acid cycle and respiratory chain. PMID- 6722332 TI - [Active sodium transport across the intestinal mucosa of rats studied with an automatic continuous voltage clamp]. AB - The author describes in detail the automatic continuous voltage clamp method for measuring the rate of active sodium transport across the rat small intestinal wall in vitro. The method allows the overcoming of two practical difficulties associated with the effects of edge damage and the existence of unstirrable layers, virtually reducing them to minimal. It is suggested that the effects of series resistance of subepithelial tissues should be taken into account by multiplying the measured value of the current by coefficient 1.31. PMID- 6722333 TI - [Use of liposomes as a nonspecific detoxifier in the crush syndrome]. AB - The possibility of parenteral detoxification was studied in dogs with the experimental crush syndrome. Infusion of lecithin liposomes (25 and 50 mg/kg) prevented the development of postcompression toxemia and hemodynamic disorders characteristic for endogenous intoxication. The use of the nonspecific parenteral sorbent lecithin liposomes permitted the maintenance of an adequate function of the animals' cardiovascular system for 5 hours after decompression. PMID- 6722334 TI - [Formation of ionol complexes with free fatty acids]. AB - UV spectrophotometry and high-resolution NMR spectrometry have demonstrated the formation of the complexes of ionol and fatty acids. This formation occurs as a result of the two types of interactions: 1/hydrogen bond formation between ionol OH-group and the carboxylic group of a fatty acid; 2/van der Waals interactions between the hydrogen chain of a fatty acid and tret -butyl groups of ionol. The latter interaction becomes more powerful with increase in fatty acid unsaturation. The molecular structure of the complexes of ionol with fatty acids is suggested. PMID- 6722335 TI - [Effect of nonachlazine on the size of an experimental myocardial infarct]. AB - The effect of intravenous injection of nonachlazine on the infarction size in rabbits was studied planimetrically 7 days after coronary artery occlusion. The first group rabbits received the drug 5 times every 30 minutes, beginning from the 30th minute after occlusion (the total dose 15 mg/kg). The second group rabbits were given nonachlazine 3 times a day (the total dose 12 mg/kg) during 6 days, beginning from the 2nd day after coronary artery occlusion. In both the animal groups, the drug induced respectively a 22.8 and 39.4% decrease in the necrosis size as compared to control. The effect of nonachlazine is presumably linked with stimulation of the collateral coronary circulation in the occluded zone and with the drug direct action on myocardial metabolism. PMID- 6722336 TI - [Effect of cordarone on the ultrastructure of cardiac muscle cells in experimental myocardial infarct]. AB - The effect of cordarone on the ultrastructure of cardiomyocytes of the periinfarction zone was studied in experiments on 30 cats. Cordarone was injected intramuscularly daily for 3.7 and 15 days in a dose of 10 mg/kg. Experimental myocardial infarction was induced by ligation of the left coronary artery at the border of its medium and inferior thirds. As compared with control, cordarone produced a more demonstrable reduction in the intracellular edema, more rapid recovery of the structure of myofibrils and greater accumulation of glycogen granules by the cytoplasm of cardiomyocytes. At the same time the structure of the mitochondria returned to normal more slowly as compared with control, with persistent widening of the cisternae of the sarcoplasmic reticulum being observed in addition. The changes described indicate that cordarone exerts different actions on the ultrastructure of cardiomyocytes, which is probably based on the drug influence on adrenergic processes and calcium turnover in the myocardium. PMID- 6722337 TI - [Comparison of the complement-binding activity of model immune complexes of different molecular weights]. AB - The authors studied and compared the complement-fixing activity of model immune complexes with different molecular mass. The complement-fixing activity of the complexes was found to be linearly independent of the molecular mass, being mainly determined by the size of the complex, and to be slightly dependent on the concentration of aggregated immunoglobulins. As far as the aggregates with a molecular mass over 20 IgG are concerned, addition of complement leads to the dissociation of the complexes. PMID- 6722338 TI - [Clonal heterogeneity of the fibroblasts from various human embryonic tissues in vitro]. AB - The clonal and tissue-specific character of the heterogeneity of diploid fibroblasts obtained from different tissues of human embryo has been demonstrated. It has been discovered that the cells differ in the intensity of proliferation, morphology, and alkaline phosphatase activity. PMID- 6722339 TI - [Clonal analysis of the intercellular variability in the functioning of human chromosomal nucleolus organizer regions]. AB - Intercellular variability of NOR activity detected with the aid of Ag-staining of human chromosomes was studied in mass and cloned fibroblast cultures obtained from 3 individuals. The intercellular variability was determined by different staining of one of 10 NORs. According to this trait the heterogeneity of the cell population was discovered in all cloned lines, with this heterogeneity being the same as in the parent cultures. That concerned the number of a variable chromosome and the percentage of the cells with Ag-stained and unstained chromosomes. It is suggested that genetic determination in the progenies of the somatic cells concerns the whole spectrum of potential variability observed in cell populations. PMID- 6722340 TI - [Optimization of the conditions for the in situ hybridization of cloned DNA sequences and for the differential staining of human chromosomes]. AB - The influence of different experimental conditions on in situ hybridization of DNA and subsequent differential staining of chromosomes was studied. The most optimal conditions for chromosomal localization of cloned repetitive DNA sequences were the lack of chromosome pretreatment with acid and RNase, reduction of the denaturation time to 30 s, carrying out of hybridization at a relatively low temperature (under 37 degrees C) at the expense of the use of formamide, addition to the hybridization mixture of 10% of dextran sulfate-500. The conditions indicated permit obtaining on radioautographs the G- and C segmentation of human chromosomes. PMID- 6722341 TI - [Effect of helium-neon laser radiation on the morphology of experimental allergic contact dermatitis]. AB - Clinical and morphological studies of guinea-pig skin in the areas of dermatitis induced by application of dinitrochlorobenzene (DNCB) have shown the decreased skin response to DNCB after treatment with helium-neon laser (wave length 632.8 nm, power density 8-10 mvt /cm2). The ultrastructural signs of cell metabolism activation in the epidermis and derma as well as activation of capillary transport have been discovered in allergic contact dermatitis areas after treatment with helium-neon laser. PMID- 6722342 TI - [Androgen binding by skeletal muscle nuclei]. AB - A study was made of 3H-19-nortestosterone binding by isolated nuclei and 0.4 M KCl nuclear extract of the rat skeletal muscle. Binding specificity was ascertained by incubation in the presence of various unlabeled steroids. The Kd values were measured for nuclei and 0.4 M KCl nuclear extract (11.6 +/- 2.5 nM and 9.9 +/- 1.6 nM, respectively). The amount of binding sites was 24.1 +/- 1.7 fmol/mg DNA or 13.7 +/- 1.0 fmol/g tissue. Enzymatic treatment with pronase and DNase shows that nuclear androgen receptors are proteins. DNA was noted to have a stabilizing effect. DNase treatment of nuclei during extraction with 0.4 M KCl was shown to significantly increase the amount of specifically bound radioactivity in the extract. PMID- 6722343 TI - [Histological evaluation of ovarian reproductive function in sexually mature mice after antenatal exposure to oxytetracycline]. AB - The action of oxytetracycline, an inhibitor of protein synthesis, on the antenatal mouse ovaries during proliferation of oogonia and their transition to the preleptotene stage leads to a decrease in the oocyte and follicle pools and to that in the number of ovulated oocytes in the mature offspring. PMID- 6722344 TI - [Ratio of the antiproliferative action of interferon to the degree of purity of the preparation]. AB - The antiproliferative (AP) action of human leukocytic interferon (HLI) of varying degrees of purification was studied and compared in cultures of human cells differing in interferon sensitivity. The concentrated and purified preparations of HLI suppressed the incorporation of 3H-thymidine and mitotic activities of the cultures sensitive to HLI of the cells, affecting, but insignificantly, the proliferation of the resistant cell culture. Poorly purified HLI suppressed the proliferation of both cell types. This indicates that native HLI contains impurities that have an AP action and exerts no antiviral activity. PMID- 6722345 TI - [Demonstration of a hourly rhythm of protein synthesis in human stomach biopsies]. AB - The rhythmic changes in the rate of protein synthesis with a period of 30-40 minutes were demonstrated in biopsy specimens of patients with duodenal ulcer. The oscillation amplitude was up to 20-40%. Eight patients of the 22 did not show such a rhythm. PMID- 6722346 TI - [Action of ketotifen on the mitogen-evoked proliferative response of human mononuclear cells]. AB - Ketotifen at low concentrations (5 and 50 microns) potentiated and at high ones (250 and 500 microM) blocked the proliferative response of human peripheral blood mononuclear cells ( NNC ) induced by PHA. The proliferative response was evaluated by 3H-thymidine incorporation into the cells. At doses inhibiting proliferative response to PHA ketotifen blocked both Con A-induced and Pokeweed mitogen-induced proliferations of MNC. At tested concentrations ketotifen inhibited and at the highest concentration (250 microM) blocked PHA-induced increase of protein synthesis in MNC evaluated by incorporation of 14C-L-leucine into the cells. The presented data showed that ketotifen acted not on the inductive step of the proliferative response but on the steps preceding the cell shift into S-phase. PMID- 6722347 TI - [Dependence of mononuclear infiltration of the liver on hepatocyte proliferation]. AB - Partial liver resection (two-thirds) performed in (CBA X C57BL)F1 mice 2-4 or 24 h after intravenous injection of 2 mg zymozan led to retardation of the formation of mononuclear infiltrates in the liver and the lung. In control sham-operated animals, the first signs of infiltration appeared on the 2nd, whereas in mice with partial liver resection ( PLR ) on the 5th day after zymozan -induced stimulation of liver macrophages. If mice underwent PLR 5 days after zymozan injection, the preformed mononuclear infiltrates experienced the reverse development. PLR did not abolish monocytosis which was observed after zymozan injection. On the other hand, when mice received hydrocortisone in a dose of 125 mg/kg, the zymozan -induced infiltration in the liver as well as monocytosis were blocked. It is assumed that depression of mononuclear infiltration in the liver and the lung after liver resection is linked with a specific effect of proliferating hepatocytes rather than with the stress-induced mobilization of glucocorticoids. PMID- 6722348 TI - [The phenomenon of cardiomyocyte disappearance in plastic insufficiency of the myocardium]. AB - The anthracycline cytostatic rubomycin hydrochloride was injected into male Wistar rats to induce plastic myocardial insufficiency. Light and electron microscopy and the method of alkaline dissociation of the myocardial tissue to obtain isolated cardiomyocytes were applied to examine the rat heart ventricles under the conditions of suppression of the DNA-dependent RNA synthesis and synthesis of specific proteins. Apart from the involutional processes occurring in the cardiomyocyte cytoplasm resulting in myocardial atrophy, the authors discovered a decrease in the number of muscle cells called "the disappearance phenomenon", since the mechanism of the elimination of a considerable number of cardiomyocytes could not be specified. It was shown that the disappearance of cardiomyocytes in plastic myocardial insufficiency is not linked with necrobiotic or sclerotic alterations. PMID- 6722349 TI - [Use of a calibrated melamine-formaldehyde latex for the luminescence microscopic study of phagocytosis in a macrophage culture]. AB - The possibility has been demonstrated of the use of calibrated melamine formaldehyde latex for studying phagocytosis as an object not undergoing intracellular digestion. Latex was discovered to be actively phagocytized by macrophages and to exert no toxic action on them. A study was made of the time course of changes in the color and brightness of the fluorescence of the latex phagocytized particles in macrophages intravitally fluorochrominated by acridine orange. These changes were demonstrated to be analogous to those observed previously during phagocytosis of bacteria and other objects. The data obtained demonstrate once more the transition of the fluorescent complex from lysosomes to phagosomes and the lack of the relationship of these changes with intracellular death and digestion of the phagocytized objects. The possibility has been also shown to differentiate between phagocytized particles of latex and those located outside the cells. PMID- 6722350 TI - [High-resolution electrophoresis in a new polyacrylamide-gel block]. AB - A new gel block for electrophoretic separation is offered. When viewed frontally, the block has a form of a trapezium. During electrophoresis a gradient of voltage is formed in such a block, as a result of which the mobility of macromolecules to be separated markedly decreases. The combination of the block with polyacrylamide gel gradient makes it possible to raise the resolving power of electrophoresis up to 300-400 dalton. The new gel block can be applied successfully to the performance of fine biochemical assays and molecular-biological studies of proteins, glycoproteins and nucleic acids. PMID- 6722351 TI - Analysis of myelomonocytic leukemic differentiation by a cell surface marker panel including a fucose-binding lectin from Lotus tetragonolobus. AB - The fucose-binding lectin from Lotus tetragonolobus ( FBL -L) has been previously shown to bind specifically to normal cells of the myeloid and monocytic lineages. The purpose of this study was to explore the utility of fluoresceinated FBL -L as a leukemia differentiation marker in conjunction with a panel of other frequently used surface markers (Fc receptor, HLA-DR, OKM1, and antimonocyte antibody). FBL L reacted with leukemic cells in 8/9 cases of clinically recognized acute myeloid leukemia, including myeloid blast crisis of chronic granulocytic leukemia, 3/3 cases of chronic phase chronic myelogenous leukemia, and in 2/7 cases of clinically undifferentiated acute leukemia. Correlations were noted between reactivity with FBL -L, and DR and Fc receptor expression. Among continuous cell lines, FBL -L bound with high intensity to a majority of HL-60 and U937 cells. The less well differentiated myeloblast cell lines, KG-1, KG1a , and HL-60 blast II, exhibited less FBL -L binding than HL-60 and U937. A moderate proportion of K562 cells exhibited low level binding of FBL -L. Several lymphoblastic cell lines exhibited a pattern of low intensity binding that was distinguishable from the high intensity binding pattern of the myeloblastic lines. FBL -L reactivity of U937 was enhanced by induction of differentiation with leukocyte conditioned medium, but not dimethylsulfoxide. Such treatments induced contrasting patterns of change of HL-60 and U937 when labeled with OKM1, alpha-Mono, and HLA-DR. These studies demonstrate the application of FBL -L to analysis and quantitation of myelomonocytic leukemic differentiation. PMID- 6722352 TI - Tissue factor-dependent activation of tritium-labeled factor IX and factor X in human plasma. AB - Recent investigations have suggested that the activation of factor IX by factor VII/tissue factor may be an important alternative route to the generation of factor Xa. Accordingly, we have compared the tissue factor-dependent activation of tritium-labeled factor IX and factor X in a human plasma system and have studied the role of proteases known to stimulate factor VII activity. Plasma was defibrinated by heating and depleted of its factors IX and X by passing it through antibody columns. Addition of human brain thromboplastin, Ca2+, and purified 3H-labeled factor X to the plasma resulted, after a short lag, in burst like activation of the factor X, measured as the release of radiolabeled activation peptide. The progress of activation was slowed by both heparin and a specific inhibitor of factor Xa, suggesting a feedback role for this enzyme, but factor X activation could not be completely abolished by such inhibitors. In the case of 3H-factor IX activation, the rate also increased for approximately 3 min after addition of thromboplastin, but was not subsequently curtailed. A survey of proteases implicated as activators of factor VII in other settings showed that both factor Xa and (to a much smaller extent) factor IXa could accelerate the activation of factor IX. However, factor Xa was unique in obliterating activation when present at concentrations greater than approximately 1 nM. Heparin inhibited the tissue factor-dependent activation of factor IX almost completely, apparently through the effect of antithrombin on the feedback reactions of factors Xa and IXa on factor VII. These results suggest that a very tight, biphasic control of factor VII activity exists in human plasma, which is modulated mainly by factor Xa. Variation of the factor IX or factor X concentrations permitted kinetic parameters for each activation to be derived. At saturation of factor VIIa/tissue factor, factor IX activation was significantly more rapid than was previously found in bovine plasma under similar conditions. The activation of factor X at saturation was slightly more rapid than in bovine plasma, despite the presence of heparin. PMID- 6722353 TI - Effects of thalassemia and microcytosis on the hematologic and vasoocclusive severity of sickle cell anemia. AB - The characteristic clinical heterogeneity of sickle cell anemia (HbSS) may be, in part, a result of its interactions with alpha-thalassemia. Although alpha thalassemia clearly affects some hematologic features of HbSS, its role in modulating the vasoocclusive severity of disease is not clear. To further explore this relationship, we examined the incidence of painful episodes, acute chest syndrome, aseptic bone necrosis, and leg ulcers in 3 patient groups with sickle cell disease: (1) 2,147 patients over age 2 yr, stratified according to mean corpuscular volume (MCV); (2) 183 patients selected on the basis of microcytosis and elevated HbA2, on whom globin biosynthesis studies were done; and (3) 125 patients who had alpha-globin genotype assigned by restriction endonuclease gene mapping. When patients were stratified by MCV, there was a reciprocal relationship between HbA2 levels and MCV, reflecting the presence of patients with beta o and alpha-thalassemia in the low MCV groups. The erythrocyte indices and HbA2 levels in patients classified as HbSS-alpha-thalassemia, by either globin synthesis studies or gene mapping, were very similar to those previously reported by others. Neither microcytosis, beta o, or alpha-thalassemia appeared to provide any clear protection from the vasoocclusive complication evaluated, and the prevalence of aseptic necrosis was increased in patients with microcytosis over age 20 yr and in groups with alpha-thalassemia. The effects of a reduced MCV and mean corpuscular hemoglobin concentration (MCHC), of possible benefit by themselves, when accompanied by a reduction in hemolysis and rise in hemoglobin concentration, as in HbSS-alpha-thalassemia, may cause sufficient rise in blood viscosity in critical vascular beds to impair blood flow and negate any amelioration of vasoocclusive complications in HbSS. PMID- 6722354 TI - Platelet size and age determine platelet function independently. AB - This study was undertaken to examine the interaction of platelet size and age in determining in vitro platelet function. Baboon megakaryocytes were labeled in vivo by the injection of 75Se-methionine. Blood was collected when the label was predominantly associated with younger platelets (day 2) and with older platelets (day 9). Size-dependent platelet subpopulations were prepared on both days by counterflow centrifugation. The reactivity of each platelet subpopulation was determined on both days by measuring thrombin-induced aggregation. Platelets were fixed after partial aggregation had occurred by the addition of EDTA/formalin. After removal of the aggregated platelets by differential centrifugation, the supernatant medium was assayed for remaining platelets and 75Se radioactivity. Comparing day 2 and day 9, no significant difference was seen in the rate of aggregation of a given subpopulation. However, aggregation was more rapid in the larger platelet fractions than in the smaller ones on both days. A greater percentage of the 75Se radioactivity appeared in the platelet aggregates on day 2 than on day 9. This effect was independent of platelet size, as it occurred to a similar extent in the unfractionated platelets and in each of the size-dependent platelet subpopulations. The data indicate that young platelets are more active than older platelets. This study demonstrates that size and age are both determinants of platelet function, but by independent mechanisms. PMID- 6722355 TI - Rigid membranes of Malayan ovalocytes: a likely genetic barrier against malaria. AB - A high frequency of nonhemolytic hereditary ovalocytosis in Malayan aborigines is thought to result from reduced susceptibility of affected individuals to malaria. Indeed, Kidson et al. recently showed that ovalocytes from Melanesians in Papua New Guinea are resistant to infection in culture by the malarial parasite Plasmodium falciparum. In order to determine if protection against parasitic invasion in these ovalocytes might be the result of some altered membrane material property in these unusual cells, we measured their membrane and cellular deformability characteristics using an ektacytometer . Ovalocytic red cells were found to be much less deformable in comparison to normal discoid red cells. Similar measurements on isolated membrane preparations revealed a marked reduction in ovalocytic membrane deformability. To produce equal deformation of ovalocytic and normal membranes, ovalocytes required an 8-10-fold increase in applied shear stress, indicating that their membrane was capable of deforming under sufficient stress. To test the possibility that this increased membrane rigidity might confer resistance to parasitic invasion, we performed an in vitro invasion assay using Plasmodium falciparum merozoites and Malayan ovalocytes of varying deformability from seven different donors. The level of infection of the ovalocytes ranged from 1% to 35% of that in control cells, and the extent of inhibition appeared to be closely related to the reduction in membrane deformability. Moreover, we were able to induce similar resistance to parasitic invasion in nonovalocytic normal red cells by increasing their membrane rigidity with graded exposure to a protein crosslinking agent. Our findings suggest that resistance to parasite invasion of Malayan ovalocytes is the result of a genetic mutation that causes increased membrane rigidity. PMID- 6722356 TI - The relationship among platelet-associated IgG, platelet lifespan, and reticuloendothelial cell function. AB - Platelet-associated IgG (PAIgG) has been reported to be elevated in nonthrombocytopenic patients who have a normal platelet lifespan. This has been interpreted as indicating that PAIgG is a nonspecific finding in these patients and not a determinant of platelet survival. It is important to recognize that the reticuloendothelial (RE) system plays an important role in the clearance of antibody-sensitized cells. In this study, we related the level of PAIgG and the platelet lifespan to the RE function in patients with: (A) idiopathic thrombocytopenic purpura (ITP), and (B) five patients with elevated levels of PAIgG yet normal or near-normal platelet counts. RE function was assessed by measuring the clearance of autologous chromium-labeled red cells sensitized with a precise amount of alloantibody (2,000-3,600 molecules of IgG/cell). Eight patients with immune thrombocytopenia had significantly shortened platelet survivals (less than 2-113 hr). In contrast, the five patients with elevated PAIgG, yet normal or near-normal platelet counts, all had normal autologous platelet survivals (186-222 hr). These patients also had significantly impaired clearance of IgG-sensitized red cells, with an average of 85% of the infused red cells remaining in the circulation at 60 min (normal 42% +/- 14%, n = 10). In this study, every patient with elevated PAIgG and normal RE function had a shortened platelet lifespan. Those patients with elevated PAIgG and impaired RE function did not invariably have a shortened platelet lifespan. The observation that the PAIgG is elevated in some patients whose platelet survival is normal does not indicate that PAIgG is not biologically relevant. It indicates that these patients may have RE blockade and do not clear IgG-sensitized cells. PMID- 6722357 TI - Identification of the hereditary pyropoikilocytosis carrier state. AB - We evaluated the hematologic, rheologic, and biochemical features of erythrocytes obtained from 10 relatives of a 5-yr-old black female with hereditary pyropoikilocytosis (HPP) and severe hemolytic anemia. Erythrocyte morphology was normal in the father and five other relatives, but ghost mechanical fragility and drug-induced red cell endocytosis were increased, as was the percentage of spectrin dimers noted on 3.2% nondenaturing PAGE of spectrin extracts. Identical changes were also noted in the mother and her sister, whose erythrocytes were elliptocytic and exhibited morphological changes upon heating to 45 degrees-48 degrees C (normal 49 degrees). The two other family members were normal in every respect. SDS-PAGE analysis of membrane proteins demonstrated diminished amounts of spectrin in HPP erythrocytes, but was normal in other family members. A diffuse band (mol wt 575,000-665,000), composed entirely of spectrin, was apparent adjacent to the dimer region on nondenaturing PAGE of spectrin extracts from the propositus, mother, and aunt. In this family, HPP appears to have resulted from compound heterozygosity for two distinct genetic abnormalities (reflected by the differences between elliptocytic and nonelliptocytic carriers). Although the membrane abnormalities in carriers did not result in hemolytic anemia, they were of sufficient magnitude to allow the detection of the carrier state. PMID- 6722358 TI - Ectopic bone marrow development in experimental busulfan-induced hypoplastic anemia in mice. AB - The intramuscular implantation of devitalized bone matrix in 42 mice with busulfan-induced bone marrow failure and in 42 control mice led to the sequential formation of ectopic cartilage, bone and bone marrow. The morphological volumetric estimation of these components in the hypoplastic mice showed a significant increase in cartilage and a decrease in hematopoietic bone marrow as compared with control mice. The cellularity in the ectopic hematopoietic bone marrow was similar to that of sternal bone marrow. The possible significance of these findings is discussed. PMID- 6722360 TI - The negative correlation between mean corpuscular volume and erythrocyte count in anemic and non-anemic children. AB - A significant negative correlation was observed between mean corpuscular volume and erythrocyte count in school children 6 to 14 years of age. Slopes of regression lines of MCV/RBC were significantly higher in anemic children than in non-anemic children but no significant difference was observed between boys and girls. PMID- 6722359 TI - Relapsing acute febrile neutrophilic dermatosis and essential thrombocythemia. AB - Relapsing acute febrile neutrophilic dermatosis ( AFND ) is reported in a patient with essential thrombocythemia representing the first case of this kind described in the literature. The patient presented with fever, malaise, neutrophilic leukocytosis, dysproteinemia, and coalescing bluish-red painful plaques and papules at palms, forehead, lid, forearm, and thigh. There was a dramatic response to steroids, or indomethacin, with no scarring. AFND was preceded by sore throat and an upper respiratory infection and was accompanied by conjunctivitis and arthritis of knees and ankle-joint. The association of AFND with essential thrombocythemia and with other neoplastic disorders is discussed. PMID- 6722361 TI - Lung function of children treated for malignant extrapulmonary tumors. AB - Lung function was studied in 29 children suffering from extrapulmonary tumors of varying etiology (Wilm's tumor, n = 7; bone malignancy, n = 17; nasopharyngeal epithelioma, n = 5). Lung volume: vital capacity (VC) and functional residual capacity (FRC), lung mechanics: lung resistance (RL), dynamic lung compliance (CLdyn) and static lung compliance (CLstat) and lung transfer factor for CO (TLCO), and blood gases were determined at different stages of therapy: at t0, before any aggressive treatment for respiratory function; at t1, after the initiation of polychemotherapy with or without local tumoral treatment (surgery or local irradiation); at t2, less than 6 months after onset of thoracopulmonary irradiation (whole lung irradiation at 20 grays) (group I), or local thoracopulmonary irradiation at high exposure greater than 40 grays (group II); at t3 after more than 6 months following irradiation with chemotherapy maintained; at t4, after cessation of all treatment (mean: 25 months +/- 14 after cessation of treatment). At t0, lung function data in children without pulmonary metastases did not deviate from predicted values. At t1, group I showed a significant decrease in CLdyn, which could be due to chemotherapy and for 5 children to consequences of abdominal surgery. In group II, only two children had a low CLdyn and also a significant decrease in VC (possibly due to the site of the tumor). After irradiation (at t2), FRC, TLCO and CLdyn were significantly lower than the predicted values and lower than at t1 in both groups (p greater than 0.01). At t3, functional parameters did not show any change compared to t2. At t4, FRC and TLCO were within normal limits in both groups but CLdyn, CLstat and the CLdyn/FRC ratio remained significantly decreased. It is suggested that these functional abnormalities are due to inadequate alveolar growth. PMID- 6722362 TI - Effects of thoracic or abdominal strapping on exercise performance. AB - In eleven young healthy subjects, vital capacity was reduced by 30% by thoracic or abdominal strapping and the effects of this on maximal work capacity, ventilation and circulation were examined. During exercise as well as at rest, tidal volume and stroke volume were reduced and respiratory frequency and heart rate were increased with both types of strapping. Cardiac output appeared to be decreased. Thoracic strapping was slightly but significantly more impeding than abdominal strapping: residual volume, tidal volume and maximal work capacity were smaller. In both instances, the decrease in maximal performance was apparently due to ventilatory as well as circulatory limitation. PMID- 6722363 TI - A computer system for timing and acoustical analysis of crackles: a study in cryptogenic fibrosing alveolitis. AB - A system for recording and processing lung crackles is described. These are detected by a microphone on the chest wall and recorded simultaneously with flow rate, tidal volume and oesophageal pressure on a four-channel tape recorder. The sound signal is subsequently digitized by an analog-to-digital converter and processed by a minicomputer, using the Time Series Language and the fast Fourier transform algorithm. A preliminary study on seven patients with cryptogenic fibrosing alveolitis (CFA) confirms that crackles typically occur at the end of inspiration; timing seems to be well related to inspired volume and esophageal pressure. Inspiratory crackles of CFA have a well-defined waveform: it consists of a starting component and a damped oscillation, which probably depends on the resonant frequency of the lung. The crackle energy content is mainly concentrated in the frequency range between 100 and 2 000 Hz, the spectrum shape being determined by the energy distribution between the two components of the waveform. This recording and processing system gives more complete information about crackles than auscultation does, allowing their quantification and reproducibility. It may be used to compare crackles in different diseases, and may be simplified and standardized for routine clinical use as an additional noninvasive diagnostic technique. PMID- 6722364 TI - [Efficiency of mucociliary clearance and cough in bronchitis]. AB - Progressive alterations in the in vitro transport properties of airway secretions according to the severity and duration of bronchitis have been previously reported, but the potential in vivo dysfunction of bronchial clearance during different phases of bronchitis has not yet been studied. We measured bronchial mucociliary clearance (CMC) and clearance by cough (CTx) using a radioactive aerosol technique (resin particles 7.4 micron in diameter, tagged with technetium 99 m) in patients with recurrent bronchitis (group I, n = 5) and in chronic bronchitic patients, either at an early (group II, n = 13) or advanced (group III, n = 17) stage of their disease. The results were compared with those obtained from a control group (group 0, n = 10) and the respective efficiencies of the mucociliary system and cough were analysed with reference to respiratory function. The initial deposition of the aerosol in central airways is similar in all the patients and healthy subjects. In comparison with group 0, the mucociliary clearance is only significantly reduced in groups II and III (p less than 0.02). In healthy subjects, the clearance by cough is very weak, whereas in bronchitic patients it can be roughly equal to or greater than the CMC. However, the cough is less efficient in group III than in group II (p less than 0.05). A reduced efficiency of the clearance by cough occurs together with abnormalities in the gas exchange. PMID- 6722365 TI - Influence of matching volume on reproducibility of maximal expiratory flow-volume curves. AB - We examined the influence of "matching volume" on intrasubject variability of the descending limb of maximal expiratory flow-volume (MEFV) curves on air and helium oxygen (He) in 18 healthy subjects and 28 patients with airflow limitation. Duplicate forced expirations were analysed according to four methods of alignment. With the first method, flows corresponding to identical percentiles of separate FVC (SEPVC) were compared. With the remaining three, we aligned curves at TLC, mid-vital capacity (VC50) and RV, respectively, for comparison of: a) flow at identical percentiles of the averaged FVC and b) expired volume at identical percentiles of the averaged peak flow. In healthy subjects, variability of flow at 50% and 75% of expired FVC (FEF50 and FEF75) did not change significantly with method, except that FEF75 on air varied more with method SEPVC than with VC50. In airflow limitation, FEF75 was significantly less reproducible when curves were matched at RV than at TLC, both on air and He. Over the latter part of expiration, an arbitrary index of variability of flow-defined volume also indicated that method RV gave the poorest precision in patients. We conclude that selection of matching volume does not influence the variability of MEFV-curves in health. In airflow limitation, however, TLC appears to be the most reliable volume for alignment. PMID- 6722366 TI - A polygraphic study of one case of primary alveolar hypoventilation (Ondine's curse). AB - We report here on a case of primary alveolar hypoventilation in a 9 yr old child. From the age of 8 years, the patient has suffered from episodes of bronchopneumonia associated with severe respiratory insufficiency and lethargy. After recovery, cyanosis developed during the night and, later on, during the day. On two occasions, serious respiratory depression followed ketamine sedation for cardiac catheterization and total anaesthesia for cerebral angiography. Pulmonary function tests showed normal volumes and normal mechanics of breathing; blood gas analysis revealed a slight hypercapnic acidosis and hypoxia. The ventilatory response to CO2 was virtually absent, whereas voluntary hyperventilation normalized blood gas values. A polygraphic recording during sleep showed a marked worsening of hypoventilation, which occurred soon after falling asleep and continued throughout all sleep stages; sporadic central apnoeas, at times prolonged, were recorded only during light sleep. The patient, now 14 yr old, is maintained in satisfactory condition with low flow nocturnal oxygen administration combined with the use of a body respirator during sleep twice a week. PMID- 6722367 TI - Almitrine bismesylate (Vectarion). PMID- 6722368 TI - Auditory brainstem responses: masking related changes in wave VI. AB - Auditory brainstem responses (ABRs) were recorded in a group of nine normally hearing subjects. Wide-band clicks were delivered at 70, 80 and 90 dB SL, both with and without 50 dB SL of contralateral masking. The amplitude of wave VI was significantly reduced in the presence of masking for the 90 dB SL stimulus but there was no effect at the lower stimulus levels. A possible explanation for this is that the observed response, to a 90 dB SL stimulus without masking, is a summation of the ipsilateral wave VI and a wave V elicited from the contralateral ear. Supporting evidence is provided and the implications of this result are discussed. PMID- 6722369 TI - Is AGC beneficial in hearing aids? AB - Three different functions of Automatic Gain Control (AGC) circuits in hearing aids are distinguished and the evidence for their benefits is considered. The value of AGC's function as a relatively distortion-free means of limiting output has been well established. With regard to compression, the benefit of short-term or 'syllabic' compression has not been demonstrated convincingly. Most evaluations of this type of AGC have looked for increase in speech intelligibility, but theoretical predictions of its effect do not appear to take account of the acoustic cues to consonant contrasts actually used by hearing impaired people, and empirical studies have often used listening conditions which do not give a realistic test of benefit. Relatively little attention has been paid to long-term compression, or to the effect of AGC on comfort rather than intelligibility. Listening tests carried out at the RNID and reported here have shown that AGC can benefit hearing aid users by allowing them to listen to a wider range of sound levels without either strain or discomfort, and, if time constants are well chosen, without adverse effects on speech intelligibility in quiet or in noise. PMID- 6722370 TI - The effects of an acquired profound hearing loss on speech production. A case study. AB - Three parallel studies conducted with an early adolescent male subject deafened by meningitis at age 11 are reported. Study 1 plotted phonetic errors in spontaneous and read speech, long-term average spectra and vowel formant frequencies. Study 2 measured the subject's speech intelligibility using monosyllabic word lists. Study 3 involved normal hearer 's ratings of the subject's speech 2 months and 30 months after the onset of deafness. The results obtained revealed a deterioration in both speech intelligibility and quality. PMID- 6722371 TI - Auditory adaptation: notes on power and parabolic curve fitting across intensity and time. I. AB - The classic procedure for the study of auditory adaptation has been the method of Simultaneous Dichotic Loudness Balance ( SDLB ). Data from four publications ( Jerger , 1957; Palva and Karja , 1969; Weiler , Loeb and Alluisi , 1972 and Weiler and Hood, 1977) were combined to yield values extending from 20 dB to 80 dB average sensation level. A growth curve was fitted to the data by means of the Gompertz curve-fitting technique. A close fit was obtained, and a somewhat closer fit was found using a parabolic curve. In addition to the average data for SDLB adaptation across test intensities, the Gompertz method was used to fit the course of adaptation over time for one additional study ( Thwing , 1955). PMID- 6722372 TI - Binaural phase differences and binaural auditory adaptation. AB - In order to determine the relationship between binaural phase localization and auditory adaptation, subjects were asked to perform a series of phase-based localization tasks, as well as an SDLB adaptation task. A binaurally presented 400 Hz tone was used for midplane localization tasks, and adaptation balances. The tone was presented monaurally during adaptation after binaural localization and the SDLB pre-test. Following 7 min exposure, subjects readjusted phase to centre the binaural stimulus in the midline, and then adjusted intensity to determine dB of adaptation. No consistent or statistically significant change in phase settings occurred. There was a significant decline in the balance intensity as a function of adaptation. A further re-establishment of the midline by phase manipulation also showed no localization effect. For the stimulus values used in the present study, there was no inter-effect of binaural phase localization, and SDLB auditory adaptation. PMID- 6722373 TI - Hearing threshold levels according to age. AB - Over 2900 audiograms from employees of a large food and drinks manufacturing company are reviewed. Hearing threshold levels according to age are tabulated and these appear to be different from the previously recognized average hearing threshold levels. There was no selection of these cases and include all otological and other hearing defects. The hearing thresholds therefore represents an unbiased sample of an industrial population. PMID- 6722374 TI - Caregiver-child interactive behaviours: a clinical procedure for the development of spoken language in hearing-impaired children. AB - Much recent research emphasises the importance of pre-verbal communicative behaviour in the language development of children. A child normally becomes a competent user of spoken language through communicative interaction with caregivers in the course of everyday activities and play. When acquisition of spoken language is problematic due to hearing loss, the need to restore and/or maintain the integrity of the caregiver-child interactions is acute. However, relatively few attempts have been made to organise our knowledge of pre-verbal behaviour so that it can be used in developing spoken language in hearing impaired children. This paper presents a clinical procedure for analysing caregiver-child interactive behaviours, which was derived from language acquisition research and literature. The procedure is intended for use by teachers/clinicians with hearing-impaired children prior to the use of conventional words in connected sentences. A videotape analysis is developed to meet two clinical aims. The first aim is to identify systematically those elements of the interaction which promote the child's communicative development, as well as those which are counterproductive to it. The second aim is to use this information to facilitate communication between caregiver and hearing-impaired child. Illustrative examples from analyses of caregiver-child dyads are provided to demonstrate the clinically useful information which results. PMID- 6722375 TI - Determinants of performance on the Rey-Osterrieth Complex Figure Test: an analysis, and a new technique for single-case assessment. AB - The aim of the study was to identify factors determining performance on the Rey - Osterrieth Complex Figure Test in a normal population, in terms of accuracy of initial copy and delayed recall. Both immediate copy and delayed recall were related to age, and especially to the strategy adopted at the initial copy. A regression equation was derived whereby delayed recall could be predicted from the strategy adopted at the initial copy and the subject's age. This should prove useful in the analysis of Rey - Osterrieth performance in individual cases. PMID- 6722376 TI - Absent-mindedness in shops: its incidence, correlates and consequences. AB - This paper describes a questionnaire study of absent- mindedness in shops, and an analysis of 166 letters written by 67 individuals who felt themselves to be wrongly accused of shoplifting . A total of 150 men and women were asked how often they had experienced each of 24 varieties of mental lapse while shopping. If they had not actually suffered a particular lapse, they were asked to judge its likelihood of occurrence. Approximately half of the sample also completed the Cognitive Failures Questionnaire ( CFQ ). Lapses carrying the risk of shop lifting accusations were reported as occurring far less frequently, and were judged as less likely, than either ' embarrassing ' or 'nuisance' lapses. However, an examination of the circumstances leading up to accusations of shoplifting indicated that high risk lapses can occur when ill health, extreme preoccupation and distraction are combined with unwise supermarket practices. A positive and significant correlation was found between the CFQ and the Absent- Mindedness in Shops Questionnaire ( AMSQ ). A factor analysis of the AMSQ revealed a very pervasive general factor, together with a risk appreciation factor. The findings supported the view that responses to both the CFQ and the AMSQ reflected characteristic differences in the management of some superordinate attentional control resource. PMID- 6722377 TI - Cumulative scales for the measurement of agoraphobia. AB - The questionnaire responses of 559 agoraphobic subjects were analysed to see whether there was a shared hierarchical pattern of fear and avoidance. The items were divided on the basis of a principal component analysis into 13 loading on an Agoraphobia factor and eight on a Claustrophobia factor. When analysed with Guttman Scaling Analysis valid cumulative scales were found for each factor. These scales were replicated in three independent cohorts of subjects and met the most stringent scaling requirements. The scales produced three valid scores of severity for each individual, the first describing exactly which Agoraphobic items the subject avoids, the second describing Agoraphobic items feared and the third Claustrophobic items avoided. Since it is possible to deduce the current pattern of fear and avoidance from the scores, they can be used to summarize the clinical state of an individual client or for making precise descriptive comparisons between agoraphobics . The scales also indicate that agoraphobics do not develop their own unique set of difficulties from the possible pool of problems, but acquire an ordered set of difficulties, the order being shared by other agoraphobics . PMID- 6722378 TI - Locus of control factor structure in a British neurotic sample. AB - The Reid & Ware Locus of Control Scales, which include a self-control scale, were given to 49 neurotic patients. The three factors reported by Reid & Ware of self control, social system control and chance were closely replicated. PMID- 6722379 TI - Type A behaviour, anger and neuroticism: the discriminant validity of self reports in a patient sample. AB - Fifty cardiac patients undergoing coronary artery catheterization completed the Jenkins Activity Scale and the Framingham Type A Scale (i.e. two measures of the coronary-prone behaviour pattern) and measures of anger and neuroticism. The Type A measures demonstrated convergent and discriminant validity relative to the other psychological dimensions, though Type A measures were moderately correlated with anger and neuroticism. PMID- 6722380 TI - Induced mood and estimates of past success. AB - Depressed subjects make lower retrospective estimates of success on experimental tasks than non-depressed controls. This could be an effect of depressed mood on retrieval of information rather than a more enduring aspect of depressives' cognitive organization. To examine this possibility, elated or depressed mood was induced in normal subjects after they had performed an experimental task. Retrospective estimates of success on the task were lower when made in depressed mood than in elated mood. Control conditions suggested that the results were not effects of experimental demand. PMID- 6722381 TI - Pre-operation indicators and post-hysterectomy outcome. AB - Premenopausal hysterectomy patients were assessed to examine the link between sex role stereotype, mental health status and patients' expectation of outcome and post-operative adjustment. PMID- 6722382 TI - Serial position, rehearsal and recall in temporal lobe epilepsy. AB - Two auditory forms of the serial position curve (SPC) were administered to three groups of 20 subjects: normal and neurotic controls and chronic temporal lobe epileptics. In contrast to expectation, epileptics were especially poor on the recency portion of the curve. Evidence from a further 30 cases of temporal lobe damage suggested that the epileptics had rehearsed earlier items at the expense of later ones. PMID- 6722383 TI - The cognitions questionnaire: specific thinking errors in depression. AB - With the development of cognitive models of depression, interest in identifying an enduring cognitive style characteristic of depression-prone individuals has increased. However, empirical evidence for cognitive vulnerability of this kind is as yet sparse. The paper describes the development of a Cognitions Questionnaire (CQ), designed not only to provide an overall measure of depressive cognitive style, but also to assess specific dimensions of negative thinking in relation to different types of hypothetical events. Results of a study investigating the CQ's association with depression and its capacity to detect residual cognitive vulnerability following an episode of depression are reported. PMID- 6722384 TI - A meta-analytic comparison of the Beck Depression Inventory and the Hamilton Rating Scale for Depression as measures of treatment outcome. AB - Some clinicians have considered the Beck Depression Inventory, a self-rating scale, too reactive to patient halo effects and, therefore, a liberal measure of treatment outcome. On the other hand, interviewer-rating scales, like the Hamilton Rating Scale for Depression have been viewed as more conservative measures of treatment gain. Studies which compared the Beck Depression Inventory to the Hamilton Rating Scale, as dependent measures, were reviewed for the purpose of determining if the scales provided comparable data for assessing treatment effects. The use of meta-analysis techniques resulted in a comparison of effect sizes which indicated that the Beck Depression Inventory was significantly less liberal than the Hamilton Rating Scale for Depression. The implications of these results for selecting outcome measures and the application of meta-analysis techniques for comparing dependent measures are discussed. PMID- 6722385 TI - Munchausen's syndrome. PMID- 6722386 TI - Managing fungal infections. PMID- 6722387 TI - Crisis intervention: is it effective? PMID- 6722388 TI - Symptoms that depress the doctor. Difficulty in breathing. PMID- 6722389 TI - Doppler ultrasound measurement of cardiac output. PMID- 6722390 TI - Standards of literacy. PMID- 6722391 TI - Legal pax and tax. PMID- 6722392 TI - Morphine augments calcium-dependent potassium conductance in guinea-pig myenteric neurones. AB - Intracellular recordings were made from myenteric neurones removed from guinea pig ileum and maintained in vitro. Action potentials were elicited by passing brief depolarizing currents through the recording electrode. In AH cells they were followed by afterhyperpolarizations resulting from an increase in potassium conductance (GK,Ca). Morphine (1 nM - 1 microM), applied by superfusion, increased the duration of the afterhyperpolarization (and the underlying GK,Ca) which followed from 1 to 30 action potentials. Morphine did not change the peak amplitude of the afterhyperpolarization. This action of morphine occurred both in cells which showed no change in resting membrane potential or resistance and in cells which were hyperpolarized. It was prevented by naloxone (10 nM - 1 microM). The possibility is proposed that morphine inhibits one of the mechanisms by which myenteric neurones control their free intracellular calcium concentration close to the plasma membrane. PMID- 6722393 TI - Induction of hypoglycaemia and accumulation of 5-hydroxytryptamine in the liver after the injection of mitogenic substances into mice. AB - Various mitogenic substances (concanavalin A, pokeweed mitogen, polyI : polyC and a phorbol diester), as well as lipopolysaccharides (LPS or endotoxins), produced hypoglycaemia after being injected into mice. However, non-mitogenic immuno stimulants (zymosan, carrageenan, an adjuvant peptide and interferon) did not induce hypoglycaemia. All of the mitogenic substances also induced an increase in 5-hydroxytryptamine (5-HT) in liver, but the non-mitogenic substances did not have this effect. The time course of the development of hypoglycaemia was similar to that of the increase in liver 5-HT. The dose-dependence of the hypoglycaemia induced by LPS was similar to that of the increase in liver 5-HT. In C3H/HeJ mice, the macrophages and/or lymphocytes of the mice are known to be less responsive to LPS, and both the LPS-induced hypoglycaemia and increase in 5-HT were less in these mice than in control mice (C3H/He and ddI mice). These results suggest that macrophages and/or lymphocytes may participate in the induction of hypoglycaemia and the increase in 5-HT induced by mitogenic substances and LPS. A possible correlation between hypoglycaemia and the increase in hepatic 5-HT is discussed, although the relationship is not substantiated. PMID- 6722394 TI - Antagonism of fenfluramine-induced hyperthermia in rats by some, but not all, selective inhibitors of 5-hydroxytryptamine uptake. AB - The injection of fenfluramine (7.5 mg kg-1,i.p.) to rats housed at 27-28 degrees C was associated with an elevation of core body temperature which peaked at approximately 1 h post-injection. One h pretreatment with citalopram (20 mg kg-1, i.p.), chlorimipramine (10 mg kg-1, i.p.), femoxetine (10 mg kg-1, i.p.) and fluoxetine (20 mg kg-1, i.p.) resulted in an attenuated response to fenfluramine. In contrast, Org 6582 (20 mg kg-1) and zimelidine (20 mg kg-1) were devoid of an effect on fenfluramine-induced hyperthermia. The response to fenfluramine was was also blocked by i.p. injections of metergoline (0.2 mg kg-1), methysergide (5 mg kg-1) and mianserin (0.5 mg kg-1). Rectal temperature was unaltered by both the 5 hydroxytryptamine (5-HT) uptake inhibitors and the 5-HT receptor antagonists. The IC50 values (nM) for in vitro inhibition of [3H]-5-HT uptake into rat hypothalamic synaptosomes were for citalopram 2.4, chlorimipramine 8.8, femoxetine 14, fluoxetine 16, Org 6582 75 and zimelidine 250. The injection of all six compounds (20 mg kg-1, i.p.) 1 h before death was associated with an inhibition of [3H]-5-HT uptake into rat hypothalamic synaptosomes which ranged from 47.2% for chlorimipramine to 83.3% for citalopram. Rat hypothalamic 5-HT levels were decreased by approximately 50% 3 h after the injection of fenfluramine (15 mg kg-1, i.p.). This effect was blocked by a 1 h pretreatment with fluoxetine, Org 6582 and zimelidine (all 20 mg kg-1, i.p.). Ki values for displacement of specifically bound [3H]-5-HT (1 nM) to rat hypothalamic membranes were for metergoline 26 nM, methysergide 1.1 microM, mianserin 3.6 microM, chlorimipramine 9.2 microM and fluoxetine 32.7 microM. Values for citalopram, femoxetine, Org 6582 and zimelidine were in excess of 65.4 microM. 6 Fenfluramine induced hyperthermia in rats is blocked by citalopram, chlorimipramine, femoxetine and fluoxetine but not by Org6582 and zimelidine. This dichotomy cannot be explained in terms of differences in 5-HT uptake, storage and release mechanisms in the rat hypothalamus. Moreover, antagonism of fenfluramine-induced hyperthermia cannot be attributed to blockade of central, postsynaptic 5-HT receptors. The involvement of an indoleamine other than 5-HT is discussed. PMID- 6722395 TI - Hormonal effects of apomorphine in schizophrenia. AB - The hormonal effects of apomorphine, a direct-acting dopamine receptor agonist, in schizophrenic patients are of interest in view of the therapeutic efficacy of dopamine receptor antagonists. In this study, apomorphine (0.75 mg s.c.) and placebo were administered to unmedicated acute and chronic schizophrenics and controls. Apomorphine-induced prolactin suppression did not discriminate between the groups. However, an inverse relationship between basal prolactin levels and the severity of positive symptoms was detected in the patients with acute schizophrenia, consistent with a role for dopamine in the genesis of these symptoms. Growth hormone increments after apomorphine administration were blunted in the chronic schizophrenic patients, particularly those with 'negative' symptoms. It is argued that this blunting is not due to previous neuroleptic therapy and may represent evidence of structural change in the hypothalamus in this group of patients. PMID- 6722396 TI - Comparison of borderline personality subcategories to schizophrenic and affective disorders. AB - This clinical research report identified 4 subcategories of the hospitalized borderline personality disorder: developmental, affective disorder, attentional deficit/learning disabled, and organic. Developmental and affective disorder subcategories are predominantly composed of females, while males are overly represented in the attentional deficit/learning disabilities subcategory . Comparison of the borderline patients with schizophrenic and affective disorder control groups supports the hypothesis that the borderline personality disorder is a diagnostic entity distinct from schizophrenia, but perhaps not from affective disorders. PMID- 6722397 TI - 'Borderline personality': diagnostic attitudes at the Maudsley Hospital. AB - About a quarter of the psychiatrists at the Maudsley Hospital use the diagnosis of 'borderline' personality. The description of the borderline patient obtained in this study does not overlap with any existing ICD personality disorder but has characteristics of the schizoid, paranoid, hysteric, explosive, anankastic and antisocial personalities. The item that discriminated best between borderlines and controls was 'brief, unsystematized , psychotic episodes', which is not included in the DSM-III definitions of borderline diagnoses. Items of the DSM-III 'schizotypal' set--e.g. 'suspiciousness' and 'ideas of reference'--discriminated better between borderline cases and controls, whereas items of the DSM-III 'borderline personality' set--e.g. 'impulsivity' or 'unpredictability'--scored more frequently in both groups. These are similar to American findings. PMID- 6722398 TI - Memory test performance under three different waveforms of ECT for depression. AB - Thirty-eight patients suffering from severe depression were given a course of ECT (Electroconvulsive therapy) in one of three waveforms. These were high-energy sine wave (HS), high-energy pulse (HP), and low-energy pulse (LP). Patients were assigned to one of these treatments on a double-blind basis. The patients were given a battery of memory tests before ECT commenced, after three treatments, at the termination of treatment, and two weeks after the last treatment. The marked improvement in both verbal and nonverbal memory scores was attributed to the lifting of depression. No significant differences were found between the memory scores of the three treatment groups at any point during the treatment period. PMID- 6722399 TI - Depression, recognition-memory and hedonic tone a signal detection analysis. AB - A signal detection analysis was used in a recognition memory task involving material of varying hedonic tone. Major differences were found between the control and depressed states. Although overall recognition rates were the same, pleasant material was recognised less and unpleasant material more easily by depressives. Neutral material was recognised equally well by both groups. In the depressed state, response biases were altered such that unpleasant material was handled in a preferential way to neutral or pleasant material. PMID- 6722400 TI - Cued recall and the nature of the memory disorder in dementia. AB - The study investigated the retrieval deficit hypothesis of forgetting in senile dementia, using a cued recall technique. Memory for lists of words was tested with either no cues given at the time of recall, or alternatively by cueing the patient either with the word's first letter or its semantic category. Results do not support a retrieval deficit explanation of forgetting in dementia, but instead suggest the possibility of a processing deficit at the acquisition stage. PMID- 6722401 TI - Symptoms of emotional distress in a family planning service: stability over a four-week period. AB - The 25-item Hopkins Symptom Checklist ( HSCL -25) was used on two occasions four weeks apart to identify self-reported symptoms of anxiety and depression in patients attending a family planning service. Only 28 per cent of patients classified as anxious to start with remained so four weeks later, but 62 per cent of those with high depression scores and 74 per cent of those with high depression and high anxiety scores maintained significant levels of depression. The implications of these findings for routine screening are discussed. PMID- 6722402 TI - Response to tranylcypromine and thought stopping in obsessional disorder. PMID- 6722403 TI - Amelioration of psychosis with carbidopa. A case report. AB - We have recently demonstrated that some patients with atypical bipolar affective disorders, characterized by psychotic manias and depressions, have fluctuating and episodic high urinary phenylethlamine (PEA) excretion. We treated a 30 year old woman, who has this disorder, with 200 mg/24 hours of carbidopa. Her psychosis was ameliorated and the urinary PEA output stabilized to a low normal level. Upon withdrawal of carbidopa her psychosis worsened and improved again when carbidopa treatment was reinstated. Carbidopa did not affect the duration or severity of the patient's mood cycles. PMID- 6722404 TI - Tremor of the eyelids. PMID- 6722405 TI - The DST--a diagnostic mirage? PMID- 6722406 TI - Electrolyte changes in psychosis. PMID- 6722407 TI - Dexamethasone suppression test predicts response to nomifensine or amitriptyline. PMID- 6722408 TI - Methodology of drug and placebo comparisons. PMID- 6722409 TI - Structural requirements for activity of certain 'specific' antirheumatic drugs: more than a simple thiol group? AB - The relationship between chemical structure and the clinical activity and toxicity of several second-line antirheumatic drugs is examined. The presence of a thiol group in many of these agents has previously been noted, but most of the compounds additionally either possess, or form metabolites containing, the ethanethiol backbone or a similar ring structure. This applies not only to penicillamine and disodium aurothiomalate but also to thiola , 5- thiopyridoxine , levamisole and captopril. The presence of free circulating thiols has recently been shown for several of these compounds including free thiomalate in the case of disodium aurothiomalate, which on a molar basis is the most potent agent of all. Further study of thiomalate and related compounds in vitro and in vivo may clarify the pathogenesis of rheumatoid arthritis as well as allowing the development of more effective and less toxic second-line agents. PMID- 6722410 TI - Unilateral exacerbation of rheumatoid arthritis by hemiparesis. PMID- 6722411 TI - Fracture through a geode in the proximal ulna. AB - Chronic joint pain in rheumatoid arthritis may mask that from other causes. Stress fractures, particularly in osteoporotic lower limb bones of such patients, are well described but can still cause diagnostic difficulty. These difficulties were highlighted by a case in which an unusual fracture occurred through a geode in the proximal ulna mimicking an exacerbation of synovitis in the elbow joint. PMID- 6722413 TI - Phototoxic reactions to nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs. PMID- 6722412 TI - Grip strength as a measure of response to treatment for lateral epicondylitis. PMID- 6722414 TI - Apatite associated arthritis. PMID- 6722415 TI - Apatite associated destructive arthritis. AB - Twelve patients, 11 women and one man, aged 66-83, with a distinctive type of destructive arthropathy are described. The principal joints affected were the shoulders (ten) and knees (seven). Clinical features included pain on use, large cool effusions, instability and rapid progression. Radiographs showed attrition of bone and cartilage with a paucity of reparative changes. Synovial fluids were viscous, with low cell counts, and stained positively for the presence of apatite containing particles. Extensive calcific material was seen in the synovium of the four patients biopsied, and on the radiographs in seven. Most patients had some associated or preceding joint disorder. The literature on similar cases is reviewed, and the possible role of crystals and other aetiological factors is discussed. It is suggested that a characteristic form of large-joint atrophy can occur in elderly patients at a number of joint sites and in several different clinical settings. PMID- 6722416 TI - Cause of death in rheumatoid arthritis. AB - A series of 489 consecutive patients with definite or classical rheumatoid arthritis was followed for a mean of 11.2 years. Cohort-analysis of the series showed a three-fold increase in mortality overall in comparison with age- and sex specific rates in the general population. In patients first seen in hospital early in the course of the disease (less than 5 years from onset), the excess of deaths from circulatory, respiratory and musculoskeletal disorders was highly significant. Malignant disease and digestive system disorders accounted for a small excess of borderline significance. Patients who were referred later (greater than 5 years from onset) experienced, in addition, a highly significant excess of deaths from infections and disorders of the digestive and genito urinary system but not from malignant neoplasms. PMID- 6722417 TI - Comment on Bryan Turner's 'The government of the body: medical regimen and the rationalization of diet'. PMID- 6722418 TI - Influence of 12-week jogging on body fat and serum lipids. AB - This study examined the influence of different levels of distance running on percent body fat and serum lipids in untrained male University students (n = 40) with a mean age of 24.1 years. Subjects were assigned randomly to four groups (n = 10) in each group): Group 1 (control), Group 2 (1.6 km joggers), Group 3 (3.2 km joggers) and Group 4 (4.8 km joggers). Subjects in the exercise groups jogged the prescribed distances three times a week for 12 weeks at about 85 percent of maximal heart rate. Percent body fat, serum cholesterol and triglyceride levels were estimated before and after the training programme. In comparison with control group, exercise groups showed statistically significant (p less than .05) decrease of body fat values (1.6 km joggers 6%; 3.2 km joggers 5.33%; 3.2 km joggers 11%; 4.8 km joggers 9.42%). However, Newman-Keul's post hoc analysis showed a significant (p less than .05) reduction in serum triglyceride only in 3.2 km joggers. This was attributed to the high pre-training level of serum triglyceride in the group. Cholesterol values showed insignificant changes. It was concluded that moderate physical activities of different intensities have lowering effects on body fat and serum lipids. PMID- 6722420 TI - A simplistic approach to structural dysplasia assessment: description and validation. AB - The purpose of this study was to formulate a simplistic method of assessing human structural dysplasia and to validate a classification system that would objectively categorize the type and extent of such dysplasia through the use of indices. Anthropometric measurements were taken from a sample of 222 male college students, length/breadth ratios were formulated, and upper/lower body classifications were made in terms of type and subtype dysplasia. Correlation validation results were highly significant. Body composition data information was also provided for descriptive purposes. PMID- 6722419 TI - Patello-femoral arthralgia in athletes attending a Sports Injury Clinic. AB - Over a five year period, 137 athletes presented to a Sports Injury Clinic with patello-femoral arthralgia. This was 5.4% of the total injuries seen and a quarter of all knee problems treated. Running contributed to 32% of the athletes with patello-femoral pain. There was a 4:1 male:female ratio and nearly 70% were in the 16-25 year age range. A follow-up questionnaire was sent to 72 athletes seen in the last two years with a 78% response rate. Symptoms and treatment are discussed. After conservative therapy only 28.6% were entirely symptom free with a mean follow up of 13.1 months. PMID- 6722421 TI - Physical fitness status of Egyptian children aged 9-18 years. AB - Male (n = 399) and female (n = 311) Egyptian school children, aged 9-18 yrs, had their fitness evaluated using the 6-item AAHPER test. Comparisons of the 50th percentiles of the AAHPER norms with the median scores for the Egyptian sample revealed that the latter were substantially below average fitness levels. Egyptian boys performed significantly better than girls on all comparable test items, even when the effects of age, height, and weight were held constant by covariance. Eight weeks of twice weekly intensified physical education instruction produced significant improvements in all test items for both sexes. PMID- 6722422 TI - A comparative study of rural athletes of four states of India. AB - In the present study 22 rural athletes of four different states of India have been studied for 23 anthropometric parameters--weight, height, sitting height, six diameters, six circumferences and eight skin and subcutaneous tissue folds. Rural athletes of Punjab and Haryana have been found to be comparable pertaining to all the anthropometric variables. Athletes of Madhya Pradesh show minimum values for most of the variables. The order of best anthropometry is athletes of Punjab and Haryana followed by Assam and Madhya Pradesh. Athletes of Madhya Pradesh are lacking behind in all the parameters except skin and subcutaneous tissue folds as compared to athletes of Assam. PMID- 6722423 TI - An "unavoidable" death in a people's marathon. AB - With the increase in jogging and distance running as a means of attaining and maintaining fitness, and in the light of the difficulty in advising certain groups of patients about their capacity for such exercise, we report on several potentially avoidable factors in the death of a 45 year old Sheffield Marathon runner in June 1983. PMID- 6722424 TI - Developing physical fitness for the elderly through sport and exercise. AB - For maintaining and developing motor mobility in old age motor activity is essential. We can take from the phylogenesis and ontogenesis of the human being how important physical activity is for personality development and for maintaining physical fitness in old age. Many phenomena, which have so far been thought to be due to natural consequences of the ageing process, can now be traced back to lack of physical activity. These findings are illustrated by examples referring to the most important subsystems of our organism (such as the central nervous system, the cardiovascular system, etc.). To keep these subsystems and with them our organism as a whole functioning as well as possible, we must improve their specific adaptability through sports and exercise. Sports and exercise for the elderly as well as gymnastics for senior citizens should therefore adequately improve co-ordinative skills, the ability of the muscles to relax, joint flexibility, muscle strength, endurance, vegetative adaptability, stress tolerance, controlling body-weight, and resistance to infections. PMID- 6722425 TI - Runner's stress fracture produced by an aerobic dance routine. PMID- 6722426 TI - Stress fracture of the femoral neck in a marathon runner. PMID- 6722427 TI - Medical implications of ultra marathon running: observations on a six day track race. AB - Medical records were kept of the injuries and illnesses sustained by competitors in a six day running race held in Nottingham in August 1982. The overall rate of injuries sufficiently severe to affect running performance was 60 per cent. These injuries are itemised and discussed with particular reference to the problems raised by this ultra distance race. PMID- 6722428 TI - How do marathon runners fare? PMID- 6722429 TI - Amateur rowing association: random drugs testing winter 1981/82. PMID- 6722430 TI - Segmental dilatation of the ileum. AB - One of the rarer causes of intestinal obstruction in the neonatal period is segmental dilatation of the ileum. The case histories, radiological and histological details of four patients are presented together with a short review of the literature. PMID- 6722431 TI - Parathyroid venous sampling and ultrasonography in primary hyperparathyroidism due to multigland disease. AB - The results of pre-operative venous sampling and ultrasonography in 20 patients with primary hyperparathyroidism, who were shown histologically to have multigland disease, were reviewed. Ultrasonography (15 patients) demonstrated abnormal parathyroid tissue in 46% (seven patients), but correctly predicted only 33% of the involvement or non-involvement of individual glands. The main deficiency was the high number of false negatives. Parathyroid venous sampling (19 patients) showed elevated levels of parathyroid hormone in 18 (94.7%), but overall the sites of normal and abnormal glands were predicted in 56 of 76 sites (73.6%). The investigation was misleading in one patient (5.2%), in that no abnormal glands were predicted. The sampling maps of the above 19 patients were randomly mixed with those of 100 consecutive patients, whose disease was due to a single adenoma. All but one of the multigland disease cases were identified correctly but six of the single adenoma patients were predicted as having two glands involved, and were therefore thought to be multigland. The usefulness of, and difficulties in, diagnosing multigland disease in primary hyperparathyroidism are discussed. PMID- 6722432 TI - The role of the distal nephron mechanisms in the concentration of contrast medium in the urine. AB - The concentrating mechanisms affecting contrast medium in the distal nephron have been studied using three contrast media of differing osmolality (monomer, dimer and non-ionic compounds) in antidiuretic dogs with three different basal solute excretion rates. Evidence has been obtained that, under conditions of contrast medium osmotic diuresis, the loop of Henle generates more free water. If the free water generated in response to the contrast medium solute load is reabsorbed in the collecting ducts, this can in part mask the different proximal tubular effects of contrast media of different osmolality. However, as basal solute excretion increases, the compensatory mechanism is overwhelmed and urine osmolality falls exponentially. At the higher basal solute excretion rates, different osmolar loads of contrast medium no longer produce different urine osmolalities and different urine contrast medium concentrations. It is therefore considered unlikely that contrast media of reduced osmolality will produce significant increases in urine contrast medium concentration under the conditions of solute diuresis which occur in renal failure. PMID- 6722433 TI - The effect of intravenous contrast medium on glomerular filtration rate. AB - The changes in glomerular filtration rate (GFR) after intravenous contrast medium have been investigated with three contrast media of differing osmolality (monomer, dimer and non-ionic agent) in antidiuretic dogs with three different basal solute excretion rates. A transient increase in GFR after contrast medium was attributed to the wash-out of medullary creatinine at the onset of diuresis. The subsequent fall in GFR was greatest with the contrast media of higher osmolality and in those dogs without an underlying solute diuresis. With the monomer, the decrease in GFR produced a significant decrease in the amount of contrast medium excreted in the first few minutes after contrast injection. It is suggested that an important factor in the decrease in GFR is the rise in pressure in the renal tubules at the start of a diuresis, before they have had time to dilate. An underlying solute diuresis is considered to protect against the fall in GFR because tubular dilatation has already occurred in response to the basal solute load. The decrease in blood pressure during and after contrast medium injection did not correlate with the fall in GFR. PMID- 6722434 TI - Whole-body distribution of radioactivity after intraperitoneal administration of 32P colloids. AB - The whole-body distribution of radioactivity after intraperitoneal instillation of 32P-labelled chromic hydroxide particles has been studied in patients operated for early-stage ovarian cancer. Gamma-camera imaging of the abdominal 32P distribution revealed that the administration procedure was critical for obtaining a homogeneous plating of the radiocolloids on the serosal surface. Dose calculations based on a uniform distribution of 32P in a capillary layer covering the intraperitoneal surface gave an estimated tissue surface dose of about 30 Gy per 370 MBq of 32P administered. The amount of 32P in peripheral blood increased for seven days after instillation followed by a continuous decrease. Bone marrow concentration was from two to five times as high as that in blood, but the total amounts were too small to give significant radiation doses. Gel chromatography showed that 33% of the activity in blood consisted of high molecular weight material, probably colloids. The remainder of the activity (67%) was attached to material of very low molecular weight, appearing as a consequence of physiological degradation of the colloids. PMID- 6722435 TI - Differential effect of IP- and IV-injected nitrogen mustard on subsequently irradiated intestinal crypts: implications for 'dose-effect factors' predicted by experimental, combined modality therapy. AB - In experimental chemotherapy-radiotherapy, cytotoxic drugs are almost invariably injected by the intraperitoneal (IP) route. This contrasts with normal clinical practice, which is to employ the intravenous (IV) route. We have used a clonogenic assay of gastrointestinal (GI) injury in mice to show that a given administered dose of nitrogen mustard (HN2), injected IP, results in a much greater reduction in the subsequent radiation dose required to achieve an isoeffect, than if the drug is injected IV. At an administered dose of 3.5 mg kg 1 of HN2 (the animal LD10/30 for IP injection), the radiation dose-reduction factor for 10% survival of intestinal crypts, was 1.94 for IP HN2 and only 1.28 for IV HN2. Even the grossly-equitoxic (mouse LD10/30) dose of IV HN2 resulted in a smaller predicted radiation dose reduction for GI injury, by a factor of 1.45. The validity of using the IP route in combined chemotherapy-radiotherapy studies designed to generate quantitative estimates of toxicity is discussed. PMID- 6722436 TI - Nephrostomy track dilatation for removal of renal calculi: a further use for the reserve guidewire. PMID- 6722437 TI - Repeatability of blood flow measurement using multichannel pulsed Doppler ultrasound. PMID- 6722438 TI - Heat sensitivities of murine normal and leukaemic haemopoietic stem cells: thermal inactivation energy and dependence on nutritional milieu. PMID- 6722439 TI - An unusual case of xanthogranulomatous pyelonephritis. PMID- 6722440 TI - Cystic lymphangiomas: CT diagnosis and thin needle aspiration. PMID- 6722441 TI - Pulmonary aspergilloma following total nodal irradiation for Hodgkin's disease. PMID- 6722442 TI - Ultrasound diagnosis of adenomyomatosis of the gall bladder. PMID- 6722443 TI - Histiocytosis-X: extra-hypothalamic involvement of the central nervous system. PMID- 6722444 TI - Ceruletide cholecystography: dose response and gallbladder function. PMID- 6722445 TI - Radiological changes associated with inverted papilloma of the nose and paranasal sinuses. AB - Inverted papilloma is an uncommon benign tumour of the nose and paranasal sinuses which has a characteristic histological pattern, high recurrence rate after surgery and may undergo malignant change. The X-ray features are reviewed in 60 patients with histologically confirmed tumours. Plain X-ray appearances were negative or non-specific in nearly half the patients. The changes shown on hypocycloidal tomography and on CT scan are more specific. A mass in the middle meatus of the nasal cavity extending into the adjacent maxillary antrum is highly suggestive of the tumour. Other features not hitherto reported are the presence of calcified areas within the tumour mass demonstrated by CT, and sclerosis and deformity of the walls of the sinuses involved by tumour. PMID- 6722446 TI - Ultrasonic diagnosis of duplication cysts in children. AB - Real time ultrasound is an excellent method of detecting cystic lesions in the child's abdomen. Its accuracy in the diagnosis of intestinal duplication cysts is enhanced when it is followed by a barium study. These cysts may present a variety of ultrasonic appearances and the spectrum of findings is well represented by three consecutive cases diagnosed in 1983. PMID- 6722447 TI - Contrast media reactions: experimental evidence against the allergy theory. AB - In order to clarify whether adverse reactions to radiographic contrast media may be allergic in nature, it is essential to show that contrast media can act as haptens and induce antibody formation in vivo. Experiments in Hooded Lister rats have been carried out using techniques specifically designed to produce favourable conditions for the production of antibodies. No evidence of any antibody formation was found in any of the experiments. These experiments suggest that radiographic contrast media in their native form do not act as haptens, contrary to previously published data, and it therefore seems unlikely that the majority of adverse reactions to radiographic contrast media are allergic in nature. PMID- 6722448 TI - On the sensitisation of skin radionecrosis in mice by misonidazole at low doses. AB - The sensitisation by misonidazole of tail radionecrosis in mice has been assessed using single doses from 0.01 to 1 mg g-1 body weight, for tails in three different states of oxygenation affecting sensitivity. The levels of sensitisation after different injected doses of misonidazole could be described reasonably well by the Alper -Howard-Flanders relationship, originally applied to the sensitisation of cells by oxygen, and hence the relationship could be used for interpolation. With clamped tails gassed with nitrogen at room temperature, 21-25 degrees C, the injected dose giving half the maximum sensitisation (defined as K inj ) was about 0.12-0.17 mg g-1 (0.6-0.8 mM). Unclamped tails in air demonstrated a value for K inj of about 0.14 mg g-1, indicating that the background level of oxygen and the injected misonidazole were not additive regarding sensitisation. With clamped tails gassed with nitrogen warmed to 37 degrees C (near body-core temperature) the sensitivity was slightly increased compared with clamped tails at 21-25 degrees C, and the additional increase in sensitivity following injections of misonidazole ( K inj of about 0.22 mg g-1) was less than at 21-25 degrees. With tails in air at 37 degrees C the increase in sensitivity following misonidazole was much more marked ( K inj of about 0.05 mg g-1) than expected. When eight "daily" fractions were given using 0.67 mg g-1 misonidazole and with the target cells well oxygenated at 37 degrees C (effective OER of about 2.0), the amount of sensitisation was less than for single doses, but it was similar (i.e. dose-modifying) for radiation doses per fraction between 2.6 and 6.3 Gy. At a dose of 0.1 mg g-1, giving a serum level corresponding to about the maximum tolerable in humans, the dose reduction factor would be only about 1.03 which corresponds roughly to a doubling in the tail necrosis rate from 5% to 10%. With future less neurotoxic drugs, higher serum levels may be expected to be tolerated and hence the dose reduction factor could be greater. This aspect, applicable to some but not all tissues tested in mice, should not be neglected in the design of future clinical trials with hypoxic-cell radiosensitisers . PMID- 6722449 TI - Dosimetry tables for standard iridium-192 wire planar implants. PMID- 6722450 TI - Simplified methods for measuring iron 55 for long-term ferrokinetic studies using cyclotron-produced iron 52 contaminated with iron 55. PMID- 6722451 TI - X-ray diagnosis of macrodystrophia lipomatosa. PMID- 6722452 TI - Endobronchial metastasis from malignant Schwannoma. PMID- 6722453 TI - What is the relevance of repair and time between fractions in multiple daily fractions per day radiotherapy (MFDR)? PMID- 6722454 TI - Subcutaneous seeding of a gastric carcinoma metastasis along a transhepatic biliary tract--another case. PMID- 6722455 TI - Reconstructive renal vascular surgery for chronic renal failure. AB - This paper reports the results of reconstructive renal arterial operations on 23 patients who underwent surgery because it was considered that renal artery disease was contributing to their chronic renal failure. The median pre-operative serum creatinine in this group of patients was 0.77 (range 0.15-1.14 mmol/l) and all patients had severe hypertension. In 10 cases there was evidence of other renal disease (analgesic nephropathy, 8; glomerulonephritis, 2). Operation performed was unilateral aortorenal reconstruction in 21 patients and bilateral reconstruction in 2 patients. There were four in-hospital deaths. In 15 patients operation was judged to have improved their renal function with a fall of median pre-operative creatinine from 0.34 mmol/l (0.15-0.84) to a median creatinine of 0.15 (0.05-0.52). There was one intra-operative death. There were 7 patients in whom operation led to no improvement in renal function. Their median pre operative creatinine was 0.90 (0.32-1.14 mmol/l), and this pre-operative creatinine differs significantly from the group whose creatinine fell after surgery (P less than 0.002). Renal artery reconstruction should be considered in patients with chronic renal failure who have correctable arterial lesions. PMID- 6722457 TI - A comparison between two types of waveform analysis in patients with multisegmental arterial disease. AB - The results of an experiment to compare two different methods of analysing ultrasound signals are presented. Normal volunteers, both young and old, and patients with arteriosclerosis were examined with Doppler shifted ultrasound and the results of two forms of waveform analysis retrospectively compared with angiograms. The angiograms were used to divide the patients into groups with similar patterns of disease. The ability of the two methods of analysis, 'pulsatility Index' (PI) and 'Laplace transform damping factor' (LTD), to identify patients with haemodynamically significant disease in the aorta or iliac arteries was tested statistically (Mann-Whitney U test) and compared in receiver operator curves. The results showed that both tests were equally good in the identification of aortoiliac disease, even when the superficial femoral artery was occluded, and that, contrary to theoretical arguments, LTD was influenced by distal impedance. PMID- 6722456 TI - Vascular injury with associated bone and joint trauma. AB - The clinical presentation and management of 102 vascular injuries associated with bone and joint trauma, in 100 patients over a 6-year period, is reviewed. Eighty three injuries involved the lower limbs. Amputation became necessary in 16 patients. In 12 this was directly attributable to delay in revascularization or the extent of the soft tissue injury with consequent sepsis. Early graft occlusion in an otherwise salvageable limb occurred in four patients (3.9 per cent). Successful therapy involves close co-operation between vascular and orthopaedic surgeons with the vascular injury taking priority. The orthopaedic injury should be treated on its merits. In contaminated or comminuted fractures skeletal traction (or in suitable cases exoskeletal fixation) can be employed without adversely affecting the vascular repair. A plea is made for early diagnosis of concomitant vascular injury in patients with bone and joint injuries; this depends on clinical awareness and careful and repeated examination. PMID- 6722458 TI - Ureteric injury following chemical sympathectomy. PMID- 6722459 TI - Coeliac axis occlusion: successful treatment by ileo-hepatic bypass. PMID- 6722460 TI - Spontaneous rupture of chicken-pox spleen. PMID- 6722461 TI - Spontaneous rupture of the splenic vein. PMID- 6722462 TI - Polyamines in breast cancer. AB - Polyamine levels (putrescine, spermidine and spermine) in breast cancers (n = 54) were measured as a potential guide to prognosis. Values (expressed as nmol per 100 mg tumour) ranged from: 0.9 to 4.5 for putrescine, 4.2 to 29.8 for spermidine and 5.6 to 39.7 for spermine concentration. Increased intracellular polyamine levels were positively correlated with factors known adversely to affect survival after mastectomy, namely histological grade III and oestrogen-receptor negative status. Advanced T4 tumours and medullary-type carcinomas also contained high polyamine levels. Tumour size and node status did not affect polyamine levels in primary tumours. Tumours that recurred within 2 years of mastectomy had significantly higher levels of spermidine and spermine than those that did not. Breast cancer polyamine levels are a biological marker of tumour aggressiveness and can be used as a prognostic indicator of early tumour recurrence that is independent of node status. PMID- 6722464 TI - Adequate internal sphincterotomy for chronic anal fissure: subcutaneous or open technique? AB - The extent of sphincter division by the subcutaneous or the open technique is examined by comparing the change in anal canal pressure after either method of sphincterotomy in twenty-eight patients with chronic anal fissure randomly allocated. In all patients the fissures healed at one month with significant reduction (P less than 0.01) of anal canal pressures to 52 (17-75) cmH2O after subcutaneous and 47.5 (35-100) cmH2O after open sphincterotomy, a 51 (22-77) and 50 (11-68) per cent reduction of their respective pre-operative measurements. Adequate sphincterotomy can be achieved by both techniques. PMID- 6722463 TI - The relationship of background mammographic pattern to hormone dependency in breast cancer. AB - We have studied the relationship between mammographic parenchymal pattern of the breast and oestrogen receptor (ER) status in the primary tumour in 337 patients with operable invasive breast cancer, and the response to endocrine therapy in patients subsequently developing secondary disease. Patients with dysplastic (DY) parenchymal pattern are significantly more likely to develop tumours which are ER positive. In 92 patients who subsequently developed secondary disease, those whose primary tumour arose in a DY pattern breast were significantly more likely to respond to endocrine therapy irrespective of their ER status. PMID- 6722466 TI - Hypopharyngeal cancer. PMID- 6722465 TI - Endoscopic screening for premalignant changes 25 years after gastrectomy: results of a five-year prospective study. AB - Sixty-three partial gastrectomy patients an average 20 years after surgery were reviewed by endoscopy and biopsy in 1977. No cases of invasive carcinoma were found. The patients were then divided into two groups. Those with moderate epithelial dysplasia (13 patients) were reviewed at 6-12 monthly intervals. One patient developed severe dysplasia but none developed an invasive carcinoma. The remaining patients with either no or mild dysplasia were offered endoscopy after 5 years and 24 agreed. Of the 12 patients with no dysplasia at the outset: 5 still had no dysplasia 5 years later, 3 had mild dysplasia and 4 now had moderate dysplasia. There were 12 with mild dysplasia at the first endoscopy, 9 remained unchanged at the review and 3 had moderate dysplasia. If dysplastic changes in gastric mucosa are pre-malignant, progression to invasive carcinoma would appear to be slow. Even 25 years after gastrectomy only a modest deterioration in the grade of dysplasia was found and no invasive cancer. PMID- 6722467 TI - Intrahepatic biliary papillomatosis. PMID- 6722468 TI - Local recurrence of colonic carcinoma. PMID- 6722469 TI - Mortality after surgery for hypopharyngeal cancer. PMID- 6722470 TI - Pancreatic abscess: an incomplete descriptive phrase. PMID- 6722471 TI - Withdrawal of the appendix with an abdominal tube drain. PMID- 6722472 TI - Mastectomy with primary reconstruction. PMID- 6722473 TI - Cimetidine or vagotomy? PMID- 6722474 TI - The pre-operative assessment of advanced gastric cancer by computed tomography. AB - Forty-five patients with proven gastric adenocarcinoma underwent pre-operative abdominal computed tomography (CT). The radiological findings of tumour spread were prospectively compared with the surgical findings obtained at laparotomy. CT evidence of involvement of three organs, together with the presence of a large gastric tumour mass, correlated with the inability to resect the tumour in this series. PMID- 6722475 TI - Conservative surgery in the Zollinger-Ellison syndrome. AB - Laparotomy failed to show an obvious primary lesion in two patients with the Zollinger-Ellison syndrome (ZES), one of whom had metastatic gastrinoma in a solitary lymph node which was removed. Both patients underwent a truncal vagotomy and pyloroplasty. Postoperative acid studies have shown a marked and sustained diminution in acid hypersecretion which was particularly striking in the patient with a solitary metastatic lymph node. The patient without a detectable lesion is now well-controlled on half the dose of cimetidine required pre-operatively and the other no longer requires therapy. We believe that patients in whom pre operative investigations have shown no evidence of extensive metastases should undergo laparotomy in the hope of finding a solitary primary or isolated metastatic lesions unassociated with an obvious primary in the pancreas. Available evidence suggests that simple removal of such lesions offers the patient an excellent chance of long-term remission. However, if no such lesion is discovered, vagotomy may be the logical procedure to assist in the subsequent pharmacological control of the acid hypersecretory state. PMID- 6722476 TI - A frequency-duration index (FDI) for the evaluation of ambulatory recordings of gastro-oesophageal reflux. AB - Oesophageal pH monitoring has been undertaken in 20 symptomatic patients and 20 normal subjects for periods of 24 hours at work and in the home using a pH sensitive radiotelemetry capsule and a portable receiving system. There was no correlation between symptoms and endoscopic findings in symptomatic patients. The number and duration of reflux episodes was greater in symptomatic patients than normal subjects during 24 hour ambulatory study (P less than 0.002). A frequency duration index for the evaluation of recordings is described which was significantly greater in symptomatic patients than in normal subjects during both day (P less than 0.002) and night (P less than 0.008) periods of recording. Discrimination between the two groups was more clearly seen using the frequency duration index compared to either the frequency of reflux episodes or the cumulative duration of acid reflux. PMID- 6722477 TI - Stout's bizarre smooth muscle tumour of stomach. PMID- 6722478 TI - The effect of a segmental gastrectomy with proximal gastric vagotomy on gastric secretion and gastric emptying. AB - Gastric acid secretory responses to graded doses of pentagastrin were measured in duodenal ulcer patients before and after either proximal gastric vagotomy (17 patients) or proximal gastric vagotomy associated with a segmental gastrectomy (11 patients). Calculated maximal output of acid and responsiveness of the acid secreting cells to pentagastrin were reduced by both operations; after surgery, maximal acid output was lower in the proximal gastric vagotomy plus segmental gastrectomy group than in the proximal gastric vagotomy group. Gastric emptying of a liquid meal was assessed before and after either proximal vagotomy (13 patients) or proximal gastric vagotomy plus segmental gastrectomy (9 patients). The early phase of emptying was equally accelerated by both operations, and at later stages the emptying was only slightly, but not significantly, faster following proximal gastric vagotomy associated with segmental gastrectomy. PMID- 6722479 TI - Gastric emptying after gastroplasty for morbid obesity. AB - Gastric emptying was studied in 11 patients who had undergone gastroplasty for morbid obesity 6 to 8 months previously and in 22 normal controls without gastrointestinal disease. A dual isotope technique for measuring solid and liquid emptying was used. Liquid emptying was slower in patients than controls. The emptying of solid was initially faster, but was followed by a prolonged slow rate of emptying indicating retention of solid food in the proximal partitioned pouch. There was no correlation between the weight loss produced by the operation and rates of solid or liquid emptying. Unlike gastric bypass, the changes in gastric emptying produced by gastroplasty were relatively small and gastric emptying rates in patients overlapped considerably with the range of emptying rates found in control subjects. The success of the procedure may depend on the induction of satiety by the filling of the partitioned pouch. PMID- 6722480 TI - The thoracic stomach: a study of gastric emptying, bile reflux and mucosal change. AB - The clinical progress, histological state of the gastric mucosa, gastric emptying of a liquid meal and duodenogastric reflux were studied postoperatively in 15 patients with a vagotomized intrathoracic stomach without a drainage procedure. The intact though denervated pylorus did not impede the emptying of liquids. Bile reflux into the thoracic stomach in both the erect and supine positions was significantly greater than that measured in control subjects. While posture did not affect duodenogastric reflux in the normal adult, bile reflux across the denervated pylorus was significantly increased in the supine position. Chronic active gastritis was noted in 12 patients but could not be correlated with the degree of bile reflux. Nine patients had evidence of pulmonary aspiration and gastric food residue was a common finding at endoscopy. The vagotomized intrathoracic stomach may need a drainage procedure to facilitate solid emptying. PMID- 6722481 TI - Exclusion of the oesophagus: is this a dangerous manoeuvre? AB - If oesophagectomy is contra-indicated or dangerous, oesophageal bypass can restore the ability to swallow. It is not known if excluding the bypassed oesophagus by closing both ends will lead to serious complications. In this study we report on 89 patients who underwent bypass surgery for benign and malignant strictures of the oesophagus. The thoracic oesophagus was completely excluded in 51 patients and in 30 cases the bypass procedure was combined with distal oesophageal drainage. Gastro-oesophageal continuity was preserved in eight patients undergoing an extra-oesophageal colon bypass. The operative mortality was similar in the three groups. Neck abscesses, probably due to leakage from the upper end of the bypassed oesophagus, occurred in 17 per cent of patients with oesophageal exclusion and in 9 per cent of the remainder. Changes occurring in the bypassed oesophagus of 38 patients were monitored with computed axial tomography. Segmental, mucus-filled dilatations ( mucocoeles ) of the oesophagus were identified in 20 patients. In 19 patients these mucocoeles remained small and asymptomatic. One patient with achalasia developed an oesophago-airway fistula two years after operation. Provided both ends of the oesophagus are securely closed, oesophageal exclusion is not a dangerous manoeuvre in patients undergoing bypass surgery for locally invasive tumours or corrosive injuries of the oesophagus. PMID- 6722482 TI - Transduodenal sphincteroplasty: an analysis of 118 consecutive cases. AB - The results of 118 consecutive common bile duct explorations via transduodenal sphincteroplasty are presented and analysed. The operations were performed for suspected choledocholithiasis by one surgeon over a 10-year period. Choledocholithiasis was proved in 22 per cent of the cholecystectomies carried out during this period and tended to present significantly earlier in females, 14.5 per cent presenting before 35 years of age. One hundred and four survivors were traced and 93.5 per cent had achieved a good result at a mean 5-year follow up. PMID- 6722483 TI - Pancreatic cystadenoma and cystadenocarcinoma. AB - Cystadenomas and cystadenocarcinomas are rare but not exceptional tumours of the pancreas. In this report six cases are added to the more than 300 cystadenomas and over 100 cystadenocarcinomas reported in the literature. We present here the case histories of four cystadenomas and two cystadenocarcinomas with complete follow-up. There is no evidence of recurrence after a maximum of 22 years in cystadenoma and 4 years in cystadenocarcinoma following resection. We have the impression that cystic lesions of the pancreas are nowadays more often detected than in former years. This might be due to abdominal investigation by computerized tomography and ultrasound on a large scale. Pathological features of proliferative cystic lesions of the pancreas permit distinction of three different tumours: serous cystadenoma, mucinous cystadenoma and cystadenocarcinoma. The serous cystadenoma is benign. The mucinous cystadenoma has to be considered as potentially malignant. The cystadenocarcinoma is malignant by definition. As benign and malignant elements can be found in the same cyst biopsy cannot exclude cystadenocarcinoma. Therefore all cystadenomas and cystadenocarcinomas should be totally excised, especially as prognosis after resection of cystadenocarcinoma is much better than after resection of adenocarcinoma of the pancreas. PMID- 6722484 TI - Cellulose granulomatous peritonitis. AB - The case history of a patient developing granulomatous peritonitis due to cellulose is described. At a second laparotomy following an operation for intestinal obstruction due to adhesions, the peritoneum was found to be studded with multiple, yellow nodules, closely resembling tuberculous lesions, but shown on microscopy to be tuberculoid granulomata containing cellulose fibres. The main features of the condition, which is self-limiting, and probably more common than is generally realized, are discussed. PMID- 6722486 TI - Prediction of prognosis in axillary lymph node positive breast cancer patients: a statistical study. AB - This work has identified variables of importance to short- and long-term prognosis in 97 node positive breast cancer patients followed for a minimum of 98 months. The diameter of the primary tumour (less than or equal to 3 cm/greater than 3 cm) is shown to be an important prognostic variable. Its addition to the presence/absence of tumour cells in the efferent nodal vessels and the mean nuclear area of the tumour cells gave correct prediction of the disease outcome, 60 and 98 months after the operation, in 83 and 80 per cent of the patients respectively. Although the number of tumour-bearing nodes is shown to be a strong variable, more information was gained from the tumour diameter. Histological grade was only of value for 5-year prognosis. Factors that did not add information of prognostic value in these circumstances were identified. The proposed models demonstrate the great heterogeneity within this group of patients. PMID- 6722485 TI - A high macrophage content in human breast cancer is not associated with favourable prognostic factors. AB - The macrophage contents of 40 human primary breast cancers were ascertained using three separate macrophage membrane markers. Four prognostic factors (lymph node status, tumour size, histological grade and oestrogen receptor status) were determined concurrently in these mammary carcinomas. No significant relationship was found between the macrophage content of the mammary carcinomas and any individual prognostic factor. When the patients were grouped according to whether they had 0-2 or 3-4 high risk factors, however, the macrophage content was significantly greater in those tumours with the poorer prognosis, regardless of the marker used to enumerate the cells. A high macrophage content, therefore, is not associated with favourable prognostic factors in breast cancer. Indeed, the present study has revealed the reverse to be the case. PMID- 6722487 TI - Prognostic evaluation in node-positive breast carcinoma: stage versus growth rate. AB - The range in survival time in operable node-positive breast carcinoma is considerable. Postoperative management is thus dependent on accurate prognostic assessment. This involves the choice of relevant prognostic factors. Theoretically these should include measurements of both stage and growth rate. In a series of 96 cases it is demonstrated that the diameter of the primary (3 cm and under/over 3 cm) can be used as a measure of tumour stage; the histological grade of the primary as one of tumour growth rate; and the presence/absence of tumour cells in the efferent nodal vessels (EVI status) as a measure of nodal stage. The latter is proposed as an alternative to the number of tumour-bearing nodes recovered from the axilla. Division of the cases on this basis was sufficient to assess high or low risk using routine histological methods. PMID- 6722488 TI - The value of serial bone scanning in operable breast cancer. AB - The value of initial and serial isotope bone scans was assessed in 685 patients with operable primary breast cancer. Nineteen (2.8 per cent) patients had a positive initial scan and negative skeletal radiographs; only nine of these developed other evidence of metastatic disease after a mean follow up of 21 months. Five hundred and ten patients had serial scans up to five years after simple mastectomy; 51 (10 per cent) had scan conversion, of whom 37 developed clinical or radiological confirmation of recurrent disease at a mean follow-up of 13 months. Compared with clinical or radiological methods for the detection of first metastases serial bone scans gave a mean lead time of five months in 15 patients and no lead time in the remaining 22 patients. Twelve of forty-five patients with radiologically proven bone metastases had negative scans. Neither initial or serial bone scanning is clinically useful or economically viable as a routine screening or follow-up procedure for patients with operable breast cancer. PMID- 6722489 TI - Subcutaneous mastectomy for primary operable breast cancer. AB - Subcutaneous mastectomy has been performed on 98 patients with primary breast cancer. Eighty-four have undergone breast reconstruction using a silicone prosthesis. The overall complication rate has been low. The rates of local recurrence and survival are similar to those in patients undergoing simple mastectomy. PMID- 6722490 TI - Postoperative fatigue and changes in nutritional status. AB - Subjective feeling of fatigue was quantified before and 10, 20 and 30 days after elective uncomplicated abdominal surgery in 36 otherwise healthy patients, using a constructed fatigue scale model. One third of the patients had a remarkable increase in fatigue which continued throughout the first postoperative month. The fatigued patients showed a more pronounced postoperative loss in weight (P less than 0.001), triceps skinfold caliper (P less than 0.001) and arm muscle circumference (n.s.) and had lower levels in serum transferrin (P less than 0.02). No correlation was found between postoperative fatigue and postoperative changes in blood haemoglobin, lymphocyte count, plasma albumin, electrolytes and various minerals. Development of late postoperative fatigue was unpredictable from pre-operative nutritional status, serum transferrin, albumin, electrolytes, haemoglobin, lymphocyte count and various minerals, as well as from age, sex and duration of surgery. These results suggest future therapeutic measures against the postoperative fatigue syndrome. PMID- 6722491 TI - Complications resulting from a patent processus vaginalis in two patients on continuous ambulatory peritoneal dialysis. PMID- 6722492 TI - Anal function after low rectal stapled anastomoses. PMID- 6722493 TI - Calculi in Meckel's diverticulum. PMID- 6722494 TI - The mistaken diagnosis of calcification in a free dermis-fat graft on the chest wall. PMID- 6722495 TI - Non-invasive location of arterial stenoses. PMID- 6722496 TI - Transcutaneous oxygen measurements (TcpO2) PMID- 6722497 TI - The collection and interpretation of herd mastitis data. PMID- 6722498 TI - An approach to canine geriatrics. PMID- 6722499 TI - Diagnosis and management of the overweight dog. PMID- 6722500 TI - Contraception in the dog and cat. PMID- 6722501 TI - A practitioner's approach to canine cardiology. PMID- 6722502 TI - Persistent diarrhoea. PMID- 6722503 TI - Neoplasms in older dogs with particular reference to management. I. PMID- 6722505 TI - Changes in the ultrastructure of feline pulmonary arteries following infection with the lungworm Aelurostrongylus abstrusus. PMID- 6722504 TI - Anaesthetic management of major facial trauma in dogs. PMID- 6722506 TI - Mycobacterial infection in goats: diagnosis and pathogenicity of the organism. PMID- 6722507 TI - A serological survey of Toxoplasma gondii in pet dogs in Nigeria. PMID- 6722508 TI - Pathology of the antarctic fur seal (Arctocephalus gazella) in south Georgia. PMID- 6722509 TI - Initiation and execution of predictable and unpredictable movements in Parkinson's disease. AB - Nine patients with Parkinson's disease were compared with aged-matched normal controls on a tracking and a reaction time task. In the tracking task, subjects had to follow a target moving either predictably or unpredictably at various frequencies. There were no differences between the groups on this task. Both groups were able to use the predictable target movements to eliminate the lag between the target movements and their own movements, indicating that they could emit preprogrammed responses which did not depend on visual feedback. The reaction time task also contrasted predictable and unpredictable movements since the subjects were sometimes told in advance which finger they would have to lift in response to the imperative signal. The patients were significantly less able than controls to use this predictability to reduce their reaction times. It is concluded that parkinsonian patients can use prior information to control the form of a preprogrammed movement, but cannot use this information to help initiate such a movement. PMID- 6722510 TI - A neurophysiological study of the premotor cortex in the rhesus monkey. AB - The frontal agranular cortex consists of at least three major subdivisions: the precentral motor cortex, the supplementary motor cortex, and the premotor cortex. Of these, the premotor cortex is by far the least intensively studied by neurophysiological methods in spite of recent evidence that it is important in higher order aspects of the cerebral control of movement ( Moll and Kuypers , 1977; Roland et al., 1980b ; Halsband and Passingham , 1982). We have accordingly studied neuronal activity in the premotor cortex of Rhesus macaques operantly conditioned to perform a visually guided motor task. We have concluded that many premotor cortex neurons appear to reflect motor set. Further, these and other premotor cortex neurons show activity patterns during and before the execution of an abstractly guided movement that are strikingly similar to what has been observed in association with movements made directly to visuospatial targets. Finally, a functional relationship of some premotor cortex unit activity to the execution of voluntary movement is supported by its close temporal correlation with the onset of movement, a significant correlation with the acceleration of the limb in some cases, and a uniform specificity for movement execution rather than the visuospatial cues that guide the movement. PMID- 6722511 TI - Colour anomia resulting from weakened short-term colour memory. A case study. AB - A patient exhibited marked colour anomia without object anomia, but was able to point to named colours. Five experiments were conducted to investigate his immediate colour memory. It was concluded that his colour anomia was the result of an impaired short-term memory deficit specific to colour. Temporary activation of specific entries in the colour lexicon enabled pointing and even naming to take place. A general model incorporating all forms of colour anomia is presented. PMID- 6722512 TI - A two-route model of speech production. Evidence from aphasia. AB - Quantitative investigations of speech production deficits are reported in three aphasic patients. Two had impaired paraphasic performance in repetition tasks but relatively well preserved spontaneous speech (conduction aphasia). The other patient had impaired paraphasic spontaneous speech but intact repetition (transcortical motor aphasia). In repetition tasks which required active semantic processing the conduction aphasics were facilitated and the transcortical motor aphasic impaired; in tasks which required passive repetition the opposite pattern of dissociation was observed. These findings are accounted for within a two-route model of the speech production process. PMID- 6722513 TI - On-off fluctuations in Parkinson's disease. A clinical and neuropharmacological study. AB - On-off fluctuations have been studied in twenty patients with Parkinson's disease on long-term levodopa treatment. The pattern of fluctuations was related to the timing of oral levodopa ingestion in all patients. 'Predictable' fluctuators were characterized by fewer daily doses taken at longer intervals than 'unpredictable' fluctuators in whom individual dose responses tended to overlap. Most patients at least once a day experienced an unexplained failure of an oral dose to take effect. Administration of levodopa by intravenous infusion at a constant rate brought about a dramatic extension in the duration of mobility and reduced the frequency of fluctuations compared with oral therapy; apomorphine consistently reversed off phases when administered shortly after their onset, whereas lisuride was less often effective. We conclude that the development of a sustained-release formulation of levodopa would lead to improved control of the response fluctuations seen with conventional levodopa preparations. PMID- 6722514 TI - Correlation of cortical cholinergic and GABA deficits with quantitative neuropathological findings in senile dementia. AB - The present paper examines the relationship between choline acetyltransferase (ChAT) activity and gamma aminobutyric acid (GABA) concentrations with neuronal counts, senile plaque counts and estimates of neurofibrillary tangles in a series of 25 cases of senile dementia of Alzheimer type (SDAT) with appropriate controls. ChAT activity was significantly positively correlated with neuronal counts in the frontal and temporal region for the whole group but not in the demented or control subgroups. Significant negative correlations were also found between plaque counts and ChAT activity in all areas studied in the total group of subjects and in most of the SDAT groups. Significant negative correlations between ChAT activity and estimates of neurofibrillary change occurred in the frontal area and midtemporal gyrus in the SDAT cases. All the above correlations were seen most prominently in the youngest dementia patients (less than 79 years of age) who exhibited the most severe neuropathological and neurochemical deficits. The neurochemical distinction between the young and elderly age group of SDAT cases was well illustrated by the paradoxical trends of significantly increased GABA and ChAT levels with increasing age. The few significant correlations observed between GABA and cell counts were positive and occurred in the temporal lobe in the younger age group. Plaque counts and neurofibrillary tangle estimates showed little correlation with GABA concentrations. PMID- 6722515 TI - Pseudoneglect in a patient with partial callosal disconnection. AB - Each hemisphere may not only be responsible for processing stimuli from the contralateral sensory systems and for programming movements of the contralateral hand, but may also be important for mediating attention-intention within the contralateral hemispace. If each hemisphere mediates attention-intention within contralateral hemispace, both hemispheres must work in concert especially when an arm is crossed and used in opposite hemispace. If both hemispheres did not work together, the directional bias of each hemisphere would become manifest and induce the contralateral extremity to err toward its own hemispace, inducing pseudoneglect . To test this hypothesis, we examined a patient who had a partial callosal disconnection. In trying visually and somaesthetically to bisect lines with her left hand in right hemispace, the patient made systematic errors to the left; in bisecting lines in left hemispace with her right hand, she made systematic errors to the right. The patient also made less dramatic systematic errors even when a hand was used in its own hemispace, which suggests that each hemisphere mediates attention-intention within and towards the contralateral hemispace. PMID- 6722516 TI - The hemi 3 syndrome. Hemihypertrophy, hemihypaesthesia, hemiareflexia and scoliosis. AB - Three unrelated girls presented with a developmental syndrome of hypertrophy involving half or a quadrant of the body and not involving the face. The appearance was one of inappropriately large size of the affected side rather than contralateral atrophy. On the larger side, there was hypertrophy of muscle and increased power as well as an increase in diameter, but not in length, of long bones. There was areflexia and decreased pain and temperature sensation on that side. The patients also had progressive scoliosis and foot deformities on the enlarged side. One patient had a lumbar myelomeningocoele , and all 3 had a family history of neural tube closure defects. EMG, nerve conduction studies, EEG, skull x-rays, PEG, and cerebral CT scans were normal. Myelography did not demonstrate an enlarged cord, and in particular there was no evidence for syringomyelia. Chromosome studies revealed normal karyotypes. Sex chromatin was female on both sides in one patient. A defect of the dorsal lip of the neural tube or the neural crest is postulated to explain the abnormality. The association with closure defect in one patient and a positive family history of other neural tube defects in all 3 patients suggests that the developmental defect occurs at an early embryonic stage. Recognition of the syndrome is important. It can be distinguished clinically from hemiatrophy of cerebral origin. The neurological abnormalities are static, but the scoliosis is progressive and requires correction. The condition is associated with an increased prevalence of neural tube closure defects in the family, and forms part of a spectrum of genetically and embryologically related CNS malformations with multifactorial inheritance. Probands, parents, siblings and parents' siblings should be counselled that the risks of spina bifida and anencephaly in their offspring are the same as those in relatives of probands with classical neural tube defects, and should be offered prenatal diagnosis. PMID- 6722519 TI - Disturbances of long-term memory in aphasic patients. A comparison of anterior and posterior lesions. AB - The performance of 20 aphasic patients on a verbal list-learning task was examined in relation to site of lesion, as documented by CT scan. Patients with lesions of the inferior frontal lobe and/or the basal ganglia were severely impaired in both acquisition and long-term retention of the list, while the performance of patients with posterior temporoparietal involvement was nearly normal. These results contrasted sharply with scores on short-term memory tests by the same patient groups which showed an opposite trend. The findings support a functional and neuroanatomical dissociation of short and long-term memory systems and suggest that neural connections of the inferior frontal lobe and the basal ganglia may be crucial for initiating the retrieval process. PMID- 6722518 TI - Lipid abnormalities of xanthomatous nerves. AB - The lipid composition of nerves, with and without xanthomatous alteration, and other tissues, was investigated post-mortem in a 36-year-old man with cholestatic hepatitis of unknown cause and insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus (IDDM). Cholesteryl esters were found to be markedly increased in both endoneurium and epi- and perineurium of hepatic nerves (showing xanthomatous change), but not in sciatic nerve (without this change). Cholesteryl ester concentrations were also increased, but to a lesser degree, in kidney tissue. The fatty acid composition of stored cholesteryl esters in hepatic nerve endoneurium revealed that oleic acid was the most favoured substrate for esterification. A widespread depletion of triacylglycerol was also demonstrated in hepatic and sciatic nerves and liver and skin tissues obtained from this patient. This abnormality did not appear to be due to an alcoholic or biliary cirrhosis, or to inanition. Whether the depletion of triacylglycerol is drug-related or represents an endogenous metabolic error remains unclear. PMID- 6722517 TI - Experimental hemichorea/hemiballismus in the monkey. Studies on the intracerebral site of action in a drug-induced dyskinesia. AB - Antagonists of the neurotransmitter gamma aminobutyric acid (GABA) were injected at seventy intracerebral sites in the conscious monkey. Injections located in or near to the subthalamic nucleus provoked involuntary movements of the contralateral limbs. These movements had the characteristics of chorea and, when severe, resembled hemiballismus as seen following subthalamic nucleus lesions in man and monkey. Localized injections of GABA antagonists into the medial segment of the globus pallidus were without observable effect on motor activity. These observations are discussed with regard to the role of GABA in subthalamopallidal relations. Injection of GABA antagonists at some other sites provoked different forms of dyskinesia. Injections in or near the zona incerta adjacent to the subthalamic nucleus induced torticollis and circling behaviour either in isolation or in addition to contralateral limb dyskinesia. Injections at some sites located in the lateral segment of the globus pallidus or in the putamen induced choreoathetoid or myoclonic movements, respectively. PMID- 6722521 TI - The ankle stretch reflexes in normal and spastic subjects. The response to sinusoidal movement. AB - Forces and electromyograms were recorded during sinusoidal flexion-extension movements of normal and spastic ankle joints. Spastic subjects showed relatively stereotyped responses, with evidence of a vigorous spinal stretch reflex. The responses of normal limbs were variable; there was little reflex response to the first cycles, but as the movement continued the reflex responses increased and often came to resemble the responses of spastic limbs. At some frequency between 3 and 7 Hz, the reflex response was so timed that it tended to assist rather than resist the movement; this was the frequency at which many subjects (normal, as well as spastic) exhibited spontaneous clonus if an appropriate load was attached to the foot. The frequency of this clonus changed with changes of load. It is concluded that whereas the gain of a normal stretch reflex may vary considerably, the stretch reflex of the spastic subject is set at one end of the normal range. With this high gain, the stretch reflex may support spontaneous clonus in both normal and spastic subjects. PMID- 6722520 TI - Experimental gaze palsies in monkeys and their relation to human pathology. AB - Lesions were placed in the paramedian pontine reticular formation ( PPRF ) of monkeys and the resulting gaze palsies studied. Brainstem regions were identified by single cell recordings before kainic acid was injected to selectively destroy neuronal cell bodies in the vicinity. Unilateral PPRF lesions led to a loss of all rapid eye movements towards the ipsilateral side. Deficits were identical to those after experimental electrolytic lesions in monkeys, or structural lesions in humans. Bilateral PPRF lesions produced two different syndromes. Rostral PPRF lesions led to a selective loss of horizontal rapid eye movements leaving vertical movements intact. Caudal PPRF lesions led in addition to a severe disruption of vertical rapid eye movements. PMID- 6722522 TI - Left hemisphere sensitivity to consonant sounds not displayed by the right hemisphere: electrophysiological correlates. AB - Auditory evoked responses (AER) to a series of consonant-vowel syllables were recorded from frontal, temporal, and parietal scalp locations from 14 right handed college students. Averaged AERs were submitted to principal components analysis and analysis of variance. Six components of the group's AERs were found to reflect various aspects of the stimulus parameters. One component reflected changes over only the left hemisphere to different consonants. A second component changed systematically over both hemispheres but did not discriminate between all consonants. PMID- 6722523 TI - Speech comprehension after unilateral injection of sodium amytal. AB - A unilateral cerebral dominance model predicts that speech comprehension will be disrupted after injection of sodium amytal into one hemisphere but not after the other. This model was supported when an auditory receptive task involving relatively nonredundant stimuli similar to that contained in the Token Test (E. DeRenzi & L. Vignolo , 1962, Brain, 85, 665-687) was administered to 17 epileptic patients undergoing bilateral amytal injections. PMID- 6722524 TI - Broca on the relation between handedness and cerebral speech dominance. PMID- 6722525 TI - Identification of pictured homonyms: latent phonological knowledge in Broca's aphasia. PMID- 6722526 TI - Multiple component agraphia in a patient with atypical cerebral dominance: an error analysis. AB - A 52-year-old man with atypical cerebral dominance (left-handed for writing but mixed handedness for other tasks) suffered an extensive right hemisphere stroke, resulting in a combination of deficits that has not been previously reported. There were profound visual constructive and visual perceptual disturbances and a spatial agraphia, which were consistent with a nondominant hemisphere lesion. There was also a severe apraxic agraphia, which is typically associated with a dominant hemisphere lesion, but no other signs of dominant hemisphere dysfunction such as linguistic disturbance or limb-motor apraxia were present. This case serves to highlight the functional and anatomical relationship between handwriting and other forms of praxis; the various sources of error in letter formation; the need to be specific in labeling and describing agraphias ; and the role of a detailed analysis of writing errors in delineating the neuropsychological processes involved in handwriting. PMID- 6722527 TI - Correlation between EEG and auditory perceptual measures in auditory agnosia. AB - We describe a child who acquired a gradual sustained speech deficit for which no specific etiology was found, and who had an associated epileptogenic abnormality on EEG. Assessment of auditory perceptual skills and receptive language confirmed that gradual parallel improvement occurred with the EEG after therapeutic anticonvulsant blood levels were obtained. Prospective trials of anticonvulsant drugs in conjunction with serial measures of central auditory abilities are necessary to establish their value in the management of the linguistic deficit in children with auditory agnosia. PMID- 6722528 TI - Dichotic listening ear asymmetry: patterns of longitudinal development. AB - Dichotic listening research with children has continued to be prevalent although numerous authors have described both theoretical and methodological limitations with traditional dichotic listening free-recall paradigms. The present research adds to this growing skepticism by reanalyzing two major longitudinal studies of children's ear asymmetries. These two studies, based in different countries (United States, Holland), utilized highly similar paradigms (free-recall digits), subjects (males), and age levels (kindergarten and second and fifth grade). The questions of ear advantage development, patterns of ear advantages, and the relationship between dichotic listening performance and reading skills are addressed from the multiple statistical methodologies represented in the literature. From these analyses, support for all of the major hypotheses regarding the developmental patterns of dichotic listening performances could be obtained from the same data samples. The use of traditional free-recall dichotic listening paradigms are not recommended for use with children. The implications for future research are discussed. PMID- 6722529 TI - A developmental perspective on reading dysfunction: accuracy and rate criteria in the subtyping of dyslexic children. AB - Children referred with specific reading dysfunction were subtyped as accuracy disabled or rate disabled according to criteria developed from an information processing model of reading skill. Multiple measures of oral and written language development were compared for two subtyped samples matched on age, sex, and IQ. The two samples were comparable in reading fluency, reading comprehension, word knowledge, and word retrieval functions. Accuracy disabled readers demonstrated inferior decoding and spelling skills. The accuracy disabled sample proved deficient in their understanding of oral language structure and in their ability to associate unfamiliar pseudowords and novel symbols in a task designed to simulate some of the learning involved in initial reading acquisition. It was suggested that these two samples of disabled readers may be best described with respect to their relative standing along a theoretical continuum of normal reading development. PMID- 6722530 TI - Regulation of body temperature and nociception induced by non-noxious stress in rat. AB - The effects of 3 different non-noxious stressors on body temperature (Tb) were investigated in the rat: (1) loose restraint in cylinders, (2) removal of the rats from cylinders, exposure to a novel environment and replacement in cylinders, a stressor called here 'novelty', and (3) gentle holding of the rats by the nape of the neck. Loose restraint and 'novelty' produced hyperthermia. On the contrary, holding induced hypothermia. Hypophysectomy (HX) reduced basal Tb, abolished restraint hyperthermia and reduced both 'novelty' hyperthermia and holding hypothermia. Dexamethasone ( DEXA ) had no effect upon either restraint or novelty hyperthermia but reduced the hypothermia. Naloxone (Nx) produced a slight fall in basal Tb accounting for its reduction of restraint and 'novelty' hyperthermias ; it did not affect holding hypothermia. The inhibitory effects of HX suggest a participation of the pituitary in the hyperthermias ; the neurointermediate lobe would be involved as the hyperthermias were not affected by DEXA , which is known to block the stress-induced release of pituitary secretions from the anterior lobe but not from the neurointermediate lobe. In contrast, substances from the anterior lobe might participate in hypothermia due to holding since it is reduced by HX and DEXA . As to the effects of Nx, endogenous opioids would not be significantly involved in the thermic effects of the stressors used in this study; they might play, if any, only a minor role in the regulation of basal Tb. These results are compared with those previously obtained on nociception using the same non-noxious stressors. It emerges that, depending on the stressor, different types of association between thermoregulation and nociception may occur, i.e. hyperthermia with analgesia, hyperthermia with hyperalgesia and hypothermia with hyperalgesia. PMID- 6722531 TI - Pentylenetetrazol kindling produces a long-lasting elevation of IR-Met-enkephalin but not IR-Leu-enkephalin in rat brain. AB - Pentylenetetrazol (PTZ) kindling was induced in male Wistar rats by daily i.p. injections of 40 mg/kg of the convulsant agent. IR-Met-enkephalin and IR-Leu enkephalin were quantified in several brain regions 16 days after the last stimulus. In addition other rats received another PTZ dose on the sixteenth day and the samples were analyzed 1 and 24 h later. The results showed a long-lasting elevation in amygdala, septum, hypothalamus and hippocampus of IR-Met-enkephalin only. These brain structures also showed a decrease of IR-Met-enkephalin 1 h after the PTZ-induced seizure, but reached newly elevated levels 24 h later. IR Leu-enkephalin levels only showed a decrease in striatum 1 h after PTZ-induced convulsions. The data suggest that Met-enkephalin is related to permanent changes in brain function induced by PTZ kindling, while Leu-enkephalin may depend on the occurrence of epileptic seizures. PMID- 6722532 TI - Regional cerebral blood flow and stroke index after left carotid artery ligation in the conscious gerbil. AB - We measured the regional cerebral blood flow in both hemispheres of Mongolian gerbils subjected to permanent left carotid artery ligation, using [3H]nicotine as the tracer. At 1, 3 and 6 h post-ligation, neurological signs were recorded and a stroke index score was tallied for each animal. In conscious control gerbils, mean cerebral blood flow on the left side was 1.10 +/- 0.08 (S.E.M.) ml X g-1 X min-1 at the cerebral cortex, 0.58 +/- 0.02 at the hippocampus and 0.69 +/- 0.04 at the diencephalon. Animals with a stroke index score exceeding 10 were considered symptomatic. We noted a close relationship between regional cerebral blood flow and the stroke index score. In symptomatic animals, regional cerebral blood flow in the ischemic hemisphere at 1, 3 and 6 h post-ligation was less than 0.21 ml X g-1 X min-1 at the cortex and diencephalon, and less than 0.09 ml X g-1 X min-1 at the hippocampus. We suggest that unilaterally ligated gerbils manifesting a stroke index score greater than 10 represent a good experimental model for the study of ischemia. PMID- 6722533 TI - Diazepam enhances the action but not the binding of the GABA analog, THIP. AB - GABA (4-aminobutyric acid) and its bicyclic analog THIP (4,5,6,7 tetrahydroisoxazolo-[4,5-c]-pyridin-3-ol) produced membrane hyperpolarization and increased chloride ion conductance of mouse spinal cord neurons in cell culture. Above 1 nM diazepam enhanced the actions of both GABA and THIP with similar potency and efficacy. Diazepam has been shown to enhance the binding of [3H]GABA to rat brain membranes over similar concentration ranges, with the EC50 values for enhancement of [3H]GABA binding and increase in membrane conductance being similar. In contrast, binding of [3H]THIP has been shown to be unaltered by diazepam under a variety of conditions. The possible reasons for such a discrepancy between these electrophysiological and neurochemical results with THIP are discussed. PMID- 6722534 TI - Naloxone improves, and morphine exacerbates, experimental shock induced by release of endogenous histamine by compound 48/80. AB - In mice, fatal shock induced by release of endogenous histamine by compound 48/80 was reversed by the intracerebroventricular (i.c.v.) administration of the opiate antagonist naloxone (10-25 micrograms) but not by the systemic administration of the selective peripherally acting antagonist, naltrexone methyl bromide (1-5 mg/kg). Moreover, systemic or i.c.v. administration of morphine (25 mg/kg and 25 micrograms, respectively) exacerbated shock induced by compound 40/80. This effect was blocked by i.c.v. naloxone (10 micrograms) or naltrexone methyl bromide (10 micrograms) but not by systemic naltrexone methyl bromide (5 mg/kg). The pathogenic effect of i.c.v. morphine was blocked by the systemic administration of the opiate antagonist Win 44,441-3 (5 mg/kg) but not by its inactive (+) isomer, Win 44,441-2. The results suggest possible involvement of central opiate (endorphin) mechanisms in the pathophysiology of fatal histamine shock in mice. PMID- 6722535 TI - Morphine and the centrally-mediated inhibition of urinary bladder motility in the rat. AB - Systemic administration of morphine consistently inhibited spontaneous urinary bladder contractions in the ketamine-anesthetized rat. In addition, i.c.v. morphine and levorphanol but not dextrophan inhibited bladder function by a naloxone-sensitive mechanism. Naloxone alone increased the frequency of bladder contractions and intravesicular pressure. Systemic loperamide did not affect bladder function while N,N- diallylnormorphinium only reversed bladder inhibition by morphine when administered i.c.v. These observations suggest that morphine inhibits bladder activity by a central mechanism and that endogenous opioids are involved in the central control of bladder function. PMID- 6722536 TI - Opioid antagonists and spinal reflexes in the anaesthetized cat. AB - In barbiturate-anaesthetized cats, intravenous naloxone (0.025-0.10 mg/kg) increased the amplitude of monosynaptic reflexes produced by electrical stimulation of the nerves to the biceps-semitendinosus and gastrocnemius muscles and the complex reflexes to electrical stimulation of myelinated afferents of the sural and tibial nerves and reflexes to electrical stimulation of unmyelinated primary afferents of the tibial nerve. Increases in reflexes were also produced by the (-)- but not the (+)-isomer of the opiate antagonist N- furylmethylnormetazocine (both isomers being given in the dose range 0.03-0.20 mg/kg). The doses of naloxone increasing reflexes to C primary afferents had no effect on the responses of some dorsal horn neurones with cutaneous receptive fields to the same stimuli. The results suggest that, in anaesthetized cats, inhibition involving opioid peptides at some stage is present on many motoneurones. This inhibition may have relevance to animal behaviour after injury. PMID- 6722537 TI - The structural organization of the ventrobasal complex of the rat as revealed by the analysis of physiologically characterized neurons injected intracellularly with horseradish peroxidase. AB - The ventrobasal complex (VB) of the rat thalamus contains neurons responding to non-noxious somatic stimuli as well as neurons driven exclusively by noxious stimuli. This study presents a comparison of morphological features of these two kinds of neurons. Thirteen neurons electrophysiologically characterized were impaled with the micropipette used for the recordings and intracellularly injected with horseradish peroxidase. After revealing the marker and preparation for electron microscopic procedures, 3 out of the 13 neurons were carefully studied using both the light and the electron microscope. VB neurons are stellate cells with a central rounded cell body and 6 to 10 primary dendrites which branch rapidly, giving a 'tufted' appearance. Dendrites of all orders present various types of protrusions. At the electron microscope level, 3 main kinds of synaptic profiles were observed contacting the injected neurons: small terminals with round vesicles which make asymmetrical contacts with distal dendrites; medium sized terminals with flattened vesicles which make symmetrical contacts with dendrites of all orders and the soma; and large terminals with round vesicles which make asymmetrical contacts with primary dendrites and the soma. This study failed to reveal obvious morphological differences between functionally different VB neurons. In addition, it showed that their synaptology was apparently equivalent. PMID- 6722538 TI - Heterotopic and homotopic callosal connections in rat visual cortex. AB - Heterotopic and homotopic callosal projections of rat visual cortex are evaluated. Callosal termination zones in visual cortex are identified with a degeneration technique following complete section of the corpus callosum. The zones which receive callosal afferents are the lateral one-third of area 17, an anteroposterior strip in dorsal and in ventral areas 18a, and 4 patches in area 18b. Following a large injection of lectin-bound horseradish peroxidase (WGA-HRP) into visual cortex, many retrogradely labeled neurons are found in the medial two thirds of area 17 which does not receive callosal afferents, as well as in the lateral, callosal-recipient zone. These data suggest that heterotopic callosal pathways exist in visual cortex. Injections of tritiated amino acids into restricted parts of visual cortex show the following heterotopic connections: lateral area 17 projects to dorsal area 18a; medial area 17 projects to lateral area 17 and dorsal area 18a; area 18a projects to lateral area 17 and anteromedial area 18b; area 18b projects to lateral area 17, dorsal area 18a, heterotopic sites in area 18b, and to area 29d . Heterotopic connections are generally less dense than homotopic ones. In addition, heterotopic connections are generally less dense than homotopic ones. In addition, heterotopic projections terminate in the supragranular layers. This contrasts with the homotopic afferents of areas 17 and 18a which have additional strong projections to layer V. The distribution of label through the depth of the cortex in some of the callosal recipient zones has been quantified. Injections of WGA-HRP restricted to areas 17, 18a or 18b corroborate the presence of each of the heterotopic connections described above. Heterotopic afferents originate mostly from layer V neurons, whereas homotopic afferents arise from neurons primarily in layers II-V. Like the afferents, the numbers of callosal projection cells in heterotopic regions are substantially less than that in homotopic sites. heterotopic callosal connections may be one factor responsible for binocular vision and also may provide the basis for large, nonoriented receptive fields of units in layer V of rodent visual cortex. PMID- 6722539 TI - Acute and chronic morphine modifies the in vivo release of methionine enkephalin like immunoreactivity from the cat spinal cord and brain. AB - The effect of acute and chronic morphine treatment was investigated on the spontaneous and evoked release of methionine enkephalin-like immunoreactivity (MELI) in vivo using the technique of cat spinal superfusion and ventriculocisternal perfusion. Stimulation of sciatic nerve, at intensities known to activate small-diameter nerve fibers, resulted in a consistent release of MELI from the spinal cord and the brain. Local application of morphine (5 X 10(-4)M) to the spinal cord resulted in a significant decrease in the evoked release of MELI. Naloxone (2 mg/kg i.v.), administered during morphine treatment, produced an increase in the spontaneous and greatly augmented the evoked release of spinal and ventricular MELI. In morphine-naive animals, naloxone did not affect the spontaneous or evoked MELI release. In cats chronically exposed to parenteral morphine by implantation of morphine pellets (2 X 75 mg), the spontaneous release of spinal and ventricular MELI was significantly greater than this release in control animals. Stimulation of sciatic nerves evoked a normal release of MELI in morphine-pelleted animals. Administration of naloxone to these animals resulted in a large and sustained increase in the spontaneous release of MELI from the spinal cord and brain. The material released by stimulation was identified as methionine enkephalin-like on the basis of similar results with two different antisera, parallel displacement curves with serial dilutions of spinal and ventricular perfusates and comigration with methionine enkephalin on a Sephadex G 25 column. These results suggest that if there is a tonic suppression of enkephalin release mediated by opiate receptors, these receptors display a tolerance development also. The facilitated release by naloxone in the chronic morphine-treated animals may indicate that reversal of the ongoing opioid inhibition results either in an excessive drive of the enkephalinergic neuron by other excitatory systems or the loss of a tonic auto-inhibition, which is not present in the non-tolerant animal. PMID- 6722540 TI - Topographic coding of odorant quality is maintained at different concentrations in the salamander olfactory epithelium. AB - In a recent study in the tiger salamander, Ambystoma tigrinum, were demonstrated topographic patterns of responsivity across the olfactory epithelium which were characteristic for each odorant. The present study was initiated to investigate whether these patterns remain constant when odorant concentration is varied. Odorant-induced electro- olfactograms were recorded from at least 12 sites on each epithelium. The odorants used were pinene, amyl acetate and propanol. Each epithelium was tested with one odorant, delivered at 3 concentrations. For comparison between animals, the epithelia were divided into 3 regions with at least 4 recording sites per region. An analysis of variance model was used to study odorants, concentrations, regions and animals. Odorant-induced regional patterns in responsivity were similar across all concentrations. In particular, the region of highest responsivity at one concentration was the region of highest responsivity at all concentrations. It is concluded that topographic patterns of receptor cell responses may reflect an underlying genetic component in the distribution of receptor cells. This distribution is related to two aspects of receptor cell responses: responsivity to particular odorants (Fig. 4) and general responsivity to all odorants (Fig. 5). PMID- 6722541 TI - Role of joint afferents in relation to the initiation of forelimb stepping in thalamic cats. AB - To analyze the roles of joint afferents in relation to initiation of forelimb stepping in thalamic cats, we recorded the unit spikes of the cervical dorsal roots, stimulated the joint afferents, and applied local anesthesia to the joint capsule. Almost all of the joint afferents of the shoulder, elbow, wrist and finger adapted slowly and exhibited alternating firing during forelimb stepping. About 45% of the afferents of each joint showed firings as the limb moved from forward to backward. About 44% of the afferents exhibited discharges as the limb moved from backward to forward. The remaining afferents showed firings as the limb moved in both directions. The application of local anesthesia to joints of the shoulder, elbow or wrist resulted in a marked reduction of forelimb stepping. Forelimb stepping was evoked by electric stimulation of the joint capsule, when excitabilities of flexor motoneurons were increased due to muscle stretching. Impulses originating in the joint afferents of the forelimb entered the spinal cord and ascended to the dorsolateral funiculus of the cervical cord, since forelimb stepping was abolished after bilateral transection of this part. Our results indicate that joint afferents may play an important role in the initiation of forelimb stepping in thalamic cats walking on a motor-driven treadmill. PMID- 6722542 TI - Regional brain glucose metabolism in chemically-induced seizures in the rat. AB - Measurement of regional brain glucose metabolism may give information concerning the mechanism of neuronal cell death developing after prolonged periods of epileptic activity. Regional brain glucose utilization was measured in paralyzed ventilated rats during seizures induced by L-allylglycine, kainic acid and bicuculline using the [14C]deoxyglucose method. Regional brain glucose concentration was measured in another series of rats, after similar periods of seizure activity, to permit a more accurate calculation of the lumped constant. In L-allylglycine-induced seizures regional brain glucose concentration did not vary from control values, so no correction of the lumped constant was necessary. Regional brain glucose utilization increased throughout the brain, the largest increase being in the hippocampus (control 36 +/- 6 mumol 100 g-1 min-1; seizure 120 +/- 12 mumol 100 g-1 min-1). In kainic acid-induced seizures, brain glucose concentration fell in the hippocampus, involving some correction of the lumped constant. Increases in glucose utilization were limited primarily to the hippocampus, with some involvement of the inferior colliculus. The ventral hippocampus showed the largest increase in glucose utilization (control 34 +/- 5 mumol 100 g-1 min-1; seizure 167 +/- 10 mumol 100 g-1 min-1). In bicuculline induced seizures, in starved rats, brain glucose concentration fell in all regions investigated and no increase in regional glucose utilization was recorded. In L-allylglycine and kainic acid-induced seizures, the hippocampus, a region vulnerable to neuronal damage, shows the largest increase in glucose utilization. Studies involving bicuculline need further investigation, due to severe perturbation of brain and plasma glucose concentration. PMID- 6722543 TI - Increase in 5-HT synthesis in the dorsal part of the spinal cord, induced by a nociceptive stimulus: blockade by morphine. AB - The effects of a nociceptive peripheral stimulus and/or morphine upon endogenous tryptophan levels (TRP), specific activity of tryptophan (S.A. of TRP) and serotonin (5-HT) synthesis in the dorsal and ventral spinal cord, the brainstem and the forebrain were investigated in anaesthetized rats. Whereas endogenous TRP and S.A. of TRP were not found to be affected by any of the manipulations described below, 5-HT synthesis was markedly altered. The application of a prolonged and intense nociceptive electrical stimulus to the tail induced a rise in 5-HT synthesis which was dependent on the part of the CNS considered, with the dorsal cord being the most sensitive (25%), the ventral cord and the brainstem being effected to a lesser extent (14% and 16% respectively), and the forebrain not being affected significantly. By contrast, the application of a prolonged and innocuous electrical stimulus on the tail was not followed by any detectable changes in 5-HT synthesis. Morphine administration (1 mg/kg; i.v.) did not significantly alter 5-HT synthesis in the four CNS regions considered. Nevertheless, the same morphine dose did induce a highly significant (P less than 0.005) reduction in the increase in 5-HT synthesis induced by the nociceptive stimulus, both in the dorsal cord and in the brainstem. Such an effect was not seen in the ventral cord. The specificity of these morphine effects was demonstrated by their naloxone reversibility; on the other hand, naloxone alone failed to modify the stimulus-induced increase in 5-HT synthesis seen in the dorsal cord and the brainstem. The results, particularly those concerning the dorsal cord, are discussed with reference to pain mechanisms and morphine analgesia. They suggest that peripheral nociceptive messages induce an increased activity in some bulbo-spinal 5-HT pathways and that a low dose of morphine can counteract such an effect. It is proposed that exogenous opiates exert a complex regulation of bulbo-spinal 5-HT pathways. Functional significances of these processes are discussed. PMID- 6722544 TI - Brain stimulation reward and dopamine terminal fields. I. Caudate-putamen, nucleus accumbens and amygdala. AB - The boundaries and relative sensitivity of brain stimulation reward were mapped in relation to the dopamine (DA) terminal fields of the striatum and adjacent limbic structures. Brain stimulation was rewarding throughout the caudate and nucleus accumbens and in portions of the amygdala and olfactory tubercle. The best striatal sites were anterior, ventral and medial; this correlated with an anterior-posterior gradient but not with a dorsal-ventral or a medial-lateral gradient of DA terminal density. No close correspondence was seen between the boundaries of the reward system and those of the DA terminal fields as revealed by glyoxylic acid-induced DA fluorescence. Reward sites in the olfactory tubercle and amygdala were found in DA-free as well as DA-rich regions of these structures; stimulation in DA-rich regions did not always support self stimulation. These data go against the view that direct activation of dopamine terminals or their efferent targets accounts for the rewarding quality of stimulation in these regions. PMID- 6722545 TI - Enkephalin inhibition of angiotensin-stimulated release of oxytocin and vasopressin. AB - The effect of leucine5 -enkephalin on angiotensin II (AII)-stimulated release of oxytocin and vasopressin (VP) was investigated in the conscious male rat. Changes in the plasma concentration ([]) of both oxytocin and VP were measured in animals: (1) 60 s after intracerebroventricular (i.v.t.) administration of either artificial cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) or CSF with AII (10, 50, 100 ng/5 microliter); (2) 30, 60, 90 and 300 s after single injection of AII (50 ng/5 microliter; i.v.t.) or CSF and (3) 60 s after AII (50 ng/5 microliter) or CSF in animals pretreated with leucine5 -enkephalin (100 ng/5 microliter; i.v.t.) or CSF (5 microliter). Oxytocin and VP were quantified by radioimmunoassay and values corrected for 100% recovery. The development of a sensitive radioimmunoassay for oxytocin is described. The antiserum for oxytocin enabled detection of greater than or equal to 0.8 pg/ml oxytocin with cross-reactivity of 0.01% with arginine vasopressin and 0.10% with arginine vasotocin. The inter- and intra-assay coefficients of variation were 3-9% and 3.2%, respectively. The hypotheses being tested were that i.v.t. injection of AII stimulates release of both neurohypophysial hormones non-selectively and that leucine5 -enkephalin inhibits both AII-stimulated oxytocin and VP release. Angiotensin II at doses ranging from 10 to 100 ng/5 microliter, i.v.t. increased the plasma concentration of both oxytocin and VP. Plasma levels of both neurohypophysial hormones were elevated 30 s after AII administration i.v.t. and remained elevated 300 sec later.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS) PMID- 6722546 TI - Evidence for a laminar organization of basal forebrain afferents to the visual cortex. AB - The present study shows that restriction of HRP injections to layer I within the visual cortex results in negligible retrograde labeling within the nuclei of the basal forebrain. In contrast, when the injections of either HRP or WGA-HRP are restricted to the granular and infragranular layers of visual cortex, extensive retrograde labeling occurs within the basal forebrain. Based upon these findings, we argue that the projection from the basal nucleus terminates preferentially within the deep layers of the visual cortex, and thus contributes minimally to the supragranular layers, including layer I. PMID- 6722547 TI - Auditory event-related potentials in the squirrel monkey: parallels to human late wave responses. AB - Event-related potentials (ERPs) were recorded from the brain surface in squirrel monkeys during the presentation of two auditory stimulus paradigms which have previously been utilized to elicit scalp-recorded ERPs in humans. In the first paradigm, inter-stimulus interval (ISI) was systematically varied during the presentation of a series of tone pips. The tones produced a negative (70 ms) positive (130 ms) sequence of components similar in morphology to the human scalp recorded N1-P2 'vertex' potential. The amplitude of the N70 and P130 components recorded from midline electrodes decreased with decreasing ISI, as previously shown for the human vertex potential. However, this amplitude change with ISI was not observed in ERPs recorded from lateral frontal and temporal electrodes. These results agree with previous studies of monkeys and humans which suggest at least two different sources contribute to N1-P2 components recorded in response to tones. The effects of stimulus probability and novelty on ERP morphology and amplitude were studied in the second paradigm. ERPs elicited by frequent (P = 0.92) and infrequent (P = 0.08) tone pips presented in an unpredictable order were compared. N70 - P130 components were produced by both stimuli, and the infrequent stimuli also elicited a broad, long latency (300 ms) positive complex that decreased in amplitude with repeated presentations. In humans the same infrequent auditory stimuli produce a frontally distributed late positive component that has been interpreted as indicating the activation of orientation mechanisms or of a 'mismatch detector'. These data suggest that in these paradigms squirrel monkeys exhibit ERPs which are similar in several respects to ERPs recorded to identical stimuli in humans. PMID- 6722548 TI - Fiber connections and synaptic organization of the preoptic retinopetal nucleus in the filefish (Balistidae, Teleostei). AB - Neuron cell bodies of the preoptic retinopetal nucleus (PRN), located in the diencephalon of the filefish , Navodon modestus, project axons to the retina. In the present study, the fiber connections and synaptic organization of the preoptic retinopetal nucleus (PRN) were investigated light- and electron microscopically. The majority of neural cell bodies are located in the rostral half of this rostro-caudally elongated nucleus. Four types of synaptic terminals are distinguishable. The first (L) consists of large, irregularly shaped terminals that contain electron-dense mitochondria and numerous synaptic vesicles. These profiles make asymmetrical multi-synaptic contacts and gap junctions with somata and dendrites. The L terminals are also presynaptic to a second class of terminals (P), which have pleomorphic synaptic vesicles and form synapses onto dendrites. F terminals which have flat synaptic vesicles were also seen PRN. Very few S terminals were also seen in PRN. This type of terminal contains spherical synaptic vesicles of various sizes and a few pale mitochondria. S terminals form asymmetrical synapses with somata, dendrites and P terminals. Following unilateral tectal ablation, degenerating fibers from the lesion were traced into PRN bilaterally, although ipsilateral projections were far more numerous. L terminals exhibit degenerative changes after large tectal resection, whereas S terminals degenerate after contralateral eye enucleation. Therefore, a tecto-PRN-retinal circuit and a reciprocal connection between the retina and PRN have been documented. The similarity between PRN in the filefish and retinopetal nuclei in other classes of vertebrates, especially the isthmo optic nucleus in birds, is discussed. PMID- 6722549 TI - An electrosensory area in the telencephalon of the little skate, Raja erinacea. AB - On the basis of evoked potential and multiple unit responses we identified a pallial electrosensory area that extends throughout the central one-third of the skate telencephalon. This electrosensory area coincides in its mediolateral and rostrocaudal extent with an area of visual responsiveness. Throughout the area peak visual activity is 250-500 micrometers superficial to the maximum electrosensory responses. However, both electrosensory and visual areas appear to be located within the same pallial cell group. The depth and proximity of this pallial area to the lateral ventricle and medial forebrain bundle suggest that it is a subdivision of the medial pallium. Injection of HRP into the area from a glass microelectrode following recordings revealed retrogradely labeled cells in 3 separate diencephalic nuclei, the largest of which, the lateral posterior nucleus, also is responsive to electrosensory stimuli. PMID- 6722550 TI - A direct projection from the kidney to the brainstem. AB - The double-labeling, fluorescent dye technique was used in order to demonstrate the extent to which the central processes of renal afferent neurons directly project to the brainstem. One injection of a fluorescent dye was placed in the cortex of the left kidney of male rats, and a second injection of a different dye was placed into the lower medulla. The results demonstrate that some of the renal afferents directly project to the medulla but not to higher regions of the brain. A total of approximately 8% of renal afferents were typically shown to have direct projections. PMID- 6722551 TI - Gonadal hormone actions on the morphology of the vasopressinergic innervation of the adult rat brain. AB - Castration of adult male rats resulted in a gradual decrease in vasopressin fiber density over a period of 15 weeks to a point where hardly any fibers were found in those areas where the fibers probably are derived from the bed nucleus of the stria terminalis. The original fiber density could be restored by testosterone replacement therapy within 5 weeks. No effects of hormonal manipulations were found in the vasopressin projections of the paraventricular and the suprachiasmatic nucleus. Ovariectomy of female rats resulted in the same changes in the vasopressin fiber pathways, as did castration in males. PMID- 6722552 TI - Non-correspondence of [3H]GABA uptake and GAD localization in goldfish amacrine cells. AB - Ultrastructural analysis of the inner synaptic layer of goldfish retina, using a double-label technique, showed that [3H]GABA uptake and glutamic acid decarboxylase (GAD)-immunoreactivity (IR) occurred in different neuronal processes in most cases. Many [3H]GABA-accumulating processes were found surrounding GAD-IR processes, though not necessarily in a postsynaptic relationship. Co-localization of [3H]GABA uptake and GAD-IR occurred only when one GAD-IR process was juxtaposed to another GAD-IR process. This study suggests that [3H]GABA uptake may be a poor marker for GABA releasing neurons. PMID- 6722553 TI - Axon arbors of functionally distinct whisker afferents are similar in medullary dorsal horn. AB - Using the intra-axonal horseradish peroxidase (HRP) technique, we have found that the central axon arbors of functionally distinct mystacial whisker primary afferents in rat medullary dorsal horn were all similar with respect to their shape and density of terminal boutons. Arbors from slowly adapting, rapidly adapting, velocity or nociceptive biased whisker afferents all appeared to form a series of highly localized terminal aggregates within a specific rostrocaudal segment of the superficial or deep half of the lamina III-IV magnocellular region. Other trigeminal afferents adhered to previously described somatosensory structure-function relationships in the cat lumbosacral spinal cord. These findings suggest that topographic constraints, as well as functional considerations, are important in determining primary afferent terminal arbor patterns in the medullary dorsal horn. PMID- 6722554 TI - Ultrastructure of extrafusal and intrafusal terminals of a (dynamic) skeletofusimotor axon in cat tenuissimus muscle. AB - Terminals of a histologically identified beta skeletofusimotor axon in cat tenuissimus muscle were examined in semi-thin (1 micrometer thick) and ultrathin transverse sections. The beta axon supplied one extrafusal endplate and two motor endings on the nuclear bag1 intrafusal muscle fiber. The staining properties of the co-innervated bag1 and extrafusal fibers were dissimilar. The beta intrafusal and extrafusal terminals were also dissimilar by both light and electron microscopy , differing in length, mitochondrial content of the sole-plate, and folding of the post-synaptic membrane. PMID- 6722555 TI - Morphology of on-off direction-selective ganglion cells in the rabbit retina. AB - On-off direction-selective ganglion cells in rabbit retina have been stained by intracellular injection of horseradish peroxidase (HRP). The dendritic ramification is basically bistratified . Global asymmetries related to the preferred direction are not apparent, but the small diameter dendrites, spines, and complex branching pattern are consistent with models based on local, non linear mechanisms for direction-selectivity. PMID- 6722556 TI - In defence of optical density ratios in 2-deoxyglucose autoradiography. AB - The use of optical density ratios to describe changes in [14C]2-deoxyglucose uptake in neuroanatomical mapping experiments has recently been criticized. It has been argued that a fixed ratio of tissue isotope concentration does not yield a constant optical density ratio but is dependent on the exposure time and the absolute amounts of isotope used. Here it is demonstrated that such variations in optical density ratios are due to an artifact in calculating the optical density ratio, which can easily be corrected provided that the film is not approaching saturation and not due to the non-linearity of an exposure-density curve as has previously been suggested. PMID- 6722557 TI - Fear is not critical to classically conditioned analgesia: the effects of periaqueductal gray lesions and administration of chlordiazepoxide. AB - A high correlation between fear and analgesia classically conditioned to footshock in rats has been reported in the literature. However, it has never been directly tested whether or not fear is in fact causal to the production of conditioned analgesia. We therefore tested whether conditioned analgesia could be elicited in the absence of fear by employing two independent methods of fear suppression. First, areas of the periaqueductal gray (PAG) previously implicated in fear were selectively lesioned. Lesions of the dorsolateral PAG significantly attenuated conditioned analgesia and markedly decreased fear responses. Second, fear was attenuated via administration of chlordiazepoxide (CDP). Rats which had been conditioned while in the presence of CDP showed no reduction in conditioned pain inhibition. These results demonstrate that: (1) fear is not causal to classically conditioned analgesia and (2) the anatomical substrates for fear and conditioned analgesia are distinct but partially overlapping. The fact that fear is not a critical antecedent for classically conditioned analgesia suggests that classical conditioning techniques may be applied clinically to increase the effectiveness of some analgesic manipulations. PMID- 6722558 TI - Sleep and purposive behavior: inverse deviations from randomness of neuronal firing patterns in the feline thalamus. A new form of homeostasis? AB - In behaving cats trained to press a bar for small aliquots of milk reward, single neuronal firing patterns were monitored from the nucleus reticularis (NR) thalami during bar bressing (BP), subsequent quiet wakefulness with EEG spindles (S- QW ), grooming behavior (GR) and slow-wave sleep (SWS). The temporal patterns in the neuronal spike trains were analyzed using a non-parametric method based on relative relations between sequential spike intervals. The deviations of pattern occurrences from the random model were quantified. During BP, specific patterns occurred much more often while others occurred much less often than predicted by the random model. Patterns that were dominant during BP, were selectively suppressed or virtually eliminated during S- QW , GR and SWS, despite the increased firing rate; and, vice versa, patterns that were suppressed below chance level during BP, became dominant during S- QW , GR and SWS. The magnitudes of these inversions of the statistical distribution of patterns were not random but graded and positively correlated, thus indicating that they were homeostatically controlled. Since the inversions were already evident shortly after the satiated ceased bar pressing, they may be related to the 'need' for sleep. On the basis of the known mechanisms of pattern generation and changes in receptors for putative transmitters, it was postulated that the inversions of pattern distribution are related to the recuperative function of SWS, i.e. resensitization of receptors that had been desensitized during the animal's stereotypic BP performance. The NR and other neuronal ensembles seem to constitute an oscillatory system with two modes of reciprocal connectivities : one is supporting wakefulness and emission of specific firing patterns, and the other is incompatible with wakefulness and instead is associated with inversion of statistical distribution of firing patterns and recuperative function of SWS. PMID- 6722559 TI - Chronic clorgyline dampens rat retinal rhythms. AB - In the rat retina, the rhythm of disk-shedding from visual cell outer segments is circadian in nature, whereas autophagic degradation of organelles in inner segments follows a circadian rhythm that persist in constant light but not in constant darkness. The monoamineoxidase inhibitor clorgyline can phase delay circadian rhythms in hamster and rat. However, clorgyline does not phase delay the plasma corticosterone rhythm nor does it delay the phase position of the retinal disk-shedding rhythm in a light-dark cycle or in constant darkness: only the amplitude of the circadian rhythm is reduced. A marked reduction in rhythm amplitude is also found in the number of autophagic vacuoles after chronic clorgyline treatment. Thus the circadian rhythm of disk-shedding appears to be primarily driven by an oscillator within the eye, and clorgyline modulates the light response of retinal parameters but not their timing. PMID- 6722560 TI - Properties and distribution of auditory neurons in the dorsolateral prefrontal cortex of the alert monkey. AB - In alert monkeys, some prefrontal neurons located in the superior dorsolateral area were activated to acoustic stimuli delivered in a restricted range of directions with respect to the animal's head. The effective direction was usually contralateral to the animal. The function of the auditory neurons in connection to that of the visual ones, which are commonly found in the prefrontal cortex, is discussed. PMID- 6722561 TI - Amphetamine with experience promotes recovery of locomotor function after unilateral frontal cortex injury in the cat. AB - In cats, a single dose of D-amphetamine (AMP) given at 10 days after unilateral frontal cortex ablation produced an immediate and enduring (60 day) acceleration of beam-walking ability compared to saline control animals. Four doses of AMP at 4-day intervals promoted recovery faster than a single dose of AMP. Subjects with no beam-walking experience while under AMP intoxication were not different from saline controls after two doses of AMP. However, after 4 doses these cats recovered significantly faster than saline controls and were comparable to animals that received AMP and experience under the drug. PMID- 6722562 TI - Presence of Met-enkephalin-Arg6-Phe7 in molluscan neural tissues. AB - An extract of pedal ganglia of Mytilus edulis was fractioned by high-pressure liquid chromatography by use of a reverse-phase column. Peak fractions with the same retention time as Met-enkephalin-Arg6-Phe7 were subjected to binding assays in invertebrate neural tissue. The results showed that these fractions have the same binding activities as authentic Met-enkephalin-Arg6-Phe7. The heptapeptide from these fractions was purified by high-pressure liquid chromatography under isocratic conditions. Sequential amino acid analysis showed this peptide to have the same primary structure as Met-enkephalin-Arg6-Phe7. These results indicate that invertebrates such as Mytilus edulis possess enkephalinergic systems similar to those found in in higher organisms. PMID- 6722563 TI - Evidence that thalamic efferent neurones are non-cholinergic: a study in the rat with special reference to the thalamostriatal pathway. AB - Controversy surrounds the question as to whether some fibres of the thalamostriatal projection, are cholinergic. The present experiments show that lesions of the parafascicular-intralaminar thalamus produced no reductions in choline acetyltransferase (ChAT) activities in any area of microdissected rat caudate-putamen complex or dorsolateral frontal cortex. We conclude that thalamostriatal projections are entirely non-cholinergic. Furthermore, lesions of the mediodorsal or periventricular thalamus resulted in no change in ChAT activities in their terminal projection areas (medio-/orbitofrontal cortices and nucleus accumbens, respectively). The probability that all thalamic outputs are non-cholinergic is discussed. PMID- 6722565 TI - Age-related decrease in apomorphine modulation of acetylcholine release from rat striatal slices. AB - Release of [3H]acetylcholine ( [3H]ACh) was assessed in striatal slices from mature, middle-aged and senescent Wistar rats 8, 12 and 24 months of age, respectively. There was an age-related decline in basal release of [3H]ACh as a function of age which was correlated with a decline in accumulation of [3H]ACh. However, the most striking finding was the failure of apomorphine to inhibit KCl induced [3H]ACh release in the senescent (24 months) animals. Striatal dopaminergic receptor losses in senescence apparently produce several subsequent changes in striatal function which ultimately result in the decline of motor behavioral function. PMID- 6722564 TI - Neurotensin in the rat anterior pituitary gland: effects of endocrinological manipulations. AB - Neurotensin-like immunoreactivity was detected by radioimmunoassay in the anterior lobe of the pituitary gland of several mammalian species, including man. In the rat, pituitary stalk transection did not change the content of neurotensin like immunoreactivity. Surgical and chemical thyroidectomy produced a drastic reduction of neurotensin-like immunoreactivity in the anterior pituitary gland, whereas adrenalectomy and gonadectomy were without an effect and the decrease consequent to thyroidectomy was restricted to the pituitary gland. These results suggest an interaction between neurotensin and the hypothalamus/pituitary/thyroid axis at the level of the anterior pituitary gland. PMID- 6722566 TI - Efferent acoustic neurons within the lateral superior olivary nucleus of the guinea pig. AB - The cells of origin of the olivocochlear bundles in the guinea pig were labeled by retrograde axonal transport with either the fluorescent dye 'Fast Blue' or horseradish peroxidase (HRP). Labeled cells were found bilaterally in the superior olivary complex, as described previously. Moreover, an extremely large population of labeled cells occurred within the cell mass of the lateral superior olivary nucleus (LSO) ipsilaterally to the injection site. Preliminary electron microscopical observations confirmed that the labeled LSO cells were distinctly smaller than the unlabeled LSO cells. The labeled cells contained a large nucleus that exhibited extensive invaginations. PMID- 6722567 TI - The ultrastructural morphology of the subthalamic-nigral axon terminals intracellularly labeled with horseradish peroxidase. AB - The labeled axons of neurons intracellularly injected with horseradish peroxidase (HRP) in the rat subthalamic nucleus (STH) were studied with electron microscopy. The main axons and the efferent daughter branches were all myelinated. The morphology of the intrinsic axon terminals within STH was obscured by the dark HRP reaction products, but the labeled efferent STH terminals in the substantia nigra (SN) were revealed to contain small oval vesicles and formed asymmetrical synapses with dendrites of SN neurons. PMID- 6722568 TI - Cholecystokinin in the hypothalamo-hypophyseal system. AB - Immunohistochemical studies on cholecystokinin-like (CCK-ir) substances in colchicine-pretreated rats demonstrated that in addition to CCK-ir cells in the magnocellular portion of the paraventricular nucleus. CCK-ir cells are also present among the parvocellular neurons. Radioimmunoassay of CCK after paraventricular lesions indicate that most, if not all, of the CCK in the posterior pituitary and in the median eminence originates from the paraventricular nucleus. It appears that CCK-fibers, like other neuropeptidergic fibers from the paraventricular nucleus (vasopressin, oxytocin, TRH, CRF) enter the medial basal hypothalamus through a common gate--the lateral retrochiasmatic area--in traveling to the median eminence. PMID- 6722569 TI - Distribution of Met5-enkephalin-Arg6-Gly7-Leu8-immunoreactive peptides in rat brain: presence of multiple molecular forms. AB - An antiserum to the opioid octapeptide met5-enk-arg6- gly7 -leu8 was used to measure the distribution and molecular weight heterogeneity of met5-enk-arg6- gly7 -leu8-immunoreactive (IR) peptides in rat brain. High concentrations of met5 enk-arg6- gly7 -leu8-IR peptides were found in the striatum and hypothalamus; low concentrations were observed in the cortex and cerebellum. Intermediate levels of immunoreactivity were found in other brain regions. Thus the distribution of met5 enk-arg6- gly7 -leu8-IR peptides closely parallels the distribution of met5 enkephalin. The immunoreactivity present in brain regions was characterized by gel filtration and reverse-phase high pressure liquid chromatography. In the striatum, more than 85% of the met5-enk-arg6- gly7 -leu8-IR peptides eluted from a Biogel P-30 column at the position of the authentic octapeptide; the identity of this material was further confirmed by HPLC. Gel filtration of extracts prepared from the medulla-pons resulted in two peaks of immunoreactive material of equal size; one eluted at approximately 8000 daltons and one eluted in the position of the octapeptide. Enzymatic digestion (trypsin + carboxypeptidase B) of the 8000 dalton-IR peptide resulted in the generation of met5-enkephalin-IR. Extracts prepared from other brain regions contained varying amounts of this high molecular weight form of met5-enk-arg6- gly7 -leu8. PMID- 6722570 TI - Gallamine and vagotomy enhance respiratory modulation of reticular units. AB - Respiration related units ( RRU ) were recorded in the brainstem of cats with spinal transection at the C7-Th 1 level and breathing N2O. The proportion of RRU in several structures was compared in control and in 3 experimental groups: (1) paralyzed with gallamine triethiodide; (2) vagotomized; and (3) both vagotomized and paralyzed. After gallamine, RRU percentage was multiplied by 3 in the bulbo pontine reticular formation (RF) and as much as 20 in the mesencephalic RF. Vagotomy multiplied RRU proportions by 2 in the bulbo-pontine RF, by 12 in the mesencephalic RF and by 3 in the pneumotaxic complex (nucleus parabrachialis medialis ( NPBM ) and K olliker -Fuse (KF) nucleus). The effects of gallamine and vagotomy were not additive. Gallamine still increased proportion of RRU in the RF after vagotomy showing that the gallamine effect is not vagally mediated; this was in contrast to the previously reported suppression by vagotomy of phrenic discharge facilitation induced by gallamine. The total number of firing units in the RF was not modified by gallamine or vagotomy. It is concluded that the respiratory modulation of reticular neurons is selectively enhanced by gallamine and vagotomy through two independent mechanisms. PMID- 6722571 TI - The effects of nerve growth factor and its antibodies on axonal numbers in the medial gastrocnemius nerve of the rat. AB - The effects of the administration of nerve growth factor (NGF) or its antibody (anti-NGF) on axonal populations in a peripheral nerve have been investigated. The nerve is a motor nerve, the nerve to the medial gastrocnemius muscle in the rat. The findings are that the administration of NGF at birth and for 28 days thereafter results in an increase of 42% of the unmyelinated axons in this nerve as compared to normal, and that the administration of anti-NGF in the same way results in a 20 and 30% decrease, respectively, in the myelinated and unmyelinated axons in this nerve. We speculate that the unmyelinated axon increase after NGF administration indicates an increase in post-ganglionic sympathetic axons and that the decreases in myelinated and unmyelinated axons after anti-NGF administration indicate decreases in both post-ganglionic sympathetic and sensory axons. The implications of these findings are discussed. PMID- 6722572 TI - Dendritic development in human occipital cortical neurons. AB - Using quantitative techniques on rapid Golgi impregnations, the dendrites from neurons of visual cortex from 14 infants ranging in age from 20 weeks gestation to 7 years were assessed. Neurons in layers 3 and 5 were separately evaluated. The total dendritic length for all dendritic branches reached a maximum of 2800 microns for layer 3 neurons and 3400 microns for layer 5 neurons. At or before 40 weeks gestation, the dendritic tree of layer 3 neurons had reached 35% of the maximum compared with 55% of the maximum for layer 5 neurons. Dendritic branching occurred earlier in layer 5 and growth continued to be more advanced than in layer 3. After 40 weeks gestation in these layers no new branch orders were added to basal dendrites but 3 branch orders were added to apical dendrites. The determination of normal values for dendritic length, number of orders, and number of branches during early development provides a foundation for comparison of dendritic maturation in children with a variety of neurologic disorders. PMID- 6722573 TI - Synaptic remodelling during development and maturation: junction differentiation and splitting as a mechanism for modifying connectivity. AB - Morphological variation of the synaptic active zone during later development and maturation (15-224 days) has been studied in the molecular layer of the rat occipital cortex. Both E-PTA stained and osmicated tissue have been used. In the E-PTA stained material the degree of specialization of the presynaptic thickening is directly related to junction length. Junctions with well-developed dense projections (Types A and B) are longest and continue to increase in length with maturation, suggesting that active remodelling of the synaptic apposition is an ongoing process. The presence of perforated junctions, possessing two or more regions with specializations of different maturity and different curvature, raises the possibility that these junctions may arise by the addition and differentiation of new paramembranous material at an existing junction. In osmicated tissue, presynaptic terminals possessing multiple active zones have been quantitated. The maturational increase in number of simple perforated junctions (Type 1), is paralleled by a smaller increase in the number of multiple perforated junctions (Type 2). A spine apparatus is frequently observed in these perforated terminals, suggesting that it is intimately involved in the reorganization. The direction of curvature of the closely apposed junctions is predominantly negative (indenting the postsynaptic process). Other types of arrangement, with separate postsynaptic processes, are described (Types 3-5), and micrographs suggestive of sequential stages in pre- and postsynaptic terminal splitting are presented. The total length of the postsynaptic thickening of perforated terminals is twice the mean synaptic length of non-perforated terminals, again suggestive that duplication of the active zone may have occurred. Division of existing synaptic terminals by duplication and subsequent splitting would readily account for the increased dendritic spinal numbers seen in Golgi preparations of animals raised under enriched conditions. This would be a straight-forward mechanism by which reinforcement of neuronal connections could occur in response to use. PMID- 6722574 TI - Kainic-acid-induced seizures: a developmental study. AB - Developmental dose-response curves for kainic-acid-induced seizures were generated in rats. Rats at 15-18 days (pups), 33-37 days ( pubescents ) and over 90 days (adults) were administered kainic acid intraperitoneally. Seizures were elicited in all 3 age groups, but some of the behavioral manifestations differed in the pups. This group also had the lowest convulsive threshold, the most severe seizures and the highest mortality. Forelimb convulsions and status epilepticus were associated with the occurrence of necrotic lesions in the adults and pubescents but not in the pups. Deoxyglucose (DG) autoradiographic studies of the convulsing rats disclosed differences in the DG uptake pattern of the substantia nigra across the 3 age groups. Increases in the DG uptake were present in the two older age groups but not in the pups. Since recent data have implicated the substantia nigra as a crucial site in a seizure modifying circuitry in adult animals, our results suggest that the lack of substantia nigra involvement in the pups may account for the early generalization and the increased severity of seizures in this age group. PMID- 6722575 TI - Development of steroid-receptor systems in guinea pig brain. II. Cytoplasmic progestin receptors. AB - The development of the cytoplasmic progestin receptor (CPR) system in male and female guinea pigs was examined to determine if insensitivity to the lordosis promoting activity of estrogen-progestin treatment in adult males and neonatal guinea pigs is correlated with alterations in this receptor system. Gonadectomized neonatal (4-6 days old) and adult (50-65 days old) guinea pigs of both sexes were injected with estradiol benzoate (EB) and killed 40 h later. CPRs were measured in the hypothalamus (HYPO), preoptic area (POA) and cortex ( CORT ). Neonatal brain contained both high (Kd congruent to 0.1 nM) and low (Kd greater than 10 nM) affinity binders for [3H]R5020 similar to those found in adult brain. In the absence of EB-priming the concentration of CPR in HYPO, POA and CORT was lower in neonatal animals than adults. In both males and females, neither a low (1.6 micrograms) nor a high (10 micrograms) dose of EB resulted in a concentration of estrogen inducible CPR in neonatal HYPO greater than that found in adult HYPO after 1.6 micrograms EB. Even after treatment with 50 micrograms EB the concentration of CPR in neonatal female HYPO was not different from adult female HYPO after 1.6 micrograms EB. In neonatal POA, 10 micrograms EB resulted in a concentration of CPR greater than that found in adult POA after 1.6 micrograms EB. Finally, there was a sex difference in the concentration of estrogen inducible CPR in HYPO (female greater than male) but not POA of adult guinea pigs. No sex difference in CPR concentration was found in any neonatal brain area. PMID- 6722576 TI - Radiosensitivity and differentiation of ganglion cells within fetal mouse retinal explants in vitro. AB - Fetal mouse retinas were explanted at 13-14 days of gestation, and exposed to gamma radiation in vitro. Not all regions of the retina were equally susceptible to radiation-induced necrosis; when exposed to 5000 rads soon after explanation, each explant had a single small radioresistant nubbin of apparently intact tissue, located near the optic nerve-head. This region of radioresistant tissue was larger when the dose of radiation was reduced and when the explants were exposed at later times in vitro, indicating the existence of a gradient of radioresistance across retinal explants which spread outward through at least the first week in vitro, the period examined. Based upon the extensive in situ literature which has correlated the emergence of radioresistance with the differentiation of retinal neurons, we conclude that the in situ central-to peripheral sequence of cellular differentiation continues in vitro within our retinal explants. Whereas the ganglion cell axonal outgrowth from control retinas grown in isolation on collagen substrates underwent a gradual disintegration over 3 weeks in vitro, the sparse axonal outgrowth from explants exposed to 5000 rads disintegrated abruptly at 5-7 days in vitro. This did not appear to be due to direct damage from radiation, but instead reflected the fact that axons in irradiated cultures arose from central retinal regions only, while many axons in control cultures emerged from later-differentiating peripheral regions. We suggest that disintegration of individual axons in the outgrowth may occur rapidly and in a central-to-peripheral sequence. These findings should be useful in designing assays for trophic factors which may prevent ganglion cell axon disintegration in this in vitro model system. PMID- 6722577 TI - Embryonic cerebral cortex placed in the occipital region of newborn rats makes connections with the host brain. AB - Embryonic cerebral cortex transplanted to the occipito-parietal region of newborn rats makes connections with the host brain. Retrograde labeling studies after injection of HRP into transplants showed input from the contralateral cortex and ipsilateral thalamus of the host. Transplant projections to the host thalamus and striatum have also been identified. PMID- 6722578 TI - Development of steroid-receptor systems in guinea pig brain. III. Nuclear progestin receptors. AB - Nuclear progestin receptors (NPR) were measured, with an exchange assay, in neonatal (4-6 days old) and adult (50-60 days old) guinea pigs of both sexes in order to further examine deficits in the neonatal hypothalamic progestin receptor system. Both neonatal and adult hypothalamus (HYPO) and cortex ( CORT ) contained a KCl extractable high affinity (Kd congruent to 0.1 nM) binder for R5020. In neonatal guinea pigs, given 10 micrograms estradiol benzoate (EB), NPR accumulation in HYPO and CORT peaked 2-4 h after a 0.5 mg injection of progesterone (P). There was no dose response of NPR to EB in neonatal HYPO, CORT or adult CORT . In adult HYPO, 10 micrograms EB-priming resulted in a higher concentration of NPR than 1.6 micrograms EB-priming. Neonatal HYPO (1.6 or 10 micrograms EB) did not differ in concentration of NPR from adult HYPO (1.6 micrograms EB). Neonatal CORT (1.6 or 10 micrograms EB) showed a lower NPR concentration than adult CORT (1.6 micrograms EB). There was a sex difference (females greater than males) in NPR concentration in both neonatal and adult HYPO, but not CORT . These results are discussed with regard to deficits in cytoplasmic progestin receptors and behavioral insensitivity to estrogen progestin treatment found in neonatal guinea pigs. PMID- 6722579 TI - Electrophysiological studies of the development of suprachiasmatic neuronal activity in hypothalamic slice preparations. AB - The rate and pattern of neuronal discharge in the suprachiasmatic nucleus (SCN) during developmental stages were studied and compared with those of the ventromedial (VMH) and the lateral hypothalamus (LHA) using rat hypothalamic slices. The firing rate of the SCN neurons was low on the 7th and 11th days; however, it dramatically increased by the 14th day to reach the adult rate, while firing rates of VMH and LHA neurons increased gradually with age. The discharge rate of neurons in the ventrolateral part of the SCN (VL-SCN) was higher than that of the dorsomedial SCN (DM-SCN) neurons in 14-, 21- and 70-100-day-old rats. Activity of the DM-SCN neurons on day 21 were unaffected by bilateral enucleation on the third day, while activity in the VL-SCN decreased; that of both parts was significantly decreased by a constant light schedule. PMID- 6722580 TI - Ganglioside-mediated enhancement of the cytoskeletal organization and activity in neuro-2a neuroblastoma cells. AB - Our previous studies have demonstrated that a mixture of bovine brain gangliosides ( BBG ) applied to Neuro-2a neuroblastoma cells markedly increased the degree and rate of neurite formation. In the present study, the cytoskeletal basis for BBG -mediated neurite outgrowth was investigated by comparing cells grown in the presence or absence of BBG (250 micrograms/ml). After 24-48 h, neurite morphology and the distribution of cytoskeletal components were analyzed with correlative whole-cell transmission electron microscopy, thin-section transmission electron microscopy and scanning electron microscopy. BBG treatment enhanced markedly the organization of the microfilamentous system, and had a less pronounced effect on the number and organization of microtubules. The most prominent changes in microfilament organization were in the distal segment of the neurite and the growth cone. BBG -treated cells had a complex cytoskeletal consisting of numerous bundles of microfilaments. These filament bundles were distributed into the secondary and teritary neuritic branches. Cells grown in serum-depleted medium to stimulate neurite outgrowth, lacked these bundles of microfilaments, suggesting that the formation of microfilament bundles was not required for non- BBG -mediated neuritogenesis . The role that the cytoskeletal components play in BBG -induced neurite outgrowth was examined following disruption of microtubules or microfilaments with Colcemid and cytochalasin D, respectively. Simultaneous treatment of cells with BBG and Colcemid (0.25 microgram/ml) at the time of plating resulted in cells with numerous spine-like projections which did not extend neurites. In contrast, the simultaneous treatment of cells with BBG and cytochalasin D (2 micrograms/ml) at the time of plating resulted in cells devoid of spines, but exhibiting anomalous neurite outgrowth consisting of many long, thin, unbranched neurites. These neurites lacked characteristic flattened growth cones and had a tendency to grow in a circular fashion. These results demonstrate that neurite outgrowth under microfilament-limiting conditions results in reduced neuritic branching while growth under microtubule-limiting conditions allows initiation, but prevents significant elongation. The different neuritic growth patterns induced by serum deprivation, ganglioside treatment or the various cytoskeletal disruptive agents reflect changes in the organization of microtubules and microfilaments. Our studies suggest that the organizational state and activity of these cytoskeletal elements determine neurite morphology. Microfilaments appear to be the primary determinants in ganglioside-mediated growth. PMID- 6722581 TI - Immunohistochemical identification of some plasma proteins in human embryonic and fetal forebrain with particular reference to the development of the neocortex. AB - The histogenesis of the cerebral neocortex has been studied in human embryos and fetuses from the ventricular zone stage at 9-10 mm crown-rump length (CRL) to the well-developed neocortex at 210 mm CRL. The initial proliferation of the neuroepithelial cells in the ventricular zone stage was followed by a stage characterized by a ventricular zone covered by a primordial plexiform layer; the subventricular zone then arose before the cortical plate was formed within the primordial plexiform layer, thus dividing it into an outer marginal zone and an inner subplate zone; finally the intermediate zone appeared between the subventricular and subplate zones. The distribution of cells containing albumin, alpha-fetoprotein, transferrin, prealbumin, IgG and alpha 1-antitrypsin in the cerebral vesicle and developing neocortex was investigated by the indirect immunoperoxidase technique. Alpha-fetoprotein found in the cells of the ventricular zone was the most widespread and prominent of the plasma proteins examined in the early embryos. The cerebral vesicle was negative for all other plasma proteins investigated at this stage. By 15 and 16 mm CRL, a few cells in the ventricular zone were positive for albumin and transferrin whereas AFP exhibited a distribution similar to that of the 9 mm embryo. By 20-25 mm CRL, albumin and AFP had a similar distribution in the telencephalic wall. At 40-150 mm CRL a positive staining reaction for AFP, albumin, prealbumin and transferrin was predominant in the outer half of cortical plate. At 150-170 mm CRL only cells in the inner half exhibited positive staining and at 210 mm CRL the staining reactions were negative. The cells containing plasma proteins did not belong to a single cell line or type; thus plasma proteins were detected primarily in different types of neurons but also in glial cells. Staining with polyvalent antiserum indicated that the same cells may be positive for more than one plasma protein. Positive staining reactions were also observed in or along fiber systems. It is proposed that cells initially take up plasma protein from the CSF and migrate with it towards the cortical plate. After a certain period they lose their plasma protein but when the neuronal cells which represent the majority of the positively stained cells have reached their final position in the cortical plate they commence plasma protein synthesis which continues for a short period during which the neurons establish their pattern of connectivity. PMID- 6722582 TI - Estrogen target neurons in the forebrain of the cat during postnatal development. AB - The postnatal ontogeny of estrogen binding neurons in the forebrain of the kitten was studied quantitatively by counting 14,000 neurons in thaw-mount autoradiograms. One hour after the i.v. injection of [3H]estradiol into male and female kittens at 3, 10 and 22 days of age, concentrations of radioactivity were observed in the nuclei of neurons in the septal-bed nucleus-preoptic area, hypothalamus, and amygdala; these are the same regions that have been shown to contain estrogen target neurons in adult female cats. In addition, however, estrogen target neurons were present in the lateral third of the caudate nucleus (n.) and in the putamen in 3-day-old kittens; regions that are devoid of any estrogen target cells in the adult. Between 3 and 10 days of age, the numbers of labeled neostriatal neurons decreased markedly, and they were down to about 15% of 3-day values in kittens 22 days of age. The transient presence of estrogen target neurons during the phase of rapid dendritic development and synaptogenesis in the caudate n. immediately after birth raises the question of whether gonadal hormones may influence sexual differentiation in the neostriatum. In the medial preoptic n., a greater percentage of neurons were labeled in males than in females. There were no consistent sex differences in labeling in six other regions examined: ventromedial n., arcuate n., medial amygdaloid n., septofimbrial n., caudate n. and putamen. PMID- 6722583 TI - Development of steroid-receptor systems in guinea pig brain. I. Cytoplasmic estrogen receptors. AB - The development of the cytoplasmic estrogen receptor (CER) system in male and female guinea pigs was examined to determine whether attainment of sensitivity to estrogen action related to lordosis behavior is correlated with increases in brain CER concentrations. Ovariectomized neonatal (7 days old) guinea pigs failed to display lordosis after priming with 10 micrograms estradiol benzoate (EB) and 0.5 mg progesterone (P). The percentage of ovariectomized steroid-treated females displaying lordosis increased at 29-33 days of age. At 50-65 days of age this percentage increased even further. Plasma levels of estrogen in 4-6 day old animals at 4, 8 and 12 h after 10 micrograms EB were at least equal to those seen in 50-65 day old animals. Neither the concentration nor the affinity of CER in hypothalamus (HYPO), preoptic area (POA), amygdala (AMYG) and cortex ( CORT ) were different in 4-6 day olds vs 50-65 day olds. The rank order for concentrations of CER in brain regions was: POA greater than HYPO greater than AMYG greater than CORT . A sex difference in CER was found in HYPO (females greater than males), but not POA, AMYG or CORT of 4-6 day olds. PMID- 6722584 TI - The growth of the brain and skull in children. AB - Published data for brain weight and head circumference in children were examined to determine whether there was evidence for development of brain size in 'spurts' rather than continuously. Graphical methods and various statistical analyses were used to detect significant deviations from a smooth progression in growth of the brain or skull. No convincing evidence for other than normal statistical sampling variations was found for either brain size or head circumference. It is premature to begin reorganization of school curriculae on the grounds that the brains of children grow in spurts. PMID- 6722585 TI - Horizontal optokinetic nystagmus in the cat: recovery from cortical lesions. AB - We have examined recovery from the acute effects of unilateral and bilateral visual cortex lesions on horizontal optokinetic nystagmus (OKN) in the cat. A single bilateral cortical lesion virtually abolishes monocular OKN in response to temporalward stimulation, and severely reduces OKN in response to nasalward stimulation at higher drum velocities. A unilateral cortical lesion causes deficits in OKN toward the side of the lesion, but these changes are less substantial than those observed after a bilateral lesion. The nature of the acute changes in OKN caused by cortical lesions supports the notion that the visual cortex has two important roles in the OKN system of the cat: first, it mediates OKN in response to temporalward motion of the visual environment during monocular viewing; second, it expands the response range of the OKN system to include higher stimulus velocities. Finally, the results from unilaterally lesioned cats suggest that a single hemisphere can mediate OKN in both directions, with an emphasis on the direction ipsilateral to that hemisphere. The patterns of recovery of OKN in lesioned cats follow two major trends: a small, gradual increase in the overall gain of OKN from its severely depressed level immediately after a large bilateral lesion, and a 'balancing' process that reduces the marked asymmetry between rightward and leftward OKN caused by a unilateral lesion. This balancing of the reflex is accomplished by an improvement in performance in one direction while performance in the opposite direction actually declines. Recovery is faster and more pronounced in lesioned cats with one cortical hemisphere intact, suggesting that the surviving visual cortex compensates for the effects of the lesion by modifying activity in subcortical pathways. These experiments indicate that the visual system of the cat has the capacity to recover at least partially from the deficits in OKN behavior caused by cortical lesions, and that this recovery is the outcome of an interaction between cortical and subcortical pathways mediating this important visuomotor reflex. PMID- 6722586 TI - Horizontal optokinetic nystagmus in the cat: effects of long-term monocular deprivation. AB - The effects of prolonged monocular deprivation (MD) on horizontal optokinetic nystagmus (OKN) have been examined in cats subjected to unilateral or bilateral visual cortex lesions. Presurgically , OKN elicited through the deprived eye was substantially weaker than that through the non-deprived eye. This effect was most prominent for OKN in response to temporalward stimulation, which essentially was abolished in the deprived eye. In addition, OKN elicited by temporalward stimulation of the non-deprived eye tended to be weaker in comparison to nasalward stimulation of that eye. A bilateral cortical lesion severely disrupted OKN behavior through the non-deprived eye but left OKN through the deprived eye relatively unaffected, with the result that the marked interocular differences in OKN that were present presurgically disappeared. During the recovery period following this lesion, there was a small gradual improvement in OKN through both eyes, so that OKN performance through the deprived eye ultimately exceeded that observed presurgically . Unilateral cortical lesions had little effect on OKN through the deprived eye, but they produced substantial changes in OKN through the non-deprived eye. Both the immediate effects of cortical lesions, and the patterns of recovery observed following these lesions, in many ways resemble those observed when normally reared cats are subjected to similar lesions. These behavioral experiments indicate that while subcortical OKN pathways are spared from the effects of long-term monocular deprivation, cortical pathways mediating OKN through the deprived eye are severely disrupted. PMID- 6722588 TI - Observations on postnatal neurogenesis in the superior colliculus and the pretectum in the opossum. AB - Postnatal neurogenesis has been detected in the superior colliculus (CS) and caudal pretectum of the opossum in the period ranging from 2 to 13 days ( PND2 to PND13 ) of life in the pouch. Examination of the pattern of labeling in specimens exposed to a pulse of tritiated thymidine ( [3H]T) in PND4 or PND7 and allowed 1.5 h survival reveals that postnatal cell proliferation for the CS is virtually confined to the ventricular zone with no evidence for in situ[3H]T uptake in the collicular plate. Semi-quantitative analysis in long survival animals shows that postnatal neurogenesis peaks later in the CS ( PND7 ) than in the caudal pretectum ( PND4 ) and also persists longer in the former than in the latter. Comparisons of the numerical density of heavily labeled neurons suggest the occurrence of ventro-dorsal and rostro-caudal gradients of neurogenesis in the CS. Separate analysis of superficial, intermediate and deep layers shows, in addition, a combined rostrolateral-to-caudomedial gradient of neurogenesis in the superficial layers. Comparisons of the time schedules of neurogenesis for the superficial layers and of the deployment of optic fibers suggest that migration of neurons to their eventual destination is completed at or after the arrival of afferents. PMID- 6722587 TI - Immature rabbit hippocampus is damaged by systemic but not intraventricular kainic acid. AB - Intraventricular injection of kainic acid produced a characteristic necrosis in the hippocampal CA3 region of adult rabbits. Neurons in immature rabbit hippocampus were relatively insensitive to the intraventricular neurotoxin, even though these injections caused seizures. In contrast, the immature hippocampus was highly sensitive to kainate delivered systemically. Systemic kainate preferentially killed neurons in the CA1 region, not the CA3 region, of immature animals. Kainate injections also caused cellular damage in brain regions other than hippocampus. In immature rabbits, the pattern of extra-hippocampal damage was similar regardless of the route of kainate delivery. This pattern of extra hippocampal damage was distinctly different than that seen in adults following intraventricular kainate. These data suggest that kainate-induced damage in the CA3 and CA1 regions of the hippocampus are mediated by different mechanisms. Furthermore, the dissimilar patterns of extra-hippocampal damage in immature and adult rabbits suggest that mature and immature animals have differential sensitivity to kainate, different types of kainate binding sites, and/or different distributions of kainate receptors. PMID- 6722589 TI - Transneuronal effects of early eye removal on geniculo-cortical projection cells. AB - Iontophoretic injections of horseradish peroxidase (HRP) were made into the primary visual cortex of normal rats, and into the visual cortex ipsilateral to the remaining eye of neonatally enucleated rats. The distribution of retrogradely labelled cells in the dorsal lateral geniculate nucleus (LGNd) in the two groups was compared. In normal animals labelled cells were found running in a discrete column through LGNd following the relevant line of projection. In enucleated animals the cells were less tightly grouped through the structure, although the lines of projection coursed in the same general direction. These results suggest that the consequences of early monocular enucleation upon the retinal projection from the remaining eye are transmitted beyond the regions receiving direct input from the eye to secondary visual projections. PMID- 6722590 TI - The emergence of a discretely distributed pattern of corticospinal projection neurons. AB - The distribution of cortical neurons which project to the spinal cord was investigated in the developing and adult rat using the retrograde transport of horseradish peroxidase (HRP). Following injections of HRP into the cervical spinal cord of a postnatal day 4 rat, retrogradely labeled neurons are located in layer Vb throughout the neocortex. Gradually, over the first two postnatal weeks, labeled cells can no longer be found laterally or caudally in the neocortex. By the end of the second postnatal week, cortical neurons which project to the spinal cord are located in essentially their adult positions. These consist of: (1) a dorsomedial band of cells in layer V of frontal cortex, (2) a dorsomedial band in layer Vb of posterior frontal/anterior parietal cortex, and (3) a small group of cells located laterally in an area corresponding to SII. This change in the regional distribution of cortical neurons projecting to the spinal cord is interpreted as an economically adaptive way for the cortex to interconnect highly organized sensory and motor systems. PMID- 6722591 TI - Nigral muscimol infusions facilitate the development of seizures in immature rats. AB - Since recent data utilizing GABAergic stimulation of the substantia nigra (SN) suggest that the SN is a crucial site in a circuitry involved in the modification of seizures in adult rats, the role of the SN was investigated in seizures of rat pups. Bilateral nigral infusions of the GABA agonist muscimol partially protected adult rats against flurothyl-induced seizures, while similar infusions actually facilitated the development of flurothyl seizures in 15-day-old rat pups. These results suggest that age-related differences in the nigral GABA sensitive system may account for the increased susceptibility to generalized seizures of the developing brain. PMID- 6722592 TI - Embryonic cerebellar astroglia in vitro. AB - Three types of astroglia appear during cerebellar development--radial glia and Bergmann glia, which are thought to facilitate neuronal migration, and astrocytes, which are thought to compartmentalize mature granule neurons. Cells resembling Bergmann glia and astrocytes have been described in cultures of cerebellar cells harvested from early postnatal cerebellum. In this study, we have used cell-type specific antisera to visualize embryonic forms of cerebellar astroglia and their interaction with embryonic neurons in vitro. When cells were dissociated from mouse cerebellum on the thirteenth embryonic day (E13), 3 forms of cells were stained with antisera raised against purified glial filament protein ( AbGF ), all of which had more elongated processes and less complex shapes than astroglia from postnatal day 7. The vast majority of embryonic cerebellar neurons did not contact these immature forms of astroglia. PMID- 6722593 TI - MAP2 is localized to the dendrites of hippocampal neurons which develop in culture. AB - The distribution of the microtubule-associated protein MAP2 in cultured hippocampal neurons was studied using immunocytochemistry with monoclonal antibodies. MAP2 was preferentially localized to dendritic, but not axonal, processes even in single isolated cells which developed without making intercellular contacts. Hence regional differences in the molecular composition of the neuronal cytoskeleton can develop independently of cell interactions. The presence of MAP2 may be a useful marker for identifying dendrites in cell culture. PMID- 6722594 TI - Nonshivering thermogenesis. AB - Nonshivering thermogenesis was originally defined as a cold-induced increase in heat production not associated with the muscle activity of shivering. Recent research shows it to be a metabolic process located primarily in brown adipose tissue and controlled by the activity of the sympathetic nervous supply of this tissue. Another stimulus to sympathetic nervous activity, the ingestion of food, promotes diet-induced thermogenesis in brown adipose tissue. Brown adipose tissue grows and regresses in accordance with the extent to which it is stimulated, either by cold or by diet, and the capacity of the animal for cold-induced nonshivering thermogenesis and diet-induced thermogenesis increases or decreases accordingly. In certain hibernators another stimulus, photoperiod, promotes growth or regression of brown adipose tissue. The neural regulation of thermogenesis in brown adipose tissue is thus not only part of the central control mechanisms involved in thermoregulation but also part of those involved in the regulation of energy balance. In hibernators , such as the hamster, the neural regulation of thermogenesis in brown adipose tissue includes, in addition, central components that control the function of brown adipose tissue during entry into and arousal from hibernation and pineal or melatonin-related components that control its growth in response to photoperiod. In animals which become intermittently torpid, such as the mouse, the regulation includes in addition central components that control the function of brown adipose tissue during entry into and arousal from torpor. The central neural components involved in control of thermoregulation are better understood than are those involved in the regulation of energy balance. Studies of animal with hypothalamic obesity indicate that the control of diet-induced thermogenesis in brown adipose tissue requires the participation of the ventromedial region of the hypothalamus whereas the control of cold-induced nonshivering thermogenesis does not. The importance of comparative studies in different species is emphasized since any neural model for the control of brown adipose tissue thermogenesis is likely to apply in detail only to the species for which it was developed. PMID- 6722595 TI - Vasopressin: its role in antipyresis and febrile convulsion. AB - When pyrogenic substances are injected intravenously into experimental animals, a sequence of events is set in motion which involves the hypothalamus and perhaps other portions of the diencephalon to produce a febrile response. We now present evidence that the brain produces its own endogenous antipyretic which may serve as a means of controlling the extent of the fever. When arginine vasopressin is perfused through the lateral septal area of the hypothalamus of the sheep, fever is suppressed. Vasopressin alone does not lower normal body temperature when perfused through this region of the brain. In addition, evidence is provided to indicate that vasopressin is released within the lateral septal area during the febrile response. It is concluded that, in fever, arginine vasopressin may be released in the lateral septal area of the brain and serve as an endogenous antipyretic. Results indicate that, following an initial application of vasopressin into the brain itself, a subsequent similar administration of vasopressin produces seizure-like activity. Therefore, it is suggested that this release of arginine vasopressin may contribute to the production of febrile convulsion. PMID- 6722596 TI - Benzodiazepine ([3H])-flunitrazepam) binding sites in cerebellar and cerebral cortical slices of mouse brain. AB - We have characterized and quantified the specific binding of [3H]-flunitrazepam ( FNZ ) to thick (230 micron) slices of mouse brain. The binding site has the characteristics of a benzodiazepine receptor, i.e., binding of FNZ is reversible, stereospecific, saturable and of high affinity. Clonazepam, but not R05 -4864, readily displaces the label. In contrast to results from homogenate assays, neither GABA nor bicuculline has any effect on [3H]- FNZ binding. However, as previously reported, the slice assay confirms the lower number of benzodiazepine receptors in "emotional" mouse brain. In addition, we have confirmed that the neurotoxin DSP4 can modify [3H]- FNZ binding though in our hands this compound elevates rather than reduces binding. The speed, simplicity and minimal tissue preparation involved suggests that this slice assay could be a valuable addition to neurochemical studies of neurotransmitter receptors. PMID- 6722597 TI - Anatomical evidence for convergence of olfactory, gustatory, and visceral afferent pathways in mouse cerebral cortex. AB - Flavor perception requires the neural integration of olfactory, gustatory and, possibly, visceral afferent information. Presently, it is not known where, or how this integration takes place in the brain. Neuroanatomical data presented here suggest that pathways subserving these sensory modalities converge in mouse insular cortex after surprisingly few synaptic relays. Orthograde transport of wheat germ agglutinin conjugated to horseradish peroxidase (WGA-HRP) was used to label main olfactory bulb (MOB) efferents. A projection into layer I of insular cortex was present in every case. Bulb transections were made to provoke anterograde degeneration and EM analysis confirmed that the olfactory projection to insular cortex was a terminal pathway. WGA-HRP injections in the MOB-recipient zone of insular cortex resulted in ortho and retrograde labeling of ascending and descending gustatory-visceral afferent pathways. It is concluded that in the mouse, there is a remarkably direct convergence of olfactory and gustatory visceral sensory pathways in insular cortex. Together with the descending connections from insular cortex to the amygdala and to brainstem autonomic structures, it is possible that the cortical integration of olfactory and gustatory-visceral information could modulate mechanisms involved in food selection and autonomic reactions relating to the chemical senses. Basic mechanisms subserving flavor perception might be usefully modelled in mouse insular cortex. PMID- 6722598 TI - Distribution of muscarinic cholinergic high and low affinity agonist binding sites: a light microscopic autoradiographic study. AB - The distribution of high vs. low affinity muscarinic agonist binding sites has been determined using quantitative techniques of receptor autoradiography. The low affinity agonist sites predominate in many regions of the forebrain including the cerebral cortex, striatum, hippocampus, amygdala and thalamus. The high affinity agonist sites predominate in the brainstem and represent exclusively the type of muscarinic cholinergic receptor normally present in the principal nucleus of the trigeminal nerve, facial nerve nucleus, hypoglossal nerve nucleus, and in the ventral horn of the spinal cord. The regional localization of these subpopulations provides valuable information for future studies which seek to determine the functional importance of subtypes of muscarinic agonist binding sites. PMID- 6722599 TI - Thalamic projections to the anterior suprasylvian and posterior sigmoid cortex: an HRP study of the "vestibular areas" of the cerebral cortex in the cat. AB - We have confirmed electrophysiologically the existence of an oligosynaptic vestibular projection to the cortex surrounding the rostral end of the anterior suprasylvian sulcus ( ASsS ). However, we failed to confirm a similar projection to area 3a in the posterior sigmoid gyrus. We studied the thalamic projections to each of these cortical regions by injecting small amounts of HRP in the cortex and looking for neurons retrogradely labeled throughout the thalamus. The exact location of the cortical injections was assessed cytoarchitectonically. The heaviest neuronal labeling after injections in the banks of ASsS was obtained in Po (including in this complex GMmc ). A moderate number of projections was found from VPi, VPm and VPl (the labeling in the latter being particularly prominent in a case injected in the lower bank of ASsS ), and also from VL. Occasional labeled neurons were found in the rostro-ventral part of LP. After injections in area 3a in the posterior sigmoid gyrus, which affected to a minor degree either area 3b or 4, many labeled cells appeared in the rostral and dorsal part of VPl, and in the central and lateral parts of VL. Fewer labeled cells were found in VPi, Po and LP. In most cases some occasional labeled cell was observed also in the intralaminar nuclei and in Vm. PMID- 6722600 TI - Electrophysiologic identification of projections from the midbrain to the paraflocculus and midvermis in the rat. AB - Regions of the midbrain in the rat were stimulated electrically with bipolar electrodes to identify responsive, single neurons in the parafloccular lobule of the cerebellum. Eighty four percent (44/52) of the cells recorded in the paraflocculus showed evidence of a modulation in simple spike discharge activity (mossy fiber activations) following stimulation with a bipolar electrode whose tip was placed in the ventral layers of the contralateral superior colliculus. Mossy fiber (MF) evoked responses were indicated by the presence of an excitation followed by an inhibition of simple spike frequency at latencies of 5-16 msec and by the demonstration of responsiveness to stimulus frequencies up to 50 Hz. Ten percent (4/41) of identified Purkinje cells in the paraflocculus demonstrated activation of complex spike potentials following stimulation of regions in the ventral superior colliculus. Experiments involving stimulation of the midbrain and visual cortices indicated that 70% of the parafloccular neurons are responsive to inputs from both the cortex and deep regions of the colliculus. Electrophysiologic evidence also is presented that demonstrates the existence of a midbrain projection to midvermal lobules VI and VII of the cerebellum. PMID- 6722601 TI - Electrographic recording from bovine vomeronasal capsule under spontaneous and stimulated conditions. AB - The vomeronasal organ ( VNO ) is an accessory olfactory system which in many vertebrates seems to be involved in reproductive behavior, particularly in permitting males to detect estrus in conspecific females. We postulated that EEG like field potentials could be recorded from the VNO because the organ has a sensory epithelium that can discharge in response to odorants, and because VNO receptor cells are structurally similar to cells in the olfactory mucosa that produce field potentials (the "electro- olfactogram "). We examined this postulate in male cattle by surgically implanting recording/perfusion cannulae into the ducts leading to each VNO . Both bipolar (between VNOs ) and reference recording revealed continuous spontaneous voltage fluctuations that were similar to an EEG, except that amplitudes were larger and frequencies slower. Simultaneous recording of the EEG and VNO , using the same nasal reference electrode revealed that neither signal was "contaminated" by voltages from the other. Perfusions of one VNO with whole urine, urine condensate, or aqueous reconstituted urine extracts, whether from females in estrus or in anestrus, produced massive transient electrical responses from both VNOs . Perfusion with penicillin or local anesthetics caused more sustained large electrical responses from both VNOs , except that activity became quiescent about 15 min after local anesthesia. These results suggest that it is feasible to use direct recording of VNO responses to stimulation to investigate the behavioral physiology of the VNO .(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS) PMID- 6722602 TI - The prefrontal cortex of a prosimian (Galago senegalensis) is reached by efferent neurons originating in the nucleus basalis of Meynert. AB - Efferent projections from the basal forebrain to the prefrontal cortex of the lesser bush baby (Galago senegalensis) were traced with the retrograde horseradish peroxidase technique. Different areas of the prefrontal cortex of six bush babies were injected with small amounts of horseradish peroxidase. The entire basal forebrain was then screened for labeled neurons. Following all six injections, many retrogradely labeled neurons could be detected in the nucleus basalis of Meynert. These results indicate a strong innervation of the bush baby's prefrontal cortex by the nucleus basalis of Meynert. The observed projections seem comparable in strength and topography to those found in another primate species, the rhesus monkey. Anatomical and functional implications of these projections in the bush baby are discussed and related to findings in other primates and species of other orders. PMID- 6722603 TI - Age-dependent sprouting in the dentate gyrus demonstrated with anterograde HRP. AB - The anterograde horseradish peroxidase procedure was used to label the commissural projection to the molecular layer of the dentate gyrus in adult rats following unilateral lesions of the entorhinal cortex at either 11 or 14 days postpartum or as adults. The commissural terminal field expanded slightly into the middle molecular layer in rats that received the lesions as adults. In rats with entorhinal ablations at 14 days of age the labeled terminal field was relatively uniform in density and reached nearly to the hippocampal fissure. In rats that received lesions at 11 days of age, two distinct bands of terminal labeling were present in the molecular layer of the suprapyramidal limb, while a single band filled the infrapyramidal molecular layer. In these animals, the labeling in the suprapyramidal limb was fundamentally different from that observed in rats that sustained entorhinal lesions just three days later in life, suggesting that factors other than a simple age-dependent diminution of sprouting responsiveness operate during the neonatal period to regulate reinnervation. PMID- 6722604 TI - The transneuronal transport of proline within the mouse visual system: some characteristics of the [3H]-proline containing material. AB - Following the intraocular injection of tritiated proline in the mouse, the progressive transport of radioactivity in the brain and the nature of the cortical material(s) to which the label is bound was examined. About 35-40% of the radioactivity that was present in the cerebral cortex at four weeks post injection was extractable with either distilled water or various buffers. By using 0.1% SDS this value can be increased up to 94%. Polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis of the extracted proteins showed that a major part of the radioactivity is accumulated in one band of proteins. This heavily labeled band could not be identified in the homolateral parietooccipital cortex or in the frontal cortex. Similarly, SDS electrophoresis of the SDS-extracted proteins also demonstrated the presence of a major band of proteins whose molecular weight was estimated at approximately 68,000 daltons. The protein was purified by ammonium sulfate precipitation and DEAE-Sephadex separation. PMID- 6722605 TI - Pressure therapy in the treatment of post-burn hypertrophic scar--a critical look into its usefulness and fallacies by pressure monitoring. AB - Pressure therapy is generally accepted as the best noninvasive means of preventing and controlling hypertrophic scarring after burn injury. Most studies in the past have failed to correlate clinical response with magnitude of the garment-scar interface pressure. This study looked critically at our usual techniques of pressure therapy using pressure 'sensors' manufactured locally and based on electro-pneumatic principles. Many pitfalls, such as large variations of pressure at different geometric sites on the body, elastic deterioration in garments, problems of garment manufacture, and the unfavourable properties of the Lycra garments, were observed. Recommendations on pressure treatment were made based on our experiences, to improve the present technique of pressure therapy. These included the standardization of measurement techniques and garment tailoring, the regular checking of pressure at the garment-scar interface using pressure transducers, the appropriate garment adjustments, a strict regimen for garment wearing, and the intelligent use of pressure-padding and reinforcement. Areas of further research are also discussed. PMID- 6722606 TI - Free transplantation of sub-axillary lateral thoraco-dorsal flap in burn surgery. AB - Free transplantation of subaxillary lateral thoracodorsal flap is recommended. The thoraco-dorsal artery and its accompanying veins may nourish and drain a large musculo-cutaneous flap. The calibres of both the artery and the veins are big enough to be anastomosed to the recipient vessels using the naked eye. The donor area can be closed by first intention suture without interfering with the functional recovery of the donor area. Both the functional and cosmetic results after free transplantations of this flap are good. In acute electrical or other deep burns, this flap can be used to prevent infection, to protect the deep vital structures, and to lessen the amputation rate. A better condition is created for functional recovery and facilitating reconstructive surgery. The muscular branch of the thoraco-dorsal artery was always present in our 50 patients whereas only 20 cases (40 per cent) had an independent cutaneous branch which nourishes the flap. We stress the point of preserving and using the muscular branch as the main blood vessel to be anastomosed for this free flap. PMID- 6722607 TI - Bone marrow aplasia after high voltage electrical injury. AB - This report describes a patient with severe high voltage electrical injury in whom bone marrow aplasia developed on post-burn day 3. In addition to bone marrow aplasia alterations suggesting disintegration of leucocytes and reduced nitro blue tetrazolium reductase activity pointing to functional disorders have been observed. Beyond the effect of the extensive burns to depress the bone marrow the possibility of an additional similar action of the high voltage electrical injury is raised. PMID- 6722608 TI - Effects of hyperbaric oxygen on oedema formation after a scald burn. AB - Hyperbaric oxygen (HBO) has been advocated as an adjuvant in the therapy of thermal burns. One of the positive effects was reported to be a decrease in fluid requirements. The effect of HBO on oedema formation was evaluated in the burned area and in distant areas. Fifty-four mice were used in a standardized scald burn model, burning their left ear. Biopsies were taken from the left and right ear and from the quadriceps muscle 2, 6 and 24 hours after burn. Half of the group was treated with HBO immediately after burn. In the burned HBO treated group the oedema of the burned ear was not significantly different from that of burned untreated mice. With HBO treatment the water content in the contralateral ear was significantly (P less than 0.01) lower and in these animals the water content of the contralateral uninjured ear was not significantly different from that of uninjured untreated animals. In the burned HBO treated animals there was a significantly (P less than 0.05) lower water content of the quadriceps muscle 2 and 24 hours after burn compared to the burned untreated animals. This experimental study indicates a significant reduction of the general post-burn oedema with a HBO treatment. PMID- 6722609 TI - The coat burn wound dressing. AB - A simple and reliable technique to protect experimental burn wounds in guinea pigs is described. This method significantly reduced the accidental removal of dressings, as well as autocannibalism and contamination. PMID- 6722610 TI - Clinical evaluation of extensive excision of burn eschar in the presence of septicaemia--analysis of 32 cases. AB - This paper reports 32 cases of burn septicaemia undergoing extensive escharectomy in our hospital during the years 1969-1980. The total burn area averaged 66.4 per cent, and that of full-thickness burn 49.8 per cent of the body surface area. Septicaemia was controlled in 18 cases postoperatively (56.3 per cent). The extent of each escharectomy averaged 23.3 per cent TBS, with a maximum of 42 per cent TBS in the survivors. Delayed excision of eschar and incomplete excision of the main infected lesions were the principal causes of 15 deaths (57.4 per cent). Identification of the main nidus of infection, its cause, the need for operation, the time for operation, the extent of excision at each operation, the type of wound coverage and the supportive treatment have been discussed. It is believed that with proper perioperative management, extensive escharectomy can be performed in the presence of septicaemia and many lives can be saved as long as there are convincing indications for such operations. PMID- 6722611 TI - Candida parapsilosis fungemia in burn patients: report of three cases. AB - Three patients with Candida parapsilosis septicemia, secondary to large burns, are reported. All patients sustained large burns with inhalation injuries and were treated with various topical antibiotics. All had sepsis with various bacterial organisms and had received treatment with systemic antibiotics prior to the development of the Candida episode. Once a positive blood culture for Candida parapsilosis was obtained, treatment was carried out with amphotericin-B. Sensitivity data indicated that this was the appropriate systemic agent. All patients recovered uneventfully after a 10-day course of amphotericin-B therapy. PMID- 6722612 TI - Burns caused by faulty water-heating systems (Waterloo scalds). PMID- 6722613 TI - A team work model in a burn unit with the integration of a clinical psychologist. AB - This paper describes team work in a burn unit in Tel Hashomer Hospital, Israel, which is intended to answer the problems which arise during the period in hospital following burning injury. The model was constructed after observing the emotional reactions of patients, which disturbed not only their ability to cope efficiently, but also caused additional suffering to themselves, their families and the hospital staff. The main emphasis is on: (1) the recognition and treatment of both the physical and emotional requirements of the patient; (2) involvement of the family in the treatment; and (3) active cooperation between all those who have a professional interest in the patient's treatment, welfare and recovery. The coordinator and integrator of these elements is the clinical psychologist. PMID- 6722614 TI - Temporomandibular joint destruction after a burn. AB - A case is presented of temporomandibular joint destruction diagnosed 6 months after a 24 per cent third-degree burn. The aetiology appears to have been a septic arthritis. PMID- 6722615 TI - [Development of diseases with compulsory vaccination]. PMID- 6722616 TI - [A health system caught in the trap of ill-development: the case of Brazil]. PMID- 6722617 TI - [Professional entry of medical doctors: results of a national survey]. PMID- 6722618 TI - Hepatitis B virus antibody prevalence in anaesthetists. AB - The prevalence of antibodies to hepatitis B virus (anti HBs or anti HBc) was 16.9 per cent in a group of anaesthetists, compared to 3.7 per cent in volunteer blood donors and 5.6 per cent of patients without hepatic infections. Professional risk factors such as treating a hepatitis B patient or working in a hospital laboratory, haemodialysis, an intensive care unit, or in oncology, did not correlate with antibody prevalence. Personal risk factors such as a history of a family member with hepatitis, or of receiving blood transfusion in the past were also not associated. A greater number of anaesthetists with a history of hepatitis in the past had antibodies, than those with no history (p less than 0.05). The country of origin may have been a contributing factor to antibody prevalence as highest positivity rates were found in subjects from Asia, Africa and Eastern Europe. One of 31 (3.2 per cent) seronegative subjects seroconverted over a four-year period. Results of testing in 1978 and 1982 revealed that 37 per cent of immune subjects possessed only anti HBc and at least one person positive for both markers on the first occasion was only anti HBc positive later. Laboratory testing, risk factors, and immunization for HBV should be examined in greater detail in larger populations of health care workers. PMID- 6722619 TI - The dose response effect of long-acting nondepolarizing neuromuscular blocking agents in children. AB - Cumulative dose-response curves were constructed for pancuronium, metocurine, d tubocurarine and gallamine in 56 children anaesthetized with thiopentone, N2O/O2 and narcotic. The dose response curves of the four relaxants did not deviate significantly from parallelism. The effective dose causing 95 per cent depression of the twitch at 0.1 Hz was: pancuronium 0.08 mg X kg-1, metocurine 0.34 mg X kg 1, d-tubocurarine 0.6 mg X kg-1, and gallamine 3.4 mg X kg-1. Thus, pancuronium is 40 times more potent than gallamine, while metocurine and d-tubocurarine are seven and four times more potent than gallamine. The recovery of twitch height from 5-25 per cent of control for pancuronium (15.6 +/- 1.7 min) was significantly faster (p less than 0.01) than metocurine (27.3 +/- 1.9 min), d tubocurarine (32.2 +/- 4.8 min), or gallamine (30 +/- 3.3 min). Compared to studies in adults, the present data indicate that children have a tendency (statistically not significant) to require more relaxant and recover more quickly than adults. PMID- 6722620 TI - Tissue reaction of morphine applied to the epidural space of dogs. AB - Epidural morphine has found increasing popularity in clinical trials for the relief of chronic and postoperative pain relief. This study was conducted to determine if there was any adverse tissue reaction when morphine was applied to the epidural space of dogs. Sixteen dogs were given 0.07 mg X kg-1 of morphine in a volume of 2 cc of normal saline into the epidural space. Gross and microscopic studies of the epidural space, dura, and spinal cord did not show any adverse tissue reaction. PMID- 6722621 TI - Intraoperative diagnosis of rate-dependent bundle branch block. AB - Rate-dependent left bundle branch block (LBBB) occasionally occurs during anaesthesia when the heart rate exceeds a critical value. While it is usually a benign disorder, it may mask the electrocardiographic manifestations of myocardial ischaemia and the ST-T wave pattern associated with LBBB may be mistaken for those of ischaemia. This case report presents two cases in which rate-dependent LBBB was clearly documented during the perioperative period. It demonstrates the use of pharmacologic agents (e.g., atropine and neostigmine) and physiologic manipulations (e.g., carotid sinus massage) to alter the heart rate and confirm the diagnosis of benign rate-dependent LBBB in the operating room. These interventions should be used with caution in patients who have hypertension, angina, cerebrovascular, or AV node disease or in the setting of myocardial ischaemia or severe bundle branch disease. PMID- 6722622 TI - Cardiac arrest following protamine administration. AB - A case report of fatal cardiac arrest following protamine reversal of systemic heparinization during vascular surgery is presented. Patients who have received protamine zinc insulin, NPH insulin, and those with previous exposure to protamine sulphate or allergy to fish are more likely to have a reaction to protamine. Protamine-induced hypotension can be mediated by immunological or non immunological mechanisms. Several alternative methods of heparin reversal which may avoid similar catastrophes are presented. PMID- 6722623 TI - Gastric rupture during cardiopulmonary resuscitation. AB - Gastric rupture following ventilation during cardiopulmonary resuscitation is a rare occurrence. We report two cases of documented gastric rupture plus two additional cases in which the clinical diagnosis of pneumoperitoneum was made and gastric rupture was assumed to be the mechanism. Review of the literature reveals the lesser curvature of the stomach to be the common site of rupture. This complication emphasizes the necessities of correct positioning of the jaw with mouth-to-mouth ventilation and careful assessment of air entry and chest movement following endotracheal intubation. PMID- 6722625 TI - Thoughts on the origins of a career in anaesthesia. PMID- 6722624 TI - Cimetidine-antacid combination as premedication for elective cesarean section. PMID- 6722626 TI - Complete endotracheal tube obstruction after nasotracheal intubation. PMID- 6722627 TI - Anaesthesia for endoscopy and laser surgery. PMID- 6722628 TI - The assessment of cerebral function. PMID- 6722629 TI - Fluorinated anaesthetic nephrotoxicity: an update. AB - The potential for fluorinated anaesthetic agents to cause nephrotoxicity can be summarized in two figures: Figure 2 illustrates the time course of anaesthetic defluorination following administration of methoxyflurane, enflurane and isoflurane; Figure 5 depicts changes in urinary osmolality in response to ADH administration versus peak serum fluoride levels after anaesthesia. Figure 2 clearly demonstrates that the shapes of the serum inorganic fluoride curves are different after methoxyflurane, enflurane and isoflurane anaesthesia. Despite the fact that inorganic fluoride has a half life in blood of only 90 minutes, peak levels were maintained for three days after administration of methoxyflurane. By contrast, peak fluoride levels after administration of the other two agents were reached shortly after the end of anaesthesia and they declined rapidly in the postanaesthetic period. To account for the prolonged postanaesthetic elevation of fluoride levels, one only must realize that methoxyflurane is approximately ten times more lipid soluble than either enflurane or isoflurane. Thus, methoxyflurane is present in the body for days after its administration has ended and is available for postoperative metabolism to inorganic fluoride. Peak fluoride levels also are considerably higher after methoxyflurane anaesthesia than after administration of the other two agents. That is because, on a molar basis, methoxyflurane is biochemically more unstable than either enflurane or isoflurane and is metabolized more per unit of time. Consequently, the area under the fluoride curve is much greater after methoxyflurane anaesthesia than after either enflurane or isoflurane. It is the area under the curve which probably best correlates with nephrotoxicity.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS) PMID- 6722630 TI - Obstetrical anaesthesia update--1984. PMID- 6722631 TI - Cardiovascular physiology: venous return. AB - Cardiac output is not regulated simply by autonomically mediated changes in heart rate and stroke volume. More often, changes in cardiac output predominantly reflect changes in the peripheral circulation which in turn change venous return. Any attempt to analyze circulatory function without considering the peripheral circulation will be incomplete. The principles discussed above can be fruitfully applied to the analysis of many clinically important derangements of circulatory function. This discussion is only intended as an introduction to concepts which have been exhaustively developed and discussed by Guyton et al. A careful review of this source material will reward the interested reader. PMID- 6722632 TI - Fresh water drowning and near-drowning--an update. PMID- 6722633 TI - Fundamentals of infant anaesthesia. AB - Far from being more difficult, infants should be less difficult to anaesthetize . Generally the major organ systems, although not necessarily fully mature, are unsullied by smoking, alcohol consumption, atherosclerosis, assorted other pathology or simple wear and tear. Cardiac output is linked to heart rate and volume replacement, while oxygenation is controlled by lung expansion, FIO2 and perhaps PEEP. Admittedly, the rewards for poor technique are frightening and sudden, but the goal of this review has been to point out the anticipatory nature of paediatric anaesthesia, such that the actual anaesthetic becomes nearly an anti-climax. The rewards for this approach are usually brief procedures that frequently definitively repair isolated pathology, coupled with a sense of precise accomplishment that makes the planning and number- crunching worthwhile. PMID- 6722634 TI - Accidental hypothermia. PMID- 6722635 TI - Anesthetic-membrane interaction: a 2H nuclear magnetic resonance study of the binding of specifically deuterated tetracaine and procaine to phosphatidylcholine. AB - The binding of the local anesthetics tetracaine and procaine with multilamellar dispersions of egg phosphatidylcholine has been studied by 2H nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR). The 2H-NMR line shapes of specifically deuterated local anesthetics are found to be very dependent on the attainment of a true equilibrium. The equilibrium could be most properly reached by the use of repeated freeze-thaw-vortex cycles. The data for tetracaine are consistent with the three-site exchange model proposed earlier. Tetracaine is in slow exchange between a strongly bound site and a weakly bound site and in fast exchange between the weakly bound site and free in solution. The slow exchange rate is estimated, from temperature and dilution studies, to be approximately 1.5 X 10(3) S-1 at pH 5.5 and slightly faster at pH 9.5. Comparisons of the quadrupole splitting with those seen for our earlier work in egg phosphatidylethanolamine suggest that the location of the strongly bound site in phosphatidylcholine is dependent on the anesthetic charge. This is in contrast to egg phosphatidylethanolamine, where molecular shapes appear to be the determining factor for the location of the anesthetic. Procaine bound very weakly to the model membranes, to yield only a broad resonance and no quadrupole splitting. It appears that procaine, unlike tetracaine, is not bound by the ordered acyl chains. PMID- 6722636 TI - Modification of biological activities of Ricinus communis agglutinin by cross linking with formaldehyde. AB - Formaldehyde treatment of Ricinus communis agglutinin, a nonmitogenic toxic 120 000 molecular weight (MW) lectin, yielded two distinct protein fractions: one was heterogeneous and contained high molecular weight lectin polymers (greater than 120 000), and the other was a homogeneous 120 000 MW protein. Both fractions lost their cytotoxicity after formaldehyde treatment and stimulated thymidine incorporation into lymphocytes. Binding of both treated lectin fractions to lymphocytes exhibited positive cooperativity, whereas binding of untreated lectin did not. PMID- 6722637 TI - The human preproinsulin gene: synthesis, cloning, gene modification, and expression studies. AB - A 355 base pair (bp) DNA sequence coding for human preproinsulin has been assembled by joining a synthetic DNA leader sequence coding for 24 preregion amino acids to the previously synthesized DNA duplex of 277 bp constituting the sequence of BCA chain. It was next cloned in M13 mp8 single-stranded bacteriophage and subjected to site-specific mutagenesis and phase shifting to allow its inducible expression under lac operator control. An affinity leader sequence of 25 bp has been added in an attempt to facilitate purification of the preproinsulin. PMID- 6722638 TI - Random single chromatid and nonrandom double chromatid type segregation of human acrocentric chromosomes in BrdU-labeled mitoses. AB - Chromatid segregation was analyzed using satellite association of 5 bromodeoxyuridine (BrdU) differentially stained acrocentric chromosomes of human leukocytes. Data were classified into cis and trans configurations in second and third division cycles. It was found that single chromatid types have random segregation (1:1) while nonrandom segregation was noted for double chromatid types. The nonrandom segregation hypothesis of earlier investigators needs to be reexamined. PMID- 6722639 TI - Distribution of sister chromatid exchanges on the mouse chromosomes in vivo with reference to the replication properties of the X chromosome. AB - Frequency of sister chromatid exchanges (SCE) were recorded separately for different chromosomes from bone marrow cells of female mice of the two genetic strains (C3H/S and C57BL/6J). SCEs were evaluated following different doses of 5 bromo-2'-deoxyuridine (BrdU) as nine hourly i.p. injections. The SCE per cell increased with increasing BrdU doses which was slightly higher in C3H/S than in the C57BL/6J. SCEs per cell were variable at every treatment-strain combination, possibly reflecting the heterogeneous nature of the bone marrow cells. In general, there is a positive correlation between SCE per chromosome and the relative chromosome length. Total SCEs on one of the large chromosomes (most likely the X chromosome), however, are significantly higher than expected on the basis of relative length alone. Most of this increase is attributable to one of the homologues of this chromosome, which is not in synchrony with the rest of the chromosomes and may represent the late-replicating X. These results when viewed in the light of replication properties of the heterochromatinized X, suggest a direct involvement of DNA replication in SCE formation and may argue against the replication point as the sole site for the SCEs. PMID- 6722640 TI - Aberrant nuclear morphology in the mouse myeloma SP2/0 cell line. AB - The mouse myeloma SP2/0 cell line when grown in supplemented Dulbecco's modified Eagle's media spontaneously produced aberrant nucleated cells which increased in frequency with cell culture age. These cells underwent cytological changes associated with apoptosis, that is, the condensation of chromatin followed by karyorrhexis and the production of small apoptotic bodies. Aberrant cells were induced by media changes, centrifugation, and temperature shocking. The rapid induction of aberrant cells by a media change suggests that the mechanism of fragmentation was not associated with cell division. PMID- 6722641 TI - Fatal mastitis of dairy cows: a retrospective study. AB - The necropsy records of dairy cows with mastitis were reviewed from the provincial veterinary laboratory in Guelph (44 cases of mastitis in nine years) and from the Ontario Veterinary College (168 cases in 14 years). Mastitis was considered to be the primary cause of death in 167 of 212 cows (79%). Of these 167 cases of mastitis, Escherichia coli was involved in 107 (64%), Klebsiella sp. in 12 (7%) and Staphylococcus aureus in 11 (7%). Bacteriology was not reported in 22 cases. Coliform mastitis, the most commonly identified type of fatal mastitis, was characterized histologically by the presence of infarcted areas in affected glands and by the lack of demonstrable bacteria, and was thus easily identified from fatal mastitis caused by S. aureus. PMID- 6722642 TI - Somatic cell counts in bovine milk: relationships to production and clinical episodes of mastitis. AB - The relationships between somatic cell counts, milk production and episodes of clinical mastitis were evaluated using data collected between 1979 and 1981 in 32 southern Ontario Holstein herds. Somatic cell counts were logarithmically transformed and the distribution of the resulting counts is presented. The seasonal pattern in cell counts was evaluated using a formal statistical procedure. Counts were lowest in the winter and spring and highest in the early fall but the differences amongst monthly geometric mean cell counts were small. Assuming a linear relationship between log somatic cell counts and test day milk production it was found that a unit increase in the log count resulted in a loss of 1.44 kg of milk. Regression analyses within specific log cell count ranges indicated that the previous estimate may underestimate losses at low cell counts and overestimate losses at higher cell counts. The relationships between cell counts and episodes of mild or acute clinical mastitis were evaluated by comparing counts preceding and following the clinical episodes to comparable counts in matched control cows. Mild cases of mastitis were preceded by higher cell counts than were found in control cows but the same phenomenon was not observed in acute cases of mastitis. Both mild and acute cases were followed by higher cell counts than were found in control cows. PMID- 6722643 TI - Experimental colonization of the bovine teat duct with Corynebacterium bovis and the effect on milk somatic cell counts. AB - Colonization with Corynebacterium bovis was established in 59 of 64 (92%), 58 of 59 (98%) and 19 of 34 (56%) of uninfected bovine mammary quarters following inoculation of 83.3 X 10(4) colony-forming units (CFU) of the organism into the teat cistern, 4.7 X 10(3) CFU 5 mm into the teat duct or by exposure of the teat orifice to a milk culture containing 1.6 X 10(7) CFU/mL respectively. Mean somatic cell counts for foremilk samples from 122 quarters were significantly higher after colonization with C. bovis (145,900/mL) compared to before exposure (130,900/mL). PMID- 6722644 TI - Characterization of Pasteurella multocida isolated from rabbits in Canada. AB - In a survey for the somatic and capsular serotypes of Pasteurella multocida present in domestic rabbits in Canada, but mainly in Ontario, samples were obtained from research facilities, commercial rabbitries and from abattoir and necropsy specimens. Sources of isolates were upper respiratory tract infections, localized bronchopneumonias , acute fibrinous pneumonias, abscesses and otitis media. Of 59 isolates obtained, 47.0% were type 12:A, 30.5% 3:D and 12.0% were 3:A. Less common types were 12(4):A, 12:D, 4(12):A and 3:untypable. Somatic group 3 was most commonly isolated from acute pneumonic disease, while serogroup 12:A was most commonly found in upper respiratory tract infections and in localized chronic bronchopneumonia. Two serotypes of P. multocida were isolated from four pneumonic lungs collected from abattoir specimens. Most isolates were susceptible to the commonly used antibiotics. PMID- 6722645 TI - Effect of pH, temperature and media on acid and alkaline phosphatase activity in "clinical" and "nonclinical" isolates of Bordetella bronchiseptica. AB - Twenty-two isolates of Bordetella bronchiseptica were studied to determine the effects of pH, incubation temperature and type of media on peak acid and alkaline phosphatase activity. The pH optimum for alkaline phosphatase activity was 9.0 for all of the isolates tested. The pH optimum for acid phosphatase activity was 5.8 for 67% of the isolates and 4.8 for 33%. All of the isolates showed peak phosphatase activity at 37 degrees C. No preference was shown in 35% of the isolates between the types of media tested; however, 40% preferred tryptose broth, 20% preferred nutrient broth and 5% preferred brain-heart infusion broth. No relationship was shown between phosphatase activity and the mouse lethality of the isolates. PMID- 6722646 TI - The activated partial thromboplastin time of diluted plasma: variability due to the method of fibrin detection. AB - The purpose of this study was to determine the effects of the dilution of plasma (1/3 in saline) on the kinetics of fibrin generation in the activated partial thromboplastin time (APTT) assay. The diluted APTT is considered to increase the sensitivity of the APTT test however, studies in our laboratory using an electro optical fibrin detection system failed to show significant differences in APTT values obtained with diluted and undiluted canine plasma. Seventeen plasmas, including plasmas moderately and markedly deficient in intrinsic factor activity were assayed in the undiluted and diluted APTT assay using two methods for fibrin endpoint detection; a visual "tilt-tube" technique and an electro-optical detection system. In the former technique the endpoint was the formation of a visible fibrin web or clot; in the latter procedure the end point was the first detection of a change in optical density of the plasma. Optical density changes during fibrin formation were also recorded ( thrombokinetograms ). The results indicated that the electro-optical fibrin detection system failed to identify a prolongation of the APTT as a result of 1/3 plasma dilution; a prolongation that was consistently observed with the visual fibrin detection technique. Plasma dilution however, did significantly reduce the rate of fibrin production as indicated by the thrombokinetogram profile. It was concluded that the dilution of plasma with saline, as has been used to increase the sensitivity of the APTT assay procedure, has little effect on the time of onset of fibrin formation in a given plasma. The major effect appears to be on the way in which fibrin forms in that the polymerization/crosslinkage events associated with macroscopic fibrin production are delayed. PMID- 6722648 TI - Fibrosarcoma affecting the mammary gland of a cow. AB - A highly malignant fibrosarcoma which arose in or close to the mammary gland of a 12 year old Ayrshire cow, with metastases in local lymph nodes, lungs, liver, kidney and adrenal glands has been described. The tumors were densely cellular and consisted of interweaving bands of fusiform cells with a high mitotic index. Infiltration of normal tissues and invasion of blood vessels were characteristic features. Ultrastructural study of the cells revealed mesenchymal cells with abundance of rough endoplasmic reticulum and cytoplasmic vesicles and they were closely invested with collagen fibers. PMID- 6722647 TI - Lung delayed-type hypersensitivity in stressed mice. AB - The influence of an immobilization stressor on lung cellular immune responses was studied. Delayed-type hypersensitivity to sheep erythrocytes was used to evaluate in vivo lung cellular immunity. Mice were sensitized intravenously and challenged intratracheally with sheep erythrocytes. Three hours prior to challenge all mice were injected intravenously with chromium-51 labeled mononuclear cells from syngeneic mice. The delayed-type hypersensitivity response was measured by counting the radioactivity within the lung 48 hours after challenge. Immobilization for 2.5 hours immediately before challenge suppressed lung delayed type hypersensitivity. Adrenalectomy abolished the immobilization-induced decrease in delayed-type hypersensitivity. These data indicate an adrenal gland involvement in stress-induced decreases in lung cellular immune reactions. PMID- 6722649 TI - Evaluation of latex agglutination tests for establishing coagulase status of staphylococci from milk. AB - A total number of 640 staphylococci isolated from cows' milk were tested by latex agglutination and coagulase tests. About 50% of coagulase positive and 5% of coagulase negative staphylococci were positive to the latex agglutination tests. Latex agglutination tests were found to be not satisfactory for determining the coagulase status of staphylococci isolated from cows' milk. PMID- 6722650 TI - Characterization of strains of Corynebacterium bovis. AB - The biochemical and morphological characteristics of 104 strains of Corynebacterium bovis isolated from bovine milk samples and the C. bovis reference strain were found to be uniform. Valuable criteria for identification were presence of catalase and oxidase, production of acid from glucose and fructose and a requirement for enriched basal media. Six strains of human and three strains of bovine origin were found to be inconsistent with the reference strain. PMID- 6722651 TI - Virus isolation studies in an outbreak of porcine encephalomyelitis. AB - An outbreak of central nervous system disease affecting young pigs occurred in the fall of 1981 in eastern Ontario. A diagnosis of viral encephalomyelitis was made on pathological grounds and virus isolation studies were subsequently initiated to determine the causative agent. Cultural isolation procedures using several biological systems failed to detect virus in nervous tissues from affected animals. Direct extraction of similar tissues by combined biochemical and biophysical procedures yielded nonenveloped , spherical particles with a diameter of 30 nm and a buoyant density of 1.34 g/mL in CsCl. A tentative diagnosis of enterovirus infection was made on this basis. PMID- 6722652 TI - The effect of diet calcium on fluoride toxicity in growing rats. AB - The effect of dietary Ca in response to fluoride (F) treatment was investigated in rats. Rats were maintained on either adequate (0.5%) or high (2.0%) dietary Ca and given for 5 weeks, NaF in drinking water. The minimum NaF levels that inhibited body growth and reduced survival were 300 mg/L with 0.5% diet Ca and 550 mg/L with 2.0% diet Ca. With these toxic F doses, bone histology showed increased formation surfaces and thickened osteoid seams (osteoid index 6-7%). Fluoride doses 30% below toxic levels (200 and 350 mg/L for 0.5 and 2.0% diet Ca, respectively) had no demonstrable effect on bone. Additional diet Ca reduced F absorption from 76 +/- 3 to 47 +/- 3% for 0.5 and 2.0% diet Ca, respectively. Comparable absorbed doses of F produced comparable effects on bone and body growth but, with additional dietary Ca, these effects were observed with 50% lower serum and bone F levels. Variable response to NaF therapy can be produced in rats by alterations in dietary Ca alone. Results indicate that for clinical treatment the NaF dose needs to be adjusted on an individual basis but neither serum nor bone F levels can be used reliably to establish optimal doses. PMID- 6722653 TI - Lactate and pyruvate production in isolated thiamine-deficient rat diaphragm strips. AB - Rats were maintained on a thiamine-deficient diet to deplete skeletal muscle of thiamine pyrophosphate, and thus decrease the oxidative metabolism of pyruvate. The blood lactate concentration was significantly elevated in thiamine-deficient (TD) animals when compared with pair-fed (TP) controls. Analysis of diaphragm strips from these animals revealed that tissue lactate and pyruvate concentrations were not affected by any of the treatments employed. The rate of lactate efflux from TD tissues was, however, twice that from TP and 4.5 times that from weight-control (WC) tissues. The H+ efflux rate was also much greater in the TD muscle preparation than either of the control groups. Following 3 min of stimulation (150-Hz, 200-ms pulse train every 0.5 s), the degree of fatigue of tissues from each of these three treatment groups was not different. The observation in this study that glycolysis becomes the predominant metabolic pathway in thiamine deficiency without increasing the intracellular level of products, indicates that this treatment also has other effects which increase the effective lactate permeability of the fibre membranes. PMID- 6722654 TI - The sites of action of praziquantel in a smooth muscle of Lymnaea stagnalis. AB - Praziquantel (1.6 X 10(-6) M), a new anthelmintic drug, was shown to produce a sustained contracture in the penis retractor muscle of the freshwater snail Lymnaea stagnalis. Calcium-free saline greatly reduced the magnitude and duration of the praziquantel contractures if the preparation had been previously exposed to praziquantel. The praziquantel contracture in zero-calcium saline was abolished if the preparation was pretreated with successive applications of 2 X 10(-2) M caffeine. Lanthanum (1.0 mM) in zero-calcium saline prevented the contractures normally produced by 30 mM potassium saline, but did not prevent the praziquantel contracture. In normal saline, however, 1.0 mM lanthanum greatly reduced the magnitude of a praziquantel-induced contracture. We conclude that praziquantel increases sarcolemmal calcium permeability and releases calcium from intracellular stores in Lymnaea stagnalis smooth muscle. PMID- 6722655 TI - Opiate modulation of thermoregulation in adult Pekin ducks. AB - Lightly restrained, adult Pekin ducks (2-3 kg) were given a subcutaneous (sc) injection of either sterile saline or morphine sulphate (10 or 30 mg/kg), followed 90 min later by a sc injection of naloxone hydrochloride (10 mg/kg). Core (cloacal TC) and surface (web TW) temperatures were continuously monitored along with heart (fH) and respiratory rates (fresp). In a related study, another group of Pekin ducks was placed in an open respirometer chamber so that oxygen consumption (VO2) could be determined following administration of sterile saline or morphine. Morphine sulphate (10 and 30 mg/kg) caused a hyperthermic core temperature response which persisted over the 90-min test period. This hyperthermia was due to an initial but transient vasoconstriction of the peripheral vasculature, as inferred from the sudden drop in foot web temperature. It was also found that morphine rapidly enhanced VO2 of the ducks, which remained elevated throughout the entire 90-min postmorphine injection period. TWS began to increase as peak TCS were reached (congruent to 30 min postinjection), and were above control levels until the end of the morphine period. fH was elevated following morphine administration but fresp was not altered. Upon naloxone administration, TCS were reduced because heat production was decreased (VO2 fell) and heat dissipation was enhanced further by increased vasodilatation (elevated TW) and a substantial (greater than 10-fold) increase of fresp (gular fluttering). Results demonstrate that morphine caused hyperthermic TC changes in adult Pekin ducks by increasing heat production while, at the same time, minimizing heat loss by vasoconstricting the peripheral vasculature and inhibiting respiration. PMID- 6722656 TI - A Ca2+-dependent mechanism for the positive inotropic response to an increase in afterload in cat papillary muscle. AB - In cat papillary muscles, under control conditions (1.25 mmol/L Ca2+ bathing solution, 25 degrees C), increasing the afterload by switching from isotonic to isometric contraction elicited a positive inotropic response. Halving the bath [Ca2+] resulted in a percentagewise similar or greater positive inotropic response to increased afterload, while doubling the bath [Ca2+] reduced and caffeine abolished or reversed this response, indicating [Ca2+]i predictably influences it. Since it was markedly reduced by verapamil and unaffected by propranolol, the positive inotropic response to increased afterload was concluded to be largely due to increased Ca2+ influx, unrelated to catecholamine release, caused by increased mean muscle length over time owing to the changing from isotonic to isometric contraction. While at 25 degrees C, increasing the afterload caused a positive inotropic response at 12 to 48 stimulations/min, at 37 degrees C and at similar frequencies, a negative inotropic response occurred. This reversed to a positive inotropic response at 86 stimulations/min, well below the normal cat heart rate, suggesting an increased afterload would cause a positive inotropic response via this mechanism in vivo, as observed for years in intact mammalian hearts. Similarities between positive inotropic responses to increased afterload in isolated cardiac muscle, isolated hearts, and intact animals indicate all may be examples of the same phenomenon (Anrep effect). PMID- 6722658 TI - [The fixed charge of protoplasm in barnacle muscle fiber; effect of the length of the sarcomeres]. AB - The thermodynamically effective charge density (phi X) of myoplasm was measured on barnacle muscle fibers. A small section of a muscle cell formed a liquid junction between two electrolyte solutions and the electrical potential between the solutions permitted to evaluate phi X. If the sarcomere length was kept constant (Ls = 12.5 micron), phi X increased from 0.068 to 0.090 equiv./L when the water content was reduced from 75 to 65 g/100 g wet weight. This increment of X resulted from an increase of X when the concentration of macromolecules is raised in the sample of cytoplasm. But it also indicates that the counterions of the fixed charges concur less to the activity of the counterions when X is increased by lowering the water content. If the water content is maintained constant, phi X increased from 0.068 to 0.084 equiv./L for sarcomere lengths equal to 9.6 and 11.5 micron but phi X remained constant for Ls greater than 12 micron. Thus, when the length of the sarcomere is greater than 12 micron the contribution of the counterions of the fixed charges to the activity of the counterion is larger than for Ls = 9.6 micron. PMID- 6722657 TI - The in vivo gastrointestinal absorption in rats of the intact cyclo(L leucylglycine) dipeptide. AB - Unanesthetized rats with catheterized portal veins were administered, intragastrically, a saline solution of the diketopiperazine cyclo(L-leucyl-[U 14C]glycine) (cyclo(L-Leu-[14C]Gly)) at a dose of 47.9 nmol. The appearance of this cyclic dipeptide in portal vein plasma was followed chromatographically using a microcolumn of Sephadex G-25 complexed with copper. Further identification was done by thin-layer chromatography. Net absorption was evaluated by the balance method. The intestinal site of maximal absorptive capacity for cyclo(L-Leu-[14C]Gly) was also investigated. The gastric emptying rate was 98% in 15 min. After intragastric administration, cyclo(L-Leu-[14C]Gly) was absorbed (peak at 2.5 min) into the portal vein. The balance method showed that the efficiency of absorption was 94% within the first 10 min and was completed after 20 min. This compound was absorbed intact and remained unmetabolized in the portal vein of the rat and seemed to be absorbed throughout the length of the small intestine. Shortly after administration (1- to 5-min period), the greatest absorption of the diketopiperazine occurred at the level of the duodenum; however, the absorption maximum appeared to move down the gut and after 10 min the highest uptake took place in the jejunum, but never seemed to reach the ileum to a significant degree. Only negligible amounts of the cyclic dipeptide were excreted with the feces. Cyclo(L-Leu-[14C]Gly) is thus an example of a low molecular weight peptide which is rapidly and completely absorbed, after its intragastric administration at low concentration and is enzymatically stable during the process of absorption. In vitro experiments determined that this peptide apparently traverses the intestinal wall passively and does not use the carrier-mediated mechanisms for linear peptides. PMID- 6722659 TI - Diet-induced thermogenesis with relation to training state in female subjects. AB - The purpose of this study was to investigate the effect of exercise training on meal-induced thermogenesis in 30 female subjects with an average age of 26 years, an average weight of 53.5 kg, and an average height of 162.4 cm. Three groups of 10 subjects were formed with an average maximum aerobic capacity (VO2max) of 57.5 mL X kg-1 X min-1 and a percent body fat of 17.5% for group 1 (competition athletes), of 49.9 mL X kg-1 X min-1 and 21.2% for group 2 (moderately active), and 38.9 mL X kg-1 X min-1 and 22.2% for group 3 (sedentary subjects). Oxygen uptake (VO2), respiratory quotient (R), and heart rate (HR) were measured at intervals for 45 min before and 120 min after a standard meal containing 800 kCal (1 kCal = 4.184 kJ). The increases in VO2 produced by the meal were significantly smaller (P less than 0.05) in group 1 than in group 3. Following the meal, R was significantly increased (P less than 0.01) from its initial value in the three groups, but it remained significantly lower in the well-trained subjects than in the nontrained. HR, which was initially higher (P less than 0.01) in group 3, was slightly increased after the meal, but the response was the same for all groups. These results show a diminished meal-induced thermogenesis in exercise-trained female subjects associated with reduced carbohydrate oxidation. PMID- 6722660 TI - The effects of an ASA-like hydroperoxide compound on adenosine diphosphate induced platelet aggregation. AB - A hydroperoxide compound structurally related to acetylsalicylic acid, 3 hydroperoxy-3-methylphthalide, inhibits both the first and second phases of adenosine diphosphate induced, biphasic, human platelet aggregation. This occurs over the same concentration range (0.05-0.5 mM) that acetylsalicylic acid inhibits second phase aggregation and the release reaction only. The complete inhibition of adenosine diphosphate induced aggregation is a unique pharmacological property for an acetylsalicylic-acid-like compound. PMID- 6722661 TI - Validation of an equation for calculation of glucose appearance during nonsteady state in sheep. AB - The purpose of this study was to validate the calculation of the rate of glucose appearance (RA) during nonsteady state for sheep. The RA given by the modified single-compartment model was compared with the actual rate derived from the sum of the infusion of exogenous glucose and endogenous production as determined from hepatic production of glucose. Using a pool fraction of 0.65, the error associated with calculation of RA was about 10%. PMID- 6722662 TI - Use of DNA hybridization values to construct three-dimensional models of fluorescent pseudomonad relationships. AB - Three-dimensional models of the relationships among fluorescent pseudomonads were prepared from appropriately transformed percent DNA homology values. The transformation selected was f(x) = ( (1 - HOM/HOM)200, where HOM = fractional DNA homology and 200 is a scaling factor. Model accuracy was quite good as a plot of transformed DNA homology values versus model distances was essentially linear for homology values greater than 30%. The model suggested that bacterial strains within the fluorescent pseudomonads appear to be related in a three-dimensional continuum with no clear and easy "natural" demarcation into groups (i.e., species). PMID- 6722663 TI - The effects of the insecticide acephate on the growth and nutrient uptake of an aquatic bacterium. AB - The effects of high (1000 ppm) and low (1 ppm) concentrations of acephate on the rate of growth and nutrient uptake by an aquatic bacterium (identified as Chromobacterium lividum ) were investigated. This insecticide increased doubling time, decreased maximum cellular yield, and reduced cell size when C. lividum was grown in the presence of high acephate concentrations. Total [14C]glucose and 14C labeled amino acids uptake rates were reduced by the high acephate concentration. The high acephate concentration did not affect active uptake of [14C]cycloleucine, a nonmetabolized amino acid analogue. Low concentration of acephate had little apparent influence upon these metabolic processes. PMID- 6722664 TI - In vitro and in vivo pathologic effects of Vibrio parahaemolyticus on human epithelial cells. AB - The initial interaction and adherence of Vibrio parahemolyticus to epithelial tissue culture cells, human buccal epithelial cells, and the ileal mucosa of mice were studied. Using scanning electron microscopy, adherent bacteria were observed only on degenerating human embryonic intestinal, HeLa, and buccal cells; healthy normal cells were devoid of bacteria. Sheared V. parahaemolyticus, i.e., lacking flagella, did not adhere to either normal or degenerating tissue cells. Neither ultraviolet-inactivated organisms nor cell-free culture supernate affected the epithelial cells. Similar findings were observed on the mucosa of the ileum in mice inoculated with V. parahaemolyticus. It appears that V. parahaemolyticus possesses a cytotoxic factor which alters epithelial cells. This factor appears to be closely associated with viable organisms and may be a functional element in the adherence process of flagellated V. parahaemolyticus to mammalian epithelial cells. PMID- 6722665 TI - Nutritional factors affecting the synthesis of an antiphagocytic factor by group E streptococci. AB - Effects of components of the cultural medium on formation of a group E streptococcal antiphagocytic factor (APF), as detected by an indirect bactericidal test, were studied. Bovine serum albumin (BSA) replaced serum in promoting synthesis of APF in a chemically defined medium (CDM), Todd--Hewitt broth (THB), or tryptose phosphate broth ( TPB ). Stimulatory factors in BSA were not retained by diafiltration membranes of nominal molecular weight cutoff limits of 10 000 or greater. Citrate, lactate, pyruvate, or oleate, often found in BSA, could not replace BSA in stimulating synthesis of APF. Cells cultured in THB were more resistant to phagocytosis by porcine leukocytes than those grown in CDM or TPB , and the addition of varying amounts of THB to CDM stimulated a measurable response in synthesis of APF. Specific substrates caused different rates of APF synthesis; in decreasing order of effectiveness were glucose or mannose, sucrose, fructose, and trehalose. Proteolytic activity, which might cause the production of phagocyte-sensitive cells by destroying APF activity during culture, was not detectable in significant amounts in subcultures of the age employed in bactericidal tests. PMID- 6722666 TI - Effects of fibronectin on the compact colony formation in staphylococci. AB - Fifty-two unencapsulated strains of Staphylococcus aureus, including strains of Wood 46 and Cowan I, formed compact colonies in fibronectin -soft agar. However, 20 encapsulated strains of Staphylococcus aureus and 50 strains of Staphylococcus epidermidis showed diffuse growth in the medium. The results suggest that another possible cellular factor, other than protein A, is involved in the binding of the cell surface with fibronectin and that it would be one of factors in forming compact colonies in serum-soft agar. PMID- 6722667 TI - Congenital disease of the liver and biliary tract in adults. PMID- 6722668 TI - Surgical complications of endoscopic sphincterotomy. AB - Endoscopic sphincterotomy (papillotomy) was performed in 289 patients for choledocholithiasis (250, of whom 223 had undergone cholecystectomy previously), papillary stenosis or spasm (32) and ampullary neoplasm (7). The complications encountered in 39 patients were hemorrhage (15 patients), perforation (4), hemorrhage and perforation (1), cholangitis (5), pancreatitis (11), impaction (1) and others (2). Laparotomy was required in seven of these patients for hemorrhage (two), perforation (two), hemorrhage and perforation (one), pancreatitis (one) and impaction (one). Bleeding required duodenotomy with an extension of the sphincterotomy incision to control hemorrhage, and a formal sutured sphincteroplasty. Perforation occurred at the junction of the distal bile duct and duodenum and was managed by mobilization of the duodenum, with T-tube drainage through the perforation, and sutured closure. A pancreatic abscess following pancreatitis required surgical drainage. An impacted Dormia basket with entrapped stone in the bile duct required duodenotomy for its removal. There was a high risk of perforation in those patients who did not have choledocholithiasis or who had had a previous Billroth II gastrectomy. There were two deaths but the overall complication rate of 2.4% is considered low, because many of the patients were elderly or debilitated. PMID- 6722670 TI - Treatment of intra-abdominal sepsis. AB - Twenty-three surgeons at three McGill University hospitals were interviewed about their treatment of intra-abdominal sepsis. They described their use of antibiotics, operative practices and other treatment of generalized peritonitis and intra-abdominal abscesses. If more than 75% of respondents used a given method, its use was considered "uniform" unless substantial interhospital variation existed for that method. Treatment was variable in 18 situations. Only four of these involved systemic antibiotic use--drug regimens in appendicitis and intra-abdominal abscess, and duration of antibiotic therapy following appendicitis and perforated duodenal ulcer. The other 14 examples of variation were in operative management. In generalized peritonitis, they were: use of diagnostic paracentesis; abdominal lavage with saline alone versus saline plus antibiotic use; whether the peritoneum should ever be left open; the use or avoidance of drains; primary versus delayed wound closure in appendicitis, bowel perforation and trauma with gastrointestinal perforation and, finally, wound lavage with saline alone or with antibiotics. Treatment of intra-abdominal abscesses varied in regard to the diagnostic and therapeutic roles of percutaneous needle aspiration, the preferred route of drainage of a pelvic abscess, the use of an extra- or trans-serosal approach to a subphrenic abscess, local versus full abdominal exploration for a single abscess and the type of drain used. The authors conclude that operative management of intra-abdominal sepsis varies widely among surgeons. This fact invalidates many "controlled" trials of antibiotics and should focus attention less on drugs and more on surgical treatment. PMID- 6722669 TI - Measurement of liver blood flow by galactose clearance. AB - Low-dose galactose clearance is a new method for measuring functional (nutrient) liver blood flow. In 22 healthy beagle dogs, the mean (+/- SD) blood galactose clearance rate of 311 +/- 93 mL/min was not significantly different from the mean measurement obtained using electromagnetic flow probes (322 +/- 37 mL/min). This shows that galactose clearance can be used to measure liver blood flow in healthy dogs. The 22 dogs were divided into two groups of 11. The first group underwent portacaval shunting and weekly galactose clearance rates were measured until death an average of 6 weeks later. The anticipated fall in liver blood flow was successfully detected by the second week after shunting. This suggests that long term (week-to-week) changes in liver blood flow can be detected by this method. In the second group, ligation of the common bile duct was used to induce secondary biliary cirrhosis. Galactose clearance was measured weekly for 6 weeks and showed a significant decrease by 6 weeks. At 7 weeks, laparotomy was performed in order to take flow-probe measurements; the galactose clearance rate was also measured. Whereas the two methods were similar at the time of the original operation, 7 weeks after ligation there was a significant difference (p = 0.02) with the rate of liver blood flow as measured by galactose clearance being much lower than the flow rate measured by the electromagnetic flow probes. These findings suggest that in cirrhotic dogs, galactose clearance measures functional or effective (nutrient) liver blood flow whereas the electromagnetic flow probe measures anatomic flow. The effective flow gives a more accurate reflection of perfusion of the hepatocyte by blood. PMID- 6722671 TI - First Canadian Symposium on the Surgical Treatment of Morbid Obesity: Part II. PMID- 6722672 TI - Delayed hemorrhage following conservative surgery for tubal ectopic pregnancy: prevention and early detection. AB - There is growing acceptance of conservative surgery for ectopic (tubal) pregnancy. An uncommon, yet potentially fatal, complication is delayed hemorrhage due to persistence of gestational tissue. An illustrative case is presented. Routine postoperative determination of serum human chorionic gonadotropin levels and the use of frozen sections when a partial salpingectomy is carried out are recommended to identify and prevent this condition. PMID- 6722673 TI - Asynchronous pheochromocytoma in childhood. AB - A case of asynchronous pheochromocytoma in a 13-year-old boy is reported. Two years elapsed between excision of the right adrenal gland and the appearance of another tumour in the contralateral gland. Selective central venous sampling for plasma catecholamine measurement and adrenal phlebography were of diagnostic value. Excision of the tumour with partial adrenalectomy was the preferred surgical treatment in the remaining contralateral adrenal; no clinical or biochemical abnormalities were observed 2 years after removal of the second pheochromocytoma. This case stresses the importance of a closer follow-up in children for early detection of a second pheochromocytoma. PMID- 6722674 TI - Bile-duct cyst with cystlithiasis: a case report. AB - Cystic dilatation of the biliary tree is an uncommon congenital condition, most often discovered in infancy. It should be suspected in an adult who has a history, over a long period, of intermittent pain in the right upper quadrant, episodes of jaundice or cholangitis, or both, and has a palpable mass in the right hypochondrium. Ultrasonography and especially endoscopic retrograde cholangiopancreatography allow the biliary cyst to be diagnosed preoperatively more often than previously. The authors describe the case of a 60-year-old woman with congenital cystic dilatation of extra- and intrahepatic bile ducts with cystlithiasis that followed an unusual course. Of the various theories of causation, Babbitt 's is now the most widely accepted, especially since the advent of endoscopic retrograde cholangiopancreatography. The presence of stones is an uncommon and late complication. The treatment is surgical, excision of the biliary cysts being the treatment of choice; however, Roux-en-Y choledochocystojejunostomy is performed when excision is technically impossible. PMID- 6722675 TI - Salvage of a severely ischemic limb by arteriovenous revascularization: a case report. AB - Severe ischemia in a limb that cannot be revascularized almost inevitably leads to gangrene and eventual amputation. For decades, surgeons have considered utilizing the venous system to revascularize ischemic tissue in numerous areas, including the lower limb, but with very limited success. This report documents the successful revascularization of a severely ischemic pregangrenous limb with a bypass graft from the femoral artery to a tibial vein. The authors believe this is the first clinical report of salvage of an ischemic limb by this approach. PMID- 6722676 TI - Chronic traumatic aneurysm of the descending thoracic aorta with compression of the tracheobronchial tree. AB - A 60-year-old man was admitted to the emergency department in severe respiratory distress. He had been involved in a major motorcycle accident, 43 years earlier. A plain chest film showed a calcified mediastinal mass close to the aortic knob and displacement of the trachea and the opaque nasogastric tube to the right. The aortogram showed a 9-cm saccular aneurysm situated at the isthmus. At thoracotomy, the descending thoracic aorta was found to be transected through 60% of its circumference. The ends of the transected intimal and medial layers of the aortic wall were 6 cm apart and a false aneurysm, which was calcified and full of old and new clot, was compressing the left main bronchus and the pulmonary artery. With protection from a Gott shunt inserted between the ascending and the descending portions, the aorta was successfully repaired with an interposition Dacron graft. PMID- 6722677 TI - Management of acute spinal cord injuries. AB - This report describes the results achieved in 144 patients with spinal cord injury admitted during the period 1974 to 1979 to the Acute Spinal Cord Injury Unit of Sunnybrook Medical Centre in Toronto. Several innovations have been made. These are based on a systems analysis approach to care and documentation. It includes epidemiologic studies of, and programs for, urologic and respiratory management and the use of halo devices. The unit has achieved a marked reduction in both mortality and morbidity. Patients have been transferred to the unit earlier after trauma and have been discharged earlier to rehabilitation hospitals partly because of the coordination of the acute and rehabilitation phases of care. There has been a marked reduction in the cost of care, because of fewer complications and a shorter stay in the acute hospital. The study confirms the advantages of regionalization and specialization in the field of acute spinal cord injury. PMID- 6722678 TI - The orthopedic approach in infected median sternotomy. AB - A retrospective review of 10 infected median sternotomies revealed that the management may be difficult and several procedures may be required to obtain a satisfactory result. Repeated curettage was successful in four patients. The cavity created by d ebridement was treated by the temporary insertion of gentamicin beads in one patient and by the Papineau bone grafting procedure in two. In two patients the thoracic cage became unstable as a result of extensive d ebridement and was stabilized successfully by inserting Harrington compression rods. One patient died of mediastinitis. PMID- 6722679 TI - Malignant leiomyoblastoma (epithelioid leiomyosarcoma) of the duodenum. AB - Leiomyoblastoma of the stomach is exceedingly rare. The authors report the case of a 69-year-old woman who presented with acute epigastric pain, anemia and weight loss. She was found to have a malignant leiomyoblastoma (epithelioid leiomyosarcoma) of the duodenum with lymph-node involvement. The clinical and pathological aspects of leiomyoblastoma of the gastrointestinal tract are reviewed, with emphasis on the distinctive, diagnostic histologic features. To the authors' knowledge, this is only the fourth reported case of leiomyoblastoma of the duodenum and the only case in which the tumour was malignant. PMID- 6722680 TI - Role of plasmapheresis in preparing myasthenic patients for thymectomy: initial results. AB - Between 1976 and 1981, one of the authors operated on 16 patients for myasthenia gravis. Plasmapheresis was carried out preoperatively on seven patients, while nine patients were operated upon without previous plasmapheresis. The seven patients who underwent plasmapheresis had a smooth course pre- and postoperatively. In the other group, there were two postoperative myasthenic complications. Both patients improved with medication and plasmapheresis. Also, the degree of myasthenia gravis was slightly more severe in this group. From their experience, the authors conclude that plasmapheresis is a worthwhile and safe adjuvant in the preparation of myasthenic patients for thymectomy, especially those in Osserman class IV. PMID- 6722681 TI - Civil commitment in Alberta. PMID- 6722682 TI - Does the Victorian Order of Nurses have a future? PMID- 6722683 TI - Methemoglobin as a cause of cyanosis. PMID- 6722684 TI - Detection of celiac disease in hyposplenic patients. PMID- 6722685 TI - Update on ectopic pregnancy. PMID- 6722686 TI - Aplasia cutis congenita and methimazole. PMID- 6722687 TI - AIDS in Haitian immigrants. PMID- 6722688 TI - Regionalization of perinatal services and the use of high-risk scoring forms. PMID- 6722689 TI - Medical certification, civil commitment and the protection of rights. PMID- 6722690 TI - The periodic health examination: 1. Introduction. PMID- 6722691 TI - The periodic health examination: 2. 1984 update. Canadian Task Force on the Periodic Health Examination. PMID- 6722692 TI - The periodic health examination: 3. An evolving concept. PMID- 6722693 TI - Issues in determining financial competence in the elderly. AB - With the ever-increasing numbers and relative proportion of elderly in the population, physicians are now frequently facing the difficult task of determining the financial competence of vulnerable individuals. The determination of financial competence in the elderly is still a very poorly defined issue. In this paper an attempt is made to clarify the existing law and the physician's legal obligations. The Mental Health Act, Powers of Attorney Act and Mental Incompetency Act, as they relate to a patient's financial competence, are reviewed. The difficulties in the clinical application of these laws are illustrated by two reports of patients referred to the geriatric psychiatry service of Sunnybrook Medical Centre, University of Toronto. Some general principles and practical guidelines are proposed to help physicians deal more effectively with this issue. PMID- 6722695 TI - Prenatal risk assessment and obstetric care in a small rural hospital: comparison with guidelines. AB - An assessment was made of the potential usefulness in a small rural hospital of the guidelines for prenatal risk assessment and management of the Newfoundland and Labrador Prenatal Record, a form similar to that in use in other provinces. A retrospective chart review was done for 266 pregnancies followed at the Baie Verte Peninsula Health Centre prior to the introduction of the guidelines. The pattern of practice was to request consultation and to transfer patients for delivery less often than was suggested by the guidelines; only 32% of patients at risk were assessed by an obstetrician. By the time of delivery only 39% of the patients were at no predictable risk according to the guidelines. Nevertheless, neonatal morbidity was present in this group (4% of the infants had an Apgar score of 6 or less at 1 or 5 minutes), though less often than in those at risk (18% of the infants had a low Apgar score). However, the group at no predictable risk required nonelective intervention in 40% of cases, approximately the same rate as that for the group at risk. It is necessary for some small hospitals to have the facilities and the trained staff to handle the problems that occur even in low-risk patients. To maintain the delivery rate necessary to retain skills, the guidelines may help family practitioners and consulting obstetricians to select some patients at risk who can be managed in small hospitals. PMID- 6722696 TI - Acute Heinz-body anemia due to severe cresol poisoning: successful treatment with erythrocytapheresis. AB - A patient with massive intravascular Heinz-body hemolytic anemia associated with the presence of bizarre-looking erythrocytes following the oral ingestion of approximately 100 mL of "penetrating oil", a petroleum distillate containing 85% kerosene, 12% cresol and 2% surfactant, is described. He was treated successfully with immediate erythrocytapheresis and forced diuresis. PMID- 6722694 TI - [Sterility of immunologic origin]. AB - Antispermatozoal antibodies in the woman, the man, or both, may be the cause of nonorganic infertility in a small number of couples. The antibodies are most often found in the serum or in the genital fluids. Diagnosis is based on the postcoital test and on various laboratory tests to assess sperm-cervical mucous compatibility and to detect antispermatozoal antibodies. In women the strongest relation between results of laboratory tests and infertility is between the presence of serum antispermatozoal antibodies and infertility of more than 3 years' duration. In men there is a relation between high levels of these antibodies in the semen and infertility. Various treatments have been proposed, but further prospective studies are needed. However, promising results have been reported with homologous intrauterine insemination and with immunosuppression in men. PMID- 6722697 TI - Differential diagnosis of cerebral palsy: Lesch-Nyhan syndrome without self mutilation. AB - Athetotic cerebral palsy was diagnosed in a 6-month-old boy with no history of perinatal trauma. Lesch-Nyhan syndrome (i.e., complete deficiency of hypoxanthine guanine phosphoribosyltransferase [HGPRT] ) was diagnosed only when the boy began biting his lower lip at the age of 10 years. It is suggested, on the basis of this case and others like it in the literature, that the delayed onset or absence of self-mutilation in patients with Lesch-Nyhan syndrome may be more common than has been previously suspected. In all males said to have cerebral palsy, HGPRT deficiency must be ruled out, preferably by measuring the ratio of uric acid to creatinine in a random urine specimen. PMID- 6722700 TI - Interior design as healing agent. PMID- 6722699 TI - Financing health care: another modest proposal. PMID- 6722698 TI - Medicine, morality and the market. PMID- 6722701 TI - Listening in family psychotherapy. AB - The author describes with clinical examples why the neglected tool of listening is of vital importance in supervising and practising family psychotherapy. This neglect is highlighted as a possible side effect of focussing exclusively on the use of one way mirrors and video equipment in teaching family psychotherapy. PMID- 6722702 TI - [Therapeutic indications of behavior therapy]. AB - Since the last decade, behavior therapy techniques have been used for a variety of psychiatric problems. This paper summarizes the therapeutic indications where behavior therapy appears to be the treatment of choice as well as those where behavioral techniques can be an adjunct. Contra-indications are described and examples of different combinations of treatment are reported. PMID- 6722703 TI - Nine psychiatric inpatients who leaped from a height. AB - The authors describe nine psychiatric inpatients from the same hospital who leaped from a height. Common features included youth, social isolation, diagnosis of schizophrenia, and chronic psychosis despite neuroleptic therapy. All had prolonged hospitalizations and a history of assaults, suicide attempts, or both. The authors suggest that these characteristics in conjunction with a recent change in hospital treatment plan or loss of social supports may identify patients at high-risk for violent self-destructive acts. PMID- 6722704 TI - Sleep and violence. AB - Most violence connected with sleep disorder is assumed to be related to sleep walking. It is less well known that other sleep disorders can also give rise to violence. The role of narcolepsy in car accidents is mentioned. Sleep drunkenness can lead to confusion resulting in violent behaviour especially on forced awakening. This condition is associated to sleep apnea. Primary or central sleep apnea is caused by disorders of the brain stem affecting the respiratory center. Secondary or upper airway sleep apnea can be caused by virtually any condition that results in cessation of the air flow due to occlusion of the upper airway. The author describes one patient who engaged in assaultive behaviour on forced awakening following earlier alcohol consumption. The pathomechanism of violent behaviour generated by a combination of sleep apnea and respiratory pathology is described. The differential diagnosis, prevention and treatment is outlined. The use of polysomnography in diagnosis and the potentially dangerous effects of drugs with respiratory depressing effects is highlighted. PMID- 6722705 TI - The use of intravenous chlorimipramine in the treatment of obsessive compulsive disorder. AB - Obsessional disorder has always remained a difficult illness for psychiatrists to treat with response to therapy, both psychotherapy and chemotherapy, being low. A review of the traditional approaches to the treatment of obsessional disorder is done, including a brief review of the literature on intravenous chlorimipramine. Five case histories of patients with previously non-responsive obsessional disorder are summarized. All five cases were treated in hospital with a series of infusions of intravenous chlorimipramine. The drug and route of administration was extremely well tolerated with rapid and dramatic relief of obsessional symptoms as well as improvement of mood in all cases. The theoretical action of chlorimipramine is discussed as well as possible reasons why the intravenous route appears to be superior to the oral form. PMID- 6722706 TI - Massive eosinophilic reaction to desipramine in conjunction with pneumonia. AB - The authors report on a female patient with bipolar affective disorder who presented with marked eosinophilia in conjunction with pneumonia five days after a medication change from amitriptyline to desipramine (for intolerable dry mouth). She improved with discontinuance of medications and supportive management, and her eosinophilia normalized. Reinstitution of desipramine was followed by prompt appearance of asymptomatic eosinophilia, which resolved with discontinuation of desipramine. A subsequent depression managed with amitriptyline was followed by no abnormal white blood count findings. Eosinophilia is occasionally encountered in imipramine or desipramine therapy and, although usually asymptomatic, appears to be manageable by switching to amitriptyline or nortriptyline. PMID- 6722707 TI - Self-inflicted enucleation of an eye: two case reports. AB - There are a number of reports of self-inflicted enucleation of the eye which indicate that this act probably protects the patients from guilt. It appears that religious delusions play a dominant role irrespective of primary diagnosis. Hence, enucleation of an eye may occur in various psychotic syndromes with religious delusions. In this report the history of two patients are presented to suggest that self-enucleation of the eye served as a protection from suicide. The management of these patients includes rapid neuroleptization and a close follow up with both drug and psychological therapies. PMID- 6722708 TI - A catatonic syndrome resulting in death. AB - A patient is described who presented with post-partum catatonic schizophrenia and who later became comatose and died with hyperthermia. The differential diagnosis of catatonic stupor is notoriously difficult. The clinical picture somewhat resembled Stauder 's lethal catatonia, doubtless a syndrome secondary to various encephalopathies rather than a disease sui generis . The differential diagnosis is discussed with special emphasis on herpes virus encephalitis and the rare but very important neuroleptic malignant syndrome, which is often unrecognized but for which specific treatment may be available. PMID- 6722709 TI - Roses in December: imaginary companions in the elderly. AB - This paper focuses on one mental mechanism used in alleviating distress viz. illusion. Three patients are discussed with particular reference to their use of this mechanism. Some relevant literature is reviewed. PMID- 6722710 TI - The neurological examination in child psychiatry: a review of its uses. AB - This review is an attempt to evaluate critically some of the recent literature on the clinical utility of the neurological examination in child psychiatric practice. Three separate but related issues are discussed; the accuracy of the examination in assessing cerebral dysfunction, the strength of the association between neurological signs and behaviour disorders and finally the clinical significance of this association. It is pointed out that not all neurological signs are of equal significance, but that developmental neurological signs which indicate cerebral immaturity are weakly associated not only with hyperactivity, but possibly with other behaviour disorders as well. Some of the methodological weaknesses in this literature are pointed out. Recent studies of children with motor impairment (clumsiness) are briefly mentioned as a potentially more fruitful avenue of research. It is concluded that the neurological examination may be useful in identifying sub-groups of behaviourally disturbed children who differ from other children with behaviour disorders in terms of etiology, prognosis or treatment needs. Unfortunately, little work has been done in this specific area and further research is needed. PMID- 6722711 TI - The interaction with allied non-medical professions: the Canadian Psychiatric Association's guidelines. The position of the Canadian Psychiatric Association. AB - While psychiatrists employ skills common to other professionals in areas that are not the sole prerogative of psychiatry (1,2), the challenges of this position paper are to define the unique qualifications psychiatrists possess in comparison to other mental health professionals, to reflect awareness of social, governmental priorities in health care, to avoid vested professional interest. PMID- 6722712 TI - Effectiveness of cognitive mediation and behaviour modification with hospitalized hyperactives. PMID- 6722713 TI - Fluspirilene neuroleptic depot injections and indurations. PMID- 6722714 TI - Assessing families and helping them change. PMID- 6722715 TI - The Process Model of Family Functioning. AB - The Process Model of Family Functioning differs from the McMaster Model of Family Functioning and their common source, the Family Categories Schema, by its increased emphasis on the dynamic interaction between the major dimensions of family functioning, and by its stress on the interface between intrapsychic subsystems and the interpersonal dimensions of the family system. A model of family process rather than family structure, it defines six universal criteria of family functioning. It describes the processes involved in each along with the content components and the critical aspects of each. A self-report test developed from the model (FAM-III) is being widely used both as a research tool and as a clinical adjunct. Tests to define its validity and reliability continue. PMID- 6722716 TI - The integrated use of individual and family psychotherapy. AB - For almost thirty years after the development of family therapy, the concurrent use of family and individual psychotherapy was seen as incompatible by leading proponents of each modality. Although recently the literature has revealed an increased willingness to utilize family and individual therapies concurrently, the decision for or against any such combination has been left largely to the intuition or bias of the individual clinician. This paper suggests the concurrent use of family and individual psychotherapies when disturbances of family structure and interaction co-exist with, reinforce, and are maintained by largely ego- syntonic internalized psychopathology (that is, the character defences of individual family members). It provides a rationale for integrating the concurrent therapies, and uses clinical examples to illustrate how each can potentiate the other. There is a discussion of indications and contraindications for the integrated use of concurrent family and individual therapy. From their attempts to apply these principles, the authors conclude that the experience for the family, the individual and the therapists is that the selective and integrated use of concurrent family and individual therapies can achieve more than can either therapy alone--the whole is greater than the sum of the parts. PMID- 6722717 TI - Clinical applications of the Process Model of Family Functioning. AB - This paper discusses clinical applications of the Process Model of Family Functioning. It provides a framework for conducting and systematically recording a family assessment, and can help clinicians achieve and use improved control of clinical sessions to increase their diagnostic and therapeutic effectiveness. Ways of using FAM-III, a self-report test derived from the model, to confirm or amplify a clinical assessment and to assist or monitor therapeutic interventions are discussed. Viewing psychological and family systems theories as complementary, the model provides a rationale for integrating both sets of theories to achieve a more pluralistic view of pathogenesis and a more selective choice of therapies. An extended example illustrates the concurrent use of individual and family therapies. Other topics discussed include the role of family strengths, the derivation of therapeutic goals, moving from content to perceive underlying structure and process, making the conceptual shift from group of-two to conceptualizing the family as a group (system) in equilibrium. PMID- 6722718 TI - Acute cerebellar dysfunction with high-dose Ara-C therapy. PMID- 6722719 TI - An analysis of the SCM test in cancer diagnosis. PMID- 6722720 TI - Doxorubicin, cyclophosphamide, and whole body hyperthermia for treatment of advanced soft tissue sarcoma. AB - Eleven patients with advanced soft tissue sarcoma were treated with whole body hyperthermia (41.8 degrees C-43.0 degrees C) for 2 hours, doxorubicin (45 mg/m2) at the beginning of peak temperature and cyclophosphamide (1000 mg/m2) 6 hours after doxorubicin. Warming was accomplished with a nylon and vinyl mesh water perfused suit and heating blankets under barbiturate anesthesia. Thirty-five thermochemotherapy treatments were administered after an initial baseline euthermic course. There were two complete and two partial responses including three of three liposarcomas and one of two leiomyosarcomas, and there were two disease stabilizations . Morbidity included anasarca, nausea and vomiting, diarrhea, myalgias, mild surface burns, perioral herpes simplex, reversible neuropathy, hypotension, and cardiac arrythmias . Hyperglycemia and hypophosphatemia were found during heating, and normalized at 24 hours. Liver enzyme elevations occurred 24 hours after heating and normalized within 1 week. A uniform platelet decrease (mean, 107,000/microliter) was found at 24 hours. Thermochemotherapy was found to be a feasible approach for selected patients with advanced soft tissue sarcoma for the subset of liposarcomas and leiomyosarcomas. PMID- 6722722 TI - Glottic carcinoma. The roles of surgery and irradiation. AB - The treatment of 336 patients with squamous cell carcinoma of the glottic larynx seen at the University of Virginia Medical Center from 1960 through 1977 was reviewed. Two hundred eighty-five patients form the basis of this report. Patients were grouped by stage and by other prognostic factors. Five-year actuarial survival, recurrences, salvage therapy, complications, second primaries, and incidence in patients younger than 45-years-old were examined. The actuarial 5-year survivals are Stage I, 96%; Stage II, 88%; Stage III, 65%; and Stage IV, 57%. Early glottic carcinoma responded equally well to radiation therapy or surgery, and mortality from intercurrent disease was more common than death from glottic carcinoma. Anterior commissure involvement was not found to significantly decrease prognosis in Stage I disease. Within Stage II, patients with impaired true cord mobility had a significantly decreased survival, 71%, versus 93% for Stage II carcinoma with mobile cords. Surgery was superior to irradiation when cord mobility was impaired or fixed. Surgical salvage was successful in 70% of cases when the cords were originally mobile but 11% when cord motion had been impaired or fixed. Patients younger than age 45 years presented with more advanced disease, but by stage, treatment response did not differ from the remaining older group. Based on this review and from data reported in the literature, the authors recommend curative radiation therapy in patients with glottic carcinoma where the vocal cords are fully mobile. When cord mobility is impaired or fixed, the inclusion of surgery in the initial management results increased survival over irradiation alone. Recognizing that glottic carcinoma is often part of a multisystem disease, individualization of treatment is especially important in these advanced tumors. PMID- 6722721 TI - Treatment of advanced non-Hodgkin's lymphoma with vincristine infusion. AB - Twenty-five patients with a variety of histologic types of advanced non-Hodgkin's lymphoma refractory to previous chemotherapy were entered into a trial of vincristine infusion. Patients received 5-day courses of vincristine 0.25 mg/m2/day by continuous intravenous infusion after an initial 0.5 mg intravenous bolus injection. Courses were repeated every 3 weeks. Objective responses were observed in nine patients (36%), all of whom had previously received vincristine given by conventional bolus injection. A complete response occurred in a patient with diffuse mixed histiocytic lymphocytic lymphoma, and partial responses were observed in eight patients with the following histologic types: diffuse poorly differentiated lymphocytic (4); nodular poorly differentiated lymphocytic (2); diffuse mixed histiocytic lymphocytic (1); and diffuse histiocytic (1). Duration of response lasted from 1.2 to 16.2 months (mean, 4.4 months). The principal complication of therapy was mild-to-moderate neurotoxicity; this occurred in 12 patients (48%) who received a total of 54 courses of vincristine infusion. Hematologic toxicity was minimal and nausea/vomiting did not occur. Vincristine infusion may afford palliation for patients with advanced non-Hodgkin's lymphomas who have become refractory to standard chemotherapeutic regimens even if they have received prior vincristine by conventional bolus injection. These data suggest the possibility of enhancing the therapeutic efficacy of vincristine in the treatment of non-Hodgkin's lymphoma by use of an infusion technique. PMID- 6722723 TI - Prognostic and treatment factors affecting pelvic control of Stage IB and IIA-B carcinoma of the intact uterine cervix treated with radiation therapy alone. AB - This is a retrospective analysis of 264 patients with Stage IB and IIA-B carcinoma of the cervix treated with curative intent at the University of Florida from October 1964 through April 1980. There is a minimum 2-year follow-up. Patients dead of distant metastases (13), dead from intercurrent disease (14), or lost to follow-up (1) less than 24 months from treatment with pelvic disease controlled were excluded from analysis of pelvic control. All patients were included in analysis of complications and survival. Tumor size and hematocrit were noted to be significant prognostic factors with regard to control of disease in the pelvis in Stage IB and IIA cancers. Tumor size and hematocrit also influenced pelvic control in Stage IIB, but to a lesser extent than in Stages IB and IIA. Patient age was a weak prognostic factor for control of disease in the pelvis for Stages IB, IIA, and IIB, but more strongly influenced pelvic control when considered in conjunction with tumor size and hematocrit. Overall treatment time influenced pelvic control in all cases when the size of the lesion was greater than or equal to 6 cm. In lesions greater than or equal to 6 cm in diameter, the amount of tumor regression noted at the time of the radium application after 3500 to 4000 rad external beam irradiation was a predictor of pelvic control. Data on treatment complications and survival are included, and future treatment strategies discussed. PMID- 6722724 TI - Alveolar soft part sarcoma following radiotherapy for a spinal hemangioma. A case report. AB - A case of alveolar soft part sarcoma arising some 20 years later in a site previously irradiated as a treatment for a spinal cord hemangioma is described. This is the first known case of radiation-associated alveolar soft part sarcoma, and it fulfills the criteria for a tumor to be radiation-induced. The coincidental finding of "viral-like" particles within some of the tumor cells was noted. PMID- 6722725 TI - Dedifferentiated chondrosarcoma. An ultrastructural study. AB - The light and electron microscopic features of a well-differentiated chondrosarcoma with dedifferentiated foci (dedifferentiated chondrosarcoma) is presented. Ultrastructurally, the cells of the dedifferentiated portion were embedded in a matrix containing numerous short bundles of collagen fibers; these cells showed dilated rough endoplasmic reticulum containing stippled material as well as poorly formed cell junctions and resembled the cells in the cartilaginous component. These findings contrast with those reported previously. PMID- 6722726 TI - Squamous metaplasia in colorectal polyps. AB - Two cases of rectal polyps that showed foci of squamous metaplasia are reported. In one, the squamous metaplasia was observed in an area of intramucosal adenocarcinoma. This finding tends to reinforce the contention previously made by some authors that squamous metaplasia in colorectal polyps may represent the precursor of primary colorectal squamous cell carcinoma or colorectal adenocarcinoma with squamous components (adenoacanthoma or adenosquamous carcinoma). PMID- 6722727 TI - Cytophotometric DNA analysis of mucosal and submucosal carcinoma of the esophagus. AB - Cell nuclear deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) content was microspectrophotometrically determined in 35 cases of mucosal and submucosal carcinoma of the esophagus. DNA distribution pattern was classified into types I, II, III, and IV, according to the degree of dispersion on the DNA histogram, in the order of wider distribution. Patients with types I and II (relatively regular in DNA distribution) had an uneventful postoperative course and no recurrence, whereas 3 of 15 (20%), and 5 of 9 (55.6%) with type III and type IV, respectively (widely scattered DNA distribution), died following a recurrence. Cytophotometric DNA analysis of the cancer cells reflected well the outcome in patients with esophageal carcinoma. These results suggest the potential usefulness of cytophotometric DNA analysis for assessing the prognosis, even in the early stage of esophageal carcinoma. PMID- 6722728 TI - Proliferative Brenner tumor or ovarian metastases? A case report. AB - A case of low-grade superficial transitional papillomas of the urinary bladder and concomitant bilateral ovarian tumors with close similarities to the rare proliferative Brenner tumor is reported. Due to lack of benign Brenner elements, metastases from the bladder tumors were suggested. Death was apparently related to the effect of chemotherapy, and metastases were never confirmed. In review of the case, the authors found that the morphologic appearances and biological behavior of the ovarian tumors were more consistent with a proliferative Brenner tumor than with metastases. It is pointed out that a proliferative Brenner tumor should not be excluded in the absence of benign Brenner elements when other features are characteristic. Bilateral proliferating Brenner tumors are probably not reported previously. Histogenetic implications of a combined proliferative complex of bladder papillomas and Brenner tumor are briefly discussed. PMID- 6722729 TI - Estrone sulphate plasma levels in postmenopausal women with and without endometrial cancer. AB - Plasma estrone sulphate ( E1S ) and estrone (E1) concentrations were determined in healthy postmenopausal women and in postmenopausal women with endometrial cancer, matched for body weight, age, and years since menopause. E1S levels (mean +/- SD) were significantly higher (P less than 0.05) in cancer patients with normal weight (511 +/- 200 pg/ml) than in control subjects (303 +/- 99 pg/ml). E1S levels were also higher in obese cancer patients (691 +/- 328 pg/ml) than in obese control subjects (610 +/- 139 pg/ml). Both cancer groups showed similar plasma E1 levels as compared with their respective controls. The E1S /E1 ratio was higher in both groups of cancer patients than in control subjects. These data suggest that estrogen conjugates should be taken into account during studies on estrogen balance and endometrial cancer. PMID- 6722730 TI - The relationship of depth of penetration and tumor size to the number of positive nodes in Dukes C colorectal cancer. AB - This study examines the interrelationships of depth of penetration, tumor size, and the number of positive nodes in Dukes C colorectal cancer. The results indicated that depth of tumor penetration was related to both tumor size and the number of positive regional lymph nodes. Tumors with positive nodes which failed to penetrate the muscularis propria (C1) were smaller, and were associated with fewer positive nodes than were tumors penetrating all coats of the bowel (C2). Although tumor penetration was related to tumor size and the number of positive nodes, no correlation was evident between tumor size and the number of positive nodes within the C1 and C2 patient subsets. The data underscore the biological significance of depth of tumor penetration and militate against tumor size as a prognostic discriminant in patients with colorectal cancer. The findings represent a contradiction to the prevailing biological concepts relative to the behavior of solid tumors as reflected in the TNM classification scheme. PMID- 6722731 TI - Multiple nevoid basal cell carcinoma syndrome and Hodgkin's disease. AB - A patient with nodular sclerosing Hodgkin's disease and basal cell carcinoma syndrome is reported. Medulloblastoma and ovarian fibromas have already been associated with the syndrome and its coexistence with other malignant neoplasms has been described. The authors report here the first case of Hodgkin's disease with the multiple nevoid basal cell carcinoma syndrome. The fact that the patient's mother also has the syndrome, and the maternal grandfather had Hodgkin's disease seems to indicate more than a chance association of two independent events. PMID- 6722732 TI - Intracranial metastases in prostate cancer. AB - In a clinicopathologic review of 126 autopsied cases with prostate cancer, 14 demonstrated intracranial metastases. Only two of nine symptomatic patients were evaluated for suspected central nervous system metastases prior to death, and five asymptomatic patients were incidentally found to have metastases at autopsy. Intracranial metastases in prostate cancer occur in the setting of widespread disease, and tissue pathology may reveal moderately to poorly differentiated tumor (11 of 14 cases). PMID- 6722733 TI - Neuroblastoma. Mass screening for early detection and its prognosis. AB - Since July 1973, the authors began developing a mass screening system using a VMA (vanilmandelic acid) spot test on 6-to-7 month-old infants for early detection of neuroblastoma in Kyoto city, Japan. Using this method, six infants with this tumor were discovered; five of the six infants were cured, and one is under treatment. These patients showed a favorable prognosis on early diagnosis. In this article, 57 neuroblastoma patients from the Department of Pediatrics, Kyoto Prefectural University of Medicine, treated during the last 20 years, from July 1962 to June 1982, are evaluated. Since the mass screening program has run smoothly since July 1974, clinical findings are compared between 35 neuroblastoma cases before mass screening from the 12-year period from July 1962 to June 1974 and 22 cases after mass screening, during the 8-year period from July 1974 to June 1982. Before mass screening, only 20% (7/35) of the patients were discovered with neuroblastoma younger than 12 months of age and 68.6% were older than 2 years of age. After mass screening, 54.6% (12/22) of the patients were younger than 12 months of age and only 31.8% (7/22) were older than 2 years of age. Before mass screening, 17.1% (6/35) survived with five of the six surviving patients being younger than 12 months of age at the time of diagnosis; 72.7% (16/22) of the patients detected after mass screening are living now. Eleven of the 16 patients have already been cured, and the remaining 5 patients are presently undergoing treatment. A marked improvement of their prognoses is dependent on the early detection of this tumor by mass screening. To date, using the VMA spot test for early detection in infancy is convenient and effective for improvement of its prognosis. PMID- 6722734 TI - The reach to recovery program. An evaluation of the attitudes of Connecticut surgeons. AB - Because the Reach to Recovery Program is under-utilized in Connecticut, the authors sent a 19-part questionnaire to all board-certified general surgeons in the state to evaluate their attitudes toward the Program. Most of the surgeons who responded were pleased with the Program and believed that it saved them time, and was of help to their patients. Twenty percent of the surgeons were unaware of various aspects of the Reach to Recovery Program. Historical and current aspects of the Program are presented. Suggestions are made regarding increasing the scope of the Program to address the needs of women who are to be treated with radiation therapy or who have had a mastectomy and are about to receive adjuvant chemotherapy. PMID- 6722735 TI - Case-control study of ovarian cancer in Japan. AB - A case-control study of 80 women with ovarian epithelial carcinoma and 160 individually age-matched controls were conducted to assess various factors associated with the incidence of ovarian cancer in Hokkaido, Japan. Among the characteristics studied, the following factors were significantly greater in the cases than in the controls: (1) blood group A; (2) never married or married late in life; (3) more frequent surgery for retroflexion of the uterus; (4) less use of contraceptive appliances; and (5) less daily use of cosmetics. It was inferred from these observations that ovarian cancer patients had a genetic predisposition and dysfunctional ovaries. Gonadal dysfunction among ovarian cancer patients presumably explained not only altered personality and behavior patterns, but also facilitated the pituitary gonadotropin activity which has been suggested as increasing the incidence of the disease experimentally. PMID- 6722736 TI - Kaposi's sarcoma associated with hairy cell leukemia, immune thrombocytopenia, and opportunistic infection. AB - A 73-year-old man developed Kaposi's sarcoma 6 years after the diagnosis of hairy cell leukemia, at which time a splenectomy was performed. He received no additional treatment. The Kaposi's sarcoma was complicated by the development of immune thrombocytopenia and Listeria monocytogenes meningitis. Evaluation during the course of his disease revealed lymphopenia, decreased OKT4 + subset, and increased OKT8 + subset. The clinical and immunologic findings in this patient have similarities to the acquired immunodeficiency syndrome. PMID- 6722737 TI - Angioleiomyoma. A clinicopathologic reappraisal of 562 cases. AB - Five hundred sixty-two cases of angioleiomyoma in our files on soft tissues were reappraised clinicopathologically. There was a preponderance in females with a ratio of 1.7:1. The angioleiomyoma could be separated into three histologic subtypes: capillary or solid (374 cases), cavernous (61 cases), and venous (127 cases) types. Five hundred (89%) occurrences were in the extremities, 48 in the head, and only 14 in the trunk. The tumors caused pain and/or tenderness in 327 cases, in which 262 were of the solid type. In 16 cases, small groups of mature fat cells were demonstrated within the tumor, suggesting the hamartomatous nature of these smooth muscle tumors. PMID- 6722738 TI - Follow-up of children with brain tumors. AB - One hundred two patients were evaluated for late effects of brain tumor in childhood by a medical record review and follow-up questionnaire. The patients had survived brain tumor for 5 to 47 years (median, 18 years). Among 30 patients who had received brain irradiation, 3 were successfully treated for second neoplasms that developed within the radiotherapy field 11, 16, and 29, years later, respectively. Moderate or severe functional deficits were present in 24 patients (24%), more commonly among those treated before 2 years of age and among those with cerebral astrocytoma. The other 78 patients (76%) had mild or no gross deficits, and all but 1 of them were attending school or were employed. Twenty one patients in the series reported a total of 41 offspring, none of whom had cancer or mental retardation. Although markedly diverse performance levels were found among the 102 long-term survivors of childhood brain tumors, the majority had an acceptable quality of life. PMID- 6722739 TI - Exogenous estrogen and breast cancer after bilateral oophorectomy. AB - Estrogen use in 119 women in whom breast cancer developed after surgically induced menopause was compared to use among an equal number of controls matched for age, date of bilateral oophorectomy, and duration of follow-up. No increased risk for estrogen use versus no use was evident (relative risk = 0.7). When the authors examined three measures of estrogen dose--number of chart notations of estrogen use, time since first use, and duration between first and last use--only those with greater than or equal to 5 notations had any significantly elevated risk (relative risk = 2.1; confidence limits 1.2-3.6), and there was a significant trend toward increasing risk with more notations (P = 0.03). Use specifically of conjugated estrogens was also associated with an increasing risk with more notation of estrogen use (P = 0.07). However, the other two measures of dose did not confirm this trend. Matched multiple logistic analysis suggested that number of notations of estrogen use conferred increased breast cancer risk (relative risk = 1.7), in dose-response relationships, but this result could have occurred by chance. Because of a lack of consistency, the generally low and statistically nonsignificant relative risks, and the lack of consistent effect modification in high-risk groups, the authors were unable to demonstrate a clear increased risk of breast cancer associated with replacement estrogen use. PMID- 6722740 TI - Multiple primary malignant neoplasms in breast cancer patients in Israel. AB - The data of an epidemiologic study of multiple primary malignant neoplasms in breast cancer patients in Israel are presented. During the 18-year period of the study 12,302 cases of breast carcinoma were diagnosed, and, of these, 984 patients (8%) had multiple primary malignant tumors. Forty-seven of these patients developed two multiple primary cancers. A significantly higher than expected incidence of second primary cancers occurred at the following five sites: the opposite breast, salivary glands, uterine corpus, ovary, and thyroid. Cancers of the stomach and gallbladder were fewer than expected. Treatment of the breast cancer by irradiation was associated with an increased risk of subsequent cancers of lung and hematopoietic system. The prognosis was mainly influenced by the site and malignancy of the second primary cancer. The incidence of multiple primary malignancies justifies a high level of alertness to this possibility in the follow-up of breast cancer patients. PMID- 6722741 TI - Rate of growth of intraabdominal metastases from colorectal cancer. AB - Monitoring the progression or regression of intraabdominal metastatic disease is required for knowledgeable management of chemotherapeutic regimens designed to treat metastases. Computerized tomography (CT) and CT with EOE-13, a liver contrast agent, allowed precise measurement of metastatic disease. The tumor doubling time of colorectal metastases in four patients was determined from serial CT scans of individual patients. Tumor doubling times of untreated patients varied from 50 to 95 days, and were in the same range for hepatic, lymph node, or intraperitoneal metastatic disease. These data may indicate that metastatic disease of colorectal cancer progresses at a faster rate in the peritoneal cavity than is reported for colorectal cancer metastatic to the lungs. The response to chemotherapy or progression of disease was also determined in treated patients. High resolution CT scanning with EOE-13 allowed calculation of tumor doubling times, and therefore more precise management of cancer patients with metastases. PMID- 6722742 TI - The antitumoral activity of 4'-deoxydoxorubicin compared to doxorubicin and 5 fluorouracil on methylazoxymethanol acetate-induced colon tumors in CF1 mice. AB - The suitability of carcinogen-induced colon tumors in mice for chemotherapy investigations and the potential antitumoral activity of a new anthracycline, 4' deoxydoxorubicin (4' deoDX ) were evaluated. The latter was compared with 5 fluorouracil (5-FU) and doxorubicin (DX) either alone or in combination. CF1 mice were given 10 weekly subcutaneous injections of methylazoxymethyl acetate (MAM) and killed between 16 and 39 weeks after delivery of the first carcinogen treatment. The number and size of macroscopic tumors was observed; only 6% of mice showed no tumor development (19 of 327). Statistically significant reduction of tumor size occurred at a tolerated dose of 5-FU given as six intravenous injections (46 mg/kg) (P less than 0.05). With 4' deoDX a significant decrease in tumor number was observed using four weekly injections of 2.7 mg/kg (P less than 0.05) or six weekly injections of 5 mg/kg (P less than 0.05). Given in combination, 4' deoDX (3.3 mg/kg) and 5-FU (23 mg/kg) demonstrated a statistically significant reduction of the tumor number as compared with the untreated controls (P less than 0.025). Moreover, this reduction was greater than the observed response with any dose levels of the single compound thus demonstrating a potentiation of activity. These results indicate that MAM-induced colonic tumors are an appropriate model for the assessment of chemotherapeutic drugs. Moreover, 4' deoDX showed antitumoral activity comparable with 5-FU indicating this new anthracycline may be a useful candidate either alone or combined with 5-FU for clinical trials against colon cancer. PMID- 6722743 TI - Chemotherapy port "Twiddler's syndrome". A need for preinjection radiography. AB - Potentially serious extravasation of vincristine occurred when a chemotherapy port, inadvertently withdrawn from the subclavian vein by the patient, was injected. Plain radiography suggested withdrawal of port tubing which was later proven by contrast injection. The need for awareness of possible patient manipulation of their indwelling ports and routine preinjection radiography is suggested. PMID- 6722744 TI - Stage I, grade III adenocarcinoma of the endometrium treated with surgery and irradiation. Sites of failure and correlation of failure rate with irradiation technique. AB - Eighty-three patients treated with total abdominal hysterectomy and bilateral salpingo-oophorectomy (TAH-BSO) and adjuvant irradiation for Stage I, grade III adenocarcinoma of the endometrium were reviewed. At 5 years, the overall survival was 71%, and the disease-free survival (excluding patients dying of intercurrent disease) was 79%. The failure rates for pelvis alone, pelvis plus distant, and distant alone were 4.8%, 4.8%, and 10.8%, respectively. The most common site of failure was the upper abdomen; 12% of all patients had a failure at this site, either alone or in conjunction with failure at another site. The 24% rate of failure in 50 patients receiving a preoperative implant and external irradiation was not significantly different from the 15% failure rate in 33 patients whose adjuvant irradiation consisted of a preoperative implant only. For the patients who had both an implant and external irradiation, the dose of external irradiation had no correlation with the rate of failure. In contrast, the number of milligram-hours delivered to the uterus by the preoperative implant had a strong inverse correlation with the rate of failure, both for patients receiving an implant only and for those receiving an implant plus external irradiation. The data suggest the following: (1) a high-intensity preoperative uterine implant may be an important adjunct to surgery; and (2) external pelvic irradiation in addition to the implant does not seem to be any more beneficial than an implant alone. PMID- 6722745 TI - Mucous-producing elements in the laryngeal mucosa in smokers with cancer of the larynx. AB - By a periodic acid-Schiff (PAS)-alcian blue, elective staining method, and a whole-mount technique, morphologic and quantitative studies of goblet cells and mucous glands were done of mucosal biopsies from the subglottis, the entrance to the sinus of Morgagni, and the false vocal cords in 60 smokers with cancer of the larynx. In 30 of the patients the mucosal biopsies were taken at the time of diagnosis, and in the other 30 after radiotherapy. In the nonirradiated group of smokers there was an increased goblet cell density in the sinus of Morgagni and in the subglottis compared with that in the same areas of the larynx from nonsmokers, but only of significance in the subglottis. There was a definite tendency to a lower goblet cell density in the irradiated group of smokers and an increased number of goblet cell-free areas because of epithelial metaplasia to stratified squamous epithelium. This finding was significant in the subglottis only. In the nonirradiated as well as in the irradiated smokers there was a common occurrence of subepithelial mucous glands with mild to appreciable degenerative changes. This morphologic difference between smokers and nonsmokers may represent the toxic action of tobacco on the laryngeal mucosa and may thus enter into the pathogenesis of laryngeal cancer. PMID- 6722746 TI - Effects of fine-needle aspiration and other biopsy procedures on tumor dissemination in mice. AB - Using five syngeneic tumor-host systems in mice, we studied the influence of fine needle aspiration biopsy, incisional biopsy, and excisional biopsy on tumor death rates. Guided by results from pilot studies a very strict test protocol was developed which made possible a comparison between the tumor systems in spite of their differences in tumor growth rates and dissemination patterns. The compiled results from the experiments did not reveal any differences in tumor death rates, neither between the test groups and their controls, nor between the three biopsy methods: fine-needle aspiration biopsy, incisional biopsy, and excisional biopsy. Additional experiments confirmed, however, earlier observations that tumor cell seeding and tumor outgrowth by way of the aspiration needle track may occur under extreme test conditions. PMID- 6722747 TI - The encapsulated papillary carcinoma of the thyroid. A morphologic subtype of the papillary thyroid carcinoma. AB - Of a total of 182 papillary neoplasms, 25 lesions (average size, 3.1 cm) were classified on cytologic and histologic grounds as being encapsulated carcinomas. In eight of these tumors (32.2%) cervical lymph node metastasis and/or intraglandular lymphatic spread was observed. It was not possible to separate on histologic grounds those that did metastasize from those that did not. The excellent prognosis for the encapsulated variant of papillary thyroid carcinoma was confirmed by a long follow-up period in which no evidence of recurrences or further metastasis was registered as compared with the time of initial diagnosis, whatever the mode of therapy. On the basis of these findings, the encapsulated papillary carcinoma can be regarded as an early or slowly growing form of the papillary thyroid carcinoma. PMID- 6722748 TI - Radiation therapy alone in the treatment of carcinoma of the uterine cervix. II. Analysis of complications. AB - A retrospective analysis was carried out on 811 patients with histologically proven invasive carcinoma of the uterine cervix treated with irradiation alone. A correlation was made of the doses of irradiation delivered to the pelvic organs with external beam and intracavitary insertions. Approximately 3% of the patients exhibited grade 2 gastrointestinal complications, and 2% developed grade 2 urinary complications; 5% of the patients developed grade 3 gastrointestinal complications, and 3% developed grade 3 urinary complications. Other types of complications, primarily grade 2, such as vaginal necrosis, pelvic abscess, thrombophlebitis, etc, were seen in approximately 5% of the patients. Thus, the total percentage of patients developing grade 2 complications was 10% and grade 3 complications, approximately 8%. About 25% of the patients who had complications showed more than one sequela. The most frequently observed grade 2 complications were proctitis, cystitis, vaginal stenosis, and partial small bowel obstruction which were treated with conservative management. Grade 3 complications required surgical treatment and consisted most frequently of ureteral stricture, vesicovaginal fistula, rectovaginal fistula, sigmoid stricture, small bowel obstruction, proctitis, and large rectal ulcers. The most significant factor affecting the appearance of complications was the total dose of irradiation delivered to the pelvic organs by the whole pelvis external irradiation and intracavitary insertions. With maximum total doses up to 8000 rad the incidence of grade 2 and 3 complications was less than 5%. However, with higher doses the incidence of complications increased to 10% to 15%. In patients receiving total doses of 6000 rad to the bladder or rectum, more complications were noted when only one intracavitary insertion was performed, as compared with two or three. Eighty percent of the rectosigmoid complications occurred within 30 months of initial therapy, in contrast to 48 months for the urinary complications. Patients who developed complications had survival rates comparable to those without complications. This underscores the need to rapidly institute treatment on patients who have severe injury after radiation therapy.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 400 WORDS) PMID- 6722749 TI - Adenosplenomegaly and prognosis in uncomplicated and complicated chronic lymphocytic leukemia. A study of 362 cases. AB - Presence and size of lymph nodes and spleen, graded from 0 to , in 362 patients with CLL observed from diagnosis were evaluated. Statistical analysis showed a relationship with age, sex, anemia and thrombopenia, leukocytosis, and outlined two different groups: the one without organomegalies , with higher mean age (67 years), female prevalence, and better prognosis; the other with adenosplenomegaly graded ++/ , with lower mean age (57 years), clear male prevalence, and worse prognosis. Survival results were statistically different only between groups 0/+ versus group ++/ . Important chronic diseases were present at diagnosis in approximately 25% of the cases, with a severely reduced survival (median, 27 months), close to that of the cases with anemia and/or thrombopenia (22 months). Therefore it seems that in every prognostic grouping system, complicated cases should be taken into account and grouped with the anemic and/or the thrombopenic ones. The following prognostic groups are proposed: I: low risk: cases without or with adenomegaly and/or splenomegaly + (65% surviving at 100 months); II: intermediate risk: cases with adenomegaly and/or splenomegaly ++/ (median survival, 70 months); III: high risk: cases complicated by chronic diseases, or with anemia and/or thrombopenia (median survival, 25 months). PMID- 6722750 TI - Ganglioneuroma presenting with differentiated skeletal metastases. Report of a case. AB - The authors report the case of a child with retroperitoneal ganglioneuroma and cytodifferentiated skeletal metastases. The primary tumor was surgically resected, and the child is alive and well 2 years later without additional therapy. This rarely documented phenomenon can be explained by spontaneous cytomaturation within both primary and metastatic tumor. PMID- 6722751 TI - Pilomatrix carcinoma with pulmonary metastasis. Report of a case. AB - A 67-year-old white man developed a locally recurrent pilomatrix carcinoma of the back. Within a 4-year period bilateral pulmonary metastases developed. This to the knowledge of the authors is the first reported case of a metastasizing pilomatrix carcinoma in the medical literature. PMID- 6722752 TI - Iatrogenic superior vena cava syndrome. A new entity. AB - Four patients with cancer developed superior vena cava syndrome following placement of a central venous catheter (Broviac or Hickman catheter) without evidence of mediastinal tumoral involvement. Diagnostic and therapeutic considerations are discussed. PMID- 6722753 TI - Translocation t(3;17)(q26;q22): a marker of acute disease in myeloproliferative disorders? AB - A new reciprocal translocation, t(3;17)(q26;q22), has been observed in three patients with myeloproliferative disease. The t(3;17) seems to be associated with acceleration of the disorder, thus adding further evidence to a relationship between 17q22 rearrangements and acute myeloproliferation . PMID- 6722754 TI - Patterns of care survey data on family history and ulcerative colitis in rectal cancer. AB - Data from a short-term survey on rectal cancer, sponsored by the Commission on Cancer of the American College of Surgeons, were analyzed in order to assess the association between family history of bowel cancer, ulcerative colitis, and rectal cancer. Overall, 7.4% of rectal cancer patients had a positive family history of bowel cancer and 2.5% reported personal history of ulcerative colitis. The association between these two factors was statistically significant. Patients with a positive family history were significantly younger than those without a family history of bowel cancer. Significantly more white patients than black patients had positive family histories. Significantly greater proportions of patients with earlier stage disease and well differentiated tumors were observed among persons with a family history of bowel cancer. No such association was observed among patients with a history of ulcerative colitis. PMID- 6722755 TI - Bloom's syndrome: in vitro correction of the sister chromatid exchange rate by normal cells. AB - A significant decrease of sister chromatid exchange (SCE) frequencies was observed in Bloom's syndrome(BS) fibroblasts by cocultivation with normal fibroblasts at 5:1, 1:1, 1:5 ratios, and by culture in medium previously used to support normal fibroblasts. On the other hand, the SCE rate of normal fibroblasts was not modified. These results are compared with those from other studies and discussed. PMID- 6722756 TI - Novel tandem triplication of 1q in a patient with a myelodysplastic syndrome. AB - This is a report of a patient with a myelodysplastic syndrome characterized by symptomatic neutropenia whose bone marrow aspirates have consistently demonstrated an unusual cytogenetic anomaly. The abnormality present in all metaphases consisted of a tandem triplication of a portion of the long arm of chromosome #1, resulting in tetrasomy of a section of this chromosome ( 1q21 32). Duplications of this portion of chromosome #1 were observed as a nonrandom event in various malignant states. In addition, these precise breakpoints can be increasingly correlated with tandem duplications. PMID- 6722757 TI - Absence of a specific chromosomal marker in essential thrombocythemia. AB - In 33 patients with essential thrombocythemia, a specific chromosomal abnormality ( 21q -) could not be confirmed. All patients in this series met rigid criteria for diagnosis of this myeloproliferative disorder. PMID- 6722758 TI - Fragile sites and cancer breakpoints. AB - To determine whether there might be a statistically significant association between fragile sites and cancer breakpoints, we examined the locations of the 21 fragile sites and the 50 cancer breakpoints recently accepted by the Seventh Human Gene Mapping Workshop. Nine of the 21 fragile sites appeared to be located at or near a cancer breakpoint. The chi-square test for association gives a value of 15.8 (p less than 0.001) indicating that there is a very highly significant statistical association between human fragile sites and cancer breakpoints. This association is not narrowly limited to one class of fragile site, such as those sensitive to folate or to one type of cancer, but appears to extend to leukemia, lymphoma, and solid cancer. To more fully understand the meaning of this intriguing association between fragile sites and cancer breakpoints, future research will need to locate additional fragile sites and cancer breakpoints with precision, record their concurrence in individuals and families, determine if fragile site families are predisposed to cancer, and prove that a fragile site and a cancer breakpoint that appear to be coincident are at the same point on the DNA level. PMID- 6722759 TI - Light upon the origin of leukemia. PMID- 6722760 TI - Chromosome analysis of 63 cases of secondary nonlymphoid blood disorders: a cooperative study. Groupe Francais de Cytogenetique Hematologique. AB - A cooperative study of secondary nonlymphoid blood disorders [dysmyelopoietic syndrome and acute nonlymphoblastic leukemia (ANLL)] was carried out on 63 patients, 8 after professional exposure to carcinogenic agents and 55 following exposure to therapeutical hazards. Clonal chromosome abnormalities were observed in 56 cases (88.9%). The most common abnormalities were hypodiploidy and structural defects. The chromosomes most often involved were #7, #5, and #17. Monosomy 7 was seen more often following malignant lymphoma than after cancer, whereas monosomy 17 seemed more common in patients formerly exposed to professional hazards. Cytogenetic "variation" is often accompanied by cytologic "variation," which could explain the high proportion of ANLL cases that are difficult to classify into the FAB system. A correlation was found between complete monosomy 7 and the presence of micromegakaryocytes and/or macroplatelets . PMID- 6722761 TI - Banded chromosome analysis in patients with treatment-associated acute nonlymphocytic leukemia. AB - We have analyzed G-banded metaphase chromosomes from 20 patients with treatment associated acute nonlymphocytic leukemia (t-ANLL). Nine patients were previously treated for hematologic malignancies and 11 for solid tumors. The interval from initial therapy to t-ANLL ranged from 35 to 182 mo (median 75.5 mo). Medial age at diagnosis of t-ANLL was 58.5 years. Clonal chromosome abnormalities were found in 19 patients (95%). Loss or partial deletion of the long arm of chromosomes #5 and/or #7 were most common, occurring in nine patients. These abnormalities were associated with hypodiploid complex karyotypes. Other nonrandom abnormalities recurring among karyotypes with abnormalities of chromosome #5 included loss of one #18, partial deletion of the long arm of chromosome #2, ring chromosomes, and a Philadelphia (Ph1) chromosome. We also identified a group of five patients whose only karyotypic abnormality was addition of whole chromosomes. The remaining five patients had other karyotypic abnormalities, the most common of which were structural rearrangements in a pseudodiploid clone. Combined data from our study and the three previously published large series of patients with t-ANLL studied with banding suggest a relationship between karyotype and intensity of prior therapy, with abnormalities of chromosomes #5 and #7 occurring more often in the intensively treated patients. PMID- 6722762 TI - Cytogenetic studies in five patients with myelofibrosis and myeloid metaplasia. AB - Chromosome studies of five patients with myelofibrosis and myeloid metaplasia were carried out on bone marrow cells and/or on peripheral blood without PHA. Abnormal clones were found in three patients. Such clones were a minority, compared with the number of cells with normal karyotypes in all three patients. Chromosomes abnormalities consisted of 5q- (case 5), 13q- (case 2), and a small supernumerary acrocentric marker (case 3). One of our five patients, a woman aged 75 (case 1), showed a constitutional karyotype 46,XX,inv(5)( p15q11 ). The same chromosome rearrangement was present in 100% of the stimulated peripheral lymphocytes of this patient and in one of her sons with a normal phenotype. One patient (case 4) had a normal karyotype. These results are discussed and compared with data from the literature concerning myelofibrosis and other myeloproliferative diseases. PMID- 6722763 TI - Chromosome studies in polycythemia vera patients. AB - One hundred thirty-five polycythemia vera (PV) patients (30 untreated by chemotherapy and 105 treated) were studied cytogenetically . The incidence of clonal chromosomal abnormalities was 20.7% (28 patients in nonleukemic phase). The incidence of 20q - was 3.7% (5 patients). The presence of cytogenetically abnormal clones did not allow prediction of the evolution of the disease. In a few cases, abnormal clones disappeared at the time of later studies. Although nonrandom, the majority of clonal chromosomal abnormalities are believed to be secondary events in PV patients. PMID- 6722764 TI - Cytogenetic study in multiple myeloma. AB - Ten patients with multiple myeloma (MM) were studied cytogenetically, using the G banding technique. It was found that five patients had a normal karyotype, whereas five patients exhibited various chromosomal abnormalities. The presence of marker chromosomes was a consistent finding. Among those, the 14q+ marker chromosome was present in three cases, partial or complete trisomy for 1q was detected in four cases, and chromosome #6 was involved in two cases. In one case the 14q+ marker chromosome was determined to result from a translocation between chromosomes #11 and #14. In one patient with Bence Jones kappa multiple myeloma, there was a translocation between chromosomes #2 and #8. PMID- 6722765 TI - Erythrocyte glutathione reductase activity and acquired trisomy #8 in various hematologic disorders. AB - The gene for erythrocyte glutathione reductase (E-GR) activity has been assigned to chromosome #8. In the present series, we examined the E-GR activity in 14 cases with chronic myelodysplastic syndrome (CMS, preleukemia), atypical acute myelogenous leukemia (AML), or chronic myelogenous leukemia (CML), with and without acquired trisomy #8. No difference in the incidence of high levels of this enzyme was found between two groups, i.e., those with and without trisomy #8 suggesting the existence of a complex regulatory system in addition to chromosome #8. PMID- 6722766 TI - Chromosome fragility in Bloom's syndrome cell line GM 1492. AB - Chromosomal aberrations in skin fibroblasts from Bloom's syndrome cell line GM 1492 are described. As expected, the sister chromatid exchange (SCE) frequency was high. Four very common chromosomal rearrangements included dup( 6q ), t(13;15), dic(16), and del(11q). The nucleolar organizer regions (NOR) in the dicentric t(13;15) were active. The increased incidence of chromosomal markers suggests an evolution of clones in the cell line. PMID- 6722767 TI - Antiproliferative actions of tamoxifen to human ovarian carcinomas in vitro. AB - The cytosolic estrogen receptor (ERc) and progestin receptor (PRc) levels were measured in 56 human epithelial ovarian tumors. The maximum ERc content in a tumor sample was 163 fmol/mg cytosolic protein. Forty-six of the tumor samples were evaluable for clonogenic growth in soft agar, and 19 samples produced 15 or more colonies per 10(5) cells plated. Four of the samples that grew had ERc levels of greater than 30 fmol/mg cytosolic protein. No correlation, however, between growth in soft agar and ERc or PRc content was observed. The antiproliferative properties of the antiestrogen, tamoxifen, were studied. Although no decrease in colony formation was observed after a 1-hr exposure to 0.2 or 2 microM tamoxifen, continuous exposure of cells to 2 microM tamoxifen reduced clonogenicity in 8 of 18 solid ovarian carcinomas examined. The maximum diminution in colony formation was approximately 50% of that of the control and was seen in 2 tumor samples. Both tumors that displayed the maximum response to continuous tamoxifen treatment had ERc and PRc levels greater than 30 fmol/mg cytosolic protein. None of the 14 tumors with ERc levels less than or equal to 30 fmol/mg cytosolic protein exhibited a decrease in colony formation of more than 50%. Exposure of cells for 1 hr to the combination of doxorubicin and tamoxifen produced a significant antagonism of the individual doxorubicin or tamoxifen antiproliferative effects in 7 of 9 samples examined. These data suggest that in a subset of human ovarian epithelial carcinomas tamoxifen alone can have some direct antiproliferative action on the clonogenic cells. The maximum antiproliferative effect of tamoxifen observed was related to ERc content in ovarian tumors. PMID- 6722768 TI - Interaction among the distinct effects of adenine and guanine depletion in mouse lymphoma cells. AB - Toxic guanine depletion was shown previously to result in a dramatic reduction of DNA synthesis, while toxic adenine depletion failed to affect DNA synthesis (M. B. Cohen and W. Sadee, Cancer Res., 43: 1587-1591, 1983). In this study, relative DNA synthesis rates were measured in mouse lymphoma S49 cells over 24 hr after drug exposure and were compared to cell growth curves. DNA synthesis inhibition by mycophenolic acid (guanine starvation) was achieved at lower drug concentrations than was the inhibition of cell growth. This result further supports the hypothesis (reference above) that guanine starvation specifically affects cells in S phase while it allows cells with full DNA complement to divide. In contrast, L-alanosine (adenine starvation) failed to affect DNA synthesis for at least 24 hr at a concentration that inhibits cell growth by 80%. The dramatically different effects of guanine and adenine starvation on DNA synthesis can thus be used to assess the magnitude of each when blocking early de novo purine biosynthesis by 6-methyl-mercaptopurine ribonucleoside (6- MMPR ). The results suggest that, although 6- MMPR effects primarily resemble those of guanine depletion, adenine starvation measurably contributes to the overall toxicity of 6- MMPR . Drug combination experiments with L-alanosine, mycophenolic acid, and 6- MMPR suggest that the basic mechanisms underlying the toxic effects of guanine and adenine starvation act synergistically. PMID- 6722769 TI - Effects of chronic ethanol consumption on the metabolism and carcinogenicity of N'-nitrosonornicotine in F344 rats. AB - The effects of chronic ethanol consumption on the carcinogenicity and metabolism of N'-nitrosonornicotine (NNN) in male F344 rats have been investigated. Groups of 26 to 30 rats were maintained on either a control liquid diet (Groups 1, 3, and 5) or an ethanol-containing liquid diet (Groups 2, 4, and 6) for 4 weeks prior to and during treatment with NNN. The carcinogen was injected s.c. (10 mg/kg, Groups 3 and 4) three times weekly or added to the liquid diet (17.5 mg/liter, Groups 5 and 6). The total dose was 1 mmol of NNN per rat. Control rats (Groups 1 and 2) received s.c. injections of 0.9% NaCl solution. The nasal mucosa was the main target tissue of NNN in Groups 3 and 4, but both the nasal mucosa and esophagus were major target tissues in Groups 5 and 6. In rats treated s.c. with NNN (Groups 3 and 4), ethanol consumption had no effect on the distribution and incidence of nasal cavity tumors. In rats treated with NNN added to the control liquid diet or to the ethanol-containing liquid diet, the number of tumors of the nasal cavity was 18 in Group 5 and 26 in Group 6 (p less than 0.05). In contrast, the number of rats with esophageal tumors was 25 in Group 5 and 20 in Group 6 (p less than 0.05). The effects of ethanol on the enzyme system which activates NNN were studied in rats which had been maintained on an ethanol containing liquid diet for 4 weeks. Explants of nasal mucosae, lingual mucosae, esophagi , and livers were cultured in vitro with NNN. Nasal mucosae of ethanol consuming rats had a 1.5-fold higher (p less than 0.05) alpha-carbon hydroxylating activity than did those of control rats. Activating enzymes in the lingual mucosae, esophagi , and livers were not induced by ethanol. The results show that the increased susceptibility of the rat nasal mucosa to the carcinogenic effects of NNN added to an ethanol-containing diet could be due in part to an induction of activating enzymes by ethanol. However, since chronic ethanol consumption had no apparent effect on the incidence of nasal cavity tumors in rats treated by s.c. injection of NNN, factors other than enzyme induction are important in determining the effects of ethanol on NNN carcinogenicity. PMID- 6722770 TI - Growth rate of control and beta-interferon-treated human fibroblast populations over the course of their in vitro life span. AB - The estimated growth rates for five lines of human fibroblasts (Human Genetic Mutant Cell Repository designations 0011, 2936B , 0038A , 2912A , and 3529), during the first few population doublings after establishment of the lines, were within the expected range, i.e., equivalent to doubling times from 16 to 28 hr, with a mean of 20 hr. The lines were derived from donors aged 8 fetal weeks, 20 days, 9 years, 26 years, and 66 years, respectively. The growth rates of the five lines declined as an exponential function of the population doubling level in all cases. The rate of decline of the growth rate varied for different lines and appeared to be related to the life span of the lines, which in turn was related to donor age. After 30 population doublings, the population doubling times had increased 1.3, 1.3, 1.7, 3.4, and 4.7 times for the five cell lines of the corresponding replicative life spans of 65, 57, 56, 31, and 28 population doublings. Sensitivity of the fibroblast lines to the cell growth-inhibitory effect of beta-interferon was independent of the population doubling level of the lines, i.e., interferon depressed the population growth rate of low population doubling level cells as much as that of middle or late population doubling level cells for any given line. However, the fibroblast lines showed differences in their sensitivity to the cell growth-inhibitory effect of interferon, probably as an expression of genotypic differences among the lines. PMID- 6722771 TI - Biotransformation of the bladder carcinogen N-[4-(5-nitro-2-furyl)-2 thiazolyl]formamide in mice. AB - The biotransformation of N-[4-(5-nitro-2-furyl)-2-thiazolyl]formamide (FANFT), a potent urinary bladder carcinogen, was studied in mice. About 82% of radioactivity was excreted as 14CO2 within 36 hr after intragastric administration of N-[4-(5-nitro-2-furyl)-2-thiazolyl]-[14C]formamide, suggesting its deformylation to 2-amino-4-(5-nitro-2-furyl)thiazole ( ANFT ). The latter was formed in vitro as a product following incubation of FANFT with mouse liver homogenates. Chromatographic analysis of mouse urine obtained 24 hr after the i.p. administration of N-[4-(5-nitro-2-furyl)-[2-14C]thiazolyl]formamide revealed excretion of ANFT and unmetabolized FANFT, suggesting the prevalence of the deformylation reaction in vivo. In addition, at least two more metabolites were present in urine. One of these metabolites exhibited chromatographic properties similar to those exhibited by a compound derived from the in vitro nitroreduction of ANFT . This metabolite was isolated from urine of FANFT-fed animals and from in vitro enzymatic reduction of ANFT with mouse liver homogenates. The isolated products had chromatographic and spectral properties and a mass spectral fragmentation pattern similar to that of a compound obtained by catalytic reduction of ANFT with palladium and activated carbon. Spectroscopic analyses established the structural identity of the chemical reduction product as 1-[4-(2 aminothiazolyl)]-3-cyano-1-propanone ( ATCP ). Since the chromatographic properties of the enzymatically derived product and the urinary metabolite were identical to those of a compound obtained by chemical reduction, they must be structurally the same and thus correspond to ATCP . About 5% of the urinary metabolites of FANFT is ATCP , and thus ATCP is quantitatively a minor excretory product. ATCP was far less active than was ANFT of FANFT in the Ames mutagenicity assay with Salmonella typhimurium TA. PMID- 6722772 TI - Enhancement of thermal response of normal and malignant tissues by Corynebacterium parvum. AB - Further studies were carried out on the combined effects of Corynebacterium parvum and hyperthermia on animal tissues and cultured Chinese hamster ovary cells. Experimental animals were C3Hf/Sed mice derived from our defined flora mouse colony. Tumors were eighth-generation isotransplants of a spontaneous fibrosarcoma, FSa-II. Hyperthermia was given by immersing the mouse foot or culture flasks in the constant temperature water bath. Present experiments include thermal enhancement of C. parvum at different temperatures, effect of the agent on the kinetics of thermal resistance, and the mechanism of the thermal enhancement. The thermal enhancement by C. parvum was independent of temperature in a range between 42.5 and 46.5 degrees, and it increased with decreasing temperature. The analysis of the Arrhenius plot suggested a comparable activation energy for combined treatments and for heat alone between 42.5 and 46.5 degrees. The thermal resistance developed very rapidly in both normal and tumor tissues. Systemic administration of C. parvum failed to modify the kinetics of thermal resistance. Several experiments were attempted in order to disclose the mechanism. A single injection of C. parvum-induced macrophages failed to enhance thermal response of the mouse foot, while 3 daily injections of the macrophages enhanced the response, indicating that the enhancement by C. parvum is at least partly attributed to the C. parvum-induced macrophages. Whole-body irradiation of 6 Gy and/or administration of anti-mouse T-cell serum and histamine failed to inhibit the C. parvum enhancement of thermal response. No thermal enhancement was observed for Chinese hamster ovary cells treated at 43.0 degrees in vitro with C. parvum or thiomersalate , a preservative supplemented in C. parvum, although cytotoxic effect was shown at a high concentration of thiomersalate . PMID- 6722773 TI - New storage procedure for human tumor biopsies prior to estrogen receptor measurement. AB - Breast tumor biopsies required for steroid receptor determination are normally frozen in liquid nitrogen and stored until assay. However, some limitations of this type of storage exist. To try to both eliminate the need for liquid nitrogen and as part of a study of serial assays on a single tumor biopsy, alternative storage media were investigated. This study shows that storage of breast tumor biopsies at -20 degrees in sucrose buffer made 50% in glycerol prevented the tissues from freezing, yet retained the specific estrogen receptor content both quantitatively and in terms of molecular form (8S:4S ratio). Receptor was stable for up to 100 days, and individual samples could be successfully reassayed throughout this period. Forty-four biopsies from 40 patients were halved, and one section from each was stored in liquid nitrogen, while the other was stored in sucrose:glycerol. Overall, the correlation of receptor content between the two storage methods was good. Using a clinical cutoff value of 20 fmol/mg cytosol protein, only one sample of the 44 would have been classified differently after storage in the two media. Progesterone receptor in biopsies stored in sucrose:glycerol also appears to be stable for at least a limited period. PMID- 6722774 TI - Treatment of human glioma and medulloblastoma tumor lines in athymic mice with diaziquone and diaziquone-based drug combinations. AB - We used diaziquone (NSC 182986) alone and in combination with other antineoplastic drugs to treat six human glioma and one human medulloblastoma tumor lines growing s.c. in athymic mice. Pharmacokinetic studies of diaziquone in the plasma of athymic mice indicated rapid clearance with a half-life of approximately 11.5 min. Diaziquone produced significant growth delays in at least one experiment using each of seven different tumor lines, and it produced consistent and significant delays in five of the seven. There was no obvious difference between a single dose and a dose administered once daily for 5 days, and tumor regressions to a volume smaller than that at treatment were uncommon in any of the single-drug experiments. Using our most extensively characterized human glioma line, D-54 MG, we found striking enhancement of the therapeutic effect by using nontoxic combinations of either diaziquone and carmustine (1,3 bis(2-chloroethyl)-1-nitrosourea, NSC 409962) or diaziquone and procarbazine (NSC 77213). These combinations produced significant increases in the median growth delay, significant increases in the number of tumor regressions, and some instances in which no palpable tumors were present 100 days after treatment. In contrast, in experiments using diaziquone -based chemotherapy combinations with either cyclophosphamide, cis-platinum, or vincristine, there was only slight enhancement of the therapeutic effect. These results, using human glioma and medulloblastoma tumor lines in athymic mice, suggest a broad range of activity of diaziquone against primary nervous system tumors and enhancement of its therapeutic effect with either 1,3-bis(2-chloroethyl)-1-nitrosourea or procarbazine. If Phase II and Phase III clinical trials corroborate these findings, the value of the nude mouse system for the evaluation of new therapeutic approaches to brain neoplasms would be further confirmed. PMID- 6722775 TI - Interferon-induced cell cycle changes in human hematopoietic cell lines and fresh leukemic cells. AB - A panel of 26 human hematopoietic cell lines was tested for sensitivity to growth inhibition towards interferon-alpha (IFN-alpha) by estimating the effects on cell cycle phase distribution using flow cytometry analysis. The proportion of proliferating cells was assessed by studying the fractional increase of cells in mitosis during a 24-hr vinblastine block. Of 26 cell lines tested, 17 were sensitive to IFN-alpha, and the main cell cycle effect was accumulation in the G0 G1 phase. One Burkitt's lymphoma line, Namalwa, showed a decreased rate of progress through S without any G0/G1 accumulation. Three of the cell lines were also tested with IFN-beta and with IFN-alpha 2 produced by recombinant DNA technology. The latter IFN did not affect one of the cell lines; otherwise, the results were similar to those of IFN-alpha. Six of 16 clinical specimens from patients with hematopoietic neoplasias were IFN-sensitive, all displaying a G0-G1 block. Our results indicate that IFN sensitivity is an individually linked property unrelated to cell origin. PMID- 6722776 TI - Fluorescence-activated cell sorting analysis of the induction and expression of acute thermal tolerance within the cell cycle. AB - We have examined the cell cycle specificity of 45.5 degrees heat-induced toxicity and the induction and expression of thermal tolerance. Ultrapure populations of G1-, S-, and G2-M-phase cells were obtained through sequential centrifugal elutriation and flow cytometric cell sorting of Hoechst 33342-stained cells. We found no interaction of Hoechst 33342 with hyperthermia under staining conditions that gave good cytometric resolution of DNA distributions. Single dose-response survival curves indicated that S phase was the most sensitive to 45.5 degrees hyperthermia (Do = 1.97, 1.26, and 1.95 min for G1, S, and G2-M, respectively). Both S and G2-M phases exhibited a decreased ability from G1 to accumulate sublethal heat lesions as evidenced by decreased heat survival curve shoulders (Dq) = 13.7, 9.51, and 8.39 min for G1, S, and G2-M, respectively). Thermal tolerance, as measured by the decreased inactivation slope of the split-dose treatment, could be induced and expressed in G1, S, and G2-M phases. However, both the magnitude and temporal expression of tolerance were dependent on the position of the cell within the cell cycle at the time of the initial heat treatment. S-phase cells exhibited slightly less thermal tolerance as compared to G1 cells given isosurvival thermal induction doses as measured by the split-dose inactivation rate constants (heated/control = 8.37 and 5.62 for G1 cells at 12 and 24 hr and 7.68 and 5.27 for S-phase cells at 12 and 28 hr). Also, split-dose survival curves for cells heated in G2-M indicated a near total inability to accumulate heat-induced sublethal damage. Simultaneous bivariate (90 degrees light scatter and DNA content) progression analysis of heated replicates indicated that tolerance could probably be expressed in those cells which moved into other cycle compartments following the initial heat treatment. For instance, G1-phase cells preheated for 20 min began progression into normally heat sensitive S phase between 24 and 28 hr after the heat treatment. This corresponded to approximately the time of maximal thermal tolerance expression. [3H]Thymidine suicide experiments also indicated that the ultimately clonogenic cells began movement into S phase at or near the time of maximal tolerance. In this case then, tolerance expression appeared to supersede the S-phase acute heat sensitivity. Heated S-phase cells began progression into G2-M between 4 and 12 hr, which corresponded temporally to large amounts of tolerance expression4 + PMID- 6722777 TI - Positive correlation between the extent of cell proliferation and the regulation of base excision repair. AB - The regulation of base excision repair during cell proliferation was examined as a function of the rate of cell growth. Normal human skin fibroblasts (mean generation time, 27.64 hr) and hamster fibroblasts (mean generation time, 13.79 hr) were utilized to examine this relationship. The regulation of base excision repair in each cell type was examined by quantitating (a) the activity of the base excision repair enzyme, uracil DNA glycosylase, during asynchronous cell proliferation; and (b) glycosylase activity during cell proliferation after exposure to dimethyl sulfate. In both cell types, uracil DNA glycosylase was increased as a function of cell proliferation. The extent of enhancement was greater in the baby hamster kidney cells than in the normal human skin cells (9.5 fold versus 4-fold, respectively). In baby hamster kidney cells, cell proliferation as well as the enhancement of uracil DNA glycosylase was unaffected by exposure to 20 microM dimethyl sulfate. In contrast, the exposure of normal human skin cells to 20 microM dimethyl sulfate reduced the extent of cell growth and, consequently, the proliferative-dependent stimulation of uracil DNA glycosylase. These results suggest that the regulation of base excision repair is directly proportional to the proliferative rate characteristic of a given cell population. PMID- 6722778 TI - Origin of increased deoxycytidine excretion into urine of rats bearing Yoshida ascites sarcoma. AB - The metabolism of deoxycytidine (dCyd) and dCyd nucleotides in Yoshida ascites sarcoma (YS) cells and the host rat liver was investigated with reference to the increased excretion of urinary dCyd. Incorporation of [14C]orotic acid into the livers of rats at the fifth day after the transplantation of YS cells, the time when the amount of excretion of dCyd in urine was near maximal, was 2 times higher than that into the normal rat livers. After the injection of [14C]orotic acid, the ratio of the specific radioactivity of cytidylate to uridylate moieties of the host liver RNA was measured and found to be higher than that of normal rat liver RNA and to be similar to that of YS cell RNA. When [14C]orotic acid was injected into rats followed by the transplantation of YS cells, the radioactivities present in the livers disappeared more rapidly than those in the control rat livers. The activities of pyrimidine de novo synthesis enzymes, such as cytidine triphosphate synthetase (EC 6.3.4.2) and cytidine diphosphate reductase (EC 1.17.4.1), in YS were higher than those in both rat ascites hepatoma AH 7974 and Walker 256 carcinosarcoma, the transplantations of which did not induce increased excretion of dCyd into urine of the hosts. The activities of dCyd kinase (EC 2.7.1.10) and dCyd deaminase (EC 3.5.4.5) in YS cells were lower than those in the other two tumors investigated. The activities of cytidine triphosphate synthetase and cytidine diphosphate reductase in the livers of YS bearing rats were elevated compared with those in the livers of rat ascites hepatoma AH 7974- or Walker 256 carcinosarcoma-bearing rats and normal rats, while the activities of dCyd kinase, 5'-nucleotidase (EC 3.1.3.5), and dCyd deaminase were similar between normal rat livers and tumor-bearing rat livers. These results suggest that the increased excretion of urinary dCyd in YS-bearing rats could be caused by both the stimulation of the synthesis of dCyd nucleotides and the low activity of dCyd deaminase in YS cells as well as in the host liver. PMID- 6722779 TI - Antiproliferative effect of vitamin A on xenotransplanted CaMa-15 cells. AB - In vitro and in vivo investigations have shown that nontoxic treatment with vitamin A (retinol) has an inhibitory effect on the growth of malignant cells. The tumorigenic CaMa -15 cell line responds to both retinol and retinoic acid under both anchorage-dependent and anchorage-independent conditions, reducing growth or colony formation by at least 50%. To date, there have been few studies on the effects of vitamin A on xenotransplanted neoplastic cells. Twenty-five adult female nude rats (rnu/rnu) were inoculated in the inguinal fat pad with 10(6) CaMa -15 cells, a tumorigenic epithelial cell line. The rats were divided into three groups: ten high dose (3 mg retinol/day i.p.); five low dose (30 micrograms retinol/day i.p.); and ten controls (corn oil i.p.). All animals were housed in specific-pathogen-free conditions and permitted access to sterile laboratory chow (5.4 micrograms retinol/g chow) and water ad libitum. Rats were sacrificed at 21 days after inoculation. Onset of tumor development occurred between Days 9 and 13 in all groups. Tumors grew progressively and were reduced in mean diameter by 26% (p = less than 0.05) with high-dose retinol and 44% (p = less than 0.02) by low-dose treatment. No clinical signs of vitamin A toxicity were apparent. Necropsy and radiological examination revealed no evidence of toxic effects or metastases. These results indicate that vitamin A can reduce the growth of xenotransplanted tumorigenic cells at nontoxic levels in T-cell deficient hosts. The nude rat offers a potential model to study the inhibitory effects of retinoids on xenotransplanted cancers. PMID- 6722780 TI - Factors affecting the sensitivity of T-47D human breast cancer cells to tamoxifen. AB - Cell proliferation kinetics during growth of an estrogen receptor-positive human breast carcinoma cell line, T-47D, was defined, and some factors which modify its response to tamoxifen were investigated in vitro. T-47D cells were estrogen responsive when grown in charcoal-stripped fetal calf serum, but the addition of 17 beta-estradiol did not fully restore the growth rate to that observed in the same concentration of fetal calf serum. Tamoxifen had both a low-dose, estrogen reversible, growth-inhibitory effect and a high-dose, estrogen-irreversible, growth-inhibitory and cytotoxic effect on T-47D cells. Tamoxifen-induced growth inhibition was associated with a decrease in the percentage of S-phase cells and, to a lesser extent, G2-M-phase cells and an increase in G0-G1-phase cells. Plateau-phase cells were considerably less sensitive than were exponentially growing cells, and this was accompanied by a fall in unoccupied estrogen receptor content from 4407 +/- 655 (S.E.) sites/cell in exponentially growing cultures to 1420 +/- 315 sites/cell in plateau-phase cultures. T-47D cells were more sensitive to tamoxifen cytostasis when grown in fetal calf serum rather than charcoal-stripped fetal calf serum. However, with both types of growth medium, the sensitivity to tamoxifen was inversely related to the serum concentration, e.g., the 50%-inhibitory dose concentration increased 75-fold as the fetal calf serum concentration was increased from 0.25 to 10%. Addition of insulin to the culture medium had no effect on the growth rate, estrogen receptor content, or tamoxifen sensitivity of T-47D cells. These results illustrate that the conditions under which cells are cultured markedly affect their sensitivity to tamoxifen and highlight the need to specify these conditions when reporting effects of this drug. PMID- 6722781 TI - Circulating immune complexes in rats bearing 6-thioguanine-resistant variants of the 13762 mammary adenocarcinoma. AB - The relationship between immune complex (IC) formation and tumor cell metastatic potential was investigated in rats inoculated in the footpad with parental 13762 mammary adenocarcinoma cells or 6-thioguanine-resistant (TGR) variant cells. These cell lines are either highly metastatic (13762), nonmetastatic (TGR), or occasionally metastatic ( TGRrev , TGRrevM ). The 13762 TGR rat tumor model thus provides the opportunity to examine host immune responses to tumor cells of different phenotypes, but derived from the same parent tumor line. IC levels were low in 13762 tumor-bearing rats. In contrast, animals with TGR tumors had high levels of ICs in their sera, while animals bearing TGRrev and TGRrevM tumors had intermediate levels of ICs. In this rat tumor model system, IC formation is inversely related to the metastatic potential of the tumor lines. PMID- 6722782 TI - Relation of estrogen and its receptor to rat liver growth and regeneration. AB - A variety of hormones have been implicated in the process of liver regeneration. Despite the demonstration of specific estrogen receptors (ER) in mammalian liver and the identification of responses to estrogen which occur in liver, there has been little or no investigation of the relation of that hormone or its receptor to liver regeneration or liver growth. This report provides information which indicates: (a) the effect of 17 beta-estradiol on the mass of both intact and regenerating rat liver; (b) the percentage of hepatocytes in neonatal and adult normal intact livers which contain ER, i.e., the estrogen receptor index (ERI); (c) changes in ERI and in nuclear ER occurring in that cell population following partial hepatectomy (PH) and/or 17 beta-estradiol administration; and (d) the temporal relation of the changes in ER with those related to DNA synthesis and liver regeneration and to liver growth. Approximately 55 to 60% of parenchymal cells from intact livers in adult rats were found to contain ER which was entirely located in the cytoplasm. No nuclear ER was evident in such cells. By 1 hr, and subsequently following 17 beta-estradiol administration to such animals, there resulted a depletion in the number of ER-containing cells and the identification of nuclear ER. These changes were followed by the onset of increased DNA synthesis and an increase in liver weight (p less than 0.001). Subsequent to 70% PH, a similar series of events occurred in liver remnants. Not only was there a decrease in the ERI from 60% at the time of PH to 40% 3 hr later and 30% after 72 hr, there was a decrease in cytosol ER as well. Accompanying the decrease was an increase in the number of cells with nuclear ER. By 24 hr post PH, 29% of the cells with ER displayed that receptor in their nuclei. At that time, DNA synthesis was at its peak, and liver regeneration was taking place. When 17 beta-estradiol was administered at the time of PH, there was a more rapid onset of translocation of ER to the nuclei of parenchymal cells. At PH, when 17 beta-estradiol was given, no cells displayed nuclear ER. One hr later, 18% of cells with ER had nuclear ER, in contrast to the finding that only 3% of cells had nuclear ER 1 hr post-PH when 17 beta-estradiol was not administered. Regeneration was greater (59 versus 73%; p = 0.003) when animals received 17 beta estradiol prior to PH.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 400 WORDS) PMID- 6722783 TI - In vivo effects of indomethacin on the growth of murine mammary tumors. AB - We have examined the effect of the prostaglandin synthesis inhibitor indomethacin on the s.c. growth of three murine mammary tumors that are heterogeneous with regard to immunogenicity, metastatic ability, in situ prostaglandin levels, and many other characteristics. Continuous p.o. administration of indomethacin, beginning on the day of tumor transplantation, led to complete regression of the poorly metastatic, low-prostaglandin E (PGE), highly immunogenic Tumor 410 in 11 of 12 animals, whereas 83% of ethyl alcohol-treated controls developed progressively growing tumors. The high-PGE, highly metastatic, poorly immunogenic Tumor 4501 was partially inhibited by p.o. indomethacin, resulting in an increased survival time for tumor-bearing mice (89 days versus 53 days for controls). Progressive growth of the high-PGE, highly metastatic, poorly immunogenic Tumor 4526 was seen in 26% of indomethacin-treated mice compared to progressive growth in 80% of control mice. In contrast, when these tumor cells were cultured in vitro in the presence of indomethacin, slight stimulation of cell division was seen, suggesting that indomethacin-mediated growth inhibition in vivo is not due to direct inhibitory effects of indomethacin on tumor cells. PMID- 6722784 TI - Proliferation-linked increase in phosphoribosylformylglycinamidine synthetase activity (EC 6.3.5.3). AB - The behavior of phosphoribosylformylglycinamidine ( FGAM ) synthetase (EC 6.3.5.3) activity was elucidated in normal and proliferating tissues and in murine and human neoplasms. Enzymic activity was measured in the 100,000 X g crude supernatant fluid prepared from tissue homogenates. The assay was based on coupling FGAM produced to diazotizable aminoimidazole ribonucleotide. In the crude extracts of normal rat liver and hepatoma 3924A, the apparent KmS of FGAM synthetase for formylglycinamide ribonucleotide, adenosine triphosphate and L glutamine were 0.06, 1.5, and 0.03 mM, respectively. The liver and hepatoma 3924A FGAM synthetases were saturated at formylglycinamide ribonucleotide, adenosine triphosphate, and L-glutamine concentrations of 0.1, 7.0, and 0.5 mM, respectively; both enzymes had a pH optimum of 7.4. In the liver of normal adult rats, the FGAM synthetase activity was 7.2 to 10.7 nmol/hr/mg protein. The synthetase specific activity in hepatomas of slow and medium growth rates increased 1.2- to 2.2-fold, and in rapidly growing hepatomas it was elevated 3.2- to 5-fold over the values of the respective control normal livers. There was a positive correlation between the increase in synthetase activity and hepatoma proliferation rate. In rat tissues of high cell renewal activity, thymus, spleen, and testis, synthetase specific activity was 7.0-, 3.9-, and 3.3-fold higher than that of normal liver. In the 24- and 48-hr regenerating liver, FGAM synthetase specific activity was increased by 1.2- and 1.5-fold, respectively. In 5-day-old differentiating liver, specific activity was 202% of the adult value; when data were expressed per average cell, the activity was 55% of that of the adult liver. The markedly increased activity in the rapidly proliferating hepatomas appears to be more characteristic of neoplastic growth than of normal liver proliferation. FGAM synthetase activity was also increased in human renal cell carcinoma and hepatocellular and colon carcinomas to 1.4-, 2.7-, and 3.8-fold of the activity of the respective homologous normal and host tissues. The synthetase activity in the rapidly proliferating murine Lewis lung carcinoma was 9.6-fold that of the normal lung. The increased activity of FGAM synthetase should confer selective advantages to the cancer cells and marks this glutamine-utilizing enzyme as a potentially important target in the design of chemotherapy. PMID- 6722785 TI - Membrane permeability as a determinant of dexamethasone resistance in murine thymoma cells. AB - The variant MS23 of the murine thymoma cell line W7 , selected for growth at low concentrations of dexamethasone (7.5 nM), is cross-resistant to various unrelated drugs, including colchicine. By stepwise selection in combinations of dexamethasone and colchicine at increasing concentrations, we have isolated a series of variants with increased resistance to dexamethasone and cross resistance to puromycin, colchicine, daunomycin, gramicidin, and vincristine. Surprisingly, resistance to triamcinolone acetonide, a glucocorticoid structurally related to dexamethasone, did not develop. Assays for specific dexamethasone and triamcinolone acetonide binding sites in variant cell extracts reveal that the glucocorticoid receptors of these variants are unchanged as compared to the W7 parental line. However, whole cell binding assays yielded reduced apparent affinity for dexamethasone in the MS23 variant and drastically reduced dexamethasone binding after selection for increased resistance. We demonstrate that this is due to reduced drug uptake. Procaine, a membrane-active anesthetic, potentiates uptake of puromycin and dexamethasone in the variants. The variants are stable, and karyotypic analysis did not reveal double minute chromosomal structures. These results demonstrate that permeability can be a rate limiting step in steroid hormone action and is the basis for dexamethasone resistance in these variants. PMID- 6722786 TI - Effects of X-irradiation on artificial blood vessel wall degradation by invasive tumor cells. AB - Artificial vessel wall cultures, constructed by growing arterial endothelial cells on preformed layers of rat smooth muscle cells, were used to evaluate the effects of X-irradiation on tumor cell-induced tissue degradation. Bovine endothelial cells had radiation sensitivities similar to those of rat smooth muscle cells. Preirradiation of smooth muscle cells, before the addition of human fibrosarcoma (HT 1080) cells, did not increase the rate of degradation and destruction by the invasive cells. However, the degradation rate was decreased if the cultures were irradiated after the addition of HT 1080 cells. The presence of bovine endothelial cells markedly inhibited the destructive abilities of fibrosarcoma cells, but preirradiation of artificial vessel walls substantially decreased their capabilities to resist HT 1080-induced lysis. These findings suggest that the abilities of blood vessels to limit extravasation may be compromised by ionizing radiation. PMID- 6722787 TI - Temporal dissociation in the exposure times required for maximal induction of cytotoxicity, mutation, and transformation by N-methyl-N'-nitro-N nitrosoguanidine in the BALB/3T3 ClA31-1-1 cell line. AB - Cytotoxicity, alkali-labile DNA lesions, ouabain resistance mutations, and neoplastic transformation were analyzed concurrently in the BALB/3T3 ClA31 -1-1 cell line treated with the alkylating agent N-methyl-N'-nitro-N-nitrosoguanidine (MNNG) for different exposure times (15, 30, 60, 90, 120, and 240 min; 24, 48, and 72 hr). The half-life of MNNG in complete medium was approximately 70 min, both without cells and with cell numbers as used in the assays for cytotoxicity (2 X 10(2) cells/60-mm dish), transformation (1 X 10(4) cells/dish), and mutation (1 X 10(5) cells/dish). The cytotoxic effect of MNNG (0.5 or 2 micrograms/ml) appeared to be completed after an exposure time between 100 and 200 min. Maximal frequency of ouabain resistance mutations, however, was reached after a much shorter treatment time (30 to 60 min). Detection of DNA damage by alkaline elution analysis showed maximal increase in single-strand breaks already after treatment for 30 min. Exposures for 30 min followed by posttreatment incubation for 30 or 90 min showed active repair of single-strand breaks during these periods, indicative of an even balance between the additional MNNG-induced damage and its repair. Morphological transformation assays, at the same treatment times and concentrations used in the mutation assays, yielded frequency curves that reached their maxima 1 to 3 hr later than did the mutation frequencies. The ratio of transformation to ouabain resistance mutation frequencies was 3.7 for short treatment times (30 to 60 min), while it increased to more than 20 for exposure times of 240 min or longer. The temporal dissociation in the exposure times for maximal induction of mutation and transformation, observed with MNNG in this cell line, supports the hypothesis that a single gene mutational event is not sufficient to account for the full expression of neoplastic transformation. PMID- 6722788 TI - Treatment of murine testicular leukemia. AB - The murine leukemia P388 is being evaluated as a potential model for testicular leukemia since this tumor is responsive to most of the drugs used to treat childhood acute lymphocytic leukemia. Infiltration of P388 cells into testes occurs, but the tumor cells plateau at about 10(5) to 10(6) cells/testes, a number inadequate to produce macroscopic disease. Therefore, disease could be evaluated only by bioassay, i.e., suspending and implanting the testes into recipient mice. In advanced disease (at plateau), the tumor cells are responsive to Adriamycin; when the tumor cells are proliferating in testes, they respond to treatment with Adriamycin, methotrexate, and vincristine. Therefore, in this model, the testicular leukemia cells do not appear to reside in a pharmacological sanctuary. PMID- 6722789 TI - Sensitivity of human cell strains having different abilities to repair O6 methylguanine in DNA to inactivation by alkylating agents including chloroethylnitrosoureas. AB - In order to investigate the mechanisms of cellular damage by alkylating agents, human fibroblasts and tumor cell strains having different sensitivities to killing by N-methyl-N'-nitro-N-nitrosoguanidine [and different abilities to repair O6-methylguanine ( O6mGua ) in their DNA] were treated with other alkylating agents. Methyl methanesulfonate, 1,3-bis(2-chloroethyl)-1-nitrosourea (BCNU), 1-(2-hydroxyethyl)-3-(2-chloroethyl)-3-nitrosourea, and N-ethyl-N'-nitro N-nitrosoguanidine gave rise to sensitivity differences, but the differences were less than those observed with N-methyl-N'-nitro-N-nitrosoguanidine. After treatment with UV light, the strains showed similar survival. The data show that the DNA repair mechanism(s) responsible for the differential survival of the strains after N-methyl-N'-nitro-N-nitrosoguanidine treatment probably play(s) a role in repairing DNA damage produced by methyl methanesulfonate, N-ethyl-N' nitro-N-nitrosoguanidine, BCNU, and 1-(2-hydroxyethyl)-3-(2-chloroethyl)-3 nitrosourea but not that produced by UV. Furthermore, the results support the idea that a breakdown product of BCNU, that does not cause damage repairable by O6mGua repair mechanisms, contributes to the lethal effects due to BCNU-produced DNA-damage that is repairable by O6mGua repair mechanisms. The survival data, along with nucleoid sedimentation and adenovirus host-cell reactivation data, are consistent with the hypothesis that the lesion(s) lethal to tumor cells defective in O6mGua DNA repair are lesions in which DNA oxygen atoms are alkylated. PMID- 6722790 TI - Biotransformations of daunorubicin aglycones by rat liver microsomes. AB - Daunorubicin is biotransformed anaerobically by rat liver microsomes with a reduced nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate-generating system to form a series of aglycones. The first reaction, reductive cleavage of daunosamine (at C 7 in ring A) to form the 7- deoxyaglycone , is followed by reduction of the C-13 keto group. The 7- hydroxyaglycone may also form by hydrolytic cleavage of the amino sugar followed then by the same C-13 keto reduction. These reactions are not inhibited by beta- diethylaminoethyldiphenylpropyl acetate, whereas subsequent reactions in the D ring of the aglycones can be completely blocked by this cytochrome P-450 inhibitor: reductive and hydrolytic cleavage of the C-4 methoxy group. Thus, five reactions at three sites are described and theoretical pathways are proposed for the expected 12 aglycones from daunorubicin. PMID- 6722791 TI - Flow cytometric determination of estrogen receptors in intact cells. AB - Flow cytometry has been used to detect estrogen receptor (ER) in intact cells, using 1-(N)- fluoresceinyl estrone thiosemicarbazone ( 17FE ), a ligand shown to have sufficient affinity and specificity to identify high-affinity receptors. For each concentration of 17FE , two fluorescent distributions were obtained: (a) "total" fluorescence due to 17FE alone; and (b) diethylstilbestrol-inhibited fluorescence ("nonspecific"). The mean fluorescence intensity for both the "total" (MT) and "nonspecific" (MN) distributions was calculated at each ligand concentration by obtaining the total brightness of each sample, normalized to the number of cells analyzed. A specific binding curve was constructed over a broad range of 17FE concentrations (1.5 X 10(-9) to7 .5 X 10(-7) M) by plotting the mean specific fluorescence intensity (MS = MT-MN) at each 17FE concentration. Saturable binding was demonstrated for a known ER-positive cell line (MCF-7) at low ligand concentrations (5 to 10 X 10(-8) M), while no specific binding was obtained for a known ER-negative cell line (MDA-231). The Kd was estimated from the specific binding curve of MCF-7 cells as the concentration of 17FE at half maximal binding. When corrected for the binding activity relative to estradiol, a Kd of 18 X 10(-10) M was obtained. The flow cytometer-generated distributions give a qualitative estimate of the proportions of ER-rich and ER-poor cells. Quantitation of ER heterogeneity will require a mathematical algorithm expressing the difference between the "total" and "nonspecific" distributions. These studies demonstrate that flow cytometry and an appropriate ligand can detect and partially describe ER heterogeneity in intact cells. PMID- 6722792 TI - Cytotoxic and biochemical effects of thymidine and 3-deazauridine on human tumor cells. AB - Cytotoxicity and perturbations of the deoxyribonucleoside triphosphate pools caused by thymidine were studied in thymidine-sensitive and -resistant human tumor cells. Incubation with 1 mM thymidine reduced cell viability by more than 90% in the three sensitive cell lines (two melanomas and one adrenal carcinoma) and reduced the growth rate without decreasing the viability of resistant LO melanoma cells. Thymidine (1 mM) greatly increased the ratio of the deoxythymidine 5'-triphosphate to deoxycytidine 5'-triphosphate pools in the sensitive cells compared to LO cells and also caused larger relative increases in the pool sizes of deoxyguanosine 5'-triphosphate and deoxyadenosine 5' triphosphate in the sensitive compared to the resistant cells. 3-Deazauridine, known to inhibit synthesis of deoxycytidine 5'-triphosphate and cytidine 5' triphosphate in other cell lines, potentiated the cytotoxicity of thymidine for thymidine-sensitive BE melanoma and LO cells. In LO cells, 3-deazauridine (50 microM) decreased the intracellular pool of deoxycytidine 5'-triphosphate to the level obtained with 1 mM thymidine. Lower concentrations of deoxycytidine as compared to cytidine were required to protect BE and LO cells against the cytotoxicity of thymidine plus 3-deazauridine. Deoxycytidine also was more effective than was cytidine in preventing loss of cell viability after exposure to thymidine or to 3-deazauridine individually. In these human melanoma cells, ribonucleotide reductase may be a major site of action of thymidine, of 3 deazauridine, and of both drugs in combination. These results indicate that in human tumor cells the cytotoxic effect of thymidine correlates with greater perturbations of the pyrimidine deoxyribonucleoside 5'-triphosphate pools and that thymidine and 3-deazauridine, which independently reduce the intracellular levels of deoxycytidine 5'-triphosphate, act synergistically against human tumor cells. PMID- 6722793 TI - Serum pseudouridine as a biochemical marker in the development of AKR mouse lymphoma. AB - Pseudouridine is a modified nucleoside derived from the degradation of some species of RNA, primarily transfer RNA, the level of which is elevated in biological fluids of tumor-bearing subjects. In order to study the relationship between pseudouridine levels and the development and progression of neoplasia, we have measured pseudouridine levels in the serum of inbred mice with high (AKR) and low (BALB/c) incidence of spontaneous lymphoma and in mice carrying transplantable lymphoid tumors. Our results show that the serum level of pseudouridine: (a) in healthy mice, is higher in females than in males; (b) increases significantly in female AKR mice in the period preceding the development of lymphoma (preneoplastic period occurring at about 6 months of age); and (c) is highest in AKR mice with lymphoma, the most elevated levels being found in mice with widely disseminated disease. The latter observation was confirmed by experiments with a transplantable AKR lymphoma (T2), where a positive correlation between tumor burden and serum pseudouridine levels was found. On the contrary, in BALB/c mice carrying a transplantable myeloma tumor (MOPC-460), no increase was seen despite the presence of a considerable tumor burden. The increase of pseudouridine in the preneoplastic period, in the absence of overt disease is viewed as an early sign of the development of the disease. PMID- 6722794 TI - Identification of melanoma-associated antigens using fixed tissue screening of antibodies. AB - Early culture supernatants from hybridomas that were obtained through fusions of mouse myeloma cells with lymphocytes of melanoma-immunized mice were screened for their reactivity with a paraffin-embedded cell block of a melanoma cell line, using a biotin:avidin immunoperoxidase procedure. Eleven monoclonal antibodies were derived that define several new melanoma-associated antigens. The antigens include a neutral glycolipid, gangliosides, membrane-associated proteins, cytosolic proteins, and strongly secreted proteins. These antibodies, which detect antigens that withstand tissue fixation and embedding procedures, were tested for reactivity in fixed cell lines, as well as in melanoma biopsies. These antibodies may provide powerful tools in diagnostic studies of human malignant melanoma biopsy material. PMID- 6722795 TI - Differential expression of intermediate-filament proteins in murine sarcoma 180 ascites or solid tumor. AB - The intermediate-filament proteins in Sarcoma 180 ascites cells and solid tumors generated by s.c. injection of ascites cells in NMRI or nude mice were analyzed by one- and two-dimensional gel electrophoresis and identified by immunological methods. The ascites form of Sarcoma 180 coexpresses keratin and vimentin, whereas the solid tumor ceases to synthesize keratins but continues to express vimentin. These reversible changes in the expression of intermediate-filament proteins may be due to a change in the differentiation program induced by environmental conditions like growth with or without cell contact. PMID- 6722796 TI - Immunoradiometric and immunohistochemical demonstration of neuron-specific enolase in experimental rat gliomas. AB - A number of neural and nonneural tumor cell lines of rat and human origin were assayed for neuron-specific enolase (NSE) by radioimmunoassay. Most neural tumor cell lines had appreciably higher levels of NSE than did the nonneural tumor cell lines, the highest levels being found in two anaplastic rat glioma lines ( F98 and T24). These two lines contained more than twice the amount of NSE found in a rat pheochromocytoma line (PC12) and in neuroblastoma lines derived from rats ( B35 and B50 ) or humans (IMR-32 and SHSY - 5Y ). Several of the rat glioma and schwannoma lines were inoculated intracerebrally into syngeneic rats. In the resulting tumors, NSE was demonstrable by immunohistochemistry only in those from the F98 and T24 cell lines. A number of ethylnitrosourea-induced rat tumors were also examined immunohistochemically for NSE: NSE was demonstrated in three anaplastic gliomas; three astrocytomas; and two mixed gliomas. Reactive astrocytes were also positive. Fibroadenomas of apocrine and mammary glands in rats were weakly positive, but other extraneural tumors tested were negative. Since normal neuronal elements, axonal swellings, and amine precursor uptake and decarboxylation cells are strongly positive for NSE, whereas glia and most other normal cells are negative, we hypothesize that the elevated metabolic demands imposed on neoplastic and reactive glial cells and on some extraneural tumors necessitate the opening up of metabolic pathways that are normally operative only in neurons and neuroendocrine cells, therefore resulting in the synthesis of the more stable neuron-specific form of enolase. PMID- 6722797 TI - Transplantability of naturally occurring benign and malignant neoplasms and age associated nonneoplastic lesions of the aging F344 rat as biological evidence for the histological diagnosis of neoplasms. AB - Portions of 162 naturally occurring neoplasms and 26 nonneoplastic lesions from 93 aged male or female F344/NCr rats were implanted into the left inguinal mammary fat pads of weanling syngeneic recipients. As controls, 95 normal tissues were implanted to the right inguinal fat pad. Transplant recipients were maintained for up to 1 year. Essentially, all types of naturally occurring benign and malignant tumors were successfully transplanted, i.e., grew progressively forming nodules and masses. For the transplants, the latency period preceding palpable growth, tumor growth rate, invasiveness, metastatic rate, and time to death were associated with the degree of histological malignancy of the primary tumor. The tumors which were the most malignant based on these criteria included large granular lymphocyte leukemia, sarcomas, and carcinomas. Fibromas, mammary fibroadenomas, and papillomas were easily transplanted but were not invasive. Endocrine tumors generally were the slowest-growing tumors. This study provides evidence that successful tumor transplantation is only evidence of neoplasia and does not distinguish whether a primary tumor is benign or malignant. PMID- 6722798 TI - Evidence for a direct growth-stimulating effect of estradiol on human MCF-7 cells in vivo. AB - The MCF-7 continuous line of human breast cancer cells requires that athymic nude mice receive supplemental estrogen so that inocula can produce progressively growing tumors. Although these cells contain a typical estrogen receptor complex, the lack of consistent growth stimulation induced by estrogens added to in vitro culture systems has raised the question as to whether this class of hormones acts directly upon the cells or induces a second message produced in other tissues. The present experiments were designed to test the effect of estradiol on the growth of these cells in vivo by exposing them directly to the hormone prior to its absorption into the hepatic portal circulation and subsequent metabolic inactivation. Tumor fragments that were placed next to an estradiol-containing pellet in the spleen grew to produce grossly evident tumor masses, whereas those in the subcutis of the same animals did not, although some minute residua did remain. In the splenic tumors, the mitotic index of the MCF-7 cells immediately adjacent to the estrogen pellets was 2.4 times that of cells on the other side of the same tumor and 3.5 times that of those in the minute s.c. residua. We interpret these data as indicating that in vivo estradiol is acting directly upon the MCF-7 cells to increase their rate of proliferation rather than to initiate the production of a second message to be released into the circulation. Additionally, it was found that s.c. tumors that were decreasing in volume subsequent to withdrawal of systemic estrogen still contained dividing neoplastic cells but with a lower frequency than that seen in progressively growting tumors stimulated with estradiol. This finding indicates that MCF-7 cells can proliferate in vivo in the absence of a substantial amount of estrogen but only at a rate insufficient to sustain progressive tumor growth. PMID- 6722799 TI - A four-day subrenal capsule assay for testing the effectiveness of anticancer drugs against human tumors. AB - The subrenal capsule assay may predict to which anticancer drug a given patient's tumor is sensitive and may also be used to screen new anticancer drugs. The present study documents that the use of this model requires a histological assessment of both the exploitability of a subrenal capsule assay and the extent of drug-induced antitumor lesions. Thirty-five tumors from 34 patients with solid tumor were submitted to a subrenal capsule assay in a total of 1130 male B6D2F1 mice. After being biopsied, each tumor was dissected by a pathologist and cut into 50 pieces (1.5 X 1.5 X 1.5 cu mm), and one piece was implanted under the renal capsule of 35 mice; the mean tumor diameter was measured on Day 0. Mice were randomized into groups of 6 to 10 animals each. On Days 1, 2, and 3, mice were treated either with placebo (control group) or with various anticancer agents. On Days 4 or 6, mice were sacrificed, the mean tumor diameter measured, and the tumor-bearing kidney fixed in Bouin's picroformol solution and processed for histological analysis after staining with hematein -eosin. Seven histological parameters were blindly rated in a semiquantitative fashion yielding a compound score ( PAPAN ) which estimated the overall quality of each xenograft between -3 and +11. On Day 4, as opposed to Day 6, mean lymphocytic infiltration was 3-fold lower (p less than 0.01), and the rate of xenografts containing well-preserved cancer cells was 2-fold larger (p less than 0.01) in three different tumor specimens. Twenty-two of 31 (71%) assays were evaluable, as defined by a histological quality control test. In those, drug effects were demonstrable by statistically significant differences among groups in 2 assays (9%) by using the relative variation in tumor size as an index of drug effectiveness and in 12 assays (54%) by PAPAN histological score. This suggests the higher sensitivity of histological scoring over tumor size measurements. Moreover, no correlation between relative variation in tumor size and PAPAN was demonstrable with statistical significance indicating the poor reliability of tumor size measurements as an index of the antitumor effectiveness of cytostatic drugs. PMID- 6722800 TI - Cholesterol-induced growth stimulation, cell aggregation, and membrane properties of ascites tumor cells in culture. AB - Ascites tumor cells can be cultivated at a reduced serum concentration if cholesterol (2.50 mg per 100 ml of medium) is added to the culture medium. At serum concentrations of 3%, optimal growth properties are obtained; below 3%, cell cultures usually perish after a few days. Cells grown in the presence of added cholesterol have an elevated content of this molecule per cell as well as in the plasma membrane, and they also show a cholesterol concentration-dependent rate of proliferation. Precursors of the cholesterol-biosynthetic pathway like mevalonic acid, added in mM amounts, or squalene and lanosterol cannot be substituted for cholesterol itself. This is due to the observation that the biosynthetic pathway is blocked at the stage of lanosterol conversion to cholesterol. Cholesterol de novo synthesis from acetate is regulated by the cholesterol content of the cells, which also affects the production of ubiquinone and dolichol. Growth factors such as insulin, prostaglandin F2 alpha, and transferrin added to the medium do not mimic the cholesterol-induced effect. Distribution of DNA during cell cycle and the cell density-dependent reduction in macromolecule synthesis is very similar to the control cells. In contrast, cells without added cholesterol show reduced growth properties accompanied by the accumulation of cells in the mitotic and G2 phase. The cholesterol/phospholipid ratio of the plasma membranes of cholesterol-rich cells is about 15% lower than of the control cells and 40% higher compared to the cholesterol-poor cells, which, however, does not significantly alter the membrane fluidity between the cholesterol-rich and -poor cells as revealed by fluorescence polarization measurements. The most dramatic behavior of the cholesterol-rich cells is their tendency to form aggregates, which is demonstrated either by concanavalin A induced agglutination or by cell density-dependent aggregation shown by interference microscopy in vivo. PMID- 6722801 TI - Analysis of methylglyoxal bis(guanylhydrazone)-induced alterations of hamster tumor mitochondria by correlated studies of selective rhodamine binding, ultrastructural damage, DNA replication, and reversibility. AB - Because of the renewed importance of methylglyoxal bis(guanylhydrazone) (MGBG) in recent clinical trials for a variety of cancers, and because the antiproliferative activity of MGBG cannot be accounted for exclusively by the known inhibition by the drug of polyamine biosynthesis, but is thought to involve an alternative action in which the mitochondria are implicated, we have investigated several new aspects of the nature and reversibility of this mitochondrial damage. Using Rous sarcoma hamster tumor cells as a model, treatment of monolayer cultures during exponential growth with 10, 25, and 50 microM MGBG (up to 48 hr) resulted in dose-dependent (reversible) growth inhibition and selective ultrastructural damage to the mitochondria (e.g., extreme swelling, loss of cristae and matrix components, and dense inclusions) in up to 96% of cells, while nuclei appeared normal, corroborating and extending findings by others in mouse, rat, and human cells. Mitochondria in 3 to 5% of cells failed to swell, even at highest drug dosage, but were of unusual structure. After removal of MGBG, damaged mitochondria in 90 to 95% of cells recovered near-normal ultrastructure within 1 to 2 days; in some cells, mitochondrial recovery from severe damage could be monitored following a lag period of up to 5 days. The potential-dependent, supravital fluorescent probe rhodamine 123 (RH 123) selectively and relatively uniformly stained the grossly enlarged mitochondria, strikingly delineating residual organelle membranes. Quantitative assays of the uptake and retention of RH 123/10(6) cells demonstrated the maintenance of mitochondrial membrane potential in both control and MGBG-treated cell populations. These data also support the concept of mitochondrial fusion in MGBG-treated cells. The fate of mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) both during (24 to 48 hr) and following (7 hr to 7 days) MGBG treatment was monitored by ultrastructural, electron autoradiographic, pulse-labeling, gradient centrifugation, restriction cleavage, and electrophoretic methods. MGBG treatment (50 microM; 7 and 16 hr) selectively inhibited mtDNA replication (73% at 16 hr) prior to significant inhibition of nuclear DNA synthesis (19% at 16 hr); the drug induced structural alterations, without substantial degradation, of the closed circular (major form) of mtDNA, and cessation of D-loop strand (7S) initiation within the replication origin. Upon return to drug-free medium, mtDNA resumed replicative activity, and mtDNA fibrils appeared to be associated with regenerating cristae, as assessed by electron microscopy. The combined results demonstrate mitochondria to be a selective target of MGBG action, and define structu PMID- 6722802 TI - Changes in molecular forms of rat hepatic glutathione S-transferase during chemical hepatocarcinogenesis. AB - Changes in molecular forms of hepatic cytosolic glutathione S-transferases (GST) during rat chemical hepatocarcinogenesis were investigated. GST activities toward 1-chloro-2,4-dinitrobenzene and 1,2-dichloro-4-nitrobenzene increased with the increased area of gamma-glutamyltranspeptidase-positive foci and hyperplastic nodules induced by diethylnitrosamine followed by 2-acetylaminofluorene plus hepatectomy. Among GSTs with high activities toward 1,2-dichloro-4-nitrobenzene, which were separated by carboxymethyl Sephadex column chromatography, the activity of GST-A ( YbYb ) markedly increased with increased activity towards 1,2 dichloro-4-nitrobenzene in livers bearing foci and nodules and in isolated nodules and hepatomas, while activities of GST-C ( YbYb ') and -D (Yb'Yb') changed little. It was demonstrated by sodium dodecyl sulfate-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis and two-dimensional gel electrophoresis that Yb as well as Ya , a subunit of ligandin ( YaYa ) and GST-B ( YaYc ), increased in livers bearing foci and nodules, while Yc as well as Yb' changed little. A new placental GST form (GST-P), which has a subunit molecular weight of 21,500 or 26,000, according to the marker proteins used, and neutral pls of 6.8 and 6.3, is immunologically different from any form of basic GSTs and is very low in normal liver; also, it was markedly induced in livers bearing foci and nodules and in well differentiated hepatomas but not by short-term administration of drugs such as 2 acetylaminofluorene, in contrast to GST-A and ligandin. These results indicate that GST-A and more especially GST-P could be new preneoplastic marker enzymes for chemical hepatocarcinogenesis. PMID- 6722803 TI - Abnormal profile of serum proteinase inhibitors in cancer patients. AB - We reported previously that an antitryptic glycoprotein, EDC1 (Mr 27,500), which is immunologically related to the normal serum proteinase inhibitor, inter-alpha trypsin inhibitor (IATI), is excreted in large quantities in the urine of metastatic cancer patients. We have now measured immunoreactive titers of urinary EDC1 and five serum proteinase inhibitors (including IATI) in 16 patients with hematological cancers, 9 patients with various solid tumors, and 32 healthy subjects. The mean urinary EDC1 levels were 22-fold greater in all cancer patients as compared to normals [187.0 +/- 136.6 (S.D.) versus 8.4 +/- 8.2 mg/g creatinine; p less than 0.001]. In the cancer group, serum levels of immunoreactive alpha 1-proteinase inhibitor (also called alpha 1-antitrypsin), alpha 1-antichymotrypsin, and C1 inactivator averaged 152, 237, and 165% of the normal values, respectively (p less than 0.01). Immunoreactive alpha 2 macroglobulin levels were unchanged, and immunoreactive IATI levels were depressed (75% of the normals; p less than 0.01). The lower levels of IATI and elevated levels of EDC1 are consistent with the latter being derived from the former. In spite of the increased immunoreactive alpha 1-proteinase inhibitor level, the serum antitryptic capacity of the cancer group averaged only 50% of the normal group (p less than 0.01; range, 5 to 110% of normal average). This suggests that about 70% of the serum alpha 1-proteinase inhibitor in the cancer group is functionally inert. PMID- 6722804 TI - Use of two sequential applications of initiators in the production of hepatomas in the rat: an examination of the Solt-Farber protocol. PMID- 6722805 TI - Dependence on treatment time of melphalan resistance and DNA cross-linking in human melanoma cell lines. AB - In the human melanoma cell line MM127 , the melphalan survival curve was linear and exhibited reciprocity with respect to concentration and treatment time. The survival curve of an allogeneic line, MM253c1 , exhibited a shoulder and, on a concentration X time basis, was resistant to 1-hr compared with 4-hr treatment. This type of resistance, which was not found using chlorambucil, nitrogen mustard, or methyl methanesulfonate, could be overcome by simultaneous hyperthermia (42 degrees) but not by treatment with thymidine or caffeine. Both lines had similar levels of DNA interstrand cross-linking (perchlorate renaturation method) after 1-hr treatment, but MM253c1 cells were able to repair most of this damage during the next 23 hr. The cross-links formed in MM253c1 cells after 1 hr were predominantly heat sensitive and photoresistant , whereas those formed in MM127 cells were heat resistant and photosensitive. These results suggest that melphalan formed repairable (possibly diadeninyl or adeninyl - guaninyl ) cross-links in MM253c1 cells during the first hr of treatment and nonrepairable , possibly diguaninyl cross-links in MM127 cells at all stages of treatment. It appears therefore that the mode of action of melphalan and the effect of synergistic agents may not be identical in all cells. PMID- 6722806 TI - Protein synthesis measured in vivo in muscle and liver of cachectic tumor-bearing mice. AB - Protein synthesis has been measured in vivo in liver and muscle of mice bearing the XK1 tumor, an appropriate model for cancer cachexia. Two different methods were used involving measurement of tracer incorporation into tissue protein either at the end of a 4-hr constant infusion of [14C]tyrosine or 10 min after i.v. injection of a flooding dose of [3H]phenylalanine. Whole-body tyrosine flux was decreased by 60% in cachectic tumor-bearing mice, and protein synthesis was depressed by 70% in muscle and by 40% in liver. The depression of protein synthesis in muscle was due to a reduction in both RNA content (i.e., protein synthesizing capacity) and RNA activity (i.e., protein synthesized per g of RNA per hr). In liver, the depression of protein synthesis was due entirely to a decrease in RNA activity. The results also suggest that the synthesis of export proteins was affected more than the synthesis of fixed liver protein. Restriction of food intake in normal mice by up to 50% caused a loss of body weight and reductions in protein synthesis in liver and muscle which were less severe than those caused by the presence of the tumor. It is concluded that the wasting which is associated with advanced malignant disease is brought about by a reduction in the rate of protein synthesis in the tissues, and that this cannot be explained by depression of food intake alone. PMID- 6722807 TI - Long-term effects of exposure to methylnitrosourea on blastocysts following transfer to surrogate female mice. AB - The effect of in vitro preimplantation exposure of mouse embryos to N-methyl-N nitrosourea (MNU) on development subsequent to embryo transfer into pseudopregnant surrogate mothers has been investigated. The offspring developed from mouse blastocysts exposed to MNU or to solvent were examined carefully for 1 year after birth and then examined with X-rays and complete autopsies. Metaphase chromosomes were examined in some of these animals. Exposure to MNU at the morula stage did not affect progression to the blastocyst stage in vitro; however, exposure at the blastocyst stage resulted in a profound reduction in the live birth rate. Offspring developed from blastocysts exposed to MNU in vitro were found to have a 3-fold-higher crude mortality rate than offspring developed from blastocysts exposed to solvent. There were no gross dysmorphogenic effects of exposure, nor were any major histological abnormalities associated with MNU exposure. No chromosomal abnormalities were discovered in either surviving group of offspring. PMID- 6722808 TI - Effects of estradiol and tamoxifen on human breast cancer cells in serum-free culture. AB - ZR-75-1 human mammary cancer cells can be grown in serum-free medium in an estradiol- and tamoxifen-sensitive manner. Growth occurs both in monolayer and suspension culture, although serum is necessary during the initial plating of the cells in monolayer culture. Optimal stimulation of proliferation by estradiol occurs at 10(-8) and 10(-9) M. Tamoxifen alone weakly stimulated growth in a dose dependent manner up to 10(-7) M, but inhibition was observed at 10(-6) M. This inhibition was not seen if the cells were cultured in 10% dextran:charcoal treated fetal calf serum. This difference is ascribed to tamoxifen binding components in the serum. In the absence of serum, tamoxifen (10(-6) M) abolished the proliferative effect of estradiol at all concentrations of estradiol below 10(-7) M. Higher concentrations of estradiol partially overcame the tamoxifen effect. Consistent antiestrogenic effects of tamoxifen required an estradiol:tamoxifen ratio of 1:1000. PMID- 6722809 TI - Cytological effects of sulfur and selenium purine analogues on two transplantable hepatomas and on normal renewing cells in mice. AB - The effects of 50% lethal doses of three purine analogues, 6-methylmercaptopurine riboside ( MMPR ), 6-thioguanosine (TGR), and 6- selenoguanosine ( SeGR ), on mitotic activity in a slow-growing ( SS1H ) and a fast-growing ( BH3 ) transplantable hepatocellular adenoma in C3H/ StW and BUB mice, respectively, were analyzed statistically. No significant difference in response was found between the two benign hepatomas. MMPR alone effectively reduced mitotic activity in the tumors and did so as efficiently on the first day of treatment as on subsequent days of daily i.p. administrations for up to 10 days. TGR alone and SeGR alone were ineffective in reducing the mitotic index significantly below that of controls. When either TGR or SeGR was injected simultaneously with MMPR , the effect on tumor mitosis resembled that of MMPR alone. The reactions of normal cells of the hosts to these agents were analyzed quantitatively in duodenal epithelium with respect to mitotic activity and to the number of cells present in the crypts. Differences between the two strains of mice were small and, for the most part, not significant. MMPR produced a slight but not significant reduction in duodenal mitotic activity and cell number. TGR alone induced significant decreases in both after 3 and 5 days of treatment. SeGR alone had no effect on the duodena . The effects of a combination of SeGR with MMPR on the duodena differed only slightly from MMPR or SeGR alone, but TGR plus MMPR produced greater inhibition of mitosis than did either administered alone. Our results suggest that MMPR may be a promising chemotherapeutic agent against some types of solid hepatocellular tumors in vivo because it can inhibit mitosis in these tumors effectively, rapidly, and continuously, while its inhibitory effect on normal replicating cells of the host intestine occurs more slowly and only with long-sustained treatment. PMID- 6722810 TI - Effect of an inorganic and organic form of dietary selenium on the promotional stage of mammary carcinogenesis in the rat. AB - The relative effectiveness of either sodium selenite or selenomethionine in the inhibition of mammary carcinogenesis was studied in virgin female Sprague-Dawley rats. In one experiment, rats were given 50 mg of 1-methyl-1-nitrosourea per kg of body weight s.c. at 50 days of age. Beginning 7 days post-1-methyl-1 nitrosourea, they were assigned to a basal diet containing 0.1 ppm of selenium or basal diet supplemented to contain either 4, 5, or 6 ppm of selenium as sodium selenite or 5 or 6 ppm of selenium as selenomethionine. Selenium treatment was continued until termination of the study 135 days after 1-methyl-1-nitrosourea treatment. Sodium selenite, at the 5-ppm level, was the most effective chemopreventive agent. The highest level of selenomethionine (6 ppm) caused grossly apparent liver damage. No liver damage was noted in sodium selenite treated rats. In a second experiment, rats were given 5 mg of 7,12 dimethylbenz(a)anthracene at 50 days of age. Beginning 7 days after 7,12 dimethylbenz(a)anthracene treatment, rats were assigned randomly to the control group or to one of two selenium treatment groups receiving either 3.4 ppm of selenium as sodium selenite or 3.4 ppm as selenomethionine in their drinking water. Selenium supplementation was continued throughout the study until its termination at 111 days postcarcinogen . Sodium selenite significantly reduced cancer incidence and the average number of cancers per rat. Treatment with selenomethionine was less effective and caused severe liver damage. Although both sodium selenite and selenomethionine can inhibit some aspect of the postinitiation stage(s) of mammary carcinogenesis, selenium provided as sodium selenite was the more effective and less toxic of the two chemicals. Increasing the dose of sodium selenite above 5 ppm did not enhance the inhibitory activity of selenium. PMID- 6722811 TI - Differential effects of surgical suture materials in 1,2-dimethylhydrazine induced rat intestinal neoplasia. AB - The incidence, distribution, size, and histopathology of rat small and large bowel tumors induced by sequential administration of 1,2-dimethylhydrazine followed by cecal placement of one of six differing types of suture materials were systematically examined. In addition, measurements of beta-glucuronidase activities in large bowel contents followed by fecal trace metal determinations were done. The results indicate that specific slowly absorbed and nonabsorbable suture materials in the absence of a surgical anastomosis promote tumor induction locally in the rat cecum. In addition, cecal suture material composed of multifilament stainless steel wire enhanced tumor development at a "downstream" site in the distal colon, paralleling increased fecal beta-glucuronidase activities at this site and implicating a possible luminally mediated mechanism for colon tumor development in this animal model. PMID- 6722812 TI - Colony-forming ability in calcium-poor medium in vitro and tumorigenicity in vivo not coupled in clones of transformed rat hepatic epithelial cells. AB - The ability of eukaryotic cells in culture to proliferate in calcium-poor medium has been found to characterize populations of transformed cells, but the relationship between this phenotypic property and tumorigenicity at the cellular level is unclear. Thus, we have isolated 14 clonal subpopulations, based on their ability to colonize in calcium-poor medium, from a parental tumorigenic rat hepatic epithelial cell line which was transformed by multiple exposures to N methyl-N'-nitro-N-nitrosoguanidine. These clonal subpopulations of cells were tested for their ability to grow in soft agar, to express gamma-glutamyl transpeptidase activity, and to form tumors upon back-transplantation into isogeneic newborn rats. The results indicated that clonal subpopulations of cells selected by their ability to grow in calcium-poor medium were phenotypically heterogeneous for gamma-glutamyl transpeptidase activity and anchorage independent growth, and, more importantly, they were not more tumorigenic than the phenotypically heterogeneous parental cell line. This observation suggests that the capability of cultured hepatic epithelial cells to grow in calcium-poor medium is not tightly coupled to the tumorigenic phenotype. PMID- 6722813 TI - Chemoimmunotherapy of B 16 melanoma and P388 leukemia with cyclophosphamide and pyrimidinones. AB - Since increasing evidence indicates that combination modality of cancer treatment is preferable, and a series of 5-halo-6- phenylpyrimidinones has been found to induce interferon production and to stimulate a variety of immune responses, several were tested alone or in combination with cyclophosphamide (CY) against B 16 melanoma and P388 leukemia. Thus far, 2-amino-5-bromo-6-(3-fluorophenyl) 4(3H)pyrimidinone ( ABMFPP ) and its sister compound 2-amino-5-bromo-6-(2 fluorophenyl)-4(3H)pyrimidinone ( ABOFPP ) were found to be superior to other pyrimidinones including 2-amino-5-bromo-6-(6-phenyl)-4-pyrimidinone which is currently under clinical investigation. Neither ABMFPP nor ABOFPP alone had any significant activity against P388 leukemia. However, a marked synergistic effect was observed when a single i.p. injection of CY at 24 hr after tumor inoculation (10(6) cells/mouse) was followed by multiple i.p. injections of either ABMFPP or ABOFPP . For instance, the increase of life span was about 180% when animals received both CY (150 mg/kg) and ABMFPP (125 mg/kg/injection) as compared to 100% increased life span when animals received CY alone, and 0% increased life span when animals received ABMFPP alone. Also, 80% of the animals were long-term survivors (greater than 30 days) when animals received the combination therapy as compared to 20% survivors when animals received CY alone. The synergistic effect exhibited by ABMFPP or ABOFPP correlated positively to the initial reduction of tumor burden by CY. The optimal gap between CY and pyrimidinone administration was one day. The best therapeutic response was observed when pyrimidinone was given every 4 days for a total of 7 injections; however, other schedules and dosing frequencies also gave significant responses. The synergistic effect was also observed with B 16 melanoma when animals received the combination therapy. The significance of these findings, in terms of theoretical consideration as well as drug development, is discussed. PMID- 6722814 TI - O6-alkylguanine-DNA alkyltransferase activity in normal human tissues and cells. AB - Normal adult human tissues and cultured bronchial epithelial cells and fibroblasts exhibit O6-alkylguanine-DNA alkyltransferase activity in vitro by catalyzing the repair of the promutagenic alkylation lesion O6-methylguanine from DNA. The amount repaired by extracts of liver, peripheral lung, and colon extracts was proportional to the amount of extract protein. Repair of O6 methylguanine led to stoichiometric regeneration of guanine in the DNA and stoichiometric formation of S-methylcysteine in protein. Alkyltransferase activity varies in the different human tissues tested in the decreasing order of liver greater than colon greater than esophagus greater than peripheral lung greater than brain. Extracts of lung tissues, cultured human bronchial epithelial cells, and fibroblasts had similar alkyltransferase activities. Various human tissues exhibit 2- to 10-fold higher alkyltransferase activity than corresponding rat tissues. Whereas the interindividual variation of the activity was 4- to 5 fold in ten or more human lung and colon specimens, the interindividual variation in the inbred rat was less than 20%. The present results show that different human tissues and cells have a several-fold higher capacity to repair O6 methylguanine in DNA than do rat tissues and that the repair process occurs via a mechanism similar to that shown previously in other mammalian cells and Escherichia coli. PMID- 6722815 TI - Influence of estradiol and tamoxifen on the growth of N-nitrosomethylurea-induced rat mammary tumor cells in soft agar. AB - N-Nitrosomethylurea-induced rat mammary tumors were grown in vitro using the clonogenic soft agar technique. Cells from all tumors (n = 46) formed colonies in vitro. Tamoxifen (10(-7), 10(-6) M) inhibited colony formation to 72 and 53% of control values, respectively. The inhibitory effect of tamoxifen could be reversed with the addition of estradiol (10(-10) to 10(-8) M) to the medium. Estradiol (10(-10) to 10(-8) M), on the other hand, added alone to serum containing medium did not influence the number of colonies formed in vitro. We conclude that the soft agar clonogenic assay is a feasible technique to study the influence of hormones and antihormones in vitro. The effects of tamoxifen and estradiol noted in vitro were similar to the known in vivo effects of these agents. PMID- 6722816 TI - A sensitive method for detecting in vivo formation of N-nitrosomorpholine and its application to rats given low doses of morpholine and sodium nitrite. AB - A method was developed to monitor the in vivo formation of N-nitrosomorpholine. N Nitroso(2-hydroxyethyl)glycine, a major urinary metabolite of N nitrosomorpholine, was quantified as its methyl ester-trimethylsilyl ether derivative, using gas chromatography with nitrosamine-specific detection. When the method was applied to rats, the in vivo formation of, or exposure to, as little as 0.6 micrograms of N-nitrosomorpholine could be quantified. The method was also applicable to human urine, with a detection limit of approximately 0.5 micrograms of N-nitroso(2-hydroxyethyl)glycine per 100-ml urine sample. The formation of N-nitrosomorpholine was measured in rats treated by gavage with a wide range of doses of morpholine and NaNO2. Depending on the dose, 0.5 to 12% of the morpholine was nitrosated. N-Nitrosomorpholine formation showed a high degree of variability among rats treated with a given dose of morpholine and NaNO2, but the levels of N-nitrosomorpholine formed were generally in agreement with expectations based on in vitro studies in which dependence on morpholine concentration multiplied by nitrite concentration squared has been established. The formation of N-nitrosomorpholine was also measured in rats administered a diet containing 50 ppm of morpholine and 1000 ppm of NaNO2, a regimen which has been previously shown to induce liver cell tumors in 58% of the animals. The mean daily formation of N-nitrosomorpholine under these conditions was estimated to be 0.88 +/- 0.59 mumol/rat (S.D.), which is high enough to account for the observed tumor incidence. The results of this study provide quantitative support for the assumption that in vivo formation of N-nitrosomorpholine leads to tumor development. PMID- 6722817 TI - Genotoxicity of a variety of mycotoxins in the hepatocyte primary culture/DNA repair test using rat and mouse hepatocytes. AB - Twenty-eight mycotoxins were studied in the hepatocyte primary culture/DNA repair test using rat and mouse hepatocytes. DNA repair synthesis was elicited by several compounds of unknown carcinogenicity, 5,6- dimethoxysterigmatocystin , versicolorins A and B, averufin , xanthomegnin , luteosporin , and chrysazin , as well as by the carcinogenic myocotoxins , aflatoxin B1, sterigmatocystin, luteoskyrin , ochratoxin A, azaserine, mitomycin C, and actinomycin D. The positive results with compounds of unknown carcinogenicity suggest that they are possibly genotoxic carcinogens. The carcinogenic mycotoxins, penicillic acid, patulin, griseofulvin, and rugulosin , which did not elicit repair synthesis may be nongenotoxic carcinogens. PMID- 6722818 TI - Effects of dietary compounds on alpha-hydroxylation of N-nitrosopyrrolidine and N'-nitrosonornicotine in rat target tissues. AB - Male F344 rats were pretreated with various dietary compounds, and the effects of pretreatment on the in vitro alpha-hydroxylation of N-nitrosopyrrolidine or N' nitrosonornicotine were determined in assays with liver microsomes or cultured esophagus, respectively. Dietary compounds included phenols, cinnamic acids, coumarins, indoles, and isothiocyanates. Pretreatments were carried out either by administering the compound by gavage 2 hr prior to sacrifice (acute protocol) or by adding the compound to the diet for 2 weeks (chronic protocol). Acute pretreatment with benzyl isothiocyanate, allyl isothiocyanate, phenethyl isothiocyanate, phenyl isocyanate, and benzyl thiocyanate but not sodium thiocyanate inhibited formation of alpha-hydroxylation products of both nitrosamines. When the chronic pretreatment protocol was used, only phenyl isothiocyanate and sodium thiocyanate inhibited formation of alpha-hydroxylation products of both nitrosamines. Pretreatments with butylated hydroxyanisole, p methoxyphenol, or N-acetylcysteine had little, if any, effect on the alpha hydroxylation of N-nitrosopyrrolidine or N'-nitrosonornicotine. Chronic pretreatment with p-hydroxycinnamic acid, 4-hydroxy-3- methoxycinnamic acid, coumarin, umbelliferone, limetine , indole, indole-3-carbinol, indole-3 acetonitrile, and L-tryptophan induced activity for the alpha-hydroxylation of N nitrosopyrrolidine. The results of this study indicate that isothiocyanates are possible candidates for further study as potential inhibitors of carcinogenesis by N-nitrosopyrrolidine and N'-nitrosonornicotine. PMID- 6722819 TI - Histidinol-mediated improvement in the specificity of 1-beta-D arabinofuranosylcytosine and 5-fluorouracil in L 1210 leukemia-bearing mice. AB - We have demonstrated previously that L-histidinol, a structural analogue of the essential amino acid L-histidine, protects a variety of phenotypically normal cell lines from certain proliferation-dependent anticancer drugs without decreasing the toxicity of these agents for corresponding tumorigenic derivatives of the normal cells. Histidinol modulates the toxicity of selected anticancer drugs in tissue culture systems by its ability to arrest, specifically and reversibly, cells of normal phenotype in a G0-like, noncycling state while allowing continued cell cycle transit in most of their tumorigenic counterparts. Thus, in the presence of comparable levels of histidinol, the toxicities of the proliferation-dependent anticancer drugs 1-beta-D-arabinofuranosylcytosine and 5 fluorouracil are eliminated for a variety of normal cell lines but significantly increased for a number of tumorigenic lines. We report here that histidinol confers substantial protection upon the bone marrow cells of DBA/2J mice from the drugs 1-beta-D-arabinofuranosylcytosine and 5-fluorouracil. The protective responses were evaluated by quantitative cell survival assays and by animal survival studies. We report also that the histidinol-mediated protection to bone marrow cells persists in L1210 leukemia-bearing DBA/2J mice treated with combinations of histidinol and 1-beta-D-arabinofuranosylcytosine or 5 fluorouracil without diminishing the toxicities of these agents for in situ leukemia cells. PMID- 6722820 TI - Changes in gene expression following neoplastic transformation of rat myogenic cells. AB - Two malignant sublines, M4 and RMS4 , were previously derived from the recloned L6 line of rat myogenic cells. Comparative studies in tissue culture and inoculation into suckling rats indicated that M4 cells and RMS4 cells may be considered as low-malignant and high-malignant cells, respectively, while L6 cells are not malignant. In the present work, we used extracts from L6 cells, M4 cells, and RMS4 cells collected during the period of exponential growth, to compare their polyadenylic acid-containing messenger RNA (mRNA) populations and the corresponding cell-free translation products. Analysis of the hybridization kinetics between radioactive complementary DNA and homologous or heterologous cellular RNAs indicated that L6 cells contained about 28,000 distinct polyadenylic acid-containing mRNA sequences of 1.8 kilobases each, of which 2,000 to 2,500 and 4,000 to 5,000 were missing (or at least were very infrequent) in M4 cells and RMS4 cells, respectively. Using a minor fraction of the RMS4 cell complementary DNAs, partially purified through repeated complementary DNA-RNA hybridization cycles, it was further shown that RMS4 cells contained at least 700 to 800 distinct mRNA species, mainly belonging to the class of low abundance, which appeared to be absent in L6 cells. Most of these mRNA species were also found with a lower frequency in M4 cells. Bidimensional analysis of the cell-free translation products directed by polyadenylic acid-containing mRNA revealed some remarkable differences, in particular the synthesis in a RMS4 cell extract of at least three major polypeptides, possibly related either to the neoplastic process itself or to the stage of malignant transformation. PMID- 6722821 TI - Selection and characterization of L1210 sublines resistant to teniposide (VM-26). AB - Two spectra of L1210 sublines with gradations of resistance to teniposide (VM-26) were selected by stepwise exposure of cultures to increasing concentrations of the drug. Cultures representing the first spectrum were from 20 times to 1200 times more resistant to VM-26 than were cultures of parental cells. At 24 hr after addition of 22 nM VM-26 to the medium, the growth of cultures of parental cells was inhibited by 50%. Increases in resistance to VM-26 among the sublines coincided with increases in population doubling times. When cells were transferred to drug-free medium, there was a sharp decrease in resistance over the first 10 days; the subsequent decline in resistance, over 2 to 4 months, correlated with a decrease in population doubling times. The second spectrum of resistant sublines arose from the first spectrum after the latter had been maintained for about 1 year on various selective concentrations of VM-26. Resistance to VM-26 by this second group of sublines was from 400 times to over 2000 times greater than that of the parental cell line. Doubling times for these resistant cell populations were similar to the normal rate of the parental cell line. Eight sublines were characterized by two chromosomes with homogeneously staining regions, while the remaining subline had a single chromosome with this anomaly. One of the regions appeared on a submetacentric chromosome in seven of the nine sublines, while the other was on an acrocentric chromosome. These observations indicate that a longer doubling time facilitated selection of increasingly resistant sublines but was not essential for the resistance of sublines in the second spectrum. PMID- 6722822 TI - Flux of teniposide (VM-26) across the plasma membrane of teniposide-resistant sublines of L1210 cells. AB - The flux of teniposide (VM-26) across the cell membrane was compared for L1210 cells, nine VM-26-resistant L1210 sublines, and three partially revertant lines. The nine resistant sublines were maintained in medium with VM-26. A "zero-time," temperature-independent binding of VM-26 to cells, attributable to adsorption on the cell membrane or to solvation in the membrane, varied independently of the sensitivity of cell lines to the drug as measured by the extracellular concentration of drug required to inhibit growth of a subline by 50% at the end of 24 hr (IC50). The IC50 values varied from 22 nM VM-26 for parental cells to 45 microM VM-26 for the most resistant subline. After subtraction of the zero-time values, the initial rates of influx for VM-26 (extracellular concentration, 20.5 microM) and the apparent equilibrium constants for the flux of drug across the cell membrane correlated inversely with the logarithm of the IC50 values. Cellular steady-state levels of VM-26, initial rates of efflux of the drug, and cellular levels of nondiffusible drug varied independently of the IC50 values but in relation to each other. The efflux of VM-26 from the sublines was faster than from the parental cells at both 4 degrees and at 37 degrees. We conclude that resistance of L1210 cells to VM-26 is associated with changes in the flux of the drug across the cell membrane. PMID- 6722823 TI - Actin cytoskeletal organization loss in the benign-to-malignant tumor transition in cultured human colonic epithelial cells. AB - The colonic epithelium in vivo is a highly indented sheet one cell thick. Culture methods have been developed to allow the normal cellular migration of the cells comprising this sheet to flatten it into a patch on the surface of a Petri dish [Friedman, E. A., Higgins, P.J., Lipkin , M., Shinya , H., and Gelb , A.M., In Vitro (Rockville), 17: 632-644, 1981]. Actin cytoskeletal organization was analyzed in such epithelial "patches" derived from several human colonic adenocarcinomas and their precursors, adenomas (benign tumors). The actin cytoskeleton was visualized by fluorescence microscopy after the fixed, permeabilized cells were stained with rhodamine-conjugated phalloidin. This drug has a very high affinity for actin filaments and a much lower affinity for monomeric actin. Actin organization was scored from 0 (no cables) to 5 points (extensive intercellular cable network). The phalloidin-stained actin found in seven adenocarcinomas had a predominantly granular fluorescence pattern with very little cable organization, scoring an average of 0.9 +/- 0.8 (S. D.). Three established cell lines derived from human colon carcinomas contained no cables by this analysis, scoring 0.0 +/- 0.0. In marked contrast, all 12 of the cultured adenomas had extensive actin cable networks, scoring an average of 4.3 +/- 0.4. There was no statistical difference between adenomas of differing histopathology class and malignant potential. However, cytoskeletons of plasminogen-activator secreting "late-stage" preneoplastic cells from adenomas became disorganized by exposure to 12-O-tetradecanoyl-phorbol-13-acetate or another tumor promoter, teleocidin B. They scored, respectively, average actin organization values of 0.0 +/- 0.0 and 0.4 +/- 0.6. In contrast, nonplasminogen -activator- secreting "early stage" preneoplastic cells from less advanced benign tumors were unaffected by 12 O-tetradecanoyl-phorbol-13- acetate or teleocidin B and retained extensive actin organization. Most, if not all, adenocarcinomas arise from preexisting preneoplastic adenomatous cells. Thus, loss of actin organization appears to mark the transition of noninvasive benign colonic tumors to invasive malignant tumors in humans. This transition is mimicked in vitro by exposure of certain "late stage" preneoplastic cells to a tumor promoter which induces secretion of a plasminogen activator. PMID- 6722824 TI - Organ-cultured epithelial tissue as an in vitro model for invasion: quantitation and high-voltage electron microscopy of tumor cell attachment. AB - An invasion model designed specifically for studying mechanisms of invasion of squamous-cell carcinomas was developed with murine buccal mucosa as the host tissue. The mucosal explants were destratified by growth in low-calcium medium (less than 0.07 mM), which results in a dorsal surface composed of one or two layers of basal epithelial cells. The explant has a three-dimensional histoarchitecture similar to in vivo mucosa. A spontaneously transformed epithelial cell line (Pam 27; Yuspa , S. H., Hawley -Nelson, P., Koehler , B., and Stanley, J. R. Cancer Res., 40: 4694-4703, 1980) was used to seed explants. Attachment and subsequent growth and invasion were monitored. The morphology of attachment was examined by conventional and high-voltage electron microscopy. In addition, attachment was quantitated by using [125I]iododeoxyuridine-labeled tumor cells. Attachment was shown to be an active process which involves an interdigitation of tumor-host cell processes. Junctional complexes were also observed between tumor and host epithelial cells. By 24 hr, tumor cells were spread on the basal cells and were in the process of replacing host cells. Long term growth of explants showed that tumor cells can repopulate the epithelial surface and invade the stromal region. PMID- 6722825 TI - Investigation of cancer epidemiology and study of carcinogenic agents in the Shanghai Rubber Industry. AB - Preliminary studies on crude cancer incidences among workers from 89 factories in Shanghai revealed excessive risk of cancer for workers in certain workshops of rubber tire factories. Chronic in situ animal exposures showed that compounding and Banbury mills for mastication and mixing were origins of carcinogenic contaminants. Various chronic experiments indicated the carcinogenicity of PBNA in rats and mice, especially with regard to the lungs. The high concentration of PBNA in the atmosphere of the work area seemed to be related to the excessive incidence of lung cancer among the workers. Epidemiological investigation showed that there was an excessive number of cases of lung cancer in the workshop of rubber tire factories where compounding, mixing, and milling took place. PMID- 6722826 TI - Effects of reserpine on prolactin levels and incidence of breast cancer in postmenopausal women. AB - Epidemiological studies of reserpine use and breast cancer have generally found only small increases in breast cancer risk, even after long-term use. Prolactin levels in short-term reserpine users have been reported to be in the range of those of lactating women, levels which rodent experiments suggest should greatly increase breast cancer incidence. We measured prolactin levels in 15 women who had been taking reserpine-containing drugs for at least 5 years and compared them to levels in 15 women taking non-reserpine-containing antihypertensives and 15 women taking no antihypertensive medicines. Although reserpine users had significantly elevated levels of prolactin, their mean level was only approximately 50% greater than the mean level of the combined results from the two control groups. Based on a statistical model of breast cancer incidence, we calculate that such increases in prolactin in the postmenopausal period would be likely to cause only small increases in breast cancer risk, as have been observed in epidemiological studies. PMID- 6722827 TI - Activation of cyclophosphamide for in vitro testing of cell sensitivity. PMID- 6722828 TI - The management of Ewing's sarcoma: role of radiotherapy in local tumor control. AB - The role of radiotherapy in the management of Ewing's sarcoma is discussed in view of both historical and current treatment policies. In particular, a comparison of radiotherapy and surgery as modalities for local control is presented. The technical aspects of dose and volume of radiotherapy are discussed together with its time relationship to chemotherapy and surgery. Although studies are in progress evaluating lower doses and smaller volumes than those used traditionally, until the results of these are available it would seem prudent to recommend the standard therapy as outlined in the guidelines of the recent Intergroup Ewing's Sarcoma Study Trial ( IESS -II). Recommended doses are: 4500 rad to the whole bone (except the contralateral epiphysis when the tumor is at or near the end of a long bone) plus a 5-cm margin around the tumor and any soft tissue extension, followed by 500 rad to a 5-cm margin, followed by 500 rad to a 1-cm margin given at 180-200 rad/day 5 days/week. Since many studies have shown it to be safe and possibly advantageous to postpone irradiation until induction chemotherapy has been completed, this appears to be the emerging approach. The value of partial excision (debulking) prior to irradiation is unclear at the present time. Radiotherapy may not be indicated for those patients with tumors of the lower limb when the unfused epiphyses would need to be irradiated. In addition, patients with pathologic fractures and with tumors of bones that are deemed expendable (such as ribs or clavicles) are probably best managed by complete surgical resection. PMID- 6722829 TI - Evaluation of aminoglutethimide in stage D prostate cancer: an assessment of efficacy and toxicity in patients with tumors refractory to hormonal therapy. PMID- 6722830 TI - Human leukocyte (alpha) interferon in metastatic malignant melanoma: the American Cancer Society phase II trial. AB - Forty-four evaluable patients with metastatic malignant melanoma confined to the skin, subcutaneous tissues, lymph nodes, and/or lung were randomly assigned to receive either 1 X 10(6), 3 X 10(6), or 9 X 10(6) units of partially purified human leukocyte (alpha) interferon by daily im injection for 42 days. One patient achieved a partial response, two had minor responses, and three others had mixed responses. The only partial response was observed at the lowest dose of interferon. Toxicity increased in frequency and intensity with increasing interferon dose. This preparation of interferon at the doses, route, and schedule used appears to have little efficacy in metastatic malignant melanoma. PMID- 6722831 TI - Pharmacokinetics of methotrexate in adult Indian patients and its relationship to nutritional status. AB - Since anticancer drugs have a low therapeutic index, any significant change in the pharmacokinetics of a drug would have a bearing on therapeutic efficacy and drug toxicity. Nutritional deficiencies have been shown to affect the four processes of pharmacokinetics, ie, absorption, distribution, biotransformation, and excretion. Malnutrition and undernutrition are widely prevalent in India and thus it was thought to be of practical importance to study the effect of initial nutritional status on the overall kinetics of methotrexate, a widely used anticancer drug. The results of the study reveal that relative weight correlates well with the anthropometric parameters, nutritional parameters, and dietary intake and may be used as a marker of nutritional status. When grouped on the basis of relative weights, the undernourished patients revealed a significant (P less than 0.01) prolongation of biological half-life and a significant (P less than 0.001) reduction in clearance. Based on these results, relative weight has been proposed as a basis for drug dosage determinations in place of the existing practice of administering antineoplastic drugs on the basis of body surface area or body weight alone. PMID- 6722832 TI - Blood levels of alkylating metabolites of cyclophosphamide in the mouse after iv or oral administration. AB - Blood levels of cyclophosphamide (CPA) and its alkylating metabolites in mice were determined after iv or oral administration of a 200-mg/kg dose of radiolabeled CPA. Individual metabolites (4-hydroxy-CPA, 4-keto-CPA, alcophosphamide , dechloroethyl -CPA, carboxyphosphamide , and phosphoramide mustard) were isolated from blood by solvent extraction and by thin-layer chromatography. Area-under-the-blood-decay-curve (AUC) values were determined for CPA and its alkylating metabolites to provide a basis for comparison of systemic exposure by iv or oral treatment. The total AUC values for alkylating metabolites of CPA was observed to be greater after iv administration, and AUC values for each of the individual metabolites were greater after iv treatment, except for the minor metabolite alcophosphamide . The methods in this study have been applied to one patient to date and will be used in future studies with other patients to determine relative AUC values for the oncolytic CPA metabolites 4 hydroxy-CPA and phosphoramide mustard. PMID- 6722833 TI - Treatment of esophageal cancer with vindesine: an open trial. AB - Fifty-two patients with advanced esophageal cancer have been entered in an open study with vindesine. The regimen consisted of vindesine at a dose of 3 mg/m2 as a continuous infusion over 48 hours followed by 3 mg/m2 iv weekly for 4 weeks and then by monthly maintenance therapy using the same dose. Objective response was seen in 14 (27%) patients. Patients who responded to treatment had significant prolongation of survival. Major pretreatment prognostic factors included performance status and serum albumin concentration. It is concluded that vindesine has definite, although limited, activity against esophageal cancer. PMID- 6722834 TI - Evaluation of vinblastine administered by 5-day continuous infusion in women with advanced breast cancer. PMID- 6722835 TI - Phase II evaluation of vindesine in the treatment of malignant glioma. PMID- 6722836 TI - Phase II clinical study of tamoxifen in advanced endometrial adenocarcinoma: a Gynecologic Oncology Group study. PMID- 6722837 TI - Treatment of metastatic sarcomas with mitoxantrone. PMID- 6722838 TI - Teniposide in refractory ovarian cancer: a phase II study. PMID- 6722839 TI - Subcutaneous reaction due to intra-arterial infusion of anthracycline. PMID- 6722840 TI - Complete remission in refractory Burkitt's lymphoma. PMID- 6722841 TI - Synthesis and conformational studies of 2-beta-chloro, 1-alpha-fluoro, and 2-beta fluoro derivatives of 2-deoxy-N-acetyl-neuraminic acid. AB - 5-Acetamido-4,7,8,9-tetra-O-acetyl-2,3,5-trideoxy-2-fluoro-D-glycero-alp ha- and beta-D- galacto -2- nonulosonic acid methyl esters and the beta-chloro analog were synthesized from N-acetylneuraminic acid. Their 1H- and 13C-n.m.r.spectra were completely assigned by using single-frequency decoupling, off-resonance decoupling, and spin-simulation programs. Bond angles estimated from the 1H coupling-constants indicate that all of the compounds adopt the 2C5 (L) conformation with minor conformational differences in the C3 side chain. 5 Acetamido-2,3,5,-tri-deoxy-2-fluoro-D-glycero-alpha- and -beta-D- galacto -2- nonulosonic acid and their methyl esters were also prepared. PMID- 6722842 TI - Inter-serotype comparison of polysaccharides produced by extracellular enzymes from Streptococcus mutans. AB - The biochemical and morphological characteristics of polysaccharides synthesized from sucrose by extracellular enzymes from D-glucose-grown Streptococcus mutans representing serotypes a-g were compared. The polysaccharides synthesized by the enzymes from serotypes a, d, and g formed visible aggregates and firmly adhered to glass surfaces, whereas those formed by the enzymes from serotypes b, c, e, and f floated homogeneously and were poorly adherent. The enzymes of serotypes a, d, and g produced large amounts of water-insoluble polysaccharides (IPs, D glucans), and those of serotypes b, c, e, and f water-soluble polysaccharides (SPs, D-glucans and D- fructans ). As compared with the IPs of serotypes b, c, e, and f, the IPs of serotypes a, d, and g (a) contained a higher proportion of (1-- -3)-alpha-D-glucosidic linkages and alpha-D-(1----3,6) branch linkages; (b) showed higher susceptibility to (1----3)-alpha-D-glucanase (serotype a excepted) and lower (1----6)-alpha-D-glucanase sensitivity; (c) contained larger amounts of high-molecular-weight fractions; (d) showed higher intrinsic viscosities (serotype b excepted); and (e) had lower S. mutans cell-agglutination activities. On electron-microscope observation, the IPs of all serotypes showed two fibrillar components; a double-stranded fibril, with short, fluffy protrusions extending out of its periphery, and a fine, single-stranded fibril. Thus, the serotypes could be divided into two major groups: a, d, and g; and b, c, e, and f. No similar grouping of serotypes was indicated by the chemical and morphological properties of SPs. PMID- 6722843 TI - Calcium dependence of the cell-associated fructosyltransferase of Streptococcus salivarius. PMID- 6722844 TI - Inter-institutional variation of systolic time intervals in normal subjects. AB - The study was designed to evaluate inter-institutional variability in systolic time interval (STI) measurement. STI records were obtained from 8 institutions in Czechoslovakia. Altogether 262 normal subjects of both sexes were evaluated. The conclusions of three independent investigators were compared for inter-observer variability assessment. No significant differences were found among the participating centres for electromechanical systole, left ventricular ejection time and pre-ejection time dependence on heart rate and for ratio preejection time-left ventricular ejection time. The regression equations obtained for these indicators were suggested as a national standard for normal subjects. PMID- 6722845 TI - Identification of multiple pathways in the Wolff-Parkinson-White syndrome. Diagnostic problems and therapeutic implications. AB - With advanced electrophysiological methods evaluation of functional properties and location of accessory pathways has become possible. Multiple pathways may, however, be difficult to outline with regard to localization and electrophysiological properties due to differences in refractoriness and/or fusion of conduction between the pathways. The investigational procedures in patients with multiple accessory pathways are described and discussed in connection with an illustrative patient with three accessory pathways, two of which are Kent's bundles and one most probably a Mahaim's bundle. PMID- 6722846 TI - Oral flecainide for suppression of ventricular arrhythmias. AB - The efficacy and safety of oral flecainide for treatment of ventricular arrhythmias were assessed during a 3-day period in patients with various cardiac diseases. Of 11 patients who received a low dose of flecainide (median daily dose 240 mg), only 4 responded with 90% or greater reduction in premature ventricular complex frequency. Ventricular tachycardia could not be suppressed. During treatment no electrocardiographic changes occurred. 14 of the 19 patients who received a high dose of flecainide (median daily dose 480 mg), demonstrated a 90% or greater reduction in premature ventricular complexes, and ventricular tachycardia did not recur during treatment in 7 out of 9 patients. However, PQ, QRS, and QTc intervals were significantly increased. In general, flecainide was well tolerated and drug administration did not have to be discontinued because of side effects. Flecainide acetate treatment, with a median dose of 480 mg daily, appears to be highly effective for suppressing complex ventricular arrhythmias. PMID- 6722847 TI - Functional significance of chronotropic response during chronic amiodarone therapy. AB - Amiodarone, a potent antiarrhythmic agent, has been shown to depress sinus node function. Therefore, this study was undertaken to assess the effect of chronic amiodarone therapy on heart rate during graded exercise testing. 13 patients treated with amiodarone for ventricular arrhythmias were administered symptom limited graded exercise testing before and 12 weeks after drug therapy. None of the patients had prior evidence of sinus node dysfunction. The mean resting heart rate (beats per minute; bpm) before and after amiodarone therapy was 75 +/- (SD) 13 versus 60 +/- 7 bpm, respectively (p less than 0.005), and the maximal heart rate was 135 +/- 30 versus 109 +/- 24 bpm (p less than 0.005). However, the change in heart rate from rest to maximum exercise (heart rate reserve) was not affected by the drug. Heart rate measured at comparable exercise levels before and during amiodarone therapy was 124 +/- 25 versus 104 +/- 31 (p less than 0.025). There was no change in the systolic blood pressure readings at these respective measured heart rates. Estimated maximal functional capacity before and after drug therapy was 4.9 +/- 1.8 versus 4.7 +/- 2.2 METs (p = NS). In conclusion, chronic amiodarone therapy significantly decreases heart rate at rest and during exercise without altering systolic blood pressure and functional capacity. PMID- 6722848 TI - Systolic time intervals in isolated septal defects before and after corrective surgery in female patients. I. Atrial septal defect. AB - Systolic time intervals (STI) were evaluated in 19 female patients with uncomplicated ostium secundum atrial septal defect (ASD), before, shortly after (within 2 months) and a long time after the corrective surgery (mean 13.2 years). The measurements were obtained from simultaneous high speed photographic recordings of electrocardiogram, external carotid pulse and phonocardiogram. Before the operation, a significant prolongation of Q-I heart sound interval was detected, together with a less prominent but statistically significant shortening of the left ventricular ejection time; the above alterations were not correlated with the magnitude of the shunt and disappeared shortly after corrective surgery. The STI were still normal a long time after surgical closure of ASD. In accordance with hemodynamic studies reported by other authors, our results confirm that the deviations of STI observed in ASD are due to a reduced diastolic filling of the left ventricle secondary to an apparent decreased distensibility. PMID- 6722849 TI - An unusual case of double-outlet left ventricle. AB - The first case of a double-outlet anterior left ventricle with normal relationships of the great vessels is reported (S.L.D.). This case is associated with a chromosomal trisomy--the exact nature of which is not yet clear. The clinical, electrocardiographic, echocardiographic and angiographic features are described. PMID- 6722850 TI - Cardiac drug therapy. PMID- 6722851 TI - The clinical pharmacology of antiarrhythmic drugs. PMID- 6722852 TI - Platelet-suppressive therapy in cardiovascular disease. PMID- 6722853 TI - Regional and systemic thrombolytic therapy in acute myocardial infarction. AB - Thrombolytic therapy has emerged as a promising approach in the management of patients with acute myocardial infarction. Intracoronary infusion can achieve patency in a high percentage of patients with evolving transmural infarction, and recent preliminary evidence indicates that reperfusion may also be achieved in a substantial but lower percentage of patients with intravenous administration. The relative safety and the efficacy in restoring flow in selected patients seem established, and there is considerable evidence that successful thrombolysis with early reperfusion is associated with salvage of ischemic myocardium as determined by improvement in left ventricular function and by myocardial perfusion imaging. However, a number of important issues remain unresolved. The technique of intracoronary administration is not standardized, and optimal methodology is unknown. The most appropriate dosages for both regional and systemic infusion that will provide maximal reperfusion rates with minimal complications are undefined. Guidelines for patient selection need refinement as the time limits for beneficial effects are unclear, and current usage has been restricted to patients with transmural infarction. Improved survival following intervention has not been clearly established, and further evaluation of long-term effects is needed. Early reocclusion and reinfarction are not uncommon after thrombolysis and indicate that this approach does not represent definitive therapy in a significant percentage of patients and that additional intervention may be necessary to achieve permanent myocardial salvage. The sequence and timing of adjunctive therapy to prevent reocclusion have not been clearly determined. In addition, the relative efficacy of systemic and regional administration requires further evaluation. A number of prospective randomized controlled studies that are currently underway or planned address many of these unresolved issues and should more clearly define the role of thrombolytic therapy in the management of patients with acute myocardial infarction. PMID- 6722854 TI - Anticoagulation in valvular heart disease preoperatively and postoperatively. AB - We have reviewed the risks and benefits of anticoagulation for cardiac valve disease before and after valve surgery. Though the absence of standardized reporting of complications and the paucity of well-designed comparative studies mandate careful consideration of the variables of individual cases, we have made the following general recommendations: Unoperated patients with rheumatic mitral valvular disease and atrial fibrillation should be chronically treated with warfarin, regardless of the hemodynamic severity of their valvular lesion. The presence of right- or left-sided heart failure is an indication for warfarin treatment, in the absence of significant contraindications. There is emerging evidence that platelet-suppressant therapy may be of benefit in diminishing the thromboembolic risk of at least a subset of patients with rheumatic valvular disease and decreased platelet survival. Until platelet-survival studies are more readily available and larger-scale studies can be performed, however, we do not recommend routine treatment with platelet-active agents. We recommend chronic warfarin anticoagulation in all patients with mechanical prostheses in either the aortic or mitral position, regardless of cardiac rhythm or prosthesis model. We do not routinely add platelet-active agents except in the case of embolism despite adequate anticoagulation with warfarin. Patients with aortic bioprostheses generally do not require warfarin treatment for more than 3 months following valve replacement. The presence of atrial fibrillation and marked depression of postoperative ventricular function are indications for chronic anticoagulation. In the case of mitral bioprostheses, we recommend indefinite warfarin treatment for patients with atrial fibrillation, depressed ventricular function, or low cardiac output. We consider a preoperative history of embolism or an operative finding of left atrial thrombus to be an additional indication for anticoagulation, in the absence of significant contraindications. Patients on anticoagulant therapy should be followed closely--when possible in specialized anticoagulation clinics--to minimize the risks of treatment. Specific recommendations are made for management of anticoagulation during infective endocarditis, pregnancy, and noncardiac surgery. PMID- 6722855 TI - Drug therapy for hyperlipidemia. PMID- 6722856 TI - The therapy for infective endocarditis. PMID- 6722857 TI - Clinical pharmacology of diuretic drugs. PMID- 6722858 TI - A capillary fling--new perspectives for old problems. PMID- 6722859 TI - Fentiazac in postsurgical dental pain. AB - The analgesic effects of a 200-mg oral dose of fentiazac were examined in 49 patients, ranging from 11 to 52 years of age, who had undergone painful dental surgery. Patients' subjective observations of the drug's analgesic effects were obtained by means of a questionnaire in which the intensity of pain and the alleviation of pain were evaluated at various intervals from zero to eight hours after administration of the drug. The study confirmed the drug's tolerability and effectiveness in alleviating pain. PMID- 6722860 TI - Unsuccessful cimetidine treatment of peptic ulcer: analysis of the factors involved. AB - Healing rates were examined retrospectively in 124 outpatients with peptic ulcer who had received cimetidine for at least four weeks. Treatment was unsuccessful in 73 patients. A statistical analysis of the factors involved in treatment failure revealed that in patients with duodenal ulcers 60.6% of the treatment successes versus 26.8% of the treatment failures were nonsmokers (P less than 0.001). There was a significantly higher (P less than 0.01) incidence of varioliform gastritis among treatment failures (19.2%) than treatment successes (3.9%). The following factors seemed to have no influence on rates of ulcer healing: age, sex, duration of ulcer disease, duration (beyond four weeks) of cimetidine therapy, family history of peptic ulcer, alcohol consumption, and coffee consumption. Although there was a higher gastric:duodenal ulcer ratio as well as higher consumption of anti-inflammatory drugs in treatment failures than in treatment successes, the difference was not statistically significant. PMID- 6722861 TI - A multicenter clinical study of cefoperazone. AB - Thirty-five adult and 11 pediatric patients in nine Philippine hospitals were treated with cefoperazone for various moderate to severe infections. Adults received 1 to 8 gm/day and children received 0.450 to 4 gm/day in two divided doses, for a mean period of eight to nine days (ranges, 5 to 11 days for children and 5 to 30 days for adults). The efficacy rate (cured and improved) was 90.90% for pediatric patients and 85.72% for adult patients. In a group of patients shifted from other antibiotic regimens, efficacy rates were 100% for pediatric patients and 85% for adult patients treated with cefoperazone. No follow-up cultures were obtained from patients from whom 26 pathogens were isolated, but correlations between the isolates and clinical efficacy showed that cefoperazone had an efficacy rate of 92.3%. PMID- 6722862 TI - Effects of aerobic exercise on muscular pain sensitivity. AB - Muscular pain sensitivity after aerobic exercise was investigated in ten healthy men aged 20 to 30 years in four tests at five-day intervals to determine if previous aerobic work leads to a hyperalgesic status. The intensity of pain was recorded, by visual analog scale, every 30 seconds after the injection of 1 ml of 10% and of 20% sodium chloride hypertonic solution, both during basal conditions, and 1 ml of 10% sodium chloride hypertonic solution 1 and 60 minutes after 30 minutes of submaximal rectangular exercise. The injection of 10% sodium chloride solution 60 seconds after exercise gave rise to a clear increase in pain, similar to that induced by the 20% sodium chloride solution given during basal condition. This observation shows that submaximal exercise produces a hyperalgesic state in the active muscle. This hyperalgesia probably explains the clinical manifestation of latent algogenic triggers during physical activity. PMID- 6722863 TI - A double-blind comparison of the efficacy and safety of lorazepam and diazepam in the treatment of the acute alcohol withdrawal syndrome. AB - The safety and efficacy of lorazepam and diazepam were compared in the treatment of the acute alcohol withdrawal syndrome during a five-day double-blind trial in alcoholic patients. The daily doses of lorazepam and diazepam were tapered from 6 or 8 mg to 2 mg and from 30 or 40 mg to 10 mg, respectively, during the first four days; no medication was given on day 5. Drug efficacy was measured by Total Severity Assessment Scores (TSAS), the three TSAS factor scores, and by the physician's global evaluation. Of the 55 inpatients enrolled, 47 completed the study. There were no statistically significant differences between the treatment groups in any of the efficacy assessment measures. The physical conditions of the majority of the patients treated with lorazepam (57%) and diazepam (59%) improved during therapy. There were no clinically significant differences between the treatment groups in vital signs or laboratory values. The results of this study indicate that lorazepam is as effective as diazepam in reducing the symptoms of acute alcohol withdrawal. When lorazepam and diazepam are compared in terms of their pharmacokinetics, lorazepam may have therapeutic advantages for the management of the acute alcohol withdrawal syndrome. PMID- 6722864 TI - A quantitative comparison of cellular motile systems. AB - Cellular motile systems as diverse as muscle and the mitotic spindle have been compared by their specific power output: the maximum power they develop per unit of engine volume. Striated muscles and flagella have high specific output; their performance is comparable to that of typical automobile engines. The cytokinetic furrow and the mitotic spindle have very much lower specific power output. The furrow's output is 7,000 times lower than muscle and the spindle's is 300,000 times lower. Different macromolecules have been used to generate power in systems with similar output (muscles and flagella) and, conversely, the same macromolecular motor has been used in systems with very different output (muscles and cytokinetic furrows). The common feature amid this diversity is adaptation to a particular biological role, which specific power output reflects very well. High values are found where a powerful, compact engine should be advantageous, while low values are found where precision, not power, matters most. PMID- 6722865 TI - Observations of exocytosis in fucus vesiculosus gametes using video-enhanced light microscopy: a video report. PMID- 6722866 TI - Tuberculous myositis: report of a case. PMID- 6722867 TI - Ruptured amoebic liver abscess in pregnancy: a case report. PMID- 6722868 TI - Vitiligo in Zimbabwe. PMID- 6722869 TI - Y-encoded, species-specific DNA in mice: evidence that the Y chromosome exists in two polymorphic forms in inbred strains. AB - We have investigated the structure of the murine Y chromosome by first developing a novel method for specifically cloning Y-encoded DNA and then generating a library enriched for Y-specific DNA sequences. Three randomly chosen Y DNA clones were studied and found to share several interesting properties: all three are members of small Y-specific multisequence families; all three are mouse-specific; and all three probes detect Y-encoded restriction fragments that are polymorphic. Examination of polymorphic Y chromosome restriction fragments in male DNA from nine different inbred strains suggests that only two polymorphic forms of Y chromosomal DNA exist among inbred strains of mice. PMID- 6722870 TI - Completion of mouse embryogenesis requires both the maternal and paternal genomes. AB - Transplantation of pronuclei between one-cell-stage embryos was used to construct diploid mouse embryos with two female pronuclei ( biparental gynogenones ) or two male pronuclei ( biparental androgenones ). The ability of these embryos to develop to term was compared with control nuclear-transplant embryos in which the male or the female pronucleus was replaced with an isoparental pronucleus from another embryo. The results show that diploid biparental gynogenetic and androgenetic embryos do not complete normal embryogenesis, whereas control nuclear transplant embryos do. We conclude that the maternal and paternal contributions to the embryonic genome in mammals are not equivalent and that a diploid genome derived from only one of the two parental sexes is incapable of supporting complete embryogenesis. PMID- 6722871 TI - Fates and states of determination of single vegetal pole blastomeres of X. laevis. AB - Vegetal pole cells of Xenopus morulae contribute progeny to all three germ layers, but from the midblastula stage onward they contribute only to the endoderm. We have investigated whether this restriction in fate reflects cell determination by implanting labeled vegetal pole cells into the blastocoels of host embryos and asking which structures later include labeled progeny. Single vegetal pole cells from the morula and also from the midblastula stage can contribute progeny to all germ layers. At the early gastrula stage the cells can contribute only to the endoderm. Thus the restriction of fate in the midblastula does not reflect cell determination. However, the cells do become determined by the beginning of gastrulation. PMID- 6722872 TI - A Drosophila RNA polymerase II transcription factor binds to the regulatory site of an hsp 70 gene. AB - A Drosophila RNA polymerase II transcription factor that is specific for at least one of the heat-shock genes has been isolated (designated HSTF for heat-shock transcription factor). This factor is required for active transcription of an hsp 70 gene in addition to RNA polymerase II and another general transcription factor, the A factor. Footprint analysis of the HSTF on the hsp 70 gene reveals that it binds specifically to a 55 bp region upstream from the TATA box. Both coding and noncoding DNA strands are completely protected from DNAase I cleavage by the HSTF . HSTF binding occurs in the apparent absence of RNA polymerase II. The HSTF is present in both heat-shocked and nonshocked cells, although it is more transcriptionally active when isolated from heat-shocked cells. The previously described B factor (an RNA polymerase II transcription factor that binds to the TATA box), isolated from nonshocked cells, is significantly reduced in both binding and transcriptional activity in heat-shocked cells. The potential role of the HSTF and the B factor in the activation of heat-shock gene transcription is discussed. PMID- 6722873 TI - Enhancer-like properties of the 60/81 bp elements in the ribosomal gene spacer of Xenopus laevis. AB - The spacer region of the Xenopus laevis ribosomal gene contains blocks of repetitive sequence elements that are 60 or 81 bp long. These 60/81 bp elements function as enhancer elements for the RNA polymerase I promoter at the 5' end of the gene. An RNA polymerase I promoter adjacent to a block of 60/81 bp elements is always dominant over a promoter on a second plasmid when both are coinjected into oocyte nuclei. If two promoters are placed on the same plasmid containing enhancers, both promoters come under their influence and are codominant. The influence of the enhancers can be transmitted through several kilobases of plasmid sequence, through a potentially active promoter, and is independent of the orientation of the enhancers. The enhancers appear to compete with promoters for the same transcription factor(s); however, the enhancers can only compete when they are on a circular plasmid. PMID- 6722874 TI - Adenovirus VAI RNA facilitates the initiation of translation in virus-infected cells. AB - The adenovirus VAI RNA is a small polymerase III-transcribed species that is required for optimal translation of mRNAs late after infection. Mutant dl331 fails to produce this RNA species and, as a result, grows poorly. Mutant-infected cells contain normal levels of late mRNAs, but reduced levels of polypeptides are synthesized late after infection. Translational elongation occurs at normal rates in mutant, as compared to wild-type, virus-infected cells. Initiation of translation occurs with reduced efficiency in dl331 -infected cells. VAI RNA is required for formation of a stable 48S preinitiation complex and very likely functions to facilitate the interaction between 43S preinitiation complex and mRNA to form the 48S species. PMID- 6722875 TI - Structure and function of the adenovirus origin of replication. AB - Efficient initiation of adenovirus DNA replication requires the presence of specific terminal nucleotide sequences that collectively constitute the viral origin of replication. Using plasmids with deletions or base substitutions in a cloned segment of DNA derived from the terminus of the adenovirus 2 genome, we have demonstrated that the origin contains two functionally distinct regions. The first 18 bp of the viral genome are sufficient to support a limited degree of initiation. However, the presence of a sequence in the region between nucleotides 19 and 67 greatly enhances the efficiency of the initiation reaction. This region contains a specific binding site for a protein present in uninfected cells (KD = 2 X 10(-11) M). The bound protein protects the DNA segment between base pairs 19 and 43 from attack by DNAase I. Studies with deletion mutants indicate that binding of the cellular protein is responsible for the enhancement of initiation. PMID- 6722876 TI - AT base pairs are less stable than GC base pairs in Z-DNA: the crystal structure of d(m5CGTAm5CG). AB - Two hexanucleoside pentaphosphates , 5-methyl and 5-bromo cytosine derivatives of d( CpGpTpApCpG ) have been synthesized, crystallized, and their three-dimensional structure solved. They both form left-handed Z-DNA and the methylated derivative has been refined to 1.2 A resolution. These are the first crystal Z-DNA structures that contain AT base pairs. The overall form of the molecule is very similar to that of the unmethylated or the fully methylated (dC-dG)3 hexamer although there are slight changes in base stacking. However, significant differences are found in the hydration of the helical groove. When GC base pairs are present, the helical groove is systematically filled with two water molecules per base pair hydrogen bonded to the bases. Both of these water molecules are not seen in the electron density map in the segments of the helix containing AT base pairs, probably because of solvent disorder. This could be one of the features that makes AT base pairs form Z-DNA less readily than GC base pairs. PMID- 6722877 TI - Telomeres: do the ends justify the means? PMID- 6722878 TI - Translational initiation factor and ribosome association with the cytoskeletal framework fraction from HeLa cells. AB - The association of mRNA and ribosomes with the cytoskeleton of eucaryotic cells may be important for protein synthesis and its regulation. HeLa cells were gently lysed with detergent, and soluble and cytoskeletal framework subfractions were prepared by centrifugation. We analyzed these fractions for ribosomes and confirmed earlier findings that polysomes are preferentially associated with the cytoskeletal fraction. The levels of initiation factors eIF-2, eIF-3, eIF-4A, and eIF-4B were quantitated by immunoblotting; all are enriched in the cytoskeletal fraction relative to the soluble fraction. Heat shock, fluoride, pactamycin , and cytochalasin caused the release of both ribosomes and initiation factors into the soluble fraction. However, treatment of the cytoskeletal fraction with EDTA or low levels of ribonuclease resulted in polysome degradation but no release. Therefore initiation factor association with the cytoskeletal framework correlates with the presence of ribosomes, whereas ribosome association does not require intact mRNA. PMID- 6722879 TI - The role of stable complexes that repress and activate eucaryotic genes. PMID- 6722880 TI - Messenger RNA splicing in vitro: an excised intervening sequence and a potential intermediate. AB - Four RNA products have been characterized from a soluble system that accurately splices purified substrate RNA. The labeled substrate RNA contained the first and second exons of the major late transcription unit of adenovirus 2 and a shortened form of the first intervening sequence. One of these RNA products was the excised intervening sequence which accumulated quantitatively with the level of splicing. This RNA species has an unusual structure and is modified at internal sites. A potential intermediate in the splicing pathway which is cleaved at the 5' splice site of the first exon has been isolated. This RNA species is also modified at sites within the first intervening sequence. These results suggest that the splicing of mRNA precursors may involve sites in the intervening sequence, cleavage at the 5' splice site, cleavage at the 3' splice site, and ligation of the two exons. PMID- 6722881 TI - Sequences in the promoter region of the chicken lysozyme gene required for steroid regulation and receptor binding. AB - We have constructed a series of deletion mutants in the lysozyme promoter region fused to the SV40 T-antigen coding region. Regulated expression was tested after microinjection of the lysozyme deletion mutants into primary cultures of chicken oviduct cells using fluorescent antibodies against T antigen. Deletion of lysozyme gene sequences upstream of position - 164 was accompanied by loss of both progesterone- and glucocorticoid-induced expression. Using the rat liver glucocorticoid receptor for binding studies, two separate binding sites have been identified: a strong binding site that is destroyed by deletion of lysozyme sequences between positions -74 and -39 and a weaker binding site contained between positions -208 and -161 upstream of the lysozyme cap site. PMID- 6722882 TI - Oligomeric states of spectrin in normal erythrocyte membranes: biochemical and electron microscopic studies. AB - We estimated the relative amounts of oligomeric species of spectrin in 0 degrees C red-cell-membrane extracts, including those released from spectrin-actin polypeptide 4.1 complexes after mild urea treatment. Spectrin dimers, tetramers, and medium-size oligomers were the prominent species, accounting for 5%-10%, 45% 55%, and 25%-35% of spectrin, respectively. When examined by low-angle rotary shadowing electron microscopy, these medium-size spectrin oligomers (e.g., hexamers, octamers, decamers , dodecamers , and quadecamers ) appeared as polyskelions formed by head-to-head association of three to seven dimers. They were stable species capable of binding to, and subsequent release from, inside out vesicles without degradation to tetramers or dimers. The data suggest that spectrin tetramers and medium-size oligomers coexist in the normal erythrocyte membrane as the primary native spectrin species. PMID- 6722883 TI - On the secretion of H-Y antigen. AB - It has been proposed that H-Y antigen secreted by cells of the Sertoli lineage is bound by receptors on these and other cells of the primordial gonad and thereby initiates formation of the testicular cords, and that H-Y is not an integral transmembrane component but a part of a ternary system with beta 2-microglobulin and products of the MHC. It follows that cultured Daudi cells, which lack beta 2 microglobulin and HLA, should secrete H-Y. This is consistent with evidence obtained with monoclonal H-Y antibody and an ELISA. By this method, free H-Y was demonstrable in the supernatant fluids of cultured Sertoli cells and Daudi cells. The assay provides a useful alternative to detection of H-Y in the complement dependent cytotoxicity test. PMID- 6722884 TI - Transmission ratio distortion in mouse t-haplotypes is due to multiple distorter genes acting on a responder locus. AB - Transmission ratios of male mice heterozygous for various combinations of partial t-haplotypes provide evidence in support of a model for the genetic basis of ratio distortion, involving two or more distorter genes acting on a responder locus. The t form of the responder locus, Tcr, in the medial part of the haplotype, must be present and heterozygous for distortion to occur. When the responder alone is present, as in t low haplotypes, the chromosome carrying it is transmitted in a low ratio (less than 50%). The t forms of the distorter loci act additively, in cis or trans, to raise the transmission of whichever chromosome carries Tcr. Identified distorter loci are Tcd-1, in the proximal part of the haplotype, Tcd-2, distal to Tcr, and probably Tcd-3, lying between Tcr and Tcd-2. In the absence of Tcr the distorters are transmitted normally. The system is compared with the SD system of Drosophila. PMID- 6722885 TI - Domains of the positive transcription factor specific for the Xenopus 5S RNA gene. AB - The 40 kd positive transcription factor that interacts with the 50 nucleotide internal control region of 5S ribosomal RNA genes in Xenopus can be subdivided into three functional domains by proteolytic cleavage. At one end of the protein is a 10 kd domain that is required for efficient RNA transcription but not for binding to the DNA. This adjoins a second domain that binds to the 5' end of the internal control region, a region of the DNA known to contribute only weakly to binding the protein but one that is essential for RNA transcription. The removal of both of these protein domains leaves a half of the protein that binds only to the 3' side of the control region and is inactive in promoting transcription. Quantitative DNA binding and in vitro transcription experiments show that only a single molecule of 40 kd factor binds to the internal control region, and that this stoichiometry is sufficient to give maximal stimulation of 5S RNA transcription in a reconstituted system. Consideration of the essential DNA contact points of the factor, taken together with the constraints imposed by a 1:1 protein to DNA stoichiometry permit the linear projection of the extended protein molecule onto its binding site along the internal control region of the 5S RNA gene. PMID- 6722886 TI - Transcriptional activity of blastomeres in mouse embryos during delayed implantation and after oestradiol benzoate-induced resumption of development. AB - The relative activities of endogenous DNA-bound RNA polymerases have been quantified in individual blastocysts of ovariectomized mice during delayed implantation and following oestradiol-induced resumption of development. Incorporation of [3H]UMP into an acid insoluble product was detected in the cell nuclei by autoradiography. Nucleolar polymerase I and the nucleoplasmic polymerase II were present in delayed blastocysts harvested from progesterone- or oil-treated ovariectomized females. However, the activities of these enzymes were considerably reduced in comparison with those of blastocysts of intact mice. A stimulation of transcription appeared to occur 18 h after oestradiol benzoate injection of progesterone-treated females but more rapidly in blastocysts from oil-treated females. The data indicate that progesterone may retard the rate of oestradiol-induced reactivation in delayed blastocysts. PMID- 6722887 TI - Glycoproteins responsive to the neural-inducing effect of concanavalin A in Cynops presumptive ectoderm. AB - To examine the possible occurrence of receptors in the ectodermal cell surface which apparently mediates the neural-inducing stimulus, a further experiment by using Con A was done in combination with the enzyme treatments. The presumptive ectoderm explants of Cynops gastrula were first treated with neuraminidase to remove sialic acid. Prior to the Con A treatment, the explants were treated with almond glycopeptidase, which cleaves the asparagine linkage between protein and oligosaccharide in glycoprotein and releases the oligosaccharide moiety intact containing mannose residue from the substrate. No neural induction occurred. When the explants were not treated with almond glycopeptidase, the neural induction frequency was found to be the same as that of the explants treated with only Con A. Biochemical analyses showed that when the fixed ectoderm explants were treated with almond glycopeptidase, several oligosaccharides were released and then fractionated by means of Bio-Gel P-4 filtration. Based on the strict specificity of almond glycopeptidase, these oligosaccharides are unmistakably asparagine linked oligosaccharides with mannose residues. We discuss the hypothesis of involvement of glycoproteins in the first step of molecular events in the neural induction mechanism. PMID- 6722889 TI - The fusion of oocytes of the starfish Aphelasterias japonica. III. Reconstruction of oocytes from cells and cell fragments (cytoplasts). AB - The oocytes of the starfish Aphelasterias japonica were divided into anuclear (cytoplasts) and nuclear (germinal vesicles) fragments by centrifugation in a Ficoll gradient with cytochalasin B. Cell hybrids between the oocytes and the cytoplasts were then prepared with the aid of polyethylene glycol treatment. These cell hybrids were capable of responding to 1-methyladenine by maturation. PMID- 6722888 TI - Demonstration of a polarizing signal that reverses future retinotectal patterns across Nuclepore filter barriers, in Xenopus embryonic eye. AB - We have studied the interactions which occur in surgically disarranged eye rudiments by recombining a left anterior half-eye graft from a donor Xenopus embryo with a right host posterior half eye, across a variety of physical barriers, at embryonic stages 31 or 32. The anterior half-eye graft and barrier were removed 18 h later at stage 38, and the host posterior half-eye was allowed to reconstitute a whole eye whose visuotectal projection could be mapped electrophysiologically after metamorphosis. Anteroposteriorly reversed maps and double-anterior twinned maps that are characteristic of anterior half-eyes, were found in 50-65% of cases in each of the experimental series using no barrier (N = 16), or using Nuclepore filter barriers (N = 47), including 5 of 8 cases when a filter of 0.015 micrometer pore diameter was used. The latter cases are especially interesting, because the filter pores were much smaller than the minimum size known to permit cell-cell contact through the pores. No animals showed AP-reversed retinotectal maps or double-anterior twinned maps when the graft and host half-eyes were separated by a tantalum or plastic barrier (N = 21). Only a single case of AP-reversed mapping was found in 115 control animals including simple posterior half-eye preparations at stage 32 or 38 (N = 13), sham fusions (30 min) across Nuclepore filters (N = 35), or chronic application of a filter (or plastic or tantalum) barrier from stages 32-38 (N = 55) without a left anterior half-eye graft. We conclude that signals from an anterior half-eye can act to repolarize a posterior half-eye in the absence of cell transfer and under conditions which permit little or no direct cell-cell contact. PMID- 6722890 TI - Synthesis of diadenosine 5',5'''-P1,P4-tetraphosphate (AP4A) in sea urchin embryos. AB - Sea urchin embryos were labeled with [3H]adenosine at two developmental stages (morula and prism) and the labeled acid-soluble nucleotides were fractionated successively by column chromatography with DEAE-Sephadex and DEAE-cellulose, and by thin-layer chromatography on a PEI-cellulose plate. Significant radioactivity was detected on the PEI-cellulose plate at the region of diadenosine 5',5''' P1,P4-tetraphosphate (AP4A). After treatment of this fraction with phosphodiesterase, the radioactivity was all recovered in the AMP region, while alkaline phosphatase had no effect on the AP4A fraction. The present result suggests that AP4A is actively synthesized in the sea urchin embryos. PMID- 6722891 TI - The nonhistone proteins of developing mammalian erythroid cells. AB - Anaemic rabbit bone marrow cells, labelled with [35S]methionine, were separated at unit gravity. Chromatin was isolated from these cells and proteins were separated from DNA, using urea/salt extraction. Two-dimensional gel electrophoresis of the nonhistone proteins showed that these proteins appeared to change quantitatively but not qualitatively, with one important exception, as cell development proceeded. The one protein that did change had a molecular weight of approximately 20,000 and was very basic. This protein was synthesised at low levels in the early cells, but its synthesis was seen to increase at the polychromatic stage of cell development, just prior to nuclear condensation. Treatment of bone marrow cells with sodium butyrate was shown to increase the synthesis of this protein in the early cells. PMID- 6722892 TI - Human colostral cells. II. Response to mitogens. AB - The ability of colostral lymphocytes to respond to pokeweed mitogen, phytohemagglutinin, or Epstein-Barr virus was examined. None of these mitogens induced colostral cells to differentiate into immunoglobulin-containing cells, either in the absence or in the presence of mitomycin C-treated mononuclear cells or T-cell-enriched populations from peripheral blood. Cocultivation of mononuclear cells from the peripheral blood of normal adults with mitomycin C treated colostral cells resulted in a marked suppression of the generation of immunoglobulin-containing cells in response to pokeweed mitogen. The inhibitory effect was seen in peripheral blood mononuclear cell:colostral cell ratios of 1:1, 5:1, and 10:1. However, colostral cells had little effect on the ability of peripheral blood lymphocytes to proliferate in response to phytohemagglutinin or to allogeneic stimulation. PMID- 6722893 TI - Antibody to immunoselected L-cell antigens mimics stimulating activity of antibody to whole L cells. AB - A heterogeneous IgG antibody raised in rabbits in response to injections of whole L cells was used to identify and select relevant antigens in a nonionic detergent extract of L cells prelabeled with [35S]methionine by means of immunoprecipitation and immunoaffinity chromatography. When analyzed by sodium dodecyl sulfate-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis, the immunoprecipitate and immunoeluate contained far fewer protein bands than the whole cell extract but selectively retained a 42,000-MW protein species. In response to injections of the immunoprecipitate, rabbits produced a new antiserum which reacted predominantly with the 42,000-MW protein when reacted with L-cell proteins separated by sodium dodecyl sulfate-gel electrophoresis and transferred to nitrocellulose paper by the Western blot technique. The new antiserum (raised to the immunoprecipitate) and the original antiserum (raised to whole cells) were equipotent in stimulating calcium transport, phospholipid metabolism, and DNA synthesis in L cells. Binding of the IgG fractions of the two antisera displayed identical high affinity binding to L-cell surface antigens, with the same average association constant of 1.5 X 10(6) M-1. These studies have shown that an antiserum raised to whole L cells has a much narrower reactive spectrum with L cell membrane antigens than might be imagined and has identified a 42,000-MW membrane protein as an important immunogen which itself elicits a potent immune response resulting in an antibody capable of mimicking the cell stimulatory properties of the original antiserum. PMID- 6722894 TI - Modulation of stimulatory effects of poly(I:C) on natural cytotoxicity by anti interferon. AB - The effect of polyinosinic . polycytidylic acid [poly(I:C)] on tumor inhibition in the context of natural cytotoxicity enhancement prompted further assessment of mechanisms underlying these effects. In vivo inoculations of poly(I:C) led to dose-dependent cytotoxicity enhancement in splenic lymphocytes and nonrecruited peritoneal exudate cells (monocytes). Although cytotoxicity of macrophages and lymphocytes together was less than that seen with lymphocytes alone, addition of indomethacin to these samples did not enhance cytotoxicity. In vivo inoculation of anti-interferon prior to poly(I:C) treatment prevented poly(I:C)-induced enhancement of natural cytotoxicity. Tumor growth was significantly inhibited by poly(I:C) treatment. Prior inoculation of anti-interferon antiserum partially prevented such tumor inhibition. Taken together, the tumor-inhibitory effect of poly(I:C) in this model may be mediated by interferon production and, at least in part, by interferon-induced enhancement of natural cytotoxicity. PMID- 6722895 TI - Chairman's report to the WHO-IUIS Nomenclature Committee. PMID- 6722896 TI - Lymphocyte migration into the lacrimal gland is random. AB - The murine lacrimal gland demonstrates a high proportion of both IgA-producing cells and IgA-bearing cells, an observation consistent with tissues of the secretory immune system. This selective accumulation of IgA cells in the lacrimal gland was studied by observing the accumulation of various populations of fluorescein isothiocyanate-labeled lymphocytes in the gland. Labeled spleen cells were found to accumulate equally as well as mesenteric lymph node cells. T cells and T-cell-depleted populations of lymphocytes from spleen also showed migration into the gland. Surface staining of labeled cells found in the gland after 24 hr revealed that IgA-, IgG-, and IgM-bearing cells were all present in high proportions. These experiments demonstrate a random migration of lymphocytes into the lacrimal gland and suggest that the accumulation of IgA-bearing cells in the gland is regulated by the nonvascular microenvironment within the gland. PMID- 6722897 TI - Immunocytochemical labelling of isolated catfish pituitary gonadotrops with the protein A-gold method on epon sections. PMID- 6722898 TI - Morphology and enzyme histochemistry of isolated human follicular dendritic cells. PMID- 6722899 TI - Relationship between thymic IDC in situ and dendritic cells in vitro. PMID- 6722900 TI - Lymph node interdigitating cells in situ and dendritic cells in vitro. PMID- 6722901 TI - Coated vesicles of liver Golgi apparatus increased by ascorbate. AB - Cultured hepatocytes and hepatoma cells when treated for 10-30 min with 30 mM ascorbate (vitamin C) responded by a 2- to 3- fold increase in the numbers of coated vesicles of the Golgi apparatus zone as determined by quantitation from electron micrographs. At a near optimal concentration of 30 mM ascorbate, the effect was reproduced under a variety of conditions of fixation and methods of specimen preparation. PMID- 6722902 TI - Dictyosome-like structures present in human testicular cells. AB - Dictyosome-like structures (DLS) are present in human spermatocytes and spermatids. They display morphological and developmental characteristics similar to those of other species that contain DLS. PMID- 6722903 TI - Ribosomal RNA synthesis in liver of adrenalectomized rats after partial hepatectomy. AB - The ribosome formation in four experimental groups: normal, adrenalectomized, partially hepatectomized and adrenalectomized - partially hepatectomized rats was studied. Ribosomal RNA was labelled for different intervals and the transfer of the radioactivity from 45 S pre-rRNA through the nucleolar pre-rRNA and rRNA pools into cytoplasmic 28S and 18S rRNA was followed. The results show that there are at least two ways of positive control of rRNA synthesis, one of them being glucocorticoid-dependent. The acceleration of the pre-rRNA processing through the shortest maturation pathway in regenerating liver is reduced in the absence of the hormone. Glucocorticoids do not influence nucleo-cytoplasmic rRNA transport. PMID- 6722904 TI - Preservation of the structural integrity of tight junctions during the freeze fracture of ciliary epithelium. AB - It has recently been reported that losses of tight junction material could result from the freeze-fracture process. To verify this assumption, we tried to increase the possibility, if any, of losses of junction material, by inducing an important fragmentation of junctional fibrils by bathing ciliary epithelium in a 0.5M sucrose solution before glutaraldehyde fixation and freeze-fracturing at -160 degrees C. In spite of a significant redistribution of junctional material on both fracture faces, careful examination of complementary replicas and measurements of junction elements and interruption lengths showed that no loss of junctional material occurred in this tissue. The influence of physical parameters (i.e. temperature) on the preservation of the structural integrity of the tight junction during fracturing is now a problem to be considered. PMID- 6722905 TI - Enhanced recovery from growth inhibition in irradiated M04 spheroids invading into embryonic chick heart fragments in organ culture. AB - We have studied recovery from growth inhibition in irradiated M04 mouse fibrosarcoma spheroids using various post-irradiation culture conditions. Recovery after irradiation with 18 Gy was significantly higher in M04 spheroids confronting fragments of embryonic chick heart in suspension culture as compared to M04 spheroids confronting pieces of Gel-foam in suspension culture (p less than 0.0007) or to M04 spheroids explanted on coverslips in static culture (p less than 0.006). These observations suggest that the normal tissue might contribute to recovery from growth inhibition in irradiated M04 cell populations. PMID- 6722906 TI - The microvilli of the midgut epithelium in the freshwater shrimp, Caridina denticulata. AB - The ultrastructure of the epithelial cell microvilli of the midgut of a decapod, Caridina denticulata , was studied. The microvilli have an axial bundle of filaments extend from the tip of the microvilli deeply into the interior cytoplasm of the epithelial cells. Basal globules were present at the base of the microvilli in the premolt stage animals. The length and arrangement of the microvilli change during the molting cycle. PMID- 6722907 TI - Ultrastructural changes in rat adrenocortical cells produced by a 4 aminopyrazolopyrimidine (4-APP) dosage. AB - The relation between adrenal cholesterol synthesis and ultrastructural changes was studied in rat adrenal glands stimulated by 4-aminopyrazolopyrimidine (4 APP). Ultrastructural observations were focused on the inner fasciculata reticularis (Zone I) and the outer fasciculata (Zone O) of the adrenal glands. Zone I in 4-APP-treated rat adrenals had increased tubules and vesicles in the smooth endoplasmic reticulum, mitochondrial enlargement and the accumulated osmiophilic lipid droplets. In contrast, Zone O of the 4-APP-treated rat adrenals showed a decrease in osmiophilic lipid droplets and no increase in any of the elements of the smooth endoplasmic reticulum. These results are strong evidence that under 4-APP treatment cholesterol synthesis takes place in the increased smooth endoplasmic reticulum in Zone I cells. The functional status of the cells of the inner and outer zones of the adrenal cortex also is discussed. PMID- 6722908 TI - Yields of tubulin paracrystals, vinblastine-crystals, induced in unfertilized and fertilized sea urchin eggs in the presence of D2O. AB - The effect of D2O on the crystallization of polymerizable tubulin in sea urchin egg cytoplasm was investigated by estimating the yield of "vinblastine (VB) crystals" by directly measuring the dimensions of the crystals produced and by protein assays of the crystal isolates. The yield of VB-crystals in mature unfertilized eggs was fairly constant; it neither increased nor decreased in the presence of D2O. On fertilization, the yield of crystals decreased markedly as compared with yields from unfertilized eggs; but, the yield was restored to the value for unfertilized eggs when an adequate concentration of D2O was present during incubation. These results are evidence that tubulin molecules in unfertilized sea urchin eggs are in the polymerizable state but become masked and partly unpolymerizable after fertilization and the D2O releases the masked state and converts unpolymerizable tubulin molecules into active and polymerizable state. PMID- 6722909 TI - Inhibitor of ribosomal RNA synthesis in Xenopus laevis embryos. VII. Inhibition of 40s pre-rRNA synthesis in Xenopus neurula cells. AB - A fraction containing acid-soluble materials (PCA-extract) from Xenopus early blastulae preferentially inhibits the incorporation of [3H]uridine into 18S and 28S rRNA in Xenopus neurula cells. Pulse- laneling experiments revealed that whereas tubercidin, a known inhibitor of rRNA processing, produced a marked accumulation of the label in 40S pre-rRNA, Xenopus inhibitor suppressed labeling of the pre-rRNA. When tubercidin was added to cells whose activity for rRNA synthesis had been lowered by the Xenopus inhibitor, there was still an accumulation of label in the pre-rRNA. These results indicate that Xenopus inhibitor suppresses the synthesis of rRNA at transcription rather than at processing. PMID- 6722910 TI - [Proposal for a new method of classifying biopharmaceutical factors]. PMID- 6722911 TI - [A study of the pharmacy profession in our society. II. Evaluation of the modern pharmacist by the public]. PMID- 6722912 TI - [Postnatal development of children from pregnancies given preconceptive genetic care]. PMID- 6722913 TI - [Obstetrical complications after cerclage]. PMID- 6722915 TI - [Use of lisuride in the treatment of anovulatory disorders with prolactinemia]. PMID- 6722914 TI - [Levels of plasma 17-beta estradiol and progesterone in cycles stimulated with clomiphene amd HCG]. PMID- 6722916 TI - [Controlling urgent urinary incontinence by re-educating the bladder]. PMID- 6722917 TI - [Contraception in young people]. PMID- 6722918 TI - [Sevatest HCG-latex. A new preparation for the determination of pregnancy]. PMID- 6722919 TI - [Experience with a new preparation, Sevatest HCG-latex]. PMID- 6722920 TI - [Standardization of human chorionic gonadotropin (HCG)--present status]. PMID- 6722921 TI - [Present views on urinary stress incontinence in women]. PMID- 6722922 TI - [Use of the alga Scenedesmus acutus after curettage (long term study)]. PMID- 6722923 TI - [Human reproduction and the environment]. PMID- 6722924 TI - [A rapid graphic method for the informative determination of affinity relations and percentual representation of 2 different receptor subtypes reacting with 1 radioactive ligand]. PMID- 6722925 TI - [The physical activity schedule of patients as one of the tools for quantifying the number of nurses in hospital departments]. PMID- 6722926 TI - [Manpower problems in the pharmacy service]. PMID- 6722927 TI - [Theory and practical aspects of work disability evaluation in Czechoslovakia]. PMID- 6722928 TI - [Experience with the results of the reform of medical education from the viewpoint of graduates and leading workers in health care institutions]. PMID- 6722929 TI - [Indicators of the implementation of the principles of effective hemotherapy in Czechoslovakia from 1981 to 1982]. PMID- 6722930 TI - [The effect of regular exercise on mental status, performance and somatic parameters]. PMID- 6722931 TI - Interaction of the oncolytic drug, 1-(2-chloroethyl)-3-cyclohexyl-1-nitrosourea with the mixed-function oxidase system in rats. AB - Effects of 1-(2-chloroethyl)-3-cyclohexyl-1-nitrosourea (CCNU) on the hepatic mixed-function oxidase system in male rats were studied both in vivo and in vitro. A single dose of CCNU (40 mg/kg) caused a significant reduction in hepatic mixed-function oxidase activities within 3 days after administration. The depression was prolonged for cytochrome P-450, total haem and the metabolism of several type I substrates lasting up to 10 weeks after a single dose. By contrast, aniline hydroxylase, cytochrome b5 and NADPH-cytochrome c reductase activities returned to near control levels after week two. Microsomal enzymes in the kidneys of treated animals however, were unaltered. Serum glutamic pyruvic and glutamic oxaloacetic transaminase and bilirubin levels, indicators of hepatotoxicity, were greatly elevated 3 days after CCNU treatment. These parameters fell rapidly but were still above control levels to the end of the 10 week study. When added in vitro, CCNU reduced apparent cytochrome P-450 content and the metabolism of type I substrates in microsomes from untreated, phenobarbital (PB) and 3-methylcholanthrene (3-MC)-pretreated rats. Total haem and NADPH-cytochrome c reductase were not affected whereas aniline hydroxylase activity was activated. CCNU interacted with hepatic microsomes to produce a type I difference spectrum. PMID- 6722932 TI - Reductive halothane metabolite formation and halothane binding in rat hepatic microsomes. AB - The production of the reductive [14C]halothane metabolites, 2-chloro-1, 1,1 trifluoroethane ( CTE ) and 2-chloro-1,1- difluoroethylene (CDE), was determined in anaerobic microsomal incubations by high pressure liquid chromatography (HPLC). The HPLC technique used allowed accurate measurements of low levels of [14C]halothane metabolites. Comparisons of metabolic profiles and halothane binding in microsomes reduced with NADPH and sodium dithionite show that dithionite stimulates CDE production and total halothane degradation, but inhibits CTE formation and [14C]halothane binding. Similarly, the addition of isoflurane, but not enflurane, to microsomes increases CDE production and decreases CTE formation and [14C]halothane-lipid binding. Measurement of fluoride in similar incubations show that fluoride release from halothane correlates with the formation of CDE and not CTE . The results demonstrate that the relative production of CTE and CDE may not remain constant in microsomal preparations, and that halothane binding correlates with CTE formation and not CDE and fluoride production. PMID- 6722933 TI - Drug residue formation from ronidazole, a 5-nitroimidazole. V. Cysteine adducts formed upon reduction of ronidazole by dithionite or rat liver enzymes in the presence of cysteine. AB - When ronidazole (1-methyl-5-nitroimidazole-2-methanol carbamate) is reduced by either dithionite or rat liver microsomal enzymes in the presence of cysteine, ronidazole-cysteine adducts can be isolated. Upon reduction with dithionite ronidazole can react with either one or two molecules of cysteine to yield either a monosubstituted ronidazole-cysteine adduct substituted at the 4-position or a disubstituted ronidazole-cysteine adduct substituted at both the 4-position and the 2-methylene position. In both products the carbamoyl group of ronidazole has been lost. The use of rat liver microsomes to reduce ronidazole led to the formation of the disubstituted ronidazole-cysteine adduct. These data indicate that upon the reduction of ronidazole one or more reactive species can be formed which can bind covalently to cysteine. The proposed reactive intermediates formed under these conditions may account for the observed binding of ronidazole to microsomal protein and the presence of intractable drug residues in the tissues of animals treated with this compound. They may also account for the mutagenicity of this compound in bacteria. PMID- 6722934 TI - Preferential reaction of the carcinogen N-acetoxy-2-acetylaminofluorene with satellite DNA. AB - The carcinogens N-acetoxy-2-acetylaminofluorene (N-acetoxy-AAF) and N-hydroxy-2 aminofluorene (N-hydroxy-AF) were incubated with calf thymus DNA to determine if reaction occurred preferentially with discrete regions within the DNA. Derivative melting profiles indicated that both compounds decreased satellite transitions and that N-acetoxy-AAF depressed the melting of higher temperature regions. These data suggest that N-acetoxy-AAF reacted to a greater extent with G + C-rich regions and, because the resulting adduct disrupted the helix, the cooperativity of melting decreased. Reaction of N-acetoxy-AAF with purified satellite III DNA confirmed the preferential interaction of this carcinogen with G + C-rich regions as compared to main component DNA. The derivative melting profile of lambda DNA in the presence of actinomycin D further demonstrated that this type of analysis can detect preferential interactions with specific DNA sequences. PMID- 6722935 TI - Identification of the specific sites of interaction between intercalating drugs and DNA. AB - A number of intercalating drugs have been found capable of causing site-specific inhibition of nick-translation in a DNA template of known sequence. Compounds of the 4'-(9-acridinylamino) methanesulphonanilide (AMSA) series cause selective inhibition in regions of G-C base pairs. Other intercalating drugs including ethidium bromide, adriamycin and actinomycin D also exhibited a G-C base pair preference although bisantrene-induced inhibition tended to be in regions of A-T base pairs. Diacridine compounds were more effective in inhibiting polymerase action as the linker chain was increased from 4 to 8 carbons. Results with mitonafide , anthracene derivatives, mithramycin and distamycin A are also presented. Inhibition caused by a given drug varied significantly from site to site in the DNA but apart from a preference for G-C or A-T rich regions, there seemed no preference for certain base sequences per se. Rather, it was felt that secondary structures, such as hairpins, in DNA might be of importance. The hypothesis is advanced that inhibition of polymerase action in this in vitro system may provide a useful and biologically relevant measure of the strength of drug binding at various DNA sites. PMID- 6722936 TI - Formation of epsilon-hydroxycaproate and epsilon-aminocaproate from N nitrosohexamethyleneimine: evidence that microsomal alpha-hydroxylation of cyclic nitrosamines may not always involve the insertion of molecular oxygen into the substrate. AB - The formation of the products of microsomal metabolism of the cyclic nitrosamine, nitrosohexamethyleneimine (NO-HEX) were studied. Information on the origins of the oxygen atoms in four major metabolites of NO-HEX was obtained by metabolizing this compound in an 18O2 atmosphere using microsomes and cytosol, beta- and gamma Hydroxy-NO-HEX are formed as a result of the insertion of a hydroxyl group derived from molecular oxygen into NO-HEX. All of the oxygen atoms in epsilon aminocaproate (EAC) were derived from water. Approximately half of the molecules of epsilon- hydroxycaproate ( EHC ) contain an 18O atom; thus, half of the alpha hydroxy-NO-HEX formed incorporates a hydroxyl group derived from molecular oxygen with the remainder of the hydroxyls being from water. To account for the above data and the related metabolic origins of EAC and EHC ( Hecker and McClusky , Cancer Res., 42 (1982) 59; Hecker et al., Teratogen. Carcinogen. Mutagen (1982) in press), we have proposed a mechanism for the formation of these compounds from cyclic nitrosamines catalyzed by microsomal and cytosolic enzymes. PMID- 6722937 TI - Manganese-stimulated exocytosis of acid phosphatase in mice. PMID- 6722938 TI - Drug residue formation from ronidazole, a 5-nitroimidazole. VI. Lack of mutagenic activity of reduced metabolites and derivatives of ronidazole. AB - The potential toxicity of ronidazole residues present in the tissues of food producing animals was assessed using the Ames mutagenicity test. Since ronidazole is activated by reduction, reduced derivatives of ronidazole and metabolites formed by enzymatic reduction of ronidazole were tested for mutagenicity. When tested at levels several orders of magnitude higher than that at which ronidazole was mutagenic, 5-amino-4-S-cysteinyl-1,2- dimethylimidazole , a product of the dithionite reduction of ronidazole in the presence of cysteine, the 5-N acetylamino derivative of ronidazole and 5-amino-1,2- dimethylimidazole all lacked mutagenic activity in Ames strain TA100. The metabolites of ronidazole formed by the incubation of ronidazole with microsomes under anaerobic conditions were also not mutagenic. These data demonstrate that although ronidazole is a potent mutagen, residues from it which may be present in the tissues of food producing animals lack any mutagenic activity. PMID- 6722939 TI - Evidence for the extreme overestimation of choline acetyltransferase in human sperm, human seminal plasma and rat heart: a case of mistaking carnitine acetyltransferase for choline acetyltransferase. AB - Detection of choline acetyltransferase (ChAc) in a number of non-neuronal tissues has been extremely overestimated. There are two major types of errors encountered. Type 1 error occurs when endogenous substrates (e.g. L-carnitine) are acetylated by acetyltransferase enzymes (e.g. carnitine acetyltransferase ( CarAc ) ) yielding an acetylated product mistaken for acetylcholine (AcCh). In the past, human sperm and human seminal plasma putative ChAc activity has been extremely overestimated due to Type 1 error. This study demonstrates (1) an endogenous acetyltransferase and substrate activity in human sperm and human seminal plasma forming an acetylated product that is not AcCh but probably acetylcarnitine ( AcCar ); (2) that the addition of 5 mM choline substrate does not significantly increase acetyltransferase activity; (3) that boiled seminal plasma contains an endogenous acetyltransferase substrate which is not choline, but probably L-carnitine. Type 2 error occurs when endogenous carnitine acetyltransferase synthesizes true AcCh, resulting in mistaken evidence for ChAc. This is demonstrated by the fact that the choline substrate Km-value for the neuronal or true ChAc from mouse brain is 0.73 +/- 0.06 mM while the Km-value of choline substrate for purified CarAc from pigeon breast muscle is 108 +/- 4 mM. Type 2 error has occurred for the estimation of putative ChAc in rat heart. The rat heart ChAc was measured in previous studies utilizing a concentration of 30 mM choline substrate. While saturation of neuronal ChAc is observed at 2-5 mM choline, saturation of the rat heart CarAc enzyme is not reached until over 800 mM. Purified CarAc significantly synthesizes AcCh at 30 mM choline. Thus, putative ChAc has been greatly overestimated in the scientific literature for mammalian sperm, human seminal plasma and rat heart. PMID- 6722940 TI - Identification of plasma proteins containing sulfite-reactive disulfide bonds. AB - Plasma protein S-sulfonate compounds (RS-SO-3) have previously been shown to form, presumably by sulfitolysis of disulfide bonds, as a result of exposure to sulfite. In the investigations reported here, we identify two proteins in rabbit plasma, namely albumin and plasma fibronectin, which contain reactive sites for S sulfonate formation. Separation and identification of these proteins following in vitro and in vivo exposure to sulfite was accomplished primarily by column chromatographic and electrophoretic techniques. In addition, the structure of presumed S-sulfonate groups was confirmed by the identification of cysteinyl-S sulfonate residues in protein hydrolysates generated by enzymatic digestion. The molar ratio of RS-SO-3 in both albumin and plasma fibronectin was less than one. Data from our experiments suggest that the mixed disulfide site of non- mercaptalbumin is the reactive site for S-sulfonate formation. The site(s) of formation within the plasma fibronectin molecule was not investigated. The possible physiological significance of disulfide sulfitolysis of albumin and plasma fibronectin is discussed. PMID- 6722941 TI - Stereoselective metabolism of 7-methylbenz[a]anthracene: absolute configuration of five dihydrodiol metabolites and the effect of dihydrodiol conformation on circular dichroism spectra. AB - 7-Methylbenz[a]anthracene (7-MBA) was metabolized stereoselectively by rat liver microsomes to form five optically active dihydrodiols as the predominant metabolites. The dihydrodiols were purified by a combination of reversed-phase and normal-phase high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC). By comparison of their circular dichroism (CD) spectra with the corresponding benz[a]anthracene (BA) dihydrodiols of known absolute stereochemistry, the major dihydrodiol enantiomers of 7-MBA have been determined to have 1R,2R-, 3R,4R- and 10R , 11R - absolute configurations, respectively. Due to their quasi- diaxial conformations, the absolute configuration of trans-5,6- and trans-8,9-dihydrodiols, the two most abundant metabolites of 7-MBA, could not be determined by simple comparisons of their circular dichroism spectra with those of the quasidi -equatorial BA 5R, 6R and 8R , 9R -dihydrodiols. The major enantiomers of the quasi- diaxial trans-5,6 and trans-8,9-dihydrodiol metabolites of 7-MBA were determined by comparison to the CD spectrum of 7-bromo-BA 5R, 6R -dihydrodiol and by the exciton chirality method to have R,R absolute stereochemistry. This study also revealed that the circular dichroism Cotton effects of an enantiomeric dihydrodiol of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons can be drastically altered if the conformation (quasi- diaxial vs. quasi di-equatorial ) of the dihydrodiol is changed. PMID- 6722942 TI - Covalent binding of niridazole (Ambilhar) to tissue proteins of the rat. AB - In vivo and in vitro experiments have shown that [14C] niridazole ( NDZ ) can covalently bind to the proteins of rat liver, kidney and testes, but not to the DNA in these tissues. The covalent binding was dose dependent, and the greatest amount of binding was found in the microsomal fraction. The binding of [14C] NDZ to microsomal protein was linear with time and with protein concentration. Reduced nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate was necessary for the binding, while cobaltous chloride pretreatment inhibited it, demonstrating that a cytochrome P-450 dependent mixed function oxidase mediated the binding. Pretreatment of rats with other compounds, such as phenobarbital, 3-methyl cholanthrene and chloracetamide which alter the rate of metabolism of [14C] NDZ similarly affected the extent of hepatic binding of the radiolabelled metabolite. The possible relationships between these results and the cytotoxic effects of NDZ have been discussed. PMID- 6722944 TI - Azo dyes based on 3,5,3',5'-tetramethylbenzidine: potential substitutes for carcinogenic azo dyes. PMID- 6722943 TI - DNA damage in HeLa s3 cells by an antitumor drug Ledakrin and other antitumor 1 nitro-9-aminoacridines. AB - Ledakrin and seven other antitumor and cytotoxic derivatives of 1-nitro-9 aminoacridine were shown to induce DNA-single strand breaks in HeLa S3 cells as found by alkaline sucrose gradient centrifugation. The induced DNA damage is of non-random character. Some of Ledakrin -induced DNA breaks are probably generated by endonucleolytic cleavage in the course of repair processes as indicated by experiments with Novobiocin, an antibiotic preventing the incision step of DNA repair. Other Ledakrin -induced DNA breaks observed on alkaline sucrose gradients may arise from alkali-labile sites in DNA. Most of such sites seem to be converted to breaks after brief exposure to alkali. The extent of DNA damage by 1 nitro-9-aminoacridines was found to be correlated with cytotoxic activities of these compounds against HeLa S3 cells. Furthermore, Ledakrin and other derivatives seem to induce DNA-repair synthesis in HeLa S3 cells as judged by the stimulation of hydroxyurea (HU)-resistant incorporation of [3H] thymidine into DNA. The agents studied differ in their concentrations required to produce a considerable stimulation of DNA repair, whereas the maximal level of this effect is similar for all the derivatives assayed. The former values are correlated with cytotoxic activities of these compounds and seem to reflect the overall extent of DNA damage by 1-nitro-9-aminoacridines. Stimulation of DNA-repair synthesis is gradually shut off during prolonged incubation of the cells with Ledakrin or during postincubation of the cells in a drug-free medium. Such postincubation results also in the gradual accumulation of DNA-single strand breaks as observed by alkaline sucrose centrifugation. Hence, HeLa S3 cells are incapable of efficiently removing DNA damage by 1-nitro-9-aminoacridines, though the drug's action activates temporarily some repair mechanisms. The reported results suggest that overall DNA damage may contribute to the cytotoxic effects of 1-nitro-9 aminoacridines besides previously found ability of these agents to form interstrand DNA cross-links. PMID- 6722945 TI - Synthesis and anti-inflammatory activity of 2,6-di-tert-butylphenols with a heterocyclic group at the 4-position. III. PMID- 6722946 TI - Determination of vitamin K analogues by high performance liquid chromatography with electrochemical derivatization. PMID- 6722948 TI - Urine composition in rats with adenine-induced renal failure during treatment with rhubarb extract. PMID- 6722947 TI - A role of alkaline phosphatase in phosphate transport. PMID- 6722949 TI - Physiological activities of 3,3',4,5'-tetrahydroxystilbene isolated from the heartwood of Cassia garrettiana CRAIB. PMID- 6722950 TI - Synthesis of six common amino acid sequence fragments of thymosins beta 4, beta 8 and beta 9 and determination of their effects on the low E-rosette forming cells of lupus nephritis patients. PMID- 6722951 TI - Optical inversion of (2R)- to (2S)-isomers of 2-[4-(2-Oxocyclopentylmethyl) phenyl]propionic acid (loxoprofen), a new anti-inflammatory agent, and its monohydroxy metabolites in the rat. PMID- 6722952 TI - Structural determination of rat urinary metabolites of sodium 2-[4-(2 oxocyclopentylmethyl)phenyl]propionate dihydrate (loxoprofen sodium), a new anti inflammatory agent. PMID- 6722953 TI - Application of calcium thioglycolate to improve transdermal delivery of theophylline in rats. PMID- 6722954 TI - Isolation and antitumor activity of cyclic hexapeptides isolated from Rubiae radix. PMID- 6722955 TI - Synthesis and antimicrobial activity of salicylanilide derivatives. II. PMID- 6722956 TI - Studies on radioimmunoassay for methamphetamine excreted in human urine. PMID- 6722957 TI - Production of a monoclonal anti-11-deoxycortisol antibody. PMID- 6722958 TI - Synthesis of N-substituted (6-benzyl-4,4-dimethyl-2-cyclohexenyl)-methylamines and related compounds. PMID- 6722959 TI - [Retrospective study on the mortality of children under 5 in a rural district of the region of Brazzaville (People's Republic of Congo). I. Rate and causes of mortality]. AB - A retrospective study of 1,003 children permits us to identify precisely rates and causes of mortality in children under 5 years old in a rural holoendemic malaria area of the People's Republic of the Congo. The mortality rates are distinctly lower than those generally observed in tropical Africa. Infant mortality (0-1 year) was found to be 71%, mortality 13%, early neonatal mortality (0-7 days) 41% and mortality between 1-5 years, 49%. Main causes of mortality are those related to pregnancy (prematurity, obstetrical pathology) and with infectious diseases particularly measles. On the other hand, no death seems to be attributable directly to malaria in this study. PMID- 6722960 TI - [The role of rotaviruses in the etiology of infantile diarrhea in the Central African Republic]. AB - The stools of 1 138 diarrheic children and 298 controls have been investigated for rotavirus during the course of 1982. The results were positive for 21.9% of the patients and 6.7% of the controls. The maxima incidence of rotavirus has been found among children from new born to 11 months old and during the dry season. The results are compared with those of other authors. PMID- 6722961 TI - [Inguinal mycetoma caused by A. pelletieri. Apropos of a case]. AB - This work is a report of a new case of A. pelletieri inguinal mycetoma probably of primary localization. This ganglionary localization may be responsible for therapeutic failures and a regular survey is needed after a partial surgical cure was done. PMID- 6722962 TI - [Flubendazole in human Echinococcus granulosus hydatidosis. Preoperative care: parasit-pharmacologic study]. AB - The effect of flubendazole in human hydatic disease due to E. granulosus has been studied in 22 patients with one or several hydatic cysts of different sites. Flubendazole has been given orally before surgery for a 10 days mean period, at 4 g daily in adults and 1 g daily in children. Flubendazole has been titrated by radioimmuno-assay in sera, urines and bile taken 12 to 24 hours after the last ingestion and in the hydatic cyst (membranes and liquid). The scolex vitality was determined by direct optic microscopy and by intra-peritoneal mouse inoculation. Seven non-treated patients, without hydatic disease, were considered as controls. The flubendazole concentrations in sera (3.01 +/- 3.73 ng/ml) and in urines (7.6 +/- 7.5 ng ml) are low. They are also low in membranes (3.21 +/- ng/mg) and in hydatic liquid, but significantly more elevated in the hepatic localisation than in the pulmonary localisation. The bile concentrations are high (167.9 +/- 133.2 ng/ml). There is no correlation between these concentrations and the amounts of flubendazole administered. The scolex vitality was correlated neither with the amounts of flubendazole administered, nor with the concentrations of flubendazole in the hydatic cyst. Further studies are necessary before judging of the efficacy of flubendazole in the human hydatic disease. PMID- 6722963 TI - [Parasitic appendicitis. Apropos of 4 cases of acute appendicitis]. AB - The authors present 4 observations of acute appendicitis with the presence of parasites at the micropathological examination. To this end, they study the literature in order to try to show the frequency of parasitic appendicitis on the one hand and what it does on the other, which is still controversial in the physiopathological of appendicitis. According to the authors, an aetiology of parasitic involvement is evident in 1.9% to 25% cases of appendicitis. The most frequent intestinal parasites in this area are the pinworms (54.78%), the whipworms (13%) and the ascaris (9%). PMID- 6722964 TI - [Epidemiology and ethnic medicine]. PMID- 6722966 TI - [Activities in the Senegalese National Center of Enterobacteria in 1980, 1981 and 1982]. AB - 1,589 strains of Salmonella and 192 strains of Shigella have been studied in the Senegalese National Center of Enterobacteria during 1980, 1981 and 1982. By the side of typhoid fever which remains the most frequent salmonellosis in Senegal (51.4% of human isolates), hospital-acquired salmonellosis have to be separately dealt with ( S. ordonez in 1980, S. chester in 1981, S. ibadan in 1982), characterized by high infantile mortality and constant multiple resistance to antibiotics. A country investigation showed the carriage of numerous and different serotypes in men and animals. Shigella strains isolated in Senegal keep yearly a similar antigenic distribution. On the other hand, occurrence of resistant strains (to ampicillin, tetracycline, trimethoprim -sulfamethoxazole) seems to be increasing. PMID- 6722965 TI - [Evaluation of serum immunoglobulins E in onchocercosis in the People's Republic of the Congo]. AB - Evaluation of IgE levels, determined by micro ELISA method, was carried out on 90 Congolese people: 42 patients suffering from onchocerciasis and 48 control subjects. The mean levels were respectively: 9,673 and 780 UI/ml. No significant differences were observed with sexes. Therefore in onchocerciasis there is a tendency to increase with age. PMID- 6722967 TI - [Serotypes, lysotypes and antibiotypes of 127 strains of Salmonella isolated in the Central African Republic: evaluation of 3378 samples taken in Bangui]. AB - The authors have tested for Salmonella in 3,378 samples collected over a period of 17 months in the Central African Republic. They have isolated 127 strains of Salmonella (S. typhi not included). These Salmonella are distributed according to 41 serotypes, one of which is new. They have tested the sensitivity of all the isolated strains to different antibiotics and they have noted that the 5 animal strains and 5.7% of the human strains were resistant to chloramphenicol. They discuss the epidemiological importance of these facts. PMID- 6722968 TI - Depressive effect of plasma on lymphocyte transformation in nodular lepromatous leprosy. AB - Lymphocytes from 20 patients with NLL were cultured stimulated with PHA in presence of autologous and homologous plasma; the same procedure was carried out with lymphocytes from 20 healthy people, utilized as controls. A diminished capacity of transformation was noticed when lymphocytes, both from patients and controls, were cultured in plasma from NLL patients, this suggesting the presence of a plasmatic inhibitor factor. This effect was particularly noticeable in 8 cases (40%) of the studied patients. Regarding the nature of the plasmatic factor, the concentration of C reactive protein, rheumatoid factor, alpha, beta and gamma globulins, did not show any correlation with the presence of the depressive activity. It seems that at least in some cases, the impaired lymphocyte transformation observed in NLL patients, can be due to an immune complex present as a plasma factor, rather to an intrinsic defect in lymphocytes. PMID- 6722969 TI - [Acute nonspecific inflammatory reaction and modification of resistance to Toxoplasma gondii]. AB - Two series of mice have been injected by peritoneal route with a suspension of Toxoplasma diluted by logarithmic progression of ratio of ten. Only one of two series had been inoculated by pleural route with inflammatory inoculum (calcium pyrophosphate microcrystals). The mice with inflammatory-treatment developed a slightly higher resistance to toxoplasmosis infection: in this group, throughout the entire experiment, mortalities have been delayed, the evolution of LD 50 showed lower titer, death rates have been lower than in the untreated group. PMID- 6722970 TI - [Epidemiology of envenomation in French Guiana]. AB - Incidence of snake bites, scorpion and venomous fish stings are established in French Guiana (a South American French territory). About 75 snake bites per 100,000 population, 90 scorpion stings and 125 fish stings are recorded in a year by official sanitary services. Authors give geographical and ecological variations, and risks, of venomous animal accidents. Severity of snake bites and medical cost are emphasized. Necrosis and/or bleedings follow 5% of cases and hospital lethality reaches 2.2%. PMID- 6722971 TI - [A case of bite by Naja Naja Naja in India. Problems posed by the treatment of snake bites]. AB - The author reports a case of poisonous snake bite by Naja naja naja, in India. The patient recovered rapidly after treatment by antivenom serum. He emphasizes the importance of prompt intravenous injection of serum. Serum is less active for viper bites, and should be injected even more rapidly. However, in France, some authors prefer Heparin for treating French viper bites. Further studies are needed to clarify this therapeutic problem. PMID- 6722972 TI - [Retrospective study of mortality in children less than 5 years old in a rural area of the Brazzaville region (People's Republic of Congo). II. Analysis of birth conditions]. AB - An analysis of the circumstances surrounding the birth of 1,003 children (976 deliveries) born in 1976 in Linzolo , a rural village in the People's Republic of the Congo, led to the identification of certain socio-demographic conditions related to the mothers, the analysis of delivery-related conditions and the establishment of a normal curve for birth weight. This same cohort had been the object of a longitudinal study in 1981 on the causes of mortality before the age of 5 years. PMID- 6722973 TI - [Diagnosis of extraintestinal amebiasis by an indirect ELISA method]. AB - Immunoglobulins G and M, parenchymal lysis witness, are searched by Indirect ELISA technique. This methodology, epidemiologic studies applied, presents with reference technique: Indirect Hemagglutination a good correlation (r = 0.93). Other qualities are big specificity and good reproducibility . PMID- 6722974 TI - Metabolism of chloroethanes by rat liver nuclear cytochrome P-450. AB - 1,2-Dichloroethane, 1,1,1-trichloroethane and 1,1,2,2-tetrachloroethane appear to be metabolized by hepatic nuclear cytochrome P-450. All of these compounds are converted to chlorinated metabolites after incubation with hepatic nuclei and an NADPH-generating system plus EDTA, with the omission of any component eliminating metabolite production. In addition, CO, an inhibitor of cytochrome P-450, diminished the production of the chlorinated metabolites by hepatic nuclear preparations. The major metabolites of the chlorinated ethanes from hepatic microsomal cytochrome P-450, viz. chloroacetaldehyde from 1,2-dichloroethane, 2,2,2-trichloroethanol from 1,1,1-trichloroethane, and dichloroacetic acid from 1,1,2,2-tetrachloroethane, were also produced from the three chloroalkanes by hepatic nuclear cytochrome P-450. The levels of the metabolites produced were 65, 0.09 and 4.4 nmol/nmol cytochrome P-450/60 min. It is proposed that the pathways for the formation of these metabolites by hepatic nuclear cytochrome P-450 are as for their production by hepatic microsomal cytochrome P-450. Chloral hydrate was produced from 1,1,1-trichloroethane by hepatic nuclei plus NADPH, but not by hepatic microsomes. The presence of reactive species or transient enzyme bound intermediates in the pathways for the cytochrome P-450 dependent metabolism of the chloroethanes in hepatic nuclei is suggested by the observation that nuclear cytochrome P-450 is degraded in the presence of the chloroethanes in a NADPH dependent process which is inhibited by CO. It is proposed that, although the cytochrome P-450 dependent metabolism of the chloroethanes in microsomes can greatly exceed that in nuclei, the metabolism of 1,2-dichloroethane and 1,1,2,2 tetrachloroethane by nuclear cytochrome P-450 may in part mediate the mutagenicity and carcinogenicity of parent compounds. PMID- 6722975 TI - Formation of N-nitrosomorpholine in mice treated with morpholine and exposed to nitrogen dioxide. AB - The possibility of N-nitrosomorpholine formation was investigated in mice treated with morpholine and then exposed to 45 p.p.m. nitrogen dioxide in an inhalation chamber for 2 h. Following this treatment, the mice were frozen and pulverized in liquid nitrogen and concentrated extracts from the powders of these animals were analyzed for N-nitrosomorpholine using a thermal energy analyzer interfaced to a gas chromatograph. The data indicate that nitrogen dioxide exposure causes the nitrosation of morpholine in vivo. Additional data show that significant levels of artifactually formed N-nitrosomorpholine are found in control animals that are treated with morpholine after exposure to nitrogen dioxide for 2 h unless a combination of L-ascorbic acid and d,1-alpha-tocopherol are used to inhibit nitrosation during the homogenization, extraction, and analysis of the samples. The need for both a lipid phase nitrosation blocker (d,1-alpha-tocopherol) and an aqueous phase nitrosation blocker (L-ascorbic acid) indicates that the nitrosation of morpholine occurs in both a lipid and an aqueous phase in vitro and therefore may occur in both a lipid and an aqueous environment in vivo. The data from this study also demonstrate the importance of adding suitable inhibitors of nitrosation, such as L-ascorbic acid and d,1-alpha-tocopherol to the extraction solution to prevent possible artifactual formation of N nitrosomorpholine during the extraction and analysis of the samples. PMID- 6722976 TI - Induction of lymphorecticular neoplasia and malformations by prenatal treatment with 1,3-di(4-sulfamoylphenyl)-triazene in mice. AB - 1,3-Di(4- sulfamoylphenyl )-triazene ( DSPT ), synthesized from two equivalents of sulfanylamide and one equivalent of sodium nitrite, induced specific types of tumors (lymphoreticular neoplasias) in the offspring, when it was given orally to pregnant mice on Days 13-18. Tumor incidences were 6.1, 20.0, and 21.7%, when DSPT was given at 1, 4 and 10% concentration in the diet, respectively, while the control value was 0.8%. DSPT did not induce lung tumors, which are commonly induced by mutagenic carcinogens. DSPT also produced malformations (cleft palate, exencephalus , etc.), when given intraperitoneally on Days 9, 10 and 11. Incidence increased with increasing doses of DSPT , that is, 15.8, 21.1 and 36.7% at doses of 22, 36 and 44 micrograms/g, respectively, while the incidence was 0.3% in the untreated controls. DSPT was found to be non-mutagenic but weakly clastogenic in Drosophila melanogaster. PMID- 6722977 TI - Induction of sarcomas in rats by subcutaneous injection of dinitropyrenes. AB - The carcinogenicities of potent mutagenic dinitropyrenes were examined by their subcutaneous injections into male F344/ DuCrj rats. Animals were injected with 0.2 mg each of 1,3- and 1,8-dinitropyrenes (1,3- and 1,8- DNPs ) dissolved in 0.2 ml of dimethyl sulfoxide (DMSO) twice a week for 10 weeks. In rats treated with 1,8-DNP, sarcomas were induced at the sites of injection in all 10 animals tested between the 113th and 127th experimental days. In rats treated with 1,3-DNP, 10 of 10 rats developed sarcomas between days 119 and 320. Some tumors induced by these chemicals were transplantable into the same strain of rats. No tumors developed in control rats, which received only DMSO. PMID- 6722978 TI - Characterization of the purine ring-opened 7-methylguanine and its persistence in rat bladder epithelial DNA after treatment with the carcinogen N methylnitrosourea. AB - Purine ring-opened 7-methylguanine, prepared in vitro by alkaline treatment of 7 methylguanosine or of methylated calf thymus DNA, was extensively characterized by chromatographic and spectral techniques as N5-methyl-N5-formyl-2,5,6-triamino 4-hydroxypyrimidine. This modified base chromatographed as an early-eluting peak on an ion-exchange column but separated into two interconvertible components after reversed-phase or porous-resin h.p.l.c. The two components were analyzed by thermal desorption mass spectrometry and 500 MHz 1H-n.m.r. spectroscopy. Their mass spectra were identical (M+ at m/z 183) and their n.m.r. spectra each exhibited the same two sets of resonances whose relative intensities were solvent dependent. Analysis by h.p.l.c. showed interconversion of the two components and kinetic studies demonstrated that this reaction was a reversible first-order process. At equilibrium, k1 = k2 = 0.334 h-1 and delta G = 22.9 kcal/mol. These data indicated that the ring-opened 7-methylguanine exists as cis/trans isomers with restricted rotation about the amide bond. Treatment of rats with an intraurethral initiating dose of the carcinogen N-methylnitrosourea resulted in a high level of bladder epithelial DNA modification with 7-methylguanine, O6 methylguanine, and methyl phosphotriesters as major adducts at 2 h after instillation. Purine ring-opened 7-methylguanine, chromatographically identical to the in vitro products, was initially a minor adduct. However, it was the only persistent modification in the bladder epithelial DNA and eventually accounted for 72% of the total carcinogen binding after 21 days. A tumor-promoting regimen, involving dietary sodium saccharin, did not alter the repair or persistence of any of the methylated adducts. These data demonstrate that purine ring-opened 7 methylguanine, previously reported to exist in liver DNA after N,N dimethylnitrosamine or 1,2-dimethylhydrazine treatment, is present in a carcinogen-target tissue and is considerably more persistent than O6 methylguanine or other DNA methylation products. The possible role of this adduct as a promutagenic lesion initiating urinary bladder carcinogenesis is discussed. PMID- 6722979 TI - Comparison of repair of O6-methylguanine produced by N-methyl-N'-nitro-N nitrosoguanidine in mouse and human cells. AB - The repair of N-methyl-N'-nitro-N-nitrosoguanidine (MNNG)-produced O6 methylguanine (O6-MeG) in DNA and its correlation with MNNG-produced cell-killing and sister chromatid exchange (SCE) induction were compared in mouse and reference human tumor cell strains. As a result, mouse cell strains were divided into three groups: (i) cells proficient in O6-MeG-repair and insensitive to MNNG similar to human Mer+ Rem+ strains; (ii) cells deficient in O6-MeG-removal and sensitive to MNNG similar to human Mer-Rem- strains; (iii) cells deficient in O6 MeG-removal but insensitive to MNNG similar to some SV40-transformed human strains. Attempts at correlating lack of capacity for O6-MeG-removal, MNNG sensitivity and high SCE induction showed that O6-MeG in DNA may be a lesion common to cell-killing and SCE induction only in mouse cells of groups i and ii. Levels of O6-MeG-DNA methyltransferase activity in mouse cells were measured and the enzyme had the same molecular weight as that in human cells. PMID- 6722980 TI - Reaction products of styrene oxide with guanosine in aqueous media. AB - Styrene oxide was reacted with guanosine in fully aqueous conditions, and the products were purified by cation exchange chromatography and h.p.l.c. The products were characterized by u.v. and mass spectra, loss of tritium from the C 8 position and dissociation properties. About 90% of the total product was identified, of which 57, 28 and 15% were assigned to N-7, N2 and O6 adducts. The two diastereomers of beta-substitution accounted for 53% of the N-7 adducts, while the two alpha-substitutions accounted for the remaining 47%. Two species of N2 and O6 products were also isolated but their substitution pattern was not established. PMID- 6722981 TI - Multimethod determination of occupational exposure to polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in an aluminum plant. AB - Occupational exposure to polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAH) in an aluminum smelter has been characterised simultaneously by three different techniques. Air samples were collected by personal sampling and analysed by capillary gas chromatography. Urine samples of exposed workers and a control group, smokers and non-smokers, were collected after shift and analysed for PAH and PAH-metabolites by reversed metabolism and high performance liquid chromatography using fluorescence detection. Blood samples were collected from the same persons and the frequency of sister chromatid exchange (SCE) in the lymphocytes determined. The results showed that workers are exposed to very high concentrations of PAH. This high exposure is not reflected in significantly different values of excreted PAH metabolites or in SCE when comparing exposed to non-exposed workers. However, differences between smokers and non-smokers are easily identified both in exposed and non-exposed workers. PMID- 6722982 TI - Effect of propylthiouracil on the thyroid tumorigenesis induced by N-bis(2 hydroxypropyl)nitrosamine in rats. AB - The effect of 0.15% propylthiouracil (PTU) on thyroid tumorigenesis was studied in male Wistar rats given a single i.p. injection of 280 mg of N-bis(-2 hydroxypropyl)nitrosamine (DHPN) per 100 g body weight. The mean weights of the thyroid of rats treated with DHPN followed by PTU and with PTU alone were significantly higher than those of rats treated with DHPN only and control rats. The incidences of follicular adenoma at the end of week 20 of the experiment were 100% (21/21) in rats treated with DHPN followed by PTU, and 19% (4/21) in rats given DHPN alone. Papillary adenoma was observed in one rat treated with DHPN followed by PTU. The incidence of follicular carcinomas with invasive growth into the capsule, adipose tissues or blood vessels was 52% (11/21) in rats given DHPN and then PTU. No papillary carcinomas or solid tumors were found in any rats. Rats given PTU alone and untreated rats had no thyroid tumors. The serum concentration of T4 in rats treated with PTU alone was significantly lower than that in the control group. The serum concentration of T4 in rats treated with DHPN followed by PTU was slightly, but not significantly, lower than that in control rats. The serum concentrations of T3 in rats treated with DHPN followed by PTU, DHPN alone and PTU alone were also slightly, but not significantly, lower than that in controls. PMID- 6722983 TI - Species differences in the N-acetylation by liver cytosol of mutagenic heterocyclic aromatic amines in protein pyrolysates. AB - The N-acetylation of 3-amino-1-methyl-5H-pyrido[4,3-b]-indole (Trp-P-2) and other heterocyclic aromatic amine promutagens isolated originally from protein pyrolysates was investigated using liver cytosols from various animal species and acetyl-CoA as an acetyl donor. Marked species differences in the enzymatic N acetylation activity of these heterocyclic amines were observed. The N acetylation activity also varied among the substrates used. The N-acetylation of these heterocyclic amines by hepatic cytosols from all animal species used was much less than that of the non-heterocyclic aromatic amine carcinogen, 2 aminofluorene (2-AF): the N-acetylation of Trp-P-2 was more than one hundred times less than that of 2-AF. These results suggested that the metabolic activation pathway of these mutagenic heterocyclic amines is different from that of 2-AF. The hamster but not rat cytosol showed the ability to utilize N-hydroxy 2-acetylaminofluorene and 2-acetylaminofluorene as acetyl donor in the N acetylation of Trp-P-2. PMID- 6722984 TI - Induction of sister chromatid exchanges by the peroxisome proliferators 2,4-D, MCPA, and clofibrate in vivo and in vitro. AB - Phenoxy acid herbicides 2,4-dichlorophenoxyacetic acid (2,4-D) and 4-chloro-2 methylphenoxyacetic acid (MCPA) have been found to induce proliferation of peroxisomes in the liver cells of rodents in the same manner as the hypolipidemic drug clofibrate. Both phenoxy acid herbicides and clofibrate (ethyl-alpha-p- chlorophenoxyisobutyrate ) are suspected carcinogens. The present study reports the effect of these agents on the induction of sister chromatid exchange (SCE) in the blood lymphocytes of exposed rats (100 mg/kg with 2,4-D and MCPA, 200 mg/kg with clofibrate for 2 weeks in one intragastric dose/day), in the bone marrow cells of exposed Chinese hamsters (100 mg/kg, treatments as above), and in Chinese hamster ovary (CHO) cells in vitro (10(-5), 10(-4), and 10(-3) M, for 1 h). In the experiments in vitro, the effects of purified 2,4-D and MCPA phenoxy acids were studied, in addition to those of the commercial herbicide formulations and clofibrate. No increase of SCE frequency was observed in the blood lymphocytes of the exposed rats in comparison with the controls. In the bone marrow cells of the exposed Chinese hamsters, a slight increase of SCE was found in the group treated with MCPA but not in the groups treated with 2,4-D or clofibrate. A slight increase in the number of SCEs was characteristic of all the treated CHO cell cultures, both with and without a rat liver microsomal activation system (S9 mix). No clear dose-related effects, however, could be discerned with any of the compounds, and no differences in the SCE induction were observed between the commercial herbicide products and the purified phenoxy acetic acids. The present results support the data which indicate that 2,4-D, MCPA, and clofibrate do not act as direct DNA-damaging agents. PMID- 6722985 TI - Sequence specific binding of tetraols of benzo[a]pyrene-diol-epoxide to DNA in neutral and acidic solutions. AB - Comparative binding studies of tetraols (anti- BPTs ) derived from trans-7,8 dihydroxy-anti-9,10-epoxy-7,8,9,10-tetra- hydrobenzo [a]py rene (anti-BPDE) with native DNA in neutral and acidic solutions reveal that 4-5 times stronger intercalative binding occurs in the protonated duplex DNA than in the unprotonated one. Spectroscopic (absorption and circular dichroism) investigations with synthetic polynucleotides indicate that in neutral pH, anti- BPTs intercalate significantly in poly(dA-dT):poly(dA-dT), only slightly in guanine containing alternating polynucleotides poly(dG-dC): poly(dG-dC) and poly(dA-dC):poly(dG-dT), and hardly in homopolymers poly(dG):poly(dC) and poly(dA):poly(dT). In acidic solutions, on the other hand, all three alternating polynucleotides, poly(dG-dC):poly(dG-dC) in particular, exhibit strong intercalative binding to anti- BPTs although the homopolymers still lack such capability. These results are very similar to those of corresponding pyrene studies suggesting that pyrene can be a useful model compound for the DNA binding studies of benzo[a]pyrene metabolites. The observed enhanced binding of anti- BPTs in the acidic natural DNA solution is seen as the consequence of changes in base sequence preference upon base protonation. PMID- 6722986 TI - Assessment of chemically-induced DNA repair in rat tracheal epithelial cells. AB - An assay for measuring chemically-induced DNA repair in primary cultures of rat tracheal epithelial (TE) cells has been developed and characterized. Chemical exposure may be either in vitro or in vivo. Epithelial cells were removed from the trachea by protease digestion, allowed to attach to collagen-coated glass slides, and incubated with [3H]-thymidine. DNA repair was assessed as unscheduled DNA synthesis by quantitative autoradiography. The direct acting genotoxicants methyl methanesulfonate (100 microM) and N-methyl-N'-nitro-N-nitrosoguanidine (10 microM) yielded a positive response in vitro. 1,6-Dinitropyrene (DNP) (0.05 microM) and dimethylnitrosamine (DMN) (1 mM) were also positive in vitro demonstrating that TE cells have the capacity to metabolically activate these compounds. 2-Acetylaminofluorene (AAF), aflatoxin B1 (AFB1), and benzo[a]pyrene (BP) were all negative in vitro, suggesting organ specific patterns of metabolic activation. DMN, which has been shown to induce DNA repair in TE cells following exposure by inhalation, was negative when administered by gavage. 1,6-DNP, BP and AAF did not induce DNA repair or alter the fraction of cells in S-phase when administered by gavage. Formaldehyde did not induce DNA repair or increase the fraction of cells in S-phase in TE cells following either in vivo exposure by inhalation (0.47, 2, 5.9 or 14.8 p.p.m. for 1, 3 or 5 days) or exposure of the cultured cells in vitro (100 microM). This assay provides the means to assess the genotoxic potential of environmental chemicals in the epithelial cells of the respiratory system. PMID- 6722987 TI - The genotoxicity of aromatic amines in primary hepatocytes isolated from C57BL/6 and DBA/2 mice. AB - The capacity of the chemical carcinogen 2-acetylaminofluorene (AAF) and its derivates to cause DNA damage in primary mouse hepatocytes from aryl-hydrocarbon responsive C57BL/6 and non-responsive DBA/2 mice was studied using the alkaline elution technique. Low levels of DNA damage were observed after exposure of hepatocytes to either AAF or 2-aminofluorene (AF) (50-100 microM). Quantitation of metabolites produced from AAF in hepatocytes from untreated C57BL/6 and DBA/2 mice using h.p.l.c. showed a similar metabolic profile with respect to C- and N hydroxylations. After in vivo pretreatment with the potent monooxygenase inducer TCDD (50 micrograms/kg), N-hydroxylation in the C57BL/6- and DBA/2-derived hepatocytes increased 25- and 5-fold, respectively. However, the C-hydroxylation pathways were still responsible for approximately 90% of the metabolism in cells from both strains. This may explain why only a slight increase in the DNA damage was observed in C57BL/6 mouse hepatocytes after incubation with AF or AAF and no increase in DNA damage was seen in the DBA/2 hepatocytes isolated from TCDD treated animals. Both N-hydroxy-2-acetylaminofluorene (N-OH-AAF) and N-acetoxy-2 acetylaminofluorene (N- OAc -AAF) caused clear dose-dependent increases in DNA strand breaks (5-100 microM), suggesting that N-hydroxylation was the rate limiting step in the activation process of AAF leading to the DNA damage. Treatment of hepatocytes with paraoxon, an inhibitor of microsomal deacetylase activity, prior to exposure to either N-OH-AAF or N- OAc -AAF completely inhibited the damage caused by N-OH-AAF, while the damage caused by N- OAc -AAF was only partially inhibited. This suggests that these compounds are causing genotoxic effects after deacetylation. In accordance with this, N-hydroxy-2 aminofluorene (N-OH-AF), the deacetylated metabolite of N-OH-AAF, was an effective genotoxic agent, causing DNA strand breaks at low doses. Depletion of cellular glutathione by pretreatment with diethyl maleate, increased the sensitivity of the cells to the damage induced by N-OH-AF. These data indicate that glutathione may play an important role in the detoxification of N-OH-AF in mouse hepatocytes. PMID- 6722988 TI - The identification of bases in DNA involved in covalent binding of the reactive metabolite from 9-hydroxybenzo[a]pyrene. AB - Unlabelled 9-hydroxybenzo[a]pyrene (9-OH-BP) was incubated with a microsomal metabolic system and plasmid Col E1 DNA that had been radiolabelled by nick translation with a tritiated deoxyribonucleotide. After the addition of an excess of a similar incubate that substituted calf thymus for plasmid DNA, a fraction obtained from DNA hydrolysates of these incubation mixtures was analysed by reverse-phase, h.p.l.c. for fluorescence and radioactivity of eluates. The presence of radioactivity with fluorescence activity in the same eluate fractions indicated the presence of 9-OH-BP-derived adducts with that radiolabelled nucleoside. These analyses showed the presence of at least four adducts with dG, a single adduct with dA, and no adducts with either dC or dT in plasmid DNA. This enabled the identification of components of similar h.p.l.c. profiles obtained from incubates with calf thymus DNA and [3H]9-OH-BP. No major qualitative or quantitative differences were found. As both the identities and extent of binding to these bases were similar to these previously reported for the ultimately carcinogenic BP- diolepoxides , we conclude that the non-carcinogenicity of 9-OH BP is not, therefore, attributed to a difference in the base moieties involved in adduct formation. H.p.l.c. and spectrofluorimetric analyses indicated that an isolated metabolite of 9-OH-BP is indistinguishable from its 4,5-dihydrodiol. This is interpreted as evidence for the formation of 9-OH-BP-4,5-oxide as the reactive, DNA-binding intermediate. PMID- 6722989 TI - A cytogenetic study on workers exposed to low concentrations of benzene. AB - A cytogenetic study was performed on 22 healthy workers engaged in benzene production and exposed to low concentrations of benzene, ranging from 0.2 to 12.4 p.p.m. (threshold limit value 10 p.p.m.). Workers were divided into two groups according to the different levels of exposure, inferrable also from the concentration of benzene in the alveolar air and the levels of urinary phenols. Each exposed subject was paired with a suitable control, living in the same area and of similar smoking habits and age. No statistically significant increase of sister chromatid exchange (SCE) frequency was observed in the exposed groups. In controls, SCE frequency was positively correlated with age and smoking habits. Among structural chromosomal aberrations, only the chromosome-type ones were significantly higher in exposed than in control subjects, and their increase was still significant when gaps were discarded. PMID- 6722990 TI - Relationships between the electrostatic potential, epoxide hydrase inhibition and carcinogenicity for some hydrocarbon and halogenated hydrocarbon epoxides. AB - For a group of nine hydrocarbon and halogenated hydrocarbon epoxides, there is shown to be a good correlation between their abilities to inhibit epoxide hydrase and the quantity Vmin /Es, where Vmin is the most negative value of the molecule's electrostatic potential in the neighborhood of the epoxide oxygen and Es is a factor that takes account of steric effects. It is also demonstrated that carcinogenicity, for thirteen epoxides, appears to be associated with Vmin having a relatively large negative value. On this basis, several other epoxides are predicted to be carcinogenic. The electrostatic potentials used in developing these relationships have been computed by an ab initio self-consistent-field molecular orbital procedure, using optimized molecular geometries. PMID- 6722991 TI - Dietary vanadyl(IV) sulfate inhibits chemically-induced mammary carcinogenesis. AB - The induction of murine mammary carcinogenesis by 1-methyl-1-nitrosourea was blocked by the feeding of a purified diet formulation supplemented with 25 p.p.m. vanadium as vanadyl(IV) sulfate during the post initiation stages of the neoplastic process. Treatment with vanadyl(IV) sulfate reduced both cancer incidence and the average number of cancers per rat and prolonged the median cancer-free time without inhibiting the overall growth of the animals. Vanadyl(IV) sulfate appears to be an effective non-toxic agent for the chemoprevention of experimental breast cancer in the rat. PMID- 6722992 TI - Depressed function of isolated hearts from hyperdynamic septic rats. AB - The aim of this study was to determine if hearts removed from rats in sustained hypermetabolic sepsis possessed normal physiological reserves as defined by Frank Starling curves. The resting cardiac output of these hearts is elevated in vivo and this is mediated by an increased heart rate. In this study mechanical function was assessed under in vitro conditions in which preload could be varied and controlled. Isolated perfused working hearts from septic animals showed depressed cardiac performance, both in terms of peak systolic pressure development and cardiac output, over a range of left atrial filling pressures. In spite of this depressed function, most hearts from septic animals were able to recover cardiac output and pressure development following an acute ischemic episode. Thus, a loss of myocardial reserve is demonstrable in hearts isolated from septic rats, even though mean arterial blood pressure, cardiac output, and coronary blood flow are well maintained in vivo. This dysfunction is primarily evidenced by an inability to respond appropriately to increased preloads. PMID- 6722993 TI - Effects of hypovolemia on local metabolic changes in skeletal muscle following high velocity missile injury. AB - The effect of blood loss and reinfusion after 6 h on the tissue damage around a high-velocity missile tract in skeletal muscle has been studied in pigs (n = 13). Hemodynamic variables and blood chemistry were monitored and the levels of ATP, creatine phosphate (CP), glucose, glucose-6-phosphate ( G6 -P), and lactate were repeatedly analyzed in muscle samples from the wound area and from control tissue. In vitro amino acid incorporation into proteins by isolated ribosomes was also studied. The missile injury induced pronounced local metabolic disturbances in the muscle tissue surrounding the missile tract. After 6 h these disturbances were more pronounced and extended further out from the wound channel in bled than in unbled animals. One hour after reinfusion of the shed blood, no remaining difference in the size of the metabolically disturbed tissue area between the two groups of animals could be demonstrated. It is thus concluded that a moderate hypovolemia markedly increases the metabolic deterioration around a high-velocity missile tract in skeletal muscle but that volume restitution, even if given as late as 6 h after the missile injury and the blood loss, will almost completely within 1 h reverse the effects caused by the hypovolemia. PMID- 6722994 TI - Influence of aortic compliance on coronary blood flow. AB - The influence of a change in aortic compliance on the systolic/diastolic filling of the coronary vascular system was investigated in a canine heart-lung preparation. Changes in compliance were produced by opening and closing a Windkessel attached to the ascending aorta and a reservoir system. The percentage of total coronary flow occurring during systolic ejection increased significantly with a decrease in aortic compliance, whereas isovolumetric and diastolic coronary flow decreased. These effects were also present when cardiac work was changed by altering either afterload or bypass flow. The hypothesis was also tested in whole animal experiments in which left circumflex coronary flow was divided into systolic and diastolic components while the ascending aorta was partially constricted. A similar increase in the proportion of systolic flow was seen even at the same total circumflex flow, cardiac output, heart rate, and mean aortic pressure levels. It is suggested that this finding may have important implications in human disease. PMID- 6722995 TI - The effects of vasoactive mediator antagonists on endotoxic shock in dogs. I. AB - Many vasoactive mediators have been implicated in causing or maintaining the hypotension of endotoxic shock. What has yet to be firmly established is the relative importance of each of these mediators in a given shock model. In a canine endotoxic shock model (LD100), we studied the effects of opiate and prostaglandin inhibition 60 min after endotoxin administration. After thiopental anesthesia, the animals were instrumented to measure various cardiovascular parameters. Endotoxic shock was induced by injecting E. coli endotoxin (0111:B4) (1 mg/kg i.v.). Drug intervention occurred 60 min after endotoxin administration. Naloxone (2 mg/kg i.v.) improved mean arterial pressure (MAP) transiently. A more significant increase of MAP (85% of preshock levels) was attained after ibuprofen (12.5 mg/kg i.v.) administration secondary to an increase in total peripheral resistance (TPR). All groups had 0% 24-hour survival. These data suggest that the endogenous opioids, presumably inhibited by naloxone, seem to contribute little to this lethal canine endotoxic shock model. By contrast, the prostanoids which are inhibited by ibuprofen appear to be more hemodynamically significant in this model. PMID- 6722996 TI - Effects of methylprednisolone on protein synthesis and blood flow in the postischemic liver. AB - The effects of methylprednisolone (MP) on hepatic protein synthesis and blood flow following liver ischemia were studied in rats. Ischemia was induced by occluding all blood vessels to the left and median liver lobes during 1 hr and the experiments were continued for 2 hr following reperfusion. Protein synthesis was studied by determining rate of leucine incorporation into proteins in incubated liver slices. Hepatic blood flow was measured by xenon washout technique. One group of animals received MP intravenously (30 mg/kg) before induction of liver ischemia; one group was given the same dose of MP after ischemia; control rats received saline. Protein synthesis was reduced to the same extent at the end of the ischemic period in rats pretreated with MP as in control animals. During reperfusion, however, protein synthesis was restored faster and more completely both in animals receiving MP before and after ischemia than in control rats. No effects of MP on blood flow or adenine nucleotides in liver tissue were found. This study confirms previous reports on beneficial effects of glucocorticoids in liver ischemia and demonstrates improvement of one important hepatocellular function in the postischemic liver following administration of MP. PMID- 6722997 TI - Verapamil pretreatment preserves mitochondrial function and tissue magnesium in the ischemic kidney. AB - These studies were designed to test the efficacy and possible mechanisms of the prevention of mitochondrial functional deterioration in renal ischemia by the slow-channel calcium blocker verapamil. Renal ischemia was induced in guinea pigs by a unilateral ligation of the renal artery for 30 or 60 min. In the pretreated animals verapamil was given twice a day over a 5-d period prior to the induction of ischemia. Sham-operated animals were used as normal controls. After 30 and 60 minutes, the kidneys were removed and used for mitochondrial isolation and analyses, total tissue Ca2+ and Mg2+ determinations, or for electron microscopy. Verapamil pretreatment completely blocked the decrease of mitochondrial Ca2+ uptake rate induced by 30 or 60 min of ischemia. The pretreatment delayed by 30 min the ischemic decrease of state 3 respiratory activity. Total tissue Ca2+ concentration was not altered by ischemia or verapamil pretreatment. Total tissue Mg2+ concentration, however, was significantly reduced in the ischemic kidney at 60 min. This reduction was prevented completely by verapamil pretreatment. These data suggest that the mitochondrial functional deterioration induced by 30 min of ischemia is a primary cellular insult secondarily leading to loss of tissue Mg2+. The point of irreversibility in the ischemic cell injury might be initiated by lowered tissue Mg2+/Ca2+ ratios. PMID- 6722998 TI - Renal and systemic hemodynamic responses to intravenous infusion of leukotriene C4 in the rat. AB - We studied the systemic and renal hemodynamic effects of leukotriene C4 (2 micrograms/kg per min for 5 minutes, iv) in the rat. During the period of its infusion, leukotriene C4 produced a significant elevation of mean arterial pressure and reductions in cardiac output and renal blood flow, as measured by electromagnetic flow probes. These effects were abolished by FPL55712 , a putative antagonist of sulfidopeptide leukotrienes, but not by saralasin or indomethacin. Leukotriene C4 also resulted in an average loss of 20% in plasma volume which, during the postinfusion period, perpetuated the low cardiac output state and thus provoked the release of angiotensin II. This vasoactive peptide sustained the elevation in systemic vascular resistance and the reduction in renal blood flow over a 70-minute postinfusion observation period. Consequently, glomerular filtration rate fell by approximately 50%. These angiotensin II mediated effects were abolished by saralasin. Indomethacin prevented the leukotriene C4-induced loss of plasma volume and, thus, allowed for the significant recovery of cardiac output and renal blood flow during the post infusion period, thereby preserving glomerular filtration rate. We conclude that leukotriene C4 exerts direct systemic and renal vasoconstrictor, as well as cardiodepressant effects, during the period of its infusion. By virtue of its vasopermeability enhancing effect, leukotriene C4 also results in an immediate loss of plasma volume, an effect which requires the presence of secondarily generated cyclooxygenase products and which perpetuates the hemodynamic abnormalities observed beyond the period of leukotriene C4 infusion. PMID- 6722999 TI - Purkinje and ventricular activation sequences of canine papillary muscle. Effects of quinidine and calcium on the Purkinje-ventricular conduction delay. AB - We have studied in vitro preparations of canine right and left papillary muscles to determine the excitation sequences of the Purkinje and ventricular cells, using both monopolar surface electrodes and intracellular microelectrodes. Our results show, for right papillary muscles, that the Purkinje layer covers the basal part of the muscle, and that activation from the right bundle branch propagates over all of the Purkinje layer, but directly activates the underlying ventricular layer only at specific junctional sites. Left papillary muscles have attachments to both apical and basal Purkinje strands and the Purkinje layer covers the entire muscle, but, as for right papillary muscles, activation from the Purkinje layer to the ventricular layer occurs only at basal junctional sites. Antidromic conduction in papillary muscles (propagation from the ventricular layer to the Purkinje layer) can occur at regions other than the specific sites through which the Purkinje layer activates the ventricular layer. At the identified junctional sites, the Purkinje cell action potential duration is significantly shorter than in the free-running strand, but it remains longer than that of the ventricular cells. The time delay at the junctional sites is increased by quinidine, increased calcium concentration, and increased pacing frequency. PMID- 6723000 TI - Chronic cerebroventricular infusion of hypertonic sodium chloride in rats reduces hypothalamic sympatho-inhibition and elevates blood pressure. AB - To determine whether or not salt loading restricted to the brain would elevate blood pressure, chronically implanted osmotic minipumps were used to infuse hypertonic sodium chloride solutions made in artificial cerebrospinal fluid into a jugular vein intravenously or the third cerebral ventricle, intracerebroventricularly, for 11 days in awake rats. During intracerebroventricular infusion of hypertonic sodium chloride, tail-cuff systolic pressures began to rise on day 4 and were significantly elevated by day 9. In contrast, infusions of either artificial cerebrospinal fluid alone, intracerebroventricularly, or hypertonic sodium chloride, intravenously, were ineffective. Confirming the blood pressure elevation thereby detected, systolic and mean pressures recorded directly from indwelling aortic catheters after the same rats had been anesthetized with urethane on day 11, were also significantly higher following intracerebroventricular infusion of hypertonic sodium chloride than after infusion of artificial cerebrospinal fluid alone. Magnitude of depressor and sympatho-inhibitory responses elicited by graded electrical stimulation of the anterior hypothalamus invariably increased with the current strength used for stimulation. At all current strengths used for hypothalamic stimulation, depressor responses as well as attendant decreases in sympathetic neural firing, were smaller in rats that had been infused intracerebroventricularly with hypertonic sodium chloride than in any of the controls. Inhibition seemed specific for the anterior hypothalamus because pressor responses to stimulation of the ventromedial hypothalamus were the same whether or not the intracerebroventricular infusion contained hypertonic sodium chloride. An explanation based on diminished cardiovascular sensitivity also appeared unlikely, since depressor responses to intravenously injected histamine were almost equal in both groups. Our results are compatible with the interpretation that hypertonic sodium chloride infused chronically into the 3rd ventricle acts by reducing anterior hypothalamic inhibition of sympathetic vasomotor tone, and that this, in turn, then elevates blood pressure. PMID- 6723002 TI - Rabbit papillary muscle myosin isozymes and the velocity of muscle shortening. AB - Rabbits, ages 4-24 weeks, were injected with saline or thyroxine (150 micrograms/kg) for 7 days, and force-velocity curves were generated using papillary muscles from these hearts by a method described previously. In addition, the structure and relative amounts of myosin isozymes from papillary muscles and from 3- to 5-mg segments of the left and right ventricular free wall were analyzed by polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis under native and denatured conditions. We found that rabbit papillary muscles may contain up to three isozymic forms of myosin (V1, V2, and V3) and that their relative amounts change with age of the rabbit and with thyroxine treatment. There were no differences between papillary muscles and ventricular free wall in the molecular weight of light chain1 (27,000) and light chain2 (21,500) of heavy chain alpha or in the peptide map of heavy chain alpha nor were there any differences between papillary muscles and the ventricular free wall in the molecular weight of light chain1 (27,000) and light chain2 (21,500) of heavy chain beta or in the peptide map of heavy chain beta. However, the relative amounts of myosin isozymes in the ventricular free walls and papillary muscles may not be identical within the same heart. Analysis of the force-velocity curves indicated that the speed of papillary muscle shortening is correlated with the relative amount of V1 myosin present in each papillary muscle. Papillary muscles that contain 100% V1 myosin shorten, under zero load, approximately six times faster than papillary muscles that contain 100% V3 myosin. Our results indicate that changes in the relative amounts of myosin isozymes are responsible, at least in part, for sustained alterations in the speed of papillary muscle shortening. PMID- 6723001 TI - Effects of tonicity on tension and intracellular sodium and calcium activities in sheep heart. AB - We have measured the effects of changing tonicity of the bathing solution on intracellular sodium and calcium activities and tension of sheep cardiac Purkinje strands and ventricular muscle. For Purkinje strands in solutions of normal tonicity, resting membrane potential was -77.4 +/- 0.4 mV (mean +/- SE), sodium activity was 7.9 +/- 0.4 mM, and calcium activity was 98 +/- 9 nM. For ventricular muscle in solutions of normal tonicity, resting membrane potential was -86.4 +/- 1.2 mV, sodium activity was 6.9 +/- 0.5 mM, and calcium activity was 70 +/- 4 nM. Reduction of tonicity to 75% of normal in both tissues produced depolarization of a few millivolts, and sodium activity fell almost to the level predicted for simple osmotic dilution. In Purkinje strands, calcium activity fell much more than that predicted for simple osmotic dilution. Twitch contraction was reduced in the hypotonic solution. Increase of tonicity to 150% and 200% caused the resting membrane potential to become more negative. In both tissues, sodium activity increased somewhat less than predicted from simple water movement, and calcium activity increased proportionately much more than sodium activity. The much larger change of calcium activity in both hypo- and hypertonic solutions could be explained by water movement plus the effect of sodium-calcium exchange. In hypertonic solutions, tonic tension was increased, along with the rise in calcium activity; however, the twitch tension was reduced. This reduction of twitch tension may be due to a direct effect of hypertonicity on cross-bridge behavior, as has been reported for skeletal muscle. PMID- 6723003 TI - Effect of arterial impedance changes on the end-systolic pressure-volume relation. AB - To study the end-systolic pressure-volume relationship of left ventricle ejection against physiological afterload, we imposed seven simulated arterial impedances on excised canine left ventricles connected to a newly developed servo-pump system. We set each of the impedance parameters (resistance, capacitance, and characteristic impedance) to 50, 100, and 200% of normal value (resistance: 3 mm Hg sec/ml; capacitance: 0.4 ml/mm Hg; characteristic impedance: 0.2 mm Hg sec/ml), while leaving the other parameters normal. Under a given impedance, the end-systolic pressure-volume relationship was determined by preloading the ventricle at four different end-diastolic volumes. There was no significant change in the slope of the end-systolic pressure-volume relationship with changes in any of the afterloading impedance parameters. However, the volume intercept of the end-systolic pressure-volume relationship decreased significantly with resistance from 5.5 +/- 1.0 (SE) ml at resistance equal to 1.5 mm Hg sec/ml to 0.6 +/- 1.8 ml at resistance equal to 6 mm Hg sec/ml (P less than 0.01). The volume axis intercept also decreased with characteristic impedance, from 5.9 +/- 2.0 ml at a characteristic impedance of 0.1 mm Hg sec/ml to 5.4 +/- 2.1 ml at a characteristic impedance of 0.4 mm Hg sec/ml, (P less than 0.05). We conclude that the slope of the end-systolic pressure-volume relationship is insensitive to a wide range of changes in afterload impedance, but its volume intercept is dependent on resistance and characteristic impedance. PMID- 6723004 TI - Removal of adenosine from the rabbit pulmonary circulation, in vivo and in vitro. AB - The contributions of pulmonary endothelial and blood cells to the removal of adenosine during a single passage through the rabbit pulmonary circulation were investigated. In the isolated, blood-free perfused rabbit lung in situ, single pass pulmonary removal of [3H]-adenosine injected into the pulmonary artery was accomplished by a low-affinity, saturable process yielding apparent Michaelis Menten constants of Km = 498 +/- 36 microM and Vmax = 39 +/- 4 mumol/min per lung. Similar experiments in the intact, anesthetized animal, in vivo revealed a rapid, high-affinity removal of [3H]adenosine from plasma with apparent Michaelis Menten constants of Km = 3.3 +/- 0.5 microM and Vmax = 6.5 +/- 2.4 mumol/min per lung. However, complete recovery of the injected adenosine was achieved upon lysing of cells from blood collected during a single transpulmonary passage of the substrate, indicating that blood cells were responsible for adenosine removal in vivo. The rate of disappearance of adenosine from plasma, observed by incubating the substrate with whole rabbit blood in vitro, was comparable to that found in vivo. We conclude that although, in the absence of circulating blood, rabbit lung is able to extract adenosine in vitro, this mechanism is of little significance in vivo where blood cells appear to be primarily responsible for such removal. PMID- 6723005 TI - The spontaneous occurrence of paroxysmal supraventricular tachycardia. AB - The seemingly unpredictable occurrence of paroxysmal supraventricular tachycardia has impeded understanding of its clinical course. We documented recurring tachycardia by telephone transmission of the electrocardiogram in 14 patients and measured the "tachycardia-free periods" between the start of therapy and the first recurrence of tachycardia and between successive recurrences. We showed that attacks of tachycardia were clinically independent by calculating the autocorrelation function for 12 to 14 consecutive tachycardia-free periods. We also found that the periods between attacks closely fit an exponential probability distribution, indicating that the occurrence of tachycardia in time was a type of random event called a Poisson process. Furthermore, occurrence of tachycardia was uniformly distributed throughout a dosing interval; there was no predilection for tachycardia to occur late in a dosing interval when plasma drug levels were presumed to be lowest. Measuring the tachycardia-free period is a simple and useful method for objectively studying paroxysmal supraventricular tachycardia and may be applied to the study of other paroxysmal arrhythmias. PMID- 6723006 TI - Importance of temporal heterogeneity in assessing the contraction abnormalities associated with acute myocardial ischemia. AB - A number of recent two-dimensional echocardiographic studies have attempted to relate quantitative changes in short-axis left ventricular radial wall motion to underlying myocardial ischemia/infarction. The significance of temporal variation in the contraction sequence within these ischemic regions in the overall evaluation of segmental left ventricular dysfunction, however, remains undefined. To assess this, we examined the motion of 192 individual radii that intersected known ischemic segments at 16.7 msec intervals from end-diastole to end-systole. The studies were performed in 13 dogs 1 hr after acute coronary ligation (six of the left anterior descending and seven of the circumflex coronary artery). Zones of infarction were confirmed by triphenyltetrazolium chloride staining at the termination of the experiment and by a corresponding decrease of more than 75% in myocardial perfusion at the 1 hr sampling period. Dyskinesis (defined for each radius as negative or outward excursion relative to the end-diastolic reference on two consecutive fields) was noted along 168 of 192 radii (88%) at some point in the contraction sequence. The maximal outward or dyskinetic motion occurred most commonly in the fourth decile of the normalized contraction sequence. In 147 of the 168 dyskinetic radii (88%) the maximal outward motion occurred during the first half of systole while in only two radii in one animal was the maximal outward motion noted at end-systole. The total number of radii showing dyskinetic motion at any given point in the contraction sequence likewise varied with time. Although again the greatest number of radii showed abnormal motion during the fourth decile of the normalized contraction sequence, only 66 of 168 or 39% remained dyskinetic to end-systole. No relationship was observed between the point of maximal dyskinesis (time-weighted average of all dyskinetic radii for a given animal) and (1) the total number of radii showing dyskinesis, (2) the total number of radii within the infarct zone, or (3) the infarct area expressed as a percent of the slice area. The major factor determining persistence of dyskinesis to end-systole for any radius was the maximal outward motion of the endocardial segment at the point of maximal dyskinesis. Therefore, simple measurement of endocardial excursion from end-diastole to end-systole may fail to detect important wall motion abnormalities and, in some cases, may miss dyskinetic segments completely. PMID- 6723007 TI - A comparison of quantitative echocardiographic methods for delineating infarct induced abnormal wall motion. AB - Current echocardiographic methods for quantitating abnormal regional left ventricular wall motion rely primarily on changes in endocardial excusion from end-diastole to end-systole. Recent studies demonstrating important spatial and temporal heterogeneity in wall motion within ischemic regions, however, raise questions about the validity of this approach. To determine the optimal method for defining abnormal left ventricular wall motion, we used a canine preparation of acute experimental infarction to examine four quantitative methods of wall motion analysis. The circumferential extent of abnormal wall motion assessed by each method was compared with the circumferential extent of infarction (defined by triphenyltetrazolium chloride staining) and the circumferential extent of reduced transmural blood flow (determined by radiolabeled microsphere techniques) 6 hr after acute coronary occlusion. The following methods of quantitating abnormal wall motion were examined: (1) determination of end-diastolic to end systolic endocardial excursion (less than 0.20 end-diastolic radius), (2) determination of the extent of maximal dyskinesis (systolic bulging), and (3) and (4) two derived correlation methods that consider the entire course of systolic radial motion by correlating the observed echocardiographic field-by-field (every 16.7 msec) motion of each of 36 evenly spaced endocardial targets with the course of normal motion established from pooled normal data. Results obtained with the correlation methods showed a better correlation with the triphenyltetrazolium chloride-defined circumferential extent of infarction (r = .87 and r = .78) than did determinations of reduced end-diastolic to end-systolic endocardial excursion (r = .35) or the extent of maximal dyskinesis (r = .37). Similarly, the best correlation with the extent of reduced flow was obtained with one of the correlation methods (r = .80). We conclude that correlation methods that "integrate" endocardial motion over the entire systolic contraction sequence provide better definition of ischemic left ventricular dysfunction than do methods that consider motion at only single points in time. PMID- 6723008 TI - Intra-atrial reentry as a mechanism for atrial flutter induced by acetylcholine and rapid pacing in the dog. AB - In the isolated blood-perfused canine heart we produced episodes of rapid atrial flutter by continuous infusion of acetylcholine and rapid pacing. The spread of excitation during atrial flutter was mapped with the aid of two endocavitary mapping electrodes containing 960 leads and recording from 192 different sites simultaneously. The flutter maps clearly showed that intra-atrial reentry was the mechanism responsible for the arrhythmia. However, the localization and size of the intra-atrial circuits differed from case to case even in the same heart. The orifices of the venae cavae or the atrioventricular ring did not serve as a central anatomic obstacle for circus movement. We also failed to identify a special role of the internodal pathways in the formation of the loop. Instead, the intra-atrial circuits could be found everywhere, provided sufficient atrial mass was available to accommodate the circuit. The diameter of the circuits varied between 1.5 and 3 cm at a cycle length between 65 and 155 msec. The average conduction velocity of the circulating impulse varied between 60 and 80 cm/sec. Spontaneous termination of atrial flutter frequently occurred and was based on local conduction block in a narrow part of the circuit. Another interesting aspect of these studies is the finding that during continuous circus movement of the impulse, the amount of myocardium that is activated may vary considerably. This marked periodicity in excited tissue mass during atrial flutter could adequately explain the continuously undulating baseline or typical sawtoothlike F waves as seen in the surface electrocardiogram during atrial flutter. PMID- 6723009 TI - Mapping of ventricular tachycardia induced by programmed stimulation in canine preparations of myocardial infarction. AB - To investigate the mechanism of uniform ventricular tachycardia induced by programmed stimulation, we recorded His bundle electrograms and unipolar electrograms from 64 subepicardial, subendocardial, and intramural sites in dogs. Isochronal maps were generated off-line by computer. Two groups of dogs were studied 3 days after occlusion of their left anterior descending coronary arteries; one group underwent reperfusion after 2 to 2.5 hr of occlusion and the other methylprednisolone treatment before permanent occlusion. In the former, subepicardial sequences presented either a pattern suggesting circus movement or a radial pattern in which excitation at intramural sites could precede earliest subepicardial excitation. In the latter preparations, subepicardial excitation patterns consistently suggested circus movement in the subepicardial muscle layer surviving over necrotic tissue. Assuming complete circus movement, the "missed" time interval, measured as the interval left unaccounted for by actual recording of local excitation between ventricular tachycardia cycles, ranged from 3% to 64% of the cycle length of ventricular tachycardia. While surviving subepicardial and intramural layers appeared to be involved in the mechanism of ventricular tachycardia, a late second breakthrough on the right ventricle, in conjunction with fixed-coupled H deflections on the His bundle electrograms, suggested the involvement of the conducting system in propagation of the impulse. PMID- 6723010 TI - Endocardial mapping in humans in sinus rhythm with normal left ventricles: activation patterns and characteristics of electrograms. AB - Endocardial catheter mapping was performed in 15 patients in sinus rhythm who had no evidence of structural heart disease and normal left ventricles. Mapping was performed with the use of 10 mm interelectrode distance from various left ventricular endocardial sites. In 10 patients a quantitative analysis of electrographic amplitude, duration, and amplitude/duration ratio was performed. The normal left ventricular bipolar electrograms had an amplitude of greater than 3 mV, a duration of less than 70 msec, and an amplitude/duration ratio of greater than 0.045. Local activation times were also assessed in the 15 patients. This analysis revealed two endocardial breakthrough sites, one on the midinferior septum and a second on the anterior wall near the insertion of the anterior papillary muscle. We therefore have defined normal quantitative characteristics of left ventricular bipolar electrograms and the normal left ventricular activation sequence in the intact normal human left ventricle. PMID- 6723011 TI - A prospective comparison of triple extrastimuli and left ventricular stimulation in studies of ventricular tachycardia induction. AB - One hundred and one patients with sustained unimorphic ventricular tachycardia underwent programmed ventricular stimulation with one of two protocols. Fifty patients underwent programmed stimulation with protocol A, which consisted of burst overdrive pacing, single, double, and triple extrastimuli at the right ventricular apex, right ventricular outflow tract, or septum, and then at the left ventricular apex. Fifty-one patients underwent programmed stimulation with protocol B, which consisted of burst overdrive pacing, single and double extrastimuli at the right ventricular apex, right ventricular outflow tract or septum, and at the left ventricular apex, followed by triple extrastimuli at these sites. The stimulation protocol was continued until sustained ventricular tachycardia or rapid, polymorphic ventricular tachycardia greater than 10 sec in duration was induced. With protocol A, clinical and nonclinical ventricular tachycardia was induced in 76% and 36% of patients, respectively; with protocol B, clinical and nonclinical ventricular tachycardia was induced in 85% and 38% of patients, respectively. Direct-current countershock for sustained polymorphic ventricular tachycardia was required in 10% of patients studied under protocol A, compared with in 2% of patients studied under protocol B. With protocol A, near maximal yield of induced clinical (72%) and nonclinical ventricular tachycardia (30%) was attained after the use of triple extrastimuli at the first stimulation site. The yield of stimulation at a second right ventricular site and of left ventricular stimulation was only an additional 2% each. With protocol B, triple extrastimuli increased the yield of induced clinical ventricular tachycardia from 61% to 85%.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS) PMID- 6723012 TI - Effects of physical conditioning on left ventricular ejection fraction in patients with coronary artery disease. AB - To address the hypothesis that physical conditioning may improve left ventricular function in patients with coronary artery disease, we performed first-pass radionuclide ventriculography in 53 patients at rest and during upright bicycle exercise before and after 6 to 12 months of exercise training. The peak bicycle workload achieved before the onset of fatigue, dyspnea, or angina increased by an average of 22% (p = .0001) after training, and mean heart rate at a workload equal to the pretraining maximum workload was decreased by 10 beats/min after training (p = .0002). Of 21 subjects with angina or exertional ST segment depression before training, 15 (71%) were able to exercise to the same workload without these manifestations of ischemia after training. Whereas neither mean resting left ventricular ejection fraction (LVEF) nor LVEF at peak exertion was significantly altered, mean LVEF at the pretraining maximum workload was increased from 0.50 to 0.54 (p = .002) after training. There was a significant correlation between the magnitude of training bradycardia and the increment in LVEF at the pretraining maximum workload (p = .009). We conclude that the relative bradycardia at comparable exercise workloads produced by exercise conditioning is associated with improvements in left ventricular performance as assessed by the LVEF. This observation is compatible with the hypothesis that training bradycardia in conditioned subjects with ischemic heart disease is associated with lower myocardial oxygen demand and lesser degrees of ischemia at comparable workloads. However, training effects on ventricular afterload or on ischemia contractile performance of the heart cannot be excluded. PMID- 6723013 TI - The effects of familial relationships, age, body weight, and diet on blood pressure and the 24 hour urinary excretion of sodium, potassium, and creatinine in men, women, and children of randomly selected families. AB - Two hundred thirty-three randomly selected families provided a population for studying the effects of familial relationships, age, diet, body weight, and urinary electrolyte excretion on blood pressure. There was a strong familial component for urinary sodium, potassium, and creatinine excretion and for systolic blood pressure. In individuals, age, heart rate, and body weight were independently related to blood pressure. In women, urinary sodium and potassium levels were related to diastolic blood pressure. These individual relationships persisted when age was accounted for but were no longer significant after adjusting for both age and body weight, suggesting that heavier people eat more food, which in our culture means greater sodium intake. In fact, our randomly selected families were eating as much sodium (130 to 170 meq/day) and as little potassium (50 to 70 meq/day) as consumed by Americans several decades ago. Furthermore, this study again documented the rise in blood pressure with age, which may represent the effect of environmental influences on blood pressure over time. The familial aggregation of urinary sodium, potassium, and creatinine excretion, along with the well-established familial aggregation of body weight, emphasizes the importance of the entire family in the treatment and prevention of hypertension. PMID- 6723014 TI - The physiology of external cardiac massage: high-impulse cardiopulmonary resuscitation. AB - In intact chronically instrumented dogs, left ventricular dynamics were studied during cardiopulmonary resuscitation (CPR). Electromagnetic flow probes measured cardiac output and coronary blood flow, ultrasonic transducers measured cardiac dimensions, and micromanometers measured left ventricular, right ventricular, aortic, and intrathoracic pressures. The dogs were anesthetized with morphine, intubated, and fibrillated by rapid ventricular pacing. Data were obtained during manual external massage with dogs in the lateral and supine positions. Force of compression was varied from a peak intrathoracic pressure of 10 to 30 mm Hg, and compression rate was varied from 60 to 150/min. Increasing force of compression increased stroke volume up to a peak intrathoracic pressure of approximately 20 mm Hg, beyond which stroke volume remained constant or declined. Stroke volume appeared to result primarily from direct transmission of manual compression force to the heart rather than from positive intrathoracic pressure because peak cardiac or vascular pressures or the change in these pressures were consistently two to four times greater than the corresponding intrathoracic pressures during manual compression. With increasing compression rate, stroke volume remained relatively constant, and total cardiac output increased significantly: 425 +/- 92 ml/min at 60/min, 643 +/- 130 ml/min at 100/min, and 975 +/- 219 ml/min at 150/min (p less than .05). Left ventricular dimensions decreased minimally at higher manual compression rates. In four patients undergoing CPR, systolic and diastolic arterial blood pressure increased with faster compression rates, correlating well with data obtained in the dog. Dynamic coronary blood flow in canine experiments decreased to zero or negative values during compression. Antegrade coronary flow occurred primarily during noncompression periods and seemed to be related to diastolic aortic perfusion pressure; coronary flow at a compression rate of 150/min averaged 75% of control. Therefore stroke volume and coronary blood flow in this canine preparation were maximized with manual chest compression performed with moderate force and brief duration. Increasing rate of compression increased total cardiac output while coronary blood flow was well maintained. Direct cardiac compression appeared to be the major determinant of stroke volume during manual external cardiac massage. PMID- 6723015 TI - Secondary anterior chamber lens implantation. PMID- 6723016 TI - Binkhorst biplane, two-loop, capsule-fixated implants and post-operative visual white-out. PMID- 6723017 TI - Complications of intracapsular cataract extraction with anterior chamber implants. PMID- 6723018 TI - Simultaneous extracapsular cataract extraction, intraocular lens implantation, and posterior lip sclerectomy filtering procedure in glaucoma patients. PMID- 6723019 TI - Problems arising from Sato's radial keratotomy procedure in Japan. PMID- 6723020 TI - Phosphate compounds in erythrocytes and plasma in Duchenne muscular dystrophy. PMID- 6723021 TI - Reference values for creatine kinase MB. PMID- 6723023 TI - The multi-rule Shewhart chart for quality control. PMID- 6723022 TI - Influence of free glycerol on enzymic evaluation of triglycerides. PMID- 6723024 TI - Problems with the Coomassie Brilliant Blue technique for urinary protein. PMID- 6723025 TI - ASTRA creatinine reagent stability. PMID- 6723026 TI - Changes in serum creatine kinase BB activity in a patient with chest pain. PMID- 6723027 TI - Hemoglobin "Hope" interferes with measurement of glycated hemoglobin by ion exchange chromatography and electrophoresis. PMID- 6723028 TI - Creatine kinase activity and isoenzyme analysis in thyroid disorders. PMID- 6723029 TI - Taking the "mystery" out of inconsistent qualitative results for choriogonadotropin. PMID- 6723031 TI - Effect of Schiff base (labile fraction) on the measurement of glycated hemoglobin by affinity chromatography. PMID- 6723030 TI - Effect of albumin on results of analog-type assays for thyroxin. PMID- 6723033 TI - Immunofixation can replace immunoelectrophoresis. PMID- 6723032 TI - Post-myocardial injury syndrome suggested by cardiac enzyme profile. PMID- 6723034 TI - More on immunofixation vs immunoelectrophoresis. PMID- 6723035 TI - Creatine kinase MB isoenzymes in serum of patients who undergo cardiac surgery. PMID- 6723036 TI - Calibration of 3-hydroxybutyrate assays. PMID- 6723037 TI - Thyroid function tests. PMID- 6723038 TI - Self testing, an emerging component of clinical chemistry. AB - Self testing as a phase of health delivery has been utilized for approximately 70 years, but within the last two decades there has been an increasing interest in and use of self testing. The practice of self testing has a sound basis, which involves medical relevancy, cost containment, and convenience. It is reasonable to anticipate that self testing will increase in the future as medical needs and available procedures are established. The clinical chemist, the physician, and the industrial producer of test systems all have important roles in self testing. The clinical chemist, whether in a hospital laboratory or in an industrial setting, has the responsibility to create new self-testing procedures that represent expansion and improvement over those currently available. The clinical chemist also has a critical role in the evaluation of new self-testing procedures and in validating their capability of providing high-quality information. The provision of quality-assurance programs and proficiency programs for the user can most effectively be carried out by clinical chemists. The clinical chemist can also play an important role as a consultant, teacher/educator, and trouble shooter in recognizing and helping solve problems that may appear in various areas of self testing. The classic role of the physician has been to diagnose disorders of the patients and provide therapy for effective care. The role of the physician in self testing is quite comparable to his usual role, since the ultimate diagnosis of disease will be carried out by the physician and he will continue to be the source for definition of therapy. A major portion of self testing will be carried out with the recommendation of a physician, and he will maintain a role in the interpretation of results. The physician needs to be familiar with self-testing practices and procedures and be prepared to provide interpretation of self-testing results. Industry supplies an increasing proportion of reagent systems and instruments for the clinical laboratory. The supplying of reagent systems and small instruments for self testing is almost completely a role of industry. The creation and funding of new products for self testing will be provided by industry to a large extent. A critical function of industry is to provide high-quality products and efficient customer service to the self-testing component of health delivery. We have each played a role in self testing over a period of approximately 40 years. During this period self testing has become an important phase of clinical laboratory practice.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 400 WORDS) PMID- 6723039 TI - A specific kinetic assay for tripeptide aminopeptidase in serum. AB - This is a method for measuring tripeptide aminopeptidase (EC 3.4.11.4) activity in serum. L- Leucylglycylglycine is used as substrate, and the reaction is followed by monitoring the absorbance increase at 340 nm when NAD+ is reduced to NADH in the presence of an excess of leucine dehydrogenase. This principle allows kinetic determination of the enzyme without interference by carboxypeptidases. Amastatin is added to the reaction mixture to prevent nonspecific hydrolysis of the substrate catalyzed by other aminopeptidases. As final reaction concentrations we recommend (per liter): 100 mmol of Tris buffer (pH 8.2), 4.0 mmol of L- leucylglycylglycine , 10 kU of leucine dehydrogenase, 3.8 mmol of NAD+, and 85 mumol of amastatin . The assay is suited to modern enzyme analyzers and has high precision. PMID- 6723040 TI - Liquid-chromatographic measurement of amino acids in biological samples after formation of phenylthiohydantoin derivatives. AB - In this method for measuring amino acids in urine, serum, and tissue, the amino acids to be assayed and the internal standard, L-norleucine, are converted to phenylthiohydantoins , isolated by organic solvent extraction, separated by reversed-phase "high-pressure" liquid chromatography, and detected by ultraviolet absorbance. The analytes are identified by retention times and quantified by comparing peak heights with that of the internal standard. The peak-height ratios vary linearly with concentrations of 50 to 500 mg/L, corresponding to the concentration range usually found in biological samples. Detection limits are 5 to 20 mg/L. Inter- and intra-assay precision (CV) varies between 1 and 26%. Average analytical recoveries range between 67 and 100%. PMID- 6723041 TI - Automated amidolytic method for determining heparin, a heparinoid, and a low-Mr heparin fragment, based on their anti-Xa activity. AB - Using the chromogenic substrate S-2222, we have optimized and automated an amidolytic assay for heparin. The assay is based on the detection of anti-Xa activity generated by heparin in plasma. The method is reproducible (intra- and interassay CVs of 2.4 and 3.3%, respectively) and reliable in antithrombin III deficient plasma. Results of this assay, obtained for plasma samples from patients and volunteers treated with heparin, correlate well (r = 0.899) with those of the test for activated partial thromboplastin time. Upon administration of a low-Mr heparinoid (Org 10172) and heparin fragment ( Kabi 2165), however, the activated partial thromboplastin time failed to detect anticoagulant activity, whereas the chromogenic heparin assay revealed anti-Xa activity. This automated amidolytic assay for heparin is therefore suitable not only for monitoring standard therapy with heparin but also for measuring the activity of recently developed heparin fractions. PMID- 6723042 TI - Direct potentiometric determination of sodium ion in blood. II. Influence of cations. AB - We measured the emf of NaCl solutions (120-160 mmol/L), with and without the addition of KCl (5-20 mmol/L), CaCl2 (2-8 mmol/L), or MgCl2 (1-4 mmol/L). Measurements were made with a home-built cell in steady-state and with two commercial direct potentiometric analyzers about 20 s after the sample was introduced. We calculated the sodium ion activity in the mixed NaCl-KCl solutions according to different thermodynamic theories and found almost the same results. We conclude that the influence on the emf of physiological concentrations of these cations was negligible when emf measurements were made in steady-state with the home-built cell. Of the three added cations, K+ caused the greatest increase in apparent sodium ion activity (up to about 4%) when emf measurements were made with commercial analyzers, owing to low salt-bridge concentration and the short measuring time of about 20 s. PMID- 6723043 TI - Simplified determination of carboxyhemoglobin. AB - This spectrophotometric method for estimating carboxyhemoglobin is based on the production of a two-pigment mixture by reducing oxyhemoglobin and methemoglobin with sodium hydrosulfite . Absorbances of the pigment are measured at 420 and 432 nm. Protecting the solutions against exposure to air is unnecessary. Values are stable and reproducible when the solutions are buffered at pH 6.85. PMID- 6723044 TI - Suitability of various control sera for use in testing the accuracy of cholesterol determination with enzymic kits. AB - We used 20 different commercial enzymic kits to measure cholesterol in 19 commercial control sera and in a pooled specimen of human serum and compared the relative biases, with the Abell -Kendall procedure as reference. Our purpose was to select those sera in various enzymic kits showing behavior similar to that of human serum and which thus can be used to measure the accuracy of these kits. The overall mean relative biases obtained with each of the 20 kits for the pooled human serum on the one hand and for a given control serum on the other generally correlated significantly. On the basis of the correlation coefficients and regression equations, we could select the control sera best suited for measurement of accuracy. They were all human-serum based, with cholesterol concentrations greater than 5 mmol/L. Animal sera with above-normal lipid values produced by feeding special diets appeared to be less reliable control sera in this respect. PMID- 6723046 TI - Semiautomated analysis for mercury in whole blood, urine, and hair by on-stream generation of cold vapor. AB - In this method for quantitative determination of mercury in blood, urine, and hair, the specimen is first digested in a mixture of solid potassium permanganate and concentrated sulfuric acid. Excess oxidizing agent is reduced by hydroxylamine hydrochloride. The mercury liberated with stannous chloride is quantified by measuring its absorbance at 254 nm. This method shortens digestion time considerably and ensures accurate and reproducible results. Reagents must be free of mercury contamination; every new lot must be checked before use. This system can reliably accommodate as many as 30 specimens per hour and is suitable for use in laboratories that analyze a large number of biological specimens for total mercury. PMID- 6723045 TI - Indophenol method for acetaminophen in serum examined. AB - We show that an indophenol-based colorimetric method for acetaminophen (Clin Toxicol 15: 67-73, 1979) has less than maximal sensitivity because of (a) incomplete hydrolysis, related to suboptimal acid concentration; (b) suboptimal hydrolysis time; and (c) possible deterioration of the ammonium hydroxide reagent after 2.5 months. We have modified the method by optimizing duration of hydrolysis and color development. Results by the method correlate linearly with acetaminophen concentrations to 250 mg/L (1.66 mmol/L). Moreover, the modified method is free from interference by compounds in serum from uremic patients. PMID- 6723047 TI - Effects of azotemia on results of the boronate-agarose affinity and ion-exchange methods for glycated hemoglobin. AB - We evaluated the effect of azotemia on results for glycated hemoglobin as measured by a boronate-agarose affinity method and an ion-exchange chromatographic procedure with saline preincubation and found a good correlation. However, values for glycated hemoglobin in samples from nondiabetic patients with various degrees of azotemia were consistently higher with the ion-exchange column procedure (mean, 8.5%) than with the boronate affinity method (mean, 6.2%). The latter method may thus be preferred for monitoring glycated hemoglobin in diabetic patients with impaired renal function. PMID- 6723048 TI - Liquid-chromatographic determination of indomethacin in blood from newborns with patent ductus arteriosus. AB - This rapid, accurate "high-performance" liquid-chromatographic procedure is intended for measuring indomethacin in serum from neonates who are receiving indomethacin for symptomatic patent ductus arteriosus. Indomethacin and an internal standard (flufenamic acid) are extracted from serum or plasma with chloroform or diethyl ether at pH 5.0. For the chromatography we used a Waters' Radial Compression Separation System (Radial-NOVA PAK C18 reversed-phase column) and a mobile phase of methanol/sodium acetate buffer (10 mmol/L, pH 3.6), 70/30 by vol. The column effluent is monitored at 254 nm. Both indomethacin and flufenamic acid are eluted within 7 min. Indomethacin can be detected in concentrations as low as 50 micrograms/L, in 100-microL samples. Response varies linearly with indomethacin concentration to at least 2 mg/L. Analytical recovery is 75%; relative recovery is 100%. Precision is excellent. Using this method, we were able to improve the success rate for pharmacological management of symptomatic patent ductus arteriosus, especially in neonates with fast clearance rates for the drug. PMID- 6723049 TI - Free thyroxin index and direct measurements of free thyroxin compared for evaluating postpartum autoimmune thyroid dysfunction. AB - Measurement of free thyroxin (FT4) by a recently introduced commercial assay (Amerlex Free T4 RIA) was compared with the calculated free thyroxin index (FT4I) for serum from 104 postpartum women. Of these, 63 had transient thyroid dysfunction due to autoimmune thyroiditis, six had transient Graves' thyrotoxicosis, and 35 were euthyroid with no signs of autoimmune thyroid disease. The correlation between results for FT4 and the calculated FTI for 95 serum samples from women with no signs of autoimmune thyroiditis (r = 0.941; p = 0.0001) was almost identical to that for 270 serum samples from women with thyroid microsomal autoantibodies characteristic of autoimmune thyroiditis (r = 0.937; p = 0.0001). Furthermore, we observed no difference when the autoimmune group was subdivided according to low or high titers of thyroid microsomal antibodies. In no case did autoantibodies to thyroxin interfere with the FT4 assay. However, one woman had a spuriously low value for FT4I owing to interference by autoantibodies to triiodothyronine with the triiodothyronine resin uptake test. We conclude that the FT4 RIA assay provided diagnostic information in this group of postpartum women equivalent to that of the more elaborate procedure of determining FT4I. PMID- 6723050 TI - Influences of specimen processing and storage conditions on results for plasma ammonia. AB - Ammonia concentrations in plasma may increase because of contamination and deterioration of blood components during specimen handling and storage. Using replicate specimens from healthy volunteers, we studied influences of specimen processing and storage procedures on ammonia measurements made with a self contained reagent system. Under some conditions, ammonia concentrations more than doubled. The use of nonhemolyzed plasma specimens and prompt centrifugation, separation of plasma, and ammonia determination apparently were important in avoiding such increases, the duration of contact between plasma and cells being the most important factor. Lower temperatures had minimal effect on whole-blood storage and centrifugation, but retarded increases in ammonia in stored plasma. We conclude that procedures for collection and storage of specimens for ammonia determinations should be standardized and strictly observed. PMID- 6723051 TI - Simultaneous determination of penicillin and cephalosporin antibiotics in serum by gradient liquid chromatography. AB - We describe a "high-performance" liquid-chromatographic method for simultaneously measuring various penicillin and cephalosporin antibiotics. After extraction from serum, which in general is quantitative, the drugs are separated by use of a "Bondapak phenyl" column and a gradient mobile phase. For these drugs retention times depend on the pH of the mobile phase; we present retention times under selected pH conditions. PMID- 6723052 TI - Enzymic assay for oxalate in unprocessed urine, as adapted for a centrifugal analyzer. AB - In this automated modification of the oxalate decarboxylase method, oxalate can be measured (12 per hour) in acidified but otherwise unprocessed urine. Standard curves are linear up to at least 2.5 mmol/L. When 0.50 mmol of oxalate was added per liter to samples of 18 patients' urines, a mean analytical recovery of 98.5% (SD 3.6%) was obtained. Within-series CVs were 3.4 and 1.0%, between-series CVs 7.3 and 2.7% (n = 15) for oxalate concentrations of 0.31 and 0.61 mmol/L. The lower limit of detection is 25 mumol/L. Concentrations measured with this "direct" method correlated well (r = 0.95) with those measured after precipitation with calcium and ethanol and resolubilization in dilute sulfuric acid. For 17 healthy volunteers the mean urinary excretion of oxalate was 0.37 (SD 0.14) mmol/24 h. PMID- 6723053 TI - Theoretical and practical aspects of receptor hormone assay in breast cancer. AB - The Authors have discussed the importance of ER/PR assay in breast cancer care. 162 patients were studied. The dextran-coated charcoal technique was used as the standard most readily available. The Authors point out the importance of specimen handling as is shown by time-decay studies, and the differences in ER/PR level at the time of the biopsy and mastectomy cut-section, and its eventual influence to better understanding assay results. The establishment of a center of control between different labs would also help in the development of more exact regimens for cancer care. PMID- 6723054 TI - Hyperprolactinemic amenorrhea. AB - The author takes into account the relationship between hyperprolactinemia and secondary amenorrhea and the possible treatments of hyperprolactinemic amenorrhea. PMID- 6723056 TI - Vulvar lesions at risk. Prevention, clinical methodology and therapy. AB - In confronting the problem of prevention and early diagnosis of vulvar lesions at risk, the diagnostic methodology for their recognition and the therapeutic measures best taken are discussed. Through the use of routine, ambulatory screening tests, it is possible to detect and recognize those pathological situations which may evolve towards neoplasia. Among these, the vulvar dystrophies, some viral infections and sexually-transmitted diseases are particularly at risk. Patients with oncologic precedents are also at risk as well as patients receiving immunosuppressive therapy. PMID- 6723055 TI - Determination of plasmatic copper and zinc in uncomplicated pregnancies. AB - The copper and zinc plasmatic concentrations were determined in a group of 50 pregnant women and in a control group. We found higher copper and lower zinc plasmatic levels in pregnancy than in control group. No correlation was found between the copper and zinc plasmatic levels and the weeks of pregnancy. PMID- 6723057 TI - Methemoglobin formation and glutathione disappearance in cord blood red cells exposed to acetylphenylhydrazine. AB - Methemoglobin formation in the presence of acetylphenyl hydrazine occurs faster in red cells from cord blood than in normal adult erythrocytes. Under the same conditions, the rate of disappearance of glutathione is slower in cord blood erythrocytes. The mean NADH-methemoglobin reductase activity of cord blood red cells is less than half of the adult value. The results point to a potential danger in the administration of oxidant drugs to expectant mothers or new-born infants. PMID- 6723058 TI - Altered clearance of sulphobromophthalein (BSP) in patients with pancreatic disease. AB - The components of the plasma disappearance curve of sulphobromophthalein--Ki, K2, K1--were analysed in 26 patients with pancreatic disease. The mean corrected initial disappearance rate constant, K1, in the patients significantly exceeded the published mean value in controls: all but four patients had a value equal to or higher than the upper limit of the reference range (mean +2 SD). The mean uncorrected initial disappearance rate constant, Ki, in the patients was not significantly different from the mean in controls but the mean of the second exponential, K2, was significantly reduced. At least one abnormality in the test (Ki, K2, K1) was present in 24 of the 26 patients studied (93%), although clinical evidence of hepatic dysfunction was generally unimpressive. The possible implications of the results are discussed with reference to previous studies. PMID- 6723060 TI - Isolation of human fibrinogen using nitroblue tetrazolium (NBT). PMID- 6723059 TI - Mitochondrial creatine kinase as a tumor-associated marker. AB - Sera from 167 patients with malignant tumor were examined with regard to mitochondrial creatine kinase (ATP: creatine N-phosphotransferase, EC 2.7.3.2, CK). The CK (CKm) was detected in 66 cases (40%), in 42 of 96 men and in 24 of 71 women. Seventeen patients had hepatic carcinomas and 14 gastric carcinoma. CKm was also present in sera from patients with malignancy of the lung, the mammary gland etc. In the CKm positive group, about 85% had metastatic and/or infiltrating malignancy, and about 90% were undergoing chemotherapy. The figures resembled those in the CKm negative group. Mortality rates in the CKm positive group were 1.7 times higher than in the CKm negative group. CKm may be a marker of some biological factors leading to and/or resulting from a poor prognosis and not simply of primary or metastatic tumors. Most of the total serum CK activities in the CKm positive group were within normal limits. CKm activities in the gastric carcinoma group were higher than those in other groups, particularly in comparison to the liver carcinoma group. PMID- 6723061 TI - Measurement of trypsin-like activity of saliva, serum and meconium by a synthetic substrate carbobenzoxy-L-arginine-7-amino-4-methylcoumarin amide (CAMCA). PMID- 6723062 TI - Mitochondrial and cytoplasmic isoenzymes of aspartate aminotransferase in sera of patients after myocardial infarction. AB - Mitochondrial and cytoplasmic isoenzymes of aspartate aminotransferase (AST) were studied in the sera of 42 patients following acute myocardial infarction and compared to creatine kinase (CK), lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) and alanine aminotransferase (ALT). Mitochondrial AST( ASTm ) was detected in 93% (39/42) of patients. Maximum recorded ASTm activity was 59.5 +/- 8.8 U/l and was found 39.4 +/- 3.5 hours after the onset of symptoms (chest pain) of myocardial infarction. In contrast the maximum recorded cytoplasmic AST ( ASTc ) activity was greater (327 +/- 23 U/l) and it occurred earlier (33.5 +/- 2.2 hours) after onset of infarction compared to ASTm . ASTm correlated significantly (p less than 0.05) with ASTc , LDH and ALT but not with total CK or CK-MB. ASTc correlated significantly (p less than 0.05) with total CK, CK-MB and LDH but not ALT. Maximum recorded ASTm activity was significantly associated with the clinical assessment of left ventricular failure ( Killip classification) but not with ventricular arrhythmias. In a subset of 15 patients evaluated with invasive hemodynamic measurements of cardiac output and pulmonary capillary wedge pressure. ASTm correlated significantly (p less than 0.05) and better than CK-MB with the hemodynamic assessment of left ventricular dysfunction. Thus ASTSm can be readily identified in sera of patients after acute myocardial infarction and may be of value in the evaluation of patients with acute myocardial infarction. PMID- 6723063 TI - A rapid screening test for Duchenne muscular dystrophy using dried blood specimens. AB - A very simple fluorescent spot screening test for the detection of elevated creatine kinase activity in dried blood specimens is described. The assay uses reagents commercially available in kit form and modifies the procedure for use with whole blood spotted on filter paper. Additional amounts of diadenosine pentaphosphate had to be added to the reaction mixture to inhibit the excess adenylate kinase present in erythrocytes. The sensitivity and reliability of the test is demonstrated. This qualitative assay has the potential for use as a mass neonatal screening test for Duchenne muscular dystrophy. PMID- 6723064 TI - Plasma ammonia concentrations in newborns and children. AB - Many, mostly congenital, hyperammonemic syndromes may occur in the first days of life. For the diagnosis of these disorders plasma ammonia levels physiologically present in neonates and early childhood should be known, preferably by the use of an enzymatic method. Full-term newborns had higher capillary ammonia concentrations on the first day of life (30-144 mumol/l) than on the fifth day (31-104 mumol/l). In the same individuals the arterial (38-89 mumol/l) are lower than the capillary concentrations (69-112 mumol/l). The venous concentrations in school children were not higher than in adults. The scatter of capillary values, however, is great. For diagnostic purposes of disorders of ammonia detoxication sampling of arterial or venous blood is preferable. PMID- 6723065 TI - Analysis of dipeptides in urine by gas chromatography/mass spectrometry: implications for collagen breakdown in iminodipeptiduria following a study of the dipeptides by electron impact and chemical ionization. AB - Dipeptides in the urine of a patient suffering from dermatological purpura, associated with iminodipeptiduria , were determined by gas chromatography/mass spectrometry. The dipeptides were identified as R-proline and R'-hydroxyproline where R is any one of the residues, glycyl, alanyl, valyl, leucyl, isoleucyl, seryl, aspartyl, glutamyl, prolyl, phenylalanyl and R' is alanyl, valyl, leucyl or isoleucyl, seryl, prolyl, glutamyl, phenylalanyl. The predominance of proline- and hydroxyproline-containing dipeptides and the percentage distributions of the other amino acid residues, R and R', strongly implicate an abnormality of collagen metabolism. Structural assignments are confidently based on (a) gas chromatographic retention times, (b) electron impact mass spectra and automatic comparison with reference to spectra stored in a specialized library, (c) chemical ionization mass spectra with isobutane and methanol as reactant gases and (d) the use of deuteriated acetic anhydride as a derivatizing agent. PMID- 6723066 TI - Quantitative estimation of the density ratios of cholinesterase bands in human amniotic fluids. AB - Quantitative densitometry has been used to measure cholinesterase bands in amniotic fluids after polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis. The ratio of acetylcholinesterase (AChE) to pseudocholinesterase ( PChE ) could be used both for diagnosis and for differential diagnosis of fetal abnormalities. Normal amniotic fluids had AChe/ PChE density ratios of zero, while neural tube defect fluids were all above 0.15. Ventral wall defect samples had ratios below 0.15, as did false positives due to contamination with human fetal serum. In samples which had been accidentally contaminated with fetal calf serum, density ratios were above 0.15. Similar results were obtained with both slab gel and rod gel electrophoresis. PMID- 6723067 TI - Serum very long chain fatty acid pattern in Zellweger syndrome. AB - Very long chain fatty acids of serum were analyzed by gas chromatography in six patients with the cerebro-hepato-renal syndrome of Zellweger, in seven of their parents, and in ten normal children. Increased concentrations of hexacosanoic acid (C26:0) were consistently found in the Zellweger patients. The ratios C26:0/C22:0, C25:0/C22:0, and C24:0/C22:0 also were elevated. These findings can serve as an additional important diagnostic criterion for Zellweger syndrome. The very long chain fatty acid levels and ratios in the blood of the patients' parents were within the normal ranges. PMID- 6723068 TI - A simple method of determining 4-hydroxyisovaleric acid and its level in a patient with isovaleric acidemia. AB - We developed a simple and rapid method for the quantitative determination of 4- hydroxyisovaleric acid using the conversion of this acid to the corresponding lactone,and measured its levels in the plasma of a patient with isovaleric acidemia during an episode of severe ketoacidosis. 4-Hydroxyisovaleric acid reached a peak two days after plasma isovaleric acid was at its highest level. PMID- 6723069 TI - Measurement of urinary immunoglobulins G, A and M by an enzyme linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA). PMID- 6723070 TI - Propionylcarnitine excretion in propionic and methylmalonic acidurias: a cause of carnitine deficiency. AB - Two patients with propionic acidemia (PA) and two patients with methylmalonic aciduria (MMA) had low plasma free carnitine and increased short-chain acylcarnitines. Urinary excretion of free carnitine was decreased, while the excretion of short-chain acylcarnitines, mostly propionylcarnitine , was increased. Carnitine supplementation markedly increased the short-chain acylcarnitine fractions of both plasma and urine. Total carnitine content was decreased in skeletal muscle biopsies obtained from two of the patients. It is suggested that in these organic acidurias mitochondrial propionylcarnitine , formed from free carnitine and excess propionylCoA exchanges with free cytosolic carnitine: propionylcarnitine is then lost in the urine, causing secondary carnitine deficiency in the tissues. PMID- 6723071 TI - Mineral metabolism during short-term starvation in man. AB - Plasma and urine electrolytes were measured in five healthy non-obese young adults before, during and after a four-day period of total starvation (distilled water only). Plasma sodium, chloride and bicarbonate concentrations decreased in all subjects by a mean value of 4 mmol/l, whereas the sum of acetoacetate and hydroxybutyrate concentrations increased by 4-6 mmol/l. These changes occurred without alterations in the state of hydration or vascular volume. Hydroxybutyrate and ammonium ions became the main urinary ions during starvation, whereas sodium and chloride, which were quantitatively the most important urinary electrolytes before starvation, decreased four-fold, and potassium two-fold. Plasma zinc concentrations rapidly increased in all subjects by a mean of 4 mumol/1 (25%) and returned to normal on refeeding. The excretion of zinc in urine trebled and continued to rise on refeeding. There were no major changes in the excretion of calcium, magnesium, phosphate or sulphate during the starvation period. From knowledge of the intracellular concentrations of various minerals and extent of breakdown of lean tissues (N excretion), it is suggested that most of the urinary calcium, magnesium and phosphate probably originates from bone, and that the amount of zinc in urine is only a small fraction of that which is likely to be released from the breakdown of lean tissues. It is also suggested that the continued excretion of zinc on refeeding is due to release of zinc from tissues which 'buffered' it during the starvation period. This study provides useful data in non-obese individuals with which to compare changes which occur in post traumatic and post-infective starvation. PMID- 6723072 TI - Pyridoxal-5'-phosphate-induced stimulation of aspartate aminotransferase and its isoenzymes in human myocardial biopsies and autopsies. AB - The extent to which pyridoxal-5'-phosphate stimulates the activities of aspartate aminotransferase and its cytoplasmic and mitochondrial isoenzymes was measured in six human left ventricular biopsies obtained freshly during open-heart surgery, and in 13 human left ventricular autopsies. A concentration of pyridoxal-5' phosphate of 15 mumol/l for 1 h is sufficient to convert any apoenzyme to holo enzyme. Pyridoxal-5'-phosphate-induced stimulation of aspartate aminotransferase is 26 +/- 6% (+/- SD) in myocardial biopsies (range 22-34%) and 112 +/- 54% in myocardial autopsies (range 35-200%). The extent of stimulation of the cytoplasmic and mitochondrial isoenzymes is 18 +/- 9% and 32 +/- 6%, respectively, in myocardial biopsies, and 150 +/- 57% and 100 +/- 62%, respectively, in myocardial autopsies. The greater extent and variation of the pyridoxal-5'-phosphate-induced stimulation of aspartate aminotransferase and its isoenzymes in myocardial autopsies compared to that in myocardial biopsies is caused by autolysis and its duration. Autolysis depresses myocardial aspartate aminotransferase activity measured in the absence of pyridoxal-5'-phosphate which effect is more prominent for the cytoplasmic than for the mitochondrial isoenzyme. PMID- 6723073 TI - Urine and faecal porphyrin profiles by reversed-phase high-performance liquid chromatography in the porphyrias. AB - A novel reversed-phase system is described for the simultaneous separation of type I and type III isomers of uro-, heptacarboxylic-, hexacarboxylic -, pentacarboxylic - and copro -porphyrins and the dicarboxylic meso- and proto porphyrins. The porphyrins were resolved on a Hypersil -SAS column eluted with 10% (v/v) acetonitrile in 1 mol/l ammonium acetate, pH 5.16 (solvent A) and 10% (v/v) acetonitrile in methanol (solvent B) with a linear gradient from 100% A (0%B) to 35% A (65%B) in 30 min followed by isocratic elution at 65% B for a further 10 min. The method is simple and reproducible and has been applied to the analysis of porphyrins in urine and faeces from patients with acute intermittent, variegate, hereditary copro , congenital erythropoietic, erythrohepatic proto and symptomatic porphyrias. PMID- 6723074 TI - Copper stimulated phospholipid membrane peroxidation: antioxidant activity of serum and synovial fluid from patients with rheumatoid arthritis. PMID- 6723075 TI - Development of triiodothyronine uptake assay using acridine orange dye as the separating agent. PMID- 6723076 TI - Determination of urinary homovanillic acid (HVA) using capillary gas chromatography. PMID- 6723077 TI - Salmon and human calcitonin-like peptides in man. AB - Calcitonin-like peptides have been identified in the serum of normal subjects and of medullary thyroid carcinoma (MTC) patients. Using specific homologous radioimmunoassays (RIA) in combination with reversed-phase high performance liquid chromatography and gel permeation chromatography under denaturing conditions, we have recognized major components which coeluted with human calcitonin-(1-32), PDN-21, a carboxyl-terminal flanking peptide derived from the calcitonin mRNA sequence, and salmon calcitonin-(1-32). An additional 12000 molecular weight peak possibly represents a human calcitonin-PDN-21 polyprotein. In both the human calcitonin-(1-32) (normal value less than 0.043 ngEq/ml; MTC 140 +/- 80 ngEq/ml, mean value +/- SEM) and the PDN-21 (normal value less than 0.050 ngEq/ml; MTC 33.6 +/- 16.5 ngEq/ml) RIAs, serum levels were increased in MTC patients. Circulating levels of the salmon calcitonin-like peptide were indistinguishable between normal subjects (0.038 +/- 0.006 ngEq/ml) and MTC patients (0.037 +/- 0.011 ngEq/ml). PMID- 6723078 TI - The differential diagnosis of cystic neck masses by the determination of thyroglobulin concentrations in the aspirates. AB - Thyroglobulin (Tg) concentrations in the aspirates of various types of cystic neck masses were measured by RIA to assess the usefulness of this determination in differential diagnosis. The subjects consisted of 16 patients, whose final diagnoses were all established on the basis of operative results; three patients had follicular thyroid adenomas (F-Ad), 11 had papillary thyroid carcinomas (P Ca), one had a thyroglossal duct cyst (TDC) and one had a lateral cervical cyst (LCC). Tg concentrations in the cyst fluids of F-Ad and P-Ca were very high (0.042-2.83 mg/ml) compared with serum Tg concentrations. There was no difference in Tg concentrations in the fluids of P-Ca between primary lesions (n = 5) and metastatic lesions (n = 6). On the other hand, Tg concentrations of TDC and LCC were very low (less than 100 ng/ml). Difficulty was experienced in diagnosing three patients, even though they had been examined by all nonsurgical diagnostic techniques. However, an occult thyroid carcinoma with lymph node metastasis was diagnosed by demonstrating a high Tg concentration in the aspirate of the cystic lymph node. T3 concentrations in cyst fluids of F-Ad were higher than those of P Ca. T3 concentrations in the fluids of P-Ca, TDC and LCC did not differ, and were similar to serum T3 levels. Cytology of cyst fluids was positive in four of 10 patients examined with P-Ca. In conclusion, we can clearly confirm the thyroid origin of a cystic neck mass by demonstrating a high Tg concentration in the aspirate. This is especially useful for diagnosis in patients with thyroid carcinoma, including occult thyroid carcinomas with cystic lymph node metastasis. PMID- 6723079 TI - Thyrotoxic myopathy associated with subacute thyroiditis. AB - We report a case of subacute thyroiditis complicated by thyrotoxic myopathy. Previously thyrotoxic myopathy has been described as being associated with Graves' disease. The patient in this study was a 35-year-old man who developed proximal dominant muscular weakness and atrophy during the course of subacute thyroiditis. His myopathic symptoms regressed as his serum thyroxine and triiodothyronine levels returned to normal, however it took a relatively long period of time for them to do so. This suggests that marked myopathy may develop even in cases of subacute thyroiditis if the thyrotoxic state persists for a long period of time. PMID- 6723081 TI - Pituitary cellular hypersensitivity in idiopathic hypopituitarism. AB - Lymphocyte transformation in response to a saline extract of human pituitary was used to evaluate anti-pituitary immunity in patients with idiopathic hypopituitarism. Nine normal subjects and three children with idiopathic hypopituitarism were studied. Lymphocytes of one patient were significantly reactive to pituitary extract (beyond the 95% tolerance limits of the normal subjects) at five and eleven months after the diagnosis of hypopituitarism. The anti-pituitary hypersensitivity appeared organ specific since there was no lymphocyte reactivity to human thyroid extract in this patient. The presence of alopecia universalis, dystrophic nails and a primary immunodeficiency state suggests an autoimmune basis of his hypopituitary state. Due to hypogammaglobulinaemia and the lack of pituitary cell antibodies in this child, a humoral role in the development of his hypopituitarism is not supported. PMID- 6723080 TI - Endemic infantile hypothyroidism in a severe endemic goitre area of central Africa. AB - Thyroid function and exposure to dietary goitrogenic factors (iodine deficiency and thiocyanate overload) were studied at birth and from birth to 7 years in 200 neonates and 347 children living in the severe endemic goitre area of Ubangi, Northern Zaire. Serum T4 was at the lower limit of normal at birth (104 +/- 4 nmol/l) and stayed at that level during the first year of life (123 +/- 9) (NS), but decreased to 75 +/- 8 (P less than 0.001) at 2-4 years and to 62 +/- 6 (P less than 0.001) at 5-7 years of age. Mean serum FT4 decreased from 10.4 +/- 0.9 pmol/l during the first year to 8.2 +/- 1.0 (NS) at 2-4 years (NS) and to 7.7 +/- 0.9 (P less than 0.05) at 5-7 years. Mean serum TSH was 10.4 (8.4-12.9) mU/l (geometric mean +/- 1 SEM) during the first year, 10.1 (7.5-13.7) (NS) at 2-4 years and 24.3 (18.5-31.9) (P less than 0.05) at 5-7 years. Mean serum T3 was 3.23 +/- 0.12 nmol/l during the first year and remained stable thereafter. The frequencies of low T4 (T4 less than 77 nmol/l), high TSH TSH (TSH greater than 50 mU/l), and low T4 and T3 (T3 less than 1.69 nmol/l) were twice as high at 5-7 years as in the first year (respectively 65%, 42% and 15%). The urinary iodide concentration of the children was stable and low throughout the study period. By contrast, serum thiocyanate concentration which was high at birth (129 +/- 5 mumol/l) decreased to normal values between 3 and 12 months of age and increased again during and after weaning (1 to 3 years of age) to reach a value of 138 mumol/l which was comparable to that observed in adults in the same area. Thiocyanate concentration was high (133 +/- 7 mumol/l) in the mothers' serum but low in the mothers' milk (57 +/- 3 mumol/l) (P less than 0.001). Multivariate analysis showed that both iodine deficiency and thiocyanate overload were explanatory factors of the serum levels of T4, FT4 and TSH in children. In conclusion, our results show that infantile hypothyroidism is much more frequent at 5-7 years of age than at birth or during the first year of life. The deterioration in thyroid function during and after weaning is linked to persistent iodine deficiency accompanied by an increase in thiocyanate overload. The variability in the age of onset, the severity, and the duration of infantile hypothyroidism might explain the wide range of psychomotor and physical abnormalities observed in a large proportion of subjects in this area. PMID- 6723082 TI - Familial acromegaly. AB - An uncle and nephew with acromegaly are described. Two other families with acromegaly have been reported by others and three other possible cases are reviewed. Our patients are unlikely to form part of the multiple endocrine neoplasia (MEN) type 1 syndrome because of the absence of other endocrine disease at an advanced age. A family history of acromegaly should be considered in those presenting with the disease. PMID- 6723083 TI - Peripheral resistance to thyroid hormones. PMID- 6723084 TI - Abnormalities of vascular wall sodium content in dogs with benign and malignant renal hypertension. AB - The water and sodium content of the saphenous vein was measured in 26 dogs with one-kidney, one wrapped hypertension. For comparison, the same measurements were performed on the contralateral saphenous vein which was removed prior to the induction of hypertension. Malignant hypertension characterized by blindness and a rise in plasma renin activity, developed in 10 dogs. The course of hypertension in the remaining 16 dogs was benign. In benign hypertension, the water and sodium content of the saphenous vein was increased. In contrast, the water content of the saphenous vein was unchanged and its sodium content fell in dogs with malignant hypertension. The dogs with malignant hypertension had a greater sodium content of the saphenous vein prior to the induction of hypertension than the dogs with benign hypertension. The findings indicate that the loss of body water and sodium that has been described in malignant hypertension also affects the composition of blood vessels. The sodium content of blood vessels may be a predictor of the dog's response to a hypertension-producing stimulus. PMID- 6723085 TI - Immediate hemodynamic changes produced by urapidil in normotensive and spontaneously hypertensive rats. AB - The immediate effects on regional and systemic hemodynamics of urapidil (1 mg/kg IV), a recently synthesized vasodilator with a possible combined central and peripheral action, were studied in spontaneously hypertensive (SHR) and normotensive (WKY) rats. Maximal decrease in mean arterial pressure was achieved within the first minute after injection (154 +/- 4 vs 113 +/- 6 mm Hg in SHR and 111 +/- 4 vs 82 +/- 4 mm Hg in WKY, p less than 0.01). This effect was accompanied by a transient (10 min) significant increase in heart rate in both strains. There was a significant fall in total peripheral resistance (0.43 +/- 0.02 vs 0.30 +/- 0.02 U/kg in WKY and 0.62 +/- 0.03 vs 0.43 +/- 0.03 U/kg in SHR, p less than 0.01) and rise in cardiac index 15 min after drug injection (371 +/- 9 vs 425 +/- 12 ml/min/kg in WKY and 395 +/- 8 vs 432 +/- 112 ml/min/kg in SHR, p less than 0.01). Organ vascular resistance decreased significantly in all the organs of /KY and most of the organs of SHR rats. However, a significant increase in blood flow was observed only in skeletal muscle. The data indicate that urapidil is a potent hypotensive agent. The pressure fall is mediated through a decreased total peripheral resistance that is distributed through all circulations. The increased cardiac output and heart rate are most likely reflexly induced. PMID- 6723086 TI - Metabolic clearance of norepinephrine in normotensive and borderline hypertensive subjects. AB - Metabolic clearance of norepinephrine ( CmNE ) has been calculated in 10 normotensive subjects (NT) and 10 borderline hypertensive subjects (HT) at two different infusion rates of 1-NE. Plasma catecholamines have been determined by radio-enzymatic method from arterial blood samples. In these conditions, CmNE is similar in NT and HT. PMID- 6723087 TI - Low calcium diet enhances development of hypertension in the spontaneously hypertensive rat. AB - Young (5 week old) spontaneously hypertensive rats (SHR) were fed diets modified with respect to their calcium content. Control rats were given a normal calcium diet (0.3 per cent). During the experiment the systolic blood pressure (SBP), heart rate and serum level of total and ionized calcium were measured. Three diets were studied :calcium-free diet (0 per cent, h1), low calcium diet (0.03 per cent, h2) and high calcium diet (1.2 per cent, H). The h1 diet induced a transitory increase (at week 2), then a long-lasting decrease in SBP for 12 weeks. Heart rate and calcemia were significantly decreased. The h2 diet enhanced the increase in SBP and lowered heart rate for 10 weeks. Level of total and ionized serum calcium were unchanged. The high calcium diet (1.2 per cent) attenuated the increase in SBP for 44 weeks and enhanced the heart rate for 16 weeks. The serum level of total calcium remained stable but that of ionized calcium increased significantly at week 7. These data clearly establish that, in young SHR, a low calcium diet enhances the development of genetic hypertension and confirm earlier works obtained with calcium enriched diets. Experimental and clinical data lead us to emphasize the importance of alimentary calcium in the hypertensive pathology. PMID- 6723088 TI - Blood pressure and metabolic effects of cortisol and deoxycorticosterone in man. AB - We have previously shown that ACTH administration (1 mg/day) for 5 days raises systolic blood pressure (BP) by some 20 mmHg in both normotensive and hypertensive subjects, accompanied by hypokalaemia, urinary Na retention, a rise in fasting blood glucose and a fall in plasma renin concentration (PRC). In the present study cortisol and deoxycorticosterone (DOC) were infused for 5 days in 7 and 6 subjects respectively at rates appropriate for conditions of ACTH stimulation to determine whether the effects of ACTH could be reproduced by either steroid. Cortisol infusion increased systolic BP from a control of 108 +/- 7 mmHg to 129 +/- 7 mmHg on day 5, p less than 0.001. Plasma [Na] increased from 137 +/- 1 to 139 +/- 1 mmol/l (p less than 0.01), plasma [K] fell from 3.8 +/- 0.1 to 3.6 +/- 0.1 mmol/l (p less than 0.05); blood glucose rose from 3.9 +/- 0.2 to 4.7 +/- 0.2 mmol/l (p less than 0.001); PRC fell from 26 +/- 7 to 12 +/- 3 mu iu /ml (p less than 0.05); renin substrate rose from 1629 +/- 140 to 2206 +/- 453 pmol AI/ml, (p less than 0.05); urine Na excretion fell from 93 +/- 19 to 41 +/- 10 mmol on day 2 (p less than 0.05) and rose to 209 +/- 31 mmol 48 hrs after infusion (p less than 0.001); urine output rose from 2.0 +/- 0.35 to 2.89 +/- 0.46 L on day 5, (p less than 0.01). Plasma cortisol levels were similar to those seen with ACTH treatment. DOC infusion was associated with a fall in diastolic BP (control 64.2 +/- 4.0 mmHg, day 5 57.0 +/- 4.2 mmHg, p less than 0.01). Urine Na excretion fell from 77 +/- 12 mmol/day to 49 +/- 8 mmol/day on day 1, (p = 0.06) and body weight rose from 76.0 +/- 5.8 kg to 76.8 +/- 5.9 kg day 5 (p less than 0.001). Thus in man, cortisol infusion (in contrast to DOC) at rates appropriate for conditions of ACTH stimulation reproduces both the BP and metabolic effects of ACTH. Whether cortisol acts to raise blood pressure by a classical glucocorticoid mechanism or by a hypertensinogenic mechanism is not known. PMID- 6723089 TI - Myocardial cholinergic receptor sites and enzyme activity in the Dahl model of essential hypertension. AB - The density of muscarinic receptor sites, choline acetyltransferase (ChAT), and acetylcholinesterase (AChE) activity in the myocardium of the Dahl salt-sensitive (DS) and salt-resistant (DR) rat was investigated. Both normotensive and hypertensive (as a result of 8.0% NaCl added to the diet) DS rats displayed a lower concentration of muscarinic receptors and less ChAT and AChE activity in myocardial tissue than normotensive DR rats. Lower receptor site density and enzyme activity in the myocardial of the DS line may reflect decreased vagal tone. If true, this may produce dificits in the ability to appropriately adjust heart rate (HR) in response to elevations in blood pressure (BP). Therefore, the present results may be viewed as exacerbational factors in the pathogenesis of hypertension in the DS line. PMID- 6723090 TI - The response of vasopressin and blood pressure to hemorrhage in SHR and WKY rats. AB - The effects of hemorrhage on plasma vasopressin levels and blood pressure were examined in conscious, age-matched spontaneously hypertensive (SHR) and normotensive Wistar-Kyoto (WKY) rats. Graded hemorrhage was produced by bleeding the rats at 10 min intervals over a total period of 65 min, to produce cumulative blood losses equivalent to 0.5, 1.0, 1.5, 2.0 and 3.0% of body weight in each animal. Hemorrhage progressively lowered blood pressure and increased plasma vasopressin levels in both SHR and WKY. At cumulative reductions in blood volume equivalent to 1.0 to 3.0% of body weight, there were greater reductions in arterial pressure and greater increases in plasma vasopressin concentrations in SHR than WKY. Basal blood volume in SHR was 10% lower than in WKY. In SHR, the greater vasopressin response to hemorrhage may have been due in part to the greater fall in arterial pressure. Although the lower blood volume may have contributed to the latter, derangements in baroreceptor function may also have been important. PMID- 6723091 TI - Vasopressin response to hyperosmotic stimulus: blood pressure effect in normal subjects and patients with impaired sympathetic system. AB - We have investigated the interaction of plasma vasopressin and plasma catecholamines in quadriplegic patients (with severed sympathetic tracts) and compared them to others with intact sympathetic system following I.V. administration of a hyperosmolar radiocontrast agent during a routine diagnostic pyelography. Baseline systolic and diastolic pressure as well as plasma norepinephrine were significantly lower in the quadriplegic subjects. At 5 minutes after administration of the hyperosmolar solution, systolic and diastolic pressure as well as plasma vasopressin rose in the quadriplegic subjects but not in normal subjects despite a significant and equal rise in serum osmolality occurring in both groups. These results demonstrate that an interaction between the two systems exists in humans: an intact sympathetic nervous system attenuates the vasopressin response to hyperosmolar stimuli and in its absence vasopressin may function as a pressor agent. PMID- 6723092 TI - Increased serum and urinary N-acetyl-beta-D-glucosaminidase activity in human hypertension: early indicator of renal dysfunction. AB - The pathophysiologic significance of increased serum and urinary N-acetyl-beta-D glucosaminidase (NAG) activity in hypertension was investigated. The subjects were 32 male patients, aged 40-65 years, with mild or borderline, uncomplicated hypertension and 26 age-matched, male normotensive volunteers. Compared to values in control subjects, NAG activity in the serum, spot and 24-hour urine samples of hypertensive subjects was increased (p less than 0.01). Serum NAG activity in hypertensive subjects was inversely correlated with glomerular filtration rate (r = -0.49, p less than 0.01, N = 31) and renal plasma flow (r = -0.56, p less than 0.02, N = 19) and positively correlated with mean arterial blood pressure (r = 0.40, p less than 0.05). The elevation of serum NAG activity in hypertension is a biochemical marker of the reduction in glomerular filtration rate and renal plasma flow. PMID- 6723093 TI - Hypothesis: discrepancy between intra- and interpopulation studies of the relationship between dietary salt and blood pressure: fact or fiction? AB - It is a paradox that intra-population studies fail to show significant correlation between sodium excretion and blood pressure while a clear relationship exists in cross-cultural studies. Since daily variation of sodium excretion is high, the discrepancy between the two observations could be due to non-comparable data on sodium excretion. This is a discussion of the hypothesis that the finding of a significant correlation or not between sodium excretion and blood pressure depends on the statistical analysis of the data. PMID- 6723094 TI - Cricothyroidotomy: a satisfactory alternative to tracheostomy? PMID- 6723096 TI - Carcinomas of the thyroid gland invading larynx and trachea. AB - Twenty-nine patients with a thyroid carcinoma invading the larynx and trachea were treated over a 25-yr period. Eight patients had invasion of the walls of the trachea or larynx and 21 had invasion into the lumen. Of the 15 patients who underwent limited surgery, i.e. total thyroidectomy, tracheostomy and neck dissection, 8 had intraluminal invasion and 7 suffered from bleeding into the trachea or airway obstruction. In contrast, none of the 13 who underwent extensive surgery, i.e. thyroidectomy, laryngectomy, partial resection of the trachea and one resection of the pharynx, (12 of whom had intraluminal invasion) showed either bleeding into the trachea or airway obstruction. Although the prognosis was no better in the group undergoing extensive operation there is the feeling that in cases with intraluminal invasion extensive surgery is indicated to prevent the severe airway difficulties which often develop in such patients. PMID- 6723095 TI - Lack of utility of metabolic screening in Meniere's disease. AB - The incidence of disturbances of carbohydrate and lipid metabolism were studied in two groups of patients; one group with Meniere's disease, the other with otosclerosis. Our observations do not support the notion that metabolic disturbances are the principal causes of the symptom complex in Meniere's disease. Results of thyroid function tests were also normal in all Meniere's patients tested. PMID- 6723097 TI - Myasthenia gravis in otolaryngological practice. AB - A retrospective study of 48 unselected patients with myasthenia gravis was undertaken to evaluate the head and neck manifestations of this disease and to examine the role of the otolaryngologist in diagnosis and management. Oropharyngeal features were found in 56% of patients at presentation. In 20 the initial complaint was of one or more symptoms referable to the upper aerodigestive tract, whilst in 9 (18.8%) these were the only symptoms. The importance of maintaining a high index of clinical suspicion is emphasized, as the early muscle weakness is invariably mild and fluctuant. Contemporary aspects of the aetiology, diagnosis and management are considered. Particular attention is focused on the characteristics of the stapedius reflex in this disorder, as this is probably the most sensitive objective test for assessing defective neuromuscular transmission. PMID- 6723098 TI - Groningen prosthesis for voice rehabilitation after laryngectomy. AB - Singer and Blom's endoscopic technique, using a single valved silicone prosthesis, constituted a dramatic advance in speech rehabilitation following total laryngectomy. Since 1980, we have developed a silicone biflanged prosthesis that overcomes some of the inconveniences of previous prostheses. Insertion via the mouth and the oesophagus, or as a primary procedure during total laryngectomy is easily done with the use of specially developed instruments. The success rate in 36 patients in which the voice button was inserted at the time of total laryngectomy was 86.2%. PMID- 6723099 TI - The Le Fort I osteotomy as an approach to the nasopharynx. AB - Facial deformity is commonly treated by Le Fort I osteotomy. In this case it is used to treat (successfully so far) an extensive tumour of the nasopharynx. The technique was used for its ease of procedure and good exposure of the nasopharynx. PMID- 6723100 TI - Lactate dehydrogenase activity in laryngeal carcinoma and surrounding mucosa. AB - The total lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) activity and LDH isoenzyme pattern were measured in tissue taken from laryngeal cancers and from the laryngeal mucosa both close to and distant from the tumour margin. An increase in the total LDH activity and a cathodic shift in the isoenzyme pattern were found in tumour tissue compared to the close and distant mucosa. However, significant LDH alterations in the mucosa close to the tumour were shown in comparison to the distant mucosa and to the laryngeal mucosa of controls. Histochemical studies showed the LDH activity to be located in the basal and parabasal layers of the epithelium and in the cancer foci. PMID- 6723101 TI - Chromosome fragility in Alzheimer's disease. AB - We present cytogenetic findings for 12 patients with Alzheimer's Disease (AD) mean age 75.8 +/- 6.01 years and 35 normal age and sex matched controls (mean age 74.8 +/- 4.04 years). The study, undertaken due to reports of increased fragments and chromosome breakage in individuals with AD, was performed blind on coded peripheral blood specimens and the allocation of AD or control was not known to the cytogenetic staff until the end of the study. Both the AD group and the controls have been very carefully selected and both underwent the same clinical assessment and screening procedures which included CT scanning. Chromosomes were analysed after 72 h cultures, using deprived medium TC199 which is known to enhance the appearance of fragile sites. A minimum of 50 cells was examined in each case and any rearrangement found was classified as ctg, csg , ctb , csb and the chromosome in which it occurred was recorded. Analysis of results showed that there was no statistically significant difference between the AD group and the controls for either the total occurrence of breaks, the type of aberration or the chromosome(s) involved. In both groups the commonest break was in 3p . PMID- 6723102 TI - The Williams syndrome: objective definition and diagnosis. AB - Fifty-two patients referred for suspicion of the Williams syndrome have been evaluated and divided into those with and without the syndrome by numerical analysis. A diagnostic index using 50 characters separates patients into two groups with an expected accuracy of 99%. An index using 40 of the characteristics is expected to be applicable to young infants without a substantial decrease in accuracy. PMID- 6723103 TI - Differential diagnosis of the Williams and the Noonan syndromes. AB - A diagnostic index has been devised to distinguish between the Noonan and the Williams syndromes. Twins from the literature reported as having the Williams syndrome more likely represent the Noonan syndrome. PMID- 6723104 TI - The development of four unselected 47,XYY boys. AB - Four infants identified through neonatal screening programs are an unselected sample of 47,XYY boys. No consistent physical stigmata or medical disorders were identified. Three have increased height. All four demonstrated problems in motor and language development. Although their intelligence is within the average range, all four have language-related learning disorders requiring special education. Mild depression was apparent in all four, perhaps as a secondary result of their learning disorders. Some of the problems seen in the propositi are found in milder forms in other family members, leading to the hypothesis that their karyotype may heighten vulnerability to pre-existing familial conditions. Similarities between these findings and results from seven other study centers with a total of 42 47,XYY boys are noted. Parents of a prenatally diagnosed 47,XYY fetus seen in our center are informed that the extra Y chromosome represents a risk factor for these problems, but that environment remains a primary force in shaping their child's development. PMID- 6723105 TI - Myotonic dystrophy and autosomal balanced translocation t(2;20)(p21;q11). AB - The present paper reports the concurrence of Myotonic Dystrophy and an autosomal balanced translocation t(2;20)(p21;q11), both occurring de novo in a 21-year-old female. PMID- 6723106 TI - Partial trisomy 9q resulting from a familial translocation t(9;16)(q32;q24). AB - Partial Trisomy- 9q was observed in an infant with a multiple malformation syndrome who survived to 18 months. Cytogenetic investigations stimulated by the family history of similarly affected individuals revealed a translocation, t(9;16)(q32;q24), identifiable in four generations of the proband's family. A review of our cases with those reported in the literature reveals clinical similarities. This report sets forth a clinical description of the characteristic phenotype of the 9q partial Trisomy syndrome, including findings at post-mortem, documents multigeneration transmission and discusses this syndrome's clinical overlap with other malformation syndromes. PMID- 6723107 TI - Interstitial deletion of band q12 of chromosome 5. AB - A six-months-old girl is presented with psychomotor retardation and multiple congenital malformations. The karyotype done on peripheral blood lymphocytes and skin fibroblasts was found to be 46,XX del(5)( q11q13 ). The parents are consanguineous. Their karyotypes were normal. The genes for Arylsulphatase B and Hexosaminidase B are not located in band 5q12 . PMID- 6723108 TI - Abnormal B.A.E.P. in a family with Moebius syndrome: evidence for supranuclear lesion. AB - A family with Moebius syndrome is presented. Neurological lesions in the affected members are various: complete VI and VII cranial nerves palsy associated with mental retardation in the proband; left convergent strabismus and mental retardation in a brother of the proband and only mental retardation in a sister of the proband. The brainstem auditory evoked potentials (B.A.E.P.), investigated in the proband and his affected sister, are abnormal. The presence of the anomaly after the 3rd wave is consistent with a disfunction of the auditory tract at a supranuclear level. The mental deficiency and the supranuclear site of the acoustic lesion are an indication for a more general involvement of C.N.S. than cranial nerve nuclei alone. Karyotype and dermatoglyphics of the three affected subjects were normal. The authors hypothesized the same disorganogenetic factor acting very early (4th-6th week of gestational age) on the metamerization process of limb buds mesoderm and brainstem gray matter. PMID- 6723109 TI - Craniofrontonasal dysplasia--a distinct entity with lethality in the male? PMID- 6723110 TI - Hemodialysis without anticoagulants: efficiency and hemostatic aspects. AB - In 29 patients with high risk of bleeding, 111 hemodialyses have been performed without heparin (WHD) or other anticoagulants. The same patients were switched to low dose heparin dialysis (LDHD) as soon as the bleeding risk had ceased. The dialyzer had to be changed in 11 and the drip chamber in 20 WHDs because of partial clotting. This phenomenon did not occur during LDHD. The comparative efficiencies of the two techniques were evaluated by measuring the urea and creatinine clearances of the dialyzers. No significant difference between LDHD and WHD clearances was observed. In 7 of 29 patients, hemostasis variables were studied before, during and after both modes of treatment. Fibrinogen, platelet count, antithrombin III and prothrombin time did not differ with the different dialysis procedures. During dialysis, platelet factor 4 (PF4) levels were significantly higher than baseline values (P less than 0.01), with no difference between WHD and LDHD. Plasma fibrinopeptide A (FPA) levels remained normal during LDHD, but significantly increased during WHD (P less than 0.001). Our data indicate that WHD is feasible, with a low risk of extravascular coagulation. The bleeding risk is not increased during or after dialysis, and the danger of intravascular coagulation is low as confirmed by the isolated elevation of FPA plasma levels, unaccompanied by changes in other variables. PMID- 6723111 TI - Renal tubular disturbances induced by tributyl-tin oxide in guinea pigs: a secondary Fanconi syndrome. AB - Painting of tributyl-tin oxide on the skin induced a secondary Fanconi syndrome in guinea pigs. In the urine of these animals, excretion of sodium, chloride, phosphate, glucose and many kinds of amino acids increased and reached a maximum between day 40 and 50. In sera, the concentrations of phosphate and certain amino acids were low due to excessive loss into urine. Histological examination of the kidney revealed damage to the tubular epithelium with no glomerular change. It was also found that cytochrome P-450 in the kidney and 1-25-dihydroxy vitamin D in serum were reduced in the tin-treated animals. It is most likely that tributyl tin oxide caused a secondary Fanconi syndrome as defined by renal tubular disturbances represented by glucosuria, generalized amino aciduria, phosphaturia, and hypophosphatemia. PMID- 6723112 TI - IgA nephropathy in a patient with ankylosing spondylitis and a solitary kidney. AB - We describe a patient with ankylosing spondylitis and psoriasis who was found to have IgA nephropathy in a solitary kidney. Renal biopsy demonstrated mesangial proliferation and interstitial nephritis with mesangial deposition of IgA. Although the renal disease and the rheumatic disease could have been present together by chance association, evidence is presented to suggest a possible common pathogenesis. PMID- 6723113 TI - Scleroembolization for treatment of hypertension caused by intrarenal arterial fibrodysplasia. AB - This paper reports a 13-year-old girl with severe hypertension due to fibrodysplasia of intrarenal arterial branches in the upper pole of the left kidney. Scleroembolization of the abnormal vascular region was carried out by injecting, via a transcutaneous catheter, an 80% solution of sodium iothalamate in ethanol, followed by a suspension of Gore-Tex particles in the same solution, which resulted in complete and persistent normalization of blood pressure. PMID- 6723114 TI - Epidemic dialysis encephalopathy. PMID- 6723116 TI - Blood pressure during CAPD. PMID- 6723115 TI - Tumorous paraarticular calcifications due to undigested phosphate-binders in a patient undergoing regular hemodialysis. PMID- 6723118 TI - Blood transfusion and blood banking. PMID- 6723117 TI - Carpal tunnel syndrome: a frequent, invalidating, long-term complication of chronic hemodialysis. AB - Among 100 patients treated by chronic hemodialysis, 12 developed a carpal tunnel syndrome (CTS). After surgery, improvement was dramatic with regression of pain and paresthesiae within a few hours. Recovery of motor and sensory deficits was longer (2-3 weeks). No relationship could be established between CTS and the type of nephropathy, severity of polyneuritis, Ca and PO4 metabolism, the presence of vascular access and efficacy of dialysis. The bilaterality of the lesions in 7 patients suggests general pathogenic mechanisms superimposed to the presence of the vascular access. While only 3 out of 65 patients treated for less than 4 years complained about CTS, 9 out of 35 treated for more than 4 years were symptomatic. PMID- 6723119 TI - Transfusion support in acquired coagulation disorders. AB - Transfusion support for acquired coagulation defects can be life-saving when used correctly. There should be laboratory evidence of such defects combined with clinical evidence of excessive bleeding. The laboratory values alone should not be treated except in preparation for an invasive procedure. Then plasma defects are best treated with fresh frozen plasma immediately before surgery since many of the factors have short half-lives. Platelet infusions are better withheld until the platelet-destroying features of some surgical procedures are completed, as in splenectomy or extracorporeal circulation. PMID- 6723120 TI - Total parathyroidectomy: parathyroid hormone levels and supernumerary glands in hemodialysis patients. AB - Determination of PTH levels by radioimmunoassay can be employed for the accurate monitoring of the completeness of parathyroidectomy and the functioning of transplanted parathyroid tissue in chronic renal failure but the successful use of the approach requires accurate knowledge of the specificity of the assay and appropriate timing of postparathyroidectomy PTH measurements. In our series, 33% of grafts functioned within 9 days of implantation. The incidence of five, or more, glands in 25% of patients and the persistence of detectable PTH levels, postoperatively, in four patients after removal of four or more glands suggest that hypocalcemic stimulation in uremia may cause parathyroid rests ( parathyromatosis ) to enlarge. These findings also suggest that particular attention should be paid to finding a possible 5th or 6th parathyroid gland in uremic patients requiring surgical treatment of hyperparathyroidism. PMID- 6723122 TI - Pharmacokinetics of the major metabolites of D-penicillamine in patients with rheumatoid arthritis. AB - The pharmacokinetic disposition of D-penicillamine and its major metabolites, penicillamine cysteine disulfide ( PSSC ) and penicillamine disulfide ( PSSP ) has been studied in eight patients with rheumatoid arthritis. Plasma concentrations of D-penicillamine, PSSP and PSSC displayed similar characteristics in terms of times to maximum concentrations and biphasic elimination from plasma. Initial t1/2 (alpha) phase ranged from 0.86 to 4.41 h for parent drug and 0.81 to 4.41 h for metabolites. Final t1/2 (beta phase) ranged from 3.4 to 9.45 h for D-penicillamine and 5.62 to 21.7 h for the metabolites. Total drug and metabolites detected in urine accounted for 12.0 to 48.7% of oral drug. PMID- 6723121 TI - Methods for assaying D-penicillamine in a clinical setting. AB - Penicillamine disulfides have been analysed by automatic amino acid analysis. Because the free thiol reacts poorly with ninhydrin, other detection methods are preferred, particularly high pressure liquid chromatography using an electrochemical detector or gas chromatography with a flame ionization detector. Pharmacokinetic studies have now been reported using these techniques. With patients on established penicillamine regimes, the concentration of free penicillamine in the plasma has been found to vary between 4 and 20 microM depending on dosage and time of administration. Disulfide concentration is higher than this by a factor of 3 or 4 and an even greater quantity is attached to plasma and tissue proteins. PMID- 6723123 TI - Penicillamine metal chelates and their possible importance in rheumatoid arthritis--a brief review. AB - Complexes formed between penicillamine and metal ions have in vitro effects that may have implications regarding the therapeutic action of D-penicillamine in rheumatoid arthritis. Penicillamine-copper (I) complexes suppress arthritis in animal models and suppress or inhibit mediators of inflammation such as lysosomal enzymes, prostaglandins and the oxidative metabolites of the respiratory burst; whether the inhibition of certain in vitro immunologic responses by the same complexes has any in vivo significance remains to be determined. PMID- 6723124 TI - Effects of D-penicillamine on inflammatory and immune reactions. AB - The effects of D-penicillamine (D-Pen) in rheumatoid arthritis suggest that the drug may be anti-inflammatory and immunosuppressive. Paradoxically D-Pen therapy may also induce antibody formation, and autoimmune disease. D-Pen is not consistently effective in animal models of immune disease. It is weakly suppressive in cellular responses to mitogens, but has a more pronounced effect on macrophage-dependent mixed leukocyte responses. The drug has an inconsistent effect on various components of the inflammatory reaction but under certain circumstances inhibits oxygen radical generation by monocyte/macrophages. PMID- 6723125 TI - Circulating immune complexes in patients with rheumatoid arthritis and the effect of penicillamine in vitro. AB - Protein precipitated from the sera of 15 patients with rheumatoid arthritis (RA) by increasing concentrations of polyethylene glycol 6000 (PEG) was compared with that from 20 normal controls. The wide range of precipitable protein obtained was only significantly different for the two groups when a 4% PEG concentration was used. To increase the discrimination of the procedure, the precipitated protein was measured for IgG, IgM, C3 and C4 using immunospecific antisera and laser nephelometry. The data obtained from each of these procedures did not increase the specificity of the technique as a means of distinguishing between patients and controls. As part of an investigation of the effect of penicillamine on immune complexes, penicillamine was incubated at 37 degrees C for 24 and 48 h with sera containing immune complexes from RA patients. When the immune complexes were precipitated with PEG, it was found that incubation, by itself, reduced the amount of PEG precipitable protein. The results of in vitro incubation with penicillamine were very variable. PMID- 6723126 TI - Penicillamine and other remittive agents in rheumatoid arthritis: comparisons and interaction. AB - Penicillamine treatment of rheumatoid arthritis was compared with gold and other remittive agents by reviewing the literature and studying the patients in our penicillamine clinic with respect to their previous responses to chrysotherapy. Penicillamine compares well with other remittive agents with respect to efficacy and toxicity. Prior chrysotherapy does not determine or predict the subsequent efficacy of penicillamine . Patients who reacted adversely to gold tended to react adversely to penicillamine; proteinuria and rash tended to recur. PMID- 6723127 TI - Routine urinalysis in a male working population: effects of some personal and lifestyle factors. AB - The most frequently positive urinalysis findings in a population of white working men were leukocytes (78.7%), erythrocytes (37.3%) and protein (25.4%). There was a significant correlation among the variables: cells were associated with protein, protein was associated with casts, erythrocytes were associated with granular casts and oxalate crystals. Protein and granular casts were significantly associated with serum creatinine. The prevalence of blood cells varied with age, showing a bimodal distribution. Oxalate crystals were significantly more common in subjects with a history of urinary tract infection; triple phosphate crystals were associated with a history of urinary calculi. Protein and erythrocytes were significantly more frequent in smokers. Leukocytes were significantly more frequent in drinkers. We conclude that there are important factors that must be taken into account in the interpretation of urinalysis findings. PMID- 6723128 TI - Selected adverse reactions of D-penicillamine. AB - Selected adverse reactions of penicillamine encountered in our clinic since 1975 are described. They include: proteinuria (26 cases), lupus erythematosus (six cases), myasthenia gravis (two cases), pemphigus (three cases), obliterative bronchiolitis (two cases) and obstructive jaundice (one case). PMID- 6723129 TI - Bio-inorganic effects of D-penicillamine in children and in the elderly. AB - The principle mechanisms of action of dimethylcysteine (D-penicillamine) are thiazolidine formation, sulphhydryl -disulphide exchange, chelation and superoxide dismutase-like activity; as a consequence, it can enter into many varied biological interactions. Thiazolidine formation with maturing collagen makes D-penicillamine potentially teratogenic; sulphhydryl -disulphide exchange allows the formation of a mixed disulphide with L-cysteine from the L-cystine dimer; chelation permits it to bind metals such as copper; and superoxide scavenging makes it theoretically capable of influencing the inflammatory response of specific cell systems. Not surprising, D-penicillamine is of value in the treatment of cystinuria, Wilson's disease, juvenile rheumatism, rheumatoid arthritis and various other conditions. PMID- 6723130 TI - Total condylar knee arthroplasty. A five-year follow-up study of 33 knees. AB - The authors report the results of a consecutive series of 37 total condylar prostheses inserted between 1975 and 1977 in 31 osteoarthritic and six rheumatoid arthritic knees. Prostheses were inserted in 33 usually low-activity patients with an average age of 65 years. There was a five-year minimum follow-up period for 33 knees. The clinical results, according to the Hospital for Special Surgery's knee rating system, were 21 excellent (64%), 7 good (21%), 3 fair (9%), and 2 poor (6%). The two poor results were due to tibial component aseptic loosening. The comparison between the tibial radiolucencies at two and five years showed only minor variations. At five years 75% of the knees had an absent or less than 30% lucency. Most of the mechanical problems occurred after a technically incorrect operation. Varus alignment was not well tolerated with the passage of time. There were no problems caused by the routine use of a patellar component. PMID- 6723131 TI - Total knee arthroplasty following patellectomy. AB - Patients with prior patellectomy may continue to experience pain and instability following total knee arthroplasty. Seventeen such cases were found, 14 of which were available for study. One knee was fused for deep infection. Of the remaining 13, six were revised for continuing pain. The final results correlated to the intrinsic stability of the prosthesis. All hinges (5 cases) had good results, one of two unlinked hinges had good results, and two of six semiconstrained prostheses had acceptable results. Since the patellar mechanism with the cruciates functions as a four-bar linkage to ensure functional anteroposterior stability, one of these linkage systems must remain intact. If both are destroyed, a prosthesis with inherent anteroposterior stability should be used. PMID- 6723132 TI - Lateral compartment arthroplasty of the knee. AB - Fourteen lateral compartment arthroplasties with an average follow-up period of 89 months revealed 11 excellent results. A review of the literature corroborates these follow-up results. In patients with valgus gonarthritis or traumatic deformity, lateral unicompartment replacement is recommended instead of high tibial osteotomy if the angulation is greater than 10 degrees. PMID- 6723133 TI - Arthroscopic evaluation and treatment of patellar malalignment. AB - The present retrospective study evaluates the clinical, arthroscopic, and follow up findings in 37 patients with patellofemoral pain syndrome suspected to be a result of patellar tracking abnormality without patellar instability. The results indicate that arthroscopic evaluation of patellofemoral motion is an accurate way to define patellar malalignment. Arthroscopic lateral release gave satisfactory results in 39 of 43 knees. Unsatisfactory results were associated with chondromalacia, prolonged effusion, or painful crepitation. PMID- 6723134 TI - Interlocking wedge osteotomy of the proximal tibia for gonarthrosis. AB - Modification of the lateral closing wedge osteotomy of the proximal tibia is described for gonarthrosis associated with varus deformities. In this procedure, the anterior and posterior cortices are left attached to the distal and proximal fragments respectively when the bone wedge is removed. The defect is closed by applying valgus stress and medial rotation to the distal fragment so that the tibial tubercle advances anteriorly and the posterior cortex of the proximal fragment overrides the distal fragment. Contact area and stability at the osteotomy site are increased by an interlocking effect of the cortices and the stress under the patella is reduced by anterior advancement of the tibial tubercle. Satisfactory results have been obtained in 36 cases followed for one to three years with few complications. PMID- 6723135 TI - Osseous involvement in de Quervain's disease. AB - Osseous involvement is usually not appreciated in de Quervain's stenosing tenosynovitis. A case of stenosing tenosynovitis accompanied by significant local osteoporosis in the radial styloid area and a corresponding positive area on a technetium-99m polyphosphonate bone scan provoked the authors' interest in this entity. In seven consecutive patients with de Quervain's disease, six had evidence of osseous involvement of the radial styloid as demonstrated by roentgenographic studies and/or technetium bone scanning. In the process of differential diagnosis of a lytic lesion in the radial styloid area, de Quervain's tenosynovitis should be included. PMID- 6723136 TI - Instrumentation for the revision of total hip arthroplasty. AB - Revisions of total hip arthroplasties are destined to overload operating schedules in the next decade. An analysis of present trends and highlights of some unresolved problems reveal the urgent need to develop specific jigs and instrumentation to make revision surgery easier on both patient and surgeon. PMID- 6723137 TI - Isolated dorsomedial dislocation of the first ray at the medial cuneonavicular joint of the foot: a rare injury to the tarsus. A case report. AB - An isolated dorsomedial dislocation of the medial cuneiform and first ray at the medial cuneonavicular joint in a 37-year-old woman was reduced easily under general anesthesia. The reduction was stable. Early diagnosis, including comparative roentgenographic views and expeditious treatment are essential for recovery of normal function. PMID- 6723138 TI - Factors associated with poor results following arthroscopic subcutaneous lateral retinacular release. AB - Forty-eight patients who underwent 55 arthroscopic subcutaneous lateral retinacular releases with an average follow-up period of 15 months were examined. Advancing age, postoperative hemarthrosis, incomplete release, incomplete quadriceps rehabilitation, and severe ligamentous laxity are factors that may contribute to a poor result following this procedure. In patient selection the increased risk of poor results in patients older than 30 years of age and in those with generalized ligamentous laxity must be considered. During surgery, release of the tight lateral tether is essential to produce a positive "tilt" sign, signifying complete release. Although postoperative hemarthrosis is usually associated with immediate morbidity, it can ultimately lead to poor results. Incomplete or incorrect quadriceps rehabilitation is almost always associated with a compromised result. PMID- 6723139 TI - Surgical management of aggressive and malignant tumors of the proximal fibula. AB - En bloc resection of tumors of the proximal fibula by a specified route allows safe exposure of the popliteal vessels and resection of the fibula, tibiofibular joint, and adjacent musculature. Type I (marginal excision) and Type II (wide intracompartmental resection) procedures performed in ten consecutive patients were evaluated. There were five male and five female patients; the average age was 18.9 years. The histologic diagnoses were osteosarcoma (2 patients), Ewing's sarcoma (3 patients), aggressive osteoblastoma (1 patient), giant cell tumor (3 patients), and "active" osteochondroma (1 patient). All resections achieved negative margins, with no local recurrences from 14 to 37 months after operation. Pathologic specimens showed a high incidence of direct muscle infiltration. Local complications included peroneal palsy (2 patients), flap necrosis (2 patients), and synovial fistula (1 patient). No secondary surgical procedures were required. At follow-up evaluation no knees showed ligamentous instability, and ankle function was good. Selected patients with aggressive (benign) and malignant tumors of the proximal fibula can be treated successfully by resection. A good functional outcome can be anticipated. PMID- 6723140 TI - Post-traumatic radioulnar synostosis. A report of two cases. AB - In two cases of post-traumatic radioulnar synostosis occurring in a father and his adult son, the bony bridge was excised and a Silastic sheet interposed between the forearm bones. Both patients benefitted and had improved function of the hand following the procedure, although the range of forearm rotation restored was limited. The question is raised as to whether trauma triggers the expression of a latent familial tendency to synostosis of the radius and ulna in these cases. PMID- 6723141 TI - Incidence of anterior shoulder dislocation in Olmsted County, Minnesota. AB - The records of all Olmsted County, Minnesota residents treated for an initial traumatic anterior shoulder dislocation during a ten-year period were reviewed to study the incidence and natural history of this condition. One hundred twenty four patients had been treated during the study period, and in 116 patients (93.5%) complete follow-up evaluation was available. The overall adjusted incidence of initial traumatic shoulder dislocations was 8.2/100,000 person years; of all traumatic shoulder dislocations, the rate was at least 11.2/100,000 person-years. Incidence rates were significantly greater for men than for women. There was no urban versus rural difference in incidence or recurrence rates. The authors concluded that shoulder dislocation occurs most frequently in younger male patients and occurs with similar frequency in urban and rural settings. Except for age-related differences in recurrence rates no significant referral bias was found among patients treated at a tertiary care facility as compared with patients from the local community. PMID- 6723142 TI - Post-traumatic posterior radial head subluxation. Two case reports. AB - Two women, 33 and 55 years of age, with post-traumatic posterior radial head dislocation were treated by open reduction. Normal apposition of the radius to the capitellum was achieved. Although excellent range of motion was restored in both patients, the possibility of post-traumatic arthritis must be determined by long-term follow-up observations. PMID- 6723143 TI - Treatment of fractures in tubular bones by the Volkov-Oganesyan repositioning compression apparatus. AB - The hinged compression external fixation device of Volkov and Oganesyan is widely used in Eastern Europe. The device facilitates repositioning, provides stable fixation, and permits early ambulation and weight-bearing. PMID- 6723144 TI - Surgical treatment of plantar fasciitis. AB - Ten patients were operated on for plantar fasciitis (12 heels) by stripping the plantar fascia and superficial plantar muscles from the calcaneus. All patients were refractory to conservative treatment for an average of 12.4 months prior to operation and were followed up for a minimum of 24 months after operation. Complete symptomatic relief was obtained in all patients despite the presence of massive obesity in six. Hypoesthesia of the heel, which was present in five feet after operation, may have enhanced pain relief. Three patients who were receiving workmen's compensation returned to work within 16 weeks of surgery. One deep wound infection occurred and required surgical debridement before healing could occur. Surgical treatment is efficacious in selected cases of plantar fasciitis that are refractory to conservative measures. PMID- 6723145 TI - Fracture-dislocation of the lumbosacral spine. Report of a case and review of the literature. AB - A rare lumbosacral fracture-dislocation occurred in a 22-year-old woman. In a review of the literature describing 17 additional cases, the injury was classified as rare and usually caused by severe trauma. The mechanism of injury is hyperflexion and rotation. In general, attention is drawn to the association of fractured transverse processes as an important clue to the diagnosis. Neural injury is frequent, as are fractures of the lumbosacral facet joints and sacral promontory. Attempts at closed reduction are futile, and the treatment of choice is open reduction and internal fixation with lumbosacral fusion. PMID- 6723146 TI - An irreducible phalangeal epiphyseal fracture-dislocation. A case report. AB - A 20-month-old infant sustained an irreducible epiphyseal fracture-dislocation of a proximal interphalangeal joint. The dorsal dislocation of the joint was associated with a 90 degree rotational displacement (Salter-Harris Type I fracture) of the epiphysis of the middle phalanx. This injury, which seems not to have been described previously, required open reduction through both volar and dorsal incisions because the intact collateral ligaments and extensor central slip did not permit adequate distraction of the joint. PMID- 6723147 TI - Irritative neuritis of the dorsal sensory branch of the ulnar nerve from underlying ganglion. AB - Although sites of ulnar nerve compression or disruption are generally apparent in a detailed physical examination, ulnar nerve involvement that is confined to the dorsal sensory branch of the ulnar nerve is unusual. Three patients presented with pain over the dorsal ulnar aspect of the hand associated with a cystic mass on the ulnar border of the wrist and hand. Stretching of the dorsal cutaneous branch from an underlying ganglion or proliferative synovium was present in all three of the patients. PMID- 6723148 TI - Mixed polydactyly. An unusual case of a patient with seven-toed feet. AB - Polydactyly is an entity of great etiologic heterogeneity, and many facts about its genetics remain unknown. Therefore, the relative terminology and classification in the literature are rather obscure. Mixed polydactyly, i.e., polydactyly with both preaxial and postaxial involvement in the same person, is very rare, and crossed polydactyly is even more so. A seven-year-old girl with six fingers on each hand and seven-toed feet, lower-mixed and crossed polydactyly with syndactyly, underwent operation mainly for cosmetic reasons. The report of this rare case confirms the great variability and expressivity of this malformation and suggests that large statistical studies on this subject in the future are warranted. PMID- 6723149 TI - Arthrotomography of the wrist. The palmar radiocarpal ligaments. AB - Twenty-one fresh cadaver wrists were studied by arthrography and arthrotomography. Arthrography was unreliable in accurately delineating the palmar radiocarpal ligaments. However, lateral arthrotomograms predictively and precisely outlined the radiolucent radiocapitate and radiotriquetral ligaments. The radial and more distant radiolucent area was the radiocapitate ligament, and the ulnar and more proximal area was the radiotriquetral ligament. A constant radiopaque invagination between the outlines of contrast material demonstrated the sulcus anatomically separating these two ligaments. When the ligaments were transected contrast material entered the substance of the ligaments, rendering them radiopaque and, thus, visible on the radiographs. The authors believe that arthrotomography may be a useful clinical tool in the evaluation of post traumatic injuries to the palmar radiocarpal ligaments of the wrist. PMID- 6723150 TI - Vascular complications following total hip arthroplasty. A review of the literature and a report of two cases. AB - Major vascular, nonthromboembolic complications of total hip arthroplasty are rare: only 23 have been reported over the last 20 years. This is a report of two additional cases. In an 84-year-old woman, the external iliac artery was lacerated following removal of the acetabular component. Two such injuries have been reported previously, but this is the first case that resulted from a posterolateral approach to the hip. In a 69-year-old woman, a heretofore unrecorded complication consisted of external iliac vein compression occurring 20 months after total hip arthroplasty and culminating in iliac artery thrombosis and an ischemic foot. A below-knee amputation was performed after removal of the total hip components. PMID- 6723151 TI - Chondrocytes embedded in collagen gels maintain cartilage phenotype during long term cultures. AB - Chondrocytes isolated from sterna of 13-day-old chick embryos were cultured in vitro within collagen gels for six weeks. Under these culture conditions, chondrocytes assumed a rounded morphology, accumulated metachromatic matrix, and took on the cytological characteristics of in vivo cartilage cells. Most of the glycosaminoglycans synthesized were deposited within the collagen gels, and the rate of glycosaminoglycan synthesis was maintained over five weeks. Throughout the study, the major collagen synthesized was Type II. This cell-culture system, using collagen gels, provides chondrocytes with a suitable environment in which to accumulate synthesized matrix macromolecules and preserve their differentiated phenotype in vitro. PMID- 6723152 TI - Bone mineral content and bone mass in patients with spinal stenosis. AB - The bone mineral content in the distal end of the forearm was measured in 45 patients with spinal stenosis. In men, there was a significant increase in bone mineral content but only in the distal end of the forearm, where the measurement included mainly trabecular bone. The cortical bone more proximally in the forearm did not deviate in this respect nor could any differences be found in the small group of women included in the study. The implications are that an increased bone mineral content indicative of a greater than average bone mass may be one factor in the pathogenesis of spinal stenosis. PMID- 6723153 TI - Hydrogen peroxide as a topical hemostatic agent. AB - Many research efforts have been directed toward enhancing the bone-cement interface of total joint arthroplasties. Hemostatic agents have been popularized as effective means of retarding the development of potentially harmful debris interposition adjacent to, and blood lamination patterns within, the methylmethacrylate. The hemostatic effectiveness of hydrogen peroxide was tested on six metaphyseal bone beds in ten mongrel dogs: three sites were treated with hydrogen peroxide and three were saline-treated control sites. The hemostatic effect of the treatments was determined by comparing blood loss per unit area per minute before and after application of the test solutions. The results indicate that hydrogen peroxide is an effective hemostatic agent and reduces the amount of blood and debris trapped within the trabecular bone methylmethacrylate interface. PMID- 6723154 TI - Reparative cartilaginous callus in subarticular osteonecrosis of bone. A histopathological study of the femoral head. AB - A histopathologic study of a series of 346 resected femoral heads with gross osteonecrosis secondary to trauma, steroid therapy, idiopathic or other disease processes demonstrated the production of significant cartilaginous callus tissue at fracture clefts in 19 specimens (5.5%). Although subarticular fracture clefts were commonly present in such specimens, the formation of cartilaginous callus occurred only when one of the two opposing surfaces at the fracture cleft consisted of viable bone. Usually this was osseous tissue that originally had composed a portion of the infarct but had undergone revascularization. In another group of five cases from the same series, fragmentation of all tissue superior to the layer of cartilaginous callus had occurred by the time of surgery. The previously formed cartilaginous callus layer then became the actual weightbearing surface. Pathologically, callus must be differentiated from the cartilaginous tuft phenomenon of exposed intra-articular bone. PMID- 6723155 TI - Thermally induced bone necrosis in rabbits. Relation to implant failure in humans. AB - The exposure of bone to high temperatures has become quite common, especially with the increasing use of polymethylmethacrylate (PMMA) bone cement. With particular regard to total hip arthroplasty, many authors have commented on the temperature problem induced by the curing PMMA cement mass. Polymerization temperatures at the bone-cement interface have been measured and range between 40 degrees and 110 degrees, depending on the thickness of the cement line. Thermal bone damage is implicated as a significant cause of early loosening of implanted joint prostheses. The authors designed a fluid probe to deliver heated isotonic fluid directly over exposed cortical bone on a rabbit's proximal tibia. Scald temperatures ranged from 45 degrees-90 degrees for a standard exposure time of one minute. Bone tissue samples taken at intervals of one, two, and three weeks postoperatively were used to establish the thermal-damage threshold for living bone and assess regeneration potential. Controls were included to observe the reaction of bone to the surgical procedure. Bone necrosis was consistently seen in histologic sections at scald temperatures greater than or equal to 70 degrees. Although an inflammatory reaction replaced by a fibrous tissue scar was seen at the site of surgically damaged periosteum, no control animals showed evidence of either bone or marrow necrosis. These results led the authors to suggest that joint replacement systems in human bone, using PMMA bone cement, be designed to limit intraoperative temperature maximums to a level less than 70 degrees. By preventing excessive bone necrosis at the bone-cement interface, early loosening and subsequent implant failure may be significantly reduced. PMID- 6723156 TI - The effect of tenotomy and tendon transfers on muscle fiber types in the dog. AB - Different muscle groups have been shown to have variable muscle-fiber type patterns that may be, in part, due to function and use. In an attempt to identify any changes in fiber composition following surgical alteration of function, eleven beagle dogs had the fibularis longus tendon severed. Four dogs had the tendon reattached 6-24 weeks later. After 6-24 weeks, four dogs had the tendon surgically transferred to the tendon of the tibialis anterior, a functionally different muscle. Three dogs had the tendon immediately transferred to the tendon of the tibialis longus. Biopsies were performed after each procedure to assess fiber changes, and late biopsies were performed in one dog from each group at 27 29 months. Fiber characteristics in the biopsy specimens were identified using histochemical staining. In the first group (tenotomy-reattachment), variable atrophy occurred early but disappeared following reattachment. In the second group (tenotomy and tendon transfer), variable atrophy occurred along with an increased percentage of Type I and Type IIB fibers. Early biopsies performed in the third group (direct transfer) revealed mild Type II hypertrophy. In the late biopsy specimen, an increase of Type I and Type IIB fibers was noted and was similar to the fiber composition of the tibialis anterior to which it was transferred. These findings indicate that muscle-fiber remodeling does occur and that multiple operative procedures are not intrinsically harmful to the muscles. The best evidence from this and previous studies suggests that changes in muscle fiber type are manifestations of functional adaptation. PMID- 6723157 TI - Flexible carbon fiber implants in the cervical spine. PMID- 6723158 TI - Delayed open reduction of traumatic dislocation of the hip. A case report and historical review. AB - A surprisingly good functional result was achieved by open reduction in a 26-year old woman with a neglected traumatic dislocation of the hip of fourteen months' duration. After six years the patient was completely symptom-free with a good range of movement and no radiologic evidence of avascular necrosis of the head of the femur. Review of the literature failed to reveal good long-term functional results, with supporting radiographs, of a similar case. PMID- 6723159 TI - Hip fracture mortality. Relation to age, treatment, preoperative illness, time of surgery, and complications. AB - This retrospective analysis of 406 patients with proximal femoral fractures was designed to identify both the significant and nonsignificant risk factors that influence patient mortality. The 399 patients treated by open reduction and internal fixation or femoral head prostheses routinely received prophylactic antibiotics and anticoagulants. Of 406 patients followed until death or for at least one year, the overall mortality rate at one year was 14% (58/406). For patients with subcapital fractures the rate was 13% (25/187) and with intertrochanteric fractures 15% (33/219). The expected mortality rate for the normal population of similar age was about 9%. Sex, treatment of subcapital fracture by either internal fixation or arthroplasty, and the level of postoperative ambulation did not influence mortality. The number of preexisting medical conditions and the time of surgery following admission were highly significant factors (p less than or equal to 0.001 for both). The number of postoperative medical complications was also significant. The recommendation is for serious medical conditions to be maximally stabilized for at least 24 hours and pulmonary and physical therapy instituted before scheduling open surgical procedures. PMID- 6723160 TI - Prediction of outcome of total hip arthroplasty based on initial postoperative radiographic analysis. Matched, paired comparisons of failed versus successful femoral components. AB - All patients treated by total hip arthroplasty (THA) from 1971 to 1980 were analyzed to assess cause and rate of revision. Multiparameter radiographic analysis of failed femoral components ( FFC ) and matched control THAs was performed to determine predictability of failure, based on initial postarthroplasty and subsequent follow-up radiographic examinations. Rate of revision for all causes was 10.4% (35 THAs ) for 335 THAs in 270 patients with a follow-up period averaging 5.0 (range, 2-10) years. Cause of revision was component loosening in 7.2% (24 THAs ) [23 (6.9%) with femoral component loosening, 3 (0.9%) progressing to stem fracture, 3 (0.9%) with associated acetabular loosening, and 1 (0.3%) with isolated acetabular loosening]; infection in 1.5% (5 THAs ); and 1.8% (6 THAs ) comprised other causes. Older, inactive women, light in body weight (not including 42 THAs for rheumatoid arthritis), had fewer clinical failures. Second revision rate after revision for component loosening was 29% after an average follow-up period of 3.1 years. Paired comparison of initial postoperative and time-of-failure radiographs of 15 patients with THAs requiring revision for femoral component loosening versus initial postoperative and equivalent follow-up radiographs of 15 age-, sex-, weight-, activity-, diagnosis-, prosthesis-, and follow-up-matched patients with clinically successful THAs revealed the FFC group to be worse with regard to the following parameters: on initial postoperative radiographs, (a) femoral and acetabular bone-cement radiolucency (p less than 0.006 and p less than 0.02, respectively) and (b) when analyzed together, femoral bone-cement radiolucency, calcar-collar contact, femoral metal-cement radiolucency, femoral cement mantle adequacy, cement adequacy distal to the femoral component stem tip, and femoral component stem position (p less than 0.006); and on failure/equivalent radiographs, (a) femoral metal-cement radiolucency (p less than 0.01) and (b) when analyzed together, femoral metal-cement and bone-cement radiolucency, subsidence, cortical hypertrophy, calcar resorption, and sclerosis (p less than 0.006). PMID- 6723161 TI - Radiographic assessment of acetabular cup orientation. A new design concept. AB - An acetabular cup with a 270 degree rim wire has been designed to assist in the radiographic assessment of acetabular cup orientation in total hip arthroplasty. A study was conducted analyzing the component in various positions of lateral opening and version with three different X-ray-beam centering positions. The 270 degree acetabular rim wire allowed for easy and accurate assessment of component orientation when the pelvis was level and the central ray of the X-ray beam was centered over the hip. PMID- 6723162 TI - A method of evaluating possible pin penetration in slipped capital femoral epiphysis using a cannulated internal fixation device. AB - A technique that utilizes a newly designed cannulated screw with injection of radiographic dye through the screw cannula provides a reliable and practical method for detection and avoidance of pin penetration when operating on slipped capital femoral epiphyses. Adoption of this method minimizes the possibility of poor results occurring as a consequence of internal fixation. PMID- 6723163 TI - Acetabular osteomyelitis in children. AB - The clinical, laboratory, and roentgenographic features of acetabular osteomyelitis were present in a 20-month-old boy and a five-year-old girl. The clinical and laboratory parameters were similar in extracapsular acetabular osteomyelitis and septic arthritis of the hip. A secondary effusion was evident in roentgenograms in both conditions. Acetabular osteomyelitis responded to selected intravenous antibiotic therapy. Septic arthritis of the hip required immediate surgical drainage as well as appropriate antibiotic coverage. PMID- 6723164 TI - The isolated lateral retinacular release in the treatment of patellofemoral disorders. AB - Isolated lateral retinacular release was performed on 102 knees in 76 patients. Diagnoses included chondromalacia patellae, patellar compression syndrome, and subluxation and dislocation of the patella. Patients reported that their symptoms improved after isolated lateral retinacular release in 95 of 102 knees. At follow up evaluation (mean, 14.5 months after surgery), independent observers found no recurrence of dislocation in the 23 knees having had frank dislocations before surgery. In 71% of the knees with limitation of activity before surgery, unlimited activity was tolerated after isolated lateral retinacular release. Quadriceps exercise tolerance improved from 51% before surgery to 100% after surgery. This improvement in exercise tolerance can provide a significant length of time in which quadriceps rehabilitation can be conducted. Hypothetically, the effect of that lateral retinacular release is a decrease in the work load of an overpowered or weakened vastus medialis obliquus muscle, the major provider of dynamic stability required by the patellofemoral joint. PMID- 6723165 TI - Management of infected total knee arthroplasties. AB - In a prospective study of 14 consecutive infected total knee arthroplasties ( TKAs ) treated through 1979, the management consisted of: (1) 11 delayed exchange arthroplasties, with 2 failures requiring above-knee amputation; (2) 2 in situ debridements; and (3) 1 arthrodesis. The final outcome of the delayed exchange arthroplasty group regarding joint pain, patient function, and joint performance was (a) inferior to that of primary TKA (before infection), (b) better than that of resection arthroplasty, and (c) worse than that of a control group of non infected TKAs respectively. Debridement without prosthesis resection was successful only in cases of immediate postoperative infection (2 successes in 4 TKAs ) and uniformly unsuccessful in infections occurring beyond the perioperative period (4 failures in 4 TKAs ). The study indicates that delayed exchange total knee arthroplasty is a reasonable alternative to arthrodesis following resection of an infected TKA and can be performed without undue risk of recurrent infection. PMID- 6723166 TI - Stability of external fixators used for knee arthrodesis after failed knee arthroplasty. AB - Secondary arthrodesis as treatment for failed knee arthroplasty is being used increasingly. The usual method is sustained rigid external fixation. The fusion rate is low in cases with considerable metaphyseal bone loss and poor bone quality. Currently, the Hoffmann- Vidal fixator or comparable designs are preferred to the less stable Charnley single frame fixator. The standard Hoffmann Vidal device uses only transverse percutaneous fixating pins and gives an anteroposterior bending stiffness that is considerably lower than the lateral bending stiffness. In the present study, external fixators were tested for stability in a material testing machine under standardized conditions using synthetic bones. The anteroposterior bending stiffness was significantly improved when sagittal pins connected to a ventral compression rod were added to a Hoffmann- Vidal fixator. Stiffness was still more improved when sagittal pins were connected to ventral frames as in a modification of the Hoffmann- Vidal or the similar Ace-Fischer fixator. PMID- 6723167 TI - The evolution of knee arthroplasty. Results with three generations of prostheses. AB - One hundred sixty total knee arthroplasties using the Walldius (90), geometric (31), and total condylar (39) prostheses were analyzed by standardized ratings. Patients with total condylar knees had the highest mean postoperative rating, although the patients with Walldius knees derived the greatest symptomatic relief from surgery. There were 12 failures. Varus placement of the prosthesis occurred in 11 patients; eight of these knees were symptomatic. There were six wound infections, five of which were salvaged. The unsolved problems of total knee arthroplasties are: malalignment, loosening, infection, wear, and balancing mobility with stability. PMID- 6723168 TI - Visualization of gallstones by hepatobiliary scintigraphy. Two case reports. AB - Two cases of large gallbladder stones, demonstrated by Tc-99m DIPA scintigraphy are presented. The limitations of this method for routine use and the expectations for the future are illustrated. PMID- 6723169 TI - Focal defects on liver scintigraphy due to right ventricular failure. AB - A case of focal defects seen on liver scintigraphy on the basis of right ventricular failure is presented. The pattern bore a striking similarity to that seen in hepatic metastases. PMID- 6723171 TI - Absorbed dose estimates from radionuclides. PMID- 6723170 TI - Pulmonary nodules causing false-positive liver scans. Preoperative and postoperative scintigraphic findings in three cases. AB - False-positive liver scans may occur due to intrinsic hepatic anatomy, extrinsic impression on the liver from adjacent structures, or external attenuation of gamma rays. However, reports of false-positive scans due to external attenuation by pulmonary nodules are very few, and postoperative changes in liver scintigraphy have not been reported. We experienced three such cases. In each case, a pulmonary mass was located in the right posterior basal segment. The preoperative liver scan showed a focal "cold" area in the upper portion of the right lobe. This "cold" area was seen only in the posterior view, and after resection of the tumor it usually disappeared promptly unless direct liver invasion was present. PMID- 6723172 TI - Osteomyelitis and cellulitis. The value of the lateral view in Ga-67 scintigraphy. AB - Ga-67 scintigraphy is performed routinely in the anterior and posterior views. A lateral view in the cases presented here enabled differentiation between osteomyelitis and cellulitis. PMID- 6723173 TI - Mitral valve prolapse. Incidence and clinical course in a pediatric population. AB - Mitral valve prolapse is a common finding in the pediatric population. Five percent (154/3100) of pediatric patients had clinical evidence of mitral valve prolapse. A positive family history and minor abnormalities on electrocardiograms were frequent. The vast majority of patients were asymptomatic and exhibited a benign clinical course. PMID- 6723174 TI - Chest pain in pediatric patients presenting to a cardiac clinic. AB - Records of 67 pediatric patients with a primary complaint of chest pain were reviewed to determine the frequency of associated cardiac disease. Only four of 67 (6%) had chest pain associated with cardiac diseases that usually cause chest pain. Fifty-seven (85%) patients had chest pain in which no clear cause could be determined. Of these 57, 20 patients also had isolated congenital cardiac anomalies, i.e., atrial septal defect. A causal relationship of these lesions to the chest pain could not be established. Thirty-four of the 37 patients with chest pain and no cardiac abnormalities were evaluated by telephone at a mean of 13 months after their clinic assessment. Twenty-nine of the 34 were either asymptomatic or had reduced symptoms. There was no correlation between duration of symptoms prior to their clinical study and the persistence of chest pain at follow-up. From this study, we conclude that chest pain in pediatric patients is infrequently due to cardiac disease even when associated with previously unsuspected, isolated congenital cardiac lesions. Idiopathic chest pain tends to be self-limited. PMID- 6723175 TI - Vascular injury in the neonate associated with intra-arterial injection of paraldehyde. PMID- 6723176 TI - Management of children with failure to thrive in a rural ambulatory setting. Epidemiology and growth outcomes. AB - To evaluate the growth course of children with failure to thrive (FTT) who receive aggressive management, we reviewed the 2-year experience of a secondary level ambulatory diagnostic and management clinic for children with FTT in a mostly rural state. We examined the children managed in this setting for cause of FTT, for growth outcomes after 1 year according to FTT clinical type, and for differentiating predisposing sociodemographic information Of 154 children referred to this clinic, 131 were diagnosed as suffering from FTT. Eighteen were admitted to the hospital after initial outpatient evaluation, and 93 were followed for at least 1 year. Twenty-two (17%) suffered from organic, 59 (45%) non-organic, and 46 (35%) mixed etiology FTT. After 1 year, 48 (52%) of the FTT children were improved, 37 (40%) were stable, and 8 (9%) were worse. Children placed in foster care were more likely to be improved (78%). FTT children considered improved after 1 year demonstrated the following at the time of initial diagnosis: lower maternal income, lower maternal education, and lower family socioeconomic status; higher birth order; more often black; and less likely for the father to be present in the home (all p less than or equal to .05). This experience offers several insights into the growth course and team management of FTT children. PMID- 6723177 TI - Infant walkers and near drowning. PMID- 6723178 TI - Benign elevation of serum alkaline phosphatase, transient and persistent variety. AB - Markedly increased serum concentration of alkaline phosphatase (AP) was discovered in seven children. Investigation showed the finding to be benign in each case. Family survey and follow-up studies revealed a familial pattern in four children and a transient, idiopathic origin in the other three. Awareness of these benign forms of hyperphosphatasemia will aid the physician in the interpretation of elevated AP. PMID- 6723179 TI - Umbilical cord care. A study of bacitracin ointment vs. triple dye. AB - Umbilical cord colonization rates were examined over a 4-year period following topical application of bacitracin (1978-1980) or triple dye (1980-1982). A total of 2402 cords were cultured: 1229 following bacitracin cord care and 1173 after triple dye application. Cords treated with bacitracin had significantly higher colonization rates when compared to triple dye prophylaxis. Bacterial colonization with Staphylococcus epidermidis and group B beta-hemolytic streptococcus was found only after bacitracin prophylaxis. Our data support the use of triple dye for routine cord care and suggest that bacitracin application may increase the rate of group B streptococcal colonization. PMID- 6723180 TI - Mild splenic sequestration crises in sickle-hemoglobin C disease. AB - Acute splenic sequestration crisis ( ASSC ), a common complication in homozygous sickle cell anemia, has been described infrequently in sickle-hemoglobin C (SC) disease in the absence of high altitude exposure. In this report, we describe three children with hemoglobin SC disease who developed episodes of ASSC that were milder than those generally described in sickle cell anemia. In one patient, an antecedent triggering event was not recognized. The other two children may have had a predisposing cause for massive intrasplenic sickling in that one had an associated mononucleosis syndrome and the other an episode of hypovolemic shock following severe epistaxis. ASSC may occur in patients with SC disease and does not necessarily require a hypoxic trigger associated with high altitudes. PMID- 6723181 TI - Heart failure secondary to latrogenic systemic hypertension in an infant with congenital adrenal hyperplasia. PMID- 6723182 TI - Management of infants with apnea and potential apnea. A survey of pediatric opinion. AB - Conflicting opinions and inadequate data have led to confusion regarding the relationship of sudden infant death syndrome (SIDS) and infantile apnea. Consensus regarding appropriate evaluation and management strategies for infants presumed at risk has not been reached. This study surveyed pediatric opinion regarding these issues. Questionnaires were mailed to 1000 randomly selected members of the American Academy of Pediatrics, and to faculty at all approved U.S. pediatric residency programs. Results indicated that respondents as a group were uncertain about the relationship between SIDS and apnea. Most respondents would (1) initially evaluate infants presenting with apnea at either a hospital or an apnea evaluation center, (2) refer subsequent siblings of SIDS infants to an apnea center, and (3) recommend no intervention, but provide reassurance, to anxious parents requesting a "test for SIDS" for a normal newborn. Respondents' comments showed diverse opinions regarding appropriate evaluation and management strategies for these three types of infants, and reflected concern regarding dilemmas posed to clinicians responsible for their care. Further research and continuing medical education efforts are needed to reduce current confusion. PMID- 6723183 TI - Infant apnea. An approach to management. AB - Apnea of infancy represents a problem that is commonly encountered by the practicing pediatrician; yet, few publications have outlined a practical approach to the care of such infants. In addition, the somewhat controversial aspects of infant apnea and sudden infant death syndrome (SIDS) have resulted in the belief on the part of many physicians that the care of children with apnea or "near miss" SIDS is either very difficult or of little value. This article, which is based upon the program at The Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, describes an effective management plan for identifying children at risk, lists appropriate evaluation studies, and presents a series of protocols for treating infants with apnea. The initiation of this program has helped to demystify the care of children with apnea and has been very well received by both parents and physicians. PMID- 6723184 TI - Serum levels of C-reactive protein in neonatal respiratory distress syndrome. AB - Serum levels of C-reactive protein (CRP) were measured within 96 hours of birth in 55 neonates with respiratory distress syndrome (RDS), 19 neonates with no significant medical illness other than an unstable cardiovascular state, and 13 neonates with a variety of pulmonary and extra-pulmonary problems either alone or in combination with RDS. The median serum CRP level in patients with RDS (2 micrograms/ml) was neither elevated nor different from CRP levels in infants with unstable cardiovascular systems (median CRP level, 2 micrograms/ml); however, neonates with other problems including pneumonia, aspiration, and extrapulmonary sepsis had significantly elevated serum CRP values (median 24 micrograms/ml). CRP levels are not elevated in neonatal RDS. Measurement of this acute phase reactant provides a rapid and reliable means of helping to distinguish infants with uncomplicated RDS from those with other serious pulmonary and extrapulmonary disease. PMID- 6723185 TI - Cardiopulmonary responses of asthmatic children to strenuous exercise. Effect of theophylline. AB - The purpose of the study were to investigate the cardiopulmonary adaptations of asthmatic children to physical exercise and to evaluate the effects of theophylline. Two groups of children were evaluated. Eight asthmatic children participated in two exercise sessions. Half of the patients received theophylline in predetermined doses during the first session and half prior to the second session. Seventeen normal children matched for age, height, and weight served as controls. Various cardiorespiratory parameters were measured every 2 minutes during exercise and prior to termination of maximal physical effort. The results indicate that children with chronic asthma reach the range of predicted maximal aerobic capacity for their age. Theophylline increases the endurance of asthmatic children to maximal physical efforts without improving the cardiorespiratory parameters that were measured. The use of theophylline in therapeutic doses appears safe under conditions of vigorous exercise. PMID- 6723186 TI - Kyphosis and pulmonary function in cystic fibrosis. AB - Spine deformity and chronic pulmonary disease are commonly seen in patients with cystic fibrosis (CF). In order to assess the prevalence of kyphosis, a retrospective evaluation of all initial standing chest radiographs of our CF patients matched with our "reference" population was undertaken. We also studied the possible correlation between the degree of kyphosis and the pulmonary function tests ( PFTs ), consisting of thoracic gas volume and maximal expiratory flows. In our population, the study confirmed an increased prevalence of kyphosis in CF patients (p less than .01), which occurred mostly in girls after 12 years of age (p less than .018). The kyphosis appeared to be, in most instances, of mild degree and was not related to any of the PFTs . No measurable increase of kyphosis was observed over a 3-year period in the group. Longer prospective study and the relationship of kyphosis to endocrine function in CF at puberty should be undertaken. PMID- 6723187 TI - Swyer-James syndrome--unilateral hyperlucent lung syndrome. A case report and review. AB - Swyer-James syndrome is a pulmonary condition acquired following bronchiolitis obliterans early in life. Clinically characterized by repeated bouts of pulmonary infections, Swyer-James syndrome is characterized radiographically by a unilateral small, hyperlucent lung that demonstrates diminished arterial supply to the involved lung, air-trapping, and bronchiectasis. Radioimaging procedures may reveal otherwise unsuspected bilateral involvement. A 14-year-old Caucasian female with classic findings of Swyer-James syndrome is presented. The differential diagnosis of conditions that may present with a unilateral hyperlucent lung is discussed. Therapy is aimed primarily at control of the intercurrent episodes of bacterial pneumonia. PMID- 6723188 TI - Problems in the clinical and roentgenographic diagnosis of pneumonia in young children. AB - The difficulty of diagnosing pneumonia by chest x-ray in children less than 4 years of age was studied by comparing the chest roentgenograms of 34 healthy children with the chest roentgenograms of 34 children previously diagnosed as having pneumonia. Review of these films without knowledge of the previous interpretation and without clinical information disclosed variations regarding the roentgenographic confirmation of pneumonia in 24 percent of the cases and variations regarding the location of the lesion in about 50 percent of the cases. PMID- 6723189 TI - Neonatal herpes simplex virus death manifested as rapidly progressive pneumonia. AB - This report describes a case of probable herpes simplex virus (HSV) pneumonia in a neonate with no other localized signs of HSV infection. A 37-week-old infant became ill on the fourth day of life and died 6 days later of overwhelming pneumonia and ensuing complications. After the infant's death, viral cultures from the trachea, nasopharynx, and gastric aspirate grew herpes simplex virus. The mother had no history or signs of HSV infection at delivery. She developed a postpartum fever, and 8 days later herpetic lesions were noticed on the vulva and buttocks. The source of this infant's infection was most likely the maternal birth canal. Nosocomial acquisition could not be ruled out, but no history of HSV infection was found in either involved hospital personnel or in 38 infants defined to be at risk for nosocomial acquisition of the disease. Neonatal HSV can present as a rapidly progressive pneumonia without other clues to etiology. PMID- 6723190 TI - Fatal lower respiratory tract infection due to herpes simplex virus in a previously healthy child. AB - A well-nourished, previously healthy, 9-month-old baby died of herpes simplex virus infection of the lower respiratory tract, without apparent dissemination. The herpetic disease followed bacterial pneumonitis for which the patient had had tracheal intubation. PMID- 6723191 TI - Vancomycin-induced hypotension in a child with congenital heart disease. PMID- 6723192 TI - Symposium on advances in breast reconstruction. PMID- 6723193 TI - Contemporary options in the operative treatment of breast cancer. AB - The past decade has witnessed many changes in the basic concepts and understanding of breast cancer. The classic radical mastectomy, which prevailed for almost 100 years, has given way to a less aggressive surgical approach that aims to provide a better quality of life without compromising survival. Modified radical mastectomy, simple mastectomy, and breast-conserving local excision are discussed. PMID- 6723194 TI - Psychosocial issues in breast reconstruction. Intrapsychic, interpersonal, and practical concerns. AB - Because the decision to have or not to have breast reconstruction is multiply determined, in-depth inquiry should be made into the patient's intrapsychic (self directed) motives and interpersonal factors that contribute to her choice. This article discusses five major variables that enter into the final decision. These include knowledge of the procedure, economic resources, medical conditions, psychological dynamics, and reactions of significant others in the patient's life, including spouse, physicians, and mother. PMID- 6723195 TI - Selection of secondary breast reconstruction procedures. AB - Careful individualization to the patient is the key to selecting a procedure for breast reconstruction. There will be several options to choose from in a given situation, and the most appropriate selection can be achieved only through preoperative planning, patient education, and frank discussion. With continued progress in breast cancer treatment and technical advances in reconstructive techniques, plastic surgeons must make the effort to remain current in the midst of this change in order to advise their patients appropriately about the pros and cons of each available alternative. PMID- 6723196 TI - Reconstruction of the breast by tissue expansion. AB - The use of tissue expanders has considerable merit and wide applicability in breast reconstruction. The majority of patients who have undergone conservative modified radical mastectomies in the past fifteen years can be reconstructed without extensive flap procedures. The expansion prosthesis greatly increases the number of patients who can be reconstructed simply with a submuscular prosthesis. PMID- 6723197 TI - Breast reconstruction without skin flaps. AB - The development of reliable flaps has made breast reconstruction possible for virtually any patient who has had a mastectomy. However, most breast reconstructions are performed with implants, without flaps. The authors give examples of the use of implants alone without flaps, in situations usually thought to require flaps. PMID- 6723198 TI - The lower thoracic advancement technique in breast reconstruction. AB - This technique, which uses local tissues, allows a modest supplementation of prethoracic skin coverage and creation of a stable, well-defined inframammary fold. With placement of a subpectoral implant, there is progressive expansion of the inferior and lateral skin coverage, resulting in progressively more natural ptotic shape. This expansion also allows subsequent increases in implant volume if appropriate. Advantages include good match of skin color and texture, confinement of donor site scarring to the relatively inconspicuous inframammary fold area, and relative ease of performance. PMID- 6723199 TI - Breast reconstruction with the latissimus dorsi musculocutaneous flap. AB - For breast reconstruction the latissimus flap provides a safe and relatively simple road whose landmarks are familiar to plastic surgeons. These are reviewed. The aesthetic quality of the new breast may depend on a few key planning considerations, one of which is the flap inset site on the anterior chest wall. Theoretic and actual results of using vertical, horizontal, oblique, or curvilinear insets are examined. In many cases ignoring the old scar in favor of a fresh inferolateral curvilinear inset will provide a superior result and is to be strongly considered. PMID- 6723200 TI - Surgical considerations in managing the remaining breast during postmastectomy breast reconstruction. AB - The age and general condition of the patient, size and shape of the remaining breast, various risk factors such as the histologic type of carcinoma, and family history are all critical in governing the definitive management of the remaining breast during postmastectomy breast reconstruction. The philosophy, timing, and method of dealing with the remaining breast must be discussed carefully with the patient. The psychological, social, and physical status of the patient must be addressed, with special emphasis in regard to her future and the degree of risk involved. PMID- 6723201 TI - Prophylactic mastectomy with immediate reconstruction for the high-risk woman. AB - Prophylactic mastectomy should provide the woman at high risk for breast cancer with some degree of assurance that the surgical procedure is of benefit in preventing the occurrence of cancer. The so-called subcutaneous mastectomy fails because too much breast parenchyma is left to preserve the blood supply to the undisturbed nipple-areola complex. The procedure of choice described here removes the nipple-areola complex, thins and cores it, and replaces it as a free graft when the breast parenchyma is removed. A high-profile silicone breast implant is inserted into a pocket made of pectoralis major muscle, serratus anterior muscle, and a deepithelialized skin flap. PMID- 6723202 TI - Immediate reconstruction of the breast following modified radical mastectomy for carcinoma of the breast. AB - Immediate reconstruction offers an adjunct to the standard modified radical mastectomy for carcinoma of the breast in highly selected patients. It provides early reestablishment of breast form with a low complication rate and high patient satisfaction. There has been no evidence to date that immediate reconstruction affects the natural course of the primary breast cancer. PMID- 6723203 TI - Acute effects of moderate alcohol consumption on blood pressure and plasma catecholamines. AB - This study examines the response of blood pressure, plasma catecholamines and cortisol to acute alcohol intake in young men with light to moderate drinking habits. Ingestion of alcohol was associated with a highly significant increase in systolic blood pressure and heart rate which occurred before blood alcohol reached its peak concentration of 16.9 +/- 1.1 mmol/l (80 mg/100 ml). After an initial non-specific rise, diastolic pressure fell below values observed after drinking water only. This predominant effect of alcohol on systolic blood pressure is also seen with chronic alcohol consumption. Drinking water and non alcoholic cold liquids caused a marked fall in plasma adrenaline and a transient rise in noradrenaline concentration. In contrast, drinking alcohol resulted in a relative rise in adrenaline and a delayed increase in noradrenaline concentration. Blood glucose increased after alcohol, supporting a physiological effect of adrenaline on liver glycogenolysis. Plasma cortisol concentration was also significantly higher after drinking alcohol. It is proposed that the relative rise in adrenaline together with higher cortisol levels, repeated over a variable period in susceptible individuals, are implicated in the elevation of blood pressure associated with long term alcohol consumption. It concurs with observations in man and experimental animals of a slow pressor mechanism mediated by adrenaline. PMID- 6723204 TI - The relative proportions of fat, muscle and bone in the normal human forearm as determined by computed tomography. AB - Computed tomography has been used to establish the proportions of fat, muscle and bone present in the normal human forearm. Subjects were healthy young volunteers, eight males and eight females. A series of six cross-sectional scans at right angles to the long axis of the forearm was obtained, the scans being made at equidistant intervals between the olecranon process and the ulnar styloid. The volumes occupied by fat, muscle and bone were calculated for the complete forearm. Total forearm volume calculated by this method agreed closely with that measured by water displacement. For the male subjects, forearm composition was 72.1 +/- 4.4% muscle (mean +/- SD), 15.0 +/- 5.3% fat and 12.9 +/- 1.2% bone. Female forearms had less muscle (P less than 0.001) and more fat (P less than 0.001) than those of the male subjects: 58.5 +/- 4.0% muscle, 29.3 +/- 5.0% fat and 12.3 +/- 1.4% bone. Forearm muscle volume was significantly correlated (r = 0.75; P less than 0.05) with lean body mass in the male subjects; the range of values for lean body mass in the female subjects was too small to permit calculation of the equivalent relationship. Forearm fat content, as a percentage of total volume, was proportional to whole body fat content as estimated from skinfold thickness (males, r = 0.84; P less than 0.01; females, r = 0.77; P less than 0.05). These relationships enable estimates of the volumes of forearm tissue components to be derived from anthropometric measurements. PMID- 6723205 TI - Lipid peroxidation in rheumatoid arthritis: thiobarbituric acid-reactive material and catalytic iron salts in synovial fluid from rheumatoid patients. AB - Thiobarbituric acid (TBA)-reactive material is present in serum and knee joint synovial fluid from rheumatoid patients, consistent with lipid peroxidation occurring in vivo. The amount of TBA-reactive material in synovial fluid correlates with the concentration of iron salts present as determined by the bleomycin method, presumably because iron is an important catalyst of radical reactions in vivo. There appear to be significant correlations between the contents of TBA-reactive material and bleomycin-detectable iron in synovial fluid and the activity of rheumatoid arthritis as assessed with a clinical index of local inflammation and with various laboratory parameters. PMID- 6723206 TI - Cell loss from human, canine and guinea-pig gastric mucosa measured by DNA radioimmunoassay. AB - A DNA radioimmunoassay, sensitive in the range 25-1000 ng, has been developed to measure gastric mucosal cell loss. Validity of the assay was based on antibody specificity, absence of interference from gastric contents, parallel tracer displacement by dilutions of gastric and standard DNA, and crossover with colorimetric assay. With this assay, gastric DNA shedding was examined in two animal species and man. In the guinea-pig stomach, DNA loss was 20-100 micrograms/h and in the canine Pavlov pouch, 260-580 micrograms/h. In the canine Pavlov pouch stimulation of acid secretion by histamine and exposure to exogenous acid increased DNA output. In the normal human stomach DNA loss was 544 +/- 175 micrograms/h and in duodenal ulcer patients, 649 +/- 225 micrograms/h. DNA radioimmunoassay provides a sensitive and reproducible measure of cell exfoliation from the stomach and may be a useful tool for studying aspects of gastric mucosal defence. PMID- 6723207 TI - Response to indomethacin and hydrochlorothiazide in nephrogenic diabetes insipidus. AB - Four boys with classical nephrogenic diabetes insipidus have been treated by indomethacin, by hydrochlorothiazide, and by the combination of indomethacin and hydrochlorothiazide. Hydrochlorothiazide treatment was slightly more effective than indomethacin treatment in reducing the urine volume and increasing the urine osmolality. The combination of indomethacin and hydrochlorothiazide appeared to be additive and especially helpful in infants and young children before the autonomy of drinking. PMID- 6723208 TI - Further analysis of cell membrane changes in genetic hypertension in rats by diphenylhexatriene fluorescence polarization. AB - Fluorescence polarization of diphenylhexatriene embedded in membranes was used as an index of 'microviscosity' in platelets and erythrocyte ghosts of spontaneously hypertensive rats of the Okamoto-Aoki strain (SHR), Wistar-Kyoto strain (WKY) and of the hypertension-prone and -resistant Sabra strains (SBH and SBN ), and the original Sabra strain (SB). Microviscosity was increased both in erythrocyte ghosts and platelet membranes of male but not female SHR rats compared with WKY rats and in hypertension-prone Sabra rats compared with the original Sabra rats. Acute and chronic salt loading increased the microviscosity of platelet membranes in all strains of rats but had no effect on the erythrocyte membranes. Microviscosities of vesicles made of lipids extracted from SHR and WKY erythrocyte ghosts were similar. This supports the hypothesis that membrane proteins play a major role in the differences in microviscosity observed in SHR rats. PMID- 6723209 TI - The influence of environmental temperature upon the thermoregulatory responses to ethanol in man. AB - Ten healthy male subjects ingested ethanol (BP; 0.5 g/kg body weight) after an overnight fast, on two separate occasions, at environmental temperatures of either 21 degrees C or 30 degrees C. The mean maximal fall in deep body temperature was not significantly different on the two occasions, being 0.18 degrees C and 0.17 degrees C respectively. Metabolic rates throughout the experiments at the two temperatures were not significantly different. The vasodilatation of the hand and forearm vascular beds after ethanol ingestion was markedly reduced at the lower environmental temperature. In three subjects who ingested a higher dose of ethanol (BP; 1.0 g/kg body weight) after an overnight fast, at an environmental temperature of 21 degrees C, the mean maximum fall in core temperature was 0.15 degrees C, which was not significantly different from the change seen after consumption of the lower dose of ethanol. It is likely that the failure of ethanol ingestion to provoke hypothermia at the lower environmental temperature was due to the attenuated vasodilatation observed under these conditions. PMID- 6723211 TI - Potassium content of fat-free body mass. PMID- 6723210 TI - A circulating inhibitor of leucocyte sodium transport in patients with advanced liver cirrhosis. AB - Leucocyte sodium efflux was measured in control leucocytes pre-incubated for 90 min with serum from patients with advanced liver cirrhosis. Serum from patients with advanced alcoholic liver cirrhosis was inhibitory to sodium transport in control leucocytes. The degree of inhibition was similar to that seen in the patients' own leucocytes; the defect induced by patient serum was primarily inhibition of ouabain-insensitive sodium efflux, whereas in the patients' own leucocytes, inhibition was seen in both ouabain-sensitive and -insensitive sodium efflux, as shown previously. The results suggest that a circulating factor, present in patients with advanced cirrhosis, is capable of inhibiting sodium transport in leucocytes. PMID- 6723212 TI - Sodium and dopamine in urine. PMID- 6723213 TI - Health care cost containment in Colorado. PMID- 6723214 TI - Human rights and moral obligations. Interview by Sheila Swan. PMID- 6723215 TI - For the common good: a Colorado council on bioethics. PMID- 6723216 TI - Twice a day aspirin. PMID- 6723217 TI - Is nicotine gum effective in treating patients who wish to quit smoking? PMID- 6723218 TI - Dietary interaction with phenytoin. PMID- 6723219 TI - Osteomyelitis: oral nafcillin therapy not useful. PMID- 6723220 TI - Diazepam a factor in agitation? PMID- 6723221 TI - Interaction of phenytoin and folic acid: an alternative explanation. PMID- 6723222 TI - Effect of body weight on gentamicin pharmacokinetics in neonates. AB - The pharmacokinetics of gentamicin in large-for-gestational-age (LGA) and appropriate-for-gestational-age (AGA) newborn infants were compared in a prospective study. Serum gentamicin concentrations were drawn just before (trough) or after (peak) the third or fourth dose of gentamicin sulfate 2.5 mg/kg given as a 30-minute i.v. infusion every 12 hours to 11 LGA and 12 AGA infants. Peak (Cmax) and trough ( Cmin ) serum concentrations, elimination rate constants (k), volumes of distribution (V), and clearances (CL) were compared between the AGA and LGA groups and within the LGA group between obese (n = 6) and nonobese (n = 5) infants. The serum gentamicin concentrations achieved in the LGA infants were similar to those in the AGA infants, with Cmin values less than 2 micrograms/ml and Cmax values of 4-7 micrograms/ml. The mean pharmacokinetic variables determined were consistent with literature values reported for AGA infants. No significant differences in these variables were observed between the two groups or within the LGA group. Greater variability in Cmax, V, and CL was observed in the LGA group as a whole. The initial dose of gentamicin now recommended for AGA infants should be appropriate for LGA infants. However, serum concentrations should be monitored carefully to detect interindividual variability in pharmacokinetics so that adjustments can be made to ensure therapeutic serum concentrations. PMID- 6723223 TI - Evaluation of the Chiou method for determining theophylline dosages. AB - The Chiou method for predicting maintenance dosages of theophylline using individual patient data was evaluated. Eighty patients receiving continuous infusions of aminophylline were studied. Each patient's theophylline clearance was predicted using two serum theophylline concentrations obtained at least six hours apart after starting the aminophylline infusion. This clearance value was then used to calculate a new infusion rate designed to achieve a target steady state serum theophylline concentration. A follow-up concentration was obtained at steady state and used to determine a steady-state theophylline clearance for each patient. The mean predicted and calculated theophylline clearance and the mean predicted and measured serum theophylline concentration for the study population were very similar. Mean prediction errors for theophylline clearance and serum theophylline concentrations were not significantly different among any of the five subgroups of patients with factors that influence theophylline disposition. The Chiou method, using relatively few serum samples, provides a rapid and accurate means of individualizing aminophylline infusion requirements for patients with a wide range of theophylline disposition characteristics. PMID- 6723225 TI - Comparison of low-dose subcutaneous heparin calcium and heparin sodium on ecchymosis formation. AB - Ecchymosis formation in patients receiving identical concentrations of heparin calcium or heparin sodium was compared in a double-blind study. Sixty-three patients admitted to a coronary-care unit with orders to receive heparin 5000 units subcutaneously every 12 hours were randomly assigned to receive either heparin calcium or heparin sodium. The drugs were administered identically. The presence and size of any ecchymosis were recorded by a single observer. The 44 patients on whom data were collected received 86 heparin sodium and 102 heparin calcium injections. While there were no difference between salts in the percentage of patients with documented ecchymosis , significantly more injection sites with ecchymosis were reported for the calcium salt. No significant difference was found in bruise size between the calcium and sodium salts of heparin. In a subgroup of patients who were not receiving other drugs known to prolong bleeding, there was no significant difference between the salts in the percentage of patients and injection sites with ecchymosis . The subcutaneous administration of heparin calcium resulted in significantly more injection sites with ecchymosis than did heparin sodium, but the size of the reported ecchymosis was not different between the two groups. PMID- 6723224 TI - Correlation coefficient versus prediction error in assessing the accuracy of digoxin dosing methods. AB - The accuracy of 18 different methods to predict serum digoxin concentrations ( SDCs ) was assessed in a retrospective study of 50 hospital patients. The patients had documented steady-state SDCs while receiving digoxin tablets. Pertinent data, such as age, total and lean body weight, body surface area, estimated creatinine clearance (normalized and nonnormalized ), and digoxin dose, were collected for each patient and used to make the predictions. Correlation coefficients (r) of predicted versus measured SDCs were determined, and the mean error (ME) and root mean squared error ( RMSE ) were determined for each method to reflect bias and precision, respectively. The correlation coefficients varied from 0.389 to 0.536 and were all significantly different from zero. The different methods varied in their bias and precision; however, the methods of Dobbs and Koup (as modified by Koda - Kimble ) appeared to produce the best balance of minimum bias and greatest precision. The use of normalized or nonnormalized creatinine clearance did not greatly affect the predictive performance of the various methods. Although the methods of Dobbs and Koda - Kimble have good predictive capabilities, they should not replace SDC monitoring. Future studies evaluating predictive performance should not rely solely on r values but should include measurements of ME and RMSE . PMID- 6723226 TI - Potential pharmacokinetic interaction between theophylline and prednisone. PMID- 6723227 TI - Effect of amoxapine on serum prolactin concentrations in normal men. PMID- 6723228 TI - Effect of heparin on prothrombin time. PMID- 6723229 TI - Hepatic enzyme elevations associated with baclofen. PMID- 6723230 TI - Interstitial nephritis and proteinuria associated with zomepirac. PMID- 6723231 TI - Biphasic interaction of phenytoin with warfarin. PMID- 6723232 TI - Tobramycin disposition into ascitic fluid. PMID- 6723233 TI - Symposium on exercise: physiology and clinical applications. PMID- 6723234 TI - Exercise-induced asthma. Physiologic and clinical considerations. AB - This article discusses the physiologic and clinical aspects of exercise-induced asthma. Alterations in heat and water exchange in the respiratory tract appear to be important in initiating exercise-induced asthma, which can be reproduced by isocapneic hyperventilation with cold dry air. These pulmonary responses are also closely related to the level of non-specific airways hyperreactivity. Proposed mechanisms by which airways cooling and drying produce bronchospasm are reviewed and therapeutic approaches are discussed. PMID- 6723235 TI - Exercise impairment in chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. AB - This article reviews factors that may limit exercise performance in patients with COPD. These factors include alteration in pulmonary mechanics, respiratory muscle fatigue, impairment in pulmonary gas exchange, abnormal perception of breathlessness and ventilatory control, cor pulmonale, and poor nutritional status. The clinical application of exercise testing in patients with COPD and the role of various therapeutic modalities in altering exercise performance in COPD are discussed. PMID- 6723236 TI - Temperature regulation and hyperthermia during exercise. AB - This article first describes the physical aspects of heat transfer from skeletal muscles to the environment during exercise, emphasizing environmental factors that affect these transfers. Next, the characteristics of the human thermoregulatory mechanism are described, illustrating the ability to modify rates of heat transfer over a wide range in response to changes in the body temperatures. Finally, problems that develop during exercise in the heat are described, and practical information for minimizing such problems is given. PMID- 6723237 TI - Exercise testing in interstitial lung disease. AB - Studies of arterial blood gases during exercise provide the most accurate index of the pathologic severity of intersitial lung disease. For detection of early disease or assessment of treatment, resting pulmonary function tests, including single-breath carbon monoxide diffusing capacity, are adequate, although occasionally exercise studies may add unique information. Exercise studies may also be useful in assessing patients with combined cardiopulmonary disease or those whose symptoms are disproportionate to their resting pulmonary function. PMID- 6723238 TI - Exercise testing in occupational lung diseases. AB - The authors discuss the value of exercise testing in two areas of importance in occupational pulmonary disease: (1) the surveillance of worker populations in order to gain epidemiologic and physiologic understanding of disease and (2) the assessment of work capacity in individual patients. PMID- 6723239 TI - Exercise testing in the evaluation of cardiopulmonary disease. A cardiologist's point of view. AB - The heart and lungs work in synchrony as a metabolic unit to transport the respiratory gases, O2 and CO2, between the atmosphere and the metabolizing tissues. This article reviews the physiologic behavior of the cardiopulmonary unit; in particular it focuses on the physiologic stress of exercise and the utility of monitoring respiratory gas exchange during exercise to assess the nature of cardiovascular disease and its severity. PMID- 6723240 TI - The response of cardiac and pulmonary disease to exercise testing. AB - The features of cardiovascular and pulmonary disease in exercise testing are described. In general, ventilatory limitation is the most common factor in lung disease. An early anaerobic threshold and a decreased VO2 mix in the absence of ventilatory limitation is the usual feature of severe heart disease. PMID- 6723241 TI - Interpretation of clinical exercise testing in respiratory disease. AB - The usefulness of exercise tests is considerably enhanced if the treating physician becomes involved in interpretation of their results. Interpretation is facilitated through the use of a graphic approach that can be implemented with inexpensive desk-top computers. The relevant relations and the clinical and pathophysiologic significance of abnormalities in these graphs are discussed. PMID- 6723242 TI - Fuel-hormone metabolism during exercise and after physical training. AB - In this review the metabolic changes encountered in response to exercise in normal humans are considered in the context of the following categories: (1) fuel utilization and production, (2) hormone secretion, (3) the post-exercise recovery period, (4) effects of physical training on fuels and hormone secretion, and (5) effects of exercise on lipoprotein metabolism. PMID- 6723243 TI - The role of maximal oxygen uptake in exercise performance. AB - The maximal ability to deliver oxygen to the tissues of the body establishes the upper limit of endurance performance; however, the ability of the skeletal muscles to utilize a high oxygen load for a sustained period of time is also of great importance. The fatigue that limits endurance is due to a local limitation of oxygen or substrate, which leads to excessive anaerobic metabolism or decreased energy production. The peripheral adaptation from specific and intense training may further improve endurance performance. PMID- 6723245 TI - The anaerobic threshold measurement in exercise testing. AB - The exercise intensity (VO2) above which aerobic energy production starts to be supplemented by anaerobic mechanisms is termed the anaerobic threshold (AT). Lactic acid is produced at an increased rate above this work level. Since this acid is almost completely buffered by HCO-3, the rate of CO2 production increases in excess of that being derived from oxidative metabolism. Thus measurement of this excess CO2, or some reflection of it, can be used during exercise to measure the AT noninvasively. The AT has great physiologic significance, as it demarcates the work rate that the subject can perform for a prolonged period and above which a metabolic acid occurs. PMID- 6723244 TI - The physiology of endurance exercise. The marathon. AB - The metabolic demands of competitive marathon running require the development and integration of the respiratory, cardiovascular, and musculoskeletal systems. Environmental factors such as ambient temperature, humidity, and wind resistance can affect running performance. In addition to training, racing strategy, fluid ingestion, and dietary manipulation are specific and practical methods that can be used to augment marathon performance. PMID- 6723246 TI - Normal values in adults during exercise testing. AB - The cardiopulmonary response to 1-minute incremental cycle exercise in a population of 77 sedentary middle-aged men provides an opportunity to develop typical values that may prove useful in assessing impairment and disease. Maximal oxygen uptake can be predicted from age and height, using standard predicting formulas. Patterns of change in ventilation, anaerobic threshold, heart rate, oxygen pulse, and arterial blood gases during exercise are similar to those previously reported, although the magnitude of changes may be different. PMID- 6723247 TI - The use of exercise testing and other methods in the investigation of dyspnea. AB - The sensation of effort is increased when the tension developed by active muscle is increased or when the muscle is weak; similar factors contribute to the sense of respiratory effort that constitute the symptoms of dyspnea. Exercise testing enables systematic loading of the respiratory muscles to be studied; the components of the ventilatory responses to exercise may be quantified in terms of the pattern and timing of breathing and of inspiratory flow and volume. The associated sensation of respiratory effort may then be related to the tension developed by respiratory muscles and to their strength. PMID- 6723248 TI - Treatment of the diabetic foot. PMID- 6723249 TI - Empty sella syndrome. AB - Awareness of the entities of primary and secondary empty sella syndrome and the use of current CT scanning techniques should allow one to differentiate between these conditions and persistent or recurrent pituitary adenoma. This distinction is important to make so unwarranted surgery or radiation therapy will not be advised. PMID- 6723250 TI - Diabetes insipidus: current concepts. PMID- 6723251 TI - A simple quantitative method for collagen typing in tissue samples: its application to human liver with schistosomiasis. AB - Collagen chains separated on 5% SDS-acrylamide gels were stained with a 0.1% Sirius F3BA solution in saturated aqueous picric acid. After destaining the gels with methanol: acetic acid: water (30: 7 : 63), they were scanned at 540 nm and the area under each peak was determined. After that, the bands were sliced and the slices incubated overnight with trypsin at 37 degrees C. The color of the slices was eluted completely when the denatured collagen was ingested with trypsin. The absorbance of the color eluted was determined at 540 nm. The results obtained demonstrated that both procedures are reproducible and linear from 10 to at least 120 micrograms of protein. The correlation coefficient between both procedures was greater than 95%. The color is stable and the same end-point is obtained after destaining. In order to test the usefulness of the procedure in the typing of collagens from parenchymatous tissues, liver biomatrix was prepared from normal and cirrhotic human specimens obtained at autopsy. Over 95% of the collagen originally present in each liver was recovered in the corresponding biomatrix . We also showed that over 80-85% of biomatrix collagen could be solubilized with pepsin. These extracts were neutralized to pH 7.0 to inactivate pepsin and were applied onto the acrylamide gels. After electrophoresis and staining with Sirius red the types of collagen were determined by densitometric analysis. Our findings confirmed the results obtained by others using more complex and time consuming methodologies, mainly that type I and type III collagens are present in the normal liver in equal concentrations and that the ratio of I/III is 1. In all the cirrhotic livers investigated, the ratio of type I/type III collagen was greater than 1 due to an increase in type I collagen. PMID- 6723253 TI - Type VI collagen but not type V collagen is present in cartilage. PMID- 6723252 TI - The effect of retinoic acid on collagen synthesis by human dermal fibroblasts. AB - The effect of all-trans retinoic acid (RA) on cell proliferation and protein synthesis was examined using neonatal human dermal fibroblasts in culture. Incorporation of [3H]-methylthymidine showed that cell proliferation decreased in response to increasing concentrations of RA. Analysis of proteins secreted into culture medium showed a decrease in the synthesis of both collagen and non collagenous proteins, paralleling the effect on cell proliferation. Secreted proteins showed increased enzymatic processing of type I procollagen. The enhanced appearance of pc collagens, intermediates in the enzymatic conversion of procollagen to collagen, indicated that retinoic acid increased the activity of procollagen aminoterminal protease. Electrophoretic mobility and mannosylation of fibronectin was unchanged at RA concentrations tested. Cell morphology was unchanged at all concentrations of retinoic acid. The inhibitory effect of RA on cell proliferation is consistent with previous observations. The enhanced activity of procollagen aminoterminal protease may be important in the overall influence of RA on the elaboration of connective tissue. PMID- 6723254 TI - Studies on the interaction of human plasma-fibronectin with native type I calf skin collagen molecules using the rotary shadowing technique. AB - Fibronectin is a ubiquitous glycoprotein found in plasma, on the surface of a number of cell types and in the extracellular matrix. It is believed to function as an adhesive protein for cells by mediating their interaction with connective tissue macromolecules. This study uses the rotary shadowing technique to investigate the interaction between human plasma fibronectin and native calf skin type I collagen molecules. Purified human plasma fibronectin appears fibrillar with a total length of 152 +/- 48 nm (n = 127). Individual molecules of fibronectin interact with one another in an apparent concentration dependent process to form linear polymeric structures up to 10 molecules by end-to-end association. Incubation of various concentrations of fibronectin with collagen results in the interaction of fibronectin with specific sites on the native collagen molecules. In addition, polymeric forms of fibronectin interact with collagen molecules and occasionally bridging structures between collagen molecules are formed. This study provides direct visual demonstration of an interaction between fibronectin and native collagen molecules. Possible physiologic implications of these observations are discussed. PMID- 6723255 TI - Availability of comparable data in state mental health programs. AB - A survey of over 75% of the states and U.S. territories revealed that states have voluntarily adopted much of the data content recommended in the Mental Health Statistics Improvement Program. The majority of the data items also received high ratings for usefulness both for inter- and intrastate mental health program comparisons. PMID- 6723256 TI - Analysis and aggregation of CMHC outcome data in a statewide evaluation system: a case report. AB - Several potential procedures for simplifying and aggregating treatment outcome data from CMHCs differing in outcome instrumentation and methodology are presented and illustrated. Their respective advantages, disadvantages, and suitability for various purposes are explored, and considerations in selecting a particular method or technique are discussed. Findings obtained by using these techniques to analyze treatment outcome data from nine CMHCs over a three-year period are presented. Selected results highlighting the relative importance of methodological, subject, status, diagnostic, treatment process, and service delivery variables are presented. The implications of these findings for the problems and limitations inherent in cross-CMHC comparisons are illustrated and discussed. Applications for aggregated and non-aggregated analyses are suggested, and an illustration using aggregated outcome data to identify potential predictor variables for positive outcomes is presented along with differences for various outcome groupings. PMID- 6723258 TI - Statewide mental health outcome evaluation: a perspective of two southern states. AB - The states of Georgia and Tennessee implemented statewide outcome assessment programs in a number of their community mental health programs. Georgia used a Role Functioning Scale which was developed for this purpose. The system was implemented statewide and tied to quality assurance. Tennessee used the Quality of Life Questionnaire and the Program Impact Monitoring System developed in Oregon and implemented the system on a volunteer basis in six community programs. Both systems had some successes and encountered some difficulties which are described. Fiscal constraints have curtailed both systems, but suggestions are made for statewide outcome assessment projects based on these experiences. PMID- 6723257 TI - Statewide outcome evaluation: an introduction to the special issue. AB - In this introductory article to the special issue, the author (1) gives an historical account of how the special issue came into being, (2) proposes a model that identifies the major issues to be concerned with while doing statewide outcome evaluation, and finally, (3) gives a brief introduction to the articles that follow. PMID- 6723259 TI - A natural history of behavioral health program evaluation in Arizona. AB - This article examines the history of behavioral health program evaluation efforts in the state of Arizona during the years 1974-1982. Program Evaluation in Arizona has been carried out in an environment where planning, monitoring, contracting, appropriations, and evaluation have been inter-related--sometimes loosely, sometimes closely. Here we trace the year-by-year evolution of the evaluation system and its connections with the other parts of the environment. This history illustrates the gradual development of an evaluation system in an organizational context, including the sidetracks and setbacks . PMID- 6723260 TI - Statewide treatment outcome assessment in Colorado: the Colorado Client Assessment Record (CCAR). AB - Colorado has been measuring mental health treatment outcome statewide for the past four years. The data system for it is built around the Colorado Client Assessment Record ( CCAR ), a multi-dimensional checklist and Level-of Functioning ( LOF ) measure. The CCAR is used by the Colorado Division of Mental Health for needs assessment, defining target groups, estimating bed need and doing cost-effectiveness studies. An underlying structure consisting of seven independent scales has recently been established using factor-analytic methods. A rater effect was also discovered and mathematically removed, revealing reliable and valid LOF information heretofore unknown. The improved CCAR will hasten implementation of Colorado's long-range plan for treatment outcome assessment. PMID- 6723261 TI - The Louisiana Mental Health Client-Outcome Evaluation Project: an initial progress report. AB - The Louisiana Mental Health Client-Outcome Evaluation Project is assessing the effectiveness of the Schainblatt - Hatry system of client-oriented outcome monitoring as applied to Louisiana CMHC outpatient settings. This system involves incorporating a self-administered mental health questionnaire into the routine center intake procedures and use of a combination mail-out and telephone follow up data collection method. Follow-up procedures can be operated by a small evaluation staff through the State central office. This initial progress report provides an overview of the instruments and procedures being utilized and discusses results of the project obtained thus far. PMID- 6723262 TI - Modified Bayes technique in sequential clinical trials. AB - We consider the problem of optimizing the treatment of a population by two drugs of unknown efficacy. The success or failure of each treatment is assumed to be known before the next patient arrives to be treated, and the objective is to use the developing information both to select optimally for a given patient and to asymptotically restrict treatment to the better of the two drugs. A straightforward Bayes estimator is first assumed. It is shown by computer simulation, and to some extent algebraically , that this leads to the possibility of "trapping" into treatment by the poorer drug, due to early anomalously poor performance by the better drug. The difficulty is ameliorated by imposing a bias towards success on the input (a priori) distribution of the unknown success probabilities. In fact, the resulting protocol, which is ethical from the point of view of the individual patient, is also superior for the full treated population to a few sampling-plus-stopping-rule techniques against which it is compared. PMID- 6723263 TI - Feedback control system for walking in man. AB - A computer control stimulation system is described which has been successfully tested by allowing a paraplegic subject to stand and walk through closed loop control. This system is a Z80 microprocessor system with eight channels of analog to digital and 16 channels of digital to analog control. Programming is written in CPM and works quite successfully for maintaining lower body postural control in paraplegics. Further expansion of this system would enable a feedback control system for multidirectional walking in man. PMID- 6723264 TI - Comprehensive fetal monitoring by microcomputer--a clinical approach. AB - An inexpensive microcomputer has been devised to analyze fetal heart signals and fetal activity which were simultaneously recorded. Digital techniques were used to provide quantitative analysis of each of these inputs, and the interrelations among them. A parallel graphical presentation of those inputs was also provided. PMID- 6723266 TI - Simulation of infectious disease by Reed-Frost model with proportion of immune and inapparent infection. AB - A modified Reed-Frost model into which the proportions of immune, and of inapparent infections were introduced, has been examined in order to find how it might affect the predicted epidemic curve. Under the conditions of a constant community size and a constant epidemic size, the modified Reed-Frost model yielded a predicted epidemic curve which was distributed in a relatively narrower range, possessed a higher peak, and which came much earlier than that produced by the Reed-Frost model without the above modifications. PMID- 6723265 TI - Computer based two-dimensional spectral estimation for the detection of prearrhythmic states after hypothermic myocardial preservation. AB - A computer based two-dimensional spectral estimation technique has been developed to detect prearrhythmic states of the heart after hypothermic myocardial preservation with or without potassium cardioplegia. The new algorithm is based on unconstrained minimization of the estimated covariance recursion error. The parameters for spectral analysis are estimated directly from intracardiac data in a manner which combines high resolution with robustness in the presence of nonstationarities . It is shown that by using this technique, the projections of the velocity vector of cardiac propagating wavefronts onto a multitip electrode array may be determined, even though electric intramyocardial data are very short and nonstationary. The prearrhythmic state may be observed at a time when limb and epicardial ECG waveforms are normal. This is of potential significance since certain types of prearrhythmic patterns appear more likely to degenerate into ventricular arrhythmias or ventricular fibrillation. PMID- 6723267 TI - Analysis of circadian rhythms by fitting a least squares sine curve. AB - A method that fits a least squares sine curve to both point and averaged time series data is described. The method includes a full regression analysis and extends the current "cosinor" approach. Developments include estimation of the linear trend and fitting secondary wave forms. PMID- 6723268 TI - Selection of medical tests based on linear nonseparability of data sets: a study on evaluation of liver diseases tests. AB - A new method of solving the problem of medical tests selection is proposed. This method is based on the notion of linear nonseparability of data. A measure of linear nonseparability is computed by minimization of the perceptron criterion function. A multistage strategy of search of the minimum sufficient tests subset is described. This strategy is reliable in the sense that it allows us to find the least (globally) sufficient number of tests. The considerations are illustrated on a liver diseases data example. PMID- 6723269 TI - Multiattribute decision analysis of clinical errors: a case study of computerized arrhythmia detectors. AB - Two types of errors are observed in the process of medical decision making: false positives and false negatives. For various detection criteria these errors are usually plotted to form detection curves. The problem of identifying optimum detection criteria that minimize the impact of these errors is addressed. Usually this involves trade-offs that are determined by the attitudes of the medical decision maker, types of disease, and clinical settings. Utility theory is the theoretical technique developed to quantify subjective elements of decision making. Techniques of utility theory were employed to experimentally obtained data on errors committed by an automated arrhythmia monitor. Two cardiologists were interviewed to assess their utility functions and a multiattribute decision analysis technique was used. From the utility functions the best detection criteria for the automated arrhythmia detector were determined. This research also highlights various behaviors in medical setting: risk neutral, risk averse , and risk seeking. The effects of various diseases and clinical settings on decision making were also shown. PMID- 6723270 TI - Left ventricular wall motion analysis using operator-independent contour positioning. AB - A method has been developed for the analysis of left ventricular wall motion which obviates the operator's involvement in the relative positioning of the systolic and diastolic contours. This was achieved by maximizing the cross correlation function for the two silhouettes . The technique was compared with a standard method requiring the operator's definition of a long axis for the left ventricle. The results for 21 normal angiograms showed that with the cross correlation technique the confidence region of the wall motion curves was markedly narrower and the symmetry in the contractile pattern between the anterior and posterior wall segments was better than with the standard technique. Statistical concepts for narrowing the normal group and the sources of errors in the analysis are discussed. PMID- 6723271 TI - Multivariate analysis of diaphragm EMG power spectral moments. AB - A single derived index of the power spectrum of the diaphragm electromyogram (EMG) has been used in detecting fatigue. Additional information in the EMG could be used to study diaphragm function in other respiratory conditions. Diaphragm EMGs and calculated power spectra at 12 frequencies were measured in normal subjects and patients with severe chronic obstructive pulmonary disease during several respiratory maneuvers both before and after treadmill exercise to dyspnea. The power spectra were characterized by the first five moments. Changes in the EMG were similar when assessed by multivariate analysis of variance of the spectral estimates or of the moments. Factor analysis provided two latent variables that correlated with the first and second moment respectively. The first moment was found to be the most sensitive single discriminant of fatigue and is only slightly improved by adding other information. It is concluded that the first and second moments of the EMG power spectra provide a concise, parsimonious description of the changes in the EMG. PMID- 6723272 TI - Computed tomography in the diagnosis and management of paravertebral masses. AB - The role of computed tomography (CT) in the detection, evaluation, and management of paravertebral masses was studied in 32 consecutive patients with such lesions. The characteristics of the patients and masses were tabulated, and follow-up data were collected. There were 25 neoplasms (of which 24 were malignant), 5 inflammatory lesions, and two cases without proven diagnosis. The CT provided unique diagnostic information in 9 of the 32 cases (28%), and information that affected patient management in 13 cases (41%). Overall, CT proved of benefit in 19 of the 32 patients (59%). These findings indicate that CT can make important contributions to the diagnosis and management of paravertebral masses. PMID- 6723273 TI - Clinical and computed tomography findings in intracranial sarcoidosis involving the juxtasellar region. AB - Two patients with endocrine and visual disturbances had CT evidence of an intra- and suprasellar enhancing mass. Both patients showed clinical improvement following treatment with systemic corticosteroids. In one case, there was no evidence of systemic sarcoidosis; and the exact nature of the juxtasellar lesion was established by surgical biopsy. PMID- 6723274 TI - Rhinocerebral mucormycosis with CT scan findings: a case report. AB - A case of rhinocerebral mucormycosis in a diabetic patient is presented. The radiologic findings of the disease with differential diagnosis are reviewed. Almost complete cure with surgical excision and Amphotericin B was accomplished. PMID- 6723275 TI - Hemichorea due to small deep nonhemorrhagic cerebrovascular lesion. AB - Two patients with sudden onset of hemichorea were found by CT to have nonhemorrhagic cerebrovascular lesions involving the basal ganglia with sparing of the internal capsule. These lesions were not detected by other neurodiagnostic studies. PMID- 6723276 TI - Computed tomography of uterine papillary serous carcinoma. AB - We describe the CT appearances of a fairly commonly encountered "special variant" carcinoma of the uterine corpus called uterine papillary serous carcinoma ( UPSC ). UPSC closely resembles ovarian papillary serous carcinoma microscopically but CT with contrast can differentiate between these two entities. In addition CT in this patient clearly showed the characteristic spread mode of this particularly aggressive form of endometrial carcinoma. Because UPSC has a significantly higher relapse rate than other histologic types of endometrial carcinoma it is important to recognize it at the time of the CT staging procedure. The spread pattern of UPSC suggests the need for adjuvant irradiation or chemotherapy. PMID- 6723277 TI - CT in the posttraumatic liver. AB - A case is presented which demonstrates the ability of CT to be of use in an unusual presentation of a not uncommon problem, i.e. hepatic hematoma following laceration and repair in a posttraumatic setting. Subsequent compromise of the portal venous system and the inferior vena cava in its retrohepatic course, and resultant abdominal findings are demonstrated and discussed. PMID- 6723278 TI - CT findings in acute optic neuritis. AB - A patient with unilateral optic neuritis with CT evidence of optic nerve enlargement and reduction in nerve size treatment is reported. PMID- 6723279 TI - Differential diagnosis of huge abdominal masses visualized on CT scans. AB - Thirty-one consecutive cases of very large abdominal masses (greater than 10 cm in largest dimension) were identified from CT scans on 2145 patients performed over a 15-month period. All were malignant tumors. The most useful information derived from CT scans was the location and organ of origin. The tissue of origin could be predicted from knowledge of the organs expected in each abdominal quadrant or pelvic site. Our results indicate that CT is extremely useful in evaluating very large masses. PMID- 6723280 TI - Industrial fitness programs: the physician's role. PMID- 6723281 TI - Rehabilitation of pediatric spinal cord injury: the Newington Children's Hospital experience. PMID- 6723282 TI - Wives of COPD patients. Cast in the role of caretaker. PMID- 6723283 TI - The case for incorporating after TEFRA (1). PMID- 6723284 TI - The conscious law. PMID- 6723285 TI - Payment for physicians' services. AMA Center for Health Policy Research. PMID- 6723286 TI - Toxicity of nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs. The Medical Letter. PMID- 6723287 TI - Reflections from the dean's office. Surrendering clinical judgment. PMID- 6723288 TI - Connecticut's informed consent case II. PMID- 6723289 TI - Risks in malaria prevention: alternative prophylaxis with chloroquine plus tetracycline. PMID- 6723291 TI - Hospice inpatient care: characteristics of an institution and its patients. PMID- 6723290 TI - Internal fixation of femoral shaft fractures by a closed technique. PMID- 6723292 TI - Oculoplethysmography (GEE): value and limitations. PMID- 6723293 TI - Transportation expense deductions. PMID- 6723294 TI - Connecticut's informed consent case III. PMID- 6723295 TI - The role of mammography screening. PMID- 6723296 TI - Treatment of chylous ascites by side-to-side portacaval shunt. PMID- 6723297 TI - Management of pediatric head injury. PMID- 6723298 TI - Arboviral encephalitis: the need for clinical suspicion in Connecticut. PMID- 6723299 TI - Nonsmoking in hospitals. AMA Council on Scientific Affairs. PMID- 6723300 TI - An inside look at the health policy agenda. PMID- 6723301 TI - A thirty-year perspective of anesthesia. PMID- 6723302 TI - Connecticut right to know law. PMID- 6723303 TI - Inactivated hepatitis B virus vaccine. Centers for Disease Control. PMID- 6723304 TI - Differences in practice characteristics between female and male physicians. AMA Center for Health Policy Research. PMID- 6723305 TI - Reflections from the dean's office. Honest work. PMID- 6723306 TI - Distribution of different molecular species of collagen in the vertebral cartilage of shark (Carcharius acutus). AB - It is known that cartilage collagen in higher vertebrates conforms to Type II collagen but very little is known of the nature of shark cartilage. This study was undertaken to determine the differences, if any, between shark cartilage collagen and that of higher vertebrates. Collagen was obtained from shark cartilage by pepsin solubilization and characterized by amino acid analysis and determination of chain composition by SDS-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis and CM-cellulose chromatography. Results indicated the presence not only of Type II collagen but also of Type I collagen. Type I collagen accounted for about one third of the total collagen content of shark cartilage. PMID- 6723307 TI - The structure of the linkage region of bovine nasal cartilage proteoglycan after beta-elimination and sulfite addition. AB - A method of peptide "fingerprinting" has been developed allowing the separation of the majority of the tryptic peptides of purified proteoglycan subunit from bovine nasal cartilage. When this preparation was reacted with 0.2 M sodium sulfite at pH 11.5, beta-elimination of the substituted glycosaminoglycans and O linked oligosaccharides and the quantitative addition of sulfite occurred in the serine and threonine residues of the linkage region. After elimination-addition studies with sodium [35S] sulfite, 6 radiolabelled linkage peptides were isolated by 2-dimensional "fingerprinting." Five of these peptides were derived from a section of the protein core in which each [35S] cysteic acid residue was separated by an average of 6-10 amino acid residues. Apart from [35S] cysteic acid, the predominant amino acids in the attached peptides were glycine and glutamic acid (or glutamine), suggesting that a combination of these amino acids in the nascent protein core may be important for the initiation of glycosaminoglycan chains during proteoglycan biosynthesis. PMID- 6723308 TI - Radioautographic localization of 3H-fucose incorporation into bone cells in cultured calvaria. AB - Radioautographic procedures were used to examine the incorporation of 3H-fucose into macromolecular material in bone organ cultures. Radioautography demonstrated that silver grains were first apparent in the paranuclear area of osteoclasts, and continued to increase in number over osteoclasts throughout the culture period. Silver grains associated with osteoclasts were later found on the side adjacent to bone and the adjacent bone surface. Osteoblasts, pre-osteoblasts and fibroblasts of the fibrous periosteum incorporated some 3H-fucose as evidenced by labelling in the later time periods. At later incubation periods, labelled material was found in the underlying bone below osteoblasts, demonstrating the active elaboration of bone matrix glycoproteins. Osteocytes were labelled only after the longest period of incubation. PMID- 6723309 TI - Topical retinoic acid enhances the repair of ultraviolet damaged dermal connective tissue. AB - Ultraviolet (UV) irradiation induces excessive accumulations of elastic fibers in animal and human skin. Collagen is damaged and glycosaminoglycans are vastly increased. Formerly considered an irreversible change, we recently showed, post irradiation, that a band of normal connective tissue was laid down subepidermally . Because of its ability to stimulate fibroblasts and enhance healing of wounds, we thought it likely that retinoic acid (RA) would promote the formation of this subepidermal zone of reconstruction. Hairless mice were irradiated for 10 weeks with Westinghouse FS20 sunlamps for a total UV dose of 7 J/cm2. Then, 0.05% RA was applied for 5 and 10 weeks. Observations were made by light and electron microscopy. In contrast to controls treated with vehicle, the reconstruction zone was significantly wider in RA-treated mice. The enhanced repair was dose related. Histochemically and ultrastructurally, collagen was normal, fibroblasts were numerous and in a configuration of high metabolic activity. PMID- 6723310 TI - A quest for better contraception: the Ford Foundation's contribution to reproductive science and contraceptive development 1959-1983. AB - This review describes the Ford Foundation's program of support of research and training in reproductive science and contraceptive development from 1959 through 1983. An appraisal of some of the merits and limitations of that program and of its impact on the field is also presented. PMID- 6723311 TI - Effect of aspirin on the luteal phase of human menstrual cycle. AB - The effect of aspirin (acetylsalicylic acid) on the luteal phase length and function was studied in ten normal cycling women. They received three grams daily for twenty days starting from the fifth day of the cycle. Urinary pregnanediol-3 alpha-glucuronide (Pg-diol- 3G ) and luteinising hormone (LH) were assayed in daily early morning urine samples together with daily vaginal smear for cytohormonal evaluation. The excretion profile of Pg-diol- 3G and LH of another group of ten normal women were taken as controls. Aspirin caused shortening of both cycle length and luteal phase duration. Available evidence suggests the presence of corpus luteum deficiency in the treated cycles. PMID- 6723312 TI - The possible use of phenoxybenzamine as a male contraceptive drug: studies on male rats. AB - Treatment of male rats with phenoxybenzamine hydrochloride (PBZ), 70 micrograms/100 g body weight for 5 weeks, caused infertility of the rats. This effect was fully reversible. Studies on the weights of the testes, epididymides, and male accessory sex glands, revealed increased glandular weights (significantly in the testes, epididymides and seminal vesicles). The number of spermatozoa found in the epididymis and vas deferens was significantly increased in the treated rats. Thus, PBZ caused a temporary cessation of sperm transport and paralysis of the muscles of the accessory glands, leading to the absence of ejaculation. In proestrous females mated with treated rats, this caused pseudopregnancy. No changes were found in the sexual behavior of the treated male rats, which was also supported by the absence of changes in the testosterone levels in serum and in testicular tissue. We recommend the use of PBZ in clinical trials, using this well-known drug as the active material for a future contraceptive pill. PMID- 6723314 TI - Two-dimensional echocardiography in evaluating left ventricular function. AB - In 65 patients examined by mechanical sector and M-mode echocardiography, left ventricular volumes and ejection fraction were determined. Comparison with biplane ventriculography has shown that the above-mentioned parameters can be determined by sector relatively very reliably. Correlation coefficients for end diastolic and end-systolic volumes were 0.74 and 0.85 respectively, for the ejection fraction 0.78. Substantially less close correlations were found for parameters obtained by one-dimensional echocardiography, especially in patients with segmental disturbances of kinetics and abnormal left ventricular geometry. The greatest contribution of this laborious and demanding method consists in the possibility of relatively reliable estimation of left ventricular volumes and ejection fraction by two-dimensional echocardiography also in these patients. PMID- 6723313 TI - Ovulation inhibition following vaginal administration of pills containing norethindrone and mestranol. AB - Plasma levels of estradiol and progesterone were investigated in women using daily vaginal pills containing 1 mg norethindrone and 50 mcg mestranol. Of 13 treatment cycles in ten women using one vaginal pill daily, six were ovulatory and seven anovulatory. All 12 cycles in ten women using two vaginal pills daily were anovulatory. PMID- 6723315 TI - Two-dimensional echocardiography in acute transmural and non-transmural myocardial infarction. AB - Left ventricular wall motion abnormalities in acute myocardial infarction and their changes during hospitalisation were investigated in 40 patients by means of two-dimensional echocardiography (2-D-E). It was confirmed that two-dimensional echocardiography can detect segmental left ventricular asynergy, follow up its development during hospitalisation and provide on the basis of this information on the extent of infarction. Differences were found between transmural and non transmural infarctions, in particular as regards the duration of impaired wall motion (in non-transmural infarctions it was only temporary). Suggested indicators of the extent of this disorder ("index of asynergy" and "extent of asynergy") seem to be valuable for the evaluation of the extent of infarction and of its clinical impact. The sensitivity and specificity of echocardiography, as compared with postmortem findings, is satisfactory. PMID- 6723316 TI - Diffuse left ventricular hypokinesis in cardiogenic shock--its cause or consequence? AB - Five patients in cardiogenic shock due to acute myocardial infarction were examined by two-dimensional echocardiography. In one patient, cardiogenic shock developed only after rupture of the interventricular septum, four subjects had "primary" cardiogenic shock. In these four persons there were found extensive disturbances of left ventricular wall motion (the mean extent of the akinetic or dyskinetic zone amounted to 41% of the left ventricle (LV). However, equally extensive (and even larger) disturbances of LV kinetics were found in another 11 patients with acute MI, in whom there did not develop cardiogenic shock. The basic difference between the two groups consisted in the fact that in patients in cardiogenic shock the remaining part of the left ventricle exhibited severe hypokinesis, whereas in other infarcts it was normokinetic or hyperkinetic. Autopsy findings in all patients revealed severe diffuse involvement of all coronary arteries. In the discussion, it is pointed out that the above-mentioned phenomenon (hypokinesis of the "intact" part of the left ventricle) may be both one of the causes of shock as well as merely its consequence. PMID- 6723317 TI - On the mechanism of accentuation of the first heart sound in mitral stenosis. AB - In 10 patients with mitral stenosis, catheterization of the left ventricle and the left atrium has revealed a considerable increase in dp/dt at the moment of closure of the mitral valve in comparison with 10 healthy controls. Systolic and diastolic pressure and the contractility indicators (dp/dtmax and dp/dtmax/P) did not differ from the values found in the controls, and Vmax was even reduced. Simultaneously with the change in the dp/dt ratio at the moment of the mitral valve closure there occurred also a proportional change in the Ist heart sound amplitude. The authors therefore suggest that besides anatomical changes, a role in the accentuation of the Ist heart sound in mitral stenosis is played also by the haemodynamic factor - the dp/dt ratio at the moment of the mitral valve closure. PMID- 6723318 TI - Prevalence of ischaemic heart disease risk factors in male populations aged 45-54 years in Warsaw and Bratislava. Part IV: Relationship between dietary habits and IHD risk factors. AB - The aim of the study was to investigate the relationship between IHD and nutrition. 404 occupationally active men in Warsaw aged 45-54 years, and 634 men in Bratislava were screened. The dietary habits of both populations were evaluated on the basis of their dietary history. Although no significant correlation between the daily frequency of basic meals consumption and the prevalence of hypercholesterolaemia, overweight and hypertension was found, a tendency to higher prevalence of these risk factors among people consuming only 2 meals daily was observed in both populations. In the Bratislava population, which was characterized by a lower frequency of basic meals consumption, higher consumption of meat, meat products and fat, a higher prevalence of overweight, hypercholesterolaemia and hypertension was found. The authors conclude that the influence of unproper dietary habits characteristic of industrialized countries, on the health of their populations cannot be completely neglected. PMID- 6723319 TI - Alterations in auditory processing of speech stimuli during aging in healthy subjects. AB - Studies of auditory processing during aging in man have not provided a consensus on whether aging affects the ability to process speech stimuli. To evaluate the relationship between speech recognition tasks and age, we examined 36 male subjects between the ages of 21 and 83 years, who were screened for the absence of disease, particularly in the cardiovascular and neurologic systems. Measures were obtained on the following tests: pure tone thresholds, speech reception threshold, speech discrimination, low-pass filtered speech, and binaural fusion. A statistically significant correlation was found between pure tone thresholds and age for all frequencies. When the effect of peripheral hearing loss was taken into account, speech measures did not correlate with age, with the exception of low-pass filtered speech in the left ear. Our findings suggest that the aging process in healthy man is not necessarily accompanied by deficits in the processing of speech stimuli beyond those which are due to peripheral hearing loss. PMID- 6723320 TI - Constructional apraxia as a function of lesion locus and size in patients with focal brain damage. AB - Patients with penetrating missile wounds confined to one of the four brain quadrants were evaluated to determine the incidence and severity of constructional apraxia. The visual constructive tasks used were the WAIS Block Designs subtest and the Bender Gestalt (reproduction) Test. Estimates of lesion size were used to investigate the effect of this factor on constructional ability. Patients with right posterior lesion tended to perform least adequately in general, although significant differences were obtained only for the Bender Gestalt Test. The effect for lesion laterality was greater than that for caudality , although neither analysis reached statistical significance. Lesion size made a relatively minor contribution to the visual constructional deficits in this sample. Only in the left posterior sample did lesion size correlate significantly with measures of constructional impairment. The lack of consistent findings may have been due to the restricted lesion size in these patients and to the absence of significant cognitive deficits in most subjects. The results support either a regional interpretation of the mass action theory or the possible role of deficient verbal mediation in the constructional performance of patients with left hemisphere lesions. This study emphasizes the importance in neurobehavioral research of controlling potentially confounding variables (e.g., lesion size and type of associated cognitive deficits) when studying any specific aspect of neuropsychological functioning. PMID- 6723321 TI - Associative visual agnosia: a case study. AB - This report describes a case of associative visual agnosia caused by a left sided, cortico-subcortical, inferior temporo-occipital infarction. Performance on visual perceptual tests was normal, while it was defective on visual classification tasks. Visual agnosia was interpreted as a visuo-verbal disconnection plus a categorization deficit for visual meaningful common stimuli. The left occipito-temporal lesion disrupted the visual classification process and prevented access of visual information to language areas and limbic system. The absence of right hemispheric lesion accounted for the normal recognition of familiar faces and other unique individual stimuli such as familiar places, whose recognition occurs through contextual evocation. PMID- 6723322 TI - A dichotic listening study of differences in cerebral organization in dextral and sinistral subjects. AB - The purpose of the present study was to compare immediate recall of paired dichotic presentation of CV-syllables in a dextral and a sinistral group when considering both gender, familial sinistrality, and hand-posture during writing. Forty subjects (20 dextrals and 20 sinistrals) were given 306 presentations of the six Swedish stop-consonants paired with the vowels a, i, and u in a dichotic listening test. The results showed significant differences between the two groups with fewer consonant-errors observed for the right ear input in the dextral group, and fewer consonant-errors in the left ear input in the sinistral group. Thus, a REA was demonstrated for the dextral group, and a LEA was demonstrated for the sinistral group. The results were most clear-cut for the consonants whereas vowels yielded insignificant differences. It is concluded that the present design allows for the separation of left- and right-hemisphere language dominance for right- and left-handed subjects. PMID- 6723323 TI - Writing hand posture and cerebral dominance for speech. AB - Levy and Reid's claim (1976, 1978) that writing hand/posture is predictive of cerebral dominance was examined in patients who had undergone bilateral sodium Amytal speech testing. Contrary to their prediction, inverted writers showed the same pattern of speech representation as did straight writers. PMID- 6723324 TI - Recognition of abstract and concrete words in a dichotic listening paradigm. AB - A dichotic listening paradigm was used to examine the hypothesis that whilst concrete nouns can be processed equally well by both right and left hemispheres, the left hemisphere is superior in processing abstract nouns. Although simple main effects of word frequency, ear of presentation, sex of subject and concreteness / abstractness were significant and in the expected directions, further fine-grained analyses using in particular the laterality coefficient showed that only about a third of the subjects showed a clear right ear advantage, and that this was not related to any of the independent variables. There was no evidence supporting differential hemispheric processing of concrete and abstract words and it is suggested that methods of data analysis used in this kind of research need to be carefully examined. PMID- 6723325 TI - Individual differences in the metacontrol of lateralization for recognizing facial expressions of emotion. AB - Subjects judged whether two faces expressed same or different emotions. Subjects were alternately instructed to empathize with or label the first face which was shown for eight seconds. The second face was then exposed briefly in either the left or right visual field. Eighteen subjects had contrasting hemisphere superiorities in accuracy for making same/different judgments under the two instructions, whereas 12 subjects had consistent hemisphere superiorities. It is proposed that individuals may differ in the metacontrol of lateralization on a task, such that for some individuals, the hemisphere controlling cognitive operations can switch as a function of instructions, expectations, and strategies. For other individuals, the metacontrol of lateralization may dictate that the same hemisphere always controls processing on a particular task. PMID- 6723326 TI - Spatial location judgements by right and left-handers. AB - An attempt was made to replicate the left-hand advantage found by Roy and Mackenzie (1978) for a bimanual thumb-positioning task. As in their experiment strongly right-handed male and female subjects took part, and in addition strongly left-handed male and female subjects took part. Their findings were not fully replicated. A weak left-hand advantage was found for only one of the three error measures used (constant error). Significant interactions of sex with handedness were found for absolute and constant error. The difficulty of replication and current findings are discussed in terms of possible variations in subject strategy which warrant further investigation. PMID- 6723327 TI - Developmental changes in the pattern of ear asymmetry as revealed by a dichotic listening task. AB - Dichotic listening performance in 63 right-handed and 91 left-handed school-age children at various age levels were examined. Contrary to most previous research, a developmental change in the pattern of ear asymmetry was found most pronounced in right-handers. An increasing proportion of children with right-ear advantage was found across age at the same time as the magnitude of this ear asymmetry decreased with increasing age. These results, however, were found only when the number of correct responses from the left and right ear were treated as relational data, and the pattern of ear asymmetry was calculated for each subject individually. When calculated as group means for each ear separately, the common finding of no developmental change in the pattern of ear asymmetry was revealed. The results are discussed in relation to research on myelogenetic correlates in linguistic development and on research concerned with different subgroups of dyslexia, as well as previous studies of developmental aspects of dichotic listening. Against this background it is suggested that a two-dimensional theory must be used in interpreting developmental data in dichotic listening. PMID- 6723328 TI - Visible persistence as a function of viewing condition and eye-handedness relationship. AB - Duration of visible persistence was investigated as a function of spatial frequency, orientation and viewing condition (binocular, dominant eye and non dominant eye). Persistence increased with increasing spatial frequency and was longer for oblique than vertical gratings. Viewing condition also influenced visible persistence such that binocular persistence was significantly shorter than for either monocular condition. A post-hoc analysis indicated that this was only true with subjects who were right-handed and right-eyed. Subjects mixed on this relationship showed no differences in persistence across viewing conditions. A second experiment which selected subjects on the basis of this relationship confirmed the results of Experiment 1. The results for the right-right group broaden the generality of the rule showing an inverse relationship between response strength and persistence duration. The results for the Mixed group indicate a lack of binocular summation. PMID- 6723329 TI - Is there a "best hand" for braille? AB - Two experiments were conducted on lateral differences in Braille tasks with predominantly right-handed blind children. The hypothesis that hand advantages change with absolute proficiency levels was not supported for either letter discrimination, letter naming or word reading. Experiment 1 provided support for the hypothesis that hand advantages depend on a combination of tasks demands and individual strategy preferences associated with relative proficiency or retardation. Retarded readers were significantly faster with the left hand in letter discrimination, and adequate readers were significantly faster with the right hand in letter naming. Experiment 2 showed that for tasks which demanded lateral movements, two-handed reading was superior to reading by either hand alone, irrespective of absolute or relative reading proficiency. It was argued that there is no "best hand" as such for Braille, but that lateral advantages depend on specific interrelations between task demands, individual preferences and reading habits. PMID- 6723330 TI - Leukocyte zinc in the assessment of zinc status. AB - The problems of assessment of human zinc status are reviewed, with particular emphasis on the limitations to each of the current available measurements. The advantages and limitations of leukocytes are then described. Methods of preparation and potential problems in the assay for zinc are described in detail. The data so-far produced by this method are reviewed. PMID- 6723331 TI - Plasma fibronectin in medical ICU patients. AB - Plasma fibronectin levels in 66 medical ICU (MICU) patients were measured daily. Mean values of initial levels were significantly higher in survivors (266 +/- 14 mg/L) than nonsurvivors (179 +/- 13 mg/L; p less than .0003). There was extensive overlap between survivors and nonsurvivors. The clinical categories of sepsis, disseminated intravascular coagulation (DIC), adult respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS), and hepatic failure with GI bleeding were associated with low fibronectin levels. Within all diagnostic categories the mean initial fibronectin level of the survivors was higher than that of nonsurvivors. This difference was significant only in the septic group (p less than .02). Patients with minimum fibronectin levels less than 195 mg/L had a 65% mortality rate; patients with minimum levels greater than or equal to 195 mg/L had a 17% mortality rate. Fibronectin, via its role in reticuloendothelial system (RES) function, may have a pathophysiologic role in a variety of medical illnesses. PMID- 6723332 TI - Relation of inspired oxygen fraction to hypoxemia in mechanically ventilated adults. AB - To evaluate the recommendation that all adult patients started on mechanical ventilation (MV) should have an initial fraction of inspired oxygen (FIO2) of 1.0, 207 consecutive adult patients started on MV in the critical care units were studied. The initial FIO2, the resultant PaO2, and the level of training of the physician ordering the initial ventilator settings were recorded for each patient. Patients treated with an initial FIO2 less than 1.0 had a PaO2 under 60 torr significantly more often than did patients treated with FIO2 of 1.0. Staff level physicians tended to employ an initial FIO2 less than 1.0 more often than did physicians-in-training, and the latter had a 19% incidence of PaO2 less than 60 torr, while staff-level physicians had no PaO2 values less than 60 torr when using an initial FIO2 less than 1.0. It is concluded that all adult patients started on MV should receive an initial FIO2 of 1.0, especially when the physician ordering the initial FIO2 is a physician-in-training. PMID- 6723333 TI - Physiologic changes associated with endotracheal intubation in preterm infants. AB - Physiologic changes associated with endotracheal intubation were examined in 10 preterm infants. Laryngoscopy was associated with apnea and minor abnormalities in cardiac rhythm in 2 infants. Three infants had nasal airflow recordings which demonstrated obstructed breaths during laryngoscopy. Systolic blood pressure (BP) increased 47% when the trachea was intubated, whereas heart rate and transcutaneous oxygen tension (PtcO2) decreased. Because endotracheal intubation is a physiologically stressful procedure, personnel who intubate preterm infants must be skilled and experienced to minimize the duration of laryngoscopy and the number of intubation attempts. PMID- 6723334 TI - Services for parental stress reduction in a pediatric ICU. AB - The stress of having their child in an ICU can be alleviated by keeping parents informed, ensuring positive relationships between staff and parents, providing concrete services that meet parents' needs, and maximizing parental involvement in the care of their child. We interviewed the parents of 22 children cared for in a pediatric ICU to determine how well their needs were met by the staff and facilities. Responses confirmed the importance of the 4 interventions listed above and indicated a high degree of satisfaction. The results emphasized the need for ICU staff to introduce themselves repeatedly to parents and make certain parents know who is responsible for their child's care, and to encourage parents to ask questions about their child's illness and therapy. PMID- 6723335 TI - Newborn ethical dilemmas: intensive care and intermediate care nursing attitudes. AB - A self-administered questionnaire concerning various neonatal ethical issues was completed by 39 ICU and 36 intermediate care unit (INT) nurses. Guttman scale analysis indicated that ICU nurses were more reluctant than INT nurses to resuscitate certain high-risk newborn infants. Work experience and a stated religious preference accentuated an INT nurse's disinclination to resuscitate high-risk babies. ICU nurses were more likely than INT nurses to favor passive and active euthanasia. Further, ICU nurses were more likely than INT nurses to view termination of life support for a sick infant as a necessity. ICU nurses were less likely than INT nurses to favor physician intervention in the care of all acutely sick neonates. ICU and INT nurses agreed, however, that the decision to terminate a baby's life support should be made jointly by the child's parents and physicians. Although differences in ICU and INT nursing attitudes may reflect quantitative and qualitative differences in work experience, these findings suggest a common need for emotional support and continuing education programs for nurses who care for high-risk newborns. PMID- 6723336 TI - Insertion of pulmonary artery catheters--a comparison of fiberoptic and nonfiberoptic catheters. AB - Fiberoptic (FO) pulmonary artery catheters were compared prospectively to the conventional type to observe the degree of insertion difficulty, the rate of complications, and the amount of technical faults. The inclusion of fiberoptic bundles in pulmonary artery catheters potentially altered their stiffness, thus influencing their passage from the central venous system to the pulmonary artery. Records were kept on the insertion of 287 consecutive pulmonary artery catheters, 44 of which contained fiberoptics for the continuous measurement of mixed-venous oxygen saturation ( SvO2 ). Results showed that the FO catheter was similar to the nonfiberoptic ( NFO ) model and could thus serve as an alternative to the conventional catheter when continuous monitoring of SvO2 was indicated. PMID- 6723337 TI - Air entrapment in pressure monitoring lines. AB - Less than 1 ml of air/24 h was entrapped in the transducer dome attached to each of 4 commercially available pressurized continuous-infusion flush devices. If entrained into the circulation, this amount is less than the volume of gas associated with significant morbidity in most experimental animal studies. The amount was not increased by periodic fast flushing but was further reduced with the addition of an air-eliminating filter between the flush reservoir and the dome. Other methods to further reduce bubble formation in this flush-dome-patient (FDP) system are discussed. PMID- 6723338 TI - Continuous S-vO2 measurement and oxygen transport patterns in cardiac surgery patients. AB - Twenty adult cardiac surgery patients with impaired ventricular function by contrast ventriculography at cardiac catheterization were monitored from before anesthesia until the time of extubation up to 12 h postoperatively. A thermodilution pulmonary artery catheter with fiberoptic channels for continuous measurement of mixed-venous oxygen saturation (S-vO2) by reflection oximetry was substituted for the usual catheter. The S-vO2 was recorded continuously along with blood pressure, cardiac filling pressures, and heart rate. Thermodilution cardiac output determinations were used to derive hemodynamic and oxygen transport indices. There was a consistently high and significant negative correlation (r = -.84) between S-vO2 and the percentage of oxygen extracted from blood. Thus, S-vO2 reflects oxygen extraction and continuous S-vO2 provides continuous quantification of global oxygen extraction. None of the other oxygen transport variables including cardiac index showed significant correlation with S vO2. The oximetry system provides a continuous and reliable indication of mixed venous blood oxygenation which is a continuous reflection of oxygen extraction. PMID- 6723339 TI - Hemodynamic and oxygen transport effects of prostaglandin E1 in patients with adult respiratory distress syndrome. AB - The hemodynamic and oxygen transport effects of prostaglandin E1 (PGE1, Prostin VR), in increasing doses from 1 to 30 ng/kg X min were evaluated in 5 severely ill surgical patients with adult respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS). This agent produced marked reductions in pulmonary arterial and venous pressures, and increases in cardiac output and oxygen transport. Improvement in PaO2 occurred several hours after these effects. The data indicate that this agent may be a useful adjunctive therapy for ARDS. PMID- 6723340 TI - Acute care/blood gas laboratories: profile of current operations. AB - A survey of acute care/blood gas laboratories was conducted through the memberships of the Society of Critical Care Medicine ( SCCM ) and the National Association of Medical Directors of Respiratory Care ( NAMDRC ). Data were obtained from 227 laboratories and analyzed for operational characteristics, personnel, analyses performed, and quality assurance procedures. Analyses included blood gases/pH, saturation, P50, oxygen content, hematocrit/hemoglobin concentration, as well as sodium, potassium, calcium, osmometry, and glucose. Application of appropriate quality control was uneven in terms of types and frequencies of procedures. Education of laboratory personnel ranged from high school to graduate degrees, with the greatest numbers having associate-level and baccalaureate-level educations . Certification of laboratory personnel primarily was through the National Board for Respiratory Therapy, although 36% of the personnel had no certification or registration. Aspects of the acute care laboratory identified as needing improvement are educational and certification requirements for laboratory personnel and application of quality control procedures. The database developed from this survey will serve for ongoing assimilation of information related to the operation of acute care laboratories. PMID- 6723341 TI - Successful treatment of thyrotoxic crisis with plasma exchange. AB - A 36-yr-old woman with thyroid storm was successfully treated with plasma exchange. After the first plasma exchange, free serum thyroxine (T4) was decreased and serum thyroxine-binding globulin (TBG) was significantly increased. The decrease in the patient's free T4 level after plasma exchange can perhaps be attributed to T4's increased binding capacity. Plasma exchange may be an effective therapy for thyrotoxic crisis and should be performed immediately if conventional therapy fails to improve the patient's condition. PMID- 6723342 TI - Unusual complications of subclavian vein catheterization. PMID- 6723344 TI - Central venous catheterization in the emergency setting. PMID- 6723343 TI - Correlation of respiration and prognosis in near-drowning. PMID- 6723345 TI - Bedside computation of cardiopulmonary variables with a hand-held computer. PMID- 6723346 TI - The radiology of thoracic malignant mesothelioma. AB - Formerly considered to be rare, primary malignant mesothelioma of the pleura has become a frequently diagnosed tumor during the last 30 years because of a more specific diagnostic criteria and because of its relationship with asbestos exposure. The radiologic findings associated with malignant mesothelioma of the pleura are not patho- neumonic but are characteristic and include a unilateral pleural effusion, unilateral pleural thickening, rib destruction and infra diaphragmatic spread, pulmonary nodules and masses and in distant metastases. These findings are in addition to the associated changes related to asbestos exposure. A review of the clinical records and radiographs of 26 patients with proven malignant mesothelioma studied at our institution serves as the basis for this review. The differential diagnosis radiologic findings and the relationship between these changes and the pathology clinical picture and the prognosis in this important disease entity is discussed. PMID- 6723347 TI - Combined treatment of post-menopausal osteoporosis: effect on muscle function and a new radiological method for assessing trabecular bone. AB - Ten women presenting with at least two osteoporotic vertebral crush fractures were treated with alfacalcidol (one-alpha-hydroxycholecalciferol), calcium lactogluconate, oestrogen and progestagen for 6 months. Significant improvements in the patient's assessment of pain, grip strength, walking and stair climbing times were found. These suggest that a sub-clinical myopathy may be a feature of osteoporosis. The role of combination treatment is discussed in depth. Radiographs of the thoracic and lumbar spines revealed no further deterioration and there was no significant reduction in standing height. Microfocal radiographs of the hand showed no change in metacarpal cortical bone width. This novel technique allowed a qualitative assessment of trabecular bone in the distal metacarpal but no consistent effect of treatment was observed. PMID- 6723348 TI - A comparative study of spiramycin and erythromycin in acute tonsillo-pharyngitis. AB - In a clinical and bacteriological study of 42 patients with acute tonsillo pharyngitis or chronic tonsillo-pharyngitis with acute exacerbation, patients were allocated at random to receive either a 3-day course of spiramycin or a 5 day course of erythromycin, both antibiotics being given in a dosage of 500 mg 3 times daily. The median time to disappearance of patient complaints such as fever, difficulty in swallowing, sore throat, cough and mucus was 3 days in each group and there was a significant reduction from pre-treatment to normal levels in total white cell count and erythrocyte sedimentation rate after treatment. Although more patients were considered to have shown a good clinical response to spiramycin, the difference was not statistically significant. From a bacteriological point of view, however, treatment with the regimen used was considered a failure in all cases in that neither antibiotic completely eradicated the pathogens identified at the start of treatment even though, with 3 exceptions, all of the micro-organisms were shown to be sensitive to the antibiotics before and after treatment. Few side-effects were reported in either group. PMID- 6723349 TI - A comparative trial of a controlled-release formulation of ketoprofen ('Oruvail') and a conventional capsule formulation of ketoprofen ('Orudis') in patients with osteoarthritis of the hip. AB - An open study was carried out in 46 patients with osteoarthritis of the hip to compare the efficacy and tolerance of treatment with ketoprofen given either as 100 mg capsules twice daily or as 2 capsules of 100 mg ketoprofen in a controlled release formulation given once daily. The results of subjective and objective assessments before and during 3-months' treatment in the 48 patients who completed the trial showed both treatments produced improvement in all parameters, except for the time taken for inactivity stiffness to develop, and there was no significant difference between treatments in terms of efficacy. The controlled-release preparation, however, was significantly better tolerated than the ordinary capsule form. Minor haematological and biochemical changes during treatment were noted but these were not of clinical importance. Six patients, 2 receiving the controlled-release and 4 receiving the ordinary formulation of ketoprofen, were withdrawn because of lack of efficacy or unacceptable side effects. PMID- 6723350 TI - Lack of weight gain with gliclazide treatment for 30 months in type II diabetes. AB - A long-term follow-up study was carried out in 44 Type II diabetic patients to confirm the lack of effect of gliclazide on body weight as well as its hypoglycaemic efficacy and tolerance. Patients were assessed for up to 51 months. The results showed no overall significant change in body weight, 21 patients gaining weight (mean 3.59 +/- 2.6 kg), 20 patients losing weight (mean 3.39 +/- 2.6 kg) and 3 patients showing no weight change. Satisfactory hypoglycaemic control was achieved in all but 8 patients who were transferred to insulin. Clinical and biochemical tolerance was good. PMID- 6723352 TI - Every pediatrician a geneticist (1983): (with an evolutionary view of disease). PMID- 6723351 TI - Cardiac emergencies. PMID- 6723353 TI - Laryngotracheoesophageal cleft in a newborn infant. PMID- 6723354 TI - Intraoperative identification of vessels critical to spinal cord blood supply- use of somatosensory evoked potentials. PMID- 6723355 TI - Dysphagia after highly selective vagotomy. PMID- 6723356 TI - A new screening technique for renal artery occlusive disease. PMID- 6723357 TI - Radiologic, endoscopic and surgical considerations of malignant melanoma metastatic to the small intestine. PMID- 6723358 TI - Myocardial P-31 nuclear magnetic resonance and ventricular function following graded cardiac ischemia. PMID- 6723359 TI - The effects of gastrografin in postoperative intestinal anastamoses in animals. PMID- 6723360 TI - The frequency response of the canine choledochoduodenal junction. PMID- 6723361 TI - Thymic hypoplasia (DiGeorge's syndrome). PMID- 6723362 TI - Problems of PUVA therapy. PMID- 6723363 TI - Scabies: a cause of generalized urticaria. PMID- 6723364 TI - Perioral contact dermatitis: a case report. AB - A case of perioral contact dermatitis due to lip-licking in a 12-year-old girl is discussed. Other perioral lesions are briefly described. PMID- 6723365 TI - Recalcitrant unilateral infection associated with congenital leg hypertrophy cleared by control of hyperhidrosis. AB - A man with congenital hypertrophy of the left leg experienced concomitant fungal and gram-negative bacterial infection of the foot on the same side. Oral antibiotic therapy failed, compromised by a post-surgical short bowel. Despite two hospitalizations for intensive care with intravenous antibiotic therapy, the infection did not clear until his plantar hyperhidrosis on the affected side was eliminated by the use of topical aluminum chloride. PMID- 6723366 TI - Oral warty dyskeratoma. AB - Warty dyskeratoma of the oral mucosa is a rare cause of solitary mouth lesions. Of the thirteen reported patients, only three have been described in the dermatologic literature. We now present an additional patient, and review both the medical and the dental literature on warty dyskeratoma. Various factors possibly related to its cause are discussed, including cigarette smoking, a heretofore largely unappreciated possibility. PMID- 6723367 TI - Basal cell carcinoma developing in a nevus flammeus. AB - A 44-year-old man with Sturge-Weber syndrome developed a basal cell carcinoma at the site of a nevus flammeus on his right cheek, which had been treated with a course of grenz rays at six years of age without obvious improvement. He also exhibited erythematous papulovesicular lesions on the upper trunk, which histologically proved to be transient acantholytic dermatosis. The association of nevus flammeus and basal cell carcinoma is extremely rare; to the best of our knowledge, only four similar cases have been previously reported. PMID- 6723368 TI - Xth Postgraduate Seminar in Pediatric Dermatology. Part II. Miami, Florida, February 24-27, 1983. PMID- 6723369 TI - Disseminated superficial actinic porokeratosis with hyperkeratotic lesions. AB - A patient with disseminated superficial actinic porokeratosis (DSAP) presented with unusual exudative hyperkeratotic plaques in addition to lesions more typical of the disease. The plaques were unresponsive to various systemic antibiotics, but responded dramatically to systemic corticosteroid therapy. PMID- 6723370 TI - Blue polka dots: an unusual presentation of mycosis fungoides. AB - A 69-year-old black woman with a patchy chronic eczematous dermatitis developed striking blue macules within her lesions. These discolored macules contained an abnormal dermal mononuclear cell infiltrate typical of mycosis fungoides. PMID- 6723371 TI - Keratosis punctata of the palmar creases. AB - Nineteen cases of keratosis punctata of the palmar creases are presented. This entity, currently regarded as a variant of keratosis punctata of the palms and soles, is seen almost exclusively in blacks. It is benign, mostly asymptomatic, and sometimes familial without any sex predilection. The clinical lesions are pits and keratotic papules confined to the creases of the palms and volar surfaces of the fingers. The soles are rarely affected but a new finding reported here is the involvement of the side of feet in eight of the nineteen cases. PMID- 6723372 TI - Granulomatous panniculitis and Hodgkin's disease. AB - An anergic patient with arrested Hodgkin's disease developed a cutaneous granulomatous panniculitis, an unusual dermatologic manifestation of this tumor. These granulomatous cutaneous lesions were composed primarily of epithelial cells and were free of necrosis. In contrast, focal necrotic areas were present in the granulomas detected two years previously in the original lymph node biopsy examination. PMID- 6723373 TI - An unusual variant of lichen sclerosus et atrophicus: delayed appearance in a surgical scar. AB - An unusual case of lichen sclerosus et atrophicus is described in which lesions appeared in a cholecystectomy scar sixteen years after the original surgery. PMID- 6723374 TI - Sterile mutants in Caenorhabditis elegans: the synaptonemal complex as an indicator of the stage-specific effect of the mutation. AB - Two sterile mutants of Caenorhabditis elegans hermaphrodites have been examined using the electron microscope and serial section analysis. The F4 and F80 mutants were described previously ( Mounier and Brun , 1980), and they were shown to be blocked at the start of oogenesis. In the F4 mutant, normal sperm are produced and the pachytene nuclei contain tripartite synaptonemal complexes (SC) between the homologously paired chromosomes. In the F80 asynaptic mutant, only a few sperm are produced and they have abnormal morphology. Whereas SCs and SC associated structures (termed 'SC knobs') are present in the F4, these structures are absent from the F80 . The mutation in F80 affects gametogenesis prior to the pachytene stage of meiosis and pairing of homologous chromosomes apparently does not occur. The SC knobs may influence the regulation of the disjunction of the chromosomes. For that reason, these structures are now termed 'disjunction regulator regions'. PMID- 6723375 TI - Composition of the isolated mitotic apparatus: analysis by polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis. AB - The mitotic apparatus (MA) from zygotes of the sea urchin Strongylocentrotus purpuratus were isolated and the components of the isolated MA were studied using one-dimensional polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis. MA were isolated using two different stabilization media, hexylene glycol and glycerol-dimethylsulphoxide ( MTM ), because previous studies have shown that MA isolated with these solutions have different properties. Both MA have at least 15-20 bands on gels. Whereas a few bands might be unique to one method of isolation, most bands are the same in hexylene glycol MA and MTM MA. Both kinds of MA differ from the general cytoplasm. Detailed descriptions of the appearances of the gels are given. The main difference between the two kinds of MA is in the relative intensities of the bands found in both MA. The physical and chemical properties of MA change during storage. After various durations of storage MA were extracted with 0.5 M KCl: more proteins were extracted from freshly isolated MA than from stored MA. There were changes in extractibility which occurred at the same time as the physiological changes, but the particular changes in hexylene glycol MA were not the same as those in MTM MA. Thus, there is no common denominator that would allow us to say that loss of extractibility is associated with changes in a certain protein of the isolated MA. PMID- 6723376 TI - Chromosome displacement and spindle tubule polymerization. 2. Effect of alterations of extracellular calcium on displacement parameters. AB - Human lymphocytes were grown for either the entire culture period of 72 h or the final 6 h of culture, in media with different concentrations of calcium. Cultures were harvested without colchicine or hypotonic treatment and 'displaced' chromosomes were analysed. Long or short term exposure to various concentrations of calcium gave similar results. The frequency of cells showing displacement and the median number of displaced chromosomes per cell were highly correlated with calcium concentration (r = 1). Only the smaller chromosomes, 13-22, showed a significant correlation for displacement rate and calcium concentration. Individual chromosomes showed a consistent response to calcium which appeared to be specific for each chromosome. Chromosome 17 was the most sensitive to calcium, but chromosomes 16, 19 and most C-group chromosomes showed no response. The acrocentric chromosomes 13, 14, 15, 21 and 22 all showed a modest but similar response. An hypothesis is advanced that these responses may be controlled by specific amounts of microtubular associated proteins and/or calmodulin in the spindle tubules attached to the different chromosomes. PMID- 6723377 TI - "Risk factors" and manifestations of arteriosclerosis in patients with intermittent claudication compared to normal persons. PMID- 6723378 TI - A reevaluation of atrial fibrillation in thyrotoxicosis. PMID- 6723379 TI - Clinical traits in medullary carcinoma of the thyroid. PMID- 6723381 TI - Cardiopulmonary function following post-cardiac surgical mediastinitis. AB - Eleven survivors of bacterial mediastinitis, which followed cardiac surgery through a median sternotomy approach, underwent noninvasive cardiopulmonary evaluation to determine whether clinically apparent mediastinal fibrosis had developed. Compared to preoperative values, forced vital capacity was reduced by 9.75 percent of predicted; the greatest reduction occurred in those patients with Gram-negative mediastinitis. In one patient, an abnormal jugular venous wave form and apex cardiogram were consistent with constrictive cardiac physiology, but this was not associated with an abnormal echocardiogram or impaired functional status. In this small series, no serious abnormalities in cardiopulmonary function were detected which could be attributed to prior mediastinal infection. PMID- 6723380 TI - Bronchoalveolar lavage. Its safety in subjects with mild asthma. AB - It has been suggested that fiberoptic bronchoscopy may induce life-threatening bronchospasm in persons with asthma. The safety of bronchoscopy and bronchoalveolar lavage (BAL) with bilateral installation of 300 ml of saline solution was assessed prospectively in ten adults with mild asthma as a part of a study of the lower respiratory tract in bronchospastic disease. Asthmatic subjects had pretreatment with intravenous aminophylline prior to bronchoscopy. Pulmonary function tests were performed prior to and immediately after the procedure, and values were compared to results in 12 normal adults undergoing bronchoscopy with BAL. One subject had mild bronchospasm (the third subject) before BAL could be performed. There were no major complications in the remaining asthmatic or normal subjects. Mean forced expiratory volume in one second (FEV1) did not change significantly in either group, and the mid-flow rate at 50 percent of vital capacity (Vmax 50%) decreased significantly only in normal subjects (p = 0.002). Moreover, none of the nine asthmatic subjects completing bronchoscopy with BAL had clinically significant bronchospasm. These results suggest that elective fiberoptic bronchoscopy and BAL can be performed safely in subjects with mild asthma. PMID- 6723382 TI - Plasmapheresis in the treatment of ventilator-dependent myasthenia gravis patients. Report of four cases. AB - During a 42-month period, we used plasmapheresis to treat four cases of myasthenia gravis with refractory respiratory failure. All four patients were ventilator dependent for prolonged periods and were not responding to management with cholinesterase inhibitors and corticosteroids. All four patients rapidly responded to the plasmapheresis; respiratory muscle strength returned sufficiently to allow discontinuation of assisted mechanical ventilation and removal of the artificial airway. In our experience, plasmapheresis is indicated in the treatment of the myasthenia gravis patient with respiratory failure which is refractory to conventional drug therapy. PMID- 6723383 TI - Natural history of severe left ventricular dysfunction after myocardial infarction. AB - The prevalence and prognosis of severe left ventricular dysfunction after infarction was prospectively analyzed in a series of 259 male patients aged 60 years or less surviving an acute myocardial infarction. All patients underwent coronary angiography 30 days after the acute event and were followed up for a mean period of 34 months (range, 15 to 55 months). Forty-five patients (17 percent) were found to have severe left ventricular dysfunction (ejection fraction less than or equal to 30 percent). Comparison of patients with and without severe impairment of left ventricular function showed the former to have a lower cardiac index (p less than 0.001), higher left ventricular end-diastolic volume index (p less than 0.001), and a higher prevalence of three-vessel disease (p less than 0.025) and of total or subtotal occlusion of at least one coronary artery (p less than 0.025). While the occurrence of congestive heart failure was higher in patients with severe left ventricular dysfunction (p less than 0.001), the probability of developing angina was similar in both groups. Cox's regression analysis showed ejection fraction to be the only independent predictor of survival in patients with severe impairment of left ventricular function. An ejection fraction of 20 percent or less identified a subset of patients with the highest mortality (62 percent at four years), significantly different from that of patients whose ejection fraction was between 21 and 30 percent (28 percent) (p less than 0.001). PMID- 6723384 TI - The measurement of dyspnea. Contents, interobserver agreement, and physiologic correlates of two new clinical indexes. AB - To improve the clinical measurement of dyspnea, we developed a baseline dyspnea index that rated the severity of dyspnea at a single state and a transition dyspnea index that denoted changes from that baseline. The scores in both indexes depend on ratings for three different categories: functional impairment; magnitude of task, and magnitude of effort. At the baseline state, dyspnea was rated in five grades from 0 (severe) to 4 (unimpaired) for each category. The ratings for each of the three categories were added to form a baseline focal score (range, 0 to 12). At the transition period, changes in dyspnea were rated by seven grades, ranging from -3 (major deterioration), to +3 (major improvement). The ratings for each of the three categories were added to form a transition focal score (range, -9 to +9). In 38 patients tested with respiratory disease, interobserver agreement was highly satisfactory for both indexes. The baseline focal score had the highest correlation (r = 0.60; P less than 0.001) with the 12-minute walking distance (12 MW), while significant, but lower, correlations existed for lung function. For the transition focal score, there was a significant correlation only with the 12 MW (r = 0.33; p = 0.04). These results indicate that dyspnea can receive a direct clinical rating that provides important information not disclosed by customary physiologic tests. PMID- 6723385 TI - Two-dimensional echocardiographic guiding of endomyocardial biopsy. AB - Two-dimensional echocardiography provides adequate spatial orientation and anatomic definition. Eighteen consecutive patients undergoing myocardial biopsy had concomitant two-dimensional echocardiography during 22 biopsies of five to six samples each. The transducer was placed at the apex and in the subcostal area and four-chamber views were used. The bioptome was seen entering the right atrium and crossing the tricuspid valve to the right ventricle. The catheter was then manipulated under two-dimensional echocardiography and the tip's position was strictly adapted, using two different classic views before sampling. The success rate in visualizing the forceps and in defining the site of sampling was 100 percent, and no complication was noted. Radiation exposure was largely reduced. Two-dimensional echocardiography to guide endomyocardial biopsy may reduce the risk of perforation by a better anatomic definition of the sampling site. It permits sampling from different ventricular sites or from the same site during serial procedures for monitoring evolution or treatment. PMID- 6723386 TI - Sputum elastin fibers and the diagnosis of necrotizing pneumonia. AB - Potassium hydroxide (KOH) preparations for elastin fibers on sputum obtained from 80 patients seen over a four-month period at two Cleveland hospitals were performed. The results were compared with roentgenographic evidence of necrosis and case diagnosis. Sixty-one patients had neither elastin in sputum nor roentgenographic evidence of cavitation; 11 had positive results using both methods. Two patients had no elastin fibers in sputum but had parenchymal pulmonary cavities on chest x-ray film. Six patients had elastin observed in KOH preparations of sputum, but no cavitation roentgenographically. The presence of elastin in sputum was strongly correlated with roentgenographic evidence of pulmonary necrosis (p = 5.7 X 10(-8]. Including patients seen before, after, and during the prospective study, we have observed a total of nine with positive sputum preparations for elastin and no cavitation on chest x-ray film for whom tissue was available for study. All had pulmonary necrosis histologically. Our observations suggest that the KOH preparation of sputum for elastin fibers may be more sensitive than the chest roentgenogram in the detection of pulmonary necrosis and may be a useful adjunct in the diagnosis of necrotizing disease. PMID- 6723387 TI - Bronchial arteriography in patients with pulmonary embolism. AB - At various times after clinical embolism, bronchial arteriography was performed in 23 patients with documented pulmonary embolism. In 17 patients with no radiologic infiltrates, chronic stage bronchial arteriograms demonstrated bronchial-to-pulmonary arterial collaterals with antegrade filling of distal pulmonary arteries. No collateral circulation was detected at the acute stage. In one case of massive pulmonary embolism with well-developed bronchial-to-pulmonary arterial collaterals and antegrade filling of distal pulmonary arteries, brisk back-bleeding occurred at surgery, and an excellent therapeutic result following thromboembolectomy was gained. By contrast, in six patients with radiologic infiltrates, only one patient (subacute stage) showed bronchial-to-pulmonary arterial collaterals; these were peripheral and associated with retrograde, not antegrade, filling of distal pulmonary arteries. Bronchial arteriography has provided information about the development of collateral circulation in pulmonary embolism, and might be useful when thromboembolectomy is planned. PMID- 6723388 TI - Computed tomographic scanning of the brain in initial staging of bronchogenic carcinoma. AB - Hematogenous dissemination to the brain occurs frequently with bronchogenic carcinoma ( BGCA ). Advocates of computed tomographic (CT) scanning have proposed the use of CT scanning of the brain as a screening procedure to exclude metastasis. To establish CT's appropriate role, we have retrospectively reviewed patients who had CT scanning of the brain during the initial staging and evaluation of BGCA . Clinical factors indicative of metastatic disease, both organ-specific and nonorgan -specific, were extracted from the history, physical, and laboratory data. Eighty-nine patients were studied. Sixteen patients had abnormal CT scans of the brain (18 percent). Only nine of the 16 had evidence of central nervous system (CNS) disease on history or physical examination. All 16 patients had strong clinical indications of disseminated disease. With completely normal clinical examinations, no abnormal CT scans were identified. Among patients with three or more clinical abnormalities present, an abnormal CT scan occurred in 37.5 percent (12 of 32). The clinical examination is a sensitive indicator of metastatic CNS disease as identified by the CT scan. Both organ specific and nonorgan -specific findings are important indicators of CNS metastatis . PMID- 6723389 TI - Evaluation of bronchial air leaks by auscultation and phonopneumography. AB - Bronchial fistulae in communication with atmospheric pressure can be identified by the presence of a squeaking sound heard over the chest wall during a Valsalva maneuver. Furthermore, these leak sounds can help identify the size, location, and communications of the bronchial fistulae. The size of the leak can be inferred by the pitch of the leak sound. Large leaks produce low pitched sounds, smaller leaks (or partially obstructed leaks) produce high pitched squeaks , and multiple leaking sites produce polyphonic leak squeaks . The bronchus responsible for the leak can be identified by cessation of the leak sound during balloon occlusion of the correct bronchial stump. A communication of a bronchial fistula with the chest wall facial plane produces massive subcutaneous emphysema and an early inspiratory click. This click suggests a check valve mechanism of air exiting the leaking bronchus. PMID- 6723390 TI - Host factors affecting longitudinal decline in lung spirometry among grain elevator workers. AB - The host factors affecting the longitudinal decline in lung function among 267 white male grain elevator workers who were still working in the industry and did not change their smoking habits over a period of six years were studied. Spirometric measures declined more rapidly in older grain handlers as compared with younger workers. Smokers had slightly greater decline in spirometry compared to nonsmokers, but the differences failed to reach the level of statistical significance. Acute changes in lung function over the course of one work week during the initial study were also positively correlated with subsequent decline in lung function, as was bronchial hyperreactivity determined during the follow up study. Positive immediate skin reactivity to common allergens, presence and absence of respiratory symptoms, and initial lung function did not appear to influence the subsequent decline in lung function in this group. PMID- 6723391 TI - Recurrent endobronchial soft tissue tumors. AB - Two benign appearing endobronchial soft tissue lesions in two young patients (ages 33 and 26) were incompletely excised to conserve normal lung. Both tumors recurred four and seven years later. The first tumor had abundant small vessels in a myxomatous background (angiomyxoma); myofibroblasts formed the invasive component of the second tumor. To the best of our knowledge these two types of tumor have not been reported in the endobronchial location. Endobronchial lipoma, epithelial papilloma, inflammatory polyps, nodular sarcoid or amyloid and lymph nodes should be managed endoscopically. The potentially recurring and locally invasive endobronchial tumors such as granular cell myoblastoma, pleomorphic adenoma, angiomyxoma, and tumors of myofibroblast, and probably all other sessile benign tumors should be excised completely with part of the bronchial wall. The maximum preservation of normal lung usually does not conflict with this type of radical procedure. PMID- 6723392 TI - Atelectasis and neuromuscular respiratory failure. AB - Atelectasis occurred in 17 of 20 patients treated with assisted ventilation for respiratory failure due to neuromuscular disease. A retrospective review of chest roentgenograms and medical records indicated that atelectasis occurs early in the course of respiratory failure and has a predilection for the lower lobes. Atelectasis was associated with infection and persisted despite therapy, often for more than four weeks. This study demonstrates that atelectasis in this condition still occurs frequently despite modern practices of mechanical ventilatory assistance. Infection, occurring soon after intubation, is identified as the principal cofactor. PMID- 6723393 TI - Pulmonary lymphangiomyomatosis. AB - Lymphangiomyomatosis is an interesting disease with distinctive clinical and histopathologic findings. We report herein two additional cases of lymphangiomyomatosis, including one with clinical improvement after therapy with progesterone. This case is of particular significance in view of the patient's negative sex steroid receptor analysis. These findings open new avenues for future considerations in the therapy of this unusual but interesting disease. PMID- 6723394 TI - A perplexing post-thoracotomy x-ray film shadow. PMID- 6723395 TI - Atrial flutter in Wolff-Parkinson-White syndrome responding to intravenous disopyramide. AB - Atrial flutter occurring in patients with the Wolff-Parkinson-White syndrome is extremely uncommon. We describe a patient with this arrhythmia which converted to sinus rhythm and normal conduction following intravenous administration of disopyramide. PMID- 6723396 TI - Intrathoracic neuroblastoma presenting with neonatal cardiorespiratory distress. AB - We report an unusual presentation of congenital intrathoracic neuroblastoma. Severe respiratory distress was present at birth and several salient clinical signs were suggestive of neonatal myocarditis. Excessive catecholamine secretions may have caused the observed cardiac dysfunction. Peculiar previously unreported cutaneous lesions were also noted in this case. PMID- 6723397 TI - Delayed postoperative cardiac tamponade mimicking severe tricuspid valve stenosis. AB - A patient developed acute, severe hemodynamic deterioration five days after an aortic valve replacement. Cardiac catheterization revealed a markedly elevated right atrial pressure but a normal right ventricular end-diastolic pressure. Angiography revealed an extrinsic mass causing compression of the right atrium and the tricuspid anulus. A large clot overlying the right atrium and ventricle was found at emergency surgery. Postoperative cardiac tamponade may result in an atypical hemodynamic presentation when there is selective compression of one chamber or of a valve anulus. PMID- 6723398 TI - Esophageal compression of the heart presenting as an extracardiac mass on echocardiography. AB - Echocardiography is helpful in the identification of extracardiac masses. The role of echocardiography in evaluating the effects of the masses on the heart is not well established. The case presented details the identification of and the evaluation by echocardiography of structural and functional effects of a massively dilated esophagus on the heart. Two-dimensional echocardiography revealed anatomic distortion due to a mass effect of the dilated esophagus on the left heart chambers. M-mode echo recordings demonstrated decreased left atrial and ventricular dimensions with increased atrial and ventricular fractional shortening. These findings normalized after Heller myotomy, without a change of estimated stroke volume. PMID- 6723399 TI - Rounded atelectasis due to acute exudative effusion. Spontaneous resolution. AB - Rounded atelectasis is an interesting roentgenographic entity that must be distinguished from intrathoracic neoplasm. Chronic pleural disease, particularly that due to asbestos exposure, is a frequently cited cause, and is considered to be a sine qua non by some. We report a case of rounded atelectasis with an acute parapneumonic exudative effusion that resolved spontaneously with roentgenographically normal pleura. PMID- 6723400 TI - Successful surgical treatment of prosthetic valve endocarditis and aortic root abscesses. AB - Repeated aortic prosthetic valve endocarditis and aortic root abscesses were successfully treated by implantation of a valved conduit into the ascending aorta and by placement of saphenous vein grafts to the aorta distal to the conduit and to the right and left anterior descending coronary arteries. This procedure provides several advantages, and six months after operation, the patient was in a satisfactory hemodynamic state and free from infection. PMID- 6723401 TI - Inspiratory and expiratory vital capacity. AB - Vital capacity (VC) is frequently measured by two different methods (inspiration vs expiration). The difference in results is not readily available in the literature. The VC was measured both ways in 60 subjects, including many with obstructive airway disease. Only a minor difference in mean VC (75 +/- ml SD) was found. The methods are probably interchangeable. PMID- 6723402 TI - Fine needle biopsy of tuberculomas. PMID- 6723403 TI - Hypokalemic myocytolysis and rhythm disturbances. PMID- 6723404 TI - Complications due to Nd:YAG laser therapy. PMID- 6723405 TI - Hypertrophic osteoarthropathy associated with pulmonary pseudotumor. PMID- 6723406 TI - Breakage of alligator biopsy forceps. An unusual complication during fiberoptic bronchoscopy. PMID- 6723407 TI - Noncardiac and cardiac pulmonary edema. PMID- 6723408 TI - Pulmonary artery catheterization. PMID- 6723409 TI - 26th Aspen Lung Conference: Silver anniversary. PMID- 6723410 TI - Diaphragm fatigue and the strategy of breathing in COPD. PMID- 6723411 TI - Cookie monster is autistic. PMID- 6723412 TI - Permanency planning with scarce resources: a classification system for child welfare cases. PMID- 6723413 TI - When the baby doesn't come home. PMID- 6723414 TI - Expanding the options for disturbed youth and their families. PMID- 6723415 TI - Children of emotionally disturbed mothers: problems and alternatives. PMID- 6723416 TI - Malpractice in child placement: civil liability for inadequate foster care services. PMID- 6723417 TI - Dilemmas in planning for the protection of children and youths in residential facilities. AB - Protection of children and youths after placement must be given increased emphasis because deinstitutionalized care is itself not harm-free and also because the needs of many children for care, control, and treatment are likely to be met in residential facilities for the foreseeable future. However, the diverse and often incompatible views of advocates and providers of child care about the issues affecting the protection of residents in institutions loom as obstacles to planning for the protection of children and youths after placement. Both of the extreme views of institutional abuse and neglect issues deny the need for child protection after placement. The first holds that since the child or youth is being protected and/or treated, no ongoing child protection is necessary. The other view holds that any child protection effort short of closing residential facilities is futile and therefore without merit. Underreporting of abuse or neglect is widespread; accountability of facilities for the protection of residents is, as a result, unevenly established. These conditions are attributable in part to the inadequate statutory base for protecting children in institutions. At the same time, because of the lack of a planned approach to protection within facilities, and between facilities and child protection agencies, residential facilities are likely to suffer negative public exposure when moderate or serious incidents of maltreatment become public. The absence of procedures for facilities themselves to recognize abuse and neglect invites exposure of incidents by staff and residents. The ad hoc manner in which incidents are managed by external agencies often inflicts unwarranted costs on the reputations of residential facilities that in many cases may have only one or two serious incidents a year. Finally, the use of "last resort" placements may be putting some children and youths into situations of unacceptable risk. Despite the existence of differing views in the residential care field, we have identified areas of agreement between the child protection agencies and residential facilities upon which public policy might build. The problem may not be so much that these attitudes exist, as that the states have not responded in a planned and credible way to the problem of institutional abuse and neglect. Nevertheless, development of a planned and credible approach must deal with these areas of difference if protection of children after placement is to be improved. PMID- 6723418 TI - Legal issues affecting residential child care workers. AB - Most respondents felt that child care workers' legal concerns should be addressed by requiring (1) thorough, legally approved written procedures and guidelines for all day-to-day procedures and responsibilities; (2) legally approved comprehensive record-keeping systems; and (3) access to legal support and counsel. When child care workers follow legal guidelines and a facility's procedure manuals carefully, documenting their activities in an approved record keeping system, they can expect to be in a positive situation in any legal contest and to have behavior measured from a legal standpoint by a standard described as what a "reasonable person" would be expected to do in a similar situation and circumstance. PMID- 6723419 TI - The Indian Child Welfare Act: dilemmas and needs. PMID- 6723420 TI - Value issues in present-day adoption. PMID- 6723421 TI - Open adoption as standard practice. PMID- 6723422 TI - Self-concept and attitudes toward adoption: a comparison of searching and nonsearching adult adoptees. AB - This study showed that nonsearchers and searchers are different from each other on almost every measure that was applied. Research on and experience with searching adult adoptees should not be applied to nonsearching adult adoptees. Likewise, research on and experience with nonsearching adult adoptees should not be generalized to searchers . The results of this study do not support the belief that adoptees, in general, have low self-concepts and identity conflicts, or that adoptees need information about their biological families and reunions to resolve their identity conflicts. Although the sample of pre- and post-reunion searchers was small, reunions did not make a significant difference in self-concept or identity conflicts, as measured by the TSCS . The results of this study do not support the theoretical bases often cited to justify open records. Specifically, adult adoptees in this study do not have negative self-concepts, did not experience poor adoptor - adoptee relationships, and the majority did not experience revelation of adoptive status as disruptive or late. Although significant differences exist between the comparison groups, an important finding is that of all the adult adoptees, the majority scored above the sixtieth percentile on the TSCS and had positive scores on the Attitude Toward Parents Scales. Furthermore, they were happy growing up, with only 12% reporting being unhappy. These findings support the conclusions of Day [1979] and Norvell and Guy [1977] as well as the belief that adoption is a legitimate way of building families.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS) PMID- 6723423 TI - Self-help support groups for Hispanic mothers. PMID- 6723424 TI - Memphis-Metro Youth Diversion Project: final report. PMID- 6723425 TI - Relationship of CSF shunting and IQ in children with myelomeningocele: a retrospective analysis. AB - This paper reviews 75 infants with myelomeningocele treated either at birth or from an early age at Rainbow Babies and Children's Hospital, for whom complete records and psychometric testing (IQ) are available (including complete summaries from referring hospitals). Three groups are compared: (1) infants without complications who were shunted for hydrocephalus (n = 41); (2) infants with complications who were shunted (n = 16), and (3) infants who were not shunted (n = 18). Complications were defined as ventriculitis (positive CSF cultures with elevated protein, depressed glucose and inflammatory cells), anoxia, poorly controlled hydrocephalus or other CNS anomalies such as porencephaly. The mean IQ of infants who were not shunted was 104, of those shunted without complications it was 91, and of those shunted who had complications it was 70. These IQ differences were significant at p less than 0.01, and were not explained by differences in spinal lesion levels. PMID- 6723426 TI - Hydrocephalus diagnosed prenatally. Outcome of surgical therapy. AB - 4 children with hydrocephalus diagnosed prenatally by uterine ultrasound are presented. In spite of severe hydrocephalus at birth, 3 of the 4 are normal 3.5 5.5 years following surgical therapy. The implications of hydrocephalus diagnosed prenatally are discussed. PMID- 6723427 TI - Neuropathologic features, including pontine schwannosis, in a four-year survivor of probable Reye's syndrome with secondary Mobius syndrome. AB - Frequent seizures and loss of motor, language, and intellectual skills necessitated care in an institution for the physically and mentally handicapped for 4 years after diagnosis of presumed Reye's syndrome in a 10-month-old boy. M obius syndrome was diagnosed and bilateral tarsorrhaphy performed for exposure keratitis. Postmortem examination revealed multiple old boundary zone infarcts in the cerebral cortex, small cavitated infarcts in basal ganglia and thalami, diffuse neuronal loss and gliosis, and a focus of old necrosis in the pons; brain stem herniation during the acute phase of Reye's syndrome was responsible for the latter lesion. Irregular congeries of proliferated peripheral nerves, confirmed by ultrastructural study, were ramifying in the gliotic pontine tegmentum. The pathologic substrate for the neurovegetative state in a long-term survivor of probable Reye's syndrome appears to be multifocal cerebral infarction. PMID- 6723428 TI - Childhood medulloblastoma presenting with hemorrhage. AB - Cerebellar hemorrhage is rare in childhood, and is usually the result of trauma or a ruptured arteriovenous malformation. We report acute subarachnoid hemorrhage as the presenting manifestation of medulloblastoma and review the atypical presentation and causes of cerebellar hemorrhage in infants and children. PMID- 6723429 TI - Porencephalic congenital cysts with hydrocephalus. AB - The therapeutic criteria according to tomographic findings are reviewed. 10 children, 6 male and 4 female, with porencephalic congenital cysts were studied. Early symptoms began within the first 6 months of life in 9 cases, and at the age of 5 years in 1. The most frequent symptoms were: seizures in 3; motor deficit in 5; retarded psychomotor development in 7; endocranial hypertension syndrome in 7; symmetric macrocrania in 7; paresis of the motor ocular nerves in 4. Preoperative studies: X-ray films-1 each patient-showed diastasis of sutures in 6 and cranial asymmetry in 2. Electroencephalograms-6 patients-were abnormal and diffuse in 3, hipsarrhythmic in 2, and focal in 1. CT-1 each patient-showed porencephalic cysts in all the patients; ventricular dilatation in 9; a single ventricle in 1, and a shift of the midline in 5. Postoperative studies: EEG, 1 each patient; CT, 1 each patient. SURGICAL TREATMENT: 8 patients underwent peritoneal shunts and 2 atrial shunts. Plastic surgery of the dysraphy was also performed. Postsurgical treatment: Rehabilitation and anti-convulsive treatment-4 patients. There were no deaths among the patients. The morbidity improved. PMID- 6723430 TI - The clinical significance of bilateral synostosis of the lambdoid suture and the usefulness of its treatment. AB - Extended craniectomy has been employed in 148 +/- 4 month old infants with bilateral synostosis of lambdoid suture. Intraoperatively the ICP was less than 180 mm H2O in 6, 180-200 in 1, greater than 200 in 7. 18 +/- 10 months following surgery clinical signs as psychomotor retardation and so forth were present in 4 compared to 11 patients preoperatively. With 1 exception there was a distinct remodelling of neurocranium and an almost complete ossification of the operative site. PMID- 6723431 TI - Cerebellocele and associated central nervous system anomalies in the Meckel syndrome. AB - Three cases with the Meckel syndrome were autopsied and found to have: arhinencephaly , polymicrogyria , aqueductal stenosis, heterotopia of glial tissue, hypoplasia or agenesis of the cerebellar vermis, cranium bifidum associated with large occipital ventriculocele and others. The anomalies at the level of posterior fossa in this condition are classified as those belonging to the Chiari type III group of anomalies. This unusual set of anomalies which forms pathogenetic link between the Dandy-Walker and Chiari-Arnold group of anomalies in the posterior fossa seems to be very frequent in the Meckel syndrome. The therapeutic emphasis is on genetic counseling in view of the recessive inheritance of the syndrome. PMID- 6723432 TI - The occipital transtentorial approach to the posterior fossa in the pediatric patient. AB - The occipital transtentorial approach to the high posterior fossa has been previously described for the adult neurosurgical patient. In this presentation 5 pediatric patients with differing pathology in the posterior fossa are reported following successful occipital transtentorial operations. The advantages of this approach over the suboccipital route for microneurosurgery are discussed. PMID- 6723433 TI - Moyamoya disease in children and its surgical treatment. Introduction of a new surgical procedure and its follow-up angiograms. AB - Moyamoya disease is an unusual form of chronic cerebrovascular occlusive disease characterized usually by bilateral stenosis of distal internal carotid arteries and their vicinity, by a hazy network of collateral circulation at the base of the brain called moyamoya vessels and clinically by recurring hemispheric ischemic attacks in children. This disease was first reported by a Japanese neurosurgeon and many reports and studies on this disease have been published in Japan. We report here the recent progress in the diagnosis of the disease and introduce a newly developed operative procedure which we think is an ideal surgical method for treating this disease in children. PMID- 6723434 TI - Argon laser surgery of pediatric neural neoplasms. AB - The argon microsurgical laser offers a less traumatic and often more hemostatic technique for the ablation of neural and tumor tissues. Our experience in 15 microsurgical procedures is discussed. The argon laser was essential in the removal of small, moderately vascular, strategically placed intracranial and spinal lesions. In each of these cases, the laser either permitted a complete resection or augmented the amount of tumor resected over that which could be removed by standard microsurgical technique. The laser was not beneficial in operations on large lesions or those with markedly increased blood flow. There were no early or late complications related to the use of the argon laser. Further advances in laser technology will afford significant improvements over the presently available techniques of laser microneurosurgery. PMID- 6723435 TI - Effect of meningomyelocele closure on the intracranial pulse pressure. AB - Intracranial pressure (ICP) was monitored in a 12-year-old child before and after closure of a large, skin-covered meningomyelocele. Significant cerebrospinal fluid pulse pressure augmentation was observed over a spectrum of pressures following sac closure. Linear regression analysis was done to define pulse pressure-ICP relationships before and after surgery, and a significant increase in the regression slope was noted postoperatively. It is suggested that the unoperated meningomyelocele defect served as a shock absorber to dampen the intracranial pulse pressure. Meningomyelocele closure removes this shock absorber effect, resulting in pulse pressure augmentation. PMID- 6723436 TI - Intracerebellar hemorrhage due to rupture of angiomatous malformations in the cerebellum. AB - Two infants were reported with intracerebellar hemorrhage due to rupture of angiomatous malformations in the cerebellum. There have been only a few reports on intracerebellar hemorrhage under 6 years of age, which was due to angiomatous malformation in all cases. The results of operations for intracerebellar hemorrhage in infants were more favorable than those in adults, so even if the infant patient shows severe neurological symptoms preoperatively, an operation should be performed. PMID- 6723437 TI - Evidence of spinal cord injury in an infant delivered by cesarean section. A case report. AB - A 3-month-old female infant is reported with upper spinal cord injury at birth. Breech presentation and hyperextension of head were observed 1 week prior to delivery. She was delivered by elective cesarean section. The absence of fetal movements 1 day prior to delivery and the uneventful cesarean section strongly suggest a spinal cord injury in utero secondary to hyperextension of the neck. PMID- 6723438 TI - Spontaneous hematomas caused by microangiomatosis of the basal ganglia. Presentation of two cases in the newborn period. AB - We present 2 cases of tumors of the gray basal nuclei with intraventricular hemorrhage and secondary hydrocephalus. Because of the patients' ages, the absence of traumatic antecedents and the angiographic characteristics, the findings were diagnosed as gliomas. In both cases, the existence of hematomas provoked by microangiomatosis was proved after the operation. The differential diagnostic between these two entities is discussed. PMID- 6723439 TI - Acquisition of an unfamiliar script in story form by young children. AB - Preschool, first, and third graders heard similar versions of an unfamiliar scriptlike story followed by a novel story, and were tested for immediate and delayed recall. Children more often confused parts of the similar stories with each other than with the novel story, indicating that the similar versions were perceived as belonging to a separate category or script. "Very specific" story items were recalled better in immediate recall, whereas "very general" items were recalled better in delayed recall, suggesting a transition from reproductive to reconstructive recall. Preschoolers showed less evidence of constructive processing than older children, and their performance was more affected by the degree to which story items were schematically organized. PMID- 6723440 TI - A cross-linguistic study of the development of sentence interpretation strategies. AB - Studies of the development of sentence comprehension strategies in English have indicated that, at first, children tend to rely on pragmatic and semantic strategies, whereas, later on, they rely primarily on word order to determine the basic grammatical relations. However, before making strong conclusions regarding the role of semantics in comprehension, it is necessary to distinguish between (1) extragrammatical knowledge of world events and (2) abstract semantic distinctions that may be an integral part of the parsing process. An earlier study of American and Italian adults indicated that use of such abstract semantic strategies may be a core strategy for parsing in Italian. In the present study, we compared sentence interpretation in American and Italian children between the ages of 2 and 5. From the earliest stages, children showed sensitivity to the relative information value of the various cues in their native language; Italians relied primarily on semantic cues, whereas American children relied on word order. In general, the data did not support claims regarding the existence of universal hypotheses about language structure. There was also evidence that the failure of these young children to make full use of certain interpretive cues resulted from their inability to appreciate the discourse functions of these cues. PMID- 6723441 TI - Young children's understanding of attributes and dimensions: a comparison of conceptual and linguistic measures. AB - Preschoolers' (2-, 3-, and 4-year-olds) understanding of attributes and dimensions was examined in 3 experiments. Attribute knowledge is the knowledge that a particular attribute--for example, red--can be instantiated in a variety of distinct objects. Dimension knowledge is the knowledge that there are qualitatively distinct kinds of attributes; for example, red and blue are attributes of the same kind, a kind that is different from that of big. Preschoolers' understanding of attributes and dimensions was assessed by both a conceptual measure and a linguistic measure. A language-free follow-the-leader task served as the conceptual measure. In this task, all the children showed strong attribute knowledge. However, 2-year-olds did not appear to differentiate attributes into their dimensional kinds. The observed trend in the linguistic task was not isomorphic to that observed in the conceptual task. The acquisition of some attribute and dimension labels appears to follow closely the trend in conceptual development, whereas the acquisition of others (specifically, size attribute labels) lags severely behind the attainment of the basic concepts. The results provide new information about the development of object comparison and the acquisition of dimensional terms. PMID- 6723442 TI - Exploring the presence of imitation during early infancy. AB - 2 investigations of early imitative ability were conducted with cross-sectional samples of infants between 4 and 21 weeks. Study 1 involved 2 rounds of modeling 5 gestures to infants. In Study 2, the number of modeled gestures was reduced to 3, but each one was modeled many more times--for the duration of the infant's attention over a 3-min period. When frequencies of reproduction of a modeled act were compared against baseline frequencies and against average frequencies of the act during periods when other actions were modeled, several main results were obtained. First, the most general finding was that imitative-like matching of modeled gestures was the exception, not the rule, at all ages. Second, even where significantly greater frequencies of a gesture occurred during modeling than during control periods, it was always a partial and incomplete version of the modeled act that was reproduced, not a well-formed copy of the adult's gesture. Finally, where results were consistent with an interpretation of imitation, as with responses to tongue protrusion modeling, the effect was restricted to the youngest ages: 4-6 weeks. Given the restricted evidence for imitation, and the fact that neither linear nor curvilinear growth trends were apparent, the most appropriate explanation for the reproduction of tongue protrusions at the youngest age is to be sought in terms of a reflexive or fixed action pattern type of response. PMID- 6723443 TI - Sound priming in beginning readers. AB - This research explored the issue of whether beginning readers proceed from print directly to meaning, as suggested by Barron and Baron , or whether it is necessary for them to use phonological information in order to obtain access to the meaning of printed words. Children between the ages of 7 and 12 were asked to make semantic interpretations from printed words. If beginning readers make use of an intermediate phonemic code in accessing the lexicon, speech sounds will affect decision times. For this reason, speech sounds were presented shortly before a visual word display. The results show that similarity between sound and the pronuciation of the word is facilitative for beginning readers (both for familiar and unfamiliar orthographies and independent of orthographic complexity) but has no effect for more fluent readers. 5 experiments to explore this phenomenon were carried out, and from the results it was concluded that at least at low levels of reading skill intermediate phonemic codes are used in lexical access. PMID- 6723444 TI - Development of knowledge of visual-tactual affordances of substance. AB - Infants of 12 months were familiarized in the dark with an object of either a hard or an elastic (spongy) substance. Following 60 sec of manipulation, a visual preference test was given with simultaneous presentation of 2 films of identical objects, 1 moving in a pattern characteristic of a rigid object and 1 moving in a pattern characteristic of an elastic object. Infants handled the 2 substances differently in an appropriate manner and looked preferentially with more and longer first looks to the type of substance familiarized. A replication of this experiment with familiarization in the light yielded comparable results. A third experiment with 1-month-old infants allowed them to mouth objects of either a hard or a soft substance for haptic familiarization and then tested looking preferences with real objects moving rigidly or deforming. These infants looked longer at the object moving in a manner characteristic of the novel substance. The results, together, suggest that quite young infants detect intermodal invariants specifying some substances and perceive the affordance of the substance. PMID- 6723445 TI - Developmental changes in auditory temporal perception. AB - Infants, preschoolers, and adults were tested to determine the shortest time interval at which they would respond to the precedence effect--an auditory phenomenon produced by presenting the same sound through 2 loudspeakers with the input to 1 loudspeaker delayed relative to the other. The delayed sound is not localized at its source until time delays between onsets are lengthened beyond a critical limit, or threshold. Thresholds for the precedence effect were defined as the delay interval below which listeners respond only to the leading loudspeaker and above which they respond to both loudspeakers. Threshold estimates were determined for adults and preschoolers with an ascending and descending series, followed by a method of constant stimuli series. Infants were trained to respond to the delayed sound using a visually reinforced headturning procedure. For clicks, preschoolers' and adults' thresholds were around 12 msec, while 6-month-olds stopped responding to the delayed sound around 25 msec. A similar developmental difference in threshold was expressed between preschoolers and adults for a more complex sound, with younger subjects hearing the precedence effect over a longer time delay. PMID- 6723446 TI - The development of detour ability during infancy. AB - 3 longitudinal studies were conducted to examine the generalization of detour ability across motor responses and barrier types and the relationship between the development of object permanence and detour ability. In Experiment 1, 12 8-month olds were tested every 3 weeks for 4 months on 4 different detour problems and Stage 4 and 6 object permanence tasks. In the detour problems, infants had to reach or move around a transparent or opaque barrier to obtain an object. The results indicated that infants made reaching detours before corresponding locomotor ones and generally made detours around opaque barriers before transparent ones. Infants also solved the Stage 4 task before the detour problems but failed to solve the Stage 6 task before testing ended. The results of Experiments 2 and 3 suggested that the difference in reaching and locomotor detour performance was not an artifact of barrier length or the infant's position relative to the barrier. The overall results are discussed in relation to issues of developmental synchrony and Piaget's theory of infant spatial development. PMID- 6723447 TI - The child's conception of food: the development of food rejections with special reference to disgust and contamination sensitivity. AB - Structured interviews with 3.5-12-year-old children and their mothers were directed at documenting the development of 4 psychological categories of food rejection. The first to appear is rejection based purely on sensory characteristics, usually taste ( distastes ). Rejection based purely on anticipated harm following ingestion appears next (danger). Finally, the oldest children and adults show rejection based on the idea of what something is or where it comes from. This ideational type of rejection further differentiates into affectively laden rejections of substances that become offensive ( disgusts ) and more neutral rejections of substances as simply not food (inappropriate). A critical psychological feature of disgusting substances in adults is that they are "contaminants": they render an otherwise liked food inedible if present even in trace amounts, or if associated with a liked food. Contamination sensitivity is not present in the younger subjects, and appears gradually in the age range studied. Young children are unaware of the physical chemistry of solutions (e.g., diffusion and its lack of reversibility) and therefore do not show a "contamination response." PMID- 6723448 TI - Baby beautiful: adult attributions of infant competence as a function of infant attractiveness. AB - To determine at what age children first elicit differential expectations from adults as a function of their appearance, a sample of black, Caucasian, and Mexican-American adults rated photographs of a sample of black, Caucasian, and Mexican-American infants at 3 time periods in the first year of life. These adults first rated the infants on physical attractiveness and then rated the infants on 12 bipolar adjectives. The adjectives were reduced to 4 dimensions of infant behavior by factor analysis. A strong beauty-is-good stereotype was associated with 3 of the dimensions. On the measures of smart - likable baby, good baby, and causes parents problems, there was a beauty-is-good bias that prevailed across ethnic groups. In contrast, no such bias was found on the measure of active baby. The activity index was expected to reflect positive characteristics, but it appears to have implied overactivity and irritability. Strong and consistent expectations for behavior of attractive and unattractive individuals thus appear to be elicited soon after birth in Caucasian and non Caucasian populations. PMID- 6723449 TI - Interaction between deaf preschoolers and unfamiliar hearing adults. AB - The purpose of this study was to broaden our knowledge of the deaf child's social environment by providing a detailed description of the interactions between deaf children and women who were without experience or training with deaf people. 15 mothers interacted in a play situation with an unfamiliar deaf 5-year-old, an unfamiliar hearing 2-year-old, and an unfamiliar hearing 4 1/2-year-old. The women adapted their communication to the needs of the deaf children in several ways. The women used more visual communicative devices, touches, and simpler speech when communicating to the deaf children than when communicating to the hearing children. Despite these modifications, the women's initiations to the deaf children were only successful 46% of the time. In contrast, the women's initiations to the hearing children were successful more than 69% of the time. The women compensated for their low rate of success with the deaf children by initiating interactions more often to the deaf children than to the hearing children. As a result, the women and deaf children interacted as frequently as the women and hearing children. However, because the women and deaf children had considerable trouble maintaining their interactions for any length of time, they spent half as much time interacting as did the women and hearing children. Some reasons for this interactional pattern are presented. In addition, the implications of the results for the nature of " Motherese " are discussed. PMID- 6723450 TI - Early intervention using simultaneous communication with deaf infants: the effect on communication development. AB - This report presents findings on an independent evaluation of an early intervention program for severely and profoundly deaf children. Located in Vancouver, British Columbia, this comprehensive program served families with children under age 3. The evaluation included comparison with a matched sample of deaf children without intervention. Included were a developmental assessment and videotape of linguistic and social interactions. Results indicated more developmentally mature communication and higher-quality interaction in families who had received intervention. PMID- 6723451 TI - Leave-takings and reunions of infants, toddlers, preschoolers, and their parents. AB - The leave-taking and reunion behaviors of infants, toddlers, preschoolers, and their parents were observed as the children were "dropped off" and "picked up" at their nursery school each day. On arrival at their classroom, infants and toddlers related primarily to their parents, whereas preschoolers related to their teachers. Girls more frequently engaged in interaction with their teachers, and boys more frequently approached the children's play activities. Distress behaviors during the parents' departures were most frequently shown by toddlers, and the toddlers' parents hovered about them and " sneaked out of the room" more frequently. Children dropped off by mothers versus fathers showed more attention getting behavior and crying, and mothers versus fathers engaged in more "distracting-the-child" behaviors and showed a longer latency to leave the classroom. During the second semester of observations parents and children spent less time relating to each other during leave-taking, children protested the departures less frequently, and the parents left the classroom more quickly. Regression analyses on distress behaviors during leave- takings and ambivalent behavior during reunions suggested that parent behaviors such as verbal explanation, distracting the child, latency to leave, and " sneaking out of the room" were correlated with children's distress and leave-taking distress was related to ambivalent behavior at reunion. PMID- 6723452 TI - Home again: effects of the Mother-Child Home Program on mother and child. AB - 4 successive cohorts of low-income families were randomly assigned either to a home-based intervention program that focused on modeling verbal interaction between mother and child around selected toys and books or to comparison treatments. Large program effects were found on maternal interaction styles in videotaped observations. Small IQ and program-specific effects were found for children in contrast to much larger IQ effects found in earlier research. IQ effects did not appear to have been mediated by changes in maternal behavior. A variation in which toys and books were supplied without home visits was as effective as the full program on IQ but not on maternal behavior. 3 years postprogram , there were no detectable effects in achievement or IQ tests or in first grade teachers' ratings of school adjustment and performance, but IQ and achievement scores were near national norms. Reasons for discrepancies with earlier results are discussed. The results highlight the need for continued experimental evaluation of early intervention programs with safeguards to insure that samples are educationally at risk. PMID- 6723453 TI - The relationship between affect and cognition in maltreated infants: quality of attachment and the development of visual self-recognition. AB - 37 19-month-old infants, 18 maltreated and 19 matched lower-class comparisons, were seen in Ainsworth and Wittig 's Strange Situation in order to document the impact that early maltreatment by the mother has on the attachment relationship. In addition, these infants were observed in the standard mirror-and- rouge paradigm to investigate the hypothesis that individual differences in the emergence of the capacity for visual self-recognition could be related to qualitative differences in the attachment relationship. Consistent with predictions from attachment theory, maltreated infants were found to manifest a significantly greater proportion of insecure attachments than were nonmaltreated infants. When data for the entire sample of infants were analyzed, it was found that those infants who evidenced visual self-recognition were significantly more likely to be securely attached to their mothers. However, a separate analysis of the maltreated and comparison groups of infants revealed a different pattern of results. 90% of the nonmaltreated infants who recognized themselves were securely attached to their caregivers. In contrast, for those maltreated infants who recognized themselves, there was no significant relationship between this capacity and qualitative differences in the security of attachment. Furthermore, an analysis of the affective responses of the infants to their rough-marked noses revealed that nonmaltreated infants were more likely to show an increase in positive affect following the application of rouge , whereas maltreated infants manifested neutral or negative reactions. These results demonstrate that early maltreatment may have deleterious effects for the infant, independent of those risk factors commonly associated with lower-class membership. In addition, they underscore the impact of maltreatment upon the successful achievement of salient developmental tasks and upon the relationship between affective and cognitive development in the maltreated infant. PMID- 6723454 TI - [The problem of radical treatment of breast cancer]. PMID- 6723455 TI - [Long-term results of modified radical and conservative operations of breast cancer]. PMID- 6723456 TI - [Arguments for postoperative radiotherapy of breast cancer based on staging]. PMID- 6723457 TI - [The significance of mass screening on the prognosis of breast cancer]. PMID- 6723458 TI - [Preventive use of antibiotics in surgery of the gastrointestinal tract]. PMID- 6723460 TI - [Preventive use of antibiotics in vascular surgery]. PMID- 6723461 TI - [Indication for preventive measures in benign colonic diseases]. AB - For non-malignant colon diseases the indications for preventive measures can be of tumorous and non-tumorous nature. In case of ulcerative colitis and Crohn's colitis local and systemic complications may demand a colectomy. The operative procedures in this case are proctomucosectomy with ileumpouch or ileorectostomy , if continence can be preserved. Mucosal proctectomy with ileumpouch will prevent the obligatory malignant change in familial adenomatosis. The preventive resection in diverticulitis bewares of the complication of the progressive phlegmonous infection of the colonic wall. PMID- 6723459 TI - [Preventive use of antibiotics in the surgery of injuries]. PMID- 6723462 TI - [Infrared coagulation of the lung. Initial experimental and clinical results]. AB - With regard to the good results which were found using the infrared coagulator (IRC) in hemostasis of liver and spleen experimental and clinical investigations of the lung were performed. Animal experiments elucidated the necessity of ligation of greater vessels as well as bronchi. Secure plugging of lung tissue was also possible following increased positive pressure respiration. A mean maximal extend of necrosis of 3 mm was measured. Clinical use in 11 patients proved secure plugging of tissue due to IRC application. Drainages could be removed within 4 days without appearance of broncho-pleural fistulas. PMID- 6723464 TI - [Late results of mesocaval and distal splenorenal shunts]. AB - Shunt operations were carried out in 63 patients. Child A and B patients received alternatingly a distal splenorenal or mesocaval shunt, Child C and emergency patients exclusively mesocaval shunts. The postoperative mortality in the emergency group was 29%, in the elective group with mesocaval shunts 13% and with distal splenorenal shunts 17%. After 3 years the cumulative survival rates were similar in all patient groups and amounted to 54-64%. Episodes of acute encephalopathy in the late phase were observed only after mesocaval shunts (7%). PMID- 6723463 TI - [Clinical and angiographic follow-up of vascular injuries of the major arteries of the extremities]. AB - Eighteen patients with major vessel trauma were reviewed three years after the accident. The follow-up included clinical examination and angiography. The morphological results were compared to the applied surgical technique of vessel repair. In all of our patients the blood supply to the injured extremity was clinically sufficient. Optimal morphological results were observed in our study in patients with transverse end-to-end-anastomoses with single stitch suture. If a direct anastomosis was not possible we generally used an autologous vein graft. The simultaneous repair of concomitant vein trauma diminishes the danger of a compartment syndrome. PMID- 6723465 TI - [Peritoneovenous shunt in the treatment of therapy resistant ascites. Results of 7 years' experience]. AB - In recent years, implantation of a peritoneo-venous shunt has proven effective in the treatment of therapy-resistant ascites. From 1976 till 1983, a total of 63 shunt systems (Le Veen-, Agishi -, Denver system) were implanted in 55 patients with a mean age of 52.3 years. The most common cause for ascites was hepatic cirrhosis. The average functional period amounted to 21.7 months and the longest implantation time to nearly 7 years. The postoperative complication rate is considerable: 19 patients died in the postoperative course. The most dreaded complication is shunt infection and intravascular thrombopathy . In spite of the high complication rate, the establishment of a peritoneo-venous shunt is recommendable for combatting therapy-resistant ascites. PMID- 6723466 TI - [Medullary reaming in chronic osteomyelitis of the stable femur and tibia shaft]. AB - Ten patients with chronic osteomyelitis of the femur or tibia shaft without bone instability were operated by intramedullary reaming. All patients but one had previous surgery, up to 12 operations with the average duration of the disease 10.5 years. After intramedullary reaming all patients received systemic antibiotics for 8 days and in 6 cases the intramedullary cannal was filled with gentamicin-PMMA chains which were removed in local anaesthesia 10 days after surgery. Eight patients who had severe pain at rest were promptly relieved by the operation. In 3 cases of chronic fistulation only one exacerbation was seen. This was because of insufficient reaming, the patient was subsequently reoperated with reaming from a distal approach. During the observation periode from the month 12 to 32 in no case was there a recurrence of pain or infection. PMID- 6723467 TI - [Functional treatment of extensor tendon injury of the hand]. AB - We have treated 73 patients with 107 injuries of the extensor tendon. We started with an elastic dynamic splinting means = 9 (2-27) days after operation. The duration of functional treatment was means = 40 (13-103) days. Infections were only seen in severe cases (12.3%), and there was no rupture of the sutured tendon. Good or excellent functions were found in 92% of the patients. To sum up, primary extensor tendon repair will provide superior functional results at all levels of injury by postoperative dynamic splinting. PMID- 6723468 TI - [Non-occlusive insufficiency of the superior mesenteric artery in the low cardiac output syndrome. Sonographic findings and clinical course]. PMID- 6723469 TI - [Technic and transdiaphragmatic stapled anastomosis following resection of the distal esophagus in cancer of the cardia]. PMID- 6723470 TI - [Modification of a stapler for epidiaphragmatic esophagus anastomosis using the transabdominal approach]. PMID- 6723471 TI - The interrelationships between serotonin production and locomotion in different light regimes in southwestern Michigan opilionids, Leiobunum longipes. AB - The comparison was made of the effect of LL and DD with LD 14:10 photoperiods on the 24-h secretion cycle of serotonin secretion and the activity patterns of Leiobunum longipes from Southwestern Michigan. LL and DD altered the normal activity patterns but did not change the pattern of serotonin secretion. The activity pattern in normal photoperiod (LD 14:10) produced a 12-h cosinor pattern, resulting in a 24-h biphasic activity peak model. The activity peaked in both scotophase and photophase . The altered patterns in LL and DD were different. In LL a rhythmic component could not be statistically determined. A high, irregular level of activity was seen, higher than the mean level in LD. In DD a combined 24 and 48 h cosinor pattern best fit the observed data. The major peaks occurred in nature during every other photophase and alternate scotophase time in the constant photoperiod conditions. Serotonin secretion patterns in LD, LL, and DD statistically fitted a 24-h cosinor model. Peak secretion times occurred in mid photophase for LD and LL. A later photophase peak was seen in DD. LL animals showed a mean level of serotonin and secretion pattern which was not statistically different from LD. The hypothesis that LD photoperiods direct a peak of serotonin secretion which initiated the activity pattern could not be accepted. PMID- 6723472 TI - Pepsinogen gastrin mesor ratio: a potential simple marker for gastric secretory function. AB - As compared to control subjects, patients with duodenal ulcer show decreased levels of serum G and increased levels of serum Group I pepsinogen (PGI). On the other hand, pregnant women in their third trimester show an increased level of serum G and decreased levels of serum PGI. Gastrin stimulates gastric secretion and has a trophic effect on the parietal cells. Concentrations of PGI in serum reflect the capacity of pepsin-secreting cells which are, in turn, closely related to the parietal cell mass. Pepsinogen/G ratio (PGI/G) could represent the effective acid-peptic secretory capacity. This study suggests that for screening and clinical purposes PGI/G ratio provides a good potentially discriminatory marker of gastric secreting capacity reliably correlating and improving the diagnostic significance of single G and/or PGI serum levels. PMID- 6723473 TI - A school-refuser: his rest-activity rhythm involved multiple circadian components. AB - In a 950-day observation, a school- refuser showed a freerunning circadian rest activity rhythm of 24.5 h interrupted intermittently by days of irregular rest activity cycle. The interruption may be explained by an interaction between two desynchronized rhythmic components; one is freerunning and the other is of 24.0 h. The symptoms of emotional disorder were observed more frequently during days of interruption. PMID- 6723474 TI - Temporal patterns of parturition in mammals in captivity. AB - Previous research indicates that many primate species are more likely to give birth at night than during the day. This study attempted to determine whether temporal patterns of birth are discernible in a number of non-primate mammals. In addition, it sought to relate time of birth to the sleep/wake cycle and to the level of predation on the species. Data were collected and analyzed on birth hours in 26 mammalian species from two Chicago area zoos . Although temporal patterns of parturition were discernible for many species, the hypothesis that most birth would occur during the restive phase was not supported. However, a significant positive correlation between level of predation and the likelihood that birth would occur during the restive phase was found (n = 0.40). These findings are discussed in terms of predator/prey interaction and the protection (or lack of protection) that restive birthing might afford the mother and offspring at this vulnerable time. PMID- 6723475 TI - Timing of medical diagnosis and treatment: clino-circadian quantification of suppression by dexamethasone of the adrenal cortical cycle in healthy men. AB - The inhibitory effect exerted upon the cyclic activity of the adrenal cortex by a synthetic steroid analog (dexamethasone-21-phosphate) administered at different circadian stages, has been studied previously. Reexamination of the same data by microscopic methods herein provides two sets of objective quantitative endpoints for further studies, namely 1. the characteristics of a rhythm isolated from a superimposed trend as well as noise, and 2. the endpoints of the trend itself. These endpoints quantify the effect of dose and, with the appropriate dose, the optimal timing for a given purpose may also be found. PMID- 6723476 TI - The role of immune complexes for the origin of liver lesions. AB - Immunocomplexes (IC) are frequently determined in cases of viral hepatitis B. especially in sera where HBsAg has been detected by RIA method. In HAV infection IC have not been detected, as well as in normal controls. After the addition of immunoglobulin anti HBs the concentration of IC in serum significantly rises. In HA infection and in healthy controls such an elevation does not appear. The diagnostic and differential diagnostic value of IC determination in viral hepatitis has been discussed as well as some problems of the therapeutic use of immunoglobulins. PMID- 6723477 TI - To the question of maximal permissible load with chemical substances in man. AB - The authors introduce an over-all evaluation of a maximum admissible drug load in man, as related to professional exposure, environmental atmosphere, water, soil, and foodstuffs. To minimize the occurrence of lesions, it is necessary to disclose and classify the environmental factors responsible for homeostasis of the human organism. Moreover, it is desirable to establish the limits of biologically adverse changes of the medium. A real adaptation is possible provided the above changes are sufficiently slow and enable development of optimum mechanisms of reactions within the biological homeostasis. The establishment of an effective system for optimalization of man's environment necessitates further advancement and improvement of methods and their more adequate selection. This adequacy should respond to the real conditions of evaluation of relationships of man and populations with dynamically changing environment. The understanding of general regularities and mechanisms of this complex action will be indispensable. The to-date experience implies that the criteria for determination of the maximum permissible load of environment and man with chemical compounds are quantitative relationships between intensity, frequency and duration of exposure to chemicals in the atmosphere, and the magnitude of undesirable changes in man and his environment. The classification of acceptable or permissible limits of concentration (or other index of exposure) of chemical substances in the atmosphere pursues the protection of the population from undesirable effects under variable conditions of exposure (chemical compounds in working places, atmosphere, alien foreign substances in food, water or soil). The number of potentially toxic substances to be evaluated both hygienically and toxicologically, amounts to about 25 000. Newly introduced chemical compounds annually make about 1000-5000, of which approximately 10% need a thorough examination. The limits can be divided into several groups: Maximum permissible concentrations of chemical compounds (MAC) in working and external atmosphere, water, and partially in soil and food. For these a denomination "derived working limits". Limits of chemical compounds based on their intake by the human organism are sometimes called "primary protection standard". These may correlate with the acceptable daily intake of foreign substances (additives and contaminating substances). The longest tradition enjoys the classification of food additives, which has been supervised since 1956 by the Joint Committee of FAO experts and WHO experts for pesticide residues (1).(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 400 WORDS) PMID- 6723478 TI - The influence of smoking and other etiopathogenetic factors on the incidence of bronchogenic carcinoma and chronic nonspecific respiratory diseases. AB - In the longterm epidemiological studies carried out in the Kol in District, Czechoslovak Socialist Republic, in the course of the past 20 years, the importance of cigarette smoking as a risk factor of bronchogenic carcinoma and chronic bronchitis has been confirmed. The proportion of cigarette smokers in the population of the district under study, aged 15 years and over, was 57% for males and 14% females. The incidence of bronchogenic carcinoma, proved by histological or cytological examination, was approximately 50 times higher in males from 40 to 64 years of age, who had smoked 200 000 cigarettes and over, than in non-smokers. In cigarette smokers who had not smoked as much, the incidence was 10 times higher then in non-smokers. The frequency of new cases of bronchogenic carcinoma was much higher in males with chronic respiratory symptoms and with tuberculous or posttuberculous fibrotic lesions in the lungs. The prevalence of chronic bronchitis in 1972 was 13% for males and 4% for females, in the total of all age groups over 15 years of age. In the group of smokers who had smoked 100 000 cigarettes, 28% of males and 20% of females had symptoms suggestive of chronic bronchitis. In the group of non-smokers, 5% of males and 3% of females had such symptoms. The incidence of bronchogenic carcinoma and chronic nonspecific respiratory diseases can be raised by the interaction of two or more risk factors. PMID- 6723479 TI - Percutaneous aspiration biopsy in the diagnosis of lung lesions. AB - The contribution of percutaneous fine needle aspiration biopsy of the lung to the diagnosis of lung lesions has been evaluated. Between 1976 and 1981 this method was used in 600 patients of the Research Institute of Tuberculosis and Respiratory Diseases. In 72 patients the diagnosis was not clearly confirmed during the follow-up period. Lung biopsy contributed to the diagnosis in 458 (88.7%) out of the remaining 528 patients. The main contribution of this method was in the examination of patients with malignancies. Of the 421 cases of malignant neoplasm, the cytological finding correlated with the definitive diagnosis in 88% of cases. False negative finding was in 11.3% and false positive in 0.7% of cases. In the discussion the possibilities of cytological examination as well as the causes of some errors are analyzed. The technique applied, indications and contraindications of this procedure as well as its complications are reported, indications and contraindications of this procedure as well as its complications are reported. Pneumothorax occurred in 21.2% of patients; in most cases it was only a small one. A pneumothorax requiring chest tube drainage or exsufflation occurred in 7% of cases. Small haemoptysis in 1.4% and there were no other complications. PMID- 6723480 TI - Comparative experimental study of immunogenicity of the Czechoslovak and Soviet strain of M. Bovis (BCG). PMID- 6723481 TI - Endoscopic local injection of early gastric carcinoma with 5-fluorouracil. AB - We treated four patients who had early gastric carcinoma with weekly endoscopic local injections of 5-fluorouracil (5FU). In all four patients the lesions disappeared by endoscopic and biopsy examination within 12-18 weeks of treatment. None of the patients experienced side effects which are usually associated with oral or intravenous administration of 5FU. Two patients eventually underwent surgery. In one, a small focus of carcinoma was identified within the resected stomach; no evidence of carcinoma was found in the other. The remaining two patients have not submitted to surgery and are free of carcinoma by endoscopy for over 1 1/2 years. In this uncontrolled study, endoscopic local injection of 5FU appeared to be effective in treating early gastric carcinoma as assessed by endoscopic and histological criteria. Surgery remains the treatment of choice for early gastric carcinoma. However, further studies of endoscopic injection therapy are needed to determine whether this treatment is appropriate for patients with early gastric carcinoma who are not surgical candidates. PMID- 6723482 TI - Irritative properties of two clinical potassium chloride formulations on duodenal mucosa of the cat and esophageal mucosa of the opossum. AB - The local gastrointestinal irritating properties of microencapsulated KCl (M-E), a new and unique form of KCl (8 meq potassium per capsule), were compared with a wax-matrix (W-M) KCl formulation (8 meq potassium per tablet). Normal saline in 0 size gelatin capsules was used as the control substance. The comparisons were made in two animal models that simulate the condition of partial obstruction of the gastrointestinal tract in humans. These models are the duodenum of the cat and the esophagus of the opossum, each with a surgically created partial obstruction. The tissues were exposed to two capsules or tablets of KCl or saline for 4 hr, and the extent of tissue injury assessed by using a rating scale. The irritation caused by M-E was significantly (P less than 0.05) less than that caused by W-M in both the cat and the opossum, and it was not significantly (P greater than 0.05) different from the injury caused by saline in either model. The relative lack of irritation by M-E is probably explained by the fact that there was a significantly (P less than 0.05) greater dispersion of KCl from the M E capsule than from the W-M tablet. PMID- 6723483 TI - Influence of meal weight and caloric content on gastric emptying of meals in man. AB - This study was designed to assess the relative influence of meal weight and caloric content on gastric emptying of liquid and solid meals in man. A dual radioisotopic method which permits noninvasive and simultaneous measurement of liquid- and solid-phase emptying by external gamma camera techniques was employed. Nine healthy volunteer subjects ingested 50-, 300-, and 900-g lettuce and water meals adjusted to either 68, 208, or 633 kcal with added salad oil. The following observations were made: (1) absolute emptying rates (grams of solid food emptied from the stomach per minute) increased directly and significantly with meal weight; (2) increasing meal total caloric content significantly slowed solid food gastric emptying but did not overcome the enhancing effect of meal weight; and (3) liquid emptying rates were uninfluenced by meal total kcal amount. PMID- 6723484 TI - Involvement of serotonergic mechanisms in initiation of small intestine cyclic motor events. AB - Continuous mechanical and electrical activity recordings of the gastroduodenal junction and duodenum were performed in conscious sheep receiving pharmacologic agents delivered intraduodenally before and after nerve section. Sheep on a normal diet regimen exhibited cyclic periods of maximal activity (phase III of the migrating myoelectric complex) on the duodenum or in-series contractions on the duodenal bulb recurring at a frequency of 13/24 hr and more after nerve section. Among the variety of agents triggering in intact animals premature phases of maximal activity, methysergide, when administered locally, was found to increase the number of complexes to a frequency of 24/24 hr, even when extrinsic nerve supply was removed. The results suggest that in the ovine model the mechanism of cycling of the motor events involved serotonergic myenteric neurons located in the duodenal bulb. The data were consistent with the regulation of the enteric biological clock via 5HT neural receptors mediating inhibition. PMID- 6723486 TI - Uveitis occurring after colectomy and ileal-rectal sleeve anastomosis for ulcerative colitis. AB - Uveitis is an extraintestinal complication of ulcerative colitis and Crohn's disease. In most cases, its course parallels that of the underlying bowel disease and improves with its therapy. Occasionally, the two processes are not synchronous. In either case, the uveitis has usually been considered to be dependent on the presence of the colon. This report describes a patient who developed uveitis shortly after colectomy and ileal-rectal sleeve anastomosis for ulcerative colitis, indicating that the continuing presence of the colonic mucosa is not necessary for development of the associated ocular inflammation. PMID- 6723485 TI - Relationship between swallow rate and salivary flow. AB - Recent studies indicate that swallow-induced, primary peristalsis is a major determinant of normal esophageal acid clearance. However, factors that regulate the rate of spontaneous swallowing in normal subjects are incompletely understood. We postulated that the rate of salivary flow influences the rate of spontaneous swallows. To test this hypothesis, we did a total of 60 studies measuring salivary flow or the rate of spontaneous swallowing in 10 healthy volunteers, age 10-30 years. Saliva was collected by expectoration. Swallow rate was recorded by a small, transnasal catheter stationed in the pharynx and also, in some circumstances, by cervical electrodes. On separate sessions, we evaluated the effect of five test manipulations on salivary flow and swallowing rate, respectively. The test manipulations consisted of: (1) pharyngeal intubation, (2) sucking of a dummy lozenge, (3) sucking of a peppermint lozenge, (4) bethanechol injection (5 mg subcutaneously), and atropine administration (12 micrograms/kg intravenously). Pharyngeal intubation caused a small, but significant increase in the rate of salivation and spontaneous swallows. Sucking of a peppermint lozenge caused a sixfold increase in salivary flow while nearly doubling the swallowing rate whereas the dummy lozenge caused only a modest increase in salivary flow and swallowing. Cholinergic stimulation by bethanechol elicited a substantial increase in salivary flow and swallowing rate. In contrast, atropine caused a significant decrease in both salivary flow and swallowing. We conclude that in awake, normal subjects the rate of spontaneous swallows is influenced directly by salivary flow. Because oral lozenges substantially increase both swallowing rate and salivary flow, such agents merit investigation as a potentially useful ancillary treatment for the relief of heartburn. PMID- 6723487 TI - Therapeutic efficacy revisited. PMID- 6723488 TI - Extrahepatic malignancy. PMID- 6723489 TI - The influence of asphyxia on phenobarbital dosing requirements in neonates. AB - phenobarbital dosing requirements and plasma clearance were examined for asphyxiated and nonasphyxiated neonates. The gestational age, postnatal age, duration of phenobarbital therapy and plasma phenobarbital concentrations were similar for the two groups. The plasma phenobarbital clearance was 4.1 +/- 1.0 (SD) and 8.7 +/- 3.9 (SD) ml/kg/h for asphyxiated and nonasphyxiated neonates, respectively. Asphyxiated neonates only require about half the maintenance dose of nonasphyxiated neonates to achieve similar plasma concentrations. PMID- 6723490 TI - Distribution of phenobarbital in serum, brain and other organs from pediatric patients. AB - The present study was performed to determine whether serum levels of phenobarbital were representative of their concentrations in the brains obtained from 11 autopsied patients, including premature and full-term babies, infants and children. Estimation of phenobarbital concentrations in plasma and organs was performed by high-pressure liquid chromatography. Brain phenobarbital concentrations correlated well with serum levels (r = 0.82, p less than 0.01, n = 11), giving a regression line with a slope of 0.75. It can be concluded that estimating the serum phenobarbital concentration during clinical pediatric practice gives a good indication of the brain concentration. PMID- 6723491 TI - Relative bioavailability of two different phenytoin preparations. Evidence for an age dependency. AB - Relative bioavailability (RB) of two commercially available phenytoin preparations showed greater differences in absorption in children than in adults. 93 patients received one or more doses of one or two preparations. Serum assays were made at steady state. Age-matched groups were compared. In another cross over study, 12 patients received two or more doses of each formulation until steady state levels were reached. 5 adult volunteers received single doses of each preparation, and multiple serum samples were assayed to define the peak blood concentration and area under the curve. To calculate RB, the value of V max/F was determined from plots of serum concentration (C) vs. C/dose (C/D). Bioavailability was greater in the preparation with the smaller crystal size and more rapid in vitro dissolution. Relative bioavailability increased with increasing age, suggesting an age-dependent effect on drug absorption. PMID- 6723492 TI - Effects of ethanol and/or caffeine on fetal development and placental amino acid uptake in rats. AB - The effects of ethanol alone or in combination with caffeine on fetal viability, growth and placental amino acid uptake function in the rat were examined. Compared to pair-fed control values, chronic ethanol exposure reduced fetal survival by 24%, fetal weight by 17%, along with weight decreases of fetal brain (16%), heart (31%), and kidney (48%) as compared to pair-fed control values. Placental weight was significantly increased by 17%. Concomitant caffeine intake generally exacerbated these effects with a further reduction in fetal survival, fetal body and visceral weights. Caffeine intake alone had no consistent effect on these parameters. Acute in vitro (3 mg/ml) and chronic in vivo ethanol exposure reduced placental net uptake of alpha-aminoisobutyric acid (AIB) by 32 and 45%, respectively. Neither acute in vitro (10 micrograms/ml) nor prior chronic caffeine exposure altered villous AIB uptake. Concomitant ethanol and caffeine treatment increased AIB uptake as compared to ethanol alone. However, AIB uptake continued to be reduced (by 22%) as compared to pair-fed control values. PMID- 6723493 TI - Effects of pre- and postnatal haloperidol administrations to pregnant and nursing rats on brain catecholamine levels in their offspring. AB - Effects of perinatal, maternal treatments with haloperidol on brain catecholamine and serotonin concentrations in maturing offspring were examined. The drug was administered orally, at three different dosages, each day from the 14th gestational day to postnatal day 12. At 14, 22, 53 and 90 days of age offspring were selected for regional assays of amine neurotransmitter concentrations. The results indicate that haloperidol can alter the developmental accumulation of central catecholaminergic neurotransmitters. The drug-induced decreases in cortical and spinal norepinephrine levels and in striatal dopamine content in the offspring persisted into adulthood. Regional serotonin concentrations in offspring were not affected by the maternal haloperidol treatments. These findings suggest that central catecholamine receptors are necessary for normal development of dopaminergic and noradrenergic innervation in the central nervous system. PMID- 6723494 TI - Developmental changes in hepatic esterase activity towards chloramphenicol succinate and its Michaelis-Menten constant of liver, kidney and lung in human. AB - The hepatic esterase activities towards chloramphenicol succinate were determined in the tissues from 45 human subjects, including 18 electively aborted fetuses, 5 premature and 8 full-term newborn babies, 8 infants and 6 adults. The enzyme activities in the tissues from the fetuses and neonates were significantly lower compared with those obtained from the infants and adults. This suggests that the activity showed postnatal development. Kinetic studies of the esterase activity revealed that hepatic Km values were similar to those of the lung, but renal Km values were about 3 times higher than those of the liver and lung. In each organ, no age-related changes in Km values were observed. However, all the Vmax values in each organ showed developmental increases. Therefore, the liver plays the most important role in hydrolysis of chloramphenicol succinate when the weight of the organ is taken into consideration. PMID- 6723495 TI - The prolactin gene, but not the growth hormone gene, is located on chromosome 9 in the rat. AB - Experiments from a number of laboratories, employing clonal lines of rat pituitary tumor cells (GH cells), have shown that the cellular levels of the mRNAs for prolactin and growth hormone are subject to regulation by a variety of hormones and other factors. To provide a framework for further studies of the regulation of the expression of these two genes, we have studied their chromosomal locations in the rat, employing our recently developed technique for identifying a unique gene by direct hybridization in situ with a 125I-labeled cDNA plasmid. A rat prolactin cDNA plasmid ( pPRL -1) yielded a signal significantly above that expected on a random basis over chromosomes 9 and 15 from rat FRE cells. Both chromosomes exhibited a subchromosomal clustering of silver grains near the telomere of chromosome 9 and on the short arm of chromosome 15. Control experiments with plasmid pBR322 also yielded a significant signal clustered over the short arm of chromosome 15. Hence, we conclude that chromosome 15 contains sequences homologous to pBR322 and that the prolactin gene is located near the telomere of chromosome 9 in the rat. A rat growth hormone cDNA plasmid (pBR322-GH1) yielded a signal above that expected on a random basis over FRE cell chromosomes 7, 13, and 15, although the labeling was poorer than with prolactin. The signal over chromosome 15 is probably due to sequences homologous to plasmid pBR322. The signals over chromosomes 7 and 13 showed a clear subchromosomal clustering near the centromere on chromosome 7 and near the telomere on the long arm of chromosome 13.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS) PMID- 6723496 TI - Expression and hormonal regulation of the rat growth hormone gene in transfected mouse L cells. AB - Expression of the rat growth hormone (rGH) gene in the pituitary and in cultured pituitary tumor cells is regulated by glucocorticoid hormones. After co-transfer of cloned DNA containing the rGH gene with the herpes simplex virus (HSV) thymidine kinase (tk) gene into mouse Ltk- cells, rGH gene transcripts were detected in eight of fifteen tk+ cell lines. However, in all eight clones, the predominant rGH gene transcript was only about 0.75 kb, 0.3 kb shorter than pituitary rGH mRNA. The 0.75-kb transcripts, examined from one clone, L-rGH-4, lacked sequences derived from exons 1 and 2 of the rGH gene. Although transcripts larger than 0.75 kb were detected, the normal 2.2-kb rGH gene primary transcript was present only at very low levels. Nuclease mapping studies also failed to reveal transcripts initiated at the normal rGH gene promoter, but instead revealed transcripts with 5' termini arising within intron B of the gene. These data suggest either that transcripts arise from internal promoters within the rGH gene or that a transcript initiated upstream from the normal promoter was processed abnormally. Dexamethasone increased the levels of the 0.75-kb rGH gene transcripts about fourfold in all eight clones expressing rGH mRNA. These data suggest that structural elements important for glucocorticoid-mediated influences on regulation of GH gene expression are contained within the transferred rGH gene fragment and can function even when the normal rGH gene promoter is not used and the pattern of expression is grossly abnormal. PMID- 6723498 TI - [The electrical field of bone tissue]. PMID- 6723497 TI - [Genetic variability of the influenza virus during adaptation to a new host]. PMID- 6723499 TI - [Theory of the phase transitions in the "gas" of macromolecules dissolved in a membrane]. PMID- 6723500 TI - [Complementarily addressed modification of synthetic deoxyribo -oligonucleotide by an oligonucleotide derivative carrying an alkylating reagent at the 3' terminal thiophosphate group]. PMID- 6723501 TI - [The protein forming a gel with actin in a splenic extract is myosin]. PMID- 6723502 TI - [Effect of 2-ethyl-6-methyl-3-oxypyridine on the sympathetic-adrenal system of tumor carriers]. PMID- 6723503 TI - [Mathematical modeling of control processes in the respiratory system]. PMID- 6723504 TI - [Early changes in the bound calcium levels in cerebral cortical structures induced by anoxia]. PMID- 6723505 TI - [Heterogeneity of PHA-stimulated human lymphocytes in chromosome radiosensitivity]. PMID- 6723506 TI - [Ordered coagulation of long spiral molecules]. PMID- 6723507 TI - [Correlation between the indices of longevity and the incidence of spontaneous tumors in rats]. PMID- 6723508 TI - [Disinhibitory action of ethanol on Purkinje cell activity of the cerebellum in the cat]. PMID- 6723509 TI - [Regeneration of isolated skeletal muscle tissue in the axolotl Ambystoma mexicanum]. PMID- 6723510 TI - [Effect of a marked rise in slow-wave sleep in warm-blooded animals due to endogenous substances from the tissues of hibernating animals]. PMID- 6723511 TI - [Excited electron states and the photodissociation of oxyhemoglobin]. PMID- 6723512 TI - International drug treaties: the connexion between ratification and social and economic conditions. AB - This study examines social and economic conditions in 152 countries and relates them to ratification of the two major international drug control treaties , the Single Convention on Narcotic Drugs and the Convention on Psychotropic Substances. The findings show that: (i) countries which ratified only the Single Convention had the greatest drug problems; (ii) ratifications were more common among developed countries than developing ones; (iii) ratifications were not more common among larger countries or those having higher expenditures on health and education, but they were more common among older U.N. member countries and those having ratified more non-drug treaties ; (iv) the best predictors of ratifications were a high level of life expectancy, a high degree of economic development and a substantial drug problem. The trend has been for more countries to ratify these treaties over time. However, a shorter-term solution would involve international support for those poorer countries which have not yet ratified them. Technical advice in the form of legal experts and translators is one example of such support. PMID- 6723513 TI - The addiction hospital: current status and an assessment. AB - Hospitals have provided treatment for drug and alcohol dependence for at least 200 years, although the hospital solely devoted to this problem has been a creature of this century. These large institutions served to isolate or 'quarantine' such patients--a valuable public health role when the number of addicts were few. They also facilitated research and education regarding drug and alcohol dependence. While these quarantine, research and training functions have continued to a limited degree, their expense and low treatment efficacy has limited their applicability in most societies today. Smaller, shorter-stay units in general hospital, together with day programs and out-patient treatment, have largely replaced this older treatment approach. Some of these outmoded hospital facilities have been modified as low security prisons for addicts convicted of drug offenses. PMID- 6723514 TI - Temporal changes in plasma levels and metabolism of ketone bodies by liver and brain after ethanol and/or starvation in C57BL/6J mice. AB - The effects of ethanol and starvation on ketone body production and utilization were investigated. In the first experiment, adult C57BL/6J mice were divided into four groups: (i) control (fed); (ii) starvation (up to 31 h); (iii) ethanol (acute 5 g/kg i.p.); (iv) ethanol (ETOH) + starvation. Plasma ketone body (KB) concentrations in control mice remained constant at approx. 0.37 mM. The levels of KBs in starved mice began to increase at about 7 h and rose to a peak of 2.5 mM at about 24 h, then fell to 1.8 mM at 31 h. The levels in mice treated with ETOH began to rise soon after injection, reached 1.5 mM at 10 h, and returned to control levels by 15 h. Although there was no difference in elevated levels of KBs between two groups of mice treated with ETOH plus starvation and ETOH alone at 7-10 h, the level continued to rise steadily to 2.0 mM through 31 h in the former group. At 10 h post ETOH, mice either fed ad lib. or fasted had increased hepatic capacity to synthesize acetoacetate (AcAc) from palmitate; this effect was prolonged and enhanced by continued fasting for 24 h. In the brain, the rate of AcAc oxidation was twice that for beta-hydroxybutyrate (beta OHB) and glucose. Neither ETOH nor starvation affected energy production from KB and glucose. AcAc was also utilized for fatty acid synthesis and the rate of synthesis was stimulated by ETOH at 10 h after injection. The rate of lipogenesis from beta OHB accounted for less than 10% of that from AcAc. Together these experiments demonstrate that ETOH increases both hepatic ketone production and plasma KB levels for at least 10 h. ETOH alone led to elevated KB levels long before the rise due to starvation. In brain, at 10 h, an increased capacity to utilize AcAc for lipogenesis was found. The results indicate that ETOH through the production of KBs could provide an important source of energy and lipid precursors for the brain of mice. PMID- 6723515 TI - Implication of the placenta in acetaldehyde-induced intrauterine growth retardation. AB - Acetaldehyde (AcH) the proximal metabolite of ethanol was administered to pregnant CF rats intraperitoneally in single and triple doses (50, 75 and 100 mg/kg) on days 10, 11 and 12 of gestation and fetuses along with placentae were collected on day 21. Placentae were subjected to histological sectioning and the volume fractions of various zones of placenta were calculated using Weibels point counting techniques. There was no correlation between fetal weight and placental weight, but the fetal weight showed a positive correlationship with the percentage volume fraction of the labyrinthine zone suggesting that the reduction in the labyrinthine zone volume is probably responsible for intrauterine growth retardation following acetaldehyde maternal treatment. PMID- 6723516 TI - Etomidate and adrenal suppression. PMID- 6723517 TI - Heparin-induced thrombocytopenia--association with a platelet aggregating factor and cross-sensitivity to bovine and porcine heparin. AB - Heparin-induced thrombocytopenia is an infrequently suspected adverse drug reaction since its sequelae often mimic the underlying condition for which the drug is being used. A concomitant decline in platelet count and increase in heparin requirements should alert the clinician to the possible presence of this disorder. A 36-year-old black male developed severe thrombocytopenia with thrombosis while being treated with porcine intestinal mucosal heparin. Platelet counts returned to near-normal levels upon discontinuation of heparin, but quickly dropped again upon resuming treatment with bovine lung heparin. The patient subsequently was treated with warfarin and dipyridamole, with no further complications. Treatment of delayed-onset severe heparin-induced thrombocytopenia consists of stopping the heparin and substituting antiplatelet agents and oral anticoagulants when continued inhibition of coagulation is required. PMID- 6723518 TI - Clinical evaluation of a small-volume infusion system in surgical intensive care patients. AB - This study evaluated flow-rate accuracy, safety, and dependability of an infusion system manufactured by the 3M Company. The Small Volume Infusion (SVI) system is portable and consists of a mechanically powered infuser, calibrated flow regulating set, and syringe. Intravenous fluids and drugs were administered to six surgical intensive care patients. Forty-one trials were carried out at infusion rates of 1, 10, or 30 ml/h. Flow rate varied less than or equal to 10 percent from the intended infusion rate in the majority of trials. One patient experienced pain at the injection site and one malfunction occurred. The SVI system is a safe, dependable alternative method for the administration of intravenous fluids and drugs. The device may prove to be particularly useful for the administration of drugs not requiring changes in flow rate during infusion or in situations where fluid restriction is desirable. PMID- 6723519 TI - Medication counseling behaviors and attitudes of rural community pharmacists. AB - There is a continued emphasis on developing the pharmacist's medication counseling role to better serve the public. To understand this role, the present study utilized a shopper methodology to describe the extent to which 40 rural community pharmacists engage in five dimensions of counseling for each of two drug products. The study demonstrates a significant relationship between the attitudes toward counseling held by these practitioners and their actual counseling behaviors. PMID- 6723520 TI - Establishing a pharmacy clinic in a city-county health department. AB - During a one-year rotation at an urban-county health department, a pharmacy resident implemented a pharmacy clinic to serve three major purposes: (1) to provide health care to patients with selected chronic illnesses, (2) to expand the revenue base of the health department pharmacy, and (3) to make possible the clinical instruction of Doctor of Pharmacy students and pharmacy residents. The resident's activities in the clinic included conducting interviews, performing physical examinations, initiating and adjusting therapy, and counseling patients. During the first four months of operation, 36 patients were seen in the clinic a total of 98 times. Seven chronic illnesses, along with a number of minor acute disorders, were evaluated and treated by the pharmacist. The pharmacist billed $1740.00 for patient care activities. The success of this initial program indicates that similar pharmacy clinics would be of benefit to other colleges of pharmacy as well as other institutional ambulatory health care providers. PMID- 6723521 TI - Comment on pharmacists' dispensing accuracy. PMID- 6723522 TI - Postgraduate education and staff development in Spain. AB - The evolution of the number of hospital pharmacists and pharmacy services in Spanish hospitals is presented and compared with different European countries. The reasons and regulations that have motivated this improvement also are explained. The program for residency training in accredited hospital pharmacies is discussed. In Spain, three years of residency are necessary to become a hospital pharmacy specialist. The Spanish Society of Hospital Pharmacy (AEFH) developed workshops, following the criteria of the World Health Organization, in order to produce an education guidelines document for residency training programs. These educational objectives are presented and the lack of support from Spanish schools of pharmacy is emphasized. PMID- 6723523 TI - [Non-insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus at an early age]. PMID- 6723524 TI - [Polyneuropathies in old age]. AB - 70 patients were examined in a prospective study to clarify causes of polyneuropathies becoming manifest beyond the age of 60. 29 patients (41.4%) had mixed symmetrical sensorimotor polyneuropathy and 21 (30%) symmetrical sensory polyneuropathy. Peripheral neurological deficits were asymmetrically distributed in 20 patients (28.6%). Polyneuropathy was monocausal in 31 patients (44.3%), whereas a variety of pathogenetic factors was found in 29 patients (41.4%). Aetiology remained undetermined in 10 patients (14.3%). The causes of polyneuropathies differ markedly in elderly patients from those found in studies not restricted to specific age groups. Insufficient gastrointestinal absorption, in particular, appears to be a prominent pathogenetic factor, more often than even diabetes mellitus (n = 39, corresponding to 55.7%). However, diabetes was the underlying pathogenetic factor in 90% of patients with asymmetrically distributed polyneuropathies. In spite of this, multifactorial pathogenesis in the elderly would require a search for causes other than diabetes even in asymmetrically distributed polyneuropathies. PMID- 6723525 TI - [DNA measurement of malignant tumors by impulse cytophotometry. The principles and importance for assessing growth behavior and the degree of abnormality]. AB - Monometric DNA impulse cytophotometry of ploidism state (diploid or aneuploid tumors with stemmline shift, polyploidism ) and proportion of DNA-synthesized cells (S-phase proportion) were determined on over 500, mostly malignant, tumors of different sites. The results were compared with histopathological findings (TNM stage and degree of differentiation). Large diploid carcinomas of the oral cavity have lower S-phase activity than aneuploid tumors. Carcinomas of the breast, stomach and ovary are frequently diploid. Aneuploid carcinomas of these regions generally have high synthesizing activity. Mucoid signet-ring carcinomas of the stomach have lower S-phase activity than non-mucoid carcinomas. In the colorectal region aneuploid carcinoma predominates, in the colon more than in the rectum. Tumor metastases from colon and rectum into the liver predominantly are from aneuploid primary tumors. For tumors of the breast, corpus uteri and ovary with high and moderate differentiation there is a direct correlation between histological grade of differentiation and the S-phase proportions. Aneuploid tumors vary from low to high synthesizing activity. Diploid meningioma and glioma have a low S-phase proportion, aneuploidism correlates with an increase in growth. Supplementation of histopathological diagnosis by determining ploidism and S-phase activity makes an important contribution in the assessment of the degree of malignancy, as well as for therapeutic purposes. PMID- 6723526 TI - [Granulosa cell tumor. The results of postoperative irradiation]. AB - Postoperative irradiation was done in 12 female patients with granulosa cell tumours between 1962 and 1981. The average follow-up period was 10 years and 10 females were alive without evidence of renewed tumour growth. A further patient died of cardiac infarction after 7 years. At the time of death she was free of recurrence or metastases. Only in one case multiple filiae developed in the lung, liver and skeleton 8 months after cessation of irradiation. The progression of these could not be arrested. Following the first therapeutic step, i.e. abdominal hysterectomy and bilateral adnectomy , radiotherapy represents an important additional therapeutic measure. Thus the unfavourable long-term prognosis of granulosa cell tumours can be beneficially influenced particularly in far advanced cases or in recurrences. PMID- 6723527 TI - [Clinical aspects and therapy of granulosa cell tumors]. PMID- 6723528 TI - [Recognition of work activity as continuing education under a chief physician not authorized for continuing education]. PMID- 6723529 TI - [Prevention and therapy of reactions to contrast media]. PMID- 6723530 TI - [Iodine excretion and dietary iodine supply in newborn infants in iodine deficient regions of West Germany]. AB - Urinary iodine excretion was measured on the fifth day of life in 461 neonates from nine different towns in the Federal Republic of Germany. There was a progressive fall in levels from north to south, with highest values in Hamburg (2.9 micrograms/dl) and lowest in Freiburg (1.2 micrograms/dl). All levels were lower than those of neonates in other countries in which iodine is added to salt: Stockholm (61 neonates) 9.6 micrograms/dl, Zurich (63) 4.75 micrograms/dl. Iodine analysis of mothers in G ottingen on the fifth day post-partum indicated that iodine excretion in urine of mothers with goitre (51 cases) was significantly lower than in a control group without goitre (38): 17.6 compared with 30.0 micrograms/g creatinine, and the iodine content of breast milk in the goitre group was significantly lower than that of the control group (1.75 compared with 2.5 micrograms/dl). Iodine content in artificial infant milk preparations was of a similar range. These results indicate that iodine supply during the neonatal period in the Federal Republic of Germany is very low; they support the demand for general iodine-salt prophylaxis. PMID- 6723532 TI - [Specimen carriers for blood sugar determinations]. AB - The use of boric acid-impregnated filter paper has proven to be a useful and reliable means of absorbing capillary blood samples for determining glucose concentration. In this method a circular piece of filter paper (6.36 mm radius) infiltrated with the blood sample is punched out with a commercially available punch, glucose is eluted from the filter paper with a haemolyzing solution and subsequently glucose concentration determined by whatever method is available. Using the hexokinase method, this gives satisfactory precision and unimpaired accuracy. It compared well with the frequently used sampling with capillary tubes, correlating with an r value of 0.9932. The sample, obtained as described, is insensitive to light, temperature, humidity and time interval until measurement. Glucose concentration remains stable under various conditions for at least four weeks. PMID- 6723531 TI - [Biological effect of recombined leukocyte alpha-2-interferon in metastasizing colorectal cancers]. AB - High-dosage recombinant alpha 2 interferon ( rIFN -alpha 2) was used for treatment of 12 patients with metastatic adenocarcinoma of the colon or rectum. In a prospective randomised fashion either 50 X 10(6) E/m2 as 30-minute infusion on 5 consecutive days four-weekly or 20 X 10(6) E/m2 subcutaneously thrice weekly were administered. No significant regression of the tumour could be observed. Treatment side-effects such as fever, shivering and fatigue were so pronounced particularly after subcutaneous administration that no patient could be treated for longer than 8 weeks. According to these findings single use of rIFN -alpha 2 does not seem to be of use for treatment of metastatic colorectal carcinomas. Subcutaneous administration is associated with considerable side-effects which subjectively in the majority of patients were considered intolerable. PMID- 6723533 TI - [Aseptic tissue necrosis: a severe complication after intramuscular injections]. AB - Aseptic necrosis after intramuscular injection (Nicolau syndrome) occurred in 38 patients. Symptoms were severe immediate pain, swelling and livid discoloration of the skin with development of gangrene of skin and muscle tissue. It was the result of an unintentional intra-arterial injection of toxic substances: to assume an allergic reaction is unwarranted. Since irreversible tissue damage occurs within a short time, treatment results are unsatisfactory. For this reason prevention is essential. Using proper precautions, intra-arterial injections can be largely avoided. Since the greater proportion of these severe complications occurs after the administration of antirheumatic drugs, there should be a fundamental reconsideration of the need for intramuscular application of such drugs, as pharmacologically it is not essential. PMID- 6723534 TI - [Lumbar computerized tomography]. PMID- 6723535 TI - [Sonography in liver metastases of pancreatic cancer]. PMID- 6723536 TI - [Incidence of ventricular arrhythmia relative to the QT interval in spontaneous intracranial hemorrhages]. AB - A prospective study was done in 54 patients with acute spontaneous intracranial haemorrhage, 27 of them with subarachnoid bleeding and 27 with primary intracerebral haemorrhage. The frequency of ventricular arrhythmias was registered by continuous long-term ECG and the incidence of QT prolongation by daily standard ECG registration. Prolongation of frequency-corrected QT-interval (QTc) developed in 9 patients with subarachnoid haemorrhage and in 10 with intracerebral haemorrhage. For assessment of time-relation between QT-interval and ventricular arrhythmias the results of corresponding long-term ECG and standard ECG were used and two groups were defined: group A (149 tapes) = QTc less than or equal to 450 ms, group B (43 tapes) = QTc greater than 450 ms. In group B singular frequent ventricular extrasystoles, couplets and non-persistent ventricular tachycardias occurred more frequently though not significantly so. Persistent ventricular tachycardias occurred significantly more frequently in group B (14% vs. 1%, P less than 0.01). In three tapes of group B, all of them with QTc prolongation of more than 550 ms persistent ventricular tachycardias with typical "torsade de pointes " morphology were seen. The results show that QTc prolongation of more than 450 ms occurs in a third and significant ventricular arrhythmia in nearly half of patients with spontaneous intracranial haemorrhage. Persistent ventricular tachycardias occur almost only in cases of QTc-prolongation. Pronounced QTc prolongation of more than 550 ms is rare. However, it can give rise to torsade de pointes and ventricular fibrillation. PMID- 6723537 TI - [Blood flow measurement in esophageal varices using an endoscopic Doppler ultrasonic probe]. AB - A new ultrasound Doppler probe allows endoscopic measurement of blood flow in oesophageal varices. First investigations in 6 patients show that the measurements are easy and well reproducible. Velocity of blood flow depends on respiration. Cephalad flow increases during inspiration. Caudalad flow may be enhanced by expiration and decreased by inspiration. Cephalad and caudalad blood flow in the same varix may point to drainage by a perforating vein. During and after endoscopic sclerosing, changes in blood flow can be demonstrated. This method gives us the possibility to assess blood flow in oesophageal varices not only for pathophysiological studies, but also for planning and control of sclerosing therapy. PMID- 6723538 TI - [Brain death and pulmonary edema caused by oral water intoxication in a paranoid hallucinatory psychosis]. PMID- 6723539 TI - [Acute dialysis treatment in acute adult respiratory distress syndrome in Mycoplasma infection of the lung]. PMID- 6723540 TI - [Differential nuclear medicine diagnosis of intrahepatic space-occupying diseases]. AB - The use of ultrasonography has led to an increase of symptom-free carriers of intrahepatic masses. Whereas follicular nodular hyperplasia and haemangioma does not require further treatment, all other tumours should be resected. In a prospective study involving 81 patients with intrahepatic masses the value of nuclear medical methods for such a differentiation was assessed. In 21 out of 23 patients with follicular nodular hyperplasia and in 17 out of 18 cases of haemangioma a correct classification was achieved. In addition, all 3 adenomas and 36 out of 37 malignant tumours could be attributed correctly. Sequential and blood pool scanning of the liver as non-invasive methods thus permit differential diagnosis of intrahepatic masses with sufficient accuracy. PMID- 6723541 TI - [Therapy of shock lung]. PMID- 6723543 TI - [Painful nocturnal muscle cramps]. PMID- 6723542 TI - [Confiscation of patient records of deceased patients]. PMID- 6723545 TI - Hepatotoxicological evaluation of dantrolene sodium. AB - The clinical use of dantrolene has been associated with hepatotoxicity, thus the toxicity of dantrolene in Swiss-Webster mice was characterized. Animals were treated orally (po) with single or multiple doses of up to 400 mg/kg of D without any increases in SGPT or alterations in hepato-cellular architecture. To possibly enhance the hepatotoxicity of dantrolene, its biotransformation was altered by inhibiting acetylation, depleting glutathione, inducing biotransformation, and promoting reductive metabolism. None of the metabolic alterations elicited any toxicity of dantrolene. Hepatic microsomal incubations were used to detect the possible bioactivation and covalent binding of 14C-dantrolene. Analysis for covalent adducts found only 20-30 pmol bound/mg microsomal protein. Thus the suspected hepatotoxicity of dantrolene does not appear to be linked to its biotransformation or bioactivation. Additional studies will be necessary to clarify if other parameters are necessary for dantrolene to be a hepatotoxin. PMID- 6723544 TI - Nicotine-depressed function in isolated rat heart. AB - Experiments were conducted to assess the effects of nicotine on the isolated rat heart. Hearts removed from laboratory rats were perfused via the aorta with oxygenated (95% O2-5% CO2) Krebs-Henseleit solution. After 30 min, the hearts were challenged with perfusate containing nicotine. Heart rate and coronary flow decreased in response to nicotine concentrations of 5 micrograms/ml or above. Solutions containing 5, 10 and 20 micrograms/ml nicotine depressed heart rate by 9, 29 and 25%, and coronary flow by 11, 28 and 33%. Pulse pressure was significantly depressed by 20 micrograms/ml nicotine. Perfusion with nicotine free solution for 10 min completely reversed the decreases in heart rate, coronary flow and pulse pressure. These results indicate that nicotine continuously infused into the isolated rat heart depresses heart rate and coronary flow in a dose-response manner and that these changes are reversible over the range of concentrations used. PMID- 6723546 TI - Preliminary toxicity studies on bis-[beta-(N,N-dimorpholino) ethyl] selenide (MOSE). A new radioimaging agent. AB - The present study describes the acute toxicity of MOSE, a proposed radioimaging agent for brain scintigraphy . Acute intraperitoneal administration of MOSE in mice revealed an LD50 between 1.35 and 6.25 g/kg, with convulsions preceding death. Intravenous administration of MOSE in rats resulted in an LD50 between 400 and 800 mg/kg, with death also preceded by convulsions. The rabbit was more sensitive to the acute effects of MOSE than the rat. The LD50 for MOSE given i.v. in the rabbit was 80 mg/kg. The predominant toxic sign was convulsions, which immediately preceded death at high doses. At intermediate doses convulsions were elicited, followed by a period of lethargy which gave way to hyperactivity on the following day. Normal appearances were restored within a week. Hematology and blood chemistries were similar to controls, except for increased serum LDH in animals receiving MOSE when sampled two weeks after dosing. Repeated administration of MOSE by the intravenous route in rabbits at a dose rate of 1 mg/kg/da, five days per week for two weeks, resulted in no signs of toxicity. Hematology, clinical chemistry, and histology revealed no changes in animals receiving MOSE when compared to control. It was concluded that barring any unusual susceptibility in man, the proposed diagnostic dose to man is unlikely to precipitate any acute toxic effects. PMID- 6723547 TI - Distribution and elimination of hexachlorocyclopentadiene in rats and mice. AB - 14C-Hexachlorocyclopentadiene (HEX, C56 ) was administered to adult rats and mice as a single oral dose (2.5 and 25 mg/kg) and as a component of the diet (1, 5 and 25 ppm) for a maximum of 30 days. The primary route of excretion was via the feces (-70% of dose) with low elimination in the urine (approximately 15%). Biliary excretion of only 16% with 66% still voided in the feces of bile duct cannulated rats suggested that the majority of orally consumed HEX was not absorbed. However, extensive degradation apparently occurred in the gut since little of the fecal material was of an apolar nature. The kidney, liver, ovaries and fat were the major sites of deposition of 14C-HEX equivalents. In rats, the kidney contained the highest levels of residues, whereas in mice the residues in the liver exceeded those in the kidney. Other than this difference, the fate of HEX in rats and mice, both male and female, was quite similar and in each case the tissue residues reached a plateau after about two weeks on the HEX-containing diets. PMID- 6723548 TI - L-alpha-acetylmethadol-induced tissue alterations in mice. AB - Single oral dosages of the synthetic narcotic analgesic, L-alpha-acetylmethadol (LAAM) increased serum glutamic-pyruvic transaminase (SGPT) levels throughout a two-day observation period and produced a persistent depletion of hepatic and renal glutathione (GSH) levels. These LAAM-induced changes demonstrated dose- and time-dependence within that dosage range producing mortality. Histological evaluation of livers from LAAM-treated mice revealed cytoplasmic and nuclear changes in centrilobular hepatocytes. Interestingly, neither the LAAM-induced histopathological changes nor the depression of hepatic GSH were altered by the induction of hepatic metabolism following pretreatment with either phenobarbital or 3-methylcholanthrene; however, the induction of hepatic drug metabolism did abate the four-day mortality and SGPT elevations. PMID- 6723549 TI - Management of mucocutaneous herpes simplex virus infections. AB - Herpes simplex virus type 1 and 2 are causes of common inflammatory conditions of the mucous membranes and skin. The proper management of these infections begins with an accurate diagnosis. Viral cultures should be performed whenever possible. Patients should be counselled regarding the proper care of lesions, the risk of complications, the likelihood of experiencing recurrent infection, and should be urged to avoid intimate contact while lesions are active. Antiviral therapy is now available to ameliorate the symptoms and shorten the duration of infection in selected patients, but does not prevent recurrences. Topical, oral and intravenous preparations of acyclovir are effective in treatment of primary herpes simplex infections. Immunosuppressed patients with herpes simplex infections also benefit from acyclovir therapy. Oral activity has some activity in ameliorating recurrent genital herpes and should be considered for patients who are particularly troubled by their infections. PMID- 6723550 TI - Epidemiology and therapy of Chlamydia trachomatis infections. AB - Chlamydia trachomatis infections are exceedingly prevalent, and can be associated with significant sequelae. The major infections are urethritis, cervicitis, salpingitis, and ocular infection. Chlamydial genital infections present as syndromes, where C. trachomatis is one of the causes of the syndrome. Because specific laboratory diagnosis of a chlamydial infection is often not available, and even if available does not exclude the concurrent presence of other pathogens, therapy should usually be directed at all the major causes of the syndrome. Thus, although C. trachomatis is readily eradicated by tetracyclines, macrolides, sulphonamides, and rifampicin, for most situations tetracyclines are the drugs of choice. Penicillins have some activity when used in multiple-dose therapy, but are not reliable for eradication of chlamydiae. Aminoglycosides, nitroimidazoles, and the newer cephalosporins have minimal or no useful activity. Seven days of tetracycline hydrochloride 500mg 4 times daily or doxycycline 100mg twice daily are the optimum regimens for uncomplicated urethritis, cervicitis (except in pregnancy), and gonorrhoea. These regimens should be extended to 10 days for epididymitis and salpingitis. Additional antimicrobials should be added to the salpingitis regimen. For chlamydial infection during pregnancy, erythromycin 500mg 4 times daily for 1 week or 250mg 4 times daily for 2 weeks should be utilised. Neonatal infection requires 2 to 3 weeks of systemic treatment with erythromycin. Inclusion conjunctivitis responds well to antimicrobials, but improved sanitation has a greater effect than antimicrobial therapy in the management of trachoma. PMID- 6723551 TI - [CRP in the diagnosis and treatment of bacterial infections]. PMID- 6723552 TI - [Primary brain lymphoma--an insidious tumor of the central nervous system]. PMID- 6723553 TI - [Peritonitis as a complication of continuous peritoneal dialysis]. PMID- 6723554 TI - [Uterine prolapse causing hydronephrosis and renal insufficiency]. PMID- 6723555 TI - [Principles of magnetic imaging]. PMID- 6723556 TI - [Venous claudication]. PMID- 6723557 TI - [High fundoplication in the treatment of esophageal rupture]. PMID- 6723558 TI - [Treatment of acute fulminant pancreatitis]. PMID- 6723559 TI - The clinical use of surface EMG. PMID- 6723560 TI - Qualitative study of the motor unit structure influence on action potential shape. PMID- 6723561 TI - Positive giant potentials--normal finding in quadriceps muscles of musculous individuals. PMID- 6723562 TI - Electromechanical behaviour of the knee extensor musculature in maximal isometric and concentric contractions and in jumping. PMID- 6723563 TI - Electrophysiological findings in patients with lumbar disc prolapse. PMID- 6723564 TI - Hand H-reflex demonstrated in patient with central nervous system disorders. PMID- 6723565 TI - Mathematical analysis of the changes in the action potentials, generated by a frog skeletal muscle fibre under the effect of temperature. PMID- 6723566 TI - Mathematical analysis of the changes in the intracellular potentials, generated by human skeletal muscle fibre under the effect of temperature. PMID- 6723567 TI - Utilization of the stimulated electromyogram for estimation of the functional state of the muscles. PMID- 6723568 TI - Computer assisted search for linked potentials. PMID- 6723569 TI - Changes in the N1-P1 component of the somatosensory cortical evoked response in patients with partial limb amputation. PMID- 6723570 TI - Local warming in myasthenia gravis. PMID- 6723571 TI - Nivazol: a glucocorticoid in rats with only hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal inhibiting activity in primates. AB - The synthetic steroid nivazol lacks three of the substituents considered to be important for glucocorticoid activity, i.e. the 3-keto, the 11-hydroxy, and the 20-keto groups. Nevertheless, in the rat, nivazol has the activity profile of a glucocorticoid. After treatment of intact female rats with nivazol , the mean weights of the adrenals and thymus were lower than those in the vehicle-treated control group. The results were qualitatively and quantitatively similar to those obtained with methylprednisolone. Thymolysis as well as liver glycogen deposition were seen in adrenalectomized rats treated with nivazol , and eosinopenia and inhibition of carrageenan edema were noted in intact rats. In the rhesus monkey, treatment with nivazol resulted in a marked reduction in circulating cortisol levels and elimination of the diurnal pattern, although a dose 10 times that needed to reduce circulating cortisol levels did not produce eosinopenia or increase fasting blood glucose levels. Both eosinopenia and higher fasting blood glucose levels were seen after treatment with methylprednisolone. Nivazol did not prevent the ACTH-induced increase in circulating cortisol levels nor did it alter circulating aldosterone levels. Therefore, suppression of ACTH is the predominant if not the sole action of nivazol in the primate. Preliminary results in clinical trials suggest a similar activity profile in humans. Therefore, nivazol elicits numerous glucocorticoid activities in the rodent, but only the inhibition of the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axis was observed in the primate. It is of special interest that the inhibition of the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axis occurs without altering circulating aldosterone levels and without evidence of debilitating catabolic activity. PMID- 6723572 TI - The nuclear uptake and retention of a synthetic progestin in the cardiovascular system of the baboon. AB - It has long been known that there is a sexual dimorphism in the incidence of coronary heart disease. This observation, together with more recent reports of increased cardiovascular disease associated with the use of oral contraceptives, led to a search for steroid receptors in the cardiovascular system. In this study we examined the nuclear uptake and retention of a synthetic progestin in the cardiovascular system of the baboons. Long term oophorectomized baboons were primed with estradiol benzoate for 3 days before the experiment (50 micrograms/kg, im) and adrenalectomized 2 days before the experiment. On the day of the experiment, the animals were injected under anesthesia with 2.5 micrograms/kg BW [3H]ORG 2058 (16 alpha-ethyl-21-hydroxy-19-nor-[6,7-3H]pregn-4 ene-3,20-dione) or with [3H] ORG 2058 plus a 1000-fold excess of unlabeled progesterone (control). One hour after the injection, the animals were rapidly exsanguinated, and parts of the cardiovascular system were removed and processed for autoradiography. Localization of the synthetic progestin was found in nuclei of between 25-75% of all smooth muscle cells of the media of all arteries examined and to a lesser extent in the nuclei of the fibroblasts and others cells of the adventitia. Localization of the synthetic progestin in the heart was limited to approximately 1% of the myocardial cells and less than 5% of interstitial cell nuclei. The pattern of localization found differs from that for estrogen and androgen and suggests the possible presence of estrogen-independent progesterone receptors in smooth muscle cells of the media of the aorta and coronary arteries. PMID- 6723573 TI - A study of cardiac effects of thyroid hormones: evidence for amelioration of the effects of thyroxine by sodium ipodate. AB - We studied the effects of daily ip administration of T4 (200 micrograms/100 g BW) or T3 (50 micrograms/100 g) to the rat (six per group) for 3 days with or without sodium ipodate (6 mg/100 g), propylthiouracil (PTU; 2 mg/100 g), propranolol (0.5 mg/100 g), or amiodarone (2.5 mg/100 g) on cardiac weight, 3',5'-diiodothyronine (3',5'-T2) to 3'-monoiodothyronine monodeiodinating activity (MA), mitochondrial alpha-glycerophosphate dehydrogenase (alpha GPD), and/or cytosolic ornithine decarboxylase (ODC). T4 treatment caused a 28% increase in cardiac weight, about an 11-fold increase in 3',5'-T2 MA, about a 27% increase in alpha GPD activity, and about a 129% increase in ODC activity. Administration of ipodate with T4 abolished all effects of T4 on the heart. PTU abolished the effect of T4 on alpha GPD and markedly reduced its effect on 3',5'-T2 MA and ODC activity; it had little effect on cardiac hypertrophy caused by T4 treatment. Propranolol reduced the increase in cardiac weight following T4 administration from 28% to 11%, but had a modest or no effect on T4-induced changes in other metabolic variables studied. Amiodarone also reduced the effect of T4 on heart weight, but had little or no influence on 3',5'-T2 MA, the only metabolic variable studied. T3 treatment of the rat caused a 35% increase in heart weight, about a 15-fold increase in 3',5'-T2 MA, about a 35% increase in alpha GPD, and about a 100% increase in ODC activity. Ipodate and PTU reduced the increase in 3',5'-T2 MA following T3 administration, but had no appreciable influence on heart weight, alpha GPD, and/or ODC activity. Propranolol and amiodarone had no significant effect on any of the changes studied after T3 administration. It was concluded that: 1) ipodate markedly lessens or abolishes the effects of T4 on the heart; 2) propranolol and amiodarone decrease cardiac hypertrophy in response to T4 administration, but have little or no effect on metabolic changes due to T4; 3) PTU curtails the metabolic effects of T4 on the heart but has little effect on cardiac hypertrophy; 4) none of the drugs studied affects cardiac changes occurring after T3 administration. The changes observed in 3',5'-T2 MA after ipodate and PTU treatment may have been a result of direct interaction of the drugs with the deiodinase. PMID- 6723574 TI - A cleaved form of prolactin in the mouse pituitary gland: identification and comparison of in vitro synthesis and release in strains with high and low incidences of mammary tumors. AB - A form of rat PRL with a clip in its large disulfide loop, the so-called cleaved PRL, has been reported to have a greater mammogenic activity than the intact molecule. This study was undertaken to investigate the presence of cleaved PRL in the mouse pituitary gland with the purpose of correlating its concentrations with the incidence of mammary tumors. We could identify this molecule in the mouse pituitary by sodium dodecyl sulfate-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis, although its concentration was not high enough for ready detection in crude extracts of pituitary tissues. Cleaved mouse PRL and its 16 K and 8 K fragments cross-reacted with antibodies to the intact molecule and, thus, cannot be differentiated from the latter by RIA. When pituitaries were incubated for 6 h with 14C-labeled amino acids, cleaved PRL from the pituitaries of male mice incorporated more radioactive amino acids than the corresponding molecules from female mice. However, treatments such as ovariectomy, ovariectomy plus estradiol benzoate, perphenazine, and 2-Br-alpha-ergocryptine affected the concentration of labeled cleaved PRL in the same manner as they did that of the intact molecule. The ratio of labeled cleaved PRL to the labeled intact molecule in mice with a high incidence of mammary tumors (C3H/St) was not much different from that in mice with a low incidence (C57BL/6J) in pituitary plus medium. However, this ratio was slightly but consistently higher in medium from the C3H/St strain, raising the interesting question whether such a preponderance prevails in the circulation of this and other mammary tumor-prone strains as well. PMID- 6723575 TI - Mammotroph autoregulation: uptake of secreted prolactin and inhibition of secretion. AB - A dissociated preparation of normal adult rat pituitary cells has been used to study PRL autoregulation at the level of the mammotroph . Female rat pituitary cells previously cultured for 48 h on polylysine-coated petri dishes were washed to remove serum and accumulated PRL and then incubated in fresh medium in the absence or presence of increasing concentrations of rat PRL. Accurate balance sheets, allowing for degradation and nonspecific adsorption of PRL, showed exogenous PRL to regulate the amount of PRL released by the cells. That this regulation was partly produced by uptake of secreted PRL from the medium was demonstrated by supplementing the medium with [125I]iodo-rat PRL. Inhibition of secretion also played a role and was implied by experiments showing that ease of reversal of the inhibition was inversely proportional to the density of cell culture, which was itself proportional to the amount of PRL in the medium and the duration of autoregulation. These results indicate that normal adult rat pituitary cells in primary culture are capable of regulating the amount of PRL in their external milieu and that uptake of already secreted PRL is an important component of the regulatory mechanism. PMID- 6723576 TI - Adrenal and placental steroid secretion during pregnancy in the rat. AB - Studies were designed to determine the relative roles of the adrenal and ovary on androgen and progestin secretion in pregnant rats. Steroids were measured in serial plasma samples obtained from pregnant rats that had been ovariectomized, ovariectomized and adrenalectomized, or ovariectomized, adrenalectomized, and hypophysectomized and which had been treated with the steroid analogs dydrogesterone (9 beta,10 alpha-pregna-4, 6-diene-3,20-dione) and diethylstilbestrol [(E)4,4'-(1,2-diethyl-1,2- ethenediyl )bisphenol] to maintain pregnancy. Plasma levels of progesterone and 20 alpha-hydroxy-4-pregnen-3-one in pregnant rats were low on day 10, peaked on day 12 (21 +/- 3 and 8 +/- 1 ng/ml, respectively), and returned to low levels by day 16. Similar patterns of progestin levels were found in pregnant ovariectomized-adrenalectomized and ovariectomized-adrenalectomized-hypophysectomized rats maintained with steroid analogs. However, adrenalectomy caused lower levels of serum progesterone on days 10, 14, 16, and 18, demonstrating that the adrenal contributes progesterone to the pool of steroids. In a second study, plasma testosterone levels were measured from blood obtained from serially bled pregnant ovariectomized-adrenalectomized rats maintained with steroid analogs. The testosterone levels increased from day 10 (128 +/- 26 pg/ml) through day 20 (595 +/- 75 pg/ml) and fell until day 22 (411 +/- 377 pg/ml). These findings suggest that the adrenal cortex contributes to the progesterone pool during pregnancy and indicate that active in vivo feto placental progesterone and testosterone production occurs throughout pregnancy. PMID- 6723577 TI - Inhibition of estrogen synthetase (aromatase) by 4-cyclohexylaniline. AB - 4- Cyclohexylaniline , a structurally simple analog of the drug aminoglutethimide [d,l-3-(4-aminophenyl)3-ethyl-2, 6- piperidinedione ], was found to be an effective inhibitor of the aromatization of testosterone and androstenedione. With human placental microsomes, 4- cyclohexylaniline was a more potent aromatase inhibitor than d-aminoglutethimide. For androstenedione and testosterone aromatization, competitive inhibition by 4- cyclohexylaniline was observed; a Ki value of 0.14 microM was found with both substrates. A Ki value for d aminoglutethimide inhibition of androstenedione aromatization of 0.3 microM was obtained. Kinetic analysis of the simultaneous inhibition by 4- cyclohexylaniline and d-aminoglutethimide suggests that both compounds bind to the same site on the enzyme. 4- Cyclohexylaniline and d-aminoglutethimide were also tested for inhibition of androstenedione aromatization in human and rat ovarian microsomes. With the human aromatase, both inhibitors exhibited approximately the same effectiveness; with rat aromatase, however, d-aminoglutethimide was more potent. 4- Cyclohexylaniline and d-aminoglutethimide were also assayed for their inhibition of cytochrome P-450-catalyzed cholesterol side-chain cleavage. When the enzyme from human placenta was used, 4- cyclohexylaniline was 24-fold less effective than d-aminoglutethimide, and when the purified bovine adrenal enzyme was used, it was 16-fold less effective. Thus, 4- cyclohexylaniline exhibits inhibitory specificity toward aromatase. Difference spectral measurements using crude placental microsomes and cholate extracts of these microsomes show that binding of 4- cyclohexylaniline produces a type II spectral change; this is indicative of coordination of the arylamine to the heme-iron of the aromatase cytochrome P-450. Consistent with this spectral finding was the fact that blockade of the amino group of both 4- cyclohexylaniline and d-aminoglutethimide by acetylation resulted in essentially complete loss of inhibitory activity toward aromatase. These findings establish that the arylamine moieties of both 4- cyclohexylaniline and d-aminoglutethimide are essential for their inhibitory actions. The potent aromatase inhibition by 4- cyclohexylaniline indicates that neither the complex glutarimide ring nor the chiral 3-ethyl substituent of d aminoglutethimide is required for high affinity binding of this class of inhibitor to aromatase P-450. PMID- 6723578 TI - Persistent versus transient stimulation of the macaque corpus luteum during prolonged exposure to human chorionic gonadotropin: a function of age of the corpus luteum. AB - The rescue of the primate corpus luteum (CL) by CG in early pregnancy is transient, despite a continued rise in circulating CG. To investigate the mechanisms resulting in this response, female rhesus monkeys were given im injections of increasing doses of hCG for 10 days during the menstrual cycle to mimic the pattern of circulating macaque CG observed in early pregnancy. Treatment began 5.3 +/- 0.3 (early luteal phase; n = 4; mean +/- SE), 8.3 +/- 0.5 (midluteal phase; n = 6), or 12.0 +/- 0.4 (late luteal phase; n = 4) days after the midcycle LH surge. Femoral venous blood was collected daily from CG-treated animals from day 8 of the menstrual cycle until the onset of menses. Serum hCG, LH, progesterone (P), and 17 beta-estradiol (E) were measured by RIA. When CG treatment began during the early luteal phase, serum P increased within 9 h after the initial injection (P less than 0.05); elevated concentrations of P persisted through treatment (range, 5.7-10.8 ng/ml) and decreased only after termination of CG injections. When treatment began during the midluteal phase, serum P increased within 9 h (P less than 0.05), peaked the third day of CG treatment (10.4 +/- 2.2 ng/ml), and then declined despite a continued rise in serum CG. Initiation of CG treatment late in the luteal phase also elicited a transient but less profound (peak, 6.4 +/- 0.5 ng/ml) increase in P concentrations. Although P patterns differed among treatment groups (P less than 0.01, by analysis of variance, split plot design), E patterns did not (P greater than 0.05). Serum E increased between 9 and 24 h after onset of treatment and remained elevated until 3-4 days after cessation of CG injections. In summary, treatment that elicited pregnancy-like increases in peripheral CG beginning in the midluteal phase of the menstrual cycle resulted in a transient stimulation of luteal P production similar to that observed in macaques during early pregnancy. This scheme provides a useful model for studying the primate CL during simulated early pregnancy. In contrast, CG administration begun early in the luteal phase resulted in persistent, rather than transient, stimulation of luteal P production. We conclude that the mechanisms involved in the transitory response of the primate CL to circulating CG during pregnancy are inoperative during the early luteal phase of the menstrual cycle. PMID- 6723579 TI - Androgens regulate brain aromatase activity in adult male rats through a receptor mechanism. AB - We studied the regulation of aromatase activity in the hypothalamus-preoptic area ( HPOA ) of adult male rats using a sensitive in vitro assay which measures the amount of 3H2O formed by tissue homogenates during the conversion of [1 beta 3H]androstenedione to estrone. After castration, HPOA aromatase activity was decreased by 60% (P less than 0.05), seminal vesicle (SV) and ventral prostate (VP) weights were significantly decreased (P less than 0.05), and serum LH levels were elevated. We found that testosterone (T) or 5 alpha-dihydrotestosterone (DHT) administered in Silastic capsules for 7 days reversed the effects of castration. Testosterone and DHT stimulated HPOA aromatase activity 133% and 92%, respectively (P less than 0.05). Both steroids significantly increased SV and VP wet weights and suppressed serum levels of LH (P less than 0.05). Administration of either estradiol or progesterone did not reverse the effect of castration on HPOA aromatase activity or any other parameter measured. To determine the involvement of androgen receptors in the mechanism by which androgens affect brain aromatase, we administered the nonsteroidal antiandrogen flutamide to intact male rats (15 mg/day for 7 days). There was 42% less HPOA aromatase activity in treated rats than in oil-injected controls (P less than 0.05). Flutamide significantly decreased SV and VP wet weights, while serum LH levels were enhanced (P less than 0.05). Likewise, administration of flutamide to T implanted castrated males blocked the T-induced increase in HPOA aromatase activity and accessory sexual organ wet weights, and prevented the T-induced suppression of serum LH. Flutamide given alone to castrated rats had no effect. Since both T and DHT stimulated HPOA aromatase activity and since the effects of T are blocked by the concomitant administration of the antiandrogen flutamide, we concluded that the control of HPOA aromatase activity by androgens is receptor mediated. PMID- 6723580 TI - Testosterone can initiate spermatogenesis in an immature nonhuman primate, Macaca fascicularis. AB - Four 1-yr-old, i.e. immature, monkeys (M. fascicularis) were treated with testosterone. For the first 21 weeks, they received testosterone capsules sc; thereafter for the remainder of 1 yr, they received weekly injections of 125 mg testosterone enanthate. Four similarly aged monkeys served as untreated controls. The testosterone enanthate injections produced a peak level of 345 +/- 70 nmol/liter (mean +/- SD) after 24 h and the levels were 187 +/- 39 nmol/liter 7 days later. The overall mean level of circulating testosterone in the untreated monkeys was 3.5 +/- 1.1 nmol/liter. Testicular volumes of the treated monkeys became 6 times larger than those of the untreated monkeys. The testicular testosterone concentrations of the treated monkeys were about 2- to 4-fold greater than those of untreated immature monkeys but no more than 82% of the normal adult range. Spermatogenesis in varying degrees of completeness was found in the testes of all four treated monkeys. Moreover, sperm, including some motile cells were found in the ejaculates of two monkeys. These data lead to the conclusion that spermatogenesis can be initiated, although not quantitatively, in an immature nonhuman primate by testosterone treatment. PMID- 6723581 TI - Effects of simulated weightlessness on bone mineral metabolism. AB - Space flight and bedrest result in a negative calcium balance and osteopenia. The mechanisms underlying these events are not well understood. In particular, it is not clear whether systemic or local factors are preeminent in mediating the effects of gravity on bone mineral content. Using a rat model that unweights only the hindlimbs, we determined whether the osteopenia induced in these rats was generalized or restricted to the unweighted limbs, and whether changes in intestinal calcium transport contributed to the alterations in bone calcium content. In this model, the hindquarters were elevated using the tail at an approximately 40 degrees angle for up to 15 days. The tibia and lumbar vertebra from experimental rats contained substantially less calcium than the same bones from pair-fed controls; at 15 days, the tibia was 86.2 +/- 2.5% of the control value (mean +/- SE), and the vertebra was 75.5 +/- 3.5% of control value (mean +/ SE). However, these differences were found only for the unweighted bones; the mandible and humerus showed no differences between experimental and pair-fed control rats. When calcium uptake by bone was evaluated after 45Ca administration, we observed an initial decrease in uptake at 5 days only in the tibia [percentage of control value, 60.5 +/- 5.5, (mean +/- SE)] and vertebra (percentage of control value, 74.3 +/- 3.7) when experimental animals were compared to pair-fed controls; there was no decrease in the humerus and mandible. However, after 10 days of unweighting , calcium uptake in the tibia and vertebra of experimental animals returned to control levels and by 15 days exceeded control levels (the tibia was 125.8 +/- 5.8% of the control value and the vertebra was 136.2 +/- 9.6% of the control value) despite the progressive decrease in total bone calcium compared to that in pair-fed controls. At no time could we demonstrate a difference in duodenal calcium transport between experimental and control animals. These data suggest that in this model, which simulates certain aspects of weightlessness, changes in local factors within the unweighted bones may have a greater impact on bone mass and turnover than changes in systemic factors that regulate overall bone mineral homeostasis. PMID- 6723582 TI - Normalization of estradiol receptor kinetics and hormonal activity in uterus of streptozotocin-induced diabetic rats treated with insulin. AB - In response to ip 17 beta-estradiol injection, ovariectomized streptozotocin induced diabetic rats showed a decreased early and late stimulation of uterine protein synthesis as compared to nondiabetic controls. An early nuclear loss of estradiol-receptor complex and an accelerated estradiol clearance from the circulating blood were also observed in these animals. To establish whether these alterations in hormone kinetics and activity were related to the diabetic state, further investigation was done by treating diabetic animals with insulin, during 18 consecutive days after 3 to 8 months of long standing diabetes (type I treatment) or during 10 weeks starting immediately at the onset of the streptozotocin-induced disease (type II treatment). Both types of treatment either restored (type I) or preserved (type II) a normal body weight, low glycemia, and absence of glycosuria. Both types of treatment also restored a normal hormonal clearance so that higher plasma levels of estradiol at 30 and 90 min were noted after ip injection when compared to untreated diabetics. Nuclear retention of the estradiol-receptor complex was significantly higher in treated diabetics at 210 min as compared to the nondiabetic controls. Finally, stimulation of early protein synthesis at 90 min was normalized after both types of treatment. From the above observations it is concluded that insulin treatment restored a normal estrogen metabolism in diabetics, resulting in a prolonged retention of the estradiol-receptor complex in the uterine nuclei; the latter event in turn elicited a normal hormonal activity on protein synthesis. A direct influence of the diabetic state and of insulin treatment on the receptor kinetics and/or on the tissue response to the hormonal stimulus may however not be excluded. PMID- 6723583 TI - Characterization and endocrine regulation of the cytochrome P-450 dependent microsomal hydroxylation of 5 alpha-androstane-3 beta,17 beta-diol in the rat ventral prostate. AB - Of 11 structurally related steroids, 5 alpha-androstane-3 beta,17 beta-diol was the one most efficiently hydroxylated to polar metabolites by microsomes isolated from the rat ventral prostate. The metabolites were identified by gas chromatography-mass spectrometry as 6 alpha-,7 alpha-, and presumably 6 beta hydroxylated 5 alpha-androstane-3 beta,17 beta-diol. The hydroxylated metabolites were separated and quantitated by high performance liquid chromatography using an aminopropylsilane hypersil column. Maximum velocity (V max) values of 0.36, 0.12, and 0.044 nmol/min X mg of microsomal protein were determined for the 6 alpha-,7 alpha-, and 6 beta-hydroxylase activities, respectively, with an apparent Michaelis-Menten constant (Km) of 30 microM for all hydroxylases. Hydroxylation of 5 alpha-androstane-3 beta,17 beta-diol in prostatic microsomes was NADPH dependent and was inhibited by several cytochrome P-450 inhibitors in vitro and by antibodies against rat liver NADPH-cytochrome P-450 reductase. The enzyme activities were stimulated by treatment of the rats with phenobarbital, beta naphthoflavone, 5 alpha-androstane-3 beta,17 beta-diol,5 alpha dihydrotestosterone, and methyltrienolone, whereas the activities were suppressed by ovine PRL, human GH, estradiol benzoate, cholesterol, andrenalectomy , hypophysectomy, and castration. It is concluded that the prostatic 5 alpha androstane-3 beta,17 beta-diol hydroxylase activities represent a constitutive cytochrome P-450 form in the rat ventral prostate with a high steroid substrate specificity. Endocrine factors are involved in the regulation of the activity of the enzyme. The ratio between the three hydroxylated metabolites was constant in almost all experiments suggesting that only one cytochrome P-450 species was involved in the hydroxylation. PMID- 6723584 TI - Autoregulatory control of thyrotropin in rabbits. AB - Studies were designed to determine whether an autoregulation system exists for TSH in the rabbit. For this purpose, a species-specific RIA for rabbit TSH that does not cross-react with human (h) TSH was developed. Hypothyroid animals were studied at varying time periods up to 3 months after either surgical thyroidectomy or propylthiouracil (PTU) treatment. Highly purified hTSH was injected iv at doses of 0 (saline control), 0.1, 0.3, 1,3, and 10 micrograms into unanesthetized rabbits bearing chronically implanted Silastic catheters. Blood samples were obtained at -30, 0, 10, 20, 30, 60, 120, 180, 240, and 300 min and 24 h. Doses between 0.3 and 10 micrograms hTSH produced a prompt fall (10 min) in rabbit TSH in hypothyroid rabbits studied 8-21 days after thyroidectomy. The minimum dose of hTSH that significantly suppressed rabbit TSH was 0.3 micrograms. This dose produced a peak value of hTSH in rabbit serum of 1.3 +/- 0.1 (+/- SEM) ng/ml 10 min after injection, which translates into a bioassay potency of 2.0 microU/ml (close to the physiological level in humans). A dose-response relationship existed between the hTSH dose injected and the duration and magnitude of suppression of rabbit TSH. This response to TSH was specific; 10 micrograms hTSH produced no change in endogenous rabbit serum LH and, conversely, 10 IU hLH produced no change in rabbit serum TSH. In contrast to these striking effects in acute hypothyroid animals, hTSH produced no detectable suppression of rabbit TSH in animals that were hypothyroid for 2-3 months. The sensitivity of the autoregulatory system to the suppressive effects of exogenous hTSH decreased with increasing duration of hypothyroidism; a time-response relationship existed. We conclude that: 1) a sensitive and specific autoregulatory control system for TSH exists in the rabbit; and 2) as the duration of hypothyroidism increases, the sensitivity of the autoregulatory system to the suppressive effects of endogenous TSH changes. PMID- 6723585 TI - Ovarian steroids modulate the release of dopamine into hypophysial portal blood and the density of anterior pituitary [3H]spiperone-binding sites in ovariectomized rats. AB - The concentrations of dopamine (DA) in pituitary stalk plasma and the number of DA D-2 receptor sites in the anterior pituitary gland were evaluated in ovariectomized (OVX) rats treated for 48-78 h with estradiol (E2) or vehicle and for 2-30 h with progesterone (P) or vehicle. Only the combined administration of E2 for 72-78 h and P for 24-30 h altered the release of DA into pituitary stalk blood and the number of dopaminergic binding sites in the anterior pituitary gland. The DA concentrations in pituitary stalk plasma 72 h after initiation of treatment were 1.9 +/- 0.3 (mean +/- SEM), 2.6 +/- 0.2, and 2.4 +/- 0.3 ng/ml in OVX rats treated with vehicle, E2, and P alone, respectively, and were increased significantly to 4.3 +/- 0.4 ng/ml in E2- and P-treated rats. The binding of [3H] spiperone to DA D-2 receptors was measured by a single point assay in homogenates of the individual anterior pituitary glands obtained from the same rats. Anterior pituitary tissue was incubated with 0.4 nM [3H]spiperone in the presence or absence of 10(-6) M (+)butaclamol. Binding was similar in all animals except those treated with E2 and P, in which a significant increase occurred. Three days after initiation of treatment, binding was equivalent to 49.8 +/- 5.8, 51.3 +/- 5.1, and 55.4 +/- 4.9 fmol/mg protein in OVX rats treated with vehicle, E2, and P, respectively. In contrast, a significant increase in binding to 83.7 +/- 4.6 fmol/mg protein was observed in rats given E2 and P. No differences in either parameter were apparent 48 h after starting the steroid/vehicle treatment, nor were there any differences between morning and afternoon values in any single group. Scatchard analyses were made on the binding kinetics of DA receptors in anterior pituitary glands obtained from additional rats, and 1.5- to 2-fold increases in the density of sites were observed in animals that had received both E2 and P, while the apparent affinity of the receptors was unchanged. We conclude that treatment with the combination of E2 and P is required to increase the release of DA into hypophysial portal blood and that it also increases the density of DA receptors within the anterior pituitary gland. PMID- 6723586 TI - Thyroid hormone metabolism and the source of plasma triiodothyronine in 2-week old rats: effects of thyroid status. AB - Earlier studies have shown larger increments in serum T3 in 2-week-old congenitally hypothyroid rats than in euthyroid controls after injections of small doses of T4. Since hepatic and renal 5'-deiodination of T4 to T3 in vitro (5' D-I) is reduced during the neonatal period and in hypothyroidism, those results suggest that there may be major changes in the distribution and metabolism of T3 or that an alternative enzymatic pathway is the predominant source of extrathyroidally produced T3 in these rats. The alternative pathway, 5' D-II, is a relatively minor source of serum T3 in adult euthyroid rats, but the contribution of this pathway to the extrathyroid T3 pool during the neonatal period and in hypothyroxinemia is not known. Consequently, we studied [125I]T4 and [131I]T3 kinetics and fractional T4 to T3 conversion in 2-week-old euthyroid and hypothyroid rats and then explored the source of circulating T3 by manipulating 5' D-I activity with propylthiouracil and that of 5' D-II with thyroid hormone. The plasma clearance rate of T4 was increased in hypothyroid rats, a difference entirely accounted for by the faster fractional rate of irreversible removal in the hypothyroid pups. Plasma clearance rate of T3 was reduced in hypothyroid rats owing to the reduced volume of distribution of T3. Fractional T4 to T3 conversion was 2- to 3-fold higher in euthyroid or hypothyroid neonates than in adult rats. In euthyroid rats the serum concentration of T4 was 36 +/- 1 (SEM) ng/ml and that of T3 0.61 +/- 0.03 ng/ml, and the production rates were 432 and 159 ng day-1 30 g-1 BW for T4 and T3, respectively. About 80% of the T3 in euthyroid neonates was produced extrathyroidally . These findings are inconsistent with hepatic and renal 5' D-I being the main source of serum T3 in 2-week-old rats. In fact, liver and kidney 5' D-I activities were 40% and 65% of the corresponding adult values in euthyroid neonates, and in hypothyroid pups were further reduced to 15% and 17%. In contrast, 5' D-II, previously reported to be high in central nervous tissue and pituitary, was 7-10-fold higher in brown adipose tissue (BAT) of hypothyroid pups than in that of euthyroid ones.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 400 WORDS) PMID- 6723587 TI - Decrease of platelet serotonin content in ovariectomized female rats. AB - Platelet serotonin (5-HT) concentration was determined in ovariectomized and sham operated rats by high-pressure liquid chromatography. A 23% decrease in platelet 5-HT levels was found in ovariectomized rats. Platelet 5-HT uptake mechanism was studied by incubating platelet-rich plasma with increasing concentrations of [3H] 5-HT at 37 C and 4 C for 10 sec. Kinetics parameters (Km, Vmax) characterizing active 5-HT uptake were found to be identical in both groups of rats. In vitro preincubation of platelets with 17 beta-estradiol and progesterone did not modify the 5-HT uptake levels. The platelet 5-HT decrease observed in ovariectomized rats may reflect a physiological modulation of peripheral 5-HT metabolism by ovarian hormones, which is not linked to a modification of the membranal uptake mechanism. PMID- 6723589 TI - Changes in subcortical visual and auditory evoked potentials following amygdaloid kindling in cats. AB - In this study we dealt with the changes in visual and auditory evoked potentials following kindling, to reveal the distant effects of epileptic activity. The experiments were performed using cats. Visual and auditory evoked potentials were obtained initially. Daily stimulation of 60 Hz (rectangular wave, 1 ms in duration, 500 microA in peak current, 2-s train) was given to the right amygdala, for kindling. After the completion of kindling, evoked responses were recorded again. In the auditory system the changes of responses in the cortex, medial geniculate nucleus, and cochlear nucleus were distinguished. The changes of potentials in the subcortex were larger than those at the cortical level. For visual evoked potentials there was a discrepancy between stimulation with light and electrical stimulation of the optic chiasm. There was no significant change in amplitude of visual evoked potentials by flash. In the case of optic chiasm stimulation, an enlargement of evoked responses was obtained. These results indicate modality-specific change of the auditory system and widespread subcortical change. These results might be caused by some vulnerability of the auditory system in the case of amygdaloid kindling, as a result of the epileptogenic process. PMID- 6723588 TI - Limbic kindling in the forebrain-bisected photosensitive baboon, Papio papio. AB - When forebrain-bisected photosensitive baboons, Papio papio, were kindled from the amygdala or hippocampus, bilateralization of convulsive seizure proved difficult, and the final stage of bisymmetrical and bisynchronous convulsive seizure unique to this species did not develop despite more than twice the number of kindling stimulations required for its development in nonbisected baboons. At the secondary site amygdala, convulsive seizure development was suppressed. Findings of the present and previous studies suggest that the corpus callosum plays: (a) a major, if not an exclusive, role in convulsive seizure bilateralization ; and (b) a critical role in the development of primarily generalized convulsive seizures unique to this epileptic baboon. Finally, in the absence of the corpus callosum (and the hippocampal commissure) the transhemisphere seizures suppressing effect generated by amygdaloid kindling appears to be mediated through the subcortical pathway which presumably exists in the brainstem. PMID- 6723590 TI - A kindling-like effect induced by repeated exposure to heated water in rats. AB - Hyperthermia was induced in mature rats by immersing them in 20 cm of 45 degrees C water for 4 min. Rats were made hyperthermic once every 4 days for six exposures. A significant number had at least one convulsion by the third exposure. During the seventh exposure, 2 weeks after the sixth exposure, twice as many rats experienced convulsions. Two weeks later, four rats that had convulsed following exposure to heated water at an earlier time convulsed on exposure to a strobe light flashing at 25 Hz. The percentage of rats having experienced at least one convulsion increased dramatically when tested 2 and then an additional 3 months later. Spontaneous (handling-induced) convulsions also occurred in a few rats that had been exposed to heated water previously. The data indicate that repeated exposure to this type of hyperthermia can result in an increase in convulsive susceptibility in mature rats and may be a useful, noninvasive model for studying kindling, febrile convulsions, and epilepsy in rodents. PMID- 6723591 TI - Enhanced gastrointestinal excretion of phenytoin in a patient with Crohn's disease. AB - A patient with Crohn's disease and generalized seizures who lacked the distal small bowel and ascending colon required 600 mg of intravenous phenytoin daily (11 mg/kg/24 h) to maintain her plasma phenytoin levels in the 12-24 micrograms/ml range. She received no oral phenytoin. Stool volumes ranged from 1,125 to 1,875 ml/24 h, and stool fraction phenytoin levels from 15 to 41 micrograms/ml. Urinary 5-(p-hydroxyphenyl)-5-phenylhydantoin and phenytoin levels in three 24-h samples were sufficient to account for 26, 46, and 57% of the administered drug, compared with the expected 70-90%. This was most likely due to an alteration of the normal cycle of absorption and reexcretion between the intestinal lumen and the blood resulting in net excretion of phenytoin into the bowel. PMID- 6723592 TI - Corpus callosotomy: clinical and electroencephalographic effects. AB - Six persons (five male, one female), 15-41 years of age (mean, 23 years), with medically intractable epilepsy for 7-35 years (mean, 15 years) underwent total corpus callosum section (anterior commissure to posterior commissure) for treatment of seizures resulting in falls and injuries. Preoperative EEGs demonstrated two or more morphologically distinct interictal discharges, at least one of which was generalized. Generalized ictal EEG discharges were documented in all cases to account for the clinical seizures resulting in injury. A comparison of generalized epileptiform discharges in comparable states of arousal pre- and postoperatively demonstrated a statistically significant (p less than 0.05) reduction of generalized discharges after surgery. Postoperative observation periods have ranged from 10 to 30 months (mean, 17.6 months) and have documented a statistically significant (p less than 0.05) decrease in the number of falling seizures (means: preoperative, 23.2 seizures/month; postoperative, 0.7 seizures/month). A statistically significant difference in pre- and postoperative total (generalized and focal) interictal discharges was not demonstrated. Long term, clinically apparent complications of surgery did not occur in our patients. Thus, sectioning of the corpus callosum interrupts generalized epileptiform discharges (as documented by the postoperative EEG) and usually results in a significant decrease in generalized seizures. PMID- 6723593 TI - Epilepsy rehabilitation: evaluating specialized versus general agency outcome. AB - This 1982 study was a retrospective comparison of vocational outcome between eight state rehabilitation agencies and the University of Washington Epilepsy Center's Vocational Unit for the years 1977-1978. Hypotheses included: (a) A significantly higher portion of those with epilepsy will find employment through a specialized (i.e., Epilepsy Center) versus a general rehabilitation program. (b) A specialized program will have a significantly lower proportion of program dropouts. (c) Those finding jobs through a specialized program will earn higher salaries and have better job retention than those employing a general agency program. On several comparisons the specialized program outperformed the general agencies--higher proportion of successful job placements and lower proportions of dropouts and those remaining in process (all chi2 tests significant at the p less than 0.001 level). Placement rates for specialized programs have traditionally approximated 50%, whereas these state agencies placed from 9 to 21%. Salary level and job retention differences were inconclusive. Data implications are discussed. PMID- 6723594 TI - Kinetics of penetration of common antiepileptic drugs into cerebrospinal fluid. AB - The rate of entry of common antiepileptic drugs and some active metabolites into cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) was studied in anesthetized dogs from which blood and CSF samples were withdrawn at short intervals. Diazepam, its active metabolites desmethyldiazepam and oxazepam, clonazepam, and ethosuximide entered the CSF very rapidly with mean half-times to equilibrium between 3 and 7 min. Valproic acid, phenytoin, phenobarbital, and carbamazepine went in more slowly, but mean penetration half-times were still only 12-18 min. Primidone, its metabolite phenylethylmalondiamide , and the active metabolite of carbamazepine, i.e., carbamazepine-10,11-epoxide, passed into CSF considerably slower, with half-times of 40-50 min. In order to evaluate to what extent physicochemical properties determine the penetration rates of antiepileptic drugs into the CSF, three factors were examined: the degree of ionization of the respective drugs at physiologic pH, the plasma protein binding, and the lipid-solubility, measured by organic solvent/buffer distribution ratios. Ionization was not considered as a rate-limiting factor, because all compounds except valproic acid were highly non ionized at pH 7.4. No correlation was found between penetration rates and plasma protein binding, but at equilibrium, the ratio between CSF and total plasma concentrations was almost equal to the free fraction of drug in plasma. A significant correlation was found between penetration rate and the benzene/buffer distribution ratio of antiepileptic drugs, which indicates that the lipid solubility, rather than the protein binding or the degree of ionization, plays the major role in determining the differences in rate of entry of these drugs.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS) PMID- 6723595 TI - L-cycloserine: a potent anticonvulsant. AB - The L-isomer of 4-amino-3- isoxazolidinone (L-cycloserine), a potent transaminase inhibitor, was tested for its anticonvulsant action. Intraperitoneal injection of 25 mg kg-1 protects the inbred epileptic mouse (DBA/2J) from convulsions. The drug exerts its protective influence 3 h after administration, and its effect subsides gradually thereafter. A normal mouse (CBA/Ca) can be made prone to sound induced epilepsy by enhancing its cerebral concentrations of Zn2+ and pyridoxal 5'-phosphate (PLP). Prior administration of 25-50 mg kg-1 L-cycloserine counteracts the convulsive effects of these substances. The pretreated animal is resistant to seizures. The concentrations of glutamate and aspartate in the inferior colliculus of the treated animal are diminished, whereas the concentration of gamma-aminobutyrate is enhanced. The time course of the changes in the amino acid concentrations broadly mirrors the changes in seizure susceptibility following the treatment. Proton nuclear magnetic resonance spectra of a mixture containing equimolar concentrations of L-cycloserine, PLP, and ZnSO4 were obtained. From the resonance peaks of such an adduct, we have ascertained that a molecule of L-cycloserine forms an irreversible Schiff base with the 4 aldehyde group of PLP, and this adduct is stabilized by a zinc ion. The significance of this finding for the anticonvulsant action of the drug is discussed. PMID- 6723596 TI - Further observations on the action of phenytoin on the cerebellum in rats: involvement of the lateral reticular nucleus. AB - The action of phenytoin (PHT) on both the spontaneous and evoked activity of lateral reticular nucleus (LRN) neurons in rats was studied. An inhibition appeared at 90 min after drug administration, with a maximum peak at 135 min, followed by an excitation at 220 min. This biphasic action depended on plasma tissue concentrations: At low concentrations, PHT exerted an inhibitory effect that became excitation at relatively high doses (7.5 micrograms/ml and 10.36 micrograms/g in plasma and brain, respectively). It was concluded that PHT modified cerebellar cortical activity not only by exerting a direct control on the Purkinje cells and an indirect modulation through the climbing fibers, but also through the mossy afferents originating from the LRN. PMID- 6723597 TI - Effects of antiepileptic drugs and seizure type on operant responding in mentally retarded persons. AB - The performance of 129 mentally retarded persons was studied on a progressive fixed-ratio schedule of reinforcement. Subjects were selected according to antiepileptic drug (AED) regimen or membership in one of four control groups. The AEDs studied were: phenobarbital (PB); phenytoin (PHT); PB in combination with PHT (PB/PHT); and valproic acid (VPA) in combination with other AEDs . The control groups were: persons without seizure disorders and on no medications (control); persons without seizure disorders, but on the chronic medication thioridazine ( TDZ ); persons with histories of one or more seizures and treatment with PB and/or PHT, but currently on no AEDs ; and, to control for the effects of multiple AEDs , persons on multiple drug regimens (i.e., PB and/or PHT in combination with carbamazepine and/or ethosuximide). Except for the VPA group, response rates per minute were decreased in high intelligence quotient (greater than 40) persons receiving AEDs or with a history of treated seizures. Deficits in responding were particularly marked in persons with partial seizures. Persons on VPA responded at rates comparable with those of the control and TDZ groups, unless they had partial seizures. This effect was independent of seizure frequency and was inversely related to serum level. Persons on PB most frequently exhibited frustration responses during testing, and when these occurred they were rated as being significantly more severe. Persons on PB also most frequently elected to "leave the experiment" and did so primarily for reasons thought to reflect deficits in inhibition. These results suggest that operant tasks can be sensitive to both AED effects and to underlying alterations of function that accompany seizure disorders in the mentally retarded. PMID- 6723598 TI - Serum concentrations of phenytoin after oral administration in rats. AB - Phenytoin (115 mg/kg) was given orally to rats in order to determine serum concentration levels of the drug. It was found that the peak concentration in serum was 8 micrograms/ml 1 h postadministration , with little variation being noted for up to 8 h. The relevance of these findings in terms of behavioral studies is discussed. PMID- 6723599 TI - Effects of gamma radiation on pig platelet function. AB - The effects of gamma radiation (60Co source) on pig platelet aggregation, protein secretion, and malonyldialdehyde (MDA) formation were studied. It was observed that gamma radiation (0.1-1 kGy ) modified platelet function, i.e., inhibited platelet aggregation and secretion with concomitant lipid peroxidation expressed by increased amounts of malonyldialdehyde. MDA production in irradiated platelets was dependent on the dose of gamma radiation. PMID- 6723600 TI - Changes in airway permeability and responsiveness after exposure to ozone. AB - The purpose of this investigation was to examine the relationship between airway responsiveness and the permeability of histamine through the airways in conscious sheep after exposure to ozone (O3). Airway responsiveness was assessed by measuring the change from baseline in mean pulmonary flow resistance following a controlled 2-min inhalation challenge with 1% histamine, containing 200 microCi/ml of [3H]histamine. The rate of appearance of the [3H]histamine in the plasma during inhalation challenge was used to estimate airway permeability. To perturb the airways, conscious sheep were exposed to either 0.5 or 1.0 ppm O3 for 2 hr via an endotracheal tube. Airway responsiveness and airway permeability were measured prior to and 1 day after exposure. In six sheep exposed to 0.5 ppm O3, increased airway responsiveness and airway permeability were observed 1 day after exposure. Four of seven sheep exposed to 1.0 ppm O3 had enhanced airway responsiveness and airway permeability, while the remaining three sheep showed corresponding decreases in airway responsiveness and airway permeability. Since the O3-induced directional changes in airway responsiveness paralleled the directional changes in airway permeability in both the positive and negative directions, it was concluded that changes in airway responsiveness to inhaled histamine following exposure to O3 may be related to concomitant changes in airway permeability to this agent. PMID- 6723601 TI - Cadmium content of umbilical cord blood. AB - Cadmium was measured in the umbilical cord blood at birth from 94 healthy babies. Samples were dried and ashed at low temperatures with an oxygen plasma prior to atomic absorption spectrometry. The concentration of cadmium ranged from 0.003 to 0.210 microgram/dl, with a mean of 0.045 +/- 0.063 (SD). Blood lead, maternal smoking, and proximity of residence to automobile traffic were not statistically related to cadmium levels. PMID- 6723602 TI - Neuropathology of trimethyltin intoxication. IV. Changes in the spinal cord. AB - Young C57BL/6N mice were injected (ip) with trimethyltin chloride at a dosage of 3.0 mg/kg body wt. Animals were sacrificed between 48 to 72 hr postinjection by means of intracardial perfusion of saline solution followed by 2.5% buffered glutaraldehyde. For light microscopy, the cords were further fixed in 10% buffered formalin and embedded in Paraplast. For electron microscopy, tissue samples were obtained from the cord levels at L1-L4, further fixed in glutaraldehyde and osmium tetroxide, and embedded in Epon. Chromatolytic and vacuolar changes involving neurons mainly in the medial and lateral motor nuclei of the anterior horns were observed. Electron microscopy revealed lysosomal accumulation and extensive dilatation of the cytoplasmic membrane systems (endoplasmic reticulum, Golgi complex). Large intraneuronal vacuoles were formed as a result of extensive intraneuronal edema. Progressive distention of the cytoplasmic membranes resulted in severe vacuolation, disintegration, and total breakdown of the neurons. PMID- 6723603 TI - Biochemical and ultrastructural effects of nitrite in rainbow trout: liver hypoxia as the root of the acute toxicity mechanism. AB - In Salmo gairdneri specimens exposed for 12, 24, 48, and 72 hr to nitrite (450 micrograms NO2-N) the main biochemical parameters of cerebral and hepatic hypoxia were studied. Observations on liver ultrastructure were also made to follow nitrite hepatotoxicity. Furthermore, some physiological alterations in liver mitochondria incubated in a medium containing a nitrite concentration similar to that found in the liver of in vivo exposed trout were studied. Results suggest that tissue hypoxia, due to the nitrite-induced high methemoglobinemia, is too low to be directly responsible for animal death. Nevertheless liver hypoxia is thought to be at the root of nitrite acute toxicity mechanism by producing suitable conditions for toxic potentialities. Thus irreversible and deadly damages arise in liver biochemistry and ultrastructure, particularly at the mitochondrial level. PMID- 6723604 TI - Plasma glucose and protein concentrations in rat fetuses and neonates exposed to cataractogenic doses of mirex. AB - Mirex was administered to rats during gestation or the early postnatal period and the effects on blood chemistry were studied, especially with regard to changes which might play a role in the known cataractogenicity of mirex. In the prenatal study dams were intubated with 6 mg/kg/day mirex on Days 8 through 15 of gestation, and fetal blood samples were obtained on Days 18 and 20. For postnatal studies, litters were culled to eight pups at birth. Dams were intubated with 10 mg/kg/day mirex on Days 1 through 4 postpartum, and blood was drawn from pups at ages 6 through 14 days. Glucose determinations were done on a Beckman ASTRA 8 autoanalyzer. Protein determinations were done by the method of Lowry et al. (O.H. Lowry, N. J. Rosebrough , A. L. Farr, and R. J. Randall (1951). J. Biol. Chem. 193, 165-175.) Plasma glucose levels were decreased by over 40% in mirex treated fetuses which developed cataracts. Postnatal exposure to mirex did not alter plasma glucose. Mean plasma protein concentrations were significantly lower in treated litters on Days 12 and 14 postpartum, and treated pups with cataracts on Day 14 were hypoproteinemic compared to treated pups without cataracts. Hypoproteinemia is a common factor related to cataractogenesis induced by either prenatal or postnatal mirex exposure, and may possibly be a causative factor. Although hypoglycemia may be a contributing factor in prenatal cataractogenesis, it does not seem to be implicated in postnatal cataractogenesis. PMID- 6723605 TI - Thermal tolerance by embryos and larvae of the surf clam Spisula solidissima. AB - Thermal tolerance was tested in three developmental stages of the surf clam Spisula solidissima: cleavage stages, trochophore , and straight hinge larvae. Experiments were designed to simulate larval entrainment in the cooling system of a power plant. Eleven different temperatures were investigated from 20.2 to 43 degrees C. Exposure times varied from 1 min to 6 hr and following each of the (88) different exposures, larvae were returned to the incubation temperature for a further period of development which facilitated differentiation of dead and live animals. Pooled mortality data from triplicate experiments (for each larval state) were subjected to a stepwise regression analysis (percentage mortality on temperature and time). Equations were derived from the regression program comprising first-, second-, and third-order terms for temperature and time, and these were used to generate response surfaces relating mortality to temperature time exposure. As with earlier work on Mulinia , the term (temperature) provides the best single predictor of larval mortality. Spisula is the only fully marine bivalve species so far subjected to this type of thermal tolerance test and is clearly the most temperature sensitive of all species investigated to date. PMID- 6723606 TI - Genetic and cytogenetic effects induced in the mouse by an organophosphorus insecticide: malathion. AB - Male mice (Q strain) received an ip injection of malathion (300 mg/kg). The percentage of chromosome aberrations was not increased in both bone marrow cells and spermatogonia. In a dominant lethal mutation assay, the frequency of pre- and postimplantation fetal lethality was not significantly enhanced over the control level. PMID- 6723607 TI - Organ distribution and protein binding of cadmium in autopsy material from heavy smokers. AB - Male heavy smokers were autopsied within 3 days postmortem. Samples from kidney, liver, and lung were taken for analysis of cadmium levels and degree of protein binding within the cytosolic fraction. The levels in lung, liver, and kidney were 0.50 +/- 0.35 (means +/- SEM), 2.21 +/- 0.63, and 17.4 +/- 8.8 micrograms cadmium/g wet weight tissue, respectively. In liver and kidney, approximately 75% was bound to a low-molecular-weight protein whereas the corresponding figure for the lung cytosolic fraction was 56%, a difference being statistically significant (P less than 0.05). After concentration of the low-molecular-weight cadmium binding protein(s) ( CdBP ) by ultrafiltration and preparative isoelectric focusing in a granulated gel, the cadmium appeared in one single band with pI values of 5.8 (lung and liver) and 6.0 (kidney), respectively. It is therefore concluded that human lung exposed to cadmium, in this case via cigarette smoke, contains a CdBP , which binds cadmium. The relative degree of binding is less in lung than in liver or kidney, implicating that the metal could be more toxic to the lung than to liver or kidney, as the protein probably serves a role in detoxifying cadmium. PMID- 6723608 TI - 4,4'-methylene-bis-ortho-chloro-aniline (MBOCA): absorption and excretion after skin application and gavage. AB - 4,4'-methylene-bis-ortho-chloro-aniline ( MBOCA ) is an aromatic amine and industrial chemical that has been shown to cause cancer of several different organs in rats and mice and bladder cancer in dogs. The purpose of this study was to determine the efficacy of using urinary concentrations of MBOCA as a means for evaluating extent of exposure. Male Sprague-Dawley rats were given MBOCA and [14C] MBOCA by either gavage or skin application. Concentrations and amounts of 14C were measured in urine, feces, skin and total carcasses, and parent MBOCA in urine at several intervals after application. The percentages of administered doses excreted and retained in the animals were calculated and comparisons made. Within 72 hr after gavage 16.5% of the administered compound was excreted in urine as 14C but only 0.25% as parent MBOCA . In the same interval after skin application a maximum of 2.54% of administered MBOCA was excreted as 14C but only 0.008% as parent MBOCA . Seventy-two hours after gavage 13.7% of the administered dose was retained in the tissues, and after skin absorption 5-13% was retained. With gavage the rate of excretion of 14C in urine and feces was very high in the first 24 hr (68.3%) but fell off rapidly (2.07%) by the third day. After skin absorption the rates of excretion of 14C were fairly constant over a 3-day period. Less MBOCA was absorbed from the skin if the skin was washed within 8 hr after application, as compared to waiting 24 hr or not washing at all. The amount of parent MBOCA detected in urine is a very small amount of that applied or absorbed. The percentage detected and the rates of excretion depend upon the route of administration, and the interval between exposure and sampling. For these reasons urinary analysis for MBOCA can be used only as very imprecise indicators of extent of recent exposure. PMID- 6723609 TI - Pulmonary function adaptation to ozone in subjects with chronic bronchitis. AB - Twenty smokers with chronic bronchitis were exposed to 0.41 ppm ozone for 3 hr day for 5 consecutive days and reexposed 4 days later to determine (1) if they are sensitive to ozone, (2) if they adapt, and (3) if the adaptation lasts longer than 4 days. There were significant decrements in forced vital capacity (FVC) and forced expiratory volume in 3 sec ( FEV3 ) on the first day of the 5-day repeated exposures and also on reexposure 4 days following cessation of the sequential exposures. Symptoms experienced were mild and did not predominate on any exposure days. These results suggest that individuals with chronic bronchitis adapt rapidly to ozone and lose this adaptive phenomenon within 4 days. The small decreases seen in FVC and FEV3 (less than or equal to 3%) appear to impose no more than minimal limitations on their daily activities. PMID- 6723610 TI - Urban lead levels in Minneapolis: the case of the Hmong children. AB - This study uses soil lead as a means of describing the urban lead levels in the metropolitan area of the Twin Cities, and assesses the soil lead levels next to homes of neighborhoods of the metropolitan area. Lead levels of rural soils are around 5 micrograms/g. Near the city limits they increase to 25-50 micrograms/g, and in the central business district they are around 500 to 1000 micrograms/g, or over 100 times greater than in the rural areas. Many Hmong children are suffering from undue lead absorption. The homes of the Hmong children were all located in inner-city neighborhoods. Soil around these homes was compared to soils around homes of a neighborhood away from the inner city. Fifty percent of the Hmong children with lead poisoning inhabit homes which have soil lead levels of 500-999 micrograms/g and 40% live in homes with lead levels of 1000 micrograms/g or more. One home of ten in the outer city has soil lead levels above 500 micrograms/g. The lead sources of the inner city include house paint and leaded gasoline from vehicle traffic. Raising children in high lead environments as found in the Minneapolis inner city has long-term implications because of mental and behavioral deficits that are known to result from chronic exposure to lead. PMID- 6723611 TI - Dietary vitamin E and pulmonary biochemical responses of rats to cigarette smoking. AB - The effect of dietary vitamin E on cellular susceptibility to cigarette smoking was studied in rats. Young male rats maintained on a basal vitamin E-deficient diet with or without 100 ppm vitamin E supplementation for 4 or 5 weeks were exposed to either sham or cigarette smoke for up to 7 days. Higher animal mortality rate was observed in the animals fed the vitamin E-deficient diet than in the supplemented group when they were subjected to acute levels of cigarette smoking. Relative to the respective sham groups, a greater alteration of biochemical parameters, such as reduced glutathione (GSH) and related enzymes, was found in the lungs of smoked rats fed the deficient diet than in the supplemented group. Animal lungs exhibited a greater biochemical response to whole smoke than the gaseous phase of smoke. The results suggest that the nutritional status of vitamin E may influence the cellular susceptibility of rats to cigarette smoking. PMID- 6723612 TI - Organ culture of fetal rat intestine. Effects on brush border enzyme activities of the combined administration of dexamethasone and cycloheximide or actinomycin D. AB - Jejunum of 19-day fetal rats was explanted in organ culture for 48 h in the presence of dexamethasone (DX) and cycloheximide (CX) or actinomycin D (Act D). The concentrations of both inhibitors which provided maximal responses without any detrimental alteration of the tissue were determined. During the culture period, CX (0.5 microgram/ml) totally abolished the production of both DX stimulated enzymes (sucrase, maltase, lactase) and DX-insensitive enzymes (aminopeptidase, alkaline phosphatase). On the contrary, Act D at 2 micrograms/ml exhibited differential levels of inhibition related to the enzyme considered: 100% for sucrase and aminopeptidase, 70% for maltase and 50% for lactase. By contrast, alkaline phosphatase was stimulated 100% by Act D. These data suggest that the mechanism by which DX induces sucrase and stimulates maltase activity takes place at the transcriptional level. They also indicate that the basic maturation of at least maltase and lactase activities depends upon the traduction of a preexisting pool of mRNAs. The superinduced alkaline phosphatase activity obtained with Act D supports the notion that an Act D-sensitive repressor may play a role in the maturation process of this enzyme. PMID- 6723613 TI - Water and electrolyte balance in workers exposed to a hot environment during their work shift. PMID- 6723614 TI - Effects of work and motivation on the heart rates of chronic heat-exposed workers during their regular work shifts. PMID- 6723615 TI - A behavioural approach to improving traffic behaviour of young children. PMID- 6723616 TI - A task difficulty--G stress experiment. PMID- 6723617 TI - Submaximal alternatives to the Harvard pack index as guides to maximal oxygen uptake (physical fitness). PMID- 6723618 TI - Hong Kong female hand dimensions and machine guarding. PMID- 6723619 TI - Effect of alcohol on a sentence-picture verification task. PMID- 6723620 TI - Drivers' immediate responses to traffic signs. PMID- 6723621 TI - A physiological study of the repetitive lifting capabilities of healthy young males. PMID- 6723622 TI - Time pressure, training and decision effectiveness. PMID- 6723623 TI - Measurement of short term power output: comparison between cycling and jumping. PMID- 6723624 TI - Factors affecting the speed of acquisition of tabulated information from visual displays. PMID- 6723625 TI - Oxygen consumption and heart rate in different modes of manual postal delivery. PMID- 6723626 TI - Identification of acyl donors and acceptor proteins for fatty acid acylation in BHK cells infected with Semliki Forest virus. AB - The modification of viral glycoproteins through the covalent attachment of fatty acids was studied in baby hamster kidney (BHK) cells infected with Semliki Forest virus (SFV). Comparative pulse-chase experiments with [3H]palmitic acid and [35S]methionine revealed that a precursor polypeptide, designated p62, of the structural SFV glycoprotein and E1 serve as the primary acceptors of acyl chains. Acylation of p62 occurs immediately prior to its proteolytical cleavage to E2 and E3 emphasizing the post-translational and specific nature of this hydrophobic modification. To trace the acyl donor(s) for protein acylation the covalent attachment of fatty acids to p62 was studied after extremely short labeling periods with [3H]palmitic acid and correlated to the metabolism of the exogenous tritiated fatty acid. The shortest possible labeling time, a 10 s pulse with [3H]palmitic acid, was sufficient to acylate SFV p62. Analysis of the labeled lipids extracted from the same cells revealed that palmitoyl-CoA and phosphatidic acid showed the highest specific radioactivity among the tritiated lipid species. Out of these lipid species palmitoyl-CoA was identified as the functional acyl donor lipid in a cell-free system for the acylation of polypeptides. PMID- 6723627 TI - Adenovirus 2 early region 1A stimulates expression of both viral and cellular genes. AB - The ability of products from the adenovirus early region 1A to stimulate viral and cellular gene expression has been studied, using a transient expression assay in HeLa cells. We show that the E1A 13S mRNA encodes a diffusible product which is capable of stimulating transcription of adenovirus genes as well as the rabbit beta-globin gene. The E1A 12S mRNA has no detectable stimulatory effect on either cellular or viral genes. Although being able to stimulate both types of genes, we find that the E1A regulatory protein enhances viral gene expression approximately 10 times more than beta-globin gene expression. We also find that when connected to the cis-acting SV40 enhancer element, the beta-globin gene cannot be further stimulated by the trans-acting E1A product. Finally, we find that transfection of either adenovirus or the beta-globin gene into 293 cells, which constitutively expresses the E1A gene products, leads to an enhanced expression which is 10- to 20-fold higher than obtained by co-transfection of HeLa cells. The 293 cells thus provide a simple assay to demonstrate E1A-mediated transcriptional regulation. PMID- 6723628 TI - Oligodeoxynucleotides covalently linked to intercalating dyes as base sequence specific ligands. Influence of dye attachment site. AB - New molecules with high and specific affinity for nucleic acid base sequences have been synthesized. They involve an oligodeoxynucleotide covalently attached to an intercalating dye. Visible absorption spectroscopy and fluorescence have been used to investigate the binding of poly(rA) to octadeoxythymidylates substituted by a 9-aminoacridine derivative in different positions along the oligonucleotide chain. The 9-amino group of the acridine dye was linked through a polymethylene bridge to the 3'-phosphate, the 5'-phosphate, the fourth internucleotidic phosphate or to both the 3'- and 5'-phosphates. Different interactions of the acridine dye were exhibited by these different substituted oligodeoxynucleotides when they bind to poly(rA). The interaction was shown to be specific for adenine-containing polynucleotides. The stability of these complexes was compared with that of oligodeoxynucleotides substituted by an alkyl group on the 3'-phosphate. The increase in stability due to the presence of the intercalating dye has been determined from the comparison of melting temperatures. These results are discussed with respect to the strategy of synthesis of a new class of molecules with high affinity and high specificity for nucleic acid base sequences. PMID- 6723630 TI - Rapidly progressive neurofibrosarcoma. PMID- 6723629 TI - The low molecular weight collagen synthesized by chick tibial chondrocytes is deposited in the extracellular matrix both in culture and in vivo. AB - The low mol. wt. collagen (64 K) synthesized by chick embryo chondrocytes in culture is deposited in the extracellular matrix; its deposition is strictly dependent upon a correct hydroxylation. In vivo the 64 K collagen has been isolated from the cartilage of tibiae obtained from 17-day-old chick embryos. The turnover of this collagen in the extracellular matrix is very rapid: within a few hours it is matured into a 30-K fragment released in the medium. Also this maturation is dependent upon a correct hydroxylation of the molecule. The underhydroxylated form, synthesized in the absence of ascorbic acid or in the presence of alpha-alpha' dipyridyl, is not deposited in the extracellular matrix and is directly secreted as 64 K collagen in the culture medium. PMID- 6723631 TI - Detection of hepatitis B surface antigen from pools of bedbugs, and their possible role hepatitis B transmission in Ethiopia. PMID- 6723632 TI - The distribution of Necator americanus and Ancylostoma duodenale in school populations, Gojam and Gondar Administrative Regions. PMID- 6723633 TI - Serum immunoglobulin levels in kwashiorkor. PMID- 6723634 TI - Opsonic activity of fibronectin in the phagocytosis of Staphylococcus aureus by polymorphonuclear leukocytes. AB - The effect of the opsonic activity of human purified fibronectin on phagocytosis of Staphylococcus aureus by human polymorphonuclear leukocytes was investigated. After opsonization with fibronectin there was a significant increase in the rate of phagocytosis of four out of six Staphylococcus aureus strains. Both attachment to and ingestion by leukocytes was affected, as revealed by lysostaphin treatment. Incubation of leukocytes with fibronectin prior to phagocytosis did not enhance the phagocytosis of Staphylococcus aureus. This shows that the observed enhancement of phagocytosis was dependent on the binding of fibronectin to Staphylococcus aureus. The ability of fibronectin to opsonize different strains of Staphylococcus aureus varied with the strain. A variation was also observed in fibronectin-induced phagocytosis by leukocytes from different donors. PMID- 6723635 TI - Static and dynamic properties of tissue cage fluid in rabbits. AB - The properties of tissue cage fluid in a steel net tissue cage model in rabbits were compared to those of serum by determination of the protein profile, the cell contents, and the pharmacokinetics of 125I albumin, 3H sucrose and 3H fusidic acid. The dominating serum proteins demonstrated by crossed immunoelectrophoresis were also detected in tissue cage fluid but at lower levels and at various ratios. The cell pattern gradually changed from an initial dominance of polymorphonuclear cells to lymphocytes during the five weeks following the subcutaneous implantation of the cages. The distribution of the highly protein bound fusidic acid was markedly slower and the maximal tissue cage fluid level significantly lower than that of sucrose. Equilibrium of 125I albumin between serum and tissue cage fluid was slowly achieved during the following two weeks. The advantages and disadvantages of tissue cage models for studies of drug pharmacokinetics are discussed. The properties of tissue cage fluid and the possibility of repeated sampling make the model suitable for studies of experimental local infections. The influence of therapeutic agents and the host's response to the infectious process may also be elucidated. PMID- 6723636 TI - Efficacy of continuous versus intermittent administration of penicillin G in Streptococcus pneumoniae pneumonia in normal and immunodeficient rats. AB - An experimental Streptococcus pneumoniae pneumonia was used to study the influence of continuous versus intermittent administration of penicillin G on therapeutic efficacy in normal rats and in rats whose phagocytic capacities were impaired by decomplementation with cobra venom factor. Response to antibiotic treatment was evaluated with respect to numbers of bacteria in left lung, blood and pleural fluid. Penicillin treatment was started 36 h after bacterial inoculation, and continued for four days. With intermittent intramuscular administration of penicillin normal rats were cured after daily doses of 4 mg/kg at 12 h intervals, whereas decomplemented rats recovered only after daily doses of 100 or 102 mg/kg at 12 h or 8 h intervals, respectively. When penicillin was administered by way of continuous infusion, daily doses of 3.5 mg/kg were required for a cure of infections in both normal rats and in decomplemented rats. This treatment resulted in a constant level of 0.05 micrograms of penicillin per ml, which was slightly above the minimum bactericidal concentration for the infecting strain. These findings show that maintenance of bactericidal levels of penicillin were particularly important in curing severe infection in rats with impaired defense. PMID- 6723637 TI - Six cases of acute appendicitis with secondary peritonitis caused by Streptococcus pneumoniae. AB - In six previously healthy children and adults with typical acute appendicitis, Streptococcus pneumoniae was isolated from peritoneal swabs or periappendicular pus in pure culture (four patients) or together with intestinal flora. Pneumococci recovered by abdominal paracentesis are not pathognomonic of socalled primary or spontaneous peritonitis. PMID- 6723638 TI - Penicillin concentrations in blood and spinal fluid after a single intramuscular injection of penicillin G benzathine. AB - The concentration of penicillin in cerebrospinal fluid and blood was measured after a single i.m. injection of 1.44 g penicillin G benzathine in 18 individuals (4 with neurosyphilis and 14 with neurological symptoms but not syphilis). Only one person had a treponemicidal concentration in the cerebrospinal fluid. PMID- 6723639 TI - Isolation of an unusual Cedecea species from a cutaneous ulcer. PMID- 6723640 TI - Increasing resistance of Bacteroides fragilis group strains to metronidazole in Spain between 1977 and 1982. PMID- 6723641 TI - Antibody response of patas monkeys to experimental infection with Delta herpesvirus. PMID- 6723642 TI - Disk sensitivity testing for Campylobacter jejuni. PMID- 6723643 TI - In vitro activity of josamycin, a macrolide antibiotic, against microaerophilic campylobacter. PMID- 6723644 TI - Doxorubicin inhibits the phosphate-transport protein reconstituted in liposomes. A study on the mechanism of the inhibition. AB - The phosphate transport protein (PTP) has been isolated from beef heart mitochondria in the presence of cardiolipin and reconstituted in asolectin and phosphatidylcholine vesicles. As expected, the activity of the reconstituted PTP is inhibited by N-ethylmaleimide and mersalyl. It is also inhibited by adriamycin and Br-daunomycin. Storage of isolated mitochondria at -80 degrees C prior to the isolation of the PTP decreases the maximal activity of the unidirectional transport of phosphate (Pi) in reconstituted vesicles. The sensitivity of the system to the four inhibitors remains the same. The inhibition of the PTP by adriamycin is reversed by KCl and prevented by MgSO4. Since the interaction between adriamycin and cardiolipin is of ionic type, KCl apparently replaces adriamycin on the negative charges of cardiolipin. By contrast, MgSO4 complexes adriamycin directly, eliminating its inhibitory effect on the PTP. No PTP activity is found after reconstitution in phosphatidylcholine vesicles in the absence of cardiolipin. Addition of buffer-dispersed cardiolipin to the vesicles restores the Pi-transport activity. The addition of adriamycin to the vesicles together with cardiolipin removes the reactivation. Succinylation of the PTP at pH 8.0 eliminates the inhibitory effect of adriamycin in the reconstituted system. The effects of N-ethylmaleimide and mersalyl are not modified. The succinylated preparation reconstituted in phosphatidylcholine vesicles is reactivated by cardiolipin, but in this case the reactivation is not counteracted by adriamycin. Succinylation of the PTP at pH 9.0 results in its complete inhibition. The results indicate, (a) that the sites of interaction of MalNEt /mersalyl and adriamycin with the PTP X cardiolipin complex are different, and (b) that the adriamycin-binding site in the complex is probably on cardiolipin molecules essential to the PTP activity. It is postulated that succinylation of the PTP prevents the interaction of adriamycin with these molecules. PMID- 6723645 TI - Role of signal recognition particle in the membrane assembly of Sindbis viral glycoproteins. AB - We have investigated the role of signal recognition particle (SRP) in the biosynthesis of Sindbis glycoproteins by translating the viral 26S mRNA in a wheat-germ cell-free system. SRP was shown to have no effect on the synthesis or proteolytic processing of the cytoplasmic C protein. In contrast, the membrane integration and the proteolytic processing of the viral glycoproteins PE2 and E1 were demonstrated to be SRP-dependent. In the absence of microsomal membranes, SRP caused an arrest of the synthesis of the viral glycoproteins. This arrest could be released by the addition of salt-extracted microsomal membranes. Synchronization experiments indicated that the uncleaved signal sequence of PE2 was recognized by SRP after at most 130 amino acids of PE2 had been polymerized. No apparent interaction of SRP with a putative signal sequence of E1 and/or a 6 kDa peptide could be detected. PMID- 6723647 TI - A specific disulfide bond associated with the activity of human urokinase. Its topological identification and reductive cleavage followed by kinetic changes in enzymatic reaction and affinity labeling. AB - A single SH group in the B chain (33 kDa), generated by the specific reduction of the single interchain SS bond of human urinary urokinase, was alkylated (UK X B) with iodoacetamide to prevent a spontaneous SH-SS interchange. An SS bond in UK X B was exclusively alkylated with iodoacetamide (R X CAM-UK X B) after reduction with dithiothreitol in 0.3 M guanidine X HCl in the presence of the competitive inhibitor N alpha-benzoyl-L- argininamide with concomitant loss of 65-68% of the esterolytic activity towards N-acetyl-glycyl-L-lysine methyl ester. This specific SS bond was located at Cys194 - Cys222 whose SS loop contained the active-site Ser198 , as determined by amino acid analyses and identification of the N and C termini of the tryptic digest. Transformation of UK X B into R X CAM-UK X B induced no shift of the optimal pH in the bell-shaped pH/activity profile; pH values for 50% activity were similar (pH 9.7) for 10-min alkalization of the enzyme but different between UK X B (pH 9.4) and R X CAM-UK X B (pH 8.8) for 18-h alkalization. An unaltered Km value and a decline by 64% in kcat in the esterolytic activity indicate that the pretransition Michaelis complex is formed without degeneration of the primary substrate-binding site, but the catalytic pathway thereafter has deteriorated. In affinity labeling with dansyl chloride or N alpha-tosyl-L-lysine chloromethylketone, which interrupted the catalysis at the latest at a stage involving the abortive acyl intermediate, the second-order rate constant for UK X B was lowered to 28% or 35% for R X CAM-UK X B, respectively, but the labeling yields were similar. The results indicate that indispensable structural elements, such as the catalytic triad and oxyanion hole, are maintained but a local conformation, which is necessary for efficient transition to the acyl intermediate and/or for resistance against alkaline inactivation, is destabilized with Cys194 - Cys222 scission. PMID- 6723646 TI - Multiple ribosome binding to the 5'-terminal leader sequence of tobacco mosaic virus RNA. Assembly of an 80S ribosome X mRNA complex at the AUU codon. AB - Tobacco mosaic virus (TMV) RNA with a long 5'-terminal leader sequence, as well as its isolated leader fragment (called omega), can form disome initiation complexes with wheat germ ribosomes. The second ribosome of the disome complex is bound to the leader sequence, upstream of an 80S particle occupying the AUG containing initiation site [ Filipowicz and Haenni (1979) Proc. Natl Acad. Sci. USA 76, 3111-3115; Konarska et al. (1981) Eur. J. Biochem. 114, 221-227]. In order to identify the parts of omega important for interaction with ribosomes, the 5'-terminally-labelled omega was treated with alkali and the resultant fragments of different lengths were used in binding experiments. A 16-nucleotide long fragment bearing the AUU sequence at the 3' end is the shortest oligonucleotide capable of forming 80S complexes with wheat germ ribosomes. Full length (73 nucleotides) omega with AUG at the 3' terminus is the only RNA fragment supporting disome complex formation. Synthetic oligoribonucleotides were prepared for a study of 80S complex assembly at codons other than AUG. Hexadecanucleotide (A) 13A -U-U and, to lesser extent, also (A) 13A -U-C, (A) 13A -U-A and (A) 13A -C-G bind 80S ribosomes. Formation of the (A) 13A -U-U X 80S complex is dependent on the presence of initiator Met- tRNAMerf . Assembly of the 80S particle at the AUU sequence is not an artifact resulting from the terminal position of this triplet. (A) 13A -U-U elongated with over 100 A residues still efficiently binds an 80S ribosome positioned, as established by ribosome protection experiments, at the AUU triplet. The present results support the notion that 80S initiation-like complexes can be formed at sequences containing AUU codons. The possible function of these complexes as intermediates in initiation of translation of some viral RNAs is discussed. PMID- 6723648 TI - The role of Na+ and Ca2+ ions on the action of pancreatic lipase studied with the help of immobilisation techniques. AB - The role of Na+ and Ca2+ as well as the influence of other metal ions on the lipase action were studied with the aid of immobilisation techniques. By this method it is possible to distinguish between the action of these ions on the lipase molecule itself and their action on the substrate or product. It could be shown that both alkali and alkali earth metal ions, especially Na+, Ca2+ and Mg2+ stabilize active states of the enzyme which were detected by immobilization to controlled pore glass beads. Though Na+ as well as Ca2+ and Mg2+ stabilize the enzyme significantly, they differ in their efficacy. Reasons for this are discussed and the data compared to the findings of other authors who performed their studies with the native enzyme. PMID- 6723649 TI - Evidence for the glycoprotein nature of retina glycogen. AB - Incubation of a bovine retina membrane preparation with micromolar amounts of UDP [14C]glucose resulted in the incorporation of [14C]glucose into endogenous (1--- 4)-alpha-glucan, insoluble in trichloroacetic acid, and acid-soluble ethanol insoluble glycogen. The trichloroacetic-acid-insoluble glucan fraction of retina migrated in 2.6-3% acrylamide gels when subjected to sodium dodecyl sulfate/polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis (SDS-PAGE) and was rendered acid soluble by digestion with pronase. The solubility of the acid-insoluble glucan in acidified organic solvent was different from that of amylose or glycogen and similar to membrane proteins and glycoproteins. The glycogen fraction of retina contained 1.5-2.0 micrograms protein/100 micrograms glucose. When this fraction was analyzed by SDS-PAGE only one band, which moved near the top of 3% acrylamide gels, was stained with periodic acid Schiff reagent and Coomassie blue. The protein nature of the Coomassie-blue-stainable material was demonstrated by iodination of the glycogen fraction with [131I]iodide and identification of labeled monoiodotyrosine and diiodotyrosine. The bulk of the label comigrated with carbohydrate near the top of gels in SDS-PAGE and treatment with alpha- amylse decreased the molecular size of both labeled and stainable material. Physical dissociative conditions (7.5 M urea/0.83% SDS/0.83% mercaptoethanol) and the following chemical treatments failed to dissociate the iodinated protein from glycogen: (a) 0.1 M NaOH/0.1 M NaBH4 at room temperature for 24 h; (b) 1 M HCl in methanol at 50 degrees C for 10 min; (c) trifluoroacetic acid at 50 degrees C for 6 min. 131I-labeled glycogenpeptide was isolated after 131I-labeled protein-bound glycogen had been subjected to digestion with papain/pronase and passed through a Sepharose column. The results suggest that at least part of glycogen in bovine retina is firmly combined to protein as a single proteoglycogen molecule. Furthermore some of the proteoglycogen might be present as a trichloroacetic-acid precipitable proteoglucan owing to its lower glucose content. PMID- 6723650 TI - Shedding of gangliosides from tumor cells depends on cell density. AB - The ganglioside composition of mouse ascites hepatoma ( MAH ) cells, the ascites fluid and cell-conditioned media were determined and found to be qualitatively identical, but quantitatively different. The ganglioside content of the ascites fluid and the medium conditioned by MAH -cells at the native cell concentration (10(8) cells/ml) comprised respectively 74.9% and 23% of the cell-associated gangliosides. When incubated at lower cell-density (10(6) cells/ml) the cells were found to be release about three-times higher amounts of ganglioside per cell than during incubation at the native concentration. Centrifugation of the dense cell-conditioned medium revealed the major part of the released gangliosides to be associated with a 150000 X g pellet that probably contains shed plasma membrane fragments. In the 150000 X g pellet of the extracellular fluids the relative content of the most polar cell ganglioside corresponding chromatographically to GT1b was about ten-times higher than in the cells. The possibility is raised that the more intense shedding of gangliosides from less crowded MAH cells may play a role in the self protection of the tumor from host immune rejection during initial stages of growth. PMID- 6723651 TI - Asialoorosomucoid degradation by normal and diabetic rat hepatocytes. AB - Using high concentrations of extracellular [3H]asialoorosomucoid we obtained the steady-state level of [3H]asialoorosomucoid endocytosis by isolated hepatocytes from normal and streptozotocin diabetic rats. At the steady-state of the overall reaction, the intracellular amount of [3H]asialoorosomucoid did not change with time, the apparent overall rate of [3H]asialoorosomucoid degradation was close to that of [3H]asialoorosomucoid internalization, in both normal and diabetic rat hepatocytes. Although in diabetic cells the intracellular amount of [3H]asialoorosomucoid was about three-times lower than in normal cells, the same fraction of intracellular asialoorosomucoid was degraded per time interval by both normal and diabetic cells. The apparent first-order rate constant of steady state degradation was about 0.011 min-1 for both normal and diabetic cells. In diabetic rat hepatocytes, the decrease of the clearance of serum asialoglycoproteins was directly correlated to the variation of cell surface receptor number, without any modification of internalization and degradation steps. PMID- 6723652 TI - The catalytic cycle of cytochrome P-450scc and intermediates in the conversion of cholesterol to pregnenolone. AB - Cytochrome P-450scc as isolated is a cholesterol-depleted low-spin haemoprotein; addition of cholesterol results in formation of a high-spin complex. Cytochrome P 450scc--cholesterol is a one-electron acceptor on titration with NADPH. Cytochrome P-450scc--cholesterol can be anaerobically reduced to the ferrous state which, on oxygenation, forms an oxygenated cytochrome P-450scc--cholesterol complex. This oxygenated complex in the absence of adrenodoxin autoxidises to ferric cytochrome P-450scc--cholesterol without oxidation of cholesterol. The decay of the oxygenated complex is first-order, k = 9.3 X 10(-3) S-1 at 4 degrees C. The rate of autoxidation is influenced by pH, ionic strength and the chemical nature of bound sterol. The activation energy of autoxidation is 75 kJ mol-1. Addition of equimolar amounts of adrenodoxin to cytochrome P-450scc--cholesterol followed by stoichiometric reduction under anaerobic conditions and subsequent oxygenation, allows single catalytic turnover cycles of cytochrome P-450scc to be observed. This has led to detection of intermediates in the conversion of cholesterol to pregnenolone and a precursor/product sequence of cholesterol----22 hydroxycholesterol----20,22-dihydroxy-cholesterol ----pregnenolone has been established. Addition of oxidised adrenodoxin to oxygenated cytochrome P-450scc- cholesterol results in formation of 22-hydroxycholesterol. PMID- 6723653 TI - The reaction of 16 alpha-hydroxyestrone with erythrocytes in vitro and in vivo. AB - 16 alpha-Hydroxyestrone (16 alpha OHE ) has been shown previously to react with albumin, forming stable covalent adducts with lysine residues. The incubation of [3H]16 alpha OHE with whole blood also results in the incorporation of tritium into cells, with the rate of incorporation paralleling that of 16 alpha OHE protein adduct formation. 32% of erythrocyte acid-precipitable radioactivity was found to be present within membrane proteins and electrophoresis demonstrated that several of these proteins are modified by [3H]16 alpha OHE . Membrane proteins from the red cells of ten individuals were reduced with sodium borohydride, acid hydrolyzed, and the 16 alpha OHE -lysine adducts purified by hydrophobic chromatography and reverse-phase high-pressure liquid chromatography. The amount of these adducts was quantitated by radioimmunoassay and found to be five times higher than the plasma levels of free 16 alpha OHE . This reflects most likely the accumulation of 16 alpha OHE -protein adducts during the course of the red cell life. Quantitation of 16 alpha OHE -protein adducts with other cellular proteins may contribute to our understanding of systemic lupus erythematosus, an autoimmune disease in which elevated levels of 16 alpha OHE occur. PMID- 6723654 TI - Isolation of short interspersed repetitive DNA sequences present in the regions of initiation of mammalian DNA replication. AB - Nascent DNA chains containing the putative replication origins were isolated from cells of human embryonic lung fibroblasts, Hela, Ehrlich ascites tumour and Guerin ascites tumour as described earlier [ Russev , G., and Vassilev , L. (1982) J. Mol. Biol. 161, 77-87]. It was demonstrated that the synthesis of these nascent chains correlated with the ability of cells to initiate semiconservative DNA replication. Reassociation and electrophoretic analysis showed that the nascent chains from all four cell lines contained middle repetitive DNA in the form of short interspersed sequences. Mouse repetitive sequences were isolated and hybridized to Escherichia coli, chicken, calf and rat DNA and to homologous hnRNA. The kinetics of hybridization indicated that the repetitive sequences found in the vicinity of the replication origins were order-specific and were not heavily transcribed. Reassociation experiments, in which homologous DNA isolated from nuclei digested with micrococcal nuclease to different extents was used as a driver, showed that these repetitive sequences were organized into nucleosomes like the bulk of the chromatin. PMID- 6723655 TI - Primary structures of the alpha-crystallin A chains of twenty-eight mammalian species, chicken and frog. AB - The amino acid sequences of the alpha-crystallin A chains of 28 mammalian species, representing 14 different orders, have been analyzed, mainly on the basis of amino acid compositions of the composing peptides. The alpha A sequences of chicken and a frog have been completely determined by Edman degradation. A method is described to transport eye lenses, to be used for protein sequence studies, at ambient temperature in a solution of guanidine . HCl. The number of cysteine residues in different alpha A chains could be determined by alkaline urea gel electrophoresis after aminoethylation . In some cases the alpha A chains have been isolated from total lens extracts in a single ion-exchange chromatographic step. The average rate of substitutions in the evolution of the alpha A chains is moderately slow, approximately 3 amino acid substitutions per 100 residues in 100 million years, but varies considerably in different lineages. Substitutions involving changes in charge are strongly underrepresented; the alpha A chains tend to keep their net charge constant throughout evolution. Analysis of the types of substitutions suggests a directional trend leading to an increase in functional density of alpha A in the course of evolution. PMID- 6723656 TI - Composition of cytochrome P-450 isozymes from hepatic microsomes of C57BL/6 and DBA/2 mice assessed by warfarin metabolism, immunoinhibition, and immunoelectrophoresis with anti-(rat cytochrome P-450). AB - The composition of isozymes of hepatic microsomal cytochrome P-450 (P-450) from C57BL/6 (B6) and DBA/2 (D2) inbred strains of mice, uninduced and treated with phenobarbital (PB), pregnenolone-16 alpha-carbonitrile (PCN), and beta naphthoflavone (BNF), were assessed. The assessment was based on comparisons of the regioselectivity and stereoselectivity of warfarin metabolism, inhibition of metabolism by antibodies raised against highly purified rat P-450 isozymes (the specificity of these antibodies in inhibiting rat microsomal metabolism of warfarin was also determined), and by immunoelectrophoresis using the anti-(rat P 450). Isozymes were considered to be the same or very similar if they exhibited the same substrate specificity, antigenicity, and molecular weight. Untreated D2 and B6 mice had similar compositions of P-450 isozymes which were independent of the Ah receptor. Both strains contained an isozyme very similar to rat P- 450UT A. PB or PCN induction of the two mouse strains proceeded independently of the Ah receptor and yielded isozymes which are the same as or very similar to the rat P- 450UT -A, P- 450PB -B, P- 450PB -C, and P- 450PB /PCN-E isozymes. D2 and B6 mice had similar isozyme compositions when treated with PB or PCN, but isozyme compositions varied in differently induced mice. BNF treatment of the D2 mice was without effect, but the B6 mice produced an isozyme(s) which was different from rat P- 450BNF -B, the major BNF-induced isozyme in rat liver. PMID- 6723657 TI - Primary activation of cytosolic phosphoenolpyruvate carboxykinase gene in fetal rat liver and the biogenesis of its mRNA. AB - The primary appearance of phosphoenolpyruvate (P-pyruvate) carboxykinase RNA transcripts in fetal liver was induced by a number of different stimulii . This may occur as rapidly as an hour after injection in utero of N6,O2'-dibutyryl adenosine 3',5'-monophosphate (Bt2cAMP) to fetuses, suggesting that all stimulii predominantly affect activation of the P-pyruvate carboxykinase gene. Bt2cAMP treatment induces the appearance of the enzyme RNA transcripts, predominantly of the mature type in the cytoplasm. However, insulin deficiency by streptozotocin treatment causes the appearance of large-size as well as mature mRNA in the nucleus, in addition to the appearance of P-pyruvate carboxykinase mRNA in the cytoplasm. Insulin treatment of such diabetic fetuses, prior to causing the disappearance of P-pyruvate carboxykinase mRNA, reduces nuclear transcripts but increases the abundance of mature cytoplasmic enzyme mRNA. Bt2cAMP treatment of insulin-deficient fetuses causes an additive effect, increasing the abundance of not only the mature but the large P-pyruvate carboxykinase RNA transcripts as well. The results are best interpreted as insulin acting both to inhibit transcription of and accelerate post-transcriptional processes affecting P pyruvate carboxykinase RNA. PMID- 6723658 TI - Surface properties of bacterial sulfhydryl-activated cytolytic toxins. Interaction with monomolecular films of phosphatidylcholine and various sterols. AB - Sulfhydryl-activated cytolysins are a group of bacterial protein toxins which, in the reduced state, lyse eukaryotic cells by disruption of the cytoplasmic membrane. Cell surface cholesterol is thought to be the target of the toxins. In the present work, the monolayer technique was used to investigate the interaction of four SH-activated toxins (streptolysin 0, alveolysin , perfringolysin 0, pneumolysin ) with various lipid films as a model for studying toxin-induced membrane disruption. A surface pressure increase up to very high values was elicited by reduced toxins (approximately equal to 10 nM) on films of cholesterol, other toxin-binding 3 beta-hydroxy-sterols, thiocholesterol and cholesterol-phosphatidylcholine mixtures suggesting deformation or penetration of the films. The surface-active potency of the toxins was of the same order as that of melittin and snake cardiotoxins at similar concentrations. No pressure increase was observed on films made of pure phosphatidylcholine, lanosterol and other sterols lacking the 3 beta-OH group. Optimal efficiency was at cholesterol/phosphatidylcholine molar ratio of 1 to 1. The critical pressures for toxin interaction with phosphatidylcholine and cholesterol monolayers were 25 mN X m-1 and 45 mN X m-1 respectively. Toxin interaction with phosphatidylcholine [14C]-cholesterol films did not modify monolayer radioactivity, indicating no cholesterol desorption. No pressure increase was elicited by toxins inactivated by SH-group reagents, heating or neutralization with antibody. Toxin effect was dependent temperature and pH. The overall potency of the four toxins tested was streptolysin 0 greater than alveolysin approximately equal to perfringolysin 0 greater than pneumolysin . The monolayer system mimicked in several respects toxin interaction with eukaryotic cells. PMID- 6723659 TI - Aldehyde dehydrogenase from human liver. Primary structure of the cytoplasmic isoenzyme. AB - Analysis of CNBr fragments and other peptides from human liver cytoplasmic aldehyde dehydrogenase enabled determination of the complete primary structure of this protein. The monomer has an acylated amino terminus and is composed of 500 amino acid residues, including 11 cysteine residues. No evidence of any microheterogeneity was obtained, supporting the concept that the enzyme is a homotetramer . The disulfiram-sensitive thiol in the protein, earlier identified through its reaction with iodoacetamide, is contributed by a cysteine residue at position 302, while the cysteine which in horse liver mitochondrial aldehyde dehydrogenase is reactive with coenzyme analogs appears to correspond to either Cys-455 or Cys-463. Analysis of glycine distribution and prediction of secondary structures to localize beta alpha beta regions typical for coenzyme-binding are not fully unambiguous, but suggest a short region around position 245 as a likely segment for this function. In this region, sequence similarities to parts of a bacterial aspartate-beta-semialdehyde dehydrogenase and a mammalian alcohol dehydrogenase were noted. Otherwise, no extensive similarities were detected in comparisons with characterized mammalian enzymes of similar activity or subunit size as aldehyde dehydrogenase (glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate dehydrogenase and glutamate dehydrogenase, respectively). PMID- 6723660 TI - Biliary transport of glutathione disulfide studied with isolated rat-liver canalicular-membrane vesicles. AB - Canalicular plasma membrane vesicles isolated from rat liver (right side out) were used to study glutathione disulfide (GSSG) transport. GSSG is transported into an osmotically sensitive compartment. Extrapolation to an external osmolarity of infinity indicates 35% binding after 10 min of incubation, e.g. as mixed disulfides between glutathione and SH-groups in membrane proteins. Glutathione disulfide uptake occurred with equal rates in the presence of KCl or NaCl. After equilibration, no significant GSSG concentration gradient across the canalicular membrane was found. The temperature dependence of uptake is consistent with a carrier-mediated transport for GSSG (Q10 X 1.6) and seems to exclude simple diffusion. Concentration dependence of GSSG uptake shows Michaelis Menten kinetics at concentrations up to 1 mM; a Km of 0.4 mM and a V of 1.1 nmol X min-1 X mg protein-1 is calculated. At higher concentrations a linear dependence is observed without saturation kinetics. It is concluded that transport of glutathione disulfide is mediated by a carrier present in the canalicular membrane of the hepatocyte. PMID- 6723661 TI - Influence of fatty acids on energy metabolism. 2. Kinetics of changes in metabolic rates and changes in subcellular adenine nucleotide contents and pH gradients following addition of octanoate and oleate in perfused rat liver. AB - The uncoupling-like effect of fatty acids [ Scholz , R., Schwabe , U., and Soboll , S. (1984) Eur. J. Biochem. 141, 223-230] was further substantiated in experiments with perfused rat livers by two ways: firstly the kinetics of changes in metabolic rates (oxygen consumption, ketogenesis, fatty acid oxidation) were analysed; secondly subcellular contents of adenine nucleotides and pH gradients across the mitochondrial membrane were determined following fractionation of freeze-fixed and dried tissues in non-aqueous solvents. The following results were obtained. The relaxation kinetics of the increase in oxygen consumption following fatty acid infusion revealed two components, a rapid one with a half time around 10 s and a slow one with a half-time of more than 100 s. The rapid component was similar to the kinetics of fatty acid oxidation (ketogenesis and 14CO2 production from labelled fatty acids) whereas the half-time of the slow component was in the range of half-times observed with the increase in oxygen consumption following addition of carbonylcyanide p trifluoromethoxyphenylhydrazone. In the presence of fatty acids, the cytosolic ATP concentrations and ATP/ADP ratios decreased, whereas the corresponding parameters for the mitochondrial space were either increased (oleate) or decreased (octanoate). The effects of oleate were dependent on the albumin concentrations in the perfusate. The normally large difference between cytosolic and mitochondrial ATP/ADP ratios became smaller. Similar observations were obtained with uncoupling agents. The pH gradient across the mitochondrial membrane as calculated from the subcellular distribution of 5,5 dimethyl[2 14C]oxazolidine-2,4-dione was inversed following the addition of both carbonylcyanide p-trifluoromethoxyphenylhydrazone and fatty acids, i.e. the mitochondrial matrix became more acidic than the cytosol. The pH gradient was not affected when oleate was added in the presence of high albumin concentrations. The data support the hypothesis that the increase in hepatic oxygen consumption due to octanoate or oleate is, in part, caused by a mechanism similar to uncoupling of oxidative phosphorylation. This mechanism seems not to be an artifact of isolated systems; it may be of physiological importance for processes in which reducing equivalents are removed independently of the ATP demand of the hepatocyte. PMID- 6723662 TI - The cytoplasmic isoenzyme of horse liver aldehyde dehydrogenase. Relationship to the corresponding human isoenzyme. AB - The structural divergence between the cytoplasmic isoenzymes of aldehyde dehydrogenase from different species was investigated by analysis of peptides from the horse protein, and correlation of the results with the complete primary structure of the human isoenzyme. The amino acid sequences of these two proteins show a high degree of homology (91% of residues compared are identical). The differences observed are spread over the entire polypeptide chains, with only one cluster, which is close to a reactive cysteine residue and also adjacent to the most conserved region (covering 68 residues) in the primary structures of the whole enzymes. The secondary structure predicted for the human isoenzyme is mainly unaffected by the residue differences in the horse isoenzyme, although limited conformational changes might be compatible with an unexpected overrepresentation of differences involving isoleucine (12 of 43 exchanges represent a loss of Ile in the horse protein). Two cysteine residues that correlate with catalytic activity are identically positioned in the enzyme from the two species. PMID- 6723664 TI - Polymorphism of alpha-actinin from human blood platelets. Homodimeric and heterodimeric forms. AB - In purified solutions of alpha-actinin from human blood platelets, three polypeptides a, b and c, of approximately 100 kDa, were observed by polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis in the presence of sodium dodecyl sulfate. They were identified as alpha-actinin subunits on the basis of their cross reactivity with antibodies against skeletal muscle alpha-actinin and their interaction with F-actin. After electrophoresis in the absence of sodium dodecyl sulfate, six forms were observed: aa, ab, bb, ac, bc, cc. The similarity between the one-dimensional peptide maps of a and b and the absence of b in the presence of calcium-dependent protease inhibitors indicated that b is probably derived from the a subunit. The c subunit differs from the a subunit. The results provide evidence that there are actually only two platelet alpha-actinin subunits a and c which give rise to three isoforms: two homodimers aa and cc, and one heterodimer ac. PMID- 6723663 TI - Structural analysis of the Ss sialoglycoprotein specific for Henshaw blood group from human erythrocyte membranes. AB - The N-terminal structures of the MN and Ss erythrocyte membrane sialoglycoproteins (glycophorins A, B) from two Henshaw (He) blood-group heterozygotes were determined by manual sequencing of tryptic glycopeptides and various secondary fragments. No structural alteration of the MN glycoprotein could be detected. The He-specific portion of the Ss glycoprotein was found to exhibit the N-terminal sequence Trp-Ser+-Thr+-Ser+-Gly-(+ = glycosylation). Thus it differs at three positions from its normal counterpart which possesses 'N' activity and exhibits the N-terminal structure Leu-Ser+-Thr+-Thr+-Glu-. Analysis of the Ss glycoprotein from 15 He-negative erythrocyte samples did not reveal any of the three He-specific structural alterations. The presence of a glycine residue at the fifth position of the blood-group-M-active MN glycoprotein as well as in the He-specific Ss glycoprotein provides an explanation for the occurrence of antisera (anti-Me) reacting with the M and He antigens. PMID- 6723665 TI - Pseudo-catalytic degradation of hydrogen peroxide in the lactoperoxidase/H2O2/iodide system. AB - Non-stoichiometric (excessive) consumption of hydrogen peroxide (H2O2), which was observed in various lactoperoxidase-catalysed reactions, was tested in the lactoperoxidase/H2O2/iodide system. In preliminary experiments the suitability of the system was tested with special regard to the triiodide (I-3) absorption and the I2/I-3 equilibrium. Triiodide equilibrium concentrations evaluated theoretically and experimentally were compared after adding a known amount of iodine (I2) to solutions containing variable I- concentrations. A close fit of the two methods was only obtained if experiments were carried out in pure aqueous or 0.001 M H2SO4 medium. The presence of various anions, e.g. OH- and Cl-, led to a measurable decrease in I-3 and I2 equilibrium concentrations. These ions are able to displace competitively I- in forming association products with I+ and I2. When I+ and I2 were generated enzymatically by lactoperoxidase and hydrogen peroxide, additional interactions with H2O2 were observed. Depending on the enzyme and iodide concentrations, variable amounts of H2O2 disappeared nonproductively. Due to its ambivalent redox reactivity, part of the H2O2 is not reduced to H2O in the enzyme-catalysed generation of iodine, but undergoes oxidation to O2 by an oxidized iodine compound. This suggests a pseudo-catalytic side reaction which can competitively interfere with the I2/I-3 generation or (and) the iodination reaction. PMID- 6723666 TI - Rat-liver lysosomal sialidase. Solubilization, substrate specificity and comparison with the cytosolic sialidase. AB - Purified liver lysosomes, prepared from rats previously injected with Triton WR 1339, exhibited sialidase activity towards sialyllactose, fetuin, submaxillary mucin (bovine) and gangliosides, and could be disrupted hypotonically with little loss in these activities. After centrifugation, the activities with sialyllactose and fetuin were largely recovered in the supernatant, demonstrating that they were originally in the intralysosomal space. The activities towards submaxillary mucin and gangliosides, on the other hand, remained in the pellet. In the supernatant, activity with fetuin or orosomucoid was markedly reduced by protease inhibitors, suggesting that proteolysis of these glycoproteins may be prerequisite to sialidase activity. The intralysosomal sialidase was solubilized from the mitochondrial-lysosomal fraction of rat liver and partially purified by Sephadex G-200, or Sephadex G-200 followed by CM-cellulose. The enzyme was maximally active at pH 4.7 with sialyllactose as substrate and had a minimum relative molecular mass of 60 000 +/- 5000 by gel filtration; it hydrolyzed a variety of sialooligosaccharides , those containing (alpha 2----3)sialyl linkages being better substrates than those with (alpha 2----6)sialyl linkages. The enzyme failed to attack submaxillary mucin and gangliosides. It was also inactive towards fetuin, orosomucoid and transferrin but capable of hydrolyzing glycopeptides from pronase digest of fetuin. In contrast to the intralysosomal sialidase, the sialidase partially purified from rat liver cytosol by (NH4)2SO4 fractionation followed by chromatography on DEAE-cellulose and CM-cellulose hydrolyzed fetuin and orosomucoid to the extent about half that for sialyllactose. The enzyme was maximally active at pH 5.8 and had a relative molecular mass of approximately 60 000. It also hydrolyzed gangliosides but not submaxillary mucin. PMID- 6723667 TI - Alterations of oxidative phosphorylation reactions in mitochondria isolated from hypothyroid rat liver. AB - Several parameters of oxidative phosphorylation reaction were studied in vitro in isolated liver mitochondria from hypothyroid rats. When succinate was employed as a respiratory substrate for mitochondria incubated in a mannitol/sucrose/phosphate buffer, and measurements were performed during initial additions of ADP, the magnitude of state 3 and state 4 respiration was not different between mitochondria from the hypothyroid and those from the control rats. During the course of repetitive additions of ADP and consequently of sequential transitions from state 4 to state 3 and back to state 4, mitochondria from hypothyroid animals showed a gradual decline in the rate of both state 3 and state 4 respiration whereas those from normal animals did not. The total succinate dehydrogenase activity was not different between the two types of mitochondria, and the decline in state 3 and state 4 respiration was not accompanied by any change in the apparent Km for ADP or in the corrected ADP/O ratio [Biochem. Biophys. Res. Commun. (1973) 53, 988]. The amount of oxygen consumed during the state-4----3----4 transition was lower in the hypothyroid than in the control mitochondria. These alterations were reversed if the hypothyroid animals were injected with thyroxine intraperitoneally (2 micrograms/100 g body weight) for 3 weeks before isolation of mitochondria. These results indicate that the fall of respiratory activity in hypothyroidism may result from the decrease not only of respiratory activities of state 3 and state 4, but also of the energy spent in the process of the state-4----3----4 transition, while the coupling efficiency per se remains normal. These properties become manifest when mitochondria respond to pulses of ADP load, a situation likely to occur in situ. PMID- 6723668 TI - Biosynthesis and processing of phytohemagglutinin in developing bean cotyledons. AB - Phytohemagglutinin (PHA) is a family of tetrameric isolectins which accumulate in the protein bodies of developing Phaseolus vulgaris cotyledons. Each tetramer contains erythroagglutinating (E) or lymphocyte-mitogenic (L) subunits, or a combination of both. The subunits have Mr around 33000, E being slightly larger than L. Phytohemagglutinin is a glycoprotein, and its carbohydrate moiety contains N-acetylglucosamine, mannose, fucose and xylose, indicating that this protein has complex oligosaccharide sidechains. Several steps in the biosynthesis and in the cotranslational and post-translational processing of the glycopolypeptides of PHA have been identified. The polypeptides of PHA are synthesized by polysomes attached to the endoplasmic reticulum. The glycosylation of the polypeptides is a cotranslational process, in which each PHA polypeptide usually acquires two oligosaccharide sidechains. The oligosaccharides of PHA isolated from the endoplasmic reticulum are susceptible to digestion with alpha mannosidase and endo-beta-N-acetylglucosaminidase H indicating that they are of the high-mannose type. In the presence of tunicamycin two unglycosylated polypeptides of PHA are synthesized, indicating that the differences in Mr between the E and L subunits of PHA are not due to differences in glycosylation alone. Transport of PHA to the protein bodies is mediated by the Golgi apparatus where at least part of the oligosaccharide chains of PHA are modified [ Chrispeels , M. J. (1983) Planta ( Berl .) 157, 454-461, and 158, 140-151]. The modified oligosaccharide chains of PHA are then gradually trimmed to a smaller size when the protein is already in the protein bodies. This processing results in an increase in the mobility of the PHA subunits in denaturing polyacrylamide gels. PMID- 6723669 TI - Validity in diagnosing osteoporosis. Observer variation in interpreting spinal radiographs. AB - Observer variation in interpreting radiograph of the spine in 70-year-old Danish women has been examined. The women joined a general health investigation as part of an epidemiologic screening for osteoporosis. Two experienced radiologists examined independently 280 sets of lateral radiographs of the spine to disclose fractures. The radiographs were examined four times, each examined at two different occasions by each radiologist. Overall intra-observer agreement was 88% and 87% when asked for presence or absence of fractures, irrespective of fracture localization. When accidental occurrence of agreement was taken into account (kappa analysis) intra-observer variation was reduced to 64% and 62%. The overall inter-observer agreement was 75%, but reduced to 47% when accidental occurrence of agreement was noted. Kappa analysis in testing observer variation indicates that a considerable part of agreement can be ascribed to chance alone. This seriously questions the hitherto used definition of osteoporosis. PMID- 6723670 TI - Immediate effect of meglumine diatrizoate on the vascular endothelium. An electron-microscopic study. AB - Immediate morphological alterations in the vascular endothelium were studied in the common iliac artery and muscle capillaries of the rat after perfusions ranging from 3 to 120 seconds. Isotonic meglumine diatrizoate and saline produced no perceptible changes. Hypertonic solutions produced cell shrinkage and deformation of the intercellular spaces of the iliac artery in all cases. Shrinkage of the endothelial cells was also accompanied by shrinkage of the neighbouring cells. Hypertonic solutions did not always produce alterations in the capillaries; the frequency of such alterations was greater with saline. It is suggested that meglumine diatrizoate causes circulatory disturbance which affects its distribution to the microvasculature. PMID- 6723671 TI - Acute appendicitis as a complication of the barium enema. A case report. AB - A case is described where acute appendicitis developed after a roentgen examination of the large bowel. The causal relationship is discussed. This report recommends a careful examination of the patient developing abdominal pain after a colon x-ray examination. PMID- 6723672 TI - Adenolipoma of the liver. A unique case with ultrasound and CT patterns. AB - Lipomas rarely occur in the liver. However, because of the widespread use of ultrasound and CT in the diagnosis of liver disease, one should be familiar with their appearance, as confirmed diagnosis may spare the patient major investigations. The value of CT is emphasized in association with percutaneous biopsy when the appearance of the tumour is not classical. Ultrasound patterns are discussed. PMID- 6723673 TI - Prolapsing inflammatory pseudopolyp-fold complex of the oesophagogastric region. AB - This article describes a series of 12 adult patients in whom a prominent and mobile polypoid fold of the oesophagogastric region was demonstrated radiologically. Subsequent endoscopic and histopathologic studies confirmed the presence of an inflammatory pseudopolyp at the squamocolumnar junction and contiguous with a thick gastric rugal fold. The clinical and radiographic features of this entity and the mechanisms of its formation are reviewed. PMID- 6723674 TI - Sonographic pattern of focal nodular hyperplasia of the liver. AB - Focal nodular hyperplasia of the liver (FNH) is a histologically defined benign hepatic tumour, possibly associated with the use of oral contraceptives. The present study deals with the question whether FNH can be distinguished from other lesions of the liver by ultrasonography alone or by a combination of real-time sonography and radiologic procedures. Therefore 18 cases of FNH, 16 females and 2 males, are presented. We retrospectively reviewed the diagnostic results of real time sonography, hepatic scintigraphy, computed tomography with dynamic CT densitometry, and angiography on these 18 patients. Ultrasonography enables the identification of the lesion in all of the 18 cases. FNH appears to show varying degrees of echogenicity (slight hypoechoic in 6 cases, isoechoic in 6 cases, and slight hyperechoic in 4 cases). In most of the patients the tumour had similar acoustic characteristics as the surrounding normal liver. By ultrasonography alone there is no possible differentiation of FNH from other hepatic tumours. Both the echo pattern of FNH and the results of the ultrasonically guided cytopuncture are unspecific. PMID- 6723675 TI - The immediate effects of retrograde pancreatography on the pancreas. AB - Endoscopic retrograde pancreatography (ERP) may be followed by elevated serum amylase or occasionally by pancreatitis. This is said to be due to the irritating effect of contrast media (CM) or to the cation content of CM. We investigated the effect of intraductally injected CM (ionic CM with and without sodium, non-ionic CM) on the porcine pancreas. All types of CM as well as control media (saline, 7% sodium bicarbonate solution) produced small foci of histological pancreatitis, although without any clinical signs of pancreatitis. PMID- 6723676 TI - Predicting malignancy of suspected ovarian tumours by CT. AB - The CT appearance of 47 clinically suspected ovarian tumours was analysed and compared to operative findings. By using simple differential diagnostic criteria, such as the relative amount of cystic and solid tumour tissue, presence of ascites and density readings, it was possible to correctly predict the malignancy of 18 out of 20 primary and 4 out of 5 recurrent ovarian tumours. In 6 out of 16 benign ovarian tumours or pelvic masses the CT pattern was either indeterminate or similar to malignant neoplasms. Since some non-ovarian tumours may produce an identical picture, the site of origin of large tumours could not be always detected. CT provides significant complementary information on the characteristics of suspected ovarian malignancies. A tumour which has a typical benign, cystic CT appearance is very likely benign, while some of the masses which contain solid tissue, consistent with a malignancy, may still be benign. PMID- 6723677 TI - The risk of developing breast cancer in relation to mammography findings. AB - Several studies have shown that it is possible to use the parenchymal patterns disclosed by mammography to differentiate various groups with a high risk of developing breast cancer. Accordingly, a patient series of 597 women who had undergone mammography during the period 1971-1975 was examined and classified according to Wolfe's system. A follow-up of 513 patients five to nine years after the mammography revealed no statistical difference in the tendency to develop breast cancer using Wolfe's parenchymal pattern method. The study shows that those in the group with pronounced fibroadenomatous changes, which were primarily studies radiologically, have an incidence of breast cancer three times as high as that found in the population as a whole. PMID- 6723678 TI - Hypoadrenia following adrenal venography in Cushing's disease. AB - Three patients with Cushing's disease are reported. In two patients the hyperfunction of the adrenal glands ceased following selective adrenal venography, moreover hypoadrenia has developed. In the third case necrosis following venography was proved by surgery and confirmed by histology. Regarding the therapeutic possibilities of Cushing's disease the use of this diagnostic procedure is taken into consideration but not recommended. PMID- 6723679 TI - A case of hereditary pancreatitis and pancreas divisum. AB - Hereditary pancreatitis is a rare form of chronic pancreatitis inherited as an autosomal dominant. Pancreas divisum results from a developmental failure of fusion of the dorsal and ventral parts of the pancreas and is associated with an increased incidence of pancreatitis. Co-existence of the two conditions in one patient is very rare. We report a case. PMID- 6723680 TI - Pluridirectional macrotomography with three-fold magnification. An assessment of image quality and clinical application. AB - The purpose of this paper is to present the possible usefulness of macrotomography with three-fold magnification as demonstrated by a new apparatus. It can perform both conventional tomography and macrotomography of the same object plane. Quantitative evaluation included measurements of resolution, modulation transfer function and radiation dose. Qualitative evaluation included an analysis of clinical cases in which both techniques were used. The superior image quality of macrotomography with three-fold magnification was demonstrated and the clinical areas in which it proved most helpful are defined. PMID- 6723681 TI - Panoramic zonography in radiographing the carpus. AB - The panoramic radiography technique enables the visualization of different image layers. In the search for a method for improving the radiological fracture diagnosis of the carpal bones the suitability of this technique for visualization of the carpal bones was tested. For panoramic zonography, Zonarc (Palomex, Finland) and its programme with cylindrical image layer with 85 mm radius was used. The present study showed that panoramic technique is suitable for discerning the carpal bones but not for demonstrating their skeletal details. PMID- 6723682 TI - Fine needle biopsy of solitary pulmonary metastasis. AB - When a nodule which is increasing in size is detected on a chest radiograph the question arises whether it is a primary or metastatic tumour. Experience has shown that the removal of a singular metastasis of an extrapulmonary tumour has a 5-year survival of about 25-30%, if the primary tumour is removed as well. The cytologic results of fine needle biopsy may give clues for the possible localization of the primary tumour. A selective search is then justified and may be rewarding. In 30 cases of 48 pulmonary lesions the cytological and histological results of the operative specimen were compatible with solitary lung metastasis of an extrapulmonary primary tumour. In 18 of 48 cases there was strong evidence for a second primary lung tumour. Fine needle biopsy helps clarify the nature of the lesion and may also give information regarding the site of the extrapulmonary primary tumour. This is important for patient management, therapy and prognosis. PMID- 6723683 TI - Antiarrhythmic use of cibenzoline, a new class 1 antiarrhythmic agent with class 3 and 4 properties, in patients with recurrent ventricular tachycardia. AB - Cibenzoline is a new antiarrhythmic agent with class 1 properties, and additional class 3 and 4 effects. We treated 28 patients with drug-refractory and recurrent ventricular tachycardia with up to 700 mg/day cibenzoline for periods up to 5.5 months. Cibenzoline prevented the recurrence of ventricular tachycardia in five patients (18%). In three patients (11%) the arrhythmia may have been worsened, in 23 patients (82%) cibenzoline was ineffective. Cibenzoline increased the PR interval by 18% and the QRS duration by 33%; the effect on the QT was variable and the corrected QT interval did not change significantly. Side-effects were observed in 21% of patients. We conclude that cibenzoline does not appear to be superior to conventional class 1 antiarrhythmic agents and that it cannot be recommended for general use in patients with ventricular tachycardia. Additional pharmacokinetic and electrophysiologic studies are required before cibenzoline is used in outpatients with severe ventricular arrhythmias. PMID- 6723684 TI - Early risk stratification using clinical findings in patients with acute myocardial infarction. AB - The value of non-invasive, clinical variables in predicting short-term outcome after acute myocardial infarction has been prospectively studied using multivariate analysis in a learning population of 1724 patients and a validation sample of 588 cases. Early risk stratification of CCU mortality could be made with 89.4% accuracy by using 7 simple clinical variables (Killip class, systolic blood pressure, heart rate, age, intraventricular conduction disturbance, localization of infarction and obesity index) recorded on admission. A discriminant function formula could also be constructed resulting in a maximal classification of 89.3% and predictive values of 91.8% and 77.9%, respectively, for 28-day survival and early death prediction in the learning population. Accuracy figures dropped only slightly (1 to 5%) in the independent test set. Predictions could be made with a high degree of accuracy, especially in the upper and lower ranges of the discriminant risk score. This investigation demonstrates that a fairly good estimation of prognosis can be made by means of discriminant analysis of clinical findings gathered routinely in most CCU's. PMID- 6723685 TI - Effects of contrast media used in angiocardiography on the mechanical performance and the relaxation of normal and ischaemic myocardium. AB - The aim of this study was to investigate the mechanisms of the cardiodepressive action of ionic and non-ionic contrast media currently used in coronary arteriography. Experiments carried out on isolated preparations of cat papillary muscle, treated with increasing concentrations of Telebrix 39, Radioselectan, Hexabrix and Iopamidol 370 and 300, on the one hand and, on the other hand, a pre determined dose of Telebrix and Iopamidol 300 during hypoxia and subsequent reoxygenation, showed that, at constant Ca2+ concentrations: (1) The cardiodepressive effects of contrast media are correlated with the hyperosmolality that they induce. When osmolality was higher than 400 mOsm, all the products caused a reduction of the peak force (PF: 40.49 +/- 5.15%), the maximum velocity of contraction (Vmax: 39.85 +/- 3.66%) and of the peak velocity of relaxation (Vrelax: 23.30 +/- 2.20%) (P less than 0.01). The time to peak force (TPF), on the other hand, remained constant, whereas the half-relaxation time (THR) was increased. No significant differences were observed between these effects and those induced by control iso-osmolar solutions when the same osmolality was induced. In practice, however, the critical hyperosmolality value of 400 mOsm is never reached when using non-ionic contrast media such as Hexabrix and Iopamidol 300. This could explain the excellent tolerance to these substances. (2) During hypoxia and reoxygenation, the effect of hyperosmolality is more marked. Thus, the non-ionic contrast medium, Iopamidol 300 (340 mOsm), reduces the hypoxic contractility depression (PF: 53.10 +/- 2.60% compared to the control values of 47.60 +/- 5.00%, P less than 0.01), whereas, at the same dose, the ionic medium Telebrix is hyperosmolar (440 mOsm) and induces a more pronounced hypoxic depression of contractility (P less than 0.01). The critical hyperosmolality is never reached during ventriculography (320 mOsm), whatever the medium used, but it can be observed during coronary arteriography. It is, therefore, important to use non-ionic contrast media in the investigation of unstable angina and of acute myocardium infarction. PMID- 6723686 TI - Cardiovascular effects of sulmazol administered intravenously to patients with severe heart failure. AB - Ten patients with severe heart failure (NYHA class IV) received sulmazol intravenously under haemodynamic and electrocardiographic surveillance. All patients were on maintenance doses of digitalis and diuretics. At 30 min intervals we increased the infusion rate of sulmazol from 1 to 2, 4, 6, and 8 mg min-1, to a total of 630 mg of sulmazol administered over 150 min. Statistically significant changes (P less than 0.001) were found for heart rate (from 97 to 103 min-1); right atrial pressure (from 9.5 to 1.5 mmHg); pulmonary artery diastolic pressure (from 25.0 to 9.0 mmHg); pulmonary capillary wedge pressure (from 22.0 to 9.0 mmHg); aortic diastolic pressure (from 62.5 to 52.5 mmHg); pulmonary artery oxygen saturation (from 53.0 to 68.5%); cardiac output (from 2.83 to 4.38 l min-1), and for indices derived from these measurements. No correlation was found between the improvement in cardiac performance and sulmazol plasma concentrations. Haemodynamic improvement persisted for more than 7.5 h after cessation of sulmazol administration. Renal function was measured before and after sulmazol administration; creatinine clearance (from 47.5 to 52.0 ml min-1) and p-amino hippuric acid clearance (from 146 to 125 ml min-1) were unchanged. Side-effects included yellow-colored vision, ventricular extrasystoles, and possibly sulmazol-induced liver function disturbances. Even in severe heart failure sulmazol improved cardiac performance in patients who were treated with the maximum tolerated dose of digoxin. PMID- 6723687 TI - Prevalence of ECG findings in very old people. AB - The electrocardiograms of 559 persons, 83% of the total population 85 years of age or over in the city of Tampere, were evaluated according to the classification of the modified Minnesota code. Electrocardiograms showed no codable item in only 3.6% of the subjects. The prevalence of the most frequent electrocardiographic findings was: T wave inversion 53.3%, counter-clockwise rotation 42.9%, ST junction depression 42.8%, premature beats 33.8%, Q-QS pattern 21.3% and atrial fibrillation 17.4%. The prevalence of left axis deviation, left anterior hemiblock and right bundle branch block was statistically significantly higher in men than in women. Electrocardiographic abnormalities suggestive of ischaemic heart disease were present in 45.3% with no statistically significant relation to sex or age. The results are discussed and compared with those of electrocardiographic studies concerning age groups over 80 and 90 years. PMID- 6723688 TI - Coronary artery changes 3 years after reimplantation of an anomalous right coronary artery. AB - In this paper we report the sequelae of a patient with an anomalous right coronary artery (RCA) originating from the pulmonary artery (PA) in association with a normal heart, operated upon at the age of 13 years. Three years after the end-to-side reimplantation of the RCA, with a rim of the PA, into the aorta, the surgical result has been evaluated by cineangiography. Before operation both coronary arteries were tortuous and increased in size. Afterwards the left coronary artery showed a normalized calibre, although the RCA remained tortuous with no decrease of the internal diameter. The notable postoperative changes in shape and size of the LCA may be due to the disappearance of the steal phenomenon. The lack of involutive changes in the RCA could be explained by its thinner wall. Left ventricular wall motion, evaluated under resting conditions and during an atrial pacing stress test, was found to be normal. PMID- 6723690 TI - Early two-dimensional echocardiographic measurement of left ventricular ejection fraction in acute myocardial infarction. AB - Left ventricular volume and ejection fraction were measured by 2-dimensional echocardiography from 2 orthogonal apical long axis views in 90 patients admitted with acute transmural myocardial infarction. Results were correlated with worst Killip class during hospital stay, enzymatic infarct size (peak CK-MB) and mortality. We used two algorithms, a biplane area-length algorithm and a modification of Simpson's rule. Both algorithms yielded essentially the same results: there were statistically significant trends towards higher end-diastolic and end-systolic volumes and lower ejection fraction with higher Killip -class. Ejection fraction was lower (P less than 0.01) in the 6 patients dying from cardiogenic shock (28.0 +/- 7.8% v. 46.6 +/- 10.1% in survivors with the area- length algorithm; 28.1 +/- 6.2% v. 48.1 +/- 10.2% with modified Simpson's rule). In 5 patients dying from other causes ejection fraction was 46.0 +/- 14.9% with the area-length method or 46.2 +/- 14.5% with Simpson's rule (not different from survivors). Correlation with peak CK-MB was only modest, though statistically significant: the regression equation was: y = -0. 39x + 54 (r = -0.35; P less than 0.01) with the area-length method; and y = -0. 41x + 55 (r = -0.37; P less than 0.01) with Simpson's rule. Left ventricular ejection fraction measured at the bedside in patients with acute myocardial infarction, can provide useful clinical information. Patients likely to develop shock can be identified shortly after admission. PMID- 6723689 TI - Class 1 antiarrhythmic drugs--characteristic electrocardiographic differences when assessed by atrial and ventricular pacing. AB - Class 1 antiarrhythmic drugs have been subdivided into 1a, 1b and 1c according to their effect on the action potential duration. The effects on the surface electrocardiogram of one drug from each subgroup were investigated in nine patients. Electrocardiographic recordings were taken during sinus rhythm and at identical atrial and ventricular paced rates. Disopyramide (1a) significantly prolonged the QT interval during sinus rhythm and at the identical paced rates, by increasing both the QRS duration and JT interval. Lignocaine (1b) significantly reduced the QT interval during sinus rhythm and at the identical paced rates, by reducing the JT interval. Lignocaine had no effect on the QRS duration. Flecainide (1c) significantly prolonged the QRS duration during sinus rhythm, but not the QTc. However the QT interval at the paced rates prolonged significantly, due entirely to an increase of the QRS duration. Flecainide had no effect on the JT interval. These characteristic electrocardiographic differences support the differentiation of class 1 drugs into three separate subgroups. PMID- 6723691 TI - Intra-aortic balloon pumping in the elderly: percutaneous versus surgical catheter insertion. AB - The feasibility and safety of percutaneous versus intra-aortic balloon pumping (IABP) in the elderly were evaluated in 45 patients who were over 65 years of age (range 65-79). All the patients required counterpulsation for complicated acute myocardial infarction. IABP insertion was attempted by the surgical technique in 22 patients, while the percutaneous approach was performed in 23. A consistent improvement in the incidence rate of successful insertion was attained with the use of the percutaneous technique as compared with the surgical one (91.3% v 59.1%, P is less than 0.05). Furthermore, no major complication was observed with the percutaneous catheter, while a 9.1% (2/22) incidence rate of serious complications was reported with the surgical technique. Thus, percutaneous IABP substantially decreased the unsuccessful insertions and the risk of severe complications in old patients, despite presumably severe aorto-iliac disease. No specifically age-related technical problem seems, therefore, to limit the applicability of intra-aortic counterpulsation to elderly patients, when percutaneous IABP is employed. PMID- 6723692 TI - Haemodynamic effects of alinidine, a specific sinus node inhibition, in patients with unstable angina or myocardial infarction. AB - Alinidine is a new sinus node inhibitor which does not interact with the beta adrenergic receptors. Its haemodynamic effects were studied in 57 patients; 24 with unstable angina, 9 with myocardial infarction and heart rate greater than 100 bpm but without heart failure. 10 with myocardial infarction treated with vasodilators and 14 with severe heart failure or shock. After dosages up to 40 mg alinidine, heart rate decreased by 14 +/- 7 bpm, mean arterial pressure was reduced by 3 +/- 6 mmHg, stroke volume remained unchanged while cardiac output decreased 0.5 +/- 0.61 min-1 and systemic vascular resistance increased. Signs of heart failure developed in 3 patients, although overall left ventricular filling pressure remained unchanged. The haemodynamic response to alinidine warrants further studies of its efficacy in patients with angina or sinus tachycardia. PMID- 6723693 TI - Tachycardia caused by an accessory nodoventricular tract: a clinico-pathologic correlation. AB - Paroxysmal tachycardia with widened QRS complexes was recorded in an eleven-year old boy who had suffered from brain damage, which had resulted from an episode of ventricular fibrillation. Atrial stimulation produced an increased AV conduction, sudden disappearance of the His bundle deflection and a complete left bundle branch block pattern. Tachycardias of this morphology were initiated by early atrial and ventricular premature beats. The findings suggested the presence of a macro re-entry circuit, utilizing a slow AV node- nodoventricular bypass tract as the anterograde limb and the His-Purkinje system--fast AV node as the retrograde limb. This supposition found further support by serial sectioning of the AV junctional area of the heart, which revealed a nodoventricular tract, which originated from the posterior extension of the compact part of the atrioventricular node and inserted into the crest of the ventricular septum. PMID- 6723694 TI - A study to compare the efficacy, plasma concentration profile and tolerability of conventional mexiletine and slow-release mexiletine. AB - In order to evaluate and compare slow-release mexiletine 360 mg 12 hourly and conventional mexiletine 200 mg 8 hourly, twelve patients with symptomatic ventricular arrhythmias have been studied. Ambulatory electrocardiographic monitoring was performed before treatment and at the end of two, two week long treatment periods during which slow-release mexiletine and conventional mexiletine were administered in random order. On the last day of each treatment period frequent blood samples for drug assay were collected during a dosage interval. Each formulation produced greater than 70% suppression of ventricular ectopic beats in 55% of patients. The variation between pre-dose and observed peak plasma concentration was 29.6% with slow-release mexiletine and 71.6% with mexiletine (P less than 0.01). The time from pre-dose to observed peak concentration was 4.0 h (+/- 1.6 SD) with slow-release mexiletine and 2.0 h (+/- 1.8 SD) with conventional mexiletine (P less than 0.05). Three patients were withdrawn from the study in the first treatment period because of central nervous system or gastric adverse effects. Overall, side-effects were marginally fewer on therapy with slow-release mexiletine. We conclude that, in the nearest equivalent dosage, the slow-release formulation is as effective as conventional mexiletine and at least as well tolerated. The fluctuations in plasma mexiletine concentration are less marked on the slow-release preparation despite the longer dosage interval, which allows effective oral therapy with a twice daily dosage. PMID- 6723696 TI - Dilated cardiomyopathy. AB - On account of the rapidly progressive nature of the disease, the high incidence of systemic embolism and arrhythmias, and the risk of sudden death, dilated cardiomyopathy is inconsistent with aircrew duties. In the small proportion of subjects who apparently make a satisfactory recovery , re-licensing may be considered once there is no requirement for medication and chest X-ray, electrocardiogram, echocardiogram, exercise electrocardiogram, 24 h ambulatory electrocardiogram and left ventricular ejection fraction are all normal. These tests should initially be repeated annually and be associated with cardiological review. PMID- 6723695 TI - Leukotriene D4-induced vasoconstriction of coronary arteries in anaesthetized dogs. AB - We examined in pentobarbital-anaesthetized dogs, the effects of intracoronary leukotriene D4 (LTD4) on large vessel (circumflex artery) flow and diameter and on calculations of late diastolic and total coronary resistance. Heart rate, systolic and end-diastolic ventricular pressures and the dP/dt were the haemodynamic variables studied. The peripheral ECG was obtained in lead II. LTD4 (0.1-10 micrograms kg-1) reduced coronary diameter up to 12 +/- 3% (mean +/- s.e.m.). Coronary flow decreased in dose-dependent fashion up to 100%. Blood flow returned to control values within 3-15 min of LTD4 administration. Blood pressure, heart rate and ventricular pressure did not change while LV dP/dtmax fell and filling pressure increased. The sum of ST segments and R wave voltages of the ECG increased indicating transient myocardial ischaemia during LTD4 induced coronary blood flow cessation. Small vessel and total coronary resistance rose in a dose-dependent manner between 33-232% and 50-500%, respectively. Inhibition of cyclo-oxygenase enzyme (indomethacin, 5 mg kg-1, i.v.) and lipoxygenase enzymes (nafazatrom, 10 mg kg-1, i.d.) had no effect on LTD4-caused alterations in coronary flow, resistance and arterial diameter. Thus, in canine experiments the intracoronary administration of LTD4 can constrict coronary arteries--presumably large conductive vessels. This is independent of the cyclooxygenase and additional lipoxygenase metabolites of the arachidonic acid pathway other than LTD4. Therefore, the agent may contribute to cardiac dysfunction in coronary artery disease and spasm. PMID- 6723697 TI - Left and right bundle branch block, left anterior and left posterior hemiblock. AB - The data available on the prognosis of the intraventricular conduction disturbances--left and right bundle branch block (LBBB, RBBB) and left anterior and posterior hemiblock (LAH, LPH)--are uneven. However, there is no evidence to suggest that incomplete RBBB, established complete RBBB or established LAH carry other than a normal prognosis. Data on incomplete LBBB and on established LPH are insufficient to support conclusions. There are no adequate data on the risks of recently acquired LAH or LPH. Recently acquired isolated RBBB appears to carry little or no additional risk but the data are scant. It requires evaluation and may justify restriction to multi-crew operation. Established LBBB carries a small but definite increase in mortality risk, but subject to assessment it may be permissible in multi-crew operation. Recently acquired LBBB carries a substantial increase in mortality risk and should be disqualifying to fly. PMID- 6723698 TI - Breast cancer screening of the high risk population with clinical examination and thermography. A combination of telethermography and plate thermography. AB - On a total of 2523 patients, including the High Risk group, a breast screening was made by clinical exploration and Thermography used as a selective method for the cases due for a Mammography. Although the electronic thermographic examination was done according to the criteria established by the School of Marseilles, we excluded from these criteria the vascular asymmetry test. Such a controversial parameter was substituted by the data given by the angiographic analysis of contact thermography. The results obtained were compared to those referenced in a previous study. The analysis of the compiled data indicated that even if we weren 't the sensitivity of the technique, we did get improvements diagnosing less false positive results with the new procedure (91.43%) than with the previous study (87.65%) (p less than 0.001). The predictive Value (+) was 0.4133 in the present group against the previous 0.10, which meant that 41.33% of the cancers diagnosed were true cancers, against 10% in the previous group. Summing up the analysis showed a higher rate of positive global detections (p less than 0,0005) with our present analytic criteria for Thermography. PMID- 6723699 TI - Squamous cell carcinoma arising in a dermoid cyst of the ovary. Clinical and pathological report of a case. AB - A case of squamous cell carcinoma arising in a dermoid cyst of the ovary of a 38 year-old woman is reported. Its frequency is nearly 1%; nevertheless it is opinion that the real frequency could be higher if the hystological examination of the cyst would be made more accurately. Clinical and pathological findings of this case are presented in this brief note. The importance to always make an intraoperatively frozen-section examination is emphasized. The patient is alive and well after six months after surgery. PMID- 6723700 TI - Struma ovarii. Observations on three cases. AB - The true struma ovarii is a rare teratomatous neoplasia, composed with typical thyroid tissue. Generally it is asymptomatic or only determines a mild hypogastric weighting feeling. In a few subjects this neoplasm is secreting and rise to hyperthyroidism. The Authors describe the clinical and anatomopathological characteristics of 3 cases of true struma ovarii come to their observation. No malignant histologic features in any of them was seen. In the relatively short period of post surgical observations no women showed relapses or metastases. This confirms that true struma ovarii is usually a benign tumor. PMID- 6723701 TI - Cytological evaluation of endometrial hyperplasia in relation to histological pictures. AB - The Authors analyse possible parameters of cytological evaluation which can be used for the grading of endometrial hyperplasias and the diagnostic differentiation between atypical hyperplasia and adenocarcinoma. They consider 77 women who underwent endometrial cytology by aspiration just before diagnostic examination of the uterine cavity. Results show that in atrophic endometrium desquamation in clusters of less than 100 cells prevails whereas proliferative and secretory endometrium presents mainly clusters of 100-500 regularly stratified cells. Hyperplasia show progressive increase in isolated cells; "branched" glands appear rarely in hyperplasia with minimal atypia while prevailing in hyperplasia with severe atypia and adenocarcinoma. Simple layers prevail in atrophic endometrium, stratified regular layers prevail in proliferative and secretory endometrium; three-dimensional clusters appear in hyperplasia with minimal atypia and become significant with severe atypia. Adenocarcinoma is characterized by haematic and necrotic background, high percentage of isolated cells and prevalence of clusters of less than 100 cells, mainly three-dimensional. In addition it shows a significant incidence of papillary and rosette-like arrangements and abnormal cytoplasmic vacuolization. PMID- 6723702 TI - Diagnostic outpatient aspiration curettage. Two years experience. AB - Endometrial aspiration curettage was performed on 1001 women, without anaesthesia. Our experience confirms that Vabra-curettage is, for patients, a simple and well tolerated sampling technic. We were not able to perform the technic in 18 patients for close cervical stenosis. In 41 patients the samples were quantitatively not adequate for a correct histological diagnosis. In all these cases a control by D & C was performed, in general anaesthesia, and no proliferative pathology was found. The most common presenting symptom in Intraepithelial Carcinoma of Endometrium (ICE) and in carcinoma was abnormal vaginal bleeding; nevertheless 5 cases of ICE and 2 cases of adenocarcinoma did not show any symptom. This study confirms that systematic screening of asymptomatic perimenopausal and postmenopausal women may lead to the discovery of occult endometrial cancers, some of which are advanced. PMID- 6723703 TI - Is electrodiathermy coagulation (EDC) of cervical ectropion effective in the prevention of cervical carcinoma? AB - The Authors report their experience on the treatment of cervical ectropion by electrodiathermy coagulation (EDC). The effectiveness of this therapeutic approach in the prevention of cervical carcinoma is examined. Finally, it seems that this treatment can be a preventive measure of the precancerous lesions of the cervix, while it results unjustified the EDC treatment of cervical ectropion and TRZ . PMID- 6723704 TI - Stage 1 and 2 carcinoma of the cervix: critical review of 140 cases treated in the decade 1971-1980. AB - 140 cases of squamous carcinoma of the cervix stage I and stage II are reviewed ; 84 stage I and 56 stage II. Details of staging, surgical treatment and follow-up are exposed. Survival rates are analyzed at 3 and 5 years. Nodes involvement in the patients operated by Wertheim-Meigs was 12.5%. PMID- 6723705 TI - Clinical and histopathological review of 24 cases of sarcoma of the corpus uteri. AB - The Authors report their experience in 24 cases of sarcoma of the corpus uteri observed between 1971 and 1981. After pointing out that their experiences confirm the extreme rareness of these neoplastic forms they dwell on diagnostic, prognostic and histologic criteria of classification and conclude that sarcomas of the corpus uteri - mostly leiomyosarcomas - of fibromatous origin - are always potentially very malignant with low 5-year survival rates despite combined treatment with surgery + radiotherapy + antiblastic therapy. PMID- 6723706 TI - Sebaceous carcinoma arising in benign cystic teratoma of the ovary. Case report. AB - A case of sebaceous carcinoma in a benign cystic teratoma of the ovary is reported. Histogenesis is from adnexal sebaceous glands. Sebaceous metaplasia of either a squamous cell carcinoma or a salivary-gland malignant variant are excluded on histological ground. PMID- 6723707 TI - Case of bilateral ovarian metastasis from regressed melanoma. AB - The Authors report an exceedingly unusual case of bilateral ovarian metastasis from regressed melanoma (spontaneous regression of skin malignant melanoma) in a patient who had undergone removal of a pigmented nevus from left forearm. The diagnosis was established histologically following on the bilateral adnexectomy with total hysterectomy the patient underwent for suspect ovarian tumour. Given the rareness of the clinical from and the diagnostic problems involved the Authors examine the literature dealing with this subject and look for the most adequate diagnostic means. PMID- 6723708 TI - Residual tumor following radiotherapy for locally advanced carcinomas of the uterine cervix. Prognostic significance. AB - Over a five-year period from 1977 to 1982, 120 patients with locally advanced carcinomas of the uterine cervix were surgically staged by lymphadenectomy and laparotomy. Radiotherapy was then administered according to the pelvic extent of disease, and all patients underwent extrafascial total hysterectomy with adnexectomy at ten weeks after completing radiation therapy. The presence or absence of residual tumor in the hysterectomy specimen appeared to be an important prognostic factor in treatment success or failure. Patients with no residual tumor were found to have an excellent prognosis. Those with residual tumor clear of the resection margins were at risk for distant metastases. Only one survivor was noted in the group of patients in whom the margins of resection were involved with tumor, nearly all of these patients dying from local recurrences. Major operative morbidity in the series was minimal, and consisted of a single ureterovaginal fistula, which required urinary diversion. PMID- 6723709 TI - Uterine cervical tumor metastases and their treatment. AB - Uterine cervical carcinoma is a locoregional disease. However, particularly in advanced stages, in the presence of N+ and pelvic relapse, it may produce secondary lesions located far from it. In our case series, consisting of 473 portio carcinomas treated at the Institute of Radiology of the U.C.S.C., we found distant metastases in 6.76% of the cases. This study examines the cases of metastasis in relation to stage, histology, risk-factors, treatment of the primary tumour and survival after the treatment of the secondary lesions. PMID- 6723710 TI - Microinvasive carcinoma of the vulva. AB - A case of microcarcinoma of the vulva (depth of invasion less than 5 mm) with an unexpected natural history is reported. The 338 cases, up today, reported in literature are reviewed and therapeutical protocols discussed. PMID- 6723711 TI - Triiodothyronine (T3) toxicosis with hypokalemic periodic paralysis. AB - A case of triiodothyronine (T3) toxicosis associated with hypokalemic periodic paralysis is reported. Thyrotoxic manifestation was minimal except for mild struma. Serum T3 levels were moderately elevated, though other thyroid function tests were within the normal range. The patient was treated with methimazole, and paralytic attacks ceased. This is the first report of this combination and the necessity of careful thyroid function tests in sporadic periodic paralysis is emphasized. PMID- 6723712 TI - Progressive multifocal leukoencephalopathy presenting as a single mass lesion. AB - Progressive multifocal leukoencephalopathy (PML) consisting anatomopathologically of multiple foci of white matter demyelination may present both clinically and at CT scanning as a single mass lesion. An additional similar case is reported. As antiviral therapy may prove useful, characteristics of additional examinations including CT scan are described to promote an early diagnosis. PMID- 6723713 TI - Complete sensory and motor recovery from anterior spinal artery syndrome after sprain of the cervical spine. A case report. AB - A patient sustained C7-C8 incomplete myelopathy with dissociated sensory loss after a whiplash injury. Cervical radiograms showed no fracture or dislocation but separation of the C4-C5 and C5-C6 spinous processes and anterior tilting on C5 on C6 vertebral body only in the head-neck flexed position. Complete sensory and motor recovery occurred after neck immobilization. The patient's transient neurologic deficits were probably caused by vascular insufficiency of an anterior radicular artery at the C5-C6 intervertebral foramen. PMID- 6723714 TI - Cerebral infarctions with negative CT scans. AB - A selection of 181 stroke patients with a negative scan on computed tomography (CT) was studied. The CT scans were done at least 24 h after ictus. 39 of these cases were excluded because of a cortically located pathological uptake on a concomitant radionuclide scan. The 142 remaining cases were compared with patients who had CT-verified central and cortical infarctions. The CT-negative infarctions showed a profile of risk factors similar to the one in CT-verified central infarctions. It differed markedly, however, from the clinical picture of the cortically located infarctions. Thus, the subjects with a negative CT and isotope scan had a lower percentage of carotid lesions of hemodynamic significance (studied by isotope angiography) and a lower frequency of atrial fibrillation. There was also a much higher percentage of pure motor hemipareses among the CT-negative infarctions. This suggests that a great part of CT- and gamma camera-negative cerebrovascular infarctions may be suspected to be small lacunae, which are beyond the resolution capacity of the CT scan. PMID- 6723715 TI - Locked-in syndrome in acute inflammatory polyradiculoneuropathy. AB - A clinicopathological study of a patient with a 'locked-in syndrome' due to an acute inflammatory polyradiculoneuropathy is reported. PMID- 6723716 TI - Presence of a Tamm-Horsfall-like glycoprotein in the CSF of neurology patients. First results. AB - A protein antigenically similar to Tamm-Horsfall glycoprotein ( THLG ) was determined in CSF by affinity chromatography followed by a radioimmunological assay. THLG seems not to be a constituent of normal CSF or an autoantigen. It probably originates from nervous tissue and not from plasma proteins. Its mean is higher in the CSF of multiple sclerosis patients than in the CSF of degenerative disorders patients. THLG seems to be a chemical component of neuronal membrane and its physiological functions remain unknown. PMID- 6723717 TI - Continuous intraoperative EEG monitoring during carotid surgery. AB - Continuous intraoperative EEG monitoring and stump pressure measurements were studied during 85 carotid revascularizations performed in 40 symptomatic cerebrovascular patients and in 32 asymptomatic subjects with a cervical bruit. The decision to place a temporary shunt was made on the basis of intraoperative EEG abnormalities regardless of stump pressure values. 11 patients with contralateral carotid lesions showed marked EEG alterations, at the moment of clamping, which returned to normal after the placement of an indwelling shunt. Stump pressure values showed a wide variation and a poor correlation with intraoperative EEG changes. In the early postoperative period there were no deaths; no new neurological deficits were detected. In the follow-up there was only 1 asymptomatic carotid rethrombosis, not revealed by the EEG, which was suspected by Doppler sonography and confirmed by angiography. The authors conclude that EEG gives valuable information about cerebral functions during carotid revascularization and can reduce the intraoperative complications of the procedure. Stump pressure measurement cannot be used alone as a safe indicator of cerebral ischemia during carotid cross-clamping. PMID- 6723718 TI - Deep dyslexia in a patient with crossed aphasia. AB - A single case study of a 33-year-old right-handed man who suddenly developed left hemiplegia and nonfluent aphasia is reported. Extensive testing of the patient's reading ability revealed the symptom complex of deep dyslexia. The relevance of crossed deep dyslexia in a reader of Italian is discussed. PMID- 6723719 TI - Significance of mitochondrial enhancement in hepatic energy metabolism in relation to alterations in hemodynamics in septic pigs with severe peritonitis. AB - Liver mitochondrial phosphorylative activity, hepatic adenine nucleotides, and hemodynamic parameters were studied in 23 pigs with peritonitis induced by cecal ligation and perforation. Between 2 and 7 days after treatment, the onset of an apparent hyperdynamic state, characterized by an increased cardiac index and decreased total peripheral resistance index, occurred. In this period, the energy charge level was barely maintained and the occurrence of liver mitochondrial enhancement was observed. However, 10-14 days after treatment, the onset of a hypodynamic state with its inverse patterns in hemodynamics took place. In this period, the energy charge level fell to 0.68, concomitant with a marked decrease in mitochondrial function. Further, a high positive correlation between the cardiac index and liver mitochondrial phosphorylative activity was noted (r = 0.85, p less than 0.01). These results suggest that liver mitochondria play a major role in the metabolic and hemodynamic adaptations occurring during sepsis. PMID- 6723720 TI - Standardized micronodular cirrhosis in the rat. AB - The production of experimental cirrhosis in the rat, most commonly by multiple doses of carbon tetrachloride (CCl4), is a difficult process with a low yield of 'cirrhosis' of widely varied histology. This is due to an unpredictable variation in the response of the rat liver to CCl4. Using a method of monitoring the body weight change of the rat in response to intragastric CCl4 has produced a high yield (76%) of cirrhosis with 8-10 doses of CCl4. This improved control over liver damage has now made it possible to produce a 'standardized' type of decompensated micronodular cirrhosis. A simple non-invasive method of determining when this point has been reached, using a visual grading of ascites during light halothane/oxygen anaesthesia, is described. PMID- 6723721 TI - Silicone rubber membrane for extraction of high vapor tension toxic substances. Experiences with ammonia and ethanol. AB - The purpose of this study is to evaluate the permeability of a silicone rubber membrane to two toxic substances, ammonia and ethanol, under high vapor tension. A device was assembled for testing the diffusion of the substances through a silicone rubber membrane interposed between two aqueous phases. 9 experiences were carried out with ammonia at different temperatures: 3 at 11 degrees C, 3 at 24 degrees C and 3 at 37 degrees C. 8 experiences were carried out with ethanol at different temperatures: 3 at 11 degrees C, 3 at 24 degrees C and 2 at 37 degrees C. Mean transmembrane flow (mumol/m2 X h) for ammonia was 43.99 at 11 degrees C, 59.18 at 24 degrees C and 145.45 at 37 degrees C. Mean transmembrane flow (mmol/m2 X h) for ethanol was 6.48 at 11 degrees C, 12.54 at 24 degrees C and 22.51 at 37 degrees C. The results confirm that ammonia and ethanol in water solution can pass through a silicone rubber membrane. Better results could be expected with both aqueous phases in motion as in dialysis devices. PMID- 6723722 TI - Effects of penicillin G on local metabolic changes in skeletal muscle following high velocity missile injury. AB - The effect of systemic penicillin G treatment on the local tissue damage 12 h after a high velocity missile injury in skeletal muscle has been studied in pigs (n = 13). Blood pressure, rectal temperature, hemoglobin concentrations, hematocrits, blood gases and acid base balances were followed and the tissue levels of ATP, creatine phosphate, glucose-6-phosphate, glucose and lactate were determined in control skeletal muscle as well as in muscle samples taken from the wound area. After 12 h all devitalized tissue was debrided and weighed. Penicillin G treatment slightly diminished the local tissue metabolic deterioration and significantly reduced the amount of debrided tissue as compared to untreated animals. It may be concluded that early treatment with penicillin G will considerably diminish the local tissue damage during the first 12-hour period following a high velocity missile injury. PMID- 6723723 TI - A modified nonpulsatile flow system for the in vitro study of cardiac valve prostheses. AB - An in vitro system was constructed for measurements of resistance to forward flow by cardiac valve prostheses at a wide spectrum of flow rates. There was a close correlation between the known area of constriction (valvular orifice) and that calculated from the flow/pressure relationship using derivations of the Bernoulli equation. This simple setup appears particularly suited to determine hydrodynamic efficiency of various cardiac valve concepts on a comparative basis. PMID- 6723724 TI - In vitro hydrodynamic performance of various cardiac prosthetic valves tested in a modified nonpulsatile flow system. AB - Hydrodynamic studies were performed in a modified nonpulsatile flow system to compare the efficiency of various prosthetic cardiac valves in vitro. Apart from direct flow/pressure relations across the valves the effective orifice area available for forward flow was determined by derivations of the Bernoulli hydrodynamic equation. By defining the relationship between calculated effective orifice area and known orifice area of the valves a more precise appraisal of the hydrodynamic characteristics of the various valve designs was possible. PMID- 6723725 TI - The strain on sutured Achilles tendons in walking cast. An EMG analysis. AB - To evaluate the strain on a sutured Achilles tendon during walking in a short leg cast the EMG activity of the triceps surae muscles was studied. The regression line of the EMG/torque relationship of the triceps surae in the noninjured leg was investigated during isometric contractions with the foot in the same plantarflexed position as the injured foot immobilized in plaster cast. A linear relationship was found between EMG activity (EMG signals converted to rectified mean square values) and torque, measured with Cybex II. The torque provided by the triceps surae of the injured leg was calculated from the registered EMG activity during walking and the regression line. The strain acting on the sutured Achilles tendon was calculated after measurement of the lever arm. There was no significant difference in calculated strain on the sutured Achilles tendon during nonweight bearing in a short leg cast and full weight bearing without external rotation movement of the leg. External rotation movement of the leg during full weight bearing gave increased strain on the sutured Achilles tendon. The actual strain is considered somewhat lower than the calculated one since other muscles than the triceps surae contribute to plantar flexion of the ankle joint. The results indicate that the strain during weight bearing in a short leg cast is unlikely to exceed the strength of a sutured Achilles tendon. PMID- 6723726 TI - Comparison of bypass and resection of the small intestine in germfree rats. AB - Germfree rats were subjected to: (1) 90% jejunoileal resection (15 rats) or (2) 90% end-to-side jejunoileal bypass (20 rats). The mortality rate was 67 and 75%, respectively, which is markedly higher than after the same types of operation in conventional rats. Late mortality occurred only in the bypass group. Possible reasons for the high mortality rate are discussed. 5 rats in each group survived and were followed up for 6-12 weeks. At autopsy, the liver was normal, and except for lower serum concentration of albumin in the operated rats, the other liver function tests were normal. There did not seem to be any difference in body weight between the two groups of surviving rats which may indicate that the intestinal microflora is an important factor in causing the difference in body weight after resection and bypass of the small intestine in conventional rats. The number of surviving rats was small, however, and further studies are therefore necessary to give a definite answer to this question. PMID- 6723727 TI - How seals avoid myocardial infarction when they should have got it. AB - The arterial oxygen tension of diving seals decreases to values as low as 1.33 kPa at the end of prolonged dives. In spite of this, cardiac function is unimpaired due to a profound reduction of myocardial oxygen demands: Heart rate is immediately reduced some 90%, left ventricular dP/dt(max) is reduced some 25%, and ventricular wall tension is slightly reduced. This reduction of myocardial workload even allows coronary blood flow to be reduced some 90% and a significant proportion of myocardial energy expenditure to be covered by anaerobic metabolism based on endogenous stores of glycogen. It is suggested that the myocardial ischaemic defence, as worked out by nature herself, in the diving seal has important implications for the treatment of acute myocardial ischaemia in man. PMID- 6723728 TI - Torsional properties of rat femora. AB - The torsional behaviour of the femur has been studied in 145 male Wistar rats, aged 3-36 weeks. The ultimate torsional moment and the torsional stiffness of the femora increased with increasing animal age. In contrast, the femoral deformation at failure, the ultimate torsional angle, was almost constant for all age levels. The strength and stiffness of cortical bone as a material, the ultimate torsional stress and the modulus of rigidity reached a plateau when the rats were about 14 weeks old, and had a body weight and femoral length of about 350 g and 35 mm, respectively. In conclusion, cortical bone of Wistar rats probably reaches maturity at an age of about 14 weeks. PMID- 6723730 TI - Stability of femoral neck osteotomies fixed by von Bahr screws or by compression hip screw. AB - Subcapital cadaveric femoral neck osteotomies were internally fixed either by a compression hip screw and a lag screw or by two von Bahr screws. The specimens were then subjected to mechanical testing. Continuously increasing axial compression loads were applied on the femoral head until failure and simultaneously the displacement of the osteotomies was measured. With loads up to 2 kN (about 3 times the body weight) no differences were found between the two groups in the displacement of the osteotomies. PMID- 6723729 TI - Management of retained biliary calculi via a postoperative T-tube tract. AB - Of 12 patients admitted for percutaneous retrieval of retained biliary stones through a postsurgery T-tube tract, 10 patients were successfully treated. The method using catheter technique and Dormier basket is reviewed. PMID- 6723731 TI - Peripheral metabolism of parathyroid hormone in patients with primary hyperparathyroidism as judged by immunological and biological studies. AB - The present study characterizes the immunological and biological activity of circulating forms of parathyroid hormone (PTH) in patients with primary hyperparathyroidism. In addition, the rate of elimination of intravenously injected 125I-labelled bovine parathyroid hormone (125I-bPTH) was studied in patients with this disease before and after operation. The different molecular forms of serum PTH were characterized by gel chromatography followed by radioimmunoassay employing two antisera with specificities directed against the N terminal and mid-region part of the peptide, respectively. The major part of immunoreactive PTH (iPTH; on the average above 50%) eluted corresponding to fragments with a molecular size about 7,500 daltons in both radioimmunoassays. Specific immunoreactivity coeluting with the intact hormone represented 9-15%. The biological activity of hyperparathyroid serum after gel chromatography was tested in a hormone-sensitive rat kidney adenylyl cyclase assay system. The basal and PTH-stimulated adenylyl cyclase activity (half-maximal) stimulation at 5 micrograms/l or 0.6 nM) was dependent on Mg2+ and ATP. Maximal responses to PTH, calcitonin, and prostaglandin E2 were 50-200% above basal activity and were obtained in the presence of both GTP and Gpp(NH)p (5 X 10(-4) M). Serum from patients with hyperparathyroidism and PTH extracted from parathyroid tissue stimulated the adenylyl cyclase in a dose-dependent manner, as did the chromatographic fraction representing the intact hormone. Elimination of 125I bPTH from circulation after intravenous injection to patients with this disease suggested that the hormone, but not its degradation products, were removed more rapidly before than after successful surgery. We conclude that the major part of circulating iPTH in patients with primary hyperparathyroidism is unable to stimulate the rat kidney adenylyl cyclase, and that the biological PTH activity is represented by the intact hormone (15% or less of total iPTH). These patients degrade more rapidly the injected 125I-bPTH and this mechanism introduces a new concept to protect target cells against excessive hormone action. PMID- 6723732 TI - Possible biological mechanisms that make low density lipoproteins a risk factor in atherogenesis. AB - Low density lipoprotein (LDL) is a risk factor in the development of atherosclerosis. The biological mechanism for this association has been obscure. This paper shows that LDL can be modified in vitro by several chemical and biological means. Modified forms of LDL seem to make it susceptible to enhanced uptake in macrophages. LDL may also induce disturbance of the surrounding cells, especially endothelial cells, as it is potentially cytotoxic. An hypothesis is presented based on the fact that LDL is a labile lipoprotein and may, while situated in the arterial wall, undergo modifications and thereby lead to lipid deposition. PMID- 6723733 TI - Intraoperative gas cisternography and gas dissection in the operative treatment of pituitary tumors. A methodological description. AB - We have given a methodological description of gas dissection and gas cisternography used during transsphenoidal surgery. 200 consecutive patients with pituitary adenomas or craniopharyngeomas have been operated according to Cushing- Guiot -Hardy's procedure. 68 patients had suprasellar expansions in which gas dissection was used. The operative procedure with technical equipment and staff requirement is reported as well as the combined neurosurgical and neuroradiological techniques. PMID- 6723734 TI - Clinical aspects of augmentation enterocystoplasties. AB - Augmentation enterocystoplasty was performed in 28 patients with tuberculous, interstitial, radiation and chronic bacterial cystitis and hypertonic neurogenic bladder. Better results were observed in tuberculous contracted bladders where the extent of bladder resection and the bowel segment used were not related to the surgical outcome. In the other forms, the ileocecal segment is preferable. In our experience patients with neurogenic bladder did not benefit from the procedure. Radiographic and urodynamic studies are valuable for an accurate follow-up; radioisotope scan is also useful in selected cases. Anatomical and surgical causes of failure are discussed. Pharmacologic treatment is useful in partial surgical failure and provides indications for further bladder neck surgery. PMID- 6723735 TI - Multilocular cyst of the kidney. AB - The case of a 17-month-old girl with a multilocular renal cyst is presented. Clinically and radiologically the cyst simulated a Wilm's tumor and was treated by nephrectomy. Simple excision may be equally effective in a few cases provided a correct preoperative diagnosis of the nature and extent of the lesion can be made. PMID- 6723737 TI - Physiopathology and surgical treatment of extravasated peritoneal fluid after transurethral resection. AB - We present 9 cases (0.57%) of vesicoprostatic perforation during transurethral resection of 1,562 consecutive operations done during the last 3 years in our urology department. We review the symptomatology, medical and surgical treatment from the point of view of the physiopathology of the intra-abdominal extravasated fluid. A new technique for the evacuation of the extravasate is presented ( multiperforated intraperitoneal catheter) because of its speed and ease of performance. PMID- 6723736 TI - Chronic total renal artery occlusion: a diagnostic challenge. AB - Chronic renal artery occlusion must be suspected whenever a moderate hypertensive patient over 50 years of age presents increase of blood pressure refractory to treatment, sometimes causing heart failure or stroke. This suspicion is reinforced by the presence of renal insufficiency and of anatomical and/or functional lateralization of renal damage at intravenous pyelography. PMID- 6723738 TI - Nephrogenic adenoma of the bladder in children. AB - Nephrogenic adenoma is reported in 3 young girls, whose bladders had all previously been operated on. Nephrogenic adenoma is most likely a metaplastic reaction of the bladder epithelium to irritative stimuli. Malignant degeneration has not been proven. Treatment consists of transurethral resection with fulguration of the tumor base. A follow-up as for other bladder tumors- cystoscopy at regular intervals--is recommended. PMID- 6723739 TI - International ring test to check the quality of urolith analyses. AB - In an international ring test, five mixtures of stone substances were analyzed with different methods in 29 selected stone analysis laboratories in 13 countries. Evaluation revealed very good analysis qualities especially for X-ray diffractometric and infrared techniques. The analytical skills of the investigators are confirmed by a mean standard of quality of 1.69 for all qualitative results determined. It would be possible to improve the diagnosis of urolithiasis by standardizing and centralizing stone analysis. PMID- 6723741 TI - Leiomyoma of the bladder. PMID- 6723740 TI - Malignant mesothelioma of the tunica vaginalis testis. PMID- 6723743 TI - Special education teacher consultant: idealism versus realism. PMID- 6723742 TI - Spontaneous regression of pulmonary metastases after nephrectomy for renal cell carcinoma. AB - A case of spontaneous regression of pulmonary metastases from renal cell carcinoma after nephrectomy is presented. In a 57-year-old Japanese male who had already had pulmonary metastases at the time of nephrectomy, the metastatic lesions disappeared without adjuvant therapy 8 years after nephrectomy. He is still surviving without recurrence or any signs indicative of new metastasis at the present. The clinical aspects of this interesting phenomenon are discussed briefly. PMID- 6723744 TI - Learned helplessness: a piece of the burnout puzzle. PMID- 6723746 TI - Effects of career adaptive behavior activities in mentally handicapped students. PMID- 6723745 TI - The child service demonstration centers: a summary report. PMID- 6723747 TI - Using EMg biofeedback to signal hyperactive children when to relax. PMID- 6723748 TI - Teacher perceptions of high school special education programs. PMID- 6723749 TI - Admission policies and practices of state-operated residential schools for the deaf. PMID- 6723750 TI - Academic and social self-concepts of gifted, general, and special students. PMID- 6723751 TI - Eligibility for learning disability services: a direct and repeated measurement approach. PMID- 6723752 TI - Risk of breast cancer in relation to the use of rauwolfia alkaloids. AB - In a case-control study of 1881 women with breast cancer and 1523 controls with benign conditions, 65 cases (3.5%) and 64 controls (4.2%) reported having used a drug that contained rauwolfia, giving a rate ratio estimate of 0.8 (95% confidence interval, 0.5-1.1). Use that ended more than a year previously was negatively associated with breast cancer (rate ratio, 0.5; 95% confidence interval, 0.2-0.9). The risk of breast cancer did not vary significantly according to duration of use. Nor did it vary within strata of varying base-line risk, such as age at first pregnancy. The data suggest that rauwolfia alkaloids do not increase the risk of breast cancer. PMID- 6723753 TI - Acute haemodynamic effects of ajmaline and prajmaline in patients with coronary heart disease. AB - Thirty patients undergoing cardiac catheterisation for coronary artery disease received parenteral ajmaline (15 patients) or prajmaline (15 patients). There were no statistically significant induced changes in left ventricular systolic or end diastolic pressures, indirect left atrial pressure, pulmonary artery mean pressure, cardiac output or left ventricular ejection fraction compared to control values. Intravenous prajmaline bitartrate in 15 patients with angina did not significantly alter work capacity, maximum exercise heart rate or systolic blood pressure compared to control values. Five patients developed transient minor conduction defects ( 2LBBB , 1 RBBB, 2 prolonged PR interval): all five were also receiving long-term treatment with beta blockers and nifedipine. PMID- 6723754 TI - Correlation between the pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics of dopamine in healthy subjects. AB - The pharmacokinetics and the pharmacodynamic action of dopamine were investigated in 5 healthy subjects. Dopamine was given in different doses (200, 400 and 800 micrograms/min) by constant intravenous infusion over 90 min. In order to control the influence of the procedure on the measured parameters the subjects also received a similar infusion of saline. Dopamine, noradrenaline and adrenaline levels in plasma were followed for up to 6 h after the infusion, and arterial pressure and heart rate were monitored. Dopamine reached a steady state level within 15 to 30 min after commencement of the infusion; the steady state levels averaged 36.5 micrograms/l at 200 micrograms/min, 73.8 micrograms/l at 400 micrograms/min and 207 micrograms/l at 800 micrograms/min. The corresponding total clearances were 5.81/ min, 5.51/min and 3.91/min suggesting non-linear kinetics. The kinetics could not be described by compartmental model. Noradrenaline and adrenaline levels were found to be elevated during infusion of dopamine. Noradrenaline had returned to its pretreatment level within 15 to 30 min after cessation of the infusion, whereas the adrenaline level did not return to the pretreatment value within the observation period. Heart rate was increased by the dose of 400 micrograms/min, and the systolic and mean arterial pressures were elevated, whereas distolic blood pressure remained unchanged. Elevated systolic blood pressure was better correlated with plasma dopamine than with noradrenaline concentration.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS) PMID- 6723755 TI - The effect of oral administration of dipyrone on the capacity of blood platelets to synthesize thromboxane A2 in man. AB - Platelet aggregation and thromboxane A2 (TXA2) production induced by arachidonic acid and collagen were studied in 10 healthy volunteers prior to and at various times after the oral administration of a single dose of 1 g dipyrone. The plasma concentrations of four dipyrone metabolites were also determined. Dipyrone inhibited platelet aggregation and markedly decreased TXA2 synthesis induced by threshold concentrations of both agonists. Maximal inhibition was noted 1 hour after drug administration and in some subjects it lasted as long as 72 h. At all times the effect of the drug could be abolished by increasing the concentration of the agonist. This is consistant with a competitive inhibitory effect of dipyrone on prostaglandin synthetase activity. The mean plasma concentration of the main dipyrone metabolite methylaminoantipyrine at 1 h was 11 micrograms/ml. There was no correlation between individual plasma levels and the parameters of platelet function. At 24h the mean concentration of each of the metabolites studied was up to 1 microgram/ml, and these levels, too, did not correlate with the biological effect of the drug. PMID- 6723756 TI - The bioavailability and pharmacokinetics of cimetidine and its metabolites in juvenile cystic fibrosis patients: age related differences as compared to adults. AB - The pharmacokinetics and metabolism of cimetidine were studied in five cystic fibrosis patients (mean age 12.6 years) after oral and intravenous administration. As compared to healthy adult volunteers, cystic fibrosis children had an elevated cimetidine total body clearance (474 vs 300 ml/min/m2) as well as renal clearance (293 vs 232 ml/min/m2) whether normalized for body weight or surface area differences. Cimetidine elimination was elevated in juvenile cystic fibrosis patients as compared to adult volunteers, however, it did not differ significantly from that previously seen in age matched children. There were no appreciable differences in cimetidine metabolism after either route of administration. Differences between adults and cystic fibrosis children were attributed to development and age related differences between the two groups. The recommended pediatric dose of 15 to 20 mg/kg, although four-fold greater than that used in adults, produces serum concentrations similar to those seen in adults, and is adequate for most juvenile cystic fibrosis patients. PMID- 6723757 TI - Pharmacokinetic and pharmacodynamic study of the combination of furosemide retard and triamterene. AB - The pharmacodynamics and pharmacokinetics of the combination of furosemide retard (30 mg)/triamterene (50 mg) were compared with furosemide (30 mg) in 18 healthy male volunteers aged 39.3 +/- 6.3 years. After the administration of furosemide the onset of its effect was very rapid, reaching a maximum between 1.5 to 3 h, and followed by rebound after 9 to 10.5 h. In contrast the combination furosemide retard/triamterene showed a protracted course with a duration of effect up to 12 h. The general effect over 12h of the two preparations was equivalent with respect to the excretion of urine, sodium, chloride and calcium, but the combination caused significantly less excretion of potassium (p less than or equal to 0.05) than furosemide. After a lag-phase of 33.9 +/- 5.4 min the maximum plasma concentration of furosemide was reached after 3.47 +/- 0.66 h, and the elimination half-life was approximately 2 h. After a lag-phase of 33.0 +/- 17.8 min the maximum plasma concentration of the main metabolite of triamterene, the OH-TA sulphuric acid ester, was reached after 1.7 +/- 0.59 h, and its elimination half-life amounted to 1.25 +/- 0.37 h. Because of the sustained release of furosemide from the retard-formulation, its principal pharmacokinetic parameters were better adapted to those of triamterene. The consequences were not only a protracted effect but also an improved electrolyte profile, especially with regard to reduced loss of potassium. In the case of renal insufficiency, however, the potassium level in serum might be increased to an undesirable extent. PMID- 6723758 TI - Pharmacokinetics of furosemide in man after intravenous and oral administration. Application of moment analysis. AB - Furosemide 40 mg was administered to 8 healthy subjects as an i.v. bolus dose, as 1 tablet in the fasting state, and as 1 tablet and a solution after food intake. The i.v. data gave a total body clearance of 162 +/- 10.8 ml/min and a renal clearance of 117 +/- 11.3 ml/min; the volume of distribution at steady state was 8.3 +/- 0.61. Oral administration gave a bio-availability of the tablet (fasting) of 51%. Food intake slightly reduced the bioavailability, but not to a significant extent. There was no significant difference in availability between the tablet and the solution. Moment analysis gave a mean residence time after the i.v. dose, MRTi .v., of 51 +/- 1.5 min. The mean absorption times (MAT) for all oral doses were significantly longer than the MRTi .v., indicating absorption rate-limited kinetics of furosemide. On average, food delayed the absorption by 60 min. The MAT for the tablet in the postprandial state was significantly longer than for the solution, indicating dissolution rate-limited absorption of the tablet. PMID- 6723759 TI - The effects of a psychological "stressor" and raised ambient temperature on the pharmacological responsiveness of human eccrine sweat glands: implications for sweat gland hyper-responsiveness in anxiety states. AB - The responsiveness of eccrine sweat glands to local intradermal injections of carbachol was studied in six male healthy volunteers using a plastic paint impression method. A psychological "stressor" (performance of a mental arithmetic task) resulted in an increase in the sizes of the responses evoked by carbachol, this being reflected in a higher value of Emax obtained under the "stress" than under the "non-stress" condition. A rise in ambient temperature from 20 degrees C to 35 degrees C resulted in qualitatively similar effects on the dose-response curve. These results are discussed in the context of recent observations on the pharmacological responsiveness of sweat glands in patients suffering from anxiety neurosis. PMID- 6723760 TI - Chronopharmacokinetics of theophylline after sustained release and intravenous administration to adults. AB - The influence of time of drug administration on pharmacokinetics of theophylline was studied both after ingestion of a sustained-release tablet, containing choline theophyllinate ( Zy 15061-S. R.; Teovent ; Sabidal ; ZYMA S.A.) and after intravenous infusion of aminophylline to eight healthy volunteers. Both drugs were administered in the morning (10 a.m.) and on a separate occasion in the evening (10 p.m.) after a 12 h period of fasting. After oral administration of a dose of 540 mg theophylline, the drug was steadily absorbed, both during day-time and during night-time. In some subjects absorption was slower in the evening. Maximum theophylline plasma concentrations were reached after 3.3 +/- 0.4 h (mean +/- SD) and 3.9 +/- 1.4 h respectively (not significantly different p greater than 0.05). The maximum plasma concentrations were almost identical after administration in the morning and in the evening (12.6 +/- 3.3 mg X l-1 and 13.1 +/- 1.4 mg X l-1 respectively). There was also no significant difference (p greater than 0.05) between the areas under the plasma concentration-time curves after oral and intravenous administration, both at day-time and at night-time. This finding indicates complete bioavailability of the sustained release tablets on both occasions. After administration of the tablets in the morning the plasma concentration 12 h post dosing was significantly lower than after administration in the evening: c1 12 accounted for 6.0 +/- 2.0 mg X l-1 after intake at 10 a.m. and for 7.9 +/- 2.1 mg X l-1 after ingestion at 10 p.m. (p less than 0.01). A similar observation was done after intravenous administration of the drug: c12 was 6.6 +/- 1.6 mg X l-1 after starting the infusion in the morning and 8.0 +/- 1.8 mg X l-1 after infusing the drug in the evening (p less than 0.01). This phenomenon could be explained by the finding of a significantly prolonged half life of theophylline during night-time, provided that the plasma concentrations were in the range of 5 to 15 mg X l-1 (which coincides approximately with the therapeutic range of the drug).(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS) PMID- 6723761 TI - Pharmacokinetic and pharmacodynamic interaction study of diazepam and metoprolol. AB - In 6 normotensive, healthy male volunteers the pharmacodynamic responses (blood pressure, heart rate; sedation index, tracking test, reaction time) to metoprolol (100 mg bid orally), diazepam (0.1 mg/kg intravenously) and to their combination were studied. The pharmacokinetics of diazepam were also compared in a cross-over experiment, with and without pretreatment by the beta-adrenoceptor antagonist to evaluate the possibility of a drug interaction. The pharmacodynamic and pharmacokinetic investigations indicated that metoprolol only slightly impaired the elimination of diazepam (18% decrease in total clearance, 25% increase in elimination half-life). The pharmacodynamics of metoprolol (17% decrease in heart rate, 17% decrease in diastolic RR) was not significantly altered by the bolus injection of diazepam. The extent of prolongation in choice reaction time (RT2) induced by diazepam was significantly (p = 0.001) more pronounced following the co-administration of metoprolol. However, the results of RT1, the tracking test and the sedation index did not indicate any increased effect due to the beta blocking agent. It is concluded that concomitant treatment with metoprolol and diazepam causes only minor and clinically irrelevant changes in drug metabolism and drug response. PMID- 6723762 TI - Metabolism of amitriptyline in patients with chronic renal failure. AB - The metabolism of amitriptyline (AMT) has been studied in two groups of depressed in-patients on long term AMT therapy: 11 patients with no other major disease and 8 patients with chronic renal failure, who were being dialysed. The patients with renal insufficiency had decreased concentrations of AMT, nortriptyline (NT) and their unconjugated hydroxymetabolites compared to patients with normal kidney function. The plasma levels of conjugated products were extremely high in the uraemics. The latter metabolites are probably inert. The reduced concentration of unconjugated hydroxymetabolites , which are active compounds, may decrease the clinical effectiveness of the drug. PMID- 6723763 TI - Pharmacokinetics of epidural morphine in man. AB - Cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) and plasma morphine concentrations were determined in 5 patients after epidural administration of 6 mg morphine; plasma samples were collected frequently during the initial 6 h and 6-7 CSF samples were obtained from each patient over a 24 h period. Morphine was analysed using gas chromatography and electron capture detection. Individual morphine concentration time curves were plotted for plasma and CSF and various pharmacokinetic variables were calculated. Plasma morphine concentrations after epidural injection were similar to those found after intramuscular administration; Cmax (66 +/- 8 mg/ml: mean +/- SEM) appeared within 12 +/- 3 min, and the terminal elimination half life in plasma was 213 +/- 24 min. In CSF, morphine reached a peak (1575 +/- 359 ng/ml) after 135 +/- 40 min. The terminal elimination half-life for morphine in CSF was 239 +/- 10 min. The CSF bioavailability of morphine after epidural administration was calculated to be 1.9 +/- 0.5%. The study showed that epidural administration of morphine resulted in CSF concentrations many times higher than those in plasma, but still only 2% of the dose administered was available to the CSF compartment. Morphine was eliminated with similar speed from CSF and plasma. PMID- 6723764 TI - Pharmacokinetic and pharmacodynamic modelling with pancuronium. AB - The pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics of pancuronium were studied following intravenous infusion in eleven patients undergoing surgical anaesthesia. Measurement of the plasma concentrations (Cp) of the neuromuscular blocking agent ( NMBA ) and the concomitant intensities of paralysis allowed their simultaneous modelling. The pharmacokinetic parameters derived for pancuronium were in the range of previously reported values, except that the mean total systemic plasma clearance (0.79 +/- 0.28 ml X min-1 X kg-1) was reduced and the mean terminal phase half-life (169 min) was longer in these patients. Plasma concentration and % paralysis data were successfully fitted to a previously proposed pharmacodynamic model. This model assumes a separate effect compartment which exchanges drug directly with the central kinetic compartment (integrated effect model). The 'steady-state' Cp necessary to produce 50% paralysis ( ECpss (50] was estimated to be 0.21 +/- 0.08 micrograms X ml-1 (mechanical response) and 0.18 +/ 0.05 micrograms X ml-1 (EMG response). An analysis using the Hill equation of the Cp-response relationship, during and after the constant-rate infusion of pancuronium bromide, resulted in effective plasma concentrations for 50% paralysis ( ECp50 ) of 0.35 +/- 0.06 micrograms X ml-1 and 0.20 +/- 0.09 micrograms X ml-1, respectively, for mechanical twitch response. The corresponding values for EMG response were 0.32 +/- 0.06 micrograms X ml-1 and 0.17 +/- 0.06 micrograms X ml-1. Using this latter approach, the ECp50 estimated during onset of paralysis was significantly higher than that estimated during offset of paralysis (p less than 0.05); no such difference was apparent between this latter parameter and the ECpss (50) of the integrated effect model (p greater than 0.05). No significant differences were observed between any of the pharmacodynamic parameter estimates generated from the data obtained from the two methods of assessment of neuromuscular function (mechanical vs. EMG response) (p greater than 0.05). PMID- 6723765 TI - Influence of age on serum protein binding of propranolol. AB - The extent of propranolol protein binding was determined in three different age groups of healthy drug-free caucasian males. Volunteers selected for study were 6 15 years old, 25-36 years old and 68-76 years old. Ten milliliters of blood were obtained via venipuncture and collected in glass tubes from the subjects after an overnight fast. Binding determinations were performed by equilibrium dialysis using radiolabelled propranolol. Serum albumin and alpha 1-acid glycoprotein concentrations were determined in all subjects by radial immunodiffusion. The results obtained showed wide intersubject variability in the binding ratio of propranolol and serum concentrations of alpha 1-acid glycoprotein. Mean albumin serum concentration was found to be significantly lower in the elderly group as compared to the adult and pediatric groups (p less than 0.02). A positive correlation was found between the binding ratio of propranolol and the serum concentration of alpha 1-acid glycoprotein in all the subjects (r = + 0.66, p less than 0.005). No significant correlation was found between the binding ratio of propranolol and the serum concentration of albumin (r = -0.03, p less than 0.88). These data suggest that the extent of propranolol binding is influenced primarily by serum concentrations of alpha 1-acid glycoprotein and not by differences in age. PMID- 6723766 TI - Evaluating drug absorption after oral administration. Some problems and some solutions. AB - Quantitative assessment of drug absorption remains a difficult task, because the multiple-compartment disposition of a drug may not be obvious after oral administration (the problem of the vanishing exponential) and the macroconstants are indistinguishable. For these reasons, proper analysis of the drug absorption based on the apparent behavior of oral data without intravenous reference curve rarely provides absorption information useful for in vivo - in vitro correlations. When intravenous reference curve is available, compartment model used for analysis of the oral data should be corresponding to the iv data such as the Loo - Riegelman method. The model independent statistical moments method is one of the preferable alternatives because of its ease of computation and its potentially smaller error, if absorption can be assumed to be first-order. PMID- 6723767 TI - Bioequivalence studies in humans of indomethacin capsules marketed in India. AB - Two, separate 6 X 6 Latin square cross-over bioequivalence studies were performed in adult male volunteers using 10 different indomethacin capsule preparations marketed in India together with the pure drug powder as the standard. The products were evaluated with respect to plasma level at various times up to 8 h following administration of a 50 mg (2 X 25 mg) dose. Plasma samples were analysed by a fluorimetric method. Various pharmacokinetic parameters were calculated according to a two compartment model. Statistical evaluation of the data employed analysis of variance for a cross-over design (ANOVA) and Duncan's multiple range test to ascertain the significance of differences between the products. Of the 10 products studied, two were found to be bioinequivalent . PMID- 6723768 TI - Bioavailability of cyclophosphamide from oral formulations. AB - Cyclophosphamide (CP) is an alkylating cytostatic compound, which is activated to its cytotoxic form in the liver [1]. Since the therapeutic range of CP in the treatment of human tumours, is small like other cytostatics, a constant high bioavailability is essential for its oral administration. Although CP has become one of the most widely used cytostatics [2], there do not appear to have been any bioavailability investigations providing the necessary information. The development of a very sensitive gas chromatographic analytical method has now permitted investigation of the pharmacokinetics of oral CP in conventional clinical doses [3, 4, 5, 6]. PMID- 6723770 TI - Cyclosporin A inhibits the delayed-type hypersensitivity reaction: impaired production of early pro-inflammatory mediator(s). AB - The effect of cyclosporin A (CsA) on the delayed-type hypersensitivity (DTH) elicited in mice by sheep red blood cells was investigated. Evidence is presented that a single injection of CsA adversely affects the inflammatory reaction. Sensitized T lymphocytes initiate the DTH reaction by their recruiting activity on phagocytic cells which infiltrate the cutaneous site of antigen deposition. CsA administration has no adverse effect on the recruitment of phagocytic cells at the site of the inflammatory reaction. The present studies show that CsA acts on specific T cells: (a) in adoptive transfer, T-DTH-mediating cells cannot elicit a response in mice treated with CsA 8 h before; (b) when collected 8 h after a single injection of CsA, T-DTH-mediating lymphocytes are no longer able to adoptively transfer the reaction. This conclusion is strengthened by in vitro studies: (a) the frequency of T-DTH-mediating lymphocytes is 50-fold decreased after a short in vitro incubation with CsA; (b) in vitro production by concanavalin A-activated lymphocytes of chemotactic pro-inflammatory mediator(s) is abolished in presence of CsA. PMID- 6723769 TI - Effect of aluminium phosphate on the bioavailability of cimetidine and prednisolone. AB - Ten fasting subjects received 200 mg cimetidine orally either with water or 11 g aluminium phosphate mixture in a randomized, single dose, two-way cross-over study. Blood samples were taken for 12 h and urine was collected for 24 h. Cimetidine in plasma and urine was analysed by HPLC. There were no significant differences between the treatments with respect to peak plasma concentration, time to peak plasma concentration, area under the plasma concentration-time curve, and urinary excretion. In 12 healthy subjects the absorption of prednisolone was investigated when given alone and together with 11 g aluminium phosphate. Blood samples were taken over 16 h and prednisolone in plasma was analysed by HPLC. There were no significant differences in the values of area under curve (AUC), Cmax and tmax. The results indicate that aluminium phosphate does not reduce the bioavailability of cimetidine and prednisolone. PMID- 6723771 TI - A monoclonal antibody which differentiates between bound and free human secretory component. AB - In this study a mouse monoclonal antibody ( LICR -LON- LC28 ) to human secretory component (SC) is reported. This antibody binds to free SC or to SC associated with IgA or IgM. It exhibits a 10-fold higher affinity for SC bound to IgA than for free SC. The affinity of the antibody for SC associated with IgM is equivalent to that seen for free SC. LICR -LON- LC28 appears to be species specific and does not cross-react with other human milk proteins. PMID- 6723772 TI - Repopulation of the gut lamina propria with IgA-containing cells by lymphoid cells isolated from the gut lamina propria. AB - Migration and lodging properties of IgA cells and their precursors of the gut lamina propria (GLP) were studied by transfer of highly purified GLP lymphoid cells between immunoglobulin allotype-congenic mice (CB-20 to BALB/c). The donor IgA-containing ( cIgA ) cells appeared in the GLP of the recipients at day 1, peaked at days 12-15 (late repopulation peak) and persisted up to day 20 after cell transfer. An additional peak at day 3 (early repopulation peak) was seen only when large numbers of GLP B cells were transferred. Few cIgA cells appearing in spleen and mesenteric lymph nodes were seen mainly at days 12-15. The early repopulation peak was probably formed by the differentiation and accumulation of IgA blasts, recirculating IgA-bearing cells and some IgA precursors. The former 2 cell types homed directly back, while the later homed indirectly via spleen to the GLP. The late repopulation peak was possibly formed by the homing and differentiation of Peyer's patch IgA precursors arriving in the GLP with membrane immunoglobulins unchanged. These GLP IgA precursors migrated first to the spleen and later back to the GLP, where they differentiated into IgA plasma cells. PMID- 6723773 TI - Direct demonstration of multiple VH allotopes on rabbit Ig molecules: allotope characteristics and Fab arm rotational flexibility revealed by immunoelectron microscopy. AB - Immune complexes composed of rabbit IgG and Fab fragments of antibody specific for the VH framework allotypes were analyzed by molecular immunoelectron microscopy. In this manner, the number of allotypic epitopes ( allotopes ) and their approximate topological location could be determined. A monoclonal anti allotype Fab was used to show that relatively fine details of allotope location and orientation are demonstrable with this technique. Each of the three VH allotypes (a1, a2 and a3) was found to express at least two spacially separated allotopes . The locations of the allotopes varied for each of the three allotypes. Some allotopes were observed near the VH-CH1 switch region while others were in close proximity to the complementarity-determining region or were at intermediate positions. In addition to the information concerning allotope topology, the variety of configurations resulting from the interaction of monoclonal antibody Fab with IgG suggest considerable rotational flexibility (twisting) of the Fab arm of IgG about its long axis. PMID- 6723774 TI - Effect of cyclo(leucyl-glycine) on [3H]spiroperidol binding in the corpus striatum and hypothalamus of spontaneously hypertensive rats. AB - Spontaneously hypertensive rats were found to have a greater density of specific [3H]spiroperidol binding sites in the corpus striatum and hypothalamus when compared to the normotensive Wistar-Kyoto rats. The apparent dissociation constant (Kd) for [3H]spiroperidol binding in the two groups of rats did not differ. Chronic administration of cyclo(leucyl-glycine), an analog derived from the hypothalamic peptide, melanotropin release inhibiting factor, decreased the enhanced number of [3H]spiroperidol binding sites in the striatum and hypothalamus of the hypertensive rats. These results further suggest that cyclo(leucyl-glycine) interacts with brain dopamine receptors, and that brain dopamine receptors may be involved in the etiology of hypertension. PMID- 6723775 TI - Affinity of nortriptyline to muscarinic receptors in the bladder and ileum of man and guinea-pig. AB - The antagonism by nortriptyline of carbachol- or urecholine-induced contractions was studied in strips of ileum and bladder derived from man and guinea-pig. Analyses of the results by the dose ratio method (Schild plots) showed significant differences in the affinities of the relevant muscarinic receptors to the antagonist: The Ki values in microM were as follows: Human ileum, 0.938; human bladder, 0.298; guinea-pig ileum, 0.159; guinea-pig bladder, 0.333 and 0.453. In man, the higher affinity of the drug to the receptors in the bladder than to those in the ileum may be of consequence in its therapeutic application as an antienuretic agent. PMID- 6723776 TI - Dopamine agonists increase pallidal unit activity: attenuation by agonist pretreatment and anesthesia. AB - Intravenous administration of a single bolus dose of 1 mumol/kg of the dopamine agonists, pergolide and lisuride, caused marked increases in the unit activity of globus pallidus neurons in awake, paralyzed, locally anesthesized and artificially respired rats. These agonist effects were similar to those observed after administration of 1 mumol/kg apomorphine to awake, paralyzed rats; in rats anesthetized with chloral hydrate, however, responses to apomorphine were markedly attenuated. Subsequent administration of haloperidol reversed the effects of pergolide and pretreatment with haloperidol blocked the effects of lisuride. LSD (1 mumol/kg i.v.) did not effectively stimulate pallidal neuronal activity, suggesting that the ability to stimulate pallidal firing rates correlates better with dopamine, as opposed to serotonin, agonist potency. The ability of a non-excitatory dose of apomorphine to attenuate responses of pallidal neurons to a normally excitatory 1 mumol/kg dose of this agonist administered subsequently, was reconfirmed. Pretreatment with this 'priming' dose of apomorphine also attenuated the rate increases produced by d-amphetamine (8.7 mumol/kg) and enhanced the rate inhibitory effects of haloperidol. The 'priming' effect appears related to the dopamimetic effects of apomorphine; a non excitatory dose of a second dopamine agonist, lisuride (0.07 mumol/kg i.v.), similarly blocked the effect of excitatory doses of lisuride (1 mumol/kg i.v.) on pallidal activity. PMID- 6723777 TI - Calcium movements and the mechanism of the relaxation induced by adenosine in the guinea-pig taenia coli. AB - The effects of adenosine on the calcium contraction of high K+ (low Na+) depolarized preparations, as well as on the uptake and release of 45Ca, were studied in the guinea-pig taenia coli. Adenosine (10(-4)-10(-3) M) inhibited the calcium contraction of high K+-depolarized preparations, an effect which was mimicked by ATP (10(-4)-10(-3) M), but not by the slowly degradable ATP analog, adenosine 5'-alpha, beta-methylene triphosphate. The high K+ -stimulated calcium influx measured by 3-6 min exposures to 45Ca was not changed by adenosine (10(-3) M). In high K+ solution, adenosine (10(-3) M) increased the fractional rate of efflux of 45Ca-labelled preparations. These results indicate that stimulation of calcium extrusion, but not inhibition of calcium influx, may take part in the mechanism of the relaxation induced by adenosine in the taenia. PMID- 6723778 TI - Attenuation by d-ozolinone of l-ozolinone-induced diuresis in rats. AB - The effect of the non-diuretic dextrorotatory isomer of ozolinone on l- ozolinone -induced diuresis was studied in anesthetized rats. After intravenous application d- ozolinone attenuated l- ozolinone -induced increase in renal fluid, sodium, potassium and chloride excretion. Microperfusion experiments of the loop of Henle in vivo revealed that no interaction between the two stereoisomers occurred at this main site of tubular action of l- ozolinone . Since both isomers share the same organic acid transport pathway in the proximal tubule it is assumed that d- ozolinone attenuates the l- ozolinone -induced diuresis because it depresses proximal secretion of l- ozolinone and thereby partially prevents transfer of this diuretic to the tubular fluid. PMID- 6723779 TI - Comparative response of the heart and coronary vasculature to catecholamines, aminophylline and papaverine. AB - The direct effects of norepinephrine, epinephrine, isoproterenol, aminophylline, dopamine and papaverine on coronary blood flow and oxygen consumption were examined in an isolated heart-lung preparation. Only papaverine and aminophylline significantly increased coronary blood flow, although microsphere studies indicated the increase in flow did not primarily involve the endocardial layer. Fractionation of flow into systolic and diastolic components also suggested that both drugs dilated large epicardial vessels. Correlation analysis indicated that alterations in heart rate and performance indices produced by these agents were not per se accompanied by changes in oxygen consumption and/or coronary flow as commonly supposed. Only cardiac work and ejection velocity were directly correlated with oxygen consumption, probably by direct action of the drug on coronary vascular resistance rather than on ventricular function. PMID- 6723780 TI - Electroshock-induced increase in [3H]prazosin binding to cortical membranes in reserpinized rats. AB - Chronic, spaced electroconvulsive shock (ECS, 6 treatments at 72 h intervals) produced a moderate (16%) increase in the density of [3H]prazosin binding sites to rat cerebral cortical membranes. The increase was of borderline significance (0.1 greater than P greater than 0.05) and KD was not affected. The effect was similar but much more pronounced (increase in Bmax by 38%, P less than 0.01) in rats receiving reserpine pretreatment (4 mg/kg i.p.) 24 h before each ECS. Reserpine produced a transient increase in [3H]prazosin binding 24 h but not 48 h after the last dose, at the time when the ECT effect was measured. PMID- 6723781 TI - Naloxone antagonism of stress-induced augmentation of frontal cortex dopamine metabolism. AB - Foot shock stress selectively elevates dopamine metabolism in the medial frontal cortex but not nucleus accumbens or caudate nucleus. Pretreatment with a low dose of naloxone, an opiate antagonist, reversed the elevation in medial frontal cortex dopamine metabolism observed after foot shock. These data support the hypothesis that the stress-induced release of endogenous opioids cause an excitation of mesocortical dopamine neurons. PMID- 6723783 TI - Interaction between reserpine and non-steroidal anti-inflammatory agents in producing gastric ulcers in rats. AB - The interaction between reserpine and nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory agents ( NSAIA ) in producing experimental gastric ulcers was studied in rats. The ulcerating effects of reserpine, indomethacin, ketoprofen and phenylbutazone were found to be dose-dependent. The area of gastric mucosal lesions was highly significantly increased if NSAIA were injected intraperitoneally 3 min after reserpine. Reserpine and NSAIA in doses which by themselves did not produce gastric mucosal damage, induced gastric ulcers in all experimental animals when injected simultaneously. PMID- 6723782 TI - A specific benzodiazepine antagonist CGS 8216 reverses the muscle relaxant effect of diazepam but not that of phenobarbitone. AB - The muscle relaxant effects of diazepam and phenobarbitone were studied in mutant Han-Wistar rats which exhibit spontaneous tonic activity in the electromyogram of the gastrocnemius-soleus muscle. Diazepam and phenobarbitone significantly and dose- relatedly reduced the spontaneous activity measured in the electromyogram. The benzodiazepine receptor antagonist CGS 8216 reversed the depressant effect of diazepam but not that produced by phenobarbitone. The results add further support to the suggestion that CGS 8216 may be useful to investigate the effects modified by benzodiazepine receptors in vivo. PMID- 6723784 TI - Role of serotonin in the analgesic activity of calcitonin. AB - The acute effects of peripherally administered methysergide or phentolamine on the analgesic activity of salmon calcitonin (sCT) injected into the lateral ventricle were investigated in male rats. Methysergide, but not phentolamine, significantly (P less than 0.05) antagonized the analgesic activity of sCT at 60 and 120 min after the administration of the peptide. The results obtained suggest that the analgesic activity of sCT may involve central serotonergic system(s), while the central noradrenergic system does not seem to be needed for this activity. PMID- 6723785 TI - A subpopulation of mesocortical dopamine neurons possesses autoreceptors. PMID- 6723786 TI - In vivo labelling in several rat tissues of 'peripheral type' benzodiazepine binding sites. AB - 'Peripheral type' benzodiazepine binding sites in several rat tissues were labelled by intravenous injection of [3H]PK 11195 and [3H] RO5 -4864. Binding was saturable in all tissues studied and regional distribution paralleled the in vitro binding. A similar potency order of displacing compounds was found in vivo and in vitro PK 11195 greater than PK 11211 greater than RO5 -4864 greater than diazepam greater than dipyridamole greater than clonazepam. These results demonstrate the feasibility of using this technique to examine the effects of pharmacological manipulation on the binding sites in their native state. However some properties (broader maximum during time course, higher percentage of particulate binding in the brain and independence of temperature) make [3H]PK 11195 the most suitable ligand for this kind of studies. PMID- 6723787 TI - Intrinsic activity and effects of guanyl-5'-yl imidodiphosphate, Gpp(NH)p on the affinity of partial agonists to the muscarinic receptor. AB - The effects of a GTP analogue, guanyl-5'-yl imidodiphosphate, Gpp(NH)p on the inhibition of [3H]3-quinuclidinyl benzilate (QNB) binding by some partial agonists were studied with a microsomal fraction of longitudinal muscle of guinea pig ileum and compared with the intrinsic activity of the partial agonists which was estimated in the longitudinal muscle of guinea-pig ileum. There was a good correlation between the inhibitory effects of Gpp(NH)p on the affinity of the partial agonists to muscarinic receptors and their intrinsic activity. PMID- 6723788 TI - Sex differences in sensitization to cocaine-induced rotation. AB - Sensitization to cocaine- and d-amphetamine-induced rotation was studied in male and female rats. A single injection of cocaine (20 mg/kg) sensitized female rats to a subsequent dose administered 1 or 7 days later; sensitivity returned to normal within 14 days. Sensitization to cocaine did not occur in male rats nor to d-amphetamine in either sex. PMID- 6723789 TI - The role of the median raphe nucleus in sulpiride-induced potentiation of apomorphine hypermotility. PMID- 6723790 TI - Is methylnalorphinium the prototype of an ideal peripheral analgesic? AB - Oral methylnalorphine ( methylnalorphinium ) caused a dose-dependent selective inhibition of inflammatory hyperalgesia (measured in the rat by a modified version of the Randall- Selitto test) without affecting the oedema. When subcutaneously injected, repeated doses of morphine for 5 days caused progressive analgesic tolerance. Tolerance was not observed after similar treatment with methylnalorphinium or methylmorphinium . Animals displaying analgesic tolerance to systemic morphine did not exhibit tolerance to the local ( intraplantar ) injection of morphine, methylnalorphinium or methylmorphinium . In contrast with nalorphine and other opiates, methylnalorphinium did not reduce intestinal transit in mice. Methylnalorphinium , a mixed opiate agonist-antagonist devoid of central effects, might be considered the prototype of an ideal peripheral analgesic since it was orally active, did not affect intestinal transit and did not cause analgesic tolerance. PMID- 6723791 TI - Electrophysiological, biochemical and behavioral assessment of dopamine autoreceptor activation by a series of dopamine agonists. AB - The rank order of potency to activate central dopamine autoreceptors of seven compounds known to possess central nervous system dopamine agonist activity were assessed with the following techniques: (1) inhibition of dopaminergic neuronal firing in anesthetized rats, (2) inhibition of dopamine synthesis in rats pretreated with gamma-butyrolactone, and (3) inhibition of mouse locomotor activity. The compounds were also examined for their ability to induce stereotypic behaviors in rats as an index of postsynaptic dopamine receptor activation. The compounds under investigation were apomorphine, N-n-propyl norapomorphine, lergotrile, bromocriptine, RU 24926 and 6-ethyl-9-oxaergoline (EOE). There was a high degree of correlation between the rank order of potency of the compounds in all three of the presumptive autoreceptor tests and with minor variations the following rank order of potency was found: N-n propylnorapomorphine greater than or equal to EOE greater than apomorphine greater than lergotrile greater than or equal to RU 24926 greater than bromocriptine. However, in the induction of stereotypies, the rank order of potency was considerably different: N-n-propylnorapomorphine greater than apomorphine greater than EOE greater than RU 24926 greater than lergotrile greater than bromocriptine. There was a poor and statistically significant degree of correlation between the rank order of potency of the test compounds to induce stereotyped behaviors and any of the other three test procedures. Altogether, these data confirm and extend the suspected dopaminergic agonist properties of the compounds under investigation and additionally lend credence to the assumption that the three putative autoreceptor assays employed do in fact reflect dopaminergic autoreceptor activation. PMID- 6723792 TI - Enhanced carnosine (beta-alanyl-L-histidine) breakdown and histamine metabolism following treatment with compound 48/80. AB - We have previously suggested that carnosine may serve as a reservoir for histidine to be used as a source of histamine in the trauma response of rats. In this study we report the effect of stimulation of histamine-forming capacity by compound 48/80 on muscle carnosinase (C'ASE) and histidine decarboxylase (HDC) activities as well as on muscle carnosine and histamine concentrations. Male rats (180 g) were injected i.p. with 5 mg/kg bw of compound 48/80 and C'ASE and HDC activities as well as carnosine, histidine and histamine concentrations were monitored over a 72 h period post-injection. This treatment resulted in an 120% increase in muscle HDC activity and an 110% increase in muscle histamine concentration at 15 min post-injection, followed by an 80% increase in muscle C'ASE activity at 1 h and a 100% reduction in muscle carnosine concentration at 24 h post-injection when compared to control animals injected with 0.9% saline. Histidine concentration was not affected by treatment. The time frame of response, a rapid increase in muscle HDC activity and in muscle histamine concentration followed by an increase in muscle C'ASE activity and a later decrease in muscle carnosine concentration, suggests that carnosine is hydrolysed to liberate histidine and that carnosine, as a reservoir for histidine, is mobilized to maintain a constant muscle concentration of histidine for histamine synthesis. PMID- 6723793 TI - One minute of bromocriptine irreversibly inhibits prolactin release for hours. AB - The ability of the dopamine receptor antagonist spiperone to block dopamine- or bromocriptine-inhibited prolactin release from dispersed rat anterior pituitary cells was tested in vitro. In a continuously perfused cell column apparatus, spiperone rapidly counteracted the inhibitory effect of dopamine but was unable to reverse the inhibitory effect of the potent dopamine agonist bromocriptine when added 30 min after bromocriptine. However, spiperone completely blocked the bromocriptine action if added simultaneously with bromocriptine. These basic data were confirmed, and the time relationships more accurately defined, in static incubations of monolayer cultures. Spiperone blocked the typical inhibition of prolactin release by bromocriptine only if the cells were pre- or coincubated with the antagonist. If spiperone was added as soon as 1 min after bromocriptine, the antagonist was unable to block the complete expression of the bromocriptine inhibition. These results suggest that bromocriptine is a functionally irreversible dopamine agonist for at least the 4 h of these studies. PMID- 6723794 TI - Fibroblast feeder layers inhibit differentiation of retinoic acid-treated embryonal carcinoma cells by increasing the probability of stem cell renewal. AB - The appearance of differentiated cells in embryonal carcinoma (EC) cultures can be inhibited by culturing the cells on fibroblast feeder layers. To determine whether or not feeder layers act by increasing the probability of stem cell renewal, growth and differentiation were monitored in cultures of F9 (subclone OTF9 -63) EC cells exposed to retinoic acid (RA) in either the presence or absence of feeder layers. By measuring the fraction of laminin-positive TROMA 1 positive or alkaline phosphatase-negative cells, it was determined that the frequency of differentiated cells in RA-treated F9 cultures was reduced by 70-80% when cells were cultured on fibroblast feeder layers instead of gelatin-coated dishes. Experiments in which EC cells were cultured in close proximity to a feeder layer demonstrated that cell-cell contact was required for maximal inhibition of differentiation. The probability of stem cell renewal was determined by measuring the number of colony-forming cells in RA-treated cultures as a function of time. Analysis of the data demonstrated that the probabilities of stem cell renewal were 0.5 and 0.25 during the first and second 48 h periods, respectively, following addition of RA for cells cultured without feeder layers. Cultures maintained on feeder layers exhibited a stem cell renewal probability of 0.72. Thus, feeder layers reduce the frequency of differentiated cells in RA treated cultures by increasing the probability of stem cell renewal. Determining the mechanism by which feeder layers counteract the effect of a chemically defined differentiation inducer should help to uncover the processes that regulate the probability of stem cell renewal. PMID- 6723795 TI - Cell surface expression by adult rat hepatocytes of a non-collagen glycoprotein present in rat liver biomatrix. AB - A rabbit antiserum raised against ACI rat liver biomatrix was used to identify components common to biomatrix and plasma membranes of adult hepatocytes. Biomatrix was isolated from intact rat livers by reverse perfusion via the inferior vena cava with sodium deoxycholate, nucleases and lipid extracting solvents. Immunoprecipitation analysis of detergent extracts of hepatocytes surface-labeled with 125I indicated that antibodies, purified from anti- biomatrix antiserum by adsorption and desorption from intact hepatocytes, showed reactivity with a single MW 105 kD component, designated Hep 105. Indirect immunofluorescence analysis showed that Hep 105 was expressed in some regions of the perisinusoidal space and in all three domains of the hepatocyte plasma membrane and was present on some but not all of the fibrous elements in frozen sections of biomatrix . The presence of Hep 105 on biomatrix was confirmed by immunoprecipitation analysis which showed that Hep 105 was present in components solubilized from biomatrix by sequential treatment with 0.5 M acetic acid, 0.05% collagenase and 4 M urea. Further characterization using immunoprecipitation analysis in combination with immobilized lectins and two-dimensional polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis (PAGE) indicated that Hep 105 was a non collagen glycoprotein which showed charge heterogeneity and existed on the cell surface as a disulfide-linked heterodimer of apparent MW 125 kD. Two hybridomas, constructed by fusing P3 X 63Ag8 myeloma cells with spleen cells from mice immunized with intact hepatocytes, were shown by immunodepletion and two dimensional gel electrophoretic analysis to be secreting monoclonal antibodies (Mab) against Hep 105. Examination of frozen sections of rat liver stained by indirect immunofluorescence showed that reactivity of both Mabs was concentrated in the bile canalicular domain of the hepatocyte plasma membrane, suggesting that the reactive epitopes were not accessible in the sinusoidal and intercellular membrane domains. Taken together, these results suggest that Hep 105 may play a role in the interactions between hepatocytes and extracellular matrix. PMID- 6723796 TI - Resistance to actinomycin D and to vincristine induced in a SEWA mouse tumor cell line with concomitant appearance of double minutes and a low molecular weight protein. AB - By increasing stepwise the drug concentration of the medium, we have induced, in a cell line of the murine SEWA tumor, resistance to actinomycin D (AMD) and vincristine (VCR) 30-50 times above the normal. In both types of resistant cells, we have revealed, by two-dimensional gel electrophoresis, a protein (MW 21K , pI 5) not found in control cells. Large fractions of the resistant cells contained double minutes (DM). In AMD-resistant cells, correlation was demonstrated between number of DM and degree of resistance. Back in AMD-free medium, resistant cells lost both the DM and the 21K protein. Cross-resistance prevailed between AMD and VCR. Cells resistant to AMD and VCR showed erratic resistance to methotrexate (MTX), but no significant resistance existed in the reverse direction. PMID- 6723797 TI - Production of nerve growth-stimulating factor(s) from chick embryo heart cells. Use of Cytodex 3 microcarriers and serum-free media. AB - Medium conditioned by embryonic chick heart cells is known to support extensive neurite outgrowth from autonomic and sensory neurons. In the present report we describe the use of microcarrier cell culture with serum-free media to scale up the production of the nerve growth-stimulating factors. A growth medium composed of DME /F10 supplemented with insulin, transferrin, human serum albumin and fibronectin in combination with a low molecular weight (MW) fraction of fetal calf serum (FCS) or a mixture of FGF, dexamethasone, calmodulin and thrombin supported the heart cell proliferation at a rate similar to that of medium with 10% FCS. Furthermore, the level of successively accumulated nerve growth activity measured in a bioassay with sympathetic ganglia proved to be nearly equivalent to what was obtained when cells were grown in medium containing serum. The results confirm the potential of microcarrier cell culture in serum-free media for the production and subsequent recovery of a specific cell product. PMID- 6723798 TI - Protamines in plant sperm. AB - Sperm protamines have been isolated from representatives of three major plant groups: algae (Chara corallina ), bryophytes ( Marchantia polymorpha), and ferns ( Marsilea vestitia ). We previously reported the complete displacement of histones by protamines in Marchantia (Reynolds W F & Wolfe, S L, Exp cell res 116 (1978) 269 [8] ). Marchantia protamines appear as four components on acid-urea gels, whereas Chara and Marsilea protamines comigrate as a single band with a mobility comparable to salmon protamine. The amino acid compositions of the plant protamines show these to be arginine-rich, highly basic (35-42%) proteins which display overall similarity in amino acid composition (84-91%). The molecular weights of Chara and Marsilea protamines are approx. 4700-5300 D. PMID- 6723799 TI - Nature of the receptor sites for galactosyl-specific lectins on human lymphocytes. AB - The nature of the receptors for four lectins specific for D-galactosyl residues was examined in human lymphocytes. The cells were fixed with formaldehyde to avoid subsequent cell lysis, treated with pronase, sialidase and organic solvents, and the binding of the lectins to the treated cells measured. The results show that the bulk of the receptors for peanut agglutinin (PNA) and ricin (RCA 60) are glycoproteins, whereas those for Ricinus communis agglutinin (RCA 120) and soybean agglutinin (SBA) are distributed nearly equally between membrane glycoproteins and glycolipids. PMID- 6723800 TI - Cell attachment and spreading on extracellular matrix-coated beads. AB - Parietal yolk sac cells M1536 -B3 grown on cytodex 2 beads deposited an extracellular matrix on the surface of the beads. Cell-free matrix-coated beads were isolated by treatment of the cell monolayer with cytochalasin B (CB) at a concentration of 10 micrograms/ml of phosphate-buffered saline (PBS). The matrix when analysed by electrophoresis on polyacrylamide gels (PAGE) revealed that the major components were laminin and entactin . The matrix-coated beads were used to study the attachment, spreading, and growth of African Green monkey BSC-40, human mammary MCF-7, mouse fibroblast L929, rat liver clone 9, and rat hepatoma H-4-II E cells in defined serum-free growth medium. The different cell lines exhibited varying responses to matrix-coated vs uncoated beads with respect to rate of attachment, spreading, and growth. One of the most consistent responses observed was the enhancement of cell spreading on matrix-coated beads. The results suggested that the matrix-coated beads will provide a readily available and valuable tool for studies on cell surface-extracellular matrix interactions and the physiological consequences of those interactions. PMID- 6723801 TI - S6 phosphorylation accompanies recruitment of ribosomes and mRNA into polysomes in response to dichlororibofuranosyl benzimidazole. AB - Dichlororibofuranosyl benzimidazole (DRB), a potent inhibitor of nuclear RNA synthesis and messenger RNA (mRNA) accumulation, produces a paradoxical mobilization of rRNA and mRNA from the subpolysomal pool into polysomes in HeLa cells during the first 40 min of treatment. S6 is phosphorylated concurrently with polysome accumulation, and ribosomal subunits containing phosphorylated S6 are preferentially localized in polysomes, indicating that they form initiation complexes more readily than their non-phosphorylated counterparts. PMID- 6723802 TI - Exogenous ATP induces electrical membrane responses in fibroblasts. AB - Mouse fibroblastic L cells responded to exogenous ATP (greater than or equal to 0.2 mM) with a transient hyperpolarization due to increased membrane permeability to K+. By contrast, intracellular injection of ATP (up to about 3 mM) produced no noticeable effects on the membrane potential. The effects of a non-hydrolysable analogue of ATP (AMP-PNP) were similar to those of ATP. After successive applications of ATP, the cell membrane became virtually unresponsive (desensitized). Extracellular ADP was also effective, but AMP or adenosine was not. Antazoline suppressed the ATP response. Thus, exogenous ATP and ADP appear to stimulate P2- purinoceptors . Similar responses to ATP (or ADP) were also observed in human normal diploid fibroblasts (Flow 1000 line). PMID- 6723803 TI - Elimination of mycoplasmas from cell cultures and establishment of mycoplasma free cell lines. AB - Several antibiotics were examined for their potential to eliminate mycoplasmas from contaminated cell cultures. Acholeplasma laidlawii, Mycoplasma arginini, Mycoplasma hyorhinis and Mycoplasma orale were effectively eliminated from experimentally contaminated mouse fibroblasts and mink epithelial cells by the use of the antibiotics minocycline and tiamutin . An elimination procedure was established, which involved the consecutive treatment of the cultures over a period of 3 weeks, followed by cell cloning. This procedure was effective when applied to cell lines which had been contaminated with unidentified and partially non-cultivable strains of mycoplasmas. PMID- 6723804 TI - Isoelectric-focusing of galactokinase in lens and other tissues. AB - Thin-layer isoelectric focusing was used to investigate galactokinase in lenses from humans, cows, rats, rabbits and also in other tissues (red cells, liver, kidney, brain, placenta) from these species. In each case the enzyme activity was present as a single isozyme. The isoelectric point was the same in lens, red cell and other tissues of the same species, but differed from species to species. Post translational modification due to deamidation was not detected in the lens or red cell from these species. Galactokinase activities in whole tissue extract were determined in different tissues of the various species. There were wide variations in activity. In the adult human lens, both normal and cataractous, it was low. The findings indicate that isoelectric focusing of RBC galactokinase combined with specific enzyme staining allows one to monitor lens galactokinase in patients with cataracts. PMID- 6723805 TI - Development and aging of the eye in mice with inherited optic nerve aplasia: histopathological studies. AB - We have examined the morphological development of optic nerve aplasia in a subpopulation (10-20%) of anophthalmic mice (Strain ZRDCT -AN) that develop microphthalmia. During embryonic stages the optic fissure in microphthalmic mutants did not involute into the optic stalk. Even in the absence of a proper fissure, early differentiation of the various retinal elements was not disturbed. Subsequently, however, the optic nerve fibers failed to exit from the eye in their appropriate position. Secondary changes in the retina, probably resulting from a failure of optic axons to reach their central targets, were near total loss of ganglion cells and variable attenuation of the other nuclear and plexiform layers. Retinal rosettes were also commonly present. PMID- 6723806 TI - Lens wound healing and cataractogenesis in a pigmented eye. AB - Light and electron microscopy and slitlamp microscopy were used to follow the development and partial repair of injury-induced cataract in the lens of the pigmented eye of the grey squirrel. These processes proceed in much the same way as in previously-studied albino rodents and rabbits in spite of invasion of the lens opacity by pigmented cells in the squirrel eye. Epithelial and capsular regeneration and lens fiber repair occur rapidly and apparently independently from the accumulation of pigmented cells, fibroblasts and collagen in the wound outside the lens epithelial layer. Using morphological criteria, some of the pigmented cells in the lens wound are identified as iris stromal melanocytes and pigmented epithelial cells; this is consonant with the slitlamp observations of streams of pigmented cells extending from the iris to the lens wound. The role, if any, of the pigmented cells in lens wound healing is unknown. PMID- 6723807 TI - Extracellular matrix production by cat retinal pigment epithelium in vitro: characterization of type IV collagen synthesis. AB - Feline retinal pigment epithelial cells (RPE) produced an extracellular matrix (ECM) in vitro which was located between the basal surface of the RPE and the culture plate. This ECM had three morphological components: bundle, granular and fibrillar. After 14 days in culture the basal extracellular space contained small amounts of bundle material; granular and fibrillar material were infrequently observed at this time. The amount of ECM material increased with increasing time in culture. The accumulation of the granular component extracellularly was greatest between 60 and 108 days. Fibrillar material, although occasionally observed in the ECM, appeared to be an infrequent component. By 145 days, the ECM filled the extracellular space between the RPE and the culture plate. The time dependent increase of the ECM indicated continued synthesis and secretion of ECM into the basal extracellular space by the RPE. Confluent RPE cultures, or choroidal/scleral fibroblasts, were incubated for 24 hr with [14C]-proline. Newly synthesized collagen, either in the culture medium or the cell layer, was co precipitated with added carrier collagen by (NH4)2 SO4. The samples, with or without reduction and alkylation, were digested with pepsin and fractioned by selective salt precipitation and carboxymethyl(CM)-cellulose chromatography. The resulting fractions were further analyzed, or purified for thin layer chromatography (TLC) amino acid analysis, by SDS-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis (SDS-PAGE). Cultured RPE cells, but not choroidal/scleral fibroblasts, produced labelled peptides which were characterized as alpha 1 (IV), and alpha 2 (IV) collagen chains by CM-cellulose chromatography, SDS-PAGE, proline: hydroxyproline ratios and sensitivity to bacterial collagenase. In contrast, choroidal/scleral fibroblasts produced labelled alpha 1 (I), beta 12 (I) and alpha 2 (I) collagen chains. The synthesis of type IV collagen by RPE cells may reflect the production of ECM observed by electron microscopy in cultured feline RPE cells. PMID- 6723808 TI - Congenital retinitis in the rat following maternal exposure to lymphocytic choriomeningitis virus. AB - A combined clinical and histopathological study of the eyes of the offspring of females inoculated with LCMV shows that about two-thirds of the pups develop some degree of retinal inflammation. This may range from a mild, subclinical reaction to an overt retinitis characterized clinically by demonstrable inflammatory and degenerative changes. Histopathologically, the latter condition presents the picture of an inflammatory reaction with extensive loss of photoreceptors and retinal neurons in general, macrophagic invasion, mild microcystoid degeneration and total or subtotal retinal detachment. This vertically-transmitted disease does not show the relentless progression and hemorrhagic tendency characteristic of the retinitis which occurs after direct viral inoculation. However, in the most severe cases the final outcome is the same, namely severe retinal impairment subsequent to widespread loss of photoreceptors. In the presence of consistently negative virological data, the hypothesis is proposed that this retinitis could be the result of a vertically-transmitted autoimmune disease. PMID- 6723809 TI - 6-Methoxy-tetrahydro-beta-carboline and melatonin in the human retina. AB - The presence of two 5-methoxyindoles, 6-methoxy-1,2,3,4-tetrahydro-beta-carboline (6-MeO- THBC ) and melatonin was demonstrated in human retinae using a highly specific gas chromatographic mass spectrometric method from eyes affected with various ocular diseases. Both compounds were found to occur in similar quantities. 6-MeO- THBC is a newly-identified endogenously-occurring retinal compound possibly acting as a neuromodulator. The importance of 6-MeO- THBC and other beta-carbolines especially compared to other 5-methoxyindoles is discussed. PMID- 6723810 TI - Demonstration of specific glucocorticoid binding sites in bovine cornea. AB - Specific [3H]-dexamethasone binding sites were demonstrated in bovine corneal cytosol using titration analyses. Specific glucocorticoid binding to corneal cytosol exhibited a single class of sites with apparent dissociation constants of 4-6 nM and 68-72 fmol binding sites mg-1 cytosolic protein. Association of steroid with these binding sites was temperature- and time-dependent. Specific binding was maximal at 4 degrees C after 6 hr and was somewhat lower at 25 degrees C and lowest at 37 degrees C. Presence of increasing amounts of certain unlabeled steroids with glucocorticoid activity inhibited [3H]-dexamethasone binding in a dose-dependent manner. The order, beginning with the most potent inhibitor of binding, was triamcinolone acetonide greater than fluorometholone greater than dexamethasone greater than medroxy progesterone acetate greater than 11 beta-OH-progesterone greater than prednisolone acetate greater than prednisolone greater than cortisol greater than corticosterone . Other steroids exhibiting less inhibition of [3H]-dexamethasone binding were cortexolone greater than prednisone greater than dexamethasone phosphate greater than progesterone greater than prednisolone phosphate greater than cortisone greater than 17 alpha OH progesterone greater than estradiol-17 beta greater than testosterone greater than 11 alpha,17 alpha,21-OH-progesterone. These data suggest that the influence of glucocorticoids and drugs with this type of normal activity on corneal cells is mediated by an intracellular receptor protein. PMID- 6723812 TI - In vitro effect of hyaluronate on lysosomal enzyme activities in the bovine ciliary body and iris. AB - The effect of hyaluronate on lysosomal enzyme activities in bovine ciliary body and iris was studied in vitro. Hyaluronates from both the human umbilical cord and bovine vitreous inhibited the activities of cathepsin B and acid phosphatase. Cathepsin D, beta-N-acetyl-glucosaminidase, beta-D-glucuronidase and alpha-L fucosidase activities were not affected by the hyaluronate. PMID- 6723811 TI - Tapetum lucidum in the pigmented and albino ferret. AB - Light and electron microscopy showed that the tapetum lucidum in the pigmented ferret is morphologically indistinguishable from that in the albino ferret. The matrix of the rods of the tapetal cells was strongly osmiophilic, but glutaraldehyde fixation before osmium tetroxide treatment caused a dissolution of the matrix material. It has been proposed that the tapetal cells are modified melanocytes and that the tapetal rods are composed of melanin, but it can be concluded from our data that the matrix of the tapetal rods is not melanin. Further studies by plasma-atomic emission spectrometry showed that the tapetal cells are very rich in zinc, with similar levels in pigmented and albino ferrets. Excessive concentrations of other metals were not observed. Histochemical demonstration of heavy metal showed that the zinc is present in the tapetal rods and indicated a localization mainly in the rod membranes. PMID- 6723813 TI - The dopaminergic amacrine system and its response to light stimulation in rats with inherited retinal dystrophy. AB - In both the RCS mutant strain of rats with hereditary progressive retinal dystrophy and in controls, concentrations of dopamine (DA) and its metabolic DOPAC increased steeply in retina from 14 to 60 days postnatally with no further elevations in older animals indicating normal dopaminergic system evolution in the RCS rats. In 60-, 90-, and 135-day-old but not in younger (14- and 30-day old) RCS rats killed in the light phase of the light-dark cycle, retinal DA, and more markedly DOPAC levels, were lower than those in age-matched controls. In normal rats aged 24, 35 and 70 days that were dark-adapted for 24 hr, 2-hr light exposure increased DA and mainly DOPAC levels in retina. LIght stimulation after dark adaptation elevated retinal DA and DOPAC only in 24- but not in 35- or 70 day-old RCS rats. In RCS rats with advanced retinal dystrophy, decreases in retinal DA and DOPAC levels and lack of response of DA amacrine cells to light exposure are probably secondary to degeneration or impairment of photoreceptors which are no longer capable of transmitting light stimuli onto DA neurons in retina. PMID- 6723814 TI - New ultrastructure of rat RPE cells: basal intracytoplasmic tubules. AB - Retinal pigment epithelial cells have prominent basal folds facing Bruch's membrane. In addition to folds I have observed intracytoplasmic tubules 60-90 nm in diameter in the basal cytoplasm of rat pigment epithelial cells. The tubules arise from the basal plasma membrane and open to the extracellular space. The tubules are most evident when intravenous horseradish peroxidase is used as a tracer. The tracer leaks out of the fenestrated choriocapillaris, into the extracellular space of the pigment epithelium and into the tubules. Electron microscopy at 1000 KV (High Voltage Electron Microscopy) confirms the tubular nature of these structures and their continuity with folds or the plasma membrane facing Bruch's membrane. The tubules are also observed in tissue not infiltrated with peroxidase. Morphometry shows that the tubules occupy about 21% of the surface area of the basal plasma membrane. Tubules appear plentiful where folds are reduced, and reduced where folds are plentiful; the tubules may be a different conformation of the normally slit-like fold extracellular space. The tubules are observed in all quadrants of the retina; centrally and peripherally; in young and adult rats and in pigmented and albino rats. The tubule's function may be linked to that of the folds, from which many of them arise. PMID- 6723815 TI - Individual analysis of age-associated changes in reproductive activity and lifespan of Drosophila virilis. AB - In the TK strain of Drosophila virilis, age-associated changes in reproductive activities (copulating activity and fertility in males and egg-laying activity in females) and lifespan were examined in individual flies. The mean lifespan of individually aged flies was about 11 weeks for both males and females. Copulating activity was maximum in two-week old males, then decreased gradually and finally ended at the age of 13 weeks at which about half of males were still surviving. Females also had a peak in egg-laying activity at the age of two weeks while no eggs were laid by females older than ten weeks, although more than half of females were alive at the stage. Analyses of the relationship between reproductive activity and lifespan of individual flies revealed that shorter lived males exhibited a higher copulating activity in the early stage of their lives than longer lived males. In males whose lifespan was less than ten weeks the reproductive period increased with the lifespan while the post-reproductive period was almost constant (one to two weeks). In males living longer than ten weeks, the reproductive period remained constant (about eight weeks) while the post-reproductive period increased in parallel with the total lifespan. Similar tendencies were also observed in the egg-laying activity of female flies. PMID- 6723816 TI - Body temperature of C57BL/6J mice with age. AB - On the basis of a study of rectal temperature in a group of 180, C57BL/6J male mice, ranging in age from 3 months to 30 months, the following conclusions were drawn: 1) The positive correlation between body weight and body temperature typical for rodents was found only for young adults of the C57BL/6J strain; 2) body temperature of male C57BL/6J did not appear to decline until about 23.5 months, after which there was a significant negative correlation (r = -0.53) between age and temperature. PMID- 6723817 TI - A two-step hypothesis on the mechanisms of in vitro cell aging: cell differentiation followed by intrinsic mitochondrial mutagenesis. AB - Despite vigorous research, there is yet no agreement on the biochemical mechanisms responsible for the loss of replicative potential of diploid cultured cells. In contrast to the program theories of in vitro cell aging, we propose that, as already suggested by Minot in 1907, senescence is the result of cell differentiation. We further maintain that the fundamental cause of cell aging is an instability of the mitochondrial genome because of a lack of balance between mitochondrial repair and the disorganizing effects of oxygen radicals which arise in the respiring mitochondria of terminally differentiated cells. This probably results in intrinsic mitochondrial mutagenesis which may be followed by endonuclease degradation of the altered mitochondrial DNA. Since the mitochondrial genome controls the synthesis of several hydrophobic proteins of the inner mitochondrial membrane, the postulated denaturation or loss of mtDNA will prevent the replication of the organelles. Thus, deprived of the ability to regenerate their mitochondrial populations, the cells will sustain an irreversible decline in their ability to synthesize ATP, with concomitant senescent degradation of physiological performance and eventual death. PMID- 6723818 TI - Age-related changes in amino acid pool sizes in the adult silkmoth, Bombyx mori, reared at low and high temperature; a biochemical examination of the rate-of living theory and urea accumulation when reared at high temperature. AB - To examine the rate-of-living theory, age-related changes in amino acid pool sizes were investigated in the adult silkmoth, Bombyx mori, reared at low and high temperature. At either temperature concentrations of free amino acids contained in silkmoths revealed a great sexual difference. Those in females were generally much higher than in males and the former changed much more dynamically than the latter. Major amino acids or ninhydrin-positive compounds inclusive of some essential amino acids such as Leu, Ile, Val, Thr, Arg, Phe, Met, Ala, Tyr, Gln, Aspn , Lan , Cysta , GABA and PEA accumulated in 4 degrees C-moths. However, the levels of these amino changed irregularly with advanced age. Inhibition of protein synthesis may occur generally at low temperature, while protein degradation may be promoted at high temperature. High concentrations of MSO and Tau in the moths reared at high temperature than in the normal moths suggested also catabolism of amino acids proceeding together with protein degradation at high temperature. Amino acid metabolism seems to be complicated under various temperature conditions. When reared at the optimal temperature of 25 degrees C, urea is not present in the body of the silkmoth except for a slight amount in the secreted meconium. In silkmoths reared at the higher temperature of 35 degrees C, however, an extraordinary accumulation of urea occurs accompanied by a reduction in lifespan by one half. Undoubtedly, urea is produced in this terrestrial insect, although the accumulation mechanism is not clear: in silkmoths reared at various temperatures, arginase is found, but urease is not detected. Arginase activity was found to be higher in male moths than in female moths regardless of the rearing temperature. High temperature rearing also did not induce activity and female activity never exceeded that in males at either 25 degrees C or 35 degrees C rearing. Protein degradation accelerated by rearing at high temperatures may result in increased amounts of free arginine, which could cause the active production of urea. This possibility would be a counter-argument to the rate of living theory relating to longevity and temperature. However, at least the above facts signify that an extrinsic factor influences the longevity of an animal by altering its intrinsic aging process. PMID- 6723819 TI - Chromatin condensation in the aging housefly. PMID- 6723820 TI - Effect of 2-mercaptoethylamine on proliferation and lifespan of WI-38 cells. AB - The antioxidant 2-mercaptoethylamine (MEA) was added to the culture medium of WI 38 cells throughout their lifespan. MEA concentrations of 0.5 microM, 5 microM and 50 microM were used. The presence of 5 microM or 50 microM MEA decreased the fraction of rapidly dividing cells and slightly reduced cell density at confluence, whereas 0.5 microM MEA had no significant effect on these parameters. All MEA-treated cultures had somewhat reduced plating efficiency. Cultures treated with 0.5 microM, 5 microM and 50 microM MEA attained population doubling levels of 72.80, 78.35 and 70.92, respectively, compared to 73.55 for untreated controls. Cells grown in 5 microM MEA underwent 4.8 more population doublings, in six weeks more time in culture, compared to controls. This is a 12.2% increase in the portion of the lifespan examined and a 6.5% increase in total lifespan. These results are consistent with the free radical theory of aging. PMID- 6723821 TI - Preferential growth inhibition of human leukemic versus normal myeloid colony forming cells by 12-O-tetradecanoylphorbol-13-acetate. AB - Myeloid leukemic cells can be induced to differentiate by various compounds, suggesting the possibility of controlling leukemia through induced differentiation. For this to be feasible, the growth of leukemic progenitor cells should be inhibited by these compounds, with the inhibition preferentially affecting leukemic over normal hemopoietic progenitor cells. 12-O Tetradecanoylphorbol-13-acetate (TPA) was chosen as a differentiation inducer and was studied for its effect on the growth of leukemic colony-forming cells (L-CFU) in ten patients with acute nonlymphocytic leukemia in comparison with normal myeloid colony-forming cells (CFU-C). Growth inhibition of both L-CFU and CFU-C was observed with TPA concentrations as low as 10(-10) M. With increasing concentrations of TPA, survival of L-CFU tended to decline more precipitously than that of CFU-C. In eight of ten patients, inhibition of L-CFU was significantly greater (P less than 0.01) than CFU-C with TPA concentrations of 10(-9) M or higher. This study indicates that a compound capable of inducing differentiation of leukemic cells can inhibit growth of leukemic progenitor cells and that this growth inhibition applies preferentially to leukemic cells as compared with normal hemopoietic cells. PMID- 6723822 TI - A micromethod for long-term in vitro culture of bone marrow cells. AB - A micromethod to study long-term culture of bone marrow cells in vitro has been developed. Using Linbro wells one-fourteenth of the cells and medium usually required for culture in a flask are plated. Thus 40-50 cultures from a single mouse can be studied at any one time. Adherent-layer formation and supernatant cell recovery were very similar when Linbro -well cultures were compared with standard large-flask cultures. In the microculture system, supernatant and adherent-layer cell numbers increased following medium change reaching a maximum 3-4 days later and decreasing by day 7. Supernatant cells were in equilibrium with those of the adherent layer as cell numbers in both compartments prior to and following medium change fluctuated identically. Following medium change, a significant increase in myeloblasts occurred at 24 h and promyelocytes and myelocytes increased 48-72 h later. In contrast no discernible pattern in daily CFU-C production was detected. These findings provide insight into the cellular kinetics of long-term marrow culture and highlight the usefulness of this method to study hematopoiesis at frequent intervals. PMID- 6723823 TI - A "serum-free" medium for the production of erythropoietic bursts by murine bone marrow cells. AB - We describe a culture medium that does not require the addition of serum, in which erythropoietic bursts are produced from murine bone marrow cells with efficiencies at least as great as those of serum-containing media. Four ingredients were shown to be essential: bovine serum albumin (BSA), transferrin, cholesterol, and erythropoietin. The system supported burst formation without the addition of conditioned medium as source of burst-promoting factor(s). To include cholesterol in the medium we found that there was no necessity for sonication, nor for subsequent evaporation of the ethanol in which the cholesterol was dissolved. Filtration of cholesterol and delipidation of BSA both impaired the ability of the medium to support burst production. The "serum-free" medium described here, even though not truly defined, is useful for erythropoietic culture: it is reliable, highly efficient in supporting burst formation, and simple and economical to prepare from ingredients readily available from commercial sources without the need for special testing. PMID- 6723824 TI - Cyclic erythropoiesis in the S1/S1d mouse. AB - Previously we reported that when young adult female W/Wv mice are given 0.5 microCi strontium-89 per gram body weight IV, their hematocrit values oscillate from nadirs of 26% to zeniths of 42% with a periodicity of 16 days. We now report that a second strain of congenitally anemic female mice, the S1/ S1d , also exhibit large fluctuations in their hematocrit values following a dose of 0.5 microCi 89Sr/g body weight. The zeniths through which these mice cycled averaged 37% (range 35%-38%) and the nadirs averaged 13% (range 12%-14%). Reticulocytes fluctuated from highs averaging 40% (range 35%-45%) to lows that averaged 3% (range 1%-5%). The periodicity of cycling in these eight mice ranged from 16 to 19 days. The hematocrits of three out of five non-strontium-treated mice were found to cycle spontaneously in the absence of 89Sr-mediated hematopoietic insult, with nadirs averaging 22% and zeniths averaging 39%. Similarly, doses as small as 0.1 microCi 89Sr/g body weight coupled with antecedent phlebotomy induced cyclic erythropoiesis of substantial amplitude (average nadir 16% and average zenith of 39%). Splenectomy in the S1/ S1d mouse eliminates both spontaneous and 89Sr-induced cyclic erythropoiesis. If the spleen is removed prior to radiostrontium treatment, then cyclic erythropoiesis is not observed following a dose of 0.5 microCi 89Sr/g body weight. PMID- 6723825 TI - Pleural mesothelioma. PMID- 6723826 TI - Diagnosis and prognosis in malignant pleural mesothelioma: a prospective study. AB - In a prospective study of 336 consecutive patients with long-term pleural effusions, 32 cases of malignant mesothelioma were found. Microscopic examination of pleural tissue specimens, preferably selected at thoracoscopy, proved superior to pleural fluid analysis as an aid to correct diagnosis. The epithelial proved to be the most common type of malignant mesothelioma. As an example of the mesothelial cells' multipotent ability, malignant cells were seen transforming into fat-like cells with lipid-containing vacuoles. In the fibrous tumour type, cytological examination of pleural fluid revealed only normal cells. Cells with malignant features were seen in fluid samples from epithelial and biphasic tumour types. The malignant cells often formed tubuli-like aggregates which could be mistaken for adenocarcinoma. Hyaluronic acid was more frequently detected in tissue specimens than in the pleural fluid samples. The morphological type and the patient's age had an impact on the survival time, whereas sex and extensive surgical treatment seemed less important. PMID- 6723827 TI - Malignant mesothelioma in two pairs of siblings: is there a hereditary predisposing factor? AB - Two pairs of siblings with malignant pleural mesothelioma are reported. One sister and brother experienced slight household asbestos exposure during childhood. Two identical-twin brothers were occupationally exposed to asbestos for only 8 years. The occurrence of this rare neoplasm in 2 pairs of siblings indicates that a hereditary predisposing factor may exist. PMID- 6723828 TI - Sarcomatous pleural mesothelioma and cerebral metastases: case report and a review of eight cases. AB - Sarcomatous malignant mesothelioma have a predilection for bloodborne spread. A case with cerebral metastases is presented and the details are briefly reviewed of 8 other cases with the same histological picture. PMID- 6723829 TI - Transdiaphragmatic, esophageal and gastric pressures during maximal static inspiratory and expiratory efforts in young subjects: effects of maneuver and sex. AB - Esophageal (Pes), gastric (Pga) and transdiaphragmatic (Pdi) pressures were measured in 6 young healthy men and 6 women during maximal static inspiratory and expiratory efforts. Interindividual variations were large for all pressures, but the measurements were highly reproducible within each subject. During maximal inspiratory efforts without instruction as to the type of breathing, Pga was often around zero whereas during standardized maximal inspiratory efforts (i.e. with protruded abdomen), Pdi and Pga increased significantly and Pes tended to be less negative. Thus, maximal strength of the diaphragm is only measured during standardized efforts. During maximal expiratory efforts Pes and Pga tended to be larger during spontaneous than during standardized maneuvers (i.e. with retracted abdomen), and to increase with lung volume. The clinical information obtained from Pdi, Pes and Pga during maximal inspiratory and expiratory efforts is probably not more specific than that from transrespiratory pressures (i.e. measurements at the mouth), except for standardized inspiratory efforts which may allow differentiation of intercostal-accessory and diaphragm-abdominal dysfunction. PMID- 6723830 TI - Mantoux and Tine tuberculin tests compared in Kuwait. AB - Mantoux and Tine tests were performed on 260 patients with an overall agreement between the 2 tests of 96%. On clinical evaluation, 17% of those expected to be positive reactors were found to be negative to both tests, and 8% were positive in those expected to be negative. The Tine test produced comparable results with the Mantoux test, and is suitable for clinical tuberculin testing purposes. Although both tests were sensitive but not highly specific, tuberculin testing is still wanted in our area, perhaps not in diagnosing pulmonary tuberculosis, but in the investigation of lymphadenopathy where positive reactions make non tuberculous origin unlikely. PMID- 6723831 TI - Intrabullous carcinoma: a diagnostic dilemma. AB - Two cases of bronchogenic carcinoma arising within the walls of bullae are described. They manifested as air-fluid levels within the bullae. Such air-fluid levels are generally considered to be due to infection and conservative management is recommended. This approach delays the recognition of potentially resectable neoplasms, as was the case in our patients. We discuss the clinical and radiographic clues which raise the specter of neoplasm in such cases. PMID- 6723832 TI - The prevalence of asymptomatic gastro-oesophageal reflux in adult patients with asthma. PMID- 6723833 TI - A preparation for the study of secretory function of the human bronchus in vitro. AB - Bronchi, not involved in tumor, were removed from resected human lungs. They were mounted in Ussing chambers containing Krebs-Henseleit solution with radiolabelled precursors of mucus. Airway was examined by both light and electron microscopy. Tissues recently removed from resected lungs exhibited both intra- and extra cellular oedema and hypoxic changes in mitochondria, but tight junctions between epithelial cells appeared intact, indicating an effective epithelial barrier. Tissues removed from Ussing chambers after up to 6 h showed little oedema and their mitochondria were normal. Their appearance had returned to that of specimens taken that biopsy and fixed immediately. Autoradiographs of specimens from Ussing chambers showed that the mucus-producing cells had concentrated the radiolabels . Mucus in gland ducts was also radiolabelled. Damaged areas of mucous membrane were rare and probably pre-operative. We conclude that resected bronchi, suspended in Ussing chambers, have a structure and secretory activity suitable for investigations of the control of secretion. PMID- 6723834 TI - Leucopenia caused by two rifampicin preparations. AB - Leucopenia (= leucocyte count 3000 cells/microliters or less) caused by 2 rifampicin preparations used in daily tuberculosis chemotherapy was studied. In a group of 140 patients treated with Rimapen (Orion, Finland ), 11 cases (7.9%) of leucopenia were detected. In a group of 132 patients treated with Rimactan (Ciba Geigy, Switzerland) one case of leucopenia (0.8%) occurred. The difference is statistically significant (p less than 0.01). The frequency of leucopenia in the Rimapen group was much higher than that reported in the literature. In cases of leucopenia caused by rifampicin the recommended measure is withdrawal of the drug or continued treatment under careful observation. If possible, rifampicin treatment should not be resumed after a pause, irrespective of its length. PMID- 6723835 TI - Antibody measurement in extrinsic allergic alveolitis. AB - Serum IgG antibody against purified avian antigens was quantified by radioimmunoassay in 507 active pigeon fanciers, of whom 110 had documented Pigeon Breeders Disease (PBD). The incidence of PBD increased from 3.7% in the antibody negative group to 78% of those with IgG antibody greater than 30 micrograms/ml. The highest levels of antibody tended to occur in subjects with relatively short avian exposure, and a significant correlation between decreasing antibody levels and increasing years of avian contact was demonstrated, which was unrelated to age or smoking history. The antibody -positive subjects had lower daily hours of avian contact and this group which contained most of the PBD subjects demonstrated some self-regulation of antigen exposure. PMID- 6723836 TI - Lung reactions during poultry handling related to dust and bacterial endotoxin levels. AB - Airborne dust and endotoxin levels on poultry farms, were determined for various working processes known to involve a heavy exposure. Forty-seven workers at different sites were studied by questionnaires for work-related symptoms. Lung function measurements were made before and after work. Dust levels exceeded the standard for organic dust, and endotoxin levels exceeded those known to cause respiratory and other symptoms. The average decrease in FEV1 over the working day(s) ranged from 0.07-0.19 litres. Upper airway irritation was present in one third of the workers, and about 10% complained of chest tightness. The effect may have been due to the high amounts of dust causing a general respiratory irritation as well as to the endotoxin. PMID- 6723837 TI - Decreased glucose in RA-cell-positive pleural effusion: correlation of pleural glucose, lactic dehydrogenase and protein concentration to the presence of RA cells. AB - A significant correlation between RA-cells in the pleural fluid and lowered concentration of glucose, increased LDH activity and protein content was demonstrated in pleural effusions of diverse etiology. The finding might suggest a common metabolic reaction of the pleura, the mechanism of which remains unexplained at present. PMID- 6723838 TI - Effects of inhaled N-acetylcysteine in combination with terbutaline. AB - The additional effect of N-acetylcysteine in combination with inhaled terbutaline was studied in a controlled randomized double-blind cross-over study of one week periods in 22 patients with stable reversible chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. The patients improved clinically, more during the period with acetylcysteine in combination with terbutaline, than during the period with placebo/terbutaline. The differences were particularly noticeable on the parameters 'difficulties in raising sputum' and 'number of coughs'. Seventeen of 22 patients felt greater improvement during the period with acetylcysteine. Also a small improvement in FEV1 was found by addition of acetylcysteine. No side effects of acetylcysteine were reported in this combination. PMID- 6723839 TI - The single-breath N2-test and spirometry in healthy non-smoking males. AB - Healthy males (aged 30-70), who had never smoked, were studied. The 178 subjects were selected by systematic sampling from an urban population. Using the single breath N2-washout test we measured the closing volume (CV) and the slope of the alveolar plateau (delta N2). A prediction equation for CV was produced by simple regression on age. delta N2 showed an accelerated increase with age above the age of 50. A curvilinear equation was established: delta N2 (%/1) = 0.85 + e0.0929 x A( yrs ) -6.302. Reference equations were also established for vital capacity (VC), forced expiratory volume in one second (FEV1) and FEV1 in per cent VC (FEV%) by means of linear multiple regression on age and height. The distribution of delta N2 was not homogenous throughout the age-range. As an upper limit of the reference range, we suggest 180% of the predicted value. PMID- 6723840 TI - Pulmonary infiltrate in a female non-smoker. PMID- 6723841 TI - Massive hemoptysis as a presenting sign of benign lymphocytic angiitis and granulomatosis. AB - We report a patient with massive hemoptysis due to benign lymphocytic angiitis and granulomatosis complicated by reactivated tuberculosis. There was remarkably good response to treatment with chlorambucil, corticosteroids and antituberculous drugs. PMID- 6723842 TI - Reflex effects from high threshold neck muscle afferents on hind limb extensor gamma motoneurones in the cat. AB - The supra-segmental control of hind limb gamma motoneurones from neck muscle receptors has been studied in decerebrated and in spinal cats. Stretch of individual dorsal neck muscles was not an adequate stimulus for evoking long spinal reflexes to gamma motoneurones of gastrocnemius-soleus (GS) muscles unless the stretch was maximal or excessive. Pressure applied to the neck muscles, or intramuscular injections of KCl solution (0.1 ml, 5%), did affect the discharge of GS gamma motoneurones. Excitation was more evident than inhibition. We conclude that the long spinal reflex effects originate from high threshold mechanoreceptors, or nociceptors, rather than muscle spindles. PMID- 6723843 TI - Correlations between the firing of supraoptic neurones in slices of rat brain. AB - These experiments were an attempt to study the possible interactions between cells of the supraoptic nucleus. In isolated brain slices pairs of supraoptic neurones were recorded simultaneously either with a single electrode or with two electrodes and cross-correlograms produced. Correlations were demonstrated in 22 of the 82 pairs studied and were found to be more common between closely neighbouring pairs of cells. Ten of the correlations indicated that the spikes of one cell followed spikes in the other cell. The correlations of another 10 pairs indicated that the cells were coactivated. In only 2 pairs was there a correlation indicative of an inhibitory connexion. That these correlations could result either from synaptic connexions within the nucleus, or from coactivation of cells from an extranuclear site is discussed. PMID- 6723844 TI - Relation of callosal and striate-extrastriate cortical connections in the rat: morphological definition of extrastriate visual areas. AB - The main purpose of this study was to correlate the tangential distributions of visual callosal and striate-extrastriate connections in the rat. Cells of origin and terminations of the visual callosal pathway of one hemisphere were labeled by the anterograde and retrograde transport of horseradish peroxidase (HRP) after multiple injections of this enzyme in the contralateral hemisphere, while ipsilateral striate-extrastriate projection fields were revealed by using the autoradiographic method following single injections of 3H-proline in striate cortex. A remarkable complementarity in the distribution of both cortico-cortical pathways was revealed by superimposing in a camera lucida the patterns of callosal and striate-extrastriate projections from consecutive tangential sections processed for HRP and autoradiography, respectively. Projections from striate cortex are distributed into multiple extrastriate fields which are partially or totally surrounded by cortical strips containing dense and overlapping accumulations of labeled callosal cells and terminations. In addition to projections to the following striate recipient areas described in previous reports: posterior (P), posterolateral (PL), lateromedial (LM), laterolateral (LL), anterolateral (AL) and anteromedial (AM); projections to laterointermediate (LI), laterolateral anterior (LLa), anterior (A), medial (M) and pararhinal (PR) areas were defined in the present study. Striate-extrastriate projection fields occupy only a portion of the acallosal islands that contain them, and the location of the fields within these islands correlates with the retinotopic location of the isotope injection in striate cortex. When compared to previous physiological and anatomical maps of extrastriate visual areas in the rat, the present results indicate that the distribution of callosal connections correlates with the borders of extrastriate visual areas, and that the projection from striate cortex into these areas is retinotopically organized. Surprisingly, a direct projection from striate cortex to the head representation region in somatosensory cortex was labeled, a finding that challenges the view that primary sensory areas do not connect directly. PMID- 6723846 TI - Metabolic activity of intracerebellar nuclei in the rat: effects of inferior olive inactivation. AB - Metabolic activity of the intracerebellar nuclei during cryoinactivation of the inferior olive was studied in the anaesthetized rat by using the 14C-2 deoxyglucose method. Single unit recording of Purkinje cells was simultaneously monitored in the cerebellar cortex. Local inactivation in the inferior olive resulted in regional suppression of complex spike discharges in the cerebellar cortex. An increased metabolic activity was observed in the cerebellar nuclei contralateral to the cryoinactivation site correlating the somatotopically arranged olivo-cerebello-nuclear circuit. This increase was shown to be due specifically to inactivation of the inferior olive, since it was not obtained in a rat in which the inferior olive was previously destroyed by neurotoxic doses of 3-acetylpyridine. The results are interpreted as being due to an increased presynaptic activity of the terminals of the Purkinje cells which fire simple spikes at high rates after climbing fibre deafferentation. PMID- 6723845 TI - Brainstem afferents to the lateral geniculate nucleus of the cat. AB - The ascending connections from the brainstem to the dorsal division of the lateral geniculate nucleus were examined using retrograde transport of horseradish peroxidase. Labelled cells were identified in a variety of structures, including the nucleus of the optic tract (NOT), the posterior pretectal nucleus (NPP), the superior colliculus (SC), the parabigeminal nucleus (PBN), the midbrain reticular formation (MRF), locus coeruleus and nucleus sub coeruleus, the substantia nigra (SN), and parts of the raphe complex. The projections from NOT, NPP, MRF, LC and PBN were all bilateral in origin. The most intense labelling was observed in the nucleus of the optic tract and the superior colliculus. Colliculo-geniculate cells were located primarily in the superficial gray (lamina II1 and II2 of Kaneseki and Sprague (1974), but sparse labelling was also observed in lamina II3 and in statum opticum (lamina III). Consistent with the report of Harrell et al. (1982), these cells represent a morphologically diverse population, which includes stellate cells, granule cells, and both vertical and horizontal fusiform cells. A similarly diverse population of cell types contributes to the geniculate projection arising from NOT. These results confirm and extend earlier descriptions of the brainstem projections to the cat LGNd, and serve to emphasize the diversity of brainstem influences over the geniculate. PMID- 6723847 TI - Quantitative analysis of a cross-sectional area of the optic nerve: a comparison between albino and pigmented rats. AB - Comparative studies were made on albino and gray rats by measuring several morphological characteristics seen in cross-sections of the optic nerve. The total cross-sectional area of the optic nerve was about 30% smaller in the albino than in the gray rat, while the fiber density was 1.4 times higher in the albino than in the gray rat. The estimated total fiber count was about the same in the two strains: around 100,000 to 110,000 fibers. Except for a few unmyelinated fibers (less than 1%) all fibers were myelinated. Axon diameters of the optic nerve fibers were distributed in smaller values for the albino than for the gray rat, though the overall diameter range was similar (0.2-3.0 micron). The myelin sheath was also thinner in the albino than in the gray rat. PMID- 6723848 TI - The dynamic response of cat alpha-motoneurones investigated by intracellular injection of sinusoidal currents. AB - Sine-wave currents intracellularly injected into spinal alpha-motoneurones were found to modulate sinusoidally the regular rhythmic firing (carrier frequency) evoked by a current step. Cycle histograms of the instantaneous frequency could be accurately fitted by sinusoidal functions. Those functions were treated as the cell output. For a given modulation frequency between 2 and 14-18 Hz, the amplitude of the cell output was linearly related to the amplitude of the sine wave current, all over a wide range of current intensities. The sensitivity (gain) and the phase relationships were estimated by varying the modulation frequency of a given sine-wave. When modulation frequency varied from 1-2 Hz to 14-18 Hz, there was a progressive increase of the gain and a phase advance. The experimental gain curve closely conformed to the response of an ideal linear transducer sensitive to both the intensity and the velocity of the input. The phase advance was instead less than that predicted by the model. No "carrier dependent" variations of gain and phase were detected. Differences among motoneurones regarded both the static gain and the "corner frequency" (a measure of the dynamic sensitivity). In 10 motoneurones, the corner frequency ranged between 5 and 10 Hz. PMID- 6723849 TI - Pyramidal control of skin potential responses in the cat. AB - Pyramidal command of Skin Potential Response (SPR) was investigated in 20 cats paralyzed by gallamine and under a halothane anaesthetic. For each animal, a transection of the medulla sparing only the pyramidal tract was carried out. The pyramidal tract and Mesencephalic Reticular Formation (MRF) were stimulated before and after the transection. Results taken before transection show that the SPR can be elicited from stimulation of the pyramidal tract and the MRF. After transection, stereotaxic stimulations of the pyramidal tract still evoked the SPR even after aspiration of the medullary tissue posterior to the section and overlying the pyramids. Control reticular stimulations with higher stimulus intensities failed to evoked the SPR. These results show that stimulation of the pyramidal tract can elicit the SPR independently of reticulospinal neurons. It is hypothesized that a group of corticospinal fibers could transmit volleys having autonomic activity on preganglionic autonomic neurons of the intermediate zone of the grey matter. PMID- 6723850 TI - Binocular fixation in the rhesus monkey: spatial and temporal characteristics. AB - The horizontal and vertical components of the positions of both eyes of rhesus monkeys were measured during periods of binocularly stable eye positions (eye pauses) while the animals fixated a small target. Differences between monocular and binocular viewing, as well as effects of target size and background illumination, were assessed and found to be comparable to similar measures for humans. The scatter of eye position for either eye during binocular viewing had a standard deviation of 6-8 min arc in the horizontal and 7-13 min arc in the vertical meridia. Measurements of vergence and vertical misalignment, taken from binocular positional disparity, showed that for nearly 60% of eye pause time the eyes were misaligned on the fixation target by more than 7 min arc along both horizontal and vertical axes. In addition, the line of gaze during the trial was found to follow certain idiosyncratic tendencies for each monkey, although the positional variability remained relatively constant throughout the fixation trial. These observations suggest that during binocular fusion and stereopsis a mechanism exists that dynamically compensates for the relatively large shifts in retinal image position during fixation. PMID- 6723851 TI - Hypothalamic temperature during desynchronized sleep. AB - The influence of changes in heat loss at specific heat exchangers, appraised by recording ear skin temperature (Ts), on the hypothalamic temperature (Thy) rise during desynchronized sleep (DS) was studied in unrestrained cats at different ambient temperatures (Ta). The correlations of initial and final Thy changes (delta iThy and delta fThy) with initial and final Ts changes (delta iTs and delta fTs), respectively, are statistically not significant. However, a significant negative correlation was found between delta fiThy, i.e. delta fThy delta iThy, and delta fiTs, i.e. delta fTs-delta iTs. The latter result shows that only after its initial rise is Thy affected by changes in heat loss at specific heat exchangers during DS. Accordingly, delta fThy and delta fiThy are positively correlated with Ta. However, also delta iThy, although not affected by heat loss changes at specific heat exchangers, shows a positive correlation with Ta. On the basis of these results and of the data in the literature, it is concluded that three independent factors underlie Thy changes during DS, namely heat loss at specific heat exchangers, hypothalamic blood flow and thermogenesis. PMID- 6723852 TI - The ultrastructure of two distinct neuron populations in the hypoglossal nucleus of the rat. AB - An ultrastructural study of the hypoglossal nucleus (XII) in the rat has revealed two distinct neuronal populations. Hypoglossal motoneurons comprised the largest population of neurons in XII and were identified following injection of horseradish (HRP) into the tongue. Motoneurons were large (25-50 mu), multipolar in shape and distributed throughout XII. The nucleus was large, round and centrally located, and the cytoplasm was characterized by dense lamellar arrays of rough endoplasmic reticulum. In contrast, a second population of small (10-18 mu), round to oval shaped neurons was found restricted to the ventral and dorsolateral regions of XII. The nucleus was markedly invaginated and eccentric, the cytoplasm scant and filled with free ribosomes, and the absence of lamellar arrays of rough endoplasmic reticulum was conspicuous. Neurons of this type were never found to contain HRP reaction product. These results demonstrate that the hypoglossal nucleus does not consist solely of motoneurons, but includes a distinctly separate, presumably non-motoneuronal pool. Arguments are presented in favor of this second neuron population being interneurons. The functional significance of these findings in relation to tongue control is discussed. PMID- 6723853 TI - An electrophysiological study of pathways mediating optokinetic responses to the vestibular nucleus in the rat. AB - Intra- and extracellular responses of neurons in the pretectum (Pt), the nucleus reticularis tegmenti pontis (NRTP), the prepositus hypoglossal complex (NPH) and the vestibular nuclei (VN) were recorded during orthodromic/antidromic stimulation of their afferent/efferent fibers. In the Pt, many neurons were excited by stimulation of the contralateral optic nerve (ONc). Comparison of the latencies of evoked presynaptic action potentials and EPSPs yielded a time difference corresponding to one synaptic delay. Forty five per cent of these monosynaptically driven neurons were also excited antidromically from the ipsilateral NRTP. In the NRTP, ONc and Pt stimulations evoked disynaptic and monosynaptic EPSPs, respectively. Thirty six per cent of NRTP neurons orthodromically driven from ONc and/or ipsilateral Pt stimulation were also antidromically invaded from either the contralateral (67%) or the ipsilateral (33%) flocculus but never from both. In the NPH, both ipsilateral Pt and NRTP stimulations excited type II neurons monosynaptically. In addition, EPSPs evoked by Pt stimulation could be mediated to the NPH via a disynaptic route involving the NRTP. In the VN, type II neurons were excited by ipsilateral Pt stimulation. When comparing the latencies of action potentials and EPSPs evoked by Pt stimulation in the NPH and in VN type II neurons respectively, a short, possibly monosynaptic connection, may be postulated between the NPH and the VN. Our results suggest that vestibular neurons may be optokinetically driven from the contralateral eye both via Pt-NPH connections and Pt-NRTP-NPH paths. They also confirm the existence of a transcerebellar route from the Pt via the NRTP to the ipsior contralateral flocculi. PMID- 6723854 TI - Responsiveness of solitario-parabrachial relay neurons to taste and mechanical stimulation applied to the oral cavity in rats. AB - A total of 311 units, responsive to natural stimulation of the oral cavity, were isolated from the rostral part of the solitary tract nucleus (NTS) of rats. Of these, 169 "taste neurons", activated by taste stimulation, and 142 mechanoreceptive units, exclusively sensitive to mechanical stimulation of the oral cavity, were found. Most taste units (62.3%) were also excited by mechanical stimulation. Forty-three (34.1%) of the 126 taste units examined were identified as solitario -parabrachial relay (SP) neurons by antidromic stimulation from the ipsilateral dorsal pons, while only eleven (12.6%) of the 87 mechano-receptive units were SP neurons. Taste SP neurons could be divided into two subgroups according to their antidromic latency; the fast SP units with an antidromic latency shorter than 9 ms and slow SP units with a longer antidromic latency. These two subgroups were not differentiated in any physiological properties except that the fast SP neurons were frequently excited by sucrose. Taste neurons were classified according to the best stimulus of the four basic taste solutions to produce the largest number of discharges in each neuron. All types of taste neurons were found among the SP and non-SP neurons, but only a small number of quinine-best neurons (n = 2) were found in the SP neuron group compared to the number of quinine-best neurons in the non-SP neuron group (n = 10). A histological examination of the recording sites revealed that taste relay neurons were found at the central or dorsal part of the nucleus but mechanoreceptive relay neurons were found at the peripheral part, although relay and non-relay neurons of either class were intermingled in the nucleus. PMID- 6723855 TI - Receptive fields of solitario-parabrachial relay neurons responsive to natural stimulation of the oral cavity in rats. AB - The receptive field (RF) of 67 taste and 85 mechanoreceptive neurons in the solitary tract nucleus (NTS) were located in the oral cavity in albino rats. All of the taste and most (62.4%) of the mechanoreceptive neurons examined had an RF on the ipsilateral side of the tongue and/or the palate. Regardless of whether they were solitario-parabrachial relay (SP) neurons or non-SP neurons, RFs of taste neurons were found on the anterior as well as the posterior tongue. But there were some differences in the RF distribution between the SP and non-SP mechanoreceptive neurons. Most of the mechanoreceptive SP neurons (9 of 11) had an RF on the tongue, while ca. half of the mechanoreceptive non-SP neurons (43 of 79) had an RF on the tongue and palate, but the rest had an RF on other tissue. Most of the neurons studied had a small restricted RF, but complex RFs, e.g. two separate RFs on the tongue, were found in a relatively small number of neurons (four taste and five mechanoreceptive neurons). An inhibitory RF, usually in a remote place from the excitatory RFs, was found in four mechanoreceptive neurons but no inhibitory RFs for taste neurons. Electrical stimulation of the epithelium in the RF with a low current of short duration evoked a few spikes in most units. Two of the three units, giving rise to a vigorous response to taste stimulation, but having single restricted RFs on the anterior tongue, produced a train of spikes lasting more than 20 ms in response to electrical stimulation of the RF.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS) PMID- 6723856 TI - Contrast sensitivity and orientation selectivity in lamina IV of the striate cortex of Old World monkeys. AB - Contrast sensitivity and orientation selectivity were measured for neurons in lamina IV of macaque striate cortex. Contrast sensitivity was determined for a range of spatial frequencies, using a staircase method. The stimuli were at the optimal orientation, direction and speed of drift for each neuron. The assignment of each recording site to a subdivision of lamina IV was made by histological reconstruction of each electrode penetration from sections reacted for cytochrome oxidase and stained for Nissl substance. Neurons in the magnocellular recipient zone of IVc (IVc alpha) have high contrast sensitivities, while those in the parvocellular recipient zone (IVc beta) have low contrast sensitivities. Both of the upper subdivisions of lamina IV (IVa and IVb) contain a mixture of neurons with high and low contrast sensitivities. There were orientation selective neurons within all subdivisions of lamina IV, even in IVc, whereas non-oriented neurons were found only in those subdivisions that receive a direct parvocellular geniculate input (IVa and IVc beta). PMID- 6723857 TI - Afferents to the cortical pupillo-constrictor areas of the cat, traced with HRP. AB - Afferents of the cortical pupillo-constrictor areas (PCAs) of the cat were studied using the horseradish peroxidase method. PCAs receive heavy cortical inputs from areas 7, 19, 21, the lateral suprasylvian area, the splenial visual area, and subcortically from the claustrum, the intralaminar nuclei, the pulvinar lateral posterior nuclear complex. PMID- 6723858 TI - Effects of motor cortex stimulation on spinal interneurones in intact man. AB - The effect of a descending corticospinal volley on a spinal inhibitory pathway, has been studied in five intact human subjects. Approximately 63% inhibition of the H-reflex evoked in wrist and finger flexor muscles, was produced by motor threshold stimulation of the radial nerve. When a submotor threshold cortical shock was given 2 to 4 ms before the H-reflex, this inhibition was reduced to approximately 38%. The timing of this effect is compatible with either a monosynaptic or disynaptic corticospinal tract projection onto the spinal inhibitory interneurone. PMID- 6723859 TI - 4-Aminopyridine-induced ultrastructural alterations of pinched-off nerve terminals from rat cerebral cortex. AB - Pinched-off nerve terminals (synaptosomes) from rat cerebral cortex were depolarized with 60 mM KCl and treated with 20 mM 4-aminopyridine in order to evaluate ultrastructural alterations. The empty presynaptic terminals were counted and their number was given as a percentage of the normal terminals. The proportion of empty terminals increased from 10.47 +/- 1.56% to 32.45 +/- 1.88% (P less than 0.001) following treatment with 20 mM 4-aminopyridine. This effect of 4-aminopyridine depended on the presence of Ca++ in the incubation medium. The results are discussed in terms of facilitation by 4-aminopyridine of exocytotic transmitter release. We think that the increase of the empty synaptosomes was due to the exhaustion or inhibition of the synaptic vesicle recycling mechanism. PMID- 6723860 TI - Motion detection in flies: parametric control over ON-OFF pathways. AB - Microscopic illumination of two neighbouring photoreceptor cells within a single ommatidium induces a strong sequence-dependent response in a directionally selective, motion-sensitive neuron. The response is characterized by a strong facilitation in the preferred direction and a weaker inhibition in the reverse direction. The data suggest that for each direction of apparent movement the signal from an ON-OFF pathway is released into the neuron via a parametric control mechanism which is activated by an adjacent channel. PMID- 6723861 TI - Electrophysiology and anatomy of direction-specific pretectal units in Salamandra salamandra. AB - Pretectal cells of the European fire salamander were recorded extracellularly during binocular and monocular horizontal optokinetic stimulations. The locations of the individual units within the pretectal nucleus were verified with Alcian blue injections. The particular anatomical properties of single cells were demonstrated after single-unit recordings by means of horseradish peroxidase preparations. Direction selective pretectal cells were found to be predominantly (2/3) sensitive to temporo-nasal movements in the visual field of the contralateral eye. They usually possessed large receptive fields centered on the visual equator with restricted diameters in the dorso-ventral axis. Their resting discharge was low, and in some cells no spontaneous discharges were observed. The cells preferred low stimulus velocities, most of them being optimally stimulated with velocities of 1 to 10 deg/s. A group of units was exclusively sensitive to accelerated movements. A subclass of them was transiently responsive when the stimulus stopped. In the anterior and most dorsal part of the pretectal nucleus, binocularly influenced units were found. These cells responded best with binocular optokinetic stimulations and less vigorously or with less pronounced direction selectivity if only the contralateral eye was stimulated. With ipsilateral stimulations alone no response could be elicited. This response type could be explained by inhibitory inputs from the ipsilateral eye via direct ipsilateral projections or crossing pretectal fibers. The responses of these cells are well correlated to behavioral results showing that OKN performance in salamanders, as in some other vertebrates, is different with binocular as compared to monocular stimulations. The direction-sensitive pretectal cells usually possess extensive dendritic arborizations within the ipsilateral pretectal neuropil. Most of the cell bodies were scattered in the white substance or in the superficial layers of the periventricular gray. In the cases where the efferent fiber of a particular cell could be clearly recognized, the axon projected to the basal optic neuropil of the accessory optic system, the contralateral pretectum or, in two cases, to the medulla oblongata into a region which might be homologous to the inferior olive of higher vertebrates. PMID- 6723862 TI - Origin of signals conveyed by the ventral spino-cerebellar tract and spino reticulo-cerebellar pathway. AB - The "fictitious" scratch reflex was evoked in decerebrate curarized cats by pinna stimulation. Activity of neurons of the ventral spino-cerebellar tract ( VSCT ) from the L4 and L5 segments of the spinal cord as well as of neurons of the spino reticulo-cerebellar pathway ( SRCP ) from the lateral reticular nucleus of the medulla oblongata was recorded. Cooling and destruction of different parts of the lumbo-sacral enlargement of the spinal cord were performed. Cooling of the L5 or L6 segment abolished the rhythmic activity in the greater part of the spinal hindlimb centre but did not affect the generation of rhythmic oscillations in the remaining (rostral) segments of the lumbo-sacral enlargement. Under these conditions, neither the rhythmic activity of VSCT neurons located rostral to the thermode nor that of SRCP neurons changed. A normal rhythmic activity of SRCP neurons also persisted after destruction of grey matter in the L3 and L4 segments. It can be concluded that activity of these neurons is independent of whichever part of the enlargement generates rhythmic oscillations. From these observations a hypothesis is advanced that the main content of signals conveyed by the VSCT and SRCP to the cerebellum is the information regarding activity of the generator of rhythmic oscillations that is located in the L3-L5 spinal segments. PMID- 6723863 TI - Firing of spinal motoneurones due to electrical interaction in the rat: an in vitro study. AB - The excitatory interaction between spinal motoneurones was investigated by means of electromyogram (EMG) recordings from hindlimb muscles as well as intracellular ones from their innervating motoneurones in the isolated preparation of immature rats. Stimulation of the muscle nerve to biceps femoris or medial gastrocnemius or of the L5 ventral root evoked early and late EMG responses in the muscle of the preparations with the dorsal roots cut. The early response was produced directly by volleys in the motor nerve. The late response was of spinal origin, since it disappeared after the severance of the ventral root. The thresholds and the conduction velocities of nerve fibres, which conducted the centripetal impulse causing the late response, were compatible with those of motor nerve fibres. The amplitude of the late response was 5-10% of that of the maximum early EMG response. Intracellular recordings from spinal motoneurones revealed that stimulation of the ventral root elicited the double discharge composed of antidromic and delayed spike potentials. The delayed spike was never evoked after the spike potential elicited directly by a short depolarizing pulse. The double discharge was observed in about 6% of the motoneurones examined. The threshold of the stimulus intensity evoking the double discharge was in the range of those of motor nerve fibres. The latencies of the delayed excitation were 7.0-9.0 ms, comparable to the intraspinal delays of the late EMG response. Stimulation of the ventral root at intensities subthreshold for antidromic activation was found to produce a small depolarizing potential in about 60% of the motoneurones examined. The amplitudes were 0.5-5.0 mV, and the onset and the peak latencies 2.0-7.0 ms and 5.0-8.0 ms, respectively. The potential was unaffected by the deficiency of calcium ions in the perfusing medium and persisted after the degeneration of the afferent fibres in the ventral root.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS) PMID- 6723864 TI - Static spatial effects in motor cortex and area 5: quantitative relations in a two-dimensional space. AB - We describe the relations between active maintenance of the hand at various positions in a two-dimensional space and the frequency of single cell discharge in motor cortex (n = 185) and area 5 (n = 128) of the rhesus monkey. The steady state discharge rate of 124/185 (67%) motor cortical and 105/128 (82%) area 5 cells varied with the position in which the hand was held in space ("static spatial effect"). The higher prevalence of this effect in area 5 was statistically significant. In both structures, static effects were observed at similar frequencies for cells that possessed as well as for those that lacked passive driving from the limb. The results obtained by a quantitative analysis were similar for neurons of the two cortical areas studied. It was found that of the neurons with a static effect, the steady-state discharge rate of 78/124 (63%) motor cortical and 63/105 (60%) area 5 cells was a linear function of the position of the hand across the two-dimensional space, so that the neuronal "response surface" was adequately described by a plane (R2 greater than or equal to 0.7, p less than 0.05, F-test in analysis of variance). The preferred orientations of these response planes differed for different cells. These results indicate that individual cells in these areas do not relate uniquely a particular position of the hand in space. Instead, they seem to encode spatial gradients at certain orientations.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS) PMID- 6723865 TI - Bulbo-thalamic neurons related to thalamocortical activation processes during paradoxical sleep. AB - Neurons histologically localized in the gigantocellular (Gc) and magnocellular (Mc) fields of the bulbar reticular formation were tested for antidromic invasion by stimulating the ventromedial (VM) and intralaminar (centralis lateralis, CL, and centrum medianum, CM) thalamic nuclei, midbrain reticular formation (MRF), and reticulospinal tract. An overwhelming majority (94%) of antidromically identified cells projected either to rostral structures (MRF, medial and intralaminar thalamic nuclei) or to the spinal cord, while only 6% had bifurcating axons. Rostrally projecting bulbar reticular neurons were investigated during various wake-sleep behavioral states. (a) Phasic neurons were related to PGO waves, eye and head movements, and were localized in both Gc and Mc fields. (b) The majority of tonic neurons projected to MRF and VM and they were localized within Mc in a proportion of 85%. In order to test their possible role in activation of thalamocortical processes (as betrayed by EEG desynchronization), the activity of tonically discharging cells was separately evaluated in periods with and without phasic motor events. Half of the tonically discharging neurons had a high selectivity of discharge during paradoxical sleep without REM bursts (PS-); the ratio of their mean discharge rate during PS- to that in quiet wakefulness ( QW ) or slow-wave sleep (SWS) was 8 and 6, respectively. The other half of the tonic neurons equally increased firing rates from SWS to either QW or PS. The firing rate of rostrally projecting bulbar reticular neurons with tonic discharge patterns was analyzed during transitions from SWS to PS. An increase in discharge rate was found about 30 to 60 s prior to the first sign of EEG desynchronization in PS, during fully synchronized sleep with PGO waves (S-PGO). Statistical testing showed that the increased firing rate was not associated to PGO waves, but was temporally related to the appearance of EEG desynchronization at PS onset. We conclude, on the basis of these and other recent data, that tonically discharging bulbar reticular neurons with identified projections to the midbrain and thalamic nuclei act synergically with rostrally projecting MRF neurons as sources of thalamocortical activation. PMID- 6723866 TI - Corticocortical connections to the motor cortex from the posterior parietal lobe (areas 5a, 5b, 7) in the cat demonstrated by the retrograde axonal transport of horseradish peroxidase. AB - Neurons in the parietal region of the cerebral cortex, projecting to the ipsilateral distal forelimb area of the motor cortex (area 4 gamma) were identified in the cat brain using the horseradish peroxidase (HRP) retrograde tracing method. After making microinjections of HRP into the distal forelimb area of the motor cortex, clusters of HRP-labeled cell bodies were observed in different regions of the ipsilateral parietal cortex. In particular these clusters of labeled cells were found in areas 5a, 5b and 7. The area 5a cluster is formed from closely packed irregularly-shaped cells, the area 5b cluster is made up of dispersed medium-sized pyramidal cells, while area 7 contains a cluster of widely dispersed small pyramidal cells. Typically, labeled cell bodies were found in lamina III of cortex. Labeled cell bodies were neither observed in the contralateral cortex nor in the visual cortex (areas 17, 18 and 19). Since parietal cortex receives projections from primary somatosensory and visual cortex, the projections from parietal to motor cortex may well form the neural substrate for the processing of convergent sensory information used in voluntary movements. PMID- 6723867 TI - Synaptic reorganization in the lateral geniculate nucleus of the adult cat following chronic decortication. AB - The corona radiata containing all geniculo-cortical and cortico-geniculate fibers was transected in adult cats. One year after the operation synaptic architecture of laminae A and A1 of the decorticated LGN was investigated utilizing electron microscopy and Golgi-EM. It was found that synaptic glomeruli became embedded in heavily gliotic neuropile, which contained the dendrites of surviving relay cells in addition to retinal axons and interneuronal processes. In contrast to the intact LGN, where the relay cell dendrites are exclusively postsynaptic, many morphologically identified relay neuronal dendrites of the decorticated LGN also contained large, round synaptic vesicles associated with distinct presynaptic sites. In 60% of all glomeruli, the large presynaptic dendrites of relay neurons occupied a central position and were postsynaptic to retinal axons and interneuronal dendrites/axons, but were presynaptic to other relay dendrites or interneuronal dendritic profiles. Occasional dendro-dendritic synapses between relay cell processes could be observed in the extraglomerular neuropile. Relay cell presynaptic dendrites formed unequivocal Gray I-type synapses, in accordance with the supposed excitatory character of relay cell output. Since sprouting of extrinsic or intrinsic axons could not be observed after decortication, it is proposed that the partial synaptic reorganization of the LGN was primarily due to the compensatory " axonization " of relay cell dendrites. It is further suggested that the electrophysiologically demonstrated expansion of retinal receptive fields in the chronically decorticated LGN was accomplished by the formation of dendro-dendritic synapses between relay cells and interneurons. PMID- 6723868 TI - The distribution of the projection from the parataenial nucleus of the thalamus to the nucleus accumbens in the rat: an autoradiographic study. AB - In this study the intrastriatal distribution of afferents arising from the parataenial nucleus of the thalamus was investigated. Tritiated leucine and proline injected into the parataenial nucleus was found to densely label the entire anterior-posterior extent of the medial nucleus accumbens. The projection was for the most part limited to this striatal subregion, although some moderate labelling was found along the medial wall of the anterior caudateputamen . The terminal labelling within accumbens was characterized by a distinct patchiness . Other efferent connections of the parataenial nucleus observed in this study include the thalamic reticular nucleus, the basolateral and central nuclei of the amygdala, the septum, the medial frontal cortex, the entorhinal cortex and subiculum. This projection is distributed to the "limbic afferented " sector of striatum, and there is a nearly complete overlap between the parataenial afferents and those coming from hippocampus. The present findings suggest that the parataenial nucleus is an important thalamic link between limbic and striatal processing. PMID- 6723870 TI - Spinally projecting neurons in the dorsal column nuclei: distribution, dendritic trees and axonal projections. A retrograde HRP study in the cat. AB - The distribution, dendritic trees and axonal courses of spinally projecting cells in the dorsal column nuclei were studied after labelling by retrograde HRP transport. The region of densest distribution was at the base of the two nuclei and in the area between them, extending for about 2 mm caudally from the obex. Only very few cells were found inside the cell cluster regions of the nuclei, where their dendrites had a free stellate form. The great majority, lying between, deep, or rostral to the cluster regions, also had a stellate form, except where they impinged on the boundaries of the cluster regions or on other nuclear borders; the spread of dendrites was dramatically restricted at such boundaries, often leading to a fusiform appearance in transverse sections which however was not evident in the parasagittal plane. No justification was therefore found for subdividing the population on morphological grounds. Axons of these cells descended ipsilaterally in either the medial part of the dorsolateral fascicle or in the adjacent lateral part of the cuneate fascicle, at cervical levels, and probably in about equal numbers. Most axons destined for the DLF followed a deep caudolateral trajectory, while many destined for the DC had a more dorsal or lateral course. Collateral branches were seen within the nuclei but could not be followed far. The fact that few if any cells lying in the region of maximum distribution of the spinally projecting cells were labelled following injections of HRP into the thalamic ventroposterior nucleus emphasizes that they form a distinctive entity within this medullary nuclear complex, and that any axon branches they give into the contralateral brainstem must have some other destination than the VPL. Two other groups of neurons were labelled by HRP implants into the dorsal columns - one in the ventrolateral medullary reticular formation, and the other in the nucleus of the solitary tract. PMID- 6723869 TI - The use of retrograde transport of horseradish peroxidase for studying the dendritic trees and axonal courses of particular groups of tract cells in the spinal cord. AB - Modifications have been made in Mesulam 's method for labelling neurons by retrograde transport of horseradish peroxidase, with tetramethylbenzidine as chromogen, with the object of increasing the extent of labelling of dendrites and axons. A procedure was devised specifically for studying spinomedullary and medullospinal tract systems, involving implanting easily-made HRP-agar pellets into areas of controlled damage in particular spinal fascicles, and sealing the site of implant with cyanoacrylate glue. Lesions of other fascicles were often made to limit transport to the implanted fascicle. Fourth-order dendrites were regularly labelled over long (30 cm or more) transport distances: axons were also labelled over this whole distance, often allowing exact study of the initial course of particular axons. Controls in both cat and rat showed that the uptake of HRP under these circumstances occurred almost wholly from the region of axonal damage at the site of implant which can be characterized histologically. PMID- 6723872 TI - Development of the air righting reflex in cats visually deprived since birth. AB - Classical experiments on the ability of cats to turn in the air during a free fall, the air righting reflex, have shown that vestibular and visual cues can play a role in this behavior. The development of this air righting reflex in kittens blinded since birth has been studied. The results show that the development in the blinded kittens is the same as in normal kittens with vision: mature by 33 days. This result and the comparison with other studies confirm that the air righting reflex is primarily a vestibular controlled reaction. PMID- 6723871 TI - Synaptic actions produced by individual ventrolateral tract fibres in frog lumbar motoneurones. AB - Excitatory post-synaptic potentials (EPSPs) were evoked in lumbar motoneurones of the isolated frog spinal cord by impulses in single ventrolateral tract fibres. In a few cases after recording an EPSP the fibre and the motoneurone involved were both filled with horseradish peroxidase (HRP) and the synaptic connexion between them was studied histologically. Monosynaptic EPSPs produced by direct stimulation of supraspinal (mainly reticulospinal) or unidentified (presumably propriospinal) fibres are mediated via chemical and, less frequently, dual-action synapses. The shape indices of chemical single-fibre EPSPs varied considerably in different connexions being, as a whole, similar to those of chemical components of EPSPs at synapses between primary afferents and motoneurones. Quantal analysis of the single-fibre EPSPs yielded quantal unit amplitude 18-113 microV and mean quantum content ranging from 1.14 to 16.4, the applicability of both Poisson and binomial models to transmitter release was revealed. Descending fibres electrically coupled with lumbar motoneurones were found to generate a depolarizing response to dorsal root stimulation. They were also characterized by a larger depolarization to superfused glutamate. The presence of electrical junctions between descending axons and spinal motoneurones suggests that the depolarization seen in these axons in response to synaptic excitation and glutamate could be the result of passive flow of depolarizing current from motoneurones electrically coupled to them. gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA) did not produce conspicuous actions in axons forming both chemical and dual-action synapses. Axons injected with HRP have been followed to their site of termination in the lateral motor column. Synaptic boutons and varicosities were found to form contacts predominantly with dendrites of target motoneurones. PMID- 6723873 TI - Altered baroreceptor inputs to the supraoptic nucleus of the Brattleboro rat. AB - In Brattleboro rats, many more supraoptic neurones are baroresponsive than in normal rats. This may reflect the more widespread noradrenergic innervation of the supraoptic nucleus in Brattleboro rats. If so, the present data suggest that baroreceptor influences on vasopressin secretion are mediated by a noradrenergic pathway and that the altered responsiveness reflects the altered innervation. PMID- 6723874 TI - Source-density mapping of human visual receptive fields using scalp electrodes. AB - A triangular array of 20 electrodes spaced by 1.5 cm was used to record the distribution of current source-densities at 12 locations over the occipital scalp, in response to tachistoscopic presentation of a 1/2 degrees X 1/2 degrees scanning pattern element which explored a 2 degrees X 2 degrees area of the visual field. Single scalp locations had visual receptive fields of the order of 1 degrees-2 degrees in diameter, their shape varying somewhat according to the response in question. Source density analysis can resolve details of the AEP scalp map to better than 1 cm. Even with a 1/2 degrees X 1/2 degrees stimulus, averages of only a few tens of sweeps gave adequate signal-to-noise ratios. PMID- 6723875 TI - Saturation in human somatosensory pathways. AB - The relationship between the size of an afferent volley and the size of the short latency cerebral potential produced by the volley is not linear for purely cutaneous afferents, mixed cutaneous and muscle afferents or purely muscle afferents. The cerebral potential approaches a maximum when the responsible afferent input is 50% of maximum, while cerebral potentials of about half maximal size require an afferent volley of about one fifth of maximum. The relationship for sural (cutaneous) afferents rises less steeply. This saturation probably results from the convergence of the most rapidly conducting components in each afferent volley at sequential subcortical relay nuclei. The present data is compared with published data from animal experiments. PMID- 6723876 TI - Effects of pontine lesions on brain stem polyneuronal activity during sleep in infant rats. AB - Multiple-unit activity was recorded from residual neurons in the gigantocellular field ( FTG ) of the pontine reticular formation in young rats after extensive contralateral FTG lesions. Epochs of normal appearing active sleep continued to occur but were characterized by abnormally low FTG neuronal firing rates. In contrast, during epochs of active sleep with exaggerated motility, the FTG discharge frequencies approximated those observed during active wakefulness. PMID- 6723877 TI - In vivo effects of three calcium blockers on chickens with inherited muscular dystrophy. AB - Genetically homozygous Line 413 dystrophic chickens were given in separate trials daily i.p. injections of aqueous solutions of the calcium blocker drugs, diltiazem, verapamil, or nifedipine. At a dosage of 20 mg/kg/day, drug therapy in each case significantly prolonged the functional ability of the dystrophic chickens as quantitated regularly by a standardized test for righting ability. Enhanced functional ability, however, was not generally accompanied by a decrease in the usually high plasma creatine kinase activity. In addition, there was no change in the pectoralis muscle mass or protein with any of the drug treatments. Moreover, no significant reduction in the abnormally high total muscle calcium was found with calcium blocker treatment. Also, there was no marked change in the histopathology of muscle from the drug-treated dystrophic chickens. We concluded that drugs with calcium entry blocker activity offer only limited benefit in retarding dystrophic symptoms expressed in the chicken (viz., short-term enhancement in righting ability). PMID- 6723878 TI - Identification and assessment of factors contributing to variability of the jaw jerk. AB - Unlike limb monosynaptic reflexes, the jaw jerk reflex ( JJR ) is extremely variable. We studied 35 healthy adults to determine the relative contributions of extrinsic and intrinsic factors underlying this variability. Each subject sat in a dental chair with his head and chin securely stabilized. Chin taps, delivered by a solenoid-driven plunger, were quantified with a piezo -transducer. The reflex response was recorded from surface electrodes over the right masseter muscle. A nasal thermistor signalled phases of respiration. Five of the 35 subjects had no reflex when relaxed, but during 15 degrees neck extension or voluntary contraction of the platysma muscle, a JJR appeared. The amplitude of the reflex varied considerably from trial to trial in all but one subject. A small component of this variability was due to minute changes in tap force despite head and chin stabilization and stimulus uniformity. Mean amplitudes of the reflex tended to increase with increases in tap force, but variability was large indicating intrinsic fluctuations in motoneuron excitability. Voluntary contraction of the platysma muscle and 15 degrees neck extension reliably enhanced the reflex. The JJR showed negligible respiratory modulation during quiet breathing. The reflex's variability in and among subjects precludes the use of the JJR as an index of masseteric motoneuron excitability. Our findings suggest that branchial motoneurons innervating the masticatory muscles receive far more diverse and fluctuating inputs than do somatic motoneurons innervating limb muscles. PMID- 6723879 TI - Anorexia nervosa as a case of complex instrumental conditioning. AB - Anorexia nervosa (AN) can be considered a result of complex instrumental conditioning. It is postulated that in healthy nonsatiated individuals, the sight and smell of the preferred food, acting as a conditioned stimulus (food CS), activates a memory pattern of associations "eating--desirable sensory input" (approach pattern). This leads to the instrumental reaction of eating which is reinforced by sensory satisfaction. In victims of AN, in addition to the approach pattern the food CS activates another pattern of associations consisting of such components as "eating--obesity--failure" and " noneating --thinness--success" (avoidance pattern). The establishment of the avoidance pattern depends on such factors as social preferences and pressures to be slim, inborn dispositions, and personal psychological problems. If the activation of the avoidance pattern prevails over the activation of the approach pattern, the individual refrains from eating. The refusal to eat is here an instrumental avoidance reaction; its performance is reinforced by satisfaction derived from successful self-control and losing weight. A prolonged activation of the avoidance pattern leads to malnutrition and ultimately to death. In cases in which the approach pattern and the avoidance pattern are frequently activated simultaneously to the same degree, a neural conflict may develop. In a variation called "bulimia nervosa," an activation of the approach pattern alternates with the activation of the avoidance pattern. First, overeating takes place; it is reinforced by oral gastric satisfaction. Then, the avoidance reaction of self-induced vomiting or purging follows; it is reinforced by satisfaction derived from preventing weight gain. PMID- 6723880 TI - Genetic analysis of cerebellar lipids in mice susceptible to audiogenic seizures. AB - The major neutral and acidic cerebellar lipids were studied in audiogenic seizure (AGS)-resistant C57BL/6 (B6) and AGS-susceptible DBA/2J (D2) mice. These cerebellar lipids were also studied in the D2.B6- Iasb congenic mice and in the B6D2F1 hybrids that are mostly AGS resistant. Except for the Iasb gene, which inhibits AGS susceptibility, the D2.B6- Iasb congenic mice are genetically similar to the D2 mice. Because subtle abnormalities in the chemical structure of membranes may underlie epilepsy, we wanted to determine if AGS susceptibility was associated with abnormalities in the distribution of cerebellar lipids. A new method for the analysis of total brain lipids was used in this study. Slight, but significant, differences were found between the B6 and D2 strains for the concentrations (microgram/100 mg wet weight) of sphingomyelin, phosphatidylcholine, and cerebrosides. However, these differences may not be associated with differences in AGS susceptibility since the concentrations of these lipids in the AGS-resistant D2.B6- Iasb and B6D2F1 mice were more similar to the D2 than the B6 concentrations. The expression of Iasb is not responsible for the lipid differences found between the B6 and D2 mice. PMID- 6723881 TI - Brain state and kindled seizures. AB - Interaction between "level of activation" and kindled seizures was studied in two experiments. In the first experiment rats kindled while showing locomotor activity were slower in developing kindled seizures than rats kindled while inactive. In the second experiment three groups of rats received different footshock pretreatment during the acquisition phase of kindling. Footshock 30 min before stimulation caused more intense and longer lasting seizures. Crossover of experimental treatment conditions between groups suggested a state dependency of the kindled seizures. We concluded that there are complex relationships between activation and kindled seizures. PMID- 6723882 TI - Sympathetic nervous control of cerebrospinal fluid production in experimental obstructive hydrocephalus. AB - Hydrocephalus was induced in rabbits by cisternal injection of kaolin (0.5 ml of a 30 g/100 ml solution of hydrated aluminium silicate). The rate of bulk production of cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) was measured with a modified Pappenheimer [14C]inulin dilution technique in a ventriculoventricular perfusion system 3 days and 3 weeks after treatment. In the acute state of high-pressure hydrocephalus, CSF formation was reduced to almost one-half normal. Bilateral electrical stimulation of the cervical sympathetic nerves lowered the production rate by another 18%, with only an insignificant tendency to normalization after cessation of stimulation. In the chronic state of low-pressure hydrocephalus at 3 weeks after the kaolin injection, the rate of CSF formation was of the same magnitude as in animals studied after 3 days. However, sympathetic nerve stimulation now reduced the production rate by a further 39%, and prestimulation values were almost restored within 1 h after termination of stimulation. Thus, cranial sympathetic stimulation was very effective in reducing CSF formation in the chronic stage of low-pressure hydrocephalus. during acute high-pressure hydrocephalus, the sympathetic defence mechanisms were probably already recruited to such an extent that electrical activation of the sympathetic nerves was not able to further affect significantly the rate of CSF formation. PMID- 6723883 TI - Differences among dystrophic, dwarf, and their crossbred mice in the time course of changes in extracellular muscle action potentials induced by 5-Hz stimulation. AB - With urethane anesthesia, extracellular action potentials were recorded in medial gastrocnemius muscles of dystrophic, dwarf, and their crossbred mice. When repetitive stimulation was delivered at 5 Hz for a relatively long period, characteristic features were revealed. (i) Dystrophic mice showed a slight decrease or even an increase in action potentials whereas in littermate normal mice the amplitudes were rapidly and notably reduced. (ii) In both dwarf and their littermate normal mice, a considerable reduction in amplitude was observed. Slightly more depression was produced than in nondystrophic mice of a comparable age. (iii) Crossbred mice were in two classes. A rapid and notable reduction in the amplitude of muscle action potentials was observed in one class, and slight changes in the potentials were produced in another class showing dystrophy specific symptoms. PMID- 6723884 TI - Recovery from partial deafferentation increases 2-deoxyglucose uptake in distant spinal segments. AB - 2-Deoxy[14C]glucose autoradiography was used to study the responsiveness of the partially deafferented rat spinal cord to electrical stimulation of low-threshold afferent fibers. Unilateral extradural dorsal rhizotomies were carried out at L3 to S2, sparing L5. Postoperative sensory deficits were appropriate to the extent of the lesion. Acute, 7 day, and 14 to 20 day postrhizotomy animals and unoperated controls were anesthetized prior to isotope injection and electrical stimulation of Ia fibers in the L5 root. Quantitative densitometry was carried out on enlarged autoradiographs, subdividing the spinal gray matter into laminar divisions drawn from the corresponding stained sections. Optical densities from stimulated and unstimulated sides were compared using paired t tests for each experimental group at each lumbosacral segment (L1 to S2) and at T13 for the day 14 to 20 animals. This procedure provided an objective basis for statistical comparisons between homologous areas even where the differences in density were small. Unoperated animals showed activation in 11 of 23 dorsal horn zones extending to L2 and never involving the base of the dorsal horn (lamina V). Acute and day 7 groups did not appreciably differ from the control group except for activation of lamina V within the L4 segment. In the most delayed group, 18 dorsal horn regions were activated, extending to L1 with an additional zone in T13 . Lamina V contained significant labeling in three segments. In no group was there increased labeling of the ventral horn. The results are interpreted as showing that stimulus-related, neural activity increases after a 2-week delay in regions of spinal cord distant from the normal zone of significant metabolic change. This increase in neural activity during recovery is discussed in relation to time-dependent electrophysiologic, structural, and metabolic responses to deafferentation. The longitudinal spread of dorsal horn activation by preserved afferent fibers in the spared root may facilitate more effective central transmission of sensory information. PMID- 6723885 TI - Adrenal medulla grafts survive and exhibit catecholamine-specific fluorescence in the primate brain. AB - Parkinson's disease most consistently involves pathologic changes in the substantia nigra, which is the major source of dopamine to the striatum. It has been shown that either fetal substantia nigra or adrenal medulla tissue implanted into the rat brain survives, produces dopamine, and improves behavioral abnormalities induced by deprivation of the caudate nucleus of its dopaminergic innervation. Thus, catecholamine-containing grafts could be potential replacements for destroyed or damaged dopaminergic neurons in patients with Parkinson's disease. To explore the potential of this therapeutic approach, fetal substantia nigra or host adrenal medulla were grafted to the denervated caudate nucleus of the rhesus monkey. Under the specific conditions of our experiment, fetal substantia nigra did not survive in either of two animals tested. On the other hand, some tissue from adrenal medulla grafts survived in all four animals tested. These grafted cells contained catecholamines, as indicated by the presence of specific glyoxylic acid-induced catecholamine fluorescence. In two of the four animals, however, the grafts contained fewer than 10 surviving cells, and in the other two animals, about 190 and 300 cells were found, respectively. Despite the small numbers of cells, this is the first demonstration that peripheral tissue autografts can survive implantation into the nonhuman primate central nervous system. PMID- 6723886 TI - Adenosine modulation of amygdala kindling. AB - To test the hypothesis that kindling is restrained by the inhibitory neuromodulator, adenosine, the adenosine uptake blocker, papaverine, or the adenosine antagonist, aminophylline, were injected systemically into rats 20 min before each daily electrical stimulation of the amygdala. The effects on amygdala triggered seizures of papaverine, adenosine, 2-chloroadenosine, and the adenosine antagonists, isobutylmethylxanthine and caffeine, were also investigated at seizure threshold. Papaverine inhibited kindling, whereas aminophylline accelerated kindling. The adenosine agonists had anticonvulsant effects on seizures, and the antagonists had proconvulsant effects which involved, primarily, the lengthening of afterdischarge duration. Aminophylline injected repeatedly, in the absence of electrical stimulation, induced seizures. These results support the hypothesis that adenosine can modulate kindling and affect the seizure process. PMID- 6723887 TI - Reversibility of blood-brain barrier dysfunction in acute hypertension induced by angiotensin. AB - The reversibility of blood-brain barrier (BBB) dysfunction was examined in rats after acute experimental hypertension. A short-lasting (less than or equal to 4 min) acute hypertension was produced by intravenous injection of 20 micrograms/kg angiotensin. Evans blue, the barrier tracer, was administered intravenously either prior to or at intervals of 3, 10, 20, 30, and 60 min after the angiotensin injection. It was observed that the BBB dysfunction showed a peak 30 min after the angiotensin injection. Three of six animals that received Evans blue 60 min after angiotensin administration showed extravasation of the tracer on gross inspection. We concluded that BBB dysfunction may remain even 60 min after an acute hypertensive episode of short duration. PMID- 6723888 TI - Characterization of activities and forms of cholinesterases in human primary brain tumors. AB - The activities and molecular forms of cholinesterases were studied in a collection of primary brain tumors consisting of primarily gliomas and meningiomas, together with samples of forebrain taken postmortem from patients suffering from diseases unrelated to the nervous system. Both types of tumors, as well as normal forebrain, contained substantial amounts of cholinesterase activity and some gliomas contained exceptionally high levels. In both normal forebrain and meningiomas, acetylcholinesterase (acetylcholine hydrolase; EC 3.1.1.7) accounted for almost all the cholinesterase activity, but in almost all gliomas elevated pseudocholinesterase (acylcholine acylhydrolase; EC 3.1.1.8) could be detected. The cholinesterase activity of both normal forebrain and gliomas migrated on sucrose gradients as a major component of 10-11 S together with a minor component of 4-5 S. In meningiomas a light (4.5 S) form was the principal component. PMID- 6723889 TI - Chronic manganese intake induces changes in the motor activity of rats. AB - Two groups of adult male Sprague-Dawley rats were treated with manganese added to the drinking water in concentrations of 0.1 and 5.0 mg Mn2+/ml. Age-matched controls received distilled demineralized water. Spontaneous motor activity, measured in 60-min weekly sessions during 8 months, showed a significant increase during the 1st month. Further exposure did not affect the motor activity to 6 months. But, on months 7 and 8 a significant reduction was observed compared with controls. Both hyper- and hypoactivity were not dose-dependent as the results obtained in both groups of manganese-exposed rats were similar. These findings should make health authorities aware of the potential involvement of low doses of manganese in the development of early behavioral problems long before the irreversible neurologic damage is established. PMID- 6723890 TI - Neuronal activity of the locus ceruleus in awake Macaca arctoides. AB - Neuronal activity in the locus ceruleus of awake, behaving stump-tailed monkeys increased consistently and vigorously after presentation of mildly aversive and threatening stimuli. These preliminary data increase the range of stimuli reported to elicit locus ceruleus activity in awake monkeys to include nonpainful threat signals and suggest that more studies are needed to be able to categorize locus ceruleus function from its unit activity responses. PMID- 6723891 TI - Localization of the cells of origin for primary afferent fibers supplying the gallbladder of the cat. AB - Horseradish peroxidase was utilized to study the distribution of afferent fibers from the gallbladder in cats. The afferent cell bodies were found in the nodose ganglion and T4 to L1 dorsal root ganglia. PMID- 6723892 TI - Dopamine decreases quantal output in mouse muscles. AB - Dopamine was found to reduce the quantal content of end-plate potentials in cut fiber preparations of mouse diaphragm but not in Mg2+-blocked preparations. Possible mechanisms for this effect include reduction of the presynaptic store of acetylcholine available for release, or blockade by dopamine of a positive feedback on acetylcholine release, possibly mediated by muscarinic receptors on nerve terminals. PMID- 6723893 TI - Fasciola hepatica: motility response to fasciolicides in vitro. AB - The effects of a wide range of fasciolicides on the in vitro motility of Fasciola hepatica have been determined by means of an isometric transducer system. Carbon tetrachloride and diamphenethide do not affect movement at concentrations up to 500 and 100 micrograms/ml, respectively; at 1000 micrograms/ml, however, carbon tetrachloride induces a rapid tonic paralysis. Brotianide and the deacetylated metabolite of diamphenethide cause a rapid flaccid paralysis of the fluke at concentrations of 1.0 micrograms/ml and above. In contrast, the effect of MK-401 is a long-term one, a flaccid paralysis occurring after 20 hr only at 200 micrograms/ml. Praziquantel also produces a flaccid paralysis of the fluke, but this follows an initial increase, then decrease in muscle tone. The effect is rapid at 500 micrograms/ml, but long-term at 100 and 200 micrograms/ml; at these lower concentrations there is also a stimulation of activity. Oxyclozanide , rafoxanide, niclofolan , bithionol, and hexacholorophene induce a rapid spastic paralysis of the fluke at concentrations of 1.0 micrograms/ml and above. Both phasic and tonic components are evident in the response at concentrations of 1.0 micrograms/ml and below; the phasic component disappears at higher concentrations. Nitroxynil produces a similar effect, evident at higher concentrations. Among the benzimidazoles, mebendazole, oxfendazole, and albendazole sulphoxide cause a suppression of motility, whilst thiabendazole and albendazole produce a stimulation of movement. The effects are not rapid, however, for only mebendazole at 500 micrograms/ml causes total inactivity of the fluke within a 12-hr period. Possible explanations for these effects on fluke motility are discussed. PMID- 6723894 TI - Plasmodium gallinaceum: density dependent limits on infectivity to Aedes aegypti. AB - In acute, blood-induced infections of chickens, the malarial parasite Plasmodium gallinaceum is most infective to the mosquito Aedes aegypti 1 day before gametocyte numbers peak. In an effort to account for this disynchrony , daily changes in parasite infectivity, parasitemia, hematocrit, and hemoglobin were measured during the course of infections. Three events were correlated with the loss of infectivity: (1) In the 24 hr between park infectivity and peak gametocytemia , schizont-induced hemolysis reduced the red blood cell volume 22%. (2) P. gallinaceum zygotes, fertilized in vitro and mixed with heavily infected red blood cells from which all viable, mature gametocytes had been removed, produced 67% fewer oocytes than when combined with uninfected red blood cells. (3) Zygotes fertilized in vitro on the day of peak parasitemia produced 47% fewer oocysts than zygotes prepared 24 hr earlier. It appears that high parasite density reduces infectiousness by destroying, through hemolysis and intraerythrocytic metabolism, a substance necessary to the sporogonic stages, and that there is also an intrinsic loss of infectivity, possibly due to decreased efficiency of fertilization. PMID- 6723895 TI - Fasciola hepatica: tegumental alterations as a consequence of lectin binding. AB - Adult flukes, Fasciola hepatica, incubated in Hedon - Fleig saline containing concanavalin A (Con A) for 10 and 45 min, respectively, exhibited severe alterations to tegumental morphology involving increased secretory activity, blebbing of the apical plasma membrane, increased total surface area, and swelling of the basal infolds . The effects of Con A were prevented by the addition of alpha-methyl-D-mannoside to the incubating medium. Similar, but less pronounced, effects were caused by wheat germ agglutinin (WGA) binding. Con A and WGA binding indicate the presence of mannose, glucosamine, or glucose moieties and of N-acetylglucosamine. The effects of lectin binding were similar to the early effects of antibody attachment, and it was considered that accelerated membrane turnover was occurring in both cases. Swelling of the basal infolds was thought to be a result of increased apical surface membrane and/or increased permeability due to lectin binding. PMID- 6723896 TI - Schistosoma mansoni: vaccination of mice with 10-krad-irradiated, cryopreserved schistosomules. AB - Protection against a Schistosoma mansoni cercarial challenge was evaluated in mice immunized with a vaccine composed of 10-krad-irradiated, cryopreserved schistosomules. The level of resistance induced in C57B1/6 or NMRI (CV) mice increased with the number of schistosomules injected. Up to 83% reduction in challenge worm burden was achieved when 5000 schistosomules were injected per mouse. Intramuscular injection of the vaccine was superior to subcutaneous. Multiple immunizations, up to 3 at 4-week intervals, did not increase the resistance induced by a single immunization. A high level of protection developed in as little as 2 weeks and was maintained through at least 12 weeks postimmunization. The vaccine irradiated with 10 krad from either a 60-cobalt or 137-cesium source induced equivalent levels of resistance, and no differences were found in the immunogenicity of vaccines comprised of organisms irradiated as cercariae or as 1- to 3-hr-old schistosomules. These findings are basic to the development of a cryopreserved, live vaccine against schistosomiasis of humans or domestic animals. PMID- 6723897 TI - Leishmania major: culture media, mouse strains, and promastigote virulence and infectivity. AB - Promastigotes of Leishmania major were isolated from an infected mouse in two media, blood agar and Schneider's medium + 30% fetal calf serum, and maintained continuously for over 1 year. Infectivity studies in two strains of mice, outbred CD1 strain and inbred BALB/c strain, showed that promastigotes grown in Schneider's medium maintained infectivity to BALB/c mice throughout the period of cultivation. Infectivity to CD1 strain mice was progressively lost. Promastigotes grown in blood agar medium, however, lost infectivity to both strains of mice at a faster rate than promastigotes grown in Schneider's medium. PMID- 6723898 TI - Fasciola hepatica: site of resistance to reinfection in cattle. AB - The effective site of resistance to reinfection of cattle with Fasciola hepatica was examined by recovery of challenge flukes from either the liver or body cavity. Calves infected 18 or 26 weeks previously with F. hepatica showed levels of resistance to reinfection of 56 and 94%, respectively, as assessed by recovery of flukes from the liver 15-16 weeks after challenge. Plasma glutamate dehydrogenase (EC 1.4.1.3; GLDH) enzyme activity estimations revealed only a marginal increase in these latter resistant calves compared with previously naive controls, indicating minimal liver damage as a result of migrating flukes. By comparison, when immature challenge flukes were recovered from the body cavity 4 or 14 days after infection of corresponding previously infected or naive calves, there was no significant difference in numbers. It appears, therefore, that, in cattle, resistance mechanisms are effective against challenge flukes at or soon after penetration of the liver. PMID- 6723899 TI - Schistosoma mansoni: interactive effects of irradiation and cryopreservation on parasite maturation and immunization of mice. AB - Mechanically transformed schistosomula of Schistosoma mansoni were irradiated with levels of 60Co irradiation between 2.5 and 54 krad, cryopreserved by the two step addition of ethanediol and rapid cooling technique, and were injected intramuscularly into groups of mice which were perfused 40 days later. The schistosomula were either irradiated and then cryopreserved (IC) or cryopreserved and then irradiated in the frozen state (CI). Development into adult worms was prevented with 4 krad for IC schistosomula, but for CI schistosomula a small number of worms (1.6%) was recovered using 8.8 krad. A dose of 4 krad was sufficient to prevent development of unfrozen controls (I), but for schistosomula irradiated while exposed to ethanediol (EI), a dose of 7 krad was required. Using the different protocols, the peak levels of protection against a challenge infection were achieved with 9 (IC) and 16 krad (CI), compared to 20 krad for unfrozen schistosomula (I) reported previously. The highest level of protection (65%) was achieved with CI schistosomula. Possible interactions between the radioprotective and damaging effects of cryopreservation are discussed. PMID- 6723900 TI - Strongyloides stercoralis: hyperinfection in immunosuppressed dogs. AB - Hyperinfective strongyloidiasis involving the threadworm , Strongyloides stercoralis, is well known in humans and primates. Although this nematode also frequently parasitizes dogs, canine hyperinfective strongyloidiasis has not been reported. To determine whether a fulminant pattern of nematode development can occur in dogs, and to test the S. stercoralis/dog system for suitability as a model for human hyperinfective and disseminated strongyloidiasis, five canine infections with a dog-derived strain of S. stercoralis were monitored by the quantitative recovery of larvae from feces. Even 3-month-old pups controlled their initial infections successfully, the number of larvae excreted declining to near zero in 90 days. Immunosuppressive treatment with prednisolone, prednisolone and azathiaprine , or niridazole resulted in a rapid return to former or greater intensities of infection, as judged by larval output. Only first stage ( rhabditiform ) larvae were passed in the feces, although third stage (filariform) larvae occurred in the intestinal contents of dogs when they were examined at necropsy. In 3 of the 5 dogs, the adult worm recovery exceeded the inoculated dose greatly and, in one of these, adults and rhabditiform larvae were found in distant, extraintestinal sites. In the remaining 2 of the 5 dogs, the adult worm population was less than the inoculated dose, but, in both, the infection was terminated by the host's death before hyperinfection could have developed. The observations demonstrate that autoinfection occurs in dogs infected with S. stercoralis and that, if it is allowed to continue for a sufficiently long time in immunosuppressed hosts, massive hyperinfection, and even disseminated infection, may occur. This spectrum of increasingly invasive parasitism closely resembles strongyloidiasis in humans. Therefore, the S. stercoralis/dog system has excellent potential as a model for human hyperinfective and disseminated strongyloidiasis. PMID- 6723901 TI - Trichinella spiralis: immunization of rats with an antigen fraction enriched for allergenicity. AB - Trichinella spiralis whole muscle larval extract was fractionated by gel filtration and anion-exchange chromatography, and the protein fractions were assayed for allergenicity by a footpad-swelling test in mice; IgE antibody levels in rats immunized with the fractions were determined by passive cutaneous anaphylaxis test in rats. By these methods, an allergenic fraction from T. spiralis was isolated. The fraction, F1-b, was shown to be monodisperse by analysis with SDS-PAGE, IEP, and isoelectric focusing, indicating that it is a single protein moiety with a molecular weight of approximately 45,000 and a pI of approximately 5.1. The Schiff-periodate test showed F1-b to be a glycoprotein. Rats immunized with F1-b had significantly fewer intestinal worms than did nonimmunized controls at 24 hr and 7 days after oral challenge with T. spiralis larvae. PMID- 6723902 TI - Heligmosomoides polygyrus: time of anthelmintic treatment and infection parameters in mice exposed to increasing doses of larvae. AB - Mice were multiply infected with increasing doses of Heligmosomoides polygyrus larvae. On Day 9 or on Day 30 after the beginning of infections, an anthelmintic treatment was administered and its effect on reinfections and egg production was studied. The time of treatment was found to be an important factor, since early treatment produced marked resistance to subsequent infection, whereas a similar effect was not observed for the late treatment. Most immunity appeared after a lag time of about 3 weeks following treatment. Mice placed in direct contact with high doses of larvae had massive infections, and large quantities of worm eggs were recovered in the faeces. After larval doses were no longer given, there was a decrease of the worm burden in both treated and untreated animals. Studies of egg laying showed that the increased resistance induced by the treatment was also responsible for a reduced egg production. The relationship between fertility of H. polygyrus females and the size of young parasite populations was positive, but was negative for older populations. The slope of the regression line of this relationship was steeper in treated than in untreated mice. Egg production by a female worm was depressed to a certain extent by the resistance reactions of the host, but did not decrease below a threshold value of 100 eggs per female per day. PMID- 6723903 TI - Ambient temperature and human sleep. PMID- 6723904 TI - Sleep disturbance due to transportation noise: ear plugs vs oral drugs. PMID- 6723905 TI - Homeostatic and adaptive roles of human sleep. PMID- 6723906 TI - Goitrin--a nitrosatable constitutent of plant foodstuffs. AB - N-nitrosamides are known as direct-acting carcinogens at the site of their formation; they do not need any metabolic activation in vivo. The conditions leading to their formation in the stomach, and also their genotoxicity, have been thoroughly studied with some model compounds. Several reports link this type of compound to the induction of gastric cancer in human. However, only limited data are presently available about possible precursors of N-nitrosamides in foods. In the present study we found that goitrin --a naturally occurring compound in cruciferous vegetables and rape--could be easily nitrosated by treatment with nitrite under stomach conditions, yielding with loss of sulfur the N-nitroso- oxazolidone 4 (fig.). This product has a mutagenicity pattern and potency similar to that of N-nitroso-N-methyl-N'- nitroguanidine (MNNG) in the Ames Salmonella/mammalian microsome test. PMID- 6723907 TI - Examination of the fundus of the eye of renal hypertensive dogs. AB - Only 1 of 7 dogs with long-standing renovascular hypertension showed clear changes in the fundus. No distinct retinopathy was seen in the others. Ophthalmoscopy alone is thus of limited value in assessing the progress of benign hypertension in the dog. PMID- 6723908 TI - The elimination of 1,5-anhydroglucitol administered to rats. AB - Rat serum contains natural 1,5-anhydroglucitol. Injected or orally administered 1,5-anhydroglucitol was efficiently reabsorbed by the renal tubuli via a mechanism which had a saturation point at high serum 1,5- anhydroglucitol levels. The compound had a slow turnover rate in the body; its half-life is approximately 3 days. The compound was readily absorbed in the gut when administered orally. PMID- 6723909 TI - Glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase of rat liver peroxisomes. AB - A study was made of the effect of chronic administration of clofibrate on the activity and intracellular localization of rat liver glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase. Clofibrate-activated glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase was found to be located in peroxisomes. PMID- 6723910 TI - Aspects of interastrocytic gap junctions in blood-brain barrier in the experimental penumbra area, revealed by transmission electron microscopy and freeze-fracture. AB - Interastrocytic gap junctions in the blood-brain barrier of the experimental penumbra area were studied in the cat caudate nucleus 1 h after ischemia. Transmission electron microscopy and freeze-fracture studies revealed only slight changes in gap junctions between astrocytes, indicating that these junctions are very resistant to hypoxia. PMID- 6723911 TI - Effects of acute intoxication with uranyl nitrate on bone formation. AB - The alteration of bone formation by an acute intoxication with uranyl nitrate is demonstrated by histologic and histometric methods. When compared with the controls, intoxicated animals showed a markedly lower density in healing sockets, while bone formation was reduced in healing sockets as well as in metaphyseal bone. PMID- 6723912 TI - Potentiating action of hexoprenaline on 14C-aminopyrine uptake by isolated rat parietal cells. AB - Hexoprenaline potentiated the 14C-aminopyrine uptake (a reliable index of H+ generation) of isolated rat gastric cells stimulated by 10(-6) -10(-4) mol/l carbachol, and inhibited that in response to 10(-4) mol/l histamine without and in the presence of propranolol. It is concluded that hexoprenaline acts as a partial agonist on parietal cell H2-receptors and that beta-adrenoceptor activation may functionally modulate gastric acid secretion. PMID- 6723913 TI - Changes in hepatic glycosaminoglycans following endotoxin administration. AB - Incorporation of [35]S-sulfate into hepatic glycosaminoglycans (GAGs) is affected by intravenous administration of endotoxin. There are significant increases in total labeled glycosaminoglycans and in the percentage of labeled dermatan sulfate 72 h post-endotoxin. PMID- 6723914 TI - Serum lectins from the scorpion Vaejovis spinigerus Wood bind sialic acids. AB - We have partially characterized the specificity of serum lectins from the scorpion Vaejovis spinigerus Wood. Agglutination, crossed-absorption and hemagglutination-inhibition patterns were similar but not identical to serum lectins from other members from the family Vaejovidae , and different from the Buthidae species studied so far. V. spinigerus serum lectins bind sialic acids and sialoconjugates , but also bind 2-keto-3-deoxyoctonate, uronic acids and N- acylaminosugars , all substances present in bacterial cell walls suggesting that they might be involved in defense functions. PMID- 6723915 TI - A new model of glucocorticoid-induced metanephric maldevelopment. AB - A new experimental model of glucocorticoid-induced tubular cyst formation has been developed in metanephric organ culture. The addition of cortisol (1.4 X 10( 5) M) to chemically defined serum-free culture medium produces cystic changes during in vitro nephrogenesis . The model isolates the role of glucocorticoids in experimental cyst formation. PMID- 6723916 TI - Enhancement of muscle regeneration by bone marrow cells in the monkey. AB - Transplantation of muscle minces with and without autogenous bone marrow cells was performed in the monkey. The addition of bone marrow cells markedly enhanced muscle regeneration. The findings suggest a possible clinical application of the technique. PMID- 6723917 TI - Surface morphology of the subfornical organ: effects of low and high sodium chloride diet. AB - Ependymal cells found in the subfornical organ of the rat were counted. Cells covered by small microvilli, small protrusions and smooth cells were frequently found. Also present were cells with long or short cilia, cels with large protrusions and supraependymal cells. High and low sodium diets reduced the number of cells with large protrusions. Microvilli-covered cells increased after a low sodium diet. PMID- 6723918 TI - Season-dependent effects of melatonin on testes and fur color in mountain hares (Lepus timidus L.). AB - Melatonin was administered in 3 seasons to adult male mountain hares (Lepus timidus L.) kept in long or short photoperiods. Melatonin and short photoperiods induced testis regression and fur whitening in summer and autumn but not in winter. Both treatments combined seemed to provoke an advanced onset of the refractory period. PMID- 6723919 TI - Decidual cell reaction in ovariectomized-adrenalectomized rats. AB - Enhancement of decidual cell reaction (DCR) following adrenalectomy was reversed by corticosterone as well as indomethacin. The results suggest the adrenal involvement in DCR through uterine prostaglandin production. PMID- 6723920 TI - Facilitation or inhibition of memory by morphine: a question of experimental parameters. AB - The effects of morphine on memory are highly controversial. According to some investigators post-trial injections of morphine facilitate memory. Others, however, have reported impairment of memory after morphine injections. To investigate the extent to which this may be due to different experimental parameters, foot-shock intensity and dosage of morphine were systematically varied in a passive-avoidance task. It was found that post-trial administration of medium and relatively high doses of morphine facilitate retention performance following moderate levels of foot-shock. Under other conditions of dose and shock intensity, the drug was not effective or even impaired retention. PMID- 6723921 TI - Biological effects of singlet delta oxygen on respiratory tract epithelium. AB - Exposure of hamster tracheal organ cultures to gas phase singlet delta oxygen, O2, at atmospheric pressure produced significant alterations in the mucociliary epithelium resulting in changes in ciliary activity and cellular morphology. PMID- 6723922 TI - Metabolic implications in the elevation of serum activity of intestinal alkaline phosphatase in chronic renal failure. AB - The activity of intestinal isoenzyme of serum alkaline phosphatase was evaluated in 21 non-dialyzed patients with advanced renal failure and in 52 patients on regular hemodialysis. In patients without hepatopathy, a significant inverse correlation was found between the enzyme activity and serum calcium levels. Hepatopathy was the most significant variable influencing the enzyme activity in patients on dialysis. Secondary hyperparathyroidism and a decreased rate in enzyme elimination should be assessed for the above-normal activities of intestinal ALP in serum in chronic renal failure. PMID- 6723923 TI - Influence of common bile duct cannula size on maximal secretory rate of taurocholate in the rat. AB - The common bile duct of male Sprague-Dawley rats was cannulated with either PE 10 or PE 50 tubing. Maximal secretory rate of taurocholate averaged 389 +/- 67 (SD) and 657 +/- 115 nmoles X min-1 X g liver-1 in the PE 10 and PE 50 group, respectively (p less than 0.005). Maximal bile secretory pressure was significantly higher in the PE 10 group (240 +/- 28 vs 174 +/- 8 mm H20; p less than 0.005). When the maximal secretory rate was exceeded, bile flow decreased in both groups but this was accompanied with a decrease in maximal bile secretory pressure in the PE 10 group only. Maximal secretory rate of bile salts is markedly influenced by experimental technique. Use of small caliber common bile duct cannulae leads to partial obstruction and decreases the apparent maximal secretory rate for taurocholate. PMID- 6723924 TI - Mechanical simulation of renal pelvic wall peristalsis in the rat. AB - A urinary concentrating defect was induced in Munich-Wistar rats by removing the renal pelvis from 1 kidney. This defect was partially corrected by crudely simulating the actions of pelvic wall peristalsis with a mechanical system that cyclically compressed the exposed renal papilla. PMID- 6723925 TI - Rabbit chondrocytes are binucleate in auricular but not articular cartilage. PMID- 6723926 TI - Model systems demonstrating the volatile mutagenicity and carcinogenicity of sodium nitrite in rats. AB - Volatile mutagens derived from sodium nitrite buffered at various pH values or in the presence of human feces were detected using Ames Salmonella tester strain TA 1535 on petrie plates inverted over samples. Volatile mutagenicity increased as the pH decreased and was primarily a function of the nitrous acid produced from sodium nitrite and hydrogen ions. Sodium nitrite administered intracecally to 3 Wistar rats through surgically implanted cannula caused tumors (fibrosarcoma: 1/3 and squamous cell, 2/3). The possible role of nitrite-derived mutagens in GI cancer is discussed. PMID- 6723927 TI - Effects of ouabain and furosemide on saliva secretion induced by sympathomimetic agents in isolated, perfused rat submandibular glands. AB - The presence of 10(-3) M ouabain or furosemide in the perfusate inhibited saliva secretion induced by either isoproterenol (10(-5) M) or phenylephrine (10(-5) M) from isolated rat submandibular glands and caused characteristic alterations in the electrolyte composition of saliva. PMID- 6723928 TI - Blood and tissue distribution of cyclosporin A after a single oral dose in the rat. AB - After a single oral dose of cyclosporin A (82 mg/kg) in rats, tissue (kidneys liver and brain) and blood levels reached maximum values (approximately 80 micrograms/g and 3.5 micrograms/ml) between 3 and 7 h after drug administration. Drug elimination continued for at least 5 days. The 24-h urine and bile elimination was 2% for each. PMID- 6723929 TI - Passage of hemolysins through the midgut epithelium of female Ixodes ricinus L. fed on rabbits infested or reinfested with ticks. AB - Antibodies considered in this study are hemolysins synthesized by rabbits against sheep red blood cells. Ingested with the blood meal, they cross the tick midgut epithelium and retain their immunological properties in the hemolymph. During a reinfestation of rabbits, more ticks present these antibodies, and titres are generally higher than during a first infestation. Hemolysins are only found in ticks weighing 180 mg or more. PMID- 6723930 TI - Ultrasonic comparison of two morphologically distinct melanosomes in malignant melanomas. AB - Ultrasonic measurement (0.333-200 MHz) of melanosomes isolated from B16 and Harding Passey (HP) mouse melanomas indicates that the partial wave resonance and principal relaxation of the 2 kinds of melanosomes are similar, but that their stochastic resonance is markedly different. The structure of the melanosomes appears basically amorphous, but linearly ordered and copolymeric in the molecular dimension of a segment composed of 5-6 zigzag units, which are packed closely in B16 and more openly in HP. PMID- 6723931 TI - Effect of nucleus accumbens destruction in rat. AB - The paper presents the effects of nucleus accumbens destruction in rats. There are certain behavioral correlates (e.g., avoidance learning and dominance) which are influenced by the destruction of the nucleus accumbens, while other specific correlates are not significantly affected (namely, open field movements and competition for food). The results are discussed. PMID- 6723932 TI - Immunoactive TSH in the amniotic fluid of the rat. AB - Amniotic fluid was obtained from 19-day-old rat fetuses by aspiration. Pooled samples measured at 4 different dilutions demonstrated parallelism with standard rat TSH. It is concluded that rat amniotic fluid has TSH immunoactivity. PMID- 6723933 TI - Pathological changes in the heterologous phase of antibasement membrane antibody mediated disease in the rat. AB - The immunological and structural changes during the heterologous phase of experimental antibasement membrane antibody mediated disease was sequentially studied in the rat following single i.v. injections of rabbit antibodies to basement membrane antigens prepared from kidney, lung and salivary gland tissues. Although each of the anti-bodies bound strongly to GBM, structural changes were initially subtle accompanied by proteinuria and hematuria. More severe structural changes related to dose and duration of the disease did not appear for several weeks. PMID- 6723934 TI - Effect of extravascular hemolysis on the RES depression following thermal injury. AB - This study was carried out to determine if the reticuloendothelial system (RES) uptake of damaged red blood cells (RBC) following thermal injury is sufficient to depress hepatic and splenic clearance function or to increase susceptibility to endotoxin shock. This was approached by determining the extent of the RES uptake of intact RBC (extravascular hemolysis) following thermal injury in rats, and by determining the effect on RES function of a similar degree of extravascular hemolysis induced in uninjured animals by the injection of heat damaged RBC. The RES uptake of three doses of heated RBC was characterized and the second largest dose caused a degree of extravascular hemolysis which was comparable to that associated with thermal injury. This latter dose of heated RBC depressed splenic clearance function but did not depress hepatic clearance function as determined using the smallest dose of heated RBC or formalinized sheep red blood cells at the test particles. Susceptibility to endotoxin shock was increased following the injection of the dose of heated RBC which stimulated the degree of extravascular hemolysis associated with thermal injury. Thus, the extravascular hemolysis associated with thermal injury is sufficient to depress splenic clearance function but not hepatic clearance function, and may contribute to the increased susceptibility to endotoxin shock following thermal injury. These findings further support the hypothesis that the hemolysis induced by thermal injury contributes to the depression of host defense associated with this form of injury. PMID- 6723935 TI - Release of amino-terminal procollagen peptides in paraquat-induced acute pulmonary fibrosis. AB - Acute pulmonary fibrosis following intoxication with paraquat is characterized by increased collagen synthesis and deposition in the lungs. In the present study, a chronic lung lymph fistula preparation in sheep was used to investigate the changes in procollagen type III peptide level in the lung lymph in acute pulmonary distress associated with paraquat application. The procollagen type III peptide is supposed to be an indicator of the changing biosynthetic pattern of pulmonary collagen in lung fibrosis. All animals tested showed a progressive pulmonary distress following the application of paraquat characterized by increasing lymph flows and lymph protein flows which monitored the microvascular membrane damage. In parallel to these findings, procollagen peptide levels in the lymph fluid increased, even before manifest biochemically or histologically detectable pulmonary fibrosis occurred. The present results suggest that the release of procollagen type III peptides into lymph fluid is an early indicator of beginning fibrotic tissue disarrangement, even before completed pulmonary fibrosis can be detected by common tissue analysis. PMID- 6723936 TI - Suppression of weight gain by glucagon in obese Zucker rats. AB - Glucagon has been shown to lower blood lipids and to decrease food intake and body weight in short-term studies in man and animals. There is evidence of decreased secretion of glucagon in human obesity. The Zucker obese rat suffers from a genetic type of obesity and has an absolute reduction in circulating glucagon concentration. The effect of long-term administration of glucagon on the body weight in obese Zucker rats was studied. Glucagon caused a marked (-20%) reduction of body weight in obese Zucker rats with no change in feed intake. Urine glucose, urea nitrogen, creatinine, and ketone content, as well as serum triglyceride, cholesterol, alkaline phosphatase, creatinine, and insulin levels remained unchanged. Weights of perirenal fat, kidneys, and heart also remained unchanged. However, glucagon injection in obese Zucker rats caused significant decrease in serum glucose, and increases in SGOT, liver weight, and liver lipid and glycogen content. Further investigations are needed concerning the safety of chronic glucagon administration for weight control. PMID- 6723937 TI - Herpesviridae in the endothelial and smooth muscle cells of the proximal aorta in arteriosclerotic patients. AB - Punch-biopsy specimens were obtained from uninvolved areas of the proximal aorta of each of 60 patients with atherosclerosis undergoing cardiovascular surgery. Electron microscopic study of the smooth muscle and endothelial cells of the aortas showed cellular hyperplasia, nuclear and nucleolar atypia. Virions of the Herpesviridae family were observed in ten of the patients. They were detected in occasional smooth muscle and rare endothelial cells. Specimens were taken from three separate sites of each aorta and distributed into five blocks for each patient. In only a single block from each of the ten positive patients could virus be identified. Nine of the ten virus-positive patients also exhibited intracytoplasmic microtubular inclusions. In four patients only the microtubular inclusions were seen. Microcapillaries were observed in the midportion of the media, which we consider to be an attempt of a repair process. PMID- 6723938 TI - Endothelial denudation and myointimal thickening in the rat carotid artery induced by the passage of bubbles. AB - A new technique for the selective removal of endothelium in the rat carotid artery has been developed, and subsequent events in the vascular wall have been examined. To achieve de-endothelialization, more than 2,000 bubbles of nitrogen in phosphate-buffered saline are passed through a temporarily isolated segment of rat carotid over a period of 3 min. Bubbles are generated by a simple apparatus, consisting of a pressurized tilting chamber and catheter. Endothelium is removed while subendothelial basement membrane and other subjacent structures remain intact. Platelets attach to the denuded surface within minutes after re establishment of blood flow. Myointimal thickening is found at 5 weeks and 4 months after de-endothelialization. The method is quite reliable and will facilitate further studies of reactions to carotid endothelial injury in young adult rats. PMID- 6723939 TI - The chronically isoproterenol-treated rat in the study of cystic fibrosis: X-ray microanalysis of the submandibular gland. AB - The chronically isoproterenol-treated rat has been proposed as an animal model for cystic fibrosis. Ultrastructural studies showed enlarged cells with abnormally large mucus granules that were more often fused than in control animals. X-ray microanalysis of mucous acinar cells showed a significant increase in calcium levels, but unaffected magnesium levels. Combined treatment with isoproterenol and reserpine caused a very large increase in cellular calcium levels that appeared to be an addition of the single effects and increased magnesium levels (as in glands of rats treated with reserpine only). Chronic treatment with isoproterenol, reserpine, or both substances tended to decrease cellular potassium levels. Chronic exposure to the specific beta 1-agonist prenalterol or the specific beta 2-agonist terbutaline did not affect cellular calcium or potassium levels. It is concluded that chronic isoproterenol treatment affects the elemental composition of mucous acinar cells of rat submandibular gland differently from chronic reserpine treatment. The increase in cellular calcium concentration after chronic isoproterenol treatment does not appear to be due to an effect via beta-adrenergic receptors. PMID- 6723940 TI - The self-sustaining clinic. PMID- 6723941 TI - Repeat abortion: is it a problem? AB - As the number of Canadian women who have had induced abortions increases with each succeeding year, the number at risk--and the actual incidence--of repeat abortion also increases. Some researchers have argued that women who have more than one induced abortion are less well adjusted, others that they are less willing to use contraceptives, perhaps because of anxiety about sexuality. Still others have suggested that repeat abortion is unrelated to the psychology or attitudes of individual women, but rather is an inevitable result of imperfect contraceptives, imperfect contraceptive practice and the availability of legal abortion for the termination of unwanted pregnancies. A group of 580 women seeking abortions were interviewed at the Montreal General Hospital and given a number of psychological tests. About one in five of these women were having repeat abortions. The women having repeat abortions were older, less likely to be married and more tolerant of legal abortion than were women having their first abortions. They also had intercourse more frequently than the first-abortion patients. Women obtaining a repeat abortion were slightly more likely to have been using contraceptives at the time they became pregnant, but they did not differ from first-abortion patients in the types of methods that they used. On no other social or demographic characteristics, measures of psychological adjustment or attitudes about sexuality were there any important differences between the groups. A more complex statistical analysis reveals that the two most important factors differentiating first-abortion and repeat-abortion patients are age and coital frequency--both of which are variables that reflect added exposure to the risk of unintended pregnancy.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS) PMID- 6723942 TI - Observation: contraceptive method use following an abortion. PMID- 6723943 TI - Sex, contraception and parenthood: experience and attitudes among urban black young men. AB - Eighty-seven percent of black adolescent males attending an inner-city junior high school and senior high school in Baltimore report that they have had sexual intercourse. Eighty percent of the sexually experienced teenagers have used a contraceptive method--and 60 percent used one at last intercourse. Contraceptive practice is characterized by heavy reliance on male methods: Of those using a method at last intercourse, 41 percent relied on the condom; 15 percent, on withdrawal; and 14 percent, on a combination of male and female methods. Use of female methods alone (mostly the pill) accounted for 28 percent of contraceptive practice at last intercourse. Nine-tenths of the teenagers have heard of the pill and condom, but far smaller majorities have heard of the IUD and diaphragm (about three-fifths each). In general, this population regards the condom as comparable in effectiveness to the pill. More than two-fifths of those recognizing these methods believe the pill--and the condom--to be "very good" at preventing pregnancy, and one-fifth believe that about the IUD and diaphragm. Nearly four in 10 mistakenly believe that they need a parent's permission to attend a birth control clinic, while slightly more than half think they need permission to buy nonprescription contraceptives in a drugstore . Although nearly nine in 10 respondents recognize that boys share a responsibility for preventing pregnancy when they have sex, more than half are willing to tolerate unprotected coitus. Most wish to delay parenthood until their early 20s, but many of these adolescents appear to hold attitudes conducive to out-of- wedlock conception.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS) PMID- 6723945 TI - FAO/WHO food additives data system. Based on the work of the Joint FAO/WHO Expert Committee on Food Additives. PMID- 6723944 TI - Private physicians and the provision of contraceptives to adolescents. AB - Data from a national sample of private physicians show that 86 percent of obstetrician-gynecologists, general practitioners and pediatricians are willing to prescribe contraceptive methods to adolescent women. However, only 59 percent are willing to serve unmarried minors without parental consent. The obstetrician gynecologists are more likely to provide contraceptives than the other two specialists, and are likely to have fewer policy restrictions. Although pediatricians are the least willing to prescribe contraceptives (only 32 percent say they would do so for a 15-year-old patient), they are the most likely to refer such patients to other sources of care (61 percent of those who will not provide primary contraceptive care do so). The parental consent requirements that physicians set for contraceptive services are somewhat related to state policies. Seventy-five percent of physicians who provide contraceptive care for adolescents and who practice in states that clearly authorize minors to give their own consent for family planning services will serve unmarried minors on their own consent, compared with 62 percent in states without explicit minor consent laws. Physicians practicing in the Southwest are the most likely to provide contraceptive services to unmarried patients younger than 18, while those in the North are least likely to do so (88 and 67 percent, respectively). Ninety percent of private physicians who prescribe contraceptives for adolescent women will prescribe the pill, but smaller proportions will make the diaphragm or IUD available (61 and 23 percent, respectively). Among the physicians surveyed, the average fee that an adolescent would have to pay for an initial contraceptive visit, including laboratory tests, is $37. Of those who accept teenage contraceptive patients, only 53 percent will accept Medicaid reimbursement and only one percent indicate that they will instead provide free services to adolescents who cannot afford to pay the fee. PMID- 6723946 TI - [Compounds with psychotropic activity. VIII. Synthesis and sedative activity of various 9-substituted derivatives of 5-phenylpyrrolo[2,1-d][1,5] benzothiazepine and cis-4,5-dihydro-4-hydroxy-5-phenylpyrrolo[2,1-d][1,5]benzothiazepine]. AB - Syntheses of 9-chloro-, 9-trifluoromethyl- and 9-methoxy-5- phenylpyrrolo [2,1-d] [1,5] benzothiazepine [II a-c] and of cis-9-chloro- and cis-9-trifluoromethyl-4,5 dihydro-4-hydroxy-5- phenylpyrrolo [2,1-d] [1,5] benzothiazepine with the respective acetyl derivatives (III a-d), according to previously restated routes, are described. The sedative activity was tested against the anti-amphetamine activity in the rat. The 1-[5-trifluoromethyl-2-(alpha- hydroxycarbonylbenzyl ) thiophenyl + ++]-pyrrole ( NF34 ) and the pyrrolo [2,1-d] [1,5] benzothiazepine 5-carboxamide ( NF44 ) showed sedative activity similar to that of diazepam. PMID- 6723947 TI - [Derivatives of lithocholic acid with antibacterial and antifungal activity. IV]. AB - A series of N-substituted amides of litocholic acid and some N-substituted derivatives of 3 alpha-hydroxy-24-amino-5 beta- cholane were prepared and their in vitro antibacterial and antifungal activity determined against a variety of gram-positive and gram-negative strains and two kinds of mycetes . Some of the tested compounds showed an interesting activity against gram-positive strains and mycetes . PMID- 6723948 TI - [Substances with central nervous system activity. Derivatives of 2,3,5,9b tetrahydro-1,3-dioxo-1H-imidazo[5,1-a]isoindole-5 -carboxylic acid]. AB - The AA. describe the synthesis of some methyl esters of 2-alkyl or 2-aryl-2,3,5, 9b -tetrahydro-1,3-dioxo-1H-imidazo[5,1-a] isoindol -5-carboxylic acids and of the corresponding acids. From these acids some aliphatic and heterocyclic amides were synthesized. The pharmacological data of these compounds are also reported. PMID- 6723949 TI - The binding of human milk lactoferrin to immunoglobulin A. AB - It was recognized that in human milk some amounts of lactoferrin (LF) were naturally bound to secretory IgA (sIgA). Since not only secretory component (SC) but also LF was released from sIgA by disulfide bond cleavage, it is conceivable that LF is naturally bound to IgA as well as SC. An in vitro binding test to LF and IgA was performed and the binding was confirmed by the use of an IgA Sepharose 4B affinity column. PMID- 6723950 TI - Different adhesion inhibiting activities of antisera against plasma membranes of liver and Morris hepatoma 7777. AB - Cell-substratum adhesion of rat hepatocytes was inhibited by antisera raised against plasma membranes of liver (anti-liver antiserum) and Morris hepatoma 7777 (anti-hepatoma antiserum). Similar concentrations of both antisera inhibited adhesion on collagen. Anti-liver antiserum also inhibited the adhesion of hepatocytes on plastic, whereas anti-hepatoma antiserum was only able to inhibit the adhesion on collagen completely. These results suggest the existence of at least two different adhesion-involved molecules. Cells adhere to plastic by means of both molecules, whereas adhesion on collagen is mediated by only one of them. The results further suggest that hepatoma cells lost the molecule involved in adhesion on plastic. PMID- 6723951 TI - Site--site interaction in the lipid activation of beta-hydroxybutyrate dehydrogenase. AB - Kinetic data for the activation of the beta-hydroxybutyrate dehydrogenase by long chain lecithins [(1979) Biochemistry 18, 2420-2429; (1983) J. Biol. Chem. 258, 208-214] are analyzed. A previous kinetic model [(1982) Biochemistry 21, 3899 3908] is shown not to apply. Instead, the use of a two-site Adair equation points to a strongly cooperative interaction between the lecithin binding sites (delta G, -2.8 kcal/mol). PMID- 6723952 TI - Beta-hydroxyaspartic acid in vitamin K-dependent plasma proteins from scorbutic and warfarin-treated guinea pigs. AB - beta- Hydroxyaspartic acid is a rare amino acid, present in all vitamin K dependent plasma proteins except prothrombin, and is formed by a post translational hydroxylation of aspartic acid. We have now investigated whether this hydroxylation, like that of proline in collagen, is vitamin C-dependent. The vitamin K-dependent plasma proteins were isolated from normal and scorbutic guinea pig plasma by barium citrate adsorption and the beta- hydroxyaspartic acid content was determined. Compared with normal animals, scorbutic animals showed no significant reduction of beta- hydroxyaspartic acid content. In warfarin-treated animals there was a decreased content of both beta- hydroxyaspartic acid and gamma-carboxyglutamic acid in the barium citrate adsorbed fraction. It was concluded that the post-translational hydroxylation of aspartic acid is unlikely to be vitamin C-dependent. PMID- 6723953 TI - Isolation of ovine pancreatic icosapeptide: a peptide product containing one cysteine residue. PMID- 6723954 TI - Functional groups on 'Z' DNA recognized by monoclonal antibodies. AB - Both brominated poly[d(GC)] and poly[d( Gm5C )] form stable left-handed Z-DNA structures at physiological ionic strengths. These two antigens were used to prepare monoclonal antibodies from immunized mice. The specificity of the antibodies was studied in detail with a solid-phase radioimmune assay as well as by means of competition experiments. Both immunogens produced several relatively non-specific antibodies but two types of very specific antibody were also distinguished. The first binds poly[d( Gm5C )] but not brominated poly[d(GC)] while the other has the opposite specificity and will only bind the brominated polymer. PMID- 6723955 TI - Preferential in vitro interaction of fibronectin with histone H2A + H3. AB - The interactions of fibronectin with unfractionated histone and histone subfractions (H1, H2A + H3, H2B and H4) were studied under physiological conditions by laser nephelometry. It was found that fibronectin interacted preferentially with histone H2A + H3. Due to self-aggregation, fibronectin showed a very low relative light scattering. PMID- 6723956 TI - Proton NMR studies of denatured lysozyme. AB - Evidence is presented from 1H NMR studies for non-random conformational behaviour in denatured lysozyme in aqueous solution. A method is presented which permits the assignment of resonances in the 1H NMR spectrum of the denatured protein by observing magnetisation transfer from resonances of the native state. The use of these experiments in characterising the denatured state and the significance of these studies for the investigation of protein folding are discussed. PMID- 6723957 TI - Androgenic repression of the messenger RNA for a 26.3-kDa hepatic protein in the rat. PMID- 6723959 TI - Subcellular distribution of acetylcholinesterase asymmetric forms during postnatal development of mammalian skeletal muscle. AB - This study describes the changes which occur in intra- and extracellular asymmetric acetylcholinesterase (AChE) forms in rat gracilis muscle during postnatal development. Initially (day 7) these forms (12.5 S and 16 S AChE) were evenly distributed along the muscle and only present intracellularly. With advancing age (days 7-28) they gradually became concentrated in endplate (vs non endplate) muscle regions where a certain proportion of them was subsequently externalized. In contrast, no externalization was observed in the non-endplate regions. Our results support the view that AChE asymmetric forms are assembled within the muscle cell prior to their deposition on the extracellular synaptic compartment. PMID- 6723958 TI - Reconstitution of ornithine transport in liposomes with Lubrol extracts of mitochondria. AB - The ornithine translocase of beef liver mitochondria was extracted with Lubrol WX and reconstituted in liposomes. The uptake of ornithine by the reconstituted vesicles followed Michaelis-Menten kinetics, and was dependent on the intraliposomal pH, the time of sonication of the reconstituted liposomes and the phospholipid to detergent ratio. It is concluded that the ornithine translocator can be reconstituted, which makes the purification of this translocator feasible. PMID- 6723960 TI - Mitochondrial membrane potential monitored in situ within isolated guinea pig brown adipocytes by a styryl pyridinium fluorescent indicator. AB - 2-( Dimethylaminostyryl )-l-methyl pyridinium, a fluorescent indicator of mitochondrial membrane potential, is accumulated up to 400-fold by intact, isolated brown adipocytes from cold-adapted guinea pigs. The indicator can be optically localized within the in situ mitochondria. Ionophores which would be predicted to lower or increase the in situ mitochondrial membrane potential lead to decreased and increased uptake, respectively, of the radio-labelled indicator. Noradrenaline induces a 15 mV decrease in the sum of mitochondrial and plasma membrane potentials. The results indicate that the mitochondria within isolated brown adipocytes maintain a substantial membrane potential in the resting state, rather than being artifactually depolarized. PMID- 6723961 TI - Condensation of polynucleosome by histone H1 binding. AB - The cooperative binding of histone H1 to polynucleosome was studied quantitatively. The equilibrium and kinetic data were satisfactorily described in terms of the large ligand model. The binding constant K and the cooperativity parameter q showed remarkable salt effects: K = 7.5 X 10(7) M-1 and q = 1.3 X 10(4) at 0.2 M NaCl, pH 7.5 and 20 degrees C. This considerably strong cooperativity reveals that the polynucleosome state, condensed or not, is sensitive to small changes in the free histone H1 concentration around the value of 1/K. The association rate constant was of the order of 10(7) M-1 X s-1 and had a small salt concentration dependence, indicating a diffusion-controlled association process. PMID- 6723962 TI - Distribution of non-enzymatically bound glucose in in vivo and in vitro glycosylated type I collagen molecules. AB - Non-enzymatic glycosylation of collagen occurs both in vivo during diabetes and in vitro after incubation with glucose. Glycosylated collagen exhibits altered physicochemical and biological properties which could explain some of the complications of diabetes. To provide a mechanistic explanation of this modification the localization of bound glucose was investigated using NaB[3H]H4 reduction and CNBr cleavage. Glucose fixation is distributed mainly on the alpha 1CB6 peptide after in vitro glycosylation whereas this distribution occurs less specifically during diabetes. It is concluded that fibrillogenesis alteration of in vitro glycosylated collagen is related to glucose fixation on free epsilon NH2 sites normally implied in intermolecular interactions. PMID- 6723963 TI - A C-terminal fragment of hemoglobin beta-chains in extracts of porcine upper intestine. AB - A 32-residue peptide has been isolated from extracts of porcine upper intestine. Amino acid sequence determination showed that the peptide is a fragment of hemoglobin, corresponding to the C-terminal part of the beta-chain. The region in the beta-chain which precedes the isolated fragment is hydrophobic (8 Leu/Val/Ile) and has no charges at 10 preceding positions. It therefore, to some extent, resembles the structure of 'signal sequences' which may suggest a specific cleavage site in hemoglobin beta-chains. PMID- 6723964 TI - SDS-PAGE strongly overestimates the molecular masses of the neurofilament proteins. AB - Direct molecular mass determination of the three porcine neurofilament proteins (H, M and L) was performed in 6 M guanidine-HCl using analytical gel filtration and sedimentation equilibrium centrifugation. The results show that SDS-PAGE strongly overestimates the values of the 'higher molecular mass' components H and M. This discrepancy stems from the carboxyterminal extensions known to have unusual amino acid composition. PMID- 6723965 TI - Cooperative effects in the binding of pyridoxal 5'-phosphate to mitochondrial apo aspartate aminotransferase. AB - Titrations of mitochondrial apo-aspartate aminotransferase with pyridoxal 5' phosphate in the presence of AMP, contrary to what has been observed in the case of the cytosolic isoenzyme [(1983) FEBS Lett. 153, 98-102], show sigmoidal isotherms, with Hill coefficients ranging from nH = 1.4, in the absence of AMP, to nH = 1.8, in the presence of 5.9 mM AMP. The experimental data were successfully fitted by the Monod-Wyman- Changeaux model. The best fit, in the absence of AMP, was obtained with L = 30, KR = 4.72 X 10(-7) M and KT = 1.18 X 10(-5) M. Binding curves in the presence of AMP fit the model by keeping KR as a constant. This implies that AMP could bind to the apoenzyme only in the T state. In contrast, binding curves in the presence of phosphate ion (Pi) showed a less pronounced cooperativity, the Hill coefficient dropping to nH = 1.0 in the presence of 0.1 mM Pi. The above results suggest a regulatory role of AMP and Pi in the reconstitution of aspartate aminotransferase. PMID- 6723966 TI - Primary sequence differences between Chido and Rodgers variants of tryptic C4d of the human complement system. AB - Human tryptic C4d of the Chido and Rodgers variant was fragmented by cyanogen bromide and trypsin. The fragments were characterized by amino acid analysis and sequence determination. Polymorphism between the two genetic variants was detected in 5 positions. Four were closely located (residues 141, 142, 145, 146), where Leu, Ser, Ile, His occurred in the Chido variant and Pro, Cys, Leu, Asp in the Rodgers variant, respectively. In position 94 Gly was found in Chido and Asp in Rodgers. Alignment of the fragments was performed and it is concluded that tryptic C4d of both variants contains 346 residues. PMID- 6723967 TI - Bovine serum amine oxidase: a mammalian enzyme having covalently bound PQQ as prosthetic group. AB - In addition to the metal ion, copper-containing amine oxidases possess an organic prosthetic group, the nature of which has long been controversial. We show here that in the case of bovine plasma amine oxidase, this second prosthetic group is covalently bound pyrroloquinoline quinone ( PQQ ). Until now the coenzyme PQQ has been found in several bacterial dehydrogenases. Thus the finding reported here is the first example of a quinoprotein oxidoreductase discovered in a eukaryotic organism. PMID- 6723968 TI - Possible bioactive conformations of alpha-melanotropin. AB - By comparing the results of energy calculation for alpha-MSH and its semirigid analogues Ac-[ Cys4 , Cys10 ]-alpha- MSH4 -10-NH2, Ac-[ Cys4 , Cys10 ]-alpha- MSH4 -13-NH2, and [ Cys4 - Cys10 ]-alpha-MSH, a detailed description of two possible bioactive conformations for the 'specific' central site of alpha- MSH6 9 is proposed representing variants of chain-reversal structure. A possible explanation of the rise in melanotropic activity of the latter two semirigid analogues is presented. PMID- 6723969 TI - Studies in bile salt solutions. Deoxycholate stimulation of human milk lipase. AB - Stimulation of human milk lipase by deoxycholate and its taurine and glycine conjugates was demonstrated by measuring the esterolysis reaction of 4 nitrophenylacetate. The steroidal surfactants did not bind strongly to the polar substrate but they did bind effectively to a hydrophobic site on the enzyme and these bile salt-enzyme complexes were effective catalysts. These results are compared with those for stimulation of the enzyme by cholate surfactants and it has been demonstrated that the absence of a 7 alpha-OH substituent on the steroid nucleus does not prevent stimulation of either the esterolytic or lipolytic activity of the enzyme. PMID- 6723970 TI - Regulation of protein synthesis in lymphoblastoid cells during inhibition of cell proliferation by human interferons. AB - Treatment of human lymphoblastoid (Daudi) cells with interferons inhibits cell proliferation in culture within 24 h. The failure of cell growth has been shown to be associated with impaired processing and decreased stability of newly replicated DNA. Because there is a close relationship between DNA replication and protein synthesis we have measured protein synthesis in intact Daudi cells. Protein synthesis declined steadily between 24 and 96 h after interferon treatment to a value which is only 20-30% of the rate in control cells. The enzyme 2',5'-oligo(A) synthetase is induced but our data do not support a role for the 2',5'-oligo(A)-activated ribonuclease in the control of translation in this system. PMID- 6723971 TI - New functions for the components of glucocorticoid receptor apparatus? AB - By ammonium sulphate precipitation, phosphocellulose and DEAE-Sephacel chromatography and Sephadex G-75 gel filtration, a factor was separated from rat liver cytosol which was shown to suppress the inhibitory effect of the steroid deoxycorticosterone (DOC) on the specific [3H]glucocorticoid binding to cytoplasmic receptors. By SDS-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis (SDS-PAGE) of factor-containing fractions its Mr was suggested to be about 40000. The possible role of this factor in the regulation of glucocorticoid receptor apparatus function is discussed. PMID- 6723972 TI - Attachment of origins of replication to the nuclear matrix and the chromosomal scaffold. AB - We have investigated the attachment of DNA to the nuclear matrix and chromosomal scaffold in synchronized bovine liver cells. Label incorporated at the onset of the S phase remained preferentially associated with the matrix during the subsequent G1 phase and with a residual protein structure from dehistonized chromosomes during mitosis. On the other hand label incorporated during mid or late S phase was about equally distributed over the DNA molecule after a chase into the G1 phase. These results suggest that DNA is attached to the nuclear matrix and chromosome scaffolds by the origins of replication. PMID- 6723973 TI - In vivo and in vitro catabolism of native and biologically modified LDL. AB - Incubation of human low density lipoprotein (LDL) at 37 degrees C in the presence of human umbilical-vein endothelial cells (EC) causes a time-dependent shift in the charge and density of LDL. After intravenous injection into rats, native LDL is merely cleared from the circulation by Kupffer cells while EC-modified LDL is rapidly cleared by endothelial liver cells. The uptake of native LDL by Kupffer cells and EC-modified LDL by endothelial cells in vivo can be explained by the presence of two different specific receptors on these cell types. It is concluded that the liver endothelial cells form an important protection against a possible atherogenic action of EC-modified LDL. PMID- 6723974 TI - Isolation of Fc receptor shed from pig lymphocytes by a temperature shift. AB - Lymphocytes obtained from pig blood by gradient centrifugation were subjected to a temperature shift (4 to 37 degrees C). The proteins released from the plasma membrane were fractionated by affinity chromatography using immunoglobulin G immobilized on fine polyamide particles. The main component liberated from the adsorbent by diethylamine buffer (pH 11.5) exhibited an apparent Mr of 18000 20000 in SDS-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis. This crude receptor preparation possessed a substantially higher affinity to immobilized immunoglobulin G than to immobilized Fab fragment and inhibited significantly the binding of labeled immunoglobulin G to pig lymphocytes. PMID- 6723975 TI - Adenovirus DNA replication in vitro is stimulated by RNA from uninfected HeLa cells. AB - Adenovirus DNA replication was studied in a partially reconstituted system consisting of purified viral proteins (DNA-binding protein, precursor terminal protein and Ad DNA polymerase) and a nuclear extract from uninfected HeLa cells. Optimal DNA replication required the presence of a heat-stable, ribonuclease sensitive fraction from the cytosol of uninfected cells. This fraction stimulated the initiation about 3-fold and the replication of origin fragments 5-10-fold. Sedimentation analysis indicated the presence of a fast-sedimenting and a slow sedimenting component which complemented each other. At least part of the stimulation was caused by low-molecular-mass RNA. PMID- 6723976 TI - Cyclic activity of L-asparaginase through reversible phosphorylation in Leptosphaeria michotii. AB - Asparaginase in L. michotii has previously been shown to have an activity rhythm, the mechanisms of which were investigated. In vitro activation, or reactivation after dephosphorylation, of the partially (200-fold) purified asparaginase with protein kinase activity was obtained by ATP or Pi addition; these effects varied according to the phase of the activity rhythm at which enzyme was extracted. A high-Mr aggregate with asparaginase activity was phosphorylated by [gamma 32P]ATP. By SDS-electrophoresis of dephosphorylated asparaginase a approximately 60-kDa 32P-labelled protein with alkaline phosphatase activity became detectable. Regulation of the asparaginase activity rhythm in L. michotii is dependent on a reversible phosphorylation process. PMID- 6723977 TI - The stereochemistry of the formation of the methyl group in the glutamate mutase catalysed reaction in Clostridium tetanomorphum. AB - The adenosylcobalamin-dependent enzyme glutamate mutase from Clostridium tetanomorphum catalyses the reversible rearrangement of (2S)-glutamate to (2S,3S) 3- methylaspartate . In this conversion 6 carbon centers are involved. The stereochemistry of 4 has been elucidated whereas the formation of the methyl group from the methylene group remains to be established. To solve this problem, (2S,3R)- and (2S,3S)-[3,3-2H1,3H]glutamates were prepared via the 2-oxo[3,3-2H2 or 3H] glutarates by incubation with isocitrate dehydrogenase in deuterium oxide or tritiated water. The labelled glutamates were fermented with growing cells of C. tetanomorphum to butyrate and acetate. Butyrate was further degraded to acetate in which methyl group over 90% of the tritium of the starting glutamate was retained. The chirality of the acetates was determined with malate synthase and fumarase. In both samples complete racemisation was found. This result confirms the rule that racemisation occurs in all adenosylcobalamin-dependent rearrangements in which methyl groups are formed. A methylene radical as intermediate could explain these observations. In a control experiment inversion of configuration in the formation of the methine group of (2S,3S)-3 methylaspartate from the methylene group of (2S)-glutamate was confirmed. Glutamates stereospecifically labelled at C-4 were synthesized from chiral acetates via citrate. PMID- 6723978 TI - Structural similarities among concanavalin A, haptoglobin, and trypsin. AB - Comparison of the primary structure of concanavalin A with those of trypsin and beta (heavy) chain of haptoglobin revealed a significant degree of chemical similarity. The amino acid sequence of concanavalin A was found to be 53.6% related to trypsin and haptoglobin. Certain analogy in the tertiary structure was shown by the use of thionine binding to the specific active site, characteristic for serine proteases. PMID- 6723979 TI - Tumor-specific inhibition of DNA synthesis and cell proliferation by a factor from bovine placenta--possible mechanism. AB - A polypeptide isolated from the maternal part of bovine placentas inhibits significantly the incorporation of thymidine into the DNA of tumor cells. When normal cells are used, this effect is found only to a very limited degree. Surface membrane components have been identified which are enriched on tumor cells and which are responsible for a better binding of the inhibitor to tumor cells than to normal cells. After internalization of the receptor-inhibitor complex, a decrease in the nuclear content of two proteins is observed, which might be a requirement for the inhibition of the DNA synthesis. PMID- 6723980 TI - 31P NMR as a tool for monitoring detergent solubilization of sarcoplasmic reticulum membranes. AB - Sarcoplasmic reticulum vesicles were solubilized stepwise by the nonionic detergent octaethyleneglycol monododecyl ether; 31P NMR enabled the extent of phospholipid solubilization to be monitored by following the conversion of the broad resonance peak characterizing the phospholipids inserted in the bilayer to the narrow resonance signal characterizing phospholipids inserted into a mixed micelle. Up to 0.25 g detergent/g protein could be incorporated into the membrane without solubilization. Higher detergent concentrations of up to 1.5-2 g detergent/g protein led to gradual solubilization. Although the method allows us to monitor the extent of solubilization of individual phospholipid classes, there was no evidence of either preferential solubilization or retention of a specific class of phospholipids. PMID- 6723981 TI - Effects of lithium on angiotensin-stimulated phosphatidylinositol turnover and aldosterone production in adrenal glomerulosa cells: a possible causal relationship. AB - Turnover of 32P-labelled phosphatidylinositol (PI) was examined in isolated adrenal glomerulosa cells. Increased incorporation of [32P]phosphate into PI in response to angiotensin II was completely prevented by Li+. A simultaneous accumulation of 32P activity in phosphatidic acid (PA) was also observed. Angiotensin II increased the breakdown of PI despite the presence of Li+. These results suggest that Li is a suitable tool to interrupt the accelerated PI cycle in angiotensin-stimulated cells. Aldosterone production of superfused cells was inhibited by Li+ when the cells were stimulated with angiotensin II. On the other hand, Li+ did not inhibit the aldosterone response of the cells to ACTH, a hormone which acts via cyclic AMP and does not enhance PI turnover in these cells. On the basis of these results, we assume that the inhibitory effect of Li+ on aldosterone production is related to its effect on PI turnover. PMID- 6723982 TI - Analysis of the effect of bezafibrate on the oxygen dissociation curve of human hemoglobin. AB - Analysis of the effects of a range of concentrations of the antihyperlipoproteinemia drug, bezafibrate, on the oxygen dissociation curve of dilute hemoglobin solutions indicates a 4:1 binding stoichiometry with a site binding constant of 434 mol-1 for deoxyhemoglobin. Analysis of the combined effects of a range of bezafibrate and 2,3-diphosphoglycerate (DPG) concentrations indicates that 2 of the 4 bezafibrate sites are in the vicinity of the DPG binding site, and competitive with DPG binding, and 2 of the sites are remote from the DPG binding site. PMID- 6723983 TI - Identification of Mr variants of prolactin with monoclonal antibodies. AB - Monoclonal antibodies ( QB01 and 1200) prepared against human prolactin (hPRL) have helped define a variant form of the hormone. This variant is of apparently higher molecular mass (26 kDa) than the predominant form of the hormone (24 kDa) and its presence does not appear to be species-restricted. The demonstration of the 26 kDa form of hPRL in fresh pituitary tissue and amniotic fluid suggests it may retain some specific function. PMID- 6723984 TI - Cooperative and salt-resistant binding of lexA protein to non-operator DNA. AB - The interaction of the lexA repressor of E. coli with poly[d(A-T)] has been studied by circular dichroism. The binding induces an about 2-fold increase of the circular dichroism intensity at 263 nm, pointing out a conformational change of the nucleic acid. The observed spectral changes are very similar to those observed for the binding of the lac repressor to poly[d(A-T)] and natural DNA. At elevated ionic strength the binding isotherms do show a pronounced sigmoidal shape indicating a cooperative mode of binding. PMID- 6723985 TI - A new assignment of the disulfide linkage in stellacyanin. AB - Which cysteine of apostellacyanine reacts with 4-vinylpyridine in 6 M guanidine HC1 depends upon the pH. We infer that a disulfide switch occurs at higher pH and that in the native protein the disulfide bridge occurs between Cys-59 and Cys-93. Thus Cys-87, which is homologous to the cysteine ligands of azurin and plastocyanin, is available to bind copper. PMID- 6723986 TI - Inhibition of synaptosomal 5-[3H]hydroxytryptamine uptake by endogenous factor(s) in human blood. AB - The inhibition of 5-[3H]hydroxytryptamine uptake into rat forebrain synaptosomes by human plasma extracts was studied. Highly potent, small (Mr less than 10 000), and heat stable factor(s) were found to inhibit 5-[3H]hydroxytryptamine uptake specifically, reversibly and in a non-competitive manner. The possible role of these factor(s) as endogenous modulators of serotonergic activity is discussed. PMID- 6723987 TI - Lack of sialic acid in synovial fluid fibronectin. PMID- 6723988 TI - Muscle and liver pyruvate kinases are closely related: amino acid sequence comparisons. AB - Previous evidence has shown that the M1 and L pyruvate kinase isozymes differ markedly in kinetic and immunological properties, amino acid compositions and peptide maps. However, the amino acid sequence results we present here for the N terminal region and for a region of the C domain show that the M1 and L isozymes are very similar. The variable length of the N-terminal sequences also explains the difference in regulation by phosphorylation between the M1 and L isozymes. The M1 isozyme lacks the serine residue that has been shown to be phosphorylated in the L isozyme. PMID- 6723989 TI - Identification of a diene conjugated component of human lipid as octadeca-9,11 dienoic acid. AB - The predominant diene conjugated acyl residue in triacylglycerols, cholesteryl esters and phospholipids in human serum was identified by high performance liquid chromatography and capillary gas chromatography-mass spectrometry. It is an octadeca -9,11-dienoic acid. PMID- 6723990 TI - Regulation of vascular smooth muscle contraction. Symposium report. PMID- 6723991 TI - End-systolic pressure-volume relationship in retrospect and prospect. PMID- 6723992 TI - Does the history of contraction affect the pressure-volume relationship? AB - A comparison is made between two descriptions of the hemodynamic properties of the heart: the ventricular pressure-volume (P-V) relationship, modeled by a time varying elastance, and the ventricular pump function graph, i.e., the relationship between mean ventricular pressure and output. It appears that, although both descriptions seem to reflect the same myocardial properties, an unexplained discrepancy exists between the assumed linear nature of the time varying elastance and the curvature of the pump function graph. It is argued that this discrepancy may reflect deviations from the ideal time-varying elastance behavior, such as those observed in isolated cardiac muscle, where the history of contraction affected the P-V relationship. PMID- 6723993 TI - Factors affecting the end-systolic pressure-volume relationship. AB - The end-systolic pressure-volume relationship (ESPVR) defines the systolic limits of cardiac performance. Using an isolated cross-circulated canine heart preparation, we examined the influence of afterload impedance changes, changes in coronary artery pressure (CAP), and regional ischemia on the ESPVR. We found that afterload impedance did not change the slope of the ESPVR but that increases in resistance and characteristic impedance did shift the relation slightly to the left. There was no change in the ESPVR with changes in CAP above a certain critical value. A decrease in CAP below this value caused a progressive decline in the slope of the ESPVR. With regional ischemia the ESPVR became nonlinear, and there was a near parallel downward shift of the ESPVR in the high-volume range. This shift was directly proportional to the extent of ischemic area. We conclude that an adequate measurement of the ESPVR demands at least three pressure-volume points to check for linearity and characterization of both the slope and volume intercept. PMID- 6723994 TI - Energetics of ventricular contraction as traced in the pressure-volume diagram. AB - The pressure-volume (P-V) relationship of the canine left ventricle can reasonably be simulated by a time-varying elastance model. In this model the total mechanical energy generated by a contraction can be determined theoretically from the change in the elastance. Applying this theory to the actual left ventricle, we have found that the area in the P-V diagram circumscribed by the end-systolic P-V relation line, the end-diastolic P-V relation curve, and the systolic segment of the P-V trajectory is equivalent to the total mechanical energy generated by ventricular contraction. We call this area the systolic P-V area (PVA). We have studied experimentally the correlation between the PVA and myocardial oxygen consumption (VO2) in the canine left ventricle. VO2 was linearly correlated with PVA regardless of the contraction mode and loading conditions in a given left ventricle. The VO2-PVA relation parallel shifted upward with positive inotropic agents. This shift comprised a significant increase in VO2 component for the unloaded contraction. We therefore consider that further analyses of the VO2-PVA relationship will greatly promote our understanding of cardiac energetics. PMID- 6723995 TI - Clinical use of pressure-dimension and stress-shortening relations in systole and diastole. AB - The concept of time-varying elastance is an important one and has clinical relevance for both systole and diastole. The application of this concept to systole has permitted the development of end-systolic pressure-volume (dimension) and stress-shortening analysis as a method of assessing myocardial contractility in patients at risk for congestive cardiomyopathy. The application of the time varying elastance concept to diastole is particularly relevant to new findings concerning abnormal relaxation in hypertrophic cardiomyopathy and angina pectoris. PMID- 6723996 TI - Transport and metabolism of water-soluble vitamins in intestine and kidney. PMID- 6723997 TI - Nutritional and physiological factors affecting lactation. PMID- 6723998 TI - Mutagenic food flavonoids. Symposium report. PMID- 6723999 TI - Current status of ovulation induction with clomiphene citrate. PMID- 6724000 TI - Fertilization of human oocytes following reinsemination in vitro. AB - The reinsemination of human oocytes that failed to show any evidence of fertilization 12 to 14 hours after insemination was examined to determine whether this would increase success of in vitro fertilization or be of use in determining the fertilizing capacity of the husband's spermatozoa. Reinsemination with spermatozoa of a donor of known fertility resulted in a significantly higher fertilization rate than reinsemination with the husband's spermatozoa. However, the rate of the spontaneously delayed fertilization in oocytes that were not reinseminated was not significantly different from fertilization rates following reinsemination with either the donor's or the husband's spermatozoa. One pregnancy that miscarried at 12 weeks' gestation was obtained from reinseminated oocytes, and none was obtained from oocytes that were spontaneously delayed in fertilization. It is concluded that at present neither reinsemination nor embryo replacement in utero of embryos resulting from delayed fertilization is useful for human in vitro fertilization. PMID- 6724001 TI - Outcome of progesterone treatment of luteal phase inadequacy. AB - Diagnosis, choice of therapy, and pregnancy outcome were analyzed in 79 women evaluated for luteal phase inadequacy. Criteria for the diagnosis were established, and groups at risk for luteal inadequacy were identified. Treatment choices, tailored to the suspected cause, included progesterone suppositories in 54 women, with 23 pregnancies and 19 deliveries; clomiphene citrate in 6 women, with 2 pregnancies and deliveries; and combined treatment in 7 women, with 5 pregnancies and 4 deliveries. Eight women received no treatment, including three who underwent endometrial biopsy in the cycle of conception and who subsequently delivered. These data suggest that careful diagnosis and the proper choice of treatment are important, and that progesterone supplementation may result in improved pregnancy outcome for patients with infertility and pregnancy wastage who have luteal phase inadequacy. PMID- 6724002 TI - Diverse humoral and cell-mediated effects of antisperm antibodies on reproduction. AB - No single test to detect the presence of antisperm antibodies has correlated precisely with subsequent fertility. The purpose of this study was to determine whether heterogeneous effects of antibodies could potentially explain this observation. The effects of serum on sperm motility, complement-mediated sperm lysis, mouse macrophage-mediated sperm phagocytosis, and sperm IgG opsonization were assessed in several patients with known antisperm antibodies. Each patient's serum produced its own unique profile. Motility ranged from normal (70% to 85%) to 10% using different subjects' serum. Antibody-dependent complement-mediated sperm lysis ranged from 35% to 65%. Normal sperm incubated with normal serum had approximately 200 molecules of IgG per sperm, whereas normal sperm incubated with patient sera had 546 to 900 molecules of IgG per sperm. In all cases where serum enhanced IgG sperm opsonization, there was enhanced mouse macrophage-mediated phagocytosis of the opsonized sperm (a three- to fourfold increase). These data suggest that antisperm antibodies may affect reproduction by different mechanisms, including direct humoral effects (immunoglobulin and/or complement) and indirect cell-mediated effects (macrophage-mediated sperm phagocytosis). However, the mechanism(s) involved are unique to each individual's antibody. The heterogeneity of these potential mechanisms may explain why the presence of antisperm antibodies as measured by a single assay correlate poorly with infertility. PMID- 6724003 TI - Pregnancy following in vitro fertilization and embryo transfer using pure human serum as culture and transfer medium. AB - Pure heat-inactivated serum of patients adjusted to 280 mOsm was used for preincubation, insemination, and transfer of oocytes in an IVF-ET program. In patients where the oocyte recovery yielded more than two oocytes, two oocytes were chosen randomly for serum cultivation. The 15th patient of that series became pregnant after a transfer of two serum-cultured embryos. The follow-up weekly clinical investigation and ultrasound revealed a normal single pregnancy, now in the 20th week. PMID- 6724004 TI - Laboratory setup for human in vitro fertilization. AB - None of the procedures utilized in human IVF are unique or technically very difficult to perform. However, when considering the nature of the material being handled, it is essential that all laboratory procedures, equipment, and supplies are optimal for IVF . The individuals handling the gametes and embryos must be suitably trained and experienced in handling mammalian gametes and embryos before working with human tissues. In addition, the technologists must be trained in proper tissue culture techniques. Above and beyond the training and experience of the technologist, it is necessary that all laboratory equipment and chemicals for medium preparation be of the highest quality and known consistency, and that periodic checks of the culture conditions be performed using the bioassay of mouse embryos. The functioning of the equipment must be constantly monitored and backup systems be in place wherever possible in order to minimize the chances that laboratory accidents will result in loss or damage of the embryos. Meticulous attention to all aspects of the laboratory procedures will result in the patient's having the best possible chance to obtain a pregnancy. PMID- 6724005 TI - Prevention of monkey sperm penetration of zona-free hamster ova by sperm antibody obtained from vasectomized cynomolgus monkeys. AB - Incubation of antisperm sera from vasectomized cynomolgus monkeys (Macaca fascicularis) with monkey sperm caused a fourfold reduction of sperm attachment to and penetration of zona-free Golden hamster ova. The attachment of sperm to hamster ova was reduced from 64% to 11%, and the penetration of ova was reduced from 20% to 5%. Sperm antibodies block sperm attachment to the vitelline membrane, thus preventing ovum penetration. This blockage may be one of the reasons for low fertility rates observed following reanastomosis of the vas deferens in those vasectomized males that show high levels of circulating antisperm antibody. PMID- 6724006 TI - Ultrastructure of ovarian follicles in in vitro perfused rabbit ovaries: response to human chorionic gonadotropin and comparison with in vivo observations. AB - Ovulation may be achieved and studied in an isolated perfused rabbit ovary upon inclusion of human chorionic gonadotropin (hCG) in the perfusion fluid. The ultrastructural features of the rabbit ovarian follicle prior to ovulation in vitro were compared with those in vivo. The perifollicular vasculature was also examined in in vitro perfused rabbit ovaries during the preovulatory interval. Granulosa cells of the preovulatory follicle share many ultrastructural features in vivo and in vitro; however, only small amounts of smooth endoplasmic reticulum (sER) were observed in granulosa cells in vitro after hCG. Ovulation after hCG in the in vitro preparation tends to occur earlier (6 hours) than in vivo (12 hours). Thus, there may be insufficient time and/or gonadotropin exposure to permit full functional development of granulosa cells, as reflected by reduced amounts of sER. Degradation of collagen fibrils was less prominent in the theca externa and tunica albuginea in vitro than in in vivo. Perifollicular capillaries became dilated after hCG, but interendothelial gaps were not observed. Disappearance of surface epithelium in the apex of follicles was similar in vitro and in vivo. PMID- 6724007 TI - Bromocriptine treatment of acromegaly following spontaneous conception. AB - A pregnancy occurring in an untreated woman with active acromegaly is described, together with the clinical and biochemical responses to bromocriptine treatment. It is suggested that bromocriptine treatment need not necessarily be continued throughout such a pregnancy. PMID- 6724008 TI - The value of routine rubella and syphilitic serology in the infertile couple. PMID- 6724009 TI - Live birth following cryopreservation and transfer of a baboon embryo. PMID- 6724010 TI - Pollutants in human follicular fluid. PMID- 6724011 TI - Submucosal leiomyomas and infertility. AB - Seventeen patients with primary (59%) or secondary (41%) infertility and evidence of at least 1 large (greater than or equal to 5 cm) submucosal leiomyoma underwent abdominal myomectomy . In all patients, no other cause of infertility could be found. Following surgery, 2 of the 17 patients elected to use contraception. Thirteen of the 15 patients wishing to establish a pregnancy had 10 or more months of sexual exposure. The overall pregnancy rate was 47%, and 53% of those patients attempting to establish a pregnancy conceived. The corrected pregnancy rate for those with adequate sexual exposure for at least 10 months was 61.5%. Of those women who attained a pregnancy, 63% did so within 11 months after surgery. Only one patient conceived after more than 3 years (38 months). These results suggest that submucosal leiomyomas are a possible cause of infertility and are highly amenable to surgical treatment and subsequent restoration of fertility. PMID- 6724012 TI - Experience with diethylstilbestrol-exposed infertile women in a program of in vitro fertilization. AB - Twenty infertile women with a history of diethylstilbestrol exposure in utero were seen in Norfolk for the purpose of in vitro fertilization. Seventeen patients had undergone 25 stimulated cycles with harvest of oocytes by laparoscopy. The serum estradiol response to stimulation in these patients and the number and quality of oocytes retrieved did not differ significantly from those of patients with infertility due to blocked fallopian tubes. There were four pregnancies in 17 patients after 21 cycles of embryo transfers, for a pregnancy rate of 23.5% per patient, or 19% per embryo transfer. Two of the pregnant patients have had a term delivery, one has had a preclinical abortion, and one has a single intrauterine gestation in progress. PMID- 6724013 TI - Profound alterations of the lipoprotein metabolism during danazol treatment in premenopausal women. AB - Twelve women with pelvic endometriosis were treated with 600 mg of danazol daily for 24 weeks. The molar and fractional lecithin:cholesterol acyl transfer (LCAT) rates and the concentrations of cholesterol, phospholipids, and triglycerides were determined in plasma and in the very low-density lipoprotein, low-density lipoprotein (LDL), high-density lipoprotein (HDL), and HDL2 and HDL3 fractions before, during, and after the medication. After 2 weeks the HDL, HDL2, and HDL3 cholesterol concentrations were reduced by 49%, 73%, and 29%, respectively, while the LDL level was increased by 14%. The molar and fractional LCAT rates decreased during treatment, and these reduced LCAT rates are consistent with a reduced fractional LDL removal. Within 8 weeks after cessation of medication, all parameters had returned to the pretreatment levels. PMID- 6724014 TI - Sperm count results from 861 American chemical/agricultural workers from 14 separate studies. AB - This article presents data from 861 men who have participated in 14 separate occupational studies on testicular function. This population represents the largest series taken from occupational studies. The mean and median sperm counts were 107.1 and 83.0 million/ml of semen, respectively. The percentage of men with sperm counts less than 20 million/ml of semen was 8.7%. No significant differences were noted for age or race. A major issue in occupational studies requiring semen samples is how to successfully recruit the target population to participate. The number of semen samples requested can influence willingness to participate. Data from 137 men, each with three separate sperm counts, indicate that a single sample will suffice for an occupational study. PMID- 6724015 TI - A test for the practical evaluation of male fertility by acridine orange (AO) fluorescence. AB - A new and practical test for evaluating the fertility of a male subject has been developed. Twenty-eight donors whose semen had induced at least one pregnancy resulting in a normal delivery and 61 patients attending our infertility clinic were studied. Semen smears stained with acridine orange were read on a fluorescence microscope; sperm heads appeared either green (fertile) or red ( nonfertile ). We introduce the concept of an "effective sperm count" which is obtained by multiplying the percentage of green-fluorescing sperm by the actual sperm count. Of our fertile subjects, 27 of 28 (96.4%) exhibited an effective sperm count of greater than or equal to 50 million/ml, while 60 of 61 (98.3%) infertile patients fell below this value. The percent green correlates with neither actual sperm count nor motility, indicating that this test measures a new parameter of male fertility. PMID- 6724016 TI - Stimulation of human sperm cervical mucus penetration in vitro by relaxin. AB - The effect of relaxin, a peptide hormone present in seminal plasma, on the penetration of cervical mucus by washed human sperm in vitro was studied. Penetration was analyzed by two methods. The total number of sperm per 100 X field at the 10-mm, 20-mm, and 30-mm points along a mucus-filled capillary tube was counted and the farthest distance 100 sperm and 5 sperm/100 X field penetrated the capillary tube was measured. These measurements were made at 30, 60, and 90 minutes. Treating washed sperm with physiologic concentrations of relaxin resulted in significantly increased sperm penetration as compared with sperm treated with albumin or buffer. Replacing seminal plasma to washed sperm resulted in equivalently increased penetration. The findings strongly suggest that relaxin is necessary for proper penetration of cervical mucus by human sperm. PMID- 6724017 TI - [Role of the dorsal hippocampus in the feeding and avoidance behavior of rats]. PMID- 6724018 TI - [Effect of stimulating the proprioceptors in hindlimb muscles on the ECoG in rabbits during postnatal development]. PMID- 6724019 TI - [Effect of antidromic and paired orthodromic stimulations on deafferented spinal cord motoneurons]. PMID- 6724020 TI - [Neurophysiological mechanisms of the painful radicular syndrome]. PMID- 6724021 TI - [Changes in the acetylcholinesterase activity of the blood in parkinsonism]. PMID- 6724022 TI - [Electrical activity of striated muscle in the abdominal part of the rabbit esophagus]. PMID- 6724023 TI - [Functional state of the left heart ventricle in young and old rabbits during the development of atherosclerosis following experimental renovascular hypertension]. PMID- 6724024 TI - [Role of hypoxia in the etiology of postresuscitation blood circulation insufficiency]. PMID- 6724025 TI - [Oxidation-reduction processes in the rat myocardium in acute hypoxia]. PMID- 6724026 TI - [Species differences and seasonal fluctuations in the enzyme activity of the blood in experimental animals]. PMID- 6724027 TI - [Effect of cyclic changes in estrogens on the work capacity and maximum oxygen consumption in women]. PMID- 6724028 TI - [Age-related characteristics of intracellular transformations of thyroid hormones]. PMID- 6724029 TI - [Seasonal changes in the vitamin E content in the body of white rats of different ages]. PMID- 6724030 TI - [Effect of pentagastrin on the rate of transport of the contents in the proximal part of the ileum in dogs]. PMID- 6724031 TI - [Inotropic action of isoprenaline on intact and reserpinized rat hearts with repeated administrations of the drug]. PMID- 6724032 TI - [Characteristics of the reaction of muscles to tetanic stimulation in congenital deformities of the musculoskeletal apparatus]. PMID- 6724033 TI - [Effect of angiotensin on the accumulation of radioactive iodine by thyroid gland cells]. PMID- 6724034 TI - [Formation of 17-ketoderivatives of testosterone in the prostate gland and liver of dogs with bacterial uro(urethro)genic prostatitis]. PMID- 6724035 TI - [Comparative study of rotatory movements elicited by stimulation of the putamen and caudate nucleus in the cat]. AB - Electrical stimulation of the putamen and caudate nucleus elicits the same sequence of rotatory movements and accompanying reactions in alert cats. Some types of rotations, however, are more difficult to trigger from the putamen whereas the side--effects are rather facilitated in general. The neuroleptic drug haloperidol weakens the putamen--induced contralateral turning of the head whereas thresholds of the caudate--induced responses tend to reduce. Different dopaminergic organization of the neostriatal nuclei may be the cause of the variations. PMID- 6724036 TI - [Projections of the visceral and somatic afferent systems to identified neurons of the supraoptic nucleus]. AB - Antidromic identification of the hypothalamic supraoptic nucleus' neurosecretory cells in cats in the course of stimulation of the posterior hypophysis aided to study the possibility and degree of modulation of the unit activity by ascending visceral and somatic afferent signals during stimulation of the splanchnic and sciatic nerves. the data obtained revealed that the major part of the neurosecretory neurons cannot be activated by means of the afferent signals. The projections of visceral and somatic afferent systems represented by the splanchnic and sciatic nerves, spread over to the nonroendocrinal cells of the hypothalamic supraoptic nucleus. The functional role of peripheral afferents in modulation of the hypothalamic neuroendocrinal neurons activity, is discussed. PMID- 6724037 TI - [Effect of interaural differences in acoustic stimulation on the neuronal activity of the red nucleus in the cat]. AB - In anesthetized and immobilized cats, dichotic stimulation revealed a high sensitivity of red nucleus (RN) neurons to interaural difference in time (83% of neurons) and intensity (82% of neurons) of stimulation. Percentage of the NR neurons (71%) altering their their activity in response to signals simulating movements of the sound source in horizontal plane, was higher than in centers of the auditory system. Utilization of the acoustic information by the NR neurons for organization of movement elements of the localization behaviour, is discussed. PMID- 6724039 TI - [Sound pressure isopotential levels for the microphonic potential of the internal ear]. AB - The amplitude of gross microphonic potential of guinea pigs was used for output regulation of the generator of sinusoidal and narrow-band noise signals at continuous changing of frequencies. Thus isopotential contours of sound pressure levels (SPL) were obtained. The dynamics of the isopotential SPL on different levels within the range of 50-20 000 Hz, is described. PMID- 6724038 TI - [Spatial characteristics of the reaction of the inferior colliculi in the cat to movement of the sound source]. AB - The EP-series response of the inferior colliculus to clicks simulating sound source motion, reflects characteristics of this "motion" ("the motion effect", ME). ME distribution over the inferior colliculus practically coincided with the spatial distribution in cases when contralateral stimulation was more effective than the ipsilateral one. The spatial distribution in cases with no ME was identical with the distribution of cases of equal effectiveness of the contra and ipsilateral stimulations. The ME was shown to be connected with the binaural inhibitory effects and might probably be related to the activity of two main neuronal groups (the principal and multipolar ones). PMID- 6724040 TI - [Action of hyperoxia on the total electrical activity of the olfactory epithelium of the frog]. AB - Olfactory mucosa of the frog was stimulated with odours of amylacetat , butanol, alcohol, naphthalene, acetic acid in air and oxygen media under normal and high oxygen pressure (0.2 MPa and 0.7 MPa). The electroolfactogram (EOG) amplitude was higher in oxygen due, probably, to the olfactory mucosa oxygen saturation on concentration gradient as well as to the activation of processes related to the EOG generation. 0.2 MPa pressure as well as 0.7 MPa pressure applied for 60 min decreased the EOG amplitude. PMID- 6724042 TI - [Sensitivity of skin cold receptors to noradrenaline in control and cold-adapted rats]. AB - I. a. administration of noradrenaline (NA) activated cold receptors both in control and in cold-adapted rats. Various doses of NA induced the receptors reaction of different duration. After adaptation to cold the sensitivity of receptors to NA increased. The data obtained suggest that the sympathetic systems and the receptors sensitivity to NA play an important role in static activity of the skin cold receptors. PMID- 6724043 TI - [Intensity of the blood supply to various organs in alert cats]. AB - The blood flow was simultaneously measured in brain, kidney, intestine, spleen and hindlimbs of alert cats by means of hydrogen clearance method. The clearance curves were recorded with the aid of concentric electrodes set around intact veins of the organs. The following values of organ blood flow were obtained in alert cats at resting: brain--0.73 +/- 0.025 ml/g/min; kidney --1.83 +/- 0.16 ml/g/min; intestine--0.87 +/- 0.03 ml/g/min; spleen--0.61 +/- 0.026 ml/g/min; hind-limbs--0.28 +/- 0.01 ml/g/min. Methods of hydrogen clearance as well as the precision of organ blood flow measurements are discussed. PMID- 6724041 TI - [Composition of the polypeptides participating in orthograde axonal transport in the nerve elements of the caudal mesenteric ganglion of the cat]. AB - Composition of the polypeptides translocated by the axonal transport in the lumbar splanchnic and hypogastric nerves before and after total section of these nerves was studied in the model of the inferior mesenteric ganglion with pre- and postganglionic nerve trunks. The data obtained suggest presence of the orthograde axonal transport of specific proteins associated with the nerve fibre growth along the axons of afferent neurons whose bodies are localized in the inferior mesenteric ganglion, as well as along efferent fibres with trophic centers situated in the ganglion. Axonal transport of the polypeptide with molecular weight 29.000 Dalton unidentified in other nerve structures was shown to occur along the afferent fibers. PMID- 6724044 TI - [Capillary and shunted blood flow in tissues of the hindlimb in the cat]. AB - Microsphere shunting technique revealed the shunting effect of the blood flow mainly in the distal part of the hind-limb skin, less evident in other parts of the limbs and no such effect in skeletal muscles. PMID- 6724045 TI - [Impulse activity of skin receptors in local convective and radiant cooling]. AB - In rabbits, impulse activity in cooling through convection was 8 times as great as in cooling through radiation. The former cooling increases impulse activity twofold as compared to the radiation cooling in hairless areas. Changes in impulse activity of fibers of the cutaneous nerve were characterized by considerable fluctuations of rhythm and an increase of receptors activity in hairless areas thus showing an obvious relation with cooling of cutaneous tissues. PMID- 6724046 TI - [Effect of destruction of the basolateral nuclei of the amygdala of the rat on the nature of amygdalo-thalamic interaction]. PMID- 6724047 TI - [Reversible suppression of the tetanized single response of a nerve by interrupting its blood flow]. PMID- 6724048 TI - [Effect of unilateral occlusion of the carotid artery on the cerebral blood flow in the cat]. PMID- 6724049 TI - [Effect of metabolic acidosis in the tissues of the small intestine on pulmonary ventilation in the cat]. PMID- 6724050 TI - Changes in water properties in serum albumin solutions induced by alterations in protein flexibility. NMR studies. AB - Two types of changes in the spin-spin relaxation time of water protons (T2) corresponding to the decrease in the correlation time of water molecules have been found in human serum albumin solutions in the temperature range of 20-40 degrees using the NMR method. It follows from experiments with frozen HSA solutions that over 15% of H2O is pushed out from the HSA hydration shell in 10% D2O solution and about 30% of H2O in 20% D2O solution by DOD and DOH molecules. The T2 effects observed increase in the presence of D2O in the protein solution, however, and their maxima shift by 5--10 degrees toward a higher temperature range. An increase in the viscosity of HSA solutions by adding sucrose (20%) results in complete disappearance of the effects. The results were analysed and the conclusion was made that the anomalies observed in T2 result from thermally induced changes in the nature of the relative translational-rotational diffusion of three domains of HSA. Concomitant rapid exchange between the free solvent and water present in the protein cavities between domains can stimulate fluctuations in the solvent and destabilize its structure. PMID- 6724052 TI - Proceedings of the FEBS symposium on DNA. Prague, Czechoslovakia, May 30-June 4, 1983. PMID- 6724051 TI - Limited enzymatic cleavage of pig immunoglobulin G and of specific antibodies. IV. Characteristics of the tFc' fragment obtained from the S-sulpho derivative of non-specific immunoglobulin G. AB - By tryptic cleavage of the S-sulpho derivative of non-specific pig IgG and subsequent separation by gel chromatography on Sephadex G-100 a fragment with molecular mass 11 900 +/- 500 was obtained. This fragment originates in the Fc part of the molecule because it precipitates with anti-Fc serum. It was therefore designated tFc'. From the pFc' fragment obtained by peptic cleavage it significantly differs in amino acid composition. tFc' fragment was subjected to ion-exchange chromatography on SE-Sephadex at pH 3.0 in a dissociating medium containing 8 M urea. Three major variants of tFc' fragment were purified by rechromatography and characterized by amino acid composition and by peptide maps. Their characteristic features are a high half-cystine content and a low content of arginine, histidine and methionine. The characteristics of all the three variants of tFc' fragment suggest that they most probably originate in the CH2 domain of immunoglobulin G. PMID- 6724053 TI - Quantitative predictivity of carcinogenicity for four short-term parameters, evaluated in rat liver: alkaline DNA fragmentation, autoradiographic repair, DNA adducts, preneoplastic nodules. AB - The possibility of the study of a quantitative correlation between short-term tests and carcinogenicity, instead of a qualitative one, is discussed. Four tests related to the target organ, rat liver, were considered: alkaline DNA fragmentation, DNA repair, DNA adducts and the formation of preneoplastic nodules. All the four tests showed a similar level of correlation with carcinogenic potency (r approximately equal to 0.4). With this level of correlation, the dispersion of the data appeared too large to offer a meaningful degree of quantitative predictivity of carcinogenicity, in reference to a single test. It appeared however, that the use of a battery of two or three independent short-term tests, with the above level of simple correlation, could generate a multiple correlation high enough to be potentially useful for some degree of quantitative predictivity of carcinogenic potency. PMID- 6724054 TI - [The marginal utility of affinity chromatography using immobilized estradiol in the purification of human uterine estrogen receptor]. AB - The purification of human uterine estrogen receptor (ER) was performed by way of the affinity chromatography technique using immobilized 17 beta-estradiol on Sepharose 4B, which was developed by Sica and Bresciani (Biochemistry, 18: 2369 2378, 1979). The anti-human ER antibody was induced and its immunological reactivity was also studied. About 300 micrograms of ER were obtained with the recovery of 18%. The purification magnitude of ER was 4000 times. The purified ER appeared as a complex with 17 beta-estradiol, and formed aggregated macromolecule which was eluate at void volume in Sephadex G-200 and Sephacryl S-300 gel filtration. In 7% approximately 18% linear gradient polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis after SDS treatment, two equally stained bands were observed at 90,000 and 70,000 MW areas. Although anti ER antiserum formed no detectable immunoreactive perception with any kinds of antigens, the gamma-globulin fraction of the antiserum produced a precipitate with human and cow uterine cytosols or their purified ERs. On the other hand, two other precipitin lines were observed in human uterine cytosol. One of the lines was also prevalently found with human muscle and liver cytosols, and human whole serum. The immunoreactive component in the human serum was detected in the globulin fraction, but not in the albumin fraction. These facts imply the immunological heterogeneity of the antibody induced by the purified human uterine ER using the affinity chromatography technique. The cytosol of human uterus obtained from hormonally treated women contains lesser amounts of ER than that of cow uterus in Dextran coated charcoal assay. The ER could not fully occupy the estradiol immobilized on Sepharose 4B in the purification of human uterine ER. Therefore, the non-specific estrogen binding proteins originated both from serum and cytoplasm such as steroid binding globulin, could bind to the remaining free estradiol-ligands of the affinity columns. Thus the marginal utility of the affinity chromatography using immobilized estradiol in the purification of human uterine ER was suggested. PMID- 6724055 TI - [Determination of free and conjugated 16 alpha-hydroxyestrone (16 alpha-OH E1) in serum by mass fragmentography using gas chromatography mass spectrometry]. AB - A simple, rapid and highly specific method for the determination of maternal and cord serum 16 alpha-hydroxyestrone (16 alpha-OH E1) during pregnancy and at delivery was developed by mass fragmentographic technique using a Gas chromatography--Mass spectrometry (GC-MS) with application of deuterated estradiol as an internal standard. The equipment used was Shimadzu LKB9000 GC-MS (MID-PM). The T.F.A. derivative of the compounds was analyzed using the GC-MS system equipped with a 1 m glass coil, 1% OV-1 on chromosorb w 60 approximately 80 mesh. The flow rate of carrier gas (helium) was 25 ml/min. The temperatures of column oven, separator and ionization source were kept at 190 degrees C, 270 degrees C and 290 degrees C, respectively. The ionization energy and trap current were 70 eV and 60 microA, respectively. The mass spectrum showed molecular ions at m/ e467 and m/ e478 corresponding to the T.F.A. derivatives of d3-E2 and 16 alpha-OH E1 respectively. Evaluation of the method assessed by recovery experiments was 99.2 percent when 10 ng of 16 alpha-OH E1 was added to 1.0 ml of male serum treated with charcoal. The coefficient of variation was 4.2 percent. Serum conjugated 16 alpha-OH E1 levels during pregnancy increased with progressing gestation. The levels in early pregnancy (5th approximately 15th week), middle pregnancy (16th approximately 27th week) and late pregnancy (28th approximately 42th week) were 1.72 +/- 0.43 ng/ml, 5.35 +/- 2.60 ng/ml, 11.92 +/- 3.93 ng/ml (mean +/- S.D.), respectively. Mean levels of 16 alpha-OH E1 in the umbilical artery were 11.61 +/- 5.17 ng/ml which were statistically higher than these in the maternal peripheral vein (6.06 +/- 4.72 ng/ml) and umbilical vein (9.16 +/- 3.77 ng/ml). Serum 16 alpha-OH E1 levels in the samples obtained from anencephalic pregnancy were significantly lower than those in normal pregnancy, suggesting that fetal adrenal function may be involved in the formation of this steroid during pregnancy. PMID- 6724056 TI - [Free thyroxine estimation for screening of hyper- and hypothyroidism in an adult population]. AB - Serum free thyroxine (FT4) was determined in 1,114 adults (male 239, female 875) in a periodic health evaluation in 1980 to detect unsuspected thyroid dysfunction, especially hyper- and hypothyroidism. The participants were dwelling in two towns of Miyagi prefecture. Beside FT4, serum T4 and T3 were also determined by radioimmunoassay. If thyroid dysfunction was suspected, further detailed examinations such as TRH-test (500 micrograms i.v.), radioimmunologic determinations of serum TSH and TBG, resin-sponge T3-uptake, 24-hr thyroid radioiodine 131I-uptake, radioiodine thyroid scan and anti-thyroid antibodies were performed. There were 3 patients with hyperthyroidism (0.27%), 4 with hypothyroidism (0.36%), 3 taking thyroid medication (2; Hashimoto's disease, 1; goiter), 3 on estrogen administration, 4 with Hashimoto's disease and 1 with goiter. Excluding these 18 patients, FT4, T4 and T3 values in 1,096 euthyroid subjects, 236 males and 860 females, were 1.1 +/- 0.3 (mean +/- S.D.), 1.1 +/- 0.3 and 1.0 +/- 0.3 ng/100 ml, 8.9 +/- 1.5, 8.8 +/- 1.6 and 9.0 +/- 1.5 micrograms/100 ml, and 122 +/- 33, 125 +/- 26 and 122 +/- 35 ng/100 ml, respectively. Serum FT4, T4 and T3 showed the distribution of logarithmic normal probability. The 95% normal range for free T4 was 0.60 to 1.80 ng/100 ml, total T4 6.0 to 11.8 micrograms/100 ml, and T3 84 to 176 ng/100 ml, respectively. Out of 1,114 subjects examined, the cases to be reexamined for the higher serum concentration than normal were 26 in FT4, 35 in T4 and 27 in T3, respectively. And the cases for lower values were 28 in FT4, 31 in T4 and 24 in T3, respectively. Serum FT4 values in the subjects during the administration of estrogens were within the normal range. FT4 and T4 were low in four patients with hypothyroidism, but two of them showed normal T3 values. Determinations of serum FT4, total T4 and total T3 were all useful for the screening of hyperthyroidism. But serum FT4 was the most reliable of the three. Determination of either serum FT4 or total T4 was suitable for the screening of hypothyroidism, but serum total T3 measurement did not cover all patients with hypothyroidism. PMID- 6724057 TI - The psychiatric workup of patients. PMID- 6724058 TI - The impairment of patient's tort rights in Delaware. PMID- 6724059 TI - Peering down the retrospectroscope. PMID- 6724060 TI - You can't win for losin'. PMID- 6724061 TI - Medical grand rounds: a patient with hypothalamic hypogonadism, liver disease, and arthralgias. PMID- 6724062 TI - Differentiation of gender identity role. PMID- 6724063 TI - Maprotiline and impotence: a case report. PMID- 6724064 TI - [CRST syndrome with stigmata of mixed connective tissue disease. Case contribution to overlap symptoms]. PMID- 6724065 TI - [Angiolymphoid hyperplasia with eosinophilia]. PMID- 6724066 TI - [Marked acro-osteolysis in progressive scleroderma]. PMID- 6724067 TI - [Treatment of lichen sclerosus et atrophicus with testosterone propionate ointment]. PMID- 6724068 TI - Isolation and characterization of an immunosuppressive protein in serum of patients with sarcoidosis. PMID- 6724069 TI - In vitro fibroblast and dermis fibroblast activation by laser irradiation at low energy. An electron microscopic study. AB - The effects of laser irradiations have been estimated both from the clinical point of view (rate of reduction of the ulcerated area) and in ultrastructural terms. The modification produced by laser in human fibroblasts in culture have also been investigated. Under our clinical and experimental conditions, laser stimulates the secretion of fibroblasts, both in vivo and in vitro, for reasons that are still the object of research. After irradiation the formation of periodic collagen fibrils is not observed, so that complete ' restitutio ad integrum' of the dermal matrix does not occur. PMID- 6724070 TI - A comparison of acyclovir cream versus placebo cream versus liquid nitrogen in the treatment of viral plantar warts. AB - 52 patients with a clinical diagnosis of verruca plantaris were entered into a randomised study of acyclovir cream versus placebo cream versus liquid nitrogen. 47 completed the initial 8-week assessment period. At first, liquid nitrogen was used as a positive control but after the entry of 33 patients it was discontinued as an initial therapy in order to obtain maximal numbers of patients on the cream treatments. At the end of the 8-week assessment period 5 of 18 (placebo cream), 7 of 18 (acyclovir cream) and 1 of 11 (liquid nitrogen) patients were completely cleared of their plantar warts. Patients who failed to clear on cream or liquid nitrogen treatments after the initial assessment period but who wished to continue therapy were subsequently treated with liquid nitrogen. Of a total of 27 patients treated vigorously with liquid nitrogen, for periods of time ranging from 2 to 34 weeks, only 11 were completely cleared of their warts at the end of the study. It is concluded that liquid nitrogen should not be considered as a routine treatment for plantar warts and that acyclovir cream is no better than placebo in the treatment of this condition. PMID- 6724071 TI - [Treatment of aphthosis with thalidomide and with colchicine]. AB - Thalidomide alone (200-300 mg daily) or associated with colchicine (2-3 mg daily) was given orally to 25 patients with aphthosis: 8 patients with recurrent oral aphthae; 4 patients with recurrent mucocutaneous aphthosis, without visceral involvement, and 13 patients with Behcet's disease (Touraine's aphthosis). A major improvement was noted in all groups, with a rapid healing of mucous lesions and a rapid reduction of pain and burning as compared to prior spontaneous regressions. No new outbreaks were noted at a dose of 50-100 mg thalidomide and 1 mg colchicine daily. Under oral administration of the drugs, thrombophlebitis was noted in 1 case (third group) only. In the other patients with Behcet's disease, skin aphthae, ocular symptoms, arthritis, superficial nodular phlebitis quickly disappeared with treatment. The efficiency of the drugs is only temporary, since new lesions usually appeared a few weeks after the end of treatment. Due to the relatively small number of cases studied in each group, no conclusions can be drawn concerning the efficiency of thalidomide alone compared to the association of the two drugs. However, this open trial does support the usefulness of thalidomide, or thalidomide and colchicine, in recurrent mucocutaneous aphthae, aphthosis and Behcet's disease. PMID- 6724072 TI - Pediculid. An unusual -id reaction to pediculosis capitis. AB - We describe a pruritic rash that appears to be associated with pediculosis capitis. We suggest calling it ' pediculid ' since it appears to be an -id reaction to pediculosis capitis. PMID- 6724073 TI - Ichthyosis hystrix. Report of a case. AB - An otherwise healthy 6-year-old girl, with lesions which clinically and histopathologically corresponded to the rare inherited disorder ichthyosis hystrix, is described. The classification of this disorder is briefly discussed. PMID- 6724074 TI - Rodent ulcer of the palm. A case report. AB - An ulcerous, infiltrating, mostly solid, partly cystic and keratotic type of basal cell carcinoma of the left palm, of about 5-years duration, in a 60-year old woman is described. Light and electron microscopical findings are presented with some histogenetical considerations of the tumor. PMID- 6724075 TI - Audiologic involvement in systemic sclerosis. PMID- 6724076 TI - Skin, hair and nail changes in a case of citrullinemia with late manifestation. AB - We report the case of a 56-year-old woman with a history of episodes of vomiting and coma. Hyperammoniemia , hypouremia , hypercitrullinemia and the decreased arginino -succinic synthetase activity on skin fibroblast cultures permitted us to diagnose citrullinemia. We think that the skin changes, i.e. atrophy of the epidermis, thin and short collagen bundles, dystrophic elastic fibers, increased fundamental matrix, were due to the undernutrition state and were not specific. The dosage of the amino acids of the total skin showed a decreased hydroxylation of lysine in the insoluble fraction, and the presence of proline and hypdroxyproline in the soluble fraction. These metabolic changes were not specific and evidenced the disorganization and the lysis of the connective tissue due to the under-nutritional state. The nail changes, i.e. clubbed fingers and 'half-and-half nail' syndrome, were not specific either. The hair changes mentioned by other authors in newborns and young children, i.e. sparse and brittle blond hair, presence of transverse opaque bands ('irregularly banded hair'), were not present in our case. We only found changes in the cuticle and some trichorrhexis which were not specific of the disease either. PMID- 6724077 TI - Plasmapheresis as an alternative or adjunctive therapy in problem cases of pemphigus. AB - 7 patients with pemphigus unresponsive to and/or with side effects from conventional therapy were treated by plasma exchange using three different procedures. Results were good and confirmed that plasmapheresis may actually be an alternative or adjunctive method of treating problem cases of pemphigus. The current drawbacks related to plasma exchange might be overcome in the future by dialysis of the patients' own plasma through suitable immunoadsorbent matrixes. PMID- 6724078 TI - Alopecia areata: a clinical study. AB - 100 cases of alopecia areata are examined and the possible relationship with the presumed etiological factors (atopy, autoimmunity and psychosomatics) are looked for. When atopy or autoantibodies are present alopecia areata always runs a serve course. It is, however, impossible to establish a definite etiological relation between atopy or autoimmunity and alopecia areata. PMID- 6724079 TI - Pyoderma gangrenosum associated with selective hereditary IgA deficiency. AB - A case of pyoderma gangrenosum is described in a girl aged 4. The condition was associated with selective IgA deficiency. The father and the 2 brothers suffered from the same deficiency (autosomal dominant transmission). Treatment with prednisolone and clofazimine produced an excellent clinical response. PMID- 6724080 TI - Perforating calcifying epithelioma of Malherbe with a rapid evolution. AB - A very rare case of calcifying epithelioma of Malherbe (CEM) with a rapid evolution and perforation of the epidermis is reported. Clinical appearance was atypical and did not suggest any diagnosis. Histopathologic examination shows a picture of CEM with some peculiar findings. Furthermore, in the upper dermis there are epithelial strands of shadow cells, partially calcified, tending to come in contact with the perforated epidermis and to be eliminated through it. The acute form of CEM and the mechanism of epidermal perforation in perforating dermatoses are discussed. PMID- 6724081 TI - [Sandy nails and twenty-nail dystrophy of childhood. Apropos of 2 cases]. AB - 2 apparently idiopathic cases of twenty-nail dystrophy of childhood are reported with follow-ups of 4 and 16 years, respectively. The associated koilonychia appears to be only fortuitous and related to the fragility of the nail. Trachyonychia should be considered as a symptom often related to external traumatism or dermatoses, particularly alopecia areata or lichen planus, of which it could be a specific isolated location. Within the spectrum of apparently idiopathic trachyonychies , the twenty-nail dystrophy of childhood appears to be a real entity on the basis of its clinical features and course. PMID- 6724082 TI - Reticulate acropigmentation of Kitamura. A report of two families. AB - Reticulate acropigmentation of Kitamura has been described in 8 subjects belonging to two unrelated families. All the patients were found to be affected in their second decade. PMID- 6724083 TI - An evaluation of PUVA-therapy for alopecia areata. AB - 30 patients with alopecia areata were treated with 8-methoxypsoralen orally combined with whole body UVA exposure. 9 patients showed more than 60% regrowth of hair, 8 of them had recurrences of hair loss within a mean time of 7.7 months. No selecting criteria could be found prophesying good results of PUVA therapy. PMID- 6724084 TI - Scabies and giardiasis. Increased serum IgE due to scabies infestation in 2 children with scabies and giardiasis. AB - Serum IgE concentrations and circulating eosinophils were increased in 2 children with scabies and Giardia lamblia infection. Both parameters decreased after scabies elimination, whereas none of them were influenced by the Giardia lamblia infection. This confirms previous observations that scabies stimulates the immune system, whereas Giardia lamblia does not. PMID- 6724085 TI - [Dermatofibromas, elastomas and deafness: a new case of the Buschke-Ollendorff syndrome]. AB - The authors propose a new case of Buschke- Ollendorff syndrome: a female patient aged 54 years presents 17 tumoral lesions out of which some are dermatofibromas and other elastomas . Deafness appeared 5 years after the cutaneous lesions and seems to be the result of a pathological condensation of petrous bones. PMID- 6724086 TI - [Calcified Malherbe epithelioma of an unusual histological type]. AB - A case of calcifying epithelioma (of Malherbe) is reported, which seems to be developing on an epidermal cyst: microscopic examination shows a sudden transformation of the wall of the epidermal cyst into a calcifying epithelioma. This histological feature is very rare: only 2 similar cases have been reported in the literature until now. PMID- 6724087 TI - Effect of hydrocortisone on immune system of the lizard, Chalcides ocellatus. I. Response of lymphoid tissues and cells to in vivo and in vitro hydrocortisone. AB - A single dose of 1 mg/g body weight of hydrocortisone acetate (HC) administered intraperitoneally to adult lizards, Chalcides ocellatus induced rapidly a reduction of about 85% of thymic lymphocytes. Histological evidence indicated that cortical, as well as, medullary thymocytes are sensitive to HC exposure. Around 40-50% of lymphocytes in peripheral blood (PB) and spleen were depleted at 3-7 days post-HC injection; such depletion durated about 4 weeks for PB but was rather temporary in spleen. Increase in number of bone marrow (BM) lymphocytes was negligible and transient and could by no way account for the dramatic cell losses in the different lymphoid tissues. The findings thus suggested that HC mediated lymphocyte depletion in lizards is not attributable to redistribution between the different lymphoid compartments but rather to destruction. In direct conformation, lymphocytes were readily lysed in vitro by 10(-3)M HC, thymocytes being more vulnerable greater than PB greater than spleen greater than BM lymphocytes. PMID- 6724088 TI - Carbohydrate specificities of Birgus latro (coconut crab) serum lectins. PMID- 6724089 TI - A simple method for serial bleeding of lizards. PMID- 6724090 TI - Ultrastructure of granulopoiesis in tunica propria of the bursa of Fabricius. PMID- 6724091 TI - Recognition of xenogeneic proteins by the blue crab: dissociation of the clearance and degradation reactions and lack of involvement of circulating hemocytes and humoral factors. AB - Blue crabs clear foreign proteins from the circulation to the gills in a manner that can be explained by postulating the participation of a finite number of naturally occurring quasi-specific receptors. The rate of this clearance reaction is not increased by previous exposure to the foreign protein although recovery to the normal rate of clearance after high level blockade is quite rapid. The cleared foreign proteins are degraded in the gills in a relatively nonspecific fashion suggestive of a clear distinction between the clearance and degradation reactions. The results of perfusion experiments indicate that neither circulating hemocytes nor specific humoral factors are responsible for the foreign protein clearance reaction in blue crabs. Thus it is concluded that fixed cells, most likely in the gills, are responsible for this means of dealing with nonself proteins in blue crabs and possibly other crustaceae . PMID- 6724092 TI - Crustacean defense strategies. I. Molecular weight dependent clearance of dyes in the mud crab Scylla serrata (Forskal) (Portunidae: Brachyura). AB - Clearance rates of dyes injected into the hemocoel of the mud crab, Scylla serrata, revealed several patterns of clearance and retention associated with physico-chemical and biological variables. Clearance rates remained constant: 1) when the molar concentrations of the injected dyes were equal, 2) after repeated injections of dyes and 3) after serum opsonization. Rates increased: 1) with higher molecular weight irrespective of charge, 2) at higher dye concentration and 3) at night concomitant with an increase in the hemocyte population. In contrast, clearance rates decreased with increasing crab size. Dye cleared from the hemolymph accumulated in the gills but not in the hepatopancreas, antennary glands nor gut. The retention of dyes in the gills increased with higher molecular weights. Granular hemocytes accumulated in the gill rachis and lamellae of dye treated but not in gills of normal and saline injected crabs. A role for hemocytes in molecular weight and concentration dependent clearance of dyes is suggested. Our findings are important for understanding the molecular basis of recognition in crustaceans. PMID- 6724093 TI - Heterogeneity of mitogen-responsive lymphocytes in carp (Cyprinus carpio). AB - Peripheral blood leukocytes (PBL) of carp respond in vitro to a variety of phytomitogens, shown to be T-cell specific or B-cell specific in mammalian systems. Some basic differences have been observed in the proliferative response of carp PBL to PHA (phytohemagglutinin), ConA ( concanvalin A) and LPS (lipopolysaccharide): (1) The response to PHA and ConA was found to be highly dependent upon the continuous presence of mitogen in the medium, in contrast to LPS, where after the initial stimulation, cells could continue to proliferate for several days without mitogen. (2) Lymphoblasts grown in long term culture with either PHA or Con A could be transferred into medium containing the other mitogen without impairing cell proliferation, but cell growth was reduced to background level following transfer into LPS-containing medium. LPS grown cells continue to proliferate independently of the mitogen content of the medium. (3) Co stimulation with LPS+PHA or LPS+ConA results in a synergistic response, while co stimulation with PHA+ConA results in inhibition of DNA synthesis. (4) Several morphological differences have been observed between cells proliferating in the presence of PHA and those proliferating in the presence of LPS. It is suggested that while the PHA and ConA responsive cells may belong to the same lymphocyte subpopulation, they are distinct from the LPS-responsive subpopulation. PMID- 6724094 TI - In vitro evidence for the requirement of filopodial elongation for the progress of phagocytosis by phagocytic granular cells of the silkworm, Bombyx mori. AB - The significance of filopodial elongation of phagocytic granular cells of Bombyx mori in the progress of phagocytosis was investigated by regulating the degree of filopodial elongation with low temperature and cytochalasin B (CB). Elongation inhibited cells were unable to ingest foreign cells such as sheep erythrocytes (SRBC), while cells having more or less the ability to elongate their filopodia against SRBC could phagocytose them. The results showed that filopodial elongation was an essential element in the progress of a series of phagocytic processes following attachment, and also suggested that certain level of intracellular phagocytic signals obtained during elongation is required for the completion of phagocytosis. PMID- 6724095 TI - The effect of environmental temperature on the immune response of a marine teleost (Paralichthys dentatus). AB - The kinetics of the primary immune response to horse erythrocytes were studied in summer flounder ( Paralichthys dentatus). This species produced antibody over a wide temperature range. The fish were divided into five groups and the experiments carried out at environmental temperatures of 27, 22, 17, 12, and 7.5 degrees C. At the lower environmental temperatures, a corresponding delay in the appearance of circulation antibody occurred, although the magnitude and duration of the response was not appreciably affected. After immunizing at 12 degrees C, lowering the environmental temperature gradually to 8 degrees C, did not appear to inhibit an ongoing primary responses. Typical secondary responses were seen in fishes kept at warmer temperatures, but when the temperature was lowered to 8 degrees C, no anamnestic response was seen. Individual variation was most noticeable at middle temperature ranges. PMID- 6724096 TI - Cortisol and glucose tolerance in normal pregnancy. AB - The possible correlations between the increase in cortisol levels and the decrease in glucose tolerance and changes in insulin and glucagon secretion in normal pregnancy were studied in 17 normal pregnant women. Total and free plasma cortisol concentrations and urinary cortisol excretion rate were measured monthly from week 12 and the results were related to the changes in glucose tolerance in early, mid, and late pregnancy and finally compared to postpartum findings. In early pregnancy, total and free plasma cortisol concentrations and the urinary cortisol excretion rate were already higher than postpartum and the levels increased further throughout gestation, reaching maximum levels at term. Glucose tolerance deteriorated during pregnancy. When the increases during pregnancy in total and free plasma cortisol concentrations and urinary cortisol excretion rates on the one hand and the deterioration of glucose tolerance on the other hand were related, significant positive correlations were obtained (r-values between 0.55 and 0.63, p less than 0.05). No correlation was found between the increase in cortisol levels or excretion rates and the changes in the insulin and glucagon responses to glucose in pregnancy. It is concluded that the elevation of cortisol levels in pregnancy might possibly be associated with the diabetogenicity of pregnancy. PMID- 6724097 TI - Glucagon secretion in rats with non-insulin-dependent diabetes: an in vivo and in vitro study. AB - Non-insulin-dependent diabetes ( NIDD ) was obtained in adult rats following a neonatal streptozotocin injection. Rats with NIDD exhibited a chronic low-insulin response to glucose in vivo, slightly elevated basal plasma glucose values (less than 2 g/l) and low pancreatic insulin stores (50% of the controls). Glucagon secretion was studied in this model, in vivo and in vitro using the isolated perfused pancreas technique. Normal basal plasma glucagon levels were observed in the fed state and were in accordance with normal basal glucagon release in vitro. The pancreatic glucagon stores were normal in the diabetics. In experiments with the perfused pancreas, the increased glucose concentration suppressed glucagon release as readily in the diabetics as in the controls. Moreover 5.5 mM glucose suppressed glucagon release stimulated by 19 mM arginine to the same extent in both groups. These data indicate that the suppression of A cell function by glucose is normal in rats with NIDD . Theophylline and isoproterenol also produced normal glucagon release in diabetics. By contrast, the glucagon secretion in response to arginine was lower in the diabetics. This was observed either in vivo (arginine infusion) or in vitro in the presence or the absence of glucose in the perfusate. But in the presence of theophylline the response to arginine was normalized in the diabetics. Impairment of A cell function of the diabetics is not limited to recognition of amino-acids, since acetylcholine evoked a lower glucagon response in the diabetics than in the controls. These defects are different from those described in their B cells. PMID- 6724098 TI - Variations in hemoglobin A1c and blood glucose in children with newly diagnosed diabetes mellitus described by a biokinetic model. AB - Hemoglobin A1c (HbA1c) and the blood glucose concentrations were measured in 26 children with newly diagnosed diabetes mellitus from the start of insulin treatment and during the remission and post-remission phases. The results were analysed according to a biokinetic model which describes HbA1c as a function of the preceeding blood glucose level during the lifetime of the erythrocytes. The correlation between HbA1c and blood glucose at the start of treatment improved significantly when the model was modified to accomodate a change in the blood glucose level at the time when the first diabetic symptoms were noticed. The individual HbA1c values measured after 1, 2 and 3 weeks of insulin treatment were compared with values predicted from the biokinetic model and preceeding blood glucose measurements. There was a significant positive correlation between observed and predicted values, and the correlation increased with the length of the observation period. In all children the HbA1c level declined and reached a nadir 10 to 15 weeks after initiation of treatment. A significant negative correlation between the duration of remission and the HbA1c level was observed. It is concluded that the biokinetic model compares favourably with the observed variations in HbA1c and blood glucose levels which occur in newly diagnosed diabetes mellitus during the first weeks of insulin treatment. PMID- 6724099 TI - Rapid decrease of platelet aggregation (ADP--and collagen--induced) and of platelet circulating aggregates by the artificial pancreas in insulin-dependent diabetics. AB - The aim of the present study was to evaluate the role of the strict metabolic control achieved with the aid of an artificial pancreas (Biostator, Miles) on platelet functions in insulin-dependent diabetics (n = 20). Platelet aggregation responses to both ADP and collagen, as well as circulating platelet aggregates according to Wu and Hoak, were determined before and after 24 hours of complete metabolic control; as control group, 18 insulin-dependent diabetics were only monitored without attempts to normalize their blood glucose behaviour. A significant decrease in ADP induced aggregation (p less than 0.01) and circulating platelet aggregates (p less than 0.001) was observed in diabetics during the period of strict metabolic control. No changes were observed in the control group. The present data suggest that the increased platelet activity in diabetes is a consequence of the metabolic derangement of the disease. PMID- 6724100 TI - Glomerular hyperfiltration and blood viscosity in type I (insulin-dependent) diabetic subjects. AB - To investigate whether the increased glomerular filtration rate (GFR) in short term diabetic patients is related to increased blood- or plasma viscosities, GFR [( 51Cr] EDTA-clearance), whole blood- and plasma viscosities were simultaneously determined in 16 insulin-dependent diabetic subjects, aged 11 to 34 years (duration of disease 0.1 to 8 years) and compared to the results in healthy subjects. Mean standard GFR +/- SD (that is, GFR corrected to body surface area of 1.73 m2) was significantly higher in the diabetics than in 16 age- and sex matched controls (142 +/- 26 ml/min vs. 123 +/- 18 ml/min, P less than 0.02). Blood viscosities at different shear rates and the plasma viscosity were not significantly different in the two groupes , although the plasma fibrinogen level was significantly elevated in the diabetics (376 +/- 60 mg%, vs. 289 +/- 37 mg%, P less than 0.001). No correlation was found between GFR and the viscosity measurements. The results of the present study do not support the suggestion that the increased GFR in short-term diabetics is related to changes in blood viscosity. PMID- 6724101 TI - Chromatin proteins of rat preputial-gland: acute changes in response to estrogen. AB - The effects of estradiol-17 beta (E2 beta) at 2 or 15 min in vivo on chromatin proteins of rat preputial-gland were analyzed by a battery of electrophoretic methods. Among histones, E2 beta/control ratios for major bands of H1 decreased substantially between 2 and 15 min. In contrast, ratios of H4 increased (P less than 0.01), whereas, except for losses by 2 min in a H2B-like component and in H3.1, other core histones were unchanged. Among 0.35 M NaCl-soluble proteins, components at 34K-mol. wt and less than 21K -mol wt were increased after 2 min of E2 beta. The bulk of the hormone-responsive low-molecular weight proteins was basic in charge. Electrophoretic correlates of 6 basic lysosomal proteins corresponded to those of low-molecular weight salt-soluble chromatin proteins. Selective proteolysis initiated in vivo by E2 beta depleted some tightly-bound nonhistone proteins. PMID- 6724102 TI - Varying effects of calcium on the oxidation of palmitate and alpha-ketoglutarate in isolated rat liver mitochondria incubated in KCl-based and sucrose-based media. AB - Isolated mitochondria from rat liver were incubated in the presence of [U 14C]palmitate, ATP, CoA, carnitine, EGTA (ethylene glycol bis (beta-aminoethyl ether) N,N'-tetraacetic acid) and varying amounts of calcium. When a KC1-based incubation medium was used, the oxidation of palmitate was inhibited when the concentration of free calcium was increased from about 0.1-10 microM. When a sucrose-based incubation medium was used, the basal rate of palmitate oxidation was about half of that observed with the KC1-medium and calcium had a stimulatory effect. With the KC1-medium the rate of oxygen consumption was inhibited by calcium with alpha-ketoglutarate as well as palmitate as the respiratory substrate. No inhibitory effect of calcium was observed with succinate or beta hydroxybutyrate. With the KC1-medium and with alpha-ketoglutarate as the respiratory substrate, state 3 respiration but not state 4 respiration was inhibited by calcium. When the sucrose-medium was used, state 3 respiration was first inhibited by calcium, but this inhibition was gradually relieved and the respiratory rate finally became higher than it was before calcium addition. PMID- 6724103 TI - Properties of ferredoxin reductase and ferredoxin from the bovine corpus luteum. AB - Ferredoxin reductase and ferredoxin were purified from the bovine corpus luteum and their properties compared to the corresponding adrenal proteins. The luteal and adrenal proteins had similar absorbance spectra and molecular weights. Evidence was obtained from spectrophotometric titrations for formation of 1:1 complexes between luteal ferredoxin reductase and ferredoxin and between ferredoxin and cytochrome P-450scc. Adrenal ferredoxin reductase and ferredoxin were equally as effective as luteal ferredoxin reductase and ferredoxin in supporting cholesterol side-chain cleavage by luteal cytochrome P-450scc. PMID- 6724104 TI - Properties of bovine luteal cytochrome P-450scc incorporated into artificial phospholipid vesicles. AB - Bovine luteal cytochrome P-450scc was purified and incorporated into artificial phosphatidylcholine vesicles. The vesicle reconstituted cytochrome used membrane bound cholesterol as substrate and cholesterol binding varied with the phosphatidylcholine fatty acyl composition and was stimulated by the presence of cardiolipin in the vesicle. 22R -hydroxycholesterol and 20 alpha, 22R - dihydroxycholesterol bound to the cytochrome up to 300 times more tightly than cholesterol and decreased the affinity of the cytochrome for CO by 100-200-fold. The properties of the cytochrome closely paralleled those reported for cytochrome P-450scc purified from the bovine adrenal gland. PMID- 6724105 TI - Superoxide dismutase, reduced glutathione and TBA-reactive products in erythrocytes of patients with multiple sclerosis. AB - Superoxide dismutase, reduced glutathione and lipid peroxides levels were determined in the erythrocytes of multiple sclerosis patients. Superoxide dismutase activity and the malonyldialdehyde production rate were found to be significantly enhanced. The isoelectric focusing pattern of superoxide dismutase from multiple sclerosis and normal subjects erythrocytes was substantially overlapping. Our results indicate the occurrence of a higher susceptibility of multiple sclerosis erythrocytes to lipid peroxidation. PMID- 6724106 TI - The effects of oxalate and glucose on lipogenesis by isolated hepatocytes from normal and biotin-deficient chicks (Gallus domesticus). AB - Isolated hepatocytes synthesize fatty acids and cholesterol from lactate and acetate with lactate being the more effective substrate. Biotin deficiency decreased fatty acid synthesis from both substrates but stimulated cholesterogenesis. Exposure of intact hepatocytes to oxalate inhibited fatty acid and cholesterol synthesis from lactate, this effect was enhanced in biotin deficient chicks. A similar effect was not observed when acetate was the substrate. Synthesis of fatty acids from lactate and acetate was stimulated by glucose, biotin deficiency increased this response. Cholesterogenesis was reduced in control but not biotin-deficient chicks. PMID- 6724107 TI - Developmental changes in the composition of, and precursor incorporation into, polypeptides of rat brain slices. AB - Developmental changes in both polypeptide composition and incorporation of L [3,4(n)-3H]valine into rat brain slice polypeptides have been monitored by SDS polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis coupled with fluorography. Six polypeptide bands (mol. wt 280, 210, 117, 66, 55 and 53 k) showed developmental decreases in relative amount whilst eleven others (mol. wt 230, 156, 95, 77, 68, 62, 48, 38, 34, 28 and 18 k) showed developmental increases. The majority of these changes were accompanied by corresponding, but not parallel changes in precursor incorporation. At least one polypeptide, mol. wt 44 k, showed a developmental decrease in precursor incorporation, but little change in relative amount. Localisation of these polypeptides in SPM, myelin and mitochondrial enriched fractions has been studied. PMID- 6724108 TI - A mechanism for fibrin monomer aggregation based on a kinetic study. AB - A kinetic study was carried out of the aggregation of fibrin monomers under different reaction conditions. At either acid or base pH values, second-order kinetic processes were observed throughout the concentration range studied. At neutral pH (6.8 less than or equal to pH less than or equal to 7.3) the kinetics were of second order at fibrin monomer concentrations of less than 0.3-0.4 mg/ml, while at higher concentrations they changed to first order. Both the second order rate constants and the opacity of the fibrin gels are highly dependent on pH, ionic strength, the concentration of calcium ions and on temperature. A three step reaction mechanism is proposed for the aggregation of fibrin monomers to explain the kinetic behaviour observed in the different reaction media. PMID- 6724109 TI - Decarboxylation of uroporphyrinogen I and III in 2,3,7,8-tetrachlorodibenzo-p dioxin induced porphyria in mice. AB - The decarboxylation of uroporphyrinogens I and III by porphyrinogen carboxy-lyase (EC 4.1.1.37) in mouse liver supernatant was compared in relation to substrate concentrations. In this species uroporphyrinogen III was the best substrate judging by the criteria of Km/Vmax (estimated for total porphyrinogens) and was converted into coproporphyrinogen faster than its series I isomer. The difference between the two isomers was mainly due to the first decarboxylation. This difference was confirmed by calculation of the Hill coefficient and of Lineweaver Burk plot which suggested that isomer I induced negative cooperativity in the active centre of the enzyme. After treatment with a porphyrogenic dose of TCDD (25 micrograms/kg/week for 9 weeks) differences between uroporphyrinogen I and III as substrate were maintained. In addition treatment reduced Vmax and Km (estimated for total porphyrinogens) of liver porphyrinogen carboxy-lyase to about half control values for both isomers. Vmax was reduced mainly because of the formation of smaller amounts of all products of decarboxylation, and Km because more heptaporphyrinogen was formed than coproporphyrinogen. Values of the Hill coefficient and Lineweaver-Burk plots suggested TCDD induced altered substrate affinity for isomer III too. Treatment with TCDD did not affect the decarboxylation of uroporphyrinogen III by RBC porphyrinogen carboxy-lyase, estimated from Km and Vmax for total porphyrinogens formed. PMID- 6724110 TI - The evolution and function of biological molecular assemblies: from catalase to viruses. Ninth Keilin Memorial lecture. PMID- 6724111 TI - Nerve growth factor--an enigma still? PMID- 6724112 TI - Clostridium difficile enterotoxin (toxin A): new results. PMID- 6724113 TI - Present status of cholera vaccines. PMID- 6724115 TI - Genetic dissection of tyrosyl-tRNA synthetase. PMID- 6724114 TI - Antimotility drugs in the treatment of acute diarrhoea. PMID- 6724116 TI - Liposomes: bags of challenge. PMID- 6724117 TI - Interaction of liposomes with hepatocytes and Kupffer cells in vivo and in vitro. PMID- 6724118 TI - Role of lipoproteins in stability and clearance of liposomes administered to mice. PMID- 6724120 TI - Natural antibodies against phospholipids and liposomes in humans. PMID- 6724119 TI - Antibody-directed liposomes: the development of a cell-specific cytotoxic agent. PMID- 6724121 TI - Liposomal drug delivery in chronic ischaemia. PMID- 6724122 TI - Liposomes in diagnostic radiology. PMID- 6724123 TI - Liposomes as aids to tumour detection. PMID- 6724124 TI - Liposomes for gene transfer and expression in vivo. PMID- 6724125 TI - A comparison of the bioavailability of two carbamazepine preparations (200 and 400 mg tablets). AB - A 2-week open, randomized, crossover study was conducted in epileptic patients on chronic therapy, who took either carbamazepine (CBZ) 200 or CBZ 400 mg tablets. The oral dose was 1200 or 1600 mg/day, according to individual needs. There was no difference in absorption or steady-state levels between the two preparations. The new galenic preparation of CBZ will help the neurologist to reduce the number of tablets taken by severe epileptic patients, with no risk but only benefits for the subjects. PMID- 6724126 TI - Diprolene cream in the treatment of severe or resistant corticosteroid-responsive dermatoses. AB - In a 2-week open study Diprolene Cream was administered to fifty patients with severe or resistant psoriasis, atopic dermatitis or other corticosteroid responsive dermatoses. Patients applied 3.5 grams of medication twice daily. Efficacy and safety of this preparation were evaluated in forty-seven and fifty patients, respectively. By the third treatment day, therapeutic response was observed in forty-three of forty-seven (91%) evaluable patients. By treatment Day 14, an 83% decrease in the mean total severity score of signs and symptoms was observed in twenty-two psoriatic patients. Similarly, a 91% reduction in the mean total severity score of signs and symptoms was observed in the twenty-five patients with other severe or resistant corticosteroid-responsive dermatoses. Transient burning was reported by twenty-five patients, one of whom also developed laminar scaling. Therapy was not discontinued in any of these patients, and none required treatment. Morning plasma cortisol levels remained within normal limits during and after therapy. PMID- 6724127 TI - The effect of povidone-iodine paint on fungal infection. AB - Povidone-Iodine (Betadine) Paint was used in thirteen patients with a proven fungal infection. Ten patients had pityriasis versicolor, two had trichophyton rubrum and one M. canis. In the pityriasis versicolor group, seven out of the ten patients were either improved or cleared up completely within 7 days. There were no adverse reactions in this group of patients and the material proved quite acceptable to them. Scanning electron micrographs were carried out on three of the patients and demonstrated the decrease in fungal elements after treatment and clinical improvement. PMID- 6724128 TI - Our experience with the use of buflomedil chlorhydrate in a mixed population of vasculopathic patients. AB - In the Observation Department of S. Giacomo Hospital the authors carried out a study on 242 patients, in whom they found a latent vascular pathology in some cases and a manifest vascular pathology in other cases. The patients were divided into two groups: (a) patients at risk, (b) manifestly vasculopathic patients and they were then subdivided according to the compromised region. The subjects underwent sero-haematological and radiological tests, instrumental tests not involving operations such as Doppler ultrasonography and rheography, and tests involving operations such as angiography. Both medical and surgical therapeutic means were used. Then the authors carried out a therapeutic trial with buflomedil chlorhydrate on subjects with obliterative vasculopathy with different aetiologies. PMID- 6724129 TI - There is selective accumulation of a growth factor in chicken skeletal muscle. I. Transferrin accumulation in adult anterior latissimus dorsi. AB - Chick embryo myoblasts in culture will respond to extracts of adult anterior latissimus dorsi muscle with an increase in cell number and an increase in total protein and in myosin heavy chain in fused myotubes. Extracts of adult pectoralis major and of posterior latissimus muscles are only marginally active. The active adult muscle extracts are fractionated by DEAE-cellulose column chromatography and transferrin is identified as the active component based on the following findings: (1) the active fractions are shown to contain an 80K protein that comigrates with chicken transferrin on SDS-PAGE, (2) the active extract from the anterior latissimus dorsi completely replaced embryo extract in the culture medium and supported normal myogenesis, (3) the active extract requires iron for its ability to support myogenesis, (4) the peptide map of the 80K protein is identical to a peptide map of transferrin. Under conditions where the 80K protein is detected in adult anterior latissimus dorsi muscles it is shown that the protein is nevertheless not synthesized in the muscle. These results support the idea that tissues of selective muscles in the adult chicken accumulate transferrin. An accompanying paper shows that transferrin also accumulates in early developmental stages of fast muscle tissue but that accumulation ceases after hatching in these muscles in normal chickens but not in animals of congenic strains with inherited muscular dystrophy. PMID- 6724130 TI - Formation of pattern in regenerating tissue pieces of Hydra attenuata. II. Degree of proportion regulation is less in the hypostome and tentacle zone than in the tentacles and basal disc. AB - The relative sizes of the various structures in Hydra attenuata were compared over a broad range of animal sizes to determine in detail the ability to regulate proportions during regeneration. The three components of the head, namely hypostome, tentacles, and tentacle zone from which the tentacles emerge, the body column, and the basal disc were all measured separately. Ectodermal cell number was used as the measure of size. The results showed that the basal disc proportioned exactly over a 40-fold size range, and the tentacle tissue proportioned exactly over a 20-fold size range. In contrast, the hypostome and tentacle zone proportioned allometrically . With decreasing size, the hypostome and tentacle zone became an increasing fraction of the animal at the expense of body tissue, and in the very smallest regenerates at the expense of tentacle tissue. In their current form, the reaction-diffusion models proposed for pattern regulation in hydra are not consistent with the data. PMID- 6724132 TI - Cell lineage relationships in the development of the mammalian CNS. I. The facial nerve nucleus. AB - Genetically mosaic animals are valuable tools in the study of cell lineage relationships during development. The work described here is a quantitative analysis of large motor neurons of the facial nerve nucleus of the mouse. Aggregation chimeric mice were made from embryos which differed at the structural locus for the enzyme beta-glucuronidase. This difference is an intrinsic property of each cell and is easily detected by histochemical means. The numbers of cells in each of 10 facial nuclei from six glucuronidase chimeras were determined and each cell was scored for its embryo of origin using the glucuronidase marker. Unlike cerebellar Purkinje cells, this analysis revealed no evidence of numerical quanta of invariant size in the facial nucleus. Determination of the fraction of the total cells comprised by the descendants of each embryo, however, revealed evidence of quanta. These values suggest that the neurons of each facial nucleus descend from 12 progenitors. In agreement with similar calculations performed on Purkinje cells, the facial nucleus progenitors appear to be selected as the sole source of the facial nucleus neurons some time during the neural plate to neural groove stage of development. The absence of rigidly specified numerical quanta in the nucleus suggests that factors extrinsic to these cells contribute to the final adult number of neurons. PMID- 6724131 TI - Retinoic acid-induced pattern duplication in regenerating urodele limbs. AB - The effects of varying doses of retinoic acid on forelimb regeneration in larval Ambystoma mexicanum amputated through the wrist joint and in adult Notophthalmus viridescens amputated through the basal carpals were compared. In both species, the major effect of retinoic acid was to cause the proximodistal duplication, in the regenerate, of stump segments proximal to the amputation plane. Transverse axial duplications (anteroposterior and dorsoventral) occurred in a smaller percentage of cases; these consisted of cartilage spurs in axolotls, and extra digits in newts. The frequency and magnitude of the proximodistal and (in the newt) transverse duplications were dose dependent, and the regenerating limbs were maximally sensitive to the retinoid during the period of dedifferentiation and accumulation of blastema cells. The effect of retinoic acid is exerted on cells local to the amputation surface, as shown by the fact that retinoic acid caused the proximodistal duplication of stump segments in regenerates derived from amputated distal lower arm segments grafted to the eyesocket . PMID- 6724133 TI - Protein synthesis in dorsal and ventral regions of Xenopus laevis embryos in relation to dorsal and ventral differentiation. AB - Two-dimensional gel electrophoresis has been used to analyze protein synthesis in dorsal and ventral regions in embryonic stages of Xenopus laevis. Proteins specific either to dorsal or to ventral regions are synthesized for the first time at gastrulation, concomitant with morphological differentiation. The reliability of these proteins as markers of dorsal and ventral differentiation was tested by examining their synthesis in Uv-irradiated embryos, which have severely reduced capacity for dorsal development, reflected in reduced levels of the neuromuscular-specific enzyme acetylcholinesterase, but which continue to synthesize the great majority of proteins at normal rates. Synthesis of dorsal indicator proteins should be reduced or absent in these embryos, whereas ventral indicators should be synthesized at least to the same extent as in control embryos. Some of the putative dorsal and ventral indicators failed this test, but the majority were confirmed as reliable markers of dorsal and ventral differentiation, thus providing a connection between morphology and gene expression in the establishment of the dorsal-ventral axis in X. laevis. PMID- 6724134 TI - Homotopic and heterotopic transplantations of quail tectal primordia in chick embryos: organization of the retinotectal projections in the chimeric embryos. AB - To study the adaptative capabilities of the retinotectal system in birds, the primordium of one optic tectum from 12-somite embryos of Japanese quail was transplanted either homotopically , to replace the ablated same primordium, or heterotopically, to replace the ablated dorsal diencephalon in White Leghorn chick embryos of the same stage. The quail nucleolar marker was used to recognize the transplants. The cytoarchitecture of the tecta and the retinal projections from the eye contralateral to the graft were studied on the 17th or 18th day of incubation in the chimeric embryos by autoradiographic or horseradish peroxidase tracing methods. Morphometric analysis was applied to evaluate the percentage of the tectal surface receiving optic projections. It was observed that: (i) quail mesencephalic alar plate can develop a fully laminated optic tectum even when transplanted heterotopically; (ii) retinal ganglion cells from the chick not only recognize the tectal neurons of the quail as their specific targets in homotopic grafts, but the optic fibers deviate to innervate the heterotopically grafted tectum; (iii) in the presence of a graft, the chick retina is unable to innervate a tectal surface of similar or larger size than that of the control tectum; (iv) tectal regions devoid of optic projections, whether formed by donor or by host cells, always present an atrophic lamination; (v) the diencephalic supernumerary optic tectum competes with and prevails over the host tectum as a target for optic fiber terminals. PMID- 6724135 TI - Stimulation of DNA synthesis by microinjection of diadenosine 5',5''-P1, P4 tetraphosphate (Ap4A) into Xenopus laevis oocytes. AB - Ap4A stimulated DNA synthesis when injected into oocytes. The stimulation was dramatically increased when an exogenous template was microinjected. Aphidicolin inhibited the effect of Ap4A, supporting a role of DNA polymerase alpha in this process. No stimulation by Ap4A was observed in microinjected eggs, nor ATP was able to mimic the in vivo effect of Ap4A. Besides microinjected activated DNA, the stimulation by Ap4A of DNA synthesis was also observed with poly dT and poly dT-poly dA as templates, while no effect was observed with poly dA- dT12 -18 and poly dC- dG12 -18. These results support a role of Ap4A in the initiation of DNA synthesis. PMID- 6724136 TI - The timing of cell-type-specific differentiation in Dictyostelium discoideum. AB - We have used two-dimensional gel electrophoresis to identify over 30 proteins which are specific to one or other of the two cell types of Dictyostelium discoideum, either at the slug stage or in mature fruiting bodies. Our results support the idea that there is a continuous developmental program that begins in prespore cells at the hemispherical mound stage (10-12 hr) and results in spore differentiation (24 hr). Prestalk differentiation, on the other hand, appeared largely unrelated to stalk differentiation, which was first detectable at the onset of culmination (18 hr). We have also used this approach to study the differentiation of stalk-only mutants and have found that the cells can switch from spore to stalk differentiation as late as 2 hr before the end of the wild type developmental program. PMID- 6724137 TI - Studies of the temporal relationship between the cytogenetic and biochemical manifestations of X-chromosome inactivation during the differentiation of LT-1 teratocarcinoma stem cells. AB - Previous biochemical studies have suggested that both X chromosomes produce gene products when cells of the LT-1 teratocarcinoma stem cell line are maintained in the undifferentiated state, and that dosage compensation, the biochemical manifestation of X inactivation, occurs when the cells are induced to differentiate in vitro (Martin et al., 1978). In this study the differentiation of LT-1 cells in vitro is described in detail, and data from cytogenetic studies of the time of X-chromosome replication in LT-1 cells are presented. They show that as long as the cells are maintained in the undifferentiated state both X chromosomes in each cell show the isocyclic replication pattern typical of a genetically active chromosome. However, when the LT-1 cells are induced to differentiate under appropriate conditions, one of the two X chromosomes in each cell of a large proportion of the population displays the allocyclic (either early or late) replication pattern typical of an inactive X chromosome. These data thus confirm that undifferentiated LT-1 cells contain two active X chromosomes and that X inactivation occurs in differentiating cultures of LT-1 cells. It is further demonstrated that there is a close temporal correlation between the biochemical and cytogenetic manifestations of the X-inactivation process. In addition, we observed that although X inactivation does not occur in the absence of morphological differentiation, it does not always occur when the cells differentiate in vitro. PMID- 6724138 TI - Cell death of asynaptic neurons in regenerating spinal cord. AB - The weakly electric fish Sternarchus albifrons possesses a unique class of asynaptic neurons, the electromotor neurons, whose axons constitute the electric organ. The cell bodies of origin of the electrocyte axons are located in the spinal cord. Both spinal cord and electromotor neurons ( electrocytes ) regenerate after amputation of the tail. Sternarchus spinal cords which have regenerated for 1 or more years show a progression in number of perikarya of electromotor neurons along the rostro-caudal axis. The most recently regenerated region of the cord is at the caudal end, which consists of a tube of ependyma. Progressing rostrally along regenerated spinal cord from the caudal end, numerous cells are generated and large numbers of electromotor neurons differentiate. The maximum number of electromotor neurons per transverse section of regenerated cord is five times higher than in normal mature cord. Rostral to this, the number of electromotor neurons decreases gradually to the normal number near the transition zone (the border with unregenerated cord). As the more rostral regenerated cord has presumably had a longer period of regeneration, we conclude that excess numbers of electromotor neurons are generated initially, and that subsequently the number of these neurons is decreased by cell death. This conclusion is supported by the fact that younger regenerates (2-4 months) have larger-than normal numbers of perikarya of electromotor neurons extending up to the transition zone (Anderson and Waxman , 1981). No evidence of migration or depletion of electromotor neurons from unregenerated cord rostral to the amputation has been observed. Since the axons of the electromotor neurons in Sternarchus do not normally form any synapses, this study provides evidence that factors other than synaptic competition must be responsible for determining cell death during regeneration of these spinal neurons. PMID- 6724139 TI - Different polypeptides in two homologous cellular structures: the microstomal and macrostomal oral apparatus of Tetrahymena vorax. AB - By two-dimensional electrophoresis it is demonstrated that the macrostomal oral apparatus of Tetrahymena vorax contains about 55 unique polypeptides in addition to a set of about 145 polypeptides also found in the microstomal oral apparatus. PMID- 6724140 TI - Differential rearing experience, gender, and radial maze performance. AB - Since both differential rearing and gender have been known to affect maze abilities, the present study examines the performance of male and female hooded rats raised from weaning in either a complex environment (EC) or isolated environment (IC) on the 17-arm radial maze. In two separate replications, EC rats learned the maze more quickly and accurately than IC rats, as assessed by total errors, the number of correct choices to the first error, and the number correct in the first 17 choices. However, EC rats were more likely than IC rats to employ an adjacent-arm strategy which may have contributed to their superior performance. There were no gender differences or environment by gender interaction effects on any measure of accuracy or adjacent arm strategy in either replication. It appears that the performance of both male and female rats on the 17-arm radial maze is similarly influenced by the rearing environment. PMID- 6724141 TI - Kittens as therapists: social behavior sequences in isolated squirrel monkeys after exposure to young nonconspecifics. AB - Squirrel monkeys that had been exposed to repeated separations from cloth surrogates were given continuous access to domestic kittens. Information theoretic measures showed that these monkeys exerted greater constraint on behaviors of adult feral squirrel monkeys than did monkeys who had not received previous kitten exposure. The latter monkeys displayed a behavioral encapsulation characterized by increased susceptibility to the constraint imposed by their own preceding behaviors and a decreased susceptibility to constraint from other monkeys' behaviors. In addition, kitten-reared monkeys displayed a high level of positive social behaviors, particularly following noncohesive or divisive behaviors by another monkey. PMID- 6724142 TI - Contribution of self-grooming to onset of puberty in male rats. AB - Self-grooming was observed to increase during the prepubertal period of Long Evans rats. Males were significantly more likely than females to engage in genital grooming during this period. To determine whether self-grooming contributes to the onset of puberty, males were fitted with collars that either prevented or allowed self-grooming of hindquarters or were left uncollared from 27 to 48 or 55 days of age when autopsied to determine weight of accessory organs. Ventral, dorsal, and lateral prostates and seminal vesicles were significantly lighter in those rats wearing collars that prevented self-grooming. It was concluded that self-grooming, probably of the genitals, contributes to accessory organ growth in males of this species. PMID- 6724143 TI - Ontogenesis of learning: II. Variation in the rat's reflexive and learned responses to acoustic stimulation. AB - The ontogenesis of the rat's reflexive and simple learned reactions to acoustic stimulation was investigated in five experiments. The pattern of results suggests that (a) reflexive reactions to tonal stimulation emerge earlier in ontogenesis than the capacity to learn about these stimuli, and (b) the age at which simple Pavlovian conditioning is first observed depends on the nature of the acoustic conditioned stimulus (CS). Specifically, these data suggest that pups are not capable of simple Pavlovian conditioning to a 2000-Hz tone (CS) paired with an oral infusion of sucrose (US) until they are 14-15 days old. The same acoustic stimulus will, however, evoke reflexive reactions (startle inspiration) in pups as young as 10-12 days old. Additionally, when a different auditory stimulus (an intermittent train of clicks) serves as the CS, there is evidence of conditioning in pups only 12-13 days old. It is suggested that these age-related dissociations in the emergence of reflexive and simple learned responses to sound reflect a caudal-to-rostral maturational sequence of the components of the ascending auditory system. PMID- 6724144 TI - Ontogenesis of learning: III. Variation in the rat's differential reflexive and learned responses to sound frequencies. AB - The ontogenesis of the rat's differential response to variation in sound frequency was investigated. Two behavioral procedures were employed: (a) a differential Pavlovian conditioning procedure that provided a means of inferring the pup's capacity to learn to respond differentially on the basis of sound frequency (e.g., 2000 Hz vs 900 Hz), and (b) a habituation-generalization task that indexed the capacity to discriminate different sound frequencies from the pup's reflexive behavior. Pups less than 17 days old failed to learn to respond differentially to a 2000-Hz vs 900-Hz tone (Experiment I, IIA, IIB, and III). In contrast, pups only 14 days old discriminated tones that differed by as little as 200 Hz when the reflex-habituation-generalization procedure was employed (Experiment IV). This suggests that the reflexive and learned behaviors, potentially controlled by sound frequency, are dissociated during ontogenesis, the former emerging prior to the latter. These data were interpreted within a neurobiological framework that related ontogenetic changes in behavioral capacity to a caudal-to-rostral maturational sequence in the ascending auditory system of the components that contribute to these capacities. PMID- 6724145 TI - Neonatal sex-steroid hormones and muscular strength of boys and girls in the first three years. AB - Five sex-steroid hormones were assayed in umbilical cord blood. Strength was assessed in children in three samples at several ages from birth to 33 months. At different ages, different strength measures were taken, viz., at birth, prone head responses; at 3 months, leg strength; from 6 to 33 months, grip strength. Boys had higher average strength scores than girls but the sex differences were small and did not increase or decrease over the age period studied. Across-age strength scores showed a significant relation to androstenedione and a significant interaction of sex and progesterone. Both boys and girls with higher strength scores had lower androstenedione. Girls with high cord blood progesterone showed low strength while boys with high progesterone showed high strength. There were no sex differences in androstenedione or progesterone level. The androstenedione finding did not replicate across samples but the Progesterone X Sex interaction was replicated in all three samples. No relationship was found between strength and other hormones assayed: testosterone, estradiol, and estrone. PMID- 6724146 TI - Acoustic correlates of individuality in the cries of human infants. AB - The acoustic features that differentiate the cries of individual human infants were examined in this study. A recognition task, performed by 400 nonparent adults, was used to classify twenty 30-day-old infants as easy or difficult to recognize on the sole basis of their tape-recorded cries. The cries of easy- vs difficult-to-recognize infants were then compared on measures of duration, fundamental frequency, peak frequency in the spectrum, signal-to-noise ratios, and energy in selected frequency bands. The results indicated that each of these measures differentiated the cries of easy- vs difficult-to-recognize infants. Such redundancy should make the cry robust to degradations of selected acoustic parameters, thus enhancing its ability to carry information about individual identity across distances. PMID- 6724147 TI - The maternal pheromone, not maternal odors, as an innate stimulus for the preweanling rat: a reply to Rosenblatt. PMID- 6724148 TI - Thyroid function and prolactin levels in insulin-dependent diabetic children and adolescents. AB - We evaluated serum thyroid hormones, TSH, and prolactin before and after induction of TRH and thyroid microsomal autoantibodies in 91 diabetic children and adolescents (mean age 11.11 +/- 4.13 yr), with illness ranging from a few days to 14.25 yr, and in 127 "short-normal" subjects (mean age 10.32 +/- 3.18 yr). All were clinically euthyroid. The control pubertal subjects showed T4, rT3, TBG, and rT3/T3 ratio values that were significantly lower than those of prepubertal subjects. The PRL area was significantly higher in pubertal than in prepubertal females. In diabetic patients, differences between pubertal and prepubertal subjects were similar to those of controls regarding T4 levels and PRL area only. T3, T4, and fT3 appeared to be significantly lower than in controls, while the rT3/T3 ratio was higher. A negative correlation (r = -0.277, P = 0.009) between T3 and HbA1 levels was demonstrated. Furthermore, thyroid function was not different in subjects with or without retinal changes or in subjects with or without residual B-cell function. Microsomal autoantibodies were observed in 6.25% of the subjects examined, though none showed any clinical or humoral sign of impaired thyroid function. In conclusion, the lower T4 and rT3 values detected in pubertal controls suggest an increased efficacy of peripheral thyroid activity in this particular life span. Considering the fact that, in diabetic children, such a decrease in rT3 at puberty is not present and that the T3 value in diabetic children is persistently lower than in controls, it would seem that even diabetic children show a "low T3 syndrome," as in adult diabetic subjects. PMID- 6724149 TI - Assessment of perfusion in the diabetic foot by regional transcutaneous oximetry. AB - Regional transcutaneous oximetry is a new, noninvasive diagnostic technique for the investigation of peripheral vascular disease (PVD) that uses differences in limb and trunk transcutaneous PO2 to assess the adequacy of local perfusion. The application of such measurements would be of great importance in diabetes, in which limb ischemia is commonly difficult to assess. A group of diabetic subjects with symptomatic PVD was studied with regional oximetry, Doppler-assisted blood pressure measurements, and arteriography. Doppler studies correlated poorly to symptom grade and angiographic data, while oximetry clearly demonstrated limb hypoxia under the functional conditions appropriate to the patients' clinical symptomatology. The superiority of oximetry to Doppler studies was highly significant (X2 = 12.64, P less than 0.001). Regional transcutaneous oximetry should therefore be the noninvasive diagnostic test of choice in the initial evaluation of the diabetic limb for PVD. Because of its dependence on the adequacy of local oxygenation, transcutaneous oximetry is a powerful tool for investigation of the pathophysiology of PVD and will, in the future, have wide ranging applications to the diagnosis and therapy of PVD. PMID- 6724151 TI - American Diabetes Association. 44th annual meeting, June 10-13, 1984, Las Vegas, Nevada. Abstracts. PMID- 6724150 TI - Inhibition of heparin-catalyzed human antithrombin III activity by nonenzymatic glycosylation. Possible role in fibrin deposition in diabetes. AB - The effect of nonenzymatic glycosylation on the biologic function of human antithrombin III was evaluated using a chromogenic thrombin substrate assay in the presence of catalytic amounts of heparin. Experimental conditions that increased the rate of nonenzymatic protein glycosylation were associated with decreases in the thrombin-inhibiting activity of antithrombin III. This glycosylation-induced inhibition of heparin-catalyzed antithrombin III activity was completely reversible by preassay incubation with excess sodium heparin. These observations provide a biochemical explanation for the heparin-reversible, accelerated fibrinogen disappearance rate induced by hyperglycemia in diabetic patients. Defective inhibition of the coagulation cascade induced by excessive nonenzymatic glycosylation of antithrombin III in vivo could contribute to accumulation of fibrin in various diabetic tissues. PMID- 6724152 TI - Derivation and validation of a quantitative definition of specific reading disability for adults. AB - One hundred and fifty-four adult relatives of children with specific reading disability, and a group of 90 adults matched for age, sex, educational level and IQ, were given a battery of intelligence, reading and spelling tests and a questionnaire on their reading history, habits and attitudes. Data obtained from the latter group were used to derive multiple regression equations for the prediction of reading and spelling scores. An index was derived for each adult, expressing actual scores relative to those predicted. A definition of severe and borderline reading disability was validated, using the scores from the questionnaire. PMID- 6724153 TI - Cerebral function monitor in the neonate. I: Normal patterns. AB - The cerebral function monitor (CFM) is a monitoring device which records integrated encephalograms (EEGs on slow-running paper, allowing continuous observations of cerebral activity for prolonged periods. The CFM was assessed in 49 normal neonates of different gestational ages and was found to reflect EEG activity accurately. Gestational age and sleep-wake states could be differentiated and normal patterns were defined. The establishment of normal patterns will allow further assessment of the CFM as a screening tool for the neonate at risk for cerebral hypoxic ischemic injury. PMID- 6724154 TI - Cerebral function monitor in the neonate. II: Birth asphyxia. AB - The cerebral function monitor (CFM) records an integrated electroencephalogram on slow-running paper, and therefore is suited to long-term, continuous monitoring. This study describes CFM patterns of 31 neonates with birth asphyxia. Three distinct types emerged: (1) a normal pattern compatible with gestational age was uniformly associated with favorable clinical outcome; (2) a completely disorganized pattern was associated with sever injury and fatal outcome; and (3) a more subtle pattern showed reversal to a more immature gestational age. The three infants with the third pattern all survived, but with varying degrees of neurological deficit. It is concluded that the CFM can be of advantage in predicting outcome for asphyxiated neonates. PMID- 6724155 TI - Development of consolidated sleep and wakeful periods in relation to the day/night cycle in infancy. AB - Periods of sustained sleep were analyzed to assess the development of sleep-state organization and structure during the first six months of life. Infants first establish consolidated sleep and wakeful periods, which then become oriented to the 24-hour day/night cycle. As infants mature they gradually show greater sleep 'efficiency', and at onset of sleep, REM periods become less likely. The longest sleep period progressively becomes associated with the dark period of the 24-hour cycle. This study also assessed the sequences of NREM-REM sleep-cycle organization during the first six months of life. Although individual infants may have a significant correlation between duration of sleep and latency at onset of sleep, the over-all direction is not constant, nor is an 'age effect' apparent during the first six months. The data support the hypothesis that states of alterness , which develop independently in the perinatal period, become integrated in early infancy. PMID- 6724156 TI - Memory function of children with spina bifida and shunted hydrocephalus. AB - A group of 10 children with spina bifida and shunted hydrocephalus, aged between 7 1/2 and nine years, was tested for memory of two types of verbal material and two types of pictorial material. Their performance was compared with a group of children with matched IQ and with a group of average IQ, all matched for age and sex. The parameters investigated were learning ability; immediate and delayed recall, and also long-term recall/recognition; and reacquisition of material learned after a period of 24 hours. The hydrocephalic children and the matched IQ group were significantly poorer than the average IQ group on all tasks except for 'Memory for a Short Story' Comparisons between the hydrocephalic and matched IQ groups showed that the former group was significantly poorer only in a 'Memory for Words' test. It is suggested that this discrepancy in the performance of hydrocephalic children in learning unrelated, as opposed to connected, meaningful verbal material may reflect a deficit in their ability to use appropriate semantic strategies at the level of encoding. PMID- 6724157 TI - Evaluation of cutaneous sensation in myelodysplastic children, using electrical stimulation. AB - A new method, cutaneous electrical stimulation, was compared with the standard neurological examination for its effectiveness in detecting cutaneous sensation. Both methods provided clear and congruous results for 45 per cent of the patients. However, for the other 55 per cent, cutaneous electrical stimulation frequently detected sensation at sites which were classified as anaesthetic on standard neurological examination. Electrical stimulation also was able to indicate sensation in a group of infants too young to be evaluated by standard neurological evaluation. PMID- 6724158 TI - Cognitive and behavioural characteristics of children with idiopathic epilepsy in a low-income area of Ankara, Turkey. AB - Fifteen school-age children with idiopathic epilepsy but with no other neurological symptoms were compared with non-epileptic children, matched for age, on four cognitive tests selected to measure specific cognitive skills at two levels of functioning, and a behaviour rating scale. All children were from a low income district of Ankara, Turkey. Epileptic children did as well as controls on the recognition of a geometric designs test but were significantly inferior at drawing these designs, suggesting some deficit at a cognitive level involving coordination of perception and motor activity. In language functioning, they were significantly poorer on the receptive test but not on the expressive test. They had significantly more behavioural problems than either the control group or their own siblings, those related to fears and anxiety being most prominent. However, in comparison with their siblings, they also had significantly more problems related to conduct- disobedience and inattention. These findings provide further evidence for the importance of some form of counselling for school-age epileptic children and their families. PMID- 6724159 TI - Physicians' and physical therapists' evaluations of cerebral-palsied children for Achilles tendon lengthening. AB - Ten orthopedic surgeons and 10 physical therapists working with spastic cerebral palsied children were interviewed about the evaluation process they used to assess surgical lengthening of the achilles tendon. Objective and subjective considerations were described and wide variations in responses were found. No single evaluation criterion or subjective factor was mentioned by the majority of either group. In addition, the extent of interprofessional collaboration in presurgical assessment was described. Those respondents who consulted with other health professionals closely agreed about the purpose of the consultation. It is concluded clinicians need to identify more precisely the essential components of the evaluation process for this type of surgery. PMID- 6724160 TI - Using non-preferred hand skill to investigate pathological left-handedness in an unselected population. AB - This paper considers whether pathological influences affect hand-preference among children with epilepsy or mental retardation, for whom there is no evidence of gross motor defect. Data on two tasks of manual skill were analysed for a group of over 12,000 children. The predicted association between poor skill with the non-preferred hand and left-handedness was confirmed for the match-sorting test, and was particularly strong among children with a neurological abnormality (excluding cerebral palsy). No association between poor skill and left-handedness was found for the preferred hand. The data agreed well with a model which estimates hand preference it it occurs on the previously preferred side. The probability of pathological left-handedness among left-handers in an unselected population is about 0.05--this is much higher for children with a history of neurological disease, epilepsy or mental retardation, and for children with poor performance of the non-preferred hand. PMID- 6724161 TI - Cortical blindness following bacterial meningitis: a case report with reassessment of prognosis and aetiology. AB - A case of cortical blindness is presented which developed during H. influenzae type B meningitis. Cortical blindness may appear late in the course of bacterial meningitis, during a period of clinical improvement, and recovery can be expected in 50 per cent of cases. In contrast, when the cause is ischaemic the onset of blindness is immediate and usually recovery is complete. Radiological evidence is presented for the pathological process in meningitis. PMID- 6724162 TI - Intensive EEG monitoring in paediatrics. PMID- 6724163 TI - Computerized axial tomography for developmental problems of the hip. PMID- 6724164 TI - Evaluation of a new tumor-associated antigen in pancreatic cancer. AB - This study was carried out to assess the diagnostic accuracy of a new gastrointestinal cancer antigen ( GICA ) defined by a monoclonal antibody. Its sensitivity and specificity were assayed in a group of patients with different pancreatic diseases (10 acute pancreatitis, 27 chronic pancreatitis, 22 cancers of the pancreas) and in 29 normal individuals. The concentration of GICA was always inferior to 37 units/ml (our discriminant limit between cancer and noncancer patients) both in cases with chronic pancreatitis and in healthy subjects. Increased levels of the antigen were found in 16/22 (72.7%) pancreatic cancer patients and in 3/10 (33.3%) cases with acute pancreatitis. The assay was within the normal range in 2 (28.6%) out of 7 cancers judged resectable. The test is simple and rapid, but its relative sensitivity and the frequent elevation of GICA in other adenocarcinomas of the gastrointestinal tract make it unsuitable for screening programs in pancreatic cancer. Even its use for early diagnosis of cancer of the pancreas does not seem promising. The major finding of our study is the lack of false-positives in patients with chronic pancreatitis and therefore the usefulness of this test in differentiating preoperatively between chronic inflammation and cancer of the gland. Frequent increase of the marker in patients with acute pancreatitis is not yet clear. PMID- 6724165 TI - Effect of atropine on the plasma cholecystokinin response to intraduodenal fat in man. AB - The present study was undertaken to determine whether atropine inhibits the plasma cholecystokinin (CCK) response to intraduodenal fat. Plasma CCK concentrations were measured by radioimmunoassay using two sequence-specific antibodies. Antibody 1703 bound to all COOH-terminal CCK peptides containing at least 14 amino acid residues, while antibody T204 was specific for the sulphated tyrosine region of CCK. Intraduodenal instillation of 60 ml corn oil in 6 normal subjects induced significant increases in plasma CCK. Intravenous administration of atropine (0.015 mg/kg as bolus followed by 0.005 mg/kg X h over 3 h) resulted in significant inhibition of plasma CCK concentrations at 10, 20 and 30 min (antibody 1703) and at 20 and 30 min (antibody T204 ) after instillation of fat. However, the peak increments in plasma CCK during atropine (8.6 +/- 1.9 pmol/l, antibody 1703; 5.4 +/- 1.1 pmol/l, antibody T204 ) were not different from those found without atropine (6.3 +/- 0.8 pmol/l, antibody 1703; 3.9 +/- 0.9 pmol/l, antibody T204 ). Similarly, the integrated plasma CCK secretion after intraduodenal fat was not significantly different when measured during atropine (461 +/- 119 pmol/l X 3 h, antibody 1703; 269 +/- 97 pmol/l X 3 h, antibody T204 ) and without atropine (428 +/- 62 pmol/l X 3 h, antibody 1703; 188 +/- 66 pmol/l X 3 h). It is concluded that administration of atropine delays but does not inhibit the CCK response to intraduodenal corn oil in man. PMID- 6724166 TI - Hyperplasia of antral G cells in uraemic patients. AB - In this study we have performed a quantitative analysis of antral gastrin cells in 9 uraemic patients under dialytic treatment compared to a group of 10 chronic gastritis patients with a similar histological degree of gastritis. Immunocytochemistry was carried out on endoscopic biopsies of both groups. Using a computerised image analysing system we showed a significant increase of G-cell density (number of cells/mm2) in uraemic patients compared to non-uraemics (p less than 0.001). These findings provide a further morphological basis for the elevation of gastrin levels in chronic uraemic patients, suggesting the existence of a specific factor inducing G-cell proliferation in these patients. PMID- 6724167 TI - Acinar cell carcinoma of rat pancreas. Glycoprotein composition and glycosidase activities. AB - Cancer cells in culture, and their corresponding nude mouse transplantable tumors, derived from azaserine-induced rat pancreatic acinar cell carcinomas showed a shift from high to low molecular weight glycoproteins when compared with normal, fetal, and regenerating pancreas. A 51,000-dalton glycoprotein was present only in the transplantable nude mouse tumors. Cancer cells and transplantable tumors showed elevated levels of glycosidases, and the former showed higher activities than the latter. Some of the glycosidase activities in host pancreas and liver were elevated. PMID- 6724168 TI - Morphological and functional changes in the gut after massive small bowel resection and colon interposition in rhesus monkeys. AB - An experimental model of massive small bowel resection and colonic autograft in an antiperistaltic fashion in between the remnants of jejunum and ileum was developed in Rhesus monkeys. The gross morphological changes showed significant (p less than 0.001) lengthening and dilatation of the remnant jejunum, ileum and the colonic graft. Hypertrophy and hyperplasia of the mucosal and muscular layers of all the 3 segments was revealed by morphometric studies and the estimation of the nucleic acid content of the mucosa. All the 3 segments of the bowel showed a significant increase (p less than 0.001) in the uptake of D-glucose, L-alanine and L-phenylalanine when compared to the control animals. These changes were more pronounced in the animals kept for longer duration. Phlorizin was found to be inhibitory for the uptake of D-glucose in the grafted colon, suggesting the induction of an active nonelectrolyte transport process in the autografted colon. The present study suggests that the colonic loop adapts itself to the functions of the small bowel along with the compensatory adaptation of the remnant jejunum and the ileum for the loss of absorptive surface secondary to massive small bowel resection . PMID- 6724169 TI - Decreased lysophospholipase and increased phospholipase A2 activity in ileal mucosa from patients with Crohn's disease. AB - Lysophospholipase (EC 3.1.1.5) and phospholipase A2 (EC 3.1.1.4) were determined in ileal mucosa from patients with Crohn's disease (CD) and non-inflammatory bowel diseases ( NIBD ). In addition, the activities of alkaline phosphatase, sucrase, maltase, and lactase were determined. The lysophospholipase activity, like that of alkaline phosphatase, sucrase and maltase, was decreased in affected areas of CD, whereas the phospholipase A2 activity was rather increased. Lysophospholipase and phospholipase A2 activities in apparently unaffected mucosa from CD patients were in between those in healthy mucosa from NIBD patients and those in affected mucosa from CD patients. These findings point to the possibility that the mucosal activity of lysophospholipase, like that of other brush border enzymes, is decreased in CD. This may render the mucosa less capable to handle lysolecithin, a potentially harmful agent formed in the intestine and known to induce inflammation in a number of experimental systems. PMID- 6724170 TI - Human auditory steady state potentials. AB - The auditory steady state potentials may be an important technique in objective audiometry. The effects of stimulus rate, intensity, and tonal frequency on these potentials were investigated using both signal averaging and on-line Fourier analysis. Stimulus presentation rates of 40 to 45/sec result in a 40 Hz sinusoidal response which is about twice the amplitude of the 10 and 60/sec responses. No significant effects of subject age or sex were seen. The 40/sec response shows a linear decrease in amplitude and a linear increase in latency when stimulus intensity is decreased from 90 to 20 dB normal hearing level. This response is recordable to within a few decibels of behavioral threshold. Stimuli of different tonal frequency give similar amplitude/rate functions, with absolute amplitude decreasing with increasing tonal frequency. Signal averaging and Fourier analysis provide nearly identical amplitude/rate, amplitude/intensity, and latency/intensity functions. Both methods of analysis may be used, therefore, to record the 40 Hz steady state potential. Fourier analysis, however, may be the faster and less expensive method. Furthermore, techniques ("zoom") are available with Fourier analysis to study the effects of varying stimulus parameters on-line with the Fourier analysis procedure. PMID- 6724171 TI - Clinical considerations in the use of time-compressed speech. AB - The four lists of the Auditec of St. Louis recording of the 60% time-compressed NU 6 test were presented at 32 dB SL to 28 normal subjects and 28 subjects with sensorineural hearing loss. Significant list effects were found, with only lists I and IV being equivalent for both groups. A significant learning effect, greater for the normal subjects, also was present. Clinical recommendations are made regarding list and practice effects and considerations for use of this test in the presence of peripheral hearing impairment. PMID- 6724172 TI - Test-retest reliability of a forced-choice procedure for determining most comfortable loudness level for speech. AB - A new forced-choice procedure for measuring comfortable loudness for speech was evaluated on a group of 30 normal-hearing subjects. The test-retest reliability was determined for the forced-choice ascending and descending approach and found to be high (r = 0.83 and 0.84). Clinical reliability indicated that 80 to 83% of the subjects varied no more than 5 dB upon retest. In a second experimental session, comparisons between the forced-choice procedure and the method of limits (ascending and descending approaches) were evaluated on a group of 14 sensorineural subjects. Results indicated the forced-choice procedure eliminated the measurement differences found with the method of limits (ascending and descending approaches) and the forced-choice measurements remained stable across varying degrees and configurations of hearing loss. The procedure is fast, reliable, and has several advantages over the method of limits procedure. PMID- 6724173 TI - The application of the theory of signal detection to the assessment of speech perception. AB - Traditional audiological measures of speech recognition ability have failed to correlate well with self-assessments of communication difficulty. In this tutorial, an approach to the evaluation of speech perception is described that uses quantities derived from the theory of signal detection. The basics of the theory are reviewed briefly, and its relevance to communication processes is discussed. The measures of performance accuracy and decision criterion provided by the theory of signal detection offer a way of quantifying the ability of a listener to assess the accuracy of his or her own identifications of spoken messages. It is hoped that these quantities will provide new information about communication processes and help to characterize communication difficulties encountered in everyday life. PMID- 6724174 TI - Relationship between aided preferred listening level and long-term listening range. AB - The long-term listening range was defined as extending, at any frequency, from the threshold of audibility to the upper limit of the comfortable loudness range. The relationship between the aided preferred listening level and the long-term listening range was investigated by analyzing data obtained from 16 hearing impaired subjects. Results support a tentative conclusion that the aided preferred listening level is equal to the midpoint of the long-term listening range. Application of this relationship to the specification of frequency/gain function is discussed. PMID- 6724175 TI - Hearing aid evaluation based on measures of benefit, use, and satisfaction. AB - A comprehensive follow-up protocol was designed and utilized to assess benefit, use, and satisfaction from hearing aids. The benefit assessments included functional gain measures, and speech intelligibility in quiet and in noise. Hearing aid use was evaluated based on a questionnaire which asked for an estimate of daily use in hours and also an accounting of times when the aid was not in use during the day. Two use values were derived, an absolute daily use value and an adjusted percentage of use value. Satisfaction also was assessed using a questionnaire. The subjects were asked to indicate their general satisfaction with the aid on a seven-point scale. Two communication assessment questionnaires were used to assess communication handicap. Data are provided on 45 subject. The subjects were categorized into groups according to both low- and high-frequency hearing. These preliminary mean scores by group can be used as target goals for benefit, use, and satisfaction on persons fit with hearing aids. The protocol as used can provide considerable evaluative clinical information in a reasonable amount of time. PMID- 6724176 TI - Evaluation of the minimal auditory capabilities (MAC) test in prelingual and postlingual hearing-impaired adults. AB - The Minimal Auditory Capabilities (MAC) battery was used to evaluate the auditory performance of nine postlingual and ten prelingual adults with severe to profound hearing loss. Results suggest that degree of hearing loss overrides relative language skills as the primary factor affecting performance. The MAC battery appears promising as a tool for evaluating and monitoring both prelingual and postlingual adults using conventional hearing aids or cochlear implants. PMID- 6724178 TI - Quality assurance: a new approach. PMID- 6724177 TI - Telephone listening ability for hearing-impaired individuals. AB - Forty-five subjects with bilateral sensorineural hearing losses were divided into three groups (N = 15/group) based on the audiometric configuration of their test ear. The subjects were evaluated in three listening conditions by assessing their word discrimination ability by presenting stimuli at 86 dB SPL (simulating the output of a standard telephone handset ) and most comfortable loudness (MCL) (simulating the output of a telephone amplifier handset ). The three listening conditions were TDH-39 earphone, unaided telephone, and aided telephone with their personal hearing aid acoustically coupled to a telephone handset . Results indicated that subjects with precipitous hearing losses had similar word discrimination scores for all three listening conditions at 86 dB SPL and MCL. Subjects with gradual slope or flat hearing losses had similar word discrimination scores with a TDH-39 earphone, unaided telephone, and their hearing aids acoustically coupled to a telephone handset at 86 dB SPL. The subjects with gradual slope or flat losses also had similar word discrimination scores across the listening modes at MCL, but they had better word discrimination scores in all listening modes when the word lists were presented at MCL compared with 86 dB SPL. PMID- 6724179 TI - Nursing workload measurement: an expanded future role. AB - Workload measurement systems used by nursing services are based on the concept that each patient has a unique requirement for care. As a result the detailed data are provided which managers require to identify what kinds of patients use what volume of nursing manpower resources and at what cost. Because of the great diversity of systems used, modification to some will likely be required in the future to allow the data produced to be integrated with comprehensive hospital information in accordance with the MIS Guidelines under development by the project team. This team, together with an array of resource people, have developed standard definitions of categories of work and guidelines for workload measurement systems. In this manner, nursing services across the country can maintain their freedom of choice of systems, while information about the cost of patient care is improved and comparability of information between hospitals is enhanced. PMID- 6724180 TI - Calgary's regional laundry: an ultra-modern service. PMID- 6724181 TI - Sarnia General develops medication error report. PMID- 6724182 TI - Education in the 1980's: choosing a model. PMID- 6724183 TI - Music therapy: let's tune in. PMID- 6724184 TI - Teleconferencing: a new era in health care. PMID- 6724185 TI - Law Reform Commission reviews euthanasia laws. PMID- 6724186 TI - Canada Health Act--the debate continues. PMID- 6724187 TI - Is hypoxia involved in the mechanism of alcohol-induced liver injury? AB - Since alcoholism is a major health problem, mechanisms responsible for various forms of alcoholic liver disease (e.g., fatty liver, alcoholic hepatitis, and cirrhosis) require elucidation. Knowledge of these mechanisms is needed to provide a sound framework to treat alcoholic liver disease, to prevent its occurrence and to identify those most susceptible to it. Israel and co-workers proposed that ethanol-induced necrosis results from hypoxia to centrilobular hepatocytes as a consequence of an alcohol-induced increase in hepatic oxygen utilization (Y. Israel, H. Kalant , H. Orrego , J. M. Khanna , L. Videla , and J. M. Phillips, 1975, Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA, 72(3), 1137-1141). We have employed several new techniques to evaluate this hypothesis. Procedures have been developed to make measurements of hepatic metabolism within the hepatic lobule in the isolated, perfused liver using miniature light guides and oxygen electrodes. By comparing these lobular measurements to global metabolism and to hepatic morphology determined by light and electron microscopy, a coherent, quantitative description of lobular oxygen metabolism is emerging. With these techniques, the lobular oxygen gradient was measured directly in isolated, perfused rat livers. This gradient was elevated in livers from ethanol-treated rats, an effect which was blocked by the antithyroid drug, propylthiouracil. Restriction of oxygen delivery to the isolated liver produced stable, circumscribed zones of virtual anoxia localized around the central vein. Anoxic stress led within minutes to centrilobular injury with complete sparing of periportal areas. Cellular injury was characterized by the formation of membranous blebs on the surface of centrilobular hepatocytes. When hypoxic tissue was reoxygenated , blebs were released into the circulation.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS) PMID- 6724188 TI - Alcohol metabolism and toxicity: role of cytochrome P-450. AB - A new isozyme of cytochrome P-450, designated from 3a on the basis of its relative electrophoretic mobility, has been purified to homogeneity from liver microsomes of rabbits treated chronically with ethanol. This cytochrome has the highest activity of the known rabbit P-450 isozymes in the oxidation of ethanol to acetaldehyde. In view of the reports of others that the hepatotoxicity of acetaminophen is increased in ethanol-treated animals and the human alcoholic, we have determined the activity of the six available P-450 isozymes in the activation of the drug to give an intermediate which forms a conjugate with reduced glutathione. Isozyme 3a, 4, and 6, the three major forms of cytochrome P 450 present in liver microsomes from rabbits chronically treated with ethanol, exhibited the highest activities in the reconstituted enzyme system, whereas isozymes 3b and 3c were 10- to 20-fold less effective and phenobarbital-inducible isozyme 2 was essentially inactive, even in the presence of cytochrome b5. The results obtained thus indicate that induction by ethanol of P-450 isozyme 3a may contribute to the toxicity of acetaminophen but that other cytochromes also play a significant role. PMID- 6724189 TI - Alcohol potentiation of liver injury. AB - Alcohol enhances the activity of many but not of all hepatotoxic agents. Not only high toxic doses but also amounts commonly consumed today by many people are active in this respect. An induction of the hepatic microsomal drug-metabolizing system leading to an increased metabolism of the hepatotoxic agents to toxic radicals is the best established cause for ethanol-induced potentiation of liver injury. In the case of CCl4, hepatic hypoxia resulting from an ethanol-induced hypermetabolism may participate in the enhanced hepatotoxic response. Changes in the overall pharmacokinetics of the hepatotoxins, depletion of hepatic glutathione, and an increase of lipid peroxidation seem not to be implicated in potentiation of liver injury by ethanol. People regularly consuming alcohol may run a higher risk of being injured by hepatotoxic agents than abstainers. Thus, interactions between ethanol and other hepatotoxic agents should be envisaged as a possible additional factor in ethanol-induced human liver damage explaining, at least partially, the great variation in the sensitivity of man to the hepatotoxic effects of alcohol. PMID- 6724191 TI - Enhanced pulmonary toxicity in copper-deficient rats exposed to hyperoxia. AB - The antioxidant enzyme superoxide dismutase (SOD) found in the cytosol of eucaryotic cells and the plasma protein ceruloplasmin are copper containing proteins though to be important in providing protection from oxygen toxicity. To investigate the hypothesis that copper deficiency in the rat could result in decreased lung SOD activity and plasma ceruloplasmin concentration resulting in increased susceptibility to O2 lung damage, we performed a series of experiments exposing copper-deficient and control rats to normobaric and hyperbaric hyperoxia. Lung SOD activity in the copper-deficient rats was found to be 56% of control and ceruloplasmin content was 6% of control. The copper-deficient rats exhibited increased mortality and enhanced pulmonary toxicity as evidenced by increased pathologic damage and lung edema during the normobaric exposure to 85% O2. Copper-deficient animals also showed increased susceptibility to a hyperbaric exposure of 4 ata of 100% O2 with a decreased time of survival. The copper deficient rat represents a new model for the study of oxidant injury. PMID- 6724190 TI - Dietary and age influence on the pharmacokinetic parameters of 2 acetylaminofluorene in BALB/c mice. AB - In a chronic study conducted in our laboratories, we found dietary effects on 2 acetylaminofluorene (2-AAF) toxicity. To determine if the absorption, distribution, metabolism, or elimination of 2-AAF was altered by the age of the animals, diet, or 2-AAF treatment, pharmacokinetic studies were conducted on young (11 weeks) and old (78 weeks) BALB/c mice that had been fed one of four diets containing 4 or 24% fat and 12 or 24% protein. Blood, urine, and feces samples were obtained over a 31-hr period after dosing with 500 ppm 2-[14C]AAF (10 microCi/mouse). Total radioactivity was determined after combusting each sample in an oxygen atmosphere and counting in a scintillation counter. The data from each individual mouse was simulated on an analog-digital hybrid computer utilizing a two-compartment model with metabolism. The pharmacokinetic parameters within groups were analyzed to make statistical comparisons of the effects of diet, dose, age, and interactions among the groups. The pharmacokinetic predictions of a shorter elimination half-life, smaller area-under-the-curve value, and therefore a decreased exposure to 2-AAF and metabolites due to an increased elimination rate of the parent compound through the urine were consistent with the decreased pathological effects found from the chronic study for the low protein/low fat diet mice. PMID- 6724192 TI - Carcinogenicity studies in rodents and ripazepam, a minor tranquilizing agent. AB - The carcinogenesis potential of ripazepam , a benzodiazepine derivative, was studied in mice and rats for 78 and 104 weeks, respectively. Groups of 50 male and 50 female CD1 mice and CD rats each were given doses of 15 and 150 mg/kg of ripazepam in the diet. Survival rates were adequate for statistical analysis. Significant suppression of body weight gains occurred in rats but not in mice given 150 mg/kg/day. The compound failed to increase tumor rates or alter the average latency of neoplasm in the rat, the number of male animals with tumors was increased at 150 mg/kg and this was related to a significant increase in the number of animals with hepatocellular tumors. Hepatocellular tumors were increased also in female mice but the increase was not statistically significant. All but one of these hepatic neoplasms were hepatocellular adenomas and the one carcinoma had not metastasized. Other tumor types were not increased. PMID- 6724193 TI - A 13-week vapor inhalation study of n-hexane in rats with emphasis on neurotoxic effects. AB - Male and female Fischer 344 rats were exposed to 0-, 3000-, 6500-, or 10,000-ppm n-hexane vapors 6 hr per day, 5 days per week, for 13 weeks. The 13-week exposures had no adverse effect on the growth of female rats. However, the mean body weight gain of male rats in the 10,000-ppm group was significantly lower than for controls at 4 weeks of exposure and thereafter. In addition to the depression of body weight gain, the male exposed to 10,000 ppm had slightly but significantly lower brain weights at necropsy. No adverse testicular effects were noted. Axonopathy was observed in the tibial nerve in four of five male rats from the 10,000-ppm group and one of five male rats in the 6500-ppm group and in the medulla from one male rat in the 10,000-ppm group. These axonal changes were detectable only in teased nerve fiber preparations or in Epon embedded specimens. Histopathologic studies on Formalin fixed tissues did not reveal any lesions that were attributed to n-hexane exposure. PMID- 6724194 TI - Effect of chlorphentermine pretreatment on the distribution of chlorphentermine in isolated perfused rat lungs. AB - Previous studies have shown that a 7-day treatment of rats with chlorphentermine (CP) enhances total pulmonary phospholipids and significantly enhances the accumulation of CP in perfused lungs. This study was conducted to determine if the accumulation of CP was associated with a particular fraction of the lung, and if the enhanced uptake correlated with the increased phospholipids. Rats were treated daily for 7 days with 50 mg/kg CP dissolved in saline and pair-fed controls received the vehicle only. On Day 8, the rats were sacrificed, and the lungs were removed, ventilated, and perfused. [14C]Chlorphentermine (5 mumol) was added to the perfusate of control and CP-pretreated lungs. After perfusion, the lung was homogenized and subjected to standard fractionation procedures. Some lungs were examined by light and electron microscopy. After 60 min of perfusion, CP uptake by lungs obtained from CP-treated rats was enhanced in comparison to uptake by lungs from control rats. However, CP was distributed uniformly among subcellular fractions, and CP pretreatment did not alter this pattern. Pulmonary macrophages obtained from CP-treated animals contained 8 times more CP than controls. Increased CP uptake following pretreatment can be accounted for by increased CP in the macrophages of treated rats. Macrophages in the lung tissue and in the lavage fluid from rats treated with CP were more numerous and larger than in controls lungs. This suggests that a close association may be found between accumulated CP and macrophage uptake. PMID- 6724195 TI - Paradoxical effects of perturbation of intracellular levels of glutathione on halothane-induced hepatotoxicity in hyperthyroid rats. AB - Exposure of hyperthyroid rats to halothane results in a centrilobular necrosis of the liver and an 11-fold increase in serum glutamate-pyruvate transaminase (SGPT) levels. These effects are not seen in euthyroid animals. Paradoxically, administration of diethylmaleate to hyperthyroid rats significantly decreased the levels of hepatic glutathione and blocked the halothane-induced hepatic necrosis as well as decreased the elevation of SGPT. In contrast, pretreatment of animals with N-acetylcysteine, an intracellular sulfhydryl repletor , significantly increased the severity of the halothane-induced hepatic necrosis and increased the elevation of SGPT. Similarly, cysteamine, another intracellular sulfhydryl repletor , also exacerbated halothane-induced liver injury. Halothane-induced hepatotoxicity is at least in part apparently regulated by cellular glutathione levels. Paradoxically, glutathione seems to be involved in the bioactivation rather than the detoxification of halothane. PMID- 6724196 TI - Subchronic exposure of mice to Love Canal soil contaminants. AB - The health hazard potential of soil collected from the surface of the Love Canal chemical dump site in Niagara Falls, New York, was assessed in 90-day exposure studies. Female CD-1 mice were exposed to two concentrations of the volatile components of 1 kg of soil with and without direct soil contact. Control mice were identically housed but without soil. The soil was replaced weekly and 87 compounds were detected in the air in the cages above fresh and 7-day-old soil as analyzed by gas chromatography/mass spectrometry. The concentration of many of these compounds decreased during the 7-day exposure cycle. Histopathologic, hematologic, and serum enzyme studies followed necropsy of all mice. There was no mortality of mice exposed for up to 90 days under any condition. Thymus and spleen weights relative to body weight were increased after 4 weeks of exposure by inhalation but not after 8 or 12 weeks of exposure. alpha-, beta-, and delta- Benzenehexachlorides , pentachlorobenzene, and hexachlorobenzene were detected in liver tissue from these animals. Mice exposed to 5- to 10-fold elevated concentration of volatiles had increased body and relative kidney weights. There was no chemically induced lesion in any animal exposed only to the volatile soil contaminants. Mice exposed by direct contact with the soil without elevated volatile exposure had increased body (10%) and relative liver weights (169%). Centrolobular hepatocyte hypertrophy, which involved 40 to 70% of the lobules, was observed in all mice in this group.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS) PMID- 6724197 TI - Blood flow changes and conceptal development in pregnant rats in response to caffeine. AB - Alterations in blood flow to the uterus and its contents during pregnancy have been suggested to account for the teratogenicity and/or embryotoxicity of several agents, including caffeine. Using a radioactive microsphere technique, blood flow to several maternal organs, including ovary, uterus, decidua, and chorioallantoic placenta (CAP), was measured following a single dose of 0 or 120 mg/kg caffeine by gavage to pregnant CD rats on Day 12 of gestation. At 1 or 4 hr after treatment, animals were anesthetized and strontium 85-labeled microspheres (25 micrometers diam) were infused into the left ventricle. Whole body and tissue radioactivity were determined. Maternal cardiac output (CO) and absolute flow (f1; ml/min), relative flow (f2; ml/min/g tissue), and flow as %CO (f3) to each tissue were calculated. Maternal CO was not altered. All blood flow parameters for ovaries, uterus, and bladder were reduced in treated animals at both time points except for absolute flow (f1) to the ovaries at 1 hr. Decidual changes included reduced weight at 1 hr, reduced f2 at 4 hr, and reduced f1 and f3 at both times. However, CAP weight and blood flow wre not significantly altered by caffeine treatment. Examination of conceptuses from thse litters, and from other animals at 24 hr after treatment or at term did not reveal any significant effect of this dose of caffeine on viability, growth, or physical development. The ratio of embryo to maternal blood caffeine concentrations was approximately 1, indicating free transfer of caffeine to the embryos.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS) PMID- 6724198 TI - Dose related induction of the drug metabolizing enzymes of rat liver by cilobamine. AB - Cilobamine , an antidepressant, was investigated for its influence on the hepatic drug metabolizing enzymes ( DME ) of male Charles River CD rats. Cilobamine doses (3, 10, 30, 100, and 300 mg/kg po, as free base) were compared to sodium phenobarbital (PB) doses (3, 10, 30, 100, and 200 mg/kg po, as free acid). Compounds were given daily for 4 days and all tests were done on Day 5. Ethylmorphine n-demethylase, aniline hydroxylase, microsomal cytochrome P-450 content, relative liver weight, and recoverable microsomal protein were quantitated. The results indicated that cilobamine was an inducer of the DME but not as potent as PB. Cilobamine did not exert any inductive responses at 3 mg/kg. At 10 and 30 mg/kg some but not all test systems were increased. However, at 100 and 300 mg/kg all were increased. PB increased all systems at all doses studied. Electron micrographs of livers of rats given 100 mg/kg of cilobamine or PB revealed hypertrophy of the smooth endoplasmic reticulum. The time course of induction in rats given 100 mg/kg po showed that responses in the cilobamine rats peaked after the second dose and plateaued with later doses. Responses in PB rats increased markedly after one dose and showed a continual increase with later doses. Induction of the DME was also demonstrated in female rats. PMID- 6724199 TI - Multiple immunoassay in a single animal: a practical approach to immunotoxicologic testing. AB - A battery of immunoassays were developed for the rat which measured the major arms of the immune system, namely, humoral immunity, cell-mediated immunity (CMI), and macrophage function. Humoral immunity was assessed by the enzyme linked immunosorbent assay (using keyhole limpet hemocyanin as antigen). CMI was measured by delayed-type hypersensitivity to heat-aggregated bovine serum albumin using a footpad swelling technique. Macrophage function was assessed by measuring the ability of macrophages to phagocytize sheep red blood cells in vitro. The feasibility of performing all three immunoassays in the same animal was investigated by treating groups of rats with all combinations of antigenic exposure used to induce each type of response. Multiple antigenic treatment regimens did not significantly alter responses to individual antigens used in this study. Animals exposed to the concurrent antigen treatment regimens remained sensitive to immunosuppressants. These data suggest that multiple immunoassays can be successfully performed utilizing a single animal which has been concurrently treated with different antigens. The inclusion of additional assays into this protocol and the efficacy to immunotoxicologic testing is discussed. PMID- 6724201 TI - Statistical decision rule in declaring a compound "carcinogenic". PMID- 6724200 TI - Effects of inhaled hexamethylene diisocyanate (HDI) on guinea pig cholinesterases. AB - Hexamethylene diisocyanate, HDI, a starting material in the production of many polyurethane products, was found to inhibit stoichiometrically mammalian and electric eel cholinesterases in an in vivo system (W. E. Brown, A. H. Green, M. H. Karol, and Y. Alarie , 1982, Toxicol . Appl. Pharmacol. 62, 45-52). The current study examined in vivo effects on guinea pig cholinesterases resulting from inhalation of HDI. Guinea pigs were exposed to atmospheres of 0.5, 1.8, or 4.0 ppm HDI (ceiling value = 0.02 ppm) for up to 6 hr. Blood samples were drawn prior to exposure and at specified times during exposure. No inhibition of serum cholinesterase was detected following exposure to 0.5 ppm HDI for 6 hr, to 1.8 ppm HDI for 2 hr, or to 4.0 ppm HDI for 3 hr. Similarly, no inhibition was detected when erythrocytes from each blood sample were assayed for acetylcholinesterase activity. Last, animals were sacrificed and cholinesterase activity determined in bronchial lavage fluid. Enzyme levels of HDI-exposed animals were not significantly different (P greater than 0.05) from those of control animals exposed to water vapor. In conclusion, although in vitro experiments had demonstrated potent anticholinesterase activity by HDI, in vivo inhalation exposure of guinea pigs to HDI at concentrations 25-200 times above the recommended (ACGIH) ceiling value did not produce measurable inhibition of cholinesterase activity. PMID- 6724202 TI - Symposium on prophylaxis and treatment of chemical poisoning. August 25 -26, 1983, San Diego, California. PMID- 6724204 TI - Development of an in vitro model for determining the fate of chemicals applied to skin. AB - An in vitro apparatus was developed to determine the evaporation and percutaneous penetration of radiolabeled chemicals applied to pig skin. The dermal side of the skin was mounted on a penetration cell. Appearance of radioactivity in the fluid flowing past the dermal side of the skin indicated percutaneous penetration. An evaporation manifold, with replaceable vapor traps, was mounted on the stratum corneum side of the skin. Using the model, the influence of a number of factors (storage conditions, flow rate and composition of fluid in the penetration cell, and temperature and humidity of air flowing through the evaporation manifold) on the disposition of chemicals on the skin was determined. The percutaneous penetration and evaporation of N,N-diethyl-m-toluamide were determined on skin samples immediately after excision and after a freezing period of 1 to 6 weeks at -80 degrees C. Progressively greater percutaneous penetration values were associated with samples which had the greater storage times. Thereafter, only fresh skin was used. When the penetration cell flow was increased from 5 to 10 ml/hr of Tyrodes solution, or when porcine serum was substituted for Tyrodes solution as the fluid flowing through the penetration cell, no significant difference was found in total percutaneous penetration of several control compounds. However, total percutaneous penetration of N,N-diethyl-m-toluamide more than doubled when the air temperature was increased from 20 to 32 degrees C, whereas total evaporation decreased. Increasing the humidity of air flowing through the evaporation manifold enhanced the percutaneous penetration of polar organic compounds but had little effect of the percutaneous penetration of highly lipid soluble organic compounds. Using the model under standardized conditions, the percutaneous penetration of 10 control compounds (N,N-diethyl-m-toluamide, benzoic acid, caffeine, three steroids, and four insecticides) were found to correlate with the corresponding published values for man (r = 0.77, p = 0.05). The skin disposition of the nerve agent analog (diisopropylfluorophosphate, DFP) and simulant (diethyl malonate) was determined using the model. When applied to the skin at a dose of 0.1 mg/cm2, DFP and diethyl malonate were lost from the skin surface mainly by evaporation. Skin penetration was limited due to loss by evaporation. PMID- 6724203 TI - PAM-2 Cl, HI-6, and HGG-12 in soman and tabun poisoning. AB - Acute sc toxicity of soman increased in the order, mice----rats----guinea pigs--- dogs, being 12.6 times more toxic to dogs (LD50 = 0.05 mumol/kg) than to mice. It was 2.8 times more toxic than tabun to mice and 35 times more toxic to dogs. HI-6 was the least toxic and had similar toxicity values to the four animal species studied and HGG-12 the most toxic of the three oximes used. HGG-12 has shown the greatest interspecies variation (rats:dogs = 1:19.5). HI-6, HGG-12, and PAM-2 Cl (in conjunction with atropine and diazepam) revealed the best protective effect in soman-poisoned dogs, with the respective protective indices of 9, 6.3, and 3.5, followed by guinea pigs. In tabun poisoning the best, but relatively low, protective effect was found only in guinea pigs. The introduction of diazepam increased the protective effects of atropine-oxime combination in soman and tabun poisoning by 10 to 80%. We suggest that the high toxicity of soman and low toxicity of HI-6 may be anticipated in man. The inefficiency of HI-6, HGG-12, and PAM-2 Cl in tabun poisoning points either to the search of new compounds or to the use of the mixture of the oximes found to be effective against the known chemical warfare nerve agents. PMID- 6724205 TI - A toxicology program for evaluating the safety of a chemical warfare decontaminant. AB - An ideal topical decontaminant for chemical warfare agents should be highly efficacious, easy to use, and have low toxicity. For toxicity assessment, a stepwise approach linking type of toxicity study to stage of decontaminant development is both efficient and economical. In the initial exploratory phase, range-finding acute toxicity studies using a few animals will suffice to screen out highly toxic decontaminants . More definitive acute toxicity studies and a short term mutagenic test are sufficient during the live agent efficacy testing phase. When an efficacious decontaminant is found and is ready to be formulated into a product, a more extensive toxicologic program including a 2-week dermal toxicity study, a skin sensitization study, and an inhalation study (for aerosol or powder formulations) should be implemented before clinical trials. PMID- 6724206 TI - Diisopropylfluorophosphate and tetanic stimulation fail to reverse mecamylamine antagonism of Renshaw cells. AB - Mecamylamine-induced antagonism of Renshaw cells was studied in the spinal cord of DIAL anesthetized adult male or spayed female mongrel cats. Renshaw cell unit responses to 1- or 2-Hz supramaximal antidromic stimulation of lumbar segment 7 ventral root were recorded by conventional means from glass micropipettes (2.7 M NaCl, tip diameter 1.0 to 1.6 micron, 2.0 to 4.0 M omega resistance). Data were analyzed by computer. Mecamylamine (1.0 mg/kg iv) antagonizes the response to 1- or 2-Hz stimulation. The onset occurs within 60 sec, only the first one or two spikes remain after 2 min, and this antagonism is observed 30 min after injection. Persistence of action of acetylcholine (ACh) induced by diisopropylfluorophosphate (DFP 2.0 to 2.5 mg/kg iv) increases the spike frequency of the Renshaw cell burst and reduces the variability in the number of spikes per discharge in response to 1- or 2-Hz antidromic stimulation. Excess ACh generated by 2 min of 20-Hz antidromic stimulation fails to reverse the mecamylamine-induced antagonism to 1- or 2-Hz antidromic stimulation. Also, DFP induced persistence of action of ACh or 20-Hz (2 min) antidromic stimulation to induce excess ACh in the presence of DFP, fails to reverse the mecamylamine induced antagonism of response to 1- or 2-Hz antidromic stimulation. It is concluded that the data agree with a mechanism of action of mecamylamine as a noncompetitive open channel blocker of the nicotinic receptor ion-channel complex which renders it nonresponsive to the agonist ACh and to the open channel blocker, DFP. PMID- 6724207 TI - Studies using a monoclonal antibody against soman. AB - The production of antibodies against the organophosphorus hapten soman has been undertaken in vivo in rabbits and in vitro by employing monoclonal techniques. The polyclonal rabbit antibodies did not cross-react with soman but were inhibited by soman analogs in a competitive inhibition enzyme immunoassay ( CIEIA ). In contrast the monoclonal antisoman antibodies were inhibited specifically by soman in the CIEIA but not by sarin nor the hydrolysis products of soman. The monoclonal antibodies were able to compete with acetylcholinesterase (AChE) for soman when the antibody was present in a molar concentration equal to the antibody-soman dissociation constant, resulting in a retardation of the rate of inhibition of AChE by soman. When monoclonal antibodies were administered to mice in a passive immunization regimen, the times-to-death increased twofold at an LD70 or LD90 dose level. These results suggest that the monoclonal antibodies have proper characteristics for use as an immunocytochemical reagent of high specificity. The ability of the antisoman monoclonal antibodies to compete with AChE for soman in vitro and the preliminary in vivo data indicate that selected monoclonal antibodies may prove useful in a therapeutic or prophylactic mode for organophosphorus poisoning. PMID- 6724208 TI - Soman induced changes in brain regional glucose use. AB - Soman, a potent central acetylcholine esterase inhibitor, has a greater impact on brain regional glucose use than other organophosphates, such as diisopropylfluorophosphate (DFP) or phospholinium iodide. At near-lethal doses soman induced explosive persistent seizures that were associated with a greater than fourfold increase of glucose use in many brain structures. Single near lethal doses of soman lead to conspicuous neuronal damage and a marked reduction in brain activity, 1 to 3 days after exposure. When soman (2 X LD50) was given to TAB (an antidotal mixture of trimedoxime, atropine, and benactyzine ) pretreated rats, there was a greater than twofold reduction of glucose use in almost every brain region. We suggest that soman seizures are mediated via activation of muscarinic receptors; also, the substantia nigra has a key role in the initiation/propagation of seizures. Soman has in addition, a depressive effect on some brain components which appears not to involve muscarinic receptors. We suggest that the conspicuous pathology that follows a single, near-lethal dose of soman results from a depletion of energy flow along with an influx of Ca2+ which sets into motion a cascade of destructive reactions, such as activation of proteases. PMID- 6724209 TI - Pesticide induced muscle necrosis: mechanisms and prevention. AB - The nerve agent soman, as well as other organophosphates such as paraoxon and phospholine in concentrations that caused cholinergic symptoms induced a progressive dose-related necrosis in rat skeletal muscle fibers. The severity of the myopathy depended on a critical decrease in activity and duration of acetylcholinesterase (AChE) inhibition. The number of muscle fibers affected was greatest with soman, followed by tertiary phospholine, paraxon , and quaternary phospholine. The necrotic nerve fibers were repaired within 1 week. Atropine and gentamycin in concentrations that do not block neuromuscular transmission, attenuate the necrotic action of the organophosphates by interacting with the presynaptic Ca2+ uptake mechanism. The half-time recovery rate of AChE after exposure to soman varied between 12 hr for sciatic nerve, 5-9 days for muscle, and 14 days for brain. AChE activity of peripheral nerve was minimally inhibited by soman and had recovered to control activity within 24 hr. The reason for this apparent insensitivity of the nerve AChE to soman may be due to the high activity of an enzyme that hydrolyzes soman. AChE at the neuromuscular junction in part has a protective and regulatory function through its control of free acetylcholine (ACh). By limiting the accumulation of ACh and the extent of its interaction with pre- and postsynaptic membranes, the morphological integrity of nerve terminals and muscle is preserved. PMID- 6724210 TI - Ferrocene-carbamate as prophylaxis against soman poisoning. AB - The effect of a carbamate derivative of ferrocene as a prophylactic agent toward soman poisoning was studied in mice. A sixfold decrease of the acute toxicity (24 hr LD50) of soman was obtained when the carbamate (5.5 mg/kg = 1/30 X LD50) was given intraperitoneally 30 min before soman. In this experiment atropine (20 mg/kg ip) was given 10 min before soman as support. The protection was lower when atropine or atropine plus toxogonin were given as therapy (1 min after soman). At these protective doses of the ferrocene -carbamate, a 30% inhibition of blood acetylcholinesterase activity was seen. Like physostigmine, the ferrocene carbamate inhibited the brain acetylcholinesterase, suggesting that the compound entered the brain tissue. PMID- 6724211 TI - Effect of atropine on the exercise-heat performance of man. AB - This paper summarizes the findings from two recent studies involving the physiological effects of atropine (0 to 4 mg, im) on soldiers performing physical exercise in hot-dry environments. Study I determined the threshold of physiological effects and the gradation of these effects with increasing dosage of atropine. Study II examined the effects of exercise-heat acclimation on the reduced physical exercise performance that occurs following atropine administration. The following new observations were made: (1) a 0.5-mg dose of atropine elevates heart rate, rectal temperature, and mean skin temperature; (2) atropine exerts its peak physiological effects approximately 70 min after intramuscular injection; (3) within the dosage levels tested, the magnitude of the elevated heart rate response is curvilinearly related to atropine dosage, whereas, the magnitude of the elevated rectal temperature response is linearly related to atropine dosage; (4) repeated administration of atropine over a number of days does not alter thermo-regulatory responses; (5) heat acclimation improves exercise-heat performance of individuals under the influence of atropine by enabling a reduced rectal temperature; and (6) heat acclimation increases the sweat output of individuals under the influence of atropine; however, the absolute reduction in sweat output from atropine is the same pre-and post-heat acclimation. PMID- 6724212 TI - Behavioral changes in the rat after low doses of cholinesterase inhibitors. AB - In rats the acute effects of low doses of five cholinesterase (ChE) inhibitors were investigated in six behavioral tests. Considerable differences were found between the inhibitors studied. TEPP and sarin at doses up to 30% LD50 were without effects. In contrast, soman, physostigmine, and pyridostigmine caused effects at dose levels which did not produce overt symptoms and did not affect running speed and simple coordinated locomotion. Soman (less than or equal to 3% LD50), physostigmine (less than or equal to 4.5% LD50), and pyridostigmine (less than or equal to 10% LD50) interfered with two-way shuttlebox avoidance learning, open field behavior, and complex coordinated movements ( hurdle -stepping task). Tests of retention in a passive avoidance learning test appeared less sensitive. It is concluded that paradigms that involve higher CNS structures and require motor activity are sensitive to some ChE inhibitors at doses far below those that cause overt symptoms. The individual characteristics of ChE inhibitors play an important role. In contrast to TEPP and sarin, soman has a predominantly central effect. Further, the finding that pyridostigmine was also effective at unexpectedly low dose levels suggests that this compound may have more central actions than hitherto accepted. PMID- 6724213 TI - Clinical problems in organophosphate insecticide poisoning: the use of a computerized information system. AB - A computerized medical information system has been constructed, which contains clinical data from 236 case records of organophosphate and carbamate insecticides poisoning in Israel. A computer program was used to retrieve, analyze, and cross- tabulate data contained in 162 variables per patient. Clinical criteria were used to distinguish mild (66%) from moderate (19%) and severe (15%) cases. The majority of exposures were occupational (58%), whereas the rest were accidental (31%) or suicidal (11%). Parathion was the toxic compound most frequently involved (153 cases). Grouping signs and symptoms according to the cholinergic synapse systems showed peripheral muscarinic signs to be the most prevalent (92.5% of cases), whereas involvement of all three synapse systems was rare (17%). Listing individual symptoms emphasized the high prevalence of nonspecific symptoms such as vomiting (142 cases) and abdominal pain (115 cases). The mean atropine dose given to adult patients during the first 24 hr after poisoning ranged from 6.0 +/- 0.7 mg in mild cases to 49.8 +/- 4.5 mg in severe cases. Evaluation of clinical decision making was demonstrated through analysis of the guidelines used by physicians to gauge atropine administration. Five of the eighteen fatalities were delayed deaths, one of which was due to a polymorphous ventricular arrhythmia. The same arrhythmia occurred also in four nonfatal cases. Other delayed effects included nonspecific EEG changes and neuropsychiatric symptoms. Matching individual cases with comparable cases in the data bank was demonstrated, using a previously published case report. Computerized consultation may help inexperienced physicians to improve the quality of medical care given to cases of organophosphate insecticide poisoning in small hospitals located in rural areas. PMID- 6724214 TI - Toxicology of trialkylphosphorothioates with particular reference to lung toxicity. PMID- 6724215 TI - Modulation of the cholinergic activity of bronchial muscle during inhalation of soman. PMID- 6724216 TI - Role of aliesterase in organophosphate poisoning. AB - Various doses of CBDP (2-(2- methylphenoxy )-4H-1,3,2- benzodioxaphosphorin -2 oxide), a metabolite of tri-o-cresyl phosphate, increased dramatically the acute toxicity of soman ( pinacolyl methylphosphonofluoridate ) in mice. CBDP (5 mg/kg; iv) reduced the soman LD50 value from 136 micrograms/kg in control to 6.95 micrograms/kg. The potentiation of soman toxicity following CBDP pretreatment appeared to be due primarily to inhibition of plasma aliesterase activity. Inhibition of liver aliesterase was not of primary importance in the potentiation of soman toxicity following CBDP pretreatment. In addition pretreatment with ISO OMPA ( tetraisopropyl pyrophosphoramide ), a selective inhibitor of pseudocholinesterase, had no effect on the acute toxicity of soman. Similarly pretreatment of mice with pyridostigmine, a quaternary carbamate anticholinesterase which does not inhibit aliesterase , resulted in marked inhibition of diaphragm, plasma, and brain acetylcholinesterase had no effect on the acute toxicity of soman. Plasma aliesterase may be a depot for soman poisoning. The acute toxicity of soman by the ip, sc, and iv routes of administration was reduced following pretreatment of mice with phenobarbital (100 mg/kg) for 4 days. The reduced toxicity of soman following phenobarbital pretreatment was due to induction of liver aliesterase activity which subsequently resulted in an increase in plasma aliesterase activity. Thus more soman was probably bound to plasma aliesterase activity resulting in a reduction in acute toxicity of soman. Conversely pretreatment of mice with pentobarbital (70 mg/kg; ip) increased the toxicity of soman. This was probably the result of inhibition of plasma aliesterase by pentobarbital pretreatment combined with the central respiratory depression following pentobarbital administration. Following pentobarbital pretreatment soman inhibition of brain acetylcholinesterase was increased suggesting that plasma aliesterase inhibition alters the distribution of free soman in vivo. In summary, in mice plasma aliesterase appears to be an extremely important detoxification route for soman in vivo. PMID- 6724217 TI - [Acute inhalations of toxicological origin. Experience at the Poison Control Center of the University of Bologna]. PMID- 6724218 TI - [Environmental factors and serum concentration of lipids and apoproteins A and B in normal subjects]. PMID- 6724219 TI - [Histological and ultramicroscopic study of the liver and pancreas of rats under protracted treatment with tiadenol]. PMID- 6724221 TI - [Lipid-loading tests using various dietary lipids in human subjects: changes in total blood cholesterol, triglycerides and fatty acids. III]. PMID- 6724220 TI - [Relation between the metabolic state, tissue oxygenation and diabetic microangiopathy]. PMID- 6724222 TI - [Hypoproteinemia in patients with chronic cardiopathies]. PMID- 6724223 TI - [Evaluation of digestion and nutrient absorption in healthy persons and in states of malabsorption by using a stool test with an automated system]. PMID- 6724224 TI - Correlation between induction of duodenal tumor by hydrogen peroxide and catalase activity in mice. AB - Incidences of duodenal tumor induced by oral administration of hydrogen peroxide (HPO) and catalase activities in the duodenal mucosa, blood and liver were correlated in C3H/HeN, C57BL/6N, (C57BL X C3H)F1 (B6C3F1) and hypocatalasemic C3H/Cbs mice. A solution of 0.4% HPO was given to the mice as drinking water for about 6 months. Incidences of duodenal tumor were 11.1% in C3H, 31.8% in B6C3F1, 100% in C57BL and 91.7% in C3H/Cbs mice. Catalase activities (10(-4) k/mg protein) in the duodenal mucosa, blood and liver were 5.3, 7.8 and 75.3 in C3H, 1.7, 7.7 and 62.8 in B6C3F1, 0.7, 5.1 and 40.7 in C57BL, and 0.4, 0.4 and 33.3 in C3H/Cbs mice, respectively. The coefficients of correlation (r) of catalase activities with the incidences of duodenal tumor in C3H, B6C3F1 and C57BL mice are -0.83 in duodenal mucosa, -0.98 in blood and -0.99 in liver. The results indicate that the incidence of duodenal tumor induction by HPO is dependent on the individual mouse strain and may be determined by the genes controlling the catalase activities. PMID- 6724225 TI - Stimulation of ornithine decarboxylase activity and DNA synthesis by phorbol esters or bile acids in rat colon. AB - The changes of colonic epithelial ornithine decarboxylase (ODC) activity and DNA synthesis following intrarectal administration of a tumor-promoting agent, 12-O tetradecanoylphorbol-13-acetate (TPA), or various bile acids to male noninbred rats were studied. A single instillation of TPA, at a dose as low as 16 nmol, led to a significant (about 10-fold) increase in colonic ODC activity. Peak ODC activity was observed at 4 hr, and the enzyme activity returned to the control level about 24 hr after intrarectal TPA. This pattern was almost the same as that observed after sodium deoxycholate treatment. TPA showed more potent induction of ODC activity than deoxycholate, although the maximal induction was greater in the case of deoxycholate treatment. Both TPA and deoxycholate stimulated DNA synthesis at 2 days after intrarectal instillation, after an initial depression at 4-12 hr. A structure-activity study of 26 bile acids revealed that 5 beta cholanoic acid with alpha-hydroxy groups in two of the 3 alpha, 7 alpha, 12 alpha positions and 5 beta-cholanoic acid with a 3 alpha-hydroxy group induced colonic ODC activity significantly, while the 3 alpha, 6 alpha-dihydroxy acid did not. Replacement of hydroxy groups by keto groups or a change from alpha to beta configuration decreased the ODC-inducing activities. Tri-substituted 5 beta cholanoic acid derivatives, whether hydroxy or keto, did not stimulate ODC. These data indicate that a specific bile acid structure with a definite spatial relationship of the hydroxy groups is required for induction of colonic ODC activity. PMID- 6724226 TI - Extrachromosomal circular DNAs in interspecific mouse-rat reconstituted cells. AB - Several clones of reconstituted cells were isolated by fusion of karyoplasts of mouse melanoma B16 cells with cytoplasts of rat myoblastic L6 cells and processed by the mica-press-adsorption method for electron microscopy. Extrachromosomal small circular DNAs of less than 1 micron in contour length (smaller circular DNA) were present in both parental cells, and circles larger than 1 micron (larger circular DNA) were found more frequently in reconstituted cells at an early stage after the clonal isolation. Mitochondrial DNA was not released from mitochondria by this method. The new phenotypes of reconstituted cells were stable, but larger circles were lost after prolonged cultivation of the cells. The possibility that the larger circular DNAs result from intrachromosomal DNA rearrangement induced by rat cytoplasts is discussed. PMID- 6724227 TI - The placental form of glutathione S-transferase as a new marker protein for preneoplasia in rat chemical hepatocarcinogenesis. AB - A neutral form of glutathione S-transferase (GST-P), which has a subunit of 26,000 (or 21,500) daltons and charge isomers with isoelectric points of 6.7 (major), 6.3 and 6.0, was purified from rat placenta cytosol. Immunohistochemical staining using anti-GST-P rabbit antibody demonstrated that GST-P, which is hardly detectable in normal liver, is markedly increased and localized in preneoplastic hepatic lesions such as hyperplastic nodules, indicating that GST-P could be a useful marker proteins for preneoplasia in chemical hepatocarcinogenesis. PMID- 6724228 TI - Formation of volatile nitrosamines by drug-nitrite interactions under physiological conditions. AB - Twenty-eight drugs, most of which are tertiary amines, were tested for the formation of volatile nitrosamines by reaction with nitrite under physiological conditions; the drugs (10mM) were incubated with nitrite ( 40mM ) at pH 3.0, 37 degrees for 1 and 4 hr. The volatile nitrosamines formed were determined by gas chromatography-thermal energy analysis. Of the 28 drugs, 24 formed measurable amounts of volatile nitrosamines that are known carcinogens. The yields of nitrosodimethylamine (NDMA) from aminopyrine (55-65%) and minocycline (11%) were higher than that from dimethylamine under the same conditions. This result suggests that there may be a pathway not involving the secondary amine (dimethylamine) as an intermediate in the formation of NDMA from minocycline as well as from aminopyrine, Tolazamide gave rise to nitrosopiperidine ( NPIP ) in addition to nitrosohexamethyleneimine ( NHXI ), formation of which was expected from the chemical structure of tolazamide, and the yield of NPIP (2-7%) was higher than that of NHXI (0.2-1.2%). Ascorbic acid ( 40mM ) was effective in decreasing the formation of nitrosamines from drugs by reaction with nitrite, although the blocking effects varied between 88 and 100% depending on the drugs tested or on the nitrosamines formed. PMID- 6724229 TI - Effects of antiplatelet agents on pulmonary metastases. AB - The role of platelets in cancer metastasis was studied by investigating the effects of the antiplatelet agents ticlopidine, diltiazem, dipyridamole and trapidil on artificial and spontaneous pulmonary metastases in mice. These agents were tested at their optimal inhibitory doses on adenosine diphosphate-induced platelet aggregation; namely, 100 mg/kg for ticlopidine, 2 mg/kg for diltiazem, 180 mg/kg for trapidil and 60 mg/kg for dipyridamole. At these doses, trapidil caused moderate inhibition of thrombin-induced platelet aggregation in mice, but the other agents had only slight effects. Artificial pulmonary metastasis was produced by inoculation of Lewis lung carcinoma (LLC) or B16 melanoma (B16) cells into C57BL/6 mice. For induction of spontaneous pulmonary metastases, these tumor cells were implanted subcutaneously into the footpads of mice. The resulting primary tumors of LLC and B16 were removed 9-10 and 17 days later, respectively. Artificial pulmonary metastases were inhibited significantly by all the antiplatelet agents tested. Spontaneous pulmonary metastases were markedly reduced only when these agents were given after removal of the primary tumor. The role of platelets is discussed with respect to thrombus formation in the lodgement of tumor cells and the participation of platelet-derived growth factor in the growth of metastatic foci. PMID- 6724230 TI - Pharmacokinetics of human recombinant interferon-beta in monkeys and rabbits. AB - The pharmacokinetics of human recombinant interferon-beta ( ReIFN -beta) was compared with that of natural human interferon-beta (IFN-beta) in monkeys and rabbits after intravenous or intramuscular injection. After intravenous injection of 10(6) units/kg of ReIFN -beta or IFN-beta into monkeys or rabbits, serum levels of both interferons declined biexponentially. No significant differences between ReIFN -beta and IFN-beta were detected in most pharmacokinetic parameters including T1/2-beta, though T1/2-alpha of ReIFN -beta was significantly shorter than that of IFN-beta. These results seemed to be in conflict with the observed difference of stability of the interferons in vitro since ReIFN -beta was less stable than IFN-beta in monkey and rabbit serum. When ReIFN -beta (10(7) units/kg) was injected intramuscularly into monkeys or rabbits, it remained detectable in the serum for 24 hr; an absorption phase and an elimination phase were seen. However, AUC (the area under the serum concentration curve) after the intramuscular injection of ReIFN -beta was about one-half and one-third of that after the intravenous injection in monkeys and rabbits, respectively. ReIFN -beta and IFN-beta (10(6) units/kg) were both detectable in the serum after intramuscular injection into rabbits, but the level of ReIFN -beta was lower than that of IFN-beta. These results indicate that the lack of carbohydrate in ReIFN beta did not essentially affect the in vivo pharmacokinetics in monkeys and rabbits after intravenous injection, but this was not the case after intramuscular injection. PMID- 6724231 TI - [19th forum on research in hepato-gastroenterology and 8th French-language seminar on hepatology and gastroenterology. Paris, 13-16 March 1984 abstracts]. PMID- 6724232 TI - Lymphatic metastases to the esophagus. AB - The authors present 4 cases of esophageal involvement by lymphatic spread of tumors originating in the stomach, distal esophagus, and thyroid. Double-contrast radiographs of the esophagus showed discontinuous submucosal extension and multiple polypoid masses. PMID- 6724233 TI - Bull's-eye lesions: a new gastrointestinal presentation of mastocytosis. AB - Systemic mastocytosis is a rare disorder that infrequently affects the GI tract. Bowel involvement in mastocytosis is characterized by thickened folds and small mucosal nodules, and there is an increased incidence of peptic ulcer disease and malabsorption. This paper describes a new case of mastocytosis that presented radiographically as 1.0-1.5 cm gastric and duodenal nodules. Some of the duodenal nodules were bull's-eye lesions with central collections of barium. Mastocytosis, along with primary neoplasms, aberrant pancreas, eosinophilic granuloma, and metastases should be included in the differential for bull's-eye lesions of the GI tract. PMID- 6724234 TI - Radiologic spectrum of rectal carcinoid tumors. AB - Radiographs of 12 carcinoid tumors of the rectum were reviewed and compared with pathologic findings. There was a good correlation between the radiologic and pathologic findings with respect to tumor invasion and extent. Nine tumors that radiologically presented a smooth round defect less than 2.0 cm in diameter did not invade the muscular layer and did not metastasize. Three tumors that presented a deep crater with an irregular edge greater than 2.0 cm were found to have invaded the muscular layer and metastasized to the lymph nodes or the liver. The double-contrast enema showed an excellent detection rate; no lesion was missed by it. PMID- 6724235 TI - A new method for the diagnosis of acute hemorrhagic-necrotizing pancreatitis using contrast-enhanced CT. AB - Twenty-eight consecutive patients with a first attack of alcohol-induced pancreatitis were studied using contrast-enhanced CT. The findings on CT were then related to the course of the disease. The patients with acute hemorrhagic necrotizing pancreatitis showed significantly lower enhancement values of the pancreatic parenchyma than those with milder forms of the disease. The next 20 patients with severe pancreatitis were scanned using a slightly modified procedure. The enhancement values were calculated and plotted on the graphs for the 2 former groups. Two categories of pancreatic enhancement were found: "low enhancement" and "high enhancement." In all 10 patients with "low-enhancement" values surgery revealed hemorrhagic-necrotizing pancreatitis. In the 10 patients with "high-enhancement" values conservative treatment was continued, and the clinical course was nonfulminant in all of them. PMID- 6724236 TI - Contrast-enhanced computed tomography of the gallbladder in acute pancreatitis. AB - The gallbladder findings encountered in 59 patients examined because of a first attack of acute, alcohol-induced pancreatitis, are reported. Abdominal contrast enhanced computed tomography was technically acceptable in 54 patients. In 85% of the patients the gallbladder finding was pathological. The density increase in the gallbladder contents was more than twice normal. Possible reasons for this phenomenon are discussed. Intense contrast enhancement of the gallbladder wall was found in 87% of the cases. Increased wall thickness was observed in 64% of the patients. PMID- 6724237 TI - Ultrasonography of the gallbladder in pregnancy. AB - The appearance of the gallbladder was monitored by serial ultrasound examinations in 36 women at various times during their normal pregnancy and postpartum. The gallbladder remained within normal limits in size, but there was a progressive increase in its longitudinal and transverse diameters. The contractibility of the gallbladder was also assessed and found to be satisfactory in most cases. However, the formation of sludge was demonstrated in several instances beyond the 20-25th weeks of pregnancy. Gallstones were detected in 2 patients, 1 of whom had initially normal findings on cholecystosonography during her first trimester. PMID- 6724238 TI - Sclerosing cholangitis: broad spectrum of radiographic features. AB - The broad spectrum of radiographic appearance of sclerosing cholangitis is illustrated in 19 cases. A classification of intrahepatic and extrahepatic features is presented, based on extent of narrowing of bile ducts, severity of narrowing, contour abnormalities, and presence of postsclerotic dilatation. In 13 of 19 cases, both intra- and extrahepatic ducts were involved. The most common form of intrahepatic involvement (8/19) was irregular stenosis obliterating peripheral ducts leaving only the more central ducts filled with contrast material. The most common type of extrahepatic duct involvement was a well defined segment of either smooth or irregular narrowing. The most extensive involvement of intrahepatic ducts was often associated with more well-defined, less extensive extrahepatic duct involvement. In 7 patients, radiographic features were evaluated over periods ranging from several months to several years. Intrahepatic duct involvement either remained unchanged or worsened, while extrahepatic features more often remained unchanged. Our classification of patterns of involvement was applied to previous reports and revealed frequency of type of duct involvement similar to our series. PMID- 6724239 TI - Anomalous pancreaticobiliary duct union associated with bile duct carcinoma. AB - An abnormal high union of the common bile duct and the main pancreatic duct, without accompanying cystic dilatation of the bile ducts, is a rare occurrence. A case of obstructive jaundice due to bile duct carcinoma in connection with this anomaly is reported. PMID- 6724240 TI - "Discphagia": a case report. AB - An anterior herniated intervertebral disc at the low cervical level caused dysphagia and an extrinsic impression on the esophagus seen on barium swallow. This entity should be added to the differential diagnosis of extrinsic esophageal defects. PMID- 6724241 TI - Importance of the falciform ligament, ligamentum teres and splenic hilus in the spread of malignancy as demonstrated by computed tomography. AB - Computed tomographic detection of significantly large (greater than 1.5 cm) transcoelomic secondary malignant serosal deposits is discussed. Attention is drawn to the importance of the falciform ligament, ligamentum teres, and splenic hilus as sites of secondary deposits. An anatomical explanation is presented for the detection of these findings on computed tomography. PMID- 6724242 TI - Radiologic diagnosis of wandering spleen complicated by splenic volvulus and infarction. AB - Wandering spleen is a rare condition caused by malattachment of the dorsal mesogastrium. This condition is prone to torsion of the splenic pedicle leading to splenomegaly, hypersplenism, and infarction. Preoperative diagnosis can be suggested radiologically. A case of wandering spleen is reported and its embryologic, clinical, and radiographic features are discussed. PMID- 6724243 TI - Sonographic findings of intraabdominal foreign bodies due to retained gauze. AB - The ultrasonic images obtained in 2 patients with retained gauze in the abdomen are presented. Identification of a cystic mass with highly irregular internal echoes in patients with previous laparotomy should alert the radiologist to the possibility of foreign body retention. PMID- 6724244 TI - Percutaneous management of abdominal abscesses with GI tract fistulous communication: report of 2 cases. AB - Percutaneous drainage of abdominal abscesses is an alternative to surgical treatment. Two cases of abscesses with fistulous communication to the GI tract, percutaneously drained successfully, are presented. Reevaluation of these and other relative contraindications of this technique are reviewed. PMID- 6724245 TI - Is there a safe interval between diagnostic invasive procedure and the barium enema study of the colorectum? AB - In an attempt to define the optimal interval of safety when a barium enema study of the colon follows a planned injury of the bowel by local treatment or biopsy (or both), we studied a group of 833 patients who were seen at the Mayo Clinic during 1978. In the study group, 886 polyps were destroyed by fulguration, 258 lesions were both sampled and fulgurated, and 126 areas were sampled for biopsy study. One hundred ninety-four patients had multiple lesions; in 193 of these, 2 18 diminutive polyps were fulgurated. Of the 846 barium studies in the 833 patients, 5 were done on the same day as the planned injury, 543 within 24 hours, and 174 within 72 hours. Four patients demonstrated extravasation of barium, but none had signs or symptoms of acute perforation nor did the resected surgical specimen demonstrate communication with site of injury. PMID- 6724246 TI - CT of pseudomembranous colitis. AB - A case is presented in which computed tomography of the abdomen was performed to search for possible peritoneal abscess. The incidental observation of an irregularly thickened wall of the colon led to the diagnosis of pseudomembranous colitis. PMID- 6724247 TI - Computed tomographic distinction of submucosal lipoma and adenomatous polyp of the colon. AB - Described here is a patient with 2 large pedunculated colonic tumors detected by barium enema radiography. By computed tomography (CT) 1 was found to be a submucosal lipoma characterized by oval shape, smooth demarcation, and homogeneous density with a CT number of -68 HU, whereas the other was an adenomatous polyp with slightly fuzzy outline and a much higher CT number. This case indicates that CT can be a definitive diagnostic modality for distinguishing between a colonic lipoma and other solid or cystic tumor of the colon. PMID- 6724248 TI - Spigelian hernia: CT and ultrasonography diagnosis. AB - The diagnostic potential of CT and sonography in detecting clinically unrecognized cases of spigelian hernia is illustrated and discussed. These imaging modalities can promptly and reliably diagnose spigelian hernia based on the following findings: (1) peritoneal and muscular defect along the spigelian line in the lower abdomen; (2) intraparietal location of the hernial sac; and (3) hernial sac containing omentum and/or mesentery and loops of bowel. Two recently diagnosed cases are presented together with a short review of the literature. PMID- 6724249 TI - Alterations in levels of apolipoprotein C-III and C-II/C-III ratios in patients with liver disease. AB - Apolipoprotein (apo) C-III levels and relative proportions of apo C-II and apo C III were determined in patients with liver disease in attempts to show the relationship between abnormalities in lipoprotein metabolism and liver function. The levels of apo C-III decreased in most patients with liver disease except cases with fatty liver or cholestasis. The levels of apo C-III correlated with some liver function parameters such as albumin but not with triglyceride concentrations. The C-II/C-III ratios were higher in patients with liver disease, a decrease in apo C-III-1 being most prominent. Estimation of the levels of apo C II suggested that the C-II levels would not be impaired in most of patients with liver disease, despite a decrease in apo C-III levels. PMID- 6724250 TI - Histopathologic study on development and extension of atrophic change in the gastric mucosa. AB - A histopathologic study was carried out on 30 resected stomachs with various gastric or duodenal diseases. Both the pyloric gland cells and the parietal cells were counted in serial sections of the surgically resected stomach. A good correlation (p less than 0.001) was found between the number of pyloric gland cells and parietal cells. The number of both glandular cells was greatest on the greater curvature and fewest at the part closer to the antrofundic mucosal border on the lesser curvature. In addition, a fairly uniform pattern was observed in the distribution of the parietal cells. The maximum density area of parietal cells was centered on the greater curvature of the stomach body, and this density decreased concentrically in proportion to the distance from the center. This uniform pattern was seen in almost all specimens, with or without atrophic change in the gastric mucosa. These results suggest that atrophic change does not develop in a particular part of the stomach but wholly and equally in the gastric mucosa. PMID- 6724251 TI - A diagnostic score for the irritable bowel syndrome. Its value in the exclusion of organic disease. AB - Irritable bowel syndrome is a very common clinical problem for which there are no established diagnostic criteria. The two aims of the present study were first, to create a scoring system for the diagnosis of irritable bowel syndrome incorporating features from the case history, physical examination, and some basic investigations including erythrocyte sedimentation rate and blood count; and second, to estimate the diagnostic accuracy of this scoring system in terms of its sensitivity and specificity, and of its predictive value in patients diagnosed as having irritable bowel syndrome by conventional methods. A group of 479 consecutive outpatients referred to a gastrointestinal clinic was studied by the usual extensive routine workup practiced at the clinic, including numerous laboratory tests, endoscopy of upper and lower gastrointestinal tract, and ultrasound. In 209 patients, symptoms were related to an underlying organic disease and in 108 patients irritable bowel syndrome was diagnosed without any recognizable organic disease. As a separate exercise, a scoring system including the answers of a questionnaire and the results of eight basic investigations was established. After completion of the study, the score was weighted by means of a logistic regression analysis. Using the weighted score, at a sensitivity of 64%, the specificity for the diagnosis of irritable bowel syndrome was 99%, and at a sensitivity of 83%, the specificity was 97%. Patients with organic diseases such as malignant tumor or inflammatory bowel disease were well discriminated by the score. It is concluded that a detailed history, physical examination, and basic laboratory tests are sufficient in most patients for the positive diagnosis of irritable bowel syndrome and the exclusion of any underlying organic diseases. PMID- 6724252 TI - Sham feeding and pancreatic secretion. Evidence for direct vagal stimulation of enzyme output. AB - The cephalic phase of pancreatic secretion in humans was investigated using modified sham feeding and a duodenal perfusion system. Studies performed in 5 normal volunteers were designed so that trypsin and bicarbonate outputs during sham feeding, with or without pretreatment with atropine, were compared to "maximal" pancreatic secretory response to exogenous stimulation with caerulein and secretin. The role of gastric acid entry to the duodenum in mediating cephalic responses was assessed by a comparison between outputs observed when gastric aspiration (congruent to 80% efficient) was used alone and when acid entry was completely abolished by combining gastric aspiration with cimetidine pretreatment. To evaluate the role, if any, of gut hormone release in the pancreatic secretory response to sham feeding, plasma gastrin and cholecystokinin concentrations were monitored throughout. Trypsin outputs during sham feeding were 31.9 +/- 10.45 kallikrein inactivator units per 30 min, equivalent to four times basal output and 92% of maximal, but were only 54% maximal in subjects pretreated with cimetidine. Atropine suppressed basal trypsin output and abolished the response to sham feeding (4.98 +/- 3.89 kallikrein inactivator units per 30 min). A modest increase in bicarbonate secretion during sham feeding (3.30 +/- 1.97 mmol/30 min versus basal of 0.68 +/- 0.74 mmol/30 min, p = 0.5) was not influenced by atropine but was abolished by cimetidine pretreatment. No significant changes in plasma gastrins were observed in these studies and plasma cholecystokinins remained undetectable throughout. We conclude that there is tonic vagal stimulation of trypsin secretion, and that sham feeding markedly increases trypsin output, which is augmented further by acid entry into the duodenum. There is no direct effect of cephalic stimulation on bicarbonate secretion or on gastrin or cholecystokinin release. PMID- 6724253 TI - Characteristics of colorectal carcinoma cells with high metastatic potential. AB - Malignant tumors shed large numbers of cells into the circulation, only a small fraction of which actually produce distant metastases. The cells comprising these tumors may be heterogeneous in many respects including their biological behavior. Inasmuch as colonic epithelial cells secrete mucins that reflect the state of cell differentiation, and differences in mucin structure may be detected by selective lectin binding, we used fluorescein isothiocyanate-conjugated lectins and fluorescence microscopy to analyze mucins secreted by primary colon cancers and metastases. In this way we hoped to determine whether differences exist in the glycoconjugates produced by metastatic and nonmetastatic cell populations. Out studies demonstrated that, in a given primary cancer, the mucin produced differed from that made by its metastases. Thus the vast majority of cells in primary tumors produced mucin that was specifically labeled by fluorescent peanut agglutinin (14 of 16 tumors). In contrast, 72% (37 of 51) of metastatic tumors produced mucin that did not bind peanut agglutinin (p less than 0.001). Colon cancer cells with high metastatic potential may therefore produce mucins that lack an exposed oligosaccharide receptor for this lectin. PMID- 6724254 TI - Prospective evaluation of metabolic bone disease after jejunoileal bypass. AB - Twenty-eight patients undergoing jejunoileal bypass for morbid obesity were studied prospectively for alterations in mineral metabolism and the development of metabolic bone disease. Eleven additional patients were examined for long-term complications. Serum 25-hydroxyvitamin D and fractional calcium absorption were depressed during the first 2 yr after bypass but normalized after this period. Serum parathormone remained normal. Mild osteomalacia was identified in 12% of subjects by histomorphometric analysis of undecalcified biopsy specimens. Osteomalacia was asymptomatic and could not be reliably diagnosed by noninvasive tests. Repeat biopsies demonstrated histologic improvement in 2 individuals followed serially. Improvement was not clearly related to vitamin D therapy. Abnormalities in mineral appositional rates and mineral maturation were identified in several additional patients. Studies in the long-term group did not indicate inexorable progression of metabolic bone disease. Although intestinal bypass produced several abnormalities in mineral metabolism during the first 2 yr after surgery, a trend toward normalization was evident after the period, possibly related to adaptive responses in the intestine. PMID- 6724255 TI - Effect of ursodeoxycholate and its taurine conjugate on bile acid synthesis and cholesterol absorption. AB - Six male subjects with normal gastroenterologic function were studied to determine the effects of ursodeoxycholic (15 mg/kg X day) and tauroursodeoxycholic (20 mg/kg X day) acid feeding on bile acid synthesis and cholesterol absorption. Each bile acid was fed for 1 mo and withheld for the next month. Subjects remained on a metabolic ward and consumed a constant diet of 500 mg of cholesterol mixed with solid and liquid formulas. Before the study started, each subject received 50 muCi of [4-14C]cholesterol intravenously. During the study, stools were collected for the determination of 24-h fecal acidic and neutral sterol excretion, and blood was drawn twice weekly for determination of serum cholesterol specific activity. At the end of each month an intestinal perfusion study was performed to measure total bile acid pool size and hourly biliary secretion rates of cholesterol, phospholipid, and bile acid. From these data, the percentage of cholesterol absorption and total endogenous bile acid synthesis could be calculated. Neither ursodeoxycholic nor tauroursodeoxycholic acid feeding decreased endogenous bile acid synthesis. During bile acid feeding periods, the percentage of cholesterol absorption was decreased. PMID- 6724256 TI - Differences in the effects of chenodeoxycholic and ursodeoxycholic acid on biliary lipid secretion and bile acid synthesis in patients with gallstones. AB - Measurements of biliary lipid secretion rates were performed in 10 patients with radiolucent gallstones before and after 4 wk of administration of chenodeoxycholic acid and ursodeoxycholic acid (1 g/day) in a randomized crossover study. The results of both bile acid feeding periods were similar in many respects: expansion of the bile acid pool, increase in bile acid and phospholipid secretion, reduction in cholesterol output, and decrease in percent saturation of hepatic bile, which was more pronounced with ursodeoxycholic than chenodeoxycholic acid therapy. Despite these similarities, the mechanisms by which these two litholytic bile acids induced these changes were quite different. Ursodeoxycholic acid, in contrast to chenodeoxycholic acid, only partially suppresses bile acid synthesis. During chenodeoxycholic acid feeding, the ratio of phospholipids to bile acids increased from 0.264 to 0.307 (p less than 0.05), indicating an increased coupling of phospholipids by chenodeoxycholic acid, whereas ursodeoxycholic acid did not alter this ratio. The molar ratio of cholesterol to bile acid during the chenodeoxycholic- and ursodeoxycholic-acid periods decreased significantly from 0.073 to 0.058 and 0.041, respectively. However, this ratio during the ursodeoxycholic-acid period was unchanged when the amount of ursodeoxycholic acid was subtracted from total bile acid (0.069), indicating that UDCA has little, if any, effect on the mobilization of hepatic cholesterol into bile. PMID- 6724257 TI - Effect of three different dihydroxy bile acids on intestinal cholesterol absorption in normal volunteers. AB - Measurements of cholesterol absorption were performed by an intestinal perfusion technique before and after 4 wk of administration of three different dihydroxy bile acids [ursodeoxycholic acid (1 g/day), chenodeoxycholic acid (1 g/day), and deoxycholic acid (0.4 g/day)] in 6 normal volunteers. Mean hourly absorption of cholesterol declined from 41 mumol/h in the control period to 31 mumol/h (-22%) during feeding of chenodeoxycholic acid (NS). During deoxycholic acid administration, mean cholesterol absorption decreased from 46 to 28 mumol/h ( 28%; p less than 0.05). Ursodeoxycholic acid feeding was associated with a reduction of cholesterol absorption from 38 to 13 mumol/h (-70%; p less than 0.05), even though the input of cholesterol from bile was reduced significantly (from 123 to 86 mumol/h). The results suggest that the hydroxy groups at different positions on the bile acid nucleus of these three dihydroxy bile acids differ in their potential for cholesterol absorption. PMID- 6724258 TI - Dissolution of human cholesterol gallstones in stimulated chenodeoxycholate-rich and ursodeoxycholate-rich biles. An in vitro study of dissolution rates and mechanisms. AB - We have compared the kinetics and physical-chemical mechanisms of human cholesterol gallstone dissolution in simulated normal, chenodeoxycholate-rich, and ursodeoxycholate-rich " biles ." Owing to reduced micellar cholesterol solubilizing capacities, dissolution rates in ursodeoxycholate-rich biles were initially slower than in normal or chenodeoxycholate-rich biles . At later time points, dissolution rates in ursodeoxycholate-rich bile became accelerated; this was shown to be associated with the development of a lamellar liquid-crystalline phase that took place first on the stones' surfaces and was then followed by dispersion of liquid-crystalline vesicles into the micellar solution. As subsequent dissolution occurred in a two-phase system of micelles and liquid crystalline vesicles, the quantity of cholesterol solubilized exceeded micellar saturation. In normal and chenodeoxycholate-rich biles , no phase changes were observed either on the surfaces of the stones or in the micellar solution, and the quantity of cholesterol solubilized was limited by micellar saturation. These results was limited by micellar saturation. These results are consistent with phase equilibria diagrams of the simulated bile systems and suggest that the predominant physical-chemical mechanism of in vivo gallstone dissolution with ursodeoxycholic acid is via liquid crystalline dispersion of cholesterol. In contrast, micellar dissolution of cholesterol is the only mechanism possible with chenodeoxycholic acid. PMID- 6724259 TI - Low molecular weight (7s) immunoglobulin M antibody against hepatitis B core antigen in the serum for differentiating acute from persistent hepatitis B virus infection. AB - Sera from persons infected with hepatitis B virus were fractionated into 19s and 7s moieties by high performance liquid chromatography and then tested for the antibody to hepatitis B core antigen (anti-HBc) of immunoglobulin M (IgM) class by radioimmunoassay. Sera from 17 patients with acute or fulminant hepatitis invariably showed a high activity of 19s IgM anti-HBc (sample/normal ratio 30.6 +/- 13.6). In addition, they all revealed a much lower activity of 7s IgM anti HBc (4.1 +/- 3.4). In remarkable contrast, 7s IgM anti-HBc activity was higher than 19s IgM anti-HBc activity in the sera from 5 asymptomatic carriers (10.4 +/- 2.4 vs. 1.0 +/- 0.1), 4 patients with chronic persistent hepatitis (11.7 +/- 1.4 vs. 2.1 +/- 1.4), 13 with chronic active hepatitis (13.6 +/- 3.0 vs. 6.0 +/- 5.6), and 10 with liver cirrhosis (8.9 +/- 3.4 vs. 5.4 +/- 2.4). Among these 32 cases of persistent hepatitis B virus infection, there were only 2 (6.3%) in which the 7s IgM anti-HBc was lower than the 19s IgM anti-HBc. The proportion of patients who showed the value of 7s IgM anti-HBc exceeding that of 19s IgM anti HBc was significantly higher for persistent (30 of 32) than for acute (0 of 17) hepatitis B virus infection (p less than 0.001). On the basis of these results, the determination of IgM anti-HBc in terms of 19s and 7s subpopulations would be useful for differentiating acute from chronic hepatitis B virus infection, especially when the titer of IgM anti-HBc is not high enough to exclude a persistent hepatitis B virus infection. PMID- 6724260 TI - Effects of experimental cirrhosis on splanchnic microvascular fluid and solute exchange in the rat. AB - In human cirrhosis, there is evidence that there are considerable alterations in fluid and solute exchange in the hepatic and intestinal microcirculations . Experimental cirrhosis was induced in rats by using oral phenobarbitone and carbon tetrachloride inhalation over an 8-wk period. Portal venous pressure, hepatic and intestinal lymph flows, and lymph and plasma protein concentrations were measured. Liver samples were obtained for histologic examination. Portal venous pressure increased from a normal value (control animals) of 9.0 (6.3-13.1) cmH2O to 17.9 (9.0-29.0) cmH2O in cirrhotic rats. There was a strong correlation between the degree of fibrotic change on histology and portal venous pressure. Lymph flows from the intestine and liver in cirrhotic animals were increased threefold and 30-fold, respectively, over values obtained from control animals. There was a good correlation between intestinal and liver lymph flows and portal venous pressure. Analysis of lymph/plasma protein concentration ratios at various lymph flow suggests that capillary permeability in the small intestine during sustained portal hypertension is comparable to that in normal animals. However, the highly permeable blood-lymph barrier of the normal liver becomes markedly restrictive in cirrhotic animals. PMID- 6724261 TI - Fat digestion and exocrine pancreatic function in primary biliary cirrhosis. AB - Intestinal bile salt deficiency marginally impairs fat absorption in cholestatic patients. The finding of massive steatorrhea in some patients with primary biliary cirrhosis led us to systematically study and compare fat digestion in control subjects (n = 4) and patients with biliary cirrhosis with (n = 11) and without (n = 3) steatorrhea. The jejunum was anatomically and functionally intact in all subjects, as demonstrated by normal gastrointestinal radiology and xylose absorption, respectively. The intestinal contents were recovered during digestion of a fat meal. Lipolysis, pH, and trypsin activity were measured in whole intestinal contents, whereas bile salts, total lipid, and fatty acid were determined in both total and aqueous phases. The results obtained in controls and patients without steatorrhea were similar. Percentage of lipolysis and intraluminal pH were normal in controls and in both patient groups. The intestinal contents of the patients with steatorrhea had a significantly lesser capacity to solubilize both total lipid and fatty acid in relation to abnormally low aqueous bile salt concentrations. No bile salt deconjugation and only minimal bile salt precipitation were found, thus low aqueous bile salts were strictly related to bile secretory failure. Steatorrhea was always present when aqueous bile salt levels were below 3.0 mM. Intestinal trypsin activity was subnormal in patients with steatorrhea; decreased trypsin activity was related (r = 0.82, p less than 0.001) to reduced intestinal bile salt levels. One patient was found to have severe exocrine pancreatic failure. Administration of medium chain triglycerides was uniformly effective in improving nutrition in patients with steatorrhea, but the course of the disease was unaffected. These results indicate that overt pancreatic failure is uncommon in primary biliary cirrhosis, and that fat maldigestion and steatorrhea, regardless of what degree, are due mainly to low intestinal bile salt levels secondary to bile secretory failure. Finally, subnormal pancreatic function in this disease appears to be related to the bile secretory failure, suggesting either that the lack of bile or bile salts in the intestine depresses pancreatic exocrine function or that both biliary and pancreatic secretions decrease in parallel as part of a widespread secretory failure syndrome. PMID- 6724262 TI - Hiccups associated with reflux esophagitis. AB - A 67-yr-old man with protracted hiccups, as well as reflux esophagitis and a stricture, was found to have heartburn and water brash only during episodes of hiccups. Intraesophageal pH monitoring showed acid gastroesophageal reflux increased during these episodes and decreased with cessation of hiccups. After all attempts failed to relieve his hiccups, a Nissen fundoplication relieved heartburn, healed the esophagitis, and stopped excessive reflux of acid gastric juice, even though the hiccups persisted. These observations showed that reflux provoked by prolonged hiccups could either have adversely affected preexistent reflux esophagitis and stricture or conceivably could have caused these complications. PMID- 6724263 TI - Restoration of portal venous perfusion and reversal of encephalopathy by balloon occlusion of portal systemic shunt. AB - Operative ligation of total portasystemic shunts is effective in reversing hepatic encephalopathy but is associated with significant mortality. In the case reported, invasive radiographic techniques were used to occlude a mesorenal shunt and reverse recurrent, disabling encephalopathy in a 72-yr-old woman. Occlusion of the shunt, coupled with coronary vein embolization, improved angiographic portal perfusion from grade IV to grade I, increased nutrient liver blood flow from 577 ml/min to 848 ml/min, and increased the hepatic fraction of cardiac output from 8.8% to 24.9%. Improved hepatocyte function was measured by an increase in galactose elimination capacity from 123 mg/min to 166 mg/min and a decrease in fasting ammonia from 107 micrograms/dl to 33 micrograms/dl. A 10-mo follow-up showed that there has been no recurrence of encephalopathy or variceal hemorrhage. Based on this experience, we conclude that (a) in selected cases total portasystemic shunts can be occluded by invasive radiographic techniques, and (b) restoration of portal perfusion can reverse hepatic encephalopathy and improve liver function. PMID- 6724264 TI - Systemic absorption of oral cholestyramine. AB - A patient with Clostridium difficile -toxin colitis was treated with oral cholestyramine, but died of other causes 15 days later. At autopsy, the colitis had resolved, but cholestyramine particles were found within the vessels of most body tissues, most prominently in his ulcerated distal esophagus. Clusters of bacteria were found adjacent to some of the cholestyramine particles, suggesting a common portal of entry. PMID- 6724266 TI - Diagnosis of the irritable bowel syndrome. A simple solution. PMID- 6724265 TI - Giant lymph node hyperplasia (Castleman's disease) of the mesentery. Observations on the associated anemia. AB - A mesenteric mass, histologically characterized as giant lymph node hyperplasia was found in an 18-yr-old man with at least 11 yr of growth retardation and anemia. The anemia was characterized by iron deficiency from selective malabsorption of iron, and by features of the anemia of chronic disorders. In contrast with a previous report, no inhibitor of erythropoietin was found and there was no abnormality of erythropoietin secretion. Resection of the mass was followed by rapid correction of the anemia and catch-up growth. The mass had histologic features of the hyaline vascular and plasma cell types of Castleman's disease with multinucleate giant cells probably of macrophage origin. Immunologic studies of the mass showed that the B lymphocytes were polyclonal and the T lymphocyte helper/suppressor cell ratio was normal, suggesting that giant lymph node hyperplasia is a local inflammatory reaction. PMID- 6724267 TI - Gallstone dissolution and the cholesterol--bile acid--lipoprotein axis. Propitious effects of ursodeoxycholic acid. PMID- 6724268 TI - The intestinal immune system: a time for the reaper. PMID- 6724269 TI - H2-receptor antagonists and sexual differentiation. PMID- 6724270 TI - Short-term prednisone in chronic hepatitis B. PMID- 6724271 TI - Postvagotomy diarrhea. PMID- 6724272 TI - Colon epithelial cell kinetics. PMID- 6724273 TI - Idiopathic "senile" chronic pancreatitis and pancreatic lithiasis in the aged. PMID- 6724275 TI - Hepatic clearance of gastrin and cholecystokinin peptides. AB - The purpose of this study was to examine and quantify hepatic uptake and degradation of gastrin and cholecystokinin peptides. Rat livers were perfused in situ, without recirculation, with Krebs-Ringer bicarbonate (pH 7.4) containing 10% bovine erythrocytes, gassed with 95% O2-5% CO2. Gastrin and cholecystokinin peptide fragments of various lengths were injected into a portal vein via a sidearm syringe for over 1 min, and hepatic venous effluent was collected every minute for 20 min. After injection of 125I-labeled gastrin peptides more than eight amino acids in length, greater than 95% radioactivity appeared in the hepatic venous effluent, all of which was intact peptide, as determined by immunoprecipitation, trichloroacetic acid precipitation, and Sephadex gel chromatography. Decreasing the chain length to eight or less amino acids resulted in progressive increases in hepatic uptake and degradation of gastrin fragments. Injected cholecystokinin peptides greater than seven amino acids in length traversed the liver intact, whereas smaller cholecystokinin peptides were cleared by the liver. The liver eliminated greater than 90% of the biologically active carboxyl-terminal tetrapeptide amide common to gastrin and cholecystokinin. The results of this study indicate that gastrin and cholecystokinin peptides longer than seven amino acids traverse the liver without significant degradation, however, smaller peptides are progressively cleared during hepatic transit. Therefore, if small gastrin and cholecystokinin peptides from antral and intestinal mucosa are released and reach the portal venous circulation, hepatic inactivation would appear to prevent them from reaching the systemic circulation, precluding their significant contribution to gastric acid secretion and other physiologic functions. PMID- 6724274 TI - Regional gastric mucosal blood flow measurements by hydrogen gas clearance in the anesthetized rat and rabbit. AB - Hydrogen gas clearance using 3% hydrogen in air and platinum contact electrodes was employed for measuring antral and corpus mucosal blood flow in anesthetized animals. Significantly greater antral than corpus mucosal blood flow was consistently demonstrated. Corpus but not antral mucosal blood flow showed a significant dose-related increase with intravenous pentagastrin. Vasopressin induced a significant dose-related decrease in both antral and corpus mucosal blood flow. Simultaneous measurement of basal corpus mucosal blood flow by hydrogen gas clearance and of gastric mucosal blood flow by aminopyrine clearance gave similar values, but the changes with intravenous pentagastrin or vasopressin measured by aminopyrine clearance were of a much higher order of magnitude. Hydrogen gas clearance, however, reflected changes in left gastric artery blood flow much more closely than did aminopyrine clearance. Therefore, we conclude that the hydrogen gas clearance technique as described is valid for measuring regional gastric mucosal blood flow. It is safe and has potential application in human studies. PMID- 6724276 TI - Effect of traumatic spinal cord transection on human upper gastrointestinal motility and gastric emptying. AB - Whether transection of the spinal cord, above the level of the sympathetic outflow to the gastrointestinal tract, alters human upper gastrointestinal function is yet unknown. In 5 patients with complete high-cord transection (neurologic level above T1), 3 patients with complete low-cord transections (neurologic level T10 or below), and 4 age- and sex-matched healthy controls, the duration of the phases and cycle length of the interdigestive motor complex were similar. However, the percentage of phase III's of the interdigestive motor complex that originated in the antrum and propagated to the duodenum was significantly decreased in patients with high-cord transections compared with healthy subjects (38% vs. 90%; p less than 0.05), but was similar in patients with low-cord transections and normal controls (75% vs. 90%). After liquid meals, 3 of the 3 high-cord patients tested had reduced cumulative gastric emptying at 60 min postprandially compared with healthy subjects. Thus, interruption of the cervical cord above the level of the sympathetic outflow to the gastrointestinal tract disturbs normal interdigestive antral-duodenal motor coordination and may delay postprandial gastric emptying of liquid meals. PMID- 6724277 TI - Relationship between porcine motilin-induced migrating motor complex-like activity, vagal integrity, and endogenous motilin release in dogs. AB - Both the vagus nerve and motilin have been implicated in the initiation of phase III of the fasting migrating motor complex. To investigate the contribution of each, the effects of intravenous porcine motilin, vagosympathetic nerve blockade, and atropine were assessed. Intralumenal pressures of the lower esophageal sphincter, stomach, and upper small intestine, and plasma motilin levels were monitored. Porcine and canine motilin in plasma were distinguished by radioimmunoassay using two different antibodies. Injection of porcine motilin (75 370 pmol), initiated dose-dependent phase III-like motor activity in the lower esophageal sphincter, stomach, and small bowel if the vagi were intact; if the vagi were blocked, activity was initiated in the small bowel only. Moreover , a significant (p less than 0.001), dose-dependent peak in canine plasma motilin was observed after the onset of the induced motor activity when the vagi were intact or blocked, with plasma motilin peaks comparable to those occurring spontaneously. In both intact and vagally blocked dogs, atropine abolished both the spontaneous motor activity and associated rise in motilin level, and also abolished porcine motilin-induced activity. However, a diminished, but significant (p less than 0.01) peak in porcine motilin-induced canine motilin persisted in the presence of atropine. These results in dogs indicate that while spontaneous phase II motility in the upper gastrointestinal tract and phase III activity in the lower esophageal sphincter and stomach are dependent on vagally mediated excitatory pathways, spontaneous and induced phase III motor activity in the small intestine are dependent on nonvagal cholinergic innervation. Canine motilin release induced by porcine motilin is mediated primarily by a nonvagal cholinergic (muscarinic) pathway, with minor contributions from vagal noncholinergic, and nonvagal noncholinergic mechanisms. Because spontaneous or induced motilin release peaks well after the onset of phase III motor activity, it is unlikely that motilin is the primary factor responsible for initiation of the migrating motor complex in the dog. Motilin may, however, modulate motility produced by preexisting neural excitation. PMID- 6724278 TI - Effects of acute experimental esophagitis on mechanical properties of the lower esophageal sphincter. AB - The mechanical properties of the cat lower esophageal sphincter (LES) circular muscle were studied in untreated animals and in cats that had biopsy-proven esophagitis induced by 30-min perfusions of 0.1 N HCl 5 cm above the LES on four consecutive days. The location of the in vivo LES was identified by the pull through method with a pressure measuring probe. Consecutive rings were cut from the LES and esophagus and tested in vitro. Force-length curves were obtained in standard Tyrode solution, in Tyrode solution with 140 mM KCl, and in Ca-free Tyrode solution with 5 mM ethylenediaminetetra-acetic acid to determine basal, total, and passive forces, respectively. The active force was measured as the difference between the total and passive forces, whereas the basal-active force was measured as the difference between the basal and passive forces. In the untreated animals, LES rings exhibited the steepest basal force-length curve and the highest active and total forces under maximal KCl stimulation. The passive force of the LES rings was equal to that of the esophageal body rings. Basal in vitro forces were significantly reduced in all acid-perfused animals, whereas the passive forces were not affected. Active and basal-active forces were also significantly reduced. The maximum active force developed by LES rings was reduced, whereas esophageal rings, four rings proximal to the ring corresponding to the high pressure point, were not affected. The reduction in LES active force was related to the intensity of histologic damage, whereas basal-active forces were uniformly reduced. This study shows that in vitro mechanical properties of the LES are affected by induction of esophagitis and suggests that the ability to develop tonus in the basal state is reduced by acid perfusion, even in animals in which the ability to develop active contraction in response to maximal KCl stimulation is preserved. The response to KCl is reduced only by more extensive histologic damage. PMID- 6724279 TI - [Biomorphosis of the mandible]. AB - Described is the postnatal development of the mandible. Estimated are the changes of the basal-angle, gonion -angle, thickness of mandibulae , the postnatal growth of the corpus and ramus mandibulae, the difference of hight between processus coronoideus in equilibrium with caput mandibulae and the width of processus coronoideus and ramus mandibulae. Included are distances of the foramen mentale and the direction of this short canal, the angle of the chin, the linea obliqua , the antilingula and on the medial side of the mandible, the linea mylohyoidea and sulcus mylohyoideus also position and form of foramen mandibulae including the lingula. Measured is the direction of ramus mandibulae, the largest distance between both rami and the distance between the apex of the coronoid process and the outborder of the caput mandibulae. The results are discussed with thoughts of early researchers and some remarks are made to canalis mandibulae. PMID- 6724280 TI - [Biomechanics of the skull and the bill in Ramphastos (Ramphastidae, Aves). II. Analysis of the conditions of movement of the bill]. AB - As all the anatomical conditions are not present to permit any movement between the cranial segments, the bill aperture and closure by the rotation on the quadrato mandibular joint is, in Ramphastos , the only action studied in relation to muscles organization and bone architecture by torques analysis. From a mechanical advantage viewpoint, the beginning of the closure seems to be performed by velocity muscles, while the action is ended by power muscles. The stresses issued by the muscles actions are balanced by bone trabeculae and other muscles, and may be considered as responsible of the mechanical stiffness of the whole bill system. PMID- 6724281 TI - [The effect of acute ischemia on the small intestine of the dog]. AB - There were carried out macroscopic and microscopic observations of dog's small intestine after putting a clamp on the artery only or on the artery and the upper mesenteric vein. Examinations were performed after 1 and 2 h of ischemia and in different periods after restitution of circulation. By means of histologic and histochemical methods it was found out that no later than after 1 h of ischemia there occur pathologic, irreversible changes in the wall of the small intestine. PMID- 6724282 TI - Comparative anatomical and topographic studies of the salivary glands of red deer (Cervus elaphus), fallow deer (Cervus dama), and mouflon (Ovis ammon musimon)- ruminantia: cervidae, bovidae. AB - The salivary glands of red deer, fallow deer, and mouflon were investigated macroscopically as to their topographic situation and relationship, as to their specific structure including their ducts and to their relative weight. These findings were compared with those from domestic ruminants and were related to the morphophysiological specialisation of other portions of the ruminant digestive system and to their function. The relative size of all salivary glands decreases from red deer via fallow deer to mouflon in spite of principal topographic and shape similarities and it reflects the position of these species within the system of ruminant feeding types. PMID- 6724283 TI - [Distribution of the labial red furrow patterns]. AB - Following recording and the construction of models, the patterns of labial furrows obtained of one randomly subjects from Europids , Mongoloids, and Negroids were registered on the basis of various systems of classification. Typification was carried out with the help of a reflected light microscope (10 fold magnification). The mathematico -statistical evaluation of the material was made by contingency analysis. The distribution pattern of labial furrows observed in test persons of the mongolian-type population was found to be clearly differentiated from that seen in representatives of the european-type and negro type population who showed resembling distribution patterns. PMID- 6724284 TI - The morphogenesis of the vasculature in swine fetal skin. AB - The morphogenesis of the vascular elements in the skin of 45 swine fetuses (German landrace), from 50 to 330 mm crown-to-rump (C-R) length, was described. A simple pattern for the cutaneous vascular networks could be recognized in fetuses ranging from 90 to 100 mm C-R length. In 150 to 170 mm length-fetuses, the cutaneous blood vessel networks were differentiated into a definite pattern of construction. The venous blood drained regionally through the Plexus venosus subpapillaris profundus into the Plexus venosus dermis profundus. Each region ("Unit Vascular Zone") was supplied by more than one R. arteriosus cutaneus . The large branches of R. arteriosus cutaneus were accompanied by 2 satellite veins. At the end of gestation, the vessels of the Plexus venosus dermis profundus exhibited a beaded appearance which indicated the presence of valves. PMID- 6724285 TI - [Relative incidence of mitosis and binucleated cells, nuclear volume and nucleolar rate per nucleus in the mammary gland eipithelium of the mouse during differentiation in the gestational and lactation phase]. AB - At the begin of gestation, a higher mitotic activity in the epithelial cells of the mammary gland of the mouse was observed. On 10th d of this period, the maximum was reached; into the lactation phase proliferations continuous. The amount of binucleated cells in the mammary epithelium from the 18th d of gestation onward to 21th d of the lactation phase increased. The binucleated cells are probably caused by the amitosis . A significant increase of the nuclear volume in the mono- and binucleated cells of the epithelium from 3rd to 18th d of lactation was observed. The nucleolar rate of mononucleated cells of the mammary epithelium raised significantly from 1st to 5th d during the lactation phase. The increase of the nucleolar rate per nucleus and the nuclear volume as well as the increase of the binucleated cells express a higher activity of the mammary gland cells during the lactation period. PMID- 6724286 TI - Development of the head and pectoral skeleton of Amia with a note on the scales. PMID- 6724287 TI - A nervous connection between the hepatic plexus and right atrium in man. AB - The authors studied 43 necropsy specimens from adult individuals by dissection under a stereomicroscope and by staining methods (Cajal-De Castro and Palmgren silver impregnations, Kl uver Barrera and Pal-Weigert for the myelinated fibers, and Van Gieson and Azan trichromic methods). They suggest the presence of a direct nervous connection between the hepatic plexus (celiac plexus) and the right atrium via the left branches of the hepatic artery and portal vein, venous ligament, left hepatic vein, and V. cava inferior, passing through the foramen for the V. cava. This connection is made by very fine nerves from the upper part of the venous ligament until the left atrium, which generally are only visible on the microscopic level. PMID- 6724288 TI - Galactogen synthesis-stimulating factor in the slug, Limax maximus: cellular localization and partial purification. AB - Galactogen synthesis in the albumen gland of the slug Limax maximus is under direct endocrine control [J. van Minnen, J. Wijdenes, and P. G. Sokolove (1983) Gen. Comp. Endocrinol. 49, 307-314]. The present results show that dorsal body cells (DBC) present throughout the connective tissue around the circumesophageal brain are the major cellular source of a galactogen synthesis-stimulating factor (GAL-SF). The amount of GAL-SF varies during sexual maturation of L. maximus (a protandrous hermaphrodite): it is low when animals are immature and reaches a peak in the late female phase when the animals prepare to lay eggs. The morphology of DBC also changes during maturation. DBC are small and release little secretory product in immature and early male-phase animals; release is higher and DBC are larger in late female-phase animals. Gel filtration of homogenates of cerebral ganglia on Sephadex G75 yields one peak of GAL-SF activity with an estimated Mr of 4000-7000 Da. Subsequent anion exchange chromatography showed that GAL-SF could be eluted with a linear NaCl gradient; GAL-SF was found in fractions with a NaCl concentration between 0.04 and 0.07 M. PMID- 6724289 TI - Studies on the conversion of thyroxine to 3,5,3'-triiodothyronine in normal and thyroidectomized chickens. AB - The possibility of conversion of L-thyroxine (T4) to L-3,5,3'-triiodothyronine (T3) and to 3,3',5'-triiodothyronine (reverse-T3, r-T3) has been investigated in chickens. Reverse-T3 could not be detected in normal animals. Both thyroidectomized and normal animals were able to convert exogenous T4 to T3. The administration of propylthiouracyl blocked this conversion to a greater extent than had been expected from the data on mammals. The conversion ratio is higher than in any other species reported in the literature. Data suggest that, as a result of the adaptation of the peripheral deiodination, thyroidectomized animals were able to convert more T4 to T3 than were normal ones. PMID- 6724290 TI - The effects of estrogen on skeletal calcium metabolism and on plasma parameters of vitellogenesis in the male, three-toed box turtle (Terrapene carolina triunguis). AB - The box turtle (Terrapene carolina triunguis) does not appear to have evolved a mechanism for secondary bone formation similar to Aves inasmuch as several parameters of bone calcium metabolism were unaffected by estrogen treatment. This suggests that reproduction does not constitute a substantial stress to the calcium stores of the female, even though the box turtle is a terrestrial species for which a supply of calcium may be limited. However, the dermal bone of the shell of the box turtle appears to take up calcium at a rate equivalent to that of endoskeletal bones, suggesting that it participates in mineral homeostasis at least to the extent of other osseous elements. Calcium metabolism in the turtle may be unique among vertebrates in this respect. Estrogen treatment of male box turtles results in the appearance of a specific plasma protein in parallel with pronounced changes in plasma calcium and magnesium, suggesting the induction of vitellogenin. The magnitude of the vitellogenic response may have a seasonal component. PMID- 6724291 TI - Neuroendocrine control of hydromineral regulation in the American lobster Homarus americanus H. Milne-Edwards, 1837 (Crustacea, Decapoda). 2. Larval and postlarval stages. AB - Sodium regulation in Homarus americanus changes from isoionic in Stage III to slightly hyperionic in Stage IV, and this is paralleled by improved survival of Stage IV lobsters in dilute media. Bilateral eyestalk ablation converts Stage IV and V lobsters to isoionic sodium regulation, but implantation of Stage IV or V eyestalk neuroendocrine tissue restores their normal hyperionic regulation. These results indicate that sodium regulation is controlled from Stage IV by eyestalk neuroendocrine factors. It is suggested that these changes between stages are part of a true metamorphosis that occurs between the last larval stage (III) and the first postlarval stage (IV). PMID- 6724292 TI - Differential responsiveness of phosphorylase system and fat body carbohydrates of Poecilocerus pictus (Insecta) to hyperglycemic factors of crab (Crustacea) and scorpion (Arachnida). AB - Injection of hyperglycemic factors obtained from crab (Oziotelphusa senex senex) and scorpion (Heterometrus fulvipes) showed different effects on fat body phosphorylase activity and levels of total carbohydrates and glycogen in the grasshopper (Poecilocerus pictus). The former hyperglycemic principle phosphorolates glycogen whereas the latter does not. PMID- 6724293 TI - Growth hormone and prolactin secretion in water-deprived chickens. AB - The deprivation of water for 12 or 24 hr increased the prolactin concentration in the plasma of immature chickens but had no effect on the circulating growth hormone (GH) level. The increase in plasma prolactin level reflected an increase in the basal rate of prolactin release from incubated hemipituitary glands and an increase in the responsiveness of the pituitary gland to hypothalamic releasing factors. The deprivation of water had no effect on basal level of pituitary GH release in vitro but abolished the stimulatory effect of the hypothalamus on in vitro GH secretion. PMID- 6724294 TI - Developmental changes in the response of the fat body of Manduca sexta to injections of Corpora cardiaca extracts. AB - The Corpora cardiaca of larval and adult Manduca sexta contain glycogen phosphorylase-activating and adipokinetic activity. Depending on the age of the injected animal, injection of Corpora cardiaca extracts induces different responses. In larvae of the 1st and 2nd day of the Vth instar, phosphorylase is activated strongly by injections of Corpora cardiaca extracts, whereas in older animals it is only slightly activated. Mobilization of lipids in response to Corpora cardiaca extract injections is found only in animals injected after the imaginal molt; in younger animals this response is absent. It is argued that this difference in responsiveness may be due to a change in the properties of the target organ fat body. PMID- 6724295 TI - The radioimmunoassay of alpha-melanocyte-stimulating hormone and endorphin in trout (Salmo gairdneri) and the effect of blinding on the plasma levels of these peptides. AB - Direct radioimmunoassays for alpha-melanocyte-stimulating hormone (alpha-MSH) and endorphin in trout plasma were established and validated. The equilibrium plasma levels of both alpha-MSH and endorphin were found to be significantly higher in blind than in intact trout maintained under identical conditions. These differences were accompanied by differences in body colour, the blind fish being very much darker than the intact fish. PMID- 6724296 TI - Neuroendocrine control of hydromineral regulation in the American lobster Homarus americanus H. Milne-Edwards 1837 (Crustacea, Decapoda). 1. Juveniles. AB - Juvenile lobsters survive well in salinities above 10.2% (300 mOsm/kg), and their osmotic and ionic (Cl-, Na+, Ca2+) regulation in dilute sea water is slightly hyperosmotic, similar to that of adults. Approximately a month after eyestalk ablation, osmotic and ionic (Cl-, Na+) regulation becomes isosmotic, water content increases, and survival rate in dilute sea water declines, but these changes can be partially reversed by implantation of eyestalk neuroendocrine tissue. Regulation of Ca2+, in contrast, is only slightly affected by eyestalk ablation. These results indicate that osmotic regulation and regulation of hemolymph Na+ and Cl- concentrations are at least partly controlled by eyestalk neuroendocrine factors in this species. PMID- 6724297 TI - Immunological and biological characteristics of the vasotocin-like activity in the head ganglia of gastropod molluscs. AB - Extracts of cerebral and pleuro-pedal ganglia from two terrestrial slugs, Ariolimax columbianus and Limax maximus, and from the marine opisthobranch, Aplysia californica, contain immunoreactivity resembling that of a vasotocin or vasopressin. Radioimmunoassays using several antisera indicate that the immunoreactivity is not due to vasotocin, vasopressin, or any other known naturally occurring neurohypophyseal peptide. Immunoreactivity of extracts on a relatively nonspecific vasopressin antiserum is well correlated with activity on antidiuretic assays on rats. Both immunoreactivity and antidiuretic activity are adsorbed onto bovine neurophysin affinity columns. Thus these extracts contain one or more peptides that closely resemble the vertebrate antidiuretic hormones, vasotocin and vasopressin, both immunologically and pharmacologically. The amounts of immunoreactivity and antidiuretic activity in ganglion extracts do not appear to change during dehydration and rehydration. Although both ganglionic extracts and vasotocin stimulate exudation of fluid across the slug body wall, the present experiments provide no evidence that the vasotocin-like material(s) in these ganglia may participate as neurotransmitters or hormones in the regulation of fluid balance. This remains an attractive hypothesis. PMID- 6724298 TI - A genetic analysis of targeted growth in mice. AB - Effects of normal growth regulation on components of phenotypic variance and covariance of body weight were examined in a cross-fostering study of growth between 2 and 10 wk of age in ICR randombred mice. Different early growth rates caused genetic, postnatal maternal and residual environmental variances to increase, but these variances were subsequently reduced by negative autocorrelation between early and later growth. Postnatal maternal variance continued to increase for about 1 wk after weaning but then decreased substantially. Genetic variance caused by preweaning growth followed a pattern of increase and decrease very similar to that of postnatal maternal variance, but this pattern was masked by new genetic variance. Normal growth regulation affects the magnitudes of genetic variances and serial autocorrelations . The timing of these changes suggests that regulation of cell numbers reduces variance near the end of exponential growth, but this may be obscured by subsequent increase in cell size. In contrast with earlier studies, we find that targeted growth reduces both genetically and environmentally determined differences among early growth trajectories. Final size may be determined by an antagonistic balance between early growth rate and age at initiation of puberty. PMID- 6724299 TI - Persistence of a lethal t haplotype in a laboratory stock of outbred mice. PMID- 6724300 TI - Cattanach's translocation [Is(7:X)Ct] corrects male sterility due to homozygosity for chromosome 7 deletions. PMID- 6724301 TI - Variation in the shape of the mouse mandible. 1. Effect of age and sex on the results obtained from the discriminant functions used for genetic monitoring. PMID- 6724302 TI - Effects of selection on growth, body composition and food intake in mice. I. Responses in selected traits. PMID- 6724303 TI - Determination of competence in the elderly. PMID- 6724304 TI - Angle closure glaucoma. PMID- 6724305 TI - The elderly heart: special signs and symptoms to watch for. PMID- 6724306 TI - Effects of age on common laboratory tests. PMID- 6724307 TI - Hematologic complications of the elderly. PMID- 6724308 TI - Special concerns of digitalis use in elderly patients. PMID- 6724309 TI - Copper-zinc and manganese superoxide dismutase activities in cardiac and skeletal muscles during aging in male rats. AB - The activities of total superoxide dismutase (SOD) and the manganese (Mn SOD) and copper-zinc (Cu-Zn SOD) forms were determined in the supernatant fraction of heart, liver and six skeletal muscles from rats during aging. Total SOD activity increased in most muscles between 3 and 23 months of age. There was no change in activity in liver between 3 and 19 months of age. The increase in total activity in heart was due to increased Mn SOD activity, whereas increases in skeletal muscles were due to Cu-Zn SOD or to both Cu-Zn and Mn SOD. The nutritional implications during aging are discussed. PMID- 6724310 TI - Characteristics of the phagocytically induced respiratory burst in leukocytes from young adult and aged beagle dogs. AB - Phagocytically stimulated canine leukocyte suspensions obtained from 12 young adult and 43 aged individuals were examined for several physiological manifestations of the phagocytically induced respiratory burst. There was considerable variation in levels of oxygen consumption, glucose oxidation via the hexose monophosphate shunt (HMPS), and chemiluminescence response by both resting and phagocytically stimulated leukocytes from different individual animals in each age-group. Leukocyte suspensions from specific individuals in each age-group exhibited a weakly responsive respiratory burst. Chronological age could not be used as a predictor of either the specific (oxygen consumption and HMPS activity) or nonspecific (chemiluminescence response) manifestations of the respiratory burst. The kinetics of the chemiluminescence response were similar for all age groups. Collectively, the results suggest that there is not an age-related alteration in the phagocytically induced respiratory burst of canine neutrophils and that cells from young adult and aged dogs have a comparable capacity to generate levels of highly reactive antimicrobial oxidizing agents. The increased relative susceptibility of aging dogs to microbial agents is apparently not related to an absent, abbreviated, or reduced leukocyte respiratory burst. PMID- 6724311 TI - Acute embolic bilateral renal artery occlusions in an elderly patient--case report: importance of early diagnosis. AB - Acute bilateral renal artery occlusion by emboli is a rare event and diagnosis is very often delayed. There is a high mortality rate because of anuria and controversy exists concerning an appropriate therapeutic regimen. We present the case of an elderly patient with bilateral artery occlusion, treated conservatively with anticoagulants, fibrinolytic agents and dialysis, and a review of the pertinent literature. PMID- 6724312 TI - Fever in the elderly. Production of leukocytic pyrogen by monocytes from elderly persons. AB - In an attempt to explain the diminished febrile response of the elderly, we studied the first step in fever generation, that of production of leukocytic pyrogen (LP) by monocytes. Monocytes from 25 healthy elderly volunteers (ages 65 91) and 24 healthy young volunteers (ages 17-38) were stimulated with Staphylococcus epidermidis to release LP; LP activity in the culture supernatants was assayed by measuring the pyrogenic response in rabbits and rats and the fall in plasma iron and zinc in rats. Monocytes from elderly volunteers produced slightly less LP than monocytes from young volunteers, but the difference was not statistically significant. The amount of LP produced was not correlated with age. Therefore, the diminished febrile response of the elderly is not the result of an intrinsic defect in the monocyte's ability to make LP. Other explanations relating to the central effect of LP and the effector response to LP in the elderly should be sought. PMID- 6724313 TI - Voluntary care for the elderly mentally infirm and their relatives: a British example. PMID- 6724314 TI - A health belief interview for clinical geriatrics. PMID- 6724315 TI - Life satisfaction, happiness, and morale: two problems with the use of subjective well-being indicators. PMID- 6724316 TI - Residential, health, and social service needs of elderly developmentally disabled persons. PMID- 6724317 TI - Natural helping among older adults. PMID- 6724318 TI - Social support and well-being among residents of planned housing. PMID- 6724319 TI - Aging and family resources: availability and proximity of kin. PMID- 6724320 TI - Retirement plans of middle-aged married women. PMID- 6724321 TI - Assessment of hearing health knowledge. PMID- 6724322 TI - The decision of elderly persons to leave their homes. PMID- 6724323 TI - Common behavior patterns of residents in public areas of nursing homes. PMID- 6724324 TI - A note on the lifetime risk of nursing home residency. PMID- 6724325 TI - Age-related changing levels of voting turnout across time. PMID- 6724326 TI - Pet ownership: a research note. PMID- 6724327 TI - Poetry efforts by aged deaf. PMID- 6724328 TI - Porcine growth hormone and prolactin: concentrations in the fetus and secretory patterns in the growing pig. AB - The concentrations of growth hormone (GH) and prolactin (PRL) were measured in serum harvested from umbilical arterial blood of fetal pigs from 40 to 112 days of gestation and the secretory patterns of these hormones determined in plasma obtained from jugular blood samples at 5, 13, 18, and 24 wks after birth. Fetal serum concentrations of GH appeared to parallel the changes in fetal weight until approximately 75 days of fetal age, after which minimal change in GH concentrations occurred. The PRL concentrations in fetal sera reached 1 to 1.5 ng/ml on days 40 to 50 of fetal age and declined approximately 50% through 80 days of fetal age. Near day 80 of gestation, fetal serum PRL concentrations began to increase from nadir concentrations to 3 ng/ml on day 112. In postnatal pigs, the level of GH secretion declined with age and this decline was mainly associated with a reduction in the amplitude of secretory peaks. Decreases in incidence and amplitude of PRL secretory peaks were the only significant age associated changes observed in PRL secretion postnatally. PMID- 6724329 TI - The effects of pituitary, thyroid, pancreatic and sexual hormones on body length and weight and organ weights of Snell dwarf mice. AB - A dose-dependent increase in body length and weight can be induced in Snell dwarf mice by human, porcine and bovine growth hormones, ovine prolactin, bovine TSH, T4 and T3, and to a lesser extent by insulin. In contrast, porcine FSH, equine LH, testosterone, oestradiol and glucagon influenced neither body length nor weight. Beside body length and weight, the weight of many organs is stimulated by hormonal treatment. GH, T4 and T3 have a rather similar spectrum of effects, with exceptions for the skinfold and epididymal fat-pads. LH had no effect, but in contrast FSH had a strong effect on the seminal vesicles and a less pronounced one on the testis. Oestradiol induced a marked enlargement of the uterus, whereas testosterone increased the weights of the kidneys and seminal vesicles. The main action of insulin is probably localized on body fat. Glucagon, however, did not stimulate organ growth. These data illustrate again the complexity of hormonal regulation of growth. PMID- 6724330 TI - Body weight and composition of Japanese quail (Coturnix coturnix japonica) at sexual maturity. AB - The influence of dietary protein (26%, 24%, 20%, 16%, and 14%) and restricted feeding (100%, 80%, and 60% of ad libitum) on body weight and body composition of Japanese quail (Coturnix coturnix japonica) at sexual maturity was examined in two similar experiments. Although less variable than chronological age, body weight at sexual maturity also differed significantly. In Experiment 1, there were no significant differences in breast weight, tibia length or carcass fat due to diet. In Experiment 2, differences in body composition were apparent as age at the onset of lay was increased by dietary manipulation. Early maturing quail tended to enter lay when a minimum chronological age or critical body lipid level was reached; late maturing quail entered lay when a critical lean body weight or skeletal size was reached. It is proposed that multiple threshold traits associated with growth and body composition are critical for the onset of sexual maturity. PMID- 6724331 TI - Effect of maternal alcohol consumption on pre- and post-natal muscle development of mice. AB - The effect of maternal alcohol consumption during pregnancy on muscle development of the offspring was investigated in 28 mice (14 males, 14 females) at 12 weeks of age. Both the control and alcohol-fed groups received food ad-libitum throughout the period of study. The control group received water ad-libitum also throughout the period of study. The alcohol-fed group, on the other hand, received only water up to six weeks of age. Subsequently, between 6 and 8 weeks of age they received 10% ethanol (v/v) in water and 20% ethanol (v/v) from 8 to 11 weeks age. Both groups were bred at 11 weeks of age. Following diagnosis of pregnancy, the alcohol-fed group received 30% ethanol (v/v) till delivery. The off-spring of both groups were fed water and food ad-libitum throughout the period of study. Each of the off-spring was killed at 12 weeks of age. Body weight, as well as weights of soleus, biceps brachii, long digital extensor and cranial tibial muscles were significantly smaller in off-spring of the alcohol fed group indicating that maternal consumption of alcohol during pregnancy retards growth, as well as "catch-up growth" in both body weights and muscle mass. The smaller muscle mass, as observed from analyses of soleus muscle, resulted from retardation of muscle growth pre-natally by suppression of normal hyperplasia of muscle fibres during myogenesis and postnatally by suppression of normal hypertrophy of muscle fibres. PMID- 6724332 TI - Relationship of sex and body growth rate with daily accretion rates of fat, protein and ash in chickens. AB - A series of serial slaughter experiments was conducted with three strains of chickens of greatly different rates of body growth through 49 days of age. During the first week of life, the body weight of the rapidly growing strain increased from hatching at a rate twice that observed in either the medium or slowly growing strain of chicken. The percentage increase in body weight which occurred during the seventh week of life (i.e., gain from day 42 to day 49 as a percentage of 42-day body weight) was similar for all three strains. Daily gains in crude protein and ash, expressed as percentages of daily carcass weight gain, were similar among strains. However, daily fat gain, expressed as a percentage of daily carcass weight gain, decreased slightly in the slow growing strain during the last two weeks of the study, remained relatively constant in the medium growing strain, but increased linearly and substantially in the rapid growing strain. It is hypothesized that the biological factors which facilitate the very rapid early rate of growth in the rapid growing breed also result in excessive energy consumption as the bird ages and the rate of proportional increase in body weight declines. PMID- 6724333 TI - Effect of the dw gene on growth, plasma hormone concentrations and hepatic enzyme activity in a randombred population of chickens. AB - The effect of the dw gene on growth, lipid deposition, plasma hormone concentration, and enzyme activity in a randombred population of chickens was studied. The reciprocal crosses were examined as well as purebred dwarf and normal populations. Body weight, carcass fat, plasma growth hormone (GH), triiodothyronine (T3), thyroxine (T4), hepatic malic enzyme (ME) and citrate cleavage enzyme (CCE) activities were determined at 0, 2, 4 and 6 weeks. Body weights of dwarf birds were less than normal birds and, unexpectedly, Dwdw males had greater body weights than DwDw males. Percent carcass fat was greater in dwarf birds in comparison to phenotypically normal birds. All males carrying the dw gene had greater fat pad weights than homozygous normal males. The dw- females from cross 3 had less abdominal fat than cross 4 Dw- females, while dw- females from the dwarf parental mating had fat pad weights similar to Dw- females. Plasma T4 levels were elevated in all birds carrying the dw gene in comparison to normal birds. Plasma T3 levels were depressed in all birds carrying the dw gene versus normals, although the T3 levels of Dwdw males were intermediate to dwdw and DwDw males. The homozygous dwarf progeny exhibited elevated GH levels versus normals and Dwdw males exhibited GH concentrations intermediate to dwdw and DwDw males. Malic enzyme activity was lower in all birds carrying the dw gene, while CCE activity was not effected by genotype. PMID- 6724334 TI - Changes in size, morphology and weight of human anterior teeth during the fetal period. AB - The changes in size and weight of the calcified portions of the crowns of deciduous anterior teeth (maxillary and mandibular central and lateral incisors and canines) in human fetuses aged 5-10 months were studied. Relating the weight and size of each tooth to fetal age provided quantitative information on the rate of crown development in each of these teeth. There is a good correlation between crown height and fetal age. At the corresponding ages the length of the maxillary central incisor is greater than that of the maxillary lateral incisor which is greater than that of the maxillary canine. A similar pattern is found in the mandibular teeth. Generally, with the exception of a few mandibular central incisors, no type of anterior tooth crown has reached its final length before birth. PMID- 6724335 TI - Correlations between measurements in preschool children living on a former island. AB - At the ages of 0.5 and 5 years correlation coefficients between measurements of the head and the whole body of children living on the former island of Marken have been calculated. The correlation coefficients between the size of the body and the size of the head are about 0.5; the correlation coefficients between the different dimensions of the head are low. The sex-differences at the age of 0.5 years suggest that the growth pattern of girls is less fixed than that of boys during the first years after birth. It is discussed whether this could be ascribed to the well known better adaptation of growth in girls than in boys or to the absence of harmful environmental conditions. No effect of inbreeding or endogamy could be demonstrated. PMID- 6724336 TI - [Prenatal diagnosis from a human genetic viewpoint today and tomorrow]. PMID- 6724337 TI - [Patho-anatomic teratology. A current challenge]. PMID- 6724338 TI - [The pipette method for rapid karyotyping in sonographically suspected chromosome abnormalities]. PMID- 6724339 TI - [Fetal echocardiography--its use in diagnosis and therapy]. PMID- 6724340 TI - [Recent advances in fetoscopy as a diagnostic method]. PMID- 6724341 TI - [Prenatal diagnosis and symptomatic therapy from a neonatology viewpoint]. PMID- 6724342 TI - [Direct intrauterine treatment of the fetus]. PMID- 6724343 TI - [Attempt at intra-amniotic substitution therapy in fetal growth retardation]. PMID- 6724344 TI - [Experiences with the free hand needle technic in 3215 amniocenteses in the second trimester for prenatal diagnosis]. PMID- 6724345 TI - A rapid, noninvasive method for evaluation of total menstrual loss. AB - Three types of packages containing enough sanitary supplies for one menstrual period were weighed and distributed to 100 subjects to determine adequacy of supplies and compliance to protocol. Returned packages were then reweighed to determine total menstrual loss. No subject used all the supplies in her package; therefore, packages contents were deemed ample. 7 subjects added their own purchased products to their packages; since added products were specified by name, weight corrections were easily made. 2 subjects lost unused supplies which were specified, and weight corrections were made accordingly. Evaporative loss from sealed and stored and frequently opened packages was measured. 100 g distilled water were added to contents inside 60 packages which were sealed and set aside 7 days. Average loss from these packages was 0.65 +/- 0.57 g. 5 g water were added to 60 packages 4 times daily for 5 days (100 g total). Then packages were set aside for 2 days and weighed on day 7. Average loss from these packages was 1.25 +/- 0.85 g. The combination of storage plus frequent opening resulted in an average loss of 1.90 +/- 0.87 g. Thus, the direct-weight method permits recovery of 97-98% of sample. PMID- 6724346 TI - Effects of smoking on uteroplacental blood flow. AB - The effects of nicotine consumption on uteroplacental blood flow were studied in 20 pregnant women by means of placental blood flow measurements using indium-113m transferrin. Smokers were found to have a higher rate of poor perfusion patterns than subjects of a control group. In addition, the number of cigarettes smoked daily was significantly correlated with the placental perfusion type. The mean birth weight of infants born by smokers was 250 g lower than in the control group. The results suggest that smoking during pregnancy may compromise uteroplacental blood flow and thus result in poor fetal development. PMID- 6724347 TI - Relationship of maternal weight status to selected pregnancy events. AB - The relationship of maternal weight status to the probability of appearance of one or a combination of three or more undesirable pregnancy events ( UPE ) was analyzed. A total of 711 women presenting for prenatal care before 16 weeks estimated gestational age were categorized according to early pregnancy body mass ( EPBM ) and subsequent weight gain. Statistical analysis revealed weight gain related to the appearance of one UPE only in women with an EPBM less than 120 pounds. In gestations complicated by three or more UPEs , a relationship to weight gain was shown only in women with an EPBM of 120-199 pounds. PMID- 6724348 TI - Breast engorgement and galactorrhea after preventing premature contractions with ritodrine. AB - Breast engorgement and galactorrhea were observed in many patients receiving ritodrine treatment to delay labor due to premature contractions. In an attempt to understand the causes for these phenomena, serum prolactin, progesterone, estradiol and estriol excretion were measured in 11 women. No statistical difference was found in these parameters after ritodrine administration. It can thus be assumed that breast engorgement and galactorrhea after ritodrine treatment are unrelated to changes in these hormones but might be mediated by some other factors or probably by the premature contractions themselves. PMID- 6724349 TI - Ultrastructural changes in neonatal liver tissue: effects of maternal drinking. AB - There is already sufficient evidence in the literature that alcohol abuse during pregnancy has a toxic effect upon the developing fetus; however, previous studies have not revealed any morphological changes in fetal or newborn liver specimens from animals exposed to alcohol in utero. As it is known that alcohol freely crosses the placental barrier, this investigation was an attempt to demonstrate that structural abnormalities can indeed be identified in neonatal mouse liver specimens from pups exposed to alcohol in utero. Chosen as a model for this study was the C57BL/KsJ mouse strain as this particular animal demonstrates an alcohol preference paralleling that of the human alcoholic. Findings appear to indicate the presence of abnormal changes on the morphological level in these study animals. PMID- 6724350 TI - Ovaries and menstrual cycles in adolescence. PMID- 6724351 TI - Effect of erythropoietin on acetylation and phosphorylation of bone marrow histones. AB - Polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis was used to reveal in the rabbit bone marrow cells 5 main fractions of histone proteins which are present in other eukaryotic cells. The degree of acetylation and phosphorylation increased after erythropoietin injection or exposure to hypoxia. Phosphorylation was enhanced in every fraction. Stimulation of acetylation was noted in histones rich in arginine. Erythropoietin had no effect on the synthesis of marrow histones in the early period after a hypoxic stimulus. PMID- 6724352 TI - Unusual bone marrow hyperplasia in a case of thalassemia intermedia. AB - A case of beta thalassemia intermedia is described. Beside the typical hematologic picture and extramedullary erythropoiesis in the liver always present in such a clinical form, atypical masses due to foci of erythropoiesis were found at paravertebral, parasternal and subcostal sites. The size of these masses caused problems in differential diagnosis; they have been solved by computerized axial tomography. PMID- 6724353 TI - Iron absorption in non-transfused iron loading anaemias: prediction of risk for iron loading, and response to iron chelation treatment, in beta thalassaemia intermedia and congenital sideroblastic anaemias. AB - A variable rate of iron loading, reaching toxic levels in some patients, was seen in a series of non-transfused patients with beta thalassaemia intermedia or sideroblastic anaemia. The degree of anaemia was a poor guide to the risk of iron overload. However the extent of erythroid hyperplasia, judged by ferrokinetic studies or more simply by bone marrow aspiration, was useful in predicting both the rate of iron loading and the need for iron chelation therapy. PMID- 6724354 TI - Biological action and clinical significance of antithrombin III. PMID- 6724355 TI - Hereditary antithrombin III deficiency: biochemical aspects. AB - Since the description of the first thrombophilic family with congenital AT-III deficiency, increasing numbers of different types of the condition have become evident. Initially the anomaly seemed to be homogeneous and simple: the three main characteristics of AT-III (thrombin inactivating and heparin cofactor activity, antigen concentration) were decreased. This type of AT-III deficiency (type 1) was later divided into type 1a and 1b on the basis of the heparin affinity of the AT-III molecule. The first family with a different qualitative AT III disorder (type 2) was described by our group in 1974. In the members of this family the AT-III antigen concentration was normal, but the molecule had no functional activity (AT-III Budapest). In the last few years some new variants of type 2 hereditary AT-III disorders have been observed; they are characterized by a loss of one or more functional properties of the AT-III molecule. PMID- 6724356 TI - Antithrombin III deficiency: clinical aspects. AB - The clinical picture of antithrombin III (AT-III) deficiency is characterized by early manifestations of serious venous thromboembolism. The inheritance is autosomal dominant. The precipitating factors of the clinical signs are infections, trauma and pregnancy. For a correct diagnosis, application of various methods (immunological, amidolytic, electrophoresis) are needed. There are several types of AT-III defect; they are characterized by a decrease in amount and function, a functional decrease, or a pathological heparin-binding. Adequate treatment of thromboembolic episodes caused by AT-III deficiency is a lifelong coumarin therapy. In pregnancy and after surgery heparin can only be given together with AT-III substitution. The decreased AT-III activity may change during treatment and this has a diagnostic importance. PMID- 6724357 TI - Plasma fibronectin concentration in patients admitted to intensive care unit. AB - The plasma fibronectin level was determined by immunoelectrophoresis in patients under intensive care. The decrease in plasma fibronectin concentration was most pronounced in patients with sepsis and DIC. Survival of these patients was related to the extent of decrease of the plasma fibronectin concentration. Burn injury and the associated surgical treatment were followed by a decrease in fibronectin concentration which then normalized in 24-48 h after the burn injury. It is concluded that serial determinations of plasma fibronectin are essential for studying the relation of a low plasma fibronectin with the clinical condition. PMID- 6724358 TI - [Genetic counseling]. PMID- 6724359 TI - [Recent trends in diagnostic arthroscopy]. PMID- 6724360 TI - [Endemic relapsing fever in children]. PMID- 6724361 TI - [Traumatic avulsion of the male genitalia]. PMID- 6724362 TI - [Ischemic cardiac complications of replacement therapy in hypothyroidism]. PMID- 6724363 TI - [Legionnaire's disease]. PMID- 6724364 TI - [Fetal and neonatal thyroid development and dysfunction]. PMID- 6724365 TI - [The internal medicine dispute: generalists versus specialists]. PMID- 6724367 TI - [Hemorrhoids--pathogenesis and treatment]. PMID- 6724366 TI - [A send off to new graduates]. PMID- 6724368 TI - [Renal papillary necrosis]. PMID- 6724369 TI - [Management of the glaucoma problem]. PMID- 6724370 TI - [Convulsions in childhood shigellosis]. PMID- 6724371 TI - [Prevention of insulin-dependent diabetes]. PMID- 6724372 TI - [Symptomatic midtrimester placenta praevia]. PMID- 6724373 TI - [Computerized tomography in unilateral exophthalmos]. PMID- 6724375 TI - [Clinical scoring system for respiratory distress in children]. PMID- 6724374 TI - [Sphincteroplasty and septotomy in acute pancreatitis]. PMID- 6724376 TI - [Suprascapular nerve entrapment]. PMID- 6724377 TI - [Rotational atlanto-axial subluxation in children]. PMID- 6724378 TI - [Onchocerciasis in an Israeli]. PMID- 6724379 TI - [Hereditary angio-edema]. PMID- 6724380 TI - [Multisystem involvement in multiple myeloma]. PMID- 6724381 TI - [Rare side effects following paracetamol poisoning]. PMID- 6724382 TI - [Fuel homeostasis during prolonged fasting]. PMID- 6724383 TI - [Hereditary angio-edema]. PMID- 6724384 TI - [Respiratory muscles--the new challenge]. PMID- 6724385 TI - [Hyperthyroxinemia]. PMID- 6724386 TI - [The diphosphonates]. PMID- 6724387 TI - [Polysaccharides as immunogens]. PMID- 6724388 TI - [The use of aerosols in the treatment of respiratory diseases]. PMID- 6724389 TI - [Periampullary malignancy in familial colic polyposis syndrome]. PMID- 6724390 TI - [The authorship of medical papers]. PMID- 6724391 TI - [The Nobel Prize winner in physiology and medicine 1983--Prof. Barbara Mclintock]. PMID- 6724392 TI - [Major amputation in oncological surgery]. PMID- 6724393 TI - [A new approach to the treatment of amblyopia]. PMID- 6724394 TI - [Cementless fixation of the acetabular cup in total hip replacement]. PMID- 6724395 TI - [Esophageal stricture due to gastro-esophageal reflux]. PMID- 6724397 TI - [Hyperthermia as a treatment for neoplasia]. PMID- 6724396 TI - [Acute mumps myocarditis]. PMID- 6724398 TI - [Familial dysbetalipoproteinemia]. PMID- 6724399 TI - [Deformities secondary to premature closure of epiphyseal plates--due to infection and trauma--the therapeutic options]. PMID- 6724400 TI - [Opinions of Israelis on mental illness]. PMID- 6724401 TI - [The pretransplant blood transfusion effect revisited]. PMID- 6724402 TI - [Discontinuation of BCG vaccination of newborn infants in Israel]. PMID- 6724403 TI - [The treatment of primary biliary cirrhosis]. PMID- 6724404 TI - [The orthopedic mattress--tradition vs. facts]. PMID- 6724405 TI - [Drug information centers]. PMID- 6724406 TI - [Isoflurane]. PMID- 6724407 TI - [Tibial artery injuries]. PMID- 6724408 TI - [Clinical value of alkaline phosphatase isoenzyme determination]. PMID- 6724409 TI - [Agranulocytosis associated with mebhydrolin napadisylate (Incidal)]. PMID- 6724410 TI - [Familial Mediterranean fever presenting with recurrent severe myalgia]. PMID- 6724411 TI - [Primary peritonitis]. PMID- 6724412 TI - [The Biostator in the diagnosis of reactive idiopathic hypoglycemia]. PMID- 6724413 TI - [Cerebral and cerebellar atrophy in anorexia nervosa]. PMID- 6724414 TI - [Twenty-nail dystrophy of childhood]. PMID- 6724415 TI - [Myoglobinuria and hypoglycemia after swimming in cold water]. PMID- 6724416 TI - [Cantharidin poisoning]. PMID- 6724419 TI - [Statistical data in medical papers--problems and solutions]. PMID- 6724417 TI - [Myasthenic syndromes in the newborn]. PMID- 6724418 TI - [Simple benign renal cyst--diagnostic procedures]. PMID- 6724420 TI - [Fever: new physiological aspects]. PMID- 6724421 TI - [Muscle pains in familial Mediterranean fever]. PMID- 6724422 TI - [The importance of choledochoscopy in the diagnosis and therapy of biliary pathologies]. PMID- 6724423 TI - [The use of sustained release theophylline preparations in chronic bronchospastic diseases]. PMID- 6724424 TI - Pregnancy and motherhood among Mexican American adolescents. PMID- 6724425 TI - Decision making and adjustment in genetic counseling. PMID- 6724426 TI - Family stress in diabetic renal failure. PMID- 6724427 TI - Thoughts on medical licensure acts. PMID- 6724428 TI - Looking ahead: social work as a core health profession. PMID- 6724429 TI - Black women in double jeopardy: a perspective on birth control. PMID- 6724430 TI - [Actions and mechanisms of counterirritants on the muscular circulation]. AB - Studies were conducted on the direct actions of counterirritants on the peripheral circulation and the reflex actions on muscular circulation that would refer to the skin nerve excitation activated with counterirritants . Blood pressure falling tendencies were observed with menthol, thymol, and methyl salicylate (MS) without any effects on respiration, heart rates, and blood flow in femoral artery and gastrochemius muscle. Vasodilatation was caused by the direct application of menthol, camphor, and MS in the isolated ear vessels of rabbits, but none of the counterirritants had effects when they were externally applied on the skin of the ear in plaster form. An increase (circa 40%) in gastrocnemius muscle blood flow was induced by the external application of plasters which contained menthol, camphor, or nonylic vanilyl amide ( NVA ) on the skin of rabbit's hind limb. A slight augmentation was also observed after the application of plasters with MS and without drugs, but these effects disappeared after the hemisection electrical stimulation on the sural nerve of rabbits disappeared almost completely after the pretreatment with propranolol (40 micrograms/kg, i.v.), but atropine (1 mg/kg, i.v.) had no effect. A rise of blood flow in the deep radial muscle elicited by electrical stimulation on the superficial radial nerve remained after the spinal transection at the C 3 level, and at this time, the A beta and A delta components were involved in the superficial radial nerve. These results suggest that when plasters containing counterirritants were externally applied on the skin, direct actions of percutaneously absorbed drugs on peripheral circulation are not expected, but a rise of muscle blood flow is thought to be induced by the spinal somato sympathetic reflex that will cause a suppression on tonic activity in the sympathetic vasoconstrictor nerve or a stimulation on beta-adrenoceptors referred to adrenaline released from the adrenal gland. PMID- 6724431 TI - [Excitable actions of counterirritants on cutaneous sensation]. AB - Studies were conducted on the actions of counterirritants on sensory receptors in the skin and spinal monosynaptic reflex. Nerve discharges in the cat's saphenous nerve were promoted by the external application of menthol and nonylic vanillyl amide ( NVA ) dissolved in ethanol on the receptive field. When plasters containing counterirritants were externally applied on the receptive field, marked activation was recognized in touch-pressure-pin prick fibers immediately after the application as seen with plaster without drugs, but significantly high activity was maintained thereafter, and the increased firing rate in touch pressure-pin prick-cold fibers lasted for 60 min. The activity of pressure-pin prick fibers was increased with the lapse of time and warm fibers was not influenced. Effects on activities of spinal dorsal horn cells were almost similar to the changes in activities of primary afferent from the skin. Monosynaptic reflex elicited by stimulation on the medial gastrocnemius nerve was weekly inhibited (significantly different from control at P less than 0.05), by the external application of plasters, and motoneuron receiving IPSP from the skin lightly touched on was observed. These findings suggest that the receptors activated with counterirritants were thought to be as follows: A delta and C polymodal nociceptors, A delta and C cold nociceptors, and slow adapting cutaneous mechanoreceptors. The cutaneous mechanoreceptors were also activated by the application of plasters. The volley from sensory nerve excited with counterirritants was thought to cause a suppression on the spinal monosynaptic reflex resulting from an inhibition on the motoneuron. PMID- 6724432 TI - [Motility effects of methamphetamine in morphine-tolerant mice by the DAP method]. AB - We reported that the reverse tolerance to the effect of morphine on ambulatory activity did not develop in mice treated with morphine-admixed food. In this study, effects of repeated administration of methamphetamine on ambulatory activity were studied in mice treated with morphine-admixed food. The ambulatory activity was determined by the tilting cage method. Methamphetamine injection (1 mg/kg, s.c.) was repeated at 3 approximately 4 day intervals. The ambulatory activity was enhanced progressively when methamphetamine was repeatedly given in mice. However, the enhancing effect was not observed in mice treated with morphine-admixed food (1 mg/g food). Moreover, in a single injection experiment, the effect of the combination of methamphetamine and morphine on ambulatory activity was more potent than that of each drug. These results suggested that the reverse tolerance to methamphetamine did not develop under the condition of exposure to morphine by the DAF (drug-admixed food) method, and the developmental mechanism of reverse tolerance to methamphetamine might be similar to that of morphine. PMID- 6724433 TI - [Antihyperlipidemic effect of iodine egg: Search for the screening method and active ingredients]. AB - A screening method for the hypolipidemic effect of iodine egg and its active fractions have been investigated with Wistar strain male rats fed on a cholesterol-rich diet. The animals were kept on the cholesterol-rich diet for 5 days, and then iodine egg was fed to them in addition to the above diet for 10 more days. The present method was the most adequate for screening the hypolipidemic effect. Iodine egg yolk was fractionated into the following 3 fractions by Folch's method: Protein ( IEY -P), water-soluble ( IEY -A) and lipid ( IEY -L) fractions. The hypolipidemic effect of these fractions was determined with the screening method. The marked hypolipidemic effect was induced by the IEY -L fraction. The serum total cholesterol level in rats that received the fraction was 57% as compared with that of the ch group (fed on the cholesterol-rich diet). The other groups showed no such effect. Serum thyroid hormone levels were not affected by the IEY -L fraction which was found to be the active hypolipidemic fraction of iodine egg. The thyroid gland did not seem to participate directly in such a hypolipidemic effect. PMID- 6724434 TI - [A comparison of the effects of baclofen and some other muscle relaxants on alpha rigidity in rats]. AB - Muscle relaxant effects of baclofen were compared with those of dantrolene, diazepam, chlordiazepoxide and tolperisone. When administered intraduodenally (i.d.), baclofen and dantrolene but not diazepam suppressed the sustained rigidity of forelimbs in anemically decerebrated rats, and ED50 values of the former two drugs were 2.9 and 22 mg/kg, respectively. Baclofen, dantrolene and diazepam reduced the phasic rigidity of the decerebrated animals induced by mechanical stimulation of hindlimbs, with their respective ED50 values of 6.2, 140 and 1.4 mg/kg, i.d. Both the rigidities were almost insensitive to chlordiazepoxide and tolperisone. With the exception of tolperisone, these drugs also produced a muscle relaxation in intact animals as measured by traction (rats), rotarod (mice), and grip-strength (mice) tests. ED50 or eD25 values were calculated to be in the following ranges: 5.6 approximately 12 mg/kg, p.o. for baclofen, 15 approximately 35 mg/kg, p.o. for dantrolene, 2.1 approximately 6.5 mg/kg, p.o. for diazepam and 33 approximately 64 mg/kg, p.o. for chlordiazepoxide. These results suggest that baclofen, unlike other drugs, may be effective in reducing both tonic and phasic rigidities at lower doses than those causing muscle relaxation in intact animals. PMID- 6724435 TI - Toxicity of dicamba (2-methoxy-3,6-dichlorobenzoic acid) to Azotobacter vinelandii. AB - The effect of dicamba was studied in N-free medium inoculated with Azotobacter vinelandii ATCC 12837. Nitrogen fixation was determined by acetylene reduction. Dicamba at a concentration of 500 micrograms/mL had a strong inhibitory effect on nitrogenase activity. However, no inhibitory effect on microbial respiration was detected. PMID- 6724437 TI - Contribution to submicroscopic structure of enterocytes in children and adolescents. PMID- 6724436 TI - Changes in antigen distribution and lymphocyte migration pattern after peroral immunization. AB - The migration pattern of lymphoid cells in long-term p.o. immunized and control mice using the transfer of 51Cr-labelled cells from spleen, Peyer's patches and mesenteric or peripheral lymph nodes was studied. There are no differences between the homing activity of spleen of PLN cells to different organs of recipient animals. Peyer's patch cells from SRBC-fed mice home significantly more to the gut of antigen-fed mice; also the MLN cells from these mice exhibit a higher localization in the gut of SRBC-fed mice. There were no differences between the localization of antigen (SRBC) in different organs of SRBC-fed and control mice. The clearance of this antigen was higher in SRBC-fed animals. PMID- 6724438 TI - Development of concrements in the human pineal body. PMID- 6724439 TI - Teratogenic interactions of repeated doses of cortisone. PMID- 6724440 TI - Origin and development of the muscles of the intermetacarpal space of the forelimb of the brown bat (Myotis myotis). PMID- 6724442 TI - Ultrastructure of the human theca folliculi. PMID- 6724443 TI - Histochemical study of the secretory granules in the granular cells of the tracheal epithelium in some species of lizards. PMID- 6724441 TI - The musculi contrahentes and their development in the brown bat (Myotis myotis). PMID- 6724444 TI - The formation of multinuclear muscle fibres in Xenopus laevis I. Observations on dissociated myotomal cells and autoradiography. PMID- 6724445 TI - The capillary bed in the region of the motor end-plate zone of rat skeletal muscles. PMID- 6724446 TI - Macroscopic anatomy and late ontogenesis of the cucullaris muscle of the domestic fowl (Gallus domesticus L.). PMID- 6724447 TI - Submicroscopic structure of mouse morulas and blastocysts developed in vitro from two-cell embryos. PMID- 6724448 TI - Quantitative representation of ribosomes during cleavage of the mouse ovum. PMID- 6724449 TI - The simple bunion: anatomy at the metatarsophalangeal joint of the great toe. AB - The pathomechanics for the development of the hallux valgus deformity takes place at the first metatarsophalangeal joint--the sesamoid complex. The sesamoid complex consists of seven muscles, eight ligaments, and two sesamoid bones. When the first metatarsal escapes the complex and drifts medially, the sesamoids remain twisted in situ, several of the ligaments "fail," and others contract. The authors propose reduction of the metatarsus primus varus by first metatarsal osteotomy and appropriate ligament releases and plications to restore alignment. A detailed understanding of the pathomechanics is essential for proper interpretation of the problems and anticipated lasting surgeries. PMID- 6724450 TI - A comparison between Chevron and Mitchell osteotomies for hallux valgus. AB - A retrospective study of 15 Mitchell and 15 Chevron osteotomies was undertaken in order to compare the efficacy of these two procedures in the correction of hallux valgus. Patient satisfaction, clinical findings, and roentgenographic measurements were all carefully evaluated after follow-up periods of 21 +/- 5 months for the Chevron and 34 +/- 8 months for the Mitchell procedures. Differences observed were a better correction of the angle between the first and second metatarsals by the Mitchell osteotomy (2.3 vs 5.5 degrees) and a tendency to loose the correction in the immediate postoperative period for the Chevron osteotomy. However, no clinical superiority could be demonstrated, nor did patient satisfaction differ in the two techniques. The authors conclude that these procedures give essentially equivalent results. Although the outcome was generally considered satisfactory by the patient, nearly 40% of both groups had metatarsalgia in the lateral rays, which stresses the importance of carefully considering load distribution across the foot in planning any corrective surgery. PMID- 6724451 TI - Cone arthrodesis of the first metatarsophalangeal joint. AB - The reliability and effectiveness of the treatment of hallux rigidus and symptomatic arthritis of the first metatarsophalangeal joint by the technique of cone arthrodesis are discussed. The authors reviewed the long-term results of cone arthrodesis in 51 patients with 60 operated feet. The average age was 55 years (range, 28 to 75 years) and the average length of follow-up was 39 months (range, 1 to 12 years). On questioning the patients regarding function, cosmesis, and pain, 41 of 51 patients were happy, eight of 51 patients were satisfied, and two of 51 were unhappy with their feet. No patient complained of persistent or recurrent hallux valgus deformity. Radiologically and clinically 58 of 60 first metatarsophalangeal joints were solidly fused. Two patients had a fibrous ankylosis which was functional and painless. Function with respect to gait and ability to walk on tiptoe and run was normal in all patients. In summary, the authors feel that this procedure is a reliable, effective treatment of painful arthritis of this joint. PMID- 6724452 TI - Total joint prosthetic arthroplasty of the great toe--a 12-year experience. AB - This report describes the use of a double-stemmed flexible hinge silicone elastomer implant for use as a total joint replacement for the metatarsophalangeal joint of the great toe. Experience with this prosthesis has been since 1971 with 103 prostheses implanted in 71 patients with a minimum follow-up of 12 months and an average follow-up of 7.4 years. Of the 71 patients, 40 had osteoarthritis with 64 joints replaced, 22 had rheumatoid arthritis with 29 joints replaced, four patients were revised from a failed excisional hemiarthroplasty, three patients with four joints involved were revised from a failed silicone implant hemiarthroplasty, and two patients had a surgically arthrodesed metatarsophalangeal joint taken down and revised to a total joint arthroplasty. Of the total number of patients involved, eight were men, 63 were women, and the average age per joint was 56 years. The results were graded as excellent, good, fair, and poor on two bases: relief of pain and the cosmetic result. Overall results were good. On the basis of these results over a 12-year period, it was concluded that there is a place for total joint prosthetic replacement in the surgical reconstruction of the painful, destroyed metatarsophalangeal joint of the great toe. PMID- 6724453 TI - Surgery in advanced Charcot-Marie-Tooth disease. AB - Crippling equinocavovarus position of the foot in advanced Charcot-Marie-Tooth disease with its attendant metatarsalgia tender calluses and rigidity creates painful, limited, hobbling ambulation with lowered work and general activity tolerance. The object of the surgeries is to convert this foot into a plantigrade , more flexible, painless unit. Surgery consists of plantar fasciotomies off the tubercle of the os calcis and also transversely through the middle of the longitudinal arch. Dorsally angulated green-stick osteotomies are performed at the bases of all the metatarsals. A Jones operation with transfer of the long extensor great toe tendon through the neck and head of the first metatarsal and arthrodesis of the IP joint of the great toe complete the surgery. Often it is necessary to do Bunnell repair lengthening of the flexor hallucis longus tendon. Occasionally, the first metatarsophalangeal joint needs dorsal capsulotomy and lengthening of the short extensor tendon. Variations in and simplicity of techniques are demonstrated with a case report. Ten patients (eight men and two women: 18 feet), ranging in age from 18 to 46 years (average age, 29 years), with a 3- to 6-year follow-up are herein reported. Correction has been maintained in the oldest case. PMID- 6724454 TI - Anterior calcaneal osteotomy for symptomatic juvenile pes planus. AB - Five patients with symptomatic flexible pes planus unresponsive to conservative therapy underwent nine open wedge anterior calcaneal osteotomies and advancement of the posterior tibial tendon. The average follow-up was 6 years, 8 months. Three patients exhibited medial and plantar talonavicular subluxation and naviculocuneiform sag. There were three excellent results, three very good, two good, and one poor. The patient with a poor rating was asymptomatic, had normal foot motion, and was satisfied with the procedure. PMID- 6724455 TI - Quantitative study of whisper. PMID- 6724456 TI - [Vocal cord paralysis in phoniatric practice]. PMID- 6724457 TI - Phoniatric disturbances in patients after partial tongue resection for malignant neoplasms. PMID- 6724458 TI - Listening preferences for music as a function of age. PMID- 6724459 TI - Causes of sudden unexpected deaths in young and middle-aged persons. AB - The incidence and causes of sudden and/or unexpected deaths in the 15-49-year old population were investigated. The material was collected from 1492 cases in which either a medico-legal or a medical autopsy had been carried out. The necropsy rate was 42% of all deaths. There were 77 sudden deaths in this age-group, involving 64 males (82%) and 13 females (18%). This is 2% of all deaths and 5% of autopsied cases. The incidence per 100,000 persons in 1 year was 19.3 for males and 3.1 for females. Cardiovascular illnesses were the cause of death in 83% of cases. Coronary artery disease was the most common cause, accounting for almost half of these (49.3%). The next most common vascular cause was subarachnoidal haemorrhage (10.4%). The incidence of coronary deaths per 100,000 inhabitants in 1 year was 8.7 for males and 0.7 for females. In all cases the coronary stenosis was due to atheromatosis or more advanced atherosclerosis. Severe stenosis was located in the left descending artery in 58%, and in 52% the disease was only in one vessel. Thrombosis was found in 52%. Alcoholism (5.2%) was the next most common cause after the cardiovascular diseases. Coronary disease was very rare in age-matched victims of violent death. Deaths due to infections were rare, only 3.9%. Other solitary causes of sudden death were carcinomas, epilepsy, diabetes mellitus, intestinal occlusion and atopic dermatitis via sepsis. PMID- 6724460 TI - On the theory and practice of Essen-Moller's W value and Gurtler's paternity index (PI). AB - In cases of disputed parentage the biostatistical information is contained in the frequencies X and Y (as defined by Essen-M oller ); X denotes the hypothesis "paternity", Y the hypothesis "non-paternity". Essen-M oller proposed a probability of paternity which includes both values: W = X/(X + Y) (where X + Y becomes 1). G urtler recommends the ratio X/Y as a "Paternity Index" (= PI). Both W and PI are based on a neutral prior probability (= 0.5 in normal triplet cases) and contain the same information, though differing in form. It is this difference which can lead to different results in forensic practice. W% is the common form for expressing probabilities, and each range of W values has an appropriate, easily understood verbal predicate . By contrast, the PI value is more abstract and can be interpreted as providing fixed decision limits, a possibility increased by the lack of distinct subdivisions with verbal predicates . Tables and computer programs are available for calculating W values even in complex cases. If one chooses to use PI values instead of W they must be calculated by the following formula: (formula; see text) Calculations become complicated where more than two hypotheses are involved, as e.g. in cases involving several men ("multi-men cases"). The author cannot find any arguments for preferring PI to W. Accordingly, he recommends the use of the W value and not the Paternity Index in biostatistical evaluations of blood group findings in cases of disputed parentage. PMID- 6724461 TI - The use of chromosomes in paternity actions. AB - The authors performed paternity investigations for many years by the order of the court and on this basis they give expert opinion in discussed paternity cases. In recent years opinion was given with the help of chromosome studies in cases where neither blood group nor anthropology investigations were decisive. From a couple of hundred persons the thickening of the heterochromatic part of the chromosomes studied by C-band methods is evaluated (1, 9, 16, Y) and (within this) the occurrence of total or partial inversion is observed. The frequency of polymorphism was studied among the chromosomes investigated by the C-band technique. From these data the authors aimed at deducing exact relationship: and forming the most exact possible expert's opinion in this problem which is of social significance as well. PMID- 6724462 TI - Comparison of enzyme assay and radioimmunoassay for the measurement of human acid phosphatase in cases of sexual assault. AB - We investigated whether a radioimmunoassay for prostatic acid phosphatase might be used as a more specific test for the identification of semen in samples from cases of sexual assault than the measurement of total acid phosphatase enzyme activity. The results of the measurement of acid phosphatase by enzyme assay in semen and vaginal swab extracts were compared with the results of the radioimmunoassay. It was found that the radioimmunoassay is a sensitive and more specific method than the enzymic determination of acid phosphatase. Incidentally we have found that a low concentration of an immunological cross reacting acid phosphatase is present in semen free vaginal swab extracts. PMID- 6724463 TI - [Adverse effects of drugs. Compiled and evaluated by the Committee on Drugs]. AB - Adverse drug reactions reflect neither malice on the part of the drug manufacturer, nor negligence on the part of the physician, but are simply the unavoidable price we have to pay to secure the largely positive effects of drug treatment. Our objective can only be to achieve the highest level of safety while keeping the risk as small as possible in comparison with the benefit obtained. Drug evaluation requires a knowledge both of the efficacy and any attendant possible risks of a given drug. With this in mind, since 1961, the Committee on the Safety of Medicines has been collecting and assessing reports on adverse drug reactions. The experience thus gained serves as a basis for the views of the medical profession on problems of drug safety, as also for the individual counselling of the practising physician. "Physicians counsel physicians on the prescribing of drugs" thus does not mean that some of us are wiser than others, but that we are engaged in a mutually beneficial exchange of individual experience. PMID- 6724464 TI - [Practical results of echocardiographic diagnosis of left ventricle function]. AB - M-mode-echocardiography enables the analysis of left ventricular wall motion abnormalities along the m-mode beam. Fractional shortening is proved to be a reliable parameter in evaluation of regional left ventricular function assessed by m-mode-echo. Two cross-sectional-echocardiographical short-axis-views and one long-axis-view are representative for the analysis of the left ventricle. 2-D echocardiography enables localization and quantification of left ventricular wall motion abnormalities. The sensitivity of both methods can be increased by stress tests. PMID- 6724465 TI - [The effect of air pollution on man]. AB - During the last years, the human organism has been exposed to airborne pollutants to an increasing extend, among them the following most important: SO2, NOx , hydrocarbons, CO, photochemical smog, airborne particles containing the heavy metals lead and cadmium. The local effects on the lung and the bronchial mucous membrane are described including irritations of the mucous membrane and disturbances of the defence and elimination mechanisms. The main consequences are chronic bronchitis and bronchial carcinoma. The systemic effects of inhaled airborne pollutants are mutagenicity, cancerogenicity and toxicity. Disturbances of the immunological system may occur. Details as regard the effects of carbon monoxide, lead and cadmium, photochemical smog and SO2 are given. PMID- 6724466 TI - [Allergic dermatitis]. PMID- 6724467 TI - [Oral theophylline therapy for dyspnea]. AB - With regard to special situations in severe dyspnea 10 patients with reversible airway obstruction were studied to verify the effect of oral and systemic application of 193,2 mg Theophyllinmonohydrat and 46,8 mg Aethylendiamin as customary in the trade injection fluid (Euphyllin) on blood levels. In comparison both medications are bioaquivalent . The oral application yields with duration serum concentrations of theophylline higher than 5 mg/l but less than the postulated therapeutic levels from 10--20 mg/l. PMID- 6724468 TI - [Plate thermography in the assessment of changes in the female breast. 1. The value of malignancy criteria using Tricoire's technic]. AB - In a retrospective study on 19,641 patients of which 2702 were clarified by morphology criteria of malignancy by Tricoire were examined. Nearly all criteria were relevant. Only the "mild circumscript heatness " and "one atypical vessel" have failed as criteria of malignancy. The vascular pattern D + E ( Bourjat ) is shown as an additive sign of malignancy. The correct classification in typical and atypical vascular patterns depends from a decisive dynamic test. PMID- 6724469 TI - [Plate thermography in the assessment of changes in the female breast. 2. Clinical and thermographic results]. AB - The results of clinical and thermographic examinations of 2702 patients clarified by histology are described. The accuracy rate of thermography is 67.8% for malignant and 70.6% for benign lesions. False negative findings were given in 13.9%, false positive in 6.8%. The false positive rate depends mainly on inflammation, cysts or proliferation. PMID- 6724470 TI - [Functional colon sonography in neuronal intestinal dysplasia. Report of 3 cases]. AB - For the first time morphology and function of the colon were analysed by sonography in three children with M. Hirschsprung and neuronal-intestinal dysplasia. After one year two children attained almost normalisation of colon peristalsis in the nonaganglionic segments. A resection of the neuronal dysplastic segments was not necessary. In one child there was seen no change of the distal colon motility. The limit of resection at operation was determined by sonographic diagnosis following observation of stimulated motility. Sonographic long-time examination in connection with medicamental stimulation of the colon allows determination on timing and kind of therapy in neuronal-intestinal dysplasia. PMID- 6724471 TI - [Clinical course and pathophysiology of hyperthermia]. AB - In 221 hyperthermic baths with 138 healthy volunteers thermoregulatory, circulatory, respiratory, renal, hematological, immunological, and endocrinological function values and sudomotoric activity have been determined. The endocrinological investigations demonstrate an increased glucocorticoidal activity (eosinopenia, T-lymphocytopenia) while plasmatic cortisole concentrations are slightly decreased. This discrepancy may be explained by an increased dissociation of biologically active cortisole and transcortin and by a more rapid activation of the steroid-receptor complex within the endocrine target cell. During a series of ten hyperthermic baths on ten consecutive days mineralocorticoidal activity during hyperthermia is increased (sudomotor activity, excretion of urine and sodium); urinary excretion of aldosterone does not change. These results indicate an increased sensitivity of the mineralocorticoidal target cell after adaptation to heat. The hypothesis can be confirmed by experiments with aldosterone i.v. PMID- 6724472 TI - [Incidence of minimal cerebral palsy among students in elementary schools and special schools for speech disorders]. AB - Minimal cerebral palsy (min. CP) can be diagnosed by a motoscopic neurological procedure. Two groups were tested: 1) 402 second year pupils of elementary school, aged 7; 6 to 8; 6 years, 2) 192 pupils of a special school for children with speech disturbances, preschool groups and pupils from the 1st to the 4th year of elementary school. Among the first group (n = 402) a frequency of 9.5% for min. CP was found. 17.7% were border line cases, 72.9% normal. Teachers asked to point out children with obvious motor disability identified 89.4% of the cases with min. CP; but considered only 9.8% of the neurologically normal children as having motor dysfunction. In the second group (n = 192) min. CP was found in 21.3%. The highest percentage was found in preschool classes: 63.1%. PMID- 6724473 TI - [Plate thermography in practice]. PMID- 6724474 TI - [Pancreatic pseudocysts. Treatment and results]. AB - 179 operations were performed for pseudocysts of the pancreas between 1960 and 1982. Basing on this experience the various methods of surgical treatment and the corresponding indications are discussed, and their advantage and disadvantage comparatively represented. In the treatment of very small cysts we suggest an expecting attitude, their statement must be controlled. In case of surgical treatment the enteroanastomosis in the form of a pancreatocystojejunostomy is supposed to be the best alternative. PMID- 6724475 TI - [Benign tumors of the esophagus and stomach]. AB - From the tumors of the oesophagus studied, 30% were found to be benign. They occurred in a ratio of 2:1 predominantly in men with an average age of 37,1 years compared to 52,5 years in women. The symptoms were unspecific and the prognosis was quo ad sanationem very good. Only in one case did a neurofibroma relapse explosively with in 4 months and was already inoperable at the time, when the new diagnosis was made. The percent of benign stomach tumors amounted to 2,6%. Tumors of the mucous tissue behaved differently than the neurogenic and mesenchymal ones. The former became noticeable mainly due to epigastric complaints, the latter due to haemorrhages. Epithelial tumors occurred, with a ratio of 2:1, more often in women, but without any difference in age. Mesenchymal and neurogenic tumors occurred in almost the same sex ratio, but at an average age, which was 18 years higher in women. Solitary stomach polypi can mostly be removed endoscopically, whilst all other benign oesophagus and stomach tumors must be removed by operation due to the symptoms and the dignity of the tumor, which is seldom clear. PMID- 6724476 TI - [Multiple carcinoid tumors of the small intestine. An unusual cause of intestinal obstruction]. AB - The case of a 67 year old patient with ileus caused by multiple carcinoids of ileum without endocrine symptoms is reported. Frequency, localisation and ways of metastasation , so as diagnostic and therapeutic possibilities are discussed. PMID- 6724477 TI - [Acronyms--an irritant in reading English medical literature]. PMID- 6724478 TI - [Mechanism of action of dydrogesterone in dysmehorrhea. Prostaglandin levels in menstrual blood]. AB - Menstrual blood was collected from seven dysmenorrhoeic volunteers age 20-35, during nine cycles. After three control-cycles the women were treated with dydrogesteron ( Duphaston ) 2 X 10 mg/die, day 5-25, for a period of six months. Blood loss was constant over the study period. Estradiol excretion was significantly reduced during dydrogesteron treatment, whereas oestron excretion remained unchanged. Progesteron excretion was significantly higher during the treatment period (2p less than or equal to 0,05). Consequently PG F2 alpha was significantly reduced (2p less than 0,05), there was a marked reduction in 6-keto PG F1 alpha excretion, but no change was noticed in PG E2 excretion. The estradiol/ progesteron ratio in dysmenorrhoeic patients was raised, as was the PG F2 alpha/6-keto-PG F1 alpha and PG F2 alpha/PG E2 ratio. As a steroid dependant prevalence of PG F2 alpha in the uterus appears to play a role in the aetiology of dysmenorrhoea, therapeutic treatment should go for regulation of the hormonal, resp. prostaglandin imbalance. Dydrogesteron is capable of normalizing the disturbed hormonal balance and in this way is effective in the treatment of dysmenorrhoeic complaints. PMID- 6724479 TI - [Alcohol-induced organic disease. 9. Hematopoiesis]. PMID- 6724480 TI - [Hypertensive therapy with prazosin. Concomitant cardiovascular, metabolic and respiratory diseases. Proven facts and potential aspects]. AB - Prazosin sinks the pathologically increased blood pressure, reduces pre- and afterload in myovascular insufficiency and has an interesting influence on plasma lipid fractions with regard to the coronary risk. Prazosin thus intervenes in the three cardiovascular disease processes, which often exist simultaneously, which are mutually caused. Studies which have taken place in the meantime demonstrate the possibilities of Prazosin as a treatment for Raynaud's disease and gangrene. The relatively long bio-availability of the preparation led constantly to the discovery of additional ranges of application, but did not deliver any new findings which would have made restrictions of the original application necessary. On the contrary, Prazosin proved to be especially favourable and capable of being universally applied in the illnesses which frequently accompany hypertension and cardiac insufficiency. PMID- 6724481 TI - [Secretin: diagnostic and therapeutic significance]. PMID- 6724482 TI - [The highest requirement for work: making health pay off. Retrospective of a long standing company tradition of the Boehringer Mannheim Company]. PMID- 6724483 TI - [Living with reduced risk]. PMID- 6724484 TI - [Polyradiculomeningoencephalitis caused by Epstein-Barr virus infection- description of a case with fatal outcome]. AB - A 21 years old high school student, who, since early childhood, suffered from complete spinal paraplegia of unknown cause at D 10, suddenly, after a three week period with influenca -like prodromal symptoms, presented with acute polyradiculomeningoencephalitis . Positive reactions following Paul-Bunnell- Davidsohn -test and tests for specific antivirus IgG as well as specific IgM revealed acute Epstein-Barr-Virus infection, although no glandular signs could be found. The clinical findings consisted of peripheral sensory-motor tetraparesis, ataxia, nystagmus and disturbances of the caudal cranial nerves. Initially, the diagnosis of Fisher's syndrome was made. The orbicularis oculi reflex, however, indicated a circumscribed brainstem lesion in the medial reticular formation. This finding lead to the additional clinical diagnosis of encephalitis. Shortly after admission, a heart-arrest occurred, and, after successful reanimation, the patient presented with a "locked-in syndrome". On the 12th day after admission, he succumbed during a sudden drop of blood-pressure. Necropsy revealed septic shock as the cause of death, due to perforation of a duodenal ulcer. In the lower thoracic spinal cord a neurocytoma was found, which once lead to the paraplegia. Additionally, moderate inflammatory infiltrations were found in the basal leptomeninges, in the walls of several subcortical vessels and in the hypoglossal nerve. The infiltrations, at some sites, contained a large number of atypical lymphoid cells in the inflammatory meningeal exsudate . Microglial proliferation with satellitosis was found in the inferior olives, thus confirming the clinical diagnosis of polyradiculomeningoencephalitis . This case report should emphasize special features of EBV-infection with neurological complications: (1) in inflammatory diseases of the peripheral and central nervous system, infectious mononucleosis should always be drawn into the diagnostic considerations, even if heterophil antibodies and glandular symptoms are lacking. (2) In Guillain-Barre syndrome, a transient external heart stimulator should be administered, in order to prevent heart arrest from acute autonomic neuropathy. PMID- 6724485 TI - [Development and function of the psychiatric crisis and emergency service in Mannheim]. AB - The setting up of a psychiatric emergency and crisis service during the years 1974 to 1980 in Mannheim forms part of the evolvement of a central psychiatric overall care programme with emphasis on patients residing in the same region, that is to say, close to the psychiatric facilities; within this framework, the role played by the emergency service is preferably of an auxiliary and additional nature, over and above the already existing regular care facilities. Since the emergency and crisis service forms a part of a regular psychiatric care network, its principal functions are: 1. First diagnosis and, in connection therewith, the decision whether 2. acute intervention in an existing crisis should be effected within the emergency service, or 3. whether further treatment must be instituted with a psychiatric or internistic or social partner of the emergency service. The emergency service has to look after an increasing proportion of patients with severe mental disturbances who are seen by the emergency service in moments of extreme crisis (high rate of attempted suicides) or in acute severe relapses, and who are normally also looked after by the regular psychiatric services. Over and above, the emergency service has to look after a special small group of patients not covered by any other psychiatric service on account of their social disorganisation , frequently also because they are addicts. As should be expected, there is an almost continuous drop in the referral to the psychiatric service, the farther away the patients live from the seat of the emergency service. This, however, applies in a very similar manner to the regular outpatient services and also to the entire psychiatric care available to the residents of Mannheim. PMID- 6724486 TI - [Neuropsychologic contribution to dyslexia research. A review of important explanatory models and findings]. AB - Since in a substantial proportion of reading-disabled children constitutional factors appear to play an important pathogenetic role, major contributions to a better understanding of dyslexia have long come from the fields of neuropsychology and behavioral neurology. In this overview an attempt is made to describe the most important hypotheses and models on which neuropsychological research on this problem has been based. The first section is devoted to a discussion of findings on acquisition of reading and spelling skills by brain damaged children and on the effect of the localization of central nervous system lesions on reading disorders in children. Classic neurological disorders are seen in only a small proportion of children with reading retardation, however. Therefore the second section comprises a discussion of various hypotheses that have been developed to explain the particular performance profiles seen in children with dyslexia but with no evidence of brain damage, i.e. in those children who can be said to have a developmental disorder. It is emphasized that dyslexia is probably not a uniform syndrome but that rather different subgroups of reading-disabled children can be identified. PMID- 6724487 TI - [Early ischemic lesions of hippocampus neurons in experimental status epilepticus]. AB - The ischaemic changes in the hippocampus reported here were observed during a series of experiments in which the effect of ionized and non-ionized intracortically injected contrast media were investigated. Only the group with ionized contrast medium showed early ischaemic lesions in the hippocampal neurons. Our model is comparable with the final status epilepticus. Generalized spike activity of more than 2 1/2 hours, without a recovery phase, is involved. Our findings thus indicate that under certain conditions, i.e. in this case, generalized activity lasting for a long time, ischaemic lesions can occur. However, in view of the ultrastructural features, the changes can still be considered reversible. PMID- 6724488 TI - [Diagnostic value of clinical study methods in syringomyelia]. AB - Between 1968 and 1981 52 patients with syringomyelia were investigated clinically and with several additional procedures. The introduction of computerized axial tomography (CAT) has led to a change in diagnostic measurements in this disease. Therefore it has become necessary to evaluate the usefulness of additional investigations made in recent past. From own experiences the following measurements are indicated in patients with presumed syringomyelia: X-rays of the cervical and thoracal spinal column and the skull have to be complemented by automatic computerized transverse axial tomography (ACTA) of the spinal canal. CSF should be investigated before metrizamide myelography combined with computerized tomography--the so called computed assisted myelography--is done. These methods both the automatic computerized transverse axial tomography of the spinal canal and the computed assisted myelography allow a differentiation between communicating and non communicating syringomyelia. Computerized axial tomography of the skull is indicated to detect interval hydrocephalus that may be associated with communicating syringomyelia. The other methods evaluated in this study cannot be used to ascertain diagnosis. These measurements combined with clinical and radiological findings may only support diagnosis. Their significance lies in the critical examination of lost functions in the individual case. Especially electrodiagnostic test--as electromyelography and measurement of nerve conduction velocity--show the extension and distribution of the involved peripheral nervous system. These methods are necessary for the critical evaluation of both the spontaneous clinical course and the results of therapeutic procedures. The electromyography findings show the process of denervation already occurred and the degree of motor activity yet available. The measurement of nerve conduction velocity indicates the localization of involved peripheral nerves. The determination of evoked potentials yields informative findings. But at present the value of this method cannot yet be estimated finally. The indication of the discussed investigations depends on the clinical findings in the individual case with the exception of the radiological procedures. PMID- 6724489 TI - [Ultradian periodicity, diurnal and circannual rhythms in the electroencephalogram]. AB - The cerebral rhythms depictable by the EEG show fluctuations with several characteristic periodicities. The ultradian region with a range from several seconds to 20 hours is divided into three sections. Pathological and physiological EEG-characteristics are influenced by physiological rhythms of 2 100 seconds. The EEG-complexes occurring with panencephalitis are dependent on breath frequency. Grouped dysrhythmias correlate with higher order blood pressure waves. Systematic changes of the basal activity caused by slow variations of direct voltage have been conjectured by Aladzhalova (1964) and confirmed by spectral analysis (K unkel et al. 1969). Periods of 60-140 minutes with a medium cycle of approximately 90 minutes are typical for sleep, the phases of which are shown by the EEG and the recording of rapid eye movements (REM). THe periodicity corresponding to the basic rest activity cycle can also be shown on the EEG in a state of awakeness . Diurnal studies between sunrise and sunset showed frequency variations of some pathological EEG characteristics. The frequency of abnormal rhythms increased evenly from 8 am to 3.8% to 3 pm to 9.5%. Grouped dysrhythmias showed similar effects. As far as basal activity is concerned the occurrence of a diurnal peak of measurements in the alpha range and their maxima in the high frequency ultradian regions was noticeable. Circadian studies with a periodicity of 24 (plus/minus 4) hours showed that the diurnal maxima of all frequency ranges occurred almost simultaneously, however, they contained temporal shifts due to their specific structure. The major pertinent differences were shown by frontal and temporobasal cerebral areas. Circadian studies of sleep phases of primates showed a maximum for delta activity at 1 am and for theta activity at 5 am. As expected, circannual rhythms of hibernating animals can be observed on the EEG, they have also been discovered with humans be means of EEG measurements: by visually analyzing EEG results, systematic differences in the frequency of types of basal activity were noticed. Thus, Beta-EEGs with a medium frequency of 14% occurred in May with the frequency of Alpha-EEGs fluctuated in inverse proportion and was at its peak during summer. Conspicuous among pathological EEG characteristics were grouped dysrhythmias that occurred about twice as often in summer as in winter. No generally valid cause can be assumed for the variety of rhythms. PMID- 6724491 TI - The reality of cost-shifting. PMID- 6724490 TI - Health care coalitions: the evolution of a movement. PMID- 6724492 TI - Health regulation: a vital function. PMID- 6724493 TI - Big business and health care in the heartland: an interview with Robert Burnett. PMID- 6724495 TI - Medical education in the United States: a resource for the Third World? PMID- 6724494 TI - Multihospital systems: issues and empirical findings. PMID- 6724496 TI - The transformation of health providers. PMID- 6724497 TI - Expired hydrocarbons in patients with chronic liver disease. AB - Fifty patients with various types of liver disease and twenty-one healthy subjects were examined for lipoperoxidation in vivo by gaschromatographic assay of volatile hydrocarbons (ethane, ethylene, propane, n-butane, n-pentane) in breath gases. In 15 patients with alcoholic cirrhosis the amount of expired pentane was greater than in all the other groups examined. No significant increase of exhaled ethane, in contrast, was detected in the same patients. These results seem to indicate that pentane is a more sensitive index than ethane for ethanol-induced lipoperoxidation. This simple and non-invasive method opens up promising new opportunities for clarifying in humans, the role of lipoperoxidation in ethanol-induced liver damage, as well as in other chronic liver disease. PMID- 6724498 TI - A family infected with hepatitis B and with concurrently circulating HBsAg and heterotypic anti-HBs. AB - A family is described, of whom all members were found to be infected with the adw2 subtype hepatitis B virus. The mother and both the children were positive for anti-HBs (anti-y). The usual explanation for the co-occurrence of HBsAg and anti-HBs ("two infections hypothesis") was clinically highly unlikely. HLA typing was performed to investigate the possibility that genetically determined host dependent factors are involved. However, no relationship between the simultaneous presence of HBsAg and anti-HBs and a particular haplotype was observed. PMID- 6724499 TI - Plasma clearance of nicotinic acid and rifamycin-SV, and their interaction in Gilbert's syndrome: application of a compartmental model. AB - The bicompartmental kinetics of nicotinic acid (NA) and rifamycin-SV (R-SV)--2 organic anions that probably share a common hepatic uptake mechanism--were studied in 7 cases of Gilbert's syndrome (GS) and in 7 healthy controls matched for sex and age. In GS the NA and R-SV uptake constants (K21) were significantly decreased. In GS patients, simultaneous loads of NA and R-SV, the latter at increasing doses, produced: 1) a progressive lowering only of R-SV K21; and 2) an increase in R-SV hepatic plasma reflux (K12). Changes in biliary excretion ( Kee ) and hepatocellular pool (Ke) of both NA and R-SV probably depend on the rates of uptake and reflux constants of the two anions. The study of the parameters of compartmental kinetics of NA and R-SV confirms that the two organic anions, which have different metabolic routes and/or a different affinity for intracellular carriers, share common uptake mechanisms. PMID- 6724500 TI - The development of atrophic gastritis in antrum and body in relatives of gastric carcinoma patients and in controls. AB - The development of atrophic gastritis (AG) in antrum and body was studied in a series consisting of 301 first-degree relatives of 73 gastric carcinoma patients, and in 431 controls, that is, 73 control probands and their 358 first-degree relatives. An analysis was performed in terms of four population pools: subjects with normal mucosa and/or superficial gastritis in antrum and body; AG occurring in the antrum only; AG in the body only; AG present in antrum and body. Antral AG commenced in the patients' teens and progressed at a constant rate up to 55 years, being retarded thereafter with decreasing age-specific prevalence of AG limited to the antral mucosa. The process started later in the body, but its constant-rate progression continued up to old age. In the pool of those subjects who had both antral and body AG the development approximated that seen in the pool with body AG only. The process was qualitatively similar in the Series and in the Controls, but marked differences were observed after the age of 55 years in the transition to the different AG pools. PMID- 6724501 TI - Whole-gut irrigation as antiendotoxinaemic therapy in inflammatory bowel disease. AB - Marked endotoxaemia was found in 12 patients suffering from severe relapse of chronic inflammatory bowel disease. These patients did not respond satisfactorily to conservative treatment. Whole gut irrigation was employed to reduce drastically the absorbable endotoxin pool in the gut. Following the lavage the condition of all the patients thus treated improved. Plasma endotoxins dropped rapidly, serum iron increased, and in 7 febrile patients body temperature normalized. The results obtained suggest a beneficial use of whole gut irrigation as a therapeutic means in endotoxaemia associated with inflammatory bowel disease. PMID- 6724502 TI - Interrelationships between the metabolic effects of glucagon and ethanol in the perfused mouse liver. AB - Effects of glucagon and ethanol on hepatic metabolism were examined with in situ perfused livers from fasted Swiss albino mice. In the absence of added gluconeogenic substrate, the presence of glucagon with ethanol effectively restored hepatic glucose production to a rate found with livers perfused with the hormone alone. When lactate was added to the perfusate, the presence of ethanol almost completely suppressed glucose formation but glucagon only partially overcame this inhibition. Ethanol and/or glucagon inhibited hepatic alpha-amino acid N release both in the absence and presence of added gluconeogenic substrate. Ketone body formation was increased three-fold when both glucagon and ethanol were added together to the medium of livers perfused in the absence of exogenous gluconeogenic precursor, yet neither agent alone had an effect. Ethanol utilization by the perfused liver was markedly inhibited by glucagon in the absence of added lactate. The presence of exogenous lactate also decreased ethanol removal by the liver and the addition of glucagon with lactate diminished ethanol clearance further. Thus, interrelationships between the consequences of glucagon and ethanol on hepatic metabolism have been delineated in the perfused mouse liver. PMID- 6724503 TI - Antihormonal effects of plant extracts: iodothyronine deiodinase of rat liver is inhibited by extracts and secondary metabolites of plants. AB - Aqueous extracts from plants such as Lycopus virginicus , Melissa officinalis ( Laminaceae ), and Lithospermum officinale ( Boraginaceae ), containing various antihormonal components, also inhibit both the extrathyroidal enzymic T4-5' deiodination to T3 and the T4-5'-deiodination. The effects were dose dependent and ultimately complete using rat liver microsomes as a source of the enzyme in vitro. The "specific inhibitory activity" of extracts depends on the plant species used and the extraction procedure applied. It can be increased by either extraction of freeze dried aqueous extracts and decreased by oxidation with KMnO4. The active principle(s) exhibits chemical characteristics of phenols or phenolcarboxylic acids: rosmarinic acid, ellagic acid, and luteolin -7 beta glucoside are active inhibitory components whilst other secondary plant metabolites consisting only of a single diphenolic ring e.g. cinnamic acid and derivatives are inactive. The inhibition of both iodothyronine-5'- and -5 deiodinase by this new class of iodine-free phenolic inhibitors--belonging to the cinnamic acid-flavonoid-type--supports the hypothesis that in rat liver only a single enzyme catalyses both deiodination pathways and might be of pharmacological interest for the treatment of hyperthyroidism. PMID- 6724504 TI - Comparison of hGH binding to isolated rat liver macrophages and hepatocytes. AB - The binding characteristics of hGH to rat liver macrophages ( Kupfer cells) and hepatocytes have been compared to determine the role of each in the binding of hGH to liver tissue. The time course of binding, displacement of bound 125I-hGH and effect of pH on binding was qualitatively similar for macrophages and hepatocytes. Since the macrophage isolation depends upon their phagocytosis of iron particles, we determined that exposure of the isolated hepatocytes to the iron did not affect their binding of 125I-hGH. The relative capacity of the macrophage preparations was two-fold less than the hepatocyte preparations. This indicated that the hepatocyte is responsible for the majority of the hGH binding by the liver. In contrast, the cell surface concentration of the hGH receptor on the macrophage is greater than the hepatocyte. Ovine prolactin and hPrl were equipotent in competing for the binding of 125I-hGH to the macrophage receptor while only oPrl was significantly competitive in the hepatocytes. Bovine GH and hPI exhibited minimal interaction for 125I-hGH binding in both cell preparations. We conclude that even though significant differences in 125I-hGH binding do exist between hepatocytes and liver macrophages, the macrophages contribute significantly to hGH binding by hepatic tissue. The demonstration of somatomedin production by fibroblasts in culture suggest a possible role of the hepatic macrophage in GH responsiveness of the liver. PMID- 6724505 TI - Relationship of obesity to diabetes. AB - In a representative sample of 201 diabetic patients of Tripoli, Libya, 138 were obese. The highest percent of diabetics and obese belong to the age group 41-50 years. In all age groups, there was a parallel increase/decrease in obesity with diabetes. Regulation of body weight should be considered very important in control of diabetes. PMID- 6724507 TI - Alterations in the renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system in the critically ill. PMID- 6724506 TI - The action of various hormones and metabolites upon glucose production by isolated hepatocytes from lactating and non-lactating ewes. AB - Glucose production was measured from hepatocytes isolated from the livers of non mated, 20- and 50-day lactating ewes (4 animals/group) in the presence and absence of various substrates and hormones. The output of glucose was reduced at peak lactation (20-day) compared to both the unmated (P less than 0.05) and 50 day lactating groups (P less than 0.05). There was no significant difference in glucose production between the unmated and 50-day lactating groups. In the presence of glucagon (1 uM), glucose production was stimulated above control levels (P less than 0.05). However, insulin (1 uM) did not reduce glucose production compared to controls, while the effect of insulin and glucagon combined (1:1 uM) was not significantly higher than control values. Propionate, acetate and butyrate (10 mM) significantly increased glucose output above control values (P less than 0.05), in all three groups of animals. Glucose output was relatively unchanged in the presence of alanine and glutamate (10 mM), while fructose supplementation (10 mM) resulted in a significantly reduced glucose output compared to the controls (P less than 0.05). PMID- 6724508 TI - A hitherto unrecognized bile ductular plexus in normal rat liver. AB - The three-dimensional arrangement of intrahepatic bile ducts was studied by scanning electron microscopy of biliary tract casts. Scanning electron microscopy of biliary casts revealed a complex of portal bile ductular channels. In the rabbit, it is focal and branching whereas in the rat, a plexus comprised of widespread and richly anastomosing network of tubules, 20 to 30 micron in diameter, is present. This plexus was prominent in the large portal tracts and was located at the border of the portal tracts and liver parenchyma. This biliary plexus may play a role in modifying original canalicular bile secreted by hepatocytes. PMID- 6724509 TI - Liver ultrastructure in mitochondrial urea cycle enzyme deficiencies and comparison with Reye's syndrome. AB - The liver ultrastructural findings in two girls with partial carbamyl phosphate synthetase I (CPS) deficiency and their heterozygote parents and two siblings with ornithine transcarbamylase (OTC) deficiency are described. Liver ultrastructure in the four patients with inherited deficiencies of urea cycle enzymes showed minimal alterations with essentially normal mitochondria when biopsy was performed during periods of good control of their hyperammonemia. Mitochondrial ultrastructure was also essentially normal in the heterozygotes for carbamyl phosphate synthetase I deficiency. These findings are in contrast to the marked alterations in mitochondrial ultrastructure found in the study of two cases of Reye's syndrome in which severe depression of ornithine transcarbamylase and carbamyl phosphate synthetase I activities was noted. PMID- 6724510 TI - Mechanisms of the impaired diuretic and natriuretic responses to a sustained and moderate saline infusion in rats with experimental cirrhosis. AB - Kidney function and tubular handling of water and sodium by superficial nephrons, packed cell volume, total plasma proteins and albumin distribution space were studied in control and cirrhotic rats before and after a moderate and sustained saline infusion (3% body weight per 30 min + reposition of urinary losses). Tubular fluid samples were obtained from late proximal, early distal and late distal convolutions of superficial nephrons using micropuncture. Protein distribution was assessed by intravenous injection of 0.5 muCi of (125I)-albumin. In basal conditions, both groups of rats showed similar glomerular filtration rate and renal plasma flow, but cirrhotic animals had lower sodium excretion (fractional excretion of sodium = 0.04 +/- 0.01% vs. 0.22 +/- 0.02%, p less than 0.05) and urinary volume (4.31 +/- 0.41 vs. 7.57 +/- 0.53 microliter per min; p less than 0.05). After saline infusion, total plasma proteins decreased more in cirrhotic than in control rats (-18.5 +/- 2.7 vs. -12.9 +/- 2.2%, p less than 0.05). The opposite was observed for albumin distribution space (34.5 +/- 6.1 vs. 22.1 +/- 3.5%, p less than 0.05). Fractional sodium excretion increased to 2.98 +/- 0.15% in control rats but only to 0.61 +/- 0.080% in cirrhotic rats. The ratio single nephron glomerular filtration rate/glomerular filtration rate increased from 19.6 +/- 0.7 to 21.2 +/- 1.0 (X10(-6), p less than 0.005) in control animals but did not change in cirrhotic rats. These animals were unable to decrease adequately fractional fluid reabsorption in the proximal tubule and the loop of Henle.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS) PMID- 6724511 TI - Prognostic value of Child-Turcotte criteria in medically treated cirrhosis. AB - The Child- Turcotte criteria (CTC) (based on serum bilirubin and albumin, ascites, neurological disorder and nutrition) are established prognostic factors in patients with cirrhosis having portacaval shunt surgery. The objective of this study was to evaluate the prognostic value of CTC in conservatively treated cirrhosis. Patients (n = 245) with histologically verified cirrhosis from a control group of a controlled clinical trial were studied. Data at entry into the trial were used to classify patients according to CTC. Survival curves for up to 16 years were made, and survival rates were compared using the log-rank test. Survival decreased significantly with increasing degree of abnormality (A----B--- C) of albumin (p less than 0.001), ascites (p less than 0.001), bilirubin (p = 0.02) and nutritional status (p = 0.03). Survival was insignificantly influenced by neurological status (p = 0.11) probably because none of the patients had hepatic coma at entry into the trial. The five variables in CTC were combined to a score. With increasing score, the median survival time decreased from 6.4 years (score 5) to 2 months (scores 12 or more). Furthermore, the mortality from hepatic failure, gastrointestinal bleeding or hepatocellular carcinoma increased significantly with increasing score. CTC provide valuable and easily obtainable prognostic information in cirrhosis. However, CTC are inferior to a prognostic index based on multivariate analysis of prognostic factors. PMID- 6724512 TI - Ascitic fluid analysis in the differentiation of spontaneous bacterial peritonitis from gastrointestinal tract perforation into ascitic fluid. AB - A review of patients with bacterial peritonitis and ascites revealed six patients with gastrointestinal tract perforation into their ascitic fluid and 33 episodes of spontaneous bacterial peritonitis in 32 patients. Signs and symptoms were not helpful in differentiating the two groups; however, ascitic fluid analysis was found to be useful. All patients with perforation peritonitis fulfilled at least two of the following criteria: ascitic fluid total protein greater than 1 gm per dl, glucose less than 50 mg per dl and lactate dehydrogenase greater than 225 mU per ml. In only two episodes of spontaneous bacterial peritonitis were two of the criteria fulfilled. PMID- 6724513 TI - The effects of nutrition on unconjugated plasma bilirubin concentrations in squirrel monkeys. AB - Bolivian squirrel monkeys (Saimiri sciureus) have fasting unconjugated hyperbilirubinemia (males: 2.0 +/- 0.14; females: 3.0 +/- 0.26 mg per dl) which resembles that of humans with Gilbert's syndrome. Closely related Brazilian squirrel monkeys have fasting levels (males: 0.29 +/- 0.045; females: 0.36 +/- 0.073 mg per dl) similar to normal people. The purpose of this study was to identify the underlying mechanisms and the nutritional factors involved. Both Bolivian and Brazilian squirrel monkeys had higher plasma bilirubin concentrations after an 18 hr fast than 4 hr after feeding. The development of fasting hyperbilirubinemia was progressive for at least 24 hr. Both populations that received a semipurified diet containing 5% fat had lower fasting and postprandial plasma bilirubin concentrations than did animals receiving 0.3% fat but much lower than those receiving 20% fat. The emulsified complete meal, or glucose, sucrose, casein, or lactalbumin alone when given by intragastric tube lowered the plasma bilirubin levels of Bolivian monkeys to less than one-half of fasting values within 1 to 4 hr. Water or butter did not have a significant effect. Glucose or fructose, when given intravenously, lowered the plasma bilirubin levels to less than half of fasting values; the fat emulsion, Intralipid, did not have a statistically significant effect. Subcutaneous epinephrine increased plasma glucose concentrations and reduced plasma bilirubin concentrations. When glucose or glucose plus butter were given by stomach tube to Bolivian squirrel monkeys for 48 hr, a very low plasma bilirubin concentration resulted whereas butter given alone resulted in high values.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS) PMID- 6724514 TI - Differential effects of hypoxia on the disposition of propranolol and sodium taurocholate by the isolated perfused rat liver. AB - Although the adverse effect of hypoxia on drug metabolism is well documented in subcellular systems, its effect on drug clearance by the intact liver has not been defined. This study was undertaken in the isolated perfused rat liver to examine the effects of acute hypoxia on the hepatic elimination of two highly cleared substances--propranolol and sodium taurocholate. Hypoxia was established by equilibrating the perfusate with 100% nitrogen rather than 100% oxygen. This led to a fall in portal vein pO2 from 300 to 30 mm Hg, and a 10-fold rise in hepatic venous lactate:pyruvate ratio, indicating a profound alteration in hepatic cellular redox state. In bolus dose studies, propranolol uptake was unimpaired by hypoxia, with a monoexponential decline in perfusate concentrations from 2,000 to 30 ng per ml, (t1/2 uptake = 2.5 min). After 20 min of hypoxia, perfusate propranolol concentrations rose from 30 to 80 ng per ml, indicating release of propranolol from liver back into the perfusate. Reoxygenation of perfusate restored hepatic extraction of propranolol to normal (t1/2 uptake = 2.37 +/- 0.19 min vs. 2.55 +/- 0.60 min p greater than 0.1) such that perfusate concentrations were undetectable by 30 min. In steady-state studies, perfusate propranolol concentrations rose from 1.55 +/- 0.50 to 4.08 +/- 1.47 micrograms per ml (p less than 0.005), after 1 hr of hypoxia indicating a change in propranolol clearance from 15 ml per min to less than 6 ml per min. Reoxygenation resulted in a fall in perfusate propranolol concentrations towards control values (2.78 +/- 1.13 vs. 1.80 +/- 0.41 micrograms per ml, p greater than 0.1).(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS) PMID- 6724515 TI - Hepatocytes of Zones 1 and 3 conjugate sulfobromophthalein with glutathione. AB - The capacity of hepatocytes of Zones 1 and 3 of the liver acinus to conjugate sulfobromophthalein (BSP) with glutathione and to secrete the conjugate into bile was studied. BSP was infused into the in situ perfused rat liver in concentrations of 0.01 and 0.05 mM. Perfusions were performed either in the portal to hepatic vein direction (forward perfusion) or in the hepatic vein to portal vein direction (retrograde perfusion). Hepatocytes contributing to the uptake, metabolism and biliary secretion of BSP were directly assessed qualitatively by light microscopy, and also semiquantitatively by microspectrophotometry. BSP was taken up predominantly by hepatocytes of Zone 1 during forward perfusion and by those of Zone 3 during the retrograde perfusion of BSP. The biliary products of BSP metabolism by each acinar zone were subsequently assessed. Hepatocytes of both Zones 1 and 3 of the acinus secreted BSP into bile in the form of BSP-glutathione, and BSP-glutathione conjugate represented about 78% of the total BSP secreted into bile by each zone. The rate of BSP biliary secretion by both zones was similar at a concentration of 0.01 mM BSP, while a slight decrease (15%) in BSP secretory rate by hepatocytes of zone 3 was observed at concentrations of BSP near biliary Tm. Liver perfusion with exogenous BSP-glutathione provided results similar to those obtained with BSP. In contrast, the perfusion of 3,6- dibromosulphthalein , a compound which is not conjugated by hepatocytes, resulted in similar biliary secretory rates regardless of the direction of perfusion. These results indicate that: (a) the capacity for glutathione conjugation of BSP is distributed among hepatocytes of all acinar zones; (b) near biliary Tm, the biliary secretory rate of BSP by hepatocytes of Zone 3 is slower than that of hepatocytes of zone 1, and (c) in vivo, all hepatocytes likely contribute to the uptake, metabolism and biliary secretion of BSP. PMID- 6724516 TI - Resistance of the suckling guinea pig to lithocholic acid-induced cholestasis. AB - Although immaturity of the liver and synthesis of monohydroxy bile acids have been implicated as pathogenic factors in neonatal cholestasis, there is no direct evidence to show that these bile acids induce cholestasis in the newborn. In the present investigation, we compared the effects of lithocholic acid (LCA) injection on bile flow in suckling (2-week-old) and adult (12-week-old) guinea pigs. Bile flow was not modified by LCA in 2-week-old animals, but it was reduced by 50 to 80% in the adults, the decrease being dose-dependent. In the newborn, the injected LCA was mainly secreted in bile (greater than 90%), while in the adults it was distributed between the liver and bile. The percentage of biliary bile acids (as determined by gas-liquid chromatography) in the two groups was similar before and after LCA injection. Morphologic lesions characteristic of LCA induced cholestasis were observed only in the adult guinea pigs. This study demonstrates that the newborn guinea pig is less susceptible to cholestasis induced by 90 to 180 mumoles per kg body weight of lithocholate and that, in the neonatal liver, there is no defect in the transport of this bile acid from blood to bile. PMID- 6724517 TI - Effect of albumin binding on extraction of sulfobromophthalein by perfused elasmobranch liver: evidence for dissociation-limited uptake. AB - We investigated the role of serum albumin in the hepatic uptake of organic anions by determining the effect of added bovine albumin on sulfobromophthalein (BSP) uptake in skates, an animal which naturally lacks this protein. A single-pass perfused liver model was used to determine steady-state net uptake rates as the BSP or BSP and albumin concentrations were systematically varied. Results indicated that two different steps in the uptake process are capable of limiting the uptake rate depending on the albumin and BSP concentrations selected. At higher rates of uptake corresponding to higher BSP concentrations (up to 112 microM), saturation kinetics were observed as the BSP concentration was varied, with apparent Km and Vmax values which were independent of the albumin concentration (0.05 to 0.75%). These data suggest that under these conditions uptake is limited by a saturable step intrinsic to the liver. In contrast, for lower BSP concentrations and albumin concentrations below about 0.5%, a different kinetic pattern was seen which suggested that the rate-limiting step in uptake was transfer of BSP from albumin to the liver. The latter data were found to be consistent with a model in which the limiting step in the transfer process is spontaneous dissociation of the BSP from binding sites on albumin within the sinusoid. These results suggest that skate liver clears BSP from albumin solutions by a two-step mechanism in which dissociation from albumin is followed by a saturable process consistent with carrier-mediated transport. The albumin concentration and uptake velocity are important factors in determining which of these steps limits the uptake rate. Clearance is efficient and irreversible even though elasmobranch liver lacks high-affinity cytosolic binding proteins for BSP, and elasmobranch plasma does not normally contain albumin. PMID- 6724518 TI - Acute hepatitis A infection in hepatitis B chimpanzee carriers. AB - Two hepatitis B virus carrier chimpanzees which were superinfected with hepatitis A virus developed acute hepatitis followed by the production of antibodies to hepatitis A virus. The Southern blot technique employed to monitor liver hepatitis B virus DNA revealed that the amount of viral DNA in both animals was significantly reduced during the acute phase of hepatitis A infection. The levels of plasma hepatitis B DNA polymerase activity were also reduced in one chimpanzee. The high titers of HBsAg in the circulation remained unchanged throughout the study, and antibodies to the surface antigen and to e antigen were not detected. The morphological lesions in the liver were severe in one chimpanzee from whom one specimen showed both periportal focal necrosis and zonal parenchymal necrosis. PMID- 6724519 TI - Human aldolase B serum levels: a marker of liver injury. AB - A solid-phase, noncompetitive radioimmunoassay has been developed for aldolase B in human serum and tissues. Aldolase B was purified from human liver, and specific antisera to purified aldolase B were obtained from chickens. Specific antihuman aldolase B IgG was purified by affinity chromatography. Disposable polypropylene plates were coated with affinity purified specific IgG antibody and used for radioimmunoassay with 125I-specific IgG antibody to aldolase B. The nonspecific binding was minimized by saturating the binding sites of the plates with 2% ovalbumin in 0.1% Tween 20. This radioimmunoassay is specific for the aldolase B subunit, with no cross-reactivity with human aldolase A or aldolase C subunits. Aldolase B is predominantly found in normal liver. Relatively high aldolase B levels are also observed in kidney. Serum levels of aldolase B in 21 normal subjects ranged from 21 to 39 ng per ml, with a mean of 28.7 +/- 8.6 (2 S.D.) ng per ml. Forty of 42 (95%) patients with acute and chronic hepatitis without cirrhosis had serum aldolase B levels greater than 40 ng per ml. Serum aldolase B levels correlated well with total serum aldolase enzyme activities (r = 0.967) and SGPT (r = 0.951) in patients with liver diseases. In cancer patients, serum aldolase B was slightly elevated in 15 of 26 (58%) patients with cancer metastatic to the liver or primary liver cell carcinoma, whereas no elevation of serum aldolase B was observed in 16 cancer patients without liver metastasis. Measurements of aldolase B serum levels by radioimmunoassay appear to be a useful measure of liver cell necrosis from benign or malignant liver diseases. PMID- 6724520 TI - Simultaneous occurrence of hepatic adenoma and focal nodular hyperplasia: report of a case and review of the literature. AB - We report the case of a 28-year-old woman with a history of oral contraceptive use and the simultaneous occurrence of histologically proven hepatic adenoma and focal nodular hyperplasia. A review of the literature discloses that the simultaneous occurrence of these hepatic lesions is a rare event. Epidemiologic evidence suggests that hepatic adenomas are etiologically related to oral contraceptive use, whereas focal nodular hyperplasia does not seem to be caused by these agents. The finding of the two lesions in the same liver may represent the chance occurrence of two rare diseases. PMID- 6724521 TI - The role of brain capillaries in the pathogenesis of hepatic encephalopathy. PMID- 6724522 TI - The enigma of fulminant viral hepatitis. PMID- 6724523 TI - Purification and properties of phenylalanyl-tRNA synthetase from a higher plant (Phaseolus vulgaris). AB - Phenylalanyl-tRNA synthetase from beans (Phaseolus vulgaris) was purified 2 800 fold to homogeneity with a 16% overall yield by salting-out chromatography, salting-out affinity chromatography, gel filtration and chromatography on DEAE cellulose and hydroxylapatite. This combination minimizes potentially harmful effects of proteinases and products of the secondary metabolism of a green plant during the early steps. The molecular mass is 260 000 Da with a subunit structure of alpha 2 beta 2 (alpha = 59 000, beta = 70 000 Da). Enzymatic activity was optimal with 20mM Mg2+ and 10mM KCl at pH 6.5 and pH 8.5, depending on the buffer substance. Kinetic measurements at low temperature and steady-state kinetics indicate that the esterification of tRNA or a step preceding it, but not the activation, are rate-determining at pH 7.65. The cognate tRNAPhe is exclusively aminoacylated at the 2'-OH group. tRNAs from Escherichia coli and bean chloroplasts are not aminoacylated. No immunological relationship of the plant enzyme to other phenylalanyl-tRNA synthetases was revealed by immuno-diffusion and immunotitration with polyclonal antibodies raised against the enzymes from E. coli, yeast and hen liver. ATP analogs revealed a unique pattern of substrate properties with indication of conservation of ATP binding in the form of an ATP Mg2+ complex in the anti-conformation with a coordination of the cation to the nitrogen in position 7 of the purine moiety. PMID- 6724524 TI - Structural investigations on a peptide regulating hemopoiesis in vitro and in vivo. AB - Clonal growth in agar of myeloid committed stem cells (CFU-c) is inhibited by a specifically acting "hemoregulatory peptide" which had been isolated from human leukocytes. The inhibitory peptide is composed of aspartic acid, glutamic acid, lysine, cysteine and possibly glycine. It was [3H]carboxymethylated with [3H]iodoacetic acid. From the electrophoretic behaviour of this derivative at pH 1.9 a single positive charge and a molecular mass of about 600-650 Da could be inferred. This positive charge is lost after acetylation and is identified as the epsilon-amino group in the side chain of a lysine residue since the N-terminal group is a pyroglutamic residue. Electrophoresis of the native peptide at pH 6.5 reveals the presence of three carboxyl groups, two of which were localized in the N-terminal part of the molecule, while cysteine and lysine were located in the C terminal portion. Lysine was identified as the C-terminal residue by a double labeling technique applied to the Cys-[(3H]Cm)-containing fission peptide after partial hydrolysis. Uncertainties in the molecular mass determinations allow for the possible presence of a small residue without reactive side chain (glycine?) in the C-terminal portion of the molecule. The structure of the inhibitory peptide was thus determined as less than Glu-(Asp/Glu)-(Asp/Glu)-Cys-(Gly?)-Lys. This structure is supported by comparison with synthetic peptides. The analogue less than Glu-Glu-Asp-Cys-Lys has properties which are similar to those of the natural inhibitor. PMID- 6724525 TI - [Pre- and perinatal oxygen transport in mammals: the embryonic hemoglobins of the domestic pig (Sus scrofa domestica)]. AB - Pigs express two globin genes of beta-type, the epsilon- and chains during their embryonic stage. With the alpha- and epsilon-chains they form four embryonic hemoglobins. We describe here in detail the experimental procedures for sequencing the epsilon- and chains from the pig (Sus scrofa domestica) and we discuss the data with respect to their special functional properties. From the components Gower I and Heide I, we obtained all embryonic chains by chromatography on CM-Cellulose. The sequence of the tryptic peptides of the beta type chains was established by automatic Edman-Begg degradation. They were aligned by comparison with the corresponding human chains. The epsilon-chains from man and pig differ in 20 positions, porcine and epsilon-chains only in 4 positions. Up to now these have only been found in pigs. A fetal hemoglobin (gamma-chains) was not observed. As a result of this work the sequences of all peptide chains of pig's hemoglobin are determined. PMID- 6724527 TI - Further studies on a rapid protein hydrolysis method. AB - Proteins may be hydrolysed for amino-acid analysis by a trifluoroacetic acid/HCl mixture at 166 degrees C for 25 or 50 min. A number of uncommon amino acids and certain amino-acid derivatives were subjected to this procedure and their decomposition rates were determined. PMID- 6724526 TI - Effects of fasting on the distribution of cytoplasmic and nuclear oestrogen receptors in rat liver, uterus, pituitary and hypothalamus before and after exogenous oestrogen administration. AB - The accumulation of oestrogen receptors in the liver cell nuclei of intact female rats 45 min after administration of 100 micrograms 17 alpha-ethynyloestradiol-17 beta i.p., decreased progressively during a 72-h fast from 2550 +/- 860 to 257 +/ 67 fmol/mg DNA, a level not significantly different from that in uninjected animals. Cytoplasmic oestrogen receptor concentrations also decreased, but only to about 60% of the original level (from 84.1 +/- 27.5 to 50.3 +/- 2.09 fmol/mg protein during the fast). Similar differences were found when these parameters were examined in normally fed and 72-h-fasted ovariectomized rats. On the other hand these parameters were unaffected in uterus, pituitary and hypothalamus. Uterine cytoplasmic receptor concentrations remained at about 500 fmol/mg protein during the fasting period, those in the pituitary and hypothalamus at about 230 and 30 fmol/mg protein, respectively. Nor was in vivo translocation in these organs affected by fasting. Regardless of nutritional status, the nuclear oestrogen receptor concentrations in uterus rose from about 500 to 2000 fmol/mg DNA after ethynyloestradiol administration, those in the pituitary and hypothalamus from approximately 250 to 2000 and from 250 to 500 fmol/mg DNA respectively. PMID- 6724528 TI - Enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay for the ganglioside GM2-activator protein. Screening of normal human tissues and body fluids, of tissues of GM2 gangliosidosis, and for its subcellular localization. AB - An enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay was developed for the quantitation of the human activator protein for ganglioside GM2 degradation by beta-N-acetyl-D hexosaminidase A. With this assay, various tissues and body fluids of normal subjects and of patients with variant forms of GM2 gangliosidosis were screened for their GM2-activator content. The highest content of this protein was found in kidney. Tissues from patients with variant AB of infantile GM2 gangliosidosis contained only low levels (up to 5% of that of normal controls) of cross-reacting material. On subcellular fractionation of normal human skin fibroblasts, the activator was found to co-distribute with the lysosomal marker enzyme beta hexosaminidase. PMID- 6724530 TI - Fatty-acid-binding proteins. Occurrence of two fatty-acid-binding proteins in bovine liver cytosol and their binding of fatty acids, cholesterol, and other lipophilic ligands. AB - Fatty-acid-binding proteins (FABPs) are known as cytosolic binding sites for fatty acids and their CoA esters. Radioactively labeled and fluorescent fatty acids were used to locate and identify these proteins in bovine liver cytosol. The occurrence of two species of FABPs was demonstrated and these were designated pI6.0-FABP and pI7.0-FABP according to their isoelectric points in the delipidated state. Oleic acid/FABP binding ratios were 1 with pI6.0-FABP and 2 with pI7.0-FABP. Upon binding of oleic acid the isoelectric points of liganded FABPs shifted to pH 5.0-5.1 in each case. Both proteins were purified by removing nonbinding proteins by acid and heat denaturation and subsequent gel filtration. By making use of the pI shifts observed upon lipidation and delipidation of the binding proteins with ligand fatty acids, final purification was achieved in two fractionations by isoelectric focusing. The binding proteins (Mr 11 800 +/- 1 000) had similar amino-acid compositions (no Trp) and were not covalently modified by carbohydrate and fatty acid. Fatty acids and their CoA esters were complexed by either FABP, cholesterol only by pI-7.0-FABP, though non stoichiometrically. 16-(9-Anthroyloxy)palmitic acid was bound by pI-7.0-FABP in a 1:1 ratio and precluded the additional binding of a straight-chain fatty acid. Electrophoretic titration curves indicated dissociation of the oleic acid/pI7.0 FABP complex below pH 5.0. It appears that fatty acids and their CoA esters are the foremost binding partners of FABPs in vivo. The results are discussed in terms of a single binding site for fatty acids per molecule FABP. PMID- 6724529 TI - Bile-acid binding to isolated rat liver plasma membranes. Failure to find a specific binding site. AB - Bile-acid transport across the hepatocyte is an active Na-dependent process and specific putative binding sites on liver plasma membrane have been described. We studied cholic-acid binding to isolated liver plasma membranes over a wide concentration range. We found no saturability of binding over a concentration range of 0.001-2000 microM. We did demonstrate saturability of binding over a concentration range (1-30 nM) at pH 6.0 and 4 degrees C, but the saturability was an artifact caused by the increasing concentration of ethanol necessary to avoid precipitation of cholic acid at pH 6.0, 4 degrees C. We were unable to eliminate specific binding by heating the plasma membrane for 3 h at 37 degrees C, as other authors have. Although we were able to show a structural specificity of the bile acid uptake site on the isolated liver cells, we were unable to demonstrate a specific saturable bile-acid binding site on isolated liver plasma membranes. PMID- 6724531 TI - Single step purification of locust adipokinetic hormones I and II by reversed phase high-performance liquid chromatography, and amino-acid composition of the hormone II. AB - Locust adipokinetic hormones I (AKH I) and II (AKH II) are separated by reversed phase high-performance liquid chromatography using a mu-Bondapak phenyl column with a trifluoroacetic acid/acetonitrile gradient. The eluant was monitored at 210 nm and the hyperlipaemic activity was detected using a bioassay. The amino acid composition of AKH II was determined after acid hydrolysis with HCl or methane-sulfonic acid. It contained the following amino-acid residues in almost equimolar amounts: Asp, Ser, Glu, Gly, Ala, Leu, Phe and Trp. PMID- 6724533 TI - Histopathology of gastric carcinoids: a survey of 42 cases. AB - An unselected series of 42 gastric carcinoids has been reviewed. Clinically the tumours simulated common gastric lesions including ulcer, polyp and carcinoma. No endocrine symptoms were identified. The tumours were most frequent in the body of the stomach and in 25% in that site were multiple. Morphologically most tumours when classified according to Soga (1974) demonstrated a mixed growth pattern. Six tumours displayed an atypical morphology (type D): they were larger and metastasized more frequently than the rest of the tumours. Six tumours contained a few scattered argentaffinic cells but the others were negative indicating negligible serotonin secretion in only a few cases. The Grimelius argyrophilic reaction was positive in most cells in all tested tumours except in three, two of which showed atypical morphology (type D). It is suggested that gastric carcinoids with a type D morphology or a minority cell population of argyrophil cells are dedifferentiated carcinoids which are biologically nearer to gastric carcinomas. The most frequent clinicopathological correlation was achlorhydria linking pernicious anaemia and gastric carcinoids. This indicates pathogenetic similarities between gastric carcinoids and gastric carcinomas. PMID- 6724532 TI - The biochemistry of vitamin B6 is basic to the cause of the Chinese restaurant syndrome. AB - The concept of this basic research was that monosodium L-glutamate could reveal a deficiency of vitamin B6 by the neurological reactions known as the Chinese Restaurant Syndrome. An other amino acid, tryptophan, administered to subjects, is known to reveal a deficiency of vitamin B6 by the excretory xanthurenic acid, etc. The presence and degree of a deficiency of vitamin B6 in 155 students on no supplemental B6 was determined by the differential assay of aspartate transaminase of erythrocytes which also allows each subject to be a control. Twenty-seven of 155 students had extraordinarily low basal specific activities of the transaminase, less than 0.26 mumol pyruvate/(h X 10(8) erythrocytes). These 27 were challenged with glutamate and a placebo. Twelve of 27 revealed the Chinese Restaurant Syndrome, and 15 did not. By double blind trials, the 12 "responders" were treated with pyridoxine and a placebo for twelve weeks, and then were rechallenged with glutamate and a placebo. Decoding showed 3 of 12 received placebo to pyridoxine and then revealed the symptoms of the syndrome again to glutamate; 9 of 12 received pyridoxine and then 8 of 9 failed to respond to glutamate. These results show, p less than 0.01, that the symptoms of the Chinese Restaurant Syndrome to oral glutamate fail to reoccur after treatment which pyridoxine, and that the biochemistry of vitamin B6 is basic to the cause of the Chinese Restaurant Syndrome. PMID- 6724534 TI - Polystyrene sulphonates and aspiration pneumonia: a histochemical study. AB - The histochemical characteristics of a sulphonated polystyrene resin were investigated and compared with those of sulphonic acid residues derived from intrinsic tissue components. The major features of the resin particles were their direct Schiff positivity and basophilia. Unlike the tissue sulphonic acids, the resin particles failed to stain with alcian blue. Because of their acid nature, the particles may be responsible for the onset of an aspiration pneumonia if they are accidentally inhaled by debilitated patients. PMID- 6724535 TI - Epithelioid sarcoma: a tumor of myofibroblasts, or not? PMID- 6724536 TI - Metachromous intracranial neoplasms in an infant. PMID- 6724537 TI - Evaluating elderly outpatients with symptoms of dementia. PMID- 6724538 TI - Survey shows therapists misunderstand Tarasoff rule. PMID- 6724540 TI - An analysis of the therapeutic elements in a black church service. AB - Twenty members of an independent urban black church who frequently attended a midweek service were interviewed to determine the nature of their experiences during the service and to assess its psychological impact. The majority were relatively young, married, and from a Northern urban or Southern rural background. Their responses differed for each of four selected aspects of the service. Testimony was an ineffable and explicitly religious experience. Holy Ghost possession provided an emotionally ecstatic feeling that also produced a sense of relief. Dancing and speaking in tongues were intense individualistic experiences; speaking in tongues was a more explicitly religious phenomenon. The service as a whole imparted feelings of group closeness and strength. The authors note that participants' responses correspond to several curative factors associated with group psychotherapy and suggest that the black church service is a functional community mental health resource for its participants. PMID- 6724539 TI - Boy with seriously ill mother manifests somatic complaints, withdrawal, disabling fears. PMID- 6724541 TI - Somatoform disorders: before and after DSM-III. AB - The somatoform disorders were included as a new category of mental disorders in the third edition of the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders. The authors review the major features of somatization disorder, conversion disorder, psychogenic pain disorder, and hypochondriasis and present a survey of the recent literature about each. PMID- 6724542 TI - Residential treatment centers: peer review by APA and CHAMPUS. AB - The authors describe a nine-year collaboration between the American Psychiatric Association and CHAMPUS to ensure quality psychiatric treatment in residential treatment centers ( RTCs ). After discussing the development of RTCs and the effects of early peer review, the authors detail the development of the APA/ CHAMPUS peer review project. During the first five months of the project the reviewers found that RTC care under CHAMPUS was usually necessary and of adequate quality; however, the reviewers found limited medical presence and insufficient documentation at some centers. The authors endorse continued review by the APA/ CHAMPUS peer review project to ensure the appropriate utilization of RTC care. PMID- 6724543 TI - A follow-up study of nurses' reactions to physical assault. PMID- 6724544 TI - Using "problem patient" rounds to help emergency room staff manage difficult patients. PMID- 6724545 TI - Disulfiram and encephalopathy. PMID- 6724546 TI - Intelligence deficits in chronic patients. PMID- 6724547 TI - Diagnostic uses of DST. PMID- 6724548 TI - Closure increase predicted: is your hospital at risk? PMID- 6724549 TI - Malnutrition's financial impact severe. PMID- 6724550 TI - Malpractice arbitration is upheld in Michigan. PMID- 6724552 TI - Technology costs and rationing issues. PMID- 6724551 TI - High court relaxes exclusive-contract antitrust rules in Hyde. PMID- 6724553 TI - The four principal approaches to data processing and the satisfaction they provide. PMID- 6724554 TI - A survey of nursing service administrators--Part 1. PMID- 6724555 TI - Hospitals urged to back trustee liability bill. PMID- 6724556 TI - 'Cafeteria' benefit plans stifled. PMID- 6724557 TI - Special marketing wrap-up. PMID- 6724558 TI - The patient as guest: a competitive strategy. PMID- 6724559 TI - Radiology design: planning a functional department. PMID- 6724560 TI - The health product: a social marketing perspective. PMID- 6724561 TI - A new twist in hospitals' hotel services. PMID- 6724562 TI - Marketing the preferred provider organization. PMID- 6724563 TI - A survey of nursing service administrators--Part 2. PMID- 6724564 TI - The pathology in-service examination: current and future prospects. PMID- 6724565 TI - Host defense factors, tumor aggressiveness, and prognosis associated with carcinomas of the breast. AB - Analysis of disease-free survival rates in 405 women with operable breast cancers was undertaken in a five-year retrospective study; tumor aggressiveness and host defense factors ( HDF ) were evaluated by a histologic method. Tumors were classified as slightly, moderately, or highly aggressive carcinomas by a scoring method that takes into account several histologic features. The presence of absence of HDF was determined by nodal sinus histiocytosis in the regional axillary lymph nodes and by stromal mononuclear reaction in the primary tumor. Overall, women with positive HDF had better cumulative five-year survival rates (76 per cent) than women with negative HDF (49 per cent). The combination of highly aggressive tumors, metastatic lymph nodes, and negative HDF was associated with extremely poor five-year survival rates (1 per cent) compared with those observed for women with aggressive tumors, nodal metastases, and positive HDF (30 percent), P less than 0.001. In this group, patients with four or fewer metastatic nodes showed a recurrence rate of 28 per cent; however, if five or more nodes were involved, the recurrence rate was 93 per cent. This pattern in disease-free survival rates related to HDF was not found in slightly or moderately aggressive tumors with or without metastases or in aggressive tumors without metastases. In addition, there was no relation between the number of metastatic nodes and survival in patients with slightly or moderately aggressive tumors or with aggressive tumors and negative HDF . It is concluded that HDF influence survival only in aggressive tumors with metastases and that the inherent aggressiveness of the tumor is the main factor that determines prognosis. PMID- 6724566 TI - Inflammatory abdominal aortic aneurysm: report of six cases. AB - Six cases of inflammatory aneurysm of the abdominal aorta are described. All patients were male, aged 59 to 80 years, and five had symptomatic atherosclerotic cerebrovascular or cardiovascular disease. In three the diagnosis of inflammatory aneurysm was suggested preoperatively on the basis of computed tomographic or ultrasonographic scanning. On gross examination the aneurysm wall was about 1 cm thick and included an inner narrow layer of atherosclerotic plaque, which was contiguous with the outer thick fibroinflammatory component. Microscopically, this component consisted of fibroblasts and collagen, which entrapped fat, nerves, and lymph nodes and was infiltrated by lymphocytes and plasma cells. Plasma cells, lymphocytes, and fibroblasts predominated in four patients, while two showed abundant dense collagen with fewer inflammatory cells and fibroblasts. There was associated vasculitis, predominantly phlebitis, in three. Inflammatory aneurysms represent a distinct group of abdominal aortic aneurysms. PMID- 6724567 TI - Subgross pathologic features and incidence of radial scars in the breast. AB - Eighty-three breasts obtained at random autopsy, which were presumed to be at low risk for development of cancer, and 107 cancer-associated breasts (containing cancer or contralateral to cancer-containing breasts), which were presumed to be at high risk, were studied in their entirety using a subgross slicer method with histologic confirmation. Twelve breasts (14 per cent) from the random autopsy series had from one to 13 radial scars each, with an average of 7.7 radial scars per involved breast; the average number of radial scars per breast for the entire series of 83 breasts from the autopsy series was 1.1. Twenty-eight breasts (26 per cent) of those from cancer-associated series had from one to 31 radial scars each, with an average of 15.5 per involved breast; the average number of radial scars per breast for the entire series of 107 cancer-associated breasts was 4.4. Radial scars are observed in breasts from patients in the same age--37 to about 85 years--in both series. Atypical epithelial hyperplasia ( epitheliosis ) was less frequent and less severe in breasts from the random autopsy series than in the cancer-associated breasts. Invasive carcinoma was not found in step sections of any of the radial scars; however, carcinoma in situ of the ductal type was found in the radiating arms of one. It is concluded that the presence of radial scars is at least a "marker" for enhanced tissue risk for cancer development, in much the same manner that some other mammary dysplastic features are "markers." The data do not support or definitely negate the hypothesis that tubular carcinoma develops in radial scars and subsequently evolves into the more common types of cancer, as proposed by some authors. PMID- 6724568 TI - Multinodular oncocytoma of the parotid gland: a benign lesion simulating malignancy. AB - Oncocytomas of the salivary glands are rare. Occasionally, they are multinodular, which imparts a malignant appearance. Only eight such cases have been reported, and an additional case is reported herein. Dense cytoplasmic acidophilia is an important clue in the identification of the lesion. When this feature is lacking, the lesion may be mistaken for the more aggressive acinic cell tumor. Histochemical strains are not as useful as generally believed. Electron miscroscopy confirms the diagnosis by demonstrating an abundance of mitochondria. The presence of oncocytic cellular buddings from the intercalated ducts and ductules surrounding the tumor and the lobular oncocytic transformation were important aids in the recognition of multinodular oncocytoma. PMID- 6724569 TI - Dyssegmental dwarfism: a histologic study of osseous and nonosseous cartilage. AB - Dyssegmental dwarfism is probably an autosomal recessive, lethal, generalized chondrodysplasia; it is characterized by anisospondyly , shortening of long bones, and narrow chest. Maturation of chondrocytes at the epiphyseal plates is disturbed. The pathologic features of osseous and nonosseous cartilage in a stillborn female infant with dyssegmental dwarfism are described. The cartilage matrix of tubular bones, vertebrae, ilia , ribs, nose, larynx, and trachea showed acellular areas with accumulation of acid mucopolysaccharides and no increase in collagen fibers. The findings, although not pathognomonic, suggest that this type of dwarfism may be a generalized connective tissue disorder. The abnormal synthesis, structure, or secretion of the components of the cartilaginous matrix may lead to accumulation of acellular material in both skeletal and respiratory tract cartilage. PMID- 6724570 TI - Less utilization of the clinical laboratory produces disproportionately small true cost reductions. AB - Decreases in true expenses in the hospital clinical laboratory consequent to reduced utilization were estimated from four models. Each category of direct expense was adjusted according to projections and confirmed to the extent possible by actual experience. No projections of reductions in indirect expenses were made. Savings with reductions in utilization of 10 and 50 per cent of a single high-volume automated test amounted to 1.32 and 18.11 per cent of total expenses, respectively. Savings with reductions of 10 and 50 per cent in utilization of all tests amounted to 3.88 and 21.55 per cent, respectively. These modest savings should be important to the financial planning efforts of laboratory managers and institutional administrators confronted with cost reduction mandates. PMID- 6724571 TI - Monoclonal antibodies to the human mammary gland: III. Monoclonal antibody LICR LON-M18 identifies impaired expression and excess sialylation of the I(Ma) cell surface antigen by primary breast carcinoma cells. AB - Monoclonal antibody LICR -LON- M18 identifies the immunodominant oligosaccharide sequence of the I(Ma) blood-group antigen: Gal beta 1----4GlcNAc beta 1----6--. In primary breast cancers this structure is almost totally cryptic, due to "masking" by sialic acid, but can be revealed by digestion with the specific glycosidase neuraminidase. Following desialylation, light microscopic immunohistochemical examination has revealed the epitope identified by LICR -LON- M18 to be heterogeneously distributed throughout the population of breast carcinoma cells. These tumor cells express the antigen as both a cytoplasmic and a surface membrane determinant. In the normal human breast, this structure is expressed exclusively along the luminal plasma membranes of the duct and alveolar littoral epithelial cells. Desialylation of tissue sections of normal resting and lactating breast epithelium with neuraminidase virtually abolishes the heterogeneous intercellular distribution of the I(Ma) determinant. In desialylated nonneoplastic breast tissues, the expression of this antigen is observed within the cytoplasm of some myoepithelial cells, but not in the littoral epithelial cells. The expression of the I(Ma) antigen by neoplastic and normal breast epithelial cells has also been compared with that of the oligosaccharide sequence Gal beta 1----3GalNAc. This structure, recognized by peanut agglutinin, forms the dominant portion of the Thomsen-Friedenreich antigen. With respect to normal and lactating breast epithelial cells, both oligosaccharide structures are sialylated and appear to be similarly misprocessed by breast carcinomas. The masking of surface carbohydrate determinants and the faulty processing of structures usually expressed on the surface of non neoplastic breast epithelial cells may be important phenomena in the pathobiology of breast carcinomas. PMID- 6724572 TI - Squamous cell carcinoma of the breast: a clinicopathologic analysis of eight cases and review of the literature. AB - Malignant neoplasms of the female breast composed of squamous cells are rare and constitute a particularly poorly understood facet of breast disease. Two pure squamous cell carcinomas ( SCCs ) of the breast and six tumors that displayed various combinations of malignant squamous elements and ductal breast adenocarcinoma were identified. Electron microscopy confirmed the diagnosis of SCC in two cases by the demonstration of regularly spaced desmosomes, tonofilament bundles, and keratohyaline granules. A review of the literature indicated that breast cancers with components of SCC are histologically variable. Approximately 30 cases of pure SCC and 80 cases of mixed adenocarcinoma and SCC (adeno-SCC) have been reported. Some of these squamous epithelium-containing tumors have displayed areas of cyst formation, spindle cell metaplasia, and pseudosarcomatous desmoplastic response, or origins in preexisting breast lesions, such as cystosarcoma phyllodes or dermoid cysts. Although this variability indicates a heterogeneous group of neoplasms, the overall prognosis for carcinomas of the breast with malignant squamous elements appears to be quite similar to that for ordinary breast adenocarcinomas of similar size and stage. PMID- 6724573 TI - Radiation-induced changes in the breast. AB - Thirty-six postirradiation breast tissue specimens from 30 patients with breast cancer treated by primary radiation therapy were evaluated to define the effects of therapeutic doses of ionizing radiation on the residual non-neoplastic breast tissue. Breast tissue was sampled an average of 30.4 months after completion of therapy because of the development of new clinically or mammographically detectable abnormalities within the treated breasts. The average radiation dose was 6,399 rad to the primary tumor area and 4,778 rad to the remainder of the breast. Breast tissue sections from 35 nonirradiated patients served as control specimens. The most characteristic radiation effects consisted of atypical epithelial cells in the terminal duct lobular unit ( TDLU ) associated with lobular sclerosis and atrophy. These changes were present in all of the irradiated patients but varied in severity and extent among patients and within individual patients. This variation was not related to the presence or absence of carcinoma elsewhere in the specimen, radiation dose, patient age, time to postirradiation tissue sampling, or use of adjuvant chemotherapy. Epithelial atypia in larger ducts, stromal changes, and vascular changes were less frequent but were always accompanied by prominent TDLU changes. Radiation effects could usually be clearly distinguished from carcinoma involving the TDLU by the absence of both cellular proliferation and distention of the involved TDLU and by the preservation of cellular polarity and cohesion in areas of presumed radiation induced injury. Familiarity with these changes is of considerable practical importance in that they must be distinguished from new or recurrent neoplasms. PMID- 6724574 TI - Intraosseous schwannoma: histologic features, ultrastructure, and review of the literature. AB - Intraosseous schwannoma, a rare benign neoplasm, has a characteristic radiographic appearance. The histologic features, although similar to those of soft tissue schwannomas, may be obscure when the lesions are highly cellular and the Antoni Types A and B patterns are subtle. Four additional cases of intraosseous schwannoma are presented, with ultrastructural studies from two tumors, one of which was highly cellular and presented a diagnostic problem. The ultrastructural features of intraosseous schwannomas have not been documented previously; however, the findings are essentially the same as those observed in soft tissue schwannomas. The radiographic, histologic, and ultrastructural findings in the cases reported are discussed in relation to published data for intraosseous and soft tissue schwannomas. The authors propose that the comparatively high frequency of mandibular involvement by intraosseous schwannoma may be related to the fact that schwannomas, in general, arise most frequently in the head and neck regions. Furthermore, since schwannomas arise mainly in association with sensory nerves, probably the dearth of such fibers within bone accounts for the rarity of intraosseous schwannoma. PMID- 6724575 TI - Giant cell myocarditis after mitral valve replacement: case report and studies of the nature of giant cells. AB - A 22-year-old man with Marfan's syndrome and a history of antinuclear antibody positive hepatitis died 25 days after undergoing cardiac valve replacement surgery for mitral valve prolapse. Giant cell myocarditis was found at autopsy. The multinucleated giant cells were shown by immunoperoxidase techniques to contain lysozyme, but not myosin or creatine phosphokinase, suggesting that they were derived from macrophage, rather than myocyte, precursors. PMID- 6724576 TI - Neurosecretory-like granules in non-Hodgkin's malignant lymphomas. AB - A case of high-grade non-Hodgkin's malignant lymphoma with an immunologically proven B-cell origin is reported; 20 to 30 per cent of the neoplastic cells displayed electron-dense neurosecretory-like granules at the ultrastructural level. This observation confirms the existence of such a finding in lymphomatous growths and stresses its irrelevance in the differential diagnosis between non Hodgkin's malignant lymphomas and apudomas. PMID- 6724577 TI - Human chorionic gonadotropin-secreting pure dysgerminoma. AB - A young woman with a preoperative diagnosis of molar pregnancy was found to have a pure dysgerminoma in the right ovary. Immunohistochemical study of formalin fixed tissue revealed human chorionic gonadotropin-secreting small stromal cells. This is in contradistinction to previous reports of functioning dysgerminomas, in which the secretory activity was associated with the presence of syncytiotrophoblasts and chorionic tissue. Reports of ultrastructural and biochemical analyses of pure dysgerminomas confirming this observation are discussed. PMID- 6724578 TI - Intrauterine hydrosalpinx. AB - An unusual case of intrauterine hydrosalpinx is reported. The tube was greatly dilated and formed a large intramyometrial cyst. It was thought to be a leiomyoma with cystic degeneration but was shown to be a true cyst lined by tube-type epithelium. Because it simulated a neoplasm owing to its large size, the term " endosalpingoma " is proposed. The differential diagnosis with myometrial cysts is discussed. PMID- 6724579 TI - Nodular pulmonary amyloidosis with extrapulmonary involvement. AB - Although approximately 50 cases of nodular pulmonary amyloidosis have been described in the literature, few of them have involved bilateral confluent disease. An exceptional case with disease extensive enough to cause death by respiratory insufficiency is reported. A remarkable degree of calcification in the subpleural areas, with osseous and chondroid metaplasia, characterized the amyloid deposits. Amyloid was confined to the respiratory tract except for contiguous areas (vertebral body cortex, epicardial fat, and hilar lymph nodes). A review and update of the literature since 1974 is included. PMID- 6724580 TI - Diagnostic techniques and tumor classification. PMID- 6724581 TI - Diagnostic insonation of extra utero human placentas: no effect of lymphocytic sister chromatid exchange. AB - Freshly delivered human placentas were exposed to ultrasound for 30 min using a diagnostic linear array unit. Blood was then drawn and cultured in the presence of bromodeoxyuridine, and the frequencies of sister chromatid exchanges (SCE) in the lymphocytes determined. There was no statistically significant difference in SCE frequencies between control and exposed cells; the frequencies of SCEs per cell ranged from 4.50 to 6.02 for control and from 4.66 to 6.10 for exposed cells in five separate experiments. Positive control mitomycin C treated cells were significantly affected, with more than 50 SCEs per cell. PMID- 6724582 TI - Determination of aldehyde dehydrogenase phenotypes using hair roots: re examination. AB - The method for determination of human aldehyde dehydrogenase (ALDH) phenotypes by isoelectric focusing of hair root extracts was re-examined. In order to cancel irregularities stemming from various factors which are not related to the ALDH abnormality and to obtain reproducible results, the sample size for isoelectric focusing should be adjusted using mitochondrial malate dehydrogenase or isocitrate dehydrogenase as an internal reference. PMID- 6724583 TI - Contribution of reciprocal translocations to an understanding of chromosome displacement: inferences for studies of spatial order at metaphase. AB - Chromosome displacement was analysed in three different translocations. Two alternative hypotheses were examined: (1) Displacement is determined by the spatial ordering of chromosomes on the metaphase plate. (2) Displacement is a function of the gross physical property of chromosome size and does not reflect ordering. Predicted numbers of displacements were calculated for each chromosome for each of the two hypotheses and these were compared with the observed numbers of displacements using a chi 2 analysis. In the analysis for two of the three translocations, the first hypothesis was rejected whilst the alternative hypothesis was supported by all three analyses. It is concluded that chromosome displacement is a function of chromosome size and does not reflect spatial ordering at metaphase. Furthermore, it is suggested that many studies of apparent ordering at metaphase may merely reflect chromosome displacement. The analysis of displacement rates in all other chromosomes of the complement was undertaken in one of the translocation carriers. This showed no alteration of relative displacement rates. PMID- 6724584 TI - Synaptonemal complex studies in a mosaic 46,XY/47,XXY male. AB - We describe the results of synaptonemal complex (SCs) studies by light (LM) and electron microscopy (EM) in a sterile 46,XY/47,XXY male mosaic. Meiotic studies showed an arrest at the first spermatocyte level. Pachytene figures showed three types of cells: (1) cells with normal SCs, normal sex vesicle, and a 23,XY constitution; (2) cells with no sex vesicle, normal pairing of SCs, and a 24, (?) constitution; and (3) cells with a normal sex vesicle and fragmented SCs. PMID- 6724585 TI - Banding of unfixed mitotic chromosomes in suspension after release from human lymphocytes and fibroblasts. AB - Combined application during chromosome isolation of the non- or weakly fluorescent DNA-intercalators 4'-aminomethyl-4,5',8-trimethylpsoralen and daunomycin as stabilizers of mitotic chromosome structure, and the non intercalating DNA-binding fluorochromes DAPI and D287 /170 as producers of a visible banding pattern, resulted in clearly banded unfixed floating chromosomes. Chromosomes stabilized by intercalation appeared to be sufficiently stable to allow the reproduction of distamycin A/DAPI or netropsin/DAPI staining in suspension, thus highlighting specific heterochromatic regions on the floating chromosomes. The results of this study demonstrate that the inducibility of bands is an inherent characteristic of mitotic chromosome organization. Possible practical applications of these results in flow cytometry are discussed. PMID- 6724586 TI - Mean corpuscular hemoglobin is increased in Martin-Bell syndrome. AB - Studying the blood picture of 11 patients with Martin-Bell syndrome, we found the erythrocytes relatively hyperchromic when compared to the data from 171 matched controls living in the same institution. Because mean corpuscular hemoglobin is increased also in patients with folic acid deficiency states, we feel that our data provide further evidence that Martin-Bell syndrome is an inherited disease of folate metabolism. PMID- 6724587 TI - Four cases of partial trisomy 4p by preferential segregation in a familial 4p/17q balanced translocation. PMID- 6724589 TI - Clonal inheritance versus variability of rRNA gene activity in human fibroblasts. PMID- 6724590 TI - The inducible fragile site on chromosome 3. PMID- 6724588 TI - HLA antigens, glyoxalase I, and esterase D in Hong Kong Chinese. PMID- 6724591 TI - Clinical course in acute self-poisonings: a prospective study of 1125 consecutively hospitalised adults. AB - The clinical course in an unselected group of 1125 consecutively hospitalised self-poisonings was studied during 1 year in Oslo. Mortality was 0.5%, but only 0.3% in those admitted without cardiac and respiratory arrest. Mortality among those in grade IV coma was 4.2%. The deepest comas (grade III or IV) occurred in 25.1% of the admissions with a mean duration of the coma of 5.8 h (range 1-80). Complications occurred in 21.7% of the admissions and 6.9% suffered more than one complication of which the most frequent were respiratory depression (13.5%), hypotension (5.3%), pneumonia (4.4%), and hypothermia (1.6%). The complication rate was highest in poisonings with opiates (60.7%), meprobamate (37.5%) and antihistamines (30.0%). Arrhythmias and respiratory depression were closely associated with poisonings with antidepressants and opiates, respectively. Owing to frequent polydrug overdoses it was difficult to associate other complications with other main toxic agents. Administration of antidotes (20.6%), cuffed intubation (4.4%) and forced alkaline diuresis (3.4%) were the most frequent special therapeutic measures taken. The change in pattern of self-poisonings in Oslo focuses on antidote therapy and intensive care, especially outside hospital, but limits the need for haemodialysis and haemoperfusion which were performed in only 1.0% of the admissions. PMID- 6724592 TI - Elevation of mercury in human blood from controlled chronic ingestion of methylmercury in fish. AB - The relationship between the intake of methylmercury in fish and mercury in blood has been investigated in man. The intakes of methylmercury were carefully controlled and lay in the range 40-230 micrograms/day, the Provisional Tolerable Weekly Intake is equivalent to about 30 micrograms/day. The results indicate that a daily intake of 1 microgram methylmercury would, at equilibrium, produce a blood mercury concentration of 0.8 micrograms/kg. There is a good close-to-linear correlation between methylmercury intake and blood mercury concentrations within the wide range of intakes employed. PMID- 6724593 TI - Monitoring of adverse drug reactions by means of autopsy tissue examination. AB - Morphologic examination of autopsy tissue specimens was undertaken to establish the incidence of adverse drug reactions in a population of hospitalised patients. By removal of subjective bias recording of adverse reactions, the incidence of toxic tissue manifestations was 33%. In those reactions classified as definitely linked to a specific causative agent males between the ages of 41 and 60 displayed the highest frequency of adverse effects. In the probable and possible categories the incidence of toxic manifestations was equal amongst both sexes and highest in patients over 40 y. Regardless of the type of adverse reaction the most common causative agent identified was alcohol and hepatic tissue was primarily altered morphologically. Unlike the conventional mechanism used to monitor adverse drug reactions, autopsy tissue examination provides a system of measurement of toxic manifestations to both prescription as well as non prescription compounds. PMID- 6724594 TI - A new approach to the classification of substances and preparations on the basis of their acute toxicity. A report by the British Toxicology Society working party on toxicity. PMID- 6724595 TI - A prospective study of 1212 cases of acute poisoning: general epidemiology. AB - A prospective multicentre study of all acute poisonings among adults admitted to hospital (n = 1145) or dying outside hospital (n = 67) in Oslo was performed during 1980. Of the 1212 episodes, 98.3% were self-poisonings, giving an annual incidence of 2.8 per 1000 inhabitants (0/00), 3.1 0/00 in males and 2.6 0/00 in females. The main toxic agents among the self-poisoned patients were ethanol (19.7%), benzodiazepines (17.8%), opiates (14.9%), neuroleptics (10.4%) and antidepressants (9.3%). In 58.9% of the episodes more than one toxic agent was taken. Abuse among the self-poisoned patients was significantly (p less than 0.005) more common among males than females (64.2 v. 34.5%). The rate of suicide attempts was significantly (p less than 0.005) higher among females than males (20.2 v. 12.9%), females showing increasing rate with age. However, when excluding abusers the rate of suicide attempts was similar in both sexes (27.6 v. 25.0%). Compared to a reference population self-poisonings were most common in the lower middle and the lowest social classes. Patients in these social classes, however, showed a lower rate of suicide attempts than those in the two highest social classes. Overall mortality was 6.0% (n = 73), but 91.8% of all deaths occurred outside hospital indicating the importance of including these figures when self-poisonings are studied. PMID- 6724596 TI - Special issue on hyperthermia and cancer therapy. PMID- 6724597 TI - Regional hyperthermia with an annular phased array. PMID- 6724598 TI - Regional hyperthermia with an annular phased array in the experimental treatment of cancer: report of work in progress with a technical emphasis. PMID- 6724599 TI - An ultrasound system for local hyperthermia using scanned focused transducers. PMID- 6724600 TI - Experience with a multitransducer ultrasound system for localized hyperthermia of deep tissues. PMID- 6724601 TI - Inference of complete tissue temperature fields from a few measured temperatures: an unconstrained optimization method. PMID- 6724602 TI - Applications of NMR imaging in hyperthermia: an evaluation of the potential for localized tissue heating and noninvasive temperature monitoring. PMID- 6724603 TI - Multiple sensor optical thermometry system for application in clinical hyperthermia. PMID- 6724604 TI - Frequency-dependent absorption of electromagnetic energy in biological tissue. PMID- 6724605 TI - A hyperthermia system using a new type of inductive applicator. PMID- 6724606 TI - New low-profile applicators for local heating of tissues. PMID- 6724607 TI - Hyperthermia for the engineer: a short biological primer. PMID- 6724608 TI - Focused array hyperthermia applicator: theory and experiment. PMID- 6724609 TI - Focusing of 915 MHz electromagnetic power on deep human tissues: a mathematical model study. PMID- 6724611 TI - Intracranial microwave hyperthermia: heat induction and temperature control. PMID- 6724610 TI - Localized hyperthermia in the treatment of malignant brain tumors using an interstitial microwave antenna array. PMID- 6724612 TI - Usable frequencies in hyperthermia with thermal seeds. PMID- 6724613 TI - Observations on the use of ferromagnetic implants for inducing hyperthermia. PMID- 6724614 TI - Implication of blood flow in hyperthermic treatment of tumors. PMID- 6724615 TI - Development of a family of RF helical coil applicators which produce transversely uniform axially distributed heating in cylindrical fat-muscle phantoms. PMID- 6724616 TI - Inhibition of growth of mammalian cell cultures by extracts of arginine-utilizing mycoplasmas. AB - Mechanisms of the inhibition of growth of mammalian cell cultures caused by mycoplasmal infection were investigated by using cell-free extracts of 14 species of mycoplasmas. In four mammalian cell lines tested, the growth of two cell lines, FM3A and MDCK, was inhibited by the extracts of arginine-utilizing mycoplasmas, whereas that of the other two cell lines, Vero and LLC-MK2, was not inhibited by extracts of either arginine- or glucose-utilizing mycoplasmas. These results suggest that there are two types of cell cultures, one susceptible and the other insusceptible to arginine-utilizing mycoplasmas. In a series of experiments using FM3A cells, it was found that the growth inhibition caused by the extracts of arginine-utilizing mycoplasmas was due to removal of arginine from the medium by the action of arginine deiminase present in the extracts and that none of the metabolic products of arginine had any effect on the growth. A highly positive correlation (r = 0.96, P less than 0.01) was observed between the activity of arginine deiminase and the growth-inhibiting activity of extracts of arginine-utilizing mycoplasmas. PMID- 6724617 TI - Effect of asparaginase on cell membranes of sensitive and resistant mouse lymphoma cells. AB - High concentrations of Escherichia coli asparaginase (80 U/ml) altered the binding of concanavalin A (Con A) to L 5178Y murine lymphoma cells that are sensitive to the cytotoxic action of this enzyme. Incubation of the asparaginase sensitive line in asparagine-free media or media containing Acinetobacter glutaminase-asparaginase did not alter the Con A binding of these cells. Escherichia coli asparaginase had no effect on Con A binding of two asparaginase resistant L5178Y cell lines that were isolated and maintained in asparagine depleted or asparaginase containing medium. The E. coli asparaginase preparation inhibited protein and glycoprotein biosynthesis to comparable degrees. It did not have proteolytic or glycolytic activity. Escherichia coli asparaginase did not alter the binding of wheat germ, soybean or ricin agglutinins to any of these cell lines. These data suggest that high concentrations of E. coli asparaginase have a specific effect on the Con A receptor in the sensitive line. PMID- 6724618 TI - Inhibition of growth and decreased survival of B104 rat neuroblastoma cells after exposure to hyperbaric oxygen. AB - The toxic effects of hyperbaric oxygen (HBO) on growth and survival of B104 rat neuroblastoma cells were investigated. Cells in log phase growth were incubated at 37 degrees C with 10 atm O2 for 1 to 4 h. After exposure to HBO, cells were monitored for their subsequent growth and survival. Two hours of exposure caused a slowing of growth, which returned to normal by the end of the 7th d of the postexposure period. Exposures to O2 of 3 h or longer caused a complete cessation of growth for 4 d after the exposure and very little or no recovery after this period. Increased hydrostatic pressure for 6 h using helium as the inert gas had no effect on growth. A colony formation assay was used to quantitate the degree of cell death induced by HBO. The resulting survival curve was of the exponential type with a broad shoulder between 0 to 2.5 h of exposure to 10 atm O2. The curve fell off sharply at 2.5 h with an exponential decrease in survival when the exposure to HBO was extended to 4 h. At 2 h about 50% of cells were killed, but at 4 h only 2% survived the treatment. These results show that the depression of the growth rate by HBO is related to the number of cells that are killed by the exposure. This system provides a model in which the molecular and cellular effects of HBO can be investigated. PMID- 6724619 TI - Maintenance and characterization of human myometrial smooth muscle cells in monolayer culture. AB - Human myometrial cells were dispersed from uterine tissue by limited enzymatic digestion of myometrium that was obtained at the time of hysterectomy. The dispersed myometrial cells that are obtained in this manner can be maintained in monolayer culture in the presence of medium that contains fetal bovine serum. In primary culture, as well as after passage, the characteristics of these cells are morphologically and biochemically similar to those of smooth muscle cells and myometrial tissue. PMID- 6724620 TI - Detection of mycoplasmas infecting cell cultures by DNA hybridization. AB - Infection of cell cultures by mycoplasmas can be detected and the mycoplasma identified by Southern blot hybridization of the Eco RI-digested DNA of the suspected cell cultures with a nick-translated probe consisting of cloned ribosomal RNA genes of Mycoplasma capricolum. The probe does not hybridize with eukaryotic DNA. The hybridization pattern with mycoplasmal DNA is species specific, enabling the identification of the four most prevalent mycoplasma contaminants, Mycoplasma orale, Mycoplasma hyorhinis, Mycoplasma arginini, and Acholeplasma laidlawii. The test is also very sensitive and can detect as little as 1 ng of mycoplasmal DNA, roughly equivalent to the DNA content of 10(5) mycoplasmas. PMID- 6724622 TI - Selective elimination of fibroblasts from cultures of normal human melanocytes. AB - The main obstacle to establishing pure normal human melanocytes in vitro is contamination of the cultures by fibroblasts. The obstacle can be overcome by selective destruction of fibroblasts with geneticin ( G418 sulfate). Treatment of mixed cultures with this drug at a concentration of 100 micrograms/ml for two days results in pure cultures of normal human melanocytes. PMID- 6724621 TI - Altered growth properties of normal human cells induced by phorbol 12,13 didecanoate. AB - The tumor promoter phorbol 12,13-didecanoate (PDD) significantly altered the growth properties of early passage normal human skin cells in vitro in culture medium supplemented with elevated concentrations of selected amino acids. Continuous treatment of cells with 10(-7) or 10(-8) M PDD resulted in a 5 to 10 fold increase in saturation density at early passages followed by a long-term two to fourfold increase. The PDD-treated cultures remained in exponential growth at cell densities greater than 10-fold higher than the control cultures. Removal of PDD from the culture medium while the cells were at a high cell density resulted in a return to near-normal saturation density by the subsequent passage. Anchorage independent growth of normal human cells in methylcellulose was also promoted by PDD in a dose dependent manner, with prior subculturing in the presence of PDD being required for maximal colony formation. The structural analog 4 alpha-phorbol 12,13-didecanoate failed to elicit similar cellular responses. PMID- 6724623 TI - Liver glycogen depletion in acute myocarditis produced by scorpion venom (buthus tamulus). PMID- 6724624 TI - Digoxin induced arrhythmias and electrolytes. PMID- 6724625 TI - Serum phospholipid pattern in patients with ischaemic heart disease. PMID- 6724626 TI - Kole's cardioplegia unit. PMID- 6724627 TI - Pheochromocytoma presenting as recurrent syncope resulting from ventricular tachycardia--an unusual presentation. PMID- 6724628 TI - Recurrent paradoxical embolism in Eisenmenger syndrome. PMID- 6724629 TI - Familial hyperlipidaemia with multiple xanthomatosis and euthyroid sick syndrome. PMID- 6724630 TI - Immunological phenomena in tropical endomyocardial fibrosis. PMID- 6724631 TI - Echocardiography (M-mode, 2-D and pulsed Doppler) in diagnosis of absent pulmonary valve syndrome. PMID- 6724632 TI - Clinical thromboembolism, atrial dysrhythmia and left atrial thrombus in surgically treated patients with mitral valve disease. PMID- 6724633 TI - Serum total cholesterol in normal and goitrous children. PMID- 6724634 TI - Adherence and migration of guinea pig granulocytes after enzyme treatment of the cell surface. AB - Glycogen-induced polymorphonuclear granulocytes (PMN) from the peritoneal cavity of guinea pigs were examined (1) for their adherence to nylon fibers in the absence and presence of the adherence-enhancing chemotactic peptide formyl methionyl-leucyl-phenylalanine (f-MLP), (2) for their random migration through the filter of a Boyden chamber and (3) for their chemotactic migration towards f MLP. The cells were analyzed before and after treatment with the enzymes neuraminidase, papain and trypsin. PMN adhesiveness was increased by neuraminidase digestion but reduced by treatment with the proteolytic enzymes. Neuraminidase and trypsin had no effect on cell migration, while papain reduced random migration without affecting f-MLP-induced chemotaxis. The data suggest that the type of adherence measured by the nylon fiber method differs from the temporary attachment of cells migrating through a chemotaxis filter towards an attracting substance. PMID- 6724635 TI - Studies on the level of natural antibodies reactive with various tumor cells during urethane carcinogenesis in BALB/c mice. AB - Serum from young normal BALB/c mice was found to contain IgM antibodies able to mediate complement-dependent lysis of certain syngeneic or allogeneic tumor target cells. The titer of such naturally occurring antitumor antibodies ( NATA ) was found to increase with aging. A longitudinal serological study comparing the cytotoxicity potential of NATA from normal and from urethan-treated BALB/c mice was performed. It was found that urethan-treated mice that did not develop primary lung-adenomas within the duration of the experiment had significantly lower NATA titers, against one out of 4 target cells assayed, than urethan treated animals that developed lung adenomas. This difference was evident in two independent experiments. The results suggested that the lower NATA activity of the urethan-treated mice that did not develop tumors existed even before exposure to the carcinogenic insult. This raises the possibility that certain populations could be segregated according to their natural antibody profile into those individuals which will develop primary tumors within a certain period if exposed to a subthreshold amount of carcinogen, and those which will not. PMID- 6724636 TI - Formation of EAC142 and EAC1423 with macrophage culture supernatant containing the secreted complement components C1 to C3. AB - Culture supernatants of thioglycollate-elicited guinea pig peritoneal macrophages contained hemolytic C1, C4, C2 and C3, whereas hemolytic C5, C6, C7, C8 or C9 were not detected. Activity of C1, C2 and C3 increased up to a 48 h culture period, whereas C4 activity already declined in 2 day old cultures. After secretion, the hemolytic activity of C1 was least stable in culture supernatant. Sensitized sheep erythrocytes (EA) when incubated with culture supernatant initiated activation and functional cooperation of secreted C1 to C3 as indicated by formation of EAC142 and EA1423 intermediates. Decay and regeneration with purified C2 was shown for EAC142 and deposition of C3 fragments on EAC1423 was demonstrated with anti-C3. On an average, supernatants of 2 day old macrophage cultures were most suitable for formation of EAC142 and EAC1423 . The rate of EAC142 and EAC1423 formation, and also of C2 and C3 inactivation, during incubation of EA with culture supernatant was slow; addition of purified C1 to culture supernatant, however, greatly enhanced the same reactions of EA with supernatant which indicated that C1 was the rate limiting factor. Local secretion of hemolytic C1, C4, C2 and C3 by macrophages may have an important role in antimicrobial defense mechanisms due to the well-known functional cooperation between macrophages and activated C3. PMID- 6724637 TI - IgG subclasses in collagen-induced arthritis in the rat. AB - Using a solid-phase double-antibody radioimmunoassay IgG antibodies to native bovine type II collagen were measured as total IgG and as subclasses of IgG (IgG1, IgG2a, IgG2b, IgG2c ) in arthritic and non-arthritic Sprague-Dawley rats. Statistically significant differences were observed between arthritic and non arthritic animals for IgG1, IgG2a, IgG2b and total IgG. The significance of these results and their possible relevance to the human disease are discussed. PMID- 6724638 TI - Decay of granulocyte adherence following isolation from human blood. AB - We studied the rate of decay of granulocyte adherence following isolation from human blood using the nylon-fibre microcolumn technique recently developed in our laboratory. The decay in adherence was found to be evident by 6 h, pronounced by 24 h, and very substantial by 48 h. This decay in adherence can be reversed by incubation at 4 degrees C instead of 37 degrees C. It can also be retarded by incubation with both superoxide dismutase and 2,3-dihydroxybenzoic acid. The data suggests that peroxidation of the granulocyte membrane is a possible mechanism for the decay in granulocyte adherence. These results provide further insight into biological aspects of granulocyte activity, and have implications for the laboratory evaluation of granulocyte function. PMID- 6724639 TI - Indomethacin augments inhibitory effects of interferons on lymphoproliferative response. AB - Lectin-induced lymphoproliferative response was enhanced by the addition of indomethacin to the culture and in contrast, suppressed by the addition of interferon. However, when indomethacin and interferon were concomitantly present in the lectin-driven cultures, the suppressive effect of interferon on the lymphocyte blastogenesis surpassed the enhancing effect of indomethacin on the response. Furthermore, and unexpectedly, the inhibitory effect on the response due to interferon was definitely augmented in the presence of indomethacin as compared with the response in the absence of indomethacin. PMID- 6724640 TI - 2-Mercapto-ethanol enhancement of agglutination reaction--a possible in vitro serological correlate for assessment of functional immunity in simian malaria. AB - Conventional indirect haemagglutination test was performed in rhesus monkey sera (collected from Plasmodium knowlesi infected animals) with and without prior treatment of sera with 2-mercapto-ethanol (2-ME). Surprisingly, many sera samples showed significant enhancement of final titre with 2-ME. The 2-ME enhancement effect was more pronounced in the sera of hyperimmune monkeys on further injection of antigen or parasites. It was also noticeable in the sera during primary drug-suppressed P. knowlesi infection and appeared to have a bearing on the immune status of the animals to rechallenge. The use of a soluble antigen prepared from P. knowlesi infected erythrocytes was found to be essential in IHA test to demonstrate the 2-ME enhancement effect. Antigen prepared from freed parasites (commonly used) failed to show a similar effect in IHA. The possible role of certain T-lymphocyte products - antigen binding, non-agglutinating, 2-ME sensitive molecules - in malarial immunology has been proposed. PMID- 6724641 TI - Serum-free medium for hybridoma and parental myeloma cell cultivation: a novel composition of growth-supporting substances. AB - Serum-free chemically defined medium for hybridoma and parental myeloma cultivation was developed on the basis of testing of individual substances supporting hybridoma growth under serum-free conditions. Optimized concentrations of transferrin, insulin, ethanolamine, linoleic acid, serum albumin, ascorbic acid, hydrocortisone, and trace elements could substitute serum. Developed serum free hybridoma (SFH) medium differs from analogous previously described media mainly by a more complete combination of growth-supporting supplements and by the presence of ascorbic acid and hydrocortisone. Growth comparable with that in the medium supplemented with 10% bovine serum was achieved with four hybridomas and two myelomas. SFH medium was also suitable for long-term cultivation of hybridomas without cessation of monoclonal antibody production. Growth potency and the specific growth requirements of hybridomas in serum-free medium are, to a large degree, determined by parental myeloma. PMID- 6724642 TI - Independent regulation of serologically distinct idiotypes in F1 hybrid mice. AB - We have investigated the regulation of expression of two distinct intrastrain cross-reactive idiotypes, CRIA and CRIC , characteristic of anti-p azophenylarsonate (anti-Ar) antibodies of the A/J and BALB/c strains, respectively, in (BALB/c X A/J)F1 ( CAF1 ) mice. Such hybrid mice were found to synthesize antibodies with each idiotype when immunized against the Ar hapten group, although the expression of each was significantly reduced as compared with the parental strain. CAF1 mice were pretreated with idiotypic-specific antibody reagents and subsequently hyperimmunized against the Ar hapten. Analysis of the idiotypes present in immune sera showed that suppression of either CRI did not concomitantly suppress the expression of the other. Alteration of the expression of one idiotype was not, however, without influence on the other; the expression of CRIC was markedly enhanced in mice suppressed for CRIA. PMID- 6724644 TI - Plasma & erythrocyte lipids in experimental jaundice in albino rats. PMID- 6724643 TI - Role of H-2 and non-H-2 genes in the control of blood magnesium levels. AB - Red blood cell (RBC) and plasma (P) magnesium levels have been determined in 372 male mice of 13 inbred and H-2 congenic strains with C3H or B10 genetic backgrounds. Several groups of individuals belonging to the same strains have been tested at various times over a 2-year period to verify the results. Time and interstrain variations are highly significant for both RBC and P Mg. Statistical analyses made either with or without corrections for the time effect show that the largest variations are due to the genetic background (P less than 10(-10) ), the effect of the H-2 complex being smaller but nevertheless highly significant (P less than 10(-4) to 10(-6) ), except for the RBC Mg of the strains with B10 background. These findings can be compared with those previously obtained in man, and they demonstrate the high heritability of blood Mg concentration and its association with the major histocompatibility complex or with closely linked genes. PMID- 6724645 TI - Epidemic haemorrhagic conjuctivitis in a rural community of Goa. PMID- 6724647 TI - Anti-anaphylactic activity of chloroquine. PMID- 6724646 TI - Effect of chloroquine on the peroxide scavenging enzymes glutathione level & lipid peroxidation in rat erythrocytes. PMID- 6724648 TI - Neem oil as a vaginal contraceptive. PMID- 6724649 TI - Protective antibodies to fenitrooxon. PMID- 6724651 TI - Isolation & characterization of Yersinia enterocolitica from patients of gastroenteritis. PMID- 6724650 TI - Effect of Emblica officinalis on cholesterol-induced atherosclerosis in rabbits. PMID- 6724652 TI - Evaluation of a selective blood agar medium for recovery of haemolytic streptococci from throat cultures. PMID- 6724653 TI - Determination of protein requirements on vegetarian diet in healthy female volunteers. PMID- 6724654 TI - Iron deficiency in beta-heterozygous thalassaemia. PMID- 6724655 TI - Effect of carbamazepine & its combinations on thyroid functions in epileptics. PMID- 6724656 TI - Occult hypothyroidism in subjects with short stature. PMID- 6724657 TI - A morphological study of experimental cerebral atherosclerosis in rhesus monkeys. PMID- 6724658 TI - Prostate cancer--not a benign malignancy. PMID- 6724659 TI - Safety of oral rehydration solutions in non-cholera diarrhoea. PMID- 6724660 TI - Lack of an effect of dietary saturated fat and cholesterol on blood pressure in normotensives. AB - The effect on blood pressure (BP) levels of modifying the saturated fat and cholesterol content in the diet was studied in two separate protocols in normotensive volunteers. For 3 months, 19 men and women, aged 14 to 54 years, adhered to a diet that eliminated meat, poultry, eggs, and dairy fat from the subjects' customary nonvegetarian diet, which had included 71 g/day (35%) of dietary fat. The experimental diet reduced the consumption of saturated fat from 21 to 10 g, dietary cholesterol was lowered from 398 to 69 mg per day, but consumption of polyunsaturated fatty acids, carbohydrates, and dietary fiber was unchanged. Body weight and urinary sodium and potassium excretion were not significantly altered. Mean BP before and after the low fat diet was 116/74 and 115/74 mm Hg, respectively. A second double-blind study tested the effect on BP of dietary cholesterol at levels of 155 and 471 mg/day. Seventeen semivegetarian college students consumed one egg per day concealed in desserts for 3 weeks, and identical desserts containing no eggs for an additional 3 weeks. Mean BP at the end of the egg and eggless periods was 108/69 and 107/69 mm Hg, respectively. Thus, in short-term nutritional studies, dietary saturated fat and cholesterol at low-to-moderate levels of intake have no significant effects on BP in normotensive adults. PMID- 6724661 TI - Stability of blood pressure in vegetarians receiving dietary protein supplements. AB - Vegetarians have relatively low blood pressure (BP) levels and consume less protein than do nonvegetarians , and there have been suggestions that certain proteins may raise BP. To determine whether dietary protein supplements raise the BP of vegetarians, 58 g/per day of a 60:40 mixture of soy and wheat proteins and an isocaloric low protein supplement supplying 7 g/day of rice protein were added for 6-week periods to the diet of 18 vegetarians in a 2-group crossover design. Mean daily protein intake during consumption of the low and high protein supplements was 63 and 119 g, respectively. Mean BP was 109/72 mm Hg after the high protein and 108/71 mm Hg after the low protein diet. Consumption of other major nutrients, mean body weight, and sodium and potassium excretion did not change significantly. Thus, protein supplementation of a vegetarian diet that contained a below average but nutritionally adequate amount of protein did not significantly affect BP over 6 weeks. PMID- 6724662 TI - Effect of antihypertensive treatment on the behavioral consequences of elevated blood pressure. AB - It was shown in a prior study that mildly hypertensive patients performed significantly less effectively on several sensory-perceptual, cognitive, and psychomotor tests than did matched normotensive controls. To determine whether these deficits are attributable to elevated blood pressure per se, hypertensive and control subjects were recalled for reexamination 15 months after the original tests. Results indicated that those hypertensives in whom blood pressure had been lowered with antihypertensive drugs showed significant restoration of performance scores toward the levels of normotensive subjects. Hypertensives who had not received active treatment remained deficient as compared with controls. These results indicated that behavioral deficits in mild hypertension may be reversible consequences of the effects of elevated blood pressure on the central nervous system. PMID- 6724663 TI - Evaluation of the Remler M2000 blood pressure recorder. Comparison with intraarterial blood pressure recordings both at hospital and at home. AB - The Remler M2000 is a semiautomated device that has been used to collect epidemiological data and assess blood pressure variability. It has been subjected to limited evaluation in operation, however, and no studies of its accuracy away from the hospital or office environment have been undertaken. We recruited a group of 28 patients with essential hypertension who were undergoing intraarterial ambulatory blood pressure monitoring and compared the intraarterial recordings with those made with the Remler instrument both at home and in the hospital. The Remler recordings were also compared with simultaneous indirect blood pressure measurements made with the random zero sphygmomanometer. The mean difference between the Remler and intraarterial blood pressure recordings was 3/7 in the hospital and 7/0 at home. All standard deviations were greater than 10 mm Hg, indicating large between-subject variability. Overall, the relationship of the Remler M2000 readings to intraarterial pressures was as close if not closer than standard indirect sphygmomanometry and thus might provide useful data for epidemiological surveys or drug trials. It would appear that for accurate measurement of short-term blood pressure variation and 24-hour recording, intraarterial recording is the method of choice. PMID- 6724664 TI - Additive effects of aldosterone with vasopressin or angiotensin. AB - Rat tail arteries were incubated overnight in potassium (K)-free physiological saline solution (PSS) at 10 degrees C, then returned to normal aerated PSS at 37 degrees C for a 3-hour recovery period followed by standard chemical analysis. Cell sodium (Na) was measured following replacement of extracellular Na by lithium (Li) at 3 degrees C. The addition of aldosterone at 10(-7) M reduced free cell Na by about 3 mmol/kg dry weight (about 20%). Arginine vasopressin also lowered cell Na to the same degree. The minimal effective dose was about 25 pM (25 pg/ml, 0.01 mU/ml), and the maximal dose was about 250 pM. No effect was seen with higher doses (greater than 1.5 nM or 0.5 mU/ml). Tissues incubated in media containing 10(-7) M aldosterone showed an exaggerated response to vasopressin evidenced by a near doubling of the maximum fall in cell Na produced by a tenfold smaller dose (25 pM). No significant change in cell K was observed while cell water tended to increase with lower doses. Angiotensin produced a similar reduction of cell Na at the same dose levels as vasopressin and was similarly additive with aldosterone. We suggest that these hormones enhance the transport of Na from luminal to basal sides of polarized cells and from cells to environment in symmetrical cells. PMID- 6724665 TI - Rapid cyclic fluctuations of blood pressure associated with an adrenal pheochromocytoma. AB - We present a patient with an adrenal pheochromocytoma with an unusual pattern of periodic alternating hypertension and hypotension. Alpha-adrenergic blockade alone failed to affect this pattern, which was abolished only after fluid repletion. The efficacy of volume expansion in ultimately correcting the wide fluctuations of blood pressure implicates a possible reflex neurogenic mechanism for the cyclic changes in blood pressure attributable to intravascular volume contraction. PMID- 6724666 TI - Saralasin dilates arterioles in SHR but not WKY rats. AB - Microvascular responses to topical or intravascular saralasin were determined in the cremaster muscle arterioles of adult spontaneously hypertensive rats (SHR, n = 19) and Wistar-Kyoto (WKY, n = 16) normotensive rats. Animals were anesthetized with chloralose and urethane, and they breathed room air spontaneously. Mean arterial pressure was obtained from a catheter in a carotid artery, and microvascular diameters were determined by video microscopy. Plasma renin activity was measured in animals that were treated identically except that saralasin was not administered. For all animals, mean arterial pressure averaged 126 +/- 4 mm Hg in SHR and 82 +/- 4 mm Hg (p less than 0.001) in WKY rats. Topical saralasin, 10(-6)M, was applied to the cremaster muscles of SHR (n = 9) or WKY (n = 8) rats while internal diameters of first-through fourth-order arterioles (A1, A2, A3, A4) were measured. Topical saralasin did not alter arteriolar diameters (A1 through A4) in WKY rats, but A3 and A4 vessels dilated significantly (29% +/- 5% and 38% +/- 7% respectively; p less than 0.01) in SHR. Fourth-order diameters were measured in other SHR (n = 10) and WKY (n = 8) rats while saralasin was administered intraarterially (300 micrograms bolus into the hypogastric artery) or intravenously (10 micrograms/kg/min for 30 minutes). Intraarterial or intravenous saralasin caused significant dilation (32% +/- 12% and 20% +/- 4%, respectively; p less than 0.01) of A4 arterioles in SHR, but no dilation occurred in the arterioles of WKY rats. Arteriolar responses were significantly different (p less than 0.001) in SHR vs WKY rats for both the topical and the intravascular administration of saralasin.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS) PMID- 6724667 TI - Free calcium concentration in platelets closely relates to blood pressure in normal and essentially hypertensive subjects. AB - Calcium has been implicated in smooth muscle contraction, arterial resistance, and the pathophysiology of essential hypertension. Using the intracellularly trapped fluorescent dye quin2 , the free calcium concentration in platelets was found to be elevated in patients with borderline (n = 8, p less than 0.01) and established essential hypertension (n = 23, p less than 0.001) when compared with normotensive subjects (n = 30). There was a close correlation between intracellular free calcium and systolic blood pressure (n = 61, r = 0.882, p less than 0.001) as well as diastolic blood pressure (n = 61, r = 0.950, p less than 0.001). The slopes of the regression lines did not differ between the groups. PMID- 6724668 TI - Potassium protection against lesions of the renal tubules, arteries, and glomeruli and nephron loss in salt-loaded hypertensive Dahl S rats. AB - Dahl S rats (20/group) were given three Purina diets for 24 weeks: 4% NaCl-no added potassium (BP 171 mm Hg); 4% NaCl-3.8% K citrate (BP 174 mm Hg); 4% NaCl 2.6% KCl (BP 173 mm Hg). The added potassium did not lower blood pressure (BP) but strikingly reduced microscopic renal lesions. Focal tubular dilation was scored blindly (100, severest lesions; 0, normal). Scores were: renal cortex: no potassium (41); K citrate (20); KCl (22), 50% improvement p less than 0.001; outer medulla: no potassium (79); K citrate (54); KCl (58), 30% improvement p less than 0.001; renal papilla: no potassium (49); K citrate (28); KCl (28), 43% improvement, p less than 0.001. Both K citrate and KCl also eliminated the thickened walls and relatively narrowed lumens of the hypertensive renal arterioles, without lowering BP. In these same rats, the wall thickness of arterioles from 20 normotensive salt-resistant (R) rats on 4% NaCl averaged 18.9 mu vs 26.1 mu in arterioles from 18 hypertensive salt-sensitive (S) rats on 4% NaCl with no added potassium. Adding either KCl or K citrate to the 4% NaCl diet strikingly reduced the wall thickness to that found in the R rat, even though the BP was not reduced at all. Potassium did not lower the high BP but apparently reduced the severity of the arteriolar lesions resulting from that high BP.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS) PMID- 6724670 TI - Effect of stepped care treatment on the incidence of myocardial infarction and angina pectoris. 5-Year findings of the hypertension detection and follow-up program. AB - Information on indices of coronary heart disease (CHD) and myocardial infarction (MI) (angina pectoris by Rose Questionnaire, MI by Rose Questionnaire, history, and electrocardiogram) was obtained in the Hypertension Detection and Follow-Up Program (U.S. National Institutes of Health) at baseline, Year 2, and Year 5 of follow-up. The presence of any of these findings at baseline markedly increased all-cause mortality during the 5 years of observation. In individuals with negative findings at baseline, the 5-year incidence of MI and angina pectoris by these indices was less in the Stepped Care than Referred Care cohort. These results are compatible with the conclusion that antihypertensive therapy reduces the incidence of symptomatic CHD. PMID- 6724669 TI - Role of renal hemodynamics and arterial pressure in aldosterone "escape". AB - This study examined the importance of changes in renal hemodynamics and renal artery pressure (RAP) in allowing the kidneys to escape from the chronic sodium retaining effects of aldosterone (Aldo). In five dogs in which RAP was permitted to increase during Aldo infusion (14 micrograms/kg/day), sodium excretion (UNaV) and fractional sodium excretion (FENa) decreased markedly on Day 1 and then returned to control on Days 2 to 4 of Aldo infusion as RAP and glomerular filtration rate (GFR) increased 15 to 19 mm Hg and 20% to 24%, respectively, and remained near these levels during 7 days of Aldo infusion. In seven dogs in which RAP was prevented from increasing with an electronically servo-controlled aortic occluder, UNaV decreased from 256 +/- 3 to 117 +/- 9 mEq/day on the first day and remained at 70 to 80 mEq/day below sodium intake for 7 days of Aldo infusion. Cumulative sodium balance and sodium iothalamate space increased 610 +/- 39 mEq and 3729 +/- 397 ml when RAP was servo-controlled, causing ascites in most of the dogs, while mean arterial pressure did not plateau but continued to rise to 59 +/ 3 mm Hg above control after 7 days of Aldo infusion. When the servo-controller was stopped and RAP was allowed to rise while Aldo infusion was continued, GFR rose to 126% to 136% of control, FENa increased markedly, UNaV increased to 579 +/- 64 mEq/day on the first day, and the dogs returned to normal sodium balance. These data indicate that an increase in RAP, which raises GFR and FENa, is essential in allowing the kidneys to escape from the chronic sodium-retaining action of Aldo and to achieve sodium balance and a stable level of arterial pressure without severe volume expansion and ascites. PMID- 6724671 TI - Smooth muscle proliferation in hypertension. State-of-the-art lecture. AB - Similar pathologic changes in atherosclerosis and hypertension suggest that some common mechanisms may underlie these two major vascular diseases. Both diseases are characterized by smooth muscle proliferation. The atherosclerotic lesion is characterized by proliferation of smooth muscle cells in the arterial intima of large arteries, leading to vascular occlusion, lipid accumulation, and thrombosis. Smooth muscle proliferation in hypertensive vascular disease again results in increased wall mass and a narrowed lumen. The small vessel change is though to be etiologic of the increased peripheral resistance of high blood pressure. At least in large vessels, the form of proliferation is quite different. Atherosclerosis shows a true cell proliferation. In contrast, smooth muscle cells from animals with hypertensive vascular disease show DNA replication without mitosis. The resulting endoreplication is suggestive of the forms of replication seen in differentiated sarcomeric muscle, particularly in cardiac myocytes. PMID- 6724672 TI - Blood pressure lowering diminishes age-related changes in the rat aortic intima. AB - These studies were undertaken to determine whether age-related changes in the aortic intima can be inhibited by prolonged blood pressure lowering. Normotensive Wistar-Kyoto rats (WKY) and spontaneously hypertensive rats (SHR) were treated with a combination of chlorothiazide, reserpine, and hydralazine beginning at 20 weeks of age and continuing until 62 weeks. Aortic morphology was assessed at the termination of the study by light and electron microscopy. Average systolic blood pressures during the final 6 months of therapy were: for untreated WKY, 147 +/- 5 mm Hg (mean +/- SE); for treated WKY, 110 +/- 2; for untreated SHR, 206 +/- 3; and for treated SHR, 104 +/- 4. Intimal and medial abnormalities were maximal in untreated SHR, while untreated WKY showed moderate changes consistent with their age. In contrast, both treatment groups exhibited relatively minimal alterations despite their advanced age. The occurrence of intimal lesions in individual animals correlated with the average level of blood pressure during therapy. These data suggest that blood pressure reduction, even in normotensive animals, may reduce the effects of aging on the arterial wall. PMID- 6724673 TI - Evidence that disruption of the blood-brain barrier precedes reduction in cerebral blood flow in hypertensive encephalopathy. AB - Alternative hypotheses concerning the pathogenesis of hypertensive encephalopathy are that vasospasm produces cerebral ischemia and cerebral edema, or that passive dilation of cerebral vessels during severe hypertension produces disruption of the blood-brain barrier and cerebral edema. Stroke-prone spontaneously hypertensive rats (SHRSP) were studied when they developed signs of neurological dysfunction. We measured regional cerebral blood flow (rCBF) with 14C iodoantipyrine, and permeability of the blood-brain barrier with Evans blue dye. Twelve rats had focal disruption of the barrier without histological evidence of ischemic infarction or cerebral hemorrhage: areas with disruption of the barrier had severe focal edema in seven rats and minimal edema in five rats. In areas with disruption of the barrier and marked focal edema, rCBF was decreased to 38 +/- 8 (mean +/- SE) ml/min/100 g vs 102 +/- 13 (p less than 0.05) in other areas of the ipsilateral hemisphere, and 86 +/- 16 in the homologous area of the contralateral hemisphere (p less than 0.05). In contrast, in areas with disruption of the blood-brain barrier with only minimal edema, rCBF was normal or increased: rCBF was 100 +/- 11 ml/min/100 g vs 85 +/- 12 in other areas of the ipsilateral hemisphere (p greater than 0.05) and 64 +/- 8 in the homologous area contralaterally (p less than 0.05). The findings indicate that edema precedes reduction in rCBF in SHRSP and suggest that the initiating event in hypertensive encephalopathy is disruption of the blood-brain barrier, and not vasospasm. PMID- 6724674 TI - Functional evidence for increased sodium permeability in aortas from DOCA hypertensive rats. AB - We studied the role of increased Na+ permeability on the increased responsiveness to ouabain and to K+-free solution in aortas from DOCA hypertensive rats. Helically cut strips from DOCA hypertensive and normotensive control rats were mounted in a muscle bath for recording isometric force. In response to ouabain, aortas from DOCA hypertensive rats were significantly more sensitive and developed a greater maximal force than aortas from control rats. The rate of force development in response to K+-free solution was significantly faster in aortas from DOCA hypertensive rats as compared to those from control rats. Monensin (10(-5)M), a Na+ ionophore, increased the contractile response to ouabain and the rate of force development in response to K+-free solution in both DOCA hypertensive and control aortas. Amiloride (3 X 10(-5) M), a Na+ channel blocker, decreased the contractile response to ouabain and the rate of force development to a K+-free solution in both the DOCA hypertensive and control aortas, but the magnitude of decrease was greater in aortas from DOCA hypertensive rats. Thus, a Na+ ionophore causes the control aortas to perform like those from DOCA hypertensive rats, and a Na+ channel blocker causes aortas from DOCA hypertensive rats to perform like those from control rats. It is concluded that the difference between the two is that the smooth muscle of aortas from DOCA hypertensive rats is more permeable to Na+ than is that from control rats. PMID- 6724675 TI - [Energy metabolism and energy consumption of intensive care patients on respirators]. AB - There are two main reasons for assessing energy turnover individually and as accurately as possible; firstly, the marked variation in available data on the degree to which energy turnover increases after severe trauma, and secondly accumulating evidence of the potential dangers of an inappropriately high so called "hypercaloric" substrate dosage, which exceeds energy requirements. The energy turnover of 50 polytraumatized intensive care patients was therefore measured by indirect calorimetry and compared with norm values. Comparison of the median values revealed an approximately 50% higher energy turnover in the polytraumatized cases than calculated basal levels. The median values of our patients all lay within a similar range, but for each individual case we found marked differences between the energy turnover as measured by indirect calorimetry, and that estimated from norm tables. The oxygen consumption and CO2 production rates of 10 polytraumatized ventilated patients, measured at short time intervals, showed only minimal variations during the course of 24 h. The separate measurements carried out at hourly intervals varied by less than 10% when compared to an 1-h period of observation between 11 and 12 a.m. The oxygen consumption of a group of 40 polytraumatized, ventilated intensive care patients receiving various different i.v. infusions and parenteral nutrition regimens was, with an average of 382 +/- 47 ml/min, much higher than physiologically normal values. The energy turnover rate of these patients was correspondingly much higher than that of a fit person at rest, despite the fact that the rates measured were relatively low when compared to values found in the older literature.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS) PMID- 6724676 TI - Diaphragmatic hernia presenting itself as a surgical emergency. AB - Thirty-four cases of diaphragmatic rupture which presented themselves as acute emergencies are reviewed. The need for rapid and accurate diagnosis in these urgent cases is stressed and the place of various investigations is discussed. X ray examination of the chest was found to be the best diagnostic aid, and in the difficult case computerized tomographic scanning was found to be time saving and accurate. Surgical repair through an abdominal incision is advised for most cases. PMID- 6724677 TI - Emergencies in delayed diaphragmatic herniation due to blunt trauma. AB - A transthoracic approach was used in the treatment of 2 patients with emergencies due to traumatic diaphragmatic hernia. Relevant symptoms began respectively 3 months and 8 months after closed injury. Strangulation and necrosis of abdominal organs herniated into the chest are associated with a high mortality. Awareness and early diagnosis will reduce mortality. PMID- 6724678 TI - Closed and penetrating abdominal injuries in Nigerian Igbos. AB - Fifty-two patients undergoing operations for abdominal injury were studied. Road traffic accidents were the commonest cause of injury. The spleen was the most commonly injured organ; injuries of several abdominal organs were rare. There were no deaths. PMID- 6724679 TI - Severe road traffic injuries in the third trimester of pregnancy. AB - We report 9 women in the third trimester of pregnancy who were severely injured in road traffic accidents. There were 3 accelerated labours and half the babies died. Immediate obstetric interference was often impractical and did not improve fetal survival. Noteworthy injuries of the central nervous system were associated with very high fetal mortality. Fractures of the pelvis were not nearly as disastrous as the literature suggests. The first consideration in management should be the well being of the severely injured mother, since the injuries that would kill the fetus are not likely to be amenable to surgery. The only justification for intervention for the sake of the fetus that survives the moment of impact is to salvage it from its dying mother's body. PMID- 6724680 TI - Frostbite in Oxfordshire: the impact of a severe winter on an unprepared civilian population. AB - The winter of 1981-1982 in Oxfordshire was unusually cold. During this winter, 18 patients with frostbite were referred to the Peripheral Vascular Service of the Nuffield Department of Surgery. The age-range was 52-83 years. None was diabetic. Seven were smokers. All had frostbite of either feet or fingers, sometimes of both. Patients could be divided into 2 groups based on the severity of their injury. In the first group 10 patients had mild injuries and were managed as outpatients. One patient had terminal phalanges amputated as a day case. Patients in this group had adequate homes and no associated medical disease. Eight patients in the second group had severe frostbite. All were socially disadvantaged and 4 had significant medical disease (mitral valve disease, lymphoma, alcoholism and depression). Because of social circumstances and because it takes time to establish the line of demarcation between healthy and dead tissue, all patients in this group were in hospital for a minimum of 2 months (range 2-10 months). Four patients required skin grafting and 2 needed special shoes to enable them to walk. There needs to be greater public awareness of the dangers and risks of cold injury. PMID- 6724681 TI - Closed medullary nailing for fractured shaft of the femur--a comparison between the Kuntscher and the AO techniques. AB - A retrospective review was made of 97 cases of fractured shaft of the femur treated with closed medullary nailing. A comparison was made between the Kuntscher and the AO techniques with respect to union of the fracture, rehabilitation, complication and functional results. Patients treated with AO nails enjoyed more rapid recovery: 88 per cent of the fractures united in 12 weeks, 62 per cent walked with full weight bearing in 8 weeks and 78 per cent returned to work within 6 months. However, the functional results in both groups were comparable. The special technical considerations and complications in each group are discussed. PMID- 6724682 TI - Al-Rasheed Military Hospital external fixation system for compound missile wounds of bone. AB - This paper describes our experience of 340 cases of open fracture treated at the Al- Rasheed Military Hospital with a simple external fixation device. PMID- 6724683 TI - Posterior dislocation of the ulna at the elbow with associated fracture of the radial shaft. AB - An exceptional case of posterior dislocation of the ulna at the elbow, associated with fracture of the radial shaft, is reported. Diagnosis was established with anteroposterior and lateral radiographs of the forearm, elbow and wrist. Treatment consisted of closed reduction of the ulnar dislocation and open reduction and internal fixation of the radius with an AO plate. A long arm cast was applied for 3 weeks with the elbow held at 90 degrees. Six months later full function of the limb had been achieved. PMID- 6724684 TI - Displaced forearm fractures in children treated with AO plates. AB - Internal fixation with AO compression plates was carried out in 8 per cent of all children with displaced diaphyseal fractures of the forearm. Primary treatment for 23 of these 43 fractures consisted of primary fixation. All fractures healed in anatomical alignment. Deep infection was observed in 1 child. All fractures united but 1 refractured . Of 29 children, 27 were reexamined after a mean observation time of 5 years; 22 had obtained normal function of the arm, and nobody had restriction of rotation of the forearm exceeding 20 degrees. The mean overgrowth of the bones was 2.4 mm. Fifty-six per cent of the children had discrepancies in the linear growth between the radius and the ulna in the fractured arms. These disturbances had no influence on the functional results. We conclude that internal fixation with AO plates is preferable when closed reduction fails or when secondary displacement cannot be corrected by repeated gentle manipulation. PMID- 6724686 TI - Missed diagnoses in an accident & emergency department. AB - The diagnoses which were missed at patients' first attendance at an A & E Department over a 6-month period were noted and investigated. The most common cause of missed diagnosis was failure to interpret X-ray findings correctly; this and other causes are discussed. Recommendations as to how this can be improved are made. PMID- 6724685 TI - Alterations of the serum cortisol and blood glucose in brain-injured patients. AB - Serial serum cortisol and blood glucose measurements in brain- injuried patients showed consistently higher levels in comatose patients than in patients with other injuries not involving the brain or brain stem. In the brain-injured patients the cortisol and glucose levels were related to the degree of injury, with higher and more widely scattered values found with deeper levels of unconsciousness. The cortisol and glucose levels showed 4 distinct patterns of response, depending upon the level of coma. The observed hyperglycaemia was directly related to cortisol levels up to 12 mmol/l glucose whereas higher blood glucose levels appeared to be related to the concentrations of other hormones, e.g. glucagon, growth hormone and the catecholamines. In brain-injured patients persistently high levels of glucose and cortisol in blood portend a fatal outcome. PMID- 6724687 TI - The case for an open approach to tibial nailing. AB - Medullary nailing of the tibia without exposing the fracture site is a technically possible procedure. In order to test if it is a superior method to open nailing, a retrospective study of 55 cases was undertaken; 35 had been nailed by the closed technique and 20 by open operation. All fractures united. Knee movements were full unless there had also been other injuries. Complications were common; infection occurred in 20 per cent of open nailings and in 31 per cent of closed nailings . Twenty per cent of the tibias showed rotational deformities and 9 per cent of patients developed peroneal nerve palsy. Complications occurred less frequently in cases operated on by an open technique. It is suggested that opening the fracture site may reduce the complication rate. PMID- 6724688 TI - Determining factors for the mortality following hip fractures. AB - In this study 518 patients with hip fractures were followed up prospectively for an average of 3 years (range 2.5-3.5 years). On admission to hospital the patients were allocated to one of 4 social function groups according to their dependence on the social welfare system. The life expectancy was analysed at follow-up and found to be determined primarily by the patient's social dependence prior to fracture, and secondarily by the age of the patient. Other generally accepted determining factors were not found to have any significant influence on the survival rates. PMID- 6724689 TI - Rickettsia rickettsii-induced cellular injury of human vascular endothelium in vitro. AB - The endothelial cell is the putative primary target cell in humans infected with Rickettsia rickettsii, the etiological agent of Rocky Mountain spotted fever. Although the clinical manifestations of infection by this organism are well documented, the mechanism of injury to the endothelial cell is not understood. The ability to culture human endothelial cells in vitro provides a unique system with which to study this host-parasite interaction directly. Human vascular endothelial cells derived from the umbilical vein, when infected by R. rickettsii, became severely damaged within a few days postinfection. The primary lesion observed at the ultrastructural level appeared to occur at intracellular membranes, specifically, the rough-surfaced endoplasmic reticulum. Widespread dilatation of these membranes eventually led to the creation of large intracellular cisternae and the apparent circumscription of rickettsiae and cellular organelles by the rough-surfaced endoplasmic reticulum. Small membrane bound fragments of host cytosol created by dilating membranes also were present within the cisternae. Within 5 to 6 days postinfection, cells lost their osmoregulatory control and lysed. Some possible mechanisms of cell injury directed at the level of intracellular membranes are discussed. PMID- 6724690 TI - Bactericidal and cytotoxic effects of hypothiocyanite-hydrogen peroxide mixtures. AB - Lactoperoxidase catalyzes the oxidation of thiocyanate by hydrogen peroxide into hypothiocyanite, a reaction which can protect bacterial and mammalian cells from killing by hydrogen peroxide. The present study demonstrates, however, that lactoperoxidase in the presence of thiocyanate can actually potentiate the bactericidal and cytotoxic effects of hydrogen peroxide under specific conditions, such as when hydrogen peroxide is present in the reaction mixtures in excess of thiocyanate. The toxic agent was also formed in the absence of lactoperoxidase in a reaction between hypothiocyanite and hydrogen peroxide. Sulfate, sulfite, cyanate, carbonate, and ammonia, which have been postulated to be formed in the chemical oxidation of hypothiocyanite by hydrogen peroxide, were not bactericidal and did not potentiate the bactericidal effect of hydrogen peroxide. Cyanosulfurous acid, the only other postulated product of the chemical oxidation of hypothiocyanite by hydrogen peroxide, may be the killing agent. PMID- 6724691 TI - Quantitative vaginal microflora in women convalescent from toxic shock syndrome and in healthy controls. AB - We performed sequential and quantitative vaginal cultures obtained from 8 women within 4 days to 3 years (average, 15.8 months) after their recovery from classic menstrual toxic shock syndrome (TSS) and from 11 healthy women who served as age matched controls. Apart from tampon use, which was significantly less frequent in TSS women after their acute illness, no demographic differences were observed in the two groups. Significantly lower total aerobic and anaerobic bacterial counts were found in TSS women than in healthy controls (P less than 0.05, Mann-Whitney test). These differences were most profound during the menstrual (aerobes) and premenstrual (aerobes and anaerobes) sample times, whereas no difference in bacterial counts was observed in the mid-cycle samples. Although the less frequent usage of tampons among TSS women after their acute illness might explain the lower aerobic counts in menstrual specimens, this is unlikely to explain the significantly lower aerobic and anaerobic counts observed in premenstrual samples when tampons were not used in either group. It is possible that these differences in the quantitative vaginal microflora were a direct result of recent TSS in these women. Alternatively, disruption of the normal indigenous microflora could have predisposed these women to acute TSS by alteration of the resistance of vaginal colonization to pathogenic microorganisms. PMID- 6724692 TI - Isolation of milligram quantities of a group of histidine-rich polypeptides from human parotid saliva. AB - Freshly collected parotid saliva collected from human donors were shown by polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis to continuously secrete a group of low molecular-weight cationic polypeptides. Up to 14 bands could be identified by Coomassie blue staining, and all bands migrated more rapidly than purified human leukemic lysozyme in cationic polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis. These peptides could be isolated as a group relatively free of other salivary components and recovered in high yields from concentrated parotid saliva by Sephadex G-25 chromatography. In sodium dodecyl sulfate gel electrophoresis, the histidine-rich polypeptide bands appeared as just two bands migrating at the tracking dye and ahead of insulin chain B. Amino acid analysis of the mixture revealed an average content of at least 48% cationic residues, of which half were histidine. When stained bands were eluted from electrophoretic gels, hydrolyzed, and subjected to amino acid analyses, they were found to be enriched in histidine. There was also a correlation of the electrophoretic mobility with the content of basic amino acids. Sephadex G-25 chromatography is a convenient, simple method for preparing milligram quantities of the histidine-rich polypeptides for chemical and biochemical studies. PMID- 6724693 TI - Growth-inhibitory and bactericidal effects of human parotid salivary histidine rich polypeptides on Streptococcus mutans. AB - Growth inhibition and cell viability assays demonstrate that the histidine-rich polypeptides isolated from human parotid saliva are bacteriostatic and bactericidal for strains of Streptococcus mutans belonging to the serotype b and c classifications. Both inhibition of growth and cell division are enhanced by preincubation of bacteria with these polypeptides in low-ionic-strength buffers of acidic and neutral pH before dilution into enriched growth media. With prior exposure at pH 6.8, inhibition by these polypeptides of the serotype c strains, S. mutans GS5 and SB, as well as the serotype b strain, S. mutans BHT, is reversible over time under the experimental conditions selected. With similar exposure at pH 5.2, however, irreversible damage is manifested by complete inhibition of both growth and cell viability. At concentrations of 250 micrograms of the mixture of histidine-rich polypeptides per 5 X 10(5) bacterial cells per ml in the acidic preincubation buffer, bacterial lethality is maintained for a period of 48 h in the enriched growth media. At a 50-micrograms/ml concentration of these salivary agents, approximately 80% killing of S. mutans SB is noted after a 24-h incubation; however, surviving bacteria multiply and reach turbidities of untreated control cells when examined at the 48-h growth point. Similarly, hen egg white lysozyme is also found to be bactericidal for these microorganisms when preincubation is carried out under acidic conditions. However, in contrast to the histidine-rich polypeptides, lysozyme under these experimental conditions does not inhibit growth of S. mutans SB at neutral pH, although it does inhibit growth of both S. mutans BHT and S. mutans GS5 at this pH. Preexposure of S. mutans SB to the peptides in buffer at ionic strengths of 0.025 to 0.125, followed by either viability assays under nongrowing conditions or growth inhibition studies, suggests that there is very little effect of ionic strength on the antibacterial function of these peptides. In contrast to the inhibition of viability noted under growing conditions, lower concentrations of the histidine-rich polypeptides were required to elicit immediate cell death under nongrowing conditions. PMID- 6724694 TI - Recombinant cold-adapted attenuated influenza A vaccines for use in children: molecular genetic analysis of the cold-adapted donor and recombinants. AB - A previously described cold-adapted attenuated virus, A/Leningrad/134/17/57 (H2N2), was further modified by 30 additional passages in chicken embryos at 25 degrees C. This virus had a distinct temperature-sensitive (ts) phenotype, grew well in chicken embryos at 25 degrees C, and failed to recombine with reference ts mutants of fowl plague virus containing ts lesions in five genes coding for non-glycosylated proteins (genes 1, 2, 5, 7, and 8). Recombination of A/Leningrad/134/47/57 with wild-type influenza virus strains A/Leningrad/322/79 (H1N1) and A/Bangkok/1/79(H3N2) yielded ts recombinants 47/25/1(H1N1) and 47/7/2 (H3N2). These recombinants inherited their ts phenotype and ability to reproduce in chicken embryos at 25 degrees C from the cold-adapted parent. Analysis of the genome composition of the recombinants obtained by recombination of the cold adapted donor with wild-type influenza virus strains A/Leningrad/322/79(H1N1) and A/Bangkok/1/79(H3N2) showed that recombinants 47/25/1(H1N1) and 47/7/2 (H3N2) inherited five and six genes, respectively, from the cold-adapted parent, and hemagglutinin and neuraminidase genes from the wild-type strains. PMID- 6724695 TI - Recombinant cold-adapted attenuated influenza A vaccines for use in children: reactogenicity and antigenic activity of cold-adapted recombinants and analysis of isolates from the vaccinees. AB - Reactogenicity and antigenic activity of recombinants obtained by crossing cold adapted donor of attenuation A/Leningrad/134/47/57 with wild-type influenza virus strains A/Leningrad/322/79(H1N1) and A/Bangkok/1/79(H3N2) were studied. The recombinants were areactogenic when administered as an intranasal spray to children aged 3 to 15, including those who lacked or had only low titers of pre existing anti-hemagglutinin and anti-neuraminidase antibody in their blood. After two administrations of vaccines at a 3-week interval, both strains induced antibody in 75 to 95% of the children. On coinfection of chicken embryos with both recombinants, only weak interference was observed. Administration to children of the bivalent vaccine containing H1N1 and H3N2 recombinants induced efficient production of antibody to H1 and H3 hemagglutinins and N1 and N2 neuraminidases without adverse reactions. The recombinants studied were genetically stable as judged by retention of the temperature-sensitive phenotypes and a lack of reversion of the genes carrying temperature-sensitive mutations in all of the reisolates from vaccinated children. PMID- 6724697 TI - Relative potency of virulent versus avirulent Legionella pneumophila for induction of cell-mediated immunity. AB - Guinea pigs were infected with either high-passage, low-virulence Legionella pneumophila or low-passage, high-virulence organisms. On an infectious dosage basis, the high-virulence organisms were much more effective at sensitizing animals for positive skin test responses and splenic lymphocyte proliferation responses to homologous antigens. These results suggest that exposure to low doses of virulent L. pneumophila can effectively prime animals for cell-mediated immune responses. PMID- 6724696 TI - Cobra venom factor abrogates passive humoral resistance to syphilitic infection in hamsters. AB - Cobra venom factor, an agent commonly used to deplete complement, lowered the resistance of hamsters to infection with Treponema pallidum subsp. endemicum , as shown by a more rapid development of cutaneous lesions in infected animals treated with cobra venom factor than in infected, untreated animals. Cobra venom factor also abrogated the passive transfer of resistance by injection of serum from syphilitic immune hamsters. These results indicate that complement influences the pathogenesis of treponemal infection. PMID- 6724698 TI - Cure of Trypanosoma musculi infection by heat-labile activity in immune plasma. AB - Passive transfer of plasma from a mouse cured of parasitemia to a Trypanosoma musculi-infected host rapidly eliminates parasitemia; this curative activity, presumably mediated by an immunoglobulin, is sensitive to heat treatment (56 degrees C, 30 min). In addition, pretreatment with immune plasma, even after heat treatment, prevents the development of a patent parasitemia in a naive host (protective activity). PMID- 6724699 TI - Single and joint actions of noise and sinusoidal whole body vibration on TTS2 values and low frequency upright posture sway in men. AB - In the present study the changes in the TTS2 values and body upright posture sway were examined after exposure of subjects (n = 10) to stable broadband (white) noise (90 dB) alone, to sinusoidal vibration alone [directed vertically at the whole body (Z axis)], and to simultaneous exposure combinations of noise and vibrations of the same type. The frequency of the vibration was 5 Hz, but its acceleration was either 2.12 or 2.44 m/s2. There were six exposure combinations, and subsequently 60 tests were carried out in an exposure chamber. One test consisted of a control period of 30 min, of three consecutive exposure periods of 16 min each and of a recovery period of 15 min. After the three exposure combinations which included noise, half of the subjects were exposed to vibration during the recovery period. Apart from indicating an increase in the temporary hearing threshold, the results showed that simultaneous exposure to noise and vibration increases the instability of the body upright posture. The TTS2 values at the 4 and 6 kHz frequencies increased considerably more rapidly when the subjects were exposed simultaneously to noise and vibration than when exposed to noise alone. Without exception, the TTS2 values increased most during the first exposure period. It was noteworthy that exposure to vibration during the recovery period accelerated the recursion of the TTS2 values, especially in cases where the subjects had been exposed to noise alone. The variance of the body sway amplitudes and the standard deviation increased within the frequency range 0.063 2.000 Hz owing to noise alone and simultaneous noise and vibration. In the directions X and Y, within the frequency ranges 0.063-0.100 Hz and 0.100-0.600 Hz, the means of the maximum amplitudes of body sway increased especially in connection with those tests in which the subjects had been simultaneously exposed to noise and vibration. PMID- 6724700 TI - Hearing threshold and heart rate in men after repeated exposure to dynamic muscle work, sinusoidal vs stochastic whole body vibration and stable broadband noise. AB - Changes in the temporary hearing threshold ( TTS2 ) and heart rate (HR) were examined in subjects exposed to stable noise, whole body vibration and dynamic muscular work at a dry-bulb temperature of 30 degrees C. The exposure combinations consisted of three categories of dynamic muscular work with varying loads ( 2W , 4W , 8W ), of two categories of noise and of three categories of vibration. The noise categories were: (1) no noise, and (2) stable, broadband (bandwidth 0.2-16.0 kHz) A-weighted noise with an intensity of 90 dB. The vibration categories were: (1) no vibration, (2) sinusoidal whole body vibration (Z-axis) with a frequency of 5 Hz, and (3) stochastic broadband (bandwidth 2.8 11.2 Hz) whole body vibration. A single test consisted of a control period of 30 min, three consecutive exposure periods of 16 min, each followed by a 4-min post exposure interval and a recovery period of 15 min. The results of the variance analyses indicated that noise had the most notable effect on the TTS2 values at the hearing frequencies of both 4 and 6 kHz. Of the paired combinations, noise plus vibration and noise plus dynamic muscular work caused the most obvious combined effects. The combined effect of all three factors (noise, vibration and work) on the TTS2 values after three consecutive exposure periods was significant at the 2.5% level at the 4 kHz hearing frequency and at the 5% level at the 6 kHz hearing frequency. The added effect of vibration on enhanced TTS2 values was particularly clear when the vibration was stochastic and when the subjects had a low ( 2W ) working efficiency. Increasing the working efficiency, on the other hand, seemed to retard increases in the hearing threshold. Thus TTS2 values seemed to reflect the changes in HR values. It is as if the low rate of cardiovascular activity during light dynamic muscular work had enabled the manifestation of the cardiovascular effects of noise and vibration; during strenuous dynamic muscular work, however, the high rate of cardiovascular activity aimed in some way at compensating for the effects of noise and vibration on blood circulation. PMID- 6724701 TI - Sister chromatid exchange frequency in workers exposed to high levels of ethylene oxide, in a hospital sterilization service. AB - Blood samples were taken from a group of 25 subjects professionally exposed to high levels of ethylene oxide (EO) during the past two years; the samples were compared to those from 22 control subjects, using sister chromatid exchange (SCE) methodology. The quantity of ethylene oxide inhaled during the two previous years was subsequently evaluated to fall between 500 and 5800 mg. When compared with the control group, the exposed group demonstrated a significant increase in the SCE rate. For certain individuals, the rate of increase rose 100% beyond the control mean. Smoking habits significantly influenced the data observed for the control group, but no significant differences in the SCE rate were found for the exposed group, regardless of smoking habits. Senior workers had the highest SCE mean levels. This observation indicated that the effect of exposure to EO was sufficient to produce a genetic reaction, was cumulative and in some cases persistent. PMID- 6724702 TI - [Cadmium concentrations in the blood of urban and island inhabitants in Schleswig Holstein]. PMID- 6724703 TI - Measurements of alveolar concentrations of toluene. AB - The use of a photoionisationdetector (PID) for measurement of alveolar concentrations of gases and vapours was evaluated during a human exposure experiment with toluene. Two other methods, the standard gaspipette method and the gasbag /charcoal method, was tested for comparison. The best method appeared to be the PID-method. The major disadvantage in using this instrument was the missing selectivity towards individual compounds in a mixed atmosphere. In all other respects, the method is just as good as or better than the standard gaspipette method and the gasbag method. Results from 40 measurements with the three methods on 16 persons were examined statistically, and the average toluene absorption at 100 ppm exposure levels was estimated to be 1.6 mg/min. PMID- 6724704 TI - Methyl ethyl ketone exposure in industrial workers. Uptake and kinetics. AB - Exposure to methyl ethyl ketone (MEK) was studied in workers occupationally exposed in industrial workplaces. Alveolar concentrations of MEK were compared with environmental exposure and with blood MEK concentrations. Urinary excretion of MEK and its metabolite, acetylmethylcarbinol , were compared with environmental exposure. The solubility of MEK was also studied in human body tissues which allowed us to estimate the distribution and kinetics of MEK by means of data computing on a multicompartimental mathematic model. The alveolar MEK concentration was correlated with the environmental MEK concentration and corresponded to 30% of it. Blood MEK concentration was correlated with alveolar MEK concentration and corresponded to 104-116 times the alveolar concentration and 31-35 times the environmental concentration. Urinary MEK excretion was correlated with environmental MEK exposure and the urinary excretion of acetylmethylcarbinol . The mean urinary MEK concentration was 4.8 times the mean environmental MEK concentration. The MEK solubility in the human tissues (brain, kidney, lung, fat, heart, muscles and liver) turned out to be similar to that found in blood (blood/air = 183). The amount of MEK and its metabolite, acetylmethylcarbinol , eliminated by the kidney corresponded together to 0.1% of the alveolar MEK uptake. PMID- 6724706 TI - Analysis of anesthetic mishaps. Historical perspectives. PMID- 6724707 TI - Analysis of anesthetic mishaps. PMID- 6724705 TI - Non-mutagenicity of some wood-related compounds in the bacterial/microsome plate incorporation and microsuspension assays. AB - Seven commercially available wood-related compounds have been tested for mutagenicity by the use of the Ames and fluctuation test-systems. All compounds were found to be non-mutagenic. Among these compounds, 2,6-dimethoxy-p benzoquinone showed a very weak and questionable mutagenic activity against Salmonella typhimurium TA 100. In this connection, probable causes of nasal adenocarcinoma of woodworkers are briefly discussed. PMID- 6724708 TI - Medical liability insurance: crisis revisited. PMID- 6724709 TI - Equipment-related anesthetic incidents. PMID- 6724710 TI - Toward prevention of anesthetic mishaps. PMID- 6724711 TI - Analysis of anesthetic mishaps. The National Association of Insurance Commissioners' closed claim study. PMID- 6724712 TI - An analysis of anesthetic mishaps from medical liability claims. PMID- 6724713 TI - Anesthesia-related mortality in Australia. PMID- 6724714 TI - Analysis of anesthetic mishaps. Current concepts in risk management. PMID- 6724715 TI - Granulocyte migration abnormality in patients suffering from seasonal allergic rhinitis: failure of treatment with cimetidine. AB - Granulocyte locomotory responses in 5 patients with symptomatic seasonal allergic rhinitis were lower compared with similar responses from 27 normal nonallergic controls. In a subsequent controlled, double-blind crossover study, neither cimetidine (histamine H2-receptor blocker) nor placebo improved these responses. In our in vitro study, histamine did not inhibit granulocyte responses to chemotactic attractant. These results indicate that defective granulocyte response in patients with seasonal allergic rhinitis may be due to factors other than or in addition to histamine. PMID- 6724716 TI - Proliferation of mouse lymphocytes to rye grass pollen extract: effect of inflammatory exudate cells. AB - The ability of inflammatory peritoneal exudate cells to modify a murine lymphoproliferative response to rye grass pollen extract was investigated. Popliteal and mesenteric lymph node cells from Balb/c mice immunised with either aqueous rye or rye grass emulsified in complete Freund's adjuvant were co cultured with 2 X 10(3)-10(5) macrophage or polymorphonuclear neutrophil (PMN) enriched exudate cells. There was a dose-dependent increase in the response to rye grass antigen with increasing numbers of PMN. A similar enhancement was seen with up to 10(4) macrophages per culture; higher numbers were inhibitory. Lymph node cells from rye grass or ovalbumin-immune mice that had been challenged with a combination of sensitising antigen plus 10(7) PMN gave an increased antigen specific response in vitro. Neither antigen alone, PMN nor a mixture of PMN plus heterologous antigen was active. Adoptive transfer of a similar number of peritoneal macrophages plus antigen was also without effect. These results are in accord with the suggestion that cells obtained from acute inflammatory lesions can directly influence the activity of immunocompetent lymphocytes. PMID- 6724717 TI - Intestinal resistance to cholera toxin in mouse. Antitoxic antibodies and desensitization of adenylate cyclase. AB - Mice were immunized perorally with cholera toxin (CT), cholera B-subunit (CB), or buffer as control. The response of anti-CT antibodies of the IgG, IgA and IgM class in bile, IgA being predominating, were similar in both immunized groups. The same number of anti-CT containing plasma cells (ACC) were determined in the intestinal lamina propria of CT - as well as of CB-immunized mice 20 days after the last immunization, while ACC at day 4 in the CB group were 50% higher than in the CT group. In contrast to the vigorous antibody response to CT in both groups of immunized mice, only animals immunized with CT displayed resistance to CT induced intestinal hypersecretion and to CT stimulation of adenylate cyclase. The CB-treated group responded to CT with fluid accumulation and enzyme activation similar to controls. The results suggest that intestinal resistance to CT in mouse is due to desensitization of adenylate cyclase rather than to CT neutralizing antibodies. PMID- 6724718 TI - Cellular immunity in renal failure: depression of lymphocyte transformation by uraemia and methylprednisolone. Intra-individual consistency of lymphocyte responses to the in vitro suppressive effect of steroid. AB - In vitro parameters of the cell-mediated immunity were assessed in patients with chronic renal failure on haemodialysis (HD). The in vitro mitogen responses of uraemic lymphocytes are depressed compared to control lymphocyte cultures. Prolonged or shortened incubation of uraemic cultures does not normalize the mitogen responses, and the difference is reflected in both DNA, RNA and protein synthesis of lymphocytes. Lymphocyte responses of control cultures incubated with uraemic plasma are similar to those of cultures with saline, and significantly stronger (p less than 0.05) than those of the uraemic lymphocyte cultures. The relative in vitro immunosuppressive effect of steroid is stronger in uraemic cultures. Thus the depressed uraemic lymphocyte responses may be associated with steroid-sensitive cellular interactions independent of incubation periods. However, both control and uraemic lymphocyte cultures have a reproducible individual in vitro lymphocyte response to the immunosuppressive effect of steroid. PMID- 6724719 TI - Isotype IgE class-specific suppression in the Biozzi 'High' and 'Low' lines of mice. AB - The suppression of the production of IgE antibody was investigated with the Biozzi 'High' and 'Low' lines of mice. Using the adoptive transfer method formerly experimented with SJL mice (donor I immunized with 0.2 microgram dinitrophenylated ovalbumin, donor II hyperimmunized with 10 micrograms keyhole limpet hemocyanin and donor III being unimmunized mice) IgE suppression was observed in recipients irradiated with 600 R only with the 'Low' line. PMID- 6724720 TI - Influence of naturally occurring human immune complexes on monocyte movement in vitro. AB - The influence of naturally occurring immune complexes (IC) on monocyte motility has been investigated. Both chemokinesis and chemotaxis have been measured, using modified Boyden chambers, in response to sera containing IC and to the same sera depleted of IC with 2% polyethylene glycol. Chemokinetic activity was markedly increased in the presence of IC-containing sera, and this increased activity was largely abolished, following IC depletion. The chemotactic activity of the IC containing sera was largely independent of the IC content, since IC depletion only resulted in a modest decrease in stimulated movement. The chemotactic response to a standard chemoattractant (zymosan-treated sera) was significantly increased with the cells in the presence of IC-containing sera, and this effect was abolished following IC depletion. There was no relationship between the total IC concentration and changes in monocyte movement. These results indicate that circulating IC may markedly alter monocyte locomotion in such a way that more cells may be attracted more rapidly to an inflammatory focus. PMID- 6724721 TI - First case of acquired functional C1(-) INH deficiency: association with angioedema during Churg and Strauss vasculitis. AB - This report deals with the first case of acquired functional C1(-) INH deficiency with normal antigenic C1(-) INH level which was detected in a young girl with angioedema and Churg and Strauss vasculitis. This complement abnormality was associated with slightly depressed levels of CH50, C4 and C2, but a normal level of C3, and high levels of total IgE and IgM rheumatoid factors. Finally, most of these abnormalities disappeared after corticosteroid therapy and clinical improvement. PMID- 6724722 TI - Seminal plasma characteristics during frequent ejaculation. AB - Seven young men provided a semen sample every 8 h for 2 days. Citric acid, zinc, acid phosphatase , spermine, fructose and protein were measured in the samples. Despite a dramatic reduction in semen volume, the concentration of the majority of the parameters remained constant during the period of study. The protein profile of the ejaculates, as assessed by 2-dimensional electrophoresis, also did not change. Levels of citric acid, zinc and acid phosphatase were closely correlated, while spermine, which is also believed to be of prostatic origin, showed no correlation with these other parameters. The spermine concentration of the ejaculates increased significantly during the period of high ejaculation frequency and returned to normal levels after a 3 day abstinence period. In view of the fact that spermine accumulation in tissues appears to be associated with growth and protein synthesis this increase in seminal spermine may reflect a stimulation of prostatic cell activity. PMID- 6724723 TI - Lamellar germ cell processes: structures for possible interaction between germs cells and Sertoli cells during spermatogonial differentiation and early meiotic prophase. AB - The recent finding of a stage-dependent topographical relationship of basally located germ cells to Sertoli-Sertoli interspaces in the rat testis ( Ulvik 1983a ) has suggested a focal interaction between Sertoli cells and early germ cells at the sites where 2 Sertoli cells meet over a basal germ cell. Focal, stage dependent interaction between Sertoli cells and germ cells may require specializations of the germ cell membrane. Therefore, in the present work the surface of spermatogonia and spermatocytes has been studied under the electron microscope throughout the cycle of the seminiferous epithelium. Lamellar processes, 1-3 micron long, were found to emerge from germ cells and protrude into the spaces between the overlying Sertoli cells. The processes appeared on differentiating type A spermatogonia after stage VI, on intermediate and type B spermatogonia, and on leptotene, zygotene, and early pachytene spermatocytes; however, they were not found on type A spermatogonia prior to stage VII or on preleptotene spermatocytes at stage VII. The lamellar processes are thus stage specific and may be sites of focal interaction with the Sertoli cells. Since the cell processes always protrude into the Sertoli-Sertoli interspaces this finding supports the hypothesis of focal, stage-dependent interaction between early germ cells and Sertoli cells via the narrow Sertoli-Sertoli interspaces. PMID- 6724724 TI - The diagnostic value of sperm in post-ejaculatory urine. AB - Post-ejaculatory urine samples ( PEUS ) were obtained from patients undergoing semen analysis. The samples were examined for the presence, number and morphology of sperm. Spermatozoa were found in PEUS of 84.8% of 171 patients whose semen contained sperm. The presence of sperm after, but not before, ejaculation and their concentration in the first part of the void indicated the spermaturia to be the result of urethral washing after ejaculation. The number of sperm in PEUS was a small and variable fraction of the ejaculated sperm. A significant positive correlation was found between the PEUS and the semen sperm count, but there was a considerable overlap of PEUS counts between oligospermic and normospermic individuals. The percentage of sperm with normal morphology in PEUS reflected that in semen. It is concluded that although PEUS reflects some of the semen characteristics, a single PEUS cannot serve as a precise substitute for a direct semen analysis in the individual patient. It can, however, be used for establishing whether populations exposed to dangerous ecological conditions or to drugs which are known to adversely affect spermatogenesis, have reduced sperm count by comparison to appropriate control groups. PMID- 6724725 TI - Serum potassium and aldosterone levels in gossypol-treated rats. AB - Male rats fed with 30 mg/kg gossypol for 2 or 4 weeks exhibited a decrease in growth but showed no change from control in serum potassium levels. Serum aldosterone levels remained unchanged, but serum testosterone levels were significantly reduced after 4 weeks of treatment. Serum T3 was significantly increased after 2 or 4 weeks of treatment, while serum T4 was not different from control. It is concluded that gossypol at a dose that is sufficient to produce sterility in rats did not change serum potassium and aldosterone levels. PMID- 6724726 TI - The blood-testis barrier in sterile blue fox - silver fox hybrids compared with that in normal foxes of both species. AB - The integrity of the blood-testis barrier in the blue fox, the silver fox and hybrids of these 2 species was compared at the ultrastructural level during the breeding season by use of a lanthanum penetration technique. In the normal blue and silver fox, penetration of the tracer was blocked at the level of the inter Sertoli cell junctions, whereas these junctions were permeable in the hybrids, permitting penetration of lanthanum into the adluminal compartment of the seminiferous epithelium. Spermatogenesis in the hybrids was found to be arrested at the early pachytene stage of meiotic prophase. The observed permeability of the inter-Sertoli cell contacts in the hybrids indicates a lack of occluding junctions, and this may be partly the cause of the sterility in these animals. PMID- 6724727 TI - The development and application of alpha-particle spectrometry for low-level radioactivity measurements in biological and environmental materials. AB - The design, construction and use of a purpose-built alpha-particle spectrometer is presented. The application of the spectrometer in the determination of low levels of radioactivity in biological and environmental materials is also discussed. PMID- 6724728 TI - A computer method for the comparison or the quantitative similarity between normal and abnormal collagen or between sequence data and experimental data. AB - In this paper, a method is described to correlate collagen structural data obtained by electron microscopy with chemical sequence data, or to compare two experimental sets of data. In this respect, collagen provides a valuable model system, firstly for studying the chemical basis of ultrastructure and the mechanisms of various treatments on a protein, and secondly for detecting and locating the alterations in collagen fibril structure produced by a collagen disorder. PMID- 6724730 TI - Development of optimal drug administration strategies for cancer-chemotherapy in the framework of systems theory. AB - Design of Drug administration strategies for cancer chemotherapy is formulated as an optimization problem by considering both the healthy (normal) and tumor cell kinetics. The optimization problem is solved by using concepts of exponential stabilization and an algorithm for the solution of the above problem is presented. PMID- 6724729 TI - Computerised topographical mapping of scalp recorded event-related potentials. AB - A technique is described for the recording of multichannel cerebral evoked potential data and their conversion to colour-coded displays of scalp electrical activity at up to 40 instants in time. Such mapping gives a more readily assimilated picture of the evolution of the potential changes over the scalp than the raw waveforms. The method employs a PDP 11/23 computer for data collection and surface topography calculation, and a Tektronix 4662 digital plotter with 8 colour option for the display of spatio-temporal maps. PMID- 6724731 TI - Computer simulation of plasma exchange therapy in autoimmune disease. AB - Computer simulation of plasma exchange in autoimmune disease shows that a single treatment may reduce the amount of antibody bound to antigen by as much as 60 80%. The reduction is greatest when autoantibody is of low affinity and there is an excess of antibody compared to antigen. PMID- 6724732 TI - An interface to input analog signals to a remotely located computer. AB - Two simple components are described that allow a single microprocessor to monitor several analog instruments. A remote control box with a speaker and a switch allows communication between the operator and the microprocessor. Amplifiers on a printed circuit board ensure that there is no loss in resolution of the input signal. The circuitry allows offset of the input signals relative to the electrical zero, adjustment of the gain of each amplifier and, most importantly, protects the analog to digital converter against destruction by over-range voltages. PMID- 6724733 TI - Beyond principal component analysis: canonical component analysis for data reduction in classification of EPs. AB - The authors tested a new procedure for the discrimination of EPs obtained in different stimulus situations. In contrast with principal component analysis (PCA) used so far for the purpose of data compression, the method referred to as canonical component analysis (CCA) is optimal for the purpose of discrimination. To illustrate this, the authors performed both PCA and CCA for the same material, then after carrying out discriminant analysis ( SWDA ) for the data transformed in this way, compared the performance of the two procedures in discrimination. In view of both the theoretical and practical considerations, the authors recommend that in the future researchers use CCA instead of PCA in EP studies for data reduction carried out for discrimination. PMID- 6724734 TI - Coffee drinking and the risk of epithelial ovarian cancer. AB - The relation between ovarian cancer and coffee drinking habits was evaluated in a case-control study of 247 histologically confirmed epithelial ovarian cancers and 494 age-matched controls, admitted to hospital for acute conditions apparently unrelated to coffee consumption. Compared to rates for women who had never drunk coffee, the crude relative risk estimates for those who drank less than two, two or three, and four or more cups per day were 1.3, 1.5 and 1.4 respectively; however, when allowance was made for smoking habits, these risk estimates became 1.3, 1.7 and 1.8 respectively, and a significant linear trend of increasing risk with more elevated coffee consumption was evident. These results were not explained by various other potential confounding factors, including the major risk factors for ovarian cancer, but we had no information on dietary variables. The relative risk, however, did not increase with increasing duration of use. The findings of this study give apparent support in favour of the hypothesis that coffee consumption, or related dietary variables, may be associated with the risk of epithelial ovarian cancer. Further studies in different settings, however, are required in order to establish whether this association is real, and if so, whether it is causal. PMID- 6724735 TI - Patterns of lung cancer risk according to type of cigarette smoked. AB - A case-control study of lung cancer involving interviews with 7,804 cases and 15,207 hospital-based controls was carried out in seven locations in Western Europe. The large study size permitted the calculation of precise estimates of the relative risk of lung cancer associated with smoking different types of cigarettes. Lifelong nonfilter smokers were at nearly twice the risk of lung cancer compared to lifelong filter smokers after controlling for duration of cigarette use and number smoked per day (RR = 1.7 for males and 2.0 for females). Lung cancer risks for filter, nonfilter and mixed smokers increased in proportion to intensity and duration of smoking and decreased with years since stopping smoking. The findings indicate that prevention activities should continue to emphasize smoking cessation, although switching to low-tar cigarettes may also yield some reductions in lung cancer risk. PMID- 6724736 TI - M2, a novel myelomonocytic cell surface antigen and its distribution on leukemic cells. AB - The selectivity of a novel myelomonocytic cell surface antigen, designated M2, has been assessed in a series of 208 leukemias. The M2 antigen is defined by a monoclonal antibody (VIM-2) of the IgM class. Its expression within the normal hemopoietic system is restricted to myelomonocytic cells. Lymphocytes, erythrocytes, thrombocytes and their morphologically recognizable precursors are negative. Sixty of the 66 acute myeloblastic leukemias (= 91%) and 28 of the 30 myeloid blast crises of CML patients (= 93%) were M2-positive. As expected from our findings with normal myeloid cells, the myeloid cells found in stable phase of CML were also in all instances, M2-positive. Quite in contrast, lymphoid cells from patients with B-CLL, T-CLL, prolymphocytic leukemia, hairy-cell leukemia, lymphoblastic lymphoma, Sezary syndrome, from CML patients in lymphoid blast crisis and from the majority of patients with ALL, were completely M2-negative. Also negative were the blast cells of patients with acute megakaryoblastic leukemia and acute erythroleukemia. A direct comparison of M2 expression with the display of the 3-fucosyl-N-acetyllactosamine determinant, the structure recognized by most of the anti-myeloid monoclonal antibodies reported so far, shows that more AMLs are M2-positive and the proportion of M2-positive blast cells in individual AML samples is higher. PMID- 6724737 TI - The effect of dietary factors on nitrosoproline levels in human urine. AB - The effect of dietary components on the levels of nitrosoproline ( NPRO ) excreted over a 24 h period in the urine was examined in volunteers ingesting known amounts of various food products. The ingestion of nitrite-preserved meats (85-170 g per meal), including canned, rolled or Yunnan ham, cured pork, luncheon meat, and various Chinese and European-style sausages, led to urinary NPRO excretion levels ranging from 2.5 to 78.5 micrograms/24 h, whereas the consumption of non-preserved meat and fish products, including chicken, herring, salmon, shrimp, ground beef (hamburger), pork chops and beef liver, led to relatively low NPRO excretion levels, ranging from 0.0 to 0.8 micrograms/24 h. The urinary NPRO levels of 22 vegetarians and 14 lacto-vegetarians averaged 0.8 and 1.4 micrograms/24 h, respectively. A change from a nitrite-preserved meat diet to a vegetarian diet was accompanied by an approximately six-fold reduction in urinary NPRO levels; however, these remained above control levels for at least 3 days following the dietary change. The relatively high NPRO levels following the ingestion of nitrite-preserved meats could not be reduced by nitrite-trapping chemicals, including ascorbic acid, ferulic acid, caffeic acid, or phenolic containing mixtures such as coffee and tea, which were effective in suppressing endogenous NPRO formation following the intake of nitrate and proline. The high urinary NPRO levels after ingestion of preserved meat products appear to be due to the consumption of preformed NPRO . An understanding of the relative contribution of preformed and endogenously formed nitrosamines appears to be essential when designing dietary intervention programmes. PMID- 6724738 TI - Nyctohemeral changes in plasma prolactin levels and their relationship to breast cancer risk. AB - The amount of prolactin has been determined in serial blood samples taken over 24 h from 20 pre- and 9 postmenopausal women volunteers. All women had a large increase in prolactin at night (24.00 h-03.00 h). A much smaller rise in prolactin occurred in the evening (18.00 h-20.00 h) which was just significantly different (p less than 0.05) from levels found in the afternoon. Prolactin concentrations at any given time in the 29 women were linearly correlated with corresponding levels in either of the adjacent time intervals. This correlation was highly significant (p less than 0.001) throughout 24 h, implying that a woman with a relatively high (or low) blood prolactin in the afternoon would have a similarly high (or low) concentration in the evening or at night. Premenopausal women had higher amounts of prolactin than postmenopausal volunteers throughout the day. Parity was found to be inversely related to prolactin levels in pre- and postmenopausal women; this effect was especially marked in the night peak of prolactin. In postmenopausal women an average of 33 years had elapsed since the birth of the last child, which implies that childbirth has a life-long effect on reducing prolactin levels. Thus the protective effect of early child-bearing and multiparity against developing breast cancer could be at least partly explained by these effects on serum prolactin levels. PMID- 6724739 TI - Monoclonal antibodies identify a CEA crossreacting antigen of 95 kD (NCA-95) distinct in antigenicity and tissue distribution from the previously described NCA of 55 kD. AB - During the selection of monoclonal antibodies (MAb) raised against purified carcinoembryonic antigen (CEA), two MAbs were identified which immunoprecipitated a glycoprotein of 95 kD present both in perchloric acid extracts of normal lung and on the surface of normal granulocytes. This antigen was distinct from the previously reported normal glycoprotein crossreacting with CEA (NCA) which had a molecular weight of 55 kD. The difference between the smaller and the larger crossreacting antigens termed NCA-55 and NCA-95, respectively, was demonstrated by SDS-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis, by elution from Sephadex-G200 and by selective binding to a series of anti-CEA MAb. Out of six MAb which all bound CEA purified from colon carcinoma, three did not react with these two crossreacting antigens, one bound only NCA-95, one reacted only with NCA-55 and one reacted with both NCA-55 and NCA-95. Immunoadsorbent purified preparations of 125I labelled NCA-95 and NCA-55 were found useful for the screening of new anti-CEA MAb. In addition, when tested on frozen sections of colon carcinoma, normal spleen, normal lung and pancreas, each type of MAb gave a clearly different pattern of reactivity. The three anti-CEA MAb which did not bind any of the crossreacting antigens stained only the colon carcinoma cells; the MAb binding to either one of the two types of NCA gave a similar pattern of reactivity both on colon carcinoma cells and on granulocytes. However, on normal lung and pancreas, the MAb binding NCA-55 stained granulocytes as well as bronchiolar and alveolar epithelial cells in lung and inter- and intra-lobular duct epithelial cells in pancreas, whereas the MAb binding only NCA-95 stained only the granulocytes. Thus, the newly identified NCA-95 appears to differ from NCA-55 not only in terms of molecular size and antigenicity but also by the fact that in normal lung and pancreas it is found in granulocytes but not in epithelial cells. PMID- 6724740 TI - The ability of normal mouse cells to reduce the malignant potential of transformed mouse bladder epithelial cells depends on their somatic origin. AB - Somatic cell hybrids have been made between a transformed mouse bladder carcinoma cell line and normal mouse bladder epithelium and mesenchyme. In the epithelial tumour/mesenchyme hybrids the malignant phenotype was expressed dominantly whereas in the carcinoma/normal epithelium hybrids the malignant potential was greatly reduced. In both cases the dominant in vitro and in vivo phenotype was that of the normal parental cells. All hybrid tumours were first palpable after 4 7 days, demonstrating that the tumours had not arisen as a result of in vivo selection of a sub-population of tumorigenic cells. Chromosome analysis showed that the carcinoma/normal epithelium hybrids were all in the hypertetraploid range but the large variation in the karyotypic profile of each hybrid made it impossible to implicate any specific chromosomes in the control of expression of the malignant phenotype. During normal development in bladder epithelium, terminal differentiation is associated with tetraploid formation by cell fusion. The reduction in malignancy of the carcinoma/normal epithelium hybrids may perhaps be due to the expression of genes associated with normal terminal differentiation after cell fusion and tetraploid formation. This is also supported by the more differentiated phenotype of the hybrid tumours. Of the 10 mesenchyme/epithelium hybrids analysed cytogenetically , four were in the hypertetraploid range from which little meaningful data could be obtained about specific chromosome losses. Chromosome analysis of the cells from the near tetraploid hybrids showed only minor differences from what might have been expected from the input of the two parents; these differences appeared to be due to random chromosome loss. The maximum number of chromosomes lost from any of the hybrids was five, although one, two or three was more usual. The only consistent chromosome loss was of a single copy of chromosome 4, which in two of the hybrids represented the only chromosome change. The possibility that this loss might facilitate re-expression of the malignant phenotype is discussed. PMID- 6724741 TI - Characterization of in vitro immunoselected variants from a highly metastatic murine tumor for alterations in malignant behavior in vivo. AB - A new Ly-6.2- antigen-loss variant (called L61 -M1) of the highly metastatic DBA/2 mouse (Ly-6.2+) MDAY-D2 tumor has been obtained by means of a monoclonal anti-Ly-6.2 antibody in an in vitro immunoselection technique. Whereas L61 -M1 grew poorly when inoculated subcutaneously into the syngeneic host, it grew and metastasized in a similar way to the parental MDAY-D2 tumor when inoculated into immunosuppressed, athymic nude mice. L61 -M1 as well as another Ly-6.2- variant of the same MDAY-D2 tumor (called L61 ) which is poorly metastatic in the syngeneic host salvaged exogenous fucose into glycoproteins and glycolipids at rates 5.5 and 7.8 times that of the parental MDAY-D2 line. In contrast, the Ly 6.2- variants exhibited a 50-70% decrease in the incorporation of exogenous mannose into glycoproteins and glycolipids. L61 -M1 and L61 also exhibited alterations in the structures of the oligosaccharide moieties linked to the cell surface glycoproteins and/or glycolipids. Thus, the in vitro immunoselection technique can be used to obtain a panel of variants with stable phenotypic alterations in their growth and metastatic capacities. Such mutants may, like previously described lectin-resistant mutants, be useful in studying the contribution of cell surface glycoproteins and glycolipids to tumorigenicity and metastasis. PMID- 6724742 TI - Cytotoxic action of retinoidal butenolides on mouse neuroblastoma and rat glioma cells. AB - Proliferation and death were measured in cultures of mouse neuroblastoma N18TG -2 and rat glioma C6BU -1 cells when treated with up to 100 micron retinoidal butenolides (RB 1-6). The number of viable cells in each case was measured with various concentrations of the compounds, of which RB-3 (5-hydroxy-4-[2-(2,6,6, trimethyl-l- cyclohex en-l-yl) ethenyl ]-2(5H)- furanone ) was the most potent in destroying the cells after 2 days' incubation. ED50 of RB-3 was about 5 X 10(-7) M for both types of cell. RB-3 was 80 times more potent than retinoic acid. Ten analogues of RB-3 had a similar inhibitory effect on DNA synthesis in N18TG -2 cells. The degenerative changes caused by RB-3 in C6BU -l cells were irreversible even when the cells were exposed to it for 2 h. Tumor weights of N18TG -2 cells that had been inoculated subcutaneously onto the backs of A/J mice were 30-40% lower than those of untreated controls after 14 days of single daily i.p. injections of RB-3 doses of 100 mg/kg of body weight. The results indicate that RB-3 is cytotoxic in murine tumor cells originating from the nervous system and has an inhibitory effect on neuroblastoma-tumor growth in mice. PMID- 6724743 TI - Substances that can trigger activation of the alternative pathway of complement have anti-melanoma activity in mice. AB - Intraperitoneal (i.p.) injection of substances that can ignite the alternative pathway of complement, namely isolated human C3b or C3(H2O), guinea-pig C3(H2O) or cobra venom factor, or conventionally prepared zymosan, will reproducibly and very significantly increase the mean survival time of C57BL mice previously inoculated i.p. with melanoma cells. The effect is greater at higher doses and earlier post-inoculation (p.i.) administration, but the substances are active at low doses (30-100 micrograms/mouse) if given early enough. It is likely that C3b or C3(H2O) was the previously unidentified anti-tumour factor activated in serum by S. aureus treatment or serum fractionation and described elsewhere. Activation of the alternative pathway of complement appears to have potential interest for cancer therapy. PMID- 6724744 TI - Properties of a herpesvirus-transformed hamster cell line: immunogenicity of sublines of high and low metastatic potential. AB - The immunogenicity of a herpesvirus hominis type-2-transformed hamster cell line (HSV-2-333-2-26) of low spontaneous metastatic ability was compared with that of its two in vivo-derived sublines of increased metastatic potential. The parent (HSV-2-333-2-26) tumour was immunogenic as assessed by protection against tumour challenge afforded by implantation of irradiated tumour cells or tissue. In contrast, the two metastatic sublines, designated Met A and Met B, were non immunogenic as defined by the above critera . However, the parent Met A and Met B tumours were shown to possess a common antigen(s), since immunization with irradiated parent tumour cells afforded protection to challenge with Met A or Met B. Immunization with the metastatic sublines, however, gave no protection to homologous or heterologous tumour challenge. Bacillus Calmette-Guerin (BCG) inoculated in admixture with irradiated tumour cells and followed 7 days later by one immunization with X-irradiated tumour cells alone, increased host immunocompetence to subsequent homologous or cross-tumour cell challenge with parent, Met A or Met B cells. The immunity raised by using BCG plus irradiated tumour cells was shown to be specific to antigens expressed on the HSV-2 parent cell line and its metastatic sublines. In addition, BCG admixed with live inocula of parent, Met A or Met B cells induced contact suppression of in vivo tumour growth of the parent cells, but not of Met A or Met B cells. It is suggested from these studies that the parent tumour possesses a tumour-specific transplantation antigen(s) ( TSTAs ) which is not functionally active on its metastatically derived sublines. Common antigens, shared between the parent and Met A and Met B cells, are detectable by cross-challenge experiments, but they themselves appear not to be immunologically offensive. The loss of immunogenicity is discussed as a possible mechanism for the in vivo selection of sublines with increased metastatic potential. PMID- 6724745 TI - Automated external defibrillation: laboratory evaluation. AB - Twelve samples of ventricular fibrillation were fed into nine automated external defibrillator-pacemakers ( AEDP , "Heart Aid") of recent design. All the devices recognised and defibrillated ventricular fibrillation in seven of the samples within 30 sec. None of the devices reacted to two of the samples; in the remaining three there was inter-device variation ranging from an appropriate response to no response, as well as inappropriate pacing or delay in recognition and treatment. Poor recognition of some ventricular fibrillation waveforms with considerable inter-device variation limits the usefulness of this model. A new prototype responded more consistently and future models may be of value in community resuscitation. The difficulty of evaluating the diagnostic capability of AEDP devices in clinical use makes comprehensive laboratory testing essential prior to release. PMID- 6724746 TI - Prognosis in patients with intra-Hisian conduction disturbances. AB - Intra-Hisian delay is usually associated with fascicular conduction abnormalities. We report our experience in 23 patients who had intra-Hisian delay as their only conduction defect. First-degree intra-Hisian delay (His bundle deflection greater than or equal to 30 msec) was present in 17 patients, 5 of whom also had split His potentials. Three of these patients received permanent pacemakers, all of whom had a history of syncope. Higher degrees of intra-Hisian delay were observed either spontaneously or in response to atrial pacing in 6 patients. Five of these patients were treated with permanent pacing, 4 of whom had symptomatic bradyarrhythmias and/or syncope. No patient has had a recurrence of symptoms following pacemaker insertion during the mean 31-month follow-up. No patient with first-degree intra-Hisian delay not receiving a pacemaker developed symptomatic bradyarrhythmias or syncope during a mean follow-up of 21 months. PMID- 6724747 TI - Influence of left ventricular function and severity of coronary artery disease on exercise-induced pulmonary thallium-201 uptake. AB - Pulmonary uptake of thallium-201 during exercise was measured in 58 patients with coronary artery disease and compared with the results from 21 patients with normal coronary arteries and 5 normal volunteers. A quantitative method was used to assess the pulmonary thallium uptake relative to cardiac activity (heart/lung ratio). This ratio was calculated for exercise and for redistribution imaging. The mean exercise heart/lung ratio for the group with coronary artery disease was 1.43 +/- 0.36 SD (n = 58); and for the "normal" group was 2.76 +/- 0.41 (n = 26) (P less than 0.001). Increased pulmonary uptake after exercise in the coronary disease group was reversible (mean redistribution heart/lung = 1.96 +/- 0.37 SD; P less than 0.001). The exercise heart/lung ratio differed significantly between groups with single-, two- and three-vessel disease; patients with and without prior infarction; and patients with exercise-induced ST segment depression and elevation. Linear regression analysis between ejection fraction calculated from equilibrium radionuclide angiography at rest and the exercise heart/lung ratio in the coronary artery disease group gave the equation: exercise heart/lung = 0.857 +/- 0.014 ejection fraction for n = 58; r = 0.695; P less than 0.001. It would appear that the exercise heart/lung ratio is a simple and valuable non-invasive index which should be used as part of routine thallium scan interpretation to provide additional information on left ventricular function after exercise and as an indicator of the severity of obstructive coronary artery disease. PMID- 6724748 TI - Sternal splintage with rib graft to avoid retrosternal compression after open heart surgery--an experimental study. AB - We present an experimental study in monkeys of sternal splintage using single or multiple rib grafts. This technique provides an enlarged retrosternal space, at the same time giving good stability of the mediastinum. In this way it is possible to avoid compression of the dilated heart, an external conduit or an assist device as may happen on occasion after conventional sternal closure. PMID- 6724749 TI - Intracardiac electrophysiologic study of dilazep in man. PMID- 6724750 TI - Congenital absence of the pericardium associated with atrial septal defect and sick sinus syndrome. AB - We describe the case of a 42-year-old woman with a rare combination of congenital pericardial absence, atrial septal defect within the fossa ovalis and sick sinus syndrome. The features of the different examinations performed (chest X-ray, ECG, ambulatory ECG-monitoring, echocardiography, and cardiac catheterization) are reported and discussed. PMID- 6724751 TI - Cardiac rupture over two decades: before and after the introduction of external cardiac compression. AB - We describe myocardial rupture before external cardiac compression was introduced and after its introduction and use as a routine procedure. PMID- 6724752 TI - Sick sinus syndrome: the role of hypervagotonia. AB - A 58-year-old man with persistent symptomatic sinus bradycardia (52 beats/min) showed a markedly prolonged postpacing pause (3240 msec) after atrial pacing at a cycle of 840 msec. In addition, Wenckebach block occurred following atrial pacing at a cycle length of 700 msec. After atropine (2 mg) postpacing pauses returned to normal value and type 1 second-degree AV block completely reversed to 1:1 AV conduction until paced rates greater than 140/min. It may be that in some patients marked and persistent vagal overactivity may predispose to "intrinsic" sinus node dysfunction; in later stages, sinus node function may paradoxically result unaffected by changes in autonomic tone. PMID- 6724753 TI - Coronary reperfusion stimulates cardiac reflexes. PMID- 6724754 TI - Holiday heart arrhythmias. PMID- 6724756 TI - Endocardial fibroelastosis and left heart hypoplasia revisited. PMID- 6724755 TI - What is the value of calcium antagonists for ventricular tachycardia? PMID- 6724757 TI - The autopsy versus the ostrich. PMID- 6724758 TI - The international sabbatical. PMID- 6724759 TI - Considering the risks of "populations at risk". PMID- 6724760 TI - Drug-induced ego states. I. Cocaine: phenomenology and implications. AB - The ego state experienced by chronic users of cocaine is described in terms of sensorimotor functioning, cognitive functioning, emotionality, spatiality , temporality , causality, and materiality . At low use levels the state is pleasurable, but at high levels fear, anxiety, and paranoia increase, and ultimately reality contact breaks down. Q-sort, Semantic Differential, and other data suggest that low-level users take cocaine to overcome personal insecurities and relieve boredom. Heavy users take it to support overvaulting ambitions and intense strivings for self-sufficiency. Psychotherapy with such persons must deal with their counterdependency , anger, and despair, and with their underlying sense of betrayal . These persons have unacknowledged needs for spiritual experience that must be dealt with openly. A description of persons most vulnerable to heavy use of cocaine is provided, and recommendations for research and social policy are presented. PMID- 6724761 TI - Paraprofessional versus professional drug counselors: diverse routes to the same role. AB - The backgrounds and roles of ex-addict ( EXA ) and non-ex-addict (NEA) paraprofessional methadone maintenance and drug-free out-patient counselors were contrasted with those of degreed professional counselors (PRO). There was no evidence of differential assignment of clients to counselors based on drug use, drug treatment, criminal, educational, and employment histories. The three counselor groups were remarkably similar in their participation in 11 areas of job activities ranging from counseling duties per se through administrative support functions. The only reliable difference was the greater involvement of EXAs in counseling and community education activities which took them outside the program. PMID- 6724762 TI - The effect of perceived neighborhood setting on self-reported tobacco, alcohol, and marijuana use among inner-city minority junior high school youth. AB - The relationship between neighborhood setting and drug use appears to be drug specific. For alcohol and tobacco a knowledge of peer (friends') use was highly predictive of personal use, independent of how tough or drug involved the neighborhood was thought to be, but quite dependent on neighborhood perceptions for personal marijuana use, becoming more predictive as the neighborhood was perceived as tougher and more drug involved. Knowledge of spare-time activities was predictive of tobacco and marijuana use (independent of neighborhood) but not predictive for alcohol use. The data suggest that because the relationships are complex, intervention/prevention strategies must not only be drug specific but must proceed on many fronts simultaneously. Some suggestions are offered, along with a discussion of findings which may help identify non-users and users in the same population. PMID- 6724763 TI - A comprehensive care program for pregnant addicts: obstetrical, neonatal, and child development outcomes. AB - This study reports the results of a comprehensive care program for pregnant addicts, one that provides medical, counseling, and child development services. Findings include the following. Women who enroll while pregnant generally stay through childbirth, and most deliveries are free of complication. Most newborns are of normal gestational age and birthweight, and these outcomes are directly related to length and amount of prenatal care. Neonatal withdrawal is directly related to prenatal maternal methadone dose. Child development, as measured by the Bayley Scales, is usually in the normal range, although mean scores for cognitive development decrease through age 2. Female babies generally have higher cognitive and motor scores than males, and their cognitive scores decline less sharply than those of the males. Developmental scores are directly related to neonatal maturity, especially birthweight. Prenatal maternal methadone dose tends to be negatively related to developmental scores for boys but not for girls. PMID- 6724764 TI - Infectious complications of illicit drug use. PMID- 6724765 TI - Modification of post-operative C. albicans sepsis by glucan immunostimulation. AB - Glucan, a beta-1,3 polyglucose, was evaluated for its ability to enhance resistance of post-operative mice to experimentally induced C. albicans sepsis. Male C57BL/6J mice were injected i.v. with glucan (0.45 mg/mouse) on days 10,7,4 and 1 prior to midline laparotomy and intravenous challenge with 3 X 10(6) C. albicans. The detrimental effect of surgery on survival following C. albicans infection was manifested by a 47% survival in the non-surgery-infected group in contrast to 20% in the surgery-infected group. Protection against C. albicans was observed in the glucan-treated groups. The glucan-treated non-operated mice manifested 100% survival while the surgery group had a 73% survival. Glucan significantly enhanced macrophage phagocytic function in control and operated mice. Laparotomy alone did not significantly depress macrophage phagocytosis. Histopathological studies revealed that glucan markedly inhibited the renal pathology associated with C. albicans challenge both in the presence and absence of laparotomy. These data indicate that glucan increased survival and reduced renal pathology associated with C. albicans challenge in the post-operative period. These observations suggest that Biologic Response Modifiers such as glucan may be effectively employed in patients who are at risk for post-operative infections. PMID- 6724766 TI - In vitro inhibition of natural killer cell activity by doxycycline. AB - The effect of four tetracyclines, tetracycline, rolitetracycline, oxytetracycline and doxycycline, on human natural killer (NK) cell-mediated cytotoxicity was examined in vitro. Doxycycline was the only tetracycline which inhibited the NK cell activity. At concentrations of 10 micrograms/ml the drug caused approximately 50% inhibition of NK cell mediated cytotoxicity against K562 target. The inhibition was not a result of a toxic effect of the drug on NK cells. These results support the previous findings that doxycycline shows immunosuppressive properties. PMID- 6724767 TI - Histologic observations of pleomorphic, variably acid-fast bacteria in scleroderma, morphea, and lichen sclerosus et atrophicus. AB - Variably acid-fast coccoid forms, suggestive of cell wall deficient forms of mycobacteria, were observed in the dermis in microscopic sections of skin from six patients with generalized scleroderma, 10 patients with localized scleroderma (morphea), and four patients with lichen sclerosus et atrophicus (LSA). These coccoid forms were found within the collagen bundles, around the adnexae (hair shafts, pilosebaceous units, eccrine glands), and less commonly around the blood vessels and nerves. These coccoid forms may be related to cocci and also to granular coccoid elements of corynebacteria-like coccobacilli, which, on occasion, can be cultured from the skin of these three diseases. The findings in this study support the three-decade old hypothesis concerning the constant association of pleomorphic acid-fast bacteria with scleroderma. The study also suggests that closely related diseases, such as morphea and LSA, are also associated with the presence of similar appearing microbes. PMID- 6724768 TI - Human leukocyte antigen in genodermatosis. AB - Tissue typing performed on the lymphocytes of 41 patients, including: 23 patients with ichthyosis (15 of autosomal dominant and 8 of the x-linked variety; 8 patients with tuberous sclerosis (epiloia); and 10 patients with acrodermatitis enteropathica (AEP). In addition, tissue typing was performed for a control group of 80 healthy unrelated subjects of the same ethnic origin as the patients. A significant increase of A2 antigen or its crossreacting antigen A28 was detected among the three diseases studied. A significant increase of HLA-A2 antigen was found in autosomal dominant ichthyosis, while the x-linked variety showed significant association with HLA-Cw2. A significant association with HLA-A28 antigen was noticed in both epiloia and AEP. The suggested mechanisms of such association may be referred to as incidental genetic linkage with mutants causing disease or deficiency. PMID- 6724769 TI - Kaposi's sarcoma on a lymphedematous immunocompromised limb. AB - Kaposi's sarcoma appeared on a chronically lymphedematous leg of a 75-year-old man. Immunologic investigations revealed a lack of cellular immune response confined to the involved lower limb. Regional disorders of immune surveillance are thought to play an important role in the early stages of Kaposi's sarcoma. PMID- 6724770 TI - Increased cutaneous fibrinolytic activity in a case of aquagenic pruritus. AB - Cutaneous fibrinolytic activity was found to be increased in a patient with aquagenic pruritus both before and after contact with water. This could explain the lack of wheal formation in this affection, which is characterized by increased histamine release. PMID- 6724771 TI - Carcinoma cuniculatum capitis. A variant of squamous cell carcinoma of the skin. PMID- 6724772 TI - Impaired motility and random migration of vital polymorphonuclears in vitro after therapy with oral aromatic retinoid in psoriasis. AB - Vital polymorphonuclears of healthy persons and of patients with psoriasis before and after therapy with oral retinoid (Ro 10-9359) were observed in vitro under standardized conditions. In this model normal polymorphonuclears showed well defined changes entering (A) a stage of resting and accommodation, (B) a stage of movement in loco, and finally, (C) a stage of migration. The rectilinear migration of cells was accompanied by characteristic movements of the cytoplasmic granula towards the cytocentrum. Just before the onset of migration, the cell organelles ordered themselves in a defined position within the cytoplasm. The survival time of the cells was about 48 hours, and their degeneration in vitro was reproducible. Polymorphonuclears of psoriasis patients without respiration before therapy with oral retinoid showed no changes. In contrast, the in vitro motility of polymorphonuclears of psoriasis under oral retinoid therapy showed distinct alterations: the movement of the cytoplasmic granula was strongly decelerated, and the regular arrangement of the cell organelles did not appear. The function of the cytocentrum was obviously impaired; the cells persisted longer in the resting stage and reached the movement stage later. A stage of migration failed to appear. The survival time was reduced to approximately 24 hours. These observations suggest that the oral retinoid interferes with the microtubular cell system and inhibits the directional migration of the polymorphonuclear in vitro. PMID- 6724774 TI - Tanenbaum's sulconazole figure. PMID- 6724773 TI - Is pityriasis rosea dying? PMID- 6724775 TI - Antimicrobial susceptibility testing. Learning to live with uncertainty. PMID- 6724776 TI - Familial lichen amyloidosis. AB - In Japan, two cases of familial lichen amyloidosis were found in a mother and her son, who had a history of cutaneous amyloidosis in 11 adults of three family generations. HLA types in both patients were rather common ones among Japanese people. Topical application of dimethyl sulfoxide was effective in the mother but not in the son. Familial cutaneous amyloidosis (FCA) is a rare disease in Japan although nonfamilial-type is not uncommon. Possible parameters of FCA are discussed. The author recommends using "FCA" without "primary" as the name of the disease. PMID- 6724777 TI - Cutaneous leishmaniasis in Al-Hassa, Saudi Arabia. AB - Cutaneous leishmaniasis of the classical noduloulcerative variety is endemic in Al-Hassa, Saudi Arabia. In a clinical study in which 56 Saudi patients and 66 non Saudi patients were examined, it was found that the Saudi patients were considerably younger and had significantly milder disease compared with the non Saudi patients. PMID- 6724779 TI - Discoid lupus erythematosus in a patient with vitiligo and autoimmune thyroiditis. PMID- 6724778 TI - Recurrent granulomatous dermatitis with eosinophilia. Wells' syndrome. AB - A 27-year-old woman developed a chronic, recurrent eruption of the face and upper extremities with the clinical and histopathologic features of recurrent granulomatous dermatitis with eosinophilia (Wells' syndrome). As described in 15 previously reported cases, this disorder is characterized by two clinical phases (eosinophilic cellulitis and granulomatous plaque phase) and three histopathologic stages. The latter are particularly remarkable for a diffuse dermal and subcutaneous eosinophilia in acute lesions and scattered flame figures in chronic lesions. Distinctive findings in this case were the predominance of facial involvement and the symptomatic response to topical corticosteroids. Although etiology and pathogenesis are unknown, we feel that Wells' syndrome is a unique yet rarely recognized clinicopathologic entity. PMID- 6724780 TI - Trousseau's syndrome. PMID- 6724781 TI - Topical aluminum sulfate for fire ant stings. AB - Topical aluminum sulfate was not effective in relieving pain and stinging from the imported fire ant, contrary to a previous uncontrolled study. PMID- 6724782 TI - Dermatologic education in southeast Asia. The Malaysian experience. PMID- 6724783 TI - Determination of gold and platinum traces in biological materials as a part of a multi-element radiochemical activation analysis system. AB - For the analysis of human tissues for traces of gold and platinum--being used as constituents of therapeutic agents--a radiochemical neutron activation method has been developed. The radiochemical separation involves the selective removal of radioactive gold--formed by the reaction 197Au (n, gamma)198Au and the reaction 198Pt (n, gamma) 199Pt ---- 199Au --as small metallic nuggets . The determination of gold and platinum is carried out as a part of an automated multi-element radiochemical separation scheme, allowing the determination of about 20 additional trace elements, and thus giving the possibility to study interelement relations. The analytical characteristics of the determination are evaluated. Gold and platinum levels measured in Bowen's Kale, NBS Bovine Liver and NBS Orchard Leaves are presented. Values are shown for gold, platinum, and 20 other trace elements in various healthy and cancerous tissues from patients treated with cis-platin. (Cis-Diamminedichloroplatinum II). PMID- 6724784 TI - Significance of arsenic metabolic forms in urine. Part I: Chemical speciation. AB - The aim of this research has been to develop analytical procedures whereby the various chemical forms of arsenic present in urine can be distinguished and further data on the biotransformation of absorbed arsenic can be acquired. The separation of inorganic arsenic ( InAs ), monomethylarsonic acid ( MMAA ), and dimethylarsinic acid ( DMAA ) in urine was performed by ion-exchange chromatography on AG 50 W-X8 resin. Arsenic was then measured directly on the eluted fractions by atomic absorption spectrophotometry, after the reduction of arsenic to the correspondent arsine. In 160 subjects with no occupational exposure to arsenic compounds, InAs , MMAA , DMAA each accounted for about 10% of the total arsenic urinary excretion (17.2 +/- 11.1 micrograms/1), thus indicating that in the normal population over 60% of arsenic in urine is present in other organic forms. After eating marine food, there was a marked increase of urinary output of arsenic, but no increase was observed in InAs , MMAA and DMAA urinary excretion. In the biological monitoring of exposure to inorganic arsenic, particularly in the case of high urinary excretion values, the differentiation of the excreted forms of arsenic is necessary to establish with certainty the source (industrial or alimentary) of arsenic. PMID- 6724785 TI - Biological monitoring of occupational exposure to different chromium compounds at various valency states. AB - Chromium concentrations in the air were measured in seven different workroom environments, where exposure to water soluble hexavalent or trivalent compounds was expected. Urinary excretion of chromium was measured before and after the same arbitrarily chosen working day. End-of-shift urinary chromium and its increase above pre-exposure levels were closely related to the concentration of water soluble chromium (VI) in the air. The values corresponding to 50 micrograms m-3 in the air, which is the current threshold limit value in most countries, were 29.8 and 12.2 micrograms g-1 of creatinine, respectively. Urinary chromium in workers exposed to water insoluble chromates or to water soluble chromic (III) sulphate was definitely higher than that observed in subjects not occupationally exposed to chromium compounds, but it cannot be recommended as short-term exposure test for evaluation of the job-related hazard. PMID- 6724786 TI - [A new method for quantitative measurement of the cadmium absorbed by chick embryos]. AB - We attempted to determine the quantity of cadmium incorporated in hens eggs after immersion in cadmium solutions, and the cadmium concentration measured in embryos. We discussed equipment allowing simultaneous treatment of up to 42 samples, and called it " digestor ". It consisted of two gas-heated sand baths, two stands for cooling down solutions and an evacuation system for toxic vapours. Our method was based on wet mineralisation. It consisted of desintegrating experimental chick embryos in a HNO3/H2O2 mixed solution. After heating and evaporating, the quantity of cadmium in the remnant was determined by atomic absorption spectrophotometry. The reliability of such a technique was tested by studying as controls controls 17 days-old chick embryos injected with a known quantity of Cd(NO3). It showed no loss of cadmium. We also compared our procedure with a dry ashing method. The latter showed unacceptable losses and insufficient precision for the problems we wanted to investigate. Our method gave us much more precise results. The equipment we developed has functioned wholly satisfactorily and allowed us to investigate for instance cadmium distribution and concentration in embryonic organs of 17 days-old chicks. It could also be useful for researches concerning other biological samples analyzed for different heavy metals. PMID- 6724787 TI - Ultrastructure of papillary serous carcinoma of the endometrium. AB - Three cases of papillary serous carcinoma of the endometrium ( PSCE ) have been studied by transmission electron microscopy, and the ultrastructural findings compared with those in classical "endometrioid" carcinoma of the endometrium ( CECE ) and papillary serous carcinoma of the ovary ( PSCO ). PSCE possesses many ultrastructural features in common with both CECE and PSCO , as well as with clear cell carcinoma of the endometrium, emphasizing the close relationship existing among these different tumors of Mullerian origin. The only useful ultrastructural distinguishing features between serous and endometrioid carcinomas of similar histologic grade are more numerous secretory granules in the former and prominent paranuclear microfilaments and tonofilaments in the latter. Despite its lack of ultrastructural distinctiveness, the clinical behavior of PSCE justifies its consideration as a unique clinicopathologic entity. PMID- 6724788 TI - Ovarian Sertoli cell tumors: a report of 10 cases. AB - Ten Sertoli cell tumors of the ovary, which occurred in patients from 2 to 62 years of age (average 38 years), are reported. Two prepubertal patients presented because of isosexual precocity, and there was evidence of estrogenic stimulation of the endometrium in two postmenopausal women. The tumors were all Stage Ia and ranged from 0.8 to 17 cm in diameter. On microscopic examination five of them contained tubules that were predominantly hollow, and five, tubules that were predominantly solid. Two of the neoplasms in the latter group were of the lipid rich type. Seven tumors were well differentiated, two were of intermediate differentiation, and one was poorly differentiated. The last tumor, which metastasized widely and was rapidly fatal, was the only clinically malignant tumor in the series. PMID- 6724789 TI - Isolated noninfectious granulomas of the ovary. AB - Four examples of noninfectious granulomas of the ovary were studied. All four occurred in premenopausal women. One patient had a salpingo-oophorectomy for a symptomatic ovarian mass; the other three examples were incidental findings in hysterectomy and salpingo-oophorectomy specimens. None of the patients had a history of systemic granulomatous disease, nor have any of the patients developed any symptoms on follow-up, which varies from 2 to 7 years. PMID- 6724790 TI - Ovarian fetiform teratoma (homunculus) in a 9-year-old girl. AB - An infarcted ovarian mass, removed from a 9-year-old girl, was composed of a thin walled cyst containing a fetiform structure. At its cranial pole was a ruptured cyst lined by skin and a diaphanous fibrous membrane associated with long, darkly pigmented hair. The remainder of the fetiform structure was covered by skin bearing fine lanugo hair. Rudimentary upper limb buds were present. At the caudal pole were two extremities that included feet, toes, and nails. Radiographic studies demonstrated portions of skull, vertebral, and limb bones. Microscopical examination revealed primitive brain tissue at the base of the cephalic cavity and a spinal cord along the entire length of the trunk with ganglia and peripheral nerves extending outward from it. Notochordal tissue was associated with one vertebral body. A mucus-filled endodermal tube containing glandular outgrowths also ran the length of the trunk. This patient is one of the youngest reported with an ovarian homunculus or fetiform teratoma. This specimen is among the very few recorded cases in the literature and reflects the highest degree of organized development exhibited by a single germ cell undergoing neoplasia. PMID- 6724791 TI - Peritoneal melanosis secondary to a benign dermoid cyst of the ovary: a case report with ultrastructural study. AB - A case of peritoneal melanosis secondary to a ruptured benign cystic teratoma in a 28-year-old woman is reported. The patient had no history of cutaneous or ocular malignant melanotic lesions. The section of the left ovary contained benign teratoid elements. The ultrastructure of the omental and peritoneal pigmented nodules confirmed that the lesions consisted of histiocytes phagocytizing massive melanin pigments. Although no melanocytic neoplasm was found in the ovarian cystic teratoma, circumstance suggests that the ovarian, omental, and peritoneal pigmented lesions were secondary reactions to melanin released from the ruptured cystic teratoma. PMID- 6724792 TI - The liver in consecutive patients with morbid obesity: a clinical, morphological, and biochemical study. AB - Liver morphology and biochemistry were investigated in 61 morbidly obese subjects selected by defined criteria. Median overweight was 82 per cent (range 61 to 170 per cent), and median duration of overweight was 20 years (range two to 45 years). No patient had more than a moderate alcohol consumption and only one was diabetic. Four biopsies (7 per cent) showed normal liver tissue, while fatty change was the main diagnosis in most cases (85 per cent). Increasing degrees of fatty change was significantly (P less than 0.02) associated with presence of lipogranulomas (found in 54 per cent of the biopsies), focal necroses (found in 28 per cent), slight parenchymal inflammation (found in 33 per cent), and Kupffer cell proliferation (found in 49 per cent). Slight portal inflammation was seen in 23 per cent but portal fibrosis in only 2 per cent of the biopsies. No case of cirrhosis was registered. Patients with moderate or severe fatty change, lipogranulomas , focal necroses or with parenchymal inflammation were significantly more obese than patients without these changes (P less than 0.05). Even in absence of fatty change, obese subjects showed a markedly decreased serum albumin concentration and an elevated serum alkaline phosphatase activity (P less than 0.0001) compared with non-obese controls. Serum lactate dehydrogenase and aspartate aminotransferase were significantly raised only in patients with fatty change. With respect to serum bilirubin and plasma cholesterol concentrations no significant differences were detected between patient subgroups and controls.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS) PMID- 6724793 TI - The nutritional knowledge scores of morbidly obese patients selected for gastric bypass surgery. AB - Repeated attempts at weight-reduction might be expected to coincide with an increase in nutritional knowledge. In this study a 30-item multiple choice test was used to compare the nutritional knowledge of 50 morbidly obese patients, selected for gastric bypass surgery, to that of 50 hospital control subjects prospectively matched for age, sex, educational experience, and socio-economic status. Morbidly obese patients knew less about general nutrition than subjects in the control group (P less than 0.005). In addition there was no significant correlation (rs = 0.10, n = 24) between the amount of weight lost one year after surgery and the nutritional knowledge scores. It seems that whilst morbidly obese patients have a relatively poor level of nutritional knowledge, this finding cannot be related to the extent of weight loss after gastric bypass surgery. PMID- 6724794 TI - Effects of glycerol addition to diet in weight-reducing clubs. AB - As a weight-losing adjunct, 7.5 g glycerol in a 25 per cent solution was administered before meals to members of a commercial weight-reducing club. The same amount of glucose served as placebo. Members were randomly given either solution for six weeks. Body weight and hunger ratings were recorded weekly. Thirty-one members completed the study. Initial mean body weight was 77.5 +/- 12.9 (s.d.) kg corresponding to a Broca index of 1.16 +/- 0.18. Members on glycerol lost 4.1 +/- 2.2 kg and those on glucose lost 3.2 +/- 2.4 kg (n.s.). At the onset of the meal, plasma glycerol concentration was about ten times above baseline values. The study extends previous observations made in smaller groups that glycerol does not improve weight loss in subjects on a hypocaloric diet. PMID- 6724795 TI - Changes in plasma high-density lipoproteins after body weight reduction in obese women. AB - We investigated effects of a hypocaloric diet of 5023.2 kJ (1200 kcal) on body weight and plasma lipids in 40 obese female subjects in two groups: (1) 20 obese subjects with normal plasma triglycerides at the onset (means = 148.5 mg/dl), and (2) 20 with hypertriglyceridemia (means = 225.3 mg/dl). The hypocaloric diet was instituted for a mean period of nine months and average body weight loss was 15.6 kg for Gp 1 and 14.0 kg for Gp 2. In Gp 1 there were no significant changes in total plasma cholesterol or triglycerides, but HDL-cholesterol rose significantly from a mean value of 42.5 to 53.6 mg/dl (P less than 0.001). Subjects in Gp 2 showed a significant decrease in plasma triglycerides (from 225.3 to 152.3 mg/dl, P less than 0.001) and an elevation in HDL-cholesterol from 41.2 to 48.2 mg/dl, P less than 0.001. Our results show that losing weight is associated with HDL cholesterol elevation, independently of variation in plasma triglycerides. PMID- 6724796 TI - Effects of a very-low-calorie diet on adrenergic responsiveness in human adipose tissue. AB - Nineteen obese women were given a strictly-defined very-low-calorie diet for three weeks, and changes in adipose tissue lipolysis were studied using adrenergic drugs. The beta-receptor responsiveness was tested by isoprenaline. Before the diet, we found a negative relationship between basal value and isoprenaline-net effect on glycerol release; after the diet, its relationship disappeared, but the beta-stimulated level remained at a similar maximum. The alpha-receptor responsiveness was studied using clonidine, which significantly inhibits lipolysis; this effect was twice as high after the diet than before. Adrenaline-induced lipolysis was also studied; we found a dose-dependent response, and after a diet a negative linear relationship between basal and adrenaline net-lipolysis, so that adrenaline became antilipolytic for the high values of spontaneous lipolysis. We conclude that: (1) diet does not modify adipocyte-beta-receptor responsiveness, but it increases alpha-receptor responsiveness; (2) relationships between basal lipolysis and the lipolytic responsiveness of adrenergic receptors, which already exist with the spontaneous feeding, are enhanced by the hypocaloric diet, but in such a way that adipocyte lipolysis remains within a given range; (3) we were unable to find any relationship between rate of weight loss and amplitude of adrenergic-receptor responsiveness. PMID- 6724797 TI - Renal tubular acidosis following intestinal bypass: an etiological study. AB - Nine cases of the distal type of renal tubular acidosis (RTA) following intestinal bypass were found. Diagnosis was based on inability to acidify the urine to pH values below 5.40 despite systemic acidosis. Acidosis, if not present, was induced by giving ammonium chloride 0.1 g/kg body weight. Patients were examined for diseases known to cause RTA but no already known etiological factor was found. Hyperoxaluria was found in eight of the nine cases with RTA, while not present in patients without RTA or in obese control patients. A causal relationship between hyperoxaluria and RTA is suggested though not proved. Cases reported in the literature of renal damage following bypass are summarized and discussed in relation to presence of hyperoxaluria and RTA. PMID- 6724798 TI - The Cordon study of weight reduction based on behaviour modification. AB - A behaviour modification programme for the treatment of obesity was offered to a population of obese women, aged 51-67, being screened for breast cancer. The programme was offered in two forms: (1) A series of ten small group sessions under the guidance of a non-medical leader, with three follow-up meetings after the course (10 S programme). (2). A series of ten mailed lessons with a pre- and post-course interview and three follow-up meetings after the course (10 L programme). The drop-out rate during the course was 12 per cent for the 10 S programme and 37 per cent for the 10 L programme. Follow-up in the 10 S programme revealed an average weight loss of 5.2 kg after 3 months, 4.1 kg after 17 months, and 3.0 kg after 36 months. Comparable figures in the 10 L programme were 3.0 kg, 3.0 kg and 1.6 kg, respectively. Percentile distributions of weight loss after these intervals are presented. Results are compared with those in other obese women in the cancer screening programme who either had no plans for weight reduction or said they had opted for other kinds of intervention. These comparisons clearly favour the behaviour treatment programme, but the picture may have been influenced by a possibly higher motivation of those who followed the course. PMID- 6724799 TI - Cholecystokinin, bombesin and neurotensin in brain tissue from obese animals. AB - The concentration of cholecystokinin (the octapeptide, CCK-8), bombesin, and neurotensin was measured by radioimmunoassay in the cortex, hypothalamus and diencephalon of brains from lean, genetically obese and hypothalamic (VMH) obese rodents. Highest concentration of CCK-8 was found in the cortex whereas highest concentrations of bombesin and neurotensin were in the hypothalamus. When food was provided ad libitum, there was no difference in concentration of any of these peptides between lean and the respective genetically obese mice (ob/ob) and fatty (fa/fa) rats, or between lean and hypothalamic (VMH lesioned) obese rats. Adrenalectomy, which arrested the progression of obesity in both ob/ob and fatty rats, did not result in significant change in concentration of any of the three peptides studied in comparison with the respective sham-operated animals. Though significant differences in cholecystokinin and bombesin concentrations were detectable in some instances between adrenalectomized lean and adrenalectomized obese rats, these differences did not appear to be related to fall in food intake or slowing of body weight gain. Thus a variety of manipulations which altered the nutritional plane of the experimental rodents was not accompanied by significant changes in brain concentrations of cholecystokinin, bombesin or neurotensin. PMID- 6724800 TI - Gastric function and obesity: gastric emptying, gastric acid secretion, and plasma pepsinogen. AB - Because rapid gastric emptying and a shortened satiety period might contribute to development of obesity, this study compared gastric emptying of acaloric liquid, gastric acid production, and plasma levels of gastrin and pepsinogen I (PG I) and II (PG II) among obese and nonobese Pima Indians. Rates of fractional gastric emptying and of gastric acid secretion were similar in the two groups, basally and after an acaloric liquid meal. Basal and postprandial plasma gastrin levels did not differ significantly in obese and nonobese Pimas , but peak betazole stimulated gastric acid output was greater in the obese group, except when normalized by body weight. The plasma PG I and PG II concentrations and PG I/PG II ratio did not differ significantly between the two groups, but the PG I/PG II ratio had a positive correlation with peak acid output. No correlation was found between fractional gastric emptying rate and degree of obesity. We conclude that an increased gastric emptying rate for liquid does not contribute to the pathogenesis of obesity in Pima Indians. PMID- 6724801 TI - Medium-chain triglyceride diet and obesity. PMID- 6724803 TI - A three-step synthesis of (+/-)-beta-methyleneaspartic acid. AB - A simplified, three-step synthesis for (+/-)-beta- methyleneaspartic acid is described. Condensation of diethyl malonate with ethyl pyruvate gives 1,1,2- tricarbethoxyprop -1-ene, which is alpha-aminated with chloramine to give 1-amino 1,1,2- tricarbethoxyprop -2-ene. The latter is hydrolyzed in acid to give the title compound. PMID- 6724802 TI - Peptide models for beta-turns. A circular dichroism study. AB - The circular dichroism spectra of four beta-turn model peptides, Z-Aib-Pro-Aib Pro-OMe (1), Piv-Pro-Aib- NHMe (2), Piv-Pro-D-Ala- NHMe (3) and Piv-Pro-Val- NHMe (4) have been examined under a wide range of solvent conditions, using methanol, hexafluoroisopropanol and cyclohexane. Type I and Type II beta-turns have been observed for peptides 1 and 2 respectively, in the solid state, while the Pro-D Ala sequence adopts a Type II beta-turn in a related peptide crystal structure. A class C spectrum is observed for 1 in various solvents suggesting a variant of a Type I (III) structure. The Type II beta-turn is characterized by a CD spectrum having two positive CD bands at approximately 230 nm and approximately 202 nm, a feature observed in Piv-Pro-D-Ala- NHMe in cyclohexane and methanol and for Piv Pro-Aib- NHMe in methanol. Peptide 2 exhibits solvent dependent CD spectra, which may be rationalized by considering Type II, III and V reverse turn structures. Piv-Pro-Val- NHMe adopts non-beta-turn structures in polar solvents, but exhibits a class B spectrum in cyclohexane suggesting a population of Type I beta-turns. PMID- 6724804 TI - D X Ala3 analog of elastin polypentapeptide. An elastomer with an increased young's modulus. AB - The polypentapeptide , H(L X Val1-L X Pro2-D X Ala3-L X Val4- Gly5 )n Val-OMe which is the D X Ala3 analog of the elastomeric polypentapeptide (PPP) of elastin, (L X Val1-L X Pro2-Gly3-L X Val4- Gly5 )n, has been synthesized. Its conformation is compared to that of the PPP and found to be similar with a somewhat stabilized beta-turn. The D X Ala3 analog coacervates to form a more cohesive viscoelastic material and the coacervate when cross-linked by gamma irradiation exhibits an approximate doubling of the Young's modulus of elasticity. These results are discussed in connection with other related analogs of the polypentapeptide of elastin, which are non-elastomeric, and found to be consistent with a proposed conformationally based librational entropy mechanism of elasticity. PMID- 6724805 TI - In vitro interaction of opioid peptides with phospholipids. Formation and characterization of complexes. AB - Interaction of Leu- and Met-enkephalin with phosphatidylserine has been studied by chromatographic and spectrophotometric techniques. The main results of our investigation may be summarized as follows: i) Both enkephalins bind to phosphatidylserine; ii) no difference between the two enkephalins is noticeable; and iii) with both peptides the binding phenomenon leads to the formation of two complexes with a definite stoichiometry which are sterically much smaller than the original vesicles. On the basis of the submitted data, a tentative model of the newly formed complexes is provided. PMID- 6724806 TI - Preparation of a specifically tritiated locust adipokinetic hormone analog with full biological potency. AB - A synthetic peptide related to locus adipokinetic hormone ( AKH ) and shrimp red pigment concentrating hormone ( RPCH ) containing a tyrosine residue in place of phenylalanine was iodinated and the 3,5- diiodotyrosyl derivative was isolated by reverse phase HPLC. Catalytic dehalogenation of the diiodo derivative in the presence of tritium yielded the tritiated AKH analog which was isolated by gel filtration on Sephadex LH-20 and reverse phase HPLC. The tritiated peptide was formed to be identical to AKH in its ability to stimulate lipid release into the hemolymph of locusts in vivo where the diiodotryrosyl derivative was inactive. The specific radioactivity of the tritiated peptide was 57.2 Ci/mmol, or 99% of the theoretical value. PMID- 6724807 TI - Computer analyses of acoustical parameters in hypopituitary children before and after growth hormone treatment. AB - The effect of growth hormone treatment on voice quality, glottal frequency and articulatory pause was studied by computer analyses in 13 growth hormone deficient children and age-matched controls. Each of the acoustical parameters when evaluated prior to the administration of growth hormone showed a deviation from the control subjects. Following treatment, improvement was noted in each of the parameters studied. It is concluded that growth hormone-deficient children have acoustical parameters which vary from age-matched controls, and that growth hormone plays a definite role in maturation of the phonatory apparatus. PMID- 6724808 TI - Duration of sustained phonation in kindergarten children. AB - Maximum sustained phonations of the vowels [a], [u] and [i] were obtained from 160 kindergarten children with a mean age of approximately 6.2 years. Subjects were grouped by sex and by the presence or absence of a voice disorder. Stop watch measurements of each subject's maximum phonations were compared with graphic level recorder measurements of those phonations . The results indicated that (1) the factor of sex had no significant effect on maximum phonation times; (2) the factor of voice group (non-voice-disordered/voice-disordered) did result in a significant effect (P less than 0.01) with the voice-disordered group achieving shorter phonations than the non-voice-disordered group; (3) the phonation times obtained from the two measurement procedures correlate significantly (P less than 0.05). Results also suggest that the vowel effect on maximum phonation time was significant (P less than 0.05) for both groups. The vowel [i] was phonated significantly longer than either [a] or [u] for males and females in both groups. PMID- 6724809 TI - Pneumococcal antibodies and complement during and after periods of recurrent otitis. AB - Streptococcus pneumoniae frequently accounts for acute purulent otitis media (AOM) episodes. Recurrences are common and are most often caused by pneumococci of groups 6, 19 and 23. In 15 two-year-old children with recurrent AOM ( rAOM ) complement (C) components and antibodies against various pneumococcal capsular polysaccharides were analyzed during the acute phase of an AOM episode and 6 years later. Comparison was made with findings in non-otitis-prone children of comparable age. In contrast to non-otitis-prone children, 60% of children with rAOM had no detectable IgG antibodies against the pneumococcal capsular polysaccharides 6A or 19F. Analysis of C1 subcomponent complexes together with the finding of relatively low C1q concentrations gave evidence of disturbed C1 function in the acute phase of rAOM . At the 6-year follow-up antibodies against all the investigated pneumococcal capsular polysaccharides had increased in most of the children, but low IgG antibodies to type 6A polysaccharide were still more frequently found in the former rAOM children than in non-otitis-prone children. The C profiles had normalized at follow-up. These findings indicate a reduced ability in rAOM children to respond adequately with IgG antibodies to pneumococcal types encountered in rAOM . The combination of low antibody concentrations and the interference with the complement system and efficient opsonization through classical pathway activation could possibly contribute to the development of rAOM . PMID- 6724810 TI - Concentrations of cloxacillin and erythromycin in the tonsils of children after administration of therapeutic doses. AB - The treatment of infections in the ring of Waldeyer in children is an ever present problem. Most infections are caused by group A streptococci, and various antibiotics are routinely used for their treatment. In many cases, however, this treatment is ineffective as demonstrated by prolonged disease duration and recurrences. This may be due to the resistance of the pathogens to the used antibiotic, too low dose, or inadequate penetration of the drug into the focus of infection. To explain this problem the reported investigation was undertaken carrying out bacteriological investigations of the removed tonsils and determining antibiotic concentrations in tonsil homogenates and in the serum after cloxacillin and erythromycin treatment of 45 children aged 4-14 years subjected to tonsillectomy or adenotomy . It was found that the most frequent aetiological factors in angina and adenoiditis were group A streptococci. Cloxacillin and erythromycin are the antibiotics penetrating well into the lymphoid tissue and reaching high concentrations in the focus of infection but the courses of treatment should not be shorter than 10 days. PMID- 6724811 TI - Patterns of growth in human septal cartilage: a review of new approaches. AB - Recent results of the growth activities of the septal cartilage in children, adolescents, and adults are reviewed. Cartilaginous biopsies were obtained during septoplasty . Matrix synthesis was measured by in vitro incorporation of labeled sulphate; DNA synthesis was measured by in vitro incorporation of labeled thymidine. The cell density of the septal cartilage was determined by cell counting, and chondrocytes were grown in culture in an assay to determine the number of chondrocytes capable of proliferation. With data from these 4 types of experiments 5 different areas could be distinguished in human septal cartilage: (1) anterior free end, (2) suprapremaxillary area, (3) central area, (4) posterior area, and (5) caudal prolongation. Metabolic activities, degree of cell replication, and proliferative capacity are highest in childhood in all areas; they decline with age, but remain surprisingly high in the central area and in the anterior free end, even in adults. These results help to explain some clinical observations and may help the rhinosurgeon in his decision to resect the septal cartilage, especially in children. PMID- 6724812 TI - Pneumomediastinum with subcutaneous emphysema as a complication of foreign body in the bronchus. AB - A rare case of pneumomediastinum with subcutaneous emphysema complicating a bronchial foreign body is presented. The possible mechanisms are discussed. Although we could find no description of a similar case in the literature it is unlikely that such a complication of bronchial foreign body has not previously occurred. PMID- 6724813 TI - Laryngeal chondroma: case report and surgical technique in a 9-year-old girl. PMID- 6724815 TI - Nocturnal sleep and wakefulness: effects of age and sex in normal sleepers. AB - Sleep patterns were evaluated in 100 normal men and women who did not have any complaints of a sleep disorder and who were divided into three broad age groups: 19-29, 30-49, and 50-80 years. Total laboratory recording time was held constant across all four study nights. The amount of nightly wakefulness was positively correlated with age; total wake time for the oldest age group was about two times that of the youngest group, due primarily to an increase in wake time after sleep onset, because sleep latency did not change with age. Within each of the three age groups, especially the two oldest groups, the greatest amount of wakefulness following sleep onset occurred in the final hours of the recording period. Sleep in men was characterized by a higher number of nocturnal awakenings, and in elderly men by a longer final awakening; however, other parameters of sleep efficiency did not differ considerably between the sexes. PMID- 6724814 TI - Retinal ganglion cells and axons survive optic nerve transection. AB - The effects of optic nerve transection on optic axon and retinal cell survival was studied in C57BL/6J mice. The optic nerve was transected either intracranially or intraorbitally . Data are presented which show that an intracranial transection of the optic nerve may be achieved while maintaining the blood supply to the retina. Intraorbital optic nerve transection, however, necessitates destruction of the retinal blood supply. Cell survival in the retinal ganglion cell layer is compared for both transection methods. In addition, electron microscopic evidence is presented which indicates axonal survival in the optic nerve up to at least 90 days following intracranial transection. PMID- 6724816 TI - Biopsychobehavioral correlates of insomnia, III: Polygraphic findings of sleep difficulty and their relationship to psychopathology. AB - The effects of age and sex on sleep-wakefulness patterns and the relationship between these patterns and psychopathology are described in 150 adults with a primary complaint of insomnia and 100 controls who did not have any complaints of sleep difficulty. Within the insomniac subjects, the degree of difficulty in staying asleep was positively correlated with age. The primary difference between the insomniacs and controls was the insomniacs' greater difficulty in initially falling asleep or returning to sleep once having awakened during the night. Also, in terms of the distribution of wakefulness, insomniacs had significantly greater mean values for wakefulness during each of the first three to four hours of the night. In insomniacs the severity of sleep difficulty and the degree of psychopathology were positively related. Finally, various sleep difficulty and MMPI variables reliably discriminated insomniacs from controls. PMID- 6724817 TI - Cerebral asymmetries on CT scan in three ethnic groups. PMID- 6724818 TI - Dichotic listening by chronic schizophrenic patients. AB - The hypothesis that schizophrenics show hemispheric dysfunction (e.g., overactivation ) was examined using the dichotic listening test (words). Thirty three chronic schizophrenic patients and 33 normal controls were tested. Their data were analysed for over-all correct identification of the stimuli presented to the left and the right ears, the magnitude of differences between the ears in recall, and the number of shifts in report from one ear to the other. The overall level of performance was lower for schizophrenics than for the normal controls; between the ears difference were not significant although schizophrenics showed large individual differences. The number of shifts was greater for normals than for the schizophrenics; and there was no sex difference on any index within the two of subjects groups. The results were discussed in relation to the hypothesized hemispheric dysfunction in schizophrenics and other aspects of cognitive activity which may underlie the performance of the task. PMID- 6724819 TI - Bacterial corneal ulcers. PMID- 6724820 TI - Keratitis sicca. PMID- 6724821 TI - Ocular surface epithelial regeneration and disease. PMID- 6724822 TI - Fungal corneal ulcers. PMID- 6724823 TI - The differential diagnosis of superficial punctate keratitis. PMID- 6724824 TI - The advantages of bilateral simultaneous stone removal from the upper urinary tract. AB - An anterior transperitoneal approach was used to remove the stones from both kidneys and/or ureters simultaneously in 18 patients. The morbidity of this type of surgery in our study was very low and there were no surgical difficulties in exposing the intrarenal structures. Furthermore, especially in secondary cases, this approach was easier and more time-saving than the classical flank approach. We recommend its use at least in selected groups of patients in whom peritoneal gross contamination is not expected. PMID- 6724826 TI - Keratinizing squamous metaplasia of the upper urinary tract. AB - We report a case of squamous keratinizing metaplasia of the upper urinary tract. This benign pathology is very rare and difficult do differentiate from other space occupying lesions of the upper urinary tract. Its aetiopathogenesis is still not well understood, but whenever early diagnosis is made, conservative treatment can be employed. PMID- 6724825 TI - Pyelolithotomy by the use of a hydrophilous macromolecular binding material ("pyeloform" pyelotomy). AB - The use of a synthetic macromolecular hydrophilous binding material for the extraction of multiple renal calculi (" Pyeloform " pyelotomy) is reported. An account of the results of animal studies in vitro is given and the possibilities of the method in are pointed out. PMID- 6724827 TI - Problems of the indications of radiotherapy in renal tumours after radical nephrectomy. AB - The complex therapy of renal tumours is discussed. While pointing to the advances in this field over the last decade, the fact is emphasized that it is primarily in the radicality of the operations were progress has been achieved. Radiotherapy is viewed with a critical eye. Its hazards are illustrated by observations of four lethal cases consecutive to complications of postoperative irradiations, which had been administered without any need when malignant changes were no longer present. PMID- 6724828 TI - Urethral stricture after transurethral resection. AB - After 101 transurethral resections, iatrogenic postoperative urethral strictures have occurred in 10 cases due to pathologic changes in the bladder and bladder neck. Urethral stricture after transurethral resection (TUR) thus has represented the most common postoperative complication. No morbidity increase of urethral strictures after TUR could be demonstrated in one of the analysed groups. Fifty per cent of the incidence rate of strictures was localized in the pars pendulans urethrae. Factors causing the stricture have been demonstrated, and the incidence rate of strictures was reduced when these factors were taken into consideration. Preference is given either to conservative or surgical therapy depending on the localization of the stricture, even though endoscopic methods are used more frequently now in the treatment of stenoses of the urethra. PMID- 6724831 TI - The assessment of evoked potential contrast thresholds using real-time retrieval. AB - Electrophysiologic contrast sensitivity functions (CSF) have been estimated using lock-in amplifier signal retrieval of the visually evoked response (VER). These CSFs were compared with CSFs obtained psychophysically using the same stimulus conditions. The two measures of contrast sensitivity behave similarly in response to variations of temporal and spatial frequency. The major advantage of using real-time retrieval is speed. Threshold for a single spatiotemporal condition can be estimated in as little as 20 sec, making the application of electrophysiologic contrast sensitivity testing feasible for clinical populations. PMID- 6724830 TI - Leukopenia with different regenerated haemodialysis membranes. AB - The white blood cell count (WBC) decreases during haemodialysis and it was investigated as a function of different dialysis membranes. Each of them was used four times, applying different sterilization methods. Twelve chronic haemodialysis patients were studied and dialysed with cuprophan and polyacrylonitrile (PAN) membranes. Cuprophan was studied by a dry sterilization method and after perchloric acid and formalin treatment. PAN was studied with dry sterilization and after perchloric acid. As it has been shown, cuprophan membranes cause significantly more marked neutropenia than PAN. No significant difference was seen in pO2, pH, pCO2 and bicarbonate between dialysers used four times. The results indicate differences in biocompatibility between cuprophan and PAN membranes, independent of the sterilization method employed. PMID- 6724829 TI - Transabdominal ultrasonotomography of prostatic carcinoma. AB - In a series of 134 patients with histologically verified prostatic carcinoma, ultrasonotomography, using the transvesical technique, yielded positive results in 97.0% of the cases; in 11.9% inaccessible localization made rectal palpation of the tumour impossible. Ultrasonographic examination is an important contribution to determination of the extent of a tumour whose palpation accessibility is limited and which can be demonstrated only indirectly by radiography. It allows more exact indication of the form of treatment and a non aggressive follow-up of its effect. PMID- 6724832 TI - Contrast sensitivity loss in multiple sclerosis. Selectivity by eye, orientation, and spatial frequency measured with the evoked potential. AB - Multiple sclerosis can produce highly selective losses in visual function. Psychophysical studies have demonstrated contrast sensitivity deficits for spatial frequencies or for stimulus orientations. Using real-time lock-in retrieval of the visual evoked potential, the authors measured contrast sensitivity in 15 cases with probable or definite multiple sclerosis and acuities of 20/40 or better. Sine-wave grating contrast threshold determinations for three spatial frequencies (1, 4, and 8 cycles/deg) and four orientations (0, 45, 90, and 135 deg) revealed contrast deficits in at least one spatial frequency and orientation in every case. In most cases the visual losses were spotty or multifocal, and not the same in both eyes. Some cases with highly selective patterns of orientation or spatial frequency losses were observed and are discussed in terms of involvement of cortical functional architecture in the disease. PMID- 6724833 TI - Spatial adaptation of the cortical visual evoked potential of the cat. AB - Adaptation that is spatially specific for the adapting pattern has been seen psychophysically in humans. This is indirect evidence for independent analyzers (putatively single units) that are specific for orientation and spatial frequency in the human visual system, but it is unclear how global adaptation characteristics may be related to single unit performance. Spatially specific adaptation was sought in the cat visual evoked potential (VEP), with a view towards relating this phenomenon with what we know of cat single units. Adaptation to sine-wave gratings results in a temporary loss of cat VEP amplitude, with induction and recovery similar to that seen in human psychophysical experiments. The amplitude loss was specific for both the spatial frequency and orientation of the adapting pattern. The bandwidth of adaptation was not unlike the average selectivity of a population of cat single units. PMID- 6724834 TI - The relation of retinal sensitivity and rhodopsin in developing rat retina. AB - The authors have studied the relations of rhodopsin and retinal sensitivity in developing albino rats, (1) in the dark-adapted state and (2) after exposure to light that bleaches greater than 90% of rhodopsin. Developmental increases in dark-adapted b-wave sensitivity and rhodopsin content were related directly as has been reported previously for rhodopsin and PIII sensitivity of other developing retinas. During dark-adaptation, infant rat log a-wave and log b-wave sensitivities and adults' log b-wave sensitivity were related linearly to the proportion of rhodopsin present. The authors suspect that the sensitivity rhodopsin relations of infant rat retina are determined mainly by photoreceptor processes. Thus, the infant rat provides a model for investigation of mechanisms underlying both (1) the direct relation of sensitivity and rhodopsin and (2) the log sensitivity-rhodopsin relation. PMID- 6724835 TI - Retinal-image degradation produces ocular enlargement in chicks. AB - Two groups of 3-day-old broiler chicks were fitted over the right eye with plastic goggles that degraded the retinal image by producing spherical aberration, reduction of contrast, and blurring of edges. In one group of chicks, the goggles were hemispheric and affected the entire visual field. In the second group, the goggles only affected the frontal visual field. In both groups, the left eye was used as a control. A third group of chicks served as an untreated control group. After 3 weeks, the chicks were killed, the eyes removed, hemisected, and measured in the axial and equatorial planes. Because the avian eye is flattened in the equatorial plane, both sets of measurements are necessary in order to represent changes in its size and shape. The axial length of a laterally located avian eye is related to distance vision. The equatorial length is related to vision in the frontal field, which is used for near vision. For each group of chicks, the difference between the right eye and the left eye was compared. The treated eyes of the full- goggle group were significantly larger than their untreated eyes in both the axial and equatorial dimensions. The treated eyes of the frontal- goggle group differed only in the equatorial dimension. These results suggest that the increased equatorial length found after retinal-image degradation may serve as an animal model of myopia. PMID- 6724836 TI - The macular pigment. I. Absorbance spectra, localization, and discrimination from other yellow pigments in primate retinas. AB - The nonbleaching yellow pigments of the primate fovea were studied by microspectrophotometry (MSP). Retinas fixed with glutaraldehyde/paraformaldehyde mixtures retained yellow pigments with absorbance spectra very similar to those recorded by MSP in fresh retinas. This allowed the authors to prepare retinal sections for localization of the pigments. The spectrum of the macular pigment in fixed tissue is shifted slightly (about 6 nm) toward longer wavelengths, with maximum absorbance at 460 nm. Two short-wavelength yellow pigments also have been identified, with absorbance maxima at 410 nm ( P410 ) and 435 nm ( P435 ), respectively. All three yellow pigments are present in the fovea. The short wavelength pigments are detected more easily outside the central foveal region because the macular pigment does not obscure them there. They are especially apparent when the MSP beam is confined to the outer nuclear layer or the inner segment layer of retinal sections. The macular pigment is most dense in the fiber layers (receptor axon layer and inner plexiform layer); its density declines markedly with retinal eccentricity. The maximal absorbance of P410 and P435 is usually lower than that of the macular pigment in the central fovea, but their densities and relative proportions change more gradually with eccentricity. Consequently, their maximal absorbance is higher than that of the macular pigment outside the foveal center. The P410 and P435 pigments may be two different oxidation states of one or more respiratory hemoproteins. Commonly used procedures for estimating the absorbance spectrum of the macular pigment by comparing the foveal center with a parafoveal region may be influenced by the amounts and the oxidation states of the short-wavelength pigments in the living eye. PMID- 6724837 TI - The macular pigment. II. Spatial distribution in primate retinas. AB - The spatial density distribution of macular pigment in primate retinas was described by two-wavelength microdensitometry of retinal sections. The macular pigment is most dense along the path of the receptor axons in the center of the fovea. Another band of high density is present in the inner plexiform layer in many retinas. The density in both fiber layers declines to low, relatively constant levels within 1 mm eccentricity. Both the total retinal density of macular pigment and the contributions of subsets of the retinal layers were estimated by integrating along the path of light traversing the retina from the vitreal surface to the outer segments. The integrated densities were measured at several eccentricities to establish the profile of macular pigment density along a diameter through the fovea. The macular pigment profile was unimodal in some cases and trimodal in others. The main central peak always occurred in the center of the fovea. The total retinal density of the central peak ranged from 0.42-1.0 absorbance. Most of the pigment is interposed between the outer segments and the stimulating light and is effective as a visual filter. The macular pigment is dichroic, with the major axis of absorption oriented tangential to a circle centered on the fovea. This is consistent with commonly accepted explanations of Haidinger 's brushes. PMID- 6724838 TI - Human retinal S-antigen. Isolation, purification, and characterization. AB - S-antigen, a highly pathogenic agent for the inducation of experimental autoimmune uveitis ( EAU ), was obtained in a pure state from human retina by conventional salt fractionation, molecular sieve and ion exchange chromatography. The physical and chemical properties of the purified protein including the molecular weight, isoelectric point and amino acid composition were determined. The physical properties of the purified human retinal S-antigen were similar, but not identical, to those previously reported for bovine retinal S-antigen (J Immunol 119:1949, 1977). Following the injection of 50 micrograms of human retinal S-antigen into the footpads of guinea pigs, EAU was documented both clinically and histopathologically. The relationship between S-antigen, uveitis, and the pineal gland is discussed. PMID- 6724839 TI - Use of a culture system to identify possible causes of abnormal retinal development. AB - The aim of this study was to apply a recently developed cell culture system to the problem of identifying possible etiologies of altered retinal maturation. Using techniques of electrophysiology and neuropharmacology, it was possible to monitor the release of acetylcholine at synapses formed by cultured retinal neurons derived from the fetal rat. The major finding of this study was that the functional development of cholinergic retinal neurons of the fetus could be altered if the mother rat had been injected with a synthetic glucocorticoid hormone or stressed by cold exposure during a critical period in pregnancy. Thus, the maturation of at least certain fetal retinal neurons appears to be influenced by factors affecting the mother. The culture system described here provides a potentially useful approach to the identification and investigation of possible causes of abnormalities in the functional development of the mammalian retina. PMID- 6724840 TI - Sister chromatid exchange induced by X-irradiation of retinoblastoma lymphocytes. AB - Lymphocyte cultures were employed to assess the degree of spontaneous and induced chromosomal fragility in retinoblastoma. Sister chromatid exchange (SCEs) were scored in metaphases. Three unilateral, three bilateral, eleven family members and controls were studied. Retinoblastoma (RB) lymphocytes did not exhibit increased spontaneous fragility. X-irradiation (25-200 rad) did not significantly increase SCE in unilateral retinoblastoma lymphocytes when compared with controls (P greater than 0.50). However, bilaterally affected subjects and three unaffected relatives demonstrated a statistically significant increase in SCE (P less than 0.01). In conclusion, hereditary retinoblastoma lymphocytes appear more radiosensitive than sporadic retinoblastoma, perhaps, reflecting the increased second malignancies in germinal mutation retinoblastoma. In addition, the analysis of radiation-induced SCE in peripheral blood lymphocytes of RB patients and family members may provide a valuable tool increasing the accuracy of genetic counseling for this disorder. Additional studies of RB patients and families are needed to assess the relevance of this approach to genetic counseling. PMID- 6724841 TI - Vitreous fluorophotometric evaluation of diabetics. AB - Vitreous fluorophotometry measurements taken from diabetic patients with different degrees of retinopathy and from normal volunteers were used to evaluate the integrity of the blood-ocular barrier. The contributions of lens and retinal fluorescence to the measured vitreous fluorescence were investigated. Lens autofluorescence was significantly higher for diabetics than for age-matched normals, and in age-matched diabetics the lens autofluorescence increased significantly with the progression of diabetic retinopathy. Natural ocular fluorescence was corrected for by subtracting baseline values from all vitreous measurements. Analysis of the baseline-corrected vitreous fluorescence values showed that both degree of retinopathy and age significantly affected the measured fluorescence. In age-matched groups, vitreous fluorescence values were greater in diabetics than in normals, and these values increased with the progression of retinopathy. Our results suggest that clinical vitreous fluorophotometry may be useful in evaluating the activity and predicting the progression of diabetic retinopathy. PMID- 6724842 TI - Automation in krypton laser photocoagulation. AB - Histologic study of lesions produced by krypton red (647.1 nm) and krypton yellow (568.2 nm) laser lights reported here suggests advantages in alternating these two wavelengths in photocoagulation. Selection of the best wavelength to be used in a given location on the retina should result from pre-determined absorbance conditions in that location. The feasibility of the relative measurement of absorbance in different fundus locations by measurement of the relative reflectance is discussed. Instrumentation for these measurements and for switching from one wavelength to the other is described. Instrumentation for the possible expansion of krypton laser applications to clinical problems in the anterior segment also is suggested. PMID- 6724843 TI - Meridional variations in orientation discrimination in normal and amblyopic vision. AB - Orientation discrimination for single long lines presented in a frameless environment was measured with a method of constant stimuli in 18 normal subjects and in both eyes of 9 amblyopes. Orientation discrimination was tested at four meridians (horizontal, vertical, left, and right oblique). Although the normal subjects showed considerable individual variability in their just noticeable differences in orientation, each subject showed a consistent oblique effect. In amblyopic subjects, the interocular differences were strongly meridian-dependent and individually variable. Across amblyopic subjects, a two-fold increase in just noticeable differences ( JNDs ) was observed for the principal meridians, while the impairments were not significant for the oblique meridians. These small impairments in orientation discrimination strongly contrast with the high losses in acuity for the same subjects, which suggests that different mechanisms underly acuity and orientation discrimination. PMID- 6724844 TI - The photodynamic effect of chlorpromazine, promazine, and hematoporphyrin on lens protein. AB - Calf lens protein was irradiated with near ultraviolet (UV) light in the presence of the drugs chlorpromazine, promazine, and hematoporphyrin. It then was analyzed by SDS-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis and amino acid analysis. Marked increases in protein photopolymerization (other than S-S bond formation) and histidine destruction were noted in the presence of these drugs. In all cases, these effects were reduced in the presence of a singlet oxygen quencher, thus suggesting that these photodynamic effects are due, at least in part, to a Type II mechanism. PMID- 6724845 TI - Ultrastructural study of selenite-induced nuclear cataracts. AB - The formation of the selenite-induced cataract was investigated by examining the ultrastructure of the cataract with transmission electron microscopy (TEM). A lacy, or honeycomb, appearance of the nuclear cataract seen by light microscopy was resolved by TEM to be due to the aggregation or precipitation of cytoplasmic material. Despite severe intracellular changes the fibers retained their close apposition to one another. These results are consistent with the hypothesis that a major lesion in selenite-induced nuclear cataracts is the formation of insoluble cytoplasmic aggregates. PMID- 6724846 TI - Rhodamine B as a test molecule in intraocular dynamics. AB - Rhodamine B is a lipid-soluble, nontoxic dye that fluoresces at longer wavelengths than fluorescein and consequently is detectable at lower concentrations in the ocular tissues. Its dynamics after topical and systemic administration are similar to those of lipid-soluble drugs. PMID- 6724847 TI - The effect of Timolol Maleate on tonic accommodation, tonic vergence, and pupil diameter. AB - The beta-adrenoceptor antagonist Timolol Maleate (0.5%) was employed topically to determine whether the resting (or "tonic") position of accommodation is a consequence of steady-state equilibrium between parasympathetic and sympathetic innervation of the ciliary muscle. Ten subjects were used, eight men and two women, with an age range of 19-37 (mean = 23.2). All subjects wore an optimum refractive correction giving visual acuities of 20/20 or better. Darkroom measurements of tonic accommodation (TA), tonic vergence (TV), and pupil diameter were determined with a Badal laser optometer , a nonius alignment device and infra-red photography, respectively. Far and near points of accommodation and oculo-motor balance tests were determined by standard optometric techniques and intraocular pressure (IOP) was measured by applanation tonometry. Both TA (mean = 1.66 D) and TV (mean = 2.10 deg) assumed intermediate resting positions in the absence of visual stimulation. A double-blind protocol between Timolol and Saline demonstrated a mean myopic shift in TA of +0.85 D over 40 min with Timolol. All other experimental parameters, apart from IOP, were unaffected by Timolol. It is concluded that sympathetic innervation to the ciliary muscle plays a significant role in determining the TA position and that this innervation is mediated by inhibitory beta adrenoceptors. PMID- 6724848 TI - Selective loss of chromatic sensitivity in demyelinating disease. AB - Thresholds for detecting changes in color for isoluminant stimuli and for detecting changes in luminance were measured in patients with histories of demyelinating disease and in normal controls. Thresholds for detecting changes in color were higher for patients' affected eyes, that is, ones in which symptoms had been found previously, than in their unaffected eyes, or for eyes of control subjects. Thresholds for detecting changes in luminance were raised less than those for changes in color. The pattern of loss is different than that found in subjects with congenital color blindness. The results suggest that the impairment occurs at a level in the nervous system beyond which signals from more than one class of cone receptor are combined. PMID- 6724849 TI - Analysis of bound carbohydrates of human lens fractions by gas-liquid chromatography. AB - The bound carbohydrates of noncataractous , decapsulated, human lenses have been examined. The hexoses and hexosamines of the water-soluble, water-insoluble nonmembrane, and membrane fractions of lenses from six age groups were determined by gas-liquid chromatography. The plasma membrane contains 60-70% of all bound carbohydrates, including glucose, galactose, mannose, fucose, glucosamine, and galactosamine. These also occur in the water-insoluble nonmembrane fraction, suggesting that the latter contains glycoproteins. The water-soluble fraction contains glucose, galactose, and mannose. PMID- 6724850 TI - Aqueous humor flow during sleep. AB - The rate of aqueous humor flow of 19 normal subjects was measured by a fluorescein clearance technique during the day, during sleep (at night) and during sleep deprivation (at night). Subjects engaged in routine activities during the daytime measurements and slept in comfortable quarters during the nighttime measurement. They remained awake and active during the sleep deprivation study. The nomographic method of Coakes and Brubaker , a method in which the subject is not disturbed at all during the critical 5-hr period, was used to calculate flow. Flow was lower during sleep in all but one subject. The range of nighttime flow suppression was 8% to 68% in all of the other subjects with a mean suppression of 45% +/- 20%. Aqueous flow was lower at night even when the subjects were awake but was lowest during sleep at night. The reduction of aqueous flow during sleep is comparable with the suppression that can be achieved with carbonic anhydrase inhibitors or beta adrenergic blockers. PMID- 6724851 TI - Hepatitis B in Southeast Asian refugees in Iowa. PMID- 6724852 TI - Mode of action of the antiphytoviral compound 2,4-dioxohexahydro-1,3,5-triazine (5-azadihydrouracil). AB - The time course of inhibition of potato virus X ( PVX ) synthesis by the newly developed antiphytoviral compound 2,4- dioxohexahydro -1,3,5-triazine (DHT) was determined in mechanically inoculated leaves of Nicotiana tabacum L. cv. ' Samsun '. At the permissive temperature (22 +/- 3 degrees) DHT inhibited the synthesis of PVX almost 100% within 8 h postinoculation, after which the inhibition declined. In leaves maintained at a temperature of 5 +/- 2 degrees for 5 days, DHT inhibited PVX synthesis about 65% immediately after the shift to permissive temperature. This time course of inhibition was almost identical to that of 2 thiouracil. Uracil completely overcame the inhibition of PVX replication caused by DHT when added within 2 h after incubation of leaf disks with DHT. These results indicate that DHT acts as an analogue of the pyrimidine base uracil. PMID- 6724853 TI - Failure of cord serum cholesterol and betalipoprotein as screening tests for familial hyperlipoproteinaemia. PMID- 6724854 TI - The composition of gallstones from Irish patients. PMID- 6724855 TI - The influence of hyperkalaemia on the cellular electrophysiology of lignocaine in cardiac tissue. PMID- 6724856 TI - Metabolic abnormalities associated with tobramycin therapy. PMID- 6724857 TI - The incidence of wound sepsis in a community hospital. PMID- 6724858 TI - The normal personality profile of irritable bowel syndrome patients. PMID- 6724859 TI - The locus of control: it's significance in the irritable bowel syndrome. PMID- 6724862 TI - Post-operative mediastinitis in a salmonella carrier. PMID- 6724861 TI - Pregnancy in obese mothers. PMID- 6724860 TI - Agglutinins to bacteria as a discriminatory test in Crohn's disease. PMID- 6724863 TI - Effect of prolonged fasting on heme metabolism in the rat. AB - It is known that fasting may provoke an acute attack in patients with latent hepatic porphyrias. We examined the influence of fasting on some aspects of heme synthesis in rats. Urinary excretion of both uroporphyrin and coproporphyrin, as well as fecal elimination of protoporphyrin and coproporphyrin, were increased on fasting. These biochemical aberrations resemble those found in subjects with latent porphyria variegata, suggesting that fasting rats may constitute an experimental model for latent variegate porphyria. The administration of phenobarbitone had a pronounced, synergistic effect on the urinary excretion of porphyrins. The activity of delta-aminolevulinic acid synthase (ALAS) and the concentration of cellular heme were determined in homogenates and subcellular fractions of the livers of fasting rats. A marked increase in the concentration of heme in the homogenate, the nuclei and the postmicrosomal supernatant fractions was observed. ALAS activity in the homogenate and the supernatant fraction increased while that in the mitochondria decreased. The possible relationship of these results to the human disease is discussed. PMID- 6724864 TI - A predictor index for hospitalization for patients with acute asthmatic attack. AB - Thirty-nine patients, aged 14 to 50 years (mean 33), were treated for an acute asthmatic attack in the hospital emergency room. A scored index was estimated on admission for each patient, based on pulse, respiratory and peak expiratory flow rates (PEFR), amplitude of paradoxical pulse and degree of dyspnea, wheezing and accessory muscle use. All patients were treated according to a standard protocol including oxygen, fluids, salbutamol inhalations and aminophylline infusions, with hydrocortisone infusion in selected patients. The decision to hospitalize of discharge was based on clinical grounds and was taken after 4 to 8 h of treatment without prior knowledge of the patient's index. The mean index of 13 hospitalized patients (Group 1) was 4.5 +/- 1.7 (mean +/- 2 SD), compared with 4.3 +/- 1.3 of 7 patients who were discharged but returned for additional treatment within 10 days (Group 2). Both indices were significantly higher than that of 19 patients who were discharged and remained well (2.5 +/- 1.5) (Group 3). The most important differentiating parameters were the degree of dyspnea, wheezing and PEFR. We conclude that patients with scored indices of greater than 4 should be hospitalized immediately, those with indices less than 4 could probably be discharged with relative safety, and patients with an index of 4 should be considered individually, with dyspnea, wheezing and PEFR being the major criteria for the decision. PMID- 6724865 TI - Calcium-entry blockade and pressor effect of angiotensin II in normal and nephrectomized rats. AB - The pressor effect of intravascular boli of 1.5 micrograms/kg angiotensin II was studied in untreated and in verapamil-pretreated intact rats and in rats 24 h after bilateral nephrectomy. An initial i.v. dose of 250 micrograms/kg verapamil was followed by a continuous infusion of 7 micrograms/min per kg. This resulted, within 2 min, in an average decrease in mean arterial pressure of 19 +/- 3 (SE) mm Hg and 18 +/- 3 (SE) mm Hg in intact and bilaterally nephrectomized rats, respectively. This continuous dose of verapamil did not significantly prevent the pressor effect of angiotensin II. When the continuous infusion of verapamil was increased to 50 micrograms/min per kg, the rise in blood pressure following angiotensin II administration was significantly lower than in the untreated rats: 21 +/- 2 (SE) mm Hg in intact rats, compared with 39 +/- 3 (SE) mm Hg (P less than 0.001) in the untreated animals and 31 +/- 3 (SE) mm Hg in rats in the renoprival state, compared with 47 +/- 6 (SE) mm Hg (P less than 0.01) in the corresponding untreated group. The present study suggests that verapamil can be used as a calcium blocker to reduce blood pressure associated with, or caused by, an increased renin-angiotensin system activity. PMID- 6724866 TI - A Campylobacter enteritis outbreak in a military base in Israel. AB - An outbreak of gastroenteritis due to Campylobacter jejuni occurred during a 2 day period in June 1982 in a military base in Israel. Of 22 patients with acute gastroenteritis examined at the unit's medical clinic, 17 were available for complete clinical evaluation. Stool cultures were taken from them as well as from 23 asymptomatic soldiers including food handlers. In 6 of the 17 patients with enteritis (35%) Campylobacter jejuni serotype 11 was isolated, while the stool cultures of all the asymptomatic soldiers were negative. A temporary food handler was the most probable source of the infection. He had suffered from symptoms of acute gastroenteritis prior to the outbreak but had not reported them, and was found to harbor the same Campylobacter serotype as the other patients. PMID- 6724867 TI - Characteristics of urinary tract infection caused by coagulase-negative Staphylococcus in a group of young women. AB - Of 147 young women, aged 17 to 34 years, with signs, symptoms and bacteriological evidence of urinary tract infection (UTI), 23 (15.6%) had an infection caused by coagulase-negative Staphylococcus (coag- neg Staph). All patients with coag- neg Staph UTI were sexually active, in contrast to 84.7% of those with UTI of other causes (one-tailed P = 0.03). The former had a higher rate of vaginal discharge (60.9 vs. 25.8% in the latter group, P = 0.003), but fewer of them used tampons as menstrual protection or oral contraceptives. A high percentage of women with coag- neg Staph UTI had commenced sexual activity recently, as compared with the rest of the group (P = 0.03). In a stepwise logistic regression analysis, the only variables that were significantly associated with coag- neg Staph UTI were vaginal discharge and recent onset of sexual activity. PMID- 6724869 TI - Plasma cholesterol levels in adult male and female rats after chronic treatment with phenobarbitone. PMID- 6724868 TI - Unusual dyslipoproteinemia in a patient with primary systemic amyloidosis and nephrotic syndrome. Role of excessive cholesterol synthesis. AB - We describe a patient with primary systemic amyloidosis, nephrotic syndrome and unusual dyslipoproteinemia. Levels of plasma cholesterol greater than 2,000 mg/dl and triglycerides greater than 3,000 mg/dl were observed. As much as 70% of the plasma cholesterol separated into abnormal very-low-density lipoprotein (VLDL) with cholesterol ester/triglyceride weight ratio of 0.7-1.0. Intermediate-density lipoprotein (IDL) and low-density lipoprotein (LDL) were also elevated, and high density lipoprotein (HDL) was low. Both LDL and HDL were triglyceride rich. Neither IDL nor LDL was detected after in vitro lipolysis of VLDL triglycerides (95%); hence, IDL and LDL were most probably secreted directly from liver cells. Treatment by weekly plasma exchange was instituted, and the progression of the amyloidosis was slowed. Endogenous cholesterol synthesis, estimated from increments of plasma cholesterol after exchange, was greater than 2,000 mg/dl. We conclude that the unusual dyslipoproteinemia observed in this patient represents a special type of nephrotic syndrome with remarkably enhanced endogenous cholesterol production. PMID- 6724870 TI - Changing patterns of erysipelas. PMID- 6724871 TI - Use of isolated mitochondria to transfer chloramphenicol resistance in hamster cells. PMID- 6724872 TI - First case of AIDS in a homosexual in Israel. Results of different therapeutic regimens. PMID- 6724873 TI - Adverse effects of monosodium glutamate: a diagnostic problem. PMID- 6724874 TI - Single-dose treatment of urinary tract infection in young women: data indicating a high rate of recurrent infection during a short follow-up. PMID- 6724875 TI - Cardiac auscultation of "bony" chests. PMID- 6724876 TI - Possible role of methotrexate in trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole-induced acute megaloblastic anemia. PMID- 6724877 TI - Paf-acether generates chemiluminescence in human neutrophils in the absence of cytochalasin B. AB - In the absence of cytochalasin B, synthetic Paf-acether (0.1-10 microM) induced oxygen radical production in polymorphonuclear neutrophils as measured by the luminol-dependent chemiluminescence ( LDCL ) test. This effect was observed after a lag period of 10 s and was maximal between 5 and 15 min. In the presence of cytochalasin B, the kinetics were shortened, but the lag period was not modified and the same concentrations of the agonist had to be used to induce LDCL . None of the structural analogs tested (2-lyso Paf-acether, Paf-acether enantiomer, 1 ester analog of Paf-acether, lyso-phosphatidylcholine) were active, irrespective of the presence of cytochalasin B. Paf-acether (10 microM) shortened the kinetics of opsonized zymosan (10 micrograms/ml)-induced LDCL and enhanced it by 550% and 250% at 5 min and 10 min respectively, without affecting the peak value. Similar results were obtained using non-opsonized zymosan (100 micrograms/ml). Lower concentrations of Paf-acether (0.1 microM) were also able to increase oxygen radical production induced by low doses of zymosan and opsonized zymosan. The triggering and enhancing effects of Paf-acether on oxygen radical production by resting and stimulated polymorphonuclear neutrophils support the role of Paf acether in inflammation. PMID- 6724878 TI - The role of histamine in the physiologic alterations of IgE anaphylaxis in the rabbit. AB - The respiratory and circulatory alterations induced by intravenous histamine in the pentobarbital anesthetized rabbit were examined and compared to those alterations associated with IgE anaphylaxis following antigen challenge. Histamine induced several graded alterations including an increase in total pulmonary resistance, a decrease in dynamic compliance, an increase in breathing frequency, a decrease in tidal volume, a rise in right ventricular systolic pressure and systemic hypotension. Qualitatively similar alterations occurred during the anaphylactic response, but a quantitative comparison of the two responses revealed that the respiratory alterations in systemic anaphylaxis corresponded to relatively low equivalent histamine doses, whereas the anaphylactic circulatory alterations exceeded the maximum response obtainable with histamine. Pretreatment with H1 antihistamine competitively blocked all of the ventilatory and lung mechanical changes induced by histamine, but it inhibited only the increase in pulmonary resistance induced by antigen. The right ventricular hypertension induced by histamine was also inhibited by H1 antihistamine but the antigen-induced change in this variable was not significantly attenuated. Inhibition of the histamine-induced systemic hypotension required pretreatment with both H1 and H2 histamine antagonists. Such pretreatment, however, did not attenuate the fall in systemic arterial pressure induced by antigen. H1 antihistamine pretreatment prevented histamine- but not antigen-induced lethality. We conclude that histamine is an important mediator of the increase in pulmonary resistance but is not the major mediator of the other physiological alterations of IgE systemic anaphylaxis in the rabbit. PMID- 6724879 TI - Should police target repeat offenders? PMID- 6724880 TI - When patients harm themselves. PMID- 6724881 TI - On the care of imperiled newborns. PMID- 6724882 TI - Toward an ethic of ambiguity. PMID- 6724883 TI - The tyranny of the normal. PMID- 6724884 TI - Short children, anxious parents: is growth hormone the answer? PMID- 6724886 TI - Resuscitation of the newborn--a practical approach. PMID- 6724885 TI - Pseudomonas epidermal necrolysis. PMID- 6724887 TI - Improving perinatal knowledge and care--a self-instruction program. PMID- 6724888 TI - Fatal sardine poisoning. A fatal case of fish poisoning in Hawaii associated with the Marquesan sardine. PMID- 6724889 TI - The Dental Health Services Research Group: review of findings after four years. PMID- 6724890 TI - A comparison of the outcome of low birth weight pregnancy in Glasgow and Dundee. PMID- 6724891 TI - A review of endoscopies of the respiratory tract and oesophagus in a children's hospital. PMID- 6724892 TI - An analysis of the annual audiometric survey of school children in the Greater Glasgow Health Board area for the school year 1979/80. PMID- 6724893 TI - The functions and effectiveness of a day hospital for the demented elderly. PMID- 6724895 TI - Notification and epidemiology of genito-urinary tuberculosis in Glasgow 1970 to 1979. PMID- 6724894 TI - Medical assessments and priority for housing. PMID- 6724896 TI - Health care service utilization under two types of insurance. AB - Before public demand for health care services can be reduced in the effort to contain costs, policy makers must understand utilization patterns. Researchers report here on a study of enrollees covered by individual, employer-sponsored health insurance programs in Greater Philadelphia. PMID- 6724897 TI - Women health care managers: an economic and employment profile. AB - For the past 20 years women have rapidly moved into the health care work force. It is hypothesized that the not-for-profit sector of America's economy has provided a more hospitable environment for women managers than the for-profit sector has. Accordingly the salary experience of women in not-for-profit industries is of great interest to many women managers. PMID- 6724898 TI - The nature of hospital-HMO affiliations. AB - Understanding the nature of hospital-HMO affiliations has implications for health care managers. A national survey of hospitals examined this nature, analyzing the extent of discounting , the relations between hospitals and HMOs and the payment mechanisms employed. PMID- 6724899 TI - Collective bargaining among nurses: current issues and future prospects. AB - Collective bargaining has made substantial progress in the health care industry in recent years, especially among nurses. It is important for health care administrators to consider the underlying issues and the future prospects for collective bargaining by this critical group of health care providers. PMID- 6724900 TI - Persuasive communication strategies for hospitals. AB - Stringent rules apply to the kinds of things hospitals can say about themselves and their services, over and above the ethics that apply to all advertising. Yet it seems clear from the levels of interest in advertising among hospitals and the growth in the use of this marketing technique in recent years that persuasion strategies will become more conscious and comprehensive in the future. PMID- 6724901 TI - A cooperative organizational form for hospitals. AB - Hospitals face severe financial pressures at the same time that patients and physicians are demanding quality medical care and the latest technology, which is becoming increasingly costly. Hospitals must consider adopting and experimenting with a cooperative organization system, which groups physicians, nurses and administrators together in teams to plan jointly and allocate resources. PMID- 6724902 TI - Viewpoint: away with boring meetings. AB - Here are some new active power tactics for surviving boring meetings. Coping with meetings should be viewed as one of life's exciting and challenging games. PMID- 6724903 TI - HCMR interview: Donald C. Wegmiller. PMID- 6724904 TI - [Possible hazards of solariums]. PMID- 6724905 TI - [Clinical course and pathomechanisms of chronic granulomatosis]. AB - Chronic granulomatous disease (CGD) is characterized by frequent uncontrollable infections which often lead to death in early childhood. The first clinical signs may be confined to the skin and manifest themselves as abscesses, pyoderma, eczema or draining sinuses. Frequently, lymph nodes, spleen, lungs or liver are also involved. The basic defect is a failure of leukocytes to kill certain bacteria or fungi. The exact biochemical defect is however not yet known. The diagnosis of CGD is based on the clinical picture and on a defect of the granulocytes, as proven by bactericidal, NBT-reduction or chemiluminescence tests. In most and possibly in all of the cases, the disease is X-linked, and the CGD-gene has been regionally assigned to the X-chromosome. The existence of a second type of CGD with autosomal recessive inheritance has been assumed by several authors. In order to improve the prognosis of CGD, it is essential that the disease is diagnosed as early as possible so that prompt treatment can be given. PMID- 6724906 TI - [Pathogenesis of pyoderma gangraenosum]. AB - Pyoderma gangraenosum (Pg) is regarded as an indicator of internal primary diseases of mainly auto-immunological character. Gammopathies as basic diseases are very often of the IgA-type. In contrast to the characteristic clinical picture we have observed unspecific, cellular traits. New investigations have reported immunological findings such as deposition of IgG and IgM as well as C3 complexes at the vascular walls. A decreased function of T-cells is described. Pg often develops in consequence of minor traumata. In these cases the disproportion between the primary lesion and the ulcerous process becomes obvious. By presentation of a typical case in addition to a literature survey, it is discussed whether the primary disease is responsible for this development. Because of the close relationship between Pg and the underlying immunopathology it is proposed that Pg - in analogy to the neoplastic cutaneous syndrome - be classified dipolar-like as a paraimmunological syndrome. PMID- 6724907 TI - [Reactions to vaccinations against tetanus and tick-borne encephalitis caused by merthiolate (thiomersal)]. AB - Thirty patients with suspected adverse reactions to tetanus- or tick-borne encephalitis-vaccines were subjected to allergy tests. In 8 of 30 patients epicutaneous and/or intracutaneous tests with merthiolate were positive. Testing anorganic mercury, formaldehyde, aluminium hydroxide, gentamycin and egg white (i.c. and RAST), no positive reactions were found. After vaccination - prior to testing - merthiolate - positive patients had suffered from local inflammatory reactions at the injection site, fever and lymphadenopathy (four patients), urticarial (three patients) or lichenoid exanthemas (one patient). Reviewing the literature it is suggested that alternatively merthiolate-free vaccines be provided for sensitized individuals. PMID- 6724908 TI - [Allergic vasculitis caused by vitamin B6]. AB - A patient developed extensive bulloushaemorrhagic lesions on the lower legs after taking analgesic preparations. Allergologic tests yielded an Arthus-type reaction with vitamin B6. The histological and immunofluorescence examination of a lesional and test site biopsy showed the picture of a superficial and deep vasculitis with deposits of C3 at the basement membrane of dermal venules. PMID- 6724909 TI - [Eprazinone exanthema with subcorneal pustulosis]. AB - A drug eruption with subcorneal pustulation is presented, occurring in a patient during treatment with eprazinone . The biopsy of the initial lesions showed changes as in pustulosis subcornealis . The aetiopathogenetic relationship between administration of eprazinone and the pustular eruption was confirmed by patch test. PMID- 6724910 TI - Performance testing of the environmental TLD system for the Three Mile Island Nuclear Station. AB - Panasonic UD-801 thermoluminescent dosimeters ( TLDs ) containing two calcium sulfate phosphors were tested under Performance Specification 3.1 established by the American National Standard Institute ( ANSI75 ) and in the U.S. Nuclear Regulatory Commission's Regulatory Guide 4.13 ( NRC77 ). The specific qualifying tests included TLD uniformity, reproducibility, energy dependence and directional dependence. The overall measurement uncertainties and associated confidence levels are within the prescribed guidelines defined in the qualifying requirements for environmental TLDs . PMID- 6724911 TI - An assessment of health risk from radiation exposures. AB - A methodology has been developed to assess potential hazards from low-level exposures to radioactive pollutants. Estimates of dose rates to reference organs from internal and external exposure pathways (inhalation of contaminated air, ingestion of contaminated food or water, immersion in contaminated air, and exposure to contaminated ground surfaces) are computed with contemporary dosimetric models. These dose rates are used in a life-table analysis to estimate the radiation-induced cancer deaths and resultant years of life lost in an exposed cohort of 100,000 persons, all simultaneously liveborn and subject to the same risks of dying from competing causes (including natural background radiation). Estimates of the potential health risk are tabulated for approx. 150 radionuclides for each of the exposure pathways; results are summarized in terms of the probability of premature radiation-induced death for a member of the cohort due to incremental radiation exposure, and the average number of years of life lost per incremental fatality. The estimates of radiation-induced mortality generated by these methods provide a useful means of quantifying radiation risk; however, these estimates may be subject to large uncertainties, and can be best interpreted as a measure of the relative degree of hazard associated with exposures to various radionuclides through several exposure pathways. PMID- 6724912 TI - A high sensitivity LiF thermoluminescent dosimeter--LiF(Mg, Cu, P). AB - This paper describes the dosimetric properties of a new, high-sensitivity thermoluminescence dosimeter material prepared in our laboratory. The sensitivity of the LiF(Mg, Cu, P) phosphor is about 23 times higher than that of LiF (TLD 100). Its TL response is linear from 0.3 mR to 1000 R. Its energy dependence is similar to that of LiF (TLD-100). It is stable and reusable without significant loss of sensitivity. Its application to environmental radiation monitoring is described. PMID- 6724913 TI - The influence of soil parameters on 137Cs+-uptake by plants from long-term fallout on forest clearings and grassland. AB - An attempt was made to show if and to what extent the 137Cs transfer from soil to plants (grass) in forest clearings and grassland is related closely enough to different soil parameters to make it worthwhile to develop mathematical models for the prediction of transfer coefficients for certain plants and sites based solely on soil parameters. For this reason 62 soil samples from 0- to 5-cm in depth as well as from 5- to 10-cm in depth were measured for worldwide 137Cs fallout and analyzed for exchangeable potassium content, total potassium content, clay fraction, potential exchange capacity, pH value and carbon content. For both ecosystems, large variations of the transfer coefficients were observed: between 0.01 and 0.1 for grassland and 0.05 and 6 for forest clearings . Correlations, such as has been found between soil parameters, specific activities of the plants and transfer coefficients can in principle be integrated into different calculations for the estimation of radiation burden. PMID- 6724914 TI - Neon-20 depth-dose relations in water. AB - The dose from heavy ion beams has been calculated using a one-dimensional transport theory and evaluated for 670 MeV/ amu 20Ne beams in water. The result is presented so as to be applicable to arbitrary ions for which the necessary interaction data are known. The present evaluation is based on the Silberberg - Tsao fragmentation parameters augmented with light fragment production from intranuclear cascades, recently calculated nuclear absorption cross sections, and evaluated stopping power data. Comparison with recent experimental data obtained at the Lawrence Berkeley Laboratory reveals the need for more accurate fragmentation data. PMID- 6724915 TI - Environmental impact of incineration of low-level radioactive wastes generated by a large teaching medical institution. PMID- 6724916 TI - Seasonal variation of radon concentration in dwellings. PMID- 6724917 TI - The relation between radon profile and counting efficiency for activated charcoal canisters used for radon emanation measurements. PMID- 6724918 TI - A new method for the determination of 210Pb in natural samples. PMID- 6724919 TI - Measurement of cosmic-ray exposure rate perturbations by building materials. PMID- 6724920 TI - Movement of radiostrontium in the soil profile in an arid climate. PMID- 6724921 TI - Air ionization and radiation hormesis. PMID- 6724922 TI - Radiation hazards associated with syringes used to store and dispense 133Xe. PMID- 6724923 TI - A method for testing automatic exposure controls in diagnostic radiology: three phase generators. PMID- 6724925 TI - On the lack of genetic damage in Hiroshima and Nagasaki. Or is the mouse a good model for man? PMID- 6724924 TI - Reanalysis of genetic effects of atomic bombs: comment and further analysis. PMID- 6724926 TI - A model of urinary tritium following multiple contaminations. PMID- 6724927 TI - Tritium excretion and ambient temperature. PMID- 6724928 TI - Comments on "Occupational exposure to dial painters and assemblers of radioluminous timepieces'. PMID- 6724929 TI - Comments on radiation, hormesis, epidemiology and public policy. PMID- 6724930 TI - More comments on radiation hormesis, epidemiology and public health. PMID- 6724931 TI - Indoor radon measurements in the New York Capital District. AB - Radon-222 concentrations have been measured in 21 "energy-efficient" homes and 14 conventional homes in the New York Capital District. Usual concentrations are averaged over six-month or 12-month periods using solid-state track detectors. Full-year averages are available for 23 of the homes, and the winter-to-summer variations have been observed. In a number of cases, 222Rn emanations from various construction materials and soil samples have been measured and correlations sought with indoor 222Rn. Two major patterns emerge. The living areas of the energy-efficient homes without heat-storage masses have median radon concentrations that are 1.6 times those for conventional homes, and the energy efficient homes with heat-storage masses have four to five times the 222Rn of conventional homes. PMID- 6724932 TI - Natural radioactivity in and radon exhalation from Finnish building materials. AB - A total of 369 samples of Finnish building materials were tested for their 226Ra, 232Th and 40K concentrations. The rate of radon exhalation was measured from 19 samples of material and 34 dwellings were tested for their room air ventilation rate and radon concentration. The mean values of 226Ra, 232Th and 40K concentrations in ballast materials for concrete production were 34.2 Bq X kg-1, 39.0 Bq X kg-1 and 964 Bq X kg-1, with standard deviations of 18.7 Bq X kg-1, 19.5 Bq X kg-1 and 265 Bq X kg-1, respectively. The activity concentrations were higher in clay bricks than in concrete, the mean values being 79.8 Bq X kg-1, 61.6 Bq X kg-1 and 986 Bq X kg-1 for 226Ra, 232Th and 40K, respectively. The normalized radon exhalation rates from 15-cm-thick concrete, slag-aggregate concrete and by-product gypsum were 0.38 (Bq X m-2 X h-1)/(Bq X kg-1), 0.15 (Bq X m-2 X h-1)/(Bq X kg-1), and 0.06 (Bq X m-2 X h-1)/(Bq X kg-1), respectively. The ventilation rates in dwellings varied between 0.27 and 1.99 air changes per h, the mean value being 0.60 h-1, and the corresponding steady state radon concentrations in room air varied from 17.0 to 149 Bq X m-3 in blocks of flats made of concrete and from 11.2 to 61.9 Bq X m-3 in blocks of flats made of brick. PMID- 6724933 TI - Contribution of a nuclear fuel chemical separations facility to the plutonium content of a tobacco crop. AB - Tobacco, an important crop in the southeastern United States, can potentially contribute via the inhalation pathway to the dose-to-man from radionuclides. To evaluate this potential dose-to-man from the interception and retention of Pu aerosols, a tobacco crop was grown near a chemical separations facility at the Savannah River Plant (SRP) which releases Pu to the atmosphere. Average leaf 238Pu and 239, 240Pu concentrations were 9.8 and 5.1 fCi /g X dry wt, respectively. These concentrations indicate that 2.5% of the deposition occurring during the tobacco growth period was on merchantable leaves. Leaf Pu concentrations were slightly greater than Pu concentration of stem tissue. Tobacco grown near the facility had 10 times higher Pu concentrations than that grown off the SRP. Pu concentrations of tobacco were similar to other broadleaf crops. Dose commitment would be 1000 times greater for tobacco usage than wheat or soybean consumption when these crops were all grown under identical Pu deposition situations. PMID- 6724934 TI - Determination of 240Pu/239Pu ratio in environmental samples based on the measurement of Lx/alpha-ray activity ratio. AB - The determination of the 240Pu /239Pu isotopic ratio in environmental samples has been attempted by the measurement of the Lx/alpha-ray activity ratio using a Ge- LEPS (low-energy photon spectrometer) and a surface-barrier Si detector. By this method, interesting data were obtained for various samples collected from Thule , Greenland, Bikini Atoll and Nagasaki, as well as for some soils collected from near and off-site locations of atomic power stations. PMID- 6724935 TI - Induced radioactivities in concrete constituents irradiated by high-energy particles. AB - The powdered concrete constituents of magnetite ore, pyrites ore, marble, gravel and Portland cement were prepared and irradiated by 12- GeV protons and secondary particles at the slow extracted beam line of the National Laboratory for High Energy Physics ( KEK ) 12- GeV proton synchrotron. The saturated activities for individual nuclides produced were calculated, and the time variation of photon exposure rate due to the residual activities was also evaluated for each sample. The exposure rates ranked in the following order: magnetite ore greater than pyrites ore greater than gravel greater than or equal to cement greater than marble. The levels of photon exposure rates from heavy, ordinary and marble concretes were also estimated on the basis of the results obtained for each constituent. It is suggested that the use of marble concrete in the inside wall of accelerator tunnels can reduce considerably the exposure to the accelerator maintenance workers, compared with heavy and ordinary concretes commonly used. PMID- 6724936 TI - Iodine-129 in waterfowl muscle from a radioactive leaching pond complex in southeastern Idaho. AB - Waterfowl were collected at radioactive leaching ponds, an adjacent sewage lagoon on the Idaho National Engineering Laboratory ( INEL ) and on nearby control areas to determine 129I / 127I (stable isotope) atom ratios in muscle tissue. Iodine 129/127 atom ratios in muscle tissue averaged about 1.6 X 10(-6) for wild waterfowl from the leaching pond, 1.6 X 10(-6) for waterfowl from the sewage pond, and 1.3 X 10(-6) for control samples. A group of wing-clipped waterfowl placed on the ponds for 2-156 days had average 129I / 127I atom ratios in muscle of 6.0 X 10(-6). Iodine-129/127 atom ratios in muscle were statistically higher (P less than 0.05) in the wing-clipped waterfowl than in control, sewage lagoon and wild waterfowl samples because of the extended period of time they spent on the ponds. Internal lifetime whole-body dose from 129I was estimated to be 1.0 X 10(-5) mrad for waterfowl from control areas and 3.0 X 10(-5) mrad for leaching pond waterfowl. The lifetime thyroid dose commitment to man consuming a wild duck from the leaching ponds was 1.3 X 10(-4) mrem. Liquid effluents disposed in the radioactive leaching ponds do not appear to cause an appreciable increase in 129I / 127I atom ratios in tissues of waterfowl using the ponds. PMID- 6724937 TI - Plutonium in the surface air in Japan. PMID- 6724938 TI - Gamma dose rate for side sectors in a sector-averaged plume. PMID- 6724939 TI - Parameter variability and the reliability of radioecological calculations. AB - Any attempt to assess the dose to man from releases of radionuclides to the environment faces the difficulty that parameters of radioecological models show a high variability. This variability may result in large uncertainties in the dose estimates. A method based on means and variances of the parameters often used to estimate dose distributions is reviewed and found to give rather unreliable results. For licensing of nuclear facilities, the use of a more precise method based on ranks is recommended. This method leads to estimations with guaranteed confidence limits. PMID- 6724940 TI - Update on radiation safety in a nuclear medicine department. PMID- 6724941 TI - Decorporation of inhaled americium-241 dioxide and nitrate from hamsters using ZnDTPA and Puchel. AB - Accidental intakes of 241AmO2 and 241Am(NO3)3 can be treated with some success by inhalation of ZnDTPA . The main advantage of this method of treatment is that it can be self-administered very soon after an accidental intake, and it is effective for reducing the lung content of Am at doses about 10 times less than those usually used intravenously. Otherwise the efficacy of injected ZnDTPA is superior since in addition to removing 241Am from the lungs it can deplete appreciably the systemic deposit of the nuclide. There appears to be no advantage in using the lipophilic form of DTPA code-named Puchel , since following the inhalation or injection of the compound decorporation is not significantly increased relative to ZnDTPA . PMID- 6724942 TI - Predominance of positive ions in the activity of spent-fuel storage pool water. PMID- 6724944 TI - Analysis of oil from cyclotron diffusion pumps. PMID- 6724943 TI - The effect of release height and atmospheric stability on the rate of oxidation of an airborne tritium plume. PMID- 6724945 TI - Using radiation risk estimates. PMID- 6724946 TI - Comments on proposed 40 CFR, Part 61--Standards for Radionuclides. PMID- 6724947 TI - Comments on 'Positioning of Personnel Monitoring Badges'. PMID- 6724948 TI - Experimental support at the gene level for the two-sequential-stage model of carcinogenesis. PMID- 6724949 TI - Comparison of use by enrolled and recently disenrolled populations in a health maintenance organization. AB - The demographic characteristics and ambulatory use of health maintenance organization (HMO) members who voluntarily disenrolled from an HMO--those who returned to the alternative health insurance plan--or who involuntarily disenrolled due to job loss or change--were compared with those of persons still enrolled. The database for all three samples was comprised of ambulatory use data for 6 months (July 1979-December 1979). The HMO-enrolled sample made significantly more visits for health services, on the average, than either of the disenrolled samples. Upon controlling for demographic variables (age, sex, family size, and years enrolled), it was ascertained that young to middle-aged women from families of three or more, making visits for chronic problems, made the greater use among the enrolled sample. The relationship of these findings to the risk vulnerability theory of HMO enrollment choice is discussed, and long-term implications for HMOs are presented. PMID- 6724951 TI - Suggestions for improving the study of health program implementation. AB - More will be learned about health programs and the implementation of health policy in this country if we pay more attention to issues of program implementation. Of particular use would be more studies which explicitly link program implementation with program outcomes and which recognize the need to combine quantitative and qualitative analysis of program implementation; the use of triangulated methods in focusing on the relationship between program implementation and program outcomes; the incorporation and study of planned variation in the methods of implementing programs; recognition that the process is essentially one of organizational change and innovation, and the incorporation of existing theory and evidence relevant to these issues; and recognition that the ongoing nature of the implementation process requires longitudinal study designs for implementation as well as for outcome assessment. Cronbach [9] has remarked that evaluation research "lights a candle in the darkness, but it never brings dazzling clarity." It may be that more attention to program implementation and better research on the process, such as that suggested in this note, will provide a little more light and will bring if not dazzling , at least modest, improvements in clarity. PMID- 6724950 TI - Construct validity comparisons of three methods for measuring patient compliance. AB - A multitrait - multimethod design was employed to assess the construct validity of three commonly used methods for assessing patient compliance: physiological assessments (e.g., blood chemistries), ratings by health professionals, and patient self-reports. Subjects were patients receiving ambulatory hemodialysis treatments for end-stage renal disease, whose regimen required them to take medications, to follow dietary restrictions, and to limit fluid intake. Study findings indicated that of the three methods examined, the nurse rating approach was the most valid (although it contained only about 50 percent valid variance). Measures derived from physiological assessments contained a substantial proportion of residual error (over 70 percent), and the patient self-report method contained only about 12 percent valid variance (with about 18 percent method-effects variance, and 68 percent residual-error variance). These results make clear the need for additional research directed at developing valid methods for evaluating patient compliance behaviors. PMID- 6724952 TI - Health care utilization surveys of the National Center for Health Statistics. PMID- 6724953 TI - Provider-based surveys of health care use from the National Center for Health Statistics: an appraisal of their scope and content. PMID- 6724954 TI - Policy implications of startup utilization by enrollees in prepaid group plans. AB - This article discusses several policy implications of the so-called startup effect, in which high initial health services utilization by new enrollees in prepaid group plans ( PGPs ) becomes reduced with the increasing duration of membership. Results of research in a developing PGP are analyzed as they relate to a mathematical model of startups for two measures of enrollee use. After estimating the total costs of startups in this setting, the motivating effects of such costs on PGPs are examined in relation to several policy issues--including the rate of PGP development in the United States, the use of financial incentives to enroll the elderly and medically disadvantaged, potential inequities of premium determination, the large impact of startups on disenrollment , and the federally mandated process of annual announcement of benefits and open enrollment. Ideas and mechanisms for future study on the startup effect and its policy implications are discussed. PMID- 6724955 TI - Returns on equity to not-for-profit hospitals: theory and implementation. AB - It is argued that not-for-profit hospitals can be assumed to generate a return on equity capital due, in principle, to competition in the final product market for hospital services and in the capital market. Practical difficulties in identifying claimants to the net income of the firm, as well as the incentive problems of cost-based reimbursement, suggest that a competitive pricing approach is likely to be the appropriate means to provide a reasonable return on equity for the not-for-profit and the for-profit hospital. Implications of the analysis for the correct discount rate in investment decisions are outlined. PMID- 6724956 TI - The effectiveness of group-purchasing organizations. AB - The prices paid for routine medical supply items by six hospital group-purchasing systems and a control group of 24 nonaffiliated hospitals were compared to determine the effects of group purchasing. Each of the six group-purchasing systems obtained lower prices for supply items used in the study, ranging from 12 to 26 percent average savings. The enforcement of written contracts among the plan's members and the percentage of plan member participation appeared to explain effectiveness. Size of the plan and volume of purchases did not influence the percentage of saving realized among the groups. PMID- 6724957 TI - Treatment of tumors involving the anterior cranial fossa. AB - The potential for a tumor of the upper face, either malignant or nonmalignant, to involve the anterior cranial base is often not appreciated. This leads to inadequate preoperative investigation and to surgery performed by the head and neck surgeon without the help of the neurosurgeon. In this way, complete tumor resection may be compromised or delayed. Neither of these situations is desirable. If the potential for anterior cranial fossa invasion is recognized, there should be prior consultation with the neurosurgeon and a combined operative procedure. Exposure of these lesions has considerably improved with experience in congenital craniofacial deformities: this will allow en bloc resection of most pathologies. Immediate reconstruction after resection of nonmalignant tumors is advocated, but in aggressive--particularly in recurrent--malignancies, delayed reconstruction is advised. Careful combined follow-up with frequent blind biopsies should be carried out as indicated. PMID- 6724958 TI - Complete microscopic controlled surgery for head and neck cancer. AB - Mohs surgery, as it has evolved since its inception by Mohs, is a technique for removing certain cancers using careful, precise microscopic marginal control. The contemporary technique using fresh tissue has enabled the application of Mohs surgery to the treatment of malignancies of the upper aerodigestive tract. Mohs surgery, once limited to large recurrent basal cell carcinomas, has expanded to include several cutaneous and noncutaneous neoplasms. With better understanding of the Mohs technique, its indications, applications, and advantages, an interdisciplinary approach to manage certain head and neck neoplasms is proposed. PMID- 6724959 TI - High resolution computed tomography in evaluation of the temporal bone. AB - High resolution computed tomography has completely replaced conventional multidirectional tomography in the evaluation of the temporal bone. Unprecedented detail is now available for evaluation of both middle ear and inner ear structures. A sampling of our experience in the evaluation of tubotympanic disease, otosclerosis, trauma, neoplastic disease, and congenital abnormalities is included in this publication. The state of the art in evaluation of sensorineural hearing loss is also illustrated. PMID- 6724961 TI - Thyroid function following radiation and surgical therapy in head and neck malignancy. AB - A retrospective 10-year review of thyroid function in 144 patients treated for cancer of the head and neck by radiation therapy, surgery, and combined surgery and radiation therapy was done. In five patients, hypothyroidism had been found in the posttreatment period. Two of them had developed a pharyngeal fistula resistant to intensive local care and surgical procedures, and a third patient had edema and necrosis of the skin flap. The five hypothyroid patients reported here have all been treated for laryngeal malignancy. In any other group of patients treated for head and neck malignancies studied within this article, we did not find clinical or chemical signs of thyroid hypofunction. Our report stresses the importance of periodic evaluation of thyroid function in patients who underwent irradiation of the neck or combined therapy for malignancy in the neck, even if they were clinically euthyroid. Hypofunction may be more frequent than generally recognized after multimodality treatment, and hormonal replacement therapy may be the keystone in curing rebellious pharyngeal fistula and shortening the disabled state of the patient. PMID- 6724960 TI - Mode of invasion and lymph node metastasis in squamous cell carcinoma of the oral cavity. AB - The relationship between the mode of tumor invasion in the tumor-host borderline and the frequency of regional lymph node metastasis was investigated in squamous cell carcinoma of the oral cavity. Cases with grades 1-3 mode of invasion classified by modified Jacobsson criteria showed a low frequency of metastasis (10/72, 13.9%), while those cases with grade 4 mode of invasion, which consisted of grade 4C (cord-like type) and grade 4D (diffuse type) showed a high frequency of metastasis (4C:11/18,61.1%; 4D :9/12,75.0%; total 20/30,66.7%). Moreover, the number of metastatic nodes in each case of mode of invasion ranged from 1 to 3 in grades 1-3, from 1 to 5 in grade 4C, and from 1 to 7 in grade 4D . The presence of metastasis indicated a poorer prognosis than did the absence of the mode of invasion in each grade, especially in grades 4C and 4D . PMID- 6724962 TI - Uncommon clinical manifestations in a case of thyroid carcinoma. AB - A case of multiple, functional bone metastases from a previously operated follicular thyroid carcinoma is reported in an apparently euthyroid patient. Additional uncommon clinical manifestations encountered in this case were: 1) mandibular metastasis mimicking an intraoral arteriovenous malformation, 2) extensive, destructive, and expansive intraspinal metastases in the thoracic vertebral column protruding into the posterior mediastinum and causing severe spinal lesions, and 3) the precipitation of a fatal thyroid crisis following radioactive iodine treatment. PMID- 6724963 TI - Chip fractures of the mandibular condyle. AB - Four patients suffered from trauma of the temporomandibular (TM) joints. They were examined by routine x-ray procedures. The x-ray films failed to demonstrate a chip fracture of the head of the mandibular condyle. A coronal computed tomographic (CT) view established the fracture shortly after the trauma in three patients. These patients improved clinically after physiotherapy. The fourth patient was retrospectively diagnosed as having a chip fracture of the mandibular head. She underwent CT scan 10 months posttrauma , and ankylosis of the TM joint was established. The mechanism and the clinical symptoms of this injury, which have not been previously described, are reported in this article. PMID- 6724964 TI - An unusual complication of the pectoralis major myocutaneous flap. AB - The development of myocutaneous flaps has been a major advance in reconstructive surgery of the head and neck. The pectoralis major myocutaneous flap has proven to be the most reliable and versatile for use in this area. There have been several reports of its advantages with few complications noted. This article reports two patients who developed osteomyelitis of the rib in the donor area of the pectoralis major myocutaneous flap. The etiology of this potentially serious complication is discussed and the management is outlined. PMID- 6724965 TI - [Comparison of symptoms and vascular laboratory study in the development of arteriopathies of the lower limbs]. PMID- 6724966 TI - [Bovine spiral xenograft as a vascular access for hemodialysis]. PMID- 6724967 TI - [Therapeutic possibilities in a community hospital in cases of severe injuries of the limbs, associated with bone, nervous and vascular involvement]. PMID- 6724968 TI - [Use of venous homografts in femoro-popliteal bypasses]. PMID- 6724969 TI - [Changes in hemodynamics in abdominal interventions]. PMID- 6724970 TI - [Hemostasis using hot air coagulation]. PMID- 6724971 TI - [Post-traumatic carpal tunnel syndromes]. PMID- 6724972 TI - [Late results following compartment syndrome of the lower extremity]. PMID- 6724973 TI - [Initial experiences with stomach replacement-plasty in esophageal cancer without thoracotomy]. PMID- 6724974 TI - [Reconstruction of the esophagus following total pharyngolaryngo-esophagectomy without thoracotomy for cancers of the upper aerodigestive pathways]. PMID- 6724975 TI - [Hiatal hernia and cancer of the esophagus]. PMID- 6724976 TI - [Indications, technic and advantages of fundoplication by the abdominothoracic approach]. PMID- 6724977 TI - [Nutritional and metabolic sequelae 5 years after proximal selective vagotomy]. PMID- 6724978 TI - [Gastric stump cancer--a resection cancer?]. PMID- 6724979 TI - [Ulcerative colitis: emergency operation in toxic megacolon with perforation]. PMID- 6724980 TI - [Myocutaneous island flaps in the reconstruction of surgical defects of the oral cavity and oropharynx]. PMID- 6724981 TI - [Emergency left colonic surgery: primary anastomosis?]. PMID- 6724982 TI - [Total colectomy in early childhood for Gardner syndrome: apropos of a case]. PMID- 6724983 TI - [CEA-controlled indications for re-operation in cancer of the large intestine]. PMID- 6724984 TI - [Intestinal endometriosis]. PMID- 6724985 TI - [10 years' experience with the trans-sphincter approach in surgery of the caudal rectum]. PMID- 6724986 TI - [Total pelvic exenteration for invasive tumors of the pelvis]. PMID- 6724987 TI - [Perineal wound healing following abdominoperineal rectum excision]. PMID- 6724988 TI - [Significance of preoperative cytology and rapid intraoperative section study in goiter surgery]. PMID- 6724989 TI - [False interpretation of scintigraphie "cold struma nodules"]. PMID- 6724990 TI - [Sternocleidomastoid musculocutaneous flap in reconstruction of the mouth following cancer excision]. PMID- 6724991 TI - [Basilic vein fistula of the upper arm--a neglected vascular access for chronic hemodialysis]. PMID- 6724992 TI - Molecular stability and function of hemoglobins Hasharon (alpha(2)47 (CD5)Asp--- His beta 2) and Hasharon (alpha(2)47 (CD5)Asp----His delta 2). AB - The molecular stability and function of hemoglobin (Hb) Hasharon (alpha 2 H beta 2) and Hb Hasharon2 (alpha 2 H delta 2) were studied and compared to Hbs A, A2 and S. Hb Hasharon and Hb Hasharon2 had slightly lower P50 values than Hb A and Hb A2 but had normal responses to organic phosphates. The molecular stability of Hb Hasharon and Hb Hasharon2 (as measured by mechanical shaking and heat denaturation at 60 degrees C) were less than Hb A and Hb A2 but greater than Hb S in the oxy- and carbonmonoxy-forms. In the met-form, however, Hb Hasharon and Hb Hasharon2 were less stable than hemoglobins S, A and A2. The oxy-form of Hb Hasharon forms methemoglobin at a faster rate than Hb A and Hb S. The mechanical and heat stabilities and the rate of methemoglobin formation of oxy-Hb Hasharon were studied in the presence of sulfisoxazole. This drug increased the rate of methemoglobin formation, thus causing a further decrease in the stability of Hb Hasharon. The relationship between these laboratory findings and previously observed clinical findings associated with Hb Hasharon are discussed. PMID- 6724993 TI - Hemoglobin G Waimanalo: alpha 64 (E13) aspartic acid----asparagine observed in a Japanese family. PMID- 6724994 TI - Neonatal evaluation by nurses in a neonatal special care unit. AB - The value of a nursing questionnaire in the evaluation of preterm infants during their stay in the neonatal special care unit was studied. The questions were related to feeding, crying, sleeping, motoric process, tremor and stress, state control, position, sensory capabilities and parental attitudes. In general, questions were answered in 95%, but the questions related to sensory capabilities were only answered in 30%. Evaluation by the nurses of feeding, crying, motoric process, tremor and parental attitudes correlated well with observational data and with the results of a neurological examination. It was concluded that evaluation by the nurses using a questionnaire can be of value in neonatal units, especially when detailed observations or a systematic neurological examination are not feasible. PMID- 6724995 TI - Real-time ultrasonography in the neonate: a systematic study of a high-risk infants population. AB - During a 12-month period a prospective and systematic study was carried out by means of portable real-time ultrasound (US) scanner in order to detect cerebral lesions in a population of high-risk neonates. Newborn infants were allocated into two groups: group A: all premature infants (n = 83) of less than or equal to 34 weeks' gestation or less and group B: neonates (n = 36) of more than 34 weeks' gestation presenting with abnormal neurological signs. Group A: the overall incidence of periventricular haemorrhage (PVH) was 47% (15 grade I, 16 grade II, 3 grade III, 1 Plexus choroid haemorrhage, 1 isolated intraventricular haemorrhage). Infants of 30 weeks or less were at highest risk to develop a PVH. The degree of severity did not depend on gestational age. Repeated scans accurately timed the onset of PVH; 67% developed a PVH within the first 24 hours of life and 31% within the first 6 hours. A post-haemorrhagic ventricular dilatation was noted in 50% of the 28 infants who survived more than 28 days (4 transient, 7 arrested and 3 rapidly progressive). Group B: 15 of 36 infants had US abnormalities. Cerebral lesions were miscellaneous. Diagnosis of PVH, leukomalacia, agenesis of corpus callosum, calcifications in the basal ganglia, hydranencephaly were made and confirmed at autopsy in 9 fatal cases. US has proved useful for the detection of cerebral lesions among high-risk newborn infants in a Neonatal Unit. PMID- 6724996 TI - [Calcinosis of childhood dermatomyositis. Apropos of 10 cases]. AB - Twenty-eight children were diagnosed as having dermatomyositis (DM) on the basis of the criteria of Bohan and Peter. Ten of the 28 children developed calcinosis. Calcium deposits mainly occurred in DM with gradual onset of symptoms and with a chronic course. Calcinosis always appeared insidiously and early during the active stage of the disease. It persisted for a long time beyond the remission of the active muscle symptoms without tendency to spontaneous resolution. Long-term follow-up data substantiate calcinosis as the most frequent and the most serious sequela in this series of childhood DM. PMID- 6724997 TI - Direct assay of free thyroxine in the newborn. AB - Several reagent sets are available, which allow a direct assay without dialysis of the free, bioavailable part of total thyroxine in plasma. A methodological investigation showed that the solid phase (coated tubes) kit from Clinical Assay gives reproducible results in plasma volumes of 50 microliter. Plasma samples from 95 newborns have been assayed at the 4th to 5th day of life. The mean concentration for free thyroxine of 62 infants born at term was 17 pmol/l with a log 2 SD range of 10-28 pmol/l. This value is similar to the normal value in adults (15.1 pmol/l, log 2 SD range 8.3-27.4 pmol/l). This is in contrast to the total T4 concentration: mean value for newborns 182 nmol/l (normal range 2 SD log 130-250 nmol/l) compared to a mean of 90 nmol/l (normal range 2 SD log 51-157) for adults. Mean free T4 concentration was 11.5 pmol/l in 18 premature infants (gestational ages 34-35 weeks: mean 8.7 pmol/l; gestational ages 36-37 weeks: mean 15.3 pmol/l). The lowest concentrations were found in infants with a respiratory distress syndrome: mean 8.9 pmol/l. TSH did not exceed 10 mU/l. It is concluded that the method used allows a direct estimation of free T4 in small plasma samples and allows a rapid decision in suspected thyroid disorders in infants. PMID- 6724998 TI - Pseudo-precocious puberty in a young boy due to interstitial cell adenomas of the testis. AB - A case of pseudo-precocious puberty in a 2 4/12-year-old boy, due to Leydig cell adenomas of the testicle, is described. The special endocrine investigations revealed high levels of plasma testosterone and other androgens together with suppressed plasma gonadotropins unresponsive to stimulation. After operation the hormones returned to normal. The growth velocity and bone age were only gradually decreased, during a period of one year, while the sexual manifestations were the last to disappear, in the third year. PMID- 6724999 TI - Myoadenylate deaminase deficiency in a 5-year-old boy with intermittent muscle pain. AB - A 5-year-old boy with occasional pain of brief duration at the right or the left leg during exercise since the age of 4 years is reported. There was no weakness nor any other abnormality at the neurological examination. The serum creatine phosphokinase activity was elevated three times out of four. The electromyogram showed myopathic abnormalities in the biceps, it was normal in quadriceps and anterior tibial muscles. A quadriceps muscle biopsy was performed. There were no histological nor histochemical abnormalities at the routine techniques. However, a completely negative reaction with myoadenylate deaminase ( MADA ) stain was found. The MADA enzymatic activity in the muscle was very low. It is likely that the clinical syndrome is related to MADA deficiency. PMID- 6725000 TI - [Leprechaunism (Donohue's syndrome). Clinical and pathologico-anatomical findings]. AB - Leprechaunism is a very rare condition of obscure aetiology. At the age of three weeks the neonate described in this report lost all subcutaneous fat in spite of additional parenteral nutrition. He acquired purulent pneumonia, and finally died of septicaemia. The typical stigmata were a prominent nose, broad mouth with putty lips, and large, hypertrophic , backwards rotated ears, cutis laxa, atrophy of adipose tissue and gynaecomastia with hirsutism. Since the first report (1948), 32 patients have been described in detail. Compared with these reports of dysendocrinism we observed an excessive proliferation of various tissues, e.g. of the epithelia of the epidermis, bronchi, collecting tubules of kidneys, bile ducts, and pancreatic ducts. Moreover, almost complete atrophy of lymphoid tissue was remarkable. PMID- 6725001 TI - Reciprocal chromosome translocation with transfer of centromeric heterochromatin in the domestic pig karyotype. PMID- 6725002 TI - Partial trisomy for the distal part of chromosome 22 (22q12----qter) in a mentally retarded girl with congenital birth defects. PMID- 6725003 TI - Genetic differentiation in Sorex. II. An electrophoretic comparison between Sorex araneus and three other shrew species. PMID- 6725004 TI - Chromatid macrocoiling and chromosome compaction. PMID- 6725005 TI - Chromosome aberrations in patients with paranoid psychosis. PMID- 6725006 TI - Trisomy 4q31----qter due to a maternal 4/8 translocation. PMID- 6725007 TI - Partial trisomy 15(q25qter) in two brothers. PMID- 6725008 TI - Metaphase and chromomere banding are distinct entities of chromosome substructure. PMID- 6725009 TI - Creative intelligence in relatives of mental patients. PMID- 6725010 TI - Low human exposure to styrene in relation to chromosome breaks, gaps and sister chromatid exchanges. PMID- 6725011 TI - A genome mutation in three related sublines of the Ehrlich-Lettre mouse ascites tumor. PMID- 6725013 TI - Lactate dehydrogenase isozymes in type I, IIA and IIB fibres of rabbit skeletal muscles. AB - Lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) isozyme patterns were analyzed by polyacrylamide (PAA) slab gel electrophoresis in extracts prepared from various rabbit skeletal muscles of defined fibre composition and by PAA microelectrophoresis of microdissected, histochemically typed single muscle fibres. The results obtained by electrophoresis of whole muscle extracts generally agreed with the data obtained from single fibre electrophoresis, i.e. the LDH isozyme pattern corresponded to that of the predominant fibre type. Type I fibres from soleus and semitendinosus muscles were characterized by a unique pattern of all 5 LDH isozymes with a predominance of LDH-1, 2 and 3. The major fraction (80%) of the type II fibres from extensor digitorum longus and tibialis anterior muscles contained only LDH-5 (M4). About 20% of the type II fibres contained in addition to LDH-5 small amounts of LDH-4 and LDH-3. The fraction of fibres containing LDH 5, LDH-4, and LDH-3 was similar (ca. 20%) in the histochemically defined IIA and IIB subpopulations. In view of the fact that the major fractions of rabbit IIB fibres display low and of IIA fibres high aerobic oxidative capacities ( Reichmann and Pette 1982), these data indicate that the expression of the H subunit of LDH is not correlated with the aerobic-oxidative capacity of the fibre. It also appears not to be correlated with the presence of different myosin isoforms in IIA and IIB fibres. PMID- 6725014 TI - Effect of intraperitoneal injection with chlorobenzene on glutathione metabolism in rat liver. PMID- 6725012 TI - Distribution of 35S-taurine in rat neonates and adults. A whole-body autoradiographic study. AB - The distribution of 35S-taurine in rat neonates and adults was investigated by wholy -body autoradiography. The neonates (4-day-old) were frozen in dry-ice hexane at 30 min, 1, 3 and 6 h after an intraperitoneal injection of 35S-taurine, whereas survival intervals for adult rats were 1 and 3 h. Whole-sagittal sections of the frozen rat, obtained by using a cryostat microtome were dried in situ and autoradiographed. In rat neonates and adults, 35S-taurine was mainly accumulated in the renal cortex, urine, feces, liver, eye (lens, vitreous fluid, retina), hypophysis, thymus, adrenal glands, nasal mucous membrane, salivary glands, gastric mucosa, small and large intestinal mucosa, choroid plexus, myocardium and sebaceous glands. In the rat neonate, such regions as the olfactory bulb, cerebrum, and cerebellum showed relatively high optical density. PMID- 6725016 TI - Urinary fluoride excretion in fluoride exposed workers with diminished renal function. PMID- 6725015 TI - Neurochemical changes by inhalation of environmental pollutants sulfur dioxide and hydrogen sulfide: degradation of total lipids, elevation of lipid peroxidation and enzyme activity in discrete regions of the guinea pig brain and spinal cord. PMID- 6725017 TI - Taste aversion learning and perinatal methylmercury exposure in mice. PMID- 6725018 TI - Effect of nickel on blood pyruvate in a freshwater teleost, Colisa fasciatus. PMID- 6725019 TI - Tissue disposition of 54Mn in lead pretreated rats. PMID- 6725020 TI - Application of carbon felt dosimetry to field studies distant from analytical laboratory. PMID- 6725021 TI - [Clinical course and therapy of congenital malformations of the larynx]. AB - Congenital anomalies of the larynx are reviewed from a clinical and therapeutic point of view by means of data from the literature and our own case studies. Laryngeal aplasia is not compatible with life, whereas atresia may have a theoretical chance to survive. Among the stenotic anomalies causing congenital stridor the harmless laryngomalacia is the most frequent. The subglottic hypoplastic ("hard") cricoid stenosis requires laryngoplasty , which may be done as early as the second year of life. In contrast, a subglottic hyperplastic ("soft") stenosis may resolve spontaneously during the first 3-5 years of life. Laryngeal webs and congenital synechiae of the vocal processes are resected endoscopically. A bilateral paralysis of vocal cords must be distinguished from congenital ankylosis of the cricoarytenoid joints by electromyography. If there is no spontaneous widening of the glottis during postnatal laryngeal growth, both diseases require endoscopic laterofixation of one vocal cord. Laryngoceles are mainly seen in adults, whereas congenital cysts are mostly observed in early childhood, especially when they are large enough to cause respiratory distress. Subglottic hemangiomas occur in two types: first, there is the cavernous hemangioma, which has to be surgically removed only in the case of respiratory inpediment , because it may recede spontaneously. Secondly, there is the submucosal flat hemangioma within the scope of congenital hemangiomatoses of the facial and cervical area, which probably does not cause a pseudocroup like syndrome without an additional upper respiratory tract infection. An intralaryngeal goitre is found almost exclusively in adults. The prognosis of a laryngoesophageal cleft is still very uncertain. We report such a case which demonstrates the difficulties of surgical repair. The term "dysplastic dysphonia" refers to congenital hoarseness due to minor defects or asymmetries of laryngeal structures such as the fairly frequent sulcus glottideus or the very rare anterior laryngeal cleft due to disturbed fusion of the thyroid cartilage plates.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 400 WORDS) PMID- 6725022 TI - [Cochleomeatal scintigraphy]. AB - High resolution cochleomeatal scanning has proven to be a simple and inexpensive diagnostic method in tumors of the inner auditory canal, resp. of the cerebello- pontineangle . In 112 neurotologic patients (37 with proven acoustic neuromas) there were no false positives or false negatives. Therefore, the use of invasive or expensive tests in suspicion of tumors of the 8th cranial nerve should be restricted to those cases with positive scans. CMS is of special diagnostic value in patients with absent air insufflation of the basal cisternae in gas computerised tomograms and in suspected tumor recurrences. Dynamic studies with determination of the radiopharmacokinetics of radiopharmacology reveal further differential diagnostic aspects. PMID- 6725023 TI - [Cochlear potentials and reduced blood supply]. AB - In cats the mean arterial blood pressure (MABP) was reduced to 40 or 30 mm Hg by controlled hemorrhage. In 3 animals the cochlea action potentials (CAP) are not changed between 30 and 380 Min by 40 mm Hg MABP. In 4 animals we saw a latent or permanent decrease of CAP between 4 and 115 Min by 30 mm Hg MABP. A singular experiment shows, that a CAP-decrease is caused by injection of an acetylcholin blockade substance. We did not find a correlation to the length of time of the ischemia and a CAP decrease. We found an exact correlation to the hypovolemic sympathetic palsy and a CAP decrease. In reduced blood perfusion the cochlea of cats is more resistant than the brain. PMID- 6725024 TI - [The validity of various audiometric testing methods in tumor-induced hearing disorders]. AB - In order to study the diagnostic possibilities for detecting acoustic neuromas respectively tumors of the cerebello pontine angle 60 patients with secured tumor (op. confirmed) were preoperatively examined audiologically . The test results were worked out statistically and checked of their validity in respect of the diagnosis. It could be found, that the results of the conventional audiometry, if taken in its entirety, approved a secure diagnosis in most of the cases; though very discretely marked constellations of test results had to be considered. Routine-audiometric failures were essentially restricted to patients which were deaf or had a high-grade hearing loss ( Lehnhardt 1983). The recordings of auditory brain stem responses of them selves showed in all cases a result in the sense of retrocochlear hearing disorder, not only with regard to prolonged absolute latency times of JV/P6 but also of prolonged interpeak latency times between JI and JV. In cases of monaurale deafness, the ERA supplied a secure criterion for a brain stem disorder because of delayed latency times on the not affected side. PMID- 6725025 TI - [Thrombocyte function and problems of blood coagulation and fibrinolysis in head and neck cancer]. AB - Platelet aggregation induced by ADP and collagen and five parameters of blood coagulation and fibrinolysis, (levels of fibrinogen, fibrinolytic activity of euglobulin, fibrinogen and/or fibrin degradation products, antiplasmin activity and antithrombin activity) were measured in patients with cancer of the head and neck. The results were compared with those from healthy controls. Enhancement of platelet aggregation, hyperfibrinolysis and hypercoagulable state were found in the circulatory blood of patients with cancer of the head and neck. PMID- 6725026 TI - More HLA haploidentity in pairs of sibs with the same transcortin levels. AB - In 50 sibships, each comprising at least 2 male sibs, the oldest sib was paired with each of his brothers. All sibs were HLA- haplotyped and their serum transcortin level was determined. The HLA haploidentical pairs were compared with the sibpairs having no HLA haplotype in common. The odds for the haploidentical pairs of having a small difference (less than 0.07 mg per g total serum protein) in serum transcortin was nearly 4 times (3.94; P less than 0.025) greater than for the pairs of brothers having no HLA haplotype in common. This abnormal distribution in HLA haplotypes confirms our previous findings on the relation of certain HLA haplotypes with either high or low basal serum transcortin levels. PMID- 6725027 TI - Transcutaneous oxygen measurement as a noninvasive indicator of level of tissue healing in patients with peripheral vascular disease and projected amputations. PMID- 6725028 TI - The role of culdocentesis in evaluating pelvic pain in women. PMID- 6725029 TI - Spinal epidural abscess caused by streptococcus MG intermedius with complicating leptomeningitis: report of case. PMID- 6725030 TI - 1984 Report of the Joint National Committee on Detection, Evaluation and Treatment of High Blood Pressure. PMID- 6725031 TI - Improvement of gastric mucosal detail in the double-contrast upper gastrointestinal examination utilizing low-dose glucagon. PMID- 6725032 TI - Clinical evaluation of suspected sexual abuse of children. PMID- 6725033 TI - Bronchiolitis: a pilot study of osteopathic manipulative treatment, bronchodilators, and other therapy. PMID- 6725034 TI - Shoulder injuries in the javelin thrower. PMID- 6725035 TI - Basal and squamous cell carcinoma of the eyelids and their treatment by radiotherapy. AB - We report 1,166 tumors of the eyelids that were treated by single or fractionated exposures to doses of 20-60 Gy. The five year tumor control rate was 95% for basal cell and 93.3% for squamous cell carcinoma. Irradiation was equally successful in primary cases and in those recurrent following surgery. Recurrence following irradiation was managed by surgery or further irradiation. The cosmetic and functional results were generally excellent and readily accepted by most patients. The overall complication rate was 9.6% with fewer than one-half rated as serious; these problems mainly occurred with large tumors that had destroyed normal tissues. In only 14 (1.2%) patients was death related to the tumor. Approximately one-half of the patients received a dose of 35 Gy in five daily fractions, one-quarter, 20 to 22.5 Gy in a single exposure and the others with larger tumors 42.5-60 Gy in 10 to 30 exposures in two to six weeks. Radiotherapy is a safe and cost effective treatment for eyelid tumors. PMID- 6725036 TI - Results of the treatment of 165 lid carcinomas by iridium wire implant. AB - A group of 160 adult patients with epithelial tumors of the lid and/or canthi treated by iridium 192 wire implant are presented. There were 165 epithelial tumors, most of them were basocellular type (85%). In all cases, a nonradioactive procedure was used with disposable angiocatheters before introducing active wires. Respectively, 111/114 (97.4%) of "new" lesions and 48/51 (94%) of previously treated tumors were definitively cured by iridium wire implant. Among the 6 local recurrences, 4 were salvaged by a second iridium implant, and the two others by extensive surgery. Local side effects were present in 30 patients (18%): impairment of the eyelid aperture 9, stenosis of lacrymal ducts 7, eversion of the lid 7, lack of substance 7. These postherapeutic complications were significantly more frequent in treating recurrent lesions (15/48, 31.2%) than in previously untreated tumors (15/112, 13.4%). No visual complication was observed even in the early patients of this series. PMID- 6725037 TI - High dose rate radiosensitization: a clinical pilot study of 27 cancer patients. AB - In laboratory experiments, it was reported by some authors that radiation response increases with the dose rate, although other workers have reported that this relationship does not exist. Up to the present, this problem has remained controversial. The present clinical pilot study was designed with the aim of comparing the effect of high and low dose rates. The study was carried out on 27 patients who suffered from various types of malignancy. Twelve patients with advanced but relatively comparable bilateral metastases in the neck region, and 15 patients with multiple pulmonary metastatic foci were studied. Radiation was given at a high dose rate (1112 rad/min) when irradiating one side of the neck or one of the metastatic lesions in the lung, while radiation was given at a low dose rate (400 rad/min) on the opposite side of the neck or a separate lesion in the lung. All other aspects of radiation, however, were identical for all lesions. The total dose varied from 4000-7000 rad/4-7 wk. Five fractions per week and a daily dose of 200-300 rad was given. It was observed that the high dose rate gave rise to a higher radiosensitivity than the low dose rate. Tumor regression rates were calculated by measuring the dimensions of the lesions. The tumor regression rate in the high dose rate group was universally higher than that in the low dose rate group. The radiation response in the high dose rate group was about 5.2-37.6%, averaging 18%, higher than that in the low dose rate group. In conclusion, a high dose rate of radiation elicits a higher radiosensitivity, and hence, a possible higher cancericidal effect. PMID- 6725038 TI - Predicting the response of head and neck cancers to radiation therapy with a multivariate modelling system: an analysis of the RTOG head and neck registry. AB - Two thousand and sixty-six patients with primary head and neck cancers were entered in the RTOG Head and Neck Cancer Registry between 1977 and 1980. Nine hundred and ninety-seven (997) evaluable patients were treated initially with radiation therapy alone. Tumor site, T-stage, N-stage, histology, degree of infiltration, degree of differentiation, patient age, sex and Karnofsky performance score were all prospectively recorded. T-stage (p less than .001), N stage (p = .007), primary site (p less than .001), and initial Karnofsky performance score (p less than .001) proved to be significant factors independently predictive of primary tumor clearance. Using these factors, a multivariate response model was constructed to predict primary tumor response. The predictive accuracy of the model proved to be highly reliable, and was tested by comparing the predicted vs. observed complete tumor clearance rates for each independent variable. For primary sites, the predicted number of complete responses vs. observed were: oral cavity, 139.8 predicted vs. 139 observed; nasopharynx, 51.8 predicted vs. 51 observed; oropharynx, 174.8 predicted vs. 176 observed, supraglottic larynx, 314.4 predicted vs. 318 observed; glottic larynx, 314.4 predicted vs. 318 observed; and hypopharynx, 49.4 predicted vs. 46 observed. For the entire group of patients predicted to have a 90% or better complete primary tumor response (including T3 and T4 tumors), 94% remained in initial complete remission at the primary site at one year, and 87% at two years. An accurate multivariate response model, such as the one presented in this paper, should prove to be a useful tool in selecting patients with head and neck cancers suitable for treatment with radiation therapy alone. PMID- 6725039 TI - Prognostic factors in nodular lymphomas: a multivariate analysis based on the Princess Margaret Hospital experience. AB - A total of 1,394 patients with non-Hodgkin's lymphoma were treated at the Princess Margaret Hospital between January 1, 1967 and December 31, 1978. Overall actuarial survival of 525 patients with nodular lymphomas was 40% at 12 years; survival of patients with localized (Stage I & III) nodular lymphomas treated with radical radiation therapy was 58%. Significant prognostic factors defined by multivariate analysis included patient's age, stage, histology, tumor bulk, and presence of B symptoms. By combining prognostic factors we have identified distinct prognostic groups within the overall population. Patients with Stage I & II disease, small or medium bulk, less than 70 years of age achieved 92% 12 year actuarial survival and a 73% relapse-free rate in 12 years of follow-up. These patients represent groups highly curable with irradiation. PMID- 6725040 TI - The relationship between tumor response and survival following radiotherapy for carcinoma of the bronchus. AB - Tumor response was closely observed in a randomized controlled trial of a radiosensitizing drug in the radiotherapy of carcinoma of the bronchus. The persistence of tumor cells in the sputum after treatment and the degree of regression measured radiologically at two months did not correlate with the subsequent course. However, total regression of tumor and time to regrowth both assessed radiologically showed a highly significant correlation with survival (P less than 0.0005). PMID- 6725041 TI - Triple course external beam radiotherapy for carcinoma of the prostate. AB - In 1976 we began using a triple-course technique of external beam irradiation for localized carcinoma of the prostate. The treatment consisted of 2 courses of 20 Gy in 2 weeks to the pelvis and a third course of 20-25 Gy in 2-2 1/2 weeks as a boost to the prostate. A 2 week rest followed the first and second courses. The results of this treatment technique are reported on the first 50 patients who had been followed for at least 3 years. Although 96% of these patients developed bladder and/or bowel reactions, the majority of the symptoms were in the very mild to mild category, with only 2% severe reactions referrable to each organ. The incidence of late complications in this series compared favorably to those reported by other authors. Clinical local control was 96% while post-treatment needle biopsy performed on 22/50 patients yielded a negative rate of 86%. Those with Stages A and B disease had a negative biopsy rate of 94%. Three-year uncorrected disease-free survival for the whole group was 54%. This study has shown that with triple course external beam irradiation, excellent control of localized carcinoma of the prostate can be achieved with minimal acute morbidity. PMID- 6725042 TI - Homogeneous irradiation of the "short-necked" laryngeal cancer patient. AB - A technique for homogeneous irradiation of the "short-necked" laryngeal cancer patient is presented. The method is similar to a previously described technique in that inferiorly angled opposed lateral beams are used with tissue compensators and beam wedges. The advantages of the technique presented here are that the patient is treated supine rather than sitting and therapy simulation is more easily carried out. Experimental verification of the calculated radiation distributions was carried out in a water phantom having the same shape as the patient. These results show the extent of dose homogeneity and in addition show that neglecting tissue inhomogeneity, the measured and calculated dose distributions agree within 2%. PMID- 6725043 TI - Dosimetric evaluation of a pencil-beam algorithm for electrons employing a two dimensional heterogeneity correction. AB - The accuracy of a pencil-beam algorithm for electrons employing a two-dimensional heterogeneity correction is demonstrated by comparing calculation with measurement. Ionization measurements have been made in a water phantom for a variety of non-standard geometries. Geometries to demonstrate the effect of an extended treatment distance, a sloping skin surface, and an irregular skin surface have been selected. Additionally, thermoluminescent dosimeters have been used to measure distributions in tissue-substitute phantoms, which were designed from individual patient computerized tomographic scans. Three patient scans have been selected: (1) diffuse hystiocytic lymphoma of the left buccal mucosa and retromolar trigone; (2) squamous cell carcinoma of the nose at the columnella ; and (3) carcinoma of the maxillary antrum. Results demonstrate the algorithm's ability to simultaneously account for the isodose shifting as a result of internal heterogeneities and for sidescatter non-equilibrium caused by lateral discontinuities of the skin surface and internal anatomy. The algorithm is shown to generally be accurate to within +/- 4% in the treatment volume or +/- 4 mm in regions of sharp dose gradients as found in the penumbra and distal edge of the beam. Examples of greater disagreement are shown and their physical interpretation discussed. PMID- 6725044 TI - Alice revisits lymphoma-land. PMID- 6725045 TI - Work satisfaction among technologists. PMID- 6725046 TI - Late skin changes following twice-weekly electron beam radiation to post mastectomy chest walls. PMID- 6725047 TI - Effective treatment of patients with T1 grade III bladder cancer by external beam irradiation. PMID- 6725048 TI - Sarcoma and multi-systemic radionecroses following pelvic irradiation for epidermoid carcinoma of the cervix. PMID- 6725049 TI - Identification of medullary loci critical for neurogenesis of gasping. AB - We hypothesized that a discrete medullary locus, critical for gasping neurogenesis, could be identified. In decerebrate, cerebellectomized, vagotomized, paralyzed, and ventilated cats, activities of phrenic, hypoglossal, and recurrent laryngeal nerves were monitored. Gasping was induced by freezing the brain stem, via a fork thermode, at the pontomedullary junction. By reversible cooling of the medulla, chemical lesions with kainic acid, and radio frequency lesions, a critical area for gasping neurogenesis was localized bilaterally 2-3 mm rostral to obex, 2.0-2.5 mm lateral to midline, and 3-4 mm ventral to medullary surface. Electrical stimulation in this area elicited premature gasps, whereas unilateral lesions or lidocaine injections eliminated gasping activities in all nerves. These procedures did not cause similar changes during eupnea. In apneusis, however, lidocaine injections markedly altered the pattern or caused apnea. We conclude that discharge of neurons in a discrete portion of the lateral tegmental field of medulla is required for gasping neurogenesis. Our results are consistent with these neurons comprising the central pattern generator for gasping. PMID- 6725050 TI - Effects of acute exposure to high altitude on ventilatory drive and respiratory pattern. AB - To assess changes in ventilatory regulation in terms of central drive and timing, on exposure to high altitude, and the effects of induced hyperoxia at high altitude, six healthy normal lowland subjects (mean age 19.5 +/- 1.64 yr) were studied at low altitude (518 m) and on the first 4 days at high altitude (3,940 m). The progressive increase in resting expired minute ventilation (VE; control mean 9.94 +/- 1.78 to 14.25 +/- 2.67 l/min on day 3, P less than 0.005) on exposure to high altitude was primarily due to a significant increase in respiratory frequency (f; control mean 15.6 +/- 3.5 breaths/min to 23.8 +/- 6.2 breaths/min on day 3, P less than 0.01) with no significant change in tidal volume (VT). The increase in f was due to significant decreases in both inspiratory (TI) and expiratory (TE) time per breath; the ratio of TI to TE increased significantly (control mean 0.40 +/- 0.08 to 0.57 +/- 0.14, P less than 0.025). Mouth occlusion pressure did not change significantly, nor did the ratio of VE to mouth occlusion pressure. The acute induction of hyperoxia for 10 min at high altitude did not significantly alter VE or the ventilatory pattern. These results indicate that acute exposure to high altitude in normal lowlanders causes an increase in VE primarily by an alteration in central breath timing, with no change in respiratory drive. The acute relief of high altitude hypoxia for 10 min has no effect on the increased VE or ventilatory pattern. PMID- 6725052 TI - Adequacy of tissue oxygenation in intact dog intestine. AB - Changes in O2 consumption, O2 extraction, and intramural pH, resulting from a decreasing O2 delivery, were studied in the intact dog intestine. The O2 delivery was decreased by ischemia, hypoxia, and combined hypoxia-ischemia. A noninvasive approach for determining intramural pH based on the principle of tonometry was used. There was a strong correlation between the changes in intramural pH and intestinal O2 consumption as O2 delivery was decreased. Intramural pH and O2 consumption were initially maintained in the face of decreasing O2 delivery, but after a critical point they decreased. This critical point was 60.3 +/- 1.6% of base-line O2 delivery in the ischemic group and 51.3 +/- 2.7% of base line in the hypoxic-ischemic group. Despite a decrease to 36.0 +/- 5.6% of base-line O2 delivery, the intramural pH and O2 consumption did not decrease in the hypoxic group. O2 extraction increased with decreasing O2 delivery but did not plateau, indicating no diffusion limitation. The data suggest that blood flow is the major factor limiting intestinal O2 consumption. It is concluded that the noninvasive measure of intramural pH is a good marker of the adequacy of tissue oxygenation in canine intestine. PMID- 6725051 TI - Histamine and leukotrienes mediate pulmonary hypersensitivity to antigen in guinea pigs. AB - To study roles of histamine and slow-reacting substance of anaphylasis (SRS-A) in mediating airway responses following antigen challenge, mediator antagonists were administered to guinea pigs sensitized with ovalbumin 10 days before the study. Twenty-three animals were divided into the following five treatment groups: 1) saline only (control 1, n = 5); 2) antigen challenged (n = 5); 3) antigen + methapyrilene (antihistamine, n = 5); 4) FPL 55712 only (SRS-A antagonist, control 2; n = 4), and 5) antigen + FPL 55712 (n = 4). Control groups were not sensitized. Experimental values were compared with those of control 1 at equal times after injections. Pulmonary resistance (RL), dynamic compliance (Cdyn), breathing frequency (f), tidal volume, minute ventilation (VE) and systemic arterial pressure were measured for 15-20 min just before (base line) and for up to 30 min after saline or antigen administration. Antigen challenge alone induced maximal respiratory changes at 5 min. RL increased 131 +/- 28% above base line (P less than 0.05), whereas Cdyn decreased slightly (28 +/- 10%, P less than 0.05). Antihistamine almost eliminated all changes in RL but did not affect decreased Cdyn. On the other hand, FPL 55712 eliminated changes in both RL and Cdyn. Both antagonists blocked the transient increase in VE, but neither blocked the rise in f at 5 min. We conclude that antigen-induced bronchoconstriction (RL) may be primarily mediated by histamine, whereas simultaneous alterations in Cdyn may depend mainly on leukotrienes and those in f depend on neither. PMID- 6725053 TI - Latency in onset of decompression sickness on direct ascent from air saturation. AB - Twenty-four human subjects were exposed to compressed air at simulated depths ranging from 45 ft seawater gauge (fsw) (2.36 ATA) to 75 fsw (3.27 ATA) for periods of time sufficient to allow saturation of most tissues with inert gas. From each of four depths (45, 55, 65 and 75 fsw), subjects ascended directly to 1 ATA, where they remained for 30, 17, 13, and 10 min, respectively. During this time the onset of Doppler detected venous gas emboli (VGE), pruritus, and any other symptomatology was monitored and recorded. In the ascending excursion from 45 fsw (n = 18), the mean appearance times of pruritus and VGE were 19.3 +/- 7.5 (mean +/- SD) and 21.9 +/- 7.4 min, respectively, with one case of pain-only decompression sickness (DCS). The excursion from 55 fsw (n = 17) shortened these times to 9.2 +/- 3.3 and 14.4 +/- 3.2 min, respectively, with two cases of DCS, one each of pain-only and serious types. In the excursion from 65 fsw (n = 23), mean pruritus and VGE appearance times were 6.3 +/- 1.4 and 10.8 +/- 1.9 min, respectively, with no cases of DCS. The excursion from 75 fsw (n = 6) resulted in appearance times of 4.8 +/- 0.8 and 8.2 +/- 1.2, respectively, with one case of pain-only DCS. Sufficient cases of DCS did not occur in any of the excursions to allow determination of mean appearance times. The relationship between pressure reduction and appearance times of pruritus and VGE, and the threshold time of DCS, can be described mathematically. We conclude that latency in the development of DCS on direct ascent from air saturation exists and is of sufficient magnitude to permit practical application in emergency decompressions or unpressurized transfers between compressed air or N2-O2 environments. PMID- 6725054 TI - Source of the fluid component of secretions from tracheal submucosal glands in cats. AB - The idea that the fluid component of cat tracheal submucosal gland secretions is produced by Na-linked secretion of Cl was tested. Gland secretion was stimulated with phenylephrine; gland fluid flow, net salt movement, and output of 35SO4 labeled macromolecules were measured. With CI, I, NO3, or Br as the major anion, phenylephrine caused equal increases in gland flow and output of 35S-labeled macromolecules while increasing net transepithelial 22Na movement from 0 to about 10 mu eq X cm-2 X h-1. With the impermeant gluconate as a major anion, phenylephrine caused the same increase in output of 35S label, a smaller increase in gland flow, and had no effect on net 22Na movement. Short circuiting in the presence of Cl, or high concentrations of the loop diuretics, furosemide or bumetanide, did not alter the actions of phenylephrine. Ouabain or replacement of Na by choline or Li abolished all secretory effects of phenylephrine. We conclude that active Cl secretion is not responsible for the transepithelial flows of salt and water induced by phenylephrine. Instead, these flows may be secondary to the release of osmotically active components of the secretory granules. PMID- 6725055 TI - Effects of left atrial pressure elevation and histamine infusion on lung lymph in awake sheep. AB - To study the mechanism by which infused histamine increases lung fluid and solute exchange, the effects of left atrial pressure elevation (using a Foley catheter positioned at the mitral valve orifice) on lung lymph flow and protein content were studied in the presence and absence of histamine infusion in nine chronically instrumented unanesthetized sheep. In six sheep, histamine infusion (1-3 micrograms X kg-1 X min-1) was begun 2 h before increasing left atrial pressure by 10 and 20 cmH2O for 3 h each. Control experiments were performed on the same sheep to study the effects of left atrial pressure elevation alone and histamine infusion alone. Left atrial pressure elevation in the presence of histamine infusion did not cause a disproportionate increase in lung lymph flow nor was the lymph-to-plasma protein concentration ratio (L/P) different from left atrial pressure elevation alone. This argues against the presence of increased microvascular permeability at the time of these elevations. In three sheep, left atrial pressure was elevated by 20 cmH2O, and then histamine was infused at 2 micrograms X kg-1 X min-1. Histamine infusion caused a transient increase in L/P and a large increase in lymph flow, findings like those we have previously taken to represent an increase in microvascular permeability. However, L/P decreased to values comparable to those seen with elevated left atrial pressure alone. These observations suggest that histamine infusion may have a biphasic effect on lung lymph. There is an early (1-3 h) transient increase in lymph protein clearance that could result from a transient increase in permeability followed by a sustained increase in microvascular surface area. The early response is difficult to interpret because the changes are transient and could be affected by alterations outside the lung. PMID- 6725056 TI - Effect of aerosol histamine on lung lymph in awake sheep. AB - This study examined the effect of aerosol histamine on lung lymph in the awake sheep. Eleven sheep were chronically instrumented for measurement of lung lymph, lung mechanics, and vascular pressures. Aerosol histamine was given by use of a Collison nebulizer and delivered via a tracheostomy tube. Five breaths of a 30 mg/ml histamine solution caused lung lymph flow (QL) to increase from a base line of 5.5 +/- 0.5 (SE) ml/h to 14.3 +/- 1.5 (P less than 0.05) and the lymph-to plasma protein concentration ratio (L/P) to increase from 0.63 +/- 0.02 to 0.72 +/- 0.02 (P less than 0.05). The concentration of aerosol histamine required to change QL by 30% (ED130QL) was determined by giving increasing concentrations of aerosol histamine every 15 min. The mean ED130QL was 22.2 mg/ml. The dose of histamine required to increase QL by 30% did not correlate (r = 0.04, n = 7) with the dose required to decrease dynamic compliance by 35%. The increase in QL lasted 100 +/- 19 min. Hourly exposure to five breaths of 30 mg/ml for 5 h caused a sustained increase in QL in two sheep and a waning effect in two sheep. The combination of aerosol histamine and elevated microvascular pressure (achieved by inflating a Foley catheter situated in the left atrium) caused changes in QL and L/P not totally consistent with the hypothesis that histamine increased pulmonary vascular permeability. Increased vascular permeability in the bronchial circulation was considered a likely explanation of the data. PMID- 6725057 TI - Adaptations of quadriplegic men to consecutively loaded breaths. AB - Ventilatory responses to graded elastic and resistive loads from 20 quadriplegic men were analyzed. During the 1st, 5th, and 10th consecutively loaded inspirations 1) responses from different subjects ranged from a weak tidal volume defense coupled with an increased breathing frequency to a strong tidal volume defense coupled with a decreased frequency; 2) strong tidal volume defenders generally employed longer inspirations than did weak tidal volume defenders; and 3) individual respiratory frequencies were mediated by similar changes in inspiratory and/or expiratory timing. Thus the group response was qualitatively similar on the 1st, 5th, and 10th loaded breaths. Quantitatively, however, minute ventilation increased throughout each 10-breath episode due to progressively larger tidal volumes coupled with equal breathing frequencies. These larger tidal volumes were due to progressively stronger inspirations with no changes in timing during elastic loading, whereas they were due to both stronger and longer inspirations during resistive loading. These findings, which are qualitatively the same as those found in healthy subjects, indicate that sensory input from the mouth, lung, and diaphragm, and motor output to the diaphragm and accessory muscles are sufficient, by themselves, to mediate normal patterns of ventilatory adjustments during consecutively loaded breaths. PMID- 6725058 TI - Attenuated skin blood flow response to hyperthermia in paraplegic men. AB - To clarify how skin and internal temperatures interact in control of skin blood flow, five male paraplegic subjects (lesions at the level of thoracic vertebrae 1 11) (29-47 yr old) were heated in water-perfused suits to elevate oral temperature (To) 1-1.5 degrees C. In part I only the insensate skin was heated; sensate skin was kept at 32-34 degrees C. No appreciable elevation of forearm blood flow (FBF) or sweating occurred, even with To at 38 degrees C. In part II the suit was applied to the whole body so that skin temperature was 40 degrees C, except for one arm that remained at 32-34 degrees C for FBF measurement. Sweating was noted above the lesion in all but one subject. FBF increased in all subjects but was far below levels previously reported for hyperthermic normal men; also, thresholds appeared elevated. To the extent that effector connections are intact, attenuated FBF response implies that either 1) some vasoconstrictor bias associated with cardiovascular regulation is active or 2) thermoregulatory effector outflow is diminished. If the latter is true, it follows that the effector outflow reduction relates to diminished afferent input. But the component of the effector outflow contributed by peripheral thermoreception is small; thus these findings may indicate that what is lacking in the afferent input is central thermoreception from below the lesion, possibly from the spinal cord itself. PMID- 6725059 TI - Relation between respiratory neural output and tidal volume. AB - We recently described a model for the relation between respiratory neural and mechanical outputs (J. Appl. Physiol.: Respirat. Environ. Exercise Physiol. 51: 963-1001, 1981). In this communication we utilize the model to address the following questions. 1) How sensitive is tidal volume (VT) to shape and timing of respiratory neural output (N)? 2) How effective are shape and timing characteristics of N in load compensation? 3) For a given VT, what is the most economical shape and timing of N? Using different values of passive respiratory mechanics, we generated the VT profiles associated with theoretical N waveforms having different shape and timing parameters. We found that 1) with normal mechanics VT is moderately sensitive to inspiratory time (TI) but not to shape of N, whereas with high resistance and short TI, VT is very sensitive to shape and timing; 2) changes in shape, within the physiological range, can serve as potent load-compensatory mechanisms; and 3) for a given VT, the most economical (lowest mean pressure) N pattern is one with a very short TI and a rising phase that is convex to time axis. This holds true even with high resistance. PMID- 6725060 TI - Calibration methods in respiratory calorimetry. AB - Methods for calibration of respiratory gas exchange measurement systems are evaluated. A new method is described in which O2 is removed from the subject chamber or gas stream and measured gravimetrically in a small combustion chamber containing steel wool. The "Fe-burner" method was tested by comparison with the N2-injection method and found to be of similar accuracy. The new method is easy to perform, quick, and readily applicable to both open- and closed-circuit respiratory systems. It has a rate of O2 uptake that can be adjusted to be similar to the rate by an experimental subject (10-600 kg). Complete calibration of open- and closed-circuit indirect calorimetric systems can be achieved when the Fe-burner method, involving measurement of O2 uptake, is combined with the gravimetric injection of specific gases (CO2, methane) produced by the subject. PMID- 6725061 TI - Computer processing of phrenic neurograms. AB - Manual processing of large numbers of electrophysiological waveforms is a tedious process prone to subjective errors in judgment. To eliminate these problems, we developed computer algorithms and techniques to analyze cat phrenic neurograms produced in response to step changes in end-tidal PCO2. The computer analyzed the neurogram in terms of a model waveform, which consisted of 1) base-line activity made up primarily of noise, 2) an initial sharp increase from base line, 3) a slower ramplike increase in activity, 4) a peak value, and 5) a rapid decrease in activity back to base line. Parameters describing these model elements as well as inspiratory and expiratory times were calculated by the computer. Computer produced parameters were compared with manually calculated parameters from chart recordings for over 200 individual neurograms. Repeated manual processing of the neurogram had a variability of +/- 10% in the parameter estimates. The computer produced parameters fell within this range more than 89% of the time. Although the techniques described are directed specifically toward phrenic neurogram analysis, the methods are general enough to be useful in computer processing of other types of physiological waveforms. PMID- 6725062 TI - Control of breathing at elevated lung volumes in anesthetized cats. AB - We monitored the steady-state ventilatory responses of anesthetized cats to increases in lung volume produced by expiratory threshold loads (ETL) to study the roles of peripheral and central neural mechanisms in controlling respiration at elevated lung volumes. Application of an ETL of 5 cmH2O produced a significant decrease in respiratory frequency (-18%) but no change in minute ventilation (VE) due to a significant increase in tidal volume (VT) (19.3%). The drop in frequency was due solely to an increase in expiratory duration. ETL of 10 cmH2O significantly reduced VE (-17.5%) for the same reason. VT was maintained or increased at elevated lung volumes due to both an increase in the rate of rise of phrenic activity and a maintenance of inspiratory duration (TI) despite increases in both chemical drive and pulmonary stretch receptor (PSR) activity. No PSR adapted completely to the maintained change in lung volume. The sensitivity of the inspiratory off-switch mechanism to increases in lung volume, given by the reciprocal of the VT-TI relationship, decreased significantly during breathing on ETL. The results are consistent with the hypothesis that central habituation, not just peripheral adaptation of PSR, determines breathing pattern at elevated lung volumes. PMID- 6725063 TI - An analysis of the mechanism by which gamma-aminobutyric acid depresses ventilation in the rat. AB - Intracerebroventricular administration of gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA) or intraperitoneal injection of the GABA transaminase A inhibitor aminooxyacetic acid (AOAA) depressed ventilation in halothane-anesthetized rats. The depression was due to changes in both respiratory frequency (f) and tidal volume (VT) after GABA, whereas AOAA decreased only f. Intracerebroventricular GABA decreased inspiratory drive (VT/TI; intrapulmonary pressure at 100 ms) but did not change the bulbopontine setting of inspiratory duration (TI). Moreover, respiratory duty cycle (TI/TT) was decreased, and the ventilatory response to CO2 exposure was blunted. The ventilatory depression induced by GABA was reversed by the GABA antagonist bicuculline. The GABA content measured 45 min after AOAA administration was significantly increased in the whole brain, the hemispheres, striatum, and lower spinal cord regions. Whole-brain GABA content was significantly correlated to the changes in f, minute ventilation, TI, expiratory duration (TE), and total cycle duration. Furthermore, there was a significant negative correlation between brain stem GABA content and TI/TT but not VT/TI. In summary, GABA seems to interact with the central regulation of respiration at different levels in the brain. The main effect of increased endogenous concentrations of GABA is, however, a decrease in respiratory frequency due to a prolongation in TE. PMID- 6725064 TI - Assessment of pulmonary microvascular permeability in acutely prepared sheep. AB - We hypothesized that the apparent difference in base-line lymph-to-plasma protein concentration ratios (L/P) between acutely and chronically prepared sheep is due to an underlying difference in pulmonary microvascular permeability. Therefore, we sought to determine the pulmonary microvascular osmotic reflection coefficient for acutely prepared sheep, in a manner similar to that used by Parker et al. (Circ. Res. 49: 1164-1172, 1981) in chronically prepared animals. In 20 acutely prepared sheep, we evaluated pulmonary lymph flow (QL) and L/P as left atrial pressure was progressively elevated. As a result of the elevated hydrostatic pressure, QL increased by 28 to 773% above base-line flows, accompanied by substantial dilution of lymphatic protein. At high QL, L/P approached a minimal value, (L/P)min, of 0.39. The osmotic reflection coefficient (sigma d), calculated as sigma d = 1 - (L/P)min, was 0.61, substantially lower than the value of 0.74 found by Parker et al. in chronically prepared sheep. We conclude that the higher base-line L/P found in acutely prepared sheep is due to higher pulmonary microvascular permeability, possibly the result of the more immediate surgical trauma. PMID- 6725066 TI - Effects of pyridostigmine on ability of rats to work in the heat. AB - Adult, male rats (300-325 g) were treated with pyridostigmine bromide (n = 22) or saline (n = 22) to quantitate the effects of cholinesterase inhibition (64%) on the ability to work (9.14 m/min, level treadmill) in the heat (35 degrees C). Pyridostigmine-treated rats had a mean endurance of 23 min, whereas saline treated animals ran for nearly 35 min (P less than 0.001). Rates of rectal and skin temperature increments were significantly higher (P less than 0.001) in pyridostigmine-treated rats as were water losses (P less than 0.001). Exercise in the heat to hyperthermic exhaustion effected anticipated increments in circulating urea nitrogen, creatinine, lactate dehydrogenase, and potassium levels, whereas pyridostigmine pretreatment had additive effects on lactate and creatine kinase concentrations. Additionally, pyridostigmine elicited a significant (P less than 0.01) hyperglycemia before exercise, an effect noted also with other organophosphate simulants. We concluded that pyridostigmine induced cholinesterase inhibition had a variety of debilitating effects during work in the heat. PMID- 6725065 TI - Filtration coefficient obtained by stepwise pressure elevation in isolated dog lung. AB - The base-line capillary filtration coefficient (Kf) obtained from rates of lobe weight gain during stepwise vascular pressure elevation is reported to be threefold greater in isolated than in intact dog lung. To further evaluate the stepwise pressure elevation technique, we obtained Kf in control and oleic acid injured isolated lung. The left lower lung lobe was removed, placed on a balance, ventilated, and pump perfused with autogenous blood. Saline (n = 6) or oleic acid (n = 6) was infused, and rate of lobe weight gain was obtained during stepwise pressure elevation. Kf averaged 0.071 +/- 0.012 and 0.243 +/- 0.027 ml X min-1 X Torr-1 X 100 g-1 in the control and injured lobes, respectively. Stepwise pressure elevation can yield a base-line Kf in isolated lung similar to Kf's obtained from this and other gravimetric methods in intact and isolated lung. Furthermore, Kf increased severalfold following lung injury with oleic acid. The stepwise pressure elevation technique for Kf determination in isolated lung can be a useful tool for quantitating changes in vascular permeability. PMID- 6725067 TI - Heat exchange following atropine injection before and after heat acclimation. AB - The effect of saline and atropine injection (2 mg, im) on eight healthy male subjects before and after heat acclimation was studied while each subject walked on a treadmill (1.34 m X s-1) in a hot-dry environment (ambient temperature = 48.4 degrees C, dew-point temperature = 20.5 degrees C). Partitional calorimetric analysis was done for the periods in which maximum sweat inhibition occurred (30 min). Mean skin temperature, rectal temperature, and heart rate were continuously observed. Evaporative loss from the skin was calculated by changes in body weight (Sauter balance); heat transfer coefficients were defined by Nishi equations. A prediction of sweat inhibition based on an analysis of heat storage and its effect on a theoretical temperature, which can be graphed on a psychrometric chart, was developed. A rational effective temperature (ET) defined as the operative temperature at the intersection of the 50% rh, which encompasses total heat exchange, was used to compare the effects of atropine before and after heat acclimation. The results show that heat acclimation reduced ET by approximately 2.5 degrees C when compared with the unacclimated state after atropine injection. Thus heat acclimation reduces the hazards of heatstroke caused by exercise in the heat with atropine injection. PMID- 6725068 TI - Effect of exercise and oral contraceptive agents on fibrinolytic potential in trained females. AB - It has been shown that physical exercise increases blood fibrinolytic potential, primarily by inducing a release of extrinsic plasminogen activator from the vessel wall. Synthetic estrogens have also been reported to influence fibrinolytic activity. The effect of exercise and the possible additional effect of oral contraceptive agents (OCA) on the fibronolytic system were studied in 20 competitive female rowers. Ten females used OCA (users), and 10 others did not (nonusers). All participants were subjected to standardized exhaustive exercise. Preexercise data revealed higher factor XII, total plasminogen, and free plasminogen levels together with a significantly lower C1-inactivator level in the group of users. No differences were observed in prekallikrein, high-molecular weight kininogen, alpha 2-antiplasmin, alpha 2-macroglobulin, antithrombin III, and histidine-rich glycoprotein plasma levels. The factor XII-dependent fibrinolytic activator activity and the extrinsic (tissue-type) plasminogen activator were significantly higher; however, the urokinase-like fibrinolytic activator activity was significantly lower. These observations suggest a greater susceptibility to activation of the fibrinolytic pathways during OCA medication. Exercise resulted in a decrease of all factors under study but an increase in all fibrinolytic activities. No differences were observed between the two groups in the percentages of change that occurred with exercise. PMID- 6725069 TI - An evaluation of ventilation in dystrophic Syrian hamsters. AB - Ventilatory responses of 10 control and 10 dystrophic male hamsters to air, hypercapnia, and hypoxia were evaluated at four ages (40, 70, 100, and 140 days). Tidal volume (VT), frequency (f), minute ventilation (VE) as well as inspiratory and expiratory time of awake animals were measured with a plethysmograph. There was a small increase of VT in both groups with age. Although there was no change of f in the control group with age, there was a progressive decrease in f (means +/- SE: 92 +/- 8, 97 +/- 9, 74.5 +/- 10, and 68 +/- 8 breaths/min) in the dystrophic group. Consequently VE on air decreased in the dystrophic group. Both groups showed similar responses to hypoxia (13 and 10% O2) and hypercapnia (3, 5, and 8% CO2) at 40 days. By 70 days the hypercapnic, but not hypoxic, response of the dystrophic animals was significantly decreased compared with that of the control group (at 8% CO2, VE = 47.4 +/- 4.1 vs. 75.7 +/- 7.6 ml/min, P less than 0.01). At both 100 and 140 days the response of the dystrophic group to CO2 was flat; i.e., the slope VE vs. fractional concentration of inspired CO2 was close to zero, and the hypoxic responses were greatly diminished. Because hamsters increase VE in response to CO2 primarily by increasing VT, the data suggest that dystrophic hamsters are unable to increase VT at a very early age, presumably due to muscle weakness. The normal response of hamsters to hypoxia, which is primarily to increase f, appears to be maintained for a longer time. PMID- 6725070 TI - Effects and mechanism of action of terbutaline on diaphragmatic contractility and fatigue. AB - We studied the effects of intravenously administered terbutaline on diaphragmatic force and fatigue during electrical stimulation of the diaphragm in 17 anesthetized dogs. The diaphragm was stimulated indirectly through the phrenic nerves with electrodes placed around the fifth roots and directly with electrodes surgically implanted in the abdominal side of each hemidiaphragm. Transdiaphragmatic pressure (Pdi) during direct or indirect supramaximal 2-s stimulation applied over a frequency range of 10-100 Hz was measured with balloon catheters during tracheal occlusion at functional residual capacity. In seven dogs the administration of terbutaline (0.5 mg) had no effect on Pdi at any stimulation frequency applied directly or indirectly. The effect of terbutaline (0.5 mg) on diaphragmatic fatigue was then tested in 10 other dogs. Diaphragmatic fatigue was produced by continuous 20-Hz electrical supramaxial stimulation of the phrenic nerves during 30 min. At the end of the fatigue procedure Pdi decreased by 50 +/- 5 and 30 +/- 8% of control values at 10 and 100 Hz, respectively, for either direct or indirect stimulation. The decrease in Pdi for low frequencies of stimulation (10 and 20 Hz) lasted 100 +/- 18 min, whereas it lasted only 40 +/- 10 min for the high frequencies (50 and 100 Hz). When terbutaline (0.5 mg) was administered after the fatiguing procedure, Pdi increased within 15 min by 20 +/- 4% at 10 Hz and by 12 +/- 3% at 100 Hz for either direct or indirect stimulation.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS) PMID- 6725071 TI - Effect of mild essential hypertension on control of forearm blood flow during exercise in the heat. AB - Six essential hypertensive (resting mean arterial pressure, MAP greater than 110 mmHg) and eight normotensive (resting MAP less than 95 mmHg) men, aged 30-58 yr, were tested during 1 h of dynamic leg exercise in the heat. Environmental conditions were fixed at 38 degrees C dry-bulb temperature and 28 degrees C wet bulb temperature; exercise intensity was preset to approximate 40% of each subject's maximal aerobic capacity (actual range 38-43%). Forearm blood flow (FBF) was measured by impedance plethysmography. The intergroup difference in arterial pressure was maintained but not increased or decreased during exercise in the heat. FBF increased in both groups, but the increase was significantly less for the hypertensive subjects. FBF showed a significant linear correlation (different from 0) with core temperature in seven of eight control subjects but in none of the hypertensive subjects. The magnitude of FBF increase was inversely proportional to resting MAP (r = -0.89). It was concluded that essential hypertensive subjects respond to exercise in the heat with a diminished FBF response related to an alteration in control relative to central (core temperature) influences. This may be due to an imbalance between thermal and nonthermal (baroreflex) mechanisms controlling cutaneous blood flow. PMID- 6725072 TI - Pressure-volume curve of lung and lobes in kittens. AB - In the neonatal period, the incomplete aeration of the lung parenchyma and the presence of some pulmonary fluid could determine inequalities in the mechanical behavior of lung regions, favoring unevenness of ventilation distribution. We studied the pressure-volume (PV) curve of excised lungs of kittens in the 1st wk of life 1) by changing the volume a known amount and measuring the corresponding changes in transpulmonary pressure (PL) and 2) by ventilating them at a fixed PL at a rate of 20 cycles/min. An expiratory load equal to the value of PL at the resting volume of the respiratory system was added to avoid the collapse of the lung. A lobar bronchus was then tied, and the measurements were repeated. The difference in PV curves before and after ligature therefore represented the PV curve of the lobe. This was done for all the lobes (upper and middle right, lower right, lower left, upper left) in a random order. A total of 20 lungs and 61 lobes have been studied. Individual lobes were not different in terms of dry-to wet weight ratio, compliance per unit weight, or per maximal volume and shape of the PV curve, indicating a similar mechanical behavior. Dynamic lung compliance averaged 76% +/- 15 SD of the static value, suggesting some degree of asynchronous behavior of lung regions or viscoelastic properties of the tissue. PMID- 6725073 TI - Peak oxygen uptake during arm cranking for men and women. AB - To determine upper body peak O2 uptake (VO2) in a group of young females and to obtain information on possible sex differences, 40 subjects, 20 females and 20 males, mean age 26 +/- 4 (SD) and 31 +/- 6 yr, respectively, were studied during maximal arm-cranking exercise. Peak values for power output, VO2, minute ventilation (VE), and heart rate (HR) were determined for each subject. In addition, arm-shoulder volume (A-SV) was measured before exercise. Significant differences between males and females (P less than 0.05) were found for peak power output (134 +/- 18 vs. 86 +/- 13 W), peak VO2 expressed in liters per minute (2.55 +/- 0.45 vs. 1.81 +/- 0.36) and milliliters per kilogram per minute (34.2 +/- 5.3 vs. 29.2 +/- 4.9), peak VE (95.4 +/- 14.5 vs. 70.1 +/- 19.2 1 X min 1), and A-SV (3,126 +/- 550 vs. 2,234 +/- 349 ml), whereas peak HR was not significantly different between the two groups (174 +/- 14 vs. 174 +/- 36 beats X min-1). However, when peak VO2 was corrected for arm and shoulder size there was no significant difference between the groups (0.82 +/- 0.13 vs. 0.78 +/- 0.13 ml X ml A-SV-1 X min-1). These results suggest that the observed differences between men and women for peak VO2 elicited during arm cranking when expressed in traditional terms (1 X min-1 and ml X kg-1 X min-1) are a function of the size of the contracting muscle mass and are not due to sex-related differences in either O2 delivery or the O2 utilization capacity of the muscle itself. PMID- 6725074 TI - Cholinergic and nonadrenergic mechanisms in human and guinea pig airways. AB - Electrical field stimulation (70 V, 1 ms, 0.2-500 Hz) of human bronchial strips and guinea pig tracheal chains produced contractile and relaxant responses. Contractions were blocked by atropine, 10(-6) M, and tetrodotoxin (TTX), 0.1-1.0 micrograms/ml, demonstrating a cholinergic excitatory neural component. Frequencies causing half-maximal contractile response to field stimulation (EFc 50) were 10 +/- 2 Hz for guinea pig and 13 +/- 1 Hz for human airways. Relaxations were unmasked by atropine 10(-6) M and slightly diminished by propranolol in guinea pig but not human airways, demonstrating a predominantly nonadrenergic inhibitory pathway in both species. Relaxation of intrinsic tone occurred at stimulation frequencies of 1 Hz or more. Frequencies causing half maximal relaxation (EFi 50) were 3.5 +/- 0.3 Hz for guinea pig trachealis and 38 +/- 6 Hz for human bronchi. Following 1 microgram/ml TTX, EFi 50 values increased to 104 +/- 12 and 70 +/- 14 Hz, respectively. Frequencies of field stimulation that were inhibitable by TTX (less than or equal to 20 Hz) induced greater relaxation in guinea pig than human airways (70 vs. 10% of the maximal relaxation to 10(-2) M theophylline, respectively). The methods of analysis outlined in this study can be used to compare relative degrees of functional innervation between tissues from the same or different species. PMID- 6725075 TI - Effect of pulmonary blood flow on leukocyte uptake and release by dog lung. AB - The effect of pulmonary blood flow on leukocyte uptake and release by the lung was examined in 10 anesthetized spontaneously breathing dogs. Pulmonary arterial and pulmonary venous blood was sampled with catheters placed into the right ventricle and aorta, respectively. Pulmonary blood flow was lowered by inflating a balloon catheter located in the inferior vena cava. In five experiments simultaneous blood samples were drawn from the right ventricle and aorta at 10-s intervals during a control period, a 2- to 3-min period of low flow, and a recovery period. In five additional experiments, less frequent samples were taken over periods of 15-60 min. Total leukocyte concentrations and differential counts were determined for each blood sample. The study shows that large numbers of leukocytes become sequestered within the lung when pulmonary blood flow is low and that an equivalent number of cells are released from the lung after deflation of the balloon catheter. Both the polymorphonuclear leukocytes and the lymphocytes were taken up by the lung when pulmonary blood flow was reduced. We conclude that pulmonary blood flow has a marked effect on the uptake and release of leukocytes by the dog lung. PMID- 6725076 TI - Changes in cell number and lung morphology during early postpneumonectomy lung growth. AB - We studied early postpneumonectomy lung growth in adult rats with the aim of determining which lung cells and tissues were involved and what the magnitude of the changes was. Ultrastructural stereological-morphometric measurements were performed 7 days after left pneumonectomy; lung weight, DNA, and protein were also measured. Relative to sham controls, the number of type 2 epithelial cells per right lung increased 34% and the number of capillary endothelial cells increased 28%. The total type 1 epithelial cell volume and surface area both increased 26%, and the total volume and luminal surface area of the capillary endothelial cells increased 24 and 22%, respectively. The number of interstitial cells did not change significantly. The total number of lung cells in the alveolar region was increased 22%; this correlated with a 26% increase in right lung DNA content. We conclude that the main changes during early postpneumonectomy lung growth are increases in the number of type 2 epithelial cells and capillary endothelial cells and in the total capillary and alveolar epithelial surface area. PMID- 6725077 TI - Lung fluid balance, vascular permeability, and gas exchange after acid aspiration in awake goats. AB - Lung injuries were produced by instilling 2.5 ml/kg of 0.1 N HCl into the trachea of lightly anesthetized goats with previously implanted lung lymph fistulas. Lymph flow (QL), lymph-to-plasma protein concentration ratio (L/P), pulmonary arterial and wedge pressures (Ppa, Pw), percent shunt (Qs/QT), and postmortem extravascular lung water (EVLW) were then measured for up to 48 h. QL began to increase within 15 min of injury from a baseline value of 7.2 ml/h to reach a peak of 231% of base line by 1.5 h, then decreased to 160% at 24 h and returned to base line by 48 h. Average L/P increased from 0.66 to a peak of 0.73 at 2 h. Ppa increased from 17.0 cmH2O to a first peak of 25.3 cmH2O at 15 min, then decreased to base line by 75 min. There was a second rise that peaked at 3 h before returning to base line at 24-48 h; Pw was unchanged throughout. Qs/QT increased from 8.5 to a peak of 34% at 1 h, then decreased to 15% at 4 h, and stabilized at 17-20% at 48 h. EVLW was 237% of base line at 4 h and declined somewhat but remained elevated at 194% of base line at 24 and 48 h. Qs/QT was less than expected based on the reduction in lung volume after aspiration. We conclude that microvascular permeability was increased after acid and that a protective vasoconstriction, probably due to local hypoxia, directed blood away from nonventilated alveoli. PMID- 6725078 TI - Comparison of vasoactive intestinal peptide and isoproterenol relaxant effects in isolated cat airways. AB - Vasoactive intestinal peptide (VIP), an endogenous peptide found in mammalian tissues including the lung, is a potent relaxant of smooth muscle. In precontracted segments of cat trachea, hilar bronchus, and intrapulmonary bronchus, concentration-relaxation curves to VIP were compared with those produced by isoproterenol. VIP and isoproterenol were nearly equipotent in causing relaxation of extrapulmonary airways. A decreasing sensitivity to VIP was observed in progressively smaller airways, suggesting regional variation in VIP induced responses. In contrast, tissues showed no regional differences in response to isoproterenol. Propranolol (10(-6) M), which antagonized relaxation responses to isoproterenol, had no effect on VIP concentration-response curves. Indomethacin (10(-5) M) completely prevented responses to exogenous arachidonic acid but did not inhibit VIP-induced relaxation. Avian pancreatic polypeptide, which has been reported to inhibit vasodilator responses to VIP in the cat, was unable to antagonize airway smooth muscle relaxation induced by VIP. These results demonstrate that VIP is a potent relaxant of cat tracheobronchial smooth muscle in vitro and that the relaxant effects of this peptide are not mediated through beta-adrenergic receptors or by prostaglandins. In view of previous reports on the localization of VIP immunoreactivity in nerves around airways in cat lung, results of the present study suggest that VIP may participate in the regulation of airway tone in this species. PMID- 6725079 TI - Comparative features of Starling-lymphatic interaction at the pleural level in mammals. AB - Pleural liquid pressure was measured with saline-filled cannulas in rats, rabbits, cats, pups (4-5 days and 2 mo), small and large dogs, and pigs. On both the costal and mediastinal sides pleural liquid pressure at a level corresponding to the tricuspid valve decreased with increasing body mass; because this behavior was more marked on the mediastinal than on the costal side, a horizontal costomediastinal pleural liquid pressure gradient developed. No differences in liquid pressure were found in animals of different age but of similar size. The protein concentration and the volume-to-body weight ratio of the collected pleural liquid were also found to decrease with increasing body mass. For plasma colloid osmotic pressure, no size-related differences in the Starling balance seem to occur on costal side, whereas such balance shifts toward filtration at mediastinal level with increasing body mass. The lower liquid pressure found with increasing body mass is discussed in terms of lower conductance of the mesothelia and possibly greater lymphatic action. In terms of the Starling-lymphatic interaction we suggest that lymphatics can generate a pressure only slightly lower than that reflecting the equilibrium of the Starling balance of forces. PMID- 6725080 TI - Level of physical fitness and adipocyte lipolysis in humans. AB - The present experiment was conducted to study the influence of exercise training on adipose tissue lipolytic activity and to identify the amount of training required to induce maximal adaptation in humans. Fifty-one male subjects were divided into three groups according to their training regimen: 1) sedentary subjects (SS) (n = 21); 2) trained subjects (TS) (n = 15) who had exercised during a period of 20 wk, 5 days/wk, 45 min/session; and 3) experienced marathon runners (MR) (n = 15) who ran an average of 120 km/wk for many years. Biopsies of fat were performed in the suprailiac region after an overnight fast. Adipocyte diameter (AD) and epinephrine-stimulated lipolysis ( ESL ) were assessed on collagenase-isolated fat cells. A lower AD was noted in the MR group compared with the two other groups. Basal lipolysis (BL) and ESL were significantly higher in TS and MR than in controls. Moreover, BL values were comparable in the two trained groups, whereas ESL in the TS group was higher than in the MR group. These results indicate that training increases suprailiac fat cell lipolysis, which seems to adapt maximally within about 4 mo. PMID- 6725081 TI - Influence of embolism and imipramine on kinetics of serotonin uptake by dog lung. AB - We previously presented a model from which the kinetic parameters Km and Vmax for serotonin uptake by the lung can be obtained from multiple indicator-dilution data. The purpose of the present study was to determine whether experimentally induced changes in lung endothelial function would be revealed in the kinetic parameters calculated using the model. In experiments using isolated dog lung lobes, embolization with 550-microns glass beads was used to reduce the vascular volume and perfused surface area. Imipramine was used to inhibit the serotonin uptake mechanism. In addition, we studied the influence of the vasodilator papaverine, which in previous studies had been used to block the serotonin induced vasoconstriction. Embolization, imipramine, and papaverine all significantly reduced percentage uptake of serotonin. The kinetic analysis revealed a significant decrease in the maximum serotonin uptake rate (Vmax) with all three experimental manipulations. In addition, imipramine significantly increased Km. The results indicate that the kinetic parameters obtained from the model do respond to transport inhibition and changes in endothelial surface area, further supporting their usefulness as indexes of endothelial function. PMID- 6725082 TI - Energy cost of and energy sources for alpine skiing in top athletes. AB - O2 uptake (VO2) during exercise and at 2 min of the recovery along with blood lactate concentration 5 min after exercise were measured in an all-out special slalom (SS) and giant slalom (GS) performed by eight top male athletes and five controls in a field study. Heart rate (HR) was continuously monitored before, during, and after each task. On the basis of an energy equivalent of 3.15 ml O2 X kg body wt-1 for 1 mmol X 1-1 lactate accumulation and the assumption that the amount of O2 consumed in recovery is used to reconstitute approximately phosphates used during the exercise, the total energy cost (delta VO2 tot) could be calculated and subdivided into aerobic, lactic, and alactic fractions. In top athletes, delta VO2 tot was equal during SS and GS [7.28 +/- 1.14 (SD) and 7.47 +/- 0.89 liters for about 55- and 70-s performances, respectively]. When referred to time, the O2 expenditure rate was 2 and 1.6 times VO2max in SS and GS, respectively. In SS and GS, the energy sources were about 40% aerobic, 20% alactic , and 40% lactic metabolism. In control skiers, delta VO2 tot of GS was 6.12 +/- 1.45 liters for 77 s, amounting to about 1.3 VO2max, with the contribution of the different energy sources being roughly the same as in top skiers. HR reached maximal values in 30-40 s in all subjects for all conditions. PMID- 6725083 TI - Sex differences in growth patterns of the airways and lung parenchyma in children. AB - Seventeen boys and 19 girls, 8-15 yr in age, were studied to ascertain, in the two sex groups, the predictors of airway size [assessed by measurement of tracheal cross-sectional area (CSA) and maximal expiratory flows (Vmax)] and the relative rates of growth of the major divisions of the airways and lung parenchyma. In boys, total lung capacity (TLC) accounted for 77% of the variance of CSA and for 66% of the variability of Vmax. In contrast, somatic growth and maturation in girls accounted for only 45% of the variance of CSA and for 64% of the variability of Vmax; TLC was relatively unimportant. In boys, but not in girls, TLC-corrected CSA was significantly and inversely related to height and to TLC. In girls, TLC-corrected Vmax at 50 and 75% of forced vital capacity were directly related to height. These observations suggest different patterns of airway-parenchymal-somatic growth relationships in the two sexes. Furthermore, parenchymal growth appears to be the best determinant of airway growth in boys. In girls, other factors, perhaps genetic in nature, besides growth of parenchyma, may help determine airway size. PMID- 6725084 TI - Chemical activation of group I and II muscle afferents has no cardiorespiratory effects. AB - Although stimulation of group III and IV muscle afferents is known to cause reflex changes in cardiorespiratory function, it has not been resolved whether group I and II afferents contribute to this reflex activation. Therefore, we measured the effects of intra-arterial nonparalyzing doses of succinylcholine (50 100 micrograms/kg) on the firing of muscle afferents from the gastrocnemius muscle in one group of cats, and heart rate, blood pressure, and integrated phrenic nerve activity in a second group of cats. In nonparalyzed cats, succinylcholine injections caused muscular fasciculations and firing of all four groups of muscle afferents. However, succinylcholine stimulated only group I and II afferents after paralysis with gallamine triethiodide. Succinylcholine caused increases in blood pressure, heart rate, and phrenic nerve activity before paralysis. After paralysis, succinylcholine had no effects on any of the cardiorespiratory measures. We conclude that activation of only group I and II afferent fibers from the gastrocnemius muscle has no reflex effects on blood pressure, heart rate, or phrenic nerve activity. These afferents, therefore, are unlikely to play a role in increasing cardiorespiratory function during exercise. PMID- 6725085 TI - Unilateral acute lung injury induced by ethchlorvynol in anesthetized dogs. AB - Ethchlorvynol (ECV) was used to induce unilateral acute lung injury in anesthetized dogs. Measurements of extravascular thermal volume by double indicator (thermal-dye) dilution with and without left main pulmonary arterial occlusion permitted sequential estimates of extravascular lung water (EVLW) for each lung. Determinations of EVLW by thermal-dye and gravimetric methods were highly correlated (r = 0.80). ECV (9-15 mg/kg) administered into the right pulmonary circulation produced progressive increases in right lung EVLW, which by 120 min post-ECV was increased 152 +/- 22% (SE) over control (P less than 0.001). Left lung EVLW remained unchanged. Similarly, right, but not left, peak airway pressure was increased. Thermal dilution, coupled with electromagnetic methods, permitted estimates of blood flow to each lung. Despite redistribution of flow to the uninjured lung, systemic PO2 decreased (P less than 0.001) and venous admixture increased (P less than 0.05), suggesting impaired matching of ventilation and perfusion. In summary, introduction of ECV into one lung produced unilateral acute lung injury. EVLW increased solely in the injured lung as did peak airway pressure. Although there was a partial redistribution of blood flow away from the injured lung to the uninjured one, it was apparently inadequate to prevent impaired oxygenation of the blood. PMID- 6725086 TI - Effect of training on blood lactate levels during submaximal exercise. AB - Eight men were studied before and after a 12-wk exercise program to determine the effect of training on blood lactate levels during submaximal exercise. The training elicited a 26% increase in maximum O2 uptake (VO2max). Lactate concentrations at the same relative exercise intensities in the 55-75% of VO2max range were significantly lower after training. A significantly higher relative exercise intensity was needed to elicit a given lactate level in the 1.5- to 3.0 mM range after training. O2 uptake at the work rate required to raise blood lactate to 2.5 mM was 39% higher after training. A blood lactate of 2.5 mM was attained at 68 +/- 4% VO2max before and 75 +/- 3% of VO2max after training. Eight competitive runners required an even higher relative work rate (83 +/- 2% of VO2max) to attain a blood lactate of 2.5 mM. These data provide evidence that the adaptations to training that result in an increase in VO2max are, to some degree, independent of those responsible for the lower blood lactate levels during submaximal exercise. PMID- 6725087 TI - Reflex regulation of sweat rate by skin temperature in exercising humans. AB - To find whether sweat rate (SR) and forearm skin blood flow ( SkBF ) were reflexly affected by skin temperature (Tsk) we used water-perfused suits to rapidly elevate Tsk during exercise. With this elevation in Tsk, there was a period of little net change in esophageal temperature (Tes) but marked responses in SR and SkBF . During this period a rise in Tsk of 4.2 +/- 0.3 degrees C was associated with an increase in SR of 0.44 +/- 0.09 mg X cm-2 X min-1 and an increase in SkBF of 3.27 +/- 0.42 ml X 100 ml-1 X min-1. Multiple linear regression analysis as well as comparison with control studies in which Tsk was kept cool also reveal a consistent role for Tsk in the reflex regulation of SR and SkBF . Responses in SR and FBF were much more marked at levels of Tsk below 33 degrees C. Below a Tsk of 33 degrees C, SR rose 0.30 +/- 0.06 mg X cm-2 X min 1 per degrees C rise in Tsk, whereas above 33 degrees SR rose only 0.05 +/- 0.01 mg X cm2 X min per degrees C. FBF rose 2.81 +/- 0.60 and 0.77 +/- 0.18 ml X 100 ml-1 X min-1 per degrees C rise in Tsk at the lower and upper ranges of Tsk, respectively. PMID- 6725088 TI - Neuromuscular response to resistive unloading: helium vs. bronchodilation. AB - To evaluate the neuromuscular response to resistive unloading, we compared the ventilatory and occlusion pressure (P100) response of normal subjects breathing 20.9% O2 in helium (He-O2) with their response to unloading produced by inhaled atropine sulfate. During He-O2 breathing airway resistance (Raw) fell by 49% of the base-line value on air, and P100 decreased by 20.8%. Minute ventilation, tidal volume, respiratory frequency, end-tidal Pco2, inspiratory and expiratory duration, and mean inspiratory flow were not significantly different when air was replaced by He-O2. In contrast, although atropine reduced Raw by an equivalent amount, there was no change in P100. Atropine had no significant effect on other respiratory variables, although a trend toward higher minute ventilation was noted. Fowler dead space increased after atropine but was not affected by He-O2. We conclude that, unlike He-O2 unloading, atropine unloading does not cause a reduction in occlusion pressure. This may be due to the effect of atropine on anatomical dead space which stimulates ventilation sufficiently to offset the fall in neuromuscular output due to resistive unloading. PMID- 6725089 TI - Exercise-induced adaptations of rat soleus muscle grafts. AB - In female Wistar rats (n = 316) under pentobarbital sodium anesthesia, the soleus muscle was autografted with its nerve reimplanted. One purpose was to characterize the chronological development of graft innervation and recruitment during locomotion. Furthermore, we tested hypotheses regarding the efficacy of run conditioning of different intensities, durations, and postgrafting initiation times to alter mass and pyruvate-malate oxidation capacity of grafts. Choline acetyltransferase activity of grafts increased from 10% of control value at 7 days postgrafting to 55 and 100% at days 28 and 56, respectively. Running-induced glycogen depletion occurred in grafts; this is consistent with graft recruitment during locomotion. There was a threshold of conditioning intensity below which no improvements occurred and above which there were improvements. Spring (50 m/min) and endurance (30 m/min) conditioning of a duration of at least 28 days that was initiated at 28 or 56 days postgrafting increased mass of grafts by 30% compared with grafts from nonconditioned rats. Easy conditioning (15 m/min) had no effect on graft mass. Changes in graft total protein content paralleled those of mass. Oxidation capacity of grafts increased significantly with some conditioning protocols, but not to the same extent as mass. The exercise-induced adaptations should improve graft function in the host organism. PMID- 6725090 TI - Thermal responses during arm and leg and combined arm-leg exercise in water. AB - Thermal and metabolic responses were examined during exposures in stirred water at approximately 20, 26, and 33 degrees C while subjects were performing 45 min of either arm (A), leg (L), or combined arm-leg (AL) exercise. Eight males immersed to the neck completed a low exercise intensity for A exercise and both a low and high exercise intensity for L and AL exercise. During low-intensity exercise, final metabolic rate (M) for A, L, and AL exercise was not different (P greater than 0.05) between exercise type for each water temperature (Tw). In contrast final rectal temperatures (Tre) for A and AL exercise were significantly lower than L values for each Tw during low-intensity exercise. These findings were supported by both mean weighted skin temperature (Tsk) and mean weighted heat flow (Hc) values, which were greater during A than L for each Tw. During high-intensity exercise, final Tre values were lower (P less than 0.05) during AL compared with L exercise across all Tw. Final Tsk and Hc values were not different between each type of exercise, although M was significantly lower during L exercise in 20 degrees C water. These data suggest a greater conductive and convective heat loss during exercise utilizing the arms when compared with leg-only exercise. PMID- 6725091 TI - Modulation of cardiovascular response to dynamic exercise by fastigial nucleus. AB - Mongrel dogs (n = 34) were used to record the cardiovascular responses during submaximal exercise-tolerance tests (ETT) before and after the placement of lesions in rostral portions of the cerebellar fastigial nucleus (FN). Sterile surgical procedures were used to implant solid-state pressure transducers into the left ventricle or descending aorta (anesthesia 1% halothane in O2) and multipolar stainless steel electrodes into FN (anesthesia alpha-chloralose 115 mg/kg iv). Heart rate (HR), maximal left ventricular systolic pressure ( LVPmax ) and its first derivative ( dLVP /dt), and mean arterial blood pressure (MAP) were recorded during a motorized treadmill ETT. Electrolytic direct-current or radio frequency lesions were made through the indwelling FN electrodes, and the ETT was repeated following 10-14 days recovery. Two-way analysis of variance (ANOVA), with repeated measures on one, and one-way ANOVA for simple effects indicated a significant reduction in HR and MAP (P less than 0.01) but not LVPmax and dLVP /dt occurred during exercise as a result of rostral FN lesions. Although the trend for reduced LVPmax and dLVP /dt was also evident, a relatively greater decrease in blood pressure occurred in the peripheral vasculature during exercise. It was concluded that FN acts as a modulator of HR and MAP during dynamic exercise because of the observed deficits, and because FN is known to both send efferent projections to medullary vasomotor areas and receive projections from motor cortex and muscle and joint afferents. PMID- 6725092 TI - Comparison of amounts of collagen and elastin in pleura and parenchyma of dog lung. AB - Pressure-volume characteristics of the lung have been thought to be due primarily to the properties of the network of alveolar septa. However, Hajji et al. (J. Appl. Physiol.: Respirat . Environ. Exercise Physiol. 47: 175-181, 1979) attributed a substantial role to the visceral pleura. Seeking a structural explanation for this result, we compared the relative amounts of collagen fibrils and elastin fibers in the visceral pleura and alveolar parenchyma using stereological measurements in five canine lobes. We found about one-fifth as much collagen and one-tenth as much elastin in the pleura as in the alveolar parenchyma. This structural result confirms the functional conclusions of Hajji et al. We argue that such a substantial structure is not needed for protection against overinflation but may have to do with stabilization of lobe shape or handling of frictional forces. PMID- 6725093 TI - A model of unsteady-state transvascular fluid and protein transport in the lung. AB - Models of steady-state fluid and solute transport in the microcirculation are used primarily to characterize filtration and permeability properties of the transport barrier. Important transient relationships, such as the rate of fluid accumulation in the tissue, cannot be predicted with steady-state models. In this paper we present three simple models of unsteady-state fluid and protein exchange between blood plasma and interstitial fluid. The first treats the interstitium as a homogeneous well-mixed compliant compartment, the second includes an interstitial gel, and the third allows for both gel and free fluid in the interstitium. Because we are primarily interested in lung transvascular exchange we used the multiple-pore model and pore sizes described by Harris and Roselli (J. Appl. Physiol.: Respirat . Environ. Exercise Physiol. 50: 1-14, 1981) to characterize the microvascular barrier. However, the unsteady-state transport theory presented here should apply to other organ systems and can be used with different conceptual models of the blood-lymph barrier. For a step increase in microvascular pressure we found good agreement between theoretical and experimental lymph flow and lymph concentrations in the sheep lung when the following parameter ranges were used: base-line interstitial volume, 150-190 ml; interstitial compliance, 7-10 ml/Torr; initial interstitial fluid pressure, -1 Torr; pressure in initial lymphatics, -5 to -6 Torr; and conductivity of the interstitium and lymphatic barrier, 4.25 X 10(-4) ml X s-1 X Torr-1. Based on these values the model predicts 50% of the total change in interstitial water volume occurs in the first 45 min after a step change in microvascular pressure.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS) PMID- 6725094 TI - Effects of airflow and work load on cardiovascular drift and skin blood flow. AB - Cardiovascular drift (CVD) can be defined as a progressive increase in heart rate (HR), decreases in stroke volume (SV) and mean arterial pressure (MAP), and a maintained cardiac output (Q) during prolonged exercise. To test the hypothesis that the magnitude of CVD would be related to changes in skin blood flow ( SkBF ), eight healthy, moderately trained males performed 70-min bouts of cycle ergometry in a 2 X 2 assortment of airflows (less than 0.2 and 4.3 m X s-1) and relative work loads (43.4% and 62.2% maximal O2 uptake). Ambient temperature and relative humidity were controlled to mean values of 24.2 +/- 0.8 degrees C and 39.5 +/- 2.4%, respectively. Q, HR, MAP, SkBF , skin and rectal temperatures, and pulmonary gas exchange were measured at 10-min intervals during exercise. Between the 10th and 70th min during exercise at the higher work load with negligible airflow, HR and SkBF increased by 21.6 beats X min-1 and 14.0 ml X 100 ml-1 X min 1, respectively, while SV and MAP decreased by 16.4 ml and 11.3 mmHg. The same work load in the presence of 4.3 m X s-1 airflow resulted in nonsignificant changes of 7.6 beats X min-1, 4.0 ml X (100 ml-1 X min)-1, -2.7 ml, and -1.7 mmHg for HR, SkBF , SV, and MAP. Since nonsignificant changes in HR, SkBF , SV, and MAP were observed at the lower work load in both airflow conditions, the results emphasize that CVD occurs only in conditions which combine high metabolic and thermal circulatory demands.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS) PMID- 6725095 TI - Monitoring oxygen concentrating devices. PMID- 6725096 TI - African swine fever--an assessment of risk for Florida. PMID- 6725097 TI - Embryo transfer in humans. PMID- 6725099 TI - ECG of the month. Atrial fibrillation in cattle. PMID- 6725098 TI - Wildlife rabies increasing. PMID- 6725100 TI - Epizootics of ovine abortion due to Toxoplasma gondii in north central United States. AB - Toxoplasma-induced abortions were diagnosed in 14 flocks of sheep, 4 in Minnesota, 2 in Iowa, and 8 in South Dakota, during the 1982-1983 lambing season. Toxoplasma gondii was seen in histologic sections from 6 placentas and from brains of 2 lambs. Toxoplasma antibody was found by dye test and agglutination test in thoracic fluid of 15 fetal lambs. Lesions typical of toxoplasmosis were seen in fetal placentas from 26 ewes. PMID- 6725101 TI - Ovine abortion and neonatal death due to toxoplasmosis in Montana. AB - Of 33 ewes in a flock in Montana, 6 aborted or gave birth to weak lambs, which died within 2 days after birth. Two lambs and a placenta from 1 ewe as well as 1 lamb from another ewe were submitted for diagnosis. Focal necrotizing placentitis, focal pneumonia, focal hepatitis, focal interstitial nephritis, and focal nonsuppurative encephalitis were seen in tissue sections from 2 of the lambs. Toxoplasma gondii was found in smears and sections of the placenta and in sections of lung from 1 lamb. Mice inoculated with tissues from a lamb developed dye test antibodies to T gondii. Eleven of 12 ewes from the same flock had dye test antibody titers of 1:16 or more, and titers were 4-fold higher in aborting ewes than in ewes with normal lambs. PMID- 6725102 TI - Cancellous bone screws for repair of proximal growth plate fractures of the tibia in foals. AB - Proximal growth plate fractures of the tibia in 4 foals were treated surgically. A medial approach was utilized in 3 cases and a lateral approach in the fourth. Bone screw fixation was achieved with cancellous screws and washers. In 3 cases, the screw shaft crossed the proximal tibial growth plate with no adverse effects. In all animals, there was rapid and cosmetic healing. At 8 to 18 months after surgery, all horses were sound at a walk, trot, and canter. PMID- 6725103 TI - Phenylbutazone toxicosis in the horse: a clinical study. AB - In a retrospective study of 269 horses that had been treated with phenylbutazone, horses receiving less than or equal to 8.8 mg/kg of body weight/day for less than or equal to 4 days or 2 to 4 mg/kg of body weight/day for up to 50 days remained clinically normal. Anorexia, depression, colic, hypoproteinemia, diarrhea, melena, weight loss, ventral edema, petechial hemorrhages of mucous membranes, oral and gastrointestinal tract erosions and ulcers, renal papillary necrosis, and death were among the complications seen in horses that had received greater than 8.8 mg/kg of body weight/day. In 2 cases, signs suggestive of gastrointestinal-related shock were also evident. PMID- 6725104 TI - Preparation of veterinary gross anatomy specimens: a method that allows storage at room temperature for four years. AB - On the basis of methods used to prepare human anatomic specimens, 2 Yucatan miniature pigs were embalmed over 4 years ago. Results obtained suggest that specimens commonly used in the teaching of veterinary gross anatomy may be fixed in this manner. Advantages include no requirement for refrigeration, superior long-term preservation, less offensive odor, and better tissue texture qualities, including less evidence of dehydration. PMID- 6725105 TI - Complications during treatment of traumatic disruption of the suspensory apparatus in Thoroughbred horses. AB - A total of 19 Thoroughbred horses were treated for traumatic disruption of the suspensory apparatus, using either external support of the injured limb, removal of fractured proximal sesamoid bone fragments, metacarpophalangeal arthrodesis, compression screw fixation of the fractured proximal sesamoid bones, application of a cast-brace attached to a transfixation pin inserted through the third metacarpal bone, or combinations thereof. Major complications during the treatment of traumatic disruption of the suspensory apparatus were infection (9 of 19 horses, 47%), large cast sores (10 of 14 treated horses, 71%), laminitis (7 of 19 horses, 37%), and orthopedic implant failure or loosening (4 of 6 treated horses, 67%), which led to euthanasia in 16 of 18 cases with complete follow-up information. Increased pain and lameness signaled the development of such complications. In 7 of 9 cases with infection confirmed by microbiologic culture, the horse had received surgical treatment; in 6 of those 7 cases, the infection involved the surgical site. Postoperative wound infection developed in 4 of 7 cases when the surgery was performed within 18 days of injury. In 3 cases, septic metacarpophalangeal arthritis developed, but it was unrelated to surgical procedures. Implant failure or loosening and infection led to euthanasia in 5 of 6 horses treated by internal fixation to stabilize the metacarpophalangeal joint. Three of 6 attempts to perform metacarpophalangeal arthrodesis by application of a bone plate to the dorsal aspect of the joint resulted in implant failure after 45 to 101 days. Major complications did not develop in 2 horses that were treated successfully. PMID- 6725106 TI - Porcine Haemophilus pleuropneumonia: microbiologic and pathologic findings. AB - Haemophilus pleuropneumoniae was isolated from 11% of porcine lung specimens submitted to the University of Illinois Diagnostic Laboratory during 1979-1982. Acute necrotizing fibrinous bronchopneumonia was the most common diagnosis; 65% of lungs had severe involvement of the caudal lobes; 10% of lungs had unilateral involvement only. In 46% of lungs, a second pathogen was isolated. Isolates of H pleuropneumoniae tested by the Kirby-Bauer disk method were most sensitive to nitrofurazone (100%), polymyxin B (97%), chloramphenicol (95%), gentamicin (94%), sulfachloropyridazine (87%), ampicillin (83%), and penicillin (77%). Isolates were less sensitive to 9 other antimicrobials tested. Over 4 years in 1 herd, succeeding isolates of H pleuropneumoniae developed resistance to ampicillin, streptomycin, bacitracin, lincomycin, penicillin, and tetracycline. PMID- 6725107 TI - Leptospirosis: current developments and trends. PMID- 6725108 TI - Control of hypobiotic and benzimidazole-resistant nematodes of sheep. AB - In studies comprising a total of 117 naturally infected crossbred lambs, it was found that lambs turned out to spring pasture were exposed to immediate infection with overwintered Ostertagia, Nematodirus, and Trichostrongylus spp, but did not acquire Haemonchus contortus infection until July. With all species, there appeared to be only one major disease-producing generation of worms per year; it was responsible for serious worm burdens and clinical disease from July onward. High frequencies of hypobiosis (arrested development) were demonstrated in H contortus (98% to 100%), Ostertagia circumcincta (89% to 96%), and Nematodirus filicollis (77% to 90%) by late November; Trichostrongylus spp comprised most of the adult (egg-laying) worm population at that time. The onset of hypobiosis appeared to be induced by seasonal stimuli rather than by host-immune responses. The results of these studies showed benzimidazole resistance to be a major problem. In the first year, fenbendazole (5 mg/kg) reduced worm burdens by 46% and 20% in September and December, respectively. In December of the second year, levamisole (8 mg/kg) reduced worm burdens by 99%, thiabendazole (44 mg/kg) by 55%, fenbendazole (5 mg/kg) by 47%, and fenbendazole (15 mg/kg) by 11%. Levamisole was highly efficient (99%) against adult worms, hypobiotic worms, and benzimidazole-resistant worms. Ostertagia circumcincta was strongly resistant to the benzimidazole drugs at all dosages tested, while H contortus and Trichostronglylus spp were partially resistant. There was no evidence of reversion of resistant worms to susceptibility on this farm, even though benzimidazole drugs had not been used for 9 years. PMID- 6725109 TI - Small intestine incarceration through the epiploic foramen of the horse. AB - Fifteen horses were referred to Purdue University or to the University of Georgia because of colic. Each of these horses had small intestine incarcerated through the epiploic foramen. However, signs of pain, gastric reflux, and small intestine distention were not consistent signs, as would have been expected with small intestine strangulation/obstruction. In 10 of the 15 cases, abdominal fluid analysis provided the decisive information needed for surgical intervention. Surgery was performed in 14 cases. The small intestine was incarcerated through the epiploic foramen in a right-to-left direction in 12 cases and in a left-to right direction in 3 cases. The intestinal incarceration was reduced by gentle traction on the adjacent unaffected intestine. Resection and anastomosis were performed in 10 cases. Twelve of the 14 surgical patients died, and it was believed that the failure to intervene surgically at an earlier time contributed to these poor results. Surgery was delayed in most cases because of the inconsistent clinical signs observed in these horses. It was concluded that small intestine incarceration through the epiploic foramen should be suspected in any case of colic that has inconsistent physical findings and does not resolve in short time. Further, serial abdominal fluid analysis should be used in such cases in order to detect changes or trends that would indicate a lesion requiring surgical intervention. PMID- 6725110 TI - Tracheal collapse in three calves. PMID- 6725111 TI - Starvation associated with dental disease in range ewes. PMID- 6725112 TI - Laryngeal neoplasia in two dogs. PMID- 6725113 TI - The Uniform Commercial Code, health certificates, and livestock sales. PMID- 6725114 TI - Radiographic diagnosis and surgical management of fragmented medial coronoid process in dogs. AB - The diagnosis of fragmented (ununited) medial coronoid process was made in 21 dogs, with 10 dogs having bilateral lesions. Ten of these dogs were presented to surgery. The diagnosis of fragmented medial coronoid process was made in young and middle-aged large- and giant-breed dogs with a history of intermittent or persistent lameness. Diagnosis was based on history as well as results of clinical examination and radiographic study of both elbows. Concomitant elbow lesions seen with fragmented medial coronoid processes were ununited anconeal process and osteochondritis dissecans of the medial humeral condyle. Avulsion of the medial epicondyle and posteromedial supracondylar ridge of the humerus were thought not to have occurred in these cases. Instead, dystrophic ossification of the synovial membrane and periosteal proliferation on the medial epicondyle and posteromedial supracondylar ridge had taken place. It was concluded that, with a questionable radiographic diagnosis of fragmented medial coronoid process, exploratory arthrotomy may be necessary to confirm the diagnosis. Without surgery, the eventual outcome of fragmented coronoid process is degenerative joint disease. Even with degenerative joint disease, however, clinical improvement was seen following removal of the fragment of the medial coronoid process. PMID- 6725115 TI - Histologic classification as an indication of therapeutic response in malignant lymphoma of dogs. AB - In retrospective evaluation of treatment of canine malignant lymphoma, 12 of 13 dogs that had received doxorubicin alone or in combination with dacarbazine attained complete remission. Doxorubicin had been given alone, with combination chemotherapy being used only when complete remission could not be achieved and maintained with doxorubicin. The response to single or combined chemotherapy was correlated with histologic cell type of the malignant lymphoma. Histiocytic cell types did not respond to doxorubicin alone, but lymphoblastic types did respond. Combination chemotherapy was effective against histiocytic types. A mixed-cell type, which was initially responsive to doxorubicin alone, but not responsive after relapse, was observed to be histiocytic on rebiopsy. PMID- 6725116 TI - Hypernatremia and adipsia in a dog. AB - Primary adipsia and defective osmoreceptor function were diagnosed in a 7-month old female Miniature Schnauzer. Also, the dog was noted to be dehydrated and to have chronic hypernatremia. On multiple occasions the dog's urine osmolality: plasma osmolality was greater than 4. The dog had inappropriate responses to isoosmotic and hypertonic NaCl infusions. Chlorpropamide administration initiated water intake but the volume was insufficient to avoid hypernatremia. The chronic hypernatremia and dehydration were treated successfully by mixing the calculated maintenance fluid volume in canned food. At 25 months of age, the dog died several days after becoming dehydrated and severely hypernatremic. Astrogliosis and neuronal degeneration were noted in both the thalamic and hypothalamic regions, but were believed to be nonspecific degenerative lesions compatible with seizures and severe dehydration. PMID- 6725117 TI - Cytauxzoonosis in domestic cats: report of two cases in Oklahoma, with a review and discussion of the disease. AB - In 2 cases of cytauxzoonosis in domestic cats in Oklahoma, the clinical features, gross lesions, and microscopic findings were of similar nature and degree to those previously reported by others, both in the naturally occurring and experimentally induced disease. Intraerythrocytic forms of Cytauxzoon felis organisms were demonstrated in stained blood smears from one cat. Blood from the other cat was not examined. The diagnosis was established by the finding of schizonts in endothelial-associated macrophages within vascular channels in tissues from both cats. PMID- 6725118 TI - Intestinal sclerosis with pseudo-obstruction in three dogs. AB - Intestinal sclerosis causing chronic intestinal pseudo-obstruction was diagnosed in 3 dogs. The pseudo-obstruction was characterized by vomiting and weight loss of 2 weeks' to 3 months' duration. A patent intestinal lumen was determined by contrast radiography and verified at surgery. Intestinal biopsy revealed diffuse atrophy, fibrosis, and mononuclear cell infiltration of the tunica muscularis. Each dog was euthanatized because of a progressive, deteriorating clinical course. PMID- 6725119 TI - Canine brucellosis in a commercial breeding kennel. PMID- 6725120 TI - Intestinal cryptosporidiosis in two pups. PMID- 6725121 TI - Tumor-associated eosinophilia in a dog. PMID- 6725122 TI - Gallbladder perforation in a dog. PMID- 6725123 TI - Meningeal cryptococcosis and congestive cardiomyopathy in a ferret. PMID- 6725124 TI - Recurring lung lobe torsion in three Afghan hounds. PMID- 6725125 TI - Clinical remission after corticosteroid therapy of acquired myasthenia in three dogs. PMID- 6725126 TI - Persistent right aortic arch associated with other vascular anomalies in two cats. PMID- 6725127 TI - Basaloid adenoma of the mammary gland in two dogs. PMID- 6725128 TI - Serum concentrations and efficacy of phenytoin, phenobarbital, and primidone in canine epilepsy. AB - Serum concentrations, drug dosages, and seizure control were monitored in 142 dogs on a variety of anticonvulsant treatment regimens, using phenytoin, primidone, and phenobarbital. In 1 of 77 dogs receiving phenytoin, seizures were controlled with a serum concentration of 2.3 micrograms/ml. In 20 of 42 dogs receiving phenobarbital, seizures were controlled with serum concentrations ranging from 14.3 to 43.1 micrograms/ml. In 12 of 23 dogs given primidone, seizures were controlled with similar concentrations of phenobarbital derived from the primidone. Of the dogs in which seizures were uncontrolled by either of these 2 agents, a large proportion had serum phenobarbital concentrations that appeared to be inadequate in spite of what was considered adequate dosage. Further, for dogs given phenobarbital, there was a sixfold variation between dosage and achieved serum concentration, whereas dogs given primidone manifested even greater variability between dosage and serum concentration. This underscores the need for serum concentration monitoring as an adjunct to any drug protocol in seizure control since effectiveness is correlated far better with serum concentrations than with oral dosage. On the basis of these findings, a rational approach to the pharmacologic control of seizures in epileptic dogs was devised. PMID- 6725129 TI - Scrotal circumference adjustment for differences due to age of beef bulls. AB - Scrotal circumference measurements on 870 Angus, 759 Polled Hereford, and 309 Simmental bulls ranging in age from 484 to 704 days were analyzed to develop an appropriate method of adjustment of scrotal circumference for differences associated with age of the bull. Data were separated by breed, year, and season and then each subset of data was subjected to statistical analysis. Adjustment factors to remove differences due to age were developed for bulls of the three breeds studied. PMID- 6725130 TI - Ultrasonographic detection of fistulous tracts and foreign objects in muscles of horses. AB - The results from water-bath studies on equine muscle in which foreign material had been inserted and then scanned ultrasonographically were compared with the results from scanning of the muscles of horses hospitalized for diagnosis of suspected foreign objects embedded in muscle. The water-bath studies showed that bone, wood, and large tendons all will demonstrate acoustic shadowing, but that subtle differences in the characteristics of the relative hyperechogenicity and acoustic shadows facilitate elimination of certain considerations in the differential diagnosis. Ultrasonography was effective in locating fistulous tracts and bone sequestra. A protocol for diagnosis of suspected foreign objects imbedded in muscle was proposed. PMID- 6725131 TI - Lymphocytic-plasmacytic colitis in the cat. AB - Lymphocytic-plasmacytic colitis was diagnosed in 6 cats. Owners sought veterinary care because of semiformed -to-liquid feces, tenesmus , fresh blood and/or mucus in the feces, or increased frequency of defecation in their cats. Lymphocytic, plasmacytic infiltration in the colonic lamina propria was found on colon biopsies. Clinical signs resolved in all 6 cats after dietary management, utilizing lamb and rice, horsemeat , or a feline prescription diet. Clinical improvement also occurred in 1 cat following sulfasalazine therapy. PMID- 6725132 TI - Long-term results and complications of proximal interphalangeal arthrodesis in horses. AB - A retrospective study was made of 21 horses in which proximal interphalangeal arthrodesis had been performed. The right hindlimb was the most often affected (52%). Acute trauma was the most common reason for performing the surgery (62%). Follow-up data were obtained from the owners regarding return to serviceability . When available, follow-up radiographs and clinical examinations were reviewed. Of the 20 horses on which follow-up information was available, 16 were serviceable . Of the horses in which a hindlimb was arthrodesed , 86% were serviceable , whereas 67% of the horses affected in the forelimb were serviceable . An average of 1 year was required for return to serviceability . Follow-up radiography of forelimb cases revealed radiographic changes consistent with navicular disease, distal interphalangeal degenerative joint disease, and a bony exostosis off the dorsal surface of the third phalanx; however, these radiographic changes did not correlate well with the owner's assessment of serviceability . Follow-up clinical examination of forelimb cases revealed 2 horses in which the toe came off the ground during weight bearing. PMID- 6725133 TI - Thermodilution curves for diagnosis of ventricular septal defect in cattle. AB - An indicator dilution method developed for detection of intracardiac shunts and determination of cardiac output in man and domestic animals was evaluated in 4 calves and 1 cow with holosystolic cardiac murmurs. Thermodilution curves recorded from the pulmonary artery and the right ventricle confirmed a left-to right intracardiac shunt and provided a means for its quantitation. Ventricular septal defect was confirmed in 2 cows, which were euthanatized. The data obtained by thermodilution were evaluated along with information obtained from other diagnostic procedures (auscultation, oximetry, echocardiography, measurement of intravascular pressures). It was concluded that the procedure is a simple and accurate method for diagnosis of ventricular septal defect in cattle. PMID- 6725134 TI - Esophageal anastomosis in two foals. AB - Esophageal anastomosis was performed on 2 foals after resecting a midcervical stricture. Nasogastric tube alimentation and antibiotic therapy allowed these foals to recover, and they matured to useful performing horses. These cases demonstrated a feasible and successful surgical management regimen for the strictured esophagus. PMID- 6725135 TI - Clostridial myositis associated with an intrathoracic abscess in a cat. PMID- 6725136 TI - Gastric complications associated with correction of chronic diaphragmatic hernia in two dogs. PMID- 6725137 TI - Chemotherapy of a recurrent acanthomatous epulis in a dog. PMID- 6725138 TI - Drug disposition in neonatal animals. PMID- 6725139 TI - Conformational flexibility of the methyltetrazolethiomethyl side chain of beta lactam antibiotics. A computer graphics study. AB - Analysis of X-ray crystallographic data for cephalosporins and 1- oxacephalosporins shows that, although the 1-methyl-1H- tetrazol -5- ylthiomethyl side chain at position 3 of a bicyclic beta-lactam nucleus has certain conformational preferences, it also has considerable flexibility. Both the C4 = C3-C3'-S and C3-C3'-S-C5" torsional angles are frequently observed in the vicinity of +/- 90 degrees. The distance between the tetrazole ring carbon C5" and the 4-carboxyl carbon ranges from 4.07 to 5.65 A. Mean bond lengths and bond angles for the 3 and 4 side chains are tabulated. PMID- 6725140 TI - Inhibition of chitin metabolism by avermectin in susceptible organisms. AB - Avermectin inhibits Mucor miehei and Artemia salina chitin synthesis and to a degree DNA synthesis in the former. The antibiotic interferes with chitin turnover in brine shrimp and inhibits Streptomyces antibioticus chitinase activity in vitro. In light of the proposed mode of action of avermectin and the anomolies in the literature, it is proposed that avermectin can kill susceptible organisms not only by a neurotoxic mechanism but also by inhibiting chitin turnover and synthesis at low concentration and thus the molting/ecdysis process. PMID- 6725141 TI - A simple system for studying antibiotic binding to leukocytes. AB - Studies on the interaction between antibiotics and polymorphonuclear leukocytes (PMLs) usually require the availability of radiolabeled antibiotic, that the antibiotic kill intraleukocyte pathogens, or that the antibiotic affect some function of the leukocyte. The system described here does not have the requirements above but depends instead upon anti-staphylococci activity. The key features of the system are that, following incubation, extracellular antibiotic was removed from PMLs by centrifugation, contact between Staphylococcus aureus 502A and the phagocyte-antibiotic complex was assured by centrifugation at 4 degrees C in 96 well tissue culture dishes, phagocytosis was induced by incubation at 37 degrees C, and assessment of surviving bacteria was accomplished by collecting [3H]thymidine labeled bacteria using a cell harvester. Antibiotics that were active in this system included naphthalenic ansamycins (rifamycins and streptovaricins ), lincosaminides ( clindamycins and pirlimycins ), coumarins (novobiocin), erythromycin, tetracycline, tyrocidine and paulomycin . PMID- 6725142 TI - Effect of infusion time on the pharmacokinetics of dibekacin in rabbits. AB - A study was made of the serum levels and of the pharmacokinetic parameters of dibekacin after administration by intravenous infusion at a dose of 2 mg/kg of the drug to rabbits using different infusion times. The peak serum level (Cmax) was seen to decrease progressively on increasing infusion time. The maximum value of Cmax was obtained after administration of the antibiotic by single bolus injection with an average value of 18.297 +/- 9.694 micrograms/ml, while the minimum value was obtained after intravenous infusion over 1 hour, with an average value of 6.597 +/- 1.250 micrograms/ml. A series of linear relationships was established between different pharmacokinetic parameters and the infusion time and a decrease was observed in the pharmacokinetic parameters alpha, K12, K21 and K13 when the infusion time was increased. Changes were also observed in the distribution kinetics of dibekacin in the rabbit on varying the infusion conditions, suggesting alterations in the access and permanence of the antibiotic in tissues. PMID- 6725143 TI - A new naphthaquinone antibiotic from a new species of yeast. AB - A fusiform yeast producing limited pseudomycelium and limited true mycelium on malt extract agar has been isolated. This non-fermentative yeast has hyaline cell walls but produces a thick, black oily exudate which is water insoluble and gives the colony a smooth black lacquered appearance. On the basis of morphology and physiology, this organism is distinctive enough to warrant the designation of a new genus. During stationary phase of cultures on chemically defined medium, a deep red substance is produced which has strong antibiotic activity against Staphylococcus aureus in vitro. The substance has been identified as a new natural naphthaquinone of the empirical formula C16H16O7 . PMID- 6725144 TI - Timed bacteriostatic and bactericidal activities of selected antimicrobial agents against Bacteroides fragilis isolated from clinical specimens. AB - The activities of selected antimicrobial agents were evaluated for bacteriostatic and bactericidal activities for a large number of clinically obtained strains of Bacteroides fragilis, with special reference to the incubation time of the microbes with the drugs. If the mode of action of a drug is categorized as bactericidal when the ratio of bactericidal concentration/bacteriostatic concentration is low (less than or equal to 4), and as bacteriostatic when high (greater than or equal to 8), during given periods of incubation, then clindamycin, minocycline and chloramphenicol appeared to be bacteriostatic, and cefoxitin, cefmetazole, latamoxef (moxalactam) and metronidazole bactericidal, when the incubation time was brief (6 hours). All these drugs acted bactericidally on most of the test strains, if the time of incubation was prolonged to 24 hours. PMID- 6725145 TI - An effect of fosfomycin on the pharmacokinetics of amikacin. AB - The effect on amikacin pharmacokinetics by fosfomycin previously or simultaneously administered via the intraperitoneal, intramuscular, or oral route was studied in the rats. Absorption of amikacin from the peritoneal cavity was prolonged by co-administered fosfomycin. High serum fosfomycin levels prevented renal lysosomal accumulation of amikacin, possibly because of the interference of urinary fosfomycin with the endocytosis of proximal tubular cells. These characteristics may explain the effect of fosfomycin in protecting against amikacin nephrotoxicity. PMID- 6725146 TI - Oxanthromicin, a novel antibiotic from Actinomadura. PMID- 6725147 TI - Oxazinomycin produced by a Pseudomonas species. PMID- 6725148 TI - Effect of space allowance and antibiotic feeding on performance of nursery pigs. NCR-89 committee on confinement management of swine. AB - The relationship between space allowance and feeding antibiotics to pigs weaned at 3 to 6 wk of age was investigated in a cooperative study that involved nine experiment stations in the North Central Region of the United States. Treatments, arranged factorially, were control vs antibiotics (110 mg chlortetracycline, 110 mg sulfamethazine and 55 mg penicillin/kg of diet) and .14 vs .23 m2 of floor space/pig. Treatments were replicated 45 times, utilizing 1,724 pigs. Pigs allowed .23 m2, compared with .14 m2, had 10.6% greater (P less than .01) rate of gain and 3.6% improved (P less than .05) feed/gain. Pigs fed antibiotics had 13.2% faster (P less than .01) rate of gain and 4.7% improved (P less than .01) feed/gain in the 4-wk experimental period. There were no interactions between antibiotic and space allowance for performance measurements, except for average daily gain (P less than .05) in the 0 to 3 wk period. In this period the antibiotic response was greater among pigs allowed .23 m2, as compared with those allowed .14 m2. PMID- 6725149 TI - Postpartum performance in a diallel cross among lines of mice selected for litter size and body weight. AB - Postpartum dam performance was studied in a complete diallel design involving five lines of mice. The selection criterion in each line was: large litter size at birth (L+); large 6-wk body weight (W+); an index for large litter size and small 6-wk body weight (L+W-); the complementary index (L-W+) and random (K). Females from the five lines and 20 reciprocal F1 crosses were mated to sires of a randomly selected control line (CC). Correlated responses in average direct genetic and average maternal genetic effects for dam body weight and litter size at parturition persisted throughout lactation, indicating important pleiotropic effects. Major correlated responses occurred for litter weight, feed intake and litter feed efficiency, primarily due to average direct genetic effects. Using general combining ability and net line effects as criteria for choosing among lines, L+ had a distinct advantage if the objective was to increase litter size in a crossing program. If the objective was to maximize litter weaning weight, then W+ would be favored for net line effects, while L+ and W+ would be about equivalent for general combining ability. None of the lines had an advantage for litter feed efficiency. Direct heterosis for dam weight at 12 and 21 d of lactation averaged 2.7 and 1.9%, while for litter size the respective averages were 7.4 and 7.3%. The W+ X L+W- cross exhibited overdominance for litter size. Direct heterosis was moderate for feed intake and litter weight, but was negligible for litter feed efficiency because of the mathematical relationship among the three traits. Maternal heterosis for preweaning progeny growth was suppressed because of heterosis for litter size in the dam. Grand-maternal effects on growth of the young were small and would not be an important consideration in choosing among these lines in a crossbreeding program. PMID- 6725150 TI - Estimation of genetic trend in a selected population with and without the use of a control population. AB - Data from a selection experiment conducted with sheep at Massey University, New Zealand, were analyzed to obtain an evaluation of selection response. Selection was for heavy 14-mo greasy fleece weight. Approximately seven generations of selection were represented in the data. Three estimates of genetic superiority of the selected line to the control line were obtained. All three estimates were obtained from a mixed model evaluation using the individual animal model for predicting breeding values from own and relatives' records. The estimators were 1) deviation of selected line predicted yearly phenotypes from control line predicted yearly phenotypes, 2) deviation of the predicted yearly phenotype for the selected line from the year estimate in the control line and 3) the mean yearly breeding value from the analysis of the selected line only. The realized heritability using the first approach was .20. However, the control line was found to have a slight positive drift; hence, this estimate was biased downward. Using Approach 2, accounting for drift, the realized heritability was .23. The same realized heritability, .23, was obtained from an analysis of the selected line ignoring the control (Approach 3), when a prior heritability of .30 was assumed for the mixed model evaluation. The estimate of genetic trend from predicted breeding values in the latter approach is, however, quite dependent on the assumed heritability. PMID- 6725151 TI - Estimates of heritabilities and of genetic and phenotypic correlations among growth and reproductive traits in yearling Angus bulls. AB - Data from Nichols Farm, Anita , Iowa, collected from 1975 through 1980, were used. Angus Herd Improvement Records with birth, weaning and yearling weights were obtained for 717 bulls by 80 sires. Also available, from Hawkeye Breeders Service, Des Moines , Iowa, were measures of sperm concentration and motility, percentage live sperm, number of sperm/ml, semen score and quality and scrotal circumference on the bulls as yearlings . Heritabilities and genetic and phenotypic correlations were estimated for the above traits from variance and covariance components calculated by restricted maximum likelihood. Estimates of heritability for birth, weaning and yearling weight were .70, .46 and .49, respectively. Heritability estimates for the semen traits were low (0 to .24); the estimate for scrotal circumference was .36. In general, genetic and phenotypic correlations among semen traits were high and favorable, with absolute values ranging between .49 and 1.11. Genetic correlations between semen traits and scrotal circumference were low; corresponding phenotypic correlations were moderate. Semen traits were lowly correlated phenotypically with growth traits ( .08 to .08) and genetic correlation estimates were variable. Estimates of phenotypic and genetic correlations suggested that yearling scrotal circumference was more closely related to yearling weight than to either birth or weaning weight. Estimates of phenotypic and genetic correlations between scrotal circumference and yearling weight were .26 and .68, respectively. PMID- 6725152 TI - Use of carbohydrate and fat as energy source by obese and lean swine. AB - Genetically obese and lean pigs were fed isonitrogenous-isoenergetic (digestible energy) amounts of a high or low fat diet from 25 kg body weight. Obese pigs gained less and required more feed per unit gain than lean pigs. Lean pigs were more muscular with less fat than obese pigs. Obese pigs utilized more dietary amino acids for energy (greater plasma urea N) than did lean pigs. Weight gain was similar at all intermediate periods in obese pigs fed the two diets. However, gain tended (P less than or equal to .10) to be greater and the ratio of dietary energy intake to gain tended (P less than or equal to .10) to be less in obese pigs fed high compared with low fat diets. Similar results were observed in lean pigs fed the two diets. The high fat diet produced more carcass adipose tissue deposition in both strains after 20 wk of feeding (detectable by ultrasound at 14, but not at 7 wk). Adipose tissue lipogenic rate (glucose incorporation) was similarly depressed by fat feeding in both obese and lean pigs. Obese and lean pigs both utilized dietary carbohydrate and fat differentially but there was no indication of genetic divergence regarding this utilization. In both strains of pigs, energy from the fat-enriched diet was preferentially partitioned into carcass adipose tissue. PMID- 6725153 TI - Carcass composition and mammary development responses to photoperiod and plane of nutrition in Holstein heifers. AB - Twenty prepubertal heifers (averaging 155 kg body weight) were assigned to one of four treatment groups in an experiment of 2 X 2 factorial design. The main effects were photoperiods of 8 h light:16 h dark (8L:16D) vs 16L:8D, and LOW vs HIGH plane of nutrition. Heifers on the LOW plane of nutrition were fed to achieve a growth rate of approximately .7 kg/d; daily feed intake was restricted with no orts and was identical in both groups of heifers subjected to either 8 or 16 h of light daily. Heifers on the HIGH plane of nutrition were fed ad libitum to achieve a growth rate greater than 1 kg/d. All heifers were slaughtered during the luteal phase of an estrous cycle at an average body weight of 337, 334, 360 and 349 kg for 8L:16D-LOW plane, 16L:8D-LOW plane, 8L:16D-HIGH plane and 16L:8D HIGH plane groups, respectively. Average time on treatment was 233, 236, 206 and 181 d and average estimated carcass weight gain was .39, .40, .55 and .61 kg/d, respectively. Within LOW or HIGH planes of nutrition, photoperiod did not affect live body weight gains. A photoperiod of 16L:8D, compared with 8L:16D, increased protein content in the 9-10-11th rib section of heifers on HIGH nutrition (16.2 vs 14.6%), but not in heifers fed the LOW plane of nutrition (15.5 vs 16.1%). However, within 8L:16D groups, HIGH plane reduced rib section protein content as compared with LOW plane of nutrition (14.6 vs 16.1%); there was no difference observed within 16L:8D groups.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS) PMID- 6725154 TI - In vitro testosterone secretion by testicular tissue from young bulls and the effects of chronic and acute exposure to estradiol-17 beta. AB - The possibility that estradiol-17 beta may directly influence testicular steroidogenesis in bulls was investigated in vitro. Testicular tissues were incubated for 4 h and regression coefficients (b, ng X ml-1 X h-1) based on the increase in testosterone in the medium were used to describe testosterone secretion rates. In the first experiment, testicular tissues from control bulls and bulls chronically implanted with estradiol were incubated in the absence (basal conditions) or presence of 10 mIU/ml human chorionic gonadotropin (hCG). Under basal conditions, testosterone secretion rates were similar for tissues from control (b = 24.1 +/- 6.0) and implanted (b = 34.7 +/- 6.0) bulls. Testosterone secretion rates were increased approximately fourfold during incubation with hCG; tissues from implanted animals secreted testosterone at a higher rate (P less than .05) than control tissues (b = 120.7 +/- 6.0 vs 81.6 +/- 6.0). In a second experiment, testicular tissues were obtained from control bulls and incubated both with and without hCG (10 mIU/ml) and with and without estradiol (concentrations ranging from 3.7 nM to 37 microM). In this experiment, basal secretion rate (b = 12.6 +/- 3.6) was increased threefold during incubation with hCG (b = 37.8 +/- 3.6). Estradiol failed to inhibit hCG-stimulated testosterone secretion when bovine testicular tissue was incubated with 0, 3.7 and 370 nM estradiol. In contrast, 37 microM estradiol suppressed (P less than .05) testosterone secretion, perhaps reflecting a pharmacologic effect. The results suggest that neither chronic nor acute exposure to estradiol directly affects testosterone secretion by the bovine testis.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS) PMID- 6725155 TI - Essential fatty acid status and characteristics associated with colostrum deprived gnotobiotic and conventional lambs. Growth, organ development, cell membrane integrity and factors associated with lower bowel function. AB - A factorial experiment involving gnotobiotic (GN) and conventional (CV) colostrum deprived lambs and diets formulated to be adequate or deficient in linoleic acid was conducted to determine the effect(s) of the intestinal microflora on the essential fatty acid (EFA) status of the host and subsequent physiological consequences, i.e., growth, organ development, cell membrane integrity and lower bowel function. Lambs were obtained by sterile surgical procedures and housed in sterile isolators or in conventional metabolism stalls for 60 d. Skimmed cow's milk with 6% hydrogenated coconut oil and vitamins A, D and E added with and without .32% of the total calories as linoleic acid was homogenized, bottled and autoclaved, then fed to appetite three to four times daily. The GN lambs supplemented with linoleic acid gained significantly faster between 13 and 41 d of age and more efficiently between 27 and 41 d than the other treatment groups. The absence of dietary linoleic acid decreased liver and spleen weights and, in general, suppressed development of organs except the brain. Red blood cell hemolysis was not affected by treatment. Although showing signs of chronic mild diarrhea, the GN neonatal ruminant differed in Cl- concentration and dry matter percentage of its lower bowel contents from the "classic rodent model." The results indicate that neonatal colostrum-deprived lambs have an EFA requirement, as evidenced by decreased growth and performance characteristics in the GN linoleic deficient vs GN supplemented group, and suggests that the required level is in excess of .32% of the total caloric intake as linoleic acid.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS) PMID- 6725156 TI - Actinomyces denticolens Dent & Williams sp. nov: a new species from the dental plaque of cattle. AB - Six strains of actinomyces isolated from the dental plaque of cattle were assigned presumptively to the genus Actinomyces on the basis of Gram reaction, cellular and colony morphology and acid end-products of metabolism. This assignment was confirmed by the peptidoglycan composition which is shared with Actinomyces species from dental plaque. These cattle strains formed a homogeneous group on the basis of cell wall carbohydrate components, DNA base composition, polypeptide molecular weight distribution and physiological reactions but could not be classified with any recognised species of Actinomyces. A new taxon Actinomyces denticolens is proposed for these strains. PMID- 6725157 TI - Temperature and water activity minima for growth of spoilage moulds from meat. AB - Five species of fungi were isolated from mould spoilage on meat other than black spot. 'White spot' colonies yielded Chrysosporium pannorum or an Acremonium sp.; 'whiskers' colonies yielded Thamnidium elegans or Mucor racemosus, and blue-green colonies yielded Penicillium corylophilum . Chrysosporium pannorum was moderately xerotolerant with a minimum growth temperature of -5 degrees C. The Acremonium sp. and P. corylophilum showed a similar level of xerotolerance but had a minimum growth temperature of -2 degrees C. Mucor racemosus was no more xerotolerant than many spoilage bacteria and did not grow below -1 degree C, but grew rapidly at 3 degrees C and above. Thamnidium elegans grew at -7 degrees C on supercooled medium and an intrinsic minimum growth temperature of -10 degrees C was indicated. However, the low xerotolerance of this species precluded growth on frozen media below -5 degrees C. It seems therefore that -5 degrees C is the practical limiting temperature for mould growth on meat, and mould spoilage usually indicates that surfaces of freezer stored meats have approached and possibly exceeded 0 degrees C. PMID- 6725158 TI - Long-term cultivation of certain rumen protozoa in a continuous fermentation system supplemented with sponge materials. AB - Inert polyurethane-sponge cubes were added to an 'artificial rumen' fermenter. With crushed barley as protozoal substrate this system maintained a population of Entodinia in both substrate bags and sponge cubes for 64 d in numbers (1 X 10(6)/ml) comparable with those found in vivo. This culture was more tolerant of variations in mechanical agitation and size and shape of substrate bags than a similar culture without the sponge cubes. The extent of protozoal sequestration, 2 h after feeding, on to the sponge cubes as well as on to acetone-treated hay was evaluated. The bags of acetone-treated hay and barley, and those of sponge cubes and barley could sequestrate the protozoa to the same extent as normal hay and barley. Based on the results of the short-term experiments and those of the long-term experiment with sponge cubes, a polyurethane-sponge wall was added to the inside of the fermenter. This system maintained a varied protozoal population including large protozoa, holotrichs and Entodinia with a normal fermentation. The molar percentages of butyrate in the total volatile fatty acid (VFA) in each part of the fermenter with a sponge wall were higher than those in a fermenter without a sponge wall, suggesting that there was high protozoal activity related to the sponge wall. These results show that the introduction of the sponge wall to the fermenter produced an enlargement of the area for protozoal sequestration and a suitable micro-habitat for the maintenance of Entodinia , large protozoa and holotrichs . PMID- 6725159 TI - Detection of bacteriuria by bioluminescence: effect of pre-analysis centrifugation of specimens. AB - Three bioluminescence-based, rapid methods of detecting significant bacteriuria were applied in parallel to 514 urine specimens. The results were compared with those of a quantitative pour plate viable count method, defined as positive if greater than or equal to 10(5) c.f.u./ml of urine were observed. When adjusted to yield 21% falsely positive results the three rapid methods yielded 24%, 21% and 19% falsely negative results. If specimens with evidence of urethral or vaginal contamination were excluded (237 specimens remaining) the three methods yielded respectively 14%, 8% and 13% falsely negative results. A major source of disagreement between the bioluminescence-based methods and quantitative culture thus appeared to be contaminated urine specimens. PMID- 6725160 TI - Microbial growth at reduced water activities: some physicochemical properties of compatible solutes. AB - The water activities (aw) of solutions of D-arabitol (a major compatible solute in yeasts grown at reduced aw) and also of related polyols (L-arabitol, xylitol and ribitol) were determined at 25 degrees C. The aw of saturated solutions of L proline and monopotassium L-glutamate (solutes which accumulate in bacterial cells at reduced aw) were also determined. The viscosities of L-proline, monopotassium L-glutamate and D-arabitol solutions were measured at 25, 30, 35 and 40 degrees C for various concentrations up to high molalities. The relative viscosity curves were described using a theoretical model for the concentration dependence of viscosity. No relationship of viscosity of the electrolytes to effectiveness as 'compatible solutes' were evident, neither were the compatible solutes particularly effective 'structure makers' or 'structure breakers.' PMID- 6725161 TI - A comparison of isolation procedures for salmonellas from polluted water using two forms of Rappaport's medium. AB - The efficiency of Rappaport's broth ( RB10 ) and Rappaport's broth containing novobiocin ( NRB10 ) were compared for the isolation of salmonellas from polluted water, both as direct enrichment media and after pre-enrichment in buffered peptone water. Ninety samples were examined and 41 were found to contain salmonellas by at least one of the procedures used. Direct inoculation of the sample into RB10 resulted in the recovery of salmonellas from only 29.3% of the samples found to be positive. The use of NRB10 as a direct enrichment medium increased the percentage recovery to 78.0% of the total positive samples. Pre enrichment in buffered peptone water allowed the recovery of salmonellas from a total of 41 samples whereas direct enrichment recovered them from only 32. No significant difference was demonstrated in the efficiencies of RB10 and NRB10 in recovering salmonellas after pre-enrichment in buffered peptone water. Three selective agars were used: no significant difference in their ability to recover salmonellae was demonstrated. PMID- 6725162 TI - The general utility of a glycerophosphate-Tris buffered medium. AB - An easily prepared medium, originally designed for the cultivation of lactic phages, has been found to have much wider application. Experience in its use over a ten year period with a range of physiologically diverse bacteria, for teaching and research are summarized and evaluated. PMID- 6725163 TI - A note on the presence of novel DNA species in the spoilage yeasts Zygosaccharomyces bailii and Pichia membranaefaciens. AB - Two novel covalently closed circular DNA species of 5.4 and 6.0 kilobases were detected in strains of Zygosaccharomyces bailii with a rapid small scale isolation procedure. The 5.4 kb species was found in four strains and both species were found in three strains. A novel, covalently-closed circular DNA species of 6.9 kb was detected in four of 12 strains of Pichia membranaefaciens . Plasmid DNA (2 micron) (that is CCC DNA of approximately 6 kb in Saccharomyces cerevisiae) was detected in 38 of 40 strains of Sacch . cerevisiae confirming reports of the widespread distribution of this plasmid. PMID- 6725164 TI - A note on 'plotless' methods for estimating bacterial cell densities. AB - ' Plotless ' techniques for determining population densities have been developed for, and applied to, higher plant populations. They can often be carried out more rapidly than techniques involving total counts of individuals in plots, or quadrants, but such plotless techniques have not been generally applied to the estimation of densities of bacterial cells. Direct microscopical counting of cell numbers in a field of view, an example of a plot-related method, has been traditionally used for microbial cell counts. In this study 'plot' and ' plotless ' methods on a variety of bacterial samples are compared. Estimates of bacterial cell density were obtained by measuring the distance of cells from a fixed point in a field of view. The values, which were more rapidly obtained, were directly correlated with total cell counts. Although there was some apparent deviation from a perfect 1:1 relationship with total counts, as indicated by a correlation coefficient less than 1.0, there were no significant differences between the replicated counts of bacteria on samples of tissue from the surface of Hypholoma basidiocarps (P less than 0.05). This indicated that the methods of enumeration were comparable. The distance-related estimates could readily be obtained from fields of view with cell densities varying over several orders of magnitude. It was more rapidly applied, particularly at high density, and the method was applicable not only to random cell distributions but also to the non-random distributions encountered when microbial cells aggregated into microcolonies. The method appears to be particularly well-suited for automated, digitized, direct counting procedures, as well as to estimating bacterial numbers on membrane filters and natural substrates. PMID- 6725165 TI - A note on the temperature tolerance of Legionella. AB - A strain of Legionella pneumophila serogroup 1 isolated from the environment had a decimal reduction time in water at 50 degrees C (D50) of 111 min, a D54 of 27 min and a D58 of 6 min. There was little loss of viability at 46 degrees C. Other environmental organisms, a Pseudomonas sp., a Micrococcus sp. and a coliform survived less well at these temperatures. A species of Sarcina had a survival time greater than the L. pneumophila at all the temperatures tested. Other strains of legionellas were tested at 50 degrees C and decimal reduction times calculated. These ranged from 80 min for another strain of L. pneumophia serogroup 1 to 216 min for L. bozemannii . Legionella micdadei did not survive well at 50 degrees C. PMID- 6725166 TI - Antecedent control of oral reading errors and self-corrections by mentally retarded children. AB - Academic behaviors can be enhanced through the manipulation of either consequent or antecedent stimuli. In this study, we evaluated the effects of manipulating two antecedent stimulus events with respect to oral reading errors and self corrections of four mentally retarded children. Using an alternating treatments design, the effects of previewing the target text and previewing an unrelated test were evaluated against no- previewing . In the first previewing condition, the teacher discussed the target text with the children before they were required to read it orally. The same procedure was used in the other previewing condition but with the provision that an unrelated text was previewed . Oral reading errors decreased and self-corrections increased when the children previewed the target text with their teacher before reading it orally. No changes were observed as a result of implementing the other two procedures, previewing an unrelated text and no- previewing . The results, which were consistent across all four children, showed that reading proficiency can be increased by manipulating antecedent stimulus events prior to oral reading. PMID- 6725167 TI - Prompting and stimulus shaping procedures for teaching visual-motor skills to retarded children. AB - Stimulus shaping appears to be a highly successful way to teach discrimination skills. In stimulus shaping, the topographical configuration of the stimuli is gradually changed over trials so that discrimination is at first easy, and then gradually more difficult. Stimulus shaping procedures might also be effective for training visual-motor tasks. Two experiments were conducted to assess the relative effectiveness of stimulus shaping and "traditional" prompting procedures. Pegboard skills were trained in Experiment 1. In Experiment 2 a self care skill was trained, in which children learned to hang a toothbrush or a washcloth on a specific hook. Six low-functioning retarded children were studied in each experiment, using a within-subject alternating treatments design. Each participant received concurrent training on two related tasks, using stimulus shaping for one and a standard prompting procedure for the other. Training with the stimulus shaping procedure required less training time to criterion, always resulted in fewer errors, always required fewer and less intrusive therapist's prompts, and always resulted in greater density of reinforcement. These results demonstrate the value of stimulus shaping strategies for training visual-motor skills. PMID- 6725168 TI - Contingency management interventions: effects on treatment outcome during methadone detoxification. AB - We examined the effectiveness of a contingency management program in preventing relapse to illicit opiate use and increasing treatment retention during outpatient methadone detoxification treatment. Twenty male opiate addicts were randomly assigned to an experimental or control group. Following a 3-week methadone stabilization period, men in both groups received identical gradual methadone dose reductions during Weeks 4 through 9 and were maintained on placebo during Weeks 10 through 13. Beginning in Week 4, control patients received $5.00 for providing a specimen twice weekly. Experimental patients received $10.00 and a take home methadone dose for each opiate-free urine specimen but forfeited the incentives and participated in more intensive clinic procedures when specimens were opiate positive. The contingency management procedure slowed the rate of relapse to illicit opiate use. Experimental patients provided significantly more opiate-free urines during the methadone dose reduction in Weeks 4 through 9 than control patients, although the difference between groups was no longer significant during placebo administration in Weeks 10 through 13. In addition, the contingency management program improved treatment retention and reduced symptom complaints during the detoxification. The usefulness and limitations of contingency management procedures for outpatient methadone detoxification are discussed. PMID- 6725169 TI - Teaching behaviorally handicapped preschool children to share. AB - We examined the effectiveness of Barton and Ascione 's (1979) package for training sharing in a classroom setting with six behaviorally handicapped preschool children, four of whom were also developmentally delayed. Individual responses in sharing and not sharing were examined. Training consisted of initial instructions, modeling, and behavioral rehearsal, followed by teacher prompts and praise regarding sharing directly in a classroom free play period. Introduction of training in a multiple-baseline design across three pairs of children resulted in substantial increases in sharing for five of the six children. Results for negative interactions were less clear but suggested that concomitant decreases occurred for the same five children. The response analysis indicated that (a) individual components of sharing (offers, requests, and acceptances ) all increased with training; (b) most children were more likely to initiate sharing through requests than through offers; (c) the proportion of sharing initiatives accepted by peers increased with training despite a much greater absolute number of initiatives; and (d) of the three negative behaviors (opposing play, taking without asking, and aggression) examined as incompatible with sharing, the most prevalent response was opposing other children's play. Individual differences in initial social repertoires and responsiveness to training were examined with respect to their implications for research and practice. Overall, the findings provide an encouraging indication of an intervention program for children with behavioral, social, and developmental handicaps. PMID- 6725170 TI - Training and generalization of reach-grasp behavior in blind, retarded young children. AB - The effects of a graduated prompting treatment procedure were analyzed in three phases of an experiment on the training and generalization of reaching-grasp responding in 2- to 4-year-old blind, severely or profoundly retarded children. In Phase 1, we used a multiple-baseline across-subjects design to investigate the effectiveness of the treatment on midline reach-grasp responding. In Phase 2, we used a reversal design to investigate the effects of repeated implementations and withdrawals of the treatment. In both phases, generalization to right and left positions was measured. In Phase 3, in a multiple-baseline across-responses design, the treatment was implemented in right and left positions. Also in Phase 3, shift of stimulus control from toy-sound to verbal instructions was measured. The results showed that the graduated prompting procedure was effective in training reach-grasp responding in all three children; for one child, the effects were durable over repeated applications of the treatment procedure, but were not maintained during withdrawals; for another child, the treatment procedure was effective in teaching reach-grasp responding in all three positions; and for the same child, training of reach-grasp responding generalized to toys presented without sound, given only the verbal instruction. PMID- 6725171 TI - Leisure-dance instruction for severely and profoundly retarded persons: teaching an intermediate community-living skill. AB - We evaluated an approach for teaching an intermediate community living skill via a leisure-dance activity to institutionalized severely and profoundly retarded persons. The targeted skill was considered as intermediate in contrast to a community living skill per se because it was based on successful performances of higher functioning, noninstitutionalized retarded persons as opposed to nonhandicapped individuals. Definitions for appropriate dancing were established and then validated through observations of the performance of retarded persons living in the local community. The dance skills were then taught to four participants through serial training in leg movements, arm movements, and coordinated leg and arm movements, plus follow-up trainer supervision. Generalization was also programmed by way of multiple trainers and training settings. Results during structured assessments showed that all four residents acquired the dance skills and that both serial training and follow-up supervision were necessary for skill acquisition. Generalized increases in appropriate dancing at dances attended by the participants and retarded persons from the community were also demonstrated. However, in most cases some active supervision by caregivers was needed to enhance the generalized improvements. Results are discussed in terms of the applicability of this approach for validating goals when training other community-related skills to low-functioning populations. PMID- 6725172 TI - Acquisition and cross-setting generalization of manual signs with severely retarded individuals. AB - In this study, we assessed the effect of a transfer of stimulus control procedure on the acquisition and cross-setting generalization of manual signs with four profoundly retarded individuals. Two individuals were trained to produce appropriate signs to verbal instructions, whereas the other two were trained until manual signs were controlled by visual stimuli (objects). Data obtained from three probe situations (two for one individual) constituted the dependent variables of the investigation. The results, gathered within a multiple-baseline design across signs showed that individuals acquired the trained signs and maintenance and generalization across settings (classroom, ward) and persons (teachers, ward staff) occurred, but was highly variable between and within individuals. PMID- 6725173 TI - Aspects of the biochemistry of antimicrobial action. PMID- 6725174 TI - Comparative clinical trials of antimicrobial drugs. PMID- 6725175 TI - Variations in susceptibility to latamoxef(moxalactam) and cefoxitin within the Bacteroides fragilis group. AB - Conventional agar dilution MIC titrations, anaerobic turbidimetric monitoring and viable counting were used to investigate the response to latamoxef (moxalactam) and cefoxitin of four well characterized species within the Bacteroides fragilis group. MIC results indicated that Bact. fragilis and Bact. vulgatus were more susceptible to both antibiotics than were Bact. ovatus and Bact. thetaiotaomicron and that latamoxef was more active than cefoxitin. Continuous turbidimetric monitoring with parallel viable counting confirmed the greater susceptibility of Bact. fragilis and Bact. vulgatus, but also suggested that the differential in activity between latamoxef and cefoxitin was less than MIC titrations had indicated. Moreover, against the more resistant Bact. ovatus and Bact. thetaiotaomicron strains, cefoxitin actually appeared more active than latamoxef in bactericidal and bacteriolytic terms. The interpretation of these results is discussed in the light of the morphological response of the bacteria to the two antibiotics. Because species within the Bact. fragilis group appear to differ considerably in their beta-lactam antibiotic susceptibility there is a need for laboratories to test the antibiotic susceptibility of these organisms or to identify them presumptively to the species level if treatment with beta-lactam agents is contemplated. PMID- 6725177 TI - The pharmacokinetics of a single intravenous dose of metronidazole in pregnant patients. AB - The pharmacokinetics of a single 500 mg intravenous dose of metronidazole administered prophylactically to 16 women undergoing caesarean sections was studied. Seven cases satisfied the criteria for a one-compartment pharmacokinetic model, eight for a two-compartment model and one for a three compartment model. The mean elimination half-life of 6.9 (+/- 2.7)h and the plasma clearance rate of 1.19 (+/- 0.33)ml/min/kg was in close agreement with previous work on non pregnant patients. Rapid transfer across the placental barrier was found, with effective concentrations in the arterial cord plasma. PMID- 6725176 TI - A comparison of the blood levels and urinary excretion of ethionamide and prothionamide in man. AB - The blood levels and urinary excretion of the anti-mycobacterial drugs ethionamide and prothionamide have been compared after oral dosage in man. High pressure liquid chromatographic methods were used to determine the two closely related thioamides and their microbiologically active sulphoxide metabolites after the ingestion of both single and combined doses of the two drugs. Both drugs were rapidly eliminated from the body, the half-life for the urinary excretion and removal from the plasma of prothionamide being slightly less than that of ethionamide. Less than 0.1% of the orally administered doses were excreted unchanged in the faeces. Plasma concentrations of ethionamide and its sulphoxide metabolite were substantially higher than those of prothionamide and prothionamide sulphoxide. The implications of these findings for the use of ethionamide or prothionamide in the treatment of lepromatous leprosy are discussed. PMID- 6725178 TI - Serum amoxycillin levels following oral loading dose prior to outpatient general anaesthesia for dental extractions. AB - Serum amoxycillin levels were measured 4 h after oral administration of a 3 g loading dose given prior to outpatient dental treatment under general anesthesia. A mean level of 8.49 mg/l +/- (1 S.D.) 5.07 mg/l of amoxycillin was obtained, which is adequate at the time of bacteraemia to protect patients susceptible to bacterial endocarditis. A second identical dose of amoxycillin was given following recovery from anaesthesia (mean 18.7 min) and was tolerated by 97.6% of patients. PMID- 6725179 TI - Rapid HPLC analysis of cefoxitin in plasma and urine. AB - A rapid, specific and precise method is described for the analysis of cefoxitin in plasma and urine by reversed-phase, high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC). Cefoxitin and the internal standard, 3-isobutyl-l-methyl xanthine are eluted after 5.3 and 7.5 min, respectively. The assay sensitivity limit is 1 to 2 mg/l of cefoxitin sodium at 254 nm. Commonly prescribed antibiotics do not interfere. The assay is suitable for routine monitoring and pharmacokinetic studies of cefoxitin. PMID- 6725180 TI - Brodimoprim in acute exacerbations of chronic bronchitis: a clinical and bacteriological pilot study. PMID- 6725181 TI - Aminoglycoside resistance. PMID- 6725182 TI - Therapy of infections caused by 'atypical' mycobacteria. PMID- 6725183 TI - The penetration of latamoxef disodium (moxalactam) into the subcutaneous fat and skeletal muscle of ischaemic lower limbs with atherosclerotic disease. AB - After pre-operative administration of 1 g, latamoxef disodium (moxalactam) levels were measured in peripheral venous blood, skeletal muscle and subcutaneous fat sampled from 29 patients during either arterial reconstruction or amputation undertaken for arterial occlusive disease. Tissue samples were taken from both proximal and distal levels in the amputated limbs. Levels of latamoxef disodium were above the minimum inhibitory concentration required for most commonly encountered Gram-positive and Gram-negative organisms. No patients developed toxicity or superficial wound infection but there was one vascular graft infection by Candida albicans. It has been shown that latamoxef disodium penetrates rapidly into the subcutaneous fat and skeletal muscle of relatively ischaemic limbs, achieving levels inhibitory to many common pathogens. PMID- 6725184 TI - Metronidazole resistance in Bacteroides fragilis. PMID- 6725185 TI - Increasing incidence of clinical isolates of Bacteroides fragilis resistant to clindamycin. PMID- 6725186 TI - Combination therapy with beta-lactam antibiotics. PMID- 6725187 TI - Liquid chromatographic determination of hydrocortisone in bulk drug substance and tablets: collaborative study. AB - A normal phase liquid chromatographic (LC) method for determining the hydrocortisone content of bulk drug substance, tablet composites, and individual tablets was subjected to a collaborative study by 6 laboratories. The results showed a mean recovery of 98.5% for an authentic tablet formulation and reproducibility coefficients of variation of 0.97, 1.6, and 2.7% for bulk drug substance, tablet composites, and individual tablets, respectively. Infrared (IR) and thin layer chromatographic (TLC) identification tests, also included in the collaborative study, were satisfactory. The LC method for determining hydrocortisone in bulk drug substance, tablet composites, and individual tablets, with IR and TLC identification, has been adopted official first action. PMID- 6725188 TI - Nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopic determination of dicyclomine hydrochloride in tablet, capsule, and injection dosage forms. AB - A rapid and specific nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) spectroscopic method was developed for determining dicyclomine hydrochloride in tablet, capsule, and injection dosage forms. The method consists of an extraction step with chloroform, evaporation of the solvent, addition of maleic acid as an internal standard, dissolution of the mixture in deuterated chloroform-deuterated acetone (40 + 60), NMR spectral determination, and integration of the peaks of interest. The concentration of dicyclomine hydrochloride in the dosage form was calculated from the integral values for the peaks of the test compound and the internal standard. The average recovery value +/- the standard deviation (n = 5) of dicyclomine hydrochloride added to synthetic samples was 99.7 +/- 0.9% (coefficient of variation 0.9%). The assay values for various commercial tablets, capsules, and injectables analyzed by using the proposed method differed in all cases by less than 1% from those obtained by using the USP XX titrimetric method. There was no interference from stearate, an excipient found in tablets and capsules, or from chloral hydrate, a preservative found in injectables . PMID- 6725189 TI - Liquid chromatographic determination of methocarbamol in injection and tablet dosage forms: collaborative study. AB - A reverse phase liquid chromatographic method was developed for determining methocarbamol in injection and tablet dosage forms. The injections require dilution only; the tablets require a filtration step before introduction into the chromatograph. Response for methocarbamol was linear over the range 0-18 micrograms, using an ultraviolet detector at 274 nm. Recoveries by the author ranged from 96.1 to 101.9% for authentic injection formulations and 98.0 to 101.0% for authentic tablet formulations. A collaborative study of the method by 6 laboratories resulted in standard deviations of 1.70 and 2.22 for injection and tablet dosage forms, respectively. The method has been adopted official first action. PMID- 6725191 TI - Determination of N-nitrosodimethylamine in nonfat dry milk: collaborative study. AB - Ten laboratories participated in a collaborative study of a method for the determination of N-nitrosodimethylamine (NDMA) in nonfat dry milk. NDMA is eluted with dichloromethane from a mixture of Celite, acidic sulfamic acid, and nonfat dry milk (all packed in a chromatography column), concentrated in a Kuderna Danish concentrator, and finally analyzed by a GC-thermal energy analyzer technique. Ten samples were studied: 6 were naturally contaminated (NDMA levels 0.38-3.56 ppb) and 4 were spiked with known levels (0.96 and 3.2 ppb) of NDMA. The coefficients of variation (CV) of the complete data for the naturally contaminated samples (excluding the 2 samples containing the lowest levels) were 8.5% and 22.5% for repeatability and reproducibility, respectively. The corresponding CVs for the spiked samples were 14.4% and 20.4%, respectively. The percent recoveries of the added NDMA in the spiked samples (at the 2 levels indicated above) were 101.6 +/- 3.2 (omitting 1 outlier) and 95 +/- 2.1, respectively. The method has been adopted official first action. PMID- 6725190 TI - Separation and identification of nine penicillins by reverse phase liquid chromatography. AB - A simple and rapid high performance liquid chromatographic method was developed for the separation and identification of amoxicillin, ampicillin, cloxacillin, dicloxacillin, methicillin, oxacillin, nafcillin, penicillin G potassium, and penicillin V potassium. The antibiotics were separated at ambient temperature on a Chromegabond 10 microns C18 column with acetonitrile-methanol-0. 01M potassium dihydrogen phosphate buffer, pH 4.7 (19 + 11 + 70), at 1 mL/min. A variable wavelength detector set at 225 nm, 0.16 AUFS , and a recorder set at 0.25 cm/min were used for the detection. Individual antibiotics and their mixtures were dissolved in the mobile phase and injected into the chromatograph through a 20 microL injection loop. Baseline separation was observed for virtually all 9 antibiotics. The entire mixture was resolved in less than 30 min. The method was sensitive, reproducible, and applicable to the qualitative analysis of commercial dosage forms. PMID- 6725192 TI - Comparison of three methods for determination of N-nitrosopyrrolidine in fried dry-cured bacon. AB - The recently developed Eastern Regional Research Center ( ERRC ) dry column chromatographic procedure for determining N-nitrosopyrrolidine (NPYR) in fried cure-pumped bacon was evaluated for its applicability to fried dry-cured bacon. The method was then compared with 2 established procedures for volatile nitrosamine analysis in cured meat products: the multidetection thermal energy analyzer (MD) method and the mineral oil distillation (MOD) screening procedure. No significant difference (P less than 0.05) in NPYR values was found between the ERRC and MD procedures, but significant differences were found between the ERRC and MOD procedures and between the MOD and MD procedures. No artifactual nitrosamine formation was found in the ERRC procedure, but significant amounts were found in samples analyzed by the MOD procedure. The ERRC method was demonstrated to be rugged and very rapid. It is proposed that the ERRC method replace the MOD method as the official screening procedure for NPYR in fried bacon. PMID- 6725193 TI - Net protein ratio data: AACC-ASTM collaborative study. AB - Seven- and 14-day net protein ratio (NPR) data were obtained from 7 laboratories for 6 protein sources: ANRC casein, lean beef, lactalbumin, textured vegetable protein, and peanut flour were fed as 10% protein (N X 6.25) in the test diet. Wheat flour, casein, and textured vegetable protein were fed as 6% protein (N X 6.25) in the test diet. Weighed dry ingredients for each diet were sent to each collaborator , who mixed the dry ingredients, then added specified amounts of corn oil and water and mixed each complete diet thoroughly. Rats were adapted for 0, 2, or 4 days, and then were fed the test diets for 28 days for protein efficiency ratio (PER) diets. The animal weight gain and feed consumption data obtained after 7 or 14 days of feeding were used to calculate NPR values. Analyses of data were done before [net protein ratio (NPR)] and after (R-NPR [relative-NPR]) adjustment of the data from each laboratory by its results for the reference protein casein. From the analysis of variance for NPR, significant (P less than 0.05) interactions were observed among laboratories, protein sources, and adaptation times of the animals (0, 2, or 4 days). Inter- and intralaboratory variability were decreased by use of 14-day values compared with 7-day values. Adjustment of the NPR data to R-NPR did not lower the intralaboratory variability but did lower the interlaboratory variability of the data. Increasing adaptation time did not consistently decrease interlaboratory or intralaboratory variability or decrease coefficients of variation (CV) of R-NPR values.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS) PMID- 6725194 TI - Titrimetric determination of ascorbic acid using chloranil. AB - Ascorbic acid is oxidized and quantitatively titrated with chloranil (2,3,5,6 tetrachloro-1,4-benzoquinone) in the presence of hexamethylenetetramine in acetone-water; the end point is determined visually by the appearance of a golden yellow color. Colored solutions are assayed by setting the initial absorbance at 451 nm to zero or the minimum, titrating with chloranil solution, and measuring absorbance after each increment of titrant. A plot of the volume of chloranil added against the absorbance gives a straight line with the volume intercept as the end point. Interference by the thiol group of cysteine, glutathione, etc., is avoided by masking with acrylamide; interference by iron(II) is masked with ammonium thiocyanate and sodium potassium tartrate. Hydrogen sulfite and thiourea (which do not interfere) are added as antioxidants during extraction of ascorbic acid from drugs and fruits. PMID- 6725195 TI - Composition and protein efficiency ratio of meat samples partially defatted with petroleum ether, acetone, or ethyl ether. AB - Freeze-dried beef samples were partially defatted with either petroleum ether, acetone, or ethyl ether before determination of protein efficiency ratio (PER) to study the extraction effects on the composition and protein nutritional quality of the extracted beef. Defatting a protein source, such as meat or a meat product, may often be necessary to produce a test diet that contains 10% protein and 8% fat. Amino acid, carnosine, anserine, creatine, creatinine, inosine, and proximate compositions were determined on the extracted samples. Resulting data were compared to the composition and PER data of the beef that had no solvent treatment. Although the chemical analysis data from the study showed some variation between the proteins and other nitrogenous components of the unextracted and the extracted beef, these variations were too small to affect the protein nutritional quality of the beef as measured by PER. PMID- 6725196 TI - Gas chromatographic determination of pentachlorophenol in gelatin. AB - A method is described for the determination of pentachlorophenol (PCP) in gelatin. The method employs acid and heat to hydrolyze the gelatin matrix, a base partition and wash for separation and cleanup, and a reacidification and extraction with hexane for direct determination of PCP, without preparation of a derivative, using gas chromatography (GC) with a 1% SP- 124ODA liquid phase and a 63Ni electron capture detector. Recoveries averaged 106% for fortifications between 0.02 and 1.0 ppm. The limit of quantitation is 20 ppb. The limit of detection is 4-6 ppb. The method, which has undergone a successful intralaboratory trial, is simple and rapid, and requires only general laboratory reagents and equipment. GC of the acetate derivative of PCP is used for confirmation of identity. PMID- 6725197 TI - Gas chromatographic determination of ametryn and its metabolites in tropical root crops. AB - Residue analysis of the herbicide ametryn (2-methylthio-4-ethylamino-6 isopropylamino-s-triazine) is widely known but an analytical method for determining its metabolites has not yet been reported in the literature. A method has been developed for the extraction and determination of ametryn and 3 metabolites, 2-methylthio-4-amino-6-isopropylamino-s-triazine (GS-11354), 2 methylthio-4,6-diamino-s-triazine (GS-26831), and 2-methylthio-4-amino-6 ethylamino-s-triazine (GS-11355) in taniers , yams , cassava. Residues were extracted from crops with ethyl acetate-toluene (3 + 1 v/v), using a Polytron homogenizer and anhydrous sodium sulfate added for drying. The extracts were cleaned up by automated gel permeation chromatography on Bio-Beads SX-3 gel in the same solvent system. Quantitative determination was performed by gas chromatographic (GC) analysis on a column packed with 5% DEGS -PS on 100-120 mesh Supelcoport using either an N-P detector or a flame photometric detector ( FPD ) in the sulfur mode. Minimum detection by the flame photometric detector is 10 ng each for ametryn , GS-11354, and GS-11355 and 21 ng for GS-26831; by the N-P detector, 0.3 ng of each component gives easily quantitatable peaks. On a parts per million basis, starting with 25 g sample, the FPD detected a minimum level of 0.04 microgram/g each for ametryn , GS-11354, and GS-11355, and 0.08 microgram/g for GS-26831. The N-P detector could detect 0.0024 microgram/g for all 4 compounds. In addition to superior sensitivity, instrumental conditions allowed the complete separation of components in 10 min, for the N-P detector; more than 30 min was required for the FPD . Recoveries from fortified crops ranged from 67 to 111% at levels of 0.1-1.0 microgram/g. PMID- 6725198 TI - Multiresidue gas chromatographic method for determining organochlorine pesticides in poultry fat: collaborative study. AB - A gas chromatographic electron capture detector method is described for the quantitative determination of organochlorine pesticide residues in poultry fat. The samples are rendered and cleaned up using automated gel permeation chromatography. The collaborative samples consisted of 10 fortified samples and one incurred residue sample, all in duplicate. Fortification levels ranged from 0.15 to 1.0 ppm for alpha-BHC, lindane, cis- and trans-chlordane, octachlor epoxide, o,p' and p,p'-DDT, p,p'-DDE, p,p'-TDE, hexachlorobenzene, heptachlor epoxide, dieldrin, endrin, methoxychlor, mirex, and toxaphene. The average recovery was 91.9% with a range of 81-102%. The ranges of coefficients of variation were: CVo = 3.39-14.79%; CVL = 0-16.6%; and CVx = 5.82-19.0%. The results indicate accuracy and precision comparable to other official methodology. The method has been adopted official first action. PMID- 6725199 TI - Alumina blending technique for separation of pesticides from lipids. AB - An evaluation of an extraction technique for elimination of lipids during pesticide residue analysis was undertaken, which included a study of the parameters involved in an attempt to optimize the separation and recovery of selected pesticides from lipid samples. The choice of alumina, the degree of water deactivation of alumina, the amount of alumina relative to the weight of sample taken, the volume and composition of extraction solvent, the blending time, and the filtration procedure were all significant factors. Optimization of these factors resulted in greater than 90% recoveries of selected chlorinated pesticides from fortified fatty samples. In addition, the amount of co-extracted lipid material was about one-third of that obtained with the official method (AOAC 29.014), and less analytical time was required for the extraction by the proposed technique. The formation of troublesome emulsions sometimes encountered with the official method was also eliminated. PMID- 6725200 TI - Recent advances in cleanup of fats by sweep co-distillation. Part 1: Organochlorine residues. AB - A redesigned fractionation tube has resulted in development of a new, commercial sweep co-distillation unit. It is compact, reliable, cost-efficient, and permits cleanup of pesticides in up to 10 fat samples simultaneously. Recovery of several organochlorine residues (HCB, alpha-BHC, lindane, heptachlor epoxide, dieldrin, p,p'-DDE, p,p'-DDD, p,p'-DDT) at ppm and ppb levels in meat (beef) fat are 83 105%, with coefficients of variation between 4 and 6%. Cleaned up extracts are quantitated by gas chromatography using an electron capture detector with a vitreous silica capillary column containing a medium polarity bonded phase. PMID- 6725201 TI - Determination of aflatoxins in peanut butter, using two liquid chromatographic methods: collaborative study. AB - Two methods for determining aflatoxins in peanut butter, one using normal phase and the other reverse phase liquid chromatography (LC), were studied by 8 and 10 collaborators, respectively. Fluorescence detection was used for the determinative step in both methods. For reverse phase LC, aflatoxins B1 and G1 were converted to B2a and G2a; for normal phase LC, a silica gel-packed flow cell was placed in the irradiating light path of the detector. The samples included spiked and naturally contaminated peanut butter with total aflatoxin levels from about 5 to 20 ng/g and controls in a balanced pair design. For the normal phase LC method, recoveries of B1, B2, G1, and G2 from spiked samples averaged 79, 92, 74, and 88%, respectively; for the reverse phase method, the recoveries were 103, 104, 89, and 163%. For the normal phase LC method, pooled repeatabilities were 20, 23, 28, and 17% for B1, B2, G1, and G2, respectively; for the reverse phase method, the repeatabilities were 19, 22, 38, and 31%. For the normal phase method, pooled reproducibilities were 34, 33, 39, and 34% for B1, B2, G1, and G2, respectively; for the reverse phase method, the reproducibilities were 32, 46, 51, and 52%. Both methods show an improved limit of detection and better within laboratory precision over current AOAC methods; however, between-laboratory precision is no better, and the reverse phase method shows evidence of interferences being measured. For these reasons and because of no benefits of present value, neither method was submitted for adoption as official first action. PMID- 6725202 TI - Rapid liquid chromatographic determination of clopidol in chicken muscles. AB - A simple, rapid, and sensitive liquid chromatographic method is described for the quantitative determination of trace amounts of clopidol (3,5-dichloro-2,6 dimethyl-4-pyridinol) in chicken muscles. Clopidol was extracted from tissues with acetonitrile and the extract was cleaned up on an alumina column and separated on an anion exchange column, using 0.5% acetic acid in methanol as eluant. The solvent in the eluate was evaporated and the residue was dissolved in methanol containing benzamide as internal standard. Clopidol was separated on a Zorbax ODS column (4.6 X 250 mm) by using acetonitrile-0. 05M phosphate buffer, pH 7.0 (15 + 85 v/v%), and detected at 270 nm with 0.005 AUFS . Recoveries of clopidol added to chicken tissues at levels of 0.02, 0.05, and 0.1 microgram/g were 94.8, 94.8, and 97.0%, respectively. This method is applicable to levels as low as 0.01 ppm clopidol in chicken muscle. PMID- 6725203 TI - Comparison of liquid chromatography and high performance thin layer chromatography for determination of aflatoxin in peanut products. AB - Recent research studies concerning aflatoxin in peanut products have involved the use of new instrumental methods for greater detection sensitivity. A comparison of 2 such techniques, liquid chromatography (LC) and high performance thin layer chromatography (HPTLC), is reported here. With respect to precision, accuracy, sensitivity, recovery, and linearity of response, HPTLC appears to be equivalent to LC. These points illustrate the viability of HPTLC as an alternative technique in the determination of aflatoxin. PMID- 6725204 TI - Liquid chromatographic determination of acetaminophen in multicomponent analgesic tablets. AB - A simple, rapid LC method is presented for the separation and determination of acetaminophen in analgesic preparations containing up to 6 additional active components. The method uses a C18 reverse phase column, methanol-0.75% acetic acid (1 + 3) mobile phase, and photometric detection in the ultraviolet region. Acetaminophen was effectively separated from chlorpheniramine maleate, phenylephrine hydrochloride, caffeine, salicylamide, aspirin, and phenacetin, as well as from salicylic acid, a degradation product of aspirin. Typical chromatograms of the separation of acetaminophen from the above compounds in synthetic mixture and in commercial multicomponent analgesic preparations are presented, along with reproducibility and recovery data. PMID- 6725205 TI - Regulation of protoxin synthesis in Bacillus thuringiensis. AB - A derivative of Bacillus thuringiensis subsp. kurstaki (HD-1) formed parasporal inclusions at 25 degrees C, but not at 32 degrees C. This strain differed from the parent only in the loss of a 110-megadalton (Md) plasmid, but plasmid and chromosomal copies of protoxin genes were present in both strains. On the basis of temperature shift experiments, the sensitive period appeared to be during midexponential growth, long before the time of protoxin synthesis at 3 to 4 h after the end of exponential growth. The conditional phenotype could be transferred by cell mating to naturally acrystalliferous Bacillus cereus. In all such cases, a 29-Md protoxin -encoding plasmid was transferred, but this plasmid alone was barely sufficient for protoxin synthesis. Protoxin production increased to detectable levels, but well below those of the parental donor strain, by simultaneous transfer of a 44-Md protoxin -encoding plasmid. Transfer of a 5-Md plasmid with the two larger protoxin -coding plasmids resulted in a protoxin synthesis level approaching that of the donor strain. A role for some of the cryptic plasmids of kurstaki in parasporal body formation was implied. In contrast, a closely related B. thuringiensis strain, HD73 , produced crystals at both 25 and 32 degrees C even when the capacity was transferred on a 50-Md plasmid to B. cereus. The amount of protoxin produced in these B. cereus transcipients , however, was somewhat less than that produced in the parental strain HD73 , implying that catabolic differences, gene dosage, or the presence of a chromosomal gene (or a combination of these) may be necessary for maximum production. A regulatory component of the 29-Md plasmid appeared to be trans acting and dominant since B. cereus transcipients containing the 29-Md plasmid from kurstaki and the 50-Md plasmid from HD73 produced more protoxin at 25 degrees C than at 30 degrees C. Similar results were obtained when protoxin synthetic capacity was transferred from B. thuringiensis subsp. israelensis to the conditional B. thuringiensis subsp. kurstaki strain. PMID- 6725206 TI - Genome complexity of methanogenic bacteria. AB - The genome complexities of different methanogenic bacteria were investigated by using an optical method to study renaturation kinetics of single-stranded DNA. The observed genome sizes ranged from 1.0 X 10(9) to 1.8 X 10(9) daltons, which is a typical range for procaryotic cells. Melting profiles of the DNA of three methanogenic species from different families show fractions which have a higher A . T content than the average DNA of that species. PMID- 6725207 TI - Large transmissible clindamycin resistance plasmid in Bacteroides ovatus. AB - Bacteroides ovatus IB106 contained two plasmids, pBI106 (46 kilobases) and pBI136 (82 kilobases). Transmissible clindamycin-erythromycin resistance (Ccr) was mediated by pBI136 , whose Ccr determinant was closely related to the determinant on the Bacteroides R plasmids pBF4 and pBFTM10 . Hybridization studies showed that pBI106 was not involved in Ccr transfer, but it shared extensive homology to pBF4 with the exception of the pBF4 region implicated in Ccr. PMID- 6725208 TI - Heterogeneity of Rhizobium lipopolysaccharides. AB - The lipopolysaccharides ( LPSs ) from strains of Rhizobium leguminosarum, Rhizobium trifolii, and Rhizobium phaseoli were isolated and partially characterized by mild acid hydrolysis and by polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis. Mild acid hydrolysis results in a precipitate which can be removed by centrifugation or extraction with chloroform. The supernatant contains polysaccharides which, in general, are separated into two fractions ( LPS1 and LPS2 ) by Sephadex G-50 gel filtration chromatography. The higher-molecular weight LPS1 fractions among the various Rhizobium strains are highly variable in composition and reflect the variability reported in the intact LPSs (R. W. Carlson and R. Lee, Plant Physiol. 71:223-228, 1983; Carlson et al., Plant Physiol. 62:912-917, 1978; Zevenhuizen et al., Arch. Microbiol. 125:1-8, 1980). The LPS1 fraction of R. leguminosarum 128C53 has a higher molecular weight than all other LPS1 fractions examined. All LPS2 fractions examined are oligosaccharides with a molecular weight of ca. 600. The major sugar component of all LPS2 oligosaccharides is uronic acid. The LPS2 compositions are similar for strains of R. leguminosarum and R. trifolii, but the LPS2 from R. phaseoli was different in that it contained glucose, a sugar not found in the other LPS2 fractions or found only in trace amounts. Polyacrylamide gel electrophoretic analysis shows that each LPS contains two banding regions, a higher-molecular weight heterogeneous region often containing many bands and a lower-molecular weight band. The lower-molecular-weight bands of all LPSs have the same electrophoretic mobility, which is greater than that of lysozyme. The banding pattern of the heterogeneous regions varies among the different Rhizobium strains. In the case of R. leguminosarum 128C53 LPS, the heterogeneous region of a higher molecular weight than is this region from all other Rhizobium strains examined and consists of many bands separated from one another by a small and apparently constant molecular weight interval. When the heterogeneous region of R. Leguminosarum 128C53 LPS was cut from the gel and analyzed, its composition was found to be that of the intact LPS, whereas the lower-molecular-weight band contains only sugars found in the LPS2 oligosaccharide. In the case of R. leguminosarum 128C63 and R. trifolii 0403 LPSs, the heterogeneous regions are similar and consist of several band s separated by a large-molecular-weight interval with a the major band of these heterogeneous regions having the lowest molecular weight with an electrophoretic mobility near that of beta lactoglobulin. The heterogeneous region from R. phaseoli 127K14 consists of several bands with electrophoretic mobilities near that of beta-lactoglobulin, whereas this region from R. trifolii 162S7 shows a continuous staining region, indicating a great deal of heterogeneity. The results described in this paper are discussed with regard to the reported properties of Escherichia coli and Salmonella LPSs. PMID- 6725209 TI - Virulence plasmid-associated autoagglutination in Yersinia spp. AB - The autoagglutination of Yersinia enterocolitica was dependent on the presence of the virulence plasmid and on the active growth of bacteria in tissue culture media at 37 degrees C. Cultures with a high initial concentration of bacteria failed to autoagglutinate , indicating that synthesis of new virulence plasmid associated surface factors was essential for autoagglutination. The synthesis of a plasmid-encoded polypeptide (molecular weight, 240,000), designated P1, that could be dissociated under strongly reducing conditions into subunits of 52,500 daltons was found to be correlated with autoagglutination. Further, a strain of Yersinia pseudotuberculosis [ YPIII ( PIB102 )], which has Tn5 inserted within the structural gene of P1 that prevents the synthesis of P1, failed to autoagglutinate , in contrast to the wild-type strain, strongly indicating that P1 is involved in this phenomenon. It was also found by immunoblotting that in addition to the common response to temperature, the P1 proteins of Y. enterocolitica and Y. pseudotuberculosis were immunologically related. PMID- 6725211 TI - Protocols for the use of psychoactive drugs: Part III. Protocol for the treatment of bipolar affective disorder with lithium. AB - A step-wise protocol is described for the treatment of bipolar affective disorder, with emphasis on the use of lithium. The objective of this protocol is to delineate the steps clinicians must consider in monitoring a patient who is receiving treatment for bipolar affective illness. While not covering every aspect of treatment, the protocol does provide the basic steps necessary for care; it is intended for use in conjunction with the clinician's personal expertise. The protocol has also been found useful in the training of residents and students. PMID- 6725210 TI - Chemical modification of Streptococcus flagellar motors. AB - Video techniques were used to record changes in motility of cells of Streptococcus sp. strain V4051 exposed to a variety of protein modification reagents. Starved cells were tethered to glass by a single flagellum, energized metabolically with glucose, or treated with valinomycin and energized artificially via shifts to media containing low concentrations of potassium ion. Experiments were devised that distinguished reagents that lowered the proton motive force from those that blocked the generation of torque (damaged the flagellar motors). Imidazole reagents blocked the generation of torque. Amino, sulfhydryl, dithiol, and disulfide reagents did not. Some of the imidazole, amino, and sulfhydryl reagents had long-term effects on the direction of flagellar rotation. PMID- 6725212 TI - Beyond the therapeutic window: a case presentation. AB - The relationship of haloperidol dose and plasma concentration to psychotic symptoms of schizophrenia is described. The authors present evidence supporting a therapeutic window hypothesis, in which an individual patient's course follows an inverted U curve. The clinical implications for dosage strategies are discussed. PMID- 6725213 TI - The role of cerebral arteriovenous malformations in psychiatric disturbances: case report. AB - A patient is described who had congenital vascular malformation of the vein of Galen, with several psychiatric, as well as neurologic, manifestations. Prior to this patient's death, there was an increase in some psychiatric manifestations in response to suggestions of surgical therapy for the cerebral venous anomaly. Other symptoms appeared to represent direct organic effects of the lesion. The medical literature on the anomalies of the great vein of Galen reveals a frequent but not specific relationship to concomitant psychiatric manifestations. PMID- 6725214 TI - Priapism associated with trazodone therapy: case report. AB - A case of priapism associated with trazodone is described. Erection subsided spontaneously after 4 hours, with subsequent potency unimpaired. No published reports of priapism with antidepressants were located, but 11 cases have been reported to the manufacturers. PMID- 6725215 TI - Reversibility of MAO inhibition. PMID- 6725216 TI - Plasma catecholamine metabolites and early response to haloperidol. AB - Plasma homovanillic acid (HVA) and methoxyhydroxyphenyl glycol (MHPG) as well as serum haloperidol and prolactin were measured in patients admitted to a general hospital psychiatric service for treatment of acute psychosis. At 10 days, good responders compared to poor responders had higher mean plasma HVA values before and during the first week of treatment with 0.2-0.4 mg/kg haloperidol per day. MHPG values showed a similar pattern, although no significant differences were obtained between or within the two groups. Females predominated among good responders; neither DSM-III diagnoses nor steady state haloperidol levels differed significantly between the two groups. Significant correlations within some patients were obtained between prolactin and haloperidol (positive), prolactin and MHPG (negative), and HVA and MHPG (positive). Plasma catecholamine metabolites deserve further study as possible markers of early response to the treatment of acute psychosis with modest doses of neuroleptic drugs. PMID- 6725217 TI - The validity of broadly defined hysteria and DSM-III conversion disorder: outcome, family history, and mortality. AB - Patients who fail to meet criteria for Briquet's syndrome (or somatization disorder) despite a chart diagnosis of hysteria have been shown previously to resemble patients with primary depression in terms of familial psychopathology. The same patients are shown here to have excess mortality which also resembles that seen in patients with primary depression. The isolation of patients meeting DSM-III criteria for conversion disorder yielded very similar results. Outcome and mortality data clearly separated conversion disorder from Briquet's syndrome patients; family history data suggested substantial diagnostic heterogeneity. Until the validity of this diagnosis is established, the label "conversion disorder" is recommended as a descriptive alternative to the label "undiagnosed." PMID- 6725218 TI - Effects of endogenicity and severity on consistency of standard depression rating scales. AB - Agreement between the clinician-rated Hamilton Depression Rating Scale and the patient-rated Zung Self-Rating Depression Scale was examined in 36 inpatients with major depression during the course of a 4-week antidepressant treatment protocol. Clinician-patient agreement was low when depression was rated as most severe by the clinician. An endogenicity factor extracted from the Zung scale also predicted disagreement, which was greatest for patients with more nonendogenous symptom patterns. Clinicians and researchers should remain aware of the limitations of such standard assessment procedures in the context of changing criteria for the diagnosis of depression. PMID- 6725219 TI - MAO inhibitor therapy in trichotillomania associated with depression: case report. AB - Trichotillomania may sometimes be an atypical variant of depressive illness. A case is reported in which the MAO inhibitor isocarboxazid was successfully used to treat both depression and associated trichotillomania. The symptoms recurred upon discontinuation of the drug and were ameliorated by reintroduction of isocarboxazid . PMID- 6725220 TI - Psychiatric aspects of complex partial seizures: case report. AB - A patient is described who had a personal and family history of rage attacks, mood disturbance, and epileptiform EEGs. The patient achieved a return to emotional stability with the introduction of anticonvulsant drug therapy. Symptoms relapsed and then remitted as anticonvulsants were stopped and then reinstituted. PMID- 6725221 TI - Carbamazepine-induced mania in two children: case report. AB - Carbamazepine-induced mania is described in two case reports of prepubertal boys, one of whom also developed manic symptoms after receiving imipramine and dextroamphetamine. The structural and chemical similarities between carbamazepine and polycyclic antidepressants are discussed and it is suggested that caution and close observation be employed when using carbamazepine to treat children who have been identified as being at risk for developing this adverse effect. PMID- 6725222 TI - Hypokalemia-induced psychosis in a chronic schizophrenic patient. AB - An association is documented between hypokalemia and an acute psychotic decompensation in a patient with chronic schizophrenia. The patient's symptom picture and other aspects of the clinical presentation alone were not sufficient to differentiate between hypokalemic psychosis and an exacerbation of schizophrenia. A restricted focus on a history of psychosis, ignoring the possibility of organic factors, can be misleading and dangerous to the patient. PMID- 6725223 TI - More on diagnosing Alzheimer's disease. PMID- 6725225 TI - Chemical modification of proteins: plotting of the remaining activity against the number of residues modified. AB - In the study of chemical modification of proteins, it has been a common practice to plot the fractional remaining activity against the number of residues modified per protein molecule. Extrapolation of the initial, nearly linear portion of the curve to the axis giving numbers of residues has often been presumed to specify the actual number of critical groups modified, i.e., the stoichiometry of the modification and the inactivation reactions. However, this extrapolation method is not generally applicable (Horiike, K. & McCormick, D.B. (1979) J. Theor. Biol. 79, 403-414). This paper describes further examination of the underlying theoretical framework of the extrapolation method. The properties and features of the extrapolated values are considered and presented with numerical and graphical examples. And the theoretical conditions with which the extrapolated value gives the number of essential residues are derived. PMID- 6725224 TI - Suicidal behavior: a neglected issue in DSM-III. PMID- 6725226 TI - Large scale preparation and crystallization of neuron-specific enolase. AB - A simple method has been developed for the large scale purification of neuron specific enolase [EC 4.2.1.11]. The method consists of ammonium sulfate fractionation of brain extract, and two subsequent column chromatography steps on DEAE Sephadex A-50. The chromatography was performed on a short (25 cm height) and thick (8.5 cm inside diameter) column unit that was specially devised for the large scale preparation. The purified enolase was crystallized in 0.05 M imidazole-HCl buffer containing 1.6 M ammonium sulfate (pH 6.39), with a yield of 0.9 g/kg of bovine brain tissue. PMID- 6725227 TI - Anticoagulant properties of heparin preparations from different animal sources with equivalent high affinity for antithrombin III. AB - Three kinds of heparins from different animal sources--hog-intestinal heparin (167 USP units/mg), bovine-lung heparin (149 USP units/mg) and whale-intestinal heparin (Balaenoptera borealis L., 174 USP units/mg)--were fractionated through an antithrombin III-Sepharose column and high-affinity (HA) subfractions (1.2-1.8 M NaCl eluted fractions) were separated. These HA heparin specimens, which were confirmed to be equivalent in strength of binding to antithrombin III, were compared with respect to the anticoagulant properties by means of [1] whole blood clotting assay and [2] thrombin or [3] factor Xa inhibition assay. The activities of whale HA heparin were [1] 82%, [2] 38%, and [3] 45%, respectively, of those of the hog and bovine HA heparins (which showed approximately identical activities). Since it was confirmed that the affinity for antithrombin III of whale heparin is of the same nature as those of hog and bovine heparins by (a) fluorometric titration and (b) affinity chromatography on an antithrombin III-Sepharose column saturated with hog HA heparin, the above difference in anticoagulant properties between the whale HA heparin and hog and bovine HA heparins may be considered to be due to a difference in undescribed saccharide-sequence structures at sites other than the well-characterized antithrombin III-binding sites, suggesting strongly that some heparin saccharide structures other than antithrombin III binding oligosaccharide participate in the anticoagulant activity dependent on antithrombin III-heparin binding--at least in the manifestation of anti-thrombin activity and the enhancement of anti-Xa activity. PMID- 6725228 TI - Heat capacity and entropy changes of calmodulin induced by calcium binding. AB - Microcalorimetric titrations were carried out in order to analyze the structural changes of calmodulin caused by Ca2+-binding. Measurements were made both in the absence and in the presence of Mg2+, at 5, 15, and 25 degrees C. Titrations of calmodulin with Ca2+ in the absence of Mg2+ showed that the Ca2+-binding reaction is endothermic and thus is driven solely by the large entropy change. Following the method of Sturtevant (1977), the magnitudes of the hydrophobic and intramolecular vibrational contributions to the heat capacity and entropy changes of calmodulin on Ca2+-binding were estimated. In both the absence and the presence of Mg2+, Ca2+-binding to every site of calmodulin gives rise to an increase in hydrophobic entropy and thus to an "assembling" of nonpolar groups, which are scattered on the surface of the molecule in Ca2+-free calmodulin. Ca2+ binding to calmodulin also gives rise to an increase in vibrational entropy, indicating a "softening" of the overall structure. PMID- 6725229 TI - Characterization of subfractions of autolysosomes isolated from rat liver after leupeptin treatment. AB - Autolysosomes were isolated from leupeptin-treated rat liver (Furuno, K., Ishikawa, T., & Kato, K. (1982) J. Biochem. 91, 1943-1950). They were disrupted by hypotonic treatment and subfractionated by centrifugation in a discontinuous sucrose gradient into three distinct parts: the membranes, the soluble contents, and the insoluble remnants. The content fraction contained the bulk of the activities of lysosomal enzymes with a protein yield of about 36%. The membrane fraction, representing about 5% of protein of the autolysosomes, had a high specific activity of acid phosphatase. In SDS-polyacrylamide gel electrophoretic analysis, the autolysosomal membranes showed protein profiles similar to those of normal lysosomal membranes. The aggregates of partially digested cellular components, including organelles, in the autolysosomes were recovered as granular materials with a very high density (designated as the remnant fraction). This fraction accounted for more than half of protein of the autolysosomes but contained little of the activities of lysosomal enzymes. Lipid analyses revealed that the autolysosomes were poor in lipids because the lipid content of the insoluble remnants was very low. Measurements of the rate of protein degradation in vitro in the crude lysosomal fraction and the isolated autolysosomes from leupeptin-treated rat liver showed that proteolysis was suppressed within the autolysosomes. It was suggested that lipids of sequestered cellular components were preferentially digested within the autolysosomes due to the inhibition of proteolytic activity by leupeptin, and the resulting massive accumulation of proteins was responsible for the enhanced autolysosomal density. PMID- 6725230 TI - Conformation and template activity of human reovirus genome RNA. AB - In vitro activation of human reovirus transcriptase by alpha-chymotrypsin digestion of viral outer shell proteins was completely dependent on the ionic size of the monovalent cation in the medium. Cations with nonhydrated ionic radii larger than 1.3 A showed full potency of activation of chymotrypsin digestion, and produced transcriptionally active virus cores. Smaller cations having ionic radii of 0.6 A or 0.95 A, on the other hand, promoted the chymotrypsin digestion to lesser extents, and yielded subviral particles showing latent or very low transcriptase activities. Differential conformational changes would be induced in viral outer shell proteins by these monovalent cations, resulting in the varied accessibility to chymotrypsin. Electron microscopic analyses under denaturing conditions of the cross-linked reovirus core genome RNAs with the AMT photoreaction revealed that they were almost evenly cross-linked by the psoralen adducts forming no reproducible size of "bubbles." This result suggests that the double helical reovirus genome may not be bound tightly by the inner viral proteins forming such nucleoprotein structures as nucleosomes in eukaryotic chromatin. PMID- 6725231 TI - Affinity purification and characterization of glutathione S-transferases from bovine liver. AB - Conditions have been investigated for the use of triazine dye agarose as an affinity matrix for the purification of glutathione S-transferases from bovine liver. Orange A agarose was most suitable for this purpose among various dye agaroses tested. The enzymes were adsorbed on the dye agarose column and then completely eluted with the buffer containing 1 mM reduced glutathione. Thus, a simple and rapid method for purification of bovine liver transferases was developed, which uses column chromatographies on orange A agarose followed by DEAE-Sephacel. One step of the affinity chromatography provided 40-fold purification. Upon chromatography on DEAE-Sephacel, the enzyme activity separated into two major forms (I and II), which were purified to apparent homogeneity as examined by polyacrylamide gel electrophoreses. The pI values of the two forms, I and II, were 6.7 and 6.1, respectively. The overall extents of purification of I and II were about 40-fold and 50-fold, respectively. The activities of the two major enzymes toward various substrates were roughly similar. The optimum pH values of these enzymes were 7.5 as measured with o-dinitrobenzene as a substrate. The activities were significantly inhibited by Cu2+, Hg2+, Cd2+, and Zn2+. In sodium dodecyl sulfate-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis, both enzymes showed one band with a molecular weight of about 27,000. Both enzymes, however, were eluted as a single peak from a Sephadex G-150 column at a position corresponding to a molecular weight of about 49,000. These results show that each enzyme consists of two subunits bound to each other non-covalently. The amino acid compositions showed characteristically high contents of leucine and aspartic acid residues. Double immunodiffusion showed complete identity of the two forms reacting with both rabbit anti-enzyme sera. The two enzymes had an identical amino-terminal amino acid sequence as follows: H-Pro-Met-Ile-Leu-Gly-Tyr-Trp-Asp Ile-Arg-Gly-Leu-Ala-His-Ala-Ile-Ser-Le u-Leu-Leu. PMID- 6725232 TI - Some evidence suggesting the existence of P2 and B3 sites in the active site of bovine pancreatic ribonuclease A. AB - In order to clarify the subsite structure of ribonuclease A (RNase A), the interactions of pdTp, pAp, dTpdAp, and pdTpdAp with RNase A were investigated by means of kinetic studies and 31P NMR spectroscopy. The pH profile of the 31P NMR spectrum of RNase A-pdTp complex indicated the interaction of the 3'- and 5' phosphates with RNase A. The signal of 3'-phosphate of pdTp in the presence of RNase A gave a characteristic titration curve indicating the participation of more than 2 ionic groups in the P1 subsite. A similar 31P NMR titration was observed in the case of 5'-phosphate of pAp in the presence of RNase A. The results indicated that pAp interacted with RNase A at the P1, B2, and P2 sites. dTpdAp and pdTpdAp inhibited RNase A action more markedly than dTpdA, indicating the contribution of 3'- and 5'-terminal phosphate groups attached to dTpdA to the affinity of RNase A. The 31P NMR spectra of RNase A-dTpdAp and pdTpdAp complexes excluded the possible interaction of the monoester type phosphate of the inhibitors with the P1 site of RNase A, thus indicating the binding of the 3' side phosphates with the P2 subsite of RNase A. PMID- 6725233 TI - Gangliosides of various rat tissues: distribution of ganglio-N-tetraose containing gangliosides and tissue-characteristic composition of gangliosides. AB - Gangliosides were extracted from various tissues of rat (Wistar strain, male, 3 months old) and their structures were elucidated by enzymatic and chemical procedures including the analysis by negative ion fast atom bombardment mass spectrometry. All tissues analyzed contained gangliosides in various but characteristic concentrations. GD1a was detected in the various extraneural tissues (erythrocytes, buffy coat, bone marrow, testis, spleen, and liver) in amounts corresponding to more than 30% of total lipid-bound sialic acid, and surprisingly, it was the sole ganglioside found in buffy coat. The extraneural tissues were classified into several categories according to the nature of the asialo-oligosaccharides of gangliosides as follows: (1) gangliosides with ganglio N-tetraose were exclusively present (buffy coat and erythrocytes), (2) the concentration of ganglio-N-tetraose-containing gangliosides was higher than that of lactose-containing gangliosides (testis and bone marrow), (3) ganglio-N tetraose-containing gangliosides amounted to 25-30% of lactose-containing gangliosides (liver and spleen), (4) ganglio-N-tetraose-containing gangliosides amounted to 7-11% of lactose-containing gangliosides (lung and stomach), (5) more than 90% of gangliosides were lactose-containing gangliosides (heart, intestine, and kidney). In addition, the following gangliosides were characteristically detected in high concentration in the following tissues: GM4 in kidney. GM2 in bone marrow, fucosyl GM1 and GM1 in erythrocytes and GM3 with 2-hydroxy fatty acid, phytosphingosine and N-glycolylneuraminic acid in intestine. PMID- 6725234 TI - Inhibition of palmitate oxidation in mitochondria by lipid hydroperoxides. AB - Linoleate monohydroperoxide (L-HPO), methyl linoleate monohydroperoxide (ML-HPO), and methyl hydroperoxy-epoxy-octadecenoate (ML-X) inhibited state 3 respiration of mitochondria when palmitate, palmitoyl CoA, or L-palmitoylcarnitine was used as a substrate. L-HPO was the most effective, and 50% inhibition of palmitate supported respiration was observed with 2, 3.3, and 6.5 nmol/mg protein of L-HPO, ML-X, and ML-HPO, respectively. Almost the same values were obtained when palmitoyl CoA or L-palmitoylcarnitine was used in place of palmitate. L-HPO inhibited the reaction of beta-oxidation in mitochondria in a similar concentration range (4 nmol/mg protein for 50% inhibition) when L palmitoylcarnitine was used as a substrate. L-HPO also inhibited the formation of 3-hydroxypalmitoylcarnitine from the same substrate. Carnitine palmitoyltransferase activity of mitochondria was inhibited by L-HPO, 50% inhibition occurring at 12 nmol/mg protein. These inhibitory effects of L-HPO were weaker when ATP was removed by hexokinase and glucose. ATP-dependent formation of carnitine ester of L-HPO was also suggested. It was deduced that L HPO (and ML-X and ML-HPO after hydrolysis) was converted to carnitine ester and inhibited the palmitate metabolism at the site(s) of intramitochondrial carnitine palmitoyltransferase (and possibly acyl CoA dehydrogenase). PMID- 6725235 TI - Cytochrome P-450-dependent fatty acid hydroxylase system in Japanese house musk shrew, Suncus murinus. AB - The substrate specificity and other properties of a fatty acid hydroxylase system in liver microsomes of the Japanese house musk shrew, Suncus murinus, were examined. Shrew liver microsomes catalyzed the hydroxylation of various saturated fatty acids (C8-C18) to the corresponding omega- and (omega-1)-hydroxy derivatives. The relative activities of the hydroxylase with these substrates were as follows: C12 (100, actual conversion: 7.05 nmol/mg of microsomal protein/min), C10 (90), C14 (87), C16 (23), C8 (19), and C18 (11). The specific activity of the fatty acid hydroxylase in shrew liver was much higher than that in other species. The omega/omega-1-hydroxylation ratio decreased with increasing chain length of fatty acid substrates (C10-C18), but it was 0 for the C8 fatty acid. Both NADPH and O2 were required for hydroxylase activity, and NADH had little effect. The apparent Km value for laurate was 1.6 X 10(-5) M. The hydroxylase activity was 92% inhibited by CO at a CO-O2 ratio of 9. p Chloromercuribenzoate (0.1 mM) inhibited hydroxylation by 94% whereas iodoacetate (0.1 mM) inhibited it by only 8%. SKF 525-A (1 mM) and menadione (0.01 mM), respectively, caused 41% and 29% inhibition of the activity. It is concluded that the hydroxylase catalyzing fatty acid hydroxylation in shrew liver microsomes is a typical cytochrome P-450-linked monooxygenase. PMID- 6725236 TI - Uptake and processing of serine: pyruvate aminotransferase precursor by rat liver mitochondria in vitro and in vivo. AB - Processing and uptake of the precursor of serine: pyruvate aminotransferase [EC 2.6.1.51] by mitochondria were studied in vitro and in vivo. Serine: pyruvate aminotransferase was synthesized mainly on free ribosomes as judged by immunoprecipitation of puromycin-labeled nascent peptides prepared from free and bound ribosomes. The precursor of rat liver serine:pyruvate aminotransferase (pSPT) synthesized in vitro was post-translationally processed to an apparently mature form by isolated rat liver mitochondria. Available evidence indicated that the processed product was localized in the matrix of mitochondria. Mature serine:pyruvate aminotransferase did not inhibit the in vitro processing, suggesting that the extra peptide was necessary for the mitochondrial uptake of the precursor. In the livers of rats fed a vitamin B6-deficient high-protein diet, the induction by glucagon of serine:pyruvate aminotransferase occurred and most of the induced enzyme existed in mitochondria as the apo-form, suggesting that pSPT was taken up by mitochondria and processed in the apo-form under the conditions employed. In the in vitro system, on the other hand, the processing of pSPT proceeded both in the absence and presence of pyridoxal 5'-phosphate. Should the precursor also bind the prosthetic molecule, therefore, it would be transported into mitochondria in both the apo- and holo-forms. When isolated rat hepatocytes were labeled with [35S]methionine, labeled pSPT appeared in the cytosolic fraction and was transported rapidly into mitochondria in association with the processing. This uptake and processing were inhibited by a fluorescent laser dye, rhodamine 123, and the precursor accumulated in the cytosol in the presence of the dye. PMID- 6725237 TI - Protection by selenium against gentamicin-induced acute renal damage in the rat. AB - Gentamicin has been shown to induce renal tubular damage in man and laboratory animals and to result in elevated urinary excretion of some enzymes associated with specific cell regions in the kidney. In the present investigation, the possible protective effect of selenium against gentamicin-induced renal damage was tested by measuring the urinary excretion of some enzymes in the presence and absence of selenium. Our results show that a prior subcutaneous injection of selenium to rats for two days followed by a simultaneous S.C. injection of gentamicin and selenium resulted in a marked reduction in the excretion of such biochemical systems as the urine volume, urinary proteins, alkaline and acid phosphatases, beta-glucuronidase, muramidase, and glutamate dehydrogenase. Renal functional studies revealed that selenium-treated rats suffered less adverse effects compared to rats treated with gentamicin alone. Urinary acid phosphatase, beta-glucuronidase and muramidase, the three lysosomal enzymes tested, appeared to respond most readily to protection by selenium. PMID- 6725238 TI - Comparative studies on kinetic behavior of horseradish peroxidase isoenzymes. AB - Kinetic parameters for each reaction step of the peroxidase-catalyzed reaction were determined by the stopped-flow technique on three distinct isoenzymes: acidic A2, neutral C1, and basic E5. The pH dependence of the reaction for the formation of compound I with hydrogen peroxide was examined. The three isoenzymes had a common ionizing group at about pK 4 which affects the rate constant for the formation of compound I. The heat of ionization determined from the temperature dependence of the dissociation constant of the group strongly suggested that it is of carboxyl nature. The rate constant for isoenzyme A2 was a tenth of those for the other two isoenzymes over the whole range of pH. Furthermore, the thermodynamic parameters of isoenzyme A2 were found to be different from those for the other two isoenzymes. These difference as well as the different behavior in alkaline transition of the isoenzymes are discussed in relation to the sixth ligand of the heme. The rate constant of the reduction of compound I and compound II by ferrocyanide were also determined. In both reduction steps, the pH profiles of the apparent rate constant for isoenzyme A2 and E5 were similar, but they were different from that of C1. The ionization with pK 5.29, which was detected only in isoenzyme C1, may be attributed to a group near the porphyrin ring as a stabilizer for the pi-cation radical. PMID- 6725239 TI - Purification and characterization of cathepsin B from monkey skeletal muscle. AB - Cathepsin B was purified about 11,000-fold from monkey skeletal muscle by ammonium sulfate fractionation and sequential column chromatographies monitored by assaying of Z-Phe-Arg-MCA hydrolase activity. The purified enzyme gave a single protein band on SDS-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis, and its molecular weight was estimated to be 24,000 by gel filtration. It had a pH optimum of 6.5, required a thiol reducing agent for activation, and was inhibited by various thiol protease inhibitors. These properties were similar to those reported for cathepsins B from other sources. Although the enzyme scarcely hydrolyzed ordinary proteins, such as casein, hemoglobin, and bovine serum albumin, it degraded myosin and actin among various myofibrillar proteins. These results strongly suggested that skeletal muscle cathepsin B may participate in the degradation of muscle proteins in vivo. In addition, cathepsin B was shown to hydrolyze various neuropeptides such as Leu-enkephalin, beta-neoendorphin, alpha-neoendorphin, dynorphin(1-13), and substance P. It appeared to act on these peptides mainly as a dipeptidyl carboxypeptidase, although not so rigorously, presumably due to its endopeptidase activity. PMID- 6725240 TI - Studies on cation-induced membrane vesicle aggregation of porcine intestinal brush borders. AB - Cation specificity and effects of pH and temperature on membrane aggregation of porcine intestinal brush borders were studied in terms of the turbidity change of the membrane suspensions due to the addition of polyvalent cations. Monovalent cations (K+ and Na+) did not induce the membrane aggregation at 5 mM or below. Divalent and trivalent cations induced membrane aggregation even below 0.5 mM in the following orders of effectiveness: Hg2+ much greater than Cd2+ greater than Zn2+ greater than Mn2+ greater than Ca2+ greater than or equal to Ba2+ greater than Sr2+ greater than or equal to Mg2+ and Lu3+ greater than Yb3+ greater than Nd3+ = Er3+ = Tb3+ greater than Ce3+ greater than La3+, respectively. The aggregation of membranes induced by these polyvalent cations was reversible. Membrane aggregation induced by either divalent or trivalent cations followed saturation kinetics with increasing cation concentration and the apparent dissociation constants of these cations for the membranes were estimated to be at 4-6 mM for divalent cations (Ca2+, Mn2+, and Sr2+) and 1-2 mM for trivalent cations (Lu3+, Tb3+, and La3+). Cd2+ and Hg2+ had peculiarly much lower dissociation constants than any other divalent cations tested, being rather comparable to trivalent ones. The membrane aggregation induced by Ca2+, Mn2+, or Sr2+ was independent of pH in the range of 6.6 to 8.0, whereas that induced by Tb3+ or Cd2+ was linearly enhanced with increasing pH, very steeply above pH 7.0. The membrane aggregation induced by Cd2+, Hg2+, or Tb3+ was enhanced steadily with increasing temperature between 15 and 45 degrees C. On the other hand, Ca2+ induced aggregation showed a peak at around 30 degrees C in the temperature dependence profile, still being enhanced above 40 degrees C. PMID- 6725241 TI - Correlation between the papain digestibility and the conformation of 10s-myosin from chicken gizzard. AB - In our previous reports, ATP was shown to induce a drastic change in the conformation of gizzard myosin molecules. For example, the sedimentation constant of unphosphorylated myosin (UM) increased from 6S to 10S although an ATP-induced change in the sedimentation constant did not occur with phosphorylated myosin (Suzuki et al. (1978) J. Biochem. 84, 1529). We now report the finding that the ATP-induced formation of 10S-myosin is associated with a drastic change in the papain digestibility of gizzard UM. With 10S-myosin, the cleavage by papain was strongly inhibited at two regions on heavy chains and at one region on light chains; that is, the junction between the 72K dalton and 22K dalton fragments (i.e., a cleavable site in myosin head), the one between the 22K dalton and 130K dalton fragments (i.e., a head-tail junction), and the one between the 3K dalton and 17K dalton fragments of 20K dalton light chains. An even more intimate correlation between the myosin conformation and the papain digestibility of myosin was demonstrated by using thiophosphorylated myosin (thioPM); the cleavages by papain at the 72K-22K dalton junction and the 22K-130K dalton junction were not inhibited when thioPM was digested. PMID- 6725242 TI - Electron microscopic studies on myosin molecules from chicken gizzard muscle III. Myosin dimers. AB - Previously, we (Onishi, H. & Wakabayashi, T. (1982) J. Biochem. 92, 871) reported that the ATP-induced disassembly of chicken gizzard "thick filaments" resulted in myosin monomers with "looped" tails. In the present study, we found that these monomers assembled themselves into antiparallel dimers when they were placed in a medium of low ionic strength (approximately 2 mM). PMID- 6725243 TI - A teaching model for nasal irrigation. AB - A teaching model for nasal irrigation is designed to instruct and reassure patients that water pulsed into the nostrils will return out of the nostrils without harm to the individual. Either an electric dental cleanser with a special adapter for the nose or a bulb syringe is used to irrigate. Materials used to produce this model are dental self-curing resins and silicones. PMID- 6725244 TI - Maintaining the integrity of a biomedical communications department. AB - In a changing public economy, reductions in the number and size of awards for research, education, and public service in addition to government pressures to reduce Medicare and Medicaid health expenditures will have significant impact on levels of funds available to academic health sciences centers. As competition increases for shrinking financial resources the biomedical communications department must reshape itself to a broader market place if it is to survive. The development of a separate marketing corporation is proposed as one model to promote integrity. PMID- 6725245 TI - The student-mentor relationship in biomedical communications. PMID- 6725246 TI - Tangier disease. In vitro conversion of proapo-A-ITangier to mature APO-A ITangier. AB - Tangier disease is a disorder characterized by low levels of apo-A-I and high density lipoproteins. The defect in Tangier disease is an abnormal A-I apolipo protein, designated apo-A- ITangier . In normal subjects, apo-A-I is secreted as proapo -A-I with subsequent extracellular conversion to mature apo-A-I. The major form in normal plasma is mature apo-A-I with small amounts of proapo -A-I. In Tangier disease, proapo -A- ITangier is present in roughly equivalent concentrations compared to mature apo-A- ITangier . It has been proposed that the defect in Tangier disease is in the conversion of pro- to mature apo-A- ITangier . To test this, proapo -A-I was isolated from normal and Tangier subjects, and the conversion to the mature form by plasma from normal and Tangier subjects was analyzed. Incubation of radiolabeled normal proapo -A-I in normal plasma anticoagulated with heparin was associated with progressive conversion to mature apo-A-I over 24 h (initially 85% of the radioactivity was in the proapo -A-I isoform; at 24 h 33% radioactivity remained in the pro-isoform). Proapo -A- ITangier was also converted to the mature isoform during 24 h of incubation in normal plasma. Initially, 84% of radioactivity was in proapo -A- ITangier , and by 24 h the radioactivity in this isoprotein had decreased to 36%. A similar pattern of conversion was also observed when proapo -A- ITangier was incubated in Tangier plasma. The proteolytic conversion of both normal proapo -A-I and proapo A- ITangier was unaffected by the serine protease inhibitors phenylmethylsulfonyl fluoride (1 mM) or aprotinin (200 Kallikrein-inactivating units/ml), but was inhibited by EDTA (0.1%). These results indicate that proapo -A- ITangier can be converted to mature apo-A- ITangier by the converting enzyme in normal plasma. In addition, plasma from a Tangier subject can convert both normal and Tangier proapo -A-I to the mature form. These results establish that proapo -A- ITangier can be rapidly converted to mature apo-A- ITangier , and there is no deficiency of the converting enzyme activity in Tangier disease. PMID- 6725247 TI - Novel carbohydrate structures of cathepsin B from porcine spleen. AB - Two 13-residue glycopeptides were isolated from the digestion of purified porcine spleen cathepsin B by Staphylococcus aureus protease using high performance liquid chromatography. The major peptide, which is about 73% of the total, had the amino acid sequence His-His-Val-Asn(CH2O)-Gly-Ser-Arg-Pro-Pro-Cys-Thr-Gly Glu. This peptide contains only a single N-acetylglucosamine residue linked to asparagine at the fourth residue by a beta-linkage. The minor peptide had a single amino acid replacement in a sequence otherwise identical to that of the major peptide. A serine was found at residue 10 instead of a half-cystine. The minor peptide also contains different carbohydrates, which were determined using proton NMR to be Man alpha 1----6 Man beta 1----4 GlcNAc beta 1----4(Fuc alpha 1- --6)GlcNAc beta 1----n Asn. These results suggest that the cathepsin B carbohydrates are processed in vivo by enzymic systems specific to each isozyme. PMID- 6725248 TI - A cross-linked complex between ferredoxin and ferredoxin-NADP+ reductase. AB - The water-soluble carbodiimide, N-ethyl-3-(3-dimethylaminopropyl)carbodiimide was found to effectively cross-link ferredoxin to ferredoxin-NADP+ reductase. The covalent complex has a stoichiometry of 1 mol of ferredoxin per mol of the reductase. The flavoprotein moiety of the cross-linked complex maintains most of its diaphorase activity and more interestingly has gained the capacity to catalyze the NADPH-cytochrome c reaction without addition of free ferredoxin in the assay mixture. Furthermore, the cross-linked complex binds NADP+ with a Kd = 88 microM at an ionic strength of 0.02 M. These results show that a ternary complex among the reductase and its substrates can be formed, suggesting that the binding sites for ferredoxin and the pyridine nucleotides are distinct. The bound ferredoxin can interact with cytochrome c; the iron-sulfur cluster of the cross linked complex is shown to be reduced under anaerobic conditions by NADPH and to be required for the catalysis of the NADPH-cytochrome c reductase reaction. The cross-linked complex, added to thylakoids inhibited by the antibody against the reductase, catalyzes the H2O-cytochrome c photoreduction, which suggests that the ferredoxin moiety of the complex can interact with its electron donor in the photosynthetic chain. Restoration of NADP+ photoreduction requires the addition of free ferredoxin. PMID- 6725249 TI - Flux of catecholamines through chromaffin vesicles in cultured bovine adrenal medullary cells. AB - Primary cultures of bovine adrenal medullary chromaffin cells were pulse-labeled with [3H]dopamine or [3H]norepinephrine and examined for radioactive and total catecholamine contents by high performance liquid chromatography after additional incubations of 15 min to 10 days. [3H]Dopamine was rapidly taken up by chromaffin vesicles in situ and converted to norepinephrine with a half-time of approximately 6 h. [3H] Norepinephrine taken up by the cells was metabolized in three phases. 1) During its brief transit through the cytoplasm, 20 to 35% of this amine was converted to [3H]epinephrine. 2) Following vesicular accumulation, 65 to 70% of the remaining [3H]norepinephrine was methylated to form [3H]epinephrine with a half-time of approximately 30 h, corresponding to the rate of vesicular catecholamine loss from reserpine-treated cells. 3) The residual [3H]norepinephrine decreased with a half-time of 5 days, probably representing loss from norepinephrine-storing cells. [3H]Epinephrine formed endogenously had a half-life in the cultures of approximately 15 days. These data suggest that leakage of norepinephrine from chromaffin vesicles into the cytoplasm limits the rate of dopamine conversion to epinephrine in the adrenal medulla. The kinetic data indicate that approximately 18% of the endogenous norepinephrine and 73% of the endogenous dopamine are present in epinephrine cells. PMID- 6725250 TI - Purification, kinetic behavior, and regulation of NAD(P)+ malic enzyme of tumor mitochondria. AB - The purification and kinetic characterization of an NAD(P)+-malic enzyme from 22aH mouse hepatoma mitochondria are described. The enzyme was purified 328-fold with a final yield of 51% and specific activity of 38.1 units/mg of protein by employing DEAE-cellulose chromatography and an ATP affinity column. Sephadex G 200 chromatography yielded a native Mr = 240,000. Sodium dodecyl sulfate polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis revealed a major subunit with Mr = 61,000, suggesting a tetrameric structure, and also showed that the preparation contained less than 10% polypeptide impurities. Use of the ATP affinity column required the presence of MnCl2 and fumarate (an allosteric activator) in the elution buffers. In the absence of fumarate, the Michaelis constants for malate, NAD+, and NADP+ were 3.6 mM, 55 microM, and 72 microM, respectively; in the presence of fumarate (2 mM), the constants were 0.34 mM, 9 microM, and 13 microM, respectively. ATP was shown to be an allosteric inhibitor, competitive with malate. However, the inhibition by ATP displayed hyperbolic competitive kinetics with a KI (ATP) of 80 microM (minus fumarate) and 0.5 mM (plus 2 mM fumarate). The allosteric properties of the enzyme are integrated into a rationale for its specific role in the pathways of malate and glutamate oxidation in tumor mitochondria. PMID- 6725251 TI - Size and shape of rabbit skeletal muscle calsequestrin. AB - Calsequestrin, a calcium-binding protein isolated from rabbit skeletal muscle sarcoplasmic reticulum, was subjected to physiochemical analysis using sodium dodecyl sulfate gel electrophoresis, gel filtration, sedimentation, viscosity, and circular dichroism techniques. The effects of sodium dodecyl sulfate, alkaline pH, guanidine hydrochloride, and calcium ions on the hydrodynamic properties of the protein were studied. Calsequestrin, in the absence of calcium, had a random coil conformation with an alpha-helical content of 11%. Calsequestrin bound 1.7 mg of sodium dodecyl sulfate per mg of protein resulting in an increase in the alpha-helical content to 20%. The protein was completely random coil in guanidine hydrochloride and had a molecular weight of 42,000 as determined by gel filtration in the presence of this denaturant. Sedimentation equilibrium studies showed that calsequestrin was not subjected to aggregation and had a molecular weight of 38,000. Calsequestrin had a low sedimentation coefficient (2.20 S), a high Stokes radius (45 A), and a high intrinsic viscosity (27.1 ml/g) that increased slightly to 32 ml/g in the presence of guanidine hydrochloride, all indicative of a highly extended structure. Similar studies, performed at pH 9.5, revealed that the protein was even more asymmetric at alkaline pH. Calsequestrin bound 50 mol of calcium ions per mol of protein with an affinity of 1 mM as determined by gel filtration. Calcium binding was accompanied by a change of the protein from a highly extended structure (Rs = 45 A) to a much more compact structure (Rs = 35 A). PMID- 6725252 TI - The distribution of repeating [Gal beta 1,4GlcNAc beta 1,3] sequences in asparagine-linked oligosaccharides of the mouse lymphoma cell lines BW5147 and PHAR 2.1. AB - The occurrence and distribution of the repeating disaccharide [Gal beta 1,4GlcNAc beta 1,3] in the different types of Asn-linked oligosaccharides in mouse lymphoma BW5147 cells have been studied. Glycopeptides were prepared from cells grown in medium containing [6-3H]galactose, and the bi-, tri-, and tetraantennary Asn linked oligosaccharides were fractionated by serial lectin affinity chromatography on concanavalin A-Sepharose, pea lectin -Sepharose, leukoagglutinating phytohemagglutinin-agarose, and Datura stramonium agglutinin agarose. As described in this report, the latter lectin binds glycopeptides that contain either the repeating N-acetyllactosamine sequence or an outer mannose residue substituted at C-2 and C-6 by N-acetyllactosamine. The isolated glycopeptides were subjected to methylation analysis, specific exoglycosidase treatments, and digestion with Escherichia freundii endo-beta-galactosidase. Our data indicate that approximately two-thirds of the tetraantennary and one-half of the triantennary Asn-linked oligosaccharides contain repeating N acetyllactosamine sequences in at least one branch. Many of the repeating sequences contain an additional galactose residue linked alpha 1,3 to a penultimate galactose residue. By contrast, less than 10% of the biantennary oligosaccharides contain the repeating disaccharide. The distribution of the repeating N-acetyllactosamine unit was also examined in a cell line ( PHAR 2.1) that is deficient in UDP-GlcNAc:alpha-mannoside beta 1,6-N acetylglucosaminyltransferase. These cells are unable to synthesize tetraantennary and certain triantennary species and instead accumulate biantennary oligosaccharides. The total content of repeating N-acetyllactosamine units is greatly decreased in this line, and those that are present are found predominantly in triantennary Asn-linked oligosaccharides. These results demonstrate that the repeating N-acetyllactosamine sequence occurs commonly in complex-type Asn-linked oligosaccharides in BW5147 cells but is confined primarily to tri- and teraantennary species. PMID- 6725253 TI - Purification of a major serum protein of rainbow trout (Salmo gairdneri) homologous to the third component of mammalian complement. AB - The present paper describes the purification and characterization of a major serum protein of the rainbow trout (Salmo gairdneri) required for complement related functions (target cell lysis and opsonization). This protein, termed C3 1, was identified as the third component (C3) of rainbow trout complement. It is homologous to component C3 of human and other mammalian complements based on its structural and functional characteristics. Rainbow trout C3-1 is a beta-globulin of Mr = 190,000 composed of two polypeptide chains (Mr = 128,000 alpha-chain and Mr = 74,000 beta-chain) linked by disulfide bonds. The chain structure of C3-1 is, therefore, very similar to those of the third and fifth components of mammalian complement. C3-1 retains, on its alpha-chain, a unique hidden thiol site that can be exposed upon attachment of methylamine in the same way as human C3 and C4. The amino acid composition and NH2-terminal sequence of C3-1 show significant homology to mammalian C3 and to cobra venom factor (cobra C3). PMID- 6725254 TI - High performance liquid chromatography purification and structural characterization of the subunits of rabbit muscle phosphorylase kinase. AB - A rapid reverse-phase high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) method is presented for isolating the alpha, beta, gamma, and delta subunits of rabbit muscle phosphorylase kinase. The HPLC separation allows micropreparative purification of all the subunits with 66-88% recoveries. Relative molecular weights of the subunits as determined by sodium dodecyl sulfate gel electrophoresis in 4, 5, 7, and 10% acrylamide are alpha 132,000, alpha' 127,000, beta 113,000 and gamma 43,000. Amino acid compositions are reported for the HPLC purified subunits. alpha contains about 2 mol of endogenous phosphate/mol of protein and beta, gamma, and delta each contain about 1 mol of phosphate/mol of protein. Despite the identity of delta and calmodulin, essentially no protein bound phosphate was found associated with bovine brain calmodulin. Holophosphorylase kinase contains about 20 mol of endogenous phosphate/mol of protein. The first NH2-terminal sequence analyses of the alpha, beta, and gamma subunits were determined by Tarr manual Edman degradation. Within the NH2 terminal 23 residues of gamma ( TRDAALPGSHSTHGFYENYESKE . . . ) there are six identities and one conservative interchange with the catalytic subunit of bovine cAMP-dependent protein kinase. The first 17 residues of the NH2-terminal sequence of alpha ( MRSRSNSGVRLDSYARL . . . ) exhibit six identities and one conservative interchange with the transforming protein from the Rous sarcoma virus (Schmidt- Rupin strain) provided a single gap is inserted in the src gene product. Further structural information is required to evaluate the significance of these sequence similarities. The beta subunit has a blocked NH2 terminus. PMID- 6725255 TI - Characterization of a peptide alpha-amidation activity from rat anterior pituitary. AB - A secretory granule associated enzymatic activity from the rat anterior pituitary that can convert the synthetic peptide D-Tyr-Val-Gly into D-Tyr-Val-NH2 is described. Due to the presence of inhibitory activity in the cytosol and rough endoplasmic reticulum/Golgi apparatus fractions, the alpha-amidation activity is barely detectable in crude rat anterior pituitary homogenates. The alpha amidation activity was primarily soluble, displayed a pH optimum of about 7.0, and showed a requirement for molecular oxygen. The activity was stimulated 7-fold by the addition of optimal concentrations of copper. Of the cofactors tested, only reduced ascorbate produced a severalfold stimulation of activity. Studies with varied D-Tyr-Val-Gly or varied monoiodo-D-Tyr-Val-Gly demonstrate Michaelis Menten kinetics with indistinguishable kinetic constants for both peptides. Upon addition of ascorbate, the apparent Km and Vmax for the synthetic substrate, as estimated from Lineweaver-Burk and Eadie-Hofstee plots, increased by 30- and 60 fold, respectively. Several alpha-melanotropin- and gamma-melanotropin-related peptides with COOH-terminal glycine residues were effective competitive inhibitors of the reaction while the corresponding alpha-amidated peptides were very poor inhibitors. The rat anterior pituitary alpha-amidation activity appears to be very similar to the alpha-amidation activity in rat intermediate and neural pituitary, and mouse anterior pituitary tumor cells. PMID- 6725256 TI - Biosynthesis and intracellular transport of enzymes of peroxisomal beta oxidation. AB - Three peroxisomal enzymes of beta-oxidation from rat liver were synthesized in a cell-free protein-synthesizing system derived from a lysate of rabbit reticulocytes. The in vitro products of acyl-CoA oxidase (EC 1.3.99.3) and a bifunctional protein containing enoyl-CoA hydratase (EC 4.2.1.17) and 3 hydroxyacyl-CoA dehydrogenase (EC 1.1.1.35) activities were apparently the same in size and charge as the subunit of the respective mature enzymes; that of 3 ketoacyl-CoA thiolase (EC 2.3.1.16) was about 3,000 Da larger and more basic than its mature subunit. The free polysome fraction of rat liver was 3.1-5.7 times more active than the membrane-bound polysome fraction in the synthesis of the three peroxisomal enzymes; these values were similar to those for cytosolic enzymes and differed from that for serum albumin. In isolated rat hepatocytes, radiolabeled acyl-CoA oxidase and bifunctional protein increased with time with no appreciable change in the subunit size. On the other hand, the labeled putative precursor of 3-ketoacyl-CoA thiolase, as well as the mature form of the enzyme, was detected in the hepatocytes. The radioactivity of the putative precursor reached a plateau in 30 min; that of the mature subunit appeared after a lag time of about 5 min and increased with time up to 90 min. In pulse-chase experiments, the putative precursor disappeared with an apparent half-life of several minutes. When the hepatocytes were fractionated into the cytosolic and the particulate fractions, one half of labeled acyl-CoA oxidase and 60% of the bifunctional protein were recovered in the cytosolic fraction after 10 min of labeling, whereas 70-80% of the labeled enzymes were recovered in the particulate fraction after 40-60 min of labeling. These results indicate that the three enzymes of peroxisomal beta-oxidation are synthesized on free polysomes, released into the cytosol, and then transported into peroxisomes. Our findings also indicate that 3-ketoacyl-CoA thiolase undergoes proteolytic processing during maturation. The temporal sequence of the proteolytic cleavage and intracellular transport of the thiolase remains to be determined. PMID- 6725257 TI - Mouse antibodies to the insulin receptor developing spontaneously as anti idiotypes. II. Effects on glucose homeostasis and the insulin receptor. AB - Mice immunized to bovine insulin were observed to develop anti-idiotypic antibodies which behaved in in vitro assays as antibodies to the insulin receptor. The studies described here were undertaken to investigate the effects of these antibodies in vivo on the physiology of glucose homeostasis and the state of insulin receptors. Mice developing anti-idiotypic receptor antibodies manifested abnormal fasting blood glucose concentrations: a period of hypoglycemia followed by a period of hyperglycemia. Moreover, the mice were deficient in their ability to respond to a glucose load. Changes in the number and activity of insulin receptors were associated with these physiological aberrations. In an insulin binding assay, adipocytes obtained from immunized mice had only 40% of the number of insulin receptors demonstrable on the adipocytes of control mice. The lipogenic response of the affected adipocytes was also relatively insensitive to insulin, and in addition, they manifested only 70% of the maximal response to high concentrations of insulin. Thus, development of anti idiotypic receptor antibodies appeared to be associated with insulin resistance of adipocytes and abnormal glucose homeostasis. PMID- 6725258 TI - Anti-apoprotein B monoclonal antibodies detect human low density lipoprotein polymorphism. AB - Immunochemical polymorphism among human low density lipoproteins (LDL) isolated from different individuals was demonstrated through reduced binding of three monoclonal antibodies to some individual LDL using a solid phase radioimmunoassay. These three antibodies are members of a larger group of monoclonal antibodies previously shown to bind specifically to apoprotein B ( Curtiss , L.K., and Edgington , T. S. (1982) J. Biol. Chem. 257, 15213-15221; Tsao , B.P., Curtiss , L. K., and Edgington , T.S. (1982) J. Biol. Chem. 257, 15222-15228). Those antibodies which distinguished human LDL polymorphism bound to the same or adjacent epitopes on LDL, for they were mutually exclusive in competitive binding experiments. Binding was unaffected by treatment with neuraminidase, with a mixture of glycosidases, or with competing glycoproteins; thus, the carbohydrate moiety of apoprotein B did not appear to influence the epitope recognized by these antibodies. When low density lipoproteins isolated from different individuals were studied, three different phenotypes were recognized; these corresponded to strong, weak, and intermediate binding of the three monoclonal antibodies. This division into three phenotypes is demonstrated to result from a genetic polymorphism; indeed, the data fit a model consisting of two co-dominant apoprotein B alleles, and the three phenotypes then correspond to the two human homozygotes and the heterozygote. The classical Ag antigen phenotype was determined for the LDL isolated from 10 individuals who were also studied with the monoclonal antibodies, and no correspondence was found between the different epitopes recognized by the five presumptive Ag allelic pairs, x/y, a1/d, c/g, t/z, or h/i, and the site recognized by the monoclonal antibodies. All of these data are discussed, and it is concluded that the most likely explanation for the difference in recognition of the two allelic forms of apoprotein B is an alteration in amino acid sequence resulting in a slightly different configuration of a single domain containing the epitopes recognized by the three monoclonal antibodies. PMID- 6725259 TI - Importance of intramolecular interactions in the control of the fibrin affinity and activation of human plasminogen. AB - Incubation of human Glu-plasminogen with 1,5-difluoro-2,4-dinitrobenzene leads to the specific intra-molecular cross-linking of the kringle 1+2+3 region and the light (B) chain region of plasminogen. This cross-link was found to prevent the conformational change which is induced in Glu-plasminogen by lysine analogues or by proteolytic removal of the NH2-terminal peptide. Our results suggest that the cross-link freezes the closed conformation of Glu-plasminogen, and it seems likely that the transition to the loose conformer requires separation of the kringle 1+2+3 region from the light (B) chain portion. The change in the relative position of these regions during the conformational change in plasminogen is also indicated by our observation that the rate of formation of the intramolecular cross-link is significantly decreased when transition to the loose conformer is induced either by saturation of the lysine-binding sites or by conversion to Lys plasminogen. Cross-linked Glu-plasminogen is slowly activated by urokinase and melanoma tissue plasminogen activator, but in contrast with uncross-linked Glu plasminogen conversion to Lys-plasminogen or saturation of lysine-binding sites with ligand does not increase the rate of activation because the cross-link prevents transition to the loose conformer which is susceptible to activation. The fibrin affinity of cross-linked Glu-plasminogen is practically identical with that of Glu-plasminogen. As in the case of uncross-linked Glu-plasminogen, removal of the NH2-terminal peptide causes a marked increase in fibrin affinity although the resulting cross-linked Lys-plasminogen is fixed in the closed conformation. This result suggests that the NH2-terminal peptide inhibits binding of plasminogen to fibrin by direct interaction with the fibrin-binding site, and the conformational change that normally accompanies its removal is not a prerequisite of strong binding. PMID- 6725260 TI - Chloride binding to the anion transport binding sites of band 3. A 35Cl NMR study. AB - Band 3 is an integral membrane protein that exchanges anions across the red cell membrane. Due to the abundance and the high turnover rate of the band 3 transport unit, the band 3 system is the most heavily used ion-transport system in a typical vertebrate organism. Here we show that 35Cl NMR enables direct and specific observation of substrate Cl- binding to band 3 transport sites, which are identified by a variety of criteria: (a) the sites are inhibited by 4,4'- dinitrostilbene -2,2'-disulfonate, which is known to inhibit competitively Cl- binding to band 3 transport sites; (b) the sites have affinities for 4,4'- dinitrostilbene -2,2'-disulfonate and Cl- that are quantitatively similar to the known affinities of band 3 transport sites for these anions; and (c) the sites have relative affinities for Cl-, HCO-3, F-, and I- that are quantitatively similar to the known relative affinities of band 3 transport sites for these anions. The 35Cl NMR assay also reveals a class of low affinity Cl- binding sites (KD much greater than 0.5 M) that are not affected by 4,4'- dinitrostilbene -2,2' disulfonate. These low affinity sites may be responsible for the inhibition of band 3 catalyzed anion exchange that has been previously observed at high [Cl-]. In the following paper the 35Cl NMR assay is used to resolve the band 3 transport sites on opposite sides of the membrane, thereby enabling direct observation of the transmembrane recruitment of transport sites. PMID- 6725261 TI - Direct observation of the transmembrane recruitment of band 3 transport sites by competitive inhibitors. A 35Cl NMR study. AB - Numerous models describing anion exchange across the red cell membrane by band 3 have been discussed in literature. These models are readily distinguished from one another by an experiment which tests the ability of band 3 transport sites to be recruited to one side of the membrane. In order to observe directly the transmembrane recruitment of transport sites, we have developed 35Cl NMR techniques that resolve the two transport site populations on opposite sides of the membrane. Using these techniques, we show that the inhibitors 4,4'- dinitrostilbene -2,2'-disulfonate and p- nitrobenzensulfonate each recruit all of the transport sites on both sides of the membrane to the extracellular facing conformation. This result indicates that band 3 has an alternating site transport mechanism: each band 3 transport unit possesses a single functional transport site which is alternately exposed first to one side of the membrane then to the other. PMID- 6725263 TI - Limited proteolysis of tubulin and the localization of the binding site for colchicine. AB - Limited proteolysis of porcine brain tubulin with trypsin resulted in a gradual loss of its colchicine binding activity as well as its ability of assembly into microtubules. The analysis of the tryptic degradation products showed a preferential proteolysis of alpha-tubulin subunit. This enzymatic proteolysis cleaved tubulin in one major site producing fragments of 36,000 and 16,000 daltons, the smaller polypeptides containing the carboxyl-terminal residue as shown by 14C tyrosination . However, proteolysis after incubation with 1 X 10(-3) M colchicine resulted in formation of the indicated fragments plus a 41,000 dalton fragment and smaller size peptides indicating the drug induces a second cleavage site closer to the carboxyl-terminal alpha-tubulin. Preincubation of tubulin with [3H]colchicine followed by proteolysis and separation of the fragments by Sephadex G-75 chromatography showed radioactive colchicine associated with the 16,000-dalton fragment and to the smaller size peptides resulting from digestion in the presence of the drug. The data indicate a localization of the colchicine-binding site in the 16,000-dalton segment containing the COOH-terminal region of alpha-tubulin subunit. PMID- 6725262 TI - Reconstitution and partial purification of several Na+ cotransport systems from renal brush-border membranes. Properties of the L-glutamate transporter in proteoliposomes. AB - Brush-border membranes of renal proximal tubules were solubilized with deoxycholate and some proteins were separated and incorporated into proteoliposomes by a reconstitution procedure which was analyzed in detail. The proteoliposomes contained mainly polypeptides with molecular weights of 152,000, 94,000, and 52,000, each of which could be separated further into homologous polypeptides with different isoelectric points. In the proteoliposomes, Na+ cotransport systems for D-glucose, acidic and neutral amino acids, and mono- and dicarboxylic acids were demonstrated by showing that due to an inwardly directed Na+ gradient the substrate concentrations in the proteoliposomes increased significantly over their respective equilibrium values. Using inhibition experiments, selectivity of the different transporters could be demonstrated. Studying the reconstituted L-glutamate transporter in detail, countertransport of L-glutamate and K+ was shown (i) at Na+ equilibrium the intraliposomal L glutamate concentration increased significantly over the equilibrium value if an outside-directed K+ gradient was applied; (ii) Rb+ influx was significantly stimulated by the outflux of L-glutamate. By applying a K+ diffusion potential across the liposomal membrane by addition of valinomycin it could be shown that during L-glutamate transport in the presence of Na+ and K+ positive charge is transferred together with L-glutamate and Na+. The apparent Km value of L glutamate uptake driven by concentration differences of 89 mM Na+ (out greater than in) and 89 mM K+ (in greater than out) was 26.3 +/- 1.3 microM. The Vmax value of 70.2 +/- 2.3 pmol X mg of protein-1 X S-1 was half the value measured in intact membranes. PMID- 6725264 TI - Studies on the biosynthesis of rabbit haptoglobin. AB - Rabbit haptoglobin is a tetrameric protein consisting of two nonglycosylated alpha and two glycosylated beta chains, the latter being joined to the former and the former to each other by disulfide linkages. We describe here the results of studies that analyzed the biosynthetic pathway of rabbit haptoglobin by using cultured hepatocytes incubated with L-[35S]cysteine. The initial form of haptoglobin detected in hepatocytes exhibited Mr = 46,000, was glycosylated, and corresponded in migration to the initial species formed when the mRNA for rabbit haptoglobin was translated using the reticulocyte lysate system coupled with dog pancreatic microsomes. This one-chain intermediate was rapidly cleaved into a glycosylated form of the beta chain and into the mature alpha chain, these chains being joined by disulfide linkages. Dimerization also occurred rapidly, forming a tetrameric precursor of haptoglobin. Several other intracellular glycosylated forms of the beta chain were detected subsequently, representing intermediates formed during oligosaccharide processing prior to secretion of mature haptoglobin. Addition of tunicamycin (5 micrograms/ml) inhibited glycosylation of the initial form of haptoglobin detected, but subsequent proteolytic processing into alpha and beta chains still occurred. Our results showed that the pathway of biosynthesis of rabbit haptoglobin closely resembles that reported for rat haptoglobin ( Hanley , J. M., Haugen , T. H., and Heath, E. C. (1983) J. Biol. Chem. 258, 7858-7869). PMID- 6725265 TI - Reassembled plasma low density lipoproteins. Phospholipid-cholesterol ester apoprotein B complexes. AB - Reassembled low density lipoprotein (LDL) complexes have been prepared by the interaction of lipid-free sodium deoxycholate-solubilized apoprotein B (apoB) of native human LDL with preformed, 200 A in diameter, microemulsions of cholesteryl oleate (CO), surface-stabilized by either egg yolk phosphatidylcholine ( EYPC ) or dimyristoyl phosphatidylcholine (DMPC). Gel chromatography of PC/CO/apoB complexes shows co-elution of the complex at 43% PC, 43% CO, and 14% apoB. Negative stain electron microscopy shows the particles to be circular, homogeneous, and approximately 200 A in diameter. PC/CO/apoB complexes exhibit beta-migration on agarose gels and show one high molecular weight protein band on 3.0% sodium dodecyl sulfate-polyacrylamide gels. Differential scanning calorimetry and x-ray scattering show the lipids in the complexes to undergo at least two specific thermal transitions depending on lipid composition, one associated with the core-located cholesterol esters similar to LDL and the protein-free microemulsions and the other from the phospholipid forming the surface monolayer. In addition, particle disruption-protein unfolding/denaturation occur irreversibly at 80-85 degrees C. At 4 degrees C, the secondary structure of apoB on complexes of EYPC /CO/apoB is similar to that of native LDL. For complexes of DMPC/CO/apoB, the secondary structure shows less alpha-helix which correlates with the difference in surface lipid environment. The reassembled complexes of PC/CO/apoB provide a defined system in which the components may be varied systematically in order to study the molecular organization, molecular interactions, and metabolism of LDL. PMID- 6725266 TI - Geminate combination of oxygen with iron-cobalt hybrid hemoglobins. AB - Photodissociation of oxygen from the ferrous subunits of hybrid hemoglobins in which the heme of either the alpha or the beta chain has been replaced by cobalt protoporphyrin IX shows large differences between the subunits. With a 25-ns light pulse, the apparent quantum yield at the end of the flash is greater for the beta-iron hybrid than for the alpha-iron hybrid. With the beta-iron hybrid, the yield is greater when solution conditions favor the T-state. After the flash, a part of the oxygen which has been dissociated recombines with a half-time of the order of tens of nanoseconds. The proportion is greatest in the R-state at low temperature and least in the T-state. With the alpha-iron hybrid, oxygen is much less readily removed, and the rapid recombination is slight or absent. It is seen most clearly at low temperatures in conditions which favor the T-state. The long term (greater than 100 ns) effect is that oxygen is much more readily removed from the beta-iron hybrid in the T-state than under any other condition. Analogous flash experiments performed with human hemoglobin A may be closely simulated by superposition of the results obtained with the two hybrid hemoglobins under the same conditions. Isolated human alpha and beta--SH chains show differences similar to, but less marked than, those of the iron-cobalt hybrids. PMID- 6725267 TI - The regulation of initiation of protein synthesis by phosphorylation of eIF 2(alpha) and the role of reversing factor in the recycling of eIF-2. AB - The capacity of whole reticulocyte lysates to catalyze the dissociation of exogenously added eIF-2 X [3H]GDP was determined as a measure of their reversing factor (RF) activity in the recycling of eIF-2 for the maintenance or restoration of protein synthesis. We have examined the relationship of RF activity to the protein synthetic activity of the lysate under normal conditions and on inhibition of protein synthesis by heme deficiency, double-stranded RNA, or oxidized glutathione. A direct correlation was found between a lysate's capacity to synthesize protein and its ability to stimulate the dissociation of eIF-2 X GDP. These findings further support the proposed mechanism by which the phosphorylation of only 30-40% of the eIF-2(alpha) in the lysate renders the limiting amount of RF present non-functional, impairing the recycling of eIF-2 and thereby inhibiting the initiation of protein synthesis. PMID- 6725268 TI - Characterization of a defect in the pathway for converting 5'-deoxy-5' methylthioadenosine to methionine in a subline of a cultured heterogeneous human colon carcinoma. AB - 5'-Deoxy-5'-methylthioadenosine (methylthioadenosine) is cleaved to adenine and 5 methylthioribose-1-phosphate (methylthioribose-1-P). Methylthioribose-1-P is converted to 2-keto-4-methylthiobutyrate ( ketomethylthiobutyrate ) which is transaminated to methionine. We report that one subline of a heterogeneous human colon carcinoma, DLD-1 Clone D, only forms methylthioribose-1-P from methylthioadenosine or 5'-deoxy-5'-methylthioinosine (methylthioinosine), a deaminated derivative of methylthioadenosine, whereas Clone A converts methylthioadenosine and methylthioinosine to methionine, as shown by growth studies in culture of Clone A and Clone D cells and radioactive studies utilizing [methyl-14C]methylthioadenosine or [methyl-14C]methylthioinosine in the presence of extracts of these cells lines. To characterize this defect, we utilized three protein fractions isolated from rat liver which together convert methylthioribose 1-P to ketomethylthiobutyrate . Addition of only Fraction A to Clone D sonicates restores its ability to convert methylthioadenosine to methionine. This fraction is responsible for converting methylthioribose-1-P to 5- methylthioribulose -1 phosphate; radioactive studies confirm this observation. Thus, Clone D is deficient in an enzyme contained in Fraction A; this represents a qualitative biochemical difference between the two clones derived from a single human tumor. PMID- 6725269 TI - Kinetics of ligand binding and quaternary conformational change in the homodimeric hemoglobin from Scapharca inaequivalvis. AB - The kinetics of the reaction with oxygen and carbon monoxide of the homodimeric hemoglobin from the bivalve mollusc Scapharca inaequivalvis has been extensively investigated by flash and dye-laser photolysis, temperature jump relaxation, and stopped flow methods. The results indicate that cooperativity in ligand binding, already observed for oxygen at equilibrium, finds its kinetic counterpart in a large decrease of the oxygen dissociation velocity in the second step of the binding reaction. In the case of carbon monoxide, cooperativity is clearly evident in the increase of the combination velocity constant as the reaction proceeds. Therefore, the ligand-binding kinetics of this dimeric hemoglobin shows the characteristic features of the corresponding reactions of tetrameric hemoglobins. Analysis of the data in terms of the allosteric model proposed by Monod et al. (Monod, J., Wyman, J., and Changeux, J. P. (1965) J. Mol. Biol. 12, 88-118) has shown that the values of the allosteric parameters cannot be fixed uniquely for a dimeric hemoglobin. The rapid changes in absorbance observed at the isosbestic points of unliganded and liganded hemoglobin following laser photolysis provided a value of 7 X 10(4) S-1 at 20 degrees C for the rate of the ligand-free quarternary conformational change, postulated on the basis of cooperative ligand binding. Comparison of the rapid absorbance changes observed during ligand rebinding in this hemoglobin with those observed in tuna hemoglobin indicate that, at full photolysis, binding to the T state is followed by further binding and conversion to the liganded R state; at partial photolysis, population of the liganded T state occurs immediately and is followed by a decay to the liganded R state upon further ligand binding. These new results, in conjunction with previous equilibrium data on the same system, show unequivocally that the presence of two different types of chain is not an absolute prerequisite for cooperativity in hemoglobins, contrary to currently accepted ideas. PMID- 6725270 TI - Role of monochloramine in the oxidation of erythrocyte hemoglobin by stimulated neutrophils. AB - Stimulation of the oxygen (O2) metabolism of isolated human neutrophilic leukocytes resulted in oxidation of hemoglobin of autologous erythrocytes without erythrocyte lysis. Hb oxidation could be accounted for by reduction of O2 to superoxide (O-2) by the neutrophils, dismutation of O-2 to yield hydrogen peroxide (H2O2), myeloperoxidase-catalyzed oxidation of chloride (Cl-) by H2O2 to yield hypochlorous acid (HOCl), the reaction of HOCl with endogenous ammonia (NH+4) to yield monochloramine ( NH2Cl ), and the oxidative attack of NH2Cl on erythrocytes. NH2Cl was detected when HOCl reacted with the NH+4 and other substances released into the medium by neutrophils. The amount of NH+4 released was sufficient to form the amount of NH2Cl required for the observed Hb oxidation. Oxidation was increased by adding myeloperoxidase or NH+4 to increase NH2Cl formation. Due to the volatility of NH2Cl , Hb was oxidized when neutrophils and erythrocytes were incubated separately in a closed container. Oxidation was decreased by adding catalase to eliminate H2O2, dithiothreitol to reduce HOCl and NH2Cl , or taurine to react with HOCl or NH2Cl to yield taurine monochloramine . NH2Cl was up to 50 times more effective than H2O2, HOCl, or taurine monochloramine as an oxidant for erythrocyte Hb, whereas HOCl was up to 10 times more effective than NH2Cl as a lytic agent. NH2Cl contributes to oxidation of erythrocyte components by stimulated neutrophils and may contribute to other forms of neutrophil oxidative cytotoxicity. PMID- 6725271 TI - Properties of chick embryo chondrocytes grown in serum-free medium. AB - Chick embryo tibial chondrocyte growth and activities were compared in serum-free and serum-supplemented media. A basal salts medium containing equal volumes of Ham's F-12 and Dulbecco's modified Eagle's medium was supplemented with 10% fetal calf serum or with a mixture of bovine insulin, transferrin, fibroblast growth factor, dexamethasone, a prostaglandin E1 supplement, and a liposome supplement. Chondrocytes grew at identical rates in both media. Insulin, liposomes, and fibroblast growth factor were required for optimum growth in the serum-free medium, but removal of transferrin, dexamethasone, or prostaglandin E1 had little effect on the growth rate. In the serum-supplemented medium, the chondrocytes synthesized Type II collagen, Mr = 59,000 collagen, and both the large, cartilage specific and the small ubiquitous proteochondroitin SO4 species typically produced by cultured chondrocytes. In the serum-free medium there was a shift toward synthesis of Type I collagen and a loss of the capacity to synthesize Mr = 59,000 collagen and the cartilage-specific proteochondroitin SO4. The loss of capacity for cartilage-specific proteochondroitin SO4 synthesis began immediately after replacement of the serum with the mixture of defined growth factors and the rate of loss was retarded but not reversed when serum was added back in place of the growth factors. When the serum and the mixture of growth factors were added together to the basal medium at the time of cell plating, the chondrocytes grew rapidly and retained their normal phenotype observed in serum-supplemented cultures. Thus, the serum appears to contain factors which are required for retention of the chondrocyte phenotype in culture over and above those factors necessary for cell growth. PMID- 6725272 TI - On the stoichiometry of the oxidase and monooxygenase reactions catalyzed by liver microsomal cytochrome P-450. Products of oxygen reduction. AB - This laboratory has recently reported that, in a reconstituted enzyme system containing alcohol-induced isozyme 3a of liver microsomal cytochrome P-450, the sum of acetaldehyde generated by the monooxygenation of ethanol and of hydrogen peroxide produced by the NADPH oxidase activity is inadequate to account for the O2 and NADPH consumed. Studies on the stoichiometry have revealed the occurrence of an additional reaction involving an overall 4-electron transfer to molecular oxygen which is presumed to yield water: O2 + 2 NADPH + 2H+----2 H2O + 2 NADP+. The occurrence of a peroxidase reaction in which free H2O2 is reduced to water by NADPH was ruled out. When the 4-electron oxidase activity is taken into account, measurements of NADPH oxidation and O2 consumption are in accord with the amounts of products formed in the presence of various P-450 isozymes, either in the absence or presence of typical substrates, including those which undergo hydroxylation, N- or O-demethylation, or oxidation of hydroxymethyl to aldehyde groups. Of the substrates examined, some had no effect on the oxidase reaction yielding hydrogen peroxide or the 4-electron oxidase reaction, some were inhibitory, and some were stimulatory, but the same substrate did not necessarily have the same effect on the two reactions. PMID- 6725274 TI - Solubilization and characterization of the beta-bungarotoxin-binding protein of chick brain membranes. AB - The previously characterized ( Rehm , H., and Betz, H. (1982) J. Biol. Chem. 257, 10015-10022) neuronal binding protein for the presynaptic neurotoxin beta bungarotoxin (beta-BuTx) was solubilized from synaptic membrane fractions of chick brain using the nonionic detergent Triton X-100. 125I-beta-BuTx bound to the solubilized protein with a dissociation constant (KD) of 1.9 +/- 0.1 nM. This binding of 125I-beta-BuTx was Ca2+-dependent and pharmacologically specific. From different basic proteins tested, only unlabeled beta-BuTx and its antagonist dendrotoxin inhibited 125I-beta-BuTx binding. Potassium ions were required during solubilization and binding in order to detect 125I-beta-BuTx-binding activity. Sedimentation in sucrose/H2O and sucrose/D2O gradients and gel exclusion chromatography on Sepharose 6B indicated a s20,w of 12.8 +/- 0.6 S and a Stokes radius of 8.6 +/- 0.2 nm for the solubilized beta-BuTx-binding component. From these data, the protein molecular weight of the beta-BuTx binding site was calculated to be 431,000 +/- 45,000. PMID- 6725273 TI - ADP-ribosylation of nuclear proteins in vivo. Identification of histone H2B as a major acceptor for mono- and poly(ADP-ribose) in dimethyl sulfate-treated hepatoma AH 7974 cells. AB - Nuclear mono- and poly(ADP-ribosyl) protein conjugates formed in living hepatoma AH 7974 cells in response to treatment with the alkylating agent dimethyl sulfate have been studied. They were isolated from the perchloric acid precipitate of freshly prepared nuclei in a relatively pure form and with an overall yield of more than 80%, utilizing aminophenylboronic acid-agarose chromatography. Exposure of the cells to 400 microM dimethyl sulfate led to a transient rise of ADP ribosylated proteins. After 20 min, the level of endogenous poly(ADP-ribosyl) residues increased by a factor of 21, amounting to a final value of 772 +/- 57 pmol/mg of DNA while the mono(ADP-ribosyl) residues were raised to even higher concentrations (1864 pmol/mg of DNA), corresponding to a 12-fold stimulation as compared to untreated cells. As a result of dimethyl sulfate treatment, the amount of acceptor protein being modified by (ADP-ribose)n was elevated 15-fold, reaching a final proportion of 2.3 +/- 0.4% of total nuclear protein. The increase in (ADP-ribosyl)n-modified proteins was suppressed by benzamide, a potent inhibitor of poly(ADP-ribose) synthetase. More than half of the nuclear mono- and poly(ADP-ribosyl) residues were linked to histone H2B. The modifying residues could be removed from the major acceptor by treatment with 0.1 M NaOH, but not with neutral hydroxylamine. Minor amounts of other histones, especially of histone H4, were possibly also ADP-ribosylated under the stimulating effect of dimethyl sulfate. In addition, several nonhistone proteins with apparent molecular masses of 100-116 and 170 kDa were found to carry substantial amounts of mono- and poly(ADP-ribose). PMID- 6725275 TI - 3-Aminopicolinate inhibits phosphoenolpyruvate carboxykinase in hepatocytes and increases release of gluconeogenic precursors from peripheral tissues. AB - 3- Aminopicolinate , a hyperglycemic agent that activates purified phosphoenolpyruvate carboxykinase in the presence of Fe2+, inhibits glucose synthesis from lactate, pyruvate, asparagine, monomethyl succinate, or glutamine but does not affect that from fructose, dihydroxyacetone, sorbitol, or glycerol in hepatocytes isolated from rats fasted for 24 h. Lactate production from monomethyl succinate by hepatocytes is also inhibited by 3- aminopicolinate . This compound elevates the concentrations of pyruvate, malate, and aspartate but decreases that of phosphoenolpyruvate in hepatocytes incubated with lactate plus pyruvate. In rats, the ability of 3- aminopicolinate to elevate blood glucose concentration is unimpaired by renalectomy . The drug does not significantly affect glycemia in functionally hepatectomized rats but accelerates blood lactate and pyruvate accumulation to higher maximum concentrations even when kidney function is also ablated. It is concluded that 3- aminopicolinate inhibits phosphoenolpyruvate carboxykinase in hepatocytes, that the reported stimulation of renal glutaminase and glutamine gluconeogenesis by this compound does not contribute significantly to its hyperglycemic property, and that the drug increases gluconeogenic substrate supply from peripheral tissues. PMID- 6725276 TI - Acyl chain specificity of phosphatidylcholine transfer protein from bovine liver. AB - The specificity of bovine liver phosphatidylcholine transfer protein for various phosphatidylcholine (PC) molecular species was examined at 37 degrees C. The amount of transfer between donor and acceptor vesicles of defined phospholipid composition was determined. Protein-mediated transfer between vesicles of long chain, fluid phase PCs (di-16:1 PC, di-17:1 PC, di-18:1 PC, di-18:2 PC, or egg PC) was markedly higher than transfer between vesicles of solid phase or short chain, fluid phase PCs (di-18:0 PC, di-16:0 PC, or di-14:0 PC). When di-14:0 PC and di-18:1 PC were present in the same vesicle, protein-mediated transfer of di 18:1 PC was still higher, indicating that the protein's specificity toward long chain, fluid phase PCs is based on true acyl chain structure preference rather than a bulk phase physical property of the longer chain PCs. The effect of adding a third type of vesicle to a system which consisted of transfer protein, donor vesicles, and acceptor vesicles was investigated. Addition of solid phase PC vesicles does not affect transfer of the well transferred species, while addition of the poorly transferred short chain, fluid phase PCs does inhibit transfer. These results suggest that the transfer protein has the ability to bind to any fluid phase PC vesicle, although it preferentially extracts and transfers long chain, fluid phase PCs. PMID- 6725277 TI - Efficient hepatic glycogen synthesis in refeeding rats requires continued carbon flow through the gluconeogenic pathway. AB - Intragastric infusion of [1-14C]glucose into awake, fasted rats at rates that produced physiological increases in the circulating glucose concentration resulted in active glycogen deposition in liver. However, degradation of this glycogen revealed extensive randomization of the label among the carbon atoms of glucose. By contrast, muscle glycogen-glucose was labeled primarily in C-1. Treatment of rats with 3-mercaptopicolinic acid, a potent inhibitor of phosphoenol-pyruvate carboxykinase, prior to [1-14C]glucose infusion reduced hepatic glycogen synthesis by 85%; this glycogen contained most of its label in C 1 of glucose. The additional infusion of unlabeled glycerol, which enters the gluconeogenic pathway distal to the 3-mercaptopicolinic acid block, reinstated hepatic glycogen synthesis, but again the label was associated almost exclusively with C-1. In all animals treated with 3-mercaptopicolinic acid, plasma lactate concentrations rose markedly, as did the rate of hepatic lipogenesis. When [1 14C]glucose was infused into pentobarbital-treated rats or administered to awake animals as a large intragastric bolus, the degree of isotopic randomization in liver glycogen-glucose was considerably reduced when compared with that seen in the awake, infused state. The data support the concept that under normal refeeding conditions the bulk of liver glycogen is formed by an indirect pathway involving the sequence glucose ----lactate----glucose-6-P----glycogen, whereas muscle glycogen is formed by the conventional, direct pathway: glucose----glucose 6-P----glycogen. They also establish that a predominantly direct mechanism can be induced in liver, but only under artificial conditions, e.g. chemical blockade of the gluconeogenic sequence, pentobarbital anesthesia, or the administration of massive glucose loads that lead to severe hyperglycemia. PMID- 6725278 TI - Control of glycoprotein synthesis. The in vitro synthesis by hen oviduct membrane preparations of hybrid asparagine-linked oligosaccharides containing 5 mannose residues. AB - Hen oviduct membranes were incubated with UDP-N-acetyl-D-[14C]glucosamine and [3H]GlcNAc beta 1-2Man alpha 1-3[Man alpha 1-6(Man alpha 1-3)Man alpha 1-6]Man beta 1-4GlcNAc beta 1-4GlcNAc-Asn (glycopeptide Gn(I)M5). Two double labeled products were obtained, both containing 5 Man and 4 GlcNAc residues. In order to separate these isomeric components, the mixture was treated with rat liver Golgi rich membranes as a source of mannosidase II. One of the isomers was degraded by mannosidase action while the other was not, thereby allowing separation of two products (A and B). Product A was shown to be [3H]GlcNAc beta 1-2[( 14C] GlcNAc beta 1-3,4, or 6)Man alpha 1- 3Man beta 1-4GlcNAc beta 1-4GlcNAc, proving that hen oviduct membranes were capable of incorporating GlcNAc in beta-linkage into the Man alpha 1-3- residue of Gn(I)M5. Product B was identified as [3H]GlcNAc beta 1-2Man alpha 1-3[( 14C]GlcNAc beta 1-4)-[Man alpha 1-3)Man alpha 1-6]Man beta 1-4GlcNAc beta 1- f4GlcNAc , showing that hen oviduct membranes could incorporate a bisecting GlcNAc residue (linked beta 1-4 to the beta-linked Man) into Gn(I)M5. The ability of hen oviduct to carry out these two reactions in vitro supports the hypothesis first suggested by Harpaz and Schachter ( Harpaz , N., and Schachter , H. (1980) J. Biol. Chem. 255, 4894-4902) that the synthesis of bisected hybrid oligosaccharides is controlled by the insertion of a bisecting GlcNAc residue into Gn(I)M5. The presence of a bisecting GlcNAc residue prevents mannosidase II action and the synthetic pathway is therefore committed to hybrid oligosaccharide synthesis. PMID- 6725279 TI - Bovine alpha- and beta-thrombin. Reduced fibrinogen-clotting activity of beta thrombin is not a consequence of reduced affinity for fibrinogen. AB - beta-Thrombin, a product of the limited proteolysis of alpha-thrombin, is characterized by greatly reduced fibrinogen-clotting activity as compared to alpha-thrombin but with unchanged activity toward ester substrates. The present study was designed to elucidate the basis for the changes in the catalytic activity resulting from the conversion of bovine alpha-thrombin to bovine beta thrombin. Fibrinogen was utilized as a competitive inhibitor in the hydrolysis of a peptide nitroanilide substrate by bovine alpha- and beta-thrombin. The Ki values obtained for fibrinogen in these experiments were similar for alpha- and beta-thrombin (about 10 microM). Similar values for Ki were obtained when fibrinogen was used to inhibit the inactivation of bovine alpha- and beta thrombin by diisopropylphosphorofluoridate. These experiments suggested that the conversion of bovine alpha- to beta-thrombin does not affect the fibrinogen binding site on thrombin. Differences in the reactivity of functional groups at the active site were then explored. beta-Thrombin was observed to undergo modification at the active site histidine at a slower rate than that of alpha thrombin when reacted with either tosyllysyl chloromethyl ketone or diethyl pyrocarbonate. It is suggested that the difference in the fibrinogen-clotting activity of these two forms of thrombin can result from changes in the reactivity of the active site histidine residue. PMID- 6725280 TI - Coenzyme active site occupancy as an indicator of independence of the subunits of mitochondrial aspartate aminotransferase. AB - The enzyme, aspartate aminotransferase, is a dimer consisting of two identical subunits which contain overlapping subunit regions ( Eichele , G., Ford, G.C., Glor , M., Jansonius , J.N., Mavrides , C., and Christen , P. (1979) J. Mol. Biol. 133, 161-180), suggesting the possibility of subunit interactions. The structurally similar cytosolic isozyme exhibits noncooperative binding of pyridoxal 5'-phosphate ( Boettcher , M., and Martinez -Carrion, M. (1975) Biochemistry 14, 4528-4531; Relimpio , A., Iriarte , A., Chlebowski , J.F., and Martinez -Carrion, M. (1981) J. Biol. Chem. 256, 4478-4488) in which the apoenzyme/holoenzyme hybrid dimer shows a distinctive thermal stability. Using a nonequilibrium isoelectric focusing technique, it can be shown that mitochondrial aspartate aminotransferase also binds cofactor in a noncooperative random fashion. However, differential scanning calorimetry (DSC) thermograms show different characteristics from the cytosolic form. These differences are interpreted in terms of unique subunit interactions in this isozyme. Heating to the various DSC transition temperatures shows that the anomalous DSC thermograms in partially coenzyme-saturated apoenzyme preparations are due to a selective dissociation of apoenzyme subunits into monomers which are irreversibly denatured. The remaining holoenzyme monomers reassociate and form stable holoenzyme dimers. The net result is retention of the initial concentration of holoenzyme subunits present in any given mixture. Random occupancy of active sites and similar electrophoretic and DSC patterns upon heating of partially saturated apoenzyme preparations is observed whether the coenzyme, pyridoxal phosphate or pyridoxamine phosphate alone, or borohydride-reduced Schiff's bases of coenzyme-substrate analogue derivatives are used as active site directed ligands. The latter resemble covalent enzyme-substrate intermediates. PMID- 6725281 TI - Stimulation of human fat cell adenylate cyclase by GDP and guanosine 5'-O-(2 thiodiphosphate). AB - GDP regulation of basal and receptor-mediated catecholamine-sensitive human fat cell adenylate cyclase was studied using purified plasma membrane preparations and assay conditions selected to minimize conversion of GDP to GTP. Under ordinary assay conditions (low NaCl concentration) and with App(NH)p as substrate to prevent GDP conversion to GTP, basal enzyme activity was stimulated up to 2 fold by GDP (0.1 mM) while addition of epinephrine (0.1 mM) eliminated stimulation by GDP and reduced basal adenylate cyclase activity. With ATP as substrate, the enzyme was not responsive to hormone in the absence of guanyl nucleotides and GDP augmentation of basal activity was small (0-1.5-fold) while stimulatory effects of epinephrine and isoproterenol were minimally but definitely exhibited (1.5-fold over basal). Guanosine 5'-O-(2-thiodiphosphate) (GDP beta S), a GDP analog resistant to phosphorylation and hydrolysis and an antagonist of GTP, stimulated enzyme activity more than did GDP but did not promote epinephrine action. Rather, inhibition of GDP beta S-stimulated adenylate cyclase activity was seen with both epinephrine and isoproterenol and also with GTP. In the presence of NaCl (200 mM), which alone produced 2-3-fold increase in basal enzyme activity, GDP (0.1 mM) and GDP beta S (50 microM) produced 8- and 15 fold increases of activity, respectively. Addition of UDP, to prevent possible conversion of GDP to GTP, had no effect on NaCl-enhanced activation by GDP. The results indicate that the human fat cell adenylate cyclase system is unique in responding to GDP and its analog GDP beta S by stimulation in the absence of hormone but suggest that as in other systems catecholamine-mediated stimulation is normally dependent on GTP. Salts (Na+) appear to stimulate the enzyme by facilitating the interaction of the guanyl nucleotide regulatory protein (N8) with the catalytic unit. PMID- 6725282 TI - Reactions of ferryl lactoperoxidase (compound II) with sulfide and sulfhydryl compounds. AB - Lactoperoxidase in the ferryl state (compound II) reacts with sulfide to form a typical sulfheme -containing hemoprotein as do hemoglobin, myoglobin, and catalase. Ferrous sulflactoperoxidase is primarily formed and then oxidized to its ferric form under aerobic conditions. Similar reactions of lactoperoxidase occurs when methylmercaptoimidazole (MMI) is substituted for sulfide. The yield of the adducts from one-turnover reactions of ferryl lactoperoxidase is 100% with sulfide and about 20% with MMI. Sulfur and MMI of the adducts appear to be removed from the enzyme upon reduction by dithionite. Upon the reactions with cysteine and dithiothreitol, the enzyme is converted to spectral species, which are less characteristic but are similar to ferrous and ferric sulflactoperoxidases , respectively. We conclude that there is no essential difference in the mechanism of reactions of lactoperoxidase with sulfide, MMI, cysteine, and dithiothreitol. PMID- 6725283 TI - Vibrio harveyi aldehyde dehydrogenase. Partial reversal of aldehyde oxidation and its possible role in the reduction of fatty acids for the bioluminescence reaction. AB - Vibrio harveyi aldehyde dehydrogenase, which catalyzes the oxidation of long chain aliphatic aldehydes to acids, has been discovered to have both acyl-CoA reductase and thioesterase activities. Tetradecanoyl-CoA was reduced to tetradecanal in the presence of NAD(P)H, as monitored by the stimulation of luciferase activity by the aldehyde product (acyl-CoA reductase). In the absence of NADPH, [3H]tetradecanoyl-CoA was hydrolyzed to the hexane-soluble fatty acid (thioesterase). Inhibition data with N-ethylmaleimide suggest that a single active site on aldehyde dehydrogenase is responsible for all three enzymatic activities. The acyl-CoA reductase activity was maximal at low NADPH concentration (about 1 microM), whereas much higher concentrations of NADH (greater than 100-fold) were required for optimal activity. Further increases in NADPH or NADH concentrations inhibited both the acyl-CoA reductase and thioesterase reactions. On the basis of the specificity of aldehyde dehydrogenase for NADP(H), an improved purification procedure employing affinity chromatography on 2', 5'-ADP-Sepharose is described. Although fatty acid reductase activity could not be reconstituted, aldehyde dehydrogenase specifically stimulated the rate of acylation of the acyl protein synthetase component from the Photobacterium phosphoreum fatty acid reductase system. This observation, combined with the partial reversal of aldehyde oxidation described above, suggests a possible role for aldehyde dehydrogenase in aldehyde biosynthesis for the luminescent reaction in V. harveyi. PMID- 6725284 TI - The structure of the carbohydrate units of human plasma galactoglycoprotein determined by 500-megahertz 1H NMR spectroscopy. AB - Human plasma galactoglycoprotein (Mr = 81,000) which was recently identified and characterized (Schmid, K., Mao, S. K. Y., Kimura, A., Hayashi, S., and Binette , J. P. (1980) J. Biol. Chem. 255, 3221-3226) was found to possess an unusually high carbohydrate content (76%) comprised of NeuAc, Gal, Man, Fuc, GalNAc, and GlcNAc. The aim of the present investigation was to elucidate the primary structure of the oligosaccharide units of this protein. For the study of the O glycosidic oligosaccharide chains, the protein was subjected to beta-elimination and the resulting oligosaccharide preparations were analyzed by 500-MHz 1H NMR spectroscopy. The structure of the predominant glycan, a hexasaccharide: (formula; see text) and that of a tetrasaccharide: NeuAc alpha(2----3)Gal beta(1- --3)[NeuAc alpha (2----6)]GalNAc-ol, were determined. The protein possesses approximately 40 hexasaccharides and 3 tetrasaccharides/mol. For the isolation of its N-glycosidic oligosaccharide chains, the protein was exhaustively digested with proteases followed by chromatography of the desialyzed resulting glycopeptide fraction on concanavalin A-Sepharose. 500-MHz 1H NMR spectroscopy of the obtained preparations revealed the presence of 3 diantennary N-glycosidic chains that are extended with a Fuc residue at the Asn-linked GlcNAc. PMID- 6725285 TI - The cytosol-membrane interface of normal and sickle erythrocytes. Effect of hemoglobin deoxygenation and sickling. AB - The effect of deoxygenation on the amount of hemoglobin (Hb) proximal to the membranes of intact, density-fractionated normal (AA) and sickle (SS) red cells was studied by estimating resonance energy transfer efficiencies from fluorescent probes, 12-(9-anthroyloxy)stearic acid or 2-(9-anthroyloxy)stearic acid, in the outer lipid layer to cytoplasmic hemes. For each density fraction, heme concentrations at the cytosol-membrane interface (hb) were derived from the probe decay rates for ghosts and intact cells, measured by front-face fluorometry, and compared with mean cell heme concentrations (hc). With AA cells, hb/hc varied little with cell density; a 33% drop in hb on deoxygenation is attributable to organic phosphate binding to deoxy-Hb. With oxy-SS cells, hb/hc increased with cell density to twice the values for AA cells, but SS ghosts showed no evidence of increased probe quenching by membrane-bound Hb. On deoxygenation, hb for each SS density fraction fell (reversibly) to one-third the oxy value. The finding that deoxy-HbS withdraws from the membrane bilipid layer much more than deoxy-HbA is consistent with evidence for an increased net negative charge on deoxy-HbS polymers and/or the suggestion that the cytoskeleton, readily penetrated by monomeric Hb, presents a barrier to polymeric HbS. Membrane-associated HbS is therefore thought to play an unimportant role in polymerization. PMID- 6725286 TI - A vascular smooth muscle alpha-isoactin biosynthetic intermediate in BC3H1 cells. Identification of acetylcysteine at the NH2 terminus. AB - A fully translated actin biosynthetic intermediate containing N-acetylcysteine at the NH2 terminus has been identified in homogenates of differentiated mouse BC3H1 cerebrovascular smooth muscle cells labeled with L-[35S]cysteine. Thermolysin digestion of the highly acidic NH2-terminal tryptic peptide of this intermediate and electrophoretic analysis of the resulting fragments indicated that the intermediate was a precursor of smooth muscle alpha- isoactin , the major isoactin species in vascular smooth muscle. Carboxypeptidase A digestion of the thermolysin cleavage product corresponding to the first eight amino acid residues of the NH2-terminal tryptic peptide demonstrated an acetylcysteine-glutamate residue at the NH2 terminus. These results imply that the gene for smooth muscle alpha- isoactin , like genes coding for skeletal and cardiac alpha- isoactins , contains a cysteine codon immediately following the initiator methionine codon. Both the methionine and cysteine residues must be removed from the NH2 terminus of the intermediate to yield the mature form of smooth muscle alpha- isoactin . The removal of the cysteine residue in vivo is not direct but apparently involves acetylation of the cysteine and subsequent post-translational cleavage of the resulting acetylcysteine. Such an acetylation-dependent pathway has been demonstrated for removal of cysteine from the NH2 terminus of Drosophila actin synthesized in a cell-free translation system ( Rubenstein , P. A., and Martin, D. J. (1983) J. Biol. Chem. 258, 11354-11360). In vivo pulse-chase experiments indicate that the smooth muscle alpha- isoactin intermediate in BC3H1 cells turns over much more slowly than nonmuscle actin intermediates previously identified in mouse L-cells. PMID- 6725287 TI - Cell-free fatty acid acylation of Semliki Forest viral polypeptides with microsomal membranes from eukaryotic cells. AB - Using [14C]palmitoyl-CoA as donor and deacylated (fatty acid-free) structural proteins of Semliki Forest virus as exogenous acceptors, palmitic acid was incorporated into polypeptide in a cell-free system with microsomes of baby hamster kidney cells, chicken embryo fibroblasts, and rat liver cells. Out of the four viral proteins (E1, E2, E3, and C) only E1 becomes acylated enzymatically. The protein bound fatty acids of the in vitro product are resistant to detergents and to organic extractions but can be released with hydroxylamine thus affording the typical features of acyl-proteins. Fatty acid transfer to E1 requires the presence of microsomes and is abolished when microsomal membranes are omitted or boiled prior to the incubation. Exogenous acceptor protein E1 had to be deacylated prior to the incubation in order to function during acylation in vitro since no fatty acid chains were transferred into untreated viral E1. Acylation of E1 is time- and temperature-dependent and can be stimulated by increasing the concentrations of acceptor protein, microsomal membranes, or of exogenous fatty acid donor. While Mg2+ does not influence the transfer reaction, Mn2+ leads to a dose-dependent inhibition commencing at a concentration of 1 mM. The cell-free acylation activity fails to show high specificity with regard to the chain length or degree of saturation of the acyl chain used as lipid substrate since palmitic acid (C16:0), stearic acid (C18:0), oleic acid (C18:1), and myristic acid (C14:0) are all transferred onto E1 as long as ATP is present in the incubation mixture. The type of detergent and its concentration were found to be critical for this acylation in vitro. Nonidet P-40 or Triton X-100 both up to a 0.2% concentration allowed the reaction while no enzymatic transfer of palmitic acid onto E1 was detected in the presence of octyl-beta-D-glucoside and Tween 20 at the conditions used for the in vitro incubation. However, when acyl transfer onto lipid acceptors was monitored, the incorporation of fatty acids into the neutral- and phospholipids functioned normally in octyl-beta-D-glucoside only, while Nonidet P 40 and Triton X-100 inhibited the acylation of all neutral lipids and of most of the phospholipids completely.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 400 WORDS) PMID- 6725288 TI - Subcellular localization of the synthesis and glycosylation of chondroitin sulfate proteoglycan core protein. AB - In order to study the temporal and topological events involved in the processing and assembly of chondroitin sulfate proteoglycan, a fractionation scheme involving differential centrifugation and discontinuous sucrose density gradient centrifugation was developed for homogenates of chick embryo sternal chondrocytes. The precursors in these subcellular fractions were examined by a series of pulse, pulse-chase, and continuous labeling experiments. When chondrocytes were pulsed for 20 min with [35S]methionine, an immunoprecipitable core protein precursor with an approximate molecular size of 376,000 Da was localized to the rough endoplasmic reticulum fractions. Further incubation under chase conditions showed the presence of the 376,000-Da species as well as two additional polypeptides of higher molecular masses in the smooth membrane enriched fractions within the next 2 h. This translocation did not occur in the presence of the energy transfer inhibitor carbonyl cyanide-m chlorophenylhydrazone. The labeling pattern of the newly synthesized core protein precursor with either [3H] mannose or [3H]glucosamine showed that N-linked oligosaccharide addition was found on the earliest synthesized product in the rough endoplasmic reticulum, and the addition of this oligosaccharide was inhibited by co-incubation with tunicamycin. Furthermore, the high mannose oligosaccharide was susceptible to cleavage by endo-beta-N-acetylglucosaminidase H, while upon chase approximately 56 and 31% of the glucosamine- and mannose labeled oligosaccharides, respectively, were processed to resistant forms, presumably in the Golgi complex. Both direct assay of glycosyl- and sulfotransferases requisite for addition of chondroitin sulfate chains and sensitivity of intracellular precursors to chondroitinase, keratanase , and endoglycosidase H suggest that only the N-linked oligosaccharides are added in the rough endoplasmic reticulum and glycosaminoglycan chain addition occurs predominantly in smooth membranes. PMID- 6725289 TI - Rapid disappearance of translatable actin mRNA during cell differentiation in Naegleria. AB - Actin, the major protein of Naegleria gruberi, is selectively not synthesized during the differentiation of amebae to flagellates. When RNA extracted from cells at intervals during differentiation is translated in the wheat germ cell free system, a major translation product with the electrophoretic mobility of actin is seen to disappear with time during differentiation. This translation product is shown to be actin by its electrophoretic mobility, copolymerization with rabbit actin, peptide map, and immunoprecipitation by antibodies specific to Naegleria actin. Multiple isoforms of actin are synthesized in the cell-free system. Quantitative immunoprecipitation of translation products was employed to measure the relative amount of actin mRNA. Translatable actin mRNA begins to decrease in abundance within 7 min after the initiation of differentiation and thereafter decreases with a half-life of about 25 min. The selective disappearance of this major translatable mRNA provides a favorable opportunity to dissect the rules governing the half-life of a specific mRNA. PMID- 6725290 TI - Mechanical response of a simple finite element model of the intervertebral disc under complex loading. AB - A simple axisymmetric finite element model of a human spine segment containing two adjacent vertebrae and the intervening intervertebral disc was constructed. The bodies and disc were modeled by three substructures; one to represent each of the vertebral bodies, the annulus fibrosus, and the nucleus pulposus. A semi analytic technique was used to maintain the computational economies of a two dimensional analysis when non- axisymmetric loads were imposed on the model. The response of the model to compression, shear, torsion and bending loads applied to the superior vertebral body was examined to determine the effects of disc geometry and material properties on response. Comparisons of model responses with experimentally measured responses were made to estimate material property values for which model behaviors are in agreement with measured behaviors. PMID- 6725291 TI - Analysis of compressive creep behavior of the vertebral unit subjected to a uniform axial loading using exact parametric solution equations of Kelvin-solid models--Part I. Human intervertebral joints. AB - The creep response phenomena observed on 47 human intervertebral discs subjected to a constant axial compressive stress was analytically studied by two-, three- and four-parameter-solid models employing the Burns- Kaleps 'exact analysis scheme'. The mechanical properties (Young's moduli and viscosity coefficients) associated with each model were calculated for each of the 47 disks, with superior results obtained for the latter two models. Results for the two parameter-solid model suggest its possible usefulness in simulating creep response that is characteristic of disk degeneration. Results for the three- and four-parameter-solid models were excellent, with an average error for the model predicted strain, epsilon(ti)cal, values from the experimentally measured, epsilon(ti)exp, values of 2.314% for the former model and 4.446% for the latter model on the 47 human spinal segments analyzed. The three-parameter-solid model was most sensitive in its predictability of strain behavior for ti greater than 1 min; whereas the four-parameter-solid model demonstrated greater simulation sensitivity in the 0 less than ti less than or equal to 1 min range. PMID- 6725292 TI - Analysis of compressive creep behavior of the vertebral unit subjected to a uniform axial loading using exact parametric solution equations of Kelvin-solid models--Part II. Rhesus monkey intervertebral joints. AB - The simulation of long-term creep response behavior, observed on 54 Rhesus monkey intervertebral joints subjected to a constant axial compressive stress, is attempted by two- and three-parameter-solid models utilizing the Burns- Kaleps 'exact analysis scheme'. Model parameters identified by the analysis of each specimen's experimental strain data were optimized via a computer program and the mechanical properties (Young's moduli and the viscosity coefficient) appropriate to each model were calculated for individual spinal segments. Simulation results for the two-parameter-solid (one- Kelvin -unit) model demonstrate its general ineptness in predicting the observed strain-time behavior of normal spinal sements . The three-parameter-solid model yielded excellent results in the simulation of observed spinal segment compressive creep phenomena. It produced an average error between the model predicted and experimental strain values that ranged from a low of 0.4000% to a high of 3.290% for the 54 Rhesus monkey intervertebral joints, with a collective average error for all specimens of only 1.363%. PMID- 6725293 TI - Local vibrations--mechanical impedance of the human hand's glabrous skin. AB - The mechanical point impedance has been studied in ten different areas of the glabrous skin of the human hand on three male and three female subjects within the frequency range of 20-10 000 Hz. For all tested areas the impedance decreased with increasing frequency down to a minimum value, corresponding to the natural frequency of the skin. After that, the mechanical impedance was directly proportional to the frequency. The highest natural frequency, about 200 Hz, was measured in the distal areas of the finger and the lowest, about 80 Hz, in the proximal areas of the palm (thenar). Small differences in internal damping were also showed to exist. A great amount of handheld tools used in industry have their maximum vibrational levels within the natural frequency range of the skin. In order to avoid adverse effects the skin's mechanical properties should therefore carefully be taken into consideration at designing vibrating tools. PMID- 6725294 TI - Design of a system for the accelerated loading of heart valve prostheses. AB - In this paper an equipment is described for the loading of heart valve prostheses under physiological pressure conditions at a frequency of 10 Hz. The system consists essentially of two reservoirs between which a housing is mounted for holding the valve prosthesis. The reservoirs are partly filled with liquid. The physiological pressure variation across the valve is obtained by pressure control within the two reservoirs. A phase difference between the pressures in the two reservoirs compensates for the mass-inertia effects which normally occur at these high frequencies. The system without a valve has been analysed on the basis of simplified relationships between pressure and flow. The predicted values for the phase difference between the flow and the pressure curves within the valve housing, have been verified experimentally for various values of phase difference and amplitude ratios of the pressure variations within the reservoirs. The agreement between theory and experiment is fair. For the system with a valve the experimentally observed patterns closely resemble the theoretically predicted ones. From experiments with a Bjork-Shiley ( 21ABP ) and a Hancock (242-A21) valve prosthesis it is concluded that the valves open and close completely and that the pressure and flow patterns around the valves mimic the essential features of the in-vivo signals. PMID- 6725295 TI - On the specification of joint configurations and motions. PMID- 6725296 TI - A method for in vivo quantitative occlusal strain and stress analysis. AB - A method to evaluate in vivo dental occlusal relationships by measuring strains and stresses, memorized in a thin wafer during occlusion, is presented. The method is based on the property of some polymers to memorize mechanical birefringence (the photoplastic phenomenon); it provides and records static and kinematic patterns related to the sequence of contacts during occlusion. This sequence determines the intensity levels of contacts according to impressions on the memorizing sheet. The method consists of observing and measuring, with an optical instrument, birefringence patterns appearing on a special memory sheet upon which a patient has occluded according to specific instructions. Two ways may be considered: the strain analysis and the stress analysis approach. The goal of the strain analysis approach is mostly clinical: to help attain harmonization of the static and kinematic occlusal patterns by detecting and eliminating prematurities and interferences through a step-by-step improvement of the strain uniformity. Other clinical uses include: Relating occlusal strain patterns to traumatic occlusion, bruxism or other functional disturbances. Diagnosing pain dysfunction syndrome of supporting tissues in subjects with removable complete or partial dentures. Substantiating the comparative effect of supporting implants in combination with natural teeth in bridges, etc. The goal of the stress analysis approach is both clinical and theoretical, providing help in understanding the temporo-mandibular mechanical relationship. PMID- 6725297 TI - Three-dimensional response of a lumped parameter head-neck model due to impact and impulsive loading. AB - A numerical procedure developed previously for predicting sagittal-plane motion of the human head-neck system due to impact and impulsive loading has been extended to three dimensions. In both situations, a lumped parameter approach is employed, but the current model lumps the mechanical response of each intervertebral joint into a single force-deformation relation evaluated from mechanical properties assembled by various investigators. Computations were performed to obtain the response of the model to a two-dimensional case of flexion whiplash, to one three-dimensional case of side impact to the skull and to another involving base acceleration normal to the sagittal plane. Agreement of the kinematic variables with the results of both the previous two-dimensional analysis and experimental data from a volunteer run is satisfactory, but somewhat poorer correspondence was found for the three-dimensional predictions upon comparison with data obtained from a physical model and from a volunteer when subjected to the prescribed loading. The differences in response are attributed to higher stiffness of facet separation of the model relative both to the structure and the volunteer, to insufficient damping, as well as to substantial differences in the mechanical deformation characteristic of the components of the prototypes and the numerical model. PMID- 6725298 TI - Wall shear stress during pulsatile flow distal to a normal porcine aortic valve. AB - The shear stress at the wall has been of interest as one of the possible fluid dynamic factors that may be damaging in the region of prosthetic valves. The purpose of this study was to measure the axial wall shear stresses in the region of a 29 mm tissue annulus diameter porcine stent mounted prosthetic aortic valve (Hancock, Model 242). Studies were performed in an in vitro pulse duplicating system. The axial wall shear stress was calculated from velocities obtained near the wall with a laser Doppler anemometer. The largest axial wall shear stress was 29 dyn cm-2 and it occurred at the highest stroke volume used (80 ml). At a stroke volume of 50 ml, the largest axial wall shear stress was 17 dyn cm-2 and at a stroke volume of 35 ml, it was 15 dyn cm-2. Stresses of these magnitudes are far below those reported to be damaging to the endothelial surface. These stresses may be high enough, however, to affect platelet function. PMID- 6725299 TI - Epidemiology, genetics and sociology. PMID- 6725300 TI - Genetic evolution of the Samaritans. PMID- 6725301 TI - Trends and differentials in Moslem fertility. PMID- 6725302 TI - Bongaarts' proximate determinants of fertility applied to group data from the Kenya Fertility Survey 1977/78. PMID- 6725303 TI - Effect of infant mortality on subsequent fertility of women in Jordan: a life table analysis. PMID- 6725304 TI - The rapid fertility decline in Guam natives. PMID- 6725305 TI - The choice of sterilization: voluntarily childless couples, mothers of one child by choice, and males seeking reversal of vasectomy. PMID- 6725306 TI - Voluntary sterilization in North Tyneside. PMID- 6725307 TI - Contraception: answers of wives and husbands compared in a survey of Swiss couples. PMID- 6725308 TI - Family planning in Lae urban area of Papua New Guinea 1981. PMID- 6725309 TI - Perceptions of contraceptive methods: a multidimensional scaling analysis. PMID- 6725310 TI - Sexual behavior and contraceptive practice at Oxford and Aberdeen Universities. PMID- 6725311 TI - Bedtimes of 11 to 14-year-old children in north-east England. PMID- 6725312 TI - Intramedullary fixation of humeral shaft fractures. AB - In this paper we document seventy fractures of the humeral shaft that were treated by intramedullary fixation between 1970 and 1981. Complications developed in forty-seven (67 per cent) of the fractures, and forty-five (64 per cent) required at least one additional operative procedure. Of the sixty fractures that were internally fixed within six weeks after injury, nine (15 per cent) had a delayed union and five (8.3 per cent) had a non-union, two of which persisted despite subsequent surgery. Three of the ten fractures that were internally fixed more than six weeks after injury never united despite additional procedures that were done to secure union. Delayed union and non-union were more common in open fractures (33 per cent) than in closed fractures (21 per cent), and with open reduction (39 per cent) than with closed or so-called semi-open reduction (9 per cent). Deep infection occurred in three (5 per cent) of the fractures and was more common in open (17 per cent) than in closed fractures (2 per cent). One of the three open fractures that were treated by immediate fixation became infected, as compared with only one of the nine open fractures treated by delayed fixation. Painful adhesive capsulitis of the shoulder developed in thirty-four (56 per cent) of the patients who had fractures treated with distally directed pins, but motion of the elbow was not restricted in the nine patients with fractures treated with proximally directed pins. PMID- 6725313 TI - Distal tibial physeal fractures in children that may require open reduction. AB - Fractures of the distal end of the tibia in children often involve the physis. They are of particular importance because partial growth arrest can occur and result in angular deformity, limb-length discrepancy, or incongruity of the joint surface (or a combination of these). We evaluated the cases of thirty-two children who had a fracture leading to established partial growth arrest of the distal end of the tibia. Most of this group had had a Salter-Harris Type-III or Type-IV fracture. Twenty-eight of the fractures had been treated by gentle closed reduction and immobilization in a plaster cast. We also evaluated the cases of thirty-three children who were seen by us for treatment of an acute fracture; most of these were Salter-Harris Type-III or Type-IV fractures of the distal end of the tibia. Nineteen of the twenty acute Type-III or Type-IV fractures that were treated with accurate open reduction of the physis and internal fixation healed without growth disturbance, while five of the nine fractures that were treated by closed means formed a bone bridge, presaging a disturbance in growth. This study suggests that Salter-Harris Type-III and Type-IV, and perhaps Type-II, fractures of the distal end of the tibia commonly cause disturbance of growth in the tibia, and that anatomical reduction of the physis by closed or open means may decrease the incidence of these disturbances of growth, including shortening and varus angulation of the ankle. PMID- 6725314 TI - Mallet fractures. AB - In a review of 160 mallet fingers, forty-four were found to have a fracture of the distal phalanx. Of these mallet fractures, twenty-one could be followed for a mean of 3.25 years (range, six months to eight years). Six had been treated surgically and fifteen had simply been splinted. Of these twenty-one mallet fractures, all but one had a good result irrespective of the form of treatment. Bone-remodeling occurred in all digits (including two with fibrous union), with reconstitution of the articular surface and preservation of the joint space as seen on radiographs. There was also a near-normal range of painless motion in all but one finger. Poor patient compliance was an occasional difficulty when conservative treatment was used. Surgical treatment was difficult and unreliable; it offered no advantage over conservative treatment and had a greater rate of morbidity. The major "complication" of both forms of treatment was a bone prominence on the dorsum of the distal interphalangeal joint. These findings suggest that most mallet fractures can be treated conservatively, ignoring joint subluxation and the size and amount of displacement of the bone fragment. PMID- 6725315 TI - Management of deformities of the forearm in multiple hereditary osteochondromas. AB - A patient with multiple hereditary osteochondromas may have any of several severe deformities of the forearm, the most common of which are ulnar deviation of the wrist associated with relative shortening of the ulna, bowing of either or both of the bones of the forearm, shortening of the forearm, and late dislocation of the radial head. The natural history of these deformities is progression, with variable weakness, functional impairment, and cosmetic deformity of the extremity. We describe the results, after a follow-up of at least two years, in eighteen patients who underwent major surgical procedures: excision of the osteochondromas (ten patients), ulnar lengthening with excision of the osteochondromas (three patients), and ulnar lengthening with radial hemiepiphyseal stapling (seven forearms of five patients). Early excision of the osteochondromas alone did not slow the progression of the deformity. Ulnar lengthening did, on occasion, correct the ulnar drift at the wrist, but the relative shortening of the ulna recurred. Distal radial hemiepiphyseal stapling should accompany ulnar lengthening if radiocarpal angulation or subluxation of the lunate occurs with ulnar shortening. Deformities of the forearm should be treated early and aggressively to prevent disability. PMID- 6725316 TI - Extensor hallucis longus transfer for hallux varus deformity. AB - The hallux varus deformity results from a dynamic imbalance of the tendons that cross the first metatarsophalangeal joint. This condition most frequently occurs after McBride-type operative treatment for hallux valgus. A new procedure, developed to correct this imbalance, involves transferring the extensor hallucis longus beneath the first intermetatarsal ligament into the base of the proximal phalanx, along with an arthrodesis of the first interphalangeal joint. This procedure in fifteen affected great toes gave over-all satisfactory correction of the hallux varus deformity. PMID- 6725317 TI - Arthrodesis of the first metatarsophalangeal joint for hallux valgus in rheumatoid arthritis. AB - We reviewed the results of reconstruction of the fore part of the foot in rheumatoid patients by arthrodesis of the first metatarsophalangeal joint. The follow-up averaged 4.1 years (range, 2.0 to 7.25 years). Eighteen feet in eleven women were operated on. Twelve feet underwent total reconstruction of the fore part: arthrodesis of the first metatarsophalangeal joint and excision of all of the lesser metatarsophalangeal joints. Six feet underwent subtotal reconstruction, which included arthrodesis of the first metatarsophalangeal joint. The results were classified as excellent in fourteen feet, good in two, and fair in two. There were no poor results. Metatarsophalangeal bone fusion was achieved in all but one foot (fusion rate, 94 per cent). The one fibrous ankylosis was painless, with satisfactory function. Interphalangeal degenerative joint disease was a radiographic but not a clinical sequela. Arthrodesis of the first metatarsophalangeal joint provided stability that permanently corrected deformity, permitted the patients to wear ordinary shoes, and, in combination with excisional arthroplasty of involved lesser metatarsophalangeal joints, relieved disabling pain in the fore part of the foot. PMID- 6725318 TI - Patellofemoral contact pressures. The influence of q-angle and tendofemoral contact. AB - Controlled bending moments were applied to twelve human cadaver knee joints using a special loading fixture that allowed variation of both the Q-angle and the flexion angle. The joints were tested at three different Q-angles (physiological, increased 10 degrees, and decreased 10 degrees) and five different angles of flexion (ranging from 20 to 120 degrees). Based on one-third of values in the literature for maximum voluntary isometric quadriceps moments, we applied resultant knee moments of 23.6, 30.7, 47.2, and 35.0 newton-meters at 20, 30, 60, and 90 degrees of flexion, respectively. Based on two-thirds of reported maximum moments, we applied 47.2 newton-meters at 120 degrees of flexion. Normal patellofemoral-contact pressures, measured with a pressure-sensitive film, were remarkably uniformly distributed (+/- 0.25 megapascal ), with approximately the same pressure on the lateral and medial patellar facets. The maximum contact force occurred at 90 degrees of flexion. Extrapolating our measurements to full in vivo moments, we estimated maximum contact forces of 4600 newtons , or approximately 6.5 times body weight. Tendofemoral contact at 120 degrees of knee flexion supported one-third of the total contact force on the patella. A 10 degree increase in the Q-angle resulted in increased peak pressures (an increase of 45 per cent at 20 degrees of flexion). A decrease in the Q-angle resulted in unloading of the vertical crest and, in some knees, of parts of the lateral facet. However, these decreases were always associated with increased peak pressures (50 per cent more at 20 degrees of flexion) at other locations. PMID- 6725319 TI - Biomechanics of the knee-extension exercise. Effect of cutting the anterior cruciate ligament. AB - We conducted this study to determine the effective moment arm of the knee extensor mechanism and the conditions under which the anterior cruciate ligament is loaded during knee-extension exercises. The moment arm was calculated from measurement of the quadriceps force required to extend the knee with and without resistive weights placed at the foot, the leg weight, and the location of its center of gravity. Changes in three-dimensional joint motion after the anterior cruciate ligament was removed were considered to be an indication that the ligament was loaded. The quadriceps force rose during the initial phase of knee extension and remained nearly constant at an average value of 177 newtons between 50 and 15 degrees. With extension past 15 degrees it rose rapidly, reaching an average of 350 newtons at zero degrees of extension, and continued to increase with hyperextension. The addition of thirty-one newtons (seven pounds) at the foot approximately doubled the quadriceps force that was required to extend the knee. The effective moment arm of the extensor mechanism increased with knee extension, peaked at approximately 20 degrees, and rapidly decreased with further extension. No change was found in the quadriceps force or its effective moment arm when the anterior cruciate ligament was sectioned except in hyperextension, where the quadriceps force decreased in two of five specimens. There was, however, an increased anterior tibial displacement in the range of 30 degrees to full extension, suggesting that the anterior cruciate ligament is loaded in that flexion arc. CLINICAL RELEVANCE: This study demonstrates that very large quadriceps forces are required to accomplish the last 15 degrees of extension during leg-raising exercises, typically twice those required to reach 30 degrees of flexion. The large forces that are required to obtain full extension explain why an extensor lag occurs with quadriceps weakness even though a full passive range of motion is possible. Since thirty-one newtons (seven pounds) of resistive weight added at the foot approximately doubles the quadriceps forces required to extend the leg alone, using such weights can produce very large quadriceps forces and concurrent patellofemoral and tibiofemoral contact forces. Because the quadriceps force increases little as the leg is extended from 50 to 15 degrees, in patients with patellofemoral chondroses for whom a full range of joint motion is not desired, quadriceps exercises can be limited to the amount of extension without decreasing quadriceps force.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 400 WORDS) PMID- 6725320 TI - Isokinetic muscle imbalance and knee-joint injuries. A prospective blind study. AB - One hundred and seventy-two randomly selected high-school football players underwent pre-season isokinetic muscle-testing to determine if there was any relationship between an imbalance in thigh-muscle function and the occurrence of knee injuries. Strength, power, power-endurance, and time to maximum tension were measured for the quadriceps and hamstring muscle groups for both lower extremities of each athlete. The resulting values were utilized to see if a difference of 10 per cent or more between the right and left extremities or between the mean and actual hamstring-to-quadriceps ratio of the individual extremity would result in more knee injuries. No such relationship was found. PMID- 6725321 TI - Non-operative treatment of severe injuries to the medial and anterior cruciate ligaments of the knee. AB - We are reporting the results of conservative treatment of concomitant injuries to the medial collateral and anterior cruciate ligaments of the knee in twenty-eight patients (average age, twenty-eight years), who were followed for an average of three years. Twenty patients had a good or excellent result. Eleven of the fifteen patients who played contact sports and six of the nine who played non contact sports returned to their preinjury levels of athletic activity. The older and nonathletic individuals had the poorest final results. We concluded that in many individuals with combined injury to the medial collateral and anterior cruciate ligaments, the knee responds well when treated conservatively. PMID- 6725322 TI - Conventional total hip arthroplasty for degenerative joint disease in patients between the ages of forty and sixty years. AB - We analyzed the records of 103 conventional hip arthroplasties in seventy-five active patients who were between the ages of forty and sixty years. After five to ten years of follow-up, an excellent or good clinical result was evident in 90 per cent. The radiographic appearance of the cement-bone interface of the acetabular component was stable in those hips, and no progressive acetabular radiolucency was found in 80 per cent of the hips. Of twenty hips with a complete acetabular radiolucency (Grade III or IV), only three had a secondary revision operation, two in conjunction with a fracture of the stem of the prosthesis and one for migration (Grade IV). Eight additional hips showed migration. Seventy per cent of the femoral components were well fixed, without radiographic evidence of loosening. A fracture of the femoral stem occurred in eight hips, all of which had a revision operation. One revision operation was done for loosening of the femoral stem. Seven femoral stems showed either shift or subsidence. An isolated radiolucency in the superolateral zone was present in four hips and an isolated lucency in other zones, measuring one millimeter or less, was present in ten hips. Thus, radiographic evidence of loosening, including the hips with a fractured stem, was present in 29.9 per cent. One additional revision, making ten in all, was done for symptomatic acetabular loosening. Based on this study, we concluded that conventional hip arthroplasty is a highly successful treatment in active patients between forty and sixty years old who have osteoarthritis of the hip. PMID- 6725323 TI - Total hip replacement for Paget's disease of the hip. AB - We reviewed our experience with total hip replacement for coxarthrosis due to Paget's disease. The clinical and radiographic results in twenty-one patients who had a total hip replacement between October 1972 and February 1982 were analyzed. The ages of the patients averaged 68.6 years (range, fifty-seven to eighty years) and there were twelve women and nine men. The follow-up averaged five years and two months (range, two years to eleven years and four months). A good or excellent result was achieved in eighteen patients. Of the other three patients, two required a revision operation at two and one-half and five years postoperatively for symptomatic mechanical loosening of the femoral component. The remaining patient had a fair result because of activity of the Paget's disease. Special problems that we encountered included varus deformity of the proximal end of the femur predisposing to varus placement of the femoral component, protrusio acetabuli, increased blood loss, sclerotic bone that made reaming difficult, and heterotopic ossification. PMID- 6725324 TI - Traumatic lateral displacement of the scapula: a radiographic sign of neurovascular disruption. AB - Scapulothoracic dissociation, as manifested by lateral displacement of the scapula and acromioclavicular separation, is a previously unreported injury in which there is a complete disruption of the scapulothoracic articulation without an overlying partial or complete amputation through the soft tissue. Associated with the disruption of the scapulothoracic articulation are injuries to the brachial plexus and the subclavian artery and vein; multiple open and closed fractures of the ipsilateral upper extremity are often present also. In the patient with severe multiple injuries, scapulothoracic dissociation may not be recognized immediately, with potentially fatal consequences. In this paper we present the cases of three patients with radiographic and pathological evidence of scapulothoracic dissociation and review the literature on related injuries. PMID- 6725325 TI - The orthopaedic implications of purpura fulminans. AB - The syndrome of purpura fulminans has frequently been reported in the surgical and pediatric literature, but rarely in the orthopaedic literature. The mortality rate has decreased dramatically from early reports of approximately 90 per cent to more recent reports of 18 per cent. Amputation of a portion of the involved extremities, however, is usually required in the patients who survive. Over a twelve-month period, we treated four patients who had purpura fulminans, with resultant vasospasm and secondary ischemic gangrene. In three of the patients the syndrome developed following a one to two-day febrile illness, and in one, following varicella. All four patients survived, but two required a bilateral lower-limb amputation; one, a Syme amputation and a partial hand amputation; and one, an amputation of the fore part of the foot. Autoamputation of multiple fingertips and toes occurred in two of the four patients. PMID- 6725326 TI - Isolated fracture of the lesser trochanter in adults: an initial manifestation of metastatic malignant disease. AB - An avulsion fracture of the lesser trochanter in the absence of known or appropriate antecedent trauma was the initial manifestation of unrecognized metastatic malignant disease in the subtrochanteric area of four patients. In three patients the fracture healed but a pathological subtrochanteric fracture then occurred, and in one patient prophylactic nailing of the hip was performed to prevent this fracture. A thorough search for occult metastatic malignant disease should be made whenever this fracture occurs in an adult. Prophylactic internal fixation to prevent or delay a subsequent pathological subtrochanteric fracture seems worth while. PMID- 6725327 TI - Acute traumatic rotatory atlanto-axial dislocation in children. A report of three cases. PMID- 6725328 TI - Hangman's fracture in a patient with osteogenesis imperfecta. Case report. PMID- 6725329 TI - Fracture of the metallic tibial tray following total knee replacement. Report of two cases. PMID- 6725330 TI - Paraplegia as a complication of corticosteroid therapy. A case report. PMID- 6725331 TI - The anterior tarsal syndrome. Report of four cases. PMID- 6725332 TI - Tibiocalcaneal stabilization using reinforced acrylic cement as a substitute for the talus. A case report. PMID- 6725333 TI - Muscle strength after bilateral femoral osteotomy. A case report. PMID- 6725334 TI - Keep the family together. PMID- 6725335 TI - Functional reconstruction of an extremity by free tissue transfer of the latissimus dorsi. PMID- 6725336 TI - Cuff tear arthropathy. PMID- 6725337 TI - The femoral cement compactor. PMID- 6725338 TI - Diabetes mellitus in the aetiology of Dupuytren's disease. AB - In controlled clinical studies of adult diabetics a 42% incidence of signs of Dupuytren's disease was found. The incidence was highest in the older patients with a longer history of diabetes, but was not related to the severity of the diabetes. The features of Dupuytren's disease in the diabetics has a distinctive pattern, being more severe in men than women and, compared with controls, having a radial shift towards the middle finger. The disease was mild and of benign prognosis, rarely needing operation. In a further study, 13% of patients with Dupuytren's disease were found to have a raised blood glucose level. The question is posed as to whether the biochemical disturbance causes the Dupuytren's disease or whether the pattern of inheritance predisposes to both Dupuytren's disease and diabetes. PMID- 6725339 TI - A new technique for greater trochanteric hip arthroplasty. AB - This paper describes a new technique for greater trochanteric hip arthroplasty in which the femur is divided at the subtrochanteric level and the upper fragment rotated through 180 degrees to place the greater trochanter deeply in the acetabulum; with the lower limb in the weight-bearing position the fragments are then fixed with a short intramedullary nail. This operation was carried out in a boy aged 4 years 6 months in whom the femoral head and neck had been destroyed by septic arthritis. Ten years later leg-lengthening was performed. When reviewed at the age of 20, he had a stable hip, a satisfactory range of painless movement, and shortening of only 2.5 cm; he could walk and run for long distances with only a slight abductor lunch. PMID- 6725340 TI - Acetabular dysplasia and hip dislocation after selective premature fusion of the triradiate cartilage. An experimental study in rabbits. AB - Premature fusion of the triradiate cartilage was obtained surgically in 10 three week-old rabbits, and compared with isolated fusion of the ilio-ischial and of the ilio-pubic limbs of the triradiate cartilage in two further groups of 10 rabbits. Complete fusion caused acetabular dysplasia five weeks after operation in all animals and hip dislocation at nine weeks in half of them; ilio-ischial fusion had a comparable effect. Ilio-pubic fusion had only a minimal effect on acetabular development. The posterior position of the ilio-ischial limb in the acetabulum and its predominance in the formation of the triradiate cartilage in quadrupeds may have contributed to its decisive effect on acetabular development. PMID- 6725341 TI - Fractured femoral shaft through an osteolytic lesion resulting from the reaction to a prosthesis. A case report. AB - This paper reports a singular case of pathological fracture through a large osteolytic lesion of the mid-femur consequent on reaction to a hip prosthesis. Not only metal particles but also polyethylene fibres were found at this site, some 15 cm from the prosthesis. The case sheds an interesting light on the reaction to prostheses. PMID- 6725342 TI - A six-year follow-up of infected total hip replacements managed by Girdlestone's arthroplasty. AB - Thirty-three Girdlestone's arthroplasties used to salvage infected total hip replacements were followed for a mean of 6.2 years to assess the efficacy of this procedure. Subjective and objective assessment was obtained at the time of review. Gram-negative organisms, retained cement, bony sequestra and secondary healing were common features of the five patients (15%) whose wounds discharged for more than four weeks after operation. Girdlestone's arthroplasty provided satisfactory pain relief in 91% of patients, and control of infection in 97%. Although leg-length discrepancy (mean 4 cm) and a Trendelenburg gait made walking difficult and tiring , 42% were satisfied with their functional ability; 85% needed walking aids, and 3 patients could not walk at all and were confined to bed or a chair. Overall, 79% were satisfied. Objectively, the mean Harris hip rating was 60; however, if patients with multiple joint problems were excluded, this score increased to 77. Girdlestone's arthroplasty seems a reasonable salvage procedure in the management of an infected total hip replacement and the results seem to improve with time. PMID- 6725343 TI - The treatment of patellar instability by lateral release. AB - A simple procedure of using a Smillie knife to release the lateral patellar retinaculum and the capsule in the unstable patella syndrome is described. The syndrome includes recurrent dislocation, recurrent subluxation and acute dislocation of the patella. Arthroscopy, to exclude any other pathology such as chondromalacia patellae, is performed before proceeding to closed lateral release. The results of this procedure are as good as those after more major surgical procedures. In a small percentage of patients a second operation such as tibial tubercle transfer or patellectomy may be necessary, especially in patients with an underlying congenital abnormality; but in many patients this type of major surgery has proved unnecessary. PMID- 6725344 TI - The long-term results of Stanmore total knee replacements. AB - Between 1969 and 1971 20 prototypes of the Stanmore total knee prosthesis were used to replace severely arthritic knees in 18 patients. Seven patients died before the final follow-up and one had to have her leg amputated because of deep infection; in none of these patients had the prosthesis become loose. Ten patients (11 knees) were reviewed at least 10 years after operation. There was no significant clinical deterioration in 7 of these 11 surviving knees when the results at one year were compared with those at 10 years. PMID- 6725345 TI - Assessment of the survival and the clinical results of Stanmore total knee replacements. AB - We review 210 Stanmore knee replacements in 163 patients to assess the survival of the prostheses and the long-term results. The annual rate of failure reached a maximum of 4.6% in the fourth year after operation; thereafter it declined to reach zero by the eighth year. Between two and eight years after operation, 66.3% of the surviving knees were completely free of pain and 30.2% had mild retropatellar pain. Fixed flexion deformities present before operation were completely corrected in 73% of the knees, and varus or valgus deformities were invariably corrected. Stability was always restored to unstable knees and 80.8% of knees flexed to 90 degrees or more after replacement. Aseptic loosening (8.1%), prosthetic infection (4.3%) and femoral fracture (2.9%) led to 8.5% of the prostheses being revised or removed over eight years. Modifications in prosthetic design and operative techniques have been introduced to minimise such complications in the future. PMID- 6725346 TI - Arthrodesis of the knee after failed knee replacement. AB - Arthrodesis of the knee is sometimes needed for failed total knee replacement, but fusion can be difficult to obtain. We describe a method of arthrodesis that uses the simple, inexpensive, Portsmouth external fixator. Bony union was obtained in all six patients treated with this technique. These results are compared with those obtained by other methods of arthrodesis. PMID- 6725348 TI - The long-term results of Watson-Jones tenodesis. AB - Nine patients have been reviewed at an average period of 22 years after a Watson Jones tenodesis performed for chronic instability of the ankle. Only three patients had complete relief of symptoms. Two favourable early results deteriorated 7 and 10 years after operation. Radiographic examination revealed full correction of both anterior and lateral instability of the talus in only two cases. Talar tilt was controlled more successfully than increased anterior drawer movement. Long-standing instability was associated with the formation of marginal exostoses, the severity of which appeared proportional to the degree of instability. PMID- 6725347 TI - A technique for difficult arthrodesis of the knee. AB - Twenty knees, in which a total of 32 previous operations had been performed, were arthrodesed by the Charnley compression technique combined with intramedullary nailing. Patients with previous infection were excluded from the series, but three neuropathic knees were included. Bony union was evident after an average of six months in all but one patient who died three months after operation. One patient developed deep infection that resolved after removing the nail. The combined technique is simple and only limited bone resection is needed; it gives immediate stability and relief of pain with minimal morbidity. PMID- 6725349 TI - The management of metatarsus adductus et supinatus. AB - Forty-three patients with 69 feet affected by isolated metatarsus adductus et supinatus were reviewed. Of these, 20 patients (with 31 involved feet) had been treated expectantly and spontaneous resolution had occurred with time. The remaining 23 patients (with 38 feet) had required anteromedial release; the operative technique is described. Excellent results were uniformly achieved in both groups, with neither recurrence nor complications in the operatively treated feet. There was a consistent correlation between good clinical results and a naviculo -metatarsal angle of less than 100 degrees. The timing of soft-tissue release did not influence the final outcome. PMID- 6725350 TI - The long-term results of conservative management of severely displaced fractures of the calcaneus. AB - A subjective, objective and radiographic study of 21 patients with comminuted calcaneal fractures showing severe involvement of the subtalar joint is reported. The average follow-up was 14.6 years (range 8 to 29 years). Only patients with unilateral closed fractures and no associated injuries to either lower limb were admitted to the study. All were treated by early active mobilisation of the ankle, and the subtalar and the midtarsal joints. Seventy-six per cent of the patients achieved a good result with minor symptoms which did not interfere with their occupation or leisure requirements. Although two-thirds of the patients reached a point of maximal recovery at two to three years, 24% continued to improve for six years. None of the patients experienced any deterioration after this time. Neither the degree of clinical stiffness nor the degeneration of the subtalar joint, assessed radiographically, correlated with the severity of symptoms or functional disability. The role of the soft tissues in the aetiology of residual symptoms is discussed. PMID- 6725352 TI - The treatment of isolated fractures of the distal ulna. AB - The integrity of the periosteum and the interosseous membrane determine the stability of fractures of the distal ulna; this is indicated by the initial displacement. In fractures displaced by less than 50% the periosteum and interosseous membranes are largely intact; these fractures are stable and require only below-elbow immobilisation for protection and relief of pain. In fractures displaced by more than 50% the membranes are disrupted; these fractures are unstable and require above-elbow immobilisation for stability. As most fractures are displaced by less than 50%, immobilisation of the elbow, which significantly increases morbidity, is usually unnecessary. I report the results of a cadaveric study on the pathomechanics of fractures of the distal ulna, and of a prospective clinical trial in which the type of cast used for immobilisation was determined by the stability of the fracture. PMID- 6725351 TI - Dislocations of the lunate with and without fracture of the scaphoid. AB - A review of 61 patients with dislocation of the lunate (some with and some without fracture of the scaphoid) showed that the majority had satisfactory results at an average follow-up of three and a half years. Most patients with a simple dislocation had a good or satisfactory result; radiological instability was noted in a quarter of the wrists but was not often associated with symptoms. Two-thirds of the patients with an associated fracture of the scaphoid had a good or satisfactory result. Immediate percutaneous wire fixation of the reduced scaphoid, whether it is fractured or not, is the best way of maintaining normal anatomical relationship while the ligaments and fracture heal; this may further improve the prognosis. In most cases extreme dorsiflexion of the wrist appeared to be the mechanism of injury. PMID- 6725353 TI - Anomalies of the lumbosacral nerve roots. An anatomical investigation and myelographic study. AB - Lumbosacral nerve root anomalies have been documented in the literature for over 30 years; however, no significant quantitative studies have been undertaken so far. We describe parallel studies of 100 cadaveric specimens and an equal number of metrizamide myelograms. The anatomical specimens were prepared by wide deroofing of the lumbar canal to permit precise examination of individual nerve roots and their intradural and extradural connections. The incidence of nerve root anomalies was 14%, the L5-S1 level being most commonly involved. In sharp contrast the incidence of nerve root anomalies determined by myelography was only 4%. The anomalies were classified into four groups and the diagnostic and practical implications of our findings are discussed. PMID- 6725354 TI - A new operation for atlanto-axial arthrodesis. AB - Thirty patients with atlanto-axial subluxation were operated on using the Mitsui Memorial Hospital System. The follow-up averaged one and a half years, and the results were satisfactory in comparison with other operative methods, all patients regaining almost normal function. Stability and safety are the main advantages of this procedure, with almost complete correction of subluxation in most patients. PMID- 6725355 TI - Cervical cord compression due to extradural granulation tissue in rheumatoid arthritis. A review of five cases. AB - Five patients with long-standing, severe rheumatoid arthritis who developed cervical myelopathy at the subaxial levels are presented. In each patient the myelopathy occurred in the absence of major subluxation. At laminectomy the cause of the cord compression was found to be a band-like mass of ligamentous and granulation tissue in the posterior half of the extradural space, extending to the underlying portion of the dura and forming a constricting ring. In three patients this constricting ring was released by longitudinal division of the dura followed by application of a fascial patch graft. This release seems to be essential for effective decompression of the cord and good neurological recovery was achieved in these three patients. Of the other two patients, the result was fair in one and poor in the other, this latter result being due to severe intra operative bleeding with a massive wound haematoma. PMID- 6725356 TI - Multifocal avascular necrosis after short-term high-dose steroid therapy. A report of three cases. AB - Avascular necrosis of bone is a well-recognised phenomenon in patients on long term steroid therapy, especially after renal transplantation. There are only four cases reported in the literature of multifocal avascular necrosis after short term high-dose steroid therapy, and three additional cases are reported in this paper. All the hips have needed reconstructive surgery within two and a half years of the onset of symptoms; in one patient, however, this has been prevented by other medical problems. In two of the three patients reported in this paper the shoulders also were affected; eventually they became pain-free but movement was restricted. Short-term high-dose steroid therapy has only recently been recognised as a cause of avascular necrosis and attempts should be made to prevent the incidence increasing. PMID- 6725357 TI - Metabolic effects of tourniquet ischaemia studied by nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy. AB - A model of tourniquet ischaemia was developed in the hind limb of the rat, and the metabolic changes that occurred in the calf muscles were monitored by the non invasive technique of phosphorus-31 nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy. During ischaemia the intramyocellular pH became acidic as the level of phosphocreatine declined and that of inorganic phosphate rose. Phosphocreatine was no longer detectable after approximately 2 hours and ATP was depleted after approximately 3.5 hours. Metabolic recovery was rapid (1 hour) if ATP was present when the tourniquet was released but was prolonged (3 or more hours) if ATP was depleted. Hourly release of the tourniquet for 10 minutes ensured the maintenance of ATP and rapid metabolic recovery. Release for intervals of only 5 minutes did not have the same protective effect and in fact worsened tissue pH during the period of tourniquet ischaemia. Heparin and corticosteroids were without effect during and after periods of tourniquet ischaemia. PMID- 6725358 TI - Blood flow and clearance in tendons. Studies with dogs. AB - Blood flow in intact tendons in dogs was measured using 57Co-labelled microspheres and compared with the simultaneous clearance of a diffusible radionuclide, 85Sr, by the same tendons. Clearance was significantly greater than flow in all tendons, indicating that diffusion from surrounding tissues may be important in the nutrition of normal tendons. PMID- 6725359 TI - Mammographic intra-arterial calcifications. AB - There is controversy about the significance of intra-arterial mammographic calcification ( MIAC ). Radiographic MIAC was found in mammograms of 78 of a total of 914 patients. The patients were analyzed for risk factors associated with arteriosclerosis, i.e., hypertension, diabetes, and age. Of the patients with MIAC , 83% were 60 years or older; 21% had no clinical history of diabetes or hypertension; 37% had both diabetes and hypertension; and 23% had diabetes only. Of the patients with MIAC , 64.6% over 60 had diabetes. It appears that MIAC occurs infrequently but most often with advancing age, and that diabetes and hypertension act to further predispose to its occurrence. PMID- 6725360 TI - Changes in heart size and volume in certain endocrinal and nutritional deficiency diseases. A correlative study in twenty adult patients. AB - Twenty adult patients selected at random were studied because of a reduction in heart size, seen on routine chest radiographs. I analyzed etiologic factors, clinical, biochemical, and pathological abnormalities and cardiovascular status in relation to the radiographic findings and response to treatment. Reduction in heart size can occur as part of a wide spectrum of changes in certain endocrinal and nutritional deficiency diseases. Clinically there may be weakness as well as changes in heart rate, blood pressure, electrolytes, electrocardiograms, and loss of weight. All of these parameters improve with appropriate treatment. PMID- 6725361 TI - Diagnostic ultrasound in the fetus, infant, and child. PMID- 6725362 TI - Cardiac pacemaker leads--a radiographic perspective. AB - To comment on the adequacy of positioning of single- or dual-chambered pacemaker leads requires some knowledge of the type of electrode used. Earlier leads relied upon force transmitted along the body of the lead to the electrode-myocardial interface to maintain positioning. These relatively large stiff leads were placed almost exclusively near the apex of the right ventricle to prevent dislodgement. More recent leads incorporate mechanical fixation devices to maintain position, commonly either tined or screw-in electrodes (or variations of these) representing passive and active fixation mechanisms respectively. The tines are not radiopaque; the screw-in devices are metallic. Such newer electrodes permit the use of smaller, more flexible leads, reduce the necessity for precise positioning, and reduce the frequency of lead dislodgement. PMID- 6725363 TI - Evaluation of postoperative osteomyelitis of the sternum using tomography and computerized tomography. AB - Thirty-five patients were evaluated for possible postoperative sternal osteomyelitis by tomography. Frank bone destruction and severe demineralization were the only radiologic signs that helped to distinguish patients with sternal osteomyelitis from those with infections limited to soft tissues. We report a patient in whom sternal osteomyelitis was shown by computerized tomography (CT). This observation suggests that CT may provide added information, especially if the sternum is severely demineralized. PMID- 6725364 TI - Crohn's disease of the esophagus. AB - The clinical, radiographic and endoscopic manifestations of Crohn's disease of the esophagus in four patients are presented. All four had well documented Crohn's ileitis and presented with dysphagia. Neoplasm, reflux, viral, fungal and bacterial etiologies for the esophageal lesions were excluded. The patients had remission of their esophageal lesions and dysphagia after a course of oral prednisone. Residual esophageal strictures were present in two patients, a superficial scar in one and no obvious residual abnormalities in the fourth. PMID- 6725365 TI - Esophageal transit scintigraphy--a cautionary note. AB - Esophageal transit scintigraphy and esophageal manometry were compared in forty two patients with symptoms of esophageal disease. Fifteen healthy volunteers were studied as a control group for the scintigraphic investigation. Agreement between the tests was present in 79% of patients. In all the five patients in whom the esophageal manometry was abnormal and the esophageal transit study was normal, the manometric finding was "giant esophageal contractions." In four of the control group an abnormal transit pattern was observed on one of two esophageal studies. Esophageal transit scintigraphy has some limitations as a screening test for esophageal motor dysfunction. PMID- 6725366 TI - Ultrasonographic interpretation of physiological changes in the female pelvis. AB - Ultrasonographic assessment of the pelvis of women of child bearing age requires an appreciation of the physiologic changes that occur during the menstrual cycle. A prospective study on 15 women was done between July and December 1981. Pre ovulatory (late proliferative phase), post-ovulatory (early secretory phase), and premenstrual (late secretory phase) scans were performed during each menstrual cycle. Basal body temperatures were used to determine the time of ovulation. The appearance of the ovaries, uterus, and pouch of Douglas was documented. The purpose of this study was to assess if the developmental stage of a follicle can be determined by observing the presence or absence of ovarian cysts and noting their change with time, to determine if free fluid is an indicator of follicle rupture, and to assess changes in the endometrium. We concluded that one or more small or large ovarian cysts on a single scan is an unreliable predictor of the stage of follicular development; that serial scanning is the preferred method for following physiologic follicular change; that free fluid is associated with ovulation and is commonly seen on post-ovulatory scans; and that while a thick and echogenic endometrium is normal in the premenstrual phase, in most people a more subtle progressive thickening and increased reflectivity is observed. PMID- 6725367 TI - Ultrasonographic features of the fetal Turner syndrome. AB - Recently we have examined six phenotypically female fetuses in whom the prenatal diagnosis of Turner syndrome was made. All had ultrasonographic examinations during the second trimester. Four showed a striking posterior cranio-cervical lymphocele (cystic hygroma) having a symmetric, trefoil , septated appearance in the coronal plane, combined with serosal fluid collections and cutaneous edema. Two fetuses were normal. It appears that Turner syndrome may present prenatally with variable findings. Perhaps such findings as cranio-cervical lymphocele (cystic hygroma) can undergo spontaneous remission, resulting in a liveborn baby with webbing of the neck. We have noted separation of the cervical vertebrae adjacent to the mass, which may interfere with growth and result in a short cervical spine. Amniocentesis should be done when a cystic mass centered on the posterior aspect of the head and neck is identified on ultrasonography. The constellation of findings, namely a trilobed septation of a cystic mass in the coronal plane, fluid collections in serosal cavities, and anasarca may be pathognomonic of Turner syndrome. PMID- 6725368 TI - The ultrasonographic diagnosis of bacterial meningitis and ventriculitis in infancy: six case reports. AB - Five infants with meningitis and ventriculitis, and a sixth patient with meningitis only are reported. In one hydrocephalic infant, infection of the central nervous system (CNS) was not suspected until cerebral ultrasonography revealed features of ventriculitis. It appears that in non-communicating hydrocephalus managed with a ventriculo-peritoneal (VP) shunt, infection may involve predominantly the "sequestered ventricles" rather than the spinal meninges. In four infants, bacterial meningitis had been proven but ventriculitis was not diagnosed until cerebral ultrasonography was performed. In a sixth neonate, E coli Kl meningitis was diagnosed and treated very early and cerebral ultrasonography showed involvement of the surface of the brain, but not the ventricles. The ultrasonographic features of bacterial ventriculitis and meningitis in infancy are: Increased echogenicity of the ventricular fluid, either in a fine homogeneous pattern, or with strand-like material and coarse particles. Increased echogenicity of the ependymal lining of the ventricles. Loss of definition of the surface of the choroid plexuses. Hydrocephalus, which may be progressive, with or without loculation of fluid. Abnormally wide and prominent cerebral sulci as a sign of meningitis. With treatment, the ventricular fluid became normal in a few days. The other abnormalities resolved more slowly. Hydrocephalus and fluid loculation were slowest to resolve. Ultrasonography has the potential for recognition of other complications such as subdural fluid collections and cerebral abscess. PMID- 6725369 TI - The ultrasonographic diagnosis of bacterial ventriculitis in infancy: a technical note. AB - High resolution real-time ultrasound equipment used for clinical cerebral ultrasonography in neonates and infants can provide a measure of blood cell counts in varying dilutions. In the study described, the threshold of visualization of leukocytes was in the range of 500 cells/mm3 and for erythrocytes 10,000 cells/mm3. The size, configuration, and nucleus of the leukocyte, compared with the erythrocyte, may explain this difference. Bacteria alone were not visualized up to a count of 5 X 10(8) per mm3. Specimens of fluid containing cells or bacteria show changes visible to the naked eye which can be confirmed ultrasonographically. However, the threshold for visualization is lower with the naked eye than with the ultrasonograph . PMID- 6725370 TI - A simple technique to straighten the curved tip of a "J" guidewire. AB - We describe a simple technique to straighten the curved tip of a "J" guidewire when the plastic introducer is not readily available. This technique may expedite angiographic procedures. PMID- 6725371 TI - Air contrast tube esophagram: technique and clinical examples. Technical note. AB - The air-contrast tube esophagram is performed by positioning a soft thin rubber catheter in the proximal esophagus. The patient drinks high density, low viscosity barium while the esophagus is insufflated with air through the tube. The procedure can usually be completed in five to eight minutes. In the majority of patients there is minimal discomfort. The advantage of the tube esophagram is the fact that it provides reliable, uniform full-column air distention. PMID- 6725372 TI - Guidelines for detection of breast cancer: an update on investigative methods. A report of the ad hoc committee on mammography of The Canadian Association of Radiologists. AB - The high incidence of breast cancer and its mortality make it imperative that women over 25 years of age have a clinical examination of their breasts at least every three years up to age 40 and annually thereafter. Before the age of 25, mammography is seldom indicated and then it should usually be limited to a spot film of a potential lesion. After 25, mammography is indicated for any woman with breast symptoms, women with metastases from cancer of an unknown primary site, and before any breast surgery. Women with a strong family history and those with large breasts should also have a mammogram between the ages of 25 and 35. Between the ages of 35 and 39 we recommend a baseline mammogram for asymptomatic women. After 39 and up to age 50, women should consult their physicians yearly to determine if, and how often, mammography should be performed. Finally, after age 50, annual mammography is suggested. In each of the above contexts, the radiologic examination should be coupled with clinical palpation of the breasts. A trained and experienced mammographer should recommend biopsy when mammograms show a typical spiculated mass; an ill-defined or even well defined mass that cannot be said to be benign; a suspicious distortion of local architecture; or a cluster of suspicious microcalcifications. Any cyst the nature of which is uncertain after puncture, or abnormal ducts on a galactogram also should make a biopsy mandatory. On the other hand, a normal mammogram should not prevent biopsy of a lesion of the nipple or of a lump detected clinically.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS) PMID- 6725373 TI - The "peel away" sheath in drainage procedures. AB - Traversing various tissues during drainage procedures may be difficult because of inadequate track development. We have successfully used the peel-away sheath, previously described in conjunction with vascular procedures, to facilitate the placement of larger, softer, and more pliable catheters through resistant parenchyma. PMID- 6725374 TI - The prenatal ultrasonographic diagnosis of osteogenesis imperfecta lethalis. AB - The ultrasonographic features of osteogenesis imperfecta lethalis (OI Type II), including those not reported previously (*), are: In the skull: *Abnormal compressibility of the vault by the transducer, which may alter measurements of biparietal diameter. *Unusually good visualization of the orbits. *Increased visualization of arterial pulsations. *Increased through-transmission of the ultra-sound beam due to extremely poor mineralization. In the remainder of the skeleton. *Diminished visualization and increased through-transmission of the remainder of the skeleton, particularly of the spine, ribs and long bones due to defective mineralization. *Abnormally short limbs and poor visualization of the long bones due to defective mineralization. *Abnormally small thorax due to collapse of the rib cage. *Reduced fetal movement. Recognition of fetal fractures and deformities. Prenatal radiographs can be used to confirm the diagnosis and differentiate between osteogenesis imperfecta lethalis and other forms of neonatal dwarfism. PMID- 6725375 TI - Delayed regression of huge theca lutein cysts monitored by serial sonograms and beta-HCG levels. AB - The important role of serum beta-human chorionic gonadotropin (beta-HCG) in detecting spread of trophoblastic disease following evacuation of a hydatidiform mole is well established (1,2). Although sonography is accepted as the primary imaging technique in the diagnosis of hydatidiform mole (3), only a few authors have described the post-evacuation appearances of the pelvis, in particular the regression of theca lutein cysts (4,5). We here report a patient in whom there was delayed regression of huge theca lutein cysts compared to the regression of the serum beta-HCG levels after evacuation of a benign non-recurring hydatidiform mole. PMID- 6725376 TI - Childhood choledochal cyst with intrahepatic enlarged cyst-like bile ducts. AB - A five-year-old boy was investigated for intermittent, crampy abdominal pain over several months. His abdomen was distended. Hepatomegaly and cystic masses were demonstrated in both lobes of the liver on ultrasound and computed tomographic examinations. An operative cholangiogram revealed a choledochal cyst of the cystic duct with massive dilatation of intrahepatic and extrahepatic bile ducts. After resection of the choledochal cyst and anastomosis of the jejunum to the common bile duct, the hepatic ducts have become near normal. PMID- 6725377 TI - Systemic sporotrichosis with osteomyelitis. AB - We report a patient with systemic sporotrichosis and osteomyelitis without concomitant suppurative arthritis. To our knowledge this is the first such documented occurrence of hematogenous osteomyelitis in the systemic form of the disease. It was diagnosed by radionuclide bone scintigraphy and radiography and confirmed by biopsy. PMID- 6725378 TI - The "ring-around-the-artery" sign in pneumomediastinum. AB - Following subclavian vein catheterization, a small pneumomediastinum resulted in the collection of a thin layer of gas around the right pulmonary artery (RPA), which, on the lateral chest radiography, produced a distinctive oval shadow at the right hilum. PMID- 6725379 TI - Pulmonary amyloid nodule simulating pancoast tumor. AB - Solitary pulmonary amyloid nodules may be confused with a bronchogenic carcinoma. The diagnosis may be suspected from the presence of calcification within the nodule and confirmed by trephine or needle aspiration biopsy. PMID- 6725380 TI - Transellar intercavernous carotid anastomosis with agenesis of internal carotid artery and right-sided descending aorta: case report. AB - We report a patient with a transellar intercavernous carotid anastomosis associated with right-sided descending aorta and agenesis of the internal carotid artery. To our knowledge, such an association has not been reported previously. Findings at angiography, computed tomography (CT) and dynamic CT are presented. We suggest that dynamic CT is not a reliable method of excluding this anomaly, a fact that has relevance to investigation prior to transphenoidal surgery for pituitary adenoma. PMID- 6725381 TI - Surgical repair of vertebral artery stenoses. AB - During an eight year period (1973-1980) 290 patients were submitted to surgery for correction of obstructive lesions at the origin of the vertebral arteries. The pathologic process was atherosclerotic stenosis in 283, kinks in 25 and extrinsic compression in 17 cases. The operative procedures, mostly supraclavicular, on 325 arteries were: ostial endarterectomy (111), subclavian vertebral endarterectomy (153) with patch (17), reimplantation in subclavian artery (14), subclavian-vertebral anastomosis (6), subclavian resection anastomosis (5). Associated procedures included supra-aortic trunk reconstruction (9) and carotid endarterectomy (36 simultaneous, 51 pre and 21 post). Postoperative arteriograms were obtained in 33% of the patients with 5% occlusion and 81% excellent results. Hospital mortality was 0.6%. Long-term results with a follow-up from 2 to 9 years (mean 5 years) was the following: mortality 12%, asymptomatic 68%. Obstructive lesions of the vertebral artery are responsible for symptoms of vertebrobasilar insufficiency and are often neglected. Their frequency is suggested by the observation that during a 20-year period, 1,382 carotid, 789 supra-aortic trunk and 683 vertebral operations were performed. This series indicates that trans-subclavian vertebral ostial endarterectomy is a simple and safe procedure, providing durable results. PMID- 6725382 TI - A critical re-appraisal of lymph-venous shunt in the management of massive ascites. AB - Lymph-venous shunt is one of most investigated procedures in the management of intractable ascites. However, there is considerable variation in the reported results. Personal experience with twenty-one operated cases reveals a dubious role for this intervention. Frequent anatomical variations and uncertain role and incidence of duct-end stenosis, in our opinion, reduces the efficacy of the procedure. PMID- 6725383 TI - Absent right superior vena cava and persistent left superior vena cava. Clinical and surgical considerations. AB - From 4,100 patients who had cardiac catheterization for congenital heart disease and " normocardia ", 6 were found to have a persistent left superior vena cava ( PLSVC ) and an absence of right superior vena cava ( RSVC ). Because of the rarity of this finding (1.46%) the clinical and surgical implications are considered. Four of them were successfully operated upon. PMID- 6725384 TI - Clinical experience of Hall-Kaster valve. Operative results and hemodynamic studies. AB - The Hall-Kaster pivotal disc prosthetic valve (HK valve) was introduced in 1977. Since October 1979, we have used the HK valve in 137 patients for valve replacement. The over-all operative mortality was 5.1%. During 36 months follow up, there were 3 late deaths due to congestive heart failure, but no valve related death, no mechanical failure and no thromboembolic episode have been encountered. Intraoperative hemodynamic studies revealed its valvular function to be excellent. The mean pressure gradients across the prosthesis were 11.0 +/- 1.6 and 4.2 +/- 2.0 mmHg in aortic and mitral position, respectively. The mean calculated valve areas were 1.7 +/- 0.6 and 3.7 +/- 1.2 cm2 in aortic and mitral position, respectively. Thus, the Hall-Kaster prosthetic valve was found to be an efficient and favorable prosthetic heart valve for aortic and mitral valve replacement. PMID- 6725385 TI - Surgical correction of Ebstein's anomaly by tricuspid valve replacement and its late problems. AB - The choice between valve replacement and plasty for surgical management of Ebstein's anomaly still remains controversial. Since 1960, we have treated 16 cases of Ebstein's anomaly, and 7 of the 16 cases have undergone surgical correction. Tricuspid valve replacement (TVR) without plication of the atrialized ventricle was applied in 4 cases, and Hardy's procedure was adopted in three cases. The division of the Bundle of Kent was carried out simultaneously in 2 cases with Wolff-Parkinson-White (W-P-W) syndrome of the TVR group. All patients have survived the operation. Early and late (as long as 14 years) postoperative evaluations have demonstrated superiority of the TVR group. However, the late echocardiographic findings have revealed new problems in the TVR group, such as hypokinetic or paradoxical motion of the atrialized ventricle in two cases and hypofunction of the left as well as the right heart. PMID- 6725386 TI - Coronary endothelial damage after crystalloid cardioplegia. AB - There is considerable clinical experience to suggest that damage to the myocardium during ischaemic arrest can be prevented by cardioplegic solutions. However, very little is known about the effects of these cardioplegic solutions on the coronary endothelium. The effects of three different cardioplegic solutions on the coronary endothelium are reported here. Preservation of the myocardium was studied with biochemical assays. Blood cardioplegia did not damage the coronary endothelium. Crystalloid cardioplegia caused disappearance of the endothelial cells and gross deformity of the flow surface. The addition of albumin to the crystalloid solution preserved most of the endothelial lining. Preservation of the myocardial high energy compounds seemed to be dependent only on the cooling effect of the cardioplegia and not on the composition of the solution. There was no correlation between high energy compounds and endothelial changes. The present study favours the use of cold blood cardioplegia which preserves both the coronary endothelium and the myocardial energy sources during ischaemic cardiac arrest. PMID- 6725387 TI - Post-ischemic myocardial function after pre-ischemic application of propranolol or verapamil. AB - The influence of pre-ischemic treatment with propranolol (0.8 mg/kg bw) or with verapamil (0.1 mg/kg bw) on myocardial O2 consumption and on coronary resistance after cardioplegic arrest (300 minutes at 22 degrees - 24 degrees C) was investigated, using a Langendorff technique in open chest experiments (canine hearts). For myocardial protection histidine buffered Bretschneider solution was used, while for standardization all hearts were postischemically reperfused with a modified Tyrode solution at 35 degrees C. Both drugs were given intravenously in two fractions, 60 and 30 minutes before the onset of cardioplegic perfusion; a third group was not pretreated. Although the verapamil group had the lowest O2 consumption post-ischemically, the most impressive results were found in coronary resistance. Propranolol significantly diminished coronary resistance (p less than 0.05), while verapamil distinctly enhanced it compared to the non treated group. The "membrane labilizing" effect of verapamil combined with calcium-free cardioplegic solution was confirmed by a massive postischemic myocardial sodium uptake. PMID- 6725388 TI - Arteriovenous fistulae of the internal iliac vessels. AB - Seven patients with arteriovenous fistulae of the internal iliac artery are reported. Ages varied from 6 to 50 years (mean 32 years). Cutaneous angiomata , leg oedema and pain was present in 4 cases each, bleeding in 2 cases whilst only one was asymptomatic. Only 1 patient had cardiac insufficiency. In six patients the lesion was a congenital malformation but in one it was posttraumatic. Arteriography both global and selective, intravenous pyelography and cardiac output are routine. Recently, pelvic computerised tomography has been most helpful. Embolization is recommended in all cases with surgery within 24 hours unless the lesion is very extensive and considered to be inoperable. Repeat embolization is used for recurrence or very extensive lesions. Results were good in five patients; in two patients the results were clinically good but control angiograms showed a recurrence. PMID- 6725389 TI - Mitral valve replacement in infancy: haemodynamic factors. AB - Severe mitral valve regurgitation necessitated the insertion of a prosthetic valve (Bjork-Shiley no. 21) in a girl 10 months of age. Control studies after the baby had doubled her body weight showed normal haemodynamic data. It is estimated that a valve of this size should allow the expected cardiac output for a patient of 9-12 years of age. Thrombosis and tissue overgrowth may result in "recurrent" mitral stenosis long before this date. Repeated haemodynamic studies at intervals of 2-3 years are therefore indicated, since clinical signs fail to show recurrent valve stenosis; should the latter develop there is the risk of irreversible pulmonary vascular resistance. PMID- 6725390 TI - Abdominal aortic aneurysm and pelvic kidney. AB - Abdominal aortic aneurysm associated with a pelvic kidney was recognized and treated successfully in a 66-year-old male by keeping renal ischemia time to less than 40 minutes and implanting the renal arterial supply as a cuff with common iliac arterial anastomoses to each Dacron limb of the graft. PMID- 6725391 TI - Acute limb ischemia as manifestation of a pheochromocytoma. AB - A case is described of a woman admitted to the emergency room with myocardial infarction and acute leg ischemia and suspected thromboembolism. Surgical exploration of the common femoral artery and its branches was performed. The surgical outcome and the subsequent clinical course suggested the diagnosis of pheochromocytoma which was supported by isotopic red-cell labelling study and catecholamine measurement. The very high values of catecholamine production explained the marked and persistent arterial vasospasm which led to marked and irreversible ischemia. PMID- 6725392 TI - Early thrombosis of an aortic St. Jude valve in spite of effective anticoagulant treatment. AB - A case of early thrombosis of a St. Jude Medical valve in aortic position in a patient under full anticoagulant treatment is presented. Possible etiologic factors are discussed. PMID- 6725393 TI - Isolation and characterization of a high molecular weight actin-binding protein from Physarum polycephalum plasmodia. AB - A high molecular weight actin-binding protein was isolated from the Physarum polycephalum plasmodia. The protein ( HMWP ) shares many properties with other high molecular weight actin-binding proteins such as spectrin, actin-binding protein from macrophages, and filamin. It has a potent activity to cross-link F actin into a gel-like structure. Its cross-linking activity does not depend on calcium concentrations. Hydrodynamic studies have revealed that the protein is in the monomeric state of a polypeptide chain with molecular weight of approximately 230,000 in a high ionic strength solvent, while it self-associates into a dimer under physiological ionic conditions. Electron microscopic examinations of HMWP have shown that the monomer particle observed in a high ionic strength solvent is rod shaped with the two-stranded morphology very similar to that of spectrin. On the other hand, under physiological ionic conditions, the HMWP dimer shows the dumb-bell shape with two globular domains connected with a thin flexible strand. PMID- 6725394 TI - Diffusion and regionalization in membranes of maturing ram spermatozoa. AB - An essential feature of the "fluid mosaic model" (Singer, S. J., and G. L. Nicolson , 1972, Science (Wash. DC)., 175:720-731) of the cell plasma membrane is the ability of membrane lipids and proteins to diffuse laterally in the plane of the membrane. Mammalian sperm are capable of overcoming free random diffusion and restricting specific membrane components, both lipid and protein, to defined regions of the sperm's surface. The patterns of these regionalizations evolve with the processes of sperm differentiation: spermatogenesis, epididymal maturation, and capacitation. We have used the technique of fluorescence recovery after photobleaching to measure the diffusion of the lipid analogue 1,1'- dihexadecyl 3,3,3',3'- tetramethylindocarbocyanine perchlorate ( C16dil ) on the different morphological regions of testicular and ejaculated ram spermatozoa. We have found: (a) that the major morphologically distinct regions (head, midpiece, and tail) of the plasma membrane of both testicular and ejaculated spermatozoa are also physically distinct as measured by C16dil diffusibility; (b) that despite regional differences in diffusibility there is exchange of this lipid analogue by lateral diffusion between the major morphological regions of the plasma membrane; and (c) that epididymal maturation results in changes in C16dil diffusibility in the different regions of the sperm plasma membrane. In particular, the plasma membranes of the anterior and posterior heads become physically distinct. PMID- 6725395 TI - Radioautographic characterization of successive compartments along the rough endoplasmic reticulum-Golgi pathway of collagen precursors in foot pad fibroblasts of [3H]proline-injected rats. AB - Young rats given an intravenous injection of [3H]proline were killed at successive times from 4 to 80 min later. Fibroblasts from the front foot pad were radioautographed ; silver grains were counted over several of the organelles and the results were expressed as percent radiolabel per unit volume. These percentages reached a peak over rough endoplasmic reticulum cisternae at 4 min, intermediate vesicles and tubules at 10 min, spherical distensions of cis-side Golgi saccules at 20 min, cylindrical distensions of trans-side saccules between 40 and 60 min, and secretory granules at 60 min. It is proposed that the succession of peaks corresponds to the migration pathway of collagen precursor proteins within fibroblasts; that is, the proteins synthesized in rough endoplasmic reticulum are delivered by intermediate vesicles and/or tubules to the spherical distensions of cis-side saccules, somehow pass from there to the cylindrical distensions of trans-side saccules and, finally, are carried by secretory granules to the extracellular space. PMID- 6725396 TI - Interconversion of metaphase and interphase microtubule arrays, as studied by the injection of centrosomes and nuclei into Xenopus eggs. AB - We have designed experiments that distinguish centrosomal , nuclear, and cytoplasmic contributions to the assembly of the mitotic spindle. Mammalian centrosomes acting as microtubule-organizing centers were assayed by injection into Xenopus eggs either in a metaphase or an interphase state. Injection of partially purified centrosomes into interphase eggs induced the formation of extensive asters. Although centrosomes injected into unactivated eggs (metaphase) did not form asters, inhibition of centrosomes is not irreversible in metaphase cytoplasm: subsequent activation caused aster formation. When cytoskeletons containing nuclei and centrosomes were injected into the metaphase cytoplasm, they produced spindle-like structures with clearly defined poles. Electron microscopy revealed centrioles with nucleated microtubules. However, injection of nuclei prepared from karyoplasts that were devoid of centrosomes produced anastral microtubule arrays around condensing chromatin. Co-injection of karyoplast nuclei with centrosomes reconstituted the formation of spindle-like structures with well-defined poles. We conclude from these experiments that in mitosis, the centrosome acts as a microtubule-organizing center only in the proximity of the nucleus or chromatin, whereas in interphase it functions independently. The general implications of these results for the interconversion of metaphase and interphase microtubule arrays in all cells are discussed. PMID- 6725397 TI - Heterotypic binding between neuronal membrane vesicles and glial cells is mediated by a specific cell adhesion molecule. AB - By means of a multistage quantitative assay, we have identified a new kind of cell adhesion molecule (CAM) on neuronal cells of the chick embryo that is involved in their adhesion to glial cells. The assay used to identify the binding component (which we name neuron-glia CAM or Ng-CAM) was designed to distinguish between homotypic binding (e.g., neuron to neuron) and heterotypic binding (e.g., neuron to glia). This distinction was essential because a single neuron might simultaneously carry different CAMs separately mediating each of these interactions. The adhesion of neuronal cells to glial cells in vitro was previously found to be inhibited by Fab' fragments prepared from antisera against neuronal membranes but not by Fab' fragments against N-CAM, the neural cell adhesion molecule. This suggested that neuron-glia adhesion is mediated by specific cell surface molecules different from previously isolated CAMs . To verify that this was the case, neuronal membrane vesicles were labeled internally with 6-carboxyfluorescein and externally with 125I-labeled antibodies to N-CAM to block their homotypic binding. Labeled vesicles bound to glial cells but not to fibroblasts during a 30-min incubation period. The specific binding of the neuronal vesicles to glial cells was measured by fluorescence microscopy and gamma spectroscopy of the 125I label. Binding increased with increasing concentrations of both glial cells and neuronal vesicles. Fab' fragments prepared from anti-neuronal membrane sera that inhibited binding between neurons and glial cells were also found to inhibit neuronal vesicle binding to glial cells. The inhibitory activity of the Fab' fragments was depleted by preincubation with neuronal cells but not with glial cells. Trypsin treatment of neuronal membrane vesicles released material that neutralized Fab' fragment inhibition; after chromatography, neutralizing activity was enriched 50-fold. This fraction was injected into mice to produce monoclonal antibodies; an antibody was obtained that interacted with neurons, inhibited binding of neuronal membrane vesicles to glial cells, and recognized an Mr = 135,000 band in immunoblots of embryonic chick brain membranes. These results suggest that this molecule is present on the surfaces of neurons and that it directly or indirectly mediates adhesion between neurons and glial cells. Because the monoclonal antibody as well as the original polyspecific antibodies that were active in the assay did not bind to glial cells, we infer that neuron-glial interaction is heterophilic, i.e., it occurs between Ng-CAM on neurons and an as yet unidentified CAM present on glial cells. PMID- 6725398 TI - Role of the centrosome in organizing the interphase microtubule array: properties of cytoplasts containing or lacking centrosomes. AB - To study the role of the centrosome in microtubule organization in interphase cells, we developed a method for obtaining cytoplasts (cells lacking a nucleus) that did or did not contain centrosomes. After drug-induced microtubule depolymerization, cytoplasts with centrosomes made from sparsely plated cells reconstituted a microtubule array typical of normal cells. Under these conditions cytoplasts without centrosomes formed only a few scattered microtubules. This difference in degree of polymerization suggests that centrosomes affect not only the distribution but the amount of microtubules in cells. To our surprise, the extent of microtubules assembled increased with the cell density of the original culture. At confluent density, cytoplasts without centrosomes had many microtubules, equivalent to cytoplasts with centrosomes. The additional microtubules were arranged peripherally and differed from the centrosomal microtubules in their sensitivity to nocodazole. These and other results suggest that the centrosome stabilizes microtubules in the cell, perhaps by capping one end. Microtubules with greater sensitivity to nocodazole arise by virtue of change in the growth state of the cell and may represent free or uncapped polymers. These experiments suggest that the spatial arrangement of microtubules may change by shifting the total tubulin concentration or the critical concentration for assembly. PMID- 6725399 TI - Studies on the development and maintenance of epithelial cell surface polarity with monoclonal antibodies. AB - We examined epithelial cell surface polarity in subconfluent and confluent Madin Darby canine kidney (MDCK) cells with monoclonal antibodies directed against plasma membrane glycoproteins of 35,000, 50,000, and 60,000 mol wt. The cell surface distribution of these glycoproteins was studied by immunofluorescence and immunoelectron microscopy. At the ultrastructural level, the electron-dense reaction product localizing all three glycoproteins was determined to be uniformly distributed over the apical and basal cell surfaces of subconfluent MDCK cells as well as on the lateral surfaces between contacted cells; however, after formation of a confluent monolayer, these glycoproteins could only be localized on the basal-lateral plasma membrane. The development of cell surface polarity was followed by assessing glycoprotein distribution with immunofluorescence microscopy at selected time intervals during growth of MDCK cells to form a confluent monolayer. These results were correlated with transepithelial electrical resistance measurements of tight junction permeability and it was determined by immunofluorescence that polarized distributions of cell surface glycoproteins were established just after electrical resistance could be detected, but before the development of maximal resistance. Our observations provide evidence that intact tight junctions are required for the establishment of the apical and basal-lateral plasma membrane domains and that development of epithelial cell surface polarity is a continuous process. PMID- 6725400 TI - Extracellular matrix-specific induction of elastogenic differentiation and maintenance of phenotypic stability in bovine ligament fibroblasts. AB - We studied the process of elastogenic differentiation in the bovine ligamentum nuchae to assess the mechanisms that regulate elastin gene expression during development. Undifferentiated ( nonelastin -producing) ligament cells from early gestation animals initiate elastin synthesis when grown on an extracellular matrix (ECM) substratum prepared from late gestation ligamentum nuchae. ECM from ligaments of fetal calves younger than the time when elastin production occurs spontaneously in situ (i.e., beginning the last developmental trimester at approximately 180 d of gestation) does not stimulate elastin production in undifferentiated cells. Matrix-induced differentiation requires direct cell matrix interaction, is dependent upon cell proliferation after cell-matrix contact, and can be blocked selectively by incorporation of bromodeoxyuridine into the DNA of undifferentiated cells before (but not after) contact with inducing matrix. Quantitative analysis of elastin synthesis in young cells after matrix-induced differentiation indicates that the entire cell population is competent to respond to the matrix inducer, and continued synthesis of elastin after young cells are removed from the ECM substratum indicates that the phenotypic transition to elastin synthesis is stable and heritable. Although ligament cells do not require continuous contact with ECM to express the elastin phenotype, elastin synthesis is increased substantially when elastin-producing cells are grown on ligament matrix, suggesting that elastogenic differentiation is stabilized by ECM. The matrix substratum was also found to alter the distribution of tropoelastin between the medium and matrix cell layer. When grown on tissue culture plastic, ligament cells secrete greater than 80% of newly synthesized tropoelastin into the culture medium. When cultured on ECM, however, 50-70% of the newly synthesized tropoelastin remains associated with the cell layer and is cross-linked to form insoluble elastin as shown by the incorporation of radiolabeled lysine into desmosine. PMID- 6725401 TI - Appearance of chemotactic responsiveness to elastin peptides by developing fetal bovine ligament fibroblasts parallels the onset of elastin production. AB - We studied chemotaxis to elastin peptides by bovine ligamentum nuchae fibroblasts to determine whether there is a developmental association between chemotactic responsiveness to elastin and expression of the elastin phenotype. Undifferentiated ligament cells demonstrate chemotactic responsiveness to platelet-derived growth factor and fibronectin, known chemoattractants for fibroblasts, but do not show chemotaxis to elastin peptides. After matrix-induced differentiation, however, young cells display a positive chemotactic response to elastin that persists even after the cells are removed from the matrix substratum. Matrix-induced chemotaxis to elastin could be inhibited selectively by incorporation of bromodeoxyuridine into DNA of undifferentiated cells before (but not after) contact with inducing matrix. These results show that the appearance of chemotaxis to elastin peptides parallels the onset of elastin synthesis and suggests that the acquisition of chemotactic responsiveness to elastin and expression of the elastin phenotype are affected by the same inducing elements or processes and may be closely coupled in development. PMID- 6725402 TI - Alteration of tight junctional permeability in the rat parotid gland after isoproterenol stimulation. AB - The permeability of junctional complexes to ultrastructural tracers of different molecular weight and the freeze-fracture appearance of junctional structure were investigated in the resting and stimulated rat parotid gland. Tracers were administered retrogradely via the main excretory duct, and allowed to flow by gravity (16 mmHg) into the gland for 15-60 min. Secretion was induced in some animals by intraperitoneal injection of isoproterenol. In resting glands, the tracers microperoxidase , cytochrome c, myoglobin, tyrosinase (subunits), and hemoglobin were restricted to the luminal space of the acini and ducts. In glands stimulated 1-4 h before tracer administration, reaction product for microperoxidase , cytochrome c, myoglobin, and tyrosinase was found in the intercellular and interstitial spaces, whereas hemoglobin was usually retained in the lumina. In contrast, horseradish peroxidase and lactoperoxidase appeared to penetrate the tight junctions and reaction product was localized in the extracellular spaces in both resting and stimulated glands. Diffuse cytoplasmic staining for horseradish peroxidase and lactoperoxidase was frequently observed in acinar and duct cells. The distribution of horseradish peroxidase was similar in both Sprague-Dawley and Wistar-Furth rats, and at concentrations of 0.1-10 mg/ml in the tracer solution. Freeze-fracture replicas of stimulated acinar cells revealed an increased irregularity of the tight junction meshwork, but no obvious gaps or discontinuities were observed. These findings indicate that (a) tight junctions in the resting rat parotid gland are impermeable to tracers of molecular weight greater than or equal to 1,900; (b) stimulation with isoproterenol results in a transient increase in junctional permeability allowing passage of tracers of molecular weight less than or equal to 34,500; (c) junctional permeability cannot be directly correlated with junctional structure; and (d) the behavior of horseradish peroxidase and lactoperoxidase in the rat parotid gland is inconsistent with their molecular weights. Cell membrane damage due to the enzymatic activity or binding of these two tracers may account for the observed distribution. PMID- 6725403 TI - Preparation of nuclear matrices from cultured cells: subfractionation of nuclei in situ. AB - Analyses of the different structural systems of the nucleus and the proteins associated with them pose many problems. Because these systems are largely overlapping, in situ localization studies that preserve the in vivo location of proteins and cellular structures often are not satisfactory. In contrast, biochemical cell fractionation may provide artifactual results due to cross contamination of extracts and structures. To overcome these problems, we have developed a method that combines biochemical cell fractionation and in situ localization and leads to the preparation of a residual cellular skeleton (nuclear matrix and cytoskeletal elements) from cultured cells. This method's main feature is that cell fractionation is performed in situ. Therefore, structures not solubilized in a particular extraction step remain attached to the substrate and retain their morphology. Before and after each extraction step they can be analyzed for the presence and location of the protein under study by using immunological or cytochemical techniques. Thereby the in vivo origin of a protein solubilized in a particular extraction step is determined. The solubilized protein then may be further characterized biochemically. In addition, to allow analyses of proteins associated with the residual cellular skeleton, we have developed conditions for its solubilization that do not interfere with enzymatic and immunological studies. PMID- 6725404 TI - A localized surface protein of guinea pig sperm exhibits free diffusion in its domain. AB - Using the technique of fluorescence redistribution after photobleaching, we are studying the cellular mechanisms involved in localizing surface molecules to particular domains. A number of antigens localized to discrete surface regions have been identified with monoclonal antibodies on guinea pig sperm cells ( Primakoff , P., and D. G. Myles , 1983, Dev. Biol., 98:417-428). One of these monoclonal antibodies, PT-1, binds exclusively to the posterior tail region of the sperm cell surface. PT-1 recognizes an integral membrane protein that in complex with n-octyl-beta-D-glucopyranoside has a sedimentation coefficient of 6.8S in sucrose density gradients. Fluorescence redistribution after photobleaching measurements reveal that within its surface domain the PT-1 antigen diffuses rapidly (D = 2.5 X 10(-9) cm2/s) and completely (greater than 90% recovery after bleaching). These results rule out for this membrane protein all models that invoke immobilization as a mechanism for maintaining localization. We propose that the mechanism for localization of the PT-1 antigen may be a barrier to diffusion at the domain boundary. PMID- 6725405 TI - Mechanism of regulation of actin polymerization by Physarum profilin. AB - Physarum profilin reduces the rates of nucleation and elongation of F-actin and also reduces the extent of polymerization of actin at the steady state in a concentration-dependent fashion. The apparent critical concentration for polymerization of actin is increased by the addition of profilin. These results can be explained by the idea that Physarum profilin forms a 1:1 complex with G actin and decreases the concentration of actin available for polymerization. The dissociation constant for binding of profilin to G-actin is estimated from the kinetics of polymerization of G-actin and elongation of F-actin nuclei and from the increase of apparent critical concentration in the presence of profilin. The dissociation constants for binding of Physarum profilin to Physarum and muscle actins under physiological ionic conditions are in the ranges of 1.4-3.7 microM and 11.3-28.5 microM, respectively. When profilin is added to an F-actin solution, profilin binds to G-actin which co-exists with F-actin, and then G actin is dissociated from F-actin to compensate for the decrease of the concentration of free G-actin and to keep it constant at the critical concentration. At the steady state, free G-actin of the critical concentration is in equilibrium not only with F-actin but also with profilin-G-actin complex. The stoichiometry of 1:1 for the formation of complex between profilin and G-actin is directly shown by means of chemical cross-linking. PMID- 6725406 TI - Chick myotendinous antigen. I. A monoclonal antibody as a marker for tendon and muscle morphogenesis. AB - Extracellular matrix components are likely to be involved in the interaction of muscle with nonmuscle cells during morphogenesis and in adult skeletal muscle. With the aim of identifying relevant molecules, we generated monoclonal antibodies that react with the endomysium, i.e., the extracellular matrix on the surface of single muscle fibers. Antibody M1, which is described here, specifically labeled the endomysium of chick anterior latissimus dorsi muscle (but neither the perimysium nor, with the exception of blood vessels and perineurium, the epimysium ). Endomysium labeling was restricted to proximal and distal portions of muscle fibers near their insertion points to tendon, but absent from medial regions of the muscle. Myotendinous junctions and tendon fascicles were intensely labeled by M1 antibody. In chick embryos, " myotendinous antigen" (as we tentatively call the epitope recognized by M1 antibody) appeared first in the perichondrium of vertebrae and limb cartilage elements, from where it gradually extended to the premuscle masses. Around day 6, tendon primordia were clearly labeled. The other structures labeled by M1 antibody in chick embryos were developing smooth muscle tissues, especially aorta, gizzard, and lung buds. In general, tissues labeled with M1 antibody appeared to be a subset of the ones accumulating fibronectin. In cell cultures, M1 antibody binds to fuzzy, fibrillar material on the substrate and cell surfaces of living fibroblast and myogenic cells, which confirms an extracellular location of the antigenic site. The appearance of myotendinous antigen during limb morphogenesis and its distribution in adult muscle and tendon are compatible with the idea that it might be involved in attaching muscle fibers to tendon fascicles. Its biochemical characterization is described in the accompanying paper ( Chiquet , M., and D. Fambrough , 1984, J. Cell Biol. 98:1937-1946). PMID- 6725407 TI - Laser irradiation of centrosomes in newt eosinophils: evidence of centriole role in motility. AB - Newt eosinophils are motile granulated leukocytes that uniquely display a highly visible centrosomal area. Electron microscope and tubulin antibody fluorescence confirms the presence of centrioles, pericentriolar material, and radiating microtubules within this visible area. Actin antibodies intensely stain the advancing cell edges and tail but only weakly stain pseudopods being withdrawn into the cell. Randomly activated eosinophils follow a roughly consistent direction with an average rate of 22.5 micron/min. The position of the centrosome is always located between the trailing cell nucleus and advancing cell edge. If the cell extends more than one pseudopod, the one closest to or containing the centrosome is always the one in which motility continues. Laser irradiation of the visible centrosomal area resulted in rapid cell rounding. After several minutes following irradiation, most cells flattened and movement continued. However, postirradiation motility was uncoordinated and directionless , and the rate decreased to an average of 14.5 micron/min. Electron microscopy and tubulin immunofluorescence indicated that an initial disorganization of microtubules resulted from the laser microirradiations . After several minutes, organized microtubules reappeared, but the centrioles appeared increasingly damaged. The irregularities in motility due to irradiation are probably related to the damaged centrioles. The results presented in this paper suggest that the centrosome is an important structure in controlling the rate and direction of newt eosinophil motility. PMID- 6725408 TI - Mutant strains of Chlamydomonas reinhardtii that move backwards only. AB - Mutations at three independent loci in Chlamydomonas reinhardtii result in a striking alteration of cell motility. Mutant cells representing the three mbo loci move backwards only, propelled by a symmetrical "flagellar" type of bending pattern. The characteristic asymmetric "ciliary" type of flagellar bend pattern responsible for forward movement that predominates in wild-type cells is seldom seen in the mutants. This defect in motility was found to be a property of the mutant axonemes themselves: the isolated axonemes, reactivated by addition of ATP, showed exclusively the symmetrical wave form, and the protein composition of these axonemes differed from the wild-type composition. Axonemes obtained from mbo1 , mbo2 , and mbo3 cells were found to be deficient in six polypeptides regularly present in wild type. The mbo2 axonemes were deficient in two additional polypeptides. The polypeptides were identified in autoradiograms of two-dimensional SDS polyacrylamide gel electrophoretograms of 35S- or 32P-labeled axonemes. One of the six polypeptides has previously been identified; it is a component missing in a mutant deficient for inner dynein arms. Of the five axonemal polypeptides newly identified by the mbo mutants, four were shown to be present as phosphoproteins in wild-type axonemes. One of the additional polypeptides deficient in mbo2 axonemes was also shown to be phosphorylated in wild-type axonemes. Detailed ultrastructural analysis of the mbo1 flagella and the mbo1 , mbo2A , and mbo3 axonemes revealed that the mutants specifically lack the beak-like projections found within the B-tubules of outer doublets 5 and 6. PMID- 6725409 TI - Biosynthesis of the D2 cell adhesion molecule: pulse-chase studies in cultured fetal rat neuronal cells. AB - D2 is a membrane glycoprotein that is believed to function as a cell adhesion molecule (CAM) in neural cells. We have examined its biosynthesis in cultured fetal rat brain neurones. We found D2-CAM to be synthesized initially as two polypeptides: Mr 186,000 (A) and Mr 136,000 (B). With increasing chase times the Mr of both molecules increased to 187,000-201,000 (A) and 137,000-158,000 (B). These were similar to the sizes of D2-CAM labeled with [14C]glucosamine, [3H]fucose and [14C]mannosamine, indicating that the higher Mr species are glycoproteins. In the presence of tunicamycin, which specifically blocks the synthesis of high mannose cores, Mr were reduced to 175,000 (A) and 124,000 (B). Newly synthesized A and B are susceptible to degradation by endo-beta-N-acetyl glucosaminidase H, which specifically degrades high mannose cores, but they are resistant to such degradation after 150 min of posttranslational processing. Hence, we deduce that A and B are initially synthesized with four to five high mannose cores which are later converted into N-linked complex oligosaccharides attached to asparagine residues. However, no shift of [35S]methionine radioactivity between A and B was detected with different pulse or chase times, showing that these molecules are not interconverted. Thus, our data indicate that the neuronal D2-CAM glycoproteins are derived from two mRNAs. PMID- 6725411 TI - Importance of geometry of the extracellular matrix in endochondral bone differentiation. AB - Subcutaneous implantation of coarse powders (74-420 micron) of demineralized diaphyseal bone matrix resulted in the local differentiation of endochondral bone. However, implantation of matrix with particle size of 44-74 micron (Fine matrix) did not induce bone. We have recently reported that the dissociative extraction of coarse matrix with 4 M guanidine HCl resulted in a complete loss of the ability of matrix to induce endochondral bone; the total loss of biological activity could be restored by reconstitution of extracted soluble components with inactive residue. To determine the possible biochemical potential of fine matrix to induce bone, the matrix was extracted in 4 M guanidine HCl and the extract was reconstituted with biologically inactive 4 M guanidine HCl-treated coarse bone matrix residue. There was a complete restoration of the biological activity by the extract of fine matrix upon reconstitution with extracted coarse matrix. Polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis of the extract of fine matrix revealed similar protein profiles as seen for the extract of coarse matrix. Gel filtration of the 4 M guanidine HCl extract of fine powder on Sepharose CL-6B and the subsequent reconstitution of various column fractions with inactive coarse residue showed that fractions with proteins of 20,000-50,000 mol wt induced new bone formation. These observations demonstrate that although fine bone matrix contains, osteoinductive proteins, matrix geometry (size) is a critical factor in triggering the biochemical cascade of endochondral bone differentiation. Mixing of coarse matrix with Fine results in partial response and it was confined to areas in contact with coarse particles. The results imply a role for geometry of extracellular bone matrix in anchorage-dependent proliferation and differentiation of cells. PMID- 6725410 TI - Freeze-fracture and electrophysiological studies of newly developed acetylcholine receptors in Xenopus embryonic muscle cells. AB - The development of acetylcholine receptors on Xenopus embryonic muscle cells both in culture and in situ was studied using electrophysiology and freeze-fracture electron microscopy. Acetylcholine sensitivity first appeared at developmental stage 20 and gradually increased up to about stage 31. Freeze-fracture of muscle cells that were nonsensitive to acetylcholine revealed diffusely distributed small P-face intramembraneous particles. When cells acquired sensitivity to acetylcholine, a different group of diffusely distributed large P-face particles began to appear. This group of particles was analyzed by subtracting the size distribution found on nonsensitive cells from that found on sensitive cells. We call this group of particles difference particles. The sizes of difference particles were large (peak diameter 11 nm). The density of difference particles gradually increased with development. The density of small particles (less than 9 nm) did not change with development. At later stages (32-36) aggregates of large particles appeared, which probably represent acetylcholine receptor clusters. The size distribution of difference particles was close to that of the aggregated particles, suggesting that at least part of difference particles represent diffusely distributed acetylcholine receptors. Difference particles exist mostly in solitary form (occasionally double), indicating that an acetylcholine receptor can be functional in solitary form. This result also shows that diffuse acetylcholine receptors that have previously been observed with 125I-alpha bungarotoxin autoradiography do indeed exist in solitary forms not as microaggregates. PMID- 6725413 TI - Ultrastructural localization of the Mr 43,000 protein and the acetylcholine receptor in Torpedo postsynaptic membranes using monoclonal antibodies. AB - Four mouse monoclonal antibodies (mabs) were shown by immunoblotting procedures to recognize the major, basic, membrane-bound Mr 43,000 protein (43K protein) of acetylcholine receptor-rich postsynaptic membranes from Torpedo nobiliana . These mabs and a mab against an extracellular determinant on the acetylcholine receptor were used to localize the two proteins in electroplax (Torpedo californica) and on unsealed postsynaptic membrane fragments at the ultrastructural level. Bound mabs were revealed with a rabbit anti-mouse Ig serum and protein A-colloidal gold. The anti-43K mabs bound only to the cytoplasmic surface of the postsynaptic membrane. The distributions of the receptor and the 43K protein along the membrane were found to be coextensive. Distances between the membrane center and gold particles were very similar for anti-receptor and anti-43K mabs (29 +/- 7 nm and 26 to 29 +/- 7 to 10 nm, respectively). These results show that the 43K protein is a receptor-specific protein having a restricted spatial relationship to the membrane. They thus support models in which the 43K protein is associated with the cytoplasmic domains of the receptor molecule. PMID- 6725412 TI - Variants deficient in phagocytosis of latex beads isolated from the murine macrophagelike cell line J774. AB - Variants that lack the ability to ingest latex beads were isolated from the mouse macrophagelike cell line J774. Carboxylated latex beads were derivatized with polylysine and then daunomycin by a carbodiimide method. Cells that ingested such beads were killed; variants that survived were isolated. Variants were detected at very low frequency and only after nitrosoguanidine mutagenesis. Of 11 independent isolates, 10 showed a lowered rate of uptake of polystyrene beads (without daunomycin). All of these proved normal in rate and extent of Fc mediated phagocytosis. There was essentially no change in sensitivity to free daunomycin in the variants compared to the parent. These results support the previous hypothesis that there are differences in the metabolic routes of receptor-mediated and nonspecific phagocytosis. PMID- 6725414 TI - An improved procedure for the isolation of glia maturation factor. AB - A procedure for the bulk isolation of glia maturation factor (GMF) in high yield and high purity from bovine brains is outlined. The method involves extraction by homogenization and centrifugation, followed by ammonium sulfate precipitation and column chromatography with diethylaminoethyl (DEAE) Sephacel, Sephadex G-75, and hydroxylapatite. The method results in a 10,000-fold purification, a purity exceeding that of previously published procedures, and enables us to handle as much as 2.8 kg brain tissue or eight brains/week. The ability to mass-produce GMF with this method greatly facilitates its biological studies, further purification, and chemical characterization. The isolated GMF shows a molecular weight of 13,000 on Bio-gel P-30 column and an isoelectric point of about 5.4 on isoelectric focusing. The isolated GMF is heat labile and susceptible to papain and ficin but relatively resistant to trypsin, neuraminidase, and endoglycosidase. PMID- 6725415 TI - Isolation of a temperature-sensitive FM3A mutant deficient in asparagine-linked glycosylation by selecting for resistance to tritiated mannose suicide. AB - Protein glycosylation mutants in the mouse mammary carcinoma cell line FM3A were selected for ability to withstand exposure to [2-3H]mannose at 39 degrees C. G258 , one of the mutant cells isolated, has been characterized. G258 cells were temperature-sensitive for cell growth. Moreover, G258 cells showed temperature sensitivity for [3H]mannose incorporation into the TCA-insoluble fraction. To study the biochemical basis of the defect in glycoprotein biosynthesis, the formation of lipid-linked saccharides was examined. The results showed that the formation of lipid-linked oligosaccharides was severely inhibited in G258 cells at 39 degrees C. At 33 degrees C, G258 cells synthesized Glc3Man9GlcNAc2-PP-Dol, the fully assembled lipid-linked oligosaccharides, but at 39 degrees C, G258 cells were able to synthesize merely the smaller lipid-linked oligosaccharides (approximately up to Man3GlcNAc2 -PP-Dol), but were unable to synthesize the larger lipid-linked oligosaccharides. PMID- 6725416 TI - Rb+ influx in response to changes in energy generation: effect of the regulation of the ATP content of HeLa cells. AB - The effect of changes in energy metabolism on Rb+ influx was studied in HeLa cells. Irrespective of whether ATP production was controlled by varying the activity of glycolysis or of oxidative metabolism on addition of certain combinations of glucose, carbonylcyanide m-chlorophenylhydrazone, monoiodoacetic acid, and quercetin, Rb+ influx changed as a linear function of the ATP content, which varied in a wide range up to the normal level (15-20 nmol/mg protein or 3-4 mM). The difference between results obtained by these procedures was not significant. As the intracellular Na+ content varied at different ATP contents, the Na+ content was adjusted to similar levels by chilling the cells with varying ATP contents. However, a linear relation was still observed. A similar dependence was also obtained for cytoplasmic ATP, which would be more closely connected with the Na,K-pump than total ATP. The ratio of ouabain-sensitive Rb+ influx to the corresponding part of lactate production was nearly 2 in the presence of 2 mM glucose. From these results it is concluded that (1) active Rb+ influx, which is chiefly maintained by energy generated through glycolysis, can also be supported by oxidative metabolism; (2) Rb+ influx is regulated linearly as a function of the cellular ATP content up to the control level; but does not increase if ATP is raised still further; and (3) 2 Rb+ ions move concomitantly at the expense of one ATP molecule. PMID- 6725417 TI - Analysis of cell division by time-lapse cinematographic studies of hydrocortisone treated embryonic lung fibroblasts. AB - Hydrocortisone is a modulator of cell division and has been shown to prolong the replicative in vitro life span of human embryonic lung fibroblasts. Time lapse cinematography was used to analyze the proliferative behavior of individual cells in populations of fibroblasts exposed to hydrocortisone in young cultures during a single growth cycle and in aged cultures that had been continuously exposed to hydrocortisone. Results indicate that hydrocortisone causes a decrease in the interdivision time (IDT) of a portion of the cells in the population and this effect is augmented after continuous exposure to hydrocortisone. Hydrocortisone does not appear to increase the number of initial dividers in the population but increases growth rate in the early stages of the culture period. Analysis of mother-daughter IDT pairs further suggests that hydrocortisone exerts its effects on IDT independently for a given cell. PMID- 6725418 TI - Heterogeneity of endothelial cells of adult rat liver as resolved by sedimentation velocity and flow cytometry. AB - Sinusoidal cells isolated from adult rat liver were fractionated by velocity sedimentation at 1 X g ( primarily on the basis of size) and the various cell fractions were further analysed by flow cytometry on the basis of forward and perpendicular light scattering and autofluorescence. Cell volume was also measured electronically using a Coulter counter. At least four enriched cell populations were resolved after velocity sedimentation. They corresponded to cells having a modal diameter of 6.5, 7.5, 9, and 11 microns, respectively. Transmission electron microscopy (TEM) analysis of the various cell populations revealed that the 7.5- and 9-microns cell fractions represented two distinct classes of endothelial cells while the 11-microns cells corresponded to Kupffer cells. The 6.5-microns cells were identified as lymphocytes. Fat-storing cells, identified by their autofluorescence and lipid content, were included in the Kupffer population. Further information about the nature of the two physically distinct endothelial cell populations was obtained by TEM. It demonstrated that the smaller endothelial cells possessed quantitatively and relatively less retracted sieve plates than the larger ones. This ultrastructural feature can be possibly correlated to a differential localization of the two classes of endothelial cells within the liver acinus. PMID- 6725419 TI - Gene amplification as a mechanism of reversion at the HPRT locus in V79 Chinese hamster cells. AB - Spontaneous phenotypic revertants of hypoxanthine phosphoribosyl-transferase (HPRT) temperature-sensitive V79 Chinese hamster cells were selected by plating a temperature-sensitive mutant in HAT medium at 39 degrees C. The incidence of such revertants was approximately 2 X 10(-4) per cell. The majority of the revertants examined had increases of between three- and tenfold in their specific activity of the enzyme, and they were able to grow continuously in the presence of HAT medium at 39 degrees C. When the revertants were cultivated in the absence of HAT, they recovered their HAT-sensitive phenotype and their lowered level of HPRT. Three of the revertants were examined for their temperature inactivation profiles, and all were found to have profiles identical to the ts parent, and quite different from the V79 wild type. The kinetic properties of the cell lines were studied: the Km for both PRPP and hypoxanthine was significantly different in the temperature-sensitive cells but was not significantly altered in the revertants with respect to the ts mutants. A specific antibody to Chinese hamster brain HPRT was employed in immunoprecipitation experiments. By measuring the point at which the immunoprecipitation of the antibody to HPRT was overcome by increasing concentrations of cell supernatant, it was possible to estimate the relative amount of enzyme molecules in the cell lines. From these data, it could be concluded that the revertants overproduced an enzyme with the same immunological properties as the ts line. Southern blots of the Hind III restricted DNA from the ts mutant and two revertant cell lines were examined with an HPRT cDNA probe. This established that the HPRT gene was amplified twofold in one of the revertants, and threefold in the other. However, if the revertants were reintroduced into nonselective medium, the gene copy number declined to one. Finally, northern blots of RNA extracted from the various cell lines demonstrated that the HPRT mRNA was augmented 1.5-fold in one revertant and 1.4-fold in the other. Reintroduction into non-selective medium resulted in a decline in mRNA level for the second mutant, whereas the first mutant appeared to be stabilized. We conclude that gene amplification and concomitant amplification of messenger RNA and enzyme levels are mechanisms of phenotypic reversion at the HPRT locus in Chinese hamster cells. PMID- 6725420 TI - In vitro stimulation of articular chondrocyte differentiated function by 1,25 dihydroxycholecalciferol or 24R,25-dihydroxycholecalciferol. AB - The effects of 1,25-dihydroxycholecalciferol (1,25-(OH)2D3) (10(-13)M-10(-8) M) and 24R ,25-dihydroxycholecalciferol ( 24R ,25-(OH)2D3) (10(-12)M-10(-7) M) on cell proliferation and proteoglycan deposition were examined in our newly developed multilayer culture system for rabbit and human articular chondrocytes. The cells are embedded in an extracellular matrix similar to that seen in vivo and maintain their in vivo phenotype. We extracted and purified native proteoglycans and degraded material from three culture compartments: the medium, intercellular matrix, and cells. Proteoglycan synthesis and deposition were analyzed by measuring 35SO4 incorporation, hexuronic acid, and galactose contents. In both rabbit and human chondrocyte cultures, chronic 1,25-(OH)2D3 treatment inhibited chondrocyte proliferation and stimulated proteoglycan synthesis and accumulation in the three compartments at 10(-12)-10(-8) M; maximal effect was at 10(-10)M. Cell proliferation was reduced by 55% and the content of hexuronic acid (or galactose) was increased to about three times that of controls in all compartments. 1,25-(OH)2D3 did not alter the proteoglycan composition. Chronic 24R ,25-(OH)2D3 treatment induced comparable effects with a maximum at 10(-8)M. When human dermal fibroblasts were treated as above both vitamin D metabolites increase mitosis. 1,25-(OH)2D3 mainly reduced the pericellular deposition of proteoglycans, while 24R ,25-(OH)2D3 appeared to reduce their synthesis and deposition in both medium and pericellular compartments. These results suggest that both 1,25-(OH)2D3 and 24R ,25-(OH)2D3 act specifically on articular chondrocytes to promote phenotype expression. PMID- 6725421 TI - The chloroplast envelope: is it homologous with the double membranes of mitochondria and gram-negative bacteria? PMID- 6725422 TI - Release and purification of Trypanosoma brucei variant surface glycoprotein. AB - Conditions affecting the solubilization of variant surface glycoprotein (VSG) from Trypanosoma brucei have been investigated. The results obtained form the basis for a convenient and efficient method for VSG purification. VSG release from the cell surface was temperature-dependent, following osmotic lysis at 0 degree C, and was inhibited by low concentrations of Zn2+ but not by tosyl-lysine chloromethyl-ketone (TLCK), phenylmethylsulfonylfluoride (PMSF), or iodoacetamide. These and other results eliminated the possibility that release was due to proteolytic cleavage of the C-terminal hydrophobic tail present on newly synthesized VSG. Bolton and Hunter reagent reacted with several components on living cells. PMID- 6725423 TI - Genetic control of resistance to murine malaria. AB - Strain variation in the level of resistance to malaria was investigated in inbred mice after infection with Plasmodium chabaudi. Following intraperitoneal infection with the typing dose of parasitized erythrocytes, mice of 11 inbred strains could be separated using survival time as the criterium into resistant and susceptible groups. Genetic analysis of F1 hybrid and backcross progeny derived from one of the most resistant (B10.A) and from the most susceptible (A/J) strains as parents suggested that host resistance in this strain combination was genetically controlled by a dominant, non-H-2-linked, autosomal gene or closely linked genes. Analysis of the mechanisms of resistance to P chabaudi showed (1) phenotypic expression of the resistance gene was apparent within 6 days of infection as a significant difference between resistant and susceptible mice in the level of parasitemia; (2) the level of host NK cell activity was not related to the level of host resistance to malaria; (3) compared with susceptible A/J mice, resistant B10.A hosts had an augmented erythropoietic response during the course of malaria as well as during phenylhydrazine-induced anemia and (4) treatment with BCG or P acnes resulted in an equal degree of protection, measured by parasitemia and survival, in both resistant and susceptible mice. PMID- 6725424 TI - Characterization of isolates and clones of Leishmania by analysis of kinetoplast DNA. AB - The genetic characterization of pathogenic isolates of Leishmania was attempted by analysis of the molecular properties of kinetoplast DNA (kDNA) minicircles. Unit minicircle size is not conserved during speciation of Leishmania since the minicircles of strains and clones of L t major are smaller (700 bp) than those found in certain strains of L mexicana ssp (820 bp), L donovani (850 bp) or L t tropica (900 bp). Schizodeme analysis of minicircles reveals a high degree of sequence divergence in kDNA of Leishmania with the degree of microheterogeneity varying between species. This sequence divergence allows the discrimination of species, strains, and clones of Leishmania into schizodemes . Southern blot hybridization experiments reveal that at high stringency overall minicircle sequence homology is conserved among clones and strains of one species (L t major) but not between different species. This property of minicircle DNA permits the use of kDNA probes as a species-specific diagnostic test for the identification of unknown Leishmania isolates. The properties of kDNA from an L t tropica strain LRC- L32 (a " recidiva " organism) are so diverged from those of L t major strains as to support the classification [22, 23] of L t tropica and L t major as separate species of Leishmania rather than subspecies of L tropica. PMID- 6725425 TI - ATP-released large subunits participate in the assembly of RuBP carboxylase. AB - Preincubation of 35S-methionine-labeled chloroplast extracts with ATP at 0 degree C potentiates the subsequent assembly of labeled large subunits into RuBPCase . This is correlated with the dissociation of newly synthesized large subunits from the 29S large subunit binding protein complex. These released large subunits then assemble into RuBPCase in a second, nucleotide-stimulated reaction. The data demonstrate that the 29S complex can play an active role in the assembly of RuBPCase . PMID- 6725426 TI - Adaptive reorganization of protein and lipid components in chloroplast membranes as associated with herbicide binding. AB - Cultivation of Spirodela oligorrhiza ( Kurtz ) Hegelm on a sublethal dose of atrazine results in a higher linolenic to linoleic acid ratio in the thylakoid membrane lipids, less starch, more osmiophilic globules, and a reduced stroma lamellar system. Also, the grana become randomly oriented and contain more numerous and elongated lamellae. These alterations in the lipid composition and ultrastructure of the chloroplast resemble those previously observed in triazine resistant weed biotypes and in chloroplasts developed under low light. Thylakoid membranes from atrazine-adapted plants revealed an additional high-affinity binding constant for [14C]-diuron but the number of diuron binding sites actually decreased by 20 times compared to controls. The 32,000-dalton membrane protein of the chloroplast is synthesized actively, but its breakdown appears decreased compared to control plants. The adaptive reorganization of thylakoid components may be a compensatory mechanism for maintenance of a functional interaction of the proteins and lipids of the photosystem II complex. PMID- 6725427 TI - Mechanisms of regulation of cerebral microflow during bicuculline-induced seizures in anaesthetized cats. AB - Before, during, and after bicuculline-induced seizures, changes in microflow, local tissue PO2, and extracellular H+ and K+ activities were continuously recorded in the suprasylvian gyrus of the cat in parallel with electrical activity. Additionally, the patterns of microflow during seizures after blockade of the beta-adrenergic and cholinergic receptors and after phentolamine application were studied. With the onset of discharges, microflow increased at all sites. The maximum increase was observed when the electrical activity was the strongest. During the period of alternating silent and nonsilent phases, microflow oscillated in parallel with functional activity. When the discharges ceased, microflow decreased to a new steady-state level. Tissue hypoxia was not responsible for the increase in flow because local tissue PO2 increased after the onset of seizures. H+ activity increased after a short delay and also oscillated during the period of oscillating functional activity. After the end of discharges, H+ activity decreased. K+ activity increased immediately with the onset of discharges and mirrored the electrical activity in the further course. The pattern of microflow was not changed by blockade of alpha- and beta adrenergic and cholinergic receptors. We conclude that besides the increase in systemic blood pressure, K+ and H+ activities could be the main factors responsible for the increase in flow during seizures. PMID- 6725428 TI - Effects of naloxone on canine cerebral vascular smooth muscle. AB - The pharmacological effects of naloxone on cerebral arterial smooth muscle in vitro were examined using canine basilar arterial strips. Naloxone exerted two different effects on canine basilar artery: (1) at a high concentration (3 X 10( 4) M) it produced nonspecific vasodilation, and (2) at lower concentrations (3 X 10(-7), 3 X 10(-6), and 3 X 10(-5) M) it inhibited the vasoconstrictor effects of norepinephrine without altering KCl-, serotonin-, or hemoglobin-induced constriction. Morphine (2 X 10(-5) or 2 X 10(-4) M) did not reverse the specific vasodilating effect of naloxone (3 X 10(-5) M) on norepinephrine-induced constriction. Rather, morphine and naloxone together produced a greater vasodilating effect on norepinephrine-induced constriction than either agent alone. Naloxone (3 X 10(-5) M) failed to alter either phenylephrine-induced constriction or clonidine-induced constriction. The vasodilating effect of naloxone (3 X 10(-5) M) on 10(-3) M norepinephrine-induced constriction was not reduced with 10(-6) M propranolol. These results suggest that the vasodilating effect of naloxone on norepinephrine-induced constriction does not result from an antagonistic action on opiate receptors, direct inhibition of alpha adrenoreceptors, or direct stimulation of beta-adrenoreceptors in canine cerebral arterial smooth muscle. The vasodilating effect of naloxone on norepinephrine induced constriction may influence the CBF changes following naloxone administration. PMID- 6725429 TI - Neurologic deficit and cerebral ATP depletion after temporary focal ischemia in cats. AB - Focal ischemia was induced in 23 cats by occluding the left middle cerebral artery for 2 h. The animals were then divided into groups for unforced reperfusion of variable duration ranging from 2 to 48 h. Neurological ratings were obtained during both ischemia and reperfusion. Following planned sacrifice the regional ATP content was assessed by means of a bioluminescence method showing spatial distribution and degree of ATP depletion. All the animals developed a neurologic deficit, with a median of 6 points on a disability scale of 0-10. After reopening of the middle cerebral artery, neurologic recovery was quite variable depending on the initial neurologic deficit (partial phi = 0.67, p1 less than 0.05): Animals with mild initial functional impairment improved and those with severe neurologic disturbances either died early or developed a more severe neurologic deficit, irrespective of the duration of reperfusion. The degree of ATP depletion and the amount of brain tissue involved exhibited a significant correlation with the neurological outcome (tau = 0.50, p1 less than 0.05), but they were even more closely related to the initial neurologic deficit (partial phi = 1.00, p1 less than 0.001), suggesting an early definitive manifestation of deficiencies in regional energy metabolism. PMID- 6725430 TI - Extracellular pH, potassium, and calcium activities in progressive ischaemia of rat cortex. AB - We measured the relationships between changes in extracellular pH (pHe), potassium (Ke), and calcium (Cae) activities and DC potential (DCe) in progressive ischaemia of rat cerebral cortex. pHe and Ke, or Cae and Ke, were measured at the same point simultaneously, using triple-barrelled, double-ion sensitive microelectrodes. Ischaemia was produced using bilateral carotid artery occlusion and hypotension in rats under 50% N2O-0.4% halothane anaesthesia. Unilateral carotid artery occlusion did not affect blood flow, but bilateral occlusion reduced flow to approximately 40% of normal. Autoregulation of blood pressure (BP) changes was lost after bilateral occlusion, and so progressive hypotension produced a linear decrease in flow. pHe began to decrease at high levels of flow (30-35 ml 100 g-1 min-1) and showed stepwise acidotic shifts with reductions in BP. Ke was affected at flows of approximately 15 ml 100 g-1 min-1, during which time it was critically dependent on BP. When Ke reached 6 mM, it increased rapidly to 40 mM and was associated with a negative shift in DCe. When Ke reached approximately 10 mM, Cae decreased rapidly to approximately 0.1 mM. pHe had reached 6.87 when Ke increased rapidly and showed a transient alkalotic shift of approximately 0.14 units at that time. Possible mechanisms for the sequence of ion changes described are discussed. PMID- 6725431 TI - Cerebral extracellular calcium activity in severe hypoglycemia: relation to extracellular potassium and energy state. AB - The changes in extracellular Ca2+ (Cae) and K+ (Ke) activities were studied in the rat brain during insulin-induced hypoglycemia. At about the time of onset of isoelectric EEG in severe insulin-induced hypoglycemia (300-g male Wistar rats under 70% N2O anaesthesia), there was an increase in Ke which, at approximately 13 mM, was associated with a fall in Cae. Ke peaked at 48 +/- 12 mM, and Cae at 0.18 +/- 0.28 mM. This ion change began to normalise, but before recovery was complete a second ion change, of magnitude similar to that of the first, occurred from which the cells did not recover. The Cae recovered to only 66% of normal in the time available before the second depolarisation. Measurements on brains frozen at different stages during the sequence of ion changes revealed that ATP and phosphocreatine (PCr) concentrations and energy charge (EC) were not reduced before the first depolarisation. During the first depolarisation there was a 72% decrease in PCr and a 37% fall in ATP level, leading to a 23% drop in EC. These levels decreased further by the 10th minute of isoelectricity , but only the fall in ATP concentration was significant. The results indicate that the first ion change was a spreading depression and that cellular energy state was not the only factor in determining the response of tissue in the early stages of the comatose state. PMID- 6725432 TI - Delayed neuronal recovery and neuronal death in rat hippocampus following severe cerebral ischemia: possible relationship to abnormalities in neuronal processes. AB - Mechanisms involved in the postischemic delay in neuronal recovery or death in rat hippocampus were evaluated by light and electron microscopy at 3, 15, 30, and 120 min and 24, 36, 48, and 72 h following severe cerebral ischemia that was produced by permanent occlusion of the vertebral arteries and 30-min occlusion of the common carotid arteries. During the early postischemic period, neurons in the Ca1 and Ca3 regions both showed transient mitochondrial swelling followed by the disaggregation of polyribosomes, decrease in rough endoplasmic reticulum (RER), loss of Golgi apparatus (GA) cisterns, and decrease in GA vesicles . Recovery of these organelles in Ca3 neurons was first noted between 24 and 36 h and was accompanied by a marked proliferation of smooth endoplasmic reticulum (SER). Many Ca1 neurons initially recovered between 24 and 36 h, but subsequent cell death at 48-72 h was often preceded by peripheral chromatolysis, constriction and shrinkage of the proximal dendrites, and cytoplasmic dilatation that was continuous with focal expansion of RER cisterns. Because SER accumulates in resistant Ca3 neurons and proximal neuronal processes are damaged in vulnerable Ca1 neurons, we hypothesize that delayed cell recovery or death in vulnerable and resistant postischemic hippocampal neurons is related to abnormalities in neuronal processes. PMID- 6725433 TI - Effect of the calcium antagonist nimodipine on local cerebral blood flow: relationship to arterial blood pressure. AB - The effect of the calcium antagonist nimodipine on local CBF in 31 regions of the CNS was studied with the [14C]iodoantipyrine autoradiographic technique in lightly anaesthetised, mechanically ventilated rats. Continuous intravenous infusion of nimodipine (1, 2, or 4 micrograms kg-1 min-1) produced a dose dependent reduction in MABP (reduced by 26 +/- 2% after 30 min of nimodipine, 4 micrograms kg-1 min-1) and a significant elevation in plasma glucose concentration (increased by 44 +/- 2% after 30 min of nimodipine, 4 micrograms kg 1 min-1). Local CBF was increased significantly during infusions of nimodipine (1 microgram kg-1 min-1) in 9 of the 31 regions examined (including the cerebral cortex, hippocampus, hypothalamus, and most thalamic nuclei). In contrast to the increases in CBF observed in forebrain regions, no significant increases in CBF were observed during nimodipine infusions in regions of the lower brainstem, cerebellum, and pons or in myelinated fibre tracts. The proportionately greatest increases in local CBF were observed during infusions of the lowest dosage of nimodipine (1 microgram kg-1 min-1), suggesting either that this dosage provokes maximum cerebrovascular relaxation or that effects of increasing concentrations are counteracted by the concomitant systemic hypotension. PMID- 6725434 TI - Estimates of Michaelis-Menten constants for the two membranes of the brain endothelium. AB - Tracer studies on facilitated diffusion across the blood-brain barrier lead to the calculation of Michaelis-Menten constants that describe the rate of transport. However, the barrier consists of two endothelial cell membranes, and the relevance of single Michaelis-Menten constants in relation to the two cell membranes is unknown. We have formulated a model of two endothelial cell membranes and show that the measured Michaelis-Menten constants are simple functions of the properties of the individual membranes when transport across the endothelium is rapid (P1 greater than 10(-6) cm s-1). We also show that the Michaelis-Menten constants determined in tracer experiments describe facilitated diffusion in the steady state only if the two membranes have similar transport properties. As an application of this observation, we have examined three experimental studies that measure glucose transport in the steady state and show that the Michaelis-Menten constants for glucose transport calculated from the tracer experiments are equal to the constants calculated from the steady-state experiments. We conclude that the luminal and abluminal membranes of brain capillary endothelial cells have equal glucose transport properties. PMID- 6725435 TI - Monoexponential analysis of 133Xe clearance curves for regional cerebral blood flow measurements. AB - The theoretical properties of a monoexponential flow index, analogous to the one used earlier by other investigators for regional CBF (rCBF) measured after intraarterial injection, were investigated after the administration of 133Xe intraarterially, intravenously, and by inhalation under high and low flow conditions. The sensitivity of the flow index to changes in fast flow components or changes in the weight ratio between the fast and the slow flow compartments was found to be dependent on whichever part of the 133Xe clearance curve was used for the flow calculation and on the shape of the input function for 133Xe. Since biexponential analysis of the clearance curves includes a monoexponential approximation for each of the two components of the clearance curve corresponding to the high and the low flow "families" in the brain, the limitations of the monoexponential flow index observed are in principle also valid for the results of biexponential analysis of the clearance curves. PMID- 6725436 TI - Multiple-radionuclide autoradiography in evaluation of cerebral function. AB - We have developed the mathematical model and experimental technique for quantitative simultaneous multiple-radionuclide autoradiography. The technique is an extension of previously described dual-tracer methods and offers the advantage of a general approach in which any two or more radionuclides with different half lives can be used to measure multiple parameters of cerebral function. The model allows the selection of nuclide doses and exposure times to balance cross contamination of the multiple images with nuclide requirements. The technique was validated with homogeneous tissue sections containing combinations of 123I, 124I , 131I, 18F, 99mTc , 68Ga, and 14C, and then used in qualitative and quantitative investigations of interrelationships of local cerebral blood flow, glucose metabolism, and protein synthesis in normal and several pathological conditions in rats. PMID- 6725437 TI - Iodoamphetamine as a new tracer for local cerebral blood flow in the rat: comparison with isopropyliodoamphetamine. AB - Rats were injected with iodoamphetamine synthesized and labeled with 125I or with 125I- isopropyliodoamphetamine , a molecule of established value for the determination of local cerebral blood flow. The blood kinetics, tissue distribution, and brain uptake index for each tracer exhibited practically no differences. Autoradiographic quantification of the local cerebral blood flow, calculated according to the microsphere model, produced identical results for both molecules. However, compared with the values reported for other tracers, our values constituted an underestimation of white matter blood flow and a more real estimation of hippocampal flow. It is concluded from the brain uptake of the derivatives of both amphetamines during the first minutes following their injection that these tracers can be used as a chemical microembolus for the measurement of local cerebral blood flow. PMID- 6725438 TI - Reduction in noradrenergic perivascular nerve density in the left and right cerebral arteries of old rabbits. AB - With the use of fluorescence and acetylcholinesterase histochemistry, marked reductions have been shown in the noradrenergic and acetylcholinesterase-positive innervation of the right ( RMC ) and left (LMC) middle cerebral arteries of old compared with young adult rabbits. The decrease in noradrenergic nerve density tended to be greater in LMC than in RMC : Nerve density fell by approximately 45% in LMC and by approximately 30% in RMC . The reductions in acetylcholinesterase positive nerves were similar in both LMC and RMC (29 and 33%, respectively). Vessel circumference and cross-sectional wall area appeared to increase in old age in LMC and RMC . PMID- 6725439 TI - Three-dimensional architecture of cerebral microvessels with a scanning electron microscope: a cerebrovascular casting method for fetal and adult rats. AB - Vascular casting for scanning electron microscopic studies on microvascular architecture is in common use for various visceral organs in the field of anatomy. However, only a few studies have been performed on the brain using the previously reported casting method, and no detailed descriptions deal with suitable methodology for producing brain vascular casts. Our casting method, introduced here, for the CNS from the fetal to the adult stage involves the following modifications: (1) Perfusion fixation of the brain is carried out before injecting the plastic resin for casting into the cerebral blood vessels; (2) digestion of nervous tissue is accomplished with a sodium hydroxide and sodium hypochlorite solution; and (3) vascular casts are dried by a freeze-drying method, while the nondigested brain slices opposite the casts can be investigated with light microscopy and transmission electron microscopy. This modified casting method enables one to represent the microvascular system of the rat brain three dimensionally from embryonal day 17 onward. It is hoped that this method will prove to be a useful tool in morphological vascular research on the nervous system. PMID- 6725440 TI - Inhibition by verapamil of ischemic Ca2+ uptake in the rabbit hippocampus. AB - In the study described here a perfusion-dialysis system was used for recording ionic changes in the hippocampus during ischemia. Local perfusion with a Ca2+ entry blocker (verapamil) inhibited the fall in extracellular Ca2+ concentration which occurs in ischemia. The data consequently suggest that intracellular Ca2+ accumulation during ischemia can be blocked. A Ca2+ antagonist such as verapamil may thus improve post-ischemic neuronal recovery via a direct effect on parenchymal cells in addition to the previously suggested vascular effects. PMID- 6725441 TI - Intense furosemide-sensitive potassium accumulation in astrocytes in the presence of pathologically high extracellular potassium levels. AB - An intense K+ accumulation in primary cultures of astrocytes, occurring when external K+ was increased from 5.4 to 54 mM, was investigated. This increase resulted in a doubling of the K+ content within 10 s. Thirty percent of the accumulation was inhibited by furosemide (2 mM). This drug had no effect on the unidirectional influx of K+ at 5.4 mM K+, but when the extracellular K+ concentration was increased, there appeared to be a furosemide-sensitive component of the influx. This component increased with increasing external K+ levels, reaching 44% of the total influx at 72 mM. These results show that astrocytes exhibit an intense furosemide-sensitive K+ accumulation which is activated by K+ levels resembling those occurring in the extracellular compartment during pathological events. Previous studies on a furosemide sensitive Cl- pump in cultured astrocytes suggest that this accumulation might be via KCl cotransport, which in other systems is involved in volume control. PMID- 6725443 TI - Preservative parabens contained in commercial naloxone preparations cause a dose dependent relaxation of human pial cortical arteries. PMID- 6725442 TI - Immunoreactive glucagon in the smooth muscle cells of the rat cerebral artery: an immunohistochemical analysis. AB - The presence of immunoreactive glucagon (IRG) in a smooth muscle of the cerebral arteries of rats was demonstrated immunohistochemically using two antisera against pancreatic glucagon, OAL -123 and Unger 's 30K . Based on the results and on our previous radioimmunoassay and gel filtration study, the smooth muscle cells of the blood vessels may be one of the extrapancreatic sources of IRG in the plasma. PMID- 6725444 TI - [165 bilateral atherosclerotic carotid occlusive lesions. Surgical and secondary risk]. AB - Operative treatment was applied in 139 patients with hemodynamically significant bilateral stenosis of the carotid arteries due to atherosclerosis. Three groups could be distinguished: group I--stenosis greater than 75% on one side and between 50 and 75% on the other side; group II--stenosis greater than 75% on both sides; group III--obstruction on one side and stenosis greater than 50% on the other side. The risk of clamping did not appear abnormally high, while the peroperative neurologic risk was slightly enhanced due to the possibility of accidents in the region which lies contralateral to that of the operated side, or in the region of the brain stem. The risk in the group III patients did not appear to be increased. Immediate and secondary neurologic prognosis is mainly a function of the presence of multiple peculiar lesions, and also of the presence or absence of parenchymatous ischemic lesions. Preventive surgery on narrowed, stenotic, progressive lesions, detected by ultrasound imaging systematically repeated every 6 months, diminishes the incidence of onset of neurologic complications. PMID- 6725445 TI - [Arteriovenous fistula of splenic vessels after splenectomy]. AB - Arteriovenous fistula of the splenic vessels is a rare complication of splenectomy since only 7 cases (including the case reported herein by the authors) are presently known. Simultaneous ligation of the vessels seems to be an important causative factor; enzymatic necrosis of the vessel walls due to a minute peroperative trauma to the pancreatic tail is also a plausible mechanism. All fistulas have been recognized within two years after splenectomy. Clinical findings consist of various signs among which a continuous left flank murmur is the most constant. Cardiac repercussions are usually lacking. The fistula induces hepatic lesions which never evolve towards hepatic sclerosis or cirrhosis and are reversible after closure of the arteriovenous communication. Portal hypertension is present only when associated hepatic lesions block the portal blood flow. Until recent years, surgical closure of the fistula was performed with satisfying results. Recently, non surgical closure has become possible and seems suitable in poor-risk patients. PMID- 6725446 TI - [Role of formalin in the occurrence of sclerosing lesions of the bile ducts. Experimental approach in dogs. Apropos of 3 clinical cases]. AB - The authors experimentally reproduced in dogs, sclerosing lesions of biliary tract similar to those that they noticed in clinical practice, after the use of a formalin solution for sterilization of the hydatid cysts of the liver. These lesions have been found with formalin solutions more concentrated than those used in surgical treatment of liver echinococcosis. Nevertheless, even with the use of lower concentrated solution in every case, inflammatory scars are produced in the liver and the biliary tract with persist several months after the formalin injection consequently, the authors recommend to forsake the abandonment of this product for surgical treatment of hydatid cyst. PMID- 6725447 TI - [Tumors of the brachial plexus. Apropos of 2 cases]. AB - Authors point out two observations of tumors of brachial plexus. With these two cases and review of the literature, they show that therapeutic problems depend to the histopathological aspect of tumor. PMID- 6725448 TI - [Giant fibroma of the pleura. Apropos of 2 cases]. AB - Two cases are reported of giant pleural fibroma (2.9 and 4.2 kg), of slow growth (both had been present for 17 years), developing in the parietal pleura in a 56 year-old woman and in the triangular ligament of a 35-year-old man respectively, and treated by surgical excision. Findings in these cases and data on those reported in the literature indicate the principal pathologic and clinical characteristics of these very rare benign tumors of the pleura: onset in the absent of any history of exposure to dust (asbestos); usually fortuitous discovery; suggestive radiological appearances (calcification in some cases) that are not pathognomonic however; differentiation from fibrous mesothelioma by the microscopic or particularly gross pathologic appearance; treatment exclusively surgical and of variable difficulty according to the size of and especially the structures related to the tumor, with the need for careful preoperative screening. PMID- 6725449 TI - [Analytical study of 80 cases of lithiasic cholangitis]. AB - A retrospective study of 80 cases of lithiasic cholangitis treated between 1970 and 1982 demonstrated that cholangitis represents 45 p. 100 of the clinical manifestations of stones in the main biliary tract and 6.5 p. 100 of biliary surgery. This complication mainly affects female patients (3 out of 4 cases) and charcot's triad is the form that is most frequently encountered (81.25 p. 100 of cases). External drainage of the main biliary tract by Kerr's drain was performed in 32,5 p. 100 of cases and internal bypass operations in the remainder (A.B.D. : 36,15 p. 100, sphincterotomy : 32,25 p. 100). Mortality has reached 11,25 p. 100, including over half of the cases by cholangitis of uremic origin. PMID- 6725450 TI - [Evaluation by delayed hypersensitivity immune reactions of the infectious risk in digestive surgery. Experience with 1300 cases]. AB - Immunity reactivity in 1300 patients during digestive surgery and intensive care was determined by delayed hypersensitivity cutaneous tests. A significant correlation (p less than 0.0001) existed between anergy, the risk of infection and mortality from sepsis (36,5% vs 1,3%) and during sequential changes in test results with prognosis (59% vs 2,9%) (p less than 0.001). Factors capable of influencing immune responses are: neoplasm (296 patients); poor nutrition (114 patients); infections (308 patients). The risk of infection and improvement in prognosis was obtained by control of anergy by means of a high protein-high calorie diet (57 cases), and by attacking infection and stimulating immunity (190 patients) by BCG followed by DTC. The use of disposable, preloaded multiple puncture equipment, that is simple and rapid in use and in interpretation, provides a current reliable means for evaluating the risk of infection in digestive surgery. PMID- 6725451 TI - [Plea for the terminal anastomosis of aortic prostheses. Theoretical and practical impact]. AB - End-to-end anastomosis of an aortic prosthesis was used during reconstructive surgery in 100 patients. The advantages of this method are analyzed and compared with those of end-to-side implantation, the former procedure providing improved hemodynamic and long-term results: absence of anastomotic dilatation, regularity of aortic blood flow distribution, lack of competitive or superfluous flow, a guaranteed pelvic circulation and simplicity of later repeat surgery following thrombosis. Tactical indications for this method of anastomosis are defined and depend mainly upon the type of lesions at the iliac bifurcation. The greater complexity of this method would appear to be acceptable in view of the possible improved long-term permeability when compared with the conventional procedure. PMID- 6725452 TI - [An often overlooked ligament rupture: that of the lateral internal ligament of the ankle]. PMID- 6725453 TI - Assay of brain 3,4-dihydroxyphenylethyleneglycol (DHPG) levels by high performance liquid chromatography with electrochemical detection. Factors affecting stability during sample preparation. PMID- 6725454 TI - Pentafluorobenzyl derivative of histamine for determination by gas chromatography negative ion chemical ionization mass spectrometry. PMID- 6725455 TI - Use of the rapid octadecasilyl column method for purification of 125I-bovine pancreatic polypeptide compared with conventional methodology. PMID- 6725456 TI - Investigation of the parameters for reversed-phase high-performance liquid chromatography of collagen types I and III. AB - A detailed study was carried out on the behaviour of collagen and its subcomponents on large pore size reversed-phase high-performance liquid chromatographic columns. Investigation of laboratory-prepared C18 and CN 50-nm pore size supports using a simple solvent system showed that heat-denatured collagen chains could be retained and resolved and that the C18 packing had a greater selective capacity. However, because of inconsistencies in the chromatography obtained using laboratory-prepared supports commercial 33-nm pore size packings were subsequently studied with both pyridine-based and trifluoroacetic acid-based solvent systems. An optimised solvent was defined and used to check the resolving capacity of both C18 and CN commercial columns. These studies led to the description and interpretation of the effects of pH, counter ion concentration, solvent strength, type of support and molecular weight of protein solutes on the chromatographic behaviour of this large protein and its CNBr peptides. An explanation of the major forces acting to bring about retention and resolution is presented and suggestions are made for the application of this methodology to other proteins. PMID- 6725457 TI - Separation of heparin on Sepharose CL-4B in the presence of high concentrations of ammonium sulphate. AB - Heparin was fractionated by chromatography on Sepharose CL-4B/3.8-2.0 M ammonium sulphate in 0.01 M hydrochloric acid at 4 degrees C based on a principle different from that of gel filtration--possibly due to multiple interaction mechanisms including those based on hydrophobic bonds. The results of the fractionation were very similar to those of chromatography on Phenyl-Sepharose CL 4B/3.8-2.0 M ammonium sulphate in 0.01 M hydrochloric acid at room temperature. That is, the separation was related to the molecular size distribution, N-acetyl content and anticoagulant activities. As the result of studies on a set of Sepharose 4B gels with different degrees of cross-linking, it has been shown that the introduction of the cross-linked structure, -O-CH2-CH(OH)-CH2-O-, into the gel matrix enhances the interaction between the Sepharose CL-4B gel and heparin, indicating that heparin retention by the highly cross-linked Sepharose 4B gel surpasses that by Phenyl-Sepharose CL-4B. PMID- 6725458 TI - Controlled-release penicillin complexes. High-performance liquid chromatography and assay. AB - High-performance liquid chromatographic assays for the controlled-release penicillin complexes benzathine-cloxacillin, benzathine-penicillin V, procaine penicillin G, benethamine -penicillin G and benzathine-penicillin G are described. Reversed-phase ion-paired chromatography using related aqueous acetonitrile mobile phases enables both components of the complex to be determined simultaneously. The utility of the methods is demonstrated by application to various formulations including fortified injections, which contain two complexes, and a suspension which also contains four preservatives. PMID- 6725459 TI - Reversed-phase high-performance liquid chromatography of steroid 3-sulfates and the corresponding unconjugated steroids. AB - Simultaneous separation of steroid 3-sulfates and the corresponding free steroids has been accomplished by reversed-phase high-performance liquid chromatography (RP-HPLC). Addition of ammonium sulfate to the aqueous component of the mobile phase results in retention of the steroid sulfates to octadecyl silica packings by an apparent ion-pairing mechanism without affecting the retention of the free steroids. The retention time of steroid sulfates was dependent on the ammonium sulfate concentration in the mobile phase. Biologically important C19 delta 5, 3beta-hydroxysteroids and corresponding 3-sulfate conjugates or estrogen and estrogen 3-sulfates have been resolved with this RP-HPLC system. PMID- 6725460 TI - High-performance liquid chromatography of the unsaponifiable from samples of marine and freshwater fish: fractionation and identification of retinol (vitamin A1) and dehydroretinol (vitamin A2) isomers. AB - Retinol (vitamin A1) and dehydroretinol (vitamin A2) geometric isomers, obtained in photosynthetic mixtures or from natural samples, were simultaneously fractionated by means of isocratic normal phase high-performance liquid chromatography. The use of low percentages of isopropanol (0.4-1.1%) as a modifier in hexane was studied, and the resolution of both pairs of retinols (9 cis/all-trans and 13-cis/11-cis) whose baseline separation had not previously been achieved was obtained. The proposed chromatographic method therefore allows the complete separation of all six of the most commonly occurring retinols in natural samples, including the above four mono cis- retinols plus the two 9,13- and 11,13-di-cis- retinols . Photoisomerization of retinal and of retinol in different solvent systems and during the extraction process was also studied, before analyzing the unsaponifiable from fresh and marine water fish, which constitute rich natural sources of both vitamins A1 and A2. Vitamin A2 was found to be present in different relative percentages depending on the analytical matrix. Four cis isomers (9-cis-, 11-cis-, 13-cis- and 9,13-di-cis-retinol or corresponding dehydroretinols ) were found to occur naturally together with the main all-trans form, confirming the need to separate geometric isomers in every dosage of vitamin A-containing compounds. PMID- 6725461 TI - Determination of theophylline binding to human serum proteins by isotachophoresis. AB - Free theophylline was isolated from human serum by ultrafiltration and analysed in a leading electrolyte of 7.5 mM morpholinoethanesulphonic acid with ammediol as a counter ion at pH 8.90 and alpha-alanine as a terminator. The UV (280 nm) absorbance of the theophylline spike between serine and bicine as spacers was integrated. Binding percentages to human pool serum, human albumin and alpha 1 acid glycoprotein (orosomucoid) were determined at physiological concentrations, and found to be 55, 44 and 12%, respectively. The calibration lines were straight from 0 to 30 mg/l, with a standard deviation of 0.2 mg/l. The detection limit was 1 mg/l. The time of analysis was 12 min at 40 microA in a 0.2 mm I.D. capillary. PMID- 6725462 TI - Fluorimetric determination of catecholamines using glycylglycine as the reagent for post-column derivatization. PMID- 6725463 TI - [Thin-layer spectrofluorometric microanalysis of monomethylhydrazine in Gyromitra esculenta]. PMID- 6725464 TI - Determination of 4-aminopyridine in horse plasma using gas-liquid chromatography. PMID- 6725465 TI - Gas chromatographic determination of methylcholine chloride in pharmaceutical preparations. PMID- 6725466 TI - Determination of organic acids in foods by high-performance liquid chromatography: lactic acid. PMID- 6725467 TI - Identification of amino acid phenylthiohydantoins by multicomponent analysis of ultraviolet spectra. AB - Mixtures of amino acid phenylthiohydantoins ( PTHs ) can be identified and quantitated by multicomponent analysis of their ultraviolet spectra. For this analysis, the direct absorbance spectra were converted to their first derivatives. Then the multicomponent analysis routine resident in the spectrophotometer was used. The entire process requires less than one minute. Mixtures of two amino acid phenylthiohydantoins with extreme spectral similarity were accurately quantitated with the method. (We used mixtures of PTH-Asp-PTH-Glu and PTH-Ile-PTH-Leu.) The ability to identify amino acid phenylthiohydantoins by analysis of their ultraviolet spectra may provide a simple method for confirmation of the identification of the amino acid PTH obtained during protein sequencing. PMID- 6725468 TI - Chromatographic separation and chemical analysis of polymers formed by penicillin G. AB - To elucidate the chemical structures of penicillin polymers that may elicit an allergic reaction, a 25% aqueous solution of penicillin G potassium was kept standing in the dark at room temperature for 14 days and was then separated by gel filtration chromatography on Sephadex G-25. The fractions of Kav 0.0-0.3, 0.3 0.55 and 0.55-0.75 were designated fractions A, B and C, respectively. Chemical and spectral data indicated that fractions A and B had almost similar chemical structures, but differed in molecular weight. They consisted of equimolar phenylacetyl and thiazolidine moieties and showed a C:N:S ratio almost equal to that of penicillin G. Their degrees of polymerization were 10 for A and 3.2 for B. Comparison of 1H NMR and IR spectra and thin-layer chromatographic RF values with those of authentic standards showed that the main components of fraction C were N- formylpenicillamine , benzylpenilloic acid, benzylpenicilloic acid and benzylpenillic acid. PMID- 6725469 TI - Studies on allergens of mammalian origin. AB - Cat and dog saliva and extracts obtained from cat and dog hair have been examined by high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) to identify the likely allergenic molecules. Separation of the materials by size exclusion HPLC showed that several components in the range of apparent molecular weight from 35,000 to 200,000 had inhibitory activity in the radioallergosorbent test (RAST) when tested against pooled serum from donors hypersensitive to dogs and cats. One of these components active in our test system was identified as albumin. Despite differences in gross composition of the extracts no significant difference in the position of the active fractions was observed between cat hair and saliva, between dog hair and saliva or between hair extracts from different breeds of dog. Fractionation by anion-exchange HPLC, although promising, was complicated by problems of sensitivity. PMID- 6725470 TI - Separation of sialyl-oligosaccharides by high-performance liquid chromatography. Application to analysis of carbohydrate units of acidic oligosaccharides obtained by hydrazinolysis of hen ovomucoid. AB - Sialyl- oligossacharides derived from hen ovomucoid by hydrazinolysis have been separated by liquid chromatography on quaternary amine bonded silica and alkylamine modified silicas . By using a mobile phase consisting of a mixture of acetonitrile and potassium dihydrogen phosphate with 0.01% of 1,4- diaminobutane , effective resolution of high-molecular-weight monosialylated oligossacharides was achieved in less than 2 h. PMID- 6725471 TI - High-performance liquid chromatographic assay for S-adenosyl-L-methionine: macrocin O-methyltransferase. AB - A high-performance liquid chromatographic (HPLC) procedure was developed to assay S-adenosyl-L-methionine: macrocin O-methyltransferase. This enzyme catalyzes the rate-limiting terminal reaction of tylosin biosynthesis in Streptomyces fradiae. HPLC analysis was improved by resin treatment of cell-free extracts to remove endogenous tylosin and related compounds. Relomycin was selected as an internal standard and the enzymatic reaction conditions were optimized. The reaction mixture was extracted with ethyl acetate to recover the substrate, product and the internal standard. Efficient separation of the macrolide antibiotics was provided by ion-pair reversed-phase HPLC. An average relomycin recovery was 90%. The O-methyltransferase activity could be routinely and reproducibly determined by monitoring tylosin formation at 285 nm. PMID- 6725472 TI - Quantitative analysis of hyaluronic acid by high-performance liquid chromatography of streptomyces hyaluronidase digests. AB - The separation and quantitative analysis of streptomyces hyaluronidase ( HAase ) degradation products of hyaluronic acid (HA) by high-performance liquid chromatography are described. The substituted 4,5-unsaturated tetrasaccharide and hexasaccharide which result from the digestion of HA are quickly separated on a silica gel (Zorbax SIL) column. The assay of HA is linear between 5 and 250 micrograms of HA. This procedure is suitable for some weakly acidic glycosaminoglycan contaminants having similar properties to those of HA. PMID- 6725473 TI - Desalting of peptides by high-performance gel permeation chromatography. PMID- 6725475 TI - Revised method for the quantitative determination of 5-hydroxytryptamine in human plasma by gas chromatography--mass spectrometry--selected ion monitoring. AB - To estimate the 5-hydroxytryptamine level in human plasma by gas chromatography- mass spectrometry--selected ion monitoring (GC--MS--SIM), a recovery method from plasma and derivatization conditions with pentafluoropropionic anhydride were investigated. By heating 5-hydroxytryptamine at 140 degrees C for 4 h in the presence of pentafluoropropionic anhydride the peak intensity of derivatized 5 hydroxytryptamine increased more than three times in comparison with the reported method. There was a marked difference in the plasma levels of 5-hydroxytryptamine obtained using the GC--MS--SIM method compared to those obtained using fluorometric assay. PMID- 6725474 TI - A fast derivatization method for the gas chromatographic analysis of thyroid hormonal compounds. PMID- 6725476 TI - Determination of glycosylated haemoglobin by isoelectric focusing in non-linear pH gradients. AB - A new isoelectric focusing technique for the separation and quantitation of glycosylated haemoglobin (HbA1c) is described. By using an equimolar mixture of two separators (0.2 M beta-alanine + 0.2 M 6-aminocaproic acid) a 2-pH unit Ampholine range (pH 6-8) is transformed in a shallow, 0.6-pH unit span (pH 6.7 7.3). This brings about an increment of resolution between HbA and HbA1c by a factor of about three, thus allowing proper densitometric evaluation of the trichloroacetic acid-fixed MetHb bands by conventional gel scanners. Excellent agreement is found among microchromatography, isoelectric focusing followed by densitometry in situ, and isoelectric focusing followed by band excision, elution and spectrophotometric determination. The present method also allows full resolution between HbA1c and fetal haemoglobins (F and Fac bands). PMID- 6725477 TI - Determination of urochloralic acid, the glucuronic acid conjugate of trichloroethanol, by gas chromatography with electron-capture detection and its application to urine, plasma and liver. AB - Gas chromatography with electron-capture detection was used to quantify the glucuronic acid conjugate of trichloroethanol, urochloralic acid. The conjugate was extracted into ethyl acetate--ethanol (19:1, v/v) under acidic conditions, and analyzed as its trifluoroacetylated methyl ester or as its acetylated methyl ester. As little as 0.2 microgram of the conjugate was quantified, and the method was applicable to urine, plasma and liver. The synthesis of urochloralic acid from trichloroethanol by rat liver microsomal fraction was demonstrated in the presence of uridine diphosphoglucuronic acid as coenzyme. PMID- 6725478 TI - Direct enantiomeric resolution of mephenytoin and its N-demethylated metabolite in plasma and blood using chiral capillary gas chromatography. AB - A gas chromatographic method was developed for the determination of the R- and S- enantiomers of the anticonvulsant, mephenytoin, and its N-demethylated metabolite, 5-phenyl-5- ethylhydantoin ( PEH ), in plasma and blood. Direct enantiomeric separation of mephenytoin and its internal standard was obtained using a chiral capillary column ( Chirasil -Val) followed by nitrogen specific detection. However, resolution of the enantiomers of PEH and its internal standard required propylation at the 3-position of the hydantoin ring prior to analysis. Similar linear and reproducible standard curves were obtained from both plasma and blood over the concentration range 50 ng/ml to 5 micrograms/ml, and above 100 ng/ml the reproducibility was less than 8% (coefficient of variation). Pronounced stereoselective differences in the plasma concentration--time curves for both mephenytoin and PEH were observed in a normal subject who received a single oral dose of 300 mg racemic mephenytoin. The peak plasma level of S mephenytoin was only one-fifth that of the R-enantiomer and its elimination half life was less than 3 h compared to over 70 h for R-mephenytoin. Similarly, S- PEH levels were barely detectable whereas concentrations of R-metabolite steadily increased over 4-6 days before slowly declining. PMID- 6725479 TI - Gas--liquid chromatographic assay of aminoglutethimide and a high-performance liquid chromatographic assay for its acetyl metabolite in biological fluids. AB - A rapid, sensitive and selective gas--liquid chromatographic assay for aminoglutethimide is described. The same extraction procedure may be employed prior to a high-performance liquid chromatographic assay for acetamidoglutethimide which is also detailed. Both assays are suitable for the study of the pharmacokinetics of aminoglutethimide and acetamidoglutethimide in biological fluids in man. PMID- 6725480 TI - [Microanalysis of plasma isoniazid and acetylisoniazid by high performance liquid chromatography]. AB - A method for the analysis of isoniazid and acetylisoniazid in plasma or serum has been developed. This report describes a simple, quick and economically optimized reversed-phase high-performance liquid chromatographic assay using a small sample size without solvent extraction step. Isoniazid was condensed with cinnamic aldehyde after trichloroacetic acid deproteinisation. The method correlated well with a fluorimetric procedure. Precision, sensibility and accuracy were good. Common antituberculous drugs did not interfere. PMID- 6725481 TI - Activated alpha-alkyl-alpha-arylacetic acid enantiomers for stereoselective thin layer chromatographic and high-performance liquid chromatographic determination of chiral amines. AB - The separation of racemic benoxaprofen into the two benoxaprofen enantiomers by preparative high-performance liquid chromatography and the application of the activated enantiomers as derivatization reagents for the simultaneous stereoselective determination of chiral amines in biological material is described. Activated (+)- and (-)-benoxaprofen are both shown to be very sensitive and stable chiral fluorescence markers, applicable to thin-layer chromatography as well as to high-performance liquid chromatography. PMID- 6725483 TI - Capillary gas chromatographic investigation of plasma lipid alcoholysis during alcohol extraction. PMID- 6725482 TI - Isomodal column switching high-performance liquid chromatographic technique for the analysis of ciglitazone and its metabolites in human serum. AB - The application of isomodal column switching high-performance liquid chromatography as an alternative to gradient elution was investigated for the analysis of ciglitazone , a potential oral antidiabetic agent, and its monohydroxyl metabolites in human serum. A high-performance liquid chromatographic apparatus was designed to perform on-line fractionation of the serum extract into non-polar (drug) and polar (metabolite) fractions which were then automatically routed into individually optimized, isocratic, reversed-phase high-performance liquid chromatographic systems for simultaneous analysis. Sample fractionation was performed with a reversed-phase guard column, and solvent routing was accomplished with microprocessor-controlled switching valves. Serum was extracted for analysis by a one-step mode sequencing procedure using disposable bonded-phase columns, and quantitation was accomplished with spiked serum standards. Performance specifications of the method were defined for precision, accuracy, linearity, and sensitivity. The column switching method was found to be both expedient and reliable, and it may have general utility for the routine, quantitative analysis of drug/metabolite mixtures that cannot be assayed by simple isocratic elution methods. PMID- 6725484 TI - Analysis of carbohydrates in lens, erythrocytes, and plasma by high-performance liquid chromatography of nitrobenzoate derivatives. PMID- 6725485 TI - Haloperidol determination in serum and cerebrospinal fluid using gas--liquid chromatography with nitrogen--phosphorus detection: application to pharmacokinetic studies. PMID- 6725486 TI - Simultaneous determination of lidocaine and its deethylated metabolites using gas liquid chromatography with nitrogen-phosphorus detection. PMID- 6725487 TI - Analysis of riboxamide in urine by high-performance liquid chromatography. PMID- 6725488 TI - Liquid chromatographic determination of amikacin in serum with spectrophotometric detection. PMID- 6725489 TI - High-performance liquid chromatographic determination of gossypol in plasma. PMID- 6725490 TI - High-performance size exclusion chromatography as a rapid method for the separation of steroid hormone receptors. AB - High-performance size exclusion chromatography ( HPSEC ) on TSK 3000SW molecular sieve columns was used to separate estrogen, progestin, and androgen receptors from several target tissues within 50 min on the basis of size and shape (Stokes radius). Moreover, this system provided for the detection of heterogeneity of receptor species (isoforms) in a manner superior to that observed with sucrose density gradient centrifugation. HPSEC separated various estrogen receptor isoforms having Stokes radii of greater than 61 A, approximately 48 A and 29-32 A. Agents such as potassium chloride and sodium molybdate which alter the distribution of estrogen receptor species on sucrose density gradient centrifugation, promote similar alterations in receptor profiles when HPSEC was employed. Our investigations suggest the use of [125I]iodoestradiol-17 beta and HPSEC allows the sequential analysis of estrogen receptor species providing new insights into receptor composition and structure. It is concluded that HPSEC has a broad application in the field of steroid hormone receptors. This method should be useful in studies ranging from measurements of molecular and kinetic properties to their mode of cellular interaction and regulation. PMID- 6725491 TI - A quantitative densitometric method for the rapid separation and quantitation of the major tissue and lipoprotein lipids by high-performance thin-layer chromatography. I. Sample preparation, chromatography, and densitometry. AB - A rapid method for the separation and quantitation of the major lipids of tissues and lipoproteins by automated high-performance thin-layer chromatography is presented. Solvent systems for one-dimensional separation of neutral lipids, of cholesteryl esters, and of phospholipids are described. Separated lipids are measured following treatment with methanolic sulphuric acid containing manganese chloride and scanned in fluorescence or absorption mode. Absolute quantitation is obtained by the use of an internal standard and by references to standards for each lipid run on the same plates as samples. The method described here is particularly suitable for the rapid quantitation of small amounts of lipid (0.01 0.02 nmol per sample), for example in tissue culture studies; 100 micrograms of fibroblast or macrophage protein are sufficient for complete lipid analysis. The coefficients of variation due to the sample preparation, application to the plates and densitometry are in the range 7.2-9.1%. The method was compared with enzymatic determinations for cholesterol and gave correlation coefficients of 0.95 for total cholesterol and 0.91 for unesterified cholesterol. Phospholipid estimation was compared with large-plate thin-layer chromatography and phosphorus analysis and gave correlation coefficients of 0.90 for phosphatidylcholine and 0.89 for sphingomyelin. PMID- 6725492 TI - Analysis of the globins from fast human haemoglobins by isoelectrofocusing on polyacrylamide gel rods. AB - The globins from all fast haemoglobin (Hb) components obtainable by Bio-Rex 70 cation-exchange chromatography were examined by isoelectrofocusing on polyacrylamide gel rods with 8.0 mol/l urea. From this analysis HbA1a1 and HbA1a2 seem to be very heterogeneous components. HbA1b is separable into two components, one of which is varied in both the beta chains. Between HbA1b2 and the well-known HbA1c components two chromatographic peaks are separated, one with a noticeable percentage of glucosylated beta chain and one that probably contains HbF. HbA1c has both beta chains glucosylated, while HbA1x seems to be a beta monoglucosylated Hb form. Finally, the early part of the HbAo peak has a large amount of glucosylation on both alpha and beta chains. PMID- 6725493 TI - Capillary gas chromatographic separation of urinary organic acids. Retention indices of 101 urinary acids on a 5% phenylmethyl silicone capillary column. AB - Gas chromatographic retention indices (methylene units) are reported for 101 urinary organic acids as their trimethylsilyl and oximated trimethylsilyl derivatives on a 5% phenylmethyl silicone fused silica capillary column. Using anion exchange chromatography, organic acids were extracted from urines of five healthy individuals, seven patients with neuroblastoma, and nine patients with inherited organic acidurias. Separation of the various acids was achieved by capillary gas chromatography and identification was done by mass spectrometry using a computerized library search program. All identifications were confirmed by visual comparison with reference mass spectra. Standard deviations of the retention indices for all acids were less than 0.035 methylene units and for 46 acids less than 0.01 methylene units. Three chromatograms of urine from individuals with neuroblastoma, phenylketonuria, and propionic acidemia and one from a healthy individual are shown. PMID- 6725494 TI - Simultaneous determination of neopynamine and piperonyl butoxide by capillary column gas-liquid chromatography. AB - A method is developed for the simultaneous determination of neopynamine and piperonyl butoxide by chromatography on a quartz capillary column using flame ionization detection. Benzyl mandelate is used as an internal standard. Calibration graphs are linear down to at least 3.75 mg% and 3 mg% for neopynamine and piperonyl butoxide, respectively. PMID- 6725495 TI - Determination of urinary succinylacetone by capillary gas chromatography. AB - The average analytical recovery of succinylacetone added to urine and separated by capillary gas chromatography was 69% for solvent extraction and 72% for anion exchange separation. Treating succinylacetone with hydroxylamine hydrochloride at a pH of less than 5 caused formation of a derivative separated by capillary gas chromatography into two isomers: 3-methyl-5- isoxazole propionate and 5-methyl-3- isoxazole propionate as their trimethylsilyl derivatives (molecular weight 227). In a pH greater than or equal to 5, succinylacetone dioxime was formed and separated into 3 isomers as their trimethylsilyl derivatives (molecular weight 404). Succinylacetone dioxime was converted to 3(5)-methyl-(3)5- isoxazole propionate whenever the pH of the solution was dropped to less than 5. Mass spectra of both derivatives are shown. This study demonstrates that capillary gas chromatography is suitable for use in urinary succinylacetone determination. PMID- 6725496 TI - Effects of labelling on income, work and social function among hypertensive employees. AB - Two hundred and thirty hypertensive Canadian steelworkers were followed for 5 years after screening and referral. Data on income, absenteeism and measures of work and social function were collected on these men and on a matched group of 230 normotensive employees. In the fifth year after screening, hypertensive employees earned an average of Can. $1093 less than normotensive employees despite similar incomes in the year before screening. This adverse effect on income was observed regardless of awareness of hypertension at the time of screening or compliance with treatment. Illness-related absenteeism among hypertensives rose in the year following screening and remained elevated for 4 years after screening. Normotensive and hypertensive employees reported similar levels of physical ability and psychological well-being. These findings need verification in other settings before inclusion in cost-effectiveness analyses of the management of hypertension. PMID- 6725497 TI - Age specific mortality trends in the U.S.A. from 1960 to 1980: divergent age-sex color patterns. AB - Trends in age-specific mortality (10-year age groups, 5-74) for the U.S. population were reviewed for all causes of death from 1960 to 1980. The age specific mortality rate generally declined. However, the following age-sex-color groups showed divergent mortality trends compared to those of other groups: (1) The death rates for white male teenagers and young adults (ages 15-24 and 25-34) increased during 1960s and stayed at the same level during 1970s. The ratio of male to female deaths for white teenagers and young adults (15-24 and 25-34) increased over both decades, although the mortality rate for white women age 15 24 increased during the 1960s. (2) Non-white men age 15-24 and 25-34 experienced biphasic mortality trends, with a rise peaking in 1971 and then a fall. (3) The mortality ratios, non-white to white men, age 25-34 and 35-44, were far higher then those of other age groups. (4) The mortality ratios, non-white males to females, increased steadily for all age groups, and those of age groups 15-24 and 25-34 turned up sharply. Selected causes of death (1960-1977) were reviewed to uncover reasons for the unfavorable mortality trends among males. The following causes contributed to rising mortality among males: (a) accidents, suicide, and homicide for white and non-white teenagers and young adults, age 15-24, 25-34 and 35-44; (b) suicide and homicide for non-white men age 45-54; (c) cirrhosis of the liver for white men age 35-44 and for non-white 25-34, 35-44 and 45-54; (d) malignant neoplasms for white men age 35-44 and for non-white age 45-54. PMID- 6725498 TI - Linear regression analysis with repeated measurements. AB - The statistical aspects of repeated measures linear regression, in which each subject contributes several pairs of measurements to the analysis, are discussed. It is shown that the standard error of a regression coefficient computed from the ordinary least squares analysis can either underestimate or overestimate the true standard error, depending on how values of the independent variable are selected. The application of generalized least squares analysis to repeated measures data is also discussed. Two examples are given. PMID- 6725499 TI - Approximate variance formulas for standardized rate ratios. AB - Some of the techniques which are used to estimate the variance of and confidence intervals for standardized rate ratios either ignore variability of comparison rates or tend to yield confidence intervals which are too narrow when the point estimate is substantially different from one. This paper presents non-iterative, asymptotic formulas for the variance of standardized rate ratios which are applicable when the comparison rates should not be treated as constants, or when the point estimate differs substantially from the null value. PMID- 6725501 TI - A deficit survival analysis to assess the natural history of uveal melanoma. AB - A deficit survival analysis was conducted using a retrospective series of 230 patients with uveal melanoma. All underwent enucleation as primary treatment for their disease. Considering the three leading prognostic factors (epithelioid cells per high power field, tumor size, and tumor location), median age was plotted against median survival to determine pathways of disease spread, local and metastatic disease phases, consequences of delayed diagnosis, and the timing of enucleation. The subgroup with all three factors favorable could be subdivided into younger and older subsets on the basis of a bimodal age distribution. Only the older subset could be identified as a local disease state where survival following enucleation corresponded to normal population survival. All remaining subgroups were metastatic because of survival deficits compared to the normal population. Disease tended to progress according to three well defined pathways with 6-8 years required to progress from one subgroup to the next along these paths. These pathways were characterized by constant deficit survivals, suggesting that delays in diagnosis did not translate into loss in survival. Moreover, the value of enucleation as primary therapy can be questioned in the context that it does not appear to alter the natural history of the disease, except for tumors greater than 10 mm in largest dimension which are located anterior to the equator with fewer than 2 epithelioid cells per high power field. Findings suggest that uveal melanoma can be treated by means other than enucleation to allow a chance for prolonged survival with vision preservation. PMID- 6725500 TI - The multihit model of carcinogenesis: etiologic implications for colon cancer. AB - A new multihit model of carcinogenesis is developed for use in evaluating age specific cancer incidence rates in human populations. The model allows for some heterogeneity in both risk (perhaps genetic) and pathway (number of hits). Fitting the model yields estimates of (1) levels of effect of background exposure to environmental agents, (2) tumor growth times after initiation of a malignant cell, and (3) relative sizes of high-risk groups in a human population. Maximum likelihood procedures are used to fit the model to the polyposis coli data of Veale and the colon cancer incidence data from the Third National Cancer Survey. Model estimates may be verified in some cases by review of independent data in the literature and results have both theoretical and practical implications. Findings are generally consistent with the adenoma-carcinoma etiologic sequence postulated by Hill, Morson and Bussey with one exception. A large proportion of the population may be at risk of four-hit colon tumors following a non-adenoma etiologic sequence. PMID- 6725502 TI - Coping with chronic illness: strategy preferences, changes in preferences and associated emotional reactions. AB - Coping strategy preferences, changes in those preferences and their associations with different patterns of psychological reaction were investigated in three studies of chronically ill patients. A simple self-appraisal device, consisting of the ranking of six clusters of strategies, was used to assess patients' coping preferences. In Study 1 patients were found to prefer optimism, and probably fatalism , more than non-patients, while non-patients preferred action strategies and, to some extent, interpersonal coping. In Study 2 coronary patients were bound to prefer more optimism strategies but fewer escape strategies than other chronically ill patients. All patients also changed some of their coping preferences over time, preferring optimism in hospital and fatalism at home. Study 3 showed preferences for action strategies to be associated with desirable psychological reaction patterns such as relatively little uncertainty and helplessness. Preferences for escape strategies were linked with patterns which may be less desirable, such as much anxiety and indirectly expressed anger. Optimism and fatalism , although preferred by many patients, were associated with patterns of psychological reaction in which desirable and undesirable elements were mixed. Preferences for control strategies proved to be linked with reactions of patients when in hospital only, while those for interpersonal coping proved to be reaction-linked only when patients were at home. PMID- 6725503 TI - The use of correlation coefficients in epidemiologic analysis. PMID- 6725504 TI - Decreased serum ionized calcium and normal vitamin D metabolite levels with anticonvulsant drug treatment. AB - Alterations in vitamin D metabolism are generally thought to account for the hypocalcemia and osteopenia caused by long term treatment with anticonvulsant drugs. Regional variation in the incidence and severity of anticonvulsant drug induced bone disease has been attributed to differences in sunlight exposure, with most reports coming from areas with limited sunshine or from institutionalized patients. Serum ionized calcium levels in 109 ambulatory adult epileptic outpatients receiving chronic anticonvulsant drug therapy in Georgia were decreased [4.73 +/- 0.02 (+/-SE) vs. 4.97 +/- 0.01 mg/dl; P less than 0.001). Immunoreactive PTH concentrations were increased (5.5 +/- 0.4 vs. 4.0 +/- 0.3 microliterEq /ml; P less than 0.005), while bone mineral content was reduced, averaging only 88.8% of the predicted normal values. Hypocalcemia and osteopenia occurred in spite of normal mean levels of serum 25-hydroxyvitamin D and 1,25 dihydroxy-vitamin D. The indirect relationship between serum concentrations of antiepileptic drugs and the serum ionized calcium level, and the lack of correlation with vitamin D metabolite levels suggested that hypocalcemia was independent of the effect of the drugs on vitamin D metabolism. Bone biopsies revealed increased osteoid but normal calcification front formation, accelerated mineralization rate, and decreased mineralization lag time indicative of increased skeletal turnover, rather than osteomalacia. PMID- 6725506 TI - Epinephrine-stimulated glucose production is not diminished by starvation: evidence for an effect on gluconeogenesis. AB - We infused physiological doses of epinephrine (1.2 microgram/m2 X min) into six healthy obese subjects in the postabsorptive state and after 3-4 days of starvation. During starvation, a reduction in hepatic glycogen stores was demonstrated by the absence of a rise in plasma glucose and glucose production (using [3-3H]glucose) in response to glucagon infusion. The increases in plasma epinephrine and glucose during the epinephrine infusion were comparable before and after starvation. Most importantly, the increase in endogenous glucose production produced by epinephrine was virtually unaffected, i.e. the initial rise in glucose production (59% vs. 49%), the incremental area under the curve (2.6 vs. 3.1 g/m2), and the spike-decline pattern of the response were no different before and after starvation, respectively. Similarly, epinephrine induced elevations in gluconeogenic precursors (lactate and alanine) were not altered by starvation. However, starvation accentuated the rise in FFA by 200%. We conclude that starvation does not diminish the rise in endogenous glucose production in response to stress-like elevations of epinephrine. This occurs even though the liver fails to respond to high physiological doses of glucagon, possibly because epinephrine enhances the mobilization of gluconeogenic precursors and FFA. These data suggest that epinephrine is a potent stimulator of gluconeogenesis and may be more effective than glucagon in accelerating glucose production in patients with depleted glycogen stores. PMID- 6725505 TI - The effects of chronic renal failure and hemodialysis on human red and white cell calmodulin levels. AB - Red blood cell (RBC) and polymorphonuclear white blood cell (WBC) calmodulin levels were measured in 25 uremic patients on regular hemodialysis. Uremic patients had significantly higher RBC [11.45 +/- 0.66 (+/-SE) fg/cell] and WBC (590.5 +/- 110 fg/cell) calmodulin levels than normal subjects (8.62 +/- 0.37 and 130 +/- 30 fg/cell; P less than 0.05). An extremely high RBC calmodulin level (20.58 fg/cell) was found in a patient with sickle cell anemia. Uremic patients on dialysis for 2 yr or more had lower RBC (10.99 +/- 0.58 fg/cell) and WBC (390 +/- 50 fg/cell) calmodulin levels than those who were on dialysis for less than 2 yr (RBC, 12.30 +/- 1.56 fg/cell; WBC, 943 +/- 256 fg/cell; P less than 0.05). There were no statistically significant differences in calmodulin levels when different subgroups of uremic patients were compared, e.g. patients with diabetes mellitus or those receiving supplemental vitamin D, anabolic steroids, or antihypertensive medications. We conclude that calmodulin levels are elevated in uremic patients on regular hemodialysis. PMID- 6725507 TI - Biologically active luteinizing hormone is secreted in episodic pulsations that vary in relation to stage of the menstrual cycle. AB - To characterize the physiological pattern(s) of bioactive LH secretion in normal women, serial blood samples were withdrawn at frequent intervals in each of six women at three different stages of the menstrual cycle. Plasma LH concentrations were quantitated in each sample by both rat interstitial cell testosterone ( RICT ) bioassay and immunoassay (RIA). When the resulting RICT and RIA LH profiles were systematically compared, we found that mean (and integrated) plasma concentrations of bioactive LH were approximately 2-fold higher than immunoactive LH levels at all stages of the menstrual cycle. In addition, unequivocal prominent pulsations of bioactive LH could be demonstrated in these women throughout the normal menstrual cycle. For all stages of the menstrual cycle, bioactive to immunoactive LH ratios within LH pulses were significantly (P less than 0.01) increased over these ratios in the interpulse periods. The frequency of bioactive LH pulses increased dramatically from 0.44 +/- 0.24 (+/- SD) pulses/h in the early follicular phase to 1.21 +/- 0.07 pulses/h in the late follicular phase (P less than 0.003), and then declined to only 0.25 pulses/h in the luteal phase (P less than 0.001). Notably, significant discordance existed between bioactive and immunoactive LH pulses, with 30% of immunoactive and 14% of bioactive LH pulses occurring alone. In conclusion, using the RICT , we demonstrated that biologically active LH is secreted in discrete episodic pulsations in normal women. Estimates of the bioactive to immunoactive LH ratio indicate that these pulses of LH are preferentially enriched in biologically active compared to immunoactive hormone. The properties of bioactive LH pulses are under physiological control, since the amplitude and frequency of bioactive LH pulses vary significantly in relation to phases of the menstrual cycle. Since significant discordance exists between immunoactive and bioactive LH pulsations in normal women, we suggest that estimates of the circulating concentrations of biologically active LH (rather than immunoactive LH alone) are necessary to characterize fully physiological patterns of LH secretion during the menstrual cycle. PMID- 6725508 TI - Aromatization by splanchnic tissue in men. AB - To measure the rate of aromatization that occurs in splanchnic tissue, four men with normal liver function were infused through an arm vein with [3H]androstenedione/[14C] estrone and four men were infused with [3H]testosterone/[14C] estradiol before indicated cardiac procedures. Catheters were placed under fluoroscopic control in the hepatic vein and descending aorta. Simultaneous blood samples were then obtained from the aorta and the hepatic vein after 90 and 120 min of infusion. The samples were analyzed for radioactivity after multiple chromatographic purification steps. The MCRs, overall aromatization (fraction of androgen infused measured as estrogen in arterial blood), splanchnic extractions, and splanchnic aromatization (fraction of androgen entering the splanchnic tissue which leaves as estrogen) were determined. The mean values for MCRs of androgens and estrogens and overall aromatization for androstenedione and testosterone were similar to those reported previously. The splanchnic extraction values of androstenedione, testosterone, estrone, and estradiol were 0.57 +/- 0.10 (+/- SE), 0.39 +/- 0.12, 0.60 +/- 0.09, and 0.64 +/- 0.18, respectively. The mean splanchnic aromatization of androstenedione to estrone was 0.00086 +/- 0.00072, and the mean splanchnic aromatization of testosterone to estradiol was 0.00059 +/- 0.00020. If one assumes that the splanchnic bed receives 20% of the cardiac output, then the splanchnic bed is responsible for less than 4% of the overall peripheral aromatization of androstenedione or testosterone. PMID- 6725509 TI - Cholesterol synthesis by human fetal hepatocytes: effects of hormones. AB - In previous investigations, we found high rates of cholesterol synthesis in human fetal liver tissue, second only to rates in fetal adrenal tissue. Previous estimates of the amount of cholesterol in the fetus derived from the maternal compartment are in the range of 20%. Thus, the liver may be the principal source of circulating lipoproteins in the human fetus, as is true in the human adult. Low density lipoprotein is the major source of cholesterol used for fetal adrenal steroidogenesis; therefore, it follows that factors regulating cholesterol synthesis in the human fetal liver may indirectly control the rate of steroid secretion by the adrenal cortex. The purpose of the present investigation was to determine if hormones, particularly those produced by the fetal-placental unit, might serve to stimulate cholesterol synthesis in the human fetal liver. The rate of cholesterol biosynthesis was determined by measuring the rate of incorporation of [3H]water into [3H]cholesterol in hepatocytes maintained in culture or by determination of the specific activity of 3-hydroxy-3-methylglutaryl coenzyme A reductase in microsomal preparations from human fetal liver. The addition of dexamethasone (10(-10) - 10(-6)M) stimulated cholesterol synthesis up to 2- to 4 fold between days 2 and 6 of exposure. When human fetal liver cells were maintained in the presence of dexamethasone (10(-7)M), the activity of 3-hydroxy 3-methylglutaryl coenzyme A reductase in microsomal fractions was stimulated 4 fold compared to that in control cells. Cortisol also stimulated cholesterol biosynthesis in a concentration-dependent manner. The addition of 17 beta estradiol (E2) to the culture medium resulted in stimulation of cholesterol biosynthesis in a concentration-dependent manner from 10(-10) - 10(-7)M. The rate of cholesterol synthesis when E2 was present (10(-7)M) was 4-fold greater than that in untreated cells. Stimulation of cholesterol synthesis by E2 was maintained between 2-7 days of incubation with E2. Estrone, estriol, and E2 (10( 6)M) caused similar increases (3- to 4-fold) in the rates of cholesterol synthesis in human fetal hepatocytes. Finally, progesterone in concentrations greater than 10(-6) M significantly stimulated cholesterol synthesis in human fetal liver cells. In contrast, other hormones and factors, including insulin, glucagon, PRL, GH, dehydroepiandrosterone and its sulfate, epidermal growth factor, fibroblast growth factor, T3, (Bu)2cAMP, and cholera toxin, had no effect on the rate of cholesterol synthesis in human fetal liver cells.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 400 WORDS) PMID- 6725510 TI - Variation in the fractional conversion of plasma estrone to estriol among women and men. AB - In the present investigation, we determined the transfer constant of conversion of plasma estrone to estriol (E3) ( [rho] E1- E3BU ) in men, postmenopausal women, and premenopausal parous and premenopausal nulliparous women. We found no significant difference in [rho] E1- E3BU among men, postmenopausal women, premenopausal parous or nulliparous women (whether the latter were studied during the midfollicular or midluteal phase of the ovarian cycle), or in women who were ingesting oral contraceptives. On the other hand, there was a striking variation in the [rho]E1- E3BU among individuals, viz. 0.02-0.27, whereas in a given individual, the variation in [rho] E1- E3BU , evaluated on separate occasions, was small. In addition, we found a negative correlation between age at first fullterm pregnancy and [rho] E1- E3BU . PMID- 6725512 TI - A double blind study to evaluate the effect of methyldopa on menopausal vasomotor flushes. AB - Vasomotor flush (VMF) is the most consistent symptom associated with the menopause. Nonsteroidal agents such as clonidine have been demonstrated to decrease VMF. Anecdotal reports suggested that VMF were reduced in hypertensive women receiving methyldopa, which is also an alpha2-adrenergic agonist. This study describes a double-blind cross-over placebo-controlled study to evaluate the effect of methyldopa on VMF. Diary reports were made and serum LH and digital skin temperature were measured in 10 menopausal women with 30 or more VMF/week and serum FSH levels of 40 mIU/ml or greater. The frequency of VMF, LH pulse, and temperature elevation during a 5-h observation period and VMF per week based on diary reports were compared for the baseline and fourth week of therapy with methyldopa (250 mg, three times daily) and placebo therapy. The patients reported some amelioration of VMF (P less than or equal to 0.02) during drug therapy. Objectively, only the frequency of LH peaks was decreased with methyldopa therapy (P less than or equal to 0.05). Because of significant side effects and minimal symptomatic improvement, methyldopa is not likely to be an acceptable therapy for VMF. PMID- 6725511 TI - Steroid secretion by the human egg-corona-cumulus complex in culture. AB - Forty-five oocyte-corona-cumulus complexes ( OCCC ) were obtained from follicles of 13 women undergoing fertilization in vitro. Follicular growth was induced with human menopausal gonadotropin, and follicular aspiration was performed 36 h after an ovulatory injection of hCG. The maturation of these complexes was evaluated by the extent of cumulus mucification and corona cell dispersal. Three main morphological types were characterized: immature OCCCs (6), with a tight and compact corona-cumulus mass surrounding the oocyte; intermediate OCCCs (26), with a dispersed cumulus but only partly dispersed corona layer; and mature complexes (13) with complete dispersal of both cellular components. During a 24-h culture, progesterone secretion by intermediate and mature OCCCs was 30-fold higher (mean +/- SEM, 652 +/- 87 ng/ OCCC X 24 h) than immature OCCCs (19.6 +/- 3.5 ng/ OCCC X 24 h), while estradiol secretion was twice as high (3.8 +/- 1.1 vs. 1.2 +/- 0.6 ng/ OCCC X 24 h). Testosterone secretion was similar in all three types of OCCCs cultured (0.30 ng/24 h). It is suggested that the steroids produced by the OCCC may contribute to the local milieu of the fallopian tube. PMID- 6725513 TI - Adrenal dysfunction in asymptomatic patients with adrenocortical autoantibodies. AB - Autoantibodies to the adrenal cortex (AA) were sought by indirect immunofluorescence using unfixed human adrenal tissue in 1675 patients with insulin-dependent diabetes (IDD), 2032 relatives of patients with IDD, and 2543 normal subjects. The frequencies of AA were significantly greater in patients with IDD (1.8%) and their relatives (1.4%) than in normal subjects (0.6%; P less than 0.013). Women more frequently had AA than men (P less than 0.011). There were no differences in the frequencies of AA between caucasoid and black individuals in all three patient groups. Patients with AA had higher frequencies of thyroid microsomal and gastric parietal cell autoantibodies than age-, sex-, and race-matched normal subjects (P less than 0.01). Adrenal function was studied in 30 asymptomatic patients (13 with AA, including 5 with IDD, and 17 subjects with no AA, including 8 with IDD). The mean plasma levels of ACTH at 0600 and 2000 h were significantly higher in those with AA than in matched subjects with no AA (P less than 0.01). The mean PRA levels (both recumbent and upright) were also significantly higher in those with AA than in subjects without AA (P less than 0.01). However, serum cortisol and aldosterone concentrations or 24-h urinary cortisol and aldosterone excretion were no different between the groups. These patients, therefore, appear to have compensated adrenal hypofunction, with the compensation maintained by increased ACTH and renin secretion. Whether these patients will remain in this compensated state of adrenal dysfunction or whether they will develop overt adrenal insufficiency requires longer follow-up. PMID- 6725514 TI - Perivascular fibrosis in prolactinomas: is it increased by bromocriptine? AB - Prolonged treatment of patients with pituitary prolactinomas with bromocriptine may increase the consistency of the tumor thereby making selective extirpation more difficult. We made quantitative determinations of the amount of perivascular fibrous tissue in prolactinomas on random electron micrographs, comparing a group of 21 patients treated with bromocriptine for periods longer than 3 months and a control group of 21 patients who did not receive bromocriptine. Statistical analysis of the data showed a significant increase of perivascular fibrous tissue in the treated group (P less than 0.002). We suspect that this fibrosis is a consequence of the rapid shrinkage of prolactinoma cells caused by bromocriptine. Presumably, this cell shrinkage causes enlargement of the extracellular and perivascular spaces which are filled by the deposition of collagen, producing a more dense consistency of the adenoma. PMID- 6725515 TI - Dopaminergic treatment of acromegaly: different effects on hormone secretion and tumor size. AB - We studied the effects of long term treatment with bromocriptine (Br) or lisuride (L) on GH secretion and tumor size in 19 acromegalic patients with large pituitary adenomas. In 22 additional patients with smaller adenomas, only plasma GH levels were monitored during treatment. All patients underwent an acute test with 2.5 mg Br or 0.3 mg L and, on the basis of GH changes, were classified as responders, i.e. reduction in circulating GH concentrations by at least 50% below baseline, or as nonresponders. The chronic treatment was 5-20 mg/day Br in 26 patients or 0.3-2.0 mg/day L in 15 patients. Treatment was given for 4-26 months (mean +/- SE, 13.3 +/- 2.8 months). Plasma GH levels (baseline, 46.3 +/- 8.3 ng/ml) were significantly lower in the group as a whole (22.7 +/- 3.6 ng/ml; P less than 0.01) after the first month of treatment with dopamine agonist agents. GH levels decreased significantly in those acromegalic patients who responded to the acute test (P less than 0.001), but were unchanged in the nonresponders. In addition, there was a significant correlation between the maximal percent GH decrease in the acute test and the response during chronic treatment (r = 0.73; P less than 0.01). Computed tomography failed to show any tumor size changes in any of the GH nonresponders who had a macroadenoma . However, in two patients in the acute responder group with macroadenomas, chronic dopamine agonist therapy resulted in reduction of the extrasellar portion of the tumor (-30% and -40% of tumor area, respectively). These data show that although dopaminergic drugs lower GH levels and reverse signs and symptoms of active disease in those acromegalic patients who are responsive to an acute challenge, tumor size reduction occurred in a minority of such patients. PMID- 6725516 TI - Comparison of plasma and urinary methods for the direct measurement of the thyroxine to 3,5,3' - triiodothyronine conversion rate in man. AB - A further development of a new method recently proposed for the direct measurement of the conversion ratio (CR) of T4 to T3 in man is presented. [125I]T4 and [131I]T3 are injected simultaneously, and Sephadex chromatography is performed on urine samples to determine [125I]T3 formed in vivo, while plasma samples are used to measure the injected tracers. CR is calculated with the assumption that urinary [125I]T3 closely reflects [125I]T3 appearing in plasma after the injection of precursor [125I]T4. Four normal subjects and six patients with various thyroid disorders were studied using this method. The experimental data were also analyzed by our previous method based on plasma sampling only and by two recently described methods based on urinary measurements. These comparisons were made in an attempt to ascertain whether there is any systematic difference between the conversion values derived from plasma data and those derived from urinary data. Using plasma data alone, the CR was 28.6 +/- 3.4% (mean +/- SEM) in a group of four normal subjects, 37%, in two untreated hypothyroid patients, 40.2% in one hypothyroid subject receiving T4 treatment, 30.9% in one hyperthyroid patient, 24.9% in one patient with selective hyperthyroxinemia due to amiodarone treatment, and 10.7% in one normal subject after iopanoic acid administration. These values were in excellent agreement with those obtained by the modified procedure described here, in which both urinary and plasma measurements are used. Of the methods using urinary data alone, however, one gave similar results, while the other systematically overestimated the CR, possibly due to delayed excretion of labeled T4 metabolites into the urine. We conclude that 1) the analytical procedure to separate the labeled tracers and metabolites in urine or plasma is critical for the accurate estimation of CR; 2) when an adequate separation procedure is available, plasma and urinary methods for measuring CR yield comparable results; and 3) the plasma method should be used when, in addition to CR, other kinetic (distribution and turnover) parameters of T4 and T3 metabolism are to be estimated. PMID- 6725517 TI - The influence of dietary protein and carbohydrate on the principal oxidative biotransformations of estradiol in normal subjects. AB - Dietary protein, when substituted for carbohydrate or fat, can increase cytochrome P-450-dependent drug oxidation rates in humans. Endogenous estrogens, as well as drugs, are also metabolized by cytochrome P-450 and other enzymes in the hepatic endoplasmic reticulum. Therefore, it was of interest to determine whether variations in diet can alter the major metabolic pathways for estrogens, as assessed by radiometric methods. Eight normal men were fed a high protein diet (44% of calories as protein, and 35% as carbohydrate for 2 weeks), followed by a high carbohydrate diet (70% of calories as carbohydrate and 10% as protein) for an additional 2 weeks. The fat and total energy contents of the two diets were equal. The percent oxidation of [2-3H]estradiol, measured as 3H2O released, which is an in vivo measure of 2-hydroxylation of endogenous estrogen, was greater in all eight men during the high protein dietary period than during the high carbohydrate dietary period (44 +/- 3% and 33 +/- 3%, respectively, means +/- SE, P less than 0.005). In contrast, 16 alpha-hydroxylation of estrogen, as measured using [16 alpha-3H]estradiol, did not change significantly. Our findings demonstrate that dietary components can alter estradiol oxidation in humans and that the 2- and 16 alpha-hydroxylases for estrogen are under separate regulatory control. The influences of specific nutrients on estrogen metabolism may have potential significance for diseases in which these hormones may play a role in clinical expression. PMID- 6725518 TI - L-thyroxine absorption in patients with short bowel. AB - Because the exact site of thyroid hormone absorption in man is not known, we assessed the absorption of oral [125I]Na-L-T4 in patients with varying lengths of intact bowel and correlated this absorption with bowel length. Two normal subjects and five patients with surgical bowel resections, all of whom were euthyroid, were studied. Each received a tracer dose of [125I]Na-L-T4 orally, and serial samples of serum were assayed for radioactivity both with and without butanol extraction. The peak serum radioactivity in normal subjects occurred 2 h post ingestion and was 15% and 17% of the administered dose per liter serum and 11% and 13%/liter serum in butanol-extracted serum, respectively. In patients with shortened bowel, the peak radioactivity both in serum and butanol extracted serum was decreased, ranging from 2%-7% and 0%-5%/liter, respectively. There was no absorption of labeled T4 in the patient with a duodenum only. No consistent relationship was found between absorption and bowel length distal to the duodenum. PMID- 6725519 TI - Splanchnic extraction of 3,3'-diiodothyronine and 3',5'-diiodothyronine in hyperthyroidism. AB - The splanchnic extraction of 3,3'-diiodothyronine (3,3'-T2) and 3',5' diiodothyronine (3',5'-T2) was studied in 7 hyperthyroid patients and 20 normal subjects employing the hepatic venous catheterization technique. A significant net uptake by splanchnic tissues was found for both diiodothyronines . The fractional splanchnic extraction calculated as the arterio-hepatic venous plasma concentration difference divided by the arterial concentration was unaffected by hyperthyroidism as compared to normal values. There was a close positive correlation between the arterio-hepatic venous concentration difference and arterial concentration, 3,3'-T2: r = 0.988, and 3',5'-T2: r = 0.932 (P less than 0.001). The splanchnic extraction was nonsaturable at endogenous plasma concentrations of 3,3'-T2 up to at least 17.0 ng/dl and of 3',5'-T2 up to at least 15.2 ng/dl. The data suggest that the splanchnic extraction of 3,3'-T2 and 3',5'-T2 obeys first order kinetics, the fractional extraction being unaffected by hyperthyroidism. Furthermore, changes in the net splanchnic extraction of 3,3' T2 and 3',5'-T2 do not seem to contribute to changes in circulating levels of these iodothyronines. It is suggested that tissues other than the liver contribute significantly to the deiodination process both in normal and in hyperthyroid man. PMID- 6725520 TI - Dose-dependent suppression of norepinephrine appearance rate in plasma by clonidine in man. AB - Clonidine is an alpha 2-receptor agonist which lowers both blood pressure and plasma norepinephrine (NE) levels in man. To determine whether the clonidine induced fall in plasma NE is due to decreased NE appearance into plasma or increased NE clearance from plasma, NE infusions [( 3H]NE; 15 microCi/m2 bolus and 0.35 microCi/m2 X min infusion) were performed in 10 normal subjects, aged 25 56 yr. Arterialized plasma samples were obtained for measurements of steady state [3H]NE specific activity and plasma NE to allow calculation of plasma NE appearance rate and NE clearance before and 120-140 min after 1.5 and 5.0 micrograms/kg oral clonidine. Using an identical protocol, responses were compared in 4 subjects after placebo administration. Clonidine produced a dose related reduction in mean arterial blood pressure, but no significant change in heart rate. The basal supine plasma NE concentration of 204 +/- 21 pg/ml (mean +/ SEM) fell by 27% (P less than 0.02) after low dose clonidine and by 51% (P less than 0.001) after high dose clonidine. There was no change in plasma epinephrine levels. The basal plasma NE appearance rate of 0.25 +/- 0.03 microgram/m2 X min was reduced by 32% (P less than 0.01) after low dose clonidine and by 52% (P less than 0.001) after high dose clonidine. The basal plasma NE clearance of 1.2 +/- 0.08 liters/m2 X min was unchanged after clonidine treatment. There was no change in mean plasma NE levels, plasma NE appearance rate, or mean arterial pressure after placebo administration. These findings demonstrate that the clonidine induced fall in plasma NE levels is due to a dose-dependent suppression of plasma NE appearance rate and provide evidence for alpha 2-adrenergic inhibition of sympathetic nervous system activity in normotensive subjects. PMID- 6725521 TI - Circadian rhythm of serum cortisol in Cushing's disease. AB - Two women with typical clinical and biochemical features of pituitary-dependent Cushing's disease each underwent hourly blood sampling for 24 h on two separate occasions for measurement of serum cortisol. The 24-h mean serum cortisol concentrations (17.7 and 15.4 micrograms/dl in patient 1; 19.0 and 15.8 micrograms/dl in patient 2) were elevated (normal level, less than 12.5 micrograms/dl), as expected. Cosinor analysis of the patients' serum cortisol patterns revealed statistically significant circadian rhythms on all four profiles. The amplitude of the rhythm on both occasions in patient 1 (5.8 and 6.6 micrograms/dl) and on one of two occasions in patient 2 (7.2 and 10.5 micrograms/dl) fell in the range for the amplitude of the cortisol circadian rhythm in normal subjects (2.2-8.6 micrograms/dl). In contrast to commonly held belief, some patients with Cushing's disease may exhibit circadian variation of serum cortisol. PMID- 6725522 TI - In situ estrogen production via the estrone sulfatase pathway in breast tumors: relative importance versus the aromatase pathway. AB - Estrone and estradiol concentrations in breast tumor tissue are an order of magnitude higher than circulating plasma levels in postmenopausal women with breast cancer. Local production of estrogen in the neoplastic tissue is one of several possible explanations for this plasma/tissue gradient. This study evaluated breast tumor estrogen production via the estrone sulfate to estrone (sulfatase) pathway and compared this with the androstenedione to estrone (aromatase) system in human and rodent mammary tumors. Estrogen production from estrone sulfate was related linearly with time and tissue concentrations, exhibited an apparent Km of 20 microM, and produced a linear Eadie-Hofstee kinetic plot consistent with a single class of enzymatic sites. Measurement of sulfatase in 35 human breast tumors using enzyme saturating conditions revealed estrone production ranging from 0.8-125 mumol/g protein . h. The corresponding range in host mammary tumors was 3.5-7.1 mumol/g protein . h. In human breast tumors, sulfatase activity did not correlate with the levels of estrogen receptor or progesterone receptor. Comparison of sulfatase with aromatase activity in human tumors at physiological levels of substrate revealed estrone formation via sulfatase of 2.8 pmol estrone produced/g protein . h, while aromatase produced only 0.27 pmol/g protein . h. In rat mammary tumors, sulfatase activity was similar to that in human tumors, whereas aromatase activity could not be detected, even with a highly sensitive assay. Thus, estrone sulfatase appears to be the enzyme primarily responsible for intratissue estrone production in hormone dependent breast carcinomas. PMID- 6725523 TI - Resting metabolic rates of obese women after rapid weight loss. AB - Reduced energy expenditure associated with reduced energy intake has been used as an explanation for resistance to weight loss in obese patients. Decreases in serum T3 concentrations and body cell mass induced by restriction of energy intake may contribute to the reduced energy needs. In the present study, mean resting metabolic rate (RMR) was reduced by 9.4% after 5 weeks of a very low energy diet (472 Cal/day) in six obese women, and the mean serum T3 concentration decreased 46%. However, the lowest RMR values measured were similar in these subjects (mean, 1328 Cal/day; range, 1110-1578 Cal/day) to RMR values of lean women (n = 19; mean, 1241 Cal/day; range, 938-1450 Cal/day) and moderately overweight women ingesting ad libitum diets (n = 8; mean, 1335 Cal/day; range, 1064-1533). Decreases in total body potassium (10%) and 24-h urinary creatinine excretion (23%) suggested that there was a substantial loss of body cell mass during weight loss, whereas nitrogen balance suggested that changes in body cell mass were slight. These data and those of previous studies indicate that even after rapid weight loss, the resting energy requirements of obese or previously obese subjects are not abnormally low relative to those of nonobese subjects, even though the concentrations of T3, a major thermogenic hormone, are substantially reduced. The hypometabolic response to weight loss cannot explain the failure of obese subjects to lose weight on weight-reducing regimens. PMID- 6725524 TI - The metabolism of intravenously infused neurotensin in man and its chromatographic characterization in human plasma. AB - The metabolism of iv infused neurotensin (NT) was studied and its disappearance half-time compared with that of infused N-terminal octapeptide of NT 1-8 in six normal subjects by RIA with antisera directed against the C- and N-terminal regions of the NT molecule. The disappearance half-time of NT in circulating plasma was 1.4 min measured with the C-terminal antibody and 6.0 min measured with the N-terminal antibody. The disappearance half-time of NT 1-8 was 30 min measured with the N-terminal antibody. Gel filtration and high pressure liquid chromatographic analysis indicated that a substantial amount of immunoreactive NT in the plasma of subjects infused with synthetic NT was eluted at the NT 1-8 position and a lesser amount of plasma NT-like immunoreactivity was eluted with synthetic NT. These findings suggest that NT is readily metabolized in the circulation to NT 1-8. A significant rise in the mean plasma concentration of pancreatic polypeptide was produced by NT, but not by NT 1-8, infused at 2.4 pmol kg-1 min-1. No changes in the mean plasma concentrations of insulin, glucose, or cholesterol were demonstrated during either infusion. The present study suggests that the rapid degradation of NT in man to its N-terminal metabolite may be one of the mechanisms for its bioinactivation in plasma. PMID- 6725525 TI - The use of human skin fibroblasts to obtain potency estimates of drug binding to androgen receptors. AB - Although several drugs with antiandrogenic properties have been used to treat such conditions as prostatic carcinoma, precocious puberty, acne, and hirsutism, their relative strengths in human tissues are not known. Most of the compounds that are effective clinically in opposing androgen action interact with the androgen receptor in various assay systems. To determine in human cells the relative potencies of these agents as well as others with androgenic properties, we measured the abilities of various compounds to compete with [3H]dihydrotestosterone [( 3H]DHT) for androgen-binding sites in dispersed human genital skin fibroblasts at 22 degrees C. The concentrations of unlabeled DHT, methyltrienolone (a synthetic non- metabolizeable androgen), and testosterone required for 50% inhibition of [3H]DHT binding were similar, approximately 1 nM [0.87 +/- 0.12 (+/- SE), 1.18 +/- 0.18, and 1.01 +/- 0.20 nM, respectively]. The relative binding activities, defined by the ratio of the concentration of methyltrienolone to the concentration of competitor required for 50% displacement of [3H]DHT, were as follows: spironolactone greater than R2956 (a synthetic antiandrogen) greater than megestrol acetate greater than cyproterone acetate greater than estradiol greater than flutamide much greater than testolactone greater than cimetidine. Danazol, an androgen agonist that causes hirsutism, was nearly as effective as spironolactone in its ability to compete for the fibroblast androgen receptor, 50% inhibition of fibroblast [3H]DHT binding was achieved by 1.76 +/- 0.31 nM spironolactone and 2.85 +/- 0.50 nM danazol. Two other compounds that induce hirsutism, diphenylhydantoin and diazoxide, did not displace [3H]DHT. We conclude that 1) of the compounds tested, spironolactone, which is rapidly metabolized in vivo to a much less potent competitor, is the most potent antiandrogen in its ability to interact in vitro with human skin fibroblast androgen receptors; 2) estradiol is a relatively potent androgen receptor binder; and 3) this receptor assay, combined with metabolic clearance and pharmacokinetic considerations, should be useful in selecting drugs for androgen and antiandrogen therapy. PMID- 6725526 TI - High concentrations of furosemide inhibit serum binding of thyroxine. AB - Serum samples taken from four patients who had low serum T4 concentrations (less than 2 micrograms/dl) during severe non-thyroidal illness were found to contain a heat-stable, dialyzable inhibitor of 125I T4 binding to plasma proteins. Inhibitory activity coincided with high dose furosemide treatment for oliguric renal failure. Inhibition was proportional to the serum furosemide concentration and the effect was reproduced in vitro by addition of furosemide to normal serum. The inhibitory effect diminished with serum dilution while maintaining the same relative concentration of furosemide. A time-course study in one patient demonstrated a close temporal relationship between high serum concentrations of furosemide and subnormal T4, associated with T3 resin uptake values compatible with increased occupancy of T4-binding globulin by a competitor. These findings demonstrate that furosemide in high concentrations can inhibit T4 binding in plasma and may be a factor contributing to the development of the low T4 state in critical illness. PMID- 6725527 TI - Effects of different dopaminergic antagonists on bromocriptine-induced inhibition of norepinephrine release. AB - In this study we evaluated the effects of placebo or acute bromocriptine (BC) administration (2.5 mg orally) on plasma catecholamines, systolic and diastolic blood pressure (BP), heart rate, and plasma PRL in six normal subjects [group I, mean age 33.2 +/- 5.4 (SD) yr] in the supine as well as upright position. BC induced a significant decrease in plasma norepinephrine in the supine [167.7 +/- 16.8 (SEM) vs. 101.9 +/- 33.7 pg/ml, P less than 0.005] and upright positions [397.3 +/- 27.7 vs. 211.3 +/- 26.7 pg/ml, P less than 0.005], a decrease in systolic and diastolic BP and a decrease in plasma PRL (P less than 0.01). After standing, epinephrine levels increased significantly (53.6 +/- 11.8 vs. 226.4 +/- 71.0 pg/ml, P less than 0.05). The study was repeated in a second group of seven normal subjects (mean age, 32.3 +/- 12.9 yr) after placebo or metoclopramide (20 mg orally) plus BC. In this group metoclopramide, a central and peripheral antidopaminergic agent, counteracted the BC-induced effects found in group I, both in the basal and stimulated conditions. Plasma PRL increased significantly (P less than 0.025). Finally, to assess the effect of peripheral dopaminergic blockade on BC-induced changes in sympathetic outflow, we repeated the study in seven normal subjects (group III, mean age, 30.1 +/- 5.0 yr) after placebo or domperidone (20 mg orally) plus BC. Domperidone blocked the effects of BC on norepinephrine and BP in the supine position. On standing there was a significant decrease in systolic (P less than 0.05) and diastolic (P less than 0.05) BP and an increase in epinephrine levels (58.9 +/- 12.2 vs. 109.8 +/- 24.6 pg/ml, P less than 0.05) was still observed. Plasma PRL increased significantly (P less than 0.025). The results of this study suggest that the inhibition of sympathetic outflow induced by BC is peripherally mediated. As peripheral dopamine receptor blockade did not counteract all the effects after BC during standing, dopaminergic modulation of central reflex sympathetic activation is suggested. PMID- 6725528 TI - Transient impairment of thyroid function in newborn from an area of endemic goiter. AB - Thyroid function was studied in newborn from 3 areas of Sicily in which iodine intake is normal (area A), moderately decreased (area B), and severely decreased (area C). In the latter 2 areas, there is a high incidence of goiter and in area C endemic cretinism is present. TSH and T4 were measured in the cord serum of 5673 newborn from area A, 2096 from area B, and 184 from area C. The mean TSH value was significantly higher in areas C (P less than 0.001) and B (P less than 0.005) when compared to area A; moreover, in both endemic goiter areas the mean cord serum T4 was significantly reduced (P less than 0.01). All infants with cord serum TSH levels above 50 microU/ml were recalled because of the suspicion of congenital hypothyroidism. Such values were found in 41 of the 7953 infants (0.52%) with an increasing frequency from area A (9:5673 = 0.16%) to area B (14:2096 = 0.67%) to area C (18:184 = 9.78%). At the time of the recall examination [mean age, 32 +/- 8 (SD) days], 3 of the 41 recalled infants had died. Of the remaining 38 infants, 3 patterns evolved: 1) 23 had normal serum TSH and T4 values and were not studied further (false positives). 2) Eleven had elevated serum TSH and normal T4 values. They were reevaluated again after 3-6 weeks: all had normal values (transient hyperthyropinemia ). 3) Four infants had both high serum TSH and low serum T4 values (2 from area A and 2 from area C). They were diagnosed as having congenital hypothyroidism and treated with T4. At 10-13 months of age, after treatment withdrawal, the 2 infants from area A had permanent congenital hypothyroidism due to thyroid agenesis whereas the 2 infants from area C were euthyroid (transient congenital hypothyroidism). The present studies indicate, therefore, that in newborn from areas of iodine deficiency there is a higher frequency of elevated TSH levels and low T4 values than is found in areas where iodine intake is normal. This frequency is correlated to the degree of the iodine deficiency. The data suggest that the impairment of thyroid function at birth may be a transient phenomenon. The duration and the severity of the transient neonatal hypothyroidism, however, is greatly variable and its evolution unpredictable. PMID- 6725529 TI - Intensified rates of venous sampling unmask the presence of spontaneous, high frequency pulsations of luteinizing hormone in man. AB - To test the validity of venous sampling rates that are generally used to characterize pulsatile LH release in man (e.g. sampling every 15-20 min), we characterized apparent LH pulse frequency in blood withdrawn variously at 20- or 4-min intervals in 19 men, at 2-min intervals in 14 men, and at 1-min intervals in 6 men. In an effort to minimize detection bias, significant LH pulses were evaluated objectively using a computerized pulse-detection algorithm, which tended to maximize recognition of true-positive LH pulses, and minimize false positive and false-negative pulses. Under these conditions, intensified rates of venous sampling at 4-, 2-, and 1-min intervals exposed approximately 3.6, 4.9, and 13.7-fold more LH pulses, respectively, than could be discerned at a 20-min sampling frequency. In addition, more rapid rates of venous sampling disclosed a previously unobserved pattern of LH pulses, in which higher frequency, lower amplitude LH pulsations were interposed among low frequency, high amplitude LH peaks. Quantitatively, LH pulses unmasked by intensified rates of venous sampling exhibited significantly lower pulse amplitudes, expressed either as a fractional (%) or absolute (mIU/ml) increment, than pulses identified at 20-min intervals. In conclusion, we demonstrated that intensified rates of venous sampling unmask a significant number of otherwise unrecognized LH pulses in the circulation of normal men. Moreover, because generally employed sampling rates overlooked these more rapid physiological fluctuations in LH concentrations, patterns of both high and low frequency LH pulsations must now be characterized in various states of health and disease using more rapid sampling paradigms. PMID- 6725530 TI - Platelet-associated IgG in hepatitis and cirrhosis. AB - Increasing evidence is accumulating which indicates that immunological abnormalities contribute to the development of liver disease and its signs and symptoms. Platelet-associated IgG (PAIgG) levels were quantified in 42 patients with biopsy-proven liver disease of various etiologies to determine the relationship of thrombocytopenia to immunologic abnormalities in these disorders. Five of six nonthrombocytopenic patients with acute viral hepatitis B had elevated PAIgG. Six of ten patients with chronic active hepatitis had elevated PAIgG and thrombocytopenia. In contrast, only one of six patients with chronic persistent hepatitis had elevated PAIgG. Nine of ten patients with alcoholic hepatitis had elevated PAIgG; seven of the nine were thrombocytopenic. Seven of ten alcoholic patients with cirrhosis had elevated PAIgG; six of seven were thrombocytopenic. Thus the increase in PAIgG may be present without thrombocytopenia in acute liver injury, while patients with chronic persistent hepatitis do not usually exhibit this abnormality. Severe chronic active liver disease is accompanied by thrombocytopenia and an increase in PAIgG levels. PMID- 6725531 TI - Modulation of immunologic responses in nontuberculous mycobacterial infections with indomethacin. AB - We have previously reported that impaired in vitro cellular immunity is a common finding in patients with nontuberculous mycobacterioses and that the subnormal responses may be improved by indomethacin. Subsequently, we have studied the in vivo effects of indomethacin on cell-mediated immune functions of four patients with Mycobacterium avium-intracellulare infections. Prior to treatment none of the patients had delayed cutaneous reactions to purified protein derivative (PPD) of the tubercle bacillus, and their lymphocytes had subnormal in vitro proliferation responses to tuberculins from M. tuberculosis and M. avium intracellulare and to phytohemagglutinin. The administration of indomethacin reconstituted both the in vitro lymphocyte responses and delayed cutaneous hypersensitivity. We propose that the impairment of T-cell dependent immune functions is mediated by a suppressive factor (or factors) that is a metabolic product(s) of the cyclooxygenase pathway of arachidonic acid metabolism. Preferential inhibition of this pathway with indomethacin allows the expression of cell-mediated responses. PMID- 6725533 TI - Thermostable erythrocyte rosette-forming lymphocytes in hereditary hemochromatosis. I. Identification in peripheral blood. AB - Although the immunoregulatory role of iron has been demonstrated in vitro, evidence for a similar role in vivo is controversial. We have, therefore, studied certain functional and structural properties of lymphocytes in hereditary (idiopathic) hemochromatosis (HH), a disease characterized by iron overload. T- and B-lymphocyte percentages in peripheral blood, serum immunoglobulin levels, and proliferative responses of peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBM) to lectins were comparable with those of controls. Furthermore, HH serum with elevated iron concentrations did not significantly alter proliferative responses of normal lymphocytes to mitogens. In contrast to those normal findings was the identification of a subset of T lymphocytes in HH that formed rosettes with sheep red blood cells (SRC) at 37 degrees C in abnormally high numbers. Those lymphocytes that formed thermostable erythrocyte rosettes (TE-R) were not immature thymocytes, activated T lymphocytes, or an artifact of passive attachment of anti-SRC antibodies to the HH lymphocyte surface. Their presence did not correlate with a concentration of iron in the serum, the length of treatment, or the presence of the HLA antigen, A3. We conclude that the cellular expression of HH may be detected not as an immunological abnormality, but rather as an abnormality in receptor expression. PMID- 6725532 TI - IgG aggregates of different sizes stimulate or suppress Ig secretion by human lymphocytes in vitro. AB - The regulatory effects of IgG aggregates on Ig production in vitro by human peripheral blood lymphocytes were shown to be highly dependent on the aggregate size and the degree of mitogenic stimulation. Covalently linked oligometers of IgG were prepared with dimethylsuberimidate cross-linking and chromatographic separation; larger aggregates were prepared by heating (63 degrees C) and preparative zonal ultracentrifugation. The storage and culture conditions used were shown to preserve the stability of aggregate sizes. Although both positive and negative regulatory effects were seen with cells isolated directly from blood, more predictable dose-related effects were seen if cells were vigorously washed, possibly due to the removal of IgG or natural immune complexes bound by the cells in vivo. Some preparations of small IgG oligomers produced marked stimulation of Ig production, especially in cells cultured without mitogen or with suboptimal pokeweed mitogen doses. Aggregates containing six or more IgGs suppressed Ig production, especially when cells were stimulated by mitogen at optimal concentrations. PMID- 6725534 TI - [Significance of consultation in clinical practice]. PMID- 6725535 TI - Diagnosis and treatment of the hydatid disease of the liver. PMID- 6725536 TI - Complications of the hydatid disease of the liver. PMID- 6725537 TI - [CMI and physical fitness of girls in a newly-established high school]. PMID- 6725538 TI - Case of Coats' disease. PMID- 6725539 TI - [Three pediatric cases of acute suppurative thyroiditis]. PMID- 6725540 TI - An analysis of the distributing pattern and tissue concentration of the biogenic amines in the well demarcated brain tumors and contrast enhancement by CT scan. HPLC and clinical application (V). PMID- 6725541 TI - The history of invasive hemodynamic monitoring. PMID- 6725542 TI - [Keshan disease (endemic cardiomyopathy)]. PMID- 6725543 TI - [Effects of sensory stimulation on auditory evoked potentials in the dorsal cochlear nucleus of rabbits]. PMID- 6725544 TI - [Improved method for serum ferritin determination and the variation of serum ferritin values in the patients suffering from traffic trauma]. PMID- 6725545 TI - [Iron binding protein in intestinal mucosa and the time course changes with special reference to the metabolism of the mucosal ferritin during iron absorption]. PMID- 6725546 TI - [Clinical, pathological and neuroradiological studies of intracranial arteriovenous malformations]. PMID- 6725547 TI - [Mechanism of mallory body formation--with special reference to morphological change of DDC-fed mouse liver]. PMID- 6725548 TI - [On the bacterial effectiveness of various disinfectants (II)]. PMID- 6725550 TI - Abstracts of the Twelfth European Conference on Muscle and Motility. Szeged, 7-10 September 1983. PMID- 6725549 TI - 8-Anilino-1-naphthalenesulphonate, a fluorescent probe for the regulatory light chain binding site of scallop myosin. AB - Regulatory light chain (RLC) dissociation from scallop myofibrils, myosin or its subfragments was accompanied by an increase in binding of the hydrophobic fluorophore, 8-anilino-1-naphthalene-sulphonate (ANS) to the denuded proteins. The binding was monitored by the large increase in fluorescence emission at 460 nm when excited directly at 380 nm or via energy transfer from nearby tryptophan residues at 295 nm. ANS thus provides a convenient probe for following the kinetics of RLC dissociation in the presence of EDTA and its association in the presence of divalent metal ions. The observed RLC dissociation rate constant for myosin at 20 degrees C was 7.5 X 10(-3)S-1. The association rate constant, which was independent of the RLC concentration, was 5 X 10(-3) S-1. Subfragment 1, prepared by digestion of myosin in the presence of divalent metal ions to protect the light chains [S1(+LC)], showed reversible ANS binding qualitatively similar to the parent molecule. However when prepared in the presence of EDTA, subfragment 1 lacked RLC [S1(-LC)], its heavy chain molecular weight was reduced by about 4000 and it lacked the ANS binding region attributed to the RLC site. The tryptic digestion pattern of of S1(+LC) and S1(-LC) suggested that the 4000 difference peptide is at the C-terminus. Tryptic digestion of S1(+LC) has been shown to lead to the production of a regulatory peptide, comprising the two light chains and a heavy chain fragment, which displayed reversible ANS binding on addition of EDTA. Evidence is presented which suggests that this domain is at the C-terminus of subfragment 1. PMID- 6725551 TI - Regenerative capacity of the goldfish visual system is affected by antibodies specific to gangliosides injected intraocularly. AB - An association between gangliosides and neuronal regeneration in goldfish is demonstrated in the present study. A single intraocular injection of affinity purified anti-GM1 antibodies administered simultaneously with crush injury of the optic nerve, inhibits the regenerating process as expressed by two parameters: protein synthesis in the retina and in vitro sprouting ability from the retina. The retinal level of several gangliosides (such as GD3, GD1a, GD1b and GT1b) is enhanced during regeneration. Although GM1 appears to be a minor retinal ganglioside, antibodies to GM1 exert a marked effect on retinal regenerative process. It is assumed that such antibodies could interact with more abundant retinal gangliosides such as GD1b which shows enhanced biosynthesis during regeneration and which shares a similar disaccharide terminal residue with GM1. PMID- 6725552 TI - Inactivation of factor XII active fragment in normal plasma. Predominant role of C-1-inhibitor. AB - To define the factors responsible for the inactivation of the active fragment derived from Factor XII (Factor XIIf ) in plasma, we studied the inactivation kinetics of Factor XIIf in various purified and plasma mixtures. We also analyzed the formation of 125I-Factor XIIf -inhibitor complexes by sodium dodecyl sulfate polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis (SDS-PAGE). In purified systems, the bimolecular rate constants for the reactions of Factor XIIf with C-1-inhibitor, alpha 2-antiplasmin, and antithrombin III were 18.5, 0.91, and 0.32 X 10(4) M-1 min-1, respectively. Furthermore, SDS-PAGE analysis revealed that 1:1 stoichiometric complexes were formed between 125I-Factor XIIf and each of these three inhibitors. In contrast, kinetic and SDS-PAGE studies indicated that Factor XIIf did not react with alpha 1-antitrypsin or alpha 2-macroglobulin. The inactivation rate constant of Factor XIIf by prekallikrein-deficient plasma was 14.4 X 10(-2) min-1, a value that was essentially identical to the value predicted from the studies in purified systems (15.5 X 10(-2) min-1). This constant was reduced to 1.8 X 10(-2) min-1 when Factor XIIf was inactivated by prekallikrein-deficient plasma that had been immunodepleted (less than 5%) of C-1 inhibitor. In addition, after inactivation in normal plasma, 74% of the active 125I-Factor XIIf was found to form a complex with C-1-inhibitor, whereas 26% of the enzyme formed complexes with alpha 2-antiplasmin and antithrombin III. Furthermore, 42% of the labeled enzyme was still complexed with C-1-inhibitor when 125I-Factor XII was inactivated in hereditary angioedema plasma that contained 32% of functional C-1-inhibitor. This study quantitatively demonstrates the dominant role of C-1-inhibitor in the inactivation of Factor XIIf in the plasma milieu. PMID- 6725553 TI - Physicochemical and histological changes in the arterial wall of nonhuman primates during progression and regression of atherosclerosis. AB - To identify the temporal changes occurring during progression and regression of atherosclerosis in nonhuman primates, we have studied the physicochemical and histological characteristics of arterial wall lesions during a 30-mo progression period of diet-induced hypercholesterolemia and during a 12-mo period of regression. Three groups of cynomolgous monkeys (Macaca fascicularis) were studied. Control groups were fed a basal chow diet for 18, 24, and 30 mo and were compared with progression groups that were fed a high-cholesterol-containing diet for up to 30 mo. Regression groups were fed a high-cholesterol diet for 18 mo to induce atherosclerosis and then fed monkey chow for up to 12 mo. The progression group monkeys were killed at 6, 12, 18, 24, and 30 mo, and the regression animals were killed at 24 and 30 mo (i.e., after 6 and 12 mo of being fed a noncholesterol-containing chow diet). Histology and morphometry, physical microscopy for cholesterol monohydrate crystals, foam cell and droplet melting points and chemical composition studies were completed on a large number of individual arterial lesions. Control animals had very little cholesterol ester, rare foam cells, and no extracellular cholesterol ester droplets or cholesterol crystals. During progression, the arteries first increased cholesterol ester content to produce high melting (approximately 45 degrees C) foam cell-rich lesions essentially devoid of cholesterol crystals. With time, the number of cholesterol crystals increased so that by 30 mo large numbers were present. Foam cells decreased with time but their melting temperature remained high while that of extracellular droplets fell to approximately 38 degrees C. Between 18 and 30 mo necrosis appeared and worsened. After 6-mo regression, unexpected changes occurred in the lesions. Compared with 24-mo progression, the chemical composition showed a relative increase in free cholesterol, a decrease in cholesterol ester and microscopy revealed large numbers of cholesterol crystals. Concomitantly, foam cells decreased and the melting temperature of both intra- and extracellular cholesterol ester markedly decreased. After 12-mo regression cholesterol decreased, cholesterol crystals and necrosis diminished and collagen appeared increased. Thus, during progression there is initially an increase in the number of foam cells containing very high-melting intracellular cholesterol ester droplets. By 30 mo, cholesterol crystals and necrosis dominate and high melting foam cells appear only at lesion margins, suggesting that the initial process continues at the lesion edge. The lower melting point of extracellular esters indicates a lipid composition different from intracellular droplets. Thus, the changes observed in these animals generally reflect those predicted for progression of human atherosclerosis. During the initial 6 mo of regression, necrosis remains, the number of foam cell decreases, and cholesterol ester content decreases; however the relative proportion of free cholesterol content increases, and large numbers of cholesterol content are formed. Thus, large and rapid decreases in serum cholesterol concentration to produce regression in fact may result in the precipitation of cholesterol monohydrate and an apparent worsening of the lesions. More prolonged regression (12-mo) tends to return the lipid composition of the artery wall towards normal, partially reduces cholesterol crystals, and results in an improved but scarred intima. PMID- 6725554 TI - Hematologic and biosynthetic studies in homozygous hemoglobin Constant Spring. AB - The elongated alpha-globin chains of hemoglobin Constant Spring (alpha cs chain of HbCS ) are produced in low amounts such that the alpha cs-gene acts as a form of alpha-thalassemia; yet in the homozygous state the pathophysiological effects of this mutant are more severe than in the corresponding conditions that result from alpha-globin gene deletions. In studies designed to examine this discrepancy, we have demonstrated that a significant proportion of red cells produced in an HbCS homozygote has a much reduced red cell life span. Contrary to previous reports, we have been able to demonstrate the expected deficit in alpha chain production in this condition and have shown that both the cessation of globin chain synthesis in vitro and the destruction of the excess beta-chains occur unusually rapidly. Comparison with various deletion forms of alpha thalassemia suggests that, in terms of intracellular globin chain precipitates and free beta-chain pool, homozygous HbCS red cells more closely resemble those of HbH disease, with three of the four alpha-genes inactivated, than they do the more comparable alpha-thalassemia carriers with only two genes deleted. PMID- 6725555 TI - A molecular defect of spectrin in a subset of patients with hereditary elliptocytosis. Alterations in the alpha-subunit domain involved in spectrin self association. AB - Hereditary elliptocytosis (HE) is a clinically and biochemically heterogenous group of diseases characterized by elliptically shaped erythrocytes and an autosomal dominant mode of inheritance. Whereas the self-association of spectrin heterodimers to tetramers is defective in a subpopulation of HE patients, designated HE[SpD-SpD], it is normal in others. We have examined the peptide pattern produced by limited tryptic digestion of spectrin extracts from patients with HE[SpD-SpD] to determine if the functional defects in spectrin self association could be correlated with structural changes in the spectrin molecule. Although the peptide pattern produced by limited tryptic digestion of spectrin extracts from those HE patients with normal spectrin self-association was indistinguishable from the pattern from control normal volunteers, digestion of the spectrin extracts from the HE[SpD-SpD] patients showed a reproducible diminution in the 80,000-D domain of the alpha-subunit, which is involved in spectrin dimer self-association. The decrease in the 80,000-D fragment was associated with an increase in a 74,000-D fragment in eight of nine families, or, in one family, with an increase of fragments at 46,000 and 17,000 D. These atypical peptide patterns were similar to those previously reported in two variants of hereditary pyropoikilocytosis (HPP), which also had defective self association of spectrin. These data indicate that two distinct structural variants of spectrin alpha-subunit are associated with the defective spectrin heterodimer self-association in a subpopulation of HE patients. PMID- 6725557 TI - Effective and fibrin-specific clot lysis by a zymogen precursor form of urokinase (pro-urokinase). A study in vitro and in two animal species. AB - A single-chain 55,000-mol wt form of urokinase (UK), similar to that previously isolated from urine, was purified from a transformed kidney cell culture medium and characterized; and its fibrinolytic properties were evaluated. The preparation immunoprecipitated with UK antiserum, had a low intrinsic amidolytic activity that was 0.1% of its active derivative, and resisted diisopropyl fluorophosphate treatment and inactivation by plasma inhibitors. The single-chain UK was therefore designated pro-UK. In the presence of plasmin and during clot lysis, activation by conversion to two-chain, 55,000-mol wt UK (TC-UK) was demonstrated. This did not occur during blood clotting nor on incubation with purified thrombin. Clot lysis in plasma consistently occurred in 2-5 h with 50 100 IU per ml of pro-UK, whereas comparable lysis was inconsistently achieved by 500-1,000 IU of UK. Pro-UK, in sharp contrast to UK, caused no fibrinogen degradation at fibrinolytic concentrations. In the absence of a clot, pro-UK in plasma was stable for more than 2 d. When a clot was added after incubation (37 degrees C) for 50 h, activation to full lytic activity took place. The findings in vivo were comparable but the rapid clearance of pro-UK required that it be given by a constant infusion despite its plasma stability. In rabbits, a UK resistant species, pro-UK was significantly (P less than 0.001) more efficacious than TC-UK but neither induced significant fibrinogen degradation. In dogs, a more sensitive species, the high specificity of thrombolysis by pro-UK contrasted with the defibrinogenation and uncontrollable bleeding that accompanied thrombolysis by UK. It was concluded that clot lysis by pro-UK is more effective and specific than UK. The advantage of pro-UK is in the limitation of its activation to the site of a clot. This can be explained by an activation mechanism that is dependent, under physiological conditions, on fibrin-stabilized plasmin. PMID- 6725556 TI - Lipoproteins containing apoprotein B are a major regulator of neutrophil responses to monosodium urate crystals. AB - The inflammatory response to intraarticular urate crystals is known to be variable in gouty arthritis. One source of variability may be the modulation of cellular responses by crystal-bound proteins. We have identified three apolipoproteins among the polypeptides bound to urate crystals exposed to plasma. Identification was first based on their coelectrophoresis with polypeptides from isolated lipoproteins and diminution in the protein coat of crystals exposed to lipoprotein-depleted plasma. The apoproteins were immunochemically identified by the Western blotting technique as apoprotein A-I, apoprotein B (apo B), and apoprotein E. Because neutrophils play a central role in acute gout, we investigated the potential effects of lipoproteins on neutrophil-urate crystal interactions. Plasma profoundly inhibited urate crystal-induced neutrophil luminol-dependent chemiluminescence (CL). Lipoprotein depletion by KBr density gradient centrifugation completely abrogated the inhibitory effect of plasma on urate-induced CL. The inhibitory activity of lipoprotein-depleted plasma was restored by adding back the d less than or equal to 1.25 g/cm3 lipoprotein fraction. Plasma also inhibited urate crystal-induced neutrophil superoxide generation and cytolysis (lactic dehydrogenase loss). This inhibition was significantly diminished by lipoprotein depletion, indicating that the lipoprotein effect was not limited to CL. Lipoprotein-depleted plasma reconstituted with very low, intermediate, and low density lipoproteins (LDL) inhibited crystal-induced CL. High density lipoprotein reconstitution was without effect. Immunodepletion from plasma of all apo B lipoproteins by agarose-bound apo B-specific antibody also removed all inhibitory activity for urate-induced CL. Thus, apo B lipoproteins were shown to be the inhibitory species in plasma. Binding of apo B lipoproteins to urate crystals and inhibition of CL was also seen in the absence of other plasma proteins. In addition, the binding of whole lipoprotein particles to the crystals was verified by detection of crystal associated cholesterol in addition to the apoprotein. The effects of LDL on urate crystal-induced CL were stimulus specific. Coincubation of urate crystals and neutrophils in the presence of 10 micrograms/ml LDL resulted in 83% inhibition. In contrast, CL responses to a chemotactic hexapeptide, opsonized zymosan, and Staphylococcus aureus were not inhibited by LDL. The effects of depletion of apo B lipoproteins on plasma suppression of urate crystal-induced CL appeared to be unique. Plasma or sera depleted of other urate crystal-binding proteins including fibrinogen, fibronectin, C1q, and IgG retained virtually all their CL inhibitory activity. Lipoproteins containing apo B are thus a major regulator of neutrophil responses to urate crystals. These lipoproteins are present in variable concentration in synovial fluid and may exert an important influence on the course of gout. PMID- 6725558 TI - Hemoglobin Evanston (alpha 14 Trp----Arg). An unstable alpha-chain variant expressed as alpha-thalassemia. AB - A new hematologic syndrome with phenotypic features of mild Hb H disease was identified in three children from two unrelated black American families. Erythrocytes from each of these children contained Hb H (beta 4) and Hb Barts (gamma 4), as well as a slowly migrating hemoglobin fraction that made up 7-10% of the total hemoglobin. The parents of the affected children all showed mild thalassemia-like changes, with one of the parents in each family also expressing the variant hemoglobin; in the latter individuals the mutant alpha-chains made up less than 2% of the total, and were present mainly or exclusively in combination with delta-chains in the form of a slowly migrating Hb A2. Purified Hb Evanston showed an increased oxygen affinity, but its Bohr effect, cooperativity, and 2,3 diphosphoglycerate effect were normal. The mutant hemoglobin appeared to have normal stability to heat and to isopropanol, and the stability of its alpha-chain in an extended time course synthesis study also appeared to be similar to that of alpha A. However, the results from short-term globin synthesis studies, and from mRNA translation in vitro, suggest that the two types of alpha-chains were synthesized at relatively equal rates, with a major fraction of the newly synthesized variant alpha-chains undergoing rapid catabolism. The hematologic data taken in combination with DNA hybridization and globin synthesis findings indicate that the proposita in each of these families has the genotype--, alpha A/--, alpha Ev. These observations suggest that two separate mechanisms are contributing to the alpha-thalassemia-like expression of Hb Evanston : the newly synthesized alpha EV-chains are unstable and are subject to early proteolytic destruction; and the mutant alpha-allele is linked to an alpha-globin gene deletion. PMID- 6725560 TI - L-carnitine enhances excretion of propionyl coenzyme A as propionylcarnitine in propionic acidemia. AB - Treatment with L-carnitine greatly enhanced the formation and excretion of short chain acylcarnitines in three patients with propionic acidemia and in three normal controls. The use of fast atom bombardment mass spectrometry and linked scanning at constant magnetic (B) to electric (E) field ratio identified the acylcarnitine as propionylcarnitine in patients with propionic acidemia. The normal children excreted mostly acetylcarnitine. Propionic acidemia and other organic acidurias are characterized by the intramitochondrial accumulation of short-chain acyl-Coenzyme A (CoA) compounds. The substrate specificity of the carnitine acetyltransferase enzyme and its steady state nature appears to facilitate elimination of propionyl groups while restoring the acyl-CoA:free CoA ratio in the mitochondrion. We suggest that L-carnitine may be a useful therapeutic approach for elimination of toxic acyl CoA compounds in several of these disorders. PMID- 6725559 TI - Effect of N-acetylcysteine on the pulmonary response to endotoxin in the awake sheep and upon in vitro granulocyte function. AB - Oxygen free radicals released during endotoxemia may contribute to the lung injury of the adult respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS). As this syndrome occurs frequently after gram-negative sepsis in humans, we studied the effect of intravenous N-acetylcysteine (NAC), a free radical scavenger, upon the endotoxin (E)-induced model of ARDS in awake sheep. In vivo studies demonstrated that NAC attenuates the endotoxin-induced rise in pulmonary artery pressure (62 +/- 3 torr with E control vs. 43 +/- 3 torr for E + NAC), and markedly diminishes the rise in lymph flow at 1 h (8.5 +/- 1.2 vs 4.5 +/- 0.6 ml/15 min) and 4 h (5.0 +/- 0.6 vs. 3.3 +/- 0.4 ml/15 min), respectively, for E control vs. E + NAC. NAC also markedly attenuated the alterations in lung mechanics after endotoxemia. Dynamic compliance at 2 h after endotoxemia was 44 +/- 6% of base line for E vs. 76 +/- 10% of base line for E + NAC. Resistance to airflow across the lung at 1 h postendotoxin was 811 +/- 280% of base line for E vs. 391 +/- 233% of base line for E + NAC. NAC substantially reduced the 1 h postendotoxin rise in lymph concentrations of thromboxane B2 (8.29 +/- 3.28 vs. 2.75 +/- 1.93 ng/ml for E vs. E + NAC) and 6-keto-prostaglandin-F1 alpha (0.91 +/- 0.27 vs. 0.23 +/- 0.12 ng/ml for E vs. E + NAC). In addition, in vitro studies were performed which revealed NAC to be a potent free radical scavenger in both biologic and nonbiologic free radical generating systems. NAC decreased phorbol-stimulated granulocyte aggregation in a concentration-dependent manner in vitro. Minimal effects were observed, however, upon leukocyte degranulation at the concentrations of NAC achieved during the in vivo tests. Thus, NAC significantly attenuated all monitored pathophysiologic changes in the endotoxin model of ARDS in sheep, possibly by its ability to scavenge toxic oxygen free radicals. A direct impairment of the ability of inflammatory cells to generate oxygen radicals cannot be ruled out. PMID- 6725561 TI - Affective pattern recognition and schizophrenia. AB - The process by which people extract the emotional nuances of nonverbal communication is treated as a special case of pattern recognition. This process of affective pattern recognition is presumed to involve three conceptually distinct levels: The primary or cue level, the secondary or configurational level, and the propositional or predictive level. It is proposed that schizophrenia arises from defects in either or both the cue and configurational levels and that the hypothesized defects can account for the common cognitive and social-interpersonal phenomena of schizophrenia. Finally, the therapeutic implications of this model of schizophrenia are considered. PMID- 6725562 TI - Borderline personality disorder and the MMPI. AB - Fourteen patients diagnosed as borderline on the basis of the Diagnostic Interview for Borderlines obtained a mean group profile of 8-2-7 similar in configuration, but more elevated than that obtained by a group of 7 diagnostically heterogeneous controls. The borderline patients manifested significantly greater hypochondriasis, depression and hysteria, slightly more schizotypal features, a more deviant self-presentation, and lesser defensiveness. However, considerable heterogeneity in symptomatology was found within the borderline subsample. Further, clinical scales comprised of a higher proportion of relatively subtle and presumably less structured items did not discriminate borderline from control patients more effectively than did those scales made up of a lower proportion of such items. The results offer partial support for the construct validity of the borderline syndrome and for the usefulness of the MMPI in differentiating it from other psychiatric disorders. PMID- 6725563 TI - Traits of hospice nurses compared with those who work in traditional settings. AB - Compared 36 hospice nurses with 35 nurses who were working in traditional settings. Data from a battery of five tests ( Templer Death Anxiety Scale, Purpose in Life, Shneidman "You and Death" Questionnaire, Myers- Briggs , Cattell 16PF) revealed the hospice nurses to be significantly more assertive, imaginative, forthright , free-thinking and independent than their colleagues, who scored lower than the norms. The nurses in traditional settings exhibited a stronger preference than both hospice nurses and norms for the practical and no nonsense in their approach to life. They were also more conventional and comfortable with structure. These data suggest a useful basis for hospice staff selection procedures as well as further study of the hospice as a setting evocative of autonomous professional nursing practice. PMID- 6725564 TI - Comparing depression-coping strategies of schizophrenic men and depressed and nondepressed college students. AB - Identified three significant functions by a discriminant analysis that compared depression coping strategies reported by schizophrenic men (N = 43) and depressed and nondepressed college men (N = 200) and women (N = 200). Function 1 was characterized by cigarette smoking and use of tranquilizers and little physical activity. This function appeared to follow a continuum of "pathology" with highest endorsement by schizophrenic men and lowest endorsement by nondepressed college men and women. Function 2 was identified as a sex-role dimension characterized by high levels of crying, self-confrontation, and creative activity reported by depressed and nondepressed college women and exceptionally low amounts of these behaviors reported by schizophrenic men. Function 3 was associated with self-blame, which appeared to be particularly characteristic of depressed college students. The effectiveness of depression coping strategies reported by schizophrenic men was assessed with a multiple regression analysis that used schizophrenic men's coping strategies to predict their depression scores. It was concluded that schizophrenic men can benefit most in reducing their depression from therapy that involves them socially in creative and physical activities. PMID- 6725565 TI - A comparison of the effectiveness of MMPI indices in the discrimination of brain damaged and schizophrenic patients. AB - Assessed the effectiveness of 22 published MMPI procedures to differentiate organic brain syndrome (OBS) from schizophrenic (Sc) patients. Generally, each procedure previously has been suggested to have some effectiveness in making this differentiation. When assessed across studies, however, the S groups have differed on so many relevant variables (age, sex, clinical setting, etc.) that direct comparisons of their relative effectiveness cannot be made. In the current study the accuracy rates are presented for each of the 22 discrimination procedures with a sample matched on age, education, and IQ and also with an unmatched sample, all selected from the patient population at a neuropsychiatric setting. With the matched sample the Hs-Pt Index (Watson, Plemel , & Jacobs, 1978) and the Sc-O Scale, Unweighted Long form (Watson, 1971) reached statistical significance (p less than .10). With the unmatched sample both of the above procedures plus the OBS Signs procedure ( Markowitz , 1973) and P-O Scale (Watson & Plemel , 1978) reached statistical significance (p less than .10). Overall accuracy rates of those procedures found to be statistically significant ranged from 61.5 to 70.0%. These accuracy rates compare favorably to those obtained with more complex and time-consuming neuropsychiatric batteries. PMID- 6725566 TI - The use of reception checks in client pretherapy orientation research. AB - The psychotherapy research literature abounds with evidence of the problems of premature termination and unsatisfactory outcome, especially among low-SES clients. In attempting to enhance the success rate of therapeutic services, some researchers have instituted pretherapy orientation procedures that convey information to clients with regard to the goals and processes of therapy. Although research in this area has continued for two decades, the efficacy of such procedures has not been established firmly. Even when orientations have demonstrable positive effects, the processes through which these results are achieved usually remain unknown. In order to gain an understanding of these mechanisms, researchers must employ measures to assess directly the immediate effects of the orientation. In a recent study, the authors developed a questionnaire to determine whether clients had attended to and understood a pretherapy videotape presentation and whether they recalled the material 1 month later. The results obtained on this measure facilitated the interpretation of the overall research findings. PMID- 6725567 TI - Enhancing dream pleasure with Senoi strategy. AB - A strategy to increase pleasure and reduce displeasure in dreaming and dream related behaviors involved three skill sessions in which participants (N = 63) practiced (a) positive expectations for content and outcome of dreams; (b) thought stopping for unpleasant dreams; and (c) self-suggestion that dreams would be recalled and would be pleasant. Findings from pre- and post-survey schedules (pleasure and displeasure ) and from a daily dream behavior check list showed that dreaming and behaviors associated with dreaming were significantly more pleasurable 12 weeks after the dream interventions and maintenance of a daily dream record. A 6-month follow-up showed the changes to be still in effect. PMID- 6725568 TI - Length of intervention and client assessed outcome. AB - The assumption that therapy becomes increasingly effective with an increase in the number of sessions is reported commonly by therapists. However, in this study, single session (N = 47) and multiple session (N = 54) clients both expressed satisfaction with the therapeutic intervention and felt that they had been helped or that their problem had been solved. About half of the women attributed their success to the therapy regardless of the number of sessions, while the percentage of men shifted from less than 20% for single session clients to nearly 80% for multiple session clients. Cultural differences and degree of commitment may account for these differences. PMID- 6725569 TI - Eye color as a predictor of outcomes in behavior therapy. AB - Eye color research has centered primarily on the dimension of self-paced vs. reactive performance. Self-paced activities are those in which the individual may initiate the activity when he/she chooses while the stimulus situation remains relatively constant. Reactive activities must be initiated at the precise time dictated by a rapidly changing stimulus situation. The present study examined the relationship between outcomes of behaviorally oriented treatment for children (N = 366) and eye color. The findings were consistent with theoretical expectations: Dark-eyed children and teenagers responded better to reactive treatment programs than their light-eyed counterparts, while the reverse was true for self-paced treatment programs. Implications for research and practice were discussed. PMID- 6725570 TI - Perceptions of therapist disclosure of previous experience as a client. AB - Investigated Ss' (N = 175) perceptions of a therapist and of the therapeutic relationship after the therapist's disclosure that he was once a client in therapy. The effect of information that indicated the reason he sought therapy also was examined. Additionally, the relationship of Ss' attitudes toward seeking professional help to their perceptions of the therapist was assessed. Results indicated that Ss evaluated the therapist primarily on the basis of his interactions with the client--the disclosing therapist consistently was seen as having more favorable personal and therapeutic abilities and as more facilitative of the therapeutic relationship than was the nondisclosing therapist. PMID- 6725571 TI - Face validity vs. item subtlety in the MMPI D scale. AB - The distinction between item subtlety and face validity ( Holden & Jackson, 1979) provided the basis to reevaluate findings for subtle items in the MMPI D scale (N = 214). Results indicated that the inclusion of nonpathological items in the D scale did not lead to greater predictive validity of depression criteria. The need for substantive considerations in scale construction was emphasized further. PMID- 6725572 TI - Normative data for two MMPI critical item sets. AB - Addressed normative aspects of recent MMPI critical item sets proposed by Koss and Butcher (1973) and Lachar and Wrobel (1979). Base rates from MMPI Form R for these items were determined in samples of 123 normals, 383 inpatient alcoholics, and 567 psychiatric inpatients. Although pathological groups, as expected, generally endorsed more critical items than normals, mean differences were not large. On several critical item subsets, especially in the Koss -Butcher group, normals actually scored higher than the pathological samples. Caution is suggested when critical MMPI items are used in assessments. PMID- 6725573 TI - The Test-Retest Index and high F MMPI profiles. AB - Using the Test-Retest (TR) Index, male psychiatric inpatients (N = 87) with very high MMPI F scale scores (T greater than 90) were designated either consistent or inconsistent responders. Inconsistent MMPI responding was associated with psychotic thought disorder and abstract reasoning deficits, which suggests that these Ss were too confused to conscientiously complete the MMPI. Consistent responders endorsed more obvious pathological items of the MMPI. The two groups did not differ in vocabulary intelligence, and their mean MMPI profiles were very similar. Uses of the TR Index for clarifying the meaning of high F MMPI profiles are discussed. PMID- 6725575 TI - Sex differences in depression and the method of administering the Beck Depression Inventory. AB - Carried out four experiments in which male and female undergraduates (N = 384) completed the Beck Depression Inventory ( BDI ) under conditions ranging from absolute anonymity to a face-to-face interview. BDI interitem reliability was comparable across the two sexes and across different methods of test administration, and no evidence was found in any of the experiments or in all four combined that depression is more severe or common in females. We also found that for both sexes responses to the BDI did not vary with the sex of the examiner. It is suggested that sex differences in depression have more to do with the population sampled than with the method of administering tests such as the BDI . Indeed, responses to the BDI appear essentially unaffected by the method of administration. PMID- 6725574 TI - Factor structure of the levels of attribution and change (LAC) scale in samples of psychotherapists and smokers. AB - Investigated the factor structure of the Levels of Attribution and Change (LAC) Scale, a 60-item, Likert-format instrument designed to assess the levels and loci of causal attributions about a problem behavior. Principal component analyses were performed on two samples, 194 adult smokers and 140 professional psychotherapists. In both cases, nine distinct and interpretable components were retained, which accounted for 63% and 68% of the total variance, respectively. Coefficients of congruence indicated that the two component patterns were quite similar. Item cross-classification revealed that the nine components closely resemble the 10 theoretical scales, with 2 scales (Familial Conflicts, Interpersonal Conflicts) represented by one component. Estimates of internal consistency averaged .84 and .87 for the two samples. The LAC theoretical scales and the scoring system have considerable empirical justification. The LAC Scale appears to be an internally consistent, multidimensional inventory with a robust factor structure. PMID- 6725576 TI - California psychological inventory profiles of peer-nominated assertives, unassertives, and aggressives. AB - Examined the California Psychological Inventory (CPI) profiles of peer-nominated assertives , unassertives , and aggressives . Eighty males from two social fraternities peer-nominated assertives , unassertives and aggressives . The nomination procedure yielded 12 nominees per group. A profile analysis of the CPI indicated that assertives and aggressives were significantly more similar than were assertives and unassertives , and unassertives and aggressives . Results of a subscale analysis indicated that assertives and aggressives were significantly higher on Dominance, Capacity for Status, Sociability, and Social Presence than Unassertives , but were not significantly different from each other on these subscales. Also, assertives were significantly higher on Socialization, Self Control, and Achievement via Conformance than were aggressives . Finally, assertives were significantly higher on Achievement via Conformance than were unassertives and aggressives . Implications are discussed. PMID- 6725577 TI - Predicting outcome of psychiatric hospitalization: a comparison of attitudinal and psychopathological measures. AB - Demonstrated that a generalized measure of locus of control (the Rotter I-E Scale) is not as effective in predicting outcome of hospitalization as a direct assessment of psychiatric patients' (N = 103) willingness to admit to having problems. The addition of diagnostic classification to patients' acknowledgment of problems did not improve the discriminative capacity of the latter with regard to length of hospitalization or readmission within 1 year. Patients' acceptance of responsibility for their problems was not related significantly to length of stay or readmission, except in the presence of severe pathology (as indicated by diagnostic classification). Implications for therapeutic strategies based on these findings were presented. PMID- 6725579 TI - Sensitivity and specificity of the Neuropsychological Impairment Scale (NIS). AB - Evaluated the sensitivity and specificity of the Neuropsychological Impairment Scale (NIS) using the Halstead Impairment Index as the criterion (N = 41). Acceptable values are achieved by both NIS and Trailmaking Tests when used separately. When used "in parallel," higher classification rates are achieved. This combination of the NIS, a neuropsychological symptom self-report measure, in combination with a performance task ( Trailmaking Tests) permits observation of behavioral deficit while it provides additional symptom information with which to pursue more extensive inquiry. PMID- 6725578 TI - Validity and reliability of the Neuropsychological Impairment Scale (NIS). AB - The Neuropsychological Impairment Scale (NIS) is a self-report screening instrument intended to identify neuropsychological symptoms and deficit. A validity study that used 40 neuropsychiatric patients compared four NIS derived measures with the four best Halstead-Reitan general indicators of impairment. Additionally, two test-retest reliability studies with both patient and normal samples are reported. Results support and corroborate previous validity findings and suggest that the NIS is an acceptably stable and reliable measure. PMID- 6725580 TI - The predictive utility of a significantly lower WAIS PIQ with psychiatric inpatients. AB - Contrasted five aspects of psychiatric inpatient care in two psychometrically distinct inpatient samples. The experimental (N = 35) and control groups (N = 35) differed in that the former Ss all scored higher WAIS VIQs than their respective PIQs by at least 15 units. The controls had WAIS VIQs that were within 5 points of their PIQs . Despite this, the two groups were not differentiated according to two other measures of cognitive integrity (Benton, 1963, and Wechsler Memory Scale, Wechsler, 1958); final diagnosis; severity of the S's presentation; capacity to resume self-attorney on discharge, and, finally, prediction of EEG and CT scan result. It was concluded that the poor predictive utility of this form of WAIS analysis did not justify the high cost of WAIS administration in inpatient psychiatric settings. PMID- 6725581 TI - WAIS characteristics of non-pathological obsessive and hysteric styles. AB - Tested traditional clinical hypotheses about the cognitive functioning of individuals (N = 16) with an obsessive or an hysteric style in a non-pathological population using selected subtests of the WAIS. Individuals identified as having an obsessive style displayed the predicted patterns (Information and Vocabulary greater than Comprehension), while their hysteric counterparts displayed only a trend toward certain predicted patterns (Comprehension greater than Information and Vocabulary). Predicted between-group differences were significant. Higher base rates of obsessive features in a college population may account for the weaker trends within the hysteric group. Generally, the results appear to support the likelihood that nonpathological forms of the two styles display patterns of cognitive functioning similar to those of their more pathological counterparts. PMID- 6725582 TI - Validity of the Peabody Picture Vocabulary Test-Revised with mentally retarded adults. AB - Investigated the validity of using the PPVT -R with mildly mentally retarded adults. The PPVT -R, PPVT , and WAIS-R were administered to 21 Ss, and WAIS scores were obtained from client files. Results indicated that the revised Peabody tended to yield significantly lower estimates of functioning than did the other measures. Implications are discussed. PMID- 6725583 TI - Investigations into the relationship of the PPVT-R and the WISC-R with incarcerated delinquents. AB - Examined the relationship between the Peabody Picture Vocabulary Test-Revised ( PPVT -R), the Peabody Picture Vocabulary Test ( PPVT ), and the Wechsler Intelligence Scale for Children-Revised (WISC-R) with 35 incarcerated delinquents between the ages of 13-10 and 16-10. Mean scaled scores were computed across all measures. A statistically significant difference (p less than .01) between the PPVT -R mean scaled score and all other measures was obtained. The PPVT -R correlated significantly (p less than .0001) with the WISC-R VIQ (r = .87), PIQ (r = .78), FSIQ (r = .86) and the PPVT (r = .80), whereas the original PPVT demonstrated significant yet lower correlations with the WISC-R VIQ (r = .78), PIQ (r = .77) and FSIQ (r = .80). The clinical significance of utilizing the PPVT -R as a measure of receptive vocabulary and its practical relationship to the PPVT and WISC-R with a juvenile delinquent population was discussed. PMID- 6725584 TI - Cognitive and behavioral predictors of MMPI scores in pretrial psychological evaluations of murderers. AB - Tested by multivariate regression the validity of the MMPI with accused murderers (N = 96) who were undergoing pre-trial evaluations. Four significant behavioral and cognitive predictors of MMPI elevated scores were identified. These include low intelligence, history of drug abuse, suspiciousness observed on the ward, and the fact that the accused was a stranger to the victim. These results support the validity of the MMPI with this population and also suggest that high F scale scores on the MMPI are more a measure of psychopathology than invalidity due to test-taking response bias. PMID- 6725585 TI - Hopelessness in alcohol- and heroin-dependent women. AB - Administered the Beck Hopelessness Scale to 20 alcoholic and 20 heroin-addicted women. A Weighted G analysis then was performed with the 20 dichotomous items of this scale to determine whether specific items differentiated between the two types of women. The samples were assigned randomly to 20-person test and calibration groups, and each subgroup was represented by 10 whites and 10 blacks. Based on the classification estimates yielded by the Weighted G analysis for the test sample, 18 of the 20 women in the calibration sample were assigned correctly to their type of substance abuse (i.e., the hit rate was 90.0%). The 5 items that most saliently differentiated between the women were representative of future time perspective and achievement. The alcoholic women believed that they might be happier in the future and accomplish more than the heroin-addicted women. PMID- 6725586 TI - Correlates of the Michigan Alcoholism Screening Test (MAST) among DWI offenders. AB - Examined the relationship between scores on the Michigan Alcoholism Screening Test (MAST), Psychological Screening Inventory (PSI) and Locus of Control Scale (LOC) in a selected sample of 156 apprehended drunken drivers. About 90% were identified as problem drinkers on the MAST, and 15% were screened by the PSI as requiring more intensive psychological assessment. Scores on the MAST were independent of LOC, but positively related to results on PSI scales that assess antisocial acting-out and neurotic anxiety and also to general maladjustment (mean scale elevation). A weighted composite of three PSI scales was related significantly to MAST scores, but explained only a modest proportion of variance in them. The MAST and PSI can be used to supplement one another in screening DWI offenders. PMID- 6725587 TI - Young and old alcoholics: some personality differences. AB - Ninety-one alcoholic males aged 20-65 completed the MMPI. Their T scores on 10 clinical scales and 3 other indices were correlated with age. Seven of 13 correlations were statistically significant. There was a significant negative correlation between age and psychopathic deviance, paranoia, schizophrenia, and mania, and there was a significant positive correlation between age and hypochondriasis. Goldberg's indices showed that younger alcoholics' profiles resembled those of a sociopathic population as opposed to a psychiatric population and tended toward psychoticism rather than neuroticism. Results can assist practitioners in understanding and planning for a young clientele. PMID- 6725588 TI - Awareness of situational effects on drinking. AB - Conducted a survey to determine how aware drinkers are of the situational determinants of alcohol (N = 64). Findings showed that social drinkers were well aware of the effects of different settings on the quantity consumed and the effects experienced. These findings suggest the need for caution in generalizing laboratory findings conducted under "non-natural" conditions to practical applications. PMID- 6725589 TI - Differentiating violent and nonviolent opiate-addicted reformatory inmates with the MMPI. AB - Used multivariate profile analysis and stepwise discriminant analysis in an effort to discriminate among four groups of male opiate-addicted reformatory inmates (N = 193) classified according to degree of criminal violence: (1) Bodily Violent (N = 19); (2) Potentially Bodily Violent (N = 25); (3) Materially Violent (N = 113); and (4) Nonviolent (N = 36). Profile analysis indicated that the four groups were very similar; a stepwise discriminant analysis significantly distinguished the Bodily Violent group from each of the other groups, but failed to differentiate successfully among the remaining three groups. A second stepwise discriminant analysis, in which Groups 2, 3 and 4 were combined, produced a significant discriminant function and correctly classified 68.4% of the Bodily Violent group and 75.9% of the combined Nonbodily Violent groups. The MMPI scales that contributed most to the latter prediction of group membership, in relative order of discriminating power, were: F, MA, D, PD, HS, PA and SI. PMID- 6725590 TI - Drugs and personality: extraversion-introversion. AB - Eysenck theorizes that stimulants induce introversion and that depressants induce extraversion; common sense suggests opposite expectations. Scores on the extraversion scale of the Eysenck Personality Inventory yielded statistically significant differences among carefully matched series of heavy, chronic users of cocaine, amphetamine, opiates, barbiturate/sedative-hypnotics, and a comparable series of nonusers. Cocaine users and opiates users were found to be more introverted; amphetamine users, barbiturates users, and nonusers were more extraverted . These findings did not fully support either set of hypotheses. These data also implied that, if drugs influence extraversion, they do so only by suppressing it. Data from two other measures of extraversion were consistent with this hypothesis. PMID- 6725591 TI - Cross-validation of the State-Trait Anxiety Inventory with an alcoholic population. AB - Anxiety has been identified in the research literature on alcohol abusers as an important clinical variable. Little published data on State- and Trait-Anxiety scores from the STAI (Form Y) are available. Pre- and post-treatment STAI -Y scores were examined from two independent, but similar samples of male inpatients at a VA Medical Center Alcohol Dependence Treatment Unit. Additional normative data from both samples are presented (N = 219). Scores for both State- and Trait Anxiety were compared between samples; no significant differences were found except for post-treatment Trait-Anxiety. The 1980 sample scored lower on this subscale. The findings suggest that the STAI (Form Y) is a stable instrument across time when used to assess anxiety in an alcoholic population. The need for further investigation on the correlates between observable behaviors of alcoholics and the personality construct of anxiety is discussed. PMID- 6725592 TI - Varied light and scanning electron microscopic appearances of barium sulphate in smears and histological sections. AB - The various light and scanning electron microscopic appearances of barium sulphate in smears and in histopathological lesions in sections are illustrated. One type of barium sulphate (E-Z-HD) includes much larger, bright birefringent particles and has very different appearances from other widely used types. Such larger particles in sections were not originally suspected to be barium sulphate and were identified only by energy dispersive x ray analysis in a scanning electron microscope. This form of barium sulphate is used for double contrast upper gastrointestinal radiography, and is not thought to have been responsible for the lesions in which it has been observed by us. PMID- 6725594 TI - Cortical microcystic disease of the kidney with dominant inheritance: a previously undescribed syndrome. AB - We report a family in which the father and all three children had symptomless chronic renal failure and, in the case of the children, normocytic, normochromic anaemia. None had hypertension, proteinuria, or abnormality of urinary deposit. Renal biopsy specimens showed microcysts confined to the renal cortex; some cysts contained vestigial glomerular tufts. This family appears to represent the first known example of hereditary cortical microcystic disease. The distribution of the disease suggests dominant inheritance without sex linkage. PMID- 6725593 TI - Unusual histological appearances of barium sulphate--a case report with scanning electron microscopy and energy dispersive x ray analysis. AB - Multiple birefringent rhomboidal crystals seen on histological examination of a resected oesophagus were subsequently found to contain elemental barium and sulphur on energy dispersive x ray ( EDX ) analysis. Scanning electron microscopy and EDX analysis of readily available commercial barium sulphate suspensions suggested that the two forms of barium sulphate previously described in tissue sections may be a result of the method of preparation of the commercial suspension used. With increased use of barium sulphate prepared by crushing the natural compound, birefringent rhomboidal crystals should be found with increasing frequency in endoscopic biopsy samples and resected specimens. PMID- 6725595 TI - Tumour-associated eosinophilia in the bladder. AB - Tumour eosinophilia is an uncommon but striking phenomenon which has been found in many tumours, mostly of large cell type or squamous differentiation. The incidence, appearance and importance of tumour eosinophilia in the bladder are described. Eosinophilia is commoner in deeply invasive tumours and in tumours showing squamous metaplasia. Transitional cell carcinomas with eosinophilia have a better prognosis than those without, but this improvement is not seen in squamous cell carcinomas of the bladder. When eosinophilia is found on superficial biopsies of a bladder tumour, the possibility of muscle invasion should be considered. PMID- 6725596 TI - Relation between intragastric bile acid concentration and mucosal abnormality in the stomach after vagotomy and gastroenterostomy for duodenal ulcer. AB - A high incidence of possible premalignant conditions of the gastric mucosa has been reported in the postoperative stomach and it has been suggested that bile plays a role in their pathogenesis. Fifty eight patients who had had a vagotomy and gastrojejunostomy between 1957 and 1967 underwent endoscopy and biopsy. Subsequently, samples of fasting and postprandial gastric juice were taken from all patients for analysis of total bile acid. The patients were divided into three histological groups: group 1 (24 patients) had gastritis or mucosal atrophy but no more than mild dysplasia; group 2 (23 patients) had intestinal metaplasia in one or more biopsies; group 3 (11 patients) had moderate or severe dysplasia in one or more biopsies. Group 2 and group 3 patients had higher fasting intragastric bile acid concentrations than group 1 (p less than 0.01 in both cases). There was no difference between fasting bile acid concentrations in groups 2 and 3. In the postprandial phase groups 2 and 3 also had higher peak intragastric concentrations than group 1 (p less than 0.01 in both cases). Again, there was no significant difference between groups 2 and 3. It is concluded that there is a relation between mucosal abnormality in the postoperative stomach and intragastric bile acid concentration. The possible aetiological link between bile acid and these mucosal abnormalities is discussed. PMID- 6725598 TI - Crohn's disease of the gall bladder. AB - A 64 year old man with known enteric Crohn's disease developed a granulomatous cholecystitis in which the histological features were identical to those seen in sites conventionally affected by this disease. Extraintestinal granulomatous lesions are rare in Crohn's disease and the present case is reported because of its apparent uniqueness. PMID- 6725597 TI - Relation between gastric histology and gastric juice pH and nitrite and N-nitroso compound concentrations in the stomach after surgery for duodenal ulcer. AB - Formation of N-nitroso compounds in gastric juice has been implicated in the pathogenesis of cancer in the stomach after operation. Gastric juice was aspirated from 85 subjects: 23 were controls, 51 had previously undergone vagotomy and gastrojejunostomy, and 11 had previously undergone vagotomy and pyloroplasty. The gastric juice samples were analysed for pH, nitrite, and total N-nitroso compounds. A significant correlation was found between pH and nitrite concentration (p less than 0.01). No significant correlation was found between pH and total N-nitroso compound concentration or between nitrite and N-nitroso compound concentration. The vagotomy and gastrojejunostomy patients had higher pH values and higher concentrations of nitrites and N-nitroso compounds than controls (p = 0.01 in all cases). The 51 vagotomy and gastrojejunostomy patients also underwent endoscopy and biopsy. They were divided into three groups: group 1 (21 patients) had no intestinal metaplasia and no more than mild dysplasia; group 2 (20 patients) had intestinal metaplasia; and group 3 (10 patients) had moderate or severe dysplasia. Groups 2 and 3 both had higher pH values and higher nitrite concentrations than group 1 (p = 0.01 in all cases). There was no significant difference, however, between either group 2 or 3 and group 1 for total N-nitroso compound concentration. Since there was no simple linear relation between pH and N-nitroso compound concentration, it was concluded that formation of N-nitroso compounds at high pH was unlikely to be involved in the pathogenesis of gastric cancer in the hypochlorhydric stomach after operation. The relation between nitrite and histological abnormality was not associated with a similar relation between N-nitroso compounds and histological abnormality. It therefore appears that there is no simple relation between N-nitroso compounds and the pathogenesis of premalignant gastric mucosal changes. PMID- 6725599 TI - A quantitative study of mast cells in Hodgkin's disease. AB - Mast cells were counted in 45 specimens from patients with Hodgkin's disease and in five lymph nodes showing follicular hyperplasia. A consistent finding was that of few mast cells in the lymphocyte depleted and lymphocyte predominant Rye subtypes of Hodgkin's disease and in the mixed cellularity variant; however, mast cells were much more prevalent in nodular sclerosing Hodgkin's disease and in the hyperplastic nodes. The mast cells were selectively stained by means of the astra blue technique. PMID- 6725600 TI - Antithrombin III metabolism in patients with liver disease. AB - Liver diseases are associated with complex haemostasis defects, in which platelets, coagulation, and fibrinolysis may all be affected. The low plasma concentrations of clotting factors often found can be the result of many changes such as impaired synthesis, increased catabolism due to intravascular coagulation, or alternate distribution. In this study, we investigated the metabolism of purified human antithrombin III(AT III) labelled with 125I in 25 patients with histologically established liver disease and in nine control subjects. The results showed that, in general, low plasma concentrations of AT III in liver cirrhosis are not due to consumption in the central compartment but rather to altered transcapillary flux ratio. Such altered transcapillary flux ratios may already exist even with normal plasma AT III concentrations. Altered ratios are not only found for coagulation proteins but also for albumin and thus may be a general phenomenon of liver disease. In micronodular cirrhosis the alpha phase, the transcapillary efflux (k1, 2) and influx (k2, 1) were significantly increased compared with the normal subjects. PMID- 6725601 TI - Chronic lymphocytic leukaemia terminating in acute myelofibrosis. AB - Acute myelofibrosis developed in a patient with longstanding chronic lymphocytic leukaemia who had been treated with alkylating agents and total body irradiation. The case is discussed in the context of acute non-lymphoid leukaemias occurring in chronic lymphocytic leukaemia with special reference to megakaryoblastic variants. PMID- 6725602 TI - Anomalous results using countercurrent immunoelectrophoresis for the detection of pneumococcal antigen in Bactec blood culture media. AB - On examination of Bactec blood cultures for pneumococcal antigen by countercurrent immunoelectrophoresis the consistent presence of a non-specific protein band caused problems with the interpretation of results, even in laboratories experienced in performing countercurrent immunoelectrophoresis. When the Bactec blood culture system is used, countercurrent immunoelectrophoresis should not be relied on for the detection of pneumococcal antigen. PMID- 6725603 TI - Evaluation of a commercial antibody capture enzyme immunoassay for the detection of rubella specific IgM. AB - A commercial M antibody capture ELISA kit ( Rubenz M) for the detection of rubella specific IgM was evaluated in comparison with M antibody capture radioimmunoassay. A total of 248 sera were evaluated, including sera from cases of primary postnatal rubella, congenital rubella, infectious mononucleosis, and sera which contained rheumatoid factor. No false positive results were obtained but two high positive sera gave Rubenz M values which were below the value recommended as indicative of a positive result. We therefore propose changes in the criteria used for assessing the significance of the results obtained. These changes improve the accuracy of the assay without loss of specificity. PMID- 6725604 TI - The bacteriology of infected malignant ulcers. AB - Infected ulcerated malignant tumours are often foul smelling and covered with necrotic tissue. We have studied 70 patients with infected ulcers; 30 of the underlying lesions in these patients were carcinoma of the breast, and 19 were a variety of skin cancers. Anaerobes were the predominant organisms isolated from individual ulcers. Of the 179 anaerobes isolated, 37 were Bacteroides asaccharolyticus, 31 each were B melaninogenicus and anaerobic streptococci, 29 B fragilis, and 17 B ureolyticus. Among the facultative organisms Escherichia coli was the commonest and was isolated mainly from patients with carcinoma of the breast. Most infections were mixed, yielding both anaerobes and aerobes and this made interpretation of the role of individual pathogens difficult to assess. PMID- 6725605 TI - Automated method of nitrite estimation in gastric juice. PMID- 6725606 TI - Effect of an evacuated blood collection system on coagulation screening tests. PMID- 6725607 TI - Is enrichment culture necessary for the isolation of Campylobacter jejuni from faeces? PMID- 6725608 TI - Mucin histochemistry of the columnar epithelium of the oesophagus (Barrett's oesophagus): a prospective biopsy study. AB - Columnar epithelium-lined oesophagus (CELO) is an acquired disorder associated with a high incidence of cancer. CELO consists of three histological types of epithelium: gastric-fundic, junctional, and specialised columnar, the last resembling intestinal metaplasia of the stomach. In a previous study of CELO an incompletely differentiated variant of intestinal metaplasia secreting sulphomucins (type II B) was found. This was shown to be associated with well differentiated adenocarcinoma, as in the stomach. The purpose of this paper has been to define by histochemistry the mucin profile of CELO in 17 patients and to compare it with the mucin profile of the gastroesophageal junction in 27 patients without CELO. In CELO a specialised columnar epithelium was always found and type II B intestinal metaplasia (with sulphomucins) showed the highest incidence (53%). In normal subjects, this type of intestinal metaplasia was found in only three of 27 cases. Type II B intestinal metaplasia has often been considered as a precancerous lesion or as an equivalent of dysplasia; consequently, its high incidence in our study on CELO raises the question of whether this lesion should be considered a high risk condition for adenocarcinoma of the lower oesophagus. PMID- 6725609 TI - Healing of cervical epithelium after laser ablation of cervical intraepithelial neoplasia. AB - Healing of cervical epithelium was studied in 30 patients after destruction of cervical intraepithelial neoplasia using a carbon dioxide laser. Repeated examinations, using photography and colposcopically directed punch biopsies, were made from the eighth to the 32nd day after treatment. The biopsy specimens were submitted to examination by light and transmission electron microscopy. There was complete epithelial cover of the laser induced craters in all patients by 28 days. The base of the crater and endocervical edge became covered by columnar epithelial cells originating in endocervical crypts, while the vaginal edge re- epithelialised by an ingrowth of the surrounding squamous epithelium. Squamous metaplasia of the new columnar epithelium was a common observation as early as eight days after treatment. There was no evidence for a stromal contribution to epithelial cover. PMID- 6725610 TI - Epidermal Langerhans' cells in Behcet's disease. AB - Langerhans' cells were studied in the epidermis of two patients with active Behcet's disease and compared with those in two normal controls. Ultrastructural morphology and the percentage of Langerhans' cells found were similar in patients' (1.88%) and the control epidermis (1.79%). The density of Langerhans' cells in adjacent sites of the same epidermis was not homogeneous, being in the range of 0.8-2.8% in Behcet's disease and 0.6-4% in the controls. In the controls, Langerhans' cells were distributed unevenly. Some were located near the basal layer of the epidermis while the rest were in the mid and upper layers. In Behcet's disease most Langerhans' cells were in the mid-epidermis, but some were immediately beneath the stratum granulosum. In the Behcet's disease epidermis the area occupied by Langerhans' cells was increased by about 25% and the number of granules found increased by about 44%. It is suggested that in Behcet's disease the Langerhans' cells are in a more active state. PMID- 6725612 TI - Provision of leucocyte poor blood at the bedside. AB - The Imugard IG 500 cotton wool filter and the Cellselect cellulose acetate filter were adapted for filtration of leucocytes from packed cell transfusions at the bedside. Sixty five transfusions were given via the Imugard IG 500 filter and 54 transfusions were given via the Cellselect filter. Packed red cell concentrates from the National Blood Transfusion Service provided for routine blood transfusions were used in all cases. No patient in either group of multitransfused patients experienced a febrile blood transfusion reaction during the study. The Imugard IG 500 removed 91% +/- 9 (SEM) leucocytes; the Cellselect removed 96% +/- 7 (SEM) leucocytes. In the Imugard IG 500 group one patient received greater than 0.5 X 10(9) leucocytes. In the Imugard IG 500 group one patient received greater than 0.5 X 10(9) leucocytes, but no patient in the Cellselect group received greater than 0.5 X 10(9) leucocytes in any single transfusion. This is a safe method of providing leucocyte poor blood at the bedside. PMID- 6725611 TI - Rapid processing of fetal skin for prenatal diagnosis by light and electron microscopy. AB - A method has been developed for rapid processing of fetal skin for prenatal diagnosis of hereditary skin diseases by light and electron microscopy. Fixation, dehydration, embedding, and polymerisation can be achieved in about 5 h. The quality of tissue preservation compares favourably with that produced by slower conventional techniques. This procedure may provoke a wider interest in the potential use of fetal skin biopsy in prenatal diagnosis, especially if identification of structural abnormalities is a feasible alternative to more time consuming biochemical analysis. PMID- 6725613 TI - Bacteraemia during prostatectomy and other transurethral operations: influence of timing of antibiotic administration. AB - The relation between the timing of prophylactic antibiotic administration and the occurrence of bacteraemia during transurethral operations was studied in 112 patients whose urine was infected before operation. Blood cultures taken during operation were positive in 15 (60%) of 25 patients who did not receive appropriate antibiotics, in 13 (21%) of 63 patients who were given appropriate antibiotics less than 24 h before operation, and in none of 24 patients in whom antibiotic "cover" was started more than 24 h before operation. In all cases the bacteraemia was transient. No patient developed septicaemia. The implications of these findings for the optimum timing of antibiotic administration to patients with preoperative bacteriuria are discussed. PMID- 6725614 TI - Estimation of IgG and IgM brucella antibodies in infected and non-infected persons by a radioimmune technique. AB - Sera from 105 blood donors and eight patients with brucellosis were examined for anti-brucella IgG and IgM by a radioimmune technique. A pooled standard was used for comparison and evaluation. The upper limit of the 99% confidence interval on the mean of both immunoglobulin classes in blood donor sera was below 7 units/ml. Antibody response was shown in three acute, two relapsing, two chronic, and one asymptomatic cases. Values of up to 300 units/ml of both classes were found in the acute cases. Chronic sufferers showed lower concentrations of antibody. Relapsing cases showed increases comprising mainly IgG. The assay method, which shows general concordance with the results of conventional tests. is useful and measures individual immunoglobulin classes directly. PMID- 6725615 TI - Fluorimetric method for measuring chemotaxis. PMID- 6725616 TI - Myelofibrosis as a cause of pancytopenia in systemic lupus erythematosus. PMID- 6725617 TI - Bedside biochemistry. PMID- 6725618 TI - Pharmacokinetics and hemodynamic effects of tiapamil: exercise performance, thallium stress scintigraphy, and radionuclide ventriculography. AB - The pharmacokinetic behavior and hemodynamic effects of tiapamil, a calcium antagonist, were studied in 16 cardiac patients during an eight-day treatment course, giving oral doses of 600 mg daily. The hemodynamic effects were investigated using exercise performance tests, thallium stress scintigraphy, and radionuclide ventriculography. The areas under the plasma concentration-time curve after the final dose were greater than after the first dose for both tiapamil (+53 per cent) and its metabolite (+24 per cent). One possible explanation is that tiapamil undergoes saturable intestinal wall metabolism. Alternatively, like verapamil, it may undergo a saturable hepatic elimination process. The hemodynamic test series showed that, despite increasing the exercise tolerance, tiapamil significantly reduced the rate-pressure product, an index of myocardial oxygen requirement. Regional myocardial perfusion clearly improved. Ventriculography showed a significant increase in ejection fraction (+18 per cent), cardiac index (+12 per cent), and stroke volume index (+19 per cent). At the same time, the measured mean arterial pressure decreased significantly by about 10 per cent and the calculated peripheral vascular resistance, by about 19 per cent. PMID- 6725619 TI - Comparative bioavailability of intravenous and oral chloramphenicol in adults. AB - The comparative bioavailability of chloramphenicol from intravenous succinate, oral palmitate, and oral base preparations was studied in a crossover manner in 12 adult patients. Chloramphenicol was administered at a dose of 1 Gm every 6 hours, and blood samples were collected at steady state. For the succinate study, total urine output was also collected. The bioavailability of active chloramphenicol from the succinate preparation averaged 85.8 +/- 42.3 and 78.8 +/ 50.1 per cent of the free base and palmitate forms, respectively. This lower availability appeared to be due to variable excretion of unchanged succinate in the urine, averaging 27 +/- 11 per cent of the dose. Regardless of dosage form or route of administration, plasma chloramphenicol concentrations remained in the therapeutic range (5 to 25 mg/liter) for the entire dosage interval, implying that no change needs to be made when changing dosage form or route of administration. The interpatient variability, however, supports the need for monitoring of plasma chloramphenicol concentrations, especially in newborn infants, persons with liver disease, or those receiving other medications that alter chloramphenicol metabolism. PMID- 6725620 TI - Influence of food on the bioavailability of trimoprostil: an overview. AB - The influence of food on the bioavailability of trimoprostil , a new antiulcer prostaglandin E2 derivative, was investigated in healthy male volunteers in four separate studies. Doses of 0.75, 1.5, and 3.0 mg were administered orally in both the presence and absence of food followed by serial blood sampling through 24 hours. Plasma trimoprostil concentrations were determined by a gas chromatograph negative chemical ionization-mass spectrometric method for pharmacokinetic evaluation. Food decreased the absorption rate of trimoprostil as indicated by a later tmax (P less than 0.01) and corresponding lower Cmax at each dose. However, the food effect on tmax diminished as the dose increased. Although Cmax was reduced, food did not alter the extent of absorption, indicated by similar AUC (P greater than 0.05) between fed and fasted states. Both Cmax and AUC increased proportionately with an increase in dose. The harmonic mean half-lives of elimination were similar (P greater than 0.05) across all doses and ranged from 27 to 55 minutes. PMID- 6725621 TI - Comparison of haloperidol and chlorpromazine in the treatment of phencyclidine psychosis. AB - Phencyclidine (PCP) is a widely abused drug inducing a psychosis relieved by such dopamine antagonists as the neuroleptics. In the current study we compared two neuroleptics which act at different dopamine receptor sites. Haloperidol, a DA-2 receptor antagonist, and chlorpromazine, a DA-1 antagonist, were used to treat a total of 20 patients who experienced a phencyclidine psychosis. Ten patients each received two doses of one or the other neuroleptic on an alternating basis. Haloperidol 5 mg i.m. was shown to be superior to chlorpromazine 50 mg i.m. in relieving all signs of psychosis. The authors hypothesize that the DA-2 receptor is site-specific for PCP. PMID- 6725622 TI - Effects of alcoholism on acetaminophen pharmacokinetics in man. AB - As a nonspecific measure of increased metabolic clearance, the kinetics of acetaminophen was studied in a group of nondrinking controls and alcoholics who had ceased drinking within the previous 48 hours. After a single 1-Gm dose of acetaminophen, blood levels showed a significant increase in nondrinking controls over the alcoholics. The area under the curve for the alcoholics was smaller than that for the controls. Further studies are indicated to determine the quantities of the various metabolites of acetaminophen in both groups. PMID- 6725623 TI - Procedural influences on auditory comprehension: a second look at the Revised Token Test. AB - The purpose of this report is to demonstrate how methodologic procedures used in the standardization of certain subtests of the Revised Token Test ( RTT ) ( McNeil and Prescott , 1978) may have affected the nature of the data collected and, subsequently the interpretation of auditory comprehension abilities shown by clinical populations tested with the RTT . PMID- 6725624 TI - Linguistic processing and performance in articulation-disordered subgroups of language-impaired children. AB - The linguistic and dichotic listening performances of three groups of nine children were studied. The groups were divided as follows: (1) Language disordered children whose articulatory errors were primarily omissions; (2) language-disordered children whose articulatory errors were primarily substitutions; (3) communicatively normal children. All subjects participated in articulation testing, imitative language tests, analysis of a spontaneous language sample, and a dichotic word task. The articulatory omission group differed significantly from the substitution group on the imitative language test but not on the developmental sentence analysis. All groups demonstrated a right ear advantage, suggesting left hemispheric processing of the dichotic stimuli. The results of the present study and prior research are discussed in terms of possible sources of variability. PMID- 6725625 TI - A clinical taxonomy for the categorization of pragmatic language functions in normal preschool children. AB - The present study assessed the pragmatic language skills in normal preschool children. A specially designed taxonomy was used to classify the subjects' responses. Findings revealed (1) high reliability in the use of the taxonomy; (2) a decrease in the inappropriate responses used by children with an increase in age; (3) generally, inappropriate responses were confined to the same categories across age levels. Findings are discussed relative to patterns of pragmatic language development as a function of age. PMID- 6725626 TI - Screening Kit of Language Development: a preschool language screening instrument. AB - The Screening Kit of Language Development ( SKOLD ) was designed to meet the following criteria: Validity for 2.5-4 year old children, standardization for speakers of standard and Black English, and appropriateness for paraprofessional screeners . This paper describes the development, content, administration, scoring, reliability, and validity of SKOLD . PMID- 6725627 TI - Speech and voice parameters of depression: a pilot study. AB - This pilot study tests one model for interdisciplinary research between speech science and psychiatry. Strengths and weaknesses of the model are noted. Thirteen depressed subjects were evaluated before and after treatment with antidepressant medication. Subjects were rated on scales for severity of depression and speech deviations. Scores on a depressed voice scale, comprising seven of the speech dimensions found to be most consistently altered in depression, showed significant improvement after treatment for depression. The constellation of speech signs found in depression suggested a hypokinetic disturbance of the extrapyramidal system. Several directions for further inquiry into this potential relationship are suggested. PMID- 6725629 TI - Diencephalic connections of the raphe nuclei of the rat brainstem: an anatomical study with reference to the somatosensory system. AB - The present study was undertaken to analyse in detail the connections of the various raphe nuclei with thalamic structures. Micropipettes filled with an aqueous solution of wheat-germ agglutinin conjugated to horseradish peroxidase were used to produce small iontophoretic deposits restricted to the various raphe nuclei in male Sprague Dawley albino rats. Tetramethyl benzidine was used as a chromogen to reveal both fiber terminals anterogradely labelled and retrogradely filled neurons. A detailed discussion of the possible cases of artefactual labelling using this technique is given. The present study confirms the results obtained previously in the cat that indicate that the various raphe nuclei project to different areas of the diencephalon. Related to the somatosensory system, the B3 area (nucleus raphe magnus) projects to the nucleus submedius and anterior intralaminar nuclei known to receive spinothalamic inputs, but not to the ventrobasal complex. The distribution of afferents from this nucleus suggests an innervation primarily of thalamic structures involved in the somatosensory system. The nucleus raphe medianus projects to the ventrobasal complex and the nucleus submedius , but the fact that its projections are widespread, including all thalamic sensory "relay" nuclei and the entire nucleus reticularis thalami, suggests that it could participate in a "nonspecific" system of control of different sensory modalities. The nucleus raphe dorsalis generally does not project to the thalamic nuclei believed to be involved in the somatosensory system. PMID- 6725628 TI - An investigation of the relationship between speaking fundamental frequency and vocal quality improvement. AB - The purpose of the present study was to measure speaking fundamental frequency before and after voice therapy. Listener judgments were used to assess vocal improvement. Results showed no significant change in the speaking fundamental frequency accompanying vocal quality improvement. PMID- 6725630 TI - Anatomy of layer IV in cat primary auditory cortex (AI). AB - The structure of neurons and axons in layer IV was studied as part of a larger inquiry into the organization of primary auditory cortex (AI) in the cat. Tissue from the convexity of the middle ectosylvian gyrus between the anterior and posterior ectosylvian sulci was studied in Golgi, Nissl, Bodian, plastic embedded, and other preparations from adult animals. Layer IV is defined as a strip about 200-250 micron thick consisting predominantly of small non-pyramidal neurons intercalated between the pyramidal somata of layers III and V, and in which few commissurally projecting cells occur. Lying some 800-900 micron beneath the pia, layer IV has six types of neurons, as seen in Golgi-stained material from anatomically and physiologically defined AI. These include three varieties (small, medium-sized, and large) of tufted neurons with intracortically branching axons and vertically polarized, cylindrical dendritic fields. Besides the tufted cells, which are the most numerous neurons in layer IV, large multipolar, double bouquet, and spiny stellate cells are scattered through layer IV. Each has a characteristic neuronal architecture and intracortical axonal branches. Smaller tufted cell somata dominate the upper half of layer IV (IVa), larger tufted cells are more common deep in layer IV (IVb). The average somatic area in midnuclear , plastic-embedded sections is 158 micron2. Layer IV (and layer IIIb) receive thick, probably ascending fibers, forming narrow, vertical terminal fields. These axons may be of thalamic origin and overlap with alternating, 50-75-micron-wide columns of somata and neuropil in layer IV. Layer III pyramidal cell axons often project to layer IV and ramify vertically and horizontally. The average height width ratio of the dendritic domains of layer IV cells is about 3.6:1. The vertically disposed dendrites of layer IV cells, the columnar arrangement of their local axonal branches, and the polarized form of intrinsic and extrinsic axons collectively reinforces the columnar pattern in layer IV. Many layer IV cells structurally resemble neurons in layer IV in the primary visual and somatic sensory cortex. However, most AI cells have a pronounced columnar arrangement of their somata and an elongated, narrow form. The axons of many layer IV cells preserve this vertical arrangement and often branch in layer III and, to a lesser degree, in layer V.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 400 WORDS) PMID- 6725631 TI - The morphology of dorsal column postsynaptic spinomedullary neurons in the cat. AB - Dorsal column postsynaptic ( DCPS ) spinomedullary neurons from the cat's lumbosacral enlargement were identified by antidromic stimulation of the cervical dorsal columns and stained intracellularly with horseradish peroxidase. The cell bodies were located in laminae III-IV. Their dendritic arbors were elongated rostrocaudally but narrow mediolaterally. On the average, the arbors were X 5 longer than they were wide. Most of the neurons had nearly all of their dendrites in laminae III-IV and some of the neurons had, in addition, a considerable amount of dendritic surface area in lamina V. Only one neuron had more than a very small amount of dendritic surface area dorsal to lamina III. Seven of the neurons had unmyelinated axon collaterals that arborized extensively and issued varicosity bearing terminal branches in laminae III-V, both within and beneath their dendritic territories. All of the neurons were excited by myelinated, low threshold mechanoreceptors. Since the rostrocaudally elongated and mediolaterally narrow dendritic arbors of DCPS neurons are in register with the laminae III-IV terminal distributions of myelinated, low-threshold mechanoreceptors, it is probable that this excitation arises from a monosynaptic and topographically discrete innervation. About one-half of the DCPS neurons were also excited by noxious stimuli. It is probable that this excitation is accomplished by a polysynaptic pathway since DCPS dendritic arbors and nociceptor terminal distributions are largely or completely separate. PMID- 6725632 TI - Retinal synapses of the cat medial interlaminar nucleus and ventral lateral geniculate nucleus differ in size and synaptic organization. AB - The retinal terminals of the medial interlaminar nucleus (MIN) and ventral lateral geniculate nucleus ( VLG ) have been examined quantitatively to determine if there are morphological differences in their synaptic ultrastructure which reflect their distinctive physiologies . The cross-sectional area and density (number per unit area) of synaptic contact zones with conventional and presynaptic dendrites (F2 profiles) were measured for each retinal terminal. The densities of F2 presynaptic dendrites and F1 flattened vesicle axon terminals were also measured. Retinal terminals in MIN were often large (mean size = 2.7 micron2 area) and had a high density of synaptic contacts (0.14 per micron surface area) with conventional dendrites, presynaptic dendrites, and dendritic spines. A high density of F2 presynaptic dendrites (0.08 per micron2 area) was found in MIN. F1 axon terminals were also found frequently (0.04 per micron2). MIN retinal terminals were often organized in glomeruli like those of the dorsal lateral geniculate nucleus. The retinal terminals in VLG were almost always small (mean size = 0.94 micron2 area), although they also had a high density of synaptic contacts (0.17 per micron surface area). They frequently synapsed on small dendrites and dendritic spines and less frequently on large dendrites. Unlike MIN, retinal terminals in VLG rarely contacted F2 presynaptic dendrites which were much less frequent in VLG (0.01 per micron2 area). Like MIN, VLG contained numerous F1 axon terminals (0.06 per micron2 area). No typical retinal glomeruli were found in VLG . These results show that MIN, which contains many Y cells, has a population of large retinal terminals and many F2 presynaptic dendrites. VLG , which apparently has only W cells, contains only small retinal terminals and has fewer F2 presynaptic dendrites. Both have a high density of F1 flat vesicle axon terminals. PMID- 6725633 TI - Somatosensory cortical map changes following digit amputation in adult monkeys. AB - The cortical representations of the hand in area 3b in adult owl monkeys were defined with use of microelectrode mapping techniques 2-8 months after surgical amputation of digit 3, or of both digits 2 and 3. Digital nerves were tied to prevent their regeneration within the amputation stump. Successive maps were derived in several monkeys to determine the nature of changes in map organization in the same individuals over time. In all monkeys studied, the representations of adjacent digits and palmar surfaces expanded topographically to occupy most or all of the cortical territories formerly representing the amputated digit(s). With the expansion of the representations of these surrounding skin surfaces (1) there were severalfold increases in their magnification and (2) roughly corresponding decreases in receptive field areas. Thus, with increases in magnification, surrounding skin surfaces were represented in correspondingly finer grain, implying that the rule relating receptive field overlap to separation in distance across the cortex (see Sur et al., '80) was dynamically maintained as receptive fields progressively decreased in size. These studies also revealed that: the discontinuities between the representations of the digits underwent significant translocations (usually by hundreds of microns) after amputation, and sharp new discontinuous boundaries formed where usually separated, expanded digital representations (e.g., of digits 1 and 4) approached each other in the reorganizing map, implying that these map discontinuities are normally dynamically maintained. Changes in receptive field sizes with expansion of representations of surrounding skin surfaces into the deprived cortical zone had a spatial distribution and time course similar to changes in sensory acuity on the stumps of human amputees. This suggests that experience-dependent map changes result in changes in sensory capabilities. The major topographic changes were limited to a cortical zone 500-700 micron on either side of the initial boundaries of the representation of the amputated digits. More distant regions did not appear to reorganize (i.e., were not occupied by inputs from surrounding skin surfaces) even many months after amputation. The representations of some skin surfaces moved in entirety to locations within the former territories of representation of amputated digits in every monkey studied. In man, no mislocation errors or perceptual distortions result from stimulation of surfaces surrounding a digital amputation.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 400 WORDS) PMID- 6725634 TI - Ontogeny and sexual dimorphism of the sonic motor nucleus in the oyster toadfish. AB - Male oyster toadfish, Opsanus tau, produce a courtship boatwhistle call and have a larger sound-producing organ than females, who do not boatwhistle . We investigated the possibility of sexual dimorphism in ontogeny of the sonic motor nucleus (SMN) of the toadfish. Brain weight increases for life though the increase decelerates with increasing fish weight. Neuron number, ranging from 760 to 2,888 in the SMN, increases rapidly to about 3 years, more slowly to about 8 years, and then levels off. There are no sexual differences in regressions of brain weight and SMN neuron number against fish size or age. Neuronal soma size in the SMN increases from 8 to 35 micron in average diameter and 67 to 916 micron2 in area over a period of at least 7 years. Males have larger neurons than females (P less than .01). However, males can be separated by inspection into populations with large and small soma sizes. Neuron size is not different between females and males with small somas. Neurons in males with large somas are larger than neurons in females and neurons in males with small somas. Such male dimorphism is reminiscent of other behavioral and morphological dimorphisms , which have led to characterization of males into territorial and satellite forms in certain mating systems. PMID- 6725635 TI - Effects of unequal alternating monocular exposure on the sizes of cells in the cat's lateral geniculate nucleus. AB - In unequal alternating monocular exposure, each eye receives normal patterned input, but on alternate days and for unequal periods. This imbalance in stimulation produces a behavioral deficit for the less-experienced eye and alters the ability of that eye to activate cortical cells. To determine whether unequal alternating exposure also affects the sizes of cells in the lateral geniculate nucleus (LGN), we measured the cross-sectional areas of geniculate neurons in seven normally reared cats, 14 cats reared with equal alternating exposure, and 17 cats reared with unequal alternating exposure. We found that, in the LGNs of cats reared with unequal alternating monocular exposure, cells in layers that received their input from the less-experienced eye were smaller than those in layers that received their input from the more-experienced eye. This effect was restricted to the binocular segments of the nucleus, and the difference in cell size was a function of the imbalanced exposure, rather than the length of exposure per se. In control groups given balanced alternating exposure, cell size was not correlated with the length of daily exposure. In cats reared with unequal exposure, the change in cell size was greater in the nucleus ipsilateral to the less-experienced eye. Further, the size of the effect was correlated with the size of the imbalance imposed during rearing: Cats reared with a moderate imbalance (8 hours/day vs. 4 hours/day) showed less change in cell size than cats reared with a large imbalance (8 hours/day vs. 1 hour/day). These results are consistent with those of behavorial and physiological studies and strongly suggest (1) that unequal alternating monocular exposure affects the sizes of cells in the LGN by altering the normal competitive balance between the retinogeniculocortical pathways from the left and right eyes, and (2) that the contralateral pathway has some inherent advantage in this competition. We also found a slight shrinkage of cells in the LGNs of cats reared with equal alternating monocular exposure. Since this effect was restricted to the binocular segments of the nucleus, and was not related to the length of exposure given, it was probably caused by the imbalanced binocular competition that occurred during each day's monocular exposure. PMID- 6725636 TI - Central projections of the lateral line nerves in the shovelnose sturgeon. AB - Primary projections of the anterior ( ALLN ) and posterior ( PLLN ) lateral line nerves were traced in the shovelnose sturgeon by means of horseradish peroxidase (HRP) histochemistry and silver degeneration. The trunk of the ALLN divides into dorsal and ventral roots as it enters the medulla. Fibers of the dorsal root form ascending and descending branches that terminate within the ipsilateral dorsal octavolateralis nucleus and the dorsal granular component of the lateral eminentia granularis. Fibers of the ventral root of the ALLN , as well as fibers of the PLLN , enter the medulla ventral to the dorsal root of the ALLN where some of the fibers terminate among the dendrites of the magnocellular octaval nucleus. The bulk of the fibers form ascending and descending branches that terminate within the ipsilateral medial octavolateralis nucleus. A portion of the ascending fibers continue more rostrally and terminate in the ipsilateral eminentia granularis and bilaterally in the cerebellar corpus. Some fibers of the descending rami of both the ALLN and PLLN extend beyond the caudal limit of the medial octavolateralis nucleus to terminate in the caudal octavolateralis nucleus. The HRP cases also revealed retrogradely filled large neurons whose axons course peripherally in the lateral line nerve and are likely efferent to the lateral line organs. PMID- 6725637 TI - Auditory brainstem anomalies in albino cats: II. Neuronal atrophy in the superior olive. AB - In a previous paper (Brain Res., 260:1-9, 1983) we reported that albino cats show abnormal auditory brainstem evoked responses that appear to arise from structural defects in or near the superior olivary complex. In the present study, neuronal cross-sectional area in brainstem nuclei was compared in albino and normally pigmented adult cats. The albinos were true tyrosinase-negative (cc) and should not be confused with the deaf white cat (W); the albinos are not deaf. Neurons in the medial superior olivary nucleus (MSO) of albinos were, on average, 41% smaller than in pigmented animals; there was no overlap in the neuronal size distributions for the two groups of animals. Cell size in the lateral superior olive, medial nucleus of the trapezoid body, ventral nucleus of the lateral lemniscus, anteroventral cochlear nucleus, dorsal cochlear nucleus, and facial nucleus was also smaller (by 9-21%) in albinos than in pigmented animals but none of these differences was statistically reliable. In the abducens nucleus, neurons were 12% larger in albinos than in pigmented animals, demonstrating that neuronal size in the albinos is not uniformly smaller. Several lines of evidence suggest that the auditory system defects in albinos are related to abnormal pigmentation rather than to other gene effects. It is possible that a subtle pigment-related disruption of inner ear development in albinos results in a central cascade of atrophic changes along the auditory pathway. PMID- 6725638 TI - The ratio of dorsal root ganglion cells to dorsal root axons in sacral segments of the cat. AB - Processes of dorsal root ganglion cells are depicted as being unbranched until they reach the spinal cord or periphery. This is an important concept because, for example, branching of these processes might be a basis for referred pain. Recently several studies indicate that axons of rat dorsal root ganglion cells branch in or near the ganglion. The present study extends this work by showing that there are approximately 1.4 dorsal root axons for each dorsal root ganglion cell in sacral segments of the adult cat, and these data are interpreted as indicating that many dorsal root axons in this animal also branch. Thus this study provides further evidence to indicate that a revision of our ideas about the organization of primary sensory cells is desirable. In addition, this study provides data to indicate that the numbers of both dorsal root ganglion cells and dorsal root axons differ on the right as compared to the left side of the same segment. PMID- 6725639 TI - Some observations on the course and composition of the cingulum bundle in the rhesus monkey. AB - The course and composition of the cingulum bundle was examined by using the autoradiographic tracer technique in the rhesus monkey. The cingulum bundle is observed to consist of three major fiber components originating from thalamus, cingulate gyrus, and cortical association areas. Following isotope injections in the anterior and lateral dorsal thalamic nuclei, labelled fibers form an arch in the white matter behind the cingulate sulcus and occupy the ventral sector of the cingulum bundle. The fibers from the anterior thalamic nucleus coursing in the cingulum bundle extended rostrally to the frontal cortex and caudally to area 23 and the retrosplenial cortex. In contrast, the fibers from lateral dorsal nucleus reached the retrosplenial cortex as well as the parahippocampal gyrus and presubiculum. Efferent fibers from the cingulate gyrus occupy a dorsolateral sector of the cingulum bundle. Those fibers from area 24 of the cingulate gyrus are directed to the premotor and prefrontal regions as well as area 23 and retrosplenial cortex. The fibers from area 23 extend rostrally to the prefrontal cortex and caudoventrally to the presubiculum and parahippocampal gyrus. Finally, an association component originates mainly from prefrontal cortex and posterior parietal region. These fibers occupy a more dorsal and lateral periphery in the cingulate white matter. Cingulum bundle fibers from the prefrontal cortex extend up to the retrosplenial cortex while those from the posterior parietal cortex extend caudally to the parahippocampal gyrus and presubiculum, and rostrally up to the prefrontal cortex. PMID- 6725640 TI - Sizes, laminar and topographic origins of cortical projections to the major divisions of the red nucleus in the monkey. AB - The retrograde transport of horseradish peroxidase was used to study the topographic and laminar origins of the cortical projections to the parvocellular and the magnocellular divisions of the red nucleus in Macaca mulatta and Macaca fascicularis. Approximately 90% of the corticorubral projection is directed to the parvocellular division of the nucleus. Corticoparvocellular (CRp) neurons are pyramidally shaped, are smaller in size than corticospinal neurons, and are more numerous. They are found principally in sublamina Va of cytoarchitectonic areas 4 and 6, and in moderate quantities in sublamina Vb of posterior area 8 and area 5. In areas 4 and 6, the cells are grouped in clusters of three to 15 neurons each and are arranged in cellular bands of varying rostrocaudal thickness which course mediolaterally. With respect to functionally defined zones, CRp neurons are found throughout the supplementary motor area and the precentral motor cortex. In addition, they are found in parts of areas 5, 6, and 24 that project to these cortical motor areas, and that are thought to have "premotor" or movement programming functions. The corticomagnocellular (CRm) projection arises principally from cells in sublamina Vb of the precentral arm and leg areas (area 4), and from adjacent parts of posterior area 6, CRm cells are pyramidally shaped, and their size distribution is bimodal, with peaks that correspond, respectively, to the modal diameters of CRp and of corticospinal neurons. These results and those of previous studies suggest that CRm neurons are involved principally in the control of hand and foot movements, with little effect on more proximal musculature. The massive CRp projection, however, is clearly part of a large cerebrocerebellar communication system, with motor and/or movement programming functions that have yet to be clearly defined. PMID- 6725641 TI - Observations on the brainstem-spinal descending systems of normal and reeler mutant mice by the retrograde HRP method. AB - Brainstem neurons which project to the lumbar spinal level were identified in both reeler mutant mice and normal controls (Balb/c mice) by the retrograde horseradish peroxidase (HRP) technique. In normal controls after HRP injection into the lumbar cord, retrogradely labelled neurons were observed in (1) the lateral vestibular nucleus, (2) the pontine and medullary reticular formations including the nucleus centralis caudalis pontis, nucleus gigantocellularis, nucleus paragigantocellularis, nucleus raphe magnus et pallidus, and nucleus centralis medullae oblongatae pars ventralis et dorsalis, and (3) the dorsal column nuclei, i.e., the nucleus gracilis and nucleus cuneatus medialis. In reeler mutant mice, labelled neurons were again seen in the nuclei referred to above, and their cellular type and distribution patterns within the corresponding nuclei were similar to those of the normal controls. These observations suggest that (1) the brainstem nuclei of reeler mutant mice which project to the lumbar spinal cord are cytoarchitecturally normal, (2) the reeler genetic locus (rl) does not affect the nonlaminated structures in the brainstem, at least those referred to above, and (3) the motor dysfunctions observed in the reeler, such as action tremor, dystonic posture, and reeling ataxic gait, are not attributable to the brainstem-spinal descending systems. PMID- 6725642 TI - Reconstructions of corticogeniculate axons in the cat. AB - The terminal arbors of corticofugal axons to the dorsal lateral geniculate nucleus in the cat were filled with horseradish peroxidase and then partially reconstructed through serial sections. The results demonstrate that these arbors are far more complex than was suspected from previous studies of axon segments in individual sections. These axons branch profusely and spread widely within the nucleus. Within laminae A and A1 the terminal arbor of a single axon can be more than 800 micron wide compared with retinogeniculate axons whose terminal arbors range in width from 100 to 410 micron (Sur and Sherman, '82). PMID- 6725643 TI - Replication and differentiation of olfactory receptor neurons following axotomy in the adult hamster: a morphometric analysis of postnatal neurogenesis. AB - Regeneration of olfactory receptor neurons following unilateral olfactory nerve section was studied in Syrian golden hamsters by morphometric procedures. Characteristic structural and histochemical features of olfactory receptor neurons were compared on the sectioned and intact sides of the nasal septum at 6, 12, 18, 33, and 130 days following axotomy. The parameters measured were epithelial thickness and the numbers of nuclei, hematoxylin-staining olfactory vesicles, olfactory marker protein (OMP)-containing neuronal perikarya, and OMP containing olfactory vesicles. The olfactory receptor neuron population was severely depleted 6 days after axotomy. In the succeeding 12-day period there was an initially rapid, then slower return of receptor neuron numbers. Though the regenerating olfactory epithelium appeared normal by gross inspection 33 days after the lesion, morphometric analysis revealed a substantial increase in the number of olfactory receptor neurons between 33 and 130 days postlesion. At our longest survival interval, all quantitative parameters had returned to 91-99% of control values. The numbers of OMP-containing perikarya and olfactory vesicles on the sectioned side were unchanged between the sixth and 12th postlesion days, thus suggesting that neural turnover was depressed for several days following surgery. Marker protein developed in newly formed receptor neurons between 6 and 12 days after the formation of the olfactory vesicle. Consequently, the ratio between OMP-containing olfactory vesicles and hematoxylin-staining vesicles (O/H) was used as an index of neural differentiation. The O/H ratio on the sectioned side was minimal 12 days following axotomy when stem-cell division was well under way but OMP antigenicity had not yet been expressed in newly formed neurons. At 33 days postlesion, O/H ratios were slightly but significantly greater than the control value, reflecting a degree of synchrony in the regenerating receptor neuron population. The average O/H ratio on the unlesioned side was 0.667. This value, together with our other observations, was used to derive an estimate of the life span of hamster olfactory receptor neurons, approximately 25-35 days. PMID- 6725644 TI - Development of the cochlear innervation of the dorsal cochlear nucleus of the hamster. AB - The development of cochlear fibers and terminals in the dorsal cochlear nucleus of the hamster was studied with light and electron microscopic techniques. Like the dorsal cochlear nucleus of most other mammals, the dorsal cochlear nucleus of the adult hamster is a laminated structure. Three distinct layers can be identified in cresyl-violet-stained sections: the molecular layer, the fusiform cell layer, and the deep layer. The deep layer consists of a superficial zone, free of large cell bodies, and a deep zone which contains the somas of giant cells. Horseradish peroxidase and degeneration studies reveal that the cochlear fibers ramify throughout the deep and fusiform cell layers of the adult hamster but do not enter the molecular layer. In the electron microscope, three types of terminals that contact the fusiform and the giant cells can be distinguished. Only one type of terminal (type LR) degenerates after cochlear ablation and is, therefore, thought to be of cochlear origin. Type LR terminals are found throughout the deep and fusiform cell layers and contact the somas of giant and fusiform cells, as well as their intermingled dendrites in the deep layer. In Golgi-impregnated material, cochlear fibers are not found in the dorsal cochlear nucleus of the neonatal hamster, although they have entered the ventral cochlear nucleus. Ingrowth of cochlear fibers into the dorsal cochlear nucleus occurs over the first postnatal week and one-half. A spatial gradient is evident during the ingrowth of the fibers in that they invade the dorsomedial parts of the dorsal cochlear nucleus before they invade the ventrolateral parts. In all parts of the nucleus, the fibers enter the deepest layer and grow progressively more superficially. In the electron microscope, the first appearance of type LR terminals at each depth lags behind the ingrowth of the fibers by about two days. In hamsters, fibers from the basal turns of the cochlea terminate in the dorsomedial dorsal cochlear nucleus, while fibers from the apical turns terminate in the ventrolateral dorsal cochlear nucleus (DCN). The dorsomedial to ventrolateral gradient in the ingrowth of the cochlear fibers into the DCN indicates that the fibers from the basal turn are the first to arrive. Several components of the mammalian cochlea have been shown to mature at the base of the cochlea before they mature at the apex. The present study suggests that maturation gradients in the cochlear nucleus parallel those observed in the cochlea. PMID- 6725645 TI - A Golgi study of the development of the inferior olivary nuclear complex in the chicken. AB - The present study is an examination of the qualitative and quantitative changes in the morphology of neurons in the inferior olivary nuclear complex ( IOC ) of the chicken. The development of the chicken IOC was studied with the Golgi technique between embryonic day 11 (E11) and posthatch day 35 ( P35 ). The olivary cells change most between E11 and E19 and are essentially mature (i.e., similar to P35 ) at E19 . These changes chiefly involve a gradual loss of features that typify immature growing cells (e.g., growth cones, growth buds, filopodia, beaded dendrites); from E11 to P35 there is an increase in the soma size by 42%, an increase in the dendritic field size by 49%, and a decrease in the number of dendritic branches by 47%. A minor but significant fall in the number of dendrites per neuron between E11 and E19 was observed, but as there is no significant difference between E11 and P35 , the relevance of this observed change, if any, is unclear. On the basis of dendritic branching, it appears that one type of olivary neuron is present in the chicken, which is similar to the type of neuron found in the caudal medial olive (MO) and the caudal dorsal olive (DO) of mammals ( Schiebel and Schiebel , '55; Rutherford and Gwyn , '80). This finding correlates with the proposal that the avian IOC corresponds mostly to the mammalian MO and DO and that only a small portion corresponds to the mammalian principal olive ( Furber , '83). PMID- 6725646 TI - The lateral suprasylvian corticotectal projection in cats. AB - The projection from the lateral suprasylvian visual areas to the superior colliculus was investigated in cats using both anterograde and retrograde tracing techniques. The retrograde transport of horseradish peroxidase (HRP) or wheat germ agglutinin-HRP (WGA-HRP) from their site of deposit in the superior colliculus indicates that all divisions of the lateral suprasylvian visual areas project to both the superficial and deep layers of the superior colliculus. However, following tracer deposits in the superior colliculus that are confined to the layers below the stratum opticum (deep layers), more neurons are labeled along the lateral bank than along the medial bank of the middle suprasylvian sulcus. Conversely, tracer deposits in the superior colliculus dorsal to and including the stratum opticum label more cells in the medial than the lateral bank. These retrograde experiments also confirm that the visual cortex along the lateral gyrus (areas 17 and 18) projects to the superficial, but apparently not to the deep layers. The visual area in the cortex surrounding the caudal two thirds of the anterior ectosylvian sulcus projects to the deep, but not to the superficial layers. The laminar and areal patterns of anterograde axon labeling in the superior colliculus were examined after single deposits of 3H-amino acids (autoradiography), HRP, or WGA-HRP in the lateral suprasylvian cortical regions, or combined isotope and WGA-HRP deposits. Axon labeling in the superior colliculus is generally densest in the stratum opticum and extends either dorsally into the superficial layers or ventrally into the intermediate gray layer. Specifically, the anterior divisions of the lateral suprasylvian cortex project primarily to the lateral portion of the superior colliculus, with the projection from the medial bank biased toward the superficial layers and axons from the lateral bank aimed mainly at the intermediate gray layer with some axons even reaching the deepest gray layer of the superior colliculus. Both the posteromedial and posterolateral divisions of the lateral suprasylvian cortex project to more extensive portions of the mediolateral and rostrocaudal dimensions of the superior colliculus than the anterior divisions. However, the posterolateral division projects more heavily to the intermediate gray layer than the posteromedial division; from the latter, axons distribute more superficially in the superior colliculus. Finally, the cortex surrounding the posterior suprasylvian sulcus projects primarily to the medial part of the superficial layers of the superior colliculus.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 400 WORDS) PMID- 6725647 TI - On the fate of sympathetic and sensory neurons projecting into a neuroma of the superficial peroneal nerve in the cat. AB - Cell bodies of sympathetic and sensory axons projecting via the superficial peroneal (SP) nerve supplying hairy skin of the distal hindlimb have been labeled retrogradely with horseradish peroxidase (HRP) on both sides of three cats in which the left SP nerve had been cut and ligated about 5 months previously. Three SP nerves from unoperated cats have also been studied. The location, size, and numbers of labeled somata have been determined from serial sections of lumbosacral dorsal root and sympathetic chain ganglia after standard histochemical processing. The numbers of myelinated fibers in each nerve have also been counted. The segmental distributions of both sympathetic and sensory cell bodies were identical bilaterally in each operated animal, but the number of labeled neurons was reduced on the lesioned side. There were only about 31% of sympathetic and about 51% of sensory somata relative to the numbers on the contralateral side. The average total number of neurons labeled from SP nerves in unoperated animals was about 8% higher than on the control side of operated animals. The average number of myelinated fibers in the neuromatized nerves was not reduced with respect to that in the contralateral nerve and both of these were not significantly different from the number in unoperated animals. The dimensions of samples of labeled sympathetic and sensory somata were reduced on the side with the neuroma, both in comparison with the contralateral side and with unlabeled neurons at the same levels. The mean cross-sectional area of profiles of sympathetic ganglion cells was 76% of the control; of sensory ganglion cells, 65% of the control. Assuming that HRP labeling was not impaired, we conclude that large numbers of neurons with unmyelinated axons had degenerated in the neuromatized cutaneous nerves. PMID- 6725648 TI - A study of the reciprocal connections between the septum and the entorhinal area using anterograde and retrograde axonal transport methods in the rat brain. AB - The reciprocal connections between the septum and the entorhinal area (EA) was studied in the rat brain using antero- and retrograde axonal transport methods. After injections of large volumes (2 X 100 nl) of horseradish peroxidase (HRP) conjugated to wheat-germ agglutinin (WGA) into the medial septum (MS) and the diagonal band of Broca (dbB), anterogradely transported HRP-WGA was found primarily in layers II and IV of the medial and lateral EA. Injections of HRP-WGA (50-100 nl) or fluorescent dyes (50-100 nl) into different parts of the retrohippocampal region resulted in labeling, by retrograde axonal transport, of cells in the MS and dbB, both ipsi- and contralateral to the injected hemisphere. The labeled cells were either small (long axis of soma: 10-15 micron), round, and oval, or medium (15-25 micron) to large (25-35 micron) of fusiform or multipolar shape. By using the method of retrograde fluorescent double labeling, the septal afferents to the EA were found to give off collaterals to other parts of the hippocampal region. A much smaller number of septal cells appeared to send bilateral projections to the EA of both hemispheres. Studies employing retrograde transport of HRP in combination with acetylcholinesterase (AChE) histochemistry on the same tissue section showed that, while a large number of cells projecting to the EA contain AChE, many projecting cells are devoid of AChE reaction products. These findings suggest that the septo-entorhinal projection consists of a cholinergic as well as a noncholinergic component. The entorhinal efferents to the septum were studied after injections of HRP-WGA into different parts of the retrohippocampal region. Labeled fibers could be traced through the fimbria to their terminal fields in the intermediate parts of the lateral septal nucleus and to the most lateral aspect of the vertical limb of the dbB. The cells giving rise to this projection were situated in layer IV of the medial and layers II through V of the lateral EA. Taken together, the present findings demonstrate a close anatomical relationship between the septum and the entorhinal area, in addition to the better known connections between the septum and the Ammon's horn. PMID- 6725649 TI - The distribution of acetylcholinesterase in the hippocampal formation of the monkey. AB - In order to study the distribution of acetylcholinesterase (AChE) in the primate hippocampal formation, we have stained serial sections through the brains of nine macaque monkeys for AChE by two variants of the Koelle acetylthiocholine method. We have found a distinctive pattern of staining in the hippocampal formation which varies in intensity both from region to region, and along rostrocaudal and radial gradients within each region. In the dentate gyrus, there is intense staining of the inner one-third of the molecular layer with much lighter staining in the rest of the molecular layer except for a moderately stained band at its outer edge. In the caudal half of the dentate gyrus, the inner portion of the molecular layer is less intensely stained though there is a distinctly denser band of staining just above, and partly within, the superficial margin of the granule cell layer. The granule cells are unstained but there are AChE-positive fibers which run through the granule cell layer to the molecular layer. The hilar region of the dentate gyrus has a narrow band of heavy staining (which corresponds to an acellular layer in Nissl-stained sections) just subjacent to the granule cell layer; the remainder of the hilus, where most of the hilar cells reside, is less intensely stained and at caudal levels is almost entirely unstained. In the regio inferior of the hippocampus, there is intense staining of the stratum oriens which extends into the pyramidal cell layer; the stratum radiatum and the stratum lacunosum- moleculare are also stained and here the staining pattern shows some degree of stratification. By contrast, most of the alveus, the pyramidal cell somata, and the layer of mossy fibers (stratum lucidum) are unstained. The border region between regio inferior and regio superior of the hippocampus (field CA2 of Lorente de No, '34) is especially heavily stained. This contrasts markedly with regio superior, which is more lightly stained than regio inferior. Stratum oriens and stratum radiatum of regio superior have a more evenly distributed pattern of staining, though the intensity of staining increases sharply at the border with the subiculum. Stratum lacunosum moleculare is only lightly stained throughout much of the transverse extent of regio superior but there is also a conspicuous and constant patch of heavier staining at the border with the subiculum.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 400 WORDS) PMID- 6725650 TI - Optic axons ignore denervated foreign territory in goldfish tectum. AB - Ultrastructural morphometry was used to test firstly, whether regenerating optic axons in goldfish tectum will form connections in adjacent denervated foreign territory and secondly, whether intact optic axons will collaterally sprout to innervate this territory. The stratum fibrosum marginale of the tectum was partially denervated by removing the torus longitudinalis and cutting the tectal commissure. Optic axons do not normally synapse in this layer. Thirty days after partial denervation and optic tract section the numbers of normal synapses in a micron 2 column through the stratum fibrosum marginale reached a minimum and then started to increase so that by 159-173 days after the operation they had returned to control levels. Optic terminals, recognised by their degeneration after optic nerve section, did not contribute to these increasing numbers of synapses. Instead, optic axons preferentially reinnervated their normal tectal layers. Similarly, there was no evidence of collateral sprouting of intact optic axons into the partially denervated stratum fibrosum marginale and numbers of normal synapses in the layer also returned to control levels. These probably arose from collateral sprouting of terminals remaining after the partial denervation, raising the possibility that optic axons were prevented from synapsing there by the rapid occupation of vacant sites by other axons. However, delaying the partial denervation with respect to the tract section did not alter the result. These results support the idea of a specific affinity between optic axons and their postsynaptic targets. PMID- 6725651 TI - The insular formations of the dolphin brain: quantitative cytoarchitectonic studies of the insular component of the limbic lobe. AB - The large insula of the bottlenose dolphin consists of radial gyri arising, in fanlike fashion, from the transverse insular gyrus, and is covered completely by the frontal, parietal, and temporal opercula . On cytoarchitectonic grounds, the dolphin insula is divided into anterior, middle, and posterior sectors that may be the equivalent of the three similar sectors present in the primate insula. Rostrocaudally, these sectors become increasingly more homogeneous and less laminated. Within each sector progressive differentiation occurs in the direction of the circular sulcus. A transitional cortex, the peripaleocortex in the transverse insular gyrus, is interposed between the prepiriform and the periamygdalar cortex and the proisocortex of the insula proper. This peripaleocortex consists of outer and inner cellular strata separated by a hypocellular lamina dissecans. The outer cell stratum is continuous with layers II and III of the insular proisocortex ; the more prominent inner stratum is continuous with proisocortical layers V and VI; the intervening lamina dissecans becomes partially filled, mostly with modified pyramidal cells of medium size that may constitute an incipient layer IV. A band of myelinated fibers corresponding to the external band of Baillarger is found within the lamina dissecans. The anterior insular sector is characterized by distinct lamination and a well-defined, ribbonlike layer Va. In the middle sector, the cortex is internodense and lamination is less clear. The posterior sector is even less laminated and tends to be externodense . Within each sector, lamination becomes clearer in the direction of the circular sulcus. Furthermore, the rostrocaudal architectonic changes suggest a possible transition from a motor-type to a sensory-type cortex. Beyond the insula, the architecture of the opercular cortices reflect, in turn, the influences of the insular sectors. PMID- 6725652 TI - Counts of axons in electron microscopic sections of ventral roots in lampreys. AB - The number of motoneurons in the lamprey spinal cord was estimated by counting axons in electron microscopic sections of ventral roots. Physiologically identified and marked motoneurons had one axon each in an ipsilateral ventral root. The corresponding axons in sections were unmyelinated, individually ensheathed, and 2-20 micron in diameter. Lampreys lack an organized sympathetic nervous system, but a minor and variable population of small axons with dense cored vesicles was also present in ventral and dorsal roots. The estimated numbers of motor axons per ventral root in adult Ichthyomyzon unicupis and I. castaneus were 70.6 +/- 9.3 (mean +/- SD), in adult landlocked Petromyzon marinus 100.1 +/- 15.0, and in large ammocoetes of anadromous Petromyzon marinus 106.8 +/ 14.3. The total estimated numbers of myotomal and fin motoneurons were as many as 13,000 in the spinal cord of adult Ichthymyzon and 24,000 in adult Petromyzon. PMID- 6725653 TI - Geniculocortical projection to layer I of area 17 in kittens: orthograde and retrograde HRP studies. AB - Using the orthograde and retrograde HRP methods, the distribution of geniculocortical (G-C) afferent terminals in area 17 was examined in kittens and an adult cat. Following HRP injection in the entire dorsal lateral geniculate nucleus (LGNd), afferent terminals were labeled in layer I and deeper layers. The terminals in layer I in young kittens (less than 2 weeks old) were densely distributed throughout layer I, whereas in old kittens (over 1 month old) they were sparsely distributed in the outer half of layer I. When the HRP injection site was confined to the A laminae (lamina A and lamina A1), a few HRP-labeled terminals in layer I were seen in young kittens but not in older kittens or an adult cat. Following HRP injection in layer I of area 17 in young kittens, relatively large neurons were labeled retrogradely. The labeled neurons were located chiefly in the C complex and partly in the A laminae. The present experiments revealed that the G-C afferents to layer I of area 17 in young kittens originate from relatively large neurons which are located chiefly in the C complex and partly in the A laminae and that these afferents give dense terminals covering the entire layer I. These findings contrast with those obtained in adult cats, in which the G-C afferents to layer I originate exclusively from small neurons in the C complex and give sparse terminals to the outer half of layer I. PMID- 6725655 TI - Common and uncommon cutaneous findings in patients with ataxia-telangiectasia. AB - This series describes some common and uncommon cutaneous findings in twelve patients with ataxia-telangiectasia (A-T). All patients had the characteristic telangiectasia as described previously. However, the telangiectases did not conform to a classic photodistribution . Our series did include one patient with a pathologic reaction to light-simulating hydroa aestivale or vacciniforme . In addition, there were three patients with acanthosis nigricans in two unrelated families. Vitiligo, impetigo, recurrent herpetic gingivostomatitis, hirsutism, lipoatrophy, gray hair, progeroid changes and hyper- and hypopigmented macules were noted in our patients. Many of our patients had one or more caf'e au lait like-lesions in a dermatomal distribution. In addition, several of the family members showed one or more cafe au lait-like lesions, suggesting the possibility that this finding may represent a phenotypic expression in the skin of carriers of this cancer-prone syndrome. PMID- 6725654 TI - Fractured cutaneous projections to the granule cell layer of the posterior cerebellar hemisphere of the domestic cat. AB - Snider 's pioneering studies of tactile responses in the cerebellar cortex of cats and monkeys suggested that posterior regions of the cerebellar hemispheres receive somatotopically organized projections. However, recent studies in rats, using high-density, in depth microelectrode mapping methods, have shown that tactile projections to the granule cell layer of the cerebellar hemispheres are somatotopically disrupted. We reexamined the organization of cutaneous projections to cerebellar hemispheric cortex in cats by using micromapping methods. Natural stimulation of cutaneous surfaces evokes short-latency (mossy fiber-induced) multiple unit responses in the cerebellar granule cell layer of crus II and paramedian lobule in both ketamine- and barbiturate-anesthetized cats. Facial structures are represented in several of the most caudomedial folia of crus II as well as in three of the rostral folia of the paramedian lobule. In several of these paramedian folia, facial projections are interspersed with projections from the forelimb. Forelimb structures alone are represented in two intermediate folia of the paramedian lobule. No cutaneous projections were found from the trunk or hindlimb. All projections were from ipsilateral receptive fields. In four folia of crus II and six folia of the paramedian lobule, cutaneous projections form a mosaic of patchlike projections. Within single patches, projections are somatotopically organized, but projections to adjacent patches come from noncontiguous body regions. Within a single folium , a particular facial region may be represented in two or three spatially separated patches. Facial patches are small, usually less than 1 mm2. Forelimb patches are usually larger, often extending the full length and breadth of a folial crown. Patches with like receptive fields are not organized in zonal sagittal strips. Rather than being somatotopically organized, cutaneous mossy fiber projections to granule cells in cats, as in rats, reveal a more complex mosaic pattern of organization. PMID- 6725656 TI - Erythema multiforme: clinical, histopathologic, and immunologic study. AB - In a prospective study of erythema multiforme, forty-two cases were selected with the use of defined criteria. In thirty-three cases (79%), the erythema multiforme occurred following a lesion of recurrent herpes simplex; in four cases (10%), it was related to administration of a sulfonamide drug. Herpes-associated erythema multiforme (HEM) was largely recurrent erythema multiforme minor and was characterized histopathologically by inflammatory changes, such as spongiosis and exocytosis, and by focal liquefaction degeneration of the basal cell zone of the epidermis. Sulfa-associated erythema multiforme (SEM) was a nonrecurrent illness with widespread cutaneous and mucosal damage associated with prominent histologic necrosis of epidermal cells. The deposition of C3 and fibrin along the dermoepidermal junction and the deposition of IgM, C3, and fibrin around dermal blood vessels by immunofluorescence microscopy were similar in both groups. Although HEM and SEM may have somewhat different clinical and histologic features, there is significant overlap in the pattern of tissue damage. PMID- 6725657 TI - Topical therapy of alopecia areata with squaric acid dibutylester. AB - The efficacy of the topical allergen squaric acid dibutylester (SADBE) was investigated in the treatment of twenty-six patients with alopecia areata or alopecia totalis. The patients had their disease for a mean duration of 8.3 years (range, 3 months to 27 years). Sensitization was attempted with 2% SADBE in acetone. Five individuals could not be sensitized. The twenty-one sensitized patients were treated with topical applications of 0.001% to 1.0% SADBE in acetone adjusted to produce and maintain dermatitis for an average of 21 weeks. Eleven (52%) had excellent responses consisting of complete regrowth in six and cosmetically acceptable regrowth in five. The average treatment time for regrowth was 11 weeks (range, 5-20 weeks). Ten (48%) had no clinical response after an average of 19 weeks of therapy (range, 4-42 weeks). Topical SADBE is an effective therapy for some patients with long-standing alopecia areata. PMID- 6725658 TI - Cheilitis glandularis: a re-evaluation. AB - Cheilitis glandularis (CG) has been attributed to hyperplasia of labial salivary glands. We studied labial biopsy specimens of five patients with clinical CG and compared their salivary tissue with that seen in patients without CG. The labial glands from patients with CG did not differ in size, depth, or histologic appearance from those seen in the controls. They showed little or no inflammation and no hyperplasia. We also reviewed forty-eight cases of CG described in the literature. The accompanying photomicrographs nearly always depicted normal appearing labial salivary glands. The case histories and clinical descriptions suggested that many examples of CG were manifestations of actinic cheilitis, whereas others may have been unusual presentations of atopic or factitious cheilitis. We believe CG represents an unusual reaction pattern in response to chronic irritation of the lips and is unrelated to labial salivary gland hyperplasia. PMID- 6725659 TI - Pruritic urticarial papules and plaques of pregnancy. Clinical experience in twenty-five patients. AB - During the past eight years, twenty-five patients with pruritic urticarial papules and plaques of pregnancy (PUPPP) have been prospectively evaluated at our institution. This distinct eruption of the third trimester was most frequently seen in primigravidas. Lesions began on the abdomen in all patients, and 48% specified that initial lesions were localized to periumbilical striae distensae. Other common sites of involvement included the buttocks, hips, thighs, legs, and upper inner arms. The face was uniformly spared. Initial lesions were 1- to 2-mm erythematous papules that quickly coalesced to form urticarial plaques. Although pruritus was the major complaint of all patients, excoriations were very rare. Frequent applications of high-potency topical corticosteroids were generally effective in relieving pruritus and controlling the eruption. Systemic corticosteroids were efficacious in three patients with extensive disease. No severe maternal complications were documented. There were no cases of prematurity, postmaturity, or spontaneous abortion. Two congenital abnormalities and one developmental problem have been documented in children of these patients, but patient numbers preclude definitive interpretation of these findings. As much as 6 years of follow-up on nineteen patients revealed no recurrence of PUPPP in the postpartum period, during eight subsequent pregnancies, or upon exposure to oral contraceptives. PMID- 6725660 TI - Combination of psoralens and ultraviolet A and ultraviolet B in the treatment of psoriasis vulgaris: a bilateral comparison study. AB - Forty-two adults with psoriasis vulgaris were treated total body thrice weekly with both ultraviolet B (UVB) and psoralens and ultraviolet A (PUVA) with the use of protocols shown to be effective with either treatment alone. Patients previously difficult to manage with either UVB or PUVA and at least 25% psoriasis were selected. No other treatment was used for 2 months prior to initiation or during the study. All patients tolerated treatments well and cleared in an average of only 11.3 treatments, less than half the number of treatments usually required with either PUVA or UVB. The mean UVB dose at clearing and the mean cumulative PUVA dose were less than half that normally required with either therapy alone. The total cumulative UVB dose was only 18% of that normally required with UVB. Bilateral comparison studies comparing the PUVA-UVB combination with PUVA and UVB found that whenever there was a clear difference it was always the combination that cleared more rapidly. The marked reduction of total cumulative energy required more rapidly. The marked reduction of total cumulative energy required may be a significantly smaller insult to skin and the marked reduction in joules/cm2 of UVB and joules/cm2 of PUVA at clearing may make it possible to provide effective maintenance therapy with either treatment at a markedly lower treatment dose. Hopefully, long-term side effects may thereby be markedly diminished. PMID- 6725661 TI - Colchicine for treatment of relapsing polychondritis. AB - This report describes the effectiveness of oral colchicine, 0.6 mg twice daily, in abating three attacks of chondritis in two patients who fulfilled the diagnostic criteria for relapsing polychondritis (RP). Chondritis of the pinnae of the ears was utilized as a therapeutic guideline toward improvement. Collagen antibodies and urinary mucopolysaccharides were negative during flares and after improvement; antinuclear antibodies (ANA) and anti-deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) were present in one patient. Both patients experienced a continued chondritis for at least 10 days before colchicine was started. Marked improvement was observed in 4 days, and complete resolution occurred after 7 days' treatment with colchicine. These observations indicate that the effectiveness of colchicine, as a relatively safer medicine, should be evaluated further in the treatment of RP. PMID- 6725662 TI - Podophyllum versus podophyllin. PMID- 6725664 TI - Erythema multiforme major and minor. PMID- 6725663 TI - Dermabrasion and chemical exfoliation. PMID- 6725665 TI - Subclavian occlusive disease presenting as a painful nail. PMID- 6725666 TI - Cocaine abuse and connective tissue disease. PMID- 6725667 TI - Dermatitis herpetiformis, lymphoma, and gluten-free diet. PMID- 6725668 TI - Shave excision and plastic molding. PMID- 6725669 TI - Specific questionnaires in medical practice. Review of a 12-year experience. AB - Specifically targeted questionnaires are relatively easy to design, both for a specific disease and for a specific physician's practice. Patients generally enjoy using them, and their use can provide a better history and medical record, help avoid legal problems, and save physician time. PMID- 6725670 TI - An animal model to determine sunscreen protectiveness against both vascular injury and epidermal cell damage. AB - Sunscreen preparations can reduce the erythemogenic ( sunburning ) effects of solar ultraviolet radiation (UVR). Less is known about the ability of sunscreens to protect against other forms of UVR-induced damage. This study was designed to yield data on epidermal cell damage at UVR doses sufficient to provoke vascular changes (edema and erythema) in hairless mice, and to determine the comparative effectiveness of a commercial sunscreen in protecting against these two criteria of injury. The sunscreen (Piz Buin 12 Sun Protection Cream) was used at full concentration and at three serial dilutions. The dorsa of 144 hairless mice were treated with one of six sunscreen or vehicle preparations and subsequently irradiated with one of six exposures to an appropriately filtered xenon arc solar simulator. Vascular responses were determined by observing the animals for alterations in the gross appearance of the treated and irradiated sites (edema and erythema). Epidermal cell damage was assessed by determining the sunburn cell ( SBC ) indices in the epidermis removed 24 hours after irradiation. Both the vascular responses and SBC indices indicated that the sunscreen provided concentration-dependent protection against radiation damage. Furthermore, SBC indices provided a relatively continuous variable for quantification of sunscreen effectiveness. PMID- 6725672 TI - Recurrent cutaneous leishmaniasis versus chronic cutaneous leishmaniasis. PMID- 6725671 TI - Chronic solar ultraviolet damage associated with malignant melanoma of the skin. AB - A retrospective study of 226 cases of cutaneous malignant melanoma (CMM) was done to determine if patients with CMM showed evidence of chronic solar ultraviolet radiation damage, i.e., a past history of actinic keratosis (AK), basal cell carcinoma (BCC), squamous cell carcinoma (SCC) anywhere on the patient's skin, and solar elastosis (SE) at the site of a CMM. This statistical analysis consisted of 119 clinical records and 158 pathology slides after all cases of lentigo CMM were deleted. CMM showed no statistical correlation with AK, BCC, SCC, or SE. This supports the idea that it is not the chronic solar-ultraviolet radiation exposure that causes CMM. PMID- 6725673 TI - Condylomata acuminata and hypnosis. PMID- 6725674 TI - Possible interaction of epinephrine with propranolol. PMID- 6725675 TI - Lichen planus and chronic active hepatitis. PMID- 6725676 TI - Malignant lymphoma presenting with cutaneous granulomas. AB - A 49-year-old man with fever, malaise, weight loss, and pneumonia developed cutaneous nodules and neurologic symptoms. Skin biopsy studies revealed granulomatous inflammation consistent with a sarcoid reaction, and mild granulomatous changes were noted on biopsy specimens of liver and bone marrow. A lymph node biopsy was unremarkable. Neurologic deterioration prompted an extensive workup that revealed an intracranial mass. A brain biopsy study revealed malignant lymphoma, large cell type. Autopsy study confirmed the diagnosis and showed no evidence of granulomatous infiltrates. The cutaneous granulomas represent a nonspecific immune response possibly related to the underlying lymphoma. The relationship between sarcoidosis and sarcoid reactions and lymphoma is discussed. PMID- 6725677 TI - Cutaneous mastocytosis without clinically obvious skin lesions. AB - A patient with cutaneous mastocytosis had intractable pruritus but no visible skin lesions. Skin biopsies and urinary histamine and prostaglandin D2 metabolite assays confirmed the diagnosis. Adding therapy with psoralens and ultraviolet A to the antihistamine regimen markedly decreased the patient's pruritus. In patients with pruritus, flushing, syncope, or other symptoms associated with mastocytosis, this diagnosis should be considered even in the absence of specific skin lesions. PMID- 6725678 TI - Urinary tract infection as a cause of lichen planus: metronidazole therapy. AB - A 51-year-old woman with generalized lichen planus for 23 years experienced total involution of her lesions during metronidazole therapy. Discontinuance of the treatment on two occasions led to partial recurrence of the skin lesions, which again promptly cleared on reinstitution of metronidazole. It is believed that this patient's lichen planus was an immune reaction to circulating bacterial antigen. The presumed source was a chronic urinary bladder infection. Continued remission of the lichen planus and the cystitis was subsequently achieved for over a year by daily prophylactic nitrofurantoin therapy. Identification and eradication of chronic foci of infection are suggested for the management of generalized chronic lichen planus. PMID- 6725679 TI - Microcystic adnexal carcinoma. AB - We describe a patient with microcystic adnexal carcinoma, a recently recognized cutaneous neoplasm. The patient, a middle-aged woman, had an induration of the left side of her upper lip. At the time of initial resection, the neoplasm also involved the left side of the nose. An extensive recurrence, 27 months later, involved the left turbinates and left orbit. Microscopically the tumor consisted of nests, strands, and cysts composed of mildly to moderately atypical squamous cells that lacked connections with the epidermis. The cysts contained dense, laminated keratin. The tumor was distributed throughout the dermis and infiltrated subcutaneous tissue, skeletal muscle, perichondrium, periosteum, vascular adventitia, and perineural spaces. A few fields contained nests of clear cells, but ductular differentiation, prominent in some microcystic adnexal carcinomas, was not found. There was a distinctive, dense, sclerotic stroma. The foregoing clinical and pathologic findings are characteristic of microcystic adnexal carcinoma. Our observations and available information from the literature suggest the existence of an important family of locally aggressive carcinomas of the face characterized by squamous nests and cysts, variable ductular differentiation, and perineural growth. Such tumors must be clearly differentiated from the more common forms of epidermal and adnexal neoplasia. PMID- 6725680 TI - Eyelid cysts, hypodontia, and hypotrichosis. AB - We report a case of multiple ectodermal defects with the principal features of eyelid apocrine hydrocystomas , hypodontia, and hypotrichosis. To the best of our knowledge this is the second such report and presents histologic features that are unique in our experience. PMID- 6725681 TI - Carbon dioxide laser treatment of balanitis xerotica obliterans. AB - A case of balanitis xerotica obliterans unresponsive to topical therapy is presented. The condition was successfully corrected following epithelial vaporization with the carbon dioxide laser, the patient remaining free of recurrence for 21 months postoperatively. PMID- 6725682 TI - Mechanisms of contrast in NMR imaging. AB - Nuclear magnetic resonance pixel intensity and contrast-to-noise has been computed and presented in graphical form for various tissues in the normal central nervous system, on the assumption that the signal intensity is proportional to the macroscopic transverse spin magnetization at the time of detection. T1, T2, and spin density values were experimentally determined using chi-square minimization techniques. Additionally, spin density was derived from partial saturation scans obtained with a long repetition time compared with the spin-lattice relaxation time. Pulse sequences discussed comprise partial saturation, saturation recovery, spin echo, and Carr- Purcell - Meiboom -Gill ( CPMG ). The complicated dependence of signal and contrast-to-noise on the pulse timing parameters and the specific pulse sequence makes it appear desirable to display image intensity so that the dependence on the extrinsic (operator selectable parameter) is eliminated. Whereas T2 images can be derived from CPMG scans without excessive time penalty, this is not the case for T1 and spin density. PMID- 6725683 TI - Surface coil magnetic resonance imaging. AB - A surface coil is used as a receiver in a crossed-coil arrangement with a conventional circumferential transmitter coil in a magnetic resonance imaging system. The improved signal-to-noise ratio for objects close to the coil, compared with a conventional circumferential saddle-shaped receiver coil, permits higher resolution imaging of relatively superficial structures such as the orbit, neck, chest wall, and lumbar spine. PMID- 6725684 TI - Quantitative analysis of a vascular tree model with the dynamic spatial reconstructor. AB - The accuracy in determining the three-dimensional anatomy of a vessel network by computed tomography (CT) is evaluated using a glass model of a pulmonary artery. The dynamic spatial reconstructor (DSR), a high temporal resolution, volumetric, roentgenographic, CT scanner, was used to scan the model. The glass of the model had a roentgen attenuation coefficient mu = 0.55 cm-1, which is approximately equivalent to the 20% dilution of contrast medium to be expected in the pulmonary arterial tree following a contrast agent bolus injection of 2 ml/kg in the right atrium. The model was scanned inside a 20 cm diameter Plexiglas cylinder with a 1 cm thick wall (mu congruent to 0.2 cm-1) to simulate the chest wall of a 20 kg dog, and it was filled with potato flakes to simulate lung parenchyma (mu congruent to 0.06 cm-1). In one 0.011 s scan, information for reconstruction of a stack of images of transaxial sections was recorded. Sequential scans were performed to obtain data for either maximum transaxial resolution (14 angles of view every 0.0167 s, 120 parallel slices each 1.8 mm thick) or maximum axial resolution (eight angles of view every 0.0167 s, 240 parallel slices each 0.9 mm thick) reconstructions. Estimated detectable "vessel" size, cross-sectional area, branching angle, and interbranch segment length were determined as a function of imaged slice thickness, orientation of section image, and number of angles of view (i.e., scan duration) used to make images. Retrospective selection of 0.05 s duration scan apertures at sequential 0.5 s intervals was used to simulate a typical, retrospectively gated reconstruction from a DSR scan. Using these reconstructed images, 2 mm diameter "vessels" could be readily detected and their structure quantitated. Comparing direct measurements and DSR estimates, cross sectional area (SEE = 3 mm2), branching angles (SEE = 2 degrees), and segment length (SEE = 1 mm) all had a correlation coefficient greater than 0.99, and the regression lines showed no significant differences from the lines of identity (p greater than 0.05). PMID- 6725685 TI - Computed tomography in temporal lobe epilepsy. AB - Forty patients who had intractable temporal lobe epilepsy had surgery for treatment of their seizures following study by computed tomography (CT). Fifteen of 19 patients with tumors had good correlation between CT and pathological findings. Another group of patients had macroscopic changes that were demonstrated on CT and verified at surgery. Sixteen patients had microscopic pathological diagnoses including cytoarchitectural abnormalities, Chaslin gliosis, and ectopic neurons. Six of these had enlarged temporal horns on the ipsilateral and five on the contralateral side to the electroencephalographic pathological abnormality. In the investigation of temporal lobe epilepsy we believe that CT, especially with the newer generation scanners, records tumors and other larger macroscopic changes but that temporal horn size is unreliable in predicting the abnormal side if only microscopic changes are present. PMID- 6725686 TI - Computed tomography of neuraxis aspergillosis. AB - Aspergillosis of the neuraxis is a relatively rare entity. It is being encountered with increasing frequency due to the improved care and longevity of immunocompromised patients. Although there are more than 80 cases in the literature, we are aware of only five patients with reported computed tomographic (CT) findings. We report the CT findings of two additional cases. PMID- 6725687 TI - Computed tomography in medial maxilla-orbital fractures. AB - The frontal process of the maxilla together with the anterior wall of the antrum constitute a major support of the midface. If this is fractured and goes unrecognized, serious facial deformities result. Fractures through this process occurred in 13 of 50 patients who received computed tomographic examination for facial trauma. The fracture had been missed on plain film examination in all but three of the 13 patients. The frontal process is usually displaced directly posteriorly in the more complex midface fractures. It may rotate about its long axis when associated with trimalar fractures and in some of the isolated injuries of the medial maxilla. Computed tomography is the ideal technique for demonstrating these fractures because of ease of examination, optimal anatomical display for demonstrating rotational and posterior displacements, and superior contrast in the severely traumatized facial skeleton. PMID- 6725688 TI - Spinal cord or nerve root compression in patients with malignant disease: CT evaluation. AB - Fifty patients with malignant disease were seen on an emergency basis because they showed clinical signs of spinal cord or nerve root compression. All were studied with high resolution computed tomography (CT) of the spine; in addition, myelography was performed on 10 of the patients. We found that 48 cases (96%) could be accurately diagnosed by CT alone. In two cases (4%) CT was inconclusive, but myelography was diagnostic; one proved to be cerebrospinal fluid seeding with nerve root involvement, and the other showed conus medullaris involvement. In the remaining eight cases studied by both techniques, correlation between CT and myelography was very good. PMID- 6725689 TI - Direct cardiac NMR imaging of heart wall and blood flow velocity. AB - Nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) imaging is used to produce in the same scan both anatomical and functional information of the heart and great vessels. A method is described to generate velocity images by the use of phase shifts for moving spins induced by imaging gradients under electrocardiogram (ECG) synchronized imaging conditions. The influence of the different gradients is discussed together with methods to obtain velocity information for each gradient direction separately. The results, obtained with a 0.14 T resistive NMR scanner and normal volunteers, show the spatial velocity distribution in the aorta and heart walls in color scale images. The feasibility of velocity calculations is demonstrated and some applications are given. The present results indicate the possibility of quantitative flow and motion analysis with ECG synchronized NMR imaging. PMID- 6725691 TI - Computed tomography after partial hepatectomy. AB - Twenty-two patients with surgically resectable malignant primary liver neoplasm or hepatic metastases were examined by computed tomography both before and after surgery. The anatomic modifications created by the surgery, including right lobectomy, left lobectomy, segmentectomy, and wedge resections were evaluated. Computed tomography depicted changes in the liver contour, usually after right or left lobectomy as well as secondary effects of these changes in the adjacent organs. With knowledge of these postsurgical modifications, the reparative ability of the liver can be appreciated. PMID- 6725690 TI - Abdominal tuberculosis: CT findings. AB - The computed tomographic (CT) characteristics of intraabdominal tuberculosis are not specific. A recent article from South Africa proposed a set of criteria that included high density ascites and mesenteric involvement, consisting of thickening and adenopathy, as possible criteria for the diagnosis of tuberculous peritonitis by CT. Review of three additional cases of abdominal tuberculosis showing these findings supports the criteria defined in the earlier study. Although not definitive, these findings in the appropriate clinical setting should suggest the possibility of tuberculosis. PMID- 6725692 TI - Computed tomography of high density renal cysts. AB - Eleven patients are described whose computed tomography (CT) examinations showed homogeneous, high density (62-76 Hounsfield units) renal masses. In two patients a hemorrhagic benign cyst was found at surgery. In the remaining nine patients the constellation of CT and clinical findings supported the benign nature of this lesion. PMID- 6725693 TI - CT demonstration of colovesical fistulae secondary to diverticulitis. AB - Colovesical fistula, a not infrequent complication of diverticulitis, can be difficult to demonstrate by commonly used diagnostic imaging modalities. We present four cases in which computed tomography was used to detect the presence of such a fistula. Computed tomography readily detected air within the bladder earlier and without equivocation when compared with other imaging techniques. It was useful also in the assessment of the extent and the degree of pericolonic inflammation, thus playing an important role in preoperative surgical planning and postoperative follow-up. PMID- 6725694 TI - Gas within hemophiliac pelvic pseudotumors: CT demonstration. AB - Three hemophiliac patients are presented who had gas within their pelvic pseudotumors demonstrated by computed tomography. Etiologies of the gas included iatrogenically introduced gas from infection, failed tube drainage of the pseudotumor, and a communication between the pseudotumor and the bladder containing a Foley catheter. PMID- 6725695 TI - CT demonstration of pelvic hydatid cysts. AB - We describe the computed tomographic findings in two cases of bilateral hydronephrosis due to hydatid cyst located in the pouch of Douglas. In both cases this location was secondary to the spontaneous rupture of an hepatic cyst. PMID- 6725696 TI - Value of computed tomography in planning medical and surgical treatment of chronic osteomyelitis. AB - The contributions of computed tomographic (CT) images to the planning of medical and surgical treatment of osteomyelitis were assessed in seven patients. The scans helped medical therapy in two cases by guiding nonsurgical percutaneous biopsy of infected tissue, permitting prompt institution of proper antibiotics. The scans indicated the need for surgery and provided vital information on disease extent that helped plan the appropriate operation in five patients. Sequestra, medullary involvement, and the extent of sinus tracts that could not be seen on conventional imaging tests were detectable on CT. It is concluded that CT plays an important role in proper choices of both medical and surgical treatment in patients with osteomyelitis. PMID- 6725697 TI - Computed tomography of the hindfoot. AB - This investigation used computed tomography (CT) to study the normal anatomy of the hindfoot and to demonstrate abnormalities in patients with rheumatoid arthritis, pes planovalgus , old trauma, and soft-tissue masses. The hindfeet of 10 normal volunteers and 17 patients were scanned in the coronal and axial transverse planes. The articular surfaces of the tibia, talus, and calcaneus were assessed, as were the relationships of each bone to the others. Normal subjects had markedly symmetrical hindfeet . The "heel valgus angle" (relating the calcaneus to the tibia) was 5.2 +/- 1.6 degrees (mean +/- standard error of the mean). The "sustentacular angle" (indicating the angle of elevation of the sustentaculum tali at the midsubtalar joint) was 18.3 +/- 1.3 degrees. The "medial offset" of the talar head with respect to the calcaneus (measured at the anterior subtalar joint) averaged 5.2 +/- 1.8 mm. Patients with rheumatoid arthritis had erosions involving both sides of the subtalar joint, leading to talocalcaneal alignment abnormalities. In patients with pes planovalgus the heel valgus angle was greater and the elevation of sustentaculum tali lower in the foot that was most severely affected. Bony talocalcaneal fusions, fractures, and the erosions of pigmented villonodular synovitis were detected on CT. The pattern of postoperative bone healing after attempted subtalar fusion could be demonstrated. We conclude that CT is a useful tool for pre- and postoperative evaluation of the hindfoot. PMID- 6725698 TI - Cervical chordoma presenting with intervertebral foramen enlargement mimicking neurofibroma: CT findings. AB - A cervical chordoma, confirmed at surgery, presented on plain spine films as a focal enlargement of the intervertebral foramen and mimicked the characteristic appearance of cervical neurofibroma. Computed tomography (CT) of the cervical spine was obtained immediately following metrizamide myelography; it demonstrated a soft-tissue mass in the enlarged intervertebral foramen that extended posteriorly to compress the spinal cord and anteriorly to compress the hypopharynx. The mass was sharply demarcated, inhomogeneous, and low in attenuation; CT density measured between those of cerebrospinal fluid and muscle. Although this CT appearance is not specific for cervical chordoma, it is unusual for neurofibroma. Cervical chordoma should be considered in the differential diagnosis of focal enlargement of cervical intervertebral foramina. PMID- 6725700 TI - Computed tomography of absent cervical pedicle. AB - A recent case of absence of a cervical pedicle in a traumatized patient is presented. An incorrect radiological interpretation of the patient's plain films resulted in inappropriate management. Further radiological investigation, including computed tomography, revealed the underlying abnormality, and prevented subsequent misadventure . A review of the literature on this interesting abnormality and a complete differential diagnosis are presented. PMID- 6725699 TI - Vacuum phenomenon within the cervical spinal canal: CT demonstration of a herniated disc. AB - Gas within the cervical spinal canal in association with a surgically proven herniated disc is demonstrated by computed tomography. Although rarely seen and never previously reported, this unmistakable roentgen sign provides strong evidence for a herniated disc in the cervical as well as lumbar spine. PMID- 6725701 TI - Computed tomography of ununited neurocentral synchondrosis in the cervical spine. AB - The authors describe an unusual case of unilateral, nonfusion of the neural arch of the sixth cervical vertebra, documented with conventional X-ray examination and computed tomography. A brief review of other forms of congenital clefts is given and correlated with embryological findings. PMID- 6725702 TI - Intrabronchial lesion on computed tomography secondary to blood clot. AB - A case of a blood clot simulating an intrabronchial neoplasm on computed tomography is presented. Although an intrabronchial lesion in a patient with hemoptysis is usually a malignancy, other etiologies must be considered. Computed tomography is an excellent modality for detecting and evaluating intrabronchial pathology but bronchoscopy is necessary for tissue diagnosis. PMID- 6725703 TI - Spontaneous rupture of a thymic cyst demonstrated by computed tomography. AB - Thymic cysts are an uncommon cause of mediastinal masses in children. Spontaneous rupture is a rare complication. This is a case report of spontaneous rupture of a thymic cyst diagnosed on computed tomography and corroborated with ultrasound. PMID- 6725704 TI - Branching pattern in CT scans of mucin producing carcinoma metastases to the liver. AB - Intrahepatic calcification occurring in a branching pattern with a periportal distribution has not previously been described in hepatic metastases. We report a patient with a unique branching pattern of calcified hepatic metastases. There were no low density masses associated with the calcifications as is usually seen in calcified metastases to the liver demonstrated by computed tomography. PMID- 6725705 TI - Computed tomography of visceral infarction due to coagulopathy. AB - The computed tomographic (CT) appearance of pancreatic infarction has not been described previously. We report a case in which pancreatic infarction associated with multiple visceral infarcts was detected by CT. In addition, CT revealed extensive, progressive arterial and venous thrombosis due to the patient's known deficiency of antithrombin III. PMID- 6725706 TI - CT diagnosis of fecaloma. AB - The diagnosis of fecaloma can occasionally be difficult. A case is presented in which computed tomography was valuable in making the diagnosis. PMID- 6725707 TI - Computed tomography of bladder leiomyoma. AB - A case of bladder leiomyoma is reported with computed tomographic (CT) features suggesting a malignant epithelial tumor. Cystoscopy demonstrated intact mucosa stretched over a submucosal tumor and suggested the diagnosis of leiomyoma. Direct coronal CT confirmed the origin of the tumor within the bladder rather than within the uterus. PMID- 6725708 TI - Inferior mesenteric artery aneurysm: demonstration by computed tomography. AB - Inferior mesenteric artery aneurysms are very rare vascular lesions. A case of isolated inferior mesenteric artery aneurysm diagnosed by computed tomography is reported. PMID- 6725709 TI - Membranous obstruction of the inferior vena cava: an ultrasound, computed tomography, and inferior vena cavogram image correlation. AB - The purpose of this paper is to present the computed tomography (CT) and ultrasound findings in one case of membranous obstruction of the inferior vena cava (IVC). Although the incidence of membranous obstruction of the IVC is rare in the United States, the diagnosis is essential because of the association of this lesion with portal fibrosis and hepatocellular carcinoma. Membranous obstruction of the IVC is suggested by the findings of a filling defect within the IVC at the level of either the diaphragm or right atrium. Until more specific CT and ultrasound features are described, an inferior vena cavogram will remain the definitive diagnostic procedure for membranous obstruction of the IVC. PMID- 6725711 TI - Computed tomography of colonic pneumatosis intestinalis with mesenteric and portal venous air. PMID- 6725710 TI - Lumbar artery pseudoaneurysm: CT demonstration. AB - A psoas mass in a patient with a history of penetrating trauma to the area was demonstrated by computed tomography (CT) to represent a lumbar artery pseudoaneurysm surrounded by hematoma. This report emphasizes the importance of recognizing the anatomic position of the lumbar arteries on CT images and considering the possibility of pseudoaneurysm in the differential diagnosis of post-traumatic psoas masses. PMID- 6725712 TI - CT guided paravertebral biopsy of the mediastinum. AB - A simple technique for computed tomographic guided biopsy of esophageal and periesophageal lesions is described. The method utilizes an extrapleural, paravertebral route that allows access to the periesophageal area without entering the lung or pleural cavity. PMID- 6725713 TI - Distribution, location, and ultrastructure of plasma cells in the uninfected, lactating bovine mammary gland. AB - Quantitative cytological analysis demonstrated a marked and progressive increase in concentration of subepithelial plasma cells from milk-secreting parenchyma to the distal teat end mucosa in the normal, lactating bovine mammary gland. Parenchymal plasma cells exhibited typical ultrastructure with abundant, flattened stacks of rough endoplasmic reticulum, and hypertrophied Golgi components, while many cells in the teat end mucosa displayed an ergastoplasm distended with fine, flocculent material. Intraepithelial plasma cells were also observed in teat end mucosa. Results suggest that teat end tissues function by recruiting plasma cells to serve as protection against invading mastitis-causing organisms. PMID- 6725714 TI - Effect of prazosin on the function of the teat sphincter in lactating cows. AB - Oxytocin was infused for 60 min into the jugular vein of 8 lactating cows with full udders before milking. Under these circumstances milk loss occurred spontaneously in 3 cows and was evoked in 5 cows by reducing pressure around one teat (-30 cm water) using a plethysmographic chamber. Milk loss was measured continuously. The postsynaptic alpha-blocking agent prazosin ( PRZS ) injected either into the udder artery (2 or 5 mg) or into the jugular vein (200 mg) consistently induced a significant increase in milk leakage. It is suggested that PRZS effectively inhibits alpha-adrenoceptors in the teat sphincter muscles and thus promotes the action of beta-adrenoceptors, in this way inducing relaxation of the teat sphincter. PMID- 6725715 TI - N-acetyl-beta-D-glucosaminidase (NAGase) levels in bulk herd milk. AB - N-acetyl-beta-D-glucosaminidase ( NAGase ) levels and somatic cell counts (SCC) were determined monthly for 6 months in the bulk milk of 181 suppliers (1063 samples). A highly significant correlation (r = 0.74; P less than 0.001) was found between supplier's bulk herd milk geometric mean NAGase activity and SCC. Monthly trends which grouped suppliers into various categories defined by different NAGase and SCC thresholds showed that a similar overall pattern was obtained with both SCC and NAGase . However, further analysis indicated that 18% of the bulk milk which had SCC less than 500 X 10(3)/ml had NAGase levels greater than 25 units. Also, 34% of samples with SCC greater than 500 X 10(3)/ml had NAGase levels less than 25 units. Overall, 24% of all samples did not have corresponding NAGase and SCC results. When the bulk milk of 2 commercial dairy herds was tested monthly over 12-18 months whilst the infection status of all quarters in the herds was regularly monitored, those herds with low incidence of mastitis (5% quarters infected) had significantly lower bulk milk SCC and NAGase levels than those with a high incidence of mastitis (22% of quarters infected). This suggests that NAGase measurement on bulk herd milk would be a simple means of monitoring infection status of dairy herds and of rapidly classifying a supplier's milk as being of low, medium or high SCC status. The possible combined use of SCC and NAGase levels in bulk milk monitoring schemes is discussed. PMID- 6725716 TI - Resistance in psychotherapy with adolescents. AB - Resistances are of considerable significance in psychoterapy with adolescents. In this article, that significance is investigated further, because the way in which resistances are valued is very important in treatment. The forms in which it appears and, the source and intention of resistances are discussed. It is proposed that the investigation of resistances should not be aimed primarily at their removal. PMID- 6725717 TI - A model of psychological dependence in adolescent substance abusers. AB - Adolescent substance abuse appears to have its foundations in a distortion of perceived events at an age prior to involvement with substances. Substances are used as a compromise in an attempt to establish a lifestyle which has meaning to the individual. Because the individual's involvement with a substance has taken place during the crucial developmental phase of adolescence, and because the use of drugs alters one's perception of one's social, emotional and cognitive state, any experience during this time must, by necessity, be distorted. At the same time, other experiences, necessary for natural development into adulthood, are forsaken . Thus, certain learned skills are replaced by those learned whilst under the influence of substances or as a reaction to the substance abusing lifestyle. The latter two often being inappropriate in drug-free situations. As the abuse of substances severely hampers the individual's natural development, a model of Developmental Habilitation is the essence of change. PMID- 6725718 TI - The relationship between criminal conviction and interrogative suggestibility among delinquent boys. AB - This study investigates the relationship between interrogative suggestibility, as measured by the Gudjonsson Suggestibility Scale (GSS), and number of previous convictions among 35 delinquent boys. The GSS measures two independent aspects of suggestibility. First, the extent to which subjects give in to suggestive questions. Second, the extent to which subjects give in to interpersonal pressure given in the form of critical feedback about test performance. The number of convictions were found to correlate negatively with the latter aspect of interrogative suggestibility, but not significantly with the former. PMID- 6725719 TI - The influence of a return to school on the long-term adjustment of school refusers. AB - There is currently a strong emphasis on an early return to school in the management of school refusers . However, many of the studies in this area show a certain similarity in that the efficacy of treatment is measured by the disappearance of school avoidance rather than the long-term adjustment of the child. Very few studies have followed the school refuser into adulthood and even fewer have looked at the prognostic implications of a return to school. This paper reports a study of 34 young people all of whom had been admitted to an in patient adolescent unit because of school refusal. Half had returned to school and the other half had never done so. The influence of this return on their emotional and social adjustment in young adulthood was assessed. PMID- 6725720 TI - Democratic consensus and the young: a cross national comparison of Britain and America. AB - In previous decades research has suggested that the young, especially those in higher education, were increasingly cynical , distrustful and disenchanted with the democratic process in Britain and America. The aim of this paper is to see how far this is still the case by assessing democratic attitudes amongst college students in a sample from Britain and America, using scales developed by McClosky (1964). The paper concludes that the responses from the American and British sample were fairly similar across a number of scales on the rules of the game, free speech and equality. On all these both groups of students displayed relatively high support for democratic attitudes. The main contrast was found on feelings of trust and efficacy, with the British sample showing much lower feelings that government was honest and responsive to their needs. The paper concludes with some suggestions about how these responses can be explained. PMID- 6725721 TI - Beggary in West Africa. AB - Westerners visiting Africa for the first time are often surprized --if not shocked--at the large number of beggars in the streets and the relative ease with which people solicit or give help although pure adherents of Islam are in favour of restricting beggary . A first reason for this is that most West African societies are deeply Islamized and that begging is a characteristic feature of Islamic societies. But a closer look at the traditional structures shows that the ancestral principle of mutual solidarity is also at the basis of most people's attitude. However, the increasing number of beggars and forms of begging have turned the phenomenon into a national concern. Senegalese novelists and film makers, even Senegalese members of the Parliament often engage in debates about that national plague and what to do about it. This paper analyzes the various motives for begging and giving alms and discusses youth's attitude towards the issue. Its tentative conclusion is that despite the overall acceptance of the phenomenon for religious reasons--a position of principle--there are clear indications of an increasingly critical attitude towards begging . PMID- 6725723 TI - Characterization of male goat odors: 6-trans nonenal. AB - Solvent extraction and nitrogen degassing were employed to collect volatile odors from the lipid complex yielded by swabbing the sebaceous gland areas of the scalps of sexually active bucks from four breeds of goats. Gland tissue samples from freshly slaughtered bucks and does also were obtained for lipid analysis. Identified as the major compound responsible for one of the characteristic odors of the buck was 6-trans nonenal . Isolation of the compound as its 2,4 dinitrophenyl hydrazone was achieved by column and thin-layer chromatography. Tentative identification was based on comparison with known compounds by argentation thin-layer chromatography, retardation factors for the 2,4 dinitrophenyl hydrazone derivatives, and gas-liquid chromatography retention times of regenerated compounds. The presence of other nonenals suggests that the compound may be formed by oxidation of the gland lipids. The odor of the male goat in rut often is implicated as a source of the " goaty " flavor problem in fresh goat milk. When added to goat milk, 6-trans nonenal yielded a significant melon- musky flavor response from the flavor panel; the " goaty " flavor response was more significant for added 4-ethyl octanoic acid, 4-methyl octanoic acid, and 4-ethyl oct-2-enoic acid. PMID- 6725722 TI - The dangers of ill-health through recreation. AB - Healthy recreation for adolescents is discussed in its physical, psychological, educational and social dimensions. The medical and psychological dangers, in many current practices, are highlighted. Contemporary changes that have occurred in conceptions of pleasure and recreation are examined and the emerging evidence of the hazards involved is emphasised. Proposals for the prevention of these hazards to health are made. PMID- 6725724 TI - Milk yield by Dorset ewes as affected by sibling status, sex and age of lamb, and measurement. AB - Milk intake (sucking-test weight) by 55 Dorset lambs and milk production (oxytocin-hand milking) by 41 Dorset ewes were measured at 2-wk intervals during the first 8 wk of lactation. Each method indicated that milk yield by ewes was greater at 2 and 4 wk of lactation than at 6 and 8 wk. Daily milk intake by a set of twins (suckling-test weight) was similar to 24-h milk production of their dam (oxytocin-hand milking) when lambs were 2, 4, 6, and 8 wk of age. At 2, 4, and 6 wk postpartum, milk production by ewes nursing single lambs was 200 to 400 g greater than milk intake by lambs due to a larger residual milk. Stage of lactation had a significant effect on protein and fat content of milk but not on lactose. Sex of offspring had no effect on milk yield or protein, fat, and lactose content of milk. Lactose was one percentage unit greater in milk of ewes nursing single lambs; however, the amount of lactose secreted daily was similar for ewes nursing single or twin lambs. Twenty-four-hour milk production by the ewe as determined by the oxytocin-hand milking method was correlated with lamb growth (.67 to .86), with milk intake, as determined by the suckling-test weight method, the next most important variable. Milk composition contributed little toward modeling lamb growth. PMID- 6725725 TI - Changes of bacterial numbers and carbohydrate fermenting groups during in vitro rumen incubations with feedstuff materials. AB - Short in vitro incubations of mixed ruminal bacteria with feedstuff materials were conducted. In each series of experiments, the rumen bacterial population was divided into equal portions. One portion was washed anaerobically by centrifugation in a mineral buffer prior to initiation of incubation, whereas the other portion was not washed. Changes of carbohydrate group composition of the populations, of bacterial cell composition, and of incubation fluid characteristics were monitored over 24 h. Washing the bacterial inoculum did not affect adversely the ensuing feed fermentation and resulted in lower background carbohydrates and fermentation acids. Unwashed bacterial incubations had a greater tendency to produce more lactate. When the feedstuff substrate contained more soluble nutrients, the microbial population exhibited batch culture type growth, and bacteria fermenting soluble carbohydrate predominated. When alfalfa hay was the sole substrate, a more balanced fermentation resulted with respect to both carbohydrate group composition and fermentation acid production. Implications of these findings in relation to use of in vitro methods to estimate digestibility of feedstuff are addressed. PMID- 6725726 TI - Epidemiology of parturient paresis: predisposing factors with emphasis on dry cow feeding and management. AB - Dry cow feeding and management were examined for predisposing factors for parturient paresis in 1,983 Holstein cows from New York Dairy Herd Improvement Cooperative records, monthly technician visits to 31 farms, and questionnaires. Variables were estimated transmitting ability, season of calving, lactation number, parturient paresis, estimated potential hours per day of exercise, and estimated nutrient intakes (protein, calcium, phosphorus, and energy) during the preceding dry period. Nutrient intakes were estimated by farmers for the average dry cow (season dependent) in their herd for the early (greater than or equal to 3 wk prepartum) and late portions of the dry period. Intakes were percentages of National Research Council requirements for a 550 kg dry cow in the last 2 mo of gestation. Nutrient intakes were coded by ranking the herds by percentage of each requirement. Codes represented the approximate lower third, middle third, and top third of the herds. Individual cows were assigned their herd nutrition codes by their season of calving. For stepwise discriminant analysis, the group variable was parturient paresis (94 cases, 1,889 controls). As lactation number (most important) and estimated transmitting ability (second most important) increased, incidence of parturient paresis increased. Parturient paresis was reduced with high dietary protein fed during the early stage of the dry period, with low phosphorus and high energy (lead feeding) closer to calving, and with decreased opportunity for exercise. Most cows were overfed calcium, especially in the late stage of the dry period, but calcium intake was not important when phosphorus was low. PMID- 6725727 TI - Neutrophil migration through test end tissues of bovine mammary quarters experimentally challenged with Staphylococcus aureus. AB - Diapedesis and infiltration of neutrophils into internal epithelial tissues of the distal teat end and migration into milk were studied in bovine mammary quarters infected with Staphylococcus aureus. Neutrophil extravasation, penetration of the epithelium, and mode of passage into milk were evaluated by light and transmission electron microscopy. Collection of observations from 10 infected quarters of six cows provided morphologic evidence for the following sequence of events as neutrophils passed from blood into milk. In capillaries of the subepithelial stroma, neutrophils adhered to luminal walls, penetrated endothelia and basal lamina, then migrated across the periendothelial cell layer into extravascular connective tissues adjacent to epithelial linings. The leukocytes then penetrated epithelial basal laminae and migrated between basal epithelial cells to gain access to the luminal cell layer. Possible modes of migration across luminal cells into milk included 1) projection through individual, degenerate luminal cells, 2) penetration between intact epithelia, and 3) passage into milk as luminal cells desquamated in areas of epithelial metaplasia. The first method appeared to be the predominant mechanism of migration. These data suggest that elevated numbers of neutrophils in distal teat end epithelium and in cisternal milk may be instrumental in the initial events that prevent establishment of infection in the bovine mammary gland. PMID- 6725728 TI - Association of genetic variants of casein and milk serum proteins with milk, fat, and protein production by dairy cattle. AB - Polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis methods were used to phenotype caseins for 2045 cows and milk serum proteins for 3870 cows distributed in 63 Quebec dairy herds. Frequencies were: alpha s1-casein A .003, alpha s1-casein B .970, alpha s1 casein C .027; beta-casein A1 .561, beta-casein A2 .421, beta-casein A3 .011, beta-casein B .007; kappa-casein A .744, kappa-casein B .256; beta-lactoglobulin A .387, beta-lactoglobulin B .613; alpha-lactalbumin B 1.00. Overall unadjusted means for 305-day production in first lactation were: 5530 +/- 26.6 kg, 197 +/- 1.0 kg, 172 +/- 1.0 kg, 3.58 +/- .009, 3.12 +/- .009 for milk yield, fat yield, protein yield, fat percentage, and protein percentage for 1687 cows for casein systems. Similar data for 2906 cows phenotyped for milk serum proteins were: 5412 +/- 20.6 kg, 193 +/- .8 kg, 170 +/- .7 kg, 3.57 +/- .007, and 3.13 +/- 007. Least squares analysis of variance showed that herd location, month of calving, age of cow at first calving, and protein variants had significant effects on production traits. alpha s1-Casein B and beta-casein A phenotypes were associated with higher milk, fat, and protein yields than other variants in the two casein systems. Milk from kappa-casein BB and beta-lactoglobulin AA phenotypes contained .13 and .05% more protein than the AA and BB phenotypes with the AB phenotype intermediate. PMID- 6725729 TI - Heritability of milk casein and genetic and phenotypic correlations with production traits. AB - Individual milk samples were obtained monthly from November 1979 to November 1981 from approximately 2,800 Holstein cows in 63 herds enrolled in the Quebec Dairy Herd Analysis Service. These milk samples were analyzed for fat, total protein, casein, and serum protein. After editing, the data comprised 2,813 lactations representing 109 sires. By approximate maximum likelihood procedures, the model included herd (absorbed), year-month, and parity fixed effects, and sire and error random effects. Lactation casein yield increased with advancing parity to parity five and then decreased slightly. Lactation casein percent and number (percent casein in protein) declined until parities four and three, respectively, and essentially remained constant thereafter. Lactation casein yield was high for lactations initiated during winter months as opposed to summer months. No seasonal trend was apparent for casein percent or number. Heritabilities for lactation casein yield, percent, and number were .11, .26, and .08. Genetic and phenotypic correlations of casein yield with milk, fat, and protein yields were large and positive. Genetic correlation of casein percent with milk yield was negative (-.76) but positive (.96) with protein percent. Genetic correlations involving casein number tended to be small. PMID- 6725730 TI - Influences of dam on calving difficulty and early calf mortality. AB - Influence of dam on calving difficulty and calf mortality was evaluated for repeatability of past performance and daughter-dam relationships. Repeatability for calving performance at first with second parity was .16 and for consecutive calvings at second and later parities .10. Repeatability for calf mortality from first to second parity was .02 and for consecutive calving at second and later parities .02. A small but real tendency existed to repeat prior calving performance but not calf livability . Repeatabilities for dystocia were approximately double heritability. Difficulty scores should not be combined because of loss of predictive value of future performance. Relationship of calving difficulty to calf mortality varied depending on whether the calf was born dead or died within 48 h postpartum. Livability scores for those classes should not be combined when calf mortality-calving difficulty interactions are investigated. The hypothesis of negative direct maternal correlation for dystocia resulting from small calves born with ease becoming small cows that have increased dystocia was not disproven for first and second parities. Cows with above average difficulty produced daughters with above average difficulty, and heritability of dystocia as a trait of the dam was .24 by regression of daughter on dam. PMID- 6725731 TI - Factors affecting conception rate of Israeli Holstein cattle. AB - Environmental and genetic effects on reproductive performance were estimated. Data included records of 194,579 inseminations of cows and 56,132 inseminations of heifers in 200 kibbutz herds from 1980 to 1981. Conception status was ascertained by veterinary palpation if no subsequent parturition was recorded. With subsequent parturition, the insemination closest to 277 days before parturition was considered successful. Largest differences in conception rate were between cows (40.4%) and heifers (64.3%) and among insemination month for cows (23.5 to 51.5%). Heritabilities of sire effect on conception rate were .016 for cows and .006 for heifers. Correlations between heifers and cows were .64 for inseminator and .54 for service sire. Low correlation between heifers and cows for herd effect (.17) indicates a management problem; low correlation between heifers and cows for sire effect (.27) suggests a different genetic mechanism for fertility. Significant improvement may be achieved in fertility by selection of service sires, sires, and inseminators if evaluations are based on a large number of observations. However, the major increase of conception rate may be expected from reducing adverse effects of summer conditions on reproductive performance. PMID- 6725732 TI - Weather and shade effects on cow corral activities. AB - Visual scanning at 15-min intervals was used to monitor effects of shade forms and weather types on corral activities of cows. The method allowed one person to observe several dozen cows in a large pen, regardless of grouping pattern. Complete ration eating between 0600 and 1800 h was reduced 13% during hot weather, as compared to cool weather in unshaded corrals or pens with 4-m wide solid strip shades and unprotected manger . Hot afternoon fresh-feed eating response was reduced in comparison to cool weather 14% for unshaded corrals and 46% for strip shaded corrals having unprotected mangers . Cows having the strip shade plus a separate shade over the manger or a combined completely shaded free stall rest and feeding area had double the ad libitum eating between fresh feed offerings during cool or warm weather over animals with unprotected mangers , and the response was tripled in hot weather. The percentage of cows resting or ruminating in the standing position increased linearly as temperatures increased. The effect was most evident for unshaded cows or those with the strip shade and unprotected manger . The percentage of cows drinking water or lingering around the trough without drinking increased in hot weather for unshaded animals. The observation method is taught easily, and results are useful in extension education programs. PMID- 6725733 TI - Increasing pedigree contribution to dairy sire evaluation. AB - Methods to improve contributions of ancestor information to sire evaluations computed by the Modified Contemporary Comparison were studied. Pedigree index (one-half evaluation of sire plus one-fourth evaluation of maternal grandsire ) was used to indicate ancestor merit with adjustment for type of sampling program and birth date. For Holsteins, effect of sampling through artificial insemination was 35 kg for milk yield; effect of birth date (trend of daughter merit not accounted for by pedigree index or type of sampling) was 7.3 kg/yr for milk yield and .36 kg/yr for fat yield. Trends were larger for milk and fat yields of Ayrshires , Brown Swiss, Guernseys , and Jerseys except for fat yield of Ayrshires , which had no significant trend. Correlations of daughter merit with pedigree index and with present group average (average daughter merit of bulls with similar pedigree indexes for milk yield) were computed. For milk yield, correlations of daughter merit with pedigree index and with group average were nearly the same; however, for fat yield, pedigree index had a higher correlation with daughter merit than did group average. Accounting for residual trend resulted in further increase of correlation. Replacing one-fourth evaluation of maternal grandsire with one-half Cow Index of dam also improved correlations slightly. Evaluations can be modified so that pedigree index adjusted by birth date replaces group average in representing ancestor merit. Such evaluations better predict performance of future daughters than do evaluations with grouping by pedigree index for milk yield, particularly for evaluations for fat yield. Dam's Cow Index provides little additional information. PMID- 6725734 TI - Metastases of sun-induced SCC. PMID- 6725735 TI - Telangiectasia of the lower extremity. PMID- 6725736 TI - Keratoacanthoma in a black patient. PMID- 6725737 TI - Tumor conference #52. Epidermodysplasia verruciformis. PMID- 6725738 TI - The Ligmaject for injection of triamcinolone acetonide and collagen. PMID- 6725739 TI - International dermatosurgery: genitoperineal cyst of the median raphe. AB - Canals and cysts are not rare embryonic malformations of the male genitoperineal median raphe. These patients usually consult dermatovenereologists . They normally remain asymptomatic for a long period, but secondary infections, caused by Neisseria gonorrheae , may occur. Surgical excision is the treatment of choice. PMID- 6725740 TI - A three-year experience with the argon laser in dermatotherapy. AB - Since January 1980, 477 patients were treated with an argon laser, 337 afflicted with vascular lesions and 140 with nonvascular lesions. Laser therapy of portwine stains gave good results in 70% of the adult patients, but it was disappointing in patients younger than 18 years of age. Other vascular lesions, such as telangiectasia, venous lake, angiofibroma, lymphangioma, and cherry angioma, were also treated with success. For the removal of tattoos the argon laser is not an optimal modality. In our experience it should only be used in skin areas, where dermabrasion cannot be performed. Therapy of epidermal nevi, xanthelasma of the eyelids, verrucae, vulgares , and sebaceous gland hyperplasia gave preliminary promising results in some patients. PMID- 6725741 TI - Azathioprine for use in dermatology. PMID- 6725742 TI - Lipo-suction surgery: history and development. PMID- 6725743 TI - Postsurgical dermabrasion of the nose. PMID- 6725744 TI - Cryotherapy for chronic nonspecific pruritus ani. PMID- 6725745 TI - Effect of fluorescent dust color on the attractiveness of attractant self-marking devices to the stable fly (Diptera: Muscidae). PMID- 6725746 TI - Performance of psychopaths on cognitive tasks related to frontal lobe function. PMID- 6725747 TI - Psychopathy and perceptual asymmetry during verbal dichotic listening. PMID- 6725748 TI - Psychomotor retardation in melancholic and nonmelancholic depression: cognitive and motor components. PMID- 6725749 TI - Prospective study of postpartum depression: prevalence, course, and predictive factors. PMID- 6725750 TI - Recall and recognition in chronic nondemented schizophrenics: use of matched tasks. PMID- 6725751 TI - Hyperactive and hypoxic children: signal detection, sustained attention, and behavior. PMID- 6725752 TI - Social support as a moderator of the aftereffects of stress in female psychiatric inpatients. PMID- 6725753 TI - Temporal organization of recall during posthypnotic amnesia. PMID- 6725754 TI - Changes in object relations from psychosis to recovery. PMID- 6725755 TI - Personality and attitudinal characteristics of sexually coercive college males. PMID- 6725756 TI - Symptoms, hassles, social supports, and life events: problem of confounded measures. PMID- 6725757 TI - Perceptual grouping in schizophrenia: replication of Place and Gilmore. PMID- 6725758 TI - Attributional style and depressive symptoms among children. PMID- 6725759 TI - Irrational beliefs and self-reported depressed mood. PMID- 6725760 TI - Premature ejaculation: investigation of factors in ejaculatory latency. PMID- 6725761 TI - Active-alert hypnosis: replication and extension of previous research. PMID- 6725762 TI - An improvement in the range resolution of ultrasonic pulse echo systems by deconvolution. AB - Ultrasonic pulse echo systems are often limited in range resolution by the bandwidth of the piezoelectric transducer. Significant improvements in the range resolution of such systems can be obtained by minimizing the effects of the transducer's dynamic response on the overall pulse echo process. An approach to minimize the effects of the transducer is developed from linear system and impulse response techniques. In essence, the pulse echo voltage of interest is deconvolved with a pulse echo reference voltage which is obtained from an air/water interface in the nearfield of the transducer . A computer study of the pulse echo process and the deconvolution process is presented to illustrate the nature of the improvement in range resolution for several cases of interest. Finally, experimental results are presented to illustrate the improvement using commercially available transducers. PMID- 6725763 TI - Interrelation of different oto-acoustic emissions. AB - Amplitude and phase of the sound pressure measured in the closed ear canal during stimulation with pure tones have been monitored as a function of frequency for subjects with and without measurable spontaneous emissions. The frequency spacing between neighboring maxima of the evoked emissions is closely related to that found between neighboring spontaneous emissions. Similar data are found with delayed evoked emissions. All three catagories , spontaneous, delayed, and synchronous evoked emissions are closely related to each other and to the fine structure of threshold in quiet. PMID- 6725764 TI - Profile analysis: critical bands and duration. AB - The detection of an increment in the intensity of the central component of a multi-component complex was measured as a function of the frequency spacing of the components and the duration of the presentation. The overall intensity of the complex was randomly varied on each presentation of the stimulus. Curiously, the increment becomes easier to hear as the range and density of the surrounding complex is increased. This increase in range and density is also effective in improving the detectability of the increment when there is no random variation in intensity, i.e., a conventional Weber fraction experiment. This is unlike the results obtained in many other critical-band experiments where energy remote from the signal frequency has little or no effect. Measurement of the effects of signal duration showed that when presentations were shorter than about 100 msec a greater increment in intensity was required than for longer durations. These results with duration are similar to those obtained in other intensity discrimination tasks. PMID- 6725766 TI - Amplitude modulation thresholds in chinchillas with high-frequency hearing loss. AB - Estimates of auditory temporal resolution were obtained from normal chinchillas using sinusoidally amplitude modulated noise. Afterwards, the animals were exposed to noise whose bandwidth was progressively increased toward the low frequencies in octave steps. The first exposure was to an octave band of noise centered at 8 kHz. Three additional octave bands of noise were subsequently added to the original exposure in order to progressively increase the extent of the high-frequency hearing loss. The first exposure produced a temporary hearing loss of 50 to 60 dB near 8 kHz and elevated the amplitude modulation thresholds primarily at intermediate (128 Hz) modulation frequencies. Successive noise exposures extended the temporary hearing loss toward lower frequencies, but there was little further deterioration in the amplitude modulation function until the last exposure when the hearing loss spread to 1 kHz. The degradation in the amplitude modulation function observed after the last exposure, however, was due to a reduction in the sensation level of the test signal rather than to a decrease in the hearing bandwidth. The results of this study suggest that the high-frequency regions of the cochlea may be important for temporal resolution. PMID- 6725767 TI - Detection of frequency and rate modulation by the chinchilla. AB - Thresholds for detection of frequency modulation were obtained from three chinchillas at seven frequencies between 320 Hz and 12.75 kHz and at three sensation levels (20, 40, 60, dB SL). These were compared with human thresholds at 40 dB SL obtained under the same conditions. Our data show no significant impact of sensation level and confirm Nelson and Kiester 's [J. Acoust. Soc. Am. 64, 114-126 (1978)] report that the chinchilla has much poorer frequency discrimination than man. In an attempt to assess separately the chinchilla's capacity for temporal coding of frequency, thresholds for detection of a change in the modulation rate of amplitude modulated noise were obtained for nine modulation frequencies between 10 and 320 Hz. The chinchillas needed a larger rate change for detection than most humans but the relative difference was less than that found for frequency modulation detection. PMID- 6725765 TI - Identification and discrimination of rise time: is it categorical or noncategorical? AB - Previous studies have reported that rise time of sawtooth waveforms may be discriminated in either a categorical-like manner under some experimental conditions or according to Weber's law under other conditions. In the present experiments, rise time discrimination was examined with two experimental procedures: the traditional labeling and ABX tasks used in speech perception studies and an adaptive tracking procedure used in psychophysical studies. Rise time varied from 0 to 80 ms in 10-ms intervals for sawtooth signals of 1-s duration. Discrimination functions for subjects who simply discriminated the signals on any basis whatsoever as well as functions for subjects who practiced labeling the endpoint stimuli as " pluck " and "bow" before ABX discrimination were not categorical in the ABX task. In the adaptive tracking procedure, the Weber fraction obtained from the jnds of rise time was found to be a constant above 20-ms rise time. The results from the two discrimination paradigms were then compared by predicting a jnd for rise time from the ABX discrimination data by reference to the underlying psychometric function. Using this method of analysis, discrimination results from previous studies were shown to be quite similar to the discrimination results observed in this study. Taken together the results demonstrate clearly that rise time discrimination of sawtooth signals follows predictions derived from Weber's law. PMID- 6725768 TI - Interaural intensity discrimination: insensitivity at 1000 Hz. AB - Recent data from three laboratories have replicated Mills' [J. Acoust. Soc. Am. 32, 132-134 (1960)] finding that interaural intensity discrimination is relatively poorer for tones of 1000 Hz than for tones of either higher or lower frequencies. To get a finer look at this frequency effect, interaural intensity difference thresholds were obtained from four subjects for tones of several frequencies around 1000 Hz. An adaptive two-interval forced-choice procedure was employed, in which the overall intensity of the signals was varied randomly in order to prevent subjects from listening to monaural loudness changes. Despite large intersubject differences in overall sensitivity to interaural intensity differences, all four subjects showed a local peak in their threshold functions at or near 1000 Hz. This curious "1000-Hz effect" might be explained by imagining that an interaural intensity comparator operates more efficiently as frequency increases, but that a peripheral interaural intensity difference to interaural time difference conversion contributes to laterality judgments for low-frequency tones, thus acting to lower thresholds again for frequencies below 1000 Hz. PMID- 6725769 TI - The influence of pinnae-based spectral cues on sound localization. AB - The role of pinnae-based spectral cues was investigated by requiring listeners to locate sound, binaurally, in the horizontal plane with and without partial occlusion of their external ears. The main finding was that the high frequencies were necessary for optimal performance. When the stimulus contained the higher audio frequencies, e.g., broadband and 4.0-kHz high-pass noise, localization accuracy was significantly superior to that recorded for stimuli consisting only of the lower frequencies (4.0- and 1.0-kHz low-pass noise). This finding was attributed to the influence of the spectral cues furnished by the pinnae, for when the stimulus composition included high frequencies, pinnae occlusion resulted in a marked decline in localization accuracy. Numerous front-rear reversals occurred. Moreover, the ability to distinguish among sounds originating within the same quadrant also suffered. Performance proficiency for the low-pass stimuli was not further degraded under conditions of pinnae occlusion. In locating the 4.0-kHz high-pass noise when both, neither, or only one ear was occluded, the data demonstrated unequivocally that the pinna-based cues of the "near" ear contributed powerfully toward localization accuracy. PMID- 6725770 TI - Concurrent minimum audible angle: a re-examination of the concept of auditory spatial acuity. AB - Minimum audible angle was measured for simultaneous acoustic events. Localization of concurrent events was found to be a direct function of the spectral differences between the events, the angle between the sources, and the location of the sources within the field defined by the subject. In the latter case, the m.a.a. was smallest with sources placed symmetrically about the listener's median plane and maximal at the extreme lateral portions. Post-hoc tests were completed which indicate that the spectral limits for concurrent localization is dependent both upon the angular separation of the sources and the position within the field as defined by the locus of the subject. The functions obtained approach the values reported by Mills [J. Acoust. Soc. Am. 30, 237-246(1958)] as the temporal overlap between the concurrent events decreased. The present results suggest that a single localization function may exist with the optimal performance observed with fully successive stimuli and poorest performance in the condition involving simultaneous events. The implications of these results are discussed. PMID- 6725771 TI - Speech recognition in a special case of low-frequency hearing loss. AB - Recognition of speech stimuli consisting of monosyllabic words, sentences, and nonsense syllables was tested in normal subjects and in a subject with a low frequency sensorineural hearing loss characterized by an absence of functioning sensory units in the apical region of the cochlea, as determined in a previous experiment [C. W. Turner, E. M. Burns, and D. A. Nelson, J. Acoust. Soc. Am. 73, 966-975 (1983)]. Performance of all subjects was close to 100% correct for all stimuli presented unfiltered at a moderate intensity level. When stimuli were low pass filtered, performance of the hearing-impaired subject fell below that of the normals, but was still considerably above chance. A further diminution in the impaired subject's recognition of nonsense syllables resulted from the addition of a high-pass masking noise, indicating that his performance in the filtered quiet condition was attributable in large part to the contribution of sensory units in basal and midcochlear regions. Normals' performance was also somewhat decreased by the masker, suggesting that they also may have been extracting some low-frequency speech cues from responses of sensory units located in the base of the cochlea. PMID- 6725772 TI - The discrimination of vowel duration by infants. AB - Three groups of nine 5-11-month-old infants provided evidence of discrimination of speechlike stimuli differing only in vowel duration. Ease of discrimination was directly related to the magnitude of the ratio of the longer to shorter vowel. Group one infants discriminated three vowel duration contrasts (with ratios of 0.33, 0.67, and 1.0) embedded in a synthetic [mad] syllable; group two discriminated these same duration contrasts within the bisyllable [ samad ], and group three in the trisyllable [ masamad ]. In all cases, the contrasting durations were carried by the last vowel of the synthetic word. These same three infant groups failed to provide evidence of discrimination of a final position released stop consonant contrast ([mat] versus [mad]) cued by voice excitation during closure of the [d] and not the [t]. These results suggest that vowel duration may be a primary cue for infants' perception of the voicing of final position stop consonants. PMID- 6725773 TI - The role of release bursts in the perception of [s]-stop clusters. AB - The role of the release burst as a cue to the perception of stop consonants following [s] was investigated in a series of studies. Experiment 1 demonstrated that silent closure duration and burst duration can be traded as cues for the "say"-"stay" distinction. Experiment 2 revealed a similar trading relation between closure duration and burst amplitude. Experiments 3 and 4 suggested, perhaps surprisingly, that absolute, not relative, burst amplitude is important. Experiment 5 demonstrated that listener's sensitivity to bursts in a labeling task is at least equal to their sensitivity in a burst detection task. Experiments 6 and 7 replicated the trading relation between closure duration and burst amplitude for labial stops in the "slit"-"split" and "slash"-"splash" distinctions, although burst amplification, in contrast to attenuation, had no effect. All experiments revealed that listeners are remarkably sensitive to the presence of even very weak release bursts. PMID- 6725774 TI - Perception of voice-onset-time continua: a signal detection analysis. AB - An absolute identification task and various discrimination tasks were performed on synthetic syllables initiated by alveolar stops varying in voice-onset-time (VOT). Signal detection analyses of the data yielded three main findings. First, discrimination d's exceeded those for absolute identification. Greater instability of judgment in the latter than in the former task explained this difference. Second, stimuli within a phonetic category were discriminable, even in a delayed 2IAX paradigm with 4s between stimuli. Third, a category boundary effect appeared: identification and discrimination d's were largest around the voiced/voiceless boundary for alveolar stops. The relationship between discrimination and identification d's varies with response constraints, the number of just noticeable differences in the stimulus array, and stability of judgments in the various tasks. Nearly equal performance in discrimination and identification tasks is not a sufficient condition for a category boundary effect to occur. Several arguments are advanced against a dual-coding model. A continuous model which invokes only a single decision process may account more gracefully for the relationship between identification and discrimination of both consonants and vowels. PMID- 6725775 TI - On the role of the amplitude envelope for the perception of [b] and [w]. AB - This study investigated the role of the amplitude envelope in the vicinity of consonantal release in the perception of the stop-glide contrast. Three sets of acoustic [b-w] continua, each in the vowel environments [a] and [i], were synthesized using parameters derived from natural speech. In the first set, amplitude, formant frequency, and duration characteristics were interpolated between exemplar stop and glide endpoints. In the second set, formant frequency and duration characteristics were interpolated, but all stimuli were given a stop amplitude envelope. The third set was like the second, except that all stimuli were given a glide amplitude envelope. Subjects were given both forced-choice and free-identification tasks. The results of the forced-choice task indicated that amplitude cues were able to override transition slope, duration, and formant frequency cues in the perception of the stop-glide contrast. However, results from the free-identification task showed that, although presence of a stop amplitude envelope turned all stimuli otherwise labeled as glides to stops, the presence of a glide amplitude envelope changed stimuli labeled otherwise as stops to fricatives rather than to glides. These results support the view that the amplitude envelope in the vicinity of the consonantal release is a critical acoustic property for the continuant / noncontinuant contrast. The results are discussed in relation to a theory of acoustic invariance. PMID- 6725776 TI - Use of the articulation index for assessing residual auditory function in listeners with sensorineural hearing impairment. AB - Two experiments were performed to explore the feasibility of deriving an articulation index (AI) based scheme for quantifying residual auditory function in listeners with sensorineural hearing impairment. In the first experiment the AI procedure was applied to audiograms of normal and sensorineural hearing impaired individuals in order to predict speech discrimination under various conditions. Good predictions were found for the normal and the less impaired subjects, but not for those with greater impairments. These subjects exhibited a disproportionate loss in speech discrimination compared to that predicted on the basis of the AI procedure. In the second experiment it was investigated whether the AI predictions for presbycusic individuals could be improved by making use of the proficiency factor that is not a function of frequency. The results indicate that the deficit in suprathreshold speech processing is frequency-specific and that, therefore, the proficiency factor is not independent of frequency. It assumes the value of 1 at those frequencies where hearing sensitivity is normal and is substantially reduced for frequencies where hearing threshold is elevated. PMID- 6725777 TI - Spectral analysis of sung vowels. I. Variation due to differences between vowels, singers, and modes of singing. AB - Average 1/3-oct filter spectra of vowels, sung by seven professional male and seven professional female singers , were measured. The material consisted of nine different vowels, sung at six fundamental frequencies (F0, ranging from 98 up to 880 Hz). For each vowel the singers were requested to sing in the following nine modes: neutral, light, dark, pressed, free, loud, soft, straight, and extra vibrato . To study origins of spectral variation, the quantity of spectral variance, based on band filter sound levels, was used. For each fundamental frequency and separately for males and females, portions of total spectral variance associated with the main effects and the interactions of the factors "vowels," " singers ," and "modes of singing," were computed. A considerable decrease in total spectral variance was found when F0 rose from 98 to 880 Hz, mostly due to the reduced spectral variance between vowels. Above about F0 = 660 Hz spectral variation was dominated by differences related to singers and modes of singing. Additional analyses revealed that for all F0 values vowel spectra of the tenor and the soprano singers varied more than those of the bass and the alto singers , there was only a slight dependence of spectral differences between vowels on the mode of singing, and the amount of spectral variation in a vowel, sung by different singers with different modes of singing, was vowel dependent. PMID- 6725778 TI - Effect of flow disturbance on ultrasonic backscatter from blood. AB - Due to the better resolution and performance provided by the new generation of real-time high resolution ultrasonic scanners, blood now becomes a tissue which can also be visualized ultrasonically. There is strong experimental evidence indicating that the echogenicity of blood is increased as a result of erythrocyte aggregation. In this paper, we will show that flow disturbance may also play a significant role in influencing blood ultrasonic backscatter or echogenicity. Our results indicate that the introduction of turbulent flow can cause ultrasonic backscatter from erythrocyte suspensions to increase appreciably for hematocrits greater than 10%. We will also show that this increase may be correlated to the turbulent intensity. Moreover, the scattering peak is observed to shift to lower hematocrits when turbulence is eliminated. Experimental results obtained for uniform flow are in excellent agreement with theoretical models for small spherical scatterers which predict a scattering maximum at a hematocrit of 13%. PMID- 6725779 TI - Explososcan: a parallel processing technique for high speed ultrasound imaging with linear phased arrays. AB - The data acquisition rate in medical ultrasonic imaging devices is limited by the acoustic propagation velocity in the tissues. Typically in such machines the image lines are produced sequentially one line per transmitted pulse. A parallel processing scheme has been implemented which enables the data acquisition rate to increase by a factor of four through the simultaneous acquisition of four B-mode image lines from each individual broadened transmit pulse. The higher data rate can be used to increase the image frame rate to produce independent images that can be averaged in the image frame to reduce noise, or to produce a conventional image at standard video frame rates while reducing patient exposure. Alternatively, the field of view can be increased over that of a normal scan without sacrificing frame rate. These advantages are achieved with little reduction in the measured resolution. The design and performance of this device are described. A sample in vivo image is included. PMID- 6725780 TI - Vibratory patterns of the vocal folds during pulse register phonation. AB - The purpose of the present study was to investigate the vibratory patterns of the vocal folds during pulse register phonation. Glottal area-time functions were calculated from three high speed laryngeal films (4000 frames/second) obtained during phonation of the schwa vowel in pulse register by a normally hearing and speaking adult female. The results for the first film indicated that each of 35 consecutive vibratory cycles of the vocal folds consisted of a single opening/closing gesture followed by a lengthy closed phase. The analysis of the second film revealed that each of 33 consecutive vibratory cycles consisted of a double opening/closing vocal fold pattern, followed by a long closed phase. For the third film, the results indicated that each of 26 consecutive vibratory cycles of the vocal folds consisted of either a double or triple opening/closing gesture followed by a lengthy closed period. From these data, it appears that one of the physiological descriptors of pulse phonation is multiple, as well as single, vocal fold vibratory patterning. PMID- 6725781 TI - A psychometric study of the family adaptability and cohesion evaluation scales. AB - The Family Adaptability and Cohesion Evaluation Scales (FACES), a measure of family functioning, contains three scales: cohesion, adaptability, and social desirability. These were slightly modified (FACES-R) on the basis of pilot data and were administered to 42 clinic families (families seeking or receiving psychological services) and 206 nonclinic families. Support for the scales was found in high coefficient alpha reliabilities and similarity of the sample means and standard deviations to those of the standardization sample. However, there was little agreement among family members' scale scores. Therapists' ratings of cohesion and adaptability did not correlate with scale scores among clinic families. There was no difference between clinic and nonclinic samples on the cohesion or adaptability scales, although the social desirability scale did discriminate between groups. Factor analysis suggested that cohesion, adaptability, and social desirability cannot be clearly differentiated using this measure. PMID- 6725782 TI - Imitation and social responsiveness in autistic children. AB - Fifteen autistic children, ages 4-6 years, participated in the present study. Imitation and object permanence skills were assessed. Language and social behaviors were observed during free play. Children were also exposed to three interactive procedures that differed in developmental sophistication. The experimenter either (1) simultaneously imitated the child's actions, (2) modeled a familiar action, or (3) modeled a novel action. It was found that the autistic children who had a low level of imitative ability (Piaget's Stages 2-3) were more socially responsive, showed more eye contact, and played with toys in a less perseverative manner when the experimenter imitated their behavior than when the experimenter modeled either a familiar or a novel action. When the experimenter modeled a familiar as opposed to a novel action, these children were more likely to spontaneously imitate the experimenter. The autistic children with more highly developed imitation skills, however, responded similarly to all conditions. They also were generally more socially and verbally responsive. These results suggest that developmental status is an important variable in designing intervention programs for severely impaired children. PMID- 6725783 TI - Schedule-induced behavior in hyperactive children. AB - A schedule-induced behavior paradigm was used to investigate the activity patterns of hyperactive children in a standardized situation. In Experiment I, 10 hyperactive and 10 normal control children matched for age, sex, and IQ were observed under conditions of baseline and schedule. Measures of a number of categorized activities were taken on a time-sampling basis. Hyperactive children were more active than controls in baseline and did not respond to the schedule, unlike the controls who became significantly more active in schedule conditions. In Experiment II, 12 hyperactive and 6 normal children were again subjected to the same experimental paradigm, but in two of the four experimental sessions the stimulant drug methylphenidate was administered in an attempt to reduce the amount of baseline activity. Results were substantially similar to those of Experiment I, with hyperactive children more active than controls in baseline and insensitive to the schedule. There was no overall effect of drug administration on the behavior of either group. There were some rate-dependent effects of both drug and schedule conditions. PMID- 6725784 TI - A factor structure of child home observation data. AB - Both normal and antisocial children were extensively observed in their natural home environments. A factor analysis of the baseline data was conducted that differed from the typical factor study in two respects. Equal numbers of deviant and nondeviant behaviors were included in the analysis, and the unit of analysis was the rate-per-minute occurrence of actual child behavior. The factor structure was interpretable, and scaling of the dimensions-I, Verbal Emotionality, II, Physical Dependency, III, Social Involvement, IV, Hostile: Controlling, and V, Hostile: Impulsive-separated groups of normal, socially aggressive, hyperactive aggressive, and stealing children. Reported differences between aggressive and stealing children on rates of total aversive behavior were found to be due to differences in the verbal behaviors loading on the first factor. PMID- 6725785 TI - A comparison of the social status and social behavior of aggressive and aggressive/withdrawn boys. AB - The purpose of this study was to clarify contradictory findings concerning the social status of aggressive youngsters. This was undertaken by dividing kindergarten boys into either Aggressive [A] or Aggressive/Withdrawn [A/W] groups, as proposed by Ledingham [1981]. Both groups were found to be high on peer-nominated rejection, but the A group was also high on peer-nominated popularity while the A/W group was low. Similarly, both groups were observed to be high in negative peer interactions, but the A group was also high in positive interactions. It was noted that valuable information regarding the social status and social behavior of aggressive youngsters would be lost if such subgrouping is not undertaken. The relationship between Ledingham 's categorizations and others reported in the literature was discussed. PMID- 6725786 TI - Acceptability of aversive procedures and medication as treatment alternatives for deviant child behavior. AB - The present investigation evaluated the acceptability of alternative treatments for deviant child behavior. Clinical cases of children who displayed severe behavioral problems at home and a school were described along with three different treatments. The treatments, time-out from reinforcement, locked seclusion, and medication, were rated by psychiatric inpatient children and parents in a 3 X 3 replicated Latin-square design. The investigation also evaluated whether acceptability ratings were influenced by the clinical effectiveness of treatment in altering behavior. Although children and parents did not differ overall in acceptability ratings, they differed in their ranking of different treatments. Children viewed medication as the most acceptable treatment, whereas parents viewed time-out as the most acceptable treatment. For both children and parents, treatments described as producing marked effects were rated as more acceptable than treatments producing weaker effects. The results indicated that disturbed children and their parents can readily distinguish the acceptability of alternative treatments. The implications of treatment acceptability for clinical applications of treatment are discussed. PMID- 6725787 TI - Self-control behavior in hyperactive and nonhyperactive children. AB - This study was aimed at evaluating the self-control behaviors of hyperactive (HA) and nonhyperactive ( NHA ) first-grade pupils under conditions of repeated failure on a previously learned concept formation task. Subjects were divided into HA and NHA groups on the basis of their scores on the Conners (1969) Teacher Rating Scale. During the training stage of the experiment the children learned a concept formation task under a schedule of contingent positive reinforcement. In the test stage they performed the same task but under a negative noncontingent reinforcement schedule. The results revealed no differences in initial rate of learning the task between the groups. After the introduction of the negative noncontingent reinforcement schedule, however, the HA group showed a marked decrease in the use of effective problem-solving strategies. The HA children's performance on the concept formation task was accompanied by the emission of negative self-evaluations and solution-irrelevant statements. The NHA group used significantly more statements showing useful goal-directed cognitive mediations than the HA children. The results suggested that HA children may have deficits in self-control skills. PMID- 6725788 TI - Context effects in the behavioral ratings of hyperactivity. AB - It was proposed that parents of hyperactive children would observe more problems at home in some but not all home contexts. To test this hypothesis, parents of teacher-identified hyperactive and nonhyperactive children were asked to complete a context-specific behavioral rating scale ( Werry , 1968). Hyperactive children were rated by their parents as changing activities, talking, interrupting, and exhibiting dependency more than nonhyperactive children. Furthermore, those differences between hyperactive and control children were observed primarily in the play and homework contexts. PMID- 6725789 TI - Negative air ionization improves memory and attention in learning-disabled and mentally retarded children. AB - The effect of increased concentrations of ambient negative air ions on incidental visual memory for words and purposive auditory memory for dichotic digits was investigated in 20 normal grade 4 children, 8 learning-disabled children, and 8 mildly mentally retarded children. Half in each group were assigned randomly to an unmodified air-placebo condition under double-blind testing procedures. All of the children breathing negatively ionized air were superior in incidental memory. In dichotic listening, the negative ions produced a counter-priming effect in the two learning-impaired groups, offsetting the difficulties that they showed under placebo in switching attention selectively from one ear to the other. The action of negative ions on the neurotransmitter, serotonin, may be the mechanism by which negative ions produce such behavioral effects. In view of the important environmental and remedial implications of these novel findings, interpretations should be made cautiously pending larger-scale replications. PMID- 6725790 TI - Immunologic responses to conjugates of antigen E in patients with ragweed hay fever. AB - Allergens conjugated with several simple repeating polymers have reduced allergenicity in man, but large doses retain the ability to suppress ongoing allergen-specific IgE synthesis in strains of high-responder mice. To determine whether suppression of IgE antibodies could be induced in man, preliminary trials of immunologic responses to conjugates in man were carried out in ragweed hay fever patients treated with antigen E (AgE) coupled to methoxypolyethylene glycols ( MPEGs ) of 5000 and 2000 daltons, lauryloxypolyethylene glycol of 1200 daltons, and a random copolymer of D-lysine and D-glutamic acid of 69,000 daltons. In varying degrees all these conjugates had reduced allergenicity by basophil histamine release when these conjugates were compared with native AgE and could suppress IgE response in mice. Patients received one of these conjugates or native AgE in a series of subcutaneous injections and were observed for allergic reactions. The conjugates induced a lower rate of systemic reaction than native AgE but failed to induce early suppression of IgE antibodies. Instead, early rises in IgE antibody occurred in the several groups and were followed by a slow decline during a year or more that was similar to that observed with standard immunotherapy. Because the conjugates eventually caused local and systemic allergic reactions as the dose was raised, it was not possible to test the IgE-suppressive effects at doses similar to those used in mice. In contrast, rapid sustained rises in IgG antibodies occurred in all groups. The MPEG conjugates appeared to be more effective than native AgE in this regard. The reduced rate of systemic reaction and rapid rise in IgG antibody that was noted with MPEG conjugates make them worth further exploration as agents for immunotherapy. PMID- 6725791 TI - Production and testing of an international reference standard of short ragweed pollen extract. AB - A lyophilized candidate International Reference Standard of short ragweed pollen extract was prepared by use of defined source material. In preliminary experiments, this extract was demonstrated by RAST inhibition and crossed radioimmunoelectrophoresis assays to contain several well-characterized ragweed allergens and to contain multiple antigenic bands by crossed immunoelectrophoresis analysis. In a subsequent multinational collaborative study involving 12 laboratories in five countries, the candidate extract was compared with existing national reference or commercial ragweed extracts by a variety of immunochemical, biochemical, and physicochemical procedures. The candidate extract could be used to assign relative orders of potency to the comparison-test extracts. In separate studies, the candidate extract was demonstrated to be stable when it was stored at either -20 degrees C or +5 degrees C for at least 2 yr. The candidate extract has been accepted as an International Reference Standard with an assigned arbitrary potency of 100,000 units per ampule . PMID- 6725792 TI - Late cutaneous reactions in patients with delayed pressure urticaria. AB - Late cutaneous reactions ( LCRs ) have been described in patients after allergen skin testing, skin testing with heterologous anti-human IgE, autologous skin blister fluid, and, variably, after 48/80 injection. We report our results of skin testing patients with delayed pressure urticaria ( DPU ), chronic urticaria, and normal volunteers with histamine and 48/80. All patients with DPU had LCRs after 48/80. No patients in either of the other groups developed LCRs . This may be a clue to pathogenic mechanisms involved in DPU . PMID- 6725794 TI - 21st Lenna Frances Cooper memorial lecture: nutrition research by and about women. AB - Physiologists, chemists, and a few physicians, virtually all men, carried out the early research in human nutrition. Nutrition emerged as a "woman's field" of study and practice during a period when women's attempts to enter traditionally male-dominated fields of science were being resisted and frustrated. Nutrition benefited as a result, because it was given the attention of outstanding women scholars denied opportunities in their own fields. Women were the principal investigators of the nutrition concerns of women and children, for reasons of access and gentility . Analysis of historical and contemporary contributions by and about women suggests a gender difference between investigators' concerns: Men explore problems; women study needs. PMID- 6725793 TI - Successful treatment of chronic idiopathic urticaria and angioedema with cimetidine alone. AB - We have studied a 50-year-old white man with chronic urticaria and angioedema who has responded to treatment with cimetidine alone for over 2 yr. In a double blind, placebo-controlled study, cimetidine alone was at least as effective as chlorpheniramine in relief of urticaria and angioedema. Additionally, cimetidine significantly inhibited (p less than 0.01) the wheal response to histamine when it was compared to placebo. The inhibition of wheal response to histamine by cimetidine was significantly higher (p less than 0.05) than chlorpheniramine. The presence of predominantly H2- rather than H1-histamine receptors in the cutaneous blood vessels may be responsible for the therapeutic effects of cimetidine in this patient. PMID- 6725795 TI - Labor time code for assembling and microwave heating menu items in a hospital galley. AB - Labor times for microwave-heating activities were developed by using Master Standard Data (MSD). Step 1 involved defining the layout of the actual hospital galley , dividing into small motions the labor activities involved in assembling menu items that would be microwave heated, and identifying basic elements for each motion. Step 2 was the development of seven macro elements under simulated conditions in the laboratory. In step 3, a stopwatch time study in the laboratory was used to verify MSD-predicted times for the seven macro elements. For the final step, a stopwatch time study was conducted under actual operating conditions in a hospital galley . Predicted time derived from laboratory simulation of microwave-heating activities indicated that it should take a foodservice employee 1.71 minutes to assemble menu items from two trays and heat the items by using two microwave ovens . Total labor time for assembling and microwave heating menu items under actual conditions in the hospital galley was similar to MSD-predicted times. Although labor times reported are specific for the cook/chill foodservice system used in this study, the methods and the code may be applied in other hospital foodservices to develop specific labor times for those facilities. PMID- 6725796 TI - Beef patty composition: effects of fat content and cooking method. AB - Patties from ground round, ground chuck , and regular ground beef containing 14%, 19%, and 24% fat, respectively, were cooked by six different methods and analyzed for compositional differences. Cooking methods were electric broiling , charbroiling , roasting, convection heating, frying, and microwave heating. Percent yield, fat, and moisture of cooked patties were significantly affected (p less than .05) by the interaction of fat level and cooking method. Except for patties cooked by broiling or convection heating, patty yields decreased with increasing fat levels. Leaner formulations of ground beef increased in fat percentage with cooking, while patties processed to contain more fat initially decreased in fat percentage following cooking. Microwave cooking always produced patties containing the least fat and caloric content in comparison with other methods. Increasing levels of fat in the raw patty formulation did not appear to affect substantially the total caloric value of the patties following cooking. Cooked patties processed to have 14% fat contained slightly more water and less fat than patties having 24% fat. At current retail prices, cooked patties made to have 14% fat cost +0.20 more per patty than patties produced to contain 24% fat, regardless of the method of cooking. PMID- 6725797 TI - Nutrient intake of patients with cystic fibrosis. AB - Nutrient intake, anthropometric measurements, and pulmonary function were assessed in 26 young adult patients with cystic fibrosis (CF). Mean nutrient intakes, excluding those from vitamins and nutrient supplements, were less than the Recommended Dietary Allowances for folate for men and women and for iron and vitamin B-6 for women. Male cystic fibrosis patients consumed significantly more of 11 of 16 nutrients in comparison with men with Crohn's disease and men with functional gastrointestinal complaints. Female cystic fibrosis patients consumed significantly more of 9 of 16 nutrients than did women with gastrointestinal complaints. The relative body weight was less than 85% of standard in 65% of men and 50% of women with CF. Relative body weight was correlated with variables indicative of airflow obstruction, reduced vital capacity, and hyperinflation of lung volumes. PMID- 6725798 TI - A new approach to the design of information systems for foodservice management in health care facilities. AB - An organizational framework for integrating foodservice data into an information system for management decision making is presented. The framework involves the application to foodservice of principles developed by the disciplines of managerial economics and accounting, mathematics, computer science, and information systems. The first step is to conceptualize a foodservice system from an input-output perspective, in which inputs are units of resources available to managers and outputs are servings of menu items. Next, methods of full cost accounting, from the management accounting literature, are suggested as a mechanism for developing and assigning costs of using resources within a foodservice operation. Then matrix multiplication is used to illustrate types of information that matrix data structures could make available for management planning and control when combined with a conversational mode of computer programming. PMID- 6725799 TI - Quality circles in a department of dietetics. AB - Quality circles can be an excellent approach to managerial effectiveness in the 1980s. For the Department of Dietetics at Miami Valley Hospital, Dayton , Ohio, quality circles have demonstrated excellent return on investment. Their many benefits include increased productivity, improved employee satisfaction and morale, and cost savings. In order to ensure success, the team needs to be selected carefully and trained thoroughly in problem-solving techniques. Initial meetings should be directed to defining the objectives and code of conduct as well as establishing a trusting environment in which to grow and develop. PMID- 6725800 TI - Line-item versus prime vendor purchasing. AB - Data from four vendors indicated that purchasing from a prime vendor decreased food cost by 2.5%, as compared with the line-item bidding system. However, the range for prime vendor purchasing was from 2.5% lower than line-item bidding to 8% higher. Thus, if a thorough evaluation of purchasing systems is not conducted, prime vendor purchasing could increase food costs. Purchasing from a prime vendor also reduces administrative and inventory costs and improves the quality and consistency of food purchased. There is a need for thorough evaluation and documentation of purchasing systems. The effectiveness of a purchasing system is measured by its ability to reduce cost while adhering to established guidelines. This article has presented general information obtained from a comparison between line-item and prime vendor bidding for a 104-bed hospital in Georgia. PMID- 6725801 TI - Nutrition attitudes and knowledge of nursing students. AB - A demographic and attitudinal questionnaire and a knowledge test were administered to baccalaureate nursing students upon entry to their first nutrition course. Attitudes were assessed regarding the role of the dietitian in the hospital, the role of the nurse in nutrition education, nutrition education in nursing, and general nutrition. Attitudes were not greatly altered during the nutrition course, but changes that occurred were favorable. Scores on the knowledge test were significantly greater after nursing students completed the nutrition course. PMID- 6725802 TI - Patterns of utilization, disposition, and length of stay among stroke patients in a community hospital setting. AB - This retrospective descriptive study of stroke patients in a community hospital examined the relationship of discharge disposition and length of stay to sociodemographic variables and use of hospital services. Age-related patterns emerged. Younger patients were more ambulatory, more frequently discharged to home or rehabilitation units, and used more diagnostic services. Older patients were discharged more frequently to nursing homes and used more social services. Next to level of clinical impairment at discharge, age and admission from home had the greatest effect on whether a patient was discharged to their home. Clinical conditions and the need to await placement in a rehabilitation facility or nursing home correlated with longer lengths of stay. PMID- 6725803 TI - Future concerns and recent life events of elderly community residents. AB - Fifty-eight elderly community residents completed a 37-item inventory that measured their level of concern about potentially stressful events or emotions. Afterwards, they indicated whether selected life events had actually occurred in the last six months. All data were intercorrelated to determine if there were relationships between total scores, personal characteristics, and recent life events. Results showed elderly persons in this sample to be most worried about immediate economic survival and disability. Those in poorer health who had less education, were living with their children, and had less tenure in the neighborhood evidenced greater total concern. PMID- 6725804 TI - Use of health care services by older Hispanics. AB - This paper presents information on regarding older Hispanics' use of health care services in an urban setting. Using the Comprehensive Assessment and Referral Evaluation (CARE) questionnaire, data on patterns of health care use and correlates of health services utilization were collected from a sample of 704 Hispanics age 60 and over residing in Los Angeles County. The results indicate that during the year preceding the interview, 79.4 per cent of the respondents saw a physician and 10 per cent were hospitalized. Of those seeing a doctor, 83.5 per cent saw a general practitioner and 32.6 per cent a specialist. When requiring medical care, respondents said that they would go to local private doctors (49.9%), hospitals (26.7%), neighborhood clinics (18.6%), and Mexico (2%). Further analysis revealed that some utilization measures varied significantly according to respondents' sociodemographic and economic correlates such as age, language, income, and availability of health insurance. PMID- 6725805 TI - The dexamethasone suppression test in patients with presenile and senile dementia of the Alzheimer's type. AB - The dexamethasone suppression test (DST) was performed on 18 patients with presenile and senile dementia of the Alzheimer's type. Objective cognitive testing showed that 13 patients were mildly to moderately impaired and five were moderately to severely impaired. The Hamilton Depression Scale yielded normal results in all patients. The DST results were abnormal in only one of the mildly impaired patients but in four of the five moderately impaired patients. These data suggest that the DST may be a useful clinical tool in mildly impaired patients with Alzheimer's disease but is likely to be confounded by disease in moderately to severely impaired patients. PMID- 6725806 TI - Iatrogenic disease on a medical service. PMID- 6725807 TI - Child-resistant packaging and the geriatric patient. PMID- 6725808 TI - Benefits of access to on-site acute and critical care for the residential section of a multi-level geriatric center. AB - Of 220 residents living in the residential unit of a multi-level geriatric center, 95 required a total of 131 transfers to other facilities over a one-year period. Fifty-three of these patients were transferred to the associated chronic care hospital for short-term acute medical investigation or treatment. The average length of stay of 17 days was similar to that of patients of comparable age with comparable medical conditions admitted to an affiliated acute general hospital from the community. In addition to continuity of medical care and the social and psychologic advantages of remaining within the geriatric center, this transfer potential resulted in substantial financial savings. The cost of hospitalization in the general hospital would have been more than twice that of the geriatric unit. PMID- 6725809 TI - To die at home: rejection of medical intervention by geriatric patients who had serious organic disease. PMID- 6725810 TI - Prevention of mental disorders of old age. PMID- 6725811 TI - Accelerated bone loss in an aged woman. PMID- 6725812 TI - Hepatic granuloma in polymyalgia rheumatica. AB - Hepatic granuloma occurs rarely in the polymyalgia rheumatica syndrome. A case was presented of a 62-year-old woman with polymyalgia rheumatica, elevated concentrations of hepatic enzymes, and granuloma of the liver. Low doses of corticosteroids produced a marked improvement in the patient's condition and a return of liver function tests to normal. This is apparently the first case of polymyalgia rheumatica associated with liver granuloma that has been reported in Israel. PMID- 6725813 TI - A quiet revolution. PMID- 6725814 TI - Of role models and mentors. PMID- 6725815 TI - There is no excuse . . . . PMID- 6725816 TI - Why not in every school? PMID- 6725817 TI - Changes in students' attitudes following a pelvic teaching associate program. PMID- 6725818 TI - Teaching on one's own body. PMID- 6725819 TI - The teaching associate in an expanded role: simulation of the acute abdomen. PMID- 6725820 TI - Expanding the role of nonphysician teachers and evaluators. PMID- 6725821 TI - Teaching associates and the male genitorectal exam. PMID- 6725823 TI - Fighting the feminization of poverty. PMID- 6725822 TI - The hundred years are up. PMID- 6725824 TI - AOA's professional practice enhancement program. PMID- 6725825 TI - The power of visual training. AB - Recent evidence suggests that the capacity to alter human function, including visual function, is substantially greater than previously thought possible. Implications of this research for the modifiability of visual function through vision therapy are discussed. PMID- 6725826 TI - Cosmetic haptic contact lens. PMID- 6725827 TI - Accommodation in cerebral palsy: function and remediation. AB - Accommodation function, in a population of severely involved cerebral palsied children, is significantly lowered or absent. This observation suggests that lowered amplitudes and accommodation facility could be part of the cerebral palsy syndrome and untrainable . This paper looks at the accommodative function and the results of vision training on such a population. PMID- 6725828 TI - Blood pressure measurement and patient satisfaction with the optometric examination. AB - Forty-seven patients were randomly assigned to have their blood pressure measured (experimental group) or not (control group) during a routine optometric examination. A comparison of patient attitudes indicated that those in the experimental group were more likely than those in the control group to perceive the optometric examination more favorably and the optometric examiner as more professionally competent. PMID- 6725829 TI - Amiodarone-induced cutaneous and corneal pigment deposits. PMID- 6725830 TI - Presbyopia and ocular motor balance. AB - Presbyopic case analysis generally involves determining the need for base-in prism. Common methods for prescribing prism, and components of convergence and the paradoxical lack of symptoms at near in presbyopic patients, and clinical measurement of fixation disparity are discussed in this context. Prism and vision therapy are treatment choices. PMID- 6725831 TI - Acute third nerve paralysis secondary to migraine. PMID- 6725832 TI - A case of heterochromia fundi with melanosis oculi. PMID- 6725834 TI - Fire fighter vision standards. AB - Fire fighting is a physically and visually demanding occupation. Because of the severe visual demands and the high costs of nonperformance it is necessary to establish minimum vision levels that become requirements for new fire fighters. These vision standards must be based as nearly as possible upon the specific visual needs of the occupational tasks. This paper examines the visual tasks of fire fighters and recommends visual standards. PMID- 6725833 TI - A comparison of the Snellen chart and the S-chart for visual acuity assessment in amblyopia. AB - A standard Snellen chart and a chart that controls contour interaction effects and gives equal numbers of acuity trials for all letter sizes (the S-chart) were used to compare visual acuities for 30 amblyopic patients (17 with central fixation, 13 with eccentric fixation). No statistically significant difference appeared between S-chart and Snellen acuity in the acuity range 20/30 to 20/80. When amblyopic acuity was below 20/100, S-chart and Snellen acuities differed significantly. PMID- 6725835 TI - Recurrent rupture of the tendo Achillis. Repair by free tendinous autograft. PMID- 6725836 TI - Eradication of the problem plantar keratoma. PMID- 6725837 TI - The perioperative management of the gouty patient. PMID- 6725838 TI - Proof of Poiseuille law for determining lower extremity blood flow and pressure. PMID- 6725839 TI - Ipsilateral dual sesamoid injury. A case report. PMID- 6725840 TI - Citrobacter abscess of the foot. A case report. PMID- 6725841 TI - Hiccups as a complication in foot surgery. A case report. PMID- 6725842 TI - The Good Samaritan Statutes and their applicability to the podiatric practitioner. PMID- 6725843 TI - High blood pressure control: share the success. PMID- 6725844 TI - A modification of the Austin bunionectomy for shortening and plantarflexion. PMID- 6725845 TI - Suction irrigation. Construction and use of a dependable closed system. PMID- 6725846 TI - Epidermolysis bullosa. A case presentation and review of the literature. PMID- 6725847 TI - Surgical excision of foreign bodies. PMID- 6725848 TI - An unusual postoperative complication. PMID- 6725849 TI - Diphenhydramine hydrochloride as a local anesthetic. A case report. PMID- 6725850 TI - System for DNA sequencing with resolution of up to 600 base pairs. AB - A system capable of resolving about 500 bases is of interest for sequencing of longer DNA molecules. Studies on further optimization of resolution on DNA sequencing gels were carried out. The effect of physico-chemical properties of gels and buffers on resolution were tested, e.g. ionic strength and pH of buffers, different buffer systems, acrylamide concentration, crosslinker concentration, type of crosslinker, temperature of polymerization, denaturing conditions, gel length and thickness. Tested were as well different running conditions like electric field, gel temperature, dimension of sample slots. Gels 0.1-0.2 mm thick and up to 1.2 m long were cast and tested routinely. Gel lengths of 60-70 cm (for sequencing up to 350-400 bases) to about 100 cm (above 400 bases) are practicable. Little is gained in resolution by increasing the gel length from 1 to 1.2 m. Resolution was improved using 0.1 mm thick gels, at a higher pH value of 8.6-8.8, and molarity increased to 0.2 M. The sequencing pattern in the region of higher bases could be better resolved on a twice magnified picture of that region on the autoradiogram. With the long gels (70-120 cm), it is advantageous to obtain the sequence overlap by running in parallel gels of different concentrations, without re-application of samples, all loaded at the same time. Buffer chamber for running of two of three gels and thermostating plates up to 1.2 m long were designed. In this way four to six thermostated gels can be run from a power supply with two inputs. Three 1 m long gels (concentrations: 4%, 6%, 12-16%) are loaded with several samples of DNA to be sequenced and run in parallel without re-application of the samples. With good samples, the sequence overlap from the gels could be counted up to 500 base pairs, with exceptionally good samples closer to 600 bases. At present this number seems to be near the limit of the resolving power of the polyacrylamide gels. PMID- 6725851 TI - Use of beta-cyclodextrin fluorophore complexes to improve the efficiency of fluorescent label incorporation into proteins. PMID- 6725852 TI - A rapid and sensitive electron-capture gas chromatographic method for the analysis of tranylcypromine in brain tissue using acetylation and pentafluorobenzoylation. PMID- 6725853 TI - Acetylcholine-induced back-firing in the preganglionic trunk of the rat superior cervical ganglion. AB - ACh (5 X 10(-4) M), when applied to isolated ganglion preparations elicited an apparently antidromic discharge in the cervical sympathetic trunk. The intensity of this back-firing was found to be about 10 times lower than that of the postganglionic discharge evoked by ACh in the internal carotid nerve. Both responses, however, displayed a similar time course and consisted of an early and a late component. In the back-firing the early component died out in a few seconds, while the late one lasted for 20-30 s. The two components were cancelled by d-tubocurarine (5 X 10(-6) M) and atropine (10(-6) M), respectively, suggesting that both nicotinic and muscarinic cholinoceptive sites are involved. In chronically decentralized preparations ACh evoked a clear back-firing response not substantially different from that elicited in normal ganglia. Therefore it is likely that the back-firing phenomenon is not due to antidromic activation of preganglionic fibers. The back-firing observed in the rat superior cervical ganglion was interpreted as being due to activation of sympathetic neurons known to give rise to recurrent axons in the cervical sympathetic trunk. PMID- 6725854 TI - CNS adrenergic inhibition of parasympathetic oculomotor tone. AB - Inhibition of parasympathetic neural tone to the iris was produced by electrical stimulation of the afferent sciatic nerve, medullary reticular formation, and posterior hypothalamus in anesthetized cats in which only the parasympathetic nerves to the eye were intact. Stimulation of all 3 sites of activation produced a graded pupillary dilation and reduction of tonic nerve activity in the short ciliary nerves. Intravenous administration of the alpha-2-adrenoceptor antagonist, yohimbine hydrochloride, (0.03-1.0 mg/kg) produced a dose-dependent antagonism of the mydriasis elicited by activation of the ascending (sciatic nerve and medullary) mechanisms but did not block the pupillary dilation evoked by stimulation of the system descending from the hypothalamus. This differential action of yohimbine was confirmed directly by means of nerve recordings taken from the parasympathetic nerve to the eye. Depletion of CNS monoamines with reserpine and alpha-m-p-tyrosine reduced the norepinephrine concentration of the medulla and midbrain by 95% and 97%, respectively. In these depleted preparations, stimulation of the hypothalamus still produced the characteristic mydriasis and inhibition of parasympathetic tonic activity whereas activation of ascending mechanisms (sciatic or medullary) were no longer effective in producing these effects. Taken together, these results suggest that ascending parasympatho inhibition is mediated by a monoamine (probably norepinephrine) and that inhibition descending from the hypothalamus is mediated by a non-monoaminergic mechanism. PMID- 6725855 TI - Surgical treatment of diabetic foot ulcers: a review of forty-eight cases. AB - Large vessel disease, small vessel disease, and neuropathy leave the diabetic foot especially vulnerable to ulceration. The degree of vascular impairment of diabetic feet can vary, and such, patients with ulcers can be separated into ischemic and nonischemic groups. The degree of ischemia, and not necessarily the extent of the lesion, is the most significant factor in evaluating the potential outcome of treatment. Forty-eight cases of diabetic ulceration treated with local surgical intervention in an effort to avoid higher amputation were classified as ischemic and nonischemic, based on Doppler studies and physical examination. The success rate in the ischemic group was 25%. The success rate of the nonischemic group was 83%. It is concluded that local surgical management of diabetic ulceration can be a successful alternative to radical amputation in the diabetic patient, especially when adequate blood flow can be verified. Various surgical and nonsurgical approaches to all grades of diabetic feet are also discussed. PMID- 6725856 TI - A retrospective study on surgical repair of the Achilles tendon. AB - The authors have found in their study of eight cases that ruptured Achilles tendon occurred most often in nonconditioned, obese individuals in their third decade. These individuals often participate in sports requiring sustained, rapid acceleration. After injuries, the Lindholm technique with modification yielded satisfactory results in their patients, although none returned to full preoperative athletic activity. PMID- 6725857 TI - Frostbite arthritis of the foot. AB - Flexion contractures in the foot as a sequela of frostbite have received little attention in the medical literature. The authors provide a brief overview of frostbite and present a surgical approach to a case of frostbite arthritis associated with disabling joint deformities. PMID- 6725858 TI - Johnson tucker: instrumentation for better internal wire fixation. AB - This article introduces a new surgical instrument that will aid in the use of wire fixation. Its advantages and disadvantages are discussed. The method in which it is used is demonstrated. PMID- 6725859 TI - Significance of the suspensory and collateral ligaments in lesser metatarsal neck surgery. AB - In this study the authors have endeavored to define more closely the distinct nature of the collateral and suspensory ligaments of the lesser metatarsophalangeal joints and to propose a mechanism through which the ligaments confer stability to the metatarsal head. The lesser metatarsal neck dorsal V osteotomy is one surgical procedure that has the potential of disrupting the intracapsular ligaments, depending on the placement of the "V" cut. The angulation of the "V" cut redirects the capital fragment in the sagittal plane while maintaining stability in the transverse and frontal planes. The authors contend that the sagittal stability of the free capital fragment after a V osteotomy is maintained, as well, by the attachment of the newly defined suspensory ligaments and the collateral ligaments of the metatarsophalangeal joint. Disruption of these ligaments, such as occurs when placing the apex of the V-osteotomy proximally, serves to increase the instability within the metatarsal head, ultimately leading to a potential increase in number of complications. PMID- 6725860 TI - Calcaneal fracture with pulmonary embolism. AB - The primary factors that result in pulmonary embolism are venous stasis, intimal damage and hypercoagulability. Although pulmonary embolism is rare after calcaneal fracture, the possibility should not be overlooked because of the gravity of the consequences. Awareness of the risk factors resulting from the combination of long-term bed rest and immobilization may reduce the occurrence of deep venous thrombosis and pulmonary embolism. PMID- 6725861 TI - Bone regeneration in podiatric surgery. AB - Many factors affect postoperative bone formation. Factors such as age, sex, and trauma cannot be controlled; however, proper technique, a controllable factor, is imperative in achieving good surgical results. PMID- 6725862 TI - Sickle cell anemia in podiatric surgery. AB - A review of sickle cell anemia is presented, with attention to clinical manifestations, surgery, and lower extremity complications. PMID- 6725863 TI - Abductor hallucis tendon transfer for hallux varus. AB - Hallux varus deformity, which may be either congenital or acquired, can be very painful and disabling, in addition to having a poor cosmetic appearance. In this paper, the author discusses the acquired type. He believes the abductor hallucis tendon transfer to be the procedure of choice for correction of hallux varus deformity, and he discusses its use and results in three cases. PMID- 6725864 TI - Bacteriology of diabetic foot ulcers. AB - Diabetic foot ulcerations exhibit a wide range of the bacterial spectrum. A long standing question is whether any particular bacterium or class of bacteria is responsible for the more involved ulcers. A review of such cases at Sheridan Park Hospital reveals that there may be factors other than bacterial type that may account for the virulence of diabetic ulcers. Multifactorial causes host a vital role in this common, but potentially serious, podiatric problem. PMID- 6725865 TI - Surgical correction of transverse plane deformities at the lesser metatarsophalangeal joints. AB - In this paper the authors discuss transverse plane deformities at the lesser metatarsophalangeal joints and propose a new surgical procedure for correcting these deformities. The results have been encouraging because the procedure does not interfere with function and there have been no recurrences. PMID- 6725866 TI - Indications and uses of prophylactic antibiosis in podiatric surgery. AB - A literature review of the use of prophylactic antibiosis , and the protocol for its specific usage in conjunction with podiatric surgery is presented. Attention is raised to the many manifestations that require prophylactic antibiosis in foot and ankle surgery. With proper understanding of prophylactic antibiosis in podiatric surgery, the surgeon has an excellent skill to add to his armamentarium. PMID- 6725867 TI - Thiocyanates and iodine in endemic goiter in Italy. AB - Urinary iodine (I) and serum and urinary thiocyanates (SCN-) were determined in sample groups from 12 areas of endemic goiter in Italy. The mean urinary I level of 637 subjects with thyroid 0 was 67 +/- 31 (mean +/- SD) microgram/liter, that of 648 with goiter 54 +/- 29 micrograms/liter. Mean serum and urinary SCN- were 2.44 +/- 1.36 mg/liter and 2.58 +/- 1.36 mg/liter in 887 and 1531 subjects, respectively. The thiocyanates data enabled a distinction to be drawn between two groups (populations). Population I included 73% of the adults and 92% of the school-children (6-16 yr). Its thiocyanate values were logarithmically spread around means of 1.24 +/- 0.6 mg/liter (serum) and 1.24 +/- 0.57 mg/liter (urine), whereas those of population II were widely dispersed around means of 6.1 +/- 3.0 mg/liter and 8.08 +/- 5.5 mg/liter respectively. The boundary between the two populations was set at 3 mg/liter urine SCN-. This distinction was substantiated by the fact that 90% of those in population II smoked 10 or more cigarettes a day, whereas population I comprised occasionally smokers only. It is believed that only the values in population I can be regarded as representative of thiocyanates either endogenous or due to dietary dietary intake: these values never differed more than 60% regardless of the areas, seasons, or dietary habits. As urinary SCN- levels rose, there was also an increase in urinary iodine excretion within certain limits. This, however, did not interfere with thyroid secretion. The urinary I/SCN- ratio was lower in subjects with goiter. This was because their iodine levels were lower, whereas SCN- values were much the same in subjects with and without goiter. We have found no correlation between thiocyanate itself and goiter. PMID- 6725868 TI - Bromocriptine-induced regression of a suprasellar extending prolactinoma during pregnancy. AB - A 21-year-old amenorrheic woman with hyperprolactinemia had rapid pituitary tumor enlargment during a bromocriptine-induced pregnancy. Before treatment the sella turcica was normal. In the 31st week of pregnancy she developed bitemporal hemianopsia and markedly decreased visual acuity. Computerized tomography showed a pituitary adenoma with suprasellar extension. Reinstitution of bromocriptine therapy resulted in rapid recovery of normal vision and radiologically verified tumor regression. Pregnancy continued to term and a healthy child was born. If pituitary tumor complications should occur during pregnancy, reinstitution of bromocriptine is the primary treatment of choice. PMID- 6725870 TI - Response of Paget's disease to human calcitonin in patients resistant to porcine calcitonin. AB - Eleven patients with Paget's disease of bone, treated intermittently for 2-4 years with porcine calcitonin (pCT) and clinically resistant to pCT [no modifications of serum alkaline phosphatase (ALP) and urinary hydroxyproline ( uHOP ) during pCT administration] were treated with 0.5-0.25 mg/day of human calcitonin (hCT) for 3-6 months. Nine of our patients showed biochemical improvement during the first 2 months of treatment, with reduction in ALP and uHOP . In one patient with slightly increased ALP and uHOP , and in another one during the second treatment course, hCT treatment did not modify the biochemical indices of bone disease. However all patients, including those with biochemical resistance, experienced a remarkable diminution of bone pain, which had not been observed during previous pCT treatment courses. Therefore, hCT appears to be indicated for therapeutic use in patients who are resistant to foreign calcitonins. PMID- 6725869 TI - Multicentric experience on the acute effect of nomifensine in hyperprolactinemic women. AB - The inhibitory effect of nomifensine ( Nom ; 200 mg orally) on prolactin (PRL) secretion was studied in 15 subjects with puerperal hyperprolactinemia and in 59 pathologic hyperprolactinemic women. The latter were grouped as follows: i) patients with surgically proven PRL secretory pituitary adenomas (proven tumors; 27 cases); ii) patients presenting radiological signs of sella indicative of a pituitary tumor (presumptive tumors; 10 cases); iii) subjects with non-drug induced hyperprolactinemia (hyperprolactinemia of uncertain etiology; 22 cases). A mean PRL fall of 30% or more of baseline hormone levels in samples collected within the 120-240 min post-treatment interval was adopted to define responsiveness to Nom . In 24 out of 27 subjects with proven tumors and in 9 out of 10 subjects with presumptive tumors Nom did not induce significant variations in PRL secretion. In only 11% of the patients with surgery-confirmed or highly suspected tumors a hormone decrease greater than 30% was observed. In addition, 13 subjects with hyperprolactinemia of uncertain etiology did not respond to Nom administration. In 5 of these, additional data suggesting the existence of an adenoma were collected. Finally, 3 out of 9 Nom -responder patients presented either a polycystic ovary syndrome or transitory hyperprolactinemia. The finding that hyperprolactinemic women, who did not show clinical or radiological signs of a tumor and patients with highly presumptive or proven pituitary tumors may present comparable responses to Nom , suggests that this pattern may be indicative of an early manifestation of a PRL-secreting adenoma which has yet to evolve. The follow-up of Nom -non-responder hyperprolactinemic subjects who did not show clinical signs of harboring a tumor, is therefore advisable. PMID- 6725872 TI - [Collecting and registering information on perinatal mortality and morbidity. Meeting of the workshop of the International Federation of Gynecologists and Obstetricians, Heidelberg, 19-21 March 1982]. PMID- 6725871 TI - Content and heterogeneity of distribution of iodine in human and bovine thyroid glands determined by neutron activation analyses. AB - While performing activation analytical investigations on the actual concentration of the long-lived radioactive 129iodine in human and bovine thyroid glands the absolute natural nonradioactive 127 iodine content was determined. In all thyroid glands an uneven distribution of 127I was found (in human thyroids from 0 to 0.75 micrograms 127I /mg, in bovine thyroids from 0 to 3.5 micrograms 127I /mg). The mean value of iodine concentration in human thyroid glands ranged from 230 micrograms/g to 490 micrograms/g. This is important because TSH independent autonomy is found at a cellular and follicular level during the development from diffuse to nodular goiter. Both processes may, however, not be related to each other. The resolution of the method used in our study is between the microscopic and the scintigraphic level with an accuracy of +/- 1%, and it shows an intermediate heterogeneity of iodine in thyroid glands. PMID- 6725873 TI - [The onset of human labor]. AB - The authors reviewed the literature in order to try to work out the different mechanisms that are responsible for labour starting. A role seems to be played by the decidua of the uterus, by the placenta and by the fetal membranes as well as the very important role of prostaglandin synthesis. It does seem as though there is no single factor that is important for starting labour. If we knew more about the physiology of human labour it would perhaps be easier to control premature labour. PMID- 6725874 TI - [Voluntary inerruption of pregnancy in adolescents from 13 to 18 years of age. Clinical and sociologic analysis of 295 cases]. AB - The study reports on 295 cases of induced abortion in teenagers (13-18 years) performed in Belgium (where abortion remains illegal), in 1979. This group was compared with a group of 2968 women aged 19-48, also aborted in 1979, for clinical and sociodemographic analysis. The comparative situations of the young patient and he partner were also studied. The latter were elder (62% over 25 years), had higher levels of income, of education, and had better jobs. No difference was found between younger and older patients as concerns access to centres, mean ages of pregnancy (although teenagers presented more often advanced pregnancies: 9.5% between 12 and 16 weeks and 4.5% between 17 and 21), religion, instruction, psychological reactions. We found that different people came with patients at different age groups (parents with the younger, partners with the older). There were fewer foreigners in the younger group and of course there were differences in numbers of previous pregnancies, parity, marital status and income. A stable relationship was rarer in the younger (39%) than in the older (66%). Contraception was indeed used by young patients (61%) but they chose less effective methods (61%) and often admitted that they used the methods wrongly (66%). It is no surprise that young patients mainly ask for abortion (54%) because of socio-economic motives. The second reason was because there was no stable relationship (17%). The discussion covers the special problems of abortion in adolescents and emphasizes the very difficult social situation, the need for support by health workers. Better education should lead to conscious acknowledgment of the consequences of sexual activity. PMID- 6725875 TI - [The normal testis: structure, function and recent endocrinologic advances]. AB - The embryology, the anatomy and the histology of the testis are briefly described. Then, the endocrinology of the organ is explained. Under the influence of pituitary LH, Leydig cells synthetize and release steroids that are principally testosterone. These act on the hypothalamo-pituitary axis, on the peripheral target organs and directly on the testis so as to control spermatogenesis and Sertoli cell function. Sertoli cells are implicated in spermatogenesis, steroidogenesis, and the synthesis of protein hormones and cybernin . Current knowledge about the antimullerian hormone, androgen binding protein, GnRH-like peptide, inhibin, testicular chalone, FSH receptor binding inhibitor and stimulator, PRL inhibiting substance and relaxin is reviewed. PMID- 6725876 TI - [Detection of endometrial stromal sarcoma using endometrial cytology. Apropos of a case]. AB - The authors report a case of endometrial stromal sarcoma which was detected by endometrial cytology. The tumour originates either in the stroma of the endometrium or in foci of myometrial adenomyosis. It occurs most frequently in patients who are more than 60 years of age. It appears as an intra-uterine polypoid mass and causes bleeding and pelvic pain. Its incidence is difficult to establish. Endometrial cytology is highly suggestive of stromal sarcoma when smears harbour numerous atypical sarcomatous cells mixed with regular endometrial cells. Biopsies of the endometrium show decidua-like arrangements of malignant cells. Stromal sarcoma constitutes the homologous form of mesenchymal tumours of the uterus. The prognosis depends on whether local recurrences occur and on the sites of metastases in which the sarcomatous component seems to be latent with lesions that resemble adenocarcinomata . The five years salvage rate is approximately 26 to 28%. Treatment is surgical with or without irradiation. PMID- 6725877 TI - [Localization of type I, III, IV collagen and fibronectin in benign tumors and epitheliomas of the human breast]. AB - Fibronectin and types I, III and IV collagens were localized by an indirect immunofluorescence technique in 10 fibro-adenomas and 27 mammary adenocarcinomas. In the benign lesions, a densification of a type III collagen meshwork was noted around galactophoric channels. In carcinomas, various patterns of connective tissue proteins distributions were observed depending upon the histological types of lesions. Connective tissue proteins are restricted to the perivascular areas in mucinous carcinomas. Type III collagen is largely distributed in the stroma of poorly differentiated tumors. In differentiated carcinomas, discontinuous linear deposits of type IV collagen or fibronectin are localized at the border of epithelial proliferations. They probably represent the remmants of epithelial basement membrane. In intra- canalar adenocarcinomas, type IV collagen and fibronectin form irregular and discontinuous depositifs . These finding indicate that extensive connective tissue remodelling is observed during neoplastic infiltration. The type of stroma and connective tissue proteins distributed in these epithelial proliferations depends primarily upon the histological type of malignant infiltrating carcinomas. PMID- 6725878 TI - [Ampulla fibrotuboscopy]. AB - During a microsurgical operation the opportunity was taken to inspect the ampulla of the tube with a soft fibroscope in 68 patients. Several different normal and pathological appearances were found. Ampullary endoscopy gives much more precise information than salpingography and a very valuable prognosis because 14 normal pregnancies occurred where the tubes had been considered to be normal whereas no intra-uterine pregnancy occurred where the tubes were thought to be pathological. Instead, they re-obstructed or were the sites of ectopic pregnancies. This complementary examination carried out during operation seems to be a useful prognostic measure for patients undergoing ampullary surgery. PMID- 6725879 TI - [Prenatal diagnosis of malformations of the central nervous system]. AB - Since the very start of using ultrasound to monitor pregnancy the information that the obstetrician has obtained from it has been great. Measuring the fetus (biparietal diameters, rump-crown length etc.) makes it possible to check development of the fetus in the uterus, as well as seeing the various organs and their placing and internal structure. Real time pictures make it possible to visualise the organs precisely from the point of view of their positioning and their internal structures. We report 12 cases of malformations of the central nervous system which were diagnosed in utero and we point out the value of early diagnosis in pregnancy. The 12 cases we found included four of hydrocephaly, one cyst of the choroid plexus, one hydrencephaly , two cases of holoprocencephaly and four cases of anencephaly. Since these malformations may be part of generalised malformations it is important to search for these others by ultrasound as well as by caryotyping and estimation of alpha-fetoprotein levels. PMID- 6725880 TI - [Results of treating infections of the cervical mucosa with doxycycline polyphosphate in 53 infertile women]. AB - Our study was carried out on 53 women who had been infertile for more than a year and who had cervical mucus infection. In 13 cases (group A) there was no other known associated factor to cause the infertility. In 26 cases (group B) there was an obvious associated factor and in a further 14 cases there was a latent associated factor. The physical characteristics as well as the bacteriological appearances of the mucus (which included a systematic search for aerobic bacteria and for chlamydia trachomatis (CT) and for ureaplasma urealyticum (UU) were studied both before and 6-8 weeks after treatment with doxycycline polyphosphate given in doses of 100 mg twice daily. Before treatment the bacteria most often found were escherichia coli (20 cases) and enterococci (18 cases). CT was only found once and UU six times, usually in association with other bacteria. In 75.5% of cases the treatment made the affecting organism go; and cut down or removed entirely the number of leucocytes in the mucus in 73.5% of cases. But the physical characteristics of the mucus were only improved in 43% of cases, and in 18 cases a new infective organism was found in the mucus after treatment. However, it was in too low a concentration to determine its pathogenicity. There were nine pregnancies within 4 months of the start of treatment, which means that 30% in group A and 19% in group B became pregnant. Infection of the cervical mucus therefore does really seem to be a factor in lowered fertility in certain women CT and UU seem to be rarely the responsible organisms. Doxycycline phosphophate in an efficient and well tolerated treatment in these infections. PMID- 6725881 TI - [Vulvo-perineal surgery]. AB - Vulvo- perineoplasty consists of: Splitting the posterior vaginal wall widely as is done for a posterior colpoperineorrhaphy operation. Excising a triangle of perineal skin the apex of which coincides with the margin of the anus. Thinning down the central fibrous nodule of the perineum which is completely exposed by radial incisions and digital dissection. Bringing down a well vascularised flap of the posterior vaginal wall so as to reconstitute an enlarged vaginal opening. This technique can not only be used to cure congenital and, especially, acquired narrowing of the vulva but also sclerotic and dystrophic conditions of the fourchette . PMID- 6725882 TI - Non-steady state placental transfer of highly diffusible molecules. AB - In twelve experiments performed on five pregnant sheep, uterine and umbilical venous blood samples were drawn in rapid succession following the beginning of a maternal arterial infusion of ethanol and antipyrine. Within a 20 s period the uterine venous ethanol/antipyrine concentration ratio increased from a minimum of 0.3 to 0.7 and the umbilical venous ethanol/antipyrine concentration ratio decreased from a maximum of 3 to 1.2. These results are in agreement with a model of placental exchange showing that the transfer rate of highly diffusible molecules is permeability limited at the beginning of the infusion and then rapidly becomes blood flow limited as the diffusing solutes accumulate in the placenta. The demonstration that the placental barrier is more permeable to ethanol than antipyrine, concomitant with previous demonstrations that the steady state placental clearances of ethanol and antipyrine are nearly equal, supports the hypothesis that in the steady state, the placental clearance of ethanol is blood flow limited. PMID- 6725883 TI - Urinary and hemodynamic responses to blood volume changes in fetal sheep. AB - Because of the potential importance of the fetal kidney in regulating blood volume and amniotic fluid volume, and their composition, we studied renal and cardiovascular responses to changes in blood volume in 12 chronically catheterized fetal sheep at 110-135 days gestation. During the hour following volume expansion with 50 ml of maternal whole blood, blood pressure rose by 14%, cardiac output by 11%, renal blood flow by 68% and urine output by 36%. Packed red cell volume rose from 31.3 to 34.0%, suggesting a net fluid loss from the circulation through the kidneys, as well as through peripheral and placental capillaries. During the hour following volume depletion by haemorrhage of 70-120 ml, blood pressure fell by 17%, cardiac output by 29%, renal flow by 46%, glomerular filtration rate by 19%, and urine output by 76%, compared to the preceding phase of the study. The urine-to-plasma osmolality ratio approached unity and urine sodium and U/Pcreatinine increased sharply. Following haemorrhage, fluid rapidly entered the circulation as evidenced by falling packed red cell volume and plasma protein concentration. The data support the hypothesis that the fetal kidney, although immature in some respects, effectively responds to maintain blood volume in the fetal sheep. PMID- 6725884 TI - Contribution of circulating maternal lipids to fetal tissues in the guinea pig. AB - Using a constant infusion of [1-14C] palmitic acid into 7 late pregnant guinea pigs the contribution of circulating maternal lipid to the fetuses was assessed. Within the mother plasma radioactivity was found mainly in free fatty acid with only a small amount circulating as triacylglycerol. In contrast in the fetal plasma [14C] was distributed as one-quarter free fatty acid and three-quarters triacylglycerol, with total [14C] levels being four-fold higher than in the maternal plasma after 160 min of infusion. [14C] Triacylglycerol was found in the fetal liver within 10 min of commencing infusion and levels rose to 12 times the levels of [14C] triacylglycerol in the fetal plasma (per/g or ml) by 100-160 min. [14C] Distribution into the lipid moieties of fetal tissues was found to change with time. By 100-160 min the distribution was: liver, triacylglycerol 83%, phospholipid 7%, free fatty acid 4%; fat, triacylglycerol 80%; heart, triacylglycerol 38%, phospholipid 33%, free fatty acid 9%; kidney, triacylglycerol 15%, phospholipid 58%, free fatty acid 10%; muscle, triacylglycerol 70%, phospholipid 10%, free fatty acid 10%; lung, phospholipid 75%; brain, phospholipid 80%. It was concluded that free fatty acid transferred from the mother contributes substantially to fetal lipids in late gestation in this species. PMID- 6725885 TI - The effect of maternal diet on maternal and fetal hepatic and brown adipose tissue lipogenesis and blood and tissue metabolites. AB - Both starvation of and feeding a high linoleic acid content diet to rats during late pregnancy resulted in (relative to stock diet fed controls) a decrease in maternal hepatic glycogen content and lipogenesis, reduced blood glucose levels and an increase in blood ketone levels whereas only fat feeding caused an increase in blood triglyceride levels and only starvation resulted in a decrease in the amount of brown adipose tissue. Maternal starvation resulted in decreased fetal body, liver and brown adipose tissue weights, diminished liver and brown adipose glycogen content and lipogenesis and lowered blood glucose levels. Both maternal fat feeding and starvation caused triglyceride accumulation in fetal liver, elevated blood ketone levels and an increased proportion of fetal liver and carcass fatty acids accounted for by linoleic acid. PMID- 6725886 TI - Fetal blood and tissue PO2 during maternal oxygen breathing. AB - The effect of 100% oxygen breathing on fetal blood and tissue PO2 was examined in chronically catheterised fetal sheep of 12 pregnant ewes. Blood PO2 was monitored with intravascular polarographic electrodes and tissue PO2 with galvanic electrodes implanted in various tissues. In non-acidotic healthy fetuses, oxygen breathing increased fetal PO2 by 30% within 3 min in arterial blood and within 5 min in tissues. Thereafter blood PO2 increased by a maximum of 40% at 9 min and tissue PO2 rose by a maximum of 52% at 12 min. Blood PO2 returned promptly to control values after 15 min of oxygen breathing but washout of oxygen from tissues was slower and tissue PO2 remained significantly higher in the post oxygen versus the pre-oxygen period. Continuation of oxygen breathing for 30 min did not lead to any further increase in tissue PO2. Oxygen breathing did not prevent a decrease in fetal PO2 associated with spontaneous myoelectrical activity of the uterus. It is concluded that maternal oxygen breathing leads to a significant increase in both blood and tissue PO2 in the healthy fetus. The majority of the increase occurs within the first 3-4 min and no further increase in either blood or tissue PO2 is observed after 12 min. PMID- 6725887 TI - Evaluation of vascular compromise in the injured extremity: a photoplethysmographic technique. AB - A monitoring technique in which an infrared photoplethysmograph (PPG) is used to assess the vascular status of injured extremities is described. PPG has been correlated with blood flow in the forearm muscle and direct measurements of compartment pressure. These studies show a significant decrease in amplitude of the PPG signal with diminished blood flow in muscle and with compartment pressures greater than 40 mm Hg. We used PPG clinically on 55 extremities injured by direct vascular trauma, crushing forces, or severe burns. Although clinical signs suggested use of escharotomy in six of 29 burned extremities, normal PPG signals were present and conservative management resulted in no long-term morbidity. Three limbs had moderate pulsatile flow shown by PPG that significantly diminished over a period of 12 to 24 hours even though Doppler flow signals remained strong. Good pulsatile flow was restored in all cases after early escharotomy . PPG monitoring of vascular status is simple and reproducible and accurately reflects levels of ischemia in injured extremities. PMID- 6725888 TI - Management of sclerodermal finger ulcers. AB - Ninety-three percent of 59 patients with scleroderma reviewed in this study presented with Raynaud's phenomenon at a mean age of 43 years; 65% of these developed fingertip ulcers within 4 years. Other common findings were sclerodactyly, distal phalangeal resorption, calcinosis cutis, and digital contractures. Medical management of the digital ulcers with systemic and regional vasodilating drugs was unsatisfactory. Sympathectomy, when performed early, temporarily relieved vasospastic pain but did not affect the course of the ulcers. Severe digital pain was the most incapacitating symptom resulting from vasospasm early in the course of the disease and irreversible arterial luminal narrowing later in the course. Conservative fingertip amputations for nonhealing ulcers constituted the management of choice to eradicate the ulcer, to reduce or eliminate the pain, and to return the hand to early useful function. A decision tree for the management of these ulcers is proposed. PMID- 6725889 TI - Chondrosarcoma of the hand. AB - Eighteen consecutive cases with the histologic diagnosis of chondrosarcoma of the hand were reviewed and followed up from 1 to 10 years. The primary tumor originated without a preexisting lesion in 78%. Secondary tumors arose in patients who had multiple enchondromas but not in patients with a solitary enchondroma. The onset is usually in the 60- to 80-year age group with the tumor almost always occurring in the epiphyseal area of the proximal phalanx (56%) or the metacarpals (39%). Roentgenographic features included indiscrete lytic areas of bone destruction (83%). The diagnostic finding of intraosseous or extraosseous scattered, punctate, calcific densities of dystrophic calcification occurred in 66%. Ray resection of the tumor is the treatment of choice. Local recurrences occurred in 11% and distant metastases were not seen. PMID- 6725890 TI - Extraosseous chondrosarcoma of the wrist: a case report. AB - An extraosseous chondrosarcoma of the wrist treated with en bloc resection and reconstruction with autogenous, corticocancellous bone graft is reported. Computerized axial tomography (CAT) was critical for evaluating the extent of the tumor. Review of the literature reveals this to be the first case report of this rare tumor involving the wrist. PMID- 6725891 TI - Hands on stamps. Luxembourg--issue of April 28, 1980. PMID- 6725892 TI - Giant cell tumor of the thumb metacarpal in an elderly patient: a case report. AB - A case of a giant cell tumor of the thumb metacarpal in an 87-year-old woman is reported. An en bloc resection of the tumor with a homologous bone graft replacement was performed. Follow-up at 2 years revealed good function of the thumb and no evidence of tumor recurrence. PMID- 6725893 TI - Midcarpal instability caused by malunited fractures of the distal radius. AB - Thirteen patients with malunited fractures of the distal radius developed symptoms of pain and instability of the midcarpal joint. In six cases, a recurrent voluntary midcarpal subluxation was also present during ulnar deviation. These symptoms were first noticed several weeks, and at times several months, after all immobilization for the treatment of the original fracture had been discontinued. We believe that the loss of the normal palmar tilt of the distal articular surface of the radius prepositions the carpus in a dorsal collapse alignment, which enables this instability to develop. Although the instability is localized to the midcarpus , it is treated best, in our opinion, by a corrective osteotomy of the distal radius. In nine patients, osteotomies resulted in relief of preoperative symptoms and correction of midcarpal instability. In one patient, osteotomy of the radius was deemed unnecessary because the loss of palmar tilt of the radius was minimal. Instead the midcarpal ( triquetrohamate ) joint was stabilized by ligament reconstruction. Only transient correction was obtained, with later recurrence of the voluntary midcarpal subluxation. PMID- 6725894 TI - The SLAC wrist: scapholunate advanced collapse pattern of degenerative arthritis. AB - Four thousand wrist x-ray films were reviewed to establish the pattern of sequential changes in degenerative arthritis of the wrist. After eliminating all other arthritides, we studied 210 cases of degenerative arthritis. The most common pattern (57%) was arthritis between the scaphoid, lunate, and radius; 27% of cases occurred between the scaphoid, trapezium, and trapezoid; a combination of these two patterns occurred in 15%. Twenty operations were performed on 19 patients with the scapholunate advanced collapse pattern. Eighteen of 19 patients had less pain postoperatively and none required pain medication. Flexion extension and radial-ulnar deviation motions showed considerable improvement after the operation. PMID- 6725895 TI - Capitate-radius arthrodesis: an alternative method of radiocarpal arthrodesis. AB - Arthrodesis of the wrist may be indicated for a variety of conditions and can be achieved by many techniques. We have had experience with radiocarpal arthrodesis by fusion of the capitate to the radius after a modified proximal row carpectomy . The common feature in our 10 patients was a flexion deformity of the wrist. In five of the patients it was the result of spastic posturing. Five of the patients had a variety of other conditions. Primary arthrodesis occurred in all patients and the cosmetic improvement was appreciated by all patients. Functional improvement seemed to be most related to the preoperative condition. The follow up evaluation averaged 5.4 years with a range from 6 months to 11 years. PMID- 6725896 TI - Transscaphoid-lunate dislocation: a report of two cases. AB - Transscaphoid -lunate dislocation is a rare carpal injury resulting in proximal and palmar dislocation of the proximal pole of the scaphoid and lunate as a unit. Treatment in two patients consisted of immediate open reduction and internal fixation. Both patients (at 2 and 4 years' follow-up) are asymptomatic. PMID- 6725897 TI - Fifth metacarpal/hamate arthrodesis for posttraumatic osteoarthritis. AB - The fifth metacarpal/hamate joint was arthrodesed in seven patients with symptomatic posttraumatic osteoarthritis. The joint was fused in about 20 degrees of flexion with a corticocancellous iliac bone graft. Follow-up averaged 2 years. There was complete or marked relief of pain in all patients. Grip strength was improved in all patients. Six of the seven patients returned to their original occupations. Fifth metacarpal flexion (descent) was not lost as compensatory motion developed between the hamate and triquetrum joints. PMID- 6725899 TI - Tuberculosis of the hand and wrist. AB - Over the past 5 years we have encountered 11 cases of Mycobacterium tuberculosis of the hand and wrist. The most striking feature of this series was the delay between the onset of symptoms and the correct diagnosis. Many patients had a diagnosis of rheumatoid arthritis or nonspecific synovitis prior to the diagnosis of tuberculosis. There was a striking lack of pulmonary symptoms. Only two patients had a prior history of tuberculosis and only one had significant pulmonary involvement. Most had tenosynovitis involving the flexors or extensors. Three had tenosynovitis and arthritis whereas one had only tuberculous arthritis. Two patients had carpal tunnel syndrome as a result of carpal canal involvement. Ten of the 11 patients had apparent cures of tuberculosis subsequent to surgical debridement and antituberculosis therapy. PMID- 6725898 TI - A strain recording model: analysis of transverse osteotomy fixation in small bones. AB - Many current experimental testing procedures are cumbersome when applied to osteotomies of small bones and are complicated by the need for in-depth analyses of data derived from various specimens tested to failure. This strain recording model minimizes these factors. Various forms of internal fixation may be serially tested on the same specimen with this system because constructs are not tested to failure but rather within the elastic range of each specimen. Sophistication in the form of strain recorded as a function of time allows the comparison of various fixation techniques. Fixation techniques applied to a transverse osteotomy and subjected to controlled flexion loading in a single plane have been evaluated. The study demonstrates the superiority of tension bands (wires) placed through holes immediately subjacent to the tension cortex in comparison with wires that fix the components through holes in the neutral longitudinal axis. In addition, for any given time, the strain generated by a single-looped tension band (wire) is greater than that of a figure-of-eight tension band (wire). Both types of tension bands afford superior stability experimentally, compared to conventional crossed Kirschner wire fixation of transverse osteotomies. PMID- 6725900 TI - Oblique retinacular ligament reconstruction for chronic mallet finger deformity. AB - Surgical correction of chronic mallet finger caused by terminal tendon disruption was carried out in 12 patients with passively correctable deformities. The oblique retinacular ligament (ORL) was reconstructed with the palmaris longus used as a free tendon graft. The graft was fixed to the terminal extensor tendon by soft tissue technique only. It was then routed obliquely across the palmar aspect of the proximal interphalangeal (PIP) joint and sutured to the fibroosseous rim of the flexor sheath. In all cases, the mallet finger deformity was corrected. Secondary PIP hyperextension, present in eight of the 12 patients, was also corrected by this technique. Subsequent surgical procedures were necessary in two patients: one required a limited flexor tenolysis in the digit, thereby obtaining a full range of motion; the second required lengthening of the ORL graft to obtain full PIP joint extension. All patients were pleased with the results. Reconstruction of the ORL is an advantageous procedure in certain patients with chronic mallet finger deformities. This technique is easily performed and yields consistently good results. PMID- 6725901 TI - Rheumatoid nodulosis of the hand. AB - Rheumatoid nodulosis is an uncommon variant of rheumatoid disease with distinctive clinical and radiographic characteristics and a favorable prognosis. This is in contrast to the poor prognosis for the severe form of rheumatoid disease with which rheumatoid nodules are often associated. A case of rheumatoid nodulosis of the hand treated with complete resection of the nodules is presented with a 2.5-year follow-up. Fourteen cases of documented rheumatoid nodulosis are reviewed and surgical treatment is recommended for both functional and cosmetic reasons. PMID- 6725902 TI - Conjoined flexor and extensor pollicis longus tendons in the hypoplastic thumb. AB - A congenital anomalous band between the flexor pollicis longus and extensor pollicis longus tendons is, according to the literature, a rare condition. This anomalous junctura was recognized in three children with congenital thumb hypoplasia. Improved thumb function was noted after surgical release of the band in all cases. In the assessment of a child with a hypoplastic thumb and apparent absent extrinsic muscle function, one should consider the possibility of conjoined flexor and extensor tendons. PMID- 6725903 TI - Congenital familial hypoplastic thumb associated with congenital amputation of the toe. AB - A family with congenital hypoplastic thumb ( Blouth type 1) associated with congenital amputation of the first toe is reported. An 18-year-old woman and her mother had the same congenital anomalies: hypoplastic thenar muscles, congenital amputation of the first toe, slight web formation between second and third toes, and brachymesophalangia 2 and 5. There were no associated cardiovascular defects. They have a characteristic metacarpophalangeal pattern profile. This is believed to be the first such case report in the medical literature. PMID- 6725904 TI - The pronator quadratus muscle flap. AB - Traumatic injuries to the distal forearm present a challenging problem for soft tissue coverage. There is a need for a local flap to provide a vascularized soft tissue bed. This article demonstrates the anatomic basis that enables the pronator quadratus muscle potentially to fulfill these needs. PMID- 6725905 TI - True aneurysm of a thumb digital artery. AB - A true aneurysm of the ulnar digital artery of the thumb was treated by ligation and resection. The patient's symptoms were relieved. Bowler 's neuroma of the thumb was considered to be the most likely preoperative diagnosis. PMID- 6725906 TI - Injury to the hand with metallic mercury. AB - Two cases of a rare injury to the hand with metallic mercury are presented. The toxic effects of this mercurial form are described and early surgical removal by suction tube is recommended. PMID- 6725907 TI - The pattern of venous drainage of the digits. AB - The transosseous injection of colored latex through 36 fingers demonstrated that the venous system consists of a series of arcades on the dorsal and palmar surface of the digit with connecting oblique and transverse anastomotic veins. The caliber of the palmar veins was smaller than that of the dorsal and their route did not consistently run with the digital artery and nerve. Venous channels were also found in the vincula. The anastomotic veins and especially the commissural veins provide a venous return for the digit if the major dorsal system has been divided. PMID- 6725908 TI - Radial tunnel syndrome. PMID- 6725909 TI - Population structure. PMID- 6725910 TI - Cirrhosis and chronic pancreatitis in alcoholics. PMID- 6725911 TI - Abnormal intestinal motility as an etiological factor in inflammatory bowel disease. PMID- 6725912 TI - Natural history of adult Hirschsprung's disease. AB - The natural history of adult Hirschsprung's disease was reviewed in 22 patients (four from our hospital and 18 from the literature). The diagnosis in nearly half the patients was made before age 30, and the oldest patients were 69 years of age. Male to female ratio was 4:1. Almost all patients had severe constipation since birth. Barium enema showed rectal narrowing in 77%, and colonic dilation in 100%. Anorectal manometry was performed in only four patients; three showed no relaxation with rectal distention. In all patients, rectal biopsy showed no ganglion cells. Appropriate operation for Hirschsprung's disease improved symptoms in over 80% of patients. Hirschsprung's disease should be considered in all adult patients who have had severe constipation since birth, especially if they are male. PMID- 6725914 TI - New therapeutic approach in postoperative phytobezoars. AB - Postoperative phytobezoars (duration from 2 months to 46 years) after surgery for duodenal ulcer disappeared in seven patients, by both x-ray and gastroscopy, on conservative approach aimed at the major role of delayed gastric emptying in phytobezoar formation. During a 3-day period, metoclopramide was given by drip infusion, 40 mg/24 hours, and the patient received only a copious clear diet, with no solid food. In one patient, two courses of treatment were necessary for complete elimination of the phytobezoar. None of the patients had any underlying disease. All but one had good dentition. "Disruption" of the bezoars allowed the discovery upon endoscopy of unusual etiological features such as carcinoma of the stoma and stomal polypoid hypertrophic gastritis (so-called gastritis cystica polyposa ) in one patient, and a retained suture narrowing the stoma in another. PMID- 6725913 TI - Mycobacterium avium-intracellulare-associated colitis in a patient with the acquired immunodeficiency syndrome. AB - A 40-year-old bisexual man with the acquired immunodeficiency syndrome developed abdominal pain and bloody diarrhea. At sigmoidoscopy, the mucosa of the rectum and sigmoid colon was edematous, erythematous, and friable, with multiple linear and oval erosions. Histologic examination of rectal biopsies demonstrated innumerable acid-fast bacilli free and within macrophages of the lamina propria. Mycobacterium avium-intracellulare was cultured from the rectal biopsy specimens. Pulmonary tissue and bone marrow cultures also demonstrated this organism. Therapy with several antimycobacterial agents resulted in improvement of symptoms. Among immunocompromised patients the spectrum of enteric pathogens causing colitis should be expanded to include Mycobacterium avium-intracellulare, a potentially treatable organism. PMID- 6725916 TI - Budd-Chiari syndrome with inferior vena cava obstruction associated with systemic lupus erythematosus. AB - The Budd-Chiari syndrome is an uncommon condition in which hepatic venous outflow is obstructed by thrombosis of the major hepatic veins. Many of the cases are idiopathic, but it has been described in association with vena caval webs, abdominal trauma, retroperitoneal neoplasms, and hypercoagulable states. A patient with systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) who developed the Budd-Chiari syndrome with inferior vena cava thrombosis led to a review of the possible association between SLE and the Budd-Chiari syndrome. The therapy of the Budd Chiari syndrome with associated vena cava thrombosis is also discussed. PMID- 6725915 TI - Relation between serum cathodic trypsinogen levels and exocrine pancreatic function. AB - To assess the relation between circulating cathodic trypsinogen (CT) levels and exocrine pancreatic function, and to compare the radioimmunological with the enzymatic measurement of duodenal trypsin, we evaluated exocrine pancreatic function in 34 controls and in 32 patients with proven chronic pancreatitis (CP). There was no relation between CT and the volume rate of pancreatic secretion, nor did serum CT levels correlate with the concentration output of duodenal bicarbonate in controls. However, in CP patients, there was a low value of the correlation coefficient. A good relationship between serum CT levels and duodenal trypsin secretion was detected when the trypsin content was expressed as the mean value of both concentration and output. The enzymatic estimation of duodenal trypsin was related closely to its radioimmunological measurement, but there was better correlation of serum CT to duodenal immunoreactive than to enzymatic trypsin. In patients with CP, low levels were observed in 29% of cases with serum CT estimation, in 75% with duodenal bicarbonate, and in 63% and 79% with enzymatic and immunoreactive trypsin outputs, respectively. We conclude that serum CT levels may reflect the functioning mass of pancreatic acinar cells and that in assessing pancreatic secretory capacity, the immunoreactive measurement of trypsin excretion is more sensitive than the enzymatic measurement and as accurate as bicarbonate output. PMID- 6725917 TI - Right upper quadrant pain and hepatomegaly in a 28-year-old woman. PMID- 6725918 TI - Adenosquamous carcinoma of the liver arising in biliary cystadenocarcinoma: clinical, radiologic, and pathologic features with review of the literature. AB - Primary biliary cystadenoma, cystadenocarcinoma, squamous carcinoma, and adenosquamous carcinoma of the liver are rare tumors. We describe a middle-aged woman with recurrent fever and a clinical diagnosis of hepatic abscess who proved at laparotomy to have adenosquamous carcinoma of the liver arising in a biliary cystadenocarcinoma. The pathologic features of the tumor and findings on ultrasonography, angiography, and computed tomography are described in detail. The pathogenetic relationships of this unusual tumor to chronic biliary inflammation, biliary cystadenoma, and cystadenocarcinoma and to bile duct malformations (von Meyenburg complexes) are considered. PMID- 6725919 TI - Sonographic detection of prenatal liver mass. AB - Ultrasound examination is now performed on about 30% of all pregnancies. Although it is used primarily to estimate gestational age, viability, presentation, and placental site, detailed fetal anatomy is also disclosed. Many abnormalities are now detected prenatally which may not be clinically apparent at birth, and raise new dilemmas of patient management. We describe a large mass documented by ultrasound in the right lobe of liver in a 29-week-old fetus. Subsequent postnatal investigation confirmed the initial ultrasound findings and documented spontaneous regression. PMID- 6725920 TI - The refusal to treat: abandonment and AIDS. AB - In this paper, I have focused on the issue of the clinical gastroenterologist who refuses to evaluate and endoscope the patient with AIDS. The discussion centers around the legal and ethical properties of such a decision, and the legal doctrine of abandonment. Finally, I have reviewed recent recommendations regarding infection control practices regarding endoscopists and patients with AIDS. PMID- 6725921 TI - Race differences in involuntary hospitalization: psychiatric vs. labeling perspectives. PMID- 6725922 TI - Mexican culture and its emotional contradictions. PMID- 6725924 TI - Use of in-home care by very old people. PMID- 6725923 TI - Psychoactive drug use by young and future physicians. PMID- 6725925 TI - War stress and trauma: the Vietnam veteran experience. PMID- 6725926 TI - Methodological issues in estimating main and interactive effects: examples from coping/social support and stress field. PMID- 6725927 TI - Cardio-pulmonary resuscitation: does it work? PMID- 6725928 TI - Increased mortality following repeal of mandatory motorcycle helmet law. PMID- 6725929 TI - Ruptured thoracic aorta aneurysms. An alternative operative treatment for this surgical emergency. PMID- 6725930 TI - Public health notes. PMID- 6725931 TI - Skin biopsy techniques: Part 1. PMID- 6725933 TI - Indiana's Medical Malpractice Act: the medical review panel. PMID- 6725932 TI - Chronic pain syndrome: evaluation and treatment. PMID- 6725934 TI - Fractionation and further characterization of granulocytic and monocytic alpha naphthyl acetate (ANAE) esterases. AB - Following characterization of myeloid nonspecific esterases by isoelectric focusing (IEF), two main groups of alpha-naphthyl acetate (ANAE) esterase isoenzymes were defined and fractionated from cytoplasmic extracts by chromato focusing techniques according to differences in their isoelectric points (pI). The first of these ANAE enzyme groups was common to leukocytes of both granulocytic and monocytic lineage, while the other, which characteristically comprised a group of isoenzymes within the pI range 5.5-6.1, was specifically associated with monocytic differentiation. The properties of the two purified ANAE enzyme fractions were compared by inhibition (heat and sodium fluoride) and further electrophoretic studies, and the results discussed in relation to the cytochemical characterization of these enzymes as markers of specific myeloid cell differentiation. PMID- 6725935 TI - Photodamage to intact erythrocyte membranes at high laser intensities: methods of assay and suppression. AB - A simple hemolytic assay of the photodamage suffered by individual intact erythrocytes upon localized exposure to high laser intensities such as those encountered in fluorescence photobleaching recovery (FPR) experiments has been characterized. At incident beam powers over 100,000 W/cm2 at 514 or 568 nm, hemoglobin absorption induces thermal-shock lysis. Below the thermal-shock threshold, other intracellular chromophores appear to catalyze membrane contraction and lysis with linear dose kinetics in anaerobic preparations. A variety of chemical agents that inhibit photodamage to red cell ghost membranes at low intensities (less than 450 W/cm2) do not benefit intact cells at realistic FPR bleaching doses of 10,000 to 1,000,000 W/cm2. However, we find that sample deoxygenation dramatically photostabilizes erythrocytes, thus we have developed a physiologically compatible in situ deoxygenation method utilizing submitochondrial particles. The extent to which this and other deoxygenation procedures modify fluorophore photolability has been determined. FPR measurements become practical on intact erythrocytes when a combination of low bleach power, thorough deoxygenation, and long wavelength excitable (approximately 650 nm) fluorescence probes is employed; the equivalent of 60,000 photobleaches per cell can then be tolerated without detectable damage. PMID- 6725936 TI - Cytochemical localization of hydrogen peroxide production in the rat uterus. AB - A reduced nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate (NAD(P)H)-dependent H2O2 generating activity of the rat uterus was investigated both electron cytochemically and biochemically. We tried to cytochemically demonstrate H2O2 generation from the oxidation of reduced NADH or NADPH using the cerium method. NADPH oxidation resulted in electron-dense deposits on the apical plasma membrane covering the microvilli of the surface epithelium of the lightly fixed endometrium. In control specimens incubated in a medium from which substrate was omitted, no such deposits were observed. The reduction of ferricytochrome c due to NADH oxidation was spectrophotometrically detected in the lightly fixed uterus. Absorption at 550 nm increased with the addition of NADH, but not with that of NAD. The reaction was weakened by preheating and adversely affected by the addition of superoxide dismutase, but it was not inhibited by adding 50 mM sodium azide. These results suggest that a kind of NAD(P)H oxidase, generating H2O2 via superoxide formation, may possibly be present on the apical plasma membrane of the rat endometrial epithelium. PMID- 6725937 TI - Identification of neurons of origin providing the dopaminergic innervation of the hippocampus. AB - It was proved if there is an innervation of the hippocampus by dopaminergic neurons of the ventral tegmental area. Methods of labeling neurons by intrahippocampal injections of retrograde tracers were combined with fluorescence histochemical investigations of the same cells. An innervation of the hippocampus by the dopaminergic cell groups "A-9" and "A-10" could not be verified whereas, in the sphere of the raphe nuclei besides serotoninergic cells retrogradely labeled neurons were found exhibiting a dopamine like aminergic fluorescence. PMID- 6725938 TI - Ultrastructural study and cholinesterase activity of paired capillaries in the newt brain. AB - We have investigated the ultrastructural and histochemical (AChE and BuChE) features of intracerebral vessels in newt. The blood vessels of the newt brain are paired and end in a closed loop. The two limbs, each of them has delineate the lumen by one endothelial cell, are enclosed within a single basement membrane and are separated from each other by a thin intercapillary wall. The brain capillaries are un-fenestrated and the overlapping endothelial cells were connected by clefts. Ependymal astrocytes extensively ensheath the surface of brain capillaries, but the sheats are incomplete. Pericytes and mast cells are frequently sandwiched in the endothelial basal lamina. Microglial cells are also present adjacent to cerebral vessels. The newt cerebral capillaries are characterized by high levels of AChE. This enzyme is localized in the basal membrane and in extracellular spaces between the overlapping endothelial cells. The vascular walls are instead deprived of BuChE activity. The non-nervous role of cholinesterases is discussed. PMID- 6725939 TI - [Duplication of the middle cerebral artery and the accessory middle cerebral artery]. AB - A double middle cerebral artery and their branches are described. Accessory middle cerebral arteries are interpreted as thinner twigs of the anterior cerebral or the anterior choroidal arteries. PMID- 6725940 TI - Cortical and subcortical, including sensory-related, afferents to the thalamic mediodorsal nucleus of the cat. AB - Cortical and subcortical afferents to the cat's thalamic mediodorsal nucleus (MD) were investigated using the method of retrograde transport of horseradish peroxidase (HRP). HRP was applied using vertical or oblique approaches and either a microsyringe or implanted pipettes filled with HRP-powder. A wide variety of cortical afferents to MD was detected: Aside from afferents from the cat's classical prefrontal cortex (gyri proreus, rectus, frontalis), from adjacent areas of the premotor and cingulate cortex and from portions of the insular cortex, afferents were found from cortical areas related to the processing of somatosensory, gustatory, auditory and visual information and from portions of the parietal and temporal association cortex. A considerable number of afferents arose from the diagonal band of Broca and a small number from the precommissural septum, periamygdaloid , prepiriform , entorhinal, subicular and amygdalar regions. The preoptic region and hypothalamic areas contained some labeled cells. All brains, with the exception of one with a very small dorsomedial injection, contained labeled cells in the mamillary bodies. The reticular nuclear complex and the ventral lateral geniculate nucleus were the main sources of afferents on the thalamic level. In the brain stem the substantia nigra, the ventral tegmental area, the deep layers of the superior colliculus, pretectal and tegmental regions contained labeled cells. These results show that MD receives afferents from a large variety of structures. Among them are several cortical as well as subcortical regions related to the processing of sensory and motor information. Taken together, these connections and the numerous afferents to MD from regions related to emotional and motivational behavior confirm the view that MD has to be termed association nucleus. PMID- 6725941 TI - Morphogenesis and morphology of the brain stem nuclei of Cetacea. II. The nuclei of the accessory, vagal and glossopharyngeal nerves in baleen whales. AB - The development and final structure of the IXth, Xth and XIth cranial nerve nuclei are studied in ironhematoxylin -, thionin - and protargol -stained serial sections of about 50 baleen whale fetuses (blue whale, Balaenoptera musculus, and fin whale, Balaenoptera physalus ) and one adult fin whale. The nucleus ambiguus is composed of three subdivisions, oral, intermediate and caudal, the last mentioned being contiguous caudally with the dorsal motor Xth nucleus. The oral division develops as three parallel cell columns which merge into a well circumscribed solitary structure with a rostrally expanded "head". It is composed of medium-sized multipolar neurons in a myelin-poor neuropil. In the fin whale a minor group of larger cells is found medial to the "head". In both species a peculiar small-celled nucleus rich in capillaries is found ventral to the "head". The intermediate division initially contains a lateral cell column and a medial region of scattered cells. The lateral column persists throughout life, while the medial field develops into three columns only one of which remains distinct in mature individuals. The cells are larger than in the oral division with the largest cells in the medial column. The two columns are surrounded by a field of scattered neurons which continues without a sharp border into the caudal division which is composed of scattered cells throughout. In its rostral half the cells are of the same multipolar type as in the intermediate division while caudally they appear flattened in the horizontal plane. The dorsal motor Xth nucleus develops as three longitudinal columns. In the fetal brain these are cytologically distinct due to different proportions of small, medium-sized and larger multipolar neurons. The spindle-shaped ventromedial column extends the entire length of the nucleus. It is composed mostly of small to medium-sized cells which caudal to the obex are elongated parallel with the neuroaxis . The dorsolateral and ventrolateral columns are restricted to the middle 1/3 of the nucleus, except in the blue whale where the former extends somewhat more rostrally. They are both characterized by the presence of large multipolar cells, the largest of which are found in the ventrolateral column. In adult specimens the cells are more equally sized and the columnar organization less distinct. The nucleus of the tractus solitarius is of about the same length as the two above mentioned nuclei. Except at the very early stages, the nucleus is ill defined.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 400 WORDS) PMID- 6725942 TI - Transplantation of various regions of embryonic brain tissue into the brain of adult rats. AB - Brain tissue from the cortex, midbrain (corpora quadrigemina ) or cerebellum was transplanted into the lateral ventricle or parenchyma of the right brain hemisphere of adult Wistar rats. Brain tissue transplants consisted of undifferentiated matrix cells and few neuroblasts. 30 and 110 days after operation transplants showed good development both in the lateral ventricle and inside parenchyma. They differentiated into organotypical and histotypical structures and cells similar to those formed in the normal development. Cortical structures developed from the cortex tissue, cerebellar structures from the cerebellum tissue, and nuclei white substance of corpora quadrigemina where formed from the midbrain tissue. Nerve and glial cells of transplants are well differentiated, tightly connected with the surrounding nervous tissue of the recipient, and remain viable by the end of the experiment. The immune response of the host to the transplant is not expressed. The behaviour of animals remains normal. The present experiments are the beginning of studies on grafting brain embryonal tissue to mammals with some nonhereditary and hereditary changes of the central nervous system (CNS) for our further investigations. PMID- 6725943 TI - Transplantation of embryonic brain tissue into the brain of adult rats after hypoxic hypoxia. AB - Brain cortex tissue of 20-day-old rat embryos ( E20 ) was transplanted into the brain parietal region of adult Wistar rats 22 days following their exposure to acute hypoxic hypoxia. 91 days after hypoxia and 69 days after transplantation the rats were killed and their brain was studied histologically. Hypoxia has been found to cause strong dystrophy, irreversible degeneration (shrunken and lysis) and the death of numerous cortex neurons. Nevertheless the transplanted E20 rat brain tissue develops in 100% of cases in the brain of recipients. Transplants have a considerably large volume (7 mm3) and establish a close morphological connection with the neughbouring nervous tissue of the host's brain. Transplants contain viable nerve and glial cells. E20 rat brain transplants improve to a certain extent the state of hypoxia-exposed dystrophic neurons of the recipient's brain. The decay products released from the transplanted E20 rat brain tissue influence the recipient's brain tissue, and neurons of the transplants establish a close morphological, probably synaptic, connection with neurons of the host's brain tissue. PMID- 6725944 TI - Expression and regulation of two idiotype families and subsets within an idiotype family among BALB/c antibodies against p-azophenylarsonate. AB - The expression and regulation of the two different idiotype (id) families associated with the anti-p-azophenylarsonate (Ar) antibodies of BALB/c mice were examined. Both families ( 5AF6 and 3C6 ) represented cross-reactive idiotypes (CRI) expressed in the anti-Ar of most individual BALB/c mice. In response to keyhole limpet hemocyanin-Ar, an average of about 28% of BALB/c anti-Ar had 5AF6 family idiotopes, while 3C6 family was expressed on about 16% of BALB/c anti-Ar antibodies. Suppression induced by anti-idiotype treatment against one family did not suppress the expression of the other family, suggesting that the two families were regulated independently. However, the relative expression of one family could influence the expression of the other, because depression of the 5AF6 family tended to increase the expression of the 3C6 family of anti-Ar. Analysis of the 5AF6 family showed that a majority of BALB/c mice produced antibodies bearing most or all of the idiotopes associated with the family, but that a subset of about 35% of the antibodies synthesized lacked idiotopes associated with a monoclonal anti-Ar member of this family, 2.4. Treatment of mice with anti idiotypes prepared against two different monoclonal anti-Ar of the 5AF6 family produced different effects: one enhanced while the other suppressed idiotype expression, suggesting that there are differences in the idiotopes associated with these two regulatory pathways. Additionally, results indicated that subsets of antibodies within the 5AF6 idiotype family could be regulated independently of each other. PMID- 6725945 TI - Suppression of Con A mitogen-induced proliferation of normal spleen cells by macrophages from chickens with hereditary muscular dystrophy. AB - Spleen cells from chickens with hereditary muscular dystrophy (MD) give low blastogenic responses to the T cell mitogen concanavalin A (Con A) while exhibiting normal mitogen stimulated blastogenic responses to the T cell mitogen phytohemagglutinin (PHA). The addition of MD spleen cells to normal spleen cells caused a marked suppression of the Con A response of the normal cells while not affecting the PHA response of the normal cells. The suppressive activity by the MD spleen cells requires viable cells and is contact mediated. The suppressive activity is attributed to the presence in MD spleens of a population of suppressor cells with characteristics typical of macrophages. The suppressor cell activity was not removable by complement-mediated lysis using anti-T or anti-B sera, but it was reversible by treatment with carrageenan or carbonyl iron magnet, by passage through a Sephadex G-10 column, and by adherence to plastic petri dishes or glass beads. MD spleen cells depleted of the suppressor cell population remained unable to respond to Con A. PMID- 6725946 TI - Characterization of mouse and human monoclonal antibodies cross-reactive with SLE serum antibodies to guanosine. AB - Two new monoclonal antibodies, one a mouse IgM and the other a human IgM that reacted with guanosine, were compared to human serum antibodies from patients with systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE). The human monoclonal antibody was polyspecific in its binding to the nucleoside bases, whereas the mouse monoclonal antibody was relatively specific for guanosine when compared by using an enzyme linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA). Neither antibody bound polyguanylic acid or denatured single-stranded (ss) DNA, however. Serum IgG antibodies from seven patients with SLE cross-reacted with the mouse monoclonal antibody and showed considerable specificity for guanosine. In contrast, the human serum IgG antiguanosine antibodies also bound ssDNA but not dsDNA or polyguanylic acid. Serum IgG antibodies to guanosine measured by ELISA from the seven SLE patients had a decreased response when compared to the total serum IgG response to ssDNA, and most of the antibodies that bound guanosine also bound ssDNA. These studies provide new evidence that there are specific IgG antibodies to guanosine in SLE sera that are a small fraction of the antibodies to ssDNA. Further efforts to define the role of these guanosine antibodies in SLE may provide a better understanding of the basic mechanisms responsible for the development of SLE in man. PMID- 6725947 TI - Treatment of experimental visceral leishmaniasis with lymphokine encapsulated in liposomes. AB - Highly susceptible mice were infected with Leishmania donovani chagasi and were treated with supernatants, free or encapsulated in liposomes, from concanavalin A stimulated or unstimulated mouse spleen cell cultures. Treatment consisted of multiple i.v. injections beginning 2 days before to 2 days after infection. Mice treated with lymphokine-rich supernatants encapsulated in liposomes had significantly fewer liver parasites than the control groups, demonstrating in vivo activity of lymphokine against an infectious organism. PMID- 6725948 TI - Intracellular destruction of Leishmania donovani and Leishmania tropica amastigotes by activated macrophages: dissociation of these microbicidal effector activities in vitro. AB - Resident peritoneal macrophages were exposed to amastigotes of Leishmania donovani and L. tropica and treated with soluble products of antigen or mitogen stimulated lymphocytes (lymphokines, LK). Macrophages infected with L. donovani were responsive to lower concentrations of LK for elimination of this parasite than cells infected with L. tropica, and the disappearance of L. donovani amastigotes from activated macrophages preceded that of L. tropica by at least 24 hr. That the differential elimination of amastigotes from LK-treated macrophages may reflect different intracellular killing mechanisms for the two parasites is supported by studies with macrophages activated in vivo; macrophages from BCG treated C3H/HeJ mice that were incapable of eliminating intracellular L. tropica killed amastigotes of L. donovani. Whether the effector mechanism(s) for intracellular destruction of the two Leishmania are qualitatively or only quantitatively different is as yet unknown. PMID- 6725949 TI - Analysis of mRNA coding for blood-stage antigens of a rodent malarial parasite, Plasmodium yoelii: mRNA coding for a possible protective antigen purify as poly A . AB - We have analyzed mRNA coding for blood-stage antigens of Plasmodium yoelii by using cellfree translation of poly A+ and poly A- RNA in conjunction with immunoprecipitations. Most of the antigens recognized by mouse hyperimmune serum to P. yoelii were coded by poly A+ mRNA ranging in size from 15S to 28S. However, certain P. yoelii antigens, notably those with m.w. greater than 150 kilodaltons (kd), were coded by mRNA that purified as being poly A-. Antigens recognized by a protective monoclonal antibody (McAb) were coded by such operationally poly A- RNA. Three polypeptides apparently coded by different poly A- RNA were immunoprecipitated by this McAb. With the use of another McAb, a poly A+ mRNA of about 19S was identified as coding for a polypeptide of 46 kd synthesized in cellfree translation reactions. The same McAb recognized a 34 kd polypeptide in metabolically labeled polypeptides of P. yoelii. This antigen appeared to be processed in vivo but not in vitro. The observation that some mRNA of P. yoelii purify as being poly A- has significant implications for the construction of cDNA libraries that employ poly A+ mRNA of malarial parasites: if it applies to other species of plasmodia, some potentially important operationally poly A- mRNA may not be represented in such libraries. PMID- 6725950 TI - Passive immunization against murine malaria with an IgG3 monoclonal antibody. AB - Spleen cells of BALB/c mice that were immune to the 17X strain of P. yoelii were fused with P3X63Ag8 myeloma cells. Two hundred fifty-three of 1053 hybrid cells produced antibodies reactive with disrupted 17X parasites in a solid phase radioimmunoassay. One of these antibodies, McAb 302, reacted with the merozoites of the 17X (nonlethal) and 17XL (lethal) variants of P. yoelii. Of greater significance, McAb 302 passively protected mice against challenge infection with the lethal variant. Mice treated with this antibody before infection developed low-grade parasitemia (less than 0.3%) of short duration when challenged with P. yoelii 17XL . In contrast, control mice that had been untreated or injected with ascites fluid lacking McAb 302 uniformly died with fulminating malaria upon challenge with the same parasite. In other experiments, McAb 302 was shown capable of controlling blood parasite levels when administered to mice with patent P. yoelii 17XL infections. Although all control mice died, mice protected with a single dose of McAb 302 ultimately cleared their infections. Regardless of how passive immunization was performed, mice given McAb 302 were resistant to subsequent challenge with P. yoelii 17XL , indicating they had developed significant immunity during their initial controlled infections. McAb 302 also showed pronounced passive protective activity against the nonlethal 17X strain of P. yoelii, which is a parasite of reticulocytes. The protection afforded by McAb 302 was specific, because mice passively immunized with this antibody died when challenged with the unrelated P. vinckei. McAb 302 was shown to possess the IgG3 isotype and precipitated a 230-kd protein plus several smaller polypeptides from metabolically labeled parasite antigen preparation derived from both variants of P. yoelii. It did not react with similar preparations of other murine plasmodial species. PMID- 6725951 TI - Requirement for protein synthesis for induction of macrophage tumoricidal activity by IFN-alpha and IFN-beta but not by IFN-gamma. AB - Peritoneal mouse macrophages elicited by proteose-peptone (pM phi) were treated in vitro with IFN-alpha, IFN-beta, or IFN-gamma in the presence or absence of cycloheximide (Cy), a reversible inhibitor of protein synthesis, and were assayed for cytolytic activity against tumor cells. Inhibition of protein synthesis during treatment of pM phi with IFN-alpha or IFN-beta prevented the development of cytotoxic activity. In contrast, IFN-gamma was fully capable of inducing cytotoxic pM phi in the presence of Cy. Moreover, pM phi treated with mixtures of IFN in the presence of Cy were activated for cytotoxicity only by IFN-gamma together with IFN-alpha or IFN-beta, but not by IFN-alpha plus IFN-beta. These results indicate that the activation of pM phi by IFN-gamma is independent of new protein synthesis, whereas the activation of pM phi by IFN-alpha and/or IFN-beta requires active protein synthesis, suggesting that the mechanism of induction of cytotoxic pM phi by IFN-gamma differs from that by the other types of IFN. PMID- 6725952 TI - Androgens and oestrogens may modulate the growth and function of lymphoid organs. PMID- 6725953 TI - Estrogen immunosuppression is regulated through estrogenic responses in the thymus. AB - Previous studies have clearly established that physiologic and pharmacologic levels of estrogens modulate immunologic responses that result in simultaneous activation of the reticuloendothelial system and depression of cell-mediated immunity. The mechanisms of estrogen immunoregulation were examined in adult female mice administered pharmacologic levels of exogenous estrogens. Evaluation of steroidal and nonsteroidal compounds with varying degrees of estrogenicity (i.e., uterotrophic activity) provided evidence that their immunotoxicity, for the most part, correlates with estrogenicity. The mechanisms responsible for these effects appear to be complex, mediated through a direct chemical interaction with lymphoid target cells, as well as with nonlymphoid tissue, resulting in the release of soluble immunoregulatory factors. The latter phenomenon was examined in detail and it appears to constitute a regulatory factor(s) produced by thymic epithelium in response to an estrogen stimulus. This response is not only estrogen specific but may involve specific binding to estrogen receptors or receptor-like structures present in cytosol preparations from thymic epithelial cells. PMID- 6725954 TI - Nuclear DNA degradation in lymphocytes of patients with systemic lupus erythematosus. AB - The degradation of nuclear DNA in lymphocytes of patients with systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) was analyzed. A low m.w. DNA fragment was identified in phytohemagglutinin (PHA)-stimulated lymphocytes from both healthy controls and SLE patients. The rate of appearance of low m.w. DNA was at least fourfold higher in lymphocytes from SLE patients, suggesting that DNA from SLE cells are more easily degraded than that from normal cells. PHA-stimulated lymphocytes from SLE patients were also shown to be more sensitive to UV irradiation than those of controls. These results suggest that DNA metabolism is abnormal in T cells of SLE patients. PMID- 6725955 TI - Inhibition of human lymphocyte natural cytotoxicity and antibody-dependent cell mediated cytotoxicity by K-76 COONa, a reagent that blocks complement activity. AB - K-76 COONa is a 440 m.w. fungal product that can inhibit complement activity of C5 and Factor I. K-76 COONa abrogated both human natural killer (NK) cell activity and antibody-dependent cell-mediated cytotoxicity (ADCC) (ID50 approximately 1.5 mM). To be effective, K-76 COONa had to be present during the assay, because pretreatment of lymphocytes with highly inhibitory concentrations of K-76 COONa did not inhibit cytolysis. The monocarboxylic K-76 derivative was more inhibitory to NK than the dicarboxylic derivative. This relative efficacy is similar to that observed for inhibition of complement lysis. K-76 COONa inhibited NK when added before NK conjugate formation, but had little effect when added after conjugate formation. The compound also inhibited the formation of conjugates by NK and K cells. Therefore, this reagent selectively affected events that occurred between the initial effector-target cell interactions and the formation of stable conjugates. It had little influence on the post-binding "lethal hit" stage of cytolysis. These data imply a) that if any molecules similar to C5 are activated during the "lethal hit" stage of cytolysis, then they are inaccessible to K-76 COONa , and b) that C3bi-like molecules may be involved in lymphocyte binding. PMID- 6725956 TI - Susceptibility of inbred mice to Leishmania tropica infection: genetic control of the development of cutaneous lesions in P/J mice. AB - Leishmania tropica infections of P/J mice are characterized by the development of progressive nonhealing cutaneous lesions, followed by visceral metastases to liver and spleen. To analyze the genetic control of this disease, we produced F1, backcross (BX), and F2 progeny by breeding susceptible P/J mice with L. tropica resistant C3H/HeN mice. Infections in these hybrid animals suggested that genetic control of the cutaneous lesion was by a single, autosomal, dominant gene. Resistance was the dominant trait. Analysis of liver and spleen impression smears in these animals, however, indicated that development of the cutaneous lesion segregates independently of the second component of L. tropica infections, systemic disease. PMID- 6725957 TI - IgA release using phorbol? PMID- 6725958 TI - A sensitive delayed-type hypersensitivity model in the rat for assessing in vivo cell-mediated immunity. AB - Many drugs and other chemicals can alter cell-mediated immunity (CMI), a response that often correlates with delayed-type hypersensitivity (DTH). Several DTH assays were evaluated to determine a method best suited for assessing chemically induced modulation of CMI in rats. The effects of various antigens, adjuvants, doses, routes, and immunosuppressants were investigated. The DTH method which produced optimum results in rats uses a footpad swelling reaction elicited by specific preparations of bovine serum albumin (BSA) and Freund's complete adjuvant (FCA). The rats were sensitized with 100 micrograms BSA in FCA injected subcutaneously at the base of the tail, and were challenged 7 days later with 75 microliter of 2% heat-aggregated BSA suspension injected into the left rear footpad. Footpad swelling was measured with pressure calipers 24 h later and compared to the contralateral footpad which was sham-injected with 75 microliters of physiological saline. Antigen-injected footpads were nearly double the thickness (7-8 mm) of the control footpads (3-4 mm), and variation between animals was small (CV = 5%). Dexamethasone and cyclophosphamide significantly suppressed the DTH reaction. Histopathological examination of the DTH reaction sites revealed a mononuclear cell infiltrate which is characteristic of type IV hypersensitivity. In addition to being highly quantitative and sensitive, this method provides a simple and reproducible assessment of CMI responses in the rat. PMID- 6725959 TI - Characterization of monoclonal antibodies against human chorionic somatomammotropin: competitive screening and determination of the affinity constants. AB - A simple screening method has been developed for the characterization of monoclonal antibodies (MAbs) against human chorionic somatomammotropin (hCS) produced in our laboratory. The method is easily adaptable to MAbs against other soluble antigens. Our proposed method allows evaluation of the degree of binding of the antibodies to the antigen, and of cross-reaction with human growth hormone and ovine prolactin. The positive clones have been further characterized by solid phase radioimmunoassay in order to determine their affinity constants, which ranged from 10(7) to 10(9)/M as determined by non-linear regression analysis. PMID- 6725960 TI - A method for the selective beta-irradiation of individual lymphocyte microcultures and its application in a preliminary study of radiation sensitivity. AB - A method that permits high energy beta-irradiation to be applied to individual lymphocyte microplate cultures is described. The principle involves the introduction of single energy sources (in this case 32P) contained within tubes which rest inside wells containing the lymphocyte cultures. Cell viability and mitogen-induced transformation were studied under these conditions. Dose-response effects were clearly demonstrated. The method is simple and, provided the precautions described are adhered to, safe. It should be applicable to studies of radiation sensitivity of putative target cells in various clinical situations. PMID- 6725962 TI - An interesting monoclonal anti-N produced following immunization with human group O, NN erythrocytes. AB - Spleen cells from Balb/c mice given multiple injections of intact human erythrocytes (group O, NN) were fused with NS1 myeloma cells. Culture fluids from the resulting hybrid cells were screened for agglutinating antibody against a panel of erythrocytes. One cell line, 2/23, secreted an IgM antibody which reacted more strongly with NN than with MM cells. Neuraminidase or papain treatment of erythrocytes abolished agglutination whereas trypsin treatment did not. Reactions with U- erythrocytes of different MN phenotypes confirmed the anti N specificity of monoclonal antibody 2/23. This is the first report of monoclonal anti-N stimulated by the immunization of mice with intact erythrocytes. PMID- 6725961 TI - Lucigenin-dependent chemiluminescence as a new assay for NAD(P)H-oxidase activity in particulate fractions of human polymorphonuclear leukocytes. AB - The enzyme responsible for the respiratory burst in human neutrophils is an oxidase that catalyzes the reduction of oxygen to superoxide anion (O-2). Superoxide anion production may be measured by chemiluminescence (CL) in the presence of lucigenin (10,10'-dimethyl-9,9'- biacridinium dinitrate). We established an assay of the oxidase, by measuring the CL of particulate fractions of PMN in the presence of lucigenin . This CL required the addition of NAD(P)H and was very low in fractions of resting cells. In particulate fractions of PMNs stimulated with PMA selectively, the NADPH-dependent CL was found to be increased. CL was linear with protein concentrations up to 100 micrograms and was shown to be at least 10 times more sensitive for the detection of O-2 than the assay based on the spectrophotometric determination of superoxide mediated cytochrome c reduction. CL was abolished by inactivating the enzyme at 56 degrees C. PMID- 6725963 TI - tch, tsf and tte: three independently isolated t haplotypes in the mouse. AB - Three recessive lethal t haplotypes have been independently isolated from widely separated Chilean wild mouse populations. They do not complement one another, have similar transmission ratios and suppress recombination. We do not know at present if they belong to a previously described complementation group or if they define a new one. PMID- 6725964 TI - Studies of in vitro synergy between several beta-lactam and aminoglycoside antibiotics against endocarditis strains of Pseudomonas aeruginosa. AB - Ten strains of Pseudomonas aeruginosa isolated from patients with endocarditis (1969-1975) and eight similar strains (1980) were assayed for minimum inhibitory concentrations (MICs) and minimum bactericidal concentrations (MBCs) to several aminoglycosides (gentamicin, tobramycin, amikacin) and beta-lactam antibiotics (ticarcillin, piperacillin, azlocillin, moxalactam and MKO 787). In vitro synergy (1969-1975 series) between beta-lactam and aminoglycoside antibiotics was shown uniformly with azlocillin (100 per cent) followed by moxalactam (80 per cent), piperacillin and ticarcillin (66 per cent) and MKO 787 (13.3 per cent). Results were similar in 1980. Synergy of azlocillin was demonstrated with five strains previously not showing synergy between carbenicillin and an aminoglycoside. In 1980 four of eight patients infected with pseudomonads that were not synergistically affected in vitro were refractory to treatment with the piperacillin-aminoglycoside combination. In vitro synergy of the infecting strain is necessary for successful medical treatment of patients with P. aeruginosa infective endocarditis. PMID- 6725965 TI - Clostridium difficile-associated diarrhoea. AB - During the course of 1 year, Clostridium difficile was isolated from 145 (4 per cent) of 3591 faecal specimens submitted to a hospital routine bacteriology laboratory. These C. difficile positive specimens came from 95 patients or 10.99 per cent of 864 patients investigated for suspected gastroenteritis. In a control population of 318 persons C. difficile was isolated from only 10 of them or 3.1 per cent; this difference was statistically significant. We conclude that as this increase in the isolation of C. difficile from patients with diarrhoea is significant and is about as frequent as that of Campylobacter spp., faecal specimens submitted for routine bacteriology should also be cultured for C. difficile . As with diarrhoea caused by other enteric pathogens, most C. difficile -associated episodes of diarrhoea are mild and spontaneously reversible but approximately 20 per cent of patients have prolonged diarrhoea and may benefit from treatment. PMID- 6725966 TI - A family outbreak of toxoplasmosis: a serendipitous finding. AB - A family outbreak of toxoplasmosis involving five members of a Lebanese family is described. We believe it to be the first reported outbreak of toxoplasmosis in Australia. Kibbi , a traditional Lebanese dish which can occasionally incorporate raw meat, may have been the source of infection. The chance occurrence of an outbreak of hepatitis A in the same family subsequently led us to discover this outbreak. PMID- 6725967 TI - Influenza C virus in the United Kingdom. PMID- 6725968 TI - Infection and colonisation by Mycobacterium kansasii and Mycobacterium xenopi: aerosols as a possible source? PMID- 6725969 TI - Unravelling the secrets of Clostridium difficile. PMID- 6725970 TI - [Remarks on the metabolic evaluation of renal lithiasis]. AB - Metabolic studies include certain routine investigations but which may be more or less limited or extended according to the individual case on the basis of its severity and the chemical nature of calculi. These studies are based upon the following data: analysis of one or more stones, aided and guided by methodical macroscopic examination; urine microscopy; study of urine pH which should be done by the patient himself on several samples during the 24-hour period; blood and urine calcium/phosphate balance, without omitting the measurement of urinary urea which provides information concerning protein intake and indicates its influence; oxalate balance studies and hyperoxaluria are correlated with cases of lithiasis when stones contain only calcium oxalate or a mixture of oxalate and calcium phosphate; uric acid balance, where once again the measurement of urinary urea is of fundamental importance and shows that all cases of hyperuricuria are related to a diet excessively rich in meat; urinary cystine levels with the need for a Brand reaction almost routinely in all lithiasis sufferers; electrolyte studies which may reveal a renal tubular acidosis syndrome, in fact rare; and, finally, in certain cases a magnesium balance may show a decreased erythrocyte magnesium. PMID- 6725971 TI - [Multilocular cyst of the kidney: diagnostic problems. Apropos of a case in an adult]. AB - The authors report a case of multilocular cyst of the kidney in an adult. The diagnosis was made, despite the fact that hydatid disease was endemic in the area, on the basis of the finding at urography of a renal mass with the density of water, the finding at echotomography of a multiloculated mass of mixed nature and finally the absence of any blood supply at arteriography. Excision of the multilocular mass left in place a normal kidney with a good result confirmed after 18 months' follow-up. This case is used as a basis to describe the differential diagnosis in the context of the results of special investigations: I.V.U., echotomography, CT scan and arteriography. Diagnoses which must be eliminated are: renal adenocarcinoma in its necrosed form, solitary renal cyst, angiomyolipoma, nephroblastoma and, in endemic areas obviously, hydatid cyst, in particular in its multivesicular form. Despite the multiplicity of investigations, the diagnosis is often uncertain until the time of surgery. Treatment is excision of the abnormal mass with preservation of healthy parenchyma. PMID- 6725972 TI - [Value of the measurement of urinary calcium in calcium lithiasis]. AB - The author reports certain data from the literature and based upon his own experience. The urinary excretion of calcium is dependent upon diet and in particular sodium intake. Urinary calcium decreases when sodium intake is reduced. The administration of rapidly absorbed sugars and protein rich diets cause an increase in urinary calcium. It is thus of fundamental importance to be aware of the nature of the diet in patients in whom 24 hour urinary calcium is measured. In particular, such measurements are of no value during the immediate postoperative period. Is the existence of hypercalciuria (defined by a urinary calcium greater than 0.1 mmol/kg/day) truly responsible for an increase in the frequency of recurrences of lithiasis? In two groups of patients, one with progressive lithiasis and the other with non-progressive lithiasis, the mean urinary calcium for each of the two groups was the same. In addition, patients with a high daily calcium excretion were not necessarily those with progressive lithiasis. Three groups of patients were also compared, according to whether they had a high fluid intake, a fluid intake associated with a hydrochlorothiazide or a fluid intake associated with a neutral phosphorus salt. Phosphate therapy was a failure. In comparison with their previous state, patients receiving merely a high fluid intake or in combination with thiazides had less recurrences than before such treatment. The group treated with thiazides had significantly less recurrences than the group treated by simple high fluid intake. However urinary calcium was not lowered by thiazides. Thus the role of thiazides probably does not lie in hypocalciuria but merely in an increase in urine output. PMID- 6725973 TI - [Value of estramustine phosphate in the treatment of estrogen-resistant prostatic adenocarcinoma]. AB - Estramustine phosphate ( Estracyt ) was used in 32 patients with a mean age of 73 and a half years suffering from oestrogen-resistant carcinoma of the prostate. These carcinomas were advanced and were divided into 26 stage D and 6 stage C. Treatment was given orally at a dose of 600 mg per day. Results were assessed on the basis of reliable subjective and objective selected criteria. Objective responses were obtained in 28,1% of cases and subjective responses in 40.6%. All the patients in whom there was an objective response showed a subjective response. Objective action was more marked on the primary tumour than on metastases. There was a decrease in bone pain, an improvement in general condition and disappearance of dysuria in more than a third of all cases. When there was a response, it always occurred before the end of the 2nd month and was maximal at 3 months. The mean duration of a response was 29.1 months for objective responses and 27.7 months for subjective responses. Survival of patients responding to treatment was markedly longer (by 15 months on average) than in patients who failed to respond. The low level of toxicity of the compound, even after prolonged use, makes its use possible in all patients. Thus Estracyt is felt to have a role in the treatment of the severe forms represented by hormone-resistant carcinomas of the prostate. PMID- 6725974 TI - [Mortality and morbidity after total cystectomy for cancer]. AB - The authors review mortality and morbidity in 100 consecutive patients who during a six year period underwent total cystectomy for carcinoma of the bladder. The postoperative mortality was 15 (15%), essentially as a result of septic and respiratory complications. In relation to the type of diversion: 6 deaths in 46 cases of cutaneous ureterostomy, 4 deaths amongst 19 cases of trans-intestinal cutaneous ureterostomy, 3 deaths amongst 24 cases of uretero-colic implantation and 2 deaths amongst 11 cases of replacement enterocystoplasty . Amongst factors involved in the cause of postoperative mortality, three appeared to be of essential importance: a very high anaesthetic class (class IV), defective drainage of dissected areas, sources of deep abscesses , and use of the intestine in the method of completing total cystectomy. In the last 40 cases, the use of cutaneous ureterostomy in 82.5% of cases and careful attention to drainage of the operative site led to a reduction in mortality to 5% (2/40) whilst in the first 60 cystectomies of the series, 68.3% of which were completed by ureterocolic implantation, mortality was 21.7% (13/60). Early and late complications were also much more frequent in diversion procedures using the intestine than after direct cutaneous ureterostomy. But after replacement enterocystoplasty , late complications were virtually nonexistent. The authors indicate the following guidelines as conclusions: - in patients who accept a cutaneous implant, direct cutaneous ureterostomy is the best bypass procedure.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS) PMID- 6725975 TI - [Uselessness of systematic bone scintigraphy in the assessment of the spread of bladder cancer, before excision surgery]. AB - The authors reviewed bone scans in 55 patients with carcinoma of the bladder. Only 3 patients had a pathological bone scan. In two, an ordinary X-ray of the spine (visible on IVP) showed the existence of bone metastases. Thus amongst the total of 55 cases, bone scan was of specific value only once (1,9%). The authors mention the frequency of bone metastases at autopsy (24 to 37%) and the superiority of bone scan over an ordinary radiological skeletal survey. In the literature, false negative results for bone scan do not exceed 5% whilst the false negative rate for ordinary X-ray is 19%. Despite this reliability, bone scan alone is of basic importance in only a small number of cases. The present series is in line with those in the literature. Thus, other than where there is a special indication, the authors no longer request a bone scan in the assessment of spread of carcinoma of the bladder. PMID- 6725976 TI - [Urinary disorders in multiple sclerosis. Apropos of 47 cases]. AB - The authors report a series of 47 patients suffering from disseminated sclerosis who required neuro-urological management because of micturition disturbances. They were in general young (mean age 43 years) and had been suffering from disseminated sclerosis for 10 years (on average). The neurological disease was in general severe since it was progressive in 32 cases and pure remittent in 13 only. Two-thirds of the patients were autonomous from a locomotor standpoint. Micturition disturbances developed in the first five years of the disease in 2/ 3rds of the patients and became really troublesome only after disseminated sclerosis had been progressive for five years. Dysuria, frequency and incontinence with urgency were the commonest symptoms. Persistent or transient retention of urine remained relatively common. Nocturnal urine loss was rarer. Sphincter incompetence was marked in half of the patients but this did not necessarily go hand in hand with locomotor incapacity. Symptoms and signs were grouped as irritative, obstructive and mixed syndromes. From a urodynamic standpoint, the detrusor was sometimes normal but more often behaved pathologically, being either hyperactive or hypoactive. Hypoactivity of the detrusor was accompanied in 9 cases out of 10 by spasticity of the striate sphincter. Spasticity of the striate sphincter was the commonest type of behaviour, although normal striate sphincter electromyography was possible and; rarely, results were of peripheral neurogenic type. There was no evidence of any correlation between the type of micturition syndrome, detrusor function and striate sphincter function. Similarly, no correlation could be established between the type of detrusor dysfunction and the period for which disseminated sclerosis had been present.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS) PMID- 6725977 TI - Laboratory and field evaluations of industrial formulations of Bacillus thuringiensis serovar. israelensis against some mosquito species of central Italy. PMID- 6725978 TI - Sialic acid-binding lectins in the "whip scorpion" (Mastigoproctus giganteus) serum. PMID- 6725979 TI - Phycomycetes parasitizing the ovaries of blackflies (Simuliidae). PMID- 6725980 TI - Insecticidal activity of the crystalline parasporal inclusions and other components of the Bacillus sphaericus 1593 spore complex. PMID- 6725981 TI - DNA aneuploidy in congenital melanocytic nevi: suggestive evidence for premalignant changes. AB - Nuclei with abnormal (aneuploid) DNA content were detected by flow cytometric analysis in 4 of 39 congenital melanocytic nevi and in 0 of 62 acquired nevi. Three of the 4 nevi with DNA-aneuploidy were greater than 20 cm in their largest diameter. We suggest that DNA aneuploidy is an indicator of a premalignant condition in congenital nevi in cases where histologic examination does not reveal any evidence for malignant melanoma. Cells with abnormal DNA content (aneuploid cells) are not uniformly distributed in giant congenital nevi: in one lesion we observed an area with a high percentage of cells with DNA aneuploidy, areas with a low percentage of aneuploid cells, and parts that were found to be normal by flow cytometric analysis. Nuclear pleomorphism was found histologically in the area with the high percentage of aneuploid cells while the areas with the low percentage of aneuploid cells were histologically normal. Thus, flow cytometry seems to be an additional sensitive method for the detection of nuclear abnormalities that are not always apparent by conventional histology. Increase in the relative amount of growth phase (S-phase cells), indicating elevated proliferative activity, was detected in 6 of 39 congenital pigmented nevi and in 6 of 62 acquired nevi. PMID- 6725982 TI - Cutaneous photosensitization by 8-methoxypsoralen: order-dependent synergism between radiation less than 380 nm and broadband UVA. AB - Human skin treated with topical 8-methoxypsoralen (8-MOP) was exposed sequentially to radiation at wave-lengths longer than 380 nm and to broadband UVA (320-400 nm). A striking, order-dependent synergism with respect to the induction of cutaneous phototoxicity as measured by delayed erythema was present. When exposure to greater than 380 nm radiation preceded exposure to broadband UVA, the effect was synergistic. When the order was reversed, the effect was approximately additive. This synergism is best explained by UVA-induced conversion to DNA cross links of the monoadducts formed by prior exposure at greater than 380 nm. The direct implication is that cross-linking of DNA by psoralen is the major important event in cutaneous phototoxicity due to psoralens. Skin treated with 8 MOP and markedly suberythemogenic doses of radiation greater than 380 nm remained synergistically sensitized to small doses of UVA for at least 72 h, long after photosensitization by 8-MOP alone had disappeared in control sites. This suggests slow in vivo repair of those psoralen-DNA monoadducts capable of being subsequently converted to DNA cross-links. PMID- 6725983 TI - Oxidation of 7-ethoxycoumarin and conjugation of umbelliferone by intact, viable epidermal cells from the hairless mouse. AB - Intact, viable (greater than 80%) epidermal cells were isolated from the hairless mouse. These cells metabolized 7-ethoxycoumarin (7-EC) to umbelliferone ( UMB ) (3 pmol/min/10(6) cells) and UMB to the sulfate and glucuronide conjugates (1 pmol/min/10(6) cells). The rate of oxidation in intact cells compared well with that in disrupted cells with added NADPH, but conjugation proceeded more rapidly in disrupted cells with added cofactors, due to a combination of "activation" of the UDP-glucuronosyltransferase, and to a limitation of activity by the concentration of UDP-glucuronic acid in the intact cells. Pretreatment of the animals with 5,6-benzoflavone resulted in a 5-fold increase in the rate of oxidation, and a 2-fold increase in both the rate of conjugation and the intracellular concentration of UDP-glucuronic acid. UDP-glucuronic acid concentration in isolated cells increased during incubation with glucose, and was regenerated to a steady-state concentration on incubation of cells with UMB . Pretreatment of animals with 5,6-benzoflavone decreased the percentage of metabolite conjugated (from 30% to 15%), whereas adding an inhibitor of oxidation, ellipticine, to cells isolated from pretreated animals, increased the percentage of metabolite conjugated (from 15% to 40%). Sulfation of UMB was almost undetectable, except at very low concentrations (less than 10 nM) of substrate. Thus, glucuronidation of UMB in epidermal cells may be limited by UDP glucuronic acid availability; sulfation in the epidermis may contribute little to the conjugation of UMB ; and greater than 70% of the products of 7-EC oxidation in the skin may remain unconjugated. PMID- 6725984 TI - Identification and localization of label-retaining cells in hamster epithelia. AB - A subpopulation of basal epithelial cells which retains tritiated thymidine label for extended periods was previously demonstrated in skin and oral mucosae of mice. The present study examined the presence of similar cells in hamsters. Five day-old hamsters were labeled with tritiated thymidine and the rate at which label was diluted from the basal cells observed. A small percentage of basal cells was found to retain label for up to 69 days. The location of such label retaining cells ( LRCs ) in the palatal epithelium and in tongue papillae was examined. Thirty and 69 days after labeling, approximately 80% of LRCs in palate were located in the proximal halves of papillae and 80% of LRCs in tongue were positioned basally with approximately 30% of such LRCs occupying positions previously suggested to be stem cell locations. The finding that slowly cycling keratinocytes are related to patterns of tissue architecture is compatible with a function of these cells as epithelial stem cells. PMID- 6725985 TI - Cell proliferation in normal epidermis. AB - A detailed examination of cell proliferation kinetics in normal human epidermis is presented. Using tritiated thymidine with autoradiographic techniques, proliferative and differentiated cell kinetics are defined and interrelated. The proliferative compartment of normal epidermis has a cell cycle duration (Tc) of 311 h derived from 3 components: the germinative labeling index (LI), the duration of DNA synthesis (ts), and the growth fraction (GF). The germinative LI is 2.7% +/- 1.2 and ts is 14 h, the latter obtained from a composite fraction of labeled mitoses curve obtained from 11 normal subjects. The GF obtained from the literature and from human skin xenografts to nude mice is estimated to be 60%. Normal-appearing epidermis from patients with psoriasis appears to have a higher proliferation rate. The mean LI is 4.2% +/- 0.9, approximately 50% greater than in normal epidermis. Absolute cell kinetic values for this tissue, however, cannot yet be calculated for lack of other information on ts and GF. A kinetic model for epidermal cell renewal in normal epidermis is described that interrelates the rate of birth/entry, transit, and/or loss of keratinocytes in the 3 epidermal compartments: proliferative, viable differentiated (stratum malpighii ), and stratum corneum. Expected kinetic homeostasis in the epidermis is confirmed by the very similar "turnover" rates in each of the compartments that are, respectively, 1246, 1417, and 1490 cells/day/mm2 surface area. The mean epidermal turnover time of the entire tissue is 39 days. The Tc of 311 h in normal cells in 8-fold longer than the psoriatic Tc of 36 h and is necessary for understanding the hyperproliferative pathophysiologic process in psoriasis. PMID- 6725986 TI - Observations on epidermal exsorption in mice following injections of procion dyes and ethidium bromide and topically applied dimethyl sulfoxide. AB - Back skin of hairless mice and external ears of CD-1 white mice were used to study the details of epidermal exsorption . Ethidium bromide, a DNA ligand, and two dichlorotriazinyl (procion) dyes were injected, i.v. or i.p. Migration patterns from the skin vasculature into the epidermis were observed by fluorescence microscopy and microspectrofluorometry . Topically applied DMSO greatly enhanced the exsorption process and produced intensely labeled epidermis. Ethidium bromide reacted primarily with nuclear DNA of living cells while the procion dyes tended to migrate intercellularly to label the stratum corneum. External ears of white mice treated topically with DMSO showed a pattern of labeling which included intense fluorescence of the cartilage and perichondrium as well as the ear epidermis. PMID- 6725987 TI - Biosynthesis of androgen from cortisol by a species of Clostridium recovered from human fecal flora. AB - A hitherto unknown species of Clostridium, provisionally designated strain 19, was isolated from the fecal flora of a healthy human adult. This strain synthesizes a constitutive desmolase that cleaves the side chain of cortisol to form 11 beta-hydroxy-4-androstene-3,17-dione. The enzymatic conversion is best demonstrated in supplemented peptone broth and in prereduced brain-heart infusion broth. The fecal concentration of strain 19 is 10(7)-10(8) cells/g. The strain adapts with difficulty to growth on Mueller-Hinton agar and Columbia agar base; colony formation is enhanced by the addition of 5% sheep blood. The organism is sensitive to penicillin G and resistant to tetracycline, chloramphenicol, clindamycin, and erythromycin. PMID- 6725988 TI - Typhoid fever in San Antonio, Texas: an outbreak traced to a continuing source. AB - Eighty cases of typhoid fever occurred in San Antonio, Texas, with dates of onset from August 18, 1981, to October 26, 1981. Preliminary epidemiological investigations of the first 24 cases suggested a Mexican food takeout restaurant as the common source. A case-control study confirmed this association (P less than or equal to .001). Barbacoa , a mixture of muscle, lips, ears, tongue, and eyes from steamed bovine heads, was identified as the source of Salmonella typhi (P = .03). S typhi was cultured from the stool of one of 31 restaurant employees. Closure of the restaurant resulted in termination of the outbreak within a single incubation period. The restaurant was allowed to reopen after the remaining employees had demonstrated lack of excretion of S typhi in stools. This outbreak represents the largest restaurant-associated typhoid fever outbreak reported in the United States in greater than 50 years. PMID- 6725989 TI - Clinical features and an epidemiological study of Vibrio vulnificus infections. AB - Vibrio vulnificus, a recently described halophilic Vibrio species, has been isolated from the blood, wounds, and other skin lesions of patients with primary sepsis or wound infections. Because no study of risk factors for infections with V vulnificus has been reported, a case-control study was performed with the 30 patients from whom V vulnificus isolates were recently submitted to the Centers for Disease Control (Atlanta, Georgia). Patients with primary sepsis were more likely than controls to have eaten raw oysters recently (P less than .01) and to have a history of liver disease (P less than .02). Persons with liver disease should be warned that raw oysters are an important source of this life threatening infection. Patients with wound infections were more likely than controls to have had recent exposure of the skin to salt water or shellfish (P less than .05). Physicians should therefore consider V vulnificus in the differential diagnosis of severe wound infections with these exposures. PMID- 6725990 TI - Prospective evaluation of moxalactam therapy for gram-negative bacillary meningitis. AB - In a prospective evaluation twenty patients with gram-negative bacillary meningitis were treated with moxalactam, either alone or in conjunction with other antibiotics. Of thirteen patients who received only moxalactam, eight recovered, one failed to respond, and five died of causes other than meningitis. Cultures of CSF were negative before death in each instance. Thirteen (65%) of 20 treated patients recovered. Reversible hypoprothrombinemia and bleeding occurred secondary to moxalactam therapy in one patient. The mortality from gram-negative bacillary meningitis remains high owing to the incidence of associated underlying disease. Moxalactam brings about bacteriologic control in a large proportion of patients who are infected with highly sensitive gram-negative enteric bacilli. PMID- 6725991 TI - Toxocara canis infection: clinical and epidemiological associations with seropositivity in kindergarten children. AB - To determine epidemiological and clinical associations with Toxocara canis seropositivity, we studied 333 (87%) children of a cohort of 383 five- to seven year-olds. The prevalence of seropositivity (antibody titer to T canis, greater than or equal to 1:32) was 23.1%. Black children were more frequently seropositive than were white children, as were children of parents who did not graduate from high school. In a sample of seropositive and seronegative children, seropositivity was associated with both a history of pica and puppy ownership, but not with a greater frequency of symptoms and signs that occur in visceral larva migrans or with poor growth. No child had evidence of ocular toxocariasis on retinal examination. For the whole sample, poor reading achievement, marked distractibility, and lower intelligence were associated with seropositivity, but by using multiple regression analysis, we found that these associations may be attributable to confounding variables. PMID- 6725992 TI - Nephrotoxicity of the constituents of the gentamicin complex. AB - Commercial gentamicin C is a mixture of gentamicin C1, C1a, and C2. The nephrotoxicity of each of these constituents was compared with that of the gentamicin complex. After seven days the mean creatinine level in serum was 0.8 mg/dl in rats given C2 and 0.5 mg/dl in rats given C1, C1a, or the gentamicin complex (P less than .001). Toxicity attributable to C1a was not detected until day 14, and only minimal toxicity was noted in C1-treated rats after 21 days. Nephrotoxicity caused by the gentamicin complex was similar to that caused by C2. By a new high-pressure liquid chromatographic method, the renal concentration of C1, C1a, and C2 was quantified in rats given the gentamicin complex. The results indicated an early, preferential renal accumulation of C2. Subsequently, the C2 content of 12 commercial lots of gentamicin C was measured. The C2 concentration ranged from 12.4 to 20.1 mg/ml. In short, experimental nephrotoxicity from gentamicin C is largely the result of the C2 constituent, and the concentration of this constituent in commercial preparations of gentamicin varies by as much as 7.7 mg/dl. PMID- 6725993 TI - Intermittent chemotherapy with trichlorfon (metrifonate) reverses proteinuria, hematuria, and leukocyturia in urinary schistosomiasis: results of a three-year field study. AB - Trichlorfon (metrifonate) was given intermittently to 37 schoolboys with urinary schistosomiasis living in a hyperendemic area of the Sudan. Patients were followed up for three years. Initially, 10 mg of trichlorfon/kg of body weight was administered; this dosage was repeated 14 days and 16 months later. Patients still excreting eggs after 24 months received a fourth dose. At month 24, 61% and at month 36, 56% of the patients had no detectable egg excretion; the others showed severe reduction of egg output. The number of ova excreted was always paralleled by a combined scale of hematuria, leukocyturia , and proteinuria, as assessed by urine analysis reagent strips. Quantitative urine analysis at month 36 revealed pathological findings in only eight individuals. Thus, trichlorfon given three or four times in a dose of 10 mg/kg of body weight spaced over a period of two years was highly effective in reducing parasite load and disease in children living under hyperendemic conditions. PMID- 6725994 TI - Probable role of endogenous endotoxins in hepatocytolysis during murine hepatitis caused by frog virus 3. AB - Three new observations bear out the role of endogenous endotoxins in the pathogenesis of murine hepatitis caused by frog virus 3. First, the LD50 of endotoxin is 20 times lower in mice pretreated for 2.5 hr with a sublethal dose of frog virus 3 than in untreated mice. Animals inoculated with one sublethal dose of lipopolysaccharide 2.5 hr after injection of one sublethal dose of virus die, all having developed extensive hepatocellular necrosis. This hypersensitivity varies according to the intensity of virus-induced destruction of Kupffer cells, which are the intrahepatic target of the virus. Second, mortality is significantly lower and the interval between infection and death longer in axenic mice, which are largely protected from portal endotoxemia. Third, the impairment of some biologic activities of endotoxin (through treatment with polymyxin B or indomethacin, for example) protects mice against hepatic damage and death. Likewise, mice rendered tolerant to endotoxins, and C3H/HeJ mice, which are genetically resistant to endotoxins, survive challenge with frog virus 3 and are refractory with regard to hepatocytolysis . These findings suggest that, in hepatitis caused by frog virus 3, endogenous endotoxins are responsible for extensive hepatocytolysis since virus-induced damage to the hepatic reticuloendothelial system prevents their detoxification. PMID- 6725995 TI - Phosphorus-31-nuclear magnetic resonance studies of murine candidal pyelonephritis. PMID- 6725996 TI - Failure of opsonization as a sign of lethal sepsis. PMID- 6725997 TI - Plasmids mediating resistance to chloramphenicol, trimethoprim, and ampicillin in Salmonella typhi strains isolated in the Southeast Asian region. PMID- 6725998 TI - Disseminated actinomycosis associated with infection by Capnocytophaga species. PMID- 6725999 TI - Differential counts of Ureaplasma urealyticum in male urologic patients. PMID- 6726000 TI - Increased incidence of tetanus from intramuscular injections. PMID- 6726001 TI - Speciation polemic. PMID- 6726002 TI - Erythromycin uptake and accumulation by human polymorphonuclear leukocytes and efficacy of erythromycin in killing ingested Legionella pneumophila. AB - Studies were undertaken to demonstrate the efficacy of erythromycin in killing Legionella pneumophila organisms that have been ingested by human polymorphonuclear leukocytes. With use of an electron microscope-autoradiography method in conjunction with an antibiotic-uptake assay, it was shown that [3H] labeled erythromycin A base penetrated into the cytoplasm of human polymorphonuclear leukocytes in concentrations up to 24 times higher than the extracellular drug level. Similar studies using [14C]benzyl penicillin revealed that this antibiotic penetrated human polymorphonuclear leukocytes very poorly. Removal of erythromycin from the extracellular environment resulted in rapid leakage of radioactivity from the cells; an assay for bioactivity showed that this material was unaltered drug. Human polymorphonuclear leukocytes were permitted to ingest L. pneumophila and were then treated with erythromycin A base. The erythromycin killed the ingested legionellae, as evidenced by bacterial plate counts and morphological destruction of ingested organisms. These data clearly demonstrate the efficacy of erythromycin in killing susceptible intracellular pathogens. PMID- 6726003 TI - Cold-recombinant influenza A/California/10/78 (H1N1) virus vaccine (CR-37) in seronegative children: infectivity and efficacy against investigational challenge. AB - Forty-seven seronegative children were inoculated intranasally with influenza A/California/10/78 (H1N1) cold-recombinant vaccine (CR-37). Doses ranged from 10(3.2) to 10(7.2) TCID50 per child. The dose necessary to infect 50% of children (one HID50 ) was approximately 10(3.5) TCID50. Only two of eight children given 10(3.2) TCID50 became infected, and neither shed virus. The majority of children who were given 10(4.2), 10(5.2), 10(6.2), or 10(7.2) TCID50 of CR-37 became infected. Twenty-four of 39 children given greater than one HID50 of CR-37 shed vaccine virus. Overall, 31 of 39 became infected, as indicated by shedding of virus or antibody response or both. Although virus was shed for up to 12 days postinoculation, shedding of revertant virus was not detected. Six months after primary vaccination 26 children were challenged intranasally with 10(6.2) TCID50 of CR-37. Of 21 children previously infected with CR-37, only eight had further antibody increase, and none shed vaccine virus. In contrast, five of five (P less than .05) children not infected with CR-37 at the time of initial inoculation were infected with the challenge inoculum (as indicated by a fourfold rise in antibody titer) and three of five children shed vaccine virus. Previous infection with CR-37 conferred significant protection from challenge with a high dose of CR 37. PMID- 6726004 TI - Survey of hepatitis B viral markers at a public day school and a residential institution sharing mentally handicapped students. AB - The prevalence of hepatitis B virus markers was studied among employees and clients at a nonresidential public school for the mentally handicapped and at a privately operated residential facility. In the residential institution, 73 (80%) of 91 clients and 15 (16%) of 92 workers had positive tests for hepatitis B virus markers. Twenty-three clients, including six carriers of hepatitis B surface antigen (subtype ayw), received their education their education at the public school. Only two students (4%) who did not live at the residential institution and one employee (2%) had positive tests for hepatitis B virus markers. One of these students had acute hepatitis B infection, with hepatitis B surface antigen subtype ayw; the subtyping suggested that he had acquired the infection from one of the six carriers from the residential institution. Testing for IgM antibody to hepatitis B core antigen in single serum samples facilitated the identification of acute and chronic hepatitis B infection in children and staff of both facilities. The results show hepatitis B can be transmitted in this setting, and vaccination may be warranted for susceptible students and staff. PMID- 6726005 TI - Enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay of mumps antibody for evaluation of immune status before and after vaccination. PMID- 6726006 TI - Dose response of influenza A/Washington/897/80 (H3N2) cold-adapted reassortant virus in adult volunteers. PMID- 6726007 TI - Dose response of cold-adapted, reassortant influenza A/California/10/78 virus (H1N1) in adult volunteers. PMID- 6726008 TI - Influenza and pneumococcal immunization in medical clinics, 1971-1983. PMID- 6726009 TI - Legionella pneumonia in the United States: the distribution of serogroups and species causing human illness. PMID- 6726010 TI - Listeria bacteremia and peritonitis associated with a peritoneovenous shunt: successful treatment with sulfamethoxazole and trimethoprim. PMID- 6726011 TI - Influence of inoculum size on the development of intraperitoneal paracoccidioidomycosis in rats. PMID- 6726012 TI - Human leukocyte interferon in the treatment and prophylaxis of acute hemorrhagic conjunctivitis. PMID- 6726013 TI - Endocarditis caused by Staphylococcus xylosus associated with intravenous drug abuse. PMID- 6726014 TI - Hematogenous hexamitiasis in a macaque monkey with an immunodeficiency syndrome. PMID- 6726015 TI - Endemic chickenpox infection on a cancer ward . PMID- 6726016 TI - [A study of antibiotic prophylaxis in cardiac surgery]. PMID- 6726017 TI - [A case of pulmonary arteriovenous fistula treated by Parker's operative method]. PMID- 6726018 TI - [Primary malignant melanoma of the esophagus]. PMID- 6726019 TI - [A case report of lung cancer in a 14-year-old boy]. PMID- 6726020 TI - [A case of intrabronchial neurinoma originated from vagal nerve]. PMID- 6726021 TI - [The results of Senning operation for complete transposition of the great arteries with intact ventricular septum]. PMID- 6726022 TI - [Clinical survey of spontaneous pneumothorax in patient aged 40 or over]. PMID- 6726023 TI - [Diagnosis of atrial septal defect (secundum type) with transesophageal echocardiography: special reference to size and type of ASD]. PMID- 6726024 TI - [Surgical management of congenital vascular rings associated with VSD and pulmonary hypertension]. PMID- 6726025 TI - [Effect of post-commissurotomy mitral valvular area on the immediate post operative cardiac functions: limitation of extended commissurotomy in restoring cardiac function]. PMID- 6726026 TI - [Functional impairment due to overinflation of the remaining lung following pneumonectomy; improvement by use of SF6 gas]. PMID- 6726027 TI - [Surgical relief of myocardial ischemia due to myocardial bridging of the left anterior descending coronary artery]. PMID- 6726028 TI - [Complications after pacemaker implantation in 129 consecutive patients]. PMID- 6726029 TI - [A successful case of tricuspid valve replacement, His bundle interruption and A V sequential pacemaker implantation for Ebstein's anomaly with WPW syndrome]. PMID- 6726030 TI - [Surgical interruption of accessory atrioventricular pathway and orthotopical implantation of St. Jude Medical valvular prosthesis in a patient with Ebstein's anomaly and concealed Wolff-Parkinson-White syndrome]. PMID- 6726031 TI - English abstracts of proceeding of the twenty-first congress of the Japan Society for Cancer Therapy. Nagoya, Oct. 27, 28, 29, 1983. PMID- 6726032 TI - [Clinical significance of ST changes on exercise electrocardiogram in old myocardial infarction]. PMID- 6726033 TI - [A case of intracerebral tuberculoma located deep in the hemisphere]. PMID- 6726034 TI - [Effect of dimethylsulfoxide-ointment in carpal tunnel syndrome with amyloidosis and Bence Jones kappa-type multiple myeloma]. PMID- 6726035 TI - [Two cases of xanthinuria in brothers]. PMID- 6726036 TI - [A case of brain abscess treatment with a long-term administration of antibiotics]. PMID- 6726037 TI - [A case of benign symmetric lipomatosis]. PMID- 6726038 TI - [A case of vitamin B6 dependent homocystinuria with primary pigmentary degeneration of retina, and cerebral thrombosis]. PMID- 6726039 TI - [Polymyositis with remarkable pathological changes in myocardium and conduction system: report of a case]. PMID- 6726040 TI - [A case of DIDMOAD (diabetes insipidus, diabetes mellitus, optic atrophy, deafness) syndrome]. PMID- 6726041 TI - [A case report of hypokalemic myopathy due to ingestion of large doses of "jintan"]. PMID- 6726042 TI - [Pernicious anemia in two sisters and their mother. Report of a family case]. PMID- 6726043 TI - [A case of steroid-sensitive nephrotic syndrome and diabetes mellitus]. PMID- 6726044 TI - [Bilateral asymptomatic enlargement of salivary glands in a male patient with anorexia nervosa]. PMID- 6726045 TI - [Hereditary hemolytic anemia]. PMID- 6726046 TI - [Physiopathology and prognosis of hypertension]. PMID- 6726047 TI - [Clinical studies of the lung in the aged]. PMID- 6726048 TI - [Detrimental equivalents of human genes]. PMID- 6726049 TI - Restrictive cardiomyopathy in scleroderma. PMID- 6726050 TI - Intracranial non-Hodgkin's lymphoma. PMID- 6726051 TI - Diagnostic approach to the patient with chronic pancreatic disease and suspected pancreatic carcinoma. PMID- 6726052 TI - Anesthesia in carotid endarterectomy. PMID- 6726054 TI - Post NICU development. PMID- 6726053 TI - Hormonal patterns in menstrual dysfunction. PMID- 6726055 TI - Glomerular hemodynamic and structural correlations in long-term experimental diabetic rats. AB - The glomerular functional and histologic alterations present in rats after 1 year of severe experimental diabetes mellitus were examined. Determination of single nephron function revealed a significant decline (27%) in glomerular plasma flow, primarily as a consequence of a significant increase in afferent arteriolar resistance. Single nephron filtration rate was not decreased proportionate to the decline in glomerular plasma flow, principally because of a significant increase (33%) in the ultrafiltration coefficient. As a result, single nephron filtration fraction was significantly increased by 24%. These functional changes in diabetic rats were similar to those observed after only 1 month of experimental diabetes; however, considerable progression in the glomerular histopathologic characteristics was evident in rats diabetic for 1 year. These changes were characterized by an increased glomerular mesangial matrix, focal glomerulosclerosis, and intense staining for rat IgG and C3 in mesangial regions. We propose that these histologic changes may be a consequence of long-term increases in the filtration fraction particularly associated with decreases in nephron blood flow, functional changes that may favor mesangial localization of phlogogenic macromolecules. PMID- 6726056 TI - Effect of extracellular fluid volume depletion on renal regulation of acid-base and potassium equilibrium during prolonged mineral acid administration. AB - Previous studies of the renal and systemic acid-base response to prolonged administration of mineral acids in dogs have suggested that during the steady state of acidosis, the level at which plasma bicarbonate concentration is regulated by the kidney is dependent on the degree of augmentation of "distal delivery" of sodium imposed by the increased filtered load of administered mineral acid anion with filtered sodium, and on the degree of augmentation of "distal avidity" for sodium reabsorption imposed by ECF volume ( ECFV ) contraction secondary to renal sodium losses accompanying the administered mineral acid anion. This formulation, however, fails to predict the level at which plasma bicarbonate concentration would be regulated under conditions of preexisting ECFV depletion, which would simultaneously limit distal delivery of sodium salts and yet increase distal avidity for sodium reabsorption. Our studies assessed the renal and systemic acid-base responses to prolonged daily administration of 5.0 mEq/kg of H+ as HCl (groups 1 and 2) or H2SO4 (groups 3 and 4) in dogs with normal ECFV (groups 1 and 3) vs. preexisting ECFV depletion (groups 2 and 4) induced by administration of ethacrynic acid. In response to HCl administration, dogs with depleted ECFV developed more severe acidosis than ECFV replete dogs (delta[HCO-3,]p, -5.0 +/- 0.6 mEq/L, group 2 vs. -2.7 +/- 0.5 mEq/L, group 1, p less than 0.02). The exacerbated metabolic acidosis in group 2 persisted in the steady state, even though the steady-state net systemic acid load was not greater than in group 1. No exacerbation of acidosis was observed in H2SO4-fed dogs with depleted ECFV . In response to either HCl or H2SO4, persistent hypokalemia caused by increased renal potassium clearance occurred in ECFV -replete dogs but not in ECFV -depleted dogs. Our results indicate that preexisting ECFV depletion results in impaired renal hydrogen ion secretion during prolonged HCl feeding, but not during H2SO4 feeding. These results suggest that during prolonged HCl loading under conditions of preexisting ECFV depletion, hypovolemia-mediated restriction of the normal augmentation of distal delivery of sodium salts overrides the effects of enhanced distal cation secretory capacity that attends hypovolemia-mediated augmentation of distal avidity for sodium reabsorption. PMID- 6726057 TI - Plasma levels of salicylate and aspirin in healthy volunteers: relevance to drug interaction on platelet function. AB - Salicylate can prevent the inhibitory effect of aspirin on platelet cyclooxygenase activity. We investigated whether salicylate and aspirin interact in platelets in humans at doses and plasma levels of clinical relevance. In our first experiment in healthy volunteers, the lowest dose of intravenously administered aspirin that suppressed arachidonate-induced platelet aggregation and serum immunoreactive thromboxane B2 generation was 40 mg. In our second experiment, volunteers given oral doses of sodium salicylate (250 or 1000 mg) had peak plasma salicylate levels averaging 20 and 76 micrograms/ml, respectively. Neither platelet aggregation or thromboxane B2 formation was modified by either salicylate treatment. Forty minutes later, all six volunteers received 40 mg of aspirin intravenously. Aspirin levels were not affected by previous salicylate ingestion, but inhibition by aspirin of both platelet aggregation and thromboxane B2 generation was significantly prevented by the higher salicylate dose. In our last experiment, peak plasma levels of aspirin and salicylate were measured in healthy volunteers after ingestion of either 320 mg of compressed or 800 mg of enteric-coated aspirin. Salicylate levels averaged 19 and 51 micrograms/ml, respectively, after the lower and higher doses of aspirin, whereas aspirin averaged 3 micrograms/ml after either dose. Serum thromboxane B2 generation was almost completely inhibited 1 hour after either aspirin dose.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS) PMID- 6726058 TI - Human mononuclear cell factors suppress contractility of isolated mouse soleus muscle. AB - Weakness in polymyositis-dermatomyositis is often greater than would be suggested by histologic evidence of fiber degeneration or necrosis. Mononuclear cell infiltration is the key pathologic feature of polymyositis-dermatomyositis, and previous studies suggest a role for cellular immunity. In this study, the effect of supernatants from mitogen-stimulated human blood mononuclear cells on contractility of isolated mouse normal soleus muscle was examined. Mononuclear cell factor-rich supernatants were generated in 5-day cultures by phytohemagglutinin P stimulation of mononuclear cells from normal volunteers. Mouse soleus muscle was mounted isometrically in a muscle bath filled with oxygenated Ringer's solution or RPMI-1640 and was stimulated electrically. In 10 individual experiments, all muscles exposed to mononuclear cell factor-rich supernatants showed a rapid and progressive decline in active force of isometric contraction; a 40% decrease in active force was observed 5 to 13 minutes (average, 8 minutes) after the addition of supernatant. The inhibitory effect was reversible on removal of mononuclear cell factor-rich supernatants. Control culture medium and supernatants from unstimulated cell cultures showed no appreciable effect on active force. The factor(s) producing suppression of muscle contractility was dialyzable and stable through several cycles of freezing and thawing. Gel chromatography (Sephadex G-25 fine) showed one active fraction corresponding to an apparent molecular weight of approximately 2000. These data indicate that factor(s) released by human mononuclear cells can directly suppress the contraction of normal skeletal muscle. PMID- 6726059 TI - Aspirin and folate binding: in vivo and in vitro studies of serum binding and urinary excretion of endogenous folate. AB - To clarify the effect of aspirin on folate balance, we studied serum concentration, protein binding, and urinary excretion of endogenous folate. A healthy woman twice followed an 11-day protocol of constant diet, blood sampling twice daily, collection of all urine, and 650 mg of aspirin by mouth every 4 hours on the middle 3 days. As determined by equilibrium dialysis and Lactobacillus casei assay, aspirin induced a brisk, significant but reversible fall in total and bound serum folate and a small but insignificant rise in urinary folate excretion. Aspirin in vitro also displaced significant amounts of bound serum folate. Thus, aspirin in therapeutic doses can contribute to subnormal serum folate values, and if it increases urinary folate excretion even slightly, may impair folate balance. PMID- 6726060 TI - Measurement of cyanocobalamin in serum by a specific radioimmunoassay. AB - Antiserum to cobalamin was raised in rabbits by immunization with the monocarboxyl derivative of cyanocobalamin coupled to albumin. The antiserum was treated to remove transcobalamin II and transcobalamin I. The partially purified antibody bound free cyano[57Co]cobalamin, but not the vitamin precoupled to the transcobalamins. Cyano[57Co]cobalamin bound by the antiserum eluted from Sephadex G-200 as a single peak with a mol wt of 160,000 and was precipitated by goat anti rabbit gamma globulin, indicating that the vitamin was bound to an IgG immunoglobulin. Unlabeled cyanocobalamin and hydroxocobalamin competitively inhibited the binding of cyano[57Co]cobalamin to this antibody. Neither adenosylcobalamin, in a similar concentration range, nor cyanocobinamide at a concentration 30-fold greater than the tracer cobalamin competed appreciably with the binding of cyano[57Co] cobalamin. The association constant for the interaction of the antibody with cyanocobalamin and cyanocobinamide was estimated to be 8.6 X 10(9) and 9.6 X 10(6) L/mol, respectively. The association constant for adenosylcobalamin, methylcobalamin, and hydroxocobalamin was indirectly determined, and values of 2.5 X 10(5), 1.7 X 10(9), and 2.3 X 10(9) L/mol, respectively, were obtained. Photolysis in the presence of potassium cyanide rendered each of the three cobalamins equivalent to cyanocobalamin in immunoreactivity. The mean concentration of cobalamin in normal human sera and cobalamin-deficient sera measured as cyanocobalamin by radioimmunoassay using this anticobalamin antibody was significantly lower than the concentration measured in the same extracts by competitive ligand-binding radioassays using intrinsic factor and transcobalamin I. These findings, although indirect, support the proposition that there may be factor(s) in normal and cobalamin-deficient sera that falsely elevate the concentration of true cobalamin if the radioassay uses R protein as the binder. However, the lower concentration of serum cobalamin measured by radioimmunoassay compared with the intrinsic factor radioassay also indicates that this "purported" factor(s) reacts to some extent with intrinsic factor but not with the cobalamin antibody. PMID- 6726061 TI - Testicular seminoma. PMID- 6726062 TI - Therapeutic gastroenterology. A subspecialty comes of age. PMID- 6726063 TI - Gastroduodenal Crohn's disease. PMID- 6726064 TI - The physician and the right to health care. PMID- 6726065 TI - An evaluation of the Slingerland method with LD youngsters. PMID- 6726066 TI - Achievement correlates of the Woodcock-Johnson Reading and Mathematics Subtests, KeyMath, and Woodcock Reading in an elementary aged learning disabled population. PMID- 6726067 TI - An evaluation of procedures for computing an ability-achievement discrepancy score. PMID- 6726068 TI - Factors in diagnosing the learning disabled: analysis of judgmental policies. PMID- 6726069 TI - When are resource rooms going to share in the declining enrollment trend? Another look at mainstreaming. PMID- 6726070 TI - The child specialist. PMID- 6726071 TI - Strategy training and reading comprehension. PMID- 6726072 TI - The bivariate normal distribution and the IQ of learning disability samples. PMID- 6726073 TI - Orthography and reading disabilities. PMID- 6726074 TI - Database. PMID- 6726075 TI - Teachers and the school of education. PMID- 6726076 TI - Effective schools. PMID- 6726077 TI - Euphemisms. PMID- 6726078 TI - Changes in biliary and fecal bile acids in mice after treatments with diosgenin and beta-sitosterol. AB - Diosgenin and beta-sitosterol (1% in diet) were administered to CRJ:CD-1 male mice for 15 days, in order to examine the changes in bile acid metabolism. There were some differences between diosgenin and beta-sitosterol in their effects on diet intake, liver weight, and plasma cholesterol level. However, both phytosterols caused no statistically significant changes in body weight gain, decreased cholesterol absorption to about one-third that observed in control mice, decreased liver cholesterol level, increased fecal excretion of cholesterol, and decreased fecal excretion of bile acids. Most of the increase in fecal excretion of cholesterol occurred 2 days after the start of feeding of phytosterols and gradually declined thereafter, but the levels on day 15 were nevertheless higher than those in the control mice. The fecal excretion of bile acids decreased progressively after the treatment with phytosterols. The decrease of bile acid derived from chenodeoxycholic acid was more predominant than the decrease of those derived from cholic acid, resulting in an increase of the cholic acid/chenodeoxycholic acid ratio. The biliary cholesterol, phospholipid, and bile acid mole % ratios and the lithogenic index were not changed, but the percentages of cholic acid and its related bile acids (the cholic acid group) to the total bile acids increased and those of the chenodeoxycholic acid group decreased after the treatments. The pool size of bile acids decreased in the mice given diosgenin but not in those given beta-sitosterol. Distribution of bile acids between the gallbladder and intestine was not altered by either phytosterol.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS) PMID- 6726079 TI - ApoVLDL of the Watanabe Heritable Hyperlipidemic rabbit and the cholesterol-fed rabbit. AB - The Watanabe Heritable Hyperlipidemic rabbit (WHHL rabbit) and the cholesterol fed rabbit have been reported to show elevations of very low density (VLDL), intermediate density (IDL), and low density lipoproteins (LDL), and a broad-beta band on agarose-gel electrophoresis. We have studied the lipid and lipoprotein composition of WHHL rabbits and cholesterol-fed rabbits using ultracentrifugal analysis and isoelectric focusing. The total cholesterol (TC)/triglyceride (TG) ratios of VLDL, IDL, and LDL in WHHL rabbits were slightly elevated, but almost normal compared with those of cholesterol-fed rabbits, whose TC/TG ratios were markedly elevated compared with normolipidemic rabbits. ApoVLDL of WHHL rabbits showed no compositional changes in apoE and apoC isoforms, and no marked changes in the apoE/apoC ratios. But apoVLDL of cholesterol-fed rabbits showed a significant decrease of apoC-III, a significant increase of apoC-V, and marked elevation of the apoE/apoC ratio. We conclude that serum lipoprotein compositions in the WHHL rabbit were normal, while the lipoprotein lipid and apolipoprotein composition in the WHHL rabbit are different from those in cholesterol-fed rabbits. PMID- 6726080 TI - A study of the small spherical high density lipoproteins of patients afflicted with familial lecithin: cholesterol acyltransferase deficiency. AB - We studied the effects of the lecithin:cholesterol acyltransferase reaction on the size and composition of the small spherical high density lipoproteins of patients afflicted with familial lecithin:cholesterol acyltransferase deficiency. We isolated these lipoproteins by preparative ultracentrifugation and rate zonal ultracentrifugation, determined their diameter by gradient gel electrophoresis, and then calculated their composition by relating measurements of their lipid and apolipoprotein content to particle volume. Our results revealed lipoprotein particles 6.0-6.2 nm in diameter that contained approximately 2 molecules of apolipoprotein A-I, 37-38 molecules of phospholipid, 3-9 molecules of unesterified cholesterol, 1-2 molecules of cholesteryl ester, and 1-2 molecules of triacylglycerol. Upon being incubated with lecithin:cholesterol acyltransferase and a source of additional unesterified cholesterol, these lipoproteins increased in content of total cholesterol and in particle size to form discrete lipoprotein products 6.6-8.6 nm in diameter. The increase in size occurred despite a net decrease in product unesterified cholesterol and phospholipid and though the net change in total lipid volume was small. Moreover, specific product lipoproteins, isolated by rate zonal ultracentrifugation, contained an increased amount of apolipoprotein A-I. These results seem best explained by a process involving lecithin:cholesterol acyltransferase-induced particle rearrangement reactions. The possibility that a similar process normally occurs in vivo deserves to be explored. PMID- 6726081 TI - Fatty acid structural requirements for activity of arachidonoyl-CoA synthetase. AB - We have examined the fatty acid substrate specificity of arachidonoyl-CoA synthetase from human platelet membranes. A variety of positional isomers and chain-length analogs of arachidonic acid [20:4(5, 8, 11, 14)] were synthesized, and assayed for their ability to inhibit arachidonoyl-CoA formation or to serve as substrates for the synthetase. The chain-length specificity of the synthetase for delta 8,11,14 trienoic fatty acids was C19 greater than C18 = C20 much greater than C21 greater C22. Inhibition activity by positional isomers of arachidonate was 20:4(5, 8, 11, 14) approximately equal to 20:4(6, 9, 12, 15) = 20:4(7, 10, 13, 16) much greater than 20:4(4, 7, 10, 13), however, Vmax for arachidonate was greater than that for 20:4(6, 9, 12, 15). The enzyme apparently "counts" double bonds from the carboxyl terminus. As counted from the methyl terminus we found that several n-6,-9,-12 fatty acids were ineffective as inhibitors [18:3(6, 9, 12); 19:4)4, 7, 10, 13); 21:3(9, 12, 15)], whereas all methylene-interrupted tri- and tetraenoic fatty acids which contained delta 8 and delta 11 double bonds were potent inhibitors. The delta 11 double bond was best associated with optimal inhibition: 20:3(5, 11, 14) had a lower Ki than 20:3(5, 8, 14). 13-Methyl-20:3(8, 11, 14) did not inhibit the enzyme. Partially purified enzyme from calf brain, depleted of nonspecific long-chain acyl-CoA synthetase, exhibited the same fatty acid specificity as crude platelet enzyme. PMID- 6726082 TI - Synthesis of polar head group homologs of all-trans-cyclopentano phosphatidylcholine, phosphatidyl-N,N-dimethylethanolamine, and phosphatidylethanolamine. AB - The polar head group region of a conformationally restricted analog of phosphatidic acid (diacylglycero-phosphate) has been systematically modified to give analogs of phosphatidylcholine, phosphatidylethanolamine, and phosphatidyl N,N-dimethylethanolamine. These analogs differ from their natural counterpart in both the backbone region and in the polar head region, respectively, as follows: the diacylglyceryl moiety has been replaced by an all-trans diacylcyclopentane 1,2,3-triol moiety and the phosphorus-nitrogen separation has been increased incrementally from two to nine methylene units. The synthesis of these homologous series involved phosphorylation of (1,3/2)-2,3-dipalmitoylcyclopentane-1,2,3 triol with each of a series of homologous bromoalkylphosphoric acid dichlorides, which were themselves obtained by phosphorus oxychloride treatment of the homologous bromoalkanols. The resulting bromoalkyl esters of 2,3 dipalmitoylcyclopentane-1,2,3-triol-1-phosphoric acid were reacted with trimethylamine, dimethylamine, or ammonia to give the cyclopentano phosphatidylcholines, cyclopentano-N,N-dimethylethanolamines, and cyclopentano phosphatidylethanolamine, respectively. All the compounds were obtained as stable microcrystalline solids. The yields of cyclopentano-phosphatidylethanolamines and of cyclopentano-N,N-dimethylethanolamines were reduced by the formation of compounds which analyzed as monoacyl (lyso) derivatives. PMID- 6726083 TI - Synthesis of 4, 4-difluoro analogs of retinol and retinoic acid. AB - Oxidation of retinol at the C-4 position is a major metabolic route to biologically inactive excretory products. Thus, the replacement of hydrogen with fluorine at C-4 might well modify the rate of metabolism, biological activity, and pharmacological activity of vitamin A, 4,4-Difluororetinyl acetate and related analogs were consequently synthesized by the following procedure. Retinoic acid (1), upon methylation to methyl retinoate (2), was oxidized with manganese dioxide to methyl 4-oxoretinoate (3). Methyl 4,4-difluororetinoate (4), prepared from methyl 4-oxoretinoate (3) by reaction with diethylaminosulfurtrifluoride (DAST), was further converted to 4,4 difluororetinoic acid (5), 4,4-difluororetinol (6), 4,4-difluororetinyl acetate (7), and 4,4-difluororetinyl palmitate (8). 4,4-Difluororetinyl acetate was also prepared directly from 4-oxoretinyl acetate (9) by reaction with DAST. The purified, often crystalline, analogs were characterized by UV absorption, mass spectrometry, and 1H-NMR and 19F-NMR spectra. PMID- 6726084 TI - Synthesis of cyclopentano-N-methylphosphatidylethanolamines: aminolysis during the use of methylamine. AB - Monomethylamine and N-benzyl-N-methylamine were used as nucleophiles in the amination of the bromoethylester of cyclopentano-phosphatidic acid. The former reagent led to extensive aminolysis and the quantitative formation of N methylpalmitamide, rather than the desired cyclopentano-phosphatidyl-N methylethanolamine. However, the method of Shapiro and Rabinsohn (1964. Biochemistry. 3:603-605), in which N-benzyl-N-methylamine was used as a nucleophile, was adapted for a successful synthesis. PMID- 6726085 TI - Evaluation of heat-sealed ultracentrifuge tubes in the isolation of plasma lipoproteins. AB - An initial step in the measurement of the concentration of lipids in plasma lipoproteins by the Lipid Research Centers' protocol is the separation of very low density lipoproteins from low density and high density lipoproteins by ultracentrifugation. We compared the performance of heat-sealed centrifuge tubes to the conventionally capped centrifuge tubes required by the protocol in terms of the separation and recovery of cholesterol and triglyceride. No significant differences in either parameter were found, however the heat-sealed tube required much less time to prepare and eliminated the need for periodic replacement of relatively expensive cap parts. We recommend the use of heat-sealed tubes for the routine separation of plasma lipoproteins. PMID- 6726086 TI - Demonstration of de novo production of adipocytes in adult rats by biochemical and radioautographic techniques. AB - Adult rats of various strains show small increases in the number of adipocytes in the epididymal (Epi) fat pad and large increases in the retroperitoneal (RP) fat depot when they are fed a high-fat, high-sugar diet ( HFS ). In the present study, radioautographic techniques are used to demonstrate that these increases result from replication and differentiation of adipocyte precursors. In addition, both in vivo and in vitro biochemical techniques are used to demonstrate that HFS -induced acceleration of DNA synthesis differs between Epi and RP depots. Measures of levels of incorporation of radiolabeled thymidine into DNA in rats fed HFS for 4 weeks reveal significant elevation in the RP depot but not in the Epi pad. Analysis of radioautographs indicates that formation of precursors may be accelerated in the RP depot as early as the first week of HFS -feeding. Results obtained from the in vitro biochemical assay are of interest with regard to possible clinical application since current in vivo techniques for quantitative assessment of precursor synthesis cannot be applied directly to the study of adipose tissue growth in man. While data obtained from the in vitro assay contains a relatively high degree of variation, the information it provides is in general agreement with that provided by the in vivo assay. PMID- 6726087 TI - Identification of bile alcohols in urine from healthy humans. AB - Bile alcohols present in urine from healthy adults were studied. Urine was extracted with octadecylsilane-bonded silica gel, and a neutral fraction and a glucuronide fraction were isolated by ion exchange chromatography on piperidinohydroxypropyl Sephadex LH-20. Following hydrolysis of the glucuronide fraction with beta-glucuronidase and purification by silica gel column chromatography, the bile alcohols were analyzed by a combined gas-liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry. By direct comparison with reference standards, the structures of four major bile alcohols were elucidated as follows: 27-nor-5 beta-cholestane-3 alpha,7 alpha,12 alpha,24,25- pentol ; 5 beta-cholestane-3 alpha,7 alpha,12 alpha,24, 25- pentol ; 5 beta-cholestane-3 alpha,7 alpha,12 alpha,25,26- pentol ; and 5 beta-cholestane-3 alpha,7 alpha,12 alpha,26,27- pentol . The daily excretion of these four bile alcohols in urine was 0.5-1.0 mumoles. After purification by silica gel column chromatography, the neutral fraction was analyzed by a combined gas-liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry. The major bile alcohol excreted in urine as the unconjugated form was 27-nor-5 beta-cholestane-3 alpha,7 alpha,12 alpha,24,25- pentol . The daily excretion of the unconjugated C26 pentol (0.02-0.05 mumoles) was far lower than that of the conjugated C26 pentol (0.34-0.86 mumoles). PMID- 6726088 TI - Genetic polymorphism of apolipoprotein E: a variant form of apolipoprotein E2 distinguished by sodium dodecyl sulfate--polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis. AB - The apolipoprotein E2 ( apoE2 ) variant that possesses a cysteine substituted for an arginine at residue 158 in the amino acid sequence E2( Arg158 ----Cys) can be distinguished by sodium dodecyl sulfate-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis from other forms of apoE, including E3 (the parent form), E4( Cys112 ----Arg), E2( Arg145 ----Cys), and E2( Lys146 ----Gln). The E2( Arg158 ----Cys) migrates as a distinctly separable band with a higher apparent molecular weight than the other forms. Chemical modification of apoE2 ( Arg158 ----Cys) with sulfhydryl reagents (2-bromoethyl)-trimethylammonium bromide or cysteamine, which convert cysteine to arginyl or lysyl analogues, respectively, abolishes the difference in apparent molecular weight and results in the co-electrophoresis of E2( Arg158 ----Cys) with other apoE forms. The mobilities of the other apoE variants are not affected by these modifications. These results suggest that the substitution site at residue 158 is a key location, important in modifying the behavior of apoE and in modulating its apparent molecular weight on sodium dodecyl sulfate-polyacrylamide gels. Furthermore, the technique used in this study may be very helpful in distinguishing specific mutant forms of apoE2 . PMID- 6726089 TI - Separation and quantitation of serum beta-carotene and other carotenoids by high performance liquid chromatography. AB - We describe a specific assay for serum provitamin A (alpha- and beta-carotene) by high pressure liquid chromatography (HPLC). The system separates alpha- and beta carotene in 7.4 min using a C18 muBondapak, 10-micron particle size column with a mobile phase of acetonitrile-chloroform 92:8 at 2 ml per min and a 462 nm detector. The HPLC assay had a recovery of 94.8% of added beta-carotene and, at a serum concentration of 215.2 micrograms/L, had within-run and between-run precisions of 3.1% and 3.6%, respectively. In 65 subjects, the HPLC-determined provitamin A (alpha- and beta-carotene) value was 343 +/- 166 micrograms/L and averaged 23.4 +/- 7.9% (range 9-43%) of the values obtained by a traditional colorimetric assay for total serum "carotenes." Although total serum carotenes showed no relationship to serum vitamin A (r = -0.048; P = 0.78), HPLC-determined alpha- and beta-carotene was significantly inversely correlated (r = -0.357; P = 0.05). PMID- 6726090 TI - Report on the American Society of Biological Chemists satellite conference on Regulation of Intracellular Cholesterol Esterification. PMID- 6726091 TI - ACS professorships of clinical oncology. PMID- 6726092 TI - Hyperventilation syndrome simulating ischemic heart disease. PMID- 6726093 TI - Federal Trade Commission regulatory and enforcement activities involving professional associations. PMID- 6726094 TI - A temporal muscle fascia graft for the traumatic nose. PMID- 6726095 TI - Physician hypertension practice in Georgia--results of the 1981 American Heart Association/Georgia Affiliate Physician Survey. PMID- 6726096 TI - Utilization--the name of the game. PMID- 6726097 TI - Parathyroid cysts. PMID- 6726098 TI - Hepatitis A, a day care home, and a contaminated well. PMID- 6726099 TI - Cancer treatment in the community hospital. PMID- 6726100 TI - Medicine and paradigms of embodiment. AB - This paper suggests that the paradigm of the lived-body developed by Straus , Merleau - Ponty and others has important implications for medical practice and theory. Certain recognized flaws in modern medicine, such as its reductionist tendencies and lack of emphasis on preventive measures are shown to be related to the exclusive use of a Cartesian notion of embodiment . Increased attention to the paradigm of the lived-body emphasizing its unity, purposiveness and " enworldment " could help to beneficially reorient practice. Moreover, this portrayal of the body as an intentional entity may provide a better tool than the traditional view for conceptualizing the psychological and psychosocial components of disease etiology, as well as some newly developed modes of treatment. PMID- 6726101 TI - Pregnant embodiment: subjectivity and alienation. AB - The pregnant subject has a unique experience of her body. The dichotomy between self and other, self and world, breaks down. She can experience a positive narcissism and sense of process. Some conceptualizations and practices of contemporary medicine, however, can alienate the pregnant subject from this bodily experience. PMID- 6726102 TI - The corporeality of shame: Px and Hx at the bedside. AB - In order to appreciate the role of the phenomenon of shame in the context of the clinic - both as normal self evaluation and as neurotic response - a philosophical anthropological description of shame is offered. Not only are Biblical metaphors recast , but more recent phenomenological psychological descriptions taken from Max Scheler and others are cited. These necessarily require some account of the patient's body in shame, taken from both his perspective and the physician's. In short, the corporeality of shame is constituted as "ce que enveloppe le corps". PMID- 6726103 TI - Immobility and the self: a clinical-existential inquiry. AB - This article is a philosophical and clinical investigation of the existential meaning of immobility which takes as its starting point Erwin Straus 's writings on upright posture and movement. Physical restriction due to prolonged bed rest, traction, or confinement in an intensive care unit has long been recognized to have detrimental effects on the patient's overall physical well being ( Asher , 1947; Olson , 1967; Pollard et al., 1976; and Zubek et al., 1969). Nevertheless, the adverse psychological and existential results of immobilization for the hospitalized patient have received little attention until recent times (Hammer and Kenan , 1980, p. 124). Even today, more research has focused on psychological aspects of sensory deprivation than on those of immobilization. This essay is both a philosophical and clinical inquiry which will investigate the existential meaning of immobility; that is, perception of one's own body on the part of patients who are living through the experience of immobility due to traction. The "lived-body" is more than an "image" or "picture": it is also a means of perceiving the world, an instrument for action, a means of interacting with others, and a medium for expressing one's individuality ( Shontz , 1974, p. 465). In short, as Straus observes, the body is that "here" which is the ground for our ability to act in the world which is "there" ( Spicker , 1976, p. 149). These latter considerations will prove useful in an examination of the experience of immobility. This article is divided into four parts. First, currently held assumptions about movement and sensation will be outlined and their philosophical origins will be traced. Second, Straus 's own definitive writings on upright posture and movement will be discussed. Third, a clinical study involving immobilized orthopedic patients is described and its findings reviewed. Fourth, some ways of alleviating some of the concerns of immobilized patients are suggested. PMID- 6726104 TI - Effects of hysterectomy and in-vivo treatment with uterine extracts on plasma concentrations of growth hormone, thyrotrophin and thyroid hormones in rats: a kinetic study. AB - Plasma concentrations of GH, TSH, tri-iodothyronine (T3) and thyroxine (T4) were measured in adult rats 2 and 4 weeks after ovariectomy and and ovariohysterectomy. Two weeks after ovariohysterectomy, the concentration of GH was significantly higher, but TSH and T3 concentrations were significantly lower than in rats which had been ovariectomized only. Hysterectomy had no effect on plasma GH and TSH concentrations if it was performed 2 weeks after ovariectomy. Plasma T3 had decreased by 2 weeks after ovariectomy but returned to pretreatment levels by 4 weeks. Recovery of the plasma T3 concentration was not observed if ovariectomy was followed by hysterectomy, since a further decrease of plasma T3 occurred. Plasma T4 was not significantly influenced either by ovariectomy or by ovariohysterectomy. Steroid-free uterine extracts given i.p. to ovariohysterectomized rats reduced plasma GH within 24 h of injection. Increases in plasma TSH, T3 and T4 were achieved in ovariohysterectomized rats with injections of uterine extracts (from intact, oestrogen-treated or castrated rats), but the increases were not consistent for the three hormones either as regards time after injection, nor for which particular extracts were effective. It concluded that the uterus may contain factors which influence the GH storage and secretion and TSH-thyroid regulation in rats. PMID- 6726105 TI - Metabolic regulation of somatomedin activity in rat liver. AB - We have compared circulating and hepatic somatomedin (SM) activity in rats with diabetes or malnutrition of varying severity. Somatomedin activity was measured by the hypophysectomized rat costal cartilage bioassay. In both moderate diabetes and moderate malnutrition, mean serum SM activity was not significantly lower than normal (79 +/- 13% (S.E.M.) and 95 +/- 11% vs normal controls respectively). In contrast, liver perfusate SM activity was significantly reduced in both groups (51 +/- 12% for moderate diabetes and 44 +/- 12% for moderate malnutrition). Liver extract SM activity was also significantly decreased in both moderate diabetes and malnutrition (74 +/- 4% and 75 +/- 6% vs normal controls respectively). In severe diabetes and malnutrition, both liver and serum activities were low, consistent with previous reports. Our studies showed that liver SM activity fell in response to metabolic stress before a decrease in circulating levels occurred, supporting the concept that the liver regulates serum SM activity and growth in diabetes and malnutrition. PMID- 6726106 TI - Hypertrophied adrenocortical tissue of the Australian brush-tailed possum (Trichosurus vulpecula): uniformity during reproduction. AB - Adrenal glands from normal male and female brush-tailed possums (Trichosurus vulpecula) were weighed and sectioned to investigate reported changes in the relative size of the hypertrophied region of the cortex during the reproductive cycle. Total adrenal gland weight in normal females averaged 120 mg/kg body weight and the hypertrophied region occupied 40% of the gland volume. No significant variation was found in these figures between glands from pregnant, lactating and cyclic possums . In addition, no cyclic pattern of cellular changes was found in the hypertrophied region. These results differ from views expressed in the current literature which are based on the original description of the hypertrophied zone. PMID- 6726107 TI - Results of cyproheptadine treatment in dogs with pituitary-dependent hyperadrenocorticism. AB - Administration of cyproheptadine for 2 months to five dogs with pituitary dependent hyperadrenocorticism (PDH) at a dose rate of 0.3 mg/kg per 24 h (group 1) and to four dogs with PDH at a dose rate of 1 mg/kg per 24 h (group 2) did not result in any clinical improvement. The hyperadrenocorticoid state, as indicated by the circulating cortisol levels, the urinary corticosteroid excretion and the response of the hypothalamo-pituitary-adrenal axis to lysine-vasopressin, thyrotrophin releasing hormone and dexamethasone did not change consistently, although there was a tendency to normalization of some parameters in the dogs of group 2. However, these changes were not found to be consistent for each individual dog but were limited to one parameter per dog. It is concluded that cyproheptadine is not suitable for the treatment of PDH in the dog. PMID- 6726108 TI - An investigation of the involvement of calcium in the control of prolactin secretion: studies with low calcium, methoxyverapamil, cobalt and manganese. AB - The possible role of calcium as a primary mediator in the control of prolactin secretion from normal pituitary cells was examined. Basal prolactin secretion, and secretion stimulated by thyrotrophin releasing hormone (TRH), raised K+ or the calcium ionophore, A23187, were all dependent on the presence of extracellular Ca2+. The calcium channel antagonists, methoxyverapamil, cobalt and manganese, inhibited basal, TRH- and K+-stimulated prolactin secretion. In addition, prolactin secretion stimulated by a phosphodiesterase inhibitor, isobutylmethylxanthine, which increases cellular cyclic AMP, was inhibited by these Ca2+ antagonists. These observations indicate that Ca2+ may be the primary intracellular mediator in the control of prolactin secretion, with cyclic AMP having a secondary modulatory role on Ca2+ influx, probably on voltage-dependent Ca2+ channels. PMID- 6726109 TI - Inhibitory action of chemically deglycosylated human chorionic gonadotrophin on hormone-induced steroid production by dispersed cells from human corpus luteum. AB - The biological activity of deglycosylated human chorionic gonadotrophin (hCG) prepared by treatment of the native hormone with anhydrous hydrogen fluoride was evaluated using suspensions of dispersed cells from biopsies of human corpus luteum obtained during the luteal phase of normal menstrual cycles. A reproducible pattern of response to hCG in terms of progesterone production by luteal cells was established for a range of luteal ages. Deglycosylation of hCG led to a diminished level of maximum response to the hormone. Co-incubation of luteal cells with a level of hCG just sufficient to elicit a maximum response and increasing concentrations of deglycosylated hCG led to a progressive inhibition of the hormonal response; at a concentration of 10(3) ng deglycosylated hCG/ml (a tenfold excess of deglycosylated hCG over the native hormone), hCG-induced progesterone production was reduced by about 50%. Deglycosylated hCG therefore acts as a partial antagonist for the action of hCG on human luteal cells. PMID- 6726110 TI - Effects of hypophysectomy and metyrapone on the catecholamine content and volumes of adrenaline- and noradrenaline-storing cells in the rat adrenal medulla. AB - Using morphometric analysis and high-pressure liquid chromatography with electrochemical detection of catecholamines the volumes of adrenaline-storing (A) and noradrenaline-storing (NA) cells and the adrenaline and noradrenaline contents of adrenal glands of normal and age-matched hypophysectomized rats were determined and compared. Some hypophysectomized rats were also administered 150 mg metyrapone/kg daily for a 4-week period. Hypophysectomy resulted in an increase in noradrenaline storage in adrenal glands. This was more marked in hypophysectomized animals not treated with metyrapone even though the combination of metyrapone and hypophysectomy resulted in a reduction of blood corticosterone concentration to only approximately 6% normal. There was no evidence of a change in proportion of A and NA cells in the adrenal medulla of hypophysectomized rats or hypophysectomized animals treated with metyrapone and it is concluded that the changes in amine concentrations and proportions observed reflect an increase in the storage of noradrenaline in A cells as a consequence of less efficient methylation of noradrenaline after hypophysectomy. The findings also showed that the left adrenal gland and medulla was usually slightly larger and had a greater catecholamine content and slightly higher proportion of NA cells than the right adrenal gland. During the period of the experiment (animals aged 6-15 weeks) there was an increase in the concentration of both adrenaline and noradrenaline in the normal adrenal glands. In normal Sprague-Dawley rats weighing 140 and 400 g the adrenal medulla accounted for some 5% of adrenal volume; this increased to 13% after hypophysectomy; A and NA cells together accounted for 50-60% of the volume of adrenal medulla. PMID- 6726111 TI - Does oxytocin play a role in the onset of maternal behaviour in the rat? AB - Oxytocin is released during parturition and may also play a role in maternal behaviour. Oxytocin, injected in the cerebral ventricles, has been reported to accelerate the onset of maternal behaviour in oestrogen-pretreated virgin Sprague Dawley rats within 2 h of injection. This study was an attempt to replicate and extend these findings in Wistar rats. In the first experiment, 16 virgin females were ovariectomized and a cannula was placed into the cerebral ventricle. Forty eight hours after a single injection of 24 micrograms oestradiol benzoate (OB), 400 ng oxytocin or saline were injected into the ventricle. In the second experiment three groups were observed: an untreated control group plus two ovariectomized and cannulated groups treated with OB in a regimen designed to mimic pregnancy. After 10 days of OB administration they received an injection of either saline or oxytocin (400 ng) into the ventricle. Immediately after this injection they were exposed to the pups and observations started. In both experiments no rat became maternal in the first 1.5 h after the intracerebroventricular injection. Oxytocin therefore did not induce a rapid onset of maternal responsiveness in oestrogen-pretreated Wistar rats. PMID- 6726112 TI - Infant sensitivity to figural coherence in biomechanical motions. AB - Two experiments assessed infant sensitivity to figural coherence in point-light displays moving as if attached to the major joints of a walking person. Experiment 1 tested whether 3- and 5-month-old infants could discriminate between upright and inverted versions of the walker in both moving and static displays. Using an infant-control habituation paradigm, it was found that both ages discriminated the moving but not the static displays. Experiment 2 was designed to clarify whether or not structural invariants were extracted from these displays. The results revealed that (1) moving point-light displays with equivalent motions but different topographic relations were discriminated while (2) static versions were not, and (3) arrays that varied in the amount of motion present in different portions of the display were also not discriminated. These results are interpreted as indicating that young infants are sensitive to figural coherence in displays of biomechanical motion. PMID- 6726114 TI - The role of memory and integration in early time concepts. AB - The nature of 5- to 8-year-old childrens ' time concepts was examined by analyzing two possible explanations for the greater difficulty children demonstrate in comparing durations that differ in beginning times as compared to those that differ in ending times. The explanations were (a) poor recall of beginnings as compared to endings due to their lower salience, (b) difficulty in integrating information from both points and reliance on endings only due to their greater salience. The subjects were 630 boys and girls from kindergarten to second grade. The children were presented with a series of two lights in different orders and combinations and were asked to compare order of beginnings and endings, and duration of the two lights. Results contradicted the memory explanation. In addition, repetitious questioning about order of one point (beginning or ending) appeared to have shifted children's attention from that point to the complementary point. Possible sources of children's failure to integrate beginning and end points when comparing durations were discussed. PMID- 6726113 TI - Trading relations in the perception of speech by 5-year-old children. AB - Five-year-old children were tested for perceptual trading relations between a temporal cue (silence duration) and a spectral cue (F1 onset frequency) for the "say-stay" distinction. Identification functions were obtained for two synthetic "say-stay" continua, each containing systematic variations in the amount of silence following the /s/ noise. In one continuum, the vocalic portion had a lower F1 onset than in the other continuum. Children showed a smaller trading relation than has been found with adults. They did not differ from adults, however, in their perception of an "ay-day" continuum formed by varying F1 onset frequency only. The results of a discrimination task in which the two acoustic cues were made to "cooperate" or "conflict" phonetically supported the notion of perceptual equivalence of the temporal and spectral cues along a single phonetic dimension. The results indicate that young children, like adults, perceptually integrate multiple cues to a speech contrast in a phonetically relevant manner, but that they may not give the same perceptual weights to the various cues as do adults. PMID- 6726115 TI - Information processing in reading-disabled and nondisabled children. AB - Reading disabled and nondisabled children (13-14 years of age) were presented lists of 10 words each at different rates (one word per 1, 2, and 4 sec), and immediately after the last word of each list they recalled the words in any order. Recall of the first few words presented from each list (the primacy effect) was lower in reading-disabled than nondisabled children, and slower presentation rates increased the primacy effect in both groups. These findings suggest that reading-disabled children are not completely failing to use elaborative encoding but are using less effective elaborative encoding than nondisabled readers. With all presentation rates, recall of the last few words (the recency effect) was comparable in both groups, suggesting that older reading disabled children encode and recognize the stimuli and that elaborative encoding is deficient in reading-disabled in spite of adequate stimulus encoding and recognition. PMID- 6726116 TI - Linguistic coding by deaf children in relation to beginning reading success. AB - The coding of printed letters in a task of consonant recall was examined in relation to the level of success of prelingually and profoundly deaf children (median age 8.75 years) in beginning reading. As determined by recall errors, the deaf children who were classified as good readers appeared to use both speech and fingerspelling (manual) codes in short-term retention of printed letters. In contrast, deaf children classified as poor readers did not show influence of either of these linguistically based codes in recall. Thus, the success of deaf children in beginning reading, like that of hearing children, appears to be related to the ability to establish and make use of linguistically recoded representations of the language. Neither group showed evidence of dependence on visual cues for recall. PMID- 6726117 TI - Effects of beta interferon on human fibroblasts at different population doubling levels. Proliferation, cell volume, thymidine uptake, and DNA synthesis. AB - Cellular aging had no effect on the ability of beta interferon to increase cell volume and population doubling time in 76-109 cells, a line of human skin fibroblasts. However, DNA synthesis in cells at high population doubling levels (PDL 55-70) was inhibited after 72 h of beta interferon treatment (1,000 U/ml) while no inhibition of DNA synthesis was observed in cells at middle population doubling levels (PDL 30-40). PMID- 6726118 TI - 17 beta-carboxamide steroids: highly effective inhibitors of the phytohaemagglutinin mediated blastogenesis of normal human peripheral lymphocytes. AB - Several novel 17 beta-carboxamide analogues of dexamethasone were synthesized. The common precursor, 9-fluoro-16 alpha-methyl-11 beta,17-dihydroxy-3-oxo-1,4 androstadiene-17 beta-carboxylic acid, did not bind to the glucocorticoid receptors of rat liver and human spleen tumours. In addition, no inhibition of the mitogen-induced blastogenesis of cultured human peripheral lymphocytes was observed. The 17 beta-carboxamide analogues, however, bound with similar affinities to the glucocorticoid receptors of both tissues. They inhibited the mitogen-induced blastogenesis of peripheral lymphocytes, showing the same potency and same order of binding affinity as the natural glucocorticoids. PMID- 6726119 TI - Influence on plasma beta-N-acetyl-D-glucosaminidase of reticuloendothelial stimulation and depression: an experimental study in rats. AB - Plasma levels of the lysosomal enzyme, beta-N-acetyl-D-glucosaminidase (EC 3.2.1.30; 2-acetamido-2-deoxy-beta-D-glucoside acetamidodeoxyglucohydrolase ) were estimated 120 minutes after intravenous injection of zymosan in rats. Different groups of animals were investigated according to pretreatment with agents influencing reticuloendothelial activity. Pretreatment for two days with the reticuloendothelial stimulating agent, zymosan, or the reticuloendothelial suppressing agent, methyl palmitate, did not influence the basal plasma levels of beta-N-acetyl-D-glucosaminidase. In all groups after zymosan injection, plasma beta-N-acetyl-D-glucosaminidase activity was increased in comparison with basal levels. The increase of enzyme activity was most pronounced after pretreatment with zymosan and differed significantly from enzyme activity after pretreatment with methyl palmitate. Alcohol administration in combination with zymosan did not cause a further rise of beta-N-acetyl-D-glucosaminidase activity in normal rats nor in rats pretreated with zymosan. The observations suggest that plasma levels of beta-N-acetyl-D-glucosaminidase in rats after a standardized zymosan injection are related to the functional status of the reticuloendothelial system (RES). PMID- 6726120 TI - Changes of human glomerular basement membrane in diabetes mellitus. AB - Glomerular basement membranes were isolated from kidneys of human diabetics and non-diabetics. Albumin and immunoglobulin G content of glomerular basement membranes as determined after protease digest was higher in the diabetic group while lower values were obtained for heparan sulphate. Nonenzymatic glucosylation of whole glomerular basement membranes and tendon tissue was significantly elevated in diabetic subjects. Correlation of the determined parameters suggest that charge and size selective properties are altered in diabetic glomeruli. Serum albumin and albumin deposited in glomerular basement membranes showed the same content of nonenzymatically bound glucose in a normal and in a diabetic subject, respectively. Thus it would appear that in human diabetes the glucosylated albumin does not underly increased transcapillary transport as was reported in vitro. PMID- 6726121 TI - [Analytic and diagnostic validity of the determination of carboxyhemoglobin in blood and carbon monoxide in the breath of smokers and non-smokers]. AB - The analytic and diagnostic validity of the determination of carboxyhaemoglobin and carbon monoxide in smokers and non-smokers was investigated. Both methods are of high analytic and diagnostic validity. Precision and accuracy fullfil the essential requirements. Comparison of the methods shows good correlation (= 0.97) and linear regression (y = 51.5 X 10(-3)x + 6.26 X 10(-6] within the investigated range. Values for the conditional probabilities of sensitivity, specificity, predictive values, and efficiency are higher 0.80. Taking into account the standardized sample collection for the CO determination, the two methods are of comparable validity when used in clinical and epidemiological investigations on smokers and non-smokers. PMID- 6726122 TI - Aminoterminal propeptides of type III procollagen in human cerebrospinal fluid. AB - The concentrations of aminoterminal propeptides of procollagen type III were determined by radioimmunoassay in the cerebrospinal fluids of 64 patients with various neurological disorders, including 4 infant patients (less than 1 year). In cerebrospinal fluids of adult patients with normal composition (protein, glucose, cell count), adult patients with pathologic composition, and infant patients the peptide levels (mean value +/- S.D.) were 4.07 +/- 1.26 micrograms/l, 8.15 +/- 6.78 micrograms/l, and 56.9 +/- 31.0 micrograms/l, respectively. The concentrations ranged from 1.96 to 265 micrograms/l and were independent of the respective serum propeptide levels. No statistic correlation with other parameters was found. Gel chromatography revealed a high degree of molecular weight heterogeneity, a substantial portion of immunoreactive material was eluted even with the void volume of Sephacryl S 300. Different slopes of radioimmunoinhibition curves indicate heterogenous antigenicity among the propeptides from various patients. Interaction of the propeptides with fibronectin and/or heparin is probably not responsible for the heterogeneity. The diagnostic potential of cerebrospinal fluid propeptide levels for local connective tissue (collagen) turnover remains to be elucidated. PMID- 6726123 TI - [High-resolution 2-dimensional gel electrophoresis: a method for the clinical chemistry laboratory]. AB - The working instructions, reagents and instruments for the performance of high resolution two dimensional gel electrophoresis are described. Size reduction of the gel slabs allows the two electrophoretic separation steps to be run within an 8-hour-working-day. The description also includes a well adapted method for silver staining and a photographic procedure for the documentation of the gels. The method is specially developed and designed for use in the clinical chemistry laboratory. PMID- 6726124 TI - In vitro synthesis of oxalic acid has no relevant influence on plasma oxalic acid levels in haemodialysis patients. AB - Plasma oxalic acid concentrations were measured in 13 chronic haemodialysis patients. The mean plasma oxalic acid concentration was 128.0 +/- 48.6 mumol/l, being approximately 8 times higher than the plasma concentration of 14 volunteers (mean = 16.8 +/- 5.2 mumol/l). Ultrafiltrates obtained in vivo from these patients showed a mean oxalic acid concentration of 138.2 +/- 56.5 mumol/l. Since in vivo ultrafiltrates are free of erythrocytes and plasma enzymes, an in vitro synthesis of oxalic acid from precursors by erythrocytes and plasma enzymes can be excluded. As the oxalic acid concentration of plasma corresponded to that of in vivo ultrafiltrates, it is concluded that any in vitro formation of oxalic acid in haemodialysis patients must be negligibly small, and is irrelevant for the measurement of plasma oxalic acid levels in patients receiving regular haemodialysis. PMID- 6726125 TI - [Statistical problems in comparative clinical chemistry analysis methods]. AB - The previous workshop on this subject put forward recommendations for the use of statistical methods in the comparison of clinical chemical analytical procedures. In particular, standardized principal components analysis was recommended as a replacement for classical regression analysis. In the present workshop, two non parametric methods were described, and their advantages and disadvantages, compared with standardized principal components analysis, were discussed. PMID- 6726126 TI - Drug effects in clinical chemistry. Part 1. The basic concepts. PMID- 6726127 TI - Drug effects in clinical chemistry. Part 2. Guidelines for evaluation of analytical interference. PMID- 6726128 TI - Cost-containment teaching with concurrent quality assurance: a model for family practice. PMID- 6726129 TI - Bluefish and scombroid poisoning. PMID- 6726130 TI - The family in family practice. PMID- 6726131 TI - The family physician's role in school health. PMID- 6726132 TI - Prevalence of alcoholism in a family practice center. AB - One hundred forty-seven adult patients seeking care at a university family practice center were screened for alcoholism. Approximately one half were given the Michigan Alcoholism Screening Test (MAST), and the rest were interviewed by a trained interviewer who administered the MAST and a shorter questionnaire (the CAGE) and used her overall clinical impression to gauge their likelihood of being alcoholic. The two groups were demographically similar, as were the results of the screening. There were 28 patients (19.1 percent) with a MAST score greater than 5, and 24 patients (16.3 percent) were thought to be alcoholic. The prevalence of alcoholism was much higher in men (P less than .001), but no other demographic differences were found. Twenty-four clinic charts of patients with alcoholism identified in the study were reviewed for evidence of physician awareness of alcohol abuse, but in only 12 was alcohol use mentioned at all, and in only two was alcoholism diagnosed. These findings are consistent with prior published reports of incidence of alcoholism in other settings. PMID- 6726133 TI - Prevalence of hypocalcemia and elevated serum alkaline phosphatase in patients receiving chronic anticonvulsant therapy. AB - Residents of an institution for the developmentally disabled in northwest Ohio receiving anticonvulsant therapy for six months or more with phenobarbital or phenytoin or both were studied for the prevalence of hypocalcemia and elevated alkaline phosphatase level. Fifty-six residents were identified. Sixteen (29 percent) were hypocalcemic. Fifteen (27 percent) had elevated serum alkaline phosphatase levels. Twenty-three residents received vitamin D supplementation (400 IU/d) in addition to a normal dietary intake of calcium and vitamin D. The mean serum calcium level was identical (8.65 mg/dL) for those receiving and not receiving additional vitamin D. This study corroborates the findings of prior studies suggesting an association between anticonvulsant usage and mineral and bone abnormalities. The causal nature of this association, its clinical significance, and its management require further investigation. PMID- 6726134 TI - Evaluation of bioprosthetic mitral valve failure. AB - Porcine bioprosthetic heart valves have been in use for the past 13 years. Although they are superior to mechanical valves in several clinical situations, their long-term durability remains in question. The slight increase in failure rate of the bioprosthetic valve starting about six years after implantation mandates close follow-up of these patients. Since primary care physicians often provide most of the medical care to patients who have undergone heart valve replacement, it is important that they recognize the signs of bioprosthetic valve failure. PMID- 6726135 TI - Physicians treating their own spouses: relationship of physicians to their own family's health care. AB - Fifty-one family physicians and a comparable group of 65 lawyers were surveyed to determine how each group treated the medical problems of their spouses. There was no significant difference between physician and lawyer controls in the treatment of headaches, sore throats, vomiting, depression, pregnancy, and warts. In fact, the controls treated back pain and stomachaches more often. The physicians treated earaches and deep lacerations more often. The physicians more frequently took a symptom history and examined their spouse. Both groups treated their spouses' headaches, sore throats, and stomachaches at a high rate. This study supports the impression from a literature review and case studies that unique multiple interacting factors determine whether a physician will treat his or her spouse. These factors are feeling of responsibility to answer a request for treatment, cost, convenience, confidentiality, lack of confidence, emotional involvement or detachment, ego needs, and legal considerations. It is concluded that (1) physicians do not generally treat their spouses more often, but they do evaluate their spouses' symptoms more often than do nonphysicians, and (2) the decision to treat by the physician may compromise good care for his or her spouse. It is recommended that physicians and their spouses have an alternative, nonrelated physician to care for their health. PMID- 6726136 TI - Benefits of early predoctoral experiences in longitudinal patient care. AB - A ten-year experience with a continuity clerkship taught to second-year medical students is described. Students enrolled in this course spend one half-day per week for nine months with a practicing family physician, attend a weekly seminar or workshop, and write a longitudinal patient care report. This comprehensive report summarizes their experience with a patient or a family and addresses pertinent medical and psychosocial issues. Forty-four of these reports were analyzed for the 1981-82 academic year. The analysis revealed that the main benefits to the students from the longitudinal experience were (1) recognizing the importance of continuity of care, (2) observing the interplay between the social environment, family, and the patient's health, (3) gaining insight into the role of the family physician, and (4) experiencing the difficulties of chronic disease management. PMID- 6726137 TI - Acute urinary retention. AB - Urinary retention is most commonly caused by obstruction in men and neuromuscular dysfunction in women. A careful history, physical examination, and urethral catheterization will lead to the correct diagnosis in the majority of cases. For nonobstructive causes, a careful survey of the patient's other illnesses and medications will often lead to diagnosis. Successful treatment of nonobstructing causes can be effectively managed by the primary care physician. PMID- 6726138 TI - Infantile acropustulosis: a "new" vesiculopustular eruption of infants and children. PMID- 6726139 TI - Herbal teas and water intoxication in a young child. PMID- 6726141 TI - Allowing the debilitated to die. PMID- 6726140 TI - Assessing the reliability of data from patient medical records. PMID- 6726142 TI - Abdominal positioning interneurons in crayfish: projections to and synaptic activation by higher CNS centers. AB - Intracellular recording, stimulation, and Lucifer dye injections were used to characterize abdominal positioning interneurons from the neuropile of the second through sixth abdominal ganglia of the crayfish, Procambarus clarkii. Motor outputs of these cells were recorded with extracellular electrodes placed on various flexion and extension roots along the nerve cord. In an effort to assess the functional relationships between the postural interneurons in the abdomen and those known to exist in the circumesophageal connectives ( CECs ), a stimulus pulse train was delivered to each of the CECs while monitoring the intracellular responses of the impaled interneurons. Abdominal positioning interneurons were grouped into four general categories based on their responses to CEC stimulation: 1) those that projected their axons directly through the CECs ; 2) those that were remotely activated to spiking; 3) those locally activated to produce EPSPs or IPSPs; and 4) those that were not affected by CEC stimulation. The majority of abdominal positioning interneurons encountered in this study evoked flexion (N = 82), with relatively fewer evoking extension (N = 29). A major difference appeared between the two classes. Whereas 39% of the flexion interneurons had axons coursing to the brain, only 7% of the axons of extension interneurons coursed rostrally beyond the thoracic level. Finally, the large majority of those flexion and extension interneurons that lacked processes in the CEC received synaptic inputs at various levels along the lower CNS from other CEC neurons. Thus, control of abdominal positioning involves neurons at all levels in the CNS some sequentially organized, others forming "through" pathways, but all with multiple input sites. PMID- 6726143 TI - Intercellular junctions between the follicle cells and oocytes of Xenopus laevis. AB - During development, the oocytes of Xenopus laevis establish junctional contact with the follicle cells enveloping them. These junctions have alternatively been described as desmosomes and as gap junctions. In this paper the morphology of these junctions has been examined in gonadotropin-stimulated and unstimulated animals at all stages of development. Contact between the oocyte and follicle cell plasma membranes is visible in stage I oocytes as thickenings in the membranes, separated by intercellular spaces of 20nm or greater. By stage III in unstimulated oocytes and stage II in gonadotropin-stimulated oocytes, intermembrane spaces at these junctional contacts are often reduced to 2 to 7 nm in width. These narrow intermembrane spaces persist through early stage IV, with greater frequency of occurrence in oocytes taken from hormonally stimulated animals. The closeness of these junctional contacts, and the permeability of the junctional spaces to intercellular tracer substances, supports the evidence that these are gap junctions. PMID- 6726144 TI - Patterned regeneration of internal femoral structures in the cockroach, Periplaneta americana L. AB - The morphology of the nerve and tracheal supply to the extensor tibiae muscle in normal legs was compared to that in regenerate legs. In normal femurs, the extensor nerve and trachea extend along the posterior surface of the extensor muscle. The nerve and trachea are closely associated and branch coincidently at regular intervals. In regenerate femurs, the nerve and trachea are not closely associated with each other, and both structures differ from normals in their branching patterns. The results suggest that tissue level interactions during regeneration differ from those during embryogenesis. PMID- 6726145 TI - Ectopic testes in the Norway rat. AB - Animals with ectopic testes, some unilateral (on either the right or left side) and some bilateral, have appeared in a colony of King-Holtzman rats. This heritable defect has been given the genetic symbol "ect." Females carrying the gene are unaffected by it. When such females are bred to apparently normal males, they produce no ect offspring. Since 25% of their F2 generation carry the gene, it is assumed it is autosomal recessive. Studies involving selective breeding for males with ectopic testes indicate that some males have genomes resistant to the expression of the ect gene and that the apparent thresholds essential to left side, right side, and bilateral expression appear to be a secondary control of the multifactorial type. PMID- 6726146 TI - An elevated content of a unique lipid in dystrophic chicken embryonic myoblast membranes. AB - A unique lipid, ethanolamine plasmalogen, is not only present abnormally in the plasmalemmae of erythrocytes from ex ovo dystrophic chickens but is also present abnormally in the membranes from embryonic myoblasts of in ovo dystrophic chickens. PMID- 6726147 TI - Further evidence that formation of the neural tube requires elongation of the nervous system. AB - In previous papers, we have correlated rapid elongation of the midline of the neural plate with the time of closure of the plate into a tube in the newt embryo and at one stage of the chick embryo. We proposed a model in which stretching of the midline of the plate causes the plate to buckle out of the plane and roll into a tube. In this paper, I show for another stage of development in the chick embryo, the period of closure of the brain tube, that rapid elongation of the nervous system accompanies closure of the tube. If elongation of the brain plate causes formation of the tube, then treatments that stop tube formation should also stop brain elongation. I tested this hypothesis by using low fluences of UV irradiation, known to stop tube formation (Davis, '44), and measuring the effects on elongation of the brain plate. The open plates of UV-irradiated embryos failed to elongate normally. Furthermore, photoreactivation with longer wavelengths of light reversed the UV effects and allowed closure of the tube in UV-irradiated embryos. These embryos elongated their brains. PMID- 6726148 TI - Two healing patterns correlate with different adult neural connectivity patterns in regenerating embryonic Xenopus retina. AB - Nasal and temporal one-third-sized eye fragments, formed by ablation at stage 32 33 of Xenopus laevis embryos, heal and, in about 50% of the cases, survive to make eyes in the postmetamorphic animal which have mappable visuotectal projections. The majority of nasal one-third eyes have duplicate projections whereas the majority of temporal one-third eyes have unduplicated projections. Most nasal one-third eye fragments and a minority of temporal eye fragments heal by the extrusion of cells from the center of the cut edge into the region of the ablation, forming a tongue of cells between the distal cut edges. This healing pattern is correlated with duplicated visuotectal projections. Most temporal one third fragments and a minority of nasal one-third fragments heal by rounding up; that is, the distal cut edges collapse to meet in the region of the ablation. This healing pattern is correlated with the formation of unduplicated visuotectal projections. During tongue formation, neurons and undifferentiated cells are transferred from the original fragment into the tongue in a disorderly array, but quickly re-form normal retinal order. We propose that the tongue cells retain their original determination to connect to the same tectal positions as the fragment from which they originated, despite their new positions, and that this mosaicism, coupled with cell movement into the tongue, established duplicate visuotectal projections. PMID- 6726149 TI - Hormonal regulation of the annual pelage color cycle in the Djungarian hamster, Phodopus sungorus. I. Role of the gonads and pituitary. AB - The Djungarian hamster exhibits an agouti pelage in the summer and a predominantly white pelage in the winter. This pelage color cycle is known to be regulated by the length of the daily photoperiod probably acting through the pineal gland, as is the seasonal cycle of reproductive function with which it is closely correlated ( Figala et al., '73; Hoffmann, ' 78b ). The possibility of a causal relationship between the decline in gonadal hormone secretion and the coat color change occurring in short photoperiod was examined. Gonadectomized and intact male and female hamsters were exposed to either long (16L:8D) or short ( 10L : 14D ) photoperiod for several months. Gonadectomy neither induced the change to the winter pelage color in long photoperiod-housed animals, nor prevented either the change to the winter pelage or the spontaneous return to summer pelage color in short photoperiod-housed animals. Chronic implants of testosterone in castrated males delayed and attenuated the short photoperiod induced coat color change. Administration of ovine prolactin (100 micrograms/day) stimulated pigmentation in hamsters with the winter pelage, whereas administration of a alpha MSH (30 micrograms/day) was without effect. These results suggest that changes in pelage color may be regulated largely by changes in pituitary prolactin secretion and modified to some extent by changes in gonadal steroid hormone secretion. PMID- 6726150 TI - Hormonal regulation of the annual pelage color cycle in the Djungarian hamster, Phodopus sungorus. II. Role of prolactin. AB - This study investigated whether photoperiod-induced changes in circulating prolactin levels, which have been observed in the Djungarian hamster ( Yellon and Goldman, '83; Duncan and Goldman, ' 83a ), might be involved in seasonal pelage color changes in this species. Injection of ovine prolactin (100 micrograms/day) inhibited the short photoperiod-induced winter molt. This finding indicated that the suppression of endogenous prolactin levels normally occurring in short photoperiod-housed hamsters (Duncan and Goldman, ' 83a ) may induce the winter molt. Suppression of prolactin secretion with bromoergocryptine (200 micrograms/day) strongly inhibited the spring molt, while concomitant treatment with ovine prolactin (100 micrograms/day) overcame this effect of bromoergocryptine. Injection of bromoergocryptine (200 micrograms/day) stimulated the winter molt in castrated hamsters housed in long photoperiod; concomitant injection of prolactin (100 micrograms/day) reversed this effect as well. These findings strongly suggested that an increase in endogenous prolactin levels may be necessary for the development and maintenance of the summer pelage. PMID- 6726151 TI - Atypical gunshot wounds of entrance: an empirical study. AB - Atypical gunshot wounds of entrance occur when bullets deviate from their stable nose-on trajectory before entering the body. When this occurs, the resulting wound may have an atypical D-shaped appearance. Ray-like abrasions or bruises may radiate from the corners of the wound. Unstable nonaxial flight may be caused by intermediate targets, ricochets , inappropriate weapon/ ammunition combinations, poor weapon construction, or use of misaligned silencers . If a bullet is deformed before entrance the configuration of the resulting wound may be bizarre, and the wound configuration may closely resemble the configuration of the striking bullet. Nine cases are presented showing the effects of various intermediate targets. A number of methods for the investigation of atypical wounds are discussed. PMID- 6726152 TI - Hypothermia: autopsy findings and vitreous glucose. AB - Anatomic lesions associated with hypothermia are variable and nonspecific. Only a few gross lesions and no microscopic pathology were noted in the acute deaths of this series. An interesting anatomic observation was the low weight of the lungs in 45% of the hypothermic deaths. Hypothermia is recognized as frequently producing hyperglycemia and 80% of a group of such patients clinically treated at the Hennepin County Medical Center had elevated blood sugar values. This correlates with an average vitreous glucose of 82.6 mg/dL in the hypothermic deaths. By contrast, the average vitreous glucose value found in each of two separate control groups was 37 mg/dL. Establishing hypothermia as the cause of death requires a proper history of exposure and the absence of any other clear cut lethal factor. Certain biochemical tests may provide supporting evidence. Among these is an elevated vitreous glucose in a nondiabetic individual. PMID- 6726153 TI - Bacterial transmigration as an indicator of time of death. AB - Time of death is difficult to evaluate in many forensic science situations. We have developed an animal model for assessing the time of death by evaluating the transmigration of normal microbiota through the wall of the small intestine. A segment of small intestine was removed from decapitated CF-1 mice ( Carnsworth Farms) and suspended in vitro in a beaker containing sterile phosphate-buffered saline. Bacterial transmigration was evaluated in this model over a three-day period at select temperatures (4, 25, and 37 degrees C) by microbiological cultures and scanning electron microscopy (SEM). Evidence of bacterial transmigration by SEM occurred within 2 to 3 h at 37 degrees C, 5 to 6 h at 25 degrees C, and 72 h at 4 degrees C. Analysis of the microbiological data indicated a differential flux of select bacterial and mycotic organisms. Staphylococcal species were the first organisms to be cultured from the suspending saline. These organisms are known to elaborate powerful protease enzymes that may play an important role in the degeneration of gut tissues. Coliform-type organisms and candida species were found at later times after death. The last major groups of bacteria to be identified were a variety of anaerobic species. This model may be adaptable to certain situations in human forensic pathology. PMID- 6726155 TI - Liquid chromatographic analysis of promethazine and its major metabolites in human postmortem material. AB - A method is described for the determination of promethazine and some of its major metabolites in postmortem specimens by enzymic digestion followed by high pressure liquid chromatography of the extracts using a cyano-bonded (mu-Bondapak CN) silica column packing and a mobile phase consisting of methanol, water, and n octylamine (adjusted to pH 8). The system will separate and quantitate promethazine sulphoxide, desmonomethyl promethazine, didesmethyl promethazine, and promethazine. Pericyazine (2-cyano-10-[3-(4- hydroxypiperidino )propyl] phenothiazine) was used as internal standard. The parent drug and metabolites were extracted from a enzyme digested tissue homogenates with ethyl acetate using a simple, single micro-extraction procedure. The method was applied to four cases of fatal poisoning involving promethazine ingestion. PMID- 6726154 TI - Massive head trauma as a cause of intravascular air. AB - Three examples of intravascular air caused by massive head trauma are presented. The basic types of air embolism are discussed and the pathophysiology in the three cases is offered. The association should be recognized to avoid misinterpretation of the radiographs. PMID- 6726156 TI - Estimating the date of bone remains: a multivariate study. AB - In previous works we have studied the time of death of bone residuals through the following parameters: total lipids, triglicerides , cholesterol, free fatty acids, total proteins, zinc, iron, manganese, and phosphorus. These elements were quantified in groups of recent bones of 1 and 2 years and of 10, 15, 18, and 20 years postmortem. In this present work we are putting these results under statistical analysis consisting of a stepwise regression. This program selects and introduces in the regression the element that shows the highest correlation with the time of death. In successive steps the partial correlations between the date and the elements not already included in the regression are studied, while keeping the effects of the elements already included fixed. As a result we put forward three formulas in which the time of death appears linked with the parameters that define it best. In the first the time of death of the bones Y is estimated according to the protein X1 Y = 40.0014 - 7. 4275X1 In the second formula the time of death Y, is estimated according to proteins X1 and triglicerides X2. Y = 45.5970 - 10. 8096X1 + 0. 4104X2 And in the third formula the time of death Y is estimated according to proteins X1, triglicerides X2, and cholesterol X3. Y = 52.2032 - 7. 8213X1 + 0. 6355X2 - 3.4930 In the three formulas the coefficients of the correlation between the time of death and the variables are improved when the logarithms of the variables are taken, instead of the original measurements. PMID- 6726157 TI - Effects of burning on human bone microstructure: a preliminary study. AB - The microscopic determination of age at death in human bone is a widely used technique in forensic anthropology. Despite its use, little attention has been given to the reliability of microscopic aging when the subject has been burned, either at the time of death, or after death. This preliminary report examines some of the variables of the burning process that may affect the age estimates. Preliminary conclusions are: (1) bone burned at 600 degrees C retains all of the structures necessary for microscopic aging and (2) bone shrinkage, widely reported in the literature, does not appear to have significant effect on the age estimate. A research plan is outlined that will address some of the questions left unanswerable in the present report. PMID- 6726158 TI - Metabolism of acetone to isopropyl alcohol in rats and humans. AB - Isopropyl alcohol and acetone have been detected in autopsy blood samples of individuals not previously exposed to these compounds. Since some of these individuals had a history of diabetes mellitus, it has been suggested that in these cases, reduction of acetone to isopropyl alcohol might be a metabolic pathway for its production. This hypothesis was investigated in a study of normal and diabetic rats. Acute administration of acetone resulted in measureable levels of isopropyl alcohol in blood. Metabolism of acetone to isopropyl alcohol was different in normal and diabetic animals. Blood levels of isopropanol reached a maximum at the second highest dose in normal rats, but there was a two-phase response in diabetic rats. In a second series of experiments, acetone was administered on alternate days for a week. In spite of this chronic administration (and persistence of high blood acetone), there was no enhancement of acetone metabolism to isopropyl alcohol. These experiments indicate that high levels of blood acetone could result in transformation to isopropyl alcohol. PMID- 6726159 TI - Ground versus earth, there is a difference. AB - Investigations of injuries and fires caused by electrical circuits and equipment can result in incorrect conclusions when grounding systems are neglected. The term ground is loosely used in electrical jargon as any zero reference point for voltage measurement. Power systems are usually grounded to the earth. Other electrical systems are sometimes grounded to the same earth through a low impedance circuit. Residential grounding systems are described and a simple method is proposed for the investigator's use in evaluating the grounding system for potential shock or equipment damage hazards. PMID- 6726160 TI - Antisocial personality--diagnosis or moral judgment? AB - Antisocial personality is a problem-filled diagnosis. Even when diagnosed according to the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (DSM) II manual, it was replete with value laden terminology. DSM III makes repeated criminal behavior central and includes a list of other behaviors that do not always truly imply an antisocial personality. In order to test the possibility that factors other than those listed in the manual may often influence the diagnosis, the prevalence of required characteristics in patients diagnosed antisocial personality was compared with the prevalence of required characteristics in another personality disorder, schizoid personality. The study involved a hospitalized Veteran's Administration (VA) population, employing DSM II criteria, which was used by the VA at that time. The difference was statistically highly significant. Examination of the case histories suggests that dislike of the patients or negative moral judgments about their actions frequently were involved in making a diagnosis of antisocial personality. It is therefore crucial that moral judgments not be disguised as scientific ones, and the meaning of an antisocial personality diagnosis as utilized by clinicians needs to be seriously questioned. PMID- 6726161 TI - The impact of a change in commitment procedures on the character of involuntary psychiatric patients. AB - The statutory requirements for involuntary civil psychiatric confinement have become increasingly restrictive. In the jurisdiction under investigation, patients were originally admitted under an Order to Apprehend (OTA) procedure simply on the petition of two affiants who indicated the patient was in need of care. A newly elected judge instituted changes requiring affiants to claim the subject was "dangerous" to self or others and asking for a clinical assessment and recommendation before signing the petitioned request for involuntary confinement. It might be expected that the more restrictive procedures would have produced a population of more assaultive patients. A study of petitions signed under in the earlier (N = 133) and later, more restrictive (N = 218) procedures indicated that the proportion of assaultive or dangerous patients was virtually identical. Further investigation, using hospital data an OTA patients from this area in both time periods, suggested that while patients were not more assaultive, they appeared to be more seriously ill or psychiatrically impaired. Apparently, movement to a dangerousness standard that allows clinical discretion in interpreting its presence may result in involuntary commitments for more seriously ill, although not necessarily more assaultive, patients. PMID- 6726162 TI - A comparison of partner and solo arsonists. AB - Data on 225 adult arsonists arrested in a metropolitan county over a four-year period were systematically gathered. In each case 83 variables related to the arsonist and the arson were examined. The presence or absence of a partner in crime clearly differentiated two groups of arsonists . Partner and solo arsonists are characterized by a different level of social functioning and a different burden of mental impairment and criminal history. By focusing on the partner variable, it also becomes clear that the characteristics of the offense are related to those of the offender. PMID- 6726163 TI - The right to keep and bear arms--a study of civilian homicides committed against those involved in criminal acts in metropolitan Dade County from between 1957 to 1982. AB - A study of civilian homicides in metro Dade County from 1957 to 1982 was performed. Cases in which civilians, not police, killed perpetrators of crime in order to protect life or property were collected and then analyzed as to age, race, sex, Spanish surname, alcohol, and location of incident of the victim. The method of homicide and, in more recent cases, drugs detected at autopsy along with prior arrest record of the victim were also noted. Graphical and statistical analysis on racial and ethnic variations in victims were also done. A total of 151 cases were studied. PMID- 6726164 TI - Spontaneous births into toilets. AB - Since inception of the Dade County Medical Examiner Department in 1956 and the end of 1982 a total of 18 spontaneous births into toilets were investigated. A retrospective review of these cases revealed a high degree of maternal denial of pregnancy and refusal of responsibility for the fetus by primiparous mothers of term births, the instances of most questionable manner of death. A consideration in the examination of these natal deaths should be investigation of maternal postnatal behavior along with the circumstances of birth and autopsy findings. PMID- 6726165 TI - Problems in using high performance liquid chromatography for drug analysis. AB - Some problems encountered in using high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) for drug analysis are discussed. These include high procurement and operational costs, lengthy training required, excessive downtimes , lower precision in HPLC versus gas chromatography (GC) and lack of a universal sensitive detector. Some solutions to these difficulties are presented. PMID- 6726166 TI - Detection of methamphetamine and amphetamine in a single human hair by gas chromatography/chemical ionization mass spectrometry. AB - A detailed procedure of an extremely sensitive method for quantitation of methamphetamine and amphetamine in human hair by gas chromatography (GC)/chemical ionization (CI) mass spectrometry (MS) is presented. N-methylbenzylamine was used as an internal standard. The samples, after extraction with an organic solvent, were derivatized with trifluoroacetic anhydride before the GC/MS analysis. Quantitation was made with quasi-molecular ions of the derivatives by selected ion monitoring in the CI mode. The detection limit was about 10 pg in an injected volume. The high sensitivity enabled us to measure both stimulants in a single human hair in actual cases. PMID- 6726167 TI - Photographic techniques of concern in metric bite mark analysis. AB - In bite mark analysis concern is expressed for the need to improve the precision in photographic evidence collection procedures. The use of a rigid ruler (which meets federal specifications) for scale, proper camera positioning in relation to the scale, and a method to evaluate the distortion in a two-dimensional print that records a three-dimensional object is suggested. Disregarding these factors makes metric bite mark analysis inappropriate. PMID- 6726168 TI - The analysis of metronidazole in human serum: an unusual overdose case. PMID- 6726169 TI - Pattern of intersecting fractures and direction of fire. AB - In gunshot wounds of the skull, the pattern of intersecting fractures may be used to verify the direction of fire. It may be the only indicator of direction, if overlying skin is destroyed or inconclusive and if bevelling is absent in gunshot defects of thin temporal bone. PMID- 6726170 TI - Blood grouping in a sexual assault case: criteria and methodolgy for genetic marker analysis. AB - A sexual assault case was received in the laboratory. Upon examination, a small bloodstain was located on a bed sheet that was recovered from the defendant's motel room. Typing the whole blood samples from the defendant and the victim revealed that both blood samples exhibited identical phenotypes in eleven different genetic markers. Gm(1) and Gm(2) analysis was then performed on the two whole blood samples which provided discrimination between the two parties. PMID- 6726171 TI - Stud guns revisited: report of a suicide and literature review. AB - Stud guns (powder-actuated fastening tools) are a commonly used construction tool. Accidental injuries and fatalities are no longer frequent, presumably because of current safety features and practices. A case of an intentional fatal wound (suicide) is described. A literature review of stud gun injuries is also presented. PMID- 6726172 TI - An unusual autoerotic death: asphyxia with an abdominal ligature. AB - A case of accidental death resulting from an autoerotic episode involving a high abdominal ligature is reported. Pathologic findings, physical evidence, and the psychological investigation are discussed. PMID- 6726173 TI - The water permeability of toad urinary bladder. I. Permeability of barriers in series with the luminal membrane. AB - Antidiuretic hormone (ADH) induces a large increase in the water permeability of the luminal membrane of toad urinary bladder. Measured values of the diffusional water permeability coefficient, Pd(w), are spuriously low, however, because of barriers within the tissue, in series with the luminal membrane, that impede diffusion. We have now determined the water permeability coefficient of these series barriers in fully stretched bladders and find it to be approximately 6.3 X 10(-4) cm/s. This is equivalent to an unstirred aqueous layer of approximately 400 microns. On the other hand, the permeability coefficient of the bladder to a lipophilic molecule, hexanol, is approximately 9.0 X 10(-4) cm/s. This is equivalent to an unstirred aqueous layer of only 100 microns. The much smaller hindrance to hexanol diffusion than to water diffusion by the series barriers implies a lipophilic component to the barriers. We suggest that membrane-enclosed organelles may be so tightly packed within the cytoplasm of granular epithelial cells that they offer a substantial impediment to diffusion of water through the cell. Alternatively, the lipophilic component of the barrier could be the plasma membranes of the basal cells, which cover most of the basement membrane and thereby may restrict water transport to the narrow spaces between basal and granular cells. PMID- 6726174 TI - The water permeability of toad urinary bladder. II. The value of Pf/Pd(w) for the antidiuretic hormone-induced water permeation pathway. AB - Using the methods described in the preceding paper (Levine et al., 1984) for measuring the magnitude of the water-permeable barriers in series with the luminal membrane, we correct measured values of Pd(w) in bladders stimulated with low doses of antidiuretic hormone (ADH) or 8-bromo cyclic AMP to obtain their true values in the luminal membrane. Simultaneously, we also determine Pf. We thus are able to calculate Pf/Pd(w) for the hormone-induced water permeation pathway in the luminal membrane. Our finding is that Pf/Pd(w) approximately equal to 17. Two channel models consistent both with this value and the impermeability of the ADH-induced water permeation pathway to small nonelectrolytes are: (a) a long (approximately equal to 50 A), small-radius (approximately equal to 2 A) pore through which 17 water molecules pass in single-file array, and (b) a shower head-like structure in which the stem is long and of large radius (approximately equal to 20 A) and the cap has numerous short, small-radius (approximately equal to 2 A) pores. A third possibility is that whereas the selective permeability to H2O results from small-radius (approximately equal to 2 A) pores, the large value of Pf/Pd(w) arises from their location in the walls of long tubular vesicles (approximately 2 micron in length and 0.1 micron in diameter) that are functionally part of the luminal membrane after having fused with it. Aggregate containing tubular vesicles of these dimensions have been reported to fuse with the luminal membrane in response to ADH stimulation and have been implicated in the ADH-induced hydroosmotic response. PMID- 6726175 TI - Phase resetting properties of cardiac pacemaker cells. AB - Aggregates of heart cells from chicken embryos beat spontaneously. We used intracellular microelectrodes to record the periodic behavior of the membrane potential that triggers the contractions. Every 5-12 beats, a short current pulse was applied at various points in the cycle to study the phase-dependent resetting of the rhythm. Pulses stronger than 2.5 nA caused the final rhythm to be reset to almost the same point in the cycle regardless of the phase at which the pulse was applied (type zero resetting). Pulses of less than or equal to 1 nA only caused a slight change of the phase. Increasing current intensities to between 1 and 2.5 nA gave rise to an increasing steepness in a small part of the phase-response curve. The observation of type zero resetting implies the existence of a critical stimulation that might annihilate the rhythm. Although we did find a phase at which more or less random responses occurred, the longest pause in the rhythm was 758 ms, 2.4 times the spontaneous interval. This suggests that the resting membrane potential was unstable, at least against the internal noise of the system. The conclusions are discussed in terms of the concepts of classical cardiac electrophysiology. PMID- 6726176 TI - Isoleucine synthesis by Clostridium sporogenes from propionate or alpha methylbutyrate. AB - Preliminary studies demonstrated that Clostridium sporogenes synthesized isoleucine by a pathway not involving threonine or threonine dehydratase. Radiotracer experiments with cells grown in a defined carbohydrate-free medium showed that radioactivity from [U-14C]serine, [3-14C]pyruvate, [14C]NaHCO3 and [1 ], [2-] and [3-14C]propionate was incorporated into isoleucine. Conversely, there was no detectable incorporation of 14C into isoleucine during growth with [U 14C]glutamate, [U-14C]threonine, [U-14C]valine, [U-14C]leucine or [U 14C]methionine. Crude extracts of the bacteria grown in a minimal medium contained levels of alpha-acetohydroxyacid synthase activities comparable to those in Escherichia coli K12 grown in minimal medium. Stepwise degradation of isoleucine obtained from C. sporogenes grown in the presence of specifically labelled precursors indicated that C. sporogenes can make isoleucine via the reductive carboxylation of propionate to yield alpha-oxobutyrate, which is metabolized to isoleucine in the classical fashion. Isoleucine was also formed by C. sporogenes via the reductive carboxylation of alpha-methylbutyrate to alpha oxo-beta-methylvalerate. PMID- 6726177 TI - DNA base composition, DNA-DNA homology and long-chain fatty acid studies on streptococcus thermophilus and Streptococcus salivarius. AB - DNA base composition, DNA-DNA homology and long-chain fatty acid studies were performed on Streptococcus thermophilus and Streptococcus salivarius. These species possess similar mol % G + C values (about 37 to 41), long-chain fatty acid profiles and belong to a single DNA homology group. On the basis of the present and earlier studies it is proposed that Streptococcus thermophilus (Orla Jensen) be reclassified as Streptococcus salivarius subsp. thermophilus comb. nov. PMID- 6726178 TI - Mycolic acid patterns of representative strains of Mycobacterium fortuitum, 'Myobacterium peregrinum' and Mycobacterium smegmatis. AB - Representative strains of Mycobacterium fortuitum, 'Mycobacterium peregrinum' and Mycobacterium smegmatis were degraded by acid methanolysis and patterns of long chain compounds were determined by two-dimensional thin-layer chromatography. The same general pattern of mycolic acid methyl esters was found in all 39 strains examined, the major components being so-called alpha-mycolates and characteristic pairs of polar mycolates. Analysis of alkaline methanolysates of selected strains confirmed that these polar mycolates were derived from epoxymycolic acids, as found previously. PMID- 6726179 TI - Mycoplasma glycophilum, a new species of avian origin. AB - A mycoplasma, designated strain 486, was isolated from the oviduct of an adult chicken. On the basis of its morphological, physical and cultural characteristics the organism was assigned to the class Mollicutes, order Mycoplasmatales. The guanine plus cytosine content of its DNA was estimated to be 27.5 mol%. The organism was inhibited by digitonin and it showed a growth response to sterol, although its minimal requirement was low. It neither showed helical forms nor hydrolysed urea and was hence assigned to the family Mycoplasmataceae, genus Mycoplasma. Strain 486 fermented glucose and reduced tetrazolium under anaerobic conditions. It did not hydrolyse arginine, aesculin or arbutin, nor did it produce films and spots or digest serum. Phosphatase activity was negative or very weak, and the organism adsorbed turkey but not chicken red blood cells. Serological tests (growth inhibition, indirect fluorescent antibody, double immunodiffusion and metabolism inhibition) with 75 currently accepted Mycoplasma species or serovars failed to identify the isolate. Thus strain 486 appears to represent a new species, for which the name Mycoplasma glycophilum is proposed. (NCTC 10194, ATCC 35277). PMID- 6726180 TI - Crossed immunoelectrophoresis and enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay of the cell surface antigens of Bacteroides fragilis. AB - Antisera were raised to whole, live cells of a reference strain (NCTC 9344) and two clinical isolates (GNAB 92 and GNAB 4) of Bacteroides fragilis. Each antiserum was reacted in crossed line immunoelectrophoresis (CLIE) with EDTA-heat sonication-prepared outer membrane (OM) complex from 10 B. fragilis strains. In addition, the antisera were reacted with these antigens in an enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA). In CLIE, the antisera raised to the reference strain and one of the clinical isolates (GNAB 92) demonstrated a heat labile antigen which was common to all 10 of the test strains. Lipopolysaccharide (LPS) prepared from both the clinical isolates produced three major precipitin lines when reacted with their homologous antisera in crossed immunoelectrophoresis (CIE). In both cases, these three antigens were present as major components of the OM complex. Each antiserum reacted significantly in ELISA with all test OM complex preparations. Inhibition of ELISA showed that carbohydrates were the predominant cross-reactive antigens in ELISA and that in the case of the clinical isolate GNAB 4, most of the cross-reactive antigenic activity was present in the homologous LPS preparation. PMID- 6726181 TI - Comparative studies on surface hydrophobicity of streptococcal strains of groups A, B, C, D and G. AB - Cell surface hydrophobicity of group A, B, C, D and G streptococcal strains has been studied and compared in a new test based on the fact that the degree of bacterial aggregation in ammonium sulphate depends on amphiphilic surface antigens. M-positive group A strains showing good growth in normal human blood aggregated in the standard salt aggregation test at very low concentrations of ammonium sulphate, while M-negative strains, which were killed in normal human blood, usually aggregated at high salt concentrations. Agents such as 2 M-KSCN, 2 M-guanidine. HC1 or 2 M-urea decreased the aggregation of the M-positive strains in the salt aggregation test while non ionic detergents such as Tween 20 (1%, w/v) and ethylene glycol (2 M) did not affect cell aggregation. Binding of fibrinogen and albumin resulted in a decrease of surface hydrophobicity of the group A M-positive strains. Group B strains possess a hydrophilic surface character and did not aggregate, while group C and G strains behaved in the salt aggregation test like M-negative strains of group A streptococci. Group D strains did not aggregate even at high ammonium salt concentrations. The results are discussed in relation to the influence of lipoteichoic acid and other surface antigens on strains of the various groups, and it is suggested that M protein and possibly also other surface proteins contribute to the high surface hydrophobicity of group A strains. PMID- 6726182 TI - Rubella virus: structural and non-structural proteins. AB - Rubella virus was rapidly concentrated and purified using polyethylene glycol 6000 as the precipitating agent. Electrophoresis in slab gels defined three structural proteins present in equimolar amounts, with mol. wt. of 59000 (E1), 43000 to 48000 (heterogeneous E2) and 34000 (core protein, C). E1 and E2 were glycosylated; different distributions of labelled carbohydrates within the broad band of E2 indicated that the slower migrating region was enriched in complex oligosaccharides. In infected cells, the counterparts to E1 and E2 were labelled with [3H]mannose and both migrated in gels as sharp bands, indicating that the heterogeneity observed in virion E2 was produced during virus maturation. After radioimmunoprecipitation of infected cell extracts with convalescent rubella serum, the intracellular equivalents of E1, E2 and C were readily defined in gels, as well as several putative non-structural proteins. Four of these were defined more clearly and without resort to immunoprecipitation by labelling with [35S]methionine during hypertonic treatment of infected cells at 24 h; their mol. wt. were 200 000, 150 000, 87 000 and 75 000. Pulse-chase experiments under these conditions showed that the largest ( ns200 ) was apparently cleaved to ns150 . PMID- 6726183 TI - Properties of Sindbis virus variants from infected Culex tarsalis mosquitoes. AB - Plaque-purified Sindbis virus was passed three times in Culex tarsalis mosquitoes and progeny viruses were isolated by plaque purification on a cloned line of Aedes albopictus cells. Nine of ten clones examined differed from wild-type (wt) virus with respect to their plaque morphology characteristics in chick embryo fibroblast (CEF) and/or A. albopictus cells. Seven clones were temperature sensitive and failed to replicate or synthesize viral RNA in CEF cells at 41 degrees C. At 35 degrees C in CEF cells the majority of isolates synthesized less viral RNA than wt virus. In contrast, all cloned isolates synthesized viral RNA more rapidly than wild-type virus in A. albopictus cells. PMID- 6726184 TI - A regular subunit pattern seen on non-infectious Newcastle disease virus particles. AB - A pseudo-crystalline array of subunits has been observed on particles of the La Sota, in contrast to the Ulster , strain of Newcastle disease virus (NDV) grown in MDBK tissue culture without trypsin. This regular arrangement of subunits was associated with the semi-permissive nature of the tissue culture system, as it disappeared when trypsin, which allows infectious virus to be made, was added. The phenomenon described was considered to be related to the crystalline array of matrix protein which has been described inside the envelope of Sendai virus and NDV by others. PMID- 6726185 TI - Production of virions with retrovirus morphology by human embryonal carcinoma cells in vitro. AB - Embryonal carcinoma (EC) cell lines established from human testicular germ-cell tumours produce, at low frequency, virions morphologically identical to type C retroviruses that have been observed by other workers in human placental tissues. The virus particles are formed while budding from the cell surface, and their numbers are increased by inducing the EC cells with 5-iodo-2'-deoxyuridine and dexamethasone. Assays for RNA-dependent DNA polymerase (reverse transcriptase) associated with purified virions suggested a low level of activity. In addition, another type of virus is occasionally produced by induced cells of three EC lines. These particles also form during the process of budding from the cell surface, but they have surface projections (spikes). Extracellular spiked virions frequently are pleomorphic, with a condensed, eccentric nucleoid, and thus morphologically resemble type B retroviruses. No virions of either type were detected with or without induction in cultures of differentiated EC cells or in cultures of yolk sac carcinoma or teratoma cells, both of which are considered malignant but differentiated derivatives of EC cells. The lack of virion production by these differentiated cells suggests developmental regulation of virus replication. PMID- 6726186 TI - Characterization of two recombination-complementation groups of Uukuniemi virus temperature-sensitive mutants. AB - With the aim of isolating temperature-sensitive (ts) mutants defective in virus maturation or glycoprotein transport, Uukuniemi virus, a bunyavirus, was mutagenized with N-methyl-N'-nitro-N-nitrosoguanidine. Out of 13 initial clones unable to grow at 39 degrees C (non-permissive temperature), five mutants which grew to titres above 10(7) p.f.u./ml at 32 degrees C (permissive temperature) were selected for further studies. The mutants fell into two coinciding recombination-complementation groups. Three group I mutants ( ts7 , 8 and 12) and two group II mutants ( ts6 and 11) synthesized all three RNA segments and were able to form the corresponding nucleoproteins at 39 degrees C. Thus, members of these two recombination groups had a RNA-positive phenotype. All five mutants showed immunofluorescence when cells were stained at 39 degrees C using a double staining technique employing monoclonal antibodies against the glycoproteins G1 or G2, and polyclonal antibodies against the nucleoprotein, N. We have previously shown that in cells infected with wild-type virus both the G1/G2 and the N proteins accumulate in the Golgi complex, the site of virus maturation. In cells infected with ts12 , accumulation of G1 and G2, but not N protein, was observed in the Golgi complex at 39 degrees C. The N protein was found evenly scattered in the cytoplasm, suggesting lack of interaction between the G1/G2 and N proteins. With ts6 and 11, G1 and G2 appeared to accumulate and aggregate in the endoplasmic reticulum (ER) at 39 degrees C. The location of the N protein coincided with that of the aggregated glycoproteins, suggesting that the N protein interacted with G1/G2 already in the ER. Thus, these mutants may prove valuable tools in studying the mechanism of Uukuniemi virus maturation. PMID- 6726187 TI - Antibody-mediated enhancement of rabies virus infection in a mouse macrophage cell line (P388D1). AB - The suggestion that antibodies might enhance rabies virus infection of macrophages through opsonization of immune complexes was tested in vitro by adaptation of the rapid fluorescent focus inhibition technique for the examination of a macrophage cell line (P388D1). Some enhancement of rabies virus infection was shown. The relationship between such enhancement with the 'early death' phenomenon and its occurrence in vivo is discussed. PMID- 6726188 TI - Isolation of two bacteriophages from Bacillus larvae, PBL1 and PBL0.5, and partial characterization of PBL1. AB - Two temperate bacteriophages have been isolated from Bacillus larvae: PBL1 and PBL0 .5. Strains lysogenic for either of these phages are immune to lysis by the same phage but are sensitive to the other phage. PBL1 has an oval head, a non contractile tail, and a base plate with a pin structure but no apparent tail fibres. The genome of PBL1 consists of double-stranded DNA with a molecular weight of 24.1 (+/-0.6) X 10(6), a G + C content (derived from melting temperature) of 41.5%, and cohesive ends. Restriction enzyme analysis permitted construction of a physical map of the genome. PMID- 6726189 TI - Variation in homotypic and heterotypic interference by defective interfering viruses derived from different strains of Semliki Forest virus and from Sindbis virus. AB - There was strong interference between various virulent and avirulent strains of Semliki Forest virus (SFV) and their respective defective interfering (DI) viruses but in other combinations interference was variable: it could be equally strong, weak or could not be demonstrated. On passage, this spectrum of interfering activity changed, some combinations showing greater interference than before and others less. Heterotypic interference between DI SFV, DI Sindbis virus and standard viruses was clearly demonstrated although this was strongest between DI SFV preparations and Sindbis standard virus than in the reciprocal combinations. Variation in interference between DI SFVs and different SFV strains was similar in magnitude to that between DI SFVs and Sindbis virus, suggesting that a similar DI RNA sequence is recognized by both viruses. PMID- 6726190 TI - Propagation of human candidate calicivirus in cell culture. AB - Evidence is presented for the first time that a human candidate calicivirus (HCV) replicates in human embryo kidney cells when trypsin is incorporated in the culture medium. The virus multiplies in the presence of actinomycin D and radiolabelling experiments with [3H]uridine indicate that it has an RNA genome. These observations provide further support for the view that HCV should be tentatively classified as a member of the Caliciviridae . PMID- 6726191 TI - The immune response of healthy Nigerian adults to small doses of hepatitis B vaccine: comparison of 10- and 20-micrograms doses. AB - The immunogenic effect of hepatitis B vaccine (H-B-vax) was evaluated in 120 seronegative healthy Nigerians. Three doses of the vaccine were given at 0, 1, and 6 months. Serial blood samples were tested 1 month after each vaccination for hepatitis B surface antibody (anti-HBs) and antibody to hepatitis B core antigen (anti-HBc). Of 60 vaccines given 20 micrograms of the vaccine, 40% had significant anti-HBs response 1 month after the first dose, 70% after the second dose, and 91.7% after the third dose. In the 60 vaccines given 10-micrograms doses, the seroconversion rates were 35, 73.3, and 90%, respectively. It is concluded that this vaccine in 10-micrograms doses is as effective as the larger doses in producing anti-HBs. The administration of small doses would reduce the cost of large-scale vaccination programs in developing countries. PMID- 6726193 TI - Children's mental manipulation of spatial information in large- and small-scale spaces. PMID- 6726192 TI - Isolation and characterization of liver-derived hepatitis B e antigen. AB - Two subpopulations of hepatitis B e antigen (HBeAg) were isolated from a human liver infected with hepatitis B virus. HBeAg extracted from liver homogenate subsequent to treatment with buffered 3 M NaSCN or 0.5 M MgCl2 banded at the density of 1.13 g/cm3 in CsCl and was polydispersed on gel filtration. In contrast, HBeAg released with phosphate-buffered saline (PBS) was detected mainly at a density of 1.20 g/cm3 in a CsCl gradient and consisted of low molecular weight species on gel chromatography. Polypeptides of 40,000 and 45,000 daltons were found in NaSCN and PBS-released HBeAg preparations, respectively. The results are interpreted as suggestive that liver HBeAg is a dimer of the major core particle polypeptide in different physicochemical forms. PMID- 6726194 TI - A developmental study of temporal duration judgments. AB - First, third, fifth, and seventh graders and college students (18 per grade) made four serial reproductions of each of three time intervals, 8, 13, and 32 sec. The results paralleled those of other studies using only adults since both the psychophysical function and the Weber fraction were typical, and magnitude of judgments was an increasing, negatively accelerated function of trials. None of these effects was a function of age nor were there any age effects in an analysis of variable errors. Analysis of first-degree sequential dependency of judgments (using lag correlations) revealed a slight negative recency which was also invariant with age of Ss. PMID- 6726195 TI - Intelligence and personality variables of parents of autistic children. AB - Intelligence, occupation, and education levels of both parents, as well as personality characteristics of mothers, the primary nurturant adults, were investigated as related to early infantile autism. Our sample consisted of 50 sets of parents of disturbed children, 15 whose children had met Rimland 's stringent criteria for autism, 24 whose children, though not having met these criteria, had been diagnosed clinically as autistic, and 11 sets whose severely disturbed children were never diagnosed autistic. All parents were tested for intelligence. In addition, mothers' personality was tested via Human Figure Drawings and Eysenck's Personality Inventory. Rimland 's E-2 questionnaire was generally filled out by mothers. Results indicated that fathers of autists , but not mothers, were of significantly above-average intelligence. Mothers were significantly more neurotic on Eysenck's scale than mothers of disturbed nonautistic children, and significantly more introverted than his normative sample. Finally, there was a significant correlation between neuroticism of mothers and children's autism. PMID- 6726196 TI - Infants in play groups: time related changes in behavior toward mothers, peers, and toys. AB - Twenty-one 13-month-old infants, nine male and 12 female, were assigned to one of seven playgroups convening for 15 consecutive weekdays . Present at each 20 minute play session were three same-sexed peers with their mothers and an assortment of toys. There were systematic fluctuations in infants' attention to mother, peers, and toys. There findings suggest that a mother may serve different functions at different points in time: (a) as a secure base in initial sessions, (b) as a refueling stop when the infant grew tired, and (c) as an attractive alternative when the infant became bored with toys and peers. Within-day analyses revealed that activity level and toy exploration linearly decreased over time, while intentional contact with mother significantly increased. Social interaction with peers correlated negatively with interaction with mother over the course of the study. Sex differences over time were found to be significant: boys on day one were more interactive with both peers and toys but this level declined thereafter, while girls on day one spent more time in close proximity to mother and later, on subsequent days, increased their peer and toy play. PMID- 6726197 TI - Affective behavior of abused and control children: comparisons of parent-child interactions and the influence of home environment variables. AB - Affective behaviors of 14 pairs of infant and preschool abused and control children matched on age, race, sex, and socioeconomic level were assessed in parent-child interaction. Subgroups of abused and control samples were formed by introduction of selected home environment variables chosen to represent properties of the parent-child dyad. Matched-pairs analysis showed few matched t test comparisons to be significant. However, significant interactions were observed when two-way analyses of variance were performed with abused-control and status of home environment as factors. For positive affective behaviors, the abused group favored on home environment variables was higher than the favored control group. For negative affective behaviors, the abused group less-favored on home environment variables was higher than the less-favored control group. As a response to abuse, an increased sensitivity to the physical and social stimulation of the home environment is proposed. PMID- 6726198 TI - The effects of visual and spatial interference on spatial working memory. AB - Baddeley and Lieberman (1980) have shown that processing within spatial working memory is disrupted by a spatial secondary task, but not significantly by a visual processing secondary task. In the present study their experiment was replicated under broadly similar circumstances. The spatial and verbal primary tasks involved remembering descriptions of spatially arranged or nonsense sequences of digits, respectively. The secondary visual and spatial tasks involved either judging the level of brightness or pressing an unseen matrix of buttons in a predetermined sequence. In contrast to the finding of Baddeley and Lieberman, both the visual and spatial secondary tasks significantly impaired spatial working memory. Neither of these secondary tasks significantly interfered with concurrent verbal processing. The present findings suggest that spatial working memory draws from resources from both visual and spatial quarters. PMID- 6726199 TI - Childhood cruelty to animals, firesetting, and enuresis as correlates of competence to stand trial. AB - The present study investigated the incidence of the childhood symptoms of cruelty to animals, firesetting , and enuresis in the case reports of 1935 offenders evaluated at a court psychiatric clinic. The presence of all or part of this triad of symptoms was more common in those found competent to stand trial than in those found incompetent. However, no association was found between the presence of the triad of symptoms in those charged with violent crimes and those charged with nonviolent crimes. PMID- 6726200 TI - American-sign-language statements and delay of gratification in hearing-impaired and nonhandicapped children. AB - Hearing-impaired children were individually administered a task in which possession of accumulating candy rewards was made contingent upon the child's decision to stop any further accumulation of the candy. Hearing-impaired children, who under instruction periodically made American Sign Language (ASL) statements about the goodness of the reward, waited significantly longer before terminating the waiting period than did hearing-impaired children instructed to sign statements about the act of waiting and somewhat longer than did hearing impaired children instructed to sign a neutral statement. Since the pattern of delay was unlike that reported in earlier investigations when nonhandicapped children verbalized similar statements and since variation in mode of communication did not influence delay in nonhandicapped children in the present investigation, the results were interpreted in terms of differences in cognitive controlling mechanisms between nonhandicapped and hearing-impaired children. PMID- 6726201 TI - Psychological factors in ulcerative colitis. AB - Almost 50 years ago ulcerative colitis was included among the seven classical psychosomatic diseases. The psychodynamics and personality structures specific to ulcerative colitis sufferers were sought and the main-stay of treatment was psychotherapy. However, for the past decade the psychogenic approach to this disorder has been replaced by physiological and immunological explanations and treatments. The history of medical and psychogenic explanations and treatments of ulcerative colitis has been traced to the present. Ulcerative colitis remains a "riddle," as it was described almost 50 years ago, a complex disorder whose pattern is to flare up and subside, its cause and cure still unknown despite almost 100 years of study. PMID- 6726202 TI - Active and passive touch: the influence of exploration time on form recognition. AB - In a study of the effect of self-produced movement on tactual form recognition 30 male and 30 female college students actively or passively touched cooky -cutter forms with the preferred index finger to identify the shapes. In a static passive condition, the forms were pressed on the fingers. Ss were limited to either 5 or 30 sec of stimulus exposure time. Results indicate that active touch was superior to either passive static or passive sequential touch. Adding stimulus change failed to improve performance. Recognition accuracy was greater with 30 sec of exposure, but 5 sec of active touch produced accuracy equivalent to that produced by longer periods of passive stimulation. PMID- 6726203 TI - The roles of target and eye motion in the production of the visual shift in prism adaptation. AB - Two experiments, with a total of 48 Ss, were performed to evaluate the possible determinants of the visual shift (VS) in prism adaptation. In Experiment 1 the effects of target movement and pursuit eye movements on resultant visual adaptation were investigated. Maximal VS was produced when both of these conditions were present. Experiment 2 was conducted to determine whether hypnotic anesthesia in and around the eyes and eye muscles reduces feedback from eye position sensations and, consequently, the magnitude of the VS. This manipulation proved to be successful and virtually eliminated the production of VS. The results of the two experiments helped to identify two factors that contribute to the production of the VS: the presence of visual target movement during prism exposure and the accompanying eye movement which produces a change in the felt position of the eyes during target tracking. PMID- 6726205 TI - Attention to stimuli, verbal labeling, and question asking in referential communication. AB - This study evaluated the effects of age, the dyad's attention to and verbal labeling of target and nontarget stimuli, and listener instructions to ask questions on referential communication in 48 five-year-old and 48 eight-year-old dyads. A MANOVA for dyad activities indicated both age and dyad-activities differences. The dyads that located and verbally labeled the critical attributes were superior to the dyads that simply located the critical attributes and to control dyads on speaker performance. A MANOVA for listener instructions to ask questions yielded no age differences on the number of questions asked and no interaction between age and instructions to ask questions. It indicated that listeners instructed to ask questions and control listeners differed on the number of questions asked but not on communication accuracy. PMID- 6726204 TI - The association between psychosis and violent crime: a study of offenders evaluated at a court psychiatric clinic. AB - Examination of 2100 psychiatric evaluations conducted by a court psychiatric clinic to determine competency or for a presentence evaluation indicated no association between a diagnosis of psychosis and commission of a crime of violence. However, offenders referred for a pretrial competency examination were more likely to have committed a crime of violence than were defendants seen for a presentence evaluation. The implications of these results are discussed. PMID- 6726206 TI - Perceived time: its relationship with locus of control, filled versus unfilled time intervals, and perceiver's sex. AB - The present study examined the role of locus of control and the perceiver 's sex in the estimation of filled and unfilled time intervals. One hundred male and 100 female undergraduates, ranging in age between 16 and 21 years, were administered Collins' I-E Scale followed by a time-estimation task. The latter involved judging 10 time intervals which were either "filled" with a tapping sound presented by the E, or were "unfilled." Results indicate that (a) high internals, compared to low internals, were less likely to overestimate filled intervals, but were more likely to overestimate unfilled intervals, possibly because high internals are more time-conscious; (b) the extent of absolute error in estimation is jointly affected by internality, filled/unfilled intervals, and the perceiver 's sex, but the last-mentioned variable had the most prominent independent effect. In general, males made less error in time estimation than females. It is suggested that the observed sex differences in the present study was probably due to socially learned differences in time consciousness. PMID- 6726207 TI - Number of types of training tasks and the generality of the learned helplessness effect. PMID- 6726208 TI - Reactions to the death of a parent. Results from patients and field subjects. AB - The authors studied two groups of persons who had experienced either the death of a mother or father. One group consisted of patients who had sought treatment because of pathological aspects of bereavement. The other group consisted of volunteers selected from a review of hospital death records, which indicated the recent death of their parent. The study used a nonequivalent groups design, where both groups were followed over time. The field subjects were initially seen much sooner after the death than the patients. The patient group received a time limited dynamic therapy focused on the stress response syndrome induced by the death. At the pretherapy evaluation point, the patient sample had significantly higher levels of symptomatic distress than did the nonpatient sample. The distress declined over a 13-month period, so that patients had comparable levels of distress to that of the field subjects. After adjusting for initial values, the main difference was that patients reduced their avoidant operations more than did the field subjects. Intervening variables were assessed for the prediction of change in symptoms over time as related to the parental death. The variables that showed significant correlations to symptomatic change were cumulative negative life events from varied sources, occupation, social class, developmental level of the self-concept, identity of the deceased parent, and attribution of blame for the death. Social support did not relate to change in symptoms over time. PMID- 6726209 TI - Survival guilt and the Vietnam veteran. AB - The author describes the phenomenology and clinical characteristics of survival guilt which can be found in many Vietnam veterans. This conflict, in its most acute presentation, typically resembles an agitated depression. The syndrome is characterized by the veterans' frequent dreams of their friends dying in battle, and by their avoidance of interpersonal intimacy because they fear the other party may abandon them or die. The section on treatment recommendations emphasizes the importance for psychotherapists to confront continuously the veterans' many self-destructive patterns of behavior. Psychotherapy should also address any false beliefs the veterans may entertain regarding the nature of their survival. PMID- 6726210 TI - "Chronic pain as a variant of depressive disease". A critical reappraisal. AB - This paper critically examines the hypothesis that chronic pain is the physical manifestation of an underlying depressive disorder, as proposed by Blumer and Heilbronn in 1982 ( Blumer , D., and Heilbronn , M. Chronic pain as a variant of depressive disease. The pain-prone disorder. J. Nerv . Ment . Dis., 170: 381-406, 1982). The logic of this argument and the empirical evidence provided by Blumer and Heilbronn to support their hypothesis are discussed and their validity challenged. Alternative interpretations for the results as well as for the relationship between pain and depression are noted. Although it may be plausible to view a small subset of chronic pain patients as manifesting a " muted depressive state," the burden of proof still lies with those theorists who adhere to this formulation. PMID- 6726211 TI - "Chronic pain as a variant of depressive disease". A rejoinder. AB - The pain-prone disorder as a discrete psychobiological entity was defined on the basis of clinical evaluation, including observation of characteristic premorbid traits, psychological testing, inferred psychodynamic characteristics, a particular family history, and biological markers such as response to antidepressant medication. It is discussed in relation to the complaints of pain found in patients diagnosed primarily as depressive. The points made in the article by Turk and Salovey (J. Nerv . Ment . Dis. 172: 398-404, 1984) are considered item by item. PMID- 6726212 TI - Patients whose children became schizophrenic. AB - Several critics of the theory of the importance of the family environment in the etiology of schizophrenic disorders claim and have sought to prove that the disturbance of family transactions and communications demonstrated by Lidz et al. ( Lidz , T., Cornelison , A., Fleck, S., et al. The intrafamilial environment of the schizophrenic patient: VI. The transmission of irrationality . AMA Arch. Neurol . Psychiatry, 79: 305-316, 1958), Wynne and Singer ( Wynne , L. C., and Singer, M. T. Thought disorder and family relations of schizophrenics: II. A classification of forms of thinking. Arch. Gen. Psychiatry, 9: 199-206, 1963; Singer, M. T., and Wynne , L. C. Thought disorder and family relations of schizophrenics: IV. Results and implications. Arch. Gen. Psychiatry, 12: 201-212, 1965), and others derive from the presence of and concerns about the schizophrenic offspring. The author knows that three of his former nonpsychotic patients each had a child who later became schizophrenic. Two of the three were seen during his residency before his formulation of any hypothesis concerning the intrafamilial environment of schizophrenic patients. The cases reinforce the retrospective findings ( Lidz , T., Fleck, S., and Cornelison , A. Schizophrenia and the Family. International Universities Press, New York, 1965) that the marriages of the parents and the family environments were seriously disturbed before the onset of a schizophrenic disorder in an offspring. PMID- 6726213 TI - Three viewpoints on the therapeutic alliance. Similarities, differences, and associations with psychotherapy outcome. AB - This study tested three systems for measuring patient and therapist contributions to the therapeutic relationship. Scales with parallel dimensions were used by patients, therapists, and clinician judges to rate the same therapy hours. The sample consisted of 42 patients selected on specific criteria for their suitability for brief psychotherapy (20 sessions). They were treated by experienced psychodynamic therapists and therapeutic change was assessed by six outcome measures. Similarities and differences between the three perspectives of the alliance and their association with outcome were examined. There were significant correlations between patients', therapists', and nonparticipant judges' ratings of the patients' positive and negative contributions and the therapists' positive contributions, but no agreement between the three perspectives in their estimates of therapists' negative contributions. Within each measurement system, patients' and therapists' positive contributions to the relationship were the best predictors of outcome. In conclusion, the results suggest that the patients' and therapists' ratings of the treatment relationship, although influenced by subjective bias, agree to some extent with the nonparticipant judges' ratings and are more powerful in predicting the outcome of psychotherapy. PMID- 6726214 TI - A crisis triage rating scale. Brief dispositional assessment of patients at risk for hospitalization. AB - The authors have developed a brief rating scale to expedite the rapid screening of emergency psychiatric patients who require hospital admission from those who are suitable for outpatient crisis intervention treatment. The interviewers used this scale to assess and score the patient rapidly on the basis of three factors: dangerousness, support system, and motivation or ability to cooperate. The authors report on and discuss the use of the scale in a preliminary study of 300 cases and in a prospective study of 122 patients who were followed for 6 months after they were evaluated. They found that those who scored below a median point on the scale required hospitalization and those who scored higher were suitable for crisis intervention as outpatients. PMID- 6726215 TI - Perceptual span in schizophrenia and affective disorders. AB - Perceptual span was assessed in schizophrenic, bipolar affective disorder-manic, bipolar affective disorder-depressed, and nonpsychotic inpatients. Both schizophrenics and manics processed less information than depressives, and did not differ from each other. This suggests that reduced span may be a concomitant of psychoses characterized by distractibility and thought disorder, rather than a trait specific to schizophrenia. PMID- 6726216 TI - Central GABA mechanisms during postnatal development in the rat: neurochemical characteristics. AB - Various biochemical characteristics of the developing GABA system was studied in rats from 1 to 60 days of age. Endogenous GABA concentrations were high in the limbic system, midbrain, brain stem and spinal cord at birth. Until 7 days of postnatal age, GABA concentrations generally decreased, thereafter an increase was seen and at 60 days of age the GABA concentrations exceeded those found in the neonate except for the spinal cord regions. After GABA-T inhibition with AOAA, GABA concentrations increased in all brain regions, however considerably more marked in the 28 days old rats compared to the 4 days old animals. Turnover rate of GABA was estimated by investigating the rate of disappearance of GABA after GAD inhibition with 3-MPA. Calculated turnover time of whole brain GABA was 34.1 min in the 4 days old rats and 19.9 min in the 28 days old animals. The results from this investigation clearly indicate a caudal to rostral maturational gradient in the development of endogenous GABA concentrations as well as synthesis capacity. Furthermore, turnover rate of total whole brain GABA but probably not of GABA in the neuronal pool is retarded in the 4 days old rats compared to the adolescent animals. PMID- 6726217 TI - Suppression of REM rebound by Pergolide. AB - A 71 year old retired printer developed idiopathic Parkinson's disease over a period of 3 years. On account of his worsening condition he was admitted to hospital. Following the interruption of his medication the patient developed an akinetic crisis. A 48 hour polysomnogram recording, repeated five times during hospitalization, showed severe sleep deprivation. Treatment with Pergolide alone was then started; and sleep monitoring showed suppression of REM rebound, REM only appearing when the dose of the drug was reduced. It is suggested that REM rebound phenomena produced by sleep deprivation in a Parkinson's disease patient are suppressed by the effect of the dopaminergic agent Pergolide. PMID- 6726218 TI - Regional differences in the effect of pargyline on dopamine concentrations in the rat hypophysis. AB - Dopamine concentrations were estimated in different regions of the infundibular pituitary system of the rat. The highest values were found in the pituitary stalk where they are comparable to the concentrations in the striatum, and higher than in the median eminence. In the anterior lobe the dopamine (DA) concentrations of the upper pole (10% of the lobe tissue) were 2-5 times higher than in the rest of the lobe. Anterior lobe DA was significantly higher in rats about 6 months old than in rats about 3 months old. After inhibition of MAO, the DA concentrations in the isolated neural lobe (NL) were more than doubled. In contrast there was no increase in the DA concentrations of the intermediate lobe, an observation which is in agreement with our previous finding that DA synthesis in the intermediate lobe after electrical stimulation of the pituitary stalk is much slower than in the neural lobe. Pargyline treatment caused an increase in the DA concentrations in the anterior lobe by about 150%. This rise (together with a DA increase in the stalk-infundibulum) may be related to the decrease in circulating prolactin which occurs in pargyline treated rats. PMID- 6726219 TI - Gunshot wounds to the spine: the effects of bullet fragments in the spinal canal. PMID- 6726220 TI - Colorectal carcinoma and myelopathy. AB - The incidence and pathological features of colorectal carcinoma in a population of veterans disabled by myelopathy were examined by record review. Thirteen cases of colorectal carcinoma were found among the 1023 such individuals (99 percent male) who were hospitalized and subsequently followed between April 1, 1973 and September 22, 1983. The age adjusted incidence rates ranged from 316 per 100,000 person years in the sixth decade to 1886 per 100,000 person years in the ninth decade of age. These rates were two to six times the highest reported rates for general male populations (P less than 0.05). The location of carcinoma was proximal to the rectosigmoid colon in 62 percent of the 13 paralyzed patients, but in only 12 percent of 31 nonparalyzed male patients with colorectal carcinoma diagnosed at the same hospital in 1977-1979 (P less than 0.001). The stage of the tumor at diagnosis was Dukes Kirklin C in 83 percent of paralyzed patients and 48 percent of the nonparalyzed patients (P less than 0.001). We conclude that colorectal carcinoma is more common, more proximal in location, and more advanced at diagnosis in male subjects with myelopathy than in nonparalyzed male subjects. PMID- 6726221 TI - Historical background and changing perspectives in surgical reconstruction of the upper limb in quadriplegia. PMID- 6726222 TI - Spectroscopic studies on the binding of iron, terbium, and zinc by apoferritin. AB - Ultraviolet difference spectroscopy has been used to study Fe (III)-apoferritin complexes formed after addition of Fe (II) to apoferritin in air. At constant iron, the recorded spectra varied with time after Fe (II) addition and with the number of iron atoms/molecule (protein concentration). The results indicate that after production of an initial complex, rearrangement or migration of Fe (III) atoms occurs, with polynuclear species forming as end-product, probably by hydrolytic polymerization. The presence of Tb3+ or Zn2+ ions affected the Fe (III) spectra and their development in different ways. The combined data suggest that more than one site, or processes, are involved in ferritin iron-core formation and that some of the metal sites are clustered. PMID- 6726223 TI - Proteins of the brain extracellular fluid: evidence for release of S-100 protein. AB - Extracellular protein fractions were obtained (1) by mild, isotonic irrigation of freshly perfused brain tissue; (2) by collection of proteins released into superfusing medium by physiologically viable slices of rat hippocampus; and (3) by sampling the CSF of anesthetized rats. Analysis of the S-100 protein content of these fractions gave values of 2.8, 4.2, and 1.8 micrograms S-100/mg protein, respectively. These values were three- to sixfold higher than the S-100 content of the soluble cytoplasmic protein fractions from the same tissue. This several fold higher S-100 content of the extracellular protein fractions relative to the intracellular cytoplasmic protein fractions indicates that S-100 is selectively released into the extracellular spaces of the brain. We suggest that the biological function of this CNS protein may involve intercellular transfer. PMID- 6726224 TI - The calmodulin antagonists, trifluoperazine and R24571, depolarize the mitochondria within guinea pig cerebral cortical synaptosomes. AB - The effects of trifluoperazine and 1-[bis(p-chlorophenyl)methyl]-3-[2, 4-dichloro beta-(2,4- dichlorobenzyloxy )phenethyl]imidazolium chloride ( R2457 ) upon synaptosomal calcium transport, plasma membrane potential, in situ mitochondrial membrane potential, and ATP levels are investigated in order to assess the suitability of these calmodulin antagonists for investigating calmodulin dependent processes in the nerve terminal. Both agents appear to act selectively at the mitochondrial membrane, causing extensive depolarization at concentrations in excess of 10 microM (trifluoperazine) or 0.5 microM ( R2457 ). The extent of Ca uptake into the synaptosomes is decreased, consistent with the loss of the mitochondrial compartment. There is no inhibition of the efflux of Ca from the synaptosomes. Depolarization-dependent Ca uptake is not prevented by R24571 . Synaptosomal ATP levels decrease to an extent consistent with the collapse of the mitochondrial potential. It is concluded that the uncoupling effect of these agents on the in situ mitochondria prevents their being used to investigate the role of calmodulin in intact synaptosomes. PMID- 6726225 TI - Synthesis of catecholamines in the developing spinal cord of the rat. AB - Using mass fragmentographic techniques, the synthesis of dopamine (DA) and norepinephrine (NE) was studied in five functional regions in the spinal cord of the developing rat. Norepinephrine was first detectable in the whole cord on fetal day (FD) 16. Thereafter, there was a rapid increase in synthesis. The fastest rate occurred in the ventral horn. The peak concentration was recorded in the latter half of neonatal life, followed by a decline back to the levels found in the adult cord. The capacity of the developing cord to synthesize NE from injected L-dihydroxyphenylalanine (L-DOPA) increased in concert with its normal synthetic capacity. There was no clear consistent pattern in the development of DA synthesis, with two exceptions: (1) in the cervical dorsal horn (CDH), cervical ventral horn ( CVH ), and thoracic zona intermedia ( TZI ), there was a peak of DA on the day of birth; (2) in all regions there was a peak of DA on neonatal day (ND) 20. At FD 16 (the earliest time studied) the developing cord was capable of considerable synthesis (6.0 nmol/g) of DA from injected L-DOPA. This synthetic capacity developed rapidly, peaked at ND 4, and declined back to the adult levels by ND 20. Control experiments indicate that only about 10% (at best) of the DA synthesized from injected L-DOPA occurs in monoaminergic nerve terminals. Norepinephrine is synthesized exclusively in noradrenergic nerve terminals. The newly synthesized DA and NE are both extensively metabolized in the cord. The results are discussed in relationship to current attempts to understand the functional importance of spinal monoaminergic nerves.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS) PMID- 6726226 TI - Effect of folate deficiency on local cerebral glucose utilization in the rat. AB - There is considerable debate on the role of folate in CNS function. Recent work indicates that folate deficiency may affect CNS serotonin metabolism, and clinical studies describe many consequences of such a deficiency. On the other hand some workers maintain that folate deficiency alone causes CNS abnormalities. We maintained rats, through dietary deprivation, at folate levels below 4 ng/ml for more than 6 weeks and showed that at that time both their liver and brain folate levels were significantly reduced. We then studied their local cerebral glucose utilization (LCGU) using the [14C]deoxyglucose technique. This method assesses cerebral function by measuring regional metabolic activity. We also determined LCGU in rats given the same diet but replenished with folate (folate control) and in others given free access to commercially available food (normal controls). Our results show that this degree of folate deficiency has no effect on cerebral function. This contrasts with the focal suppression of LCGU we previously reported in a model of vitamin B12 deficiency. PMID- 6726227 TI - Alteration of cerebral taurine biosynthesis in spontaneously hypertensive rats. AB - Cerebral taurine biosynthesis in a spontaneously hypertensive rat (SHR) has been studied. Cysteine sulfinic acid (CSA) and cysteic acid (CA), possible key intermediates in taurine biosynthesis, were found in the rat brain, whereas no cysteamine-cystamine was detected. In the brain of SHR, a statistically significant decrease in the contents of CSA, CA, and taurine was noted in the cerebellum, hypothalamus, and striatum as compared with normotensive Wistar Kyoto rats. Similarly, it was demonstrated that the activity of cysteine dioxygenase, the enzyme catalyzing cysteine to CSA, was attenuated significantly in the same brain areas of SHR. In contrast, no alteration in the activity of CSA decarboxylase, the enzyme converting CSA to hypotaurine or CA to taurine, was observed. A decline in the percent conversion of [14C]cysteine to [14C]taurine was found also in tissue homogenates from the cerebellum, hypothalamus, and striatum of SHR, indicating that the declines in taurine content may be due to an attenuation of taurine biosynthesis, possibly at the step involving cysteine dioxygenase. PMID- 6726228 TI - Binding of ATP to brain glutamate decarboxylase as studied by affinity chromatography. AB - The interactions of two forms of porcine brain glutamate decarboxylase (beta-GAD and gamma-GAD) with the effector ATP were studied by affinity chromatography. A third form, alpha-GAD, was only slightly retarded by the affinity matrix and was eluted in the buffer wash. The interaction of GAD with the ATP affinity matrix was qualitatively similar to its interaction with free ATP as reported in previous kinetic studies. The rank order of adenine nucleotides as eluting agents and affinity ligands was ATP greater than ADP greater than AMP. GAD was also eluted by its cofactor, pyridoxal 5'-phosphate, and this was enhanced by 1 mM Pi. In contrast, a high concentration (140 mM) of Pi by itself was required to elute the enzyme. GAD remained active while bound to the affinity column and was eluted in the holoenzyme form by ATP, indicating that the affinity ligand did not bind in the active site and did not displace catalytically active cofactor from the enzyme. PMID- 6726229 TI - Catabolism of N-acylethanolamine phospholipids by dog brain preparations. AB - N- Acylphosphatidylethanolamine , incubated with dog brain homogenate or microsomes, was hydrolyzed to phosphatidic acid and N-acylethanolamine by a phosphodiesterase of the phospholipase D type. In the absence of F-, phosphatidic acid was further hydrolyzed to diacylglycerol and Pi while N-acylethanolamine was hydrolyzed by an amidase to fatty acid and ethanolamine. The phosphodiesterase showed an alkaline pH optimum and was also active towards N- acetylphosphatidylethanolamine , N-acyl-lysophosphatidylethanolamine, and glycerophospho (N-acyl)ethanolamine but showed little activity toward phosphatidylethanolamine and phosphatidylcholine. Ca2+ stimulated slightly at low concentrations but inhibited at higher concentrations. Triton X-100 stimulated the hydrolysis of N- acylphosphatidylethanolamine , inhibited that of N-acyl lysophosphatidylethanolamine and glycerophospho (N-acyl)ethanolamine, and had no effect on phosphatidylethanolamine or phosphatidylcholine hydrolysis. The N acylethanolamine hydrolase (amidase) was also present in the microsomal fraction and exhibited a pH optimum of 10.0. In addition to hydrolysis by the phosphodiesterase, N- acylphosphatidylethanolamine was also catabolized by microsomal phospholipases A1 and/or A2 to N-acyl-lysophosphatidylethanolamine, some of which was further hydrolyzed to glycerophospho (N-acyl)ethanolamine. PMID- 6726230 TI - Nucleoside and oxypurine homeostasis in adult rabbit cerebrospinal fluid and plasma. AB - In adult New Zealand white rabbits, the effects of food deprivation and of massive elevations of plasma uridine or thymidine concentrations on CSF and plasma nucleoside and oxypurine concentrations were studied. Nucleoside and oxypurine levels were determined by high performance liquid chromatography using unequivocal methods of compound identification. After 48 and 96 h of food deprivation, the concentrations of uridine, cytidine, inosine, thymidine, deoxycytidine, deoxyuridine, hypoxanthine, xanthine, and uric acid in CSF and plasma were not different than in controls, except at 96 h, when the plasma uridine concentration was 35% lower (p less than 0.05). After elevation of the plasma and CSF thymidine concentrations to approximately 200 and 100 microM, respectively, with intravenous thymidine for 5 h, there was a large increase in CSF and plasma thymidine to approximately 100 microM and a smaller increase in plasma and CSF deoxyuridine concentrations. After elevation of the plasma and CSF uridine concentrations to 0.6 and 0.2 mM, respectively, there was a large increase in CSF and plasma uracil and a smaller increase in plasma and CSF deoxyuridine concentrations. Elevated plasma concentration of thymidine and uridine significantly decreased the CSF to plasma ratios of deoxyuridine and thymidine; however, only elevated plasma uridine concentrations decreased the CSF to plasma ratio of uridine. These results document the powerful homeostatic mechanisms that regulate the concentrations of the principal nucleosides and oxypurine bases in CSF. PMID- 6726231 TI - Muscarinic receptor during postnatal development of rat cerebellum: an index of cholinergic synapse formation? AB - Quantitative and qualitative modifications of the specific binding sites for [3H]quinuclidinyl benzylate (QNB), a muscarinic antagonist, were studied during rat cerebellar postnatal development. Specific binding sites for QNB (QNB-sbs), regardless of whether they correspond to muscarinic acetylcholine receptors, are present with the highest density in the archicerebellar cortex, but the total amount per region is about the same in the archi -, paleo-, and neocerebellar cortex regions. Large amounts of QNB-sbs are also present in a cerebellar fraction including central white matter and deep cerebellar nuclei. QNB-sbs are low but present at birth and then accumulate during ontogenic development according to a curve which duplicates, with a delay of a few days, the curve of DNA accumulation. Dissection studies indicated that this curve does not depend on the preferential localization of QNB-sbs in a specific cerebellar region nor on the particular development of this region. The similarity of the QNB-sbs and the DNA developmental curves might indicate that the QNB-sbs are present on granule cells; however, a comparative analysis of the data in the literature suggests that a great many QNB-sbs are located on the Purkinje cell dendrites in the molecular layer, where all or some of them might correspond to the extrajunctional muscarinic acetylcholine receptor detected there by electrophysiology. It would appear that only a small percentage of cerebellar QNB sbs corresponds to the cholinergic synapses present in cerebellar cortex; hence, the question of muscarinic receptors in the cerebellum should be re-examined. PMID- 6726232 TI - Anticholinesterase action of a bromine compound isolated from human cerebrospinal fluid. AB - L-1- Methylheptyl -gamma- bromoacetoacetate was found to be a competitive inhibitor of the acetylcholinesterases (electric eel, Ki = 17.2 microM; rat brain, Ki = 32.6 microM) and of butyrylcholinesterase (horse serum, Ki = 1.2 microM). The L-isomer was a more effective inhibitor than the D-isomer. The bromine atom at the gamma-position of the acidic moiety, the specific length of the carbon chain constituting the secondary alcohol moiety, and the presence of the ketone radical at the acidic moiety of the ester were necessary for the anticholinesterase action. 1- Methylheptyl -gamma- bromoacetoacetate formed a complex with acetylcholinesterase or butyrylcholinesterase without hydrolysis of its own molecule. PMID- 6726233 TI - Activation of adenylyl cyclase by preincubation of rat cerebral-cortical membranes under phosphorylating conditions: role of ATP, GTP, and divalent cations. AB - The effects of preincubation under phosphorylating conditions on adenylyl cyclase activity were studied in preparations containing synaptic membranes from rat cerebral cortex. Preincubation of the membranes with 2 mM ATP and 10 mM MgCl2 resulted in a 50% increase of adenylyl cyclase activity which withstood sedimentation and washing. This activation was maximal after 5 min of preincubation, was reversed after longer preincubations, and paralleled the time course of endogenous phosphorylation-dephosphorylation of proteins observed under these conditions. The activation showed a critical requirement for Mg2+ ions and was dependent on ATP concentration. Similar activation was observed after preincubation of cerebral-cortical membranes with adenosine-5'-O-(3 thiophosphate) (ATP gamma S), but this activation was not reversed by prolonged preincubation times. The activation by ATP gamma S was potentiated severalfold by including synaptoplasm in the preincubation. Further experiments indicated that the activity of nucleoside diphosphokinase, which converts ATP gamma S to guanosine-5'-O-(3-thiophosphate) (GTP gamma S), could account for this potentiation. Preincubation of washed membranes for 5 min with 10 microM GTP and 10 mM MgCl2 also produced a 50% activation of adenylyl cyclase which withstood sedimentation and washing and was reversed by longer preincubations. Endogenous phosphorylation of specific protein components in the membranes during the preincubation was examined by including radioactively labeled nucleoside thiophosphates in the preincubation medium. Incorporation of 35S from [35S]ATP gamma S into a protein component with apparent Mr of 54,000 daltons ( 54K ) correlated significantly with the activation of adenylyl cyclase by ATP gamma S. Thiophosphorylation of the 54K protein was potentiated by addition of GDP to reactions carried out with [35S]ATP gamma S. Endogenous activity utilizing [gamma 32P]GTP as a phosphate donor also preferentially phosphorylated the 54K protein band. These results support previous suggestions that protein phosphorylation plays a role in the regulation of adenylyl cyclase activity. Among the numerous membrane-bound phosphoproteins in rat brain, we have identified a specific protein component with an apparent Mr of 54,000 daltons as the most likely candidate for involvement in this mode of regulation. This 54K protein, which is a principal substrate for a GTP-preferring protein kinase activity in brain membranes, can now be at the focus of investigations attempting to demonstrate a direct role for protein phosphorylation in adenylyl cyclase regulation. PMID- 6726234 TI - Effects of methotrexate on biopterin levels and synthesis in rat cultured pineal glands. AB - Culture of rat pineal glands in methotrexate (0.5, 5, or 10 microM) for 6 or 24 h did not alter pineal tetrahydrobiopterin (85-90% of total biopterin in cultured glands), except for a decrease of 30% after 24 h culture in 10 microM methotrexate. However, pineal dihydrobiopterin and/or biopterin (10-15% of total biopterin) was increased by methotrexate up to 2.5-fold. Biopterin detected in the culture medium following pineal culture was also increased to a similar extent after methotrexate treatment and appeared to represent leakage of pineal dihydrobiopterin and/or biopterin. Culture of glands in 5 microM methotrexate did not alter the conversion of [U-14C]-guanosine to [14C]biopterin, suggesting that pineal tetrahydrobiopterin synthesis was not altered by methotrexate. Complete inhibition of dihydrofolate reductase activity measured in pineal homogenates was obtained following culture of glands in all concentrations of methotrexate studied. Therefore, dihydrofolate reductase and dihydrobiopterin do not appear to be involved in a major biosynthetic pathway for pineal tetrahydrobiopterin from GTP, although they may have a minor role in tetrahydrobiopterin synthesis. PMID- 6726236 TI - Synaptic vesicle heterogeneity. PMID- 6726235 TI - Conjugates of dopamine and serotonin in ventriculocisternal perfusates of the cat. AB - The in vivo formation of acid-hydrolyzable conjugates of dopamine and of serotonin (presumably dopamine-O-sulfate and serotonin-O-sulfate) in ventriculocisternal perfusions of the cat is described. Small amounts of these amine conjugates were detected under quiescent conditions and during evoked release of the parent amines. The amounts of conjugated dopamine in perfusate were increased during and immediately after the period in which release of dopamine was evoked, but were not affected by inhibition of monoamine oxidase. In contrast, the efflux of serotonin conjugate during the evoked release of serotonin was not increased unless monoamine oxidase was inhibited. The data suggest that conjugation of amines in the CNS may be of functional importance in their disposition either under conditions of augmented release or during inhibition of oxidative deamination. PMID- 6726237 TI - Free fatty acid content and release kinetics as manifestations of cerebral lateralization in mouse brain. AB - Free fatty acid (FFA) content was analyzed in mouse cerebral hemispheres and cerebellum under basal and postdecapitative ischemic conditions. Total FFA content immediately after decapitation (2 s) was about two-fold higher in the left hemisphere than in the right. Marked dissimilarities between hemispheres were also apparent when FFA levels were measured during short periods of ischemia. Whereas in the right side a significant FFA release took place as early as 10 s, no accumulation was detected in the left in the 2-20 s interval. The highest rates of total fatty acid release occurred in the 20-30 s interval in both hemispheres and decreased afterwards (3 min). Individual FFA, especially stearate and arachidonate, differed in their rates of production, the right cerebral hemisphere being more active in releasing arachidonic acid. In cerebellum, FFA levels were lower and accumulation was slower than in cerebrum in both intervals. When subjected to 3 min ischemia, the same difference in FFA levels between right and left hemispheres (50%) was observed in heads kept at 20 or 30 degrees C. The differences between hemispheres are interpreted as manifestations of an inherent lateralization in the regulation of acylation deacylation reactions of complex lipids. PMID- 6726238 TI - Regional development of glutamate dehydrogenase in the rat brain. AB - The development of glutamate dehydrogenase enzyme activity in rat brain regions has been followed from the late foetal stage to the adult and through to the aged (greater than 2 years) adult. In the adult brain the enzyme activity was greatest in the medulla oblongata and pons greater than midbrain = hypothalamus greater than cerebellum = striatum = cortex. In the aged adult brain, glutamate dehydrogenase activity was significantly lower in the medulla oblongata and pons when compared to the 90-day-old adult value, but not in other regions. The enzyme specific activity of nonsynaptic (free) mitochondria purified from the medulla oblongata and pons of 90-day-old animals was about twice that of mitochondria purified from the striatum and the cortex. The specific activity of the enzyme in synaptic mitochondria purified from the above three brain regions, however, remained almost constant. PMID- 6726239 TI - In vivo effects of beta-bungarotoxin on the acetylcholine system in different brain areas of the rat. AB - The in vivo effects of beta-bungarotoxin (beta-BT) on the acetylcholine (ACh) system were studied in the whole cerebrum and in different brain regions. The effect of beta-BT on cerebral ACh and choline (Ch) contents was time-dependent. The results show that a single intracerebroventricular injection of 1 microgram toxin increased both the ACh and Ch contents in the cortex, hippocampus, and cerebellum, while in the striatum the ACh level was decreased. Ten nanograms of toxin injected into the lateral ventricle twice, on the first and third days, led to a reduced ACh level 2 days after the last treatment. In animals treated with the same dose three times, on the first, third, and fifth days, and sacrificed 2 days after the last injection, the choline acetyltransferase and acetylcholinesterase activities were reduced and the number of muscarinic acetylcholine receptors was decreased. A biphasic effect of the toxin was therefore demonstrated. It is suggested that in the first phase of the toxin effect the increased levels of ACh and Ch may be due to the inhibition of neuronal transmission, while in the second phase, when the elements of the ACh system are reduced, the neuronal degenerating effect of beta-BT plays a significant role. PMID- 6726240 TI - Biochemical and immunochemical studies on the GABAergic system in the rat fallopian tube and ovary. AB - gamma-Aminobutyric acid (GABA) and glutamic acid decarboxylase (GAD) activities were measured in the ovary and the Fallopian tube of rats and compared with brain values. GABA levels in the Fallopian tube were about twice as high as in the brain, while in the ovary they represented only about 5% of the amino acid content of the CNS. In vitro decarboxylation of glutamate, measured via CO2 formation, occurred both in the Fallopian tube and in the ovary. These two organs contained, respectively, 10% and 1% of brain GAD activity. However, the actual formation of GABA from glutamate in a high-speed supernatant was detectable only in the Fallopian tube, where it represented about 5% of brain GAD activity. In contrast with the enzyme present in ovary, liver, anterior pituitary, and kidney, that in the Fallopian tube was quantitatively precipitated by a specific antiserum directed against rat neuronal GAD. Moreover, subcutaneous transplantation resulted in a quantitative decrease of both GABA levels and GAD activity in the Fallopian tube while no change occurred in the ovary, and vagus nerve section induced a 50% decrease of GAD activity in the Fallopian tube, although GABA levels were not significantly altered. The findings suggest an extrinsic GABAergic innervation in the rat Fallopian tube but not in the ovary. PMID- 6726241 TI - Picrotoxinin and phorbol-12-myristate-13-acetate stimulate the secretion of multiple forms of somatostatin from cultured rat brain cells. AB - The molecular forms of somatostatin (SRIF) secreted by cultured fetal rat brain cells were resolved using reverse phase high performance liquid chromatography followed by radioimmunoassay. Multiple forms of SRIF-like immunoactivity were detected in media from cells treated with either picrotoxinin, phorbol-12 myristate-13-acetate, or high potassium. For stimulated cells, elevated levels of an SRIF-28-like molecule, an SRIF-14-like molecule, and a hydrophobic SRIF-like molecule were observed compared to basal conditions. All three forms of SRIF-like molecules were also detected in acid extracts of whole cells. The data are consistent with the possibility that secretion of multiple SRIFs , including SRIF 28, may be regulated by multiple effectors and mechanisms. PMID- 6726242 TI - Effects of monensin and colchicine on myelin galactolipids. AB - Monensin and colchicine have been used in a variety of systems to disrupt functioning of the Golgi apparatus and transport of Golgi-derived vesicles to the plasma membrane. In this study the effects of monensin and colchicine on the synthesis of cerebroside and sulfatide and their appearance in myelin were examined to determine whether these myelin components are processed through the Golgi apparatus. Brain slices from rats 17 days old were incubated with [3H]galactose and [35S]-sulfate to label cerebroside and sulfatide. Myelin was isolated on sucrose density gradients. Fractions highly enriched in cerebroside and sulfatide were prepared from homogenates and myelin fractions by lipid extraction, alkaline methanolysis, and in some cases TLC. Monensin at 0.1 microM had no significant effect on synthesis of these galactolipids as measured by incorporation of [3H]-galactose into cerebroside or [35S]sulfate into sulfatide in homogenates. However, appearance of [35S]sulfatide in the myelin fraction was reduced to 49% of control, while appearance of [3H]cerebroside was not significantly reduced. Colchicine from 1 mM to 0.1 microM had effects similar to monensin, that is, appearance of [35S]sulfatide in myelin was depressed, but again [3H]cerebroside was not affected. Incorporation of [35S]sulfate into sulfatide in homogenate was 93% of control, while appearance of [35S]sulfatide in the myelin fraction was depressed to 58% of control. The inhibition of appearance of sulfatide in myelin by colchicine and monensin is consistent with the view that sulfation of cerebroside occurs in the Golgi and that sulfatide is transported via Golgi-derived vesicles to the forming myelin membrane.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS) PMID- 6726243 TI - Influence of severe hypoglycemia on brain extracellular calcium and potassium activities, energy, and phospholipid metabolism. AB - In the cerebral cortices of rats, during insulin-induced hypoglycemia, changes in the concentrations of labile phosphate compounds [ATP, ADP, AMP, and phosphocreatine (PCr)] and glycolytic metabolites (lactate, pyruvate, and glucose) as well as phospholipids and free fatty acids (FFAs) were studied in relation to extracellular potassium and calcium activities. Changes in extracellular calcium and potassium activities occurred at approximately the onset of isoelectricity . The extracellular calcium activity dropped from 1.17 +/ 0.14 mM to 0.18 +/- 0.28 mM and the potassium activity rose from 3.4 +/- 0.94 mM to 48 +/- 12 mM (means +/- SD). Minutes prior to this ionic change the levels of ATP, PCr, and phospholipids were unchanged while the levels of FFAs remained unchanged or slightly elevated. Following the first ionic change the steady-state levels of ATP decreased by 40%, from 2.42 to 1.56 mumol/g. PCr levels decreased by 75%, from 4.58 to 1.26 mumol/g. Simultaneously, the levels of FFAs increased from 338 to 642 nmol/g, arachidonic acid displaying the largest relative increase, 33 to 130 nmol/g. The first ionic change was followed by a short period of normalization of ionic concentrations followed by a sustained ionic change. This was accompanied by a small additional decrease in ATP (to 1.26 mumol/g). The FFA levels increased to 704 nmol/g. There was a highly significant negative correlation between the levels of FFAs and the energy charge of the tissue. The formation of FFAs was accompanied by a decrease in the phospholipid pool. The largest relative decrease was observed in the inositol phosphoglycerides, followed by serine and ethanolamine phosphoglycerides.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS) PMID- 6726244 TI - Increased phosphorylation of a membrane protein consequent to amygdaloid kindling. AB - The phosphorylation of both particulate and soluble proteins in the amygdala was examined in electrically kindled rats. In animals receiving electrical stimulation in the left amygdala for 5-6 days that displayed electrical after discharges but no motor seizures, no changes were observed in the phosphorylation of either particulate or soluble proteins. In animals stimulated for 20-21 days where major motor seizures were produced, the phosphorylation of a protein having a molecular weight of 45,000 ( 45K ) was markedly increased. The phosphorylation of this protein was increased in both the right (unstimulated) and left (stimulated) amygdala. Major motor seizures induced by electroconvulsive shocks, however, did not alter phosphorylation of this protein. Phosphorylation of the 45K protein was stimulated by calcium and calmodulin. The 45K protein is a major phosphoprotein of amygdala, representing 3.2% of the total particulate phosphoproteins in control animals and 7.4% in the kindled animals. In the presence of calcium-calmodulin, 16.2% of net protein phosphorylation was accounted for by the 45K protein. PMID- 6726245 TI - Decreased G4 (10S) acetylcholinesterase content in motor nerves to fast muscles of dystrophic 129/ReJ mice: lack of a specific compartment of nerve acetylcholinesterase? AB - Acetylcholinesterase (AChE; EC 3.1.1.7) activity and the distribution of its molecular forms were studied in the nervous system of normal and dystrophic 129/ReJ mice, including the sciatic-tibial nerve trunk and motor nerves to slow- and fast-twitch muscles. In normal mice, motor nerves to the slow-twitch soleus exhibited a low AChE activity together with a low level of G4 (10S form) as compared with nerves of the predominantly fast-twitch plantaris and extensor digitorum longus. In contrast, in dystrophic mice, the AChE activity as well as the G4 content of nerves to the fast-twitch muscles were low, displaying an AChE content similar to that of the nerve of the soleus muscle. In the sciatic-tibial nerve trunk, the AChE activity decreased along the nerve in an exponential mode, at rates that were similar in both conditions. However, in dystrophic mice, the AChE activity was reduced throughout the nerve length by a constant value of approximately 180 nmol/h/mg protein. Further analyses indicated that AChE in this nerve trunk was distributed among two compartments, a decaying and a constant one. The decay involved exclusively the globular forms. The activity of A12 (16S form) remained constant along the nerve and was similar in both normal and dystrophic mice. In addition, according to the equation describing the decay of AChE, the reduction in enzymatic activity observed in the dystrophic mice affected mainly G4 in the constant compartment. Brain, spinal cord, sympathetic ganglia, and serum, which were also examined, showed no remarkable differences between the two conditions in their G4 content. The AChE abnormalities that we found in nervous tissues of 129/ReJ dystrophic mice were confined to the motor system. PMID- 6726246 TI - Experimental brain ischemia: neuron-specific enolase level in cerebrospinal fluid as an index of neuronal damage. AB - Levels of neuron-specific enolase (NSE) were measured in rat CSF following occlusion of the four major arteries to the brain for 10, 20, or 30 min. In the CSF of rats submitted to 30 min of total ischemia, an up to nine-fold increase of NSE level occurred within the first few hours and then slowly diminished. Significant levels were seen for as long as 8 days. Histological observations 3 days after ischemia showed neuronal loss as well as neuronal damage in several forebrain regions such as hippocampus, striatum, and thalamus. Ischemia was followed by transient decreases in exploration behavior and neurological states that were no longer visible 24 h later. After 10 or 20 min ischemia, NSE levels were increased to a lesser degree and fewer damaged neurons were observed. The positive correlation between duration of ischemia and amount of NSE release in CSF indicates that the measurement of NSE in the CSF is a sensitive and reliable index of neuronal lesions. PMID- 6726248 TI - Dopamine receptor parameters detected by [3H]spiperone depend on tissue concentration: analysis and examples. AB - The binding of lipophilic radioligands to homogenized tissue was investigated with the help of a simple, two-component model: a specific component reflects binding to a single and uniform population of sites; a nonspecific component reflects partitioning into the membrane and the entrapment of some drug present in the aqueous phase prior to separation of the particulate fraction. The results indicate that the capacity and the affinity of the receptor may be underestimated when the data are analyzed in terms of total rather than free radioligand. Errors in capacity arise when for a significant fraction of the radioligand access to the receptor is blocked by an unlabelled drug and this appears as nonspecific binding. This is most likely to occur when the partition coefficient is such that the free radioligand is located predominantly in the particulate phase. Errors in affinity reflect the tendency of the membrane to reduce the free concentration of a lipophilic drug in the aqueous phase. A further complication arises when a significant fraction of the total radioligand binds to the receptor. [3H]Spiperone binds to dopamine D2 receptors with a dissociation constant of about 50 pM and partitions into the particulate phase of brain homogenates with a membrane/buffer partition coefficient of 410. As expected, both capacity and affinity can appear to depend on the concentration of tissue used in the assay. If the partition coefficient is known, corrected estimates of both parameters can be obtained knowing only the total concentration of radioligand; if the partition coefficient is not known, the free concentration of radioligand in the aqueous phase must be measured independently. The former procedure requires that the aqueous and particulate components of the system be separated by centrifugation; with filtration, the removal of an indeterminate amount of radioligand from the membrane during washing precludes any correction based on the partition coefficient. For the specific example of [3H]spiperone in human brain, the artifacts become negligible at concentrations of protein below 0.1 mg/ml of incubate. The capacity per unit of original tissue is best determined using unwashed preparations, since about 30% of the total protein and a comparable percentage of the receptors are lost on washing. PMID- 6726247 TI - Muscarinic receptors in the cochlear nucleus and auditory nerve of the guinea pig. AB - The specific-binding properties of l-[3H]quinuclidinyl benzilate, a muscarinic acetylcholine-receptor antagonist, were investigated in synaptic and other membrane preparations of the guinea pig cochlear nucleus and auditory nerve. Binding parameters for all experiments were consistent with a single binding site with a Hill coefficient of 1.0. The binding of the ligand was specific and of high affinity, with values of KD in the range of 30-80 pM. Bmax was 0.352 +/- 0.023 pmol/mg protein for the dorsal cochlear nucleus and 0.215 +/- 0.011 pmol/mg protein for the ventral cochlear nucleus. The dorsal cochlear nucleus/ventral cochlear nucleus ratio for density of muscarinic receptors (1.6/1.0) was maintained across two different buffer systems, which varied with respect to the inclusion of proteolysis inhibitors. The results for auditory nerve indicated a level of binding much below that of the cochlear nucleus, with Bmax = 0.052 +/- 0.011 pmol/mg protein. The results of specific-binding experiments for l [3H]quinuclidinyl benzilate support a role for acetylcholine as a neurotransmitter in the cochlear nucleus. The greater density of muscarinic receptors in the dorsal cochlear nucleus may indicate greater cholinergic activity in the dorsal relative to the ventral cochlear nucleus. PMID- 6726250 TI - Similarities and differences between high-affinity binding sites for cocaine and imipramine in mouse cerebral cortex. AB - Previously we found close similarities between high-affinity binding sites for [3H]cocaine and those for [3H]imipramine in the mouse cerebral cortex in regard to their association with neuronal uptake of serotonin. In the present study we investigated whether the two ligands bind to the same site. The two ligands had the following high-affinity binding properties in common: localization in both synaptosomal and microsomal fractions; vulnerability to treatment with N ethylmaleimide, trypsin, and phospholipase A2; and resistance to exposure to dithiothreitol. In contrast, cocaine binding in the cerebral cortex was more sensitive to heat inactivation than imipramine binding. In addition, the mechanism by which cocaine inhibited [3H]imipramine binding differed from that by which imipramine inhibited [3H]cocaine binding. These data suggest that the high affinity binding sites for [3H]cocaine and [3H]imipramine in the cerebral cortex are distinct entities. PMID- 6726249 TI - Comparison of two superfusion systems for study of neurotransmitter release from rat cerebral cortex slices. AB - Depolarization-induced release of [3H]gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA) and [3H]noradrenaline (NA) from rat cerebral cortex slices was studied in two superfusion systems: one with stationary and the other one with continuously shaken slice compartments. Calcium-dependent depolarization-induced release of GABA and NA could be demonstrated only with shaken slices. GABA, but not NA, could also be released by high K+ media and veratridine from stationary slices. Synaptic transmitter releasing mechanisms are apparently damaged in stationary slices, possibly due to impaired energy metabolism. PMID- 6726251 TI - S-100 modulates Ca2+-independent phosphorylation of an endogenous protein (Mr = 19K) in brain. AB - A new brain enzyme (tentatively named protein kinase X), which catalyzes protamine phosphorylation modulated by S-100, was reported recently. An endogenous substrate protein (Mr = 19K) for protein kinase X was isolated from brain by means of S-100-Sepharose 4B affinity chromatography. S-100, but not calmodulin, promoted phosphorylation of the 19K Mr protein in a Ca2+-independent manner, and this reaction was inhibited by gossypol. The substrate protein, localized in the particulate fraction, was present at a much higher level in brain from adult than neonatal rats (2-day-old), a developmental change similar to that seen for protein kinase X. It is suggested that a protein phosphorylation system modulated by S-100 exists in brain, and that this process may be involved in regulation of certain neural functions. PMID- 6726253 TI - Pyruvate dehydrogenase activity in regions of the rat brain during postnatal development. AB - Activity of the pyruvate dehydrogenase complex (PDHC) was measured in seven brain regions of the male rat at various times during the postnatal period using an arylamine acetyltransferase coupled assay. Three days after birth, PDHC activity was found to be less than 15% of adult values in all brain regions with the exception of hypothalamus and medulla-pons (30% of adult values in each case). Activity of the enzyme complex in these latter regions attained adult levels by 21 days postnatally, some 5-15 days ahead of that found in cerebral cortex, striatum, hippocampus, and cerebellum. Such differences in PDHC maturation reflect the greater degree of early maturity of the phylogenetically older brain structures. Cerebellar PDHC developed more slowly than in other brain regions to attain only 40% of adult levels by the time of weaning. The pattern of maturation of cerebellar PDHC is paralleled by increased incorporation of glucose into cerebral amino acids and by the pattern of development of parallel fiber synaptogenesis. These findings suggest that PDHC may play a key role in the regional development of metabolic compartmentation and the associated maturation of cerebral function in the rat. PMID- 6726252 TI - Opposite effects of extracellular sodium removal on the uptake of tryptophan into rat cortical slices and synaptosomes. AB - The removal of extracellular sodium decreased L-tryptophan (L-TRP) uptake into brain slices but increased uptake into synaptosomes. The uptake of 5 hydroxytryptamine (5-HT) was inhibited in both preparations under these conditions. It is suggested that the different effects on L-TRP uptake may be due to differences in cellular composition between the two preparations rather than to any differences in sample handling. PMID- 6726254 TI - Ontogeny of brain neurotensin in the rat: a radioimmunoassay study. AB - Concentrations of neurotensin-like immunoreactivity in several discrete brain areas were measured by radioimmunoassay in rats of different ages (2, 5, 10, 20, 30, and 60 days). Neurotensin-like immunoreactivity increased steadily from 2 to 30 days of age in the hypothalamus and then plateaued, while the preoptic area and amygdala concentrations peaked at 30 days of age. Brainstem neurotensin-like immunoreactivity concentrations increased from 2 to 10 days of age and decreased from 20 to 60 days of age. Several other regions showed no significant age associated changes in neurotensin-like immunoreactivity. PMID- 6726255 TI - Measurement of acetylcholine turnover rate in brain: an adjunct to a simple HPLC method for choline and acetylcholine. AB - An existing method for measuring acetylcholine (ACh) and choline (Ch) is shown to be useful for measuring the turnover rate of ACh in mouse brain. Methyl-[3H]Ch is injected into mice. They are killed at different times by microwave irradiation and Ch and ACh extracted and separated by reverse-phase HPLC. Ch and ACh are converted to hydrogen peroxide by a post-column enzyme reaction. Hydrogen peroxide, which is directly related to the tissue content of Ch or ACh, is determined electrochemically. The fractions that correspond to the detector response for Ch and ACh are collected for the measurement of radioactivity. In this way specific radioactivities of endogenous Ch and ACh are estimated in the same sample. We used the specific radioactivity values determined by this procedure to estimate the turnover of ACh for striatum, cerebral cortex, and hippocampus of the mouse. PMID- 6726256 TI - Increase of choline acetyltransferase by colchicine in primary cell cultures of spinal cord. AB - Colchicine (5-10 microM) increased choline acetyltransferase (ChAT) activity 5-10 fold and suppressed acetylcholinesterase (AChE) and glutamate decarboxylase (GAD) activities to 30% and 50%, respectively, of the levels of control cells in mouse spinal cord cells cultured for several days. The synthesis of radiolabeled acetylcholine (ACh) from [14C]choline was also enhanced 4.6-fold, although the uptake of [14C]choline into cells was decreased to 80% of control level. Neither the incorporation of [3H]leucine into protein nor the total amount of protein was increased by colchicine. Vinblastine also increased ChAT activity while cytochalasin B was not effective. Immunochemical titration study revealed that the increase of ChAT activity by colchicine was due to the accumulation of ChAT molecules. Co-culture of spinal cord cells with skeletal muscle markedly stimulated ChAT activity, and the addition of colchicine to the cocultures showed greater than additive effect. These observations indicate that colchicine increases ChAT molecules in a specific manner, that the stimulatory effect of colchicine on ChAT activity is possibly mediated via the interaction with microtubules, and that the increase of ChAT activity is based on a mechanism different from that of co-cultures with skeletal muscle cells. PMID- 6726258 TI - Acupuncture versus medical treatment for migraine and muscle tension headaches. AB - In 48 patients with chronic migraine and muscle tension headaches, a comparison was made between a prophylactic course of acupuncture and of medical treatment. It was intended that all patients should have 3 months with both forms of treatment, but 19 were unwilling to change from one form of prophylaxis to the other. Twenty-four of 41 patients improved on acupuncture, the improvement being very marked in nine; nine of 36 patients improved on medical treatment, the improvement being marked in three. Of the 29 patients who changed from one form of treatment to the other, a larger proportion preferred acupuncture to medical treatment. A beneficial response to acupuncture was more likely when the patient had local tender muscular points. The presence of depressive features did not preclude satisfactory treatment with acupuncture. No major side effects were encountered with acupuncture. PMID- 6726257 TI - Effects of methiothepin and lysergic acid diethylamide on serotonin release in vitro and serotonin synthesis in vivo: possible relation to serotonin autoreceptor function. AB - An in vitro system characterizing the presynaptic serotonin (5-HT) autoreceptor which controls the release of 5-HT from rat brain slices is described. Using this system, methiothepin (1-10 microM) demonstrated 5-HT autoreceptor antagonist activity by enhancing 5-HT release, while several recognized postsynaptic 5-HT receptor antagonists were inactive: mianserin, cinanserin, cyproheptadine, methysergide. The activity of methiothepin was highest in hypothalamic slices and lowest in striatal slices and was inhibited by the autoreceptor agonists lysergic acid diethylamide (LSD) and 5-methoxytryptamine (5-MT). The reversal of the methiothepin-enhanced 5-HT release from hypothalamic slices by LSD was not influenced by 0.3 microM tetrodotoxin. The peripheral administration of LSD to rats has been shown to reduce 5-HT synthesis and release by a mechanism thought to involve, in part, an autoreceptor-mediated reduction in impulse flow of 5-HT neurons. In the present experiments, intraperitoneal injection of methiothepin antagonized the LSD-induced reduction in hypothalamic 5-HT synthesis (5 hydroxytryptophan accumulation) while exerting no influence by itself. Conversely, compounds which were not active as 5-HT autoreceptor antagonists in vitro (i.e., cyproheptadine, methysergide, cinanserin) did not influence the effect of LSD on 5-HT synthesis. Further, the reduction in 5-hydroxytryptophan (5 HTP) accumulation by LSD showed regional differences in inhibition by methiothepin (hypothalamus greater than cortex greater than striatum) which paralleled the autoreceptor antagonist activity of methiothepin in vitro.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS) PMID- 6726259 TI - Refractory period of single motor nerve fibres in man. AB - Electromyographic single motor unit recordings were used to study the axonal refractory period of 28 accessory nerve innervated motor units in young normal subjects and 10 reinnervated motor units in elderly subjects. The refractory period was measured after a conditioning antidromic propagated nerve impulse and after a conditioning electrical nerve stimulus delivered through the same electrode as the test stimulus. The refractory period after a propagated impulse was 1.83 +/- 0.26 ms when test stimulus strength was 10% above the axonal threshold at rest and 0.88 +/- 0.26 ms when test stimulus strength was 100% above threshold. Corresponding data after an electrical stimulus were 2.38 +/- 0.32 ms and 1.28 +/- 0.22 ms. The difference between the methods was partially due to the effect of stimulus spread when the refractory period was measured after an antidromic propagated nerve impulse. Different properties of the nerve fibre membrane and the surrounding tissues after a propagated nerve impulse and after an electrical stimulus might also contribute. For further studies of motor unit pathology both methods seem equally reliable when proper normal data are available. PMID- 6726260 TI - Conduction velocity and refractory period of single motor nerve fibres in motor neuron disease. AB - Electromyographic single motor unit recordings were used to study the axonal conduction velocity and the axonal refractory period of 60 motor units in patients with severe motor neuron disease. Eighteen per cent of the motor units had abnormally low axonal conduction velocity probably due to secondary degenerative changes. Thirty-two per cent of the motor units had abnormally long axonal refractory period but normal conduction velocity. Whether this reflects a primary disease mechanism or secondary changes remains to be established. PMID- 6726261 TI - Common carotid artery stump pressure in the gerbil stroke model. AB - In 106 slightly anaesthetised adult mongolian gerbils one common carotid artery (CCA) was ligated and the blood pressure in the distal and in the proximal stump was monitored for 8 minutes. The mean distal CCA stump pressure of the 39 nonsurvivors was 15 (+/- 6) mm Hg, that of the 25 survivors with retinocerebral infarcts was 25 (+/- 6) mm Hg, and that of the 42 intact survivors was 31 (+/- 7) mm Hg. The corresponding mean arterial blood pressures (MABP), as measured in the proximal CCA stump, were 81 (+/- 12) mm Hg, 84 (+/- 13) mm Hg, and 87 (+/- 11) mm Hg, respectively. There were no differences between the samples concerning sex, body weight, rectal temperature, arterial blood gases, arterial pH, and haematocrit. Measurements in a second series of 10 awake gerbils showed that the mean values of MABP, heart rate, and respiratory rate of the nonsurvivors were less than those of the survivors during 90 minutes after CCA ligation. It is inferred that in the mongolian gerbil the lower threshold of the arterial blood pressure for the development of brain infarcts ranges within 22 and 25 mm Hg, that is, within the values found in monkeys and cats. The longlasting depression of respiration and circulation in the nonsurvivors is considered to be related to the phenomenon of diaschisis . PMID- 6726262 TI - Social relationships, knowledge and adjustment to multiple sclerosis. AB - A number of factors thought to influence psychological adjustment to multiple sclerosis were studied. Patients' knowledge about their disorder was assessed, but neither their knowledge, level of disability, nor demographic characteristics were related to adjustment. Better adjustment was however associated with having more contact with able-bodied people. PMID- 6726263 TI - Pure psychic akinesia with bilateral lesions of basal ganglia. AB - Three patients showed dramatic psychic akinesia after recovery from toxic encephalopathy. They had no or only mild motor disorders. The spontaneous psychic akinesia was reversible when the patient was stimulated, as if there was a loss of self psychic activation. Intellectual capacities were normal. Two patients had stereotyped behaviours resembling compulsions. In all patients CT cans showed bilateral lesions in the basal ganglia, mainly within the globus pallidus. PMID- 6726264 TI - Upward spinal coning: impaction of occult spinal tumours following relief of hydrocephalus. AB - Neurological deterioration sometimes follows removal of cerebro-spinal fluid by lumbar puncture below a spinal block caused by a tumour. Experience has shown that similar impaction of a spinal intradural tumour may occur following the draining of hydrocephalus. We have used the term "upward spinal coning " to describe this and report four cases in which impaction of an intradural metastasis occurred when the obstructive hydrocephalus caused by the primary intracranial tumour was relieved. The possible mechanisms are discussed. Awareness of the syndrome is important for early diagnosis and treatment and motor power should be assessed regularly following the relief of hydrocephalus caused by a tumour known to seed in the spinal subarachnoid space. PMID- 6726265 TI - Hypersensitivity to DNA-damaging agents in cultured cells from patients with Usher's syndrome and Duchenne muscular dystrophy. AB - Lymphoblastoid lines from nine Usher's syndrome (recessively inherited retinitis pigmentosa and congenital sensorineural deafness) patients (representing eight kindreds) and from ten Duchenne muscular dystrophy patients (representing seven kindreds) showed a small but statistically significant hypersensitivity to the lethal effects of X-rays, as measured by the cellular ability to exclude the vital dye trypan blue, when compared with lines from 26 normal control subjects. Fibroblast lines from the Usher's syndrome patients, treated with X-rays or the radiomimetic, DNA-damaging chemical N-methyl-N'-nitro-N-nitrosoguanidine, also showed a statistically significant hypersensitivity when compared to normal fibroblast lines. These findings are consistent with the possibility that defective DNA repair mechanisms may be involved in the pathogenesis of these degenerative diseases. PMID- 6726266 TI - Alexander's disease with Rosenthal fibre formation in an adult. AB - The case of a woman who had a mild mental and physical handicap all her life is described. At the age of 39 years she began a progressive deterioration which terminated with her death after a year. CT scanning revealed basal ganglia calcification and at necropsy there was evidence of widespread generalised myelin loss with extensive Rosenthal fibre formation. The hypothesis that this may be an adult form of Alexander's disease is discussed. PMID- 6726267 TI - Thoracic radiculopathy related to collapsed thoracic vertebral bodies. AB - Three cases are presented of thoracic radiculopathy related to collapsed thoracic vertebral bodies. In all cases proximal weakness of the legs was present, leading to the diagnosis of myopathy in two cases. Sensory symptoms were present in two cases. In one, anterior thigh paresthesias lead to a diagnosis of meralgia paresthetica. This diagnostic entity must be remembered if appropriate corroborative tests are to be performed. In cases of trauma this diagnosis should be considered if thoracic vertebral collapse is present. Conversely, an evaluation of proximal weakness should include a review of thoracic radiographs for vertebral collapse, especially in the presence of sensory findings in the lower abdominal or proximal thigh region. PMID- 6726268 TI - Neck tongue syndrome: operative management. AB - A 53-year-old woman with assimilation of the atlas to the occiput presented with paraesthesiae in the right half of her tongue and ipsilateral neck pain aggravated by head turning. After being intermittent for several years, the symptoms eventually became persistent and increasingly incapacitating. At operation, the C2 spinal nerves were found to be compressed by protuberant atlanto-axial joints, particularly on the right side. The superficial parts of the resected C2 spinal nerves showed a loss of both myelinated and unmyelinated nerve fibres. After operation, the patient experienced partial relief of her symptoms. PMID- 6726270 TI - Involvement of central nervous system in diabetes mellitus. AB - Brainstem auditory evoked responses were recorded in 22 diabetic patients with a variable duration of illness (mean 5.8 years) and 14 normal healthy controls of comparable age. The initial 10 millisecond components, found to be most consistent and reproducible, were analysed. Variations in the form of individual wave latency, interpeak latencies and V wave amplitude were compared in both the groups. No difference was found in any of the parameters. It was concluded that central neural pathways are not involved at least initially in diabetes mellitus. PMID- 6726269 TI - Recovery from rheumatoid cerebral vasculitis. AB - A 48-year-old woman with the classical features of longstanding rheumatoid arthritis acutely developed a diffuse cerebral disease. Angiograms showed extensive cerebral vasculitis, and CT scan demonstrated cerebral oedema and haemorrhage. Her clinical state, EEG and CT scan rapidly returned to normal following treatment with corticosteroids. PMID- 6726271 TI - Unusual CT scan findings in pseudohypoparathyroidism. PMID- 6726272 TI - Chorea in digoxin toxicity. PMID- 6726273 TI - Lipid peroxidation and superoxide dismutase activity in muscle and erythrocytes in Duchenne muscular dystrophy. AB - Lipid peroxidation and superoxide dismutase activity in muscle and erythrocytes obtained from patients with Duchenne muscular dystrophy (DMD) and controls matched for age and sex were determined. The lipid peroxidation was found to be significantly higher in muscle of the DMD patients but not in erythrocytes. The possible significance of the findings have been considered and discussed. PMID- 6726274 TI - Carbohydrate composition of erythrocyte membranes and glycosidase activities in serum in patients with myotonic dystrophy, limb-girdle dystrophy and congenital myotonia. AB - A number of abnormalities in cell membrane function, including cells other than muscle cells, have been described in patients with inherited muscular diseases such as myotonic dystrophy and congenital myotonia. The basic molecular defects are, however, still unknown. The complex carbohydrates of membrane-bound glycoconjugates are of vital importance for the normal performance of the cell membrane. In this study the concentrations of the three major carbohydrates (sialic acid, galactose and hexosamines) of the erythrocyte membrane were therefore determined in patients with myotonic dystrophy, limb-girdle dystrophy and congenital myotonia. The activities of relevant glycosidases in serum were also assayed. In each of the three diseases pertinent changes of the carbohydrate pattern were found. In patients with myotonic dystrophy the sialic acid and in patients with limb-girdle dystrophy the hexosamine concentration was significantly reduced (P less than 0.0005). The sialic acid, galactose and hexosamine concentrations were all significantly increased in patients with congenital myotonia. No increase of the neuraminidase (sialidase) activity was found in sera from patients with myotonic dystrophy. In patients with limb-girdle dystrophy, the activities of serum hexosaminidases were normal. These results support the contention that certain inherited muscular diseases may represent generalized membrane disorders, and suggests that disturbances of membrane-bound glycoproteins and/or glycolipids might be of importance in the pathogenesis of some of these disorders. PMID- 6726275 TI - Herpes simplex virus encephalitis. Prolonged intrathecal IgG synthesis and cellular activity in the cerebrospinal fluid with transient impairment of blood brain barrier. AB - Alterations of cerebrospinal fluid (CFS) proteins and cells and blood-brain barrier impairment were determined in 4 patients with proven and 2 patients with presumptive herpes simplex virus encephalitis ( HSVE ) using simultaneous nephelometric measurements of CSF and serum albumin and immunoglobulins and combined MilliporeR filtration-cytocentrifuge cytologic techniques. The follow-up period ranged from 17 to 855 days. All patients showed intrathecal IgG synthesis which in 1 case continued for 28.5 months (855 days). The daily production of IgG in the central nervous system ranged up to 1157 mg. CSF-IgA and -IgM were also elevated in the early phase of the disease. The impairment of the blood-brain barrier was variable being apt to develop during the first 2 months of the disease and diminishing thereafter. Pleocytosis, mainly due to lymphoid cells, varied from slight to severe (325 X 10(3) cells/ml) and was observed in the CSF of all cases during the first 2 months. Lymphoid reaction (increase of enlarged stimulated lymphoid cells) was persistent and was the most pronounced cellular alteration. The lymphoid reaction and intrathecal IgG synthesis indicated continuous immunoactivation of the CNS, which was most intensive during the first 2 months and appeared to persist for at least 16-28.5 months. PMID- 6726276 TI - C-reactive protein in serum and cerebrospinal fluid in various neurological disorders. Apparent local consumption during bacterial meningitis. AB - The level of C-reactive protein (CRP) was determined in the cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) by particle counting immunoassay. In non-neurological patients (N = 24), CRP was detectable only in 10 samples at concentrations ranging from 1.5 to 37 micrograms/l. The multiple sclerosis group did not differ from the controls. The highest CRP levels were found in viral and bacterial, including tuberculous, infections of the nervous system, with overlapping results for the various types of infections. However, in serum, the levels of CRP were much higher in pyogenic than in viral meningitis. We compared the CSF CRP/serum CRP ratio to the same ratio for albumin and found a significant correlation between the two ratios in viral, but not in bacterial, infections. These results suggest a local consumption of CRP during bacterial meningitis. PMID- 6726277 TI - Serum muscle-specific enolase in progressive muscular dystrophy and other neuromuscular diseases. AB - Serum muscle-specific enolase ( MSE , beta beta and alpha beta enolases) levels were determined in 162 patients with progressive muscular dystrophy (PMD) and other neuromuscular diseases by means of an enzyme immunoassay method. The relationships were examined between serum MSE , creatine kinase (CK) and other markers of muscle disease. Serum MSE was strikingly increased in Duchenne muscular dystrophy, and this elevation was more prominent in younger patients. Serum MSE was also increased in other types of PMD and certain other diseases. Serum MSE showed the highest correlation with CK. In the PMD group, the frequency of cases with elevated MSE was the same as in CK. These results indicated that serum MSE may well be a specific marker of muscle disease on a par with CK. PMID- 6726278 TI - Relations between axon length and axon caliber. "Is maximum conduction velocity the factor controlling the evolution of nerve structure"? AB - A search was made for any existent relationship between the length of a nerve fiber and the caliber of its axon. This was done in the hope of defining morphological parameters useful for assessing conduction time. Four fiber populations were examined: (1) phrenic fibers in rat and rabbit during different phases of body growth; (2) phrenic fibers of mature animals of greatly different body size including mouse and cow; (3) rat intercostal nerves which vary in length by a factor exceeding 5 due to the funnel-shape of the thorax; and (4) ventral root fibers of the cow. In all of these fiber populations, there was no evidence for a direct relationship between the length of a fiber and its caliber. Rather, a tendency was noted for fiber caliber to approach certain ceilings independent of length. These data, seen in conjunction with other information on fiber structure, cast serious doubt on the widely accepted concept that maximum conduction velocity is the factor controlling nerve structure. A much more likely factor controlling the structure of myelinated nerve fibers is the capacity to modulate information by frequency coding of impulses. PMID- 6726279 TI - Dopamine-beta-hydroxylase activities in serum and cerebrospinal fluid of aged and demented patients. AB - Age-related changes in dopamine-beta-hydroxylase (DBH) activities in serum and cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) were determined. In normal subjects, serum DBH activity increased gradually from the 3rd to the 8th decade, but decreased prominently in the 9th decade. DBH activity in CSF did not differ between younger and older subjects. Serum DBH activity decreased significantly in senile dementia of Alzheimer's type (SDAT, 12.2 +/- 8.8 nmoles/min/ml, P less than 0.05), but not in multi-infarct dementia (MID, 13.9 +/- 9.1 nmoles/min/ml) compared to control subjects (17.1 +/- 9.5 nmoles/min/ml). The decrease of serum DBH in SDAT was more prominent in patients with severe dementia and/or severe brain atrophy. DBH activity in CSF was much lower than that in serum and did not correlate with each other. DBH activity in CSF obtained from SDAT patients (1.60 +/- 0.94 nmoles/h/ml) and from MID patients 2.01 +/- 0.99 nmoles/h/ml) were both lower than that from other neurological diseases without dementia (4.04 +/- 3.81 nmoles/h/ml). DBH in CSF from SDAT patients was significantly lower (P less than 0.05) than that from controls, but that from MID did not differ from controls. Noradrenergic nervous dysfunction is partly associated with pathophysiology and life expectancy of senile dementia of Alzheimer's type (SDAT). PMID- 6726280 TI - Immunogenicity of "nonimmunogenic" tumors. PMID- 6726281 TI - Potential value of liposomes containing muramyl dipeptide for augmenting the tumoricidal activity of human alveolar macrophages. AB - Potentiation of the tumoricidal activity of human alveolar macrophages (AM) by muramyl dipeptide (MDP) and MDP in liposomes (liposome-MDP) was examined. Significant increase in AM-mediated cytotoxicity against allogeneic melanoma cells required the interaction of AM with liposome-MDP for a minimum of 4 h. The uptake by human AM of liposomes containing fluorescent quinacrine was examined. A linear correlation was found between the amount of liposomes added to AM monolayers and their phagocytosis of liposome-entrapped quinacrine. Addition of phosphatidylserine to liposomes composed of phosphatidylcholine enhanced both the phagocytosis of liposomes and the ability of liposome-MDP to potentiate the tumoricidal activity of human AM. In experiments on the dose response of liposomes containing 10 micrograms/ml MDP, 50 nmol of liposomes/10(5) AM caused maximal activation of human AM, and greater than 100 nmol of liposomes was less effective. These results show that multilamellar vesicle liposomes containing MDP are more effective than free MDP in potentiating the tumoricidal activity of human AM during culture for 4 h. PMID- 6726282 TI - Glial cells influence polarity of the blood-brain barrier. AB - Polarity has been shown to exist at the blood-brain barrier (BBB) with respect to Na+-dependent neutral amino acid transport. A situation similar to the endothelial-astrocyte relationship existing at the BBB can be produced by growing cultured cerebral endothelium on one side of a filter and C6 glial cells on the other in an enclosed double chamber. In this setting 3H-alpha methylaminoisobutyric acid transport can be demonstrated and is more rapid from the glial surface across the endothelium, as compared with transport in the opposite direction. The observation supports a glial influence on BBB polarity in this system. PMID- 6726283 TI - Active nucleolus organizers are precisely positioned in adult central nervous system cells but not in neuroectodermal tumor cells. AB - Active nucleolus organizing regions (NOR) were stained with silver in isolated nuclei and chromosomes, monolayer cultures, and tissues for electron microscopy. In nuclei isolated in 0.8-1.3 M urea, only the NOR stained with silver, and round or fiber-like regions with a diameter of 200-250 nm with a substructure were delineated at appropriate nucleolar or acrocentric chromosomal sites. In whole cells, additional (non NOR) silver binding regions were noted. Electrophoresis studies on nuclear isolates indicated at least two different nuclear protein subsets were responsible for the observed silver binding; the NOR protein(s) was most tightly bound with respect to urea. Interphase cells displayed a more extensive NOR network than mitotic cells, suggesting an increase in rDNA transcription during interphase. Mature sperm cells showed no active NOR regions. Interphase neuroectodermal tumor cells generally contained large multiple NOR indicating extensive activity; the position of NOR in the nucleus was variable from cell to cell, even in cloned lines. In contrast to tumor lines, central nervous system (CNS) cells from various species all showed highly reproducible or non-random NOR locations within the nucleus of each cell type. The NOR of large neurons were always central and single, whereas small granule cell neurons displayed a few small NOR that were positioned more peripherally. These findings suggest that in highly differentiated cells, the NOR region is precisely positioned in the nucleus, regardless of non-identical chromosome locations of the NOR in different species. The variability of NOR in tumor cells indicates profound changes in nuclear structure that may be part of the neoplastic transformation. PMID- 6726284 TI - Hereditary striatonigral and cerebello-olivary degeneration of the Kerry Blue Terrier. II. Ultrastructural lesions in the caudate nucleus and cerebellar cortex. AB - The character and progression of ultrastructural lesions in the caudate nucleus and cerebellar cortex were studied in four Kerry Blue Terriers afflicted with a hereditary neurodegenerative disease. In the caudate nucleus, the initial lesion was mitochondrial hypertrophy in dendrites of intrinsic neurons. Degeneration of these neurons became widespread while axons of passage and terminal boutons were spared. During the final stages, there was severe disruption of the neuropil with loss of both neurons and glia. A narrow zone bordering the lateral ventricles, however, remained unaffected. In the cerebellar cortex, the lesions involved principally Purkinje cells and progressed through a pattern of degeneration comparable to that involving intrinsic neurons of the caudate nucleus. In the later stages, there was astroglial scarring of the molecular layer. In contrast to the caudate nucleus, there was no disruption of the neuropil with loss of structure in the cerebellum. The fact that progression of lesions during the early stages of the disease in both the caudate nucleus and cerebellar cortex was similar suggested a common mechanism for the neurodegeneration . PMID- 6726285 TI - Low energy levels in thiamine-deficient encephalopathy. AB - Pyrithiamine-induced acute thiamine-deficient encephalopathy was produced in adult male Wistar rats. Twenty-four hours before the onset of neurological signs the brain showed no morphological abnormalities. Encephalopathic rats had symmetrical lesions of edematous necrosis localized in the thalamus, mammillary body, and pontine tegmentum. Biochemically, encephalopathic rats had brain thiamine levels less than 20% of controls. For the assay of the concentrations of adenosine triphosphate (ATP) and phosphocreatine, the brains were fixed using 5 KW microwave irradiation and were divided into four parts: cerebral cortex, diencephalon, lower brainstem, and cerebellum. In the lower brainstem of the encephalopathic rats ATP concentrations were 89.5% of normal controls. Phosphocreatine levels were lowered to 70% of controls in the diencephalon and to 75% in the lower brainstem. Total high energy phosphate levels were decreased to 89% of controls in the diencephalon and 91% in the lower brainstem before the onset of neurological signs and to 76% and 79%, respectively, after the onset. In the cerebral cortex and cerebellum high energy phosphates were not significantly reduced. Lower high energy phosphate levels and the distribution of edematous lesions were coincident in the brain. These findings suggest that a low energy state is closely related to the formation of edematous lesions in thiamine deficient encephalopathy. PMID- 6726286 TI - Molecular identity, distribution and heterogeneity of glial fibrillary acidic protein: an immunoblotting and immunohistochemical study of Schwann cells, satellite cells, enteric glia and astrocytes. AB - Glial fibrillary acidic protein has been firmly established as the predominant component of astrocyte intermediate filaments. It has also been detected immunohistochemically in the glial cells of the enteric nervous system and some Schwann cells in the P.N.S. The molecular identity of this GFAP immunoreactivity in the P.N.S. has so far not been investigated. This study compares GFAP in the C.N.S. and P.N.S. of adult rats both immunochemically and immunohistochemically. Using SDS polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis combined with immunoblotting, and a polyclonal antiserum to brain GFAP, we show that the peripheral GFAP immunoreactivity resides in a polypeptide with a molecular weight of 49 kd, which is identical to that of rat brain GFAP. Furthermore, we find that this GFAP reactivity can be detected immunohistochemically in Schwann cells in a wide variety of nerves in the P.N.S. and in some satellite cells in both sensory and sympathetic ganglia, in addition to enteric glia. The pattern of distribution of GFAP filaments in Schwann cells suggests that, in the nerves surveyed, they may be expressed by most or all non-myelin forming Schwann cells but not by myelin forming Schwann cells. We also show, using a monoclonal antibody to GFAP (anti GFAP-3) in both immunohistochemical and immunoblotting studies, that the GFAP found in most peripheral glia is not identical to that of astrocytes since it lacks an antigenic determinant, defined by this monoclonal antibody, which is present in astrocytes. An exception to this finding is seen in the myenteric plexuses where immunohistochemically detectable GFAP is found in some, but not all, of the enteric glia, using the monoclonal antibody. Thus, the results suggest that GFA polypeptides may be a heterogeneous group, that share some common determinants and a common molecular weight, and show a widespread and complex distribution in the glia of both the C.N.S. and P.N.S. PMID- 6726287 TI - Acid phosphatase localization in normal and dystrophic retinal pigment epithelium. AB - In this study acid phosphatase (ACPase) was localized in the retinal pigment epithelium (RPE) of normal and Royal College of Surgeons (RCS) rats pink-eyed and pigmented with inherited retinal dystrophy to determine differences in staining during the post-engulfment stages of phagocytosis using two substrates, Na-beta glycerophosphate and cytidine-5'-monophosphate. Staining was similar using either substrate and in the normal RPE the Golgi system, lysosomes and phagosomes were ACPase-positive. In the dystrophic RPE, which has a diminished capacity to phagocytose photoreceptor rod outer segments, ACPase staining was localized on melanosomes in the pigmented dystrophic and on the apical microvillous membranes in the pink-eyed dystrophic, but was not localized on phagosomes in either the pink-eyed or pigmented dystrophic RPE. Since only a few phagosomes were seen at any given time in dystrophic RPE in vivo, a tissue explant system was used to examine the number of latex beads phagocytosed by normal and RCS RPE, as well as the number of phagosomes containing both beads and ACPase activity in the normal and mutant RPE. Our findings indicate that in the dystrophic, fewer phagosomes are ACPase-positive than in the normal, and that some enzyme may be inappropriately shunted to either the apical microvilli or to melanosomes instead of to phagolysosomes. PMID- 6726288 TI - Direct commissural connections to the basket cells of the hippocampal dentate gyrus: anatomical evidence for feed-forward inhibition. AB - After lesions were placed in the hippocampal commissures, degenerating terminals could be localized above, inside and beneath the granule cell layer of the contralateral dentate gyrus. The terminals formed asymmetric synapses with spines, dendritic shafts and somata of granule cells. Degenerating terminals also formed synapses with dendrites and somata of basket cells identified by the Golgi electron microscope technique. These basket cells were located either at the hilar border of the granule cell layer or in the molecular layer and each formed an axonal plexus around the somata and proximal dendrites of granule cells. These observations provide an anatomical basis for the recently described feed-forward inhibition in this brain region. PMID- 6726289 TI - Termination profiles of photoreceptor cells in the larval eye of the swallowtail butterfly. AB - Profiles of the axonal endings of seven retinular cells (R1-7) from each of six stemmata (I-VI) of the butterfly Papilio xuthus were examined. Their axons enter the brain anteroventrally and project dorsally along the brain's lateral surface before entering the optic neuropil. Larval optic neuropil has two distinct areas, a (distal) lamina and a (proximal) medulla, connected by a chiasma. Intracellular administration of cobalt shows that distal retinular cells (R1-3 of stemmata I IV, R1-3 and R6 of stemmata V and VI) terminate as short axons with plug or toothbrush-like endings in the lamina. Proximal retinular cells (R4-7 of stemmata I-IV, R4, R5 and R7 of stemmata V and VI) terminate as long axons in the chiasma or in the medulla. The long axons have fine branches in the lamina, chiasma and medulla. The two proximal cells (R5 and R7) are distinguished by their deeper endings and longer branches. The terminals of photoreceptors correspond to their photoreceptive properties and provide further evidence for the functional specialization of the photoreceptors. PMID- 6726290 TI - Aspiny neurons and their local axons in the neostriatum of the rat: a correlated light and electron microscopic study of Golgi-impregnated material. AB - Three types of neuron with smooth (aspiny) dendrites could be distinguished in the Golgi-impregnated rat neostriatum. Examples of each type of aspiny neuron were found with local axon collaterals within the neostriatum and these were selected for gold- toning and examination in the electron microscope. One type of aspiny neuron had an elongated, usually spindle-shaped, medium-size soma with two, or rarely three, primary dendrites originating from opposite poles of the cell; one example of this type of neuron had two separate axons. The second type of aspiny neuron had a nearly round, medium-size soma with four primary dendrites that branched profusely quite close to the cell body. A third type of aspiny neuron had a very large polygonal-shaped cell body. Afferent axon terminals were found in synaptic contact with the dendrites and cell bodies of all three types of aspiny neuron. Axon collaterals of each type of neuron displayed varicosities which, when examined in the electron microscope, were frequently found to be boutons making synaptic contact. All such synaptic contacts had symmetrical membrane specializations and the most common postsynaptic targets were dendritic shafts, sometimes spine-bearing. Dendritic spines themselves also received synapses from each type of neuron. No axosomatic synapses involving boutons of identified axons were found. One example of a synapse between an axon collateral of an aspiny neuron and one of the same neuron's dendrites (an ' autapse ') was demonstrated by electron microscopy. It is concluded that the synaptic terminals of at least four types of neuron, the three aspiny types described here and the medium-size densely spiny neuron, participate in local circuit interactions in the neostriatum. PMID- 6726291 TI - The dorsal unpaired median neurons of the locust metathoracic ganglion: neuronal structure and diversity, and synapse distribution. AB - Dorsal unpaired median ( DUM ) neurons are bilaterally symmetrical. A single primary neurite arises from the soma and runs anteriorly through the neuropil before dividing into two lateral neurites which pass to the nerve roots on each side of the ganglion. The primary neurite runs in one of two tracts, one of which lies further from the surface of the ganglion than the other. The primary neurites in the deeper tract belong to DUM1 , DUM5 and DUM3 ,4,5 neurons, and those in the more superficial tract, to DUM3 , DUM3 ,4 and DUM3 ,4,5 neurons. Previous studies have shown that in the developing embryonic nervous system the primary neurites of DUM neurons can also be observed to lie in one of two tracts, but these do not appear to correspond to those seen in the adult. The results described here differ further from those of other investigations of adult and embryonic locusts in that no DUM4 ,5 neurons were seen, but DUM3 ,4 neurons, not found in previous studies, were frequently stained. The secondary neurites of DUM neurons characteristically give rise to fine 0.2-0.5 micron diameter processes which may run for hundreds of microns through the neuropil with very little branching. The problems this may pose for signal transmission along such processes is discussed. Presynaptic processes of several types make inputs on to spines on the lateral neurites of DUM neurons and on to branches from secondary neurites. Output synapses were rarely observed and were found only on lateral neurite spines. It therefore appears unlikely that the DUM neurons examined play a major central role within the metathoracic ganglion. A novel structure, with the appearance of a presynaptic density but which was not associated with synaptic vesicles, was found in certain regions of the neurons. PMID- 6726292 TI - Treatment of meningeal leukemia. PMID- 6726293 TI - Successful treatment of meningeal leukemia using systemic high-dose cytosine arabinoside. AB - Conventional therapy for leukemic meningitis includes cranial irradiation and intrathecal chemotherapy administered by repeated lumbar punctures or direct intraventricular instillation via an Ommaya reservoir. Several clinical reports have indicated that high doses of cytosine arabinoside (ara-C) are effective in the treatment of acute leukemia refractory to standard induction therapy. Pharmacokinetic studies have demonstrated that high doses of ara-C given intravenously obtain sustained therapeutic drug concentrations in the cerebrospinal fluid, suggesting that this approach may be useful in the treatment of systemic disease associated with meningeal involvement. Five consecutive patients with overt meningeal leukemia were treated using only systemic chemotherapy containing high-dose ara-C. In all patients there was prompt resolution of neurologic symptoms and signs accompanied by cytologic clearing of leukemic cells from the cerebrospinal fluid. PMID- 6726295 TI - Phase I and II trial of five-day infused 5-fluorouracil and radiation in advanced cancer of the head and neck. AB - Eighteen patients with advanced epithelial cancers of the head and neck region were studied for their tolerance and response to combined cycles of 120-hour infused 5-fluorouracil (5-FU) and external-beam radiation therapy. 5-FU infusions were given under conditions where radiosensitization would be expected at the higher infusion doses. Coincident radiation treatments were given as four sequential daily fractions of 250 rad each administered during days 1 through 4 of each five-day infusion cycle. The patients were rested for at least nine days after each cycle or longer until toxicity was resolved. The regimen was then repeated in each patient for a total of five treatment cycles. Thereafter therapy was consolidated, usually by boost radiation without drug. In sequential patient subsets the infusion load was progressively escalated in a phase I format. The complete response rate for stage IV patients was 75% with survival benefit compared to prior results. 5-FU dose-dependent combined modality loco-regional toxicity was demonstrated without significant enhancement of systemic toxicity of any form; 5-FU dose-dependent enhanced responsiveness and survival benefit is also suggested. Further scheduling and response studies of 5-FU under radiosensitizing conditions appear warranted. PMID- 6726294 TI - Chemotherapy-induced interstitial pneumonitis during treatment of small cell anaplastic lung cancer. AB - Twelve cases of interstitial pneumonitis were seen in 50 patients (24%) treated with cyclophosphamide, methotrexate, and etoposide (VP-16-213) for small cell anaplastic lung cancer. The clinical course and pathologic characteristics were consistent with drug-induced pneumonitis in all 12 cases. One additional patient had concurrent histologic evidence of interstitial pneumonitis, pneumocystis infection, and perivascular metastases. Patients presented with severe dyspnea, hypoxemia, cough, fever, and bilateral interstitial infiltrates on chest films. The onset was rapid and unpredictable, following as little as one month or as much as five months of therapy. Nine patients recovered but there were three deaths in the acute period directly attributable to the drug-induced pneumonitis. Although the use of twice weekly oral methotrexate may have been a causative factor, a previously unsuspected drug interaction with etoposide may be the etiologic factor resulting in this unusually high incidence of pulmonary toxicity. The difficulty in establishing a diagnosis of interstitial pneumonitis in this group of patients with chronic lung disease and lung cancer is well known. The extent of morbidity and mortality seen in this study and the commercial availability of etoposide make earlier clinical recognition of this complication imperative. PMID- 6726296 TI - Etoposide (VP-16-213) in malignant brain tumors: a phase II study. AB - Twenty-two consecutive patients with recurrent malignant brain tumors after radiation therapy and systemic combination chemotherapy with BCNU and vincristine, four of whom were not evaluable due to early death, were treated with etoposide (VP-16-213) (50-100 mg/m2 for five days every three weeks). Response, defined as improvement in both clinical examination and computed tomography scan in absence of glucocorticoids dosage increase, was observed in three (17%) of 18 evaluable patients, lasting greater than 21, seven, and two months, respectively. Six additional patients had stable disease for greater than 10, seven, four, four, three, and two months: all of them had improvement of clinical symptoms but no variation in their scans. Overall median survival from the start of VP-16-213 was 4.5 months (range, 1-23 + months), whereas patients with response or stable disease had a median survival of eight months. Overall, treatment was well tolerated. In 10 patients concomitant plasma and cerebrospinal fluid samples were evaluated with a high-performance liquid chromatographic method for drug assay. The concentration of VP-16-213 in cerebrospinal fluid was less than 1% that found in plasma, even in the two patients with response. The activity of etoposide in patients with malignant, lomustine-vincristine-resistant brain tumors suggests an interesting potential use for this drug. PMID- 6726297 TI - Hemolytic transfusion reactions in oncology patients: experience in a large cancer center. AB - At The University of Texas M.D. Anderson Hospital and Tumor Institute at Houston, the incidence of hemolytic transfusion reactions over an eight-year period (1974 1981) was analyzed. Only four hemolytic transfusion reactions were reported out of 142,957 transfusions of blood (a frequency of one reaction in 35,739.25 transfusions). This could be due to the following factors: (1) Impairment of immune status related to the malignant process or temporary immunosuppression caused by intensive chemotherapy could enable patients to tolerate incompatible transfusions. (2) The reactions are overlooked or masked by the severity of disease in cancer patients in spite of an elaborate education for nurses, residents/fellows, and staff physicians about the dangers of hemolytic reactions. The figures herein reported are lower than those reported from non-oncology hospital settings. PMID- 6726298 TI - Malignant mesothelioma of the tunica vaginalis testis. AB - Eighteen patients with malignant mesothelioma of the tunica vaginalis testis have been previously reported. These and the six patients reported here are reviewed for natural history and response to treatment. This tumor should be considered in men of any age with scrotal masses that include a hydrocele. Staging procedures should include computerized tomography scanning of the chest and abdomen. Inguinal orchiectomy appears to be the optimal primary surgical approach. Intraabdominal disease found at diagnostic laparotomy may be effectively treated by surgery and/or abdominal radiotherapy. Clinical features such as a long asymptomatic interval from initial presentation to clinical recurrence were observed and are also worthy of emphasis. Thus, serial follow-up is advised. Upon recurrence, treatment remains unsatisfactory but some responsiveness to chemotherapy has been noted. Doxorubicin-containing regimens were administered to five patients with measurable pulmonary nodules resulting in two partial regressions by standard criteria. PMID- 6726299 TI - A comparison of fast homoarginine-sensitive alkaline phosphatase and carcinoembryonic antigen as markers in colon carcinoma. AB - The diagnostic value of a recently described cancer marker, fast homoarginine sensitive alkaline phosphatase ( FHAP ), was compared with the established marker, carcinoembryonic antigen (CEA), in the diagnosis of colon cancer. Comparisons were made with respect to sensitivity, specificity, predictive value of a positive result, and efficiency. An upper limit of normal of 2.1 units/L was assumed for FHAP , based on earlier studies. Two values for the upper limit of normal for CEA were tested: 2.5 ng/mL and 5.0 ng/mL. When 2.5 ng/mL was used as the upper limit of normal for CEA, FHAP was less sensitive, more specific, and had a higher predictive value. The diagnostic efficiency was not significantly different. When the upper limit of normal for CEA was set at 5.0 ng/mL, the two tests were roughly equal in sensitivity, specificity, predictive value, and diagnostic efficiency. PMID- 6726300 TI - Methodologic issues in trials of antiemetics. AB - Studies of antiemetics require consideration of methodologic issues that may not be of concern in trials of antineoplastics. This paper illustrates how the strength of the results of these studies can be affected by (1) the types of patients studied, (2) the sample size, (3) the trial design, (4) the choice and definition of outcome measures, and (5) the method of analysis. PMID- 6726301 TI - Illusion and reality: practical pitfalls in interpreting clinical trials. AB - This paper has attempted to review for the reader some of the common problem areas in the interpretation of results of cancer treatment. The intention has been to point out potential pitfalls in interpretation so that the reader can comprehend the literature with more insight and criticalness . The plethora of journals and ongoing investigations indicates a greater need for critical understanding on the part of readers. This understanding stretches from the definitions of success and failure used in generating survival curves, to the accumulation and analysis of data and presentation of the results. We hope this paper will help the reader to achieve a greater degree of that understanding. PMID- 6726302 TI - Bone marrow infiltration patterns and their prognostic significance in chronic lymphocytic leukemia: correlations with clinical, immunologic, phenotypic, and cytogenetic data. AB - Bone marrow biopsies were prospectively performed on 75 patients with chronic lymphocytic leukemia (CLL). There was a highly significant relationship (p less than 0.002) between clinical stages and bone marrow infiltration patterns. Ten (50%) of 20 patients with diffuse patterns died; the estimated median survival time for these patients was 87 months. In contrast, only six (11%) of 55 patients with nondiffuse patterns died; the estimated median survival time for these patients could not be computed. When both clinical stage and infiltration pattern were evaluated for survival, a highly significant association between clinical stage and survival time was still observed (p less than 0.003) whereas bone marrow infiltration pattern was no longer significant. A significant association was also observed between bone marrow infiltration patterns and absolute lymphocyte counts (p less than 0.0005), Fc-receptor-positive cells (p less than 0.002), 3H-thymidine uptake of leukocytes (p less than 0.01), serum alkaline phosphatase levels (p less than 0.05), monoclonal urinary-free light chain status (p less than 0.05), and cytogenetics of leukemic cells (p less than 0.05). These observations lead to the conclusion that in an overall prognostic evaluation of patients with CLL, although bone marrow histopathology may have no additional value over a well-established clinical staging system, as a whole, it may be of clinically predictive value in disease progression of patients with stage I and II. PMID- 6726303 TI - Intrapericardial tetracycline sclerosis in the treatment of malignant pericardial effusion: an analysis of thirty-three cases. AB - Thirty-three unselected patients with cardiac tamponade secondary to malignant pericardial effusion were treated by intrapericardial instillation of tetracycline hydrochloride. Complete control of the initial signs and symptoms of tamponade was obtained in 30 patients without concomitant chemotherapy or radiotherapy. The procedure did not result in clinically significant complications. Failure of the technique was related to premature removal of the catheter by the patient (one patient) or the inability to totally remove hemorrhagic, clot-filled pericardial fluid (two patients). Survival ranged between 28-704 days and extended survival was related to the performance status and/or chemoradiosensitivity of the primary cancer. No patient successfully treated subsequently developed recurrent cardiac tamponade or alternatively, constrictive pericarditis. Tetracycline pericardial instillation remains a safe, simple, and efficacious treatment of tamponade secondary to malignant disease. PMID- 6726304 TI - Intraperitoneal cytosine arabinoside therapy in ovarian carcinoma. AB - Previous pharmacokinetic modeling has suggested that cytosine arabinoside (ara-C) may be an ideal agent for peritoneal administration in the treatment of intraabdominal neoplasms. In vitro drug sensitivity testing with clonogenic assays demonstrated sensitivity to the high concentrations of ara-C potentially achievable by intraperitoneal (IP) administration in five of nine patients with ovarian carcinoma. The kinetics of IP ara-C were then studied in three patients, and a 2 to 3 log concentration gradient was observed between the peritoneal compartment and plasma. Subsequently, the clinical efficacy of IP ara-C given for a five-day course every four weeks was evaluated in 10 patients with ovarian carcinoma who had failed systemic chemotherapy. Chemical peritonitis did not occur and systemic toxicity was minimal. Two patients were rendered free of disease and are alive without disease 14+ and 15+ months since therapy was discontinued. These results demonstrate that there is a very large pharmacologic advantage to the IP route of administration for ara-C, that ara-C is active against advanced ovarian carcinoma, and that the IP route of administration permits the cytokinetically rational use of very long durations of exposure for this cell-cycle phase-specific agent. PMID- 6726305 TI - An approach to conducting epidemiologic research within cooperative clinical trials groups. AB - Cooperative clinical trials groups offer exciting opportunities for conducting epidemiologic research for several reasons: they facilitate accrual of sufficient numbers of subjects in a short period of time, even for studies of rare diseases; they provide uniform pathologic review and uniform collection of subjects' entry data; and they provide a more representative sample of cases than a single institution study. Despite these advantages, few epidemiologic studies of etiologic factors have been done through these groups because methods for selecting appropriate control subjects and for obtaining information from geographically scattered subjects have not been available. An approach that can serve as a model for this type of research has been developed. A collaborative case-control study of childhood rhabdomyosarcoma (RMS) with the Intergroup Rhabdomyosarcoma Study (IRS) was recently begun. The study, which is independently funded, evaluates the role of environmental factors in the etiology of RMS. Parents of subjects were interviewed by telephone and control subjects were selected from the same communities as patients by random digit dialing . Interview data are supplemented by information from birth certificates and, for patients, by IRS data. This new methodology permits a large study of a rare tumor in a relatively short period of time. PMID- 6726306 TI - Charts for the early stopping of pilot studies. AB - Cooperative oncology groups usually run pilot studies of new agents or combinations concurrently with their major randomized clinical trials. A primary objective of these studies is to determine whether the new regimen should be tested further in a group-wide clinical trial. The accrual goals of such pilot studies are typically fixed in advance at between 30 and 40 patients, on the grounds that this number provides a reasonably tight confidence interval on the true response rate. Nevertheless early termination of pilot studies is often desirable either because the regimen appears inactive or because early results indicate extreme activity and justify immediate testing in a randomized study. Statistical charts are provided for early termination in both these situations. The charts are read by specifying the number of evaluable patients already accrued, the number of responses observed and the minimum true response rate, theta 0, at which the regimen would be considered active. The charts provide the posterior probability that the true response rate exceeds theta 0, that is, that the regimen is active. An additional chart that computes a 90% probability interval for the true response rate, based on the observed rate and sample size, is also provided. The use of the chart is illustrated with two examples from the Eastern Cooperative Oncology Group. PMID- 6726307 TI - The effectiveness of behavioral intervention for reduction of nausea and vomiting in children and adolescents receiving chemotherapy. AB - Fifty-one children 6-17 years of age rated the severity of nausea, vomiting, and the extent to which chemotherapy bothered them during each course of chemotherapy. Sixteen patients had no symptoms and the doses administered to 16 others were not constant so that matched courses could not be assessed. After baseline measurement of two matched courses, the remaining 19 patients were randomized to receive hypnosis or supportive counseling during two more matched courses. An additional course with no intervention was assessed in half of the patients. No significant reduction of symptoms was demonstrated prior to intervention. However, intervention with both hypnosis and supportive counseling was associated with significant reductions in nausea, vomiting, and the extent to which these symptoms bothered patients (all p less than 0.001). Also, after termination of intervention, symptom ratings remained significantly lower than baseline. The data indicate that chemotherapy-related nausea and emesis in children can be reduced with behavioral intervention and that reductions are maintained after intervention has been discontinued. PMID- 6726308 TI - Drug concentration errors related to sampling from Silastic catheters. PMID- 6726309 TI - Binaural interactions of single neurons in posterior field of cat auditory cortex. AB - In the auditory cortex of barbiturate-anesthetized cats, the posterior auditory field (area P) was identified by its tonotopic organization, and single neurons in that field were studied quantitatively with regard to their binaural interactions at their respective best frequencies, using calibrated, sealed stimulating systems. Almost 60% of the neurons studied displayed " summative " binaural interactions in that their responses to binaural, equally intense stimulation of the two ears were stronger than were their responses to monaural stimuli of the same intensity. For these neurons, latent periods were shorter for binaural stimuli than for monaural stimuli. Some field P neurons were sensitive to interaural intensity disparities and manifested that sensitivity in one of two forms. Cells that were excited by stimulation of one ear and inhibited by stimulation of the other typically displayed a sigmoidal relation of spike count to intensive disparity, with spike counts being larger when the disparity favored the contralateral ear. Cells that were unresponsive to monaural stimuli but responded securely to binaural stimuli usually displayed a peaked, nonmonotonic relation of spike count to interaural intensity disparity, with maximal responses being elicited by stimuli with zero or near-zero disparity. Some neurons of low best frequency were sensitive to variations in interaural phase delay. In all cases, this sensitivity was manifested as a cyclical relation of spike count to interaural delay, with the period of the cycle being that of the stimulating tone. The fact that the binaural interactions of field P neurons were similar to those of cells in the primary auditory cortex suggests that the previously described heightened spectral-amplitude selectivity of field P neurons has been achieved without cost to their sensitivity to a variety of parameters of binaural stimulation. The particular sensitivity of cortical neurons to variations in interaural disparities associated with midline or near-midline azimuths might constitute a neural mechanism for the behavioral finding that animals and humans show their greatest acuity in sound localization for stimulus locations in or near the midsagittal plane. PMID- 6726311 TI - Neurons with unusual response and receptive-field properties in upper laminae of cat SI cortex. AB - High-impedance micropipettes are used to record (both extra- and intracellularly) the electrical activity of neural elements located 550 micron or less from the pial surface of cerebral cortical areas 3a, 3b, 1, and 2 in unanesthetized cats. These elements are designated as "upper-layer SI units" and most frequently are sampled within the arm and forelimb digit sectors of areas 3b and 1. Mechanical stimulation of the skin is employed to determine the receptive field (RF) and response properties of the upper-layer units sampled. Single-shock electrical stimulation of the skin is used to obtain estimates of the minimal latency for eliciting spike discharge. Intracellular iontophoretic injection of horseradish peroxidase (HRP) is used to determine the laminar locations of the somata of the neural elements from which recordings are obtained. The receptive field (RF) and response properties of most upper-layer units sampled in areas 3b and 1 differ substantially from those of units recorded at depths greater than 550 micron from the pial surface in the same cortical fields. The members of one group of upper layer area 3b and 1 units (U units) respond best to infrequently repeated (typically less than 0.5/s), slowly moving (1-5 cm/s) tactile stimuli. For the same units, repetitive application of slow-moving tactile stimuli to the RF typically leads to an enhancement of responsiveness accompanied by an elevation of spontaneous activity. In contrast, repetitive stimuli delivered at high velocity and at short interstimulus intervals lead to a decrease in unit responsiveness and to an absence of spontaneous activity. The members of a second group of upper-layer units (R units) respond best to moving stimuli delivered at higher velocities (5-20 cm/s), respond reliably at stimulus repetition rates well in excess of 0.5/s, and do not exhibit pronounced changes in responsiveness to repeated stimulation. The RFs of most upper-layer units (both R and U units) involve restricted regions on the contralateral upper limb, but the RFs of U units have poorly defined borders. In addition, the distribution of sensitivity within the RF of at least some U units is nonuniform and, frequently, discontinuous. Contralateral as well as ipsilateral body regions are included within the RFs for 12% of the upper-layer neurons sampled; the remainder (8%) have RFs restricted to the contralateral body.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 400 WORDS) PMID- 6726310 TI - Joint and separate effects of estrogen and progesterone on responses of midbrain neurons to lordosis-controlling somatic stimuli in the female golden Syrian hamster. AB - Single midbrain neurons were examined for effects of ovarian hormone administration on responsiveness to an array of lordosis-controlling types of somatosensory stimuli in anesthetized, ovariectomized Syrian hamsters. Neuronal responses were recorded under four different hormonal treatment conditions: 1) estradiol benzoate (EB) followed by progesterone (P), 2) EB alone, 3) P alone, or 4) no hormone administration. Only the hamsters receiving both EB and P showed lordosis in a mating test immediately prior to preparation for recording. The joint administration of EB and P strongly facilitated unit responsiveness to lordosis-eliciting (e.g., lumbosacral tactile) forms of stimulation. The incidence of units showing sustained changes in firing of at least +/- 30% in response to these stimuli was highest in animals having received EB and P (69%) and lowest in those given P alone (37%), with the occurrence of responsive units significantly different across the four hormonal conditions. The magnitude of the median unit response to lordosis-trigger stimuli in hamsters given EB and P was significantly higher than unit responses in hamsters receiving either P alone or no hormone. Bilateral shoulders stimulation, a weak stimulus for lordosis elicitation, produced the most responses in units from animals given EB and P (42%) and the fewest in hamsters given EB alone (12%), with a significant difference in responsiveness across the hormonal conditions. The incidence of units responding exclusively to facial stimulation, which is strongly antagonistic to lordosis in behaving animals, was greatest in hamsters injected with P alone (22%) and least for cells from the animals given both EB and P (6%). The difference in unit responsiveness to this stimulus across the four hormone conditions was significant. Analysis of unit-response patterns by the multivariate technique of discriminant analysis revealed that neuronal responses to most stimuli, especially flanks, back, shoulders, and face, were differentially affected by the hormone treatments such that these response patterns could be used to identify the four hormonal conditions from which the neurons were sampled. In addition, the hormonal treatments were found to have influenced the incidence of accelerative or decelerative unit responses to somatic stimuli. Discriminant analysis of unit responses as a function of location of the cells within the midbrain showed that neurons in the tectum and central gray had response patterns highly distinguishable from each other as well as from those of cells in the central and ventromedial tegmental regions.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 400 WORDS) PMID- 6726312 TI - Spatial and temporal integration in primary trigeminal nucleus of rattlesnake infrared system. AB - The spatial and temporal characteristics of the infrared responses of single neurons in the nucleus of the lateral descending trigeminal tract (LTTD) of the rattlesnake were investigated. The LTTD is the sole projection site of trigeminal neurons that innervate the thermoreceptive pit organ. In contrast to the responses of the primary infrared neurons, which have phasic and tonic components, the neurons in the LTTD respond strictly phasically to a sustained infrared stimulus. During an excitatory stimulus, the transient burst is followed by suppression of firing or by reduction of the new rate below the rate that would have occurred in the absence of stimulation. The phasic character of the responses may enable these neurons to encode more accurately changes in the pattern of infrared stimuli. Neurons in the LTTD show adaptation within limited regions of their receptive fields, while responses in other regions remain undiminished. This indicates that each LTTD neuron receives input from a population of primary infrared neurons. LTTD neurons respond to infrared stimuli of intensity less than 0.01 mW/cm2, which is below the threshold reported for primary afferent neurons; this also suggests convergence of a number of primary infrared afferents onto each LTTD neuron. LTTD neurons have smaller excitatory receptive fields than do the primary afferent neurons in the infrared system, indicating that spatial sharpening also occurs in this nucleus. Receptive fields of LTTD neurons may have inhibitory areas flanking the excitatory area. Introduction of a stimulus into the inhibitory area results in depression of the background discharge; thus, the inhibition is due to an active process, not to rebound from excitation. Inhibition can also be demonstrated by simultaneous stimulation of the excitatory and inhibitory receptive-field areas, resulting in a decreased excitatory response. We suggest that convergence of antagonistic excitatory and inhibitory inputs can explain the time course of LTTD responses to infrared stimulation and the architecture of LTTD receptive fields. Such excitatory and inhibitory interaction, similar to that postulated for the responses of some vertebrate retinal ganglion cells, could function to provide the basis for directional selectivity, motion sensitivity, and border enhancement in the infrared system. Unlike the visual system, however, in the infrared system excitatory-inhibitory interactions allow the construction of small excitatory receptive fields in the LTTD from the larger receptive fields of the primary afferent neurons, resulting in a highly evolved trigeminal system with visionlike function. PMID- 6726313 TI - Neural control of vergence eye movements: convergence and divergence neurons in midbrain. AB - Animals with binocular single vision use disjunctive (vergence) eye movements to align the two eyes on a visual target. Several lines of evidence suggest that conjugate and vergence eye movement commands are generated independently and combined at the medial rectus motoneurons. If this were true, then a pure vergence eye-position signal should exist. This signal would be proportional to the horizontal angle between the eyes (vergence angle), without regard to the direction of conjugate gaze. The purpose of this experiment was to identify and study neurons that carry a pure vergence signal. Extracellular unit recordings were made from midbrain and pontine sites in monkeys trained to track visual targets moving in the horizontal, vertical, and depth (or target vergence) planes. The most commonly encountered neuron that had a vergence signal was the convergence cell. These units had a firing rate that was linearly proportional to the convergence angle; their activity was unaffected by changes in conjugate gaze. Changes in convergence cell activity preceded the change in vergence angle slightly. Convergence cell activity increased for increased convergence regardless of whether the change was in response to purely accommodative or disparity cues. Divergence cells were found far less frequently. These cells were similar to convergence cells except that they decreased their firing rate for increases in convergence. The activity of divergence cells was unaffected by changes in the direction of conjugate gaze. Both convergence and divergence cells were found, intermixed, in the mesencephalic reticular formation must outside the oculomotor nucleus. Most cells with a vergence signal were found within 1-2 mm of the nucleus. These results support the view that conjugate and vergence signals are generated independently and are combined at the extraocular motoneurons. Convergence cells seem ideally suited to provide the vergence signal required by the nearby medial rectus motoneurons. PMID- 6726314 TI - Topographic organization of somatosensory corticotectal influences in cat. AB - Using electrophysiological techniques, the present study demonstrated that substantial direct somatosensory cortical influences on the superior colliculus (SC) originate from three areas: a) SIV, b) para-SIV (the cortex adjacent to SIV but deeper in the anterior ectosylvian sulcus (AES) and for which no topography has yet been described), and c) the rostral suprasylvian sulcus. Influences also appeared to originate from SI and SII, but these may have been indirect. Detailed examination of the AES revealed that these corticotectal projections are topographically organized, and stimulation of a given cortical locus was observed to affect only those cells in the SC whose receptive fields overlapped those of cells at the stimulation site. A similar receptive-field register was found between the suprasylvian sulcus and the SC. Within this topographic pattern, considerable convergence was evident and an individual SC cell could be influenced from a surprisingly large cortical area. This was particularly evident within the representation of the forelimb. Thus, an SC cell with a receptive field covering the forelimb and paw could receive convergent input from many cortical cells with receptive fields covering all or restricted portions of this body region. Considerable corticotectal divergence also was observed within this general topographic scheme. For example, a given corticotectal site representing the digits sent projections to many different SC cells that included the digits within their receptive fields. These data are more consistent with a block-to block than a point-to-point corticotectal projection. Somatosensory corticotectal projections excited only those SC cells that could also be activated by peripheral somatosensory stimuli. Similarly, the caudal AES, which contains auditory cells, excited only those SC cells activated also by peripheral auditory stimuli. Yet convergent influences from both auditory and somatosensory regions of the AES were observed in the SC cells that could be activated by both auditory and somatosensory stimuli. These data indicate that the AES is a major source of excitatory input to cells of the deep laminae of the SC. Since it is these deep laminae cells that project to premotor regions of the brain stem and the spinal cord, it is reasonable to suppose that the AES has a significant impact on the output signals of the SC that initiate the orientation responses to peripheral sensory stimulation. PMID- 6726315 TI - Origins of tooth pulp-evoked far-field and early near-field potentials in the cat. AB - Electrical stimulation of the mandibular canine tooth pulp in barbiturate anesthetized cats activated myelinated A-beta-fibers in the inferior alveolar (dental) nerve and evoked a complex pattern of short-latency potentials that were recorded epidurally from the cortex. Three far-field components ( FFPs designated I, IIa,b, and IIIa,b) and two early near-field components ( ENFPs designated P1 and N1) were identified from computer-averaged potentials recorded over the contralateral lateral sigmoid gyrus or ipsilateral presylvian /anterior coronal gyri. Several corroborative lines of evidence indicated that tooth pulp-evoked FFPs and ENFPs originate from the following generator sources: I, inferior alveolar (dental) nerve/semilunar (gasserian) ganglion; IIa,b, trigeminal lemniscal fibers from the principal (main) sensory nucleus; IIIa,b, thalamocortical fibers from the thalamic ventral posteromedial nucleus; P1, N1, cytoarchitectural area 3 on the banks of the coronal or orbital sulcus. The latencies and waveforms of volume-conducted, surface-recorded potentials were not significantly different from those recorded at putative generator sites along the trigeminal lemniscal projection system. The short latencies and distribution of surface- and depth-recorded tooth pulp-evoked potentials suggested bilateral, trisynaptic paths from peripheral nerve to cortical neurons. Amplitude measurements of FFPs and ENFPs recorded at the cortical, epidural surface were compared to calculated values based on a mathematical model of two concentric spheres of inhomogeneous media in which a single equivalent dipole is radially oriented at some distance from the center. The morphology and distribution of FFPs and ENFPs are discussed in relationship to source geometry. Surface- and depth-recorded tooth pulp-evoked potentials had recovery functions that were covariant with rates of stimulation. In addition, stimulation of putative generator sites along the trigeminal lemniscal system reproduced portions of the tooth pulp-evoked surface-recorded potentials. Selective ablation of trigeminal cortical area 3 abolished ENFPs and lesions of lemniscal brain stem sites abolished FFPs . Disruption of extralemniscal brain stem sites had no effect on the surface-recorded evoked potentials examined. These findings and other supporting evidence from previous studies imply that the projection of fast conducting tooth pulp input to the cortex may subserve a nonnociceptive modality and participate in sensorimotor integration. PMID- 6726316 TI - Functional organization of trigeminal subnucleus interpolaris: nociceptive and innocuous afferent inputs, projections to thalamus, cerebellum, and spinal cord, and descending modulation from periaqueductal gray. AB - In view of continuing uncertainties concerning the organization, afferent inputs, and projection sites of neurons in the subnucleus interpolaris of the trigeminal (V) spinal tract nucleus, the characteristics of 222 single neurons in and adjacent to the subnucleus were examined electrophysiologically in adult cats anesthetized with chloralose. Neurons were tested for orthodromic responsiveness to a variety of stimuli that included nonnoxious tactile stimuli, noxious mechanical and radiant-heat stimuli, and graded electrical stimulation of the skin, mucosa, tooth pulp, and masseter nerve. Antidromic activation techniques were also used to determine if the functionally identified neurons projected directly to the contralateral posterior thalamus, ipsilateral cerebellum, or cervical spinal cord. In addition, the periaqueductal gray matter (PAG) was stimulated to test for conditioning influences from the PAG on orthodromic responses to noxious and nonnoxious oral-facial stimuli. Interpolaris neurons were somatotopically arranged in subnucleus interpolaris in a pattern conforming in general to the medially facing, inverted-head representation characteristic of other parts of the V brain stem sensory nuclear complex. On the basis of their responsiveness to cutaneous stimuli, the neurons could be functionally classified as either cutaneous nociceptive or low-threshold mechanoreceptive (LTM) neurons. The LTM neurons constituted the major neuron type, accounting for over 75% of our neuron sample. Most of them had a localized mechanoreceptive field of less than 100 mm2 in area that was restricted to one V division, and they had skin-evoked response latencies indicative of afferent input predominantly from A-beta cutaneous afferents. A population of nociceptive neurons was also encountered in the lateral, marginal region of interpolaris and at its medial or ventral border with the reticular formation. These neurons were of two types: nociceptive specific (NS) neurons, which did not respond to nonnoxious stimuli but which required noxious stimuli for their activation; and wide dynamic range ( WDR ) neurons, which responded to both noxious and nonnoxious stimuli applied to the facial skin. Most had an ipsilateral receptive field that was greater than 100 mm2 in area and that often involved two or three V divisions. Their properties generally conformed to those previously described for nociceptive neurons in the medullary dorsal horn (V subnucleus caudalis) and spinal cord dorsal horn. Interpolaris neurons of all classes (LTM, WDR , and NS) were found to have direct axonal projections to the thalamus, cerebellum, and spinal cord.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 400 WORDS) PMID- 6726317 TI - Quality coding of a complex odorant in an invertebrate. AB - Mechanisms whereby the olfactory system of the spiny lobster codes food odors were quantitatively analyzed. A 23-component chemical mixture, with a composition based on a tissue extract from a known food of lobsters, and 8 of the mixture's components were used to describe responses of single cells at two neural levels: a) olfactory receptor cells and b) low-order interneurons projecting from the main olfactory center of the brain. Cluster analysis identified six classes of narrowly tuned receptor cells. Interneurons, on the other hand, were significantly more broadly tuned than receptor cells and could not be grouped into a small number of discrete, highly correlated cell types. Nonetheless, some chemosensory interneurons (unimodal interneurons) had specificities as narrow as receptor cells. Across-neuron correlations between stimuli showed that the increase in neuronal breadth of responsiveness from the level of receptors to the level of interneurons was paralleled by an increase in similarity in across neuron patterns and, therefore, a decline in ability to discriminate between any two compounds. Across-neuron correlations between concentrations of a given compound showed that stimulus quality had a much stronger effect on across-neuron patterns than did stimulus quantity and, hence, stimulus qualities could be distinguished in spite of concurrent changes in stimulus quantity. Coding of odor quality could be accomplished at the receptor level by a labeled-lines code. At the interneuronal level, odor quality appears to be coded by across-fiber patterns. However, the finding that unimodal interneurons were as narrowly tuned as receptor cells indicates that specific channels for some food-odor components (e.g., taurine and glycine) are conserved even at higher neuronal levels. These narrow-spectrum interneurons may have a special function in quality coding either by dominating the interneuronal across-fiber pattern for that stimulus or by being processed independently of the broad-spectrum interneurons and thereby transferring information about certain components by way of specific channels to even higher neuronal levels. PMID- 6726318 TI - Intradendritic recordings from neurons of motor cortex of cats. AB - The properties of neuronal spike potentials ranging from 20 to 60 mV in size were studied in stable recordings made from the motor cortex of unanesthetized, unparalyzed cats. Histologic evidence that injection of horseradish peroxidase (HRP) was confined to single neurons and appropriately high levels of potassium measured with K+ ion-sensitive electrodes indicated that these recordings were obtained from single, intracellularly penetrated neurons. Pressure injection of small volumes of 4% HRP in 1 M KC1, intracellularly, was characteristically associated with transient increases in spike size and decreases in input resistance. Recoveries of HRP-filled dendritic processes without filling of somata were obtained from penetrations giving spikes smaller than the recorded resting potential (spike-undershoot recordings). Recordings with dendritic recoveries had higher input resistances and showed greater increases in spike size during pressure injection than did recordings with both somata and dendrites recovered. The activity in response to a weak click elicited in cells with spike potentials between 20 and 40 mV was as great or greater than that elicited in cells with larger spike potentials or in extracellularly recorded units. We conclude that many stable spike-undershoot recordings of neurons of the motor cortex of awake cats reflect penetrations of dendritic processes as opposed to injury because they show a) a normal functional response to weak auditory stimuli delivered over periods of many minutes, b) a reversible increase in spike size during pressure injection of small volumes of HRP in KC1 consistent with penetration of a cable remote from the site of spike generation, and c) the frequent recovery of HRP-marked dendrites without somata. PMID- 6726319 TI - Human pattern-evoked electroretinogram. AB - We have recorded electroretinographic (ERG) responses to grating patterns whose spatial, temporal, and contrast parameters were varied. The resultant evoked potential is dependent on spatial frequency and it exhibits a spatial band-pass characteristic. The peak frequency is dependent on retinal eccentricity. These findings are independent of temporal frequency, contrast, or mean luminance in the photopic range. These results suggest that the pattern ERG originates from a postreceptoral site. PMID- 6726320 TI - Linear and nonlinear components of human electroretinogram. AB - We compared electroretinographic (ERG) responses to uniform-field and a variety of pattern stimuli using both transient and steady-state analyses. Evidence is provided that for all of these stimuli, the peak at high temporal frequencies in the steady-state response corresponds to the fast wave of the transient response and that the peak at low temporal frequencies corresponds to the slow wave of the step response. A variety of contrast-modulated grating stimuli were used to demonstrate that the fast, high-frequency response can be regarded as the sum of two components, an "odd-symmetric" component, which behaves linearly and is independent of spatial frequency, and an "even-symmetric" component, which behaves nonlinearly and has a band-pass spatial-frequency dependence. The prevailing distinction that is made between pattern and uniform-field ERGs is a consequence of the fact that the uniform-field ERG is dominated by the odd symmetric (linear) component, whereas the so-called pattern (contrast reversal) ERG reveals the even-symmetric (nonlinear) component in isolation. Since a uniform field can also drive the nonlinear component, the present dichotomy ("luminance" versus "pattern") can be better understood in terms of the linear and nonlinear components of the response rather than in terms of the stimuli that produce them. PMID- 6726321 TI - Relations among threshold, spike height, electrode distance, and conduction velocity in electrical stimulation of certain medullospinal neurons. AB - This report describes how the threshold for extracellular, electrical stimulation of cell bodies in the rat's rostromedial medulla depends on the distance to the stimulating electrode. A monopolar microelectrode both delivered current pulses near medullospinal neurons and, after decay of the stimulus artifact, detected whether an orthodromic spike had occurred by collision of that spike with a suitably timed antidromic spike initiated at the thoracic spinal cord. The liminal current and the height of antidromic spikes were noted at a series of vertical electrode positions. Regression analysis was performed to determine whether threshold and the inverse of peak-to-peak spike height varied more as the radial distance or its square. The square relationship provided a much better fit for threshold and a marginally better fit for the inverse of spike height. The spatial decline in excitability (K2) averaged 859 microA/mm2, falling within the range of values found for fibers and cell bodies in other studies. The constant of spatial decline in spike height (C2) in millivolts per square millimeter was positively correlated with K2. Both C2 and K2 were negatively correlated with conduction velocity. From threshold distance curves fitted by regression analysis, the mean separation of sites of spike maxima and threshold minima along each electrode path was 16 micron; the estimated distance from these sites to, respectively, the loci of spike generation and spike excitation were positively correlated and similar. The variation of C2 and K2 with conduction velocity may be due either to an influence of the size and shape of the dendritic tree on the spatial decrement of excitability and spike height or to a confounding in the studied equations of the space-independent effect of the size of a cell body on spike height and excitability. PMID- 6726322 TI - An estimate of minimum number of brain stem neurons required for inhibition of a flexion reflex. AB - The tail-flick reflex elicited by noxious heat in lightly anesthetized rats is known to be prevented by trains of low-amplitude current pulses passed through a monopolar microelectrode in the rostromedial medulla ( RMM ). The effect of the distance from such an electrode on the threshold of cell bodies was described in the preceding paper (11). This paper estimates the density of cell bodies in the RMM and, subsequently, estimates the number of cell bodies excited by the aforementioned pulses, a figure whose upper bound is between 30 and 75. The mean chronaxy for suppression of tail flick was found to be 162 microS. Correspondingly, for activation of spikes in somata of the RMM , it was found to be 170 microS. The axons belonging to these somata, located in the spinal lateral columns, had mean chronaxies of 360 microS. These comparisons favor the idea that cell bodies in the RMM , not axons, mediate the suppression of tail flick. Other evidence for this conclusion is given in the text. Resting activity in the RMM was found to average 6.33 Hz. Thus if the inhibitory process depends only on the instantaneous sum of activity in the many thousands of RMM neurons, all nocifensive reflexes should be continuously suppressed. But since this is not so, the relative timing of spikes in the population may also be critical. The synchronizing effect of electrical stimulation then explains the low number of cells needed to prevent the reflex. PMID- 6726323 TI - Regional differences in the neuronal cytoskeleton. AB - Regional differences in the neuronal cytoskeleton were investigated in the giant neurons of Aplysia. Using SDS-PAGE, we have compared the proteins which comprise the cytoskeletons of cell bodies and axons. Separate populations of cell bodies and axons were collected and the proteins stained by the Coomassie brilliant blue method. Individual identified cell bodies, with long segments of their axons attached, were isolated, and the proteins were labeled with the [125I]Bolton Hunter reagent. The proteins which are stably associated with the cytoskeleton were obtained by extracting the neuronal material in a physiological buffer containing Triton X-100. As a correlative measure to the biochemical analyses, electron microscopy was performed on the cell body and axonal fractions. Our results demonstrate that the composition and biochemical properties of the cytoskeletal proteins in the neuron cell bodies differ from those associated with axons. Specifically, the amount of neurofilament proteins, designated NF60 and NF65 , is 5 times more abundant in the axon than in the cell body. The relative amounts of actin and tubulin are comparable in these two regions of the neuron. In addition, the ratio of NF60 and NF65 is different in the cell body and axon. The cell bodies contain proportionally more NF60 than the axons. However, the physical properties of the tubulin in the cell body, as measured by relative solubility, differ from that of the axon. The substantial differences between the composition of the cytoskeleton of the cell bodies and axons of Aplysia suggests that at least two distinct cytoskeletal networks exist in these neurons, one specific for the cell body and the other specific for the axon. PMID- 6726324 TI - Effects of chronic suppression of bioelectric activity on the development of sensory ganglion evoked responses in spinal cord explants. AB - Dorsal root ganglion (DRG) afferent terminals were identified, using electrophysiological techniques, within fetal mouse spinal cord cross-sections cultured in vitro. Afferent distribution patterns were monitored in explants grown for 3 to 6 weeks either in a serum-supplemented or in a serum-free, chemically defined medium (CDM). Bioelectrically active control explants from both series were compared with explants which had been reversibly silenced by chronic exposure to tetrodotoxin (TTX). The control (serum-grown) cultures showed a significant dorsal cord innervation preference, whereas in the corresponding TTX series there was an equal dorsoventral distribution. In the CDM series the mean number of DRG evoked responses was lower at first in TTX-grown than in control cultures, but with age in vitro there was a rise in excitability to normal levels. Spontaneous neuronal activity was abnormally low in cultures (serum as well as CDM-grown) which had been exposed to TTX. It is concluded that bioelectric activity may be an important factor in the proper regulation of synaptic connectivity and functional responsiveness in the developing spinal cord. PMID- 6726325 TI - Lateral hypothalamic modulation of oral sensory afferent activity in nucleus tractus solitarius neurons of rats. AB - This study was designed to examine whether the sensory afferents from the anterior part of the tongue are modulated by activity of the lateral hypothalamic area (LHA) at the level of the nucleus tractus solitarius (NTS) in rats. The electrical activity of the NTS neurons was recorded extracellularly, and they were classified as gustatory, thermal, or mechanical neurons in accordance with their responsiveness to tongue stimulation by taste solutions, by warm and cool water, and by stroking the tongue surface. Sixty-two percent of the neurons were polysynaptically activated by electrical stimulation of the LHA. When a single conditioning stimulus of the LHA was applied prior to the test electrical stimulation of the tongue at various conditioning-test intervals, the activity of the gustatory neurons was facilitated by 30 to 80% of their control level for a period of approximately 20 to 150 msec. The activity of the mechanical and thermal neurons was suppressed for a 50- to 300-msec period. These results demonstrate the existence of modulatory effects from the LHA on the NTS neurons, which receive sensory information from the tongue. PMID- 6726326 TI - Lateral hypothalamic modulation of the gustatory-salivary reflex in rats. AB - It is well recognized that the basic mechanism for the gustatory-salivary reflex is located in the lower brainstem and that suprabulbar structures possibly influence this mechanism. This study is designed to evaluate the neurophysiological mechanism underlying the effect of the lateral hypothalamic area (LHA) on the bulbar gustatory-salivary reflex. Submandibular salivary secretion and the electrical activity of the preganglionic parasympathetic fibers innervating the submandibular and sublingual glands were recorded in anesthetized rats. Stimulation of the tongue with high concentrations of chemical solutions (1 M and 2 M NaCl and 0.01 M and 0.05 M HCl) and/or pinching the tongue with a small clamp induced a profuse salivary secretion (3 to 28.5 microliter/5 min) recorded from a unilateral submandibular gland. The preganglionic fibers consisted of three types: taste-related fibers, which increased their firing rate by taste stimuli; pinch-related fibers, which increased their firing rate by pinching; and unidentified fibers, which did not respond to taste or pinching stimulations of the tongue. Electrical stimulation of the ipsilateral LHA caused the secretion of a small amount of saliva (1.5 microliter/5 min), and it appeared that taste related fibers more often received polysynaptic connections from the LHA than other types of fibers. Conditioning stimulation of the LHA increased the magnitude of impulse discharges by the test stimulation of the tongue in the taste-related fibers. Therefore, the results of this study demonstrate that the LHA enhances the activity of the gustatory-salivary reflex in the lower brainstem. PMID- 6726327 TI - A test of Hebb's postulate at identified synapses which mediate classical conditioning in Aplysia. AB - In 1949, D. O. Hebb proposed a novel mechanism for producing changes in the strength of synapses that could account for associative learning. According to Hebb , the strength of a synapse might increase when the use of that synapse contributes to the generation of action potentials in a postsynaptic neuron. Thus, an essential feature of this postulate is that action potentials must occur in both a postsynaptic cell and a presynaptic cell for associative synaptic changes to occur. We have directly tested Hebb 's postulate in Aplysia at identified synapses which are known to exhibit a temporally specific increase in efficacy during a cellular analogue of differential conditioning. We find that the mechanism postulated by Hebb is neither necessary nor sufficient to produce the associative change in synaptic strength that underlies conditioning in Aplysia. In contrast, impulse activity in the presynaptic cell must be paired with facilitatory input, supporting the hypothesis that the temporal specificity of classical conditioning in Aplysia can be accounted for by activity-dependent amplification of presynaptic facilitation. PMID- 6726328 TI - Neurogenesis in Aplysia californica resembles nervous system formation in vertebrates. AB - The pattern of neurogenesis of the central nervous system of Aplysia californica was investigated by [3H]thymidine autoradiography. Large numbers of animals at a series of early developmental stages were labeled with [3H]thymidine for 24 or 48 hr and were subsequently sampled at specific intervals throughout the life cycle. I found that proliferative zones, consisting of columnar and placodal ectodermal cells, are established in regions of the body wall adjacent to underlying mesodermal cells. Mitosis in the proliferative zones generates a population of cells which leave the surface and migrate inward to join the nearby forming ganglia. Tracing specific [3H]thymidine-labeled cells from the body wall to a particular ganglion and within the ganglion over time suggests that the final genomic replication of the neuronal precursors occurs before the cells join the ganglion while glial cell precursors and differentiating glial cells continue to divide within the ganglion for some time. Ultrastructural examination of the morphological features of the few mitosing cells observed within the Aplysia central nervous system supports this interpretation. The pattern of neurogenesis in the Aplysia central nervous system resembles the proliferation of cells in the neural tube and the migration of neural crest and ectodermal placode cells in the vertebrate nervous system but differs from the pattern described for other invertebrates. PMID- 6726329 TI - The distribution of immunoreactive alpha-neo-endorphin in the central nervous system of the rat. AB - Using a specific radioimmunoassay, we have found that immunoreactive (ir) alpha neo-endorphin has a widespread and unique distribution in the rat brain and spinal cord. The highest concentration in brain is in the substantia nigra (1692.1 fmol/mg of protein). Very high concentrations of ir-alpha- neo-endorphin (greater than 500 fmol/mg of protein) are also found in the lateral preoptic nucleus, dentate gyrus, parabrachial nuclei, nucleus accumbens, globus pallidus, median eminence, and anterior hypothalamic nucleus. Relatively high concentrations of ir-alpha-neo-endorphin (250 to 500 fmol/mg of protein) are present in the bed nucleus of the stria terminalis, paraventricular nucleus, nucleus of the solitary tract, dorsomedial nucleus, central amygdaloid nucleus, periaqueductal gray matter, suprachiasmatic nucleus, periventricular nucleus, hippocampus, prepositus hypoglossal nucleus, arcuate nucleus, ventromedial nucleus, medial preoptic nucleus, zona incerta, dorsal premamillary nucleus, medial forebrain bundle (hypothalamic and preoptic), nucleus of the diagonal band, locus ceruleus, lateral septal nucleus, and nucleus ambiguus . Moderate levels (100 to 250 fmol/mg of protein) are found in the posterior hypothalamic nucleus, ventral premamillary nucleus, dorsal raphe nucleus, motor hypoglossal nucleus, caudate-putamen, periventricular thalamic nucleus, subcommissural organ, sensory trigeminal nucleus, perifornical nucleus, area postrema, supraoptic nucleus, cuneate nucleus, medial amygdaloid nucleus, and organum vasculosum laminae terminalis. Low concentrations of ir-alpha-neo-endorphin (less than 100 fmol/mg of protein) are found in many cortical structures, claustrum, thalamic nuclei, habenular nuclei, lateral geniculate body, red nucleus, superior and inferior colliculi, paramedian reticular nucleus, pontine nuclei, superior olive, vestibular nuclei, motor facial nucleus, gigantocellular reticular nucleus, and subfornical organ.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS) PMID- 6726330 TI - Distribution of immunoreactive beta-neo-endorphin in discrete areas of the rat brain and pituitary gland: comparison with alpha-neo-endorphin. AB - The distribution of immunoreactive (ir)-beta-neo-endorphin in 101 microdissected rat brain and spinal cord regions as well as in the neurointermediate lobe of pituitary gland was determined using a highly specific radioimmunoassay. The highest concentration of beta-neo-endorphin in brain was found in the median eminence (341.4 fmol/mg of protein). High concentrations of ir-beta-neo-endorphin (greater than 250 fmol/mg of protein) were found in 11 nuclei, including dorsomedial nucleus, substantia nigra, parabrachial nuclei, periaqueductal gray matter, anterior hypothalamic nucleus, and lateral preoptic areas. Moderate concentrations of the peptide (between 100 and 250 fmol/mg of protein) were found in 66 brain nuclei such as the amygdaloid and septal nuclei, most of the diencephalic structures (not including the hypothalamus), and the majority of the medulla oblongata nuclei and others. Low concentrations of ir-beta-neo-endorphin (less than 100 fmol/mg of protein) were found in 21 nuclei, e.g., cortical structures (frontal., cingulate, piriform, parietal, entorhinal, occipital), olfactory tubercle, and cerebellum (nuclei and cortex). The olfactory bulb has the lowest beta-neo-endorphin concentration (21.3 fmol/mg of protein). Spinal cord segments exhibit low peptide concentrations. The neurointermediate lobe of the pituitary gland is extremely rich in ir-beta-neo-endorphin. PMID- 6726331 TI - Actions of procaine on specific nociceptive cells in leech central nervous system. AB - The effects of the local anesthetic, procaine, on the electrophysiological properties of the leech neurons responding to nociceptive stimuli (N cells) were examined in isolated segmental ganglia in Macrobdella . In the N cell situated laterally in ganglia 7 to 19, procaine produced a depolarization; whereas in the N cell situated medially, it caused a hyperpolarization. These changes in membrane potential were accompanied by a decrease in input resistance, persisted in solutions containing 20 mM MgCl2, and were reversible after drug washout. The depolarization induced by procaine in the lateral N cell was abolished in Na-free solutions. The hyperpolarization produced by procaine in the medial N cell persisted in low chloride solutions and was enhanced by about 30% when the K concentration was reduced to one-tenth of its control value. Therefore, it seems likely that an increase in the resting K conductance was a contributing factor to this hyperpolarization. Procaine greatly prolonged the action potential of the lateral but not the medial N cell. This effect was not solely a consequence of the membrane potential change produced by the drug. Ganglia 5, 6, 20, and 21 contained two rather than four cells with N-like properties. These neurons were N like by virtue of the shape of their action potential and their morphological similarities to the N cells found in ganglia 7 to 19, as well as by their selective sensitivities to nociceptive mechanical stimulation of the skin. The cells in ganglia 5 and 6 responded to gut stimulation, as did the medial N cells in ganglia 7 to 19.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS) PMID- 6726332 TI - Regulatory effect of dopamine on spatial properties of horizontal cells in carp retina. AB - Three types of light-induced response (L-, RG-, and YRB -type S-potentials) recorded from isolated retinas of the carp (Cyprinus carpio) were identified by their spectral response and later by morphological localization of the recording sites marked with an intracellular Lucifer Yellow (LY). Horizontal cells in a given layer, generating one of the above response types, are electrically coupled via gap junctions, so that the injected LY normally diffused to several neighboring cells. The spatial property of the three types of responses was examined by enlarging the diameter of a light spot (0.25 to 4.0 mm) and displacing the spot (0.5 mm diameter) along a straight 4-mm line which passed over the recording point at the middle. In normal retinas, the half-decay distance of response amplitude with spot displacement was shorter in the order of L-, RG-, and YRB -type responses, and correspondingly the dye diffusion area was narrower in the same order of cells. Dopamine (DA; 10 to 20 microM), applied to the vitreous fluid beneath the isolated retina, altered the spatial property of all types of responses by increasing the amplitude of responses to central spots and decreasing that of those to distant spots, and it restricted the intracellular LY to single injected cells. In contrast, in retinas from which DA interplexiform cells had been deprived by prior destruction with a neurotoxin, 6 hydroxydopamine, the amplitude of responses became smaller while the half-decay distance was longer by 1.1- to 1.6-fold, depending upon the cell type, and the dye diffusion area in all types of cells became wider by 2-fold as compared to those in normal retinas.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS) PMID- 6726333 TI - An effect of nerve growth factor on the parasympathetic ciliary ganglion. AB - Mouse submaxillary nerve growth factor (NGF) increases the length and density of neurites extended from embryonic chick ciliary ganglia in vitro. The effect is not as pronounced as with dorsal root ganglia, but it occurs at the same low concentrations of NGF. This effect was observed on polyornithine substrata with or without pretreatment of the substratum with conditioned medium. NGF did not significantly increase the length or density of neurites extended from spinal cord or neural retina explants in the same culture conditions. Stimulation of ciliary ganglion neurite outgrowth did not occur when NGF was replaced with cytochrome c or epidermal growth factor, whereas insulin had an effect comparable to that of NGF when present at much higher concentrations. Four different purified preparations of NGF gave identical results. The purity of two of these preparations was determined after radioiodination; greater than 98% of the radioactivity migrated as a single band on polyacrylamide gels, and greater than 94% of the radioactivity was bound by affinity purified anti-NGF antibody. The effect of NGF on neurite growth could be separated from its effect on neuronal survival. NGF failed to promote the survival of ciliary ganglion neurites even at concentrations 1000-fold higher than those which significantly stimulated neurite growth.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS) PMID- 6726334 TI - Electrophysiological mechanisms of kainic acid-induced epileptiform activity in the rat hippocampal slice. AB - Depression of GABA-mediated IPSPs has been proposed to be a crucial factor in the onset of epileptiform activity in most models of epilepsy. To test this idea, we studied epileptiform activity induced by bath application of the excitatory neurotoxin kainic acid (KA) in the rat hippocampal slice. Repetitive field potential firing, spontaneous or evoked, occurred during exposure to KA. Intracellular records from 52 CA1 pyramidal cells during changes from control saline to saline containing 1 microM KA indicated that KA depolarized cells an average of about 5 mV and caused a 15% decrease in input resistance. Action potentials and current-induced burst afterhyperpolarizations did not change significantly. In several cells the tonic effects of KA were preceded by a transient phase of sporadic, spontaneous depolarizations of 2 to 10 mV and 50 to 200 msec duration. These phasic depolarizations were blocked by hyperpolarization. The major effect of 1 microM KA was a depression of synaptic potentials. Initially, KA depressed fast GABA-mediated IPSPs and slow, non-GABA mediated late hyperpolarizing potentials to 23% and 40% of control values, respectively. IPSP depression correlated closely with onset of burst potential firing in response to synaptic stimulation. Similar observations were made on six cells from the CA2/3 region, although these cells were affected by lower doses of KA. The mechanism of IPSP depression was studied by using KCl-filled electrodes to invert spontaneous IPSPs and make them readily visible. In nine CA1 cells the rate and amplitude of spontaneous IPSPs transiently increased but then decreased in conjunction with evoked IPSP depression. Possible KA effects on postsynaptic GABA responses were investigated by applying GABA locally to cells. KA did not significantly affect GABA responses. Prolonged exposure of CA1 cells to KA in doses of 1 microM or higher depressed intracellularly and extracellularly recorded EPSPs and all field potential activity. This depression was not apparently due to depolarization block in CA1, however. We conclude that KA induces epileptiform activity in hippocampus principally by a presynaptic block of IPSP pathways. PMID- 6726335 TI - Embryonic cerebellar neurons accumulate [3H]-gamma-aminobutyric acid: visualization of developing gamma-aminobutyric acid-utilizing neurons in vitro and in vivo. AB - gamma-Aminobutyric acid (GABA) is the proposed neurotransmitter for four types of cerebellar neurons-Purkinje, Golgi, basket, and stellate neurons. With this investigation we have begun studies to establish when these neurons acquire their neurotransmitter "identification." Autoradiographic studies of both cultured embryonic (embryonic day 13) cerebellar cells and of intact embryonic cerebellum (embryonic day 13) were conducted with tritiated GABA. Two to 5% of the embryonic cerebellar cells accumulated [3H]GABA in vitro. By morphological and immunocytochemical criteria, labeled cells were large neurons with either a thick, apical process, a multipolar shape, or were bipolar with longer processes. The identification of cells which accumulated [3H]GABA as neuronal precursors was supported by the differential sensitivity to drugs that preferentially inhibit accumulation of [3H]GABA by neurons and glia. The results of the in vitro experiments were confirmed and extended with in vivo experiments. When intact cerebellar tissue was removed at embryonic day 13, stripped of meninges and choroid plexus, exposed to low concentrations of [3H]GABA, and processed for light microscopic autoradiography, heavily labeled cells were seen in the middle of the cerebellar anlage. Labeled cells were not seen in the ventricular zone of proliferating neuroblasts lining the fourth ventricle or in the external granular layer emerging at the lateral aspect of the pial surface. The accumulation of [3H]GABA by these cells also showed the pharmacological characteristics of uptake by neurons. This study shows that among migrating, immature forms of the larger neurons of the embryonic cerebellum, there is a select group which accumulates [3H]GABA and other classes of cells which do not. These results indicate very early acquisition of transmitter expression by cerebellar neurons, far in advance of their final positioning and establishment of synapses. PMID- 6726336 TI - Localization and characterization of gastrin/cholecystokinin-like immunoreactivity in the central nervous system of Aplysia californica. AB - Gastrin/cholecystokinin-like immunoreactivity (G/CCK-LI) was localized by immunocytochemistry in neurons in the central nervous system of Aplysia californica. Neuronal cell bodies were specifically immunostained in the buccal, cerebral, pedal, and abdominal ganglia but not in the pleural ganglia. Neural G/CCK-LI processes were observed in the neuropil of all ganglia and connectives and in some but not all of the peripheral nerves examined. Somata containing G/CCK-LI ranged from 15 to 200 micron in diameter. Ganglionic G/CCK-LI was most efficiently extracted in neutral or basic solutions and consisted mainly of a substance eluting in a volume corresponding to a peptide of between 8 and 17 amino acid residues on gel filtration. This G/CCK-LI diluted in parallel to mammalian gastrin in radioimmunoassays using two antisera differing in their specificities for the bioactive COOH-terminal region of mammalian G/CCK. We conclude that G/CCK-LI is distributed widely in the central and peripheral nervous systems of Aplysia californica and that this immunoreactivity probably represents a small peptide which is similar but not identical to mammalian gastrins and cholecystokinins at the functionally critical COOH terminus. PMID- 6726337 TI - Prenatal development of functional connections in the cat's retinogeniculate pathway. AB - The development of functional connections between the axons of retinal ganglion cells and the neurons of the dorsal lateral geniculate nucleus (LGNd) of fetal and neonatal cats was studied using an in vitro assay. Extracellular microelectrode recordings of single units were made from histologically identified sites in the LGNd of isolated diencephalon preparations between embryonic day 39 ( E39 ) and postnatal day 2 (P2). (Gestation is 65 days in the cat.) Postsynaptic units activated by electrical stimulation of one or both optic nerves were found at all ages tested from E39 onwards. Over 90% of the units studied in the fetal preparations received convergent excitation from both optic nerves, compared with roughly half of the units studied in the neonatal optic nerves, compared with roughly half of the units studied in the neonatal preparations. Inhibition was detected in the LGNd of the neonatal preparations, but in only the oldest of the fetal preparations ( E59 ). This physiological change from predominantly convergent excitation to an adult-like mixture of excitation and inhibition seen at birth coincides with the change from mixed to segregated afferent input from the two eyes seen anatomically ( Shatz , C. J. (1983) J. Neurosci . 3: 482-499). These results indicate that attainment of the adult pattern of retinogeniculate connectivity involves the elimination of already functional synapses. PMID- 6726338 TI - Production of "ectopic" vasoactive intestinal peptide-like and neurotensin-like immunoreactivity in human pheochromocytoma cell cultures. AB - Neoplastic chromaffin cells from human pheochromocytomas can exhibit extensive spontaneous and nerve growth factor (NGF)-induced outgrowth of neurite-like processes in vitro, despite the absence of such processes in vivo. To determine whether acquisition of neuron-like features by human pheochromocytoma cells in culture is accompanied by functional alterations, process outgrowth, vasoactive intestinal peptide-like immunoreactivity ( VIPLI ), neurotensin-like immunoreactivity (NTLI), and catecholamine content were studied in freshly dissociated cells and in 21-day-old cultures from six human pheochromocytomas. All of the cultures produced VIPLI and exhibited spontaneous process outgrowth. NGF stimulated process outgrowth and enhanced production of VIPLI . Dexamethasone inhibited process outgrowth and tended to decrease production of VIPLI . NTLI was detected in cells from only one of the tumors, and its production appeared to be regulated comparably to that of VIPLI . Catecholamine content decreased markedly in all of the cultures and was not regulated in parallel with either VIPLI or NTLI. The findings suggest that human pheochromocytoma cultures may help to elucidate cellular and molecular mechanisms regulating ectopic and normal VIP production. PMID- 6726339 TI - Muscimol-scopolamine interactions in the rat brain: a study with 2-deoxy-D-[1 14C]glucose. AB - The 2-deoxy-D[1-14C]glucose method of Sokoloff was used to measure local cerebral glucose utilization (LCGU) in rats after injections of the GABA receptor agonist, muscimol (1.6 mg/kg and 4.0 mg/kg, i.v.); the muscarinic receptor antagonist, scopolamine (0.4 mg/kg and 2.0 mg/kg, i.v.); or combinations of both drugs. The aim was to identify brain regions where functional effects of GABAergic cholinergic interactions could be seen. As noted previously, muscimol reduced LCGU in many brain regions. In contrast, scopolamine alone had no effect on LCGU in most brain regions; however, decreases were seen in the medial geniculate body, medial thalamic nucleus, and auditory and frontal cortical areas. Scopolamine increased LCGU in the cerebellar vermis and mesencephalic reticular formation. Although muscimol alone did not significantly affect LCGU in the external plexiform layer of the olfactory bulb or the anterior, periventricular, and parafascicular thalamic nuclei, rats treated with 0.4 mg/kg of scopolamine before 4.0 mg/kg of muscimol had LCGU decrements in those brain regions. Furthermore, the muscimol-induced decrease in LCGU in the medial cortex was enhanced by prior treatment with 0.4 mg/kg of scopolamine. In contrast, in certain brain regions where muscimol alone reduced LCGU (locus ceruleus; central gray matter; striatum; ventral, medial, reunients , and rhomboid thalamic nuclei; and the auditory cortex), scopolamine pretreatment antagonized these decrements. These findings suggest that endogenous cholinergic and GABAergic systems act antagonistically in some brain regions. However, in other brain regions, cholinergic transmission is required for full expression of GABAmimetic effects on LCGU.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS) PMID- 6726340 TI - Paths of axons in the visual system of perciform fish and implications of these paths for rules governing axonal growth. AB - The optic nerve of many perciform fish is ribbon-shaped, and axons from ganglion cells in specific parts of the retina are consistently found in specific places in this ribbon. I utilized this organization to fill selected groups of axons with horseradish peroxidase. I then traced these groups of axons through the nerve and across the tectum to their terminal arbors. The paths of the axons suggest that axons use a number of different mechanisms to guide them to their correct terminal sites. At some points they appear simply to grow along the surface created by earlier axons, but at other points they seem to be using cues more complex than simple mechanical guidance. In addition, I have demonstrated that for every anulus of ganglion cells on the retina there is an anulus of terminal arbors on the tectum. With time the terminals in a given anulus must move caudally to keep the retinotopic map centered on the tectum while the tectum continues growing nonsymmetrically . I have shown both that the anuli of terminals do remain roughly centered on the tectum and that the predicted pattern of terminal movement is visible on the tecta of perciform fish. PMID- 6726341 TI - Mitotic neuroblasts in the 9-day-old and 11-month-old rodent hippocampus. AB - Ultrastructural identification of mitotic neuronal precursors beneath the basal hippocampal granule cell layer was made using electron micrographs of [3H]thymidine-labeled cells. Ultrathin sections were obtained by a method that allows serial thin sectioning of reembedded sections previously prepared for light microscopic radioautography. The electron microscopic observations reported in this study reveal: (1) that a steady rate of granule cell neurogenesis occurs during the first year of a rodent's life; (2) that newly formed granule neurons in the dentate gyrus of the newborn mouse and adult rat are a result of neuroblast division; and (3) two distinct classes of mitotic cells can be identified during the peak period of postnatal neurogenesis--those with synapses on their cell bodies and processes and those with no synapses or processes. PMID- 6726342 TI - Purification and immunological characterization of a calcium pump from bovine brain synaptosomal vesicles. AB - In previous work ( Papazian , D., H. Rahamimoff , and S. M. Goldin (1979) Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U. S. A. 76: 3708-3712), an ATP-dependent calcium transport activity derived from rat brain synaptosomes was reconstituted into artificial lipid vesicles and substantially purified by transport-specific fractionation. When this procedure was applied to bovine brain synaptosomes, the approximately 70-fold purified, reconstituted Ca2+ uptake system contained two major polypeptides of Mr = 230,000 (" C230 ") and 94,000 (" C94 ") as observed on sodium dodecyl sulfate (SDS) gels. Evidence is presented here that these polypeptides are immunologically related to one another and that the synaptosomal Ca2+ pump is immunologically distinct from Ca2+ pumps in non-neuronal cells. Antisera and monoclonal antibodies to the purified, reconstituted protein did not significantly cross-react with the Ca2+ pumps or any other components of bovine sarcoplasmic reticulum or erythrocytes. However, these antibodies did cross-react with a component of bovine brain axolemma-enriched membranes. A monoclonal antibody was produced that immunoprecipitated the Ca2+ transport activity, both in native, synaptosomal vesicles and in liposomes containing the reconstituted transport system. This antibody bound C230 more prominently than C94 on Western blots of SDS gels. An antiserum raised against C94 alone, obtained by elution from SDS gels, was also found to bind most prominently to C230 on Western blots. These results suggest that this synaptosomal Ca2+ pump is specific to nerve tissue and that C94 and C230 are structurally homologous components of this transport activity. PMID- 6726343 TI - Do vasopressin-related peptides induce hippocampal corticosterone receptors? Implications for aging. AB - The aged rat shows a decline in hippocampal corticosterone receptors and dysfunction in learning and adrenocortical physiology previously linked to glucocorticoid effects upon the hippocampus. The Brattleboro rat, congenitally lacking vasopressin, also has a low number of hippocampal glucocorticoid receptors, as well as learning and endocrine impairments similar to those seen in the aged. Centrally acting vasopressin analogues correct the receptor loss in the hippocampus in the Brattleboro rat but do not influence the hippocampal receptor deficit in the aged rat. Quantitative and high resolution autoradiographic procedures were utilized to characterize the glucocorticoid receptor deficit in the aged and Brattleboro rats. Quantitative autoradiography showed that in both aged and Brattleboro subjects, losses in receptors were most extreme in the pyramidal layer of the CA3a region. High resolution autoradiography revealed striking differences in the cellular basis of the receptor losses. Brattleboro rats had decreased binding of [3H]corticosterone per neuron, whereas aged subjects, in addition, had significant losses in the number of corticosterone concentrating neurons. Taken together, our findings indicate that the glucocorticoid receptor deficit in the Brattleboro rat probably represents a vasopressin-influenced defect in the synthesis or degradation of the receptor, whereas in the aged rat the deficit originates from loss of both receptor per neuron and the steroid-concentrating neurons themselves, and thus is most likely a permanent and pharmacologically insensitive deficit. PMID- 6726344 TI - Cellular interactions and pattern formation in the visual system of the branchiopod crustacean, Daphnia magna. III. The relationship between cell birthdates and cell fates in the optic lamina. AB - The birthdates of nerve cells in the optic ganglion of the water flea Daphnia magna were determined using [3H]thymidine autoradiography. The analysis was aided by computer-assisted three-dimensional reconstruction and correlated with serial electron microscopy of the developing visual system. Previous work has shown that the projection from eye to optic ganglion is retinotopic at the level of single cells ( Macagno , E.R., V. LoPresti , and C. Levinthal (1973) Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A. 70: 433-437). Studies of both normal and perturbed development ( LoPresti , V.,E.R. Macagno , and C. Levinthal (1973) Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A. 70: 56-61; Macagno , E.R. (1978) Nature 275: 318-320) have suggested that retinotopy is a consequence of an invariant pattern of sequential growth and cellular interactions. We report here that the laminar cells, the first-order target cells of the visual projection, become postmitotic in an orderly fashion that correlates with their position and connectivity in the adult array. Furthermore, presumptive laminar cells complete their final division just prior to or during initial contact with the growing processes of the visual fibers with which they will form their mature retinotopic contacts. The correlation between times of final division of target cells and the arrival of visual fibers with which they interact provides further indirect evidence that sequential growth and cellular interactions are key factors in establishing normal connectivity in the visual system of arthropods. PMID- 6726345 TI - Cutaneous responsiveness in primary somatosensory (S-I) hindpaw cortex before and after partial hindpaw deafferentation in adult rats. AB - The hindpaw of the rat is normally innervated by the sciatic and saphenous nerves. In the present studies, the hindpaws of adult rats were partially deafferented by transection of the sciatic nerve for variable periods of time. The organization of the hindpaw representation in primary somatosensory (S-I) cortex was then studied with neurophysiological mapping techniques and compared to the organization seen in normal rats. The objective was to determine whether cutaneous responsiveness was recovered in the cortical area which lost normal cutaneous inputs from the sciatic nerve, and, if recovery occurred, to characterize the time course and spatial extent of this recovery. Normal rats were found to have a topographically organized representation of the hindpaw in S I cortex. As determined by nerve recording and cortical mapping, approximately 85% of this representation is responsive to cutaneous inputs from the sciatic nerve, while the remaining 15% is responsive to inputs from the saphenous nerve. Following transection of the sciatic nerve, all hindpaw skin regions normally innervated by the sciatic nerve remained denervated. In cortex, the representation of cutaneous inputs from the saphenous nerve expanded into parts of the hindpaw region normally representing sciatic inputs and occupied an area about 3 times larger than the saphenous representation in normal rats. This expansion was initially observed 1 to 2 days after transection and was stably maintained with longer deafferentation times. However, even after chronic deafferentation of up to 5 months, this enlarged saphenous representation was still only half the size of the normal hindpaw representation in normal rats. These findings suggest that cortical representations of deafferented skin can become activated by substitute cutaneous inputs. The rapid time course for substitution suggests these changes are due to functional modifications in normally existing connections. With the deafferentation conditions used in the present study, input substitution was limited to only parts of the deprived cortex. A hypothesis is presented which suggests these changes are due to adjustments in the dominance of saphenous and sciatic inputs to specific regions of cortex. PMID- 6726346 TI - Biochemical interruption of membrane phospholipid renewal in retinal photoreceptor cells. AB - The rabbit retina's synthesis of new phosphatidylcholine from extracellular choline was interrupted by an intravitreal injection of the choline analogue hemicholinium-3. This disrupted the process by which new membrane is added to the rod photoreceptor outer segments and eventually caused outer segment degeneration. During the first 2 days after hemicholinium-3 was injected, rows of vesicles replaced the newly formed membrane discs at the outer segment's base. The region of vesicles then expanded, and the distal outer segment detached and was quickly phagocytosed by the pigment epithelium. Two weeks after hemicholinium 3 injection, all of the retina's outer segments had been lost and the inner segments were reduced in length. The threshold concentration of hemicholinium-3 was approximately 20 microM intraocularly. At this dose, the cell bodies, intracellular organelles, and synapses of the rod cells survived. A small group of amacrine cells, possibly those that synthesize acetylcholine, became pyknotic; but the other retinal neurons remained normal to both light and electron microscopy even upon exposure to intraocular concentrations as high as 1 mM. Biochemical experiments indicated that at 20 microM hemicholinium-3, the perturbation of choline metabolism is partial and transient. That it has major selective consequences for the outer segments probably reflects the large amount of new phospholipid required for renewal of their membranes. The selectivity of the lesion was also evidenced by electrophysiological activity recorded from hemicholinium-3-treated retinas. Hemicholinium-3 was injected in vivo, and at various times retinas were isolated and incubated in vitro. The normal components of the electroretinogram were observed, but its amplitude rapidly declined; 12 days after injection, no response to light could be detected. Spontaneous firing of single ganglion cells was observed at all times following hemicholinium-3 injection. As the outer segments degenerated and the threshold of the electroretinogram rose, the thresholds of the ganglion cells also rose, but normal ganglion cell receptive fields could sometimes be plotted. Fourteen days after injection, when all of the outer segments were gone, ganglion cell responses to bright light could still be recorded; their thresholds were about 3.5 log units above normal. This finding is consistent with a previous report of light-evoked responses in mice after outer segment degeneration.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 400 WORDS) PMID- 6726347 TI - Intracellular injection with horseradish peroxidase of physiologically characterized stellate and bushy cells in slices of mouse anteroventral cochlear nucleus. AB - Nissl-stained tissue from brain slice preparations of the anteroventral cochlear nucleus of the mouse resembles tissue fixed in situ. Multipolar, spherical, globular, and granule cells can be distinguished after intracellular injection with horseradish peroxidase (HRP). Stellate cells have relatively large dendritic fields; their axons have collaterals which terminate within the cochlear nuclear complex. Bushy cells have smaller dendritic fields; where they can be seen, axons have no collaterals. Granule cells have few short dendrites; their very fine axons branch close to the cell body and could be followed only for short distances. Intracellular recordings from six stellate cells labeled by intracellular injection of HRP revealed that they have linear current-voltage relationships around the resting potential and that they respond to suprathreshold depolarization with large, regularly firing action potentials. Intracellular recordings from four bushy cells, also labeled by injection of HRP, showed that these cells have nonlinear current-voltage relationships around the resting potential and that they respond to suprathreshold depolarizations with only one or two small action potentials. The anatomical and physiological features of bushy cells reduce summing in time and space and make bushy cells well suited to preserve the firing patterns of auditory nerve inputs. The anatomical and physiological features of stellate cells, in contrast, allow summing in time and space. PMID- 6726348 TI - The effect of norepinephrine on visual cortical neurons in kittens and adult cats. AB - The responses of visual cortical neurons during iontophoresis of norepinephrine (NE) were compared in kittens and adult cats. One type of neuronal "plasticity" (the ability of visual cortical neurons to have their response properties markedly altered during exposure to a restricted visual environment) normally occurs only in young kittens and has been hypothesized to depend on the presence of NE. We investigated this hypothesis in terms of a model of synaptic plasticity which suggested that NE would selectively enhance the evoked responses of neurons and that this enhancement might exist to a greater extent in kittens than in adult cats. The responses of 72% (43 of 60) of all neurons sampled decreased during NE iontophoresis, while the responses of only a few neurons (3 of 60) increased. Reduced activity occurred in roughly equal percentages of simple and complex cells. We also looked for differences in NE modulation of the "signal-to noise" ratio of neurons. Most neurons had little spontaneous activity, but, of those that did, the signal-to-noise ratio increased in some instances and decreased in others. No difference in any of the effects of NE was observed between kittens and adult cats. The role of NE in cortical plasticity is discussed. PMID- 6726349 TI - Calcium/calmodulin-dependent protein phosphorylation in the nervous system of Aplysia. AB - An afterdischarge in the bag cell neurons of Aplysia was previously shown to be associated with calcium entry into these cells and with changes in the phosphorylation state of at least two bag cell proteins (BC-I and BC-II). We have now investigated the role of calcium plus calmodulin (Ca/CaM) in the control of phosphorylation of Aplysia nervous system proteins, including those of the bag cell neurons. In cell-free preparations of Aplysia CNS, we demonstrated Ca/CaM stimulated protein phosphorylation that could be inhibited by the calmodulin blocking drugs R24571 , trifluoperazine, chlorpromazine, and W7 . A number of substrate proteins for Ca/CaM-dependent protein phosphorylation with Mr values from 17,000 to 310,000 were consistently observed in homogenates of the Aplysia CNS. In the bag cells, we found that a major substrate for Ca/CaM-dependent protein phosphorylation was the bag cell-specific, Mr = 21,000 protein (BC-II). BC-I (Mr = 33,000), on the other hand, appeared not to be a substrate for a Ca/CaM-dependent protein kinase. We found that there are a minimum of two Ca/CaM dependent protein kinases in the Aplysia nervous system. These enzymes were distinguished on the basis of their subcellular distribution and their ability to phosphorylate distinct sites on synapsin I, an exogenous neuronal protein from vertebrates. Phosphorylation by one of these kinases (calmodulin kinase I) was on a site recovered in an Mr = 10,000 proteolytic fragment of synapsin I, and phosphorylation by the other (calmodulin kinase II) was on a site recovered in an Mr = 30,000 fragment. The predominant enzyme in the Aplysia CNS, as in the mammalian nervous system, was calmodulin kinase II.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS) PMID- 6726350 TI - Cell death of motoneurons in the chick embryo spinal cord. IX. The loss of motoneurons following removal of afferent inputs. AB - The primary aim of this study was to clarify the role of supraspinal, propriospinal, and primary sensory afferents in motoneuron (MN) development in the lateral motor column (LMC) of the lumbar spinal cord of the chick embryo. For this purpose three types of operations were carried out on embryonic day (E) 2. (1) The spinal cord was transected at the cervical (C-gap) or at the thoracic (T gap) level so as to eliminate supraspinal and/or propriospinal inputs to the lumbar cord. (2) The entire lumbar neural crest was removed (NCR) in order to eliminate primary sensory inputs arising from the dorsal root ganglia (DRG). (3) A combined operation of T-gap and lumbar NCR was performed. The numbers of MNs in the LMC of the lumbar spinal cord were counted in embryos sacrificed between E10 and E18. The number of MNs on E10, when naturally occurring neuron death is almost complete, was not changed following either operation 1 or 2 described above. However, by E16, when naturally occurring neuron death is over, these same deafferented groups had 20 to 25% fewer MNs than did controls. Thus, the removal of either descending or sensory (DRG) afferents results in a significant increased loss of MNs that appears to take place only during the final stages of natural neuronal death or later. By contrast, the removal of both sources of input (T-gap + NCR) results in an additional 37% loss of MNs by E10 compared to controls. Thus, in this group deafferentation significantly increases cell loss during the major period of naturally occurring MN death (E5 to E10). No further loss of MNs occurs in this group after E10. Chronic treatment of deafferented embryos with curare from E6 to E9 or from E10 to E14 prevented the naturally occurring MN loss during these stages but was without effect on the increased cell loss induced by deafferentation. These results imply that the cellular mechanisms involved in target- versus afferent-regulated cell death are different. Collectively, these results indicate that the regulation of MN numbers is more complicated than previously thought. Both targets and afferents appear to be involved in controlling the survival of this population of neurons during the period of naturally occurring MN death. PMID- 6726351 TI - The distribution and binding of zinc in the hippocampus. AB - Quantitative and qualitative studies suggest that zinc is concentrated in the mossy fiber boutons of the hippocampus and is believed to exist as a chelatable cytosolic pool. These studies were aimed at testing the hypothesis that a zinc binding protein(s) or an amino acid pool in the cytosol is responsible for the sequestration of zinc. For comparison with the hippocampus, the cerebellum was chosen as a control region since it has been reported to contain lower levels of zinc both quantitatively and qualitatively. Initially, we confirmed that a quantitative difference in the levels of zinc exists between the hippocampus (12.59 +/- 0.85 micrograms of zinc/gm wet weight tissue, X +/- SD) and that this difference is reflected in cytosolic zinc levels. Using Ultrogel AcA 34 gel permeation chromatography, three major zinc-binding species were resolved. Two of these binding species appeared to account for most of the difference observed in the cytosolic levels of the two brain regions. Molecular weight criteria and differential pulse polarography behavior suggest that one of the species is a metallothionein-like protein. Based upon both molecular weight and ion exchange chromatography criteria, the other binding species may be a zinc-glutathione complex. There are no qualitative differences in the zinc-binding species localized in the cytosol of the hippocampus as compared with the cerebellum. However, the amount of binding species, in particular, the metallothionein-like protein and the putative zinc-glutathione complex, is greater in the hippocampus. These findings support the hypothesis that a cytosolic zinc-binding protein(s) may be responsible for the sequestration of zinc observed in the hippocampus. PMID- 6726352 TI - A kinetic study of the in vivo incorporation of 65ZN into the rat hippocampus. AB - Previous autoradiographical studies utilizing 65Zn demonstrated an apparent concentration of 65Zn in the mossy fiber boutons of the hippocampus. To examine the speciation of the 65Zn pool found in this neuronal pathway, we investigated the in vivo incorporation of systemic 65Zn into rat hippocampus compared with other brain regions. We were especially interested in kinetically assessing the zinc associated with three previously identified cytosolic zinc-binding species found in the hippocampus. The hypothesis that two of these cytosolic zinc-binding species, a metallothionein-like protein and a putative zinc-glutathione complex, may be responsible for the sequestration of zinc in the hippocampus was tested. It was confirmed that the t 1/2 of hippocampal zinc is longer than other brain regions that were studied. Furthermore, we observed that 65Zn is incorporated into three cytosolic zinc-binding species in the hippocampus as resolved using Ultrogel AcA 34 gel permeation chromatography. One of these species, the putative zinc-glutathione complex, accumulates zinc more slowly than the other species. The data suggest that the putative zinc-glutathione complex may represent an important 65Zn pool in the hippocampus. This finding is in accordance with out hypothesis that a zinc-binding species, specifically, the putative zinc glutathione complex, may be responsible for the sequestration of zinc in the hippocampal mossy boutons. PMID- 6726353 TI - Traumatic pericallosal artery aneurysm. PMID- 6726354 TI - Tumours of the pineal region: diagnostic problems. PMID- 6726355 TI - Central cortico-subcortical pattern on CT in cerebral palsy. Its relevance to asphyxia. PMID- 6726356 TI - Endovascular treatment of intracerebral arteriovenous angiomas. Technique, indications and results. PMID- 6726357 TI - BCNU solubility and toxicity in the treatment of malignant astrocytomas. AB - Administration of BCNU into the carotid artery as treatment for malignant astrocytomas has produced retinal and brain toxicity. It is unclear whether the BCNU diluent, ethanol, is the cause of the toxicity, but the elimination of the ethanol is an attractive possibility. Clinically, decreasing the ethanol from 2.0 ml/100 mg BCNU to 0.75 ml/100 mg BCNU resulted in a marked decrease in eye toxicity. To simulate this clinical situation, three 500-mg solutions of BCNU, ethanol, and saline were prepared, decreasing the ethanol concentration from 3.0 ml to 2.0 ml to 0.75 ml/100 mg BCNU. The amount of BCNU recovered in vitro after simulated clinical administration of the three solutions decreased from 84.9% to 38.3% as the diluent decreased. Therefore, drug delivery at a fixed BCNU dose will decrease with the amount of ethanol diluent used. The clinical decrease in eye toxicity must be partly attributed to a decrease in the amount of BCNU delivered to the retina. Simulated administration of a solution of 500 mg BCNU/150 ml of 5% dextrose in water (D5W) gave 83.7% BCNU recovery. The D5W gives solubility comparable to that provided by 3.0 ml ethanol to each 100 mg BCNU, and its use eliminates ethanol as a potential retinal and brain toxin. PMID- 6726358 TI - Early aneurysm operation and outcome in two remote Scandinavian populations. AB - The Kuopio University Clinic is the neurosurgical referral center for a population of 930,000 inhabitants in central Finland while the Lund University Clinic is the neurosurgical referral center for a population of 1.46 million inhabitants in southern Sweden. The incidence of aneurysmal subarachnoid hemorrhage (SAH) is approximately 19/100,000/year in central Finland and approximately five/100,000/year in southern Sweden. During the calendar year 1982, 69 patients with a ruptured supratentorial aneurysm were admitted in Lund, and 71 such patients were admitted in Kuopio. Thirty-nine patients in neurological Grades I to III (according to Hunt and Hess) underwent early aneurysm operation in Lund, and 46 such patients were operated on within a week after SAH in Kuopio. In the combined series of 85 Grade I to III patients with aneurysm operation within a week after rupture, 78% made a good recovery; the morbidity rate was 14%, and the mortality rate was 8%. PMID- 6726359 TI - Subarachnoid hemorrhage in childhood and adolescence. AB - The authors have reviewed 167 cases of subarachnoid hemorrhage (SAH) occurring in patients aged 20 years and younger in a 23-year period. The modes of presentation and etiology of SAH are similar in childhood and adolescence and in the adult population, but there was a different incidence of the specific pathology producing the bleeding in this series. Twenty-six percent of cases were due to bleeding arteriovenous malformations, 52% were due to ruptured aneurysms, and in 19% no cause was found. Aneurysms in this young age group differed in several important respects from those in the adult population: there was a male predominance, a higher incidence of internal carotid bifurcation aneurysms was seen, and multiple aneurysms were encountered less commonly. PMID- 6726360 TI - A randomized placebo-controlled double-blind trial of nimodipine after SAH in monkeys. Part 1: Clinical and radiological findings. AB - The authors have developed a method to induce chronic cerebral vasospasm after subarachnoid hemorrhage (SAH) in monkeys. With microsurgical techniques, 33 monkeys had a frontotemporal craniectomy and unilateral opening of the subarachnoid cisterns. Cerebrospinal fluid was drained and a fresh hematoma, obtained from an average of 7 ml of autologous blood, was carefully placed against the major arteries of the anterior circulation on one side. The 30 monkeys studied for 7 to 14 days after the SAH were allocated randomly to two treatment groups of 15: one group received placebo and the other nimodipine, 1 mg/kg every 8 hours. Indices monitored before and after SAH included neurological status, cerebral blood flow, computerized tomography, and angiographic vessel caliber. In the placebo group, delayed ischemic neurological deficit developed in one monkey 4 days after clot placement and was present at sacrifice on Day 14. No such deficit occurred in the nimodipine group. The effect of nimodipine on vessel caliber at this dosage was equivocal. Significant vasospasm (31% to 100% reduction in vessel caliber) developed in 87% (26 of 30) of the animals. Overall, vasospasm was slightly more common in the placebo group: in this group, on Days 7 and 14, the incidence of vasospasm was significantly higher (p less than 0.05) than in the nimodipine group. However, the average percentage reduction in vessel caliber of the maximally constricted vessel in each monkey was not significantly different between the two groups. PMID- 6726361 TI - A randomized placebo-controlled double-blind trial of nimodipine after SAH in monkeys. Part 2: Pathological findings. AB - Chronic cerebral vasospasm was induced in monkeys by placement of an autologous blood clot after the basal cisterns had been opened over the arteries of the circle of Willis on one side. The experimental protocol was detailed in Part 1 of this paper. Twenty of the 30 monkeys studied from both groups (one receiving placebo and the other nimodipine) underwent cerebral fixation (Day 14) at controlled pressure by intra-arterial perfusion. The arteries at the base of the brain were studied by light microscopy and scanning (SEM) and transmission electron microscopy (TEM). Cerebral angiography on Day 7 showed that vasospasm was significantly more common (p less than 0.0001) and more severe (p less than 0.01) on the clot side compared to the control or non-clot side. Vasospasm was less severe on Day 14, just before sacrifice. On SEM, 80% of the 20 middle cerebral artery (MCA) specimens that had been in spasm (Day 7) showed marked corrugation , and in some the endothelium had a fish-scale appearance. All of the 10 MCA's on the clot side examined by TEM that had been in spasm (Day 7) showed marked changes such as endothelial swelling, subendothelial proliferation, corrugation of the elastic lamina, and myonecrosis. With few exceptions, none of the basilar arteries or MCA's on the non-clot (control) side showed any abnormalities. The pathological findings of vessels in spasm were considered to be slightly less severe in the nimodipine group; however, the trial drug (1 mg/kg/8 hrs) did not prevent such abnormalities from occurring. The ultrastructural changes in the arterial walls of specimens from both placebo and nimodipine groups in vasospasm are described. Since dramatic changes are present in the vessel walls even after radiologically visible vasospasm has almost completely abated, we believe that vasospasm is due to long-lasting smooth-muscle constriction and not to vessel wall thickening caused by a cellular or subcellular infiltrate. PMID- 6726362 TI - Families, brain death, and traditional medical excellence. AB - Staff neurosurgeons and residents at a tertiary care hospital designated as a transplant center were surveyed regarding personal opinions concerning brain death and family conferences. Compared to an extensive survey done in 1976, the responses indicated that, while a professional consensus regarding the definition and meaning of brain death has emerged in the past 10 years, a range of personal beliefs and opinions regarding the concept still exists. In spite of the professional consensus, it is still difficult for the physician to communicate gently, yet firmly, to families both the scientific groundwork that validates the determination of brain death, the concept, and the finality of the information. PMID- 6726363 TI - Subdural strip electrodes for localizing epileptogenic foci. AB - Surgical removal of epileptogenic brain is indicated for treatment of many medically refractory focal seizure disorders. One of the important factors in providing good results from surgery is the accuracy of identifying the epileptogenic focus. However, accurate localization may be difficult when only standard scalp recordings are used. Many epilepsy centers have used intracranial recording techniques to better define regions of cortical epileptogenicity . Although subdural strip electrodes were first utilized many years ago, the more popular method of intracranial recording has been by intracortical depth electrodes. The authors present their method of placing subdural strip electrodes for extensive recordings from the cortex. To date, this method has been used to provide continuous monitoring of the electrocorticogram in 28 patients for periods up to 3 weeks, with only two minor complications. This procedure is relatively safe and a valuable alternative to placing intracortical depth electrodes. PMID- 6726364 TI - Pulmonary hypertension, pulmonary edema, and decreased pulmonary compliance produced by increased ICP in cats. AB - Cats, anesthetized with sodium pentobarbital, were cannulated to measure pulmonary, systemic, and left atrial pressures and pulmonary ventilation, compliance, and resistance. Intracranial pressure was elevated to 30 mm Hg by injecting silicone oil into the extradural space. After an average time of 56 minutes, pulmonary systolic and diastolic pressures more than doubled, systemic systolic pressure sometimes rose and sometimes fell, and diastolic pressure rose 5%. Left atrial pressure never exceeded 8 cm of saline. Pulmonary compliance decreased by one-half, but airway resistance was unchanged. Pulmonary edema was estimated from histological sections. The pulmonary hypertension may be the result of a sympathetic discharge confined to the lung, since no remarkable changes in heart rate or systemic blood pressure occurred. The decrease in pulmonary compliance followed the rise in pulmonary arterial pressure, and is interpreted as the result of interstitial edema. There was no evidence that left heart failure or elevated left atrial pressure caused the pulmonary edema. PMID- 6726365 TI - Effect of high-frequency ventilation versus conventional mechanical ventilation on ICP in head-injured dogs. AB - Changes in intrathoracic pressure may influence intracranial pressure (ICP), presumably by affecting venous return. High-frequency ventilation (HFV) has been associated with lower intrapleural and airway pressures and has the potential to lower ICP. To evaluate the effects of HFV compared to conventional ventilation on ICP, normocarbia was maintained in nine dogs while alternating between conventional ventilation and HFV at 200 breaths/min. The mean ICP was raised from 6.3 +/- 6.1 to 24.7 +/- 1.04 mm Hg by inflation of Fogarty balloons implanted in the epidural space. The ICP peaks associated with positive inflation pressures were eliminated with HFV, but mean ICP was not significantly different between the two ventilatory modes (23.4 +/- 9.7 mm Hg for the conventional system versus 26.0 +/- 10.0 mm Hg for HFV). Four dogs exhibited neurogenic pulmonary edema: they developed elevated pulmonary artery and intrathoracic pressures and required increased inspiratory flow with HFV to maintain normocarbia. The authors conclude that, in this head-injury model, there did not seem to be an advantage of HFV over conventional ventilation. PMID- 6726366 TI - Brain tissue pressure: physiological observations in anesthetized cats. AB - This study of direct tissue pressure measurement from brain parenchyma in 25 anesthetized cats focuses on steady-state observations and responses to some common physiological manipulations. Tissue pressure recording by a needle system can be done accurately without significant alterations of the blood-brain barrier, brain water content, regional cerebral blood flow, and cerebrovascular reactivity to changes in PaCO2 and cerebral perfusion pressure. Methodological details, including in vitro and in vivo validation, are described. PMID- 6726367 TI - Surgical approaches to the orbit. Indications and techniques. AB - The authors review their experience with over 300 patients with orbital tumors, and summarize their surgical techniques and indications for each surgical approach. A fronto-orbital approach is described which is used for tumors with intracranial extension and for those located in the orbital apex and deep medial orbital compartment. Lateral micro- orbitotomy is used for tumors located in the superior, temporal, or inferior compartment of the orbit and those in the lateral apex. A medial microsurgical approach is used for tumors located medial to the optic nerve but not deep in the apex. By thus approaching tumors directly, optimal exposure is obtained and functional deficits are minimized. The pertinent surgical anatomy is illustrated and the technique of fine-needle aspiration biopsy is discussed. PMID- 6726368 TI - Experimental study on the pathogenesis of heat stroke. AB - A heat-balance study was carried out on conscious rabbits exposed to ambient temperatures (Ta) from 8 degrees to 40 degrees C. At Ta = 40 degrees C, heat gain exceeded heat loss and led to hyperthermia and heat stroke, and the latency for the onset of heat stroke was found to be around 87 minutes. At the onset of heat stroke, the comatose animals showed higher levels of rectal temperature, ear skin blood flow, respiratory evaporative heat loss, metabolic rate, intracranial pressure (ICP), and cerebral water content as compared to those of control animals (kept at an ambient temperature of 24 degrees C). Before the start of heat stress, the animals had an average mean arterial blood pressure (MABP) of 94 mm Hg and cerebral perfusion pressure (CPP) of 80 mm Hg. However, at the onset of heat stroke, the average MABP and CPP decreased to 67 and 19 mm Hg, respectively. The reduction in CPP at the onset of heat stroke was due to both a decrease in MABP and an increase in ICP. In addition, the comatose animals which received an intravenous infusion of 10% glycerol (3 ml/min) had a survival time (interval between onset of heat stroke and death) longer than that of the comatose animals which received the control-vehicle solution. The prolongation of survival time in the glycerol-treated animals may be due to lower rectal temperature, lower cerebral water content, or lower ICP during the development of heat stroke. The present data indicate that not only hyperthermia but also cerebral edema, intracranial hypertension, decreased MABP, and decreased CPP are the main causes of heat stroke. The therapeutic values of glycerol on heat stroke may be related to the depressant action on cerebral edema, intracranial hypertension, and body temperature. PMID- 6726369 TI - Changes in food intake with electrical stimulation of the ventromedial hypothalamus in dogs. AB - Six adult dogs were implanted stereotaxically with chronic indwelling Medtronic platinum-tipped electrodes in the left ventromedial hypothalamic area (VMH); two dogs with electrodes placed in the subcortical white matter served as controls. Following 24 hours of food deprivation, VMH-stimulated dogs delayed their next meal for a period ranging from 1 to 18 hours. When not stimulated, however, each dog ate immediately upon receiving its food and consumed greater than average daily intake (p less than 0.005). The two control dogs ate immediately upon receiving food regardless of whether they were stimulated or not. Dogs that received 1 hour of VMH stimulation every 12 hours for 3 consecutive days maintained an average daily food intake of 35% of normal baseline levels (range 13% to 51%), and water consumption averaged 50% of baseline intake (range 29% to 67%). Both of these results were statistically significant (p less than 0.01). After cessation of stimulation, food and water intake returned to normal within 6 to 9 days, with no observable "rebound hyperphagia." The two animals that received subcortical electrodes showed no change in food or water intake with stimulation. Blood pressure, pulse, respiration, temperature, and gross behavior were not altered during or after stimulation. These results suggest that the use of electrical stimulation of the VMH may be a useful modality for regulating food intake, and deserves further examination as a potential alternative therapy for human morbid obesity. PMID- 6726370 TI - Dorsal root entry zone lesions for the treatment of post-herpetic neuralgia. AB - Post-herpetic pain was treated in 12 patients using dorsal root entry zone ( DREZ ) lesions. All patients had failed to receive adequate pain relief from conservative therapy consisting of transcutaneous nerve stimulation, carbamazepine, and/or amitriptyline. Dorsal root entry zone lesions were made to include the involved dermatomes plus one-half of the dermatomes above and below the painful areas. Eight patients reported good pain relief with follow-up periods ranging from 6 to 21 months. A ninth patient obtained satisfactory pain relief, but the superior 1 cm of the original painful area was not included in the distribution of the DREZ lesions. Patients whose lesions were performed using a thermally controlled lesion probe suffered no significant postoperative neurological deficit. Dorsal root entry zone lesions appeared to be a satisfactory treatment for post-herpetic neuralgia in patients who have failed to respond to more conservative modes of therapy. PMID- 6726371 TI - Phenoxybenzamine in the treatment of causalgia. Report of 40 cases. AB - Forty consecutive cases of causalgia treated during a 7-year period are presented. The patients ranged in age between 17 and 55 years, and all patients were males who received their nerve injuries from missile or shrapnel wounds. The greater occipital nerve was involved in two cases, median nerve in 10, sciatic nerve in 12, brachial plexus in seven, cauda equina in five, and multiple nerves in four cases. Each patient was treated with phenoxybenzamine, a postsynaptic alpha 1-blocker and presynaptic alpha 2-blocking agent. The drug was given orally in gradually increasing increments until a maximum daily dose of 40 to 120 mg was reached. Duration of treatment was usually 6 to 8 weeks. Total resolution of pain was achieved in all cases. The follow-up period ranged between 6 months and 6 years. Side effects of phenoxybenzamine were minimal and transient, consisting primarily of mild orthostatic hypotension and ejaculatory problems. We conclude that oral phenoxybenzamine is a simple, safe, and effective treatment of causalgia. PMID- 6726372 TI - Failure of tetracaine to reverse spinal cord injury in the cat. AB - Beginning 30 minutes after acute spinal cord injury, cats were treated by the administration of continuous spinal anesthesia for 8 hours. This was achieved by the intermittent injection of hyperbaric tetracaine into the subarachnoid space at the site of injury via an indwelling catheter. There were no significant differences in functional recovery or histologically assessed tissue preservation between treated cats and concurrently managed control animals. The indwelling subarachnoid catheter used for drug administration was found to have no significant effect on the spinal cord injury. PMID- 6726373 TI - Angiographic disappearance of multiple dural arteriovenous malformations. Case report. AB - Angiographic disappearance of two dural arteriovenous malformations (AVM's) in different locations in one case is reported. One of the AVM's involved the right transverse sinus, and the other involved the superior sagittal sinus. The patient's presenting symptoms were due to obstructive hydrocephalus resulting from a small intraventricular hemorrhage that was diagnosed by computerized tomography on admission. The symptoms cleared 25 hours after the ictus in conjunction with improvement of hydrocephalus. The AVM involving the right transverse sinus was supplied by the occipital artery, but ligation of that artery was not successful in eliminating the anomaly. One year later, follow-up angiography revealed disappearance of both dural AVM's. PMID- 6726374 TI - Intracranial sparganosis: an uncommon infection. Case report. AB - The first case of intracranial sparganosis to be reported from the United States is presented. The patient, a 27-year-old woman, complained of focal seizures involving the right lower extremity. A left parietal parasagittal craniotomy was performed, and a granuloma containing a sparganum was excised from the parietal lobe. The clinical and pathological features of sparganosis are reviewed. Only five cases of intracranial sparganosis have previously been described. PMID- 6726375 TI - Giant cystic cavernoma in a child. Case report. AB - A totally cystic giant cavernous hemangioma is described in a 3-year-old girl. The clinical presentation and computerized tomography findings were both unique. The patient was successfully treated by surgery. PMID- 6726376 TI - Acutely thrombosed aneurysm of the middle cerebral artery presenting as intracranial hemorrhage in a 3-year-old child. Case report. AB - Spontaneous thrombosis of aneurysms occurs rarely in children, and, to our knowledge, there are no reports of aneurysms presenting as an embolic event in a child. We describe the case of a 3-year-old boy whose symptoms initially suggested an ischemic event to the dominant hemisphere. Initial computerized tomography scans indicated an intracranial hemorrhage. Subsequent radiographic study revealed evidence of emboli and, at exploration, a large acutely thrombosed aneurysm of the left middle cerebral artery associated with arterial occlusion was found. Entrapment of the aneurysm and thrombectomy provided excellent operative results. PMID- 6726377 TI - An unusual fibro-osseous lesion of the brain. Case report. AB - An unusual case is described of a fibro-osseous lesion of the brain. Some other causes of densely calcified intracranial lesions are briefly discussed. PMID- 6726378 TI - Epidermoid tumor presenting as tension pneumocephalus. Case report. AB - The authors report a patient with an epidermoid tumor that eroded through the frontal sinus, causing an acute neurological deficit secondary to tension pneumocephalus. The historical perspective, radiographic features, and pathophysiological mechanisms are discussed. PMID- 6726379 TI - Vertebral trephine: a new instrument for anterior cervical fusion. Technical note. PMID- 6726380 TI - Percutaneous flexible bipolar epidural neuroelectrode for spinal cord stimulation. Technical note. AB - This article describes a new flexible bipolar neuroelectrode which is inserted percutaneously into the epidural space for segmental spinal cord stimulation. This electrode was used in experiments with dogs and monkeys for recording cortical somatosensory evoked potentials in order to identify intraoperative spinal cord ischemia during periods of aortic occlusion. PMID- 6726381 TI - CSF formation and absorption. PMID- 6726382 TI - Naloxone and focal cerebral ischemia. PMID- 6726383 TI - Outcome after head injury. PMID- 6726384 TI - Endolymphatic hydrops and CSF pressure. PMID- 6726385 TI - Hemangioma calcificans. PMID- 6726386 TI - Anterior cord decompression and spinal stabilization for patients with metastatic lesions of the spine. AB - Metastatic lesions involving the spine may cause vertebral body collapse, resulting in either spinal instability or neural compression, or both. Progressive destruction of the vertebral body by the tumor may cause increasing spinal instability, leading to a kyphotic deformity and further neural deficit. Anterior decompression allows direct excision of the tumor focus and direct neural decompression. Because of postoperative irradiation, conventional bone grafts are rarely incorporated. Over an 8-year period, 52 patients with spinal instability secondary to metastatic pathological fractures of one or more vertebrae underwent anterior decompression and stabilization by replacement of the affected vertebral bodies with methyl methacrylate, polymerizing in situ. No postoperative external support was required, and the acrylic fixation achieved by this method was not affected adversely by subsequent irradiation to a mean of 4020 rads. Forty patients had major neurological impairment preoperatively and required anterior spinal cord and/or nerve root decompression prior to fixation. Of these, 21 had complete neurological recovery postoperatively, 13 others were improved significantly, five remain unchanged, and one patient deteriorated neurologically. There were three cases with failure of fixation. Seven other patients did not benefit from the procedure because of specific complications or the advanced state of their disease. The remaining 42 patients had good relief of pain and restoration of spinal stability, which did not deteriorate during the follow-up period, ranging from 6 to 100 months postoperatively. PMID- 6726387 TI - Effect of acute spinal cord injury on axonal counts in the pyramidal tract of rats. AB - The concentration of axons in the pyramidal tract of normal and spinal cord injured rats was determined by counting axons in sections of spinal cord stained by the Holmes technique. In the normal rat the axon concentration was uniform in the cervical, thoracic, and lumbar regions, although the size of the tract diminished progressively with its descent in the cord. After acute cord transection or compression injury, the axon concentration distal to the injury site diminished markedly. However, an appreciable number of distal axons persisted after injury, due to either delayed degeneration or to the presence of an admixture of afferent fibers. The axonal counting technique developed in this study should be helpful in experiments on spinal cord injury and regeneration. PMID- 6726388 TI - Benign tumors of the foramen magnum. AB - The authors reviewed 102 documented cases of benign extramedullary tumors of the foramen magnum treated at their institution between 1924 and 1982. There was 78 meningiomas, 23 neurofibromas, and one teratoma. Approximately 40% of the patients had a normal neurological examination upon first evaluation. The most frequent presenting complaints were suboccipital neck pain, dysesthesias, gait disturbances, weakness, and hand clumsiness. The average time from initial symptoms to diagnosis was 2 1/4 years. The most common findings included hyperreflexia, arm or hand weakness, Babinski sign, spastic gait, sensory loss, and 11th cranial nerve involvement. Based on these cases, an attempt is made to distinguish foramen magnum tumors from other disease entities by a grouping of signs and symptoms. There is no clinical finding that is pathognomonic. Metrizamide computerized tomography scanning and Pantopaque myelography have been the radiographic tests most commonly used to evaluate the foramen magnum. Recent experience suggests that nuclear magnetic resonance scanning will be a very useful noninvasive means of evaluating the foramen magnum region. PMID- 6726389 TI - Spontaneous cervical epidural hematoma. A consideration of etiology. AB - The medical literature relating to spontaneous cervical epidural hematoma has been reviewed, and two new cases have been added. In total, 43 cases have been analyzed in detail, and the authors present some new hypotheses as to the pathophysiology of this disorder. PMID- 6726390 TI - Experiences with the anti-siphon device (ASD) in shunt therapy of pediatric hydrocephalus. AB - A follow-up study was performed on 41 hydrocephalic children with primary (10 patients) or secondary (31 patients) placement of an anti-siphon device (ASD) connected to their shunt. The clinical course before and after ASD implantation was compared in these two groups, including studies of the head circumference, the radiological ventricular size, cerebrospinal fluid pressure studies on the supine and upright patient, and the history of shunt-induced complaints and complications leading to hospitalization. The authors discuss the pathophysiological concept of the "chronic overdrainage " or slit-ventricle syndrome based on ventricular collapse due to chronic suction-induced overdrainage by the vertical shunt system in the upright patient. The use of an ASD in connection with the regular shunt system of children with hydrocephalus is proposed. This ASD-shunt combination successfully reduced the number of complaints and shunt dysfunctions over a period of more than 6 years. PMID- 6726391 TI - Congenital hemihypertrophy and abnormalities of the cerebral vasculature. Report of two cases. AB - Two patients are described with congenital hemihypertrophy and vascular abnormalities of the brain on the side of the hypertrophy and in the posterior fossa. The abnormalities observed included giant aneurysm, capillary hemangioma, and arteriovenous malformation. Vascular anomalies in the affected limbs are common in congenital hemihypertrophy, and neurological abnormalities and hypertrophy of the brain have been reported. The presence of vascular abnormalities of the brain in this condition may provide an opportunity to further the understanding of the development of cerebrovascular malformations. PMID- 6726392 TI - Surgical treatment of middle cerebral artery aneurysms. AB - The authors report their experience with the surgical therapy of middle cerebral artery (MCA) aneurysms in 413 cases, and describe their technique. After the M1 portion of the MCA is identified, the Sylvian fissure is opened. During the administration of 20% mannitol, temporary occluding clips are applied to the feeding and draining vessels of the aneurysm. The aneurysm is freed from all surrounding tissue, and the aneurysm neck is treated by ligation, clipping, or wrapping. Analysis of surgical results in 91 cases operated on after the surgical approach had become standardized indicates that more than 94% of patients have returned to useful social lives by the time of follow-up evaluation. Twenty-four percent of these patients were operated on within 48 hours after subarachnoid hemorrhage. PMID- 6726393 TI - Multiple cranial nerve palsies due to a hyperextension injury to the cervical spine. Case report. AB - The case of a patient with multiple bilateral cranial nerve palsies and spinal cord sparing secondary to a stable hyperextension injury to C-1 is presented. PMID- 6726394 TI - Radiation-induced cerebellar chondrosarcoma. Case report. AB - The authors report a case of chondrosarcoma arising in the cerebellum 16 years after treatment of a cerebellar malignant astrocytoma by subtotal resection and irradiation. It is thought that the chondrosarcoma arising within the intracranial cavity was a probable consequence of previous ionizing radiation. PMID- 6726395 TI - Subhyaloid hemorrhage in Haemophilus meningitis. Case report. PMID- 6726396 TI - Cerebrospinal fluid ascites complicating ventriculoperitoneal shunting. Report of four cases. AB - Four cases of cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) ascites secondary to ventriculoperitoneal shunting are described. It is possible to differentiate CSF ascites from a CSF filled pseudocyst by the characteristic bowel gas pattern on films of the abdomen and by the presence of shifting dullness. Two of the patients had active shunt infections, and had ascitic fluid with a protein level greater than 3 gm% and a white blood cell (WBC) count greater than 1000/cu mm. Both were treated successfully with antibiotics and removal of the shunt from the peritoneum. Two other patients had no evidence of infection, protein levels of less than 2 gm%, and WBC count less than 100 cu mm. These disorders resolved spontaneously. A review of 18 cases reported in the literature shows that the etiology of CSF ascites in the absence of shunt infection is multifactorial, and no features are consistently present in all cases. Ascites without infection may resolve spontaneously without surgical intervention. PMID- 6726397 TI - Chiasmal osteoma following tuberculous meningitis. Case report. AB - Clinical and radiological signs of a chiasmal lesion developed in a man 25 years after successful treatment of tuberculous meningitis. Surgical exploration and pathological examination demonstrated a mature chiasmal osteoma. The bony growth may have been a sequela of the prior infection. PMID- 6726398 TI - Anterior sacral meningocele contiguous with a pelvic hamartoma. Case report. AB - A patient with an anterior sacral meningocele combined with a hamartoma was diagnosed with x-ray films, myelography, and computerized tomography. She was successfully operated on by a transabdominal approach. PMID- 6726399 TI - Return of function after intracranial suture of the trochlear nerve. Case report. AB - An excellent functional result was obtained after microsuture of a trochlear nerve which was inadvertently divided during the course of a craniotomy. Successful intracranial suture of this nerve has not previously been reported. Ophthalmoscopic detection of excyclotorsion of the eye on the side of the trochlear nerve palsy is discussed, along with its value in the differential diagnosis of acquired vertical diplopia. PMID- 6726400 TI - Modification of Cloward cervical retractor. Technical note. AB - A modification of a Cloward lateral cervical retractor with sharp blades is described. The purpose of the adaptation is to help prevent injuries to soft tissues of the neck and to facilitate placement during anterior cervical discectomy and fusion. PMID- 6726401 TI - Omental revascularization of brain. PMID- 6726402 TI - AVM's of lateral and sigmoid sinuses. PMID- 6726403 TI - Primary cerebral lymphoma: the "ghost tumor". PMID- 6726404 TI - Arteries of the cavernous sinus. PMID- 6726405 TI - Dynamic CT scanning of microadenomas. PMID- 6726406 TI - Delayed Lhermitte's sign. PMID- 6726407 TI - Resistance to reabsorption of CSF. PMID- 6726408 TI - Cerebral blood flow and ICP patterns in patients with communicating hydrocephalus after aneurysm rupture. AB - Cerebral blood flow (CBF) was measured, the intracranial pressure (ICP) was continuously recorded, and the ventricular system size was evaluated on serial computerized tomography scans in 43 patients. These patients all had communicating hydrocephalus after subarachnoid hemorrhage (SAH) from rupture of an intracranial aneurysm. The studies were carried out both in the acute stage (within 7 days after SAH) and in the communicating hydrocephalus stage. In patients in the acute stage who had no ventricular dilatation, but who later developed communicating hydrocephalus, the mean CBF was reduced; lower CBF was associated with poorer clinical grades and a higher resting pressure range. Communicating hydrocephalus produced a significant decrease in CBF. The ICP tracing showed continuing plateau waves in conjunction with B-waves in patients in whom recordings were begun within 63 days after SAH. In general, patients with more dilated ventricular systems, with less frequent ICP irregularities, and with lower resting pressure ranges had a more marked decrease in CBF. A significant decrease in CBF was also found in patients with diffuse vasospasm in comparison to those without vasospasm. Patients with communicating hydrocephalus in whom ICP recordings were started more than 6 months after SAH showed no ICP irregularities. In these patients, a mean CBF of less than 25 ml/100 gm/min and a markedly low resting pressure range were observed. Shunting procedures were never effective in any of these patients. The results suggest that, in patients with communicating hydrocephalus, a mean CBF below this level may cause irreversible damage to the brain tissue in the terminal stage, and may inhibit the cerebral vasomotor reaction that participates in the development of ICP irregularities. PMID- 6726409 TI - Obliteration of experimental aneurysms in dogs with isobutyl-cyanoacrylate. AB - Experimental cervical carotid aneurysms in dogs are obliterated with isobutyl cyanoacrylate ( IBCA ) injected under direct vision into the aneurysm. Reflux of IBCA into the artery was prevented by inflating either a latex or a Silastic balloon in the carotid artery at the level of the neck of the aneurysm. This balloon was introduced through a catheter advanced into the common carotid artery by femoral catheterization. The Silastic balloon was found to be much more effective than the latex balloon in preventing spillage of IBCA into the lumen. PMID- 6726410 TI - Intracranial vessels lack vasa vasorum. AB - A micro-corrosion technique was used to demonstrate an extensive vasa vasorum network in extracranial vessels but did not reveal this system in intracranial vessels of comparable size in three species of animals. The absence of a vasa vasorum network in cerebral vessels may result in a higher level of susceptibility to periarterial abnormalities, such as cerebral vasospasm secondary to subarachnoid hemorrhage. PMID- 6726411 TI - Computerized tomography of cranial sutures. Part 1: Comparison of suture anatomy in children and adults. AB - Knowledge of normal suture anatomy and development is vital in order to understand abnormal suture development and to be able to distinguish sutures radiographically from normal anatomical structures and possible skull fractures. The anatomy of the sutures and synchondroses of 150 normal pediatric and adult patients was studied using high-resolution computerized tomography scanning. Sutures of both the calvaria and skull base were most accurately identified in axial and coronal high-resolution thin-section scans when bone window algorithms were used. Developmental changes of the sutures and synchodroses , the inner and outer tables, and the diploic space were all well delineated. Vault sutures could be identified routinely in children, but their presence in adults varied considerably. With increasing age, parasutural sclerosis developed and sutures were more closely apposed. PMID- 6726412 TI - Computerized tomography of cranial sutures. Part 2: Abnormalities of sutures and skull deformity in craniosynostosis. AB - Preoperative computerized tomographic (CT) scans of 24 children who had surgery for either single or multiple craniosynostoses were compared with skull radiographs and operative and pathological findings. In addition to providing accurate imaging of calvarial and skull base deformities secondary to premature suture closure, high-resolution CT with bone definition algorithms supplied valuable detail of anatomical changes at the abnormally developed suture. The CT findings varied with the location of the suture. Thickened bony ridges predominated at the sagittal suture, focal bone thickening and erosions were more likely to be found at the metopic suture, and parasutural sclerosis was the prevalent finding on one side of the lambdoid suture. No evidence of the suture could be detected in the majority of patients with complete coronal craniosynostosis. Radiographs of the skull were shown to be a relatively insensitive means of imaging the zone of limited fusion, especially the lambdoid suture. An excellent correlation was found between the CT scan and the operative and pathological findings. There was histological evidence of progressive suture fusion in virtually all patients. An asymmetrically narrowed lucent zone with parasutural sclerosis or bony ridges seen on CT scans correlated well with fibrous union of the suture found on histological examination. The authors conclude that high-definition CT used in conjunction with bone windows and thin and coronal slices for the evaluation of sagittal sutures is a useful imaging method for the evaluation of craniosynostosis. PMID- 6726413 TI - The false fontanel. AB - In the neonate, palpation of the anterior fontanel is recognized as a simple and reliable means for estimating intracranial pressure. With closure of the fontanel this aspect of the clinical examination is lost. The authors report a series of 15 shunted infants and children in whom a false fontanel was created by making a 2-cm craniectomy in the right parietal region and excising the underlying internal pericranium. This produces a cranial opening which, like the anterior fontanel, can be used for palpation and real-time ultrasound imaging of the brain. By removing the internal pericranium, reossification of the defect is delayed by more than 12 months. Sparing the dura propria avoids the risks of cerebrospinal fluid leak or brain herniation into the cranial window. This procedure is reported to be simple, reliable, and of value in assessing shunt function in hydrocephalic infants and young children. An illustrative case report is presented. PMID- 6726414 TI - Mechanical brain injury: the sympathoadrenal response. AB - Catecholamine release was studied in cats as a function of injury severity in the fluid-percussion model of brain injury. Hyperglycemia was also studied as a function of catecholamine response and injury severity. Epinephrine (E) and norepinephrine (NE) increased as a function of injury. This increase was maximal at about a 3.0-atmosphere (atm) injury level and amounted to a 500-fold increase for E and 100-fold increase for NE. Both catecholamines increased maximally by 10 seconds postinjury. Glucose increased to about 350% of baseline at 500 seconds postinjury and also increased as a function of injury severity. Results suggested that the sympathoadrenal discharge was capable of a graded response which was maximal at about 3.0 atm. Associated with this increase were hypertensin, bradyarrhythmias, tachyarrhythmias, and hyperglycemia. PMID- 6726415 TI - Principles of nuclear magnetic resonance. AB - The basic principles of nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) are discussed. The concepts presented include a qualitative quantum-mechanical approach to NMR spectroscopy and a classical-mechanical approach to time-dependent NMR phenomena (relaxation effects). The spectroscopic concepts discussed include absorption of radiation by matter, spin and energy quantization , chemical shift, and spin-spin splitting. The time-dependent phenomena include the concepts of T1 and T2, the spin-lattice and spin-spin relaxation time, and Fourier-transform NMR spectroscopy. PMID- 6726416 TI - Radionuclide tests of cerebral fluid shunt patency. PMID- 6726417 TI - Re: In vivo methods for measuring regional glucose metabolic rate (GlMR) PMID- 6726418 TI - Salivary gland accumulation of meta-[131I]iodobenzylguanidine. AB - Intense uptake of m-[131I] iodobenzylguanidine (I-131 MIBG ) has been observed in the salivary glands of patients undergoing scintigraphy for the location of suspected pheochromocytomas. This uptake of radioactivity was not due to free I 131 derived from the I-131 MIBG but rather to uptake of I-131 MIBG by sympathetic neuronal elements in the salivary glands. In keeping with this, administration of tricyclic antidepressants reversibly blocked salivary uptake of I-131 MIBG . Furthermore, I-131 MIBG uptake was markedly diminished by the ipsilateral salivary glands in a patient with Horner's syndrome, and was bilaterally diminished in a patient with severe idiopathic sympathetic autonomic neuropathy. The salivary gland uptake of I-131 MIBG may provide a means for the study of sympathetic innervation of these organs, and thus for the study of generalized disorders of autonomic innervation. PMID- 6726419 TI - In vitro magnetic relaxation times of the ischemic and reperfused rabbit kidney: concise communication. AB - To assess the effects of renal ischemia and reperfusion on in vitro magnetic relaxation times (T1 = magnetization recovery, T2 = spin echo), we evaluated the spectroscopic characteristics of the renal cortex from 25 rabbits. Eight served as controls (Group 1), nine had one renal pedicle ligated for 1 hr (Group 2), and eight (Group 3) were occluded for 1 hr and reperfused for 30 min. For intra animal comparison purposes, % H2O content, T1 (msec), and T2 (msec) of the ischemic (reperfused) kidney were normalized to the values from the normal kidney within the same animal. Renal ischemia consistently increased water content, which was exaggerated by reperfusion. In association with ischemia, T1 fell, and with reperfusion T1 lengthened. T2 increased with ischemia and declined from the peak ischemic effects with reperfusion. PMID- 6726420 TI - A sensitive human thyroglobulin RIA to define clearly the presence or absence of functioning thyroid tissue. AB - This paper describes a practical procedure to establish a sensitive radioimmunoassay for the measurement of human thyroglobulin (HTg) in serum. The assay enables a clear distinction to be made between levels of HTg indicating the presence or absence of functioning thyroid tissue. It compares the use of HTg serum levels with the conventional I-131 scintigram as a marker for recurrent thyroid cancer. In addition, a simple and sensitive radioimmunologic assay is described for the determination of serum antithyroglobulin autoantibodies, the presence of which may give falsely elevated HTg levels. PMID- 6726421 TI - Acalculous cholecystitis: a case with variable cholescintigram. AB - A 62-yr-old man with acalculous cholecystitis is presented. At different stages of his disease his cholescintigram was abnormal and then normal. The case demonstrates the variations of the cholescintigram that may occur during the disease and illustrates the difficulties that may be encountered in making the diagnosis. PMID- 6726422 TI - Gallium-67 citrate localization in the heart secondary to constrictive pericarditis with myocardial fibrosis. AB - Scintigraphy has demonstrated gallium-67 accumulation within the heart in pericarditis and cardiomyopathies of various kinds. We present a case report of a 63-yr-old man with multisystem disease who showed extensive myocardial uptake of Ga-67 by scintigraphy. At autopsy, constrictive pericarditis with myocardial fibrosis was found. Gallium-67 localization has not been documented previously in myocardial fibrosis accompanying constrictive pericarditis. PMID- 6726423 TI - Intraperitoneal injection of technetium-99m sulfur colloid in visualization of a peritoneo-vaginalis connection. AB - Ten minutes after an intraperitoneal infusion of Tc-99m sulfur colloid, a gamma camera was used to obtain anterior abdominal views. This visualized a peritoneoscrotal communication in an 80-yr-old patient. He had developed extensive edema of the genitals and lower limbs after about 6 wk of continuous ambulatory peritoneal dialysis. At operation the communication was confirmed and closed. A repeat test verified the success of operation. PMID- 6726424 TI - Phase analysis in the Wolff-Parkinson-White syndrome with surgically proven accessory conduction pathways: concise communication. AB - Twenty-one patients with the Wolff-Parkinson-White (WPW) syndrome who underwent surgical division of the accessory conduction pathway (ACP) were studied by gated blood-pool scintigraphy. In each case, a functional image of the phase was generated, based on the fundamental frequency of the Fourier transform. The location of the ACP was confirmed by electrophysiologic study, epicardial mapping, and surgery. Phase analysis identified the side of preexcitation correctly in 16 out of 20 patients with WPW syndrome with a delta wave. All patients with right-cardiac type (N = 9) had initial contraction in the right ventricle (RV). In patients with left-cardiac type (N = 10), six had initial movement in the left ventricle (LV); but in the other four the ACPs in the anterior or lateral wall of the left ventricle (LV) could not be detected. In patients with multiple ACPs (N = 2), one right-cardiac type had initial contraction in the RV, while in the other (with an intermittent WPW syndrome) the ACP was not detected. These observations indicate that abnormal wall motion is associated with the conduction anomalies of the WPW syndrome. We conclude that phase analysis can correctly identify the side of initial contraction in the WPW syndrome before and after surgery. However, as a method of pre-operative study, it seems difficult to determine the precise site of the ACP by phase analysis alone. PMID- 6726425 TI - Congenital absence of the gallbladder: another cause of false-positive hepatobiliary image. AB - Hepatobiliary imaging with the various technetium-labeled IDA compounds is more than 90% sensitive and specific for the diagnosis of acute cholecystitis. Causes of false-positive studies include chronic cholecystitis, cystic-duct obstruction by tumor, prolonged fasting, the nonfasting state, pancreatitis, alcoholism, parenteral hyperalimentation, and severe intercurrent illness. A case of congenital absence of the gallbladder is submitted as another cause of a false positive scan. PMID- 6726426 TI - Radioiodinated branched-chain fatty acids: substrates for beta oxidation? Concise communication. AB - Branched-chain iodinated fatty acids have been proposed for use as myocardial imaging agents. Several omega- iodoalkyl and omega- iodoaryl beta-methyl branched fatty acids have been synthesized and tested in rats. Myocardial activity levels at t = 5 min are affected by chain length for both alkyl and aryl acids, with chain lengths of 16 carbons possessing higher levels of activity than shorter lengths. Branching significantly lowers heart-to-blood ratios relative to straight-chain analogs. The degree of branching also affects radioactivity levels. Monoalkylation at the beta-carbon does not reduce the levels for omega- iodoalkyl fatty acids, but dialkylation reduces the levels significantly. Branching in the omega- iodoaryl series of fatty acids altered the time course of activity in the myocardium from a level of activity decreasing with time for the straight-chain acid to an essentially constant level of activity for the branched analogs. PMID- 6726427 TI - Methods of measuring splenic blood flow and platelet transit time with In-111 labeled platelets. AB - Following bolus intravenous injection of In-111-labeled autologous platelets in humans, splenic blood flow (SBF) was measured by compartmental analysis of the equilibration of platelets between blood and the intrasplenic platelet pool. The result correlated closely (r = 0.94, p less than 0.001) with SBF measured from analysis of the first-pass time-activity curve recorded over the spleen by external detection. The intrasplenic platelet transit time (tp), measured concurrently with SBF from compartmental analysis, correlated closely (r = 0.78, p less than 0.001) with tp measured from deconvolution analysis. These correlations appear to support the use of compartmental analysis of the equilibration of radiolabeled platelets between blood and the intrasplenic platelet pool as a valid technique for the simultaneous measurement of SBF and tp. Both of these parameters have potential clinical usefulness for the understanding of intrasplenic platelet kinetics in a variety of disorders. PMID- 6726428 TI - Scintigraphic variations of normal biliary physiology. AB - We studied 115 healthy adult volunteers, fasting overnight, to establish the normal scintigraphic variability. Five Tc-99m IDA agents with liver excretion half-times ranging from 18 to 108 min were used. The time of appearance of the common bile duct correlated directly with the liver's excretion half-time. The appearance of the gallbladder and the small intestine were independent of the excretion half-time and showed a reciprocal relationship suggesting a major role for the sphincter of Oddi. In 22% of the subjects, the sphincter tonus was tight enough to divert all of the hepatic bile into the gallbladder, allowing none into the intestine. All of such subjects showed normal dynamic response to intravenous cholecystokinin. The pattern of the bile drainage from the two lobes differed, resulting in asymmetry of the right and left hepatic ducts. It is concluded that the selection of a Tc-99m IDA agent should be based on the clinical problem at hand and that a clinician's understanding of the scintigraphic variability in normal subjects is critical before attempting diagnosis. PMID- 6726429 TI - A model for assessing bronchial mucus transport. AB - We propose a scheme for the assessment of regional mucus transport using inhaled Tc-99m aerosol particles and quantitative analysis of serial gamma-camera images. The model treats input to inner and intermediate lung regions as the total of initial deposition there plus subsequent transport into these regions from more peripheral airways. It allows for interregional differences in the proportion of particles deposited on the mucus-bearing conducting airways, and does not require a gamma image 24 hr after particle inhalation. Instead, distribution of particles reaching the respiratory bronchioles or alveoli is determined from a Kr-81m ventilation image, while the total amount of such deposition is obtained from 24 hr Tc-99m retention measured with a sensitive counter system. The model is applicable to transport by mucociliary action or by cough, and has been tested in ten normal and ten asthmatic subjects. PMID- 6726430 TI - Radiopharmaceutical treatment of malignant pheochromocytoma. AB - Apart from relieving effects of secreted catecholamines, treatments of malignant pheochromocytoma have achieved little success. When the radiopharmaceutical, meta [131I] iodobenzylguanidine (I-131 MIBG ), was found to concentrate in some malignant pheochromocytomas, we calculated that this agent could impart therapeutic doses of radiation to these tumors. We therefore treated five patients with two to four doses of I-131 MIBG prepared in high specific activity, 8-11 Ci/mmol. Individual doses were given at 3- to 10-mo intervals and in 97- to 197-mCi amounts. Two patients exhibited subjective and objective benefits. Their tumors declined in size (to 28% and 30% of original volumes) and in hormone secretion (to 50% or less of baseline rates). The other three patients manifested few symptoms before treatment and showed few or no objective improvement afterward. The tumors of the patients who responded to I-131 MIBG (a) appeared to be more rapidly growing, (b) received more cumulative rads, and (c) were more predominantly in soft tissues (in contrast to bone) than those in the patients who obtained little benefit. No toxic effects were encountered during the treatments, and only minor and temporary untoward responses were seen later. PMID- 6726432 TI - Multinuclear NMR studies of naturally occurring nuclei. AB - The ability to obtain nuclear magnetic resonance spectra from spatially localized regions of living animals and patients has led to the possibility of measuring biochemical processes in vivo. Localization is generally achieved through the use of surface coils. Using this technique, intracellular pH, and concentrations of high-energy phosphates and "abnormal" marker compounds have been measured in animal organs (both in vitro and in vivo) and in human brain and muscle (in vivo). The majority of studies have used the P-31 nucleus, but carbon (C-13) and hydrogen (H-1) have also been studied. However, both C-13 and H-1 experiments have technical difficulties. Carbon-13 has a low natural abundance, and H-1 containing metabolites may have their signals obscured by the large water peak. The phosphorus studies have been largely preclinical, but diagnostic possibilities are appearing from the many research problems now under investigation. PMID- 6726431 TI - The characteristics of I-125 4-IQNB and H-3 QNB in vivo and in vitro. AB - The accumulation of (R)-(H-3)-3-quinuclidinyl benzilate (H-3 QNB) and (R,S)-1 azabicyclo(2.2.2)oct-3-yl (R,S)-alpha-hydroxy-(4-[I-125]iodophenyl) benzeneacetate (I-125 4- IQNB ) in heart, caudate/putamen, and cerebellum of rats was determined at intervals from 15 min to 4 hr after injection. The behavior of the two radiotracers in the heart is consistent with in vitro results with respect to affinities and specificities. In the brain, however, the compounds differ in tissue selectivity. At high specific activity, neither compound provides localization that is consistent with the concentration of receptor in the tissues. The results of this study do not indicate quantification of receptor concentration by means of single external images. PMID- 6726433 TI - Malignant pheochromocytoma treated by I-131 MIBG. PMID- 6726434 TI - Measurement of the mean transit time of cerebral circulation by external detection of an intravenously injected radioisotope. AB - A technique is described in which the mean circulation (transit) time of each hemisphere is determined by means of an intravenous radioisotope technique. A sharp bolus of a rapidly excreted I131 labeled compound is released from an antecubital vein. The time of entrance into the brain blood pool of the densest portion of this bolus is determined by plotting the first derivative of the amount of isotope seen in the brain by a paired external collimation-detection system. The time of exit of the densest portion of the bolus is also similarly determined. The interval between the entrance and exit represents, we believe, the mean cerebral transit time. In 15 normal males transit times were obtained between 6.5 and 10 seconds. The test is virtually painless, repeatable, and exposes the patient to minimal radiation. PMID- 6726435 TI - Proceedings of the 31st Annual Meeting of the Society of Nuclear Medicine. June 5 8, 1984, Los Angeles, California. Abstracts. PMID- 6726436 TI - The relationship of gastroesophageal reflux and gastric emptying in infants and children: concise communication. AB - One hundred twenty-six pediatric patients (0-16 yr of age) with clinically suspected gastroesophageal reflux (GER) were evaluated using radionuclide scintigraphy. Although 46 of the patients (38.3%) had abnormal studies exhibiting evidence of GER, there were no significant differences in gastric emptying between patients with and without GER. At 60 min after ingestion, the 76 patients less than 2 yr old had a mean residual of 54%, whereas those over 2 yr of age had a value of 29% (P less than 0.0001). Gastric emptying values may be age-related. PMID- 6726437 TI - Thallium scintigraphy in experimental toxic pulmonary edema: relationship to extravascular pulmonary fluid. AB - Pulmonary fluid volumes (PBV = lung blood volume; EVLW = extravascular lung water) were examined to define the effects of oleic acid injury and then to examine the relationship between edema formation and accumulation of pulmonary thallium. In six dogs, pulmonary fluid compartments were monitored during the induction of pulmonary injury by oleic acid (0.15 cc/kg i.v.). By 30 min after the injection, EVLW had doubled (p less than 0.01); it continued to increase slowly for 180 min, whereas PBV declined. In six anesthetized dogs, we made similar measurements in an identical preparation and compared pulmonary fluid volumes with pulmonary counts derived from sequential thallium (1-1.3 mCi) scintigrams obtained after the injection of oleic acid (0.12-0.15 ml/kg). Measures of EVLW and PBV were obtained sequentially along with thallium scintigrams. There was a linear relationship between EVLW and pulmonary counts alone, or when pulmonary counts were normalized to myocardial activity. We conclude that sequential thallium scintigrams provide useful information about the degree of change of EVLW over time in a model of noncardiogenic pulmonary edema. PMID- 6726438 TI - Sequential imaging of indium-111-labeled monoclonal antibody in human mammary tumors hosted in nude mice. AB - Using a bifunctional chelating agent, indium-111 was attached to a monoclonal antibody 10- 3D2 , specific for a 126-kilodalton phosphoglycoprotein antigen associated with human mammary carcinoma, and was then used to localize and visualize human mammary tumors hosted in nude mice. Simultaneous tumor concentration of In-111-10- 3D2 was eight times greater than that of control I 125-MOPC-21. Uptake of F(ab')2 and Fab of 10- 3D2 was also compared. the scintigrams demonstrated that intact antibody provided the best images. Control In-111-labeled MOPC-21 and plasma did not show specific localization in the tumor. Uptake of In-111-labeled 10- 3D2 was also compared in two lines of human mammary tumors, BT-20 and HS- 578T . Imaging with 10- 3D2 was better for BT-20 than for HS- 578T . These studies demonstrated that (a) In-111-10- 3D2 can be utilized to image human mammary tumors hosted in nude mice; (b) intact antibody provided the best tumor images, although F(ab')2 had optimal target-to-background ratios for earlier imaging; and (c) different mammary tumor lines with possibly different concentrations of tumor-associated antigen showed different rates of uptake and apparent saturation with 10- 3D2 . PMID- 6726439 TI - Use of a paramagnetic substance, colloidal manganese sulfide, as an NMR contrast material in rats. AB - Paramagnetic pharmaceuticals ( magnetopharmaceuticals ) that are suitably distributed into specific organ systems or diseased sites might be clinically useful for tissue contrast enhancement in nuclear magnetic resonance images. To determine whether an insoluble magnetopharmaceutical might be useful in such service, we investigated the effect of a colloidal preparation of manganese sulfide ( MnSC ) upon liver and lung spin-lattice relaxation times (T1) in rats following intravenous administration. NMR tissue sample measurements were made at 24 MHz, ahd showed that after MnSC treatment, liver T1 values--and to a lesser extent lung T1 values--were depressed below control values. Liver manganese content (as determined by flame atomic absorption spectrophotometry) increased in proportion to the dose of MnSC , and the reciprocal of the liver T1 values also increased in proportion to the dose of MnSC . PMID- 6726441 TI - Use of a copper filter for dose-calibrator measurements of nuclides emitting K x rays. PMID- 6726440 TI - The Walsh-Hadamard transform: an alternative means of obtaining phase and amplitude maps. AB - Currently, Fourier analysis is a method for obtaining the phase and amplitude images used to evaluate abnormalities of cardiac contraction. Since this technique is time-consuming, the present work investigates the application of another algorithm used in digital signal processing: the Walsh- Hadamard transform ( WHT ). This method provides a 48% time saving because it requires only elementary algebraic operations. The study presents the results obtained processing 30 blood-pool cardiac acquisitions in various diseases. No significant difference was found in the pairs of maps and in the parameters chosen for comparison of the data. PMID- 6726442 TI - Skeletal scintigraphic changes in osteoporosis treated with sodium fluoride: concise communication. AB - An appendicular skeletal response to sodium fluoride (NaF) was detected by total skeletal scintigrams. Twelve postmenopausal osteoporotic women were treated with NaF (88 mg/day) and calcium (1500 mg/day). Total skeletal scintigrams were obtained before and during treatment. Within 4 to 21 mo (mean: 8.3), all 12 patients showed new areas of increased uptake corresponding to metaphyseal regions and short bones of the appendicular skeleton. The number of peripheral bones involved in each subject ranged from four to 12. The most frequently involved sites (11 of 12 patients) were the right distal femur and proximal tibia. Nine patients showed an increase in serum alkaline phosphatase activity, which was attributed to an increase in the skeletal isoenzyme. Seven of 12 patients developed bone pain in one or more of the regions of increased uptake. This study establishes that the skeletal scintigram is a sensitive index of the peripheral skeletal response to NaF. PMID- 6726443 TI - Scintigraphic and X-ray arthrographic diagnosis of femoral prosthesis loosening: concise communication. AB - In order to determine loosening of femoral components of conventional total hip arthroplasties, a comparison of radionuclide (RA) and radiographic arthrograms (XA) was performed. The hips of 29 patients were studied with radiographic contrast and intraarticular Tc-99m sulfur colloid. The XAs were positive for loosening in 10/29 studies, whereas the RAs were positive in 19/29 studies. In five of ten in which both studies were positive, the RA showed femoral prosthesis loosening more clearly than the XA. By surgical follow-up, there were four false negative XAs . Our data suggest that the RA is valuable in determining femoral component loosening. PMID- 6726444 TI - Serum thyroglobulin, a monitor of differentiated thyroid carcinoma in patients receiving thyroid hormone suppression therapy: concise communication. AB - Serum thyroglobulin levels were obtained in 86 patients who had undergone thyroidectomy and I-131 ablation for differentiated thyroid cancer, and who were receiving or had recently discontinued thyroid hormone suppression therapy. Excellent correlation was observed between serum thyroglobulin levels in patients receiving thyroid hormone suppression therapy and I-131 imaging studies. Serum thyroglobulin levels equal to or below 20 ng/ml indicate the absence of thyroid carcinoma, and values exceeding 60 ng/ml were indicative of active thyroid cancer but may include some patients without clinical evidence of disease. Intermediate serum thyroglobulin levels were observed in a small number of patients with postsurgical thyroid remnants or active disease. Serum thyroglobulin levels are of considerable value in monitoring the activity of thyroid cancer in patients who are receiving thyroid hormone suppression therapy. PMID- 6726445 TI - Practicality of NEMA performance specification measurements for user-based acceptance testing and routine quality assurance. AB - National Electrical Manufactures Association ( NEMA ) performance specifications provide the only standardized and traceable measurements of scintillation-camera performance that are widely accepted by manufacturers. The NEMA publication describing the performance specifications suggests that elaborate equipment beyond a standard imaging computer is required for the measurements. For this reason the tests are currently unsuitable for both user-based acceptance testing and daily quality assurance. We have implemented five of the eight NEMA performance measurements as routine quality-assurance procedures on our computerized scintillation cameras. In addition, we have shown that seven of the eight NEMA measurements can be performed in a manner traceable to NEMA , with energy resolution as the single exception. With a standard imaging computer, NEMA phantom, and minor modification to NEMA collection and analysis constraints, we have analyzed images for intrinsic uniformity, resolution, linearity, and multiple-window spatial registration as well as for system spatial resolution both with and without scatter. PMID- 6726446 TI - The submission of I.N.D. applications for radiopharmaceutical research: when and why. PMID- 6726447 TI - Thyroid remnant ablation: questionable pursuit of an ill-defined goal. PMID- 6726448 TI - Influence of scan and pathologic criteria on the specificity of cholescintigraphy: concise communication. PMID- 6726449 TI - Visualization of the thyroid during cardiac imaging. PMID- 6726450 TI - Lactation in the dog: milk composition and intake by puppies. AB - The composition and intake of milk by mother-reared puppies was studied to compare protein and energy intakes of puppies with estimated requirements. Milk samples were obtained from five beagle bitches over the period of 7-37 days postpartum. Dog milk contained on average 22.7% dry matter, 9.47% fat, 7.53% protein, 3.81% sugar and 146 kcal gross energy per 100 g. Protein comprised 31% of milk energy. Nonprotein nitrogen averaged 0.054%, equivalent to 4.4% of total nitrogen. Milk intakes of puppies in the five litters were estimated from water kinetics following administration of deuterium oxide (D2O). D2O dilution indicated that body water comprised 72-73% of puppy body weight, and fractional turnover rate of body water averaged 0.15-0.17% per day in weeks 3 and 4 postpartum. Milk intakes were calculated as 160 +/- 5.4 g (mean +/- SEM) at 19 days and 175 +/- 5.3 g at 26 days, equivalent to 17.0 and 14.6% of body weight, respectively. Daily milk yields of the bitches averaged 964 g at 19 days and 1054 g at 26 days. Dry matter intakes of the puppies were equivalent to 3.9 and 3.3% of body weight at 19 and 26 days, respectively. Gross energy intakes averaged 223 224 kcal/ kg0 .75 per day, and protein intakes averaged 0.33-0.36 g per gram body weight gain at these ages. Estimates of the energy requirements of young puppies by the National Research Council appear to be too high. PMID- 6726451 TI - Effect of dietary fat on plasma glutathione peroxidase levels and intestinal absorption of 75Se-labeled sodium selenite in chicks. AB - The effect of dietary fat on the availability of selenium was investigated in chicks fed either 4 or 20% butter, olive oil, rape oil, corn oil or sunflower oil in the diet for 3 weeks after hatching. Plasma glutathione peroxidase (GSH-Px) activity was used as an indicator of the body selenium status. In addition, the intestinal absorption of sodium selenite (75Se-labeled) was determined by using both the in vivo ligated loop procedure and oral administration of the isotope. The plasma GSH-Px levels increased with increasing proportion of the polyunsaturated fatty acids in the diet. Increasing the amount of fat from 4 to 20% significantly enhanced the GSH-Px activity in the groups receiving butter or olive oil, but had no effect in animals fed the unsaturated fats. The absorption of [75Se]selenite from the ligated duodenal loops tended to be reduced in chicks fed corn oil or sunflower oil as compared to the animals receiving butter in their diet. On the other hand, the type of dietary fat did not appear to affect the absorption of the orally administered selenite. The present study demonstrates that the type of dietary fat can affect the plasma GSH-Px levels in chicks without altering the intestinal absorption of selenite. However, the results on the absorption of the intraduodenally injected sodium selenite suggest that dietary fat plays some role in the intestinal transport of selenium. PMID- 6726452 TI - Free tyrosine levels of rat brain and tissues with sympathetic innervation following administration of L-tyrosine in the presence and absence of large neutral amino acids. AB - The tyrosine concentration of fasted rats was measured in plasma, brain and tissues receiving sympathetic innervation after L-tyrosine (200 mg/kg) was administered alone or in the presence of an equimolar cocktail containing isoleucine, leucine and valine. In the samples taken at 15, 30, 45, 60, 120 or 180 minutes, the highest concentrations of L-tyrosine were observed in plasma, heart, adrenal gland and kidney at 15 minutes, but in interscapular brown adipose tissue at 15 and 30 minutes and in brain at 15-60 minutes. The decline from peak concentrations was slower in brain, kidney and interscapular brown adipose tissue than in plasma, but in all tissues examined, control levels of free tyrosine were attained by 180 minutes postadministration . Competing large neutral amino acids reduced the maximal uptake of tyrosine in the brain by 48% but had no effect in the other tissues examined. PMID- 6726453 TI - Relationship between vitamin A and iron in the liver. AB - Anemia associated with vitamin A deficiency and increased liver iron has implicated vitamin A in the regulation of iron release from the liver. To study this relationship further, groups of weanling rats were fed diets as follows: low iron/low vitamin A, low iron/high vitamin A, normal iron/normal vitamin A, high iron/low vitamin A and high iron/high vitamin A. After 6 weeks the animals were killed, and blood and liver samples were taken for analyses of hemoglobin, hematocrit, red blood cell count, serum and liver vitamin A, serum and liver iron and total iron-binding capacity. Low dietary iron, but not low vitamin A intake, affected hemoglobin, hematocrit and red blood cell counts but not serum vitamin A levels. Mean serum vitamin A levels were not significantly lower in groups fed high dietary iron. High dietary iron was also associated with lower mean liver vitamin A levels; these differences were statistically significant only for the low vitamin A diet group. A high vitamin A intake was associated with a significantly lower mean hepatic iron level for the high dietary iron intake group. These data support the hypothesis that vitamin A is involved in the regulation of iron release from the liver. PMID- 6726454 TI - Effect of dietary nickel on growth, urease activity, blood parameters and tissue mineral concentrations in the neonatal pig. AB - Day-old pigs were individually fed a low nickel (0.16 ppm) liquid milk-based diet supplemented with either 0, 5 or 25 ppm nickel on a dry matter basis for a 21-day period. At the end of the liquid feeding period, five pigs per treatment were killed, and the remaining five were fed a dried skim milk-based diet (0.12 ppm nickel) with similar levels of added nickel for an additional 28 days. Dietary nickel did not affect animal gain, liver cholesterol, serum protein concentrations or bacterial urease activity in the gastrointestinal tract. The addition of 5 ppm nickel to the basal dry diet reduced ammonia concentrations in the cecum by 33%. Pigs receiving the high level of nickel had decreased serum alkaline phosphatase and increased serum glucose at 49 days, compared to controls. Animals receiving 5 ppm nickel had higher liver iron and zinc concentrations than controls at 21 days but not at 49 days. Control pigs had lower kidney and lung nickel concentrations than animals receiving 5 ppm nickel at 21 days but not at 49 days. Increasing dietary nickel from 5 to 25 ppm resulted in increased concentrations of nickel in serum, kidney, lung, spleen and muscle. These results suggest that 0.12-0.16 ppm nickel is adequate for growth of neonatal pigs fed milk-based diets. However, additional nickel may improve the iron and zinc status of the young pig. PMID- 6726455 TI - A study of the acylcarnitine content of sows' colostrum, milk and newborn piglet tissues: demonstration of high amounts of isovalerylcarnitine in colostrum and milk. AB - As part of a project to determine if newborn piglets contain less than optimal amounts of carnitine, the carnitine and acylcarnitine content of colostrum, milk and serum of sows and of serum, liver, heart and muscle of newborn and 2-day-old piglets was measured. Colostrum contained high amounts (370 nmol/ml) total carnitine, with greater than 95% being acylated. The principal acylcarnitines (approx. 45% each) were acetyl- and isovalerylcarnitine . In contrast, serum from lactating or nonpregnant nonlactating sows and from piglets all contained primarily free carnitine and some acetylcarnitine but only traces of isovalerylcarnitine . At birth, the blood and liver of piglets contained very low amounts of total carnitine, which increased two- and fourfold, respectively, after 2 days of suckling. These data show that newborn piglet liver and blood are carnitine poor and indicate that the high levels in colostrum and milk are a source of tissue carnitine. The large amounts of acetyl- and isovalerylcarnitine in colostrum and milk might facilitate secretion of available carnitine. PMID- 6726456 TI - Effect of plane of nutrition on adipose tissue lipid metabolism in genetically obese and lean pigs. AB - Genetically lean and obese pigs of 27 kg body weight were individually fed at varying levels of intake. During the first 5 weeks (period 1) the pigs on the high plane nutrition (H) gained 19 kg, those on the medium plane (M) gained 7 kg and those on the low plane (L) lost 5 kg. During the second 5 weeks (period 2) the M pigs gained an additional 7 kg (MM), whereas the period 1 H pigs were fed to lose 5 kg (HL) and the period 1 L pigs were fed to gain 19 kg (LH). All pigs were targeted to weigh 41 kg at the end of 10 weeks. Subcutaneous adipose tissue samples were obtained by biopsy from each pig on day 28 and day 63 of the experiment, i.e., after 4 weeks of feeding a particular level of intake in each period. In vitro glucose metabolism to CO2, total lipids and glyceride fatty acids as well as basal and epinephrine-stimulated lipolytic rates were assessed. Obese pigs had greater cell size and lipogenic and lipolytic rates than lean pigs. During both periods the glucose metabolism rates paralleled the plane of nutrition, i.e., the low intake level yielded low rates and the high intake level yielded high rates. The lipolytic activities were refractory to the plane of nutrition. Finally the less muscular, obese and more muscular, lean pigs presented similar qualitative metabolic responses to their planes of nutrition, although the quantitative responses were divergent. PMID- 6726457 TI - Identification of copper- and zinc-binding ligands in human and bovine milk. AB - The object of this study was to identify copper and zinc ligands detected during modified gel chromatography ( MGC ) of bovine and human milk ultrafiltrates. Isolation by anion-exchange chromatography and subsequent proton nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) spectroscopy analysis demonstrated that the sole major low molecular-weight ligand binding copper and zinc in bovine milk is citrate. Human milk apparently also contains citrate as a major metal-binding ligand but also contains amino acids, of which primarily glutamate was purified by anion-exchange chromatography. The amino acids bind copper well but are weak zinc-binding ligands. An artifactual MGC peak was seen in the milks, which was shown to be caused by the calcium present in the milk samples. No major differences in zinc binding capacity were demonstrated between the low-molecular-weight fractions of the two milks. Although citrate may play a role in zinc uptake, it is apparently not the difference between the milks crucial to the acrodermatitis enteropathica individual. The difference in zinc availability between the milks may lie in some other aspect such as binding by proteins, which were noted to bind metal during MGC of nonultrafiltered milks. PMID- 6726458 TI - The digestion of total and cell wall monosaccharides of alfalfa by sheep. AB - The effect of dietary starch on the digestibility of total and cell wall (CW) monosaccharides of alfalfa hay, was examined in sheep equipped with rumen and duodenal cannulas. The experiment consisted of two treatments. In one of them the sheep received 803 g dry matter (DM) of alfalfa hay (A), and in the second, 242 g DM alfalfa hay + 553 g of a purified starchy concentrate mixture (A + conct ). Rumen volume was not significantly different between treatments, but the mean retention time of markers in the rumen was shorter, and their rate of passage was faster in the A treatment than in the A + conct treatment. The overall digestibility of total CWs and CW constituents was not depressed in the A + conct treatment, the values for total CW being: 58.2 and 58.9% for the A and A + conct treatments, respectively. However, the digestion of CW monosaccharides in the rumen of the A + conct sheep was reduced despite the 100% longer retention time of particles in the rumen. The complimentary digestion of the potentially digestible CW monosacharides has been completed in the hindgut. The digestibility of CW glucose was higher (72%) than that of xylose (57%) in both treatments. CW glucuronic acid was the least digestible constituent (40%). Soluble uronic acids, representing the pectic material, were highly digestible (86.5% in A), but this was reduced to 80.3 in the A + conct treatment. PMID- 6726459 TI - Requirement for alpha-tocopherol by channel catfish fed diets low in polyunsaturated triglycerides. AB - Channel catfish (Ictalurus punctatus) were grown from 5 to 45 g average size by feeding diets containing a low level of polyunsaturated fatty acids (0.48% linolenic acid) and supplemented with 0 (basal), 25, 75, 250 or 2500 mg/kg of alpha-tocopherol or 125 mg/kg of ethoxyquin. Growth rate was improved by supplementation of the basal diet with ethoxyquin (P less than 0.05) and further improved by supplementation with alpha-tocopherol (P less than 0.05); increasing alpha-tocopherol above the lowest level did not improve growth. Fish fed the basal diet were lighter in color, visibly thinner across the back, more easily excitable and had lower hematocrits. Histological signs in the alpha-tocopherol deficient fish included extreme atrophy and necrosis of white muscle fibers, sclerotic glomeruli in the posterior kidney and ceroid-laden macrophages in intrahepatic blood vessels. Fish fed the lowest level of alpha-tocopherol showed no gross signs of vitamin deficiency but histological examination revealed necrosis of white muscle fibers and ceroids in liver blood vessels. No pathological changes were found in fish fed higher levels of alpha-tocopherol. These results indicate that high amounts of polyunsaturated fatty acids are not necessary in alpha-tocopherol-deficient diets to produce myopathy in channel catfish, and that the present National Research Council requirement for this vitamin for channel catfish may be low. PMID- 6726460 TI - Formation of 3-hydroxy-2,3-dihydrovitamin K1 in vivo: relationship to vitamin K epoxide reductase and warfarin resistance. AB - Hydroxy vitamin K [3(2)-hydroxy-2,3- dihydrovitamin K1] has been identified as a quantitatively important metabolite of injected vitamin K epoxide in vivo. The metabolite has been isolated and identified by comparison of its UV, mass spectra and high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) retention times with those of synthetic standards, and by its characteristic conversion to vitamin K quinone on treatment with the base triethylamine. This metabolite is formed from the vitamin K epoxide, not from the vitamin K quinone and can represent up to 3.5% of dose and 13% of hexane-extractable metabolites present in liver 1 hour after injection of 330 micrograms vitamin K1 epoxide per kilogram body weight. It is formed in both normal and warfarin-resistant rat strains, but to a significantly greater extent in the latter. Unlike the hydroxy vitamin K formed by warfarin-resistant rat liver microsomes in vitro, the metabolite formed from racemic vitamin K epoxide in vivo was not optically active, nor was its formation inhibited by coumarin anticoagulants under conditions that completely blocked vitamin K epoxide reduction in vivo. On this basis, hydroxy vitamin K formation in vivo differs from its formation in vitro; it is not a product of vitamin K epoxide reductase in vivo, but of some other possibly non-enzymatic reaction. PMID- 6726461 TI - Decrease in bone density in young male guinea pigs fed high levels of ascorbic acid. AB - These experiments were conducted to investigate the effects of high oral intakes of ascorbic acid on bone metabolism in young guinea pigs and to inquire into the mechanism mediating these effects. Male guinea pigs 14 days old fed 8.7% of ascorbic acid for 6 weeks had decreased bone density and decreased urinary hydroxyproline compared to control animals fed 0.2% of ascorbic acid. To assess whether these changes were due to the acidity of the diet or to vitamin activity, salts of ascorbic acid, salts of erythorbic acid and free erythorbic acid were fed. There were no significant bone changes in any of these groups. The results strongly indicate that the acidity of ascorbic acid plays a part in the decrease in bone density but do not rule out that some other metabolic property specific to ascorbic acid may also be implicated. PMID- 6726462 TI - Effects of cyanide on selenium metabolism in rats. AB - Adult male rats were given drinking water containing either 0 or 150 ppm cyanide for 2 weeks. They were then injected with 5 microCi 75Se-selenite, and excretion of radioactivity in urine and feces was determined. No difference in excretion of 75Se occurred during the rapid phase, but the cyanide-treated rats (T1/2 28 days) excreted significantly more 75Se in urine than control (T1/2 38 days) rats. Cyanide had no effect on excretion of 75Se in feces or on the distribution of 75Se in cytosolic proteins in liver, kidney, muscle or testes. In a second experiment weanling male rats were given water with either 0 or 150 ppm cyanide and were killed for glutathione peroxidase assay and selenium analysis in blood, kidney, liver, muscle and testes after 3, 6 or 9 weeks of treatment. Glutathione peroxidase activity and selenium concentrations were significantly reduced by cyanide in all tissues except testes. PMID- 6726463 TI - The effect of vitamin B-6 deficiency on host susceptibility to Moloney sarcoma virus-induced tumor growth in mice. AB - The effect of vitamin B-6 deficiency on in vivo host susceptibility to primary Moloney sarcoma virus (MSV)-induced tumor growth and to secondary challenge with MSB sarcoma cells was examined in mice. Female C57BL/6 mice, 6 weeks of age, were fed 20% casein diets with pyridoxine (PN) added at 1, 0.5, 0.1 or 0 mg/kg diet for 21 weeks. After 4 weeks of dietary treatment the mice were challenged with MSV. Vitamin B-6 deficiency resulted in an enhancement of tumor susceptibility as well as an increase in tumor size and regression time. The animals resistant to both MSV and MSV-transformed tumor cells ( MSB ) challenge showed splenic tumor development at necropsy 51 days after MSB challenge. Total incidence of MSV/ MSB /splenic tumors was 2/11, 2/11, 4/10 and 8/11 in animals fed PN 1, 0.5, 0.1 and 0 diets, respectively. Since MSV-induced tumors regressed spontaneously in immunocompetent hosts, the increased susceptibility to MSV oncogenesis in vitamin B-6-deficient animals suggests that reactivity of T cells and/or other effector cells is impaired in vitamin B-6-deficient animals suggests that reactivity of T cells and/or other effector cells is impaired in vitamin B-6 adequacy. PMID- 6726464 TI - Bioavailability to rats of calcium in meat products prepared from hand or mechanically deboned beef shank. AB - Mechanical deboning yields meat containing approximately 0.5% calcium. The bioavailability of the calcium in mechanically deboned meat ( MDM ) was compared to that from calcium carbonate fed in hand deboned meat ( HDM ) diets. Processing calcium carbonate with HDM into bologna, Thuringer or canned meat improved calcium bioavailability but did not increase the bioavailability of the calcium from MDM . The calcium absorptions were 62.7, 60.4 and 60.6%, respectively, from raw MDM , MDM bologna, MDM Thuringer and canned MDM . However, the percentage of calcium absorbed from calcium carbonate was increased slightly from 65.3, 65.9 and 65.6%, respectively, when it was processed as raw HDM , HDM bologna and Thuringer to 69.0% when processed as canned HDM . The bioavailability of the calcium in MDM was similar to that of calcium carbonate, whether expressed as apparent absorption or as relative biological value. PMID- 6726465 TI - Reevaluation of zinc deficiency on concanavalin-A-induced rat spleen lymphocyte proliferation. AB - Zinc concentrations of serum, nonlymphoid and lymphoid tissues, and the responsiveness of concanavalin-A (Con-A)-stimulated spleen lymphocytes (SL) and cervical lymph node cells ( CLNC ) from ad libitum-fed zinc-deficient (ZD), pair fed (PF) and ad libitum-fed zinc-adequate rats (AL) were determined. In vitro effects of serum from ZD, PF and AL rats on responsiveness of Con-A-stimulated SL and CLNC were determined. Weanling male Long-Evans rats were fed ad libitum zinc deficient (less than 1.0 microgram Zn/g diet) and zinc-adequate (20 micrograms Zn/g diet) diets for 7-42 days. Effects of undernutrition on test parameters were determined on PF rats, which received a restricted zinc-adequate diet (restricted in amount to that consumed by ZD rats). Growth, food intake and zinc concentrations in serum, liver and pancreas were significantly depressed in ZD and PF rats. Zinc per gram of thymus tissue and per number of SL was elevated in ZD and PF rats. Spleen lymphocytes from ZD and PF rats displayed equivalent to significantly increased levels of proliferation following stimulation with Con-A. [3H]Thymidine incorporation by Con-A-stimulated SL and CLNC from ZD, PF and AL rats was not significantly different when cultured in medium containing serum from ZD, PF and AL rats. The present study shows that zinc deficiency causes major changes in total-body and organ growth but minor changes in zinc content and mitogen-induced proliferation of lymphocytes. PMID- 6726466 TI - Effect of maternal pyridoxine X HCl supplementation on the vitamin B-6 status of mother and infant and on pregnancy outcome. AB - The effect of maternal pyridoxine X HCl (PN-HCl) supplementation on the vitamin B 6 status of pregnant women and their infants at birth and on pregnancy outcome was investigated. Volunteer subjects were randomly assigned a daily vitamin B-6 supplement containing 0, 2.6, 5, 7.5, 10, 15 or 20 mg of PN-HCl in a double-blind study. The mean dietary vitamin B-6 intake of the group was 1.43 +/- 1.28 mg/day as estimated from 24-hour dietary recalls. Maternal plasma pyridoxal 5'-phosphate (PLP) levels were positively correlated with vitamin B-6 supplementation at 30 weeks gestation (r = 0.55, P less than 0.0005) and at delivery (r = 0.54, P less than 0.01). Cord plasma PLP levels reached a maximum when maternal PN-HCl supplementation was 7.5 mg and greater. Supplemental PN-HCl at the 7.5-mg level was required to prevent a decrease in maternal plasma PLP at delivery. Apgar scores at 1 minute after birth were higher (P less than 0.05) for infants whose mothers took 7.5 mg or more supplemental PN-HCl than for infants of mothers who took 5 mg or less. These findings indicate that a vitamin B-6 intake between 5.5 and 7.6 mg/day (diet plus supplement as pyridoxine equivalents) was required to maintain maternal plasma PLP levels at term at a level comparable to initial values. PMID- 6726467 TI - Calcium kinetics in male white-tailed deer. AB - Calcium kinetic analysis was combined with calcium balance data on two 2-year-old and two 4-year-old male white-tailed deer. There were three 10-day trials. Trial 1, February 3-13, was conducted after velvet shedding. Trial 2, May 26-June 5, was conducted after about a month of slow antler growth. Trial 3, August 18-28, was conducted shortly before velvet shedding, after the peak of antler growth. Significant differences (P less than 0.05) between trials 1 and 2 included increased calcium absorption and fractional calcium absorption from the intestine. Skeletal resorption decreased, resulting in an increased calcium balance. Significant differences (P less than 0.05) between trials 1 and 3 included increased skeletal accretion and total calcium flow into the pool. Nonsignificant differences (P greater than 0.05) between trials 2 and 3 included decreased average intestinal calcium absorption and increased skeletal resorption resulting in a decreased calcium balance. The younger deer had nonsignificantly lower (P greater than 0.1) endogenous fecal and significantly lower (P less than 0.1) urinary calcium excretions. The younger deer also maintained higher fractional absorption rates from the intestine than the older deer. The percent decrease in skeletal resorption and increase in calcium balance was greater in the younger deer between trials 1 and 2 and between trials 1 and 3. PMID- 6726468 TI - Effects on plasma amino acid concentrations and hepatic branched-chain alpha-keto acid dehydrogenase activity of feeding rats diets containing 9 or 50% casein. AB - Plasma concentrations of amino acids and alpha-ketoisocaproate and alpha-keto gamma- methiolbutyrate decarboxylation activities in livers of rats trained to eat 9 or 50% casein diets for 5 hours/day, were measured one-half hour before and one-half and 3 hours after the start of the feeding period. Decarboxylation of both alpha-ketoisocaproate and alpha-keto-gamma- methiolbutyrate by liver increased significantly within one-half hour after rats had ingested either the 9 or the 50% casein diet. Liver decarboxylation activity of rats fed the 50% casein diet was from two- to fivefold higher than that of rats fed the 9% casein diet. The greatest difference was observed when calcium, NAD and coenzyme A were included in the decarboxylation assay medium. Although the activity of the branched-chain alpha-keto acid dehydrogenase increased in response to food ingestion, plasma concentrations of branched-chain amino acids also increased greatly after the ingestion of food. The similarity in the responses of alpha ketoisocaproate and alpha-keto-gamma- methiolbutyrate decarboxylation in rats fed diets differing in protein content and subjected to different feeding regimens allows us to suggest that the branched-chain alpha-keto acid dehydrogenase is responsible, in part, for the oxidative decarboxylation of the alpha-keto acid analog of methionine. J. Nutr . 114: 1025-1034, 1984. PMID- 6726469 TI - Chronic experimental iron losses in rats not leading to overt iron deficiency: a model for the regulation of the whole-body iron balance in an iron-replete condition. AB - Intestinal iron absorption studies, which include investigation of iron deficiency, increased erythropoiesis, low iron diet and acute bleeding, have been done, but none have reported the regulation of the balance of an iron-replete individual. We bled rats at regular time intervals, such that the experimentally induced iron losses were compensated by iron from storage and nutritional procurement without the onset of anemia. During these experimental periods the hemoglobin and plasma iron concentrations were determined along with repeated histochemical gradings of the bone marrow iron. We determined the intestinal iron absorption at regular intervals after having established its relation to the intragastric ferrous iron dose. The results obtained show that regular bleedings of 15-20% of the total blood volume every 10 days or twice a week, respectively, are compensated completely by storage and nutritional iron procurement without the onset of anemia. The intestinal iron absorption is increased 4 hours after an acute bleeding and was found high during the period that the animals were bled every 10 days. Significant changes of the plasma iron concentration, mostly within the "normal range" are invariably associated with experimental changes in bleeding regimes. The observed increases of the intestinal absorption of a ferrous iron test dose and decreases of the plasma iron concentrations that precede the depletion of the histochemically graded bone marrow iron are interpreted by a modification of a reported model, in which the process of iron release into the plasma from the reticuloendothelial system and the gut mucosa is linked closely to the actual plasma iron concentration. PMID- 6726470 TI - Protection against sucrose-induced retinal capillary damage in the Wistar rat. AB - The procedure of rearing rats on high sucrose diets has been used in some laboratories as a drug-free model to induce retinal vascular-bed damage resembling diabetic retinopathy. Examination of dietary salt mixes used in laboratories reporting success with this model revealed that two essential elements, chromium and selenium, were not included. The present study evaluated the effect of supplementing a high sucrose diet, reported to induce retinopathy, with chromium and Selenium supplementation significantly reduced the number of acellular collapsed capillary strands within arterial-venous capillary networks. The addition of chromium to the high sucrose diet resulted in lower fasting blood glucose and a smaller rise in its level following an oral dose. Little or no retinal vascular damage was apparent in rats fed the high sucrose diet supplemented with chromium, selenium and additional corn oil. Of the two elements, only supplementation with Se protected the retinal capillaries from damage. PMID- 6726471 TI - Biotin supplementation of practical diets for channel catfish. AB - A purified diet and two practical-type diets were each evaluated with supplemental biotin (1 mg/kg), without supplemental biotin, and with a biotin antagonist (freeze-dried egg white) for channel catfish (Ictalurus punctatus) over a 17-week feeding period. Omission of supplemental biotin from the casein dextrin purified diet, with or without egg white, resulted in anorexia, reduced growth rate, lighter skin, hypersensitivity and reduced liver pyruvate carboxylase activity by this fish. Omission of supplemental biotin from either practical diet, one containing basically soybean meal and corn and another containing basically soybean meal, corn and menhaden fishmeal , caused none of these deficiency signs. The ratio of biotin to indigestible dry matter in feces was lower than that in the diet for all fish, indicating little or no synthesis of biotin by the intestinal microflora in channel catfish. Levels of total biotin, measured microbiologically, in the all-plant and in the plant- fishmeal diets were 0.37 and 0.33 mg/kg, respectively. These results indicate that practical diets for channel catfish made from the commonly used ingredients, soybean meal, corn and menhaden fishmeal , do not need supplemental biotin. PMID- 6726472 TI - Self-regulation of phosphate intake in the rat: the influence of age, vitamin D and parathyroid hormone. AB - Growing rats offered a choice of four pairs of diets, one low in P (0.1%) and the others containing 0.3, 0.6, 1.2 or 1.8% P, selected food mixtures in each case with nearly identical P contents (0.23-0.24%) (Ca:P = 2.2:1). Mature rats offered the same dietary choices exhibited less rigid diet selection but clearly preferred a diet higher in P (0.64-0.69%) (Ca:P = 0.9:1). Vitamin D-deficient animals selected less P than controls and parathyroidectomized rats severely limited their P intake. The increase in self-determined P consumption relative to Ca in mature rats is consonant with the greater decrease in the requirement for Ca associated with maturation and cessation of bone growth. Susceptibility to hypocalcemia in vitamin D deficiency and parathyroidectomy is a probable factor in the increased sensitivity to excess dietary P, which further depresses plasma Ca. These experiments confirm the existence of a feedback mechanism that regulates the voluntary consumption of P in accordance with physiological needs. PMID- 6726473 TI - Betaine delays the onset of neurological impairment in nitrous oxide-induced vitamin B-12 deficiency in fruit bats. AB - The mechanism whereby vitamin B-12 deficiency leads to neurological changes in humans is still uncertain. Nitrous oxide (N2O), which inactivates vitamin B-12 in vivo, results in neurological impairment leading to ataxia and death in the fruit bat Rousettus . These changes were prevented by the injection of the vitamin. The effect of dietary betaine (a catalytic product of choline) or methionine supplementation was studied in bats exposed to N2O. Supplementation with betaine resulted in less weight loss and delayed onset of neurological impairment when compared with unsupplemented animals. Supplementation with methionine at similar concentrations (600 mg/kg fruit and 2 g/kg fruit) was more effective in preventing weight loss and delaying the onset of neurological impairment than the corresponding levels of betaine. These results suggest that dietary betaine was effective in increasing that part of methionine synthesis that is not dependent on vitamin B-12 in N2O-exposed bats with impairment of the vitamin B-12-dependent methionine synthase reaction. PMID- 6726474 TI - Plasma lipoprotein profile in fasted and refed chickens of two strains selected for high or low adiposity. AB - The plasma lipoprotein profile has been determined in fasted and refed 5-week-old male broilers selected for low or high adiposity. Lipoprotein classes were subfractionated by density gradient ultracentrifugation, appearing as distinct bands with the following densities: very low density lipoprotein (VLDL), d less than 1.013 g/ml; low density lipoprotein (LDL), d 1.023-1.046 g/ml and high density lipoprotein (HDL), d 1.052-1.130 g/ml; the physiochemical characteristics (chemical composition, electrophoretic mobility and particle size) of these particles were then assessed. HDL, seen as a single band, represented 80% of total lipoproteins, with VLDL and LDL accounting for 1% and 16%, respectively, in fasted birds. Lipoprotein profiles were similar in fasted and refed animals of both lines, with the exception that VLDL levels were some 14-fold and 7-fold higher in the lean and fat lines, respectively, in the refed state. The VLDL of fasted birds of both lines were enriched in protein and relatively homogeneous in size; by contrast, VLDL in the refed state contained more triglyceride and less cholesteryl ester and protein and were larger and more heterogeneous, possibly representing a mixture of portomicrons and VLDL of hepatic origin. Birds of the fat line in both nutritional states differed from lean birds in exhibiting elevated plasma lipid and lipoprotein [VLDL, intermediate density lipoprotein (IDL) and HDL] levels, evidence that liver activity is directed toward increased lipoprotein production and secretion in that line. PMID- 6726475 TI - Portal absorption of small peptides in rats under unrestrained conditions. AB - The intestinal absorption of small peptides was investigated in rats under unrestrained conditions. The peptide utilized in the experiment was hydrolysate of egg white protein with an average molecular weight of about 350 and containing less than 10% of free amino acids. We compared the intestinal absorption of these small peptides with that of an amino acid mixture with the same small peptide amino acid composition by determining the concentration of individual amino acids in portal blood after a single administration of a nitrogen source. The absorptive intensity of each amino acid was calculated from its rate of elevation in the portal blood; it was higher in the small peptides. The proportion of the amount of each amino acid absorbed in portal blood from small peptides was much more like the composition of the administered amino acids than like that from the amino acid mixture. Among the amino acids administered in the mixture, some amino acids such as L-tyrosine, L-threonine, L-serine and L-histidine increased more slowly in the blood than others. These results suggested that the small peptide formula was utilized more effectively than the amino acid mixture and had higher nutritive value. PMID- 6726476 TI - Effects of dietary vitamin E on serum and pulmonary fatty acids and prostaglandins in rats fed excess linoleic acid. AB - The interrelationships of dietary vitamin E and essential fatty acids and their effects on serum and pulmonary prostaglandin (PG) synthesis and fatty acid precursors were examined. In a preexperimental period, male weanling rats were depleted of essential fatty acids (EFA) by feeding on a hydrogenated coconut oil diet. At the end of 45 days, average serum triene:tetraene ratio for the EFA deficient rats was 0.76. After a refeeding period with a 20% safflower oil diet and 0, 1 or 50 mg of dl-alpha-tocopheryl acetate daily, serum and pulmonary fatty acid profiles and PG synthesis were determined. A trend to growth depression on the high vitamin E diet was observed. Vitamin E supplementation seemed to have no significant effect on fatty acid composition or synthesis of PGE1, PGE2, PGF2 alpha or PGI2 in lung. This may be due to the small lipid content and presumed inability of lung to accumulate excess vitamin E. Lung may, therefore, be resistant to such dietary manipulations. Serum PG synthesis was not affected by vitamin E dose, although the C20:4 omega 6/C18:2 omega 6 ratio in serum was significantly lowered on the high vitamin E diet. PMID- 6726477 TI - Effect of iron-deficiency anemia on percent blood volume in growing rats. AB - In determining iron bioavailability as iron gained in hemoglobin relative to intake, blood volume is calculated for the iron-deficient animals at the initiation of a feeding trial and again on the iron-repleted animals at the termination of the trial. However, the effect of iron deficiency on percent blood volume in the rats commonly used in iron repletion studies has not been determined. In experiment 1, we noted the relationship between body weight and blood volume in 18 randomly selected healthy male rats with a weight range of 95 278 g. In experiment 2, the in vivo disappearance of Evans blue dye from the plasma of 17 rats and the precision of the dye dilution method for estimating known volumes of heparinized rat blood were studied. From this information, linear regression equations were developed to more accurately estimate blood volume in vivo. In experiment 3, we studied blood volume relative to body weight in 122 weanling male rats at four levels of anemia. These animals were fed a low iron diet and bled to achieve anemia in 7 days. In the subsequent repletion interval, the rats were fed diets supplemented with ferrous sulfate for periods of 0, 5, 10 or 15 days, after which hemoglobin and blood volume were determined, and the animals were killed. Though body weight and blood volume were linearly correlated (r = 0.78), no such association existed between body weight and percent blood volume (r = 0.058). Blood volume held constant at 7.5 +/- 0.1 (mean +/- SE) percent of body weight in weanling prepubescent rats of 30-45 days of age regardless of iron status. PMID- 6726478 TI - Recovery of body weight from below "set point" in mature female rats. AB - In this study we determined the time course of changes in body composition and of serum concentrations of some hormones in mature rats returning to "set point" following weight loss. Groups of six female rats were fed ad libitum for 10 days. Carcass composition of one group was determined. A control group continued to eat ad libitum. The others were restricted to 5 g per rat per day for 22 days. Carcass composition of groups of rats was determined after 0, 2, 6, 13 and 20 days of refeeding. Of 60 g of body weight lost during restriction, 21 g were fat and 12 g were protein. The fat was replaced by the sixth day of refeeding. Protein and body weight were recovered by the thirteenth day. Calculated efficiency of energy retention was increased until body fat was replete. This was not due to a decrease in metabolism of brown fat, measured in vitro. Serum thyroxine (T4), L-3,3',5'-triiodothyronine (rT3), insulin, corticosterone and free fatty acids did not change with body composition. T3 (L-3,3',5 triiodothyronine) decreased in restricted rats and returned to control levels when body weight, protein and food intake had been restored. These results do not support the concept that body weight is controlled by regulating body fat content. PMID- 6726479 TI - Effect of high fat diets on the thermogenic activity of brown adipose tissue in cold-acclimated mice. AB - The effects of feeding high fat diets on thermogenesis in brown adipose tissue has been investigated in cold-acclimated mice. Two high fat diets of differing fatty acid composition were used, one of which was based on corn oil and the other on beef tallow. After 3 weeks of feeding the diets there was little difference in the weight, protein content and cytochrome oxidase activity of brown adipose tissue (interscapular plus subscapular) of mice fed the high fat diets from those given the low fat stock diet. However, the mice fed the high fat diets showed marked increases in mitochondrial GDP binding and in mitochondrial respiration, consistent with an augmentation in the activity of the proton conductance pathway. This increase in thermogenesis in brown adipose tissue mitochondria occurred without any elevation in digestible energy intake, and is therefore not a response to overfeeding. It is concluded that the activity of the proton conductance pathway in brown adipose tissue of cold-acclimated mice can be modulated by the level of dietary triglyceride independently of energy intake. We suggest that the effect of high fat diets on thermogenesis in brown adipose tissue may relate to the suppressive effects of dietary lipid on fatty acid synthesis in the tissue. PMID- 6726481 TI - Methionine levels in a high fat diet. PMID- 6726480 TI - Vitamin A deficiency and serum or plasma fibronectin in the rat and in human subjects. AB - Fibronectin, a high-molecular-weight glycoprotein occurring in plasma and on the surface of many cells, is involved in cell adhesion and other cell-surface phenomena. Vitamin A deficiency in rats resulted in a threefold increase in the concentration of fibronectin in serum, as measured immunochemically. In vitamin A depleted human subjects, on the other hand, no correlation could be found between plasma retinol and fibronectin levels. PMID- 6726482 TI - Distribution of ascorbate-2-sulfate and distribution, half-life and turnover rates of [1-14C]ascorbic acid in rainbow trout. AB - Rainbow trout (250 g) were maintained at 15 degrees C for 3 months on a low ascorbic acid diet, given [1-14C]ascorbic acid by gavage, then fed the NAS/NRC requirement 12 times per week. Total urine, fecal water and branchial water were collected daily from five fish placed in metabolism chambers for four successive 5-day periods. Tissue samples were analyzed for 14C, ascorbic acid (C1) and ascorbate-2-sulfate sulfate (C2). Excretion analysis indicated t1/2 = 42 days. After 20 days, the feeding schedule was changed to 3 times per week. Fish fed 14C were sampled after 1, 2, 3 and 4 months. The half-life in each organ except brain was inversely proportional to the dietary level of ascorbate. Concentrations of C1 and C2 in the various tissues reflected dietary intake of vitamin C. Total C (CT = C1 + C2) levels were maintained in the liver even with the low vitamin C diet. Estimates of body pool for C1 are 27-29 mg/kg. At the higher ascorbate intake CT was 92-114 mg/kg, but decreased by 34% at the lower feeding rate to 51 62 mg/kg. Data indicate that there are two or more body pools that include a store of C2, which is readily interconverted in metabolizing tissues to and from C1. Since air and water stable C2 is antiscorbutic for fish, it is the preferred form of ascorbate for fish feeds. PMID- 6726483 TI - Cancer mortality among carbon disulfide-exposed workers. PMID- 6726484 TI - The role of OSHA violations in serious workplace accidents. AB - California accident investigations for 1976 show that violations of the Occupational Safety and Health Administration's safety standards were a contributing factor in 13% to 19% of the 645 deaths reported to the workers' compensation program during that year. However, a panel of safety engineers judged that only about 50% of these violations could have been detected if an inspector had visited the day before the accident. These findings indicate that the potential gains from stronger enforcement of current standards are limited but not insignificant. The likelihood that a violation contributed to a serious accident varied considerably among accident types, industries, and size classes of plants. These findings can be used to increase the efficiency and effectiveness of the OSHA program by means of better targeting of inspections and accident investigations, more intelligent assessment of which violations should be penalized most heavily, and the provision of information to employers and workers about which violations are most consequential. PMID- 6726485 TI - Employees' choice of a health plan and their subsequent satisfaction. AB - This article describes the reasons given by employees for choosing between an indemnification -type health insurance plan (Blue Cross/Blue Shield) and a health maintenance organization (group health plan). A population of 1,003 matched pairs was determined and questionnaires were sent to 1,861 individuals remaining in the company, with a response rate of 74%. Many of the reasons listed as important for joining one or the other plan were alike for both groups. However, the members of the group health plan felt that preventive care and regular checkups were more important than did the Blue Cross/Blue Shield members. The latter group felt that free choice of physician was very important, whereas the subscribers to the group health plan did not place such importance on this factor. Both groups were satisfied with their care, although there were some expected differences. PMID- 6726486 TI - A hospital-based occupational health service. AB - Responding to the local business community, Sturdy Memorial Hospital developed an occupational health service. Situated about 35 miles south of Boston, Attleboro has a population of 130,000, with jewelry, chemicals, and light manufacturing as its predominant industries. Featuring plant visits by a medical director with specialty training in occupational and internal medicine, the program provides clinical, ancillary, consultative, educational, and a variety of special services. Clinical services include preplacement examinations and treatment of work-related injuries. Ancillary services are audiometric testing, pulmonary function testing, and screening for heavy-metal exposures. Among the consultative services are evaluations as to whether a disease is work related; counseling on the reproductive hazards in the workplace; and disability evaluations. Work-site visits are conducted by an occupational health nurse who participates in medical surveillance and health promotion programs. Within two years the service has become affiliated with more than 60 firms on a noncontractual , fee-for-service basis. Economic self-sufficiency was established within 18 months of the institution of clinical services. PMID- 6726487 TI - An epidemic of psychogenic illness in an electronics plant. AB - We investigated an outbreak of illness in electronics plant workers. Questionnaire data revealed that 98 employees experienced symptoms, including light- headedness , headache, sleepiness, and numbness/tingling of the face or extremities. Attack rates by work station followed no apparent pattern. Extensive medical and environmental evaluation, including air sampling for numerous solvents and gases, provided no physical or chemical explanation for the epidemic. Compared with well employees, ill employees were more commonly female, complained more frequently of bothersome odors, and believed that greater danger existed of the illness recurring. Blood gas analyses of seven of 11 ill workers showed respiratory alkalosis, consistent with hyperventilation. The poorly defined nature of this illness, the absence of exposures to environmental contaminants in concentrations exceeding recommended limits, and the evidence of hyperventilation suggest that this outbreak was an incident of industrial psychogenic illness. PMID- 6726488 TI - A result-oriented medical information system. An alternative to the conventional approach. AB - A result-oriented medical information system at the Gulf Oil Corporation is described. Mortality data acquired mostly from routine company operations have been used to calculate standardized mortality ratios (SMRs) and life expectancy. Results show that male employees at the age of 20 have a life expectancy of 74.8 years. Compared with the U.S. general population at age 20 with a life expectancy of 71.8 years, Gulf employees have an advantage of exactly three years. Such an advantage may seem small, but it is equivalent to the gain that could be achieved if all deaths from cancer were eliminated in the United States, a hypothetical and impossible situation. These life expectancy data have the potential for use by the company to influence insurance premiums traditionally set by life insurance companies as well as to aid in the management of the company's pension fund. The SMR for all causes for the male employees is 0.82, significantly decreased in comparison with that of the U.S. general population. This favorable experience has been referred to as "the healthy worker effect." Cause-specific SMRs show a generalized pattern of deficits, some of which are statistically significant. None showed a significant increase. Seventy-six percent of the male deaths occurred among employees aged 65 years or older. If these annuitants (those alive at the beginning of the study) were not included and only the active workers were studied, an SMR of only 0.54 would be obtained.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS) PMID- 6726489 TI - Change in hue of spectral colors by dilution with white light (Abney effect). AB - Monochromatic light, when mixed with white light, not only becomes desaturated but also changes in hue ( Abney effect). This effect was studied in three observers by using three unique hues (blue, green, and yellow) and four compound (intermediate) hues. The whites used for desaturation ( desaturants ) included Abney 's white (3890 K), two bluish whites (10,000 and 20,000 K), and each observer's own, perceptually neutral white (6200-6980 K). Test stimuli of 0.5 degree diameter were presented to the dark-adapted fovea for 1 sec in a dark surround. Abney 's results were confirmed, except in the shortwave and middle wave parts of the spectrum. At short wavelengths we always observed a hue shift toward increasing redness, whereas Abney reported a shift toward blue. At middle wave-lengths (500-556 nm), we found smaller effects than did Abney . Here Abney 's white produced an increase in perceived yellow, whereas all other desaturants produced an increase in perceived green. Two colors, blue-green and yellow, changed least. In general, the hue shifts increased with decreasing colorimetric purity (from 1.0 to 0.5). The results are discussed in relation to color additivity, constant-hue loci, and the Benzold -Br ucke effect. PMID- 6726490 TI - Effects of the Seidel aberrations on visual target discrimination. AB - The effects of Seidel aberrations (primary defocus, spherical aberration, astigmatism, and coma) were simulated on four images using a digital image processing system. The tolerances of the human visual system to different levels and combinations of the aberration types were determined by a forced-choice discrimination technique. The resulting threshold levels, expressed in units of wavelength, specify the changes in wave-front aberration that can be detected with some defined probability and represent just-noticeable differences (JND's) in image quality. The results are related to the corresponding Strehl intensity ratios and to the equivalent modulation transfer functions. The ultimate aim of the work is to link wave-front distortion to human visual discrimination, in order that meaningful methods of assessing visual image quality may be devised. The present investigation lays the foundations for further work, which, inter alia, will determine the effects of some higher-order aberrations. PMID- 6726491 TI - Figure-ground segregation by motion contrast and by luminance contrast. AB - Some naturally camouflaged objects are invisible unless they move; their boundaries are then defined by motion contrast between object and background. We compared the visual detection of such camouflaged objects with the detection of objects whose boundaries were defined by luminance contrast. The summation field area is 0.16 deg2 , and the summation time constant is 750 msec for parafoveally viewed objects whose boundaries are defined by motion contrast; these values are, respectively, about 5 and 12 times larger than the corresponding values for objects defined by luminance contrast. The log detection threshold is proportional to the eccentricity for a camouflaged object of constant area. The effect of eccentricity on threshold is less for large objects than for small objects. The log summation field diameter for detecting camouflaged objects is roughly proportional to the eccentricity, increasing to about 20 deg at 32-deg eccentricity. In contrast to the 100:1 increase of summation area for detecting camouflaged objects, the temporal summation time constant changes by only 40% between eccentricities of 0 and 16 deg. PMID- 6726492 TI - Spectral sensitivity and wavelength discrimination of the human peripheral visual field. AB - Spectral sensitivity and wavelength discrimination are determined along the nasal horizontal meridian of the human peripheral retina. The target size as a function of eccentricity is varied according to a particular cortical magnification factor. Spectral sensitivity is measured by flicker photometry parameterized for the flicker frequency (10-20 Hz) and is found to be independent of the eccentricity (0-80 degrees) for 20-Hz flicker photometry after correction of the foveal spectral sensitivity for macular pigment absorption. This 20-Hz function is chosen as being representative for the peripheral luminous-efficiency function and is used in the wavelength-discrimination experiments. The peripheral retina can perform wavelength discrimination up to an eccentricity of 80 degrees. If field-size scaling according to the eccentricity-dependent cone density, the cortical magnification factor, or the reciprocal of the interganglion cell distance is applied, then wavelength-discrimination performance from 8 degrees to 80 degrees eccentricity is roughly the same. Foveal wavelength discrimination is considerably better than peripheral wavelength discrimination. PMID- 6726493 TI - Temporal covariance model of human motion perception. AB - We propose a model of direction-sensitive units in human vision. It is a modified and elaborated version of a model by Reichardt [Z. Naturforsch . Teil B 12, 447 (1957)]. The model is applied to threshold experiments in which subjects view adjacent vertical bars with independently (typically sinusoidally), temporally modulated luminances. The subject must report whether the patterns moved to the left or to the right. According to the model, a basic motion-detecting unit consists of two subunits tuned to opposite directions. Each performs a spatial and temporal linear filtering of its input; outputs of the filters are multiplied, and the multiplied output is integrated (for a time that is long relative to the modulation period). The model's output consists of the difference between the subunit outputs. Direction of movement is indicated by the sign of the model output. Mathematical analysis of the model yielded several predictions that were confirmed experimentally. Specifically, we found that (1) performance with complex patterns can be predicted by spatiotemporal Fourier analysis that results in the segregation and linear addition in the output for different temporal frequencies; (2) under special conditions, performance depends on the product of adjacent bar amplitudes, offering strong support for the multiplication principle; (3) performance is unaffected by addition of stationary patterns; and (4) addition of homogeneous flicker normally produces no effect but under special conditions reverses perceived direction. These and other results confirm our model and reject several other models, including Reichardt 's original model. PMID- 6726494 TI - Temporal sensitivities related to color theory. AB - Sensitivities of color-normal observers to temporal variations in stimulus luminance and chromaticity were measured for sine-wave stimuli between 1.5 and 20 Hz. Clear differences were found in observers' sensitivities to isochromatic luminance variations and to isoluminous chromaticity variations for wavelength pairs selected to test temporal discriminability along the red-green and yellow blue dimensions, respectively. Despite interobserver differences in individual red-green functions, a given observer's sensitivity could be described by a single curve shape specific to that observer. Overall sensitivity for yellow-blue was less than that for red-green for all observers. Differences in curve shape between red-green and yellow-blue functions are found for individual observers, but group averages reveal that the differences are not systematic. Red-green temporal sensitivity is largely unaffected by adapting backgrounds in red-green equilibrium but is attenuated at low frequencies by nonequilibrium backgrounds of the same luminance. Isochromatic luminance sensitivity is largely independent of our adapting backgrounds, but heterochromatic luminance modulation functions undergo expected changes in form. PMID- 6726495 TI - Preeclampsia-eclampsia: the number one cause of maternal death in Oklahoma. PMID- 6726496 TI - Immune deficiency presenting as disseminated sporotrichosis. PMID- 6726497 TI - Why two therapeutic communities? PMID- 6726498 TI - The therapeutic community: a sociobiologic study. PMID- 6726499 TI - Coercion in the therapeutic community. PMID- 6726500 TI - Gestalt techniques in a therapeutic community for the treatment of addicts. PMID- 6726501 TI - Marathon: a life-and-death experience. AB - Therapists have a great need for techniques capable of provoking change in their clients. Generally, people resist change and need incentives to accomplish it. The tools to effect change are few. Therefore, the value of the theme Marathon experience is that it can be both innovative and piercing. Many clients need to have the drama of their own lives connected to a meaningful plot. The theme Marathon experience can do this. It exerts an influence on the emotional, cognitive and behavioral aspects of the participants and connects their past to the present and future, allowing them to see clearly the futility of a life of chemical dependence. PMID- 6726502 TI - Proverbs, slogans and folk sayings in the therapeutic community: a neglected therapeutic tool. PMID- 6726503 TI - Separational conflicts and their impact on the therapeutic community. PMID- 6726505 TI - The drug-free therapeutic community and the impaired physician. PMID- 6726504 TI - A drug abuse prevention program developed within a therapeutic community. PMID- 6726506 TI - From maintenance to abstinence in a therapeutic community: preliminary results. PMID- 6726507 TI - Adolescent and adult drug treatment clients: patterns and consequences of use. PMID- 6726508 TI - The therapeutic community: a current perspective. PMID- 6726509 TI - The role of the psychotherapist in the reentry program. PMID- 6726510 TI - The reentry process of adolescents. AB - The authors have been able to follow up on a number of residents over the years. Most of them have frequently referred to the helpfulness of the seminars during their reentry phase. Some have sought out private counseling once they felt problems cropping up. While there is no abundance of jobs awaiting the adolescent graduate, they must be prepared to the best of their, and the TC's, ability to confront the world. TCs need to provide them with the ability and skills to cope with the many realities they will be called on to face. A serious review of the adolescent TC process is called for, with greater emphasis on teaching, training and role modeling. TCs need to evolve more skill-training seminars in conjunction with community agencies and resources. Further training of TC staff is needed to strengthen their vulnerabilities and understand their own relationships with adolescent clients. Too many have lost touch with what it was like to be a frightened young adult. Unless more serious attention is paid to adolescent reentry candidates, TCs will find themselves being criticized for turning out incomplete graduates: graduates whose lifestyles have been behaviorally modified, but whose impoverished value systems have not been attended to. One without the other is programming clients for eventual recidivism and TCs for failure. PMID- 6726511 TI - Pediatric residents' attitudes and cognitive knowledge, and faculty ratings. AB - We compared pediatric residents' psychosocial attitude, personality, and in training examination (American Board of Pediatrics) scores with faculty evaluations of the residents' clinical performance (clinical skills, medical knowledge, interpersonal skills and relationship with other staff) in inpatient, outpatient, and intensive care settings. We found no relationship between psychosocial attitudes and the in-training examination scores or among aggregate faculty ratings, attitudes, and examination scores, but faculty ratings grouped by setting yielded more discriminating results. On inpatient rotations, cognitive knowledge (as reflected by in-training examination scores) was positively correlated with faculty ratings. On intensive care and outpatient rotations, knowledge did not correlate with faculty ratings. Residents' attitudes favoring a psychosocial approach to medical practice were associated with positive evaluations on outpatient rotations but with negative evaluations on intensive care rotations. Psychosocial attitudes seemed to be determined by the social orientation of the resident's personality styles. Our results emphasize the importance of clinical setting to faculty rating and suggest that valued resident characteristics vary by setting. These findings have significant implications for both improving the clinical evaluation of residents and creating a better understanding of the interaction of personality, attitude, and cognitive variables in rated clinical performance. PMID- 6726512 TI - Current status of the neuromaturational examination as an index of learning disability. AB - To further define the role of the neuromaturational examination in determining the presence of learning problems, we examined 104 boys, ages 9.5 to 14.1 years, representing three populations of school children: normal (32 boys), gifted (37), and learning disabled (35). Information concerning each child's behavior and development was obtained through a parent questionnaire; cognitive ability and academic achievement were measured by the Wechsler Intelligence Scales for Children (revised) and Woodcock -Johnson Psychoeducational Battery, respectively. Significant relationships emerged between the number of neuromaturational signs and data group membership (LD greater than N greater than G,P less than 0.05). The number of neuromaturational signs decreased with age for normal (P less than 0.05) and gifted (P less than 0.05) children, but not for the learning-disabled group. Tasks that differentiated the normal and learning disabled were entered into a stepwise discriminant analysis, with a resulting classification accuracy of 93.1% and 100% for the normal and learning-disabled boys, respectively. Analysis of covariance indicated that differences in performance of the three groups may reflect IQ differences among the populations. Learning disabled boys were more likely to exhibit synkinesis than normal boys, but gifted boys did not differ from the learning disabled in the frequency of synkinesis. Our data indicate that, although a composite set of neuromaturational tasks can discriminate normal and learning-disabled boys with a high level of accuracy, caution is urged because the findings may be more related to overall intelligence than to a specific learning disability. PMID- 6726513 TI - Treatment of autoimmune chronic active hepatitis in childhood. AB - Seventeen children with chronic active hepatitis and high serum titers of smooth muscle or liver-kidney microsomal antibodies were given prednisone and azathioprine. Clinical and biochemical remission was obtained in all but two, who died of progressive liver failure. Evaluations in 14 children after a mean period of 22 months of treatment showed normal transaminase activity and gammaglobulin levels in 12, and serum autoantibody titers of less than 1: 100 in 10; liver histologic findings showed absence of inflammation in seven children, moderate portal or lobular inflammation in five, and minor features of aggressivity in two. Cessation of therapy was then attempted in nine children. Relapse occurred in all but one and could not be attributed to any previously recorded biologic or histologic feature. After follow-up of 18 months to 7 years, all but two patients are still receiving maintenance therapy with prednisone and azathioprine. Cirrhosis was present before treatment in 13 children and is now present in all but one. These results suggest that in most children with autoimmune chronic active hepatitis, immunosuppressive therapy can prevent further deterioration of liver function but must be pursued for several years before discontinuation is attempted. PMID- 6726514 TI - Assessment of proteinuria using random urine samples. AB - To determine the feasibility of accurately assessing proteinuria using random urine samples, 24-hour urine samples were obtained from five healthy adult volunteers and 15 children (ages 5 to 17 years) with renal disease. Protein concentration was measured using a Coomassie blue binding technique, and total protein excretion was compared with the urinary protein/creatinine ratio (Up/Ucr). Total protein excretion varied from 28.3 mg to 12.3 gm, or 15.4 to 8500 mg/m2/day, and Up/Ucr ranged from 27.9 to 7650 micrograms/mg in the 24-hour samples; the correlation was highly significant (r = 0.99; P less than 0.001). Reference values for urinary protein concentration and Up/Ucr were established by examining random urine samples in 219 healthy individuals (ages 1 month to 61 years). Age-related differences in protein concentration were noted, and 95th percentiles were calculated as the upper limit of normal. The results of our study indicate that Up/Ucr is an accurate assessment of quantitative protein excretion and could largely replace the collection of timed urine samples for the assessment of proteinuria. PMID- 6726515 TI - A simple estimate of glomerular filtration rate in full-term infants during the first year of life. AB - An estimate of glomerular filtration rate has been derived for children from body length (L, in centimeters) and plasma creatinine (Pcr, in milligrams per deciliter): GFR = 0.55 L/Pcr. The near universality of this estimate in children led us to seek a similar formula for estimating GFR in full-term infants during the first year of life. We measured Pcr in 137 healthy infants and performed creatinine clearance (Ccr) studies in 63 of them aged greater than or equal to 5 days. Beyond the first week, Pcr averaged 0.39 +/- 0.01 (0.10 SD) mg/dl. The estimate of GFR from 0.55 L/Pcr overestimated Ccr by 24% (P less than 0.001). Based on the calculation of a new constant from Ccr X Pcr/L, GFR was more accurately estimated from 0.45 L/Pcr (mean difference of Ccr - 0.45 L/Pcr = -0.4 +/- 3.7 (SE) ml/min X 1.73 m2) in full-term infants between 1 and 52 weeks of age. Because the constant 0.45 and Pcr do not change significantly during this period, GFR can be approximated at the bedside from body length of the healthy full-term infant (GFR = 0.45 L/0.39 = 1.1 L). PMID- 6726516 TI - Renal tubular acidosis type 4 in neonatal unilateral kidney diseases. AB - Three neonates, two with unilateral renal vein thrombosis and one with unilateral dysplastic kidney, developed type 4 renal tubular acidosis, manifested by nonazotemic hyperkalemic metabolic acidosis with alkaline urine pH and reduced potassium excretion. Normal plasma concentrations of sodium, aldosterone, and renin activity, together with normal renal fractional excretion of sodium, supported the diagnosis of renal tubular acidosis type 4, subtype 5. Arginine HCl loading studies showed that despite their ability to bring the urine pH to less than 5.8, net acid excretion was inadequate relative to the corresponding plasma bicarbonate concentration. Treatment with oral bicarbonate resulted in sustained normalization of blood acid-base status and accelerated linear growth in the first two infants, in whom spontaneous recovery occurred by ages 8 and 15 months, respectively. At that time, the affected kidneys were extremely small with distorted collecting systems; the contralateral kidneys showed compensatory hypertrophy. In the third infant, persistent acidosis and growth failure resulted from medical noncompliance; the removal of the dysplastic kidney at 7 months of age was followed by the return to normal blood acid-base status and normalized tubular hydrogen and potassium excretion. We conclude that neonatal unilateral kidney disease can result in renal tubular subtype 5. Spontaneous recovery can be expected, presumably because of " autonephrectomy " of the affected kidney plus the compensatory hypertrophy of the contralateral kidney. PMID- 6726517 TI - Mullerian anomalies and renal agenesis: autosomal dominant urogenital adysplasia. AB - We report two families in which mullerian anomalies or renal agenesis appeared to be caused by an autosomal dominant gene that produces unilateral or bilateral renal agenesis and a spectrum of mullerian anomalies. This single gene disorder may account for the high incidence of mullerian anomalies observed in females with bilateral renal agenesis and the increased frequency of renal anomalies in patients with mullerian malformations. The range of mullerian anomalies in this disorder includes bicornuate uterus, uterus didelphys, Rokitansky- Kuster -Hauser syndrome (vaginal atresia with or without absence of the uterus), and total mullerian aplasia. Gene expression is not sex limited. Affected males can have bilateral or unilateral renal agenesis, and possibly may have unilateral or bilateral absence of the vas deferens or seminal vesicles. We suggest that autosomal dominant urogenital adysplasia is common, but underdiagnosed because of the deceptive variability in gene expression. In addition, reduced gene penetrance and reduced biologic fitness from lethal renal anomalies or genital tract anomalies may obscure the autosomal dominant nature of this disorder in most families. PMID- 6726518 TI - C-reactive protein as a detector of organic complications during recovery from childhood purulent meningitis. AB - Twenty-eight bacteriologically proved episodes of purulent meningitis in 27 infants and children were monitored prospectively with sequential determinations of serum C-reactive protein. Except in one rapidly fatal case, all the patients showed decreasing CRP values for about 1 week. In five patients the CRP values than returned to a high level (P less than 0.001). Each of these patients developed an organic complication (subdural effusions in three, transient widening of the ventricles in one, purulent arthritis with osteomyelitis in one). Except for one infant with sensorineural hearing loss, which probably had developed early in the course of meningitis, no permanent sequelae were found in the patients with uncomplicated courses. One infant later had a relapse of Escherichia coli meningitis, reflected in a sharp increase of CRP. We conclude that sequential CRP measurements may be performed routinely to detect potential complications at an early stage of bacterial meningitis. PMID- 6726519 TI - Fatal desquamative interstitial pneumonia in three infants siblings. AB - Desquamative interstitial pneumonia occurred in three siblings. Cough, difficulty in breathing, cyanosis, and failure to gain weight appeared during the first month of life; progressive hypoxia followed, and the three infants died in respiratory failure before the age of 4 months despite intensive drug and supportive treatment. The radiographic and the histologic appearance of pulmonary changes were similar in all three infants. Chest radiographs yielded normal findings initially, with rapid progression to a ground glass appearance of both lungs. Histologic findings of lung biopsies showed lymphoplasmocytic infiltration and fibrous thickening of the alveolar walls, swelling of alveolar lining cells, and large clumps of macrophages with PAS-positive foamy cytoplasm in the alveolar spaces. PMID- 6726520 TI - Single central incisor in familial holoprosencephaly. AB - Most cases of holoprosencephaly occur sporadically, but occasionally this malformation recurs in a kindred. In a family with two affected children, the father and paternal aunt were found to have single central maxillary incisors and hypotelorism. Family members of children with holoprosencephaly should be carefully examined for these physical findings; their presence may represent evidence for a less severe form of holoprosencephaly that may be transmitted in an autosomal dominant fashion. PMID- 6726521 TI - Hypopituitarism in association with postaxial polydactyly. AB - We report four patients, three boys and one girl, with polydactyly and hypopituitarism. All patients had postaxial polydactyly and subnormal growth hormone responses to standard provocative stimuli. Three of these patients had a family history of polydactyly and few other abnormalities. The remaining patient had a major malformation syndrome including a CNS hamartomatous tumor and early death; this patient had no family history of polydactyly. We believe that the association of postaxial polydactyly with hypopituitarism and possible CNS hamartomatous tumors is an important clinical consideration in the evaluation of children with suspected growth hormone deficiency. PMID- 6726522 TI - Estimating glomerular filtration rate in infants. PMID- 6726523 TI - Evaluation of the performance of pediatric residents. PMID- 6726524 TI - Candida meningitis in two children with severe combined immunodeficiency. PMID- 6726525 TI - Decreased sweat production in cystinosis. PMID- 6726526 TI - Stature and weight in chronic granulomatous disease. PMID- 6726527 TI - Patent ductus arteriosus in neonates with severe respiratory disease. AB - Daily aortic contrast echo studies were carried out in 200 neonates with severe respiratory disease to determine the natural history of the ductus arteriosus during the first days of life and the effect of patency on subsequent morbidity and mortality. Decisions related to surgical or pharmacologic closure of a PDA were not based on the results of the contrast echo studies. The risk that intervention would be required was greater in infants weighing less than 1500 gm (P less than 0.005) and in patients in whom the ductus had not closed spontaneously by day 3 (P less than 0.001) regardless of birth weight. The clinical course in infants with a PDA on the third day of life revealed a lower survival rate (P less than 0.005), a greater requirement for prolonged respiratory support (P less than 0.005), and a higher incidence of bronchopulmonary dysplasia (P less than 0.005) in all birth weight categories. Ductal patency often was not associated with early clinical manifestations. No infant who had a negative echo study on the third day of life subsequently developed signs or symptoms of patent ductus arteriosus. We conclude that patency of the ductus arteriosus is a negative prognostic factor in the severely ill neonate with respiratory distress. PMID- 6726528 TI - Outcome in infants with birth weight 500 to 999 gm: a regional study of 1979 and 1980 births. AB - During 1979 and 1980, 351 infants weighing 500 to 999 gm were born in the State of Victoria, Australia; 89 (25.4%) survived to 2 years of age. Survival was better for tertiary center births (29%) than for those born elsewhere (17%). Multidisciplinary teams reviewed 83 of the survivors at 2 years of age postterm; some data were available for the other six children. Overall, 22.5% of infants had severe functional handicap, 29.2% had either moderate or mild handicap, and 48.3% had no handicap. Severe functional handicap was present in 50% of outborn infants; this was significantly more common than in those born in tertiary centers (15.5%), and the Bayley Mental Developmental Index was also significantly lower in outborn infants. The prevalence of cerebral palsy (13.5%), bilateral blindness (3.4%), and severe sensorineural deafness (3.4%) did not differ significantly in the inborn and outborn infants. Singleton inborn infants of appropriate weight for gestational age had significantly less severe functional handicap (9.1%), compared with 37.5% for the group of infants who were either small for gestational age or one of multiple births. Six of the 18 outborn infants could have been transferred in utero, and improvements in immediate neonatal care were possible in seven other infants. PMID- 6726529 TI - Apnea and bradycardia during feeding in infants weighing greater than 2000 gm. AB - One full-term and nine premature infants who had been or were about to be discharged from the hospital were studied to identify any breathing problems. While awake and when sucking and swallowing, the infants had central apnea accompanied by significant bradycardia and significant drops in transcutaneous oxygen values. These events occurred whether infants were breast-fed or ingested human milk, formula, or water by bottle, and were not associated with falls in esophageal pH. While awake, after occlusion of both nostrils, the infants responded with mouth breathing. Sleep-related apneic episodes were also found but were less significant. The long apneic events were related to poorly coordinated sucking and breathing while awake. PMID- 6726530 TI - Role of taurine in feeding the low-birth-weight infant. AB - Plasma and urinary taurine concentrations, growth, nitrogen balance, duodenal bile salt concentration and pattern, fecal bile acid excretion, and intestinal fat absorption were determined in appropriate for gestational age low-birth weight infants fed either a whey-predominant cow milk formula or the same formula supplemented with taurine (45 mumol/kg/day). Mean plasma taurine concentration in the two groups did not differ. Mean urinary taurine concentration in the control and supplemented groups over the entire study period were 2.67 +/- 0.69 and 12.41 +/- 5.20 mumol/dl, respectively (P less than 0.05). Urinary taurine concentration in the supplemented infants, however, decreased significantly during the study period. Neither growth nor nitrogen retention differed between the two groups. Mean duodenal concentrations of taurine as well as glycine conjugates of both cholate and chenodeoxycholate were higher in supplemented infants. Total duodenal bile salt concentration correlated positively with taurine status as reflected by urinary taurine excretion (r = 0.71); this correlation plus the lower duodenal cholesterol concentration in supplemented infants suggests that conversion of cholesterol to bile acids was greater in supplemented infants. Mean intestinal fat absorption in control and supplemented infants, however, did not differ. PMID- 6726531 TI - Effects of ethacrynic acid in the newborn infant. AB - The effects of ethacrynic acid on electrolyte and water excretion were examined in 10 neonates with fluid overload states. Ethacrynic acid (1 mg/kg IV) produced a 10-fold increase in FENa+ and FECl - and a sixfold increase in urine volume and osmolar clearance. These effects peaked within 1 hour of ethacrynic acid administration, and progressively decreased to the baseline value by 5 hours after drug administration. The mean excretion of potassium increased by 280% in 1 hour, and returned to baseline value after 5 hours. The mean Ca++ excretion increased fourfold after 1 hour, and the effect lasted for 4 hours. Two infants developed mild hyponatremia. Our data emphasize the prolonged diuretic and saluretic effect of ethacrynic acid in neonates. PMID- 6726532 TI - Limiting eponyms (cont'd) PMID- 6726533 TI - Gastroesophageal reflux and asthma. PMID- 6726534 TI - Neonatal cerebral infarction. PMID- 6726535 TI - Skin versus air servocontrol of temperature. PMID- 6726536 TI - Childhood obesity. PMID- 6726537 TI - Urinary tract infections in young children. PMID- 6726538 TI - Congenital anomalies in glutaric aciduria type 2. PMID- 6726539 TI - Cryptosporidiosis and anticancer chemotherapy. PMID- 6726540 TI - Phenotypic variability in biotinidase deficiency. PMID- 6726541 TI - Successful selection of professional people. PMID- 6726542 TI - Optimization of autoclave cycles and selection of formulation for parenteral products, Part I: Identification of autoclave conditions by a nonisothermal approach. PMID- 6726543 TI - Optimization of autoclave cycles and selection of formulation for parenteral products, Part II: Effect of counter-ion on pH and stability of diatrizoic acid at autoclave temperatures. PMID- 6726544 TI - Optimization of autoclave cycles and selection of formulation for parenteral products, Part III: Effect of formulation variables on sporicidal kinetics. PMID- 6726546 TI - Children's perceptions of chronic illness: the roles of disease symptoms, cognitive development, and information. PMID- 6726545 TI - Hemolysis study of aqueous polyethylene glycol 400, propylene glycol and ethanol combinations in vivo and in vitro. PMID- 6726547 TI - Healthy young children's concepts of hospitals, medical personnel, operations, and illness. PMID- 6726548 TI - Evolution of pediatric psychology: historical roots to future trends. PMID- 6726549 TI - Children's conceptions of smoking. PMID- 6726550 TI - Child-rearing attitudes and personality characteristics in adolescent mothers: attitudes toward the infant. PMID- 6726551 TI - Direct and indirect pediatric screening measures. PMID- 6726552 TI - Abdominal pain in children and symptoms of somatization disorder. PMID- 6726553 TI - The pediatrician as a source of information about child development. PMID- 6726554 TI - Extraocular muscle surgery in early infancy--anatomical factors. AB - The dimensions and topographical anatomy of 26 eyes from 14 neonates and infants were measured and photographed with special attention to the insertional position of the extraocular muscles. Additional measurements were made in histologic preparations of 12 normal infant eyes. Although the diameters of the neonatal eyes were found to be about 70% of the adult eyes, the volumes of the globes were only about half, and the surface areas even less. The insertions of the rectus muscles were about 2 mm nearer to the cornea than in emmetropic adult eyes, but some were close to or at the equator. The posterior segments of the neonatal eyes were much less developed than the anterior, so that the oblique insertions, as compared to the adult eye, were closer to each other, to the horizontal meridian and to the posterior pole. In some neonatal specimens the inferior oblique insertion was so close to the optic nerve that tenotomy at that point would have jeopardized some of the posterior ciliary vessels and nerves. The dramatic postnatal growth of the eye occurs in the scleral segment; there is minimal corneal growth. About half of the total lifetime increase in the diameters, volume and total surface area of the human eye occurs in the first six months of life. In the six-month-old specimens the volume of the globe and the surface area of the sclera had almost doubled as compared to the neonatal eyes.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS) PMID- 6726555 TI - Computed tomography with histopathologic correlation in children with leukokoria. AB - Computed tomography (CT) constitutes a major advance in noninvasive diagnostic investigation of children with leukokoria , especially where media opacities preclude adequate visualization of the posterior segment, and, performed in conjunction with other studies such as diagnostic ultrasonography, has significantly improved diagnostic accuracy. Although retinoblastoma, the commonest life-threatening cause of leukokoria , usually presents with characteristic CT findings of intraocular calcification, during extraocular extension, the orbital portions of the tumor are non-calcific and contrast dramatically with the intraocular portion. Currently CT is also the best available technique for diagnosis of trilateral retinoblastoma. Computed tomographic features of several types of pseudogliomas (a collective term for lesions commonly mistaken for retinoblastomas) are also discussed with histopathologic correlation. In persistent hyperplastic primary vitreous, a conical density in CT corresponded to detached and dysplastic retina. A high density layered opacity corresponded to subretinal blood. In Coats' disease and sclerosing endophthalmitis homogenous intraocular CT density corresponds to vitreous and subretinal exudates radiologically indistinguishable from non calcific retinoblastoma. Long-standing retinal detachments in children occasionally presenting with leukokoria showed subtle homogenous intraocular densities on CT. PMID- 6726556 TI - Surgery for congenital esotropia--an age comparison study. PMID- 6726557 TI - Congenital primary upper eyelid entropion. AB - A case of primary congenital upper eyelid entropion ( PCUEE ) is reviewed. The author proposes a congenital shortness of the levator muscle with anomalous insertion onto the tarsal plate as the etiology, and a new simplified surgical correction is described. The classification of PCUEE as a syndrome with multiple congenital anomalies is supported, and the need for a complete systemic evaluation is stressed. Congenital primary upper eyelid entropion is an exceedingly rare condition. In 1969, Hiles and Wilder reviewed the 13 known cases in the ophthalmic literature, and presented a new case. They suggested the possibility that congenital upper eyelid entropion was part of a syndrome involving multiple systemic anomalies. Surgical correction of the ectropion is usually necessitated by corneal erosion secondary to trichiasis, and a multifarious assortment of surgical procedures has been described. The following is a case report of primary congenital upper eyelid entropion which corroborates the categorization as a syndrome, suggests a pathophysiologic abnormality of the eyelid as the etiology, and describes a new, simplified technique of surgical repair. PMID- 6726558 TI - Surgical alignment for congenital esotropia. PMID- 6726559 TI - Torsion and elevation under general anesthesia and during voluntary eyelid closure (Bell phenomenon). PMID- 6726560 TI - Botulinum toxin chemo-denervation for strabismus in infants and children. AB - Fifteen children and five infants with short follow-up show chemo-denervation with botulinum toxin to be a safe and effective alternative to surgery. PMID- 6726561 TI - Management of the posterior capsule in congenital cataracts. PMID- 6726562 TI - Surgical treatment of compensatory head position in congenital nystagmus. AB - Records of 32 patients with congenital nystagmus who underwent surgery for a significant head turn were reviewed to assess the effectiveness of current surgical approaches. Eighteen patients (Group I) had single binocular vision and had bilateral recess/resect procedures either according to Parks' 5-6-7-8 scheme (nine patients) or "augmented" from 10% to 40% for large head turns (nine patients). Fourteen (78%) had a reduction of the turn to 15 degrees or less, six (33%) being 5 degrees or less. One was overcorrected . Fourteen patients had a heterotropia in addition to head turn. Seven (Group II) had bilateral surgery to attempt to correct the head turn and reduce the tropia to less than 10 prism diopters. In three cases (43%) there was both successful treatment of the tropia and reduction of the turn to 15 degrees or less. The tropia was successfully treated in six patients (86%). In seven patients (Group III) monocular recess/resect surgery was done to attempt to correct both abnormalities. In four (57%) the turn was reduced to 15 degrees or less with successful treatment of the tropia at the same time. Five (71%) had a tropia of less than or equal to 10 diopters postoperatively. Overall, the head turns were reduced to 15 degrees or less in 23 (72%) of the 32 patients including 11 (35%) with 5 degrees or less residual turn. Three (9%) were overcorrected at least 10 degrees. The frequency of undercorrections indicates that larger amounts of surgery have to be done, especially for large turns, although ductions will be limited in some gaze positions, at times significantly, to achieve this goal. PMID- 6726563 TI - Superior oblique myokymia: preliminary results of surgical treatment. PMID- 6726565 TI - Antenatal ultrasound diagnosis in cystic adenomatoid malformation of the lung- case report. AB - Antenatal ultrasound diagnosis of cystic adenomatoid malformation was made in a fetus of 27 weeks gestation. The child was born at term and successfully operated upon 30 hours later. Early recognition by ultrasound allowed for adequate planning and preparation of management between obstetricians, neonatologists , and pediatric surgeons. The present case appears to be the fourth one reported with antenatal ultrasound diagnosis and the first one with successful operation, long-term survival and cure. PMID- 6726564 TI - Creation and repair of diaphragmatic hernia in the fetal lamb: lung development and morphology. AB - Left-sided diaphragmatic hernias were created in 26 lambs at about 78 days' gestation and repaired at 106 to 124 days' gestation. Nine of these lambs were delivered at term and lived much longer than the nonrepaired lambs delivered at term. The normal development of the fetal lamb lung is compared and contrasted with the development of the lung after creation of a diaphragmatic hernia and also with the changes in morphology resulting from in-utero repair. Creation of a diaphragmatic hernia resulted in marked delay in the development of alveoli and at term the lung had small, thick-walled terminal air-spaces with few capillaries and no true alveoli when compared with the thin-walled alveoli in normal lungs. Another striking feature was an apparent increase in the frequency of type II alveolar cells in diaphragmatic hernia lungs. In-utero repair of the diaphragmatic hernia resulted in a more normal appearance with true alveoli developing by term, although capillaries appeared to be less numerous and type II cells more numerous than in normal lungs. Surprisingly, there appears to be little difference between the left and right lungs in lambs with diaphragmatic hernia. PMID- 6726566 TI - Complete laryngotracheoesophageal cleft: management and repair. AB - A newborn baby with a complete or type III laryngotracheoesophageal cleft from larynx to carina was managed with a bifurcated endobronchial tube prior to complete reconstruction in one stage. To prevent pressure on the posterior suture line, a tracheostomy tube was constructed from a REA tube originally designed to use for cleft palate repairs. Fundoplication prevented gastroesophageal reflux and allowed enteral feedings. The child is now monitored at home on a prolonged pharyngeal retraining program with intermittent plugging of his tracheostomy tube. This report describes the management and repair of the first long-term survivor with this severe defect. PMID- 6726567 TI - Gastric transposition via the mediastinal route for infants with long-gap esophageal atresia. AB - Gastric replacement of the esophagus using the posterior mediastinal route is reported in four infants with esophageal atresia without tracheoesophageal fistula. The procedure is recommended for the ease with which the operation can be performed and the low incidence of anastomotic complications. Growth and development in the short-term follow-up has been satisfactory and reflux has not been a problem. PMID- 6726568 TI - Pyloric duplication in a preterm neonate. AB - A five-day-old premature infant presented with hyperbilirubinemia, vomiting, and an abdominal mass. At laparotomy a gastric duplication cyst was removed from the pyloric region. PMID- 6726569 TI - Annular pancreas in a fetus and its three-dimensional reconstruction. AB - A three-dimensional 50-times scale reconstruction was made of an annular pancreas from an 18-week-old fetus. By the use of radio-opaque paint, the anatomy of the pancreaticobiliary system within the reconstructed duodenum was clearly revealed. The anatomical arrangement indicated that the annulus was formed from the ventral anlage of the pancreas and that part of the annulus intermingled with the duodenal wall. These findings are consistent with Lecco 's theory of the embryogenesis of annular pancreas. The visualisation of internal structures in a reconstruction by the use of radio-opaque paint has not been described previously. This could be a useful technique in other embryological studies of the continuity of microscopic internal structures. Annular pancreas has been described previously by Weissberg in a 16-mm embryo. This report is the second case of a fetal annular pancreas in the literature. PMID- 6726570 TI - Choledochopancreatic elongated common channel disorders. AB - A choledochopancreatic end-to-side ductal anastomosis was successfully performed in 40 puppies as an experimental animal model of choledochopancreatic elongated common channel disorders. Follow-up periods were up to 1 year after surgery. Fusiform dilatation was developed in all puppies. The dilatation was completed within 1 week after surgery and did not increase its size after that. Also, all puppies developed pancreatic juice reflux into the bile duct. As for the etiology of the dilatation of the bile duct, temporary stricture of anastomosis was a more important factor than the pancreatic juice reflux in our models. In the biliopancreatic juice, we found no significant change of bile acid analysis between the control and our operated puppies, but almost all pancreatic enzyme activities were elevated. Bile acid was considered to play an important role in the activation of pancreatic enzymes. Epithelial hyperplasia was the only significant pathological change in the bile duct wall. Definite chronic pancreatitis developed in one puppy 16 months after surgery and was considered to be caused by the reflux of bile into the pancreatic duct. The action of biliopancreatic juice to both the bile duct and to the pancreas was mild and chronic. PMID- 6726571 TI - Crucial points of our hepatic portoenterostomy. PMID- 6726572 TI - Functional intestinal obstruction associated with malrotation and short small bowel. AB - Two siblings are presented in whom a recognized syndrome of functional small bowel obstruction with malrotation and short small-bowel was diagnosed. The previously described association with pyloric stenosis was not present in our cases. They do, however, support the view that this syndrome has an autosomal recessive model of inheritance. A deficiency of argyrophil neurones in the myenteric plexus has been noted in this syndrome but more precise neurohistochemical studies are required to define the exact deficit involved. PMID- 6726573 TI - Gastrografin treatment of intestinal obstruction due to Ascaris lumbricoides. AB - Gastrografin was used to relieve subacute intestinal obstruction due to Ascaris lumbricoides in children. This hyperosmolar and wetting agent proved to be highly efficient to achieve this goal. Statistical evaluation of the hospital stay and first bowel action showed a significant difference between the treated "gastrografin group' and the untreated by gastrografin "control group,' in favor of the "gastrografin group.' Our data strongly suggest the use of Gastrografin in subacute intestinal obstruction due to Ascaris lumbricoides. This treatment should be instituted provided the patient has been adequately hydrated prior to administration. PMID- 6726574 TI - Scrotal swelling as the presenting symptom of acute perforated appendicitis in an infant. AB - A ten-week-old patient with a known communicating hydrocele suddenly developed a tense, tender swelling of the scrotal half containing the hydrocele. Operated upon with the presumptive diagnosis of testicular torsion, pus was found in the hydrocele exuding from the abdominal cavity. At laparotomy a perforated appendix was discovered . PMID- 6726575 TI - Familial incidence of congenital anorectal anomalies. AB - We describe two families with pedigrees over three and two generations with nine members affected with anorectal malformations. Both pedigrees are compatible with autosomal dominant inheritance with variable penetrance and expression or with multifactorial inheritance with a high genetic load. The recurrence risk is thought to be in the range of 10% to 20% for first degree relatives of affected members. PMID- 6726576 TI - Mid-anal sphincteric malformation, cause of constipation in anterior perineal anus. AB - Constipation characterized by straining at defecation has been reported in association with an anteriorly located, but otherwise "normal' anus, however its cause is not known. In this communication the pathogenesis of constipation has been discussed on the basis of clinical features and intraoperative findings seen in seven children with this syndrome. The primary cause of constipation lies in the congenital malformation of the mid-portion of the external sphincter and weakness of the corresponding segment of the anal canal. PMID- 6726577 TI - Prenatal diagnosis improves the prognosis of children with obstructive uropathies. AB - Five neonates with gross obstructive uropathies diagnosed in utero were operated during the first few days of life. Follow-up studies of up to 2 years postoperatively showed normal development of all the children. Radiologic investigations showed no obstruction and normal growth of renal parenchyma in all but one case, thus differing markedly from infants with gross obstructive uropathies who were diagnosed and referred to us some months after birth. The importance of prenatal diagnosis and hence early post partum treatment of obstructive uropathies appears to us proven. PMID- 6726578 TI - Esophageal perforation in a neonate associated with gastroesophageal reflux. AB - This is the first report of a neonate with esophageal perforation in whom an association of gastroesophageal reflux (GER) was detected by esophagraphy and esophageal pH monitoring. The patient was successfully treated for both esophageal perforation of GER by thoracic drainage and fundoplication. In this patient, GER seemed a likely cause of esophageal perforation. PMID- 6726579 TI - Parathyroid carcinoma in a child: unusual presentation with seizures. AB - The second reported case of carcinoma of the parathyroid gland in a child 15 years of age or younger is presented. This case is also remarkable in its extremely unusual presentation with seizures, theorized to be associated with hypercalcemia and/or a negative magnesium balance. PMID- 6726580 TI - Ectopic thymus: presenting as neck mass. PMID- 6726581 TI - Selective left bronchial intubation for the treatment of pulmonary pseudocyst in the very premature infant. AB - Selective intubation of the left mainstem bronchus was accomplished successfully to treat a large pseudocyst of interstitial air in the right lung of an 890-g premature infant. The tube was left in place for 30 hours. Without the use of cutaneous oxygen monitoring to constantly evaluate the oxygenation of the baby and consequently, the correct position of the tube, this probably could not have been accomplished in such a small infant. PMID- 6726582 TI - Diagnosis and treatment of traumatic granuloma in tracheobronchial tree of newborn with history of chronic intubation. AB - The case of an 8-week-old premature infant with right upper lobe atelectasis and right middle and lower lobe emphysema secondary to a traumatic granuloma in the right bronchus intermedius is presented. Bronchoscopy with the use of a Fogarty catheter allowed identification and removal of the granuloma, with resolution of the pulmonary abnormalities. PMID- 6726583 TI - Congenital cricopharyngeal achalasia treatment by dilatations. AB - An infant with cricopharyngeal achalasia, recurrent aspiration pneumonia, and severe failure to thrive was fed for 5 months through a nasogastric tube. She responded promptly to dilatations of the spastic cricopharyngeal muscle. Normal oral feedings followed the treatment with progressive weight gain and no further pulmonary complications over a follow-up period of 1 1/2 years. Dilatations were used in the infant described here, in analogy to the well-known success of treatment by dilatations in infants with achalasia of the lower esophagus. PMID- 6726584 TI - Megacystis, microcolon, intestinal hypoperistalsis syndrome: possible pathogenesis. AB - Two cases of "Megacystis-microcolon-intestinal hypoperistalsis syndrome" are described. These appear to be the seventh and eighth cases in published literature. Consistent with the two published reports, both our patients were newborn female infants who manifested a large bladder, associated with unused colon and functional intestinal obstruction. While the earlier published reports mention a full complement of normal mature ganglion cells in all parts of the bowel, the two cases described here showed " dysganglionosis " to some extent, in the form of fewer and shrunken neurones along with other mature-looking neurones in some parts of the bowel. The bladder was available for histologic examination only in the second case and showed apparently normal innervation. Hence, it is felt that the intestinal obstruction in these cases could have been due to a disturbance in bowel innervation. PMID- 6726585 TI - Massive traumatic hemomentocele. AB - A case is reported of a massive hemomentocele caused by rupture of the left gastroepiploic vessels following blunt abdominal trauma. This injury is previously unreported. Peritoneal aspiration is the simplest method of confirming that intraabdominal bleeding has occurred, but more sophisticated investigations may be needed to diagnose covert trauma. PMID- 6726586 TI - Uterine prolapse in the neonate. AB - The rare condition of neonatal uterine prolapse is usually associated with congenital spinal defects and is often resistant to simple reduction. Previously, treatment has been primarily surgical and often deforming. In this case report a silastic-ensheathed pessary fashioned from a rubber Penrose drain allowed a nonoperative, simple and permanent correction, permitting the more important, yet less obvious, associated defects to take therapeutic precedence. PMID- 6726587 TI - Polyorchidism: case report and review of the literature. AB - A case of polyorchidism in an 8-year-old boy is described. This is the first reported case from Iraq and the fifth reported case in the world literature where complete duplication of the testis, epididymis, and the spermatic cord has occurred. PMID- 6726588 TI - Diphallus. PMID- 6726589 TI - Epidermolysis bullosa dystrophica with urinary tract involvement. AB - A case of epidermolysis bullosa dystrophica ( EBD ), neonatally corrected atresia of the pylorus and early infantile development of urinary tract manifestations is reported. Owing to misinterpretation of radiological findings, instrumental treatment of the urethra was employed. It resulted in complete and permanent obliteration of the lumen. While the skin disorder has remained slight to moderate in severity, recurrent keratitis has resulted in impaired vision. PMID- 6726591 TI - Infectious hazards in rooming-in systems. PMID- 6726590 TI - Further study of the inhibition of premature labor by indomethacin. Part I. AB - Prematurity still remains one of the unsolved problems in obstetrics and is responsible for a majority of cases of perinatal morbidity and mortality. The use of indomethacin to stop uterine contractions and prevent premature delivery is based on the observation that indomethacin inhibits the release of prostaglandin which is assumed to play a role in the induction and continuation of labor. The effect of indomethacin as an antagonist to prostaglandin was evaluated in a series of 297 women in premature labor. The gestational age at admission varied between 24 and 34 weeks of pregnancy (120 primiparas and 177 multiparas). In 83% of cases there was complete cessation of labor for a period of 1 to 12 weeks, in 10% of cases from 2 to 7 days and in 7% there was no effect. The delay of premature labor for 2 to 7 days allowed the administration of betamethasone in an attempt to improve fetal lung maturity. The total daily dose needed for successful treatment was between 200-300 mg indomethacin. Dilation of cervix beyond 4 cm was associated with successful treatment in 58% compared to 90% if cervix was dilated 3 cm or less. In comparing women with intact membranes to women with ruptured, the success rate in suppressing premature labor was significant; 88% versus 53%. In 49 patients delivery was delayed 11-12 weeks. Fifty-one babies were born in spite of therapy, and of these 15 with birth weights of 700-1500 g suffered from respiratory distress syndrome and died. All the rest (36 premature and 246 mature infants) showed no ill effects related to the treatment.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS) PMID- 6726592 TI - Is routine hospitalization needed in antenatal care of twin pregnancy? AB - A prospective study was carried out to evaluate the significance and efficacy of routine hospital bed rest in prevention of premature birth and pregnancy complications compared to specialized antenatal care at the outpatient clinic of 73 twin pregnancies. The twin pregnancies were screened in health centers by means of symphysis-fundus measurement, and the diagnosis was confirmed by ultrasound examination at the outpatient clinic. On the average the ultrasonic diagnosis was performed during the 23rd gestational week; at this visit the women were divided into two groups with similar follow-up to the end of the 29th gestational week. At this stage one of the groups was hospitalized unless there had been indications for earlier admission. In the hospital group, the mean for gestational week at delivery was 36.7 (+/- 2.4) and in the outpatient group 37.4 (+/- 1.8) respectively (N.S.). There was no difference in the rate of pregnancy complications between the groups too. No statistical differences in the perinatal mortality (7.1% and 1.1% respectively) or birthweights of the newborns were found, either. Present results do not support the idea of using routine hospital bed rest. It could not be proved to have positive effects on the gestational age, birth weight and perinatal mortality of the newborns, nor to the pregnancy complications. In our opinion early diagnosis of twin pregnancy is of decisive importance and specialized ambulatory follow-up could be employed instead of routine bed rest in antenatal care of twin pregnancy. PMID- 6726593 TI - Plasma haptoglobin levels in vacuum extracted neonates. AB - In order to examine the pathogenesis of neonatal hyperbilirubinemia associated with vacuum extraction, we have compared plasma haptoglobin and bilirubin levels and blood hematocrits of vacuum extracted neonates with those of newborns who underwent a normal vaginal delivery. Plasma haptoglobin and blood hematocrits of the 12 vacuum patients measured on the third day of life were significantly lower (21.7 +/- 5.3 vs. 46.5 +/- 7.5 mg%; p value less than 0.01 and 52.3 +/- 1.3 vs. 59.7 +/- 1.8%; p value less than 0.005, respectively) than the 12 control patients (values are mean +/- SEM). This trend was apparent whether or not cephalhematoma was present after vacuum extraction: However, the mean bilirubin level was significantly higher than the controls only when cephalhematoma was present. Those results suggest that the higher incidence of neonatal hyperbilirubinemia previously observed after vacuum extraction, is the result of an increased hemolysis of blood sequestered in scalp lesions. Since evidence for enhanced RBC destruction has been demonstrated whether or not cephalhematoma was present, the possibility of hyperbilirubinemia should be anticipated in any case of vacuum delivery. PMID- 6726594 TI - Sinusoidal rhythm caused by fetal hemorrhage during fetoscopy. AB - The sinusoidal fetal heart rate pattern has been reported to be associated with fetal anemia, hypoxia, administration of alphaprodine while, in other cases, it has been followed by good fetal outcome. In this case study fetoscopy was performed in a patient with thalassemia trait for prenatal diagnosis of thalassemia. Following the insertion of the trocar, bloodstained amniotic fluid was aspirated which resulted to be all fetal in origin. Estimation of feto maternal hemorrhage was 5.7 ml while the amount of intra-amniotic bleeding could not be assessed. Fetal heart rate, which was recorded throughout fetoscopy, showed a sinusoidal pattern starting two minutes after the fetal hemorrhage which lasted more than ten minutes. Two hours later the fetal heart rate was normal. The pregnancy continued uneventfully and a healthy female baby weighing 3100 g was delivered at 38 weeks' gestation. Review of the literature suggests that a sinusoidal pattern may be caused either by a hemodynamic disturbance or fetal acidosis. In any case it does not always indicate impending fetal death. PMID- 6726595 TI - Placental transfer of metronidazole in the first trimester of pregnancy. AB - Concentrations of metronidazole and its hydroxy metabolite (I) were determined by a specific chromatographic method in blood, placenta and fetus from 10 women receiving oral metronidazole prior to legal first trimester abortion. In one woman given 2 g of metronidazole 9 hours before abortion, placenta and plasma levels were 6.6 micrograms/g and 13.4 micrograms/ml, respectively. The corresponding values for the hydroxy metabolite (I) were 1.8 micrograms/g and 5.6 micrograms/ml. In nine women receiving 400 mg metronidazole 1 hour before abortion, concentrations of metronidazole in plasma ranged from less than 0.1 to 9.4 micrograms/ml, in placenta from less than 0.1 to 6.3 micrograms/g, and in a fetal tissue from 1.9 to 3.0 micrograms/g. The concentrations of hydroxy metabolite (I) in plasma and placenta and fetal tissue all ranged below those of metronidazole. PMID- 6726596 TI - Effect of oral iron supplementation during pregnancy on maternal and fetal iron status. AB - The known increased need for iron during pregnancy appears to be met only in part by increased iron absorption and amenorrhea. Considerable demands are made on maternal iron stores and, since many women lack sufficient storage iron, pregnancy may be expected to cause iron deficiency. This may lead to anemia in pregnancy and post partum and could also have a bearing on the iron status of the fetus and the neonate. Based on these considerations, prophylactic supplementation of dietary iron is advocated but remains a disputed issue. In the present controlled, prospective and longitudinal study changes in hematologic status, and in particular in iron stores, during pregnancy were investigated in 44 healthy Caucasian women with uncomplicated pregnancies and deliveries. They were randomly assigned to a study group (n = 21) receiving oral iron supplements from the 16th week of amenorrhea until 6 weeks post partum, and a control group (n = 23) without iron supplementation. Maternal concentrations of hemoglobin, serum iron, serum transferrin and serum ferritin were determined at 16, 28 and 36 weeks of amenorrhea, at delivery, and 6 and 12 weeks post partum. The same variables were determined in cord blood. Iron supplementation appeared to prevent the physiologic fall in hemoglobin and serum iron concentrations which occurred in the control group, but had little influence on the observed rise in transferrin concentrations. Ferritin levels in serum, which are known to reflect mobilisable iron stores, fell to 30% of the initial values in the control group and to 70% in the study group. Six and 12 weeks post partum ferritin levels were still low in the nonsupplemented group (Tab. I).(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS) PMID- 6726597 TI - A comparison of MMPI profiles of heroin addicts based on multiple methods of classification. AB - MMPI profiles of 442 male narcotic addicts in a drug treatment program were classified according to one of three methods: (a) highest 2-point code, (b) cluster analysis, and (c) concordance with common actuarial rules of profile fit. Profiles were then compared with those previously reported in the research literature. While each method resulted in slightly different perspectives, each reported modal profiles analogous to the 49'/94', 42'/24', and 48'/84' profiles. A frequency table of 33 different profiles by rates per thousand were presented as prototypal base rates for future comparison. PMID- 6726598 TI - MMPI differences among mild and severe insomniacs and good sleepers. AB - Past research has attempted to delineate personality differences between insomniacs and good sleepers but has failed to control for type of insomnia or severity of the disorder. The purpose of this study was to compare MMPI scores of mild and severe sleep onset insomniacs with a control group of noninsomniacs . Results demonstrated that sleep onset insomniacs, regardless of degree of severity, differed significantly from noninsomniacs ; and that mild and severe insomniacs differed from each other on only one MMPI scale. PMID- 6726599 TI - Differential patterns of alcohol abuse among normal, neurotic, psychotic, and characterological types. AB - The MMPIs of 201 male alcoholic inpatients were classified into normal, neurotic, psychotic, and characterological types according to the Goldberg rules (1972). Multivariate analysis of variance of the respective Alcohol Use Inventory ( AUI ) scores showed that the groups differed in a multivariate sense. The pattern of significant univariate differences indicated that both the neurotic and psychotic groups reported more severe symptoms and consequences of alcohol abuse than the normal and characterological types. No univariate differences were found between either the neurotic and psychotic types or the normal and characterological types. Results were discussed in terms of functions that alcohol served among the groups. PMID- 6726600 TI - The fakability of subtle and obvious measures of aggression by male prisoners. AB - Fifty-eight adult male felons were given the Minnesota Multiphasic Personality Inventory (MMPI), the Buss - Durkee Hostility Inventory ( BDHI ), and the Draw-a Person Test (DAP) to test the relative sensitivity of subtlety or obviousness of items to response sets. The inmates were randomly assigned to three response set groups: a fake-aggressive group, a fake-nonaggressive group, and a standard instruction control group. The MMPIs were scored for five obvious and five subtle aggression or hostility research scales. The BDHI is a totally obvious test, whereas the DAP is a very subtle measure. A paradoxical relationship between response set and subtlety of the scales was hypothesized, such that the obvious scales could be successfully faked , but the subtle scales would show scores in the opposite from the intended direction. It was found that the inmates did correctly manipulate the obvious scales, but the subtle scales did not consistently show the hypothesized trend. Possible reasons for this are discussed, including the nature of the scales used and characteristics of the population. PMID- 6726601 TI - Screening for disruptive behavior of institutionalized juvenile offenders. AB - Case records of 70 male adjudicated juvenile offenders were used to examine the utility of various demographic, intelligence, and personality variables in identifying youths likely to display disruptive/violent behavior while institutionalized. Stepwise discriminant function analyses revealed that variable combinations from the Psychological Screening Inventory and Shipley -Hartford Scale were generally the most effective in identifying disruptive youths, while Jesness Inventory Subscales added little to the classification process. Implications for the use of screening measures in identifying potentially disruptive youths at admission are discussed. PMID- 6726602 TI - Anxiety and performance in two ego threatening situations. AB - The relationship between trait and state anxiety and performance was studied in two ego threatening situations among 312 subjects. Candidates with high scores in trait and state anxiety measured just prior to a selection interview for medical school were predicted to receive poorer interview ratings than those candidates with low scores. High trait anxiety, but not state anxiety, measured prior to selection interviews was predicted to be negatively related to academic performance measured up to 1 year later. Neither trait nor state anxiety was found to be significantly related to interview performance ratings. Trait anxiety, but not state anxiety, was found to be significantly related to academic performance: low trait anxious subjects performed better than medium and high trait anxious subjects. This relationship was found to be sustained when controlled for academic aptitude. PMID- 6726603 TI - The Body Esteem Scale: multidimensional structure and sex differences in a college population. AB - Norms and reliability and validity data are presented for an objectively scored Body Esteem Scale. Factor analysis of the scale revealed that body esteem is a multidimensional construct which differs for males and females. For males, the body esteem dimensions dealt with physical attractiveness, upper body strength, and physical condition. For females, the dimensions dealt with sexual attractiveness, weight concern, and physical condition. The three aspects of males' body esteem were more highly intercorrelated than those of the females, indicating a greater degree of body esteem differentiation for females than for males. PMID- 6726604 TI - [The pharmacognosy of the passion flower]. PMID- 6726605 TI - Release of drugs formulated as hard pastes filled into hard gelatin capsules. Part 1. Physical properties and in vitro testing. PMID- 6726606 TI - Release of drugs formulated as hard pastes filled into hard gelatin capsules. Part 2. In vivo studies. PMID- 6726607 TI - [Drug reactions and interactions]. PMID- 6726608 TI - Effect of cianidanol (KB-53) on the activity of mouse natural killer cells. AB - The effect of cianidanol (KB-53) on the mouse natural killer (NK) cell activity of the splenic cells was investigated using YAC-1 cells as target cells. The oral administration of KB-53 at a dose of 500 mg/kg augmented significantly the NK cell activity. The activity was observed maximally 3 d after the administration, and significant difference from the control was observed even at 7 d after the administration of KB-53. The oral administration of KB-53, at a dose range of 125 500 mg/kg, augmented the NK cell activity in a dose-dependent manner at 3 d after the administration. PMID- 6726609 TI - Studies on the metabolism of diltiazem in man. AB - The human urinary metabolites of diltiazem were analyzed by thin-layer chromatography (TLC) and gas chromatography-mass spectrometry. Diltiazem was metabolized by deacetylation, N-demethylation, O-demethylation and conjugation. Metabolite MA, N- monodemethyl -diltiazem, was identified as a new major metabolite in human urine, and four metabolites were identified as deacetyl diltiazem (M1), deacetyl-N- monodemethyl -diltiazem (M2), deacetyl-O-demethyl diltiazem (M4), deacetyl-N,O-demethyl-diltiazem (M6) which were known as rat urinary metabolites. Metabolite M2, M4 and M6 were converted in part to glucuronides and/or sulfates. Unchanged diltiazem and metabolite MA were determined in human plasma and urine by TLC-densitometry. Diltiazem and metabolite MA excreted in 24-h urine were 44.4 and 48.5% of the total unconjugated form, respectively. The mean plasma level of metabolite MA was approximately one-third of diltiazem level. On the basis of these findings, a probable metabolic pathway of diltiazem in man is presented. PMID- 6726610 TI - Comparative pharmacokinetics of dicloxacillin and ampicillin between individual and combined doses. AB - Pharmacokinetics of dicloxacillin and ampicillin dosed individually and in combination were investigated by means of moment analyses of urinary excretions of intact forms and metabolic products of parent penicillins. Comparison of excretion profiles between individual and combined doses to human subjects indicated that the transformation of ampicillin to penicilloic acid and subsequent conversion to secondary metabolite are suppressed by the simultaneous dose of dicloxacillin, while the total excretion ratio to dose and the mean residence times in the body remain almost unchanged. The excretion profiles of dicloxacillin and metabolites are not significantly affected by the combined dose. PMID- 6726611 TI - Drug distribution and binding to muscle in rat. AB - Drug binding to rat skeletal muscle homogenate was studied using quinidine and quinine as basic drugs, and furosemide and phenylbutazone as anionic drugs. Characteristically different binding fashions were observed among basic and anionic drugs. Quinidine and quinine which are stereoisomers bound to muscle not depending on drug concentration and showed similar binding ratios, while furosemide and phenylbutazone bound to muscle depending on drug concentration. Quinidine and quinine bound mainly to 1000 x g precipitates of muscle homogenate while furosemide and phenylbutazone bound exclusively to cytosol fraction. Binding to 1000 x g precipitates was not explained by binding to actin and myosin alone, while the second protein fraction eluted from cytosol by Sephadex G-75 gel filtration was found to have binding properties for furosemide. PMID- 6726612 TI - Design of a phencyclidine implantation pellet; suitable for tolerance development. AB - When using laboratory animals (e.g., mice) for phencyclidine (PCP) tolerance studies, an essential part of the procedure is to administer the PCP in such a way that the animals received adequate doses of the drug at frequent enough intervals to reach and maintain the desired levels of tolerance or employ a osmotic minipump which is either suitable or convenient to develop a high degree of tolerance to PCP in a large number of animals in a short period. However, these methods are unfit for routine work because of repeated daily injections consume too much time and osmotic minipump comes expensive. Therefore, in this paper we attempted to develop PCP pellet suitable for tolerance development. The s.c. implantation of a 10 or 20 mg PCP pellet in the back of a conscious mouse resulted in a much more rapid development of tolerance to PCP than that produced in mice receiving daily i.p. injection of, 10 or 20 mg/kg, PCP-HCl. Assessment of and degree of tolerance to PCP by PCP pellet implantation and daily injection of PCP-HCl were evidenced by a degree of decrease in the duration of motor incoordination after the challenge with, 20 mg/kg, PCP-HCl 24 h after removal of PCP pellets or a last injection of PCP-HCl. These studies may demonstrate a substantial methodological improvement in producing a high degree of tolerance to PCP in a short period of time by means of the s.c. pellet implantation technique. PMID- 6726613 TI - A method to potentiate enteral absorption of interferon and selective delivery into lymphatics. AB - The potentiated absorption of human fibroblast interferon (HuIFN-beta) with the aid of lipid-surfactant mixed micelles from the rat large intestine and lymphatic delivery were studied. The administration of HuIFN-beta with saline solution alone into the lumen of the large intestine indicated no detectable HuIFN-beta in the serum or the lymph for 5 h. Neither lipid (linoleic acid) nor surfactant ( HCO60 , polyoxyethylene hardened castor oil derivative) could promote the absorption of HuIFN-beta. However, the administration with linoleic acid- HCO60 mixed micelles enabled the great absorption of HuIFN-beta from the large intestine, and HuIFN-beta was delivered into the lymphatics with an extremely high selectivity. PMID- 6726614 TI - Effects of hypoxia and reoxygenation on tissue ATP level and electrical and mechanical function of isolated guinea pig ventricular muscles. AB - The myocardial ATP level in guinea pig ventricular muscles was determined during hypoxia and reoxygenation and compared with the cardiac electrical and mechanical function. The action potential duration (APD), contractile force (CF) and tissue ATP level were depressed gradually depending on the N2 concentration in the medium. Time course studies revealed that the membrane electrical activity and the ATP content did not show parallel evolution, although changes in CF coincided with changes in ATP level. PMID- 6726615 TI - Bioavailability of griseofulvin from plain tablets in Gottingen minipigs and the correlation with bioavailability in humans. AB - Intravenous administration of 125 mg of griseofulvin to G ottingen minipigs showed biexponential elimination of the drug from plasma, in which the half lives of the initial and terminal phases were 0.2-0.6 h and 4.3-6.6 h, respectively. The bioavailability of four griseofulvin tablets used in a human bioavailability study was investigated in the pigs and compared with the human results. The differences of Cmax and AUC between the standard product and the others were smaller in the pig than in humans, however, the correlations of Cmax and AUC between humans and minipigs were high for the four products. The differences of Tmax among the products were small, and the Tmax of the standard product was large in the pigs compared with that in humans. In addition, delayed onset of drug absorption was observed in some of the pigs. The findings suggest slow gastric emptying of the drug in the pigs. The statistically small powers for the in vivo parameters observed in the pig, seem to indicate variable absorption of the drug in the animal. PMID- 6726617 TI - Proceedings of the 5th Symposium on Development and Evaluation of Pharmaceutical Preparation, Nagoya. Abstracts. PMID- 6726616 TI - Effect of vitamin E on IgE antibody formation in mice. AB - Effect of vitamin E (alpha-tocopheryl acetate and alpha-tocopheryl nicotinate) on IgE antibody formation in mice was investgiated . Female BALB/c mice were immunized with dinitrophenylated ascaris protein (DNP-As) and aluminium hydroxide gel (alum). Supplementation of vitamin E in diets or oral administration of vitamin E mixed with sesame oil resulted in a suppression of IgE antibody formation. On the contrary to IgE antibody formation, IgM or IgG (hemagglutinin; HA) formation was significantly enhanced. These results indicate that vitamin E is capable of suppressing IgE antibody formation and enhancing non-IgE antibody formation. PMID- 6726618 TI - Chemical reactivations of inactivated acetylcholinesterase after 2-PAM therapy in fenitrothion-poisoned rat and rabbit. AB - We investigated the reactivation of inactivated acetylcholinesterase (AChE) after 2-PAM therapy in acute fenitrothion poisonings of two species of rat and rabbit. By single treatment with 2-PAM carried out immediately after fenitrothion administration, the significant reactivations of inactivated AChE in red blood cell (RBC) and brain as well as inactivated cholinesterase (ChE) in plasma were observed at 2 h after administration of 20 mg/kg fenitrothion in rat, while these reactivations became less in rats severely poisoned with 500 mg/kg fenitrothion. Although these significant reactivations disappeared 6 h after the single treatment with 2-PAM, the repeated treatments with 2-PAM induced the prolongation of the reactivations of inactivated AChEs and ChE. These results suggest that 2 PAM would be more effective to light poisoning with fenitrothion, and that the repetition of 2-PAM treatment would be very important to obtain the sufficient antidotal actions. In rabbits as well as rats, the considerable reactivations of inactivated AChEs in RBC and brain and inactivated ChE in plasma were observed by the single treatment with 2-PAM in fenitrothion poisoning. These reactivations in brain AChE indicate that 2-PAM can penetrate the blood brain barrier of both rat and rabbit, despite its quaternary character. PMID- 6726619 TI - Possible role of endothelium in the vasodilator response of rat thoracic aorta to platelet activating factor (PAF). AB - As the endothelium has an important role in the vasodilating effect of acetylcholine, we investigated the possible role of the endothelium in the vasodilating effect of platelet activating factor (PAF). Experiments were done on spirally cut rat thoracic aorta either containing or denuded of endothelial cells. It was demonstrated that relaxation by PAF and acetylcholine of pre contracted strips required the presence of endothelial cells. The results strongly suggested the possible involvement of endothelium in the vasodilation produced by PAF as well as by ACh. PMID- 6726620 TI - Biopharmaceutical studies on hydantoin derivatives. IV. Factors affecting bioavailability of 5,5-diphenylhydantoin in dog. AB - Several factors affecting the bioavailability of 5,5-diphenylhydantoin (I) and its sodium salt (I-Na) were examined in dogs in relation to meal and following results were obtained. The bioavailability of I was not appreciably affected by the volume of coadministered water in the range of 30-120 ml. The bioavailability of I was most excellent when I was administered 0.5 h after meal. Food intake 0.5 h after drug administration enhanced appreciably the bioavailability, but that 2 h after drug administration did hardly affect the bioavailability. The extent of bioavailability of I-Na was almost 100% of the dose in the range of 100-400 mg/dog when it was administered 0.5 h after meal. While, when I-Na was administered in the fasting state, the extent of bioavailability was about 60% of the dose. Food-induced enhancement of the bioavailability of I was independent of the food constituents. The bioavailability of I was increased about 1.5-fold and 2-fold with 10-fold increase in the specific surface area of I, in the nonfasting and the fasting states, respectively. In the experiments using the dogs with the chronically implanted fistula in the common bile duct, it was found that the bile was not a major factor contributing to the food-induced enhancement of the bioavailability of I. There was a good correlation between the bioavailability of I in dog and that in man. PMID- 6726621 TI - Effects of angiotensins of the motility of human sperm. AB - The effects of angiotensins on the motility of highly washed human sperm were examined by multiple exposure photography system. The addition of low doses (0.1 10 ng/ml) of angiotensin II (AT II) stimulated the forward velocity of sperm without increasing the percentage of motility. On the contrary, high concentration (1.0 micrograms/ml) of AT II suppressed the motility. The direct effect of angiotensin I (AT I) on the motility was observed under the presence of SQ 14225, a specific inhibitor of angiotensin I converting enzyme (ACE). At I (0.1-100 ng/ml) gave no influence on the motility, whereas that of high dose (1.0 ug/ml) suppressed the motility in the same manner as the corresponding dose of AT II. The action of AT II on the motility was completely suppressed under the coexistence of saralasin, a specific antagonist against AT II. This fact indicated that the action of AT II on the sperm appeared through the specific receptor on sperm. PMID- 6726622 TI - Anti-inflammatory effects of praseodymium, gadolinium and ytterbium chlorides. AB - Anti-inflammatory effects of chloride salts of praseodymium, gadolinium and ytterbium were investigated, using various experimental inflammatory models in rats. The lanthanide salts administered by oral route showed no significant effect, but when injected intraperitoneally they significantly inhibited the carrageenin-induced oedema, proportional to their doses ranging from 15 to 75 mg/kg. They also reduced nystatin-induced oedema and vascular permeability response to histamine and serotonin. Pronounced inhibitory effect of lanthanide salts at the dose of 50 mg/kg, i.p., was observed in histamine- and serotonin induced changes in vascular permeability. Repeated administration of lanthanide salts in the dose of 20 mg/kg for 13 d significantly inhibited arthritis development. The same dose of these salts for a 6-d period similarly reduced granuloma formation. However, praseodymium, gadolinium and ytterbium chlorides showed no significant difference among themselves and their anti-inflammatory effects were smaller than those from phenylbutazone. PMID- 6726623 TI - Comparative study of lipophilicity versus topological molecular descriptors in biological correlations. AB - This paper analyzes the relative efficacies of lipophilicity vis-a-vis topological indices in the correlation of the biological properties of four groups of bioactive molecules: alcohols, barbiturates, triazinones , and ketobemidones . Wiener number (W), information-theoretic topological parameters (IC, SIC, CIC, IWD , and IWD ), and molecular connectivity indices (1 chi, 1 chi V) were used as the molecular descriptors. Results show that theoretical indices are comparable or superior to log P in biological correlations. PMID- 6726625 TI - pKa determination of verapamil by liquid-liquid partition. AB - The pKa of verapamil was determined by measuring the partition coefficient of verapamil between n-heptane and aqueous buffer solution at various pH values. The magnitude of the effects of ionic strength or temperature on the pKa of verapamil was in agreement with those reported previously. The estimated pKa of verapamil in human plasma was 8.75. The pKa of 2,4,6-trimethylpyridine measured by means of the present partition method was in good agreement with that determined by UV spectrophotometry. PMID- 6726624 TI - Comparative bioavailability of two furosemide formulations in humans. AB - Twelve healthy male volunteers participated in a balanced crossover comparison of a brand-name and generic furosemide formulations. Each treatment was given as a single 40-mg tablet following an overnight fast. Furosemide concentrations in plasma and urine were determined up to 24 h after treatment; urine output and urinary sodium excretion were also measured. In comparison with the brand-name tablets, generic furosemide was significantly less bioavailable. Using a 95% confidence interval approach, generic furosemide gave up to 66% lower maximum furosemide plasma levels, up to 52% less area under the plasma level curve to infinite time, and up to 37% less urinary recovery of furosemide. Comparison of the effect of the two treatments was a less sensitive measurement of bioequivalence. Confidence intervals for differences in urinary output and sodium excretion over the period of maximum effect (0-4 h) were, however, asymmetrical, and pharmacodynamic differences between treatments were significant at the 10% level. PMID- 6726626 TI - Quantitative determination of dexamethasone in human plasma by stable isotope dilution mass spectrometry. AB - An analytical method for the quantitation of nanogram to subnanogram amounts of dexamethasone is described. Dexamethasone was isolated from human plasma using a C18-bonded reverse-phase cartridge, purified by subsequent normal-phase HPLC, and the corresponding trimethylsilyl derivative analyzed by gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS). The quantitation by isotope-dilution MS was carried out by selected-ion monitoring on the (M + 1)+ ion of the trimethylsilyl derivative of dexamethasone and its stable isotopically labeled diluent, [ 13C6 ,2H3]dexamethasone (681 and 690 m/z, respectively). Methane was used as the GC carrier gas and as the chemical-ionization reagent gas. The sensitivity of the method, judged from the lower limit of detection of the mass spectrometer, was at approximately 100 pg. The inter- and intraassay coefficients of variation (CV) determined at two different concentrations were 3.83 and 3.78% for 2 ng/mL and 2.64 and 1.29% for 5 ng/mL, respectively. Plasma concentration profiles for dexamethasone following a single 1-mg iv and a 2-mg oral dose of dexamethasone administered 24 h apart to two healthy volunteers are presented. The mass fragmentographic method described here is useful for bioavailability and pharmacokinetic studies of the synthetic glucocorticoid. PMID- 6726627 TI - Comparative disposition kinetics of two diastereomeric pairs of cinchona alkaloids in the dog. AB - The comparative disposition kinetics of quinidine, quinine, cinchonine , and cinchonidine were investigated in five male, mongrel dogs after intravenous bolus injections of a 9.2-mmol/kg dose of each alkaloid base. Blood and plasma specimens were obtained at various times up to 6 h postdose and assayed for quinidine and quinine with a TLC-fluorometric procedure and for cinchonine and cinchonidine by HPLC. The plasma alkaloid concentration-time data were analyzed by weighted, nonlinear least-squares regression analysis to obtain the central compartment volume (Vc), disposition rate constants (alpha and beta), and corresponding half-life values (t1/2). Total body clearance (CL) and apparent volume of distribution (Vd) were estimated by nonparametric analysis. In this study, the highest plasma alkaloid concentrations were reached with quinidine and the lowest concentrations with the quinidine congener, cinchonine . The other congeneric pair, quinine and cinchonidine , exhibited plasma alkaloid concentrations that were comparable and intermediate to those of quinidine and cinchonine . With cinchonine and cinchonidine , the plasma and blood concentration-time curves were virtually superimposable. However, with quinidine and quinine, the plasma alkaloid concentrations of these diastereomers were approximately twice the corresponding blood concentrations. The total body clearance rate of quinidine was significantly slower than quinine and cinchonine clearance. No difference in clearance was observed between cinchonine and cinchonidine . The beta and t1/2 beta for quinidine were significantly smaller and larger, respectively, than the corresponding values obtained with the other alkaloids. No significant differences in alpha or Vc and Vd were found between and within the two diastereomeric pairs of alkaloids. The differences in disposition kinetics observed in this study were attributable to an interaction of stereochemical and 6'-methoxy group substitution effects. PMID- 6726628 TI - Leucine enkephalin analogues containing a conformationally restrained N-terminal amino acid residue. AB - Three analogues of leucine enkephalin, in which the terminal tyrosine-1 residue has been replaced by conformationally restrained aromatic amino acids, have been synthesized by classical solution methods. Their opiate agonist potencies on electrically stimulated guinea pig ileum and mouse vas deferens preparations were determined and compared with morphine, Met enkephalin, and Leu enkephalin. None of these analogues had analgesic properties when evaluated on the above tissue preparations or when evaluated by the hot-plate test in mice after subcutaneous and intracerebroventricular administration. PMID- 6726629 TI - Percutaneous absorption: a new physicochemical predictive model for maximum human in vivo penetration rates. AB - A diffusion model for stratum corneum-limited percutaneous absorption based on the interaction of the diffusate with the stratum corneum was derived. Two types of interactions were proposed, ion-dipole and lipid-lipid, based on current knowledge of the stratum corneum and on irreversible thermodynamic arguments. The resulting flux equations predict a linear dependence of flux on the dipole moment and ln X of the diffusates , where X is the mole fraction solubility. These flux equations were tested on 21 different diffusates whose human percutaneous absorption rates in vivo had been previously determined. A solubility method was used to classify the interaction pathway for each diffusate . Correlation of the maximum absorption rate for the lipid and polar pathways give correlation coefficients of 0.946 and 0.998, respectively. It is believed that these studies provide a starting point for the ultimate goal of percutaneous absorption research: to be able to bypass in vivo and in vitro studies and to predict absorption solely on the basis of the physicochemical properties of the diffusates . PMID- 6726630 TI - Viscosity of xanthan gum solutions at low shear rates. AB - The viscosity of xanthan gum solutions in the low shear region was investigated with the aid of a Couette instrument. All solutions were highly pseudoplastic . Solutions containing 0.3-0.5% of the gum exhibited a highly ordered phase at very low shear. Viscosity, the degree of pseudoplasticity , and the value of the transition from soft gel to pseudoplastic behavior were directly related to gum concentration. The effect of the addition of a salt on viscosity depended on the xanthan gum concentration. The viscosity of a 0.3% xanthan gum solution was practically unaffected by the salts. Higher gum concentrations exhibited a viscosity increase when salt was present. Concentrations less than 0.3% exhibited a viscosity decrease in the presence of a salt. All viscosity effects seemed to reach limiting values at approximately 10(-3) to 3.3 X 10(-3) N salt. No major differences were observed between sodium chloride, calcium chloride, and sodium citrate in their influence on xanthan gum viscosity. PMID- 6726631 TI - Tack behavior of coating solutions II. AB - The tackiness of coating solutions containing high concentrations of polymers was determined using a parallel plate technique. Kinematics of the film-splitting process was also investigated using a high-speed movie camera. The results showed that the impulse required to split a liquid film of highly concentrated polymer solution (semisolid), in contrast to a dilute solution is related not to viscosity, but to the internal structures of the system. Evidence has been found that the materials that are considered to be tacky in practice, display "delayed elastic effects" and require far larger impulses than nontacky materials. PMID- 6726632 TI - Phase diagram and aqueous solubility of the lidocaine-prilocaine binary system. AB - The phase behavior of the lidocaine-prilocaine binary system has been studied by X-ray diffraction, differential thermal analysis, hot-stage microscopy, and IR spectrometry. No intermediate compounds or solid solubilities have been detected. The eutectic composition is close to 1:1, and the eutectic temperature is 18 +/- 1 degrees C. Aqueous solubility studies show that the lidocaine heat of solubility from the eutectic mixture is different from that of the pure drug, whereas it is the same for prilocaine. Investigations of various lidocaine prilocaine ratios indicate that the two local anesthetics decrease the solubility of each other. The total solubility, however, is affected only to a minor extent. PMID- 6726633 TI - Absorption of phenobarbital from tablets and elixir. AB - A three-way crossover study was conducted with 24 healthy male volunteers to determine the relative bioavailability of four different 100-mg phenobarbital tablets compared with a reference elixir. Each subject received two of the tablets and the elixir at 30-d intervals. Blood samples were collected daily for 19 d after each dose. Plasma phenobarbital concentrations achieved with the five dosage forms differed by less than 20% within 2-3 h after dosing. The extent of absorption for all dosage forms, as determined from area under the plasma concentration-time profiles, were within 10% of each other. The peak plasma concentration was the greatest and the time to peak concentration was the shortest for the elixir. One of the tablets exhibited a time to peak concentration of 8.6 h, which was significantly longer than any of the other dosage forms. The time to peak concentration correlated with the percent of drug dissolved in 60 min, as determined in 0.1 M HCl, using the USP XX paddle method at 50 rpm. PMID- 6726634 TI - Excretion, distribution, and metabolism of primaquine in rats. AB - The metabolism of the 8-aminoquinoline antimalarial drug, primaquine (I) was studied using rats. The drug was administered intravenously, intraperitoneally, and orally, and blood samples were collected at various time intervals. Primaquine was metabolized by oxidative deamination to give 8-(3-carboxy-l- methylpropylamino )-6- methoxyquinoline (III). The plasma levels of both primaquine and its metabolite were determined by HPLC. The tissue distributions of radioactive primaquine after intravenous, intraperitoneal, and oral administrations were also determined. Significant concentrations of radioactivity were found in the lungs, adrenal glands, and liver. In addition, a significant portion of the dose was found to be excreted in the feces within 24 h after administration of the drug by either of the three routes. PMID- 6726635 TI - Characterization of microenvironments of 2-(4'-hydroxyphenylazo)benzoic acid bound to bovine serum albumin by studying the solvent effects. AB - The binding and thermodynamic parameters of the two binding forms of 2-(4' hydroxyphenylazo)benzoic acid to bovine serum albumin were estimated. The number of the binding sites of the azo form was 3.2 and that of the hydrazone form was 0.7. The binding of the hydrazone form was affected only by enthalpy changes, in contrast to that of the azo form which was affected by both enthalpy and entropy changes. To estimate the complex microenvironments of 2-(4' hydroxyphenylazo)benzoic acid molecules on bovine serum albumin, the solvent effects were studied. The 2-carboxyl group of 2-(4'-hydroxyphenylazo)benzoic acid participates in the azo-hydrazone tautomerism . The 2-carboxylate ion forms an ion pair with triethylamine in ethylene dichloride, chloroform, and benzene, resulting in the appearance of the hydrazone form. The hydrazone formation in the system of 2-(4'-hydroxyphenylazo)benzoic acid-triethylamine (1:1) in chloroform was affected only by enthalpy changes, in the same manner as in the system of 2 (4'-hydroxyphenylazo)benzoic acid-bovine serum albumin. We speculate the presence of the two kinds of ion pairs on the basis of the changes of the azo-hydrazone tautomerism in chloroform, and that the azo form takes the contact ion pair and the hydrazone form takes the solvent-separated ion pair. A new possible model for the interaction of the azo and hydrazone forms and bovine serum albumin is proposed. PMID- 6726636 TI - Polymorphism of butyrophenones related to haloperidol. AB - A comparison of X-ray powder diffraction patterns, IR spectra, and crystal structures of structurally related compounds belonging to the butyrophenone family has been undertaken to obtain information about the elements of chemical structure which predispose a substance to exhibit polymorphism. Five butyrophenones, differing by the nature of only one substituent, were selected. After crystallization from 15 solvents, it appears that two compounds of the group exhibit more than one crystalline form. An explanation of the absence of polymorphism in the other compounds of the group is proposed and discussed. PMID- 6726637 TI - Gas chromatographic determination of quazepam and two major metabolites in human plasma. AB - Two rapid, sensitive, and specific gas chromatographic (GC) methods for the quantitative determination of quazepam (I), 7-chloro-5-(2-fluorophenyl-1,3 dihydro-1-(2,2,2-trifluoroethyl) -2H-1,4-benzodiazepine-2-thione, and its major active plasma metabolites, the 2-oxo compound (II) and the dealkylated oxo compound (III), have been developed; the first measures I and II and the second measures III. The compounds are extracted from plasma with toluene and quantitated by electron-capture detection using the internal standard method. The methods are capable of quantitating plasma levels of I and II as low as 0.75 ng/mL and plasma levels of III as low as 1.5 ng/mL. Correlation coefficients of standard curves were greater than 0.9995 for all compounds. Precision of the methods was measured at two different concentrations for each compound; the CV values were 3-6% for all three compounds. The recovery of all compounds was greater than 80%, and the ratio of recovery of each compound to that of its internal standard did not vary at different concentrations, indicating appropriate internal standards have been selected for the methods. Quazepam metabolites, other benzodiazepines, and drugs which are potential comedication do not interfere with either method. The methods were shown to be suitable for investigating the bioavailability and pharmacokinetics of quazepam at therapeutic doses. PMID- 6726638 TI - Use of the fluorescence probe 1-anilino-8-naphthalenesulfonate in predicting interindividual differences in the plasma protein binding of acidic drugs in rats. AB - The possibility that the fluorescence probe, 1-anilino-8-naphthalenesulfonate (I), might be used for predicting the interindividual differences in the plasma protein binding of acidic drugs was examined. The interindividual differences in the free fraction of I (fI) were found not to be due to corresponding differences in plasma albumin concentration, but to those differences in binding constant. The binding constant of I to the plasma of 18 individual rats ranged from 1.75 X 10(6) M-1 to 2.3 X 10(7) M-1. The free fraction of I had a highly significant statistical correlation with plasma concentration of free fatty acids, but had no significant correlation with the infinite fluorescence of I or the degree of the polarization of I. Each free fraction of five acidic drugs (warfarin, phenylbutazone, salicylic acid, indomethacin, and sulfaphenazole ) was correlated with fI with high statistical significance. Therefore, the simple and convenient method using I may predict the interindividual differences in the plasma protein binding of acidic drugs in rats. PMID- 6726639 TI - Percutaneous absorption of alkanoic acids I: A study of operational conditions. AB - The rate of penetration of propionic and butyric acids through excised porcine skin was determined in vitro in specific apparatus allowing optimal control of operational conditions. In one technique, the rate was followed by continuous pH stat titration of acid appearing in the perfusate, in another, by periodic monitoring of [14C]propionic acid in the perfusate. With the assumption that Fick's equation applies to the process of penetration, it was found that the permeability coefficient, Kp, increases with increasing mass of neat penetrant applied per unit area to the donor side, increases with increasing concentration of penetrant in n-heptane as vehicle, increases with increasing temperature, Ea = 11.4 kcal/mol, and decreases with decreasing perfusion rate of the acceptor side when this rate is smaller than 60 mL/h. PMID- 6726640 TI - Percutaneous absorption of alkanoic acids II: Application of regular solution theory. AB - The permeability coefficient, Kp, of pure unbranched alkanoic acids (C2-C7) applied to isolated porcine skin, reached a maximum in the solubility parameter (delta 2) range of 9.7-10 cal1 /2/cm3/2. When these and other penetrants were delivered from a solvent vehicle, the following linear relationships could be demonstrated: (a) between log Kp and the molar attraction constant of the penetrant [delta 2v2 or (-Ev)1/2] for six unbranched and six branched acids delivered from 1 M solution in n-heptane; (b) between Kp and the partial molal volume difference in n-heptane (-v2-v02) for the unbranched acids; and (c) between Kp and (-v2-v02) for propionic acid delivered from 1 M solutions in nine solvents having delta 1 values in the range 7.4-12.7 cal1 /2/cm3/2. Drug penetrability in a given series could be assessed from knowledge of the excess free energy of the penetrant in the delivery system used. PMID- 6726641 TI - Quantitative analysis of trimethobenzamide hydrochloride by ion-pair column chromatography and semiquantitative analysis of 3,4,5-trimethoxybenzoic acid by thin-layer chromatography. AB - An ion-pair column chromatographic/UV spectrophotometric method for assaying trimethobenzamide hydrochloride in capsules and injections is presented, as well as a method for the detection of 3,4,5- trimethoxybenzoic acid in trimethobenzamide hydrochloride bulk drug and dosage forms. Results obtained by the USP XX, Pharmacopeial Forum, and ion-pair column assay procedures are compared, and results of a collaborative study of the proposed assay and impurity detection methods are presented. PMID- 6726642 TI - Bromperidol radioimmunoassay: human plasma levels. AB - A sensitive radioimmunoassay (RIA) procedure was developed to assay for bromperidol levels in human plasma after therapeutic drug administration. The antisera used in the RIA procedure was generated in rabbits against a haloperidol bovine serum albumin conjugate. Tritiated haloperidol was used as the radioligand in the assay. A single ether extraction of alkalinized plasma was used to separate bromperidol from its more polar metabolites and to reduce assay variability encountered with a direct plasma assay. The lower limit of detection was approximately 0.5 ng/mL of parent drug in plasma. The assay exhibited within- and between-assay variabilities of approximately 9 and 14%, respectively. A 103 106% recovery of bromperidol from quality control plasma samples was observed over the concentration range of 1-150 ng/mL. A correlation coefficient of 0.9999 with respect to measured versus expected bromperidol content in the quality control plasma samples was exhibited. Cross-reactivity characteristics of the antisera indicated that dehydrobromperidol could significantly interfere (approximately 25% cross-reactivity) with the RIA procedure. However, biotransformation studies have not suggested this compound as a metabolite of bromperidol. Predose ( Cmin ) plasma levels of bromperidol in schizophrenic patients maintained on drug therapy are also reported. PMID- 6726643 TI - Novel concept for a mucosal adhesive ointment. AB - Conventional adhesive ointments cause irritation to the mucous membranes. Therefore, a novel mucosal adhesive ointment based partly on neutralized polymethacrylic acid methyl ester was formulated. The flow curves of the ointment vehicle showed pseudoplastic properties. The rheological behavior as well as the adhesion on the mucosal membrane could be varied by the type and concentration of the polymer used and the base used for neutralization. During clinical studies, the ointment vehicle as well as a tretinoin (vitamin A acid) preparation for the treatment of lichen planus did not cause any local irritation or systemic side effects. Both vehicle and preparation were found to be pleasant for the patients to use. The new system of the mucosal adhesive ointment is not limited to the incorporation of tretinoin as the active agent; combined with other drugs the system could be applied to all types of mucosal membranes. PMID- 6726644 TI - Examination of the interrelationship between aliphatic group dipole moment and polar substituent constants. AB - The relationships between 210 aliphatic group dipole moments (mu) and Taft polar constants (sigma *) are explored, and they are shown to be correlated by a general equation: mu = -a X sigma * -b X n' -c, where a, b, and c are constants. The value n' is a parameter reflecting the attenuating factor due to the number and electronic nature of the interval atoms between the most electronegative atom and the first atom connected to the acetate in the measurement of sigma *. The mu and sigma * values of over 214 aliphatic substituents are compiled for future correlation studies. Comparative examples using sigma * and mu in quantitative structure-activity relationships are presented. PMID- 6726645 TI - Synthesis and evaluation of N-alkanoyl-S-benzyl-L-cysteinylglutamic acid esters as glyoxalase I inhibitors and anticancer agents. AB - Esters of several glutathione analogues have been synthesized in which the glycine moiety was replaced by straight-chain fatty acids and the mercapto group was benzylated . Two of the derivatives (sufficiently water-soluble for the assay) were found to inhibit glyoxalase I to a greater extent than did S methylglutathione. The two glyoxalase I inhibitors did not inhibit P388 lymphocytic leukemia in mice, however. PMID- 6726646 TI - Simple radioligand binding assay for the determination of urinary scopolamine. AB - A sensitive radioligand binding assay is described for the determination of scopolamine in human urine. As a measure for the drug concentration, the quantitative displacement of scopolamine of tritiated quinuclidinyl benzylate from rat brain receptors was used. The assay is sensitive to concentrations as low as 1.2 ng/mL, surpassed only by GC-MS techniques. It can be performed easily and quickly and does not include extraction procedures. Scopoline and scopine , possible metabolites of scopolamine, do not interfere with the assay. After transdermal administration of scopolamine, 34% of the drug is found in the urine. Of the total scopolamine excreted, 79% is conjugated to glucuronic and/or sulfuric acid and 21% is excreted in the unbound form. PMID- 6726647 TI - Determination of 17 beta-hydroxy-1 alpha-methyl-17 alpha-propyl-5-alpha-androstan 3-one in plasma by gas chromatography-mass spectrometry with single-ion detection. AB - The topical anti-androgen 17 beta-hydroxy-1 alpha-methyl-17 alpha-propyl-5 alpha androstan-3-one is determined in plasma samples by extracting with ether and subsequent mass fragmentography with single-ion detection at m/z 303. 17 beta Hydroxy-1 alpha-methyl-17 alpha-pentyl-5 alpha-androstan-3-one, added to the samples before extraction, is used as the internal standard. Reproducibility was calculated to be +/- 5.9% at the 5-ng/mL level and 0.4% at the 20-ng/mL level. The limit of detection is approximately 1 ng/mL. Total gas chromatography-mass spectrometry analysis time is approximately 10 min/sample. PMID- 6726648 TI - Serotonergic receptor antagonist from Nandina domestica Thunberg. AB - A crude methanolic extract of the fruit of Nandina domestica Thunberg strongly inhibits serotonin-induced contractions of the rabbit aorta. The extract of the fruit has been fractionated to afford nantenine (O- methyldomesticine ) as the active agent. PMID- 6726649 TI - Computation of model-independent pharmacokinetic parameters during multiple dosing. PMID- 6726650 TI - Effects of methadone on human cigarette smoking and subjective ratings. AB - In order to study possible interactions between opioids and cigarette smoking, we examined the effects of oral methadone administration on the smoking behavior of five male methadone-maintenance patients. Isolated subjects smoked their regular brand of cigarettes ad libitum in a naturalistic laboratory environment while reading or watching television. Ninety minutes before each daily 2-hr smoking session subjects received either placebo, dextromethorphan (a taste blind) or one of three doses of methadone, 0.5, 1.0 or 2.0 times their regular maintenance dose (40-60 mg). Each subject received each treatment five times, in a mixed order across days. Methadone pretreatment resulted in a dose-related increase in the number of cigarettes smoked per session (from a mean of 2.8 after placebo to 5.6 after the high dose of methadone). The total time spent puffing during the session increased from a mean of 27 sec after placebo to 74 sec after the high dose of methadone. CO levels in expired air (a measure of actual smoke inhalation) showed corresponding dose-related increases. Methadone administration also resulted in dose-related decreases in pupil diameter and increases in subjective ratings of smoking satisfaction and dose-strength. Dextromethorphan had no significant effects on any measure of smoking behavior or subjective response. The results demonstrate that methadone can produce substantial increases in cigarette smoking and may have implications regarding the proposed role of endogenous opioids in the smoking process. PMID- 6726651 TI - Preferential effects of 1,3-bis(2-chloroethyl)-1-nitrosourea (BCNU) on pulmonary glutathione reductase and glutathione/glutathione disulfide ratios: possible implications for lung toxicity. AB - Single doses (8-80 mg/kg) of 1,3-bis(2-chloroethyl)-1-nitrosourea (BCNU) inhibited lung glutathione disulfide (GSSG) reductase in a dose- and time dependent manner. The loss of enzyme activity persisted up to 8 days after 20 mg of BCNU per kg. A multiple dosing regimen consisting of 5 mg of BCNU per kg/week for 6 weeks decreased lung reductase activity by at least 70%. Recovery was very slow, still remaining well below (68%) control activity for 2 weeks after cessation of BCNU treatment. In contrast, liver GSSG reductase was only slightly decreased by the multi-dose BCNU regimen and rapidly returned to control levels. Pulmonary GSSG concentrations were increased to about 300% of control. This elevation persisted up to 2 weeks after BCNU treatment was completed. There was no effect on total pulmonary glutathione levels during or after BCNU treatment. BCNU administration did not alter hepatic GSSG, although there was a delayed elevation of total liver glutathione. The multi-dose BCNU regimen used in this study leads to the delayed onset of striking pulmonary damage which develops in severity over several weeks after the BCNU treatment is completed. The present results, therefore, suggest that a relatively preferential destruction of lung GSSG reductase by BCNU may precede the development of severe lung toxicity. Considering the probable importance of GSSG reductase in maintaining normal lung homeostasis, this biochemical lesion merits further attention as to its possible role in the pathogenesis of BCNU-induced lung disease. PMID- 6726652 TI - Effects of phencyclidine, amphetamine and related compounds on dopamine release from and uptake into striatal synaptosomes. AB - The ability of phencyclidine (PCP), amphetamine and other substances to stimulate dopamine release from and inhibit dopamine uptake into rat striatal synaptosomes was examined in a continuous superfusion system. Inhibition of uptake was measured by determining inhibition of [3H]dopamine displacement by unlabeled dopamine ([1H]dopamine). The displacement of [3H]dopamine by 10(-7) M [1H]dopamine was temperature- and sodium-sensitive and calcium-independent. [1H]Dopamine was an order of magnitude more potent than serotonin or norepinephrine in displacing [3H]dopamine. The concentrations of reserpine required to inhibit [3H]dopamine uptake and [3H]dopamine displacement by [1H]dopamine were similar. Nomifensine, benztropine, PCP and amphetamine also inhibited the displacement of [3H]dopamine by [1H]dopamine at concentrations which have been shown previously to inhibit the uptake of [3H]dopamine, suggesting that the mechanism behind displacement and uptake are very similar. PCP, at 10(-7) to 10(-5) M, significantly inhibited [3H]dopamine displacement by 10(-7) M [1H]dopamine, PCP was less potent than nomifensine or benztropine in inhibiting [3H]-dopamine displacement by 10(-7) M [1H]dopamine, but was equipotent to amphetamine. Superfusion of the synaptosomes for 6 min with PCP, 10(-6)M, induced increases in the spontaneous release of dopamine. In this regard, PCP was less potent than amphetamine, reserpine, flupenthixol, or benztropine. Upon initial exposure of the synaptosomes to amphetamine at 10(-7) to 10(-5) M, a substantial calcium-dependent release of dopamine was induced. In contrast, PCP did not stimulate the early calcium-dependent release of dopamine. These results indicate that PCP is less potent than amphetamine at releasing dopamine and may affect dopamine metabolism in the striatum primarily by inhibiting the reuptake of this catecholamine. PMID- 6726653 TI - Nickel inhibition of calcium release from subsarcolemmal calcium stores of molluscan smooth muscle. AB - Replacement of calcium in artificial sea water (ASW) by nickel causes a loss of calcium at a single exponential rate (tau = 23.2 min) and the loss of contracture response to acetylcholine (ACh) in the anterior byssus retractor muscle of Mytilus edulis L. The ACh contracture response is lost at two rates; 93% of the ACh contracture response is lost rapidly (tau = 7.43 min) and the remaining 7% of ACh contracture response is lost slowly (tau = 66.6 min). The rapid phase of loss of ACh contracture corresponds to the rapid exponential uptake of nickel (tau = 6.5 min). The loss of ACh contracture response is attributed to the displacement of calcium from membrane release sites by nickel. In O-Ca-Mg ASW, the ACh contracture responses are well maintained over a 35-min period when stimulated by ACh every 5 min. Stimulation by ACh after 1, 20 and 40 min in O-Ca-Mg ASW results in a reduction of ACh contracture response to 15% of the response in Ca ASW. Similar treatment in O-Ca-Ni ASW reduces the ACh contracture response to 4%. Potassium and caffeine contracture responses at 1, 20 and 40 min in O-Ca-Mg ASW are reduced to 25 and 28%. Similar treatment in O-Ca-Ni ASW produces a block of potassium contracture response and reduces caffeine contracture response to 3%. Our 45Ca uptake data demonstrate that calcium influx is not required for the ACh contracture responses of anterior byssus retractor muscle. PMID- 6726654 TI - Imipramine-cimetidine interaction: impairment of clearance and enhanced absolute bioavailability. AB - Six healthy volunteers each received imipramine on four occasions in random sequence, i.v. (12.5 mg) and p.o. (50 mg) in a drug-free state and i.v. and p.o. while taking cimetidine 300 mg every 6 hr. After i.v. doses, elimination half life of imipramine was increased during cimetidine treatment (22.1 vs. 15.5 hr, P less than .02) as a result of decreased total metabolic clearance (623 vs. 1048 ml/min, P less than .05) with no change in volume of distribution (17.2 vs. 19.8 liters/kg) or plasma protein binding (unbound percent, 17.7 vs. 16.5%). After single p.o. imipramine doses, peak imipramine blood levels achieved were greater during cimetidine therapy (34.4 vs. 19.3 ng/ml, P less than .05) and area under the time/concentration curve was greatly increased (569 vs. 306 ng/ml X hr, P less than .05). Desipramine, the biologically active metabolite of imipramine, was measurable only after p.o. doses. Desipramine area under the time/concentration curve was increased during cimetidine therapy after p.o. imipramine doses (274 vs. 152 ng/ml X hr, P less than .05), suggesting that desipramine clearance was inhibited as well. Comparison of i.v. and p.o. imipramine doses indicated absolute bioavailability was 40.2% in the control state and increased to 75.3% (P less than .05) during cimetidine treatment. Imipramine, with both impaired total metabolic clearance and enhanced bioavailability, in conjunction with increased accumulation of desipramine, would have marked increases in steady-state plasma concentration of both imipramine and desipramine with concurrent cimetidine therapy during chronic p.o. treatment. PMID- 6726655 TI - Tissue distribution of prednisolone in the rabbit. AB - The tissue distribution and kinetics of prednisolone disposition were examined in the rabbit under steady-state conditions. The steroid was infused to attain a range of plasma (362-4528 ng/ml) and tissue concentrations of pharmacologic interest. Blood components and various tissues were analyzed for prednisolone and its major metabolite, prednisone, by high-performance liquid chromatography. Unbound prednisolone was measured in plasma (percentage of binding = 72-82%) by equilibrium dialysis and tissue binding was calculated from tissue/unbound plasma distribution ratios (Kp) and fractional water content. The small intestine (Kp = 6.65), heart (2.92), kidney (2.91), lung (2.86), skeletal muscle (1.54) and spleen (1.16) exhibited linear Kp values and percentage of tissue binding. Red cell content reflected unbound prednisolone in plasma. Liver uptake (Kp = 0.38 4.47) was nonlinear with apparent tissue binding ranging from less than 59 to 84%. Slight nonlinearity occurred in prednisolone-prednisone interconversion with the liver, kidney and spleen accounting for prednisone formation. Renal clearance of prednisolone was small (6-9% of total clearance), but appreciable steroid concentrations in the bile and small intestine indicate probable enterohepatic cycling. The steady-state total and unbound plasma clearances of prednisolone were similar to those from single-dose studies. Prednisolone-prednisone interconversion and enterohepatic cycling affect the steady-state volume of distribution generated from single-dose studies as the body content/plasma concentration measure of steady-state volume of distribution is about one-half of that estimated conventionally from plasma disposition curves.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS) PMID- 6726656 TI - Membrane properties and aging: in vivo and in vitro effects of ethanol on synaptosomal gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA) release. AB - It has been reported previously that biological membranes from aged mice are disordered less by ethanol as compared with membranes from younger animals. The purpose of this study was to determine whether those age differences would be associated with changes in membrane transport as measured by release of gamma aminobutyric acid (GABA). GABA release in the presence and absence of ethanol was measured in synaptosomes from young (4 months), middle (14 months) and aged (28 months) C57BL/ 6NNIA male mice. In addition, the effects of chronic ethanol administration on GABA release was examined in young and aged mice. GABA release was inhibited more by ethanol in synaptosomes from young mice as compared with older mice. The IC50 for ethanol was significantly lower for the younger mice than for the older mice. GABA release in the presence of ethanol was affected by chronic ethanol administration. Inhibition of release was significantly less for young ethanol-tolerant as compared with young control animals. Release did not differ significantly between the old ethanol and old control groups. Inhibition of GABA release was found to be highly related to the membrane/buffer partition coefficient of n-alcohols. The results of the present study are consistent with our earlier finding that membranes from aged mice are disordered less by ethanol as compared with younger mice. PMID- 6726657 TI - Electrocardiographic analysis of the effects of isosorbide-5-mononitrate on regional myocardial ischemia in conscious dogs. AB - Whereas the clinical efficacy of isosorbide-5-mononitrate (IS-5-MN) in angina pectoris has been demonstrated unequivocally, the action of the substance on acute myocardial ischemia in animal models has not been investigated yet. Therefore, IS-5-MN and, for comparison in some experiments, isosorbide dinitrate and isosorbide-2-mononitrate were studied on a model of a brief intermittent myocardial ischemia in dogs. Ischemia was produced by occlusion of a coronary artery. Simultaneously, the dogs were loaded by treadmill exercise (model I) or injection of isoprenaline (model II). Local S-T segment changes were derived with epicardial electrodes. The action of orally administered IS-5-MN, isosorbide-2 mononitrate and isosorbide dinitrate of S-T segment elevations was studied with model I. A dose of 20 mg/dog produced a significant lowering of the S-T elevations (17, 13 and 15%). With 40 mg of IS-5-MN and isosorbide dinitrate per dog, similar effects were obtained (18 and 21%, with no statistical significant differences in comparison with 20 mg/dog). The time course of the action of IS-5 MN and the dose-response curve after i.v. injection were evaluated with model II. Even 5 hr after 20 mg of IS-5-MN per dog, a significant reduction of S-T elevations could be demonstrated. Significant effects on the epicardially derived S-T elevations have already been observed at doses of IS-5-MN that do not yet lead to a lowering of the systolic blood pressure in conscious dogs. Higher doses that lower the systolic blood pressure do not lead to any further lowering of the observed S-T elevations. PMID- 6726658 TI - No evidence for involvement of endogenous opioid peptides in effects of clonidine on blood pressure, heart rate and plasma norepinephrine in anesthetized rats. AB - Endogenous opioid peptides have been implicated in the cardiovascular depressant actions of clonidine. The effects of clonidine have therefore been examined in anesthetized rats after pretreatment with naloxone, in morphine-dependent rats to determine if cross-tolerance operates and in hypophysectomized rats to determine whether circulating beta-endorphin may play a role. In normotensive and spontaneously hypertensive rats, naloxone (2 mg/kg i.v.) did not alter the blood pressure and heart rate response curves to successive doubling doses of clonidine (0.625-10 micrograms/kg i.v.). In normotensive and spontaneously hypertensive rats made morphine-dependent (3 X 75-mg morphine pellets s.c.), the cardiovascular responses to clonidine were not inhibited but rather enhanced with a greater maximal response of blood pressure and an increase in both the slope and the maximal response of the dose-heart rate response curve. Plasma clonidine levels were similar in normotensive and spontaneously hypertensive rats and corresponding morphine-dependent rats. In hypophysectomized rats, the effect of clonidine on blood pressure was also enhanced with an increase in the maximal response. The reduction in circulating norepinephrine concentrations produced by clonidine was similar in all groups. These results do not support a role for endogenous opioid peptides in the cardiovascular actions of clonidine but do suggest that factors in addition to a reduction in sympathetic nerve activity may be operating. PMID- 6726659 TI - Absorption of diazepam and its transfer through the blood-brain barrier after intraperitoneal administration in the rat. AB - Unlabeled diazepam of 0.9 mg/kg was administered i.p. to the rat of 21 days of age with a trace amount of [N-methyl-3H] diazepam and the drug concentrations in the blood and the brain tissues were determined at various time intervals. A two compartment open model was applied and the absorption and distribution rate constants were distinctly determined on the theoretical basis established in the present study with the aid of a computer. The specific rate constants for absorption, distribution (k12 and k21) and elimination were 0.158, 0.015 and 0.136 and 0.013/min, respectively. A full description of the drug concentration in the central compartment as a function of time enabled us to calculate directly the transfer rate constants between the blood and the brain (k'12 and k'21), resulting in 4.49 and 2.66/min on the average of the five regions in the brain. A time-dependent change of the rate constants through the blood-brain barrier was suggested from a computer simulation. PMID- 6726660 TI - Microiontophoretic studies of the dopaminergic inhibition from the ventral tegmental area to the nucleus accumbens neurons. AB - Microiontophoretic studies using chloral hydrate-anesthetized rats were performed to determine whether excitation of a dopaminergic pathway originating in the ventral tegmental area (VTA) inhibits neurons on the nucleus accumbens (Acc). In 13 of 17 Acc neurons which failed to respond to hippocampal stimulation, the spike generation produced by stimulation of the parafascicular nucleus of thalamus was inhibited by both VTA conditioning stimulation and iontophoretically applied dopamine. The inhibition induced by the VTA conditioning stimulation was antagonized by iontophoretic application of haloperidol in 10 of 13 Acc neurons tested. In contrast, spike generation induced by stimulation of the hippocampus was not affected by VTA conditioning stimulation in 14 of 15 Acc neurons, although iontophoretically applied dopamine produced an inhibition in 4 of those 15 Acc neurons. Spikes generated by stimulation of the VTA were obtained in 23 of 102 neurons and were not affected by iontophoretically applied haloperidol. These results strongly suggest that dopamine derived from VTA inhibits Acc neurons receiving input from the parafascicular nucleus of thalamus but not from the hippocampus. PMID- 6726661 TI - Differences in d-[3H]lysergic acid diethylamide binding in mouse cortex and hippocampus in vivo and in vitro revealed by radioautography and rapid filtration studies. AB - The localization of d-[3H]lysergic acid diethylamide ([3H]LSD) binding sites in mouse brain was compared in vivo and in vitro. Radioautography of brain sections incubated with 6 nM [3H]LSD in vitro revealed substantial specific binding in cortex (CTX), especially in layers III to IV and anterior cingulate gyrus, and in areas CA1 and dentate gyrus of hippocampus (HIP). In sections of brains from mice that received 100 nmol of [3H]LSD per kg and were killed 10, 15 or 30 min later, specific [3H]LSD binding in CTX had a pattern of distribution similar to that observed in vitro. In contrast, the pattern of specific [3H]LSD binding in HIP in vivo differed from the results obtained in vitro, in that it was sparse and lacked differential subregional distribution. The low specific [3H]LSD binding in vivo in HIP but not in CTX was confirmed by homogenate filtration studies of brain areas from mice that received 100 nmol of [3H]LSD per kg. The levels of free [3H]LSD, obtained after correction for time-dependent metabolism of [3H]LSD, did not vary among regions, but [3H]LSD specifically bound in HIP was 30 to 50% of that in CTX. In contrast, steady-state binding studies in vitro in membrane preparations from CTX and HIP demonstrated a similar density and affinity of [3H]LSD binding sites in the two regions. Comparison of [3H]LSD binding characteristics in vivo and in vitro suggests possible mechanisms causing the lower specific binding in HIP in vivo, including modulation of the binding sites that differ in CTX and HIP. PMID- 6726662 TI - Effect of intravenous injection of calcium chloride on the thoracic duct lymph outflow in rabbits. PMID- 6726663 TI - Subvocal motor activity and contextual processing. AB - Twenty male and female subjects listened for mispronounced words while minimizing either subvocal or frontalis electromyographic activity. Stimuli were varied on size of the distortion, lexical constraint, and contextual constraint, all known to influence detections. Analysis of both the reaction time and detection data indicated that the minimization of subvocal EMG activity reduced or eliminated the effect of contextual constraint, effect. Results indicate that subvocal activity is related to contextual processing. Additionally, reaction time data are reported that indicate that although low contextual constraint greatly slows the decision process, detectability is actually superior. A possible underlying mechanism for this reversal of the speed-accuracy trade-off is discussed. PMID- 6726664 TI - From 2 to two: an analysis of a transcoding process by means of neuropsychological evidence. AB - This study investigates the abilities of aphasic subjects to transcode numbers from the digital code into the alphabetic code. The subjects' performances are considered first as dependent on general structural parameters such as item length or due to general behavioral impairments such as serial ordering disturbances. The second analysis focuses on typical aphasic errors in the processing of lexical primitives that are not specific to the linguistic material used in this transcoding task, such as literal or morphemic paragraphias . The third analysis considers the erroneous transcriptions as resulting from partial or inappropriate use of a subset of normal transcoding strategies. The latter approach proves to be particularly powerful in accounting for the systematicity of the errors produced by aphasic subjects. The result thus appear to be relevant to the study of the psycholinguistic mechanisms responsible for performing such transcoding tasks by normals. PMID- 6726665 TI - Exercise testing to identify high risk patients after myocardial infarction. PMID- 6726666 TI - Problems of the elderly: an epidemiological perspective. PMID- 6726667 TI - Retinal vein thrombosis despite treatment for hypertension. PMID- 6726668 TI - The management of hyperuricaemia. PMID- 6726669 TI - Prescribing--a suitable case for treatment. PMID- 6726671 TI - Effects of lipid peroxide formation in fowl semen on sperm motility, ATP content and fertilizing ability. AB - The ability of samples of semen from individual male fowl to form the products of lipid peroxidation during 5 h aerobic incubation at 40 degrees C varied between 0 and 8 nmol malonaldehyde/10(9) spermatozoa. Formation of higher concentrations of malonaldehyde was associated with a partial or complete loss of fertilizing ability whilst the fertilizing ability of samples producing low or negligible concentrations of malonaldehyde remained unimpaired. The semen of birds which showed a tendency to form high concentrations of malonaldehyde was not readily identifiable as abnormal by assessment of sperm motility, morphology or ATP content. Nor was the loss of fertilizing ability during aerobic incubation associated with an obvious change in these characteristics. PMID- 6726670 TI - Social class and health status. Inequality or difference. McConaghey memorial lecture. PMID- 6726672 TI - Development of the main and accessory placentae in the Japanese long-fingered bat, Miniopterus schreibersii fuliginosus. AB - The placentae of the Japanese long-fingered bat were characterized by their morphological and functional transition from the main placenta to the accessory placentae. The main placenta transformed from an endotheliodichorial to a haemodichorial (one layer of syncytiotrophoblast and one layer of cytotrophoblast cells) condition. Degeneration of the main placenta was accompanied by development of two accessory placentae. These developed on both sides (fetal side) of the main placenta, and subsequently converted from a haemodichorial (two layers of cytotrophoblast cells) to a haemomonochorial condition. PMID- 6726674 TI - Human sperm characteristics during frequent ejaculation. AB - Sperm concentration, morphology, DNA condensation and nuclear protein pattern as well as sperm adenylate cyclase were evaluated in semen samples provided by 7 volunteers every 8 h for 2 days. During the observation period, sperm concentration and total sperm number decreased but began to return towards normal after a 3-day abstinence period. No increase in the proportion of immature sperm cells was observed by light microscopy. Total adenylate cyclase (EC 4.6.1.1) increased significantly per cell, due to an increase in the soluble component while the particulate component remained relatively constant. Microflow fluorometry revealed no consistent alterations in the DNA or nuclear protein distribution. We conclude that although a high frequency of ejaculation does not disturb the conventional measures of sperm integrity, such as DNA condensation, there are major changes in at least one biochemical measurement, the activity of soluble adenylate cyclase. PMID- 6726673 TI - Effect of gossypol on testicular blood flow and testosterone production in rats. AB - Rats were treated with highly purified gossypol acetic acid at doses of 15 or 30 mg/kg day-1 for 6 weeks to produce an effect on spermatogenesis as shown by reduced sperm motility and increased sperm malformation rates. The treated rats did not differ from the controls in the body weight growth curves and reproductive organ weights. When stimulated with hCG, testicular blood flow was increased in the low dose group; the testosterone concentrations in peripheral and testicular venous blood were also increased to a greater extent than those of the control group. No difference was found between the high dose and control groups in testicular blood flow or testosterone concentrations. The morphology of the Leydig cells was apparently normal, although some degenerative changes in the germinal epithelium were observed in the high dose group. Therefore, there is no evidence in our experiment to show any anti-androgenic effect following 6-week treatment of gossypol in rats, even at the dose of 30 mg/kg day-1. PMID- 6726676 TI - Effects of female urine on growth and sexual maturation in male rabbits. AB - Urine of adult males or adult females, or distilled water (control), was applied to the oro-nasal grooves of Dutch-belted male rabbits after weaning. The body and testicular weights of males treated with urine of females were significantly less than those of controls between 88 and 125, and 96 and 109 days, respectively. Sperm counts and the pattern of androgen-dependent production of gel-plugs in semen also differed significantly between treatments during the critical maturation period. These suppressant effects of urine of females on male development in rabbits may represent a mechanism by which females may manipulate the reproductive success of neighbouring conspecifics in free-living colonies. PMID- 6726675 TI - Comparison of in-vitro production of progestagens by the corpora lutea of early pregnancy of the rat and hamster. AB - Immature rats and adult hamsters were killed on Days 2, 4 or 8 of pregnancy (Day 1 = sperm positive vaginal smear). Dispersed luteal cells (5 X 10(4) cells) were incubated for 2 h in the absence or presence of graded doses of ovine LH. In the absence of LH, incubation of rat luteal cells compared to hamster cells produced about 3-6-fold as much progesterone, 26-66 times as much 20 alpha dihydroprogesterone and about the same amounts of 17 alpha-hydroxyprogesterone. For the rat, 1 ng LH was the minimal dose which stimulated synthesis of progesterone and 17 alpha-hydroxyprogesterone by luteal cells on Days 2 and 4 whereas 10 ng LH stimulated maximal production of progesterone by Day-8 luteal cells. As pregnancy progressed from Day 2 to Day 8, there was an inverse relationship between the levels of progesterone and 20 alpha-dihydroprogesterone accumulated by rat luteal cells. For the hamster, 1 ng LH significantly stimulated accumulation of progesterone and 17 alpha-hydroxyprogesterone by Day-2 luteal cells but not by Day-4 or Day-8 cells. Hamster luteal cells on Day 4 produced the highest levels of progesterone in response to 10 or 100 ng LH, with a maximal rate of accumulation by Day-8 cells with 10 ng LH. PMID- 6726677 TI - Effect of scrotal insulation on the ability of ram testes to produce testosterone in vitro. AB - Testosterone production in testis tissue taken from rams that had been scrotally insulated for 28 days and from control animals was compared in the presence and absence of pregnenolone and LH. The absolute content of testosterone, but not its concentration was reduced in scrotally insulated rams. Tissue from treated animals was able to synthesize testosterone from exogenous pregnenolone as effectively as tissue from control rams, whilst LH and pregnenolone together had little additive effect. The addition of LH alone stimulated greater testosterone production by testis tissue from treated rams than from control testes. The addition of pregnenolone was followed by a rise in testosterone production within 1 h of incubation, whilst the LH stimulation of testosterone production was not evident until after 4 h of incubation. This suggests that the major action of LH in this system may be to simulate the conversion of pregnenolone precursors to pregnenolone. It is suggested that an accumulation of pregnenolone precursors occurs in the scrotally insulated testes and that these may be mobilized and cleaved after incubation with LH in vitro. PMID- 6726678 TI - Intraluminal pressures in the seminiferous tubules and in different regions of the epididymis in the rat. AB - Intraluminal pressures in the seminiferous tubules and in various regions along the epididymis of the rat were measured by micropuncture using a servo-nulling pressure transducer system. The intraluminal hydrostatic pressure in the testis was significantly lower than that in all regions of the epididymis. There was an increasing pressure gradient from the caput to the cauda epididymidis. Spontaneous contractions were observed in all parts of the epididymis but not in the seminiferous tubules. The amplitude of contraction in the epididymis increased from the caput to the proximal cauda. However, an appreciable decrease in the amplitude occurred in the distal cauda, although the frequency of contraction declined from the proximal caput to the distal cauda with substantial reductions in the mid-caput and the proximal cauda. PMID- 6726679 TI - Preovulatory follicular events in sheep. AB - To investigate the number, size and fate of the follicles greater than 2 mm in diameter involved in the differentiation of the preovulatory follicle in-vivo monitoring of growth and regression of individual follicles was performed at different times after a PG-induced follicular phase. In Exp. 1, the 3 largest follicles of each ovary were labelled with ink in the peripheral stroma at 0, 4, 8, 12, 24 or 48 h after a PG injection. At a second laparotomy, it was assessed which follicles had ovulated. In Exp. 2, a similar procedure was applied in 12 ewes which underwent repeated laparotomies at 6, 30 and 54 h after PG and after ovulation. At all times, there was a huge variability in the size at the time of ink labelling of the follicles that finally ovulated ('ovulatory' follicles). A single measurement of follicle size is therefore a poor prediction of the ovulatory follicles. However, a significant reduction in the proportion of non ovulatory follicles within the size range of ovulatory follicles occurred at 12 24 h after PG, together with a change in follicle hierarchy at 8-24 h after PG. The results of repeated laparotomies showed that only 60% of follicles greater than 2 mm at 6 h after PG had grown by 30 h. Selection occurred between 30 and 54 h after PG as indicated by a significant drop in the number of growing follicles to a level at 54 h that equalled the ovulation rate. The growth rate of the ovulatory follicles was 1.4 and 0.4 mm per day between 6 and 30 h and 30 and 54 h after PG respectively. The shrinkage rate of non-ovulatory follicles was 1.6 mm/day. PMID- 6726680 TI - Further observations on spermiophagy by murine peritoneal macrophages in vitro. AB - Resident mouse peritoneal macrophages when maintained in cell culture phagocytosed and degraded homologous epididymal spermatozoa. The acrosome and its associated antigens were readily degraded, showing degenerative changes within minutes of spermiophagy and being completely destroyed by 1 h. Other components of the spermatozoon were more resistant and fragments of nuclear material and tail axial filaments could still be recognized within some macrophages up to 7 days after phagocytosis. The findings may be relevant to the disposal of spermatozoa in the genital tract in vivo. PMID- 6726681 TI - Purification and characterization of guinea-pig chorionic gonadotrophin. AB - A human chorionic gonadotrophin-like protein (GF-1, 1.0 g) from the placentae of 50 guinea-pigs killed at Day 26 of gestation was purified by pH and ammonium salt fractionation followed by column chromatography on DEAE-Sephadex and filtration on Sephadex G-100. Relative to the Second International hCG standard (MRC 61/6) GF-1 had an immunological potency of 21 000 i.u./mg as measured in a specific hCG beta radioimmunoassay and, using the ovarian ascorbic acid depletion assay, an apparent biological potency of 24 064 i.u./mg. Isoelectric focusing yielded 6 bands between pH 4.4 and 5.7 and the material comprised two non-covalently linked subunits. The Stokes' radii were 3.40 nm for the native preparation, and 2.38 nm and 3.15 nm for GF-1-alpha and GF-1-beta subunits respectively. The guinea-pig placenta therefore produces a chorionic gonadotrophin which on purification has physicochemical, biological and immunological properties similar to those of hCG. PMID- 6726682 TI - Vasovasostomy in rabbits after vasectomy or vas occlusion by tantalum clip. AB - Vasovasostomy was performed in rabbits that had been vasectomized or had the vas occluded by a tantalum clip for 6 or 15 months. Vasovasostomy restored fertility to 40-50% in vasectomized rabbits and 60-70% in the tantalum clip-occluded animals. Any changes that occurred due to vasectomy and tantalum clip occlusion (e.g. testicular weight, enzyme concentrations in the testis) returned to normal within 3-6 months of vasovasostomy. We suggest that vas occlusion with tantalum clips is a good method of surgical male sterilization and has a high success rate for restoration of fertility. PMID- 6726683 TI - Analysis of surface proteins of rat spermatozoa during epididymal transit and identification of antigens common to spermatozoa, rete testis fluid and cauda epididymal plasma. AB - Spermatozoa from the testis and cauda epididymidis of the rat were surface labelled with radioactive iodide, extracted with detergent, and the radioactive proteins separated by two-dimensional polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis. In some instances spermatozoa were also surface labelled with tritiated borohydride in the presence of galactose oxidase. Soluble proteins in blood serum, rete testis fluid and cauda epididymal plasma were also iodinated and separated by gel electrophoresis. In addition, aliquants of the radioactive sperm extracts, blood serum and reproductive tract fluids were each immunoprecipitated with polyspecific antisera directed against either testicular sperm membranes, caudal sperm membranes, blood serum, rete testis fluid or cauda epididymal plasma before gel electrophoresis. From the patterns of radioactive proteins detected on the resultant gels, a two-dimensional map was created for each of the sperm extracts and for the various fluids. Proteins which were nonhomologous between testicular and caudal spermatozoa were identified, as well as proteins which were common to spermatozoa and reproductive tract fluids. Epididymal transit was characterized by the loss of certain proteins from the sperm surface, including three borohydride-labelled proteins of Mr 130 000, and by the addition of others, most notably a highly abundant protein of Mr 42 000. Several of the proteins lost from spermatozoa accumulated in the epididymal plasma whilst some of those added to the sperm surface could be identified as direct secretory products of the epididymis. Rete testis fluid contained blood proteins in addition to others presumed to be testis-specific, whilst the composition of cauda epididymal plasma was markedly different from blood serum or rete testis fluid.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS) PMID- 6726685 TI - H1 histone synthesis by implanting pig blastocysts. AB - Histones were isolated from pig conceptuses on Days 8-18 of pregnancy, Acid-urea polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis (PAGE) was performed on samples of total histone and on PCA-soluble histone fractions (primarily histone H1). Conceptuses were also incubated for 24 h in vitro in the presence of [3H]lysine, and the histones analysed by autofluorography after PAGE. A minimum of two H1 histone bands was resolved in stained gels by these techniques. The autofluorographs indicate that both H1 histones are synthesized throughout the developmental period analysed. No shift in H1 histone subtype, as encountered in sea urchin development, was observed. The results suggest that such a shift, if it occurs, may have been made before Day 8. PMID- 6726684 TI - Characterization of long-term monolayer cultures of human granulosa cells from follicles of different size and exposed in vivo to clomiphene citrate and hCG. AB - To determine the effects of prolonged hCG treatment in vitro upon granulosa cells from follicles of various sizes previously exposed to clomiphene citrate and hCG in vivo, progesterone and relaxin concentrations of spent media were correlated with light microscopic and ultrastructural characteristics. Intact, freshly dispersed cells were characterized by numerous lipid droplets, elliptical mitochondria with tubular or lamellar cristae, moderate rough-surfaced endoplasmic reticulum (RER), sparse smooth-surfaced endoplasmic reticulum (SER), and few Golgi. After 10-24 days in culture, 2 morphologically distinct cell types, 'granulosa-type' and 'luteal-type', were noted at the light microscopic level. Ultrastructurally, lipid droplets decreased in number, mitochondria became pleomorphic, RER became more prominent and dilated, and Golgi became more widely dispersed. Tubular SER became abundant and annular nexuses became more numerous after hCG treatment in vitro. Granulosa cells generated from all follicles responded to hCG treatment with significantly increased progesterone secretion after 4 days in culture. Relaxin was not detectable in any sample of medium. This study shows that human granulosa cells from 15-25-mm follicles retain their differentiated function of progesterone secretion in long-term culture and recover responsiveness to hCG in vitro, as demonstrated by enhanced progesterone secretion and development of prominent SER and increased annular nexuses. PMID- 6726686 TI - Method for maintaining embryo transport in mouse oviducts in vitro. AB - The transport of embryos in mouse oviducts incubated in vitro was studied for 16 h. Successful embryo transport occurred in oviducts incubated from Day 2 or Day 3 of pregnancy, and the process was dependent on the availability of calcium from the incubation medium. This indicates that this phase of transport is a result of smooth muscle activity. Embryo transport did not occur in oviducts perfused from Day 1 of pregnancy. PMID- 6726687 TI - Effects of alpha-momorcharin on preimplantation development in the mouse. AB - When alpha- momorcharin was injected intraperitoneally (0.2 mg/25 g body weight) into pregnant mice on Days 1-3 of pregnancy, over 50% of the mice failed to support an implantation. In-vitro study of the effects of the protein on preimplantation embryos showed that the protein did not significantly disturb embryonic development from the 2-cell to compacting morula stage except when high concentrations (greater than or equal to 0.5 microgram/ml) of protein were present. In many embryos, compaction of blastomeres was incomplete and subsequent blastocyst formation was impaired. Other protein-treated embryos that formed compacted morulae and early blastocysts later showed decompaction and degenerated. The protein-treated embryos generally had fewer numbers of cells because cell division beyond the morula stage was impaired. The poor development of morulae may be the cause of inhibition of early pregnancy in the mouse by alpha- momorcharin . PMID- 6726688 TI - Proteins released by cultured Day 15-16 conceptuses prolong luteal maintenance when introduced into the uterine lumen of cyclic ewes. AB - Experiments were performed to determine whether proteins, produced and released into the incubation medium by Day 15-16 sheep conceptuses cultured for 24-48 h, could prolong the functional lifespan of the corpus luteum (CL) when infused into the uterine lumen of cyclic ewes. Beginning on Day 12 (oestrus = Day 0) either a concentrated (2 ml) solution of total conceptus culture medium protein (2.2 mg) or diluted sheep serum (2.2 mg protein) was introduced daily via an indwelling catheter into the uterine lumen of 3 ewes for 7 days (Days 12-18). Peripheral blood samples were collected daily for 14 days (Days 12-25). On Day 25 all ewes were laparotomized and ovaries observed to determine whether CL previously marked with India ink were maintained. All controls had ovulated and formed new CL. By contrast none of the conceptus protein-treated ewes had ovulated, and their peripheral progesterone levels remained elevated. One ewe maintained a functional CL until Day 52 when she was hysterectomized. Light microscopy of histological sections prepared from the endometrium revealed glandular development comparable to that in the endometrium of cyclic animals during late dioestrus. The cells of the CL were similar to those from cyclic animals during mid- to late dioestrus. Ovine trophoblast protein ( oTP -1), a major protein secreted by the sheep conceptus between Days 13 and 21 of pregnancy, was purified from conceptus incubation medium and injected (0.2 mg protein/day) into the uterine lumen of 3 animals. Plasma progesterone concentrations indicated that oTP -1-treated animals maintained luteal function 4 days longer than did control animals.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS) PMID- 6726689 TI - Contractility of the ovarian vascular bed during the oestrous cycle and early pregnancy in gilts. AB - The vasoconstrictor activity of the ovarian vascular bed in vitro was investigated during the oestrous cycle and early pregnancy. Gilts were killed during the follicular phase (Days 20 to +1; N = 5) or luteal phase (Days 11 to 13; N = 4) of the oestrous cycle, or on Day 13 of pregnancy (N = 5). Immediately before death, a sample of vena cava blood was obtained for determination of progesterone and oestrogen (oestrone and oestradiol-17 beta) concentrations. One ovary was removed, cannulated, perfused in vitro, and subjected to 10-min infusions of saline (vehicle control) and noradrenaline. Vasoconstriction was provoked by electrical stimulation at the end of each infusion. Ovaries from luteal-phase gilts exhibited greater (P less than 0.01) vasoconstriction than did ovaries from follicular-phase and pregnant gilts at the end of saline and noradrenaline infusions. The oestrogen to progesterone ratio was less (P less than 0.01) for luteal-phase and pregnant than for follicular-phase gilts. Vasoconstriction was negatively correlated (r = -0.99, P less than 0.01) with the oestrogen to progesterone ratio in systemic blood of gilts during the oestrous cycle but not during early pregnancy (r = +0.39, P greater than 0.10), possibly due to an effect of the conceptuses. PMID- 6726691 TI - Reproductive failure due to the entrapment of oocytes in luteinized follicles of the little bulldog bat (Noctilio albiventris). AB - The reproductive tracts of 112 female little bulldog bats collected around the onset of a breeding season in the Cauca Valley of Colombia were examined histologically. Of the 88 females with luteinizing/luteinized follicles or new CL, 72 carried tubal ova or uterine blastocysts and 16 were non-pregnant. In 14 of the latter follicle rupture had apparently failed to occur, and the oocyte or a collapsed zona pellucida was found within a luteinizing or luteinized follicle. These structures appeared to be functional because most of the affected bats demonstrated preferential stimulation of the ipsilateral oviduct and/or uterine horn. Two of these animals also had a second, older luteinized follicle which contained the remnants of an oocyte. None of these 14 bats exhibited the uterine modifications thought to be associated with a previous pregnancy or had prominent mammary glands. Such reproductive features were, in contrast, frequently demonstrated by other females in the population. These observations suggest that the luteinization of unruptured follicles may have occurred in prepubertal members of the population and reflect immaturity of the hypothalamo-pituitary ovarian axis in these individuals. PMID- 6726690 TI - On the source of uterine 'luminal fluid' proteins in the mouse. AB - Examination by light-, transmission electron- and scanning electron-microscopy showed that flushing the lumen of the mouse uterus with small volumes of fluid damaged the endometrium by rupturing and removing luminal epithelial cells, splitting the epithelial basement membrane and connective tissue stroma, and rupturing and leaching stromal cells and blood vessels. The damage increased with increasing progestation of the uterus and between Days 4 and 5 of pregnancy. I conclude that many so-called 'luminal fluid' proteins originate from luminal and stromal cells, intercellular fluid and blood and that apparent changes in luminal fluid protein content during early pregnancy may largely reflect alterations in the extent and type of damage produced by flushing, as a consequence of changes in the physical state of the uterus induced by hormones and the presence of blastocysts. PMID- 6726692 TI - Formation and prevention of postoperative abdominal adhesions. AB - Postoperative abdominal adhesion formation can undo the reconstructive work of the infertility surgeon. Adhesions can form in as little as three hours after surgery. Most adhesions are transient and lyse spontaneously within 72 hours of surgery. Such factors as tissue trauma, anoxia and ischemia cause a reduction in plasminogen activator activity that is strongly correlated with the persistence and progression of postoperative adhesions. Adhesions can be prevented by a proper and meticulous surgical technique emphasizing preservation of tissue without abrasion, anoxia or ischemia. Dextran, antiprostaglandins, antibiotics, steroids, antihistamines, anticoagulants and enzymes have various roles. Our current regimen involves Hyskon, Motrin and deoxycycline. PMID- 6726693 TI - Two-dimensional echocardiographic assessment of normal fetal cardiac anatomy. AB - The fetal heart is visualized routinely during the antepartum ultrasound examination. Because of the advent of high-resolution, real-time ultrasound instruments, details of fetal cardiac anatomy can now be defined. Fifty consecutive fetuses were examined in utero to assess the ability of two dimensional echocardiography to define intracardiac anatomy at various gestational ages. A complete examination required at least three standard echocardiographic views of the heart: four-chamber, short-axis and long-axis views. In 30 of the 50 fetuses studied (60%) only one examination was necessary to obtain this information. Ten patients had a second examination later in gestation that complemented the findings of their first study. In all but two fetuses, detection of all four cardiac chambers and at least one semilunar valve was possible. Mitral-semilunar valve continuity was detected in all. The quality of echocardiographic imaging was enhanced by the fetal occiput posterior position (three views obtained in 83% of the fetuses studied). Breech position did not affect imaging quality. Prior to 30 weeks of gestation, fetal movement hampered analysis of fetal cardiac anatomy in some patients. PMID- 6726694 TI - Myotonic dystrophy in pregnancy. Prenatal, neonatal and maternal considerations. AB - Five pregnancies occurred in three women with myotonic dystrophy. Four of the five infants had generalized hypotonia, respiratory failure, swallowing difficulties and arthrogryposis; two of the affected infants died despite intensive treatment. The surviving affected children had a gradual improvement in respiratory and swallowing symptoms but have remained hypotonic and developmentally delayed. The fifth infant was entirely normal. Polyhydramnios was the most constant feature of the affected pregnancies. Three of the four affected fetuses weighed less than 2,500 gm. Other obstetric complications were not prominent. Second-trimester amniocentesis and linkage studies have a role in predicting myotonic dystrophy. Real-time ultrasound can be used in the prenatal diagnosis of neonatal myotonic dystrophy. PMID- 6726695 TI - Continual postoperative antibiotic peritoneal lavage in diffuse peritonitis complicating cesarean section. AB - Nine women treated surgically for diffuse peritonitis complicating cesarean section underwent continual postoperative antibiotic peritoneal lavage as an adjunct to surgery. In all the patients the indication for surgery was failure to respond to standard medical therapy. Seven patients treated with hysterectomy recovered without evidence of continuing peritonitis or intraabdominal abscess formation. One of two patients in whom uterine conservation was attempted required an emergency hysterectomy three days later. In this series, continual postoperative antibiotic peritoneal lavage appeared to be an effective adjunctive treatment in the prevention of continuing peritonitis and abscess formation provided that hysterectomy was performed at the initial operation. PMID- 6726696 TI - Significance of cone biopsy margins in the management of patients with cervical neoplasia. AB - Too many patients in the United States undergo hysterectomy for cervical neoplasia following cone biopsy because too many gynecologists choose not to pay attention to the pathology present at the margins of the cone specimen. In view of the need to improve the management of cervical neoplasia--i.e., to reduce the number of needless hysterectomies--a retrospective study was done to verify the trend in our institution and to evaluate the utilization of cone biopsy to determine the extent of the process. Also, the methods used for procuring the cone sample and for interpreting the results of the biopsy were studied. The present study included 345 patients who underwent a cone biopsy; subsequently, 102 of them had a hysterectomy. Based on the evaluation of the cases in this study, information was obtained about the performance of cone biopsy and the guidelines for determining when a hysterectomy should be performed and when other, less drastic means of eradicating the neoplasia should be considered. PMID- 6726697 TI - Ovarian hemorrhage in ovulating women receiving anticoagulant therapy. A report of two cases. AB - Women taking anticoagulants are at increased risk of ovarian hemorrhage when they ovulate. Management depends on the patient's clinical presentation and her medical, including obstetric, history. Bilateral oophorectomy should be considered for selected patients on chronic anticoagulation therapy and for those patients for whom reproduction is of no concern. Ovulatory suppression is warranted when conservative therapy is adopted. PMID- 6726698 TI - Calcific pelvic lymphadenopathy presenting as a postmenopausal adnexal mass. A case report. AB - A postmenopausal patient was referred to us because of an adnexal mass that turned out to be calcific pelvic lymph-adenopathy thought to be caused by healed pelvic tuberculosis. This entity has not been described before. PMID- 6726699 TI - The single woman and artificial insemination by donor. AB - Requests by single women for artificial insemination by donor (AID) raise important ethical issues concerning the obligations of physicians and the well being of the children who would be conceived. Specific objections to AID for single women can be raised, including that the absence of a father may adversely affect the child or that a lesbian mother may influence the child to become homosexual. A review of the relevant social science research indicates, however, that these and other objections are not supported by the available data. In support of AID for single women it can be argued that the life of the child who would be produced could be expected to have value, considered in itself. Consideration of the various aspects of the issue suggests that AID for single women is permissible in selected cases and that the physician has a right to refuse to carry out such requests. PMID- 6726700 TI - Use of colposcopically directed, four-quadrant cervical biopsy by the colposcopy trainee. AB - Colposcopically directed cervical biopsies performed by experienced colposcopists have greatly reduced the need for conization of the cervix to evaluate patients with cervical intraepithelial neoplasia (CIN). Because of the subjectivity of the colposcopic technique and variable time required to become skilled, continued reliance on cervical conization is often recommended to validate colposcopic findings for novice colposcopists . We assessed the colposcopic skill of residents in training in obstetrics and gynecology who had received 9-12 months of instruction in colposcopic techniques. Biopsies of each quadrant of the ectocervix were done after the resident recorded his or her colposcopic diagnosis. In 26% of the patients there was overestimation or underestimation of the histologic findings by more than one grade in the cervical quadrant suspected on colposcopy to contain the most advanced CIN lesion. In 30% of patients the histologically most advanced CIN lesion was not identified by the colposcopist . In 11% of patients with histologic findings of CIN both cytology and colposcopy were negative. Only 69% of the histologically confirmed lesions were diagnosed colposcopically by the resident colposcopists . The four-quadrant, colposcopically directed biospy technique is recommended as an effective training method for the beginning colposcopist . PMID- 6726701 TI - Clinical utility of the relationship between fetal femur length and biparietal diameter. AB - The relationship between fetal femur length and biparietal diameter on ultrasound examination was evaluated in a large, unselected obstetric population of 12-40 weeks' gestational age. The derived ratio of fetal femur length to biparietal diameter was evaluated retrospectively as a tool for examining the technical reliability of fetal measurements obtained and as a screening mechanism for detecting asymmetric fetal development. The ratio of femur length to biparietal diameter is of value as an aid to the detection of fetal developmental anomalies and should be a routine parameter considered in the performance of an obstetric ultrasound examination. PMID- 6726702 TI - Artificial hydramnion. A simple method of verifying premature rupture of the membranes. AB - Accurate diagnosis of premature rupture of the membranes is of paramount importance for proper treatment. Currently available methods of diagnosing this complication of pregnancy are not satisfactory. A new, simple, noninvasive method occludes the amniotic outflow with a cervical cap on the external cervical os, permitting the formation of an artificial hydramnion. Observation of this hydramnion formation using ultrasonography and the release of accumulated amniotic fluid after removal of the cap are strong evidence of the existence of premature rupture of the membranes. We used this method in 17 cases. PMID- 6726703 TI - Influence of work during pregnancy on fetal weight. AB - To discover the influence of maternal work upon fetal birth weight, we compared 1,140 women who worked during pregnancy to a random, equal sample of women not working during pregnancy. Work during pregnancy appears to reduce the mean fetal weight in both primigravidas and multigravidas . Rest during the last six weeks of pregnancy improves fetal weight significantly. This finding underscores the importance of rest in cases of insufficient fetal growth. PMID- 6726704 TI - Heparin-induced thrombocytopenia in pregnancy. A case report. AB - A patient developed heparin-associated thrombocytopenia during pregnancy. Pregnant patients with pulmonary embolisms can be treated with long-term anticoagulation, but platelet counts must be done periodically. PMID- 6726705 TI - Reconstruction of the cervical canal after complete postconization obstruction. A case report. AB - Complete cervical canal obstruction is a rare complication of cone biopsy and may result in retrograde menstrual flow, hematometria and infertility. We treated a patient who had postconization obstruction and ultimately a successful pregnancy after combined vaginal and abdominal reconstruction of the cervical canal. PMID- 6726706 TI - Hemodynamic observations on pulmonary edema associated with a beta-mimetic agent. A report of two cases. AB - Pulmonary edema associated with the use of beta agonists in the treatment of preterm labor is a major risk of tocolytic therapy. The data obtained from echocardiographic and hemodynamic evaluation in one such case and echocardiography in another differ markedly from those in two previously published reports. Specifically, the pulmonary capillary wedge pressure became elevated, and both patients failed to improve with oxygen therapy and positional changes only. Left ventricular dysfunction was ruled out as the possible cause since the left ventricular structure and function were normal on echocardiography. The heart failure was probably the result of increased preload, giving rise to increased end diastolic pressure and hence pulmonary edema. Diuretic therapy is very important in this situation. PMID- 6726707 TI - Portal hypertension and hypersplenism in pregnancy secondary to chronic schistosomiasis. A case report. AB - In this country, Schistosoma mansoni infections are seen rarely since the distribution of schistosomes in humans is governed by the range of their molluscan hosts. The snail hosts of S. mansoni reside in fresh waters of tropical zones. A native of Brazil was seen in her second trimester of pregnancy with marked splenomegaly and hypersplenism. Thirteen years before she had been treated for schistosomiasis, and she had been well until her pregnancy. Studies were done to rule out other causes of splenomegaly and hypersplenism. Esophageal endoscopy confirmed the presence of esophageal varices. The main risk to these patients is severe, sometimes fatal gastrointestinal bleeding. In our patient this risk was compounded by marked thrombocytopenia. Splenectomy was performed, and a liver biopsy confirmed the presence of S. mansoni eggs. PMID- 6726708 TI - Ruptured tubal pregnancy with contralateral tubal infarction. A case report. AB - We treated a woman for tubal infarction complicating a contralateral tubal pregnancy. This is the first published report of such a case. PMID- 6726709 TI - Bilateral sensorineural hearing loss from danazol therapy. A case report. AB - Danazol is a widely used drug that causes few major adverse reactions, most of which are rapidly reversible upon cessation of therapy. While the list of pharmacologic agents capable of causing hearing loss continues to grow, no published reports have ever implicated danazol. We treated a patient for bilateral sensorineural hearing loss due to danazol therapy. The hearing loss resolved promptly after withdrawal of the medication. PMID- 6726710 TI - Survival and death in rheumatoid arthritis. PMID- 6726711 TI - Experimental models of osteoarthritis: a reappraisal. PMID- 6726712 TI - Study of HLA antigens in ten multiple-case rheumatoid arthritis families. AB - We studied the inheritance of HLA haplotypes in 10 families with more than one member affected with adult onset rheumatoid arthritis (RA). The frequency of DR4 was 81% among these patients. Nine families had DR4 bearing haplotypes and homozygosity for DR4 existed in 4 families. In 6 of these families DR4 positive haplotypes were shared among affected members. All but one of the affected sibs shared at least one haplotype with their index case. Ten percent of the unaffected relatives had rheumatoid factor (RF). HLA-DR4 or associated genes appeared to confer susceptibility for RF production and development of RA. However, these haplotypes were inherited also by many sibs who did not develop any manifestations of disease. PMID- 6726714 TI - Survival and cause of death in rheumatoid arthritis: a 25-year prospective followup. AB - In a 25-year prospective followup of 209 patients with rheumatoid arthritis, median life expectancy was shortened by 7 years in males and by 3 years in females when compared with the general population. The surplus mortality was associated in decreasing order with the disease itself, associated respiratory, urogenital and general infections, and with upper gastrointestinal tract disease, mainly bleeding. PMID- 6726713 TI - Specific antibody response after in vivo antigenic stimulation in systemic lupus erythematosus. AB - Several in vitro studies have demonstrated a polyclonal B cell response to antigenic stimulation in patients with systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE). To determine if this polyclonal response occurs in vivo, 18 patients with SLE were antigenically stimulated with the pneumococcal vaccine Pneumovax . Mean antibody response to immunization was the same in SLE and normal control subjects. Although elevated antibody levels to several viruses were present in SLE subjects preimmunization, these levels did not change postimmunization. Total immunoglobulin levels, immune complex levels, and antiblood group B antibody levels did not change in SLE patients after immunization. Antiblood group A titers rose in both SLE patients and normals due to a media contaminant in the Pneumovax . Thus, SLE patients appear to have a specific antibody response to antigenic stimulation with pneumococcal polysaccharide. Polyclonal activation as seen in vitro in SLE may be more restricted in vivo. PMID- 6726715 TI - Efficacy of combined therapy with plasmapheresis and immunosuppressants in rheumatoid vasculitis. AB - The combined effects of plasmapheresis and immunosuppressive therapy in the treatment of rheumatoid vasculitis was evaluated in 8 patients. These modalities, in combination, proved to promote rapid healing of cutaneous ulcers. In addition, it appeared that this aggressive therapy can occasionally reverse early gangrenous lesions involving extremities. By contrast, little change occurred in longstanding neuropathic manifestations. Our preliminary results suggest that plasmapheresis, used as an acute treatment modality, and combined with prolonged therapy with immunosuppressive drugs, may reduce the morbidity associated with certain manifestations of rheumatoid vasculitis. PMID- 6726716 TI - Cartilage destruction in experimentally induced osteoarthritis. AB - Section of the anterior cruciate ligament in the knee joint of mature dogs resulted in a progressive fibrillation of both tibial and femoral condylar cartilages. Reduced tissue microhardness and increased water content preceded fibrillation while fixed charge density remained unchanged. A different histological pattern of initial fibrillation was found, however, in femoral and tibial cartilages which exhibited tangential cleft and vertical splits, respectively. Tangential fibrillation alone was associated with necrosis of superficial cells. This suggests that the mechanism of early osteoarthritic cartilage destruction varies in different articular surfaces. PMID- 6726717 TI - Involvement of the urinary bladder in systemic lupus erythematosus. A pathologic study. AB - Urinary bladder histologic changes were found in 16 of 35 necropsies from systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) patients in whom adequate material was available for study. These included interstitial cystitis (n = 11), hemorrhage (n = 9), congestion (n = 7), vasculitis (n = 5), and perivenular infiltrate (n = 4). Abnormalities were found in only 5 of 30 control necropsies from patients with other diseases and in 4 of them these were hemorrhagic and chiefly due to indwelling catheters. SLE patients with histologic bladder changes were found to have pulmonary hemorrhage more frequently than those without. This suggests a common pathogenetic mechanism between interstitial cystitis and pulmonary hemorrhage in SLE. PMID- 6726718 TI - Cardiac tamponade in systemic juvenile rheumatoid arthritis requiring emergency pericardiectomy. AB - A 9-year-old boy with systemic onset juvenile rheumatoid arthritis (JRA) presented with fever and chest pain and rapidly developed pericarditis and cardiac tamponade. Despite corticosteroid treatment and pericardiocentesis, rapid deterioration necessitated the emergency placement of a pericardial window. This is the first reported instance of this type of emergency surgical intervention for JRA. Of 220 children with JRA followed for 12 years (7% systemic onset), 8 had evidence of acute pericarditis but no other had definite evidence of tamponade. PMID- 6726719 TI - Rheumatoid disease and bronchogenic carcinoma--case report and review of the literature. AB - We describe a patient with a solitary pulmonary nodule that proved to be a rheumatoid nodule and a coexistent carcinoma. Similar cases from the literature are reviewed. Fine needle aspiration cytologies from such lesions are potentially misleading and must be interpreted cautiously. Pulmonary nodules in patients with rheumatoid arthritis clearly should be approached as possible carcinomas. PMID- 6726720 TI - Synovial osteochondromatosis and pseudogout. AB - A middle aged male developed recurrent episodic inflammatory effusions of the right knee associated with radiographic findings consistent with osteochondromatosis. Calcium pyrophosphate dihydrate (CPPD) crystals were identified by polarized light and electron microscopy, although chondrocalcinosis was not demonstrated radiographically in this joint or any other locations. Analysis of noninflammatory fluid from the left knee demonstrated apatite crystals. The unique association of CPPD crystals and synovial osteochondromatosis without evidence of chondrocalcinosis and the relationship of these 2 entities is discussed. PMID- 6726721 TI - A case of rheumatoid nodule formation within the central nervous system and review of the literature. AB - We describe nodule formation within the central nervous system (CNS) in a patient with seropositive rheumatoid arthritis (RA). Review of 13 previous reports of CNS rheumatoid nodule formation suggests that the clinical course is usually one of longstanding seropositive disease. Correlation of neurologic signs and symptoms with anatomic lesions has frequently been tenuous. We conclude that CNS nodules are a rare extraarticular feature of RA which, although often of uncertain clinical significance, should be considered as a possible etiology when neurologic dysfunction occurs in the RA patient. PMID- 6726722 TI - Transient osteoporosis of hip joint with liver cirrhosis. AB - We describe the association between transient osteoporosis of the hip (TOH) and liver cirrhosis in a female patient. The clinical course, radiographic and scintigraphic features were similar to cases of TOH described previously. The pathogenesis of this syndrome is unknown and we suggest there may be a relationship between the hemodynamic changes common in cirrhotic patients and in pregnant women and the development of TOH. PMID- 6726723 TI - Psoriatic arthritis and myasthenia gravis. AB - A B27 positive woman, with a past history of myasthenia gravis and thymectomy, was found to have psoriatic arthritis. The implications of this association are briefly discussed. PMID- 6726724 TI - Immune complexes and clinical manifestations in patients with rheumatoid arthritis. PMID- 6726725 TI - Hypergastrinemia in rheumatoid arthritis related to Sjogren's syndrome. PMID- 6726726 TI - Use of tetracycline for the arthritis of jejunoileal bypass. PMID- 6726727 TI - Collateral ligament calcification complicating amyloidosis and Reiter's syndrome. PMID- 6726728 TI - Enteric-coated aspirin and the problem of gastric retention. PMID- 6726729 TI - D-penicillamine induced polymyositis in juvenile chronic arthritis: report of a case. PMID- 6726730 TI - Central nervous system diseases in systemic lupus erythematosus: axial tomographic scan as an aid to differential diagnosis. PMID- 6726731 TI - Systemic sclerosis after therapy with appetite suppressants. PMID- 6726732 TI - Public rehabilitation services for individuals with specific learning disabilities. PMID- 6726733 TI - Misconceptions about learning disabilities. PMID- 6726734 TI - Diagnosis and assessment of the adult with specific learning disabilities. PMID- 6726735 TI - The paradox of learning disabilities: a stumbling block to rehabilitation. PMID- 6726736 TI - Vocational counseling with learning disabled adults. PMID- 6726737 TI - Vocational evaluation of learning disabled adults. PMID- 6726738 TI - Determining eligibility of learning disabled adults for vocational rehabilitation services. PMID- 6726739 TI - Rehabilitation planning with learning disabled persons. PMID- 6726740 TI - Remediation & accommodation for clients with specific learning disabilities. PMID- 6726741 TI - The learning disabled client's rehabilitation program: issues in training. PMID- 6726742 TI - Definition: a major issue in the field of learning disabilities. PMID- 6726743 TI - Employment considerations for learning disabled adults. PMID- 6726744 TI - A review of placement-related issues for clients with learning disabilities. PMID- 6726745 TI - Where do we go from here: a look to the future in rehabilitation of learning disabled persons. PMID- 6726746 TI - Adult learning disabilities Research and Demonstration Project award. PMID- 6726747 TI - Self-help groups for learning disabled people and the rehabilitation process. PMID- 6726749 TI - "Tactile defensiveness." A type of sensory integrative dysfunction. PMID- 6726748 TI - Techniques for job hunting. PMID- 6726751 TI - Transitional training in dentistry. PMID- 6726750 TI - Mothers and children: research priorities. PMID- 6726752 TI - Oral contraception, the press and the CSM. PMID- 6726753 TI - Comparison of results of treatment of fistula-in-ano. AB - The results of treatment of 137 consecutive patients with fistula-in-ano are presented. Sixty-eight were treated by the 'lay-open' technique and 69 by the Parks technique, the two groups being comparable. The results slightly favour the Parks technique. PMID- 6726755 TI - Primary care in two cultures. AB - Differences were found between primary care as practised by the same doctor in Saudi Arabia and England within a twelve-month period. Many of these differences reflect demographic and cultural divergence between the two communities. Other factors suggested to explain areas of divergence were the administrative differences, systems of audit, language and empathy problems. PMID- 6726754 TI - Painful extremities and neurological disorder in essential thrombocythaemia. AB - Six of 20 patients with essential thrombocythaemia had neurological features and 8 had peripheral vascular symptoms. Four had cerebrovascular ischaemia or stroke and 3 had gangrene. Pain in the extremities may be a striking symptom in this disorder. PMID- 6726756 TI - Hypokalaemia: Bartter's syndrome or pseudo-Bartter's syndrome? AB - The difficulties in the diagnosis of hypokalaemia are often considerable. This paper reports three patients who presented with hypokalaemia. Investigations are described which may help to distinguish Bartter's syndrome from pseudo-Bartter's syndrome. PMID- 6726757 TI - A fresh look at what everybody knows about ischaemic heart disease: discussion paper. PMID- 6726758 TI - Congenital rickets with maternal pre-eclampsia. PMID- 6726759 TI - ECT for aphthous ulceration. PMID- 6726760 TI - Dermacentor (Indocentor) compactus (Acari: Ixodoidea: Ixodidae): wild pigs and other hosts and distribution in Malaysia, Indonesia, and Borneo. PMID- 6726762 TI - Mechanical transmission of Leishmania major by Glossina morsitans morsitans (Diptera: Glossinidae). PMID- 6726761 TI - Mesonotal scale pattern polymorphism and a temperature-induced phenocopy in Aedes hendersoni (Diptera: Culicidae). PMID- 6726763 TI - Human parasitism by Otobius megnini (Acari: Argasidae) in New Mexico, USA. PMID- 6726764 TI - Validity of the MCAT in predicting performance in the first two years of medical school. AB - In this paper, the authors present the first systematic summary of predictive validity research on the new Medical College Admission Test (MCAT) since its introduction in 1977. Data are drawn primarily from the MCAT Interpretive Studies Program, a cooperative effort between the Association of American Medical Colleges and 30 of its member schools to conduct research that will both facilitate local use of the test scores and contribute to a national perspective on their value in medical school admissions. The results show that MCAT scores by themselves have significant predictive validity with respect to first- and second year medical school course grades and National Board of Medical Examiners Part I examination scores and that they complement the predictive validity of undergraduate college grades. The MCAT Science Knowledge areas of assessment, particularly Biology and Chemistry, and the Science Problems subtest tend to have higher correlations than the Skills Analysis subtests with initial performance in medical school; however, the Skills Analysis: Reading subtest may retain its predictive value best over time. Correlation values are discussed in terms of methodological factors which constrain their size. They are also compared with those found for other professional and graduate school admission tests. Further directions for MCAT validity research are described. PMID- 6726765 TI - Development of clinician-educator faculty track at the University of Pennsylvania. AB - As resources grow scarcer , universities have become reluctant to increase the long-term institutional commitments involved in faculty appointments with tenure. The restrict tenured appointments, universities in recent years have adopted more stringent criteria for approving them and in many cases have set a limit on the number of new appointments and promotions with tenure. The educational and service missions of the medical school, however, necessitate a large cadre of clinical faculty members. The establishment and evolution of the clinician educator faculty track at the University of Pennsylvania provide a case study of a process taking place in many medical schools to meet the need for nontenured full-time faculty appointments. PMID- 6726766 TI - The quality of deans' letters from medical schools. AB - Residency training directors have noted considerable variability in the quality of deans' letters sent by medical schools on behalf of graduating students. A total of 212 deans' letters from 103 U.S. medical schools received by a large psychiatric residency program were rated by two of the authors. Of these, 26.9 percent were judged excellent, 49.5 percent average, and 23.6 percent poor. Excellent letters were characterized by detailed personal and academic comments; verbatim statements for each clinical clerkship; tactful , yet explicit, remarks about problems; and internal consistency. Poor letters were generally short regardless of content, offered global impressions about clerkship performance by fusing remarks from several different clerkships without identifying sources, or omitted important information that was quickly evident to the discriminating interviewer. Recommendations are offered for authors and readers of deans' letters and to medical students. PMID- 6726767 TI - Educational influences on consultation rates of house staff physicians in a primary care clinic. AB - Consultation rates of medical house staff physicians were examined in a primary care setting in order to determine the factors that lead to the use of consultants. The factors that were studied in the regression analysis were clinical experience and teaching in medical school, intensity of use of services, residency year, Alpha Omega Alpha (AOA) membership, and future practice plans. The factors were marginally useful in predicting surgical consultations but were helpful in explaining the use of other consultations. House staff physicians with a pattern of intense ancillary service utilization also requested more consultations. Senior house staff physicians requested fewer consultations than junior house staff members. AOA members and future academic physicians used more consultations than other physicians. Consultation rates were highest for specialties requiring the lowest quantity of education in medical school. Consultation patterns reflect past educational experiences and future practice plans of medical house staff physicians and may be useful in the formulation of the curriculum of medical schools and residencies. PMID- 6726768 TI - Measuring the complexity of clinical problems. AB - Recent studies on clinical problem-solving show that a considerable proportion of the problem-solving strategy employed by doctors and medical students is "case specific" or "system specific." Such studies have failed to consider adequately the starting place of the problem-solving process, that is, the inherent complexity of the problem being considered. In presenting clinical problems to students and writing problem-solving skills assessments, educators have demonstrated no quantifiable ways of grading the complexity of the clinical problems they select for instruction or examination purposes. The author in this study reports on the development and application of a complexity index to 29 clinical problems used in a new graduate curriculum. The index uses five components of problem complexity: symptoms, physical signs and investigations, socioeconomic and behavioral factors, diagnoses, and management plans. A test has been made of its interrater reliability between two observers applying it independently in one application. Trials to establish the validity of the complexity index with various criterion groups of physicians and educators are discussed. Suggestions for further refinement of such an index and its application in research in the quality of care and in medical education are offered. PMID- 6726769 TI - An agenda for residency training in ambulatory care. AB - The successful practice of internal medicine in the ambulatory setting must take into consideration a number of factors that differ qualitatively and quantitatively from those important to practice on the hospital ward. The physician's intellectual ability, understanding of pathophysiology, and competence in physical examination are indispensable to practicing in both settings. However, due to the nature of presenting problems, the availability of time, and the role of patient cooperation, the application of these skills and knowledge and the decision-making process differ in the two settings. The recognition of these factors by the resident is likely to enhance his understanding of his therapeutic role, further his capacity to provide care to a diverse spectrum of patients, and promote greater satisfaction for himself and his patients. These considerations are especially important because most practicing internists spend most of their clinical time in the ambulatory settings. PMID- 6726770 TI - Knowledge of medical students, residents, and attending physicians about opiate abuse. AB - A questionnaire concerning knowledge of opiate abuse and attitudes about abusers was administered to 94 randomly selected physicians and medical students at a large urban teaching hospital. Physicians from four clinical departments and at each level of residency training and medical students in the final year were represented. The mean knowledge score was 3.3 out of a possible 12. Neither the level of training nor specialty was related to test score for the group as a whole. However, family practitioners gained knowledge with increasing experience, while medical and surgical specialists scored lower as they advanced in training. On the attitude section, physicians had strong but individualistic views about drug abuse. Level of training, specialty, and knowledge test score were on the whole unrelated to attitude. The results indicated that physicians at every level of training might benefit from improved teaching in the area of opiate abuse. PMID- 6726771 TI - Reducing 'information overload' in the teaching of pharmacology: the '200 Drug List'. AB - The author in this report describes the development and use of a restricted list of drugs in the medical pharmacology course at the Medical College of Georgia (MCG) School of Medicine. The "200 Drug List" was developed by the author by analyzing recent examinations given to students at the MCG and other places. The list contained 60 percent fewer drugs than had been taught in the course in prior years. Only those drugs on the list appeared on subsequent pharmacology examinations, regardless of the scope of the teaching program. Despite the limited number of drugs that the students were required to learn to satisfy the requirements of the teaching program, the average score for the class on the pharmacology subtest of the National Board of Medical Examiners Part I examination improved each year since the new approach was adopted. The 200 Drug List concept is viewed as an effective way to reduce the "information overload" for students without sacrificing the quality of an introductory course in pharmacology. PMID- 6726772 TI - A data base for curriculum design in medical ethics. PMID- 6726773 TI - Recognition of outstanding performance in medical schools with nontraditional grading systems. PMID- 6726774 TI - Effect of attendance at lectures on medical student performance. PMID- 6726775 TI - Introducing dietary assessment to first-year medical students. PMID- 6726776 TI - International health: a problem-based core curriculum. PMID- 6726777 TI - Factors influencing minority students' choice of medicine as a career. PMID- 6726778 TI - Medical student anxiety in a respiratory therapeutics elective. PMID- 6726779 TI - The future of standardized testing. PMID- 6726780 TI - MCAT scores and student progress in medical school. PMID- 6726781 TI - Learning human qualities. PMID- 6726782 TI - Cadaver radiographs. PMID- 6726783 TI - The growth and survival of capsulate and non-capsulate Bacteroides fragilis in vivo and in vitro. AB - The growth of capsulate and non- capsulate Bacteroides fragilis in chambers implanted in the mouse peritoneal cavity was compared. Capsulate and essentially non- capsulate (less than 1% capsulate ) populations of B. fragilis strains NCTC9343 and NCTC10584 consistently grew exponentially to greater than 10(9) cfu/ml within 24 h in vivo, and low numbers of capsulate bacteria were maintained in the essentially non- capsulate population; however, the degree of capsulation of the capsulate population decreased by more than 60%. B. fragilis ATCC23745 differed from strains NCTC9343 and NCTC10584 in that growth was unpredictable and only occurred in some of the implanted chambers. Capsule production by cells of strain ATCC23745 varied from chamber to chamber: sometimes the proportion of capsulate cells increased after prolonged implantation. This could occur with either an increase or decrease in viable numbers in vivo and also after in-vitro incubation of this strain in chambers. The survival of capsulate and non- capsulate B. fragilis strains NCTC9343 and ATCC23745 was compared in aerobic and anaerobic conditions in vitro. In anaerobic conditions, capsulate and non- capsulate strain NCTC9343 survived equally well, whereas capsulate ATCC23745 survived better than its non- capsulate variants. Capsulate populations of both strains survived better than non- capsulate in aerobic conditions. PMID- 6726784 TI - Phagocytic and serum killing of capsulate and non-capsulate Bacteroides fragilis. AB - The relative susceptibilities of capsulate and non- capsulate variants of Bacteroides fragilis to serum and phagocytic killing were investigated. The capsule of B. fragilis did not confer resistance to serum killing. Phagocytic killing of non- capsulate B. fragilis occurred at bacterial concentrations of 1 X 10(6) and 1 X 10(7) cfu/ml. Capsulate B. fragilis organisms were also phagocytosed and killed at a concentration of 1 X 10(6) cfu/ml, but phagocytosis and killing were impaired at a concentration of 1 X 10(7) cfu/ml. PMID- 6726786 TI - The anti-chlamydial effect of experimental Mycoplasma pulmonis infection in the murine genital tract. AB - Experimental Chlamydia trachomatis infection of the genital tract of female CBA and TO mice was greatly curtailed by a concurrent genital infection with Mycoplasma pulmonis. TO mice in which chlamydial infection had been suppressed by the mycoplasma infection were treated with the anti-mycoplasma agent, gentamicin. This did not cause a reappearance of the chlamydiae, suggesting that these organisms had been eliminated completely. The M. pulmonis infection stimulated a striking and persistent polymorphonuclear leukocyte response, which may have been the cause of the curtailment of the chlamydial infection. PMID- 6726785 TI - Immunochemical fingerprinting of Clostridium difficile strains isolated from an outbreak of antibiotic-associated colitis and diarrhoea. AB - Twenty eight strains of Clostridium difficile , isolated from an outbreak of antibiotic-associated colitis and diarrhoea in an orthopaedic ward and from sporadic cases throughout Sweden, were sent to Edinburgh for immunochemical fingerprinting without information about their origin. EDTA extracts of the organisms were examined by crossed immunoelectrophoresis (CIE), polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis (PAGE) and electroblot transfer. Two patterns were revealed by CIE: group A (18 strains) and group B (10 strains). PAGE and electroblot transfer revealed one major group of 10 strains (group 1), six small groups of two or three strains and six strains which were unlike any other strain. The CIE group B and PAGE- electroblot group 1 were identical. Nine of the 10 strains in this group were from patients in the outbreak. These findings indicate that a single strain spread in the orthopaedic ward as a nosocomial infection and that this strain differed from most other strains investigated. The PAGE- electroblot technique should, therefore, greatly aid investigations into the epidemiology of C. difficile infections. PMID- 6726787 TI - Neutrophil-mediated cellular cytotoxicity induced by zymosan-activated serum. AB - Human neutrophils, incubated in the presence of zymosan-activated serum ( ZAS ), were able to damage ox red blood cells ( ORBC ) as assessed by a 4-hr 51Cr release assay. Cells from a patient with chronic granulomatous disease were incapable of mediating ZAS -induced cytolysis. Cytotoxicity by normal neutrophils was prevented by N-ethyl-maleimide as well as by catalase, but heat-inactivated catalase and superoxide dismutase were completely ineffective. Heme enzyme inhibitors, azide and cyanide, only partially reduced the target cell lysis. The results indicate the involvement of products of the oxidative metabolism, mainly hydrogen peroxide, as cytolytic mediators. These mediators released by neutrophils may contribute to the tissue injury occurring during inflammation. PMID- 6726788 TI - Intracellular activities during volume regulation by Necturus gallbladder. AB - Necturus gallbladder epithelial cells regulate their volume after a change in solution osmolality. We determined the intracellular activities of Na, K and Cl when the mucosal bathing solution osmolality was increased 18% by the addition of mannitol. The gallbladder was mounted in a rapid flow chamber and punctured simultaneously with two single-barrelled microelectrodes. One electrode sensed membrane potential and the other was sensitive to the activity of Na, K or Cl. Cell volume measurements, made in previous studies utilizing quantitative light microscopy, indicated that hypertonicity of the mucosal bath first caused a cell shrinkage of 15% followed by volume readjustment. Some loss of Na, K and Cl was observed during shrinkage; subsequently during volume regulation, the intracellular quantities of all three ions increased. The loss of Na during the initial cell shrinkage could be blocked by ouabain and was therefore due to increased transport. K and Cl losses were probably related to the increase in their concentrations during shrinkage. The gain of Na, K and Cl during volume regulation was similar in magnitude to the loss of these solutes during cell shrinkage. The increase of Na, K and Cl during volume regulation accounted for about 60% of the increase of cell solutes during this period indicating that other solutes also contributed to the volume regulation response. PMID- 6726789 TI - Incorporation of the human erythrocyte sialoglycoprotein into recombined membranes containing cholesterol. AB - Glycophorin, the major sialoglycoprotein from the human erythrocyte membrane, has been isolated and recombined with phosphatidylcholine and cholesterol. Sucrose density gradient analysis of the recombinants shows that it is possible not only to recombine this protein with phospholipid, but also with phospholipid cholesterol mixtures. Surprisingly, by the same analysis, it was possible to make a recombinant with cholesterol and glycophorin, only, in the absence of added phospholipid. The accessibility of the protein to trypsin was ested in each of these recombinants. In all the recombinants which contained either phospholipid, or phospholipid and cholesterol, the protein was protected from extensive hydrolysis. This is consistent with closed vesicles and incorporation of the protein into the recombinant membrane. Extensive hydrolysis of the protein occurred in the cholesterol-glycophorin recombinant indicating some differences in structure. Freeze-fracture electron microscopy of the phospholipid and the phospholipid-cholesterol recombinants showed mostly unilamellar vesicles, 1000 to 5000 A in diameter. Intramembranous particles were observed on both fracture faces, and the fracture planes were those expected for phospholipid bilayers. The glycophorin-cholesterol recombinants also showed fracture planes consistent with bilayers, and revealed intramembranous particles. Pieces of membrane-like structures as well as apparent vesicular structures were observed. Finally in the recombinants of glycophorin with phospholipid and cholesterol, cholesterol is shown to reduce the population of the motionally restricted phospholipid headgroup environment, in proportion to the mole percent cholesterol content. PMID- 6726790 TI - Electrogenic Cl- absorption by Amphiuma small intestine: dependence on serosal Na+ from tracer and Cl- microelectrode studies. AB - The Na+ requirement for active, electrogenic Cl- absorption by Amphiuma small intestine was studied by tracer techniques and double-barreled Cl- -sensitive microelectrodes. Addition of Cl- to a Cl- -free medium bathing in vitro intestinal segments produced a saturable (Km = 5.4 mM) increase in short-circuit current (ISC) which was inhibitable by 1 mM SITS. The selectivity sequence for the anion-evoked current was Cl- = Br- greater than SCN- greater than NO-3 greater than F- = I-. Current evoked by Cl- reached a maximum with increasing medium Na concentration (KM = 12.4 mM). Addition of Na+, as Na gluconate (10 mM), to mucosal and serosal Na+-free media stimulated the Cl- current and simultaneously increased the absorptive Cl- flux (JCl m----s) and net flux ( JClnet ) without changing the secretory Cl- flux ( JCls ----m). Addition of Na+ only to the serosal fluid stimulated JClm ----s much more than Na+ addition only to the mucosal fluid in paired tissues. Serosal DIDS (1 mM) blocked the stimulation. Serosal 10 mM Tris gluconate or choline gluconate failed to stimulate JClm ----s. Intracellular Cl- activity ( aiCl ) in villus epithelial cells was above electrochemical equilibrium indicating active Cl- uptake. Ouabain (1 mM) eliminated Cl- accumulation and reduced the mucosal membrane potential (psi m) over 2 to 3 hr. In contrast, SITS had no effect on Cl- accumulation and hyperpolarized the mucosal membrane. Replacement of serosal Na+ with choline eliminated Cl- accumulation while replacement of mucosal Na+ had no effect. In conclusion by two independent methods active electrogenic Cl- absorption depends on serosal rather than mucosal Na+. It is concluded that Cl- enters the cell via a primary (rheogenic) transport mechanism. At the serosal membrane the Na+ gradient most likely energizes H+ export and regulates mucosal Cl- accumulation perhaps by influencing cell pH or HCO-3 concentration. PMID- 6726791 TI - Slow potential changes in mammalian muscle fibers during prolonged hyperpolarization: transport number effects and chloride depletion. AB - Mammalian skeletal muscle fibers exhibit large slow changes in membrane potential when hyperpolarized in standard chloride solutions. These large slow potential changes are radically reduced in low chloride solutions, where the faster and smaller potential change ("creep"), usually observed in amphibian fibers, becomes apparent. The slow potential change during a hyperpolarizing current pulse leads to an increase in apparent resistance of up to nine times the instantaneous value and takes minutes to reach a steady value. It then takes a similar time to decay very slowly back to the resting membrane potential after the current pulse. The halftime for the slow potential change was found to be inversely proportional to the current magnitude. From measurements of immediate post-pulse membrane potentials, assuming constant ionic permeabilities, the internal chloride concentration was calculated to decrease exponentially towards a steady value (e.g., for one fiber from 12.3 to 6.6 mM after a 330-sec pulse). The time course and magnitude of the concentration change were predicted from chloride transport number differences, and the known and measured properties of the fibers, and were found to agree very well with the values obtained from experimental measurements. In addition, the shapes of the V2-V1 responses, measured in the three-electrode current clamp set-up with either potassium chloride or potassium citrate current electrodes, were as predicted by transport number chloride depletion effects and were at variance with the predictions of a permeability change mechanism. PMID- 6726794 TI - Endoscopic sclerotherapy of esophageal varices. PMID- 6726792 TI - Influence of surface charge and transmembrane potential on rubidium-86 efflux of human red blood cells. AB - The dependence of the rate constant of Rb+ efflux on extracellular cation concentration was measured. At low ionic strengths Rb+ efflux increased strongly. Permeability coefficients were calculated from the rate constants measured, using the Goldman flux equation, with and without making allowance for surface potentials. Only when allowance was made for surface potentials and the associated differences between ion concentrations in the bulk solutions and at the membrane surface, the permeability coefficient remained constant. Best agreement between experimental data and theoretically calculated values was obtained when an interior surface potential of -110 mV was assumed. When the surface charge of erythrocytes is reduced by neuraminidase, the rate constants for Rb+ efflux decreased, indicating a significant influence of surface potential. PMID- 6726793 TI - Glucose-dependent respiration in suspensions of rabbit cortical tubules. AB - The effects of glucose on cellular respiration were examined in suspensions of rabbit cortical tubules. When glucose was removed from the bathing fluid, oxygen consumption (QO2) decreased from 18.6 +/- 0.8 to 15.7 +/- 0.5 nmol O2/mg protein X min (P less than 0.01). The transported but nonmetabolized analogue of glucose, alpha-methyl-D-glucoside (alpha MG), was found to support QO2 to the same extent as glucose. These observations were also evident in the presence of butyrate, a readily oxidized substrate of the renal cortex. Additional studies with nystatin and ouabain indicated that glucose-related changes in QO2 were the result of changes in Na, K-ATPase associated respiration. The effect of glucose was localized to the luminal membrane since phlorizin (10(-5) M), a specific inhibitor of luminal glucose-sodium cotransport, also significantly reduced QO2 by 10 +/- 1%. Phlorizin inhibition of QO2 was also evident in the presence of alpha MG but was abolished when glucose was removed from the bathing medium. Finally, measurement of NADH fluorescence showed that addition of glucose (5 mM) to a tubule suspension causes an oxidation of NAD. These data are all consistent with glucose acting to increase respiration by stimulating sodium entry at the luminal membrane (via glucose-sodium cotransport) followed by increased sodium pump activity and its associated increase in mitochondrial respiration. PMID- 6726795 TI - Physical exercise and health: a review study. PMID- 6726796 TI - Radiologic seminar CCXXXVII: diagnostic ultrasound usage in pregnancy--a recent assessment. PMID- 6726797 TI - Helix geometry and hydration in an A-DNA tetramer: IC-C-G-G. AB - The DNA oligomer of sequence IC-C-G-G has been synthesized, and its X-ray crystal structure solved at a resolution of 2.0 A, using anomalous scattering from iodines in phase analysis: 48 cycles of Jack-Levitt restrained least-squares refinement resulted in a residual error of 19.9% over all data, or 16.5% for two sigma data. Two double-helical tetramers stack in the crystal to form a continuous octamer, except for the two missing phosphate connections across the center. The octamer has a mean helix rotation of 33.7 degrees (10.7 base-pairs per turn), rise of 2.87 A, mean inclination angle of base-pairs of 14 degrees, and mean base-pair propeller twist of +16.3 degrees. Local variations in both helix rotation and base plane roll angles, including those across the center of the octamer, are as predicted from base sequence by sum functions sigma 1 and sigma 2. The three known DNA octamers: IC-C-G-G/IC-C-G-G, G-G-T-A-T-A-C-C and G-G C-C-G-G-C-C, make up a graded series in this order, with monotonically changing structural parameters. An exhaustive comparison of torsion angle correlations among the known A helices confirms some structural expectations and reveals some new features. 86 water molecules have been located per double-helical IC-C-G-G tetramer (the asymmetric unit), of which 451/2 per tetramer lie within a first hydrogen-bonded shell of hydration. No ordered water structure is observed comparable to the minor groove spine of hydration in B-DNA. PMID- 6726798 TI - Aplysia oxymyoglobin with an unusual stability property. AB - Native oxymyoglobin was isolated directly from the radular muscle of Aplysia kurodai with complete separation from metmyoglobin on a DEAE-cellulose column. It was examined for its spectral and stability properties. The spectrum of Aplysia MbO2 , which lacks the distal histidine, is very similar to those of mammalian oxymyoglobins , the alpha-peak being higher than the beta-peak and the absorbance ratio being 1.03. Its stability, however, is quite different from those of the mammalian oxymyoglobins , and Aplysia MbO2 is found to be extremely susceptible to autoxidation. Its rate is one-hundred times higher at pH 9.0, and its pH dependence is unusual and much less steep, when compared with sperm whale MbO2 as reference. PMID- 6726799 TI - Crystallization and preliminary X-ray diffraction studies of soybean agglutinin. AB - Soybean agglutinin crystallizes in the monoclinic space group C2 with unit cell dimensions a = 118.6 A, b = 88.9 A, c = 165.9 A, beta = 103.0 degrees and one tetramer of 120,000 Mr per asymmetric unit. The crystals are suitable for high resolution work. PMID- 6726800 TI - Preliminary X-ray studies on an unspecific NAD(P)H dehydrogenase from human erythrocytes. AB - Crystals of a relatively unspecific NAD(P)H dehydrogenase from human erythrocytes suitable for X-ray analysis have been grown. They belong to space group P4(1)2(1)2 or its enantiomorph P4(3)2(1)2 with unit cell dimensions: a = b = 79.3 A and c = 38.1 A. The asymmetric unit contains one molecule of Mr 18,000. PMID- 6726801 TI - Crystal packing and stoichiometry of the fibre protein of adenovirus type 2. AB - Crystals of the fibre protein of adenovirus type 2 have been grown and studied by electron microscopy and X-ray powder diffraction. The molecular packing and density of the crystals suggest that the fibre is dimeric. PMID- 6726802 TI - Structural study of crystalline auromomycin. Preliminary X-ray diffraction study of auromomycin and macromomycin. AB - Auromomycin and macromomycin from the organism Streptomyces macromomyceticus have been crystallized. The X-ray diffraction pattern of crystals of each molecule is consistent with space group P2(1)2(1)2 with cell parameters a = 46.45 A, b = 54.34 A and c = 42.03 A for auromomycin, and a = 46.45 A, b = 54.52 A and c = 41.54 A for macromomycin. Diffraction analysis of auromomycin is in progress. PMID- 6726803 TI - "Splicing" of paramyosin filaments. AB - We have obtained electron micrographs of negatively stained thick filaments from the smooth adductor muscles of the oyster which show in detail the bipolar region of the paramyosin core. The polarity of the filament changes to either side of a line included at only 3 degrees to the filament axis. Along this line the pattern of interactions repeats every 8 X 14.4 nm. A model for the molecular organization is proposed. We conclude that this unusual arrangement occurs in order to maintain the tensile strength of the filament in the same way as the strength of a rope is maintained when joining two ends by a long splice. PMID- 6726804 TI - Multidomain of flagellin. AB - Scanning microcalorimetric and circular dichroism studies of the normal and mutant flagellins of Salmonella suggest that they have a multidomain structure in common. Flagellin polymers (flagella) are depolymerized irreversibly into monomers as the temperature is raised, and the monomers undergo denaturation reversibly when cooled and heated again. The calorimetric enthalpy of this reversible process is twice as large as the van't Hoff enthalpy, suggesting that flagellin monomers contain two co-operative regions that melt independently at the same temperature. In all flagellin specimens examined, the ellipticity at the same temperature. In all flagellin specimens examined, the ellipticity at 222 nm of polymers at room temperature is 1.6 times as large as that of monomers, and the dependence of ellipticity on temperature takes place in the same temperature intervals in which calorimetric effects take place. From these results, we propose that flagellin molecules consist of several domains, two of which are distinctly structured in monomers at room temperature, while the others acquire more regular structures during polymerization. PMID- 6726805 TI - Preliminary crystallographic data for exfoliative toxin B from Staphylococcus aureus. AB - The serotype B of exfoliative toxin, isolated from Staphylococcus aureus, strain TC 142, has been crystallized. The monoclinic crystals belong to space group P21, with a = 55.9 A, b = 107.9 A, c = 42.8 A, and beta = 90.9 degrees. The asymmetric unit contains two molecules of molecular weight 30,000. PMID- 6726807 TI - The crystal structure of human deoxyhaemoglobin at 1.74 A resolution. AB - The structure of human deoxyhaemoglobin was refined at 1.74 A resolution using data collected on film at room temperature from a synchrotron X-ray source. The crystallographic R-factor is 16.0%. The estimated error in atomic positions is 0.1 A overall, 0.14 A for main-chain atoms of internal segments, and 0.05 A for the iron atoms. The effects of intermolecular contacts on the structure were investigated; such contacts cause only highly localized distortions, as judged from the degree of molecular asymmetry that they induce. The geometry of the iron nitrogen complex closely resembles that of the deoxymyoglobin structure of Takano (1977) and of the 5-co-ordinated model compounds of Hoard (1975) and Jameson et al. (1980). The distance of the iron from the mean plane of N(porphyrin) is 0.40(5) A and 0.36(5) A, respectively, at the alpha and beta haems, in contrast to the corresponding distance of +0.12(8) A and -0.11(8) A in oxyhaemoglobin ( Shaanan , 1983); the Fe-N epsilon (F8) bond length is 2.12(4) A and the Fe N(porphyrin) bond length is 2.06(2) A; the last is also in good agreement with extended X-ray fluorescence spectroscopy measurements on deoxyhaemoglobin ( Eisenberger et al., 1978; Perutz et al., 1982). The haems are domed toward the proximal side; the separation between the mean planes of N(porphyrin) and C(porphyrin) being 0.16(6) A and 0.10(6) A, respectively at the alpha and beta haems. At the alpha haems, the normals to the mean pyrrole planes are tilted uniformly toward the haem centre, by about three degrees relative to the haem normal, and there is a folding of about four degrees of the haem about an axis running between the methene carbons that are between the pyrrole rings bearing like-type side-chains. At the beta haems, there is no such folding, and only pyrroles II and IV (those eclipsed by His F8) are appreciably tilted, by about eight degrees. The independence of these parameters from restraints imposed on the model was verified by unrestrained refinement of the entire molecule starting from a structure with modified haem geometry. PMID- 6726806 TI - Electron imaging of crotoxin complex thin crystal at 3.5 A. AB - Crotoxin complex forms thin crystals which are suitable for electron crystallographic analysis. We have used a 100 kV electron microscope equipped with a superconducting lens to image this crystal embedded in glucose. Optical diffraction analysis of the micrographs show unambiguously a structural resolution of 3.9 A which has not been obtained with the conventional microscope at room temperature. A density map with a nominal resolution of 3.5 A has been synthesized from these images by computer processing techniques. PMID- 6726808 TI - Low resolution structure of the influenza C glycoprotein determined by electron microscopy. AB - The influenza C glycoprotein is clearly seen to be a trimer in specimens prepared with uranyl stains. Three-dimensional reconstructions from naturally occurring hexagonal arrays show that at low resolution (approximately 30 A) the influenza C glycoprotein exhibits similar features to the haemagglutinin glycoprotein of influenza A. Both have a triangular stalk near the membrane. Further from the membrane, the stalk becomes broader and the monomers more separated, leaving an open centre. The molecule narrows at the top. The regions of greatest contact between adjacent trimers in the arrays are situated nearer the distal end of the molecule. These contact zones can be related to equivalent zones on the influenza A haemagglutinin. Differences between the structure of the influenza A haemagglutinin glycoprotein determined by X-ray analysis and reconstructions of the influenza C glycoprotein are greatest at either end of the molecule, where the reconstructions are least reliable. Ordered glycoprotein arrays have not been observed on influenza C virions incubated at low pH. The staining patterns of glycoproteins on intact virions are essentially determined by the pH at which the virus is incubated, and the stain type, but not the pH of the stain. PMID- 6726809 TI - Thermodynamic stability and point mutations of bacteriophage T4 lysozyme. AB - The thermodynamics of melting of bacteriophage T4 lysozyme and four of its mutants have been measured by van't Hoff methods. The effect of pH has been explored and utilized to obtain the dependence of the enthalpy on temperature as suggested by Privalov and co-workers. The enthalpy change is a steep linear function of temperature. delta Cp is large and constant within experimental error. Changes in delta Hu are as large as 30% for a single point mutation. Changes in enthalpy are largely compensated by changes in entropy. Changes in stability, as measured by the free energy of unfolding, are smaller than those of delta H, but are very large in a relative sense, since delta G is very much smaller than delta H. Origins of the destabilization caused by mutations are discussed. PMID- 6726810 TI - Visualization and exact molecular weight determination of a Rhizobium meliloti megaplasmid. AB - The entire DNA of Rhizobium meliloti MVII /1 cells was isolated preparatively by gentle lysis and sucrose gradient centrifugation. Fractions of the sucrose gradient were investigated by electron microscopy. We found intact megaplasmids in supercoiled and relaxed form and total chromosomes. The length of the megaplasmid could be measured, which allowed an exact determination of the molecular weight. We found a length of 0.48 +/- 0.019 mm equivalent to a molecular weight of about 1000 X 10(6). PMID- 6726811 TI - Preliminary X-ray investigation of enzyme substrate complexes of horse muscle phosphoglycerate kinase. AB - Crystals of horse muscle 3-phosphoglycerate kinase have been grown in the presence of a wide variety of substrates using either potassium tartrate or polyethylene glycol as a precipitant. In those grown from polyethylene glycol, two related crystal forms have been obtained by varying the nature of the substrates present in the crystallization medium. In order to obtain one of these forms, form B, the presence of the substrate 3-phosphoglycerate appears to be essential. The two crystal forms are not interconvertible by simple diffusion experiments and the crystals grown in the absence of 3-phosphoglycerate are destroyed by its addition. The properties of crystal form B would be consistent with it representing a "hinge closed" form for this enzyme. PMID- 6726812 TI - X-ray diffraction studies on cation-collapsed DNA. AB - The polyamines spermidine, spermine and putrescine are now known to induce tertiary collapse of DNA. In this collapsed state DNA assumes a compact toroidal conformation. However, the structural details of DNA in these compact particles and the forces that stabilize the collapsed state are not clear. We show here that the structural arrangement of DNA in this tertiary conformation is determined by the chemical structure of the agent used to collapse. We have used aliphatic triamines (NH+3--(CH2)3--NH+2--(CH2)n--NH+3 with n = 3, 4, 5 and 8) and diamines (NH+3--(CH2)x--NH+3 with x = 2, 3, 4 and 6) to collapse DNA. We find that the Bragg spacing and the calculated interhelical spacing for a hexagonal packing model vary systematically with the length of the methylene bridge. We also find that the ionic strength of the solution has no effect on the Bragg spacing. This observation suggests that the arrangement of DNA strands in the complexes is determined by the structure of the polycation, and argues against suggestions that the structure of the collapsed state is maintained by the balance of long-range electrostatic repulsive and attractive forces. Instead we propose that DNA helices form a hexagonal array with counterions in the interstices between the helices resulting in a stable three-dimensional phase with high structural order. Arguments are presented favoring such a model in terms of stabilizing and destabilizing thermodynamic forces. PMID- 6726813 TI - Three-dimensional reconstruction of tubulin in zinc-induced sheets. II. Consequences of removal of microtubule associated proteins. AB - The three-dimensional structure of zinc-induced tubulin sheets freed of microtubule associated proteins has been determined to 20 A resolution by electron microscopy and image reconstruction. The determination was carried out with porcine brain tubulin separated from microtubule associated proteins by phosphocellulose chromatography. Negatively stained samples were tilted using the goniometer stage of the electron microscope to provide images of the tubulin sheets ranging in tilt from -60 degrees to +60 degrees. The micrographs were digitized and subjected to a cross-correlation analysis to compensate for smooth curvature of the lattice in the sheets. For each angle of tilt, an average unit cell was obtained from the cross-correlation analysis and subsequently a Fourier transform was computed for inclusion in the three-dimensional Fourier data set. The transforms of 47 tilted images plus the average of five untilted sheets were combined and an inverse Fourier transform was applied to give a three-dimensional reconstruction of the microtubule associated protein-free tubulin sheets. Comparison of the protofilament structure in these sheets with the previously published protofilament structure of zinc-induced tubulin sheets containing microtubule associated proteins reveals a number of consequences of the removal of microtubule associated proteins. (1) The extensive internal contact along the protofilament observed in microtubule associated protein-containing tubulin sheets is maintained in microtubule associated protein-free tubulin sheets. (2) In projection, the protofilaments in microtubule associated protein-free tubulin sheets are 2 X 2 A closer together than in microtubule associated protein-tubulin sheets. (3) The deviations of adjacent protofilaments from the plane of the sheets when viewed end-on are more pronounced in the absence of microtubule associated proteins. Differences are also observed at the level of individual tubulin subunits. In particular, the distinct cleft which was found in one class of subunits in tubulin sheets with microtubule associated proteins is absent in the microtubule associated protein-free tubulin sheets. The loss of this cleft and some changes in the shape of the tubulin subunits upon removal of microtubule associated proteins suggest a possible site for the interaction of tubulin with microtubule associated proteins. PMID- 6726815 TI - Short oligodeoxynucleotides with d(G-C)n sequence do not assume left-handed conformation in high salt conditions. AB - d(G-C)n oligodeoxynucleotides (with n varying from 3 to 7) were studied by the circular dichroism technique in 5 M-NaCl. Contrary to what was previously found with the d(C-G)n series in the same solvent, the left-handed double-stranded Z conformation appears less stable than the B-form for low n values. The influence of base sequence on the relative stability of B- and Z-conformations for the two series is discussed. PMID- 6726814 TI - Mechanism and dynamics of conformational ordering in xanthan polysaccharide. AB - The thermally induced order-disorder transition of xanthan (extracellular bacterial polysaccharide from Xanthomonas campestris) has been investigated by optical rotation, differential scanning calorimetry, stopped-flow reaction kinetics and low-angle laser light scattering, and the results have been analysed in terms of Zimm -Bragg helix-coil transition theory. The reciprocal of the transition midpoint temperature (Tm) varies linearly with the logarithm of cation (K+) the salt dependence of Tm, is in agreement with Manning polyelectrolyte theory the ordered structure. The associated increase in cation binding, calculated from the salt dependence of tm, is in agreement with the Manning polyelectrolyte theory for one of the candidate structures from X-ray diffraction, a 5(1) single helix stabilized by packing of side-chains along the polymer backbone, but not for the alternative double-helix structure that has also been proposed. At each salt concentration, the two fundamental parameters of the Zimm -Bragg theory, s and sigma, were calculated. The equilibrium constant for growth of the ordered structure (s) is derived directly from calorimetric measurement of transition enthalpy (delta Hcal ), and sigma, which quantifies the relative instability of the helix nucleus, is derived from the ratio of delta Hcal to the apparent transition enthalpy (delta Happ ) obtained by van't Hoff analysis of the optical rotation data. The temperature course of conformational ordering calculated theoretically is in good quantitative agreement with experimental results from both optical rotation and scanning calorimetry. The calculated average length of stable, ordered chain-sequences increases with decreasing temperature, but equals or exceeds the total chain length from light scattering only at temperatures more than approximately equal to 70 K below Tm, suggesting that ordered and disordered regions may co-exist within the same xanthan molecule. Consistent with this interpretation, the observed rate of conformational ordering increases sharply under conditions where the starting solution for dynamic measurements is partially ordered, suggesting that ordered sequences within each chain may act as helix nuclei for adjacent disordered regions, so that helix growth, rather than the slower nucleation process, becomes rate limiting. PMID- 6726816 TI - Homonyms, synonyms and mutations of the sequence/structure vocabulary. AB - Calladine (1982) proposed that steric repulsion between adjacent purines on opposite helix backbones accounts for the local variation seen in four helical parameters. By defining simple sum functions based on Calladine 's proposal, Dickerson (1983) has taken what he terms "the first step in establishing a sequence/structure vocabulary". In this letter we analyze the implications of the Calladine - Dickerson model with regard to " homonyms ", "synonyms" and mutations. Specifically, we (1) show that because of the number of adjacent helical positions affected by one transversion, two purine-pyrimidine sequences may be similar at the sequence level yet be very different structurally ( homonyms ); (2) list all sequences which, though different at the sequence level, share adjacent structural parameter values (synonyms); and (3) use two simple statistical measures to show that transversion mutations occurring between a purine and a pyrimidine (5'----3' on the same strand) are in general less disruptive of local helical structure than transversions occurring between a pyrimidine and purine. On the assumption that they are not inconsistent with experimental findings, we discuss the significance of these implications. PMID- 6726818 TI - Comparative study of the forelimbs of the semifossorial prairie dog, Cynomys gunnisoni, and the scansorial fox squirrel, Sciurus niger. AB - A comparative study of the forelimbs of the semifossorial prairie dog, Cynomys gunnisoni , and the scansorial tree squirrel, Sciurus niger, was focused on the musculoskeletal design for digging in the former and climbing in the latter. Based on lever arm mechanics, it was expected that the forelimb of the prairie dog would show features appropriate to the production of relatively large forces and that of the fox squirrel to relatively great velocity. Force and lever arm measurements were made of select forelimb muscles at the shoulder, elbow, and wrist joints for a series of angles in both species. Contraction time and fatigue indexes were determined for the same forelimb muscles. Contrary to expectation, in the few cases in which significant (P less than .05) differences were found, the forces, lever arms, and torques (force times its lever arm) were greater in the smaller fox squirrel. The observed variation in the torques produced fits the demands on the forelimb during climbing and digging as estimated from films. Several forelimb muscles of the fox squirrel show significantly higher mean contraction times than do the homologous muscles of the prairie dog. There were no significant differences between the two species in the fatigability of the selected forelimb muscles, although the mean fatigue index was always higher (less fatigable muscle) in the prairie dog. Similarities in the forelimbs of these two sciurids suggest that only minor modifications may have been required of the ancestral forelimb in order for descendent forms to operate successfully as climbers and diggers . PMID- 6726817 TI - Intercellular bridges in ovaries of the newborn gerbil. AB - This study describes intercellular bridges in the ovaries of neonatal gerbils. Electron microscopy has revealed the presence of true intercellular bridges, connecting oogonia or oocytes, in ovaries of newborn gerbils. The cytoplasm of the intercellular channels is similar to that of the connected cells, with mitochondria, smooth and rough endoplasmic reticulum, and free ribosomes present. Lysosomes are also occasionally present in the intercellular bridges and they may be involved in early waves of oocyte atresia. An electron-dense substance, 350 500 A thick, is located immediately beneath the unit membrane of the intercellular bridges. Accumulation of electron-dense material increases the thickness of the walls of the intercellular bridges, supporting and maintaining the patency of the channels. It is suggested that the intercellular channels probably allow the interchange of nutrients, organelles, and possibly regulatory materials as well. PMID- 6726819 TI - Glutamic dehydrogenase from rat heart mitochondria. I. Purification and physical properties including molecular weight determination. AB - Glutamic dehydrogenase extracted with tris buffer from fresh freeze-thawed rat heart mitochondria was purified by ammonium sulphate fractionation, affinity chromatography on GTP agarose, hydroxyapatite chromatography and concentration using a molecular sieve. The final specific activity is 80 units/mg protein. Thin gel SDS electrophoresis of the purified enzyme preparation after reduction with dithiothreitol shows a major band with a molecular weight of 38 000 Daltons. Two minor bands are also present. Sucrose density gradient centrifugation reveals a molecular weight of 230 000 Daltons for unreduced mitochondrial GDH activity. By gel filtration rat heart mitochondrial glutamic dehydrogenase has a major peak at 230 000 Daltons, a minor peak at 300 000 Daltons and some larger molecular weight species. Rat liver mitochondrial glutamic dehydrogenase has a minor peak at 230 000, a major peak at 300 000 and some larger molecular weight species. The rat liver mitochondrial glutamic dehydrogenase predominance at 300 000 is unchanged by incubation, extraction and purification with rat heart mitochondria. The purified GDH is stable frozen at -10 degrees C in tris-HCl buffer with EDTA. It loses activity at 4 degrees C especially when stored in 0.2 M phosphate buffer. It also loses activity when dialyzed for 24 h. This loss of activity is not completely prevented by adding nucleotides to the buffer (AMP or ADP) but is decreased by their presence. PMID- 6726820 TI - Glutamic dehydrogenase from rat heart mitochondria. II. Kinetic characteristics. AB - Glutamic dehydrogenase purified from rat heart mitochondria has been characterized with regard to its substrate kinetics and the influence of nucleotides and potassium phosphate on its kinetic properties. The enzyme had characteristics similar to liver mitochondrial glutamic dehydrogenase. These included several double reciprocal plots which were biphasic, indicating homotropic interaction; inhibition by GTP, which was overcome by ADP and phosphate; and activity with both NAD(H) and NADP(H). There were a number of significant differences however, in the specific kinetic properties of heart mitochondrial glutamic dehydrogenase. The Vmax of reductive amination was four fold greater with NADH than with NADPH. The maximum rate of oxidative deamination was ten-fold greater with NAD compared to NADP. The differences also included: saturating levels of NADH and NADPH were stimulatory rather than inhibitory; ammonia was stimulatory at millimolar levels; NADP and alpha-ketoglutarate were both inhibitory at saturating levels; and ADP increased reductive amination 30% at lower levels of NADH but inhibited at higher (stimulatory) levels of NADH. PMID- 6726821 TI - Regional distribution of action potential abnormalities induced by subacute right ventricular pressure overload. AB - Right ventricular pressure overload of 3 days' duration was established in cats by banding of the pulmonary artery. To characterize the regional distribution of the resulting electrophysiologic changes, the right ventricular free wall, adjacent pulmonary outflow tract and septum were mounted in tissue bath and examined by conventional microelectrode techniques. Abnormal action potentials, identified by a negative shift of the voltage level of phase 2 with a corresponding accentuation of phase 1, were recorded from sites contiguous to the tricuspid valve and pulmonary outflow tract and in limited adjacent areas. No abnormal action potentials were recorded on the septal surface, apical end of the free wall, or at any right ventricular location in normal or sham-operated cats. Abnormal potentials could be recorded from sites sampled 5 cell layers deep in the endocardium. The number and extent of distribution of cells demonstrating altered action potentials correlated best with increased right ventricular wet weight at time of sacrifice. Abnormal cells responded to epinephrine or elevated extracellular calcium by a shift in plateau voltage towards zero and by an increase in action potential duration prior to usual plateau shortening. Responsiveness of these cells to agents which influence slow inward current suggests pressure overload-induced changes in the cell membrane that limit or otherwise affect availability of calcium. Regional distribution of plateau potential abnormalities may reflect differential physical stress within the myocardium provoked by sudden pressure overload. PMID- 6726822 TI - An inhibitory effect of verapamil and diltiazem on the release of noradrenaline from ischaemic and reperfused hearts. AB - We have investigated whether Ca2+ antagonists reduce the amount of noradrenaline lost from the myocardium during periods of ischaemia and reperfusion. Hearts obtained from adult, male normotensive Sprague Dawley, Wistar Kyoto and spontaneously hypertensive rats were perfused in the Langendorff mode at 37 degrees C before being made globally ischaemic for either 15, 30 or 60 min. Some of the hearts were reperfused, and in some ECG records were made. 90-min normothermic aerobic perfusion failed to cause a significant change in left ventricular noradrenaline content. In Sprague Dawley and spontaneously hypertensive, but not Wistar Kyoto rats, 15 min ischaemia followed by 1 min reperfusion caused a significant (P less than 0.05) loss of noradrenaline. Extending the ischemic episode to 60 min resulted in a further loss of noradrenaline (P less than 0.005) in the Sprague Dawley, Wistar Kyoto and spontaneously hypertensive hearts and this loss was exacerbated upon reperfusion. Neither dl verapamil (2.5 X 10(-8) to 1.2 X 10(-6) mol/l) nor diltiazem (0.25 to 1.25 X 10(-6) mol/l) caused any change in the noradrenaline content of the aerobically perfused hearts. (1.25 X 10(-1) to 1.2 X 10(-1) mol/l) verapamil abolished the release of noradrenaline caused by 15 min ischaemia and reduced the release caused by 60 min ischaemia and 15 min reperfusion. The dose-response curve for verapamil was bell-shaped and the activity resided in the l form. Diltiazem (1.25 X 10(-6) mol/l but not 2.5 X 10(-1) mol/l) also abolished the loss of noradrenaline caused by short periods of ischaemia and reperfusion. PMID- 6726823 TI - Inhibition of hypoxic myocardial contracture by Cobalt in the rat. AB - We studied the relationship between the slow inward current, tissue ATP content, and the development of hypoxic myocardial contracture in the rat. Resting tension and active isometric tension were measured using isolated left ventricular papillary muscle preparations. Action potentials and membrane currents were studied using a single sucrose gap voltage clamp technique. The slow inward current (isi) was partially inhibited by verapamil and completely inhibited by cobalt but was not reduced by ryanodine. Active tension was reduced by all three drugs. Non-stimulation, verapamil, and ryanodine did not prevent contracture development with hypoxia, but contracture was markedly reduced by pre-treatment with cobalt. Despite contrasting effects on contracture, both non-stimulation and cobalt partially prevented ATP depletion with hypoxia, suggesting that contracture is not directly related to total muscle ATP content. Cobalt appears to block hypoxic contracture via a mechanism other than simple blockade of isi, inhibition of contraction, or preservation of tissue ATP content. PMID- 6726824 TI - Isolation, characterization and adhesion of calcium-tolerant myocytes from the adult rat heart. AB - High yields of Ca2+ - stable myocytes were obtained by perfusion of adult rat heart with a buffered collagenase medium followed by mincing and three additional digestion periods. Release of lactate dehydrogenase, respiratory control, content of ATP and creatine phosphate, electrical stimulation and attachment to extracellular matrix components indicated that the sarcolemma of the isolated myocytes remained intact and that the cells maintained some of the most basic physiological functions. The myocytes maintained their rod-shape in a medium containing 2.5 mM of Ca2+ and their release of LDH was slow. Some of the myocytes were contracting spontaneously, at a low rate, in an abrupt end-to-end contraction. Other cells appeared quiescent but they were all able to respond to external electrical stimulus. The oxygen consumption was measured by a perifusion method. In different preparations the basal consumption was 14-26 nmol O2/min X 10(5) rod-shaped myocytes. Freshly isolated rod-shaped heart cells attached in 30 minutes to dishes coated with collagen type IV, laminin or fibronectin but did not attach to dishes coated with collagen type I or III or to collagen gels. Attachment occurred at the ends of the cells. PMID- 6726825 TI - Diltiazem administered before or during myocardial ischemia decreases adenine nucleotide catabolism. AB - Calcium antagonists potentially prevent ATP breakdown, but literature data on this subject are conflicting. We studied the effect of diltiazem on ATP catabolism in rat heart, perfused according to Langendorff. Administration of the drug took place either before or during ischemia, induced by lowering the perfusion pressure. The reduction in flow without diltiazem was 85%. We observed a significantly (P less than 0.001) lower production of purine nucleosides and oxypurines by the ischemic heart, when we gave diltiazem in a dose range of 1 to 100 microM before ischemia. The highest drug concentration reduced purine release by 85%. Due to ischemia, myocardial adenine nucleotide content decreased by 40% (P less than 0.001); this was partially prevented by 5 microM diltiazem (P = 0.4 v. untreated hearts). The drug also effectively reduced purine release, when applied five minutes after the induction of ischemia, but higher concentrations were needed. PMID- 6726828 TI - Campaign against tuberculosis in primary school children in Bendel State, Nigeria (1975 to 1977). PMID- 6726826 TI - Early enzyme release from myocardial cells is not due to irreversible cell damage. AB - It is often assumed that the release of enzymes from oxygen deficient heart tissue is due to the irreversible damage of myocardial cells. However, because of diffusion barriers and inhomogeneity of oxygen-deficient tissue this hypothesis cannot be proven in heart tissue. The question whether enzyme release may already occur during reversible injury is of considerable relevance in clinical medicine: first, because the amount of released enzyme activity has been used to estimate the mass of damaged tissue in cardiac infarction and, second, because the stress of some diagnostic interventions may lead to cardiac enzyme release, which according to the irreversibility hypothesis would indicate the death of cells in a cell constant organ. PMID- 6726827 TI - Some hematological findings in children of Western Samoa. PMID- 6726829 TI - Mental retardation. PMID- 6726830 TI - The village midwives of the Sudan: an enquiry into the availability and quality of maternity care. PMID- 6726831 TI - Height and weight standards for school children in Tahiti. PMID- 6726833 TI - Blinding malnutrition. PMID- 6726832 TI - Feeding the fetus in the tropics: rest is best. PMID- 6726834 TI - The prevalence of poliomyelitis in rural school children in South India. PMID- 6726835 TI - Serum protein pattern in Nigerian neonates. PMID- 6726836 TI - Perinatal problems in rural Thailand. PMID- 6726837 TI - Influence of dietary supplementation during pregnancy on lactation performance. PMID- 6726838 TI - The role of oral rehydration in management of acute diarrhoea in children. PMID- 6726839 TI - Traditional medical practices in some Somali communities. PMID- 6726840 TI - Longitudinal study of plasma vitamin E levels in entirely breast-fed and partially breast-fed Brazilian infants during the first three months of life. PMID- 6726841 TI - A comparison of anthropometric methods for assessing nutritional status of preschool children: the Philippines study. PMID- 6726842 TI - Hair-bearing flaps in head and neck reconstructive surgery. AB - Pedicled flaps of scalp are invaluable for reconstructing other hair-bearing regions about the head and neck. The flap is based on the posterior branch of the superficial temporal artery whose course is mapped out pre-operatively with Doppler. The flap is carefully measured and transferred, delayed after two weeks, and set in at three weeks. Complications were minimal in the authors' series of 22 cases. PMID- 6726843 TI - Primary actinomycosis of the thyroid mimicking carcinoma. AB - Primary actinomycosis of the thyroid was diagnosed in a 59 year old farmer who presented with a hard, non-tender, thyroid nodule. The difficulties encountered in the diagnosis of actinomycetal infections, its pathogenesis, and treatment are discussed. PMID- 6726844 TI - Superior laryngeal nerve stimulation effects on respiratory movements of the vocal cords. AB - An animal model was designed to reproduce conflicting effects of the superior laryngeal nerve (SLN) irritation and hypoventilation found in a clinical situation produced by an upper airway foreign body. The effects of continuous stimulation of the SLN on changes in glottic pressure were studied under conditions of a) normoxia and normokapnia , b) hypoxia and hyperkapnia , and c) normoxia and hyperkapnia . Recorded fluctuations of glottic pressure were found to correspond closely to activity of the muscles of respiration. Condition of combined hypoxia and hyperkapnia seemed to protect animals from disruption of breathing caused by the SLN stimulation, while hyperkapnia itself did not influence significantly inhibitory effects of the SLN stimulation. It has been observed that irritation of the SLN may produce reflex swallowing. In certain animals single shocks delivered to SLN in expiratory phase induced additional breaths. The authors emphasize the importance of the larynx as a receptor organ and a trigger zone for a number of clinically important reflexes. PMID- 6726845 TI - Nasotracheal intubation--a modality in the management of acute epiglottitis in adults. AB - Acute epiglottitis in adults is usually treated by close observation or tracheostomy. In the last decade, this therapeutic attitude has been challenged by the impressive results obtained by nasotracheal intubation in the treatment of pediatric cases. Many authors have suggested the use of nasotracheal intubation in adults as well as in children: it would be a natural complement to close observation when airway shunting becomes advisable thus rendering tracheostomy unnecessary. Three conditions have to be met before safe nasotracheal intubation can be considered: interested anesthesiological service, supportive otolaryngological assistance, and dependable nursing care. The case of a young woman treated by close observation proceeding to nasotracheal intubation, as the sole way to secure the airway is presented. PMID- 6726846 TI - Pigmented villonodular synovitis of the temporomandibular joint. AB - Pigmented villonodular synovitis ( PVNS ) is a benign disease of unknown etiology arising from the synovial membranes of joints, bursae, and tendon sheaths. Though histologically benign, it is a very aggressive lesion, capable of bone destruction and widespread infiltration of surrounding tissues. It is a rare disease, usually confined to large joints, particularly the knee. Its propensity for recurrence is emphasized in this report. Involvement of the temporomandibular joint (TMJ) is unusual. It most commonly presents in the TMJ region as a left pre auricular mass. Symptoms of TMJ dysfunction are usually present, but may be subtle. These may consist of painful mastication, clicking, trismus, malocclusion, and deep pain in the TMJ. Radiological evidence of bone destruction is frequently present, and together with the pre-auricular mass, should suggest the diagnosis. Surgical excision is the preferred mode of treatment. While cosmesis is a consideration, radical excision, including involved bone, is mandatory to prevent recurrence. The effect of radiotherapy on this disease in the head and neck region is documented. PMID- 6726847 TI - Warfarin embryopathy--a case report. AB - This is a case report of an infant born with nasal hypoplasia, stippling of epiphyses, and toe deformities. This embryopathy is due to maternal ingestion of Warfarin during pregnancy. Other defects including ophthalmologic and neurologic abnormalities also occur, but the nasal malformation is the only constant clinical feature. PMID- 6726848 TI - Tissue culture of migratory skin of the external ear and cholesteatoma: a new research tool. AB - There has been considerable research interest in cholesteatoma in recent years but an understanding of the pathology has been handicapped by the lack of a suitable research model. Animal experiments are unsatisfactory as they may not fully represent the human pathology. In 1975 Rheinwald and Green devised a method of growing skin in tissue culture, using a feeder layer of lethally irradiated fetal mouse fibroblasts. This technique has been adapted for use with otological surgical specimens so that a comparison can be made between skin colonies derived from cholesteatoma matrix, migratory epithelium of the external ear, and normal skin from an extraconchal incision, as well as foreskin from neonatal circumcision as a control. The colonies so produced are then available for study by phase contrast microscopy, conventional light microscopy, and scanning and transmission electron microscopy. Differences in behavior and morphology between the various colonies grown in tissue culture have been demonstrated. PMID- 6726849 TI - Results of endolymphatic sac surgery for Meniere's disease. AB - From 1976 to 1982, 72 patients with Meniere's disease had endolymphatic sac surgery. Sixty of the 72 were reviewed after a mean period of 33 months from operation; in these, sac surgery (regardless of type) provided abolition or improvement of vertigo in 75%, and 70% of these had hearing improvement or stabilization. Twelve had failure of vertigo control and required either labyrinthectomy or vestibular neurectomy, usually within one year of the first operation. In a smaller subgroup followed for a mean period of 51 months, vertigo control was achieved in 60% and hearing maintenance in 40%. Our data indicate that sac surgery provides good control of vertigo and maintenance of hearing for a period up to about three years, with a significant decline in benefit at about four or five years after operation. PMID- 6726850 TI - Surgical opening of the endolymphatic sac in Meniere's disease--our experience from 1962-80. AB - Ten per cent of patients referred to the authors' clinic for vertigo prove to have Meniere's disease, and 93% of these are managed conservatively, leaving less than 1% of the entire population of vertigo patients to undergo an operation for Meniere's disease. Incision of the endolymphatic sac without any shunt is the operation performed by the authors. Results are given for a total of 157 patients and also in a smaller group of 101, all having a follow-up of greater than three years. Vertigo was eliminated or diminished in 78% during the first 12 months after surgery in the former group, and in 67% in the latter group. The procedure was safe and appears effective for intractable vertigo due to Meniere's disease. PMID- 6726851 TI - Effect of reduced atmospheric pressure on patients with fluctuating hearing loss due to Meniere's disease. AB - Subjective symptomatic and objective audiologic effects of reduced atmospheric pressure on patients with confirmed fluctuating hearing loss due to Meniere's disease were statistically assessed on a prospective basis. The effect of hypobaric environments on absolute hearing thresholds was investigated in 10 normal subjects at 6,500 ft. Absolute hearing threshold levels obtained at altitude, after one hour altitude exposure, and on descent to normobaric conditions were compared with levels obtained prior to the hypobaric exposure. The results indicated slightly increasing sensitivity of the audiometer headphones with altitude and an insignificant difference in hearing threshold when comparing the differing experimental conditions. The Meniere's disease study group of 16 patients was followed symptomatically and audiologically for one year prehypobaric exposure and for one month post-treatment. The results in this group utilizing the same experimental protocol as with normal subjects indicated a mild deterioration of hearing in the lower frequencies (1,000, 2,000 Hz and calculating the Meniere's pure tone average) despite significant improvements in the vertigo and disability components of their disease. PMID- 6726852 TI - The tuning fork--an essential instrument in otologic practice. AB - Two groups of people are critical of the tuning fork--those who have never used them and those who do not know how to use them. The tuning fork correctly used is still a dependable method of diagnosing conductive hearing loss and invaluable in the diagnosis of unilateral total sensorineural hearing loss. The degree of conductive loss can be estimated by using tuning forks of 256 through 1024 frequency. These statements are based on the results of this study in which tuning fork tests were performed on a series of patients who subsequently underwent complete otologic examination and audiometry. The method of tuning fork use, the value particularly in the diagnosis of conductive hearing loss, and the tuning fork's limitations are discussed. PMID- 6726853 TI - Dichotic alignment, phonetic, and language variables as predictors of SSW performance. AB - Itemized error scores on the SSW test were acquired for 134 adults in six clinical groups. Using regression analysis, predictors of SSW performance by each group were sought from among variables descriptive of the SSW spondaic words on the EC tape. These included 13 alignment variables, 14 phonetic variables, and 10 speech-language variables. Results showed that for normal subjects, asynchronous dichotic onsets reduced errors significantly. Retrocochlear subjects were sensitive to dichotic phonetics . Cochlear subjects and those with Heschl 's gyrus lesions were both affected by word familiarity variables. Those with cortical lesions sparing Heschl 's gyrus were affected by dichotic alignment. None of the 37 predictor variables was related to SSW performance by adult mentally retarded subjects. PMID- 6726854 TI - Lymphangioma in children. AB - The topic of lymphangioma is reviewed. Included in the text are the embryology, classification, clinical presentation, and treatment. Eight case reports are included. One case involved the skin, two presented with a submandibular mass, one had both a facial lymphangioma and a cystic hygroma of the floor of the mouth, and there are two cases of involvement of the tongue, and two cases of classical cystic hygroma of the neck. The rate of involution is probably higher than previously thought. Indications for surgery are suggested. This diagnosis must be considered in the differential diagnosis of a mass presenting in the head and neck of a child. PMID- 6726855 TI - Case of the month. Emphysematous cholecystitis. PMID- 6726856 TI - Abdominal circumference vs abdominal area--which is better? AB - The efficacies of ultrasonic abdominal circumference (AC) and abdominal area (AA) measurements in the evaluation of intrauterine fetal growth were compared. The intraobserver random and technical errors were found to be significantly higher with AA measurements. The correlation with intrauterine fetal weight was observed to be better with AC as compared with AA measurements, the fetal weights being expressed as either linear regressions or multiple regressions involving the two parameters. Between 32 and 38 weeks, a single AC measurement detects 74 per cent of small-for-date fetuses, while a single AA measurement detects only 58 per cent of such fetuses. The false-positive rates were similar for the two parameters. It is concluded that AA measurements are no more useful than AC measurements in the routine assessment of intrauterine fetal growth. PMID- 6726857 TI - Ultrasonography in crossed renal ectopia. AB - Five cases of crossed renal ectopia, three fused and two unfused, which were identified sonographically are presented. Bowel occupying the contralateral renal fossa can mimic mass or kidney and lead to confusion. A crossed-fused kidney can mimic a single kidney with a duplicated system or a kidney with a renal mass. A characteristic anterior and/or posterior notch provides a major clue to the correct diagnosis. In addition, correlation with plain radiographs and/or barium studies demonstrating bowel in the contralateral renal fossa, as well as real time examination demonstrating peristalsis, should aid in the correct diagnosis. PMID- 6726858 TI - Vascular anatomy of the fetus. AB - Real-time ultrasonography is utilized in this study to demonstrate most of the large vessels in fetuses from 22 weeks on. Images of the aorta, the coronary ostium, the vessels of the aortic arch, the carotids, the ductus arteriosus, the superior mesenteric artery, the celiac axis, the common iliac artery, the external iliac artery, and the femoral artery are demonstrated. Additionally, images of the subclavian vein, the superior mesenteric veins, the splenic vein, the portal vein, the hepatic veins, the ductus venosus, the renal veins, the iliac veins, and the inferior vena cava, as well as the pulmonary artery and veins and the azygos vein, are presented. PMID- 6726859 TI - Ultrasonic detection of calcification in gallstones: "the reverberation shadow". AB - Observation of reverberations within a gallstone shadow (the "reverberation shadow") resulted in this study. Reverberation shadow was seen in sonograms of 27 patients with gallstones and three patients with milk of calcium bile. Calcification within gallstones was demonstrated by radiography or computed tomography in 22 of the 27 patients with gallstones, associated with the reverberation shadow. Whether the remaining five patients had calcified gallstones remains unknown. This study suggests that the reverberation shadow produced by gallstones indicates the presence of calcification within the gallstones. PMID- 6726860 TI - Examination of the infant hip with real-time ultrasonography. AB - Examination of the infant hip with a real-time sector scanner permits accurate and reliable determination of the anatomic structures and relationships of the hip joint. A technique using two transducer orientations has been found most effective. In 100 hip examinations, the method failed to differentiate an abnormal hip in only one instance. PMID- 6726862 TI - Sonographic diagnosis of cephalothoracopagus in a triplet pregnancy. PMID- 6726861 TI - Methods for dating pregnancy. PMID- 6726863 TI - Ultrasound diagnosis of purulent ventriculitis. PMID- 6726864 TI - Ultrasonic and computed tomographic features of mucocele of the appendix. AB - The ultrasonic features in three cases and computed tomographic (CT) findings in one case of mucocele of the appendix are presented. This entity appeared cystic on sonography and may have high-intensity echoes within it. The wall was not thickened and did not contain calcification, unlike previous descriptions. On CT, the mass was of soft tissue density, while previously, it had been described as cystic. Although mucocele of the appendix has a more variable appearance on sonography and CT than previously reported, a correct preoperative diagnosis can be made in most cases. Barium enema examination or calcification in the wall or in the mass itself may be necessary to distinguish this entity from lymphoma if the lesion is of soft tissue density on CT. PMID- 6726865 TI - Sonography of pelvoabdominal cystic masses in children and adolescents. AB - A series of large pelvoabdominal cystic masses in young females is presented. Ultrasound examination is the procedure of choice for the initial evaluation of these uncommon masses. Ultrasound can characterize internal structure and relationship to contiguous organs and tissues, and the examination can often suggest the etiology. In two cases, multiple pathologic entities were encountered. PMID- 6726866 TI - Criteria for using imaging ultrasound during brain and spinal cord surgery. AB - Imaging ultrasonography was performed during 23 brain and five spinal cord operations with real-time B-mode instruments. Criteria for the utilization of ultrasound at neurosurgical procedures were identified in terms of assistance in the diagnosis or better definition of lesions. The diagnosis criteria were detection and exclusion. Because of the accuracy of preoperative imaging, usually little further help was provided by operative ultrasonography in detecting previously totally unknown abnormalities or excluding lesions found on positive studies. The definition criteria were localization, distinction of tissue features, and assessment of spatial relations. Operative ultrasonography was most useful when applied on the basis of these definition criteria. Operative ultrasonography was considered to be useful in 22 of 28 operations (79 per cent) in which it assisted in exposing, accessing, and extirpating disease. PMID- 6726867 TI - Fetal weight estimation from lengths and volumes found by three-dimensional ultrasonic measurements. AB - A custom-built computer system combined with a commercial real-time ultrasonic scanner was used to predict fetal weight. A special three-dimensional (3D) locating system provided 3D coordinates of fetal surface points imaged on multiple ultrasound scans. The 3D coordinates were used to develop length and volume variables that are not available with commercial instruments. Multiple regressions were used to compare these lengths and volumes with more conventional diameters and circumferences for their ability to predict fetal weight. Measurements were made on 41 live fetuses within 48 hours prior to delivery (weight range 1,985-4,734 g, mean weight 3,421 g). Combinations of 19 measured variables were analyzed against birth weight and the natural log of birth weight. The correlation between log birth weight and combinations including lengths from 3D measurements was R = .93, SE = 73 g/kg. When volumes from 3D measurements (which are much more difficult to obtain) were added, the correlation was R = .94, SE = 69 g/kg. These results suggest that lengths from 3D measurements have the potential to improve fetal weight prediction by 25-30 per cent over current methods, which have an approximate error of 100 g/kg. The relative lack of improvement with volumes from 3D measurements is probably the result of technical problems which may be overcome with further research. PMID- 6726868 TI - Sonographic detection of ascites in liver disease. AB - In a prospective study of 132 men suspected to have liver disease, ultrasound defined ascites in 62. Patients with minimal ascites were most likely to have subtle fluid collections around the liver. When this minimal ascites was confined superior to the liver, real-time sector units were unable to detect it with medium-focus transducers. A right lateral decubitus position (right side down) for detection of small amounts of fluid was superfluous. PMID- 6726869 TI - Ultrasonography in the detection of intra-abdominal retained surgical sponges. AB - Six cases of confirmed retained surgical sponges are reviewed. In five patients a clean, clear-cut acoustic shadow could be identified in relation to a palpable mass. In four of these patients the sponges were identified preoperatively by their ultrasonographic appearance. Abdominal radiographs were usually obtained afterwards, to confirm the diagnostic impression or to rule out bowel gas or calcifications. Since this ultrasonographic finding has not been described previously, the authors call attention to it in order to prevent misdiagnosis. PMID- 6726870 TI - Unilateral renal agenesis presenting as a pseudomass in utero. PMID- 6726871 TI - The sonographic appearance of omentoplasty in the surgical treatment of large cystic lesions of the liver. PMID- 6726873 TI - Demonstration of the dilated prostatic urethra in posterior urethral valve patients. PMID- 6726872 TI - Cystic parametrial fibroids mimicking ovarian cystadenoma. PMID- 6726874 TI - Ultrasound localization of an indwelling arterial catheter and adjacent arterial embolus during a therapeutic infusion. PMID- 6726875 TI - Case of the month: Pyometra. PMID- 6726876 TI - National Institutes of Health Consensus Development Conference. Consensus statement. PMID- 6726877 TI - Fetal ossification centers as predictors of gestational age in normal and abnormal pregnancies. AB - The main fetal ossification centers appear ultrasonically as egg-shaped echo-rich areas. The calcaneal and talar ossification centers are seen at the level of the tarsus osseus, and the distal femoral epiphyseal and proximal tibial epiphyseal ossification centers are found at the level of the knee. Examination of 312 normal pregnancies between 20 and 40 weeks of gestation showed that the calcaneal ossification center was detectable for 24 weeks of gestation, the talar ossification center from 26 weeks, and the distal femoral epiphyseal and proximal tibial epiphyseal ossification centers, from 32 and 36 weeks, respectively. Corresponding figures found for 36 pregnancies showing intrauterine growth retardation (IUGR), examined between 34 and 40 weeks of gestation, were similar for the calcaneal and talar ossification centers but showed delays in the development of the epiphyseal ossification centers, which were particularly striking in cases of symmetrical IUGR. The amniotic fluid lecithin/sphingomyelin ratio was also evaluated in 51 normal pregnancies between 31 and 38 weeks of gestation and was found to be greater than or equal to 2 in every case where the distal femoral epiphyseal ossification center was greater than or equal to 6 mm in diameter. Evaluation of fetal ossification centers may be another useful means to evaluate gestational age in late pregnancy PMID- 6726878 TI - Ultrasonography in the management of liver trauma in children. AB - Three cases of blunt abdominal trauma with conservative management are presented. All cases were followed with ultrasonography. In two cases the lesions showed significant increases in their cystic components before reduction in size and complete resolution. The natural history of damaged liver tissue is discussed. Conservative management with ultrasonographic follow-up of selected cases of liver trauma in children is advocated. PMID- 6726879 TI - Preoperative ultrasonic measurements of the thickness of cutaneous malignant melanoma. AB - Preoperative measurements of the thicknesses of pigmented skin lesions by high resolution sonography have been studied. Fourteen nevi and 15 malignant melanomas were examined and their thicknesses compared with those measured on both paraffin and frozen sections. Linear regression coefficients of r2 = 9.22 and r2 = 9.23, respectively, were found. This good correlation suggests that sonography may be of value as a guide in predicting prognosis and in determining the proper course of treatment for patients with malignant melanoma. PMID- 6726880 TI - Likelihood ratio as an index of the diagnostic usefulness of ultrasonic information in gastrointestinal disease. AB - The authors describe the utilization of the log-likelihood statistic as a means to establish the impact of diagnostic sonography on gastroenteric pathology. The statistical method does not require a final diagnosis, but gives an evaluation of how the clinician's opinion is changed or not by the sonographic diagnosis. PMID- 6726881 TI - Sonographic demonstration of the aberrant left hepatic artery. AB - An aberrant left hepatic artery, arising from the left gastric artery, was found running transversely through the lesser omentum into the liver in 10 per cent of a series of 100 consecutive real-time abdominal ultrasound examinations. The characteristic appearance on sagittal scans is of a round vessel in the middle of the normally continuous echogenic line of the groove for the ligamentum venosum anterior to the caudate lobe of the liver; on transverse scans, a vessel is seen in its long axis running from the cardia of the stomach anterior to the lesser sac in the lesser omentum. This typical appearance has not been illustrated previously. Awareness of its significance should avoid mistaken diagnosis of a portosystemic venous collateral or other abnormality. PMID- 6726882 TI - Midtrimester prenatal diagnosis of achondrogenesis. PMID- 6726883 TI - Prenatal diagnosis of fetal hydrocephalus associated with a normal biparietal diameter. PMID- 6726884 TI - Maternal drug use and fetal anomalies. PMID- 6726885 TI - Sonographic appearance of neonatal thalamic-striatal hemorrhage. PMID- 6726886 TI - Terminology. PMID- 6726887 TI - Antenatal sonographic diagnosis of epignathus. PMID- 6726888 TI - Characterization of saturable binding sites for rabies virus. AB - A specific, saturable receptor for rabies virus was analyzed on cultured cells of neural or non-neural origin. Viral attachment kinetics were enhanced by DEAE dextran, an effect which in turn enhanced the apparent infectivity of the virus inoculum. Under optimized conditions, the attachment of metabolically labeled ERA strain rabies virus obeyed the laws of mass action, whereby the amount of virus bound to cells varied proportionally with the concentration of cells or virus. Attachment was sensitive to changes of temperature and pH, did not require divalent cations such as Mg2+ or Ca2+, and occurred despite prior treatment of cells with proteolytic or sialic acid-specific enzymes. Saturation of the cell surface with rabies virus could be accomplished with 3 X 10(3) to 15 X 10(3) attached virions per cell. Competition for the rabies receptor occurred with rabies nonpathogenic variant virus, RV194 -2, and vesicular stomatitis virus. Reovirus type 3, another neurotropic virus, failed to inhibit rabies virus binding, and West Nile virus only slightly inhibited rabies virus binding, suggesting independent cellular receptors were recognized by these viruses. Isolated rabies virus glycoprotein failed to compete in an equivalent manner. However, solubilization of BHK-21 cells with octylglucoside yielded a chloroform methanol-soluble extract which blocked rabies virus attachment. The binding inhibition activity of this extract was resistant to proteases but could be destroyed by phospholipases and neuraminidase, suggesting a phospholipid or glycolipid component at the receptor site. These data provide evidence for a rhabdovirus-common mechanism for cellular attachment to cells in culture. PMID- 6726889 TI - Role of mink cell focus-inducing virus in leukemias induced by Friend ecotropic virus. AB - Recombinant viruses have been implicated in the pathogenesis of murine leukemias induced by a variety of long-latency retroviruses. Neonatal mice of several strains were inoculated with Friend ecotropic virus (F-Eco) and analyzed for the presence of mink cell focus-inducing (MCF) virus or DNA restriction enzyme fragments which were specific for Friend MCF virus (F-MCF). MCF virus was detected within 2 weeks of inoculation in NFS /N mice and at about 2 months after inoculation in BALB/c mice. Both of these strains developed erythroblastosis after inoculation with F-Eco. In contrast, MCF virus was not detected in F-Eco inoculated C57BL mice. These mice were resistant to erythroblastosis but developed lymphoma or myelogenous leukemia or both at about 5 months after inoculation. Thus, although MCF viruses were associated with F-Eco erythroblastosis in NFS /N and BALB/c mice, they were not necessary for F-Eco induced lymphoid or myeloid leukemias in C57BL mice. To investigate the association between resistance to erythroblastosis and absence of MCF virus, C57BL mice were inoculated with pseudotypic mixtures of F-Eco plus F-MCF; MCF virus replicated well in these mice, but the mice remained resistant to erythroblastosis. Furthermore, in genetic crosses between C57BL and NFS /N or BALB/c, some mice inherited resistance to F-Eco erythroblastosis without inheriting the C57BL resistance to the generation of MCF viruses. These results indicate that C57BL mice carry a gene for resistance to F-Eco erythroblastosis which is distinct from the C57BL genes which interfere with the generation of MCF viruses. PMID- 6726890 TI - Analysis of T antigen and viral DNA in mouse cells transformed by K virus, a nononcogenic murine papovavirus. AB - A tumorigenic line of mouse cells transformed by the nononcogenic murine K papovavirus was established and characterized. Tumor-bearing animals produced antibody specific for K virus-transformed cells; the K virus T antiserum did not react with polyomavirus-transformed cells. Immunoprecipitation of the T antigen in the transformed cells revealed large T antigen (molecular weight 84,000). About 10 to 15 copies of K virus DNA were found to be integrated in the cellular DNA. PMID- 6726891 TI - Systematic nomenclature of picornavirus proteins. AB - An easily learned convention for systematizing the nomenclature of picornavirus proteins is described. The convention is based upon an idealized map, called the L434 diagram, of the picornavirus polyprotein. PMID- 6726892 TI - Plaque assay for black beetle virus. AB - A rapidly growing strain of virus was used to develop a reliable plaque assay for Black beetle virus on monolayers of cultured Drosophila cells. Cell density of the monolayer was critical for successful plaque formation. The dose-response curve for plaque formation was linear, supporting earlier proposals that both RNA segments of the split genome reside in the same particle. The method greatly facilitates isolation of reassortant and variant strains of virus. PMID- 6726893 TI - Structural proteins of Chikungunya virus. AB - Polyacrylamide gel analysis of the structural proteins of African and Asian strains of Chikungunya virus, an alphavirus, showed that both strains contain three structural proteins: glycosylated E1 and E2, embedded in the viral envelope, and a nonglycosylated nucleocapsid protein. In pulse-chase experiments the precursor protein PE2 was chased into glycoprotein E2, which migrated slightly faster than did glycoprotein E1. The third Chikungunya glycoprotein, E3, was not associated with mature virions but was released into culture fluids. With glycoproteins E1 and E2, separated by glass wool column chromatography, it was shown that hemagglutinating activity is associated with glycoprotein E1. PMID- 6726894 TI - Immunogenic proteins of feline rhinotracheitis virus. AB - Feline rhinotracheitis virus is an upper-respiratory-tract pathogen of cats. It may also cause generalized infections or abortions. Antigens present in [35S]methionine- or [14C]glucosamine-labeled purified virions, in Nonident P-40 (NP-40) extracts of a mixture of virions and infected cells, and in virion-free cell culture medium, along with mock-infected Crandell -Rees feline kidney cell controls, were analyzed by direct sodium dodecyl sulfate-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis (SDS-PAGE) or by SDS-PAGE preceded by Staphylococcus aureus protein A immunoprecipitation. The direct SDS-PAGE analysis revealed at least 17 virus-specific peptides with molecular weights ranging from less than 200,000 ( 200K ) to more than 30K . Three of these peptides were glycosylated and had molecular weights of 105K , 68K , and 60K. Immunoprecipitates of purified virions and NP-40 extracts contained three major glycoproteins with the same estimated molecular weights as those found by the direct analysis. A prominent 105K glycoprotein was present in virion-free cell culture medium immunoprecipitates. In addition, a number of nonglycosylated feline rhinotracheitis virus-specific polypeptides (eight in virions, three in NP-40 extracts, and nine in virion-free cell culture medium), ranging in molecular weight from 145K to 32K, were present in the various immunoprecipitates. PMID- 6726895 TI - Ion etching of human adenovirus 2: structure of the core. AB - The surface of human adenovirus 2 was etched by irradiating intact virions with low-energy (1-keV) Ar+ ions in a Technics Hummer V sputter coater . Viral structures exposed by the etching process were shadowed and then examined in the electron microscope. Periods of etching that were sufficient to reduce the viral diameter by 20 to 30 nm revealed distinct substructural elements in the virion core. Cores were found to consist of a cluster of 12 large, uniformly size spheres which abutted one another in the intact virion. The spheres, for which we suggest the name " adenosomes ," had a diameter of 23.0 +/- 2.3 nm, and they were related to each other by two-, three-, and fivefold axes of rotational symmetry. The results support the view, originally suggested by Brown et al. (J. Virol. 16:366-387, 1975) that the adenovirus 2 core is composed of 12 large spheres packed tightly together in such a way that each is directed toward the vertex of an icosahedron . Such a structure, constructed of 23.0-nm-diameter spheres, would have an outside diameter (vertex-to-vertex distance) of 67.0 nm and a face-to face distance of 58.2 nm. It could be accommodated inside the icosahedral adenovirus capsid if each large sphere were located beneath a capsid vertex. PMID- 6726896 TI - Structural and functional characterization of Newcastle disease virus polycistronic RNA species. AB - Upon infection, the Newcastle disease virus (NDV) genome is transcribed to produce 18S, 22S, and 35S RNAs (M. Bratt , and W. Robinson, J. Mol. Biol. 23:1 21, 1967). The 22S RNA has been shown to contain 18S sequences and is thought to represent polycistronic transcripts generated by transcriptional readthrough of adjacent genes ( Varich et al., Acta Virol. 23:341-343, 1979). With improved extraction procedures, the 22S RNA was found to represent up to 25% of the total transcription in NDV-infected cells. This RNA was resolved into at least five discrete species on formaldehyde-agarose gels. All but one of these molecules contain 3' polyadenylate sequences but not internal polyadenylate sequences. These transcripts are found on polyribosomes of infected cells, suggesting that they are functional mRNAs. PMID- 6726897 TI - Dissolution of uric acid calculi. PMID- 6726898 TI - In situ management of renal tumors: renal cell carcinoma and transitional cell carcinoma. AB - In the last 8 years 15 patients with malignant neoplasms in functionally solitary kidneys underwent in situ excision of the tumor with preservation of renal parenchyma. Of 10 patients with renal cell carcinoma 8 underwent partial nephrectomy, 1 had a central wedge resection and 1 had enucleation of 3 tumors. After followup of 6 months to 4.7 years 6 patients are free of disease. One patient died of metastatic cancer and 1 of cardiovascular disease. Of 5 patients with transitional cell carcinoma of the kidney (including 2 with parenchymal invasion) 2 underwent partial nephrectomy and 3 underwent extensive resection of renal pelvic lesions. After followup of 6 months to 7 years 2 patients are alive, 2 died of metastatic disease and 1 died of metastatic bladder carcinoma. Only 1 of the 5 patients had locally recurrent tumor. These data demonstrate the efficacy of in situ management of renal tumors in selected patients with solitary kidneys or compromised renal function. PMID- 6726899 TI - Long-term results following partial nephrectomy for localized renal adenocarcinoma. AB - From 1956 to 1980 partial nephrectomy was done on 23 patients with localized renal carcinoma occurring bilaterally or in a solitary functioning kidney. The mean postoperative followup was 5.4 years, and the 5-year patient survival rates considering death of renal cancer only or of any cause were 70.2 and 59.6 per cent, respectively. Survival was diminished in patients with bilateral asynchronous renal carcinoma. Renal carcinoma recurred postoperatively in 6 patients (26 per cent), including 3 (13 per cent) with local recurrence in the renal remnant. Currently, 12 patients (52 per cent) are alive with stable function and no evidence of malignancy. These long-term data support the efficacy of partial nephrectomy for selected patients with renal carcinoma. PMID- 6726900 TI - Transluminal balloon dilation of ureteral strictures. AB - Ureteral strictures are uncommon problems in urological practice. The nonvascular application of the Gruntzig balloon catheter is proposed as an alternative to surgery in some of these patients. We treated 6 ureteral strictures in 5 patients by balloon dilation with an 83 per cent success rate. PMID- 6726901 TI - Improving the technique of nuclear cystography: the manometric approach. AB - A simple technique of manometric scintigraphic retrograde cystography was applied prospectively to 125 patients (85 per cent children) with 142 studies. 99mTechnetium sulfur colloid (0.5 to 1 mCi.) was instilled in the bladder followed by increments of normal saline under manometric control. The sensitivity of the test was increased when the filling phase was concluded at 25 cm. water pressure rather than when the patient complained of fullness (usually at 15 cm.). The studies had a voiding phase that was essential for patients in whom pressures greater than 15 cm. could not be achieved. Reflux was not detected on the voiding phase alone in 5 patients and the voiding phase could not be performed in 5 of 34 positive studies. It was not possible to predict volumes of fluid instilled to achieve satisfactory pressures. Monitoring during the entire study was necessary to diagnose reflux, which may occur at low or high pressure, or while voiding only. PMID- 6726902 TI - Radical cystectomy in the elderly patient. AB - A total of 77 patients 65 or more years old underwent radical cystectomy with urinary diversion for invasive bladder cancer during a 10-year interval. The preoperative medical condition of the patients, operative mortality and morbidity, and preliminary survival data are reviewed by age group. Two-thirds of the patients had previous medical or surgical problems that increased the surgical risk. The over-all mortality rate was 3.9 per cent. Early complications occurred in 31 per cent of the patients, with an increased risk of complication associated with previous illness and major pelvic surgery, and preoperative radiation therapy. The complication rate was not related directly to age, with patients 65 to 69 and more than 75 years old having lower rates than those 70 to 74 years old. The 3-year survival rate free of disease ranged from 58 per cent in the youngest group to 39 per cent in the oldest group, which is comparable to survival statistics for younger patients undergoing cystectomy. Only 5 patients have died of intercurrent illness, while 20 have died of metastatic disease. PMID- 6726903 TI - Contemporary cystectomy with pelvic node dissection compared to preoperative radiation therapy plus cystectomy in management of invasive bladder cancer. AB - Between August 1971 and August 1982, 197 consecutive patients underwent single stage radical cystectomy with pelvic lymph node dissection and urinary diversion as definitive management of high grade, invasive bladder cancer. In 100 patients 1,600 rad of radiation therapy were given for 4 days preoperatively and 97 patients underwent an operation only. Although not constituting a prospective randomized study, an analysis of these 2 groups of patients managed during an 11 year period by the same surgical team, using identical surgical technique, provides useful information that questions the benefit of preoperative radiation therapy in the management of high grade, invasive bladder cancer. Other factors, such as improved surgical technique with meticulous pelvic node dissection as well as better preoperative and postoperative care, may be responsible for survival results of contemporary surgery only that equal those reported following combination therapy protocols using preoperative radiation therapy. Contemporary surgery with or without preoperative radiation therapy yielded a 5-year survival rate free of tumor of 75 per cent for patients with pathologic stages P2 and P3A disease, 44 per cent with P3A and P3B disease, and 36 per cent with P4 disease and positive pelvic nodes. PMID- 6726904 TI - Adjuvant doxorubicin hydrochloride and radiation in stage D bladder cancer: a preliminary report. AB - The prognosis of patients with stage D bladder cancer is dismal. This report expands the results of our efforts to modify the clinical course of such patients by administration of doxorubicin hydrochloride sandwiched around pelvic radiation. Pathologic stage D bladder cancer was recognized in 19 patients by evaluation of tissue obtained by radical cystectomy and pelvic lymphadenectomy (8), pelvic lymph node dissection (5) or biopsies (3), ileal conduit and pelvic lymph node biopsy (1), or transurethral biopsy of the bladder and prostate (2). Treatment of these patients with doxorubicin hydrochloride before and after radiation was initiated 3 to 4 weeks postoperatively. The treatment regimen consisted of 1) 60 mg. per M.2 doxorubicin intravenously every 3 weeks for 3 cycles, 2) 5,000 rad external radiation to the entire pelvis in 5 to 6 weeks and 3) doxorubicin for 5 cycles. The observed survival rates were 37 per cent at 3 years and 28 per cent at 5 years. The median survival time was 16 months. Five patients had no evidence of disease 13 to 63 months postoperatively. One patient underwent salvage cystectomy for recurrent bladder carcinoma at 33 months and had no evidence of disease at 74 months. One patient was alive with recurrent disease at 13 months. Three patients who died did not complete the protocol owing to metastatic disease, 8 lived 6 to 52 months without recognized disease and died of metastases, and 1 died of a second primary. The extent of surgical excision was not associated significantly with survival. Of 8 patients treated with radical cystectomy 7 suffered a significant obstruction of the small bowel that required decompression or bypass surgery and all 7 recovered completely. These preliminary observations indicate encouraging results with a high but manageable morbidity for this regimen. PMID- 6726905 TI - Role of urethral ischemia in the development of urethral strictures after cardiovascular surgery: a preliminary report. AB - A high incidence of urethral stricture was noted following cardiovascular surgery. In an attempt to elucidate factors predisposing to the occurrence of urethral stricture, we studied the penile blood flow in 7 patients presenting with strictures after cardiovascular surgery. Of these patients 5 had penile brachial pressure indexes less than 0.5 and 6 had weak or absent erections. Of 14 patients studied prospectively by penile blood flow 2 had a low penile-brachial pressure index and suffered urethral strictures 6 weeks after cardiovascular surgery. This finding suggests that urethral ischemia could be a predisposing factor for the development of urethral strictures after cardiovascular surgery. PMID- 6726906 TI - Long-term followup of the artificial urinary sphincter. AB - The artificial urinary sphincter with a pressure regulating balloon was implanted in 30 patients. All implantations were done before September 1982, for a minimum followup of 1 year and an average followup of 3.7 years. Of the patients 21 (70 per cent) have a functioning sphincter: 17 are continent and 4 are slightly incontinent, requiring 1 pad per day. Failure was owing to erosion in 6 patients and infection of the device in 3. Critical factors for successful implantation include preoperative evaluation, cuff location and pressure, primary deactivation and postoperative care. Our experience supports the further use of this device in appropriate cases. PMID- 6726907 TI - Experience with the Jonas penile prosthesis. AB - Between April 1981 and June 1983 the Jonas penile prosthesis was inserted in 57 patients. There were 10 early complications (17.5 per cent), with 8 operations for revision or removal (14 per cent). Late complications were rare and the over all success rate was 96 per cent. PMID- 6726908 TI - Bilateral pelvic lymphadenectomy and radical retropubic prostatectomy for adenocarcinoma confined to the prostate. AB - A total of 519 patients with clinical stage B disease underwent radical prostatectomy from 1966 to 1981: 65 (12.5 per cent) had pathologic stage D1, 72 (14.0 per cent) pathologic stage C and 382 (73.5 per cent) pathologic stage B disease. Of the 519 patients 320 with pathologic stage B1 (239) or B2 (81) adenocarcinoma of the prostate and no prior hormonal or radiation therapy underwent complete pelvic lymphadenectomy and radical retropubic prostatectomy. Stage, grade and size of tumor were associated significantly with interval to disease progression but not with survival. The probable explanation for this observation is that only 2 per cent of 186 patients who were followed for 5 years and 2 per cent of 46 who were followed for 10 years died of prostatic carcinoma within these intervals. The over-all survival of patients who had intracapsular prostatic carcinoma was not different from that of an age-matched surgical control group (men undergoing total hip arthroplasty during the same interval). These observations suggest that although morbidity from alternative therapies may vary no other treatment modality offers survival superior to that observed for pelvic lymphadenectomy and radical retropubic prostatectomy in patients with pathologic intracapsular prostatic cancer. PMID- 6726909 TI - Closure of the bladder neck in spinal cord injury patients with urethral sphincteric incompetence and irreparable urethral pathological conditions. AB - Total urinary incontinence developed secondary to incompetence of the urethral closing mechanism in 8 spinal cord injury patients who were on Foley catheter drainage (5 patients) or suprapubic cystostomy (3 patients). All patients had irreparable urethrocutaneous fistulas and 4 had urethroperineal erosion. Closure of the bladder neck with drainage via a suprapubic cystostomy tube was used to divert the urinary stream. Bladder neck closure was successful in alleviating total urethral urinary incontinence in all patients. However, suprapubic abdominal leakage developed in 2 patients. This procedure should be recommended cautiously when a maximal bladder capacity greater than 125 cc cannot be maintained unless concomitant augmentation cystoplasty also is considered. PMID- 6726910 TI - Further characterization of the external urethral sphincter in spinal cord injury: study during spinal shock and evolution of responsiveness to alpha adrenergic stimulation. AB - To shed further insight into its ever evolving concepts, we studied the activity of the external urethral sphincter in patients with spinal cord injury. Study during the phase of acute spinal shock revealed persistent electromyographic activity in the external urethral sphincter and no activity in the external anal sphincter, suggesting the presence of functional dissociation between the 2 sphincters from the onset of acute spinal injury. The genesis of dissociated activity was discussed by reference to recent experiments on the individual differences in motor neuron and muscle subtypes. Only the external urethral sphincter of chronic paraplegics demonstrated a uniformly increased electromyographic activity after alpha-adrenergic stimulation, while the response in the external anal sphincter was variable. The mechanism of increased response to alpha-adrenergic stimulation in the denervated external urethral sphincter appears to reside either in direct postsynaptic stimulation or recruitment of motor neurons other than the somatic pudendal system, since pre-treatment with competitive muscle relaxant failed to block this increased response in the external urethral sphincter. PMID- 6726911 TI - Measurement of the conduction velocity of the dorsal nerve of the penis. AB - We describe an orthodromic nerve conduction technique of the dorsal nerve of the penis in 27 normal men. The mean compound nerve action potential was 12.0 plus or minus 6.1 microV. The nerve conduction velocity was 24.4 plus or minus 3.2 milliseconds when the penis was at rest. Gentle stretch of the penis with a 1 pound weight increased the conduction velocity to 33.0 plus or minus 3.8 milliseconds. Since the dorsal nerve of the penis has an important role in erection the new methodology may be useful in the evaluation of male impotence. PMID- 6726912 TI - Ureteroceles in children: followup of management with upper tract approach. AB - Ureteroceles can be associated with obstruction and/or reflux to any of the involved renal units. Their management is controversial and the possible options are numerous. From a population of 58 children with ureteroceles we analyzed those patients who underwent upper pole heminephrectomy alone as to the secondary operative rate. Followup examination of those patients whose management was initiated with upper pole partial nephrectomy and partial ureterectomy revealed a higher than expected incidence of persistent reflux. PMID- 6726913 TI - The megacystis-megaureter syndrome. AB - The term megacystis-megaureter describes the radiologic appearance of a large capacity thin-walled bladder and massive primary vesicoureteral reflux. The pathophysiology of these massively dilated ureters and the large capacity bladder is the constant recycling of large volumes of refluxed urine. We treated 29 children between 1 day and 13 years old with this syndrome. Urinary tract infection was present in 74 per cent of the cases. Of these children who presented before 1975, 14 were misdiagnosed primarily as having bladder outlet obstruction, which resulted in inappropriate treatment in 13 and renal deterioration in 5. The remaining 15 children treated after 1975 by means of antireflux surgery alone have remained well with stable renal function and virtual elimination of residual urine. Initial therapy should be aimed at correction of the massive reflux, rather than surgical reduction of bladder capacity or relief of presumed bladder outlet obstruction. PMID- 6726914 TI - Modified meatal advancement and glanuloplasty repair of distal hypospadias. AB - Meatal advancement with glanuloplasty is indicated in cases of distal hypospadias. The principles of this operation are safe. Incorporation of urethroplasty with meatal advancement and glanuloplasty enables treatment of the more severe cases of distal hypospadias. We have used this modified operative technique in 10 boys with only 1 complication, which probably was related to the wrong choice of urinary diversion. PMID- 6726916 TI - Medical manpower and urological practice. PMID- 6726915 TI - Chemotherapy and its effect on testicular morphology in children. AB - Bilateral testicular biopsies were performed on 25 boys between 4 and 16 years old with the diagnosis of acute lymphocytic leukemia after the induction of regression with vincristine and prednisone, followed by cyclic maintenance therapy with a combination of 6-mercaptopurine, methotrexate, L-asparaginase, cyclophosphamide and doxorubicin for 2 years. These drugs were given in accordance with children's cancer study group protocols. Only 3 boys had positive biopsies (12 per cent), although post-treatment testicular morphology was abnormal in the overwhelming majority. Interstitial fibrosis was present in 16 children (70 per cent), basement membrane thickening in 12 (50 per cent) and, most importantly, a reduction in the tubular fertility index of greater than 50 per cent in 20 (80 per cent). There was no relationship between the abnormal morphology encountered and the age of the patient when treated. Most of these changes may be reversible with time but only a biopsy at a later date can establish the long-term effects of treatment on testicular morphology and, perhaps, help to predict future fertility potential. PMID- 6726917 TI - Spinal cord injury and the urethra. PMID- 6726918 TI - Persistent urinary infections in a young woman with bilateral renal stones. PMID- 6726919 TI - Ultrasonic lithotripsy of a large staghorn calculus. AB - We describe the removal of an infected 9 cm. staghorn calculus by ultrasonic lithotripsy in a man with a solitary kidney and a pyelocolonic conduit, who had undergone 2 prior operations on the involved kidney. Lithotripsy was performed through the conduit with the patient under epidural anesthesia in 3 staged procedures. Subsequently, the patient underwent successful urinary undiversion. Recent advances in the technical equipment available for the management of stone disease have reduced substantially patient morbidity associated with renal stone surgery in the previously operated kidney. PMID- 6726920 TI - Abdominal mass in a newborn: multicystic dysplasia of crossed fused renal ectopia -ultrasonic demonstration. AB - We report on a 6-week-old white male newborn with an asymptomatic abdominal mass. Excretory urography and ultrasound had complementary roles in establishing the correct preoperative diagnosis of crossed fused renal ectopia with multicystic dysplasia of the ectopic renal unit. PMID- 6726921 TI - Initial experiences with percutaneous and transurethral ablation of postoperative ureteral strictures in children. AB - A transurethral or percutaneous procedure was used in 11 children and 1 young adult in an attempt to correct obstruction at the site of previous pyeloplasty, ureteroenterostomy or vesicoureteral reimplantation into the bladder. When a guide wire could be passed through the obstructed segment a balloon would always pass over the wire. The balloon could then be inflated to dilate the narrowed area. Five patients in whom the obstruction was detected and treated in this manner within a few months after the initial operation exhibited relief of obstruction and these good results have persisted. The exception to this generalization is a 5-year-old girl who did not experience durable improvement in obstruction when treated 3 months after ureteral implantation. Four additional children with ureteral strictures diagnosed 1 to 4 years postoperatively also were not improved by dilation, even when a post-dilation stent (usually a double J catheter) was used for 6 to 8 weeks. Two boys with recurrent ureteropelvic junction obstruction after pyeloplasty underwent percutaneous resection of the ureteropelvic junction. In 1 boy the hook electrode and cautery were used and stenosis recurred, apparently due to thermal injury. In the other boy a sharpened hook electrode was used to incise the ureteropelvic junction, which has stayed open for 18 months, and he is our longest followup. PMID- 6726922 TI - Adenoma of ileal urinary conduit. AB - Benign and malignant neoplastic disorders of the small intestine are uncommon. Even more uncommon is such involvement of excluded and defunctionalized small bowel segments. A case of adenoma of an ileal urinary conduit is reported. PMID- 6726923 TI - Inferior epigastric varix masquerading as a pelvic mass. AB - We report a case of an inferior epigastric varix as another disease entity to be considered in the differential diagnoses of pelvic masses. PMID- 6726924 TI - Plasma cell granuloma of the bladder: a case report. AB - We report a case of plasma cell granuloma of the bladder. Few cases of extrapulmonary localization have been described and none has been reported in the bladder. Immunocytochemical techniques identifying kappa and lambda immunoglobulin light chains confirmed the polyclonal nonneoplastic nature of the lesion. PMID- 6726925 TI - Erosion of inflatable penile prosthesis reservoir into bladder and bowel. AB - We report 2 cases of a rare complication associated with the inflatable penile prosthesis, that is erosion of the reservoir into the sigmoid colon and bladder. PMID- 6726926 TI - Cystic lymphangioma of the scrotum: a case report. AB - A 17-year-old man was seen for progressive enlargement of a right scrotal mass that had been present since early childhood. Excisional biopsy of an enlarged inguinal lymph node revealed a cystic lymphangioma. The scrotal mass was excised and contained the same pathological process. Lymphangiomas are benign tumors of congenital origin, occurring mostly in children. They are found relatively infrequently in the scrotum. Treatment consists of surgical excision. Unless completely removed, recurrences are common. PMID- 6726927 TI - Perineal liposarcoma: diagnosis and management. AB - Perineal liposarcoma is excessively rare. Its clinical and pathological behavior can only be predicted by comparison with the behavior of liposarcoma in other parts of the body. We describe the management of a man who presented with symptoms related to bladder outlet obstruction and was found to have a prostatic mass on digital examination of the rectum. A needle biopsy was performed and the tissue was histologically consistent with sarcoma of the prostate. Computerized tomography suggested that the mass extended through the urogenital diaphragm and was contiguous with the corpus spongiosum and corpora cavernosa of the penis. Complete surgical extirpation was achieved through a perineal approach, although local extension of the growth beneath the internal anal sphincter and the urogenital diaphragm necessitated reconstruction of these structures. The surgical margins were free of tumor. We advocate local surgical extirpation rather than pelvic exenteration in these cases. PMID- 6726928 TI - Adrenoceptors and cholinoceptors controlling noradrenaline release from adrenergic nerves in the urethra of rabbit and man. AB - The possible influence of adreno- and cholinoceptors on noradrenaline release from adrenergic nerve endings in urethral smooth muscle of rabbit and man was investigated in preparations preincubated with 3H-noradrenaline. The preparations were continuously perfused in a temperature controlled ( 37C ) chamber and the amount of electrically induced efflux of 3H calculated as a fraction of the total amount of 3H in the preparation at the time of stimulation. In preparations from both rabbit and man, the fractional release of 3H induced by electrical field stimulation was reproducible, and significantly increased in the presence of the alpha 2-receptor antagonist rauwolscine and the muscarinic cholinoceptor antagonists scopolamine and atropine. There was a significant decrease of 3H release in the presence of the alpha 2-receptor agonist clonidine and the cholinoceptor agonist carbachol. No evidence for the presence of prejunctionally located alpha 1 or nicotinic receptors was found. The results suggest the possibilities of 1) a negative feed-back regulation of the release of noradrenaline from adrenergic nerve endings in the urethra, mediated via prejunctionally located alpha 2-adrenoceptors, 2) an interaction at the nerve terminal level between adrenergic and cholinergic nerves mediated via muscarinic cholinoceptors on the adrenergic nerve terminals. PMID- 6726929 TI - The effect of ureteroperitoneostomy on renal mass in fasted rats. AB - The "work" hypothesis of renal compensatory hypertrophy has always been opposed to the established observation that the peritoneal reabsorption of 1 rat kidney's excretion after ureteroperitoneostomy does not result in a compensatory increase in total renal mass. But urine peritonitis in the U-P rats could result in a lower intake of food and/or less efficient digestion, thus making it difficult for rats to undergo compensatory renal growth. To eliminate nutrition as a factor, all rats were fasted after undergoing either uninephrectomy, uretero- peritoneostomy , or a sham operation. Uninephrectomized rats maintained their residual renal mass better than their sham controls under fasting conditions (109 +/- 11.3 versus 95 +/- 5.7 mg. per 100 gm. body weight, p less than .001). But the final renal mass and body weight of uretero- peritoneostomized rats and sham operated rats was the same. Thus the added excretory burden of uretero- peritoneostomized rats does not have the renal-sparing effect observed after uninephrectomy in fasted rats and urine peritonitis is not a sufficient explanation for this lack of response to uretero- peritoneostomy . It can be maintained that, since uretero- peritoneostomy has no renotrophic effect, there is a qualitative difference between uninephrectomy and uretero- peritoneostomy as stimuli for renal compensatory hypertrophy. PMID- 6726930 TI - Varicocele: reversal of the testicular blood flow and temperature effects by varicocele repair. AB - An experimental left varicocele was created in the adult rat by partial ligation of the left renal vein. A varicocele repair was performed by high ligation of the internal spermatic vein. Testicular blood flow and temperature changes were measured in control and sham animals, animals 30 days after establishment of varicocele and animals 30 days after varicocele repair. There was a statistically significant (p less than or equal to 0.01) bilateral elevation of testicular blood flow and temperature in the varicocele group compared to control and sham groups. Varicocele repair returned these blood flow and temperature values to normal. Average testicular blood flow for control, varicocele, sham varicocele and varicocele repair animals were 29.6 +/- 1, 39.8 +/- 2, 30.7 +/- 1 and 29.8 +/ 1 ml. per min. per 100 gm. tissue, respectively. Testicular temperatures averaged 34.4 +/- 0.1, 35.3 +/- 0.2, 34.4 +/- 0.1 and 34.5 +/- 0.1 degrees C, respectively. It is possible that the elevation in blood flow is associated with the elevation of intratesticular temperature, which is known to impair spermatogenesis. The data support a relationship between the varicocele and potential testicular damage. PMID- 6726931 TI - Alterations of physical and biochemical parameters of the R3327-CP rat prostate adenocarcinoma following hormonal manipulation of the host. AB - Several physical and biochemical parameters of a rapidly growing, hormonally responsive, poorly differentiated strain of Dunning R3327 rat prostatic adenocarcinoma (the CP strain) were monitored for 1 month during growth in control and hormonally manipulated male Fischer X Copenhagen rats. The tumor was implanted into control rats and into rats 1 month following orchiectomy. Twenty nine days following tumor implantation, 1 group of unoperated rats was orchiectomized while the rats implanted subsequent to orchiectomy were repleted with pharmacological doses of testosterone. At 2 and 4 weeks following treatment, half the original number of rats from each group were sacrificed and the growth rate (doubling time), per cent of aneuploid cells and androgen receptor levels (total, cytoplasmic and nuclear) were determined for each tumor. Orchiectomy increased tumor doubling time, while testosterone repletion decreased it, demonstrating the hormonal dependence of this tumor strain. Orchiectomy also decreased the levels of aneuploid cells in the tumor; however, repletion of testosterone to rats orchiectomized prior to implantation did not restore the aneuploid cell number to control levels. A sensitive indicator of the hormonal status of the tumor was the per cent of androgen receptors in the nucleus. Tumors grown in rats orchiectomized after implantation had the lowest percentage of androgen receptor in the nucleus while orchiectomized rats repleted with testosterone had the highest percentage. Comparison of the levels of androgen receptors in the tumors from the various groups (androgen receptor per gram of tissue) unexpectedly revealed that tumors grown in the orchiectomized rats had slightly higher total receptor levels than did control tumors, while the tumors of orchiectomized rats repleted with testosterone had lower amounts than did the control tumors. In contrast to these findings, the prostates of orchiectomized rats replenished with testosterone had higher levels of total androgen receptor than did the prostates of control rats. PMID- 6726932 TI - The effect of tumor burden on the modulation of natural killer cell activity. AB - In this study, experiments were conducted to investigate immuno-modulating effects of bacillus Calmette-Guerin and poly I:C as determined by the cytotoxic activity of spleen and peritoneal exudates of C3H/HeN mice against MBT-2 target cells in vitro and the tumor growth patterns in vivo. It was found that animals receiving bacillus Calmette-Guerin exhibited most of the cytotoxic activity in the peritoneal exudate cells. On the contrary, animals receiving poly I:C exhibited most of the NK activity in the splenocytes and little or none in the peritoneal exudate cells. Administration of bacillus Calmette-Guerin or poly I:C in mice bearing small tumors (1 cm. mean diameter) resulted in an increased natural killer cell activity in the exudates and splenocytes of 65 and 50 per cent respectively. No cytotoxic activity was demonstrated when either of the 2 agents was administered to mice bearing large tumors. However, surgical excision of the tumor followed by bacillus Calmette-Guerin or poly I:C administration resulted in levels of natural killer cell activity comparable to those observed in tumor-free animals or in mice bearing tumors of 1 cm. in diameter. PMID- 6726933 TI - Pure intrarenal lipoma--report of a case and review of the literature. AB - Pure intrarenal lipomas of sufficient size to be of surgical significance are among the rarest of renal tumors. A review of the literature to date revealed only 17 cases reported previously that met the histologic requirements of a pure intrarenal lipoma. We report an additional case in which the large tumor became clinically apparent following blunt trauma and rupture. PMID- 6726934 TI - Transcatheter electrocautery as an aid in the percutaneous insertion of a ureteral stent. AB - A technique of transcatheter electrocautery to facilitate insertion of a ureteral stent is described. Electrocautery was used to cut through a localized obstruction at the ureterovesical junction. The stiff end of a standard angiographic guide wire was used to push through a second blockage at the ureterovesical junction on the opposite side in the same patient. PMID- 6726935 TI - Ureteral common iliac artery fistula: a complication of internal double-J ureteral stent. AB - An unusual complication is reported of an internal double-J catheter in a patient with malignant retroperitoneal fibrosis. A spontaneous ureteral common iliac arterial fistula developed secondary to pressure necrosis of these structures by the internal stent. PMID- 6726936 TI - Oil granuloma of the ureter. AB - Several years ago we began to inject mineral oil through a ureteral catheter to facilitate stone extraction. Some success was achieved, particularly with impacted calculi. However, we report 2 cases of mineral oil granuloma of the ureter. We now urge that only water soluble lubricants be used in the ureter to avoid this problem. PMID- 6726937 TI - Retroperitoneal fibrosis in association with urothelial tumor. AB - One of the less common associations of retroperitoneal fibrosis is malignancy. Although there have been many reports on tumors associated with retroperitoneal fibrosis urothelial tumors are rare. We report a case of retroperitoneal fibrosis and urothelial malignancy of the renal pelvis. PMID- 6726938 TI - Papillary adenoma of the prostatic urethra. AB - Papillary adenoma of the prostatic urethra is a common cause of hemospermia and hematuria in young men in our country. Between November 1982 and June 1983, 25 such patients have been treated. Of these patients 18 were between 19 and 29 years old, 6 were between 30 and 39 years old, and 1 was 40 years old. The lesion presents a classic histologic pattern with orderly columnar cells covering a delicate vascularized stalk and subepithelial infolding cells forming prostate like glands. The lesion was located on the verumontanum in 5 instances (20 per cent), in the paramontanal gutter in 19 (76 per cent), and in the paramontanal gutter and at the bladder neck in 1. The lesion is believed to be completely benign, since no cases of malignant transformation have been reported to date. The suggested treatment is cautious fulguration. PMID- 6726939 TI - Malignant melanoma of the penis and male urethra. AB - We report 3 new cases of penile and 2 of male urethral melanoma, increasing the total numbers of reported cases to 56 and 23, respectively. PMID- 6726940 TI - Late development of a urethrocavernous fistula after cavernospongiosum shunt for priapism. AB - The occurrence of a urethrocavernous fistula after creation of a cavernospongiosum shunt for priapism is rare. We report a case in which the fistula, likely the sequela of traumatic urethral catheterization, occurred 3 months after establishment of the shunt. PMID- 6726942 TI - Cysts of the tunica albuginea testis: a report of 3 cases with a review of the literature. AB - We report 3 cases of cysts of the tunica albuginea. A review of the literature yielded only 12 similar cases. In all cases described testicular neoplasm was suspected preoperatively and orchiectomy was planned. We used a conservative surgical approach that permitted preservation of the testes. PMID- 6726941 TI - Impotence associated with pudendal arteriovenous malformation. AB - Three young men with impotence due to a pudendal arteriovenous malformation had a common selective pudendal arteriographic finding of early passage of contrast medium from the bulbar artery region into the venous drainage of the pelvis. Perineal exploration revealed the malformation and correction resulted in significant restoration of erectile capacity. This entity may be a frequent occurrence in young men that may become apparent only when trauma or disease affects the contralateral pudendal artery or its branches. PMID- 6726943 TI - Paratesticular leiomyosarcoma: an ultrastructural study. AB - We report a case of paratesticular leiomyosarcoma in an 84-year-old man. The tumor was firm and nodular, and attached to the upper pole of the left testis. Light microscopy showed a sarcoma with numerous mitoses. On electron microscopy tumor cells contained 7 nm. microfilaments, with regular dense bodies, micropinocytotic vesicles and the other hallmarks of smooth muscle differentiation, in addition to prominent pools of glycogen. This case illustrates the value of electron microscopy in the investigation of unusual urological tumors. PMID- 6726944 TI - Osteochondroma of symphysis pubis presenting as a prostatic mass: a case report. AB - We report a case of an asymptomatic osteochondroma of the symphysis pubis that presented as a prostatic mass on physical examination and demonstrated bladder impingement on a computerized tomography scan. Radiographic, gross and histological study confirmed the diagnosis. The consideration of bone tumors in the differential diagnosis of a prostatic mass and the proper evaluation of musculoskeletal tumors are emphasized. PMID- 6726945 TI - Creatine kinase isoenzymes and prostatic carcinoma: metastatic disease or acute myocardial infarction? AB - The measurement of creatine kinase isoenzymes, particularly the MB fraction, is a major determinant for acute myocardial infarction. Patients with metastatic carcinoma of the prostate may have an elevated serum creatine kinase-BB fraction, which by some automated laboratory techniques may be read mistakenly as creatine kinase-MB. We report such a case and discuss the creatine kinase isoenzyme measurement. PMID- 6726946 TI - Deep posterior compartmental syndrome: a serious complication of the lithotomy position. AB - We describe a case of deep compartmental syndrome after use of the dorsolithotomy position. This condition is associated with significant morbidity unless recognized and treated immediately. This patient suffered a slight residual neuromuscular impairment. We review the pathogenesis, diagnosis, treatment and prevention of this condition, which in its early stages often mimics deep venous thrombosis. PMID- 6726947 TI - Endourology. PMID- 6726948 TI - Re: Should the followup of patients with bladder cancer include routine excretory urography? PMID- 6726949 TI - Crystal retention by injured urothelium of the rat urinary bladder. AB - Injuries caused by hydrochloric acid or Triton X 100 application to the rat bladder urothelium, and the effects on calcium oxalate crystal retention, were examined by light and scanning electron microscopy. Damage due to either compound resulted in desquamation of urothelial cells. The crystals appeared to be retained by a fibrillar material, some of which was identified as fibrin. Heparin treatment of injured urothelium was found to prevent crystal retention. PMID- 6726950 TI - The kinetics of crystallization of calcium oxalate trihydrate. AB - The crystal growth of calcium oxalate trihydrate has been studied in supersaturated solutions at 37C under conditions in which the activities of calcium and oxalate ions were maintained constant by the potentiostatically controlled addition of titrant solutions containing these ions. It has been possible to stabilize calcium oxalate trihydrate sufficiently without transformation to the monohydrate, to establish the kinetic behavior. The rate of growth is proportional to the square of the relative supersaturation suggesting a spiral dislocation growth mechanism. Moreover, calcium oxalate trihydrate grows considerably more rapidly than does the monohydrate. Polyphosphate ion inhibits calcium oxalate monohydrate to a much greater extent than trihydrate. In the latter case, the reduction in growth rate in the presence of this ion can be interpreted in terms of a Langmuir isotherm. The stabilization of calcium oxalate trihydrate in the presence of inhibitors by preventing the formation of the transformation product, calcium oxalate monohydrate, may be an important factor in the development of renal stones. PMID- 6726951 TI - Five years of experience with a modified technique of ureterocolonic anastomosis. AB - The thick colonic wall permits the creation of an antirefluxing ureterocolonic anastomosis, which reduces the incidence of pyelonephritis and limits the deterioration of renal function. Since 1977 a simple procedure for ureterocolonic anastomosis performed entirely outside of the colon was used in 63 patients. Obstructive complications were encountered in 6.4 per cent, while ureterocolonic reflux occurred in 5.6 per cent of the renoureteral units. Acute pyelonephritis developed in 7 patients. PMID- 6726952 TI - Glucoheptonate measurement of differential renal function. AB - In previous studies using dogs whose renal function was rendered asymmetric by unilateral infarction or partial ureteral obstruction, the efficacy of technetium 99m diethylenetriamine pentaacetic acid and dimercaptosuccinic acid in the measurement of differential renal function was demonstrated. The present study was undertaken to determine if technetium-99m glucoheptonate could also be used to quantitate differential renal function in these conditions. Five dogs with partial ureteral obstruction, 4 with segmental infarction and 2 with ipsilateral combination of both were studied. Seven to 10 days following these interventions the animals were given a bolus injection of 10 mCi Tc-99m glucoheptonate. This was acquired in the posterior projection on a minicomputer at 2 seconds/frame for 3 minutes. Static images were obtained anteriorly and posteriorly between 3 and 5 hours postinjection. The following day iothalamate and creatinine clearances were measured by ureteral catheterization. There was good correlation between differential function calculated from the 1 to 3 minute portion of the bolus study and that determined by the ureteral catheter studies, r greater than 0.99. Correlations based on the static images were less satisfactory due to pelvic retention in the obstructed animals, r = 0.73. We conclude that technetium-99m glucoheptonate may be used to determine differential renal function. PMID- 6726953 TI - Bacterial adherence in the human ileal conduit: a morphological and bacteriological study. AB - A retrospective study of 50 patients with urinary diversion was undertaken to determine the incidence of bacteriuria and upper tract infection. Eighty-four per cent of these patients developed bacteriuria caused by a variety of pathogenic organisms and 14 per cent had clinical evidence of pyelonephritis. A phased morphological and bacteriological study was then carried out in a further 17 patients with ileal conduits. Electron microscopy examination of cup biopsy specimens from superficial and deep segments of the conduit showed virtually no bacteria adhering to the columnar cells of the conduit, although Gram positive cocci were seen adhering to the keratinized cells from the muco-cutaneous junction. However, the conduit mucus was heavily colonized, initially with yeasts, then sequentially with microcolonies of Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacteria, up to 16 years after urinary diversion had been performed. Bacteriological examination of conduit and stomal mucus and urine specimens of these 17 patients confirmed the presence of large numbers of uropathogens . Of 23 conduit isolates, 9 possessed hemagglutinins, 18 of 18 attached to uroepithelial cells in vitro and 6 of 6 attached to ureteral transitional cells in vitro, indicating their adhesive and pathogenic capabilities. PMID- 6726954 TI - Transabdominal dynamic ultrasonography in detection of bladder tumors. AB - The accuracy of dynamic transabdominal ultrasonography in the detection of bladder tumors is examined. Of 49 bladder tumors 34 between 2 mm. and several centimeters in size could be demonstrated ultrasonographically. Ultrasound failed to visualize tumors less than 5 mm. in size in 14 patients. Dynamic transabdominal ultrasonography cannot replace cystoscopy in the diagnosis or followup of patients with bladder tumors but it may be used instead of cystoscopy in some selected cases. PMID- 6726955 TI - The value of urinary fibrin/fibrinogen degradation products as tumor markers in urothelial carcinoma. AB - Urinary fibrin/fibrinogen degradation products as biological tumor markers in urothelial carcinoma have been studied and compared to urinary cytology. In 93 per cent of the patients with urothelial carcinoma urinary fibrin/fibrinogen degradation product levels were elevated significantly. There was excellent correlation when the urinary cytology and urinary fibrin/fibrinogen degradation product results were compared together to cystoscopic findings. PMID- 6726956 TI - Lymphography and percutaneous fine needle node aspiration biopsy in the staging of bladder carcinoma. AB - We studied 56 patients with infiltrating bladder tumor by pedal lymphography and percutaneous fine needle node aspiration biopsy on an outpatient basis. Of 54 evaluable patients 35 (65 per cent) had a positive lymphangiogram. Adequate material for biopsy was obtained in 81 per cent of the patients. Of 15 patients with normal lymphography none had a positive aspiration, whereas 11 (32 per cent) of those with a positive lymphangiogram had a positive biopsy. The high rate of positive lymphography with negative biopsy is attributed to inflammatory changes due to previous transurethral resection of the tumor. Radical cystectomy was done in 38 patients. There were 28 negative aspirations that correlated with 21 negative lymphadenectomies and 4 positive aspirations that correlated with 4 positive lymphadenectomies. There was no mortality and morbidity was mild. Lymphography with fine needle percutaneous node aspiration biopsy has a role in the preoperative staging of bladder carcinoma. PMID- 6726957 TI - Intravesical high dose 5-fluorouracil instillations combined with allopurinol--a therapeutic alternative in the treatment of multiple bladder tumors. AB - Chemical cystitis and systemic toxic effects limit the therapeutic use of intravesical cytotoxic agents against bladder tumors. In our series 1,000 mg. 5 fluorouracil could be instilled 2 hours daily, 5 days per week for 5 weeks if 100 mg. allopurinol were given 3 times daily simultaneously. After 6 weeks all patients were macroscopically free of tumors. Another instillation was performed because of recurrences within 6 months in 3 patients. This preliminary report of 5 patients with multiple superficial transitional cell bladder tumors shows that a combined treatment of high dose 5-fluorouracil instillation and simultaneous oral allopurinol will abolish temporarily all tumor tissue without signs of general absorption or chemical cystitis. The observation time is too short to predict definitive cure. PMID- 6726958 TI - Treatment of male urethral calculi. AB - We treated 14 male patients for urethral stones during a 17-year interval. The calculi were located in the posterior urethra in 7 patients and in the anterior urethra in 7. Anatomical alteration of the lower urinary tract was an important predisposing factor, since 11 patients had history of bladder and urethral surgery or disease, 2 had an associated neurogenic bladder, 6 had urethral strictures or diverticula and 3 had concomitant bladder stones. Urethroplasty was performed in 5 cases, surgical removal of the stone in 3, retrograde manipulation inside the bladder in 4 and electrohydraulic endourethral lithotripsy in 2. The latter technique appears to be particularly effective for endoscopically accessible stones. PMID- 6726959 TI - Surgical treatment of Peyronie's disease using penile implants: survey of 69 patients. AB - Implantation of bilateral prostheses was used to treat Peyronie's disease in 69 patients. A circumferential approach was used in 46 patients and, more recently, a prepubic approach was used in 23. In addition, plaque removal was performed by a transcavernous route in 29 patients. Penile lengthening was performed in 49 patients and the glans was repositioned in 14. In 4 patients it became necessary to remove the implants. The best results without complications were observed when the prepubic approach was used for implants and lengthening of the penis, without removal of the plaque. This technique provides a penile length gain of about 3 cm. and generally does not obviate additional normal erection. PMID- 6726960 TI - Testis tumors: the clinical significance of the tumor-contaminated scrotum. AB - Between 1977 and 1979 we evaluated 224 patients with testicular cancer. Of these patients 32 had undergone inadequate primary procedures, such as transscrotal orchiectomy, transcrotal exploration, biopsy or aspiration. These 32 patients were compared to a cohort population who had undergone radical inguinal orchiectomy. Differences in management, nodal metastases, local recurrences, intervals free of disease and survival by stage of disease were determined. Patients with seminoma and a contaminated scrotum received radiation therapy to the involved hemiscrotum . Partial scrotectomy without ilioinguinal node dissection was performed on most patients with nonseminomatous disease. An inguinal node metastasis developed before radiation therapy in a patient with seminoma. There were no local recurrences. No statistically significant difference in either intervals free of disease or survival between contaminated and cohort populations was found. We conclude that with prompt adequate management there is no adverse effect on prognosis due solely to scrotal tumor contamination, contrary to what has been implied in the literature. PMID- 6726961 TI - Morbidity of radical perineal prostatectomy following transurethral resection of the prostate. AB - Radical prostatectomy in patients who have had prior transurethral resection of the prostate has been reported to result in significant morbidity. From 1974 to 1982, 30 patients who had had previous transurethral resection of the prostate underwent radical perineal prostatectomy for localized prostatic cancer. Operative time and blood loss were similar to a group of patients who had not had prior transurethral resection of the prostate. Over-all, 3 patients (10 per cent) had total incontinence and 3 (10 per cent) had stress incontinence requiring a pad or device. No patient undergoing radical prostatectomy less than 4 weeks or more than 4 months after transurethral resection of the prostate had postoperative incontinence. When radical perineal prostatectomy was performed between 4 weeks and 4 months after transurethral resection of the prostate the incidence of incontinence was 50 per cent. Five patients experienced prolonged perineal urinary drainage, all but 1 of whom healed spontaneously. Of the 6 patients with incontinence 3 had prolonged drainage. No patient had a rectal injury and there was no operative mortality. Two patients died without cancer and 1 has evidence of disease recurrence. We conclude that radical prostatectomy may be performed safely with acceptable morbidity following transurethral resection of the prostate and that if 4 weeks has elapsed since resection it might be advantageous to wait 4 months before performing radical surgery to lessen the risk of incontinence. PMID- 6726962 TI - The role of serum prostatic acid phosphatase as a tumor marker in men with advanced adenocarcinoma of the prostate. AB - Serial serum prostatic acid phosphatase levels were obtained every 4 hours during a 48-hour interval from 10 men with stage D adenocarcinoma of the prostate. No therapeutic or diagnostic manipulations occurred during sample procurement, so that the amount of fluctuation of serum prostatic acid phosphatase levels that can be expected in these patients could be determined. The coefficient of variation for each man ranged from 16.67 to 43.68 per cent, which was significantly higher than the expected 8 per cent coefficient of variation determined with a control sample. The maximum percentage variations above and below the mean were 79 and 50 per cent, respectively. The average percentage variation in all patients was within 50 per cent greater than and 50 per cent less than the mean value of prostatic acid phosphatase. Thus, the usefulness of serum acid phosphatase by radioimmunoassay as a clinical tumor marker is limited by the number of serial assays needed to establish a mean. Based on these findings, certain guidelines are suggested. PMID- 6726963 TI - Right and left accessory renal arteries arising from a common trunk associated with unrotated kidneys. AB - We describe a rare anomaly of the kidneys and its vessels, which was found in a white adult male cadaver. The anomaly consisted of unrotated kidneys with partially extrarenal calices and pelves. In addition to the normal vessels, each kidney received a branch from a common trunk, originating from the inferior end of the aorta. PMID- 6726964 TI - Urological trauma in the Pacific Northwest: etiology, distribution, management and outcome. AB - A computer-assisted review identified 184 patients with genitourinary tract injuries among 5,400 hospitalized for trauma. Particular attention was directed to the controversial groups of patients with blunt renal and posterior urethral injuries. Management of renal injuries was based on clinical criteria. Subsequent renal exploration was necessary in only 1 of 115 patients with renal contusions, or simple or deep lacerations who underwent initial expectant management. Followup was available in all patients with severe renal injuries and in 53 per cent with renal contusions or simple lacerations. Parenchymal loss was noted on an excretory urogram in only 1 patient and none suffered hypertension, hydronephrosis or other sequelae. A staged approach was preferable to immediate repair of posterior urethral injuries. Seven patients managed by initial cystostomy drainage followed by secondary urethral repairs did well. Primary realignment was complicated by stricture, incontinence or impotence in 3 of 6 patients. PMID- 6726965 TI - Urodynamic abnormalities in neurologically normal children with micturition dysfunction. AB - We evaluated by video urodynamic study 60 children between 4 and 16 years old who had presented with various combinations of urinary frequency, diurnal incontinence, enuresis, voiding symptoms, recurrent urinary infections and upper tract changes. A number of seemingly distinct categories of detrusor dysfunction could be identified, which may have a bearing on logical treatment selection. In addition, abnormalities of sphincter activity were noted in 12 children. The limitations and interpretation difficulties of urodynamic studies in children are stressed. PMID- 6726966 TI - Urodynamic findings and clinical status following vesical denervation procedures for control of incontinence. AB - We compared the results of intrathecal chemical rhizotomy performed in 3 patients, complete sacral rhizotomy in 3 and dorsal root ganglionectomy in 3. Dorsal root ganglionectomy (S2 to S4) obviated reflex bladder contractility and autonomic dysreflexia, and did not induce detrusor hypertonia. Chemical rhizotomy failed to abolish reflex activity or autonomic dysreflexia and was unsatisfactory. Complete intradural sacral rhizotomy obviated reflex activity and autonomic dysreflexia but induced detrusor hypertonicity and incontinence. PMID- 6726967 TI - The importance of the cremasteric reflex in acute scrotal swelling in children. AB - The correlation between the presence of the ipsilateral cremasteric reflex and the absence of testicular torsion was 100 per cent in a 7-year evaluation of 245 boys with acute scrotal swelling. The presence of the cremasteric reflex was the most valuable clinical finding in ruling out testicular torsion and the absence of this reflex increased the suspicion of testis torsion. PMID- 6726968 TI - Prostatic carcinoma: management. PMID- 6726969 TI - Urolithiasis in pre-term neonates associated with furosemide therapy. AB - The administration of furosemide to pre-term neonates has been associated with urolithiasis. We report 1 of 2 such cases that we have managed. The etiology of these stones appears to be related to furosemide-induced hypercalciuria. Nonsurgical management with thiazide diuretics can be successful in this high risk group of patients. PMID- 6726970 TI - Atypical presentation of xanthogranulomatous pyelonephritis: diagnosis by ultrasonography and fine needle aspiration biopsy. AB - The diagnosis of xanthogranulomatous pyelonephritis may be difficult to make preoperatively. We describe a patient who had a nonfunctioning kidney with a normal collecting system on retrograde pyelography as well as normal angiography and venography. Preoperative diagnosis was xanthogranulomatous pyelonephritis by fine needle aspiration biopsy under ultrasonic guidance. PMID- 6726971 TI - Renal dysplasia with a single vaginal ectopic ureter: the role of computerized tomography. AB - Renal dysplasia with a single vaginal ectopic ureter is relatively common in Japan. We report 2 cases in which delayed enhanced computerized tomography (1.5 hours later) contributed in detecting a dysplastic kidney that had been nonfunctioning on excretory urography. We believe that computerized tomography is a useful technique for the diagnosis of renal dysplasia with a single vaginal ectopic ureter. PMID- 6726972 TI - Leads from the MMWR. Update: pneumococcal polysaccharide vaccine usage--United States. PMID- 6726973 TI - Datura poisoning from hamburger--Canada. PMID- 6726974 TI - Diagnosis of Legionnaires' disease. PMID- 6726975 TI - Smoking and eye injuries to toddlers. PMID- 6726976 TI - Gallstone size and the risk of gallbladder cancer. PMID- 6726977 TI - Racquet ear. PMID- 6726978 TI - Deep venous thrombosis in total hip replacement. PMID- 6726979 TI - Intermittent therapy with metronidazole for relapse of pseudomembranous colitis. PMID- 6726980 TI - Prolonged bleeding time associated with 'low-dose' moxalactam therapy. PMID- 6726981 TI - Randomized study of the treatment of phenobarbital overdose with repeated doses of activated charcoal. AB - We performed a prospective randomized study of the effectiveness of repeated oral doses of activated charcoal in the treatment of phenobarbital overdose. Ten comatose patients who required intubation and mechanical ventilation completed the protocol. Five patients received repeated doses of activated charcoal and sorbitol. Five other patients who received a single dose of charcoal and cathartic served as control subjects. The serum half-life of phenobarbital (mean +/- SD, 36 +/- 13 hours) during repeated administration of charcoal and sorbitol was significantly shorter than that after charcoal administration was discontinued (93 +/- 7 hours) and shorter than the half-life in the single-dose group (93 +/- 52 hours). The length of time that patients in each group required mechanical ventilation, 39 +/- 24 hours (single-dose group) and 48 +/- 8 hours (repeated-dose group), did not differ significantly, nor did the time spent in the hospital. Although administration of repeated doses of activated charcoal to patients with phenobarbital overdose significantly increased the elimination of phenobarbital, it had no clear effects on the patients' clinical course. PMID- 6726982 TI - Hurthle cell tumors of the thyroid gland. A clinicopathologic review and long term follow-up. AB - We reviewed the pathology and clinical follow-up of 26 patients with H urthle cell adenomas and three patients harboring H urthle cell carcinomas, who were treated at our medical center from 1950 to 1979. Although benign lesions could not be distinguished from malignant tumors by cytologic features alone, other pathologic features allowed differentiation. A total thyroidectomy was performed in only one patient; the remaining patients were treated by less extensive operations. None of the patients with benign adenomas, including those with tumors greater than 2 cm in diameter, experienced recurrent or metastatic disease. The period of observation varied from two to 22 years (mean, 8.5 +/- 7.7 years). We conclude that lobectomy is a satisfactory operation for removal of benign H urthle cell tumors, and reserve total or near-total thyroidectomy for cases displaying pathologic evidence of malignancy. PMID- 6726983 TI - Renal thromboxane synthesis in excised kidney distal to renovascular lesions. AB - Excision of a kidney with three distinct zones of perfusion was required in a patient with renovascular hypertension. One third of the kidney was normal, one third was ischemic from a stenotic artery, and one third was severely ischemic from a completely occluded artery. This provided a unique opportunity to study renal prostaglandin production in hypoperfused and control tissue by radioimmunoassays of incubated tissue slices. The thromboxane-prostacyclin synthesis ratio for the outer cortex increased from 2.2 in control tissue to 5.8 in moderately ischemic tissue and 11.3 in severely ischemic tissue; for the inner cortex, 2.1 to 6.3 and 8.8; and for the medulla, 0.4 to 1.2 and 3.0, respectively . Similar ratios were noted for thromboxane-prostaglandin E2. This correlates, for the first time in man, absolute and relative increases in renal thromboxane synthesis with renovascular hypertension. PMID- 6726985 TI - Consensus conference: Analgesic-associated kidney disease. PMID- 6726984 TI - Biosynthesis of thromboxane A2 in renovascular hypertension. PMID- 6726986 TI - Sonographically guided percutaneous renal interventional procedures. PMID- 6726987 TI - Oral activated charcoal to enhance theophylline elimination in an acute overdose. PMID- 6726988 TI - The birth of granulocytes. PMID- 6726989 TI - 'Society's love affair with violence' cited as major factor in child abuse. PMID- 6726990 TI - Fatal collisions between joggers and automobiles in Rhode Island. PMID- 6726991 TI - Apparent failure in endocarditis prophylaxis. PMID- 6726992 TI - Bar soap and liquid soap. PMID- 6726993 TI - Antibody response following customary use of MMR vaccine. PMID- 6726994 TI - Exposing life-support systems to mentally incompetent patients. PMID- 6726995 TI - Food-dependent, exercise-induced anaphylaxis. PMID- 6726996 TI - Salt and hypertension. PMID- 6726997 TI - The diethylstilbestrol dilemma. Who should pay? PMID- 6726998 TI - Risk factors for fireworks-related injury in Washington State. AB - To determine the frequency and effects of and risk factors for fireworks -related injury, we identified all 146 persons who were injured by fireworks and sought emergency care during the 1983 July 4 holiday in the Seattle area. The mean charge for medical care for the injuries received was +562; 7.1% of those injured required hospitalization. In a matched-pair case-control study, use of either of two fireworks types-- firecrackers or aerial devices--was significantly associated with injury (odds ratios [ORs], 3.3 and 2.9, respectively; 95% confidence intervals [CI], 1.2, 8.5, and 1.2, 6.6, respectively). Also associated with injury were several fireworks misuse behaviors, including lack of adult supervision of children (OR, 11.5; CI, 2.8, 100.6). We conclude that fireworks cause serious injuries that theoretically could be prevented by behavioral changes or decreased availability of high-risk fireworks devices. PMID- 6726999 TI - Epidemiologic analysis of a cluster of homicides of children in Atlanta. AB - Between July 1, 1979, and March 15, 1981, there were 22 unsolved homicides and two unsolved disappearances of Atlanta children. Using epidemiologic methods, we attempted to identify factors that had put children at an increased risk of homicide. That all victims in this cluster were black, killed away from home, and that asphyxiation was overrepresented suggests that the cluster was discrete. The cluster was not homogeneous in relation to location of the victim's area of residence or location of the body; however, the median distance of 9.3 miles from home to body suggests that in some cases a motor vehicle was involved. A neighborhood-based study of the male victims and age- and sex-matched controls showed that victims more often ran errands for money (relative risk, 7.9) and were more often alone on the streets or in shopping centers; therefore, they may have been more approachable than other children in the neighborhood. PMID- 6727000 TI - Domestic violence victims in the emergency department. New findings. AB - Four hundred ninety-two male and female patients from a general hospital emergency department were surveyed to elicit information on the extent and nature of domestic violence among this population. The patient's emergency department medical records were also reviewed. Twenty-two percent of the patients identified themselves on the survey as domestic violence victims. New findings in the areas of medical classification, nature of the abusive relationship, and patients' perceived treatment needs contribute to refining the battered spouse syndrome and are helpful in planning therapeutic intervention. The authors conclude that domestic violence victims should be identified and offered assistance while in the emergency department and outline a crisis intervention plan. PMID- 6727001 TI - The incidence of facial injuries from dog bites. AB - The incidence of hospital-treated facial injuries caused by dog bites was determined from a population-based study involving Dane County, Wisconsin, hospitals during 1978 and 1979. Annual rates were shown to be 152 per 100,000 for ages 0 to 4 years, 128 per 100,000 for ages 5 to 9 years, and 62 per 100,000 for ages 10 to 14 years. Severe facial injuries from dog bites were found almost exclusively in children younger than 10 years. If these rates apply to children in the US population, then an estimated 44,000 facial injuries, 16,000 of them severe, caused by dog bites are seen in hospitals each year. The cumulative incidence of facial injuries from dog bites for children to age 14 years is 1.6%. Most of the published advice for preventing dog bite injuries to the face suggests parental diligence in keeping children away from dogs, but options such as choosing dogs less likely to bite children may be more effective. PMID- 6727003 TI - Lassitude. A primary care evaluation. PMID- 6727002 TI - Venovenous bypass with a membrane lung to support bilateral lung lavage. AB - Partial venovenous cardiopulmonary bypass with a membrane oxygenator was used to exchange respiratory gases during and after bilateral lung lavage in a patient with severe hypoxemia caused by pulmonary alveolar proteinosis. The patient was unable to tolerate an attempt at lung lavage without bypass. Therefore, extracorporeal perfusion safely supported the patient's respiration for 32 hours, buying time to lavage each lung separately and to enable sufficient recovery of transpulmonary gas exchanging capacity. PMID- 6727004 TI - A clinical review of autotransfusion and its role in trauma. PMID- 6727005 TI - NIH considers large-scale study to evaluate chorionic villi sampling. PMID- 6727006 TI - Leads from the MMWR. Illness and death due to environmental heat--Georgia and St Louis, 1983. PMID- 6727007 TI - Gastroparesis with multiple sclerosis. PMID- 6727008 TI - Tight-jeans meralgia: hot or cold? PMID- 6727009 TI - The ocular dangers of bladeless weed trimmers. PMID- 6727010 TI - Hazards of administering long-term formalin treatment. PMID- 6727011 TI - Cardiac problems in pregnancy. II. Fetal aspects: advances in intrauterine diagnosis and therapy. PMID- 6727012 TI - Pleural mesothelioma and neighborhood asbestos exposure. Findings from microchemical analysis of lung tissue. PMID- 6727013 TI - Hypotension and cardiopulmonary arrest associated with concurrent haloperidol and propranolol therapy. PMID- 6727014 TI - Expert witnesses examined on dealing with ethical dilemmas. PMID- 6727015 TI - Psychiatric testimony: what are its limits? PMID- 6727016 TI - Leads from the MMWR. Rubella prevention. PMID- 6727017 TI - The pathogenesis of septic shock. PMID- 6727018 TI - Use of esophageal gastric tube airway. PMID- 6727019 TI - Radionuclide demonstration of peritoneal-pleural communication as a cause for pleural fluid. PMID- 6727020 TI - Life, death, and the dollar sign. Medical ethics and cost containment. PMID- 6727021 TI - The failure of physician education as a cost containment strategy. Report of a prospective controlled trial at a university hospital. AB - To test the hypothesis that physician education is an effective strategy to reduce total hospital costs, we evaluated three educational interventions at a large university hospital. This prospective controlled study spanned two academic years and involved 1,663 patients and 226 house staff. In the first year, weekly lectures on cost containment (medicine and surgery) and audit with feedback (medicine only) both failed to produce a significant change in total hospital charges. The "dose" of the intervention was increased on medicine in the second year by combining the lecture and audit strategies. Again, total charges did not change significantly. While decreased use occurred for certain selected services, the impact was not great enough to affect total hospital charges significantly. We conclude that, in the absence of other cost containing incentives, physician education alone is not an effective hospital cost containment strategy. PMID- 6727022 TI - Cost containment and labor-intensive tests. The case of the leukocyte differential count. AB - We conducted an analysis of the use of the leukocyte differential count to determine (1) the services ordering the largest numbers of tests, (2) the proportion of differentials that were clinically justifiable and useful, and (3) the potential for real cost savings as opposed to reduction in charges if unjustified differentials could be eliminated. The sources of all laboratory requisitions during three nonconsecutive weeks were determined; criteria for test justifiability were established; an audit of a random sample of medical records was conducted on two services obtaining the most tests; and a time-motion study was undertaken in the hospital hematology laboratory. Forty-seven percent of differentials were obtained on medical and surgical inpatients and only 10% in the medical clinics. Forty-eight percent and 62% of differentials on the medical and surgical services, respectively, were unjustifiable , making up 26% of all differentials done in the hospital laboratory. Test results appear to have affected patient management in less than 3% of patients; no unjustified test altered a patient's diagnosis or therapy. Elimination of only "unjustified" medical and surgical differentials would permit a reduction of 1.8 full-time equivalent positions from the hospital laboratory. The leukocyte differential is over-used, only occasionally useful, and amenable to real cost reduction. PMID- 6727023 TI - A comparison of Western European and US University hospitals. A case report from Leuven, West Berlin, Leiden, London, and San Francisco. AB - To assess how closely US university hospitals resemble those in other Western countries, I compared four major European university hospitals--Leuven, Belgium; Klinikum Steglitz , West Berlin; Leiden, the Netherlands; and St Thomas', London- with a US institution--University of California, San Francisco ( UCSF ). University of California had 1.6 to 2.4 more total employees, 1.1 to 1.7 more registered nurses, 2.1 to 8.5 more staff physicians, and 1.5 to 3.0 more house officers per adjusted occupied bed. University of California's costs per bed were 2.2 to 3.5 times higher, its inclusive per diem charges at least four times higher, and its malpractice premium at least 50 times greater. Medical patients at UCSF and West Berlin were more severely ill, as judged by organ system failure, need for organ system support, and levels of consciousness. Compared with UCSF , the European hospitals had more explicit rationing of care according to age and illness severity. Overall, European university hospitals are larger, less expensive, less technology intensive, staffed by fewer employees and physicians, occupied by less severely ill patients, and more apt to serve as regional referral centers. As US university hospitals move into a price competitive era, they may come to resemble their European counterparts. PMID- 6727024 TI - Expert witness for whom? PMID- 6727025 TI - Pulmonary embolism as a complication of transfemoral arteriography--incidence, symptoms, and prevention. AB - In order to evaluate the pulmonary embolism as a complication of transfemoral arteriography, we performed lung perfusion scintigrams before and after arteriography in consecutive 120 patients. Of the initial 60 patients who did not receive subcutaneous low-dose heparin, 19 (32%) demonstrated new pulmonary perfusion defects. There was no significant difference in regard to the incidence of new defects with or without right heart catheterization. On the other hand, in the latter 60 patients who received prophylactic heparin, the incidence of new defects decreased to 10%, without increasing clinically important bleeding. We believe that the source of emboli is from the leg vein thrombosis due to compression of the groin and subsequent bed rest. These data suggest that pulmonary embolism is a more common complication of transfemoral arteriography than previously appreciated and low-dose heparin is useful in reducing this complication. PMID- 6727026 TI - Development of left ventricular muscle in tetralogy of Fallot. AB - Age-related changes of the muscle fiber diameter of the left ventricle were studied in 20 autopsied specimens of tetralogy of Fallot (TOF) and in 34 normal autopsied hearts. According to the amount of pulmonary blood flow, two groups were defined: In Group 1, TOF with a markedly decreased pulmonary blood flow. In Group 2, TOF with a moderately decreased pulmonary blood flow. In Group 1, the muscle fiber diameter was nearly normal at birth, but increased slightly and remained constant after one year, so that it was significantly less than normal. Moreover, histological observation revealed underdevelopment of the left ventricular muscle fibers in this group. In Group 2, the diameter increased with age in a manner similar to normal and, histologically, the muscle fibers were not different from normal ones except for those in one heart with left ventricular hypertrophy. The growth of muscle fibers in the left ventricle seems to depend on the volume of pulmonary blood flow, or the left ventricular inflow volume. If the left ventricular functional capacity correlates with the growth of muscle fibers, left ventricular dysfunction after the corrective operation may originate in the underdevelopment of muscle fibers. Surgical intervention is advisable before the retardation of muscle fiber growth has become apparent. PMID- 6727027 TI - Electrophysiologic effects of atropine and isoproterenol on the cardiac conduction system in familial amyloid polyneuropathy. AB - In ten patients with familial amyloid polyneuropathy (FAP), the effects of atropine and isoproterenol on the cardiac conduction system were studied using surface electrocardiogram (ECG) and His bundle electrograms. Intravenous administration of atropine sulfate, 1 mg, prolonged the sinus cycle length ( SNCL ) in 6 of 8, sinus node recovery time (SNRT) in 3 of 6, automaticity recovery time of the atrioventricular (A-V) node in one, A-H interval in 4 of 7, effective refractory periods of the atrium and A-V node in 4 of 6 and in 3 of 7 patients, respectively. Continuous intravenous administration of isoproterenol, 0.5 micrograms/min, shortened the SNCL , SNRT, A-H interval and refractory periods of the atrium and A-V node in all patients. We conclude that the therapeutic doses of atropine may be useless or potentially detrimental for bradyarrhythmias or conduction blocks in some patients with FAP, but that isoproterenol may have beneficial effects on those arrhythmias in FAP. PMID- 6727029 TI - Effects of excessive noradrenaline on cardiac mitochondrial calcium transport and oxidative phosphorylation. AB - Mitochondrial oxidative phosphorylation, calcium transport activity and calcium content were investigated in dog hearts injured by excessive noradrenaline (NA). Diffuse cardiac injury was produced by a 5-hour infusion of NA (2 or 5 micrograms/kg/min), and the injury was evaluated based on ECG and hemodynamic changes. Mitochondrial calcium uptake and binding activities measured in the presence of ATP showed no significant differences between the control and NA groups. However, the calcium content of heart mitochondria isolated from the NA groups, state 3 respiration and the respiratory control index were significantly depressed without any change in the ADP/O ratio. These results suggest that excessive NA causes the intracellular calcium overload and the depression of mitochondrial respiration, and the both of these changes may play a key role in the pathogenesis of myocardial injury through the insufficient control of cytosolic calcium levels. PMID- 6727028 TI - Body surface isopotential maps of normal Japanese children. AB - Body surface isopotential maps were compared between 52 normal children and 47 normal adults. While sequential changes in body surface potential distribution were similar, 4 significant differences in body surface maps were observed between them: 1) Surface maps of normal children showed less smooth contour of isopotential lines than did those of normal adults. For example, breakthrough minimum was recognized more frequently in children (100%) than adults (65%). 2) Breakthrough minimum appeared earlier in normal children (23.2 +/- 5.0 msec) than in normal adults (29.2 +/- 4.3 msec), and more leftwards on the chest. 3) Forty seven percent of the children showed positive potentials on the upper and right portions of the anterior chest in the terminal phase of QRS, but this pattern was not observed in normal adults. 4) The maximum at the time of the peak of the T wave appeared more leftward in normal children than normal adults. PMID- 6727030 TI - The role of phospholipase in mitochondrial dysfunction after coronary reperfusion in the canine myocardium. AB - The left anterior descending coronary artery of a dog was occluded for 15 min followed by a 5 min reperfusion in order to investigate the mechanism responsible for the paradoxical exacerbation of heart mitochondrial dysfunction caused by reperfusion. The mitochondrial function was assessed and the concentration of Ca++, phospholipids and free fatty acids (FFA) were determined. The relative importance of mitochondrial lysophospholipids was also investigated. Eleven dogs (30.6%) developed "reperfusion arrhythmia" (arrhythmia group) but 25 did not (control group). Although mitochondrial dysfunction was observed in the reperfused area even in the control group, a greater impairment of mitochondrial function was observed in the reperfused area in the arrhythmia group. There was no significant difference in the contents of FFA and phospholipids in the mitochondria from the normal area of both groups and from the reperfused area of the control group. However, a marked increase in eight FFA and a significant decrease in phospholipids were observed in the mitochondria from the reperfused area of the arrhythmia group. A significant increase in Ca++ content both in the myocardium and the mitochondria from the reperfused area was observed in the arrhythmia group but not in the control group. In separate experiments, the mitochondria prepared from dog left ventricle were incubated with either phospholipase C (PhC) or phospholipase A2 ( PhA2 ). Both phospholipases induced severe mitochondrial dysfunction. PhC induced a significant increase in FFA, quite analogous to the changes in mitochondrial FFA caused by reperfusion in vivo. PhA2 also induced a tremendous increase in FFA but only in the content of unsaturated FFA. Although PhC did not affect the lysophospholipid profiles, PhA2 induced lysophosphatidyl choline. These results indicate that mitochondrial damages characteristic of the early phase of coronary reperfusion may be caused by the action of PhC, activated by increased intracellular Ca++, which in turn induces degradation of the mitochondrial membrane. PMID- 6727031 TI - [Clinical experience with cefoxitin in the surgical field]. AB - Cefoxitin (CFX) was administered to 49 hospitalized patients in the surgical field, and the following results were obtained: Clinical results of the 12 patients with surgical infections were excellent in 1 patient, good in 10, and poor in 1, with the efficacy rate of 91.7%. CFX was also administered to 37 patients for prophylaxis of postoperative infections, and the clinical efficacy rate was 91.7%. No side effects were seen besides mild eruption in 1 patient. The above results indicate that CFX is exceeding useful in surgical field. PMID- 6727032 TI - [Clinical studies of intravenous drip infusion of micronomicin. Internal field infections]. AB - Micronomicin sulfate (MCR) by intravenous drip infusion for internal field infections was studied in 30 cooperative research institutions and the following results were obtained. Clinical efficacy of MCR on respiratory tract infections was 79.4% for pneumonia, 51.5% for chronic bronchitis and 81.0% for respiratory tract infections associated with bronchiectasis, respectively, with a total effectiveness rate of 70.9%. MCR was effective on urinary tract infections with a rate of 85% and on septicemia with a rate of 80%. There were no cases of clinical symptoms seemed to be adverse reactions. Abnormal laboratory test values were noted in 13 out of 167 cases (7.8%), but all of them were transient without severe reactions observed. It is fully expected that MCR intravenous drip infusion for internal field infection is clinically effective. PMID- 6727033 TI - [Fundamental and clinical studies on cefpiramide in the field of obstetrics and gynecology]. AB - Fundamental and clinical studies were performed on cefpiramide (CPM), a new cephem antibiotic, with following results. Following a single intravenous administration of 1.0 g dose of CPM, the average serum level of CPM was 129.5 micrograms/ml after 1 hour and the half-life in beta-phase was about 5.0 hours. The transfer of CPM to the internal genital organs was found to be good. the transfer of CPM to retroperitoneal fluid was moderate. In clinical trial, CPM was given to 9 patients with obstetrical and gynecological infection. Efficacy was excellent in 1 case and good in 6 cases (effectiveness rate: 77.8%). No side effects were observed. In laboratory findings, a mild elevation of S-GOT was noted in 1 case. PMID- 6727034 TI - [Clinical use of cefoxitin in respiratory tract infections]. AB - Cefoxitin (CFX) was used in 9 patients who had respiratory tract infections and following results were obtained: CFX was used in 2 patients with acute pneumonia, 2 with lung abscess, 3 with a mixed infection of lung cancer, 1 with a mixed infection of pulmonary tuberculosis and 1 with empyema. The overall efficacy rate was 77.8%; results were excellent in 2, good in 5 and poor in 2. Bacteriologically, all strains except P. aeruginosa were eradicated after treatment. No side effects were observed. A slight transient elevation of transaminase was observed in 1 patient after doses of 4 approximately 8 g daily. From the above, CFX seems to be a useful and safe drug as an initial choice in the treatment of respiratory tract infections. PMID- 6727035 TI - [Methyl heptine carbonate skin test in lung cancer--correlation with stage and prognosis]. AB - Results of methyl heptine carbonate skin tests were compared with DNCB skin test results in 155 patients with chest diseases. Reactions to methyl heptine carbonate and DNCB were similar in 142 of 155 patients (92%). Forty-two lung cancer patients and 42 control patients were tested for their reactions to methyl heptine carbonate. The reactions were positive in 52% of the lung cancer patients and in 98% of the controls (p less than 0.01). The incidence of methyl heptine carbonate reactions decreased as the lung cancer stage advanced. The 6-month mortality rate was 10% in nonresponders compared to 77% in responders to methyl heptine carbonate (p less than 0.01). This study shows that reactions to methyl heptine carbonate correlate with tumor stage and prognosis in lung cancer. PMID- 6727036 TI - [Prognostic factors in breast cancer and recurrence: study using a quantification theory; type-II]. AB - The relevance of age, menopausal status, histological type as classified by the Japan Mammary Cancer Society, level of invasion of the primary tumor, invasion of breast cancer cells into blood vessels, invasion of breast cancer into lymphatic vessels, histopathological TNM stage, and SHBG as a prognostic factors was studied to determine their discriminatory powers in predicting cancer recurrence by the type II quantification theory using a computer. We followed up 98 breast cancer patients with 23 recurrent cancers from 3-9 years; the followup period in cases with no recurrence was 10 years after mastectomy. Our study showed that the discriminatory power of those prognostic factors in predicting recurrence were ly (0.44108) greater than histopathological TNM stage (0.39719) greater than menopausal status (0.35701) greater than v (0.30513) greater than level of invasion of primary tumor (0.26072) greater than histological type (0.24311) greater than age (0.23369). The discriminatory rate of these 7 parameters in predicting recurrence was 82.609%. SHBG, which shows hormone dependence of breast cancer, had low discriminatory power. PMID- 6727037 TI - [Studies on the mechanism of defective natural killer cytotoxicity in patients with multiple myeloma]. AB - Multiple myeloma patients in the advanced or remission stage exhibit significantly lower natural killer (NK) activity than normal subjects. Single cell assay showed that the number of active NK cells was the same for all patients. The maximum killing potential (Vmax) in advanced patients was lower than in normal subjects. These results suggest that defective NK activity in advanced patients is due to a reduced recycling capacity. PMID- 6727038 TI - [Undifferentiated adenocarcinoma of the lung associated with sarcoidosis- differential diagnosis]. AB - A 51-year-old male with undifferentiated adenocarcinoma of the lung associated with sarcoidosis is reported. Scalenus node biopsy and open thoracotomy revealed sarcoid granuloma. High levels of serum angiotensin-converting enzyme and ocular findings also suggested sarcoidosis. No malignant cells were recognized by repeat lymph node biopsy. However, post-mortem examination showed bronchial carcinoma; no sarcoid granuloma was found. The diagnostically difficult points of our case are discussed. PMID- 6727039 TI - [A case report of mastopathy with cartilagenous and osseous metaplasia]. AB - A case of mastopathy with cartilagenous and osseous metaplasia is reported. The patient is a 57-year-old Japanese woman complaining of a tumor measuring around 1.2 cm in diameter near the nipple of the left breast. The xeromammographic diagnosis was adenosis with calcification. Histological examination identified an intracystic tumor composed of papilloma and adenosis with cartilagenous and osseous metaplasia. This is the first Japanese case of its kind. PMID- 6727040 TI - [A case of carcinoma originating from accessory breast tissue of the axilla]. AB - We report a case of carcinoma originating from accessory breast tissue of axilla and review 33 reported cases of carcinoma in heterotopic breast tissue. Although the incidence of accessory breast cancer is not high, early diagnosis and treatment are necessary, keeping in mind the possibility of this carcinoma when subcutaneous nodules of uncertain origin are found around the breast. Surgical treatment which must at least include wide local extirpation including the surrounding tissues and dissection of the axillary lymph nodes is necessary and adjunctive chemotherapy and irradiation appear to be useful. PMID- 6727041 TI - [A case of advanced gastric cancer which disappeared histopathologically after short-time chemotherapy]. AB - Poorly differentiated adenocarcinoma was confirmed by endoscopic biopsy. Anticancer therapy was performed preoperatively, but was discontinued after the second intravenous administration of MFC because she developed nausea, vomiting and pancytopenia. On Jan. 18, 1980, gastrectomy with extended lymph node dissection was performed. Histologically, the excised stomach showed non-specific active ulcer (ul-IV) at the side of the tumor without evidence of residual cancer cells. The cause for the disappearance of the advanced carcinoma remains unknown. Although the dosage of the anticancer chemotherapy was quite small, this treatment may have promoted the regression of the tumor in conjunction with activated antitumor immunity of the host. PMID- 6727042 TI - [Carcinoma of the colon associated with diffuse metastatic leptomeningeal carcinomatosis (DMLC) presenting as disturbance of consciousness--a case report]. AB - A 58-year-old man was admitted to Saiseikai Hospital complaining of vertigo and visual acuity disturbance. His admission physical examination was unremarkable; his spinal fluid contained 69 large mononuclear cells/mm3. Cytological examination was not done. His disturbance of consciousness rapidly progressed to coma and he died on the 10 th hospital day. At autopsy, Borrmann Type II carcinoma (3 cm in diameter) was found in the cecum. Microscopical examination revealed that the tumor was a poorly differentiated adenocarcinoma. Diffuse metastasis was found in the leptomeningium , but there was no evidence of metastasis to other organ. PMID- 6727043 TI - [An autopsy case of ovarian clear cell carcinoma 14 years after irradiation for uterine cervical carcinoma]. AB - An autopsy case of a 46-year-old woman who developed right ovarian clear cell carcinoma 14 years after radiation treatment for uterine cervical cancer, is reported. The pathological characteristics of the clear cell carcinoma were solid, tubulo-cystic and papillary structures of clear, granular eosinophilic, hobnail , and vacuolated cells. A Review of the literature on ovarian clear cell carcinoma and multiple cancers is also presented. PMID- 6727044 TI - [Prerequest for increasing cure rate of cancer by chemotherapy]. AB - Cancer chemotherapy is now the major modality to increase cure rate of cancer. In the past two decades systemic chemotherapy markedly improved the curability of several advanced malignancies in both adults and children. Several other cancers are also considered as curable by adjuvant setting. As for the low response group we must continue comprehensive approaches to improve response rate and duration. The knowledges of newer cancer biology provide us many ideas and targets of chemotherapy. The fundamental difficulties lie in cancer treatment are tumor side heterogeneity and host side individuality. Heterogeneity is now interpreted as the results of gene-instability and multi-oncogene involvement is of current interests. Thus in order to overcome these difficulties pharmacology-directed chemotherapy is now indispensable. PMID- 6727045 TI - [Epidemiological studies on thyroid cancer in Nagasaki City]. AB - We studied 89 cases of thyroid cancer registered at the Nagasaki Tumor Registry during the period from 1973--1977. The incidence of thyroid cancer tended to be higher in persons exposed to the atomic bomb, especially women, than in the nonexposed population. Compared with nonexposed individuals, the relative risk for thyroid cancer was increased in distally as well as proximally exposed persons, but not in early entrants to the bombed city. In 83 histologically examined patients, papillary carcinomas were highly predominant, they were more prevalent in the exposed than in the nonexposed population. PMID- 6727046 TI - [DNA-RNA cytofluorometry for a primary cancer of the stomach and choledochus]. AB - We standardized DNA-RNA cytofluorometry with AO stain using a NIKON SPM-RFI-D instrument for cell smears. We applied this technique in a 72-year-old woman with primary double cancer of the stomach and choledochus. We first suspected malignancy of the choledochus and examined the desquamated cells in the bile cytofluorometrically to obtain by X-Y plotting the irregularly increased polyploid cells with a high percentage of cells in S phase. These polyploid cells and S phase cells were found to have an increased RNA content. Before operation, the presence of another malignancy of the stomach was also ascertained. The surgical specimens were diagnosed histopathologically as well differentiated, tubular adenocarcinoma of the stomach and moderately differentiated, tubular adenocarcinoma of the choledochus. By cytofluorometric analysis similar results were obtained, i.e., polyploidization with increase of S phase cells. Based on these results, we concluded that our method is useful for the diagnosis of alimentary tract malignancy, and that the criteria of malignancy appear to be unusual polyploidization with increased fractions of S phase cells. PMID- 6727047 TI - [Clinico-pathological study and surgical treatment of cancer of the greater curvature of the stomach]. AB - We retrospectively studied the clinicopathological features and surgical treatment of patients with cancer of the great curvature seen between 1967--1977. The incidence of cancer of the greater curvature in gastrectomized patients was 11% (31/281): this was the least frequent of four locations. Curatively resected patients, the five-year survival rate of those with cancer of the greater curvature was 50%, significantly lower than in patients with cancer of the anterior and posterior wall. Factors influencing the survival rate were age, size of the tumor, stage of the cancer, the presence of poorly differentiated adenocarcinoma, and relative curative resection. To improve the results of surgical treatment, early diagnosis and extended lymph node dissection are essential. PMID- 6727048 TI - [Study of immunosuppressive acidic protein (IAP) in patients with renal cell cancer]. AB - We evaluated immunosuppressive acidic protein (IAP) as a tumor marker in renal cell cancer. The study was comprised of patients with renal cell cancer (6 stage A, 3 stage C, 11 stage D, 7 recurrences). The IAP positive rate of renal cell cancer was 84%, the mean was 937.5 +/- 442.1 ug/ml. The positive rate is statistically higher than in other malignant and benign urological diseases. The IAP positive rate tended to increase with cancer stage. IAP may represent a tumor marker in renal cell cancer. PMID- 6727049 TI - [Standardized radiation treatment method for carcinoma of the uterine cervix]. AB - Due to a world-wide information exchange on cancer therapy, a standardized treatment method for cancer is desirable. Radiation therapy for carcinoma of the uterine cervix is usually in combination with external and intracavitary irradiation. A basic treatment regiment for carcinoma of the uterine cervix with external and intracavitary irradiation was established by the major Japanese institutions. The consensus include: size and shape of irradiation field, dose, the reference from which to calculate the point A dose the external orifice of cervix is point A dose is regarded as the minor dose between right and left point As', categorized treatment methods with RALS according to cancer stage, the post operative irradiation method. This standardized treatment method will be applied for data analysis at each institution and will promote the further development of radiation therapy. PMID- 6727050 TI - [Characteristics of urinary steroid excretions in ovarian cancer patients]. AB - We performed a case-control study to investigate the urinary steroid excretions in ovarian cancer patients. The use of gas-liquid chromatography permitted the estimation of 14 urinary steroids. Data on 139 urine specimens from 36 cancer patients were compared with those on age-matched controls. A general depression of adreno-corticosteroid excretions was consistently observed in the cancer patients as compared with the control women. The possible role of observed steroidal disorders in the genesis of ovarian neoplasia is discussed in light of the epidemiological and biological aspects of this tumor. PMID- 6727051 TI - [Evaluation of the accuracy in radiotherapy for carcinomas of the hypopharynx and larynx]. AB - Immobility and reproducibility were investigated to evaluate the accuracy in radiotherapy for carcinomas of the hypopharynx and larynx. Based on our comparative study using a semi-conductor detector, a light-cast shell is sufficient to maintain immobility during radiotherapy. In most cases, the range of reproducibility was within 5 mm throughout the course of radiotherapy. PMID- 6727052 TI - [Early esophageal cancer concomitant with leiomyoma of the esophagus--a case report]. AB - Benign esophageal tumors concomitant with esophageal cancer are sometimes observed, however, it is rare that esophageal cancer is associated at the surface of the leiomyoma as a submucosal tumor. We report a 59-year-old man with a polypoid esophageal cancer. The polypoid tumor, 0.6 X 0.7 X 1.3 cm in size, was removed in 1976; histological findings showed that a large amount of the tumor was leiomyoma and that squamous cell cancer was associated at the surface of the leiomyoma. After polypectomy, he experienced recurrence and radical surgery was performed in 1981; histologically, the resected specimen showed early esophageal cancer. PMID- 6727053 TI - [A case of hyperthyroidism combined with thyroid carcinoma]. AB - A 33-year-old woman, with hyperthyroidism combined with thyroid carcinoma is presented. She was given antithyroid medication before the operation, and sub total thyroidectomy was performed under local anesthesia. Her postoperative course was smooth. Histologically, the resected thyroid was shown to have two small nodular lesions of papillary carcinoma in the diffuse goiter. The current classification, statistics, diagnosis and therapy of this disease are discussed. PMID- 6727054 TI - [A case of minute carcinoma associated with an atypical epithelial lesion of the stomach and histopathological analysis]. AB - A patient with minute carcinoma associated with an atypical epithelial lesion (ATP) of the stomach is reported. The resected stomach from this 81-year-old male exhibited a 1.3 X 1.0 cm elevated ATP; microscopic examination revealed a minute (0.4 mm) carcinoma. The lesion was differentiated tubular adenocarcinoma and was suggestive of one-gland carcinoma. It consisted of one faveola in the upper half and multibranched , compound alveolar glands in the lower half, structurally mimicking the initial stage of intestinal metaplasia. The lesion existed in small metaplastic foci; the surface foveolar epithelia of the lesion showed no cancerous changes. These findings suggested that this minute carcinoma occurred in the initial stage of intestinal metaplasia. PMID- 6727055 TI - [A case of gastric carcinoid associated with multiple early gastric cancers and atypical epithelium]. AB - A 69-year-old man was admitted to our hospital complaining of the sensation of abdominal fullness and tarry stool. X-ray and endoscopic examination revealed a gastric tumor measuring 6.5 X 7.5 cm in the antrum along the greater curvature. Histologically, the tumor was diagnosed as carcinoid; five lesions of early gastric cancer and one lesion of atypical epithelium were also detected. Through 1982, 24 Japanese patients with gastric carcinoid associated with gastric cancer have been reported. PMID- 6727056 TI - Neuropathological study of chorea-acanthocytosis. AB - Neuropathological studies of a woman with chorea-acanthocytosis were reported. The patient clinically showed generalized epileptic seizures, choreatic involuntary movements, hypotonia , areflexia, neurogenic muscular atrophy, tongue biting and acanthocytosis of the peripheral blood and died from asphyxia at the age of 34. Autopsy revealed atrophy of the caudate nucleus but the cerebral cortex was well preserved. Histological examination showed severe neuronal loss associated with moderate fibrous gliosis of the caudate. The putamen was similarly but less markedly affected. The small striatal neurons were more severely depopulated than the large neurons, although the latter were not spared. Cytometrical study of the caudate head revealed that the remaining small neurons were significantly larger in size than the normal small neurons of the same area. The anatomical substratum of the choreatic involuntary movements in chorea acanthocytosis is thought to be the degeneration of the striatum, especially the caudate nucleus. Neuropathological differentiation of chorea-acanthocytosis from Huntington's chorea which shows similar pathology was discussed. PMID- 6727057 TI - Neuraminidase activity in human peripheral lymphocytes: its increase in chronic active liver disease. AB - The activity of neuraminidase (sialidase) in peripheral white blood cells was measured by a fluorometric method using 4-MU NANA as a substrate. The activity in mononuclear cells, which was predominantly lymphocytes, was 2.5 times higher than that in polymorphonuclear cells (neutrophils). The former's activity was directly proportional to the number of the cells, but that of the latter was found to be suppressed by an increasing number of cells. Thus, the increased number of PMN contaminated in MNC fraction somewhat obscured neuraminidase activity affecting suppressively . The enzyme activity in MNC of 25 control subjects (15 males and 10 females) was 254 +/- 73 pmoles per hour per 10(6) cells and there was no difference between the values in males and females (233 +/- 59 vs. 284 +/- 81). The activity in 20 patients with chronic active liver disease was significantly higher than that in controls (551 +/- 135, p less than 0.01). The amount of sialic acid in MNC, which was 1.4 times more than that in PMN, revealed a tendency for a positive correlation between neuraminidase activity. A new finding of the increase of lymphocyte neuraminidase activity was introduced and its pathological significance particularly in liver disease was discussed. PMID- 6727058 TI - Evaluation of plasma histamine in patients with coronary artery disease. AB - Plasma levels of histamine (HI) were determined by fluorescence photometry in 12 patients with old myocardial infarction, 10 patients with stable effort angina pectoris and 10 control subjects without coronary arterial lesion. Resting HI were 57.6 +/- 7.5 ng/ml for control subjects and 68.6 +/- 3.9 ng/ml for patients with coronary artery disease (CAD) (N.S.). HI were 62.6 +/- 4.7 ng/ml for patients with one vessel disease, 68.0 +/- 10.6 ng/ml for patients with two vessel disease and 79.1 +/- 4.9 ng/ml for patients with three vessel disease (one vessel disease: three vessel disease, p less than 0.05). HI for all subjects decreased from 65.6 +/- 3.5 ng/ml before treadmill exercise test to 63.4 +/- 3.8 ng/ml after exercise (N.S.), and the rate of change did not differ from control subjects to diseased patients. HI increased significantly from 63.5 +/- 3.7 ng/ml to 70.7 +/- 3.7 ng/ml after hyperventilation (p less than 0.05), but the rate of change did not differ from control to CAD patients. In the present study a tendency was observed that the severe the coronary arterial lesions, the higher were HI. In old myocardial infarction and stable effort angina pectoris, however, the changes in HI produced by exercise and hyperventilation do not seem to be deeply involved in the onset of acute myocardial ischemia. PMID- 6727059 TI - A case of hereditary elliptocytosis associated with constitutional indocyanine green excretory defect. AB - A 24-year-old woman was diagnosed as having hereditary elliptocytosis and post transfusion hepatitis. On admission, a marked delay in indocyanine green (ICG) plasma clearance was noted while bromsulphalein excretion was almost normal. Even when her levels of serum bilirubin and transaminases were decreased to the normal ranges and a liver biopsy revealed no evidence of any liver cirrhosis or active hepatitis, ICG excretion still remained abnormal. These findings were compatible to those of constitutional ICG excretory defect. PMID- 6727061 TI - Risk factors in acute exacerbation and their influence on the prognosis of chronic respiratory failure. PMID- 6727060 TI - A case of tardive dyskinesia caused by metoclopramide. AB - Abnormal involuntary movements appeared in the mouth, tongue, neck and abdomen of a 64-year-old male patient after he took metoclopramide for gastrointestinal disorder in a regimen of 30 mg per day for a total of about 260 days. The symptoms exacerbated to a maximum in a month. When the metoclopramide administration was discontinued, the abnormal movements gradually improved to a considerable extent. Attention to the possible induction of specific tardive dyskinesia is called for in the use of this drug. PMID- 6727062 TI - Manifestations of acute aggravation of respiratory insufficiency during its chronic course and a therapeutic approach--hemodynamic studies with Swan-Ganz catheter. PMID- 6727063 TI - Therapy of acute exacerbations of chronic respiratory failure. PMID- 6727064 TI - Index for evaluation of walking-training of patients with chronic severe respiratory failure. PMID- 6727065 TI - Force-velocity relation and contractility in striated muscles. AB - For skeletal muscle, the physiological meaning of Hill's hyperbolic force velocity equation and the factors affecting it, such as the active state, method of velocity measurement and mode of stimulation, have been discussed. After the development of the sliding filament theory, Hill's equation was generalized to all partially activated isometric tensions and the meaning of Hill's dynamic constants was interpreted from the kinetic analysis of the cross-bridge cycle. In cardiac muscle, determination of the precise force-velocity relation was almost impossible, but most difficulties were overcome by tetanizing the cardiac muscle. As a result, the force-velocity properties of cardiac muscle were confirmed to be very similar to those of skeletal muscle. The maximum shortening velocity under no load, v0, was once used as an index of myocardial contractility which is insensitive to muscle length, but it is now believed that at least at shorter lengths, v0 may vary with muscle length and degree of activation. As new approaches, studies on sarcomere dynamics by the laser diffraction method, observation of calcium transient and pressure-velocity measurement in whole ventricle have been introduced. PMID- 6727066 TI - Role of sympathetic nervous system in immobilization- and cold-induced brown adipose tissue thermogenesis in rats. AB - The role of the sympathetic nervous system in 10-min cold (5 degrees C)- or 2-min immobilization-induced thermogenesis in brown adipose tissue (BAT) was studied in warm (25 degrees C)-acclimated rats. Both cold- and immobilization-stresses increased heat production (M), interscapular brown adipose tissue temperature ( Tbat ), and colonic temperature ( Tcol ). Resulting from both stresses, the increase in Tbat was greater than that in Tcol , the differences (delta Tbat ) becoming approximately 0.48 and 0.46 degrees C by the cold exposure and the immobilization, respectively. After sympathectomy, Tbat and delta Tbat did not change on immobilization but increased significantly on the cold exposure. Delta Tbat was 0.31 degrees C in the sympathectomized rats at the end of the cold exposure period. Immobilization-induced BAT thermogenesis may be mainly controlled by the sympathetic nervous system. On the other hand cold-induced BAT thermogenesis seems to be controlled by certain hormonal factors as well as the sympathetic nervous system. PMID- 6727067 TI - Changes in the adrenergic effects and membrane activity of the circular muscle of rat uterus during late pregnancy and postpartum. AB - Circular muscle strips of rat uterus were obtained in the morning on Days 21 and 22 of pregnancy, and on the first postpartum day. Changes in the effects of noradrenaline and isoprenaline due to pregnant stage and incubation period in vitro were investigated, taking the contractile response and membrane activity as indicators. Plateau potential was dominant in Day 21 and postpartum preparations, and spike potential on Day 22. Noradrenaline (3 X 10(-7), 10(-6) M) caused excitation in Day 21 and postpartum preparations, whereas it caused inhibition in Day 22 preparations during early exposure to Krebs solution. When contractile potentiation was caused, plateau potential was prolonged, and when contractile depression was caused the plateau potential was suppressed. By incubation in vitro with Krebs solution, a transformation of the effect of noradrenaline from excitation to inhibition was caused in Day 21 preparations, and from strong to weak inhibition in Day 22 preparations. Isoprenaline of 3 X 10(-10) M concentration markedly depressed the contractile response in Day 22 preparations, whereas 10(-8) M isoprenaline was not enough to suppress the spontaneous contractions in postpartum preparations. PMID- 6727068 TI - Length-dependent changes of pacemaker frequency in the isolated rabbit sinoatrial node. AB - To correlate changes in pacemaker frequency with those of length and tension in mammalian atrial tissues, a strip of the sinoatrial (SA) nodal tissue (about 10 mm in length and 4 mm in width) isolated from the rabbit heart was subjected to constant-length and constant-load stretches, and the relation between the resulting pacemaker frequency changes and the segmental length changes of the preparation was examined by means of cinematographic recording of the preparation with carbon markers on its surface. The amount of stretch-induced length changes was larger in the perinodal tissue segments than in the SA nodal segments, indicating that the nodal area is less extensible than the perinodal area. The time course of stretch-induced length changes of one nodal segment (closer to the inferior vena cava) was found to roughly parallel that of pacemaker frequency changes, suggesting that the pacemaker frequency is primarily dependent on the length but not on the tension of the SA nodal area. PMID- 6727069 TI - The relevance of cardio-pulmonary-vascular reflex to regulation of the brain vessels. AB - In 11 cordotomized (C2) rats with the vagi cut, monopolar electrical stimulation at a current intensity of 73 +/- 21 (S.E.) microA (n = 6) to the intermediate region of the solitary nucleus elicited an increase (p less than 0.05) in regional blood flow (iodoantipyrine technique) of 71% and 43% in the frontal cortex and caudate nucleus, respectively. The findings suggest that some of the cardio-pulmonary and cardio-vascular reflex mechanisms are involved in the regulation of the blood vessels of the brain. PMID- 6727070 TI - Contribution of skin thermal sensitivities of large body areas to sweating response. AB - The thermal sensitivity of different parts of the body was investigated by heating large areas of the body surface while the mean skin temperature calculated from Hardy and DuBois ' formula (1938) was always kept constant. The right arm sweating responses recorded under a local thermal clamp were related to changes in segmental skin temperatures of the different parts of the body. The results show that: 1) the various local peripheral signals are projected into integrating structures in the central nervous system; 2) the thermal sensitivity is greater for the head-and-trunk area in comparison with other parts of the body. For resting nude subjects, the formula of Hardy and DuBois remains a pertinent way for evaluating the role of skin thermal signals in the central drive for sweating. The peripheral contribution to the central sweating drive depends only on the skin temperature change and on the size of the stimulated area. PMID- 6727071 TI - Antitussive effect of RU-20201--central and peripheral actions. AB - The antitussive effect of the new compound 1, 2, 3, 4a, 9b-hexahydro-8, 9b dimethyl-4-[3-(4-methyl-piperazine-1-yl) propionamide] dibenzofuran-3-one dihydrochloride (RU-20201) was investigated in dogs and guinea pigs, including its sites of action. The antitussive effect of RU-20201 was about 1/10 as potent as that of codeine phosphate in dogs with the puncture electrode-induced cough (PEC) method and about 1/12 and 1/4 as potent as that of codeine phosphate in guinea pigs with the PEC and chemical stimulation methods, respectively. When RU 20201 was administered in a dose range of 1 to 10 mg into the vertebral artery toward the brain in lightly anesthetized dogs, no antitussive effect was observed against the coughing elicited by electrical stimulation of the central cut end of the superior laryngeal nerve. However, a stimulative effect on respiration, especially on respiratory rate occurred. The peripheral effect of RU-20201 on the cough was investigated using the in situ upper trachea perfusion preparation which allows a direct drug administration to the local site around the tracheal mucosa, this site being electrically stimulated to induce coughing. A close i.a. infusion of RU-20201 in doses of 1 and 3 mg/min into the tracheal vascular bed for 5 min inhibited the cough response elicited by mucosal stimulation. The above findings suggest that RU-20201 has a significant antitussive activity, the site of action being probably, at least, at the cough receptor level. PMID- 6727072 TI - Metabolic alterations in normal and streptozotocin-diabetic rats in vivo: influence of prolonged starvation. AB - We studied the influence of prolonged starvation on carbohydrate metabolism in streptozotocin-diabetic rats compared with normal rats. In streptozotocin (STZ) diabetic rats, the plasma glucose concentration decreased gradually during prolonged starvation, while it did not change in normal rats. In normal rats, glycogen depletion in the liver occurred within 24 hr of starvation, while in STZ diabetic rats, glycogen content did not change even after 72 hr of starvation. Impaired glucose tolerance and glycogen deposition in response to oral administration of glucose were observed in STZ-diabetic rats compared with normal animals. STZ-diabetic animals generally had lower glycogen synthase and phosphorylase activities compared with normal rats during starvation. In normal animals, there is a significant correlation between the plasma concentration of free fatty acids and 3-hydroxybutyrate. On the basis of these findings, metabolic alterations in chemically-induced diabetic animals were discussed. PMID- 6727073 TI - N-carbamoyl-2-(2,6-dichlorophenyl) acetamidine hydrochloride (LON-954), a tremorogen, on rat diaphragm. PMID- 6727074 TI - Effects of 4-(o-benzylphenoxy)-N-methylbutylamine hydrochloride (MCI-2016) on survival time and brain monoamine levels in bilaterally carotid-artery-ligated gerbils. PMID- 6727075 TI - Studies on certain drug-metabolizing enzymes in deoxypyridoxine-treated rats. AB - The effect of deoxypyridoxine on the activities of drug-metabolizing enzymes was investigated in male rats. Phenylbutazone oxidase and aminopyrine N-demethylase decreased in both liver and kidney of deoxypyridoxine-treated rats that received either an 18% or 8% casein diet. However, the magnitude of decrease in activities was more when the rats received an 8% casein diet. The NADPH oxidase activity remained unchanged following deoxypyridoxine treatment. The diminished activities of phenylbutazone oxidase and aminopyrine N-demethylase noted after deoxypyridoxine treatment were restored by pyridoxine supplementation. The decreased activities of drug-metabolizing enzymes in deoxypyridoxine treated rats were not reversed by thyroxine supplementation. It is suggested that pyridoxine in the form of pyridoxal phosphate might be involved in the regulation of drug metabolizing activities. PMID- 6727076 TI - Effects of Ca antagonists on the norepinephrine release and contractile responses of isolated canine saphenous veins to transmural nerve stimulation. AB - Effects of verapamil, diltiazem and nicardipine on tritium overflow and contraction evoked by transmural nerve stimulation (TNS) were evaluated using canine saphenous vein strips preincubated with [3H]norepinephrine. External Ca2+ was required for both tritium overflow and contraction evoked by TNS. All the Ca antagonists tested significantly increased the spontaneous overflow of tritium in a concentration-dependent manner with no changes in basal tension. Verapamil in concentrations lower than 10(-5) M significantly enhanced the TNS-evoked tritium overflow, but reduced it at 3 X 10(-5) M, while this drug at 3 X 10(-6)-3 X 10( 5) M concentration-dependently inhibited the TNS-evoked contraction. Verapamil, 3 X 10(-5) M, inhibited the TNS-evoked contraction more strongly than the evoked tritium overflow. On the other hand, diltiazem and nicardipine in concentrations higher than 10(-5) M significantly inhibited both tritium overflow and contraction evoked by TNS. There was no significant difference between inhibitions of the TNS-evoked tritium overflow and contraction by either diltiazem or nicardipine. Neither increase in the spontaneous tritium overflow nor inhibitions of the TNS-evoked tritium overflow and contraction by nicardipine appeared to be related to its phosphodiesterase inhibiting activity. These results suggest that diltiazem and nicardipine may inhibit the TNS-evoked contraction mainly by inhibiting Ca2+-dependent transmitter release from the adrenergic nerve endings, whereas verapamil may inhibit it by restricting the availability of Ca2+ at the postsynaptic sites and in the highest concentration used, by additional inhibition of transmitter release. PMID- 6727077 TI - Studies on rabbit corneal permeability of local anesthetics (I). AB - To elucidate the pharmacokinetics of local anesthetics with respect to corneal permeability in the rabbit, we examined the relationship between the corneal permeability velocities of three agents, cocaine X HCl, procaine X HCl and tetracaine X HCl and corneal hydration. The corneal permeability velocity constants (k) of these three ester-type local anesthetics were approximately 0.5 6.0 X 10(-6) cm/sec and the membrane permeability constants of these agents were approximately 0.5-4.0 X 10(-7) cm2/sec, whereas the rabbit corneal hydration values were 3.2-4.2. Tetracaine X HCl with the strongest topical anesthetic action showed the greatest corneal hydration and the smallest corneal permeability velocity constant among these local anesthetics. Rabbit corneal permeability decreased with increasing molecular length of the agents. Permeability of these local anesthetics in the rabbit cornea appears to result from passive transport. As corneal hydration values and the corneal permeability constant increased with greater topical anesthetic activity, it appears that the degree of inhibition of Na+-K+ ATPase activity is associated with the order of topical anesthetic activity in a similar manner as general anesthetics. PMID- 6727078 TI - Stimulation of anchorage-independent growth of Syrian hamster embryo cells by a deproteinized extract of calf blood (Solcoseryl). PMID- 6727080 TI - [Functional hemisphere differences in auditory and tactile recognition in aged people]. AB - The effects of aging on hemispheric specialization in verbal and visuo-spatial functions were examined by dichotic listening and tactile recognition tests. In the first experiment, thirty aged (65-91 year) intact subjects and university students were tested by a dichotic listening tape with pairs of two-syllable meaningful words. The results revealed an overall decline of scores in the aged subjects but there was no interaction between subject and the degree of right ear advantage. In the second experiment, subjects were asked to judged whether successively presented nonsense tactile stimuli to each hand were identical or not. Reaction times and accuracy rates of each hand of the aged subjects were inferior to those of the control subjects. However, no interaction was found between hand and subject group. Both experiments show that there is no evidence to suggest any selective deterioration or specialization of hemispheric function in the aged people, though overall performance level declines with age, which may be caused by short-term memory deficit. PMID- 6727079 TI - Changes in synthetic activity of sulfated mucosubstances in healing process of acetic acid ulcer in rats and effect of anti-ulcer agents. PMID- 6727081 TI - [Effect of increased arterial blood pressure on the course of myocardial infarction]. PMID- 6727082 TI - [Relation between dietary habits and arterial hypertension]. PMID- 6727084 TI - [Non-pharmacological treatment of arterial hypertension]. PMID- 6727083 TI - [Echocardiographic evaluation of left ventricular function in patients with pheochromocytoma]. PMID- 6727085 TI - [Evaluation of the contractile function of the right ventricle of the heart after plastic procedures on the tricuspid valve during artificial circulation]. AB - Changes in right-ventricular function were investigated after surgical correction of the mitral-tricuspid valvular defect and congenital heart diseases, such as the interventricular septum defect and Fallot's tetrad. In patients with acquired valvular defects, the analysis of intraventricular pressure curves showed reduced hyperfunction and better relaxation of the right ventricle. The assessment of the effects of different surgical accesses used in radical correction of the interventricular septum defect and Fallot's tetrad demonstrated the advantage of sparing surgery achieved through the right atrium. PMID- 6727086 TI - [Electro- and phonocardiographic diagnosis of interventricular septal defect associated with aortic insufficiency]. AB - Fifty-two post-surgery patients were studied for signs of interventricular septum defect in conjunction with aortal failure. The basic relevant signs were established to be insulated hypertrophy of the left ventricle or combined hypertrophy of both ventricles (with the left one being dominant) in conjunction with high amplitude pansystolic sounds and the presence of decreasing diastolic noise of aortal insufficiency, lagging behind tone II with the epicentre in points V-IV. The above signs may be used in the differential diagnosis of such congenital heart disease as an open arterial canal, rupture of Valsalva's sinus aneurysm into the right ventricular cavity coronary fistula and aortopulmonary septum defects. PMID- 6727087 TI - [Technic of tetrapolar rheography for determining cardiac stroke volume in patients with mitral stenosis in the late stages]. AB - On the basis of model and clinical investigations using differential rheograms , a conclusion was drawn that in measuring the curve of Ad amplitude from the isoelectric line, the cardiac stroke volume ( SHV ) averaging 30-80 ml as determined by the method of tetrapolar chest rheography and calculated by the formula of Kubi cek et al. (formula see text) was in full agreement with the SHV determined by Fick's method for the same heart rate. When calculated by formula (formula see text) or (formula see text) which used (formula see text) or delta Z found by extrapolating the rheographic curve according to the method of A. A. Kedrov or N. R. Paleev , the SHV proved to be lower and, therefore, in order to obtain more accurate values of the SHV , corrective coefficient K should be introduced into these formulae. The value of K is determined by an inverse dependence between the volumetric rate of the cardiac output and the resilient viscous properties of vessels, and it varies with different heart rates. PMID- 6727088 TI - [Echocardiogram of young athletes]. PMID- 6727089 TI - [Correlation of myocardial scintigraphy findings with 201Tl and electrocardiography in evaluation of the state of the myocardium in patients with ischemic heart disease]. AB - One hundred and twenty-seven coronary heart disease patients with angina of effort and at rest were examined, using myocardial scintigraphy with 201Tl. The results obtained were compared with the ECG findings recorded at 12 conventional leads. Myocardial scintigraphy with 201Tl was shown to be a highly sensitive (91% sensitivity) and accurate method of detecting and locating the local impairments of the myocardial blood supply. However it was not specific for diagnosing the post-infarction cicatricial changes (specificity was less than 10%). As compared to ECG with a sensitivity of 60% and specificity of 90%, myocardial scintigraphy with 201Tl makes it possible to diagnose more accurately the focal changes in the posterior wall which could be hardly detected by ECG. Myocardial scintigraphy may serve as a method of choice in cases where the clinical symptoms of myocardial infarction are not confirmed by the ECG findings as to the presence of focal changes as well as in cases of intraventricular conductivity irregularities and combined focal myocardial impairments of various localization which makes it difficult to differentiate one from another. PMID- 6727090 TI - [Comparative evaluation of methods of myocardial scintigraphy using 99mTc-Sn glucohepatonate and 99mTc-Sn-pyrophosphate in the diagnosis of acute myocardial infarction and unstable stenocardia]. AB - Scintigraphy with 99mTc -Sn-glucoheptonate permits the determination of the focus of transmural myocardial infarction at the earliest stages of the disease (from three hours to the fifth day of the disease) whereas scintigraphy with 99mTc -Sn pyrophosphate makes it possible to follow-up the zone of transmural infarction from Day 2 through Day 7-10. Both methods fail to provide enough information to diagnose non-transmural myocardial infarction. A comparative evaluation of the nature of glucohepatonate and pyrophosphate incorporation in the myocardium of patients with unstable angina is suggestive of the severity of ischemic changes in the myocardium. PMID- 6727091 TI - [Correction of protein metabolism in myocardial infarction according to the results of radionuclide studies with 131-albumin during during treatment with a number of drugs (retabolyl, methyluracil, panangin, strophanthin) and combinations of them]. AB - The effect of a series of drugs (retabolil, strophanthin, retabolil with strophanthin, retabolil with panangin , methyluracil with panangin ) on protein metabolism was investigated in 246 patients with acute myocardial infarction. Retabolil both alone and combined with panangin , and a methyluracil-- panangin combination were found to have anticatabolic and protein synthesizing effects. Strophanthin, when used in the acute period of myocardial infarction, contributes to an increase in the protein decay rate and a decrease in protein synthesis. When it is employed in combination with metabolism corrective agents (retabolil), the adverse effects of strophanthin mentioned above are eliminated. PMID- 6727092 TI - [Value of radiocardiographic studies during exertion in the study of the functional state of the cardiovascular system in chronic ischemic heart disease]. PMID- 6727093 TI - [Correlation of M-scan and sectoral echocardiography findings in patients with rheumatic heart lesions]. AB - The echocardiographic parameters of the central and intracardiac hemodynamics were measured in 26 patients with rheumatic heart disease and in 12 healthy subjects using techniques of M-scanning and two-dimensional echocardiography with the subsequent analysis of the correlation between the parameters. The degree of correlation between the hemodynamic parameters depends on the severity of the valvular damage to the heart and the dilatation of its cavities. Patients with combined mitral-aortal disease showed no correlation between the ejection fraction and the degree of the shortening of the anterior-posterior size of the left ventricle. PMID- 6727094 TI - [Value of 2-dimensional echocardiography in the diagnosis of pericardial effusion]. AB - Characteristic echocardiographic signs of pericardial exudate were established on the basis of M-scanning and sectoral echocardiography in 44 patients with exudate in the pericardial cavity. It was noted that a two-dimensional examination was more effective in identifying and locating small pericardial exudate in cases of a considerable amount of fluid in the pericardial cavity. The role of two dimensional examination in the differential diagnosis of pericardial exudate was outlined. The drawbacks of sectoral scanning were also described. PMID- 6727095 TI - [Studies of the phasic structure of the cardiac cycle by means of echocardiography]. AB - A synchronous analysis of the variations in the diameter of the left ventricle, the mural movements of the left atrium and the mitral and aortal cusps allows the division of the cardiac cycle into 13 phases and intervals. The duration of phases calculated with the help of echocardiography is in agreement with the data provided by other methods. PMID- 6727096 TI - [Changes in hemodynamics during isometric loading in healthy subjects]. AB - The hemodynamic response and changes in myocardial contractility during leg isometric exercise with maximal exertion were studied in 30 healthy males. The exercise lasted for 6 to 8 minutes. An analysis of the results showed that the major cause of the increased arterial pressure was an increase in the stroke volume, with the systemic vascular resistance being virtually unaltered. An increased myocardial contractility was shown to be largely responsible for the elevation and the maintenance of the stroke volume at a high level. The prolongation of the sustained isometric exercise was attended by some decrease in the heart rate as compared with the first minutes and the involvement of Frank Starling mechanism which maintains the stroke volume at the adequate level. The above isometric exercise was associated with no complications, which allows us to consider it safe for patients with heart diseases. PMID- 6727097 TI - [Epicardial mapping in the syndrome of premature ventricular excitation. 2]. AB - Epicardial mapping was carried out in 20 patients suffering from Wolff-Parkinson White's syndrome with supraventricular tachycardias resistant to drug therapy. The automated mapping system elaborated at the A.N. Bakulev Cardiovascular Surgery Institute and a modified method of epicardial mapping made it possible to radically eliminate additional routes of conduction in 91% of cases. PMID- 6727098 TI - [Electrocardiographic inferences as a cause of diagnostic errors]. AB - The authors analyzed the cause of diagnostic errors due to incorrect ECG interpretation. It was revealed that the cause for diagnostic errors may lie in the inadequate experience of the electrocardiologist , the overestimation of the method potentialities and the absence of the commonly accepted language of ECG interpretation. The necessity is emphasized of the clear cut differentiation between the electrophysiological and clinical-morphological approaches to the formation of the language of ECG interpretation. The clinical-morphological approach in clinical practice is acceptable only provided that the electrocardiologist is acquainted with the clinical picture of the disease. The use of this approach disregarding the clinical findings constitutes one of the causes of diagnostic errors and iatrogenia . PMID- 6727099 TI - [Physical loading in the diagnosis and evaluation of the efficacy of treatment of hypertension]. AB - On the basis of the study into the parameters of systemic hemodynamics during bicycle ergometric exercise, and their processing with the help of the programme of multiple step-wise regression in computer CM-3, an algorithm was derived whose employment makes it possible to determine very reliably the severity of the disease, and which also facilitates an early diagnosis of essential hypertension and reflects the effectiveness of the therapy. PMID- 6727100 TI - [Relation between disorders of erythrocyte membrane permeability for monovalent ions and intracellular distribution of calcium in primary arterial hypertension]. AB - The relation of electric potential, lithium and potassium withdrawal rates and erythrocytic balance Na-Na exchange rate constant to intracellular calcium concentration was investigated. Intracellular calcium concentration was modified by means of Ca-ionophore A 23187 and Ca-EGTA buffer. Hypertensive patients showed no differences in erythrocyte membrane electric potential, as determined by chlorine distribution. Only two systems of univalent cations transport were shown to be dependent on the intracellular calcium concentration: calcium increase was accompanied by the opening of K+-channels and the inhibition of erythrocyte membrane Na-K-ATPase. Increased rate of calcium withdrawal from erythrocytes of patients with essential hypertension and spontaneously-hypertensive rats under the effect of Ca-ionophore and moderate Ca2+ concentrations was due to an insufficiency of the cell's Ca-pump rather than disorders in the properties of K+ channels. No significant calcium effect on passive transmembrane ion diffusion, Na, K-cotransport and Na--Na (Na--Li)-countertransport could be demonstrated. PMID- 6727101 TI - [Functional state of the myocardium during stenocardia induced by isoproterenol]. AB - Hemodynamic changes in healthy subjects versus patients with chronic coronary heart disease are compared. In cases of isoproterenol caused tachycardia, the patients developing angina showed a less prominent beneficial inotropic effect as compared with healthy subjects and angina-free patients. The initiation of drug infusion led to a marked increase in the rheographic index of myocardial contractility; however, already in the initial stages of ST segment depression, this parameter was characterized by a reversed time-course which progressed with the increasing electrocardiographic signs of myocardial ischemia. The degree of the observed impairments of the patients' inotropic response correlated with the severity of myocardial ischemia and the nature of the disease course. PMID- 6727102 TI - [Status of several types of tissue metabolism at rest and during functional tests in patients in the initial stage of heart failure]. AB - A series of 217 patients with chronic coronary heart disease at an early stage of heart failure were examined. A comprehensive examination of the cardiovascular system and tissue metabolism makes it possible to diagnose cardiac failure at an early stage. Additional diagnostic signs of an early stage of heart failure were shown to include arteriolar hypoxemia, venous hyperoxia, a reduction in the arteriovenous difference with relation to oxygen and in tissue oxygen utilization which increased following a hydrostatic test, as well as an excessive accumulation of blood lactate and manifestations of disordered acid-base balance. PMID- 6727103 TI - [Effect of adaptation to short-term stress on disorders of myocardial contraction during chronic stress]. PMID- 6727104 TI - [Chronic left ventricular failure of the congestive type in ischemic heart disease]. AB - A classification of chronic left ventricular insufficiency of the congestive type associated with coronary heart disease has been elaborated on the basis of the results provided by clinical and hemodynamic studies as well as by the examination of the degree of pulmonary hydration using roentgenologic and radionuclide biindicator methods for evaluating the amount of the extravascular fluid in the lungs. Recommendations are offered as to the treatment of every stage of chronic left ventricular insufficiency. PMID- 6727105 TI - [Correlation of changes in various enzymologic and immunologic indices and electrocardiotopographic findings in myocardial infarction complicated by true cardiogenic shock and acute left ventricular failure]. AB - A total of 112 myocardial infarction survivors with the uncomplicated and the complicated (genuine cardiogenic shock, acute left ventricular insufficiency) course of the disease were followed up to study and correlate the activity of creatine phosphokinase (CPK), its MB isoenzyme, titres of the complement binding antibodies to CPK and the cardiac muscle and also electrocardiotopographic parameters. The time of the appearance, maximum elevation and normalization of the parameters under study did not depend on the presence or absence of complications. Genuine cardiogenic shock was characterized by higher values of CPK, MB CPK, as well as by a greater extent and depth of the necrotic and peri infarction zones, as judged by the electrocardiotopogram , and lower increase in the titres of antibodies to CPK and the myocardium. Acute left ventricular insufficiency was associated with higher CPK activity and more elevated titres of antibodies to the latter with the greater extent and depth of the ischemic lesion as compared to the necrotic one. Significantly enhanced enzymic levels in the first case were of cardiac and in the second of extracardiac origin. PMID- 6727106 TI - [Clinical efficacy of using amino acids in combination with anabolic steroids for the purpose of limiting the size of a myocardial infarct]. AB - The authors report on the experience with amino acid drugs ( alvesin -new, aminon ) used in combination with anabolic steroids (retabolil) in patients with acute myocardial infarctions. Specific protein reparative therapy was associated with a favourable course of the disease, earlier (as against the control group) normalization of the electrotopocartographic (precordial mapping) and enzymic (CPK, LDH and LDH1) parameters. The patients' faster readaptation toward exercise and a significant elevation in the hemodynamic parameters justify the advisability of including protein reparative agents into the multiple modality treatment of myocardial infarction. PMID- 6727107 TI - [Changes in hemodynamics during isometric loading in ischemic heart disease]. AB - The hemodynamics and contractility of the myocardium were investigated in 38 men with coronary heart disease using maximal leg isometric load. It was shown that the systemic response to the isometric load in CHD patients unlike in normal subjects was mediated through increased total peripheral resistance rather than through an increase in myocardial contractility and stroke volume. The degree of these changes corresponded to the exercise tolerance as determined by bicycle ergometry. Leg isometric load is an accessible method for evaluating myocardial contractility in CHD which makes it possible to detect its disorders at the earliest stages in functional class I patients. PMID- 6727108 TI - [Diagonal crease in the ear lobe in ischemic heart disease]. AB - Patients with coronary heart disease (CHD) show the presence of the diagonal fold of the earlobe both more frequently and in a more pronounced form. The more prominent the changes in the coronary vessels of the heart revealed by coronarography and the lower the tolerance of CHD patients toward exercise, the more frequent and marked the occurrence of the earlobe diagonal fold. The diagnostic use of this simple sign may contribute to an early detection of CHD patients, particularly under conditions of the mass screening of the population. PMID- 6727109 TI - [Clinico-functional characteristics of patients who have sustained a myocardial infarct during the polyclinic stage of rehabilitation]. AB - A total of 157 post-infarction patients who were studied to find out what functional category (according to the classification of the New-York Cardiologists Association) they could be referred to. The parameters taken into account included the level of the diastolic pressure in the pulmonary artery, the content of the total sulfhydryl groups of blood serum and the duration of the systolic phases according to polycardiographic findings. It was established that the restoration of the myocardial contractile capacity at 3, 6, 12 months after the onset of the disease depended on what group of the functional classification the patients belonged to, which should be considered in the process of rehabilitation of myocardial infarction survivors. PMID- 6727110 TI - [Course of ischemic heart disease in patients who have sustained a stroke]. AB - The state of the cardiovascular system was studied over time in 171 patients with a history of acute impairment of the brain circulation; 135 of them were suffering from coronary heart disease (CHD) (the study group) and 35 patients were free of CHD (the control group). The majority of the study group patients showed little if any clinical manifestations of CHD in the acute period of cerebral stroke. Five (3.7%) patients displayed small focal myocardial infarction on the ECG, two showed focal dystrophy of the myocardium, 71 (52.2%) patients had compromised coronary circulation and 47.5% of the patients had various disorders of rhythm and conductivity. The impairment of the coronary circulation in the acute period of cerebral stroke was shown to correlate with a subsequent course of CHD. PMID- 6727111 TI - [Differential approach to the development of physiologic standards and its significance for preventive cardiology]. AB - A new approach to the assessment of physiological standards involving the specification in health of three groups of parameters, namely constant, variant and unique is described. A statistical analysis of variant parameters is to be conducted considering their division into types (strata) which are normally characterized by the typical mean values. It is recommended that in carrying out programmes of the prevention of cardiovascular diseases, the susceptibility of different physiological types to the development of corresponding diseases be identified and taken into account. PMID- 6727112 TI - [Nutrition and risk factors of ischemic heart disease in men of the Chukot Autonomous Region]. AB - The relationship between the nutritional status and the major risk factors of CHD has been studied in the indigenous and nonindigenous inhabitants of the Chukot Autonomous Region. The nutrition of the indigenous tundra inhabitants who show a significantly lower risk factors as compared with nonindigenous citizens living there for over ten years is characterized by a significantly higher proportion of protein of animal origin, a lower calorie intake in general and that of fat, in particular, a lower consumption of starch-containing products and a high consumption of refined sugar. A larger proportion of polyunsaturated fatty acids in food is markedly associated with reduced levels of cholesterol, beta lipoprotein cholesterol and the diastolic blood pressure in Chukchi inhabitants living on the seacoast as against Chukchi living on the mainland. The detected differences in the level of risk factors are correlated with differences in the nature of nutrition. PMID- 6727113 TI - [Partial and combined effect of arterial hypertension and atherogenic shifts in blood lipid fractions on the incidence of ischemic heart disease]. AB - The results of a purposeful epidemiologic study involving 3896 men and 1502 women aged 40-69 years from the same city district are presented. To correlate the prevalence of coronary heart disease (CHD) and the level of arterial pressure (AP), subjects with a low coefficient of atherogenicity (a ratio of pre-beta-and beta-lipoproteins to alpha-lipoproteins) from the first quartil (1360) and the fourth quartil (1325) were selected. The statistical distribution series was plotted for each decade of age in males and females differentially. The atherogenic composition of blood lipids was found to be the risk factor determining CHD incidence in males aged 40-59 and 50-59 and in females aged 50 59, whereas in subjects over 60 years of both sexes it was elevated AP levels. The presence of two leading CHD risk factors was associated with a considerable increase in CHD prevalence in all age groups of both sexes. PMID- 6727114 TI - [Evaluation of the stability and prognostic significance of identification of various risk factors of ischemic heart disease in 50 to 59-year-old men]. AB - The authors present the data on the prevalence of coronary heart disease (CHD) and its risk factors, on the incidence of new cases of CHD and the associated mortality in the unorganized population of 50-59-year-old men of Moscow as well as findings on the natural variability of risk factors obtained over six years in a follow-up study. The relationship between the CHD incidence on the one hand and the baseline arterial pressure levels, excessive body weight and smoking habit on the other is evaluated. Arterial hypertension is shown to be the most prognostic risk factor of CHD in the unifactorial analysis. PMID- 6727115 TI - [Ischemic heart disease among men engaged in intense mental work (results of a repeat examination 6 years later)]. AB - A follow-up study (in 6.4 years) of a group of men aged 40-49 years (an average of 46.9) and engaged in strenuous mental work detected a large number of coronary heart disease (CHD) patients (28.9%) which exceeds the CHD incidence in the corresponding age groups of population threefold. Essential hypertension, hyperlipoproteinemia, smoking and stressful situations were shown to be valuable predictors of CHD. One of the major risk factors of CHD in the 40-49-year-old men studied was intensity of mental work. PMID- 6727116 TI - [Attitude to health matters among middle-aged men in a program to prevent ischemic heart disease]. AB - The authors studied the health-related attitudes (to prophylaxis, one's own health, physicians, bad habits) in men aged 40-59 years invited to participate in the programme of the multifactorial prophylaxis of myocardial infarction and cerebral stroke among the population. A total of 6803 men filled in a questionnaire consisting of 47 points mailed to them together with an invitation to take part in a screening examination. The results obtained showed that the elderly men responded favourably to the conduction of preventive procedures and to advice to change the smoking habits but less favourably toward recommendations to increase physical activity and change the diet. PMID- 6727117 TI - [Clinical picture and diagnosis of renovascular hypertension in children and adolescents]. AB - The diagnostic methods of vasorenal hypertension were analyzed in a series of 120 children and adolescents. The clinical picture of the disease was found to depend on etiological factors. The differential diagnosis of vasorenal hypertension is offered. The principal diagnostic test used in the study was angiography which made it possible to determine the nature, degree, extent and localization of the lesion. The findings obtained by other functional methods utilized in the diagnosis of vasorenal hypertension are also outlined. PMID- 6727118 TI - [Results of using autogenic training in hypertensive patients]. AB - The efficiency of autogenic training (AT) was assessed by analyzing the follow-up data on the status of 110 hypertensive patients (54 in the study, and 56 patients in the control group) over six months. AT helped to improve their psychological status and achieve a higher antihypertensive effect and better hemodynamic parameters (echocardiography) with lower doses of hypotensive drugs. The effect of AT was most prominent in patients with labile hypertension. The employment of AT in hypertension characterized by recurrent crises brought about either a reduction in their frequency or their total elimination in the majority of patients. PMID- 6727119 TI - [Clinical, cardio- and hemodynamic effects of long- and short-acting beta adrenergic blockers in the treatment of patients with stable stenocardia]. AB - Sixty-nine coronary heart disease patients with stable angina of effort of Classes II-IV of functional activity were studied for the effect of three nonselective beta-adrenergic blockers on the incidence and intensity of angina attacks, on the tolerance to exercise on the bicycle ergometer, as well as on the heart rate, arterial pressure, cardiac volumes and intracardiac hemodynamics using a complex of clinical and instrumental methods. It was proved that nadolol, pindolol and propranolol hydrochloride possessed similar anti-anginal effects but nadolol exerted the greatest negative chronotropic action while propranolol hydrochloride exerted a negative inotropic action. As regards the degree of the effect on cardiac volumes, corgard (nadolol) occupied an intermediate position between anaprilin (propranolol hydrochloride) and visken (pindolol). PMID- 6727120 TI - [Ultrastructure of terminal myocardial arteries in chronic ischemic heart disease]. AB - The ultrastructure of the terminal arteries and arterioles was studied on biopsy samples obtained during aortocoronary bypass surgery in ten patients with stenosing atherosclerosis of the major coronary arteries and a history of chronic CHD. A complex of morphofunctional shifts was identified affecting all layers of the vessel wall and leading to readjustment of every coat. The major cellular populations directly involved included endotheliocytes, smooth muscle cells and stromal cells. Fibroblastic elements, penetrating by their processes up to the subendothelial zone stimulated total fibrosis of the vessel wall. The changes detected are indicative of the impaired patency and alterations in the responsiveness of resistant vessels which can considerably affect the microcirculation and trophicity of tissue. PMID- 6727121 TI - No evidence for a specific role of IgM in mesangial proliferation of idiopathic nephrotic syndrome. AB - To define the relationship of mesangial IgM to various morphologic categories of idiopathic nephrotic syndrome (INS), an analysis of 100 patients was carried out in which five morphologic subgroups were evaluated: group 1, minimal glomerular change (38 patients); group 2, minimal change with focal global sclerosis (18 patients); group 3, focal segmental glomerulosclerosis ( FSG ) (23 patients); group 4, mesangial proliferation (12 patients); group 5, focal segmental glomerulosclerosis with mesangial proliferation (9 patients). Immunohistochemical studies failed to demonstrate any differences between these five groups. The intensities of immunofluorescence and the percentage of tissue samples demonstrating IgM and/or C3 in the glomerular mesangium and subendothelial regions were similar. In addition, the presence or intensity of mesangial IgM did not predict the patients' current status or responsiveness to steroid therapy. Morphologic transitions were observed in patients who had more than one biopsy: one of five in group 2 and two of eight in group 3 developed mesangial proliferation; and nine of ten patients with mesangial proliferation in the first biopsy continued to show this finding in the second. In general, a complete response to steroid therapy and a favorable outcome is less likely in patients with this morphologic abnormality. In nine of the 27 repeat biopsies, there was lack of agreement between the first and second tissue samples with respect to the presence or absence of mesangial IgM. Although mesangial proliferation is a consistent feature of the morphology of certain patients with INS, these studies do not support a unique association with mesangial IgM. PMID- 6727122 TI - Albumin homeostasis in patients undergoing continuous ambulatory peritoneal dialysis. AB - Albumin and protein removal rates were studied in 18 patients undergoing continuous ambulatory peritoneal dialysis (CAPD). In nine patients simultaneous studies of albumin distribution and turnover were performed. Total albumin loss was 4.23 +/- 1.42 g/1.73 m2/24 hr; total protein removed was 8.79 +/- 4.21 g/1.73 m2/24 hr. Although these values were well within the range for severe nephrosis, serum albumin concentration remained nearly normal, 3.7 +/- 0.5 g/dl. Plasma albumin mass, 120.0 +/- 25.2 g/1.73 m2, and total albumin mass, 249 +/- 29.1 g/1.73 m2, did not differ from those of the control group. Compared with the control group, patients had reduced albumin catabolism, 9.76 +/- 1.74 g/1.73 m2/24 hr versus 13.8 +/- 0.77 g/1.73 m2/24 hr (P less than 0.001). Within the patient group albumin synthesis increased with increased albumin loss. Serum albumin concentration correlated negatively with albumin losses (P less than 0.001). The CAPD patients maintained albumin homeostasis through decreased albumin catabolism and increased synthesis. All major albumin pools were maintained despite massive albumin loss. PMID- 6727124 TI - Epidemic poststreptococcal glomerulonephritis. PMID- 6727123 TI - Size and charge selective permeability defects induced in glomerular basement membrane by a polycation. AB - Polyethyleneimine (PEI) was given intravenously to rats followed by native ferritin or one of three cationic ferritins. After 15 min kidneys were fixed for electron microscopy. Controls (C) received vehicle without PEI, followed by the appropriate ferritin. PEI-induced permeability change was measured as the ratio (PEI/C) of counted ferritin particles within the glomerular basement membrane (GBM) in the corresponding PEI and control groups. The ratio PEI/C for each tracer was: NF (pI = 4.5-4.8)-107; CF (pI = 7.5-8.2)-3.3; CF (pI = 8.0-8.7)-1.7; and CF (pI = 8.7-9.0)-0.9. When ferritin localization in the subendothelial layer of the GBM was examined separately, PEI/C was increased for all ferritins including the most cationic species. After PEI, GFR and RBF decreased proportionately by half; thus, filtration fraction remained constant. Reduction of renal perfusion pressure to 40 mm Hg showed no alteration of ferritin permeation into the GBM. Thus, PEI effects on ferritin localization in the GBM could not be ascribed to renal hemodynamic perturbations. If the effect of PEI on GBM permeability were to be mediated exclusively by neutralization of the charge barrier, the index PEI/C should be increased for NF, but decreased for all CF. The results show a marked effect of PEI on the charge barrier (PEI/C greater than 100 for NF). But, PEI also enhanced total GBM permeation by CF (7.5-8.2) and CF (8.0-8.7), and increased subendothelial GBM permeation for CF (8.7-9.0). An inverse relationship of the effect of PEI to the cationic charge on CF was evident.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS) PMID- 6727125 TI - Abstracts: the American Society of Nephrology. Washington, DC, December 4-7,1983. PMID- 6727126 TI - Glucose and glycerol compared as osmotic agents for peritoneal dialysis. AB - The potential utility of glycerol as an osmotic agent for peritoneal dialysis was evaluated by conducting both isosmotic and hyperosmotic exchanges in anesthetized rats. Similar exchanges were conducted using glucose, and the results with the two agents were compared. During hyperosmotic exchanges both agents produced significant osmotic flow of water, but at initial molar concentrations that were equal the flow observed with glycerol was nearly 40% less than that observed with glucose. The lower volume transport generated by glycerol was found to be due to its surprisingly rapid removal from peritoneal fluid when it was present at hyperosmotic concentrations, but paradoxically during isosmotic exchanges, when its concentration was low, glycerol was absorbed only slightly faster than glucose. The observed increase in peritoneal permeability when glycerol was used resulted in a twofold increase in the caloric load imposed per unit of water removed in comparison with glucose. PMID- 6727128 TI - Glomerular filtration and tubular reabsorption during anuria in postischemic acute renal failure. AB - Complete occlusion of the left renal artery for 60 min in the rat produced anuric acute renal failure after 1 day. Using fluorescence microscopy, a television system combined with double slit densitometry, and micropuncture techniques, tubular pressure and tubular flow rates were determined in different segments of superficial nephrons. Intratubular pressures in proximal convolutions of the postischemic kidney were largely heterogeneous due to abnormally increased flow resistance in proximal tubules which were filled with loose obstructive material. Proximal tubular pressure in the control kidney was independent of the site of its measurement and had a mean value of 14.1 mm Hg. In the postischemic kidney pressure decreased gradually along the proximal tubule, its value in the early and late segments being 16.3 and 9.7 mm Hg, respectively. Low pressure in late proximal convolutions excludes a significant flow impediment due to obstruction in more distal segments. The mean nephron filtration rate (SNGFR) obtained by extrapolation of tubular flow data was 62% of the control value, whereas tubular reabsorption was estimated to be 50% above normal. Reduced SNGFR and increased outflux caused a total reabsorption of tubular fluid within 60% of proximal convoluted tubule length. The partial reduction of SNGFR can be explained by increased pressure in early proximal convolutions and reduced glomerular plasma flow known for these kidneys, without postulating a change in glomerular permeability. Tubular obstruction and increased passive outflux in proximal tubules due to cellular damage appear to be crucial mechanisms responsible for the loss of renal function in this model of acute renal failure. PMID- 6727127 TI - Renal tubular acidosis induced by dietary chloride. AB - Previous studies have demonstrated that dietary intake of anions with high renal reabsorbability (Cl- greater than SO4=) can result in either exacerbation of chronic metabolic acidosis or correction of chronic metabolic alkalosis. These results, however, fail to predict the renal acid-base response to Cl- administration when systemic acid-base composition is initially normal, but accompanied by an extracellular fluid (ECF) volume-mediated renal avidity for Cl- reabsorption; that is, the renal options include HCl retention, KCl retention, and phosphaturia. Accordingly, the present metabolic balance studies evaluated the response to substitution of dietary Cl- (2.5 mEq/kg/day) for Pi in five dogs previously ECF-depleted with diuretics and maintained on a dietary K+ supplement, 5.0 mEq/kg daily as neutral Pi (electrolyte-free diet) during a steady-state control period. Dietary Cl- resulted in a decrease in arterial plasma [HCO3-] from 21.2 +/- 0.7 to 17.8 +/- 0.8 mEq/liter, (P less than 0.01) and increase in [H+] from 38.5 +/- 0.7 to 43.3 +/- 0.8 nEq/liter (P less than 0.001). Urine pH increased (P less than 0.01), the cumulative change in net acid excretion decreased (-79 mEq, P less than 0.05), and Cl- retention (39 mEq, P less than 0.05) occurred. No change in Na+, K+, or Pi excretion occurred. The renal acidosis was fully corrected when SO4= was substituted for dietary Cl- and redeveloped when Cl- was resubstituted . Superimposition of a large oral buffer load (creatinine) did not ameliorate Cl- -induced renal acidosis. The results indicate that dietary reabsorbable anions can result in renal acidosis when Cl- reabsorption is stimulated and suggest that anion reabsorbability characteristics and not anion buffer properties are responsible. PMID- 6727129 TI - Prevention of interstitial pressure change at unilateral nephrectomy by prostaglandin synthesis inhibition. AB - The mechanisms underlying the adaptive process in the remaining kidney after unilateral nephrectomy are not well known. In the present study adaptive changes in interstitial pressure conditions following uninephrectomy were investigated in male Sprague-Dawley rats. Direct subcapsular hydrostatic pressure recordings were made via microcatheters , renal lymph was collected for lymph flow rate estimations and determinations of lymph protein content and the urine flow rate and urinary excretion of sodium and potassium were measured, before and after contralateral nephrectomy. There was a significant rise in subcapsular hydrostatic pressure by about 50%, and in the lymph flow rate, by more than 100%, within 1 hr after nephrectomy. The protein concentration in collected renal lymph was significantly decreased (from 2.30 +/- 0.25 to 1.45 +/- 0.26 g/dl), compared with control collections in sham-operated animals (from 2.22 +/- 0.23 to 1.78 +/- 0.19 g/dl). These findings indicate an increased hydrostatic and decreased intersititial pressure in response to contralateral nephrectomy. Urine flow rate and electrolyte excretion were significantly elevated (urine flow rate by 92%, sodium excretion from 0.210 +/- 0.035 to 0.352 +/- 0.067 mumoles/min and potassium excretion from 0.306 +/- 0.074 to 1.617 +/- 0.228 mumoles/min). Inhibition of prostaglandin synthesis prior to nephrectomy abolished the lymph flow increase and oncotic pressure decrease and also the diuretic and natriuretic responses. The adaptively increased potassium excretion was, however, only blocked by diclofenac sodium and not by indomethacin. These results demonstrate the important role of the renal interstitium and the prostaglandin system in the renal adaptation to nephron loss. PMID- 6727131 TI - Isolated hematuria in children: indications for a renal biopsy. AB - Previous reviews of hematuria in children and adolescents have included patients with proteinuria and other renal functional abnormalities such as hypertension and reduced GFR. We report the clinico-pathological correlations in 76 pediatric patients, aged 3 to 19 years, who underwent a renal biopsy because of isolated hematuria during the 10-year period, 1972 to 1981. All specimens were examined by light and electron microscopy and immunofluorescence techniques. The overall prevalence of abnormal renal histology was 56%. The vast majority (41 of 43) of the abnormal biopsy specimens could be classified into four distinct histological categories: (1) Alport syndrome (N = 9); (2) IgA nephropathy (N = 8); (3) thinning of the glomerular basement membrane (N = 17); (4) vascular C3 staining (N = 7). The children were divided into three clinical subgroups (1) isolated microscopic hematuria ( IMH ), N = 42; (2) IMH plus a family history of hematuria in a first degree relative, N = 15; and (3) IMH plus at least one episode of gross hematuria, N = 19. A significant graded increase in the likelihood of obtaining an abnormal renal biopsy was demonstrated (X2 = 10, P less than 0.007) from groups one to three. Sex, age at onset, or duration of hematuria were not associated with an increased proportion of histopathologic abnormalities. These findings indicate that the yield of a renal biopsy in children with isolated hematuria can be predicted accurately from specific clinical characteristics. PMID- 6727130 TI - Transport activity modifies thick ascending limb damage in the isolated perfused kidney. AB - The thick ascending limb of Henle's loop ( TAL ) develops a specific and consistent structural lesion during perfusion of the isolated rat kidney that progresses from mitochondrial swelling at 15 min to complete cellular disruption at 90 min. Because it seemed possible that damage localized to this metabolically active portion of the nephron might be correlated with cellular transport, the histology of perfused kidneys was examined when transport activity in the TAL was varied. The fraction of TAL tubules showing severe damage (44 +/- 2% in kidneys perfused with glucose) was dramatically reduced by furosemide (7 +/- 2%; P less than 0.001). The lesion was eliminated by perfusion with ouabain or by preventing glomerular filtration. On the other hand, protection of TAL cells was not obtained with the proximal diuretic acetazolamide. These results suggest that the lesion of TAL cells that develops during perfusion of the isolated kidney is influenced by the work of cellular transport. PMID- 6727132 TI - Role of heparin as a protective agent following reduction of renal mass. AB - To determine the mechanism by which heparin affords protection from damage to the remnant kidney following reduction of renal mass, either whole heparin or a low molecular weight fraction of heparin was administered to Munich-Wistar rats which had had 90% ablation of renal mass. The low molecular weight fraction differed from the whole heparin in that it had greatly decreased anticoagulant activity as measured by the United States Pharmacopoeia (USP) assay, and increased antifactor Xa activity. The morphological alterations were examined and various physiological features were studied. The administration of whole heparin to rats with reduction of renal mass resulted in prolonged clotting time, reduced BP elevation, elimination of albuminuria, and lessening of renal damage. No such differences were observed in the rats receiving the fraction of heparin or the control group to which no therapy was given. The inability of the fraction of heparin to prolong clotting time suggested that it was unable to inactivate the serine proteases of the coagulation cascade. It is probable that the protective effect of whole heparin in this model is due to its ability to inhibit serine proteases such as kallikrein and components of the coagulation cascade resulting in a beneficial alteration in glomerular hemodynamics, lowering of systemic BP, and anticoagulation. PMID- 6727133 TI - Tissue culture of human kidney epithelial cells of proximal tubule origin. AB - The in vitro culture of human kidney epithelial cells of defined nephronal origin would prove valuable in a variety of studies defining the factors and mechanisms responsible for diseases and disorders of the kidney. In this study we have tested the hypothesis that employing a serum-free growth medium allows the selective cultivation of human kidney epithelial cells. It is demonstrated that human kidney cortex, explanted into serum-free hormonally defined growth medium gives rise to a primary culture of kidney epithelial cells of homogeneous morphology capable of hemicyst formation. While these cells were able to proliferate to confluency as an explant culture, they were unable to undergo stable subculture. Subsequent manipulation of the culture vessel surface (an initial coat of bovine type I collagen followed by the absorption of macromolecules from fetal calf serum) yielded cultures able to be subcultured with growth to at least 30 cell generations. These cells were identified to be of proximal tubule origin by employment of enzyme histochemistry, immunohistochemistry, and ultrastructural examination. PMID- 6727134 TI - Physiologic basis for the maintenance of glomerulotubular balance in young growing rats. AB - To examine the physiologic basis of preservation of glomerulotubular balance in young growing animals, we measured the various determinants for fluid transfer across the glomerular and postglomerular capillaries in young (approximately 40 days, N = 8) and adult (N = 8) male Munich-Wistar rats under mild volume expansion. The single nephron (SN) GFR increased by approximately 2.5-fold from young to adult animals. The increase in SNGFR was due to marked rises in both glomerular plasma flow rate (QA) and ultrafiltration coefficient (Kf). The increase in QA was associated with a nearly 60% reduction in afferent and efferent arteriolar resistances. As with SNGFR, the absolute proximal reabsorption rate (APR) increased by some 2.5-fold, indicating preservation of perfect glomerulotubular balance. Of the factors determining peritubular capillary uptake of APR, the mean oncotic pressure difference across the peritubular capillary was similar in young and adult animals. The mean hydraulic pressure difference was also comparable in the two groups. By contrast, the peritubular capillary reabsorption coefficient (Kr) rose markedly and accounted entirely for the increase in peritubular capillary uptake of APR during growth. These results obtained under mild volume expansion indicate that the maintenance of glomerulotubular balance in the growing rat requires harmonious growth of renal microcirculation, that is, glomerular capillary (Kf) and arteriolar (QA) maturation balances the development of peritubular capillary (Kr). PMID- 6727135 TI - Intra- and extracellular element concentrations of rat renal papilla in antidiuresis. AB - The element concentrations in various intra- and extracellular compartments of the tip of the rat renal papilla were determined during antidiuresis using electron microprobe analysis. Urinary concentrations (means +/- SEM) were: urea, 1509 +/- 116; potassium, 268 +/- 32; sodium, 62 +/- 19 mmoles X 1(-1); and osmolality, 2548 +/- 141 mOsm X kg-1. Electrolyte concentrations in the interstitial space were: sodium, 437 +/- 19; chloride, 438 +/- 20; and potassium, 35 +/- 2 mmoles X kg-1 wet wt. The vasa recta plasma exhibited almost identical element concentrations. The values in the papillary collecting duct cells were: sodium, 28 +/- 1; chloride, 76 +/- 3; potassium, 135 +/- 3; and phosphorus, 316 +/- 7 mmoles X kg-1 wet wt. Similar concentrations were observed in the papillary epithelial cells. In interstitial cells potassium and phosphorus concentrations were virtually identical to those of the collecting duct cells, whereas sodium and chloride concentrations were higher by about 30 mmoles X kg-1 wet wt. The element composition of the various papillary cells is, thus, not substantially different from that of proximal tubular cells. This finding demonstrates that cellular accumulation of electrolytes is not the regulatory mechanism by which papillary cells adapt osmotically to their high environmental osmolality and sodium chloride concentration. PMID- 6727136 TI - Osmoregulation and renal effects of vasopressin in normal and mildly hypertensive subjects. AB - A 2-hr 0.85 M hypertonic saline infusion was administered to ten normotensive volunteers and ten mildly hypertensive subjects to compare in these two groups the osmoregulation of vasopressin and the effect of this hormone on BP. No significant alteration in BP was observed in either group, despite markedly enhanced vasopressin levels. Significant positive correlations between plasma vasopressin (AVP) and plasma osmolality (POsm) were demonstrated in the controls (AVP = -70 + 0.25 POsm, r = 0.68, P less than 0.0001) and in the hypertensive group (AVP = -46 + 0.16 POsm, r = 0.59, P less than 0.0001). However, the vasopressin response to the osmotic stimulus was buffered in the hypertensive subjects; the slope of the regression line between plasma vasopressin and plasma osmolality was less steep in hypertensive subjects than in normotensive subjects (0.16 vs. 0.25, P less than 0.018). During the saline infusion the renal parameters were identical in the two groups. Finally, in mild hypertension, the osmoregulation of vasopressin was preserved but buffered and renal sensitivity to this hormone was normal. An osmotically induced physiological increase in vasopressin did not raise BP in either normotensive or mildly hypertensive subjects. PMID- 6727137 TI - Role of plasma vasopressin in the impairment of water excretion in nephrotic syndrome. AB - To verify whether or not an increased secretion of ADH may cause the water retention commonly observed in nephrotic syndrome, 16 nephrotic patients and 13 normal control subjects were studied in basal conditions and following a water load or an iso-osmotic blood volume expansion by 20% albumin infusion. In the basal condition there were no differences in plasma ADH, urine output, urinary osmolality (UOsm), and plasma renin activity between nephrotic patients and control subjects; POsm, PNa+, UNaV, and blood volume (BV) instead, were significantly lower in nephrotic patients than in control subjects. Following the water load control subjects reached a minimal UOsm of 82 +/- 12 mOsm/kg at 60 min and excreted completely the ingested water in 150 min; nephrotic patients reached a minimal UOsm of 160 +/- 111 mOsm/kg at 120 min, and the water was eliminated completely in 240 min. Plasma ADH decreased significantly in the first hour following water load only in control subjects. A significant direct correlation was observed between plasma ADH and POsm in control subjects (ADH = -85 + 0.30 POsm, P less than 0.001) but not in nephrotic patients. Plasma ADH was inversely correlated with BV in nephrotic patients (ADH = 15.47 -0.17 BV, P less than 0.001) but not in normal control subjects. In nephrotic patients with reduced BV the expansion of BV with 20% albumin was effective in reducing the plasma levels of ADH and promoting a water diuresis. Our results demonstrate a sustained volume mediated secretion of ADH in the nephrotic syndrome, which is responsible for the impairment in water excretion. PMID- 6727138 TI - Hemodialysis and continuous ambulatory peritoneal dialysis effects on erythropoiesis in renal failure. AB - Parameters of erythropoiesis were studied in patients with endstage renal disease established on continuous ambulatory peritoneal dialysis (CAPD) and regular hemodialysis treatment (RDT). Serum erythropoietin was measured by radioimmunoassay, and erythroid progenitor cell (CFU-E) formation was assayed in fetal mouse liver cultures. Serum erythropoietin concentrations in both CAPD (35.3 +/- 4.0 mU/ml) and RDT (31.9 +/- 1.9 mU/ml) patients were significantly higher (P less than 0.01) than normal values (23.1 +/- 1.0 mU/ml). The serum erythropoietin concentration did not correlate with either hematocrit or inhibition of CFU-E formation in either group of dialysis patients. In both CAPD and RDT patients the hematocrit correlated significantly (P less than 0.001) with the degree of serum inhibition of CFU-E formation. CFU-E formation decreased from 74.5 +/- 2.5 to 62.5 +/- 3.5% of control with increasing concentrations of uremic serum in cell cultures from 5 to 20%. In RDT patients a single hemodialysis produced a decrease in the mean serum erythropoietin concentration from 31.8 +/- 2.1 to 27.4 +/- 1.8 mU/ml (P less than 0.01) but no significant change in CFU-E formation. In conclusion, although serum immunoreactive erythropoietin levels are elevated above the normal range in dialysis patients, the response remains inadequate for the severity of the anemia, and it is the degree of serum inhibition of erythropoiesis in both CAPD and RDT patients which correlates with and possibly determines the degree of anemia. PMID- 6727139 TI - Erythropoietin deficiency and inhibition of erythropoiesis in renal insufficiency. AB - The relative importance of erythropoietin (Ep) and inhibition of erythropoiesis in the anemia of chronic renal insufficiency has been investigated. Sixty patients with varying degrees of renal insufficiency, 40 normal subjects and 40 patients with anemia and normal renal function, were studied. Erythroid (CFU-E) and granulocytic (CFU-GM) progenitor cell colony formation were assayed in fetal mouse liver and human bone marrow cultures, respectively. Erythropoietin was measured by radioimmunoassay. Hematocrit and plasma creatinine concentration correlated with the degree of serum inhibition of CFU-E formation (r = 0.69, P less than 0.001, and r = 0.62, P less than 0.001, respectively). Serum erythropoietin levels in patients with renal insufficiency (34.4 +/- 6.7 mU/ml) were slightly higher than normal values (23.1 +/- 0.98 mU/ml), but showed no relationship to plasma creatinine, hematocrit, or inhibition of CFU-E formation. In contrast, serum erythropoietin concentrations increased exponentially as the hematocrit decreased below 32% (r = 0.61, P less than 0.001), and CFU-E formation was stimulated by serum in anemia patients with normal renal function. Studies of granulopoiesis showed uremic sera supported in vitro CFU-GM growth more efficiently than sera from normal subjects. These results suggest that inhibition of erythroid, but not granulocytic, progenitor cell formation, in addition to a relative erythropoietin deficiency, are the primary factors responsible for the anemia of chronic renal failure. PMID- 6727140 TI - Parathyroid hormone and bone histology: response to hypocalcemia in osteitis fibrosa. AB - The parathyroid hormone (PTH) response to hypocalcemia was studied in 18 hemodialysis patients with osteitis fibrosa, and the relationship with PTH and bone histology in 26 hemodialysis patients. Hypocalcemia was produced during hemodialysis by the use of a dialysate devoid of calcium. Both amino (N) (P less than 0.05) and carboxy (C) (P less than 0.005) terminal PTH attained maximum levels by 15 min despite only a minimal decline in plasma calcium. Throughout the remainder of the study, C and N-PTH levels remained elevated but did not increase despite a further decline in plasma calcium. Five patients increased both C and N PTH to maximum or near maximum levels by the first sampling, although plasma calcium remained above 9 mg/dl. Basal C and N-PTH correlated with the maximum levels of each induced by hypocalcemia (P less than 0.005). Both basal N-PTH and the maximum change in C-PTH produced by hypocalcemia correlated with osteoblastic osteoid, active resorption, osteoclasts/mm2, and endosteal fibrosis (P less than 0.005). In conclusion, (1) a minimal decline in plasma calcium produces a maximum C and N-PTH response; (2) an altered PTH set point may be present in some hemodialysis patients; (3) the correlation between basal and maximally stimulated PTH levels suggests that basal PTH levels may reflect parathyroid gland mass; and (4) a correlation with basal and stimulated PTH and bone histology is present. PMID- 6727141 TI - Medullary sponge kidney and renal acidification defect. AB - Medullary sponge kidney ( MSK ) is one of the entities which comprises a subclass of renal cystic disorders. While the clinical signs, symptoms, and radiological findings have been well documented in the past, the literature concerning renal function in these patients is relatively sparse. Thus, the purpose of the present studies was to examine the renal function in 11 patients with MSK and compare them to seven healthy volunteers and ten control patients with bilateral renal stones. Patients with MSK had normal GFR, RPF, and capacity to dilute urine; however, their urine concentrating ability was diminished. Urine pH in MSK patients was higher than in control patients with NH4Cl administration, while titratable acid excretion was lower than normal. Steady-state plasma bicarbonate concentration was lower in MSK patients than in controls but arterial pH was within normal limits. These studies suggest that MSK patients have defects in urinary acidification and concentration mechanism which may, in part, be the result of functional abnormality of the terminal collecting ducts. PMID- 6727142 TI - Abnormalities of thirst regulation. PMID- 6727143 TI - [Thrombocytopenias and thrombocytopathies in the newborn infant]. PMID- 6727144 TI - [Brain abscess in childhood]. PMID- 6727146 TI - [Non-invasive quantitative diagnosis of aortic stenosis with special reference to Frank's scalar ECG]. PMID- 6727145 TI - [Waterhouse-Friderichsen syndrome in childhood]. PMID- 6727147 TI - [Therapeutic effect of hospitalization in diabetic children]. PMID- 6727148 TI - [Kidney damage and vesicoureteral reflux in children with myelodysplasia]. PMID- 6727149 TI - [Clinical and psychosocial aspects of the development of prematurely born children examined at the age of 6]. PMID- 6727150 TI - [Determination of uroproteins in selected pediatric nephrology patients using pore-gradient-polyacrylamide-gel electrophoresis]. PMID- 6727151 TI - [Prevention of home accidents of infants and small children]. PMID- 6727152 TI - [The larva migrans visceralis syndrome]. PMID- 6727154 TI - [Diagnosis and treatment of closed abdominal injuries]. PMID- 6727153 TI - [The Greig syndrome]. PMID- 6727155 TI - [Basis of active surgical tactics in the treatment of cholecystitis in late middle-aged and elderly patients]. PMID- 6727158 TI - [Complex treatment of acute pancreatitis patients]. PMID- 6727156 TI - [Acute cholecystitis from the standpoint of its gerontologic features and immunologic alterations]. PMID- 6727157 TI - [Predicting the course of acute pancreatitis]. PMID- 6727159 TI - [Role of anticoagulants in the treatment of peritonitis]. PMID- 6727160 TI - [Serotonin and specific electric resistance of the blood in the diagnosis of acute cholecystopancreatitis]. PMID- 6727161 TI - [Injuries to the mesentery and omentum]. PMID- 6727162 TI - [Surgical tactics for treating late middle-aged patients with perforating ulcers]. PMID- 6727163 TI - [Problems in the clinical diagnosis and treatment of intestinal infarction]. PMID- 6727164 TI - [Acupuncture diagnosis of inflammatory diseases of the pancreas and gallbladder]. PMID- 6727165 TI - [X-ray diagnosis of acute appendicitis]. PMID- 6727166 TI - [Acute appendicitis and genital diseases]. PMID- 6727167 TI - ["Acute abdomen" syndrome in cirrhosis of the liver]. PMID- 6727168 TI - [Complications of appendectomy]. PMID- 6727169 TI - [Diagnostic error in acute appendicitis]. PMID- 6727170 TI - [Closed injury of the abdomen with multiple ruptures of the liver and total avulsion of the common bile duct]. PMID- 6727172 TI - [Acute gastric ulcers complicated by hemorrhage and gastromalacia]. PMID- 6727173 TI - [Combined peptic ulcer of the duodenum and destructive pancreatitis]. PMID- 6727174 TI - [Prevention of hepatic failure in patients with acute cholecystitis]. PMID- 6727171 TI - [Combined injuries of the liver, duodenum and inferior vena cava]. PMID- 6727175 TI - [Functional disorders of the liver in acute cholecystitis]. PMID- 6727176 TI - [2 acute surgical diseases simultaneously in the same patient]. PMID- 6727177 TI - [Acute surgical diseases of the organs of the abdominal cavity in mental patients]. PMID- 6727178 TI - [Ductus venosus (of Arantius) as a cause of strangulating intestinal obstruction]. PMID- 6727179 TI - [Combination of foreign body of the peritoneal cavity and phlegmonous appendicitis]. PMID- 6727180 TI - [Method of dealing with the stump of the vermiform appendix]. PMID- 6727181 TI - [Thoraco-abdominal injuries]. PMID- 6727183 TI - [Diagnosis and treatment of lymphangiectasia of the thoracic duct system]. PMID- 6727182 TI - [Surgical treatment of bleeding ulcers of the posterior wall of the duodenum]. PMID- 6727184 TI - [Transatrial approach for correction of intraventricular septal defects]. PMID- 6727185 TI - [Laparocentesis using a venous catheter]. PMID- 6727186 TI - [Use of umbilical cord vessels from newborn infants for human blood vessel repair]. PMID- 6727187 TI - [Adhesive and thrombogenic properties of vascular prostheses]. PMID- 6727188 TI - [Use of fresh allovenous transplants for femoro-popliteal shunting of arteries and veins]. PMID- 6727190 TI - [Creation of a retention ileostomy reservoir]. PMID- 6727189 TI - [Cryogenic treatment of the bed of the gall bladder after cholecystectomy]. PMID- 6727191 TI - [Penetrating wounds of the heart]. PMID- 6727192 TI - [Knife wound of the arch of the aorta]. PMID- 6727193 TI - [Closed injuries of the internal carotid artery]. PMID- 6727194 TI - [Perforating wounds of the abdominal aorta]. PMID- 6727195 TI - [Rupture af an aneurysm of the abdominal aorta simulating acute appendicitis]. PMID- 6727196 TI - [Injury of the internal iliac artery and vein via the sciatic foramen]. PMID- 6727197 TI - [Features of the blood supply of the upper extremities in children with hypoplastic thumbs]. PMID- 6727198 TI - [Late embolectomy of major arteries]. PMID- 6727199 TI - [Spontaneous chylothorax in pulmonary lymphangiectasis]. PMID- 6727200 TI - [Removal of a pheochromoblastoma invading the wall of the inferior vena cava and kidney]. PMID- 6727201 TI - [Diagnosis of lymphangiectasia using lymphography]. PMID- 6727202 TI - [Extrathoracic methods of correcting combined lesions of the subclavian artery and bifurcation of the carotid artery]. PMID- 6727203 TI - [Extra-anatomic shunting procedures in emergency vascular surgery]. PMID- 6727204 TI - [Effect of surgery of the abdominal aorta on blood flow in the inferior mesenteric artery]. PMID- 6727205 TI - [Budd-Chiari syndrome and its surgical treatment]. PMID- 6727206 TI - [Feasibility of ligating the inferior mesenteric artery]. PMID- 6727207 TI - [Treatment of patients with acute disorders of mesenteric circulation]. PMID- 6727208 TI - [Selection of a method of surgical treatment of acute occlusion of the mesenteric arteries]. PMID- 6727209 TI - [Disorders of visceral circulation in stenosis of the coeliac trunk]. PMID- 6727210 TI - [Causes of mortality in embolism of the aorta and major arteries of the extremities]. PMID- 6727211 TI - [Angiographic diagnosis of renovascular hypertension in children and adolescents]. PMID- 6727212 TI - [Noninvasive methods of studying occlusive lesions of the arteries of the lower extremities]. PMID- 6727213 TI - [Microcirculatory status of patients with obliterating atherosclerosis of the arteries of the lower extremities]. PMID- 6727214 TI - [Transplantation of the greater omentum using microsurgical technics in thromboangiitis obliterans]. PMID- 6727215 TI - [Segmentary rheovasography in the diagnosis of obliterating atherosclerosis]. PMID- 6727217 TI - [Iatrogenic injuries of blood vessels during surgical procedures]. PMID- 6727216 TI - [Clinico-angiographic parallels in patients with occlusions of the arteries of the lower extremities]. PMID- 6727218 TI - [Gunshot wounds of major blood vessels in peacetime]. PMID- 6727220 TI - [Budd-Chiari syndrome and disease and their experimental surgical correction]. PMID- 6727219 TI - [Sympathectomy in the treatment of obliterating endarteritis]. PMID- 6727221 TI - [Disability evaluation and rehabilitation of patients with chronic venous insufficiency]. PMID- 6727222 TI - [Venous thromboses and their complications in persons who have had amputations of the lower extremities for acute arterial obstruction]. PMID- 6727223 TI - [Migration of a catheter and its guide in the cardiovascular system after percutaneous canulation of the subclavian vein]. PMID- 6727224 TI - [Hemorrhage from the inferior epigastric artery following appendectomy]. PMID- 6727225 TI - [Errors in the diagnosis and treatment of cancer of the esophagus]. PMID- 6727226 TI - [Spheroliths of the lens]. AB - The spheroliths , mostly to be found in the brown nucleus of Morgagni's hypermature cataract, are up to 0.25 mm in diameter and consist of radially arranged crystals of calcium carbonate of oxalate. From the spheroliths extend, in varying degrees, marginally radial structures of a very fine filamentous, streaky character, that do not enter the altered protein of the lenticular nucleus. This, most probably, is a newly formed protein structure (a structure of mucopolysaccharides according to Zimmerman and Johnson 1958) in which secondary deposits of calcium carbonate or oxalate crystals accumulate. The spheroliths are usually round or kidney-shaped and rarely consist of more than one or two individual bodies. PMID- 6727227 TI - [Results of A-scan echography in diseases of the orbit]. AB - Standard A-scan sonography was performed in 191 patients with orbital mass lesions. In 36 cases tissue differentiation was not possible; in a further 11 patients the orbital lesion was not detected by ultrasonography. However, it provided an accurate histological diagnosis preoperatively in 87% of the remaining 144 patients. PMID- 6727228 TI - [Complications following implantation of the Simcoe lens of the posterior chamber]. AB - After the introduction of phacoemulsification and ECCE at the Charlottenburg eye clinic of the Free University of Berlin, Simcoe posterior chamber lenses have been implanted there routinely since May 1982. Up to August 1983, 1124 posterior chamber lenses had been implanted, all of the Simcoe type. The advantages of posterior chamber lens implantation having been dealt with elsewhere, the authors point out the complications of the procedure in this paper. The complications seen were cyclitic reactions, including hypopyon in 6 patients. In one patient a rhegmatogenic retinal detachment was diagnosed 2.5 months after phacoemulsification and implantation of a Simcoe lens. Decentered lenses were found in 3 patients, in one of them after phacoemulsification of a radiogenic cataract with capsulotomy. In 2 patients the posterior capsule ruptured during insertion of the lens but the lens remained lodged in the sulcus, so that it did not have to be removed. Since March 1983 all Simcoe posterior chamber lenses have been fitted (in a total of 571 eyes) with loops angled 10 degrees forward, as suggested by the authors. Iris capture syndrome was found in 12 patients (2.2%) of a group in which 553 lenses without angled loops had been fitted. The condition was not found in any of the patients to whom lenses with angled loops had been fitted. PMID- 6727229 TI - [Nd-YAG laser capsulotomy in intraocular lenses with reversed optics]. AB - From a clinico-anatomical point of view the implantation of IOLs with reversed optics approximates natural conditions and has many advantages. The distance between the endothelium or the pigment epithelium of the iris and the front surface of the lens is greater. The refracting surface of the lens is nearer to the nodal point and aniseikonia is reduced. However, it is still not known whether YAG laser treatment to open the posterior capsule is possible under these conditions. The present authors used the pulsed OPL3 neodymium-YAG laser ( Meditec ) to treat 45 eyes for secondary opacification of an intact posterior capsule after planned extracapsular cataract extraction. (A: 15 eyes with reversed-optic IOLs, B: 15 eyes with other types of IOL, C: 15 eyes with extracapsular aphakia). After performing a central capsulotomy with a mean of 44 shots, visual acuity increased immediately (mean improvement in visual acuity determined before and one week after YAG laser treatment - A:6 Snellen lines, B: 3 Snellen lines, C: 5 Snellen lines). In no eye was the post-laser visual acuity lower than before laser treatment. Even though the eyes were treated prophylactically with timolol 0.25% for 3 days, intraocular pressure - measured on the first postoperative day - increased insignificantly (mean: A: 1 mmHg, B and C: 2 mmHg). In 9 cases a mild iritis was observed, while 2 eyes had a hemorrhage of the iris vessels. Symptoms resolved within five days after laser treatment in all cases. The study demonstrates that Nd-YAG laser capsulotomy can be performed in patients with reversed optic IOLs without any disadvantage as compared to other types of IOL. PMID- 6727230 TI - [Histology and therapy of diabetic traction detachment]. AB - Diabetic tractional detachment of the retina is caused by shrinking processes of the vitreous, which at most detaches only partially, and by shrinking of epiretinal proliferations. The shrinking of the vitreous results in tractional forces working centripetally and toward the base of the vitreous. The shrinking of the epiretinal proliferations, however, results in a tangential gathering of the retina. The two processes are usually found together in diabetic tractional retinal detachment. Treatment consists of a vitrectomy to eliminate the centripetal forces and tractions to the vitreous base. Further relief and unfolding of the retina is achieved by segmentation of the epiretinal membranes. Additional conventional retinal surgery procedures and implantation of silicone oil may become necessary in especially unfavorable cases. The surgical technique is explained with examples of typical situations. PMID- 6727231 TI - [Increased radiation exposure of the retina following implantation of intraocular lenses and its prevention using colorless filter glasses]. AB - By measurement of spectral sensitivity functions it was shown that the irradiation of the retina with short visible wavelengths increases by a factor of 20 after implantation of intraocular lenses. According to recent investigations, the possibility of photochemical retinal damage and the development of macular degeneration is thereby increased considerably. It is discussed to what extent the Irvine-Gass-Norton syndrome observed in a particular patient two years after operation is associated with increased retinal irradiation. A protective glass filter is described which brings the spectral sensitivity function of pseudophakic patients down into the physiological range without changing color vision and brightness sensation; moreover, it provides a high degree of protection against phototoxic UV radiation, to which (according to Williams et al.; 1983) pseudophakic patients are 300 times more exposed. PMID- 6727232 TI - [Objective determination of visual acuity using electronystagmography-recent experiences]. AB - After slight modification of an electronystagmograph (Jung) an objective estimation of visual acuity was carried out. The optokinetic nystagmus was inhibited by a variable light spot, which was projected in the middle of the screen (Ohm's method). In 95 (161 eyes) of 98 patients the suspected simulation or aggravation was verified. PMID- 6727233 TI - [Light and pattern ERG in advanced glaucoma]. AB - Electroretinographic responses of 9 eyes severely affected by glaucoma showed a reduction in amplitude on stimulation with pattern reversal, but normal amplitudes following stimulation with light flashes. Thus, the pattern-reversal electroretinogram offers a further means of evaluating the function of retinal ganglion cells and their nerve fibers. In addition, the authors' results also suggest that flash and pattern-reversal electroretinograms are generated by different retinal structures. PMID- 6727234 TI - [Long-term results following goniotrepanation with a scleral flap (Elliot Fronimopoulos)]. AB - The present paper reports on results obtained in 442 eyes which were followed up 3 to 9 years after goniotrepanation for various forms of glaucoma. The overall success rate in cases of primary glaucoma was 93 to 97%, with only a small number of intraoperative and postoperative complications; there were no severe complications such as visual field loss or endophthalmitis. PMID- 6727235 TI - [Cataract operation following goniotrepanation]. AB - Cataract surgery after goniotrepanation has been performed on 75 eyes at the St. Demetrius Hospital Eye Clinic in Thessaloniki , Greece, in recent years. The patients' ages ranged from 46 to 84 years. Intraocular pressure was between 8 and 19 mm Hg in all but 4 eyes which had IOPs of between 22 and 30 mm Hg. In order to leave the fistula untouched, the incision with the Graefe knife was made in the area of the cornea close to the limbus; it was closed with 7 sutures (7-0 silk). Prolapse of the vitreous occurred in 7 cases. It was possible to follow up 52 of the eyes: IOP remained regulated postoperatively with one exception (26 mm Hg); the upper pressure limit was 18 mm Hg. PMID- 6727236 TI - [HbA1 and HbA1c determination in ophthalmology. New parameters for monitoring metabolism in diabetics]. AB - Determination of glycosylated hemoglobins HbA1 or HbA1c by column chromatography is used for long-term glucose control. In the study reported here the authors compared the advantages and disadvantages of this new method and tried to show the importance of these determinations for patients with eye diseases. In a control group (blood glucose less than 120 mg/dl) HbA1-values of 6.5 +/- 1.2% and HbA1c-values of 4.4 +/- 0.5% were found. Well-controlled diabetics (blood glucose 80-180 mg/dl) had an HbA1 of 8.1 +/- 1.6% and an HbA1c of 5.8 +/- 1.1%, while diabetics with poor control (blood glucose 160-420 mg/dl) had an HbA1 of 10.6 +/- 2.1% and an HbA1c of 7.7 +/- 1.7%. HbA1 and HbA1c, respectively, should be measured in addition to blood glucose determination and oral glucose tolerance test. PMID- 6727237 TI - [A new formula for determining the refractive power of intraocular lenses]. AB - New, simplified formulas for calculating the refractive power of intraocular lenses are presented. These formulas were derived by mathematical methods. With the aid of these formulas it is possible to calculate an emmetropizing lens, residual refraction and desired postoperative refraction. The error in other formulas used for eyes with short axial lengths can be avoided with this new formula, due to its linearity. PMID- 6727238 TI - [Nodular fasciitis of the orbit]. AB - A 46-year-old patient is described who presented with a pea-sized painless tumor in the upper eyelid. Surgical excision and histologic diagnosis revealed a proliferating spindle cell tumor with an inflammatory reaction, which was identified as nodular fasciitis. Differential diagnosis, incidence of such tumors in the orbit and treatment are discussed. PMID- 6727239 TI - [Treatment of nystagmus using injections of botulinum toxins into the eye muscles]. AB - Two patients with severe nystagmus were treated by injection of botulinum toxin into the eye muscles. The first patient had a vertical nystagmus of large amplitude with oscillopsia; the second, monocular patient had a congenital horizontal nystagmus. PMID- 6727240 TI - [Inflammatory and regressive changes of the posterior surface of the cornea]. AB - A 52-year-old woman contracted a serious influenza; three weeks later a dropshaped patch, whitish-yellow in color and deeply vascularized, was seen on the posterior upper surface of the cornea of one eye. It was accompanied by an anterior uveitis. The Tyndall phenomenon was positive. The sensibility of the upper quadrants of the cornea was reduced, temporally to 1.84 g/mm2, nasally to 3.20 g/mm2. Central vision was approx. 0.03. The condition was treated locally with steroid eye drops and generally with Diclofenac 2 X 50 mg. The infiltration became clearer as a result and vision increased to 0.8. Further examinations over a period of 2-1/2 years revealed crystal-like deposits and fiberglass-like structures. The erythrocyte sedimentation rate remained elevated. Since the etiology of these changes is still unknown, the authors suggest the purely descriptive term 'deep parenchymatous keratitis'. It would seem likely that this is a herpetic condition, especially in view of the decreased sensibility of the upper quadrants of the cornea. PMID- 6727241 TI - [Boeck's disease with unilateral optic nerve involvement]. AB - A rare symptom of Boeck's disease is involvement of the fasciculus opticus. This paper reports on a patient with sarcoidosis who developed cerebral symptoms during the course of the disease; some months later he suffered an acute deterioration of vision in his right eye, with central scotoma but without papilledema. The difficulty of distinguishing this condition from bulbar neuritis in cases of multiple sclerosis is discussed. PMID- 6727242 TI - [Roth's septic retinitis]. AB - Report on a case of Roth's septic retinitis in which the macular region was also affected by septic microemboli associated with an endocarditis. There was good regression of the inflammatory foci. PMID- 6727243 TI - [Pros and cons of preservatives in eyedrops. Questionnaire for practitioners and experimental studies with reference to the requirements of the German Pharmacopoeia of August 1978]. AB - The first part of this paper deals with the regulations in the DAB 8/78 stating that eye-drops are to be preserved. A questionnaire prepared by the German Association of Ophthalmologists is analyzed. The four questions put to 353 ophthalmologists and answered by 350 of these concern the need for unpreserved eye-drops because of the danger of allergization; the expiry date once the bottle has been opened; infections due to eye-drops without preservatives; and the need for eye-drops made up by pharmacists. The second part deals with studies on the pH-values of lacrimal fluid in cases of normal and decreased lacrimation, as well as with the bactericidal action of the normal tear fluid containing lysozyme and lactotransferrine and various eye-drops containing preservatives. The authors conclude that the general addition of preservatives to eye-drops, especially to those containing antiphlogistic and astringent substances, is unnecessary. Concerning the expiry date on the bottle, it is suggested that the period of use be extended to three months, thus helping to cut costs. PMID- 6727244 TI - [A simplified drainage/irrigation system for extracapsular cataract extraction]. AB - A simplified irrigation/aspiration system has been developed by the author in cooperation with the Klein company of Heidelberg. The suction is produced by connecting the instrument to a commonly used aspirator. The aspiration force is regulated by means of a foot-pedal, which regulates the amount of "bypass air" delivered through a special tube connected to the irrigation/aspiration handpiece. This simple i/a system represents a low-priced alternative to other systems already on the market. PMID- 6727245 TI - [Evaluation of surgical methods for chronic glaucoma]. AB - In the light of personal experience, the present author repeats the call for generally applicable rules for classifying findings and criteria for evaluating them; this demand was originally made by Leydhecker . Taking a comparison of various surgical procedures for chronic glaucoma as an example, the need for such rules and criteria is illustrated in detail, and concrete proposals for formulating them are made. PMID- 6727246 TI - [What new knowledge has automated perimetry with the Octopus brought on glaucomatous visual field changes?]. AB - The results of studying patients with glaucomatous field defects over a 5-year period using the Octopus automated perimeter are summarized. This instrument relies on a retest logic and problem-orientated adaptation of the test points as well as of the software is possible with it. Automated perimetry offers significant advantages over conventional field testing and has increasing our understanding of glaucoma considerably. (1) The probability of detecting glaucomatous field defects is substantially greater than with manual perimetry; (2) the results of a visual field examination can be treated mathematically and statistically, especially when Bebie and Fankhauser 's Delta program is used; (3) the evaluation of progressive field loss is only possible using threshold perimetry, as supra-threshold stimuli are too crude; (4) increased fluctuations around the normal age-corrected threshold represent the earliest detectable changes in glaucoma; (5) loss of sensitivity is reversible in early relative scotomata; (6) the depth of relative scotomata cannot be sharply defined on account of rapid fluctuations in sensitivity; (7) early visual field changes probably represent late changes in the course of chronic simple glaucoma. PMID- 6727247 TI - [Primary optic nerve meningioma]. AB - Pathognomonic for primary optic nerve meningioma (intraorbital, intracanalicular or intracranial) is the diagnostic triad of progressive deterioration of vision (often over a period of years), primary optic atrophy and optociliary shunts ( Hoyt -Spencer sign) in a patient (frequently women) over 20 years of age. Above all at the beginning, the suspected diagnosis is retrobulbar neuritis. The correct diagnosis is made by computer tomography (enhancement with contrast, coronal sections). The author discusses whether surgical treatment ( orbitotomy or craniotomy) is to be preferred to conservative radiation therapy. PMID- 6727248 TI - [The role of the parathalamus in covered sclerectomy]. AB - Twenty-six eyes in which IOP had been regulated at a mean 14 mmHg by goniotrepanation were operated on for cataract after an interval of at least 4 years. On exposing the scleral flap the authors discovered gray-black funiculi on the two unsutured vertical sides, representing new fluid-permeable membranous tissue. Beneath them was a fairly small fluid-filled space, the " parathalmus " - a kind of secondary anterior chamber. PMID- 6727249 TI - [Long-term results of goniotrepanation with scleral flap]. AB - Between 1970 and 1977 407 eyes were operated on for glaucoma of different origins, the procedure used being goniotrepanation with scleral flap. Ninety of these eyes were followed up for more than 5 years (7.2 years on average) with regard to long term effects of the operation. Open-angle glaucoma accounted for 73% of the cases. IOP was normal without drug treatment in 68 eyes (76%), and with drugs in a further 19 (21%). In other words, IOP was regulated for 5 years or more postoperatively in 97%. The investigation also covered the condition of the lens, (extension of cataract?), visual acuity and the morphology of the bleb. PMID- 6727250 TI - [Intraocular pressure and primary open-angle glaucoma. Epidemiologic technics in practice]. AB - It is the object of this paper to familiarize the ophthalmologist with some modern epidemiological techniques and to present examples of their application to a consideration of the influence of the level of intraocular pressure on the development of the type of visual field loss characteristic of primary open angle glaucoma. Epidemiological methods are particularly required in chronic multifactorial diseases such as primary open angle glaucoma and arterial hypertension to obtain reliable guidance on practical measures for their treatment or control. Two basic requirements are reliable uniform data suitable for computer manipulation and epidemiological methods to exploit the data and yield conclusions as free of bias and confounding as possible. An example of a glaucoma data base is described and types of enquiry and the importance of standardising prevalence estimations are discussed. Analyses by the four-fold table, risk ratios, the effect of stratification, sensitivity, specifity and the decision curve are described. Attributable risk (potential for prevention) is indicated as yielding information suitable for public health programmes. The life table method is described when relating initial observations to subsequent progressive visual field loss. The factors to be considered in epidemiological work generally and the inferences concerning the early diagnosis of primary open angle glaucoma are discussed. PMID- 6727251 TI - [The neuro-retinal rim region in early glaucoma]. AB - The true neuro-retinal rim area of the optic disc was obtained by calculating the magnification using axial length, refraction and corneal curvature. Patients with very early chronic open angle glaucoma and normals were compared. The neuro retinal rim area separated these two populations better than the standard cup/disc ratios. The size of the optic nerve did not appear to change with age. The implications for clinical practice are outlined. PMID- 6727252 TI - [The technic of argon laser trabeculoplasty and its results]. AB - Argon laser trabeculoplasty (ALT) was performed on 130 eyes with primary open angle glaucoma or capsular glaucoma. Three different methods of ALT were employed to determine if the methods itself affects the incidence of immediate postoperative rises in intraocular pressure (IOP). Thirty-five eyes received 100 burns over 360 degrees of the posterior trabecular meshwork; these were categorized as Group 1. Group 2 comprised 77 eyes given 50 burns over 180 degrees of the posterior meshwork. Group 3 consisted of 18 eyes treated with 50 burns over 180 degrees of the anterior trabecular meshwork. The duration of each burn was 0.2 s in Group 1 and 0.1 s in Groups 2 and 3. The power of each burn ranged from 700 to 1000 mW in each group. Immediate postlaser IOP rise was defined as a pressure elevation exceeding prelaser value by 5 mmHg or more. In Group 1 the incidence of IOP rise was 82%; it was 58% after the first session in Group 2, but only 22% in Group 3. A sustained, marked pressure rise was most frequently observed in Group 1 as compared with the other two groups. Other complications, including sustained iritis, peripheral anterior synechiae and hyphema, were seen most frequently in Group 1 and least frequently in Group 3. Successful control of IOP, defined as an IOP of less than 20 mmHg, was achieved in 37% in Group 1, 70% in Group 2 and 56% in Group 3. The follow-up period ranged from 1.5 to 52 months.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS) PMID- 6727253 TI - [Argon laser trabeculoplasty. Initial results of a prospective study]. AB - This paper presents the results of a prospective study on argon laser trabeculoplasty with clinical application in 166 cases up to now. So far, patients have been followed up for between 2 and 12 months. Low-intensity coagulation was performed over 360 degrees of the trabecular meshwork. The coagulation site within the trabecular meshwork was chosen according to the outflow facility as measured by tonography. In eyes with high outflow facility (C greater than 0.08) the unpigmented, so-called nonfunctioning trabecular meshwork was coagulated. Where the outflow facility was lower (C less than 0.03), a pigmented area of the trabecular meshwork was aimed at. Where the facility was intermediate (0.08 greater than C greater than 0.03) the border area between pigmented and nonpigmented meshwork was coagulated. Three groups of patients were treated: (1) older patients with insufficient compliance; (2) patients whose intraocular pressure (IOP) was poorly controlled by drugs and was under 35 mm Hg; (3) patients suffering from glaucoma in aphakia or status post trabeculectomy and poor control of IOP. Applying these criteria , IOP was controlled in 26.8% without additional drugs and in 68% in combination with local medication after 6 weeks. Very few complications were seen (8 cases), and they did not lead to deterioration or loss of vision. In the light of theoretical considerations and initial histopathologic findings in human eyes, the authors assume that low intensity coagulation causes a denaturation and shrinkage of the trabecular collagen, leading to stretching of the surrounding trabecular structures.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS) PMID- 6727254 TI - [Intracapsular cataract extraction using cyclodialysis. A useful method]. AB - Thirty patients requiring cataract extraction for improved vision, and having concurrent primary open-angle glaucoma controlled with varying success by medication, had combined intracapsular cataract extraction and cyclodialysis performed by one surgeon. The average duration of follow-up was 22 months. Visual acuity deteriorated in one case in whom vision was limited to finger counting preoperatively. This patient had very advanced glaucoma and severe optic nerve damage; loss of vision was due to progression of visual field loss involving fixation. Visual acuity was unchanged in three cases; 2 had fingercounting vision, while one patient could discern hand movement preoperatively. All these patients also had far-advanced glaucomatous field loss and one, in addition, had senile macular degeneration. In all other cases there was a significant improvement in visual acuity. The mean intraocular pressure preoperatively was 22.8 mm Hg; three days post-operatively it was 13.6 mm Hg, after three months 17.6 mm Hg, after one year 17.8 mm Hg, and at the final follow-up visit 14.4 mm Hg. The number of medications required to control intraocular pressure decreased markedly. Combined cataract extraction with cyclodialysis appears to be a satisfactory procedure where there is an indication for combined cataract extraction with a glaucoma procedure. It should not be used in candidates who have had previous inflammatory glaucoma or who are not expected to tolerate long term usage of echothiophate eyedrops following surgery. PMID- 6727255 TI - [Congenital glaucoma]. AB - ome statistical results have been clarified through research on the infantile glaucoma over the past fifteen years. The incidence of primary glaucoma and secondary, glaucoma was at a ratio of 7:3. Buphthalmos occurred in males and females at a ratio of 2:1. Bilateral and unilateral glaucoma was also seen at a ratio of 2:1. Seventy-five% of the patients visited the clinic within one year of birth. Secondary glaucoma occurred similarly in males and females. The incidence of bilateral and unilateral glaucoma was also similar. Of 14 patients with Sturge Weber's syndrome, 5 also suffered from Klippel-Trenaunay's syndrome. In addition to these facts, one case with specific Peter's anomary showed evidence of chromosomal abnormality. PMID- 6727256 TI - [Elimination of organic cations from the eye]. AB - Substances injected into the vitreous cavity leave the eye partly by diffusion into the flowing aqueous, but sometimes also by other mechanisms. To look for such other mechanisms removing organic cations from the rabbit eye, 5 labeled quaternary ammonium compounds were injected intravitreally, mixed with labeled sucrose. The latter leaves essentially by way of the aqueous only. After predetermined times had elapsed the rabbits were killed, and the radioactivity remaining in each eye was measured after combustion of the dried eye bulb. The anticholinergic drug Emepronium disappeared faster than sucrose but only after a delay of many hours. The main experiments were therefore concerned with the time interval 24-48 h after injection. The N- hexylhomologue of Emepronium ' Cetihex ' and the non-sedative antihistamine Aprobit were not eliminated faster than sucrose during this time interval. Since the molecular weights of these quaternaries are similar to that of sucrose and their free diffusion rate should be similar, the present experiments over a limited time interval have proved the existence of an elimination mechanism (besides aqueous flow) only for Emepronium. Tetramethylammonium and tetraethylammonium disappeared markedly faster than sucrose. Since there is no satisfactory way to take their much lower molecular weight into account, the question of a special system for these cations remains open. PMID- 6727257 TI - [Configuration of the tractus vitreales in rhegmatogenous posterior detachment of the vitreous body]. AB - Subhyaloid prolapse of the vitreous gel in rhegmatogenous posterior detachment of the vitreous body invariably results in a change in the position of the funnel shaped vitreal membranules : The membranules are not directed toward the optic disk as usual, but pass the prefoveal hole of the detached posterior hyaloid membrane and end within the subhyaloidally prolapsed vitreous gel. In addition to this typical configuration of the vitreal membranules in rhegmatogenous posterior detachment of the vitreous body, there exists a second, rare form of subhyaloid prolapse of vitreous gel with bump-like deformation of the vitreal membranules : The last ones balloon through the prefoveal hole into the retrovitreal space but typically end intravitreally in front of the optic disk. PMID- 6727258 TI - [Continuity of the tonography curve. II. Analysis of 1-minute intervals of the clinical tonogram]. AB - C-values calculated from each minute of the clinical tonogram were found to differ significantly from each other, a result inconsistent with the assumptions of tonography. The predominant trend was for the highest C-value to be in the first minute and to become progressively reduced in ensuing minutes of the tonogram . The significance of these findings, from the investigational point of view and from the clinical point of view, was discussed. PMID- 6727259 TI - [Ocular pulse curve in glaucoma without hypertension]. AB - The ocular pulse amplitudes were measured with a recording applanation tonometer in eyes of patients with primary open-angle glaucoma, low-tension glaucoma and in normal subjects. The mean ocular pulse amplitude of 62 eyes of 31 patients with low-tension glaucoma did not differ significantly from that of normal eyes, but there were more eyes with low and high pulse amplitudes than would be expected in a normal population. These results suggest that the patients with low-tension glaucoma did not comprise a homogeneous population, but contained one group of patients with evidence of reduced choroidal blood flow and another group with pulse amplitudes similar to those found in primary open-angle glaucoma. PMID- 6727260 TI - [Effect of acute hemorrhaging in rabbits on blood circulation in the eye and various other tissues. The role of the sympathetic nerves]. AB - The labeled microsphere method was used to determine the blood flow in the eyes and some other tissues in conscious rabbits with unilateral section of the cervical sympathetic chain. Flow measurements were made before and after a hemorrhage corresponding to 17.3 +/- 1.6 ml/kg body weight. The mean arterial blood pressure fell from 90 +/- 3 mmHg to 53 +/- 2 mmHg. Before bleeding, the blood flow in the iris, ciliary body and choroid was similar on the two sides. After the hemorrhage there was little change in the blood flow in the brain and adrenals. The flow in heart muscle and kidney cortex was 70 and 48% of that before the bleeding, respectively. In the stomach wall, the spleen and the skin the corresponding figure was 10%. In the iris, ciliary body and choroid the flow on the intact side was 37, 26 and 38%, respectively, of that before the bleeding. On the other side the flow was slightly higher. The results indicate that there was little sympathetic tone to the blood vessels of the uvea either before or after the hemorrhage and that circulating vasoconstrictor substances had only a slight to moderate effect on the uveal blood vessels. PMID- 6727261 TI - [Linearity of applanation tonometry]. AB - A method has been developed for measuring intraocular pressure continuously. By comparing the results with theoretical models it has been established that only viscoelasticity of the sclera and cornea is able to compensate for rapid pressure fluctuations, whereas facility does this only to a minor degree. PMID- 6727262 TI - [Blockade of the optic nerve caused by retrobulbar anesthesia]. AB - A connection has been established between the normal photopic electroretinogram (ERG) during amaurosis caused by retrobulbar anesthesia and former analogous investigations of visual evoked, cortical potentials (VECP). It proves the assumption that retrobulbar anesthesia causes a sensoric blockade of the optic nerve while the retina continues to function normally. PMID- 6727263 TI - [Gillespie syndrome (incomplete aniridia, cerebellar ataxia and oligophrenia)]. AB - Two sisters presenting with a Gillespie 's syndrome are reported. This autosomal recessive Syndrome is characterized by a circumpupillary aplasia, non progressive cerebellar ataxia and oligophrenia. PMID- 6727264 TI - [Indentation of the cornea and tonometry. Preliminary results]. AB - The tensile force T evoked by indentation of the cornea was registered for the first time using the pressure-sensitive probe of the Stepanik Arteriotonograph : T increases with the depth of the corneal indentation and, when the indentation is constant, it increases asymptomatically to a higher level for about 2 minutes. PMID- 6727265 TI - [Results of the surgical treatment of retinal detachment in the aphakic eye]. PMID- 6727266 TI - [Success of the surgical treatment of retinal detachment in aphakia]. PMID- 6727267 TI - [Analysis of failures in the surgical treatment of retinal detachment in the aphakic eye]. PMID- 6727268 TI - [Analysis of complications of the surgical treatment of retinal detachment in aphakic eyes]. PMID- 6727269 TI - [Scleral buckling with a balloon--a new method of treating retinal detachment]. PMID- 6727270 TI - [Closure of retinal tears by extrascleral buckling with a balloon by the Lincoff Kreissig method]. PMID- 6727271 TI - [Transconjunctival cryopexy in the prevention of retinal detachment]. PMID- 6727272 TI - Pharmacokinetics and absolute bioavailability of diltiazem in humans. AB - Six healthy male volunteers received single doses of diltiazem hydrochloride on three occasions separated by at least 10 days. Modes of administration were: 10 minute intravenous infusion of a 20-mg dose; oral administration of 120 mg in solution form; and oral administration of 120 mg as two 60-mg sustained-release tablets. Diltiazem concentrations were measured by electron-capture gas chromatography in multiple plasma samples drawn during the 36 hours after dosage. Following intravenous administration, mean (+/- S.E.) pharmacokinetic variables were: elimination half-life, 11.2 (+/- 2.1) hours; volume of distribution, 11.1 (+/- 3.0) liters/kg; and total clearance, 11.5 (+/- 0.7) ml/min/kg. Oral diltiazem in solution form was rapidly absorbed, with peak plasma levels attained at 38 (+/- 6) minutes after the dose. Absolute systemic availability averaged 44% (+/- 4%). Oral administration of sustained-release tablets yielded, as predicted, slower absorption, with peak plasma concentrations attained at an average of 165 (+/- 22) minutes after dosage. Thus, oral diltiazem is incompletely bioavailable after oral administration, mainly because of first-pass hepatic extraction. PMID- 6727273 TI - [The mandate of scientific journals]. PMID- 6727274 TI - [Bezafibrate-induced myolysis and myoglobinuria in patients with impaired renal function]. AB - A muscular syndrome has been described in patients on clofibrate and fenofibrate therapy. The present paper describes four patients with impaired renal function in whom symptoms and signs of skeletal muscle damage developed during treatment with another clofibrinic acid derivative, bezafibrate. The syndrome was characterized by variable degrees of muscular cramps and paresis, excessive elevation of muscle enzymes in serum, myoglobinemia and myoglobinuria. Transient deterioration of renal function was also common. All patients had been overdosed with bezafibrate with regard to their renal function. It is concluded that bezafibrate like other lipid lowering agents of the clofibrate type may induce muscle damage, at least if doses are not adjusted to renal function. Extreme caution is warranted when treating patients with renal impairment with bezafibrate and strict dose adjustment to kidney function is necessary to avoid muscle damage. PMID- 6727275 TI - [Recurring pulmonary artery embolisms and disseminated intravascular coagulation in right atrial myxoma]. AB - A 33 year old woman presented with dyspnea and dizziness. These symptoms had recurred several times during the months preceding. At initial investigation we palpated a tumor in the upper abdomen corresponding to the sonographic finding of a 10 X 10 cm sized cystic tumor in the liver. Because of reduction of fibrinogen, prolonged thrombin time and thrombocytopenia a malignant disease involving the liver and producing pulmonary embolism and disseminated intravascular coagulation was suspected. However, during routine echocardiography a right atrial mass prolapsing in the right ventricle was detected. After normalization of fibrinogen and thrombin-time following a low dose heparin therapy a myxoma sized 6 X 5 cm was removed from the right atrium. The patient did not recover and died 20 days following surgery. At autopsy the liver tumor proved to be a benign cholangioendothelial cyst. PMID- 6727276 TI - Adult hypophosphatasia without apparent skeletal disease: "odontohypophosphatasia" in four heterozygote members of a family. AB - Twenty members of a family with adult hypophosphatasia were examined clinically and biochemically. Severe caries causing early loss of permanent teeth was the only clinical symptom which could be attributed to hypophosphatasia. None of them had a history of defective bone mineralization, rachitic skeletal alterations, and recurrent pseudofractures or fractures. An iliac crest bone biopsy of the proposita showed a normal finding corresponding to the age of the patient. Four family members in two subsequent generations were affected, thus suggesting an autosomal dominant inheritance. Their serum and leukocyte alkaline phosphatases were reduced. The phosphoethanolamine (PEA) excretion in the urine was increased to a level which suggests a heterozygote state. The serum alkaline phosphatase activity could be ascribed to the liver isoenzyme fraction. This was shown by polyacrylamide electrophoresis, by inhibition studies with organ-specific inhibitors, heat inactivation, inhibition by antibodies, and treatment with neuraminidase. The proposita had an unexplained, diffuse fatty infiltration of the liver. Thus, not only alterations of bone but also of liver metabolism in hypophosphatasia should be considered. The variety of adult hypophosphatasia described in this paper is characterized by the lack of severe bone abnormalities, the apparently autosomal dominant inheritance, and the reduction of bone and intestinal isoenzyme in the serum. Our study suggests that hypophosphatasia is a heterogeneous disorder which includes both severe and clinically mild forms. PMID- 6727278 TI - A spell of chicken-pox on a cancer patients' ward. AB - Second episodes of varicella after a definite primary exposure to chicken-pox are well known in immunosuppressed children. We report an outbreak in adult cancer patients. This observation suggests that there is also a higher risk of varicella infection in immunosuppressed adults. As there is a trend for a pronounced severity of chicken-pox in patients receiving anticancer drugs or suffering from immunosuppressive diseases, the prophylactic use of varicella zoster immune globulin in adult patients has to be discussed, especially as positive experiences with children were recently gained. Following manifestation, therapy with systemic aciclovir seems to be effective. PMID- 6727277 TI - [Heterogeneity of acetylcholine receptor antibodies in patients with myasthenia gravis]. AB - Antibodies against the nicotinic acetylcholine receptor in sera of 21 myasthenia gravis patients were checked for their ability to block or split binding of alpha bungarotoxin to the human acetylcholine receptor. Affinity-purified acetylcholine receptors from human skeletal muscle were used in parallel in the common precipitation assay and an inhibition assay. Cross-reactivity of acetylcholine receptor antibodies was analyzed with receptor preparation from different species (calf, rat, Torpedo c. and Electrophorus e.), purified identically to high specific activity. An antibody pattern was set up for each patient and related to the clinical state of the disease. alpha-Bungarotoxin-inhibiting antibodies were demonstrable in 74% of myasthenia gravis patients, alpha-bgt displacing antibodies were found in 39% of the investigated sera. Broad cross-reactivity with acetylcholine receptors from other mammalian muscle was evident (calf 75%, rat 90%) only very few sera reacted with acetylcholine receptors from electric fish (Torpedo c. 14%, Electrophorus e. 38%). Antibody concentrations determined by using xenoantigens were much lower than those obtained by human acetylcholine receptor. The lack of a clear-cut correlation between the amount of serum antibodies and the clinical state of myasthenia gravis can be explained by the established antibody-heterogeneity, shown by a constant antibody pattern characteristic for each patient. However, between this specific antibody pattern and the state of the disease no correlation could be established either. PMID- 6727279 TI - Non-additive positive inotropic effects of amrinone and ouabain on cat papillary muscles. AB - Amrinone has been shown to produce haemodynamic benefits in digitalis-treated patients. Since amrinone is a positive inotropic agent on isolated heart muscle, these benefits may mean that amrinone increases the maximal ouabain-induced increase in force of contraction, without causing toxicity. We have therefore measured, in cat right ventricular papillary muscles, the inotropic effects of ouabain, amrinone alone and amrinone with a maximally effective, non-toxic ouabain concentration (2 X 10(-7) M). Ouabain is much more potent than amrinone (EC50-values: ouabain, 8 X 10(-8) M, amrinone, 1-2.8 X 10(-3) M). The highest amrinone concentration used (6 X 10(-3) M) produced a significantly lower increase in force of contraction than ouabain (2 X 10(-7) M) in the same muscles. After ouabain (2 X 10(-7) M) produced a stable effect, no further increase in force of contraction was observed with any amrinone concentration. Sustained arrhythmias were observed in five of six muscles at 3 X 10(-3) M amrinone with ouabain (2 X 10(-7) M), but in only one of these muscles with amrinone 3 X 10(-3) M alone. Since the positive inotropic effects of amrinone are not additive with those from a maximally effective ouabain concentration, the haemodynamic benefits seen in patients are probably due to non-cardiac effects of amrinone such as vasodilatation. PMID- 6727280 TI - Serum gentamicin concentrations during intratracheal administration. AB - In artificially ventilated patients, intratracheal aminoglycoside administration is used as a form of prophylaxis of broncho-pulmonary infections. In artificially ventilated patients with multiple organ failure, serum gentamicin concentrations were measured dependent on renal function after endotracheal administration. A standard commercial ampule of 40 mg gentamicin in a 1 ml solution was injected in undiluted form, intratracheally through the tubus , every 6 h. In the patients without renal failure, values over 1 microgram/ml were only found in certain individual cases and reached a maximum of 1.5 micrograms/ml. In patients with renal failure even after prolonged application, the average serum concentrations were between 2 and 3.5 micrograms/ml. In a very few cases, however, levels of up to 10.5 micrograms/ml were measured. The daily serum pattern revealed a distinct dependence on the administration; 1 h after administration there was an increase in the serum concentrations which decreased to the initial levels after 6 h. When patients with renal impairment are given an aminoglycoside intratracheally, serum levels of up to 10.5 micrograms/ml may be reached and thus additional systemic aminoglycoside therapy should be avoided. PMID- 6727281 TI - [Ultrastructure of diabetic autonomic neuropathy of the gastrointestinal tract]. AB - Gastrointestinal motility disorders induced by diabetes mellitus are most commonly manifested in the colon, and are considered to be an expression of diabetic autonomic polyneuropathy. In this study, for the first time, the intrinsic nervous system of the bowel has been subjected to an ultrastructural and morphometric examination in rectal biopsy material obtained from diabetics with and without diabetic enteropathy. In patients with diabetic enteropathy, the nerves of the submucous plexus (Meissner's plexus) revealed significant swelling of the axons, as an expression of neural degeneration. Furthermore, in about a half of these patients, thickening of the basal membrane of Schwann's cells was also detected. Additional, although unspecific, changes found in the diabetics were a quantitative increase in the lysosomes, lipofuscin and glycogen in the Schwann cells. The ultrastructural findings represent evidence for the presence of an intrinsic autonomic polyneuropathy in diabetics with diabetic enteropathy. At the same time, they indicate that the diagnosis of diabetic enteropathy is no longer merely an "exclusion" diagnosis. PMID- 6727282 TI - [Temperature-dependent spontaneous platelet aggregation in polycythemia vera and primary thrombocythemia: a diagnostic criterion]. AB - In twenty patients suffering from myeloproliferative syndromes (nine with polycythaemia vera, 11 with primary thrombocythaemia) platelet aggregation was tested following incubation of blood samples at 4 degrees C, room temperature, 30 degrees C and 37 degrees C. A spontaneous platelet aggregation following incubation at room temperature took place in 65% of patients with primary thrombocythaemia. At the two higher temperatures, positive results were seen in 72% and 92% of cases, respectively. Seven of nine patients (78%) showed a pathological spontaneous platelet aggregation at room temperature. Pathological spontaneous platelet aggregation at 30 degrees C occurred in eight of nine (89%) cases. The spontaneous platelet aggregation test is a simple method to diagnose primary thrombocythaemia and asymptomatic polycythaemia vera, the sensitivity of which increases considerably following incubation of blood samples at two and three different temperatures. PMID- 6727283 TI - [Long-term observation of 15 patients with differentiated thyroid cancer and elevated plasma thyroglobulin levels of unclear origin]. AB - The follow-up of 15 patients with differentiated cancer of the thyroid was analysed retrospectively. All patients had persistent or developed elevated thyroglobulin (Tg) plasma levels (greater than 10 ng/ml) after total thyroidectomy and 131 I therapy. There was no evidence of thyroid remnants or metastases in the 131 I whole body scan, bone scan, chest X-ray or clinical investigation. Nine of 15 patients developed local or distant metastases during a follow-up period of 3-39 months (mean = 18 months). Only one of seven recurrences tested were 131 I positive, Tg values of 9 from 12 patients showed no correlation to the Thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH) level. It is concluded that: (1) this group of patients is at high risk of developing a recurrence (2) new methods have to be developed for the localization of 131 I negative but Tg positive metastases. PMID- 6727284 TI - Supernormal conduction in the right bundle branch: lack of influence of autonomic blockade. AB - A programmed atrial stimulation at a driving rate of 100/min was performed in a 47-year-old woman with left bundle branch block. Supernormal conduction lasting 40 ms was revealed within the right bundle branch. After autonomic blockade (0.2 mg propranolol/kg body weight and 0.04 mg atropine/kg body weight) the position and duration of the supernormal conduction did not change. This suggests that the autonomic nervous system has no influence on the supernormal phase of conduction in the human intraventricular conduction system. PMID- 6727285 TI - Lead poisoning as a toxogenetic disease. AB - In two non-related patients suffering from acute lead intoxication a persistent decrease in red cell delta-aminolevulinic acid dehydratase (synonym: porphobilinogen synthase) activity of 30%-60% of controls was noted after treatment and normalisation of lead levels and heme precursors in urine and blood. An inherited enzyme deficiency was suggested and confirmed by a subnormal activity in the mothers of both patients. These four persons are considered as heterozygotes with an increased sensitivity to lead exposure. PMID- 6727286 TI - Diagnostic exercise. A case of atrial thrombosis and consumptive coagulopathy in a hamster. PMID- 6727287 TI - Epidemiologic aspects of an outbreak of acquired immunodeficiency in rhesus monkeys (Macaca mulatta). AB - Since August 25, 1981, an outbreak of simian acquired immunodeficiency syndrome ( SAIDS ) has been recognized in a single outdoor corral housing 77 rhesus monkeys (Macaca mulatta) over a 16-month period. The etiology of this syndrome is unknown but epidemiologic evidence suggests an infectious agent. Thirty-two cases of SAIDS have been identified (31 female, 1 male), and 27 of these animals have died (case fatality rate = 84%). Three of these deaths occurred among 13 infants born in the corral . All 27 deaths were females. For animals in the original cohort, sex was not a statistically significant risk factor. For animals born in the corral females were at greater risk (p = 0.0489; Fisher's Exact Test). SAIDS mortality rates were highest for animals entering the corral at less than 30 months of age (4.4 deaths per 100 monkey months of follow-up) and for animals born into the cage (3.3 deaths per 100 monkey-months of follow-up). The mortality rate was lowest for animals entering the corral at greater than 30 months of age, (0.32 deaths per 100 monkey-months of follow-up). No significant associations were found for the factors weaning history, cage-move history, parentage, generation, and medical history, including history of bite-wound trauma. Nine of the original 64 animals entering the corral on August 25, 1981, were previously associated with a group of 110 rhesus monkeys occupying this same corral from September 1976 to August 1981. Though less dramatic, a similar pattern of morbidity and high mortality was recognized retrospectively in this group.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS) PMID- 6727288 TI - Campylobacter jejuni associated diarrhea in commercially reared beagles. AB - Campylobacter jejuni was isolated from nine of ten (90%) juvenile beagles with diarrhea, compared with an isolation rate of five of eight (63%) from beagles which remained asymptomatic during the 2 month study. In four dogs, the diarrhea was recurrent and characterized by watery, mucoid, bile-streaked feces with occasional blood. Elevated temperature and leukocytosis were noted in three of these dogs. Two dogs with diarrhea also had Giardia canis trophozoites. PMID- 6727289 TI - The food intake of rats during pregnancy and lactation. AB - Quantities of food required by Sprague-Dawley rats during gestation and lactation and in the post-lactation period were examined. Rats allowed to eat ad libitum during pregnancy consumed quantities of food only slightly greater than the amount reported to be the average intake of pregnant Sprague-Dawley rats (20 g/day). Rats delivered their pups on day 22 or day 23 of the gestation period, but regardless of the day of delivery, the food intake of each rat decreased on day 21 of pregnancy and then decreased a second time on the day of parturition. During lactation, food consumption of the rats soon exceeded the amount reported as the average intake of lactating rats (30-35 g/day). Food intake was found to escalate from 12.2 +/- 3.1 g/rat on day 0 of lactation, the lowest intake in the study, to 94.4 +/- 23.7 g on day 21 of lactation. However, in the latter part of the lactation period, the intake represented the combined food intake of dams and pups. Eight days in the post-lactation period were required for food intake of dams to return to a level near that recorded at the beginning of pregnancy. PMID- 6727290 TI - Body temperature changes in dogs exposed to varying effective temperatures. AB - Adult male and female Beagle dogs (eight total) were exposed individually, in series, to each of 23 effective temperatures for a period of 2 hours or until rectal temperature increased 1.1 degrees C. Rectal temperature was measured to the nearest 0.1 degree C by thermistor probes in the pre-test condition (basal temperature) and at each 5-minute interval during the test conditions (effective temperatures between 21.1 degrees C and 34.7 degrees C). The frequency at which dogs displayed a 1.1 degree C rise in rectal temperature was related to the magnitude of the effective temperature. At an effective temperature of 32.6 degrees C or greater, 100% of the dogs displayed a 1.1 degree C rise in rectal temperature. Between an effective temperature of 29.3 degrees C and 31.4 degrees C, some animals displayed a 1.1 degree C rise while others did not. At an effective temperature of 28.4 degrees C or below no animals displayed a 1.1 degree C rise. The mean time necessary for a 1.1 degree C rise was negatively correlated (P less than 0.01) to the magnitude of the effective temperature. The minimum effective temperature necessary to increase rectal temperature by 1.1 degree C in male Beagles (29.6 +/- 1.0 degree C) was not significantly different from females (30.8 +/- 0.4 degrees C). PMID- 6727291 TI - Louse infestations of tree shrews (Tupaia glis). AB - Nine adult tree shrews, Tupaia glis, recently imported from West Malaysia were visually examined for ectoparasites while under general anesthesia. Three shrews were infested by the sucking louse, Sathrax durus , and six shrews had louse ova belonging to this species; two shrews had neither lice nor ova. A total of 20 adult female, 10 adult male, and three third instar nymphal lice was collected. Lice were located on the head, flanks, and dorsal body of shrews while ova were recorded mainly from the anterior flanks but also from some adjacent host sites. The tree shrews appeared to tolerate the lice well although louse vector capacity was not assessed. The last date that lice were recorded from shrews was 22 days after colony set-up, and the last date on which seemingly viable ova were recorded was 64 days after set-up showing that the infestations were ultimately lost. PMID- 6727292 TI - Activated coagulation time for rhesus monkeys (Macaca mulatta). AB - The activated coagulation time test provided a rapid yet accurate measurement of the intrinsic clotting system in rhesus monkey (Macaca mulatta) whole blood. Other advantages of this test included reproducibility, no requirement for control samples, low cost and commercial availability. The mean activated coagulation time value for 60 normal rhesus monkeys was 96 seconds with a range of 77 to 125 seconds. There were no significant differences due to sex, venipuncture site and time of blood collection. PMID- 6727293 TI - Trapping, care, and laboratory management of the silvered leaf monkey (Presbytis cristatus). AB - The silvered leaf monkey (Presbytis cristatus) from South Kalimantan ( Borneo ), Indonesia is a natural host for a variety of filarial nematodes including Brugia malayi and Wuchereria kalimantani . Experimental studies show that it is host for W. bancrofti, a filarial nematode causing elephantiasis in man. Presbytis cristatus is a gregarious primate of primary and secondary forests, roaming in troops of 20-30 members. Primarily a fruit and leaf eater under natural conditions, this monkey can adapt to a laboratory diet of commercial monkey chow supplemented with fruits and vegetables. Troops, led by an alpha male, immediately respond to protect their young during stressful or dangerous situations. Infants are born singly and are bright orange. Transition to the adult grey and black coloration begins three to five months after birth. Silvered leaf monkeys can be readily trapped. Initially they are aggressive and will attack but become tractable several days after capture. Reaching upward is an important feeding behavior of the silvered leaf monkey and they will not feed from the floor of the cage. In the laboratory they are nonaggressive and lend themselves to various procedures such as blood drawing and examination. Silvered leaf monkeys travel well in commercial animal transport cages. In the United Stages they are not an endangered species and can be readily imported. In Indonesia they are not protected by law and can be exported. PMID- 6727294 TI - Retro-orbital technique for blood collection from the ferret (Mustela putorius furo). AB - Blood samples were obtained from anesthetized ferrets of various ages, by venipuncture of the retro-orbital plexus with a heparinized capillary pipette. It is recommended that a cumulative collection of 20% of total blood volume not be exceeded for any two week period. This technique, when carefully performed on alternate orbits and at a frequency dictated by body weight and volume of blood needed, has been used repeatedly for months without apparent harm or distress to the animal. PMID- 6727295 TI - Intravenous injection of unanesthetized hamsters (Mesocricetus auratus). AB - A rubber band tourniquet was applied to the proximal portion of the foreleg of unanesthetized male and female golden hamsters followed by intravenous injection in the cephalic vein using a 25 gauge needle. Volumes up to 0.3 ml could be injected easily. PMID- 6727296 TI - A simple device for exteriorizing chronically implanted catheters in dogs. AB - A device, consisting of a round base and cap made of polytetrafluoroethylene, was made to exteriorize and protect chronically implanted arterial and venous catheters in conscious dogs. In experiments lasting as long as 9 months, the subcutaneously implanted button-like appliance did not cause tissue reactions and was well tolerated by 98% of a group of 200 dogs. Being maintenance-free, having the capacity to exteriorize several catheter or wire outputs, and needing no protective harness were advantages of the device. PMID- 6727297 TI - Cytoskeleton of rat aortic smooth muscle cells. Normal conditions and experimental intimal thickening. AB - The organization of actin, vimentin, and desmin in smooth muscle cells of rat aortic media and intima under normal conditions and 15 or 75 days after endothelial injury has been studied by means of electron microscopy, indirect immunofluorescence, densitometric analysis of sodium dodecyl sulfate polyacrylamide gels, isoelectric focusing, and bidimensional gels. In the normal aortic media, practically all smooth muscle cells contain vimentin, and about 50% of them contain, in addition, desmin; upon analysis of actin isotypes by bidimensional gels, smooth muscle cells show a predominance of alpha-actin, some beta-actin, and very little gamma-actin. Fifteen days after endothelial injury, cells that have migrated into the intima contain decreased amounts of actin and desmin and increased amounts of vimentin compared with normal medial smooth muscle cells. Moreover, beta-actin becomes the predominant actin isotype and significant amounts of gamma-actin appear, whereas alpha-actin decreases. Seventy five days after endothelial injury, regenerated endothelial cells have repaired the injury. Intimal smooth muscle cells are less numerous than 15 days after injury, and the organization of their cytoskeletal elements has reverted almost to normal conditions. At both 15 and 75 days after endothelial injury, no significant changes of cytoskeletal elements are seen in the aortic media underlying intimal thickenings. PMID- 6727298 TI - Correlation of lung macrophage age and surface antigen in the hamster. AB - A monoclonal antibody specific for a surface antigen found on hamster lung macrophages has been produced. Macrophages obtained from LSH Syrian golden hamsters by pulmonary lavage have varying amounts of this antigen on their surface. We compared the age of alveolar macrophages (using 3H-thymidine) with the amount of surface antigen. Lung macrophages were obtained by repeated saline lavage at 1, 3, 5, and 10 days after 3H-thymidine injection. Monoclonal antibody was then reacted with these cells followed by fluorescein isothiocyanate conjugated protein A. Cell size and fluorescence were analyzed by flow cytometry. A wide range of fluorescent intensity was observed; the cells were sorted into four subpopulations (SPs). SP1 had the lowest fluorescence per cell, and SP4 had the highest. The sorted cells were placed on glass slides, and autoradiographs were made. The percentage of labeled macrophages in each SP was determined. At 1 day after thymidine injection, cells with a paucity of antigen (SP1) were the most highly labeled; 12.5% of SP1 macrophages were labeled, but only 1.4 and 1.1% of SP3 and SP4 were labeled, respectively. The labeling was relatively even in all four SPs at 3 days, but at 5 days the labeling of cells in SP2 and SP3 was highest. By day 10, labeled macrophages had large amounts of surface antigen and were in SP3 and SP4. These findings suggest that pulmonary macrophages that have recently synthesized DNA lack surface antigen. As time passes, cells mature and more antigen is acquired. The amount of surface antigen reflects cell age and provides a useful tool to isolate and study macrophage SPs. PMID- 6727299 TI - Electron microscopic determination of the sequence of acute tubular and vascular injury induced in the rat kidney by a carcinogenic dose of dimethylnitrosamine. AB - The early sequence of ultrastructural changes induced in the rat kidney by a single, carcinogenic dose (60 mg/kg of body weight) of dimethylnitrosamine (DMN) was traced in 6-week-old, protein-deprived female Wistar rats. The first alterations, moderate lipid droplet formation and proliferation of smooth endoplasmic reticulum, were observed between 2 and 24 hours, primarily in the P2 segment of the proximal tubule. There was no accompanying evidence of cytoplasmic degeneration within tubule epithelium at this stage. By 18 to 24 hours, cytotoxicity was observed in zone 1 resident cortical fibrocytes, followed by focal necrosis of vascular endothelium of the zone 1 peritubular capillary network at 2 to 4 days. With disruption of the capillary lining, red cells leaked into the interstitial space. At the same time, overt cytotoxicity occurred specifically in the P2 segment of the nephron, with marked lipid accumulation and focal cytoplasmic degradation, leading to scattered single-cell necrosis spatially related to the focally damaged capillaries by 5 days. From day 4, infiltration of mononuclear phagocytes into the interstitial space of zone 1 was prominent. Macrophages were observed to be involved in erythrophagocytosis during the course of this inflammatory reaction. Capillary repair appeared to be complete by 7 days, and proximal tubule regeneration was ongoing through the 11th day. By 14 days, the inflammatory process was decreasing. The following hypothesis is presented as an explanatory basis for this pattern of injury and acknowledges the pharmacokinetics of DMN in the protein-deprived rat. The results suggest the possibility that DMN might be metabolically activated to a toxic species by the tubular microsomal enzyme system in the P2 segment of the proximal nephron with subsequent diffusion of a reactive intermediate(s), or toxic cell product, to produce cytotoxic injury in the susceptible mesenchymal cell populations, the resident cortical fibrocyte , and the adjacent capillary endothelium. The observed time sequence also suggests that transient circulatory disturbance presumed to result from the focal endothelial necrosis, in turn, causes ischemic injury to the associated P2 segment of the proximal tubule as a relatively delayed event. Resolution of the renal lesion by 3 weeks is associated with endothelial and tubule regeneration and clearance of the extravasated red cells from the interstitial space by infiltrated macrophages. Additionally, the cell populations involved as targets in the acute toxic response to DMN implicate the proximal convoluted tubule and either the resident cortical fibrocyte or peritubular capillary endothelium as origins PMID- 6727300 TI - Distribution of filipin-sterol complexes in villus goblet cell membranes of rat small intestine. AB - The polyene antibiotic, filipin, was used as a morphologic probe to determine the distribution of cholesterol in plasma and intracellular membranes in freeze fracture replicas of villus goblet cells from rat small intestine. Endoplasmic reticular and cis-face Golgi membranes displayed only rare filipin-sterol complexes. Membranes of the Golgi trans-face and adjacent nascent secretory granules revealed a moderate number of complexes. Membranes of mature secretory granules contained numerous filipin-sterol complexes, especially in sites where adjacent granules abutted. Complexes were so abundant on the apical plasma membrane that they approached confluence. The areal density of filipin-sterol complexes on the lateral plasma membrane was less than on the apical membrane but varied from goblet cell to goblet cell. The number of complexes on the lateral membrane of cells that appeared to be actively secreting mucus at the time of fixation was greater than on cells that showed no evidence of active mucus secretion. Thus, in villus goblet cells of rat small intestine (a) mucous granule membranes and the apical plasma membrane with which they fuse during secretion appear strikingly enriched with cholesterol, (b) cholesterol appears to be incorporated into mucous granule membranes during and shortly after their formation at the Golgi trans-face, and (c) the cholesterol content of the lateral plasma membrane of secreting goblet cells appears to be greater than that of nonsecreting cells. PMID- 6727301 TI - Characteristics of the two types of synoviocytes in rat synovial membrane. An ultrastructural study. AB - The characteristics of the two types of synoviocytes (A and S) from the knee joint of rat synovial membrane were analyzed by electron microscopy in order to identify all cellular profiles in single sections of the synovial intima and to interpret changes observed in the synoviocytes under different experimental and diseased conditions. The results demonstrated that type A and type S synoviocytes differed with respect to almost all cell organelles. Type A, which showed features of an absorptive, macrophagic cell, was primarily characterized by a well-developed vacuolar apparatus, a moderate Golgi apparatus, larger pale mitochondria, little rough endoplasmic reticulum showing narrow cisternae, and a heterochromatin-rich nucleus. The type S synoviocyte , which exhibited a cell body and one or two large cell processes reaching the joint cavity, showed ultrastructural features of a secretory cell. It was primarily characterized by an extensively developed rough endoplasmic reticulum showing wide cisternae, a large Golgi apparatus, and small, presumably secretory, granules, but surface caveolae, smaller dense mitochondria, and an euchromatin-rich nucleus were also very characteristic of this cell type. In addition, vesicles and vacuoles were invariably located in the large cell processes. Many S cells showed a solitary cilium. The present demonstration that the A and S cells are ultrastructurally totally different cells, together with the fact that intermediate types of cells do not exist, may support the interpretation that type A and type S synoviocytes represent two distinct cell types with distinct and different functions. PMID- 6727302 TI - Prevention at work, in the community--and beyond. PMID- 6727304 TI - The occupational health physician and the microcomputer. PMID- 6727303 TI - Prophylaxis of synthetic pyrethroid exposure. PMID- 6727305 TI - A clinical, radiological and pulmonary function case-control study of 135 Dockyard welders aged 45 years and over. PMID- 6727306 TI - Some hazards associated with spring correction. PMID- 6727307 TI - Continuum mechanical model of leukocytes during protopod formation. AB - A new continuum mechanical theory for protopod extension in leukocytes is developed. Protopod formation is an active process which is the basis for amoeboid displacement on substrates. Leukocytes may form protopods both when adhering to a substrate and when freely suspended in plasma. Therefore the required energy is derived from the cell itself. Protopods are depleted of granules and other organelles, they have a fine fibrillar ultrastructure, and they are covered by a cell membrane. They grow at about 5 micron/min until they reach a length of 4-5 micron. A period of protopod retraction follows during which granules re-enter via the protopod base by Brownian motion. Micropipette experiments have indicated that the protoplasm in the leukocyte has viscoelastic properties, whereas the protopod is stiffer and shows elastic behavior. We propose a continuum theory based on the polymerization of the actin matrix in the cell which results in gelation with a preferred orientation. It is triggered by influx of Ca++ across local regions of the cell membrane and the polymerization occurs along an interface at the base of the polymerized protopod. As cytoplasm passes through the interface it is subject both to a volumetric strain due to exclusion of granules and a shear strain due to alignment of actin molecules. The polymerization provides an active force leading to projection of the protopod and cell deformation. The base of the protopod rests on the unpolymerized cytoplasm along the interface. As the external plasma medium and the cell membrane, if it is not stretched taut, offer little resistance, the projection of the protopod proceeds outward with simultaneous unfolding of the membrane.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS) PMID- 6727308 TI - Tissue culture cells on deformable substrata: biomechanical implications. AB - A method has been developed for the study of the forces which individual cells exert during their locomotion. Polydimethyl-siloxane (silicone fluid) was crosslinked on its surface by brief flaming to form a thin layer of silicone rubber. Tissue culture cells of many types were then plated out onto these rubber substrata and the propulsive forces these cells exert as they adhere and spread became visible as wrinkles and other distortions in the rubber. From time-lapse films of these distortions, it appears that the component cells of the body move by exerting shearing forces through their plasma membranes. How these forces are exerted and how this technique for observing them could be made more quantitative are discussed. PMID- 6727309 TI - Analytical solutions for shear deformation and flow of red cell membrane. AB - Studies of red blood cell deformation have shown that there are a number of membrane material properties that affect the deformation process. In this paper various types of deformation are modeled using geometrical and constitutive simplifications so that the effect of intrinsic elastic and viscous membrane properties and of major geometric constraints is made obvious while other factors are ignored. To this end, numerical solutions are shunned in favor of exact analytical ("closed-form") solutions to simple and basic membrane deformation problems in order to reveal functional dependence. PMID- 6727310 TI - Passive stiffness of rat cardiac myocytes. AB - Intact single cells were isolated from adult rat hearts by enzymatic digestion and suspended in 0.25 mM Ca++ Tyrode's solution. Quiescent, clearly striated rodlike cells were selected for study of the elastic properties of the cells at various stages of membrane and myofilament extraction. Selected cells were placed in a relaxing solution (pCa + 9, 10 mn EGTA) and then each end gently pulled into the tip of a closely fitting suction micropipette for attachment to a force transducer and length perturbation driver. This procedure was performed in low Ca++ to prevent Ca++ loading of the cell during attachment and at room temperature to prevent chemical skinning of the cell. Stiffness was measured by applying a 5-Hz sinusoidal length perturbation (5 percent L0) to one end of the cell while measuring the induced tension change at the other. The ratio of sinusoidal tension change to applied length change (stiffness) was determined for each cell over a length range of about 1-1.3 L0 before removal of the contractile filaments and up to 3.0 L0 after treatment with 0.6 M KI. The stiffness-length relation was measured first in relaxing solution and then in 0.25 mM Ca++ Tyrode's. If spontaneous contractions or contracture occurred the cell was rejected. If the cell remained quiescent and relaxed it was treated again with relaxing solution and 1 percent Triton X-100 to remove the membranes. The stiffness-length relation was again measured and then the cell was superfused with 0.47 M KCl/10 mM pyrophosphate solution to remove the myosin filaments.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS) PMID- 6727311 TI - Models of cell interaction based on differential adhesion. AB - Recent efforts to model the mechanical interaction of aggregates of biological cells are reviewed. Differential adhesion is discussed as a means of creating a field of stress equivalent to tension elements at interfaces between unlike cell types. Several numerical algorithms are described and applied to shortening and folding of cell sheets, three-dimensional monolayers, and two-dimensional cell aggregates. PMID- 6727312 TI - On nonlinear viscoelastic properties of arterial tissue. AB - Nonlinear viscoelasticity is important in a variety of studies in biomechanics. One of the subject areas is the necessity to characterize the dynamic properties of blood vessels. This study concerns a theoretical formulation to examine the higher order nonlinear viscoelastic relaxation functions for arterial tissue based on the assumption of transversely isotropic material properties. Simple numerical results for the first-order theory are compared with those available in the literature. PMID- 6727313 TI - Effect of mild atherosclerosis on flow resistance in a coronary artery casting of man. AB - An in-vitro flow study was conducted in a mildly atherosclerotic main coronary artery casting of man using sugar-water solutions simulating blood viscosity. Steady flow results indicated substantial increases in pressure drop, and thus flow resistance at the same Reynolds number, above those for Poiseuille flow by 30 to 100 percent in the physiological Reynolds number range from about 100 to 400. Time-averaged pulsatile flow data showed additional 5 percent increases in flow resistance above the steady flow results. Both pulsatile and steady flow data from the casting were found to be nearly equal to those from a straight, axisymmetric model of the casting up to a Reynolds number of about 200, above which the flow resistance of the casting became gradually larger than the corresponding values from the axisymmetric model. PMID- 6727314 TI - Dynamical relations for left ventricular ejection: flow rate, momentum, force and impulse. AB - An investigation was carried out to quantitatively evaluate left ventricular volume flow rate, momentum, force and impulse derived from application of conservation principles for mass and momentum of blood within the ventricle during the ejection phase. An automated digital image processing system was developed and applied to left ventricular angiograms which are computer processed and analyzed frame by frame to determine the dynamical relations by numerical methods. Our initial experience with force and impulse has indicated that neither quantity seemed to be a sensitive indicator of coronary artery disease as evaluated by qualitative angiography for the particular patient group studied. Utilization of the dynamical relations in evaluating human left ventricular performance requires improved means of measurement and interpretation of clinical studies. PMID- 6727315 TI - The distribution of pressure behind a soft contact lens. AB - We determine the pressure distribution behind a soft contact lens that is necessary to keep the lens in conformity with an axisymmetric substrate. The substrate consists of two regions: a central portion, the cornea, supposed to be an ellipsoid; and a peripheral region, the sclera, taken to be a sphere. The pressure is obtained as part of a numerical solution of the axisymmetric equilibrium equations for an initially curved, linearly elastic membrane. The relaxed shape of the lens is assumed to be an axisymmetric ellipsoid with a central curvature and a shape factor different from those of the cornea. The variation in the thickness of the lens from its center to edge is approximated by a polynomial. Pressure distributions are obtained for several typical soft contact lens fittings. PMID- 6727316 TI - Comparative study of the amount of backflow produced by four types of aortic valve prostheses. AB - To determine the extent of backflow encountered with currently used prosthetic valves, four types of aortic valves with comparable orifice diameters were tested in a pulse duplicating system. These were a Hancock porcine valve, a Lillehei Kaster pivoting disk valve, a St. Jude bileaflet valve and a Bjork-Shiley tilting disk valve. Mean aortic pressure was sequentially increased from 83 to 147 mmHg, keeping the pump rate essentially constant (69-73 strokes/min). The porcine valve produced the least amount of total backflow (backflow due to closure plus leakage backflow) (1.6 to 2.4 mL/stroke). Among the mechanical valves the Bjork-Shiley valve showed the least amount of total backflow (5.0 to 6.0 mL/stroke). At a mean aortic pressure of 100 mmHg and a low cardiac output of 2 L/min, the total backflow with the porcine valve was only 6 percent of forward flow; whereas it was 19 percent with the Lillehei-Kaster valve, 22 percent with the St. Jude valve and 18 percent with the Bjork-Shiley valve. Leakage backflow at a given level of mean aortic pressure was, as expected, directly related to the annular clearance area. It is concluded that the Hancock valve showed the least amount of backward flow, which would be particularly beneficial in low output states. In the presence of normal hemodynamics, the amount of backflow with the three mechanical valves appeared to be well below the level of backflow considered to be clinically significant. PMID- 6727317 TI - A pulsed wire probe for the measurement of velocity and flow direction in slowly moving air. AB - This report describes the theory and operation of a pulsed-probe anemometer designed to measure steady three-dimensional velocity fields typical of pulmonary tracheo-bronchial airflows. Local velocities are determined by measuring the transport time and orientation of a thermal pulse initiated at an upstream wire and sensed at a downstream wire. The transport time is a reproducible function of velocity and the probe wire spacing, as verified by a theoretical model of convective heat transfer. When calibrated the anemometer yields measurements of velocity accurate to +/- 5 percent and resolves flow direction to within 1 deg at airspeeds greater than or equal to 10 cm/s. Spatial resolution is +/- 0.5 mm. Measured flow patterns typical of curved circular pipes are included as examples of its application. PMID- 6727318 TI - Comparison of steady and pulsatile flow near the ventral and dorsal walls of casts of human aortic bifurcations. AB - Steady and pulsatile flows were passed through casts of human aortic bifurcations and, by means of a laser Doppler anemometer, fluid velocities were measured at selected sites near the ventral and dorsal walls. At these sites, in the vicinity of the bifurcation, the influence of secondary flow is significant and therefore an appreciation of the phasic variation of secondary flow patterns is important. Results are presented comparing the flow direction in both steady and pulsatile flow at sites in three casts. The common features of the flow at these sites were the persistence of the flow direction during the accelerating and decelerating phases of the pulsatile cycle, and the consistently smaller angle (measured from the inlet centerline) of the pulsatile flow direction as compared to the angle of the flow direction in steady flow. PMID- 6727319 TI - Modeling technique of prosthetic heart valves. AB - This paper demonstrates a modeling technique of prosthetic heart valves. In the modeling, a pumping cycle is divided into four phases, in which the state of the valve and flow is different. The pressure-flow relation across the valve is formulated separately in each phase. This technique is developed to build a mathematical model used in the real time estimation of the hemodynamic state under artificial heart pumping. The model built by this technique is simple enough for saving the computational time in the real time estimation. The model is described by the first-order ordinary differential equation with 12 parameters. These parameters can be uniquely determined beforehand from in-vitro experimental data. It is shown that the model can adapt, with sufficient accuracy, to a change in the practical pumping condition and the viscosity of the fluid in their practical range, and is also demonstrated that the estimated backflow volume by model agrees closely with the actual one. PMID- 6727320 TI - Variational solution for pulsatile flow in rigid tubes. PMID- 6727321 TI - Inhibition of murine neuroblastoma growth by dopamine antagonists. AB - C-1300 murine neuroblastoma ( MNB ) contains the catecholamine biosynthetic pathway. This study investigated manipulation of this pathway for effects on cell growth and survival in tumor-bearing mice, and to correlate these findings with specific membrane-bound dopamine-binding activity. The dopamine antagonists domperidone, pimozide, and spiroperidol inhibited macromolecular synthesis in vitro as demonstrated by decreased [3H]TdR and [14C]leu incorporation in a dose response fashion; 56, 49, and 43% inhibition was noted at 10(-6) M concentration of each drug, respectively, with no loss of cell viability. Dopamine agonists showed no significant inhibition. Scatchard analysis of dopamine binding was consistent with a single class of receptor sites with a mean concentration of 13.2 +/- 2.0 pmole/g wet weight of tissue and mean dissociation constant (Kd) = 0.69 +/- 0.38 nM, compared to a mean receptor concentration of 28.1 +/- 5.2 pmole/g wet weight of tissue and Kd = 0.38 +/- 0.09 nM in receptor-rich dog caudate nucleus, the normal control. A/J mice injected with 1 X 10(6) tumor cells and treated with daily pimozide or domperidone had a significant increase in disease-free survival when compared to controls (15 versus 8.5 days, P less than 0.001) as well as a significant increase in overall survival (35 versus 25 days, P less than 0.001). These data suggest that dopamine antagonists inhibit macromolecular synthesis in the C-1300 MNB . The inhibition of MNB tumor growth in vivo by dopamine antagonists suggests a specific chemotherapeutic approach to neuroblastoma, possibly mediated by dopamine receptors. PMID- 6727322 TI - High frequency ventilation and the accumulation of extravascular lung water. PMID- 6727323 TI - Effects of portacaval shunt and portacaval transposition on hepatocellular and hepatic reticuloendothelial cell activity in the dog. AB - Quantitative reduction of portal blood flow following a portacaval shunt (PCS) adversely affects hepatocyte function, but does not alter HRES activity [L. P. Edgcomb , J. A. Knol , and F. E. Eckhauser . J. Surg . Res. 33: 233, 1982]. To determine whether similar changes occur after qualitative alteration of portal blood flow, portacaval transpositions (PCT) were constructed in six conditioned mongrel dogs. Estimated hepatic blood flow (EHBF) was determined scintigraphically by the rate of hepatic uptake of a 500-microCi dose of 99mTc sulfur colloid (Tsc). Hepatic reticuloendothelial cell (RES) phagocytic (PI) and degradative (DI) indices were calculated from the half-time blood disappearance of 131I-labeled RES test lipid emulsion, and the half-time urine appearance of free 131I, respectively. Opsonic activity (OI) was determined by gelatin latex particle agglutination and normalized to control values. Hepatocellular function was assessed by serial determinations of albumin (Alb), and pyruvic and glutamic oxaloacetic transaminases (SGPT and SGOT). All studies were performed prior to and at 3, 6, and 9 weeks following PCS or PCT. CONCLUSIONS: In the dog, neither PCS nor PCT adversely affected HRES activity. Hepatocellular function and OI remained unchanged following PCT but deteriorated significantly after PCS. Observed changes in hepatocyte function and OI following PCS suggest that hepatocellular integrity and serum opsonic activity may be interrelated. PMID- 6727324 TI - Effect of supplemental vitamin A on the healing of colon anastomosis. AB - The effect of dietary supplementation with vitamin A on the healing of colon anastomoses was studied. Fifty adult male Sprague-Dawley rats were divided into two groups: (1) rats fed a standard chow which contains the equivalent of about 15 IU vitamin A/g diet; (2) rats fed the chow supplemented with an additional 150 IU vitamin A/g diet. Rats were prefed for 5 days; on Day 6 under ether anesthesia the colon was divided 1-in. distal to the ileocecal junction and then reanastomosed. The rats were maintained on the above diets for 5 days and killed on the sixth postoperative day with ether and the segment of colon containing the anastomosis was resected. In 15 rats of each group, the breaking strength of the anastomosis was measured. In the remaining 10 rats of each group, the bursting strength of the anastomotic site and a segment of normal distal colon was measured. Samples of colon from the anastomotic site and the normal segment were analyzed for hydroxyproline. There was a significant decrease in hydroxyproline content at the anastomotic site when compared to the normal distal colon segment in each group of rats (P less than 0.01). The hydroxyproline content of both normal colon and the anastomotic site was significantly higher in the vitamin A supplemented rats than in the control diet rats (P less than 0.01). There was also a significant increase in bursting strength in the vitamin A-supplemented rats both of the anastomotic site (P less than 0.01) and of the normal colon segment (P less than 0.01).(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS) PMID- 6727325 TI - Toxic effects of intrahepatic reflux of monooctanoin in a canine model. AB - Monooctanoin (MO), when infused into the common bile duct (CBD), is an effective agent in dissolving retained CBD stones. If the stone migrates and obstructs the distal CBD, the solution could be infused under pressure resulting in intrahepatic reflux. The relationship between the infusion pressure and the safety of monooctanoin has not been evaluated. To study the effects of intrahepatic reflux of MO, a canine model was used and solutions were infused into an obstructed CBD under controlled pressure. Solutions of normal saline (NS), 150 mM sodium cholate (Ch), or MO were infused under pressures of 30, 40, and 50 cm. All of eight dogs died when infused with MO at 50 cm pressure with a mean administered dose of 1.4 +/- 0.4 cc/kg within a mean time of 87 +/- 38 min. Three of four dogs died at 40 cm pressure (1.7 +/- 0.4 cc/kg; 133 +/- 95 min) and only one of three dogs died at 30 cm pressure (2.5 cc/kg; 335 min). These dogs died from progressive hypoxia, acidosis, hemolysis, and hemorrhagic pneumonitis. Four dogs each were administered Ch at 50 and 40 cm pressure and all died with an average absorption of 19 cc/kg. Six dogs were tested with NS at 50 cm and all survived despite absorbing 180 cc/kg in 6 hr. MO at 50 cm pressure and Ch at both 40 and 50 cm pressure were significantly more toxic than saline. It is concluded that MO and Ch infused under pressure into CBD carry a significant risk of serious side effects. The infusion pressure must be monitored to prevent increased biliary pressure which might lead to intrahepatic reflux. PMID- 6727327 TI - The effect of tuftsin and splenectomy on mortality after intraabdominal sepsis. AB - A murine model of cecal ligation and puncture (CLP) was used to test the effect of tuftsin, with or without splenectomy, on mortality following intraabdominal sepsis. There were no deaths among shamoperated control mice after ether anesthesia, whereas CLP produced an 100% mortality by 24 hr. When CLP was followed at 16 hr by excision of the cecum and saline peritoneal lavage, the mortality rate was 20% at 24 hr and 60% at 72 hr. When tuftsin (1 mg/kg) was given only at 0, 12, and 24 hr in the CLPE model, the mortality rates were not significantly lower than CLPE alone (10% at 24 hr, 40% at 72 hr). When the tuftsin dose was increased to every 12 hr for 3 days, the mortality fell significantly to 0 and 13.5% at 24 and 72 hr (P less than 0.05 chi 2 vs CLPE ). Splenectomy 2 weeks prior to CLPE did not alter mortality (11% at 24 hr, 53% at 72 hr). When tuftsin was administered to the splenectomized animals undergoing CLPE , mortality did not change significantly (13.5% at 24 hr, 38% at 72 hr). These data suggest that tuftsin can confer protection from sepsis in animals with normal spleens, but it must be given longitudinally to be effective optimally. Splenectomy followed 2 weeks later by CLPE did not lead to increased mortality, and tuftsin did not reduce mortality in the asplenic animal. PMID- 6727326 TI - Portable gamma probe for radioimmune localization of experimental colon tumor xenografts. AB - Tumor radioimmune detection as presently practiced utilizes a gamma scintillation camera to image tumors. A major clinical limitation is the inability to detect tumors smaller than 2 cm. This limitation is due in part to the inverse square law which states: the number of detected radioactive counts is inversely proportional to the square of the distance separating a radioactive source from the detecting device. A hand-held gamma-detecting probe (GDP) suitable for intraoperative use has been developed. The GDP can be placed near radioactive tumors and take advantage of the inverse square law in a way not possible with external scanning cameras. The use of radiolabeled baboon carcinoembryonic antigen (CEA)-specific antisera produced increased tumor isotope localization in CEA-producing tumors compared to the injection of nonspecific antisera. Tumor isotope-antisera localization was not influenced by tumor volume or time since tumor implantation. The GDP probe counts demonstrated a high degree of correlation with gamma well tissue counts. The probe was able to detect preferential tumor localization in doses lower than could be detected with external scintillation cameras. PMID- 6727328 TI - Omeprazole, a long-lasting inhibitor of gastric secretion. AB - Omeprazole is a potent inhibitor of gastric acid secretion (GAS). It has a unique mechanism of action within the parietal cell where it inhibits (H+-K+) ATPase in secretory membranes. The inhibitory effect of omeprazole was measured over a 24 hr period in the dog. Seventy-five minutes after start of pentagastrin-stimulated GAS, placebo or omeprazole (0.5-3.0 micrograms/kg) iv was given to six dogs and GAS was collected for another 2 hr. Twenty-four hours later, GAS was again measured. Omeprazole produced a prompt and dose-dependent reduction of GAS, and significant suppression (44%) was still present at 24 hr. PMID- 6727329 TI - Thromboembolism and bleeding after mitral valve replacement with porcine valves: influence of thromboembolic risk factors. AB - The risk of postoperative thromboembolism (PTE), anticoagulant related hemorrhage (ARH), and the influence of thromboembolic risk factors ( TERF ) were assessed retrospectively in 206 unselected patients undergoing mitral valve replacement (MVR) with porcine xenobioprotheses ( PXBP ). Other aims were to identify the "high-risk" group with respect to PTE and to assess the effectiveness of long term anticoagulant therapy (AT) in this subset, as well as to elucidate the most adequate method of AT and ascertain if AT is strictly necessary in patients undergoing MVR with PXBP . Patients were divided in two groups: Group I (N = 115) received long-term AT; there were 22 PTE. Group II (N = 91) with only 8 weeks of AT had 2 PTE (P less than 0.01). ARH was the same in both groups. Actuarially , 71.7% of the patients in group I and 96.3% of the patients in group II were free of PTE at 6 years. Long-term AT proved ineffective in preventing PTE and carried a significant incidence of ARH. ARH surpassed PTE (3.5:1) in patients on short term AT. Patients without TERF have a low incidence of PTE, and AT is not indicated. The "high-risk" group were patients in postoperative atrial fibrillation and left atrial enlargement. One week heparin therapy and 3 months oral AT is suggested for patients with TERF . PXBP for MVR in patients with TERF is significantly thrombogenic. Early operation is advocated to avoid development of TERF that will affect patient outlook after MVR with PXBP due to the significantly increased risks of PTE and (if placed on AT) ARH. PMID- 6727331 TI - A physiologic explanation for cardiac deterioration in septic shock. AB - Utilizing analysis of multiple mechanical and electrophysiologic parameters, a technique for describing the myocardial depressant effects of septic shock was employed. Rabbit papillary muscle was exposed to septic shock serum obtained from dogs made hypotensive by infusing Escherichia coli 1-1.9 X 10(9) colony forming units per cubic centimeter (7 cc/kg). The exposure produced depression in action potential amplitude (47%), duration (32%), resting membrane potential (37%), velocities of phases 0 (31%), 2 (100%); phase 3 was preserved. Also, peak tension (62%) and velocity of contraction (51%) and relaxation (56%) were decreased. If the muscle was first exposed to 30 mM KCL solution, these depressions were eliminated. These data suggest the myocardial defects are mediated through abnormalities in fast channel activity. PMID- 6727330 TI - Effect of long-term metronidazole (MTZ) therapy on experimental colon cancer in rats. AB - Current reports suggest a beneficial effect of long-term metronidazole ( MTZ ) therapy in Crohn's disease. Since Crohn's disease is associated with a higher risk of bowel cancer and long-term MTZ has been shown to have a tumorigenic potential in rodents and a cocarcinogenic effect in experimental colon cancer, more studies are required to explore this area. Eighty-one rats were divided into four groups. Group A served as a control, groups B and C were given MTZ in their food (50 mg/kg/day). In groups C and D, a 3-cm colonic segment was isolated and brought out as a blind loop fistula. All animals received 20 weekly sc doses of 1,2-dimethylhydrazine (DMH) and were killed 25 weeks after the first injection. The mean number of colon tumors per animal (+/- SEM) in MTZ groups B (1.65 +/- 0.29) and C (2.57 +/- 0.38) were higher than A (1.44 +/- 0.3) and D (1.18 +/- 0.21), but the increase was only significant for group C over groups A and D (P less than 0.05) and group B (P = 0.06). The mean number of tumors per animal in the isolated loop of group C (0.95 +/- 0.28) was similar to group D (0.68 +/- 0.16) P = 0.41, but the mean number of tumors in the functioning colon of group C (1.62 +/- 0.25) was higher than group D (0.5 +/- 0.12) P less than 0.001. These findings suggest that long-term MTZ increased the number of colon tumors per rat in the DMH model but a statistical significance (P less than 0.05) was only noted in the MTZ and surgery group.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS) PMID- 6727332 TI - Effects of extrinsic denervation on net water transport and motility of the feline gallbladder in vivo. AB - The influence on the concentrating ability of the gallbladder after extrinsic denervation was studied in anesthetized cats, previously subjected to truncal vagotomy, and/or celiacectomy , and compared with sham-operated controls. Net water absorption was studied by perfusion techniques. Acute experiments were performed under basal conditions and alpha-adrenoceptor stimulation (iv infusion of norepinephrine (NE), 1 micrograms/kg X min). Gallbladder biopsies were studied by fluorescence microscopy to visualize and quantitate catecholamines. Three weeks after celiacectomy basal absorption had decreased significantly. In the short-term vagotomy group no changes were demonstrated. However, in the long-term vagotomy group there was a fourfold increase in absorptive capacity, which decreased to control levels after alpha-adrenoceptor blockade (phentolamine 1 mg/kg iv). Long-term vagotomy with subsequent celiacectomy caused no significant changes. Infusion of NE increased net water absorption by 70 +/- 16% in all experimental groups except in long-term vagotomized animals, where the high basal absorption was not further augmented. One hour after NE infusion controls returned to basal absorption rate, while denervated cats remained at stimulated levels. In long-term vagotomized gallbladders there were morphological signs of adrenergic proliferation (increased total number of nerve terminals, sprouting, and elevated levels of intraneuronal NE). In conclusion these results suggest that the adrenergic nervous system is important for full absorptive capacity of the gallbladder. The increased absorption after long-term vagotomy, abolished after alpha-adrenoceptor blockade, might well be explained by the parallel adrenergic proliferation. This hypothesis was further corroborated in animals with long-term vagotomy, where subsequent surgical adrenergic denervation restored basal absorption to control levels.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS) PMID- 6727333 TI - Forty-five years against syphilis in Memphis--success or failure? PMID- 6727334 TI - Nontraumatic rhabdomyolysis and acute renal failure associated with oral phenmetrazine hydrochloride. PMID- 6727335 TI - Response to high blood pressure screening and referral by medical students in rural communities. PMID- 6727336 TI - The county medical examiners and the Tennessee SIDS Program. PMID- 6727337 TI - Approach to the elderly confused person. Part I--Evaluation and consideration of delirium. PMID- 6727338 TI - Medical grand rounds. Multiple sclerosis. PMID- 6727339 TI - Rabies in Tennessee. PMID- 6727340 TI - Pulmonary tuberculosis with the superior vena cava syndrome. PMID- 6727341 TI - Intestinal bacterial overgrowth in the pediatric patient. PMID- 6727342 TI - Medical grand rounds. Theophylline pharmacokinetics. PMID- 6727343 TI - Hypertension in the elderly. PMID- 6727344 TI - What is a chief medical officer? PMID- 6727346 TI - The estriol-induced inhibition of the estrogen receptor's positive cooperativity. AB - The effect of estriol on the positive cooperativity of [3H]estradiol binding to the partially purified calf uterine estrogen receptor was investigated using the kinetic analysis of Sasson and Notides (J. biol. Chem. 257 1982, 11540). The receptor was titrated with variable concentrations of [3H]estradiol with or without estriol; the estriol was maintained in a constant molar ratio to the [3H]estradiol concentration. A 4-fold molar excess of estriol above the [3H]estradiol concentrations inhibited the receptor's cooperative [3H]estradiol binding. In the absence of estriol, the [3H]estradiol receptor interaction was highly cooperative, the Scatchard plot was convex and the Hill coefficient was 1.61 +/- 0.02. In the presence of sufficient estriol to reduce the maximally bound [3H]estradiol to 77%, the Scatchard plot was linear and the Hill coefficient was 1.04 +/- 0.04. The inhibition of the cooperative [3H]estradiol binding by estriol was not due to isotope dilution of the specifically bound [3H]estradiol by the unlabeled estriol. These data demonstrate that the cooperative binding of [3H]estradiol by the receptor that is characteristic of the equilibrium between the two states of the receptor (active and nonactive) is eliminated by the presence of estriol. This finding is consistent with the agonist/antagonist activity of estriol observed in vivo. PMID- 6727345 TI - Effects of oestriol: preliminary results on receptor kinetics in target tissues of postmenopausal women. AB - This in vivo investigation was done to study the effects of intravaginal oestriol (E3) administration on endometrial, myometrial and vaginal tissue of normal postmenopausal women. All women received intravaginal E3- suppositoria (containing 0.5 mg E3) once a day for 3 weeks prior to hysterectomy. The medication was continued until the day of operation. At the time of operation both uterine and vaginal tissue was obtained. The receptor content in the cytosol was measured by a multiple point-dextran -coated-charcoal assay using [3H]E2 and [3H]ORG-2058 as ligands. The receptor content in the nucleus was measured by incubating purified whole nuclei in 10 nM [3H]E2 for 18 h at 0 degrees C. We have shown that under these conditions there is a total exchange of all occupied receptors. Preliminary data on 4 patients are available. Vaginal cytology clearly showed an increase of the maturation value. Oestrogen receptor concentrations in the cytosol of all three tissues studied were lower than those obtained in untreated women, suggesting nuclear transformation of the receptor as a consequence of treatment. The nuclear E2 receptor levels cannot be compared with normal women yet. Progesterone receptors in endometrial and myometrial cytosol seemed to be higher than those in untreated women, indicating effects of the treatment. In the human, vaginal progesterone receptor cannot be used as a marker for oestrogenic stimulation because only exceptionally could their presence be detected in either treated or untreated women. PMID- 6727347 TI - Inability of [3H]estriol to induce maximal cooperativity of the estrogen receptor. AB - The interaction of [3H]estriol with the partially purified estrogen receptor from calf uterus shows positive cooperativity that is dependent upon receptor concentration and temperature. At a receptor concentration of 1 nM and 25 degrees C the [3H]estriol-receptor cooperativity was low, the Hill coefficient (nH) was 1.03 +/- 0.02 however, with increasing receptor concentrations the receptor's cooperativity increased until at approximately intracellular receptor concentration (20 nM) the nH = 1.20 +/- 0.04. At 0 degrees C and a receptor concentration of 10 nM the [3H]estriol-receptor interaction was highly cooperative, the Scatchard plot was convex and nH = 1.58 +/- 0.04 while at 30 degrees C the Scatchard plot approached linearity and nH = 1.03 +/- 0.02. In comparison, [3H]estradiol was capable of inducing, at 0 or 30 degrees C and at a receptor concentration of 1 nM or greater, maximal receptor cooperativity, nH = 1.63. These data demonstrate: (a) the receptor's conformation and binding mechanism change in a specific manner with temperature, so that receptor analysis at 0 degrees C does not necessarily reflect the receptor's properties at biologically relevant temperatures; (b) the dependence of the receptor's cooperativity on receptor concentration, which suggests interaction between dissociable subunits; and (c) the lower cooperativity induced by estriol, in comparison with estradiol, which indicates estriol is less efficient in shifting the receptor toward a higher affinity or the activated state of the receptor. PMID- 6727348 TI - Biology and receptor interactions of estriol and estriol derivatives in vitro and in vivo. AB - The biological effects of estriol (E3) have been studied in three estrogen targets, namely, the rat uterus in vivo and in vitro, in primary human endometrial cell cultures and in MCF-7 human breast cancer cells in culture. Studies on the temporal relationships between estrogen receptor binding and biological responses in the uterus using estriol and several more long-acting estriol derivatives, namely, 17 alpha-ethynyl estriol, estriol-3-cyclopentyl ether, and 17 alpha-ethynyl estriol-3-cyclopentyl ether, indicate that estriol is a short-acting compound with a brief duration of action. Estriol is a poor stimulator of uterine growth and plasminogen activator activity in vivo. Chemical modifications of the estriol molecule produce long-acting derivatives that result in a prolonged input of hormone receptor complexes into the nucleus and a prolonged and marked stimulation of uterine growth. In human endometrial cells in primary tissue culture, E3 has 12% the affinity of estradiol (E2) for cytosol estrogen receptor and it is quite effective yet slightly less potent than estradiol in stimulation of progesterone receptor synthesis. Low concentrations of E3 (10(-10) M) stimulate growth of MCF-7 cells in vitro and dose-response curves show E3 to be only slightly less effective than E2. In these endometrial and breast cancer cell systems in vitro, there is no metabolism of E3 while E2 is metabolized to estrone. Hence, estriol is an effective estrogen in vitro. In vivo, it is short-acting, but it can be made a full estrogen agonist when given at a sufficiently high concentration or in a chemically modified form which prolongs its activity by enabling effective concentrations of the compound to be maintained in the blood and in target tissues. PMID- 6727349 TI - Estriol and estradiol interactions with the estrogen receptor in vivo and in vitro. AB - The cytosolic estrogen receptor (calf uterus) bound to estradiol (E2) at 0 degrees C changes from a state with fast into a state with slow E2 dissociation rates when placed at 28 degrees C. This temperature accelerated transition in receptor affinity for its ligand takes place within 10 min at 28 degrees C. Similarly, receptor bound to estriol (E3) at 0 degrees C changes, when heated, from a state with fast into a state with slow E3 dissociation. The main difference between RE2 and RE3 was that E3 dissociates from unheated 8S RE3 and heat-transformed 5S RE3 at a much faster rate than E2 from RE2 . In the mature ovariectomized rat a slow dissociating 5S receptor estrogen complex is found in nuclei 1 h after injection of [3H]E2 or [3H]E3. In vitro dissociation of these 2 estrogens from this nuclear bound receptor formed in vivo takes place at rates similar to those from heat-transformed cytosolic RE2 or RE3 complexes. Addition of pyridoxal 5'-phosphate (PLP) to the slow-dissociating heat-transformed 5S estrogen receptor complexes causes rapid dissociation of E2 or E3; this effect is dose-dependent and is not due to disruption of 5S dimers, since after PLP addition RE2 and RE3 sediment unchanged as 5S dimers. The presence of a large excess of non-radioactive 4S RE3 does not interfere with the temperature induced rapid transition of 4S R[3H]E2 complexes from the state with fast into a state with slow E2 dissociation kinetics. A model is presented to explain the temperature induced biphasic estrogen dissociation from the receptor. It is proposed that the low affinity 4S RE2 monomer undergoes a temperature and estrogen dependent conformation change, such that the ligand is "locked" into the receptor's binding site. This conformational change results in the formation of a high affinity 4S monomer from which estrogen dissociates at a slower rate. This reaction is independent from subsequent 4S to 5S dimerization (transformation). The different rates of ligand dissociation from the low and high affinity 4S receptors reflect the different interactions (hydrophobic and hydrogen bonding) of E2 and E3 with the estrogen binding domain. PMID- 6727350 TI - Biological responses and histological studies of estriol and estriol sulfate in fetal and newborn uteri of guinea pig. AB - The biological responses of estriol (E3) and of estriol-3-sulfate (E3-S) in the fetal and newborn uteri of guinea pig were studied. After a treatment of E3 (1 mg/kg/day) or E3-S (1.4 mg/kg/day) to pregnant guinea pigs (49-60 days of gestation) for 6 days, both estrogens provoke a significant uterotrophic effect in the fetal uterus which increases in weight 1.8-2.5 times in relation to the non-treated animals. The stimulation of progesterone receptor (PR) is also very intense, 7-12 times in relation to the control animals. In another series of experiments newborn guinea pigs (2-day old) were treated with 100 micrograms/animal of E3 or 140 micrograms/animal of E3-S for a short (2 days) or a long (12 days) period. Concerning the uterotrophic effect, the weight of the uterus increases 1.8-2.5 times (in relation to the non-treated animals) after a 2 day treatment and the effect continues to increase up to 4-5 times in the 12-day treated animals. In opposition to the fetal uterus, the effect on PR provoked by E3 or E3-S is very limited (only an increase of 1 time in relation to the non treated animals); the effect is even less intense after the 12-day treatment. Histological studies show an intense hypertrophic effect particularly in the epithelium of the endometrium in the fetal and newborn uteri for both E3 and E3 S. In the newborns the effect is also intense on the epithelium of the uterine gland. It is concluded that: (1) Estriol and estriol sulfate are very active and with similar intensity on the uterine weight before and after birth; (2) The stimulatory effect on PR decreases very significantly after birth and after a long treatment; (3) E3-S can act as a potent hormonal precursor. PMID- 6727351 TI - Oestrogen binding proteins in the female genital tract. AB - We have estimated the binding characteristics of an oestrogen binding protein in the human vagina and in the human myometrium. The specificities of these binding proteins were analyzed in binding studies using competitors and ligands with different structural features representing the various elements considered to be of importance for binding. The specificity of an oestrogen binding protein in human myometrium was found to be similar to those of oestrogen binding proteins in human breast tumour tissue and in human MCF-7 cells. This specificity was also similar to those of oestrogen receptors in myometrium, endometrium and vagina of the rat. However, the specificity of an oestrogen binding protein in the vagina of postmenopausal patients was different. The vaginal oestrogen-binding protein displayed similar high affinities for 17 beta-oestradiol, 17 alpha-oestradiol and oestriol but low affinity for diethylstilbestrol. The equilibrium dissociation constants for [3H]oestriol and [3H]17 beta-oestradiol were 4.3 X 10(-10) M and 4.0 X 10(-10) M respectively and the concentration of this protein varied between 30 and 170 fmol/mg vaginal cytosol protein. We conclude that the human vagina contains an oestrogen binding protein with characteristics different from those of oestrogen receptors present in myometrium and breast tumour tissue. PMID- 6727353 TI - Recent advances in estriol research. The pharmacological basis of therapeutics. Proceedings of a round table held in Funchal, Madeira Island (Portugal), 22-24 May 1983. PMID- 6727352 TI - Increased estrogen-16 alpha-hydroxylase activity in women with breast and endometrial cancer. AB - We have measured the three principal oxidative transformations of estradiol by means of a radiometric procedure in women with breast or endometrial cancer and in age matched controls. No difference between the 17 beta-ol oxidation or 2 hydroxylation of the hormone was observed between the study groups. In contrast, 16 alpha-hydroxylation was strikingly elevated in the women with breast and endometrial cancer relative to the age matched controls. Evidence is presented that this increased activity precedes the clinical evidence of the disease and that it represents a significant risk factor for these estrogen dependent tumors. This risk may be mediated by one of the products of 16 alpha-hydroxylation, 16 alpha-hydroxyestrone, which exhibits unique biological properties. PMID- 6727354 TI - Uptake and metabolism of oestriol in human target tissues. AB - The uptake, metabolism and subcellular distribution of oestradiol and oestriol in endometrial, myometrial and vaginal tissue of postmenopausal women under physiological conditions were studied by giving 3H-labelled oestradiol or oestriol in subphysiological doses by continuous infusion lasting 12 h before hysterectomy. The three tissues obtained from each woman were separated into three fractions: two cytosol fractions (free oestrogens and specifically bound) and one nuclear fraction. The results show an accumulation of both oestrogens in the target tissues, we found an approximately 33 times higher [3H]E2 concentration in endometrium (dpm per g) than in plasma (dpm/ml), 20 times in myometrium and 10 times in vaginal tissue. After the E3 infusions the tissue/plasma gradient was 37 for endometrium, 19 for myometrium and 11 for vagina. In plasma and tissues a metabolite of E3 could tentatively be identified as 16 alpha-hydroxyoestrone. The subcellular distribution showed that 60-80% of E2 and E3 is accumulated in the nuclear fraction of all tissues studied, no nuclear bound oestrone could be detected. From these results the conclusion was drawn that oestradiol still is the major tissue oestrogen in postmenopausal women and that it is mainly nuclear bound. Endometrium of postmenopausal women accumulates higher concentrations of E2 and E3 than vaginal tissue from the same individual, no preferential uptake of oestriol occurs under physiological conditions. PMID- 6727355 TI - Estriol production and metabolism in normal women. AB - Studies on estriol metabolism and production were carried out in normal reproductive-aged and post-menopausal women using pulse injections and constant infusions of radiolabeled estriol, estrone and estradiol. The circulating levels were measured by radioimmunoassay. Following an intravenous pulse of [3H]estriol, the disappearance of radioactivity as estriol could be described as a function which was sum of two exponentials with t 1/2's of 3.6 and 64 min. The initial volume of distribution was 201. Using the constant infusion technique the metabolic clearance rate (MCR) of estriol was 2100 1/day in the follicular phase of the cycle and similar in the luteal phase. In postmenopausal women the MCR was 1890 1/day. The circulating levels of estriol were 7 and 11 pg/ml in the follicular and luteal phases respectively and 6 pg/ml in post-menopausal women. The production rates of estriol were 14 and 23 micrograms/day in the follicular and luteal phases of the cycle and 11 micrograms/day in post-menopausal women. In many of the women infused with radiolabeled estrone or estradiol, no radioactivity could be identified in the blood as estriol. The maximal conversion of estrone and estradiol was less than 0.4%. Estriol circulates at low but relatively steady levels in the blood. In some women estriol appears to be secreted by the ovary, especially in the luteal phase. PMID- 6727356 TI - Intermediary metabolism of estriol in pregnancy. AB - Estriol (E3), the most abundant estrogen in pregnancy is produced predominantly in the placenta from androgen precursors of fetal origin. The estriol so formed is secreted efficiently into the maternal circulation where it is converted to 4 conjugates--estriol-3-sulfate (E3-3S), estriol-16-glucosiduronate (E3- 16G ), estriol-3-glucosiduronate (E3- 3G ) and estriol-3-sulfate-16-glucosiduronate (E3 SG). The order of renal clearances is E3- 16G greater than E3- 3G greater than E3 3S approximately E3-SG. Unconjugated E3 and E3- 3G differ from the other forms of estriol in that their removal from the blood compartment is essentially irreversible. E3-3S, E3- 16G and E3-SG undergo interconversions during enterohepatic circulation and eventual partial conversion to E3- 3G . Following delivery of the fetus and placenta, unconjugated E3 is no longer detectable in the maternal serum within 1-2 h, whereas the concentrations of the conjugates decline more slowly, the rates being determined by the rates of renal clearance and enterohepatic interconversions. E3- 3G levels were dramatically elevated in a case of Group C polycystic kidney disease, providing evidence that this conjugate is indeed an end-product of estriol metabolism. PMID- 6727357 TI - Relative distribution of estrone, estradiol and estriol between fetal and maternal perfusates during perfusions of human term placentas with labelled C19 precursors. AB - Published results from in vivo experiments carried out in Rhesus monkeys and from in vitro perfusions of human term placentas have indicated that placental estradiol (E2) is preferentially released towards the mother whereas estrone (E1) is about evenly distributed between fetal and maternal circulation. In order to examine the distribution of estriol, relative to that of E1 and E2, we have now prepared [3H]16-hydroxyandrostenedione by incubation of [6,7-3H]androstenedione with Streptomyces roseochromogenus and perfused placental cotyledons with mixtures of these two labeled precursors. Measurement of the concentrations of tritiated E1, E2 and E3 in the maternal and fetal perfusates, flowing at approx 10 and 5 ml/min, respectively, indicated that the distribution of E3 is different from that of E2 and resembles the distribution of E1. The simple perfusion system being used shows differences in the distribution of various estrogens between fetal and maternal perfusates which may reflect the in vivo situation and offers the opportunity for experimental examination of various explanations for these differences, e.g. existence of specific carrier systems in the syncytial membranes, specific binding of the estrogens to secreted placental proteins, and actions of placental and decidual 17 beta-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenases. PMID- 6727358 TI - Estriol modifies the absorption of estrone and estradiol in castrated rhesus monkeys: a new therapeutic approach for the use of natural estrogens in the menopause? AB - In order to study the effects of estriol (E3) on estradiol (E2) and estrone (E1) absorption in the rhesus monkey the following study was performed. Chronically ovariectomized animals were divided in four groups of five each according to the treatment protocol (1) E1: 0.7 mg (2) E1: 0.7 mg + E3: 0.135 mg (3) E2: 0.3 mg, (4) E2: 0.3 mg + E3: 0.135 mg (5) E1: 0.7 mg + E2: 0.3 mg and (6) E1: 0.7 mg + E2: 0.3 mg + E3: 0.135 mg. Monkeys received daily drug administration (DA) for 10 consecutive days. Serum E1, E2 and E3 were determined by RIA on a daily basis. In addition, during the first day of treatment blood samples were obtained at hourly intervals. Results were analyzed by comparing the areas under the curve (Integral tests). The data shows that during treatment serum concentrations of E1 and E2 in groups 1, 3 and 5 were significantly higher than in groups 2, 4 and 6 (2-4-fold greater). Serum levels of E1 and E2 rose 5-fold from baseline in animals from group 1 within 1 h, while they increased only 2-fold in those from group 2 at 3-6 h after DA. Similarly, serum levels of E1 and E2 increased 30- and 10-fold respectively 1 h after DA in group 3, while they rose 12- and 5-fold respectively 4 h after DA in animals of group 4. Estriol levels were similar in animals from group 2 and 4 throughout the study (250 +/- 80 pg/ml). It may be concluded therefore that the oral administration of estriol diminishes the absorption of both E1 and E2 and alters their bioavailability, perhaps modulating their biological activity. PMID- 6727359 TI - Increased target tissue uptake of, and sensitivity to, testosterone in the vitamin B6 deficient rat. AB - Six-week old male rats were maintained for 4 weeks on a vitamin B6-free diet to cause a moderately severe degree of vitamin B6 depletion. This led to a significant reduction in the circulating concentration of testosterone in plasma (control = 8.36 +/- 1.68, deficient = 2.13 +/- 0.54 nmol/l), but had no effect on circulating concentrations of luteinizing hormone, or, in intact males, on the weight of the prostate relative to body weight. In both intact and 24-h castrated animals vitamin B6 deficiency resulted in a significant increase in the uptake of [3H]testosterone into the prostate, and both increased and prolonged the specific nuclear retention of the steroid, as assessed by the ratio of radioactivity in the nuclear pellet: the high speed supernatant fraction. The results suggest that vitamin B6 has a function in the action of testosterone (and other steroid hormones), possibly in the recycling of receptors from the nucleus back into the cytosol after initial translocation. Vitamin B6 deficient animals have either a reduced rate of synthesis of testosterone or an increased rate of metabolic clearance compared with vitamin B6 supplemented controls, and this appears to be associated with enhanced target organ response to the hormone. PMID- 6727360 TI - Comparative studies of 5 alpha-reductase inhibitors within MCF-7 human breast cancer cells. AB - We have compared the inhibitory effects of six synthetic steroid analogs (17 beta carboxy-4-androsten-3-one benzylanilide (VP-1), 17 alpha-acetoxy-6-methylene-4 pregnene-3,20-dione (VP-2), 6-methylene-4-pregnene-3,20-dione (VP-3), 17 beta acetoxy-6-methylene-4-androsten-3-one (VP-4), 17 beta-acetoxy-16,16-dimethyl-6 methylene-4-androsten-3-one (VP-5), and 3 beta-hydroxy-16-methylene-5-androsten 17-one (VP-6) ) upon 5 alpha-reductase activity within MCF-7 human breast cancer cells and rat prostate. Enzyme assays were performed by quantifying the amounts of [3H]5 alpha-androstan-3 alpha-17 beta-diol and/or [3H]dihydrotestosterone formed from 40 nM [3H]testosterone within each system. Five microM concentrations of VP-2 and VP-3 inhibited prostatic 5 alpha-reductase by 55 and 65%, respectively, whereas the other analogs showed little activity. In contrast, each of the six analogs was active against MCF-7 homogenate 5 alpha reductase activity. VP-2 and VP-4 demonstrated approx 65 and 70% inhibitions, respectively, whereas the other four compounds inhibited enzyme activity by 40-55% in this system. These results suggest that rat prostate and MCF-7 cells contain different 5 alpha-reductase isozymes. When these agents were examined for 5 alpha-reductase inhibitory activity following 1 h preincubations with intact MCF-7 cultures, VP-1 and 3 demonstrated potencies similar to those in MCF-7 homogenate. The other compounds, however, were far less active under these conditions. Longer culture preincubations (16 h) were associated with substantially increased VP-6 potency, moderate increases for VP-4 and 5, but no change in VP-2 activity. Additional studies examining the abilities of these agents to bind to MCF-7 androgen receptor (AR) and progesterone receptor (PR) revealed moderate AR binding activities of VP-2, 3, and 4, and substantial PR binding for VP-2 and 3. Finally, VP-4 failed to inhibit estrogen-dependent MCF-7 PR synthesis, suggesting that it has no androgenic activity despite its ability to interact with MCF-7 AR. PMID- 6727361 TI - A study of the androgenic function of the epididymis. AB - Rats were subjected to bilateral orchidectomy or orchido - epididymidectomy and maintained on either 500 micrograms testosterone or testosterone propionate daily. The ventral lobes of the prostate were subsequently excised and examined for androgen receptors in terms of the total present in the cytosol and the nucleus, the proportion unoccupied by endogenous androgen and the relative populations that were nuclease excisable or nuclease resistant in the two groups of animals. A further group of animals was subjected to unilateral deferential venotomy and the same parameters examined in the ipsi- and contra-lateral lobes of the ventral prostate and the seminal vesicles. In the absence of the epididymides there was a reduction in the number of receptors per prostatic cell and an increase in the proportion that were unoccupied. The nuclei from these glands contained fewer receptors than did those from the animals in which the epididymides had not been excised. The effect of unilateral deferential venotomy was to bring about a relative increase in the number of cytoplasmic receptors in the ipsilateral lobes of the ventral prostate with a much greater proportion unoccupied compared with the lobes contra-lateral to the ligation. There was again an increase in the proportion of nuclease-sensitive receptors in the nuclei ipsilaterally. The conclusions are that the absence of the epididymides in androgen-maintained rats or deferential venotomy induces a relative androgen- deficiency of the prostate and seminal vesicles as reflected in the androgen receptor populations of these organs. PMID- 6727363 TI - The oil-microcentrifuge assay: a rapid and sensitive method for analyzing specific [3H]estradiol binding in cultured cells. AB - We have developed an oil- microcentrifuge assay system for analyzing the binding of [3H]estradiol in metabolically active MCF-7 and MDA human breast cancer cells. Complete separation of 2 X 10(6) cells from radioactive media can be achieved within 5 s of centrifugation at 12,000 rpm. The [3H]estradiol binding sites in MCF-7 cells are filled within 20 min of radioligand exposure. Using this assay, our MCF-7 cells contain approximately 15,000 high affinity and saturable binding sites. Binding is inhibited by estradiol and tamoxifen but not progesterone. There is no specific binding of [3H]estradiol in MDA cells. This assay is a rapid, sensitive and reproducible method for investigating hormone-receptor binding and ligand specificity in cultured cells; results compare favorably with those obtained by more complex and lengthy techniques. PMID- 6727362 TI - Separation and characterization of receptor-translocation inhibitors from AH 130 tumor cells. AB - The objective of this investigation was to study the relationship between glucocorticoid resistance and macromolecular receptor-translocation inhibitors ( MTIs ). MTIs in various cytoplasmic preparations are known to inhibit the "activated" receptor-steroid complex association with isolated nuclei, chromatin, or DNA. It was found that the MTI in the cytosol of AH 130 tumor cells (glucocorticoid resistant cells) appeared to be about 5 times more inhibitory than crude MTI from rat liver. Another difference between these MTI preparations was that ATP decreased the inhibition by crude MTI from rat liver, but had little effect on that of MTI from the tumor cells. Both preparations gave three fractions of material with inhibitory activity on DEAE-cellulose chromatography. The first fraction (Peak I), eluted with about 0.1 M NaCl, was the largest fraction separated from the tumor cytosol, but a minor fraction of that from liver. In the presence of 5 mM ATP, Peak I from rat liver enhanced nuclear binding, but that from the tumor did not, suggesting that these fractions were qualitatively different. The other two fractions (Peak II and Peak III), eluted with about 0.2 M and 0.3 M NaCl, respectively, were comparable in the two preparations. PMID- 6727364 TI - Relations between cytosolic and nuclear estrogen receptors in castrated rat uterus following low 17 beta-estradiol doses. AB - The effects of low 17 beta-estradiol (E2) doses (500, 10 or 1 ng/kg b X wt) on the uterine cytosolic (Rc) and nuclear (Rn) estrogen receptor content have been studied in adult-ovariectomized rats. The uterine Rc content after 500 ng E2/kg showed a depletion-replenishment-overshoot cycle. No significant Rc depletion could be observed with 1 or 10 ng E2/kg, but their corresponding overshoots were more intense than those observed for 500 ng E2/kg. The uterine Rn levels after 500 ng E2/kg increased during the Rc depletion and also during the replenishment and overshoot of Rc. With the lower doses Rn increased during the overshoot of Rc. In each dose Rn and Rc attained maximal values simultaneously. The return from Rc and Rn maxima to control levels was simultaneous in all cases. The high Rc overshoots obtained with 1 or 10 ng E2/kg could be the expression of a process of receptor synthesis induced by E2, more intense than the Rc breakdown produced by the complex formation with E2. The similar Rc and Rn time courses obtained with the lower doses suggest that the unbound receptor could enter into the nucleus. The simultaneous Rc and Rn decrease suggests the induction of a receptor degradation process affecting both cytosolic and nuclear compartments. PMID- 6727365 TI - Steroid metabolism by rat nasal mucosa: studies on progesterone and testosterone. AB - The metabolism of [4-14C]progesterone and [4-14C]testosterone by slices of the nasal mucosa from rats was studied. As shown by gas chromatography-mass spectrometry there was a preferential formation of reduced progesterone metabolites (5 alpha-pregnane-3,20-dione, 3 alpha- and 3 beta-hydroxy-5 alpha pregnane-20-one, 20 alpha- and 20 beta-hydroxypregn-4-en-3-one, 2 alpha,3 alpha dihydroxy-5 alpha-pregnane-20-one, 3 alpha,16 alpha-dihydroxy-5 alpha-pregnane-20 one) and reduced testosterone-metabolites (4-androstene-3,17-dione, 5 alpha dihydrotestosterone, 3 alpha-hydroxy-5 alpha-androstane-17-one, and 5 alpha androstane-3 alpha, 17 beta-diol, 2 alpha-hydroxy-5 alpha-dihydrotestosterone, 5 alpha-androstane-2 alpha,3 alpha, 17 beta-triol) indicating the presence of 5 alpha-reductase, 3 alpha-, 3 beta-, 17 beta-, 20 alpha- and 20 beta hydroxysteroid oxidoreductase activities in this tissue. Progesterone-metabolites hydroxylated at positions 2 alpha, 6 alpha, 6 beta, 15 alpha and 16 alpha and testosterone-metabolites hydroxylated at positions 1 beta, 2 alpha, 6 beta, 15 beta and 16 alpha were also identified, indicating the presence of several steroid hydroxylases in the nasal mucosa. Autoradiography of the nasal region of rats injected with [4-14C]progesterone or [4-14C]testosterone showed a selective localization of radioactivity in the mucosa covering the olfactory region of the nasal cavity. PMID- 6727366 TI - Distribution of estrone sulfatase activity in the intestine of germfree and conventional rats. AB - The intestinal content, the mucosa and the rest of the intestinal wall of germfree (GF) and conventional ( CVL ) rats were tested for in vitro hydrolysis of [3H]estrone sulfate. In homogenates from GF rat intestine some estrone sulfate hydrolysis was detected in those from the proximal small intestine (PSI) (4.2 +/- 0.1% hydrolyzed after 4 h), but not in those from the distal small intestine (DSI) and the caecum. Estrone sulfate was also hydrolyzed by the homogenates of the mucosa and the rest of the intestinal wall from each of the segments tested (PSI: 12.8 +/- 0.4% (mucosa) and 21.5 +/- 2.1 (wall); DSI: 8.2 +/- 0.9% (mucosa) and 17.3 +/- 1.7% (wall); caecum: 8.8 +/- 1.6% (mucosa) and 17.3 +/- 0.5% (wall) ). In the homogenates of CVL rat intestine, the estrone sulfatase activity in the rest of the intestinal wall did not differ considerably from the values for GF rats, when expressed per mg protein of the homogenate. The mucosa of the CVL rats, however, showed higher rates of hydrolysis than the mucosa of the GF rats. The microbial estrone sulfatase activity in the intestinal content of CVL rats, tested by anaerobic incubation, was high in the caecum (91.7 +/- 6.6% after 4 h), but very low in the PSI (2.2 +/- 0.7%) and DSI (1.3 +/- 0.5%). Serial dilutions of the caecal content also showed higher viable numbers of estrone sulfate hydrolyzing bacteria. These results add further weight to the suggestion that estrone sulfate may be absorbed from the small intestine, but has to be hydrolyzed in the caecum by the gut microflora prior to absorption. PMID- 6727367 TI - Characterization of the interaction between estrogen metabolites and taurocholate for uptake into isolated hepatocytes. Lack of correlation between cholestasis and inhibition of taurocholate uptake. AB - The cholestasis induced by estrogen metabolites has been postulated to be due to an inhibition of bile acid transport. Therefore, the uptake of [3H]taurocholate (TC) into isolated hepatocytes was examined in the presence of known cholestatic steroid glucuronides. The cholestatic D-ring glucuronide conjugates of estradiol, estriol, ethynylestradiol and dihydrotestosterone did not inhibit the uptake of TC suggesting that these organic anions are transported by different carrier systems. Estrone sulfate inhibited TC uptake 65% but did not decrease bile flow following i.v. administration to the rat (22 mumol/kg), under conditions which the steroid glucuronide estradiol-17 beta-(beta-D-glucuronide) ( E217G ) decreased bile flow 100%. The hepatocytic uptake of [3H] E217G (100 microM) was inhibited by estriol-16 alpha-(beta-D-glucuronide) (200 microM, 40%) and estradiol-17 beta-3-(beta-D-glucuronide) (200 microM, 22%) as well as by the organic anions bromosulfophthalein (150 microM, 57%), dibromosulfophthalein (150 microM, 59%), indocyanine green (150 microM, 62%), rose bengal (150 microM, 56%) and bilirubin (50 microM, 40%). Thus, the bile acids and steroid glucuronides are transported into the hepatocyte by different carrier systems so that the cholestasis induced by the steroid D-ring glucuronides cannot be explained by an inhibition of bile acid uptake. Furthermore, the hepatocytic uptake of E217G occurs by a carrier system similar to that for the other steroid glucuronides and organic anions. PMID- 6727368 TI - Testosterone, 17 beta-hydroxy-5 alpha-androstan-3-one and 4-androstene-3, 17 dione in the plasma of male and female grey squirrels (Sciurus carolinensis). AB - Extracts of squirrel plasma have been chromatographed on partition columns (using a hydrophilic stationary phase) at atmospheric pressure (Celite support) and a reversed phase system at high pressure (HPLC). Both methods effectively separated testosterone, 17 beta-hydroxy-5 alpha-androstan-3-one (DHT) and 4-androstene-3,17 dione; they gave elution patterns that differed considerably. Chromatographic mobility of the three androgens on the two systems was identical with that of fractions of squirrel plasma extracts that gave responses measured by appropriate androgen radioimmunoassays; good evidence for the occurrence of these androgens in squirrel plasma is thus provided. Plasma testosterone levels were 300 pmol/l in juvenile males, 800-7000 pmol/l in sexually-active males but undetectable (less than 50 pmol/l) in sexually-regressed males. Plasma DHT levels were also high in sexually-active males, but undetectable in other males except for one regressed individual. Plasma androstenedione was higher in juvenile males than in adult males, in which it was similar whether or not they were sexually regressed. Plasma testosterone and DHT, unlike androstenedione, were totally dependent on the presence of the testes. In females testosterone and DHT were undetectable in plasma but androstenedione levels were high, especially at oestrus. Androstenedione was dependent on the presence of the ovaries. PMID- 6727370 TI - Some effective therapeutic factors in group cognitive-behavioral therapy with problem drinkers. AB - The mechanisms of cognitive-behavioral treatment with 18 problem drinkers (14 men) during 12 2-hr sessions with two therapists were investigated. The patients were studied pretreatment, and 3-7 days, 3 months and 6 months after treatment. The sample was divided into two groups of nine patients: For Group A, the therapists cued and reinforced all positive self-statements, statements of attitudes or feelings, and future-oriented "verb" statements; challenged negative self-statements; used self-disclosure; and helped the patients achieve a compromise between their real and ideal selves through role playing, modeling and rehearsal. For Group B, treatment was the same except that therapists used only anonymous case histories and not self-disclosure; kept personal opinions to a minimum; and did not reinforce positive self-statements or challenge negative ones. According to videotape ratings, Group A improved across the sessions significantly more than Group B in these areas: positive and negative self statements, future-oriented "verb" statements, and statements of attitudes or feelings. There were nonsignificant differences in: reinforcements by therapists and alcohol-related sentences. Across the 6 months of follow-up, Group A improved significantly more than Group B in: a behavioral rating made by a psychologist after a structured interview; alcohol consumption (according to self-reports and corroboration); and measures of Social Avoidance and Distress, Fear of Negative Evaluation, Neuroticism and Extroversion. There was a nonsignificant difference in a measure of Psychoticism. Results show that manipulation of cognitive factors improved the maintenance of behavioral gains, and that selective reinforcement and relevant self-disclosures and opinions by therapists increased treatment success. PMID- 6727369 TI - The process of recovery from alcoholism: III. Comparing functioning in families of alcoholics and matched control families. AB - Families of recovered (N = 54) and relapsed (N = 51) alcoholic patients were studied 2 yr after the patients completed residential treatment and were compared with sociodemographically matched families of community controls (N = 105) on three sets of family-functioning indices--role functioning, family environment and husband-wife congruence. Families of recovered patients were functioning as well as families of controls. Families of relapsed patients showed less cohesion, expressiveness and recreational orientation, and lower agreement about their family environment than matched families of recovered patients and of community controls, and reported more family arguments than families of recovered patients. They also showed altered role functioning, the nonalcoholic spouse performing more household tasks and the alcoholic partner performing fewer. Family functioning was affected by the adequacy of the alcoholic partner's adaptation, and by life events, stressors and spouse's level of dysfunction. PMID- 6727371 TI - Longitudinal analysis of a demonstration rural outreach alcoholism program. AB - A longitudinal analysis of the nature and impact of the information and education activities of an alcoholism rural outreach program (ROP) located in a rural setting was conducted during 1973-1975 via annual community surveys and program records. The study focused on the kinds and amounts of activities conducted and on the impact of these activities on community attitudes toward and knowledge about alcohol and alcoholism as well as awareness of local resources. The community education efforts had the most impact on increasing community familiarity with treatment issues, but attitudes toward these resources as well as acceptance of the disease concept of alcoholism declined over the 3 yr of the program. Knowledge about alcohol and alcoholism also declined over time, but these scores were at chance levels during each of the three community surveys. Several factors appeared to limit the impact of the ROP: (1) trying to accomplish too many different tasks with a small staff and operating budget; (2) subcontracting the program to a local mental health center, which absorbed a large proportion of staff time for nonprogram activities; and (3) the choice of community education efforts. PMID- 6727372 TI - Substance misuse training in graduate psychology programs. AB - A total of 436 graduate psychology training programs, including both academic and internship programs, were surveyed to determine the extent to which they included issues of substance misuse in their curricula. The survey consisted of a 37-item questionnaire and a multiple-mailing methodology that yielded a 78% response rate. The results indicate that a majority of programs provide students with at least some exposure to substance misuse issues, that programs focus both on alcoholism and on misuse of other drugs, that misuse is considered from several different combinations of perspectives (theory, research and treatment), and that both abstinence and moderation training are included in many curricula as potential goals of treatment. Additionally, data are presented on locations of training, measurement of student competence, professional involvement of faculty and staff members in the area of substance misuse, and plans that programs are making for future research and training activities. The role of psychology in general in the provision of substance misuse training is also discussed. PMID- 6727373 TI - Alcoholics' and nonalcoholics' attributions of control of future life events. AB - Alcoholic and nonalcoholic subjects rated the degree of control that they and others possess over future life events. Alcoholics attributed less personal control over events to themselves than nonalcoholics did. Alcoholics also attributed less control to themselves than to others, whereas nonalcoholics attributed more control to themselves than to others. These differences prevailed despite the similar socioeconomic and demographic characteristics, recent life experiences and beliefs concerning the general controllability of events of both alcoholics and nonalcoholics. The attributions of alcoholics were consistent with others' notions of self-handicapping. The attributions of nonalcoholics were consistent with control motivation. Alcoholics who attributed less control to themselves than to others more frequently failed to complete treatment than did alcoholics who attributed more control to themselves. PMID- 6727374 TI - Drinking and occupational status in New Zealand men. AB - The self-reported alcohol consumption of various occupational groups in New Zealand is examined. A sample of 10,000, representative of the general adult population, was questioned in 1978-1979. Only data on men (N = 5000) are considered in the present study. Various occupations and groups of occupations are ranked on several variables of frequency and quantity of drinking. The interrelationships of these variables and the working conditions related to them are discussed. There is an association between drinking pattern and general social class, but 61% of the specific occupational groups form a cluster in the range of 25-60 ml of absolute alcohol consumed on one or two occasions per week. The extreme positions on drinking variables of specific occupational groups is examined in terms of job characteristics. Most of the correlations are very low; drinking at work is the highest. The relationships can best be described in terms of the social class of the occupational groups and the frequency vs quantity dichotomy. The distribution of the social classes in terms of drinking intensity is discussed. Employment in the lower classes is related to lower frequency and higher quantity of drinking, and higher cirrhosis mortality. Overall, social class appears to be a more important indicator than occupational group or drinking pattern. PMID- 6727375 TI - Alcohol consumption among Mexican American and Anglo women: results of a survey along the U.S.--Mexico border. AB - A household probability survey of 1233 Mexican American women and 798 Anglo women residing along the U.S.-Mexico border was conducted. A higher proportion of abstainers was found among the Mexican Americans than among the Anglos in almost every social and demographic category examined (age, marital status, education and employment status). Because the level of alcohol consumption increased markedly with the years of education completed, almost all of the overall ethnic differences observed could be accounted for by the generally lower level of education among the Mexican Americans. However, ethnic subgroups of Mexican American women reported different levels of alcohol consumption that could not be accounted for by differences in education, suggesting that additional ethnic factors contribute to drinking patterns. PMID- 6727376 TI - Alcohol and the steady-state disposition kinetics of methadone in rats. AB - In order to examine whether alcohol alters the steady-state disposition of chronic or acute doses of methadone, three groups (N = 5 each) of male Sprague Dawley rats were administered oral doses of methadone daily for 14 days. Group 1 received oral doses of alcohol twice daily whereas groups 2 and 3 were given isocaloric sucrose. Water was provided ad libitum and food consumption was controlled by paired feeding. On day 15, all of the animals were given the last dose as C14 methadone. Group 2 received a concurrent dose of alcohol but groups 1 and 3 received isocaloric sucrose. Blood was drawn at timed intervals for 48 hr. Methadone and its major metabolite (M1) in plasma were separated by thin-layer chromatography and underwent liquid scintillation counting. The elimination half life (t1/2, beta) and the area under the plasma concentration-time curve (AUC) of methadone and M1 were determined in all of the three groups. Group 1 demonstrated the smallest AUC and the shortest t1/2 for methadone and M1 (p less than .05). Group 2 displayed the highest amount of unchanged methadone (p less than .05) in the first 2 hr after administration, but its t1/2 and AUC of methadone and M1 were not significantly different from those of group 3. These data may help explain why there is a high incidence of heavy drinking among methadone maintained patients. PMID- 6727377 TI - Evaluation of the CASPAR alcohol education curriculum. AB - The CASPAR education-prevention program was initiated when experimental results indicated that a 5-hr alcohol education curriculum at a Catholic high school was able to reduce frequent intoxication among teenagers. Attempts to institutionalize such a program in the public schools shows that (1) alcohol education can generate widespread community and school support; (2) workshops can successfully train teachers to adopt a decision-making approach, though close supervision is needed to ensure that this approach is adhered to in classroom teaching; (3) the CASPAR model of alcohol education produces classroom situations conducive to many children feeling free to express alcohol-related concerns; (4) trained teachers can serve as intermediaries between students with alcohol related concerns and community resources, in particular those resources that are designed to help children from families with alcoholism; (5) the CASPAR curriculum, implemented by trained teachers, produces statistically significant knowledge and attitude gains, whereas alternate programs such as a special-events approach produce smaller knowledge gains and little attitude change; and (6) to a considerable extent, knowledge and attitude gains persist over time, although retention is greater on knowledge items and among older students. The results suggest that there may be a behavioral impact of instruction in the form of reduced alcohol misuse among teenagers, although if there is, it requires intensive and repeated exposure and can be demonstrated in these data only among younger students while they remain in junior high school. Although such results may be viewed as less supportive than the original experiment with which this work began, they do suggest that alcohol education remains an effective prevention strategy. PMID- 6727378 TI - Personality differences between alcoholics anonymous members and nonmembers. AB - The purpose of this study was to determine whether there are personality differences between members of Alcoholics Anonymous and nonmembers . A total of 91 alcoholics who were active members of A.A. and who had completed at least six months of abstinence were matched by race and sex with 91 alcoholics who had recently completed alcoholism treatment and who were not A.A. members. Four scales of the Eysenck Personality Questionnaire ( EPQ ), measuring toughmindedness , emotionality, extroversion and " fakability ," were administered to both groups. A 2 X 2 X 2 multivariate analysis of variance was performed using sex (men, women), race (American Indian, Caucasian) and group (A.A., non-A.A.) as the independent variables and the four EPQ scales as the dependent variables. The main effects of race and group were significant, but none of the interaction effects was significant. American Indian alcoholics were significantly more toughminded than the Caucasians. A.A. members were significantly more extroverted and less toughminded and emotional than nonmembers . PMID- 6727379 TI - The relationship of beliefs about controlled drinking to recidivism in alcoholic men. AB - A total of 100 men were studied to determine the relationship between belief in the abstinence theory and outcome after treatment of alcoholism. Twenty-seven subjects reported believing that at least some alcoholics can tolerate a single drink without losing control or can learn to drink in moderation and the remaining 73 rejected both contentions. The mean alcohol-consumption ratings of the two groups over 10 evaluations covering the first 18 months after treatment did not differ. The Groups X Time interaction effect, which would have indicated a difference in the rates at which recidivism developed in the two groups, was also nonsignificant. Finally, the percentages of the two groups who were rated as abstinent, in complete control of their drinking or in control most of the time were compared at each of 10 follow-up points. Only a chance number of these differences were significant. The results suggest that there is little relationship between belief in or rejection of the abstinence theory and recidivism. PMID- 6727380 TI - The demand for distilled spirits: an empirical investigation. AB - Economic and social factors that explain variations in the consumption of distilled spirits among political jurisdictions are examined. Particular emphasis is placed on the economic roles of price and the unemployment rate. Using multivariate-analysis regression, equations are estimated for three separate time periods of 1970-1975. In addition, a pooled cross-sectional time-series analysis is undertaken for the entire time period. The dependent variable is the apparent per capita consumption of distilled spirits. The independent variables include price, availability and socioeconomic factors that determine consumption patterns. The results indicate that the price elasticity of demand for distilled spirits inelastic, and implies that a 1% change in price will result in a less than 1% change in the amount purchased, everything else being equal. A rise in price will increase total revenue. Thus, a tax increase on the commodity will generate an increase in tax revenue. The unemployment rate is shown to have a significant impact on the consumption of distilled spirits. The results suggest that further study into the relationship between unemployment and the consumption of distilled spirits is desirable. PMID- 6727381 TI - Predicting undergraduates' intentions to drink. AB - Sex-linked differences in motivation to drink were studied with Fishbein's model of the relationship between attitudes and behavior. Fishbein's model was revised so that personal normative beliefs were seen as measuring ideal behavioral intentions (what the person intended given real-world constraints) rather than personal norms. A total of 101 college students (53 women) completed a questionnaire. Also, 10 additional students (five women) were interviewed to determine referents whose expectations were salient for the present sample. Both attitudes and social normative beliefs (SNB) correlated significantly with ideal behavioral intentions (IBI); IBI was able to be predicted from the weighted sum of attitudes and SNB. IBI correlated significantly with actual behavioral intentions and accounted for the majority of the variance in actual intentions to drink. Support for the revision of Fishbein's model was shown by the direct effect of attitude on women's intentions to drink. The lack of mediation of attitudes by IBI showed that IBI function differently from actual intentions. The revised model was shown to be very successful in predicting intentions to drink, and in exploring gender and cultural differences therein. PMID- 6727382 TI - A critical reexamination of the adolescent alcohol involvement scale. AB - The AAIS and data by Mayer and Filstead to support it are critically analyzed. The lack of common variance among items is believed to be due to poorly constructed and unordered response options to many items. The primary recommendation is not to use the scale until it is revised to ensure that individual items as well as the scale produce meaningful results. PMID- 6727383 TI - Disseminated Kaposi's sarcoma in a patient with acquired ichthyosis. AB - An elderly black male with Kaposi's sarcoma of the skin and lymph nodes is presented. The patient developed several violaceous papules involving the nose, which suggested a diagnosis of sarcoidosis clinically but proved to be Kaposi's sarcoma on biopsy. His clinical course was complicated by the development of acquired ichthyosis. The prognosis and treatment of generalized Kaposi's sarcoma is discussed. PMID- 6727384 TI - The effect of malignant epithelial tumors, surgical therapy, and bacterial sepsis upon various parameters of interferon system. AB - The influence of tumor load, surgical trauma, and bacterial sepsis upon the ability of patient's peripheral leukocytes to produce interferon-alpha (IFN alpha), the detectable serum IFN levels and circulating serum IFN inactivators were studied. Peripheral blood leukocytes of patients with solid tumors had significantly reduced ability to produce IFN-alpha. Complete resectional surgery resulted in restoration of their ability to produce normal IFN-alpha levels. Circulating IFN levels were detectable in 70% of patients with localized disease while only in 20% of patients with metastatic disease. Interferon-alpha activators were detected in 45% of all patients. Both circulating interferon and IFN-alpha inactivators became undetectable upon tumor resection. Surgical trauma is accompanied by a transient but definite decrease in IFN-alpha production capability. Bacterial sepsis during postoperative days, in patients who successfully recovered, was definitely accompanied by increase in IFN-alpha production capability. Our findings suggest that advanced malignant epithelial tumors have an adverse effect upon the patient's ability to produce interferon and are often accompanied by the presence of circulating serum interferon inactivators. These effects can be reversed by surgical resection of the malignant neoplasm. PMID- 6727385 TI - Scheduling of combination chemotherapy for a murine melanoma, with the subrenal capsular assay. AB - The effect of varying schedules for administration of two drugs, dimethyl triazeno imidazole carboxamide (DTIC) and methylcyclohexyl chloroethyl nitrosourea (MeCCNU), was studied using the Harding-Passey Mouse melanoma in the subrenal capsular assay. The results of the assay indicate that the responses of the tumor varied depending on the schedule of administration. The best response, with a mean decrease in dimensions of 3.0 ocular micrometer units (+/- 1.12 SD), was noted with administration of DTIC on day 1 after tumor implantation, followed by MeCCNU on day 2. These results are similar to previously reported data in CD2F1 mice bearing intraperitoneal Harding-Passey melanoma and suggest that the subrenal capsular assay may be of use in determining the best combinations and schedules of administration for treatment of tumors. PMID- 6727386 TI - Epidemiology of cancer of the cervix in greater Bombay. AB - An attempt has been made to study in depth the cervical cancer problem in Greater Bombay by undertaking epidemiological investigations to identify its aetiology, by utilising the data collected by the Bombay Cancer Registry. Although cancer of the uterine cervix is found to occur at all ages in Bombay, it is mainly seen during middle age. Its incidence is highest in the Hindu community and lowest in the Parsi. This neoplasm appears to have a strong association with the degree of sexual activity. Thus it is rarely seen in nuns , and commonly found in women who have had multiple sexual partners. There is also a relative preponderance in the poorer, uneducated section of the community. In order to identify the high-risk groups, a retrospective study was undertaken of proven cases of cancer of the uterine cervix. The results were compared with those of similar controls, equal in number and closely matched for age, religion, and income, in order to examine the risk factors of possible aetiological importance in women with cervical cancer. We have sought to estimate the effects of parity, the age at first marriage and at first delivery. The highest risk was observed in women who had had multiple pregnancies early in life. It is interesting to note that multiparity seems to be an important risk factor in Bombay women, in contrast to the Western experience. PMID- 6727387 TI - Ectopic decidual cell reaction in para-aortic and pelvic lymph nodes in the presence of cervical squamous cell carcinoma during pregnancy. AB - Bilateral para-aortic lymphadenectomy is routine prior to radical surgery in cancer of the cervix. A pregnant patient with invasive cancer of the cervix and ectopic decidual cell reaction in para-aortic and pelvic nodes is presented. A decidual cell reaction in frozen sections of para-aortic lymph nodes could be confused with metastatic disease. Pathogenesis of ectopic decidual cell reaction is discussed. PMID- 6727388 TI - A case report of pancreatic metastasis of an intracranial angioblastic meningioma (hemangiopericytoma) and a review of metastatic tumor to the pancreas. AB - The authors report a case of solitary metastasis to the pancreas from an intracranial angioblastic meningioma (hemangiopericytoma) and discuss secondary (metastatic) tumors of the pancreas. A 65-year-old man developed a pancreatic tumor 15 years after the craniotomy was performed for a parasagittal meningioma. Histological investigation of the pancreatic tumor excised as a biopsy on exploratory laparotomy revealed a tumor identical to the intracranial meningioma. It was concluded that the intracranial angioblastic meningioma had recurred and metastasized to the pancreas. PMID- 6727389 TI - Improved tissue perfusion during pressure-regulated hyperthermic regional isolated perfusion in dogs. AB - To achieve adequate tissue perfusion during regional isolated perfusion, hind limbs of dogs were perfused for 60 min, regulating the extracorporeal circuit on pressure. The dogs were divided into three groups. In groups I and II perfusions were performed at a delta pressure (systemic mean arterial pressure minus hind limb mean arterial pressure) of respectively 50 and 15 mm Hg; in group III delta pressure was also 15 mm Hg but the cytostatic drug Melphalan was added. Tissue perfusion was determined by means of a multiwire polarographic oxygen electrode. Adequate tissue perfusion was obtained only at subnormal perfusion pressures (groups II and III), although in all groups perfusion flow was higher than preoperative flow. At low perfusion pressures (group I), tissue perfusion was severely impaired. In all groups leakage remained less than 10%. During regional isolated perfusion the extracorporeal circuit must be regulated at a delta pressure of 15 mm Hg to achieve adequate tissue perfusion. PMID- 6727390 TI - Renal cell carcinoma in a horseshoe kidney. AB - A case of renal cell carcinoma arising in a horseshoe kidney and presenting with a pathologic fracture of humerus is reported. Relevant literature is discussed. PMID- 6727391 TI - A model for transcriptional regulation based upon homology between introns and promoter regions and secondary structure in the promoter regions: the human globins. AB - Considerable homology was detected between promoter regions and introns of the same gene for each of the six genes in the human globin complex. In addition, homology between a promoter region of one gene and an intron of a second gene was observed. Each of the six genes also had extensive stem-loop structures in the promoter region. When the stretches of intron-promoter homology were compared to the regions involved in stem-loop structures, the two were found to be overlapping. It was hypothesized that the regulation of globin-switching in humans was accomplished by base pairing of intron transcripts with critical regions of the stem-loop structures. This hypothesis is consistent with all known facts regarding normal globin-switching. PMID- 6727393 TI - Turning field size and its effects upon computer-simulated klinotactic orientation. AB - The turning field is defined in the context of klinotaxis as the angular region(s) into which an organism may direct itself at any point in time and space while orienting within a stimulus gradient. The turning field size determines the size distribution of turns an organism can make during klinotaxis. Changes in turning field size affect the efficiency of klinotactic source location as measured by computer simulations of ideal behaviors. The optimal field size lies between 90 and 150 degrees. Turning field size also affects the appearance of search paths made by organisms locating an attractant source. The significance of turning field size is discussed and the described klinotactic model is proposed as a predictive model for orientation research. PMID- 6727392 TI - Intracellular protein degradation: basis of a self-regulating mechanism for the proteolysis of endogenous proteins. AB - The intracellular basal proteolysis system, as distinct from the lysosomal system, is important in sustaining a high flux of proteins required for maintenance, growth and adaptability of cells. Its activity automatically fluctuates with changes in protein synthetic activity, but with a considerably slower response time, since the two processes are only indirectly or passively linked. Since as much as one-third of intracellular proteolysis in mammalian cells is directed as nascent proteins, the consequences are more fully discussed in relation to cell growth state. During rapid growth, cells have to accumulate more than double their original protein mass in order to achieve a 100% increase between divisions. The effects of reducing protein synthesis by inducing quiescence, serum step-down or cycloheximide treatment on intracellular proteolysis are considered, and the possibility that this leads to enhanced degradation of existing proteins has been explored. No substantial evidence was found to support this latter notion. The basal proteolysis system is seen as a constitutive, pervasive and broad-spectrumed collection of hydrolytic enzymes. It destroys proteins randomly, having no means of distinguishing young from old, aberrant from normal. The rate of demise of protein substrates depends on two factors, the ease of access of the hydrolytic enzymes to their peptide bonds, and the length of time that any species of protein remains at risk to this hydrolytic potential. While the former has long been recognized, the importance of the second factor in relation to the ability of proteins to become integrated in the living fabric of the cell is only beginning to be appreciated. The discussion also suggests elaborate regulatory mechanisms akin to those for protein synthesis would be unnecessary for protein degradation, especially if it can now be substantiated that substrate availability determines the turnover rates of proteins by a pervasive and relatively unlimited proteolytic system (Grisolia, 1964). PMID- 6727394 TI - Should reptation theory for migration of linear DNA through gels include screwing? PMID- 6727395 TI - Optimal life histories and age-specific costs of reproduction: two extensions. PMID- 6727396 TI - Some aspects of the role of quantum mechanics in the theory of muscle contraction. PMID- 6727397 TI - Construction and use of models designed to demonstrate some topological properties of multistranded nucleic acid structure and its possible bearing on recombination. AB - A description is given of the construction and use of a simple model designed to show the consequences of association between duplexes to form some kind of four strand structure in recombination. The model was first devised to help in consideration of the work of Nash et al. (1980). Conclusions drawn from it may however be of wider interest. The model was designed with a detailed molecular model in mind (McGavin, 1971a, 1979). It could however apply to any close juxtaposition of duplexes. A close juxtaposition of duplexes is a feature of several models for recombination, although this is not often referred to explicitly as four strand structure. PMID- 6727398 TI - Medicinal uses of South American palms. AB - Palms are the most versatile group of plants used by man, providing all of the basic necessities (food, shelter, fuel and fiber) as well as many ameliorants (spices, oils, waxes, gums, poisons and medicines). The importance of palms in the pharmacopoeias of South American Indians has received little attention. This paper presents the results of a literature search on the medicinal uses of South American palms and suggests that phytochemical screening of these species might result in the identification of new and useful biodynamic compounds. PMID- 6727399 TI - Herbal remedies of the Maritime Indians: phytosterols and triterpenes of 67 plants. AB - The phytosterols and triterpenes of the non-saponifiable lipid fraction of 67 local plants, many of which are Micmac and Malecite medicinal plants, were determined by comparing their relative retention times with those of known compounds on three different gas liquid chromatography columns. Results have been tabulated to indicate relative amounts. For many of these plants, sterols and triterpenes do not constitute a major proportion of the plant. The predominant sterol was beta-sitosterol and the predominant triterpenes were usually alpha- and beta- amyrin . A number of undetermined triterpenes were detected, some in relatively large amounts. PMID- 6727400 TI - Anti-inflammatory activity of Euphorbia acaulis Roxb. AB - From various extracts of Euphorbia acaulis , the n-hexane fraction showed marked anti-inflammatory activity in carrageenan induced oedema in rats and mice as compared to phenylbutazone and was equipotent in adrenal- ectomised rats. In chronic models of formaldehyde and adjuvant arthritis, its anti-arthritic activity was found to be superior to that of phenylbutazone. It had a diuretic effect but did not show any analgesic or antipyretic activity. PMID- 6727401 TI - Effects of Eleutherococcus senticosus extracts on hexobarbital metabolism in vivo and in vitro. AB - Eleutherococcus senticosus (Siberian Ginseng) is widely exported from China as a health food. Pharmacologically it has been classified as an adaptogen and enzyme induction has been proposed as its mechanism of action. To evaluate this hypothesis E. senticosus was administered to mice on an acute (40-320 mg/kg i.p., X 1 day) or chronic (80-320 mg/kg i.p., X 4-5 days) basis. Sleep latency and duration, in response to hexobarbital sodium (100 mg/kg i.p.), were determined either 1 h (acute and chronic) or 24 h (chronic) following the last E. senticosus injection. E. senticosus produced a sedative effect which decreased the sleep latency (47%) and increased sleep duration (45-228%) following acute administration. A similar effect was seen following chronic administration (125 202% increase in sleep duration). E. senticosus was also shown to produce an inhibition (66%) of hexobarbital metabolism, in vitro, as compared to controls. These data support enzyme inhibition rather than enzyme induction as a mechanism for the actions of Siberian Ginseng. PMID- 6727402 TI - The implantable ventricular assist pump. PMID- 6727403 TI - The location of middle mediastinal pheochromocytomas. AB - Eight middle mediastinal pheochromocytomas were located by means of 131I- meta- iodobenzylguanidine scintigraphy. The exact anatomic location of the lesions was confirmed by means of dynamic computed tomographic scanning following bolus injection of contrast medium. In all but one case the lesion had not been detected prior to scintigraphy despite extensive investigations including arteriography, venography with sampling, computed tomography with infusion of contrast medium, and in some cases surgical exploration of the abdomen and chest. Accurate anatomic location of the lesion permitted resection of five lesions from the cardiac atria and one from the aortopulmonary window. A sixth case in which an atrial pheochromocytoma was found by coronary angiography was not cured by resection of the primary tumor, and 131I- meta- iodobenzylguanidine scintigraphy revealed extensive metastases. Thus 131I- meta- iodobenzylguanidine scintigraphy has been of considerable value in the location of pheochromocytomas of the middle mediastinum, which may be a more frequent site than previously recognized. PMID- 6727404 TI - Enteric thoracoabdominal duplications in children. AB - The clinical and pathological findings of two children with thoracoabdominal enteric duplications are described in detail. In addition, 23 case reports are reviewed. The majority of duplications communicated with the gastrointestinal tract below the diaphragm, but in one case, reported here, the duplication communicated with the cervical esophagus. In infants these duplications most often present with respiratory symptoms, whereas older children more typically have pain and melena. If possible the entire duplication should be removed during one operation. PMID- 6727405 TI - The artificial heart in human subjects. AB - In preparation for clinical implantation of the Utah J-7 pneumatic artificial heart as a permanent cardiac substitute, the device was implanted into five brain dead human subjects. This report presents our results and details our two most successful trials. Three different surgical implant techniques were utilized in the five subjects. Because of the unique "no risk" situation of the subjects, the function of the artificial heart could be tested in a manner not advisable in patients, but necessary for clinical preparation. The implantable total artificial heart was able to maintain physiological hemodynamics in two subjects for 41 and 72 hours at which time the trials were electively terminated. PMID- 6727406 TI - Cardiac valve prostheses in children without anticoagulation. AB - We have used the St. Jude Medical cardiac valve prosthesis without postoperative anticoagulation in 34 children undergoing valve replacement since March, 1979. The 19 boys and 15 girls ranged in age from 9 months to 21 years. The valve replaced was mitral in 12 patients, aortic in 14, pulmonary in three, and both mitral and aortic in two. One patient had implantation of a St. Jude Medical valve in a pulmonary conduit, and a left-sided tricuspid valve was replaced in two children. There were three operative deaths, all in infants with complex disease. One patient died suddenly at home 5 weeks after valve replacement, probably of ventricular arrhythmia. During follow-up of 1 to 50 months, comprising 646 patient months, no thromboembolic complications have been observed. Although use of the St. Jude Medical prosthesis without anticoagulation is still investigational, our preliminary data suggest that the risk of thromboembolism in unanticoagulated children with this valve is not greater than that in anticoagulated adults. The results justify continuing investigation of the St. Jude Medical prosthesis in children without postoperative anticoagulation. PMID- 6727407 TI - Fatigue-induced failure of the Ionescu-Shiley pericardial xenograft in the mitral position. In vivo and in vitro correlation and a proposed classification. AB - Four patients had signs of primary bioprosthetic dysfunction within the fourth postoperative year after mitral valve replacement with an Ionescu-Shiley pericardial xenograft; they represent approximately 9% of patients with Ionescu Shiley pericardial xenograft mitral valves followed up for more than 3 years at our institution. Pathological investigation showed severe incompetence of all explanted valves due to cusp tears and lacerations. Histologic study of the pericardial tissue disclosed mild to moderate collagen degeneration, without infection or calcification. Neoendothelial formation on the Dacron cloth of the sewing ring was either absent or minimal. The high incidence of valvular incompetence prompted us to try to establish a correlation between the in vivo and in vitro modes of failure of the Ionescu-Shiley pericardial xenograft. For this purpose, 10 unimplanted Ionescu-Shiley pericardial xenograft valves were tested in a fatigue test system. Severe fatigue-induced lesions occurred in this group after an average of 29.09 +/- 17.26 X 10(6) cycles; initial failure could be recognized in six of them after an average of 16.94 +/- 20.12 X 10(6) cycles. Valves tested in the fatigue test system showed tears and lacerations similar to those noted in the Ionescu-Shiley pericardial xenografts obtained from the four patients (which were assumed to have functioned for more than 100 X 10(6) cycles in each case). Correlation between results of the fatigue testing and our clinical experience enabled us to recognize four types of tears which may occur in the Ionescu-Shiley pericardial xenograft. The results of this investigation showed the following: (1) Primary tissue failure of the Ionescu-Shiley pericardial xenograft may occur suddenly. (2) A classification of tears occurring in Ionescu-Shiley pericardial xenograft valves is useful since the clinical presentation of patients may differ according to type and location of the lesion. (3) In the manufacture of pericardial valves, particular care must be observed in selection of the tissue and in the frame design. (4) Improvement of the quality control is one of the clues to enhance durability of the Ionescu-Shiley pericardial xenograft. PMID- 6727408 TI - Microscopic study of normal parietal pericardium and unimplanted Puig-Zerbini pericardial valvular heterografts. AB - This investigation used light microscopy and transmission and scanning electron microscopy to study native human and bovine parietal pericardium, glutaraldehyde fixed bovine pericardial patch-grafts, and bovine pericardial cusps of unimplanted Incor or Puig - Zerbini heart valves. The primary objective was to obtain a data base for the future evaluation of postimplantation structural alteration in this valve and in other cardiac valvular bioprostheses constructed of pericardium. The mesothelial cell layer in normal pericardium was best preserved in the bovine tissue. In both bovine patch-grafts and Puig - Zerbini valvular cusps, the serosal surface usually was completely devoid of mesothelial cells and revealed an underlying, finely fibrillar basal lamina. The fibrosa varied in thickness and organization, both within and between the two species, but similar nervous, vascular, and connective tissue components were observed in each. The epipericardial surface was smoother, had fewer elastic fibers, and possessed more surface cells in the human tissue than in the bovine tissue. No evidence of significant tissue degeneration or remodeling was noted in either the stored patch-grafts or heart valves when compared with control bovine and human pericardial tissue layers. PMID- 6727409 TI - Hemodynamic effect of isoprenaline and dobutamine immediately after correction of tetralogy of Fallot. Relative importance of inotropic and chronotropic action in supporting cardiac output. AB - In order to compare the effect of isoprenaline and dobutamine immediately after correction of tetralogy of Fallot, 12 randomly selected patients were studied postoperatively. Left ventricular end-diastolic volume, measured preoperatively by means of left ventricular angiograms in eight patients, was decreased to a mean value of 58.6 +/- 5.5 ml/m2 (mean +/- standard error of the mean). Postoperatively, cardiac output was measured by thermodilution before, during, and after infusion of increasing doses of isoprenaline (0.05, 0.1, and 0.2 micrograms/kg/min) and dobutamine (2.5, 5, and 10 micrograms/kg/min) successively given in each patient. Simultaneously, central venous, left atrial, pulmonary arterial, and systemic arterial pressures were recorded. Cardiac index increased significantly in response to all three doses of isoprenaline. Dobutamine produced only a small increase which was not statistically significant. Stroke volume index did not vary significantly with either drug. Consequently, cardiac index was directly related to heart rate. Preload of the left ventricle as well as afterload was significantly reduced (p less than 0.01 and p less than 0.05, respectively) by isoprenaline but not by dobutamine. An increase in left ventricular work index per minute was found with both drugs; however, only with isoprenaline was the increased work accompanied by a significant increase in cardiac index. We conclude that patients with tetralogy of Fallot usually have a small left ventricle which, immediately after correction, reacts to catecholamines by only an insignificant increase in stroke volume index. Consequently, isoprenaline is more effective than dobutamine in raising cardiac index due to the increase in heart rate. Moreover, it decreases systemic vascular resistances and obviates the need for administration of a vasodilator. PMID- 6727410 TI - Reversibility of plexogenic pulmonary arteriopathy following banding of the pulmonary artery. AB - In 28 patients with congenital heart disease with a shunt and pulmonary hypertension, lung biopsy specimens were taken during a banding procedure of the pulmonary artery; then, in the same patients, lung tissue became available during correction of the cardiac defect some years later. In this way the regression of pulmonary vascular changes could be studied. Medial hypertrophy appeared to have a prominent tendency to regression. With intimal lesions, regression depended to a large extent on the type of lesion. Intimal thickening based on longitudinal smooth muscle tissue was almost completely reversible. Post-thrombotic intimal fibrosis was also potentially reversible. In plexogenic pulmonary arteriopathy, the earlier lesions, particularly cellular intimal proliferation, showed regression. Concentric-laminar intimal fibrosis regressed as long as it was mild, that is, occluding less than one fifth of the average arterial lumen. If more severe, there was no tendency to regression and often it even progressed. Changes like fibrinoid necrosis and plexiform lesions are ominous because of their tendency to progression. Since preoperative open lung biopsies now are often undertaken for evaluation of hypertensive pulmonary vascular disease, when corrective operability is dubious, these findings may serve as a guide in reporting on such biopsy specimens. PMID- 6727411 TI - Subclavian arterioplasty. Repair of coarctation of the aorta in the first year of life. AB - Between June, 1977, and December, 1982, 106 infants underwent subclavian flap arterioplasty for repair of coarctation of the aorta in the first year of life. This technique was utilized because of our previous experience with the end-to end technique in 181 infants, in whom there was a recurrence rate of 42% at 5 years. The recurrence rate in 78 of the 81 survivors who have been followed up for a mean of 18.8 months +/- 15.9 months (standard error) is 17.3% at 1 year and 11.1% at 2 and 3 years postoperatively. The presence of associated disease affects mortality: only one death in 34 patients with isolated coarctation; three deaths in 24 with coarctation plus ventricular septal defect; and 21 deaths in 45 infants with coarctation and complex lesions. Our present approach in the group with coarctation plus ventricular septal defect is to repair the coarctation without banding the pulmonary artery and then to close the defect if the infant remains in failure. Operative survival was 13 of 13 without pulmonary artery banding and 11 of 14 with pulmonary artery banding. PMID- 6727412 TI - Calcium and cardioplegia. The optimal calcium content for the St. Thomas' Hospital cardioplegic solution. AB - The relationship between the calcium content of the St. Thomas' Hospital cardioplegic solution and the degree of tissue protection it affords has been characterized by means of an isolated working rat heart preparation subjected to normothermic ischemic arrest. With a 3 minute period of preischemic infusion of solutions containing calcium chloride concentrations of 0, 0.6, 1.0, 1.1, 1.2, 1.3, 1.4, and 2.4 mmol/L and 35 minutes of normothermic ischemic arrest, postischemic creatine kinase leakage was 562.3 +/- 26.7, 64.8 +/- 12.1, 63.3 +/- 9.9, 37.5 +/- 5.4, 33.4 +/- 3.1, 41.2 +/- 4.1, 58.6 +/- 7.4, and 65.7 +/- 9.1 IU/15 min/gm dry weight, respectively. The postischemic recovery of aortic flow was 0%, 29.2% +/- 6.8%, 29.0% +/- 3.3%, 45.8% +/- 4.9%, 55.5% +/- 1.4%, 38.5% +/- 2.7%, 27.8% +/- 8.6%, and 19.5 +/- 7.1%, respectively. The results indicate optimal protection with a calcium concentration of 1.2 mmol/L and a rapid decline in protection with even small changes in concentration either side of the optimum. The hazard of total absence of calcium was confirmed by the induction of the calcium paradox. This study shows that under normothermic conditions a calcium concentration of 1.2 mmol/L is optimal for the St. Thomas' Hospital solution. This study reinforces the importance of undertaking dose-response studies for all components of all cardioplegic solutions. PMID- 6727413 TI - Effect of intermittent infusions of glucose-containing crystalloid cardioplegic solution on myocardial tissue lactic acid and recovery of contractility. AB - The objective of this study was to determine the effects of single or intermittent infusions of cardioplegic solution with glucose (5 gm/L) or without glucose on myocardial tissue lactic acid and recovery of myocardial contractility following 80 minutes of total ischemia at 28 degrees C in the isolated, blood perfused, beating rabbit heart. Ischemia without cardioplegia increased tissue lactic acid (6.79 mg/gm tissue) above the control value (0.9 mg/gm tissue), p less than 0.0025). Lactic acid following single infusions with (4.19 mg/gm tissue) or without glucose (3.67 mg/gm tissue) was significantly greater (p less than 0.0025) than tissue lactic acid following intermittent infusions with (1.06 mg/gm tissue) or without glucose (1.05 mg/gm tissue). Cardioplegic arrest in all cases significantly decreased tissue lactate accumulation when compared to arrest without cardioplegia (p less than 0.01). The decrease in myocardial contractility demonstrated when no cardioplegic protection was employed (86% recovery) was completely eliminated (100% recovery) with a single-bolus infusion of cardioplegic solution containing glucose (p less 0.025). Intermittent infusions of cardioplegic solution containing glucose (92% recovery) and single infusions without glucose (93% recovery) also improved recovery of contractility following ischemia, but the results were not statistically significant. PMID- 6727414 TI - Internal mammary artery: a "live" conduit for coronary bypass. AB - An angiographic study of the internal mammary artery graft 8 years postoperatively illustrates the physiological nature of this conduit. Changes in the caliber of the internal mammary artery graft are seen to occur in response to changes in the size of the coronary vascular bed, a phenomenon of autoregulation. This physiological adaptability differentiates the internal mammary artery graft from the saphenous vein graft and may be one of the reasons for excellent long term performance of this conduit. PMID- 6727415 TI - Results of valve replacement with Omniscience prostheses. PMID- 6727417 TI - Reflections on the Omniscience heart valve. PMID- 6727416 TI - Experience with Omniscience and Lillehei-Kaster valves. PMID- 6727418 TI - Malignant cardiac paraganglioma: follow-up of a case. PMID- 6727419 TI - Two wrongs don't make a right. PMID- 6727420 TI - Eyeball retraction latency in the conscious rabbit measured with a new photodiode technique. AB - A new technique is described for accurate, reliable measurement of eyeball retraction in the rabbit. A narrow film strip, on which a linear light intensity grating has been exposed, is attached to a contact lens which is placed on the animal's cornea. The other end of the intensity grating slides between a photodiode and an LED. The contact lens-film grating assembly moves freely with eyeball retraction and relaxation, causing changes in photodiode output. This device appears to be well tolerated by the animal. Large amplitude eyeball retractions occur in response to air puff stimulation directed at the upper or lower eyelid and to periorbital shock. Average eye retraction latency to stimulation of the abducens (VI) nerve with a chronically implanted stimulating electrode was 5.3 ms (S.D. = 0.75 ms) in the conscious rabbit as measured with our device. Latency to periorbital electrical shock was 9.3 ms (S.D. = 2.1 ms). Eye retraction latency decreased with increasing shock amplitudes. Rabbits readily acquired classically conditioned eyeball retractions, monitored with this device, when a white noise auditory stimulus was paired with an air puff directed at the eyelid. PMID- 6727421 TI - Constrictive pericarditis associated with combined idiopathic retroperitoneal and mediastinal fibrosis. AB - Idiopathic retroperitoneal fibrosis and mediastinal fibrosis are localized expressions of a systemic sclerosing disease of unknown cause which, on rare occasions, may coexist in the same patient. Although pericardial involvement may occur, recurrent constrictive pericarditis that is unrelieved by pericardiectomy has not previously been reported in association with either idiopathic retroperitoneal or mediastinal fibrosis. Reported herein is a case of recurrent constrictive pericarditis that was unrelieved by two pericardiectomies , and autopsy revealed unsuspected combined idiopathic retroperitoneal and mediastinal fibrosis. The clinical, echocardiographic, and pathologic findings are described. PMID- 6727422 TI - Treatment of small colorectal polyps: a population-based study of the risk of subsequent carcinoma. AB - We conducted a retrospective cohort study of 751 residents of Rochester, Minnesota, whose small (1 cm or less) colorectal polyps had been treated without biopsy. Eighteen colorectal carcinomas were found in this group in the course of more than 10,000 person-years of follow-up, whereas 15.27 cases were expected (relative risk, 1.2). The overall rate for the development of cancer and the relative risks for various subgroups of the cohort were not significantly elevated, and survival in this cohort was not impaired. We conclude that fulguration of selected small colorectal polyps without prior biopsy does not subject patients to an unusual risk for development of colorectal carcinoma. Customary periodic medical examination should suffice for patients with these lesions. PMID- 6727423 TI - Adolescent pregnancy: a combined obstetric and pediatric management approach. AB - During the past decade, the relative increase in adolescent pregnancy has forced physicians and other health professionals who provide services to teenagers to be aware of the factual data relating to teenage pregnancy and the pertinent social issues in order to serve as advocates for both the parent and the child. In this article, we review the existing demographic data regarding adolescent pregnancy in conjunction with current approaches to intervention programs for the maintenance of a stable environment and optimal development of the parent and the child. PMID- 6727424 TI - Empiric therapy with moxalactam alone in patients with bacteremia. AB - Moxalactam was administered (20 mg/kg intravenously every 8 hours) as single-drug empiric antimicrobial therapy to 63 patients with bacteremia who were neither neutropenic nor immunosuppressed. Six patients (10%) had microorganisms that were susceptible to moxalactam and resistant to all other antimicrobial agents tested; two patients (3%) had microorganisms that were resistant to moxalactam and other agents tested. Of these 63 patients, 47 (75%) were cured with moxalactam therapy. Nine patients (14%) had breakthrough bacteremia while receiving other antimicrobial therapy and were cured subsequently with moxalactam therapy alone. The two major risk factors for failure of moxalactam therapy were polymicrobial bacteremia and an extrahepatic intra-abdominal source of infection; these two conditions frequently coexisted. Six of nine patients with polymicrobial bacteremia died. Superinfection (one pseudomonal, five enterococcal) was responsible for 6 of the 16 treatment failures. Enterococcal superinfection occurred exclusively among patients who had received relatively prolonged therapy with moxalactam for extrahepatic intra-abdominal infection, especially intraabdominal abscess. These five patients died, and postmortem examination showed that enterococcal superinfection was the major cause of death in all. Mild, reversible adverse reactions associated with use of moxalactam occurred in 14 of the 63 patients (22%). None had clinically overt bleeding. The use of moxalactam alone seems to be safe and effective and a cost-effective alternative empiric antimicrobial therapy for most patients with bacteremia who are not immunosuppressed or neutropenic and who are not at high risk of having Pseudomonas or polymicrobial bacteremia. PMID- 6727425 TI - The snapping iliopsoas tendon. AB - Herein we describe a previously seldom recognized variety of snapping hip, which is caused by snapping of the iliopsoas tendon over the iliopectineal eminence when the femur is moved from the flexed position at the hip and extended through 45 degrees of flexion. The finding is demonstrated with the patient supine and gently resisting gravity with the iliopsoas muscle, thus placing it under tension. At approximately 45 degrees of flexion, the iliopsoas tendon in two patients was confirmed radiographically to snap abruptly, coincident with an audible sound over the iliopectineal eminence of the pelvis. We believe that this occurs relatively frequently and is generally asymptomatic. PMID- 6727427 TI - Screening tests for inherited metabolic diseases. PMID- 6727426 TI - Rehabilitative operation for motor neuron disease: tendon transfer for segmental muscular atrophy of the upper extremities. AB - Segmental spinal muscular atrophy of adolescence is a clinical syndrome that can be distinguished from the more common forms of motor neuron disease. A patient with this syndrome who was no longer able to care for herself is described. After selective tendon transfers in her right upper extremity, she has been able to perform many of the activities of daily living. This improved function has been maintained for more than 2 years. We suggest that transfer of tendons and muscles may be indicated in selected patients with slowly progressive muscular atrophy. PMID- 6727428 TI - Formaldehyde exposure--a case in point. PMID- 6727429 TI - Sudden infant death syndrome. PMID- 6727430 TI - A progressive neurologic disorder with supranuclear vertical gaze paresis and distinctive bone marrow cells. AB - Nine patients with a progressive neurologic disorder that was characterized by mental deterioration, supranuclear vertical gaze paresis, and foam cells or sea blue histiocytes in the bone marrow are described and compared with patients who were previously described as having " neurovisceral storage disease with vertical supranuclear ophthalmoplegia" and "dystonic lipidosis." The clinical manifestations of our patients and those described by others and the pathologic findings and profiles of lipid analysis reported by others are similar to those in patients with Niemann-Pick disease, type C. Sphingomyelinase activities in leukocytes and skin fibroblasts were normal in our patients and in more than half of the reported cases; these findings are also compatible with those in patients with Niemann-Pick disease, type C. Until the biochemical and genetic abnormalities of Niemann-Pick disease, type C are clearly defined, it is justifiable to classify the disorder under discussion as a subgroup of Niemann Pick disease, type C because it seems to be a heterogeneous group. From the clinical point of view, the diagnosis is difficult to establish in the absence of abnormalities in the bone marrow in patients who are older than 20 years; repeat examinations of the bone marrow are necessary in such patients. Clinicians should be aware of this disorder not only in patients in the first and second decades of life, when this disorder usually becomes symptomatic, but also in patients in the fourth and fifth decades. PMID- 6727431 TI - Ender's pinning for fractures about the hip. AB - In this study, we reviewed retrospectively our first 4 years of experience with treatment of hip fractures with Ender's pinning in an effort to determine the related problems and the types of fractures for which this procedure is the most effective. Of the 77 fractures in our series, 59 cases were available for follow up evaluation. Knee pain was reported by 41% of the patients. Overall, 31% of the group underwent additional surgical procedures, primarily because of distal migration of the pins. On the basis of our results, we recommend that Ender's pinning be reserved for treatment of basilar neck and type I intertrochanteric fractures in patients who cannot tolerate a more extensive procedure. PMID- 6727432 TI - Clinical and therapeutic aspects of Haemophilus influenzae pericarditis in pediatric patients. AB - Two cases of Haemophilus influenzae type B pericarditis are presented which demonstrate the major clinical features and sequelae of this serious illness. These cases are analyzed together with 77 others from the literature to characterize the clinical features, natural history, and optimal therapy. H. influenzae pericarditis is an increasingly frequent disease of young children. A mild prodromal illness is often followed by rapid progression of cardiac compromise until death ensues, unless pericarditis is diagnosed and treated appropriately. The development of cardiomegaly in a febrile patient with a Haemophilus infection is an indication for echocardiography, which is diagnostic of the pericardial effusion. Initial cultures of pericardial aspirates will be positive in 75% of cases even when antibiotic therapy has been initiated. Use of appropriate parenterally administered antibiotics, in combination with early surgical pericardial drainage or partial pericardiectomy, should minimize morbidity and mortality and prevent acute constrictive sequelae. PMID- 6727433 TI - Tetanus after anorectal abscess. AB - As illustrated by this case report, tetanus can occur as a complication of anorectal surgical procedures or abscesses just as it can in other wounds. A synergistic infection of the perineum occurred in a 62-year-old man 8 days after drainage of an anorectal abscess. He was treated with vigorous debridement and antibiotics and was given tetanus prophylaxis. The next day, tetanus developed, presumably from the original abscess. The patient recovered after aggressive therapy, including muscle relaxants and ventilatory support. PMID- 6727434 TI - Neutrophil function tests. PMID- 6727435 TI - The MMPI today. PMID- 6727436 TI - The AudioScope and family practice: field testing of a new instrument and a look at hearing loss in family practice. PMID- 6727437 TI - Residents' perspective on the partnership between university and state. PMID- 6727438 TI - Systemic lupus erythematosus IX: nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs and antimalarial agents. PMID- 6727439 TI - Influence of age-related changes in rodent liver morphology and physiology on drug metabolism--a review. AB - Age-related changes in weight, morphology and physiology of the rodent liver influencing hepatic drug metabolism are reviewed. Next to the changes in liver weight/body weight ratio with age, the spontaneous occurrence of neoplastic and non-neoplastic lesions may be of particular importance. In addition, the decrease in liver blood blow with age diminishes the biotransformation capacity of the total liver. However, the albumin concentration in plasma and drug uptake do not play important roles, since they are unchanged or only slightly lower in old rats or mice. Drugs are generally metabolized by the liver in two phases: the so called phase I and phase II metabolism. For most drugs, the phase I reaction is an oxidation. This reaction is catalyzed by cytochrome P-450, cytochrome b5 and NADPH-cytochrome c reductase. In microsomes, a decrease with age is generally observed in the cytochrome P-450 concentration and the NADPH-cytochrome c reductase activity, while there is no change in cytochrome b5. In addition, most microsomal drug-metabolizing enzymes decrease with age in male rats but not in females. The changes in enzyme activities in the male and female mouse are more complex. In fact, increases, decreases and no changes were found. Important phase II reactions are glutathione conjugation and glucuronidation; changes in both reactions with age seem to be of minor importance. Studies with hepatocytes isolated from male rats of different ages reveal that the monooxygenase system mediated metabolism of digitoxin and aflatoxin B1 decreases with age. It can be concluded that the observed decrease in the functional capacity of the monooxygenase system greatly determines the decrease in drug metabolism with age. However, it should always be kept in mind that, among others, the age-related changes in drug metabolism in rats are strongly sex dependent, which is not the case in man. Therefore, caution should be exercised in transferring these data to the human situation. PMID- 6727440 TI - Impaired estrogen stimulation of RNA polymerase II activity in uterine nuclei of senescent rats. AB - The effects of age on estrogen stimulated nuclear RNA polymerase II activity were studied in uteri of ovariectomized mature (6-8 months) and senescent (24 months) rats. Basal levels of RNA polymerase II activity were the same in both age groups. Following 17 beta-estradiol (E2) administration, RNA polymerase II activities increased at 6 h and reached a peak at 12 h in mature rats. In old rats, however, activities did not change until 12 h and reached a maximum at 18 h after injection. The effects of various E2 doses were examined at 6 h after injection. In mature rats, 1 microgram of E2 per 100 g body weight stimulated polymerase II activity, and maximum response was observed above 3 micrograms per 100 g. In senescent rats, this activity did not increase at doses below 3 micrograms per 100 g, but was stimulated by 10 micrograms of E2 per 100 g body weight to levels similar to those in mature rats. These results indicate that induction of uterine nuclear RNA polymerase II activity is delayed and less sensitive to E2 in old female rats than in their young counterparts. PMID- 6727441 TI - Lipofuscin accumulation resulting from senescence and vitamin E deficiency: spectral properties and tissue distribution. AB - The corrected fluorescence emission spectra and tissue distributions of the autofluorescent pigments which accumulate during normal aging and as a consequence of vitamin E deficiency were studied in albino rats. In the retinal pigment epithelium, both the age-related pigment (lipofuscin) and the pigment related to vitamin E deficiency had essentially identical emission spectra. Peak emission occurred from 590 to 650 nm. Young animals which had been kept on a vitamin E deficient diet for 17 weeks after weaning showed significant accumulations of autofluorescent pigment in uterus, duodenum, and retinal pigment epithelium, but not in the spinal cord or inferior olivary nucleus of the brain. Old animals (96 weeks) fed a commercial diet with adequate vitamin E had accumulated lipofuscin in the retinal pigment epithelium, spinal cord gray matter, and inferior olivary nucleus, but not in the duodenum or uterus. Thus, while the auto-fluorescent pigments related to aging and vitamin E deficiency have similar properties, their tissue distributions are quite different. PMID- 6727442 TI - Use of tannic acid to study cytoplasmic vesicles and membrane invaginations in epididymal fat pads of ageing mice. AB - A staining technique based upon the known ability of tannic acid to selectively stain the outer layer of the triple-layered plasma membrane was used, along with electron microscopic examination of stained, serial sections, to differentiate between surface invaginations, clusters of invaginations, free vesicles and tubular channels in epididymal fat pads from young, fed and fasted mice and from old, fed mice. A preliminary semiquantitative evaluation of the average number of each type of structure per cell was attempted. There were no significant numbers of free cytoplasmic vesicles of approximately 50 nm diameter (the dimension of most surface invaginations) under any conditions studied. Most apparent vesicles were stained by tannic acid and were, therefore, actually invaginations of the plasma membrane. There were no tubular channels of this size seen in any of the electron micrographs examined in serial sections. We estimated that there are about 50 single invaginations per micron2 of plasma membrane surface in both young and old fed mice. In addition there were about 20 invaginations/micron2 grouped as clusters of 2-15 per group (mean, 4 per group) in the fed mice. There was a tendency for the number of invaginations in clusters to increase during fasting; about 40% of the surface invaginations were grouped in clusters in adipocytes of fasted mice. Although there was no effect of ageing on the concentrations of surface invaginations or in their groupings as clusters, the total number of invaginations per cell must have increased almost 3-fold as the cells enlarged. The function of these surface invaginations and deeply penetrating groups of invaginations remains to be elucidated. PMID- 6727444 TI - Alteration of enzymes in ageing human fibroblasts in culture. I. Conditions for the appearance of an alteration in glucose 6-phosphate dehydrogenase. AB - Glucose 6-phosphate dehydrogenase has been found to be altered in ageing human fibroblasts in culture. In this article, we have studied the effects of incubation conditions on glucose 6-phosphate dehydrogenase present in isolated cells or homogenates from young and old cells. We show that incubation at 4 degrees C and pH 7.4 induced the appearance of a heat-labile enzyme; this was not the case at pH 6.5. Also NADP+, when present, protects the enzyme from being modified. The kinetics of the modification indicates that the altered form of the enzyme is an intermediary stage between the active and inactive forms. We now have a model system in which the appearance of an altered enzyme can be induced in only a few hours; this model will be used in our next paper to study the mechanism of this alteration. PMID- 6727443 TI - Age pigments: role of iron and copper salts in the formation of fluorescent lipid complexes. AB - Free radicals which abstract hydrogen atoms from unsaturated fatty acids initiate lipid autoxidation. Transition metal ions, however, usually stimulate lipid autoxidation by decomposing peroxides to release active radicals which can then initiate further autoxidation. Lipid peroxides produced in vivo, both enzymically and non-enzymically, are probably decomposed in this way resulting in the formation of fluorescent lipid complexes. The role of iron and copper salts in their formation has been studied using sequential techniques on fatty acid and phospholipid preparations. PMID- 6727445 TI - Morphometric studies on the age changes of autofluorescent granules and lysosomes in the epithelial cells of rat kidneys. AB - Morphometric analysis of the lysosomal system in the proximal convoluted tubules of the kidney of rats of different ages was studied, with special regard to the accumulation of autofluorescent pigment in the epithelial cells. After maturity, the lysosomal amount in the epithelial cells was significantly increased in the 25-29-month-old group; however, the amount of autofluorescent pigment granules was not significantly increased. PMID- 6727446 TI - The effect of age on antigen retention in lymphoid follicles and in collagenous tissue of mice. AB - Our major objectives were to determine (1) when mice develop the cellular mechanisms necessary to trap and retain immune complexes in lymphoid follicles, (2) whether the ability to trap and retain immune complexes in lymphoid and collagenous tissues was maintained in old animals, and (3) whether the pattern of antigen localization in lymphoid follicles was altered as a consequence of ageing. Mice were passively immunized with a standardized amount of specific antibody and then challenged in the foot pads with radioactive antigen. The results indicated that newborn, and 1- and 2-week-old BALB/c mice lacked the cells or cellular mechanism necessary for trapping, localizing, and retaining immune complexes in lymphoid follicles. By 3 weeks, however, this ability to trap, retain, and localize antigen became apparent. The ability to trap and retain immune complexes on tendons and in lymphoid tissues was maintained as long as 27-30 months. A comparison of the quantity of antigen retained per mg of tissue in young-adult (6 months of age) and in old (27-30 months of age) mice indicated that old mice retained slightly more antigen in lymphoid tissues and substantially more on tendons. Antigen retained in spleens of both young-adult and old mice was localized in follicles by 24 h. However, the antigen retained in lymph nodes of old mice remained in the subcapsular sinus and adjacent superficial cortex and was not localized in follicles even after a full week. The cellular mechanisms necessary to trap and retain immune complexes in lymphoid tissue appear to develop in BALB/c mice a few weeks after birth and persist throughout life. However, localization of antigen in the lymphoid follicles of lymph nodes diminishes in old mice. The antigen trapping capability of collagenous tissues was not only maintained in old mice but was substantially increased. PMID- 6727447 TI - Alteration of enzymes in ageing human fibroblasts in culture. II. Conditions for the reversibility and the mechanism of the alteration of glucose 6-phosphate dehydrogenase. AB - The appearance of a heat-labile glucose 6-phosphate dehydrogenase fraction can be induced by incubation of human fibroblasts at 4 degrees C and pH 7.4. Using this system we first studied the effects of pH and NADP+ on the reversibility of the alteration. In young cells, the induced alteration of glucose 6-phosphate dehydrogenase disappeared if the pH of the medium was lowered to 6.5 or if NADP+ was added. In old cells, the disappearance of the natural heat-labile glucose 6 phosphate dehydrogenase was possible only if both pH 6.5 and NADP+ were present. Secondly, we studied the effects of the alteration and its reversibility on the equilibrium between the enzyme subunits; we showed that alteration and inactivation are linked to a dissociation of the enzyme subunits into inactive monomers. We also proposed a model where the heat-labile enzyme is a transient form between the active dimer and inactive monomer. Our results are in perfect agreement with the theories of post-translational modifications now proposed to explain the presence of the altered enzymes in old cells. PMID- 6727448 TI - [Factors in the admission of patients with acute drug poisoning]. PMID- 6727449 TI - [Ambulatory medical care: statistical study of a general medicine service under Social Security]. PMID- 6727450 TI - [Cerebral vascular pathology and mitral valve prolapse. Preliminary study]. PMID- 6727451 TI - [Pulmonary vascular thrombosis in the initial stages of the adult respiratory distress syndrome]. PMID- 6727452 TI - [Report on acquired immunodeficiency syndrome]. PMID- 6727453 TI - [Growth retardation caused by Cushing's disease]. PMID- 6727454 TI - [The Romano-Ward syndrome. Description of a clinical case and the study of 3 generations]. PMID- 6727455 TI - [Cryoglobulins: practical aspects for its detection in the laboratory]. PMID- 6727456 TI - [Serum tissue polypeptide antigen in non-oncologic clinic. Study of false positives]. PMID- 6727457 TI - [Polymyositis and lung carcinoma]. PMID- 6727458 TI - [Rheology and medicine]. PMID- 6727459 TI - [Lymphadenopathy in Still's disease of the adult]. PMID- 6727460 TI - [Use of antibiotics in primary care in Barcelona]. PMID- 6727462 TI - [Membranoproliferative glomerulonephritis and pregnancy]. PMID- 6727461 TI - [Evaluation of the efficacy of chloramphenicol and amoxicillin in the treatment of typhoid fever]. PMID- 6727464 TI - [Massive pleural effusion. Study of 84 cases]. PMID- 6727465 TI - [Dangers of natural diets]. PMID- 6727463 TI - [Enterobacter agglomerans bacteremia (Erwinia herbicola)]. PMID- 6727466 TI - [Primary hemochromatosis or secondary hemosiderosis?]. PMID- 6727467 TI - [Cerebral embolism of cardiac origin and anticoagulation. Risks]. PMID- 6727468 TI - [Outpatient care in internal medicine]. PMID- 6727469 TI - [Sclerodermiform syndrome caused by methysergide]. PMID- 6727470 TI - [Effect of suture material on wound infection]. PMID- 6727471 TI - [The right drug to the right patient in a right dosage is the goal of clinical pharmacology]. PMID- 6727472 TI - [Psychiatry in the primary care: treatment of psychotic syndromes]. PMID- 6727473 TI - [Patients with existential pain are a challenge for the physicians and the society]. PMID- 6727474 TI - [Is there any connection between Reye's syndrome and acetylsalicylic acid?]. PMID- 6727475 TI - [Strangulated hernia through the foramen of Winslow--an unusual and difficult to diagnose before operation disorder]. PMID- 6727476 TI - [Total absence of IgG without increased immunologic sensitivity]. PMID- 6727477 TI - [Atypical course in a patient with pseudoaneurysm after myocardial infarction]. PMID- 6727479 TI - [Cell junctions--a morphological overview]. PMID- 6727478 TI - [Erythema nodosum can be the first sign of Crohn disease in chiefly younger women]. PMID- 6727480 TI - [Estrogen treatment and the risk of endometrial cancer]. PMID- 6727481 TI - [Bird breeder's lung. Apropos of 22 cases and immunoelectrophoretic study of a population of 100 pigeon-fanciers presumed to be free from respiratory pathology]. PMID- 6727482 TI - [Echographic detection and treatment of fetal urinary tract malformations]. PMID- 6727483 TI - [Catheterization of the internal jugular vein in patients with hemostatic disorders. Experience with 380 tests of the procedure]. PMID- 6727484 TI - [Physiologic roles played by prolactin in the reproductive function of humans]. PMID- 6727485 TI - [Peritubular deposits of complement in acute interstitial nephritis due to rifampicin]. PMID- 6727486 TI - [Pharyngolaryngectomy and total esophagectomy without thoracotomy, with re establishment of digestive continuity by colonic transplant at the same time. Preliminary note apropos of 3 cases]. PMID- 6727487 TI - [Diabetic retinopathy]. PMID- 6727488 TI - [Swimming and medicine]. PMID- 6727489 TI - [Funicular sciatica. Apropos of 3 new cases]. PMID- 6727490 TI - [Infectious sacroiliitis in children. Apropos of a case]. PMID- 6727491 TI - [Use of high-dose corticoids (pulse methylprednisolone) in rheumatoid polyarthritis. Preliminary results]. PMID- 6727492 TI - [Atypical form of Wegener's granulomatosis simulating rhizomelic pseudopolyarthritis]. PMID- 6727493 TI - [Chronic atrophic polychondritis]. PMID- 6727494 TI - [Fruste case of osteomalacia: value of histomorphometry and the calcitonin acute hypocalcemia test]. PMID- 6727495 TI - [Cervical lymphoma from the pediatric viewpoint]. AB - On the background of the immunological maturation of the child, the enlargement of the lymphatic organs are discussed according to their occurrence . Space occupying lesions of the anterior and posterior neck triangles are differentiated facing the favoured occurrence of malignous diseases in the posterior neck triangle. Malignous diseases are found in 15 percent of patient with lymph node swelling. The following tumors of the neck are found in children: Thyreoglossus cysts 26,2%, branchiogenic cysts 23,2%, lymphangioma 10,2%, nonspecific lymphadenopathy 9,8%, tuberculous lymphadenitis including cases caused by mycobacterium avium strains 6,7%, neural tumours 4,1%, thyroid tumours 4,1%, lymphoma and Hodgkins disease 7%, other nonmalignous tumours 6,7%, tumours of the parotid gland 1,5%. Important diseases in differential diagnosis of generalized lymphadenopathy are discussed, as well as prognosis and therapeutical implications. PMID- 6727496 TI - [Electrodiagnosis of caudal cranial nerve disorders in infants and small children]. AB - The endoscopic application of electrodes for electromyography of laryngeal and pharyngeal muscles is routinely performed in adults and very helpful in electrodiagnosis of voice and speech disturbances. Dysfunctions of the lower cranial nerves in infancy and childhood are congenital diseases in most of the cases. Up to now the most helpful diagnostic tool has been direct laryngoscopy which, however, could not classify the type of peripheral or central neural or even muscular disease. It is only by electrophysiological methods that the laryngologist can answer these questions. Electromyography and neuromyography as well as reflex myography of the lower cranial nerves have been performed in ten children since 1979, enabling diagnosis and classification of congenital and acquired lesions in the muscles of tongue, soft palate, pharynx and larynx. In particular accurate diagnosis of laryngeal malacia with intact peripheral innervation and voluntary activity during electromyography is always possible. In addition, the method is helpful in the planning of therapy which consists in either conservative or surgical treatment. PMID- 6727497 TI - [Surgery of the nose in childhood: growth and late results]. AB - First of all the article reviews data on the normal and pathological growth of the nasal region. It can be said that sequelae of nasal trauma in early childhood often become more prominent during the puberal growth spurt, especially in the osseous parts of the nose. Following a brief survey of the surgical techniques, the long-term results of septal correction and of functional rhinoplasty in children are presented. Recurrences of deviations in the nasal skeleton can be found in about 20 per cent of the patients, and in about 30 per cent for the cases who had been operated on during the puberal growth spurt. PMID- 6727499 TI - [Juvenile nasopharyngeal fibroma. Report of experiences]. AB - The juvenile nasopharyngeal angiofibroma is a rare and histologically benign tumour of the adolescent male. The aetiology and site of origin are unknown. The diagnosis can easily be made by the symptoms, the typical angiographic pattern and the endoscopic picture. Complete surgical extirpation is superior to all other modalities such as radiotherapy and hormonal treatment. To reduce the enormous blood flow into the tumour, the ligation of the external carotid artery, or the embolisation of the feeding vessels are the best presurgical methods. The technique of tumour removal differs according to the size of the tumour. A great therapeutic problem are those tumours which grow through the skull base and invade the sella, the optic nerve or the cavernous sinus. These tumours should be removed as radically as possible. Small areas of intracranial tumour could remain in order to preserve the optic nerve or the pituitary. These small areas respond very well to 4000 rads. Of 14 patients treated between 1972 and 1981, 12 tumours (types I and II) could be removed completely (recurrence rate 0%), 2 neoplasms ( typ III and IV) which were removed incompletely, received 4000 rads directed at the intracranial remnant, and showed no tumour progression within 4 and 6 years. The preoperative use of hormones (2 cases) showed no effect on the tumour size, especially not on intraoperative loss of blood. PMID- 6727498 TI - [Treatment of choanal atresia]. AB - 17 unilateral and 6 bilateral choanal atresias in children were observed in the ENT-Dept. of the University Hospital Erlangen during 1975-1982. Bilateral choanal atresia requires immediate trepanation by using the CO2 or Argon laser technique. The surgical procedure in unilateral choanal atresia is postponed until the age of 4 years. Transnasal microsurgical approach is preferred in these cases because it involves minimal damage to the developing structures. The satisfying results are reported. PMID- 6727500 TI - [Surgical approach in tumors of the nasopharynx and the retromaxillary region in childhood]. AB - Continuous development of well established operative techniques have widened the indication for surgery of epipharyngeal and retromaxillary tumours. The authors describe an antero-lateral and infratemporal approach for complete removal of intra- and extracranial fibromas without preoperative embolisation, radiotherapy and ligation of the carotid arteries. PMID- 6727501 TI - [Juvenile sinusitis maxillary sinusitis--an indication for sinusoscopy?]. AB - Transnasal sinuscopy was performed in 43 children with maxillary sinusitis diagnosed by x-ray film. 70 maxillary sinuses were inspected. On 30 occasions a mucosa specimen was taken for histology. A comparison was made between endoscopical, radiological and histological findings. While we found a high degree of agreement between endoscopy and x-ray film, there was no correlation between endoscopic and histologic findings. PMID- 6727502 TI - [Endoscopic surgery of the upper aerodigestive tract in children]. AB - In the treatment of congenital and acquired diseases in the newborn, infant and older children, increasing use is being made of endoscopic surgery in the nose, paranasal sinuses and nasopharynx, and endolaryngeal microsurgery in the larynx and pharynx. In recent years new technical developments in the field of endoscopy, together with the use of various types of laser, have either made endoscopic surgery possible in the first place, or have facilitated and improved it. PMID- 6727503 TI - [Indications for tonsillectomy in childhood from the current viewpoint]. AB - Any discussion of tonsillectomy must necessarily be based on the function and pathophysiology of the palatine tonsils. Their unique anatomic structure illustrates their main immunological function: to recognize and process the transgressors from the environment, to transfer the resulting immunological information to the entire lymphatic system and, therefore, to contribute to the immuno-defensive mechanism of the infant organism. In spite of the abundance of lymphocytes of the T- and B-type in the reticular zone of their epithelium, the tonsils seem to be dispensable because the lympho-epithelial tissue of the pharyngeal mucosa has the same immunological function and, moreover, tonsillectomy does not result in any persistent immunologic defect. However, tonsillectomy in infants up to an age of 4 years should be recommended with great reluctance if at all, since up to this age the tonsils play an important part in the immunological "learning process". Some bacterio-virological aspects are equally important for the indication of tonsillectomy in individual cases as the differentiation between chronic and recurrent tonsillitis. In the treatment of the secondary cervical lymphadenitis, too, such differentiation is mandatory. Chronic tonsillitis in terms of a "focal disease" is a rare event in infants, and tonsillectomy is recommended only in such exceptional cases where recurrent streptococcal infections resulted in rheumatism or glomerulonephritis. PMID- 6727504 TI - [Acute epiglottitis in childhood]. AB - Report on 44 cases of acute epiglottitis in childhood. All of these had typical local findings and there was positive proof of bacterial growth. The incidence and occurrence of symptoms and principal signs is discussed. The high incidence of wrong diagnoses is remarkable. 4 out of 44 patients died before reaching a hospital or due to hypoxia. A concept is presented covering preclinical diagnostics and therapy, appropriate care during transport in the first-aid ambulance, and clinical treatment in the hospital. PMID- 6727505 TI - [Dysphonia in childhood]. AB - Dysphonia can be found more often in childhood than in grown-up people. Disturbances of vocal purity occur at least at certain age levels in 23% of all children. Since dysphonia is the most important laryngeal symptom, it should be clarified exactly despite the difficulties of examination in children, in order to exclude tumours, which in most cases will be papillomas. For this purpose we developed a schema which includes not only subjective but also measuring and objective methods. The examples of congenital-inherited, congenital-acquired, non congenital-inherited and non-congenital-acquired vocal disturbances show that there is a broad spectrum between the evaluation of the first cry, the right evaluation of numerous symptoms, the right evaluation of mutative dysphonias and the assessment of rhinophonias . In cases where it is not possible to clarify sufficiently well the causes of pathological vocal disorders by means of less complicated methods, it is advisable to employ the explained specific examination methods with objective documentation. The oto-rhino-laryngologist consulted by the parents of a child carries considerable responsibility also for the child's subsequent professional career if he is called upon to treat the patient's childhood dysphonia. PMID- 6727506 TI - [Measurements of airway resistance in stenosis of the laryngo-tracheal region]. AB - The airway resistance of 32 patients with tracheostomies due to tracheal or laryngeal stenoses was measured using the autoflow and the oscillation method. The resistance to flow between the mouth and tracheostomy was determined with the autoflow method. While measuring with the oscillation method the tracheostoma was blocked with stomahaesive . The comparison of both methods resulted in a good correlation (r2 = 0.83). Hence, the oscillation method can be used to determine airway resistance in patients with stenosis of the larynx or trachea, irrespective of whether or not they have a tracheostome . PMID- 6727507 TI - [Diagnostic problems with foreign-body aspirations in childhood]. AB - Diagnosing aspiration of foreign bodies in children still causes a great deal of difficulties, especially as the anamnesis is not always dependable and the aspiration has often not been noticed. This is why it sometimes takes months before the foreign bodies are discovered and removed. Quite often a child is treated over a long period for bronchitis which is actually caused by a foreign body. This report is based on experience with 33 children between 8 months and 15 years, who aspirated foreign bodies and were treated by bronchoscopy. The diagnostic difficulties are described with special emphasis on radiodiagnosis. PMID- 6727508 TI - Carbon dioxide laser enucleation of polypoid vocal cords. AB - Polypoid vocal cords have routinely been treated by endoscopic vocal cord stripping, often-times resulting in prolonged hoarseness postoperatively. Submucosal CO2 laser enucleation of the polypoid tissue, with preservation of a mucosal flap on the medial edge of the cord, has proved to be a valuable improvement. The surgical procedure is described and results are presented which suggest that voice quality is better earlier than is the case after vocal cord stripping. PMID- 6727509 TI - Intraoral ligation of the maxillary artery for posterior epistaxis. AB - Intraoral ligation of the maxillary artery for intractable posterior epistaxis has been used effectively in 14 consecutive patients, all of whom had failed conventional anterior and posterior packing techniques. Fresh cadaver material was dissected in order to define the anatomic relationships of the infratemporal portion of the maxillary artery, as well as to develop the surgical technique prior to clinical application. The results indicate that this technique is rapid, safe, versatile, and effective in the majority of patients that require surgical interruption of the blood supply to the nose. The results of this study and the surgical technique are discussed. PMID- 6727510 TI - Hyperparathyroidism, hypercalcemia and the otolaryngology head and neck surgeon. AB - Ability to successfully accomplish parathyroid surgery, as well as to understand the pathophysiology of parathyroid disease and hypercalcemia, is essential to the Otolaryngology Head and Neck surgeon (who must treat parathyroid disease), because of the more frequent identification of parathyroid adenomata and parathyroid hyperplasia (with their inherent hypercalcemia). Today many more cases are recognized because of hypercalcemia identified by now routine multiphasic biochemical screening tests. The etiology of hypercalcemia is discussed in considering the differential diagnosis of pseudohyperparathyroidism, and true hyperparathyroidism of parathyroid hyperplasia and parathyroid adenomata. Pseudohyperparathyroidism, secondary to ectopic elaboration of parathormone-like substance is treated medically. Parathyroid hyperplasia can sometimes be controlled medically, but the only definitive treatment for hyperplasia and parathyroid adenomata is surgery, to the extent indicated, in these often critically ill patients with this multisystem disease. Medical, as well as surgical treatment, is described. A patient is described who demonstrated in a slowly moving montage all the classic history and findings of severe hyperparathyroidism in successive phases to her ultimate demise, manifesting neurological, renometabolic , skeletal, cardiovascular and gastrointestinal multisystem symptoms which are described. The complete relief of the acute symptoms following excision of a massive parathyroid adenomata is described and the spectacular pathologic specimen is demonstrated. This patient's course is compared with that of a typical case of pseudohyperparathyroidism. PMID- 6727511 TI - Computed tomography in suppurative ear disease: a correlation of surgical and radiographic findings. AB - Forty-two patients with chronic otitis media underwent preoperative CT scanning followed by surgical exploration of the middle ear and mastoid. The CT finding of abnormal soft tissue density associated with bone erosion was highly correlated with the surgical finding of cholesteatoma. By contrast, the total absence of abnormal soft tissue on CT essentially excluded cholesteatoma. However, 50% of all patients had abnormal soft tissue on CT scan not accompanied by bone erosion. In this largest group of patients it was not possible to diagnose or exclude cholesteatoma on the basis of CT findings alone. Also, CT occasionally gave the erroneous impression of lateral semicircular canal fistulization, tegmen tympani erosion, and facial nerve involvement due to volume averaging of these structures with adjacent soft tissues. CT scan has a role in the evaluation of selected patients with chronic otitis media, but must be interpreted cautiously in view of its limitations and numerous pitfalls. PMID- 6727512 TI - Otologic involvement in late syphilis. AB - In 38 patients with cochleovestibular dysfunction and no cause other than syphilis (congenital in 15, acquired in 23), there was no characteristic pattern to the dysfunction. Sensorineural hearing loss was present in all (bilateral in 82%, unilateral in 18%), and 42% had episodic rotatory vertigo. Only 24% had the classic triad of symptoms of endolymphatic hydrops. The impairment was less in the first 5 years of hearing loss than in subsequent intervals; the average impairments were comparable in the second through fifth decades. PMID- 6727513 TI - Stapedectomy in residency training. AB - The number of new patients with otosclerosis seen by the average otolaryngologist has declined over the past several years. As a result, a controversy has arisen regarding the ability to train residents adequately in the technique of stapedectomy. In this regard, we have analyzed 44 consecutive stapedectomies performed by senior residents, under direct faculty supervision, at the University of California, San Francisco. All procedures were total stapedectomies, performed under local anesthesia, utilizing either wire-vein or wire-perichondrium technique. Four of the ears required footplate or promontory drilling. Closure to within 10 dB of the preoperative bone conduction, averaged over the speech frequencies of 500, 1000, and 2000 Hz, was achieved in 75% of ears, and closure to within 20 dB in 93% of ears. In no patient was hearing made worse. While there were no permanent complications, self-limited problems occurred in 9% of the procedures. Despite a declining caseload of otosclerotic ears in residency programs, it is possible to train residents safely in stapes surgery, given a program of consistent technique and close faculty supervision. PMID- 6727514 TI - Schwannomas of the jugular foramen. AB - Schwannoma is an important entity in the differential diagnosis of the enlarged jugular foramen. Our recent experience with 4 consecutive large schwannomas over a 12-month period is presented. As these tumors are usually less vascular than glomus jugulare tumors, they are frequently more amenable to surgical extirpation. Radiologic clues to their identity include discrete borders and less angiographic vascularity when compared with glomus jugulare tumors. Our operative treatment of these cases has evolved to include preoperative embolization with Ivalon sponge particles, followed by a lateral temporal bone resection in exposing the jugular foramen. A posterior fossa craniotomy is done as a second stage when necessary. This staging allows for less morbidity and greater chance for total tumor removal. The surgical technique and relevant anatomy are reviewed and illustrated. PMID- 6727515 TI - Dermoid of the petrous apex. AB - Radiolucent lesions of the petrous apex of the temporal bone are unusual, with an incidence of less than 1%. The differential diagnosis includes giant apical air cells, acquired cholesteatomas, congenital cholesteatomas or epidermoids, true dermoids and teratomas, and benign and malignant neoplasms. The authors present an extremely rare case of a true dermoid of the petrous apex which eroded into the clivus of the occipital bone, and discuss the differential diagnosis, symptomatology, and diagnostic work-up. Complete resection is the preferred management if it can be done easily and and safety; however, since the lesions are usually unresectable and manifest few symptoms, a conservative surgical approach for diagnosis and decompression is urged. The authors discuss in detail a surgical approach which allows for preservation of function and hearing, as well as diagnosis and immediate decompression. Further surgical decompressions, when needed, can be easily, quickly, and safely achieved through the same surgical approach. A review of the medical literature has revealed no previously reported case of a true dermoid involving the petrous apex. PMID- 6727516 TI - Tympanostomy tubes in children with hemophilia A. AB - With proper teamwork between the hemotologist and otolaryngologist, children with hemophilia A and otitis media can obtain the benefits of tympanostomy tubes; 90% phenol applied topically to the tympanic membrane is a useful hemostatic agent. The technique may allow the hemophiliac child to undergo myringotomy and insertion of tympanostomy tubes without the use of blood products. There is evidence that the use of such blood products derived from pooled human plasma may be associated with the development of acquired immune deficiency syndrome (AIDS). PMID- 6727517 TI - Transtympanic iontophoresis: personal experience. AB - After having described the method of application used for iontophoresis and the results of previous studies carried out by other authors in the hope of finding a definite use for its clinical application, the authors present their personal experience carried out with the use of various chemical substances applied to both the guinea pig and to man. The chemicals taken into consideration were those used in the treatment of otitis media: anti-inflammatory, antibiotic, and mucolytic products. Iontophoresis proved to be a simple and effective method for the treatment of certain middle ear diseases, and offered a more rapid recovery in comparison with subjects treated uniquely by traditional methods. PMID- 6727518 TI - Alveolar pyogenic granuloma: review and report of a case. AB - A large exophytic bone-resorbing lesion was discovered in the oral cavity of an institutionalized 33-year-old male. An excisional biopsy under general anesthesia was performed. Frozen and permanent histologic sections confirmed a reactive gingival fibroma consistent with a pyogenic granuloma. This lesion is unusual in that it attained a very large size and caused marked remodeling of the alveolar bone of the mandible. Of interest as well, this highly vascular lesion was found to have numerous feeding vessels from the alveolar bone. A retained tooth root was encountered within the lesion, presumably the etiologic factor producing this lesion. A differential diagnosis is presented and discussed. The lesion should be of particular interest to otolaryngologists who deal with intraoral lesions and their treatment, since it illustrates an extreme presentation of a totally benign process. PMID- 6727519 TI - A destructive maxillary cemento-ossifying fibroma following maxillofacial trauma. AB - The cemento-ossifying fibroma, a mesodermal type of non-odontogenic tumor, is rarely discussed in the otolaryngologic literature. It is a tumor that is seen more in blacks than in whites, appears largely in the elderly, is chiefly located in the mandibular molar or premolar area and is generally neither aggressive nor excessively destructive. The triggering mechanism for its derivation from aberrant periodontal membrane growth or development from endosteal fibrous tissue remains controversial. We report a case of cemento-ossifying fibroma in a 26-year old Hispanic male which was located in the posterior portion of the maxilla which destroyed the maxillary bone, orbital floor, and the lateral wall of the nose. One year prior to discovery of the lesion the patient sustained severe facial trauma resulting in facial bone fractures. It may be speculated that the trauma sustained was the critical triggering factor allowing for unchecked growth and destruction associated with an otherwise non-aggressive tumor, which may have been present prior to the traumatic incident. PMID- 6727520 TI - Nasopharyngeal brain heterotopia--a cause of upper airway obstruction in infancy. AB - The finding of mature neuroglial tissue in a mass from the head and neck region of a child raises four differential diagnostic possibilities: teratoma, encephalocele, glioma, and heterotopic brain tissue. We present a review of the literature and discuss the clinical, radiographical, and pathological features of a rare nasopharyngeal brain heterotopia in an infant causing upper airway obstruction. PMID- 6727521 TI - Treatment of the clinically negative neck in floor of the mouth carcinoma. AB - A retrospective study of 61 consecutive patients with floor of mouth carcinoma and a clinically negative neck was done to determine the value of elective treatment to the neck. Subsequent histologically proven nodal disease was analyzed according to initial treatment modality (23 surgical, 38 irradiation), stage (29--T1,27--T2,5--T3), hemi-neck at risk (midline lesions placed both hemi necks at risk), and primary control for a minimum of 2 years (50 patients, 78 hemi-necks at risk). Neck failures were classified by T stage, extent of neck treatment (upper neck or complete) and by primary control at the time of manifest neck metastasis. Of the hemi-necks at risk with the primary controlled, 10% (17% of patients) developed nodal disease without complete neck treatment; 86% (6/7) of these patients were salvaged. The occult positive node incidence, conservatively calculated by elimination of all patients treated with elective partial or total neck irradiation, was 10% for patients with T1 and T2 lesions (7% for hemi-necks at risk). Based on the clinical course of patients with primary control, only 1 patient (2%) might have benefited from initial complete elective neck treatment. These results suggest that elective neck treatment in early (T1 and T2, N0) floor of mouth carcinoma is of doubtful value. Supraomohyoid , rather than suprahyoid dissection, is recommended if surgical treatment of the neck is undertaken. PMID- 6727522 TI - Cystic metastasis from occult tonsillar primary simulating branchiogenic carcinoma: the case for tonsillectomy as a "grand biopsy". AB - The occult primary is a problem well known to head and neck surgeons. Less frequently discussed, but well documented, is cystic degeneration of metastatic nodes. When these conditions combine, they can suggest tumor arising in a pre existing cervical cyst. This is a controversial condition, rare if it occurs at all, and is not to be invoked lightly. PMID- 6727523 TI - New anterior commissure laryngeal mirror and oval nasopharyngeal mirror. PMID- 6727524 TI - Completing the nasal fracture. PMID- 6727525 TI - Broken geometrical pattern used for facial scar revision. PMID- 6727526 TI - Artificial larynx. PMID- 6727527 TI - Nonthermal effects of ND:YAG laser on biological functions of human skin fibroblasts in culture. AB - Previous studies have indicated that laser can selectively affect the biological functions of cells. In the present study, the role of a thermal component in laser-induced alterations in the biology of human skin fibroblasts was examined. Cells were cultured on 96-well tissue culture plates, subjected to treatment with the Nd:YAG laser (wavelength 1,064 nm), and the temperature of the medium was monitored by a microprobe connected to a telethermometer . For comparison, parallel cultures were heated to the same temperatures by tungsten-halogen lamp. The cell cultures were analyzed for collagen synthesis by incubating the cultures with [3H]proline, and the collagen production was assayed by the synthesis of nondialyzable [3H]hydroxyproline. The rate of DNA replication was also determined by measuring the uptake of [3H]thymidine. A marked decrease of collagen production and thymidine incorporation was noted in the cultures subjected to Nd:YAG laser. No such decreases were noted in cultures heated to the corresponding temperatures by tungsten-halogen lamp. The results thus indicate that the biochemical alteration caused by the Nd:YAG laser in human fibroblast functions cannot be explained on the basis of thermal effects. PMID- 6727528 TI - Effects of low energy laser on wound healing in a porcine model. AB - Low energy helium neon laser has been suggested as an effective adjuvant in the healing of open wounds. To date, supportive studies have been performed in loose skinned animals. For such data to be clinically meaningful, it was felt necessary to study this effect in an animal with a dermal structure more closely resembling that of man, the pig. After creating 62 partial thickness wounds on the dorsum of domestic swine, one-half of these were randomized to receive laser treatment. The remainder served as controls. Laser treated wounds received a daily treatment of 15 sec/cm2 at an irradiance of 64 mW/cm2 (energy fluence = .96 J/cm2/day). With these treatment parameters, we could not demonstrate any clinically significant laser induced acceleration of open wound healing. PMID- 6727529 TI - [Clinical study of biomechanical disorders in the ankle joint after fracture of the fibula]. PMID- 6727530 TI - [Mycetism--new moments and approaches]. PMID- 6727531 TI - [Epidermoid cysts of the spleen]. PMID- 6727532 TI - [Blood vessels of the abdomen in computerized tomography]. PMID- 6727533 TI - [Is there justification for additional prevention using vitamin D in therapy with barbiturates?]. PMID- 6727534 TI - [A hypothesis on hereditary angioedema as a disease state due to the excessive care by the body in preserving its health]. PMID- 6727535 TI - [To tell or not to tell the definite diagnosis to a patient with cancer]. PMID- 6727536 TI - [Nifedipine in the marketplace]. PMID- 6727537 TI - [Biliary surgery in persons older than 70 years of age]. PMID- 6727538 TI - Heart and liver lipid fatty acid and behavior changes in mice after a diet change. AB - 270-Day old, male Ham/ICR mice were subjected to a diet change from high protein and carbohydrate and low fat to a diet higher in fat and lower in carbohydrate and protein. Age matched mice were maintained on laboratory rodent chow as controls. The diet change was not defined so the observed differences could not necessarily be ascribed to altered protein, carbohydrate, or fat intake. Comparison of the controls with the experimental mice revealed the " junk food" mice differed in lipid fatty acid profiles of the heart and liver and in percentage of lipid palmitic and oleic acids in these organs and also in plasma. Appearance was altered in the experimental mice which had dull, greasy coats. In addition, the experimental animals were less active, slept singly, and were slower in negotiating a three-choice maze than their comparably housed counterparts, indicating altered activity/curiosity behavior. PMID- 6727539 TI - The effect of calcitonin on prolactin secretion during gestation. AB - The relationship between calcitonin (CT) and prolactin (PRL) was studied by means of the injection of salmon calcitonin (SCT) i.p. on day 1 of gestation. An estrogen inhibitor - clomiphene - was also administered to certain groups of animals on day 4 and 5 of gestation. SCT did not affect PRL levels on day 1 of gestation nor on days 5 or 7, but it prevented the rise of PRL levels observed in animals submitted to injection stress on days 4 and 5. In animals treated with clomiphene, the inhibition by SCT on PRL increase after injection stress was partially abolished. SCT while not affecting basal PRL level prevented the rise observed after stress and this effect occurred some days later. Thus SCT could exercise a delayed neuroendocrine control. This action of SCT seemed to be partially dependent upon the presence of estrogens. PMID- 6727540 TI - Endocrine influences on the actions of morphine: IV. Effects of sex and strain. AB - The antinociceptive and temperature responses to morphine were compared in male and female rats from two different strains. Males of both the Sprague-Dawley and Wistar-Furth strains were slightly more responsive to the acute actions of morphine than were females of the same strain. However, Wistar-Furth animals required approximately twice the dose of morphine to display equivalent antinociceptive responses and four times the dose of display equivalent hypothermic responses when compared with Sprague-Dawley animals. During chronic morphine treatment, the development of tolerance was slightly more rapid in males than in females and in Sprague-Dawley animals than in Wistar-Furth animals. Gonadal hormones also influenced morphine responses. Ovariectomized rats were significantly more responsive acutely to morphine and developed tolerance less rapidly than estradiol-treated females. However, alterations of gonadal hormones in males did not affect morphine responses. These results indicate that morphine responses vary considerably between strains of animals and are influenced by gonadal hormones of females, but not of males. PMID- 6727541 TI - Serotonin involvement in the inhibition of luteinizing hormone (LH) release during immobilization in castrated male rats. AB - The involvement of serotonin in mediating the inhibitory effect of immobilization stress on LH secretion in castrated male rats was examined by employing p chlorophenylalanine (PCPA, 320 mg/kg, ip), an inhibitor of serotonin synthesis, and 5,6-dihydroxytryptamine (5,6-DHT, 50 micrograms, icv), a drug toxic to the indoleaminergic system. Immobilization stress suppressed pulsatile LH release and decreased mean plasma LH levels. Pretreatment with PCPA or 5,6-DHT apparently eliminated the inhibitory effect of immobilization stress on LH release. These results suggest the possible involvement of a serotoninergic mechanism in mediating the suppression of LH release induced by immobilization stress in castrated male rats. PMID- 6727542 TI - Evaluation of 3,6-dibutanoylmorphine as an analgesic in vivo: comparison with morphine and 3,6-diacetylmorphine. AB - Dibutanoylmorphine (DBM), a synthetic diester of morphine, was compared with morphine (M) and diacetylmorphine (DAM) for analgesic efficacy, potency and duration of action following I.V. administration in rats. Analgesia was assessed in groups of eight animals using both tail-flick and hot-plate testing methods following random administration of five different doses of each drug. DBM was found to be substantially more potent than M, but less potent than DAM in both tail-Flick and hot-plate tests of nociception. Similarly, assessment of duration of action at the ED50 for each drug revealed that DBM has a duration of analgesia which is intermediate between the durations of M and DAM. Thus, in rats in vivo, DBM is an effective analgesic and has a reasonable duration of action release to other opioids. PMID- 6727543 TI - Methylphenidate increases heart rate, blood pressure and plasma epinephrine in normal subjects. AB - Following an intravenous infusion of methylphenidate (0.3 mg/kg) there were significant increases in plasma epinephrine, heart rate, systolic and diastolic pressure, but there was no change in plasma norepinephrine. This pattern of response differs from that seen with D-amphetamine or caffeine. PMID- 6727544 TI - High affinity binding sites for [3H]-nitrendipine in rabbit uterine smooth muscle. AB - The binding properties of the high affinity binding site for [3H]-nitrendipine on rabbit uteri membranes were investigated. The specific component had a dissociation constant of 0.46 +/- .07 nM and a maximal binding of 175 +/- 11 pmol/mg. A variety of other calcium channel blockers inhibited the binding of [3H]nitrendipine with varying potencies. Flunarizine demonstrated a high potency (IC50 = 0.30 microM) in inhibiting binding while verapamil and bepridil were less potent with IC50's of approximately 0.6-1.5 microM. Diltiazem did not displace nitrendipine even at very high concentrations. Verapamil displayed negative cooperative inhibition suggesting that a second site exists on uterine membranes for the binding of other calcium channel blockers. PMID- 6727545 TI - Constraints on the tailflick assay: morphine analgesia and tolerance are dependent upon locus of tail stimulation. AB - In three experiments, the locus of tail stimulation in the tailflick assay was found to be an important parameter in determining morphine action. Rats were intravenously infused (Experiment I), injected with morphine subcutaneously (Experiment II), or implanted subcutaneously with morphine pellets (Experiment III). Analgesia was evaluated periodically following drug administration using the tailflick test and 3 adjacent 1 in. tail areas. In all three experiments, the distal tail section was more sensitive to the analgesic effects of morphine than more proximal sections. In Experiments I and III, tolerance to the effects of morphine developed more slowly at the distal tail location. These results indicate that the locus of stimulation in the tailflick assay can profoundly affect the development of analgesia and tolerance to morphine. PMID- 6727546 TI - Hepatic conversion of thyroxine to triiodothyronine in obese and lean Zucker rats. AB - The in vitro conversion of thyroxine (T4) to triiodothyronine (T3) was studied in liver homogenates from fed and fasted lean and obese Zucker rats. T3 generation was decreased in fed young (2 month) obese rats as compared to values in fed lean controls. This was not corrected by the addition of dithiothreitol (DTT), suggesting a deficiency in 5'-deiodinase activity in young obese rats. Both lean and obese 2 month old rats responded to a 2 day fast by decreasing hepatic T3 generation as is always observed in other strains of rats. The hepatic conversion rate was not decreased in older (5 month) fed obese rats when compared to age matched lean controls. Hepatic conversion of T4 to T3 was markedly decreased in 5 month old lean Zucker rats fasted for 4 days. In contrast, a 4 day fast had no effect on the hepatic conversion rate in the 5 month old obese rats. The hepatic conversion rate was assessed in 5 month old obese rats fasted for up to 28 days and hepatic conversion still did not decrease. This paradoxical response of the 5 month old obese rat may provide a new model to further evaluate the control of hepatic T3 generation from T4. PMID- 6727547 TI - Neural mechanisms in cardiac arrhythmias associated with epileptogenic activity: the effect of phenobarbital in the cat. AB - Sudden unexplained death accounts for 5-17% of mortality in epileptic persons; autonomic dysfunction is thought to be a contributing factor. This paper describes the effect of phenobarbital (PB) pretreatment (20 mg/kg, i.v.) one hour prior to pentylenetetrazol (PTZ) 10, 20, 50, 100, 200, and 2000 mg/kg, i.v. given at ten minute intervals on autonomic parameters in the cat. PB depressed heart rate, blood pressure, and postganglionic cardiac sympathetic neural discharge, but did not significantly alter vagal discharge. PB shifted the peak duration of interictal activity from a lower to a higher dose of PTZ without affecting the average duration across doses. PB also significantly diminished the increases in heart rate and blood pressure induced by PTZ but altered neither the occurrence of arrhythmias nor the changes in cardiac autonomic neural discharge. Thus, PB appears to prevent only some forms of autonomic dysfunction associated with epileptogenic activity in this model. PMID- 6727548 TI - A low molecular weight zinc-copper lipolytic protein from chick liver. AB - A lipolytic zinc-copper protein has been isolated from the cytosol of chick liver. This material had a molecular weight of 6000 daltons, contained four atoms of zinc and one atom of copper per molecule. The 6000 dalton fraction aggregated at high ionic strength or in the presence of sodium dodecyl sulphate. Lipolytic activity was observed towards triolein, tripalmitin , phosphatidyl choline and retinyl palmitate, and was stimulated by cholate, Ca and high NaCl concentrations, and was inhibited by sulphydryl reagents, inhibitors of serine esterases, alkaline phosphatase and chelating agents. It appears that this copper zinc protein is distinct from metallothionein which has no lipolytic activity. PMID- 6727549 TI - The effects of aspirin and dimethyl sulphoxide on the latency of lysosomes in a cell-free system. AB - Lysosomal preparations were exposed to various concentrations of dimethylsulphoxide (DMSO) and aspirin singularly and in combination. Acid phosphatase and beta-glucuronidase activities were measured and utilized as an indication of lysosomal membrane stability under experimental conditions in the presence and absence of these drugs. Extremely low concentrations of each drug were employed in an attempt to mimic the levels which might be feasible in vivo. There was a significant decrease of enzyme activity (increased structure-linked latency) in the presence of DMSO. Aspirin had no significant effect on the latency of the lysosomes. There was no indication of synergism between DMSO and aspirin. It was concluded that some of the therapeutic advantages attributed to DMSO in the treatment of arthritis and other musculoskeletal diseases may come from the stabilization of lysosomes in cells that contribute to the pathological condition. Aspirin did not seem to exert a therapeutic effect through this mechanism. PMID- 6727550 TI - Prolidase and prolidase deficiency. AB - Prolidase deficiency seems to be a rather rare metabolic disorder. However, many new cases can be detected because screening is easy to perform and enzymatic confirmation allows the differentiation from other iminodipeptidurias . Clinical symptoms are briefly reviewed, while biological considerations and prolidase properties are exhaustively described. Methods for investigating urinary iminodipeptides are given with results. Moreover, several collagen modifications observed in this disorder led us to formulate a hypothesis for their mechanism. Genetic considerations and treatment attempts are discussed. PMID- 6727551 TI - A novel form of dependency of hepatic extraction ratio of opioids in vivo upon the portal vein concentration of drug: comparison of morphine, diamorphine, fentanyl, methadone and buprenorphine in the chronically cannulated cow. AB - In the chronically cannulated cow, the hepatic extraction ratio for intravenous boluses of morphine, diamorphine, fentanyl, methadone and buprenorphine increased towards a plateau value as portal vein drug concentration increased. An extraction ratio close to zero for morphine was observed at a portal vein plasma drug concentration of about 200 nanomol per litre, which is within the range for significant pharmacodynamic effects. The similar concentrations extrapolated for the other narcotics would be of less pharmacodynamic importance. The phenomenon did not depend with morphine on the history of drug delivery to the liver; measurement of hepatic blood flow showed the effect was not an artifact of unrepresentative blood sampling, and was not related to any action of the narcotics on hepatic blood flow. The existence of this novel type of concentration dependent hepatic extraction ratio in vivo can explain a number of anomalous observations on narcotic pharmacokinetics, especially for morphine. Furthermore, similar behaviour may be expected for non-opioid drugs having similar pharmacokinetic properties. PMID- 6727552 TI - HMGCoA reductase and cholesterol 7 alpha-hydroxylase in human liver. AB - The activities of HMGCoA reductase and cholesterol 7 alpha-hydroxylase were assayed in liver biopsies of patients with or without cholestyramine treatment. The active dephosphorylated form of HMGCoA reductase and the activity of cholesterol 7 alpha-hydroxylase were under the detection limits in untreated subjects. After cholestyramine treatment activities of both enzymes were stimulated and the active form of HMGCoA reductase became detectable in four out of the five tested patients. In two subjects who received cholestyramine, the effect of exogenously added [4-14C] cholesterol on cholesterol 7 alpha hydroxylase was tested. In the presence of Tween 80, the detergent by which [14C]cholesterol was suspended, the enzyme activity was profoundly inhibited and synthesis of 7 alpha-hydroxycholesterol was extremely low. PMID- 6727553 TI - Cholinergic and monoaminergic substrates of startle habituation. AB - Research is reviewed arising from the proposition that behavioral habituation is mediated by brain mechanisms operated by the neurotransmitter, acetylcholine. Effects of cholinergic drugs on habituation of the startle response in rats fail to support involvement of acetylcholine. Likewise, serotonergic drug effects do not favor the more recent view that startle habituation depends on brain serotonin, nor is there sufficient evidence for an essential role of either dopamine or noradrenaline . Because of persistence of habituation following challenge with a variety of pharmacological agents, the phenomenon probably depends upon a complex interplay between a number of transmitters and behavioral processes. Contrary to earlier belief, no single transmitter should be seen as crucially responsible for startle habituation. PMID- 6727554 TI - Naloxone inhibition of stress-induced daily torpor. AB - Peromyscus maniculatus, deermice , were induced into daily torpor by restricting food to one-half daily ration. Intraperitoneal injection of naloxone (20 mg/kg) into mice habituated to daily IP injections of saline inhibited or modified the expression of daily torpor. In those individuals demonstrating long duration/deep bouts (greater than 300 min/body temperature 20 degrees C or below) naloxone administration resulted in 1) a significant decrease in the duration of torpor, 2) a significant elevation in minimum body temperatures attained during torpor and 3) a significant delay in the initiation time of torpor. In those individuals demonstrating short duration/shallow bouts (less than 300 min/body temperatures above 20 degrees C), naloxone administration resulted only in a significant delay of initiation time. Upon subsequent return to saline administration, however, these mice displayed a significant increase in the duration and depth of torpor. The results suggest that the endogenous opiates modulate the state of daily torpor. PMID- 6727555 TI - Muscarinic cholinoceptors and choline acetyltransferase activity in the hypothalamus of spontaneously hypertensive rats. AB - To study the role of central cholinergic mechanisms in hypertension, we have determined muscarinic receptors using [3H] (-)quinuclidinyl benzilate (QNB) and choline acetyltransferase (ChAT) activity in the brain regions of spontaneously hypertensive rats (SHR), stroke-prone SHR (SHRSP) and renal hypertensive rats. The number of muscarinic receptors was significantly (33-38 %) elevated in the hypothalamus of SHR and SHRSP at the ages of 16 and 24 weeks compared to that of Wistar-Kyoto rats (WKY). An increased density of muscarinic receptors was consistently observed in the prehypertensive (5 weeks) and developmental (10 weeks) stages of hypertension. In contrast, in the hypothalamus of rats with renal hypertension there was no muscarinic receptor alteration. The receptor alteration in the SHRSP hypothalamus was not abolished by a chronic hypotensive treatment which prevented the development of hypertension, suggesting that an enhancement of the muscarinic receptors in spontaneous hypertension does not occur secondarily to the elevation of blood pressure. The hypothalamus of SHR and SHRSP at the ages of 5 and 24 weeks showed significantly less activity of ChAT. These data demonstrate that there is a specific increase in muscarinic receptors and a decrease in cholinergic activity in the hypothalamus of SHR and SHRSP. Thus, the present study suggests an important role for hypothalamic cholinergic receptors in the pathogenesis of spontaneous hypertension. PMID- 6727556 TI - Dietary ascorbic acid deficiency in guinea pigs: no effect on ethanol preference, spiroperidol binding, or monoamine oxidase activity. AB - Ascorbic acid levels are commonly reported to be decreased in alcoholics. Although this deficiency could be due to dietary factors, there is evidence that ascorbic acid may be involved in the metabolism and acute effects of ethanol, possibly related to the pathogenesis of alcoholism. Therefore, we examined ethanol preference in guinea pigs receiving an ascorbate deficient vs a normal diet. Brain and spleen ascorbic acid levels were dramatically decreased, but ethanol preference was not altered by the acute dietary deficiency of this vitamin. In addition, an acute stressor (cold water swim), alone or in combination with ascorbate deficiency, had no effect on ethanol preference. At termination of the experiment, two measures of brain aminergic function (MAO activity and 3H-spiroperidol binding), purportedly altered by ethanol or ascorbic acid or both, were not associated with tissue ascorbate levels. PMID- 6727557 TI - Cholecystokinin tetrapeptide, proglumide and open-field behavior in rats. AB - The effect of cholecystokinin tetrapeptide (CCK-4) was studied in an open field situation. CCK-4 increased locomotion and rearing and the effect was enhanced by proglumide, a selective antagonist of CCK-8. This is in sharp contrast to our earlier findings that CCK-8 decreased the open-field behavior and that proglumide completely blocked the effect. Thus, the effects of CCK-4 and CCK-8 appear to be opposite to each other in that one is excitatory and the other inhibitory to open field responses. PMID- 6727558 TI - Systemic vasodilatation and renal sodium excretion: effects of hydralazine and diazoxide. AB - The effects on renal sodium excretion of two systemic vasodilators, hydralazine and diazoxide, were investigated in volume expanded, anesthetized rats with unilaterally denervated kidneys. Urinary sodium excretion and fractional excretion of filtered sodium increased following hydralazine but decreased following diazoxide. Changes in renal hemodynamics were dissimilar as well: renal plasma flow was increased following hydralazine, but unchanged with diazoxide. All changes in renal sodium excretion and renal hemodynamics following hydralazine were prevented by pretreatment with indomethacin. Renal denervation accentuated the increases in fractional sodium excretion and renal blood flow that occurred following hydralazine. Hydralazine and diazoxide differ substantially in their effects on renal sodium excretion, apparently due to the stimulation of renal prostaglandins by the former agent. Although renal innervation attenuates the natriuretic effect of hydralazine, stimulation of the sympathetic nervous system does not account for differences in the renal effects of these two drugs. PMID- 6727559 TI - Inhibition of ascorbate autoxidation by a dialyzed, heat-denatured extract of plant tissues. AB - Preparations obtained from various plant sources were analyzed for their effect on the autoxidation of ascorbic acid and norepinephrine. The former reaction was followed by spectrophotometric detection of ascorbic acid at 265 nm, the latter one by measuring the formation of noradrenochrome at 480 nm. Extracts were prepared from Philodendron leaves and the edible portion and seeds of green peppers (Capsicum Annuum ). The tissues were minced, homogenized in 10 volumes of 16 mM Na-phosphate buffer pH 7.4 and centrifuged at 35, 000g for 30 min. The supernatant was dialyzed in 12,000 m.w. cut-off tubing, denatured in boiling water and centrifuged at 10, 000g for 10 min. Aliquots (5-50 ul) of the supernatant were assayed in 5 ml 16 mM Na-phosphate buffer pH 7.4 containing 100 uM ascorbate or norepinephrine. The denatured extracts had marked dose-dependent inhibitory effect on the autoxidation of ascorbic acid, with negligible influence on the formation of noradrenochrome . EDTA inhibited both reactions. The selectiveness of the extract toward the autoxidation of ascorbic acid makes it unlikely that the inhibitory effect is based on sequestering metal-ions. PMID- 6727560 TI - Tyrosine prevents behavioral and neurochemical correlates of an acute stress in rats. AB - Exposure of rats to an acute, uncontrollable stressor can increase brain norepinephrine (NE) turnover and decrease locomotor and exploratory behavior. We examined the ability of exogenous tyrosine, NE's amino acid precursor, to protect rats from developing these neurochemical and behavioral changes when stressed. Animals pretreated with saline or tyrosine (200 mg/kg, i.p.) were subjected to tail shock (15 v, 2 mA, 5 sec/30 sec) or to no shock during a 60-min period. Exposure to shock depleted NE and increased its turnover [as indicated by altered NE and 3-methoxy-4-hydroxy-phenylene-glycol sulfate levels (MHPG-SO4)] within the locus coeruleus, the hippocampus and the hypothalamus. Behavioral deficits were observed using measures of locomotion, standing on hind legs, and hole-poking in an open-field apparatus. Animals given tyrosine before shock displayed neither shock-induced NE depletion nor the deficits in locomotion and hole-poking; brain MHPG-SO4 levels tended to be greater than after shock alone. These observations suggest that the stress caused NE to be released from some neurons more rapidly than it could be restored by synthesis or reuptake, thereby impairing noradrenergic transmission and NE-dependent exploratory behaviors. Tyrosine administration presumably enhanced the transmitter's synthesis in stressed animals, thereby preventing both the neurochemical and the behavioral deficits. PMID- 6727561 TI - Electric acupuncture stimulates non-parietal cell secretion of the stomach in dog. AB - Effects of acupuncture and electroacupuncture (EAP) on gastric secretion were studied in the interdigestive state of five conscious dogs prepared with esophagostomy and gastric cannulas. Both EAP and acupuncture without electrical stimulation produced significant increases in gastric secretion of bicarbonate and sodium. At the same time, a marked decrease in gastric secretion of acid was noted. EAP clearly demonstrated a greater effect on gastric secretion within these three parameters than did simple acupuncture. The fact that the effects of EAP and acupuncture on gastric secretion of bicarbonate and sodium were completely blocked by either a local anesthetic agent or anticholinergic agent indicates that gastric secretion involves a somatic afferent-visceral reflex mechanism in which a cholinergic nerve plays a role. PMID- 6727562 TI - Effect of ethanol feeding on the urinary histamine level of the pregnant rat. AB - The influence of ethanol feeding during pregnancy on histamine excretion was studied. Pregnant Sprague-Dawley rats (N = 5) were fed a liquid diet containing 30% ethanol-derived calories from gestation-day 7 to 21; control rats (N = 5) were pair-fed with isocaloric sucrose substituted for ethanol. Twenty-four hour urines were collected for histamine analysis. Rats were killed on day 21 of gestation. Food and ethanol intakes averaged 260 kcal and 11 g/kg/day, respectively. No differences were found between ethanol and control rats in maternal weight gain, litter size or in fetal and placental weights. Although urinary histamine increased in all rats with the advance of pregnancy, on day 16, ethanol rats excreted significantly more (47%) than the controls (199.1 +/- 33.9 vs 135.5 +/- 51.4 ug/24 hr); on day 20, it was 123% more (534.6 +/- 114.4 vs 239.5 +/- 99.3 ug/24 hr). Ethanol enhanced urinary histamine did not reflect the histamine content or histidine decarboxylase activity of fetal liver, presumed site of histamine formation; its physiological significance is discussed. PMID- 6727563 TI - Brain uptake indices of guanidine and 4-aminopyridine. AB - A deficiency of central neural transmission mediated by acetylcholine (ACh) is implicated in the etiopathology of Alzheimer's disease. The appreciation of this neurochemical deficit has led to treatment strategies designed to facilitate central cholinergic transmission (1). A major limitation of current clinical studies is the availability of centrally-effective, long-acting cholinomimetic agents. This situation has led to the search for such agents. PMID- 6727564 TI - Effects of single oral dose administration of a hydantoin prostaglandin analogue BW 245C in man. AB - Following an open pilot study, BW 245C , a hydantoin prostaglandin analogue, was given by mouth in an aqueous solution to six healthy volunteers. The subjects received BW 245C 50 and 150 micrograms and placebo on separate occasions according to a double blind randomised design. Heart rate, blood pressure and, using visual analogue scales, facial flushing, abdominal discomfort and headache, were measured before dosing, at 15 minute intervals after dosing for 2 hours and at 30 minute intervals for a further 2 hours. Platelet aggregation responses to ADP and to collagen were measured before dosing and at 15 minutes, 45 minutes, 2 hours and 4 hours after dosing. Cutaneous bleeding time was measured before and 45 minutes after dosing. 150 micrograms BW 245C produced significant (p less than 0.05) facial flushing over the period from 15 to 120 minutes after dosing. Heart rate increased slightly but significantly (p less than 0.05) in response to both doses of 245C only at 75 minutes after dosing. Systolic and diastolic blood pressures were unchanged by either dose of BW 245C . Platelet aggregation responses to ADP were significantly (p less than 0.05) inhibited only at 120 minutes after 150 micrograms BW 245C . Aggregation responses to collagen were significantly (p less than 0.05) inhibited 45 and 120 minutes after 150 micrograms BW 245C and also at 120 minutes after 50 micrograms BW 245C . Bleeding time was unchanged in response to either dose of BW 245C . There was no change in headache or abdominal discomfort scores following either dose of BW 245C . Nausea was reported after 7 out of 12 administrations of BW245C but not after placebo. Nasal congestion was experienced by two subjects receiving 150 micrograms BW 245C and muscle tension and stiffness, especially of the jaw muscles, was also reported following administration of BW 245C but not of placebo. BW 245C is active when given by mouth and has similar pharmacodynamic effects to prostacyclin in man. PMID- 6727565 TI - [125I] 3-quinuclidinyl 4-iodobenzilate: a high affinity, high specific activity radioligand for the M1 and M2-acetylcholine receptors. AB - We have prepared a radioiodinated ligand which binds with high affinity to the muscarinic acetylcholine receptor (m-AChR). A derivative of 3-quinuclidinyl benzilate, [125I] labeled (R) 1-aza-bicyclo(2.2.2)oct-3-yl (R,S)-alpha-hydroxy alpha-(4-[125I]iodophenyl)phenyl acetate (4- IQNB ) exhibits an affinity for the m-AChR from corpus striatum higher than that of (R) [3H] QNB. Additionally, [125I] 4- IQNB exhibits receptor selectivity for the M1 receptor since the affinity for the receptor from dog and rat heart is lower than that using dog or rat corpus striatum. PMID- 6727566 TI - Effects of neonatal treatment with diethylstilbestrol and 17 alpha hydroxyprogesterone caproate on in vitro pituitary prolactin secretion. AB - The effects of neonatal hormone treatment with diethylstilbestrol (DES) and 17 alpha-hydroxyprogesterone caproate (HPC) on days 1-5 of life on serum prolactin (PRL) levels and 3H-PRL synthesis and release were studied in C3H/MTV+ mice at 2, 4, 6, 8 and 10 weeks of age. Neonatal treatment of mice with 2.5 micrograms/day DES was the only treatment that affected the developmental pattern of serum PRL levels. Serum PRL levels were significantly decreased at 6 wks of age with this dose of DES. Neonatal treatment with 2.5 micrograms/day DES and 150 micrograms/day HPC affected the developmental pattern of H-PRL synthesis by the pituitary. At 10 wks of age 3H-PRL synthesis was significantly decreased by these doses of DES and HPC. The percent of 3H-PRL released did not differ between neonatally hormone treated and control animals, suggesting that neonatal treatment affected mechanisms that regulate PRL synthesis but not those that regulate release. PMID- 6727567 TI - Determination of urinary 4-hydroxy-3-methoxyphenylethylene glycol in man by high performance liquid chromatography with electrochemical detection. AB - A reverse phase high performance liquid chromatographic method for determining levels of 4-hydroxy-3- methoxyphenylethylene glycol (MHPG) in human urine that is virtually free of all interfering peaks has been developed. After addition of a homologous internal standard, enzymatic hydrolysis is performed. Samples are then placed onto columns containing AG1-X8, and the MHPG is collected in a phosphate buffer wash of the column. After ethyl acetate extraction and evaporation of the organic solvent, the dry residue is redissolved in mobile phase, and injected onto a reverse phase column. Results obtained with this assay were almost identical (101+/-5.6%, mean+/-SD, n=6) with those obtained using a gas chromatography - mass spectrometry (GCMS) assay. PMID- 6727568 TI - Evidence for direct inhibitory effects of dopamine on zona glomerulosa secretion of 18-hydroxycorticosterone in rhesus monkeys. AB - This study was designed to more selectively investigate the dopaminergic regulation of 18-hydroxycorticosterone (18-OHB) and aldosterone production by the adrenal zona glomerulosa. Mature rhesus monkeys received either an infusion of dopamine (2 micrograms/kg/min) or 5% dextrose (0.2 ml/min) over a 60 min period (N=6). Dopamine had no effect on plasma levels of renin activity, cortisol, corticosterone, aldosterone or blood pressure. However, dopamine suppressed (p less than 0.05) plasma 18-OHB levels from a baseline of 31.6 +/- 3.5 ng/dl to 23.6 +/- 2.1 ng/dl at 60 min after onset of infusion. This observation is in agreement with some studies in humans but differs from others in which no depression in 18-OHB was observed following dopamine infusion. Dopamine infusion markedly (p less than 0.001) suppressed plasma PRL levels by 30 min after onset of infusion. Corticosteroid responses to metoclopramide (200 micrograms/kg) after dexamethasone 1 mg im every 6 h X 5 days or placebo treatment (vehicle im every 6 h X 5 days) was then evaluated. Dexamethasone significantly suppressed basal cortisol, corticosterone, 18-OHB and aldosterone. Although dexamethasone blunted the prolactin response, it did not inhibit the aldosterone response to metoclopramide. The 18-OHB response to metoclopramide was increased (p less than 0.01) following dexamethasone treatment. Following dexamethasone suppression, 18 OHB levels were still lowered (p less than 0.05) by dopamine infusion. These results suggest that dopamine selectively inhibits zona glomerulosa production of 18-OHB and aldosterone in rhesus monkeys. PMID- 6727569 TI - Recovery of stress-induced increases in noradrenaline turnover is delayed in specific brain regions of old rats. AB - Male Wistar rats at 2 and 12 months of age were sacrificed before, immediately following, and at 6 and 24 hours after a 3-hour immobilization stress period. Levels of noradrenaline (NA) and its major metabolite, 3-methoxy-4 hydroxyphenylethyleneglycol sulfate (MHPG-SO4), in eight brain regions and plasma corticosterone levels were fluorometrically determined. Immobilization stress caused significant increases of MHPG-SO4 levels in all brain regions examined and significant elevations in plasma corticosterone levels in both 2 and 12 month old rats. In 2 month old rats, the MHPG-SO4 levels in all brain regions returned to control levels within 6 hours after release from the stress. However, in 12 month old rats, the metabolite levels in the hypothalamus, amygdala, pons plus medulla oblongata (pons+med. obl .) and midbrain still remained at significantly increased levels at 6 and 24 hours after the stress. Moreover, in the amygdala of older rats, stress-induced decreases in NA levels persisted even 6 hours after stress. Plasma corticosterone levels also showed significant elevations at 6 and 24 hours after the stress only in 12 month old rats. These results suggest that brain NA metabolism during recovery periods from an acute exposure to a stressful situation is altered by the aging process in such a manner that NA neurons in the hypothalamus, amygdala, pons+med. obl . and midbrain in older rats remain activated by stressful stimuli for prolonged periods of time following release from stress. PMID- 6727570 TI - Adrenergic control of lacrimal secretion in rabbits. AB - Stimulation of the preganglionic trunk of the ipsilateral superior cervical sympathetic ganglion with square wave electrical pulses produced secretion from the main excretory duct of the rabbit lacrimal gland. The secretion was inhibited by propranolol (1 mg/kg) and metoprolol (10 mg/kg) but not by phenoxybenzamine (2 mg/kg) and atropine (25 micrograms/kg). The results indicate that the sympathetically induced secretion in the rabbit lacrimal gland occurs through an adrenergic mechanism. The adrenergic receptors in the lacrimal gland is most likely of beta 1-type. PMID- 6727571 TI - Circadian changes in carrageenin-induced edema: the anti-inflammatory effect and bioavailability of phenylbutazone in rats. AB - The circadian variations in paw-edema produced by carrageenin and the anti inflammatory effect of phenylbutazone were studied, in rats kept under a 12 light 12 dark regimen, in comparison with the variations of plasma phenylbutazone and oxyphenbutazone levels. When the experiment was performed during the light span (08.00 and 14.00 h), the rats were highly sensitive to the phlogistic effect of carrageenin, the plasma levels of phenylbutazone and oxyphenbutazone were lower, and the anti-inflammatory effect of phenylbutazone, weaker. Opposite results were obtained when the experiment was performed during the dark span (02.00 and 20.00 h). The results indicate that the chronoeffectiveness of phenylbutazone is influenced by both its chronokinetics and the chronesthesy of the biosystem involved. PMID- 6727572 TI - Levels of arginine-vasopressin in cerebrospinal fluid during passive avoidance behavior in rats. AB - The concentration of immunoreactive arginine-vasopressin (IR-AVP) was measured in the cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) during acquisition and retention of passive avoidance behavior. IR-AVP level in CSF of male Wistar rats immediately after the learning trial was increased; the rate of which was related to the intensity of the electric footshock during the learning trial and the avoidance latency as measured 1 day after the learning trial. Immediately after the 24 h retention test IR-AVP levels were significantly increased in rats subjected to the low (0.25 mA) shock intensity during the learning trial, but IR-AVP levels of rats exposed to the high shock (1.0 mA) were under the limit of detection. If the retention test was postponed till 5 days after the learning trial, the increase of IR-AVP level in the CSF was related to avoidance latencies which reflect the intensity of aversive stimulation (electric footshock). The results suggest an association between central AVP release and passive avoidance behavior and may be indicative of the role of this peptide in neuronal mechanisms underlying learning and memory processes. PMID- 6727573 TI - Evaluation of the role of calcitonin deficiency in ovariectomy-induced osteopenia. AB - Studies were carried out in rats to examine the role of calcitonin deficiency in the pathogenesis of ovariectomy-induced osteopenia. The parathyroid glands of 80 female Wistar rats were autotransplanted to their thigh muscle and the animals divided into 4 groups. Group 1 rats were sham ovariectomized, and thyroidectomized to make them calcitonin deficient; Group 2 rats were thyroidectomized, and ovariectomized to make them deficient in ovarian hormones as well; Group 3 rats were sham thyroidectomized and sham ovariectomized, and Group 4 rats were sham thyroidectomized and ovariectomized. A fifth group of rats were unoperated upon and served as controls. Thyroidectomized animals were maintained on thyroxine replacement and 11 months after ovariectomy all the animals were bled, killed and their femurs dissected out. In both the thyroid intact and thyroidectomized animals, ovariectomy decreased femur density significantly (P less than 0.01). Similarly, ovariectomy resulted in a decrease in femur calcium (P less than 0.01) in both groups of animals, and in a significant decrease in serum calcitonin (P less than 0.05) in the thyroid intact animals. We conclude from these findings that ovarian hormone deficiency can cause bone loss independently of lowering circulating calcitonin levels. PMID- 6727574 TI - Putrescine has analgesic activity, in rats. AB - Putrescine, intraperitoneally injected into rats at doses of 200, 300 and 400 mg/Kg, had a dose-dependent analgesic effect (hot plate, 55.5 degrees C), which was not antagonized by naloxone. Analgesia was also obtained by intracerebroventricular injection (1,000 nmoles/rat). Chronic administration (300 mg/Kg/day i.p. for 8 consecutive days) resulted in the development of tolerance. In our experimental conditions, no obvious toxicity was observed. These results may suggest for polyamines a role in nociception, and may disclose a new class of analgesic drugs. PMID- 6727575 TI - Circadian periodicity of tissue glutathione and its relationship with lipid peroxidation in rats. AB - Circadian fluctuations in tissue glutathione (GSH) concentrations and lipid peroxidation in male Sprague-Dawley rats were investigated. Blood and all the organs studied exhibited distinct circadian variation both in GSH concentrations and peroxidation of polyunsaturated fatty acids. There was a great variation among organs in the periodicity and amplitude of the fluctuations in GSH concentrations. Liver displayed the highest variation (approximately 50%) followed by stomach (approximately 37%), heart (approximately 25%) and kidney (approximately 19%). The changes in other organs were significant but of less magnitude. Implications of such variations and caution in interpretation of experimental results in response to the exposure of animals to xenobiotics are discussed. PMID- 6727576 TI - Long-term amphetamine treatment attenuates or reverses the depression of neuronal activity produced by dopamine agonists in the ventral tegmental area. AB - Neuronal activity was recorded from the ventral tegmental area (VTA) of immobilized, locally anesthetized rats on the day immediately following long-term treatment (twice daily for 6 consecutive days) with saline, 1.0 or 5.0 mg/kg d amphetamine (d-AMPH). Each rat was challenged intravenously with d-AMPH (beginning with 0.0625 mg/kg) or with 0.005 mg/kg apomorphine. Treatment with d AMPH significantly reduced the ability of this drug to inhibit VTA activity. In fact, nearly half of the neurons in the high-dose treatment group were excited by d-AMPH, whereas only 20% of control neurons showed this response. Moreover, apomorphine routinely accelerated firing rate in the VTA following treatment with 5.0 mg/kg d-AMPH but this response was never observed in control neurons, not even in those that were excited by d-AMPH. Thus, tolerance appears to develop to the ability of dopamine agonists to inhibit VTA activity and this effect may be mediated, at least in part, by a subsensitivity of inhibitory dopamine autoreceptors. PMID- 6727577 TI - Antiobesity effects of a novel lipid synthesis inhibitor (Ro 22-0654). AB - The present studies were conducted to determine the antiobesity effects of a novel inhibitor of hepatic fatty acid synthesis, 4-amino-5-ethyl-3-thiophene carboxylic acid methyl ester hydrochloride (Ro 22-0654/001). Weight gain was decreased by treatment with Ro 22-0654 in Sprague Dawley and in lean or obese Zucker rats. Food intake was only transiently suppressed during the first few days of each study. The decreased weight gain in treated rats could be accounted for almost entirely by a decrease in total body lipid levels. Hepatic fatty acid synthesis was inhibited following two months of treatment, in rats fed either a 1% or 10% corn oil diet. It is suggested that the inhibition of hepatic fatty acid synthesis may account, in part, for the reduced weight gain. PMID- 6727578 TI - Inhibition of gastric emptying by peripheral and central fenfluramine in rats: correlation with anorexia. AB - Rats treated acutely with i.p. fenfluramine showed a profound inhibition of emptying of a chow meal from the stomach. This inhibition was attenuated by previous chronic treatment with fenfluramine. Tolerance to the gastric slowing occurred with as few as 2-4 prior injections, a time course which closely matches tolerance to the anorectic effects of the drug. Cerebroventricular injections of fenfluramine and norfenfluramine in anorectic doses also inhibited gastric emptying. PMID- 6727579 TI - Comparative effects of antioxidants on enzymes involved in glutathione metabolism. AB - The present study was designed to examine changes in glutathione metabolism in the liver of mice as influenced by supplementation of their diet with 1 of 4 antioxidants: butylated hydroxyanisole (BHA), butylated hydroxytoluene (BHT), vitamin E and selenium. In addition to determination of the acid-soluble thiol levels, 5 different enzymes involved with glutathione utilization and synthesis were measured: glutathione transferase, gamma-glutamyl transpeptidase, selenium dependent glutathione peroxidase, gamma-glutamylcysteine synthetase and glutathione reductase. All 4 antioxidants produced significant increases in glutathione transferase activity, with BHA and BHT being much more effective than the other two. With the exception of vitamin E, BHA, BHT and selenium all resulted in a slight enhancement in the activity of glutathione reductase as well as in the acid-soluble thiol level. On the other hand, the induction of gamma glutamyl transpeptidase and gamma-glutamylcysteine synthetase was responsive to only vitamin E and selenium supplementation, respectively. Although the influence of each of these antioxidants in glutathione metabolism appears to be specific and somewhat compartmentalized, the overall impression is that of an increased capacity for glutathione-conjugate formation and recovery of reduced glutathione. These biochemical changes in glutathione metabolism may be relevant to the anticarcinogenic effects observed with BHA, BHT and selenium. PMID- 6727580 TI - Pentagastrin-stimulated gastric acid secretion by the isolated perfused rat stomach. AB - The purpose of this present study was to develop a method for stimulation of acid secretion by the isolated perfused rat stomach. Rat stomachs were perfused in situ via the abdominal aorta and celiac axis with Krebs-Ringer bicarbonate buffer in the presence or absence of 10% ovine erythrocytes. The gastric lumen was perfused with distilled water and gastric contents were collected at frequent intervals through a catheter at the pylorus. Sixty minute gastric acid output in response to various concentrations of pentagastrin was determined by titration of gastric contents with 0.01 N NaOH to pH 7.0. During arterial perfusion with Krebs Ringer bicarbonate buffer in the absence of ovine erythrocytes gastric acid output was 2.50 +/- 0.58 SEM microEq H+/h, which did not increase in response to perfusion with Krebs-Ringer bicarbonate buffer containing pentagastrin. However, inclusion of 10% ovine erythrocytes in the arterial perfusate resulted in substantial stimulation of gastric acid by pentagastrin: maximal acid output, achieved with a pentagastrin dose of 0.6 microgram/kg/h, was 23.5 +/- 3.73 microEq H+/h (p less than 0.01). The results of the present study demonstrate the capacity of the isolated vascularly perfused rat stomach to secrete acid and provide a model for studying interactions of gastrointestinal regulatory peptides and their physiologic roles in the regulation of gastric acid secretion. PMID- 6727581 TI - Manifestations of nonsuppurative cholangitis in chronic hepatobiliary diseases: morphologic spectrum, clinical correlations and terminology. AB - The features of nonsuppurative cholangitis were studied in liver biopsy specimens from 185 patients with chronic active hepatitis (CAH), 280 patients with primary biliary cirrhosis (PBC), and 55 patients with primary sclerosing cholangitis (PSC). Specimens from patients with other liver diseases in which the presence of nonsuppurative cholangitis had been recorded were also studied. We identified four types of nonsuppurative cholangitis: granulomatous cholangitis, lymphoid cholangitis, fibrous cholangitis, and pleomorphic cholangitis. Granulomatous cholangitis almost always seemed to be destructive; the other types were either destructive or nondestructive. Granulomatous cholangitis was, for all practical purposes, diagnostic of PBC and the obliterative form of fibrous cholangitis was similarly diagnostic for the hepatic manifestations of PSC in adults and paucity of intrahepatic bile ducts in infants. All other types of cholangitis were found in CAH, PBC, PSC, and other liver diseases. Thus, the term "nonsuppurative cholangitis" describes a spectrum of morphologic lesions that differ in incidence, morphogenesis, usefulness for liver biopsy diagnosis, and, probably, pathogenesis. PMID- 6727582 TI - Production and preliminary characterization of monoclonal antibodies to human liver-specific lipoprotein (LSP). AB - Monoclonal antibodies (mc/anti-LSP) have been prepared by polyethylene glycol fusion of P3/NS1/Ag4-1 myeloma cells with spleen cells from Balb/c mice hyperimmunized with human liver-specific membrane lipoprotein (LSP). Ten hybridomas, cloned by limiting dilution, produced mc/anti-LSP reacting (by ELISA) with human LSP but not with normal human plasma proteins nor with a variety of other proteins likely to co-purify with LSP. Three of these ( A15 /7, A9/63 and B20 ), producing high-titre IgG1 mc/anti-LSP, were biosynthetically radiolabelled and used as index antibodies. By competitive inhibition of binding of the index antibodies to LSP in an immunoradiometric assay, the ten hybridoma products were classified into four distinct groups according to their specificities for different epitopes in LSP. None of the index antibodies reacted, on ELISA, with glutaraldehyde-fixed PLC/PRF/5, Chang, Daudi or HSB-2 cell lines nor with human peripheral blood leucocytes. However, A15 /27 (but not A9/63 or B20 ) reacted with saponin-permeabilized PLC/PRF/5 and Chang cells and also with rabbit LSP. The results emphasize the polyantigenic nature of LSP and indicate that at least one of the mc/anti-LSP ( A15 /27) recognises a species cross-reactive antigen that is present in liver-derived cell lines. PMID- 6727583 TI - Immunohistochemical demonstration of the cytoplasmic copper-associated protein in the liver in primary biliary cirrhosis: its identification as metallothionein. AB - Metallothionein was isolated from the liver of rats pretreated with cadmium. Monospecific anti-metallothionein antibodies were produced in rabbits. Twenty-six primary biliary cirrhosis (PBC) liver samples and three control liver samples were stained for metallothionein by an indirect immunoperoxidase technique. Nineteen of the PBC samples and the control samples were also stained for copper by Timm's silver sulphide method. In all PBC samples the copper concentration was determined. In addition, the zinc, cadmium, and mercury concentrations were measured in some samples. Eighteen of the PBC samples stained for metallothionein showed marked diffuse cytoplasmic and nuclear staining of a varying number of periportal hepatocytes. In none of them was granular staining detected. None of the control samples showed staining. Fourteen of the PBC samples stained for copper showed diffuse cytoplasmic and granular staining of the periportal hepatocytes. In none of them was nuclear staining detected. None of the control samples showed staining. No elevated zinc, cadmium, or mercury concentrations were found but the copper concentration was increased in 21 of the 26 PBC samples. The number of cells staining for copper and metallothionein was assessed semiquantitatively. Significant correlations were found between the grade of metallothionein staining and the liver copper concentration; the grade of Timm's staining and the liver copper concentration; and the grades of metallothionein staining and Timm's staining. The data suggest that the accumulation of copper induces synthesis of cytoplasmic and nuclear metallothionein, and that the increased amount of cytoplasmic copper is bound to a similarly increased amount of metallothionein. PMID- 6727584 TI - Hepatitis B surface antigen (HBsAg)-fibrinogen interaction. AB - Deparaffinized sections of hepatitis B surface antigen (HBsAg) positive liver biopsies, when incubated in a human fibrinogen solution, reveal a strong labelling of ground-glass hepatocytes with fibrinogen. This implies an interaction between HBsAg and fibrinogen. The binding of fibrinogen to HBsAg is thought to be mediated by the protein moiety of HBsAg, since its binding capacity is destroyed by trypsin digestion, and to occur through formation of disulphide bridges because the binding can be disrupted by the reducing effect of 2-mercapto ethanol. Not all ground-glass hepatocytes exhibit fibrinogen binding. The reason for this is at present unclear. No relationship between serum HBeAg positivity and binding of HBsAg to fibrinogen was observed. Preincubation in a fibrinogen solution did not alter the immunoreactivity of HBsAg. We conclude that there is a striking analogy between the interaction of HBsAg with polymerized human serum albumin and its interaction with fibrinogen. PMID- 6727585 TI - Patient-oriented performance measures of diagnostic tests. 2. Assignment potential and assignment strength. AB - Assignment Potential (AP) is a performance measure of a diagnostic test, characterizing the chance that, as a consequence of performing the test, the probability of disease will exceed a decision threshold, thereby permitting a management action to be taken. Another performance measure, Assignment Strength (AS) characterizes the average extent to which a decision threshold will be exceeded when the post-test probability of disease does exceed the threshold. Both AP and AS are functions of prior probability of disease and decision threshold, and can be represented as two-dimensional contour maps indicating their behavior throughout the entire probability and threshold space. AP and AS can be determined for both discrete-valued tests and tests with continuous spectra of results. The contour map displays facilitate determination of the values of these measures at any prior probability and threshold, as well as visual sensitivity analysis for ranges of prior probability and/or threshold. AP and AS may be useful to the clinician in prospective evaluation of a diagnostic test in situations where formal decision analysis is not feasible. PMID- 6727586 TI - Patient-oriented performance measures of diagnostic tests. 3. U-Factor. AB - When a clinician is faced with the problem of deciding whether to order a specific diagnostic test, the ideal information would be the utility of the "perform test" branch of the decision tree versus the utility of the "do not perform test" branch. This difference in utility is termed the Expected Utility of the Test ( EUT ). We propose a new performance measure of a test called the U Factor (UF) which is related to EUT by a simple formula. UF depends on the prior probability of disease and on the decision thresholds at which one would be indifferent between any two immediately subsequent management options, and can be presented as a two-dimensional nomogram. UF is useful as a computational aid in a formal decision analysis, and may be useful as an informal measure of the value of a diagnostic test when a formal analysis is not feasible. PMID- 6727587 TI - Discount functions and the measurement of patients' values. Women's decisions during childbirth. AB - This paper discusses the measurement of patients' values for future outcomes and examines some problems clinicians confront when making management decisions that attempt to comply with those values. It presents a model that implies that a patient's preference varies with the passage of time, and that during certain periods of time a patient's values may not be representative of his or her long term preference. An examination of the attitudes of 18 pregnant women toward avoiding pain and avoiding anesthesia bore out the predictions of this model. The women preferred to avoid using anesthesia during childbirth when asked one month before labor and during early labor; however, during active labor their preferences suddenly shifted toward avoiding pain (p less than 0.05). Their preference shifted again toward avoiding the use of anesthesia (p less than 0.05) when evaluated at one month postpartum. The women's preferences one month before labor were the best predictors of their postpartum preferences. The women's preferences during active labor and transition phase of labor were unrelated to their postpartum preferences. These results suggest that, depending upon when a patient's values are measured, (1) they may not be representative of his or her long-term preference, and (2) their use in decision analyses may not maximize the patient's long-term satisfaction so much as they maximize the probability that the decision will be based on the patient's impulsive response. These results also imply that (3) patients may make inherently less reliable value assessments of abstract outcomes they have never experienced, and (4) the distinction between current and long-term values can create a problem when determining whether people behave rationally. PMID- 6727588 TI - The problem of induction in clinical decision making. AB - This article is a discussion of the consequences of "the problem of induction" as manifested in clinical decision making. All data, statistics, and probabilities are concerned with groups, generalizing from samples to other populations. It is not self-evident what such processes mean at the level of the individual patient. Some discussion of this problem is followed by a formulation of subjective probability that may contribute to the application and acceptance of clinical decision analysis. PMID- 6727589 TI - Variation and information in white blood cell differential counts. AB - The magnitude and sources of variation in the white blood cell (WBC) count and differential count affect their information content and clinical value. This study describes components of variation in the WBC count and differential, estimates the magnitude of each component, and uses computer simulations to compare the information conveyed by the total WBC count and by the WBC differential count, expressed as the number of each type of cell and as the percentage of each cell type. Biologic variation is much greater than statistical sampling variation in differential WBC counts, even when a relatively small number of cells is classified. The commonly reported neutrophil percentage is inferior both to the neutrophil count and to the total WBC count in its ability to detect neutrophilia and to detect recovery from elevated levels. This conclusion holds for single as well as for sequential WBC differential determinations and regardless of the level of test result at which the clinician considers disease to be present. The total WBC count and the neutrophil count differ little in performance, so a neutrophilic patient's return to normal levels can safely be detected and monitored by relying on the less expensive total WBC count and foregoing repeated requests for differential counts. PMID- 6727590 TI - [Teaching roentgenology to students at a medical institute]. AB - The system of teaching roentgenology at the I.M. Sechenov First Moscow Medical Institute is described. The authors point to several reasons for which some rearrangement of teaching roentgenology in medical institutes is required. This type of rearrangement seems possible at the expense of intensive and skilled teaching without adding extra lessons in the curricula. The authors provide various forms of the presentation of lectures describe organizational stages in the optimization of practical studies and consider in detail the system of teaching roentgenology with the help of special programs based on the principle of programmed teaching. They also outline the prospects of further studies in the pedagogical process and possible ways of its improvement. PMID- 6727591 TI - [Experience in the use of clinical training games in the teaching of radionuclide diagnosis]. AB - The authors consider the experience in the use of clinical training games as one of the forms of problem-solving teaching that help to prepare students for their future professional activities. The methodology of the games is described: clinical situations, methodological materials, the roles of the game participants, control and correction methods. Clinical training games have advantages over the previous methods of teaching how to solve situational and diagnostic problems. PMID- 6727592 TI - [Roentgenological and radiological examination of persons with an increased risk of lung cancer]. AB - The present system of the detection of lung cancer does not provide sufficient efficacy of mass screening. The paper is concerned with the results of the examination of organized population. The following methods were used: questionnaires, large picture frame fluorography, cytological examination of the sputum, radiopulmonography with 133Xe, the determination of carcinoembryonic antigen and thyroid hormones in the blood serum. Altogether two groups were examined: 787 practically healthy persons with a high risk of lung cancer and 193 patients with verified lung cancer. The results obtained were correlated in both groups using various methods. Mass screening should include the isolation of high risk groups and the differentiation of persons by a degree of disease probability. Persons with a high risk of this disease are subjected to regular examination using large picture frame fluorography and cytology of the sputum. Radiopulmonography should be performed as an adjuvant diagnostic procedure to examine persons from high risk groups in the presence of changes on the fluorograms and atypical cells in the sputum. PMID- 6727593 TI - [Comparative evaluation of zono- and tomography in the differential diagnosis of small spherical formations in the lungs]. AB - A comparative analysis of zono - and tomography in 69 patients with minor peripheral cancer of the lung (26), tuberculoma (24), hamartoma (19) was performed. Zonography was shown to improve differential diagnosis between them. However, its importance is limited and helps to better visualize changes of the lung tissue around the formations, "a path" outgoing to the pulmonary radix and chest wall, and to detect the enlarged intrathoracic lymph nodes. Tomography is of greater informative value for the evaluation of the skialogical features of the formations and pleural changes. The combined use of zono - and tomography results in a better detection of different pathological lung formations of small sizes and changes in the pulmonary tissue enhancing the efficacy of differential radiodiagnosis between them. PMID- 6727594 TI - [Indicators of thyroid hormones and carcinoembryonic antigen in persons with a high risk of lung cancer]. AB - An attempt was made to study CEA and thyroid hormones in high risk groups as there is evidence of their change in lung cancer patients. A questionnaire to distinguish between 4 types of the probability of lung cancer development and a method of radioconcurrent analysis to study the concentration of CEA and thyroid hormones in the blood serum were used. A high risk group included 320 practically healthy persons, a control group 108 patients with verified lung cancer. The results of the study have shown that the concentration of CEA and thyroid hormones increases more often in persons of the high risk group with noncancerous diseases than in persons without pathological pulmonary changes. With an increase in the degree of probability the frequency of a high concentration of CEA and thyroid hormones grows. The older the persons with a high risk of lung cancer, the higher the frequency of concentration of the thyroid hormones. Studies of CEA and thyroid hormones can be used for dynamic observation of persons with a high risk of lung cancer. PMID- 6727595 TI - [Comprehensive radiodiagnosis of toxic ademomas of the thyroid]. AB - The results of a comprehensive radionuclide, ultrasound and thermographic study of 18 patients with toxic thyroid adenoma are presented. It has been shown that during thermographic examination temperature difference over the node and the symmetrical region is insignificant and does not exceed 1 degree C in most of the patients. It equally pertains to the comparison of temperatures over the node and the hottest and coldest points in the cervical region. Ultrasound examination makes it possible to determine the shape, size, exact location of the node and its internal structure but gives no opportunity to judge its functional activity. It has been shown that a node in toxic adenoma may have homogeneous as well as heterogeneous echo-structure , elevated or lowered echo-density; changes of degenerative-dystrophic nature are not infrequent. PMID- 6727596 TI - [Thermographic study of the thyroid gland]. AB - The authors present the results of a thermographic study of the thyroid in patients with diffuse and nodular forms of the goiter. The thermograms and the thermometry data were analysed in 47 patients with diffuse forms of the goiter and in 105 patients with single "cold" and "hot" nodes in the thyroid. Thermography was shown to be a simple harmless method that makes it possible to study the heat production of the thyroid in different pathological processes, e.g. in "cold" nodes delta t over the node was on an average higher by 1 degree C as compared to the symmetrical zone, in "hot" nodes this difference was insignificant, and in diffuse forms of the goiter an isothermal picture was observed. The authors are of opinion that in diffuse forms of the goiter thermography should be considered appropriate as a test for dynamic observation in the process of drug therapy. In "cold" nodes, thermography may serve as a rough test for the choice of patients with suspected thyroid tumors. In "hot" nodes, thermography, according to the authors, is though irrelevant. PMID- 6727597 TI - [Roentgenoradionuclide study of the lymphatic system of the liver (development of the method and criteria for the evaluation of extravascular plasma flow)]. AB - An attempt was made to develop an instrumental method for the evaluation of the extravascular plasma flow (lymph flow) of the liver. Ultrasonography of the liver does not give an opportunity to differentiate between different states including those accompanied by the excess lymph discharge into the liver. The results of intraparenchymal lymphography of the liver were analysed in patients with and without biliary and portal hypertension. The authors have singled out 11 criteria that make it possible to judge an elevated production of the lymph in the liver. This procedure possesses some instability of results due to the equipment, the doctor's experience and the number of attempts. A method of " radioangiolymphography " of the liver based on the administration of diffusing and nondiffusing radionuclides in the afferent vessels of the liver was worked out. Variation in the parameters of the radionuclide circulation seems to reflect significantly extrahepatic circulation in the liver and holds great promise for the use in hepatology. PMID- 6727598 TI - [The foreseeable future of diagnostic radiology]. PMID- 6727599 TI - [In vivo 75Se methionine metabolism in diseases of the hepatobiliary system]. AB - A study of the hepatobiliary system with 75Se-methionine in 100 patients with different diffuse and focal diseases of the liver and biliary tract has shown that a study of the tissue metabolism of biologically active substances holds promise from the view-point of early diagnosis and rational therapy. PMID- 6727600 TI - [Computed tomography in the diagnosis of parasitic liver diseases]. PMID- 6727601 TI - [Computerized tomography in the evaluation of the state of the retroperitoneal lymph nodes]. AB - The authors consider the potentialities of computerized tomography (CT) in the diagnosis of lesions of the retroperitoneal lymph nodes in their metastatic involvement and hemoblastoses. CT data on 142 patients with hemoblastoses and tumors of different sites are discussed. This type of examination made it possible to reveal the involvement of the retroperitoneal lymph nodes in 59 patients resulting in the diagnosis of the generalization of the underlying disease in 41.5% of the cases. CT makes it possible to correctly interpret the state of practically all groups of the retroperitoneal lymph nodes. Besides, CT gives an opportunity to detect lymph node enlargement in the negative results of lymphography or to reveal lesions of some groups of the lymph nodes which are inaccessible to contrast examination, all of these being of great importance for the planning of radiation or surgical treatment. CT provides an opportunity for a dynamic control over therapeutic results both in hospitals and in polyclinics. The results of the examination were of importance in each case for the choice of the tactics and method of specific therapy as well as for prognosis of a subsequent source of the underlying disease. PMID- 6727602 TI - [Roentgenogrammetry of the spleen and its vessels under normal conditions and in disorders of visceral hemodynamics (based on angiographic studies)]. AB - Based on an analysis of the angiograms of 304 patients broken down into groups by the nosological principle, a system of x-ray parameters exactly describing the normal spleen was developed. The 3 main forms of the spleen, differing significantly (P less than 0.001) in some mathematically substantiated criteria, were singled out. In analysing the angiograms of 222 patients with portal hypertension of various degree it was shown that the presence of portal hypertension including its subclinical forms can be established on the basis of a changed complex of proposed criteria. Simplified ways to calculate the area of the spleen shadow and the voluminous splenic blood flow were worked out. The data obtained can be used for a visual analysis of the angiograms as well as for computerized diagnosis of hepatic and pancreatic diseases. PMID- 6727603 TI - [Effect of the schedule of x-ray examinations on the radiation dosage of specific organs in patients]. AB - It has been established on the basis of experimental dosimetric studies that during x-ray studies tissue doses of the irradiation of vital organs depend very little on the voltage of the x-ray tube in the range of 80-120 kV. It necessitates the use of x-ray radiation detectors with a high sensitivity as well as sparing technology of examination to decrease radiation exposure of patients. On condition of the constancy of tissue doses the main criterion for a chosen schedule is the informative value of an x-ray image. PMID- 6727604 TI - [Methods of dose distribution formation during intracavitary gamma therapy]. AB - The paper is concerned with the comparison and discussion of the characteristics of dose distributions formed by the linear and point sources of gamma-radiation with radionuclides 60Co, 137Cs and 192Ir using different methods of intracavitary irradiation. Insignificant influence of the energy of the radiation of these sources on differences in a dose and distance decrease was shown. Recommendations for the choice of a rational method of the dose distribution formation for intracavitary gamma-therapy were issued. PMID- 6727605 TI - [Malignant tumors of the lung and chest wall after combined treatment of breast cancer (5 cases)]. PMID- 6727606 TI - Transient ground glass hepatocellular change following a period of glue sniffing in a patient with underlying benign recurrent cholestatic jaundice. PMID- 6727607 TI - Broken cots and infant fatality. PMID- 6727608 TI - Estimation of stature from parts of ulna and tibia. PMID- 6727609 TI - Cerebral infarction presenting as an extradural haemorrhage (case report). PMID- 6727610 TI - The practice of forensic medicine in Greece and its problems. PMID- 6727611 TI - The medical negligence crisis. PMID- 6727612 TI - Post-mortem pink teeth. PMID- 6727613 TI - Esterase D polymorphism in Indians: stability studies in bloodstains. PMID- 6727614 TI - International co-operation in forensic medicine. PMID- 6727615 TI - The English special hospital--a 12-17 year follow-up study: a comparison of violent and non-violent re-offenders and non-offenders. PMID- 6727616 TI - Dilute the poison--a case of fatal water intoxication. PMID- 6727617 TI - Diabetes mellitus and criminal responsibility. PMID- 6727618 TI - [Method of coherent optical processing of bronchograms]. AB - The problem of space filtration of bronchi images is solved by using as a model a tube filled with a contrast substance. The effects of bronchi wall lesions on the images after filtering are analysed. Some results of bronchogram processing using a hybrid optoelectronic device are presented. PMID- 6727619 TI - [Autovibration of a circular locking element of the aortic valve prosthesis]. AB - Some experimental results when studying self-sustained vibrations of the ball locking element for an artificial heart valve are presented. The sign-changing dependence of a ball drag coefficient upon the ball stroke has been shown to cause these vibrations. Undamped oscillations result in a considerable growth of the valve hydrodynamic resistance. PMID- 6727621 TI - [Interference resistance in electrogastrography]. AB - Parameters of electrogastrosignals and noise have been studied during cutaneous electrogastrography . Backgrounds are classified; signal parameters are analytically determined. As a result of the study an electrogastroenterograph is developed providing the stability of recording over a wide frequency range. PMID- 6727620 TI - [Optimal conditions for the formation of a radiation beam in gamma-therapeutic equipment]. AB - The symmetry and reproducibility of the radiation field in the gamma-therapeutic device should be considered in terms of the recommendations given in the IEC Publications for medical electron accelerators, since the requirements for the exposed dose are similar in both cases. The calculations of the relationship between the source volume luminosity and the dimensions of the collimator system have shown that the increase in the diameter of the shutter hole for the operating beam results in much lower requirements for the source-shutter alignment, and so asymmetry and instability of the radiation field are essentially excluded. PMID- 6727622 TI - [Optimal parameters of an adaptive temporal selector of informative elements of the electrocardiosignals]. AB - The adaptive temporal selector increases 2-3 times the noise immunity of detectors of ECG informative elements, especially of R = R-wave detectors, that is of particular importance when patient moves. The selector produces the protective time interval the duration of which is conditioned by the duration of the preceeding R = R-interval, so the probability of false detections caused by noise is reduced. The optimum protective time interval should constitute 84 per cent of the preceeding R = R-interval, the error should not exceed +/- 5%. PMID- 6727623 TI - [Optimal dynamic characteristics of a measuring unit of the pneumotachometer]. AB - The dynamic error of the pneumotachometer may be reduced to the minimum through optimizing dynamic characteristics of its measuring unit. Such an optimization provides that the relative dynamic error of the instrument does not exceed - 5% when measuring the maximum volume flow rate of the forced expiration. PMID- 6727624 TI - [Implantable devices for lengthening the femur without external drive mechanisms]. AB - A distractor is proposed enabling the utilization of an internal supporting point to actuate a lengthening mechanism and to perform the distraction simultaneously with bone fragment fixation. With the device, a long-term skin perforation is avoided, and there is no need in external drives as well. The distractor is mounted inside the bone by means of a special auxiliary device to provide the aiming boring of the femoral bone. PMID- 6727625 TI - [Multichannel KAMAK--an automated system of storing and processing the data of radioisotope renography]. PMID- 6727626 TI - [Testometric stereoroentgenographic method]. AB - The use of special test-objects in the course of the stereoroentgenographic studies allows one, to a high accuracy, to determine the space coordinates of the required points inside the structures of the subject being examined. The roentgenotopometric process is substantially simplified. PMID- 6727627 TI - [An electrocardiograph band]. PMID- 6727628 TI - [Use of a new adhesive laminate in the production of contact lenses]. AB - In the production of contact lenses for vision correction, the economic effect is expected as a consequence of replacing a foreign-made strip material by domestic strip laminate. The effect will continuously increase as the production grows up. PMID- 6727630 TI - 1984 American College of Sports Medicine annual meeting abstracts. May 23-26, San Diego, California. PMID- 6727629 TI - [A functional trolley for the transportation of patients]. PMID- 6727632 TI - Selective recall of decision-relevant information from texts. PMID- 6727631 TI - Memory for unattended events: remembering with and without awareness. PMID- 6727633 TI - The spacing effect in free recall emerges with development. PMID- 6727634 TI - Object identification: the mental representation of physical and conceptual attributes. PMID- 6727635 TI - The similarity and diversity of semantic relations. PMID- 6727636 TI - Functional amnesia as induced by a psychological trauma. PMID- 6727637 TI - Apparent equivalence between perception and imagery in the production of various visual illusions. PMID- 6727638 TI - Perception of structure in novel music. PMID- 6727639 TI - Why 2 + 2 = 5 looks so wrong: on the odd-even rule in sum verification. PMID- 6727640 TI - Acoustic and semantic similarity effects on repetition avoidance in produced sequences. PMID- 6727641 TI - Directional letter-by-letter analysis and the word-superiority effect. PMID- 6727642 TI - Reaching difficult goals with difficulty. PMID- 6727643 TI - Consumer demand for outpatient mental health services for people with mental retardation. PMID- 6727644 TI - Interdisciplinary evaluation: types of children referred to UAF clinics and hospitals. PMID- 6727645 TI - Day programs of adults with mental retardation in residential facilities. PMID- 6727646 TI - Public transportation instruction: comparison of classroom instruction, community instruction, and facility-grounds instruction. PMID- 6727647 TI - Transitional teaching homes for individuals with developmental disabilities. PMID- 6727648 TI - Ensuring the right to minimally adequate habilitation: a proposed role for human rights committees. PMID- 6727649 TI - Elevated fetal chromosomal damage in malnourished pregnant rats. AB - Cytogenetic studies in fetal cells from pregnant rats given a protein-restricted diet revealed a significant induction of structural chromosomal aberrations and sister chromatid exchanges. PMID- 6727650 TI - Zinc metabolism in adrenal cortical insufficiency: effects of carbohydrate-active steroids. AB - Detailed studies of zinc kinetics were performed in two patients with adrenal cortical insufficiency to investigate the effects of carbohydrate-active steroids (CAS) on zinc metabolism. Zinc- 69m was administered intravenously to each patient under two conditions: (1) treated with CAS replacement therapy and (2) untreated, ie, without hormone treatment for five to six days. Radioactivity was measured in blood plasma, red blood cells, urine, and stool and by means of external probes placed over liver and thigh. Data were analyzed using a previously developed multicompartmental model, which describes the early phase of zinc metabolism. The results of these studies suggest that CAS promotes the internalization of zinc into red blood cells and liver cells. These results are consistent with previous in vitro and in vivo studies in which CAS was shown to induce the synthesis of metallothionein in liver cells. PMID- 6727651 TI - Lipid and lipoprotein triglyceride and cholesterol interrelationships: effects of sex, hormone use, and hyperlipidemia. AB - The interrelationships of lipid and lipoprotein cholesterol and triglyceride concentrations in normolipidemic and hyperlipidemic employees of the Pacific Northwest Bell Telephone Company were examined bivariately using correlation analysis and multivariately by factor analysis. Application of the latter resulted in the identification of three distinct lipoprotein lipid clusters, which succinctly describes their metabolic relationships. Among normolipidemic subjects, the interrelationships were found to be similar in male and female subjects, but hormone use by women considerably altered interrelationships that involved high-density lipoprotein cholesterol (HDL-C) and triglyceride. Among hyperlipidemic subjects, we found that elevation in cholesterol level alone rarely altered relationships, but elevation in triglyceride level either alone or in conjunction with an elevation in cholesterol concentration was associated with substantial changes in relationships involving the low-density lipoprotein (LDL) fraction. In many instances, positive relationships between LDL cholesterol (LDL C) and other lipoprotein lipids became inverse in the presence of triglyceride elevation. We conclude that hormone use by women and hypertriglyceridemia with or without an elevation in cholesterol level clearly alter lipoprotein relationships, whereas pure hypercholesterolemia does not. These alterations provide a basis for investigating pathophysiologic mechanisms in hypertriglyceridemia. PMID- 6727652 TI - The effects of prednisone therapy on plasma lipoproteins and apolipoproteins: a prospective study. AB - The effect of prednisone therapy on plasma lipoproteins and apolipoproteins A-I, A-II, and E levels was studied prospectively in a heterogeneous group of six male and six female subjects. All patients were in a good general condition. The patients had normal hepatocellular, renal, and thyroid functions. During the first month of therapy, the following changes were noted: Plasma triglyceride (TG) levels increased slightly in female patients only. In the entire group, plasma cholesterol level increased (17.3% of initial value, P less than 0.01). Plasma high-density lipoprotein cholesterol (HDL-C) level increased by 68% (P less than 0.001), while plasma low-density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL-C) level increased by only 10.9% (not significant), resulting in an increased ratio of cholesterol in the two (P less than 0.01). No change in levels of plasma apolipoproteins A-I, A-II, and E was evident. The ratio of HDL-C to plasma apolipoprotein A-I increased (P less than 0.01), indicating an increased lipid to protein ratio for this lipoprotein. Most of these changes were already apparent and significant 48 hours after initiation of treatment and persisted throughout the follow-up period (up to 18 months in some patients). Our results show that in patients with no major metabolic abnormality, prednisone induces significant changes of the lipoprotein system, especially in HDL. PMID- 6727653 TI - Stimulation of malic enzyme formation in hepatocyte culture by metabolites: evidence favoring a nonglycolytic metabolite as the proximate induction signal. AB - Recent studies have shown that the addition of increasing concentrations of glucose to the medium of primary adult rat hepatocyte cultures results in the progressive induction of malic enzyme. We have undertaken experiments to determine (1) whether metabolism of glucose was an essential prerequisite for such induction, and (2) whether a specific glycolytic intermediate could be shown to constitute the proximate carbohydrate signal triggering such induction. In line with these objectives we investigated the ability of various sugars and glycolytic metabolites to induce malic enzyme in this system and assessed the influence of insulin, glucagon, and thyroid hormone (triiodothyronine, T3) on this process. Our results show that only those sugars capable of entering the cell and being metabolized induce malic enzyme (glucose, fructose, and galactose). The nonmetabolizable sugars 3-O-methylglucose and 2-deoxyglucose are ineffective. Incubation with 20 mmol/L lactate, pyruvate, dihydroxyacetone, or glycerol resulted in malic enzyme induction, whereas incubation with acetate, citrate, and alpha-ketoisocaproate was without effect. The induction by all sugars and metabolites required presence of insulin. As previously reported for glucose, addition of T3, under all metabolic conditions, resulted in a constant 3.6-fold increase in the rate of malic enzyme induction and further supports the proposal T3 acts to multiply the effect of a common carbohydrate-generated signal. Glucagon administration led to a dose-dependent inhibition of the carbohydrate effect with a half-maximal effect and maximal effect at 2 and 100 nmol/L, respectively. None of the glycolytic metabolites tested could reverse the glucagon inhibition completely.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS) PMID- 6727654 TI - Effects of anesthetics and starvation on in vivo gluconeogenesis in virgin and pregnant rats. AB - To study in vivo gluconeogenesis, female virgin rats were injected intravenously with 14C-alanine (ul) and the production of 14C-glucose was determined at two, five, or ten minutes thereafter. At ten minutes the appearance of 14C-glycogen in the liver was also determined. The intraperitoneal injection of sodium pentobarbital (Nembutal) (33 mg/kg body weight) 30 minutes prior the tracer did not affect the rate of gluconeogenesis in fed rats compared with unanesthetized animals, whereas in rats fasted 24 hours it produced a significant enhancement in all parameters studied. A similar effect in enhancing in vivo gluconeogenesis was observed with both pentobarbital or ether anesthesia when 3-14C-pyruvate was used as tracer in virgin rats fasted 24 hours. In contrast to the effect in virgin animals, pentobarbital anesthesia did not modify in vivo gluconeogenesis in either fed or 24-hour fasted 21-day pregnant rats. Ether anesthesia, however, caused an enhancement in 14C-glucose production from 3-14C-pyruvate in 24-hour fasted pregnant rats. On the basis of reported changes in sympathoadrenal activity produced by starvation and pregnancy, present results indicate that the enhancing effects of anesthetics on gluconeogenesis result from their capacity to stimulate adrenal medulla cathecholamine release or tissue sympathetic activity. Our findings also demonstrate that in an investigation of metabolic parameters it cannot be assumed that effects of anesthetics are always of the same degree and direction since they vary with the condition of the experimental subject. PMID- 6727655 TI - Valine metabolism in vivo: effects of high dietary levels of leucine and isoleucine. AB - The short-term effects of feeding rats high levels of L-leucine or L-isoleucine on valine metabolism in vivo have been investigated. Consumption of a low-protein diet containing an additional 5% of leucine resulted in depression within one hour of the plasma concentrations of isoleucine, valine, alpha-keto-beta methylvalerate, and alpha-ketoisovalerate. Concurrently with these changes in blood branched-chain amino acids and branched-chain ketoacids was a rapid increase (51%) in whole-body L-[1-14C]-valine oxidation. Studies with intragastrically administered leucine solutions indicated that the depressions in blood concentrations of valine occurred over the same time period as the stimulation in valine oxidation. In contrast, consumption of a low-protein diet containing an additional 5% of isoleucine had no significant effect on the plasma concentrations of leucine, valine, and alpha-ketoisocaproate; a significant (P less than 0.01) depression in the plasma concentration of alpha-ketoisovalerate was observed three hours after the diet containing excess isoleucine had been consumed. In contrast to the results obtained with excess leucine, consumption of excess isoleucine had no significant effect on the rate of valine oxidation in vivo. As part of an effort to explain the leucine-induced depletion of plasma valine and stimulation of valine oxidation, liver and muscle branched-chain aminotransferase and liver branched-chain ketoacid dehydrogenase activities were measured. Consumption of excess leucine had no significant effect on either muscle or liver aminotransferase activities, but was associated with a greater than two-fold increase in hepatic dehydrogenase activity.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS) PMID- 6727656 TI - Does acute endogenous hyperprolactinemia affect intravenous glucose tolerance in humans? AB - To investigate whether acute endogenous hyperprolactinemia (h-PRL) influences glucose tolerance in humans, two intravenous glucose tolerance tests were performed in healthy subjects and in patients with untreated type 2 diabetes. One of the tests was carried out during h-PRL induced by oral priming with 10 mg metoclopramide (MET). The other was performed during normoprolactinemia (n-PRL) prevailing after oral priming with placebo. The glucose disappearance rates (Kg) were compared in the n-PRL and h-PRL states. In eight healthy subjects with high Kg values (greater than or equal to 1.2) during n-PRL, the glucose tolerance decreased during MET-induced h-PRL. This was reflected by a Kg fall from 2.0 +/- 0.4 during n-PRL to 1.3 +/- 0.3 during h-PRL (P less than 0.01). It is unlikely that this Kg decline could have been caused by prolactin-induced changes in serum levels of insulin, cortisol, or growth hormone (GH), since these hormones showed glucose-elicited response patterns that were similar in the n-PRL and h-PRL states. It is also improbable that MET per se could have caused Kg to fall, inasmuch as MET left Kg unaffected when oral pretreatment with bromocriptine prevented MET from inducing h-PRL in an additional five healthy subjects with high Kg values.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS) PMID- 6727657 TI - Failure of bromocriptine to alter the qualitative characteristics of human growth hormone in acromegaly. AB - The role of bromocriptine as a therapeutic agent for acromegaly is uncertain. In the present study we have attempted to determine whether bromocriptine therapy causes qualitative changes in plasma human growth hormone (hGH) in acromegaly. When eight paired samples obtained before and during bromocriptine therapy were filtered over Sephadex G-100 there was no difference in the elution profiles. When the "little" hGH peak from each of the eight paired samples was pooled, lyophilized, and assayed in both radioreceptor assay (RRA) and radioimmunoassay (RIA), the RRA/RIA before treatment was not different than during treatment. When bromocriptine in pharmacologically significant concentrations was incubated with cultured human lymphocytes in vitro, there was no alteration in hGH binding properties. These results demonstrate directly that bromocriptine does not change the form or receptor-reactive properties of plasma hGH and, further, that the drug does not alter at least one form of human growth-hormone receptor. PMID- 6727658 TI - Oxygen radicals in biological systems. PMID- 6727659 TI - Assays of glutathione peroxidase. PMID- 6727660 TI - Catalase in vitro. PMID- 6727661 TI - High-performance liquid chromatography methods for vitamin E in tissues. PMID- 6727662 TI - Vitamin E analysis methods for animal tissues. PMID- 6727663 TI - Simultaneous determination of reduced and oxidized ubiquinones. PMID- 6727664 TI - Assay of carotenoids. PMID- 6727665 TI - Survey of the methodology for evaluating negative air ions: relevance to biological studies. PMID- 6727666 TI - Chemistry of lipid peroxidation. AB - The free radical chemistry of lipid peroxidation is complex. The classical mechanism of autoxidation involving a peroxy radical abstracting hydrogen atom from lipid and oxygen addition to the carbon radical thus formed must be modified to include (1) peroxy radical beta fragmentation and (2) peroxy radical cyclization. A host of diene hydroperoxides, cyclic peroxides, bicyclic peroxides and epoxy alcohols may be formed in free fatty acid or phospholipid autoxidation. The distribution of products and the effects of hydrogen atom donors on product distribution are understandable by referring to a general scheme for autoxidation described in Scheme III and in Ref. 10. PMID- 6727667 TI - Chemical methods for the detection of lipid hydroperoxides. PMID- 6727668 TI - Comparative studies on different methods of malonaldehyde determination. PMID- 6727669 TI - Concentrating ethane from breath to monitor lipid peroxidation in vivo. PMID- 6727670 TI - Assay of ethane and pentane from isolated organs and cells. PMID- 6727671 TI - Detection of malonaldehyde by high-performance liquid chromatography. PMID- 6727672 TI - Assay for blood plasma or serum. PMID- 6727673 TI - Spectrophotometric detection of lipid conjugated dienes. PMID- 6727674 TI - Fluorescent damage products of lipid peroxidation. PMID- 6727675 TI - Calibration of microspectrophotometers as it applies to the detection of lipofuscin and the blue- and yellow-emitting fluorophores in situ. PMID- 6727676 TI - Detection of picomole levels of lipid hydroperoxides using a dichlorofluorescein fluorescent assay. PMID- 6727677 TI - Characterization of singlet oxygen. PMID- 6727678 TI - Calcium and calmodulin in neutrophil activation. PMID- 6727679 TI - Hydroperoxide effects on redox state of pyridine nucleotides and Ca2+ retention by mitochondria. PMID- 6727680 TI - Glutathione disulfide (GSSG) efflux from cells and tissues. PMID- 6727681 TI - In vitro cell cultures as tools in the study of free radicals and free radical modifiers in carcinogenesis. PMID- 6727682 TI - Assay of lipofuscin/ceroid pigment in vivo during aging. PMID- 6727683 TI - Isolation and characterization of superoxide dismutase. PMID- 6727684 TI - Medical technology assessment: an emerging evaluation methodology. PMID- 6727685 TI - Comparison of examinees' and doctors' judgement of health status using data in an AMHTS. PMID- 6727686 TI - The value of temporary electrical pacing for patients with acute myocardial infarction. PMID- 6727687 TI - ARMA - filtering of evoked potentials. PMID- 6727688 TI - What does an observed relative risk convey about possible misclassification? PMID- 6727689 TI - Statistical evaluation of the respiratory pattern as a risk factor for the sudden infant death syndrome. PMID- 6727690 TI - Increase in plasma lactate at the menopause and its relation to the "anion gap". AB - The mean plasma anion gap (Na + K + Ca + Mg)--(Cl + HCO3(-) + HPO4(2-) + protein), was significantly higher in post-menopausal women compared with pre menopausal women (8.04 mEq/l compared with 7.03 mEq/l). This change was due, in part, to an increase in the plasma lactate concentration and to smaller increases in citrate and pyruvate concentrations. There were also changes in bicarbonate and chloride concentrations which suggested an increase pH of approximately 0.02 U. Together, these changes accounted for 46% of the increase in the "anion gap", leaving 54% unexplained. It is suggested that the rise in plasma lactate concentration may be due to mild alkalosis and that this change may account for the rise in plasma urate concentration which also occurs at the menopause. PMID- 6727691 TI - The effects of subcutaneous hormone implants during climacteric. AB - Climacteric symptoms in 120 women were treated with a total of 469 hormone implants (oestradiol 50 mg and testosterone 100 mg) over a period of four years. All patients with a uterus were given an oral progestogen to prevent endometrial hyperplasia. There was a marked response to treatment, hot flushes being improved in all patients, depression in 99% and loss of libido in 92%. Patient acceptability of this type of treatment was good and there were few side effects or complications. After therapy, the serum oestradiol exceeded the serum oestrone but remained within normal limits. When climacteric symptoms returned and re implantation occurred the serum levels of oestrone, oestradiol, luteinising hormone (LH), follicle stimulating hormone (FSH) and testosterone were within the normal range for the reproductive age. This indicates that the return of symptoms is due to a change in the hormone levels rather than absolute hypo- oestrogenism . PMID- 6727692 TI - Electrical activity in the human oviduct after the menopause. AB - Electrical activity was recorded in 18 morphologically normal human oviducts excised from 17 women during hysterectomy. All women were in the first five years after menopause. The first part of the oviduct to become inactive after menopause was the isthmus near the uterus or the ampullary-isthmic junction. The region which exhibited electrical activity last was the ovarian end of the tube. The typical wave-form of electrical activity in post-menopausal oviducts resembled that recorded during the follicular phase in fertile women: a single smooth wave lasting 3-5s. In three cases, over a bulbous swelling of the ampulla, this typical activity was replaced in continuous, high frequency activity. A hypothesis is provided that the observed changes in electrical activity may be related to certain clinical phenomena such as the increased incidence of tubal pregnancy in the pre-menopause. PMID- 6727693 TI - Low-risk lipoprotein pattern in post-menopausal women on sequential oestrogen/progestogen treatment. AB - Female hormones are known in influence serum lipoproteins. In post-menopausal women oestrogens decrease the concentration of low-density lipoprotein (LDL) and increase that of high-density lipoprotein (HDL), while progestogens may have the opposite effect. The risk of coronary heart disease (CHD) should consequently be decreased by oestrogens and increased by progestogens. We report here the changes observed in serum total cholesterol, triglycerides, and lipoproteins in post menopausal women during sequential oestrogen/progestogen treatment. Oestriol and 17 beta-oestradiol were given alone for the first 12 days, in combination with norethisterone acetate (1 mg/day) for the next 10 days, and then in reduced amounts for the last 6 days of the 28-day cycle. Three different doses of the oestrogens were investigated (high, medium and low). A total of 177 normal post menopausal women volunteered for random allocation to treatment or placebo groups. Blood samples were taken every 3 mth during the progestogen phase of the cycle. Serum total cholesterol was found to be 10-13% lower over a 3-yr period on the high oestrogen dose and 5 and 3% lower on the medium and low doses, respectively. No significant changes were seen in serum triglycerides. Determination of lipoprotein fractions showed that the reduction in total cholesterol was due to reduced LDL-cholesterol, the HDL-cholesterol levels remaining virtually unchanged. PMID- 6727694 TI - Duration of the climacteric syndrome in women treated by hormonal substitution and in controls. AB - This study investigates the duration of symptoms occurring in vegetative climacteric syndrome in women treated by hormonal substitution and in untreated controls. The average duration of the problem in 97 women who refused hormone treatment and served as the control group was 4.5 yr. A mean duration of 5.4 yr was seen in 85 women treated with oral oestrogens, of 6.4 yr in 20 women treated with a combination of oestradiol and prasterone , and of 12.9 yr in 28 women receiving a combination of oestradiol and testosterone. All of these groups were practically identical as regards initiation of therapy, age, and 17 other case history, sociological and clinical criteria. Although hormonal treatment of the climacteric syndrome can lengthen the duration of the symptoms, this is not necessarily always the case. The type of medication and the dose undoubtedly play an important role in this connection. It has been shown that oestradiol testosterone combinations can prolong the period during which the symptoms of the climacteric syndrome occur beyond the period that their occurrence may be regarded as physiological. PMID- 6727695 TI - Tris- and deoxycholate-induced lysis in colistin-treated Proteus strains. AB - Strains of Proteus spp. were pretreated with colistin (polymyxin E) and resuspended in either Tris buffer or sodium deoxycholate. Leakage of potassium and materials with an absorption maxima at 260 nm increased on resuspension of two pretreated Proteus mirabilis strains in Tris buffer or sodium deoxycholate. The activity of Tris increased up to pH 9 and of sodium deoxycholate up to 1,000 micrograms/ml. Greater leakage occurred with resuspension in Tris buffer than in sodium deoxycholate. Other Proteus strains tested did not produce leakage following similar treatment. PMID- 6727697 TI - Bactericidal activity of ethanol against glucose nonfermentative Gram-negative bacilli. AB - The bactericidal effect of ethanol on glucose nonfermentative Gram-negative bacilli (nonfermentative bacilli) and other species of micro-organisms was studied with emphasis on the former. At 20 degrees C, 10 to 20% v/v ethanol took 1 h or more to kill thirteen strains of nonfermentative bacilli while 40 to 99.5% concentrations produced a bactericidal effect within 1 min of exposure. Eleven strains of glucose fermentative organisms showed a similar tendency to that noted with nonfermentative bacilli, except that S. aureus was a little resistant to 99.5% ethanol. Using several strains of nonfermentative bacilli, the effects of temperature and equine serum on the bactericidal action of ethanol were determined. The bactericidal action of ethanol increased with rising of temperature (10-30 degrees C), and it was sufficient even at 10 degrees C provided that the concentration of ethanol was over 50%. The equine serum produced little effect on the bactericidal action of ethanol. PMID- 6727696 TI - Collagen hydrolysis by a new Streptomyces species. AB - A soil streptomycete hydrolysed collagen extracted from bovine Achilles tendon, calf skin, carp swim bladder and rat tail tendon. Enzyme activity was highest with rat tail tendon collagen as substrate. The taxonomy of the streptomycete was studied according to internationally approved methods. Comparative studies revealed that it resembled Streptomyces humidus , S. rochei and S. distatochromogenes in some respects, but differed in many cultural and physiological characteristics. Based on these differences the organism was given a new identity as Streptomyces species A. PMID- 6727698 TI - Uptake of U-14C-glucose by Streptococcus mutans in the presence of saccharin. AB - The uptake of U-14C-glucose by resting cells of Streptococcus mutans OMZ-176 was studied in the presence of the artificial sweetener saccharin as well as sodium chloride. Glucose grown cells were resuspended in phosphate buffer (0.05 M, pH 7.8), and the uptake of U-14C-glucose was observed for 150 min in time intervals of 30 min, in the presence of 0.02 and 2.00 mg/ml of sodium saccharin as well as sodium chloride. As compared to the control and the sodium chloride treatments, sodium saccharin at the highest concentration range more than doubled the accumulation of radioactive labelled carbon within the cells. PMID- 6727699 TI - An examination of the contribution of red cell spacing to the uniformity of oxygen flux at the capillary wall. AB - It is generally assumed that capillary blood is homogeneous for O2 supply and that red cells can provide a constant, uniform flux of O2 out of the capillary regardless of the spacing between cells. Using a simplified model of red cells moving through a capillary in skeletal muscle, an approximate analysis is developed to study the effect of red cell spacing on the ability of erythrocytes to provide a constant, uniform flux of O2 at the capillary wall. The results suggest the existence of a critical red cell separation distance above which the flux of O2 at the capillary wall between red cells cannot remain uniform and the capillary blood is no longer homogeneous for O2 supply. In resting muscle the predicted critical separation distance is greater than four cell lengths. During maximal O2 consumption, the critical separation distance predicted by the model is one cell length. These predictions agree closely with in vivo observations of red cell spacing. The total red cell flux through a capillary is determined not only by red cell spacing (hematocrit) but also by erythrocyte velocity; a simple example is given which suggests that changes in each of these variables are not equivalent in maintaining a constant and uniform flux of O2 at the capillary wall. PMID- 6727700 TI - Stereomorphological arrangement of capillaries in skeletal muscle in normal and stenosed young and adult rats. AB - The stereomorphological arrangement of skeletal muscle capillaries depends on many factors. Genetic biochemical composition of muscle fibers, age, and training can interfere with the growth of the capillary network. This study is focused on the age effect of chronic reduction of blood flow, as in arterial stenosis, in skeletal muscle network of young rats when compared with adult rats. It has been observed that there is a statistically significant decrease of the length of short capillaries which cross the muscle fibers. In adult rats the opposite occurs. PMID- 6727701 TI - Platelet aggregation in poiseuille flow: I. A double infusion technique. AB - This paper describes the design of a double infusion microtube and its use to directly observe the aggregation of platelets undergoing Poiseuille flow immediately after the introduction of 1 microM ADP. Citrated human platelet-rich plasma flowed between two reservoirs through a 100-microns-diameter flow tube at the entrance of which ADP was simultaneously infused through the tip of a concentrically located micropipet . With the aid of microcinematography, the time course of platelet aggregation was followed by measuring the number distribution of single cells and aggregates across the median plane of the tube at various distances downstream of the micropipet . Preliminary studies covering a range of mean tube shear rates from 2 to 30 sec-1 showed that, for a given donor, the fraction of platelets in aggregates, both in control runs (infusion of Tyrodes ) and in experimental runs (infusion of ADP) was reproducible to within +/- 1%. Except at the lowest shear rate, the extent of aggregation increased with increasing distance down the tube. PMID- 6727702 TI - Platelet aggregation in poiseuille flow: II. Effect of shear rate. AB - Using a double infusion technique described in the previous paper, the effect of shear rate, G, on platelet aggregation was studied in citrated platelet-rich plasma in Poiseuille flow over a range of mean linear flow rates, u3 from 50 to 1500 microns-1 corresponding to G from 2 to 54 sec-1. At 1 micron ADP, aggregates were formed at all u3 and, except at the lowest flow rate, both the degree of aggregation (net fraction of cells in aggregates, A') and size of the aggregates increased with distance down the tube. The degree of aggregation was both time and shear rate-dependent. Over the first 10 sec, A' appeared to be independent of the mean transit time indicating that the collision capture efficiency decreased with increasing G. Thereafter, A' increased with increasing shear rate leading to the formation of an appreciable number of aggregates greater than 10 cells at G greater than 24 sec-1. Small aggregates initially formed near the tube wall and, as they grew in size, migrated toward the axis as their rotation was physically impeded by the wall. In addition, the values of A' in cPRP from five female donors were significantly greater than those from five male donors. PMID- 6727703 TI - Quantitative studies on the influence of leukocytes on the vascular resistance in a skeletal muscle preparation. AB - The effects of leukocytes on vascular resistance and capillary filtration coefficient (CFC) of the maximally vasodilated vascular bed of rat hindquarters were measured using servocontrolled isogravimetry . After determination of the pre- and postcapillary resistances and CFC with a cell-free perfusate, a leukocyte bolus was introduced (0.5 to 9 X 10(6) cells/100 g tissue). Experiments were performed at three flows: 0.7-0.9, 1.4-1.6, and 2.4-3.7 ml/(min X 100 g tissue). Changes in vascular resistance were calculated from continuous pressure flow recordings during a 10-min period, followed by a CFC measurement. Leukocytes were counted in the effluent for calculation of the number of cells remaining in the vascular bed. Leukocyte infusion caused a transient increase of the precapillary resistance (Ra) by as much as 72% after infusion of 9 X 10(6) cells/100 g tissue at 0.7-0.9 ml/(min X 100 g tissue). After the initial peak the Ra usually fell to a lower, constant, level, but was still clearly elevated (maximum 23%) at the low flows of 0.7-0.9 and 1.4-1.6 ml/(min X 100 g tissue). This sustained increase of Ra was positively related to the number of cells remaining in the vasculature. At high flows of 2.4-3.7 ml/(min X 100 g tissue) the Ra increase was very small, irrespective of the number of cells infused or remaining in the vascular bed. These findings, together with the fact that CFC decreased proportionally to the sustained increase of Ra, indicate that the effect of leukocytes on Ra was due to a pressure-dependent occlusion of the microvasculature. PMID- 6727704 TI - Magnetic targeting of microspheres in blood flow. AB - Magnetically responsive albumin microspheres can be targeted to the vasculature of specific organs, using extracorporeal magnetic sources. Experiments have been performed on targeting these microspheres to specific regions of normal and tumorous rat tails. This paper quantitatively analyzes the relationship between magnetic forces and the observed microsphere holding. The magnetic forces are determined by the magnetic responsiveness of the microspheres, and by the spatial field of the magnet; both of these are measured. The microsphere holding is defined as that fraction of the microspheres perfusing the tail which are held at a particular site; this is measured at various positions in the tail. The holding as a function of magnetic force is thereby established. To interpret the data, the dynamics of microspheres in blood flow is considered, including motion to a vessel wall, shear forces at the wall, and intersphere attraction. Overall, the method appears favorable for targeting therapeutic drugs to tumor sites in humans. PMID- 6727705 TI - Hepatic lymph flow and protein concentration during intravenous saline infusion and intestinal fluid absorption. AB - A simple procedure for the collection of the postnodal and prenodal hepatic lymph in the rats under pentobarbital anesthesia is described. Lymph flow (JL) from the main hepatic lymph duct ( postnodal ), protein concentration in both the lymph (CL) and plasma (CP), and the CL/CP ratio were 0.22 +/- 0.1 ml/kg of body weight . hr (0.66 +/- 0.3 ml/100 g wet liver wt . hr), 4.3 +/- 0.5 and 6.2 +/- 0.3 g%, and 0.69 +/- 0.1 (mean +/- SE), respectively. There was no significant difference in CL between prenodal and postnodal lymph in the fasted or unfasted rats. During intestinal fluid absorption with an increase in intestinal JL, postnodal hepatic JL or CL did not change. During intravenous saline infusion with lowering of plasma oncotic pressure, there was a small increase in prenodal JL (by approximately 160%) with some decrease (by 16%) in CL/CP ratio but a much larger increase in postnodal JL (by approximately 700%) with a significant decrease (by 55%) in CL/CP ratio. The results demonstrate that both flow and protein concentration of the postnodal lymph differ greatly from that of the prenodal lymph due to modification during transit through the lymph node. The small increase of the prenodal JL with negligible change in CL/CP ratio during saline infusion suggests that oncotic pressure grandient plays a minor or insignificant role in the transsinusoidal fluid transport in the liver. PMID- 6727706 TI - A method to obtain volumetric blood flow and red cell velocity in the microvascular network. PMID- 6727707 TI - Effects of two methods of craniotomy on microvascular responses in the mouse brain. PMID- 6727708 TI - Drug resistance and R plasmids in Vibrio anguillarum isolated in cultured ayu (Plecoglossus altivelis). AB - Two hundred twenty-six strains of Vibrio anguillarum collected from cultured ayu ( Plecoglossus altivelis ) between 1978 and 1980 were studied for their sensitivities to 10 chemotherapeutics. In order to determine whether the drug resistant strains possessed transferable R plasmids, they were conjugated with Escherichia coli. Almost all the strains isolated during the 3 years showed resistance to nalidixic acid (NA) and/or furazolidone (NF). NA and NF resistance were not transferred to Escherichia coli from any of the strains. Chloramphenicol resistant strains were isolated in every year and almost all of them carried transferable R plasmids. Only one strain with tetracycline resistance was found among the strains tested. Strains resistant to sulfonamides, streptomycin, ampicillin (ABP), and trimethoprim (TMP) increased rapidly in 1980, and a large number of them carried transferable R plasmids. Transferable R plasmids encoded with resistance to ABP and TMP were detected for the first time in V. anguillarum strains. The R plasmids detected in the strains isolated in 1980 were classified into incompatibility groups E, A, and an untypable group. The R plasmid DNAs were cleaved by EcoRI to yield 11 to 13 fragments. The estimated molecular weights of the R plasmids from the five strains ranged from 97 to 104 M daltons. PMID- 6727709 TI - Colonial morphology of treponemes observed by electron microscopy. AB - The colonial morphology of three strains of cultivable, nonpathogenic treponemes including a human oral treponeme was examined by light and electron microscopy. Treponema phagedenis strains Kazan and Reiter produced large white colonies on the surface of solid media composed of sterility test broth, 0.9 to 3.1% agar, rifampin, and 12.5% rabbit or horse serum. A human oral treponeme, strain G7201 , grew as diffused white zones on 0.9 to 3.1% agar plates. Under the cultural conditions employed agar concentrations slightly affected the time of appearance of colonies of the three strains of treponemes. When the colonies of these three strains were viewed by scanning electron microscopy, differences in their colonial morphology were observed. The 11-day-old colonies of human oral strain G7201 were very small, 5 to 15 micron in diameter, and had a slight irregular border. Kazan treponemes developed circular, entire and low convex colonies. Scanning and transmission electron microscopy revealed that the colonies of Reiter treponemes contained spherical forms almost up to 5 micron in diameter, each consisting of an outer membrane and a treponemal main body. They were very similar to the spherical bodies produced by strain G7201 in sucrose-containing broth. PMID- 6727710 TI - Isolation of Ureaplasma urealyticum from healthy young persons in Korea. PMID- 6727711 TI - Growth and luminescence of luminous bacteria on modified Haneda's medium. PMID- 6727712 TI - Lung infection due to Mycobacterium xenopi: report of the first case in Japan. PMID- 6727713 TI - Cytotoxicity and calcium-dependent antigen of Yersinia. AB - The relationship between invasiveness and calcium dependency was examined in various strains of Yersinia enterocolitica and Y. pseudotuberculosis by using established cell lines. Infection with calcium-dependent bacteria resulted in the formation of microvilli and the adherence of bacteria on the cell surface, and the adherent bacteria were ingested 1.5 hr after infection. Morphological changes in the cells became visible 2 to 3 hr after infection, and intracellular multiplication of the ingested bacteria was noted. When the cells were incubated with bacteria at 37 C for 1.5 hr and then at 25 C, however, the morphological changes in the infected cells were not observed. No isogenic strains that had lost calcium dependency for growth at 37 C were able to elicit the morphological changes in the cells, though they possessed the ability to adhere to and penetrate the cells. The antigen(s) supposedly related to cytotoxicity of the calcium-dependent Yersinia was sought by using antibodies prepared against calcium-dependent bacteria and then absorbed with calcium-independent bacteria and with calcium-independent bacterial cytosol. Double diffusion tests between the antisera and bacterial cytosol extracts revealed the presence of an antigen which was a cytoplasmic substance common to all calcium-dependent but not calcium independent strains of Y. enterocolitica and Y. pseudotuberculosis. PMID- 6727714 TI - Effect of E-64, thiol protease inhibitor, on the secondary anti-SRBC response in vitro. AB - E-64, L-trans-epoxysuccinyl- leucylamido (4-guanidino) butane, a specific inhibitor of thiol proteases originally isolated from the culture of a fungus, was examined in connection with the immune responses to the splenocytes of mice. In cultures of C3H/He mouse splenocytes, E-64 and its analogues showed mitogenic activity, and some of them enhanced the lymphocyte blast transformation induced by a suboptimal concentration of concanavalin A. E-64 caused a significant suppressive effect on the secondary anti-SRBC responses when 7- or 14-day-primed BDF1 mouse splenocytes were cultured with SRBC, while it induced no effect on cultured splenocytes either from mice treated with cyclophosphamide, from mice sensitized with dinitrophenyl-Ficoll. The results with E-64 and its close analogues revealed that their effects on the immune response roughly correlated with their inhibitory activity against thiol protease. These results suggest that a thiol protease might be involved in the process of secondary immune response in mouse splenocytes. PMID- 6727715 TI - Chemical and ultrastructural differences in endotoxic glycolipids from Salmonella minnesota Re mutant extracted with various solvent systems. AB - Endotoxic glycolipids ( ReGl ) extracted from the whole cells (WC) and cell walls of heptose-less Re mutant of Salmonella minnesota with hot phenol-water (PW), phenol-chloroform-petroleum ether (PCP), and chloroform-methanol (CM) were analyzed chemically and examined with an electron microscope. ReGl -PW-(WC) contained mannose and proteins as contaminants, ReGl -PCP(WC) consisted of an excess amount of amino compound (cadaverine), and ReGl -PCP(WC) consisted of proteins and cadaverine, in addition to the ReGl constituents. The ultrastructure of ReGl -PW(WC) resembled onions when stained with uranyl formate, and was spherical when stained with uranyl acetate, sodium phosphotungstate and ammonium molybdate, whereas those of ReGl -PCP(WC) and ReGl -CM(WC) were shaped like ribbons. However, the shadowed ultrastructures of ReGl -PCP(WC) and ReGl -CM(WC) showed small pieces of flat and wide sheets, respectively. ReGl -PCP(WC) re extracted by the PW method was found to be converted into the onion-like structure which was similar to that of ReGl -PW(WC), while an intermediate form (fingerprint-like) was observed after re-extraction of ReGl -PW(WC) with PCP. It was strongly suggested that the ultrastructural arrangement of ReGl was dependent on the solvent systems used for extraction. PMID- 6727716 TI - Electron microscopic studies of endotoxins treated with alkaline and acid reagents. AB - Endotoxins extracted from Salmonella minnesota wild strain and R mutants (Ra to Re) were treated with two different alkaline reagents. Treatment with diluted sodium hydroxide, which caused partial removal of O-ester linked fatty acids, changed the ultrastructures of endotoxins from an onion-like structure to monolayer particles (approximately 100 A in diameter) except for endotoxic glycolipids from Rd2 and Re mutants which showed mixed ultrastructures of untreated and treated endotoxins. Treatment with alkaline hydroxylamine, which caused liberation of all O-ester linked fatty acids, changed the ultrastructures of all endotoxins to monolayer particles. The results suggested that the ultrastructures of alkaline-treated endotoxins were dependent on the degree of their hydrophobicity. On the other hand, the micrographs of acid treated endotoxins did not show a constant structure because of the high hydrophobicity. PMID- 6727717 TI - Sugar synthesis in Leptospira. I. Presence of glucosephosphate isomerase. AB - The presence of glucosephosphate isomerase, one of the key enzymes in carbohydrate metabolism, was confirmed for the first time in the cell-free extract of Leptospira biflexa. The glucosephosphate isomerase of L. biflexa was heat-labile and its optimum pH was about 8.5. The enzyme showed an optimal temperature of about 45 C but was more stable at 30 C. Km value of the enzyme was 5.6 X 10(-3)M. The activity of the enzyme was inhibited by the inhibitor, 6 phosphogluconate. From this study, the presence of a metabolic pathway, the phosphogluconate pathway, other than non-oxidative pentose phosphate pathway presented by Baseman and Cox was suggested. PMID- 6727719 TI - Concerning the genesis of AIDS. PMID- 6727718 TI - Isolation of Yersinia pseudotuberculosis from bovine calves with enteric disorders. PMID- 6727720 TI - X-ray induced thyroid adenocarcinoma. AB - A comparison is made of the x-ray induced thyroid adenocarcinoma in the rat by the in-vitro, in-vivo method of Clifton et al. with previous data of Doniach on in-vivo irradiation in whole animals. The Clifton data consists of only one point at 500 rad. I have assumed that the probability of transformation per viable cell from 0 to 500 rad is proportioned to dose and that at higher doses, it is proportional to dose squared. The fraction of rats developing adenocarcinoma agrees with the data of Doniach at 500 and 1100 rads. The rest of the data is filled in by calculation. PMID- 6727721 TI - A possible cause of acquired immune deficiency syndrome (AIDS) and other new diseases. AB - An hypothesis is proposed to explain the surge of new diseases appearing in the world. Mass immunization with live viral vaccines increases the probability of genetic recombination between live vaccine viruses and between live vaccine viruses and other viruses. Perhaps this is the reason for origination of new diseases within the last twenty years. Nucleic acid hybridization techniques might be used to test the hypothesis. PMID- 6727722 TI - Reptilian behavioural patterns in childhood autism. AB - Childhood autism may be caused by damage to three phylogenetically distinct regions of the brain, or their major pathways and connections. Injury to the neocortex results in loss of language and cognitive function, while injury to the limbic cortex results in autistic withdrawal and abolition of play behaviour. Injury to the more primitive striatal complex, mammalian counterpart of the brain of reptiles, results in a bizarre and truncated form of stereotyped and ritualistic behaviour. The causes of brain injury in childhood autism could be those common in the perinatal period including cerebral anoxia, haemorrhage, phenylketonuria, neurolipidoses , meningitis, toxoplasmosis, and congenital rubella. All these conditions have previously been shown to be associated with childhood autism. PMID- 6727723 TI - Gene control by phosphoproteins: a theoretical model for eukarotic DNA regulation. AB - Although gene regulatory mechanisms in eukaryotic cells are complex, some progress is being made in understanding them. Chromosomal proteins may play a significant role in genome function and gene control. More specifically, a central role may be played by the nuclear nonhistone proteins. It appears that both viral transformation and steroid hormone action may be associated with the phosphorylation of these proteins. Recent studies have revealed that some oncogenic viruses are capable of producing viral transforming proteins with protein kinase activity. This suggests how they may subvert normal gene regulatory mechanisms. Furthermore, the effects of the steroid-receptor complex on nuclear nonhistone proteins may be similar to the effects of these viral transforming proteins, but in a controlled sense. A model of gene-regulatory, nuclear phosphorylation reactions is formulated which suggests how some oncogenic viruses may control normal gene regulatory mechanisms and how steroid hormones may interact with these same mechanisms. Such a model may reveal how disruption of these same mechanisms leads to carcinogenesis. PMID- 6727724 TI - An on-line method for evaluation of the in vitro pulsatile pressure drop and regurgitative characteristics of prosthetic heart valves. AB - An on-line digital method is described for analyzing the pressure drop and regurgitative characteristics of prosthetic heart valves in a pulse duplicator system. The method is based on the Apple II microcomputer system but could be modified to be used with most microcomputers currently available. The digital data collection system is synchronized with the pulse duplicator system, and is programmed to collect the relevant pressure (upstream and downstream) and volumetric flow data for 10 cardiac cycles at a given time. The system is relatively easy to use and gives the scientist a fair amount of flexibility in terms of data collection, storage, and analysis. The on-line method has been used with the pulse duplicator of the Georgia Institute of Technology for the past 3 years. PMID- 6727725 TI - Comparison of in vitro valve pressure drop results from different investigators. AB - Steady-state pressure-drop vs flow-rate measurements on prosthetic valves have been shown to correlate well with mean cyclic pressure drops vs RMS flow rate during systolic ejection from pulsatile flow data. The use of steady-state data is therefore validated as a means of assessing performance characteristics. Pressure-drop results reported in the literature were compared for valves of the same size and manufacture. Significant differences were noted, which are attributed to: (a) different geometries in the region of the valves, (b) different approach flow conditions, (c) different placement of pressure measurement taps, and (d) different methods of pressure measurement. Differences in pressure drop were observed to vary by as much as a factor of five among different investigators. The exponent n in the relation delta p infinity Q" was also observed to vary, depending on the above factors. The reasons for and some quantitative calculations on the observed differences are presented here. PMID- 6727726 TI - The efficacy and safety of defibrillation with 10-millisecond trapezoidal waves of different tilts. PMID- 6727727 TI - A simple-time-series approach for evaluating an ocular plethysmograph. AB - A simple-time-series approach for testing the efficacy of an ocular plethysmograph has been developed. This statistical methodology is used to demonstrate the clinical potential of the Buffington ocular plethysmograph for the noninvasive detection of cerebral ischemia. This is done by correlating intraocular pulse amplitude to systemic blood pressure changes during controlled hypotension induced by the intravenous administration of sodium pentobarbital (25 mg/kg) in five dogs. PMID- 6727728 TI - The perfusometer: an instrument for assessing the condition of critically ill patients. AB - The perfusometer provides a noninvasive means of monitoring distal perfusion for diagnosis and quantification of circulatory shock. PMID- 6727729 TI - Intrauterine pressure analysis in nonpregnant dysmenorrheic women. AB - Past attempts to describe, codify , and implement analysis of intrauterine pressure data have been limited. With a growing interest in intrauterine pressure in dysmenorrhea, the need for multiple, well-defined, reproducible parameters has become greater. The availability of fast, compact microcomputers has provided a tool that makes this goal attainable. Using an X-Y digitizer and microcomputer (Apple II+), a system measuring 12 parameters has been designed and implemented. These parameters are easily assessed and determined with the aid of the computer and have distinct clinical usefulness. PMID- 6727730 TI - Teaching the operation of medical equipment: the potential for misunderstanding. AB - In training users to operate medical equipment, there exists the potential for a failure to communicate completely what the instrument's capabilities are and how it operates. The knowledge must be transferred through many contact points, each increasing the possibility for misunderstanding or failure to understand. Major contact points are: designer and builder with sales staff; and sales staff and hospital personnel. Primary teaching methods are: instruction manual, in-service training presentation, videotape, film, and hands-on experience. Knowledge and competence in equipment use are basic to avoid liability if a problem should arise. PMID- 6727732 TI - Health care for adolescents. PMID- 6727731 TI - Automated indirect blood pressure measurement--a point of view. AB - A review of a recent American Hospital Association guideline report on automated indirect blood pressure measurement devices prompted the author's reflections on the general efficacy of this technology and on the preoccupation of modern medicine with "high technology." He urges physicians to moderate their increasing reliance on technology and to more critically assess the actual vs perceived benefits of the ever-more-sophisticated electronic monitoring tools available in the health care marketplace. PMID- 6727733 TI - Aboriginal children. PMID- 6727734 TI - "Medical assault" doctrine. PMID- 6727735 TI - Early childhood pneumonia in Aborigines of Bourke, New South Wales. AB - We carried out a retrospective survey of all children born in the district of Bourke , New South Wales, over a three-year period to determine the frequency of lobar pneumonia in the first three years of life. Although more non-Aboriginal children (167) than Aboriginal children (103) were born during this period, there was a striking difference between these groups in the frequency of pneumonia. Twenty-six (25.2%) Aboriginal children had one or more episodes of lobar pneumonia, compared with only five (3%) non-Aboriginal children born during the same period. Characteristic features of the disease in the Aboriginal children included a high rate of recurrent pneumonia (35%), frequent involvement of the upper lobe of the right lung (77%), and often a family history of pneumonia in early childhood. Of those with siblings, 39% of the affected infants had siblings who had suffered from pneumonia in early childhood. No perinatal factors which correlated with the subsequent development of lobar pneumonia could be identified. However, a greater proportion of the affected than of the non affected children lived in substandard housing conditions. PMID- 6727736 TI - Chronic ear disease in Australian Aborigines. AB - Ear, nose and throat diseases in children living in the Kimberley region of Western Australia have been systematically studied over the last 15 years. A "diagnostic triad" is described; this offers a comprehensive approach to the assessment of middle-ear disease. The aetiology of chronic ear disease in Aboriginal children has been investigated. Management problems of deafness are discussed. PMID- 6727737 TI - Clinical trials. PMID- 6727738 TI - Retinal vascular changes after treatment with hyperbaric oxygen. AB - A healthy 44-year-old man, who accompanied patients with multiple sclerosis as an attendant into a pressure chamber for hyperbaric oxygen treatment at 203 kPa (2 atm) absolute pressure, used a spare 100% oxygen mask himself for one hour on two occasions, and later noticed a field defect in his left eye. The vasoconstrictive, and consequent possible ischaemic, effects of hyperbaric oxygen are discussed, and the sensitivity of the retinal vasculature to hyperbaric oxygen is emphasized. PMID- 6727740 TI - Repetition strain injuries. PMID- 6727739 TI - LRC-CPP trial. PMID- 6727741 TI - Hyperprolactinaemia: two cases. PMID- 6727742 TI - Acute epiglottitis in adults. PMID- 6727743 TI - Acoustic neuroma surgery. PMID- 6727744 TI - Medullary and papillary thyroid carcinoma. PMID- 6727745 TI - Blood pressure, occupation and lifestyle. PMID- 6727746 TI - Child safety is no accident. PMID- 6727747 TI - Renal disease in systemic lupus erythematosus. PMID- 6727748 TI - Dengue in the northern region of Queensland, 1981-1982. AB - During the dengue epidemic in northern Queensland in 1981 and 1982, type I dengue was serologically confirmed in 196 patients (mean age, 32.2 years) from the Cairns district. The most common symptoms were fever (99%), headache (92%), rash (91%), myalgia (93%), skin itching (75%) and arthralgia (60%). Haemorrhagic manifestations were noted in 14 patients. Most only showed skin petechiae. One patient also had bleeding from the gastrointestinal and urinary tracts. No cases of shock were recorded. Leucopenia was present in 57% of patients. A discussion on the relevance of these findings to dengue haemorrhagic fever/dengue shock syndrome is included. A serological survey after the epidemic suggests that approximately 7% of the population have antibodies to dengue as a result of the recent epidemic. PMID- 6727749 TI - Survival of low-birthweight infants in a Queensland provincial centre. AB - Survival figures over a five-year period of low-birthweight infants (2000 g or less at birth) in two intensive care nurseries in Rockhampton , Queensland, are presented. The units were level 2 nurseries with some level 3 amenities . All live-born infants born in Rockhampton and infants retrieved from outlying areas were included in the study. The survival rate was nil for infants of less than 501 g at birth, 40% for those weighing between 500 and 751 g, 45% for those weighing 750 to 1001 g, 85% for those weighing 1001 to 1501 g and 91% for those weighing 1500 to 2001 g at birth. These results compare favourably with those for some level 3 intensive-care units. PMID- 6727750 TI - Safety of influenza vaccination in adults with asthma. AB - The results of a study to investigate whether influenza vaccination produces symptoms or exacerbations in adults with asthma are reported. Twenty-eight subjects with asthma were followed up over three-week periods, during which they received both influenza vaccinations and placebo injections. Subjective assessment of asthma symptoms and objective assessment of bronchoconstriction by means of peak expiratory flow rate measurements were carried out each day. No evidence for the asthmagenicity of influenza vaccination was found. The relevance of this finding in the assessment of patients for influenza vaccination is discussed. PMID- 6727752 TI - Proper use of clinical air pumps and nebulizers. PMID- 6727751 TI - Renal involvement in systemic lupus erythematosus. AB - A review of 28 cases of biopsy-proven lupus nephritis seen in Prince Henry's Hospital, Melbourne, in the last 12 years from 1971 to 1982 is reported. The mean follow-up period was 51 months. Renal histopathological changes were categorized according to the WHO classification of lupus nephritis. The majority of our patient population fell into two of the seven possible histological subgroups - Class IV (diffuse proliferative) disease (53.6%) and Class IIb (mesangial proliferative) disease (28.5%). Treatment with prednisolone alone or with a prednisolone/azathioprine combination resulted in an equal five-year survival (82%) and a similar overall preservation of renal function. The major single cause of death was opportunistic infection (60%). Despite overrepresentation of the more severe forms of lupus nephritis in a nephrology-unit population, there was a satisfactory outcome from therapy with either prednisolone alone or with a prenisolone /azathioprine combination. However, there were significant rates of morbidity and death associated with immunosuppressive therapy, primarily from opportunistic infection. PMID- 6727753 TI - Salt in the Australian diet. PMID- 6727754 TI - Debendox withdrawn. PMID- 6727756 TI - Smoke still gets in your eyes. PMID- 6727755 TI - Never forget syphilis. PMID- 6727757 TI - Brain death, murder and the law. PMID- 6727758 TI - Mental health legislation. PMID- 6727759 TI - Hyponatremia or stroke? PMID- 6727760 TI - Echovirus type 11 infection in neonates in Fiji. PMID- 6727761 TI - Diving and the soft content lens. PMID- 6727762 TI - Fish sting treatment. PMID- 6727763 TI - Amitriptyline and ciguatera. PMID- 6727764 TI - Diagnosis of panic disorder. PMID- 6727765 TI - Herpes zoster in the S3 dermatome. PMID- 6727766 TI - Ocular foreign body. PMID- 6727768 TI - [Chronic diarrhea: etiopathogenesis, diagnosis and therapy]. PMID- 6727767 TI - Standardization of oral anticoagulant therapy. PMID- 6727769 TI - [Light and sun protection]. PMID- 6727770 TI - [Travel involving long-distance flights: health risks]. PMID- 6727771 TI - Sunscreens. PMID- 6727772 TI - IV-S neuroblastoma: a cooperative study of 30 children. AB - The clinical features of 30 children with IV-S neuroblastoma have been reviewed. They were treated at 11 Italian pediatric institutions in the period 1970-1981. Patients with IV-S neuroblastoma comprise 6.1% of all the neuroblastoma cases observed during that period. The age at diagnosis ranged from birth to 11 months (mean, 3 months). The distribution of "primary" lesions was of interest. The adrenal gland was affected most often (57% of patients), but tumors of the chest and neck were also encountered. No specific "primary" lesion was identified in ten children. The most frequent site of widespread disease was the liver (87%). Neither the size of the "primary" tumor, nor the number or size of subcutaneous nodules was of prognostic significance. Unfavorable features were age less than 2 months and clinical signs of pulmonary, renal, or hepatic embarrassment. These data confirm the need for prompt intervention in the infant who is suffering from compression of these vital structures by the enlarged liver. Radiation therapy is to be preferred for this purpose, because of the often severe toxicity that is associated with chemotherapy in infants. One, and possibly two babies in this series died of chemotherapy-related complications. PMID- 6727773 TI - Peptichemio in neuroblastoma at relapse. AB - Peptichemio (PTC), a multipeptidic complex of m-L-phenyl-alanine mustard, was administered to 39 children with neuroblastoma at relapse. The compound was given in two 5-day cycles at dosages varying from 1.0-1.5 mg/kg/day. We were able to evaluate 29 of the initial 39 children for PTC effect; 21 of them had received PTC as first therapy following diagnosis. Ten patients underwent other chemotherapy for relapse before PTC. Three patients were off therapy when relapse occurred. Subjective improvement was observed in 18 cases (62%). Eleven patients (38%) experienced an objective regression, which was scored as complete response in three cases, partial response in two, mixed response in six. In ten children no significant disease change was observed; the remaining eight had a progression of their disease while receiving PTC. The incidence of responses has been higher in patients off therapy at moment of relapse, and lower in those pretreated for their relapse. Previous administration of PTC did not reduce the chance of response at relapse. Major toxic effects were transient, mostly moderate myelodepression and phlebosclerosis. Allergic reactions, nausea, and vomiting, occurred in a few patients. These data indicate that PTC may exert objective antitumor activity in approximately one-third of neuroblastoma patients at relapse. PMID- 6727774 TI - Leukemic infiltration of the testes in acute nonlymphocytic leukemia. AB - Two children with ANLL in complete remission developed testicular relapse 18 and 34 months after diagnosis. Their clinical presentation was similar to that observed in patients with ALL. Although the testicular leukemia responded to between 2,400 and 3,000 rads, bone marrow relapse occurred within 4 months and death within 6 months of the testicular relapse. This points out the need for surveillance of the testicles in males with ANLL, and raises the question of need for testicular biopsy among long-time male survivors. PMID- 6727775 TI - Acute nonlymphocytic leukemia developing during the course of Ewing's sarcoma. AB - Two children with Ewing's sarcoma developed acute nonlymphocytic leukemia (ANLL) during the course of their illness. One patient developed ANLL after apparently successful treatment of his primary malignancy with radiation therapy and multiagent chemotherapy. In the second patient, acute leukemia developed before the administration of radiotherapy or systemic chemotherapy. The development of secondary ANLL after Ewing's sarcoma has been reported only twice previously, most likely representing a therapy-induced complication. The occurrence of ANLL in Patient 2 prior to therapy suggests that these two disorders may have a more than treatment-related association. Close follow-up of long-term survivors of Ewing's sarcoma with surveillance for secondary acute leukemia is advised. PMID- 6727776 TI - Anaphylactic reaction to cytarabine: in vitro evidence that the response is immunoglobulin E mediated. AB - A 48-year-old female developed significant bronchospasm on two occasions after being treated with cytarabine (Ara-C) by the intraperitoneal route. In this report we present the first in vitro evidence that such a reaction to cytarabine can be associated with the release of histamine and therefore might be immunoglobulin E (IgE) mediated. In addition, this report emphasizes the fact that, while uncommon, severe allergic reactions to this useful chemotherapeutic agent do occur and must be considered in the differential diagnosis of anaphylaxis and related symptoms in patients receiving this drug. PMID- 6727777 TI - Fibrosarcoma of the leg. PMID- 6727778 TI - Volume doubling measurement of spherical and ellipsoidal tumors. AB - Volume doubling rulers are described for rapid estimation of tumor volume using projection areas of single-plane images such as chest radiographs. The potential utility of the rulers derives in part from the convenient relationships that exist for the interconversion of volume, volume doubling number, and decimal log growth or cell kill. The traditional approach to tumor volume doubling time determination, originated by Collins [1] uses the average diameter of approximately spherical tumors; analysis of the geometry of volume doubling shows this method to be nearly as accurate as methods that assume elliptical eccentricity, but only up to a tumor image length/width ratio of 1.5. For ratios greater than 1.5, it is shown that the clinical practice of taking perpendicular diameters is inherently more accurate. Where two perpendicular radiographic views of a tumor ellipsoid are available, it is shown that calculation of volume using the longest projection radius should result in less than one single volume doubling underestimate due to out-of-plane orientation of the long axis of the tumor. These methods should find greatest utility in measurement of multiple metachronous tumors that are well-circumscribed, convex in perimeter, and have low length/width ratios. PMID- 6727779 TI - Cancer in Hiroshima: 35 years after the bomb. AB - After the 1945 atomic bomb explosions, attention was initially drawn to the leukemogenic effect of atomic radiation. Mortality studies over the years have shown that the leukemogenic effect has been gradually declining, and the incidence of solid tumors has been increasing. There was shorter latent period for the appearance of excess leukemia mortality than for solid tumors. It appears that the risk for developing solid tumors becomes greatest when the population enters the age group at which that particular form of cancer most commonly occurs. The leukemogenic and carcinogenic risks are also greater in those exposed to radiation in the younger age groups. There are implications in these studies for cancer control with regard to radiation safety in diagnostic radiology and the peaceful uses of atomic energy; in addition, they emphasize the moral obligation involved in limiting the proliferation of atomic weapons. These observations may also be parallel to the experience of oncologists with second primary cancers after the administration of chemotherapy. PMID- 6727780 TI - [Biogeography, medical geography and the theory of natural foci of human diseases]. PMID- 6727781 TI - [Characteristics of the development and feeding of blood-sucking arthropods ensuring their becoming specific vectors of disease-causing agents]. PMID- 6727782 TI - [Types of foci of the basic helminthic zoonoses in the USSR]. PMID- 6727783 TI - [Results of experiments simulating the preservation of the causative agent of plague under natural conditions]. PMID- 6727784 TI - [Dispersion of mass Aedes species from breeding sites in the steppe zone of Tuva (the central Tuva depression). 2. The range of the dispersion of A. sticticus, A. cinereus and A. c. caspius]. PMID- 6727785 TI - [Aspects of the morpho- and pathogenesis of chronic hepatitis and liver cirrhosis in opisthorchiasis]. PMID- 6727786 TI - [Experimental study of the interrelation of vertebrates with the tick-borne encephalitis virus. 2. Small mammals]. PMID- 6727787 TI - Videofluorography: the role of temporal averaging. AB - Videofluorography is the technique of obtaining radiographic images by photographing with a multiformat camera the television images produced during x ray image intensified fluoroscopy. This technique of producing images has received considerable clinical use, but the radiation exposure used has been in doubt. Experiments were performed to evaluate this radiation exposure. It was found that the imaging chain was reducing mottle by temporal integration. These results were tested by comparing the image quality of videofluorographs with that of photofluorographs . The blurring effect of motion on images was also evaluated as this is a factor which must be balanced against the improvement of mottle due to temporal integration. It was found that exposures used for videofluorography were of the order of 10 microR (2.58 X 10(-9) C kg-1) to the input of the x-ray image intensifier. PMID- 6727788 TI - Charging characteristics of ionographic latent images. AB - The charging characteristics of ionographic latent images are discussed in terms of the saturation characteristics of ionographic chambers. It is shown that latent images are essentially foil electrets with surface charge densities modulated by the x-ray transmission through the object. Empirical methods for the calculation of saturation current densities and extrapolated electric fields are given. Both the saturation current density and the extrapolated field consist of two components: one, which is linear with the air gap thickness, is produced by primary photon interactions in the chamber-sensitive volume; the other, exhibiting an exponential saturation, is attributed to photoelectrons backscattered from the polarizing electrode into the chamber-sensitive volume. The minimum applied electric field needed for an optimized charge collection in the ionographic chamber is presented in terms of both the characteristic polarization time and the electret relaxation time. The maximum possible surface charge density in the latent image is calculated, first exhibiting direct proportionality with the polarizing voltage V0, and then following a V0 (1/2) dependence for voltages larger than the breakpoint voltage. The optimum exposure for latent image production is calculated. Exposures below this optimum give insufficient charge densities for subsequent development, while exposures above it degrade the image and eventually result in a uniform foil electret charged to its maximum theoretical value. PMID- 6727789 TI - Temperature distributions in tumor models heated by self-regulating nickel-copper alloy thermoseeds. AB - Needle-shaped thermoseeds have been manufactured from an alloy consisting of 70.4% nickel and 29.6% copper. The magnetic properties of the alloy were measured at various temperatures and from this the heating power produced by a thermoseed exposed to an electromagnetic induction field was computed as a function of the seed temperature. Calorimetric measurements were also performed. From these data, temperature distributions in simple tumor models assumed to be heated by an array of nickel-copper implants were computed. It was found that the nickel-copper implants produce substantially better temperature homogeneity than readily available constant power seeds, especially in tumors with unpredictable rates of blood perfusion or when the implant arrangement is not perfectly regular. Since such conditions are likely to be present in actual patients, the nickel-copper implants should be very useful in clinical hyperthermia. PMID- 6727790 TI - Exposure artifacts in raster scanned equalization radiography. AB - The image artifacts characteristic of a scanning chest radiographic system are reviewed. The technique employs a pulsed beam of radiation swept in an overlapping raster pattern that can result in severe ripple and scan line artifacts with improper scanning parameters. A one-dimensional treatment of the scanner geometry shows that the artifacts can be eliminated when the beam width is an integral multiple of interpulse spacing. An extension to a two-dimensional analysis indicates that with the collimator geometries employed, artifact-free images are not possible with a fixed x-ray frequency but can be achieved when a variable frequency source is used. A treatment of the sensitivity for artifact formation shows that with proper choice of scanning parameters sizable errors in beam width can be tolerated without significant artifact formation. PMID- 6727791 TI - A method to measure the MTF of digital x-ray systems. AB - A method has been devised to accurately measure the modulation transfer function (MTF) of digital x-ray systems up to and, for undersampled systems, beyond the pixel Nyquist frequency (fN). A phantom consisting of an array of parallel tungsten or similar wires is imaged, and discrete Fourier transforms of rows of pixel values are computed. Under suitable conditions of phantom orientation, wire diameter, wire spacing, and image magnification, the envelope of the modulus of the mean Fourier transform represents the system MTF. Experimental results extending beyond fN are presented for an undersampled prototype digital chest x ray system and shown to be in reasonable agreement with predicted values. Employment of the method with other digital imaging modalities [i.e., computerized tomography (CT) scanners and nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) units] is also discussed as well as error considerations and practical problems in implementing the method. PMID- 6727792 TI - Characterization of the veiling glare PSF in x-ray image intensified fluoroscopy. AB - A theoretical derivation for the point spread function (PSF) which describes the veiling glare in x-ray image intensifiers (II) is presented. The PSF is dependent on two parameters which can be determined experimentally for a given II. An experimental investigation of the linearity of veiling glare phenomenon is undertaken. The experimental results indicate that veiling glare could be described as a linear process to a high degree of accuracy. PMID- 6727793 TI - A signal-to-noise calibration procedure for NMR imaging systems. AB - A nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) imaging system signal-to-noise calibration technique based on an NMR projection of distilled water in a cylindrical bottle is proposed. This measurement can characterize any arrangement of rf coils in any magnetic field as signal to noise per ml times root Hz. Inductive losses in a typical patient must be included in the calibration, and such losses can be simulated in a particular system by an externally attached resistor(s) appropriate to that system. Alternatively, an rf inductive damping phantom consisting of a conducting loop of wire containing an appropriate resistor is suggested that can be inserted into any NMR imaging coil to simulate subject Q damping. The same resistor can be used, independent of the details of the coil construction. Furthermore, if the loop inductance is tuned out at each frequency with a series capacitor, then the same loop resistance will serve for all frequencies as a good approximation to human subject damping. This "projection method" signal-to-noise ratio is related to the conventional signal-to-noise ratio measured from a Lorentzian-shaped spectral line as psi P = psi L [2/T2]1/2, where psi stands for signal-to-noise ratio, subscripts P and L stand, respectively, for the projection and "Lorentzian" methods, and T2 is the transverse relaxation time of the spectral line used in the Lorentzian method. PMID- 6727794 TI - Small computer algorithms for comparing therapeutic performances of single-plane iridium implants. AB - We present a uniform method for selecting an optimum implant geometry by presenting techniques for evaluating the therapeutically significant maximum dose rate (herein referred to as the "maximum dose rate"), the reference isodose (85% of the maximum dose rate), and the area enclosed by the reference isodose contour. The therapeutic performances of planar iridium implants may be compared by evaluating their respective maximum dose rates, reference isodoses , and areas within the reference isodose contours. Because these parameters are mathematically defined, they reproducibly describe each implant geometry. We chose a small microcomputer to develop these comparison algorithms so that the radiotherapist need not have large, expensive computer facilities available to conduct his own studies. The development of these algorithms led to some significant conclusions and recommendations regarding the placement of interstitial implants. Using seeds that are centrally located in the array to evaluate the maximum dose contour avoids underestimating the array's maximum dose rate. This could occur if edge or corner seeds were used. Underestimating the maximum dose rate (and hence the reference isodose contour area) may have a serious therapeutic outcome, because the actual total treatment dosage may be excessive. As ribbon spacing is increased, there is a point beyond which the reference isodose contours become decoupled. At this point, a single relatively uniform reference isodose contour separates into several contours. This effect not only complicates the planimetry calculations, but it also adversely affects the therapeutic efficacy of the implant by producing therapeutically "cold" regions. PMID- 6727795 TI - Dose errors due to charge storage in electron irradiated plastic phantoms. AB - Commercial plastics used for radiation dosimetry are good electrical insulators . Used in electron beams, these insulators store charge and produce internal electric fields large enough to measurably alter the electron dose distribution in the plastic. The reading per monitor unit from a cylindrical ion chamber imbedded in a polymethylmethacrylate (PMMA) or polystyrene phantom will increase with accumulated electron dose, the increase being detectable after about 20 Gy of 6-MeV electrons. The magnitude of the effect also depends on the type of the plastic, the thickness of the plastic, the wall thickness of the detector, the diameter and depth of the hole in the plastic, the energy of the electron beam, and the dose rate used. Effects of charge buildup have been documented elsewhere for very low energy electrons at extremely high doses and dose rates. Here we draw attention to the charging effects in plastics at the dose levels encountered in therapy dosimetry where ion chamber or other dosimeter readings may easily increase by 5% to 10% and where a phantom, once charged, will also affect subsequent readings taken in 60Co beams and high-energy electron and x-ray beams for periods of several days to many months. It is recommended that conducting plastic phantoms replace PMMA and polystyrene phantoms in radiation dosimetry. PMID- 6727796 TI - Calculation of dose in off-central axis planes using off-axis ratios. AB - Accuracy of dose calculation for regular fields in off-central axis planes was investigated on a RAD-8 treatment planning computer for 4- and 10-MV x-ray beams produced by Varian Clinac -4 and Clinac -18 linear accelerators. These calculations, which are based on central axis depth dose and off-axis ratios in the principal planes, can be in error by as much as 25%-30% at locations well within the irradiated volume for the 4-MV x-ray beam. These large errors for the Clinac -4 beam result from the falloff in dose beyond the peak dose along a diagonal of a large field at distances greater than 14 cm from the central axis due to the lead flattening filter. The profile data stored in the computer along the principal planes cannot be used to calculate the dose accurately in such a situation. Computed doses for the 10-MV x-ray beam agreed with the measured doses within 4%-6% at all locations. PMID- 6727798 TI - Simultaneous mass spectrometry and thermoconductivity measurements of end-tidal xenon concentrations: a comparison. AB - Studies in which the rate of local cerebral blood flow is determined by xenon enhanced computerized tomography require measurement of end-tidal gas. A mass spectrometer and a thermoconductivity detector were compared in measuring the concentration of xenon in end-tidal gas both in humans and in a clinically simulated ("breathing bag") system. The experiments showed that the two instruments provided virtually identical results up to a rate of 18 breaths/min, at which rate recorded concentrations showed marginal degradation with the thermoconductivity detector. Given the absence of a significant difference in the ability of the mass spectrometer and the thermoconductivity detector to measure end-tidal xenon concentration, the thermoconductivity detector appears to be a satisfactory alternative in studies measuring the rate of local cerebral blood flow by enhanced computerized tomography. PMID- 6727797 TI - A practical, modular hyperthermia phantom. AB - A catheterized, three-component slab phantom has been fabricated for use in mapping specific absorption rate (SAR) distributions from hyperthermia applicators. A planar array of 21 closely spaced catheters, located at one surface of the 1-cm-thick slab, can be positioned at depths of 0-7 cm below the phantom surface, in 1-cm steps, through appropriate placement and orientation of this slab within the three-slab set. Owing to its modular design, the phantom can be prepared, and also purged of degraded material rapidly and without damage to the catheter tracks. PMID- 6727799 TI - Thermal characteristics of a common polystyrene phantom. AB - We have examined the thermal characteristics of a polystyrene phantom of the SCRAD type. In the case of a calibration phantom which is moved from one location to another, many hours may be required to achieve thermal equilibrium with the new environment. By using a correction term based on the temperature of the phantom, not of the room, it is possible to calibrate a therapy unit without waiting for thermal equilibrium. PMID- 6727800 TI - Comments on "Calculated response and wall correction factors for ionization chambers exposed to 60Co gamma-rays". PMID- 6727801 TI - Potassium and diuretic-induced ventricular arrhythmias in ambulatory hypertensive patients. AB - We studied 17 hypertensive men to determine the relationship of diuretic-induced hypokalemia to ventricular ectopic activity ( VEA ). Blood values and 24-hour ambulatory ECG monitoring were done at baseline, after diuretic and after serum potassium normalization. Two subgroups of patients were identified: group A patients were older (63.0 vs. 53.8 years) and had clinical evidence of organic heart disease compared to group B. Group A had increased frequency and complexity of VEA with diuretic which reverted to baseline after potassium normalization. Group B had no changes. Serum and intra-red blood cell potassium decrements were equal in both groups. We conclude that clinical in addition to laboratory observation should be used to identify those hypertensive patients most susceptible to diuretic-induced VEA and their serum potassium level should be normalized in order to minimize this complication. PMID- 6727802 TI - Postparathyroidectomy hypocalcemia as an accurate indicator of preparathyroidectomy bone histology in the uremic patient. AB - 19 chronic renal failure patients underwent iliac crest bone biopsy prior to total parathyroidectomy with autotransplantation. The preoperative serum calcium concentration did not correlate with the number of osteoclasts/mm2 present on the preparathyroidectomy iliac biopsy. However, the postparathyroidectomy decrement in serum calcium (mg/dl and percent change) and the osteoclasts/mm2 were strongly correlated (p less than 0.001). In addition, the postoperative fall in serum calcium also correlated with the postoperative change in serum alkaline phosphatase (p less than 0.001). The nadir in postparathyroidectomy serum calcium was attained in a mean of 4.4 +/- 2.7 days. Our results indicate that the preoperative serum calcium concentration does not necessarily reflect active bone resorption, but the postoperative decrement in serum calcium provides an accurate index of preoperative histologic activity. The available data do not provide information with respect to the mechanism of postparathyroidectomy hypocalcemia since either the cessation of bone resorption, continued bone deposition, or a combination of both may be operative. PMID- 6727803 TI - Greater renal vascular involvement in the black patient with essential hypertension. A comparison of systemic and renal hemodynamics in black and white patients. AB - Systemic, splanchnic, and renal hemodynamic data were derived from 60 male and female, black and white, untreated and uncomplicated patients with essential hypertension. The systemic hemodynamic data confirmed our previous findings that at any level of arterial pressure, when black and white patients are matched for age, sex, and mean arterial pressure, cardiac index and total peripheral resistance were similar. This suggests that hypertensive vascular disease is no more severe in the black. This concept was supported further with respect to the splanchnic vasculature; however, renal blood flow was less and renal vascular resistance was higher at any level of mean arterial pressure (or total peripheral resistance) in the black. These physiological findings lend credence to those reports suggesting that at any level of pressure, hypertensive disease and morbidity (e.g., renal impairment) are more severe in the black patient. In addition, these data underscore the importance of understanding regional circulatory characteristics and they do not necessarily follow pari passu measured indices of systemic hemodynamics. PMID- 6727805 TI - Effects of aldosterone, methylprednisolone and triiodothyronine on the response to water loading in the conscious hypothyroid rat with diabetes insipidus. AB - The role of the antidiuretic hormone-independent mechanisms underlying the impairment of water excretion in hypothyroidism remains controversial. We examined the excretion of an oral water load (50 ml/kg b.w.) over a 3-hour period before and after the administration of aldosterone, methylprednisolone, both aldosterone and methylprednisolone, and triiodothyronine in 12 hypothyroid and 7 age-matched control Wistar rats of the homozygous Brattleboro strain (DI). Conscious animals were studied to circumvent the adverse influence of anesthetics and to facilitate the re-examination of the same animals. At baseline, the hypothyroid DI rats exhibited a marked impairment in their response to water administration. In comparison to control DI rats they had a lower urine volume, CH2O, CH2O/V and creatinine clearance, and higher urine osmolality (p less than 0.005-less than 0.001). Because of the possibility of decreased delivery of filtrate due to dehydration in the DI animals, a separate group of DI rats received saline in place of the water load. Despite improvement in urine flow with saline, CH2O generation remained decreased in the hypothyroid DI rats. Methylprednisolone increased both urine volume (p less than 0.001) and CH2O (p less than 0.001) in the hypothyroid group, but CH2O formation remained below the values obtained in the control animals. While aldosterone and methylprednisolone alone and in combination improved utilization of distally-delivered filtrate for the formation of CH2O (p less than 0.02-0.005), neither hormone, either alone or in combination, fully corrected the dilution defect. In contrast, the administration of triiodothyronine fully normalized all the observed abnormalities in the hypothyroid rats, suggesting that thyroid hormone deficiency is directly responsible for the abnormal water-excretion in experimental hypothyroidism. PMID- 6727804 TI - Effect of calcium membrane blockers on in vivo vasoconstrictor properties of norepinephrine, angiotensin II and vasopressin. AB - In the present study the in vivo role of transcellular calcium influx in humorally-mediated vasoconstriction was examined in conscious rats using two chemically dissimilar inhibitors of cellular calcium uptake, namely verapamil (Ver, 50 micrograms/kg/min) and nifedipine (Nif, 7.5 micrograms/kg/min). The pressor effect of arginine vasopressin (AVP, 10 mU/kg/min), angiotensin II (AII, 0.3 micrograms/kg/min) and norepinephrine (NE, 4 micrograms/kg/min) was virtually abolished by Ver and Nif. None of the pressors when infused alone increased mean arterial pressure (MAP) by increasing cardiac index (CI). During the administration of the calcium antagonists and AII or NE, CI was slightly but not significantly higher than with AII or NE alone. A modest fall in CI occurred with AVP and Ver but not with AVP and Nif. Thus, the effect of calcium antagonists to block the pressor responses of AVP, NE and AII was primarily by preventing the increase in peripheral vascular resistance rather than depressing CI. In summary, transcellular calcium influx appears to constitute the common in vivo pathway for constriction of peripheral blood vessels by AVP, NE and AII. These findings have substantial pathogenetic and therapeutic implications in hypo- and hypertensive states. PMID- 6727806 TI - Enhancement of gentamicin nephrotoxicity by magnesium depletion in the rat. AB - This study examined the possible enhancement of gentamicin-induced nephrotoxicity by coexisting magnesium depletion. The effect of concurrent magnesium depletion on enhancing gentamicin-induced nephrotoxicity was measured by azotemia and mortality contrasted to magnesium repleted control rats also receiving gentamicin. After 28 days of dietary preparation, magnesium depleted rats and their magnesium repleted controls were each subdivided into 3 groups: (1) saline injection (NS); (2) gentamicin 80 mg/kg/day, and (3) gentamicin 120 mg/kg/day. Injections were continued for 14 days. All rats receiving gentamicin had proteinuria, increased mortality and significant renal morphological abnormalities. However, those rats which were concurrently magnesium depleted had statistically significant increments in BUN levels, more apparent renal tubular damage, and earlier mortality than the magnesium repleted controls. These observations support the view that concurrent magnesium deficiency in the rat enhanced gentamicin nephrotoxicity. PMID- 6727807 TI - Changes in renal glutamate content during development. AB - The amount of glutamate per microgram protein was measured in renal mitochondria and homogenates as a function of age of rats. Glutamate was higher in the youngest (5-day-old) animals examined, it decreased gradually until about 30 days of age and reached mature levels in animals older than 40 days. The decrease in mitochondrial glutamate content was greater than the decrease in cortical homogenates. Chronic acidosis led to lower levels of glutamate in mature animals, particularly in mitochondria, but produced no effect in either mitochondria or homogenates obtained from kidneys of pups. These observations provide a basis for the hypothesis that high glutamate concentrations in the kidneys of neonatal animals can inhibit mitochondrial glutaminase and thereby limit ammoniagenesis in the postnatal period. PMID- 6727808 TI - Effect of duration of diabetes on the protection observed in the diabetic rat against gentamicin-induced acute renal failure. AB - We have previously shown that the rat with experimental diabetes (DM) of 4-6 months' duration exhibits complete functional and morphologic protection against gentamicin-induced acute renal failure. To assess the role of the duration of the diabetic state per se on the resistance to gentamicin, female Sprague-Dawley rats with diabetes of short (5 days, n = 7), intermediate (5 weeks, n = 5) and long duration (5 months, n = 7) were studied. Diabetes was induced by streptozotocin, 50-65 mg/kg b.w. i.v. Controls were identically treated sex- and age matched nondiabetic rats. The animals were kept in individual metabolic cages for 2 weeks and all received gentamicin 40 mg/kg/day for 9 days. Sham animals (DM and control) received Ringer's solution in place of gentamicin. Prior to gentamicin, plasma glucose levels and creatinine clearances (Ccr) were higher in the DM long duration group (619 +/- 25 (SE) mg/dl; 2.6 +/- 0.2 ml/min, respectively) than in the DM short (514 +/- 24; 2.0 +/- 0.1) and DM intermediate duration (442 +/- 30; 2.1 +/- 0.1) groups, while urine volume and glycosuria were similar. Following gentamicin the three control groups developed acute renal failure (maximal decrease in Ccr of 60 +/- 7, 72 +/- 9 and 71 +/- 7%, respectively; p less than 0.01 to less than 0.001), lysozymuria and acute tubular necrosis. There were no significant differences in the degree of renal impairment observed among the three control groups. In marked contrast, in the three DM groups these changes were absent and the renal cortical gentamicin content was lower than that of the control groups.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS) PMID- 6727809 TI - [Urinary cystography in children at the first episode of urinary infection. Results on 115 children with various radiologic protocols]. PMID- 6727810 TI - [Dyslipemia and giardiasis]. PMID- 6727811 TI - [Anencephaly: case contribution and critical review of the literature]. PMID- 6727812 TI - [A case of fronto-nasal dysplasia associated with hemidiaphragmatic aplasia]. PMID- 6727813 TI - [Long-term follow-up of neonates born of gestostic mothers]. PMID- 6727814 TI - [Epidemiologic study on the type of nursing in 2 communities of the Province of Palermo]. PMID- 6727815 TI - [The sitting height of Turin males. 6/12-year-olds in the 1976-77 school year. I]. PMID- 6727816 TI - [The sitting height of Turin females. 6/12-year-olds in the 1976-77 school year. II]. PMID- 6727817 TI - Malabsorption and protracted diarrhea associated with giardiasis. An unusual case. PMID- 6727818 TI - Prolonged survival after bilateral thoracotomy for metastatic alveolar soft-part sarcoma. PMID- 6727819 TI - Silo emptiers' diseases. PMID- 6727820 TI - Antiepileptic drug analysis in Minnesota. PMID- 6727821 TI - Cows and calves, mothers and infants. Some ideas from dairy science. PMID- 6727822 TI - A clergyperson looks at the physician. PMID- 6727823 TI - Nausea and vomiting after isoflurane anesthesia. The influence of preoperative medications. PMID- 6727824 TI - Pregnancy-induced hyperemesis (hyperemesis gravidarum). A reassessment of therapy and proposal of a new etiologic theory. PMID- 6727825 TI - Intussusception: analysis of 68 cases seen at The Children's Mercy Hospital. PMID- 6727827 TI - [The 84th general meeting of the Japan Surgical Society. 29-31 March 1984, Kyoto, Abstracts]. PMID- 6727826 TI - Freestanding emergency centers. PMID- 6727828 TI - Ovariectomizing heifers. AB - With the heifer in a squeeze chute, a 6-inch incision is made at the left paralumbar fossa. The ovaries are removed with 8-inch bandage scissors and the incision closed with a single, everting horizontal-mattress suture. Spayed heifers can bring a premium price because they are guaranteed open. PMID- 6727829 TI - Diagnosis of periparturient disease in dairy cows. PMID- 6727830 TI - Management of liver disease in dogs and cats. AB - Liver disease may cause a variety of clinical signs, including depression, anorexia, weakness, weight loss, vomiting, diarrhea, fever, abdominal pain, jaundice, ascites and CNS signs. Treatment is aimed at eliminating the cause, providing supportive care, and preventing secondary complications. Rest facilitates liver regeneration. Hypokalemia, respiratory alkalosis and hypoglycemia may complicate liver disease. Fluids should be given IV rather than SC to severely dehydrated animals. Preferred solutions include Ringer's and half strength saline with 2.5% dextrose. Solutions containing lactate should not be used. Dietary management includes feeding adequate amounts of protein of high biologic value, carbohydrates, fat, vitamins and minerals. PMID- 6727832 TI - Prostaglandin use in controlled farrowing. PMID- 6727831 TI - Anesthesia for cesarean section in the dog and cat. AB - Anesthesia for cesarean section should ideally provide adequate muscle relaxation, analgesia, and narcosis or sedation for optimal operating conditions and safety to the dam. Since drugs that depress the dam must cross the blood brain barrier, however, it is impossible to anesthetize the dam and not expose the fetuses to the anesthetic. No one agent or protocol is ideal for all dams, and satisfactory anesthesia for cesarean section can be induced in a number of ways. Cesarean section can be performed with either regional or general anesthesia. PMID- 6727833 TI - In utero fractures in foals. PMID- 6727834 TI - Mending feathers in raptors. PMID- 6727835 TI - Orbital pneumatosis in a dog. PMID- 6727837 TI - Setting up a group practice. PMID- 6727836 TI - Onion toxicity. PMID- 6727838 TI - Respiratory disease in a thoroughbred. PMID- 6727839 TI - Tracheotomy in the horse: a photo essay. PMID- 6727840 TI - Obtaining samples for the laboratory. AB - Mislabeling, incomplete or incorrect requisition forms, and in-vitro hemolysis are the most common problems related to specimen handling. Postprandial lipemia, administration of corticosteroids, and use of excess EDTA in the collecting tube may interfere with test results. Specimens for coagulation profiles should be collected in tubes containing EDTA or citrate. Most urinalysis errors result from improper sample collection, inappropriate storage, and delayed analysis. PMID- 6727841 TI - Management of liver disease in dogs and cats. AB - Ampicillin or amoxicillin is a good initial choice for treatment of liver disease involving bacteria. Cephalosporins, among other antibiotics, can be used with aminoglycosides for a broad-spectrum effect. Metronidazole may benefit patients with hepatic encephalopathy. Tetracycline, penicillins and cephalosporins are good choices for biliary disease. Corticosteroids are indicated for chronic active hepatitis, cholangiohepatitis, immune-mediated hepatopathy, and hepatic lymphosarcoma and mast-cell tumors. D-penicillamine is used to treat hepatic Cu toxicosis. Colchicine has been used to combat hepatic fibrosis. Lactulose is used in long-term management of hepatic encephalopathy. Diuretics and a low-Na diet help control ascites. Cimetidine is used to control GI ulcers. Anabolic steroids help reverse protein catabolism. Acetylcysteine is an antidote for acetaminophen toxicity. Use of hetacillin, chloramphenicol, lincomycin, sulfonamides, erythromycin, acetaminophen and methyltestosterone should be avoided in patients with liver disease. PMID- 6727843 TI - Skin biopsy in horses. PMID- 6727842 TI - Hepatitis in a dog given sulfadiazine-trimethoprim and cyclophosphamide. AB - Vomiting, diarrhea, icterus and elevated serum alkaline phosphatase, SGPT and serum bilirubin levels occurred in a 12-year-old Basenji on sulfadiazine trimethoprim and cyclophosphamide therapy. After use of the antibacterial drug was discontinued, the dog returned to normal with no further evidence of hepatocellular damage. PMID- 6727844 TI - Clinicopathologic conference: trauma in a dog. PMID- 6727845 TI - Bovine paratuberculosis: an update. AB - Paratuberculosis is enzootic in the Great Lakes region and northeast US, causing severe economic losses. Sheep, pigs and deer can serve as intermediate hosts. Diagnosis is difficult and there is no entirely satisfactory serodiagnostic test. While treatment is generally considered ineffective, vaccines have been used successfully for prevention. Measures that can be taken in herds to reduce losses include raising replacement animals separate from adults, slaughtering animals shedding M paratuberculosis in their feces, and decontaminating the premises. PMID- 6727846 TI - Use of selenium in problem cattle herds. AB - A 150-cow beef herd had problems with diarrhea in all neonatal calves, with 50% mortality. Necropsy revealed changes consistent with colibacillosis. Vaccination of cows in late pregnancy with E coli and BVD vaccines reduced morbidity but did not eliminate the problem. Assays revealed low serum Se levels. Limited supplementation of Se in premix at 90 mg/lb premix, with 17 lb premix/ton feed, resolved the problem. A 70-cow dairy herd had long-term problems with increased numbers of cystic ovaries and retained placentas, and low conception rates. Serum Se levels were low; results of various other diagnostic tests were inconclusive. Dietary supplementation of Se greatly improved reproductive efficiency. Gross and microscopic lesions may not be inconclusive for a diagnosis of Se deficiency. Dietary supplementation of Se is recommended over injection. PMID- 6727847 TI - Diagnosis of paratuberculosis in sheep. AB - Paratuberculosis in sheep usually is manifested as emaciation and decreased wool production. Diarrhea occurred in only 18% of affected animals. Significant hematologic changes included decreased RBC count, hemoglobin level and hematocrit. Necropsy revealed pallor, cachexia and serous fluid in body cavities. Staining of intestinal mucosal scrapings and mesenteric lymph node impression smears for acid-fast organisms revealed bright-red clumps of Mycobacterium paratuberculosis bacilli. Fecal examination identified 70% of affected animals, intradermal injection of johnin 60%, and avian tuberculin 39%. PMID- 6727848 TI - Another increase in social security taxes. PMID- 6727849 TI - Cosmetic surgery creates a new breed: the San Simeon Stripback. PMID- 6727850 TI - Use of cyclocryotherapy in management of glaucoma in dogs. AB - In 5 cases of glaucoma (2 from trauma, 2 from narrowed drainage angles, 1 secondary to lens extraction), cyclocryotherapy was used to control intraocular pressure. In all cases the intraocular pressure decreased, with the usual result being a cosmetic and painless but blind eye. PMID- 6727851 TI - Too many veterinarians for what? PMID- 6727852 TI - Congenital cardiac disease in dogs. AB - Patent ductus arteriosus, aortic stenosis, ventricular septal defect, pulmonic stenosis and tetralogy of Fallot are the most frequently reported cardiac anomalies of dogs. Systolic murmurs occur after the first heart sound but before the second, while diastolic murmurs occur after the second heart sound. Murmurs associated with the pulmonic, aortic and mitral valves are best heard at the left intercostal spaces 3, 4 and 5, respectively, and those of the tricuspid valve at the right intercostal space 3 or 4. Mucosae at both ends of the animal should be examined for cyanosis. Right ventricular enlargement is characterized by a mean electrical axis greater than 100 degrees, a Q wave amplitude greater than 0.5 mv in leads II, III and AVF, and a positive T wave in lead V10. Left ventricular enlargement causes an axis of less than 40 degrees, a QRS complex duration greater than 0.06 seconds, an R wave amplitude greater than 3 mv, and a slurred or depressed ST segment. Atrial enlargement is characterized by a P wave duration greater than 0.04 seconds and a P wave amplitude greater than 0.4 mv. The cardiac silhouette is more upright and round on DV radiographs than on VD projections. PMID- 6727853 TI - Confessions of a hardened herpetologist. PMID- 6727854 TI - Embryo transfer in swine. AB - Embryo transfer is used to propagate genetically superior swine while minimizing disease risks. Embryos are harvested through a ventral midline incision in the anesthetized sow 4-6 days after estrus, using a glass tube or Foley catheter. Embryos are transferred to similarly prepared sows by injection directly into the uterus through a tomcat catheter or glass pipette. Embryos typically are transferred within a few hours of collection but may be stored in culture medium at 37 C for up to 30 hours. PMID- 6727855 TI - Standardizing antimicrobial disk sensitivity testing. AB - Before antimicrobial sensitivity testing, any pathogens must be isolated by streaking the clinical specimen on a plate of nutritive medium. Selecting a drug based on tests of a mixed culture from which a pathogen has not been isolated encourages unnecessary treatment. A plate of Mueller-Hinton agar is swabbed with an inoculum from a standardized broth culture. Drug-impregnated paper disks are applied to the plate at least 3 cm apart and at least 2 cm from the plate's edge. The zone of inhibition varies with each drug and is measured, after overnight incubation at 35-37 C, with the aid of over-the-shoulder lighting and a dark background. PMID- 6727856 TI - Use of laser light to treat certain lesions in standardbreds. AB - The final and last-quarter race times and racing classes for a group of Standardbreds were analyzed before and after infrared laser light treatment. These horses had either check ligament injuries, plantar desmitis or pharyngeal lymphoid hyperplasia. A 904-nm infrared laser was used to treat check ligaments at 146 Hz for 26 sec/cm2 of affected area, acute plantar desmitis at 73 Hz and chronic plantar desmitis at 292 Hz for 26 sec/cm2 of affected area, and pharyngeal lymphoid hyperplasia at 146 Hz for 5 minutes. Of 35 horses treated for check ligament injuries, 80% had similar or faster final race times, 68.6% had similar or faster last-quarter times, and 68.6% raced in similar or higher classes after treatment. Of 8 horses treated for plantar desmitis, 87.5% had similar or faster final and last-quarter times, and raced in similar or higher classes after treatment. Of 30 horses treated for pharyngeal lymphoid hyperplasia, 80% had similar or faster final race times, 90% had similar or faster last-quarter times, and 70% raced in similar or higher classes after treatment. PMID- 6727857 TI - Surgical repair of a prolapsed gland of the 3rd eyelid in the dog. PMID- 6727858 TI - Separation of proximal tibial epiphysis in a dog. PMID- 6727859 TI - Swine management errors. AB - Management errors can affect all aspects of swine herd health. Inadequate feed, malfunctioning equipment, poor ventilation, low or high environmental temperature, inappropriate groupings, and rough handling all contribute to low productivity. Management errors can contribute to scours and pneumonia outbreaks, reproductive failure, accidental deaths and poor feed conversion. PMID- 6727860 TI - Malignant perianal melanoma in a horse. PMID- 6727861 TI - Veterinary medicine's #1 enemy: DVMs? PMID- 6727862 TI - Mechanism of phencyclidine binding to the acetylcholine receptor from Torpedo electroplaque. AB - The mechanism of phencyclidine binding to Torpedo acetylcholine receptor-rich membranes was investigated. The rate of [3H]phencyclidine association is 10(3)- to 10(4)-fold more rapid when phencyclidine and carbamoylcholine are added simultaneously to acetylcholine receptor-rich membranes than when phencyclidine is added to membranes previously equilibrated with carbamoylcholine or membranes in the absence of carbamoylcholine. The mechanism of binding under conditions in which the slower rate was observed was studied with thermodynamic, viscosity, and kinetic experiments. Association and dissociation rates were highly dependent on temperature with activation energies of 26-30 kcal/mole. Viscosity had no effect on the association rate but increased the dissociation rate. These studies suggest that the binding is not diffusion-controlled but rather is limited by a significant energy barrier. The association rate was determined as a function of the concentration of acetylcholine receptor-rich membranes and the concentration of phencyclidine. In the presence of carbamoylcholine, the association rate was highly dependent upon the concentration of acetylcholine receptor but virtually insensitive to the concentration of phencyclidine. In the absence of carbamoylcholine, the association rate seemed to be a hyperbolic function of both the phencyclidine and the acetylcholine receptor concentration. The minimal model capable of explaining the data is a mechanism by which phencyclidine binds to two conformations of the acetylcholine receptor, one conformation having a higher affinity and constituting a lower percentage of receptors and the other having a lower affinity and constituting a higher percentage. The data are consistent with the possibility that the high-affinity conformation is the open-channel state of the acetylcholine receptor. PMID- 6727863 TI - Gangliosides enhance the membrane actions of ethanol and pentobarbital. AB - The physical properties of vesicles containing phosphatidylcholine (PC) and gangliosides were evaluated by the fluorescent probes 1,6-diphenyl-1,3,5 hexatriene, trans- parinarate (probes of the lower acyl regions), and 1-(4- trimethylammoniumphenyl )-6-phenyl-1,3,5-hexatriene (a probe of the glycerol backbone and upper acyl regions). Exposure of PC vesicles to ethanol produced a decrease in polarization of fluorescence of these probes, but large concentrations (200-600 mM) were required. Incorporation of 10 mole% rat brain synaptic gangliosides into the PC vesicles enhanced the effect of ethanol by several-fold. Synaptic gangliosides also enhanced the effect of ethanol on vesicles containing cholesterol in addition to PC. Comparison of mono-, di-, tri , and asialogangliosides , sphingosine, and sphingomyelin indicated the importance of the oligosaccharide moiety, but not the sialic acid residues, in the enhancement of ethanol action by gangliosides. Variation of assay temperature and the acyl composition of the PC demonstrated that gangliosides increased the effects of ethanol only if the lipids were near the phase transition temperature. Gangliosides also produced a marked enhancement of the effect of pentobarbital on fluorescence polarization of probes in PC vesicles. The membrane partioning of pentobarbital was increased by gangliosides, but it was not clear that this increase in drug concentration in the membrane was sufficient to account for the large change in fluorescence polarization. These results suggest that ganglioside content may be an important determinant of the effects of alcohols and barbiturates on biomembranes. In particular, the high drug sensitivity of neuronal membranes may be related to the enrichment of gangliosides in these membranes. PMID- 6727864 TI - Effects of adenosine dialdehyde on S-adenosylhomocysteine hydrolase and S adenosylmethionine-dependent transmethylations in mouse L929 cells. AB - Adenosine dialdehyde (2'-O-[(R)-formyl( adenin -9-yl)methyl]-(R) glyceraldehyde), which is formed by periodate oxidation of adenosine, was shown to be a potent inhibitor of S- adenosylhomocysteine hydrolase (AdoHcy hydrolase; EC 3.3.1.1) in mouse L929 cells. The inhibitory effects of adenosine dialdehyde on AdoHcy hydrolase were time-dependent, having a rapid onset with complete inhibition occurring within a 15-min incubation period. When mouse L929 cells were preincubated with adenosine dialdehyde for 15 min, then transferred to fresh medium, the AdoHcy hydrolase activity returned to control values within 16 hr. When cycloheximide, an inhibitor of protein synthesis, was included in the incubation medium, recovery of AdoHcy hydrolase activity was not prevented, suggesting that the recovery of enzyme activity was probably due to slow reversal of the inhibitor-enzyme complex. The inhibition of AdoHcy hydrolase by adenosine dialdehyde resulted in a time-dependent increase in endogenous AdoHcy levels. After an initial 15-min lag time, the concentration of AdoHcy continued to increase, reaching a maximum of 1200 pmoles/mg of protein in 12 hr. A slight increase in AdoMet levels was observed. Incubation of mouse L929 cells with adenosine dialdehyde also caused an inhibition of lipid methylation and protein carboxylmethylation which resulted from the compound's effect on AdoHcy hydrolase and the subsequent buildup of endogenous AdoHcy levels. Under the conditions that produce inhibition of AdoHcy hydrolase and AdoMet-dependent methyltransferases, adenosine dialdehyde had no effect on RNA or DNA synthesis. Therefore, adenosine dialdehyde appears to be a useful chemical probe with which to study the physiological role of AdoMet-dependent methylations. PMID- 6727865 TI - Molecular basis of the antineoplastic activity of 3'-amino-3'-deoxythymidine. AB - 3'-Amino-3'-deoxythymidine decreased the incorporation of [2-14C]thymidine into DNA of L1210 cells in vitro, and produced an accumulation of [2-14C]thymidine di- and triphosphate. The extent of these effects varied with the amount of recovery time after removal of 3'-amino-3'-deoxythymidine prior to addition of labeled thymidine. The distribution of radioactivity in the acid-soluble fraction derived from [3H]3'-amino-3'-deoxythymidine was as follows: 50% as 3'-amino-3' deoxythymidine, 20% as the monophosphate, 10% as the diphosphate, and 20% as the triphosphate derivatives. No incorporation of [3H]3'-amino-3'-deoxythymidine into L1210 DNA could be detected. 3'-Amino-3'-deoxythymidine-5'-triphosphate is a competitive inhibitor against dTTP with a Ki of 3.3 microM, whereas the Km for dTTP was 8 microM using activated calf thymus DNA as the template and DNA polymerase-alpha. These data indicate that a major site of inhibition by 3'-amino 3'-deoxythymidine is inhibition of the DNA polymerase reaction. PMID- 6727866 TI - Antagonism of feedback inhibition. Stimulation of the phosphorylation of thymidine and 5-iodo-2'-deoxyuridine by 5-iodo-5'-amino-2',5'-dideoxyuridine. AB - The phosphorylation of thymidine and iododeoxyuridine by thymidine kinase was stimulated by 5-iodo-5'-amino-2',5'-dideoxyuridine ( AIdUrd ). Antagonism of the feedback inhibition that is normally exerted by the 5'-triphosphates of thymidine and iododeoxyuridine appears to account for the stimulation. The effect of AIdUrd on thymidine kinase purified from HeLa cells by affinity column chromatography was critically dependent on the presence of these feedback inhibitors. In the presence of thymidine triphosphate or iododeoxyuridine triphosphate, AIdUrd could markedly stimulate ( deinhibit ) enzyme activity, whereas, in their absence, AIdUrd inhibited thymidine kinase with an apparent Ki of 0.7 microM. Stimulation was evident over a wide range of concentrations of both iododeoxyuridine and adenosine triphosphate. In intact HeLa and Vero cells, phosphorylation of thymidine and iodoeoxyuridine was strongly enhanced by AIdUrd . Large increases in the intracellular levels of nucleotides derived from exogenous thymidine and iododeoxyuridine were apparent. As a consequence, the cytotoxicity of both nucleosides was exacerbated by AIdUrd . The reductions in cellular replication rates and colony formation produced by iododeoxyuridine were enhanced by AIdUrd . Although the replication of HeLa cells was not inhibited by either thymidine (30 microM) or AIdUrd (300 microM), in combination they were strongly synergistic and produced a 60% inhibition of cellular growth. Under these conditions, the uptake of thymidine was increased over 300% by AIdUrd . AIdUrd represents a new regulatory antagonist of thymidine kinase which may be useful in novel chemotherapeutic strategies. PMID- 6727867 TI - A theoretical study of the nonintercalative binding of berenil and stilbamidine to double-stranded (dA-dT)n oligomers. AB - The nonintercalative binding of two diarylamidines , berenil and stilbamidine , to the minor groove of double-stranded (dA-dT)n oligomers in the B-DNA conformation was investigated by performing theoretical computations of their intermolecular interaction energies with the groove. The method consists of an additive procedure developed previously in this laboratory using empirical formulae based on ab initio computations. The objective was to assess the extent to which the particular structure of each diarylamidine bears on its binding mode and affinity to the minor groove. The results show that the intrinsically preferred configurations of the two compounds are markedly different. Owing to its slightly curved shape, berenil interacts with the groove predominantly through its concave side, the binding occurring principally with sites (O2, O1) belonging to two thymidines on the opposite strands. The binding of stilbamidine involves a more limited number of hydrogen-bonding interactions, although an appreciably large number of interatomic distances between its hydrogens and sites on the groove (O2, N3, O1) falls in the range 2.7-3.1 A. Each side of stilbamidine with respect to its long axis faces a distinct strand of DNA. The importance of the electrostatic contribution of the binding energy of the two diarylamidines is underlined. Preferential binding of berenil rather than of stilbamidine occurs only at the level of a complete helical turn of phosphates in (dA-dT)n. The energy difference increases significantly upon further buildup of phosphates. These results can be interpreted in terms of the molecular electrostatic potential in the grooves. PMID- 6727868 TI - Substrate specificity of the monooxygenase activity of hemoglobin. AB - Hemoglobin has been characterized as a monooxygenase-like catalyst of aniline hydroxylation both in reconstituted systems [ Mieyal et al. J. Biol. Chem. 251:3436-3441 (1976)] and in intact erythrocytes [ Blisard and Mieyal , J. Biol. Chem. 254:5104-5110 (1979)]. In this report, the monooxygenase activity of isolated hemoglobin (Hb) in the reconstituted system, which includes NADPH and cytochrome P-450 reductase, was shown to include N- and O-demethylation reactions besides p-hydroxylation, and to extend to other typical cytochrome P-450 substrates such as benzphetamine and p-nitroanisole. Some substrates were tested also with intact erythrocytes. Those which were metabolized displayed relative activities qualitatively similar to the pattern with isolated Hb. With isolated hemoglobin, complete kinetic analysis was carried out for 10 different reactions. The Km and Vmax values varied broadly, so that the efficiencies of the reactions (Vmax/Km) encompassed a range greater than 40,000. The most efficient reaction was O-demethylation of p-nitroanisole; the highest Vmax was observed for the O demethylation of p-anisidine. The efficiencies (Vmax/Km) for a series of anisole derivatives (p-NH2,p-OH, p-H,p-NO2) was found to be quite sensitive to the electron-withdrawing effect of the p-substituent, i.e. a linear Hammett sigma rho relationship (log Vmax/Km versus sigma) was observed (p = 1.43). Metabolism of N methylaniline by hemoglobin displayed distinct regioselectivity , with N demethylation being favored over p-hydroxylation. Separate Km and Vmax values were observed for these two reactions of the single substrate, suggesting that distinct ternary O2-Hb-substrate complexes mediate the two reactions. In separate experiments, the various substrates were tested for their ability to accelerate autooxidation of HbO2 in the absence of NADPH and reductase. Aniline and its derivatives induced autooxidation with a concentration dependence matching their Km values for the corresponding hydroxylation reactions with the complete catalytic system. With the exception of p-hydroxyanisole, none of the other substrates accelerated autooxidation of HbO2. Hence this phenomenon cannot be an indicator of potential monooxygenase reactivity with hemoglobin. The broad and regioselective activities observed for hemoglobin resemble the characteristics of the authentic monooxygenase enzyme cytochrome P-450. PMID- 6727869 TI - Differential binding characteristics and applications of DGal beta 1----3DGalNAc specific lectins. AB - The binding properties of Arachis hypogaea (PNA), Bauhinia purpurea alba (BPL), Maclura pomifera ( MPL ) and Sophora japonica (SJL) lectins were studied by quantitative precipitin and precipitin inhibition assays, demonstrating them to be most specific for DGal beta 1---- 3DGalNAc residues. Additionally, each lectin had its own binding characteristic such as different binding activities to DGal beta 1---- 4DGlcNAc or DGal beta 1---- 3DGlcNAc beta 1----linked oligosaccharides, and/or DGalNAc alpha 1----linked to the Ser or Thr of the protein moiety. These differential binding characteristics can be used for investigating fine differences of the carbohydrate structure of the glycoconjugates, especially those having DGal beta 1---- 3DGalNAc residues as terminal non-reducing ends. PMID- 6727870 TI - Action of oligomycin on cultured mammalian cells. Permeabilization to translation inhibitors. AB - Oligomycin, an inhibitor of ATP synthesis, has been used as a model to study the effects of ATP depletion on macromolecular synthesis and modification of membrane permeability. Protein synthesis is totally blocked by the antibiotic, whereas RNA and DNA synthesis are less inhibited. Different concentrations of monovalent and divalent cations do not revert the inhibition of protein synthesis. Measurement of cellular ATP and 86Rb+ content indicate that the blockade of translation depends on the ATP content. A significant decrease in cellular ATP does not lead to the reduction of monovalent ions in the cell, although hyperpolarization of the cell membrane does take place. An increased membrane permeability to some inhibitors develops when the cells are hyperpolarized by oligomycin. PMID- 6727871 TI - Origins of replication and gene regulation. AB - Eukaryotic chromosomes appear to consist of many replicons, the time of replication of which is probably controlled by specific origins. However, plasmids without specific eukaryotic origins may also replicate in some cells when injected into nuclei or transferred during transformation. The efficiency and the mechanisms of their initiation are still uncertain. A number of reports are cited which indicate that natural eukaryotic DNAs initiate their replication from specific origins. The nature of these origins are known in only a few instances and no general conclusions can yet be given about the nucleotide sequences involved. Short dispersed repeats of the Alu type appear to function as origins since they enhance the efficiency of replication of vector plasmids in Xenopus eggs. Certain sequences from a variety of eukaryotic DNAs also enhance the replicative potential of plasmids in yeast cells. The common features of such initiators or enhancers is uncertain. If dispersed repeats are origins in mammalian chromosomes, the number appears to be excessive. Either only a subset are functional, or the functional ones are only suborigins in larger replicons in which master origins (not yet isolated) function in the regulation of the timing of replication. Evidence is cited which indicates that the regulation of the time of replication of a gene or gene cluster is part of a regulatory system that makes the DNA available for transcription or leaves it in an inactive state. About one-half the DNA in mammalian cells is replicated in the first half of S phase (SE). After a brief pause in mid-S phase, the remainder of the DNA is replicated in what is designated late S (SL). The fractions replicated in SE and SL may vary in other phylogenetic groups, but wherever division of differentiated cells occurs such fractions are likely to be found. The following hypothesis is proposed. The DNA replicated in SL is suppressed in transcription, if it has the appropriate promoter regions, because the newly replicated DNA is complexed with proteins that suppress transcription. These proteins are only available during SL. Those genes replicated in SE are complexed with a different set of proteins which leave the promoter regions open for transcription when the appropriate regulatory molecules are available. In this way an inactive state or potentially active state can be transmitted from one cell generation to the next. Evidence is cited which indicates that genes which are active in all cells at some stage in the cell cycle are replicated in SE.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 400 WORDS) PMID- 6727872 TI - Frequent hereditable shutdown of murine retrovirus gene expression in murine cell lines. AB - Friend spleen focus-forming virus shuts down its gene expression frequently (ca. 10(-3) per generation) in a cis-dominant hereditable fashion in various murine cells but much less frequently in rat cells (less than 10(-6) per generation). Thus, nonexpresser variants were isolated at high frequency from murine cell lines by immunoselection directed against virus-encoded cell surface glycoproteins and also simply by subcloning cells from lines which had been cultured for many generations. Studies of independently infected cell clones indicate that shutdown is a property of the cell line rather than of the specific proviral site. Nucleic acid blot analyses suggest that shutdown correlates with decreased transcription. Moreover, preliminary evidence indicates that other murine retroviruses also shut down frequently in murine but not in rat cells and that shutdown of replication-competent murine leukemia viruses with accompanying loss in interference to superinfection may be the rate-limiting reaction enabling cells to acquire multiple proviruses in their chromosomes. High-frequency shutdown in vivo would have important pathological consequences. PMID- 6727873 TI - Polyamine starvation prolongs the S and G2 phases of polyamine-dependent (arginase-deficient) CHO cells. AB - This study analyzes the effects of polyamine starvation on cell cycle traverse of an arginase-deficient CHO cell variant (CHO-A7). These cells grow well in serum free medium, provided that it contains ornithine or polyamines or both. In the absence of ornithine or polyamines or both, the CHO-A7 cells develop severe polyamine deficiency and, as a consequence, grow more slowly. When grown to a stationary phase in the presence of ornithine or putrescine or both, the CHO-A7 cells became arrested in G0/early G1. However, when starved for ornithine and polyamines, they accumulated in the S and G2 phases. Ornithine and polyamine starvation of CHO-A7 cells causes an increase in ornithine decarboxylase activity. When this increase was prevented by treatment with DL-alpha difluoromethylornithine, an enzyme-activated irreversible inhibitor of ornithine decarboxylase, growth was further suppressed, and a greater fraction of cells were found in the S and G2 phases of the cell cycle. PMID- 6727874 TI - Lack of retrovirus gene expression in somatic cell hybrids of friend cells and teratocarcinoma cells with a teratocarcinoma phenotype. AB - Two types of hybrids between cells with erythroid phenotype (Friend cells) and teratocarcinoma cells can be distinguished: cell hybrids with an erythroid phenotype, which release or can be induced to release large amounts of Friend spleen focus-forming virus (F-SFFV) on exposure to bromodeoxyuridine and cell hybrids with a teratocarcinoma phenotype, which do not release Friend virus and are not inducible for F-SFFV release. In this paper, we attempted to relate these differences to the expression of F-SFFV and Friend murine leukemia virus (F-MuLV) functions. Teratocarcinoma phenotype hybrids retained F-SFFV-and F-MuLV-related provirus sequences. They did not express F-SFFV- or F-MuLV-related RNA or proteins. The hybrids differentiated to endoderm-like cells on exposure to retinoic acid or hexamethylene-bis -acetamide. These cells, in contrast to the teratocarcinoma phenotype (uninduced) cells expressing SSEA-1-like antigens, did not express SSEA-1-like antigens; they formed typical, prekeratin-staining cytoskeletal structures and could be induced to release mouse interferon. The differentiating cells, but not the uninduced teratocarcinoma hybrids, were infected productively with F-MuLV or the F-MuLV--F-SFFV complex. They, however, did not express endogenous F-SFFV. Endogenous F-SFFV functions could not be rescued by infection with F-MuLV. Induction of teratocarcinoma hybrids with retinoic acid did not activate endogenous F-MuLV or F-SFFV transcription or protein synthesis. These data demonstrated two control mechanisms of Friend virus repression: one which acted trans during formation of the cell hybrids and was maintained only in teratocarcinoma phenotype cells and the other which acted cis and was still operative during induction of endodermal differentiation. PMID- 6727876 TI - Monoclonal antibodies to rat liver cell membrane glycoproteins. AB - Monoclonal antibodies were raised against membrane glycoproteins prepared from rat liver using lentil-lectin affinity chromatography. Monoclonal antibodies to rat hepatocytes with three different characteristics were obtained and designated as HAM.1, HAM.2 and HAM.3. The binding characteristics of these three monoclonal antibodies were analysed by flow cytofluorography and indirect radioimmunoassay; HAM.3 recognized a membrane antigen restricted mainly to hepatocytes. However, most rat hepatoma cell lines tested failed to express this antigen. Thus, this antibody might be useful for analysing the molecular nature of a liver-specific antigen or the membrane molecules on the normal and malignantly transformed hepatocytes. All the rat hepatoma cell lines tested were labeled with HAM.1 which recognized a membrane antigen on both hepatocytes and lymphocytes, although the amount of antigen expression was quite low on lymphocytes. HAM.2 was found to recognise the Class 1 (RT-1A) histocompatibility antigen. This antigen was purified from rat liver with a HAM.2-affinity column. PMID- 6727877 TI - The mouse Lyt-2/3 antigen complex--II. Structural analysis of the subunits. AB - Surface- or biosynthetically labeled Lyt-2/3 antigens were isolated from cell lysates by immunoprecipitation and affinity chromatography with a monoclonal antibody. Tryptic digests of the individual subunits of 37,000, 32,000 and 28,000 apparent mol. wts were analysed by reverse-phase high-performance liquid chromatography and by two-dimensional peptide mapping. The results indicate that the 37,000 and 32,000 mol. wt components are structurally very similar whereas the 28,000 mol. wt component appears as a different molecule. PMID- 6727875 TI - Control of adenovirus E1B mRNA synthesis by a shift in the activities of RNA splice sites. AB - The primary transcript from adenovirus 2 early region 1B (E1B) is processed by differential RNA splicing into two overlapping mRNAs, 13S and 22S. The 22S mRNA is the major E1B mRNA during the early phase of infection, whereas the 13S mRNA predominates during the late phase. In previous work, it has been shown that this shift in proportions of the E1B mRNAs is influenced by increased cytoplasmic stability of the 13S mRNA at late times in infection. Two observations presented here demonstrate that the increase in proportion of the 13S mRNA at late times is also regulated by a change in the specificity of RNA splicing. First, the relative concentrations of the 13S to 22S nuclear RNAs were not constant throughout infection but increased at late times. Secondly, studies with the mutant, adenovirus 2 pm2250 , provided evidence that there was an increased propensity to utilize a 5' splice in the region of the 13S 5' splice site at late times in infection. Adenovirus 2 pm2250 has a G----C transversion in the first base of E1B 13S mRNA intron preventing splicing of the 13S mRNA but not of the 22S mRNA. During the early phase of a pm2250 infection, the E1B primary transcripts were processed into the 22S mRNA only. However, during the late phase, when the 13S mRNA normally predominates, E1B primary transcripts were also processed by RNA splicing at two formerly unused or cryptic 5' splice sites. Both cryptic splice sites were located much closer to the disrupted 13S 5' splice site than to the 22S 5' splice site. Thus, the temporal increase in proportion of the 13S mRNA to the 22S mRNA is regulated by two processes, an increase in cytoplasmic stability of the 13S mRNA and an increased propensity to utilize the 13S 5' splice site during the late phase of infection. Adenovirus 2 pm2250 was not defective for productive infection of HeLa cells or for transformation of rat cells. PMID- 6727878 TI - [Sinus histiocytosis with massive lymphadenopathy--a virus-associated disease?]. AB - Clinical course and laboratory data of three patients with sinus histiocytosis and massive lymphadenopathy ( SHML ) are described. In 80% of the cases a massive and painless bilateral enlargement of the cervical lymphnodes is the presenting feature; 25% show extranodal involvement. The etiology of SHML is as yet unknown. In two patients with a high rubella antibody titer we were able to demonstrate rubella antigen in the involved lymphnodes thus supporting an infectious etiology of SHML . A virus isolation was not possible, so that the definite proof of a viral infection of SHML could not be demonstrated. As a rule therapy is not necessary. The exceptions are outlined. The prognosis is good. PMID- 6727879 TI - [Syndrome of supravalvular aortic stenosis (Williams-Beuren syndrome) in association with changes in the kidney and efferent urinary tract]. AB - We investigated the urinary tract in 19 out of 30 children having the Williams Beuren-Syndrome. 14 of these children showed all signs of the syndrome, whereas 8 children had only the typical cardiological findings without the pathognomonic facies and without major mental retardation. These two different types will be designed as type I and type II respectively. In 12 of the children belonging to type I there were anomalies of the kidneys and the lower urinary tract including 1 child having nephrocalcinosis. The various anomalies were found as single or combined lesions. As for type II there was only 1 child (out of 5) that showed a stenosis of the urethra and at the origin of the ureter in combination with a hydronephrosis. The frequency of anomalies of the urinary tract appears to be very high in type I. However, because of the small number of patients it is impossible to reach statistical significance in comparing the different frequencies within type I and type II. Further investigations are necessary to clarify the problem. PMID- 6727880 TI - [Infectious mononucleosis (Pfeiffer glandular fever) with membranous angina, nephritis, myocarditis and Guillain-Barre syndrome]. AB - In a 10 year old boy with infectious mononucleosis beginning with membranous tonsillitis, followed by nephritis, myocarditis and Guillain-Barre-Syndrome, all the complications could be managed by symptomatic treatment. With favourable outcome after about 3 months of hospitalisation, he could be discharged with only mild neurologic residuals. PMID- 6727881 TI - [Immunosuppressive therapy in congestive cardiomyopathy in childhood]. AB - Two patients aged ten and fourteen years presented with clinical signs of acute viral myocarditis and cardiac failure. Within three months both showed clinical deterioration with development of severe mitral and tricuspid incompetence. From their third month of illness myocardial antibodies were constantly found by indirect immunofluorescence technique. Both were treated with prednisone 2 mg/kg/d and azothioprine 2-2,5 mg/kg/d from their ninth and third month of illness for fifteen and twelve months respectively. Both showed considerable improvement within weeks with resolution of their valve incompetence, diminution of heart size and normalization of their ECGs. Results from myocardial biopsies suggest that a number of patients with chronic congestive cardiomyopathy may have long lasting viral inflammation of the myocardium or myocardial fiber destruction by autoimmunmechanisms after viral infection. Our cases probably had acute myocarditis which led to chronic congestive cardiomyopathy. Immunosuppressive therapy seems to be justified in cases where chronic inflammation or destruction of the myocardium is suspected because of the results of cardiac biopsies, myocardial scintigraphy or demonstration of myocardial antibodies. PMID- 6727882 TI - [Acute heart failure as an initial symptom of juvenile pheochromocytoma. Glucocorticoid therapy as a possible cause of normotension]. AB - A 13 years old girl was admitted with heart failure. Suspected myocarditis could not be proved. Initially slightly elevated blood pressure values normalized but raised again to hypertensive values when glucocorticoid treatment was discontinued; high blood pressure was associated with tachycardia. Determination of catecholamines and metabolites in urine revealed highly elevated levels mainly of norepinephrine. A phaeochromocytoma could be localized sonographically by angiography and selective determinations of catecholamines in samples taken from different parts of the caval vein. An extraadrenal tumor could be removed and the patient's symptoms ceased. PMID- 6727883 TI - [Immunoprevention of hepatitis B in children]. AB - Perinatal transmission of hepatitis B virus does not occur before the beginning of labor. Therefore, neither an embryopathy nor a fetopathy appears to be caused by an acute or chronic HBV infection during pregnancy. There is no necessity to interrupt pregnancy for the reason of a HBV infection. Transmission of HBV infection, however, may take place during delivery. By simultaneous administration of hepatitis B immunoglobulin and the HBV vaccine to the newborn infant directly after birth, perinatal infection with HBV can be prevented. This immunization procedure leads to a rapid and efficient anti-HBs response in the newborn comparable to that of adults. Protection against HBV infection by passive immunization is sufficient until active anti-HBs antibody formation is starting. The hepatitis B vaccine consists of the purified non-infectious surface of the HB virus. Due to the physical purification and chemical inactivation of the hepatitis B surface antigen (HBsAg) from human sera, the vaccine is considered to be safe. It is not harmful and exhibits an excellent compatibility in newborn infants. PMID- 6727884 TI - [Food toxicology]. AB - The complex problems of food toxicology and especially of mutagenesis and carcinogenesis require continuing efforts for a better understanding of the mechanisms, risk evaluation and prevention. Essential progress was the recognition of mutation. In vitro tests now provide reproducible results within a short time. Risk evaluation remains a difficult problem, since is has not been possible yet to establish thresholds values for genotoxic substances. However, threshold levels for carcinogen promoters gain increasing importance as demonstrated for 3 representative classes of substances: mycotoxines , nitrosamines and pesticides. PMID- 6727885 TI - [Significance, sources of error and limits of protein diagnosis in urine. I. Diagnostic methods]. AB - Determination of proteins in the urine requires standardized collection and storage of urine. To quantify total protein and to separate single proteins electrophoretically unconcentrated urine should be used. Protein dye-binding methods, beta 2-microglobulin essay and polyacrylamide gel techniques can be recommended for routine urinalysis. However, the analytical limits and pitfalls of the methods must be considered. The application of the selectivity concept of proteinuria is restricted to patients with nephrotic syndrome. PMID- 6727886 TI - [Significance, sources of error and limits of protein diagnosis in urine. II. Normal values and classification of pathologic proteinurias]. AB - Physiological excretion of total protein in the urine of newborns, infants, children and adults is below 150 mg/d/1.73 m2. Albuminuria is below 25 mg/d/1.73 m2 and excretion of beta 2-microglobulin below 0.4 mg/d/1.73 m2. Fever, exercise and orthostasis may cause a reversible increase of protein excretion. The significance of isolated and persistent proteinuria remains obscure. Polyacrylamide gel techniques differentiate between pathological high or low molecular weight proteinuria and thereby glomerular and tubular disorders. PMID- 6727887 TI - [Fold formations in the proximal ureter]. AB - Over a period of thirteen years in 28 children (age 4 weeks to 11 years) mucosal membranes of the proximal ureter were diagnosed by intravenous urography. In 61% of all cases the anomalies were demonstrated within the first year of life. Predominantly boys were affected (75%). Most of the associated anomalies (n = 15) were related to the urogenital system (n = 7). The membranes were bilateral in 12 cases and either separate (n = 15) or multiple (n = 25), resulting in a cork screw-like structure. Minor signs of obstruction of the corresponding renal pelvis were found in 45%, independent of the number of membranes. Urinary tract infection (UTI) occurred in half of all cases. Kidney length was not reduced in any child. The mean serum creatinin (SCR) level was 0.6 +/- 0.4 mg/dl. Surgical correction was never performed. The clinical follow-up investigation (n = 14) after a mean period of 5.1 (1-14) years revealed recurrent UTI in only 2 patients. The mean SCR level remained normal (0.5 +/- 0.3 mg/dl). The tendency of involution of the membranes, supposed by the clinically benign course, is demonstrated to serve as an example. Although a predisposing effect to UTI cannot be excluded, ureteral membranes must be regarded as harmless and transitory anomalies of the growing ureter in childhood which do not require urologic intervention. PMID- 6727888 TI - [Clinical and chemical factors in kidney calculus formation in childhood. An analysis of 40 patients]. AB - During 5 years, between 1978 and 1982, 40 patients (22 male, 18 female) aged 1 to 17 years presented with kidney stones at the Erlangen University Children's Hospital. Stone analysis showed calcium oxalate in 61%, calcium phosphate respectively magnesiumammonium phosphate in 33% and cystine in 6%. Calcium phosphate/ magnesiumammonium phosphate stone bearers were most frequently found in the first 5 years of age and showed more often urinary tract malformations, staghorn renal calculi, urinary tract infections and a higher urinary pH. Calcium oxalate stone bearers were more frequently found in patients of school age and had more often relatives with nephrolithiasis. In the group of calcium oxalate stones hypercalciuria, hyperoxaluria and hyperuricosuria were most frequently observed. PMID- 6727889 TI - [Renal acid excretion and renal molar load in healthy children and adults]. AB - The urinary excretion of the quantitatively prevalent ions and nonionic solutes and of aldosterone-18-glucuronide was investigated in 49 healthy children and 22 healthy adults living at home. The median of renal net-acid-excretion was 0.99 meq/kg/day or 48 meq/day/1.73 m2 in children, and 0.75 meq/kg/day or 50 meq/day/1.73 m2 in adults. The median of osmolar load was 12.8 mosmol/kg/day or 643 mosmol/day/1.73 m2 in children, and 10.6 mosmol/kg/day or 661 mosmol/day/1.73 m2 in adults. High urinary osmolality was more frequently observed in children than in adults. The data may define a desirable range of renal net-acid-excretion (0.5-1.5 meq/kg/day) in children receiving synthetic diets. PMID- 6727890 TI - [Treatment results following the pull-through operation and continence-improving operations in high anal and rectum atresia]. AB - Of 174 patients with anorectal malformations, among them 71 children with high atresia, 59 patients could be followed-up. 57% were entirely incontinent according to electromanometrical findings. These patients necessarily needed sphincter-replacement operations to improve the function of the sphincter apparatus. Eighty-one sphincter-replacement operations were performed in 68 patients, among them 56 gracilis transplantations, 12 palmaris-longus transplantations, and 4 stalked smooth muscle transplantations. All sphincter replacement operations improved continence considerably. PMID- 6727891 TI - [Torsten-Sjogren syndrome]. AB - The Torsten -Sjogren-syndrome is the combination of hereditary cataract associated with impaired central nervous coordination, mental retardation and hyperaminoacidurea . This recessive inheritable disease is due to an alteration of the aminoacidmetabolism also present in the not manifestly affected parents. In addition, the presented case exhibited an anal atresia with perinatal fistula. The pediatric and ophthalmologic aids have been started early. According to the etiology a genetic counceling is necessary. PMID- 6727892 TI - [Giant hemangioma of the placenta as a cause of life-threatening anemia in the newborn infant with hydrops congenitum]. AB - A premature infant (33.-34. gestational week) delivered by caesarean section suffered from congenital hydrops and severe anaemia (7,2 g/dl) with pronounced marks of erythroblastosis; its placenta contained a haemangioma of 750 gs. A gigant haemangioma is extremely rare and can lead to a characteristic symptom complex endangering the life of mother and foetus. PMID- 6727893 TI - [Iatrogenic hydrothorax in a premature infant and its treatment]. AB - Iatrogenic hydrothorax in a premature infant of 36 weeks' gestation was caused by misplacement of a central venous catheter leading to massive pleural effusion in the left hemithorax. Subsequently respiratory insufficiency developed which could be treated successfully within 24 h by complete removal of the i.v. fluid via the misplaced catheter and simultaneous mechanical ventilation. PMID- 6727894 TI - [Lumbar radioisotope cisternography in the premature infant]. PMID- 6727895 TI - [Toxic shock syndrome in a 14-year-old girl]. AB - The toxic shock syndrome in a 14-year old girl is described. This syndrome occurs most frequently - but not exclusively - in the teens and young women during the first days of menstruation, if tampons are used. The patients are acutely ill with high fever, diarrhea and/or vomiting, with a rash, with loss of consciousness, and signs of shock (occasionally shock lung syndrome and renal insufficiency). During convalescence desquamation of hands and feet shows up. Patients with much less severe symptoms have been seen. The primary lesion is a local infection (e.g. vaginitis) with staphylococcus aureus, the symptoms being caused by staphylococcal toxins. Early recognition and immediate therapy are important for a better prognosis. The therapy consists of removal of the tampon, i.v. fluids including albumin, and the administration of a beta-lactamase resistant antibiotic. PMID- 6727896 TI - [Tuberous sclerosis. Clinical and computer tomography findings in infancy and childhood]. AB - Tuberous sclerosis was diagnosed in 21 patients (13 female, 8 male) at an age of 3 months to 17 years, 8 of them being younger than 1 year at the time of diagnosis. 14 cases occurred sporadic, 7 patients had a positive familial history of the disease. The diagnosis was based on typical cutaneous lesions (white spots in 19, adenoma sebaceum in 12), cerebral seizures (20 patients) and intracranial calcifications which were found in all 17 patients who were investigated by cranial computerized tomography, especially in all 5 patients who were investigated in the first year of life. In addition two patients showed tumors arising from the region of the frontal horns. Histological examination which was performed in one of them showed the typical picture of a subependymal giant cell astrocytoma. Seizures occurred within the first year of life in 15 of 20 patients. The most common seizure type were infantile spasms (11 patients), grand mal (10 patients) and partial seizures (7 patients). In two children Todd's palsies were observed. Mental retardation of variable degree was observed in 11 patients. Cystic renal lesions were found in one patient with severe haematuria and they were suspected in 3 others on ultrasonographic examination. Retinal phakoma was found in only one patient, cardial rhabdomyoma was suspected in another one who suffered from congenital multifocal atrial tachycardia. The diagnosis in the first year of life was based upon the typical trias of white spots, seizures and intracranial calcifications on CT examination. PMID- 6727897 TI - [A simple measuring device for monitoring radiation in phototherapy]. AB - A simple low cost device is described for measuring the irradiation intensity used in phototherapy of hyperbilirubinemia in newborns. The spectral selectivity of the sensor is adapted to the most effective wavelength for phototherapy. The device can be calibrated in W/m2. A description of calibration is given. When fluorescent lamps adapted to phototherapy are used, the accuracy of the device can be compared to that of commercially manufactured units. The sensitivity is sufficient to measure differences of irradiance significant for the therapy. The device is suitable to quantify phototherapy of the newborn infant suffering from hyperbilirubinemia. PMID- 6727898 TI - [Feeding very small premature infants with concentrated breast milk]. AB - The use of concentrated breast milk was prospectively studied in 26 very small premature babies with a birth weight of 1,010-1,500 g. 57 premature babies of the same birth weight group born in the two preceding years and fed normal pooled breast milk served as a control group. Fresh breast milk was enriched using lyophilized breast milk yielding a calory content of 103 cal/100 ml. Early intermittent nasogastric feeding using this milk enabled full oral calory supply from the 5th day on. 130 ml/kg/day of enriched breast milk yields 134 cal/kg per day with somewhat less fat but more protein (2.8 g/kg vs 2.2 g/kg) and sodium (1.9 mmol vs 1.5 mmol) than 200 ml/kg/day of ordinary breast milk. About 50% of the study patients and the control group needed intensive care with mechanical ventilation. Mortality was 15% and 28%, respectively. Necrotizing enterocolitis was rare in both groups (3.3 vs 3.5%). Due to extragastric complications oral feeding had to be reduced in 18% (study group) and in 27% (ordinary breast milk), the most frequent indication was a patent ductus arteriosus with heart insufficiency. Postnatal weight gain was comparatively good with a mean increment of 112 g in the second and 150 g in the third week. Growth of body length during the first three weeks was on average 0.72 cm/week, head circumference increased 0.57 cm/week. However, in the control group similar results were noted. During the second week of life patients fed concentrated breast milk had somewhat higher plasma sodium und urea values.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS) PMID- 6727899 TI - [Infantile scurvy]. AB - Infantile scurvy, today a rare disease, can be diagnosed either by recognition of a characteristic constellation of clinical features, or on the correct interpretation of nearly pathognomonic radiological signs. Dystrophy, recurrent infections, fever, anemia, hemorrhagic effusions, hematuria, tenderness of the legs, pseudo-paralysis and "frog position" and costochondral swelling or angulation are frequent signs. Radiologically, thickening of the epiphyseal plate ("scurvy line") and subepiphyseal rarefication , general osteoporosis and subperiostal hemorrhage are important diagnostic clues. PMID- 6727900 TI - [Rational and efficient diagnosis of tuberculosis]. PMID- 6727901 TI - [Enterococcal meningitis]. AB - 104 cases of enterococcal meningitis from the literature of the last 35 years have been reviewed: 70% are pediatric patients, 30% are adults. Malformations or concomitant conditions favour the outbreak of the disease. Mixed infections are frequent (15%). The average lethality is about 40% with a variation of +/- 22% depending on the patients prior state of health. Treatment is still very difficult even with the latest antibiotics. PMID- 6727902 TI - Relationships between ethylation of hemoglobin, ethylation of DNA and administered amount of ethyl methanesulfonate in the mouse. AB - Ethylation of guanine-N-7 in the DNA of liver and kidney and of nucleophilic groups in hemoglobin has been studied as a measure of the in vivo dose in the mouse after i.p. administration of radiolabeled ethyl methanesulfonate (EMS). The degree of ethylation in both hemoglobin and DNA of the studied tissues was found to increase proportionally to the injected amount in the range 0.32-100 mumoles EMS/kg b.w. Above this range a somewhat higher than proportional degree of ethylation was found, indicating saturation of a system for detoxification of the compound, resulting in a decreased rate of elimination and consequently an increased dose in the tissues of this directly alkylating agent. The ratio between covalent binding to DNA and to hemoglobin, however, was approximately constant over the wide range of doses studied. For biological effects with a linear dose-response relationship, this demonstrates the validity of hemoglobin alkylation as an indicator of the risk. PMID- 6727903 TI - Clastogenic effects of biosynthetic human growth hormone in Snell dwarf mice and CHO cells in vitro. AB - Treatment of Snell dwarf mice with high concentrations of human growth hormone from pituitaries as well as of bacterial origin, significantly increased the frequencies of chromosomal aberrations in bone-marrow cells, as measured by the micronucleus test. In vitro treatment of Chinese hamster ovary (CHO) cells with the two types of hormone likewise induced structural chromosomal aberrations. PMID- 6727904 TI - Effects of unequally fractionated X-ray exposures on the induction of chromosomal rearrangements in mouse spermatogonia. AB - The induction of reciprocal translocations in mouse stem-cell spermatogonia was determined following different unequally fractionated X-ray exposures with 24 h between the fractions. The results indicate that quite variable levels of chromosomal damage can be induced using the same exposure schemes. This variation does not seem to be correlated with radiation set-up or mouse strain. In general, with higher conditioning exposures from 12.5 to 300 rad (or R), higher frequencies of translocations were produced using a larger second challenging exposure of 700-900 rad (or R). The increase in yields of aberrations was more or less paralleled by a shift from a strong deviation from a Poisson fit of the number of translocations per spermatocyte, to a good fit, suggesting a transition from the original heterogeneity of the stem cell population to a radiation induced, more homogeneous stage. Earlier observations concerning a threshold dose for sensitization (van Buul and L eonard , Mutation Res., 70 (1980) 95-101) could not be confirmed. PMID- 6727905 TI - Evaluation of chemically induced cytogenetic lesions in rabbit oocytes. III. A postimplantation analysis of streptonigrin effects. AB - The frequency of consistent structural chromosome aberrations was determined for 108 fetuses (day 14 of gestation) from 20 female rabbits treated before conception with 90 micrograms/kg of streptonigrin (NSC-45383). The findings by karyotype analysis of 1.85% of the fetuses with consistent aberrations was compared with 6.32% frequency previously observed in 6-day (preimplantation) blastocysts from identically treated females and found to be significantly reduced. The interpretation of the findings is that the developmental events of implantation and placentation are effective in eliminating from further gestation the majority of the rabbit conceptuses with consistent structural chromosome abnormalities. The data are also discussed relative to the predictive nature of somatic cell chromosome damage in women of childbearing age being an estimator of risk of producing offspring with structural chromosome aberrations. The data show that preconceptional treatment of female rabbits with streptonigrin caused a shift in the cytogenetically determined sex ratio of the 14-day fetuses, but not of the 6-day blastocysts. The significant decrease in relative numbers of males observed is consistent with the induction of lethal mutations on the X chromosome. This finding is discussed in conjunction with the timing and parental specificity of X chromosome inactivation during mammalian embryonic development. PMID- 6727906 TI - Evidence for the re-establishment of a heterogeneity in radiosensitivity among spermatogonial stem cells repopulating the mouse testis following depletion by X rays. AB - Earlier studies have shown that the spermatogonial stem cells of the mouse testis recovering from previous radiation or chemical mutagen exposure give subnormal yields of genetic damage with subsequent X-irradiation. This response has been investigated further: (a) with a high, 9-Gy X-ray dose given 4, 12 or 21 days after a 1-Gy conditioning dose (Expt. 1), and (b) with a 1 + 7-Gy, 24-h fractionation regime given 4 or 14 days after a 1-Gy conditioning dose (Expt. 2). In Expt. 1 the 1 + 9-Gy, 4-day interval regime gave a very low response, lower than obtained previously with an equivalent 1 + 5-Gy treatment. This suggests that a heterogeneity in radiosensitivity, such as exists in unirradiated stem cell populations and absent 24-48 h after radiation depletion, is quickly re established among the stem cells repopulating the testis. By contrast, the 1 + 7 Gy, 24-h fractionation when given 4 days after the 1-Gy conditioning dose (Expt. 2) gave a very high yield of genetic damage, almost as high as that given by the fractionated (1 + 7 Gy) dose applied to previously unirradiated stem cells. This suggests that the newly established heterogeneity is removed by the second 1-Gy conditioning dose. With longer intervals between treatments, genetic yields consistent with additivity were obtained in Expt. 1; less clear results were obtained Expt. 2. Comparison with earlier data generally suggested that the duration of the repopulating period is dose-dependent. In a third experiment evidence was obtained that genetic damage induced by X-irradiation can be reduced by a subsequent treatment with triethylenemelamine (TEM) during the repopulating phase. This confirmed an earlier finding. Such an interaction could not be demonstrated with two X-ray treatments. An explanation for the X-ray/TEM interaction is offered. PMID- 6727907 TI - Non-breeding-test methods for dominant skeletal mutations shown by ethylnitrosourea to be easily applicable to offspring examined in specific-locus experiments. AB - Skeletons of (C3H X 101)F1 mice have been examined in earlier studies of the induction of dominant skeletal mutations. The present experiment was done to determine whether the same criteria used to identify mutations in (C3H X 101)F1 mice could be applied to the offspring collected in specific-locus experiments. Offspring were obtained from an experiment of Hitotsumachi et al. in which (101 X C3H)F1 male mice were exposed to 0, 300 mg/kg or 400 mg/kg of ethylnitrosourea (ENU) injected i.p. in exposures of 100 mg/kg administered 7 days apart. The 3 skeletal non-breeding-test (NBT) methods were applied in evaluating skeletons. The frequencies of presumed dominant skeletal mutations found following exposure of stem-cell spermatogonia to 0, 3 X 100 mg/kg, and 4 X 100 mg/kg of ENU were 2/374, 10/243, and 10/180, respectively. At each exposure level there is a highly statistically significant increase over the control. At the higher exposure, the induced presumed mutation frequency is 5.0% and the induced frequency of presumed mutations likely to be of clinical importance is 4.5%. The indices of mutation were 0% in the control, 11.5% in the 300 mg/kg group, and 12.4% in the 400 mg/kg group. These results show that the skeletal NBT methods can easily be combined with specific-locus experiments to increase the yield of data useful in estimating genetic risk. It appears that the induction of dominant skeletal mutations by ENU is reasonably similar when measured in specific-locus or (C3H X 101)F1 offspring. PMID- 6727908 TI - Abstracts of posters presented at the 13th annual meeting of the European Environmental Mutagen Society (EEMS), September 5th-9th, 1983, Montpellier (France). PMID- 6727909 TI - Single fiber electromyography in the differential diagnosis of myopathic limb girdle syndromes and chronic spinal muscular atrophy. AB - Single fiber electromyography ( SFEMG ) of the extensor digitorum communis muscle was performed on 20 patients with either myopathic limb girdle syndromes ( LGS ) or chronic spinal muscular atrophy ( CSMA ) to assess its value in the differential diagnosis of these disorders. Neurologic examinations (muscle biopsies, standard electromyography, or both) were reviewed in 16 patients and resulted in diagnosing LGS in 11 patients and CSMA in 5 patients. In four patients, discordance between EMG and biopsy, or mixed features of myopathy and neuropathy in either test, resulted in an indeterminate diagnosis. Two groups were discerned from SFEMG , one with higher fiber density, jitter, and percentage of abnormal pairs consistent with neuropathy and another with lower values consistent with myopathy. In all 16 patients, SFEMG confirmed the initial diagnosis, and in the four patients with indeterminate diagnoses, SFEMG suggested diagnoses of LGS in two patients and CSMA in two patients. Single fiber electromyography may be a useful diagnostic aid in the differential diagnosis of myopathic LGS and CSMA . PMID- 6727910 TI - The effects of chronic muscular activity on age-related changes in single fiber electromyography. AB - Single fiber electromyography ( SFEMG ) of the extensor digitorum communis (EDC) muscle and nerve conduction studies were performed on healthy, active elderly men (66-77 years old) to assess age-related changes in neuromuscular physiology and the effect of long-term increased muscular activity on these changes. The following two groups were studied: a control group and a group composed of men with occupationally greater usage of hand extensors. Fiber density and mean jitter were essentially the same in both groups; however, in the hand-user group there was greater variability in mean jitter and a significant increase in the prevalence of potential pairs with increased jitter or blocking. In both groups, slower nerve conduction velocities and lower amplitudes of sensory and motor evoked potentials tended to correlate with increased jitter and fiber density. These electrophysiological changes in healthy aged men are consistent with an extremely mild process of nerve terminal denervation and reinnervation. Although long-term increased synaptic activity did not greatly alter the rate or extent of this process, it did produce a higher incidence of abnormal potential pairs and greater variability in mean jitter. PMID- 6727911 TI - Nerve regeneration in exogenous cerebral ganglioside-treated rats. AB - Intraperitoneal injection of 50 mg/kg of exogenous cerebral gangliosides resulted in a statistically significant (23%) increase (compared with saline-injected controls) in the tetanic isometric tension of the rat plantaris muscle 7 days after section of the fourth lumbar root (L4). In a second experiment, intraperitoneal-injected exogenous gangliosides were found to have no effect on axonal regeneration following cryo-injury to the sciatic nerve. These results lead to the possibility of an early enhancement of muscular collateral sprouting in partially denervated muscles under an intraperitoneal-injected ganglioside mixture treatment. PMID- 6727912 TI - The treatment of scoliosis in Duchenne muscular dystrophy. AB - There are not, as yet, clear indications for the surgical management of scoliosis in Duchenne muscular dystrophy (DMD), taking into account the varying severity of the clinical course. Monitoring the vital capacity can be most important for the indication and timing of surgery. In some cases, delaying surgical intervention with conservative management using spinal braces and wheelchair inserts can permit the restrictive lung syndrome to advance to the point that surgery will be contraindicated. Ten such patients conservatively treated for an average of 5 years exhibited perhaps a slower progression but ultimately an advanced deformity. From a second group of five carefully selected and surgically treated patients, indications for spinal surgery were reviewed. Surgical intervention should be prophylactically undertaken when there is high risk of a rapidly evolving curve with a severe restrictive lung syndrome. PMID- 6727914 TI - Temperature sensitivity of tension development in a fast-twitch muscle of the rat. AB - Isometric contractions of the biceps brachii (short head) muscle in the rat were recorded in vitro with direct stimulation and at different temperatures (range, 35 degrees C-10 degrees C). In confirmation of our previous findings from fast extensor digitorum longus and slow soleus muscles, the time and rate parameters of the twitch and the tetanus showed an increased temperature sensitivity below 20 degrees C. The dependence on the initial muscle length of the rate of rise of tetanic tension was examined at 27 degrees C and at 15 degrees C. When represented as a percentage of the tetanic tension at each length, the rate of rise was independent of muscle length at both temperatures. Our interpretation of this particular observation is that the increased cooling depression of the rate of tension rise below 20 degrees C is not associated with a qualitative change in its underlying basis. PMID- 6727913 TI - Motor axon loop: an electroneurographic response. AB - A new kind of response to the stimulation of the median and ulnar nerves was observed in 10 patients. It is a motor unit showing a late latency in response to a weak stimulus and then suddenly a normal latency when the intensity is increased to a critical level. These two responses can be evoked at any level of a distinct nerve segment, the difference between their latencies being constant. The late response cannot be elicited below this segment and the normal response cannot be elicited above this segment. Its F-latency is delayed and does not vary when the late response changes in a normal one. The conduction velocity along the axon seems normal. We propose the hypothesis of a motor axon loop along the nerve, with the recurrent portion traveling in the " grandes ellipses" or the classical anastomosis. These kinked axons are probably congenital; their frequency is still unknown. PMID- 6727915 TI - Myosin components of the latissimus dorsi and the pectoralis major muscles in the dystrophic chicken. AB - The myosin composition of the anterior latissimus dorsi, the posterior latissimus dorsi, and the pectoralis major muscles was examined in the inbred White Leghorn dystrophic chicken and its isogenic normal line at different ages during development and maturation. Using the biochemical methods of native gel electrophoresis, one- and two-dimensional sodium dodecyl sulfate polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis (SDS PAGE), and peptide mapping, it was found that myosin isozyme changes occurred normally in the anterior latissimus dorsi muscle. However, in the posterior latissimus dorsi muscle, slow myosin components which were not present in the adult normal muscle were present in the adult dystrophic muscle. In addition, the pectoralis major muscle of the dystrophic chicken failed to undergo the neonatal to adult fast myosin isozyme transition. Our data also showed that muscle cell cultures derived from the pectoralis major muscle of dystrophic chickens expressed identical myosin components to cultures derived from normal embryos. However, since these cultures only produced embryonic myosins even after 1 month in culture, it implied that cells in tissue culture were phenotypically normal because present cell culture conditions were insufficient to induce the fetal to adult isozyme changes. PMID- 6727916 TI - Abnormal use of remaining motor units during locomotion in peroneal palsy. AB - The firing properties of single anterior tibial motor units were studied (during walking) with electromyogram (EMG) techniques in five normal subjects and in 10 patients who had footdrop due to an acute lesion of the common peroneal nerve. In the normal subjects, high threshold units did not fire in the ordinary step cycle and low threshold units fired at 10-25 Hz. In half of the paralyzed subjects, all motor units fired at 40-50 Hz for more than 200 msec in each step cycle, which could be sufficient for maximal force. In the other half of the paralyzed subjects, high threshold units were not recruited in each step cycle and low threshold units fired at 15-35 Hz, indicating that there were force reserves which were not used to prevent footdrop in each stride. PMID- 6727917 TI - Differentiation in dystrophic muscle cultures from mice of different ages. AB - Muscle from dystrophic (129 ReJ dy/dy) mice, aged 1, 2, 3, 4, and 6 months, was cocultured with normal embryonic mouse spinal cord. Cultures were scored for regeneration (myotubes) and differentiation (cross-striated or contracting fibers) over a 28-day period. Although muscle from dystrophic mice of all ages was able to regenerate, the ability to differentiate decreased with the increasing age of the mouse. Muscle from litter-mate control mice of different ages regenerated and differentiated equally well. PMID- 6727918 TI - Avian muscular dystrophy: use of proper "controls". PMID- 6727919 TI - Quantitative immunoelectrophoretic study of genus Pytyrosporum Sabouraud. PMID- 6727920 TI - Study of Cryptococcus neoformans varieties. PMID- 6727921 TI - [Antimycotic effect of Tolciclate]. PMID- 6727922 TI - Distribution of mating types of the "Microsporum gypseum complex" in Spanish soils. PMID- 6727924 TI - An epidemiologic investigation of dermatological fungus infections in the northernmost county of Sweden (Norrbotten) 1977-1981. PMID- 6727923 TI - Fenticonazole: a new antifungal imidazole derivative in vitro and in vivo antimycotic activity. PMID- 6727925 TI - Kinetic and molecular properties of dihydrofolate reductase from pyrimethamine sensitive and pyrimethamine-resistant Plasmodium chabaudi. AB - Dihydrofolate reductase (5,6,7,8-tetrahydrofolate: NADP+ oxidoreductase, EC 1.5.1.3) was partially purified from a cloned strain of pyrimethamine-sensitive Plasmodium chabaudi and a drug-resistant clone derived from it. A molecular weight of approximately 120000 was estimated by gel filtration for enzyme from both pyrimethamine-sensitive and resistant parasites. The specific activities of the crude enzyme at pH 7.4 were 2.7 +/- 0.8 and 1.4 +/- 0.6 nmol min-1 mg-1 protein for sensitive and resistant strains, respectively. Methotrexate titration (pH 7.4, 37 degrees C) indicated that the apparent turnover number of the enzyme from the sensitive parasites was 1229 +/- 322 mol min-1 mol-1 compared with 1238 +/- 179 mol min-1 mol-1 for the enzyme from the resistant parasites. There was therefore no significant difference in the amounts of the enzyme from both sources. The Km value for dihydrofolate (9.3 microM) of the enzyme from the drug sensitive parasites at pH 7.4 was lower than that from the resistant parasites by a factor of approximately 4. The Km values for NADPH of the enzyme from both sources were similar. Inhibition by pyrimethamine of the enzyme from the sensitive parasites was competitive with dihydrofolate, with Ki of 0.26 nM. By contrast, noncompetitive inhibition was observed for the enzyme from the resistant parasites, with Kis of 50 nM and Kii of 33 nM. The enzyme from drug sensitive and drug-resistant parasites had different activity profiles with respect to pH and temperature. Moreover, the former was more sensitive to heat denaturation than the latter. From these results, it was concluded that the major basis for drug resistance is not an increase in enzyme content, but a large decrease in drug binding with the structurally different enzyme. PMID- 6727926 TI - Sulfhemoglobinemia. Clinical and molecular aspects. PMID- 6727927 TI - Decision making for incompetent patients by designated proxy. California's new law. PMID- 6727928 TI - Blood transfusion and susceptibility to AIDS. PMID- 6727929 TI - Acyclovir for the treatment of severe aplastic anemia. PMID- 6727931 TI - Bias in treatment assignment in controlled clinical trials. PMID- 6727930 TI - Serum osmolality. PMID- 6727932 TI - Care within reach: appropriate health-care delivery in the developing world. PMID- 6727933 TI - Cost-sharing health insurance should be a priority. PMID- 6727935 TI - Cardiac rhythm after the Mustard operation for complete transposition of the great arteries. AB - The Mustard operation corrects the effects of congenital transposition of the great arteries by creating an intraarterial baffle to direct pulmonary venous blood to the tricuspid orifice and systemic venous blood to the mitral orifice. To identify the long-term effects of this procedure, we followed 372 patients with complete transposition of the great arteries who survived the Mustard operation for at least three months. The mean follow-up period was 4.5 years (range, 0.4 to 15.9); the mean age at operation was 2.0 years. Mean resting heart rates were consistently lower than those for age-matched normal children. Seventy six per cent of the patients had sinus rhythm during the year of operation--a figure that decreased to 57 per cent by the end of the eighth postoperative year. Twenty-five patients died during the follow-up period, nine suddenly. Life-table analysis revealed a cumulative survival rate of 91 per cent for 11 years and 71 per cent for 15 years after the operation. No strong risk factor for sudden unexpected death identified. This study demonstrates that extended survival among patients with transposition can be expected after the Mustard operation. However, over time there is a decreasing prevalence of normal sinus rhythm in survivors, as well as a small risk of sudden death. PMID- 6727934 TI - Episodic angioedema associated with eosinophilia. AB - We studied four patients with recurrent attacks of angioedema, urticaria, and fever. During attacks, body weights increased up to 18 per cent, and leukocyte counts reached 108,000 per microliter (88 per cent eosinophils). The disease did not appear to threaten the function of vital organs. The two children received prednisone intermittently; the adults did not require treatment or were given alternate-day prednisone. Glucocorticoid therapy caused defervescence and diuresis and decreased total leukocyte and eosinophil counts. No patient had evidence of cardiac involvement (follow-up, 2 to 17 years). One patient remained in spontaneous remission for 20 years before symptoms recurred. Histologic studies showed that eosinophils localized and degranulated in the dermis, and they appeared to induce edema. Although this syndrome might be classified as a variant of the hypereosinophilic syndrome, we believe it is a separate entity because of its distinctive characteristics and its benign course. PMID- 6727936 TI - Law-medicine notes. Uncertainty in prognosis of violent conduct: the Supreme Court lays down the law. PMID- 6727937 TI - Angioedema. PMID- 6727938 TI - Apolipoprotein C-II deficiency revisited. PMID- 6727939 TI - Coronary-artery spasm and myocardial infarction associated with cocaine use. PMID- 6727940 TI - More on pediculosis capitis. PMID- 6727941 TI - Young's syndrome. PMID- 6727942 TI - Creatinine determination in ketosis. PMID- 6727943 TI - Diagnostic limitations of antibody to hepatitis B surface antigen. PMID- 6727944 TI - The British National Health Service. PMID- 6727946 TI - Facing our mistakes. PMID- 6727945 TI - Insurance industry and biomedical research. PMID- 6727947 TI - Early recognition of potentially fatal necrotizing fasciitis. The use of frozen section biopsy. AB - Necrotizing fasciitis is a rare, rapidly progressing soft-tissue infection. Early clinical recognition is difficult, and there is often a fatal delay in appropriate treatment. We evaluated the use of frozen-section biopsies for the rapid diagnosis of this disease in its early stages. Nineteen cases of necrotizing fasciitis were studied over a 13-year period. In all eight cases in which frozen-section biopsy was performed within zero to four days (average, 21 hours) after the onset of symptoms, histologic study confirmed the diagnosis, and surgical d ebridement was immediately performed. Only one patient died. In 11 patients, the diagnosis was made on clinical grounds, and surgical therapy was delayed for 1 to 15 days (average, 6) after the onset of symptoms because of failure to recognize the disorder immediately. Eight patients died (P less than 0.02). Our study indicates that rapid performance of frozen-section soft-tissue biopsy early in the evolution of a suspect lesion may provide a definitive and life-saving diagnosis. PMID- 6727948 TI - Osteogenesis imperfecta after the menopause. AB - We studied the fracture rate as a function of age in 45 women and 20 men with osteogenesis imperfecta. In each variant of the disorder, the fracture rate in women peaked in childhood, declined in adolescence, and rose again after the menopause. In contrast, the fracture rate in men remained low after adolescence. After the menopause women were vulnerable to crush fractures of the spine as well as fractures of the long bones. We conclude that the increased fracture rate after the menopause in women with osteogenesis imperfecta reflects the superimposition of the effects of age-related bone loss on those of the defective collagen structure of osteogenesis imperfecta, and that hormone-replacement therapy may be specifically indicated in this group of patients from the time of the menopause. We also suggest that osteogenesis imperfecta should be included in the differential diagnosis of women presenting with crush fractures of the spine. PMID- 6727949 TI - Case records of the Massachusetts General Hospital. Weekly clinicopathological exercises. Case 26-1984. Microangiopathic hemolytic anemia in a 53-year-old woman with metastatic breast cancer. PMID- 6727950 TI - Biopsy diagnosis of surgical infections. PMID- 6727951 TI - Imperfect osteogenesis and osteoporosis. PMID- 6727952 TI - Positional vertigo. PMID- 6727953 TI - More on blood transfusion and AIDS. PMID- 6727954 TI - Gastroplasty and diet in morbid obesity. PMID- 6727955 TI - Clinical value of the glycosylated hemoglobin assay. PMID- 6727956 TI - Electrocardiographic changes with gastric volvulus. PMID- 6727957 TI - First-rib fractures secondary to shoulder restraints. PMID- 6727958 TI - Vasa vasorum in coronary-artery disease. PMID- 6727959 TI - "Colonic crunch" sign in sunflower-seed bezoar. PMID- 6727960 TI - More on the photic sneeze reflex. PMID- 6727961 TI - The medical college admission test. PMID- 6727962 TI - Radiofrequency percutaneous upper-thoracic sympathectomy. Technique and review of indications. PMID- 6727963 TI - Inappropriate secretion of antidiuretic hormone after transsphenoidal surgery for pituitary tumors. PMID- 6727965 TI - Cigarette ads in the Ladies' Home Journal. PMID- 6727964 TI - Malpractice prevention through the sharing of uncertainty. Informed consent and the therapeutic alliance. PMID- 6727966 TI - Effects of untreated maternal phenylketonuria and hyperphenylalaninemia on the fetus. PMID- 6727967 TI - On Trojan horses and surrogate mothers. PMID- 6727968 TI - Prophylaxis against leptospirosis with doxycycline. PMID- 6727969 TI - Danazol in hemophilia. PMID- 6727970 TI - Clinical importance of lactase deficiency. PMID- 6727971 TI - Lymphocyte subpopulations in pernicious anemia. PMID- 6727972 TI - Immunization against snake venoms. PMID- 6727973 TI - Increased ionized calcium and myocardial contractility during hemodialysis. PMID- 6727974 TI - Error in prenatal diagnosis by DNA analysis. PMID- 6727975 TI - Unnecessary psychiatric hospitalization. PMID- 6727976 TI - High-tech medicine in the Caribbean: 25 years of Cuban health care. PMID- 6727977 TI - Ethical issues in the implantation of the total artificial heart. PMID- 6727978 TI - Influence of sickle hemoglobinopathies on growth and development. AB - To determine the influence of hemoglobinopathy on growth and development, we examined the height, weight, and sexual maturation of 2115 patients 2 to 25 years old who had homozygous sickle-cell disease (SS), SC disease (SC), sickle beta+ thalassemia (S beta+), or sickle beta O thalassemia (S beta O). Using regression analysis of these cross-sectional data to generate growth and maturation curves for each hemoglobinopathy, we found that the curves for all hemoglobinopathy groups were significantly different from published norms for black subjects (P less than 0.001), and that subjects with SS and S beta O were consistently smaller and less sexually developed than those with SC and S beta+ (P less than 0.001). For both sexes and all hemoglobinopathies, low weight was more pronounced than short height and was most apparent in subjects over the age of seven. The median age of the female subjects who had attained at least Tanner Stage V was 17.3 years for those with SS, 17.2 years for S beta O, 16.0 years for SC, and 16.5 years for S beta+; among male subjects the corresponding values were 17.6, 18.8, 16.6, and 16.6 years. Discriminant analysis of menarche status, weight, age, and hemoglobinopathy revealed that the influences of age and weight on menarche were similar regardless of hemoglobinopathy. This relationship suggests a constitutional rather than a primary endocrinologic cause of sexual immaturity in patients with hemoglobinopathies. PMID- 6727979 TI - Effect of soil fungistasis on zoopathogenic fungi. AB - The inhibiting action of west-Siberian soils on spore germination and the growth and development of zoopathogenic fungi such as Emmonsia (Chrysosporium) crescens , Trichophyton mentagrophytes, Beauveria bassiana , Metarrhizium anisopliae , Paecilomyces farinosus , P. fumoso -roseus and Chrysosporium keratinophilum have been studied by the authors. The influence of carbon sources and the root exudates of plants on fungistasis have also been studied. PMID- 6727980 TI - Composition of the fungal flora of four cereal grains in Saudi Arabia. AB - Using the grain-plate method and on glucose- Czapek 's agar at 28 degrees C, fifty-eight species belonging to 26 genera were collected from barley (42 species and 19 genera), maize (29 species and 16 genera), sorghum (32 species and 17 genera) and wheat grains (42 species and 18 genera). The most frequent genera were Aspergillus, Penicillium, Rhizopus, Fusarium, and Mucor followed by Alternaria, Drechslera , and Curvularia. From the preceding genera Aspergillus flavus, A. niger, Penicillium notatum, Rhizopus stolonifer , Fusarium moniliforme, Mucor racemosus, Alternaria alternata, Drechslera spicifera , and Curvularia lunata were the most prevalent species in the four types of grains tested. PMID- 6727981 TI - A survey of 120 isolates of Malassezia (Pityrosporum) pachydermatis. Preliminary study. AB - The morphological, cultural and biochemical characteristics of 120 isolates of Malassezia (Pityrosporum) pachydermatis, isolated from chronic otitis externa in the dog, are discussed. PMID- 6727983 TI - [Distribution of calcium contents in commercially-produced feed for laying hens]. AB - In this paper the quantitative distribution of the quality feature "calcium" in mixed feed for laying hens is dealt with. The magnitudes of the partial error complexes "measuring technique", "materials", "man" and "machine" which affect the total error have been determined using methods of mathematical statistics. They are discussed in terms of the total error. In the example under investigation, the contribution (presented in the form of the variance) of the measuring technique to the total error is almost 5%; that of the raw materials, nearly 10%. Amounting to more than 80%, the partial error complex "machine/man" exerts a dominant effect on total variance. PMID- 6727984 TI - Influence of garlic on serum cholesterol, serum triglycerides, serum total lipids and serum glucose in human subjects. AB - Human subjects were used for a garlic experiment. The subjects were given a fat rich diet for 7 days and on the 8th day the fasting blood was analyzed for serum cholesterol, serum triglycerides, serum total lipids and serum glucose. The human subjects were then given a fat-rich diet with 40 g of garlic for 7 days and on the 15th day the fasting blood was analyzed for the above investigations. On a fat-rich diet the serum cholesterol, serum triglycerides and serum total lipids were significantly increased as compared to normally fed diet. When 40 g of garlic was substituted in fat-rich diet for 7 days, the garlic significantly reduced the serum cholesterol and serum triglycerides. PMID- 6727985 TI - Dietary protein deficiency and the influence of chlorfenvinphos on the biological parameters in rats. AB - Male and female rats of Wistar strain were fed from the 6th week of life on during 10 and 30 days the diet containing 4.5% or 26% protein without or with addition of chlorfenvinphos (Chl) in concentrations of 5, 100 and 1000 ppm. The following was stated: In the case of optimal-protein diet (26% protein): the inhibitory effect of Chl on the body weight gain at its highest concentration; the increased relative weight of liver, ovaries and adrenals dependent on the amount of the insecticide in the diet. In the case of low-protein diet (4.5% protein): the reduced rate of the body weight gain already at 5 ppm, pronounced at 100 ppm and strongly marked at 1000 ppm of Chl; increase of the relative weight of testicles, adrenals and decrease of the relative weight of the spleen connected with the increasing concentrations of Chl. In rats with the most decreased rate of the body weight gain (in case of Chl) an increase of the relative weight of the brain. Congestion of the heart, spleen and kidneys after 30 days on diets containing 100 and 1000 ppm of Chl, independent of the amount of protein in the diet. Eosinophilic infiltrations in the lungs of rats obtaining the 100 ppm-contaminated low-protein diet during 30 days. Focal degenerative changes in the cells of the exocrine pancreas and proliferation of lymphatic nodules in the spleen mainly in rats receiving the 1000 ppm-contaminated optimal protein diet for 30 days. After withdrawal of Chl from the diets changes caused by this insecticide showed reversal trends. PMID- 6727982 TI - A survey of dermatophytes isolated from human patients in the United States from 1979 to 1981 with chronological listings of worldwide incidence of five dermatophytes often isolated in the United States. AB - A survey of dermatophytes isolated from patients seeking medical advice was made from 1979 to 1981 in the United States. The survey included 54 locations with data from 40 cities and 2 states. Correlations of these data with that of the other localities of the world were made to illustrate the dynamic epidemiology of several common dermatophytes. The most often isolated dermatophyte in this survey was Trichophyton rubrum having 53.66% of the total for these three calendar years. In a chronological listing of ringworm infections caused by this organism, many areas of the world have reported similar increased incidence of this pathogen. Trichophyton tonsurans was isolated 27.85% of the total. A dramatic increase of this pathogen as a cause of tinea capitis has been observed in most cities of the United States. It has been isolated in 25 different countries of the world. The percentage of isolation of Trichophyton mentagrophytes was 8.56%. This percentage may not be near the true incidence of infection by this dermatophyte because the infections are mild and respond to treatment without the individual seeking medical advice. Since the 1950s the percentage of isolations of the total has dropped for T. mentagrophytes in the United States. Epidermophyton floccosum accounted for 4.36% of the total. In a few areas of the world it causes over 30% of the total of dermatophytoses. Microsporum canis was isolated 3.72% of the total in the United States. It has recently been reported to be the dominant agent of tinea capitis in several South American countries, Tucson, Arizona and Kuwait. Once the dominant pathogen of tinea capitis in children in the United States, it was replaced by Microsporum audouinii before 1960. Today in the United States, M. audouinii only accounts for 0.30% of the total. It is considered eliminated as a pathogen in England. In this survey, isolated less than 1.0% of the total were Microsporum gypseum. Microsporum ferrugineum , Microsporum nanum , Microsporum fulvum and Trichophyton schoenleinii . Trichophyton meginii and Trichophyton terrestre were reported isolated but no numerical data were available. PMID- 6727986 TI - [The informativeness of 2-month surveys of food consumption in private households]. AB - All-year surveys of the food consumption in private households are very laborious. They may be simplified by shortening the period of time covered by the survey. 712 surveys taken in 1974 led to the conclusion that surveys covering only two months (April and August) permit to make statements the validity of which is but slightly inferior to that of an all-year survey. Of the 45 food groups considered, only 5 (potatoes, fresh vegetables, fresh fruit, tropical and subtropical fruit, and sugar) play an important role as to the selection of suitable months for such a survey. PMID- 6727987 TI - Mobile maps in the brain. PMID- 6727988 TI - Auditory receptive fields in primate superior colliculus shift with changes in eye position. AB - The process by which sensory signals are transformed into commands for the control of movement is poorly understood. A potential site for such a transformation is the superior colliculus (SC), which receives auditory, visual and somatosensory inputs and contains neurones that discharge before saccadic eye movements. Along the primary sensory pathways, signals coding the spatial location of auditory, visual and somatosensory targets are based on distinctly different coordinate systems, and it is not known whether each type of sensory input uses a separate motor pathway or if they are converted into a common coordinate system in order to share a single pre-motor circuit. Sensory neurones in the SC have spatially restricted receptive fields (RFs) and are organized into maps across the collicular surface. Acute experiments have shown a rough correspondence between the spatial positions of RFs of neurones encountered along a single dorsal-ventral penetration of the colliculus, regardless of the modality of the effective stimulus, suggesting that auditory, visual and somatosensory maps might be in register. However, in these conditions the head-centred auditory system and the retinotopic visual system are aligned because the eyes are in the primary orbital position. Moreover, other data have suggested that the primate SC is organized in motor, not sensory, coordinates, although in the cat, eye position was found to have no effect on auditory receptive fields. We therefore sought here to determine what happens to the registration of the auditory and visual maps in the alert, behaving animal. Monkeys, with heads fixed, were trained to make delayed saccadic eye movements to auditory or visual targets from one of three initial fixation points while the activity of single neurones was recorded extracellularly. We found that the auditory receptive fields shifted with changes in eye position, allowing the auditory and visual maps to remain in register. PMID- 6727989 TI - Association with persistent neuroleptic-induced dyskinesia of regional changes in brain GABA synthesis. AB - The movement disorder tardive dyskinesia is a serious side effect of the long term treatment of schizophrenia with neuroleptic drugs. Similar symptoms to those of tardive dyskinesia have been observed in Cebus apella monkeys following long term treatment with neuroleptic drugs, and these monkeys may therefore be a useful animal model of tardive dyskinesia. Motor defects have persisted in these dyskinetic monkeys for periods of 1-6 yr after the cessation of neuroleptic treatment. We report here that in three regions of the brains of dyskinetic monkeys (substantia nigra, medial globus pallidus and subthalamic nucleus) glutamate decarboxylase activities and gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA) levels are reduced relative to control monkeys that had been treated with neuroleptics but which showed none of the symptoms of tardive dyskinesia. These results suggest that alterations in the GABA neurone system are involved in neuroleptic drug induced tardive dyskinesia. PMID- 6727990 TI - Schwann cells induce morphological transformation of sensory neurones in vitro. AB - Cell-cell interactions are thought to play a crucial part in determining the developmental fate of vertebrate cells and regulating their subsequent differentiation. In the peripheral nervous system, for example, signals from neuronal axons determine whether or not some Schwann cells wrap their plasma membrane concentricially around the axon to form a myelin sheath. Moreover, there is some evidence that the interactions between Schwann cells and neurones are not all one way: for example, Schwann cells are thought to provide signals for neuronal sprouting and regeneration. However, there are no clear examples in which Schwann cells have been shown to influence the normal development of neurones. Here I have used purified populations of embryonic sensory neurones and Schwann cells to demonstrate that Schwann cells have a dramatic influence on the development of these neurones. In the presence of Schwann cells, but not other cell types, the sensory neurones undergo a morphological transformation from an immature bipolar form to a mature pseudo-unipolar form. This provides a striking example of the importance of glial cells for neuronal development. PMID- 6727991 TI - Relaxin affects the central control of oxytocin release. AB - In several species the myometrium is quiescent shortly before parturition. At this time high titres of relaxin are present in the plasma and there is evidence that the hormone has a direct inhibitory action on the uterine muscle. Relaxin could also contribute to uterine quiescence by inhibiting oxytocin release. To determine whether relaxin has a central action on the release of oxytocin, we have studied the effect of intravenous injections of porcine relaxin on milk ejection in the anaesthetized lactating rat. We report that reflex milk ejection was suppressed by relaxin in a dose-dependent manner, the onset of inhibition being rapid and lasting from 10 to 60 min. After the period of inhibition the normal temporal pattern of reflex milk ejection was resumed. Mammary sensitivity to exogenous or endogenous oxytocin was reduced by relaxin but not sufficiently to explain the effects observed. Furthermore, relaxin (1 microgram per rat) injected into the cerebral ventricles profoundly disturbed the pattern of reflex milk ejection without affecting the response of the mammary gland to oxytocin. These results suggest a novel role for relaxin within the central nervous system. The site in the brain at which the effects of relaxin are exerted remains unknown. PMID- 6727992 TI - Reversible inhibition of translation by Xenopus oocyte-specific proteins. AB - A characteristic of growing oocytes of all animal species is the synthesis and accumulation of messenger RNA which is destined to be used primarily by the early embryo. The mechanism(s) which regulates the translation of this maternal mRNA remains unknown. However, the inability of the oocyte to translate all of its putative mRNA has been attributed to at least three limitations: (1) The rate of translation is limited by the availability of components of the translational apparatus other than mRNA, (2) the structural organization of the mRNA prevents translation, and (3) proteins associated with the mRNA prevent translation. Several investigators have suggested that proteins associated with maternal mRNA suppress translation in sea urchin eggs, although others claim that such results may be due to experimental artefacts. Oocyte-specific proteins have been identified in association with non-translating poly(A)+ mRNAs from Xenopus laevis oocytes, and we report here that when these proteins are reconstituted with mRNAs in vitro the translation of the mRNAs in vitro is reversibly repressed. The implication is that these proteins are involved in the regulation of translation of stored maternal mRNAs. PMID- 6727994 TI - Fetal viability. PMID- 6727993 TI - Handling the human embryo. PMID- 6727995 TI - Semen and AIDS. PMID- 6727996 TI - Blood group and socio-economic class. PMID- 6727997 TI - Hopes of central repair. PMID- 6727998 TI - Alphabet and the Western mind. PMID- 6727999 TI - Alignment of base sequences. PMID- 6728000 TI - Complete tyrosine-O-sulphation of gastrin in neonatal rat pancreas. AB - Modification of tyrosine residues of proteins has attracted great interest. Although phosphorylation has received most attention, tyrosine-O-sulphation is also common and has been closely investigated in the hormones gastrin and cholecystokinin (CCK). CCK regulates pancreatic enzyme secretion. It is always sulphated and sulphation increases its pancreatic secretagogue activity 100-fold. By contrast, only half of gastrin molecules are tyrosine-O-sulphated and sulphation does not influence the ability of gastrin to regulate gastric acid secretion. We now report that in neonatal rat pancreas, which is the major source of gastrin in the newborn rat, gastrin is completely sulphated. Moreover, the disappearance of gastrin from the pancreas during the first weeks after birth parallels the appearance of CCK in the intestine. Since sulphation is essential for pancreatic secretagogue activity of gastrin as well as of CCK, pancreatic gastrin in the neonate may be the equivalent of intestinal CCK in the adult. PMID- 6728001 TI - Expression and amplification of the N-myc gene in primary retinoblastoma. AB - Retinoblastoma, the most common intraocular tumour of childhood, probably arises from embryonal cells and occurs in hereditary and non-hereditary forms. Recent evidence suggests that this retinoblastoma (Rb) susceptibility gene located at chromosome 13q14 is actually recessive. Knudson has proposed that the tumour is caused by two mutational events. This idea was extended by Comings, who suggested that dominantly inherited tumours may result from loss or inactivation of both alleles of regulatory or suppressor genes that, when active, prevent the expression of a structural transforming gene(s) (possibly an oncogene) normally active only during embryogenesis. Despite circumstantial evidence for this hypothesis, no activated oncogene has been identified. We now report that (1) the N-myc gene is amplified 10-200-fold in two primary retinoblastomas and a retinoblastoma cell line Y79 and (2) expression of N-myc gene is highly elevated in most of the retinoblastomas examined. This finding suggests that N-myc gene may have a primary role in the tumorigenesis of retinoblastoma. PMID- 6728002 TI - UK medical research: neurochemical unit threatened. PMID- 6728003 TI - Animal legislation: California pounds stay open. PMID- 6728004 TI - Raid on US baboon laboratory. PMID- 6728006 TI - Cardiac physiology: a finger on the pulse. PMID- 6728005 TI - Oncogenetics: progress in malignancy. PMID- 6728007 TI - DNA replication: a twofold amplified view. PMID- 6728008 TI - Cell physiology: cellular site of calcium regulation. PMID- 6728009 TI - Mutations and oncogenes--cause or effect. PMID- 6728010 TI - Oligodendroglia in multiple sclerosis. PMID- 6728011 TI - Lithium reversibly inhibits microtubule-based motility in sperm flagella. AB - The sliding-tubule hypothesis of flagellar movement has strong experimental support, but our present knowledge of the mechanism by which this sliding is coordinated and converted into flagellar oscillation and bend propagation is quite limited. Among the few facts known are: (1) calcium has a role in regulating the asymmetry of flagellar waveform, (2) the initiation or activation of motility in spermatozoa from several species involves a cyclic AMP-dependent phosphorylation reaction, and (3) the conversion of tubule sliding to bending does not require the radial spokes or central tubules. Inhibitors are valuable tools for investigating mechanisms involved in cellular function, and we report here that Li+ in low concentrations reversibly inhibits the microtubule-based movement of reactivated sea urchin sperm flagella. The evidence indicates that the action of Li+ is directed primarily towards one or more regulatory sites through which Ca2+ modulates the asymmetry of flagellar waveform, rather than towards dynein ATPase itself. Lithium also appears to inhibit the sperm adenylate cyclase, but this action does not seem to be relevant to its inhibition of normal motility. Our findings indicate the need for considerable caution when using ATP analogues supplied as the Li+ salt. PMID- 6728012 TI - NSF moves: Knapp replaced by Bloch. PMID- 6728013 TI - Mercury pollution: dry battery alarm in Japan. PMID- 6728014 TI - Radioactive waste: Mongolian alarm at China's plan. PMID- 6728015 TI - Nuclear winter: ICSU project hunts for data. PMID- 6728016 TI - Genetics and hereditable IQ. PMID- 6728017 TI - DNA amplification and multidrug resistance. PMID- 6728018 TI - Message of myc in context. PMID- 6728019 TI - Evolutionary unease? PMID- 6728020 TI - Heredity and familial environment in intelligence and educational level--a sibling study. AB - Although it is well established that family members resemble each other in intelligence , the extent to which this results from either shared genes or a shared environment remains controversial, perhaps especially since the relevant evidence presented by Burt has been shown probably to have been fabricated. The influence of heredity and familial environment may be distinguished by studying adoptees. Here we present correlations in intelligence and educational level between genetically related pairs of adult adoptees who have been reared separately, and, conversely, between genetically unrelated pairs of adult adoptees who have been reared together. We are unaware of any previous study of adults which has reported on both of these types of relationship. The results for intelligence conform closely to what would be predicted by a simple polygenic model of genetic transmission whereas those for educational attainment imply both genetic and familial environmental components. PMID- 6728021 TI - Vertical disparity pooling and the induced effect. AB - If the image received by one eye is vertically magnified by a small amount then an illusory tilt is perceived around the vertical axis through the fixation point. This is known as the induced effect and it can be explained by a recent computational theory of binocular vision which treats it as a side-effect of the use of vertical disparities to recover information about the distance to the fixation point and the angle of gaze. We have investigated the consequences of introducing vertical magnifications of some parts of a scene and not others and report here that there is a simple linear relationship between the size of the induced effect and the average vertical magnification. This suggests that a pooling strategy is adopted in the measurement of vertical disparities, a result which fits in well with expectations of the theory. PMID- 6728022 TI - Amplification of specific DNA sequences correlates with multi-drug resistance in Chinese hamster cells. AB - Mammalian cells selected for resistance to certain cytotoxic drugs frequently develop cross-resistance to a broad spectrum of other drugs unrelated in structure to the original selective agent. This phenomenon constitutes a major problem in cancer chemotherapy. Multi-drug resistance arises from decreased intracellular drug accumulation, apparently due to an alteration of the plasma membrane. The observation of double minute chromosomes or homogeneously staining regions in some of the multi-drug-resistant cell lines suggests that gene amplification underlies this phenomenon. We have used the technique of DNA renaturation in agarose gels to detect, compare and clone amplified DNA sequences in Adriamycin- and colchicine-resistant sublines of Chinese hamster cells. We show that both Adriamycin- and colchicine-resistant cells contain amplified DNA fragments, some of which are amplified in both of these independently derived cell lines. Furthermore, loss of the multi-drug resistance phenotype on growth in the absence of drugs correlates with the loss of amplified DNA. These results strongly suggest that the DNA sequences which are amplified in common in multi drug-resistant cell lines include the gene(s) responsible for a common mechanism of multi-drug resistance in these cells. We have cloned one of the commonly amplified DNA fragments and show that the degree of amplification of this fragment in the cells correlates with the degree of their drug resistance. PMID- 6728024 TI - Academic ethics: perils of scholarly plagiarism. PMID- 6728023 TI - Sexual preference of apparent gene conversion events in MHC genes of mice. AB - Polymorphisms exist at many genetic loci. At some loci, however, polymorphism is so high that tens and even hundreds of different alleles coexist in the population. Two such highly polymorphic systems are the immunoglobulin genes and the vertebrate major histocompatibility loci. The origin and maintenance of highly polymorphic loci remain open to debate but it seems likely that special mechanisms contribute to their variability and that their polymorphism serves important biological roles. The high degree of polymorphism at the H-2 class I major histocompatibility locus of the mouse has been documented by both tissue transplantation and serological methods. More recently, molecular cloning and DNA sequencing of some of the class I genes has shown that most of the sequence variability is concentrated in the first two domains and is often found in clustered regions within them. In addition, several groups have suggested that gene conversion events among the many class I genes may contribute to H-2 polymorphism; such events would have to occur during meiosis to produce heritable alterations. The strongest evidence for gene conversion comes from sequence analysis of mutant class I H-2 alleles where concerted changes at adjoining sites in DNA imply gene conversion by distant but closely related loci. We report here an analysis of these mutants indicating that the chromosomes containing loci that have experienced gene conversion originated from females. These data suggest a striking preference for mammalian meiotic gene conversion events during female rather than male gametogenesis. PMID- 6728025 TI - UK medical research: more MRC units threatened. PMID- 6728026 TI - Artificial reproduction: unrestrictive guidelines for UK. PMID- 6728028 TI - Perils of too much disclosure. PMID- 6728027 TI - Coronaries and diet. PMID- 6728029 TI - Optical physics: generation of the shortest ever optical pulses. PMID- 6728030 TI - Mammalian development: methods and success of nuclear transplantation in mammals. PMID- 6728031 TI - Use of light for footprinting DNA in vivo. AB - A new ' photofootprinting ' technique, which uses light to detect protein-DNA contacts as well as changes in the structure of DNA at the base pair level, has been developed and used to detect contacts between lac repressor and the lac operator in Escherichia coli cells. PMID- 6728032 TI - Is stepwise sarcomere shortening an artefact? A response. AB - Like any other signals, optical signals from muscle fibres inevitably contain noise. The noise here is of predictable character. Because the structure of muscle is periodic, or almost so, translational movement of an illuminated fibre will inevitably give rise to a periodic noise fluctuation as striations pass across the optical field. The frequency of this fluctuation should be linearly related to the speed at which the fibre translates. By mistaking this noise component for the signal, Altringham and colleagues have amply succeeded in confirming this expected relationship, but they have left unanswered the question of the source and nature of stepwise shortening. I show here that: (1) by having obtained records in conditions in which the noise dominated, Altringham et al. have inadvertently confused the steps with the translation-induced fluctuation; and (2) when records are obtained using a method designed specifically to circumvent the effects of translation, the steps still remain in evidence. PMID- 6728033 TI - Control of tubulin gene expression in the parasitic protozoan Leishmania enriettii. AB - The life cycle of parasitic protozoa of the genus Leishmania consists of two morphologically distinct forms: (1) amastigotes, the form of the parasite that resides inside macrophages of the mammalian host, which are non-motile and possess only a residual flagellum; and (2) promastigotes, the extracellular forms that live in the gut of the sandfly vector, which are highly motile and possess a single prominent flagellum. During the developmental transformation of amastigotes to promastigotes, the biosynthesis of alpha- and beta-tubulin proteins is dramatically increased, presumably to provide sufficient tubulin for synthesis and maintenance of the flagellum. We show here that the level of alpha- and beta-tubulin mRNA in Leishmania enriettii promastigotes is significantly greater than that in amastigotes, as determined by both Northern blot analysis and by in vitro translation of cellular RNA. These results show that the regulated expression of the tubulin genes is controlled at the level of mRNA accumulation in L. enriettii , by contrast with Leishmania mexicana, in which the control of gene expression has been reported to be at the level of translation. PMID- 6728034 TI - Orientation of sickle red blood cells in an alternating electric field. PMID- 6728035 TI - [Digitalis antidote]. PMID- 6728036 TI - The effects of acetylcholine on bulbar respiratory related neurones. Consequences of anaesthesia by pentobarbital. AB - The effects of cholinergic agonists and antagonists applied by microiontophoresis to bulbar respiratory neurones were determined in different preparations: cats anaesthetized by pentobarbital and immobilized by gallamine triethiodide, intercollicular decerebrate cats either not immobilized or immobilized by gallamine triethiodide. Respiratory neurones located at the bulbar level exhibited a muscarinic cholinergic sensitivity in all preparations. Muscarinic responses were either excitatory or inhibitory. The number of neurones showing excitatory responses was lower under pentobarbital anaesthesia than in decerebrate cats. PMID- 6728037 TI - Evidence against the adenosine-catecholamine antagonism under in vivo conditions. AB - Experiments were carried out in anaesthetized, thoracotomized dogs. The dose dependent positive inotropic and chronotropic effects of intracoronary (i.cor.) infusions or bolus injections of isoproterenol (ISO) were neither antagonized by adenosine (0.46, 1.0, and 2.91 x 10(-5) mol/l) nor by the adenosine analogue N6 phenylisopropyl-adenosine (PIA, 3.23 x 10(-7) mol/l). The results indicate, that adenosine and PIA do not have any antagonistic effects on isoproterenol induced positive inotropy and chronotropy in the intact dog heart. Consequently it can be assumed that an adenosine-catecholamine antagonism is of no physiological relevance. PMID- 6728038 TI - Peripheral pressor effects of sympathetic stimulation, noradrenaline, angiotensin II and vasopressin in Brattleboro rats. AB - The following study was designed to test the hypothesis that peripheral blood vessels of vasopressin deficient (Di/Di) rats are less responsive to pressor substances than normal rats. To address this question, pithed Di/Di and normal Long-Evans rats (LE) were exposed to intravenous injections of arginine vasopressin, angiotensin II and noradrenaline. In addition, blood pressure increments and noradrenaline release in response to spinal cord stimulation in pithed Di/Di and LE rats were studied. The results show no abnormalities in peripheral vascular sensitivity to any of the pressor substances administered, nor was there any change in blood pressure and sympatho-adrenomedullary response to graded stimulation of the sympathetic outflow from the spinal cord. This study suggests that the failure of vasopressin deficient rats to recover from acute hemorrhage is not due to hyporesponsiveness of the peripheral vasculature to pressor agents but, rather, to the deficiency in the direct pressor effect of vasopressin. PMID- 6728039 TI - Butyl hydroxy toluene antagonizes the gastric toxicity but not the pharmacological activity of acetylsalicylic acid in rats. AB - Butyl hydroxy toluene reduced gastric erosion due to acetylsalicylic acid in the rat, but not the antiinflammatory, anti-pyretic and analgesic activity. By itself, BHT exhibited activity only in the test on analgesia. PMID- 6728040 TI - Estimation of intrasynaptic norepinephrine concentrations at vascular neuroeffector junctions in vivo. AB - We estimated vascular neuroeffector junctional norepinephrine concentrations and their relation to pressor responses by measuring plasma norepinephrine levels and blood pressure during sympathetic stimulation or norepinephrine infusion in pithed, vagotomized, alpha 2-adrenoceptor blocked, adrenal-demedullated rats with and without uptake1 blockade by desipramine. For an increment in mean arterial pressure of 50 mm Hg, the estimated mean junctional norepinephrine concentration ( ES50m ) was about 7 nmol/l. Norepinephrine concentration gradients between the site of norepinephrine release and plasma appeared to be equal and reciprocal for sympathetic stimulation and for norepinephrine infusion. These gradients were reduced equally (by about two-thirds) after desipramine treatment, indicating that removal of both released and infused norepinephrine is mainly by neuronal uptake. PMID- 6728041 TI - Effects of desipramine, trifluoperazine and other inhibitors of calmodulin on the secretion of catecholamines from the adrenal medulla and postganglionic sympathetic nerves of the salivary gland. AB - The effects of various drugs, known to be inhibitors of calmodulin, were tested on the secretion of catecholamines (CA) from the adrenal medulla and sympathetic nerves of the salivary gland of the rat. Secretion of CA from the perfused adrenal gland was evoked by injection of acetylcholine (ACh, 50 micrograms), excess K (700 micrograms), or transmural stimulation of splanchnic nerves (300 pulses at 10 Hz). Release of 3H-noradrenaline in the perfused salivary gland was evoked by transmural stimulation at 3 Hz for 30 s. CA secretion was reduced in a dose-dependent manner by 0.3 microM to 10 microM desipramine or imipramine. The effect of low doses (0.3 microM) was more pronounced on the secretion evoked by ACh and splanchnic nerve stimulation than that by excess K. The inhibition was independent of the frequency of nerve stimulation. Trifluoperazine (10-100 microM) and chlorpromazine (10-100 microM) reduced CA secretion evoked by all of the three procedures. The inhibitory effects of desipramine, trifluoperazine and chlorpromazine were completely reversed within 1 h after their washout. Secretion of CA obtained after reintroduction of Ca to the adrenal gland previously perfused with Ca-free medium was not blocked by desipramine or trifluoperazine. In fact, these agents markedly enhanced the secretory response. None of the drugs enhanced spontaneous secretion of CA from the adrenal gland during the nonstimulation period. Adrenal medullary cells accumulated significant amounts of Ca45 (0.88 pg/mg) after stimulation with ACh.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS) PMID- 6728042 TI - 2-[125Iodo]LSD, a new ligand for the characterisation and localisation of 5-HT2 receptors. AB - LSD was iodinated with Na125I and chloramine T, to get the radioligand [125I]LSD ( 125IOL ) and with N-I-succinimide to obtain the nonradioactive compound 2-I-LSD (IOL) for comparative pharmacological studies. The introduction of iodine in position 2 of LSD leads to an increase in selectivity for 5HT2 receptors. In rat cortex membranes, 125IOL possesses a KD = 0.9 +/- 0.1 nmol/l, Bmax = 240 +/- 20 fmoles/mg, and a nonspecific binding of 30-40% in presence of 100 nmol/l ketanserin. In competition experiments, 5HT antagonists showed monophasic displacement curves. Their KI-values correlate well with pD'2-values for inhibition of 5HT-induced contraction of canine basilar artery. It can be concluded that the sites labelled by 125IOL have pharmacological properties in common with central 5HT2 receptors, which are identical with vascular postjunctional 5HT receptors. The high specific radioactivity of 125IOL permits detection of even small 5HT2 receptor densities which exist in the guinea pig ileum. These 125IOL binding sites are pharmacologically different to those found in the brain or on the vessels and might be a special subpopulation of 5HT2 sites. For example, ketanserin has a high affinity to the sites labelled by 125IOL in the brain and a 100 times lower affinity to the sites labelled in the ileum. In a routine binding screen with various ligands, the inhibition constants of IOL for alpha 1, alpha 2, beta, histamine and muscarinic receptors are greater than 100 nmol/l with the exception for dopamine receptors, 40 nmol/l. 125IOL was employed for the autoradiographic localisation of its binding sites after in vitro labelling of microtome rat brain sections. 125IOL labelled 5HT2 sites in the cortex and dopamine receptors in the nucleus caudatus. The exposure times required were very short, compared to those of other 5HT2 ligands available. PMID- 6728044 TI - Two metabolic pathways of tetrahydronorharmane (tetrahydro-beta-carboline) in rats. AB - Metabolites of (14C) tetrahydronorharmane (THN, tetrahydro-beta-carboline) have been identified by mass spectrometry and nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy. Two metabolic pathways are suggested: Hydroxylation of the benzene ring--most probably with an epoxide as intermediate--though no hydroxylated THN could be detected in the urine samples of male and female rats but conjugated compounds as the main metabolites. The intermediary epoxide is supported by the fact, that the hydroxy substituent of THN is positioned on C-6 or C-7 with a ratio of 55:45 in female rats and of 45:55 in male rats. Dehydrogenation yielding norharmane. This substance possibly gives rise to another metabolite--1,2-dihydro-beta-carboline-1 one. The pharmacological and toxicological implications of these findings are discussed. PMID- 6728043 TI - Capsaicin pretreatment inhibits vagal cholinergic and non-cholinergic control of pulmonary mechanics in the guinea pig. AB - The effects of vagal nerve stimulation, ether, capsaicin, histamine and substance P (SP) on lung resistance (RL) and dynamic lung compliance (CDYN) were studied in anaesthetized guinea pigs. The in vivo responses in control animals were compared with the effects after systemic pretreatment with capsaicin or local application of capsaicin on the cervical vagal nerves. Vagal nerve stimulation induced an increase in RL and a fall in CDYN. Significant changes in RL and CDYN (more than 50%) were still present after atropine, while the vagal heart response was abolished. Systemic or local capsaicin pretreatment abolished the atropine resistant vagal effect on RL and CDYN. The atropine-sensitive changes in pulmonary mechanics upon vagal stimulation were significantly reduced by capsaicin pretreatment. The increase in RL and a fall in CDYN induced by ether and capsaicin was significantly reduced or abolished by systemic capsaicin pretreatment, while the histamine-induced bronchoconstriction was only slightly reduced. Ether and capsaicin seemed also to activate capsaicin-sensitive neurons of non-vagal origin since they still caused large effects in animals, which had been locally pretreated with capsaicin on the vagal nerves. The increased RL and decreased CDYN induced by SP was unchanged in capsaicin-pretreated animals. The tracheal tension increase in vitro induced by acetylcholine and histamine was uninfluenced by systemic capsaicin pretreatment. The atropine-sensitive tracheal contraction and atropine-resistant relaxation upon field stimulation seemed also to be unchanged after capsaicin pretreatment.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS) PMID- 6728046 TI - [A gentle death for newborn infants]. PMID- 6728045 TI - Beneficial effect of anisodamine in hemorrhagic shock. AB - Anisodamine , an alkaloid extracted from Anisodus tanguticus , is widely used in China in the treatment of septic shock, but its mechanism of action is unknown. We studied its antishock action in cats in a well controlled model of hemorrhagic shock. A bolus dose of 1 mg/kg was given intravenously 20 min after MABP was stabilized at 40-45 mm Hg, followed by i.v. infusion of 2 mg/kg/h during the oligemic period. Two hours post-reinfusion, MABP was significantly higher (106 +/ 10 mm Hg) in the drug-treated group than in shock cats receiving only vehicle (53 +/- 6 mm Hg, P less than 0.001). Anisodamine treated shock cats exhibited significantly lower cathepsin D activity (P less than 0.02) and amino-nitrogen concentration (P less than 0.001) than untreated shock animals. Plasma myocardial depressant factor (MDF) activity was significantly increased in the untreated shock cats (61 +/- 6 Units/ml), but the plasma accumulation of MDF was significantly blunted by anisodamine (32 +/- 5 Units/ml, P less than 0.01). Anisodamine did not increase superior mesenteric artery flow ( SMAF ) in this model of hemorrhagic shock as there was no significant difference in SMAF between the two shocked groups. Thus, the beneficial effect of anisodamine probably is not due to vasodilation of the splanchnic vasculature. In vitro analysis indicates that the drug has a direct anti-proteolytic action in cat pancreatic homogenates. This may partly explain the mechanism of its action, which appears to be complex. PMID- 6728047 TI - [Benign headache during coitus]. PMID- 6728048 TI - [Cardiac rehabilitation: a 5-year follow-up study of mental functioning, work resumption, smoking habits and sports activities]. PMID- 6728049 TI - [Resection of the endocardium as a treatment method in recurring sustained ventricular tachycardia in patients with ischemic heart disease]. PMID- 6728050 TI - [Indications for surgery of incidentally detected adrenal gland tumors]. PMID- 6728051 TI - [Radiation nephropathy]. PMID- 6728052 TI - [Withholding and termination of treatment in severely handicapped newborn infants]. PMID- 6728053 TI - [Medicina ministra misericordiae; medicine, the servant of mercy]. PMID- 6728054 TI - [Recovery and rehabilitation following heart infarct]. PMID- 6728055 TI - [The treatment of ventricular tachycardia following heart infarct]. PMID- 6728056 TI - [Crib death]. PMID- 6728058 TI - [Fewer postoperative wound infections following a change of policy]. PMID- 6728057 TI - [Hereditary coproporphyria in 2 Dutch families]. PMID- 6728059 TI - [Bronchial carcinoma and keeping birds; study of a possible interrelationship observed in a family practice]. PMID- 6728060 TI - [A patient with a peripheral arterial embolism and mitral valve prolapse]. PMID- 6728061 TI - [Left ventricular thrombosis]. PMID- 6728062 TI - [Dyslexia]. PMID- 6728063 TI - [Medical knowledge in students from various medical schools: being served with the same sauce?]. PMID- 6728064 TI - The opportunities for medical statesmanship in our society. PMID- 6728065 TI - Adolescent alcohol, marijuana and tobacco use in Nebraska. PMID- 6728066 TI - University of Nebraska medical students' attitudes toward various health professions. PMID- 6728067 TI - Evaluation and management of head and neck masses. PMID- 6728068 TI - Clinical use of antidepressant medications. PMID- 6728069 TI - "Life after life" experiences during cardiac arrest: a case report. PMID- 6728071 TI - Theories of schizophrenia and psychosis. PMID- 6728070 TI - Avascular necrosis following a "routine" intertrochanteric fracture of the femur. PMID- 6728072 TI - Preemptive thinking and schizophrenia research. PMID- 6728073 TI - Psychosis and schizophrenia. PMID- 6728074 TI - The immediacy hypothesis in a theory of schizophrenia. PMID- 6728075 TI - Cognitive factors in the social skills of schizophrenic patients: implications for treatment. AB - This chapter illustrates how changes have occurred in a clinical research program designed to develop and evaluate treatment techniques for improving the social skills of chronic schizophrenic patients. These changes have been primarily in the definition of a socially skilled response; rather than defining such responses solely in terms of motor behaviors, we have attempted to include several cognitive elements hypothesized to be critical aspects of the process of producing an effective social response. The inclusion of these cognitive elements suggests that the findings of experimental psychopathologists about the perceptual, attentional, and information-processing dysfunctions of schizophrenic individuals may be highly relevant to the development of more effective treatment techniques. For example, a patient may make an ineffective social response because of an attentional or perceptual dysfunction that results in inaccurate reception of critical social and situational stimuli. Similarly, an ineffective response may be produced because of an information-processing dysfunction that makes a patient generate a restricted number of alternative and evaluate them incorrectly. If these attentional, perceptual, and information-processing dysfunctions are not simply linked to variations in symptomatology but represent enduring deficiencies, then an effective treatment strategy may require either that these dysfunctions be remedied (if at all possible) or that an environment be created that compensates for them. Of course much more information is needed about the extent to which these dysfunctions might affect performance in the social situations patients commonly face. Certain situations may be relatively simple, requiring attention to only one or two critical stimuli and a response that is well within the social repertoires of most patients. Other situations may be far more complex, requiring a high degree of sustained attention and complex, "subtle" responses that are not within the social repertoires of most patients. For example, anecdotal observations made during the use of the techniques to teach friendship /dating skills suggest that ongoing conversations are particularly difficult for patients. These situations seem to require a high degree of sustained attention to keep track of shifts in topics, detect changes in the partner's emotions, and introduce planned changes in the stream of conversation. Other situations, such as asking for items from nurses, seem relatively simple and can be performed fairly well by patients, even those who are highly symptomatic.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 400 WORDS) PMID- 6728076 TI - Cerebral mechanisms, autonomic responsiveness, and attention in schizophrenia. PMID- 6728077 TI - Converging models of cognitive deficit in schizophrenia. PMID- 6728078 TI - [Intermittent right posterior accentuated slow waves in the EEG of psychiatric patients and the theoretical construct of maturation deficit]. PMID- 6728079 TI - [Episodic consciousness and behavior disorders. Contribution to their differential diagnosis with reference to mobile long-term EEG recording]. PMID- 6728080 TI - [Demyelinization foci and brain atrophy in the cranial computer tomogram in multiple sclerosis]. PMID- 6728081 TI - Diabetes mellitus as seen by doctors and patients. PMID- 6728082 TI - Insulin pumps: choice and management. PMID- 6728083 TI - Electron microscopic study of the peritoneal kinetics of iron dextran during peritoneal dialysis in the rabbit. AB - Iron dextran, an electron-dense tracer, was given intravenously (100 mg of iron/100 g of body weight) to 8 normal rabbits to study its movement from the plasma to the peritoneal cavity during peritoneal dialysis. The dialysate infused at 75 ml/kg contained 1.5 g/dl of glucose in 4 animals and 4.25 g/dl in the remainder. Peritoneal dialysis was discontinued and the peritoneum was fixed in vivo at various times (20-120 min) after the injection of the iron dextran. Large amounts of tracer were detected in the effluent after draining the peritoneal cavity. Electron microscopic examination of the mesentery showed particles of iron dextran in the endothelial cells of small vessels (capillaries and venules) the interstitium and the mesothelial cells adjacent to vessels irrespective of the dialysate concentration or duration of dialysis. Tracer was not clearly demonstrated in the interendothelial or intermesothelial spaces. In the mesothelial cells, the particles were found exclusively in (small, elongated or large) vesicles, while in the endothelial cells they were both in vesicles and free in the cytoplasm. Our findings suggest that during the 20- to 120-min period after intravenous administration, the intracellular transport of iron dextran, depends on either moving vesicles or the presence of pre-existing tunnels in the mesothelial cells of rabbit mesentery. PMID- 6728084 TI - Nephrotoxic effects of aminoglycoside treatment on renal protein reabsorption and accumulation. AB - To quantify the effects of gentamicin, kanamycin and netilmicin on renal protein reabsorption and accumulation, these drugs were administered to rats intraperitoneally (30 mg/kg/day) for 7, 14 or 21 days. Scanning electron microscopy of the glomerular endothelia, urinary measurements of sodium, potassium, endogenous lysozyme, N-acetyl-beta-D-glucosaminidase (NAG) as well as clearance and accumulation experiments after i.v. administration of egg-white lysozyme and measurements of inulin clearance (GFR) were done in each treatment group. Gentamicin administration decreased diameter, density and shape of endothelial fenestrae. Kanamycin and netilmicin appeared to have no effect at the dose used. All three aminoglycosides decreased GFR and increased urinary excretion of sodium and potassium. While gentamicin and kanamycin decreased the percentage reabsorption and accumulation of lysozyme after i.v. administration of egg-white lysozyme netilmicin had no effect. Daily excretion of total protein, endogenous lysozyme and NAG increased only after treatment with kanamycin and gentamicin. Thus, aminoglycosides may act as nephrotoxicants at glomerular and/or tubular level inducing impairment of renal reabsorption and accumulation of proteins. PMID- 6728085 TI - Pancreatic supplementation in end-stage renal disease. AB - The common occurrence of a wasting syndrome in patients with end-stage renal disease (ESRD) on haemodialysis indicates the need for nutritional management. Pancreatic hypofunction has been documented in these patients, and is suggested as a contributory factor to the wasting of ESRD. The patient presented illustrates the presence of pancreatic disease, and details his management. The advantages of pancreatic supplementation in improving nutritional status in ESRD are considered. PMID- 6728086 TI - Renal handling of uric acid in patients with recurrent calcium nephrolithiasis and hyperuricosuria. AB - Hyperuricosuria is a frequent finding in patients with recurrent calcium nephrolithiasis (RCN) that has been related to purine overingestion . The influence of diet and the renal handling of uric acid were investigated in patients with RCN to assess the pathogenic mechanism of excessive urate excretion. Among 50 patients with recurrent nephrolithiasis 42 formed renal stones containing calcium and 9 of these 42 patients demonstrated concomitant asymptomatic hyperuricosuria while on a self-selected diet. Ingestion of a purine free diet normalized the uric acid excretion in 4 of these 9 patients. The other 5 patients showed persistent hyperuricosuria while on a purine-free diet. In order to assess a possible dysfunction in the renal handling of uric acid, pharmacological tests were undertaken in these 9 patients. Pyrazinamide administration almost completely suppressed urate excretion, excluding a presecretory reabsorption defect. Urate excretion in response to probenecid administration was decreased in 4 patients and increased in 1. This finding is in accordance with a postsecretory reabsorption defect in the former and an augmented tubular secretion of urate in the latter. This study proves that both dietary factors and tubular transport defects are involved in patients with recurrent calcium nephrolithiasis and hyperuricosuria. PMID- 6728087 TI - New acute peritoneal dialysis technique: wire-guide insertion and long-term indwelling of peritoneal catheter. AB - This paper presents the application of wire-guide insertion of peritoneal dialysis catheter. 30 patients who required acute peritoneal dialysis were treated using a total of 37 peritoneal catheters with the wire-guide method. The catheters were left in place as long as possible (periods totalling 644 days in all). The complication of insertion was minor bleeding with blood-tinged dialysate that tended to clear spontaneously in a few days. Leakage occurred in 17 indwelling catheters but did not occur on the days of insertion. There were 3 episodes of clinical peritonitis, so the infection rate was 1 episode every 7 patient-months. This technique is safer and simpler, i.e. the incidence of peritonitis is lower in long-term indwelling catheters, and so it will contribute to the wider and earlier utilization of peritoneal dialysis. PMID- 6728088 TI - An unusual manifestation of renal osteodystrophy. AB - Besides the more frequent aspects, an unusual manifestation of renal osteodystrophy occurred in a 19-year-old man on regular hemodialysis treatment. About 6 years after the start of hemodialysis, the patient, who had severe osteodystrophy, presented a brown tumor, localized to the jaw, which caused a serious deformity of the face. Pharmacological treatment for hyperparathyroidism did not reduce the volume of the mass. Only total surgical removal gave long lasting success. Brown tumor is an unusual but serious complication of renal bone disease which can be treated successfully by surgical removal of the tumoral mass and by pharmacological treatment for hyperparathyroidism. PMID- 6728089 TI - Modified method of weighing for accurate fluid balance. AB - The modified method of weighing using an ordinary commercial weighing scale, an empty bottle and an intravenous set was presented. The method measures change in weight by varying the water content in the bottle that the subject carried during the weighing process. The technique was used for the study of evaporative water loss and may be tried in clinical practice when accurate fluid balance is required. PMID- 6728090 TI - Red blood cell sodium transport and phosphate release in uremia. PMID- 6728091 TI - Renal involvement in paraquat poisoning. PMID- 6728092 TI - [The pterion region and its clinically important distance to the optic nerve. 2. Pterion region, distance to the optic nerve, dimensions and shape of the recess of the temporal pole]. AB - The distance between the area pterionalis and the optic nerve, the depth of the recess of for the temporal pole and the form of the lateral part of the sphenoidal wing are described. PMID- 6728093 TI - Intraoperative topical nimodipine after aneurysm clipping. AB - The lipophilic calcium antagonist Nimodipine (Bayer Pharma , Wuppertal ) was administered during aneurysm operations in 40 patients with ruptured intracranial aneurysm. Immediately after clipping of the aneurysm, a 2.4 X 10(-5) M solution of Nimodipine in 18 ml of Ringer's solution was injected into the subarachnoid space near the site of aneurysm clipping. Arterial vessels regularly dilated and spastic portions resumed their normal diameters. Since it is known from experimental work, that Nimodipine has stronger dilator capacity than papaverine and acts at least for several hours, two conclusions are drawn from the present preliminary study: Pre-operative vasospasm seen on angiograms is no longer a contraindication to early operation because spasm detected intraoperatively can be effectively treated. The long-lasting effect of Nimodipine prevents ischaemic complications in the first few days after operation and thereby seems to exert a protective effect against the onset of severe symptomatic vasospasm. PMID- 6728094 TI - [Clinical experiences with nimodipine (Bay e 9736)]. AB - In 27 patients, who suffered from SAH from a ruptured cerebral aneurysm direct operation and treatment with Nimodipine (Bay e 9736) was performed. Nimodipine was given intravenously over ten days (30 micrograms/kg bodyweight/hour) and thereafter orally over four days in diminishing dosages. There were no noteworth side effects. In comparison with a group of nine similar patients who were not given Nimodipine the study shows that Nimodipine is not able to reduce angiographic spasm or brain oedema in CT-scan. In spite of that the general recovery with Nimodipine was better than in the control group. The worse the initial neurological symptoms are, the more effective Nimodipine seems to be. The study shows that treatment should begin between the first and sixth day after SAH, at least two days before operation and at the latest two days after the onset of secondary spasm. PMID- 6728095 TI - [Artefacts in the CT scan caused by surgical clips and central venous catheters and the use of new materials]. AB - When metal clips and venous catheters have been used the computerized tomography shows artifacts, which make it computerized tomography shows artifacts, which make it difficult to have a reliable and accurate diagnosis, because the X- raying of the metal clips and the venous catheter gives radiating lines, so called streaking. We have tested new materials for the metal clips and a new polymer to replace the substance of the venous catheter with the intention that the materials should have the same density as the normal tissues. With a new metal for the clips and a new polymer for the venous catheters, mixed with metal ions, the computerized tomography does not show streaking. PMID- 6728096 TI - Pituitary abscess: a case diagnosed pre-operatively. AB - A case is reported of woman with a pituitary abscess. Careful clinical evaluation combined with CT scan findings enabled a pre-operative diagnosis to be made and consequently a proper surgical approach. PMID- 6728097 TI - Bilateral occlusion of the extracranial internal carotid artery secondary to closed neck injury. Case report and review of the literature. AB - The authors report a case of traumatic bilateral internal carotid artery occlusion following blunt neck trauma in order to point out the significance of repeated angiography at a time when CT scanning has become the primary method for cervico-cranial traumas. Here angiography yields 1. a precise diagnosis and 2. evidence of a possible spontaneous recanalisation. PMID- 6728098 TI - Transient occlusion of intracranial blood vessels. Presentation of one clinical and preliminary considerations. AB - The authors suggest that some cerebral ischaemic lesions depend upon a transient obstruction of intracranial blood vessels (particularly the trunk and the branches of the middle cerebral artery). This explains (as in the patient described here) the cases in which an ischaemic lesion does not correspond with the vascular lesions found on arteriography and/or at autopsy. Furthermore the authors indicate the importance of blood flow in the spontaneous relief of obstruction which is favoured by an undamaged vascular bed. Consequently they recommend, if possible, early surgical treatment of the carotid lesions, in order to reduce the risk of emboli and to improve cerebral blood flow in general. PMID- 6728099 TI - [Hypocomplementemic urticarial vasculitis with glomerulopathy and renal venulitis]. AB - A 58 year-old woman had atypical chronic urticaria, arthralgias and abdominal pain. Attacks of angioneurotic edema occurred. Proteinuria was discovered. She had clinical and biological signs of inflammation, leukoneutropenia , antileukocyte antibodies and low CH 50, C1q and C4 levels without functional C1 esterase deficiency. C1q precipitins were not detectable. Skin biopsy disclosed angiitis and by immunofluorescence a lupus band test was positive. Serologic investigations in search of SLE were negative. Renal biopsy showed mesangial deposits, capillary loop thickening and mesangial fixation of anti-IgG, C3 C1q and C4 antisera. In the interstitium, voluminous perivenular inflammatory infiltrates were visible. With corticosteroid treatment clinical manifestations subsided and proteinuria disappeared. This observation of McDuffie 's angiitis with renal venulitis leads to a review of the literature with discussion of the mechanisms of hypocomplementemia. PMID- 6728100 TI - [Role of sodium in the control of compartmental distribution of water during hemodialysis. I. Measurement of water transfer]. AB - Symptomatic hypotension and other symptoms of the so-called dialytic desiquilibrium syndrome have been related to alterations of body fluid osmolality and distribution. Fluid removal from the intracellular compartment can be achieved by manipulating the sodium dialysate (NaD). The extracellular fluid volume ( EFCV ) was measured with inulin and/or 35SO = 4. Total body water changes were calculated in terms of fluid substraction induced by dialysis. They were monitored in 12 patients on hemodialysis with a highly permeable membrane and a careful monitoring of ultrafiltration. NaD was maintained constant throughout the session and was comprised between 140 and 170 mmol/l. Below 150 mmol/l NaD, ECFV was reduced more than the weight loss, indicating concomitant intracellular water loading. Conversely, over 150 mmol/l NaD weight loss resulted from extracellular and cellular water. We conclude: 1) transcellular water shift during dialysis is dependent of sodium dialysate; 2) net cellular water-shift was obtained for NaD higher than 150 mmol/l; 3) at least two compartments for water distribution should be taken into account for sodium modeling. PMID- 6728101 TI - [Frequent positivity of the human basophil degranulation test in idiopathic nephrotic syndromes (minimal glomerular changes and segmental and focal glomerulosclerosis)]. AB - Atopic factors play an important role in minimal changes idiopathic nephrotic syndrome ( MCINS ). We therefore studied human basophil degranulation test ( HBDT ) in MCINS and also in patients with segmental and focal glomerulosclerosis ( SFGSNS ) whose relation with MCINS is debated. HBDT was performed with 5 or 6 allergens chosen according to the history of patients and results of cutaneous tests. HBDT was positive in 16 out of 28 MCINS and in 14 among 18 SFGSNS subjects. The difference versus 29 Immune Complex glomerulonephritis and 11 blood donors was significant with the chi 2 test. Because the basophil count was low (less than 10/microliter) in 5 cases, 4 of which had a severe nephrotic syndrome, the HBDT was performed later. The allergen most frequently involved was house dust. This was responsible for a significant degranulation in 10 MCINS (45%) and in 11 SFGSNS (68%) patients; degranulation was obtained more frequently with 2 allergens than with a single one. Obviously such a basophil sensitisation does not prove the responsibility of these allergens. PMID- 6728102 TI - [Electromyographic findings in children with dermatomyositis]. AB - The author analysed electromyographic records in 14 children wit dermatomyositis. The findings included primary muscular changes of great intensity and presence of activity at rest in 50% of cases. The intensity of primary muscular changes resembled that observed in Duchenne's dystrophy and the distribution of changes was similar to that in non-progressive myopathies. Electromyographic changes occur in all cases of dermatomyositis and confirm the clinical diagnosis. PMID- 6728103 TI - [The care of patients with cerebral circulatory disorders in the catchment area of one of Warsaw's neurological hospital departments. II. Indications for active ambulatory care of patients discharged from the hospital]. AB - In a continuation of the analysis of patients hospitalized for cerebrovascular disease their status upon discharge from the hospital was estimated. It was thought that at least 18% of the admitted patients and about 31% of the discharged patients aged below 80 years were suitable for outpatient rehabilitation treatment after discharge because of motor or speech disturbances, and about 9% of the discharged patients required speech reeducation due to aphasia. Among patients after cerebrovascular episodes qualified after discharge for ambulatory active care because of persistent motor deficit or speech disturbances those with past ischaemic stroke prevailed, they were aged mostly 70 79 years. It may be estimated that at least 7% of patients discharged home after stroke (and about 4% of all admitted cases) require special care and nursing because of coexistence of other serious diseases or previously suffered disability. They are potential candidates for care in welfare homes, and when they remain in their homes they depend on the help and care, in different grades, on the assistance of a nurse or at least an unqualified welfare worker. PMID- 6728104 TI - [Peculiar forms of benign tumors of the brain stem]. AB - Three patients are described, who were treated because of tumors of the medulla oblongata, growing towards the lumen of the IV ventricle and into the subarachnoid space. In two cases clinical cure was achieved after partial removal of the tumor and radiotherapy. One of these patients 32 years after the operation is working as a librarian, the other one treated 25 years ago is also professionally active and has a 5-year old son. In the third case only fragments of the tumor were taken for histological examination but radiotherapy was not given in view of serious condition of the patient. The patient however improved and after 23 years he died suddenly from myocardial infarction. On the base of these cases and a survey of the world literature it may by supposed that there are two kinds of brain stem tumors differing in their clinical course and direction of growth. Type A develops in the transverse plane of the brain stem and along its longitudinal axis producing paralysis of cranial nerves, signs of damage to the long ascending and descending pathways and disturbances of equilibrium. Symptoms of intracranial hypertension appear late or not at all. Type B grows into the lumen of the fourth ventricle and subarachnoid space as well, without infiltrating the deep structures of the brain stem. Partial removal of the tumor followed by radiotherapy may give useful survival for many years and may be even permanent cure. PMID- 6728105 TI - [Lumbar intervertebral disk herniation in adolescents]. AB - The authors present 28 patients aged 15-19 years selected from 1600 cases treated surgically for intervertebral disc prolapse. In the light of these cases and a survey of the pertinent literature the authors consider that disc prolapse is not always a consequence of injury. Certain differences of the clinical picture could be observed in younger patients. PMID- 6728106 TI - [Objective evaluation of movement disorders using the Aktograf]. AB - The authors describe the application of Akt -30 Aktograf apparatus designed by the branch of the Centre of Medical Technique in Bia l ystok for recording extrapyramidal involuntary movements, cerebellar dyssynergia and clonic movements. PMID- 6728108 TI - [A case of segmental spinal cord necrosis in the area supplied by the sulcocommissural artery]. AB - A case of segmental spinal necrosis is described involving the area of supply of the sulcocommissural artery. The location of the necrosis and recurrent course of the disease suggest a vasogenic mechanism of the disease in the patient with atherosclerosis and hypertension. PMID- 6728107 TI - [Fisher's syndrome]. AB - The authors describe a 43-year-old man with ophthalmoplegia, ataxia and areflexia and with 0.42 g/l of protein in the cerebrospinal fluid. EMG disclosed some slowing down of the conduction velocity in the motor fibres of the extremities. Treatment with synacthen depot, cocarboxylase and vitamins gave a good effect. The described case corresponds closely to Fisher's syndrome and may be a special form of brain-stem encephalitis involving the mesencephalon. PMID- 6728109 TI - [A case of post-traumatic carotid-cavernous fistula in a 9-year-old girl]. AB - The authors report a case of carotidocavernous fistula with late (after 5 months) development of clinical signs confirmed by right-sided carotic angiography. Such cases are rare in children. PMID- 6728110 TI - [The image of cerebral angioma in computerized tomography]. AB - A case of cerebral angioma is described which was diagnosed by computer tomography and cerebral angiography. The role of computer tomography is discussed in the diagnosis of vascular intracranial anomalies. PMID- 6728111 TI - [Coexistence of azygous pericallosal artery with aneurysm]. AB - The authors describe three cases of successfully surgically treated of aneurysms of the brain associated with absence of one pericallosal artery. Despite the rarity of such anomaly these cases are important in view of a possible damage to the only remaining pericallosal artery. PMID- 6728112 TI - [Brain glioma complicated by subdural hematoma]. AB - A case is reported in which chronic subdural haematoma developed in association with a glioma of the left temporal lobe. The stroke-like onset of symptoms one month before surgical intervention, encapsulated liquid subdural haematoma, necrotic cerebral cortex over the tumour and easily bleeding peripheral parts of the tumour suggested a primary haemorrhage into the peripheral part of the tumour followed by penetration of the haematoma into the subdural space. PMID- 6728113 TI - [Atypical pain syndrome after amputation of the lower limb]. AB - A very unusual case if described of ischialgia coexistent with phantom pains in the amputated extremity. The cause of pain was prolapse of a lumbar intervertebral disc diagnosed only during operation. The case points out the necessity of differentiating between postamputation pains and pains not directly related to amputation. This differentiation may help in successful treatment. PMID- 6728114 TI - Automated differential cell counting on a sector of the normal human hippocampus: the influence of age. AB - The neurons and the glia of the human hippocampus are notoriously vulnerable in various pathological conditions including those linked to ageing. There may even be differences between the young and the old in the absence of manifest disease. Using an image analyser, systematic measurements of cell numbers in the region of the Sommer (Hl) sector of the human hippocampus have been made on post-mortem tissue from thirty-seven female and forty-nine male subjects aged between 15 and 96 years. In fifteen male and fifteen female subjects both hemispheres were available for analysis so that measurements were made on a total of 116 hemispheres. For each specimen the fresh volume of the hemisphere was measured and corrections subsequently made for changes in size which occurred during fixation, processing, mounting and staining. After all the correction factors had been applied the number of nucleolated neurons was found to fall by about 3.6% per decade (P less than 0.0001). There was no significant age-related change in the number of glia. Marked individual variations were found. PMID- 6728115 TI - Spinal cord transection, cerebral ischaemic and brain-stem injury in a baby following a Kielland's forceps rotation. AB - A full-term infant suffered a high cervical cord transection after a Kielland 's forceps rotation and extraction. Quadriplegia developed immediately and initial cerebral swelling was followed by atrophy with ventricular dilatation on CT examination. Death occurred at 60 days. At post-mortem complete necrosis of the cervical cord at C2-C3 with old haemorrhage in the meninges was found, with damage to the inferior corpora quadrigemina , the thalamus, striatum, cerebellar and cerebral cortex. The mechanism is discussed briefly. PMID- 6728116 TI - Changes in the vasopressin content of discrete brain regions in response to stimuli for vasopressin secretion. AB - In order to better understand the function of vasopressin-containing axons which project to areas outside the hypothalamus, we measured vasopressin content in hypothalamic and extrahypothalamic brain regions following various periods of oral hypertonic saline or 1 week after pituitary stalk section. The supraoptic and paraventricular nuclei and nearly all of the brain regions examined which are known to receive vasopressin-containing axons from these nuclei showed parallel changes in vasopressin levels in response to both stimuli. In response to hypertonic saline there was an initial rise followed by a fall in vasopressin content. The suprachiasmatic and lateral septal nuclei, as well as the nucleus of the solitary tract, were unaffected by either stimulus. These results indicate that there are at least two functionally different vasopressin systems within the central nervous system, one of which is responsive to osmotic stimulation. PMID- 6728117 TI - Vasopressin in plasma and cerebrospinal fluid of hydrated and dehydrated steers. AB - Levels of arginine-vasopressin (AVP), the antidiuretic hormone, have been concurrently measured by radioimmunoassay (RIA) in plasma (p) and cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) from conscious, unrestrained steers. During 4 days of dehydration, plasma osmolarity (posm) rose progressively from control hydrated levels of 301.3 +/- 0.632 mosm/1(mean +/- SE) to 338.5 +/- 3.090 mosm/1(p less than 0.001). Packed cell volume also rose from 39.9 +/- 0.64% to 44.7 +/- 1.24% (p less than 0.001). Associated with these changes was a progressive increase in pAVP from control levels of 1.3 +/- 0.19 microU/ml to 16.9 +/- 1.88 microU/ml(p less than 0.001) after 4 days without water. Log pAVP was linearly related to posm (r = 0.82, p less than 0.001). Mean level of CSF-AVP in control animals was 5.4 +/- 0.97 microU/ml. During dehydration, CSF-AVP levels also rose, becoming significantly greater than control levels (p less than 0.01) after 3 days without water and further increasing to reach 15.2 +/- 1.83 microU/ml after 4 days without water (p less than 0.001). Log CSF-AVP could also be linearly related to posm (r = 0.62, p less than 0.01). Termination of dehydration by restoration of ad libitum water supply was accompanied by return of pAVP and CSF-AVP to pre dehydration levels. Regression analysis of concurrent levels of pAVP an CSF-AVP indicates that CSF-AVP levels are linearly correlated to pAVP levels in hydrated and dehydrated animals (r = 0.70, p less than 0.001). These experiments suggest that neurosecretory neurons secreting AVP at sites accessible to CSF respond to similar stimuli during dehydration as those neurons secreting AVP into blood. PMID- 6728118 TI - Inhibitory effects of estrogen and progesterone on several parameters of pulsatile LH release in the ovariectomized rat. AB - Recent reports on the effects of progesterone on the frequency of pulsatile LH release in several species have compelled a reevaluation of the regulation of pulsatile LH secretion by gonadal steroids in the rat. Long-term ovariectomized (OVX) adult rats were given Silastic implants filled with estradiol-17 beta in oil, and blood samples were taken every 5 min for 3 h, either 1 or 2 days later. Compared with the control group (empty Silastic capsules), estrogen-treated animals had significantly lower mean plasma LH concentrations, because of a significant increase in the time between pulses, pulse amplitude not being significantly affected. In a second experiment, it was determined that progesterone alone had no significant effect on pulse amplitude, frequency or mean plasma LH concentrations. In a third experiment, OVX animals received estrogen-filled (or empty) capsules on 1 day followed by progesterone-filled (or empty) capsules on the next day, and frequent blood samples were taken on the following day. Two-way analysis of variance showed significant inhibitory effects of estrogen on mean LH levels, pulse amplitude and pulse frequency. Progesterone lowered the pulse amplitude significantly, but had no effect on pulse frequency, unlike its reported effects in other species. There were no significant interactions between estrogen and progesterone on any parameter tested, indicating that there is no synergism between the two steroids under these conditions. We conclude that estrogen is the principal ovarian hormone restraining LH secretion in the long-term OVX rat and that progesterone has only a modest effect, even in the presence of estrogen. PMID- 6728119 TI - Counteraction of the haloperidol blockade of ovulation by bromocriptine, and the effect of bromocriptine on LH and prolactin secretion. AB - Previous experiments showed that haloperidol (Haldol) blocked LH release and ovulation when injected on the day of proestrus in the female rat. The present studies were designed to investigate the mechanism of Haldol blockade and the possibility that bromocriptine (CB) might counteract the effect. One hour prior to subcutaneous injection of an effective dose of Haldol (0.25 mg/kg at 09.30 h), CB was injected intraperitoneally at one of four doses (2.5, 5.0, 7.5, or 10.0 mg/kg at 08.30 h). Bromocriptine was effective at restoring LH release and ovulation, and the optimal dose for this particular experiment was found to be 7.5 mg/kg. The highest dose (10.0 mg/kg), however, resulted in no significant increase in ovulation. Treating animals with CB (5.0, 10.0, or 20.0 mg/kg at 08.30 h) followed by control vehicle showed that high doses of CB caused a significant inhibition of LH release and ovulation. After 20.0 mg/kg there was no significant surge of LH, and although ovulation did occur it was significantly suppressed when compared to control animals (p = 0.017). These results showed that appropriate doses of CB counteract the Haldol blockade of LH release and ovulation. The suppression of Haldol-induced PRL secretion by low-dose CB, without the significant restoration of ovulation, supported the hypothesis that the Haldol blockade was mediated via a direct effect of Haldol on central nervous system control mechanisms. While CB alone exerted a profound inhibition of PRL at low doses, it had no effect on LH release. CB at high doses, however, was inhibitory to both LH release and ovulation. PMID- 6728120 TI - Changes in hypophyseal luteinizing hormone (LH) content during fetal and early postnatal life, and capacity of fetal and early postnatal pituitaries to synthesize and release LH in vitro. AB - The developmental pattern of hypophyseal luteinizing hormone (LH) during fetal and early postnatal life, and the capacity of fetal and early postnatal pituitaries to synthesize, release and store LH in the absence of any hypothalamic influence were investigated. Pituitary radioimmunoassayable LH was detectable by fetal day 12; its level remained low up to fetal day 17 and thereafter continued to increase up to postnatal day 2 with sharp rises occurring between day 17 and 18 of gestation and after birth. Cultured fetal and early postnatal pituitary primordia were able to synthesize, to release and store the hormone, however, the pattern of these cellular functions varied according to the animal age when explantation was performed. Data derived from cultured pituitaries showed a gradual rise in the daily hormone content of the medium between fetal day 13 to 17. From fetal day 19 onwards, however, the daily discharge of LH decreased. These findings suggest that the fetal and early postnatal pituitary has the capacity to synthesize and release LH, furthermore after a period of independent differentiation hypothalamic signals appear to be required for pituitary hormone release. PMID- 6728121 TI - A compartmentalized, organ-cultured hypothalamo-neurohypophysial system for the study of vasopressin release. AB - In the compartmentalized hypothalamo-neurohypophysial system ( CHNS ), a portion of medial basal hypothalamus (HT) containing the supraoptic nuclei (SON) and the neurohypophysis (PP) were organ-cultured in separate compartments. The intact axonal projections from SON to PP passed through a hole in a fluid-tight barrier which separated the two compartments. When properly sealed, the leak rate from one side to the other is less than 1%/24 h and the only connection between the 2 compartments is axonal. This system had relatively stable basal vasopressin (VP) release rates from both HT and PP for up to 72 h in culture. Basal neurohypophysial VP release rate was unchanged during two successive 1-hour periods on any given day. Physiological responsiveness was confirmed by osmotic challenge. When HT osmolality was changed by +/- 15 mosm, VP release from PP was appropriately and significantly increased or decreased. Equivalent changes in PP side osmolality had no effect on VP release. After 72 h in culture, the VP content of neural lobes from CHNS explants was more than double that of lobes which were severed from HT prior to culture. Finally, the presence of numerous VP neurophysin-containing cells in 72-hour cultured explants was demonstrated by immunocytochemistry. This system will be useful to localize sites of action for agents affecting VP release to either HT and/or PP. PMID- 6728122 TI - An automated system for the study of pulsatile hormone secretion in the immature rat. AB - A procedure is described for prolonged sampling of blood from unrestrained immature rats which overcomes some of the problems associated with contemporary techniques. 1 or 2 days before sampling, the animal is fitted with two indwelling catheters, one inserted into the right jugular vein and the other into a femoral vein. On the day of the experiment blood is continuously withdrawn from the jugular vein (30 microliter/min) using a peristaltic pump and is dispensed into sample tubes every 5 min by means of an automatic fraction collector. A second channel of the same pump continuously infuses a blood replacement mixture (at 37 degrees C) into the femoral vein thereby keeping the animal's blood volume constant. In the present study this technique was used to sample blood from both ovariectomized and immature, intact female rats for as long as 5-7 h. The procedure did not appear to disturb the normal locomotion, feeding, drinking and sleeping behavior of the animals. Plasma luteinizing hormone (LH) profiles obtained from the ovariectomized rats showed a normal pulsatile pattern of LH secretion. The frequency and amplitude of the pulses was not affected, even when the animals were bled on 2 consecutive days. Moreover, the procedure permitted accurate detection and characterization of pulsatile LH release in intact, immature rats although the episodes of LH secretion were more variable and much less pronounced. It is believed that this novel sampling technique could prove to be a valuable tool in the study of pulsatile hormone secretion in small laboratory rodents. PMID- 6728123 TI - Chronic domperidone fails to increase striatal spiperone binding sites despite hyperprolactinemia: comparison with chronic haloperidol. AB - Mice were administered the dopaminergic antagonists haloperidol or domperidone in their drinking water for 2 or 21 days. Serum prolactin levels and striatal 3H spiperone-binding sites (D-2 receptors) were compared to vehicle-treated controls. While only domperidone elevated serum prolactin levels, only haloperidol increased the density of striatal 3H-spiperone-binding site. The failure of domperidone, a potent D-2 receptor antagonist, to increase striatal receptor number is attributed to its poor penetration of the blood-brain barrier. These results indicate that peripheral effects of neuroleptic drugs, including prolactin elevation, are not sufficient for the development of dopaminergic supersensitivity in the central nervous system. PMID- 6728124 TI - Dopaminergic and noradrenergic responses in the hippocampal slice preparation. Evidence for different receptors. AB - The effects of iontophoretic applications of dopamine (DA) and noradrenaline (NA) on potentials evoked by the stimulation of the hippocampal slice preparations were investigated. Dopamine, ejected at the soma, produced an increase of the amplitude of the population spike of CA1 pyramidal cells; NA had an excitatory action on some responses, inhibitory on others. The field-excitatory postsynaptic potentials (EPSPs) were unaffected by ejection of DA and NA on the dendritic tree. Domperidone, a dopaminergic antagonist, blocked the increase of the population spike induced by DA, but was unable to antagonize noradrenergic responses. Timolol, a beta-adrenergic antagonist, blocked the excitatory action of NA, but did not modify either the effect of DA or the inhibition induced by NA. Phentolamine, an alpha-antagonist, antagonized only the inhibition induced by NA. These results indicate that DA and NA modulate the activity of hippocampal neurones by interacting on different receptors. PMID- 6728125 TI - Experimental convulsions in rats induced by intraventricular administration of kynurenine and structurally related compounds. AB - Administration of L-kynurenine and some analogous molecules into the right lateral ventricle caused convulsive attacks in rats. These convulsions are tonic clonic. Various modifications of the structure of L-kynurenine affected the production of convulsions. In particular, methylation of the carboxyl group increased the potency. Methylation of the carboxyl function and hydroxylation of the benzene ring greatly increased the latency and the duration of the convulsions. Removal of the carboxyl function or its reduction resulted in the loss of the epileptogenic effect. Masking of the amino function with formyl or acetyl residues also produced inactive compounds. The results of structural modification of the kynurenine carbon skeleton clearly show that the structure essential for stimulation of convulsive activity includes a free amino group and a free or masked carboxyl function. The molecular structure able to induce convulsive effects appears to be the laevo -isomer of kynurenine, since the dextro-form has been proved to be inactive. The convulsant activity, evaluated as the ED50, for L-kynurenine, is between that of bicuculline and pentamethylenetetrazole . The convulsant mechanism of kynurenine is unknown, but might very possibly involve interference with the activity of certain inhibitory neurotransmitters. PMID- 6728126 TI - Cardiovascular effects of 3-mercaptopropionic acid and levels of GABA in regions of the brain of guinea-pigs. AB - 3-Mercaptopropionic acid (3-MP), an inhibitor of the synthesis of gamma aminobutyric acid (GABA), was administered to anesthetized rats and guinea-pigs in order to examine the relationship between the effect of this agent on regional levels of GABA in the brain and cardiovascular function. After a latent period, 3 mercaptopropionic acid (0.16 ml/kg, i.p.) produced initial increases in blood pressure and heart rate in rats followed by vagal bradycardia and hypotension. Guinea-pigs treated with 3-mercaptopropionic acid developed one of three patterns of cardiovascular changes. The type I response consisted of a period of sympathetically-mediated hypertension and tachycardia followed by vagal bradycardia. Type II animals exhibited increased arterial pressure and heart rate, but no vagal activation. Type III and control animals exhibited no significant cardiovascular changes following administration of 3 mercaptopropionic acid or appropriate vehicle. Regional levels of GABA in brain, measured at 90 min after treatment were significantly lower than control in type I and II animals in 3 of 4 areas of the brain measured, but not in type III guinea-pigs. When decreases in levels of GABA were compared to the changes in cardiovascular parameters for individual animals, the decrease in heart rate at the time of sacrifice was directly correlated with the decrease in medullary levels of GABA in type I animals. Conversely, in type II guinea-pigs, decreases in hypothalamic levels of GABA correlated inversely with heart rate at sacrifice. These results suggest that activation of cardiac sympathetic and parasympathetic nervous pathways following the administration of 3-mercaptopropionic acid may result from decreased levels of GABA in different regions of the brain. PMID- 6728127 TI - Effect of fentanyl and naloxone on human somatic and auditory-evoked potential components. AB - The effect of fentanyl (a morphine agonist) and naloxone (a morphine antagonist) on early and late components of somatic (SEP)- and auditory (AEP)-evoked potentials was studied in patients undergoing minor surgical procedures, in which these compounds were used in producing and regulating a state of neuroleptanalgesia. Fentanyl (2.5, 5.0 and 10.0 micrograms/kg), naloxone (1.5 and 3.0 micrograms/kg) and isotonic saline (for comparative purposes) were injected just before surgery, intravenously through a catheter and following a single blind procedure and three different pharmacological paradigms with four consecutive conditions each: (1) Initial baseline (C), first saline (S), second saline (S') and late baseline (C'). (2) C, First fentanyl (F), second naloxone (N') and C. (3) C, First naloxone (N), second fentanyl (F') and C'. Special care was taken in controlling the constancy of the muscular and cochlear receptor activation concomitant to somatic-evoked potentials and auditory-evoked potentials, determined by the amplitude of the muscular response at the tenar muscles (MP) and component I of the brain stem potentials ( ABSP ). Evaluation by the patients pain, topognoses and hearing and other somatic and autonomic indicators of the level of the analgesic response were also controlled. Fentanyl significantly reduced, while naloxone increased, the amplitude of late components P150 of somatic-evoked potentials and auditory-evoked potentials. Concomitantly, fentanyl increased, while naloxone decreased, the spatial threshold (two point discrimination test) at finger tip and arm. These effects were observed in patients taking various doses, although they were more consistent with larger doses of these compounds.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS) PMID- 6728128 TI - The anticonvulsant effect of opioids and opioid peptides against maximal electroshock seizures in rats. AB - Opioids and opioid peptides influence the threshold to a seizure which is a model of petit mal epilepsy (Cowan, Geller and Adler, 1979). The present authors investigated representative opioid compounds in a model of a grand mal seizure, maximal electroshock (MES). Although all of the opioids and opioid peptides tested blocked tonic hindlimb extension, they divided into two groups, based on their ability to decrease the total length of the tonic component of the maximal electroshock seizure and their sensitivity to blockade by naloxone. The first group contained morphine, meperidine, methadone, ethylketocyclazocine (EK), D ala2-met-enkephalinamide, D-ala2-leu5-enkephalin and beta-endorphin. The compounds in this group caused a decrease in the length of the tonic component that was dose-related, with the maximum decrease amounting to approx. 40%. The effect was blocked by the prior administration of 1 mg/kg of naloxone. The second group contained the partial agonists, pentazocine and cyclazocine. These opioids also caused a dose-related decrease in the length of the tonic component and, in the largest doses, the tonic component of the convulsion was completely blocked. Naloxone, in doses as large as 10 mg/kg, did not appreciably reverse the action of either drug. PMID- 6728129 TI - The effects of lesions produced by 5,7-dihydroxytryptamine on 5-hydroxytryptamine mediated behaviour induced by amphetamine in large doses in the rat. AB - The role of 5-hydroxytryptamine (5-HT)-containing terminals in the spinal cord and basal ganglia in behavioural responses induced by amphetamine in large doses have been investigated using the neurotoxin for 5-HT, 5,7-dihydroxytryptamine (5,7-DHT). The effects of pretreatment with 5,7-DHT were also examined using the 5-HT agonist, 5-methoxy-N,N-dimethyltryptamine (5-MeODMT). d-Amphetamine (25 mg/kg) induced several classical 5-HT-dependent behavioural responses (head weaving , forepaw treading, hind limb abduction, "wet dog" shakes, Straub tail), together with some classical dopamine (DA)-dependent behaviour and backward locomotion which requires both transmitters. Pretreatment with 5,7-DHT, given into the striatum significantly decreased "wet dog" shakes and virtually abolished backward walking. Pretreatment with 5,7-DHT in the nucleus accumbens or substantia nigra did not significantly alter behaviour. Pretreatment with 5,7-DHT intraspinally did not significantly alter behaviour induced by amphetamine, although a decrease of Straub tail just failed to reach significance (P = 0.056). Similar pretreatment in rats given 5-MeODMT (8 mg/kg) significantly enhanced both Straub tail and tremor but did not alter the other behavioural responses induced by this drug (limb abduction, forepaw treading, head weaving ). The results in general suggest that behavioural responses induced by 5-HT can be classified into 3 groups (a) those requiring striatal 5-HT ("wet dog" shakes and backward locomotion), (b) those requiring spinal 5-HT (Straub tail, tremor) and (c) those requiring neither spinal nor striatal 5-HT (hind limb abduction, head weaving and forepaw treading). PMID- 6728130 TI - Fluoride-stimulated adenylate cyclase activity in rat brain following chronic treatment with psychotropic drugs. AB - Chronic treatment with imipramine and reserpine increased fluoride-stimulated activity of adenylate cyclase in homogenates of cerebral cortex and "limbic" forebrain of the rat. Concomitant treatment with lithium counteracted this effect, while lithium alone had no effect on the activity of adenylate cyclase. PMID- 6728131 TI - Phosphorylation of membrane proteins in response to persistent stimulation of adenylate cyclase-linked dopamine receptors in slices of striatum. AB - Prolonged incubation of slices of striatum with agonists of D-1 dopamine receptors increased phosphorylation of at least 5 membrane protein bands. The extent of the increase in phosphate-incorporation depended on the concentration (10(-5) M-10(-4) M) of the agonist in the incubation medium and the duration of incubation (20 min or longer). Preincubation of slices with haloperidol (10(-6) M) greatly reduced, while (-)sulpiride (10(-6) M) failed to alter the increase of phosphorylation elicited by dopamine. Prolonged incubation of striatal slices with LY 141865 (10(-5) M) or isoproterenol (10(-5) M) increased the phosphate incorporation only in one of the protein bands with an apparent molecular weight of 42,000. Incubation of striatal slices with cholera toxin increased the phosphorylation of protein bands in a similar way to those elicited by dopamine. The present results suggest that the increased phosphorylation of certain protein bands elicited by prolonged exposure of striatal slices to D-1 dopamine receptor agonists may be associated with the desensitization of dopamine-sensitive adenylate cyclase. PMID- 6728132 TI - Anticonvulsant and proconvulsant properties of a series of structural isomers of piperidine dicarboxylic acid. AB - Anticonvulsant and convulsant effects of various piperidine dicarboxylic acids have been evaluated following their intracerebroventricular (i.c.v.) or intraperitoneal (i.p.) injection in DBA/2 mice, a strain of mice genetically susceptible to sound-induced seizures. Protection against sound-induced seizures occurred after intraventricular administration of (+/-)cis-2,3-piperidine dicarboxylic acid (0.017-0.045 mumol), (+/-)trans-2,3-piperidine dicarboxylic acid (0.018-0.33 mumol) and (+/-)cis-2,4-piperidine dicarboxylic acid (0.57-1.68 mumol). Protection against sound-induced seizures occurred after intraperitoneal injection of (+/-)cis-2,3-piperidine dicarboxylic acid (0.52-1.8 mmol/kg). Myoclonus or convulsions occurred at various times after the intraventricular injection of cis-2,3-piperidine dicarboxylic acid, trans-2,3-, cis-2,4-, cis-2,5- and cis-2,6-, piperidine dicarboxylic acids, and after the intraperitoneal injection of trans-2,3-piperidine dicarboxylic acid. The latter effect was blocked by pretreatment with 2-amino-7-phosphonoheptanoic acid (0.33 mmol/kg, i.p.) a potent and specific antagonist of excitation induced by N-methyl-D aspartate. The anticonvulsant action of cis-2,3-piperidine dicarboxylic acid and the convulsant action of trans-2,3-piperidine dicarboxylic acid were associated with predominant antagonist and agonist actions respectively, at receptors preferring N-methyl-D-aspartate. PMID- 6728133 TI - Ketamine-induced modification of photic evoked potentials in the superior colliculus of hooded rats. AB - The effects of ketamine on photic evoked potentials, recorded from the superior colliculus, were determined in hooded rats. Animals were given intraperitoneal injections of saline, or of 1, 10, 50 or 100 mg ketamine/kg body weight on separate days. Evoked potentials were recorded at 5, 20, 40 and 60 min following injection. Individual components in an early positive complex were augmented by the 100 mg/kg dose. Following administration of the 50 and 100 mg/kg doses, a positive spike (latency of 53 msec) emerged from the middle of a negative wave. A second positive spike (latency of 65 msec) also became prominent at these doses. Late oscillatory potentials were slightly augmented by the 100 mg/kg dose of ketamine. The relationship between these effects of ketamine on photic evoked potentials, and the postanaesthetic psychological manifestations of ketamine, is yet to be determined. PMID- 6728134 TI - Neuropharmacology of delta-aminolaevulinic acid--I. Effect of acute administration in rodents. AB - Delta-aminolaevulinic acid (ALA) is suspected of being responsible for the neuropsychiatric symptoms of acute porphyria. The object of this study was to examine the effects of ALA in vivo on a range of behavioural and physiological functions which are known to be affected in the acute porphyric attack. Aminolaevulinic acid was administered by intraperitoneal or subcutaneous injection to mice in doses up to 1000 mg/kg and effects on nociception (hot-plate and abdominal constriction tests), CNS excitability (pentobarbitone sleep-time and pentylenetetrazole-induced seizures), motor co-ordination and grip (rotating rod test) were studied. Rats were given intravenous injections or infusions of ALA of up to 24 mg and changes in blood pressure, heart rate and ED50 for noradrenaline, acetylcholine and isoprenaline examined. No statistically significant effects were noted, using buffered solutions of ALA (pH 7.0-7.4). However, unbuffered solutions of ALA caused significant bradycardia and hypotension. These results do not support the hypothesis that ALA has significant acute neuropharmacological activity in vivo when the blood-brain barrier is intact. PMID- 6728135 TI - [Specific difficulties principally affecting certain aspects of language following simple concussions in the child. Short- and long-term psychometric study of 20 cases of concussion in subjects between 4 and one-half and 11-years old]. PMID- 6728136 TI - [Longitudinal study of the frequency with which children with mental disorders look in the mirror]. PMID- 6728137 TI - [Retrospective study of the outcome of a group of 100 young persons after discharge from a day school for the mentally retarded]. PMID- 6728138 TI - [Development profiles of young drug addicts]. PMID- 6728139 TI - [Outcome of anorexia nervosa]. PMID- 6728141 TI - Electrothrombosis of spontaneous carotid-cavernous fistula by copper needle insertion. AB - Electrothrombosis by copper needle insertion was used to treat three cases of spontaneous carotid-cavernous fistula. These patients had been treated conservatively for 6 months or more, but their symptoms had not improved. Angiography showed that the feeding arteries were branches of both the ipsilateral internal and the ipsilateral external carotid artery. Frontotemporal craniotomy was performed, and copper needles were inserted transdurally into the cavernous sinus. Closure of the fistula was verified by intraoperative angiography in all cases, and the symptoms improved after the operation. However, one patient had postoperative transient 3rd nerve palsy. Another had Gerstmann's syndrome due to narrowing of the internal carotid artery by a needle and worsening of the preoperative 6th nerve palsy. In one case, the operation was uneventful. Based on our experience, we discuss several problems with this technique. PMID- 6728140 TI - Psychosocial functioning at 1 month after head injury. AB - The authors examined the psychosocial sequelae of head trauma at 1 month after injury in a group of 102 adult head-injured patients representing a broad range of severity of trauma. One hundred two control subjects selected from friends of the head-injured patients were used for comparison purposes. Outcome was determined with a battery of psychosocial measures assessing a number of different areas of daily functioning. The results support the following conclusions: (a) at 1 month after injury, head-injured patients experience difficulties in a number of areas of psychosocial functioning, especially the resumption of major role activities (i.e., work, school, and home management) and leisure/recreational activities; (b) the relationship between head injury severity level and the adequacy of psychosocial functional differs for the various measures; and (c) in determining the psychosocial consequences of head trauma, the use of an appropriate control group is essential. PMID- 6728142 TI - Carotid artery injections in 40- to 99-g Fischer rats: technical note and evaluation of blood flow by various injection techniques. AB - Despite extensive clinical use of brain tumor chemotherapy via the internal carotid artery (ICA), demonstration of efficacy and toxicity screening of ICA chemotherapy in brain tumor models has been limited. A method for performing ICA injections in 40- to 99-g Fischer rats is described, with documentation of its effect upon cerebral blood flow. A 33 gauge cannula was secured into a PE-10 catheter and, after ligation of the external carotid (ECA) and the pterygopalatine arteries, injections were made into the common carotid artery (CCA). The reliability of this method compared to CCA injection with and without ligation of the ECA was evaluated utilizing 15-micrometers 103Ru microspheres. With this technique, 68.3 +/- 11.19% of the microspheres lodged in the brain, compared to 28.9 +/- 21.3% to 32.7 +/- 19.8% for the other techniques (P less than 0.01). With this technique, regional perfusion of brain tumors can be done in the avian sarcoma virus rat glioma model, the D-54 MG human glioma immunosuppressed rat transplantation model, and any of the large rat brain tumor models. The relevance of this method of experimental regional perfusion for the preclinical assessment of the efficacy and of the toxicity of chemotherapy and immunotherapy via the ICA is discussed. PMID- 6728143 TI - Can neuropsychological tests detect the sites of cerebrovascular stenoses and occlusions? AB - Conventional neuropsychological data may not mirror the site of cerebrovascular stenosis in a patient with mild to moderate symptoms. In this study, three groups of cerebral revascularization candidates failed to differ on an extended Halstead Reitan battery: patients with symptoms and angiographic results referable to the carotid arterial system, subjects with clinical signs and neuroradiological findings referable to the vertebrobasilar arterial system, and patients with symptoms of cerebral ischemia but negative angiograms. Consistent with previous work, these patients generally were mildly impaired on neuropsychological tests, even though many were not symptomatic at the time of assessment. Neuropsychological tests seem to be sensitive to the presence and severity of cerebral ischemia, but in isolation may not be sufficient to determine the loci of vascular stenoses. The incongruence between angiographic and neuropsychological findings underlines the importance of distinguishing among different levels and types of measurements in defining subgroups of cerebral revascularization candidates. Collaboration among neuroscientists will further our understanding of the interrelationships among neurodiagnostic tests. PMID- 6728144 TI - Percutaneous retrogasserian glycerol rhizotomy for tic douloureux: Part 1. Technique and results in 112 patients. AB - The technique and results of treatment of tic douloureux by percutaneous retrogasserian glycerol rhizotomy ( PRGR ) were assessed in a series of 112 patients. All patients were refractory to or intolerant of medical therapy. Many of these patients had recurrent pain despite such surgical treatment as microvascular decompression (21%) or one or more percutaneous radiofrequency thermal rhizotomies (19%). The follow-up duration after glycerol rhizotomy ranged from 4 to 28 months. At the final assessment, 67% had complete pain relief; 23% were improved, with pan relieved by minimal drug therapy; and 10% had poor results with unsatisfactory pain relief even with medications. Before the final assessment, 19 patients required a second PRGR because of an initially suboptimal injection (10%) or recurrent pain (16.9%). Seventy-three per cent had no demonstrable change in facial sensation after operation. H akanson 's original procedure based on anatomic verification by cisternography provided precise localization, required no intraoperative stimulation or lesion generators, and allowed varied anesthetic options during operation. In contrast to thermal rhizotomy, PRGR offers patients relief of painful tic douloureux without altering facial sensation in most cases. PMID- 6728145 TI - Percutaneous retrogasserian glycerol rhizotomy for tic douloureux: Part 2. Results nd implications of trigeminal evoked potential studies. AB - Trigeminal evoked potentials were recorded before and 6 weeks after a percutaneous retrogasserian glycerol rhizotomy was performed in 22 patients with tic douloureux. The latency of the trigeminal evoked potential (TEP) N20 peak and the sensory threshold to electrical stimulation of the maxillary gum were measured in each patient. The N20 latency differences between normal and affected sides for each patient were reduced after glycerol injection. Sensory thresholds were significantly different between the normal and the affected sides both before and after rhizotomy. These results were interpreted to indicate that glycerol more specifically affects the damaged myelinated axons implicated in the pathogenesis of trigeminal neuralgia. Of the 22 patients, 82% were either pain free or significantly improved after operation. Postoperative normal N20 latencies were associated with pain relief in most cases. Our preliminary experience suggests that recurrent pain is more likely to develop in those patients whose postoperative TEP remains abnormal, especially if the abnormality cannot be ascribed to a prior surgical deafferentiation procedure. In addition to providing insight into the mechanism of pain relief, TEP measurements may help to predict the likelihood of long term relief after percutaneous retrogasserian glycerol rhizotomy. PMID- 6728146 TI - Involvement of vasopressin in brain edema formation: further evidence obtained from the Brattleboro diabetes insipidus rat with experimental subarachnoid hemorrhage. AB - Brain water accumulation (1.2%) with an accompanying increase in the sodium content was observed in Wistar rats as early as 1 hour after experimental subarachnoid hemorrhage (SAH). After 6 and 24 hours, the water content was 1.3 and 1.4%, respectively, higher than that of control animals. In contrast, in Brattleboro diabetes insipidus rats the content of brain water and electrolytes had not changed significantly 1 hour after the administration of blood into the subarachnoid space. Increased brain water and sodium and a normal potassium content, indicative of a vasogenic type of brain edema, were seen at 6 hours after SAH. In these animals, known to be devoid of vasopressin, the increase in brain water 24 hours after SAH was 2.6%, compared with 1.4% for Wistar rats with SAH. It is suggested that the lack of vasopressin could alter the course of brain edema formation after experimental SAH in Brattleboro diabetes insipidus rats. It is hypothesized that vasopressin, by regulating the water permeability of the brain capillaries, the choroid plexus, and the cerebrospinal fluid absorption structures, plays an important role in controlling the brain fluid and electrolyte balance during the course of SAH. PMID- 6728148 TI - Further studies with a noninvasive method of intracranial pressure estimation. AB - A linear relationship between elevated intracranial pressure in patients with hydrocephalus and with cerebral edema and a latency shift of the N2 wave of the flash-evoked cortical potential is demonstrated. Although the relationship is good at pressures of 200 to 300 mm H2O, it is excellent at pressures above 300 mm H2O. This relationship establishes a reliable noninvasive method of estimating intracranial pressure. PMID- 6728147 TI - Histopathological evaluation of dog sacral nerve after chronic electrical stimulation for micturition. AB - Histological evaluations of dog sacral nerves were carried out after stimulation for electromicturition with three types of circumneural electrodes. The use of two types of cuff arrays was associated with a marked buildup of connective tissue around the nerve and filling the lumen of the array. Nerves within the first type of cuff array (having diameters approximately that of the nerve they surrounded) were often extruded from the lumen of the cuff. In some cases, this was accompanied by moderate or marked loss of axons. It is not clear whether this phenomenon was the result of the growth of connective tissue within the cuff or tension on the electrical leads. The damage cannot be attributed to the electrical stimulation because nerves enclosed by nonpulsed electrodes showed similar damage. The second type of cuff array used in the study had an oversize lumen. There was often considerable growth of connective tissue within the cuffs, but minimal or no mechanical deformation of the included nerves and minimal loss of axons. Because of sealable lips, extrusion of the nerve from this electrode was impossible. The nerves and arrays both functioned well, and there was minimal, if any, mechanical distortion of the nerves and minimal neural damage. Nerves within a third type of array ("spinal" array) also showed no or minimal damage. The array was implanted easily, and the delicate, springlike nature of the matrix allowed close apposition to nerves of different diameters while avoiding constriction of the nerve. PMID- 6728149 TI - Treatment of tic douloureux and hemifacial spasm by posterior fossa exploration: therapeutic implications of various neurovascular relationships. AB - A series of 152 posterior fossa explorations for tic douloureux and hemifacial spasm has been reviewed with assessment of outcome at the last follow-up examination. Among 103 cases of tic followed for an average of 48.3 months, 79 patients (77%) obtained good or excellent symptomatic relief, and there were 24 failures or recurrences (23%). Of 48 cases of hemifacial spasm followed for an average of 42.1 months, there were good or excellent results in 42 cases (87.5%); only 6 patients (12.5%) experienced failure or recurrence. Patients noted to have arterial contact at the 5th nerve entry zone responded significantly better to microvascular decompression than did patients with no arterial contact. Further, patients noted to have anatomical distortion of the 5th nerve by an artery or wedging of an artery into the crevice between the nerve and the pons had significantly better outcomes after microvascular decompression than did patients with other kinds of arterial contact. Partial sensory rhizotomy proved to be a highly effective alternative to microvascular decompression in cases of doubtful neurovascular compression. It was not possible to define similar neuroanatomical criteria predictive of response to microvascular decompression in patients with hemifacial spasm. PMID- 6728150 TI - Successful removal of an arteriovenous malformation in the basal ganglia. AB - This report describes the successful removal of a ruptured dominant hemisphere arteriovenous malformation that arose in the region of the basal ganglia and was supplied by the lenticulostriate arteries. Obliteration of the lesion was accomplished by a transcerebral approach from above, utilizing the preexisting hematoma cavity. PMID- 6728151 TI - Liver abscess: complication of a ventriculoperitoneal shunt. AB - Liver abscess is a previously unreported complication of ventriculoperitoneal shunting. We present such a case, which was diagnosed by computed tomography (CT) and managed by CT-guided percutaneous catheter drainage of the liver abscess, appropriate antibiotics, and shunt externalization. PMID- 6728152 TI - Vertebral osteochondroma causing spinal cord compression: case report. AB - A case of spinal cord compression secondary to an osteochondroma of the vertebral body of T-4 is reported. Computed tomography aided in the display of the lesion and the planning of its resection. PMID- 6728154 TI - Occult esophageal perforation associated with cervical spine fracture. AB - A case of surgically confirmed cervical esophageal perforation associated with burst fractures of two cervical vertebral bodies is presented. We also describe a second case in which an incidentally discovered abscess of the cervical region could have been the result of esophageal perforation secondary to spine injury. Both patients had negative positive contrast esophagograms . This complication of cervical spine injury is extremely rare, and diagnosis can be difficult. Cervical esophageal perforation must be considered in the face of unexplained cervical, thoracic, or systemic sepsis and in the presence of an unexplained cervical mass. Severe cervical fracture with or without subluxation seems to constitute the anatomical basis for the entity. The treatment consists of drainage and antibiotics aimed at oral flora. The clinical features, diagnostic tests, and surgical management of this entity are reviewed. PMID- 6728153 TI - Combined supra-infrasellar approach for large pituitary tumors. AB - A combined supra- infrasellar approach for the resection of very large pituitary tumors is described. We think that it is superior to either the transsphenoidal or the intracranial approaches to these difficult tumors. PMID- 6728155 TI - Case report: polysomnographic effects of thalamotomy for torsion dystonia. AB - We report a patient with torsion dystonia whose polysomnographic recordings revealed poor sleep and a pronounced and almost continuous type of spindle activity during non-rapid eye movement sleep. Rapid eye movement sleep was also reduced. These changes proved to be independent of medications. After a clinically successful unilateral thalamic operation, a normalization of sleep parameters and a reduction of the high amplitude sleep spindles was observed, implying that the regulation of sleep spindles and the advancement of dystonic symptoms are affected by a common mechanism. PMID- 6728156 TI - Perspectives in international neurosurgery: neurosurgery in Poland. PMID- 6728157 TI - Intracranial primary nonlymphomatous sarcomas in children: experience with eight cases and review of the literature. AB - Eight infants and children with intracranial primary nonlymphomatous sarcoma were studied clinically and histologically. Treatment consisted of surgical resection and postoperative radiation therapy. Only one patient received chemotherapy. Two patients are alive after 10 years, but the other six patients died 3 to 33 months after operation. Two illustrative cases with neuroradiological, light microscopic, and ultrastructural findings are presented; both cases showed radiological evidence of intracranial arterial encasement by sarcoma and computed tomographic evidence of multifocal lesions. The pertinent literature is reviewed to illuminate the more refined nature of primary sarcomas of the central nervous system. Irrespective of treatment, the majority of the patients had a limited survival and only a few lived longer than 5 years. Total resection seemed to afford the best prognosis, whereas the efficacy of radiation therapy and chemotherapy is indefinite. PMID- 6728158 TI - Posterior fossa epidural hematoma during childhood. AB - Four cases of childhood posttraumatic posterior fossa epidural hematoma diagnosed by computed tomography (CT) are reported. All four patients presented with relatively minor symptoms after sustaining head trauma and returned to normal after evacuation of the hematoma. The pertinent literature concerning posterior fossa epidural hematoma in children is reviewed. The role of CT in the early detection of lesions when the associated clinical symptoms are mild is emphasized. PMID- 6728159 TI - Subdural tapping and irrigation for the treatment of chronic subdural hematoma in adults. AB - A new technique for the treatment of chronic subdural hematoma by tapping and irrigation was shown by computed tomography to be safe and reliable in 39 patients. The basis for such treatment is discussed in light of the current theories of the pathogenesis of chronic subdural hematoma. PMID- 6728160 TI - Extreme lateral disc herniation: diagnosis by computed tomographic scanning. AB - Extreme lateral disc herniation with compression of the nerve root as it exits through the foramen has been a recognized entity for a number of years. Until recently, this diagnosis was made infrequently except at the time of operation. Reported here are 12 cases of root compression from disc herniation at the level of the pedicle or farther laterally in the foramen (extreme lateral disc herniation). Diagnosis and localization of the root compression were determined preoperatively in 11 of 12 cases based on the computed tomographic (CT) scan appearance of the lesion. Myelography was performed in 9 cases and was interpreted as normal in 6 and abnormal in 3 instances. In each of the 3 abnormal studies, the actual abnormality was at a different level than that predicted by the myelogram. The clinical presentations in these patients were not distinct except that a positive straight leg raising test was present in only 7 of 12. Preoperative knowledge of the site of nerve root compression as delineated by CT scanning was essential in planning the operative procedure. It prevented unnecessary exploration of uninvolved levels and directed the surgeon to the far lateral site of the herniation. Illustrative examples are presented. PMID- 6728161 TI - Feasibility of intracranial surgery in the rat fetus: model and surgical principles. AB - The feasibility of intracranial surgery in the rat fetus is demonstrated by the use of a microsurgical model. In utero craniotomy and cerebral incision have been performed successfully without compromise of the fetal-maternal unit. Maternal and fetal survival rates of 95 and 93%, respectively, are reported. Several principles of fetal surgery have been established and are discussed. These include the inhibition of uterine contraction, monitoring of physiological variables, timing of operation, microsurgical technique, and preservation of amniotic fluid. The fetal rat model is amenable to antenatal research because it fulfills certain criteria, including accurately timed pregnancies, littermate controls, inexpensiveness, and animal availability. PMID- 6728162 TI - Caloric stimulation-induced augmentation of H-reflexes in normal subjects, but not in spinal cord-injured patients. AB - This study examined the effects of ice water caloric stimulation on H-reflex amplitude in normal subjects and three complete spinal cord-injured patients. H reflexes were obtained by stimulating the tibial nerve at the popliteal fossa and recording the H-response from the gastrocnemius muscle. All normal subjects who experienced nystagmus or vertigo demonstrated significant augmentation in H reflex amplitude with ice water irrigation of the ear canal. In the three spinal cord-injured patients, there was no significant change of H-reflex with the ice water stimulus. The results suggest that descending tracts in the anterior spinal cord must be functional to demonstrate caloric augmentation of H-reflexes. In patients with spinal cord injury, it may be possible to predict the recovery of motor function using this test together with other clinical signs of neurological function. PMID- 6728163 TI - Meningoencephalitis complicated by pituitary insufficiency and a spontaneously resolving suprasellar mass. AB - A 53-year-old woman presented with acute meningoencephalitis associated with anterior and posterior pituitary insufficiency. A computed axial tomogram (CT) of the head revealed a suprasellar mass. The meningoencephalitis, presumably of bacterial origin, resolved after antibiotic therapy and, on a repeat CT, the suprasellar mass had disappeared. Five months after the initial illness, the patient's diabetes insipidus had resolved, anterior pituitary function had improved, and there was no sign of the suprasellar mass. The presence of a suprasellar mass in conjunction with acute meningoencephalitis and anterior and posterior pituitary insufficiency should raise the suspicion that the mass is not neoplastic and may be infectious or inflammatory in origin. PMID- 6728164 TI - Connatal brain tumors in patients with tuberous sclerosis. AB - Two neonates with tuberous sclerosis and giant cell astrocytomas diagnosed soon after birth are described. During attempted surgical resection of their tumors, both infants developed refractory intraoperative cardiac arrhythmias and died. At autopsy, both patients had multiple cardiac rhabdomyomas. Subependymal giant cell astrocytomas rarely present in the neonate, but genetic implications and associated cardiac hamartomas warrant special consideration of these connatal tumors. Surgical considerations suggest that an operative approach to these tumors should be delayed beyond the neonatal period. PMID- 6728165 TI - Low grade glioma presenting as subarachnoid hemorrhage. AB - During the last 2 years, we treated three cases of brain tumor that presented with intracranial hemorrhage. Two of the three tumors were metastatic. They presented with hemorrhage into the tumor, but no blood in the cerebrospinal fluid. One tumor was a low grade astrocytoma that presented as subarachnoid and intraventricular hemorrhage in a 15-year-old child. It was removed with no neurological sequelae. PMID- 6728166 TI - Intracerebral arteriovenous malformation fed by the anterior ethmoidal artery: case report. AB - The authors report a case of intracerebral arteriovenous malformation fed by the anterior ethmoidal artery. The nidus was located in the brain parenchyma, although its feeder was a dural artery. The etiology of this rare condition is discussed. PMID- 6728167 TI - Microscopic decompression of the anterior upper cervical spine: a case of odontoid malunion to the atlas. AB - For the past 20 years, the transoral approach to the upper cervical spine has been utilized for odontoid fractures, the removal of an abnormal odontoid process, decompression of basilar impression, and biopsy or resection of nasopharyngeal or metastatic tumors. The effectiveness and safety of this procedure is well documented. Use of the surgical microscope adds to the efficiency and safety of the procedure. We are reporting a case of fusion of the odontoid base to the anterior arch of the atlas. To our knowledge, this entity has not been described previously. The spinal cord was protected by an initial posterior fusion of C-1, C-2, followed in 10 days by a tracheostomy and the transoral removal of the anterior C-1 arch and the abnormal dens. Because the medical history did not reveal a source of trauma, it is supposed that the patient had malunion of the odontoid process to C-2, with subsequent migration and fusion of the dens to the C-1 arch. PMID- 6728168 TI - Subdural hemorrhage secondary to extramedullary hematopoiesis in postpolycythemic myeloid metaplasia. AB - A 64-year-old woman with a 20-year history of polycythemia vera and a 2-month history of postpolycythemic myeloid metaplasia ( PPMM ) became comatose because of bilateral subdural hematomas. Biopsy of the dura mater at operation demonstrated extramedullary hematopoiesis ( EMH ). The subdural hemorrhage was secondary to dural invasion by hematopoietic tissue and vascular dilation with a predisposing element of thrombocytopenia. This is the second case of central nervous system (CNS) EMH in a case of polycythemia vera. Only 8 cases of symptomatic CNS EMH and 16 cases overall have been reported, and these were primarily due to agnogenic myeloid metaplasia. Symptoms were secondary to the mass effect of dural tumor-like hematopoietic tissue or to an elevated cerebrospinal fluid protein content. The survival after a diagnosis of PPMM with CNS EMH has been less than 6 months in all cases. CNS EMH is an unusual and a potentially critical complication of polycythemia vera that should be considered in the evaluation of the patient with polycythemia vera and myeloid metaplasia. PMID- 6728170 TI - Chronic encapsulated intracerebellar hematoma in infancy: case report. AB - A case of intracerebellar hematoma in infancy is reported. Although the clinical course and computed tomographic appearances suggested a cerebellar tumor, intraoperative and microscopic investigations demonstrated a chronic expanding hematoma enlarging with repeated hemorrhages inside the capsule. The differential diagnosis of this entity is discussed. PMID- 6728169 TI - Accurate intracranial pressure monitoring: technical note. AB - Intracranial pressure (ICP) monitoring may be misleading or inaccurate in patients who have sustained cerebral death or who have had cerebrospinal fluid drainage (e.g., due to skull fracture or craniotomy). ICP recording in these patients requires particular attention to the monitoring technique to avoid misleading values that may result in inappropriate therapy. We review methods for obtaining accurate ICP readings from fluid-interface systems using either a ventricular catheter or a subarachnoid screw. We suggest attention to the following: (a) elevation of the pressure in the external tubing and connections to ensure that there are no microleaks , (b) injection of a small volume of saline intracranially, and (c) awareness of what constitutes a true ICP reading. PMID- 6728171 TI - Penetrating injury of the tuberculum sellae. AB - An unusual case of perforation of the tuberculum sellae and right ethmoid bone by a 10-in. serrated bread knife is described. The patient survived with no neurological or endocrine deficit. The importance of preoperative angiography and control of the proximal and distal vasculature is stressed. PMID- 6728172 TI - Squamous cell carcinoma and meningomyelocele. AB - A case of invasive squamous cell carcinoma arising in the skin overlying a large lumbar meningomyelocele is reported. This case is unique in that a chronic neurocutaneous fistula was not present. It is proposed that chronic irritation of the meningomyelocele was the primary factor in the pathogenesis of the cancer. PMID- 6728173 TI - Persistent trigeminal artery associated with intracranial arterial aneurysm. AB - Two patients with persistent trigeminal artery associated with a ruptured arterial intracranial aneurysm arising from the ipsilateral internal carotid artery at the level of the posterior communicating artery are presented. One patient underwent successful clipping of the aneurysm. The other patient died on the x-ray table shortly after admission during the performance of emergency carotid angiography. In each patient, the anomalous vessel was considered to be incidental. PMID- 6728174 TI - Intramedullary subependymoma of the cervical spinal cord: case report. AB - The third case of intramedullary subependymoma of the cervical spinal cord is reported. This is the first such case for which intraoperative views are available. It was possible to remove most of this lesion with the aid of the operating microscope, the carbon dioxide laser, and the use of somatosensory evoked potentials. The diagnosis was clouded by the coexistence of Holmes-Adie pupils and absent reflexes in the lower extremities. All three reported intramedullary subependymomas have been found in the cervical spinal cord of middle-aged patients. Tumors in this clinical setting should not be assumed to be unresectable astrocytomas without careful histopathological and intraoperative evaluation. PMID- 6728175 TI - Management of hydrocephalus secondary to intracranial hemorrhage in the high risk newborn. AB - The experience of the Special Care Nursery of the University of California Medical Center, San Diego, in the management of the high risk newborn with progressive ventricular enlargement is reviewed, and the physiopathological basis of progressive ventricular enlargement is analyzed. PMID- 6728176 TI - Status of neurosurgery in American and Canadian medical schools without neurosurgical residencies: a report from the Undergraduate Education Subcommittee of the Joint Committee on Education (AANS/CNS). PMID- 6728177 TI - Amnesia in a patient with bilateral lesions to the thalamus. AB - A case of anterograde amnesia is described in a 38-yr-old man with bilateral thalamic lesions. The patient appeared to have suffered no general intellectual loss and performed normally on standard memory tasks involving immediate recall of new material. There was, however, consistent impairment in recalling material, verbal and non-verbal, over delays as brief as a few seconds. Impairment was especially marked on tests involving free recall and partial cueing procedures; recognition memory was also impaired. Premorbid memory tested normally and susceptibility to interference was less than in other organic amnesics. Various interpretations of the patient's amnesia were considered but a deficit at the initial stages of information processing appeared to be indicated. PMID- 6728178 TI - Preserved memory in retrograde amnesia: sparing of a recently acquired skill. AB - Recent work with amnesic patients has revealed a preserved capacity for acquiring and retaining new skills despite otherwise profound anterograde impairment. In addition to their anterograde impairment, amnesic patients also have retrograde memory loss for some information acquired prior to the amnesic event. The present experiment addresses for the first time the question of whether preservation of memory for skills is also a feature memory impairment. To determine the susceptibility of a recently learned skill to retrograde amnesia, we taught patients to read mirror-reversed words before and during the early part of a prescribed course of electroconvulsive therapy (ECT) and then tested retention of the skill after the course of treatment had been completed. Patients prescribed bilateral or right unilateral ECT and depressed patients not receiving ECT acquired the mirror-reading skill at the same rate and then retained it at the same level. For the patients prescribed ECT, intact learning and retention of the skill occurred despite retrograde amnesia for the previous testing sessions and for the words that they had read previously. PMID- 6728179 TI - Vocal responses to left visual stimuli following forebrain commissurotomy. AB - Four forebrain commissurotomized patients, 12-15 yr post-surgery, along with one partially commissurotomized and three normal control subjects, were presented with a variety of stimuli to either the LVF (left visual field) or RVF. Three of four "split-brain" patients could name LVF numbers and two of four could name LVF letters. Irrespective of their accuracy, and unlike control subjects, all "split brain" patients named LVF stimuli about twice as slowly as RVF stimuli. In addition, three of four patients could vocally categorize LVF stimuli into two classes (yes-no, odd-even, more or less than five). In this case, like the control subjects, they respond to LVG stimuli as quickly as to RVF stimuli. The results support an hypothesis that "split-brain" patients may transfer information from the right to the left cerebral hemisphere when making two-choice verbal categorizations of LVF stimuli, but are able to name some simple LVF stimuli directly from the right hemisphere. Combining categorization and naming tasks, however, can elicit interference, suggesting that the two tasks are not completely autonomous. PMID- 6728180 TI - Bilateral visual cross-integration by human forebrain commissurotomy subjects. AB - Four forebrain commissurotomized patients were compared with one partially commissurotomized control subjects on their ability to cross-compare simultaneously flashed bilateral visual stimuli (colors, schematic faces, numbers, letters, patterns) as same or different, or to name the two stimuli. Two of the four patients were able to cross-compare some or all of the stimuli verbally, while another patient could name the two stimuli but not separately determine same-difference. It is hypothesized that (1) each cerebral hemisphere is capable of making separate verbal naming responses, and (2) brainstem interconnections between the 'disconnected' hemispheres allow some patients to integrate bilateral visual stimuli and make accurate same-different judgments. PMID- 6728181 TI - Visuoperceptual and visuomotor abilities and locus of lesion. AB - Possible differential effects of laterality and caudality of cerebral lesions on simple visuoperceptual and visuomotor skills were examined. As expected, the right hemisphere lesion group was significantly more impaired than the left hemisphere lesion group. The effects of the caudality of lesion, however, yielded interesting results. While the right posterior group was worse than the right anterior lesion group, as expected, the left posterior lesion group was better than the left anterior lesion group. Our findings points to a possibility that the left hemisphere, especially the anterior region, might not be as silent in processing simple visual stimuli as has been accepted. PMID- 6728182 TI - Alterations in visually related eye movements following left pulvinar damage in man. AB - This case study presents evidence for two subtle types of eye movement abnormalities following surgical resection of the left posterior pulvinar in man. First, visual fixations during vertical pattern matching are on average both increased in number and prolonged in duration compared to controls, although normal fixation durations also occur. Second, unilateral deficiencies during search and scanning performance are associated with eye movements directed into the hemifield contralateral to the lesion. Although direct damage to parietal cortex and indirect damage to other visually related structures cannot be ruled out as other explanations for these deficits, these findings are consistent with recent electrophysiological and behavioral studies of the pulvinar in both human and non-human primates, and suggests a fruitful area for further investigation of pulvinar function. PMID- 6728183 TI - Lateralized interference in finger tapping: assessment of block design activities. AB - Dual task procedures were used to evaluate lateralized processing of block design solutions. Right-handed college students tapped a micro-key alone vs tapped while solving block design problems. Lateralized interference, implicating right hemisphere processing, was observed when subjects manually completed block designs with their non-tapping band. When manual block manipulation was not required and subjects solved designs mentally, a different laterality pattern suggesting left-hand facilitation in conjunction with right-hand interference in tapping performance was observed. Only the facilitation effect, however, was reliably different from zero. PMID- 6728184 TI - Sex differences and cognitive/motor interference with visual half-field stimulation. AB - This study examines the possible influence of the response on the asymmetry of lexical decision in a visual half-field study and whether sex differences in asymmetry might be determined by response factors. The results support the importance of these factors: when response demands were increased (pressing the button three times instead of once) the reaction time asymmetry was reversed for male subjects. PMID- 6728185 TI - Visual evoked potentials to lateralized visual stimuli and the measurement of interhemispheric transmission time. AB - Visual evoked potentials (VEPs) to lateralized light flashes were recorded from the parietal midline, and from homologous occipital and central sites, in a GO/ NOGO reaction time task. The N160 component of the VEP was found to be larger over the hemisphere contralateral to the visual field of stimulus exposure at all pairs of lateral electrodes. At the occipital sites only, N160 latency was also shorter from the contralateral hemisphere, by an average of approximately 14 msec. This was not so centrally, where a non-significant value of approximately 4 msec was obtained. These data are considered to be consistent with Milner and Lines' hypothesis that callosal transmission occurs at different rates in different functional regions of the corpus callosum. PMID- 6728186 TI - Changes in cerebral lateralization in aging. AB - To determine whether there is increasing left hemispheric lateralization for language with age and whether the right hemisphere is selectively impaired with advanced age, we tested 96 right-handed people aged 25-80 yr on verbal and non verbal matching tasks presented tachistoscopically. Task difficulties was equalized by adjusting exposure durations. Exposure duration, error laterality and response latency laterality were analyzed. Typical field effects as well as age-related slowing and sex by task interactions were observed. However, no systematic age-related changes in lateralization were apparent. PMID- 6728187 TI - Resting CBF sequential study during recovery from aphasia due to ischemic stroke. AB - Cerebral blood flow (133Xenon inhalation method) has been studied in 30 aphasic stroke patients at 15, 30, 60 and 90 days after onset. In total aphasia the CBF values are low and the regional hypoperfused areas are extensive. In Broca's, Wernicke's and nominal aphasias, resting CBF measurements do not provide the clinician with useful additional information and clinical improvement can by no means be attributed to a resting CBF rise during the observation period. PMID- 6728188 TI - Hemispheric dominance for intentional and automatic processes? A test of the Luria and Simernitskaya hypothesis. AB - Luria and Simernitskaya ( Neuropsychologia 15, 175-178, 1977) proposed a functional division between the cerebral hemispheres in terms of automatic vs volitional operations. The present study of two types of memory in brain-damaged patients did not support the hypothesis. The results were consistent with the well-established theory of material-specific deficits following unilateral lesions. PMID- 6728189 TI - Tactile (Merkel's) cells of sinuous hairs after colchicine application to a nerve in cats. PMID- 6728190 TI - Vaso-neuronal relations in the ganglionic layer of the retina in dogs exposed to gravitational overloads. PMID- 6728191 TI - Role of noradrenaline in the development of conditioned responses to sound in neurons of the sensorimotor cortex of rabbits. PMID- 6728192 TI - Characteristics of compensatory processes after unilateral transection of the brachia of the inferior colliculus in cats. PMID- 6728193 TI - Role of frontal cortex in differentiation of conditioned stimuli. PMID- 6728194 TI - Spindlelike cortical potentials during postnatal development of rabbits. PMID- 6728195 TI - Ultrastructure of the locus coeruleus in the brain of rats in early ontogenesis. PMID- 6728196 TI - Localization of neurons giving rise to some descending fiber systems in the sensomotor and orbitofrontal cortex. PMID- 6728197 TI - [Comparison between active screw type and passive electrodes in permanent intraventricular pacing]. PMID- 6728199 TI - [Our experience in emergency vascular surgery]. PMID- 6728198 TI - [New diagnostic and therapeutic directions in the limb revascularization syndrome]. PMID- 6728200 TI - [Aorto-enteric fistula as a rare complication of reconstructive surgery of the abdominal aorta]. PMID- 6728201 TI - [Peripheral arteriovenous aneurysms caused by gunshot wounds. Considerations on 2 treated cases]. PMID- 6728202 TI - [Ambulatory rehabilitation of the cardiac patient. Present status and centers]. PMID- 6728203 TI - [In-hospital rehabilitation: status in Italy]. PMID- 6728204 TI - [Use of intravenous disopyramide in the treatment of symptomatic refractory ventricular arrhythmia]. PMID- 6728205 TI - [Chronic cor pulmonale in hydrocephalus treated with ventriculo-atrial shunt. Description of a case]. PMID- 6728207 TI - [An implantable automatic defibrillator]. PMID- 6728206 TI - [A new cardiac stimulator with physiologic regulation of the heart rate]. PMID- 6728208 TI - [Treatment of the carcinoma of the esophago-gastric passage in the operated stomach]. PMID- 6728209 TI - [Computerized 201 thallium study of thyroid cold nodules]. PMID- 6728210 TI - [Considerations on the cystic stump syndrome]. PMID- 6728211 TI - [Iatrogenic pathology of the common bile duct]. PMID- 6728212 TI - [Echotomography and peroperative cholangiography in the study of biliary pathology. Comparison of reliability]. PMID- 6728213 TI - [Importance of CEA determination in colo-rectal neoplasms]. PMID- 6728214 TI - [Use of cefoxitin in the antibiotic prophylaxis of patients subjected to thoraco pulmonary surgical intervention. Clinical and bacteriological study]. PMID- 6728215 TI - [Surgical treatment of gastroesophageal reflux. Clinical cases and personal experience]. PMID- 6728216 TI - [Primary carcinoma of the gallbladder]. PMID- 6728217 TI - [Asplenia: considerations on 40 patients splenectomized for injury, subjected to clinical, hematologic, immunologic, scintigraphic control]. PMID- 6728218 TI - [Phlebopathy in childhood. Congenital diseases]. PMID- 6728219 TI - [Histological endoscopic follow-up of gastric resection. Considerations on 83 cases]. PMID- 6728220 TI - [Xanthogranulomatous cholecystitis]. PMID- 6728221 TI - [Distribution of glycosaminoglycans in normal gastric mucosa]. PMID- 6728222 TI - [Kinetic study of unconjugated bilirubin before and after phenobarbital treatment of 10 patients with Gilbert's syndrome]. PMID- 6728223 TI - [Therapeutic trends in gastric polyps]. PMID- 6728224 TI - [Gastric pseudolymphoma. Apropos of 2 case reports]. PMID- 6728225 TI - [Gastroduodenal adenomatous lesions in familial diffuse polyposis]. PMID- 6728226 TI - [Does a zinc-rich diet have an immunostimulating effect?]. PMID- 6728227 TI - Indications for functional examination in patients with peripheral arteriopathy. AB - On the basis of personal research with the reactive hyperemia test and of a study of the literature, an attempt is made to adequately define the indications for functional examination of patients with arteriosclerosis obliterans. The question considered is how much extra information is gained by functional examination, compared with the mere determination of ankle/arm systolic blood pressure index at rest, in regard to the following problems: 1 are the symptoms indeed due to arterial insufficiency? 2 how severe is this insufficiency? 3 where are the hemodynamically important lesions situated? It is concluded that functional examination rarely yields additional information in respect of these three questions, and therefore need not be carried out routinely. PMID- 6728228 TI - Primary hyperparathyroidism and pancreatitis. AB - Frequently a causal relationship between hyperparathyroidism (HPT) and pancreatitis has been defended. Bess et al. queried the existence of any causality. A series of 686 patients with surgically confirmed primary hyperparathyroidism (PHPT) was analysed with a coincidence of pancreatitis of 1.5% (n = 10). Three patients had an attack immediately after exploration of the neck, which is more than one would expect after a non-related operation. Although these data are not conclusive, a causal relationship cannot be excluded. It is uncertain whether a parathyrotoxic crisis due to surgical manipulation plays a part. In 27 patients a partial or total thyroidectomy was performed at the time of the parathyroidectomy. None of these patients had a postoperative pancreatitis, which means that in this series the recently postulated protective role of calcitonin cannot be confirmed. PMID- 6728229 TI - Doppler ultrasound diagnosis of complications of polytetrafluoroethylene (PTFE) graft shunts. AB - Doppler spectral analysis of PIFE graft shunts for haemodialysis was carried out in 20 patients. All shunts were functioning satisfactorily. One patient had severe oedema of the forearm and hand. In four of the 20 patients, stenosis of the venous anastomosis was diagnosed by Doppler examination. Retrograde venous flow in the ulnar vein at the wrist was seen in the patient with severe oedema. All patients underwent angiography and the diagnosis of stenosis and retrograde flow was confirmed. Graft arteriography has proved useful in detecting shunt lesions, but may be hazardous at the access site and for the patient. Doppler investigation in noninvasive and can detect shunt complications early and with great accuracy. PMID- 6728230 TI - Tumors of the appendix. AB - Following the recent finding of seven malignant or potentially malignant tumors of the appendix, all appendicular tumors encountered in our practice in the past ten years were reviewed. Right hemicolectomy seems to be the treatment of choice for proven malignancy. PMID- 6728231 TI - A simple device to facilitate low anterior anastomosis. PMID- 6728232 TI - Lymphangioma of the mesentery: an uncommon cause of abdominal discomfort. PMID- 6728233 TI - [Diabetic neuropathy. II. Autonomic neuropathy. The gastrointestinal system]. AB - Autonomic diabetic neuropathy of the alimentary canal takes several basic forms: a) oesophagopathy , b) gastroparesis, c) enteropathy, d) bile duct disorders. In many cases three are no subjective symptoms. In other the onset of the clinical condition may take acute and dangerous forms as in gastropathy. In still other cases e.g. enteropathy, the neuropathy may develop in bizarre and unexpected ways which are highly damaging to the patient's quality of life though in most cases they are not fatal. Bile disorders involving minimal motility after stimulus, as in denervation and reduced sensitivity to pain are particularly significant. Diabetics are more likely to suffer from calculosis (59.6% of cases), with septic complications (20% in diabetics compared to 7.8% in non-diabetics) or cholestasis (20% in diabetics v. 15.8% in non-diabetics). These figures indicate that all diabetics and especially the elderly should be subjected to careful examination to identify any bile disorders. PMID- 6728234 TI - [The solitary thyroid nodule. Diagnostic and therapeutic problems]. AB - The records of 93 patients who underwent surgery for solitary thyroid nodule were reviewed. It is emphasized no findings or diagnostic studies currently available which are sufficiently specific to differentiate benign from malignant lesions. All solitary nodules should be removed by excision of the involved thyroid lobe followed pathological examination: operative complications are rare. PMID- 6728236 TI - [Ultrasonography and anencephaly]. AB - On the basis of a personal clinical case, an analysis is made of the most recent data of medical literature concerning the pathogenesis and diagnosis of anencephaly. Emphasis is laid on the primary role of ultrasonography for an antenatal diagnosis of such fetal malformation. PMID- 6728235 TI - [Radiographic diagnostic problems in cancer of the gastric stump in subjects gastrectomized for ulcer over 10 years earlier]. AB - On the basis of some observed cases the histological, clinical and radiological aspects of carcinoma of the gastric stump are described in detail. The condition is comparatively rare, but once it occurs, recurrences are fairly frequent and given the high mortality rate it requires prompt diagnosis. Double contrast examination of the digestive tract is a useful additional technique for this purpose. PMID- 6728237 TI - [Serum bile acids in dyslipidemic patients]. AB - The sensitivity of total serum bile acid concentration as an index of hepatic damage has long been recognised. In addition serum bile acid measurement is significantly more specific than conventional hepatic function tests. However the concentration might be affected by factors other than hepatic dysfunction. Several authors have reported variations in the synthesis of serum bile acids in dyslipidaemic patients. This might potentially reduce the value of concentration measurement in the diagnosis of hepatic diseases especially considering the relative prevalence of hyperlipidaemia. The present article reports on radioimmunological serum bile acid measurement before and after meals in 10 patients with dyslipidaemia and in 22 controls. No difference was revealed between the two groups. Therefore dyslipidaemia appears not to affect the specificity of the test nor does it invalidate the use of radioimmunological measurement of total serum bile acids in the study of hepatic function. PMID- 6728238 TI - [Clinical and morphological findings in 2 cases of angioimmunoblastic lymphadenopathy with dysproteinemia]. AB - Two autopsy cases of angioimmunoblastic lymphadenopathy with dysproteinemia were examined. Clinical and morphological data did not differ greatly from those in other cases of the literature: patients died two and three months after the onset of the symptoms. The autopsy findings included moderately enlarged generalized lymph nodes, hepatosplenomegaly and lungs involvement. Microscopically the most prominent change was the vascular proliferation with pleiomorphic cellular infiltration. PMID- 6728239 TI - [Availability, consumption of alcoholic beverages and alcohol-related mortality in Italy]. AB - On the basis of the W.H.O. guide lines the relevant parameters for the study of alcoholism in Italy have been identified. The production and utilization of alcoholic substances is very high, then appears to have reached a plateau about ten years ago. Likewise, consumption has not increased since a few years. Hospital admissions for symptoms related to alcoholism are no more available after the closure of all mental hospitals in 1978. Alcohol-related deaths seem to be stable, as well as cause specific death rates for cirrhosis . PMID- 6728240 TI - [An exciting experience: spiritual exercises for the mentally ill]. PMID- 6728241 TI - [Psychological aspects of pharmacotherapy]. PMID- 6728242 TI - [Which general practitioner requests cardiologic consultation?]. AB - Since health care costs continue to rise, the Regions and the Local Health Boards needs to draw up their plans, and permanent training initiatives must be undertaken for physicians, it was decided to see if and which personal and professional characteristics influence primary physicians in their requests for cardiological consultation. It is, in fact, well known that the attitudes of doctors not only affect the health of the population, but also the cost of such health to the community. Assessment of calls for heart examinations on the part of general practitioners attached to a local health board showed that neither age nor sex, nor the fact of working solely for the health service, nor the number of patients on a doctor's panel made any appreciable difference with respect to cardiological consultations. It was noted, however, that doctors whose only activity consisted of general practice under the health service called for fewer consultations than their colleagues with other activities, and that older physicians measured blood pressure less frequently and tended to give shorter descriptions of their findings to the cardiologist. The survey tended to show that the decision to send a patient to a cardiologist was probably more influenced by the characteristics of his complaint and his condition, and the medical attendant's clinical and psychological convictions than on such factors as age, sex, number of persons looked after, and working solely for the general health service. PMID- 6728243 TI - [Hematological profile of the healthy elderly in the Amiata Grossetana region]. AB - The haemochromocytometric reports and the main erythrocyte indices (VCM, HbCM , CHbCM ), as well as haematocrit and bilirubinemia levels were studied in 367 apparently healthy people over sixty, of whom a small group showed lower than normal results for their age and sex. PMID- 6728244 TI - [Experience in educational information for diabetics and their families]. AB - Experience in health education programmes for diabetics is reported. Such education is considered a priority since it is an essential aspect of treatment. Only education can prevent acute attacks and reduce the consequences of later diabetic complications. Elsewhere education programmes have been organised by Anti-diabetic Centres or group meetings. The present health education programme however was conducted at the Day Hospital. The programme was " personalized " to allow for personal control of the disease taking place in the patients' environment and attended not only by diabetics, but also by their families, subjects at risk and non-diabetics interested in this problem. PMID- 6728245 TI - [Gonarthrosis: physiokinesitherapy treatment]. AB - After a description of the main features of gonarthrosis, the physiokinesitherapy techniques employed in the treatment of this joint condition are presented. This is followed by remarks on hospital cases encountered. PMID- 6728246 TI - [Sexuality in elderly men]. AB - The era when the sexuality of the elderly male was a taboo subject to be avoided is long past. In fact a growing number of doctors, sociologists and psychoanalysts are investigating the sexuality of the elderly, partly in an attempt to counteract the mistaken view that all sexuality is pathological at that age. All authorities in fact agree that the elderly male may have a sex life, even though genital activity may diminish. Data are presented on the sexuality of a group of elderly men in good health and with an active interest in life. The survey indicates that sociological old age may not necessarily be synonymous in man with sexual old age. PMID- 6728247 TI - [Nutrition and health education. The psychology of school nutrition. Interpretive points and proposals for solutions for school meals]. AB - One aspect of the psychology of schoolchildren's eating habits is discussed from a nutritional and economic viewpoint. To this end "pa.bi" meals that simultaneously stimulate the child's appetite and interest are proposed. This diet plan with its dual physical and psychological appeal leads to reference to genuine gastronomic formulae such as a personally devised custard and modern yoghurt as an alternative to milk , with emphasis on the phases of gastric secretion and how they may be exploited to deal with specific affective situations. PMID- 6728248 TI - [Review of recent controlled studies on the therapy of malignant melanoma]. PMID- 6728249 TI - [Value of the study of occult fecal blood with Hemoccult II in 211 symptomatic patients controlled by total colonoscopy]. AB - 211 possibly neoplastic patients were given total colonoscopies after Hemoccult II test. The purpose of the experiment was to judge the value of occult faecal blood tests in the diagnosis of colonic neoplasias. Positive test results were obtained in 52 of whom 5 were found to have carcinomas and 17 polyps. Negative Hemoccult II results were produced in 159 patients of whom 6 had carcinomas and 54 polyps. All carcinoma patients with positive Hemoccult II results had rectal bleeding, 50% of those with negative tests results. Among polyp patients, 53% of those with Hemoccult II positive reported rectal bleeding, 60% of those with negative test results. Thus Hemoccult II is shown to be insufficiently sensitive to be of much value in mass screenings. It is suggested that a more sensitive test should be used for surveys of occult faecal blood. PMID- 6728250 TI - [Diabetic neuropathy. III: Autonomic neuropathy. Genito-urinary system]. AB - When considering urogenital complaints occurring during diabetic autonomous neurotherapy , three clinical situations are important due to their frequency and the clinical situation, the considerable effect they have on quality of life. In addition they may also be responsible for severe complications as in the case of diabetic cystopathy . This syndrome is the cause of considerable subjective disturbances even though it may be diagnosed instrumentally in its early, completely asymptomatic stage. The complaint evolves inevitably towards bladder denervation, chronic urinary retention and more or less severe septic complications. Retrograde ejaculation may lead to the loss of procreative ability as in the case of neurogenic impotence in diabetics. These three autonomous neuropathic situations occur quite frequently, especially in older subjects who have suffered from diabetes for more than ten years. Often the three syndromes are interconnected or linked to autonomous or peripheric neuropathic complaints affecting other areas. The few therapeutic measures practised have not proved very conclusive. Only a diligent examination of signs and symptoms with the aim of early diagnosis and the maintenance of good glycometabolic balance are considered to be at all effective as preventive measures. PMID- 6728251 TI - [Principal complications in radiographic studies]. AB - After an introductory review of ion radiation sickness and the problem of accidents with contrast media, the main complications in urography, cholecystocholangiography, bronchography, lymphography and computerised axial tomography are listed. The comparative frequency of such complications is deduced from a study of the literature. PMID- 6728252 TI - [Syphilitic gastritis with secondary malabsorption syndrome (exudative hypoproteinemia). A clinical case and review of syphilitic gastropathies]. AB - The case is described of a 39 year old man referred for clinical treatment of widespread oedema in the lower half of the body, especially the lower extremities. He was suffering from a gastroenteric protein malabsorption syndrome caused by syphilitic hypertrophic gastritis (tertiary syphilis). The syphilitic origin of the gastropathy was confirmed ex iuvantibus by penicillin treatment which cured the condition completely. The various forms of gastric lues, gastrointestinal malabsorption syndromes and ex iuvantibus criteria are discussed. PMID- 6728253 TI - [Teleconsulting and telediagnosis in emergency surgery]. AB - A colour video picture transmission system in real time with data transmission via a broad wave optical fibre cable has been set up to link Turin University's Orthopaedic Traumatology Centre and Emergency Surgery Clinic. The system consists of two stations. The transmitter station is equipped with a mobile TV camera or TV monitor and various electrical medical equipment. The receiving station consists of a picture reception monitor. The coded video signal is transmitted via the optical fibre; sound transmission is via a special telephone line. This experimental system was set up to see if patients with multiple injuries could receive diagnosis at a distance, thus avoiding unnecessary travelling. Experience of 100 link-ups has demonstrated that the system effectively cuts diagnosis and therapy times and is as efficient as in loco inspection by a surgeon. In addition it can be used to provide specialised consulting services to rural hospitals without special equipment. This reduces waiting times for emergency treatment and can also prevent the pointless transfer of patients to big hospitals in cases where the specialist can prescribe intermediate therapy or surgery. PMID- 6728254 TI - [Hutchinson-Horton giant cell arteritis and rhizomelic polymyalgia. II. Rhizomelic polymyalgia. Arteritic polymyalgia]. AB - Rhizomelic polymyalgia is an inflammatory form. Its site of choice is the shoulder girdle and it is almost solely observed in elderly subjects. An account is given of its epidemiological, clinical and anatomopathological aspects. Its aetiology is also discussed with particular reference to its possible immunological or vascular origin. The rheumatic symptoms of rhizomelic polymyalgia are similar to those observed in temporal arteritis. Since artery lesions are found in most cases, the name "polymyalgia arteritica" has been suggested as an alternative clinical description by Hamrin . PMID- 6728255 TI - [Platelet aggregation and various coagulation parameters in liver cirrhosis]. AB - Twenty eight patients affected by liver cirrhosis were studied in comparison with 44 control subjects, matched for age. The following parameters were carried out: a) platelet aggregation (by Born's method) induced by increasing concentrations of ADP and epinephrine; b) PF3 ( Spaet - Cintron method) and antithrombin III, aPTT, prothrombin ratio, fibrinogen, platelet count. Platelet aggregation and availability of PF3 are lower in cirrhotic patients, suggesting an intrinsic defect of platelets. Moreover prolongation of aPTT and prothrombin ratio, lower levels of antithrombin III, fibrinogen and platelet count were detected. PMID- 6728256 TI - [Diabetic neuropathies. IV. Autonomous neuropathy. Peripheral sympathetic innervation and the cardiovascular system]. AB - The clinical conditions due to damage to the peripheral sympathetic nervous system during diabetic neuropathy mainly involve alterations to subcutaneous vasomotility , temperature body regulation and exudation, which may take form of hyper or hypoactivity. Gustatory exudation and local anhydrosis are described in detail as well as the connection with aggravating factors like long duration, poor balance and early onset of diabetes mellitus . Change in the relevant cardiovascular reflexes, commonly used in diagnosing diabetic neuropathy, are also analysed with a discussion of their physiopathological background and clinical significance. Finally the painless infarct, sudden death and abnormal response to hypoglycaemia, that are the common features of diabetic neuropathy, are also described. PMID- 6728257 TI - [DDAVP in the treatment of acute neurosurgical diabetes insipidus]. AB - The effects of a synthetic vasopressin analogue, DDAVP (1-deamino-8-d- arginine vasopressin) were studied in 5 adults and 2 children with acute central diabetes insipidus secondary to neurosurgery. 5 mcg DDAVP was administered intranasally twice a day to the two children, whereas the adults received the drug i.m. (1 mcg twice a day, 3 patients; 1 mcg once a day, 1 patient; 4 mcg twice a day, 1 patient). All subjects displayed an early, prolonged response (12-24 hr). There were no side-effects. The effectiveness of DDAVP, its prolonged action, and virtual freedom from side-effects when given intranasally or parenterally make it the drug of choice in the treatment of acute neurosurgical diabetes insipidus. PMID- 6728258 TI - [Pneumomediastinum or mediastinal emphysema. Case contribution and classification]. AB - Five cases of pneumomediastinum with different aetiology are reported. The pathogenetic problems are examined and a new classification with physiopathologic criteria proposed. PMID- 6728259 TI - [Diagnosis and methodological principles in clinical pathology. VI. Lipoproteinemia]. PMID- 6728260 TI - [Hutchinson-Horton giant cell arteritis and rhizomelic polymyalgia. III. Current pathogenetic and nosographic aspects]. AB - There is much evidence to suggest that temporal arteritis and rhizomelic polymyalgia are both immunological diseases. The classic results of experimental pathology are discussed, together with the relations between rhizomelic polymyalgia and both virus hepatitis B and the HLA system. From the clinical standpoint, it is now agreed that differences in individual response may lead to either a synovial or an arteritic response in both forms. Their association in what Hamrin has called "polymyalgia arteritica" is also common. PMID- 6728261 TI - [Systemic arterial hypertension in chronic alcoholics. Role of the abstinence syndrome]. AB - A significantly positive association (p less than 0.001) has been shown between so called "minor" ethanol withdrawal-syndrome and raised systolic and diastolic blood pressure values in 328 hospitalized chronic alcoholics. In a subgroup of patients with clinical and histological findings of alcoholic hepatic cirrhosis, this association was absent (p greater than 0.5). In chronic alcoholics with several hospital admissions, a nearly constant relationship of "minor" ethanol withdrawal-syndrome to systolic and diastolic hypertension has been shown. Mild or early abstinence states in alcoholics - which may pass off undetected or misinterpreted in outpatient clinic examination - are possibly responsible for the positive association between hypertension and alcoholism reported by others in several epidemiologic studies. Therefore, high blood pressure values in a chronic alcoholic patient - even if detected on several occasions - need special clinical considerations and we think they do not mean alcohol-induced hypertension. From another point of view, high blood pressure values may give a hint for detection of hidden alcoholism. PMID- 6728262 TI - [Pathological tolerance to glucose and breast neoplasia]. AB - Thirty non diabetic women with breast cancer and five with benign breast disease have been evaluated by oral glucose tolerance test. 40% showed a diabetic-like curve. The positive women had a metastatic disease. The positive correlation between a pathologic glucose tolerance and the metastatic disease are stressed. The conclusion is drawn that the research of a latent glycidic alteration as monitor of breast cancer evolution is useful. PMID- 6728263 TI - [Contact sensitization in stasis dermatitis and chronic leg ulcers. Study of 112 patients]. AB - 112 patients with stasis dermatitis and chronic leg ulcers have been studied by patch testing. Positive reactions to one or more haptens were recorded in 75 patients (67%). The more frequent reactions were observed to lanolin, balsam of Peru, para group, glycols and benzoyl peroxide. The results are briefly discussed. PMID- 6728264 TI - [Tolerance and efficacy of proglumetacine in patients with rheumatoid arthritis]. AB - The efficacy of proglumetacin , a new non-steroidal antiinflammatory drug, was assessed in 32 patients with rheumatoid arthritis. During treatment with 400-650 mg daily of proglumetacin over a period of 7-14 days, morning stiffness and side effects were checked weekly or in severely ill patients daily. All patients but one completed the period of treatment. In spite of the short period of observation, a significant improvement was seen in the majority of cases (55%), while in 39% proglumetacin was not more effective than treatments before the admission to the study. In the group of patients treated for 14 days, morning stiffness parameters showed a significant improvement after 7 days and at the end of the period of study. Overall , only 3 patients referred side-effects: 1 case of transient headache and 2 cases of severe gastric pain. In our preliminary study, proglumetacin results to be effective as an antiinflammatory drug also in severe rheumatoid arthritis and safe for its low incidence of side-effects. PMID- 6728265 TI - [Familial Mediterranean fever. Description of a case observed by us]. AB - Familial mediterranean fever (FMF) is an hereditary disorder characterized by attacks of febrile serosal inflammation involving pleura or peritoneum and synovium, followed usually by insidious onset of amyloidosis. In other patients amyloidosis of AA-type is the only finding of the disease. This disorder is common in Jews of Sephardi and Ashkenazi ancestry, Arabs, Armenians and Turks. In this work the clinico-biological features and the therapeutical aspects of a patient, suffering from FMF, of Italian ancestry are presented. PMID- 6728266 TI - [Update on antibiotic therapy. 24) Chloramphenical]. PMID- 6728267 TI - [Serum complement and immunoglobulins in patients with common migraine]. AB - Research has already been conducted into complement, immunoglobulin, and immune complexes with regard to analogies with allergy mechanisms (in the case of dietary headaches) or with vasculitic alterations. The results showed no complement activation or variation in the immunoglobulin of migraine sufferers during healthy intervals and migraine attacks that in any way support an involvement of the immune system in the pathogenesis of common migraine. PMID- 6728268 TI - [Proglumetacin for the treatment of inflammatory and degenerative arthropathies]. AB - Twenty patients with inflammatory (15) or degenerative (5) joint disorders had been treated with 450 mg/day of proglumetacin during 35 +/- 18 days. Articular symptoms showed a definite and continued improvement, particularly evident during the initial 15 days of treatment on both painful and inflammatory components. The final physician's evaluation rated 75% of results as excellent or good, versus 15% of poor (3 patients, one of whom already refractory to diclofenac). The tolerance was defined as excellent to good in 90% of patients: one (5%) was dropped out upon the onset of sweating and palpitation, already observed with other drugs. Overall, only one case each of heartburn, anorexia and diarrhoea were considered as possibly related to the treatment. Laboratory tests did not show any variation that could be attributed to the drug. Proglumetacin therefore, by force of its efficacy and safety, appears to be particularly suited as a first choice drug for the management of both inflammatory and degenerative joint disorders. PMID- 6728269 TI - [Retrosternal thyroid cancers. Considerations on 25 cases]. AB - Intrathoracic thyroid cancer is an unusual finding, and few reports are available on this item. Literature data have been reviewed, and some considerations on epidemiologic characteristics of the disease and on its treatment were gained from an analysis of reports based on the files of I Surgical Clinic of the University of Turin, Surgical service of the Oncological Department of the S. Giovanni Battista Hospital and II Pathological Anatomy Service of the University of Turin. No correlation was found between previous thyroid disease, sex, histological findings, previous radiotherapy and incidence of the disease. Older age at the onset and recurrent laryngeal nerve lesions are frequently associated with intrathoracic thyroid cancer; papillary carcinoma is rarely found. Intrathoracic situation is not likely, in Author's opinion, to affect the long term prognosis more than usual risk factors. PMID- 6728270 TI - [Echographic identification of an isolated thyroid nodule]. AB - 103 patient suffering from thyroid solitary nodule have been examined with gray scale ultrasonography. 79 patients have been histologically confirmed. Research has been done with multi-transducer computerized water-bath equipment ( OCTOSON ). The results are discussed and a classification of the thyroid solitary nodule in four groups is proposed, according to the echographic patterns. PMID- 6728271 TI - [What significance should be attributed to the high rate of erythrocyte sedimentation in elderly subjects?]. AB - The usefulness of the erythrocyte sedimentation rate as a diagnostic tool is asserted, not only for checking disease progress but also because an increase of more than 20 mm is an indication that the patient should be further examined for diseases which are not yet clinically evident. PMID- 6728272 TI - [Pleural empyema caused by Salmonella cholerae suis in a patient with breast cancer in the stage of metastatic dissemination]. AB - A pleural localisation of Salmonella cholerae suis infection is described in a patient with breast carcinoma. The evolution of neoplastic disease seems to be more slow after salmonellosis. On the basis of this case the most important mechanisms between immunity and tumors are discussed. PMID- 6728273 TI - [Prospects in neuro-oncology]. PMID- 6728274 TI - [Pathology of gliomas]. AB - The definition of the concept of malignity is discussed starting from the 1st histogenetic classification of the neuroepithelial tumors and going to the recent evidences of polyclonality of malignant tumors. The malignant transformation of gliomas gives rise to a conversion from cellular monomorphism to cellular polymorphism . This phenomenon could depend on the development of several clones. The different histological aspects of benign and malignant gliomas should be interpreted on these new bases. The clinical and prognostic implications are shortly treated. PMID- 6728275 TI - [Steroid receptors in brain tumors]. AB - Recently the presence of steroid hormone receptors (SHR) have been reported in a series of nervous system human tumors, mainly in meningiomas. The possibility of characterizing brain tumors deserves attention because of the poor knowledge of endocrine-related behaviour of such tumors. The reliability of biochemical characterization of various receptor types should allow for better understanding of biological profile of primary and metastatic brain tumor, together with new avenues for combined modality treatment. In the future the highest priority might be assigned to the definition of the cut-off value of positivity for single receptors and to the receptor-endocrine modulation complex relationship for individual patients. A clear definition of the role of SHR in human brain tumors might improve our therapeutic potentials. PMID- 6728276 TI - [Neuroradiology in cerebral gliomas]. AB - CT Scan has greatly helped preoperative diagnosis in brain tumors. CT Scan alterations are found in about 95% of brain tumors and the most modern instruments can pick-up even small alterations, locate them precisely and, in 80% to 90% of the cases can give their exact extension. But precise CT-scan diagnosis in brain tumors can be done in only 80% of the cases when in a supratentorial site; about 90% in infratentorial localizations. Differential diagnosis difficulties occur with metastasis, abscesses, infarction, meningiomas, and vessel malformations. Angiography does not always solve these diagnostic problems left uncovered by CT Scan and not infrequently surgical proof is necessary. PMID- 6728277 TI - [Problems in anesthesia and resuscitation in the surgical treatment of brain neoplasms]. AB - The Authors analyse and discuss some particular problems related to anaesthesia in neurosurgery according to the patient's clinical and neurological status and to the surgical treatment. The evaluation of systemic and neurological physiopathology during pre-, per- and post-operative periods are important for this analysis. Therefore anaesthesia and intensive care methods are attentively discussed. Intracranial pressure, cerebral blood flow, metabolism, intracranial space-occupying lesions and surgical techniques are the main factors interfering with anaesthesia in neurological surgery. PMID- 6728278 TI - [Radiotherapy of cerebral gliomas]. AB - Giving a dose "curative" to tumour is the guideline of radiotherapy of central nervous system glial tumours, but with an acceptable risk of radiation damage. All radiation techniques do not may leave out of account the biological basis of ionizing radiations on nervous tissue and on neoplasms arising from glial tissue. Only a firm evaluation of benefit-risk balance may allow a further improvement of therapeutic results. The external postoperative radiotherapy of malignant gliomas, alone or associated with chemotherapy, has proved as the most effectual treatment. The role of radiotherapy is less definite in treatment of well differentiated gliomas. PMID- 6728279 TI - [Epidemiology and pathology of spinal tumors]. AB - Spinal tumors are not very frequent; they represent 8-15% of the tumors of the central nervous system. In adulthood, more than a half of them are intradural extramedullary tumors; the most frequent oncotype is neurinoma, followed by meningioma. The frequency of astrocytomas of the spine is comparable with that of the brain, taking into account the different weights of the two organs; on the contrary, the frequency of ependymomas is higher than in the brain. In childhood, spinal tumors are quite infrequent . Some oncotypes are typical of infancy: neuroblastoma, teratoma, sarcoma. The pathological peculiarities of some oncotypes due to the spinal location are discussed. PMID- 6728280 TI - [Neuroradiology of primary and secondary spinal tumors]. AB - The recent availability of spinal CT has modified the classic diagnostic algorithm of spinal and spinal cord tumors. The most important diagnostic signs given by traditional radiologic study of the spine (postural defects, signs of dysraphism, alterations of peduncles and neural foramina , soft paraspinal tissue changes, intra- and extra-vertebral calcifications, etc.), by myelography with hydrosoluble non ionic contrast medium and by spinal angiography are described. Their complementary indications and their up-to-date role in the diagnosis of site, size and nature of spinal neoplasms are discussed. The neuroradiological pictures of the most frequent spinal and vertebral tumors are summarized. PMID- 6728281 TI - [Surgery of primary and secondary spinal tumors]. AB - Considerations concerning surgical indications, technique and results in 668 cases of spinal cord tumors (extradural, intradural and intramedullary) operated in over 20 years (1961-1968). PMID- 6728282 TI - [Radiotherapy of primary and secondary spinal tumors]. AB - Radiotherapy in primary and metastatic spinal cord tumors following surgical treatment, or even without surgery, is very effective. The Authors analyse the different types of spinal tumors giving the survival time for every one. The results are related to the possible medullary damage before radiotherapy and to the sensibility of the tumor itself. The Authors emphasize the importance of two factors: 1) early diagnosis (myelography); 2) immediate therapy (high dose steroids, surgical decompression and/or radiotherapy). PMID- 6728283 TI - [Rehabilitative treatment of patients with primary and secondary spinal cord neoplasms]. AB - The Authors present their studies concerning rehabilitation treatment in primary and secondary spinal cord tumors. They examine the problems inherent in this complex pathology. Rehabilitation was initiated in the acute phase of the illness with the aim of preventing secondary and tertiary damage that could jeopardize successive functional recuperation. The Authors believe that rehabilitation treatment, when used early enough, improves the day life for patients with spinal cord tumors. PMID- 6728284 TI - [Natural history and staging of brain metastases]. AB - Intracranial metastases represent 7-17% of all brain tumours, their incidence at autopsy varying between 5.8 and 22% in different series. The neoplasms most commonly metastasizing to the brain are those of lung, breast, renal and skin (melanoma) origin. In two-thirds of cases, intracranial metastases are located within the brain parenchyma, while the remaining third involves the pachymeningeal envelopes. Leptomeningeal metastases are rare and develop mainly from leukemia, lymphomas and breast carcinoma. The route of spread to the central nervous system is usually hematogenous but occasionally direct involvement from adjacent bone or pachymeningeal metastases can occur. Median survival from clinical presentation usually doesn't exceed a few months. However brain metastases are the cause of death only in about 15% of patients. This is probably due because they occur late in the course of the natural history of the disease, when metastatic deposits in other viable organs have already developed. Due to this reason, systematic assessment of metastases to the brain is not advisable in all patients but it should be restricted to symptomatic patients and to asymptomatic patients affected by small cell carcinoma and adenocarcinoma of the lung, who could benefit from prophylactic brain irradiation. In symptomatic patients, plain skull X-ray, electroencephalography and computed tomography represent appropriate diagnostic tools to provide accurate informations about number, size, site and morphological characteristics of brain metastases. PMID- 6728285 TI - [Disseminated intravascular coagulation in obstetric pathology]. PMID- 6728286 TI - [Pelvic exenteration in the Obstetrical and Gynecological Clinic of the University of Padua (1969-1974)]. PMID- 6728287 TI - [Clinical considerations on 21 cases of homologous artificial insemination]. PMID- 6728288 TI - [Report on the experience with 2829 prescriptions for IUD at Modena family counseling centers]. PMID- 6728289 TI - [Study and clinical significance of lipid metabolism in pregnancy]. PMID- 6728290 TI - [Partial deletion of the short arm of the X chromosome in a patient with a monolateral ovarian streak]. PMID- 6728291 TI - Arginine-vasopressin binding sites in rat brain: a quantitative autoradiographic study. AB - Specific binding sites for arginine-vasopressin (AVP) were detected in rat brain after incubation of tissue sections with [3H]AVP. AVP and two selective AVP antagonists are capable of displacing [3H]AVP with an IC50 in the 10(-8)-10(-7) molar range, while oxytocin and ACTH4-10 were much less effective. The neuroanatomical distribution of [3H]AVP-labeled sites was studied with autoradiography utilizing tritium-sensitive LKB film and computerized densitometry for quantitative analyses of the film images. The highest density of [3H]AVP binding sites was observed in hippocampal regions, the lateral septum, olfactory and amygdaloid nuclei, and the nucleus tractus solitarii (NTS) of the brainstem. PMID- 6728292 TI - Synapse formation and synaptic activity in mammalian nerve-muscle co-culture are not inhibited by antibodies to neural cell adhesion molecule L1. AB - Co-cultures of rat myotubes and spinal cord explants from mouse embryos were maintained in the presence of Fab fragments of polyclonal antibodies to neuronal cell surface antigen L1. Microscopic observation showed that neurite outgrowth was not blocked by anti-L1. By intracellular recording, no effect was observed on the number of myotubes that showed endplate potentials, nor on the efficiency of synaptic contacts. As was demonstrated by indirect immunofluorescence, added Fab fragments remained bound to the neurite surface and were present in the medium for at least two days in culture, after which time antibodies were replaced during the medium change. Taken together, these observations show that L1 antigen is not involved in synapse formation between nerve and muscle. PMID- 6728293 TI - 5-Hydroxytryptamine (5-HT)-dependent myoclonus in guinea pigs is induced through brainstem 5-HT-1 receptors. AB - Myoclonic jerking in guinea pigs originates from the brainstem. Indole-containing 5-hydroxytryptamine (5-HT) agonists, but not piperazine-containing 5-HT agonists, induced myoclonus in guinea pigs at pharmacologically relevant doses. Guinea pig brainstem preparations possessed specific binding sites for [3H]5-HT but specific [3H]spiperone binding was low and inconsistent. 5-HT-1 receptors appear to predominate in this tissue. High affinity [3H]5-HT binding was potently displaced by indole-containing 5-HT agonists but only weakly displaced by piperazine containing 5-HT agonists. The [3H]5-HT specific binding site in guinea pig brainstem responsible for the induction of indoleamine-dependent myoclonus has the characteristics of a 5-HT-1 receptor. PMID- 6728294 TI - Afferent connections of medial precentral cortex in the rat. AB - The principal sources of input to rat medial precentral cortex (PCm), as revealed by iontophoretically applied horseradish peroxidase, are: the ventral lateral, mediodorsal, central lateral and ventromedial thalamic nuclei; contralateral PCm; ipsilateral cortical areas related to vision, somatic sensation and audition; retrosplenial and ventrolateral orbital cortex. These results are compared to findings in monkeys and discussed in relation to the phenomenon of polymodal neglect of hemispace. PMID- 6728295 TI - The volume of the toad medial amygdala-anterior preoptic complex is sexually dimorphic and seasonally variable. AB - The anterior part of the preoptic nucleus (APON) in anurans is considered to be a center for mate calling. This locus makes an anatomical complex with the amygdala pars medialis (Am). The nuclear volumes of the Am and APON in the male toad are significantly larger than those in the female. In addition, the nuclear volumes of these loci in the hibernating male are larger than those in the post-breeding animal. These results suggest that the Am-APON complex has an important role in male sexual behavior, and this complex can be activated during the breeding season in the spring. PMID- 6728296 TI - Is the inferior colliculus an obligatory relay in the cat auditory system? AB - The status of the inferior colliculus of the cat as an obligatory relay in the ascending auditory pathway was examined by attempting to infiltrate totally the fibres of the brachium of the inferior colliculus on one side with horseradish peroxidase. Following a transport time of 24 h, alternate sections from thalamus to caudal brainstem were reacted with a sensitive histochemical method to reveal tracer reaction product. Results for three cats revealed that the inferior colliculus is an obligatory relay for the overwhelming majority of axons comprising the lateral lemniscus and originating in the cochlear nucleus and superior olive. PMID- 6728298 TI - Diabetes-associated, ventromedial hypothalamic neuronal degeneration in the Chinese hamster. AB - The hypothalamic neurons of the diabetic Chinese hamster exhibited degradation associated with the hyperglycemic, diabetic condition as compared with matched control animals. In particular, neurons in the arcuate and ventromedial nuclei exhibited characteristic indications of neuronal death associated with diabetes. These studies indicate that hypothalamic depopulation induced by diabetes is characterized by neuronal degradation in the nuclei associated with CNS regulation of pancreatic function. PMID- 6728297 TI - Computer-assisted estimates of lesion sizes and shrinkage in denervated areas from receptor autoradiograms using a digitizing tablet. AB - Area measurements taken from receptor autoradiograms were employed to estimate the size of striatal kainate lesions and the amount of shrinkage in deafferented projection areas. There was no significant difference in the size of substantia nigra (SN) on the denervated side as compared to the intact side one week and one month after unilateral striatal lesions. Although there was no change in the size of globus pallidus (GP) on the lesioned side one week after the lesion, there was a 17% shrinkage one month after the lesion. At 3-4 months after the lesion, the amount of shrinkage was 19% in SN and 16% in GP. PMID- 6728299 TI - Postsynaptic potentials evoked in cat hindlimb motoneurons by C-fiber volleys. AB - Postsynaptic potentials were recorded from flexor and extensor motoneurons in the lumbosacral enlargement of unanesthetized, decerebrate cats spinalized at an upper lumbar level in response to volleys in C-fibers in cutaneous or mixed peripheral nerves. It is proposed that these potentials contribute to the reflex activity of motoneurons engaged in the flexor withdrawal reflex. PMID- 6728300 TI - Evidence that stress augments morphine analgesia by increasing brain tryptophan. AB - Morphine analgesia measured by the tail withdrawal test was examined in rats that were either restrained or left free during testing. It was found that restraint potentiated morphine analgesia and decreased the latency of the peak analgesic effect. Methysergide, a serotonin antagonist, and valine, which prevents the increase in brain tryptophan induced by restraint, blocked the effect of restraint on morphine analgesia. Valine did not alter analgesia in unrestrained rats. An increase in brain tryptophan uptake induced by stress is suggested as a possible mechanism by which stress can interact with pain modulation systems. PMID- 6728301 TI - Effects of nitrous oxide exposure on Met-enkephalin levels in discrete areas of rat brain. AB - Rat were exposed to 80% nitrous oxide in oxygen for 1 and 18 h. Met-enkephalin levels in the dorsal raphe, medial thalamus, periaqueductal grey, raphe magnus and locus coeruleus were measured by radioimmunoassay in control and treated animals. There was no change in Met-enkephalin levels at either time point in any of the brain areas examined. PMID- 6728302 TI - Circadian rhythm in rat retinal dopamine. AB - Rat retinal dopamine concentration and synthetic rate exhibit a circadian rhythm that persists in the absence of time cues. Although the population of retinal amacrine cells containing dopamine is small, retinal dopamine neurones may lie on the pathway mediating light information to the circadian system. PMID- 6728303 TI - Regional density of monoamine-accumulating amacrine cells in the rabbit retina. AB - The spatial distribution of noradrenaline (NA)- and indoleamine-accumulating (IA) amacrine cells was studied by fluorescence microscopy in flatmounts and tangential cryosections (15 microns thickness) of albino rabbit retinas. The two classes of cells were found to be distributed over the retinal field in a mixed and random fashion. The regional density (mean +/- S.D. cells/mm2) of monoamine accumulating cells was highest in the visual streak (NA cells, 88 +/- 5; IA cells, 1507 +/- 92), and lowest (41 +/- 7; 625 +/- 105, respectively) in the inferior periphery. The density ratio of NA:IA cells was 1:15 on average. Among cells located in the amacrine cell layer, NA and IA cells accounted for 0.3 and 3.9% of the total cell population, respectively. Monoamine-accumulating amacrine cells displaced into the ganglion cell layer were few; these displaced cells were only 2% and 0.6% of the cell number of normally situated cells in the amacrine cell layer for NA and IA cells, respectively. PMID- 6728304 TI - Suppression of PGO waves in the kitten: anatomical effects on the lateral geniculate nucleus. AB - Bilateral mesencephalic electrolytic lesions were performed in 2-week-old kittens, in order to suppress the ascending ponto-geniculo-occipital activity. The subsequent anatomical development of the lateral geniculate nucleus was analyzed. A significant maturational deficit was evidenced in 5-week-old experimental kittens as compared to age-paired controls. It is concluded that a lesion in the X area impairs the maturation of CNS. The relationship between this area (the phasic components of paradoxical sleep) and the maturation of CNS are still to be demonstrated. PMID- 6728305 TI - Fetal mesencephalic neurons survive and extend long axons across peripheral nervous system grafts inserted into the adult rat striatum. AB - In adult rats whose nigrostriatal dopamine (DA) pathway had been chemically damaged we implanted a fetal mesencephalic graft over the superior colliculus and joined it to the denervated striatum by means of an approximately 2 cm long segment of heterologous sciatic nerve. Monoaminergic neurons within the implant extended axons along the entire length of the nerve bridges and of these fibers extended into the striatum, which is the normal target of nigral projections. Thus, combinations of fetal neuronal and peripheral nervous system grafts can be used in vivo to provide both a source and a substrate for lengthy axonal growth. PMID- 6728306 TI - Interchangeability of nerve growth factor and high potassium in the long-term survival of chick sympathetic neurons in serum-free culture medium. AB - The results of the present experiments demonstrate that embryonic sympathetic neurons initially selected in culture by nerve growth factor could be subsequently supported by raising potassium concentration of the medium to 35 mM. Alternatively, neurons initially selected by 35 mM potassium could be supported in a normal culture medium but supplemented with nerve growth factor. It is concluded that nerve growth factor and high concentrations of potassium act on the same subpopulation of chick embryonic sympathetic neurons to promote their long-term survival in a serum-free culture medium. PMID- 6728307 TI - Absolute refractory period of the ulnar nerve motor fibers in the human newborn. AB - The absolute refractory period (ARP) of the most excitable motor fibers of the human ulnar nerve was measured in 12 full-term newborns (1-8 days old) and 15 adults. The mean calculated diameter (Hursh's equation) of the adult motor fibers was twice as large as that of the newborn fibers. The inverse relationship demonstrated in cat between the fibers' conduction velocity and the ARP is not confirmed in the present results. ARP, independently of the myelination process could be a specific membrane property of any given fiber with respect to the expected adult diameter. PMID- 6728308 TI - Synaptic and non-synaptic effects of molluscan cardioexcitatory neuropeptides on locust skeletal muscle. AB - Neurally evoked contractions of the locust jumping muscle are potentiated by the molluscan cardioexcitatory peptide (FMRFamide) and related peptides. This effect is due to a synaptic and a non-synaptic action of the peptides: (1) excitatory synaptic potentials are increased; (2) excitation-contraction coupling becomes more efficient, as indicated by an increased strength of potassium contractures. Octopus heptapeptide (YGGFMRFamide), which contains the entire enkephalin structure (YGGFM), is 100 times more potent than FMRFamide. Structure-activity studies indicate that the observed actions are not mediated by opioid receptors but are dependent on the C-terminal structure of the peptides. PMID- 6728309 TI - Evidence for a spinal afferent innervation of the guinea pig lower respiratory tract as studied by the horseradish peroxidase technique. AB - The afferent innervation of the guinea pig lower respiratory tract was studied using a retrograde axonal transport technique with application of horseradish peroxidase (HRP) onto the lining respiratory epithelium. HRP-labeled cells were observed not only in the nodose ganglia but also in the jugular and upper thoracic dorsal root ganglia (mainly at the T2-T3 levels). Thus, both vagal parasympathetic and spinal sympathetic afferents seem to have peripheral branches close to or within the respiratory epithelium suggesting a dual sensory control of the airways. PMID- 6728310 TI - Neuron-specific enolase in cerebrospinal fluid: a possible indicator of neuronal damage in kainic acid lesions. AB - The presence of the neuron specific enolase (NSE) has been tested by sandwich enzyme immunoassay in cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) of rats after intrastriatal injection of various amounts of kainic acid (KA). Incremental release of NSE was observed in CSF for increasing concentrations of injected KA. Still, a significant decrease of NSE striatal content was detected only with the two maximal amounts of KA infused. These data indicate that measurements of NSE in CSF might be a more sensitive index of neuronal damage than the actual assay within the tissue, and also present the advantage of being a non-invasive method of investigation. PMID- 6728311 TI - Electron microscopical autoradiography of [3H]choline fixed by phosphomolybdic acid in the motor nerve terminal. AB - The 'ionic fixation' of soluble quaternary ammonium compounds such as choline and acetylcholine by phosphomolybdic acid was used to fix [3H]choline taken up in the frog motor nerve terminal. The rapid 'ionic fixation' allowed autoradiography of [3H]choline directly at the electron microscopic level without considerable diffusion artifacts. Most of the radioactivity was localized in the motor nerve terminal and to a lesser degree, in Schwann cell processes and muscle fibers. These findings are in favor of our previous hypothesis of acetylcholine fixation by molybdic or tungstic heteropolyanions in the motor nerve terminal. PMID- 6728312 TI - A selective effect of naloxone on heterosynaptic C-fibre-mediated inhibitions in the rat dorsal horn. AB - The effect of naloxone on C-primary afferent-mediated inhibitions of C-fibre evoked activity in deep dorsal horn neurons has been examined in decerebrate spinal rats. The same C-afferents that evoke activity in a given neurone can inhibit that C-evoked activity (homosynaptic inhibition), and C-afferent input can also inhibit the activity evoked in dorsal horn neurones by other C-afferents (heterosynaptic inhibition). Naloxone was found to selectively reverse heterosynaptic C-mediated inhibitions without affecting homosynaptic inhibitions. In several neurones the heterosynaptic inhibitions were completely abolished by naloxone. These results show that homo- and heterosynaptic C-mediated inhibitions operate by different mechanisms and that, at least in some neurones, endogenous opioids are likely to be the major inhibitory transmitters involved in producing the heterosynaptic inhibition of the activity evoked by one C-input by another C input. PMID- 6728313 TI - The growth of olfactory neurons in short-term cultures of rat olfactory epithelium. AB - We have found that purified astrocytes will support the growth of olfactory epithelial neurons ( OENs ) in vitro. Candidate OENs were visible by light microscopy within one day after plating of dissociated cells from neonatal rat ethmoturbinates . Electron microscopy showed that OENs expressed the unique ultrastructural features which characterize these cells in situ, showing that regulation of neuronal morphology and ultrastructure can function independently of contact with other cells of the appropriate tissue. Characteristics of the cultures are such that this in vitro system would be useful in electrophysiological investigations of the chemosensory olfactory neurons. PMID- 6728314 TI - Metabolic influence of the hippocampus on hypothalamus, preoptic and basal forebrain is exerted through amygdalofugal pathways. AB - The spread of ventral hippocampal afterdischarge activity to nuclei of the basal diencephalon was studied in rats with fornix lesions and combined lesions of the fornix and stria terminalis. The results indicate that a major hippocampal influence on specific hypothalamic, preoptic and basal forebrain structures is conveyed by way of the amygdala's stria terminalis. An additional hippocampal influence on certain basal forebrain nuclei is consistent with projections via the ventral amygdalofugal pathway. PMID- 6728315 TI - Wiring diagrams of functional connectivity in monosynaptic reflex arcs of the spinal cord. AB - The direct functional connections between Ia and group II spindle afferent fibers from the cat medial gastrocnemius muscle and their homonymous motoneurons were examined in 10 acute experiments. Trains of stretch-evoked impulses from as many as 20 undivided sensory fibers were recorded simultaneously from 5 dorsal root filaments, as well as the corresponding excitatory postsynaptic potentials (EPSPs) they elicited in 10-20 motoneurons. Spike-triggered averaging [13] of these tape-recorded signals revealed the functional connections (or non connections) between each Ia or group II afferent fiber and each motoneuron. Wiring diagrams constructed from these data indicate that the probability of a functional connection between an afferent fiber and a motoneuron decreases with the size of either and with the distance between the entry point of the afferent fiber and the motoneuron. PMID- 6728316 TI - Projections of the medial geniculate nucleus to layer 1 of the auditory cortex in the cat traced with horseradish peroxidase. AB - Thalamic afferents to layer 1 of the auditory cortex in the cat have been studied using retrograde axonal transport of horseradish peroxidase. The magnocellular part of the medial geniculate nucleus sends fibers to layer 1 of the primary and secondary auditory areas and of the dorsal division of the posterior ectosylvian area. The dorsal principal part and the ventromedial portion of the ventral principal part send only a few fibers to layer 1 of these cortical areas. PMID- 6728317 TI - REM sleep signs rostral to chronic transections at the pontomedullary junction. AB - The brainstems of 3 cats were transected at the ponto-medullary junction and the cats maintained in stable condition for periods of from 16 to 31 days. After transection, all of these cats had periods in which forebrain sensorimotor cortex, olfactory bulb, hippocampus, eye movement and lateral geniculate recordings exhibited the pattern of activity seen only in REM sleep in the intact cat. We conclude that medullary regions are not required to generate these signs of REM sleep. The pons is necessary for REM sleep and is sufficient to produce REM sleep signs in rostral as well as caudal brain regions. However, the medulla may contribute to regulation of the duration and periodicity of REM sleep. PMID- 6728318 TI - Projections from auditory structures to the superior colliculus in the rat. AB - Auditory inputs to the middle and deep layers of the central area of the superior colliculus were studied in rats with horseradish peroxidase (HRP) injections into the superior colliculus. The most powerful projections were found from the dorsal nucleus of the lateral lemniscus bilaterally, with prevailing ipsilateral projections. A smaller number of labelled cells was observed in the ipsilateral external nucleus of the inferior colliculus and a few labelled cells were distributed in the dorsomedial part of the inferior colliculus ipsilaterally. Descending connections from the auditory cortex originated from the dorsal part of the ipsilateral auditory cortical area, in layer Vb. PMID- 6728319 TI - Hippocampal transplants in normal and reeler mice. AB - Hippocampal tissue taken from neonatal mice born of parents heterozygous for the reeler gene was transplanted into the brains of littermates. The great majority of transplants were from normal donors to normal hosts. A single case each of a reeler transplant into a normal host and a normal transplant into a reeler host is described. Reeler hippocampus transplanted into normal tissue retained the phenotype of reeler; normal hippocampus transplanted into reeler hippocampus was phenotypically normal. PMID- 6728320 TI - The maturation of post-synaptic densities in chicken forebrain. AB - During normal post-hatch development and maturation in chicken forebrain there was a doubling in the average thickness of the post-synaptic densities (PSDs) in isolated synaptosomes, but no change in the average length of synaptic junctions. In the same period the concentration of the major post-synaptic density protein ( mPSDp ) in membranes prepared from the synaptosomes increased 3-5-fold. We suggest that immature synapses have a basic PSD framework which contains little or no mPSDp and that, during development, specific components such as the mPSDp are progressively incorporated into it. We suggest that the thickness of the PSD is proportional to the amount of mPSDp it contains. PMID- 6728321 TI - The effects of chronic, small doses of melatonin given in the late afternoon on fatigue in man: a preliminary study. AB - In a double-blind cross-over study, melatonin (2 mg) or placebo, was administered daily for 4 weeks to 12 volunteers (10 men and 2 women) at 17.00 h during February and March. Self-rated fatigue (tiredness) was significantly increased in the evening during melatonin treatment. No other consistent effects on sleep ratings or mood parameters were observed and the dose was well tolerated. PMID- 6728322 TI - Age pigments and superoxide dismutase activity in the central nervous system of Torpedo marmorata. PMID- 6728323 TI - The development of the vibrissal cortical column: a 2-deoxyglucose study in the rat. AB - A column of SI cortex responding to stimulation of a single vibrissa can be visualized with [14C]2-deoxyglucose (2-DG) autoradiography. The development of C3 vibrissal column was investigated in rat pups aged 2, 4, 6, 8, 12 and 21 days. A patch of label corresponding to higher glucose utilization appeared at postnatal day (p.d.) 4 to 6 in the cortical plate. Between p.d. 6 and 12 it developed into a spindle-shaped column. The infragranular layers showed metabolic activation later than the upper laminae. The suitability of the 2-DG technique for studies of infant mammalian brain is discussed. PMID- 6728324 TI - A horseradish peroxidase investigation of carotid sinus nerve components in the rat. AB - The brainstem location of afferent and efferent components in rat carotid sinus nerve (CSN) was determined by transecting the CSN and applying horseradish peroxidase. Afferent label was heaviest in the ipsilateral medial solitary nucleus ( mNTS ). Afferents were also found in the ipsilateral ventrolateral solitary nucleus, area postrema, and bilaterally in the commissural nucleus of the solitary complex. Efferent labeled cells were found in the ipsilateral rostral nucleus ambiguus and the inferior salivatory nucleus. The CSN afferents in the mNTS terminated rostral to neurons which project to the nucleus ambiguus thus implicating the existence of interneurons in the baroreceptor reflex pathway. PMID- 6728325 TI - Cortically projecting nucleus basalis neurons in rat are physiologically heterogeneous. AB - Cortically projecting, putatively cholinergic neurons in the area of globus pallidus (corresponding to nucleus basalis) were identified by antidromic activation from frontal cortex in anesthetized rats. These cells exhibited heterogeneous physiological properties, yielding spontaneous discharge rates of 0 40 Hz, a variety of impulse amplitudes and waveforms, and a wide range of conduction latencies from frontal cortex (1-13 ms). In addition, many cells were found to be antidromically activated from neighboring cortical sites 1-2 mm apart. PMID- 6728326 TI - Differential effects of succinylcholine and acetylcholine on endplate and extrajunctional membranes of normal and denervated mouse skeletal muscle fibres. AB - Depolarization provoked by 10(-7)-10(-4) succinylcholine (SCh) and acetylcholine (ACh) was measured in thin bundles dissected from normal and 1-15 days denervated mouse muscles using the microelectrode technique. The muscles were superfused by Cl- -free solutions containing 30 mM K+ to prevent contracture responses. In endplate areas of normal muscles, sensitivity to SCh was roughly 10 times higher than the sensitivity to ACh. By contrast, the extrajunctional membrane of chronically denervated muscles was less sensitive to SCh than to ACh by about the same factor. The extrajunctional membrane of non-denervated soleus muscles was also more sensitive to ACh than to SCh but, unlike the response of the denervated membrane, the depolarization was transient. PMID- 6728327 TI - Experimental choreoathetosis produced by injection of a gamma-aminobutyric acid antagonist into the lentiform nucleus in the monkey. AB - An experiment is reported in which injections of the gamma-aminobutyric acid antagonist bicuculline into the lentiform nucleus of the monkey gave rise to a contralateral choreoathetoid dyskinesia. Evidence was obtained of functional heterogeneity between the dorsal and ventral lentiform nucleus, in that only injections into its ventral part gave rise to dyskinesia. PMID- 6728328 TI - Demonstration of a cuneate relay in a cortico-olivo-cerebellar pathway in the cat. AB - Stimulation of the forelimb area of the pericruciate cortex evokes climbing fibre responses in the contralateral anterior lobe of the cerebellum. Application of a local anaesthetic (lidocaine) to the surface of the cuneate nucleus reduced the responses to stimulation of the posterior sigmoid gyrus in the c1 and c3 zones but not in the c2 and d1 zones. Lidocaine produced an effect only when applied to the caudal half of the nucleus. Long-latency responses evoked from the anterior sigmoid gyrus in the c1, c2 and c3 zones were unaffected by lidocaine application. PMID- 6728329 TI - Light and electron microscopic demonstration of hypothalamic projections to the parabrachial nuclei in the cat. AB - Hypothalamic connections with the parabrachial nuclei in the cat were studied at light and electron microscopic levels following wheat germ agglutinin-horseradish peroxidase injections into the parabrachial nuclei and electrolytic lesions in the hypothalamus. The greatest concentration of retrogradely labeled neurons occurred in the paraventricular nucleus. Labeled neurons were also seen within the preoptic, anterior, lateral, dorsomedial and ventromedial hypothalamic nuclei. Hypothalamic lesions resulted in the degeneration of terminals forming axosomatic and axodendritic synapses in the parabrachial nuclei, particularly its lateral division. These findings support the idea that hypothalamic connections to specific regions of the parabrachial nuclei may underlie the topographical functional organization demonstrated for these brainstem nuclei. PMID- 6728330 TI - Strain difference in fear between spontaneously hypertensive and normotensive rats is mediated by adrenal cortical hormones. AB - In the present study we sought to determine whether the strain difference in fear reactivity between spontaneously hypertensive rats (SHR) and strain-matched WKY controls might be related to adrenocortical function. SHR and WKY were subjected to adrenalectomy prior to classical fear conditioning. Adrenal cortical steroids were replaced in some animals. Adrenalectomy produced comparable effects on conditioned fear reactivity in SHR and WKY and steroid replacement reversed the effects of adrenalectomy in both strains. However, a larger dose was required to compensate for adrenalectomy in SHR. These date implicate functions related, directly or indirectly, to the adrenal cortex, in the maintenance of the strain difference in fear reactivity. PMID- 6728331 TI - Early development of changes in cortical representation of C3 vibrissa following neonatal denervation of surrounding vibrissa receptors: a 2-deoxyglucose study in the rat. AB - The development of changes in cortical representation of a C3 mystacial vibrissa in the rat was studied with [14C]2-deoxyglucose (2-DG) autoradiography after neonatal unilateral ablation of all but the C3 whisker follicle. The 2-DG-labeled column, which was produced by stroking the spared C3 vibrissa, was enlarged (35%) at postnatal day (p.d.) 5 and reached 140% by p.d. 12, as compared to the control C3 vibrissa column in the opposite hemisphere. The diameter of the C3 barrel itself on the involved side was about 40% larger than that of the control side at all ages. Based upon the above postoperative survival times, at least two stages in the altered development of the spared C3 vibrissa column are suggested. PMID- 6728332 TI - Two joints ballistic arm movements. AB - Fast planar arm movements involving two joints have been analyzed in humans. The EMG activity associated with the drawing of straight lines or geometric figures was characterized by sequences of bursts in the agonist and antagonist muscles of constant duration and different amplitude. The shape of each trajectory is defined by a particular sequence of burst activity in the four muscles studied. A pattern of one burst in the agonist and one in the antagonist is the basic building block for different kinds of ballistic trajectories. The time of execution increased linearly with the number of sides of the geometric figures by steps of about 210 ms and did not increase linearly with their size. PMID- 6728333 TI - Changes of somatosensory evoked potentials in man as correlates of transcortical reflex mediation? AB - Somatosensory evoked potentials (SSEP) from the scalp of the sensori-motor cortex were recorded together with long latency reflexes in the EMG of the contralateral biceps muscle in 17 human subjects, who were instructed to compensate a sudden biceps stretch. In this 'compensate' condition the earliest deviation from the shape of the SSEP obtained in a 'let go' situation (exhibiting only short latency reflexes) occurred as early as 35-40 ms. The results indicate that SSEP changes associated with the occurrence of long latency reflexes might be compatible with a transcortically mediated reflex activity. PMID- 6728334 TI - Food sensitivity: facts and fancies. PMID- 6728335 TI - New examples of vitamin K-drug interaction. PMID- 6728336 TI - New York's game of power and politics. PMID- 6728337 TI - Congenital rubella syndrome. AB - Rubella (German measles) is a common viral infection in children and adults. It is usually a mild disease with few complications and resultant sequelae. Maternal infection with rubella, however, can cause severe congenital defects, known as congenital rubella syndrome. Although the incidence of rubella has declined, about 15 percent of women of childbearing age remain at risk for rubella. About one third of fetuses are infected from maternal rubella infection. The risk of fetal damage is directly related to the occurrence of the maternal infection with greater risk present in the first trimester of pregnancy. The most important area of primary health care delivery by the nurse clinician is prevention. Routine rubella serologic testing and immunization, if required, of women of childbearing age is essential to the elimination of congenital rubella syndrome. PMID- 6728338 TI - Feeling the effects of federal budget cuts. PMID- 6728339 TI - Health care in the Soviet Union. AB - More nurses today have the opportunity to visit other countries and broaden their ideas of health care and nursing. Several colleagues and I have prepared a series of three articles that describe visits to the Soviet Union, China and Africa by nurses participating in exchange tours conducted by Professional Seminar Consultants of Albuquerque, New Mexico. During these two-week trips, American nurses were able to observe health care facilities and talk to health care providers in other countries. Although short visits such as these are not able to provide in-depth understanding of the health care systems or cultures involved, they have provided provocative ideas about how our own health care system differs from others. In some instances, our health care system seems the better one, but in many instances we were able to gain insights from our observations that may help us improve our own system of nursing and health care. This is the first in a series of three articles reporting professional exchange tours between American nurses and nurses of other countries. In this article, the health care system of the Soviet Union is discussed and compared to the United States' system of health care. From this comparison come several insights into ways for improving health care delivery. PMID- 6728340 TI - Good Samaritan laws. Part II. PMID- 6728341 TI - Developing a practice definition. AB - A practice definition can increase professional effectiveness and contribute to a PMID- 6728342 TI - Effects of OTC medications on the unborn and newborn. PMID- 6728343 TI - Nurse practitioners in home health care. PMID- 6728344 TI - EKG of the month. Sinus tachycardia. PMID- 6728345 TI - Anaphylaxis: managing and preventing a true emergency. AB - Anaphylaxis is the sudden, life-threatening reaction to an antigen. It generally results from the injection of a potent antigen. However, it may be caused by the inhalation or ingestion of any antigen or allergen as well. Although anaphylaxis may occur after a single exposure to an antigen, it usually occurs after repeated exposures. There is general agreement that the sooner it occurs after exposure to the antigen, the more likely it is that the reaction will be severe. The focus of this article will be on the management and prevention of immediate hypersensitivity (anaphylaxis) induced by immunoglobulin E(IgE) or type I. Since anaphylaxis is often iatrogenic, every practitioner has a responsibility to prevent this hypersensitive state from occurring. When it does happen, prompt recognition and treatment can be lifesaving. Management needs to be initiated quickly whenever anaphylaxis seems imminent. PMID- 6728346 TI - Penile adhesion: the hidden complication of circumcision. AB - A penile or prepuce adhesion can occur after a circumcision if the remaining skin is not retracted after the circumcision has healed. When a circumcision is done, tissue which would normally be intact is split. Unless proper care is taken, the epithelium of the inner prepuce at the point where the foreskin was removed can reattach to the epithelium of the glans. The result of this is a penile adhesion. Usually the adhesions can be released by simple retraction. Sometimes, however, the fusion is so complete that simple retraction will not work, and the child must be referred to a urologist. Another problem is that smegma or bacteria can collect under the adhesion if it covers the preputial cavity and cause infection. Professionals must look for this problem, and parents must be taught how to care for the normal circumcised penis so that penile adhesions do not develop. This article discusses the formation and identification of penile adhesions, the process by which adhesions can be released, when a referral to a urologist is necessary and the proper care for the circumcised penis. PMID- 6728347 TI - Nailing down a diagnosis. AB - Nails can act as a barometer of an individual's health, offer clues to nutritional disturbances and serve as windows through which to view capillary changes associated with constitutional disease. Understanding growth and development of normal nails is essential to the identification and interpretation of nail pathology. Causes of onychopathology include genetic disease, trauma, tumors, dermatologic disease, miscellaneous acquired disorders and generalized systemic disease. Diagnosis is aided by the realization that the nails have a limited number of reaction patterns when disturbed by disease. Any of these reactions may manifest a host of disorders. Clinicians should remember to include the nails in patient assessment. The nails are interesting anatomical and physiological areas that can help make a diagnosis. PMID- 6728348 TI - Health care in China. AB - Maternal-child nurses are part of a growing number of Americans who have had the opportunity to visit China. An increased understanding of the history and of the health care practices of the Chinese people lends itself to an examination of American values and health practices. The insight developed may aid us as we seek to understand our own health care practices for women and children and to plan for the future in health care. PMID- 6728349 TI - Do nurse practitioners still practice nursing? AB - This article explores whether the nurse practitioner continues to utilize his/her nursing skills in the expanded role. Eight important nursing actions or attitudes are defined to describe practitioner nursing performance. PMID- 6728350 TI - Informed consent. PMID- 6728351 TI - EKG of the month. Wolff-Parkinson-White syndrome. PMID- 6728352 TI - Ectopic pregnancy. AB - Ectopic pregnancy (EP) is a serious and increasing health problem in the United States and other countries. In the United States, it accounts for 15 percent of maternal deaths, 75 percent of which are estimated to be preventable, and its incidence has increased more than 100 percent for some demographic groups over the past 10 years. There are a number of potential contributing factors to ectopic pregnancy; however, their relationship to actual incidence is unclear in some instances. Nonspecific symptoms increase the difficulty of diagnosis. This article presents an overview of the significance of the problem, contributing risk factors, clinical presentation, diagnostic modalities, treatment and nursing implications. PMID- 6728354 TI - Family development theory. AB - This is the first in a series of columns which will discuss theories " borrowed " from other disciplines and used in clinical practice. In this article, Duvall and Terkleson 's theories of family development are examined for their clinical usefulness. Examples of their utility and limitations are included. Suggestions for ways in which clinical practice may direct further nursing research are suggested. PMID- 6728353 TI - What parents want to know. AB - Parents have specific ideas and concerns that are important when developing consumer-oriented child health care services. Some child health clinics are encouraging families and children to assume active responsibilities for their health care. Parents identify how they would like to receive information about their children and families and what specific information they need. Most of parents' concerns are normal developmental concerns. These concerns must be addressed so that parents can get on with parenting. The key is identifying parents' concerns and then addressing those concerns through a mechanism that parents will utilize. PMID- 6728355 TI - EKG of the month. Myocardial infarction. PMID- 6728356 TI - Satiating efficiency and a strategy for conducting food loading experiments. AB - The general hypothesis is proposed that foods vary along a small number of dimensions, such as nutrient composition, energy content, or weight, each of which makes a potentially measurable, but presently unknown, contribution to the satiation process. Because of the differential contributions of each of these dimensions (or factors), foods will vary in the effectiveness with which they induce satiety. Predictions of this hypothesis can best be tested by using the preloading strategy, in which preloads, varied along one dimension at a time, are given on different occasions in amounts which vary along the dimension being studied, and the experimental subject is permitted to eat the test meal following the preload until satiated. The contribution of that dimension is then assessed by the equation relating intake of the test meal to the magnitude of preload along the chosen dimension. The negative of the slope of the intake-preload equation is an index we call "satiating efficiency" of the magnitude of the satiating effect per unit of the chosen dimension. The satiating efficiency therefore provides a method of comparing the ability of different foods to induce satiety, along any dimension. This strategy can be used theoretically to measure the contribution of various dimensions of food to satiety. Practically it could be used to improve the satiating efficiency of foods designed for appetite control, by incorporating into the food, components which are high in satiating efficiency per unit of energy.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS) PMID- 6728357 TI - A reassessment of the brain mechanisms that control thirst. AB - The classic " hypothalamocentric " theory of thirst has increasingly been challenged because the effects of hypothalamic lesions are not as behaviorally or anatomically specific as earlier research indicated. Instead, the attention of investigators in the field has increasingly been drawn to the lateral preoptic region and the tissues surrounding the anterior third ventricle. The present paper reviews these developments and proposes that still another diencephalic structure, the subthalamic region known as the zona incerta, may play a major role in the regulation of thirst and water intake. PMID- 6728358 TI - Correlation of laboratory and clinical criteria in the prediction of postcesarean endomyometritis. AB - The objective of this investigation was to develop a rapid diagnostic test to identify patients at exceptionally high risk for postcesarean endomyometritis. Intraoperative samples of endometrium, chorioamniotic membrane, and amniotic fluid were obtained from 70 patients undergoing nonelective cesarean section and were processed for bacterial culture, Gram stain, and histologic examination. Endomyometritis occurred in 57% of patients. Women with positive bacterial cultures (growth of high virulence organisms on the primary plates), positive Gram stains (bacteria in any oil immersion field), and histologic evidence of leukocytic infiltration in the chorioamniotic membrane and endometrium (greater than or equal to ten white blood cells per high-power field) were more likely than were patients with negative findings to develop endomyometritis. All of the laboratory tests evaluated were specific but insensitive predictors of infection. Assessment of duration of ruptured membranes and length of labor provided a diagnostic test that was as clinically useful in predicting postoperative infection as were any of the laboratory studies evaluated. PMID- 6728359 TI - Birth trauma: incidence and predisposing factors. AB - The authors retrospectively studied 13,870 singleton full-term consecutive live births at a major teaching hospital and assessed the frequency of brachial plexus injury, clavicular fracture, and facial nerve injury in newborns delivered from January 1974 through December 1977 and from January 1979 through September 1981. Predisposing factors relating to mechanical birth trauma were defined, and a risk assessment profile was developed to identify the fetus at risk. Mechanical injuries were identified according to the International Classification of Diseases codes 761. The incidence of selected birth injuries in the study group were: brachial plexus injury, 2.6 per 1000 or 1 in 385 single full-term live births; fractured clavicle, 2.0 per 1000 or 1 in 495 single full-term live births; and facial nerve injury, 7.5 per 1000 or 1 in 133 single full-term live births. There were 162 full-term infants born with 168 injuries relevant to this study. Of the six infants who incurred more than one injury, three had a combined fractured clavicle-brachial plexus injury, and three had facial nerve-branchial plexus injuries. Logistic regression analysis of fetal, maternal, and intrapartum complications in labor and delivery revealed that midforceps , shoulder dystocia, low forceps, infants greater than 3500 g, and second stage labor exceeding 60 minutes were the predominant events associated with fetal injury. The authors then applied a risk assessment profile to successfully identify over 50% of the injured and 84% of the uninjured groups. From their results, the authors suggest that obstetricians should alert the pediatricians when these predisposing factors exist to aid in the recognition and early treatment of these birth injuries. PMID- 6728360 TI - Serum complement levels and perinatal outcome in pregnancies complicated by systemic lupus erythematosus. AB - Previous reports suggest an association between maternal serum complement component (C3 and C4) levels and perinatal outcome. Eighteen women with systemic lupus erythematosus (21 pregnancies) were prospectively studied. C3 and C4 levels were measured monthly unless more frequent data were needed for acute medical management. Perinatal outcome was then correlated with both maternal clinical and serologic status before and during pregnancy. Twelve pregnancies were carried to term, 11 of which began in clinical remission. Eight of these 12 had normal C3 and C4 levels at the onset of pregnancy, and 11 were normal at delivery. Four pregnancies were delivered prematurely (with one neonatal death from septic meningitis); all began pregnancy in clinical remission but three had low C3 and C4 levels before delivery. Three pregnancies beginning in clinical remission ended in spontaneous first- or early second-trimester abortions; all had low C3 and C4 levels before aborting. Normal complement component levels were observed in the remaining two pregnancies that were terminated electively; they had no evidence of fetal or placental abnormality. The correlation of maternal serum complement levels and pregnancy outcome in this series suggests that these parameters may help in the assessment of fetal as well as maternal prognosis in lupus-complicated gestations. PMID- 6728361 TI - Ultrasonic measurement of aortic and umbilical blood flow in the human fetus. AB - The study reports blood velocity and blood flow in the descending aorta and the umbilical vein of 20 normal human fetuses by application of combined B-mode ultrasound and pulsed Doppler technique. All pregnancies and newborns were clinically normal. The echographic examination was performed between 37 and 40 weeks' gestation by an ADR real-time linear scanner 2130 coupled with the Kranzb uhler pulsed Doppler system 8105. The diameter of the vessels was measured by B mode echogram, and the Doppler beam was directed to form an incident angle between 30 and 65 degrees with the axis of the vessel. The Doppler shift frequency was measured electronically with a spectrum analyzer 8106. Fetal blood velocity waveforms were calculated following the Doppler equation. In the descending aorta, the calculated velocity was 27.7 +/- 6.7 cm/second (mean +/- SD) and the blood flow was 679 +/- 106 ml/minute or 216 ml/kg/minute. In the umbilical vein, the same parameters were 18.3 +/- 4.0 cm/second, 366 +/- 65 ml/minute, and 117 +/- 16 ml/kg/minute, respectively. The average umbilical flow: aortic flow ratio was 0.54 +/- 0.07. PMID- 6728362 TI - Parental behavior after perinatal death: lack of predictive demographic and obstetric variables. AB - Traditional care for mothers after stillbirth has been based on untested assumptions about appropriate parental behavior. To evaluate these assumptions, 165 families cared for by the Perinatal Mortality Counseling Program because of stillbirth or immediate neonatal death were offered a series of choices about their care, including how they wished to deal with their baby's death. Parental decisions were compared with selected demographic and obstetric features considered as underlying those decisions that traditionally have been made by physicians or the hospital staff. The authors found that parents desire contact with their baby, attention to their feelings, counseling from those providing their care, and information about their baby's death. Few demographic and obstetric features seemed to influence the choices. This suggests that physicians and hospital staff should not presume to determine the wishes of any parent or family faced with this tragedy. PMID- 6728363 TI - Self-concept in the diethylstilbestrol daughter. AB - To evaluate the possible psychologic impact of diethylstilbestrol (DES) in utero exposure on young women, the authors studied self-concept as a multifaceted construct in 25 known DES in utero exposed young women compared with 25 age matched controls. Psychologic inventories used included Rosenberg's Self-Esteem Scale, Adjective Check List, Who Am I Test, Wyeth 's Self-Satisfaction Ladder, and the Draw Yourself Test, as well as semi-structured personal interview. Diethylstilbestrol subjects differed significantly from controls on the adjective check list subscales of Defensiveness, Nurturance, and Affiliation (P less than or equal to .05), as well as in the Draw Yourself Test, by omitting or obscuring body parts, especially sexual characteristics (P = .001). Subjects with known physical sequelae associated with DES were less satisfied with their lives (P = .05). On other measures of self-concept, no peer differences between DES subjects and controls were found. In fact, a trend for DES subjects to describe themselves more positively emerged. Most women also mentioned that they trusted physicians and were concerned about their future fertility and about the possibility of developing cancer. These findings suggest that young women exposed to DES may be using protective denial in their attempt to cope with their DES exposure. Physicians need to be aware of the possible psychologic impact of DES exposure, especially as more data become available regarding decreased fertility in these women and as new attention is focused on young men exposed to DES in utero. PMID- 6728364 TI - Primary carcinoma of the Bartholin gland: a report of ten cases. AB - During the interval 1962 through 1982, ten patients, having a mean age of 49.5 years, were treated for primary carcinoma of the Bartholin gland at the Medical College of Virginia. In all cases, a primary surgical therapeutic approach was selected, which included radical vulvectomy with bilateral inguinal-femoral node dissection in nine cases. Of the patients followed from eight months to 9.5 years, 50% are alive and well without evidence of recurrent disease. Histologic assessment of lymph nodes demonstrated metastatic involvement in five of nine cases (55%) with four of five patients dead of their disease. The most common histologic pattern was squamous cell carcinoma. The most common presenting complaint was a painless mass. Radical surgery is appropriate as standard primary therapy, whereas the role of radiation appears less clear. PMID- 6728365 TI - Surgical staging in endometrial cancer: clinical-pathologic findings of a prospective study. AB - The pathologic features of a prospective study of FIGO stage I endometrial cancer is presented. The uterus, tubes, ovaries, and pelvic lymph nodes of 222 cases and aortic nodes of 157 cases have been analyzed. The surgical-pathologic specimen would suggest a negligible risk for lymph node metastasis if: cancer is confined to the endometrium irrespective of grade, invasion is superficial for grades 1 and 2 tumor, the intermediate third of the myometrium is invaded for grade 1 tumor only, and occult disease is not present in the cervix and/or adnexa. Conversely, a substantial risk for lymph node metastasis exists if the surgical pathologic study identifies superficial myometrial invasion by grade 3 cancer, intermediate myometrial invasion by grade 2 or 3 cancer, deep myometrial invasion by cancer of any grade, vascular space involvement, and extension of tumor to the cervix and/or adnexa. PMID- 6728366 TI - Dietary animal fat in relation to ovarian cancer risk. AB - Food and beverage frequency questionnaires were administered to 215 white women with epithelial ovarian cancer and to 215 control women matched by age, race, and residence. Women with ovarian cancer favored foods higher in animal fats and consumed significantly greater amounts of animal fat and significantly less vegetable fat compared with control subjects. Adjusted for potential confounding due to differences between case and control subjects in weight and parity, there was a significant trend for increasing risk for ovarian cancer with increasing animal fat consumption. No major differences were noted between patients and control subjects in coffee, alcohol, and tobacco use. Dietary factors may partially explain variation in the international incidence of this disease and suggest a new pathway for its etiology. PMID- 6728367 TI - Professional liability in perspective. PMID- 6728368 TI - A family planning risk scoring system for health care providers. AB - The potential usefulness of a Family Planning Risk Scoring Sheet was studied in 1720 consecutive women who completed a family planning visit and were prescribed a specific contraceptive method. The results demonstrated that many women had relative or absolute contraindications to their prescribed method that were detected later by the Family Planning Risk Scoring Sheet. There were 29 women in the oral contraceptive and intrauterine device groups who had absolute contraindications detected (2.8 and 2.4%, respectively). The nurse practitioners tended to have fewer unrecognized problems in their groups than did the physicians. The usefulness of the Family Planning Risk Scoring Sheet was demonstrated and its routine use in a busy family planning unit is recommended. PMID- 6728369 TI - Sling operation for recurrent stress incontinence using the tendon of the palmaris longus. AB - A sling procedure is described for recurrent stress incontinence in women who had been previously treated, unsuccessfully, by one or more surgical interventions. The procedure consists of combining a vaginal Kelly urethral plication with a sling prosthesis, using the tendon of the palmaris longus. The former will correct the bladder neck funneling while the latter will restore its position to a high retropubic point, in a hammock suspended from Cooper's ligament. The palmaris longus is one of the superficial groups of flexors. Its advantages are in the tendon's availability, its location for accessibility, its relative ease of removal, and the fact that it is functionally nonessential. Six patients have been treated with this technique with excellent results after one to three years of follow-up. PMID- 6728370 TI - Spontaneous occurrence of synergistic bacterial gangrene following external pelvic irradiation. AB - A case of spontaneous synergistic bacterial gangrene occurring after external pelvic irradiation is presented in a 25-year-old woman with invasive cervical cancer. Treatment consisted of aggressive antibiotic therapy and extensive excision and debridement followed by split-thickness skin grafting. Both recovery and cosmetic results were satisfactory. The pathophysiology, predisposing factors, and treatment modalities are presented. PMID- 6728371 TI - Microinvasive vulvar squamous carcinoma. PMID- 6728372 TI - Elevated C-reactive protein levels. PMID- 6728373 TI - Proliferation of new chemicals increasing need for databases. PMID- 6728374 TI - Cancer patients need help coping with fears, changes. PMID- 6728375 TI - Occupational health nurses face growing number of lawsuits. PMID- 6728376 TI - How management can get the most from safety surveys. PMID- 6728377 TI - Attention should be given to limiting firefighting hazards. PMID- 6728378 TI - Inappropriate therapy causes increased health problems, costs. PMID- 6728379 TI - A better mousetrap. 95 ways to market your practice. PMID- 6728380 TI - State Medical Board revises laboratory testing policy paper. PMID- 6728381 TI - Ohio's malpractice climate: the Peat-Marwick Report. PMID- 6728382 TI - What do I do with my patient? PMID- 6728384 TI - The physician and the elderly. PMID- 6728383 TI - The impaired physician. Where we are in Ohio and where we need to go. PMID- 6728385 TI - Ohio plans for the care of its elderly. PMID- 6728386 TI - The voice of America is coming of age. PMID- 6728387 TI - Visual loss in geriatric residents of northwestern Ohio nursing homes. PMID- 6728389 TI - Why Ohio hasn't had a statewide cancer incidence reporting system ... and what it is doing about it now ... PMID- 6728388 TI - Early detection of cancer in office practice. PMID- 6728390 TI - Cancer research: Ohio's contribution. PMID- 6728391 TI - Cancer management: 1984. PMID- 6728392 TI - Handling cancer's emotional side. PMID- 6728393 TI - Medical board establishes guidelines for residency programs. PMID- 6728394 TI - Cancer of the head and neck. PMID- 6728395 TI - Radiation myelopathy. PMID- 6728396 TI - Ohio family physicians: surplus or shortage? PMID- 6728397 TI - Maternal PKU--a problem born of success. PMID- 6728398 TI - Side and survival in breast cancer. AB - In recent years changes have occurred in the 5-year survival pattern and relative side distribution of operable breast carcinoma in this district. The 87 cases from 1970 showed the expected pattern; node-negative cases doing better than node positive, irrespective of side. In 163 cases from the same population given similar treatment in 1975 those with left-sided disease fared better, irrespective of nodal status. No side differences were found at operation in the 1970 group, and little evidence of such changes in 1975, but clear differences were present in a third group of 63 patients from 1980. It is suggested that women in this district are becoming consistently more successful at finding their tumours, particularly on the left. It may thus be advisable to include side as a discriminant in clinical trials. PMID- 6728399 TI - The influence of histologic type on survival in early extranodal non-Hodgkin's lymphoma in head and neck. AB - Since the Rappaport classification provides little information for the prognosis of extranodal non-Hodgkin's lymphoma (NHL), the Kiel classification was used for 71 patients with head and neck extranodal NHL, stages IE and IIE. The ratios of low grade malignancy ( LGM ) and high grade malignancy ( HGM ) were about 60 and 40%, respectively. The lesions comprised 37 non-thyroid lymphomas and 34 thyroid lymphomas. 8 cases of thyroid NHL did not fit into a rigid classification scheme, and were separatively analyzed. In the whole group of patients and the subset of 37 patients with non-thyroid NHL, the 5-year survival rates for LGM were significantly better than for HGM . LGM showed a more favorable prognosis than HGM in 26 patients with thyroid NHL, but the difference was not statistically significant. 8 cases of thyroid NHL showed diffuse proliferation of centrocytes or centroblasts in which various numbers of nodules consisting of large centroblasts and centrocytes with high mitotic activity were scattered. The cases behaved as HGM . From these findings, we suggest that the Kiel classification in extranodal NHL is helpful. PMID- 6728400 TI - Combined surgery and cryotherapy for scleral invasion of epithelial malignancies. AB - Three patients with epithelial malignancies of the ocular adnexa, a basal cell carcinoma, a squamous cell carcinoma, and a malignant melanoma, are presented. All three had invasive tumors with scleral involvement. In an attempt to preserve the globe, treatment consisted of local surgical excision without lamellar or full thickness sclerectomy , followed by cryotherapy utilizing a double cycle freeze-thaw- refreeze technique to the underlying scleral bed and areas of suspected residual tumor. All three patients have been followed from 24 to 37 months without change in their initial visual acuity and without clinical recurrence of tumor. Although this combined surgical and cryosurgical approach cannot be advocated as a primary mode of therapy, it may offer a useful alternative to enucleation or exenteration in selected patients with ocular invasion of tumor in whom more radical surgery may be visually incapacitating or not otherwise feasible. PMID- 6728401 TI - Ethmoidal sinus osteoma--a primary cause of nasolacrimal obstruction and dacryocystorhinostomy failure. AB - An osteoma is a slow growing, bony tumor which forms in the sinuses of the skull. Presenting complaints include headaches, cerebral symptoms, or visual disturbances, depending upon the location of the tumor. This paper describes an unusual case of ethmoid sinus osteoma, with epiphora as the primary symptom; it also caused the failure of a previous dacryocystorhinostomy. This case illustrates the need for thorough evaluation of epiphora, including sinus x-rays. PMID- 6728402 TI - Healon effect on the reactions of macrophages to a clear plastic surface. AB - Growth of peritoneal mouse macrophages in tissue culture on the bottom of clear plastic dishes is used as an experimental model to study the influence of Healon on the reactions of these cells. It is found that a layer of Healon on the plastic surface does not interfere with the adherence of the macrophages to the plastic, and allows for the formation of a continuous and well-developed separating membrane with phagocytizing epithelioid cells, fibroblast-like cells, and small giant cells. PMID- 6728403 TI - Choroidal melanoma associated with rhegmatogenous retinal detachment. AB - A case of pigmented choroidal lesion coincident with rhegmatogenous retinal detachment was observed. The patient refused enucleation, and the retinal detachment was successfully treated by diathermy without drainage of subretinal fluid. Clinically the lesion was observed to enlarge, and upon enucleation five years after diathermy the tumor was seen to be a spindle-cell choroidal melanoma. The patient died from metastases of melanoma six years after the enucleation. PMID- 6728404 TI - Botulinum toxin injection into rabbit vitreous. AB - Botulinum A toxin in a dose of 5.0 X 10(-4) micrograms was injected into the vitreous of eight rabbit eyes. An equal volume of normal saline was injected into the fellow eye as a control. External examination, intraocular pressure, ophthalmoscopy, electroretinography, and light microscopy showed no significant difference between toxin injected and control eyes over a two-month period. PMID- 6728405 TI - Orbital tumor dissector and retractor. AB - An orbital dissector and tumor retractor are described. The instruments significantly decrease the amount of trauma to the orbital structures and improve visualization because of the suction that is connected to both the dissector and the tumor retractor. PMID- 6728406 TI - Electric infusion pole adjuster. AB - A newly developed electric motorized infusion pole stand permits the surgeon to rapidly and accurately alter the rate and pressure of infusion during intraocular surgery. PMID- 6728407 TI - Filtering surgery in childhood glaucoma. AB - A review of 38 eyes of 24 patients receiving filtration surgery for childhood glaucoma is presented. A total of 54 procedures were performed, including both thermal sclerostomies and trabeculectomies. Successful control of intraocular pressure was obtained in 20 eyes (52%). Average follow-up time was four years, two months. Filtration surgery is seen as a useful technique in the treatment of childhood glaucoma when goniotomy fails. It also is useful in those conditions where the success rate of goniotomy is expected to be low. PMID- 6728408 TI - Silicone slings for the correction of ptosis associated with progressive external ophthalmoplegia. AB - Tarsofrontalis suspensions using silicone rods were performed in eleven patients for the ptosis associated with progressive external ophthalmoplegia. All patients had the eyelids elevated above the level of the pupils with resultant full field of vision and improved cosmesis. Patients have been followed for three to 24 months. PMID- 6728409 TI - The role of the browplasty rotational flap in lower eyelid reconstruction. AB - The excision of a basal cell carcinoma of the lower eyelid often leaves a large defect. The rotational browplasty flap with a full thickness buccal mucous membrane graft permits satisfactory reconstruction when standard procedures have failed or are not advisable. It is especially useful in recurrent lid tumors where surgery and/or radiotherapy have been unsuccessful in controlling the tumor. Although the graft may produce a thicker lower lid, and the brow may be elevated because of the graft, it allows the surgeon to repair a large lower eyelid defect when other methods cannot be used. PMID- 6728410 TI - Intraocular pressure after intracapsular cataract extraction. AB - We studied the incidence of postoperative intraocular pressure elevations in 42 patients following intracapsular cataract extraction with alpha-chymotrypsin (1:5,000) and noted 17% to develop pressures greater than 30 mm Hg and 38% greater than 24 mm Hg within a 48-hour time interval. Additionally, we studied the effect of a single immediate postoperative instillation of timolol maleate 0.5%; this was associated with a slight reduction of intraocular pressure at the three- and six-hour time intervals, but did not eliminate the pressure spikes. PMID- 6728411 TI - The use of an irrigating endo-illuminator for anterior vitrectomy. AB - Visualization of the vitreous during a closed anterior vitrectomy is difficult. We have recently begun to use an irrigating endo-illuminator in conjunction with the Ocutome to better visualize the clear vitreous during an anterior vitrectomy, and have used it in four different situations. We believe this technique is well suited to the general ophthalmologist and it is easy to learn. PMID- 6728412 TI - Scleral ruptures during retinal detachment surgery. AB - Two cases of retinal detachment are presented in which significant scleral ruptures occurred at the time of scleral buckling surgery. Retinal reattachment was achieved and scleral ruptures successfully closed utilizing standard scleral buckling elements. Long-term follow-up of both cases failed to disclose any significant ocular complications occurring at the rupture site. Intraoperative management and techniques recommended for the avoidance of this complication are discussed. PMID- 6728413 TI - Aspiration adaptor for Cavitron unit. AB - An adaptor has been developed which separates the irrigation and aspiration functions of the Cavitron Phakoemulsifier during the procedure for extracapsular cataract extraction. This permits more complete removal of cortical material and the ability to work with small bore instruments in the eye with their resultant benefits. PMID- 6728414 TI - Surgical management of hemodialysis patients. AB - Ophthalmic surgeons can expect increased opportunities in the future to treat patients who undergo maintenance hemodialysis. Such patients often present with complex medical problems and carry high risk factors for surgery. Nevertheless, the full range of ophthalmic surgical procedures can be accomplished without increased morbidity when patient management is carefully organized between the ophthalmologist and nephrologist. In this report the physiology of the functionally anephric patient is reviewed. Attention is directed to the most commonly encountered complications: systemic hypertension, uremia, electrolyte imbalance, drug toxicity, and arteriovenous fistula thrombosis. Specific guidelines are then presented to reduce the risk of complications at each phase of hospitalization. PMID- 6728415 TI - One-motion posterior chamber lens implantation forceps. PMID- 6728416 TI - A simplified method of inserting a posterior chamber J loop lens. PMID- 6728417 TI - Symposium: Current concepts in new and old ophthalmic drugs. Jackson Hole, Wyoming, September 1983. PMID- 6728418 TI - Ocular and extraocular processing of visual information. Dedicated to Prof. Dr. E. Dodt in honour of his 60th birthday. Proceedings of an international symposium held in Schloss Rauisch-Holzhausen, March 24-27, 1983. PMID- 6728419 TI - Intracellular dynamic response characteristics of pineal photoreceptors. AB - The dynamic properties of single pineal photoreceptors of Lampetra japonica were measured intracellularly by sinusoidal modulated light stimuli. According to the Bode plots the response amplitude and phase characteristic of pineal photoreceptors could be simulated by a linear model with 4th-order transfer function. A similarity to the receptor response of the vertebrate lateral eye was observed. PMID- 6728420 TI - Photosensitivity and biosynthesis of indole compounds in the cells of the receptor line of the pineal organ of the pike. AB - The pineal organ of the pike is a functional photoreceptive organ in which a multiplicity of the cells of the receptor line (CRL i.e. typical and modified photoreceptors) was demonstrated. The CRL appeared to be (i) regionally distributed, (ii) photosensitive, and (iii) responsible for the storage of various indoles (melatonin and precursors), their levels showing light-dark fluctuations. It is strongly suggested that CRL are photoneuroendocrine transducers in which photoperiodic stimuli are converted into nervous (typical photoreceptors) and neurohumoral (all CRL) messages, displaying circadian variations. CRL appeared to be one of the components by which environmental lighting influences physiological and behavioral processes in fish. PMID- 6728422 TI - A chamber preserving cellular function of the isolated rabbit retina suited for extracellular and intracellular recordings. AB - The isolated retina of rabbit lies on nylon tissue fixed in a ring, which is placed in a chamber. The lower side of the retina, by choice the receptor or ganglion cell side, is superfused by a plasma saline mixture kept at 35 degrees C. At the upper side of the retina, warm humidified oxygen is added. The two sides are isolated from each other by a rubber joint. ERGs with b waves of about 1 mV indicate a good function of retinal cells. The receptor potential is recorded extracellularly between an intraretinal microelectrode and a reference electrode at the receptor side (amplitude typically about 300 microV). The few intracellular records were hyperpolarizations to white and red light with an initial overshoot and a plateau. PMID- 6728421 TI - Amacrine cells in scotopic vision. AB - Signals from rod bipolar cells of cat retina are processed by a variety of rod amacrine cells before finally arriving at ganglion cells. Three of these rod amacrine cells (AII, A13, and A17 ) have been studied at the physiological and anatomical levels; the results suggest that each carries out a unique visual function: AII cells appear to quicken the response time of the rod system in the mid-scotopic range, while A17 cells may increase the light-gathering area of rod bipolars near visual threshold. Stimulation of A13 cells may disinhibit ganglion cells, thus heightening their responsiveness at low levels of illumination. PMID- 6728423 TI - Hering's opponent colour channels do not exist in the primate retinogeniculate pathway. AB - We have used pure hue contrast stimuli to examine the responses of single primate retinal ganglion cells. Only one subset of these cells, those excited by the short wave sensitive cones and inhibited by the other cones, i.e. the blue on/yellow-off variety, can distinguish white/yellow contrast. This implies that the paired opponent channels of Hering 's colour vision theory do not exist in the retinogeniculate pathway. PMID- 6728424 TI - Hypothesis relating the blue-sensitive cone mechanism to surround excitation of primate retinal off-centre neurones. AB - Based on recent findings concerning the morphological peculiarities of blue sensitive retinal neurones, their adaptive behaviour, their response characteristics and their contribution to visual perception, it will be argued that the excitatory signals of blue-sensitive neurones are transmitted via surround mechanisms of receptive fields. PMID- 6728425 TI - Spectral sensitivity of the European ground squirrel (Citellus citellus L.). AB - The spectral sensitivity of the European ground squirrel was investigated by electroretinography (ERG) and visual-evoked cortical potentials. Using chromatic adaptation, two spectral systems were found, one peaking between 520 and 530 nm, the other at 465 nm. The blue system was characterized by a slower course of the potential, a lower threshold and the lack of a d wave in the ERG. However, its threshold is higher than the rod threshold and it was shown to be more resistant to adapting light stimuli than rod systems are. It is concluded that the second spectral system is a blue cone system which in its rod-like properties is comparable to the blue cones found in cat, monkey and man. PMID- 6728426 TI - Effect of stimulus intensity and contrast on the pattern ERG. AB - Stripe patterns of varying spatial frequency were presented in the onset-offset mode. At a high contrast the amplitude of the onset response showed a spatial selectivity which occurred with a high intensity at a higher spatial frequency than with a low intensity. The offset response showed only a monotonic decrease in amplitude at both intensities. Contrast sensitivity functions were derived at different levels of contrast. The spatial selectivity of the onset response occurred at a contrast spatial frequency and was more pronounced with low contrasts. The amplitude of the offset response was spatially selective only at low contrasts; with increasing contrast a gradual shift to a non-selective behavior was noted. PMID- 6728427 TI - Pattern reversal responses in man and cat: a comparison. AB - In 42 enucleated and arterially perfused cat eyes, graded potentials were recorded from the retina (ERG) and from the optic nerve ( ONR ) in response to checker-board stimuli, reversing at a low temporal frequency in a square wave mode. The ERG and ONR responses show an almost perfect duplication of the response to each reversal of the pattern and exhibit, in contrast to luminance responses, striking similarities in response characteristics such as amplitude, wave shape and time course. Furthermore, the amplitude versus check size plots coincide in both responses. In cat, pattern reversal responses can be recorded from 74 to 9 min of arc, correlating to the cat's visual resolution. In man, almost identical responses can be recorded for the pattern ERG. However, in accordance with the difference in visual resolution in man and cat, a parallel shift for the human pattern reversal ERG response to higher spatial frequencies is observed. PMID- 6728428 TI - Equipotential maps of pattern-evoked potentials in man. AB - Pattern-evoked cortical potentials for half field stimuli were recorded from 16 electrodes on the scalp, and equipotential maps were constructed. For right and left half field stimuli, the maximal values of the maps were found over the hemisphere ipsilateral to the visual half field stimulated. For lower half field binocular stimuli, the maxima were more anterior than for monocular stimuli (for upper field stimuli, inverted location differences were found). In hemianoptic patients, the maxima were obtained over the impaired hemisphere regardless which part of the visual field was stimulated. The maxima of pattern-evoked ERG fields on the face were found around the stimulated eye. PMID- 6728429 TI - Topical and temporal aspects of cortical responses to pattern reversal. AB - From elementary geometry cortical responses to foveally presented pattern reversal are described by a rotating electrical vector assumed to reflect sequential signal processing. The analysis allows one to predict waveshapes not actually recorded and provides information on the individual architecture of the visual cortex from two or three recordings. PMID- 6728430 TI - Modulation sensitivity and functional organization of the receptive field of ganglion cells in the pigeon (Columba livia). AB - Modulation sensitivity functions ( MSFs ) of retinal ganglion cells of the pigeon were determined by recording action potentials from their end branching in the optic tectum as response indicator. The inverse Fourier transformation of a MSF is taken to represent the receptive field sensitivity function approximating the receptive field profile of a ganglion cell. PMID- 6728431 TI - Evolution of the pineal complex: correlation of structure and function. AB - The pineal organ is a derivative and integral component of the brain. In phylogeny it has changed from a 'third eye' capable of direct achromatic and/or chromatic responses to light to an endocrine gland influenced by visual stimuli from the retina. The outer segment of pineal photoreceptors contains a microspectrophotometrically detectable photopigment and an opsin-immunoreactive protein. Certain pinealocytes endowed with an outer segment display fluorophores of 5-HT/HTP and can be regarded as photoneuroendocrine cells. These photoneuroendocrine cells resemble cerebrospinal fluid-contacting neurons. The intrinsic circuitry (wiring diagram) of pineal photoreceptor organs has been only partly deciphered ; this holds true also for the neurotransmitters and synaptic patterns. Pineal photoreceptor organs are connected to the brain, i.e., to habenular, pretectal, thalamic, tegmental (reticular), and hypothalamic centers. The special anatomical and physiological features of the pineal organ enable it to translate photic information into neural and neuroendocrine responses. PMID- 6728432 TI - Sensory and central nervous elements in the avian pineal organ. AB - The pineal organs of the adult domestic mallard, fowl and pigeon were investigated by means of neurohistological techniques and electron microscopy. The application of opsin immunocytochemistry to the pineal organ of the domestic mallard reveals antigenic sites in the outer segments of the pinealocytes. Avian pinealocytes may establish synaptic contacts to intrapineal neurons via complex neuropil formations. Bundles of nerve fibers resembling the pineal tract of poikilothermic vertebrates were found in the pineal stalk. These findings strengthen the view that the avian pineal organ has not lost its photoreceptive capacity. PMID- 6728433 TI - Secondary malignant melanoma of the larynx. Report of 2 cases and review of 79 laryngeal secondary cancers. AB - 2 cases of laryngeal metastases from malignant melanoma of the skin have been observed at the ENT Department of Padua University during the last 17 years (from January 1966 through December 1982). A critical review of the pertinent literature is made and the metastatic spread to the larynx is also discussed. The importance of routine indirect laryngoscopy in neoplastic patients 'at risk' is underlined. PMID- 6728434 TI - Invasive multiple supraglottic squamous cell papillary carcinoma in an adult. Report of a case. AB - Invasive papillary squamous cell carcinoma of the supraglottic larynx is described in an adult male. The clinicopathological appearance was that of a multiple growth which displayed various gradients of neoplastic changes: in situ, microinvasion, frank invasion of cartilage and cervical node metastases. No previous history of radiotherapy was elicited. The growth was excised by supraglottic laryngectomy and neck dissection. Typical metastatic papillary formations were observed in lymph nodes. PMID- 6728435 TI - Mucoepidermoid carcinoma of the vocal cord. Report of a case. AB - A case of mucoepidermoid carcinoma of the vocal cord is described in a 51-year old man who presented with a thickened right vocal cord at the midportion without any limitation of movement. Histological examination revealed a mucoepidermoid carcinoma of low-grade malignancy. Partial laryngectomy was performed, but 10 months after the operation a squamous cell carcinoma developed on the other vocal cord. Primary vocal cord involvement of this tumor is rare. The literature is reviewed. PMID- 6728436 TI - Lingual thyroid. Case report and review of the literature. AB - A case of a lingual thyroid gland in the absence of orthotopic thyroidal tissue is reported. Presenting symptoms, diagnostic methods, differential diagnosis, treatment modalities, and prognosis are discussed. PMID- 6728437 TI - Cholesterol granuloma of the maxillary and frontal sinuses. AB - 5 cases of cholesterol granuloma are described, 3 within the maxillary sinuses and 2 within the frontal sinuses. The lesions arise from the mucosa and can be recognized on plain films and tomograms of the sinus as opacity, sometimes resembling a mucocele. Radical operation seems to give absolute cure without any recurrence. The pathogenesis is hemorrhage and/or filtration. The closed cavities of the paranasal sinuses provide favorable conditions for cholesterol to become dissociated from the lipoprotein complex and to precipitate and to give rise to a granulomatous reaction. PMID- 6728440 TI - Symposium on the wrist. PMID- 6728438 TI - External ear canal exostosis and aquatic sports. AB - Many reports suppose that the development of aural exostosis depends on the action of an irritative stimulus like frequent and repeated cold water contact. This survey studies the incidence of this lesion in a group of 433 athletes practicing aquatic sports on a highly competitive level. Among these, water activities like sailing and deep-sea diving, which up to now were never considered, were also studied. 32 exostoses were found to affect 12 subjects monolaterally and 20 subjects bilaterally. Not one of a control group of 476 athletes was found to be affected by aural exostosis. For each athlete in this study the following parameters are considered: age and sex, type of sport, total amount of hours spent in water contact, aural pathology history and otoscopic findings. The authors suggest the existence of facilitating factors other than total water contact time, as shown by the absence of a precise correlation between this parameter and the presence of the aural hyperostotic lesion. PMID- 6728441 TI - The evaluation of chronic wrist pain. AB - Guidelines for the assessment of the chronically painful wrist are described, including the uses and limitations of plain roentgenograms, arthrography, CT, tomography, and cineradiography. A careful review of these studies is emphasized. PMID- 6728439 TI - Management of the labyrinthine fistula in cholesteatoma surgery. AB - The presence of a labyrinthine fistula has remained one of the major problems in cholesteatoma surgery. Confronted with this problem, the surgeon may ultimately base his choice of procedure on four basic conditions: the size of the fistula, its location in the ear, the condition of the other ear, and the cochlear function. Our attitude has been changing, and currently we prefer to perform a staged closed tympanoplasty. When a closed technique is performed, we either remove the cholesteatoma matrix and then cover the fistula immediately or we leave the matrix in situ and re-explore the mastoid process 5 or 6 months later. The series consists of 88 cases out of a total of 701 patients with cholesteatoma operated on between January 1971 and June 1982. In 20 patients the matrix was left over the fistula at the first stage. The results suggest that a staged operation, i.e. closed tympanoplasty, is to be preferred even in cases with an extensive labyrinthine fistula. PMID- 6728442 TI - Concepts governing the rotational shift of the intercalated segment of the carpus. AB - A model of wrist functions, defining the roles of the ligaments and joint contact surfaces, is presented. The complex patterns of wrist deformity following ligamentous injury are simplified by the understanding of this kinematic model. It is proposed that the basis for surgical correction of wrist injuries should be an understanding of wrist mechanics. PMID- 6728443 TI - Wrist ligamentous anatomy and pathogenesis of carpal instability. AB - The key wrist ligaments are volar and intracapsular. The pathogenesis of carpal instability is dependent on the loading mechanism, hand position, and ligament and bone biomechanics. Ligament elongation with associated intercarpal and carpal instability can be present. PMID- 6728444 TI - Articular fractures of the distal radius. AB - Fractures of the distal radius are frequently biarticular injuries and comprise four basic components. Displacement of the key medial fragments and their strong ligamentous attachments (termed the medial complex) is the basis for a useful classification into four fracture types. Optimal management requires precise correlation of articular disruption and prompt recognition and repair of any concomitant soft tissue or skeletal injury. PMID- 6728445 TI - The carpometacarpal joints. AB - Although less complex than the intercarpal joints, the carpometacarpal joints are very important to proper hand function, and their derangement can be very disabling. The anatomy and clinical problems of these joints are covered in this article. PMID- 6728446 TI - Accurate evaluation and management of the painful wrist following injury. An approach to carpal instability. AB - A diagnosis of wrist sprain is no longer appropriate. With a proper history and careful physical examination, a specific problem can be suggested. Aids, including motion radiographs, special views, arthrography, technetium-99m scans, and/or tomography, can usually confirm the diagnosis. Only if specific injuries are identified can proper understanding and treatment of the injury be achieved. PMID- 6728447 TI - Ulnar carpal instabilities. AB - Ulnar carpal instabilities are more common than previously suspected. To date, instability patterns have been described at the triquetrolunate and triquetrohamate joints. In this article, the pathomechanics, diagnosis, and treatment of these instability patterns are reviewed and several pertinent case reports are presented. PMID- 6728449 TI - Degenerative disorders of the carpus. AB - Degenerative arthritis of the human wrist follows specific patterns. The patterns do not change with time. Degenerative arthritis progresses within the framework of these patterns. Specific therapeutic approaches have been developed for the treatment of degenerative arthritis of the wrist, with an emphasis on maintaining painless range of motion and power function capability. PMID- 6728448 TI - The distal radioulnar joint. AB - This article reviews our present understanding of the problems about the distal radioulnar joint and their treatment based on a foundation of normal anatomy and biomechanics. PMID- 6728450 TI - Kienbock's disease. AB - Recent anatomic and biomechanical studies have contributed to a better understanding of Kienb ock 's disease. The operative alternative, if based on a classification of the severity of disease, should provide a more logical and systematic approach to patients with this difficult problem. PMID- 6728451 TI - Present approach to the severely involved rheumatoid wrist. AB - The wrist is a common target for rheumatoid arthritis, with the radiocarpal joint being involved more often than the midcarpal joint. The authors discuss the treatment modalities available for patients with advanced disease: total wrist fusion, flexible implant arthroplasty, and partial wrist fusion. The last procedure, utilized only since 1982 and limited to patients with only radiocarpal joint involvement, eliminates pain and corrects deformity while maintaining a significant range of motion. The indications and techniques for each procedure are described. PMID- 6728452 TI - Scaphoid fractures. Problems associated with nonunion and avascular necrosis. AB - This article describes the rationale for different treatment methods of scaphoid nonunions and the management of avascular necrosis. PMID- 6728453 TI - The tubulins of animals, plants, fungi and protists implications for metazoan evolution. AB - alpha-Tubulin subunits from trout (S. gairdneri) sperm tails, sea urchin (S. purpuratus) cilia, protistan alga (C. elongatum ) flagella and rose (Paul's Scarlet) cytoplasm have been characterized by limited proteolytic cleavage with the enzyme Staphylococcus aureus protease and electrophoresis of the digestion products on SDS-PAGE. The resulting patterns corresponded to either of two major types representative of animal and non-animal alpha-tubulins, respectively. A total of 28 alpha-tubulins have now been characterized by this method. They are classified in this paper according to the type of cleavage pattern generated by the enzyme S. aureus protease. The implications of these results for metazoan evolution are discussed. PMID- 6728454 TI - From proto-mitosis to mitosis--an alternative hypothesis on the origin and evolution of the mitotic spindle. AB - Based on the assumption that the ancestral proto-eukaryote evolved from an ameboid prokaryote I propose the hypothesis that nuclear division of the proto eukaryote was effected by the same system of contractile filaments it used for ameboid movement and cytosis . When the nuclear membranes evolved from the cell membrane, contractile filaments remained associated with them. The attachment site of the genome in the nuclear envelope was linked to the cell membrane by specialized contractile filaments. During protomitosis , i.e., nuclear and cell division of the proto-eukaryote, these filaments performed segregation of the chromosomes, whereas others constricted and cleaved the nucleus and the mother cell. When microtubules (MTs) had evolved in the cytoplasm, they also became engaged in nuclear division. Initially, an extranuclear bundle of MTs assisted chromosome segregation by establishing a defined axis. The evoluntionary tendency then was towards an increasingly important role for MTs. Spindle pole bodies ( SPBs ) developed from the chromosomal attachment sites in the nuclear envelope and organized an extranuclear central spindle. The chromosomes remained attached to the SPBs during nuclear division. In a subsequent step the spindle became permanently lodged inside the nucleus. Chromosomes detached from the SPBs and acquired kinetochores and kinetochore-MTs. At first, this spindle segregated chromosomes by elongation, the kinetochore-MTs playing the role of static anchors. Later, spindle elongation was supplemented by poleward movement of the chromosomes. When dissolution of the nuclear envelope at the beginning of mitosis became a permanent feature, the open spindle of higher eukaryotes was born. PMID- 6728456 TI - [Intra-aortic balloon pump in the treatment of cardiogenic shock]. PMID- 6728455 TI - [Pregnancy and sexuality]. PMID- 6728457 TI - [A rare case of infantile meningioma and its treatment]. PMID- 6728458 TI - [Progressive vascular surgery]. PMID- 6728459 TI - [Diagnostic questions in clinical chemical studies]. PMID- 6728460 TI - [Pulmonary complications in patients with leukemia and malignant lymphoma]. PMID- 6728461 TI - [Experience with the "minute treatment" of psoriasis vulgaris]. PMID- 6728462 TI - [Enuresis risoria (diagnosis and differential diagnosis)]. PMID- 6728463 TI - [New technologies in the orthopedic operating room]. PMID- 6728464 TI - [The use of laser beams in orthopedics]. PMID- 6728465 TI - [Current status of laser osteotomy]. PMID- 6728466 TI - [Principles of cryosurgery in orthopedics]. PMID- 6728467 TI - [Cryosurgery in orthopedics. Clinical course]. PMID- 6728468 TI - [Computer tomography of the pelvis, shoulder girdle and extremities]. PMID- 6728469 TI - [Computer tomography of the spine]. PMID- 6728471 TI - Visual problems of the elderly. PMID- 6728470 TI - [Treatment of osteotomies with low tendency to heal using pulsating electromagnetic fields in controlled animal experiments]. PMID- 6728472 TI - An asymmetry in the optokinetic nystagmus response in normal individuals. AB - Optokinetic nystagmus (OKN) was induced by using a modified projector system to provide a moving pattern of irregular spots of light. A systematic electro oculographic study of horizontal and vertical OKN for a series of stimulus velocities from 10 to 100 degrees s-1 was conducted on 10 healthy young subjects. It was found that the vertical responses, in particular to upward-moving stimuli, were less well sustained at velocities above 30 degrees s-1 than the horizontal responses. In view of these observations, care should be taken in the interpretation of OKN results clinically, and only when the response is absent in one direction or an extreme asymmetry is present should clinical significance be attached. This applies particularly for the vertical OKN responses. Clearly, the use of stimulus velocities below 40 degrees s-1 is advised and the standard suggested by Holm -Jensen and Peitersen [Acta oto-lar. 88, 110-116 (1968)] of a target moving at 20 degrees s-1 seems a reasonable choice. PMID- 6728473 TI - The perceived size of targets in the peripheral and central visual fields. AB - Previously described misperceptions of target size in the peripheral visual field have been conflicting. We found that whether an illuminated peripheral target appears larger or smaller than a foveal target of the same physical size depends upon luminance: in general, dim peripheral targets are underestimated and bright peripheral targets are overestimated in size. We attribute misestimations of peripheral target size primarily to the optical degradation of peripheral retinal images and propose a qualitative model for how image extent may be determined by the visual system. PMID- 6728474 TI - Adaptation of tonic accommodation. AB - We compared the resting (dark) focus of accommodation before and after adapting to accommodative stimuli placed nearer or farther from an initial baseline resting focus. Short-term monocular adaptation (less than 2 min) did not result in consistent after-effects that were correlated with the adaptation stimulus. After short-term adaptation, accommodation returned to its resting level in 2-15 s. Long-term monocular adaptation (30 min) to a 6-D near stimulus resulted in a small (0.5-D) average increase in the resting focus of accommodation beyond the normal 2-15-s short-term decay. These observations illustrate a tonic adaptation of accommodation that is small and requires longer durations of adaptation than an analogous adaptation of the fusional vergence system to prism. PMID- 6728475 TI - Some geographic, environmental and nutritive concomitants of malignant myopia. AB - From an exploratory study of the population of 16 states in the Model Reporting Area for Blindness in the U.S. the incidence rate of reported blindness due to malignant myopia was found to be inversely related to distance to seacoast (r = 0.67) and with certain correlates of this distance; sunshine (r = -0.67), fluoride (r = -0.18 - -0.77), calcium (r = -0.66), and selenium (r = -0.68). These findings are similar to those for dental caries, except for selenium which is said to increase caries. Although these findings are analogous, do demonstrate an effect gradient, and are not biologically implausible , replication under less confounded conditions should precede a quantitative statement of causality. PMID- 6728476 TI - Convergence insufficiency in patients taking medicines. AB - The incidence of convergence insufficiency in patients taking medicines is compared with its incidence in patients taking no therapeutic drugs, in a sample of 648 taken from a normal optometric practice. It is found that the incidence was significantly higher in those patients on medicines considering the group as a whole. It is also found to be higher in older patients, and that most of the older patients were taking medicines whilst the younger patients were not. However, the increase in the incidence of convergence insufficiency in the older patients taking medicines was disproportionately high. It is concluded that age is not the only factor in the increased incidence, and that the taking of medicines as a possible indicator of poor general health, is also an important factor in the cause of convergence difficulties. PMID- 6728478 TI - A clinical evaluation of the Nidek Autorefractor. AB - A blind study using the Nidek Autorefractor was carried out on 178 eyes to validate the instrument against conventional refractive techniques. A measure of the NAR's reliability was obtained by repeated measurements of the 178 eyes. The NAR overall performance is compared with current autorefractors . PMID- 6728477 TI - Binocular balance validity: a comparison of five common subjective techniques. AB - For most patients, one of the last steps in the subjective determination of the refractive error is the equalization of their accommodative stimuli. Several previous authors have stated that the preferred method of balancing is by some form of binocular stimulation, either with a Turville infinity balance or a polarizing technique [Miles, P. (1948) Am. J. Ophthal . 31, 1460-1466; Morgan, M. W., Jr (1949) Am. J. Optom . 26, 231-239; Goodwin, H. E. (1966) Optom . Wkly 57, 28, 47-51; Grentsch , L. W. and Goodwin, H. E. (1966) Am. J. Optom . 43, 658 663]. This experiment looks at a slightly different aspect: how repeatable a given technique is. We performed five common methods of balancing: vectographic , equal acuity through low plus blur, red-green equalization, Jackson cross cylinder, and equal loss of acuity with plus blur. We find no significant differences in the variation of any of these techniques; they are all equally reliable. In addition, there seems to be no difference in their mean values, contrary to previous reports. PMID- 6728479 TI - Third-order theory and aspheric spectacle lens design. AB - Third-order equations are developed giving sagittal and tangential power errors corresponding to the eye rotating to look through the periphery of a spectacle lens. The equations are applicable for conicoid aspherical surfaces. From these, other equations are derived for elimination of oblique astigmatism and mean oblique error. Graphical examples show how aspherizing either lens surface affects the lens bendings required to eliminate oblique astigmatism. PMID- 6728480 TI - [Lipid metabolism status of newborn infants of different gestational ages and birth weights--longitudinal study. I. On lipid metabolism in the perinatal period -a review]. PMID- 6728481 TI - [Initial therapeutic results in epileptic children with and without serum controlled phenytoin treatment]. PMID- 6728482 TI - [Significance of echoencephalographic cerebral diagnosis (the A-scan technic) of children in the age of computer tomography]. PMID- 6728483 TI - [Personal experiences in the immunodiagnosis of selected pediatric disease pictures]. PMID- 6728484 TI - [Crossed kidney ectopia with reflux hydronephrosis of the ectopic kidney]. PMID- 6728485 TI - Mother-child interrelationship from the paediatrician's point of view. PMID- 6728486 TI - [Pre- and postoperative ECG follow-up in children with congenital aortic stenosis in comparison with the ECGs of healthy children]. PMID- 6728487 TI - [Nurseries in Czechoslovakia--their tasks and perspectives]. PMID- 6728488 TI - [Lipid metabolism in newborn infants of various gestational ages and birth weights--longitudinal study. III. Triglycerides]. PMID- 6728489 TI - [The problem of evaluating somatic parameters in twins]. PMID- 6728490 TI - [Concentrations of PAG and other distinct serum proteins and immunoglobulines in primary immune deficiency diseases]. PMID- 6728491 TI - [EEG findings and phenytoin concentration in the serum of children with epilepsy]. PMID- 6728492 TI - [Thyroid gland parameters of healthy euthyroid children from 10 to 16 years of age]. PMID- 6728493 TI - [Long-term effect of the therapeutic measures on airway resistance in chronic obstructive lung diseases in childhood--longitudinal follow-up study of 6 years]. PMID- 6728494 TI - Effects of electrical and mechanical stimulation on two foci of spontaneous activity which develop in primary afferent neurons after peripheral axotomy. AB - In 28 Sprague-Dawley rats, unilateral division of the sciatic nerve at the level of the midfemur was performed. Animals were observed for behavioral changes for 1 21 days, and electrophysiological recordings were made from microfilaments dissected from the ipsilateral L5 dorsal rootlets and sciatic nerve from 1 to 14 days postoperatively. Spontaneous discharges of two types were recorded: (1) variable frequency (0-100 Hz) discharges which typically occurred in rhythmic bursts and could be driven by mechanical stimulation of the neuroma; and (2) lower frequency (0.25-14 Hz) irregular activity which persisted after either excision or local anesthesia of the neuroma. The latter activity could also be recorded from the proximal cut end of the sciatic nerve following removal of the neuroma. The first type of activity was felt to be produced from the neuroma while the second originated in the region of the dorsal root ganglion (DRG). Analysis of the conduction velocities of fibers involved in each type of discharge indicated that both involved smaller myelinated filaments. However, the DRG activity involved significantly smaller fibers with conduction velocities in the A delta range. Spontaneous activity was recorded at 3 and 4 days for the neuroma and DRG activity, respectively. Ongoing discharges maximized at 7-10 days and were rare by 14 days. Autotomy of the ipsilateral foot was found to occur over a similar time course. Tetanic electrical stimulation (100 Hz) produced either little change in the baseline firing rate or prolonged afterdischarges in fibers manifesting neuroma activity. In fibers with ongoing activity of DRG origin, stimulation produced a stereotyped, brief low-frequency afterburst and then prolonged inhibition of firing. Mechanical stimulation of the neuroma produced both brief increases in spontaneous discharges and prolonged afterdischarges. In fibers with spontaneous DRG activity, minimal mechanical stimulation of their ganglion of origin produced high-frequency firing. This study demonstrates that peripheral axotomy of DRG neurons produces spontaneous activity distinct from ongoing neuroma activity in a proportion of fibers which are potentially nociceptive (A delta) as well as abnormal mechanosensitivity of the DRG. Furthermore, electrical stimulation of these fibers produces prolonged inhibition of the discharge. This finding may partially explain the prolonged relief of symptoms patients with chronic pain of peripheral origin may experience following peripheral tetanic electrical stimulation. PMID- 6728495 TI - Arthritis induced in cat by sodium urate: a possible animal model for tonic pain. AB - An attempt has been made to determine whether cats rendered arthritic by the injection of monosodium urate (MSU) crystals (rod-shaped 40-130 micrometers length) into one knee joint capsule can be used as animal model of tonic (chronic) pain. A limp and a decrease in body weight supported by the injected hind leg's paw occurred approximately 1 h after the MSU (20 mg) injection, reached a maximum at 2-3 h, and lasted for more than 6 h before a gradual return to pre-injection levels. They were diminished by systemic administration and local (the dorsal part of the nucleus raphe dorsalis) application of morphine, this effect being blocked by naloxone. This suggests that the limping and the paw pressure decrease are the reflexion of pain. It is suggested that the animal model of the MSU-induced arthritis is useful for the study of tonic pain. PMID- 6728496 TI - The prevalence of pain complaints in a general population. AB - The authors argue that the study of the complaint of pain falls within the purview of epidemiological study. An analytic survey of 500 randomly selected households on the roster of a group family practice clinic was undertaken. The purpose was to determine the self-reported prevalence rates of any pain complaint and to determine the distribution of pain rates according to selected demographic and socioeconomic variables. Sixteen percent of the individuals sampled from a family practice (H.S.O.) had experienced pain within the 2 weeks preceding the survey. The prevalence rate of those with persistent pain was approximately twice that of those with temporary pain. More women than men reported temporary and persistent pain. The age specific morbidity rate for persistent pain increased with age. The back, lower extremities, and head and face were the most frequently identified sites of pain in both subgroups. Persons with persistent pain used health services, both community physicians and hospital care, more frequently than did those with temporary pain. No significant differences between the two groups were reported for physical, social or emotional function although the persistent pain group characterized their general health status more poorly. PMID- 6728497 TI - A chronic emergency room visitor with chest pain: successful treatment by stress management training and biofeedback. AB - The successful treatment of a patient with chest pain who at baseline visited the emergency room (ER) up to 20 times monthly is described. Treatment consisted of re-education, stress management training and biofeedback. The importance of conceptualizing multiple ER visitations as an interaction of physiological, psychological, social and iatrogenic factors is discussed, and suggestions are made for recognizing such behavior and effectively referring patients for appropriate treatment. PMID- 6728498 TI - Pain games in patients with chronic pain. PMID- 6728499 TI - Long term alterations in the excitability of the flexion reflex produced by peripheral tissue injury in the chronic decerebrate rat. AB - Chronic decerebrate rats have been prepared by the aspiration of all the cranial contents rostral to the mesencephalon. With careful nursing, body temperature control and orogastric tube feeding the rats survive for up to 4 months. The decerebrate rats have intact brain stem and spinal reflexes including locomotion, righting reflexes and grooming. Mild noxious cutaneous thermal and mechanical stimuli of an intensity which does not produce tissue damage evokes flexion withdrawal reflexes, vocalization, orientation to the site of the injury and generalized escape or attack responses, from the animals. These effects are transient and only occur during the application of the stimulus. The rats do not exhibit stress reactions, aggression or vocalization when handled before or after application of such noxious stimuli. The production of localized tissue injury by thermal or chemical means results in long term alterations (up to 6 weeks) in the thresholds and excitability of the flexor reflex, both ipsilateral and contralateral, to the site of the injury. It is proposed that the reduction in the flexor reflex threshold is analogous to the hyperalgesia and allodynia that follows tissue injury in man and that the long term alterations in the flexor reflex in the chronic decerebrate rat provide a model for the study of chronic pain, without the ethical problems associated with such studies in intact animals. PMID- 6728500 TI - Reflex sympathetic dystrophy following traumatic myelopathy. AB - Two cases of reflex sympathetic dystrophy in the upper extremity of patients with traumatic cervical spinal cord injuries are reported. Both patients had very incomplete lesions with early neurological recovery, suggesting an underlying central cord syndrome. Although reflex sympathetic dystrophy is often seen following stroke, it has only rarely been documented in traumatic myelopathy, and it should be considered in the differential diagnosis of unexplained pain syndromes in the extremities of paraplegic or quadriplegic patients. PMID- 6728501 TI - Profound anesthesia. PMID- 6728502 TI - An anatomosurgical point for finding the papilla duodeni major. PMID- 6728503 TI - Prophylaxis of anaerobic infections in obstetric surgery with injectable metronidazole. PMID- 6728504 TI - The oxygen affinity of normal adult whole blood studied by double tonometry. PMID- 6728505 TI - Descriptive epidemiology of Friedreich's ataxia in the province of Cuneo (Piedmont - Italy). PMID- 6728506 TI - A rare case of extraperitoneal and intracaval rupture of an aortic abdominal aneurysm. PMID- 6728507 TI - Clofibrate-induced myocardial injury and disseminated intravascular coagulation in a patient with chronic renal failure. PMID- 6728508 TI - Comparative study of flurbiprofen 150 mg suppositories and diclofenac 100 mg suppositories in arthrosis. PMID- 6728509 TI - Profundaplasty as an alternative to femoropopliteal by-pass in occlusions of the superficial femoral artery. PMID- 6728510 TI - [Tick-borne encephalitis viral titers of engorged adult Ixodes persulcatus ticks]. AB - The results of titration of adult virus infected ticks of Ixodes persulcatus are given. The ticks were collected in various natural nidi of tick-borne encephalitis and individually fed on laboratory animals. The results of titration of ticks of the same species primarily infected on laboratory animals during virusemia are given as well. Changes of the virus titer in engorged ticks were observed till the egg production. A role of the presence of virus in engorged ticks for the process of the agent circulation in natural nidi is discussed. PMID- 6728511 TI - [Susceptibility of Ornithodoros papillipes (Argasidae) ticks to the rickettsia Coxiella burnetii]. AB - A definition of susceptibility of an arthropod to an infectious or invasional agent is given. The susceptibility means a capacity of the arthropod for infection in a result of which the agent either completes a part of its life cycle in the organism of its invertebrate host or reproduces repeatedly in the organs and tissues of its internal medium causing or not causing a noticeable damage. On the model of the tick O. papillipes and Q. fever agent there were shown differences in the resistance of arthropods to Rickettsiae depending on the developmental phase of the invertebrate host. Under otherwise equal conditions the susceptibility of nymphs of O. papillipes to C. burnetii was in nymph II 146 times, in nymph I 280 times and in larvae 50 000 times less than in nymph IV. It has been established that nymphs I, II, and IV engorge blood only 2.5, 14 and 50 times more respectively than larvae. It shows that the success of infection depends to a larger extent on the degree of susceptibility of an arthropod to a corresponding agent than on the quantity of engorged infected blood. The formula of estimation of agent concentration necessary for successful infection of 50 per cent of ticks is given. PMID- 6728512 TI - [Diagnosis of subgenera of the genus Dermacentor Koch by the larva and nymph and new data on the distribution of the subgenus Asiacentor (Ixodidae)]. AB - On the basis of parallel study of natural and cultivated preimaginal phases of the genus Dermacentor differential diagnoses of three palaearctic subgenera were worked out: Asiacentor Filippova et Panova , 1974, Serdjukovia Dias , 1963 and Dermacentor (s. str.) 1844. The diagnoses are also based on peculiarities of chaetotaxy and other characters of small sizes. On the basis of identification of species of the subgenus Asiacentor on immature phases new sites of their distribution were found out: D. pavlovskyi : in the Issyk - Kul hollow, in the foothills from the side of Terskey - Alatau ridge; D. montanus: in Gissarsky ridge in the environs of Lake Iskander - Kul . Remoteness of these cites from the distribution borders known earlier point to ecological and geografical differential peculiarities of the subgenus and its species. PMID- 6728513 TI - [Comparative electron microscopy study of Leishmania major and L. tropica in experimental infestation of the sandfly Phlebotomus papatasi]. AB - For the first time comparative study was conducted of the ultrastructure of promastigotes of Leishmania major and L. tropica in the organism of Phlebotomus papatasi which for the first species of Leishmania is and for the second species is not a natural invertebrate host. During the bloodsucking on Mesocricetus auratus experimentally infected with Leishmania sandflies perceive amastigotes of both L. major and L. tropica. In the midgut of the sandfly both species of Leishmania pass into the stage of promastigote (therefore, this phenomenon is not defined by species-specific factors). However, further fate of promastigotes of L. major and L. tropica in Ph. papatasi is different. L. major has its normal cycle of development in the intestine of the sandfly and preserves its all ultrastructural peculiarities. Promastigotes of L. tropica, on the contrary, display in the midgut of Ph. papatasi signs of degeneration which are expressed in break of their normal ultrastructure (changes in the shape of cells, break in cell division, thickening or thinning of intracytoplasmatic formations, especially of mitochondria, intensified vacuolisation of cytoplasm, changes in the structure of nucleus and kinetoplast; and others). All these data indicate in an indirect way that the intestine of Ph. papatasi is a favourable medium for L. major and unfavourable one for L. tropica. PMID- 6728514 TI - [Lack of an effect from repeated blood sucking by mosquitoes on their infectivity with the causative agent of malaria]. AB - The lack of repeated bloodsucking does not affect essentially the infection of Ae. aegypti mosquitoes with malaria agent, P. gallinaceum. PMID- 6728515 TI - Autistic children in school: the role of the pediatrician. PMID- 6728517 TI - Symposium on learning disorders. PMID- 6728516 TI - Parents vs. autism: our pediatrician, the coach. PMID- 6728518 TI - Educational and psychological assessment of children with learning disorders. AB - This article provides an overview of assessment in the educational process and a critical analysis of the standardized tests that are typically seen in educational and psychological reports. PMID- 6728519 TI - Psycholinguistic aspects of learning disorders: identification and assessment. AB - This article examines in detail the relationship between language and learning disorders in children of school age and the behavioral characteristics of children with language and learning disabilities. Guidelines are offered for screening for identification of language disorders and for differential diagnosis. PMID- 6728520 TI - Education of children with learning problems. AB - Approximately 10 per cent of all school-aged children have some type of learning disorder. These students are usually labeled mentally retarded, learning disabled, or emotionally disturbed/behavior disordered. The authors discuss the commonly used definitions of these disorders, the prognosis in school for children with learning disorders, the educational characteristics of these children, specific teaching and training approaches, and the administrative arrangement and physical environment for learning-disordered students. PMID- 6728521 TI - The learning disorders of adolescence: organic and nonorganic failure to strive. AB - As students proceed through late elementary and junior high school, academic demands change drastically. The altered requirements may give rise to seemingly new learning disorders or may aggravate or modify a preexisting recognized dysfunction. This article discusses common areas of disability in this age group, developmental complications, and academic performance delays, and presents guidelines for assessment and management. PMID- 6728522 TI - Physiologic correlates of attention: a core process underlying learning disorders. AB - If attention disorders are common to many behavioral pathologies, is it possible that these pathologies have a common physiologic substrate? To approach this question, this article organizes the literature to deal with aspects of (a) the definition of attention, (b) individual differences in physiologic correlates of attention, and (c) speculations regarding potential physiologic processes mediating attention. PMID- 6728523 TI - Neurochemical correlates of attention deficit disorder. AB - Evidence from both epidemiologic and pharmacologic investigations into the biology of attention deficit disorder suggests that abnormalities in neurotransmitter function exist in children with attention deficit disorder. This article reviews this evidence and discusses the limitations imposed upon such clinical investigations. PMID- 6728524 TI - Hyperactivity and the attention deficit disorders: expanding frontiers. AB - This article explores some of the pivotal research in the understanding and treatment of hyperactivity, overviewing the research milestones as well as the vexing questions that remain. Focus is placed upon the social worlds of hyperactive children and upon the overlap between hyperactive and aggressive behavior patterns. This is followed by an extensive look at the effects of stimulants upon these children and the needs for (and promise of) nonpharmacologic treatment strategies as adjuncts or alternatives to medication. PMID- 6728525 TI - Diagnosis and management of attention deficit disorder: a pediatric perspective. AB - Recent progress in the nosology of neuropsychiatric disorders in general, and attention deficit disorder in particular, have produced parallel advances in our understanding of the etiology of these disorders, enhanced their accurate recognition, and clarified appropriate management strategies. This article provides a detailed overview of these advances. PMID- 6728526 TI - Symposium on learning disorders. Controversial therapies. AB - Chronic problems such as learning disabilities often stimulate the development of novel therapies that present broad claims of efficacy and of global remedy. The author examines controversial therapies for learning disorders, examines some of the reasons for the popularity of these therapies, discusses their adverse effects, and presents recommendations for their critical analysis. PMID- 6728527 TI - Multimodality approaches in the treatment of attention deficit disorders. AB - This article describes the diagnostic process and various etiologic considerations that underpin the formulation of a comprehensive treatment program for a child with attention deficit disorder and then goes on to describe treatment modalities and strategies. The authors then suggest that the coordinated use of problem-specific treatment modalities is likely to prove more therapeutic and cost-effective than a global treatment. PMID- 6728528 TI - Symposium on juvenile diabetes. PMID- 6728529 TI - Exercise and the patient with Type I diabetes mellitus. AB - This article reviews the clinical features of heart disease in the diabetic in three categories: (1) coronary atherosclerosis (CAD), (2) autonomic neuropathy, and (3) cardiomyopathy. Particular attention is given to current methods of noninvasive assessment of cardiac function in juvenile diabetics. PMID- 6728530 TI - Nutrition therapy for the child and adolescent with Type I diabetes mellitus. AB - The author enumerates the objectives of nutritional instruction and therapy for the child with diabetes mellitus and examines some of the principles upon which this therapy is based. Also discussed are the methods used to formulate meal plans, stressing the fact that instruction and counseling in nutritional principles is a continuous process that must be enthusiastically supported by the pediatrician and the physician who follows the diabetic patient during adult life. PMID- 6728531 TI - Mesenteric cyst: sonographic appearance with CT correlation. AB - Two cases of mesenteric cysts are reported. Realtime ultrasound demonstrated the typical appearance of well-defined, anechoic masses. In addition, a solid appearance with a honeycomb pattern of internal echos was observed in one case. The other case had the appearance of loculated, septated ascites. Ultrasound and CT correlation are discussed. PMID- 6728532 TI - Echographic diagnosis of neonatal renal venous thrombosis. AB - The echographic appearances found in 23 newborn with clinically labelled renal venous thrombosis are described. There is a spectrum of abnormality which can be graded into mild, moderate and severe. These grades have some relation to prognosis and seem to be age related. PMID- 6728533 TI - Angiography of azygos continuation of inferior vena cava in situs ambiguus with left isomerism (polysplenia syndrome). AB - We have in our records 11 patients with situs ambiguus and left isomerism (polysplenia). Ten had an interruption of the inferior vena cava (IVC) with azygos continuation; in eight cases the continuation was to the left superior vena cava (LSVC), in one case to the right superior vena cava (RSVC) and in one case to both the LSVC and RSVC. Two patients underwent surgical correction by a baffle procedure of the functioning single atrium. The angiographic confirmation of the azygos system anatomy is important in planning the surgical correction of patients with left isomerism. Clinically, given the same heart defects with normal pressures, the right-sided drainage is probably more favorable, producing less peripheral desaturation. PMID- 6728535 TI - Ureteritis and pyelitis emphysematosa in a neonate. AB - We describe a case of ureteritis and pyelitis emphysematosa in a neonate. The radiographic features were bilateral linear gas shadows of the ureters joining with gas outlining the renal pelves and calyces. PMID- 6728534 TI - Infantile achalasia. AB - Achalasia in infancy is rare. A male infant who started to have symptoms at the age of 4 months, and who was operated at the age of 17 months is described. Post operatively the symptoms subsided and normal growth and development were regained. Achalasia should be included in the differential diagnosis of children with regurgitation, vomiting and failure to thrive. PMID- 6728536 TI - Aortic anomalies in an adolescent with the Williams' elfin facies syndrome. AB - An adolescent with classical Williams' syndrome who presented with hypertensive encephalopathy is described. He had the unusual combination of supravalvular aortic stenosis, long segment coarctation of the aorta, aortic hypoplasia and a high bifurcation of the abdominal aorta. Surgical resection of the coarctation was required; however, the patient has remained moderately hypertensive. The aortic anomalies in this syndrome are reviewed and their frequency and importance examined. PMID- 6728537 TI - Nephrocalcinosis in Bartter's syndrome. Demonstration by ultrasonography. AB - Nephrocalcinosis in Bartter's syndrome has been recognized since 1962, but has not previously been shown in an infant with the syndrome. Ultrasonography shows striking echogenicity of the renal pyramids which appears to be a specific finding in medullary nephrocalcinosis. We suspect nephrocalcinosis will be found in many infants with Bartter's syndrome if ultrasonography is used to examine their kidneys. PMID- 6728538 TI - Radiographic assessment of venous catheter position in children: value of the lateral view. AB - Frontal chest radiographs can be misleading in the evaluation of central venous catheter placement. Lateral chest radiographs were obtained, in addition to the standard frontal radiographs, in 25 young children. In five (20%) of the children, the catheters were found to be malpositioned, and the frontal radiograph showed evidence of the abnormality in all five. The lateral radiographs also showed evidence of the abnormality in all five children; however, in three of the five, the lateral radiographs provided additional, more specific, diagnostic information. The lateral chest radiographs also demonstrated satisfactory catheter positioning in three other children in whom the frontal radiographs suggested abnormal positioning. Accurate assessment of catheter position was possible in all patients using both frontal and lateral chest radiographs. Injection of contrast material was not necessary to locate malpositioned catheters. Lateral radiographs are recommended whenever an abnormal catheter position is suspected clinically or from findings on the routine frontal radiograph. PMID- 6728539 TI - Fatal aspirations in infancy during gastrointestinal series. AB - Three infants with fatal aspirations during gastroesophageal studies are reported because of the rarity of this catastrophe in the literature. Recommendations for avoiding this complication are suggested. PMID- 6728540 TI - Barium meal examination of infants under 4 months of age presenting with vomiting. A review of 100 cases. AB - One hundred barium meal examinations performed on infants of less than 4 months of age are reviewed. All the infants presented with vomiting as a major symptom and the diagnosis remained in doubt following the initial clinical assessment. Fifty seven per cent of the examinations showed an abnormality of which 45% were thought to be significant. Hypertrophic pyloric stenosis was demonstrated in 23 infants. Other abnormalities included hiatus hernia, gastro-oesophageal reflux, and duodenal abnormalities. The value of barium meal examinations in this group of infants is emphasised. PMID- 6728541 TI - Radiologically visible fecal gas patterns in "normal" newborns and young infants. AB - A prospective study of abdominal and chest films of 212 babies without symptoms of intra-abdominal disease, aged 1 day-12 weeks, showed that the bubbly "fecal pattern" normally seen in older children is rare in young premature babies in the first two weeks of life. When it is seen, it may represent intramural air bubbles and signal the presence of necrotizing enterocolitis. PMID- 6728542 TI - Upper gastrointestinal and ultrasound examinations of gastric antral involvement in chronic granulomatous disease. AB - Two brothers with chronic granulomatous disease of childhood are presented with circumferential gastric antral thickening demonstrated on sonography. Barium studies and sonography correlated well in one brother. The antral changes can resolve quickly without antibiotic therapy. PMID- 6728543 TI - Ultrasonic detection of subdural collections. AB - Subdural collections in infants are common complications of meningitis, trauma and post surgical procedures. Careful ultrasonic examination via the anterior fontanelle is a reliable method of demonstrating these collections. It has an accuracy comparable to computed tomography and is our first line of investigation. PMID- 6728544 TI - Cranial computed tomography in pediatric migraine. AB - Two children with migraine showed low-density areas with an irregular enhancement pattern on CT scans of the head after contrast infusion. Angiography was normal in both patients. These abnormalities probably were due to transient blood-brain barrier damage. This knowledge is important when excluding other disorders like vascular malformations. PMID- 6728545 TI - Diagnosis of liver-spleen abscesses in children--with emphasis on ultrasound for the initial and follow-up examinations. AB - Seven children with hepatic and one with splenic abscess were evaluated using at least two of the following imaging modalities: ultrasound, radionuclide liver spleen scan, computed tomography (CT) and angiography. Seven children had pyogenic, and one mixed pyogenic-amebic abscess. In all cases ultrasound demonstrated the lesions, which in 6/7 of hepatic abscesses were located only to the right liver lobe. 99mTc -sulphur colloid liver-spleen scans were positive in 4/4 cases while 67Ga failed to demonstrate 2/2 lesions. CT gave additional information in regard to etiology of lesions observed at ultrasound examination. Angiography performed in four cases showed vessel displacement by poorly vascularized mass lesions and arterioportal shunting in one but, overall, did not contribute to patient management. In clinically suggested hepatic-splenic abscesses, ultrasound together with CT will provide the diagnostic information needed for treatment. Follow-up studies should be performed by ultrasound. PMID- 6728546 TI - Radiological findings in total aganglionosis coli. AB - The radiological findings in 13 patients with total aganglionosis coli were reviewed. There was a male to female ratio of 7:6. Fifty-four percent of patients presented in the first week of life, but a significant number (31%) did not present until after 1 month of age. All patients had plain film evidence of bowel obstruction when referred for a barium enema. There were no pathognomonic barium enema findings, and barium enema results covered the entire spectrum of findings which can be encountered in the neonate and young infant with bowel obstruction. Seventy-seven percent had normal calibre colon, 23% had micro colon, 23% had a shortened colon, 46% had colonic wall irregularity, 33% had significant ileal reflux. Delayed evacuation of barium from colon occurred in the two patients who had delayed films. Total colonic aganglionosis should be considered in any infant or young child with plain film evidence of bowel obstruction, whatever the barium enema findings. Hirschsprung's disease and the level of transition can only be definitively diagnosed by biopsy. PMID- 6728547 TI - Pheochromocytoma in childhood: the important role of computed tomography in tumour localization. AB - The radiographic features of five children with nine pheochromocytomas are reviewed. Seven of eight lesions studied by CT were accurately localized. One 1.5 cm diameter extra-adrenal lesion, studied with a 2-min scanner, was not detected. Angiography failed to detect two of seven lesions. Fast scan and high resolution CT of the entire abdomen and pelvis is recommended as the initial modality of choice in children suspected of having pheochromocytoma. Chest CT need only be performed if a lesion is suspected on a chest radiograph or if the abdominal and pelvic CT reveal no lesion. PMID- 6728548 TI - Pseudotumour of the kidney secondary to posterior urethral valves: the role of renal backflow and perirenal extravasation. AB - In three male neonates, successfully treated for posterior urethral valves, unilateral "pseudotumour" deformity of the collecting system ensued. Two of them had, preoperatively, a marked ipsilateral perirenal urinary extravasation (urinoma), one in addition gross contralateral renal backflow with moderate leakage to the renal capsule. The other one had slight contralateral backflow to the kidney parenchyma but also urinary ascites. The third patient had considerable unilateral renal backflow on the side of developing deformity but no perirenal extravasation. Out of the three patients, two had bilateral Grade IV-V vesico-ureteral reflux, in the third patient reflux of the same degree was present and this only on the side opposite to the deformity. In all three patients the kidney with the "pseudotumour" became taller and more slender than the normally developing mate. There was either slight or no loss of renal parenchyma. At the last follow-up, 1-3 years after diagnosis of the valves, kidney function was normal. PMID- 6728549 TI - The Currarino triad: complex of anorectal malformation, sacral bony abnormality, and presacral mass. AB - The Currarino triad is a unique complex of congenital caudal anomalies including anorectal malformation, sacral bony abnormality, and presacral mass. The usual symptomatology is constipation due to anorectal stenosis. Contrast enema and computed tomographic myelography are the imaging modalities of choice for diagnostic confirmation and clarification of the anomalies. The clinical features, unique radiologic appearance, and importance of a correct diagnosis of the Currarino triad are reviewed. PMID- 6728550 TI - Ultrasonographic demonstration of systemic artery feeding extrapulmonary sequestration. AB - An extralobar pulmonary sequestration in an infant was diagnosed by ultrasound. The sequestration appeared as an echogenic mass interpositioned between the liver and the right lung. The main feeding vessel of the sequestration was demonstrable. Ultrasound should be the first diagnostic modality used for evaluation of a supraphrenic chest mass seen on chest roentgenogram in childhood. PMID- 6728551 TI - Pulmonary sequestration associated with unilateral pulmonary hypoplasia and massive pleural effusion. A case report and review of the literature. AB - Pulmonary sequestration associated with pulmonary hypoplasia and pleural effusion is very uncommon. Only three cases have been previously reported in the literature. We add one more case and describe its interesting clinical, radiological and pathological findings. PMID- 6728552 TI - Barium impaction as a cause of small bowel obstruction in an infant with cystic fibrosis. AB - Small bowel obstruction in children with cystic fibrosis due to the impaction of barium is an unusual occurrence. This is the report of an 8.5-month-old black male who had an upper GI series on the day of discharge from the hospital, and returned the next day with a distal small bowel obstruction due to a barium impaction. PMID- 6728553 TI - Beak sign in duodenal duplication cyst. AB - Duodenal duplication cyst is an uncommon congenital anomaly of the alimentary tract and preoperative diagnosis is important in relation to the surgical approach. This paper describes a beak-like projection of the duodenum in contrast studies which enabled a confident preoperative diagnosis of duodenal duplication cyst in four infants. PMID- 6728554 TI - Excretion of vasopressin in the hypoxic lamb: comparison between fetus and newborn. AB - The factors associated with increased renal excretion of vasopressin (VP) were examined in the hypoxic fetus and newborn. Studies were conducted on six chronically instrumented fetal (117-136 days gestation) and seven newborn lambs (2-6-day-old). Hypoxia was produced by administration of 10% oxygen to the ewe or neonate for 30 min. This procedure caused a 50% reduction in PaO2, no significant change in pHa in either fetus or neonate and a slight fall in PaCO2. Hypoxia caused an increase in VP concentrations in plasma from 1.3 +/- 0.53 to 46.4 +/- 4.71 pg/ml in the fetus and from 5.9 +/- 2.80 to 50.2 +/- 26.68 pg/ml in the neonate. After hypoxia there was a fall in urine output from 0.27 +/- 0.045 to 0.17 +/- 0.046 ml/(min X kg) in the fetus and from 0.15 +/- 0.033 to 0.09 +/- 0.022 ml/(min X kg) in the newborn. The corresponding values for urine osmolality were the following: 168 +/- 30.8 to 325 +/- 30.6 mOsm/kg in the fetus and 388 +/- 65.4 to 523 +/- 51.8 mOsm/kg in the newborn. VP concentration in urine increased from 13 +/- 9.4 to a maximum of 176 +/- 32.4 pg/ml after 30 min of recovery in the fetus and 39 +/- 4.6 to 278 +/- 132.5 pg/ml after 1 h of recovery in the newborn. These levels remained high for at least 1 h after the end of hypoxia. There was a good linear correlation between plasma VP levels and the corresponding urine levels and excretion rates in both the fetus and newborn.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS) PMID- 6728555 TI - Kinetics of intestinal calcium transport during maturation in rats. AB - Young animals absorb and retain more calcium (Ca) than their older counterparts. The mechanism(s) for this age-related difference and the kinetics of intestinal calcium transport during maturation are not known. We determined, therefore, the unidirectional uptake and the transmural flux of [45Ca] in everted duodenal and jejunal sacs of suckling, weanling, adolescent, and adult rats using [3H] dextran as a marker of adherent mucosal volume. These measurements were carried out over a wide range of Ca concentrations (0.5-30 mM). Results indicate an evolving pattern of intestinal calcium transport with different kinetic characteristics emerging as the animals matured. The active component of transport became more pronounced with increasing age. In adult rats Km and Jmax of [45Ca] duodenal and jejunal uptake were several-fold greater than corresponding values for suckling rats. Transport at higher calcium concentrations (10-30 mM) was non-saturable, and the permeability coefficient decreased with age. The transition to a more saturable process occurred around the time of weaning. These findings suggest that intestinal calcium transport is characterized by a maturation pattern that starts with a predominantly passive system during infancy and changes to a saturable active mechanism during maturation. PMID- 6728556 TI - Preparation for birth into an O2-rich environment: the antioxidant enzymes in the developing rabbit lung. AB - To determine if some specific "preparation for birth" occurs in the developing lung to help assure its successful adaptation to a comparatively O2-rich world at birth, we measured the activities of the antioxidant enzymes in the developing lungs of rabbit fetuses from 10 d before parturition to several days after birth. Superoxide dismutase (SOD), catalase (CAT), and glutathione peroxidase (GP) activities showed similar maturational patterns with significant increases in activity, compared with earlier gestational levels, during the last 3-5 d before birth. During the final days in utero, SOD and CAT activities increased by approximately 110% and lung GP activity by approximately 200%. There were no parallel changes in lung O2 consumption demonstrable over this same prenatal period. PMID- 6728557 TI - A comparison of the sensitivities of neonatal ovine pulmonary and femoral arteries to l-norepinephrine stimulation. AB - We compared the concentration-response relationship of intralobar pulmonary arteries to l-norepinephrine with that of femoral arteries from newborn lambs. In addition, the effect of inhibition of the neuronal and extra-neuronal uptake mechanisms on these concentration-response relationships was examined. Concentration-response curves on 10 intralobar pulmonary arteries were performed with and without inhibition of the uptake mechanisms. Uptake inhibition shifts the curve to the left; thus, the -log EC50 with uptake inhibition (6.63 +/- 0.15) is greater than that without uptake inhibition (6.13 +/- 0.14). Similar curves on 10 femoral arteries demonstrated that the -log EC50 with and without uptake inhibition (6.20 +/- 0.13 and 6.00 +/- 0.04, respectively) are not statistically different. Because, in the presence of intact uptake mechanisms the concentration of l-norepinephrine in the alpha-receptor microenvironment is less than that placed in the organ bath, the appropriate comparison of pulmonary and femoral arterial response to l-norepinephrine stimulation requires uptake inhibition in both vessels. The concentration-response curve with uptake inhibition for the intralobar pulmonary artery is significantly to the left of that for the femoral; the -log EC50 for the pulmonary vessel (6.63 +/- 0.15) is greater than that of the femoral vessel (6.20 +/- 0.13). The intralobar pulmonary artery in vitro is more sensitive to l-norepinephrine stimulation than is the femoral. PMID- 6728558 TI - Longitudinal studies on metabolic rate, heat loss, and energy cost of growth in low birth weight infants. AB - Longitudinal studies on total and resting metabolic rate and total heat loss were made in 14 LBW infants, age 1-58 d. Metabolic rate was calculated from indirect calorimetry, heat loss was measured by direct calorimetry. Total metabolic rate and total heat loss were lowest during the first week of life, 178.9 +/- 18.0 and 171.8 +/- 15.5 kJ X kg-1 X 24 h-1, respectively. During the age period of 8-58 d both total metabolic rate and heat loss showed a very slight increase with age: mean total metabolic rate was 278.8 +/- 2.6 and mean total heat loss 257.0 +/- 3.4 kJ X kg-1. during the first week of life and 248.0 +/- 2.5 during d 8-58. The energy cost of components of new tissue was calculated from the energy balance equation. Ecomponents during the second week of life was 25.5 +/- 4.9 kJ/g weight gain and 11.9 +/- 0.4 kJ/g weight gain over subsequent weeks. The net energy cost of tissue synthesis, calculated from the difference between indirect and direct calorimetry was 3.2 +/- 1.1 kJ/g weight gain during the second week and 1.1 +/- 0.1 kJ/g weight gain in the following weeks. A neonate who receives a caloric intake of 535 kJ X kg-1 X 24 h-1 and is growing at a rate of 17 g X kg-1 X 24 h-1 will use 42% of the caloric intake for maintenance and thermoregulation, 6% for activity, 38% for the components of new tissue, 4% for tissue synthesis and 10% for loss in faeces and urine. PMID- 6728559 TI - Congenital expression of prolidase defect in prolidase deficiency. AB - Newborn blood from three siblings with prolidase deficiency contained no detectable prolidase activity. Umbilical cord blood contained no prolidase activity in one sibling and only 6.8% of control activity in another sibling. In prolidase deficiency the enzyme defect is expressed at birth, well before the appearance of skin ulcers, and is demonstrable in filter paper specimens of blood obtained for routine screening. PMID- 6728560 TI - Low antithrombin III levels in neonates with idiopathic respiratory distress syndrome: poor prognosis. AB - Automated microanalytic chromogenic coagulation assays allow serial monitoring of critically ill newborn infants. In this study 84 premature infants [26 healthy prematures and 58 neonates with idiopathic respiratory distress syndrome (IRDS)] were studied daily during the first week of life, to investigate the possible significance of hemostatic abnormalities in IRDS. In neonates with IRDS, coagulation factors II and X, antithrombin III (AT-III), plasminogen, and alpha 2 antiplasmin were significantly lower than control values. Recovery of the initially low AT-III levels was delayed relative to the other coagulation parameters measured. An AT-III less than or equal to 0.15 U/ml was present within the first 6 h of life in eight patients who developed IRDS, seven of whom died within 48 h. Autopsy of these neonates showed widespread fibrin deposition and hemorrhage in vital organs consistent with intravascular coagulation. These findings indicate that very low levels of AT-III are associated with disseminated intravascular coagulation in neonates with IRDS and suggest that a deficiency of AT-III is predictive of a poor outcome. PMID- 6728561 TI - Glucose turnover rates in chronically catheterized non-pregnant and pregnant rabbits. AB - Glucose turnover rates have been measured in conscious, chronically catheterized, non-pregnant and pregnant rabbits. Non-pregnant rabbits were studied weekly for 4 wk. Pregnant animals were studied once while non-pregnant and then weekly for up to 4 wk during pregnancy. Glucose turnover rate was measured using a primed constant infusion of [U-14C]glucose and [6-3H]glucose. The weight of the rabbits did not vary throughout the 4-5 wk of study in either the non-pregnant or pregnant group. Seven pregnant rabbits delivered pups which weighed an average of 61 g each. In non-pregnant rabbits, blood glucose concentration did not vary with time. In the pregnant rabbits, blood glucose concentration fell by the end of gestation to an average value of 74.6 +/- 2.7 mg/dl, significantly less (P less than 0.01) than the glucose concentration in the same animals before pregnancy, 88.2 +/- 2.4 mg/dl. The weight specific glucose turnover rate did not vary with time in either the non-pregnant (4.38 +/- 0.16 mg X min-1 X kg-1) or pregnant rabbits (3.89 +/- 0.29 mg X min-1 X kg-1). Blood glucose clearance did not change over time in the non-pregnant rabbits but did increase in the pregnant rabbits in late pregnancy. Blood glucose clearance was inversely related to the fall in blood glucose concentration. PMID- 6728562 TI - Adrenoleukodystrophy: impaired oxidation of very long chain fatty acids in white blood cells, cultured skin fibroblasts, and amniocytes. AB - We compared the formation of 14CO2 from [I-14C]fatty acids in homogenates of cultured skin fibroblasts and white blood cells from 25 patients with adrenoleukodystrophy (ALD) and from 24 controls. The ALD group included 16 boys with childhood ALD, five men with adrenomyeloneuropathy (AMN), and two boys and two girls with neonatal ALD. The substrates were unbranched saturated fatty acids ranging in chain length from 16-26 carbons. From C24:0, the radioactive CO2 production by homogenates of ALD fibroblasts and white blood cells was 17% and 37% of control, respectively, and from C26:0 it was 17% of control in ALD fibroblasts. The CO2 evolution from palmitate (C16:0) in the ALD was identical to the control group; for C18:0, the value for ALD cells was 76% of control, and fatty acids with chain lengths between C18:0 and C24:0 gave intermediate results. Results for childhood ALD patients were similar to those for the AMN patients. More limited studies with cultured amniocytes of fetuses with childhood ALD gave results similar to those obtained with cultured skin fibroblasts, and results with neonatal ALD patients appeared to be the same as for childhood ALD and AMN. Studies of three women who were carriers for childhood ALD gave values intermediate between ALD and control. The total C26:0 levels in ALD cultured skin fibroblasts and white blood cells were 4-6 times that of control; the total C24:0 levels were increased 10-30%, whereas the C22:0 levels were unchanged.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS) PMID- 6728563 TI - Short communication. Role of agar beads in the pathogenicity of Pseudomonas aeruginosa in the rat respiratory tract. AB - Sterile agar beads plus Pseudomonas aeruginosa injected intratracheally produced local infection in rats, similar to that described for the injection of agar beads containing the same pathogen. It is suggested that it is not necessary for P. aeruginosa to be inside the beads to induce lung infection. PMID- 6728564 TI - Development of hepatic fatty acid oxidation and ketogenesis in the newborn guinea pig. PMID- 6728565 TI - Endocrine adaptation to malnutrition. PMID- 6728566 TI - Manganese balance studies in infants after operations on the heart. PMID- 6728567 TI - Fat digestion by lingual lipase: mechanism of lipolysis in the stomach and upper small intestine. AB - Ten to 30% of dietary fat is hydrolyzed in the stomach by lingual lipase, an enzyme secreted from lingual serous glands. We investigated the substrate specificity of this enzyme as well as the potential of lingual lipase to act in the upper small intestine i.e., in the presence of bile salts and lecithin. The data presented show that partially purified preparations of rat lingual lipase and the lipase in gastric aspirates of newborn infants have identical substrate specificity: medium-chain triglycerides were hydrolyzed at rates 5-8-fold higher than long-chain triglycerides; the rat and human enzymes do not hydrolyze the ester bond of lecithin or cholesteryl-ester. In contrast to pancreatic lipase, the hydrolysis of triglycerides by lingual lipase is not inhibited by lecithin. But, similar to pancreatic lipase the activity of lingual lipase is inhibited by bile salts, the extent of inhibition varying with its nature and concentration. This inactivation is not prevented by colipase but is partially averted by lipids and protein, suggesting that lingual lipase can remain active in the duodenum. The pH optimum of the enzyme (2.2-6.5 in the rat and 3.5-6.0 in human gastric aspirates) is compatible with continued activity in the upper small intestine, especially during the neonatal period, when the luminal pH is under 6.5. The marked variation in lipase activity levels in gastric aspirates of newborn infants is probably due to individual variations in enzyme amounts. The characteristics of the lipase are however identical in infants with low, intermediate or high activity levels.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS) PMID- 6728568 TI - Gastrointestinal blood flow and oxygen consumption in the newborn lamb: effect of chronic anemia and acute hypoxia. AB - The purpose of this study was to investigate the compensatory change in circulation and oxygenation of the newborn lamb gastrointestinal (GI) tract in response to anemic and hypoxic hypoxemia. Radiolabeled microspheres were used to measure blood flow. We subjected the newborn lamb to a 30-35% reduction in hematocrit 4 d before study and to a 10% oxygen environment for 30 min during the study to induce chronic anemic and acute hypoxic hypoxemia, respectively. The circulatory and oxygenation responses were measured 1 h after a standard milk feeding in all cases. During the experimental periods, no change in total GI blood flow was observed. Because of a failure to augment blood flow during hypoxemia, O2 delivery to the GI tract decreased significantly. Despite this, GI O2 consumption was not compromised because tissue O2 extraction by the GI tract rose significantly. The response of the newborn lamb GI tract to hypoxemia after feeding is augmentation of O2 extraction. The newborn's GI tract did not regulate local GI blood flow. PMID- 6728569 TI - Relative efficacy of radiant and convective heat in incubators in producing thermoneutrality for the premature. AB - To determine which warming system more closely approximates a neutral thermal environment, the oxygen consumptions of 16 premature babies less than 1500 g were measured in a convectively heated incubator and a radiantly heated incubator. Both systems were controlled to maintain a skin temperature of 36 degrees C. The oxygen consumptions of the infants were not significantly different in the two incubators; thus, there was no detectable advantage to the use of convective or radiant energy in approximating a neutral thermal environment in an incubator for the small premature infant. That proportion of total heat loss from the babies due to radiant losses in the convective incubator was directly calculated from incubator temperature using equations described in the paper, and found to be 68 +/- 3% SE. PMID- 6728570 TI - Lung fluid balance in hypoxic lambs. AB - In spontaneously breathing newborn lambs, alveolar hypoxia increases lung microvascular pressure, which causes lung lymph flow to increase and the concentration of protein in lymph to decrease. To see if this response derives from hypoxia itself rather than from the change in breathing pattern that occurs during hypoxia, we measured lung vascular pressures, pleural pressure, cardiac output, and lung lymph flow in 12 anesthetized lambs that were ventilated at a fixed rate and tidal volume, first with air, then with 10-14% O2 in nitrogen. Alveolar hypoxia did not affect pleural pressure, but pulmonary arterial pressure increased from 19 to 32 torr, lung lymph flow increased from 2.20 to 3.83 ml/h and lymph protein concentration decreased from 3.4 to 2.8 g/dl. To be certain that the increased lymph flow associated with hypoxia is not simply the result of an acute release of fluid from the lungs and to assess the effects of carbon dioxide on lymph flow during hypoxia, we next studied six unanesthetized lambs kept hypoxic for a total of 12 h. After a 2-4-h period in air the lambs breathed 9-11% O2 in nitrogen for 2-4 h, then 8-11% O2 and 3-5% CO2 in nitrogen for 8-10 h. In these lambs we injected intravenously radioactive albumin and measured its uptake in lymph to see if sustained hypoxia alters microvascular permeability to protein in the lungs. In these experiments pulmonary arterial pressure increased from 17 to 37 torr, lung lymph flow increased from 1.74 to 3.28 ml/h, and lymph protein concentration decreased from 3.8 to 3.1 g/dl during hypoxia.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS) PMID- 6728571 TI - Validation of a physiologic stability index for use in critically ill infants and children. AB - We developed a physiology-based scoring system, the Physiologic Stability Index (PSI) to assess severity of acute illness in the total population of pediatric Intensive Care Unit (ICU) patients. Thirty-four variables from seven physiologic systems were chosen, and the degree of abnormality of each variable was assigned a score reflecting the clinical importance of the derangements. Validity was demonstrated by comparing PSI to hospital mortality and to two other methods that reflect severity of illness, the Clinical Classification System (CCS) and the Therapeutic Intervention Scoring System ( TISS ). Four hundred and twenty-three consecutive admissions to a multidisciplinary ICU were followed daily. Patients classified into higher CCS classes had significantly higher PSI scores (P less than 0.001), and there was a highly significant correlation (P less than 0.001) between PSI and TISS scores. The linear-logistic regression of observed mortality versus PSI was highly significant (P less than 0.0001) and provided an excellent fit. Highly significant differences between survivors and nonsurvivors were observed for PSI scores (P less than 0.001), as well as for composite slopes of the regression of PSI scores versus days of care (P less than 0.001). These data demonstrate validity of the PSI scoring system. PMID- 6728572 TI - Circadian rhythms of blood minerals during adolescence. AB - Sequential blood sampling every 30 min was performed in six adolescent males. Samples were analyzed for serum phosphate [Pi), total calcium (CaT), and blood ionized calcium (Ca++) concentrations. A circadian (24-h) pattern was observed for each mineral: 1) Ca++ concentrations followed a U-shaped curve with a peak at 11 AM and a trough at 3:30 PM; 2) CaT concentrations followed a W-shaped curve with maxima at 11 and 1 AM and troughs at 5 AM and 6 PM; and 3) Pi concentrations followed an M-shaped curve with peaks at 4 PM and 3:30 AM. The overall mineral patterns were similar in shape to those previously described in adult males. In contrast, however, the amplitude of the Pi fluctuations were considerably greater in the adolescents compared with that in adults (3.0 mg/dl versus 1.2 mg/dl). The Ca++ pattern diverged from the CaT pattern during the nocturnal phase to an extent that neither pattern could be predicted from the other. Ultradian rhythms were found in some of the time series mineral data sets; however, no single frequency encompassed all subjects for each circulating mineral. PMID- 6728573 TI - Comparison of predicted and adult heights in short boys: effect of androgen therapy. AB - We evaluated the accuracy of height predictions based on the tables of Bayley and Pinneau (2) in 43 boys with short stature. Sixteen boys were treated with androgens and 27 received no treatment. In 17 boys whose bone ages were within normal limits, and who received no treatment, the mean +/- SE predicted height of 164.9 +/- 1.5 cm was not significantly different from the mean adult height (166.5 +/- 1.5 cm). The predicted height exceeded the actual adult height by more than 5.1 cm in only one instance [5.1 cm is the degree of accuracy reported by Bayley and Pinneau (2)]. In 10 boys, whose bone ages were severely delayed (more than 2 SD below their chronologic age) and also were not treated, predicted height overestimated adult height by more than 5.1 cm in five of them. This difference was statistically significant (P less than 0.05). In five boys with normal bone ages, androgen therapy had no significant effect on either predicted height (168.1 +/- 4.1 before, 166.8 +/- 4.4 cm after) or actual adult height (166.5 +/- 4.1 cm). The 11 boys with severely delayed bone ages had a significant increase in predicted height during androgen therapy (165.4 +/- 1.5 to 169.8 +/- 1.7 cm, P less than 0.01), but actual adult height (162.4 +/- 2.4 cm) was not significantly greater than pretreatment predicted height. Further, the number of boys whose predicted height exceeded their adult height by 5.1 cm was not significantly different in treated (4/11) or untreated (5/10) boys.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS) PMID- 6728574 TI - Cold air challenge of airway hyperreactivity in children: practical application and theoretical aspects. AB - In 23 children with asthma and 18 healthy controls, cold air challenge ( CACh ) was done twice during the same half day, and in the asthmatics a third time together with a histamine challenge (HCh) 2 wk later. Pulmonary functions were tested before and after each challenge. No overlapping of individual responses to CACh in seven forced expiratory flow tests proved the power of discrimination of this technique in children. The limits of "normal" reactions ranged from minus 9% for larger airway-related to 26% for smaller airway-related flows. Short-term reproducibility of induced changes, in percentage of baseline, was excellent (r = 0.815-0.954); in percentage of predicted postchallenge abnormality it was even better (r = 0.926-0.975). The response in small airway-related flow rates (-43.1 +/- 12.8 to -51.9 +/- 16.8% of baseline) was much larger than in others (-27.6 +/ 14.6 to -32.1 +/- 17.3% of baseline). This, the different baseline-to-response correlations in various measurements, and the divergent dose response to colder versus less cold air in large (60.7 +/- 21.9 versus 65.4 +/- 21.5% predicted, postchallenge values) and small airway-related tests (28.9 +/- 18.7 versus 29.5 +/- 15.1% predicted, postchallenge values) in asthmatic children suggest a predetermined, small airway-related limitation of individual reactivity, which is independent of the baseline situation. All asthmatics responded positively to HCh but quantitative results of the two methods did not correlate. Responses to CACh also better characterized the clinical severity of asthma than those of HCh.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS) PMID- 6728575 TI - Methylprednisolone resistance of cystic fibrosis lymphocytes. AB - In the current study, the in vitro viability and resistance to methylprednisolone (MP) was investigated in lymphocytes from patients with cystic fibrosis (CF) and normal controls. The addition of MP to phytohemagglutinin-stimulated lymphocyte cultures inhibits the proliferative response in a dose-dependent way. The dose response curves to MP were similar in CF cultures and controls (P greater than 0.05). Neither preincubation nor pulse exposure to MP revealed any difference between normal and CF lymphocytes. Skin fibroblasts from patients with CF have been reported to show increased resistance to the toxic effect of dexamethasone (1-3, 5-6). This study was undertaken to investigate the suppressive effect of glucocorticoids on another cell culture system using MP on phytohemagglutinin stimulated lymphocytes. PMID- 6728576 TI - The 2-deoxyglucose test as a supplement to fasting for detection of childhood hypoglycemia. AB - The acute response to simulated hypoglycemia induced by 2-deoxyglucose (2DG) was compared with the prolonged fasting test as a possible screening test for detection of childhood hypoglycemia. Ten children, ages 2-9 yr, without a documented history of hypoglycemia were classified retrospectively as reference subjects. While fasting, their plasma glucose decreased to an average of 50 mg/dl (range, 30-74) between 28-36 h. After infusion of 2DG, 50 mg/kg IV over 30 min, their plasma glucose increased by an average of 35 mg/dl (range, 19-56) between 60-120 min. The half-life of plasma 2DG was 48 min. Twenty-three other children in the same age range had an abnormal response to one or both of these tests. Thirteen of these children became definitely hypoglycemic while fasting (glucose less than 30 mg/dl) and also failed to increase their plasma glucose by more than 10 mg/dl after 2DG. Five children had plasma glucose values between 30-40 mg/dl during the first 24 h of fasting that were associated with a change in mental status but responded to 2DG with an increase in plasma glucose. The remaining five subjects had an apparently normal response to fasting but did not respond to 2DG; two of these had documented spontaneous hypoglycemia. No cases of documented hypoglycemia were undetected by either test. It is concluded that the 2DG test is a short safe supplement to fasting which is equally effective as the prolonged fasting test in detecting hypoglycemia. Neither test alone is completely reliable, but the combination is complementary. PMID- 6728577 TI - Abnormal anion exchange mechanism operates in the sweat glands of cystic fibrosis patients. PMID- 6728578 TI - Emergency medical services and the pediatric patient: are the needs being met? AB - Emergency medical systems are being developed throughout the United States primarily to deal with myocardial infarction and trauma. These programs often fail to recognize the special needs of the critically ill child. Data collected in Los Angeles County from the LA County Trauma Surveys, Mobile Intensive Care Unit Rescue Reports, and Base Station Hospitals demonstrate that children represent approximately 10% of the paramedic calls. The calls are for medical problems as well as trauma. These data suggest that children have a higher death rate in the field than adults, and deaths occur more commonly in areas where there are no pediatric centers. Children are often secondarily transferred from emergency departments to other centers for definitive care. This study suggests that the needs of children in the prehospital setting are not being met. PMID- 6728579 TI - Relationship of family life events, maternal depression, and child-rearing problems. AB - The relationship between maternal reports of child-rearing problems, family life events, and maternal depressive symptoms was studied in a birth cohort of children in New Zealand. Rates of child-rearing problems showed a steady increase with both increasing levels of family life events and maternal depressive symptoms. Log-linear modeling of the results suggested that the apparent correlation between family life events and reports of child-rearing problems was mediated by the effects of maternal depression so that women subject to large numbers of adverse life events suffered increased rates of depression and in turn reported higher rates of problem behavior in their children. There was no significant correlation between family life events and reports of child-rearing problems when the effects of maternal depressive symptoms were taken into account. The findings tend to suggest that the previously reported association between family life events and child-rearing problems arises because life events provoke depressive symptoms in women and in turn this alters the way in which they perceive or evaluate their children's behavior. PMID- 6728580 TI - Ineffectiveness of historical data in predicting measles susceptibility. AB - The Immunization Practices Advisory Committee ( ACIP ) has devised noninvasive, historical criteria for determining individuals who are susceptible to measles. These criteria, which involve proof of vaccination, are incorporated into school entrance regulations and are used to indicate people who require vaccination during outbreaks. In a recent measles epidemic in El Paso , TX, 120,000 records were screened using these criteria, and as a result 13,000 students were vaccinated. During this outbreak, 91 adolescents, who were susceptible to measles by ACIP criteria, were serologically tested for measles antibody. Although none of these students had documentation of vaccination, only 11.0% of them lacked measles hemagglutination-inhibiting (HAI) antibody at a titer of 5. Assuming a minimum cost for vaccine of +2.60 per dose, a conservative estimate of the cost to the El Paso Health Department for 20,000 doses of measles vaccine would be +52,000. If these data can be extrapolated to the total student population, then upwards of 85% of vaccinated students were already immune. Thus, +44,200 was spent unnecessarily. In addition, as the ACIP criteria did not select for measles susceptibility, an estimated 12,000 students in El Paso were not protected against measles. Other methods to determine measles susceptibility should be developed for optimal control of future outbreaks. PMID- 6728581 TI - Mental health problems of children: analysis of a cumulative psychiatric case register. AB - The advent of community mental health centers has brought a marked increase in treatment of mental health problems of children, especially for minorities. The number of children receiving care and the prevalence and the utilization rates by age, sex, and race from 1960 to 1977 in a large metropolitan county in upstate New York have been described previously. For the same time and community, the episodes of care by diagnostic grouping, type and length of treatment, and health status at the end of an episode have now been examined. An increase in treatment occurred in two areas: situational disorders and behavioral disorders. The number of treatments for psychotic, neurotic, and personality disorders remained stable. Affective and psychotic disorders emerged as qualitatively unique problems which often required multiple treatments and predicted high adult utilization. The average length of treatment for all episodes was 110 days. One third of the treatment episodes were associated with an improved health status. Most contacts were for first episodes, but a few patients had an extraordinarily large number of treatment episodes. A comparison with mental health problems seen in pediatric practice is presented. PMID- 6728582 TI - Focal segmental glomerulosclerosis and progressive renal failure associated with a unilateral kidney. AB - Persistent proteinuria, chronic renal failure, and focal segmental glomerulosclerosis developed in three children with solitary kidneys. Two of these children were born with unilateral kidneys. The third had bilateral reflux and underwent a unilateral nephrectomy and reimplantation of the remaining ureter; persistent proteinuria developed 7 years later. It is postulated that hyperperfusion of a critical number of glomeruli during childhood may be the mechanism responsible for the production of focal segmental glomerulosclerosis in these patients. PMID- 6728583 TI - Dental and maxillofacial abnormalities in long-term survivors of childhood cancer: effects of treatment with chemotherapy and radiation to the head and neck. AB - Sixty-eight long-term survivors of childhood cancer were evaluated for dental and maxillofacial abnormalities. Forty-five patients had received maxillofacial radiation for lymphoma, leukemia, rhabdomyosarcoma, and miscellaneous tumors. Forty-three of the 45 patients and the remaining 23 who had not received maxillofacial radiation also received chemotherapy. Dental and maxillofacial abnormalities were detected in 37 of the 45 (82%) radiated patients. Dental abnormalities comprised foreshortening and blunting of roots, incomplete calcification, premature closure of apices, delayed or arrested tooth development, and caries. Maxillofacial abnormalities comprised trismus, abnormal occlusal relationships, and facial deformities. The abnormalities were more severe in those patients who received radiation at an earlier age and at higher dosages. Possible chemotherapeutic effects in five of 23 patients who received treatment for tumors located outside the head and neck region comprised acquired amelogenesis imperfecta, microdontia of bicuspid teeth, and a tendency toward thinning of roots with an enlarged pulp chamber. Dental and maxillofacial abnormalities should be recognized as a major consequence of maxillofacial radiation in long-term survivors of childhood cancer, and attempts to minimize or eliminate such sequelae should involve an effective interaction between radiation therapists, and medical and dental oncologists. PMID- 6728584 TI - Does pediatric home care make a difference for children with chronic illness? Findings from the Pediatric Ambulatory Care Treatment Study. AB - The ongoing care needed by children with chronic physical illness is a topic of national concern. The Pediatric Ambulatory Care Treatment Study ( PACTS ) is a classic pretest-posttest randomized experiment designed to evaluate a Pediatric Home Care (PHC) program in which an interdisciplinary team provides comprehensive primary health care, support, coordination, patient advocacy, and education to chronically ill children and their families. Home interviews were conducted by an independent research team with the 219 families at enrollment, 6 months, and 1 year; 80% completed all three interviews. Analyses indicate that pediatric home care is effective in improving the satisfaction of the family with care, in improving the child's psychological adjustment, and in lessening the psychiatric symptoms of the mother. The functional status of the children was equally well maintained in both groups, and there was no significant difference in the impact of the illness on the family between the two groups. There are indications that there may be a dose-related effect with respect to the child's psychological adjustment with those in the program for the longest period of time showing the greatest benefit. Such a home care program can be an effective intervention for minimizing the social and psychological consequences of chronic illness. PMID- 6728585 TI - Age at death used to assess the effect of interhospital transfer of newborns. AB - In New York City, newborn units classified as level 1 (no intensive care) frequently transfer low-birth-weight infants to units classified as level 3 (complete intensive care), but level 2 units (those with intermediate levels of care) transfer rarely. As deaths occurring in the first hours of life are unlikely to be affected by infant transport services, early (first four hours), late (four hours to 28 days), and overall neonatal death rates were separately examined at each of the three levels of care for singleton live-births weighing 501 to 2,250 g. As previously reported, overall neonatal mortality (adjusted for birth weight, gestational age, sex, and race) for births at level 1 units (163.0/1,000) and level 2 units (168.1/1,000) was similar, and rates for births at level 3 (128.0/1,000) were significantly lower. Mortality up to four hours, and from four hours to 28 days, however, differed between level 1 and level 2 units. Among early deaths, the mortality for level 1 births was 68.0/1,000, significantly higher than both the rate for level 2 births (46.0/1,000) and for level 3 births (40.6/1,000). Between four hours and 28 days, mortality relative to level 3 improved for level 1 births, but worsened for level 2 births. For infants with birth weight less than 1,251 g, for whom transport rates from level 1 units are highest, mortality in level 1 births was higher than in level 2 births only until 18 hours of life; thereafter, level 2 mortality was higher.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS) PMID- 6728587 TI - Welcome to the faculty or the franchise? PMID- 6728586 TI - Changing infant mortality: the need to spend more while getting less. AB - A steady decline of infant and maternal mortality has been recorded for as long as these statistics have been collected. Much of the improvement has been due to reductions in infectious diseases and to social, economic, and public health improvements over the years. The major portion of mortality reductions took place before there were any important effects of medical care. However, there is increasing evidence suggesting that important benefits, can still be gained from medical technology. But, with infant mortality at low levels (between 7 and 12/1,000 live births in high-income countries) the wide use of high technology to effect further reductions guarantees escalating medical care expenditures. With pressures mounting to control costs, what will society be willing to give up in order to make this care available? From where will funds come to utilize costly existing and new medical technology so that all expectant mothers and newborns needing it may have essentially unlimited access in order to reap potential benefits? PMID- 6728588 TI - Reading disability: do the eyes have it? PMID- 6728589 TI - Predicting measles susceptibility. PMID- 6728591 TI - Bleeding in cystic fibrosis? PMID- 6728590 TI - American Academy of Pediatrics Committee on Psychosocial Aspects of Child and Family Health: The mother working outside the home. PMID- 6728592 TI - Theophylline poisoning. PMID- 6728593 TI - Free amino acids in Citrullus vulgaris (watermelon) PMID- 6728595 TI - Formula composition. PMID- 6728594 TI - Why do we keep using phototherapy in healthy newborns? PMID- 6728596 TI - Echocardiographic study of premature infants. PMID- 6728597 TI - New sign of middle ear disease? PMID- 6728598 TI - Usefulness of screening for hypertension. PMID- 6728599 TI - [Syndrome of supravalvular aortic stenosis in children]. PMID- 6728600 TI - [Status of the cardiovascular system of children during burn shock]. PMID- 6728601 TI - [Features of individual adrenoreactivity in adolescents with primary arterial hypertension]. PMID- 6728602 TI - [Features of the blood lipid levels and prognosis of children with primary arterial hypertension]. PMID- 6728603 TI - [Clinical picture and treatment of bacterial endocarditis in children with congenital heart defects]. PMID- 6728604 TI - [Serous meningitis in mumps]. PMID- 6728605 TI - [Improvements in the hygienic training of pediatricians in light of the resolutions of the Central Committee of the Communist Party of the Soviet Union and the Council of Ministers of the USSR "Concerning additional measures for improving public health"]. PMID- 6728606 TI - [Practice games in the training of pediatric interns]. PMID- 6728607 TI - [Features of lipid peroxidation in diabetic children]. PMID- 6728608 TI - [Physical development of older schoolchildren with iron-deficiency anemia]. PMID- 6728609 TI - [Etiologic structure of respiratory superinfections in children's hospitals and ways of preventing them]. PMID- 6728610 TI - [Effect of splenectomy on the immunologic status of children with lymphogranulomatosis]. PMID- 6728611 TI - [Bacterial allergy in infants with intestinal manifestations of exudative diathesis]. PMID- 6728612 TI - [Complex evaluation of the nature of atrioventricular block in children]. PMID- 6728613 TI - [Ophthalmoscopic characteristics of healthy full-term infants during early postnatal adaptation]. PMID- 6728614 TI - [Clinico-genealogic evaluation of cholesterol and beta-lipoprotein indices in children with a family history of atherosclerosis]. PMID- 6728616 TI - [Anemia in newborn infants]. PMID- 6728615 TI - [Methods of identifying stages of the syndrome of disseminated intravascular coagulation in infants with severe forms of pneumonia]. PMID- 6728617 TI - [Electromechanical activity of the heart in children with conduction disorders]. PMID- 6728618 TI - Perceiving vowels from uniform spectra: phonetic exploration of an auditory aftereffect. PMID- 6728619 TI - Influence of color and luminance on the Muller-Lyer illusion. PMID- 6728620 TI - The effect of luminance decrements upon the detection of sinusoidal gratings. PMID- 6728621 TI - Flicker induces depth: spatial and temporal factors in the perceptual segregation of flickering and nonflickering regions in depth. PMID- 6728622 TI - Kinetic subjective contours. PMID- 6728623 TI - Detection of stimulus change: the hypothetical roles of visual transient responses. PMID- 6728624 TI - Pattern-directed attention in uncertain-frequency detection. PMID- 6728625 TI - Comparison of monoptic and dichoptic masking by light. PMID- 6728626 TI - The psychophysics of taste from the entropy of the stimulus. PMID- 6728627 TI - Self-motion sensation influenced by visual fixation. PMID- 6728628 TI - Illusions of size change in dynamic displays. PMID- 6728629 TI - Discrimination measures in an ROC analysis of pain reactions. PMID- 6728630 TI - Illumination: inferred or observed? PMID- 6728631 TI - Medical morality is not bioethics--medical ethics in China and the United States. PMID- 6728632 TI - The chemiosmotic hypothesis of energy coupling and the path of scientific opportunity. PMID- 6728633 TI - "Science" in the practice of medicine: its limitations and dangers. As exemplified by a study of the natural history of acute bronchial asthma in children. PMID- 6728634 TI - Are the stereochemistry and mechanism of action of thyroid hormones predicted by the structure of DNA? PMID- 6728635 TI - Exploring the compromise of ethical principles in science. PMID- 6728636 TI - Late replication-dependent density enrichment of mammalian X chromosome: an aid to its purification. PMID- 6728637 TI - Homosexuality as a by-product of selection for optimal heterosexual strategies. PMID- 6728638 TI - A new and improved gas chromatographic method for the determination of fluoride in plasma and faeces. AB - A method is described that extracts fluoride selectively as trimethylfluorosilane using carbon tetrachloride and trimethylchlorosilane . Drawbacks of other methods as well as advantages of the proposed method are discussed. The method is directly applicable to plasma and faeces samples, has a short gas chromatographic run time due to the use of a backflush technique and is suitable for automation. Its lowest quantifiable limit for plasma and faeces is 10 micrograms/l and 1 microgram/g fluoride respectively, using 1.0 ml or 1.0 g samples. Preliminary pharmacokinetic parameters of fluoride obtained in two subjects are reported. PMID- 6728639 TI - On the efficacy of low dose prednisolone and heparin sodium in the prevention of infusion thrombophlebitis. A double-blind trial. AB - A prospective, double-blind investigation into the effectiveness of the addition to infusion fluids of an injectable containing 0.3 mg prednisolone and 10 units heparin per ml in a phosphate buffer pH = 7.5 versus the phosphate buffer alone is described. 196 Patients were allocated alternately to each group. On a total number of 593 cannulation days, 16 cases of thrombophlebitis were diagnosed. Statistical evaluation revealed a significant difference between the two groups (p less than 0.01) in favour of prednisolone + heparin sodium. PMID- 6728640 TI - Pitfalls in the determination of unbound carbamazepine concentrations in plasma. AB - The usefulness of three simple, commercially available ultrafiltration systems [ Centriflo CF25 (A), Centriflo CF50A (B) and Ultrafree (C)] in determining concentrations of unbound carbamazepine in plasma was tested. The concentrations of carbamazepine measured in the first fractions of the ultrafiltrate were low, probably as a result of binding of the drug to the ultrafiltration system. The amount of this binding decreased in the order A greater than B greater than C. When using A and B, the first portion of ultrafiltrate obtained after centrifuging for 15 minutes must therefore be discarded. Using the Ultrafree filters this was not necessary. Plasma proteins were found to pass through the Ultrafree filter membrane when more than 0.7 ml ultrafiltrate was collected. Comparison of the ultrafiltration methods with equilibrium dialysis showed a good correlation: r = 0.96 (A), r = 0.97 (B) and r = 0.98 (C). However, in the carbamazepine plasma concentration range 2.5-10.0 micrograms/ml, significantly lower free fractions were measured with the Centriflo cones. The free fractions measured were: 0.28-0.30 (equilibrium dialysis), 0.17-0.18 (A), 0.22-0.24 (B) and 0.29-0.30 (C). The time required to collect the ultrafiltrate was 30 minutes (A and B) and 2 hours (C). PMID- 6728641 TI - Prolonged storage of aminophylline suppositories. The impact on physical parameters and bioavailability. AB - Prolonged storage of aminophylline/cocoa butter suppositories at 30 degrees resulted in a marked decrease in bioavailability, after administration to a panel of human volunteers. Not more than 20% of the drug content was absorbed during the first 8 hours and the maximum plasma level was obtained 5-7 hours after administration. It was concluded that storage conditions should be considered well and storage instructions should be given to the patient. PMID- 6728642 TI - Activation of central warm-sensitive neurons and the tail vasomotor response in rats during brain and scrotal thermal stimulation. AB - The effects of preoptic and hypothalamic thermal stimulation on tail skin temperature were observed at different scrotal temperatures. The threshold hypothalamic temperature for tail vasodilation at a scrotal temperature of 40 degrees C was significantly lower than that at a scrotal temperature of either 25 degrees C or 33 degrees C. The effects of scrotal thermal stimulation on tail skin vasodilated by higher hypothalamic temperatures were observed. Cooling the scrotum from 42 to 30 degrees C invariably caused a rapid fall in tail temperature, whereas scrotal cooling from 30 to 25 degrees C did not cause any significant change. Cooling of either the left or right half of the scrotum caused a similar fall in tail temperature. The temperature characteristics of the preoptic hypothalamic thermo-sensitive neurons were determined at scrotal temperatures of 32, 36 and 26 degrees C. The firing rate of warm-sensitive neurons at a given hypothalamic temperature was highest at a scrotal temperature of 36 degrees C, while that of cold-sensitive neurons was lowest at that temperature. The scrotal temperature range over which the number of neurons activated by scrotal warming increased rapidly was between 36 and 39 degrees C when hypothalamic temperature was held at 36-37 degrees C. PMID- 6728644 TI - Effects of Ba2+ on the mechanical properties of glycerinated heart muscle. AB - At a muscle length, L0 (just taut), isometric tension and tension transients in response to rapid step stretches in length (mostly less than 1.2% of L0 within 2 ms) were measured at constant levels of Ba2+ activation of varying magnitude in glycerinated cat right-ventricular papillary muscles (2-3 mm long, 130-200 micron in diameter). The majority of the experiments were carried out at room temperature (26-27 degrees C) and at a pH of 6.8. The steady isometric tension increased as Ba2+ was varied from slightly below pBa 6 to about pBa 4. The concentration range of Ba2+-activated muscle was roughly 10 times higher than that of Ca2+-activated muscle. Maximum Ba2+-activated isometric tension was 79.0 +/- 4.2% (mean +/- SD, n = 8) of that activated with Ca2+. The tension transients in Ba2+-activated muscle were characterized by at least three distinct phases; an immediate tension increase coincident with the stretch, a rapid exponential tension decrease (time constant, tau 1 = 7.3 +/- 1.0 ms, n = 5) and a delayed exponential tension rise (tau 2 = 104 +/- 5.7 ms, n = 5). The profile of tension response was quite similar to that of Ca2+-activated muscle. These results suggest that in Ba2+-activated glycerinated heart muscle the cross-bridge turnover is taking place as in the Ca2+-activated muscle, but the number of active cross-bridges at maximally activated state is smaller than that of Ca2+ activated muscle. PMID- 6728643 TI - A comparison between total body thermosensitivity and local thermosensitivity in mammals and birds. AB - We have investigated how total body thermosensitivity in various mammalian and avian species (mouse, rat, golden hamster, guinea pig, rabbit, dog, goat, pigeon, duck, goose) is related to their respective local thermosensitivities in the hypothalamus, spinal cord and skin. Local and total thermosensitivities were determined by measuring the relationship between the response of one thermoregulatory effector, metabolic heat production, and the appropriate temperature. Local cooling was performed with chronically implanted, water perfused thermodes, and local thermosensitivities were estimated by relating the maximum activation of metabolic heat production to the induced decreases in local temperature. Total body cooling was achieved by means of chronically implanted intravascular heat exchangers or with thermodes inserted into the lower intestinal tract, and total body thermosensitivity was assessed by relating the rise in metabolic heat production to the induced fall in core temperature. These analyses plus previous estimations derived from the literature show total body thermosensitivity in the different species to range from -4.0 to -12.0 W X kg-1 . C-1. We also measured rabbit spinal cord thermosensitivity and guinea pig hypothalamic and spinal cord thermosensitivity; values for local thermosensitivity in other species were derived from the literature. In all species, local thermosensitivities determined as cold sensitivities in the described way were smaller than the corresponding total body core sensitivities. We conclude that thermosensitive structures outside of the investigated thermosensitive areas contribute a major input to the controller of body temperature, particularly in avian species in which hypothalamic thermosensitivity is lacking.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS) PMID- 6728645 TI - Secretion and contraluminal uptake of dicarboxylic acids in the proximal convolution of rat kidney. AB - The transport of dicarboxylic acids in the proximal convolution was investigated by measuring: a) the zero net flux transtubular concentration difference of DL methyl-succinate, b) its 2-s influx from the interstitium into tubular cells, and c) its 3.5-s efflux from the tubular lumen. With the first method a luminal concentration exceeding the peritubular concentration was observed, thus indicating a net active transtubular secretion of this slowly metabolized substance. All transport steps, luminal and contraluminal , as well as the overall transport, were Na+-dependent and inhibited by lithium (apparent Ki approximately equal to 1.8 mmol/l). The overall transport of methylsuccinate , as well as the contraluminal influx into proximal tubular cells, could be inhibited by paraaminohippurate and H2-DIDS with an apparent Ki of approximately equal to 1.8 mmol/l, by taurocholate with an apparent Ki approximately equal to 3.1 mmol/l and by pyruvate with an apparent Ki approximately equal to 5 mmol/l, but not by sulfate, thiosulfate, L-lactate, oxalate and urate. As judged from the inhibition of contraluminal methylsuccinate influx by 48 dicarboxylic acids (aliphatic and aromatic), a specificity pattern was observed similar to that of inhibition of luminal efflux of 2-oxoglutarate [22]: a preference of dicarboxylates in the transconfiguration with a chain length of 4-5 carbons; little change in the inhibitory potency with CH3-, OH-, SH- and O=, but strong reduction with a NH3+ in the 2 position; only a small reduction of inhibitory potency with 2,3 disubstituted SH and OH analogs; preference of the dicarboxylic benzene in the 1,4 position and of the diacetyl benzene in the 1,2 position. The data indicate a Na+-dependent dicarboxylic transport system at the contraluminal cell side of the proximal tubule which is very similar to the luminal transport system for dicarboxylic acids. PMID- 6728646 TI - A stopped flow capillary perfusion method to evaluate contraluminal transport parameters of methylsuccinate from interstitium into renal proximal tubular cells. AB - In order to study the transport of dicarboxylic acids through the contraluminal cell membrane of proximal tubular cells, 3H- methylsuccinate has been synthetized by catalytic hydration of methylfumarate . As the chromatography of radioactive material excreted in the urine after i.v. injection of 3H- methylsuccinate shows, no metabolite is detectable during the first 3 min. After 10 min, less than 10% of the excreted radiolabel is metabolized. To measure the contraluminal influx of 3H- methylsuccinate from the interstitium into cortical tubular cells, the renal vessels were clamped so that the proximal tubular lumina collapsed. Then Ringer solution was injected into the blood capillaries. It contained different concentrations of 3H- methylsuccinate and 14C-inulin as extracellular space marker. After contact times between 1 and 10 s, this fluid was withdrawn from the capillaries and the disappearance of 3H- methylsuccinate relative to 14C-inulin was measured. The morphological compartments in the outer cortex of the clamped glutaraldehyde-fixed kidney were evaluated by a stereological method. For proximal tubular cells a ratio of extracellular water space to intracellular space of 1:3.1 and a ratio extracellular water space to free cell water space of 1:2 was found. It was tested whether the experimental disappearance curves with 4 different starting concentrations of 3H- methylsuccinate fit with the data from four model calculations. It was found that the data and the conditions of transport are consistent with the predictions of a facilitated diffusion model.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS) PMID- 6728647 TI - Effect of aldosterone and dexamethasone pretreatment on sodium transport in rat distal colon in vitro. AB - Aldosterone and dexamethasone stimulate sodium absorption in the rat colon in vivo. In vitro, increased amiloride inhibitable short-circuit current (ISC) has been demonstrated following aldosterone or dexamethasone treatment. Since ISC bears no relationship to sodium flux (JNa) in the untreated rat colon, we measured JNa in partially stripped voltage clamped segments of rat distal colon. Our results demonstrate directly that continuous infusion of aldosterone or dexamethasone for 4-7 days stimulated amiloride inhibitable JNa by stimulating JNaM -S. The amiloride inhibitable portion of JNaM -S was highly correlated with and approximately equal to the amiloride inhibitable ISC. Amiloride had no effect in controls. We conclude that JNaM -S in the rat distal colon is only sensitive to mucosal amiloride after treatment with aldosterone or dexamethasone. The amiloride sensitive ISC in these treated tissues was a good measure of the amiloride sensitive JNa. Small differences between aldosterone and dexamethasone treatment were noted in the effect on transepithelial resistance, potential difference, and the ISC after amiloride. PMID- 6728648 TI - Intracellular electrolyte concentrations in rat sympathetic neurones measured with an electron microprobe. AB - Intracellular element concentrations were measured in rat sympathetic neurones using energy dispersive electron microprobe analysis. The resting intracellular concentrations of sodium potassium and chloride measured in ganglia maintained for about 90 min in vitro at 25 degrees C were 3, 155 and 25 mmol/kg total tissue wet weight respectively. Recalculated in mmol/l cell water, these values are 5, 196 and 32 respectively. There were no significant differences between the nuclear and cytoplasmic values of these ions. Incubation in either carbachol (180 mumol/l, 4 min) or ouabain (1 mmol/1, 60 min) significantly increased the intracellular sodium and decreased the intracellular potassium concentrations. Neither substance materially altered the intracellular chloride concentration. The data obtained are compared and contrasted to those obtained in mammalian sympathetic neurones using chemical analysis and ion-sensitive microelectrodes. PMID- 6728650 TI - Plasma and cerebrospinal fluid vasopressin and osmolality in relation to thirst. AB - Conscious dogs chronically implanted with a device for cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) sampling from the anterior 3rd ventricle were submitted to 24 h dehydration. During rehydration by drinking the total water intake ( TWI ) after 16 min was determined in 8 and after 90 min in 14 experiments. Samples were simultaneously drawn to determine the osmolalities (Posm, CSFosm ) and AVP concentrations (PAVP, CSFavp ) of plasma and CSF. After 24 h dehydration all of these parameters were significantly elevated in comparison to euhydrated dogs investigated on 19 occasions. In 8 experiments 60% of the final TWI had been ingested within the first 16 min with no changes of Posm, CSFosm and CSFAVP , but a significant decrease of PAVP at this time. TWI per kg body weight ( TWI X kg-1) after 90 min was significantly correlated with the osmolalities and AVP levels in plasma and CSF prior to rehydration. The decreases of Posm, CSFosm and PAVP, but not of CSFAVP , were significantly correlated with TWI X kg-1. The results indicate that PAVP and CSFAVP are subject to long term control by body fluid tonicity exhibiting a feedback relationship to water intake. In addition, PAVP but not CSFAVP seems to be under short term, possibly nonosmotic, control during water intake. PMID- 6728649 TI - Reflex increases in heart-rate induced by perfusing the hind leg of the rat with solutions containing lactic acid. AB - The hypothesis that metabolic receptors in skeletal muscle influence heart-rate during exercise was tested by means of a perfused preparation of the rat's hind legs. The isolated leg was connected to the body only by nerve and bone and was perfused with tyrode solution. The humoral changes of exercise were simulated by perfusing with modified tyrode solutions in which concentration of K+, osmolality, concentrations of lactic acid, and inorganic phosphate were changed to reflect to those occurring during heavy exercise. Only perfusion with a solution enriched with lactic acid elicited a significant increase in heart-rate. The response disappeared when the nerve supply to the leg was cooled or sectioned. 20-60 s after the start of perfusion with solution of high [lactic acid] heart-rate began to increase reaching a maximum (delta HR +/- SE = 20.2 +/- 8.2, n = 7) after about 2 min. The effect on heart-rate increased when the venous concentration of lactic acid was increased the range from 3 to 10 mmol/l. In further experiments, we tried to separate the effects of pH and lactate. Heart rate responses were induced only at low pH and at low pH the extent to which heart-rate changed increased with increases in lactate concentration. PMID- 6728651 TI - Na/H- and Cl/OH-exchange in rat jejunal and rat proximal tubular brush border membrane vesicles. Studies with acridine orange. AB - The quenching of the acridine orange fluorescence was used to monitor the formation and/or dissipation of a delta pH in brush border vesicles isolated from rat kidney cortex or rat jejunum. Similar findings were obtained with both brush border membrane vesicle preparations. Acridine orange fluorescence was quenched by a preset delta pH (intravesicular acid) or by the ionophore (valinomycin/CCCP) dependent development of a delta pH (intravesicular acid) under conditions of potassium efflux. Under sodium efflux conditions, an acidification of the intravesicular space occurred: a) due to indirect (electrical) coupling of sodium and proton fluxes; b) due to directly coupled sodium/proton exchange. The initial rate of the dissipation of a preset delta pH was accelerated by pulse injections of sodium in a saturable manner; lithium partially replaced sodium. The sodium dependent acceleration in the rate of dissipation of a preset delta pH was not altered by replacing gluconate with chloride. Amiloride was an inhibitor of directly coupled sodium/proton exchange. An inwardly directed chloride gradient did not induce intravesicular acidification. The initial rate of the dissipative proton fluxes (preset delta pH) was slightly accelerated by an outwardly directed chloride gradient. Sodium/proton exchange dependent acidification of the intravesicular space was not altered by replacing gluconate with chloride. These results clearly document the existence of sodium/proton exchange in both renal and intestinal brush border membrane vesicles. In contrast, Cl/OH exchange--under our experimental conditions--must have a much smaller rate than Na/H exchange. PMID- 6728652 TI - Anomalous stabilizing action of Ca on sphincter smooth muscle of the rat iris. AB - This paper concerns the first measurement of spontaneous electrical activity in the smooth muscle cells of the mammalian iris sphincter. Although the membrane potential was quite stable, at - 59 mV, under physiological conditions in vitro, bursts of rhythmic electrical activity occurred when barium was substituted for all of the calcium in the medium (Ba-Krebs' solution). These bursts consisted initially of spike potentials, but these were followed by a long-lasting depolarization. Although the amplitude of the spike potentials did not decrease even when the external Na concentration was lowered to 25 mM, addition of a small amount of Ca (greater than 0.3 mM) to the Ba-Krebs' depressed the rhythmic contractions which followed the cessation of the spike potentials. Strontium also depressed the rhythmicity but to a lesser extent. These results show that the smooth muscle of the rat iris sphincter has an ability to generate spike potentials, and that the properties of the latter differ from those observed in other smooth muscles; i.e. the activity is suppressed by Ca ions at far lower concentrations than those in the physiological environment. This anomalous effect is presumably due to the stabilizing action of Ca. PMID- 6728653 TI - Neural regulation of electrical and mechanical activities in the rat tail artery. AB - Stimulation of the perivascular nerves elicited two types of electrical responses in the rat tail artery - excitatory junction potentials (e.j.p.s) and slow depolarization - and two types of mechanical responses - fast and slow contractions. Fast phasic contractions were triggered whenever action potentials were generated from either the e.j.p. or the slow depolarization reaching threshold. Slow tonic contractions and slow depolarization were sensitive to alpha-adrenergic blockade. However the slow contraction always preceded the slow depolarization. Bolus doses of exogenous noradrenaline also induced slow contraction and slow depolarization and the development of tension also preceded the membrane potential change. Increasing the external KCl also induced membrane depolarization however, contractions were not observed until the membrane was depolarized positive of -49 mV. In contrast, tension developed readily with membrane potential more negative than -49 mV with exogenous noradrenaline and neural stimulation, suggesting that the action of noradrenaline was not mediated by electromechanical coupling. It was concluded that vascular activity in the rat tail artery could be regulated by the e.j.p., the slow depolarization and also by pharmacomechanical coupling. PMID- 6728655 TI - [The 43rd meeting of the Japanese Society of Radiology, March 29-31, 1984, Matsumoto. Abstracts]. PMID- 6728654 TI - A chemical procedure for loading the calcium indicator acquorin into mammalian working myocardium. AB - The bioluminescent calcium indicator aequorin was successfully loaded into mammalian working myocardium of ferrets by a chemical procedure which makes the cells reversibly hyperpermeable through exposure to Ethylenebis-( oxyethylenenitrilo ) tetraacetic acid (EGTA). After undergoing the loading procedure, developed tension at Lmax was 103 +/- 26% of the control, which indicates that the muscles regained normal function. The configurations of the aequorin signals (i.e., calcium transients) and their responses to drugs were the same as reported after microinjection of aequorin. The peak of the Ca++ transient determined by the method of fractional luminescence at 3s intervals of stimulation, 2.5mM [Ca++]o, 22.5 degrees C was 1.1 microM; this value is similar to that reported for microinjection. These results indicate that the chemical loading procedure is a useful alternative to microinjection for loading aequorin into mammalian working myocardium. PMID- 6728656 TI - [Tremor]. PMID- 6728657 TI - [Accidental hypothermia--treatment principles for universal and local conditions]. PMID- 6728658 TI - [Acute psychiatric symptoms in patients with underlying somatic disease. 2]. PMID- 6728659 TI - [Swedish concensus conference on depression. Relation between psychodynamics and biological psychiatry]. PMID- 6728660 TI - [A new law--new perspectives in the Norwegian health services]. PMID- 6728661 TI - [Not only medicine... Physicians and singers]. PMID- 6728662 TI - [Medical physics--a field bordering on 2 disciplines]. PMID- 6728663 TI - [The Scandinavian pharmaceutical statistics show noteworthy differences in the sale of antibiotics and psychopharmaceuticals in Scandinavia]. PMID- 6728664 TI - [Oncogenes and cancer in man]. PMID- 6728665 TI - [The allergy test--what does it mean?]. PMID- 6728666 TI - [Projectile injuries]. PMID- 6728667 TI - [New Scandinavian recommendations on malaria prevention for travellers to Eastern Africa]. PMID- 6728668 TI - Pyometra in the dog--a pathophysiological investigation. VI: Acid-base status and serum electrolytes. AB - Arterial pH, oxygen and carbon dioxide tensions, and standard bicarbonate, as well as serum electrolytes (Na, Cl, K, inorganic P, Ca and anion gap) have been investigated in bitches with pyometra. A respiratory alkalosis was a common finding in the patients, and a smaller group showed a metabolic acidosis of mixed origin superimposed on the respiratory alkalosis. In this group 4 out of 9 patients died. In addition, the patients showed moderate electrolyte disturbances indicating a "sick cell syndrome" and a mild to severe renal dysfunction. PMID- 6728669 TI - The relationship between packed cell volume and the course of disease in milk fever in dairy cows. AB - Results from a field investigation involving 1086 cows with clinical milk fever, revealed a clear relationship between PCV at the time of first treatment and the subsequent course of the disease. Average PCV was progressively higher as the cows required one, two, or more than two treatments before recovery, and was highest in cows which subsequently failed to recover. PCV in healthy, periparturient cows was considerably lower than in cows with milk fever. PCV was negatively correlated with plasma Ca, and varied, moreover, with the time of first treatment in relation to calving, and also with the length of time the cow had been recumbent before being treated for the first time. PCV was also measured during the further course of the disease in cows which received more than one treatment (2nd to 6th treatments). PMID- 6728670 TI - Hereditary dwarfism in pigs. AB - In a swine production herd dwarfs with extremely short limbs were observed in 3 litters sired by the same boar. Clinical, radiographical, and pathologic anatomical examinations, showed the affected individuals to be chondrodysplastic dwarfs. Such dwarfism has not been reported previously in pigs. An inbreeding experiment conducted with a dwarf gilt and related boars indicated that the dwarfism was hereditary with a simple autosomal recessive inheritance. PMID- 6728671 TI - Observations of bacterial diseases of captive snakes in Finland. AB - Eighteen captive, nonpoisonous snakes which suffered from bacterial infections were studied. The most usual bacteria found were gram-negative rods; especially Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Aeromonas hydrophila and Proteus spp. The most common disorders caused by them were stomatitis, septicaemia, bronchopneumonia and abscesses. The sensitivities of ten isolated bacteria to antimicrobial drugs were tested. Neomycin and gentamicin seemed to be effective, especially against P. aeruginosa. PMID- 6728672 TI - [Mercury and selenium in wild mink (Mustela vision) from Norway]. AB - Levels of mercury, methylmercuri and selenium were determined in liver samples from wild mink (Mustela vision) caught in the Norwegian countries of Rogaland (38 samples), Sogn og Fjordane (15 samples) and Hedmark (18 samples). The average mercury levels from these counties were 2.6, 3.1 and 2.1 micrograms Hg/g wet weight, respectively. No significant differences in mercury levels were found. The methyl mercury levels (MeHg) were determined in 30 samples. A very strong positive correlation between total mercury (Hg) and methyl mercury (r = 0.91, P less than 0.001) was found. The average methyl mercury level was 35 per cent of total mercury. This indicates that wild mink has the ability to demethylate mercury. The selenium levels were determined in 35 samples. A strong positive correlation between the levels of total mercury and selenium (r = 0.87, P less than 0.001) was found. There was no correlation between age or nutritional condition and mercury level. In the present study mink was examined to see of it could be recommended as an indicator species for monitoring the local environment for mercury contamination. No definite answer to this question could be found. The study did reveal, however, that in all the counties studied there are individuals that are considerably contaminated with mercury. PMID- 6728673 TI - Cadmium and selenium levels in kidneys from Danish horses. AB - The content of cadmium and selenium in horse kidneys from Jutland , Denmark, in relation to age, local geographical variation and possible relationship between the two elements has been investigated. During the winter of 1982-1983 kidneys from 50 horses were sampled and analysed for cadmium and selenium. The cadmium content of the horse kidneys was recorded in connection with the age of the horses. The cadmium level increases until the animal has reached approximately 7 years of age. At this age the cadmium concentration levels off. A significant regional difference was shown. The cadmium content is higher in horse kidneys from South and Central Jutland than in kidneys from North Jutland (Fig. 2). This geographic pattern is consistent with the one for atmospheric deposition of cadmium and cadmium content in Danish cattle kidneys from Jutland . The cadmium level in kidneys from Danish horses is considerably lower than the level in Norwegian and Swedish horse kidneys. Differences in water hardness and atmospheric deposition may explain some of this difference within Scandinavian countries. The selenium concentration shows no relationship with neither age, cadmium content nor place of rearing. So, the study did not reveal any relationship between the cadmium and selenium concentrations in horse kidneys. The high level of cadmium found in Danish horse kidneys emphasizes the importance of a prohibition against the use of the kidneys in animal and human nutrition, as proposed by others. PMID- 6728674 TI - Trichinella isolates from polar bears in Svalbard. Freeze resistance and infectivity in rats and swine. AB - The author isolated Trichinella strains from five polar bears in Svalbard (the high arctic region of Norway). Based on infectivity experiments with white mice (BOM:NMR), the freeze resistance limits of the Trichinella strains are outlined. Further experiments showed that white rats (MOL:WIST) and pigs (sus scrofa domestica) are almost refractory to these Trichinella strains. The infectivity of Svalbard isolates in the above mentioned test animals was compared, in parallel experiments, with that of T. spiralis (Owen). The latter showed a very high infectivity to the same species of test animals. It is thus probable that the arctic Trichinella found in the polar bear is biologically distinct from both T. spinalis (Owen) and T. nativa ( Britov and Boev ). PMID- 6728675 TI - [The megakaryocyte. Morphology, function, cell kinetics and regulation]. PMID- 6728676 TI - In situ activation of bis-dialkylaminophosphines--a new method for synthesizing deoxyoligonucleotides on polymer supports. AB - Deoxynucleoside phosphoramidites can be prepared in good yield from deoxynucleosides, bis- dialkylaminophosphines , and the corresponding dialkylamine hydrotetrazolide or tetrazole as catalysts. These phosphoramidites generated in situ lead to the direct synthesis of deoxyoligonucleotides on polymer supports. PMID- 6728677 TI - A DNA fragment from the human X chromosome short arm which detects a partially homologous sequence on the Y chromosomes long arm. AB - An X linked human DNA fragment (named DXS31 ) which detects partially homologous sequences on the Y chromosome has been isolated. Regional localisation of the two sex linked sequences was determined using a panel of rodent-human somatic cell hybrids. The X specific sequence is located at the tip of the short arm ( Xp22 .3 pter), i.e. within or close to the region which pairs with the Y chromosome short arm at meiosis. However the Y specific sequence is located in the heterochromatic region of the long arm ( Yq11 -qter) and lies outside from the pairing region. DNAs from several XX male subjects were probed with DXS31 and in all cases a double dose of the X linked fragment was found, and the Y specific fragment was absent. DXS31 detects in chimpanzee a male-female differential pattern identical to that found in man. However results obtained in a more distantly related species, the brown lemur, suggest that the sequences detected by DXS31 in this species might be autosomally coded. The features observed with these X-Y related sequences do not fit with that expected from current hypotheses of homology between the pairing regions of the two sex chromosomes, nor with the pattern observed with other X-Y homologous sequences recently characterized. Our results suggest also that the rule of conservation of X linkage in mammals might not apply to sequences present on the tip of the X chromosome short arm, in bearing with the controversial issue of steroid sulfatase localisation in mouse. PMID- 6728678 TI - Interaction of Z form poly(dG-dC).poly(dG-dC) with divalent metal ions: localization of the binding sites by I.R. spectroscopy. AB - The secondary structures of poly(dG-dC).poly(dG-dC) in the presence of alcaline , alcaline earth and first row transition metal ions (Na+, Mg2+, Co2+, Ni2+) are investigated by infrared spectroscopy. The conformational transitions are studied as a function of the hydration of the polynucleotide and counter-ion nature and content. The use of selectively deuterated poly(dG-dC).poly(dG-dC) on the 8 carbon of guanines allows to show that a direct interaction occurs between the N7 site of guanines and the transition metal ions Co2+ and Ni2+. In the case of Mg2+, for high ion/nucleotide ratios, the interaction occurs essentially at the level of the phosphate groups. This interaction leads to a modification of the left-handed conformation. Based on the IR spectroscopy results, an explanation is proposed for the different efficiencies of these various ions to induce the B--- Z transition. PMID- 6728679 TI - Conformational analysis of r(CGCGCG) in aqueous solution: an A-type double helical conformation studied by two-dimensional nuclear Overhauser effect spectroscopy. AB - The conformation of the hexanucleoside pentaphosphate r( CGCGCG ) in aqueous solution was studied by circular dichroism, 1H- and 31P-NMR spectroscopy. The base-, H1'- and H2'-proton resonances were assigned by means of 2D-NOE spectroscopy. The base- and H1'-proton chemical shifts were studied as a function of temperature. Proton-proton distances are computed in A- and A'-RNA as well as in A-, B- and Z-DNA. A qualitative interpretation of the observed 2D-NOE intensities shows that r( CGCGCG ) adopts a regular A-type double helical conformation under our experimental conditions. The CD- and 31P-NMR experiments described in this paper are in agreement with this structure both under low- and high-salt conditions. PMID- 6728680 TI - Effects of pH on the stability of chromatin core particles. AB - Chromatin core particles near physiological ionic strength undergo a reversible transition induced by changes in pH near neutrality. While sedimentation studies indicate no significant effect on size or shape, changes in tyrosine fluorescence anisotropy and in circular dichroism suggest a somewhat looser structure at high pH. Further support of this suggestion is given by high salt dissociation experiments; at pH 8 core particles begin to show changes at lower salt concentration than at pH 6. The pH transition appears unaffected by the presence of Mg2+ but can be blocked by crosslinking of the histones. A possible relationship is suggested between this transition and increases in intracellular pH which correlate with enhancement in several aspects of cellular activity including DNA replication. PMID- 6728681 TI - Zinc Z-DNA. AB - Circular dichroism spectra of poly(dG-dC) in the presence of some zinc complexes exhibit the characteristic inversion associated with the formation of a left handed helix. The transition of B to Z DNA is cooperative and slow. The concentration of zinc complex at the mid point of the transition is strongly dependent upon the nature of the ligand bound to zinc. The most efficient species is one with a tetradentate amine for which the mid point is observed at a zinc:nucleotide ratio of 1:24. 31P spectra of one of these complexes confirm the presence of a left handed helix. PMID- 6728682 TI - Butylphenyl dGTP: a selective and potent inhibitor of mammalian DNA polymerase alpha. AB - BuPdGTP , the 2'-deoxyribonucleoside 5'-triphosphate of the DNA polymerase alpha (pol alpha)-specific inhibitor, N2-(p-n- butylphenyl )guanine, was examined with respect to its mechanism and its capacity to inhibit the mammalian DNA polymerases, pol alpha, pol beta, and pol gamma. BuP dGTP was specifically inhibitory for pol alpha, with no discernible activity on pol beta and pol gamma. The potency of BuP dGTP is unprecedented, with an apparent Ki less than 10 nanomolar. The unusual potency of the BuP dGTP is derived primarily from the 5' alpha and beta phosphoryl moieties, whose binding to enzyme complements that of the base-linked butylphenyl substituent. BuP dGTP is competitive with dGTP and apparently not subject to polymerization. Experiments employing BuP dGTP in the presence of a non-complementary template suggest that the core polymerase or an associated coprotein contains dNTP binding sites which recognize specific nucleic acid bases. The partial sensitivity of selected, non-mammalian DNA polymerases suggests that modification of the N2 substituent of dGTP will be a useful route to the design of novel, polymerase-specific affinity-probes. PMID- 6728683 TI - Nucleotide sequence of initiator tRNA from Mycobacterium smegmatis. AB - The nucleotide sequence of initiator tRNA from Mycobacterium smegmatis was determined to be pCGCGGGGUGGAGCAGCUCGGDAGCUCGCUGGGCUCAUAACCCAGAGm7GUCG CAGGU psi CGm1AAUCCUGUCCCCGCUACCAOH . The nucleotide sequence of Mycobacterium initiator tRNA was found to be the same as that of Streptomyces initiator tRNA, except that G46 and A57 were replaced by m7G46 and G57 , respectively. The striking feature of Mycobacterium initiator tRNA is the absence of ribothymidine at residue 54, and the presence of 1-methyladenosine at residue 58 which makes the sequence of this tRNA similar to that of eukaryotic initiator tRNA. PMID- 6728685 TI - Compilation of tRNA sequences. PMID- 6728684 TI - Highly conserved 5S ribosomal RNA sequences in four rust fungi and atypical 5S rRNA secondary structure in Microstroma juglandis. AB - The 5S ribosomal RNA nucleotide sequences of five basidiomycetous fungi, Coleosporium tussilaginis , Gymnosporangium clavariaeforme , Puccinia poarum , Endophyllum sempervivi and Microstroma juglandis were determined. Despite high differentiation in their host spectra the four rust species are highly conserved with respect to their 5S rRna sequences, which fit with the basidiomycete cluster 5 described by Walker and Doolittle (1). The sequences obtained from the first three rust fungi were proven to be identical while the sequence from Endophyllum sempervivi showed two base substitutions compared with the other rust fungi. The Microstroma juglandis 5S rRNA sequence differs from all other basidiomycete 5S rRNA sequences published so far in respect to its secondary structure which shows an atypical 'CCA' loop in helix D, but it reveals typical basidiomycetous signature nucleotides. Therefore Microstroma juglandis represents a cluster of its own within the Basidiomycetes. A dendrogram was constructed based on Kimura's "Neutral Theory of Molecular Evolution". PMID- 6728687 TI - Compilation of sequences of tRNA genes. PMID- 6728686 TI - Collection of published 5S and 5.8S ribosomal RNA sequences. PMID- 6728688 TI - A stochastic approach to tracer kinetics. AB - The single compartment well-mixed model ( SCWMM ) which has been used in almost all dynamic studies in nuclear medicine is, in fact , strictly accurate only in the case of a steady state obtained by means of constant administration of long lived isotopes. That is the reason why SCWMM is not a good predictor of the behaviour of short-lived isotopes and why the distribution and transport of short and long-lived isotopes in various situations has not yet been discussed in general terms. The aim of this paper is to do that by means of a more general stochastic approach. This more general approach takes into account the distribution and transport of tracer in the system, not requiring a hypothesis of good mixing and providing a possibility of making corrections due to decay in the case of short-lived isotopes studies. PMID- 6728689 TI - The developing placenta in selecting potential radiopharmaceuticals for tumour localizing properties: a simple in vivo pre-screening model. AB - The tissue distribution of various radiopharmaceuticals was investigated in rhabdomyosarcoma-bearing and in pregnant rats during the period of rapid foetal and placental growth (days 17-19 of pregnancy). The preliminary results indicate that with the radiopharmaceuticals tested the uptake in placental tissue followed closely the data obtained with tumour tissue in rhabdomyosarcoma-bearing rats. PMID- 6728690 TI - Mixed micells: a new problem-free solution for omega-123I-heptadecanoic acid in comparison. AB - The most commonly used reagents for solubilization of 123I fatty acids have very serious drawbacks. Human serum albumin solubilizes the fatty acid only slowly and TWEEN 80 is not free of stability problems. Furthermore adverse reactions in human applications cannot be excluded. In comparison, the newly introduced mixed micells look very favourable: fast solubilization, good stability and no adverse reactions. Biodistribution experiments on rats show an adequate performance of the micells . Hitherto this solution has been applied in more than 200 patients without any complication. PMID- 6728691 TI - Synthesis of, and animal experiments with, N-isopropyl-p-123I-iodo-amphetamine (IMP) and 18F-3-deoxy-3-fluoro-D-glucose (3-FDG) as tracers in brain and heart diagnostic studies. AB - For the investigation of brain functions 18F-3-deoxy-3-fluoro-D-glucose (3-FDG) and N-isopropyl-p-123I-iodo-amphetamine (IMP) were synthesized and the course of radioactivity measured in several organs of mice. The results can be summarized as follows: IMP is rapidly extracted from the blood and reaches a value of less than 1% g within the first 15 min; 123I-radioactivity in the lungs shows a maximum of 76%/g as soon as half a minute after injection and decreases with a concomitant increase in the liver and brain; The maximum 123I-uptake in the brain of 11%/g is reached after 30 min and levels off at a constant value of 10%/g; 30 min after injection the brain/blood ratio for IMP is about 14; The time course of 3-FDG in the brain has a maximum of 4.8%/g as soon as 5 min after injection and decreases to a constant value of 3%/g within 1 hr; and Accumulation of 18F- radioactivity in the heart reaches a maximum of 14%/g after 1 hr and is eliminated with a half-life of 300 min. Comparative clinical studies with 3-FDG and 3-0-11C-methyl-D-glucose (CMG) have shown that 3-FDG can be considered as a CMG-analogue and thus can be used for the in-vivo determination of local glucose perfusion and transport rates. PMID- 6728692 TI - Quality control of radiopharmaceuticals. AB - A good quality assurance system ensures that a product will be safe and suitable for the intended use. Quality control is an important part of the quality assurance system. Two main topics are discussed in this paper: General aspects including regulations, possibilities, economics and responsibility; and PROCEDURES: Methods for the determination of the physical, chemical, pharmaceutical and biological purity with special regard to new methods, problems and pitfalls, e.g. the measurement of radioactivity using an isotope calibrator; the radionuclide purity of 123I; alpha- and beta-emitting impurities in 99mTc ; High performance liquid chromatography (HPLC); Mini-chromatograms; and the value of animal tests. PMID- 6728693 TI - [Quantitative equilibrium radionuclide ventriculography at rest in the evaluation of the severity of coronary disease]. AB - The results of examining 373 patients with a quantitative equilibrium radionuclide ventriculography were stored in a data bank and evaluated statistically. The following left ventricular parameters were evaluated: global and regional ejection fractions ( gEF , rEF1 - rEF5 ) and volume parameters (EDV, ESV, stroke volume, cardiac output, heart index). It appeared that in stages I and II of coronary heart disease evaluation of gEF , EDV and ESV under resting conditions does not sufficiently discriminate diseased patients from normals. Significant changes (p less than 0.025) of these parameters (vs. normal) were found only in CHD III and IV or in patients with a history of old myocardial infarction. The additional evaluation of the regional fraction yields, however, a significant increase (CHD I and II: +25%) of the sensitivity of the equilibrium radionuclide ventriculography in the diagnosis of coronary heart disease. PMID- 6728694 TI - A radiopharmacological study without human radiation exposure. AB - The development, study and control of new drugs today is hardly conceivable without nuclear medicine studies. Nuclear physicians on ethical commissions bear great responsibility in the planning and execution of such studies. In order to protect subjects and patients those nuclear techniques are therefore to be welcome which do not include exposure to radiation. Nuclear techniques used in in vitro diagnostics (RIA) and the determination of naturally occurring nuclides incorporated in the human body belong to this category. With the aid of a clinico pharmacological study of a new combination of diuretics it is shown that both methods supply valuable pharmacodynamic evidence. PMID- 6728695 TI - Non-specific tumor-seeking radiopharmaceuticals--report and future aspects. AB - A review is made of some currently held views regarding the mechanism of uptake of non-specific tumor-seeking labelled compounds, with special reference to the role of cell membranes and the transfer mechanisms across such membranes. Results with various radiopharmaceuticals used in tumor scintigraphy are discussed and some suggestions are made for possibly profitable research to be done in that area. PMID- 6728696 TI - [Differentiated forms of aspartate aminotransferase in the serum of patients with primary lung cancer]. PMID- 6728697 TI - [Effect of vitamin E on the mechanical properties of the lungs of animals chronically exposed to cigarette smoke]. PMID- 6728698 TI - [IgE in patients with asthma and hypersensitivity to aspirin]. PMID- 6728699 TI - [Coin lesion of the lung]. PMID- 6728700 TI - Postoperative wound infections in a children's hospital. AB - A prospective study was made of postoperative wound infections at Milwaukee Children's Hospital for 1 year. Essentially all procedures requiring a skin incision were included. The clean surgical wound infection rate was 3.1% (26 infections in 849 cases). There were no significant differences in clean wound infection rates among the individual surgeons or among the four busiest surgical services. The occurrence of postoperative wound infections was associated with administration of prophylactic antibiotics, longer duration of surgical procedures and longer hospital stay before and after surgery. About 50% of patients having a clean surgical procedure were given prophylactic antibiotics. Prophylactic antibiotic were given for 4 days or more in about half the cases. PMID- 6728701 TI - Measles seroconfirmation using dried capillary blood specimens in filter paper. AB - Because the incidence of measles has declined in recent years, the potential for confusion of measles with other morbilliform rashes has increased. Routine serologic testing of suspected cases of measles is recommended but it has been hampered, particularly in young infants and children, by the requirement of performing venipuncture. We have compared measles hemagglutination inhibition antibody testing performed on dried capillary whole blood collected on filter paper strips with testing of serum specimens obtained simultaneously by venipuncture. We assessed overall comparability, diagnostic sensitivity and specificity and acceptability and practicality for field use. Of the 125 capillary-venous sets compared, there was a 4-fold difference in hemagglutination inhibition titer between the two types of specimens in only one set (0.8%). Diagnostic sensitivity using capillary blood was 100% and specificity was 96%. Immunoglobulin M assessments on six capillary-venous sets were in complete agreement (three positive in both, three negative in both). In a pilot program of field use, filter paper blood collection was associated with a 97% (36 of 37) success rate in obtaining specimens from individuals with suspected cases of measles. This method of blood collection and testing is an accurate, feasible and acceptable means for seroconfirmation of measles. PMID- 6728702 TI - Aeromonas septicemia in infants and children. AB - Our experience at the Ramathibodi Hospital with 20 infants and children who had Aeromonas septicemia is reviewed. Their ages were from 1 day to 14 years. Eighteen patients had underlying diseases: leukemia, 5; aplastic anemia, 4; cirrhosis, 2; thalassemia/hemoglobinopathy, 3; renal failure, 1; ileal perforation, 1; marasmus, 1; and cavernous hemangioma with thrombocytopenia, 1. Blood cultures yielded Aeromonas hydrophila in all patients, and four patients had polymicrobial bacteremia. Fifteen episodes of septicemia were community acquired and five were hospital-acquired. The clinical manifestations of these patients were similar to septicemia due to other Gram-negative enteric bacilli. Two patients each had ecthyma gangrenosum, necrotizing fasciitis and meningitis. Antibiotic treatment included penicillins, cephalosporins, aminoglycosides and sulfamethoxazole-trimethoprim. The overall case fatality rate was 50%; eight of the nine patients with acute leukemia or aplastic anemia died. With the exception of one child the blood cultures were sterile in all patients before death. Aeromonas septicemia is an uncommon but severe infection which occurs predominantly in compromised hosts. PMID- 6728703 TI - Failure of corticosteroid therapy to prevent diphtheritic myocarditis or neuritis. AB - The efficacy of corticosteroid therapy for the prevention of diphtheritic myocarditis and neuritis was studied. Sixty-six patients with diphtheria were divided into two groups. Steroid therapy was given in addition to specific treatment for diphtheria in one group, while the other group was given only specific treatment. The groups were comparable regarding age, duration of illness and extent of exudate. The result shows that steroid therapy does not prevent the occurrence of electrocardiographic changes and of neuritis in the patient with diphtheria. PMID- 6728704 TI - Relatively penicillin-resistant pneumococcal infections in pediatric patients. AB - Two hundred fifty-eight isolates of Streptococcus pneumoniae obtained from 232 infants and children at Children's Medical Center, Dallas, from November 1, 1981, to March 31, 1983, were screened for susceptibility to penicillin. On 1-microgram oxacillin disks 21 strains (8%) had zones of inhibition of 17 mm or less, and the tube-dilution minimal inhibitory concentrations of penicillin were from 0.125 to 0.5 micrograms/ml. These strains were designated as relatively resistant S. pneumoniae (RRSP). Prior therapy with a beta-lactam agent had occurred in 56% of patients with RRSP disease compared with 14% of randomly selected children with infections due to susceptible strains of S. pneumoniae (P = 0.009). Fifteen children (6%) had diseases due to RRSP ranging from sepsis or meningitis to otitis media or conjunctivitis. Four children, including the two patients with meningitis, had unsatisfactory responses to therapy with a beta-lactam antibiotic. Vancomycin or chloramphenicol is preferred for therapy of disease due to RRSP. PMID- 6728705 TI - Cutaneous myiasis in Pennsylvania. PMID- 6728706 TI - Postinfectious encephalopathy after treatment of herpes simplex encephalitis with acyclovir. PMID- 6728707 TI - Suppurative bursitis in early childhood. PMID- 6728708 TI - Naloxone in fulminant meningococcemia. PMID- 6728709 TI - Perineal rash in Kawasaki syndrome. PMID- 6728710 TI - Uvular edema and erythema. PMID- 6728711 TI - Arizona hinshawii osteomyelitis associated with a pet snake. PMID- 6728712 TI - In search for the best qualitative microscopical or morphometrical predictor of oestrogen receptor in breast cancer. AB - The correlation between oestrogen receptor (OR), qualitative and quantitative microscopical features has been studied in 198 breast cancers, 60 patients were younger than 50 years of age, 138 were older than 50. This age distinction was made because of the obvious age dependency of the OR-content, with 50 years as the cut-off point. Compared with elastosis grade, the morphometric features have a much lower percentage of doubtful cases (22.2 vs. 40.4%) with a higher percentage overall correct classifications (55.6 vs. 45.4%). In terms of sensitivity and specificity, selection of the best single predictor depends on the age of the patient. Mean nuclear area has the highest combination of sensitivity and specificity (88.9 and 80.0%) in woman younger than 51, while elastosis grade is the best single predictor in patients older than 50 (sensitivity: 91.2%; specificity: 70.6%). Using multivariate analysis, a combination of mean and standard deviation of the nuclear area results in 83.3% correct classifications with only 5% doubtfuls in the younger age group. With more features in the analysis, no false negatives and only 13.3% false positives is the most optimal result. In the older age group, a decision tree consisting of elastosis grade and mean nuclear area gives the best results. Subsequent investigation of mean nuclear area in elastosis grade 0 cancers gives a considerable reduction of the false negatives, thus increasing the specificity to 94.6% and the correct negative predictions to 72.7%. It is concluded that selective morphometry gives a considerable enhancement of the histopathological prediction capacities of oestrogen receptor in breast cancer. PMID- 6728713 TI - The proliferative index (PI) of human breast cancer as obtained by flow cytometry. AB - As known from previous reports, the DNA synthesis fraction of mammary carcinoma cells is correlated with the course of the disease and response to adjuvant therapy. Quantitative parameters of the proliferative activity can be determined by the classic 3HTdR-labelling technique as well as by the more rapid flow cytometric (FCM) DNA analysis. The values of DNA-cytometric S-phase fractions in breast cancers reported up to now were consistently higher than those obtained by the 3HTdR labelling index (LI). This discrepancy was surmounted in the present study by corrections for systemic errors of the method. The fractions of cells in stages of the cell cycle as well as the DNA indices (DI) in 155 cases of primary resectable breast cancers were analyzed by DNA flow cytometry. The patients were aged between 24 and 88 years. As indicated by a bimodal age distribution with a decrease at age 60, the patient population was a representative of the generally known breast cancer incidence. 54% of the patients had aneuploid tumor cells with preferences of DNA indices 1.6 and 2.0. In the remaining 46%, no cell populations with deviating DNA content could be detected, in part possibly due to very small differences beyond the limits of detection. No correlations were found between age, menopausal status, histologic type of tumors, tumor size, fractions in stages of the cell cycle and proliferative index (PI = S + G2 + M in %), except a significant correlation between the S-phase fractions and the (G2 + M)-phase fractions in a ratio of approximately 1.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS) PMID- 6728714 TI - Thymus in myasthenia gravis: a light and electron microscopic study of a case with thymic follicular hyperplasia. AB - The present study has focused mainly on microenvironmental aspects of the thymus from a 17-year-old female patient suffering from myasthenia gravis. The most striking lightmicroscopic feature was again the well known presence of lymphoid follicular hyperplasia. Ultrastructurally, the configuration, cellular composition and fine structure were to a large extent the same as in other, peripheral lymphoid organs. Cells showing the typical morphologic characteristics of fibroblastic reticulum cells, which are most probably precursors of dendritic reticulum cells, were observed within germinal centers. Additionally the morphology of the unaffected medulla and corticomedullary region was studied, thereby paying particular attention to the structural changes of interdigitating cells. These contained frequently Birbeck granules, which have not been described before in human thymus. PMID- 6728715 TI - Hepatic involvement in hairy cell leukemia: diagnosis by tartrate-resistant acid phosphatase enzyme histochemistry on formalin fixed and paraffin-embedded liver biopsy specimens. AB - The leukemic infiltrate in the liver in hairy cell leukemia may be easily overlooked in conventional histological slides and an exact classification may not always be possible. In order to facilitate the identification of tricholeukocytes , it is suggested to perform the tartrate-resistant acid phosphatase stain on routinely formalin fixed and paraffin-embedded liver biopsy specimens. Thereby it will be in most cases possible to demonstrate sufficiently enough enzyme activity to establish unequivocally the diagnosis of hairy cell leukemia. PMID- 6728716 TI - Primary semimalignant Schwannoma of the liver. Light and electron microscopic studies. AB - The light and electron microscopy study of a so-called low grade or semimalignant Schwannoma in the liver of a 74 year-old white man without von Recklinghausen's disease is reported. The diagnosis relied on the histological findings of numerous moderately pleomorphic fusiform cells with hyperchromatic nuclei, areas of necrosis, the local infiltrative pattern with absence of metastasis at autopsy, the huge size (21 X 12 X 8 cm) and the clinical data of rapid growth pattern associated with marked body weight loss. The proper identification in surgical specimens of this kind of neoplasias would lead to more appropriate therapeutic approach. PMID- 6728717 TI - Clinico-pathological and ultrastructural characteristics of pheochromocytoma. An analysis of 55 cases. AB - 58 tumors of pheochromocytoma from 55 cases were studied clinico-pathologically and electron-microscopically. In this series, males were predominant and the number of left adrenal pheochromocytomas was 1.6 times that of right ones. Extraadrenal pheochromocytomas amounted to 41.4%. All 5 malignant pheochromocytomas in this series arose from extraadrenal paraganglia. Two types of secretory granules corresponding to the epinephrine and norepinephrine granules in the normal adrenal medulla were discerned in all 13 tumors examined under electron microscope. The contents of different types of granules were compared with urinary catecholamine excretion, and no apparent correlation was disclosed. Large amount of "E" granules in tumor cells of some cases might be associated with very low level of urinary epinephrine, while in the other cases, the reverse was true. The amount of catecholamine excreted in urine also bore no relation to the size of the tumor. PMID- 6728718 TI - Metastasizing APUD cell tumours of the human gastrointestinal tract. Light microscopic and karyometric studies. AB - A total of 11 metastasizing gastrointestinal APUD cell tumours from biopsy and autopsy files were reclassified according to Soga and Tazawa as well as to WHO Histologic Classification of Tumours. The much higher proportion of APUD cell tumours in autopsies (11 cases from 1000 autopsies in comparison with 22 cases from 22 000 biopsies) demonstrate that the majority of them will not be discovered during the patient's life. EC cell carcinoids (type A) predominate in both non-metastasizing and metastasizing gastrointestinal APUD cell tumours. Metastases from EC cell carcinoids occurred only in regional lymph nodes and in the liver. The APUD cell tumours originating in the pancreas represent the most frequently metastasizing gastrointestinal carcinoids. Besides in the liver and in regional lymph nodes metastases from pancreatic APUD cell tumours were seen in the skin, the brain and the skeleton. One case with two (pancreatic, bronchial) competitive primary APUD cell tumours and a skin metastasis was studied by means of automated cell image analysis. Cell populations of these three tumour sites were characterized by morphometric and densitometric nuclear parameters. It could be demonstrated that the skin metastasis consisted of a cell population, which occurred as a subpopulation in the primary tumour of the bronchus. The results of karyometric investigations supported the hypothesis that single components of tumours can metastasis selectively. PMID- 6728719 TI - Study on static morphometric parameters for a diagnostic approach of osteoporosis. AB - The diagnostic value of the morphometric parameters Vv,Sv, dtrab of cancellous bone and relations between them were examined. Iliac bone biopsies of osteoporotic and spasmophilic subjects were studied by means of a Mop 1 semi automatic digitizer tablet joint to a C B M 3032 microprocessor. Both the average Sv and Vv values were significantly different between the two groups. Concordance of Sv values with the radiological diagnosis was closer than Vv ones. The global estimation of mean trabecular thickness is discussed. In conclusion the confrontation of experimental data shows that simple global measure of Sv completes and precise the knowledge of skeleton state. PMID- 6728720 TI - Endocardial fibroelastosis. Clinico-pathological study of 38 cases. AB - A clinico-pathological study was carried out based on 38 autopsies of patients with endocardial fibroelastosis ( EFE ): 82% of the cases were below the age of one year. The primary EFE was established in 21 (55%) of the cases, and in the last 17 (44%) it was associated with different congenital heart malformations (secondary EFE ). Different pathological conditions during pregnancy were present in 24% of the cases. Most often the left ventricle and atrium were involved, but in most of the cases the endocardium of the right cardiac chambers appeared by histological examination to be also affected. The varying morphological pictures of the heart suggest that EFE is a reaction of endocardium to different damaging factors. PMID- 6728721 TI - Glassy cell carcinoma of the uterine cervix. AB - Two cases of glassy cell carcinoma which is considered to be a poorly differentiated mixed adenosquamous cell carcinoma in the uterine cervix are described. Its cytologic and histologic findings are distinctive. The tumor cells had moderately amount and ground-glass cytoplasms, and had large nuclei containing a prominent nucleoli. PMID- 6728722 TI - Benign spindle cell tumor of the male breast. AB - Benign spindle cell tumors of the male breast are definitely rare. They have a subareolar localization and are circumscribed but not encapsulated. Ultrastructurally the neoplasm consists of histiocytic cells, fibroblasts, myofibroblasts and their transitional stages. Myoepithelial cells or smooth muscle cells are lacking. Although myofibroblasts contain lots of filaments, aniline reaction, PTAH stain and iron hematoxylin impregnation remain negative. PMID- 6728723 TI - Testicular feminization syndrome with Sertoli cell adenoma. PMID- 6728724 TI - Bioptic diagnosis of Wegener's granulomatosis in the absence of vasculitis and granulomas. AB - We report a case of Wegener's granulomatosis (WG) which differed significantly from the WHO-definition. The patient presented himself with fever and skin lesions which exacerbated after penicillin therapy. The nasal biopsy did not reveal the expected classical vasculitis and granulomas, which were present at autopsy only in the liver and spleen. We emphasize that vasculitis and granulomas may be absent in the biopsy specimen. We stress the institution of chemotherapy with cyclophosphamide, once the clinicopathological impression of WG is probable. PMID- 6728725 TI - Oligomeganephronic renal hypoplasia. PMID- 6728726 TI - Comparative osteological-angiological investigations of non-decalcified bony tissue. AB - A method of investigation on non-decalcified bony tissue is discussed. This method combines the advantages of micro-angiological procedures with those of osteological investigations. By use of this method, a good assignment of angiological results to the differential interference contrast film is possible. The application is indicated for particular osteomyelitis types that are rich in blood vessels, and for some bone tumours. PMID- 6728727 TI - Dimethylsulphoxide stimulation of dome formation in cultured rat prostate epithelial cells. AB - Primary cultures of normal rat prostate produce cells with epithelial characteristics that may be useful in the study of cell differentiation and prostate physiology. These epithelial cells, grown in DME plus 10% FCS, 10% HS, and 50 ng/ml each of hydrocortisone and insulin, can be induced to differentiate into dome ( hemicyst ) forming cells by 250 mM DMSO, a molecule that acts as a differentiation inducer in Friend erythroleukemia cells, Madin-Darby canine kidney cells, and in mouse and rat mammary epithelial cells. Dome formation in cell culture is the consequence of transepithelial transport of water and ions, resulting in fluid accumulation between the culture dish and the cell layer. Dome formation in prostate epithelial cells, besides representing an example of induction of differentiation in a cell culture system, suggests that prostate (ductal?) epithelial cells have fluid reabsorption capabilities. PMID- 6728728 TI - Treatment of prostatitis in the rat. AB - A spontaneous, nonacute, age-dependent prostatitis was found in a high incidence in the lateral prostatic lobes of Lewis rats. Such rats were treated with methylprednisolone, indometacin , testosterone, hexyloxyphenylproprionate , polyestradiol phosphate, various antibiotics, or were caged together with female rats. The effect of the different treatment modalities was evaluated microscopically by blind observation of the degree of inflammatory reaction in the lateral prostate. Methylprednisolone and the testosterone ester caused a reduction of the inflammatory reactions and so did caging with female rats. The similarity of the rat prostatitis to the human condition may suggest the possibility of using corticosteroids or androgens for the treatment of patients with nonacute prostatitis. PMID- 6728729 TI - Biochemical difference between ventral and dorsolateral prostates: effects of castration and administration of the antiandrogen 16 beta-ethyl-17 beta-hydroxy-4 oestren-3-one on SDS-electrophoretic patterns of subcellular proteins from rat prostates. AB - Protein species in the cytosol, postnuclear particulate, and nuclear fractions from the ventral and dorsolateral prostates of rats castrated or injected with antiandrogen, 16 beta-ethyl-17 beta-hydroxy-4- oestren -3-one ( EHOO ), were analyzed by SDS-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis. The effects of EHOO injection on the contents of the most abundant species in all three fractions of ventral prostate were similar to the effects of castration, but the effects of EHOO and castration were only similar on the nuclear fraction in the dorsolateral prostate. The most sensitive species to castration in the three subcellular fractions of dorsolateral prostate were the same as those to EHOO injections; this was not the case for the cytosol and nuclear fractions in the ventral prostate. PMID- 6728730 TI - Multiple trauma in children. Initial management, key to improved survival. PMID- 6728731 TI - Cardiac electrophysiologic study. What it is and who may benefit. PMID- 6728732 TI - Pregnancy's special problems. A four-article symposium. PMID- 6728733 TI - Pregnancy's effects on the skin. Common and uncommon changes. AB - The skin almost always shows changes during pregnancy. Some of these alterations are so predictable as to be considered normal. Not nearly so common are a host of pruritic dermatoses, including pruritus gravidarum, herpes gestationis, pruritic urticarial papules and plaques of pregnancy, Spangler 's papular dermatitis of pregnancy, and impetigo herpetiformis. Some of these conditions can cause maternal and/or fetal complications and even death; others, although benign and transient, add to the stress of pregnancy. Physician adeptness at diagnosing and treating skin diseases specific to or affected by pregnancy is thus of vital importance in caring for pregnant women. PMID- 6728734 TI - Therapeutic drugs in pregnancy. Caution is the watchword. AB - Many medical conditions during pregnancy are best treated initially with nonpharmacologic remedies. Before a drug is used during pregnancy, the indications should be clear and the risk-benefit ratio should justify its use. Then, the minimum effective dose should be employed. If possible, therapy should be postponed until after the first trimester. PMID- 6728735 TI - Prevention of preterm delivery. The important role of early recognition. AB - Perinatal deaths can be decreased most effectively by reducing the incidence of preterm delivery. Therapy with a tocolytic agent, such as ritodrine ( Yutopar ), can be of significant benefit if applied to patients in whom preterm labor is correctly diagnosed and has not advanced beyond the early stages. Identification of the patient at risk, intensive education and surveillance of such patients, and education of hospital and clinic staff can extend the application and success of labor-inhibiting therapy. PMID- 6728736 TI - Pseudoaneurysm of left ventricle after myocardial infarction. Report of two cases. PMID- 6728737 TI - Facial nerve paralysis. 1. General evaluation, Bell's palsy. AB - The correct diagnosis of facial paralysis is not easily made but is important for proper management, since such paralysis is a sign or symptom of an underlying disorder. The clinician must be able to make an accurate and complete assessment of the entire facial nerve. Once a diagnosis is made, information from the history and results of topographic and electrical testing can be used in planning management and treatment. Bell's palsy, which is idiopathic, is the most common cause of facial paralysis. It is acute in onset and can come from a variety of causes. In the large majority of patients, the condition resolves either spontaneously or with treatment. Currently available treatments include corticosteroid therapy and facial nerve decompression, although both remain controversial. PMID- 6728738 TI - Traveller's diarrhea. How to avoid 'Montezuma's revenge'--how to cope if you don't. PMID- 6728739 TI - Antibiotics for intraabdominal sepsis. Selection of an effective combination. AB - Optimum management of intraabdominal sepsis requires the judicious use of appropriate surgical procedures and simultaneous antibiotic administration. A number of appropriate antibiotics and antibiotic combinations are available for intraabdominal sepsis, but most data still favor combinations of an antiaerobic drug, most often an aminoglycoside, and an antianaerobic drug--and possibly a third agent effective against enterococci. PMID- 6728740 TI - Theophylline therapy. Titrating dosage requirements. AB - Theophylline has long been a cornerstone of bronchodilator therapy for asthma and chronic obstructive lung disease, but until recently its use carried the risk of serious, even fatal, toxicity. With recent advances in understanding of this drug's pharmacologic properties and pharmacokinetic characteristics, serious toxicity now can usually be avoided. The dosage requirements for theophylline demonstrate wide interpatient and intrapatient variation. Several factors responsible for this variation, most notably age, have been identified and used in definition of dosage guidelines for different patient groups. However, substantial variation still exists within these groups, necessitating measurement of serum concentration in selected patients. The measurements obtained are used to titrate the patient's dosage requirement in such a way as to maximize therapeutic response while minimizing risk of toxicity. PMID- 6728741 TI - Panic attacks. Psychologic response or medical illness? AB - Panic attacks are surprisingly common in the United States, costing our economy more than $100 million per year in disability benefits and health care expenses. However, diagnosis is difficult and consequently many patients are treated for other conditions. When an underlying disorder is determined to be present, treatment of that disorder may ameliorate attacks. If none is present, panic symptoms will respond to a variety of drugs. Behavioral therapy may be necessary in severe cases or as adjunctive therapy after attacks abate. PMID- 6728742 TI - Alcohol use and hypertension. Clinical considerations and implications. AB - Alcohol abuse is a more frequent contributor to hypertension than is generally appreciated. Although hypertension is transitory in most alcoholics and may not be evident after a short period of abstinence, it is potentially dangerous. Paroxysms of hypertension might result in target-organ damage. Hypertension may be the causal link to the increased incidence of stroke and coronary heart disease observed in problem drinkers as well as a contributor to the pathogenesis of alcoholic cardiomyopathy. Because of its transitory nature, however, alcohol associated hypertension may, regrettably , be dismissed as inconsequential. Thus, a major potential cause of cardiovascular morbidity may go untreated. PMID- 6728743 TI - Obstetric care. A family physician's affair. PMID- 6728744 TI - Overutilizers anonymous. PMID- 6728745 TI - Cultural vantage point and health care: two views. PMID- 6728746 TI - Coffee, sugars, and chronic diarrhea. Why a dietary history is important. AB - Patients with chronic diarrhea should be carefully questioned about their diet. A correlation may be found between gastrointestinal symptoms and the ingestion of coffee, milk, or sugars such as sorbitol and fructose. If the offending agent can be identified and withdrawn from the diet, the diarrhea will stop and further evaluation can be avoided. PMID- 6728747 TI - Does health education prevent childhood accidents? AB - In an attempt to test the assumption that health education directed at parents and children can reduce childhood accidents, a controlled study was carried out in Ely , one area of Cardiff. Using conventional health education techniques, the campaign was carried out in June and July 1981 and monitored by the numbers of injured children attending the local Accident and Emergency Department. Comparison of accident numbers in Ely between 1980 and 1981 and between Ely and the whole of Cardiff in 1981 showed no significant change. A slight increase in trivial injuries suggested an increased willingness to attend hospital. There was no change in the age distribution of victims. The benefits of health education and alternative methods of accident prevention are discussed and the need for further research is emphasized. PMID- 6728748 TI - Hypnosis in the treatment of acute pain in the emergency department setting. AB - Emergency ward physicians are presented daily with patients in pain. Provisions of safe, quick pain control remains one of their major duties. Hypnosis can be used as an effective adjunct or substitute for analgesic medications when these drugs prove to be ineffective or contraindicated. Four such illustrative cases of attempted pain control are presented. The psychological foundations of pain and its assessment are discussed. The emergency ward physician can obtain facility in hypnotic techniques with only modest training. Hypnosis may then become a valuable tool in helping him provide safe and effective pain management. PMID- 6728749 TI - Adult listeriosis--a review of 18 cases. AB - Eighteen cases of adult listeriosis (nine with meningitis, one brain abscess and eight bacteraemia) were diagnosed in the Chaim Sheba Medical Center in the years 1964-1982. The infection seemed to be opportunistic in all. Eleven patients had malignant disease, two had cirrhosis of the liver, one had ulcerative colitis, one had bronchial asthma with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, one had pemphigus, one had diabetes mellitus and one had a renal transplantation. Twelve patients (66%) received radiation therapy and/or cytotoxic and steroid medication. Diabetes mellitus as an additional underlying disease was strikingly frequent and was found in eight out of 18 patients (44%), in one as the only underlying disease. In the meningitis group cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) cultures were positive in five patients, and negative in four who had, however, positive blood cultures. The cells in the CSF were predominantly lymphocytes in five and polymorphs in four. It may be concluded that diabetes mellitus is an important underlying disease in listeriosis. The results also reinforce the fact that lymphocytosis in the CSF does not exclude bacterial meningitis. PMID- 6728750 TI - Mastication and acid secretion. AB - The gastric acid response and the buffer capacity of the stomach were measured in 30 control subjects and 22 duodenal ulcer patients in response to a masticatory (solid) and a non-masticatory (homogenized) meal having the same chemical composition. The peak acid output values were equal after a masticatory and after a non-masticatory diet in control subjects (masticatory 18.1 +/- 1.2, non masticatory 15.7 +/- 1.3 mmol/hr) as well as in duodenal ulcer patients (masticatory 35.7 +/- 1.5, non-masticatory 33.7 +/- 1.1 mmol/hr). The buffer capacity of the stomach contents 1 hr after the meal was significantly greater after a masticatory diet than a non-masticatory diet in both controls (14.6 +/- 1.4 and 9.0 +/- 1.9 mmol) and in duodenal ulcer patients (9.5 +/- 1.5 and 7.5 +/- 1.2 mmol). Duodenal ulcer patients had a significantly lower buffer capacity compared with controls. Masticatory diets may play a part in protecting individuals from developing duodenal ulcer. PMID- 6728751 TI - Salmonella meningitis following treatment of enteritis with neomycin. AB - A case of salmonella meningitis with accompanying septicaemia and pericarditis is reported in an adult following an episode of enteritis. PMID- 6728752 TI - Neuroenteric cyst of the cerebellum. AB - Intracranial neuroenteric cysts are rarely encountered and no more than 13 cases have been reported in the literature. This paper reports another case located in the cerebellum. These occur mostly in adults and there is no typical clinical presentation. The computed tomographic scan shows them as low attenuating lesions with no peripheral contrast enhancement. These cysts are believed to be developmental in origin. PMID- 6728753 TI - Laryngocoele causing airflow obstruction--a case report and summary of clinical manifestations in five other patients. AB - We present six patients with laryngocoeles , one of whom presented as an emergency to a Chest Unit. A swelling in the neck was present in five, two patients had hoarseness progressing to stridor and three complained of dysphagia. No underlying cause was found in any of the patients. Surgical management was necessary in five with good results. PMID- 6728754 TI - Hypopituitarism associated with myalgia. AB - A patient with panhypopituitarism who presented with muscle pain and stiffness is described. These symptoms responded rapidly to treatment with thyroxine and cortisone acetate. The association between muscle disease and hypopituitarism is briefly reviewed. PMID- 6728755 TI - Impaired nitrazepam metabolism in hypothyroidism. AB - Delayed metabolism of a number of drugs has been described in hypothyroid patients. We report an elderly hypothyroid female who had prolonged delay in the metabolism of a commonly-used sedative, nitrazepam, and discuss the importance of delayed drug metabolism in hypothyroidism. PMID- 6728756 TI - Dressler's syndrome after right ventricular infarction. AB - Undiagnosed myocardial infarction of the right ventricle presented as Dressler's syndrome. Radioisotopic diagnostic procedures including first-pass and multigated acquisition nuclear angiography ( MUGA ) and thallium-201 perfusion studies enabled a retroactive diagnosis of myocardial infarction, showed it to be in the right ventricle, and clarified the aetiology of the unexplained fever and pleuropericarditis. PMID- 6728757 TI - Psoriasis and Paget's disease. AB - A case is described of localized psoriasis developing in response to Paget's disease of the underlying bone. PMID- 6728758 TI - Medullary sponge kidney presenting with hypokalaemic paralysis. AB - Medullary sponge kidney associated with a defect in urine acidification is rare and usually of no clinical significance. We report a case presenting as hypokalaemic paralysis due to associated congenital distal renal tubular acidosis. PMID- 6728759 TI - Selective breeding for high and low antibody responses to inactivated Newcastle disease virus in Japanese quails. AB - Two lines of Japanese quail were divergently selected for high and low antibody responses after being twice injected at 4 and 6 weeks of age with inactivated Newcastle disease virus antigen. After seven generations of selection, the serum antibody level in the high line was 24% greater than the level in the unselected control lines, whereas the low line antibody level was approximately 37% less than that in the control line. The estimated heritability (H2S + D) was approximately .12 +/- .50. The realized h2, calculated from coefficient of regression formula on seven generations (G3 to G9 ), was .07. PMID- 6728760 TI - Characterization of plasma hormone levels and lipogenic enzyme activity in chickens divergently selected for oxygen consumption. AB - The bases for differences in growth and metabolism of lines previously selected for divergence in O2 consumption in comparison to a randombred control population were studied. Body weights, carcass fat, plasma growth hormone (GH), triiodothyronine (T3), thyroxine (T4), malic enzyme, and citrate cleavage enzyme activities were determined. The early growth of the low O2 birds was greater than the high O2 birds, whereas the growth rate of the control population was intermediate to, but not statistically different from, the two O2 lines. Six-week body weights did not differ between the lines. Percent fat of the high O2 birds was less than the other two lines at 1 and 2 weeks of age but greater than the low O2 birds at 3 weeks of age. Percent fat did not differ between the lines at 6 weeks. Plasma T4 levels differed between the lines only at Day 1, when the control population exhibited greater T4 levels than the O2 lines. Plasma T3 levels were lower in the high O2 chicks in comparison to only the control chicks at 0, 1, and 2 weeks of age. No line differences in T3 levels were detected at 3 or 6 weeks. From 1 to 3 weeks, GH levels were greater in the low O2 birds than the high O2, while the control birds had GH levels intermediate to the O2 lines. By 6 weeks, the O2 lines had similar GH levels, but these levels were lower than those of the controls. No consistent line differences in malic enzyme or citrate cleavage enzyme activities were observed. PMID- 6728761 TI - Genetic variation of abdominal fat, body weight, and carcass weight in a female broiler line. AB - Pedigreed matings in a commercial purebred female broiler selection line produced 311 males and 341 females, which were slaughtered at 50 days of age. Coefficients of variation of abdominal fat weights were higher than live and carcass weights. The coefficient of variation was reduced when abdominal fat was regressed on live weight or when percentage of live or carcass weight was used. Leaf fat was approximately two-thirds and gizzard fat was approximately one-third of the total abdominal fat. Heritabilities for abdominal fat were high, and the genetic correlations between the fat and live or carcass weights ranged from .43 to .50 in males and .32 to .40 in females. The phenotypic correlations between fat and live weight were reduced when abdominal fat weight was subtracted from live weight, showing that the part-whole relationship between abdominal fat included in live body weight increased the correlations. The heritabilities indicate that it should be possible to reduce abdominal fat by selection, and the genetic correlations signify that a method has to be devised to increase body weight while simultaneously reducing abdominal fat weight. PMID- 6728762 TI - Effect of differing temperature cycles on broiler performance. AB - Commercial male broilers were used in five trials conducted to determine whether lowering the temperature during the cool portion of the 24-hr period in summer affected broiler performance. Treatments used were 24-hr linear temperature cycles ranging from a high of 35 C to a low of either 26.7 or 21.1 C. Results obtained showed that lowering the low portion of the temperature cycle from 26.7 to 21.1 C during the 24-hr period significantly increased broiler body weight at 48 days of age. PMID- 6728763 TI - Vocalizations and behavior of two commercial stocks of chickens. AB - Vocalization and behavior comparisons were made between two commercial egg-laying stocks maintained under high intensity, battery-cage housing. Data obtained at approximately 35 weeks of age from both stocks in the same house showed significantly more pushes and steps in Stock B than in Stock A flocks. Also, the frequency range of vocalizations emitted was greater for Stock B than for Stock A pullets. This difference was attributed to an increased number of disturbance calls and shriek -like sounds called " baaks ". PMID- 6728764 TI - Leg deformities: inability to increase severity by increasing body weight of chicks and poults. AB - Five 4-week experiments were conducted to determine the effects of body weight on the severity of leg deformities in broiler chicks and turkey poults reared on raised wire floors. In order to make the influence of body weight independent of genetic, environmental, and nutritional effects, increasing body weight was achieved by harnessing steel weights on the backs of poults and chicks. In the first experiment, 3-day-old male and female chicks were harnessed with 0-, 1-, 2 , or 3-g weights (nine chicks per weight load). Weights were changed every 3 to 4 days until 4 weeks of age such that the artificial weight averaged 0, 3, 4.5, or 8.5% of their body weight. In Experiments 2 and 3, three replicates of 10 female chicks were assigned to isocaloric diets containing 18, 21, or 24% crude protein. Five chicks in each treatment and replicate were harnessed at 3 days of age with weights averaging approximately 13% of their body weight. Weights were changed weekly. Experiments 4 and 5 were designed similar to Experiments 2 and 3 except that male and female turkey poults were fed 22, 25, or 28% dietary crude protein and were harnessed with weights equal to about 8 to 10% of their body weight. Body weights of the birds were recorded weekly.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS) PMID- 6728765 TI - A new in-cage treatment system for control of northern fowl mites on laying hens. AB - Commercially available plastic and other types of flexible tubing were tested to determine their relative permeability to an emulsifiable concentrate (EC) of permethrin acaricide. Bioassays employing northern fowl mites, Ornithonyssus sylviarum (Canestrini and Fanzago), indicated that .3 mg permethrin/cm2 surface area penetrated vinyl plastic tubing that had been filled with 42.5% active ingredient EC for 14 days. Vinyl tubing circuits were installed in wire poultry cages, either in the form of suspended loops or woven through the rear cage wall, and permethrin EC was introduced by means of a small pump. Significant reductions in northern fowl mite populations on hens caged therein were apparent after 48 days posttreatment. This approach has merit as a long-term, labor-economical form of mite control on caged poultry. PMID- 6728766 TI - The effect of feeding a semipurified diet to chickens infected with coccidia. AB - Four experiments were conducted using broiler chicks to study the effects of feeding a semipurified diet on coccidial infection. Chickens fed a semipurified diet and inoculated with E. tenella had a very mild infection with little or no mortality and no effect on body weight gain, feed intake, feed conversion ratio, and blood cell loss as judged by hematocrit. At necropsy the infected chickens had light cecal lesions. However, no difference in response was observed between chickens fed either the corn-soybean meal or the semipurified diet and inoculated with a mixture of E. acervulina, E. maxima, and E. brunetti. Chickens fed a diet composed of 25% of the corn-soybean meal diet plus 75% of the semipurified diet and inoculated with E. tenella had the same mortality as chickens fed the corn soybean meal diet. Feeding chickens the semipurified diet as early as 6 days before inoculation did not affect the severity of E. tenella infection. No difference was observed in the intestinal or cecal pH or food passage time of noninfected chickens fed either the corn-soybean meal or the semipurified diet. No differences were found in the number of oocysts discharged between 2 and 9 hr after inoculation expressed as a percentage of the infective dose. The results of these studies show that a semipurified diet ameliorates infection of chickens with the cecal parasite E. tenella but not coccidial infections of the small intestine. PMID- 6728767 TI - The efficacy of chlorine dioxide in controlling Salmonella contamination and its effect on product quality of chicken broiler carcasses. AB - A large spin-type chiller in an Ontario poultry processing plant was adapted so that the chill water could be treated with various levels of chlorine dioxide ( ClO2 ), increasing the concentration of ClO2 from 0 to 1.39 mg/liter resulting in reducing the bacteria count to the point where salmonellae could not be isolated from the chill water or the chilled broiler carcasses. In addition, coliform, psychrotroph , and aerobic plate counts were all greatly reduced (less than 1 log cycle) in chill water but were only slightly reduced (less than .5 log cycle) in macerated chicken broiler breast skin. Shelf-life was lengthened for broiler carcasses treated with 1.33 and 1.39 mg/liter ClO2 as compared to control carcasses. Sensory panelists reported no off flavors for any ClO2 concentration but rated broiler skin as being slightly lighter in color compared to control carcasses at all concentrations of ClO2 treatment. PMID- 6728768 TI - A longitudinal study of energy and nitrogen excretion by fasted cockerels. AB - An experiment was conducted in which the energy and nitrogen voided by cockerels during the final 48 hr of each of 14 72-hr fasts, 28 days apart, were measured. There were 12 Single Comb White Leghorn cockerels of each of two strains aged 150 days at the time of the first excreta collection and 12 birds from each of two meat-type strains aged 268 days at the first collection. Birds that died during the experiment were replaced by similar birds maintained under comparable conditions. Both excreta energy (FE + UE) and excreta nitrogen (FN + UN) varied among time periods and among birds and appeared to be related to metabolic body size. Similar patterns were observed when the FE + UE data were corrected to zero nitrogen balance (FEn + UEn ). There was a significant (P less than .01) quadratic relationship between ambient temperature and FE + UE, FN + UN, and FEn + UEn with higher excreta outputs being associated with either low or high temperatures. Frequently, but not inevitably, higher FE + UE and FN + UN were observed prior to death. The FE + UE was significantly (P less than .01) correlated with FN + UN. In general, the estimated regression coefficient relating energy to nitrogen output was similar to the value, based upon the energy content of chicken urine, used to correct FE + UE to FEn + UEn . However, the analyses indicated that the correction factor may vary among birds or over time and may be related to metabolic body weight. To what extent this variability can be defined and incorporated into metabolic energy assays requires further investigation. PMID- 6728769 TI - Sodium chloride supplementation of all plant protein broiler diets. AB - Male broiler chicks were fed all plant protein diets with soybean meal or a mixture of soybean and canola meals as the source of supplementary protein from 0 to 4 weeks of age. Supplementation of the diets with .25% sodium chloride did not meet the requirements of the chicks for maximum growth. Growth was accelerated when the dietary sodium chloride concentration was increased to .50 and 1.00%. PMID- 6728770 TI - Hematological changes in nephritis in poultry induced by diets high in protein, high in calcium, containing urea, or deficient in vitamin A. AB - Nephritis was induced in 300, 18-day-old male Arbor Acre broiler chicks by feeding diets high (42.28%) in protein, high (3.27%) in calcium, containing urea (5%), or deficient in vitamin A. Various hematological parameters were studied at weekly intervals. Normocytic-normochromic anemia, characterized by a decrease in total erythrocyte counts, hemoglobin, packed cell volume, and an increase in erythrocyte sedimentation rate, was evident in the birds kept on diets high in protein, high in calcium, or deficient in vitamin A. Increased total erythrocytes, hemoglobin packed cell volume, and erythrocyte sedimentation rate was observed in birds fed urea. Differential leucocyte counts revealed lymphopenia, heterophilia and monocytosis in birds kept on diets high in protein, containing urea, or deficient in vitamin A. However, lymphocytosis, heteropenia , and monocytosis were recorded in birds fed the high calcium diet. PMID- 6728771 TI - Bioavailability of phosphorus in commercial phosphate supplements for turkeys. AB - Forty-seven commercial phosphorus supplements were obtained from feed manufacturers and subjected to biological phosphorus availability assay using the turkey poult. Bone ash was the response criterion. Compared to a reference source of commercial mono/ dicalcium phosphate (assigned 100), 7 other mono/ dicalcium phosphates averaged 97.1 (range 88.6 to 110.0), 20 dicalcium phosphate sources averaged 90.6 (76.3 to 104.8), and 20 defluorinated phosphate sources averaged 78.4% (68.6 to 89.6) availabilities. Combining equal parts of all sources of each type of phosphorus supplement and using purified grade calcium phosphate monobasic monohydrate as a defined standard, the commercial mono/ dicalcium phosphates, dicalcium phosphates, and defluorinated phosphates averaged (with 95% confidence limits) 93.6 +/- 7.6, 88.3 +/- 8.2, and 70.2 +/- 7.2% phosphorus availability in a slope ratio bioassay. Calculating the requirement intercepts utilizing the blended phosphorus supplements indicated apparent requirements using mono/ dicalcium phosphate, dicalcium phosphate, and defluorinated phosphate of .74, .76, and .83% total phosphorus in the diet, respectively. Considering 1) the variability in availability of the sources, 2) variation in feed mixing, 3) the National Research Council requirement of .80%, and 4) that newly hatched poults are completely dependent on one batch of prestarter feed during 0 to 10 days of life, it is suggested that in certain instances field rickets could result from deficiency of dietary phosphorus. PMID- 6728772 TI - Fluoride tolerance of the young chick and turkey poult. AB - Duplicate groups of Strain-Cross White Leghorn chicks, White Rock Cross broiler chicks, and Large White Turkey poults were fed from 0 to 800 ppm fluoride as NaF for 1 day to 6 weeks. Based on growth rate, the dietary fluoride tolerances were at least 400 ppm for Leghorn chicks, 300 ppm for broiler chicks, and 200 ppm for turkey poults. Fluoride ingestion did not affect bone morphology or breaking strength. Increases in fluoride content of bone ash, plasma, and other soft tissues were related to dietary fluoride level but not to type of bird. Bone ash fluoride content was relatively constant at a given fluoride intake level over exposure periods of from 2 to 6 weeks. PMID- 6728774 TI - Effects of type of freeze straw and thaw temperature on the fertilizing capacity of frozen chicken semen. AB - Two experiments were conducted to determine the relationship between thawing temperature and the type of straw in which chicken semen was frozen. In Experiment 1, semen was frozen in three different types of plastic straws: US (.5 ml capacity), French (.5-ml capacity), and French mini (.25-ml capacity). Experiment 1 was divided into two trials to compare semen packaged in the different straws and thawed at 15 (Trial 1) or .5 C (Trial 2). Although there were distinguishable features of the freeze and thaw curves between samples frozen in the different straws, the type of freeze straw had no effect on the fertilizing capacity of frozen semen when thaw temperature was held constant: fertility, Days 2 to 4 after artificial insemination, ranged from 16 to 27% for Trial 1 and 45 to 47% for Trial 2. In Experiment 2, semen was frozen in US straws and thawed at either .5 or 15 C to assess the effect of the thaw temperature. Fertility of frozen semen, Days 2 to 4 after artificial insemination, was significantly higher when semen was thawed at .5 than at 15 C (62 vs. 20%). PMID- 6728773 TI - Available biotin content of various feed ingredients. AB - The availability to the chick of the microbiologically determined biotin in various feed ingredients was assayed using a standard curve methodology. The chicks were grown up to 28 days of age. Ingredients of the standard diet were partially replaced by the test ingredient. Each test mixture was also supplemented with 200 micrograms biotin/kg and fed to a control group. The percentage of growth of the test chicks compared with the controls proved to be a suitable parameter for the assessment of biotin availability. Availability of biotin was expressed in percentage of the biotin determined microbiologically. In the tested cereals availability was distinctly low, whereas in some other feed ingredients the availability was reduced less. PMID- 6728775 TI - Degenerative myopathy of the Musculus supracoracoideus and production traits in strains of meat-type chickens. AB - The incidence of degenerative myopathy of the Musculus supracoracoideus (DMS) was calculated in 23 strains comprising 1868 meat-type chickens. Twenty strains were commercial parent stocks and three strains were experimental strains from Ottawa similar to commercial broiler stocks of some 15 to 20 years ago. In the commercial strains DMS incidence ranged from 0 to 43% in males and 0 to 22% in females at ages ranging from 49 to 68 weeks. The three experimental strains did not have DMS. Data from strains with DMS were analyzed for associations between DMS and each of a number of body size and egg production traits. The DMS-positive birds had a larger breast angle (P less than .05) measured at 6 weeks of age (93 vs. 89 degrees) and a larger body weight (P less than .01) at 52 weeks (3748 vs 3594 g) than DMS-free birds. No significant relationships with other body size or egg production traits were detected. PMID- 6728776 TI - The effect of photoperiod and position in the ovulatory sequence on plasma concentrations of luteinizing hormone during the ovulatory cycle of the hen. AB - The concentration of LH was studied in blood samples removed intermittently from hens. Hens were selected for study in the middle of sequences when ovulations are separated by 24 to 25 hr, before the first ovulation of a sequence when successive ovulations are separated by 40 hr, and in an 14L : 14D photoperiod when all ovulations are separated by 28 hr. A preovulatory surge of LH always preceded ovulation by 4 to 7 hr, and a nadir in the concentration of LH always occurred 10 to 11 hr before ovulation. This nadir followed a gradual decline in the concentration of LH, which began 19 hr before a midsequence ovulation, 27 to 31 hr before the first ovulation of a sequence, and 20 to 28 hr before ovulation in a 14L : 14D photoperiod. It was concluded that this decline in plasma LH terminating at a nadir 10 to 11 hr before ovulation may be involved in the acquisition of ovulability by the largest follicle in the ovarian hierarchy. PMID- 6728777 TI - Toxic shock-like syndrome in hens and its relationship to shell-less eggs. AB - Foreign materials were inserted into the hens' uteri and anti-inflammatory and immune suppressant drugs were used to determine possible causes of shell-less eggs. The presence of foreign shell-membranes and tampons in the uteri (shell glands) of hens caused a toxic shock-like syndrome ( TSLS ). Primary clinical signs were high fever, vomiting, diarrhea, and death. The presence of other materials, including inflated rubber balloons, had no adverse affect on the hens. Calcium carbonate deposits occurred on the surface of the balloons but not on other material inserted into the uteri. Injection of anti-inflammatory or immunosuppressive drugs did not increase shell weight in hens laying shell-less eggs. The hens' reproductive system was found to be sensitive in varying degrees to different types of foreign materials; thus, the avian female might serve as an animal model for studying toxic shock syndrome. PMID- 6728778 TI - Bursectomy and its influence on circulating corticosterone, triiodothyronine, and thyroxine in immature male chickens. AB - This investigation was carried out to determine the effect of bursectomy on circulating corticosterone, triiodothyronine (T3), and thyroxine (T4) in immature male chickens. One-day-old Single Comb White Leghorn male chicks were surgically bursectomized ( BSX ). Shamoperated chicks were used as control. Blood samples were collected from different BSX and sham birds at 2, 3, and 4 weeks of age. Serum concentrations of corticosterone, T3 and T4 were measured using radioimmunoassays. Serum concentrations of corticosterone and T3 were higher in BSX than sham-operated birds at all ages. Concentrations of T4, however, were similar in both groups. It was concluded that the bursa, directly or indirectly, affected hormone secretion from the thyroid and adrenal glands. PMID- 6728779 TI - Morphological changes in chicken and turkey spermatozoa incubated under various conditions. AB - The viability and morphology of undiluted and diluted chicken and turkey spermatozoa were compared when incubated at either 41, 25, 15, or 5 C for 0 (control), 3, or 6 hr. Increasing the incubation time to 6 hr, raising the incubation temperature to 41 C, or both resulted in higher numbers of dead spermatozoa in semen from both species. Conversely, dilution (1:5 with Beltsville Poultry Semen Extender) of chicken or turkey semen resulted in a significant (P less than .05) decrease in the number of dead spermatozoa as compared to their respective undiluted counterparts, especially in samples incubated at 41 C. Turkey semen exhibited a somewhat lower percentage of dead spermatozoa, bent spermatozoa, and sperm tail coiling than did chicken semen incubated under similar conditions. No significant (P greater than .05) differences were observed in chicken and turkey semen samples when measuring other sperm cell abnormalities regardless of incubation conditions. These results indicate selective species differences in sperm morphological changes in response to incubation temperature, incubation time, and semen dilution. PMID- 6728780 TI - Effect of light environment during the adolescent period on subsequent semen volume and concentration of male turkeys. AB - One hundred eighty males were utilized in two field-type experiments. In one experiment, light was restricted to 6 or 12 hr of light per day at a light intensity of 10.76 1x from 12 through 28 weeks of age. In the second experiment, one flock was maintained under natural light while the other was maintained under 12-hr lights and 10.76 1x of light intensity from 12 to 31 weeks of age. All flocks were placed under a 14-hr light day and a light intensity of 32.3 1x in light-controlled houses during the breeding season. Results obtained in the first experiment showed an increase in semen volume from the first to the fourth observation period and then a decline in both flocks during the last period. Average semen volume over the entire experimental period was unaffected by light treatment during the adolescent period. Semen concentration was highest during the early part of the breeding season and gradually declined as the season progressed. Males under a 6-hr restricted light regimen during the rearing period produced an average of .6 billion more sperm cells per milliliter than did those reared under 12 hr of light per day (P less than or equal to .01). Results obtained in the second experiment showed an average semen volume throughout the breeding season of .24 and .19 ml and a semen concentration of 7.0 and 6.4 billion sperm cells per milliliter for males reared under natural light compared to those reared under 12-hr lights, respectively . These differences were significant (P less than or equal to .01). Data were subjected to polynomial analyses.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS) PMID- 6728781 TI - Relationship of fertility to day of insemination during the laying sequence. AB - Fertility among hens artificially inseminated (AI) at different stages of the laying sequence were compared in two experiments with broiler breed (Experiment 1) and egg-type hens (Experiment 2). The different stages of the laying sequence were prepause (PP)-oviposition without ovulation, pause (P)-no oviposition with or without ovulation, and nonpause (NP)-oviposition with ovulation. There were no significant differences among PP, P, and NP groups for duration or percent fertility in Experiment 1. Fertility and duration were significantly lower in PP than NP in Experiment 2. However, these differences were most likely caused by 36% of the PP hens ovipositing during the time of AI. Time of AI seems to be a more important factor in determining subsequent fertility than the day of AI during the laying sequence. PMID- 6728782 TI - The effect of serial removal of blood on plasma concentrations of luteinizing hormone during the ovulatory cycle of the hen. AB - Plasma concentrations of luteinizing hormone (LH) and corticosterone were measured during the ovulatory cycle of laying hens. Blood samples were removed either serially at 2-hr intervals from individual hens or intermittently from randomly selected hens in a large population. The removal of serial samples of blood was associated with an increase in the concentration of corticosterone, and in hens which continued to lay normally, elevated concentrations of LH. Twenty percent of hens from which serial samples of blood were removed terminated their reproductive cycle prematurely, and in these hens the concentrations of LH were depressed. PMID- 6728783 TI - Age and body weight at sexual maturity in female white Leghorn chickens. AB - Age and body weight at sexual maturity were measured in females from two lines of White Leghorns known to differ in these traits. Within-line correlations between age and body weight at sexual maturity were not different from zero. The data demonstrated that egg-type chickens must reach a minimum age and body weight before commencing egg production - results consistent with those obtained for meat-type chickens and Japanese quail. PMID- 6728784 TI - Effect of skip-a-day feed restriction on the jejunal mucosa of broiler breeder pullets. AB - Jejunal tissue was taken from 18-week-old broiler breeder pullets previously reared on a daily or skip-a-day feed restriction system. Light and scanning electron microscopy revealed no changes in mucosal appearance or structure related to feeding system. Comparable duodenal samples all revealed extensive desquamated epithelial damage possibly related to postmortem change. PMID- 6728785 TI - Effect of temperature and method of semen collection on the viability of turkey spermatozoa. AB - An experiment was conducted to determine the effect of semen collection temperature and semen collection method on the viability of turkey spermatozoa. When semen was collected into a dry tube maintained at 5 C, the fertilizing capacity of spermatozoa was lower (81%) than when semen was collected into dry tubes maintained at 15 (90%) and 25 C (93%) or a tube containing Beltsville Poultry Semen Extender ( BPSE ) maintained at 5 C (93%). When semen was collected into tubes containing BPSE , the fertilizing capacity of spermatozoa (92 to 96%) was not affected by collection temperature. Sperm motility and egg hatchability were not affected by semen collection temperature or semen collection method. PMID- 6728786 TI - Performance of broiler breeder hens on wire and litter floors. AB - Two experiments were conducted with broiler breeder hens to study the influence of litter versus wire floor on weight and specific gravity of eggs. In Experiment 1, one group of broiler breeder hens was maintained on litter and the other on wire. Specific gravity was significantly higher for eggs from hens kept on litter floors. When hens on wire floors had access to litter in a feeder, an increase in egg specific gravity was noted within one day. In Experiment 2, broiler breeder hens, 52 weeks of age, were separated into three treatments: litter floor, wire floor, and wire floor with old litter material in feeder. When hens received 3.22% dietary calcium, the egg specific gravity was highest (P less than .05) from hens on the litter floor, intermediate from hens on wire with access to litter, and lowest from hens on wire without access to litter. Hens on wire with access to litter consumed 18.3 g litter/bird/day, corresponding to an additional intake of 352 mg calcium and 93 mg phosphorus. They also received 4700 mg calcium and 790 mg phosphorus from the feed. The specific gravity of eggs from hens with access to litter was higher than for eggs from those hens without access to the litter when hens received diets with 1.0 and .15% calcium. No significant differences were found in egg whites among treatments. The hens on wire with access to litter and fed 1.0 or .25 or 3.22% dietary calcium consumed 24.5, 28.5, and 18.9 g more of litter, respectively.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS) PMID- 6728788 TI - Passage rate of feed in very young chicks. AB - White Leghorn chicks were reared on diets in which soybean oil at 4% or corn oil at 5 or 10% was substituted isocalorically for carbohydrate calories. The transit time ( TRT ) of diets was determined in these chicks with ferric oxide as a marker. The average TRT for three experiments was 167 min. Overall, there was no significant effect (P greater than .05) for the addition of the vegetable oils to alter TRT . A significant interaction was detected for TRT to be shorter as chicks aged from 7 to 21 days of age when provided with 4 to 5% vegetable oil but not when provided with 10% corn oil. An extra metabolic effect was detected from the isocaloric substitution of lipid calories for carbohydrate calories but not necessarily only when TRT was longer. Thus, the chick was affected differently than the hen in which lipid produced longer TRT . PMID- 6728787 TI - Correlation of protein content of feedstuffs with the magnitude of nitrogen correction in true metabolizable energy determinations. AB - The relationship between the protein content of feedstuffs and the magnitude of difference between corresponding true metabolizable energy (TME) and nitrogen corrected TME ( TMEn ) was investigated. Fifty-two samples of feed ingredients, mixtures of ingredients, and mixed feeds were assayed for TME and TMEn . A positive relationship was observed between the protein content of the feed samples and the magnitude of difference between determined TME and TMEn values. The regression equation describing this relationship is Y = . 122X + 3.724, where X equals percent protein and Y the percent difference between TME and TMEn . The corresponding r2 was .60. PMID- 6728789 TI - Effect of fractions of fish meal and hepatic lipid deposition in estrogenized chicks. AB - Three experiments were conducted for the purpose of determining the effect of feeding isoenergetic diets with and without fish meal or its fractions on hepatic lipid deposition in estrogenized chicks. The chicks were fasted for 48 hr before being fed the experimental diets and were injected with estradiol three times during the experiment. After 4 days, hepatic lipid content was determined. In the first experiment, the quantity of hepatic lipid deposited per unit of liver and per 100 g body weight was significantly less for chicks fed 10% fish meal and an ethanol extract of fish meal equivalent to 10% than for chicks fed an unsupplemented corn-soy diet. In a second experiment a significant reduction in hepatic lipids deposited per 100 g body weight was observed with 10% fish meal but only a numerical reduction with ethanol extracts of fish meal equivalent to 10 or 20% and the ash of ethanol extract equivalent to 20%. In a third experiment a highly significant reduction in hepatic lipid deposition was observed in birds refed a diet containing fish meal, alfalfa, and torula yeast but feeding this before the starvation-refeeding period did not affect liver lipids. These results show that fish meal contains hepatic lipid lowering activity in refed estrogenized chicks and suggest that the activity may be extracted with ethanol. PMID- 6728790 TI - Time of follicular transformation to the rapid growth phase in relation to the ovulatory cycle of laying hens. AB - To demonstrate time of transformation of ovarian follicles from the resting stage to the rapid growth phase, Sudan black in ethanol was intravenously injected into laying hens, and 4 hr later Sudan red in water was injected into the same hens; the hens were killed 4 hr after the last injection for observation of the follicles. Injections were made at various times during an ovulatory cycle. In an additional experiment, hourly yolk deposition in the dark period (1900 to 0500 hr) was compared with that in the light period. Follicular transformation occurred at a high frequency within the period of 8 to 14 hr after ovulation. This period corresponded to the time between 1700 and 2400 hr. Hourly yolk deposition in the dark period was higher than that in the light period. PMID- 6728791 TI - Determination of dexamethasone and corticosterone half-lives in male broilers. AB - Normal broiler males were used in a series of experiments to determine the rate of disappearance of dexamethasone, a synthetic corticoid, and corticosterone, the quantitatively most important glucocorticoid in the bird. Determination of the half-life (T1/2) of these compounds following an intravenous bolus injection was by high performance liquid chromatography. Half-lives for dexamethasone and corticosterone were found to be 36 and 22 min, respectively. The slower rate of disappearance from the blood may help to explain the ability of dexamethasone to overcome some of the problems associated with hyperthermic stress in birds. This method of quantitating exogenously administered steroids is applicable not only to basic research but also to analyses by inspection and regulatory agencies. PMID- 6728792 TI - Effects of the evisceration and cooling processes on the incidence of Salmonella in fresh dressed turkeys grown under Salmonella-controlled and uncontrolled environments. AB - In July and December 1981, turkeys grown in a Salmonella-free environment were sampled at the end of the slaughter and evisceration processes to determine the effect of slaughter and evisceration on the incidence of Salmonella in raw, eviscerated turkeys. A total of 109 eviscerated turkeys from the Salmonella-free flocks and 79 control turkeys were sampled. A total of 75 environmental swab samples and 5 chiller water samples were collected. Less than 1% of the eviscerated Salmonella-free turkeys were Salmonella positive and 6.3% of the eviscerated control turkeys were Salmonella positive. The results of the swab samples indicated generally good processing equipment sanitation. PMID- 6728793 TI - Body size, reproductive behavior, and fertility in three genetic lines of Japanese quail. AB - The influences of body size on early locomotor activity, intermale aggression, mating behavior, fertility, and hatchability were studied in three lines of Japanese quail. Lines P and C originated from the same base population with P selected for high 28-day body weight and C maintained as a randombred population. Line S was a randombred line unrelated to P and C. Line P quail were larger than both C and S quail, which were similar in size and had proportionally larger cloacal glands than those from the P line. The P and S males were more aggressive than C males. Although there was no difference among the three lines for number of attempted matings, C and S males completed more matings and had better mating efficiency and fertility than P males. The P females received more attempted matings than C and S females, but S females completed more matings, resulting in higher mating efficiency. Fertility tended to be lower in P females, while hatchability of fertile eggs was similar across all lines. The effect of body size on reproductive performance is discussed in the context of genetic homeostasis. PMID- 6728794 TI - Fertility and behavioral responses of roosters to diets differing in protein and calcium. AB - Diets differing in calcium (approximately 3.2 and .9%) and protein (15 and 12%) were fed to assess their effects on fertility, behavior, and physiological traits of White Leghorn males from lines selected for high (HA) and low (LA) antibody titers in response to the administration of sheep erythrocytes. Two trials, terminated when the males were 721 and 380 days of age, respectively, were conducted. In Trial 1, the HA males consumed significantly more feed than the LA males and those fed the low protein diets consumed more feed than those fed the high protein diets. No significant differences in feed intake were observed in Trial 2. Neither line, calcium level, nor protein level had a consistent effect on body weight in either trial. There were no significant first or second order interactions between main effects. Comparisons within ages and trials for percentage and duration of fertility revealed no significant differences between lines, protein level, or calcium level. Although the HA males produced significantly more antibodies to canine erythrocytes, dietary effects on antibody titers, heterophil: lymphocyte ratios, and plasma corticosterone were not significant. Thus, there was no indication that dietary treatments were inducing physiological adaptation. Behavioral adaptations, however, were observed; differences were significant for fear, territoriality, air pecking, and head shaking. It was concluded that behavioral responses symptomatic of nutrient deficiencies occur when no overt deficiency is present; this infers that an animal's well-being cannot be assessed strictly on the basis of behavioral consequences. PMID- 6728795 TI - The effect of light intensity, temperature, and diet on growth in red-legged partridge. AB - Three hundred Red-legged partridge chicks ( Alectoris graeca) were divided into two groups and fed starter diets calculated to contain 24.5 and 24.9% crude protein and 2646 and 2662 kcal/kg metabolizable energy, respectively. One diet consisted of 5% fish meal while the other contained all vegetable protein. One half of the birds on each diet were grown under fluorescent light intensity of 300 lx; the remainder received 5 lx. The results indicated that neither the source of protein nor intensity of light had an effect on the rate of growth to 8 weeks of age. At 8 weeks of age, the birds were randomly divided among three climatic chambers and kept under a constant temperature of either 18.3, 23.9, or 29.5 C. At 12 weeks of age, one-half of the birds in each chamber were fed a 20% turkey grower diet; the remainder received equal parts by weight of the turkey grower diet and whole milo . Individual body weights and feed consumption were measured biweekly. Best growth was obtained in birds kept at 29.5 C and fed equal parts of turkey grower and milo from 12 to 30 weeks of age. PMID- 6728796 TI - Effects of cage density and diet energy concentration on the performance of growing Leghorn pullets subjected to early induced maturity. AB - Leghorn pullets of a commercial strain were cage-reared at densities of 293 or 586 cm2/bird. Diet treatments consisted of a control step-down protein program, a reverse-protein program, and two treatments involving 18% crude protein throughout rearing with modification of texture and energy concentration according to bird age. Thus, one treatment involved a crumbled low-energy diet to 10 weeks, followed by a crumbled high-energy diet to 16 weeks, while the alternate series involved a mash low-energy diet to 10 weeks followed by the crumbled high-energy diet to 16 weeks. Birds were weighed periodically throughout rearing and, when they were subsequently moved to laying cages, light was immediately increased from 8 to 14 hr. Irrespective of diet treatment, the more liberal density of 586 cm2/bird resulted in a 5 to 8% increase in feed intake (P less than .01). However, this increased intake was not associated with increased body weight (P greater than .05), and as confirmed by carcass analysis, it is assumed that this increased nutrient intake relates to increased maintenance requirement associated with bird activity. Birds offered the crumbled vs. mash high-energy diet to 10 weeks of age, consumed more feed (P less than .01), although change of diet texture from mash to crumble at 10 weeks failed to stimulate appetite. Also, birds reared on either the step-up energy programs were similar in weight to control-reared birds at 16 weeks of age.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS) PMID- 6728798 TI - Studies on the incidence of Salmonella carriers in broiler flocks entering a poultry processing plant in Australia. AB - To evaluate the practical utility of competitive exclusion as an aid in controlling Salmonella, a survey was conducted in New South Wales, Australia to determine the incidence of Salmonella in 20 broiler flocks at time of slaughter during a 12-month period. The Salmonella incidence was determined by culturing the ceca of 50 randomly selected chickens per flock. The results demonstrated a high level of carriers (more than 30%) in 6 flocks, a moderate level of carriers (11 to 30%) in 4 flocks, a low level of carriers (1 to 10%) in 2 flocks, and 8 flocks from which no Salmonella were isolated. Five Salmonella serotypes, S. eimsbeutel , S. havana, S. luanshya , S. singapore, and S. typhimurium were isolated with S. typhimurium being the most common. Salmonellae were much less frequently isolated from flocks reared on old litter than on new litter. PMID- 6728797 TI - A comparison of the distributions of the actinides uranium and thorium with the lanthanide gadolinium in the tissues and eggs of Japanese quail: concentrations of uranium in feeds and foods. AB - Japanese quail were given UCl3 , UO2 (NO3)2, Th(NO3)4, or GdCl3 ( 153Gd -labeled) intravenously in aqueous solution. Distribution of Th among the tissues was as for Gd; distributions of U(III) and U(VI) were markedly different. For example, 18 hr after a 1.5 mumol/100 g dose, accumulations in females were: growing oocytes, U(III) 2.0%, U(VI) 2.4%, Th 27.7%, Gd 44.7%; leg bones, U(III) 12.5%, U(VI) 14.1%, Th 1.2%, Gd 1.4%; liver, U(III) 1.1%, U(VI) 1.1%, Th 44.0%, Gd 40.2%. Whole body losses by 18 hr were: females, U 24%, Th 14%, Gd 4%; males, U 72%, Th 23%, Gd 1%. Cumulative depositions in yolks of eggs laid over 8 days were: U(III) 1.9%, U(VI) 1.7%, Th 57.3%, Gd 46.8%. The distribution of U in quail may be atypical of actinides . Concentrations of U in various feeds, foods, and mineral supplements ranged from 169 micrograms/g in a phosphate fertilizer for farm use to below the lower detectable limit of .01 microgram/g in many foods intended for human use. Two batches of the game bird laying ration supplied to the quail colony contained 3.05 and 4.42 micrograms U/g. Body burdens of 3.5 micrograms U/bird for noninjected quail were attributed to the U content of this feed. PMID- 6728800 TI - The effects of light intensity on turkey poult performance, eye morphology, and adrenal weight. AB - Two trials were completed that examined the effects of light intensity on poult performance, adrenal weight, and ocular size during the first 2 weeks after hatching. In both trials the treatments started on the day of hatching and consisted of 23 hr of light per day of either 1.1, 11, 110, or 220 lx intensity from incandescent bulbs. A light intensity of 1.1 lx, but not 11, 110, or 220 lx, had an adverse effect on poult performance as indicated by significantly smaller body weights, reduced feed intake, and increased mortality in both trials. In addition, the poults in the 1.1 lx treatment group had significantly enlarged eyes in both trials and significantly greater adrenal weights in Trial 2 than the other treatment groups. It was concluded that low light intensity of 1.1 lx resulted in poor poult performance, and this was accompanied by an altered morphology of the eyes and the adrenal gland. PMID- 6728799 TI - Effect of selenium on peripheral blood leucocytes of chickens infected with Eimeria. AB - Experiments were conducted to study the effects of dietary selenium (Se) on peripheral blood leucocytes of chickens infected with coccidia. Primary coccidial infection significantly increased blood leucocyte number at 6 days postinfection (PI) in three of four experiments when chicks were fed a corn-soy diet, and in all four experiments at 11 days PI. When chickens were fed a semipurified (SP) diet, coccidial infection did not affect the blood leucocytes number at 6 days PI but significantly increased blood leucocyte number at 11 days PI. In the primary infection, Se significantly decreased blood leucocyte number in four of six experiments at 6 days PI and significantly increased the blood leucocyte number in three of five experiments at 11 days PI. In the secondary infection, chickens had significantly more blood leucocytes than chickens given a primary infection at 8 or 24 hr after challenge. Selenium significantly increased blood leucocyte number at 8 hr after challenge in one experiment and produced numerically higher leucocyte number in three other experiments. The results of these studies indicate that dietary Se supplementation modifies the number of peripheral blood leucocytes in chickens infected with coccidia. PMID- 6728801 TI - Effect of the insect growth regulator CGA-72662 (Larvadex) on broiler breeder production, hatchability, and subsequent chick performance. AB - Broiler breeders were fed CGA -72662 ( Larvadex ) at dosages of 0, 30, 300, and 3000 mg/kg (ppm) diet in a standard breeder diet from 25 to 65 weeks of age. The 3000 ppm level was reduced stepwise to 1000 ppm from 25 to 27 weeks due to a significant increase in male and female mortality. Feed consumption did not differ significantly due to treatment. However, birds fed 300 ppm exhibited significantly improved feed conversion and increased egg production on a hen-day basis compared to those fed 0 and 30 ppm with the 1000 ppm level intermediate. On an egg per hen-housed basis, birds fed 300 ppm produced significantly more eggs than those fed 0 ppm with 30 ppm intermediate. Hens fed 1000 ppm produced significantly fewer eggs than all other treatments due to higher initial mortality. Body weight gains for males and females among treatments were similar. Mortality was significantly greater at 1000 ppm than for all other treatments. Egg specific gravity at 50 and 60 weeks was not affected significantly by any treatment. Egg weight, when compared to the 0 ppm level, was decreased significantly at the 1000 ppm level at 50 weeks and by both 300 and 1000 ppm levels at 60 weeks. Egg shell weight was not affected significantly at 50 weeks, but was decreased significantly by both 300 and 1000 ppm Larvadex at 60 weeks. There were no significant effects due to treatment level on fertility, early deads , pipped eggs, hatchability of fertile eggs, or hatchability of eggs set.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS) PMID- 6728802 TI - Preconditioning to heat stress by a nontemperature stressor. AB - Three experiments were conducted in which 3-week-old chickens were subjected to a handling procedure for 4 days (21 to 24 days of age) and subjected to heat stress on either the 5th or 7th day (25 or 27 days of age). The heat stress episode consisted of exposure to 50 C for up to 240 min in a forced-draft chamber. In two experiments in which broiler chickens were studied, the heat stress survival time, determined at 25 days of age, was increased by the handling procedure. The same phenomenon did not occur in Leghorn chicks or broiler chickens heat stressed after a 3-day adjustment period. PMID- 6728803 TI - The effect of high and low intensity cool-white fluorescent lighting on the reproductive performance of turkey breeder hens. AB - Large White turkey breeder hens were exposed to incandescent or cool-white (CW) fluorescent light of either high or low light intensity as the sole light source. Light treatments were quantified in both photometric and radiometric units for the entire visible spectrum as well as the 600 to 700 nm range of the visible spectrum. Photostimulation with these light sources occurred at 32 weeks of age and the subsequent effects on body weight, feed intake, and reproductive performance were observed over a 20-week egg laying period. Body weights and feed intakes were similar among the treatments. There were no significant differences in early season egg production (0 to 10 weeks) or fertility, hatchability, egg weight, and egg specific gravity due to light intensity or light source over the 20-week test period. However, CW fluorescent light delayed the onset of egg production from that of hens exposed to incandescent light (20.7 vs. 19.3 days, respectively) and significantly depressed late season (10 to 20 weeks) egg production from that observed in hens on incandescent light (23.9 vs. 31.9 eggs per hen, respectively). As a result, total egg production was significantly lower in the CW fluorescent (67.9 eggs/hen) than the incandescent treatment (75.2 eggs/hen). No significant differences in total eggs per hen occurred between the low and high light intensity treatments.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS) PMID- 6728804 TI - A preliminary investigation of the utilization of true metabolizable energy by chicks. AB - The change in carcass composition associated with intake of true metabolizable energy (TME) by young broiler chicks was investigated. The experiment comprised 17 treatments, 16 of which formed a 2 X 4 X 2 factorial design with six replications; the experimental unit was a pen of four male chicks. The factorial treatments consisted of two basal diets (lipogenic and proteogenic ), four levels of cellulose dilution (to cause a range of basal diet intakes), and two feeding periods (10 to 17 and 10 to 24 days of age). The birds were fed ad libitum, feed intake was recorded, and final carcass composition was measured. The 17th treatment comprised 24 pens of chicks killed at the start of the experiment to estimate initial carcass composition. The gross energy of carcass fat and protein was estimated by chemical and physical analysis and by regression analysis, the latter yielded estimates of 24.5 and 39.5 MJ/kg for protein and fat, respectively. Basal diet intake was reduced by more than 50% at the highest level of cellulose dilution and increased by about 60% when the feeding period was extended from 17 to 24 days. Pen weight gain and carcass composition were affected by basal diet intake. The energy retained in the carcass (MJ/W X 75 kg/day) (RE') increased in a linear manner with the intake of TME (MJ/W X 75 kg/day) ( ITME ), the slope of the line being greater for the lipogenic than for the proteogenic diet. Projected back to zero ITME ', the regression lines for pens in positive energy balance gave an estimate of .420 MJ loss, After 7 days on experiment, the energy retained as fat (RE'f) and as protein (RE'p) increased approximately linearly with ITME ', but after 14 days some curvature was apparent, the deposition of protein increasing more rapidly at the lower levels of energy input, and the deposition of fat increasing more rapidly at the higher levels of energy input. The RE'p was only slightly higher on the proteogenic diet than on the lipogenic diet, at the same level of ITME ', but the effect of basal diet on RE'f was considerable. For both diets at RE' = 0 there was gain in body protein accompanied by loss of body fat. PMID- 6728805 TI - Cholesterol metabolism in the laying hen as influenced by dietary cholesterol, caloric intake, and genotype. AB - Three trials, each with 24 hens, were conducted to determine the effects of dietary cholesterol, caloric intake, and genotype on the synthesis, storage, and excretion of cholesterol in the laying hen. The two genotypes of birds used in this experiment had been divergently selected for high and low oxygen consumption and had been shown to differ significantly (P less than .01) in body weight gain and carcass lipid deposition from 0 to 4 weeks of age. The dietary treatment, administered for a 2-week period to birds in each genotype, consisted of two levels of dietary cholesterol (0 and 1% added) and two energy intakes (ad libitum and 75% ad libitum). The experimental design was a 2 X 2 X 2 factorial. One percent added cholesterol versus none supplemented produced a significant (P less than .01) decrease in available metabolizable energy and uptake of acetate into liver cholesterol while causing significant (P less than .01) increases in egg and liver cholesterol but not in plasma cholesterol. Restricting caloric intake, as compared to ad libitum feeding, resulted in significantly (P less than .01) decreased egg production and total amount of cholesterol excreted via the egg with significantly (P less than .05) increased plasma and liver cholesterol levels but no change in egg cholesterol concentration. Differences were significant (P less than .05) between the two genotypes in feed intake and hepatic cholesterol and lipid synthesis.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS) PMID- 6728806 TI - Effect of dietary calcium on blood pressure of turkeys. AB - The influence of dietary calcium intake on blood pressure of turkeys was studied in 20 male Broad Breasted White turkeys between 45 and 52 weeks of age. The average systolic (P less than .01), diastolic (P less than .01), and mean (P less than .005) blood pressures were significantly lower in turkeys fed high dietary calcium (1.96%) than the turkeys with normal calcium diet (.98%). Concomitantly, the mean total heart weight (P less than .05), left ventricular weight (P less than .025), and heterophil to lymphocyte ratio (P less than .02) were also significantly lower in the high dietary calcium group. These results indicate that high dietary calcium not only attenuates high blood pressure in turkeys but also reduces the development of left ventricular hypertrophy, which is a consequence of arterial hypertension. In addition, high dietary calcium also reduces the heterophil to lymphocyte ratio, which indicates a reduction of stress. PMID- 6728807 TI - Effect of several dermatitis preventing agents on foot pad dermatitis in dwarf and normal sized single comb white Leghorn layers. AB - Studies were conducted to determine the effects of increased dietary levels of vitamin and trace mineral mixtures, methionine, meat and bone meal, fish meal, and safflower oil on foot pad dermatitis in dwarf and normal size Single Comb White Leghorn layers. All layers were maintained in individual wire cages throughout a 40-week experiment period. Individual birds were scored for the incidence of foot pad dermatitis and production parameters were recorded. No significant decrease in the incidence of dermatitis was observed from the following dietary supplements: a 50% increase in a vitamin or a complete trace mineral mixture; a 50% increase in an iron, copper, iodine, and cobalt or a manganese and zinc mixture; .05% methionine; 5% meat and bone meal; 3% herring fish meal; or 2% safflower oil. It was concluded that these mixtures or supplements containing such dermatitis preventative agents as pantothenic acid, zinc, and linoleic acid appeared without effect in minimizing expression of the condition in dwarfs. PMID- 6728808 TI - Indoramin induced tachycardia. PMID- 6728809 TI - Myocardial infarction and the general practitioner. PMID- 6728810 TI - Transient ischaemic attack and mild completed stroke. PMID- 6728811 TI - Management of acute asthma in general practice. PMID- 6728812 TI - Diabetic emergencies. PMID- 6728813 TI - Non-accidental injury. PMID- 6728814 TI - Acute intermittent porphyria. A non-surgical cause of abdominal pain. PMID- 6728815 TI - Use of intra-uterine contraceptive devices in an inner city practice. PMID- 6728816 TI - A study of women on the progestogen only pill. PMID- 6728817 TI - Music during epidural caesarean section. PMID- 6728818 TI - Legal liability and the negligent prescription. PMID- 6728819 TI - [Lack of perspective and demonstrative search for a life style--the adolescent under the tension of social development]. PMID- 6728820 TI - [Enhancing parental competence in inpatient therapy of children and adolescents]. PMID- 6728821 TI - [Inpatient admission as a threat to the pattern of family relations in psychosomatically ill children and adolescents]. PMID- 6728822 TI - [Transsexualism in adolescence. A case report]. PMID- 6728823 TI - Prenatal diagnosis of chromosome mosaicism. AB - The frequency of mosaicism and pseudomosaicism in the prenatal diagnosis of cytogenetic disorders is reported, based on 3000 pregnancies studied in our laboratory. Diagnosis of true mosaicism was only made when an abnormality was detected in two or more independent cultures established from an amniotic fluid sample. On this basis, 0.37 per cent of all cases were diagnosed as true mosaics. 1.07 per cent of all cases had pseudomosaicism involving more than one cell from the same culture with an identical abnormality. 4.13 per cent of cases had a single abnormal cell with an extra chromosome, loss of a sex chromosome (or part of a sex chromosome), or translocation. Details of the outcome and follow-up of cases is given. Particularly problematical were cases where multiple cells from one culture contained an abnormality which could have been clinically significant. A crude estimate of the extent to which true mosaicism might currently be misinterpreted as pseudomosaicism or entirely missed has been made, based on data from the U.S. survey (Hsu and Perlis , in press). It was concluded that even when two, and if necessary a third culture is extensively analysed with an average of 24 cells per culture counted, at least 4.5 per cent of cases of true mosaicism may be completely missed and at least 7 per cent could be misdiagnosed as pseudomosaicism . There is an urgent need for improved laboratory techniques which allow growth of a greater number of cell colonies and therefore a more broadly based analysis. Detailed long term follow-up of prenatally diagnosed mosaics is also essential for assessing the clinical significance of the laboratory findings. PMID- 6728824 TI - Normal ultrasonic size and characteristics of the fetal adrenal glands. AB - Utilizing real-time ultrasound we define the normal fetal adrenal glands from the 20th week of gestational age. The normal acoustic characteristics of the adrenals are described. Potential application of the nomogram derived from this study are suggested. PMID- 6728825 TI - False elevation of amniotic fluid enzymes of relevance for prenatal diagnosis: creatine kinase measurement in relation to Duchenne muscular dystrophy. AB - The creatine kinase activity of amniotic fluid was measured in samples collected at fetoscopy. In our first study, the control sample range was 0.25 IU/l, although four samples had activities of 35-85 IU/l. Elevated values did not correlate with the activities in the fetal or maternal circulations. Electrophoresis revealed the presence of the BB isozyme of creatine kinase rather than just the MM form as expected. This suggested that the source of the elevated enzyme activity was from the myometrium, damaged by insertion of the trocar and cannula. In a further series the first 2 ml of amniotic fluid withdrawn yielded a much higher creatine kinase activity than a second aliquot. A control series of such second samples (first 2 ml discarded) gave an activity range of 0-7 IU/l with no spuriously high values. This compares favourably with a series from single samplings taken by amniocentesis. Normal creatine kinase activities were found in the amniotic fluids from 20 pregnancies at risk of Duchenne muscular dystrophy. We conclude that for accurate measurement of amniotic fluid enzyme activity the first portion withdrawn should be discarded. Amniotic fluid creatine kinase activity is of no value for the prenatal diagnosis of Duchenne muscular dystrophy. PMID- 6728826 TI - Discordance between prenatal cytogenetic diagnosis and outcome of pregnancy. AB - From 1.3.73 to 30.9.80 5580 women had an amniocentesis performed here or elsewhere; fetal chromosome analyses were carried out in this laboratory. We found 112 abnormal karyotypes (2 per cent) out of 5591 chromosome analyses. In 40 women (0.7 per cent) no cytogenetic diagnosis was obtained. Follow-up was successful in 99.5 per cent. Nine cases are reported in detail: Three cases had discrepancy between the karyotype in amniotic fluid and peripheral blood after delivery, two of these cases turned out to be 46,XX (male) while the third was prenatally determined as trisomy 21, but had a 46,XX karyotype at birth. Six cases had discrepancy between the karyotype in amniotic fluid and the phenotypic outcome at birth/abortion. One case was a prenatally undetected 45,X/46,XY mosaicism; one case was an unexplained 45,X male fetus; two cases were prenatally determined as trisomy 21, but at abortion a normal karyotype was determined and in two cases maternal cells were probably examined. The incidence of cytogenetic errors in this study was very low. PMID- 6728827 TI - Prenatal diagnosis of fragile X in a heterozygous female fetus and postnatal follow-up. AB - An apparently normal female infant was born after the prenatal diagnosis of fragile Xq27-28 present in about 4 per cent of amniocytes . The mildly retarded mother had been found in early pregnancy to be heterozygous for fragile X. The child, now 9 months old, showed about the same level of fragile X expression as her mother. Variations in the proportion of cells with fragile X appeared to be related to cell type and laboratory techniques. The infant's growth and development have been normal. Different techniques to induce or increase the expression of fragile X are discussed. PMID- 6728828 TI - Prenatal diagnosis of endocardial fibroelastosis. AB - In a case of fetal heart failure caused by endocardial fibroelastosis, prenatal echocardiography clearly demonstrated a thickened endocardium. We therefore suggest that an abnormal endocardium may be detected in utero by ultrasound, thus representing an important clue in the differential diagnosis of fetal nonimmune hydrops and in the evaluation of pregnancies at risk for endocardial fibroelastosis. PMID- 6728829 TI - Prenatal diagnosis of mosaicism 46,XX/46,XX,-21,+t(21q21q). AB - Mosaicism for a structural chromosome abnormality in amniotic cell cultures indicative of true fetal mosaicism is a rare event. In addition to the laboratory findings the clinical interpretation for counseling in such cases is based on observation of the same abnormality in liveborns as well as previous experience with prenatal diagnosis of the same or similar abnormalities. We report here the prenatal diagnosis of 46,XX/46,XX,-21,+t( 21q21q ) which was confirmed in fetal skin cell and amnion cell cultures. PMID- 6728830 TI - The status of fetoscopy and fetal tissue sampling. The results of the first meeting of the International Fetoscopy Group. PMID- 6728831 TI - Changes in activity of enzymes related to glycolysis, gluconeogenesis and lipogenesis in placentae from diabetic women. AB - The activity of enzymes with a regulatory function in the pathways of glycolysis, gluconeogenesis and NADP-generation was investigated in 50 placentae from normal pregnancies and deliveries, 23 placentae from women with gestational diabetes, and 12 placentae from insulin-dependent patients. In placentae from the gestational diabetic group, the activity of pyruvate kinase and of NADPH generating enzymes was raised and the activity of enzymes connected to glucogenesis was unchanged. These alterations were attributed to the oversupply of glucose and insulin to morphologically normal and well-oxygenated placental tissue. In the placentae from the insulin-dependent group, the activity of pyruvate kinase was reduced, the activity of NADPH-generating enzymes was enhanced and the activity of those related to the gluconeogenesis was unchanged. It is suggested that this pattern of enzyme changes reflects a reduction in the glycolytic capacity in these placentae, which may be due to inhibition by products of enhanced fatty acid oxidation in diabetes, amino acids and/or by long term anoxia as a result of uteroplacental circulatory disturbances. The possible relation of reduced energy-forming capacity of the placenta in diabetes to its transport function is discussed. PMID- 6728832 TI - Transfer of bupivacaine, lignocaine and pethidine across the rabbit placenta: influence of maternal protein binding and fetal flow. AB - The rabbit placenta perfused in itu was used to investigate the factors determining the placental transfer of drugs used in labour. Each doe was given an intravenous infusion of pethidine, lignocaine, bupivacaine and antipyrine concurrently, and the umbilical circulation was artificially perfused with Mammalian Krebs' bicarbonate buffer. The umbilical flow rate was varied between 0.25 and 4.0 ml/min. Drugs were analysed in maternal plasma and umbilical effluent by gas liquid chromatography . Maternal protein binding and lipid solubilities were also determined, and were high for bupivacaine, low for antipyrine and intermediate for pethidine and lignocaine. The Cuv /Cma (mean +/- s.e.) at 1.0 ml/min for antipyrine was 0.74 +/- 0.036; for pethidine, 0.64 +/- 0.04; for lignocaine, 0.5 +/- 0.026; and for bupivacaine 0.072 +/- 0.006. This is the same rank order as is observed for the drugs in humans. The placental clearance increased with flow rates up to 2.0 ml/min for antipyrine and up to 4.0 ml/min and probably more for pethidine, lignocaine and bupivacaine. Transfer rate is therefore reduced by maternal protein binding, is flow-dependent at low flows, and permeability-dependent at high flows for the less lipid-soluble compounds. PMID- 6728833 TI - Purification and analysis of the microvillous (M) and A forms of placental alkaline phosphatase. AB - Microvillous M-PAP and A-PAP were purified to homogeneity from butanol extracts of syncytiotrophoblastic microvillous membranes using DEAE Sepharose CL-6B chromatography. The two isoenzymes had indistinguishable pH optima and Km values. Under reducing conditions in SDS-polyacrylamide gels, both forms showed a similar subunit molecular weight of 69 000. In the absence of reduction M-PAP was present in a dimeric form similar to A-PAP. However, the mobility of the dimer of M-PAP corresponded to a molecular weight of 116 000 compared with 130 000 for A-PAP. It was concluded that this difference is due to the A and M dimers being in different conformations. In SDS-polyacrylamide gels the M form also showed a higher molecular weight species corresponding to a mobility of 180 000, but species corresponding to the native molecular weight of 725 000 wer not found. Under different alkylating conditions the polypeptide subunits of both forms showed similar isoelectric banding patterns. The M-PAP showed some extra bands with a relatively high pI value. The hydrophobicity of the different forms of PAP was investigated by testing their affinities for columns of various hydrocarbon coated agaroses. Unalkylated agarose did not bind the enzyme; C6 alkyl chains bound A, B and M-PAP. C2 alkyl chains bound M-PAP, but not A or B-PAP. This provided a potentially new and simple method of purifying M-PAP, and supports the view that M-PAP is hydrophobic relative to the A and B forms. The structural implications of this hydrophobicity are discussed. PMID- 6728834 TI - Idiopathic intrauterine growth retardation: histomorphometry of the human placenta. AB - The morphological changes in the functional structure of the placenta in cases of idiopathic intrauterine growth retardation (IUGR) have been investigated with quantitative analyses. It has shown that the placentae of the small-for gestational-age (SGA) infants were 45 per cent smaller than the controls, due to an almost equal reduction in parenchymal (48 per cent) and non-parenchymal (42 per cent) tissues. Consequently, in relative values the placentae of the SGA infants were shown to be otherwise very similar to the controls. In contrast, in absolute values, the placentae of the growth-retarded infants were shown to differ from the controls by having significantly less surface area of exchange between mother and fetus, mainly in terms of peripheral capillary (3.85 vs 7.21 m2; P less than 0.02) and villous (4.31 vs 8.74 m2; P less than 0.005) surface areas, and intervillous space volume (53.71 vs 103.26 cm3; P less than 0.001). The total number of cells (53 418 x 10(6) vs 104 820 x 10(6); P less than 0.005) was also shown to be markedly decreased in the placentae of the SGA infants, compared with the controls, and the placental membrane showed a 51 per cent decrease in trophoblast mass or cellular content. On a functional basis, these findings suggest that, in these cases of idiopathic IUGR, the placental morphological changes are bound to produce placental insufficiency and fetal growth retardation. PMID- 6728835 TI - Transport of inorganic phosphate by the fetal border of the guinea-pig placenta perfused in situ. AB - Unidirectional flux of inorganic phosphate, Pi, from the umbilical vascular bed perfused in situ into the cell compartment of the guinea-pig placenta, Jfc , was estimated using the indicator dilution method, with 32P-phosphate and 14C-sucrose as the tracers. The flux did not depend on fetal weight; its mean value was 0.25 +/- 0.02 mumol/min (s.e., n = 19). Jfc decreased when the placenta was perfused with CN (10(-3)M) or with Na-free fluid. Elevation of the Pi concentration in the perfusate caused an increase in Jfc which, however, was not proportional. These properties of Jfc were taken to be compatible with a Na-dependent active transport mechanism. The flux in the opposite direction, Jcf , correlated with the fetal weight. It decreased when the umbilical concentration of Pi was elevated. The efflux of 32P from placentae preloaded with the tracer changed inversely with the umbilical concentration of Pi. It is concluded that there is a bidirectional transcellular transfer of Pi between the two sides of the placenta, the flux in the maternal-fetal direction being the prevailing one. The unidirectional transfer to the fetus seems to be regulated directly by the umbilical concentration of Pi. PMID- 6728836 TI - Effects of immunization of heifers against estradiol on growth, reproductive traits, and carcass characteristics. AB - An experiment was performed to evaluate the effects of active immunization of heifers against estradiol on feedlot performance (growth and efficiency), carcass characteristics, and reproductive functions. Seventy-two crossbred heifers were divided into four equal treatment groups consisting of controls, ovariectomized heifers, and heifers actively immunized against keyhole limpet-estradiol antigen and bovine serum albumin-estradiol antigen. Heifers were fed ad libitum for 170 days. Both groups of heifers immunized against estradiol had higher (P less than 0.05) average daily gains than controls. Heifers immunized against bovine serum albumin-estradiol had increased feed efficiency (P less than 0.05) over controls. Ovariectomized heifers did not perform at levels sufficient to compensate for the initial setback from surgery. No differences were noted in carcass grade, quality, or concentration of water, fat, or protein. Uterine weights were increased in estrogen-immunized animals but were not significantly greater than controls. Ovarian weights and numbers of large follicles (greater than 9 mm diam) in immunized animals were significantly greater than in controls. Twenty-eight percent of the animals (n = 5) in the bovine serum albumin-estradiol-immunized group had cystic follicles (greater than 20 mm diam) and 50% (n = 9) of this group had no detectable corpus luteum. Low titer (1:100) systemic binding of estrogens may act as a steroid reservoir in which systemic estrogen clearance is decreased and availability to target tissues is increased. PMID- 6728837 TI - Glutathione levels during the mosquito life span with emphasis on senescence. AB - Glutathione levels were determined in mosquitoes of all ages of the life span. Specific analyses for reduced (GSH) and oxidized (GSSG) glutathione were used and validated to ensure minimal autoxidation of GSH and conversion of these forms. Indeed GSH accounted for greater than 97% of the total glutathione (GSH + GSSG) content in all samples. Marked changes occurred during the life span, and the highest levels of GSH and total glutathione were found during larval growth and metamorphosis (P less than 0.001). Thereafter the levels decreased in the early adult, plateaued in the mature, and decreased 46% in the old and very old mosquito (P less than 0.001). This aging-specific decrease was a general phenomenon, for it occurred in all body regions of both sexes. Starvation up to 3 days did not affect the GSH levels. The importance of these changes in glutathione is its relationship to the reducing and biosynthetic capacities of different life span stages. Of special interest is the senescence decrease which can lead to lower biosynthetic activity and also impaired detoxification capacity. PMID- 6728838 TI - An in vitro model of fibroplasia: simultaneous quantification of fibroblast proliferation, migration, and collagen synthesis. AB - Previous studies of fibroblast proliferation, migration, and collagen synthesis have been limited in their ability to define the interrelationship among these events in response to various inflammatory mediators. We have now defined an in vitro tissue culture model for the synchronous quantification of these parameters of fibroplasia. Biopsies (2 mm) of chicken flexor tendons are embedded in a fibrin matrix and exposed to various factors for 5 days in tissue culture. The availability of the fibrin matrix surrounding the tendon biopsy satisfies the need for a solid support medium for fibroblast migration. Multiple measurements of tendon fibroblast proliferation, migration into the fibrin matrix, and relative collagen synthesis are then made on these preparations. Fetal calf serum stimulated tendon fibroblast proliferation and migration in a dose responsive fashion, whereas the selective expression of collagen synthesis was decreased. Platelet lysate stimulated fibroblast proliferation at low concentration, but migration only at high concentration and was without effect on relative collagen synthesis. This model now provides a means of more clearly defining the influence of various inflammatory factors on the events of fibroplasia. PMID- 6728839 TI - Alloimmunization induces an autoantibody reactive with a common, cryptic antigen. AB - C57BL/6 mice (haplotype H-2b) were alloimmunized by a classical protocol using repeated injections of DBA/2 spleen and liver cells (H-2d). The resulting polyclonal, hyperimmune antisera were highly cytotoxic to untreated and neuraminidase- (VCN)-treated DBA/2 spleen cells. An unexpected result was that the anti- H2d sera were also cytotoxic to VCN-treated C57BL/6 spleen cells. The cytotoxicity was limited to an IgM antibody and could be evoked by a single alloimmunization. The results demonstrate a new feature of the classical immune response, autoantibodies against a common, though cryptic murine antigen, designated Mo 1. PMID- 6728840 TI - Chemical and biological aspects of vitamin B6 catalysis. Part A: Metabolism, structure and function of phosphorylases, decarboxylases, and other enzymes. Proceedings of a symposium held in Athens, Greece, May 29-June 3, 1983. PMID- 6728841 TI - A potent pyridoxal model capable of promoting transamination and beta-elimination of amino acids. PMID- 6728842 TI - Equilibria between vitamin B6-compounds and cyclodextrins. AB - Convenient chromatographic methods to measure equilibrium constants between cyclodextrins and aromatic compounds were developed. The use of 'Hummel-Dreyer' elution profile allows us to determine values above 15-20 M-1. The weaker associations (below 15-20 M-1) can be measured with cyclo-dextrin-derivatized Biogel P-2 column. The latter method is very suitable to determine the equilibrium constants between cyclodextrins and vitamin B6-compounds which can't be measured with the conventional photometric procedure. PMID- 6728843 TI - The role of pyridoxal 5'-phosphate and orthophosphate in general acid-base catalysis by alpha-glucan phosphorylases. PMID- 6728844 TI - Comparative sequence studies of phosphorylases from potato tuber and rabbit skeletal muscle. PMID- 6728845 TI - Phosphorus-31 nuclear magnetic resonance studies on four pyridoxal 5'-phosphate dependent enzymes. PMID- 6728846 TI - Novel vitamin B6 tumor metabolites. PMID- 6728847 TI - The effect of ligands on the glucose-6-P activation and dissociation of phosphorylase a. PMID- 6728848 TI - Pyridoxal-P dependent bacterial histidine decarboxylase. PMID- 6728849 TI - Consequences of brain monoamine changes in the pyridoxine-deficient young rat. PMID- 6728850 TI - Structural studies on rabbit liver cytosolic and mitochondrial isozymes of serine hydroxymethyltransferase. PMID- 6728851 TI - Enzymatic activity of pyridoxine and pyridoxal-5-phosphate analogs. PMID- 6728852 TI - Lack of stringent stereospecificity in the inactivation of pyridoxal phosphate dependent enzymes by suicide-substrates. PMID- 6728853 TI - Steric restrictions in the active-site region of liver pyridoxamine (pyridoxine) 5'-phosphate oxidase. PMID- 6728854 TI - Measurement of vitamin B6 kinetics in vivo using chronic administration of labelled pyridoxine. PMID- 6728855 TI - Oestrogen uptake by target tissues and biological actions in vitamin B6 deficiency. PMID- 6728856 TI - The activities of mono- and diprotonated Schiff bases as intermediates in pyridoxal-catalyzed reactions of alpha-amino acids. PMID- 6728857 TI - Thermodynamic equilibrium constants of vitamin B6-compounds in dioxane-water mixtures. PMID- 6728858 TI - Interaction of P-pyridoxyl phospholipids with proteins and liposomes. PMID- 6728859 TI - [Application of the manova (multivariate analysis of variance) of statistical moments in a study of the bioavailability of 3 paracetamol formulations]. PMID- 6728860 TI - [Matricaria chamomilla--an old and new medicinal plant]. PMID- 6728861 TI - [Microencapsulation by droplet dispersion]. PMID- 6728862 TI - [Protective groups: an aid in preparative chemistry]. PMID- 6728863 TI - Growth hormone plasma levels in children treated for 6 months with ketotifen. AB - Twelve children with pollinosis or bronchial asthma were treated continuously, without interruption, for 6 months with ketotifen (2 mg per day). In the first group of 6 children, growth hormone and blood glucose levels were measured during insulin tolerance tests (-15, 0, 30 and 60 min) and growth hormone levels during the late evening when the children were asleep, before and after 3 and 6 months of treatment. In the second group of 6 children, growth hormone and blood glucose levels were measured during protracted insulin tolerance tests (-15, 0, 15, 30, 45, 60, 75, 90, 105 and 120 min) at the same periods. The results showed that the growth hormone increases and blood glucose decreases were generally the same before and during ketotifen treatment. Growth rate and weight gain in the treated groups were similar to those in control groups of untreated children and were not lower than the average values for Czech children of the same age. Measurements of thyroid stimulating hormone and prolactin levels showed that these also wer not altered during long-term ketotifen administration. PMID- 6728864 TI - 1-Deamino-8-d-arginine vasopressin (DDAVP): a potential new treatment for the bleeding diathesis of acute renal failure. AB - The treatment of the haemorrhagic tendency of acute renal failure remains unsatisfactory. To investigate a potential new therapy, 8 patients with acute renal failure and prolonged bleeding times received an infusion of 1-deamino-8-d arginine vasopressin (0.4 microgram/kg). This resulted in significant shortening of the bleeding time at 1 and 2 hours post-infusion. The beneficial effect on bleeding time had largely disappeared by 8 hours. Pre-infusion Factor VIII activities were either within the normal range or mildly increased and a tendency to further elevation was noted post-DDAVP. In contrast, no alteration in platelet count or haematocrit was observed. No adverse effects were reported, and no significant change in heart rate, blood pressure or plasma osmolarity was noted. PMID- 6728865 TI - Timolol/bendrofluazide combination ('Prestim') in the treatment of poorly controlled hypertensive patients in general practice. AB - A study was carried out in general practice to investigate the effectiveness and tolerance of a fixed-dose combination of timolol maleate (10 mg) and bendrofluazide (2.5 mg) in 20 hypertensive patients who had been difficult to control with previous antihypertensive therapy. Patients were started initially on 2 tablets daily and the dose titrated at weekly intervals up to a maximum of 4 tablets daily or until normotension was achieved. If patients failed to respond adequately at this dosage level, prazosin (0.5 mg twice daily) was added to the regimen. At the end of the trial period of 16 weeks, 11 patients were controlled on timolol/bendrofluazide alone as were 8 of the other 9 patients after the addition of prazosin: 1 patient showed a variable response, probably due to poor compliance. Side-effects were either self-limiting or could be eliminated by alterations in the dosage regimen and there were no episodes of hypotension. It is concluded that the small group of patients with mild to moderate hypertension who are relatively resistant to standard therapy can be controlled in general practice by the judicious use of a combination of timolol/bendrofluazide and prazosin with no increase in side-effects or reduction in compliance. PMID- 6728866 TI - Effects of d-amphetamine and d-fenfluramine on performance of rats in a food maze. AB - d-Amphetamine and d-fenfluramine caused different patterns of disruption in a learned maze performance reinforced with food. A 0.8 mg/kg dose of amphetamine increased correct and incorrect (errors) alley entrances as well as earned reinforcers consumed. Larger doses (1.6-3.2 mg/kg) decreased correct responses, increased errors, and resulted in earned reinforcers not being consumed. Metergoline pretreatment did not reverse these deficits. d-Fenfluramine (1.5 and 3.0 mg/kg) reduced correct responses dose- relatedly with a slight increase in errors after the larger dose; all earned reinforcers were consumed. Pretreatment with metergoline reversed the deficit in correct responses but not the errors. Combinations of d-amphetamine and d-fenfluramine produced greater deficits than each drug separately, with fewer correct responses and an increase in reinforcers earned but not consumed. Metergoline pretreatment before the combination did not reverse these effects but increased alley entrances scored as errors. The results indicate that the d-fenfluramine but not the d-amphetamine deficit relates to a 5 hydroxytryptamine (5-HT) mechanism. Furthermore, the enhanced effect of the combination appears to relate to drug interactions not dependent upon a 5-HT component. PMID- 6728867 TI - Further investigation of the discriminative stimulus properties of MDA. AB - Rats trained to discriminate either (+)-amphetamine or (+/-)-MDA from saline in a two-lever drug discrimination task, were used to study the stimulus effects of MDA and its two optical isomers. Amphetamine-stimulus generalization occurred to S(+)-MDA, but not to its enantiomer R(-)-MDA. This, coupled with our earlier finding of DOM-stimulus generalization to R(-)-MDA but not to S(+)-MDA, suggests that the stimulus effects of S(+)-MDA are predominantly amphetamine-like while those of R(-)-MDA are more DOM-like. Thus, animals trained to discriminate racemic MDA from saline can apparently recognize members of both classes of agents. PMID- 6728868 TI - Pharmacologically specific pretreatment effects on apomorphine-mediated conditioned taste aversions in rats. AB - Pretreatment with pimozide (0.2-1.2 mg/kg) reduced a conditioned taste aversion produced by apomorphine (0.4 mg/kg) in a dose-related manner. This pretreatment effect was pharmacologically specific as shown by the inability of pimozide to prevent a conditioned taste aversion produced by nicotine (0.4 mg/kg). The results argue against the hypothesis that "proximal pre-exposure" effects are always non-specific and indicate that further pharmacological characterisation of drug-induced conditioned taste aversion may be possible. Pretreatment with a peripherally-acting antiemetic compound, domperidone, did not prevent apomorphine producing conditioned taste aversions. These data suggest that conditioned taste aversions produced by apomorphine are mediated through central dopamine receptors unrelated to the emetic properties of apomorphine and are not a result of conditioned nausea. PMID- 6728869 TI - Clozapine--a serotonin antagonist? AB - The effect of clozapine on the central serotonergic transmission system was studied by investigation of open-field motility of rats after microinjection of drugs into nucleus accumbens and median raphe nucleus. Previous work has shown that LSD in low doses potentiates apomorphine-induced hypermotility and that this LSD effect is induced by a serotonin agonist action in median raphe nucleus. Clozapine, injected into median raphe nucleus (0.05 micrograms), suppressed the LSD effect in the same manner as serotonin antagonists did. Since alpha adrenergic drugs, injected into median raphe nucleus, caused locomotor stimulant effects, an alpha- adrenalytic action of clozapine was excluded. Clozapine, injected into nucleus accumbens (0.2 micrograms), increased apomorphine-induced hypermotility, whereas the dopamine antagonist haloperidol suppressed it. Our results suggest a serotonin antagonist action of clozapine. PMID- 6728870 TI - Agonist-antagonistic interactions of pentazocine with morphine studied in mice. AB - Interactions between the antinociceptive effects of pentazocine and morphine were studied in mice. In the tail-pressure test, the antinociceptive effect of pentazocine, 4.75 to 9.5 mg/kg, SC, was synergistic to that of morphine, 0.69 to 1.38 mg/kg, SC. In the acetic acid writhing test, the effect was also synergistic with pentazocine, 7.13 to 9.5 mg/kg, SC, and morphine, 1.03 to 1.38 mg/kg, SC. In the tail-pinch test, larger doses of morphine than those above were required to suppress the nociceptive response, and simultaneous administration of pentazocine, 2.38 to 19.0 mg/kg, SC, and morphine, 2.75 mg/kg, SC, produced antagonistic effects. Pentazocine, 19.0 mg/kg, completely antagonized the effect of morphine, 2.75 mg/kg, with simultaneous administration at these doses always nearly equipotent to administration of pentazocine alone. These results suggested that when pentazocine and morphine are simultaneously administered, pentazocine synergizes or antagonizes to antinociceptive effects of morphine depending on the dose sizes of morphine and pentazocine, and that the relative saturation levels of morphine and pentazocine at the receptor may be important factors in determining whether the interaction of pentazocine with morphine is antagonistic or synergistic. PMID- 6728871 TI - Modification of drug effects by l-alpha-acetylmethadol. AB - The effects of drugs on rate of responding by rats under a multiple fixed-ratio fixed-interval schedule of food presentation were studied before and during chronic administration of l-alpha-acetylmethadol (LAAM). Small doses of methadone, phencyclidine, chlordiazepoxide and pentobarbital increased rates of responding under the fixed-interval component of the schedule. At higher doses, these drugs, as well as LAAM, morphine and haloperidol, decreased rates of responding under both schedule components. Chronic LAAM administration shifted the dose-effect curves for LAAM, morphine, methadone, and to some extent, perhaps pentobarbital, to the right, but did not shift the dose-effect curves to the right for chlordiazepoxide, phencyclidine and haloperidol. The rate-increasing effects of small doses of methadone, phencyclidine, pentobarbital and chlordiazepoxide were attenuated during chronic LAAM administration. PMID- 6728872 TI - Effects of mecamylamine, nicotine, atropine and physostigmine on the phencyclidine-induced behavioral toxicity. AB - Phencyclidine (PCP) has multifaceted actions on the cholinergic functions, including interaction with the central and peripheral cholinergic receptors. Therefore, to evaluate the possible involvement of the nicotinic and muscarinic acetylcholine (ACh) receptors during the behavioral toxicity of PCP, influence of various cholinergic modifiers on the PCP-induced behavioral effects in male Swiss mice was studied. PCP-induced (45 mumol/kg, IP) behavioral toxicity (circular movements, side-to-side head movements, and hyperactivity leading to convulsions) was blocked by pretreating the animals with secondary- or tertiaryamino cholinergic modifiers, mecamylamine (ME; 14.9 and 29.9 mumol/kg), nicotine (NI; 12.3 and 30.8 mumol/kg) and physostigmine (PH; 0.16 and 0.31 mumol/kg). NI at 1.5 mumol/kg significantly potentiated the PCP-induced convulsions. Atropine (AT; 14.4 and 28.8 mumol/kg) pretreatments shortened the onset of circular movements. The locomotor activity of PCP (16.4 mumol/kg) was blocked by ME, NI, and PH. AT at 7.2 mumol/kg significantly potentiated the PCP-locomotion by 62%. These observations indicated that the behavioral actions of PCP, at least in part, are mediated by the central nicotinic and muscarinic ACh receptors. The involvement of cholinergic receptors in conjunction with the dopaminergic actions of PCP during these behaviors also has been discussed. PMID- 6728873 TI - Interstrain variation in acute toxic response to caffeine among inbred mice. AB - Acute toxic dosage-dependent behavioral effects of caffeine were compared in adult males from seven inbred mouse strains (A/J, BALB/cJ, CBA/J, C3H/HeJ, C57BL/6J, DBA/2J, SWR/J). C57BL/6J, chosen as a "prototypic" mouse strain, was used to determine behavioral responses to a broad range (5-500 mg/kg) of caffeine doses. Five phenotypic characteristics--locomotor activity, righting ability, clonic seizure induction, stress-induced lethality, death without external stress -were scored at various caffeine doses in drug-naive animals under empirically optimized, rigidly constant experimental conditions. Mice (n = 12 for each point) received single IP injections of a fixed volume/g body weight of physiological saline carrier with or without caffeine in doses ranging from 125-500 mg/kg. Loss of righting ability was scored at 1, 3, 5 min post dosing and at 5 min intervals thereafter for 20 min. In the same animals the occurrence of clonic seizures was scored as to time of onset and severity for 20 min after drug administration. When these proceeded to tonic seizures, death occurred in less than 20 min. Animals surviving for 20 min were immediately stressed by a swim test in 25 degrees C water, and death-producing tonic seizures were scored for 2 min. In other animals locomotor activity was measured 15 or 60 min after caffeine administration. By any single behavioral criterion or a combination of these criteria, marked differences in response to toxic caffeine doses were observed between strains. These results indicate that behavioral toxicity testing of alkylxanthines in a single mouse strain may be misleading and suggest that toxic responses of the central nervous system to this class of compounds are genetically influenced in mammals. PMID- 6728874 TI - Effects of single doses of alcohol and caffeine on cigarette smoke puffing behavior. AB - Puffing behavior (number of puffs, puff duration, puff volume, peak pressure, peak flow, peak latency, and puff interval) and pre- to postsmoking delta tidal CO difference were measured in female subjects in order to assess separate and combined effects of ethanol and caffeine. The subjects smoked two cigarettes of their habitual brand in a preliminary familiarizing session and in each of the subsequent four test sessions. The treatments administered after smoking the first cigarette in the test sessions were: alcohol placebo and caffeine placebo; alcohol placebo and caffeine; alcohol and caffeine placebo; alcohol and caffeine. Test-retest reliability across the first cigarette of each session (which was not smoked under the influence of the treatments) was remarkably high for all the puffing parameters. Ethanol in the dose of 0.7 g/kg intensified cigarette smoking of the second cigarette by increasing delta tidal CO, average puff volume, and total puff volume per cigarette, whereas 0.5 g/kg ethanol and 5 mg/kg caffeine given alone or combined with ethanol failed to influence puffing behavior consistently. PMID- 6728875 TI - Effects of methamphetamine on atropine-induced conditioned gustatory avoidance. AB - The repeated administration of high doses of methamphetamine (MA) has been shown to cause monoaminergic damage in rhesus monkeys and rats. In view of the purported interaction between central cholinergic and monoaminergic systems, rhesus monkeys and rats previously exposed to high doses of MA were tested in conditioned gustatory avoidance studies with atropine (a muscarinic blocker) as the unconditioned stimulus. It was observed that both rhesus monkeys and rats previously exposed to high doses of MA exhibited less of an atropine-induced avoidance than control monkeys and rats. To control for the nonspecific effects of prior exposure to stimulants, an additional group of rats previously exposed to high doses of methylphenidate ( a stimulant shown to not cause catecholaminergic damage) was tested in the same paradigm. The methylphenidate treated rats showed no change in sensitivity to atropine in the conditioned gustatory avoidance paradigm as compared to control rats which indicated that prior exposure to the nonspecific effects of a stimulant without monoaminergic alterations does not alter the sensitivity of atropine's avoidance-inducing properties. The results of these experiments imply that atropine's avoidance inducing properties may in part be mediated through the monoaminergic system. PMID- 6728876 TI - Extracellular ascorbic acid increases in striatum following systemic amphetamine. AB - Push-pull perfusion of the anterior striatum was performed in freely moving rats which were administered 4 mg/kg d-amphetamine sulfate. Ascorbic acid was measured in the perfusate using high performance liquid chromatography with electrochemical detection. Increased extracellular ascorbic acid resulted from the amphetamine, lasting over a period of two hours. The time course of the increase corresponded to the increased oxidation current measured by intrastriatal chonoamperometry under equivalent conditions. PMID- 6728877 TI - Novelty-oriented behavior in the rat after selective damage of locus coeruleus projections by DSP-4, a new noradrenergic neurotoxin. AB - Open-field behavior and reactions to a novel object (white-colored cube) or a familiar object (drinking bottle) were investigated in rats treated with DSP-4 N (2-chloroethyl) -N-ethyl-2-bromobenzylamine, a new noradrenergic neurotoxin which selectively damages locus coeruleus projections. Altered behavior in the open field and in the presence of the novel object (white cube) was observed in DSP-4 rats. This was reflected in decreased exploration-oriented locomotor responses and in longer latencies to approach the novel cube. Also, there was a trend towards fewer center entries and a shorter duration of object exploration. Although these behavioral responses of DSP-4 rats were indicative of enhanced neophobia, other measures of emotionality, such as grooming and defecation, were either unchanged or slightly decreased. Moreover, when the familiar drinking bottle was present in the open-field, water-deprived DSP-4 rats showed no change in any measure of fear including the latency to the first approach and lick, and the duration of the licking episodes. The results of this study suggest that noradrenergic neurons of the locus coeruleus are involved in the regulation of certain, but not all, novelty-oriented responses in the rat. Explorative behavior in the novel environment seems to be particularly dependent on central noradrenaline. PMID- 6728878 TI - Phencyclidine in combination with d-amphetamine: differential effects on acquisition and performance of response chains in monkeys. AB - In one component of a multiple schedule, patas monkeys acquired a different four response chain each session by responding sequentially on three keys in the presence of four geometric forms (learning). In the other component, the four response chain was the same each session (performance). The response chain in each component was maintained by food presentation under a fixed-ratio schedule. Errors produced a brief timeout but did not reset the chain. When phencyclidine was administered alone, overall response rate decreased and percent errors increased in both components with increasing doses. d-Amphetamine alone generally decreased rate and increased errors in learning, but increased rate and had no effect on accuracy in performance. When phencyclidine was administered in combination with d-amphetamine, the phencyclidine dose-effect curves tended to shift to the left as the dose of d-amphetamine was increased. The extent to which the curves shifted, however, depended on both the schedule component and the behavioral measure. For example, with accuracy, the shift was more evident in learning than in performance. Combinations of phencyclidine with a high dose of d amphetamine generally produced supra-additive effects: i.e., the effects on rate and accuracy were greater than expected from simple addition of the effects of each drug given alone. PMID- 6728879 TI - Intermittent cold water stress-analgesia in rats: cross-tolerance to morphine. AB - Continuous cold water swim ( CCWS , 3.5 min, 2 degrees C) induces a non-opiate type of analgesia since 14 mg/kg of naltrexone or 20 mg/kg of naloxone only partially antagonize this stress-induced analgesia (SIA) and since there is no cross-tolerance between CCWS and morphine-analgesia. Intermittent cold water swim ( ICWS ) analgesia is significantly antagonized by naltrexone (14 mg/kg). These studies suggested that CCWS -analgesia is mediated by non-opioid systems, while ICWS -analgesia acts through a system that also mediates morphine analgesia. The hypothesis that ICWS -analgesia shares a common opioid pathway with morphine analgesia, but not with CCWS -analgesia, was further tested by cross-tolerance studies in rats. The results showed a complete cross-tolerance to morphine analgesia in ICWS -tolerant animals,, but no cross-tolerance in animals. This suggests that morphine- and ICWS -analgesia partially share a common pathway, ICWS acting probably at levels "downstream" from the opiate-sensitive site, while CCWS induces analgesia by acting on a different system which is not mediated by opioids. PMID- 6728880 TI - Similarity between (+)-amphetamine and amfonelic acid. AB - Rats, trained to discriminate the CNS stimulant (+)-amphetamine (1.0 mg/kg) from saline in a two-lever drug administration task, were challenged with various doses of the structurally dissimilar CNS stimulant amfonelic acid. Amfonelic acid was found to substitute for the amphetamine stimulus and was found to be 1.5 times more potent than amphetamine. PMID- 6728881 TI - Retrograde enhancement by alcohol of delayed free recall performance. AB - Two experiments are reported in which retrograde enhancement of human memory by alcohol was observed. In both studies male undergraduate volunteers performed an immediate free recall task before and after consuming either alcohol (0.66 abs alc/kg) or placebo. About two hours later, many words as they could delayed free recall was tested when subjects were asked to write down as many words as they could remember from the free recall trials in the session. Subjects given alcohol recalled significantly more words from lists heard before drinking than subjects given placebo; this effect appeared more pronounced for words from the primacy portion of the lists. The possibility that this retrograde enhancement effect is due to alcohol's effects on brain reward systems is raised. PMID- 6728882 TI - CNS, anthelmintic and antiinflammatory activities of some 1-[2/3-(2-phenyl benzimidazole)]2-methyl/phenyl-4-(3,4-disubstituted benzylidene)5-oxo-imidazoles. AB - Twelve title compounds were synthesised by condensing 2-(2/3 amino phenyl)benzimidazoles with appropriate 2-methyl/phenyl 4(3,4-disubstituted benzylidene)oxazolin 5-ones in dry pyridine and screened for toxicity gross CNS, anthelmintic and anti-inflammatory activities. In their lethal test, all the compounds were found to be non-toxic, and CNS depressants and hypothermic in their neuropharmacological testings. They showed valuable results against N. brasiliensis, whereas, were inactive against H. nana in their in vivo anthelmintic screening. Most of them showed remarkable anti-inflammatory activity against carrageenin induced oedema. PMID- 6728883 TI - Vascular membrane permeability during hypoxia. AB - Extracellular space measurements using radioisotope markers (35S-sulphate and 14C sorbitol) and ultrastructural examination of lanthanum distribution have been carried out on two vascular tissues (aorta, portal vein) exposed to normoxic and hypoxic media to see if hypoxia is associated with membrane damage. Extracellular space values did not change significantly with hypoxia of up to 60 min duration. Lanthanum remained distributed in the extracellular space in both normoxic and hypoxic specimens. These findings suggest that hypoxia may not be associated with increased vascular membrane permeability to lanthanum, as has been reported by some workers to occur with more severe metabolic deprivation. PMID- 6728884 TI - Effect of ibuprofen on doxorubicin toxicity in mice. AB - This study examines the effect of ibuprofen on the toxicity produced in mice by the anticancer drug, doxorubicin. Ibuprofen solution made in 0.02% sodium carbonate, was administered subcutaneously in doses ranging from 10 to 40 mg/kg/day. Sodium carbonate served as a vehicle control and saline was used as a reference control. Treatment with saline, sodium carbonate, or a specific dose of ibuprofen began two days before administration of a single intraperitoneal dose of doxorubicin 17, 20 or 25 mg/kg and then continued for the next thirty days. Mortality was followed for thirty days. The analysis of the data by the Litchfield and Wilcoxon method revealed that there was neither a difference in doxorubicin LD50 values nor in the potency ratios between saline and any dose of ibuprofen treatment. Treatments with sodium carbonate and ibuprofen at 30 mg/kg/day offered slight protection over saline treatment, but it was not statistically significant. All mice, regardless of treatment, receiving doxorubicin showed significant weight loss. It appears that ibuprofen offers little protection against doxorubicin toxicity under these circumstances. PMID- 6728885 TI - Synthesis and central nervous system activities of certain fluorine-containing 3 substituted indol-2-ones. AB - Several fluorine-containing 3- aroylmethyl -3-hydroxyindol-2-ones (4a-g), 3- aroylmethyleneindol -2-ones (5a-g) and 3- aroylmethylindol -2-ones (6a-g) were synthesized from the corresponding fluorine-containing indole-2,3-diones and appropriate ketones. The compounds were characterized by spectral studies. Representative compounds of each series were tested on mice for CNS activities, viz. analgesic and anticonvulsant and the effects were also observed against amphetamine-induced stereotypy, on conditioned avoidance response and on potentiation of pentobarbitone sodium hypnosis. Of the compounds examined, the greatest degree of activity was observed in 3- aroyl - methyleneindol -2-ones with a pronounced unsaturation in the system. PMID- 6728886 TI - [The effect of visible light on the stability of isoprenaline, epinephrine and levarterenol solutions in various containers. 86. Problems in the use of plastic containers for liquid preparations. 21. The stability of drugs and preparations]. AB - The stability of solutions of phenylalkylamines of the benzcatechine type was investigated in containers of different structure under influence of diffuse day light, direct sun light and artificial visible light. Thereby a combined influence of different the decomposition increasing factors could be observed. The decompositions were slowest in containers of PE-ND with pigment additionals and were increased from PE-HD, PE-ND, colourless glas up to brown glas . PMID- 6728887 TI - Factorial design of experiment for stability studies in the development of a tablet formulation. AB - The stability of chlorpromazine hydrochloride in some hypothetical tablet formulations was evaluated through a fractional factorial design of the type N = 2(6-3). The factors studied were the type of filler (X1), lubricant (X2), binder (X3), disintegrant (X4), the absence or presence of light ( X5 ) and/or humidity ( X6 ). Statistical analysis of the stability data allowed the derivation of a regression equation which determined the magnitude and direction of change of each factor level to optimize drug stability. The significance of the factors could be arranged in the following order: X5 greater than X2 greater than X3 greater than X6 greater than X1. The effects of X4 and the two-factor interaction X2X3 were found to be insignificant. The best multi-component excipient mixture was evaluated on the basis of the information deduced from the factorial design. PMID- 6728888 TI - [The effect of storage on drug content and release from polymerized beads]. AB - It is demonstrated, that the drug content is not influenced by the storage of bead polymers. On the other hand the drug liberation is influenced. PMID- 6728889 TI - Studies on the release of solubilized drugs from ointment bases. Part 8: The effect of emulsifiers on pharmaceutical availability of ethanolamine, diethanolamine and morpholine from emulsive ointments. AB - The effect of addition of lanolin and Span 60 to white vaseline and of their concentration on the pharmaceutical availability of monoethanolamine , diethanolamine and morpholine was investigated. The emulsifier type and its concentration exercise an influence on constant release rates. The liberation of the investigated amines proceeds at almost the same speed as therapeutic substances within the limits from 10 to 30%. The release half life periods showed the same dependence in relation to the content of investigated substances in the ointment. PMID- 6728890 TI - The rabbit as an experimental model for biopharmaceutical studies following rectal administration of theophylline. AB - In order to find a suitable animal model for biopharmaceutical studies after rectal application of theophylline, the pharmacokinetics of theophylline following the administration in rabbits of three different rectal preparations were examined and compared with those of the oral and i. v. route. No significant formulation related impact from the studied rectal dosage forms on the bioavailability of the drug was found. However, the unexpected rapid achievement of peak serum concentration after insertion of the suppository lacked any correlation with human experiments. It was concluded that the evaluation of rectal theophylline medication for man cannot directly be based on the data obtained from rabbits. PMID- 6728891 TI - [Possibilities for the in vitro determination of bioavailability. 4. Comparison of the carbamazepine preparations Finlepsin and Tegretol]. PMID- 6728892 TI - [Release of the active agent from matrix tablets with mastix as the base substance]. PMID- 6728893 TI - [Biotransformation of heptacaine hydrochloride in vitro]. PMID- 6728894 TI - [Enzymes as starting points for pharmaceutical development]. PMID- 6728895 TI - [Pharmacokinetic mechanisms of drug interactions. 3: Interaction mechanisms during distribution]. PMID- 6728896 TI - Dose-dependent kinetics of probenecid in rhesus monkeys--infusion studies. AB - 14 infusion studies to steady state with probenecid were carried out in 2 monkeys. Plasma clearance decreased with increasing rate of infusion. The urinary excretion data showed a decrease in the fraction of the dose excreted as probenecid conjugate, an increase in the total N-depropyl metabolites, and no change in the 2-hydroxy metabolites with increasing probenecid dose. Pooled Michaelis-Menten constants for probenecid metabolism were estimated from a plot of the linearized Michaelis-Menten equation using infusion rates of probenecid versus the plasma clearances of the drug. PMID- 6728898 TI - Noninvolvement of histamine and prostaglandins in the dermatosis of magnesium deficient hairless rats. AB - Hairless rats receiving a deprived Mg2+ diet developed long-lasting inflammatory dermatosis which was not influenced by treatments with mepyramine, cimetidine, aspirin or indomethacin. Dermatosis did not appear in deprived rats treated with intraperitoneal injections of Mg2+, or with dexamethasone. Histamine and prostaglandins did not seem to be involved in this dermatosis. The possible role of leucotrienes is discussed. PMID- 6728897 TI - Differential effects of isoniazid and oral contraceptive steroids on antipyrine oxidation and acetaminophen conjugation. AB - Factors influencing hepatic oxidation of antipyrine and conjugation of acetaminophen were evaluated in volunteers who received 1.0 g of antipyrine intravenously and on a different occasion a 650 mg intravenous dose of acetaminophen. In study one, subjects received both drugs in the control state and at another time during coadministration of isoniazid (INH), 180 mg daily. In control versus INH conditions, mean clearance of antipyrine was reduced from 0.67 to 0.60 ml/min/kg as was clearance of acetaminophen from 4.97 to 4.23 ml/min/kg, but these differences were not statistically significant. In study two, females on low-dose estrogen oral contraceptives (OC) and drug-free controls matched for age received both drugs. Compared to controls, OC users had reduced total clearance of antipyrine (0.71 vs. 0.50 ml/min/kg; p less than 0.005) and prolonged antipyrine t1/2 (9.6 vs. 13.3 h; p less than 0.005). For acetaminophen, however, OC users had higher clearance (5.2 vs. 6.1 ml/min/kg) and shorter t1/2 (2.2 vs. 1.9 h) although differences did not attain statistical significance. Clearance of antipyrine and acetaminophen across both studies was not statistically significantly correlated within individuals (r = 0.22). The capacities for drug oxidation and conjugation appear to be controlled by different mechanisms. PMID- 6728899 TI - Contractile responses of mammalian cerebral arteries to 15-hydroperoxyarachidonic acid vary in the presence of fusaric acid and verapamil. AB - The effects of fusaric acid and verapamil on 15-hydroperoxyarachidonic acid (15 HPAA)-induced cerebral arterial contraction were examined. Addition to the tissue bath of 15-HPAA in concentrations ranging from 1 X 10(-7) to 3 X 10(-5) M caused a dose-dependent contraction in canine basilar, middle cerebral, posterior cerebral and human basilar or middle cerebral arteries. Fusaric acid and verapamil antagonized the 15-HPAA-induced contraction of these cerebral arteries by different mechanisms, in a dose-dependent manner. In the presence of 1 X 10( 3) M fusaric acid, the dose-response curves of cerebral arteries for 15-HPAA were antagonized in a noncompetitive manner. However, the responses to 15-HPAA were restored completely after removal of fusaric acid from the bathing solution. Fusaric acid did not antagonize the CaCl2-induced contraction. The concentration of verapamil which antagonized the 15-HPAA-induced contraction was a good fit to the concentration of this antagonist which antagonized the CaCl2-induced contraction. These findings indicate that the antagonism seen with fusaric acid manifests as a block of the sites specific for 15-HPAA and that the antagonistic actions of verapamil on 15-HPAA may be produced by the inhibition of calcium influx. PMID- 6728900 TI - Inhibition of the histamine-stimulated adenylate cyclase activity of guinea pig gastric cells by the H2-receptor antagonists cimetidine, oxmetidine and SKF 93479. AB - The effect of cimetidine and two new histamine H2-receptor antagonists, oxmetidine and SKF 93479, on histamine-stimulated adenylate cyclase activity was studied in guinea pig gastric mucosal cells. Histamine stimulated the enzyme activity in concentration-dependent fashion. The concentration-response curve of histamine was progressively shifted to the right in the presence of increasing concentrations of each antagonist. The Schild plot gave a straight line for all three compounds, with a slope not significantly different from unity and this suggested a competitive antagonism. The calculated pA2 values were 8.45 +/- 0.20, 7.73 +/- 0.21 and 6.81 +/- 0.15 for SKF 93479, oxmetidine and cimetidine, respectively. These results are in accordance with the pharmacological potencies of the antagonists reported on isolated heart preparation and on gastric secretion in vivo. Therefore, the inhibition of histamine-sensitive adenylate cyclase of gastric cells may represent an additional tool for the in vitro evaluation of the H2-receptor antagonists. PMID- 6728901 TI - Effect of oral 16,16-dimethyl prostaglandin E2 on gastric mucosal salicylate concentration in the rat. AB - The effect of 16,16-dimethyl prostaglandin E2 (DmPGE2), in doses subthreshold for antisecretory activity, were examined in female rats. The aims were to determine if DmPGE2 alters the disposition of acetylsalicylic acid (ASA) within the gastric mucosa and if DmPGE2 could attenuate the ulcerogenic effect of oral ASA. Gastric lesions occurred after an oral, but not an intravenous dose of 150 mg/kg ASA. Lesions could be prevented by pretreatment with 5 micrograms/kg DmPGE2 orally 30 min prior to ASA. DmPGE2 elevated fundic concentrations of both ASA and salicylic acid (SA) within the first hour when ASA was given orally. The ratio of the concentration of ASA/SA in fundus was not changed, indicating that DmPGE2 did not depress the fundic esterase activity. It is concluded that the cytoprotective effect of DmPGE2 is not related to a change in mucosal concentration or elimination of ASA or SA. PMID- 6728902 TI - The role of protein synthesis in the chemotaxis and chemiluminescence of human polymorphonuclear leukocytes. AB - We investigated the role of protein synthesis in human polymorphonuclear leukocyte (PMN) chemotaxis and luminol-dependent chemiluminescence (CL). We used cycloheximide and puromycin to inhibit protein synthesis, and determined the extent of synthesis by measurement of 14C-amino acid incorporation. With 2-hour incubations both puromycin at 9.0 X 10(-6) M and cycloheximide at 1.8 X 10(-6) M inhibited PMN protein synthesis. At concentrations of 2-4 X 10(-5) M both cycloheximide and puromycin inhibited PMN-chemotaxis 40 and 55%, respectively. However, inhibition was observed only when using zymosan-activated serum and not formyl-methionyl-phenylalanine as a chemoattractant. Using 2-hour incubations, PMN-CL was also suppressed by puromycin and cycloheximide, at 20 and 40%, respectively. The data demonstrated that protein synthesis had an important role in chemotaxis that was dependent on the chemoattractant and perhaps the cellular receptor involved in that process. CL did not require de novo protein synthesis but appeared to depend on protein(s) with a relatively rapid turnover. PMID- 6728903 TI - Species differences in pulmonary N-oxidation of chlorpromazine and imipramine. AB - Our previous studies have demonstrated that chlorpromazine (CPZ) and imipramine (IMP) are metabolized appreciably via N-oxidation catalyzed by pulmonary microsomal flavin monooxygenase in the rat but not in the rabbit. The present work deals with the species differences in N-oxidase of pulmonary microsomes from male cat, dog, goat, guinea pig, hamster, mouse, pig, rabbit and rat. Although CPZ-N-oxidizing activities were generally higher than IMP-N-oxidizing activities, the CPZ-/IMP-oxidizing activity ratios were not constant among the species tested. Little or no activity was detected in the guinea pig and rabbit lung. The following ranking was assigned: mouse less than hamster less than pig less than rat less than dog less than cat less than guinea pig less than goat less than rabbit for CPZ, and pig less than rat less than mouse less than dog less than hamster less than cat less than guinea pig less than goat less than rabbit for IMP. Nitrosobenzene, a known inhibitor of N-oxidase reductase, inhibited rather than increasing the N-oxidation of both substrates. Therefore, it is unlikely that the marked species differences in pulmonary N-oxidase activities are due to differences in N-oxide reductase. Optimum pH for CPZ-N-oxidase was relatively broad over a range of 7.4-8.5 for rat and 8-9.5 for other species. The pH optima for IMP-N-oxidase ranged from 8.5 to 9.5. n-Octylamine accelerated CPZ-N oxidation in most species. IMP-N-oxidation was affected to a lesser extent by this primary amine. DPEA (2,4-dichloro-6-phenyl- phenoxyethylamine ) also stimulated the CPZ-N-oxidation in rat, pig and cat but inhibited IMP-N-oxidation in these species.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS) PMID- 6728904 TI - Effect of biological time on the determination of the LD50 of 5-fluorouracil in mice. AB - The LD50 was determined for 5-fluorouracil (FU) in mice at 11.00 and 23.00 h during one 24-hour period. These times were chosen because in mice kept on a light-dark cycle, with lights on from 06.00 to 18.00 h, the natural circadian rhythm in DNA synthetic activity in many different normal organs attains peak levels around 24.00 h (mid-dark) and through levels around 12.00 h (mid-light). The LD50 of FU, in milligrams per kilogram body weight, was much higher (450-500 mg/kg) at 11.00 than at 23.00 h (250-300 mg/kg). Since the biology of the living animal oscillates significantly on a daily or circadian basis, it is understandable that the degree of susceptibility or resistance to drugs should also fluctuate over the circadian period. Determination of the LD50 of a drug at that point in time when the animal is naturally resistant to that drug will result is a false appraisal of the toxic effects to the drug. To assess correctly the risk a drug poses, it should be tested at its time of maximal susceptibility in the living animal. PMID- 6728905 TI - Nuclear epoxide hydrolase in the human fetal and adult liver. AB - The epoxide hydrolase activity with styrene oxide as substrate was investigated in the nuclear fraction of human fetal and adult liver specimens. All investigated liver fractions catalyzed the hydration of styrene oxide and the average epoxide hydrolase activities were 0.37 and 1.90 nmol/min/mg protein in fetal and adult specimens, respectively. The enzyme followed Michaelis-Menten kinetics in fetal nuclear fraction and biphasic kinetics in adult livers. The nuclear/microsomal enzyme activity ratios of epoxide hydrolase were 0.09 and 0.11 for fetal and adult livers, respectively. PMID- 6728907 TI - Pharmacokinetic interaction of single doses of quinine and digoxin in dogs. PMID- 6728906 TI - Anticonvulsant effect of primidone in the gerbil. Time course and significance of the active metabolites. AB - The anticonvulsant effect of primidone was determined in gerbils, in which seizures were elicited by a blast of compressed air, over the time range of 30 min to 18 h after oral administration. ED50s remained fairly constant from 1 to 12 h after administration: 46-73 mumol/kg with the minimal value at 6 h. Of the metabolites, phenobarbital was maximally effective at 2 h after administration (ED50 35 mumol/kg), whereas phenylethylmalondiamide (PEMA) only had a weak anticonvulsant effect (ED50 1.55 mmol/kg at 2 h). By determination of primidone and its active metabolites in plasma and brain at 1, 4 and 12 h after administration of the respective ED50s, it could be shown that unchanged primidone is mostly responsible for the anticonvulsant effect of the first hours, but, at 12 h, only phenobarbital could be detected in both tissues. PEMA could not be detected in brain. From the effective brain concentrations at different times it could be calculated that primidone and phenobarbital have the same anticonvulsant potency on a molar base in the gerbil. The concentrations necessary to control seizures in this model were considerably lower than those needed to suppress convulsions in maximal seizure models in mice and rats. PMID- 6728908 TI - Mechanical properties of cellular cardiac preparations. PMID- 6728909 TI - Demographic factors influencing psychiatric rating scales (Zung SDS and SAS). AB - Zung's Self-Rating Anxiety Scale (SAS) and Self-Rating Depression Scale (SDS) were completed by 489 healthy volunteers (314 men, 175 women) aged 15-84 years. The total scores were analysed in function of sex, age, occupational class, professional group, marital status, religion, foreigner status and nationality. Analysis by orthogonal polynomial regression showed no statistically significant differences between different age groups. In contrast to this, the study revealed highly significant SAS and SDS score differences between both sexes (Mann-Whitney U-test). In addition, there were statistically significant associations between the SAS scores and occupational class, professional group, religion, foreigner status and nationality; compared with significant associations between the SDS scores and marital status, foreigner status and nationality (Kruskal-Wallis test/Mann-Whitney U-test). The requirements for data analysis in clinical trials, for a differential diagnosis between transient variations of normal health and disorders, and for a differential diagnosis between anxiety and depression are discussed. PMID- 6728910 TI - The effect of fluperlapine in acute psychotic patients. AB - Fluperlapine (NB 106 689), a dibenzazepine chemically and pharmacologically similar to clozapine, was investigated in 28 patients with regard to antipsychotic efficacy and occurrence of adverse effects. In an open early phase II study patients were given fluperlapine over a period of 26 days. The average daily dosage was 300 mg. Five patients had to be withdrawn from the trial during the first week due to side effects or therapeutic inefficacy, 23 patients were examined during the period planned. The substance proved to have fast-acting antipsychotic effect with few adverse effects and no extrapyramidal motor disturbances. PMID- 6728911 TI - Alterations in ankle dorsiflexion torque as a result of continuous ultrasound to the anterior tibial compartment. AB - Although considerable documentation of the physiologic effects of ultrasound (US) exists, little information is available concerning direct effects of US on muscle, particularly when the US is applied immediately before muscle performance. The purpose of this study was to determine the effect of continuous US to the anterior tibial muscle compartment on ankle dorsiflexion torque assessed immediately posttreatment, at 30 minutes, and at 60 minutes posttreatment. Seventeen healthy subjects were tested performing isometric contractions at dynamometer velocities of 60 and 180 degrees/sec. Subjects first received either a placebo or a 1.5 W/cm2 15-minute US treatment. One week later, the protocol was repeated with the administration of a second treatment. Analysis of variance showed no significant interactions for time and treatment for any contraction; time, for isometric contraction, was the only significant main effect. Follow-up analyses were all nonsignificant for comparisons of pretreatment to posttreatment and posttreatment to 30- and 60-minute intervals within treatment groups. The study concludes that in spite of known physiologic effects, one treatment of US does not have an immediate or latent effect on peak torque. PMID- 6728912 TI - Isokinetic strength characteristics of the quadriceps femoris and hamstring muscles in high school students. AB - The purpose of this study was to determine the isokinetic strength of the quadriceps femoris and hamstring muscles in high school-aged students. Forty seven 15- to 18-year-old high school volunteers served as subjects. Data were gathered on each subject by a questionnaire, lower extremity musculoskeletal assessment, and isokinetic testing of the two muscle groups at 60 degrees/sec and 180 degrees/sec. This study found no age effect on peak torque and no significant differences in peak torque between dominant and nondominant limbs. Significant differences (p less than .001) occurred between the isokinetic strength of male and female subjects. The average hamstring muscle to quadriceps femoris muscle torque ratio was 57 percent at 60 degrees/sec and 70 percent at 180 degrees/sec. A value of foot pounds of torque per kilogram of body weight was provided as a guideline for clinicians. This investigation supports several findings already reported for other age groups. PMID- 6728913 TI - Active mobility of the extremities in older subjects. AB - The purposes of this study were to expand the data base of active range of motion (ROM) in the upper and lower extremities of older persons measured by goniometry and to determine if differences exist related to age, sex, and physical activity. Active ROM was measured with a clinical goniometer in 28 joint motions of the upper and lower extremities of the right side in 60 older subjects. Thirty men and 30 women were equally divided in two age groups of 60 to 69 and 75 to 84 years of age. Multivariate analysis of variance showed no significant differences in ROM that were attributable to sex and age. In univariate tests, however, 12 motions were significantly different (p less than .05) between the sexes, but only in 4 motions was the difference greater than intertester error. Physical activity, as assessed by a questionnaire and a rating scale, was not related to specific changes of joint range. Within the older subjects, however, a significant relationship between ROM and age or ROM and physical activity cannot be assumed. These results suggest that a data base of normative values is needed for older individuals. PMID- 6728914 TI - Concepts from medical anthropology for clinicians. AB - This article introduces the discipline of medical anthropology and presents concepts that may be useful for physical therapy clinicians. The terms culture and cultural orientations of the United States are defined, and examples of cultural conflict in patient care are given. I explain the differences between emic and etic viewpoints and analyze this distinction in relation to health care in the United States and especially the separation of the concept of disease and illness. Anthropological tools are presented for restructuring encounters between clinicians and patients to make clinicians more culturally sensitive. PMID- 6728915 TI - Applying the principles of informed consent to patient care. Legal and ethical considerations for physical therapy. AB - This paper presents legal and ethical considerations regarding informed consent for the evaluation and treatment of patients in physical therapy practice. Therapists traditionally think of informed consent in relation to clinical research, but as the trend toward independent practice and private practice increases in physical therapy, the physical therapist must understand the process of informed consent in relation to patient care. Legal concepts of battery, self determination, and the fiduciary relationship create a legal foundation for informed consent. The patient's moral right to self-determination and the corresponding duty of health professionals to "do no harm" create a strong moral basis for gaining a patient's informed consent. Practical suggestions are offered to physical therapists to help them assess their need for obtaining informed consent. PMID- 6728916 TI - Review of the postbaccalaureate degree for professional entry into physical therapy. AB - The American Physical Therapy Association has endorsed the postbaccalaureate entry-level degree for the physical therapy profession. This article reviews the purpose of entry-level professional training and contrasts various options of educational systems with degree structures. Professional economic, political, and educational factors are considered. After analysis of these variables, the Master of Physical Therapy degree is my recommendation for the postbaccalaureate entry level degree for physical therapists. PMID- 6728917 TI - Developments on NDT. PMID- 6728918 TI - Iontophoresis. PMID- 6728919 TI - Knee flexion torque data. PMID- 6728920 TI - Photoreactivity of phototoxic antimalarial compounds. PMID- 6728921 TI - Effect of tissue absorption and microscope optical parameters on the depth of penetration for fluorescence and reflectance measurements of tissue samples. PMID- 6728922 TI - Physiology chairman's objectives in selecting young members for a large multi disciplinary state university. PMID- 6728923 TI - Renal regulation of acid-base balance: ammonia excretion. PMID- 6728924 TI - Age dependence of the gamma-carboxyglutamic acid containing proteins. AB - A distinct age dependence was observed in the occurrence of the gamma carboxyglutamic acid containing proteins obtained from kidney cortex, liver and femoral bone. In the femoral bone, a stepped increase was seen when comparing animals 60, 350 and 700 days old. In the liver and mainly in the kidney cortex there was no change during the first year of life, but a distinct increase in the gamma-carboxyglutamate containing proteins was seen between day 350 and 700. It was also established that the increased level of gamma-carboxyglutamate at least in kidney cortex is due to a more intense carboxylation reaction in older animals as increased incorporation of labelled bicarbonate was observed in the microsomal fraction. In accordance with our previous results the occurrence of the carboxyglutamic acid containing proteins was shown to be vitamin D dependent; in vitamin D deprived animals supplemented with this vitamin the reappearance of gamma-carboxylate is more distinct in situations where higher levels of gamma carboxyglutamic acid occur physiologically. PMID- 6728925 TI - Physiological changes in laboratory rats caused by different housing. AB - Males rats of the Wistar strain (Institute of Physiology, CSAV ) were divided into six groups from the 30th to the 200th day of age. Rats (n = 54) were put into cages in various numbers (1, 2, 3, 4, 6 and 8 animals in a cage) and were weighed regularly and the consumption of water and food was measured. At the end of the experiment the animals were killed and the weight of some organs and haematological values were determined. During the experiment the highest weight was attained in animals with 3 or 4 members in one cage. The differences in weight were significant from the 80th day of age. The consumption of diets and water was not influenced significantly by the number of animals in a cage. On the 200th day, the differences between the groups were found in the weight of some organs, and in some haematological values. PMID- 6728926 TI - Influence of age on saline hypertension in subtotal nephrectomized rats. AB - In uninephrectomised immature and adult male rats 34% renal tissue was removed from the remaining kidney and after 60-days exposure to saline treatment (0.17 mol/l NaCl solution as only drinking fluid) the mean arterial blood pressure, plasma urea concentration, plasma and extracellular fluid volumes were estimated. In comparison with water drinking uninephrectomised age-matched controls it has been found that: in both age groups, the loss of tissue from the remaining kidney was fully replaced by compensatory growth of the renal stump, plasma urea concentration remained unchanged in animals operated on when adult, but increased in animals operated on when immature, the interstitial fluid volume increased in both age groups--the plasma volume as well as blood pressure remained unchanged in animals treated when adult, but increased in animals treated when immature. It is concluded that under conditions of elevated salt intake the loss of renal mass in immature rats was compensated by growth of tissue with a lower excretory ability than in adult ones, this being responsible for the development of hypertension in the younger group. PMID- 6728927 TI - Stretch--induced inhibition of spontaneous EMG activity in extensor muscles of the rat caused by chronic deafferentation. AB - Stretching the chronically deafferented soleus muscle has recently been found to inhibit spontaneous EMG activity recorded by silicone-plate electrodes in this muscle. In order to ascertain whether this stretch-induced inhibition (SII) of EMG activity is not restricted exclusively to the soleus, a study was made of SII in the gastrocnemius muscle employing either concentric EMG needles or bipolar "fish-hook" electrodes. The results showed that SII of spontaneous EMG activity can be demonstrated in the soleus and gastrocnemius muscles (both extensor muscles) several days after dorsal rhizotomy L1-S1, employing all three modes of EMG recording in awake rats (namely, silicone-plate electrodes, concentric electrodes and bipolar "fish-hook" electrodes). It is suggested that ventral root afferents may be involved in this phenomenon. PMID- 6728928 TI - Neuromuscular system of piglets with splayleg: the synthesis of acetylcholine and the myelinization and ultrastructure of peripheral nerve fibres. AB - No difference has been found between the activity of choline acetyltransferase in the sciatic nerve of one-day-old piglets with the syndrome of splayleg and in the sciatic nerve of apparently healthy piglets from the same breed. The maximum rates of total synthesis of acetylcholine in the homogenates of the sartorius, tibialis ant. and peroneus tertius muscles and the bromoacetylcholine inhibitable portions of the acetylcholine-synthesizing capacity (corresponding to the activity of choline acetyltransferase in intramuscular branches and terminals of the motor nerves) were also the same in both groups of one-day-old animals. The number of myelinated fibres in the peroneal nerve of piglets with splayleg did not differ from that in the control group; it increased by 33% between the first and the seventh day of postnatal life in both groups. The only difference revealed by electron microscopy of the peroneal nerves between the animals with splayleg (or on the 7th day after birth, the animals that had recovered from the condition of splayleg) and the unaffected animals was a higher accumulation of glycogen granules in the axons of animals with splayleg. Biochemical and morphological data obtained in the present study thus support the view that an impairment of the function of peripheral nerves is unlikely to be responsible for the development of the splayleg syndrome. PMID- 6728929 TI - Establishment of mouse neuroblastoma clone E 7 in serum-free medium. AB - Ninety-six clonal populations were derived from a wild mouse neuroblastoma cell population C 1300 in a serum-free medium containing commercially available serum growth-promoting proteins (GPP). From among these 96 lines the clonal population E 7 was chosen for further work because it displayed maximum spontaneous morphological differentiation. The neuroblastoma clonal population differs morphologically from the original population; it was defined both cytogenetically and by means of growth parameters. The cells of the neuroblastoma clone E 7 are hypertetraploid with two chromosome number modals - 88 and approximately 180-200. The majority of telocentric chromosomes in metaphases with a modal number of 88 chromosomes are identical with the chromosomes of mouse diploid cells. The cell generation time is 22 hours. The cells of the clonal population E 7 are highly sensitive to the action of ethanolamine, which induces morphological differentiation, so that the processes of 30% of the cells in the population are over 40 micron long. Electrophysiological studies showed that the cells of the neuroblastoma clonal population E 7 retain the character of excitable cells and they are thus suitable for studying some of the properties of nervous tissue cells. PMID- 6728930 TI - Inhibitory effect of tunicamycin on the adhesivity and aggregation of embryonic brain cells. AB - Tunicamycin (TM) - (0.1, 1.0 and 10 micrograms/ml) inhibits insignificantly the adhesivity of embryonic mice brain cells during the first 120 min of incubation. The effect is not dose dependent. The concentration of 10 micrograms/ml added at the onset of experiments has a drastic effect during the time period in which cell regeneration, cell movement and formation of aggregates occurs. Up to the 5th day in vitro (DIV), aggregation is completely inhibited and disrupted parts of cells are mostly present in the medium. The concentration of 1 microgram/ml is less effective, and 0.1 microgram/ml is practically without effect. EM analysis shows that tunicamycin (10 micrograms and 1 microgram/ml) diminish the regeneration and integrity of plasmatic membranes, 10 micrograms/ml of tunicamycin destroys cytoplasmatic organelles which is probably the cause of the decline of cellular regeneration and of aggregate formation. Tunicamycin (10 micrograms/ml), if added to the already formed aggregates evokes their disintegration and lower doses (1 microgram/ml) liberated cells from aggregates into the medium. PMID- 6728931 TI - EEG coherence in frontal and occipital region of the brain. AB - The results of the EEG integral coherence measure I have demonstrated that its values, either total or partial for the alpha band, are higher in frontal brain regions in comparison with the values of occipital regions. This finding can be interpreted as evidence of the corresponding higher level of neuronal communication between frontal structures. Both I values (total and partial for the alpha band) are negatively correlated with the values of power spectra of the corresponding EEG record. PMID- 6728932 TI - A non-stationary model of single evoked EEG activity and its estimation. AB - There are many different techniques of estimating evoked EEG activity. Each construction of an estimator depends on the model of the process generating the evoked activity. In this paper a model is proposed in which the evoked activity is a transient signal described by the so-called uniformly modulated stochastic process. The usual supposition, that the evoked activity does not depend on the background activity is replaced by the conditional independence of the spontaneous prestimulation and evoked activities. A linear filter with a time varying frequency transfer function is used to construct the estimator of the evoked activity. A statistical relationship between the spontaneous prestimulation and the background activities is considered and the single evoked activity estimator is proposed. PMID- 6728933 TI - Hippocampal afterdischarge interferes with storage of spatial information in a working memory test. AB - In an attempt to impair spatial working memory by reversible functional blockade rather than by irreversible lesion of the hippocampus, eight male hooded rats were trained to asymptotic performance of 1.2 to 1.4 errors per trial in the spatial 12-choice apparatus ( Bure s et al. 1982), formally similar to the radial maze. The rats were implanted with hippocampal stimulating and recording electrodes, which were used for eliciting and monitoring hippocampal afterdischarge (HAD) lasting for at least 20 s. In Experiment 1, HAD elicited 1 or 10 min before testing increased the incidence of errors to 2.75 or 2.50 per trial, respectively, but the performance still remained above chance level (4.18). In Experiment 2, interruption of the trial by 1, 10, 20 and 30 min intervals inserted between choices 6 and 7 increased the incidence of errors in choices 7 to 12 to 1.0, 1.5, 2.1 and 2.5, respectively. HAD elicited immediately after choice 6 increased error incidence in the subsequent 6 choices performed after 1-min or 10-min intervals to 3.1 or 2.75, respectively, i.e. to the chance level of 3 errors in 6 choices. It is concluded that HAD elicits transient shortening of the memory span for newly acquired spatial information (anterograde effect) and erases the current spatial working memory record (retrograde effect). PMID- 6728935 TI - A mathematical model for lambda dv plasmid replication: analysis of wild-type plasmid. AB - A mathematical model for lambda dv plasmid replication in a growing single cell of Escherichia coli has been formulated and solved numerically. Quantitative description of the molecular control mechanism for initiation of lambda dv replication presumes regulatory functions of repressor and initiator proteins and transcriptional activation of the origin region. Random selection of a single plasmid for activation and replication is assumed, as is regular plasmid segregation to daughter cells. The model is capable of simulating the periodic changes in each regulatory element and the plasmid copy number during the cell cycle. The calculated average copy number, repressor concentration, and timing of plasmid replication agree well with experimental data. The simulated lambda dv plasmid replication rate is controlled primarily by transcription frequency. Initiation of plasmid replication is not related to variations in the levels of repressor or initiator proteins during the cell cycle. Simulation studies of perturbations in plasmid and repressor segregation indicate that replication regulation of the lambda dv plasmid compensates to readjust copy number to normal values in a few generations. Implications of these studies relative to the molecular mechanisms of replication control are discussed. PMID- 6728934 TI - Sequence analysis of the maize mitochondrial 26 S rRNA gene and flanking regions. AB - A single copy of the large ribosomal 26 S rRNA gene is found in the maize mitochondrial genome. The sequence of this gene and the flanking regions has been determined using the M13 dideoxy sequencing method. The maize mt 26 S rDNA shares a high degree of homology with the Escherichia coli 23 S rDNA, and the approximate 5' and 3' ends of the maize 26 S rDNA have been located by comparison with the E. coli sequence. The maize mt 26 S rDNA has also been compared with the sequences of the maize chloroplast 23 S rDNA, the human mitochondrial 16 S rDNA, part of the yeast mitochondrial 21 S rDNA, and the yeast cytoplasmic 25 S rDNA. In all cases, there are numerous regions of 70% or higher homology. PMID- 6728936 TI - A mathematical model for lambda dv plasmid replication: analysis of copy number mutants. AB - A mathematical model based on the molecular control mechanisms for lambda dv plasmid replication in a single Escherichia coli cell has been applied to simulate replication of mutant lambda dv plasmids. Model simulations of changes in repressor level and copy number resulting from mutations in the promoter operator PROR region are consistent with experimental data. Calculated effects on lambda dv plasmid copy number of oligomer formation and of alternations in termination efficiency at tR1 also agree with experiment. The model has been employed to simulate the influence of cro mutants and of cro and tR1 double mutants on copy number and stable maintenance of lambda dv plasmid copy number. The genetic structure included in formulation of the replicon model provides a framework for relating changes in specific genetic loci on the plasmid with resulting alterations in host-plasmid system function. PMID- 6728937 TI - Proceedings of the Seventh Mid-Atlantic Regional Extrachromosomal Genetic Elements Conference. September 30-October 2, 1983, Virginia Beach, Virginia. Abstracts. PMID- 6728938 TI - Response to Dr. Baker's presidential address. PMID- 6728939 TI - Properties of methacrylate implants. PMID- 6728941 TI - Extended vomer flaps in cleft palate repair: a preliminary report. AB - It is the author's belief that poor healing due to deficient mesenchyme at the junction of the hard and soft palates probably constitutes the essential reason for some failures of palatoplasty. In order to provide extra tissue to reinforce the above-mentioned region and to facilitate efficient velar lengthening, the use of an extension of the vomer flap detached from the roof of the pharynx is proposed. Such extended vomer flaps have been applied successfully both on the oral and nasal sides in 50 patients. The necessity of further and longer observations is obvious. PMID- 6728940 TI - A rationale for modifying the site of insertion of the orticochea pharyngoplasty. AB - A modification of the insertion level of Orticochea flaps is proposed. The purpose of the modification is to place the pharyngoplasty at a higher site, in the area of attempted velopharyngeal contact. The site of velopharyngeal contact can be identified using lateral radiographic techniques. A success rate of 93 percent was achieved in improved oral-nasal resonance balance when the pharyngoplasty was placed at a site in the nasopharynx. PMID- 6728942 TI - The effect of cigarette smoking on skin-flap survival in the face lift patient. AB - Our data demonstrate that a significant number of skin sloughs observed after face lift surgery are due to patients' cigarette smoking. Because an appreciable part of every surgeon's practice consists of smokers, the implications of this study, in terms of patient selection and preoperative counseling, seem considerable. PMID- 6728944 TI - Breast reduction for asymmetrical hypertrophy. AB - Design details of reduction of asymmetrical hypertrophy of the breasts are discussed. The concepts apply to nearly any breast reduction technique, although here they are presented in the context of the inferior segment method, which we favor. Although most of these points may seem self-evident to the experienced plastic surgeon, there has been little written about the details. PMID- 6728943 TI - Free cartilage grafts: the role of perichondrium. AB - Using adult rabbits, free ear cartilage grafts with and without perichondrium were overlapped and sutured to each other and then placed in preformed pseudosheath pockets for 1 to 12 weeks. The specimens were evaluated at various time intervals as to histopathologic changes at the interface and breaking load as a measure of the strength of the healing response. The results obtained strongly suggest that perichondrium responds briskly to repair injury and that the breaking load is greater in the presence of perichondrium and increases with time. It is suggested that perichondrium be included with free cartilage grafts for optimum survival and intercartilaginous healing. PMID- 6728945 TI - Drug treatment and flap survival. AB - Some investigators found that isoxsuprine, propranolol, or heparin would increase skin-flap survival in loose-skinned animals. We evaluated the effects of these three drugs in the pig, an animal with skin circulation similar to that of humans. Four hundred ventrally based skin flaps that have a proximal axial portion and a distal random portion were made on the flanks of 40 pigs. There were eight study groups: control, isoxsuprine preoperatively and postoperatively, propranolol preoperatively and postoperatively, isoxsuprine postoperatively only, propranolol postoperatively only, heparin, single-stage surgical delay, and two stage surgical delay. Flap survival was improved by the two-stage surgical delay when compared with the control flaps, flaps from pigs receiving a drug, or flaps from pigs having a single-stage surgical delay (p less than 0.001). When compared with the control flaps, neither isoxsuprine, propranolol, heparin, nor single stage surgical delay significantly increased flap survival. PMID- 6728946 TI - Vascular island skin-flap tolerance to warm ischemia: an analysis by perfusion fluorometry. AB - Fiberoptic perfusion fluorometry and assessment of ultimate viability were used to analyze the tolerance to warm ischemia of rat vascular island skin flaps. Both acute flaps and flaps raised 24 hours previously and then reraised were subjected to 0 (control), 6, 8, 10, and 12 hours of vascular pedicle clamping. Following clamp release, serial fluorometry documented the progressive delay in effective reflow resulting from extended periods of ischemia. Fluorometry, furthermore , suggested that flaps constructed 24 hours previously had an improved hemodynamic status with a significantly reduced period of poor reflow following clamp release. The improved hemodynamics were associated with increased viability, confirming the increased tolerance of 24-hour-old flaps to warm ischemia. PMID- 6728947 TI - Plastic surgery in the year 2000. PMID- 6728948 TI - Orbital rim trauma causing a blowout fracture. AB - A case report is presented that supports the theory that traumatic deformation of the bony orbital rims, without concomitant orbital soft-tissue injury, can cause an orbital blowout fracture. PMID- 6728949 TI - The medial gastrocnemius muscle flap: a local free flap. AB - A new application of the medial gastrocnemius muscle flap has been described. Lengthening of the sural vascular pedicle was obtained using interposition vein grafts. This allowed coverage of a larger defect than that which could have been obtained with the tethered muscle and without further insult to the already disturbed lower extremity anatomy. The principle of pedicle lengthening can be used to increase the arc of rotation of various other muscle, myocutaneous, skin, or bone flaps and thereby increase their usefulness. PMID- 6728950 TI - Reconstruction of the nipple: a new technique. AB - We propose a simple one-stage procedure for nipple reconstruction. The fundamental basis, the technique itself, and the results obtained demonstrate that a single-flap reconstruction achieves a nipple that will keep its shape 15 months later. PMID- 6728951 TI - A dermal-fat flap for nipple reconstruction. AB - A refinement in technique for nipple reconstruction utilizing local tissue is described. The operation has been performed on 31 patients who have previously undergone the transverse abdominal island flap breast reconstruction. The longest follow-up is 12 months. Preliminary results appear excellent with desired nipple size and projection. PMID- 6728952 TI - Eyelid reconstruction. PMID- 6728953 TI - Congenital gum fusion: another perspective. PMID- 6728954 TI - Surgical correction of drooling. PMID- 6728955 TI - Thermal danger of Steinmann pins. PMID- 6728956 TI - Fasciocutaneous flap nomenclature. PMID- 6728957 TI - Epinephrine pain with local anesthesia. PMID- 6728958 TI - Primary veloplasty. PMID- 6728959 TI - Cutaneous necrosis after rhytidectomy. PMID- 6728960 TI - Nihil sub sole novi. PMID- 6728961 TI - Early osteoplasty. PMID- 6728962 TI - [Value of mechanographic studies in neuromuscular function diagnosis]. AB - Mechanographic examinations have hitherto played only a minor role in general clinical neuromuscular functional diagnostics. The purpose of this contribution is, therefore, to present an appropriate recording apparatus (W. Zett , 1969), to report on the values that can be considered normal and to outline the diagnostic value of the method using clinical applications as examples. Special value is attached to simultaneous recording of the EMG and the mechanograph because this method permits differentiated conclusions to be drawn regarding disturbances in muscular activity, the electromechanical coupling and the actual process of contraction. The method is also important for pharmacological investigations and should be used principally in connection with musclepathology for objectifying the effects of medication. PMID- 6728963 TI - [Paranoid developments]. AB - The problem of paranoiac development has been a subject of interest to psychopathologists since Jasper 's times. The clinical psychiatrist should still take pains to make a careful diagnosis of paranoiac developments and to prevent them from deteriorating into schizophrenia. The author presents a case study involving a querulous form of paranoiac development and discusses possibilities of counselling and treatment. PMID- 6728964 TI - [Social and medical characteristics of psychiatric patients admitted by the district physician]. AB - The medical and social backgrounds of the 323 patients admitted to the County Psychiatric and Neurological Hospital Bernburg by committal order (Art. 6 of the Committment Act of the GDR) are analyzed. During these nine years such committals accounted for between 3.1 and 6.5% of all psychiatric admissions. The most frequent causes were schizophrenia (55.1%), alcohol addiction (10.5%) and geropsychiatric disorders (9.3%). Only 2% of the 323 patients concerned were committed indefinitely by court order after the initial six week term had expired. The study establishes the humanitarian nature of the Committal Act and the success of its practical application. PMID- 6728965 TI - [Results of concentration training in normally intelligent students with poor concentration]. AB - The contribution reports on the efficiencies of two different concentration training programmes tested on 40 normally intelligent boys with severely reduced concentration. Twenty of the boys received rhythmic music therapy and the other 20 received a special teaching programme based on psychological principles. Psychostimulants were also administered to 10 boys in each group. The success of treatment was assessed by comparison with an untreated group of pupils with reduced concentration. The boys who received additional psychostimulants achieved the greatest gain in learning as a result of concentration training. The special teaching programme is generally superior to rhythmic musical training. PMID- 6728966 TI - [Diagnostic value of the Meyer-Probst Encephalopathy Questionnaire]. AB - Clinical tests on 117 children with behavioural disturbances showed that the Meyer- Probst encephalopathy questionnaire can be used to distinguish between encephalopathic and nonencephalopathic children. It is thus a valuable addition to the diagnostic methods in clinical use and is also a useful instrument for progress checks. PMID- 6728967 TI - [Experience with the use of communicative movement therapy in children and adolescents]. AB - Our experience shows that the use of communicative motion therapy for children and youths demands greater flexibility in the handling of the task and exercise conception and of the verbalization phases than when this form of treatment is used for adults. The behaviour of the therepeutist is particularly important. In contrast to his role when treating adults, he must be integrated more completely into the group and must act as an indirect leader. Although this makes the group more or less leader-centred, it loses none of its inherent dynamics if the therapeutist uses appropriate forms of communication. PMID- 6728968 TI - [Sexuality in the aged--problems and results]. AB - The study deals with historical, theoretical and practical aspects of sexuality at advanced age, including the effects of pathological disturbances and vocational stress, reference also being made to the international literature on the subject. Questions of sexuality at advanced age were not investigated until fairly recently. The author considers this to be due mainly to social and ideological barriers and recommends that gerosexual knowledge be propagated. PMID- 6728970 TI - [Intracranial dermoid cyst (clinico-pathologic description of a case)]. AB - The authors describe the case of a female patient aged 49 years who received neurological treatment for various complaints over a period of 19 years. The disorder defied exact diagnosis despite the application of all neurological and other diagnostic techniques. Suspicions ranged from somnolence accompanied by cephalalgia, through demyelination, expansive processes in the region of the cerebellum or the diencephalon, encephalitis or tuber- cubma of the brain stem to multiple sclerosis. The autopsy revealed a dermoidal cyst that exerted a slight pressure on the extension of the medulla. This explained all of the patient's complaints. The occurrence of such cysts is discussed on the basis of data taken from the literature. PMID- 6728969 TI - [Factors delaying rehabilitation in inpatient treatment of schizophrenic patients]. AB - An empirical study involving 104 German and 208 Soviet schizophrenics showed that the main factors delaying rehabilitation are a large number of previous hospitalizations, long periods preceding hospitalization, the type of schizophrenia, the desired aim of treatment, disturbed relationship of he patient to his or her environment and performance disturbances. Apart from certain personality deviations, the therapeutic measures also involve factors that delay rehabilitation. The rehabilitation barriers mentioned here could be overcome by the more widespread establishment of follow-up care centres. PMID- 6728971 TI - Pictures of treatment by Gill and Schafer. AB - Roy Schafer and Merton Gill evoke two historically distinguished images of psychoanalytic treatment, one showing analysis elaborating life histories, and the other picturing the analyst as stirring transference embers into flame. A close examination of their implied theories of therapeutic action suggests that they mainly differ on whether allusions to the analyst are often localized in certain gestures or are always uniformly distributed throughout the patient's presentation. Because of this theoretical difference, these authors use different means to invite new experience, and they weigh differently the advantage of having a firm guide to turning-points in behavior against the advantage of maintaining an unconfinable curiosity. PMID- 6728972 TI - Some observations on the rescue of fallen women. AB - Citing the example of the creator of Professor Higgins of Pygmalion , as well as other celebrated figures, this paper delineates a number of biographical features common to some would-be rescuers of degraded women. Aside from demonstrating the relevance of these portraits to Freud's observations on the oedipal aspects of the subject, the author emphasizes the attempted verification of phallic attributes in the women as an additional motive in their redemption . PMID- 6728973 TI - Reflections on the idea of personal fate and its psychopathology: Helene Deutsch's "Hysterical Fate Neurosis" revisited. AB - The idea of a psychopathology of fate or what had come to be called a fate neurosis has failed to retain any established place in the structure of psychoanalytic thought. The clinical observations and theoretical formulations, to which the idea of a fate neurosis answered, have been subsumed in the course of things by more fundamental and systematic conceptualizations. A review of Helene Deutsch's (1930) paper, "Hysterical Fate Neurosis," is therefore bound to be largely an excursion into an area of intellectual history. However, such history never fails to shed light on certain ongoing clinical and theoretical problems that may have lost too much to current developments in psychoanalytic thought. It is with this historical purpose that the present study of Deutsch's classic paper on a fate neurosis is undertaken. PMID- 6728974 TI - Mirror masturbation. AB - A case is presented of an analytic patient who reported adolescent and adult mirror masturbation in the context of a struggle for psychic differentiation and separation from his mother. A model is elaborated in which magical manipulation and transformation of the self- and object images are facilitated by masturbatory mirror play. The role of impersonation and transformation as another man or woman is explored. Visual hunger, traumatic overstimulation, incestuous games, and fear of actually committing incest with a seductive parent are proposed as genetic contributants . Mirror masturbation is understood as a dramatic play which defends against castration anxiety and attempts to master childhood sexual overstimulation by active repetition and re-creation. PMID- 6728975 TI - A theoretical framework for rhythm perception. PMID- 6728976 TI - Attention and sensitivity in visual search. PMID- 6728977 TI - The apparent paths of two or three circularly moving spots. PMID- 6728978 TI - Lateralization of ERP components during verbal dichotic information processing. PMID- 6728979 TI - Psychophysiological activity and the buildup and release of proactive inhibition in short-term memory. PMID- 6728980 TI - Comparison of the Brener-Jones and Whitehead procedures for assessing cardiac awareness. PMID- 6728981 TI - Changes in heart period, heart period variability, and a spectral analysis estimate of respiratory sinus arrhythmias during aortic nerve stimulation in rabbits. PMID- 6728982 TI - Perceptual and motor space representation: an event-related potential study. PMID- 6728983 TI - On the dependence of P300 latency on stimulus evaluation processes. PMID- 6728984 TI - Temporal arrangement of signals in heartbeat discrimination procedures. PMID- 6728985 TI - The electrodermal orienting response and memory: an analysis of age differences in picture recall. PMID- 6728986 TI - Cardiovascular feedback during dynamic exercise. PMID- 6728987 TI - Dependence of skin conductance reactions and skin resistance reactions upon previous level. PMID- 6728988 TI - Habituation and dishabituation of the orienting reaction to between and within trial changes in pitch and loudness. PMID- 6728989 TI - Factoring the coherence matrix: patterning of the frequency-specific covariance in a multichannel EEG. PMID- 6728990 TI - Bioelectric and potentiometric measures of eyeblink amplitude in reflex modification paradigms. PMID- 6728991 TI - Antidepressant drug therapy: a historical perspective. PMID- 6728992 TI - Treatment of depression by altering monoamine metabolism: precursors and metabolic inhibitors. PMID- 6728993 TI - New antidepressant drugs: a clinical perspective. PMID- 6728994 TI - A tardive dyskinesia evaluation and diagnosis form for applied facilities. PMID- 6728995 TI - ADD children: who is referred from the schools? PMID- 6728996 TI - Plasma level and effect of low-dose haloperidol in acute psychosis. PMID- 6728997 TI - Studies on brain noradrenergic neurons in animal model for antidepressive activity. PMID- 6728998 TI - Hemodialysis and peritoneal dialysis in chronic refractory schizophrenia. PMID- 6728999 TI - The dyskinesia identification system--Coldwater (DIS-Co): a tardive dyskinesia rating scale for the developmentally disabled. PMID- 6729000 TI - Development of a new shortened version of Raven's matrices test for application and rough assessment of present intellectual capacity within psychopathological investigation. AB - Based on a sample of 300 psychiatric patients the items of the Standard Progressive Matrices test are analyzed in terms of classical and probabilistic methods, and a version shortened to 30 items is developed. This new version of the test is then standardized from a new sample of 1,200 patients. A table of selected percentiles is computed. Validation with respect to rough classification of intelligence is proved by comparison with results of the WIP . PMID- 6729001 TI - Confirmation of the borderline personality within a psychodynamic framework. AB - Using a psychodynamic framework and an underlying structural configuration, the borderline patient is described. Statistical methods are then used to differentiate this group from both a schizophrenic and a character disorder group of patients. The borderline group emerges as a clear-cut entity characterized by (1) the lack of an integrated self concept, and (2) a particular ego structure consisting of a specific pattern of superficial ego strengths and underlying ego weaknesses. PMID- 6729002 TI - Bipolar mood disorders: an affected sibling study. I. Genetic background and course of illness. AB - The study uses the 'affected (and hospitalized) siblings method' to investigate aspects of correlation in the psychopathology of bipolar mood disorders. In part one, age of onset, duration of phases, and course of illness are the points of interest. The sample includes 307 sibling groups (701 hospitalized individuals). The incidence of pure or schizoaffective type mania in at least 1 sibling has been the criterion for selection. The genetic background is also presented and the question is raised whether double tainting is the rule rather than the exception. The hypothesis that schizophrenic syndromes and mood disorders develop from separate genetic pools is supported. Strong evidence against the unipolar/bipolar dichotomy is presented. The investigation brings the breadth of the cyclothymic spectrum and inhomogeneity with respect to the course of bipolar disorders into perspective. PMID- 6729003 TI - Clinical diagnostic practice reviewed. A comparison of clinical and RDC diagnoses. AB - A total of 368 clinical diagnoses were given to 298 patients hospitalized in two Swiss psychiatric institutions during the years 1960-1981. Clinical charts of these patients were scrutinized and all patients were diagnosed anew using the Research Diagnostic Criteria. The clinical diagnoses, strongly influenced by Bleuler and expressed in ICD-9 nomenclature, as well as the diagnoses obtained with the help of RDC, were compared with each other. Considerable differences were found regarding the diagnostic agreement in different diagnostic categories investigated. The most important finding of the study is a tendency to overdiagnose schizophrenic disorders clinically to the disadvantage of affective mainly depressive - disorders and to overvalue the schizophrenic as compared with the affective - first of all depressive - symptomatology, respectively. This finding may have practical therapeutic consequences. PMID- 6729004 TI - Family structure as recalled by borderline patients. AB - Research on the family of the borderline patient has been largely descriptive or anecdotal. This work was designed to provide data on the families of 26 patients fulfilling stringent criteria for borderline personality disorder. A standardized scoring instrument recorded the impressions of the adult borderline of his family experience during childhood and adolescence. The male parental figure was perceived as dominant significantly more often than the female figure. Female figures manifested significantly more affection toward the borderline child. Family relations tended to be perceived as deteriorating and to be more conflictual as the borderline patient aged. Results were discussed in terms of the developmental psychology, genetics, and existent family research on the borderline patient. PMID- 6729005 TI - Changes in patterns of mental illness over different hospital admissions. AB - Different diagnostic groups were compared in order to find out how constant individual patterns of illness remained over different hospital admissions. First, each of the syndrome scales in the Inpatient Multidimensional Psychiatric Scale and the Clinical Self-Rating Scales was examined to see how stable the patients' scores remained over two different admissions. Low correlations between scores on the two admissions were seen in the scales for mania and depression, reflecting changes in the clinical symptom patterns of patients with affective disorders. Many other scales, however, were fairly stable and were more closely connected with the given diagnosis. Secondly, each patient's pattern of illness on the first admission was compared with his or her pattern on the second admission. It was observed that patients with diagnoses of schizophrenia or schizo-affective psychosis tended to have less stable patterns of illness. PMID- 6729006 TI - Short-term residential psychotherapy: psychotherapy in a nutshell. AB - Psychotherapy in a psychotherapeutic community often is characterized by absence of time limits and by long duration. In this article an account is given of the adaptions that are necessary when short-term treatment is carried out in such a residential setting. Implications for focus, therapy program, and treatment style are presented. PMID- 6729007 TI - A specific and taxonomic differentiation between psychovegetative disorders and psychoneuroses. AB - 120 patients with psychovegetative disorders and 124 patients with psychoneuroses were differentiated by means of systematic and taxonomic statistical procedures underlying variables from personality questionnaires. Both groups of patients were found to be different. But the double strategy of the differentiation shows that the discrimination is a relative one. PMID- 6729008 TI - Hyperactive children: a study of the content analysis of their speech. AB - A group of hyperactive boys with attention deficit disorder (DSM-III) (n = 13) was compared to a group of normative, nonhyperactive boys (n = 16) with respect to Gottschalk-Gleser scores derived from 5-min speech samples they produced in response to standardized and purposely ambiguous instructions. The hyperactive boys had significantly higher mean scores than the normative boys for cognitive impairment, social alienation-personal disorganization, and total depression. Of the eight depression subscales, the hyperactive boys had significantly elevated scores on hopelessness, self-accusation (a cluster composed of shame, guilt, and hostility inwards), and psychomotor retardation. Problems with the classification of the hyperactive syndrome, which is equated with the attention deficit disorder, are briefly discussed. The present study gives some support to the concept, as adjudged from the content analysis of verbal behavior, that hyperactivity, at least in boys, may be associated with cognitive impairment, increased general psychiatric morbidity, and depression. Whether single or multiple etiological factors are involved in this disorder cannot be ascertained from this study. PMID- 6729009 TI - The effect of alexithymia on morbidity in hypertensives. AB - Alexithymic and nonalexithymic hypertensives were assessed for severity of hypertension using a weighting system based on diastolic blood pressure, optic fundi, ECG, chest X ray, renal studies, and patient history. Outpatient hypertensives (diastolic blood pressure greater than 95 mm Hg) were selected as subjects because they are largely asymptomatic; thus, focusing on somatic ills to the exclusion of thoughts about emotions is not likely to be due to their hypertensive pathology but rather reflects psychological constitution. Controlling for age differences, it was found that alexithymics manifested more severe hypertensive sequelae than did nonalexithymics ; there was, however, no difference in severity of atherosclerosis. The results suggest that alexithymia is not only correlated with hypertension but may also play a role in its etiology. PMID- 6729010 TI - Schalling-Sifneos personality scale: findings and recommendations. AB - Noting concerns for the measurement of alexithymia, the present study attempted (1) to provide descriptive data on the Schalling - Sifneos Personality Scale ( SSPS ); (2) to replicate previous factor-analytic findings on the SSPS , and (3) to suggest an alternative to the present method of scoring the SSPS . A sample of 430 undergraduates completed the SSPS . It was found (1) that the distribution of scores on the SSPS was approximately normal; (2) that the factor structure of the SSPS is robust over samples, and (3) that factor analyses identified factors representing characteristics consistent with those described by alexithymia. A subsequent factor analysis was performed to identify questionnaire items most relevant to the measurement of alexithymia. Nine questions were identified and were used in a revised scoring system. The distribution of revised scores is also approximately normal. It is suggested that this revised system is a more sensitive indication of the presence of alexithymia. PMID- 6729011 TI - Psychic factors determining the long-term adaptation of colostomy and ileostomy patients. AB - The long-term psychosocial adaptation of 34 colostomy patients, operated on for rectal or colonic cancer, and 32 ileostomy patients, operated on for colitis ulcerosa, was examined on average 6.5 years after the operation. The methods used were Heidelberg Colostomy Questionnaire, Beck's Depression Inventory, Block's Ego Resiliency Scale and the Rorschach Inkblot Test. The results showed that the first pre- and postoperative psychic reactions were particularly strong and similar in both groups but the later adaptation was in every respect better in the ileostomy group. The necessity of guidance and psychic support was obvious. PMID- 6729012 TI - Enhancement of maximal bilirubin excretion by bile salts in the anaesthetized rabbit. AB - The influence of glycodeoxycholate, taurocholate and dehydrocholate on the maximal hepatic excretion of bilirubin was investigated in rabbits anaesthetized with sodium pentobarbitone. Biliary secretion of dehydrocholate was much less than that of the other two bile salts, which could be explained by its metabolism in the hepatocytes. Glycodeoxycholate and dehydrocholate had a greater choleretic effect than taurocholate. Only glycodeoxycholate and taurocholate increased the secretion of biliary lipids, suggesting that dehydrocholate or its metabolites were unable to form micelles. All three bile salts, however, increased maximal bilirubin excretion to a similar extent. These results indicate that the action of bile salts on the excretion of bilirubin cannot be fully explained in terms of binding to mixed micelles. PMID- 6729013 TI - A comparison of the effect of bile salts on maximal hepatic excretion of certain organic anions in the rabbit under urethane and pentobarbitone. AB - The influence of two different anaesthetics, sodium pentobarbitone and ethyl urethane, on the enhancement of maximal bilirubin and bromosulphthalein (BSP) excretion induced by bile salts was investigated in rabbits. Two micelle-forming (glycodeoxycholate and taurocholate) and one non-micelle-forming (dehydrocholate) bile salts were used. Under urethane anaesthesia the bile flow was lower than with pentobarbitone, and this could be attributed to a smaller bile salt non dependent fraction of secretion. The effect of bile salts on the maximal excretion of the two organic anions appeared more clearly related to some kind of micelle interaction in rabbits anaesthetized with urethane than in pentobarbitone anaesthetized animals. Thus, under urethane, infusions of glycodeoxycholate substantially increased the maximal excretion of bilirubin and BSP, taurocholate exerted an intermediate and dehydrocholate only a small effect. Under pentobarbitone, however, the augmenting action of all three bile salts was similar. The influence of bile salts on the endogenous excretion of bile pigments in experiments in which the test anion was BSP showed corresponding differences dependent upon the anaesthetic used. Possible explanations for those results are discussed. PMID- 6729014 TI - Potassium-induced depolarizations and generation of tension in barnacle muscle fibres: effects of external calcium, strontium and barium. AB - Potassium-induced contractions were studied in muscle fibres from Megabalanus psittacus (Darwin) in an attempt to establish the requirement of extracellular calcium for the development of force. A sudden elevation of external potassium induced the production of contractures and/or twitches only if calcium was present. In calcium-free solutions no contraction or action potential occurred. When external calcium was replaced by barium, potassium-induced depolarizations accompanied by several action potentials did not generate either contractures or twitches. With strontium in place of calcium, action potentials of different duration were observed. Only the long-lasting ones (a few seconds) induced twitches. PMID- 6729015 TI - Increase in weight and water retention on overfeeding dogs. AB - Dogs, kept in metabolism cages, were weighed daily and the daily water intake, urine volume and evaporative loss of water measured or calculated. When the daily meal was doubled, the weight increased in two phases: during the first 4 d the increase in weight was more than could be accounted for by the deposition of protein, glycogen and fat so that water retention must have occurred; after the fourth day the increase in weight was slower and could have been due to the deposition of solids, without water retention. When carbohydrate was added to the meal either as starch or glucose, the increase in weight in the first 3 d was more than the weight of the added carbohydrate, showing water retention. After the third day the slower increase in weight could be explained by the deposition of solids. When the daily meal was supplemented with fat, increase in weight occurred uniformly throughout the period of overfeeding and was equal to or less than the added fat. There was thus no evidence for water retention. Addition of meat to the daily meal caused an increase in weight larger than the fat and protein of the extra meat. Meat therefore caused water retention. The results indicate that during overfeeding, deposition in the body of protein and glycogen, but not fat, determines water retention. PMID- 6729016 TI - Mitochondrial oxidative enzyme activity in individual fibre types in hypo- and hyperthyroid rat skeletal muscles. AB - Quantitative cytochemical and biochemical techniques have been used in combination to study the response of mitochondrial oxidative enzymes in individual muscle fibre types to hypo- and hyperthyroidism. Hypothyroidism resulted in decreased activity of succinate dehydrogenase (SDH), L-glycerol-3 phosphate dehydrogenase (L-GPDH), and D-3-hydroxybutyrate dehydrogenase (D-HBDH) in all fibre types of both slow-twitch soleus and fast-twitch extensor digitorum longus (e.d.l.) muscles. In hyperthyroidism, only L-GPDH activity increased in e.d.l. but more marked increases were seen in soleus muscles, which also showed increased SDH activity. In addition to these alterations in the enzyme activity in individual fibre types the metabolic profile of the muscle is further modified by the hormone-induced interconversion of slow- to fast-twitch fibres and vice versa. PMID- 6729017 TI - Morphometry of the ultrastructure of the blood-joint barrier in the rabbit knee. AB - The ultrastructure of the barrier to water and solute exchange between blood and a synovial cavity was studied morphometrically in five rabbit knees. The synovial surface consisted of 80% synoviocytes and 20% interstitium in direct contact with synovial fluid. The surface intercellular gaps were wide (0.1-5.5 microns). A rich network of capillaries lay just beneath the surface, the commonest (modal) depth of the capillary perimeter being 5 microns at its nearest point. Of these capillaries, 91% were fenestrated in adipose synovium, 44% in areolar synovium and 21% in posterior synovium; the remainder were continuous capillaries. The number of fenestrae per fenestrated capillary was low (approximately 0.5 micron 1, circumference: approximately 6 microns-2). The fenestrae (width 52 nm; membrane thickness 3-4 nm) occupied approximately 1% of the fenestrated endothelial surface-area. Nuclear segments and intercellular junctions were roughly twice as frequent in continuous capillaries as in fenestrated capillaries of the same circumference, indicating that continuous endothelial cells are of smaller surface area than fenestrated cells. The basement membranes of continuous and fenestrated synovial capillaries were relatively thick (98 and 110 nm respectively), perhaps supporting the synovial endothelium during joint motion. In both fenestrated and continuous capillaries the nuclei were preferentially oriented away from the synovial surface (92 and 67% respectively), which presumably facilitates exchange with the surface. PMID- 6729018 TI - An analysis of the effect of synovial capillary distribution upon trans-synovial concentration profiles and exchange. AB - Recent morphometric studies of synovium lining the rabbit knee showed that capillaries extend to greater than 200 microns below the synovial surface; that a proportion of the superficial capillaries are fenestrated; and that the numerical density of the capillaries varies with depth ( Knight & Levick , 1983, 1984). Such observations raised the question 'Down to what depth do capillaries contribute significantly to the diffusional flux of a small extracellular solute (e.g. sulphate) into the joint cavity?' This problem was addressed by a mathematical model of trans-synovial diffusion. The periarticular tissue was considered as a stack of thin slices (delta chi = 2.5 microns), each of known depth and capillary population. An expression for interstitial concentration normal to the surface was derived from the Fick diffusion equations and the mass balance equation for each slice. Morphometric values were substituted into the area and distance terms of the Fick equation. A range of values was explored for two permeability terms, namely Df/Di (diffusivity across unit fenestral matrix relative to that across unit interstitial matrix) and PS/Q (permeability-surface area product/blood flow for synovial fenestrated capillaries); the ranges lay between the estimated extreme values. Steady-state concentrations and transcapillary fluxes at each depth were obtained by iterative calculation on a microcomputer. The thickness of tissue from which 80% of the joint influx arose (T0.8) was 7-13 microns for diffusion-limited transcapillary exchange (PS/Q = 0.05; Df/Di = 1-0.3); or 9-17 microns for flow-limited exchange (PS/Q = 5; Df/Di = 1-0.03) in areolar synovium, which is the most extensive tissue. The relative independence of the results from the permeability conditions was due to the dominant effect of a peak in capillary density just below the synovial surface. The resistance of the capillary endothelial wall as a fraction of total blood joint barrier resistance was calculated to be 0.18-0.80 in areolar synovium under conditions of diffusion-limited exchange. PMID- 6729019 TI - The enlarged carotid body of the chronically hypoxic and chronically hypoxic and hypercapnic rat: a morphometric analysis. AB - Rats were subjected to chronic hypoxia (10% O2) or hypoxia and hypercapnia (10% O2 + 4% CO2) for 3-4 weeks and their carotid bodies (twenty-three from twenty rats) were compared with those of litter-mate controls. Both chronic exposures, which simulated high altitude or chronic lung disease, caused a 4-10-fold increase in carotid body volume. The larger increases were attributed to higher fixation-perfusion pressures. The organs were fixed by perfusion with glutaraldehyde. Semi-thin (1 micron) sections for light microscopy and ultra-thin sections for electron microscopy were cut at regular intervals and were examined by stereological techniques to determine the nature of the enlargement. The proportion occupied by blood vessels was much increased in both chronic hypoxia and hypoxia plus hypercapnia; the endothelium appeared stretched with conspicuous fenestrations. There were increased numbers of endothelial cells which suggested new growth as well as stretching of endothelium and the mean transectional area of the vessels was increased. The mean surface area of blood vessels per unit area of carotid body was unaltered but the total surface area of blood vessels in the whole carotid body was greatly increased. Both the Type 1 cell nucleus and cytoplasm were increased in size. The proportion nucleus/cytoplasm was unaltered in hypoxia but reduced in hypoxia plus hypercapnia. There were fewer Type 1 cell nuclei per unit area but the estimated total number of Type 1 cell nuclei per carotid body was increased 2-4-fold; this was interpreted as Type 1 cell hyperplasia. Some of the dense-cored vesicles in Type 1 cells were enlarged with eccentric dense cores but their number per unit area of cytoplasm was decreased. Their mean size was not significantly altered. However, the total number of vesicles per carotid body was presumed to be increased because their decreased density in the cell was offset by a greater increase in total Type 1 cell volume. The harmonic and arithmetic mean distances between endothelium and the boundary of glomus tissue were significantly reduced. The harmonic mean distance is an indication of the diffusion distance for gases to and from blood and glomus tissue. The arithmetic mean distance is a measure of the amount of tissue in between. The significance of the vascular enlargement and hyperplasia and the Type 1 cell hyperplasia cannot be assessed at present. We do not know if enlargement is associated with the same, greater, or lesser activity of the organ for a given stimulus. PMID- 6729020 TI - Mammary development and regression during lactation in goats in relation to milk secretion. AB - Mammary development was assessed in lactating goats using a combination of biopsy (for analysis of nucleic acids) and udder volumes (for determination of gross size). Single biopsies were shown to be highly representative of the composition of the whole gland provided that they were taken from carefully selected sites. Results indicated an increase in both milk yield and the size of the mammary cell population ( DNAt ) over the first three weeks of lactation. Yield, but not DNAt , continued to increase until peak lactation at around week eight. As milk yield fell between weeks eight and twenty-three the size of the cell population also decreased; beyond week twenty-three and until week thirty-six DNAt stabilized but yield continued to fall. It is concluded that the first part of the increase in milk yield during ascending (early) lactation in goats can be attributed to proliferation of secretory cells, but subsequently there is an increase in the amount produced by each cell. Likewise, declining lactation is initially characterized by a loss of cells, and yield per cell falls later. PMID- 6729021 TI - Conduction velocity and axonal diameter of alimentary C fibres. AB - Experiments were undertaken to investigate the numerical relationship between the axon diameter and conduction velocity (scaling factor) of non-myelinated axons supplying the duodenum of the sheep and rabbit. Transmission electron microscopy and light microscopy of duodenal nerves showed distinct species differences. In the rabbit, all axons were non-myelinated and three classes of nerves were found each containing axon populations with different diameters. Sheep nerves had a mixed population of non-myelinated axons and contained 5% myelinated axons. There were significantly more Schwann cells containing single axons in sheep nerves than in rabbit nerves. The conduction velocities of functionally identified single afferent units in both species were measured during acute experiments in anaesthetized preparations. For pooled results of five C fibres taken over the temperature range 25-41 degrees C, a linear relationship between conduction velocity and temperature was found: c.v.% = 0. 0114T + 0.317 (c.v.% = ranked conduction velocity; T = temperature (degrees C]. At 39 degrees C a scaling factor between 0.89 and 1.26 is required to convert non-myelinated axon diameter to conduction velocity in duodenal nerves. PMID- 6729022 TI - Calcium action potentials in unfertilized eggs of mice and hamsters. AB - Measurements of membrane potential and resistance have been made in zona-free eggs of mice and hamsters. The mean +/- S.D. values for membrane potential were 91 +/- 28 mV (mouse) and -97 +/- 29 mV (hamster) and for input resistance were 430 +/- 230 M omega (mouse) and 410 +/- 150 M omega (hamster) respectively. Large fluctuations (20 mV) of membrane potential occurred apparently at random and these were accompanied by changes of membrane resistance. Depolarizing current pulses passed through the recording micro-electrode evoked action potentials in eggs of both species. The threshold for excitation was about -50 mV, the maximum rate of rise of the action potential was about 3 V.s-1 and its peak value was about +13 mV. Action potentials could be evoked in eggs bathed in sodium-free solution or in normal solution containing tetrodotoxin (3 microM). The presence of cobalt (5-20 mM), lanthanum (1 mM) or verapamil (200-400 microM) in the bathing solution suppressed the action potential. Raising the extracellular calcium concentration from 4 to 40 mM increased the peak value of the action potential by 25 mV. It is concluded that the plasma membranes of mouse and hamster eggs have voltage-dependent calcium channels. PMID- 6729023 TI - Recurrent inhibition: a recurring misinterpretation. PMID- 6729024 TI - Biological studies with continuous-wave radiofrequency (28 MHz) radiation. AB - Effects of high-frequency (28 MHz) continuous-wave radiation have been studied in the rat and monkey. No histopathological (rat-125 mW cm-2 for 28 days) or hematological (monkey-25 mW cm-2 for 24 days) changes could be attributed to the radiation. In the monkey (125 mW cm-2 for 11 days) there was an increase in urinary calcium concentration which was most likely due to restricted movement. In the rat (220 mW cm-2 for 13 days) there was reduced uptake of iodine by the thyroid, lower levels of plasma thyroid-stimulating hormone, and reduced ratio of protein bound to nonprotein bound iodine. Food consumption was also decreased. The changes are likely to have arisen as a compensatory response to an induced heat load. A nonthermal effect of continuous-wave high-frequency radiation has not been shown in this study. The effects were likely to be associated with either physiological compensation for induced heating or restriction of movement. PMID- 6729025 TI - Improved preferential tumor hyperthermia with regional heating and systemic blood cooling: a balanced heat transfer method. AB - Absorption of power in large body volumes can occur with some approaches used for hyperthermia treatment of cancer. A systemic heat absorption rate exceeding the heat dissipation rate can lead to systemic temperature elevation that limits the magnitude and duration of application of power and hence the degree of preferential tumor temperature rise. We describe a hyperthermia approach consisting of regional electromagnetic power absorption and extracorporeal blood cooling with regulation of both systemic heat absorption and dissipation rates ("balanced heat transfer"). A test of this approach in five dogs with nonperfused tumor models demonstrated intratumoral temperatures greater than 42 degrees C, while systemic temperature remained at 33 degrees C and visceral temperatures within the heated region equilibrated between 33 and 42 degrees C. Solutions of the bioheat transfer equation were obtained for a simplified model with a tumor perfusion rate lower than surrounding normal tissue perfusion rate. In this model, the use of arterial blood temperatures less than 37 degrees C allowed higher power densities to be used, for given normal tissue temperatures, than when arterial temperature was greater than or equal to 37 degrees C. As a result, higher intratumoral temperatures were predicted. Control of arterial blood temperature using extracorporeal cooling may thus (1) limit systemic temperature rise produced by regional heating devices and (2) offer a means of improving intratumoral temperature elevations. PMID- 6729026 TI - Properties of antibodies to thymine glycol, a product of the radiolysis of DNA. AB - Anti-thymine glycol antibodies were elicited by immunizing rabbits with thymine glycol monophosphate (TMP-glycol) conjugated by carbodiimide to BSA. The antibodies produced are specific for thymine glycol as measured by immunoprecipitation of TMP-glycol-RSA conjugates and hapten inhibition of reactivity with OsO4-treated DNA in an enzyme immunoassay. Using the enzyme immunoassay, the antibody is capable of detecting femtomole and picomole levels of thymine glycol in direct and competitive assays, respectively. This immunochemical assay is potentially suitable for measuring the production and repair of thymine glycol damage in cellular DNA. PMID- 6729027 TI - The induction of chromosome aberrations in human lymphocytes by in vitro irradiation with beta particles from tritiated water. AB - The yields of unstable chromosome aberrations induced in human lymphocytes by beta particles from tritiated water ( HTO ) have been measured. HTO was mixed with heparinized blood in various amounts so that doses of 0.25 to 7.0 Gy were delivered in 20 min and 1.5 and 2.5 hr. After culturing for 48 hr, the dicentric yield was measured as a function of dose to the blood and compared with data previously reported for X rays. Using a linear-quadratic dose-effect relation to fit the experimental data, a significant linear contribution was found. The main difference between the coefficients for beta and X radiation is in the alpha values, indicating that HTO beta rays are more efficient, particularly at lower doses, in producing two lesions with a single ionizing track. In accord with the theory of dual radiation, the RBE of HTO beta particles relative to X rays is 2.6 at 0.25 Gy and decreases with increasing dose. When the number of cells without aberrations is plotted against radiation dose, a curve is obtained which is similar in shape to those from human cell survival experiments. PMID- 6729028 TI - Increased yields of exchanges but not of deletions in X-irradiated human peripheral lymphocytes following phytohemagglutinin stimulation. AB - We have irradiated human peripheral lymphocytes after various intervals of phytohemagglutin stimulation to determine the time course for exchange induction and to determine whether or not deletion yields increase with increasing intervals of stimulation. We found no increase in deletion yields for intervals up to 12 hr, and rings and dicentric yields increased by about 60% in the interval between 0 and 6 hr but then reached a plateau. We also measured induced unscheduled DNA synthesis during the same interval and found it generally increased during the first 6 hr like exchange yields, but then tended to decrease again. PMID- 6729029 TI - The effect of X irradiation on the progression of mouse 10T1/2 cells released from density-inhibited cultures. AB - When mouse C3H 10T1/2 cells were allowed to reach the density-inhibited plateau phase of growth, 0-3% of the cells were in the S phase as determined by pulse labeling indices and about 90% of cells were in the G1 phase as determined by flow microfluorometry (FMF). Density-inhibited cultures were exposed to moderate doses of X ray: immediately after X irradiation the cultures were trypsinized and the cells were subcultured at low density in fresh medium. FMF profiles and pulse and continuous-labeling indices were studied. It was determined by pulse-labeling indices that the cell population which was released from the plateau-phase cultures remained in the G1 phase longer than the duration of the normal G1 phase in exponentially growing cells. When plateau-phase cultures were irradiated with 400 rad before subculture, the cells moved into the S phase approximately 4 hr later than did nonirradiated cells. Despite the G1/S delay, both irradiated and nonirradiated cell populations showed a similar rate of progression through the S phase. As determined by cumulative labeling indices, the fraction of cells which remained in G1 up to 120 hr post-subculture (G1 block) increased linearly with X ray doses. There was no measurable X-ray-induced G1 delay or G1 block in cells irradiated after subculture at the G1/S border during semi-synchronous growth. PMID- 6729030 TI - Response to fission neutron irradiation of spermatogonial stem cells in different stages of the cycle of the seminiferous epithelium. AB - Mice were irradiated with 1 Gy of fission neutrons. At intervals up to 15 days after irradiation undifferentiated spermatogonia were counted in whole mounts of seminiferous tubules in up to eight stages of the epithelial cycle. From Day 6 onward lower numbers of spermatogonia were found in the areas which were in stages IV-VII during irradiation than in those which were in stages IX-II. Minimal numbers in the former area were two to six times lower than those in the latter one. Areas which were in stages III or VIII gave intermediate values. It is concluded that the epithelial cycle can be divided into two parts with a different response to irradiation, that begin or end in stages III and VIII. Part III-VIII and part VIII-III comprise 45 and 55% of the epithelial cycle, respectively. In part VIII-III control levels were found again at Day 15, while in part III-VIII spermatogonial numbers were still very low. In controls it was found that part VIII-III corresponds to a period of high proliferative activity of the stem cells, while in part III-VIII the proliferative activity is very low. This may affect their radiosensitivity and/or their proliferative behavior after irradiation, resulting in different spermatogonial numbers in the two parts of the epithelial cycle. Unlike in normal epithelium, after irradiation giant cells, odd-numbered clones (not containing 2" cells), and clones of Apr and Aal , in which the composing cells clump together, were observed. PMID- 6729031 TI - Effects of 89Sr on the production and maturation of small lymphocytes bearing surface immunoglobulin, Fc, and complement receptors in mice. AB - Ten-week-old C57B1/6J mice were given an intraperitoneal injection of 100 microCi radiostrontium (89Sr). One and two weeks following injection, the cellular composition of marrow and spleen was examined for cellularity, types of lymphoid cells, and incidences of small lymphocytes bearing sIgM, FcR, and CR. Strontium 89 treatment yielded a significant cell depletion in marrow, whereas spleen cellularity initially increased before returning to normal level in the second week. The increase in spleen cellularity was showed by pulse DNA labeling to be due to local production and not to influx from elsewhere. The percentage of medium and large lymphocytes, precursors of small lymphocytes, increased from 4% in the control spleen to 22% in the 89Sr-treated spleen. The incidences of small lymphocytes bearing sIgM, FcR, and CR were lower than normal levels with the exception of a substantial increase of FcR+ small lymphocytes in the spleen 2 weeks following 89Sr injection. Double-labeling studies, combining rosetting for surface receptors and DNA labeling for cell age, showed that small lymphocytes bearing sIgM, FcR, and CR form part of the major population of indigenous rapidly renewed cells in 89Sr-treated spleen. PMID- 6729032 TI - Coulter volume cell sorting to improve the precision of radiation survival assays. AB - A new method for measuring cell survival at low doses of ionizing radiation has been developed through the use of flow cytometric cell sorting on the basis of Coulter volume signals. The cell sorter is capable of deflecting a precisely known number of cells directly into culture dishes, thus eliminating any errors associated with cell dilution and volume sampling. The use of Coulter volume signals as the sorting parameter is shown to be noncytotoxic for a variety of cell lines. Comparison of radiation survival curves measured above the 10% survival level by either the cell sorter or standard dilution assay demonstrates the increased precision of the cell sorter technique . Because of these advantages of cell sorting over conventional methods of plating cells, this technique has many applications in the field of radiation biology and other studies of cell survival. PMID- 6729033 TI - Radiation doses and LET distributions of cosmic rays. AB - Among cosmic rays, the heavy nuclei ( HZE particles) like iron provide the dominant contribution to the dose equivalent during exposures in space. The LET distributions and radiation doses of cosmic-ray components have been calculated- with and without the quality factors--for a set of shielding and tissue self shielding penetration depths. The relative contributions of heavy ions among solar flare particles to the dose equivalent are also explored. The transport calculations of the nuclei in air, shielding materials, and biological tissue like material were carried out using the partial and total nuclear cross-section equations and nuclear propagation codes of Silberberg and Tsao . Outside the magnetosphere , at solar minimum, the product of the unshielded dose and the quality factors of cosmic-ray protons and heavy nuclei with atomic number Z greater than or equal to 6 are about 5 and 47 rem/year, respectively. With 4 g/cm2 aluminum shielding and at a depth of 5 cm in a biological phantom of 30 cm diameter, the respective values of the dose equivalents are about 4 and 11 rem/year. Due to the hard spectrum of cosmic rays, the attenuation of protons thus is relatively modest, while that of heavy nuclei is larger due to the larger interaction cross section. The dose equivalent of neutrons in the shielded case mentioned above is similar to that of protons. The biological risks are tentatively assessed in terms of the BEIR 1980 report. Uncertainties in risks due to possible large RBE values at low doses of high-LET radiation and due to the microbeam nature of damage by heavy ions are pointed out. Certain experiments and studies by radiobiologists are suggested for reducing the uncertainties in the estimates of the risks. PMID- 6729034 TI - Action spectra for inactivation of dry phage T1 after monochromatic (150-254 nm) synchrotron irradiation in the presence and absence of photoreactivation and dark repair. AB - Dry phage T1 was irradiated with monochromatic uv radiation (150-254 nm) in vacuo. The inactivation sensitivity was highest at 150 nm. On Escherichia coli Bs 1, the phage inactivation sensitivity was two and four times higher at 150 nm than at 254 and 230 nm, respectively. Action spectra for phage inactivation on both E. coli B and Bs-1 fit the absorption spectrum of phage DNA, except around 190 nm. The host-cell- reactivable fraction for vacuum-uv radiation (below 190 nm) was smaller than that with far-uv radiation. There was almost no photoreactivation at 150 nm, in contrast to a photoreactivation sector of about 0.3 at 254 nm. PMID- 6729035 TI - Radiosensitization by derivatives of isoindole-4,7-dione. AB - New derivatives of isoindole -4,7-dione have been synthesized and their radiation sensitization and chemical behavior have been studied. One-electron reduction potentials have been determined by pulse radiolysis and found to be in the range of -0.45 to -0.36 V vs NHE . Radiosensitization effects were tested in vivo using soft tissue sarcoma transplanted in mice. All the isoindole -4,7-diones tested were found to exert considerable radiosensitization, approaching that of misonidazole tested under comparable conditions. The derivatives which contain a carbethoxy group on the pyrrolic ring were found to have more positive reduction potentials and to act as more efficient sensitizers. Further development of this class of radiosensitizers is underway. PMID- 6729036 TI - DNA repair kinetics in mammalian cells following split-dose irradiation. AB - The in situ DNA repair kinetics in intracerebral 9L tumor cells and cerebellar neurons following the second of two 1250- or 2500-rad doses separated by various times have been measured using alkaline sucrose gradients in zonal rotors. For both doses and all times employed, both cell types exhibited biphasic kinetics similar to those observed after single doses. When the two doses were separated by less than 2 hr in neurons (1 hr for tumor cells), the half-time (T1/2) of the slow phase was faster than that expected based on the amount of damage present and remained constant until the observed T1/2 coincided with the expected T1/2. When repair of the damage produced by the first dose was complete, the slow phase after the second dose exhibited the same T1/2 as after a single dose. These results suggest that the accessibility of a fraction of the chromatin is altered for a finite period during the repair process, and upon completion of repair is returned to a state indistinguishable from that existing prior to irradiation. PMID- 6729037 TI - Quantification of morphologic, cytologic, and kinetic parameters of unirradiated swine skin: a histologic model. AB - The gross changes of erythema and desquamation produced by irradiation indicate population and functional variations occurring in the epidermis, microvasculature, and dermis. However, the parameters do not distinguish the individual population kinetics. This study determines multiple histologic and cell kinetic parameters of unirradiated swine skin. The prickle cell layer exists as a shell three to six cells thick. The proliferative basal layer exists as a confluent monolayer with 2031 +/- 48 cells/cm; it has a growth fraction of 1, an average cell generation time of 12.3 +/- 2.4 days, a TS of 9.4 +/- 2.9 hr, and a TS + T1/2M of 17 to 19 hr. The labeling index is 3.9 +/- 0.1% with a diurnal variation having a 5% peak at 1800 hr and a 2.5% nadir at 0900-1100 hr. The mitotic index varies from 1.7 to 3.2% and has no clear-cut diurnal variation. These values are similar to those available for man. These data and those published previously are utilized to define a histologic model of the irradiated epidermal cell renewal system. These measured values are compared with those derived from analysis of available time-dose isoeffect data using a single-hit multitarget and a linear-quadratic model. The derived dose-survival curve is steeper with a D0 between 97 and 255 rad compared to the measured value of 337 rad. PMID- 6729038 TI - Induction of oncogenic transformation by low doses of X rays and dose-rate effect. AB - Golden hamster embryo cells were used to study morphological transformation induced by low doses of X rays at different dose rates. X irradiation at lower dose rates was less effective in cell killing and induction of transformation than at higher dose rates. The general shapes of induction curves of transformants were almost the same at all dose rates. At shoulder doses (1 to 150 R), the transformation frequencies increased steeply with increasing dose at all dose rates. At doses higher than 150 R survivals declined exponentially, but the frequencies of transformants increased only slightly. However, irradiation at higher dose rates was more effective in induction of transformants than that at lower dose rates. We conclude that transformational damage introduced at a low dose rate, as well as sublethal damage, may be repaired during low-dose-rate irradiation, but transformational damage may be different from sublethal damage. PMID- 6729039 TI - Comparative studies on the lysosomal association of monomeric 239Pu and 241Am in rat and Chinese hamster liver: analysis with sucrose, metrizamide, and Percoll density gradients of subcellular binding as dependent on time. AB - The binding of 239Pu and 241Am in the livers of Chinese hamsters and rats was analyzed by centrifugation of a mitochondrial-lysosomal fraction in sucrose, metrizamide, and Percoll density gradients at intervals between 4 and 70 days after nuclide injection. The behavior of 239Pu and 241Am during the centrifugation experiments was very similar. In contrast to the results for rats, the median densities of the nuclide profiles from hamsters decrease with time in hyperosmolar sucrose gradients, as does the nuclide fraction liberated by addition of Triton X-100, and the nuclide profiles do not respond typically to Triton WR 1339 treatment of the animals. The results with nearly iso- osmolar metrizamide gradients, together with those for Percoll, agree with the assumption that there is an initial lysosomal association of the transuranium elements. It was concluded from the results that the major fraction of 239Pu and 241Am remained bound to typical lysosomes in rat liver, whereas those in hamster liver may be transformed into telolysosomes . Possibly, a vesicular biliary transport system for certain heavy metals, for which evidence exists in rat liver, does not occur in Chinese hamster liver. PMID- 6729041 TI - Neutron RBEs for mouse skin at low doses per fraction. AB - The effect of low doses of 240 kVp X rays or of 3 MeV neutrons has been investigated using skin reactions on mouse feet as the biological system. Eight or nine repeated small doses of radiation were used, followed by graded "top-up" doses to bring the reactions into a detectable range. By comparing dose-response curves, the RBE has been determined for neutron doses per fraction ranging from 0.25-1.0 Gy. The data are consistent with a limiting RBE of between 7 and 10 at very low doses. A review of other published RBE values for low doses per fraction shows a wide range of RBEs . Very few studies show a plateau value for the RBE. These findings are more consistent with dose-response data that fit a linear quadratic model than with a multitarget single-hit model. PMID- 6729040 TI - The relative biological effectiveness in V79 Chinese hamster cells of the neutron capture reactions in boron and nitrogen. AB - V79 Chinese hamster cells were irradiated in the presence of different amounts of boric acid with thermal neutrons at the Medical Research Reactor at Brookhaven National Laboratory. From the linear dose-survival curves observed, a D0 value of 66 rad for the 10B(n, alpha) 7Li neutron capture reaction was obtained. No dependence of this value on the concentration of boric acid was found. Comparing this value to the D0 value of 150 rad obtained with 250 kVp X rays between 10 and 0.01% survival, an extrapolated RBE value of 2.3 was calculated. By irradiation of the same line of cells with cold neutrons at the Institut Laue - Langevin , a D0 value for the 14N(n,p)14C reaction of 77 rad was obtained, with a corresponding RBE value of 1.9. Comparison is made with previously published RBE values for the 10B(n, alpha) 7Li reaction. PMID- 6729042 TI - Exposure to pretreatment hypothermia as a determinant of heat killing. AB - When Chinese hamster ovary (CHO) cells were exposed to 22 degrees C for 2 hr prior to 42.4 degrees C hyperthermia, neither the shoulder region of the survival curve nor the characteristic development of thermotolerance after 3-4 hr of heating were observed. Absolute cell survival after 4 hr at 42.4 degrees C was decreased by a factor of between 10 and 100 (depending on the rate of heating of nonprecooled controls). Conditioning at 30 degrees C for 2 hr, 26 degrees C for 2 hr, or 22 degrees C for 20 min followed by heating to 42.4 degrees C over 30 min did not result in sensitization. Prolonged (16 hr) conditioning at 30 degrees C, however, increased the cytotoxicity of immediate exposure to 41.4 or 45 degrees C with maximum sensitization to 45 degrees C occurring after 6 hr at 30 degrees C. Both 3- and 18-hr pretreatments at 30 degrees C similarly increased the cytotoxicity of 45-41.5 degrees C step-down heating (D0 = 28 min in precooled versus 40 min in nonprecooled cells). PMID- 6729043 TI - The sedimentation coefficient and buoyant density of nucleosomes from replicating chromatin in heated cells. AB - The sedimentation coefficient and buoyant density of mononucleosomes from the replicating chromatin of heated (45 degrees) and unheated HeLa cells were determined. It was observed that both physical parameters were the same (S = 10.8 and p = 1.165 g/cm3) for nucleosome particles from replicating and mature chromatin in heated and unbeated cells. The size of DNA in the nascent and mature nucleosome from heated or unheated cells was observed to be 145 base pairs of double-stranded DNA. A significant fraction of nucleosomal DNA from heated cells was observed at subnucleosomal sizes, principally at 125 base pairs of DNA. It is concluded that 45 degrees thermal shock does not alter appreciably the subunit structure of chromatin at the replication fork. PMID- 6729044 TI - Radiation-induced renal damage: the effects of hyperfractionation. AB - The response of mouse kidneys to multifraction irradiation was assessed using three nondestructive functional end points. A series of schedules was investigated giving 1, 2, 4, 8, 16, 32, or 64 equal X-ray doses, using doses per fraction in the range of 0.9 to 16 Gy. The overall treatment time was kept constant at 3 weeks. Kidney function was assessed from 19 to 48 weeks after irradiation by measuring changes in isotope clearance, urine output, and hematocrit. The degree of anemia (assessed from the hematocrit measurements) is a newly developed assay which is an early indicator of the extent of renal damage after irradiation. All three assays yielded steep dose-effect curves from which the repair capacity of kidney could be estimated by comparing the isoeffective doses in different schedules. There was a marked influence of fractionation, with increasing dose being required to achieve the same level of damage for increasing fraction number, even between 32 and 64 fractions. The data are well fitted by a linear quadratic dose-response equation, and analysis of the data in this way yields low values (approximately 3.0 Gy) for the ratio alpha/beta. This would suggest that hyperfractionation , using extremely small X-ray doses per fraction, would spare kidneys relative to tumors and acutely responding tissues. PMID- 6729046 TI - The analysis of chromosomally aberrant cells based on beta-binomial distribution. AB - Analysis carried out here generalized on earlier studies of chromosomal aberrations in the populations of Hiroshima and Nagasaki, by allowing extrabinomial variation in aberrant cell counts corresponding to within-subject correlations in cell aberrations. Strong within-subject correlations were detected with corresponding standard errors for the average number of aberrant cells that were often substantially larger than was previously assumed. The extrabinomial variation is accommodated in the analysis in the present report, as described in the section on dose-response models, by using a beta-binomial (beta B) variance structure. It is emphasized that we have generally satisfactory agreement between the observed and the beta-B fitted frequencies by city-dose category. The chromosomal aberration data considered here are not extensive enough to allow a precise discrimination between competing dose-response models. PMID- 6729045 TI - Regional hyperthermia by magnetic induction in a beagle dog model: analysis of thermal dosimetry. AB - We have investigated magnetic induction heating techniques for achieving normal tissue hyperthermia in a beagle dog model to clarify the physics and physiology of "regional heating," to develop an animal model of regional heating in humans, and to develop a method of rapid regional heating in dogs for a normal visceral tissue toxicity study. Heating was done with a concentric coil or a coaxial pair of coils applied to the abdominal region, and with or without surface cooling blankets in each case. Thermometers were placed at multiple visceral and subcutaneous sites including an intraarterial thermocouple at the aortic arch level. With either electrode arrangement and no surface cooling, whole-body hyperthermia ( WBH ) at 42 degrees C was produced within 30 to 55 min with 250 W applied power; the 42 degrees C state could be maintained with 40 to 60 W of power. Thermal gradients in these cases reflected nonuniform power deposition superimposed upon arterial temperature elevation. With surface cooling blankets added, systemic heating was significantly reduced, and temperature gradients again reflected the nonuniform power deposition. Regional heating in a dog produces WBH unless sufficient surface cooling is used to provide a heat dissipation rate balancing the heat absorption rate; this latter case best models the use of inductive techniques in humans. The coaxial pair of coils, without surface cooling, produced rapid WBH and the visceral temperature maximum and minimum were within Tesoph + 0.21 degrees C and Tesoph - 0.07 degrees C, respectively (95% confidence index; Tesoph = esophageal temperature). This is an appropriate technique for the proposed toxicity study. PMID- 6729047 TI - Morphological response and survival of hepatoma cells during fractionated hyperthermia: effect of glycerol. AB - Reuber H35 rat hepatoma cells rounded and became spherical during hyperthermia at 42.5 degrees C. When returned to 37 degrees C, the cells recovered and spread out again. As soon as the cells had recovered from the morphologically expressed stress, they expressed tolerance to a second hyperthermia treatment as measured by the same end point. Fractionated hyperthermia made the cells thermotolerant as judged by both the morphological and the cell survival response. Glycerol protected the cells against heat damage as measured by less morphological alteration and decreased cell lethality. Protection depended on the glycerol concentration and maximal protection was observed at 6-8%. After heating in the presence of 7% glycerol, cells expressed thermotolerance at an earlier time than in the absence of glycerol, although the rates of development were approximately similar. Cell survival data and morphological responses showed good correlation. PMID- 6729048 TI - Radiation-induced DNA damage and cellular lethality in cultured mammalian cells. AB - X ray-induced DNA scissions and their repair were studied by an alkaline separation method. DNA damage in Chinese hamster V79 cells was assigned to one of three groups based on a repair profile previously used for mouse L5178Y cells: fast-reparable (T1/2 = 5 min), slow-reparable (T1/2 = 70 min), and nonreparable . The three kinds damage were investigated in relation to cellular lethality under conditions where radiosensitivity of cultured cells was modified: (1) different sensitivity in different cell lines, (2) cell cycle fluctuation of radiosensitivity, and (3) recovery after split-dose irradiation. Among the three types of lesions, only nonreparable damage or remaining lesions showed correlation to cell killing. The parallel relationship between nonreparable damage and cell killing implies that this type of damage could play an important role in radiation-induced cell death. PMID- 6729049 TI - The cell cycle dependence of thermotolerance. II. CHO cells heated at 45.0 degrees C. AB - This report extends our investigations of the cell cycle dependence of the expression of thermotolerance to include tolerance expressed by Chinese hamster ovary (CHO) cells exposed to 45.0 degrees C hyperthermia. We examined the response of asynchronous cells following exposure at 45.0 degrees C. A maximum in thermotolerance under these conditions was reached approximately 12 hr after a 15 min exposure to 45.0 degrees C hyperthermia and progressively decreased thereafter. Cells were delayed in S and G2 phase for 24 hr, after which time cell growth resumed. We then characterized the response of CHO cell populations synchronized in G1 or early or late S phase. We observed that the expression of tolerance depended on the position of cells in the cell cycle and was modulated by changes in the sensitivity of cells as they progressed through the cell cycle subsequent to the tolerance induction dose. We measured the variation in the sensitivity of these cells to 45.0 degrees C hyperthermia throughout the cell cycle and found substantial changes as cells progressed through S phase. Cells in early S phase were the most sensitive to heat at this temperature, and as these cells progressed through S phase, they became progressively more resistant. In addition, G1 cells were delayed for approximately 15 to 18 hr by a 15-min, 45.0 degrees C heat pulse, whereas S-phase cells were delayed to a lesser extent. The data presented in this report suggest that the induction of thermotolerance is relatively non-cell-cycle specific, but the magnitude of expression of tolerance depends on the position of cells in the cell cycle at the time of the subsequent challenge heat dose. PMID- 6729050 TI - Comparison of the induction of pulmonary neoplasms in Sprague-Dawley rats by fission neutrons and radon daughters. AB - Pulmonary carcinomas were recorded in a life-span experiment of male Sprague Dawley rats exposed to fission neutrons. Mortality-corrected prevalences are obtained by the method of isotonic regression. In a second part of the paper a comparison is made with data obtained earlier for radon-daughter inhalations in the same strain of rats. A simultaneous maximum likelihood analysis is applied jointly to all experimental groups from the radon inhalation and the fission neutron study. The dependence of the resulting coefficients for the different groups on absorbed dose or inhalation dose permits a derivation of equivalence ratios. At low doses the equivalence ratio is 3 WLM (working level months) of radon-daughter exposure to 1 mGy of fission neutrons. At higher doses the equivalence ratio decreases. The neutron data are also utilized to derive mortality-corrected lifetime incidences of pulmonary carcinomas in the exposed animals. At low doses the relation is consistent with linearity, but sublinearity (dose exponent less than 1) cannot be excluded. PMID- 6729051 TI - Hypoxic fraction determinations with the BA1112 rat sarcoma: variation within and among assay techniques. AB - Measurement of the hypoxic fraction in the same tumor system by different assay techniques often gives incompatible results. The hypoxic fraction of the BA1112 sarcoma has been measured by three assay techniques: tumor control and growth delay assays in which the tumors remain in situ after irradiation, and paired survival curve assays in which the tumors are excised after irradiation. The assays were done with and without anesthesia on tumors growing in two different subcutaneous sites. Anesthesia of the hosts produced a statistically significant decrease in the calculated hypoxic fraction in a tumor control assay, but not in a paired survival assay. The excision assays gave consistently higher hypoxic fraction estimates than either the tumor control or growth delay assays. Some of the factors which could produce higher hypoxic fractions in excision assays than in in situ assays are discussed. Interpretation of the results was complicated by disagreements between the growth delay and tumor control assays, and by disparities between replicate determinations. The discrepancies among assays are caused almost entirely by variations in the response of the artificially hypoxic tumors, rather than variations in the response of aerobic tumors. These results indicate that assumptions commonly made when measuring hypoxic fractions may not be valid. PMID- 6729052 TI - Effect of laser microbeam irradiation of the nucleus on the cleavage of mouse eggs in culture. AB - Two-cell mouse eggs were irradiated by a helium-cadmium laser on a spot of about 4 micron2 (d = 2.2 micron) in one or both nuclei either continuously or repeatedly at 0.36 erg micron-2 sec-1 and then cultured to observe cellular development. After exposing one nucleus to the microbeam to five or seven 1-sec pulses (1.80 or 2.52 ergs micron-2, respectively), about 45% developed to the 3 cell stage in 24 hr of culture. In overnight cultures of the 2-cell eggs in which both nuclei were irradiated for 9 or 20 sec continuously, 40 (9 sec) and 50% (20 sec) of the eggs remained at the 2-cell stage, while 45 (9 sec) and 25% (20 sec) developed to the 4-cell stage. Irradiating only one nucleus in a 2-cell egg by seven pulses in a spot of 4 micron2 amounting to 10 ergs reduced cleavage 45%. When both nuclei were each irradiated by a 9-sec continuous laser beam (totaling 13 ergs), about 40% of the embryos of the 2-cell stage did not divide. The effect of seven pulses on the blastomere cleavage of 2-cell mouse eggs appeared to be comparable to that of continuous 9-sec laser irradiation. Both pulse and continuous laser microirradiation methods may be developed for inactivation of the nucleus as a nonpipetting , less injurious method for enucleation of mammalian eggs. PMID- 6729054 TI - Some effects of random dose measurement errors on analyses of atomic bomb survivor data. AB - The effects of random dose measurement errors on analyses of atomic bomb survivor data are described and quantified for several analytical procedures. It is found that the ways in which measurement error is most likely to mislead are through downward bias in the estimated regression coefficients and through distortion of the shape of the dose-response curve. The magnitude of the bias and the power for testing the hypothesis of no effect are evaluated for several dose treatments including the use of grouped and ungrouped data, analyses with and without substituting 600 rad for estimated doses exceeding this value, and analyses which exclude doses exceeding 200 rad. The calculations are based on a model in which the error distributions are assumed to be log normal with standard deviations that are 0, 30, and 50%, respectively, of the true dose values. Results are limited to a dose-response function which is linear on total dose. It is found that the commonly applied practice of substituting 600 rad for doses exceeding this value definitely reduces bias in the presence of error. Restricting analyses to doses less than 200 rad reduces bias even more but at the price of considerable loss of power. Both the bias and the power for analyses based on grouped data are very close to the respective bias and power with ungrouped data. PMID- 6729053 TI - Chromosome aberrations induced in human lymphocytes by D-T neutrons. AB - Unstable chromosome aberrations induced by in vitro irradiation with D-T neutrons have been analyzed in human blood lymphocytes. With respect to 250 kVp X rays a maximum limiting RBE at low doses of 4.1 was obtained for dicentric aberrations. Using aberrations as markers in mixed cultures of irradiated and unirradiated cells permits an assessment of interphase death plus mitotic delay. The low-dose RBE for this effect is 2.5. Assuming all unstable aberrations observed at metaphase would lead to cell death by nondisjunction allows an assessment of mitotic death. The low-dose RBE for this effect is 4.5. The data are compared with similar work obtained earlier with 242Cm alpha particles. The application of the present work to cytogenetic assessment of dose after accidental exposure to D T neutrons is discussed. PMID- 6729055 TI - Gamma radiation as a probe of chromatin structure: damage to and repair of active chromatin in the metaphase chromosome. AB - Cobalt-60 gamma radiation has been employed as a means of preferentially damaging actively transcribing chromatin within interphase and metaphase Chinese hamster V79-379 lung fibroblasts. The single-strand size distribution and break frequency of bulk 3H-labeled DNA have been compared to those same parameters for active sequences, i.e., sequences complementary to 125I-labeled poly(A+)RNA. The results show that (a) sequences active during interphase are more sensitive than inactive sequences to single-strand break formation by gamma radiation even when the chromatin is condensed in metaphase, (b) repair of strand breaks in the bulk DNA is slower in metaphase than in interphase cells, but (c) during metaphase, repair is faster in active sequences than in the bulk DNA. Furthermore, this study demonstrates that chromatin structure can be probed within intact cells by a method which circumvents isolation of nuclei or chromatin and the use of exogenous nucleases. PMID- 6729056 TI - Multiphasic survival response of a radioresistant lepidopteran insect cell line. AB - TN-368 lepidopteran insect cells display a multiphasic survival response in both air and nitrogen. In each case the survival curve is characterized by an initial small- shouldered component having a steep slope, a plateau or broad- shouldered region near the 0.1 survival level, and finally a shallow slope component. The D0, Dq, and n values for the initial steep slope component in air and nitrogen are, respectively, 65.7 Gy, 9.0 Gy, and 1.2, and 104.4 Gy, 28.8 Gy, and 1.3. The oxygen enhancement ratio (OER) for this portion of the curve is 1.6. The D0, Dq, and n values for the shallow slope component in air and nitrogen are, respectively, 130.2 Gy,--36.1 Gy, and 0.8, and 226.8 Gy, 121.0 Gy, and 1.7. The OER for this portion of the curve is 1.7. The D0 values for each slope and the width of the plateau region all increase proportionally for the nitrogen curve over that of air, the OER being approximately the same for both curve components. A similar multiphasic response was observed at dose rates of 202, 49.6, and 9.1 Gy/min. In addition, the survival of cells which had previously been irradiated with a dose well into the logarithmic region of the more resistant shallow slope portion of the curve retained a multiphasic response. Although cell cycle variations in radiosensitivity may contribute slightly to the response, an inducible or activated repair process would be consistent with the results. PMID- 6729057 TI - Radiation response of "clonogenic" tumor cell release from NFSA2ALM1 tumors. AB - A newly developed "clonogenic" tumor cell release assay was applied to a transplantable spontaneous mouse fibrosarcoma, NFSA2ALM1 , growing in the leg. The tumors 32 days after transplantation (3400 mm3) released 36 "clonogenic" tumor cells per hour into the blood circulation. After irradiation of the leg tumors, the "clonogenic" tumor cell release rate declined in 1 day to a minimum, and remained low during the following several days. The dose-response curve for the "clonogenic" tumor cell release determined 1 day after local irradiation of the tumors showed a D0 of 3.8 Gy. PMID- 6729058 TI - [Fluorometric analysis of the formation and repair of DNA breaks in irradiated cells]. AB - A study was made of the dependence of the fluorescence of ethidium bromide upon NaOH concentration after staining of single- and double-strand DNA fragments. The possibility of the fluorometric estimation of the share of double-stranded DNA in cell lysates was demonstrated. The method of fluorometry was used to study the dose dependence of a change in the share of double-stranded DNA in the irradiated thymocytes and Ehrlich ascites carcinoma cells which permitted to determine the appearance and repair of DNA breaks in these cells. PMID- 6729059 TI - [Induction of double-strand DNA breaks in rat bone marrow cells by X-radiation]. AB - The method of sedimentation in a neutral sucrose gradient was used to study double-stranded DNA in a total population of rat bone marrow cells. As a result of cell lysis in neutral conditions the fragments of double--stranded DNA were formed having the molecular mass of (3 +/- 0.3) X 10(9)D. A study was made of the dynamics of accumulation of DNA double-strand breaks after irradiation of a cell suspension. It was shown that the yield of double-strand breaks and the ratio between single- and double--strand breaks in bone marrow cells were similar to those of cultured L5178Y cells. PMID- 6729060 TI - [Factors which determine the oxygen status of ascites tumors]. AB - A study was made of the oxygen status of cells of an Ehrlich ascites tumor at different stages of its development. Radiosensitivity of the tumor cells was determined with a reference to the yield of micronuclei. It was shown that the major role in the ascites tumor oxygenation is played by its volume rather than cellularity. PMID- 6729061 TI - [Radiosensitive mutants of yeast-Saccharomyces with disruptions in the cell division cycle. Cell inactivation by restrictive temperature, ultra-violet and ionizing radiation in relation to the passage of the generated cycle]. AB - Three thermo- and radiosensitive mutants of yeast-Saccharomyces were used to study cell inactivation under the effect of elevated temperature, UV-light, and ionizing radiation. The forms of cell inactivation were shown to be identical with all the factors under study and to resemble lethal "terminal phenotypes" of Hartwell cds mutants. It is suggested that the cell division cycle is blocked due to the disorders in the system of gene product synthesis and not to defects in the enzymes themselves. PMID- 6729062 TI - [Use of multicellular spheroids in studies based on the NSD (nominal standard dose) concept]. AB - The authors discuss the possibility of application of multicellular spheroids as a model system in studies based on NSD conception. The death rate of spheroids from cells of Chinese hamster V79-4 was shown to depend upon cumulative dose of gamma- and neutron (0.7 MeV)-radiation (the number of fractions was 1, 5 and 10). With fractionated irradiation, the reoxygenation effect was observed. A good coincidence was obtained between the dependence of the cumulative dose upon the number of fractions for multicellular spheroids and clinical data. PMID- 6729063 TI - [Role of ceruloplasmin in the resistance of the organism to x-irradiation]. AB - It was shown that a single administration of homogeneous and heterogeneous ceruloplasmin in different doses 1 h before or after irradiation ( LD40 and LD100) increased the survival rate of rats. Ceruloplasmin improved some indices of peripheral blood and bone marrow at early stages of radiation affection. A higher ceruloplasmin activity was observed in blood serum of irradiated animals. PMID- 6729064 TI - [Combined effect of microwaves and gamma-rays on the imprinting of chickens, irradiated in early embryogenesis]. AB - A study was made of the combined effect of microwaves (40 microW /cm2, 5 min) and gamma-radiation on imprinting of chickens exposed 24 h after the beginning of incubation. It was established that microwaves and gamma-radiation delivered simultaneously during early embryogenesis exerted a distinctive influence on the central nervous system (the formation of imprinting was impaired) which was different from that produced by gamma-irradiation alone. PMID- 6729065 TI - [Chromatin degradation of rat peripheral blood leukocytes in the first 3 days after combined radiation injury]. AB - A study was made of chromatin degradation in rat peripheral blood leukocytes 4, 24 and 72 h following the effect of radiation delivered separately and in a combination with burn. Irrespective of the radiation dose a maximum content of products of chromatin degradation was registered 72 h following the effects. The additional trauma (burn of 15% of a body) did not markedly influence the post irradiation degradation of white blood cell DNP. PMID- 6729066 TI - [Effect of various aminoalkylenephosphonic compounds on the accumulation of radioactive beryllium in rats]. AB - In experiments on rats it was shown that 10 aminoalkylenephosphonic compounds accelerate the excretion of beryllium -7 from a rat body. After the combined application of ethylene diamine-N-N'- bisisopropylidenephosphonic and diethylene triaminepentamethylenephosphonic acids, under similar irradiation conditions, an additive effect was obtained. PMID- 6729067 TI - [Radiation effects in plasma membranes based on infrared spectroscopy]. AB - A study was made of the infra-red spectra of rat liver plasma membranes at different times after X-irradiation. Changes in the polypeptide chain mobility and protein conformation, an increase in hydrophobic interactions of fatty acid residues of phospholipids, and inhibition of auto- and induced oxidation of lipids were detected. PMID- 6729068 TI - [Level of dehydrogenase activity in chipmunks under normal conditions and during chronic external gamma-irradiation]. AB - Chipmunks were chronically exposed to gamma-radiation at an average dose rate of 46 pA/kg. Changes in activity of succinate dehydrogenase (EC 1.3.99.1), pyruvate dehydrogenase (EC 1.2, 4.1) and lactate dehydrogenase (EC 1.1.1.27) were detected in the homogenates of the cardiac muscle, liver and brain at different physiological periods (before, during and after hibernation). The changes observed were related to the impairment of coordination between the processes of tissue respiration and glycolysis. PMID- 6729069 TI - [Radiomodifying effect of serotonin on the cells of the hematopoietic system]. AB - Mice were injected with serotonin (0.5 and 2.0 mg/mouse) 15 min before and immediately after irradiation (4.5 and 7.0 Gy). With the preparation administered prior to irradiation one could observe an increase in the quantity of CFUc survived (endo- and exo-test), acceleration of restoration of cellularity (in the bone marrow) and growth of the spleen weight. The acceleration of restoration of the bone-marrow cellularity was also noted when serotonin was administered after irradiation. The post-irradiation effect of serotonin was also detected in cells in vitro. It is concluded that the radiomodifying effect of serotonin on the haemopoietic system is due to a decrease in the number of damaged cells and increase in the rate of reproduction of intact cells. PMID- 6729070 TI - [Effect of gamma-radiation on ultraviolet fluorescence of rat lymphocytes]. AB - Changes in the level of the proper UV-fluorescence ( UVF ) of rat blood lymphocytes are considered as a function of radiation dose and time after gamma irradiation of animals. 24 h following irradiation with a dose of 0.5 Gy the UVF intensity decreased; with doses of 1-8 Gy, the level of cytofluorescence exceeded the control values. The effect of fluorescence at this time was not related to changes in a cell diameter whereas at later times following irradiation part of the effect was related to the growth of cell dimensions. PMID- 6729071 TI - [Age-related changes in the radiosensitivity of animals and critical cell systems. Survival of stem cells of the small intestine epithelium 4-5 days after death in mice of various ages]. AB - Mice of three strains exhibited similar changes in radiosensitivity tested with a reference to "intestinal" death: juvenile and old animals were more radiosensitive. No age-related changes were detected in radiosensitivity of stem cells of the small intestine epithelium estimated with a reference to average lethal dose D0. PMID- 6729072 TI - [Differentiation of stem cells from different parts of the hematopoietic system of adult thymectomized CBA mice stimulated with thymarin or cortexine]. AB - Essential differences were detected in differentiation of GFUs from bone marrow and peripheral blood. It was shown that as a result of thymectomy of adult animals the ability of bone marrow CFUs to form granulocytic colonies decreased and that of splenic CFUs to form erythroid colonies increased. The immunostimulating low-molecular-weight polypeptides, thymarin and cortexine , normalized the differentiation of CFUs from bone marrow and spleen but interfered with the formation of erythroid colonies from CFUs of peripheral blood of thymectomized mice. PMID- 6729073 TI - [Increase in radiation effectiveness by adeturon in mice with Lewis carcinoma]. AB - There was an increase in the time of the implanted tumor doubling in size and in the life-span of animals treated with a combination of S-2-aminoethyl- isothiuronium ( adeturon ) and gamma-radiation as compared to those exposed to gamma-radiation alone. PMID- 6729075 TI - [Parametric analysis of the survival time of irradiated animals]. AB - The work deals with the parametric analysis of the irradiated animal survival data. Several forms of radiation death are considered. The life-span distribution has been derived using a special type Markovian model. Conditions for identifiability of the distribution and properties of maximum likelihood estimates of unknown parameters are discussed. PMID- 6729074 TI - [Radioprotective effectiveness of gas hypoxic mixture GHM-10 in experiments on dogs]. AB - In experiments on 128 dogs (males and females) weighing 7-24 kg it was demonstrated that inhalation of gas hypoxic mixture containing O2 (10%) and N2 (90%) decreased significantly the level of PO2 in radiosensitive tissues and exerted a radioprotective effect on the exposed animals (60Co, doses of 2.8, 3.5 3.8 and 4.2 Gy, DMF = 1.3). At a dose of 8 Gy the average life of animals increased from 6.2 +/- 0.8 days (control) up to 9.3 +/- 1.1 days after the application of GHM -10. PMID- 6729076 TI - [Effect of pulse laser UV-radiation on proliferating and resting HeLa tumor cells]. AB - Low-intensity pulse-periodic UV-radiation (lambda = 271.2 nm) within a definite repetition frequency interval (about 10 kHz and 22 kHz) and doses ranging from 0.1 to 10 J/m2 has a selective action on resting HeLa cells. In the same conditions, continuous UV-radiation (lambda = 270 nm) as well as powerful single picosecond pulses (lambda = 266 nm) do not affect the resting cells. The response of proliferating and resting cells to these types of irradiation in different. PMID- 6729077 TI - [Nuclear medical measurements of placenta perfusion in normal and complicated pregnancy]. PMID- 6729078 TI - [123I from Rossendorf--1st clinical application]. PMID- 6729079 TI - The detection of ovarian cancer using 123J monoclonal antibody. PMID- 6729080 TI - [Production of monoclonal antibodies to insulin]. PMID- 6729081 TI - [Development and organization of complex interdisciplinary oncology in the medical department (Charite) of Humboldt University, Berlin]. PMID- 6729082 TI - [Development of radiation treatment planning using computed tomography]. PMID- 6729083 TI - [Target volume in exclusively percutaneous radiotherapy of cervix carcinoma]. PMID- 6729084 TI - [Abdominal irradiation of advanced malignant ovarian tumors]. PMID- 6729085 TI - [Epipharyngeal tumors--a diagnostic and therapeutic problem?]. PMID- 6729086 TI - [Radiotherapeutic possibilities in relation to malignant soft tissue tumors]. PMID- 6729087 TI - [Results of radiotherapy of primary malignant soft tissue tumors and demonstration of the efficiency of photon radiation for fibrosarcomas]. PMID- 6729088 TI - [Equipment for automatic recording of isodoses in a radiation field of ionizing radiation]. PMID- 6729089 TI - [Specific action of small doses of ionizing radiation on cultivated plant seeds. VII. Germination and yield of gamma-irradiated seeds of different cultivated varieties]. PMID- 6729090 TI - [K- and NK-cells and their modification during therapeutic measures]. PMID- 6729091 TI - Radiologic technology educators and andragogy. AB - Radiologic technology educators are in constant contact with adult learners. However, the theoretical framework that radiologic educators use to guide their instruction may not be appropriate for adults. This article examines the assumptions of the standard instructional theory and the most modern approach to adult education-- andragogy . It also shows how these assumptions affect the adult learner in a radiologic education setting. PMID- 6729092 TI - The radiographic evaluation of the dislocated shoulder. AB - Dislocation of the shoulder is a common injury that may be difficult to demonstrate radiographically. Special views can aid in the demonstration of acute and previous shoulder dislocations. This article presents methods of shoulder radiography that can be used for evaluation of this injury. Additionally, the anatomy and mechanism of dislocation of the shoulder are discussed. Finally, examples demonstrating the usefulness of the described radiographic methods are included. PMID- 6729093 TI - A review of academic tenure in radiologic technology. AB - The concept of academic tenure is reviewed, with special interest to the radiologic technology educator. Both the community college and university tenure systems are discussed. Recommendations for further research and future policy are also presented. PMID- 6729094 TI - [Use of direct magnification technic of the hand radiograph in children with chronic renal insufficiency]. AB - The characteristic changes of renal osteopathy in the hand are shown by the X rays of seven children with end stage renal disease using the direct magnification technique. All children had pathologic conditions in the hands. Most frequently tunnelation , spiculae in the phalanges and metaphyseal translucent bands in the forearm were seen. Less constantly acroosteolyses and generalized osteoporosis could be observed. The X-rays of the hands using the direct magnification technique with rare earth film-screen system and a microfocus X-ray tube are sufficient to determine renal osteopathy. If clinical symptoms are present, X-rays of other parts of the skeleton are necessary. By using the above mentioned radiologic technique the radiographic diagnostic effort could be minimized. PMID- 6729095 TI - [X-ray morphology and clinical signs of angiofollicular lymph node hyperplasia]. AB - Five patients with benign angiofollicular lymphoma are reported - four with involvement of the mediastinum and one with abdominal disease. Chest X-rays and an intravenous pyelogram show the characteristic features of the disease. There are two histologic variants of this rare disease--one with and one without clinical symptoms. The reported cases to some extent follow this pattern described in the literature. PMID- 6729096 TI - Ultrasonically diagnosed simple cysts of the liver. AB - In 26 patients simple cysts of the liver were diagnosed by ultrasonography. Half of the patients had no symptoms, and half presented with abdominal pain and a palpable mass; 14 patients with small cysts required no treatment. Nine patients were operated upon, while 3 patients with large cysts were treated exclusively by ultrasonically guided drainage. Further, ultrasonically guided drainage was successful in two patients with recurrences after surgical treatment. Patients with small asymptomatic cysts of the liver, incidentally diagnosed should be left without treatment. Ultrasonically guided puncture is advocated as the first treatment in patients with large symptomatic cysts. PMID- 6729097 TI - [Differential diagnosis of peripheral blood vessel calcifications]. PMID- 6729098 TI - The vascular pedicle of the heart and the vena azygos. Part I: The normal subject. AB - The widths of the systemic vessels extending from the thoracic inlet to the heart (the vascular pedicle) and of the azygos vein were measured in 83 normal volunteers and 42 patients with cardiac disease. Mean vascular pedicle width ( VPW ) (erect) was 48 +/- 5.0 mm and correlated well with body weight (r = 0.64) and surface area (r = 0.62). Rotation to the left reduced VPW and to the right increased it. Inspiration and expiration caused little change. The supine VPW increased an average of 20% (47 +/- 37% to the compliant venous right side and 7 +/- 48% to the less compliant arterial left). Supine azygos width (AW) increased 105 +/- 47%. Mean erect AW was 5.14 +/- 1.36 mm. AW did not correlate significantly with anthropomorphic characteristics. Because VPW correlates with the patient's physique, its normality can be estimated within clinically useful limits by inspection. Since AW has no such correlation, serial changes are of more value than initial absolute values. PMID- 6729099 TI - Magnetic resonance imaging of intervertebral disk disease. Clinical and pulse sequence considerations. AB - Sixty-five patients were examined with magnetic resonance imaging (MR) to determine what combination of operator-selectable controls would result in a thorough examination of the intervertebral disks. There were 20 normal subjects, 8 with degenerative lumbar disk disease, 27 with both degeneration and herniation, 5 with stenosis of the spinal canal, and 5 with disk space infection. T2 was significantly longer in the normal nucleus pulposus than in the degenerated disk. Based on plots of in vivo signal intensity vs. repetition time (TR) for various echo times (TE), a sagittal 30-msec. TE and a 0.25-sec. TR were used for anatomical delineation and rapid localization, while sagittal and/or axial 120-msec. TE/3-sec. TR images were used to evaluate the cerebrospinal fluid and disk. Comparison with radiographs, high-resolution CT scans, and myelograms showed that MR was the most sensitive for identification of degeneration and disk space infection, separating the normal nucleus pulposus from the annulus and degenerated disk. Herniation, stenosis of the canal, and scarring can be identified as accurately with MR as with CT or myelography. PMID- 6729100 TI - Magnetic resonance evaluation of hydronephrosis in the dog. AB - The ability of magnetic resonance (MR) imaging to detect and distinguish various stages of obstruction in the canine kidney was investigated. MR images were obtained at acute, subacute, and chronic stages of experimentally produced hydronephrosis. The renal cortex was distinguished from the renal medulla in the normal dog and in the acute and subacute stages of hydronephrosis. T1 relaxation times of the renal cortex and medulla were measured in vitro in 14 normal and nine experimental animals. These values were used to compute the amount of tissue contrast between the cortex and medulla and were compared with the degree of corticomedullary differentiation seen in the image. A relationship was noted between increasing T1 values and increasing water content. Corticomedullary contrast decreased with obstruction. The variation in corticomedullary image contrast may be useful for assessing the duration of hydronephrosis. PMID- 6729101 TI - The effect of motion on two-dimensional Fourier transformation magnetic resonance images. AB - The effect of motion on two-dimensional Fourier transformation magnetic resonance (MR) images was investigated using phantoms, animals, and normal volunteers. All images were obtained with a 0.30-Tesla superconducting magnet using spin echo pulse sequences. Respiratory motion was simulated while imaging the phantoms. In addition to image blurring, motion produced ghost images, or image harmonics. These ghost images were copies of the static image that was produced at periodic intervals. Canine images, which were obtained during respiration and after the administration of curare, showed significant improvement after respiratory motion was eliminated. Images of normal volunteers were improved with respiratory and cardiac gating, but data acquisition time was significantly increased. These results indicate that MR image quality could be improved with a system that acquires all necessary data within a single breathhold . PMID- 6729102 TI - Leiomyosarcoma: computed tomographic findings. AB - The computed tomographic (CT) findings in 118 patients with the diagnosis of leiomyosarcoma were reviewed. The tumor masses visualized in these patients were often quite large; extensive necrotic or cystic change was a frequent finding. Calcification was not observed in these tumors. The liver was the most common site of metastasis in these patients, with marked necrosis of the liver lesions a common finding. Other manifestations of tumor spread included pulmonary metastases, mesenteric or omental metastases, retroperitoneal lymphadenopathy, soft-tissue metastases, bone metastases, splenic metastases, and ascites. The metastatic lesions were often centrally necrotic. Although the CT appearance of leiomyosarcoma is not specific, these findings, when present, suggest consideration of this diagnosis. PMID- 6729103 TI - Porcelain gallbladder: ultrasound and CT appearance. AB - Nine patients with calcification of the gallbladder wall (porcelain gallbladder) were analyzed by ultrasound and the appearance correlated with the CT, radiographic, clinical, and surgical findings. Three distinct patterns were identified: (a) a hyperechoic semilunar structure with acoustic shadowing posteriorly, simulating a stone-filled gallbladder devoid of bile, which was seen in 5 patients; (b) a biconvex , curvilinear echogenic structure with variable acoustic shadowing, seen in all 3 patients with carcinoma of the gallbladder; and (c) an irregular clump of echoes with posterior acoustic shadowing, seen in 1 patient. Potential pitfalls in the diagnosis of gallbladder calcification are presented, and the association between calcification and cancer is emphasized. PMID- 6729104 TI - Fetal renal dysplasia: sonographic evaluation. AB - In an attempt to predict histologic fetal renal dysplasia among fetuses with obstructive uropathy, three antenatal sonographic features (presence of renal cortical cysts, echogenicity of renal parenchyma, and degree of hydronephrosis) were studied. Identification of renal cortical cysts in the kidneys of fetuses with obstructive uropathy enabled accurate prediction of renal dysplasia. Of 49 fetal kidneys with obstructive uropathy, all 15 kidneys with sonographically visible cortical cysts had severe but not necessarily lethal dysplasia (accuracy of positive prediction = 100%). Of 15 obstructed but nondysplastic fetal kidneys, none had sonographically visible cysts (specificity = 100%). The absence of fetal renal cysts on antenatal sonography, however, did not exclude the presence of dysplasia. Assessment of the echogenicity of renal parenchyma and the degree of hydronephrosis are of only limited value in predicting whether an obstructed fetal kidney will show histologic dysplasia. PMID- 6729105 TI - Renal colic: the role of ultrasound in initial evaluation. AB - A prospective sonographic study of 21 patients with suspected renal colic was undertaken to detect the presence or absence of urinary tract calculi. The presence of calculi was diagnosed sonographically by visualization of the calculus and/or unilateral hydronephrosis in all 18 cases in which presence of a calculus was subsequently proved by surgery, spontaneous passage and recovery, or intravenous urography. In the two cases in which the sonographic examination demonstrated neither calculi nor unilateral obstruction, further evaluation confirmed the absence of calculi. There was one false-positive examination in which unilateral hydronephrosis was detected secondary to a retroperitoneal tumor. There were no false-negative examinations. The results of this study support the use of ultrasound in the initial evaluation of renal colic. PMID- 6729106 TI - Coexistent intrauterine and ectopic pregnancy: a reevaluation. AB - Retrospective analysis of ectopic pregnancies occurring in the past 36 months at the Beth Israel Hospital yielded two cases of concomitant intra- and extrauterine gestation. The incidence of coexistent intrauterine and ectopic pregnancy in this sample is 1/6,778, or 0.015% of all pregnancies. We report these cases and two additional cases from another institution (Leonard Morse Hospital). We postulate that simultaneous intrauterine and ectopic pregnancy may be more common than previous statistics indicate. PMID- 6729107 TI - Ultrasonic computed tomography of the breast. Improvement of image quality by use of cross-correlation time-of-flight and phase-insensitive attenuation measurements. AB - The authors present two methods of reducing refraction artifacts in ultrasonic computed tomography of the breast. Measuring the time of flight of sonic pulses by cross-correlation instead of leading-edge detection significantly reduces distortion and improves resolution in speed-of-sound images. Phase-insensitive reception of pulse energy across a large aperture array is shown to be superior to a conventional single-element transducer for attenuation imaging. PMID- 6729108 TI - Implantation of brain tumors with Cf-252. Use of computed tomography and magnetic resonance imaging to guide insertion and evaluate response. AB - Magnetic resonance imaging (MR) was evaluated as a guide to planning and follow up of Cf-252 neutron brachytherapy in 8 patients with malignant glioma of the cerebral hemispheres. A combination of sagittal, transverse, and coronal views allowed three-dimensional assessment of the dimensions and extent of tumor; by comparison, CT scans delineated the tumor less sharply, multiple views were not routinely obtained, and the reconstructed sagittal images were inadequate. Both techniques were complementary in enabling accurate tumor localization as well as separating enhanced zones from central avascular regions and tumor from edema. However, MR images provided more detail than serial CT scans, making MR the preferred method of follow-up. PMID- 6729109 TI - Calcification in the portal vein wall. AB - Calcification in the portal vein is a rare radiologic finding, occurring almost always in patients with portal hypertension. Calcium may be deposited in a thrombus or, as in this patient, in the vein wall. The characteristic position, location, and pattern of portal vein wall calcification permit its diagnosis from radiographs of the abdomen. PMID- 6729110 TI - Dose efficiency of screen-film systems used in pediatric radiography. AB - Twenty-one screen-film systems were examined using contrast-detail-dose methods in order to determine which were most dose-efficient for use in pediatric radiography. With a given screen, dose efficiency in the noise-limited region (contrast approximately equal to 0.05) was more or less constant (within the range of experimental error) with changes in film speed. When screens with decreased phosphor thickness were used, dose efficiency deteriorated markedly. For a given speed of up to two times Par, rare-earth phosphors offered no advantage over calcium tungstate systems with regard to low-contrast dose efficiency; however, they did increase the speed of the system. Anti-crossover film proved to be an effective means of improving high-contrast detail while maintaining low-contrast dose efficiency. PMID- 6729111 TI - Magnetic resonance and ionizing radiation: a comparative evaluation in vitro of oncogenic and genotoxic potential. AB - This paper describes experiments designed to investigate possible biological hazards associated with magnetic resonance (MR) imaging. Mouse C3H 10T1/2 cells were exposed to a powerful magnetic field (up to 2.7 T) for periods up to 17 hours together with pulsed field gradients and radio-frequency excitation and compared with untreated controls and cells exposed to gamma rays (0.3 to 0.4 Gy). Several biological endpoints were studied. In the case of oncogenic transformation, no significant difference could be demonstrated between controls and either the gamma-irradiated or MR-exposed cells. When mitotic cells were examined for chromosomal alterations, the frequencies of both chromosomal aberrations per cell and sister chromatid exchanges per chromosome were significantly enhanced over control levels after ionizing radiation exposures but were similar to control (or less) after MR exposures. These studies confirm the known deleterious effects of ionizing radiation (even at low doses) for chromosomal damage, if not for oncogenic transformation, yet show that MR exposures even of long duration (up to 17 hours) at high field strengths (up to 2.7 T) do not result in effects greater than 0.3 Gy of gamma rays. Negative results do not conclusively rule out a health risk; however, the data clearly mitigate against an association between exposure to MR imaging modalities and both carcinogenic and genotoxic effects. PMID- 6729112 TI - Contrast media induced fibrillation: comparison of Angiovist 370 and Renografin 76. Work in progress. AB - Angiovist 370, a new formulation of meglumine/sodium diatrizoate, is being marketed for coronary arteriography. Angiovist 370 contains no significant calcium chelator additives, but according to manufacturer specifications may have a pH as low as 6.0. The contact times required to produce ventricular fibrillation with Angiovist 370 and with Renografin 76 were compared using a canine right coronary arteriography model. The fibrillation contact time was 32.2% longer for the Angiovist 370 than for the Renografin 76. The lower pH therefore does not appear to increase the risk of contrast media induced fibrillation. The increased contact time and safety factor with the Angiovist 370 is most likely related to the absence of calcium chelators in the formulation. PMID- 6729113 TI - Gated cardiac tomographic visualization of coronary artery calcification. AB - Coronary artery calcification (CAC) is usually detected by fluoroscopy or on cine films during coronary angiography, but measurement of the calcification is not possible. Gated tomography of the heart provides a full sized image with high contrast spatial resolution of 0.1 mm and low contrast spatial resolution of 0.76 mm. The radiation exposure to the heart is between 1-5% of that experienced with coronary cinefluorography . Measurement of the diameter of calcium deposits is possible and calcium that could be related to arterial stenosis may be identified. PMID- 6729114 TI - Parathyroid aspiration directed by angiography: an alternative to venous sampling. AB - Not all parathyroid glands can be visualized by CT or ultrasound and, therefore, cannot be aspirated using these techniques. We report the localization of a parathyroid gland by arteriography and needle aspiration under fluoroscopic guidance. This technique can be used to confirm a diagnosis of hypervascular parathyroid tissue that cannot otherwise be confirmed. PMID- 6729115 TI - Percutaneous urolithotomy: the use of balloon catheters as an adjunct. AB - Balloon catheters were used in three patients to assist in the removal of upper urinary tract calculi that resisted extraction by conventional means. Both angioplasty catheters and Foley catheters may be used to dislodge hard-to-reach calyceal calculi or ureteral calculi into more accessible locations, such as the renal pelvis or an ileal conduit. PMID- 6729116 TI - Acoustic properties of polyvinyl chloride gelatin for use in ultrasonography. AB - Visualization of superficial structures with conventional rapid scanners has been difficult. A solid flexible polyvinyl chloride (PVC) gelatin slab used as a stand off material can provide a constant scan distance and thus overcome the problem of poor near field resolution. PVC gelatin expands the capability of the 3-4 MHz transducer to delineate superficial structures. We report on the acoustic properties of the PCV gelatin, including the values of velocity and attenuation as a function of both frequency and temperature, and the comparison of data with published values of velocity and attenuation for water, soft tissue, and a phantom material. PMID- 6729117 TI - Defects in new protective aprons. AB - Upon careful examination, several defects have been detected in new protective aprons . The nature of the defects is identified and described. Although the occurrence of such defects has not exceeded 5%, they are significant enough to warrant return of the lead apron to the supplier. It is recommended that the integrity of all new protective aprons be verified upon receipt as well as at yearly intervals. PMID- 6729118 TI - Endobronchial interstitial brachytherapy using a bronchofiberscope with a flexible injector system. AB - A new flexible implantation system for endobronchial brachytherapy is described. This system was used to implant Au-198 seeds in the endobronchial tumors of two patients; discomfort and morbidity were minimal. The flexible injector system may be an improvement over the rigid system for endobronchial implantation in most patients. PMID- 6729119 TI - Modus operandi for a picture archiving and communication system. AB - The authors describe their 18 month experience operating an all digital nuclear medicine department, which led to the development of a system that allows multiple users to access patient reports and images through terminals located in various parts of the hospital. All user interactions are mediated through protocols that automatically acquire, process, display, and archive data. This approach offers distinct advantages over film and paper methods and is applicable in theory to any digital image format. PMID- 6729120 TI - Percutaneous catheter drainage of deep neck infections guided by CT. AB - We report success with CT guided percutaneous catheter drainage of deep neck abscesses. The cost efficacy and decreased morbidity of percutaneous catheter drainage has been proved in abdominal and retroperitoneal abscess management, and CT for diagnosis of deep neck infections is well established. The logical application of a proven technique to a new anatomical location has the added potential benefit of improved cosmetic result. PMID- 6729121 TI - Dual stiffness Malecot (Stamey) catheter. AB - A new catheter with a soft plastic shaft and a stiff mushroom has been developed for drainage of various fluid-filled cavities. It can be introduced with a flexible guidewire system. Its dual stiffness provides greater comfort for and acceptance by the patient. PMID- 6729122 TI - Removable hub needle system for coaxial biopsy of small and difficult lesions. AB - A 23-gauge needle with a removable hub for a modified coaxial biopsy technique is described. The needle is useful for biopsy of small (less than or equal to 2.5 cm) and difficult chest or abdominal lesions. After removal of the hub, coaxial insertion of an outer 19-gauge needle is performed. Biopsy specimens are obtained coaxially through the 19-gauge needle after the hubless needle is removed. This system permits precise biopsy of smaller lesions, when the tandem biopsy technique is not practical. PMID- 6729123 TI - Using transrectal sonography to teach patients with spinal cord injuries to retrain their bladders. AB - When patients who have spinal cord injuries perform the Crede maneuver, the bladder neck tends to close. We suggest that these patients watch a video monitor during transrectal sonography and learn to tap the bladder appropriately, which allows voiding to occur with little increase in bladder pressure. PMID- 6729124 TI - The management of clotted angiographic catheters. AB - In our experience, clotted angiographic catheters pulled back to near the puncture site and severed near the skin will spontaneously clear, facilitating insertion of a guidewire and catheter exchange without repuncture or other manipulation. PMID- 6729125 TI - Percutaneous removal of ureteral stents. AB - A new device for the removal of ureteral stents by the percutaneous nephrostomy route is presented. We used this device successfully in a 4-month-old male child. Its advantages in the removal of unwanted intracorporeal wanderers such as lost catheters are discussed. PMID- 6729126 TI - Trephine biopsy of the skeleton with the aid of a hand drill. PMID- 6729127 TI - Hexabrix as a contrast agent for hysterosalpingography. AB - Hexabrix, a monoacidic dimeric iodinated contrast material, was compared with Renografin 60 (diatrizoate meglumine) for safety, tolerance, and efficacy in hysterosalpingography, in a double blind study of 52 patients. No serious adverse reactions were noted in either group of patients. Discomfort during and after the procedure was not statistically different in the two groups. No difference in radiographic quality was seen. It was concluded that Hexabrix, despite reduced osmolality and increased viscosity, offers no significant benefit over Renografin 60, but it is a safe and acceptable contrast agent for hysterosalpingography. PMID- 6729128 TI - Skin damage from acetylcysteine leak during percutaneous abscess drainage. AB - A patient experienced severe cutaneous pain and excoriation during acetylcysteine infusion at percutaneous abscess drainage. The mucolytic agent leaked back along the catheter track, causing the local reaction. Cessation of the acetylcysteine treatment, and catheter exchange resulted in improvement within a few days. PMID- 6729129 TI - How does magnetic resonance compare with computed tomography? AB - Magnetic resonance (MR) is a new technology that has benefited by transfer of technology already developed for computed tomography (CT), but many further changes should be expected in its technologic development. Already MR imaging in some instances equals or surpasses CT, and other less obvious advantages may become apparent. MR costs may not compare unfavorably with those of CT, and increased cost might still be justified if more information can be obtained or if the need for other tests or length of hospitalization could be reduced. The fact that MR at this stage might equal CT is a real accomplishment; this performance should be acknowledged and rapid development and scientific investigation of MR technology should be actively supported. PMID- 6729130 TI - Magnetic resonance without nuclei? PMID- 6729131 TI - Management of the posthepatic artery embolization syndrome. PMID- 6729132 TI - Radionuclide hepatobiliary imaging and real-time ultrasound in the detection of acute cholecystitis. PMID- 6729133 TI - Angioimmunoblastic lymphadenopathy: clinical and radiological features. AB - The authors describe the clinical and radiographic features in 7 patients with angioimmunoblastic lymphadenopathy (AIL) with dysproteinemia. This condition should be considered in any patient over 50 who presents with constitutional symptoms such as fever, weight loss, and malaise accompanied by involvement of the peripheral and hilar or mediastinal lymph nodes. Contrary to previous reports, the anterior mediastinal nodes may be involved. Intrapulmonary masses accompanied by clinical deterioration may indicate transformation to immunoblastic lymphoma. The gallium scans and radiographic appearance assist in the diagnosis, but lymph node biopsy is necessary in order to distinguish AIL from lymphoma. PMID- 6729134 TI - Hydropneumothorax: detection on supine radiographs. AB - Hydropneumothorax may be diagnosed on a supine radiograph by recognition of a pleural line with increased density lateral to it in the pleural space. Recognition of this condition may have implications for therapeutic chest tube placement. PMID- 6729135 TI - Low-dose streptokinase for selective thrombolysis: systemic effects and complications. AB - The systemic effects and complications associated with the infusion of low-dose (5,000 U/hr) intravascular streptokinase were reviewed in 159 patients. Eighty two percent of the patients had a 50% decrease in plasma fibrinogen levels during the first 4 hours of treatment, and 100% of the patients showed the same decline following 12 hours of treatment. The thrombin time was prolonged to at least 1 1/2 times the control thrombin time in 42% of the patients at 4 hours of treatment and in 92% at 24 hours of treatment. The rate or degree of change in fibrinogen levels or prolongation of the thrombin time did not correlate with the incidence of complications. Seventeen patients (10.7%) suffered major complications. Thirteen of the 17 had hemorrhagic complications, three had thrombotic or embolic complications, and one had a false aneurysm. In this series, systemic effects occurred in all patients. It is concluded that, despite precautionary measures, hemorrhagic complications may occur. Steps should be taken to minimize complications, including careful observation of the patient and monitoring of plasma fibrinogen levels until adequate regeneration is complete. PMID- 6729136 TI - The systemic fibrinolytic effect of low-dose intraarterial streptokinase: observations in 12 patients. Work in progress. AB - The systemic hematological effects of low-dose intraarterial streptokinase were studied in 12 patients with angiographic evidence of thrombosis. Streptokinase was administered at 5,000 U/hr; this rate was increased in the absence of clinical response or a systemic effect, which was defined as a thrombin time greater than twice that of the control time and/or a fibrinogen concentration less than 30% that of the control concentration. Eight patients experienced a systemic effect with final infusion rates of 7,500 to 20,000 U/hr over 20 to 72 hours, while 4 patients had no evidence of a systemic effect at 5,000 to 10,000 U/hr over 18 to 138 hours. A systemic effect could not be predicted based on infusion rates or durations, and the presence of a systemic effect was not predictive of hemorrhagic complications or thrombolytic effect in our small series. These results suggest that a systemic effect is frequently encountered with this form of therapy and is of uncertain clinical relevance. PMID- 6729137 TI - Complete cartilage-ring tracheal stenosis associated with anomalous left pulmonary artery: the ring-sling complex. AB - The persistent high mortality in infants with pulmonary artery "sling" (retrotracheal anomalous left pulmonary artery) is primarily due to the coexistence in such patients of long-segment tracheal stenosis due to complete cartilage rings. Five such patients are reported. Airway studies (by filtered high-kV radiography, bronchography, and/or CT) showed low carina, horizontal equal-length right and left mainstem bronchi, and long-segment tracheal stenosis. The length of the stenosis far exceeded the contact with the pulmonary sling. The suggested term "ring-sling complex" for such patients correctly places emphasis on detection of the tracheal malformation, which currently has no satisfactory surgical treatment. PMID- 6729138 TI - Magnetic resonance of the brain: the optimal screening technique. AB - Seventy consecutive patients were examined with magnetic resonance (MR) and computed tomography (CT) of the brain. Each study was independently reviewed. Focal abnormalities were detected by one or both modalities in 51 patients. Neoplastic, infectious, vascular, demyelinating, metabolic, and congenital disorders of the brain were included. The MR pulse sequence that best detected these abnormalities was a spin-echo multisection technique that used a long interval between RF excitations (TR = 1500 or 2000 msec). Forty-eight of 51 patients showed focal lesions with this technique. A supplementary MR pulse sequence with a short TR (500 msec) was useful in helping to characterize certain lesions with a long T1 relaxation component, but in 10 of 26 positive cases in which this sequence was added it would have missed the abnormality had it been the sole sequence used. MR missed focal lesions in 3 of 51 patients. These were lesions that required thin-section (1.5 mm) CT techniques. Two were intrasellar, and one was an intracanalicular neurinoma. In 17 of 48 patients, CT missed the focal lesion seen with MR. Based on this experience, it is concluded that the long TR multisection spin-echo sequence is the optimal MR screening technique for detection of most brain abnormalities, and is more sensitive than CT. Currently, CT remains the screening modality of choice when high-resolution, thin-section studies in the pituitary, inner ear, and orbital regions are indicated. PMID- 6729139 TI - Magnetic resonance imaging of the optic nerves and chiasm. AB - Magnetic resonance imaging (MR) of the optic nerves and chiasm was compared with computed tomography (CT) in 4 healthy volunteers, 4 patients without orbital or chiasmal abnormalities, and 4 patients with tumor (anterior clinoid meningioma in 2, optic nerve glioma in 1, and optic nerve sheath meningioma in 1). MR was found to be effective in demonstrating the optic nerves and related structures, particularly the intracanalicular portion of the nerve which is difficult to see with CT. Best results were achieved with partial saturation recovery (SR) images; inversion recovery (IR) and spin echo (SE) techniques were less successful because of decreased spatial resolution (in the case of SE) as well as difficulty in seeing the anterior clinoid processes. As axial views cannot always distinguish the ethmoid sinus tissue from the optic nerve, it may be necessary to employ both axial and coronal images. PMID- 6729140 TI - Wallerian degeneration demonstrated by magnetic resonance: spectroscopic measurements on peripheral nerve. AB - Wallerian degeneration of rat sciatic nerves was induced by nerve section. Fifteen days later the degenerated nerves were compared with the intact contralateral nerves from the same animal. Histological sections showed the changes typical of wallerian degeneration: axonal degeneration and secondary demyelination. The freshly dissected nerves were analyzed by magnetic resonance (MR) spectroscopy at 10 MHz, and the water content was determined by dehydration. In the degenerated nerves there was a marked prolongation of both T1 and T2 relaxation times, accompanied by an increase of water content. The results demonstrate the sensitivity of MR for detection of secondary demyelination and disintegration of nerve structures. These results suggest that it should be possible to detect wallerian degeneration in MR images; this will have an important impact on neuropathological diagnosis of central and peripheral nervous system lesions. PMID- 6729141 TI - Magnetic resonance imaging of the normal and abnormal pulmonary hila. AB - Magnetic resonance (MR) images of the hila were reviewed in 25 normal subjects and 12 patients with unilateral or bilateral hilar masses. On spin echo MR images in normal patients, collections of soft tissue large enough to be confused with an abnormally enlarged lymph node were seen in three locations. In patients with a hilar mass, the mass was differentiated from hilar vasculature more easily using MR than contrast-enhanced CT. In five of these patients, hilar lymph nodes approximately 1 cm in diameter were easily seen using MR, but were difficult or impossible to appreciate prospectively on CT. However, because the spatial resolution of MR is inferior to that of CT, bronchi were difficult to evaluate using MR. In general, images obtained with a short TR (0.5 sec) provided the best definition of mediastinal extension of the hilar mass, and images with a longer TR (1.5 to 2.0 sec) provided a better signal-to-noise ratio and showed increased signal strength from hilar masses. Electrocardiographic-gated images showed better resolution of hilar structures but may not be necessary for large masses. PMID- 6729143 TI - Magnetic resonance of the chest: initial experience with imaging and in vivo T1 and T2 calculations. AB - Magnetic resonance (MR) imaging of the chest was performed in 33 patients; 28 patients had a variety of malignant tumors and five had benign processes involving the pleura, chest wall, mediastinum, hila , and pulmonary parenchyma. In addition, in vivo T1 and T2 calculations were performed on 17 malignancies and 2 benign processes. Of the 18 patients examined with both MR and computed tomography (CT), 15 MR examinations were considered to be as diagnostic as CT in demonstrating abnormalities. In two cases, CT was superior to MR. In one case without adequate vascular opacification on CT, MR was superior in differentiating a mass from pulmonary artery. It is concluded that, with current technology without respiratory or cardiac gating, MR offers little improvement in diagnosis over contrast-enhanced CT. Furthermore, it does not appear possible to predict tissue type based on T1 and T2 measurements because of a wide overlap in these values. PMID- 6729142 TI - The vascular pedicle of the heart and the vena azygos. Part II: Acquired heart disease. AB - To establish the value of the chest radiograph in assessing the hemodynamic status of the systemic circulation, the vascular pedicle width ( VPW ) and vena azygos width (AW) were correlated with total blood volume (TBV) and other parameters in 61 cardiac patients. In both ischemic and valvular cardiac disease a highly significant linear correlation was found between VPW and TBV (r = 0.80, p less than 0.001). In patients with dilated neck veins VPW was greater than 62 mm (normal 48 +/- 5 mm). A less significant correlation was found between VPW and mean right atrial pressure ( MRAP ). Change in VPW correlated strongly (r = 0.93, p less than 0.001) with change in TBV (0.5-cm change in VPW = 1.0-liter change in TBV). Correlation between AW and TBV was poor (r = 0.50, p less than 0.01), but between AW and MRAP the correlation was stronger (r = 0.74, p less than 0.001). Changes in AW usually occurred in the same direction as changes in MRAP , but the correlation was not significant (r = 0.45). VPW and AW did not correlate with pulmonary blood volume, pulmonary arterial pressure, stroke volume, or heart rate. Radiologic assessment of VPW and AW adds an additional clinically useful dimension to the evaluation of cardiac disease. PMID- 6729144 TI - Detection of leukotriene C4-liked immunoreactivity in tear fluid from subjects challenged with specific allergen. AB - Tear fluid was obtained from allergic subjects from control eyes and eyes challenged with specific allergen and levels of leukotriene C4 (LTC4) immunoreactivity determined by radioimmunoassay. Formal identification of the leukotrienes released was not possible but the levels of LTC4-immunoreactive material in allergen-challenged tear fluid (4.9 +/- 2.3 ng/ml, n = 9) were significantly higher (p less than 0.01) than those in control tear fluid (0.07 +/ 0.06 ng/ml, n = 9). These results provide evidence that leukotrienes, which account for the biological activity of slow reacting substance of anaphylaxis, may be released in allergic reactions in vivo in man. PMID- 6729145 TI - [A comparative text study of verbatim and memory protocols]. PMID- 6729146 TI - [Long-term consequences of the criticism of biobehavioral psychoanalysis]. PMID- 6729147 TI - [Psychoanalytic education (1952)]. PMID- 6729148 TI - [Dinosaurs and pussycats. Psychoanalysis in difficulty?]. PMID- 6729149 TI - Effect of proglumide, a cholecystokinin receptor antagonist, on caerulein stimulated pancreatic enzyme secretion and pancreatic polypeptide release in the dog. AB - In five conscious dogs we studied the effect of proglumide, a cholecystokinin (CCK) antagonist, on caerulein-stimulated pancreatic secretion and release of pancreatic polypeptide (PP). Graded doses of caerulein (15-240 ng/kg per h) were infused intravenously. Experiments were repeated with a fixed infusion of proglumide (40 mg/kg per h). Release of PP following increasing doses of caerulein was significantly inhibited by proglumide (P less than 0.01). However, proglumide did not significantly affect caerulein-stimulated pancreatic protein secretion. Proglumide might be useful in defining the physiological role of CCK. PMID- 6729150 TI - Response of gastric inhibitory polypeptide to fat ingestion in normal dogs. AB - Because of the differences in the data concerning the mechanism by which gastric inhibitory polypeptide (GIP) is secreted following fat ingestion, we were prompted to investigate the characteristics of the GIP response to the triacylglycerol components in normal dogs. Oral administration of glycerol (1 g/kg) slightly elevated the blood glucose levels but not the plasma GIP. Palmitate (1 g/kg) administration did not change the blood glucose whereas the plasma GIP was increased remarkably and remained elevated at 120 min. Oral administration of tricaprylin (2 g/kg) did not elicit any discernible changes in the blood glucose nor in the plasma GIP. Column chromatography of plasma obtained from a dog after palmitate ingestion revealed three GIP-immunoreactive peaks: one peak corresponding to the authentic GIP, one to the large molecular weight peak, and one to the small molecular weight peak. Similar results were obtained with the plasma collected after fat ingestion. From the present study, it would appear that hydrolysis of triacylglycerol plays an important role in GIP release from the intestine. Furthermore, it is concluded that the long chain fatty acids stimulate GIP release whereas the medium chain fatty acids do not. PMID- 6729151 TI - Identification of oxytocin and vasopressin in the testis and in adrenal tissue. AB - Oxytocin, vasopressin and neurophysin-like immunoreactivity have been identified and measured by radioimmunoassay in extracts of human and rat testis and human fetal adrenal tissue. The authenticity of these polypeptides has been confirmed by their behaviour on high performance liquid chromatography. The concentrations of the hormone were too great to be explained by known circulating levels of the polypeptides, and their presence in steroid secreting organs suggests a possible role for them in steroidogenesis. The peptides may be taken up and concentrated by the tissues but the co-localisation of neurophysins with the hormones points towards local synthesis. PMID- 6729152 TI - [The question of equal potency of etidocaine and bupivacaine in peridural anesthesia]. AB - A double blind clinical trial was carried out on randomised groups of 20 patients each undergoing surgery for varicose veins to compare the actions of etidocaine 1% and bupivacaine 0.5% and 0.75% with adrenaline 1:200.000. Bupivacaine 0.75% and etidocaine 1% were found to be equipotent, with a rapid onset and long duration of anaesthesia, and a comparable degree of profound motor block. The latency period of Etidocaine was markedly increased in the L V and S I segments, probably due to its high fat solubility. 0.5% bupivacaine, compared to the other preparations, showed significantly less motor block and duration of analgesia. Unlike other investigators, "spotty-analgesia" was not found in this series. PMID- 6729153 TI - [Plasma levels following lumbar epidural anesthesia with 0.75% bupivacaine]. AB - In ten patients undergoing total hip replacement, plasma levels of bupivacaine were studied, following lumbar epidural administration, with special reference to the early phase. In contrast to previous studies concerning the 0.5% solution, we found an early rise between 3 and 5 min, which was nearly identical with the peak level. The maximum concentration was 2.76 micrograms/ml and within the estimated safety margin. The necessity of preventing acidosis and hypoxia is pointed out when using bupivacaine 0.75%. PMID- 6729154 TI - [Noninvasive determination by Doppler flow velocity recording of changes in peripheral resistance during epidural anesthesia]. AB - Using bidirectional CW Doppler flowmetry, transcutaneous recordings of flow velocity pulses were performed on the femoral artery of 11 patients before and during peridural anaesthesia. Compared to those obtained before peridural injection of bupivacaine the pulse contours exhibited characteristic changes 10 min after the injection. The backward flow wave during diastole decreased or disappeared. There was a marked increase in the steady flow at the expense of the pulsatile flow peaks. 20 min after injection these changes were slightly more pronounced. These phenomena can theoretically be explained by the alteration in pulse wave transmission in the arterial system caused by the diminished peripheral resistance. From the results it can be concluded that ultrasonic Doppler flowmetry is a reliable method, suitable for recording the influence of regional anaesthesia on peripheral haemodynamics. PMID- 6729155 TI - [Peridural use of buprenorphine. Case report]. AB - This case-report of a 78-year old patient, suffering from extreme pain caused by metastatic formation and pathological bone fractures, shows, that the epidural injection of buprenorphine is a good alternative compared to other means of pain treatment. During almost four days heart rate, blood pressure and breathing frequency, as well as the general reactions of the patient, were observed. Few side effects and little discomfort make the method advisable for patients in poor general condition. PMID- 6729156 TI - [The popliteo-femoral block, a rarely used form of regional anesthesia. With special reference to the use of peripheral nerve stimulators]. AB - Blockade of the sciatic nerve in the fossa poplitea is a rarely used form of regional anaesthesia. A new method of identification of the tibial and peroneal nerve and their blockade in combination with blockade of the femoral nerve using a peripheral nerve stimulator, is described. Results in 300 patients during a 12 month period are described and discussed. PMID- 6729157 TI - [Contralateral local anesthesia in stump, phantom and post-traumatic pain]. AB - Contralateral local anaesthesia was employed in patients with chronic (n = 42) and acute (n = 8) pain syndromes (see Table 1). I. Phantom limb and stump pain: n = 10; II. Pain of face and ear: n = 10; III. Pain of neck and trunk: n = 14; IV. Pain of the hip joint: n = 6; V. Pain of the extremities: n = 10: Sa. = 50 patients. Among these were n acute pain syndromes: I.: n = 0; II.: n = 1; III.: n = 1; IV.: n = 1; V.: n = 5 (Sa.: n = 8). 42 patients with chronic pain syndromes were treated with contralateral local anaesthesia (CLA). In 27 patients CLA displayed a clear effect upon the chronic pain; in 8 patients pain release was more than 50%, in 15 patients pain release was less than 50%. 3 patients relapsed into their former condition of pain. CLA was without any positive influence in 12 cases. The medium frequency of treatments was between 5 and 6 in both groups. The average time of treatment amounted to 6 and 7 months respectively. In 8 patients with acute pain syndromes contralateral local anaesthesia produced the following results: 6 patients were permanently released from their pain; in 2 patients CLA remained without any success. The average frequency of treatment was 1.25; the average time of observation was 2.3 months. Hence we suggest that CLA should be employed as early as possible in acute or chronic posttraumatic or postoperative pain syndromes. The influence of contralateral pain therapy on acute and chronic pain conditions of the opposite side can be affirmed; its mechanism remains to be clarified. Obviously it is possible to exert an inhibitory influence from the contralateral side upon peripheral, spinal, reticular and thalamic regions, which can lead to the extinction of acute and chronic pain conditions on the opposite side. According to our experiences it is necessary that the cerebro-spinal nerve system - apart from the traumatic lesion - is intact and that the pain syndrome is not maintained by a psychic disturbance. PMID- 6729158 TI - [Cutaneous cerebrospinal fluid fistula associated with secondary puncture of the dura caused by a peridural catheter]. AB - Prolonged liquor fistula following puncture of the subdural space for diagnostic or anaesthetic purposes has been reported repeatedly. These among other factors are held responsible for headache as well as neurological complications in connection with lumbar puncture. In contrast the appearance of an external liquor fistula in the lumbar region is an extremely rare event. Two patients developed a cutaneous liquor fistula after lumbar laminectomy following an inadvertant dural penetration when an epidural steroid injection was performed. The same occurred in a healthy young patient who had undergone several trials to puncture the epidural space for an epidural anaesthesia in a case of emergency cesarean section Our own observation concerns a 62 years old woman who developed a cutaneous cerebrospinal fluid fistula 12 h after the removal of an epidural catheter, which had caused a secondary perforation of the dura. PMID- 6729159 TI - Alcohol-induced mitochondrial changes in the liver. AB - The chronic ingestion of ethanol results in liver-cell damage, and characteristic features of this injury are the marked alterations in both the functions and morphology of the mitochondria. Morphologically, the changes observed in human alcoholics and experimental animals appear similar. Bizarrely shaped mitochondria and megamitochondria are detected at the fatty liver stage and persist as the disease progresses. As yet, however, no correlation has been found between the severity of these morphological changes and the development of cirrhosis. Analysis of the mitochondrial membranes indicates that ethanol consumption produces changes in both the protein and lipid composition of the membrane. Profound decreases in the components of the respiratory chain have been detected, and these changes are associated with marked depressions in the activity of NAD+ linked dehydrogenases, cytochrome oxidase, and the ATP synthetase complex. On the other hand, no consistent pattern has emerged as to the effect of chronic ethanol consumption on the composition of the membrane phospholipids. Many of the changes appear to be dependent on the sex of the animal, the dietary status, and the duration of ethanol intake, and are suggestive of changes in fatty acid desaturase activity. Mitochondria isolated from ethanol-fed rats displayed impaired respiration and a lowered steady-state rate of ATP synthesis. Whether or not these functional changes are directly related to alterations in the physical properties of the membranes remains to be resolved. This marked depression of respiratory functions in isolated mitochondria was not reflected by a significant decrease in O2 consumption by the livers of ethanol-fed animals. PMID- 6729160 TI - Effect of ethanol on hepatic secretory proteins. AB - Both acute and chronic ethanol administration inhibit the secretion of albumin and glycoproteins from the liver. Impairment of posttranslational steps of the secretory process are mainly involved in this secretory defect, although in some instances altered synthesis of the protein moiety may be a factor. Decreased secretion following ethanol administration results in the intrahepatic retention of export proteins. The secretory defect is a consequence of the metabolism of ethanol and is likely mediated via acetaldehyde, although more conclusive proof is still required. The manner by which acetaldehyde impairs the secretory process is unknown, but may be related to its high reactivity with hepatocellular proteins. The specific posttranslational steps or processes involved in the secretory defect are still unclear; however, it appears that the final steps of secretion (post-Golgi events) may be the primary site of impairment. Impaired secretion of proteins from the liver could contribute to altered levels of plasma proteins and hepatomegaly as well as to the liver injury observed in the alcoholic. PMID- 6729161 TI - Social models of drinking behavior in animals. The importance of individual differences. AB - Although certain social environments clearly facilitate alcohol intake in humans, the role of social factors in alcohol consumption by animals is less clear. While social housing conditions such as crowding and isolation increase alcohol consumption in animals, in both cases this is mediated by heightened stress. Increases in social tension increase alcohol consumption in social groups of animals, but the literature is extremely variable in reports of how dominance correlates with alcohol consumption. Alcohol administration has biphasic effects on social behavior of animals similar to its biphasic effects on activity levels. We report a novel, social animal model of alcoholism. Rats raised over prolonged periods in highly enriched, social colony environments develop a variety of rhythms of alcohol consumption. But in each colony, only a few animals develop into extreme overconsumers of alcohol, and the proportion of colony-housed animals that develop such excessive alcohol -consumption habits is similar to the proportion of humans with alcohol problems. These overconsumers of alcohol from a rat colony show a variety of alterations in behavior, including chronic inactivity and low dominance standing. They represent a novel, voluntary animal model of social alcoholism. PMID- 6729162 TI - Aging and alcohol problems. Opportunities for socioepidemiological research. AB - The social dynamics and epidemiological factors of alcoholism among old people are among the most important areas for research as the population of the United States ages and the reported incidence of alcoholism among the elderly increases. Little research has been conducted, however, that would provide an empirical basis for the development of interventions, policies, or programs designed to deal with the growing problem. This chapter reviews the current state of knowledge regarding published research in the area of aging and alcoholism and proposes areas in which research is badly needed. In addition, the results of the 1981 White House Conference on Aging that deal with alcoholism are reviewed in support of the proposed research initiatives. PMID- 6729163 TI - Cross-cultural aspects of alcoholism in the elderly. AB - Thus far, we know relatively little about alcoholism among the elderly across cultures. However, extrapolation from available reports suggests certain common features across cultures. These include an inverse relationship between age and problem-producing dosages, increased risk of elderly alcoholics to trauma, greater efficacy of milieu changes with age, and a concentration of elderly alcoholics in cities. Conversely, certain other aspects of aging that vary across cultures may influence alcoholism in the elderly. These include the biological concomitants of aging, social status and the role of the elderly in the society (including integration or isolation of widowed persons), dealing with problematic behavior in the elderly, and patterns of alcohol use by the elderly. Future strategies for researching alcoholism among the elderly are suggested. It is suggested that cultural norms and values, as well as social policy, ameliorate or exacerbate alcohol-related problems among the elderly. PMID- 6729164 TI - Contributions from anthropology to the study of alcoholism. Overview. AB - Beginning in the 1950s, we have witnessed a continual acceleration of research activities by anthropologists in the alcohol field. Currently, a substantial number of anthropologists are conducting creative, productive, and eclectic field studies having to do with alcohol use, abuse, and treatment. This overview of this section provides evidence for the proliferation of interest in alcohol research by anthropologists through reports on recent publications, organizational activities, symposia on alcohol topics, and collaborative efforts between anthropologists and colleagues in other fields. Certain themes characterizing the increase in research activities are proposed: the interdisciplinary nature of many anthropology projects and the cross fertilization of research methods. Each chapter in the section is introduced and placed within the overall context of contemporary alcohol research in anthropology. The overview concludes with a recommendation to expand the role of anthropology in international cross-cultural studies of alcohol. PMID- 6729165 TI - Ethnohistory and alcohol studies. AB - This chapter briefly outlines the development of ethnohistory in the United States and Canada and then examines the contributions that ethnohistorical studies have made to our understanding of heavy drinking in situations of acculturation. Three major models used by anthropologists and ethnohistorians to account for heavy drinking in such contexts are identified: (1) drinking as a response to sociocultural disorganization, (2) drinking as a response to deprivation, and (3) drinking as an expression of traditional values and activities. These models are evaluated in light of recent theoretical and methodological developments within anthropology and other social sciences. The discussion draws on ethnohistorical case studies to exemplify these developments. It is argued that ethnohistory 's ongoing interaction between field and archival research offers a unique and essential approach to the study of alcohol use. PMID- 6729166 TI - Social-network considerations in the alcohol field. AB - This chapter reviews the literature on social networks in the alcohol field. The review focuses on the dynamics of the social-network system and network analysis. Stressors to recently urbanized persons are also examined in a discussion of social adaptation, social identity, and networks. The findings of several studies that are summarized indicate that there is a crisis in changing cultural styles and social values that develops after migration and resettlement. An aspect of this review suggests that social networks may be utilized as stress-buffering strategies in both a constructive and a destructive fashion during these periods of crisis. The author describes these networks as pathways to care and illustrates how they might play a significant role in alcoholism-treatment and recovery programs. Finally, the author concludes with some possible directions for future research on the systematic study of social bonds. PMID- 6729167 TI - Social correlates of drinking in contrived situations. AB - This chapter reviews the literature on experimentally created drinking situations with humans. In these experiments, social factors have been alternatively investigated as the dependent and independent variables. The findings of several studies assessing the impact of elements in the drinking environment are summarized. The effects of solitary drinking vs. group drinking have been covered and illustrate the quantitative and qualitative responses elicited. An aspect of this review examines studies that attribute behaviorally integrating effects to alcohol when the beverage is incorporated into certain therapeutic settings. Also illustrated are studies that have attempted to influence drinking behavior in alcoholics by using social contingencies. PMID- 6729168 TI - Selected contexts of anthropological studies in the alcohol field. Introduction. AB - Anthropologists have made contributions out of all proportion to their small numbers among the multidisciplinary groups that conduct research on alcohol use and its outcomes. Among topics concerning which these contributions have been especially valuable are: social organization, intracultural variation, institutional analysis, symbolism and norms, and cross-cultural comparison. A brief note on each of the variously authored chapters in this section shows how it illuminates one of those topics. PMID- 6729169 TI - Family research and alcoholism. AB - Few anthropological studies on alcoholism and family life exist. This chapter argues for a flexible definition of the contemporary "family" and briefly reviews the orientations in the alcoholism and family literature, noting that the family systems approach currently utilized by clinicians is congenial with basic anthropological approaches and methodologies, such as the tenet of holism, the conceptual "structural functional" approach, and naturalistic field methods classic to anthropological research. The significance of home observation is emphasized. A review of anthropologically oriented studies in the literature by sociologists , psychiatrists, and anthropologists is presented. Contemporary anthropological studies are described, and promising directions for new research that fall within the traditional purview and interests of anthropologists are pointed up. PMID- 6729170 TI - Alcoholism-treatment-center-based projects. AB - This chapter has three main objectives. First, it seeks to identify a variety of alcoholism-treatment settings, medical and nonmedical, in which anthropologists have conducted or could profitably conduct anthropological research. Hospital inpatient settings, nonmedical inpatient facilities, counseling-rehabilitation centers, public and private institutional service sectors (e.g., law enforcement, occupations, education), and "folk" or untested spontaneous strategies are discussed. Second, it attempts to point out some of the problems anthropologists have had or might expect to have in gaining access to these settings. Some of the reasons are structural, others have to do with overcoming anthropology's traditional biases for research, while still others involve the resolution of certain ethical dilemmas if alcohol research is to be carried out with anthropology's conventional strategies. The third objective is to provide a strong stimulus of encouragement for anthropologists to do "field work" in these varied treatment settings. PMID- 6729171 TI - Cross-cultural studies of alcohol use. AB - A major contribution of anthropology to alcohol studies is the description and analysis of the range of variation in drinking and its outcomes among diverse populations. Various kinds of cross-cultural comparisons are helpful for understanding the relationships among variables and for testing hypotheses about how alcohol use relates to other aspects of culture. Transcultural studies, small scale comparisons of a few cultures, are reviewed. Also summarized are those hologeistic studies--in which associations between specific traits are statistically evaluated for a large worldwide sample of cultures--that have yielded theoretically significant models emphasizing anxiety, social structure, dependency, and power as basic motivations for drinking or drunkenness or both. PMID- 6729172 TI - Alcohol-ingestive habits. The role of flavor and effect. AB - We propose that alcohol is a food and that drinking alcohol is fundamentally a feeding habit. Many feeding habits are acquired by Pavlovian conditioning in which the flavor of food [conditioned stimulus (CS)] is adjusted by the aftereffects of the ingested meal [unconditioned stimulus (US)]. Thus, repletion of nutritive deficits or recuperation from illness enhances flavor palatability, whereas toxicosis or nausea reduces it. After reviewing the major functional and neurophysiological features of this homeostatic conditioning process, we relate them to the flavor (CS) and effect (US) of alcohol. We present evidence suggesting that the caloric effects of low-dose alcoholic drinks may help to establish and maintain alcohol habits through conditioned palatability changes. Included is a general treatment of the antagonistic interactions between such homeostatic conditioning and the behavioral mechanisms used to defend again peripheral insults such as electric shock. In closing, we discuss the implications for modifying alcoholic habits. PMID- 6729173 TI - Commentary on the utility of experimental social and learning models of alcoholism. AB - This chapter reviews the status of models in scientific research generally and in alcohol research in particular. The reader's attention is drawn to both advantages and disadvantages of models. The authors concur with others that models should be judged primarily by a criterion of usefulness rather than that of truthfulness . The commentary then examines what animal models of alcoholism have purported to model and the variety of criteria offered to evaluate such models. The authors agree in part with Cicero that there is not now and perhaps never will be a "true animal model of alcoholism." Indeed, when the variety of expression of alcoholism in humans is considered, the utility of any single, comprehensive model of alcoholism (animal or human) is questionable. However, the authors note that models of alcohol-relevant phenomena need not replicate or map all the characteristics thought to be present in the human alcoholic. Finally, the authors review several examples of models of alcohol-related phenomena (presented in Chapters 1-4), noting that although such models may be limited, they appear useful in advancing our understanding of this complex and pressing problem area. The authors conclude that an effective strategy for alcohol investigators would be to develop parallel models for both animals and humans and to engage in collaborative research based on such models. PMID- 6729174 TI - [Effect of isoproterenol on spontaneous cytotoxic activity of mononuclear lymphocytes from peripheral blood and from tonsils]. PMID- 6729175 TI - [Acute gastroenteritis of the invasive and of the toxigenic type. Its diagnosis, evaluation and development]. PMID- 6729176 TI - [Plasma testosterone response to HCG stimulation. Comparison of different stimuli in normal men]. PMID- 6729177 TI - [Prognosis of brain infarctions in diabetic patients]. PMID- 6729178 TI - [Radioisotopic evaluation of left ventricular function in patients with Chagas disease]. PMID- 6729179 TI - [Transverse myelitis as a presenting form of systemic lupus erythematosus]. PMID- 6729180 TI - [Penetrating wounds of the chest. Unusual clinical course of a chest wound caused by a piercing weapon]. PMID- 6729181 TI - [Hemolytic uremic syndrome in a girl, mimicking membrano-proliferative glomerulonephritis with a worsening course]. PMID- 6729182 TI - [Type I adult non-neuropathic Gaucher's disease. Study of a case]. PMID- 6729183 TI - [Experimental study of extensive proximal intestinal resection. 2. Changes in plasma proteins and histological and ultrastructural changes in the liver]. PMID- 6729184 TI - [The use of morphology and morphometry in the diagnosis of reflux esophagitis. A study of 103 cases]. PMID- 6729185 TI - [Biochemical-morphological correlation in 26 cases of hepatopathy caused by drugs]. PMID- 6729186 TI - [Clinico-pathological study of the therapeutic efficiency of carbamizole in the treatment of human alcoholic hepatitis]. PMID- 6729187 TI - [Surgical lesions of the bile ducts. Treatment]. PMID- 6729188 TI - [Complex bilio-digestive anastomoses: scintillographic functional follow-up using Tc 99 HIDA]. PMID- 6729189 TI - [Carcinoma of the gallbladder. Relation between the time of diagnosis and the clinico-biological profile]. PMID- 6729190 TI - [Bouveret syndrome. Report of a new case]. PMID- 6729191 TI - [Apropos of a new case of Caroli's disease]. PMID- 6729192 TI - [Traumatic hemobilia caused by percutaneous hepatic biopsy. Echo-tomographic diagnosis]. PMID- 6729193 TI - [Carcinoma of the colon and ulcerative colitis]. PMID- 6729194 TI - [An unusual cause of intestinal occlusion: traumatic diaphragmatic hernia containing small intestine]. PMID- 6729195 TI - [Hereditary coproporphyria. A familial study]. PMID- 6729196 TI - [Complications of cerebral angiography. Statistical analysis of 1260 cases]. PMID- 6729197 TI - [Technic for cleansing the colon in preparation for endoscopic examination]. PMID- 6729198 TI - [Laxatives: marketing, mechanism of action and clinical effects]. PMID- 6729199 TI - [Smoking and the reproductive health of women]. PMID- 6729200 TI - [Cytogenetic aspects of short-term cell cultures of lymph node, bone marrow, peripheral blood and serous effusion cells from 325 cases of Hodgkin's disease]. PMID- 6729201 TI - [Diabetes and atherosclerosis]. PMID- 6729202 TI - [Weber-Christian syndrome. Description of a case with unusual onset and localization]. PMID- 6729203 TI - [Are preoperative routine tests always useful?]. PMID- 6729204 TI - [Omeprazole and inhibition of gastric acid secretion]. PMID- 6729205 TI - Clinical interest of steroid hormone receptors in breast cancer. PMID- 6729206 TI - Quality control program for estradiol receptor determination: the Italian experience. PMID- 6729207 TI - Quality control of clinical steroid receptor assays in Sweden. PMID- 6729208 TI - Standardization of steroid receptor analysis in breast cancer biopsies: EORTC receptor group. PMID- 6729209 TI - Estrogen receptors and distribution of prognostic factors in primary breast cancer. PMID- 6729210 TI - Influence of intratumoral estradiol biosynthesis on estrogen receptors. PMID- 6729211 TI - Influence of endogenous hormone levels on tumor estradiol and progesterone receptors. PMID- 6729212 TI - Inflammatory tumors of the human breast: determination of estrogen and progesterone receptors. PMID- 6729213 TI - Relationship between estrogen receptors and cellular proliferation. PMID- 6729214 TI - Estrogen receptor variations in neoplastic tissue during the course of disease in patients with recurrent breast cancer. PMID- 6729215 TI - Prognostic value of progesterone receptors in primary breast cancer. PMID- 6729216 TI - Estrogen and progesterone receptors as prognostic factors in early breast cancer. PMID- 6729217 TI - Effect of adjuvant therapy in primary breast cancer in relation to the estrogen receptor level. PMID- 6729218 TI - Endocrine surgery in breast cancer. PMID- 6729219 TI - Treatment of advanced breast cancer with tamoxifen. PMID- 6729220 TI - Protocols based on steroid receptors: Great Britain. AB - Steroid receptors appear to have prognostic significance in operable and disseminated breast cancer, but not in primary locally advanced disease. Information on receptor status gives some indication of the pattern of metastatic disease. Absence of ER and PgR detect effectively patients who will not benefit from endocrine therapy and the presence of both receptors indicates the patients most likely to respond. Patients wih ER+ PgR- or ER- PgR+ tumours have an intermediate frequency of response to endocrine treatment. Receptor status is not a determinant of response to cytotoxic treatment. PMID- 6729221 TI - Estrogen-induced proteins in human breast cancer cells. PMID- 6729222 TI - Stimulation by 17 beta-estradiol of a secreted glycoprotein in MCF-7 cells and human breast cancer. PMID- 6729223 TI - Sampling and storage of breast cancer tissue for steroid receptor assays. PMID- 6729224 TI - Estrogen action on the synthesis and secretion of a broad spectrum of proteins in mammary tumor cells. PMID- 6729225 TI - Laboratories performing receptor assays. PMID- 6729226 TI - Estrogen receptor analysis on fine needle aspirates from human breast carcinoma. PMID- 6729227 TI - Estrogen and progestin receptors on drill biopsy samples of human mammary tumors. PMID- 6729228 TI - The value of determination of nuclear oestrogen receptors in breast cancer biopsies. PMID- 6729229 TI - Microscopic visualization of steroid receptor sites: a mirage? PMID- 6729230 TI - Quality control of estrogen and progesterone receptor analyses in Denmark. PMID- 6729231 TI - Results of external quality control trials performed by the German Cooperative Group for Receptor Assay Standardization. PMID- 6729232 TI - British interlaboratory quality assessment of steroid receptor assays. PMID- 6729233 TI - Cashing in on recovery: a challenge for rehabilitation. PMID- 6729234 TI - The relationship between arthritic adults and furniture usage: a study. PMID- 6729235 TI - The Florida approach to spinal cord injury prevention. PMID- 6729236 TI - Effects of steroid sex hormones on chick embryo gonads in organ culture, with special reference to hormonal control of gonadal sex differentiation. AB - At the initial stages of sex differentiation (7.5 and 8.5 days of incubation), chick embryo gonads were treated directly with testosterone or estradiol-17 beta in organ cultures. Chemically-defined media containing cholesterol as a steroid precursor were used. The differentiation of gonads in the 10 to 12-day controls, cultured in media containing no hormones, was close to that of gonads of equivalent age in ovo. Testosterone added to the medium exerted an inhibitory effect on the cortex of the female gonad and a masculinizing one on its medulla. The results of estradiol treatment confirmed the known feminizing effect of that hormone on the male gonad, the meiotic prophase in the genetically male germ cells being initiated in the induced cortex. These data may be interpreted in favour of a bihormonal theory of gonadal sex differentiation in birds, where the predominantly-synthesized male or female hormone in the gonad determines the male or female pattern of development of the corresponding gonad. PMID- 6729237 TI - [Feeding behavior, rumination, reticulo-ruminal fermentation and plasma volatile fatty acids, compared in goats and sheep; influence of the diet]. AB - Two-year old Alpine she-goats (n = 3) and Texel ewes (n = 3) were compared as to eating behaviour, rumination and volatile fatty acids (VFA) in rumen and blood. The animals were fed once daily with two different proportions (20 and 80%) of barley and hay. Dry matter intake was fixed at 48 g D.M/kg P0.75 per day. In similar feeding and environmental conditions, eating behaviour and rumination of goats and sheep did not differ much: the goats tended to eat faster and there were more rumination periods in the sheep. Latency time, mean duration of rumination periods, daily rumination time and circadian pattern of rumination did not differ significantly between the two species (fig. 1). With both diets we observed a higher VFA concentration and a lower acetate/propionate ratio in the rumen of the ewes; however, rumen pH was lower only in those eating the 80% barley ration (fig. 2). Blood VFA in the jugular vein did not differ between sheep and goats (fig. 3). The proportion of cereals and hay in the diets affected rumen fermentation and rumination pattern in both species. With a higher concentrate/roughage ratio, rumen and plasma VFA increased, while the pH and acetate/propionate ratio in the lumen juice, the number of rumination periods and daily rumination time decreased. When the animals were fed the 80% barley ration, there was practically no rumination in the first 9 h after the single meal. During this time, rumen pH was minimal and VFA levels in the rumen and blood were maximal. PMID- 6729238 TI - Glucagon kinetics in growing rats fed different levels of protein and/or energy. AB - The present work was carried out to evaluate the kinetic parameters of glucagon in growing rats divided into three groups: T, H and E. Group T (Control group) was fed a control diet (crude protein: 11.8%). Groups H and E received a high protein diet (crude protein: 19%) distributed in either equal (Group H) or restricted amounts (Group E) with respect to the control. Thus, the main characteristic of Group H was the high level of protein intake (+ 68%) when Group E rats underwent a moderate increase in protein intake but a striking caloric deprivation (-25%). In all cases, the animals were fed a meal every 4 hours. The kinetic parameters of glucagon metabolism were estimated from the plasma disappearance curves of 125I-glucagon for five minutes following a pulse injection of purified 125I-glucagon (1 muCi, about 3.8 ng/100 g BW). Plasma 125I glucagon was measured after gel filtration of plasma on Biogel P-10. Tissue radioactivity (mainly liver and kidneys) was recorded seven minutes after 125I glucagon injection. The results showed that the plasma 125I-glucagon level was higher in Group H than in the other groups 1 min after the injection. At all other times (2, 3.5 and 5 min) it was similar in all groups. 125I-glucagon was rapidly cleared from plasma and rapidly taken up by the liver and kidneys. In the 3 experimental groups, mean half-life and metabolic clearance rate were estimated to be 2 min and 6 ml/min/100 g BW, respectively. Excess protein intake resulted in a reduction in the apparent initial distribution volume of 125I-glucagon without modifying significantly its turn-over rate and metabolic clearance rate. Kidneys and liver (6% BW) accounted for about 20% of the 125I-glucagon uptake by tissues 7 min after injection. Group H kidneys and liver were more labelled than in other groups. These results suggest that increased protein intake (without further caloric deprivation) can induce some changes in glucagon metabolism which could partially contribute to the increase in glucagonemia usually observed in animals fed high protein diets. PMID- 6729239 TI - [Effect of the replacement of a part of the tallow in a milk supply with tricaprylin or coconut oil on the use of energy and nitrogen by the preruminant calf]. AB - The advantages of using caprylic acid in the feed of preruminant calf have been investigated and compared to those of coconut oil. Two trials were carried out. Trial 1 studied the effect on the appetence and digestibility of a conventional milk replacer when tricaprylin ( TC8 ) was substituted for one-half of the tallow in the replacer. Trial 2 investigated diet digestibility and energy and nitrogen balances in 3 groups of 6 Friesian male preruminant calves each, using two open circuit respiratory chambers. Group 1 was fed a control diet based on skim-milk powder and tallow (diet 1). In group 2, 2/3 of the tallow was replaced by coconut oil (diet 2). In group 3, 1/3 of the tallow was replaced by coconut oil and the other 1/3 by TC8 (diet 3). Apparent digestibility of energy (94.4 vs 90.7%; P less than 0.05) and nitrogen (93.2 vs 89.7%; P less than 0.10) and energy metabolizability , q (91.6 vs 88.1%, NS) were higher with diet 2 than with diet 1. TC8 intake also favoured a higher apparent digestibility of energy (98.0 vs 92.9%; P less than 0.01) and nitrogen (96.9 vs 93.0%; P less than 0.001) in trial 1 but not in trial 2 where diet 3 had only a slightly higher apparent digestibility than diet 1 (92.9% for energy and 90.7% for nitrogen; P less than 0.10). Adjusted protein gains observed in trial 2 were 52.3 +/- 3.4, 58. 9b +/- 5.3 and 56. 5ab +/- 5.4 kcal/d/kg W0 .75, respectively, for each of the 3 diets; adjusted lipid gains were 66. 8a +/- 4.0, 59.6b +/- 4.2 and 61. 2ab +/- 6.7 kcal/d/kg W0 .75; and adjusted energy gains were 119.2 +/- 6.2, 118.4 +/- 6.1 and 117.5 +/- 6.6 kcal/d/kg W0 .75 (a, b = data with different superscripts are significantly different; P less than 0.05). Metabolizable energy (EM) efficiency for tissue deposition was of the order of 0.67 +/- 0.14, and maintenance requirements amounted to an average of 95 kcal EM/d/kg W0 .75. PMID- 6729240 TI - Relationships between Leydig cell morphometry and plasma testosterone during postnatal development of the monkey, Macaca fascicularis. AB - In neonates (0 to 3-4 months), the testis contained a mean number of 4.6 X 10(6) Leydig cells representing 4.2 % of its volume; Leydig cell cytoplasm contained 10.2 % of SER. In infants (up to 45 months), Leydig cells regressed but their number increased; their volume density did not change. Leydig cell cytoplasmic volume (454 microns3 ), which was about 2.5-fold less than in neonates (1 119 microns3 ) or adults (1 170 microns3 ), contained only 8.7% of SER. During meiosis stage (38-52 months). Leydig cell numbers and volume density did not vary but the cells reached a maximal size and an amount of SER comparable with that at birth was measured. When spermatogenesis was complete, the Leydig cells represented no more than 0.8% of testis volume, but their number and SER content were significantly increased. Except for a significant decrease when spermatogenesis was completed, Leydig cell lipid content did not change during development, and the volume density of mitochondria did not vary. The mean level of plasma testosterone was 2 ng/ml in neonates and 0.4 ng/ml in infants; it increased to 3 ng/ml during onset of meiosis and reached 10 ng/ml in adults. The profile of testosterone was positively and significantly correlated with the total volume and total number of Leydig cells (P less than 0.01 and P less than 0.02, respectively) and with changes in their cytoplasmic volume (P less than 0.001). Moreover, plasma testosterone levels were positively and significantly correlated with changes in Leydig cell SER content i.e. SER volume density and mean absolute volume per cell (P less than 0.001), total SER in the whole testis (P less than 0.01). PMID- 6729241 TI - Effects of microflora on the dimensions of enterocyte microvilli in the rat. AB - The length and diameter of enterocyte microvilli at mid-villus position were measured on electron-micrographs. The duodenum, jejunum and ileum of axenic (germfree) and holoxenic (conventional) inbred rats fed the same diet have been studied. The microvilli were significantly shorter in all these intestinal regions when the microflora was present. The decrease in microvillus length (due to the presence of microflora), expressed as a percentage of the length in axenic rat, was 5% in the duodenum, 9% in the jejunum and 18% in the ileum. This was not true of microvillus diameter where only the values found for the ileum of axenic rat were significantly lower, the others not differing among themselves. In conclusion, the presence of a total microflora led to a decrease in the length of enterocyte microvilli. These results have been discussed in relation with studies on renewal and enzyme activity in the intestinal epithelium. PMID- 6729242 TI - [Influence of the environmental temperature on the metabolic use of dietary energy and nitrogen in the growing rat]. AB - Sixty-seven male rats of the Wistar CF strain were used in two trials to study the effect of ambient temperature on nitrogen and energy balances (experiment 1) and on the variations of certain biochemical parameters of metabolism (experiment 2). In both cases, the rats, housed individually in metal cages and fed ad libitum, were kept under three different temperatures : 21 degrees C (control), 3 degrees C (cold), 31 degrees C (hot). Compared to the controls, the rats at 3 degrees C showed a significant increase (P less than 0.01) in food intake and a significant decrease (P less than 0.01) in daily growth rate and feed efficiency ratio; body fat content was unchanged. Compared to the controls, the rats at 31 degrees C showed a decrease (P less than 0.01) in food intake and growth rate, a better feed efficiency ratio (P less than 0.01) and a significant increase in carcass lipid content. When compared to rats at 21 degrees C, those at 3 degrees C had a much lower nitrogen retention; at 31 degrees C this retention was only slightly lower. The urinary nitrogen excretion, increased by the cold temperature, reflected higher nitrogen catabolism, while its increase at a high temperature was probably due to a decrease in protein synthesis, and a subsequent degradation of excess ingested nitrogen. Energy retention increased (P less than 0.01) as the ambient temperature increased from 3 to 31 degrees C, and wide variations in the amounts of fixed energy in the form of proteins or lipids were observed. The balance results obtained have been discussed in relation to the variations of some biochemical parameters of metabolism such as free fatty acids, free glycerol, lipoprotein-lipase activity and in vitro utilization of labelled glucose. PMID- 6729243 TI - Acceleration of cholesterol phase transitions in analog bile by chlorpromazine, pentobarbital and ethinyl estradiol. AB - The effects of incorporation of chlorpromazine, pentobarbital and ethinyl estradiol on the maintenance of cholesterol supersaturation was studied in bile analogs. Bile solutions were initially supersaturated and microscopically clear. Chlorpromazine and pentobarbital were almost totally solubilized; ethinyl estradiol was poorly solubilized. Chlorpromazine and pentobarbital in concentrations of 5 and 10 mg/ml rapidly (less than 3-5 h) diminished cholesterol in bile filtrates compared to controls; ethinyl estradiol did so at a concentration of 1 mg/ml but less rapidly (24 h). Bile acid and lecithin concentrations, over time, did not differ significantly between groups. The results indicate that drug interactions with bile constituents, without causing their precipitation, can alter the maintenance of cholesterol supersaturation and phase transitions in bile. PMID- 6729244 TI - Action of adenosine on energy metabolism and on glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase in rat brains. AB - The Warburg method was used to study the action of adenosine on several phases of rat cerebral cortex metabolism, using cortex slices or homogenates. In the presence of exogenous glucose in vitro, oxygen consumption and lactate production are not affected by adenosine in sections. In vivo, there is an increase of oxygen consumption and of lactate production but which are not significant. Adenosine may activate metabolic pathways, since the observed metabolic changes remain constant during the period of activity of adenosine (30 to 60 min) and disappear concomitantly with adenosine. The action of adenosine is much more evident in sections from the brains of injected animals, where the increase of lactate production becomes significant. This suggests that in this case adenosine favors a better utilization of glycogen via an activation of adenylate cyclase. The increased activity of G-6-PDH was observed in vitro but was not significant in vivo. These observations were confirmed with homogenates from the in vivo series by the significant decrease of inorganic phosphate levels, consistent with an increased formation of nucleotide phosphates. The increased cerebral glucose concentration is perhaps a result of increased blood glucose levels, in turn resulting from the known depression of insulin release by adenosine, or from a preferential utilization of glycogen, resulting from the activation of adenylate cyclase. PMID- 6729245 TI - Study of some lysosomal glycohydrolases in tumors of the nervous system. AB - The specific activities of five glycohydrolases of lysosomal origin (beta-N acetylglucosaminidase, beta-glucuronidase, beta-galactosidase, alpha-mannosidase and alpha-fucosidase) were measured in different types of primary and metastatic tumors of the human nervous system. The activities of these hydrolytic enzymes in samples of tumor tissue were compared with those in the white matter of 'control' tissue. The specific activities of beta-glucuronidase and beta-N acetylglucosaminidase were significantly higher (P less than 0.001) in each group of tumors than in normal cerebral matter. The activities of the other hydrolases were sometimes significantly increased in primary tumors, but not always. In metastatic tumors, they were also significantly higher (P less than 0.01). PMID- 6729246 TI - Depressive effect of amiodarone on hepatic drug metabolism in the rat. AB - The effect of pretreatment of rats with three daily i.p. doses of 25, 50 and 100 mg/kg of the antiarrhythmic agent, amiodarone, on the activity of some hepatic drug metabolizing enzymes, on the levels of cytochromes P-450 and b5 as well as on lipid peroxidation is reported. Amiodarone at doses of 50 and 100 mg/kg significantly reduced the hydroxylation of aniline, the 0- and N-demethylations of p-nitroanisole and aminopyrine respectively and the level of cytochromes P 450. No inhibition in enzymic activity was observed with the 25 mg/kg dose. Testosterone hydroxylation was only depressed with the 100 mg/kg dose; in this case, all four hydroxylation reactions were reduced. Cytochrome b5 content and lipid peroxidation were significantly decreased with doses of 25 and 50 mg/kg. Addition of 1 mM of amiodarone to incubation mixtures containing either aminopyrine or p-nitroanisole or aniline only decreased aniline hydroxylation indicating that at high doses amiodarone acts as a competitive inhibitor of aniline hydroxylase but that the depressive effect observed on the 0- and N demethylations of p-nitroanisole and aminopyrine is mediated via an indirect mechanism. The inhibitory effect of amiodarone was also shown in vivo by an increase in the elimination half-life and a decrease in the clearance of antipyrine. The results reported herein may explain, in part at least, the drug interactions recently reported in man with amiodarone. PMID- 6729247 TI - Inhibition of brain monoamine oxidase by 1,2,4-trisubstituted 5-imidazolones. AB - Nine 1-(3,4-dimethoxyphenethyl)-2-methyl-4-(substituted benzylidene)-5- imidazolones were evaluated for their ability to inhibit the activity of rat brain monoamine oxidase during oxidative deamination of tyramine, 5 hydroxytryptamine (serotonin), and kynuramine. All substituted imidazolones inhibited monoamine oxidase activity. A concentration-dependent inhibition of monoamine oxidase was observed using kynuramine as the substrate and the degree of enzyme inhibition was also evaluated on the basis of their I50 values. Preincubation of imidazolones with the enzyme preparations for varying lengths of time prior to the addition of substrate in no way altered their degree of inhibition and thus exhibited a reversible nature of inhibition. A kinetic study carried out with 1-(3,4-dimethoxy-phenethyl)-2-methyl-4-(4- nitrobenzylidene )-5- i midazolone revealed a competitive nature of inhibition of rat brain monoamine oxidase. PMID- 6729248 TI - Beneficial effect of mioflazine in limiting myocardial infarct size in the anesthetized dog. AB - The effect of mioflazine (R 51 469) on infarct size was studied in anesthetized dogs subjected to 24 h of LAD (left anterior descending) coronary artery occlusion. The myocardium normally supplied by the occluded coronary artery (perfusion area, PA) was delineated by perfusion of the arterial bed distal to the occlusion with colorless fluid while the remainder of the heart was simultaneously perfused with an Evans blue solution. After sectioning the heart, infarct areas (IA) could be visualized by incubation of the slices in triphenyl tetrazolium-chloride (TTC). Quantification of the areas was performed using a Quantimet 900 image analysis system. The animals either received mioflazine (2.5 mg X kg-1 orally) or a same volume of 20% polypropylene glycol, the solvent of mioflazine 2.5 h before the start of the surgical procedure. For perfusion areas greater than 20% of the left ventricle infarct size was significantly reduced in mioflazine pretreated animals compared with the control group, both expressed as per cent of the left ventricle (10.6 +/- 2.3 vs 19.2 +/- 1.5, p less than 0.005) and as per cent of the perfusion area (35.1 +/- 7 vs 64.4 +/- 5, p less than 0.005). PMID- 6729249 TI - Electrophysiologic effect of indomethacin on the rabbit sinus node. AB - The anti-inflammatory agent indomethacin has been shown to affect calcium in smooth muscle, cardiac muscle, and cardiac Purkinje cells. This study looked at the action of indomethacin on rabbit sinus node. High doses of indomethacin reduce the slope of diastolic depolarization, spontaneous rate, action potential amplitude and time of repolarization. These results are consistent with a reduction of inward transmembrane movement of calcium. PMID- 6729251 TI - Dose-dependent pharmacokinetics of antipyrine in the rat. AB - In rats given a single intravenous dose, the disposition of antipyrine was dose dependent and followed apparent first-order kinetics only at the lowest (20 mg/kg) dose administered. The initial rate of disposition decreased with increasing dose, indicating apparent saturation of antipyrine metabolism. The observed nonlinearity was unusual in that the terminal elimination rate increased significantly with increasing dose, suggesting that autoinduction of metabolism may occur after a single exposure to antipyrine. The potential implications of dose-dependent antipyrine pharmacokinetics for the use of antipyrine as a model substrate in the estimation of hepatic microsomal oxidative enzyme activity are discussed. PMID- 6729250 TI - Effect of 3-(2-morpholinoethylamino)-4-methyl-6-phenyl pyridazine dihydrochloride (minaprine) on plasma cortisone levels of physostigmine treated rats. AB - 3-(2- morpholinoethylamino )-4-methyl-6-phenyl pyridazine dihydrochloride (minaprine), has recognized clinical activity against inhibition of action. In rats, this substance antagonizes the increase of plasma corticosterone levels caused by physostigmine injection. The mechanism of this action is discussed. PMID- 6729252 TI - [The effect of the central gray matter in cats on pain during electric stimulation of the aqueduct]. AB - In 54 cats electrical stimulation of the periaqueductal grey matter was performed by electrodes which were placed in distinct regions of the aqueduct. The influence on pain was studied by the formalin test. Motor behaviour was observed. The results show an obvious inhibition of pain reactions, which was most effective in the upper of the aqueduct. The motor functions were disturbed only in some cats with lesions of the cerebellar vermis. The advantage of this method is that it is not necessary to place the stimulating electrode into the midbrain tissue. This procedure might be appropriate for patients with severe chronic pain in face and body, in whom other surgical methods have failed. PMID- 6729253 TI - A simple attachment to lead infusion drains or cables to freely moving experimental animals. AB - To infuse animals moving freely in a box, an infusion drain is suspended from a balloon filled with helium. The freely rotatable drain is fixed to a suspender at the top of the box. In this way other conduits (ECG cable, etc.) can also lead to the animal. PMID- 6729254 TI - Effect of free fatty acid on pulmonary transvascular fluid and protein exchange. AB - We demonstrated the effect of infusion of oleic acid, a common free fatty acid, on pulmonary vascular permeability in anesthetized dogs prepared with a lung lymph fistula. Infusion of oleic acid caused significant increases in lung lymph flow with no change in L/P protein ratio, resulting in significant increases in transvascular protein clearance. Pulmonary arterial and pulmonary arterial wedge pressures increased significantly from baseline but their elevation was slight. Cardiac output decreased significantly after oleic acid infusion. In contrast to the effects of oleic acid, left arterial hypertension caused increases in lung lymph flow that were associated with decreases in the L/P protein ratio. Lung water content was increased after oleic acid infusion, despite little effect on pulmonary vascular pressures. These findings indicate that oleic acid produced endothelial lung injury and increased pulmonary vascular permeability. PMID- 6729255 TI - The effect of cholecystectomy on the induction of colorectal tumors in mice by 1,2-dimethylhydrazine. AB - The influence of previous cholecystectomy (CCE) on the 1,2-dimethylhydrazine (DMH)-induced colorectal tumorigenesis was examined in 497 female NMRI mice after 14, 20, 24, 28, 33, and 36 weeks of induction time. There were only minor differences between the cholecystectomized and the non-cholecystectomized animals with regard to the percentage of tumor-bearing animals, number of adenomas, and location of the tumors. Only after an induction time of 20 weeks, the operated group had significantly more carcinoma-bearing animals than the non-operated group (P less than 0.01, chi 2-test). The implication of these results on known data of epidemiologic studies in human colorectal cancer are discussed. PMID- 6729256 TI - Acute effect of inhaled salbutamol on mucociliary clearance in health and chronic bronchitis. AB - We investigated in a double-blind study the acute effect of the inhaled beta 2 adrenergic agent salbutamol on mucociliary clearance in man. Subjects were 20 patients with chronic bronchitis (10 receiving the drug and 10 placebo) and 6 healthy individuals (3 receiving the drug and 3 placebo). Mucociliary clearance was evaluated after inhalation of a pressurized 99mTc-labelled a albumin aerosol (median mass aerodynamic diameter 2.85 microns). Particle deposition and clearance was determined by external recording with a large-field gamma camera and dedicated computer, for three consecutive hours without moving the subject. After 1 h baseline clearance recording the subject was given either salbutamol (500 micrograms) or vehicle alone from a commercial pressurized nebulizer; recording was then continued for a further 2 h (test period). Both patients and normals treated with salbutamol showed a significant increase in the rate of clearance when compared with their respective control group receiving placebo. Clearance rates (percentage activity cleared per hour) from the lungs in the hour after salbutamol inhalation averaged 33.1% +/- 13.5 (SD) per hour, for patients (control 12.2% +/- 5.6 (SD) per hour, p less than 0.001) and 16.1% +/- 4.3 (SD) per hour for normals (control 7.8% +/- 2.0 (SD) per hour, (p less than 0.005). Significant differences were also found in clearance rate before and after salbutamol inhalation in both treated groups. Cough events did not produce any significant effect on average mucociliary clearance. However, visualization of serial computer images in individual patients showed that cough may generate appreciable upward, downward or even lung-to-lung movements of radioactive boli. PMID- 6729257 TI - Right ventricular performance in chronic air flow obstruction. AB - Right ventricular pump performances were assessed in 14 patients with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease by means of radionuclide angiocardiography using krypton-81m as a tracer. Right ventricular ejection fraction (RVEF) was significantly lower in the patients than in normal volunteers. Additionally there was a striking difference in RVEF between patients with normal pulmonary artery pressure (PAP) and those with pathologically elevated PAP. A linear negative correlation between RVEF and mean PAP could be demonstrated. From this data we suggest that radionuclide angiocardiography using krypton-81m allows non invasive assessment of right heart afterload and thus indirectly PAP. PMID- 6729258 TI - The histamine inhalation provocation test and its reproducibility. AB - The histamine inhalation provocation test (HIP) was followed during 5 weeks. This test was performed four (1 patient) or five times under standardized conditions in a group of 21 asthmatic patients. The HIP was performed with increasing concentrations of histamine phosphate produced by a 'Wiesbadener Doppelinhalator'. The HIP was called positive if there was a drop of 15% of the initial FEV1. 12 out of 21 patients (57%) showed a sufficient reproducibility. For the whole group of patients there hardly was a variability of the mean absolute concentration of histamine to produce a positive test, but individual patients showed a wide spread. Furthermore, the correlation between the initial value of the FEV1 and the bronchial response seemed to be highly significant (p less than 0.0001). It is concluded that the HIP is not always reproducible within a short period and that the hyperreactivity of the airways is correlated to the initial value of the FEV1. PMID- 6729259 TI - Protective effect of choline theophyllinate on histamine, acetylcholine, and propranolol-induced airflow obstruction. AB - The protective effect of choline theophyllinate, 600 mg orally, was studied by examining the effects on inhaled histamine, acetylcholine, and propranolol in 19 asthmatic patients. Only 9 of them showed a propranolol threshold. This bronchodilator significantly increased the threshold values of histamine and acetylcholine, but showed no protective effect on propranolol thresholds. The histamine threshold changed from 2(2.5 +/- (SD)1.2) to 2(3.8 +/- 1.0) mg/ml (p less than 0.001). With acetylcholine an initial value of 2(4.2 +/- 1.4 mg/ml was determined, which changed to 2(5.5 +/- 1.1 mg/ml (p less than 0.01). The propranolol threshold changed from 1.17% +/- 0.40 to 1.36% +/- 0.40 indicating that theophylline has no statistically significant protective effect on propranolol inhalation. The reproducibility of the challenges was assessed in 8 control patients. A placebo did not significantly change the initial airway reactivity to the three agents. The protective effect of choline theophyllinate on histamine and acetylcholine correlated with the initial degree of reactivity on both agents (r = -0.60; p less than 0.01 and r = -0.84; p less than 0.001, respectively), whereas no significant correlation with the degree of bronchodilation was observed. The latter observation indicates that the protective effect of theophylline does not depend on its bronchodilating activity. PMID- 6729260 TI - Cardiopulmonary response to exercise in patients with neuromuscular diseases. AB - In order to evaluate the possible effects of respiratory muscle training in patients with neuromuscular disease, we examined the cardiopulmonary response in 13 patients and 17 healthy controls by recording flow volume curves, ECG and alveolar carbon dioxide levels and collecting mixed expiratory air in Douglas bags. The cardiopulmonary response of our patients was not significantly different from that of the controls, and therefore we see no reason to avoid muscle training in patients with such disease. PMID- 6729261 TI - Complications of draining subretinal fluid. AB - Drainage of subretinal fluid was performed in 84% of a consecutive series of 662 primary scleral buckling procedures, and complications of this maneuver were observed in 5.6% of cases. The ultimate anatomic success rate in this series was 94.2%. Although 97% of failures were due to massive proliferative vitreoretinopathy, the process developed in no eyes in which complications of drainage were observed. Drainage of subretinal fluid is a potentially hazardous maneuver, but complications of this procedure are an uncommon cause of anatomic failure in retinal reattachment surgery. PMID- 6729262 TI - Combined retinal-retina pigment epithelial hamartoma presenting as a vitreous hemorrhage. AB - A 2-year-old healthy white boy had a vitreous hemorrhage in the left eye but no history or external signs of trauma. Computed tomographic and ultrasonographic examinations were not diagnostic. A pars plana vitrectomy performed when the patient was 2 1/2 years old revealed a posterior pole lesion diagnosed clinically as a combined retinal-retina pigment epithelial hamartoma. Such lesions may be symptomatic because of decreased vision, macular puckering, and strabismus; vitreous hemorrhage has not previously been reported as the presenting clinical sign or the predominant cause for reduced vision. PMID- 6729263 TI - Vitreous hemorrhage secondary to juxtapapillary vascular hamartoma of the retina. AB - The authors report an unusual case with vitreous hemorrhage due to a vascular hamartoma of the optic nerve-head and treated by pars plana vitrectomy. Systemic abnormalities included a seizure disorder, periungual fibroma, and intracranial calcifications suggesting systemic tuberous sclerosis. However, the ocular lesion resembled a juxtapapillary pigment epithelial and retinal hamartoma or a capillary hemangioma rather than an astrocytic hamartoma. Vitreous hemorrhage has been reported previously in eyes with capillary hemangiomas and astrocytic hamartomas, but not in eyes with juxtapapillary pigment epithelial and retinal hamartomas. In young patients with vitreous hemorrhage of unknown cause, juxtapapillary hamartomas should be considered in the differential diagnosis. PMID- 6729264 TI - Tuberculous retinal vasculitis. AB - A case of central retinal vasculitis associated with culture proven active pulmonary tuberculosis is presented. The ocular condition responded dramatically to systemic isoniazid and ethambutol. The clinical picture of central retinal vein occlusion should alert the physician to the possibility of an inflammatory etiology. Appropriate studies to rule out treatable inflammatory conditions should be ordered. PMID- 6729265 TI - Penetrating ocular injuries in young patients. Initial injuries and visual results. AB - Penetrating injuries are a leading cause of unilateral visual loss in young patients. We reviewed the records of 197 patients aged 18 years or younger who underwent primary repair of a penetrating ocular injury at the Wilmer Ophthalmological Institute from January 1970 through December 1981. The injury was caused by sharp objects in 49% of cases, missiles in 35%, and blunt trauma in 14%. Of 159 patients with at least 6 months follow-up, 110 (69%) achieved final vision of 5/200 or better, and 77 patients (48%) achieved final visual acuity of 20/50 or better. The prognosis after a penetrating injury is strongly influenced by the nature of the injury and the extent of initial damage. Several factors were found to correlate with an unfavorable visual outcome, including: initial preoperative visual acuity of worse than 5/200, injuries due to blunt trauma, wounds involving the sclera, double penetrating injuries, dense vitreous hemorrhage, and wounds associated with an intraocular "BB" pellet. PMID- 6729266 TI - Vitreous substitute. Experimental studies and review. AB - We studied a synthetic hydrogel, PHEA [poly(2-hydroxyethyl acrylate)], experimentally. The material is transparent, autoclavable , highly viscous, nonabsorbable, easily injectable, cohesive, and does not fragment on passage through small-gauge needles. Results in animal studies revealed that injection of PHEA into the vitreous cavity promoted inflammatory changes such as vitreous haziness , membrane formation, and chorioretinal atrophy. Histopathologic studies showed extensive retinal disorganization, chorioretinal scarring, and vitritis . We reviewed the literature and concluded that an ideal vitreous substitute for long-term use in complex cases of retinal detachment is not available at this time. PMID- 6729267 TI - Telescopic eyepieces in indirect ophthalmoscopy. AB - A new attachment that can be used with optimized ophthalmoscopes is described. Readily removable and interchangeable eyepieces containing small, lightweight Galilean telescopes approximately double the magnification. The influence of this device on some of the optical properties of binocular indirect ophthalmoscopy including magnification, field of view, brightness of the fundus image, and stereopsis, are reviewed briefly. PMID- 6729268 TI - Idiopathic retinal dialysis. AB - Idiopathic retinal dialyses accounted for 1.8% of 1,789 eyes with rhegmatogenous retinal detachments diagnosed in two institutions over the 6-year period from 1972 through 1977. These detachments characteristically occur in the inferotemporal quadrant of young adult eyes and often are associated with demarcation lines, retinal cysts, peripheral microcystoid degeneration, and yellow-white vitreous opacities. This study provides additional evidence that a distinct type of retinal detachment secondary to nontraumatic retinal dialyses exists. The authors believe that these dialyses probably are secondary to a developmental abnormality of the inferotemporal periphery of the retina and vitreous base. Trauma may precipitate these dialyses but is not the primary cause. PMID- 6729269 TI - Scaling mitochondrial volume in heart to body mass. AB - The heart mass was measured and the volume density of mitochondria, VV(mt,f), morphometrically estimated in 11 mammalian species ranging from shrew (3 g) to cattle (920 kg). The mass or the volume of the heart muscle (Vh) was found to scale as Mb0 .970 whereas VV(mt,f) scaled as Mb-0.044. Hence, the total volume of mitochondria in heart, V(mt), scaled as Mb0 .927 (V(mt) = VV(mt,f) x Vh). The volume of heart mitochondria was found to scale disproportionately to VO2max ( Mb0 .75) but in proportion to resting cardiac work rate ( Mb0 .9). PMID- 6729270 TI - The mechanisms of acid-base and ionoregulation in the freshwater rainbow trout during environmental hyperoxia and subsequent normoxia. II. The role of the kidney. AB - Plasma ionic status and renal excretion of acidic equivalents and electrolytes were continuously monitored in the freshwater rainbow trout (Salmo gairdneri) during 24 h normoxia (PIO2 = 120-150 torr; control); 72 h hyperoxia (PIO2 = 500 600 torr), and 24 h return to normoxia. Plasma [Cl-] progressively declined in approximate equivalence to the rise in [HCO-3] which compensated the respiratory acidosis of hyperoxia, while [Na+] increased only slightly. [Ca2+] and [K+] rose, [phosphate] declined, and [NH+4] was unchanged. During normoxic recovery, the [Na+], [Cl-] and [HCO-3] changes were reversed, [K+] and [Ca2+] showed further elevations, and [NH+4] increased sharply . Renal acid output increased greatly during hyperoxia with elevations in both NH+4 and titratable components, though the latter predominated due to a marked elevation of phosphate excretion. Renal efflux rates of other electrolytes were generally homeostatic for ECF composition, with increased Na+, K+, and Ca2+ effluxes, and decreased Cl- efflux. Clearance calculations indicated that net tubular reabsorption increased for Cl-, fell for Na+ and K+, and changed over to marked net secretion for phosphate, while net ammonia secretion increased. Most trends were reversed upon return to normoxia. The critical role of phosphate in urinary electrolyte balance and acid base regulation is emphasized. The net renal excretion of acidic equivalents accounted for only 7-10% of the total compensation observed for the whole animal during hyperoxia. The kidney contributed primarily in conserving ECF HCO-3 and secondarily in balancing branchial exchanges. PMID- 6729271 TI - The mechanisms of acid-base and ionoregulation in the freshwater rainbow trout during environmental hyperoxia and subsequent normoxia. III. Branchial exchanges. AB - Fluxes of both acidic equivalents (JH+net) and electrolytes across the gills were continuously monitored in the freshwater rainbow trout (Salmo gairdneri) during 24 h normoxia (PIO2 = 120-150 torr; control), 72 h hyperoxia (PIO2 = 500-600 torr), and 24 h return to normoxia. A highly negative JH+net (i.e., excretion) was responsible for over 90% of the compensation of respiratory acidosis induced by hyperoxia in the whole animal. Similarly, a highly positive JH+net (i.e., uptake) accounted for virtually all the compensation of metabolic alkalosis induced by normoxic recovery. Hyperoxia was associated with a small net gain of Na+ and large net losses of Cl- at the gills, while normoxic recovery was associated with large net losses of Na+ and net gains of Cl-, effects reflected in ECF composition. Unidirectional flux analyses with radiotracers (22Na, 36Cl) demonstrated that these net flux alterations resulted from rapid and complex changes in both influx and efflux components such that the difference between JNa+net and JCl-net was stoichiometrically equivalent to JH+net. The results support the concept that Na+ vs acidic equivalent (H+, NH+4) and Cl- vs basic equivalent (HCO-3, OH-) exchanges at the gill are dynamically adjusted in order to correct internal acid-base disturbances. PMID- 6729272 TI - Effect of edema and height on bronchial diameter and shape in excised dog lung. AB - Mechanical interactions among the artery, bronchus, and lung parenchyma cause the bronchus to be pulled from a circular cross-section in such a way that the largest diameter of the bronchus ( Db2 ) lies along a line joining the centers of bronchus and artery. To effect these interactions, the peribronchovascular interstitial space must transmit stresses from the lung parenchyma to the artery and bronchus. To test how interstitial edema affects the interdependence between the artery and the bronchus, we measured orthogonal diameters ( Db2 , Db1 ) from tantulum bronchograms as a function of edema formation at a fixed transpulmonary pressure (Ptp). As lobe weight increased to three times normal, Db2 / Db1 decreased from 1.08 to 1.0 at a Ptp of 6 and 25 cm H2O. Cross-sectional area decreased only at a Ptp of 6 cm H2O. We conclude (1) that peribronchovascular interstitial (Pi) pressure became more uniform with edema present, causing the bronchus to assume a more circular shape, and (2) that it increased, causing bronchial cross-sectional area to decrease at a Ptp of 6 cm H2O. To determine whether Pi is uniform with height, in a separate group of lungs we measured Db1 as a function of height in two configurations: hilus-dependent, Db1 (d) and then inverted or hilus-nondependent, Db1 (nd). Db1 was unaffected by lobe inversion at 25, 10, 6 and 4 cm H2O Ptp. At a Ptp of 2 cm H2O, the difference Db1 (d) - Db1 (nd) was positive near the hilus, decreased to zero in the lung periphery, and increased with edema. This bronchial distortion due to lobe inversion was consistent with the effect of gravitational forces on lung parenchyma as modeled by a finite-element analysis, as was opposite to that predicted by a vertical hydrostatic gradient in Pi. PMID- 6729273 TI - Enzymatic adaptations to asphyxia in the harbor seal and dog. AB - The activities of the glycolytic enzymes were determined in heart, liver, kidney cortex and cerebrum from the harbor seal (Phoca vitulina ) and the adult and newborn dog. Activities were similar in the four dog tissues as well as myocardium and brain tissue from both the newborn dog and seal. Most of the enzyme activities were markedly lower in kidney cortex and liver of the seal and the newborn dog, suggesting that the organs which are rendered ischemic in the diving seal or asphyxiated newborn dog have a lowered demand for glycolytic metabolism. This is perceived as an adaptation to prolong the time tissues can rely on anaerobic metabolism. Expression of the enzyme data in a 'similarity criterion' by dividing activity from an organ likely to be perfused during long diving or asphyxia (e.g., heart), by that from one rendered ischemic (e.g., kidney), yields a quotient which provides a convenient indicator of anaerobic potential. Such a treatment would reflect the contribution of a discrete tissue to the total anaerobic demand of the whole animal. The values thus generated for the glycolytic enzymes are generally higher in the seal and the newborn dog than in the adult dog, and suggest an index for determining the capacity of an animal to withstand repeated and variable asphyxia. PMID- 6729275 TI - [Contribution of tomodensitometric examination coupled with sialography in improving the diagnosis of tumor pathology in the parotid region]. PMID- 6729276 TI - CT scanning and aspiration cytology in the management of parotid lesions. PMID- 6729274 TI - Model study of flow dynamics in human central airways. Part III: Oscillatory velocity profiles. AB - Measurements of oscillatory velocity were made in a 3:1 model of the human central airways. The model was built of acrylic plastic and mounted vertically. A reciprocating pump connected to the upper end of the model privided oscillatory flow frequencies of 0.25, 1, 2 and 4 Hz (equivalent to 2.25, 9, 18 and 36 Hz in the actual airways) and tidal volumes of 300, 500 and 1500 ml. A hot-wire anemometer probe was used to measure velocities along two perpendicular diameters and at six stations distributed through the model. The flow distribution through the five lobar bronchi was controlled by distally positioned linear resistors . The measurements indicate that the entry flow profile into the model during oscillatory flow was essentially flat. At low frequencies, the velocity profiles attained at peak flow rate resemble the profiles seen under steady flow conditions at the corresponding Reynolds number. In the frontal plant these profiles are asymmetric with a maximum in velocity directed towards the outer wall of the bend. In the sagittal plane the velocity profiles are symmetric and have the characteristic bi-peak (M-shaped) structure seen in the steady flows. However, as the frequency increases the velocity profiles throughout most branches tend to flatten except in the right upper lobar bronchus where the skewed velocity profiles persist even at the highest frequencies studied. As in steady flows the nature of the velocity profile is strongly influenced by the airway geometry. Furthermore, the peak velocity profiles resemble steady flow profiles at comparable Reynolds numbers up to a Womersley number of 16. PMID- 6729277 TI - [Evaluation of 40 parotidectomies]. PMID- 6729278 TI - [Traction and vascular compression of the facial and cochleo- vestibular nerves]. PMID- 6729279 TI - [Essential facial hemispasm: current approach to treatment]. PMID- 6729280 TI - [Facial hemispasm leading to the detection of dolicho-ectasia of the basilar trunk]. PMID- 6729282 TI - [Osteochondromas of the coronoid process of the mandible]. PMID- 6729281 TI - [Chronic parotitis in the child]. PMID- 6729283 TI - [Various etiologic rarities in facial paralysis in the child and in the adult]. PMID- 6729284 TI - High resolution computed tomography of the parotid gland. PMID- 6729285 TI - Statistical consulting in clinical research: the two-way street. AB - Clinical research often rests on statistical interpretation of numerical data. Thus, effective collaboration between clinician and statistician can have central importance. Interaction in the planning phases of a project can identify tractable scientific and statistical problems that will need attention and can help avoid intractable ones. The central need is for clear, broad, specific two way communication on scientific issues and research roles. PMID- 6729286 TI - Case definition and power in case-control studies. AB - A narrow case definition can lead to greater in clarity in case-control studies, but it can also lead to either a gain or a loss in the power of statistical tests. Under plausible assumptions, the loss of power can be in excess of 30 per cent, and the gain can be in excess of 50 per cent. If at least one third of the total study size consists of narrowly defined cases, the loss of power will often be negligible, whereas the gain can be substantial. PMID- 6729287 TI - A non-parametric graphical representation of the relationship between survival and the occurrence of an event: application to responder versus non-responder bias. AB - Reports of cancer clinical trials often attempt to evaluate whether tumour response is associated with prolonged survival. Proper analysis requires accounting for the time-dependent nature of response status. We review a valid and relatively simple method of significance testing for this problem, and develop a corresponding non-parametric method for displaying the association between survival and occurrence of response. The new method applies to many other clinical problems involving representation and the association between survival and the occurrence of an event. We illustrate the method with data from two clinical trials. PMID- 6729288 TI - Clinical trials designed to evaluate therapeutic preferences. AB - We present an experimental design for the evaluation of therapeutic preferences among well established similar modes of therapy. The measure of the degree of preference is based on clinical decisions to continue or discontinue the current treatment at each patient visit. Such a trial simulates decision-making in ordinary clinical practice, while adhering to the scientific principles of experimental design, and it alleviates some of the ethical problems inherent in randomized allocation of a treatment for a period of fixed length in conventional control trials. We discuss the design and methods of analysis and illustrate their application with data from a trial comparing three alternative drug treatments for chronic asthma. Such clinical trials provide a mechanism for examining concordance between the relative efficacy of treatments predicted from conventional controlled clinical trials and their ultimate performance in ordinary clinical practice, expressed in terms of therapeutic preferences. PMID- 6729289 TI - A comparison of standardized and proportional mortality ratios. AB - Proportional mortality analyses are traditionally considered to be unreliable because they lack information on persons at risk. Standardized mortality ratios (SMRs) are often used in preference to proportional mortality ratios ( PMRs ) even when the denominator or numerator of rates is known to be biased. Examination of data from 30 randomly selected occupational units described by the U.K. Office of Population Censuses and Surveys ( OPCS ) revealed, however, that age-standardized cause-specific SMRs and PMRs have an almost constant relationship: the ratio of the cause-specific PMR closely approximating the all cause SMR of the group under consideration. Hence, a PMR above 100 almost always indicates that the corresponding cause-specific SMR is greater than the all-cause SMR (and vice versa). Furthermore, approximately 70 per cent of conditions with significantly high PMRs above 200 have corresponding SMRs which are also significantly high. When cautiously interpreted, the PRM may, therefore, be a useful indicator of an increased frequency of disease in a particular occupational or other group. PMID- 6729290 TI - An application of kappa-type analyses to interobserver variation in classifying chest radiographs for pneumoconiosis. AB - We investigated interobserver variation between three physician readers in the independent classification of chest radiographs from 1771 taconite workers for pneumoconiosis. We analysed variation with a general methodology for the analysis of categorical data, and quantified interobserver agreement in terms of kappa type statistics. The results revealed considerable variation in the profusion of opacities reported by each observer. This was especially so for the earliest radiographic changes, but variation also occurred with the small number of films in the series showing category 2 pneumoconiosis or over. Variation in the classification of profusion of small opacities was greater in films of poor quality, and also increased with the length of time between taking and reading the film (film age). We could not account for the effect of film age by controlling for film quality, as subjectively assessed by the readers. PMID- 6729291 TI - The choice between analysis of variance and analysis of covariance with special reference to the analysis of organ weights in toxicology studies. AB - The problem of when to include a covariate in the analysis of variance is considered in the special case of organ weight analysis in animal toxicology studies. The covariate is bodyweight prior to death, which may be subject to treatment effects. A simulation study is carried out to compare four rules for deciding whether or not to include the covariate. It is concluded that if there is background information which shows a linear relationship between variate and covariate it is advisable to adjust for the covariate, however weak the relationship may appear to be on the current set of data. Alternative procedures lead to unacceptably high Type I error rates. PMID- 6729292 TI - [Intrauterine contraception]. PMID- 6729293 TI - [The choice of oral contraception in 1984: general indications and specific cases]. PMID- 6729294 TI - [Tubal sterilization]. PMID- 6729295 TI - [Male contraception]. PMID- 6729296 TI - [Cancer of the principal part of the biliary tract in the supra-ampullary portion]. PMID- 6729297 TI - [Medical genetics and immigrated populations]. PMID- 6729299 TI - [Selective plasma purification: technical aspects, preliminary results and future prospects]. PMID- 6729298 TI - [Categorization and treatment of chronic hepatitis. Current perspectives]. PMID- 6729300 TI - [Screening, diagnosis and treatment of celiac disease in children]. PMID- 6729302 TI - [Epicondylitis and epicondylalgia]. PMID- 6729301 TI - [Should one take care of obesity in diabetes?]. PMID- 6729303 TI - [Current therapeutics]. PMID- 6729304 TI - [The value of analyzing receptor Fc function of circulating monocytes and splenic macrophages in glomerular nephropathies in children]. PMID- 6729305 TI - [Salivary pathology]. PMID- 6729306 TI - [Specific hyposensitization]. PMID- 6729307 TI - [Valve replacement or valvuloplasty, which one to choose?]. PMID- 6729308 TI - [Innovations in the medical therapy of gastroduodenal ulcers]. PMID- 6729309 TI - [Indications and results in arthroscopy in the diagnosis and treatment of disorders of the knee]. PMID- 6729310 TI - [How is the activity of Crohn's disease evaluated?]. PMID- 6729311 TI - [Frequent injuries of the hand in athletes]. PMID- 6729312 TI - [Plastic reconstruction of complex deformities in the orbital region]. PMID- 6729313 TI - [Psychosocial aspects of breast reconstruction after mastectomy]. PMID- 6729314 TI - [Functional surgery of the temporomandibular joint]. PMID- 6729315 TI - [The artificial eye wearer and his deformities. Studies of 150 patients]. PMID- 6729316 TI - [Antidepressive infusion therapy]. PMID- 6729317 TI - [Duodeno-pancreatic apudoma (including hyperplasias) and their secretory syndromes. 37 surgical cases]. PMID- 6729318 TI - [Chronic subdural hematoma. Surgical treatment under microsurgical conditions]. PMID- 6729319 TI - [Unusual case of fatal mercury poisoning discovered in an old cemetery]. PMID- 6729320 TI - [Increased sedimentation rate]. PMID- 6729321 TI - [Alcohol and the liver]. PMID- 6729322 TI - [Effect of chronic alcohol abuse on water-electrolyte balance as well as lipid metabolism]. PMID- 6729323 TI - [Alcohol and hypertension]. PMID- 6729324 TI - [Sports injuries and surgery of the hand]. PMID- 6729325 TI - [Tick-borne encephalitis in Switzerland. 1. Clinical course and epidemiology]. PMID- 6729326 TI - [Tick-borne encephalitis in Switzerland. 2. Diagnosis and immunization]. PMID- 6729327 TI - [Genotypes and phenotypes in a family with mental retardation and fragility of the X chromosomes]. PMID- 6729328 TI - [Alexander's disease in an adult]. AB - A 34-year-old man developed cerebellar symptoms, palatal myoclonus and spastic paraparesis progressing over several months. During this period, acute respiratory failure occurred in two instances with evidence of central chronic hypoventilation. CT scan showed enlargement of the frontal horns and posterior fossa cisterns. Post mortem examination revealed the following features: 1) Rosenthal's fibers widespread throughout the CNS but especially in subependymal regions; 2) bilateral white matter cavitations involving the frontal lobes, hilum of dentate nuclei and bulbar pyramids; 3) microscopic pseudogliomatous foci present in several sites, especially in the fornix and midbrain tegmentum; 4) the medulla and high cervical spinal cord showed "peripheral type" myelin fibers along with Schwann cell proliferation in aberrant intra-parenchymal situation. The relationship of this case--as well as the few previous adult reports--to the well-defined infantile Alexander's disease is discussed. The possible hamartomatous nature of both glial changes and aberrant myelin production is emphasized. These various lesions, including Rosenthal fiber formation, are assumed to result from a similar--probably dysontogenetic--pathophysiological mechanism. It is suggested that Alexander's disease, in this case, should be classified among phakomatoses rather than enzymopathic leukodystrophies. PMID- 6729329 TI - [Case of cortical deafness sparing the music area]. AB - A 33-year-old woman had developed cortical deafness with profound initial deafness lasting for eleven months after pneumococcal meningitis ten years previously. CT scan demonstrated bilateral temporal lobe lesions, predominantly on the left side where it extended into the adjacent parietal and frontal lobes. Audiometry suggested integrity of the internal ear and brain stem. Early auditory evoked potentials were present, while potentials of moderate latency and delayed potentials were abolished. Neuropsychological investigations demonstrated total absence of spoken language, contrasting with conservation of written language, though with agrammatism and an impossibility of identifying non-verbal noises, spoken language, and music. The patient could not identify rhythms, pitch, melodies or the different types of music. The musical quality of sound stimuli and musical pleasure were, however spared as shown by recognition of tape recorded sound stimuli with written denomination and designation of images in multiple choice tests. The relations between auditory agnosia, "pure" verbal deafness and cortical deafness are discussed. Reported cases are reviewed and an attempt is made to demonstrate the existence of several levels in the integration of musical stimuli, the most elementary of which could be the perception of the musical quality of sounds, as was the case in the present patient. PMID- 6729330 TI - [Charcot's disease and juvenile amyotrophic lateral sclerosis]. AB - The authors studied 102 clinical observations of patients presenting the symptoms of amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (Charcot's disease). Two distinct groups were discerned from an analysis of the ages of onset: the first group, comprising 20 patients, represents the juvenile form, with onset before the age of 30. The second group (82 patients) represents the classic form of Charcot's disease. Generally speaking, the adult group is identical to that reported in the literature since Charcot first described amyotrophic lateral sclerosis. The incidence is greater in males. Hyperproteinorachia is frequent. No local etiologic cause has been identified. The apparent incidence of the disease in the regions of Tunis and Nabeul is 0,45 per 100 000 inhabitants per year. The juvenile form is characterized by a relative frequency of the familial form (30 p. 100), a possible association with particular sensory symptoms, and a slow evolution. Hypoproteinorachia is relatively frequent. The authors discuss the relations between these two groups of amyotrophic lateral sclerosis. Are they two different expressions of the same disease, or are they two different diseases? PMID- 6729331 TI - [Hypokalemic paralysis after prolonged absorption of a non-alcoholic pastis in a diabetic]. AB - A typical case of glycyrrhizin-induced hypokalemic paralysis in a diabetic patient is presented. Hypokalemia was responsible for a generalized muscle weakness with a rise in serum muscular enzymes and cardiovascular disorders, which improved under potassium supplementation and spironolactone therapy. The pseudoaldosteronism syndrome with low plasma renin activity and aldosteron suggested aldosteron -like liquorice intoxication. Patient's interrogation revealed regular consumption of a common aperitive drink: a non-alcoholic pastis containing small amounts of glycyrrhizin. The discrepancy between the severity of clinical manifestations and the ingested amounts of glycyrrhizin is explained by the diabetic state. PMID- 6729332 TI - [Intracranial hypertension and ependymoma of the end of the spinal cord]. AB - A 42 year-old woman was admitted with a subacute intracranial hypertension which improved under medical treatment. Angiographic data and CT scan showed enlarged ventricles. CSF showed 1.95 g/l of proteins. Five months later, a relapsing acute intracranial hypertension led to a ventricular derivation. CT scans, angiographies and ventriculography showed progressively enlarged ventricles but failed to disclose any intracranial tumor. A thoraco-lumbar tumor of the spinal cord was incidentally discovered and removed. Histopathology concluded to an ependymoma. No sign of recurrence has occurred after an eighteen month follow up. The pathogenesis of intracranial hypertension occurring in spinal cord tumors is discussed. PMID- 6729333 TI - [Loss of consciousness during benign intracranial hypertension. Correlations between cerebrospinal fluid pressure and the electroencephalogram]. AB - A patient with benign intracranial hypertension developed paroxysmal attacks of falling due to loss of consciousness. Prolonged simultaneous recordings of CSF pressure, through a lumbar needle, and of EEG showed that these episodes resulted from bouts of elevation of CSF pressure (120 mm Hg systolic pressure). The pathophysiology of the increased pressure waves, described as Lundberg 's A waves or plateau waves, is discussed. The analogy between EEG records and those observed in normal subjects during Valsalva's manoeuvre is a further argument in favor of cerebral anoxia during the increased pressure plateau, this being apparently the explanation for the clinical disorders. PMID- 6729334 TI - [Encephalopathy during distomiasis]. AB - A patient with Fascioliasis developed polyradiculoneuritis and encephalopathy. The diagnosis was confirmed by an eosinophilia associated with positive serial serology tests. The disease regressed spontaneously. The immuno-allergic mechanism is discussed. PMID- 6729335 TI - [2 cases of post-measles myelitis]. AB - Two cases of a very rare complication of rubella i.e. a strictly spinal cord lesion developing during the course of the viral infection, are reported. In the first case, there was a flaccid paraplegia which incompletely regressed after two months. In the second case there were only sensory disorders and sphincter disturbances and recovery was complete after one month. The post-eruption encephalomyelitis lesions are of uncertain paphogenesis but the most common hypothesis suggested is that of a delayed hypersensitivity mechanism involving a cell-mediated immunologic reaction. The prognosis of these post-injection neurologic manifestations is difficult to assess, but spinal cord lesions could have a good prognosis. PMID- 6729336 TI - [Meningo-myelitis with a favorable course after measles vaccination]. AB - A 27 year-old woman complained of symptoms and signs due to a meningo-myelitis, 5 days after anti-rubella vaccination. Among the earliest symptoms she experienced pain and sensory deficit in the inoculated arm. The disease worsened until the 15th day, then improved spontaneously. PMID- 6729337 TI - Pathogenicity of anaerobic gram-negative rods: possible mechanisms. AB - The literature dealing with the pathogenicity of anaerobic gram-negative rods in humans is reviewed. Knowledge concerning definite pathogenic mechanisms is, at best, cursory. There is evidence that encapsulation plays a role in the pathogenicity of Bacteroides fragilis and some of the black-pigmented Bacteroides. A range of enzymes, among them collagenase and IgA protease, are produced by several Bacteroides species. Supernatants of Fusobacterium necrophorum cultures may be leukotoxic. Synergism between anaerobic gram-negative rods and other bacterial species has been demonstrated in experimental animals. PMID- 6729338 TI - Opening address: International Congress for Infectious Diseases. PMID- 6729339 TI - [Cylindrical cancer of the lung. Analysis of a series of 191 cases]. AB - The authors analyse 191 cases of cylindrical carcinoma of the lung. Study of the clinical and radiological characteristics, as well as the course, revealed the following: the reduced male predominance of this type of lesion, the often distal site and the primary pulmonary nature. The prognosis is identical to that for squamous forms: 31% survivors at 5 years. PMID- 6729340 TI - [Clinical aspects of occupational asthma]. AB - Although on the increase overall, the actual prevalence of occupational asthma is difficult to assess because of variations seen according to periods, countries, jobs, and the agents responsible. In the authors' experience, this prevalence is slightly less than 10%. Three principal mechanisms, sometimes present together, not always elucidated: immunological, reflex and irritative, are responsible for such asthma. Whilst a positive diagnosis raises few problems, the aetiological diagnosis is difficult and involves two stages: recognition of the occupational characteristic of the asthma and attribution of this asthma to an allergen or substance in the occupational environment. Skin tests and in vitro tests, but above all exposure tests, make an important diagnostic contribution. Personal examples are used to illustrate the principal aetiological factors in occupational asthma of animal, vegetable or chemical origin. PMID- 6729341 TI - [Diffuse interstitial pneumopathy related to tungsten carbide, confirmed by bronchoalveolar lavage, and responding to corticotherapy]. AB - The authors report a case of severe diffuse interstitial hard metal lung disease responding to corticosteroid therapy. They point out that the course of this disease may be regressive and emphasise that analysis of broncho-alveolar washings showed no abnormality in the differential cell count. Mineralogical study of the same material confirmed exposure. PMID- 6729342 TI - [Current review apropos of a case of unilateral agenesis of the pulmonary artery]. AB - The authors review this rare malformation - unilateral agenesis of the pulmonary artery - on the basis of a recent case seen in the department. They point out the absence of any effect upon bronchial development of such an abnormality which may be explained by embryology and Reid's laws. PMID- 6729343 TI - [Idiopathic progressive pleuropulmonary fibrosis. Apropos of 2 cases]. AB - The authors report two cases of retractile pleuroparenchymatous disease of the upper lobes of non known aetiology. They compare their results with those reported earlier by Stradling (20), Scadding (18), Davies (10) and attempt to identify the specific characteristics of the disease: progressive weight, loss frequent haemoptysis, apical onset, most often unilateral, with pleural involvement and progressive spread of the lesions which nevertheless remain predominantly in the upper lobes and are asymmetrical. The similarity with pulmonary fibrosis which occurs in ankylosing spondylitis is remarkable. PMID- 6729344 TI - [Pulmonary fibrosis and ankylosing spondylitis]. AB - The authors report two new cases of pulmonary fibrosis associated with ankylosing spondylitis. The clinical, radiological and histological characteristics of this fibrosis are described. Various pathogenic hypotheses which could explain the onset of this fibrosis are envisaged. PMID- 6729345 TI - [Recurrent sarcoidosis in skin scars disclosing repeated thoracic sarcoidosis]. AB - Recurrence of thoracic sarcoidosis after spontaneous regression is extremely rare. Its existence is proven by two new cases associating sarcoidosis with L ofgren 's syndrome and sarcoid in skin scars, the latter facilitating the recognition of the presence of thoracic disease. Surveillance of the behaviour of scars forms part of routine examinations in the sarcoid patient. Even when there has been total spontaneous regression, subsequent clinical and radiological follow-up every two years must be continued. PMID- 6729346 TI - [Value of the measurement of the alveolo-arterial PO2 difference in moderate hyperoxia (FIO2 = 0.40) in chronic respiratory insufficiency]. AB - Alveolo-arterial difference in PO2 (AaDO2) during moderate hyperoxia (FIO2 = 0.40) and shunt-effect (Qs/Qt) were measured in 219 patients with chronic lung disease of various aetiologies. In particular, the series included 79 chronic bronchitics, 35 cases of "primary" emphysema, 40 cases of sarcoidosis and 36 cases of diffuse interstitial pulmonary fibrosis ( DIPF ). Alveolar PO2 was calculated from the equation of alveolar air. Ventilatory parameters were measured under stable conditions using a Fleisch metabograph . Shunt-effect (in moderate hyperoxia) was calculated from the classical equation. AaDO2 in chronic bronchitis was on average 118.3 +/- 30.7 mmHg, significantly higher (p less than 0.005) than in the emphysema patients: 99.2 +/- 22.3 mmHg. The same difference between the two groups was found for shunt-effect (p less than 0.005). In sarcoidosis, AaDO2 and Qs/Qt were only slightly raised on average: 83.6 +/- 22.0 mmHg and 7.2 +/- 3.7% respectively. By contrast, in DIPF , AaDO2 was very high (124.9 +/- 35.7 mmHg) as was Qs/Qt (14.8 +/- 6.9%). The measurement (in moderate hyperoxia) of AaDO2 and Qs/Qt, which are fairly representative of ventilation perfusion inequalities, may thus make a contribution to the physiopathological differentiation between chronic bronchitis and emphysema. The frank increase in AaDO2 and Qs/Qt in DIPF emphasises the importance of ventilation-perfusion inequalities in the development of hypoxaemia in such patients. For all the cases studied, there was a very satisfactory correlation between AaDO2 in moderate hyperoxia and PaO2 at rest in ordinary air (r = -0.64, p less than 0.001). Similarly, there was a satisfactory correlation between Qs/Qt in moderate hyperoxia and PaO2 at rest in ordinary air (r = -0.53, p less than 0.01). PMID- 6729347 TI - [Small irregular pulmonary radiological anomalies seen in coal miners in the Lorraine region]. AB - Amongst the pulmonary radiological abnormalities more or less suggestive of pneumoconiosis seen in 1 044 miners from Lorraine, there were 976 cases of typical pneumoconiosis: 154 "P.M.F." forms and 890 forms with small round opacities. In the other 68 cases, hence in a proportion of 1 in 15, the X-ray appearance consisted of small irregular opacities which have only been introduced by the I.L.O. into the international nomenclature on pneumoconiosis since 1968 (symbols: s, t, u, according to their size). These forms with small irregular abnormalities are associated with obstructive spirographic ventilatory disorders and a decrease in CO transfer (steady-state) on average greater than those seen in forms with classical round opacities. Age is greater and tobacco consumption higher, but long exposure to pneumoconiosis risk (26.9 years, on average) must also be taken into consideration in interpreting the singular prevalence of PMID- 6729348 TI - [Home oxygen therapy of chronic bronchitis patients. Clinical, functional and pulmonary hemodynamic results. Apropos of 17 cases]. AB - Seventeen subjects (16 male, 1 female) with a mean age of 60 +/- 7 years were studied. INCLUSION CRITERIA: severe chronic bronchitis (mean FEV1 = 960 ml with frank hypoxaemia (PaO2 less than 60 mmHg); past history of right heart failure or electrical signs of right ventricular hypertrophy or pulmonary hypertension (PAP greater than 20 mmHg); oxygen therapy at home for greater than 10/24 hours (most often greater than or equal to 12 hours) for more than a year; interval of more than 6 months between the first haemodynamic investigation (before the start of O2) and the last, this period being on average 23.9 +/- 18.6 months. From a clinical standpoint, there were 5 deaths occurring 11 to 30 months after the start of O2. Effort dyspnoea was stable or worsened but hospitalisations for cardiorespiratory decompensation were less frequent than before the start of O2. There were no significant changes in arterial blood gases: PaO2 rose from 51.9 +/ 8.1 to 52.5 +/- 7.0 mmHg. PAP improved in 12 cases out of 17, and for the group as a whole the difference was not statistically significant. However in the sub group where the daily duration of administration was greater than 12/24 hours (n = 7), PAP improved in all the individual cases and fell on average from 26.4 +/- 6.8 to 19.9 +/- 3.4 mmHg (p less than 0.02) whilst in the 10-12 hours sub-group there was no mean change in PAP.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS) PMID- 6729349 TI - [Use of the circumlarval precipitation test for the diagnosis and epidemiological survey of trichinosis]. PMID- 6729350 TI - [Presence of Enterobacteriaceae in waters purified by the biodisc method]. PMID- 6729351 TI - [Immunopathology of parasitic infections (protozoans and helminths)]. PMID- 6729352 TI - Antiplatelet drugs after acute myocardial infarction. PMID- 6729353 TI - Serum and urine somatomedin B in pediatrics. AB - Somatomedin B was determined by the radioimmunological method in the serum and urine of 104 normal subjects divided into seven age groups. The serum and urine of each patient were divided into two fractions of which one was heated at 60 degrees C for 30 min. SmB serum levels were significantly higher in heated than in unheated samples in all age groups. Moreover, SmB levels in unheated samples increased slowly, but significantly, up to the age of four years, then decreased until nine years of age, when they started increasing again. In heated serum, however, a rapid and significant increase occurred from the age of six months; later SmB levels showed slight, not significant variations. In urine no significant difference was shown in SmB levels either between unheated and heated samples or between age groups. The difference in the behavior of SmB in serum and urine may be explained by assuming the presence of carrier proteins in the blood. PMID- 6729354 TI - The role of IgM anti-HBc in the etiologic diagnosis of HBsAg-positive acute and chronic hepatitis. AB - HBsAg, HBeAg, anti-HBc, anti-HBs, IgM anti-HAV, total and IgM anti-delta (RIA) and IgM anti-HBc (ELISA) have been determined on sera of 72 male patients with acute hepatitis (68 HBsAg positive and 4 anti-HBc-positive) at the onset of the disease and at 2, 4 and 6 months thereafter, and of 77 patients with HBsAg positive chronic active hepatitis. The results indicate that testing for IgM anti HBc in acute hepatitis is necessary to identify cases of hepatitis B even in the absence of positivity for HBsAg and/or HBeAg. HBsAg-positive cases, negative for IgM anti-HBc, were due to delta superinfection of chronic carriers of HBsAg. Recovery was always associated with negativity of IgM anti-HBc; IgM anti-HBc persistence was not found in all cases evolved to chronicity. In chronic hepatitis cases positivity for IgM anti-HBc was found only in 39% of the anti delta-negative and only in 5.5% of the anti-delta-positive cases. PMID- 6729355 TI - RAST-based immunotherapy. PMID- 6729356 TI - Recent progress in the treatment of nasal allergy, intranasal steroid treatment. PMID- 6729357 TI - Effect of mechanical stimulation on mucociliary clearance of chicken sinus. AB - The hypothesis that homeostatic control mechanisms control mucociliary function in ciliated mucous membranes was induced artificially by means of mechanical stimulation. The edge of right palatine cleft was stimulated mechanically by gentle touching with a dissecting needle, and sinus clearance time was recorded as soon as mechanical stimulation was initiated. Mechanical stimulation caused acceleration of mucociliary flow of the sinus; sinus clearance time was accelerated on the side adjacent to the mechanically stimulated side of the palatine cleft, but not on the opposite side. Therefore, the reflex may be effective only on the stimulated side. We investigated the effect of nerve blockers on mechanical stimulation. Mucociliary clearance in the chicken sinus was not affected by parasympatholytic agents, but was decelerated by the beta adrenergic blocker. The effect of nerve blockers on the mechanical stimulation showed that parasympatholytic agents blocked mechanical stimulation, while sympatholytic agents did not completely block the response. These data suggest that mucociliary clearance may be regulated by the reflex of parasympathetic and partially sympathetic nerve fibers. PMID- 6729358 TI - Management of early nasal injuries with long term follow up. AB - Postnatal nasal injury occurring before full growth results in certain changes in the development of the nose and of the face. An assessment of the role of the cartilaginous nasal septum in this growth has been attempted by observing adults who had dissolution of the cartilaginous septum in childhood. The immediate management of long term follow up care of patients so afflicted is discussed. Also observed into adult life were several patients on whom lateral, medial or transverse osteotomies or combinations of these had been performed in childhood to determine if such procedures interfered with growth of the nose and face. PMID- 6729359 TI - Long term results of reconstruction of the septum in the acute phase of a septal abscess in children. AB - The long term results of our two first cases of septal reconstruction in the acute phase of a septal abscess in childhood are described. Follow-up periods were 19 and 17 years respectively. The development of the nasal pyramid was normal apart from a slight to moderate sagging of the cartilaginous dorsum. Length, width and prominence developed within normal limits and nasal function remained undisturbed. Reconstruction of the septum in the acute phase of a septal abscess seems also on the long term effective in preventing the well known disturbance of growth, form and function of the nose. PMID- 6729360 TI - Some rare tumours of the nose and paranasal sinuses. PMID- 6729361 TI - [Testicular tumor staging: the ranking of CT and ultrasonic diagnosis]. AB - In a retrospective study 79 patients suffering from a tumour of the testis were analysed between March 1977 and March 1983. Of these, 31 patients were examined via CT. The radiologist's task was the staging of these cases. The results show the superiority of CT diagnosis, which led to only one false-negative report. For the evaluation of stage II ultrasonography is useful, too, even though small lymphomas might be overlooked. If CT is not available, sonography, which is less costly, might be a good substitute. With regard to cooperative therapy, staging together with the histology of the primary tumour and determination of tumour markers are of essential importance. PMID- 6729363 TI - [Peripheral arteriography at an advanced age using a new contrast agent]. AB - A new non-ionic contrast agent containing 300 mg iodine/ml ( Jopamidol ) was used in angiographic examination of over 200 patients with a median age of about 70 years. A total of 492 arterial injections was performed. There were no serious side-effects, especially, there were no cardio-vascular disturbances nor any renal dysfunctions. It was remarkable though to note, the lack of subjective discomfort in most patients. PMID- 6729362 TI - [Staging of adenocarcinoma of the kidney--CT largely replaces catheter angiography]. AB - In renal adenocarcinoma (hypernephroma) CT as a rule provides the same information as angiography. Our experience is based on a collection of 61 tumour cases, divided in stages according to the TNM system. In retrospect, 39 of our own cases were investigated by CT as well as by angiography; the accuracy of both methods was tested on 33 operative findings. Prospectively 22 cases were examined by CT only and results controlled via 20 operative findings. CT is superior in the T and N stages. Usually demonstration of vein invasion is as good in CT as in catheter angiography. Metastases in the adrenals and the liver are vasible in CT. Seen from the point of view of a "non-touch procedure" (particularly to be demanded with a tumour metastasising as early as this!) the non-invasive method of CT proves especially suitable. We use CT primarily in all cases of suspicion. In singular cases CT is supplemented by further angiographic investigations, e.g. cavography. Exceptions to the topical proceedings mentioned above are a suspected tumour in a solitary kidney, and bilateral tumours. Such cases should be investigated by catheter angiography following i.v. urography and/or sonography. PMID- 6729364 TI - [Duration of the retention of iodine contrast agents in the body--an x-ray fluorescence analytical determination]. AB - X-ray fluorescence is able to detect iodine as it is used in contrast agents with low concentrations in vivo in man. Measurements of the time dependence of this concentration after angiographies show that one must distinguish between patients with a defect in the blood-brain barrier and those with an angiographically demonstrated arterial flow reduction. PMID- 6729365 TI - [Sonographic detection and the clinical significance of the left retroaortal renal vein]. AB - A retro-aortal left renal vein can be expected in 12.2% of the patients, as anatomical examinations show; in 8,9% of the cases, this presents as a circum aortal venous ring, whereas in 3.3% it occurs as an isolated V. renalis retroaortalis sin. The sonographic image of this deviation from the standard and its clinical relevance are demonstrated. PMID- 6729366 TI - [Anteromedial humeral head defect in posterior subacromial shoulder dislocation- exact x-ray detection as the prerequisite to therapy planning]. AB - Posterior subacromial dislocations of the shoulder are usually accompanied by compression fractures of the antero-medial part of the humeral head; the lesions have a wide variability. Four case reports are presented and the problems of radiologic analysis are discussed. PMID- 6729367 TI - [What medical treatment should be given after myocardial infarction?]. PMID- 6729368 TI - [Thrombolysis in the acute phase of myocardial infarction]. PMID- 6729369 TI - [Rehabilitation and life style changes for health in patients with coronary insufficiency]. PMID- 6729370 TI - [Prevention in pediatric orthopedics]. PMID- 6729371 TI - [Epidemiology of accidents in children]. PMID- 6729372 TI - [Gastroesophageal reflux in children]. PMID- 6729373 TI - [Contraception in adolescents. The stakes and controversies]. PMID- 6729374 TI - [Migraine in children]. PMID- 6729375 TI - [The constipated child]. PMID- 6729376 TI - [Centrosomatic tuberculous vertebral osteitis. General review apropos of 4 cases]. AB - Defined by the localisation of tuberculous infection in the vertebral body, centrosomatic tuberculous vertebral osteitis, which is rarer than Pott's spondylodiscitis, is more frequently seen in the cases of multifocal tuberculosis occurring preferentially in male black African immigrants approximately 30 years of age. Central area destruction, which has been the initial and pathognomonic radiological sign since its description by Calve and Galland , may progress towards wedging of the vertebral body, and even to its complete disappearance, accompanied by reactive osteocondensation . Infection from this particular localisation of vertebral tuberculosis may spread via arterial branches posterior to the vertebral bodies. PMID- 6729377 TI - [Dissecting osteochondritis of the patella. Apropos of 12 cases]. AB - The authors report 12 cases of osteochondritis dissecans of the patella. The relative rarity of this condition (one hundred published cases) is perhaps only apparent, as the diagnosis is sometimes difficult early in the disease. Drawing from their personal cases and from data in the literature, the authors recall the clinical and radiological signs, describe the place of complementary investigations and therapeutic indications and discuss the various pathogenic theories, none of which are fully satisfactory. PMID- 6729378 TI - [Spinal cord compression in multiple myeloma. Study of 10 cases]. AB - Ten cases of multiple myeloma with spinal cord compression are reported. The compression was located in the thoracic spine in 9 cases and in the cervical spine in 1 case. It led to the discovery of the myeloma in 4 cases. Three patients suffered, during several months, from local pain aggravated by activity and from slight and slowly progressive neurologic symptoms resembling intermittent claudication. At the time of diagnosis, sphincter dysfunction was observed only in patients with low thoracic cord compressions. In 4 cases, lesions were first treated by radiotherapy which did not produce regression of the compression. Tumor excision surgery was carried out seven times, once after failure of radiotherapy. In 6 cases an definite and steady regression of the neurological symptoms was achieved. Survival varied from 10 months to 7.5 years after identification of spinal cord compression. Survival was equal to or more than 3 years in 4 patients and will probably reach 3 years in another. Thus spinal cord compression is not by itself a sign indicating a poor short term prognosis in multiple myeloma. It should be treated by excision surgery, then by chemotherapy as in multiple myeloma at other sites. PMID- 6729379 TI - [Capsulo-synovial lesions of the hip joint at the stage of total prosthesis implantation. Study based on 328 cases]. AB - The authors have made a systematic study of specimens of synovium and capsule removed during total hip replacement for slowly and rapidly progressive arthritis, rheumatoid coxarthritis and necrosis. Out of 1 120 cases, there were 328 tissue samples suitable for satisfactory morphological interpretation. A number of conclusions are drawn from the detailed analysis of the different types of lesion. The vast majority of cases of common arthritis consist of hyperplastic and degenerative metamorphic lesions often associated with signs of inflammation. The dominant feature at this stage of coxarthritis is the histiocytic macrophage response to foreign bodies of bone and joint cartilage; it is frequent in rapidly progressive arthritis and necrosis. Several cases of synoviocytic and pseudo tumour histiocytic hyperplasia are identified, as well as myxoid and amyloid degenerative disease of connective tissue and microcrystal formation. PMID- 6729380 TI - [Pubic pain in football players can be infectious. Presentation of 2 cases]. PMID- 6729381 TI - [Bilateral aseptic osteonecrosis of the femoral head in acromegaly]. PMID- 6729382 TI - [Pseudoseptic arthritis and bacterid of Andrews]. PMID- 6729383 TI - [Locking of the metacarpophalangeal joints of the fingers. Apropos of 2 cases]. PMID- 6729384 TI - [Changes in component C3 levels in Holochilus brasiliensis nanus experimentally infected with Schistosoma mansoni]. PMID- 6729385 TI - [Brucella canis. Serological and bacteriological survey in a feline population]. PMID- 6729387 TI - 'Robust' statistical methods. PMID- 6729386 TI - [Speculation on the rate of diphtheria infection in a simple stochastic epidemic model]. PMID- 6729388 TI - Treatment of hyperthyroidism: effects on hepatic lipase, lipoprotein lipase, LCAT and plasma lipoproteins. AB - The activities of hepatic lipase and of lipoprotein lipase, the elimination rate of exogenous triglyceride and the cholesterol esterification rate were determined and related to plasma lipoprotein concentrations in 16 patients before and after treatment for hyperthyroidism. The activity of hepatic lipase was significantly higher (65%) before than after treatment, while the activity of lipoprotein lipase and the elimination rate of exogenous triglyceride remained unchanged. The endogenous cholesterol esterifying ability decreased after treatment, whereas no change occurred in the fractional cholesterol esterification rate measured with normal plasma as substrate. The concentrations of LDL-cholesterol and HDL cholesterol increased significantly after treatment. The decrease in hepatic lipase activities was correlated to the decrease in S-T3 concentrations (r = 0.77, P less than 0.001) and to the increase in HDL-cholesterol concentrations (r = 0.51, P less than 0.05). The activities of lipoprotein lipase were positively correlated to the concentrations of HDL-cholesterol both before (r = 0.54, P less than 0.05) and after (r = 0.59, P less than 0.05) treatment. These results support the view that hepatic lipase and lipoprotein lipase are both important determinants of plasma HDL concentrations and suggest that an increased hepatic lipase activity contributes to the lower HDL levels in hyperthyroid patients. PMID- 6729389 TI - Cigarette smoking and its effects on the platelet-vessel wall interaction. AB - The effect of smoking and of carbon monoxide on the platelet-vessel wall interaction was investigated. After smoking two high-nicotine content cigarettes (2.6 mg nicotine/cigarette) the mean bleeding time decreased 1.6 min (P less than 0.05) in five habitual smokers whereas the platelet aggregability was only moderately inhibited. After inhibiting the platelet cyclooxygenase by ingesting acetylsalicylic acid (ASA) 2 days prior to the study, smoking caused a markedly and significantly shortened bleeding time (-3.8 min; P less than 0.05). The bleeding time was unaffected by smoking when both the platelet cyclooxygenase and the vessel wall prostaglandin was inhibited by ASA 1 h prior to the study. When smoking two cigarettes with a low content of nicotine (0.25 mg nicotine/cigarette) no changes in the haemostatic mechanism were observed. Inhalation of carbon monoxide in high amounts in five non-smokers had a significant short-lasting effect on the bleeding time (-1.2 min, P less than 0.05). No changes in the bleeding time were observed after carbon monoxide inhalation when the platelet cyclooxygenase or when both the platelet cyclooxygenase and the vessel wall prostaglandin production were blocked. Based on the results it is concluded that the effect of smoking on the haemostasis is mainly mediated through an inhibitory effect on the prostacyclin production in the vessel wall by nicotine and that carbon monoxide only plays a minor role. PMID- 6729390 TI - Plasma fibronectin concentrations in morbidly obese patients. AB - Plasma fibronectin concentrations and liver morphology were investigated in 45 morbidly obese subjects (median overweight 88%) and in 42 normal weight controls, matched for sex and age. A significantly (P less than 0.01) raised plasma fibronectin concentration (median 464 mg/l, range 276-862 mg/l) was found in the obese subjects when compared with concentrations in the controls (median 348 mg/l, range 164-536 mg/l). Plasma fibronectin concentrations of the obese patients correlated significantly to their degree of overweight (r = 0.33, P less than 0.05) as well as to the degree of fatty change found in their liver biopsies (r = 0.33, P less than 0.05). Significantly (P less than 0.05) elevated plasma fibronectin concentrations even in obese subjects without hepatic fatty change indicate that liver fat accumulation is no prerequisite of the obesity-related elevation of plasma fibronectin. Raised plasma fibronectin concentration in obesity may more readily be explained by an increased fibronectin formation by lipocytes. PMID- 6729391 TI - Lymphocyte counting by cell size distribution analysis of leucocytes compared with conventional blood film differential count. AB - The fourteen parameter Coulter Counter S-Plus IV automated haematology analyser includes the innovative capability of calculating the percentage and number of lymphocytes in the leucocyte population. These features have been evaluated. The percentage of lymphocytes ( LYP ) correlates well to that of the conventional blood film differential count (CDC) and the reproducibility and linearity is excellent. The reproducibility exceeds that of the CDC and it is proposed that with a few safeguards the accuracy also is superior. The reason for possible erroneous LYPs are discussed and the safeguards to detect them are described. It is suggested that in cases where information on the percentage of lymphocytes (or granulocytes) is sufficient the CC LYP may replace the CDC. Use of LYP may reduce the number of CDCs to be performed by 50-75%. PMID- 6729392 TI - A new automated technique for platelet aggregation measurement. AB - A Multistat III Centrifugal Analyser (MCA) was used to measure platelet aggregation in vitro. It has a capacity of about 40 samples per h. In the analyser platelet-rich plasma and collagen-reagent were mixed, and the turbidity was measured as a function of time. The results were presented in arbitrary units ( arb . units), i.e. change in turbidity per min X 1000. The estimated 0.95 reference range was 50-95 arb . units, (n = 46) and the coefficient of correlation between MCA results and results obtained by conventional aggregometry ( Fibromat ) was 0.85 (P less than 0.001). The MCA method registered 50-75% reduction of platelet aggregation after intake of low dose acetylsalicylic acid (ASA) (1.2-4.0 mg/kg) during 3 days in 19 subjects. The MCA method is suitable to monitor ASA treatment routinely in order to establish an individual appropriate ASA dose during prophylactic treatment of arterial thromboembolic disease. PMID- 6729393 TI - Preparation of frozen reference sera and examples of applications. AB - We describe procedures for preparation of human serum from ACD bank blood and bovine serum from slaughter house blood. Preparation techniques including filtration and dialysis are described in detail as well as how to obtain desired concentrations. Special attention has been drawn to procedures yielding low lactate dehydrogenase activity. Long-term storage should take place at -75 degrees C. Different frozen reference sera have been used for calibration purposes, internal quality control and external quality assessment. PMID- 6729394 TI - The increased negative charge of prealbumin in cerebrospinal fluid is acquired in vitro by oxidation of the cysteinyl residues without formation of disulphides. AB - The reported charge difference between prealbumin (PA) in cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) and PA in plasma has been traced to the cysteinyl residues. In freshly drawn CSF and plasma, PA had the same electrophoretic mobility at pH 8.6 and the same microheterogeneity by electrofocusing under denaturing and nondenaturing conditions. No differences in molecular weight were detected on sodium dodecyl sulphate polyacrylamide slab gel electrophoresis between PA isolated from stored CSF and PA isolated from serum. In fresh samples of CSF and plasma almost all half-cystine residues of PA reacted with 5,5'-dithio bis (2-nitrobenzoic acid) (DTNB). During storage of CSF and plasma the single cys-10 in the PA subunits acquired an extra negative charge and became unreactive towards DTNB due to oxidation mainly without formation of disulphides. This reaction proceeded faster in CSF than in plasma and explains the reported lower isoelectric pH and the higher electrophoretic mobility of PA in CSF compared to the corresponding plasma. PMID- 6729395 TI - Analysis of cranial 133-Xenon clearance in the newborn infant by the two compartment model. AB - Cranial and chest clearance curves after intravenous administration of 133-Xenon was obtained on 112 occasions in 62 newborn infants admitted to our neonatal intensive care unit. The mean postnatal age was 5.1 days. The cranial clearance curves were submitted to two-compartment analysis. The compartmental clearance rate constants were 1.49 +/- 0.61/min and 0.099 +/- 0.033/min respectively while the fractional flow to the fast compartment was 0.51 +/- 0.14. Possible artefacts, particularly relevant to newborns, were analysed by computer simulation. It is concluded that the cranial 133-Xenon clearance curves varied considerably within the group of ill newborns and that the mean two-compartment parameter values differed considerably from those of healthy premature infants or adults, with or without cerebral illness. But the computer simulations demonstrated that the two-compartment parameters had high coefficients of variation and were significantly biased by right-to-left shunting of blood through the foramen ovale, by heterogeneity of the flow to the fastest compartment and by contamination of the cranial clearance curves by 133-Xenon in the airways. The radiation dose was 1.3 mGy to the lungs and 0.2 mGy to other tissues. PMID- 6729396 TI - Centrifugal and anticoagulant induced variations in platelet rich plasma and their influence on platelet aggregation. AB - Variations in the centrifugal force (g) used to prepare platelet-rich-plasma (PRP) alter not only the number of platelets therein but also their size and reactivity. Anticoagulants also affect these parameters. According we suggest that PRP preparations need to be strictly standardised. Critical comment on the use of the platelet aggregation model as a means of assessing 5-hydroxytryptamine receptor function is included. PMID- 6729397 TI - Hairy-cell leukaemia simulating connective tissue disease. AB - A patient is reported, in whom clinical and biochemical evidence of connective tissue disease preceded the diagnosis of hairy-cell leukaemia by at least 2 years. The pathogenetic mechanism(s) responsible for the coexistence of hairy cell leukaemia with vasculitis and rheumatic disease is discussed. It is proposed that the 2 diseases may share a common predisposing factor, or that the hairy cells may elicit disturbances in immune homeostasis, implying a dysfunction of T suppressor cells. Hairy-cell leukaemia should be considered in the differential diagnosis in cases of unexplained febrile illness associated with pancytopenia and signs of connective tissue disease. PMID- 6729398 TI - Prognostic factors for non-cleaved follicular center-cell lymphomas and immunoblastic sarcoma. A Bayesian approach. AB - The Bayesian multivariate statistical method was applied to determine the relative strength and optimal combination of 17 variables in predicting survival of 151 patients with non-Hodgkin's lymphomas assigned as non-cleaved follicular center-cell and immunoblastic sarcoma types according to the classification of Lukes & Collins. Considering all the factors simultaneously, the analysis showed that the combination of stage, Hb level and location of the lymphoma was included in the best predictive model at each survival time studied. Additional factors were erythrocyte sedimentation rate, thrombocyte count and leucocyte count. Of the histological variables, only growth pattern and mitotic ratio in the biopsy specimen remained significant. At manually controlled computer simulation with these best indicators, this model would have given a correct classification for 69-78% of the patients at the 4 survival times studied. One can thus expect about 70% correct prognoses using this model. PMID- 6729399 TI - Platelet-associated IgG and IgM in myelofibrosis. AB - Elevated levels of platelet-associated IgG and/or IgM were found in 15 of 18 patients with myelofibrosis (83%). All but 5 patients with elevated PAIg had active disease. The amounts of PAIg were not correlated to either S-Ig, platelet count or spleen size. Levels of PAIgG well above the normal range were especially found in patients with short duration of disease and/or a transitional myeloproliferative state. It is debated whether immune-mediated platelet dysfunction may be of importance for the development of bone marrow fibrosis, mediated by the release of platelet-derived growth factors in the bone marrow. Elevated PAIg may also contribute to abnormal haemostasis and thrombocytopenia in myelofibrosis. PMID- 6729400 TI - Multicentre evaluation of Normotest performance characteristics. Interlab variation, comparison of manual and nstrumental techniques, reproducibility, normal range. Italian CISMEL study group. AB - Normotest (NT) is a standardized reagent sensitive to changes in concentration of factors II, VII and X. It has been proposed as a useful screen for the liver synthetic function. We carried out a multicentre study aimed to compare in 5 different labs variability and reproducibility of results, normal ranges and manual versus instrumental techniques. NT values were significantly different in the 5 labs, regardless of how the results were expressed. However, within each lab, the results of manual and instrumental techniques were usually not different, providing they were expressed as ratios of test to reference plasmas. Within-lab, between-day reproducibility was much greater when results were expressed as than as %s; reproducibility was also greater with the instrumental than with the manual technique. With both techniques, normal ranges established in each lab were much more uniform when the results were expressed as ratios than as %s. On the whole, this study suggests that NT results should be expressed as ratios, that instrumental techniques should be preferred to manual techniques, and that each lab should establish its own normal range. PMID- 6729401 TI - The in vitro growth pattern of human bone marrow in methylcellulose stimulated by different concentrations of conditioned medium. AB - The proliferation of human bone marrow in methylcellulose stimulated by various concentrations of conditioned medium (CM) and observed at various intervals was studied. The growth kinetics of granulocytic aggregates was found to differ from monocytic clusters and colonies. Granulocytic aggregates showed a consistent and reproducible dose-response relationship; at day 7, the maximum number of granulocytic aggregates was found at 4% CM. At higher levels, the total number of aggregates decreased, while the number of cells per aggregate increased. The number of macrophage aggregates was far less, depending on the CM concentration. Photographic interval studies showed that at high concentrations of CM, clusters and colonies were formed earlier, but also coalesce to form one colony. Our results suggest that the proliferation kinetics of granulocytic aggregates are complex and preclude simple statements about sensitivity to colony-stimulating activity. PMID- 6729402 TI - Neutropenia of Negroes. PMID- 6729403 TI - Decreased cloning of lymphocytes from elderly individuals. AB - Limiting-dilution cloning of human lymphocytes was used to study cloning and proliferation of lymphocytes in 10 young and 10 elderly individuals. The cloning efficiency for elderly individuals, 3.5%, was significantly lower than that for young individuals, 19.8%. Mixing experiments showed that this decrease was due to both a decrease in the frequency of the clone-forming cells and a decrease in the interacting ability of the lymphocytes. Lymphocytes from elderly individuals which did form clones, however, proliferated at the same rate as did those from young individuals. PMID- 6729404 TI - Lymphocyte migration into collagen gels: role of lymph. AB - In the present investigation we found that the presence of lymph within a 3-D collagen gel potentiates the invasion of mature recirculating lymphocytes into the gel. Preferential accumulation of lymphocytes in lymph-containing gels follows the same rules that apply for both in vitro lymphocyte adhesion to high endothelial venules of frozen sections of the lymph nodes and in vivo lymph node entry of lymphocytes. Furthermore, the results obtained suggest that lymph is chemotactic for lymphocytes. This chemoattractant activity of lymph could be assigned mainly to a protein fraction precipitating in the range of 40-60% concentration of ammonium sulphate. The biological significance of these findings for the selective process of lymphocyte emigration from blood to lymph, across the parenchyma of the nodes, is discussed. PMID- 6729405 TI - Cell proliferation during the maturation of natural killer cells. AB - The requirement for cell division during the maturation of natural killer (NK) cells was studied by following the appearance of donor-type NK cells in irradiated mice injected with bone marrow cells and by blocking the cell division at different times during this development. Irradiation (700 rad) or treatment with hydroxyurea (1 mg/g body weight, twice daily) of the recipient mice 7 days after the bone marrow cell inoculation inhibited the appearance of normal NK cell levels, suggesting that the NK cell progenitors are dividing cells. Blocking of the cell division in chimeras that had already developed high NK levels decreased the splenic NK activity, indicating the presence of a dividing NK cell population at this stage of maturation. These results are in accordance with the concept that mature NK cells are nondividing cells but are derived from actively proliferating progenitors in the bone marrow, and some of the first NK cells appearing in the spleen from the bone marrow can still be dividing. PMID- 6729406 TI - In vitro modulation of murine natural killer cytotoxicity by zinc. AB - The in vitro effects of zinc on natural killer (NK) activity of murine spleen cells were studied. The pretreatment of splenocytes with non-toxic concentrations of ZnSO4 induced a decrease of lytic activity against YAC-1 and RDM4 targets. The lytic function of non-activated and poly(I) X poly(C)-activated NK cells was similarly inhibited. When the interaction of effector cells with zinc was studied for 5 min, a significant inhibition of NK lysis was noted, which was maximal after 30 min. Zinc was undoubtedly responsible for the observed effects, since the concurrent addition of both zinc and suitable concentrations of o phenanthroline, a Zn++ chelating agent, made it possible to maintain a normal level of lysis. Moreover, the pretreatment of spleen cells with increased concentrations of o-phenanthroline also inhibited NK lysis, suggesting that a physiological intracellular zinc content is required to maintain an optimal lytic function of NK cells. Although the lysis was completely suppressed after the addition of 10(-4) M ZnSO4, the frequency of target-binding cells (TBC), which was assumed to represent the first stage of NK-mediated cytolysis, was only partly inhibited. The results are discussed in view of a possible action of zinc on cell membrane functions, enzyme systems, and release of lymphokines. PMID- 6729407 TI - Free oxygen radicals are not detectable by chemiluminescence during human natural killer cell cytotoxicity. AB - Mononuclear cells isolated from peripheral blood of normal donors produce free oxygen radicals (FR), detectable by chemiluminescence (CL), when interacting with target cells during natural killer (NK) cell lysis. FR-producing cells were found to have monocyte characteristics and gave a positive CL reaction when mixed at low concentration (0.5%) with purified NK cells. No correlation was found between susceptibility to NK cell lysis and capacity to induce CL with different target cell lines. Using high and low molecular FR scavengers, no NK cell inhibition was seen with superoxide dismutase, cytochrome c, and catalase, whereas some inhibition was seen with 4,5-dihydroxy-m- benzenedisulphonic acid (Tiron) and 2,3 dihydroxybenzoate. These compounds, however, required higher concentrations than used for inhibition of CL, suggesting an alternative action of these compounds. Normal levels of NK cell activity were found in two patients with chronic granulomatous disease, who were genetically incapable of producing detectable amounts of FR. As a result, it is concluded that human NK cells do not produce large amounts of FR during killing and that FR are unlikely to be the lytic end product. Nevertheless, neither a low degree of FR formation in NK cells nor a more subtle signal-transmitting role of FR during NK cell triggering can be excluded. PMID- 6729408 TI - Receptor-like activity of a monoclonal anti-idiotypic antibody against an anti acetylcholine receptor antibody. AB - A monoclonal anti-idiotypic antibody against an anti-acetylcholine receptor antibody from a patient with myasthenia gravis was shown to bind the cholinergic ligand alpha-bungarotoxin. This binding could be inhibited by other cholinergic ligands, both antagonists and agonists. The anti-idiotype was also able to elicit the production of anti-receptor antibodies in mice. Thus, the anti-idiotype had functional properties similar to those of the original antigen, the acetylcholine receptor. PMID- 6729409 TI - Information processing and attentional functioning in the developmental course of schizophrenic disorders. AB - This article examines the evidence that certain deficits in information processing and attentional functioning are present across populations at risk for schizophrenic disorder, with active schizophrenic psychotic symptomatology, and in relative remission after a schizophrenic psychosis. In addition, the evidence that some deficits in processing information occur only in the actively psychotic period is inspected. Deficits in vigilance tasks with high-processing loads, in forced-choice span of apprehension for large arrays, and in serial recall for items that involve active rehearsal occur across risk populations, actively symptomatic schizophrenic patients, and relatively remitted schizophrenic patients. These deficits may reflect vulnerability factors for schizophrenic disorders. Reaction time crossover, dichotic listening, backward masking, and referential communication deficits might also be vulnerability indicators. These deficits may be related to a reduction in the processing capacity that is available for task-relevant cognitive operations in persons vulnerable to schizophrenic disorder, which could, in turn, be caused by several different underlying cognitive anomalies. Cognitive deficits that have been found only during actively psychotic periods or in chronic schizophrenic patients, such as poorer recognition of briefly presented, single, familiar letters or numbers, are characterized by low demands on processing capacity. These deficiencies may be caused by further reduction in available processing capacity or a temporary disruption of automatic as well as attention-demanding processes; they could also reflect a stable, more severe cognitive deficit in a subtype of schizophrenic disorder. PMID- 6729410 TI - Psychophysiological dysfunctions in the developmental course of schizophrenic disorders. AB - Psychophysiological anomalies in symptomatic schizophrenic patients, remitted schizophrenic patients, and individuals at heightened risk for a schizophrenic disorder are reviewed with an emphasis on electrodermal anomalies. Two electrodermal anomalies are identified in different subgroups of symptomatic patients: (1) an abnormally high sympathetic arousal and (2) an abnormal absence of skin conductance orienting responses to innocuous environmental stimuli. The same two electrodermal anomalies also have been observed in remitted schizophrenic patients. Among high-risk individuals, the offspring of schizophrenic patients display abnormally high electrodermal responsiveness to aversive stimulation, whereas a substantial proportion of college students who score high on physical anhedonia (a putative risk factor for schizophrenia) exhibit skin conductance nonresponsiveness. Thus, heightened sensitivity to aversive stimulation appears to be associated with a genetic vulnerability to schizophrenia, while tonic hyperarousal , which occurs in subgroups of symptomatic and remitted schizophrenic patients, may reflect a later developmental consequence of the underlying vulnerability. Skin conductance nonresponsivity may represent a different developmental consequence associated with the same underlying vulnerability or it may represent a different type of vulnerability. Other psychophysiological anomalies also are promising indicators of the vulnerability to schizophrenia (e.g., deviant smooth pursuit eye movements, attenuated P300 component of the event-related brain potential, reduced electroencephalic (EEG) alpha activity, and heightened EEG delta activity). PMID- 6729411 TI - Community and interpersonal functioning in the course of schizophrenic disorders. AB - The purpose of this article is to evaluate the role of community and interpersonal functioning in the developmental course and outcome of schizophrenic disorders. Based on a review of the research literature, it appears that certain patterns of poor functioning may be characteristic of at least a subgroup of schizophrenic individuals, predate the onset of the disorder, and predict the outcome of the disorder. Thus, some patterns of poor community and interpersonal functioning may be seen as potential indicators of vulnerability to the development of schizophrenic episodes rather than solely as consequences of schizophrenic psychotic symptoms. PMID- 6729412 TI - Life events, familial stress, and coping in the developmental course of schizophrenia. AB - Recent studies have isolated some socioenvironmental factors that seem to predict the onset of schizophrenic episodes in vulnerable persons. In particular, stressful life events have been found to cluster in the 3- to 4- week period preceding a schizophrenic episode in some patients. Many persons with a schizophrenic disorder also seem to contribute to additional stressful life change events--for example, by high geographic mobility--thereby playing an active role in precipitating the onset of illness episodes. Within the family environment, hostile, critical, and emotionally overinvolved attitudes toward the patient by relatives have been found to be related to relapses. Irregularities in the communication style of parents also predict the subsequent development of schizophrenia spectrum disorders among disturbed adolescents. Many schizophrenic patients also seem to be deficient in the coping skills required to remediate the losses brought on by life events or to deal effectively with stressful relatives. Thus, they may experience greater and more prolonged stress than most others due partially to inadequate social and problem-solving skills and less supportive social networks. These findings have important implications for the design of clinical interventions as well as the development of a comprehensive vulnerability/stress model for the course of schizophrenic disorders. PMID- 6729413 TI - Relapse: a reappraisal of assessment of outcome in schizophrenia. AB - Although measurement of the course of schizophrenic disorder has relied heavily on the concept of relapse, a review of the literature reveals a paucity of clear definitions of relapse. In most research studies, the assessment of relapse has been made on the basis of clinical judgment, with little attempt to apply more rigorous psychometric standards. The limitations of this approach are discussed and several possible improvements are suggested. These include: operational definitions that specify the qualitative, quantitative, and temporal characteristics of symptomatic exacerbation; avoidance of potentially confounding social variables; and the use of standardized rating scales and target symptoms. PMID- 6729414 TI - A heuristic vulnerability/stress model of schizophrenic episodes. AB - A tentative model of schizophrenic psychotic episodes is presented, based on the evidence that certain characteristics of individuals may serve as vulnerability factors and that environmental stressors may precipitate psychotic periods in vulnerable individuals. Certain information-processing deficits, autonomic reactivity anomalies, and social competence and coping limitations are viewed as potential vulnerability factors. Stressors in the form of discrete life events as well as the prevailing level of social environmental stress are seen as factors that interact with preexisting vulnerability characteristics to produce vicious circles, which lead, in turn, to psychotic episodes. A distinction among stable vulnerability indicators, mediating vulnerability factors, and episode indicators is suggested to differentiate types of abnormalities that characterize individuals prone to or manifesting schizophrenic disorder. Some major areas of unresolved questions in relation to this view of schizophrenic psychotic episodes are discussed. PMID- 6729415 TI - [Hepatitis B vaccination]. AB - Since 1982 two hepatitis B (HB) vaccines have been commercialized. Both contain mainly non-infectious hepatitis B surface antigen particles and are manufactured from purified and inactivated plasma of healthy HBs-antigen carriers. H-B- Vax (Merck, Sharp & Dohme) is administered intramuscularly in two 20 micrograms doses one month apart, followed by a booster injection six months after the initial dose. Hevac B Pasteur is injected subcutaneously in three 5 micrograms doses at monthly intervals, with a booster dose 12 months after the first. Side effects are mild and not significantly more frequent than after placebo. Both vaccines are effective, as shown by the appearance of antibodies against HBs antigen in over 95% of healthy vaccines. HB infection occurred only in the first months after vaccination and in people with insufficient antibody response. Patients with compromised immune reactivity, such as those with endstage renal failure or with a transplanted organ, develop anti-HBs less often and also in lower titers than healthy individuals. In Western Europe and in the United States HB vaccination should be restricted to persons at high risk such as medical and dental personnel, patients with endstage renal failure, i.v. drug users, male homosexuals, close contacts of HBs carriers, refugees from countries with high HB endemicity and travellers to such countries. In developing countries with very high prevalence of hepatitis B, extensive programmes of vaccination in infants should be initiated. Serotesting before vaccination is only useful in people with an exposed probability of positive HBV markers well over 10%. Serotesting after vaccination should be done in health care personnel where non-responders can be protected with intermittent injections of HB immunoglobulin. In selected cases combined passive-active immunization may be useful. PMID- 6729416 TI - [Microbiologic principles of antibiotic therapy]. AB - Antibiotic therapy, in contrast to other drug treatments, is aimed at the etiology of a given disease state. The main basis of antimicrobial chemotherapy is thus identification of the causative pathogen and documentation of its susceptibility to the least toxic antibiotic. However, these requirements are frequently impossible to meet in everyday management of infections. In many situations, therefore, decision-making in antimicrobial chemotherapy must be based on a "best-guess" diagnosis regarding the causative pathogen and its susceptibility to the antibiotic. The process of decision-making in antimicrobial chemotherapy for the single most frequent infections encountered in outpatients is discussed, and the pertinent antimicrobial treatment for these infections (pharyngo-tonsillitis, otitis media, sinusitis, bronchitis and urinary tract infections) is outlined. PMID- 6729417 TI - [Campylobacter infections]. AB - In recent years the microaerophil organisms of the genus Campylobacter have been cultured with increasing frequency, thanks to more appropriate methods for isolation from fecal cultures. These organisms have been shown to be important causes of acute diarrheal disease, usually with spontaneous recovery. They also are accepted as agents capable of causing serious systemic infection, mainly in patients debilitated by chronic disease. The incidence of Campylobacter enteritis in Switzerland, its epidemiology, the clinical picture of Campylobacter infections and diagnostic and therapeutic problems are briefly reviewed. PMID- 6729418 TI - [Problems of heparin dosage]. AB - Administration of heparin by continuous intravenous infusion is, so far as bleeding complications are concerned, safer than intermittent injection. Recurrence of venous thromboembolism during infusion is rare if the APTT is prolonged to 1 1/2-2 1/2 times the control value. The efficacy of low-dose heparin in the primary prevention of venous thromboembolism in medical patients remains unproven. On the other hand, adjusted-dose subcutaneous heparin treatment provides an effective alternative to oral anticoagulants in the long-term treatment of venous thrombosis. PMID- 6729419 TI - [Seminar on reciprocal physical examination for structuring personal experience within the scope of medical education]. AB - During medical training, two aspects are usually neglected: practical exercise of technical skills, and the psychological and emotional aspects of the physician's action. A training model is described which is designed to assist in remedying this situation. In a theme-centered sensitivity training group, preclinical medical students of both sexes become acquainted with the basic techniques of physical examination and practice them under mutual guidance. These aspects of technical skill are also compared with the inseparably linked emotional angle. By changing repeatedly from the physician to the patient role and vice versa, role specific tasks and their implications for practical medical action can be rendered transparent and discussed. The basic setting, exercises developed by the author, and experience with six groups (n = 72 participants) over a period of 2 years are described and briefly discussed. PMID- 6729420 TI - [Arthropathy as an early symptom of hemochromatosis. Overview of the literature and 7 case reports]. AB - In seven patients with hemochromatosis, arthropathy was an early symptom, or first clinical symptom, of the hemochromatosis. In all seven patients, serum iron, transferrin saturation, and parameters of storage iron (serum ferritin, Desferal-test) were clearly elevated. In 5 patients hemochromatosis was associated with the HLA loci A3 and B7. Bone scan proved a sensitive detection method for hemochromatosis arthropathy. In one case joint involvement was detected by bone scan prior to clinical symptoms. Parameters of iron metabolism correlated well with other organ manifestations of hemochromatosis. In contrast, joint involvement did not correlate with parameters of iron metabolism or severity of hemosiderosis of other organs, and was not relieved by phlebotomy. These 7 cases confirm that joint symptoms can be an early or leading symptom of hemochromatosis, can lead to early therapy and thereby prevent major organ damage. It remains undecided, however, whether the arthropathy is a consequence of iron storage or an independent disease which is genetically associated with hemochromatosis. PMID- 6729421 TI - [Arterial hypertension: adenocarcinoma of the kidney or bilateral renal artery stenosis$]. AB - In a 71-year-old female with severe hypertension, bilateral renal artery stenosis and renal adenocarcinoma, a renal vein renin study revealed suppressed renin secretion from the kidney with carcinoma and contralateral ischemia. The hypertension was not cured by surgical removal of the kidney with carcinoma. Hypertension is frequently noted in patients with renal adenocarcinoma (28% of 603 patients reported in the literature). This type of hypertension is frequently improved after removal of the tumor (83% of 36 surgically treated patients). In certain patients the pathogenesis of hypertension associated with renal adenocarcinoma may be related to renin secretion from the tumor or to renin activation due to regional ischemia caused by vascular compression. In other patients the renin-angiotensin system does not appear to play a pathogenic role in the development of hypertension associated with renal adenocarcinoma. PMID- 6729422 TI - [Young syndrome. Chronic sino-pulmonary infection and infertility]. AB - Young's syndrome is a combination of chronic sinopulmonary infections and obstructive azoospermia in men. Cystic fibrosis and the "immotile cilia syndrome" must be ruled out. The most important methods in differential diagnosis are determination of sweat chloride and sodium levels, investigation of cilia ultrastructure and analysis of semen samples. A case of Young's syndrome in a 42 year-old patient is reported. PMID- 6729423 TI - [Tick-borne meningoradiculitis--a form of spirochetosis]. AB - Three pediatric cases of tick-borne meningoradiculitis are presented. This disease is characterized by a distinct sequence of symptoms: erythema chronicum migrans, localized pain, and eventually radicular asymmetric neurologic involvement (in particular facial palsy) associated with findings of aseptic meningitis. On the basis of specific serologic data in these three patients, it is suggested that the etiology of tick-borne meningoradiculitis is also spirochetal , as recently shown for the tick-associated Lyme disease. Analogue positive spirochetal antibody titers were found in additional patients with erythema chronicum migrans and in a child with B afverstedt cutaneous lymphadenosis (see addendum). 20% of tick specimens collected in the area of Lucerne (Ixodes ricinus) were infected by these spirochetes. PMID- 6729424 TI - [A graphic method of presenting measurement data]. PMID- 6729425 TI - [Opisthorchiasis in a cat]. PMID- 6729426 TI - Vision by man and machine. PMID- 6729427 TI - Cell-adhesion molecules: a molecular basis for animal form. PMID- 6729428 TI - Breast feeding. PMID- 6729429 TI - [Systems theory of ultrasound pulse echo technic (1)]. AB - The properties of diagnostic pulse echo systems, independent of instrument characteristics (ideal system) are analysed in Part 1 and it is shown in Part 2 how they are modified by "typical" instrument parameters. A simplified block diagram of an ideal system is analysed in the time and frequency domain by means of the one-dimensional system theory. The terms dynamic range, maximum penetration depth and amplitude resolution are explained. PMID- 6729430 TI - [Systems theory of ultrasound pulse echo technic (2)]. AB - Part two explains the terms, spatial resolution, range ambiguity and maximum frame rate of diagnostic pulse echo systems. Then the idealised system described in part one is completed by incorporating various band pass filters, which represent the effects of resonant piezoelectric transducers and electric filters of the TGC amplifiers. The influence of such band limiting components on spatial resolution and dynamic range are shown by numerical examples. Mathematical derivations are restricted to the necessary minimum and all formulae are illustrated by means of a substantial number of graphs. PMID- 6729431 TI - [Multiple image artifacts with linear sonic transducers]. AB - The multielement arrays used nowadays for diagnostic purposes can, by means of digital signal processing, produce exact images with no problem. When physical limits were reached however, geometric image artifacts also became more evident, thereby making diagnosis more difficult or uncertain. Multiple images became especially evident during tests in the early stages of pregnancy, making it harder to differentiate between single and multiple pregnancies , particularly as dynamic processes such as the heart beat can be shown double at a certain phase in the pregnancy. Artifacts were also observed in the form of multiple echos during control checks on the position of intrauterine contraceptive devices and when investigating gynaecological tumors. These artifacts are ascribed to sonic behaviour at interfaces and are representable as a function of the sonic angle of incidence primarily in one plane--the cross section. They appear virtually symmetrical and can be wiped out by moving the sonic transducer. Although there is no problem in recognising the double phenomena as being artifacts in checks on the position of IUD's, all multiple structures should be clarified by suitable examination techniques especially during the early stages of pregnancy and with tumours. PMID- 6729432 TI - [Double images in B-mode sonography due to acoustic dispersion lenses]. AB - Clinical observations revealed that duplication artifacts in B-mode-ultrasound depend on rib cartilage in the sound field. The in-vivo conditions were imitated by watertank experiments with an acrylic glass magnifier which has the properties of an acoustic dispersing lens. With this the duplication artifacts proved to be caused by acoustic dispersing lenses, in-vivo due to rib cartilage, for example. PMID- 6729433 TI - [Sound beam dimensions as the cause of artifacts in B-mode sonography]. AB - In B-mode-sonography artifacts arise because the beam dimensions are reduced to a single line with limited depth. Real-time range ambiguities, bow-shaped artifacts, and slice-thickness artifacts are important in clinical ultrasound examinations. PMID- 6729434 TI - [Sonographic artifacts of round reflectors]. AB - The appearance of the proximal curved edge artifact using linear-array systems is demonstrated in five cases. Furthermore simulation of this artifact was achieved in a waterbath. A physical explanation of this phenomenon is discussed. PMID- 6729435 TI - [Modification of cycle-dependent changes in the uterus by the intake of hormonal contraceptives]. AB - In 15 women with normal biphasic cycles we measured the size of the uterus by means of ultrasound, weekly during one month. As comparison we used a group of 10 women with hormonal contraception. In normally menstruated women the shortest diameters of the corpus uteri were found at the end of the 2nd week of the cycle, the maximal increase size of about 25%, shortly before menstruation. In women with hormonal contraception no significant changes in size were found, obviously as a result of the decreased production of sexual steroids. PMID- 6729436 TI - [Prevention of infection in sonography]. AB - The instruments and surroundings of five ultrasound diagnostic departments were tested for bacteria, antimicrobic characteristics, and prevalence of Hbs Ag in commercial contact medium (cellulose) and were also analysed after contamination in vitro. Facultative pathogenic bacteria as well as normal skin bacteria were found on the ultrasound equipment. It was established that cellulose and oils taken from wide- mouthed containers and applied manually or with a brush, were often contaminated. However, no contamination was evident in contact medium that was still in its original packing or stored in small containers and subsequently refilled daily. No antimicrobic activity on the part of preservative agents in the cellulose could be demonstrated after artificially contaminating some contact medium with Staph. aureus and E. coli. Elimination of artificially added Hbs Ag in the contaminated contact medium could not be proven. It is postulated that transfer of bacteria or Hepatitis B infection during an ultrasound diagnosis is possible. It is therefore recommended that appropriate prophylactic hygienic measures be taken, especially with patients susceptible to infection. PMID- 6729437 TI - A prosencephalic neuronal circuit possibly involved in modulation of pain. AB - Both anatomical and physiological studies in cats substantiated the existence of a thalamus-cortex-thalamus neuronal circuit in which neurons in the centre median send fibers to wide areas of the cerebral cortex and the cerebral cortex, the motor cortex in particular, may send the fibers back to the parafascicular nucleus. The cortical neurons concerned tend to discharge spontaneously and constantly. These spontaneous discharges can be readily inhibited by the corticopetal impulses from the centre median, which itself can be activated by general afferent impulses. On the basis of this observation it is assumed that constantly discharging corticothalamic neurons may exert a tonic excitatory influence on the pain-receiving center, parafascicular nucleus, so as to keep it in a state of constant alertness to the tissue-damaging danger signals and that the inhibitory action of the ascending fibers from centre median would serve to suspend the excitatory action of the cortex on the parafascicular nucleus, resulting in relief of pain. The corticofugal fibers in this forebrain circuit terminating in the centromedian nucleus may reinforce the inhibitory action of the centromedian neurons so as to inhibit the spontaneous discharges of the cortical neurons . A self-regulating mechanism is thus formed by which a stabilized state of brain excitability can be maintained. PMID- 6729438 TI - Multiple causes of anaemia amongst children living near a lead smelter in Brazil. AB - A prevalence study of anaemia was carried out amongst children, aged one to nine years, living near a lead smelter in Santo Amaro City, Northeast Brazil. It was found that the variation in haemoglobin levels was significantly associated with malnutrition and with the interaction between malnutrition and iron deficiency, but not with lead poisoning, iron deficiency, or hookworm infection, having allowed for the effects of age, area of residence, family per capita income and race. The effect of the interaction between malnutrition and iron deficiency on haemoglobin levels was most prominent amongst children aged one year and amongst those living in the most deprived area. The lack of demonstrable interaction between lead poisoning and iron deficiency in the causation of anaemia amongst these children is discussed. PMID- 6729439 TI - Concentrations of four essential trace elements in breast milk of mothers from two socio-economic groups: preliminary observations. AB - Concentrations are reported for Cu, Mn, Mo and Zn in human milk samples obtained from mothers belonging to low and middle per capita family income groups. The trace element levels in milk of both groups are compared for samples obtained at two stages, viz. 3-5 days and 4-6 weeks post partum. Although the Mn level during the first stage appears to be lower in samples from the low income group, the difference is not statistically significantly (p less than or equal to 0.01). However, at 4-6 weeks post partum, Zn is significantly lower (p less than or equal to 0.01) in milk of mothers belonging to this group. PMID- 6729440 TI - The impact of radionuclides in the environment: assessment, control and perspective. AB - The objective of this brief paper is to highlight the way in which we assess and control the impact of environmentally dispersed radionuclides. It touches on the assessment of dispersion of radionuclides in the environment, their transfer to man, the resultant dose to man and the presumed health consequences, the control of releases based on such assessments and some perspective against which to judge the results of control policies. PMID- 6729441 TI - Models for the transfer of radionuclides in cattle for use in radiological assessments. AB - In performing assessments of the radiological impact of releases of radioactive materials to the environment, mathematical models are required to enable the transfer through various parts of the environment and hence the dose to man to be predicted. The nature of the models and their degree of complexity depend largely upon the particular applications in which they are to be used. Two types of model of differing degrees of complexity for predicting the transfer of strontium, caesium and iodine in cattle have been developed at NRPB . They form part of a general model for the transfer of radionuclides through terrestrial foodchains . The first is a relatively simple model based on the use of equilibrium transfer factors, while the second is an improved but more complex model which incorporates the extra features necessary to provide a reasonable representation of the time dependence of transfer to milk and to meat. Comparisons of the results using the two types of model in some situations of radiological interest have been performed. From these comparisons conclusions have been drawn about the adequacy and pertinence of the use of each model type in different situations. PMID- 6729442 TI - The use of mosses as indicators of airborne radionuclides near a major nuclear installation. AB - Samples of naturally growing moss (mainly Pseudoscleropodium purum and Hypnum cupressiforme ) were used to investigate the distribution of photon-emitting radionuclides, notably 129I , 137Cs, 144Ce and 241Am, at distances up to 12 km from the nuclear fuel reprocessing plant at Sellafield in West Cumbria . The relative activities of the naturally occurring radionuclides, 7Be and 210Pb, in moss and air indicated that the removal half-time of these radionuclides on moss is very long (best estimate of half-time, corrected for radioactive decay, was 240 days) and that the mosses are very efficient collectors of airborne particulates (product of deposition velocity and interception factor was 2.4 X 10(-2) ms-1). Hence the activities of artificially-produced radionuclides on the mosses present an effective record of local airborne radionuclide pollution integrated over a number of years. The activity of 210Pb in each sample was used to standardize the activities of artificial radionuclides in the samples. It was found that the activity ratio of 129I /210Pb, 137Cs/210Pb and 144Ce/210Pb declined with distance from Sellafield indicating that the major local source of these radionuclides has been material discharged to air from the site. The activity ratio of 241Am/210Pb declined with distance from the site and also with distance from the sea confirming that the resuspension of material originally discharged to sea is an important local source of 241Am. PMID- 6729443 TI - Radioactivity in environmental samples taken in the Sellafield and Ravenglass areas of West Cumbria, 1977-1982. AB - Terrestrial foodstuffs and other materials of agricultural importance have been analyzed for fission products and actinides discharged in waste from the Sellafield processing works in west Cumbria . Results obtained between 1977 and 1982 are summarized and it is concluded that the internal radiation exposure of the general public due to consumption of locally produced food in no instance amounts to more than a small fraction of recommended limits. Deposition of seaborne sediment is shown to be the main route by which radionuclides of Sellafield origin reach grazing land bordering a nearby tidal estuary. PMID- 6729444 TI - Swan thyroid glands and river algae as indicators of iodine-125 and iodine-131 in the River Trent and its tributaries. AB - Some mute swans have been found to have higher levels of radio-iodine in their thyroids than farm and wildlife animals. In the East Midlands of the U.K., elevated levels were confined to swans inhabiting major rivers like the Trent and Soar where the highest values occurred in thyroids collected downstream from sewage and water reclamation works. Comparing the concentrations of 125I and 131I in blanket weed, which is a food source of the swan, and river water samples collected from above, below and in such effluents, showed that radio-iodine enters the river via these routes. The environmental pathway is sewage effluent- (water reclamation)--river water--river weed--swan. The radioactivity originates from the widespread use of radio-iodine in hospitals and analytical laboratories where much of the liquid and soluble waste is discarded into the sewage drain system. With a simple counting assembly consisting of a heavily shielded thin NaI(Tl) crystal detector attached to a 2-channel scaler-timer it was possible to check large numbers of swan thyroid glands. Although relatively high count rates were frequently obtained the levels of radio-iodine in thyroids were too low to affect the health and well-being of the swan. PMID- 6729445 TI - The radioactivity content of United Kingdom coal. AB - Twenty samples of coal representing each of the seven major regions of the National Coal Board have been analysed for their natural radioactivity content. A variety of methods have been used to verify the results, but the major technique used was radiation spectrometry of 3 kg samples. The results indicate a mean value for uranium and radium activity in British coals of 14.5 Bq/kg, for thorium 12.5 Bq/kg and for potassium 150 Bq/kg. These are significantly lower levels of actinides than have been previously reported and represent only two thirds of those previously used as source terms for assessment of the radiological impact of fossil fuel burning in the U.K.. The content of potassium in U.K. coal is twice the accepted global mean but the radiological significance of this element is negligible. A subsidiary finding is that uranium and its daughter radium are in secular radioactive equilibrium in coal within the experimental error of the analysis. PMID- 6729446 TI - The radiological impact of electricity generation by U.K. coal and nuclear systems. AB - Radiological impact is discussed for U.K. coal and nuclear power cycles under normal operation. The type having the greater impact depends on the radiological basis of the comparison, the particular nuclear reactor system considered and whether or not the whole fuel cycle, especially irradiated nuclear fule reprocessing , is included in the analysis. More importantly, the various impacts are shown to be generally acceptable in an absolute sense i.e. exposures are less than and usually low in comparison with radiological safety guidelines and everyday natural radiation exposures. PMID- 6729447 TI - Measurement of natural radionuclides in U.K. diet. AB - The levels of radium-226, lead-210 and polonium-210 in the U.K. diet have been determined. The important food groups contributing to the intake of these radionuclides have been identified. Seventy-five percent of the daily intake of radium-226 is derived from beverages, cereals, other vegetables, bread, sugars and preserves. Seventy-five percent of the intake of lead-210 and polonium-210 is derived from bread, milk, cereals, beverages, other vegetables, sugars and preserves, and meat products. The average daily intakes of these radionuclides are tentatively calculated to be 30 mBq for radium-226 and 82 mBq for both lead 210 and polonium-210. These levels are compared with data from other countries. The annual effective dose equivalents resulting from the intakes are approximately 3 muSv for radium-226 and 54 muSv from lead-210 and polonium-210 together. The differences between these doses and other current estimates are discussed. PMID- 6729448 TI - Smoking and longevity. PMID- 6729449 TI - Leptospirosis in laboratory mice. AB - The obituary for William A. Altemeier, Jr. (4 May, p. 525), was incorrect. Dr. Altemeier was chairman of the Department of Surgery at the University of Cincinnati. PMID- 6729450 TI - T and Tn, general carcinoma autoantigens. AB - Primary and metastatic carcinomas are epithelial in origin and comprise by far the largest group of malignant tumors in humans. In most of these tumors, T and Tn antigens, whose epitopes have been synthesized, are uncovered and immunoreactive. In all other tissues T and Tn antigens are masked and not accessible to the immune system; they are generally precursors in normal complex carbohydrate chains. Thus, carcinomas have antigens recognized as foreign by the patients' immune system. The expression of T and Tn antigens has pathogenic and clinical consequences, and the antigens themselves are powerful histological markers in carcinoma diagnosis and frequently in prognosis. Most patients distinguish their carcinoma from all other cells, as shown by strong autoimmune responses to T antigen. These responses are readily measured by assays, and they allow detection of carcinomas with greater sensitivity and specificity frequently earlier than previously possible. Moreover, the extent of T and Tn expression often correlates with carcinoma differentiation; on a molecular level, clustered T- and Tn-active structures on carcinoma cell surfaces may be involved in invasion. PMID- 6729451 TI - Do notches mark DNA? PMID- 6729453 TI - Enzymatic catalysis in organic media at 100 degrees C. AB - Porcine pancreatic lipase catalyzes the transesterification reaction between tributyrin and various primary and secondary alcohols in a 99 percent organic medium. Upon further dehydration, the enzyme becomes extremely thermostable. Not only can the dry lipase withstand heating at 100 degrees C for many hours, but it exhibits a high catalytic activity at that temperature. Reduction in water content also alters the substrate specificity of the lipase: in contrast to its wet counterpart, the dry enzyme does not react with bulky tertiary alcohols. PMID- 6729452 TI - Dietary restriction retards age-related loss of gamma crystallins in the mouse lens. AB - The soluble crystallins in lenses from diet-restricted and control mice of diverse ages (2, 11, or 30 months) were studied by high-performance liquid chromatography and sodium dodecyl sulfate-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis. Results obtained with both methods suggest that dietary restriction decelerates age-related loss of soluble gamma crystallins. PMID- 6729454 TI - Treatment of a 12-hour shift of sleep schedule with benzodiazepines. AB - Normal sleepers underwent sleep recordings and daytime tests of sleep tendency, performance, and mood while being shifted 180 degrees in their sleep-wake schedule. After two baseline 24-hour periods, subjects postponed sleep until noon. For the next three 24-hour periods, they were in bed from 1200 to 2000 and received triazolam, flurazepam, or placebo at bedtime in parallel groups. Placebo subjects showed significant sleep loss after the shift. Active medication reversed this sleep loss. Despite good sleep, flurazepam subjects appeared most impaired of the three groups on objective assessments of waking function; triazolam subjects were least impaired. PMID- 6729455 TI - Lab break-in stirs animal welfare debate. PMID- 6729456 TI - New neurons form in adulthood. PMID- 6729457 TI - Competition controls the growth of an identified axonal arborization. AB - The shape of the axonal arborization was studied in an identified insect sensory neuron. The distribution of presynaptic varicosities within an axonal arbor was shown to be modulated by the density of neighboring terminals. Removal of neighbors near one portion of the axon terminal increased the growth rate in the denervated region and caused a compensatory retraction in other regions. The results support the hypothesis that the size of an axonal arbor is determined intrinsically, whereas the distribution of varicosities within the terminal is determined extrinsically by neighboring terminals. These findings provide a direct demonstration of the effects of competition on an identified nerve cell, as well as one of the first examples of competitive interactions in an invertebrate central nervous system. PMID- 6729458 TI - Is there an evoked vascular response? AB - Event-related potentials of the brain are enhanced when stimulation is synchronized with diastolic phases of cerebral or cephalic pulse pressure waves. A cerebral vascular event has been found to be temporally consistent with the event-related potential. Averaged evoked vascular responses were measured with bioimpedance techniques from the brain and the arm. Changes in brain blood volume occurred 150 to 250 milliseconds after stimulation synchronized with diastolic but not systolic phases of the cerebral pulse pressure wave. The time course of this phenomenon defies the usually accepted characteristics of metabolic activity. The evoked vascular response may be a neurally mediated event in anticipation of altered metabolic demand, and it offers the possibility of measurement in real time. PMID- 6729459 TI - Blood pressure and nutrient intake in the United States. AB - A data base of the National Center for Health Statistics, Health and Nutrition Examination Survey I (HANES I), was used to perform a computer-assisted, comprehensive analysis of the relation of 17 nutrients to the blood pressure profile of adult Americans. Subjects were 10,372 individuals, 18 to 74 years of age, who denied a history of hypertension and intentional modification of their diet. Significant decreases in the consumption of calcium, potassium, vitamin A, and vitamin C were identified as the nutritional factors that distinguished hypertensive from normotensive subjects. Lower calcium intake was the most consistent factor in hypertensive individuals. Across the population, higher intakes of calcium, potassium, and sodium were associated with lower mean systolic blood pressure and lower absolute risk of hypertension. Increments of dietary calcium were also negatively correlated with body mass. Even though these correlations cannot be accepted as proof of causation, they have implications for future studies of the association of nutritional factors and dietary patterns with hypertension in America. PMID- 6729460 TI - Animal rights bill defeated in California. PMID- 6729461 TI - alpha-Cardiac actin is the major sarcomeric isoform expressed in embryonic avian skeletal muscle. AB - A primer extension assay that is diagnostic for the messenger RNA's (mRNA's) transcribed from the beta-cytoplasmic, alpha-cardiac, and alpha-skeletal actin genes of the chicken was used to measure the mRNA levels for these actin isoforms. Measurements were made in chicken breast muscle during myogenesis in vivo and in vitro. alpha-Cardiac actin mRNA accounts for more than 90 percent of the sarcomeric actin transcripts expressed in avian embryonic breast muscle. Five weeks after hatching, alpha-skeletal actin mRNA is the only detectable sarcomeric actin transcript. PMID- 6729462 TI - Duchenne muscular dystrophy involving translocation of the dmd gene next to ribosomal RNA genes. AB - Duchenne muscular dystrophy (DMD) is a severe X-linked disorder leading to early death of affected males. Females with the disease are rare, but seven are known to be affected because of a chromosomal rearrangement involving a site at or near the dmd gene on the X chromosome. One of the seven has a translocation between the X and chromosome 21. The translocation-derived chromosomes from this patient have been isolated, and the translocation is shown to have split the block of genes encoding ribosomal RNA on the short arm of chromosome 21. Thus ribosomal RNA gene probes may be used to identify a junction fragment from the translocation site, allowing access to cloned segments of the X at or near the dmd gene and presenting a new approach to the study of this disease. PMID- 6729463 TI - Static at EPA over broadcast transmitters. PMID- 6729464 TI - Senate considers lead gasoline ban. PMID- 6729466 TI - NIH bill moving in congress. PMID- 6729465 TI - Two fertilized eggs stir global furor. PMID- 6729467 TI - NIH turns down Illmensee proposal. PMID- 6729468 TI - Caenorhabditis elegans: getting to know you. PMID- 6729469 TI - Postnatal modification of hippocampal circuitry alters avoidance learning in adult rats. AB - In rats and mice, the genetically mediated extent of the mossy fiber projection that synapses on the basal dendrites of hippocampal pyramidal cells is inversely correlated with rate of two-way avoidance (shuttle-box) learning. Postnatal hyperthyroidism, induced in 51 rat pups, resulted in marked variations of this infrapyramidal mossy fiber projection. The number of trials required for criterion performance of these rats in adulthood remained correlated with the neuroanatomical trait (r = 0.74, P less than 0.0001). PMID- 6729471 TI - Animal rights movement. PMID- 6729470 TI - Laboratory decontamination. PMID- 6729472 TI - Genetic screening: marvel or menace? AB - Genetic screening is a systematic search in the population for persons of certain genotypes. The usual purpose is to detect persons who themselves or whose offspring are at risk for genetic diseases or genetically determined susceptibilities to environmental agents. Is genetic screening a marvel about to free us from the scourge of genetic disease or a menace about to invade our privacy and determine who may reproduce? There are three different types of genetic screening. Newborn screening identifies serious genetic disease at birth, permitting prompt treatment to prevent mental and physical retardation. Fetal screening and prenatal diagnosis identify genetic disease in the fetus permitting selective termination of pregnancy and the opportunity to have children free of defects detectable in utero. Carrier screening identifies individuals heterozygous for a gene for a serious recessive disease who may be at risk for affected offspring. The challenge to society is to provide (by way of cost effective programs) expert services, including genetic counseling and follow-up, to all who may benefit, to ensure confidentiality and freedom of choice, and to avoid misunderstanding and stigmatization. It is recommended that the objective of screening programs should be to maximize the options available to families at risk rather than to reduce the incidence of genetic diseases. Whenever possible, the providers of these services should be the providers of primary health care. Urgently needed are a greater awareness of avoidable genetic diseases on the part of primary care providers and efforts to familiarize the public with the basic concepts of human genetics through the public school system. PMID- 6729473 TI - The continuing tale of a small worm. PMID- 6729474 TI - The other T-cell receptor gene. PMID- 6729475 TI - Vestibulospinal reflexes as a function of microgravity. AB - The idea that sustained microgravity will result in altered otolith input requiring a modification of postural control was explored by using the pathway that links the otolith organs and spinal motoneurons. Two related methods were used. First, the Hoffmann reflex was used to measure at specific times the excitability of the soleus-spinal motoneuron pool during a brief unexpected linear acceleration. Second, extensive dynamic postural testing with a moving platform was done before and after flight. The Hoffmann reflex amplitude, reflecting otolith-modulated motoneuron sensitivity, was low in flight after adaptation, and its postflight potentiation may have been dependent on rate of adaptation. The strength of inflight motion sickness symptoms was related to postflight Hoffmann reflex amplitude. Dynamic posture tests showed significant deviations from the results obtained before flight. The strategy used for balance on the moving platform was modified, and the behavior of the subjects suggested a decrease in awareness of the direction and magnitude of the motion. PMID- 6729476 TI - Prolonged weightlessness and humoral immunity. AB - Preflight, inflight, and postflight serum samples obtained from crewmen aboard STS-9 were analyzed for immunoglobulin content. Control studies for circadian rhythm were conducted to further validate the analyses. Quantitation of immunoglobulins G, M, A, D, and E indicated relatively minor fluctuations in the concentration of each class of immunoglobulin during the experiment. Thus, microgravity effects on immunoglobulin levels during a 10-day flight were considered insignificant. PMID- 6729477 TI - Influence of spaceflight on erythrokinetics in man. AB - A significant postflight reduction in the circulating red cell mass has been observed in both the American and Soviet manned programs. The mechanism and etiology of this loss were studied in blood samples from the four payload crewmen of Spacelab 1 taken before, during, and after flight. These samples and samples from control groups on the ground were analyzed for selected hematological and biochemical parameters, which were chosen on the basis of data previously collected, the restraints imposed by the use of human subjects, and the guidelines established for the first Spacelab mission. Twenty-two hours after weightless exposure, there was an increase in hemoglobin and hematocrit. On day 7 in flight, the hemoglobin and hematocrit remained high and there was a slight decrease in reticulocyte number. On landing, red cell mass, plasma volume, hematocrit, and reticulocyte number were decreased. Throughout the 2-week postflight sampling period, hemoglobin, hematocrit, and reticulocyte number remained below the preflight value. Since this crew was not exposed to 100 percent oxygen these results are viewed as evidence that other spaceflight factors cause the measured red cell mass reduction. PMID- 6729479 TI - Mass discrimination during prolonged weightlessness. AB - Thresholds for mass discrimination under zero gravity in flight were found to be higher by a factor of about 1.8 than those for weight discrimination before flight. This suggests that humans are not as sensitive to inertial mass as they are to weight, and that adaptation can only partially compensate for loss of gravity. Weight discrimination thresholds were raised for 2 or 3 days after flight, suggesting an aftereffect of adaptation to weightlessness. PMID- 6729478 TI - Venous pressure in man during weightlessness. AB - To determine whether the body fluid shift from the lower limbs toward the head that occurs during spaceflight leads to lasting increases of venous pressure in the upper body, venous pressure and hematocrit measurements were made on four astronauts before flight and 1 and 12 hours after recovery and compared with measurements in space. During the mission the hematocrit was elevated and the venous pressure lowered by 1 to 8 centimeters of water as compared with the preflight data. One hour after landing the hematocrit decreased, indicating a hemodilution, venous pressures were unexpectedly high, and a body weight loss of 4 to 5 percent was observed. Twelve hours later the venous pressures were the lowest recorded during the study. The fluid shift apparently takes place during the first several hours of spaceflight. Thereafter, the pressure in the peripheral veins and the central circulation is lower than that measured before flight. PMID- 6729480 TI - Eye movements during sleep in weightlessness. AB - The number of eye movements during sleep increased during the first sleep period in zero gravity but returned to normal by the second night. These rapid-eye movement functions in flight may be the first variations of an oscillatory system. The ratio of the higher and lower eye movement frequencies oscillates within normal-gravity limits. PMID- 6729481 TI - Cell sensitivity to gravity. AB - Cultures of human lymphocytes exposed in microgravity to the mitogen concanavalin A showed less than 3 percent of the activation of ground controls. This result supports the hypothesis, based on simulations at low g and experiments at high g, that microgravity depresses whereas high gravity enhances cell proliferation rates. The effects of gravity are particularly strong in cells undergoing differentiation. PMID- 6729482 TI - Pleuropulmonary manifestations of rheumatoid arthritis. PMID- 6729483 TI - The significance of fibronectin in rheumatoid arthritis. PMID- 6729485 TI - Long-term follow-up of polymyalgia rheumatica: evidence for synovitis. PMID- 6729484 TI - Hypothesis: joints can heal. AB - Although cartilage has a limited capacity for intrinsic repair, cells extrinsic to the cartilage can provide a mechanism for repair if the proper conditions exist. The new chondroid material produced, although not histologically or biochemically identical to mature hyaline articular cartilage, can nevertheless in many circumstances permit normal joint function and prevent further joint deterioration. The evidence suggests that joint healing results from establishing a source of cells, normalizing joint pressures, and encouraging joint motion. Much of the controversy surrounding the question of whether joints can heal results from a failure to view joint function, rather than cartilage appearance, as the most important component of the healing process, and to appreciate the significant role played by mechanical factors in promoting this response. PMID- 6729486 TI - Diversity of clinical features in gouty arthritis. PMID- 6729487 TI - Focal left ventricular dyskinesis. PMID- 6729488 TI - Symmetrical focal chest uptake in gallium-67 scintigraphy. PMID- 6729490 TI - Screening diagnosis and staging of esophageal cancer. AB - In geographic areas where there is a high risk of esophageal cancer, analysis of cells obtained from the esophagus has been used effectively to detect early lesions. This has been demonstrated on a large scale in studies from China. Using abrasive balloon cytology techniques, 75% of the cancers detected were early lesions, where the 5-year survival after resection was in the range of 90%. Endoscopic followup studies indicate that dysplastic changes in the esophageal mucosa are a common precursor to malignancy. In many cases, the time course from dysplasia to carcinoma in situ to early invasive cancer may take place over many years, allowing a reasonable amount of time for screening. In low-incidence areas, such as the United States, most esophageal cancers are related to the excessive use of tobacco and alcohol. These factors are too common and the incidence of the disease too low, however, to justify screening on this basis. There are smaller groups at higher risk where selective screening by endoscopy with cytology and biopsy is recommended, usually every 1 to 3 years. These include patients with longstanding achalasia, lye strictures, and Plummer- Vinson syndrome. Patients with cancers of the head and neck region and patients with celiac disease may also be considered to be at increased risk. Tylosis is a rare inherited disease with a very high risk of esophageal cancer. There is an increased incidence of adenocarcinoma of the esophagus with Barrett's epithelium, and once identified such patients should be kept under endoscopic surveillance. The finding of severe dysplasia in any of these groups would indicate a shorter screening interval. Most patients with symptoms referable to the esophagus are first tested by barium esophagram. If negative, with persistent symptoms or if a suspicious lesion is identified, endoscopy with cytology and biopsy is recommended. Staging of the cancer is based on the size of the cancer both longitudinally and circumferentially and the presence of extraesophageal spread. At the present time, CT is the best noninvasive method for judging the extent of the cancer. Performance and nutritional status are also determinants of prognosis and should be considered in planning treatment. PMID- 6729489 TI - Discordance between chest x-ray and gallium scan. PMID- 6729491 TI - Computed tomographic evaluation of esophageal carcinoma. PMID- 6729492 TI - Epidemiology of cancer of the esophagus. PMID- 6729493 TI - Matrix regulation of cell proliferation: implications for growth of the embryo. PMID- 6729494 TI - Traumatic intrapericardial diaphragmatic hernia. PMID- 6729495 TI - Enlarged optic nerve. PMID- 6729496 TI - Radiology of postnatal skeletal development. X. Patella and tibial tuberosity. AB - The patella initially ossifies at between three and five years, commencing as multiple foci that rapidly coalesce. As the patellar ossification center enlarges the expanding margins may be irregular and associated with accessory ossification centers. These are most common superolaterally and may lead to the development of a bipartite patella. The bipartite patella has cartilaginous continuity despite the appearance of osseous discontinuity. The patella expands to all cartilaginous contours during late adolescence when the epiphyseal ossification centers around the knee are also in the final stages of maturation. The only cartilage not replaced is that occupying the superior two-thirds of the articular surface (the lower one-third is covered by the fat pad). The subchondral plate does not assume the actual articular contours until the late stages of osseous maturation (after ten to twelve years). Accordingly, typical measurements such as medial and lateral angulation cannot be accurately done prior to the final stages of patellar ossification expansion and maturation. The tibial tuberosity begins ossification at between seven and nine years as a distal focus. This progressively enlarges proximally and anteriorly, while the main tibial ossification center concomitantly expands downward into the tuberosity. A section of epiphyseal cartilage usually remains between these two ossification centers until close to physeal maturity. The anterior chondro-osseous region at the site of patellar tendon attachment is a biomechanically susceptible region that may be acutely or chronically traumatized to create an Osgood-Schlatter lesion. The physis associated with the tibial tuberosity is histologically modified in a proximal to distal gradation of columnar adaptation to specific biomechanical demands in this region. Closure of the tuberosity physis occurs in a proximal to distal direction. PMID- 6729497 TI - Multiple myeloma: early vertebral involvement assessed by computerised tomography. AB - Routine radiography is the primary method of evaluating skeletal involvement by myeloma. In contrast, radio-isotope bone scans have a low sensitivity, the medium being taken up only at sites of active or reactive bone formation. A group of six patients with multiple myeloma, established by clinical and laboratory findings, had no radiological evidence of bone involvement. Computerised tomography (CT) of the vertebral column revealed limited lytic lesions of the vertebral spongiosa in four of the patients. The three-dimensional ability of CT to "look inside" the vertebrae permits early detection of spinal lesions associated with myeloma. As a supplementary investigation, three additional patients, with frank radiographic evidence of extensive myelomatous bone lesions were examined similarly by CT. In these patients the technique showed involvement of the vertebral column to be more widespread and to affect many more vertebral bodies than had been evident in orthodox radiological examinations. CT permits earlier demonstration of early vertebral lesions and is more accurate in the delineation of the extent of vertebral involvement than conventional radiography. PMID- 6729498 TI - Spinal Ewing sarcoma: misleading appearances. AB - The plain radiographic and computed tomographic (CT) findings in two unusual cases of spinal Ewing sarcoma are reported. Radiographic features resembling neuroblastoma in one case and aneurysmal bone cyst in the other were present. These findings may be misleading and distinguishing characteristics in each case are discussed. PMID- 6729499 TI - Giant cell tumor of tarsal bones. Report of three cases and review of the literature. AB - Thirty-five cases of giant cell tumor (GCT) have been reported involving tarsal bones. Most occurred in the talus and calcaneus. We are adding three cases. PMID- 6729500 TI - Actinomycetes as the causative organism of osteomyelitis in sickle cell disease. AB - The case of a 17-year-old girl with sickle cell anaemia who presented with extensive osteomyelitis due to actinomycetes is reported. Osteomyelitis in the long bones due to actinomycosis is extremely rare. A review of the literature reveals only six cases in which actinomycetes have been isolated from lesions affecting a long bone. The occurrence of this condition in sickle cell haemoglobinopathy has not been previously reported. PMID- 6729501 TI - Digital film processing: applications to the musculoskeletal system. AB - A prototype digital film processing system was systematically evaluated for specific applications to the musculoskeletal system. Test objects included a line pair resolution phantom and specimens designed to simulate lytic cortical and both lytic and sclerotic cancellous bone lesions. Clinical radiographs from a wide variety of osseous and soft tissue disorders were studied. Although digitization cannot improve the inherent resolution and information content of film, it is capable of enhancing contrast and visualization of detail. As a result, digital processing carries significant potential for improved diagnosis in musculoskeletal radiology. PMID- 6729502 TI - The sacral foramina. AB - The sacral foramina, particularly the first three, are not simple fenestrations. Each foramen is a Y-shaped complex of canals, all with indefinite margins. The complexes lie obliquely at approximately 45 degrees to the coronal plane. An appreciation of these facts facilitates the recognition of the anatomy of plain films, tomographs, and computerized scans. PMID- 6729503 TI - Computed tomography guided thin needle biopsy of small lytic bone lesions. AB - Twelve patients with small lytic bone lesions underwent computed tomography (CT) guided thin (22-gauge) needle biopsy when fluoroscopic guidance was not possible. Adequate tissue for diagnosis was obtained in all twelve patients without complications. CT can be invaluable in directing the needle to a small lesion, detecting extraosseous extention of tumor for biopsy, and avoiding overlying bony structures. PMID- 6729504 TI - Case report 265. Scalloping and destruction of pedicles of lumbar vertebral bodies on the right side secondary to venous collaterals, associated with thrombosis of the inferior vena cava. PMID- 6729505 TI - Case report 272. Skeletal (predominately) cortical metastases in the left femur arising from bronchogenic carcinoma. PMID- 6729506 TI - Case report 273. Periosteal (parosteal, juxtacortical) vascular malformation. PMID- 6729507 TI - Case report 274. Beta thalassemia affecting the facial bones and skull (intermediate form). PMID- 6729508 TI - Case report 275. PMID- 6729509 TI - Medical technology and professional dominance theory. AB - The expansion of medical technology in hospitals is commonly asserted to be a result of the preferences of medical doctors translated into organizational policies as a result of professional dominance in health care organizations. This paper examines the theoretical and empirical bases for hypotheses of professional dominance and the utility of these hypotheses in explaining hospital decisions to adopt new medical technologies. The analysis, which is based on 5 years of data collection including 378 personal interviews at 25 U.S. hospitals, indicates that appropriate application of the concept requires specification of the type of physician exercising influence and of the hospital decision systems within which it is exercised. Specification is needed because neither physicians nor hospitals are unitary categories when considered in relation to technology adoptions . In this paper, four categories of physicians are identified: community generalists, community specialists, referral specialists and hospital-based specialists. Members of these categories exhibit different skills and interests, different relationships to hospitals and hospital technologies, and differential access to the resources of organization influence including two unrelated to professional dominance. To understand the exercise of physician influence, it is further useful to differentiate three decision systems which review and pass judgement on different types of hospital technologies. They are: the medical-individualistic, the fiscal-managerial and the strategic-institutional. The three decision systems make decisions in accord with different values and goals and display different decision structures and dynamics. Ironically , the physicians who most clearly possess the resources of influence associated with professional dominance are centrally involved in only one of the three systems.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS) PMID- 6729510 TI - Client characteristics at Kissy Mental Hospital, Freetown, Sierra Leone. AB - In- and out-patient data from the only Western mental health institution in Sierra Leone, Kissy Mental Hospital in Freetown , were analyzed using basic epidemiological techniques. Although it could not be proved conclusively with the available data, the educational and occupational levels of the patients appear to be far above that of the general population. Very possibly females are also underserved by the hospital. Contrasts between the two patient populations show that in-patients were more seriously ill, older, more likely to be male, more likely to be single, less educated, less likely to have social support, more likely to express Western ideas about the causes of mental illness and have more previous Western treatment, than out-patients. The literature on mental illness suggested the examination of possible associations among diagnosis, illness beliefs and types of previous treatment as response variables and several patient characteristics as explanatory variables. Out-patients who were older and those with lower status occupations had more severe illnesses. Married in-patients and out-patients with higher educational and occupational status had more Western as opposed to native beliefs about the cause of mental illness than their counterparts. More previous Western rather than native treatment was reported by in-patients who were older, from certain tribes, or had Western beliefs and by younger out-patients. Points of agreement and disagreement of study results with findings from Africa and the United States are discussed. PMID- 6729511 TI - Lay consultation of older people. AB - The study of lay consultation has drawn attention to how social interaction supports, validates and influences the perception and response to health problems. Until now, such research has not considered how the particular circumstances of older people alter the process, i.e. (1) disruption of support networks, (2) experience of chronic rather than acute illness and (3) suffering of diseases shared by a sizable proportion of their agemates . Using case study data, the authors show how everyday discussions of health problems lead to the transmission to the sufferer of new information about the health condition, the reinforcement of health actions and in some cases attempts to persuade or to intervene actively. The authors use the case study material to identify variables shaping the process of consultation and suggest the importance of this process in the adaptation of older people to declining health. PMID- 6729512 TI - Knowledge, attitude and practice of family planning in Hausa women. AB - A KAP (knowledge, attitude and practice) survey was conducted among 500 fertile Hausa women of northern Nigeria aged 15-44 years to test their understanding about family planning and reproductive biology. Three hundred and fifty-six women (71.2%) were still not satisfied with their family size and only 185 women (37%) were interested to seek any advice on child-spacing. Only 26 women (5.2%) knew about contraception. Although 62% of currently menstruating women were able to recall the exact date of their last menstrual period and its duration, none of the women was able to tell about 'safe period'. The objections to family planning were based on personal rather than religious grounds and predominant factor affecting the attitudes towards family planning was education. PMID- 6729514 TI - Population and health in the developing world: research perspectives for medical anthropologists. AB - Because of the health consequences of population changes, medical anthropologists should find many demographic studies of relevance to their own research interests. Using the research priorities identified by the International Review Group of Social Science Research on Population and Development as a framework, this paper discusses opportunities for anthropologists to make significant contributions to both demographic knowledge and population policy in the developing world. The research priorities include descriptive studies, program evaluation, formulation of population theory, analysis of the political processes involved in population policy development, and studies of the relations among development style, population processes and population policies. There is an explicit recognition of the need for studies that go beyond demographic statistical associations, and an appeal for the grounded research that anthropologists are trained to provide. Anthropologists interested in population research should get some basic training in demography. Their most fruitful contributions are likely to be made as members of multidisciplinary teams involved in population research or planning. PMID- 6729513 TI - Anthropological research perspectives on health problems in developing countries. AB - Anthropological research on health problems in developing countries during the past 30 years, and present/future research on the same topic, are considered in the light of (a) the changing health picture in developing countries and (b) the major health enterprises of developing countries and participating multilateral and bilateral agencies. The author suggests that modern medicine in recent years has become the first choice of most traditional peoples most of the time. It is because the supply of modern health care cannot keep up with the demand that the Primary Health Care (PHC) movement has arisen. With respect to the use of traditional curers in PHC it is pointed out that (a) they are not replacing themselves, (b) many have become ' neotraditional curers ' making extensive use of modern drugs and (c) spiritualist curing is replacing much traditional medicine. The question is, then, when we advocate the use of 'traditional curers ' in PHC programs, what exactly are we proposing? All of the above? Some of the above? Traditional healers only, strictly defined? The author also suggests that some early anthropological stereotypes of health behavior need revision, particularly those having to do with effective doctor-patient interaction. Finally, if anthropologists are effectively to explore the sociocultural aspects of health and illness, they must study health care delivery systems as intensively as community/patient behavior. PMID- 6729515 TI - The challenge of comparative health policy research for applied medical anthropology. AB - In this paper I argue that medical anthropologists can work in settings outside of academia to effect policy and that this work can simultaneously contribute to scientific knowledge and to the discipline of anthropology. In doing this, I first discuss the concept of policy and bind these ideas within the framework of health policy. Then I discuss the roles of anthropologists in the health policy field and the problems of selecting issues for research and the concern about the dichotomy between pure and applied research. Finally, I review some key health policy issues in American society and discuss how medical anthropologists can work toward practicing their craft in practical ways. PMID- 6729516 TI - Effects of public education about breast cancer and breast self-examination. AB - In a field experiment severity of and susceptibility to breast cancer were varied in four different persuasive messages about breast cancer and breast self examination (BSE). The purpose of this study was to find out whether such health messages in a real-life setting had an effect on knowledge about symptoms, attitudes and behavior relating to BSE. The second goal of this study was to investigate whether fear, aroused by these persuasive communications, had a significant role in influencing the recommended behavior (BSE). In spite of a successful manipulation of seriousness and susceptibility no differences for the dependent variables could be established between the experimental groups after one month. However, differences were found by comparing the experimental groups with the no health message group. After reading the pamphlet (no matter which of the four) women showed greater intention to perform BSE regularly. This could be attributed to a higher estimation of the chance of recovery through early detection of lumps (efficacy) after reading the pamphlet. The health messages also appeared to have a positive influence on compliance with recommended behavior: women examined their breasts more in the prescribed way. An inhibiting effect of fear on behavior (which is sometimes theoretically suggested) was not found. The effects of the pamphlet that were established are formed in a more informational, cognitive way. PMID- 6729517 TI - Stress and coping in the explanation of psychological adjustment among chronically ill adults. AB - This study evaluates the utility of a stress and coping paradigm for explaining individual differences in psychological adjustment to chronic illness. Using data from the first wave of a longitudinal study of 170 middle-aged and elderly adults faced with one of four chronic illnesses (hypertension, diabetes mellitus, cancer and rheumatoid arthritis), this paper examines the relationship between the stresses of chronic illness and coping, and the ability of coping to explain psychological adjustment. Results show coping strategy use tends to be minimally explained by medical diagnosis. Cognitive strategies, including information seeking, are related to positive affect while emotional strategies, particularly those involving avoidance, blame and emotional ventilation, are related to negative affect, lowered self-esteem and poorer adjustment to illness. While the findings suggest that a stress and coping model may be valuable in understanding adjustment among the chronically ill, the general modesty of coping effects and the failure of the stress buffering hypothesis to explain adjustment indicates a need for new research approaches and some modification of current theories of coping. PMID- 6729518 TI - Why do physicians in neonatal care units differ in their admission thresholds? AB - In view of the substantial variation in admission rates to neonatal care units observed in the East Anglian Health Region of England, this study attempts to assess which factors might account for these variations in admission patterns. A variety of factors including personal characteristics, professional attitudes, organisational and clinical need were hypothesised to influence styles of admission behaviour. Correlational analysis indicated that organisational factors like size of hospital, teaching status and availability of cots were particularly strongly related to admission rates, but that the physician's characteristics and attitudes also played some influence on the physician's behaviour. Indicators of clinical need were not strongly correlated with admission rates. PMID- 6729519 TI - Assessing socioeconomic correlates of birthweight in peninsular Malaysia: ethnic differences and changes over time. AB - This paper presents evidence from the Malaysian Family Life Survey that mothers' reports of their babies' birthweights, including reports of unweighed babies' approximate size at birth, can be used to examine many biological and socioeconomic correlates of birthweight. The study uses a sample of 5583 singleton births that occurred between 1945 and 1976. In these data, the frequency distribution of birthweights and their bivariate and multivariate relationships with the biological correlates of mother's age, baby's sex, first parity and infant mortality are consistent with those found in prospective studies. A new biological correlate, mother's age at menarche, is introduced as a proxy for the mother's nutrition during childhood. Late age at menarche is associated with lower birthweight. Other results show mothers younger than 20 years and older than 35 appear to be at greater risk of bearing small babies, but the former effect is no longer important when parity is controlled. Short interbirth intervals are associated with small babies. We attempt to distinguish whether this is due to prematurity or to maternal nutritional depletion; both effects appear to be operating. Higher income appears to mitigate the pernicious effect of short interbirth intervals. Indian babies weigh significantly less than those of other ethnic groups. Furthermore, birthweights have increased since the 1950s for Malays and Chinese, but not for Indians. The lower birthweights and lack of improvement over time for Indians appear to be due to close birthspacing, lack of access to medical care and falling incomes. PMID- 6729520 TI - The diffusion of cholera outside Ibadan City, Nigeria, 1971. AB - This paper examined the spread of cholera epidemic to the towns of the former Western State of Nigeria and to the neighbouring villages of Ibadan after the initial introduction of the disease to Ibadan city by early January, 1971). In the diffusion process, an hierarchical diffusion was discovered at the town village dichotomy while a distance decay function was justified at the purely urban level analyses. In the spread of cholera to all the surrounding villages of Ibadan, the epidemic speed was discovered to be too rapid that neither population size nor distance from Ibadan was relevant to the pattern of spread. The rate of cholera infection was observed to decline with distance from the city of Ibadan, while the duration of the epidemic obeyed the rank-size principles. PMID- 6729521 TI - Identification of the cholera diffusion process in Ibadan, 1971. AB - The paper tries to examine and identify which spatial diffusion process was responsible for generating the pattern of cholera diffusion (an epidemic spread which was apparently wave-like) within Ibadan City in 1971. In this paper one of Moran's statistics, the BW join-count measure of spatial autocorrelation is employed. Five different plannar graphs are used in the study. The results show that contagion was apparent on the various models of spatial processes employed and on their different combinations. But it is the radial contact diffusion which was discovered to be most important in the spread of the epidemic. But even, though such a radial contact diffusion process was discovered to be the most important, during the advance and peak phases of the epidemic wave; as the epidemic intensity rose to a spread phase, a mixture of the various models became a best contributor to the contagion. PMID- 6729523 TI - Cross-cultural validity: ethnocentrism in health studies with special reference to the Vietnamese. AB - The paper presents a methodological analysis of some recent studies concerned with health and socio-cultural adaptational problems of Vietnamese refugees. Using certain methodological rules, developed by social scientists for comparative research, such as conceptual equivalence or equivalence of measures, the claim of the studies to have employed cross-culturally valid instruments is examined. Since none of the studies have sought to achieve conceptual equivalence of their comparative concepts it is shown that several salient cultural differences in beliefs regarding the conception and treatment of illness among Vietnamese are over-looked. The studies only use indicators derived from, and based on, American samples and do not take into account culturally conditioned responses. Thus it is shown in some detail that the claim of cross-cultural validity should be seriously questioned as far as the Social Readjustment Rating Questionnaire and the Cornell Medical Index are concerned. The social class differences between 1975 and 1979 Vietnamese refugees are discussed in order to caution the reader that findings based on 1975 refugees will not apply to 1979 refugees. The paper concludes with the suggestion that different research strategies are required namely that open-ended interviews be used in societies of which our knowledge concerning salient cultural differences is fragmentary. PMID- 6729522 TI - Life event scaling: the Chinese experience. AB - Two hundred and sixty-one staff and student members in a university community responded to a questionnaire to rate 69 life events on a scale of 'upsettingness'. There were relatively great consensus in their ratings as a group and relatively great consistency in their ratings across diverse status groups differing in age, sex, marital status and staff-student membership. An examination of specific events however revealed subtle differences among groups. In general, the perception of life events could be meaningfully conceptualized in dimensions interpretable as personal loss and failure, gain and achievement, environmental and role change, personal catastrophe, minor interpersonal problems, and legal and court-related problems. It was suggested that adjustment, control and desirability are event attributes which capture different aspects of the perception of life events. PMID- 6729524 TI - Organizational impact on medicine: the HMO concept. AB - This paper examines the role of physicians within the HMO (health maintenance organization) context. The development of HMOs in the United States is traced from their origins to the present time. The literature reveals the emergence of four factors within the practice of medicine; a shift of control away from physicians, the reduction of their prestige, the redefinition of medical quality and increased patient control over the treatment regimen. The paper concludes that (a) while physicians remain relatively powerful, some of their control and prestige are eroded by the organizational setting, (b) HMO physicians must pay greater attention to colleagues, personnel and patients than their fee-for service counterparts and (c) definitions of medical quality are becoming increasingly rationalized. PMID- 6729525 TI - Participation in the first and second round of a mass-screening for colorectal cancer. AB - Using data from a survey of a sample of 239 people asked to participate in a community-based screening for colorectal cancer, factors associated with participation were identified. Central were variables about social participation and perceived threat of the disease. Of the variables that accounted for (non)participation in the first round only a few, such as perceived seriousness and active membership of clubs or associations, also accounted for participation in the second round of the screening. In conclusion it was argued that factors associated with participation in a first screening round cannot be used without adjustment to explain participation in a second round. PMID- 6729526 TI - Changes in primary medical care delivery, 1975-1979: findings from the physician capacity utilization surveys. AB - Data from two national telephone surveys of office-based primary care physicians are used to examine changes in patterns of care delivery between 1975 and 1979 in metropolitan and nonmetropolitan areas. Aspects of care delivery considered include physician availability, average physician workload, qualitative attributes of the care delivered, physicians' policies toward acceptance of new patients and fees. Physician availability relative to population increased in metropolitan areas but was unchanged in nonmetropolitan areas. The average number of office visits provided per week declined for physicians in all areas, offsetting to some extent the increase in physician availability; average weekly office visit rates declined most in nonmetropolitan areas. Most of the indicators of the qualitative attributes of care examined suggest that access to primary care physicians increased in both metropolitan and nonmetropolitan areas, though not substantially. Fees increased in real terms in all areas. Relatively fewer physicians were refusing to accept new patients in 1979 than in 1975. The possibility that specialists are providing more primary care in nonmetropolitan areas is considered as a possible explanation for the improvement in qualitative attributes of care delivered by primary care physicians in nonmetropolitan areas despite the decline in per capita office visits provided by primary care physicians in those areas. PMID- 6729528 TI - Attitudes to alcohol consumption: the attribution of addiction. AB - Research on smoking has found actor-observer differences in the attributions of addictions. Non-smokers were much more likely to label the average smoker as addicted than the smokers were prepared to label themselves as such. This study sought to determine whether the findings from the studies on smokers generalized to those drinking alcohol. Subjects, who were classified as heavy, moderate, light and non-drinkers on the basis of their self-reported weakly consumption, completed a questionnaire. Results showed that although there were some similarities between findings on the attribution of smoking and drinking, drinkers were less concerned about stopping drinking and less likely to label themselves as addicted. The results were discussed in terms of lay beliefs about the health factors related to drinking. PMID- 6729530 TI - Medical advice books: the search for the healthy body. PMID- 6729529 TI - Subjective well-being: properties of an instrument for measuring this (in the chronically ill). AB - Present measures of the quality of life, or psychological well-being, of the chronically or terminally ill patient are either subjective and impressionistic , or else objective and very coarse. There exists no technique which enables a clinician to assess routinely the subjective well-being of his patient in such a way that he can make rational decisions about alternative treatments as these may relate to both the quantity and quality of the patient's life. This paper describes an instrument which does measure subjective well-being, which does so with high reliability and demonstrated validity, which is easy to administer and score, and can be used routinely without subject intrusion. PMID- 6729527 TI - Communication between general practitioners and patients dying at home. AB - Semi-structured interviews were carried out with four general practitioners and some of their terminally ill patients in order to investigate how doctors solve the problem of communication with these patients about the outcome of the illness. Three of the doctors preferred not to give explicit information, or to talk about the outcome, even when they knew that the patient realised that he or she was dying. Within this constraint they developed different ways of coping with the problem of how to talk to the patient. We interpret this behaviour as an attempt to remain within the framework of rules and expectations provided by the traditional roles of doctor and patient, a framework that would be threatened by the doctor's acknowledgement of helplessness. The fourth doctor did tell his patients, and treated the problem as one of counselling patients to help them cope with their predicament. His role of healer was thus extended to include terminally ill patients. PMID- 6729531 TI - Are we a 'death-denying' society? a sociological review. AB - There exists in much social science literature on death and dying the traditionally held view that modern societies are 'death-denying'. In some cases this has been a 'throw away' line of minimal importance. Other times, the thesis that we are a death-denying society has taken on the appearance of serious sociological argument. In still other cases, there exists another body of literature which supports this thesis by offering examples of death denial rather than cogent argument. This has amounted to a significant, albeit fragmented, sociological theory of the background of our principle death related behaviours. This paper gives that quasi-theory a systematic review by examining the central terms of reference, argument and examples of 'death denial' in the literature. The main arguments and examples of this thesis, that we are a 'death-denying' society, are evaluated according to their sociological content. Subsequently, the ability of the thesis to explain the principle areas of our death related behaviour as discussed by it, has been assessed. This paper argues that Western societies are not 'death-denying' by any of the major criteria posed in the literature on the subject. To say that our contemporary societies are 'death denying' has no theoretical or practical explanatory value. PMID- 6729532 TI - Chronic illness, stress and coping. AB - The study investigated the factors that may alleviate the emotional distress of chronically ill persons, enhance their coping capacity and prevent further acceleration of the deterioration in their condition. Based on recent approaches to breakdown and stress, the seriousness of a chronically ill person's situation was hypothesized as resulting from the inadequacy of the individual's and his primary group's coping resources and inexpediency of the professional emotional support. A study carried out among a representative sample of Jewish Israeli adults gave support to the hypothesized insufficiency of individual resources. Data highlighted the significance of the physician's emotional support as the most sought for yet least attainable resource in alleviating distress. The study lends further support to previous evidence of the importance of the physician's affective behavior in the patient's wellbeing. It also ascertained the role that primary groups' emotional support may have in the readjustment of the chronically ill. PMID- 6729533 TI - The patient's view. AB - Deference to the importance of the patient's view has recently become a major feature of much medical practice and social science research. This paper, however, argues that attempts to establish the authentic version of what the patient says is misplaced as investigation can only reveal what is heard, not what is said. The changes in perception which enable some things to be heard, and not others, are traced through medicine and the social sciences during the last 50 years and it is suggested that recent interest in the validity of the patient's view are no more than artefacts of these changes in perception. PMID- 6729534 TI - The role of Chinese traditional medical practice as a form of health care in Singapore--III. Conditions, illness behaviour and medical preferences of patients of institutional clinics. AB - Both the modern scientific and the Chinese traditional forms of health care are within easy geographical, economical and quantitative accessibility to the people in Singapore. The fourth component of accessibility, socio-cultural component encompasses the social milieu surrounding the individual, and the values and beliefs attached to diseases and health care services. This paper reveals the findings of a survey of a quota sample of patients in institutional clinics providing Chinese traditional medical consultations. The survey aimed to look at the types of illness conditions presented in these clinics, the multi-usage of both modern and traditional health care by these patients, and the inter relationship between illness behaviour and differential preferences of treatment methods for various disease conditions. PMID- 6729536 TI - The use of food to treat and prevent disease in Chinese culture. AB - Interviews of 50 Chinese families in Hong Kong in 1981 indicated that the proper selection, timing and preparation of food was the most salient lay method of dealing with the prevention and treatment of some 59 common symptoms and illnesses. The food prescriptions and proscriptions were based on the traditional concept of maintaining body homeostasis through avoidance of: (1) excess 'hot'/'cold' or 'wet'/'dry' qualities of body energy; (2) disturbance of energy flow; or (3) inadequate energy levels. Various health problems were classified as being due to imbalances of these energy states. Excess 'hot'/'cold' or 'wet'/'dry' ailments were dealt with by increased consumption of foods of the opposite character; those due to disturbance of the normal flow of energy was avoided by the reduced intake of 'irritating' or 'poisonous' foods; and various tonics were believed to raise the amount of energy flow in the body. A rich knowledge of complex dietary rules was found to be prevalent among the lay public because the traditional rules filled explanatory and behavioural niches left open in Western medicine. Dietary manipulation was used to complement Western medicine in the multiple stages of the disease process by playing a predominant role at the beginning and end of the period of pathogenesis. PMID- 6729535 TI - Distribution of behavioral science faculty in United States medical schools: 1968 1969 and 1978-1979. AB - The Association of American Medical Colleges' faculty profiles were analyzed for 117 U.S. medical schools for the years 1968/1969 and 1978/1979. The growth of behavioral science faculty more than matched that of all medical school faculty (i.e. 78 vs 65%) in full-time tenure-track positions over this 10-year period. Most behavioral science medical school faculty are psychologists. Although still small in numbers, faculty from other disciplines such as anthropology and sociology have gained increasing acceptance, and these 117 medical schools now employ at least 20 full-time economists and 13 who have earned degrees in political science. The growth of behavioral science faculty has been primarily in clinical departments, and those who are associated with independent departments of behavioral science remained virtually static (87 vs 88) over this 10 year period. PMID- 6729537 TI - An objective reconstruction of the chain of contagion. AB - North's clustering method, which is based on a much used ecological model, the nearest neighbor distance, was applied to the objective reconstruction of the chain of household-to-household transmission of variola minor (the mild form of smallpox). The discrete within-household outbreaks were considered as points which were ordered in a time sequence using a 10-40 day interval between introduction of the disease into a source household and a receptor household. The closer points in the plane were assumed to have a larger probability of being links of a chain of household-to-household spread of the disease. The five defining distances (Manhattan or city-block distance between presumptive source and receptor dwellings) were 100, 200, 300, 400 and 500 m. The subchain sets obtained with the five defining distances were compared with the subchains empirically reconstructed during the field study of the epidemic through direct investigation of personal contacts of the introductory cases with either introductory or subsequent cases from previously affected households. The criteria of fit of theoretical to empirical clusters were: (a) the number of clustered dwellings and of subchains , (b) number of dwellings in a subchain and (c) position of dwellings in a subchain . The defining distance closest to the empirical findings was 200 m, which fully agrees with the travelling habits of the study population. Less close but acceptable approximations were obtained with 100, 300, 400 and 500 m. The latter two distances gave identical results, as if a clustering ceiling had been reached. It seems that North's clustering model may be used for an objective reconstruction of the chain of contagious whose links are discrete within-household outbreaks. PMID- 6729538 TI - Stress and well-being: the buffering role of locus of control beliefs. AB - Data from the 1969 and 1971 panels of the National Longitudinal Survey of Middle Aged Men are analyzed to assess the mediating effects of locus of control beliefs in the relationship between stressful job and economic events and psycho physiological well-being. The analyses indicate that men with internal locus of control orientations respond more adequately to stress than do those with external locus of control beliefs. A more detailed examination of the data revealed that men with moderately internal locus of control orientations cope more effectively with stress than those whose locus of control beliefs may be classified as extreme internal, extreme external or moderately external. The theoretical implications of these findings are discussed. PMID- 6729539 TI - Breast cancer and breast self-examination: what do Scottish women know? AB - To aid the design of a health education campaign centred around a breast screening programme, a survey of knowledge about breast cancer and breast self examination was carried out in 810 women selected randomly from the electoral registers in Edinburgh and Aberdeen. On the whole, the level of knowledge was poor, but was strongly related to age, social class, previous experience of breast problems and preventive health behaviour. Very few women knew of signs to look for other than a lump or of any treatments other than mastectomy or radiotherapy. Although 57% had tried or were practising self-examination, only a small minority knew of the correct technique and when to do it. There may be several reasons for our findings, including previous lack of appropriate information from professional sources, avoidance due to fear and anxiety about breast cancer or lack of motivation because this disease is not seen as an important single threat. These results will be compared with a later survey as part of the evaluation of our health education campaign. PMID- 6729540 TI - Use of sedatives and hypnotics prescribed in a family practice. AB - The subsequent misuse and abuse of sedatives and hypnotics prescribed to 190 patients of the family practice program at the Medical University of South Carolina was investigated by medical record abstract and patient interviews. Results indicated little misuse and no abuse, with most respondents indicating they took fewer doses than directed. Concerns about dependence were widespread and were most likely in patients who said they never took fewer doses than directed. These patients were also more likely to have side effects. Ten percent of respondents said they had shared their sedative or hypnotic with others, usually relatives. Because of the nature of the population, mostly female and with an average age of 50 years, the results are likely to underrepresent misuse and abuse and to overrepresent concerns with dependence as compared with the general patient population. The results indicate the need for a prospective study to determine the process of becoming a misuser and factors associated with dependency fears. PMID- 6729541 TI - Effect of Hickman catheters on the self-esteem of patients with leukemia. AB - Hickman right atrial catheters are useful in providing prolonged access for chemotherapy. Their presence does alter body image, however, and the maintenance of catheter patency during periods of outpatient care demands patient cooperation and participation. To determine whether the alterations in body image and life style brought about by catheter insertion would have a negative effect upon the self-esteem of patients with acute leukemia, "purpose-in-life" testing was done prospectively in two groups of patients treated over a 30-day period with and without right atrial catheters. No significant alterations in self-esteem were noted during the study period in response to the use of Hickman catheters. The results suggest that Hickman catheters can be used as needed to improve venous access in patients with acute leukemia, without fear that this will adversely affect self-esteem. PMID- 6729542 TI - Differential diagnosis of medullary sponge kidney. AB - The diagnosis of medullary sponge kidney ( MSK ) is usually made as an incidental finding on pyelogram. The essential abnormality of this condition is a " paintbrush " appearance of the calyces due to the presence of contrast within dilated collecting ducts. Since the radiologic features are similar to those of papillary necrosis, a history of analgesic abuse may make the differential diagnosis difficult. We describe a patient whose urogram strongly suggested MSK but who also had a history of analgesic abuse. Special studies demonstrating completely normal renal function and proven MSK in the patient's mother allowed the diagnosis of medullary sponge kidney. We reviewed the similarities and differences between MSK and papillary necrosis to identify features of diagnostic significance. PMID- 6729543 TI - Inflammatory bowel disease and cholelithiasis: the association in patients with an ileostomy. AB - Sixty-nine patients were evaluated prospectively by sonography and history to determine the presence of cholelithiasis. Sixteen patients (23%) had a positive diagnosis. A control group was also prospectively evaluated. We have determined that patients above age 50 with a permanent ileostomy are at statistically significant risk of having cholelithiasis, and their risk is greater than that of a control group matched for age and sex. Radiologists should recognize this association and carefully evaluate the gallbladder of any patient with a permanent ileostomy who has abdominal pain. PMID- 6729544 TI - Staphylococcal bacteremia: current patterns in nonuniversity hospitals. AB - We studied 390 consecutive episodes of Staphylococcus aureus bacteremia in the four nonuniversity hospitals of one metropolitan area between 1977 and 1981. Overall mortality was 31%, with 52% of deaths being attributed to the infection. The 4.9% incidence of recognized endocarditis was lower than that previously reported. Although 41% of deaths occurred by the end of the third day after positive blood cultures had been obtained, choice of antimicrobial therapy bore no apparent relationship to eventual clinical outcome. PMID- 6729545 TI - Intraoperative antibiotic irrigation as prophylaxis in abdominal hysterectomy: a preliminary report. AB - A preliminary report regarding the use of an intraoperative, intraperitoneal antibiotic solution in patients having transabdominal hysterectomy reveals that the postoperative morbidity assessed by the diagnosis of cuff cellulitis or pelvic abscess was 4.7%. This morbidity represents a substantial reduction in the incidence of cuff cellulitis (27.0%) noted in a comparison group of 367 patients having abdominal hysterectomy at our institution during a two-year period. These preliminary data strongly suggest that antibiotic solutions given intraperitoneally at the time of abdominal hysterectomy reduce morbidity due to cuff cellulitis. PMID- 6729546 TI - Intra-articular calcified bodies: detection by computed arthrotomography. AB - We used computed tomography (CT) in six cases to detect and localize intra articular calcified bodies after double-contrast arthrography and pneumoarthrography . The cases consisted of one wrist, three ankles, and two knees. In one knee, one wrist, and two ankles, CT scanning after double-contrast arthrogram or air arthrogram accurately diagnosed and localized the intra articular nature of the calcified bodies. In one knee and one ankle, the use of this technique accurately ruled out false-positive loose bodies suspected on the double-contrast arthrograms. Computed tomography after air arthrography or double contrast arthrography is a simple and accurate technique to detect, localize, or exclude calcified bodies in the joints, and it is a useful adjunct when conventional tomography is inconclusive. PMID- 6729547 TI - Right atrial rupture due to blunt chest trauma. AB - Violent injury currently accounts for the majority of deaths among young people. Cardiac trauma is responsible for 15% of deaths from thoracic injury, and the incidence of cardiac injury in blunt chest trauma is as high as 76% in some clinical series. Many of these cardiac injuries consist of myocardial contusions. Recently, however, there has been increasing recognition of chamber disruption caused by blunt chest trauma. Cardiac injury is usually the result of direct compression of the heart between the sternum and the dorsal spine. These patients are frequently in extremis, with signs of pericardial tamponade, hypotension, and/or massive hemothorax. Successful management is dependent upon prompt diagnosis and surgical repair. To date there have been only 28 survivors (including the three patients in this report) of this catastrophic and frequently unrecognized injury. PMID- 6729548 TI - Efficacy of bromocriptine versus breast binders as inhibitors of postpartum lactation. AB - Fifty postpartum patients were randomly given either bromocriptine (2.5 mg by mouth b.i.d. X 30 doses) or breast binders for inhibiting lactation. The breast binder group had a high incidence of symptoms (breast pain, engorgement, secretion) for the first week postpartum; these symptoms rapidly decreased by the second week. Bromocriptine successfully suppressed the breast problems in virtually all of the patients who took the drug correctly. Because of the high rate of side effects and a significant incidence of "rebound," the dosage of bromocriptine should probably be changed, and we recommend a revised dosage. PMID- 6729549 TI - Regression analysis in medical research. AB - Even the most respected medical journals continue to publish articles containing unwarranted conclusions, which thus appear validated. This often results from the unfamiliarity of medical investigators with statistics leading to improper study design, data collection, analysis, and presentation. The increased use of multivariate analysis adds to the perplexity of medical readers not adequately prepared to judge the statistical method. This article attempts to acquaint readers with the terminology of regression analysis and how to use regression formulas. PMID- 6729550 TI - Pediatricians' attitudes toward maternal employment and substitute child care. AB - In 1979 more than 54% of women with children less than 18 years old were in the labor force. The purpose of this study was to study the attitudes of pediatricians toward maternal employment and substitute child care arrangements. To survey their attitudes toward maternal employment and substitute child care, we sent a questionnaire to 476 North Carolina pediatricians. The response rate was 50%. On the issue of maternal employment the attitudes were 46% favorable, 35% neutral, and 19% unfavorable. Corresponding attitudes for substitute child care were 53%, 30%, and 17%. PMID- 6729551 TI - Practical clinical medicine: dilemmas of primary care practice. PMID- 6729552 TI - Bloody pericardial effusion in a 44-year-old man. PMID- 6729553 TI - Endobronchial hamartoma. AB - We have reported a case of endobronchial hamartoma in a mainstem bronchus. Diagnosis of these rare lesions may be difficult when chronic pulmonary destruction has occurred; biopsy of the tumor may show cellular atypia due to inflammation. Although bronchoscopic removal or removal by bronchotomy or sleeve resection with preservation of the lung may be possible, when irreversible lung damage has occurred because of chronic obstruction and suppuration, pulmonary resection may be indicated. PMID- 6729554 TI - Endobronchial lipoma. AB - We have described three cases of endobronchial lipoma, which is among the least common neoplasms found in the tracheobronchial tree. If these tumors, which occur most commonly in men, are not recognized early and removed, they may produce progressive bronchial obstruction and cause recurrent bouts of obstructive pneumonitis, irreversible bronchiectasis, and pulmonary damage. Endobronchial lipomas are usually accessible to endoscopic excision, preventing permanent lung damage. PMID- 6729557 TI - Mesenteroaxial gastric volvulus in children. AB - We have presented a case of mesenteroaxial volvulus in a 12-year-old girl. Since this entity is rare in children, one must be especially alert to its possibility for early diagnosis and treatment of this potential catastrophe. PMID- 6729556 TI - Bowel obstruction due to infarcted splenosis. AB - We have presented a case of splenosis (autotransplantation of splenic tissue) after traumatic rupture of the spleen, which produced bowel obstruction. Although rarely symptomatic, these splenic implants must be considered in the differential diagnosis of abdominal pain with or without intestinal obstruction in all postsplenectomy patients. When an incidental finding at exploratory celiotomy, these implants should be preserved as a means of retaining splenic function and preventing the complication of postsplenectomy sepsis. PMID- 6729555 TI - Unusual radiologic manifestations of bronchogenic cyst. AB - We have presented four cases of bronchogenic cyst, emphasizing the uncommon radiologic manifestations, including air trapping and/or lobulated contour. Two of the cysts were in the lung parenchyma, one in the left hilum adherent to the left lower lobe bronchus, and one in the posterior mediastinum. Recognition of the unusual radiologic features aids in establishing an appropriate differential diagnosis and directing subsequent evaluation. PMID- 6729558 TI - Objective response in amyloidosis treated with intermittent chemotherapy. AB - A 37-year-old woman with amyloidosis derived from light chain immunoglobulin had hepatosplenomegaly, elevated serum alkaline phosphatase values, and progressively destructive bony lesions. A 44-month intermittent course of chemotherapy with melphalan and prednisone resulted in regression, confirming the occasional efficacy of cytotoxic chemotherapy in this disease. PMID- 6729559 TI - Legionnaires' disease with rhabdomyolysis and acute reversible myoglobinuric renal failure. AB - We have described a patient with rhabdomyolysis, myoglobinuria, and acute reversible renal failure. Serologic studies were diagnostic for legionnaires' disease and were negative for other viruses associated with rhabdomyolysis. Bacteriologic cultures were also negative, and other nontraumatic causes of rhabdomyolysis were ruled out. No other causes of acute reversible renal failure were found. With a clinical picture of pneumonia, rhabdomyolysis, myoglobinuria, and acute renal failure, legionnaires' disease should be considered in the differential diagnosis and appropriate antibiotic therapy instituted. PMID- 6729560 TI - Afferent loop syndrome: diagnostic features with new imaging methods. AB - A patient had afferent loop obstruction with primary carcinoma of the gastric remnant and nonjaundiced biliary obstruction. We have presented the diagnostic features of ultrasonography, computed tomography, radionuclide studies, and fine needle aspiration with injection of contrast material. PMID- 6729561 TI - Usefulness of computerized tomography in evaluating necrotizing fasciitis. AB - A 54-year-old man was seen with what appeared to be cellulitis of the left lower extremity. Roentgenograms showed no evidence of gas in soft tissues. Two days later films revealed gas in soft tissues of the leg, but not in the thigh. Computerized tomography showed pockets of gas in the lateral fascial planes of both leg and thigh. Surgical exploration revealed extensive necrotizing fasciitis. CT scanning provided a much more accurate picture of the extent of infection than did standard radiographs. PMID- 6729562 TI - Compulsive ingestion of foreign bodies in a schizophrenic patient. AB - We have described a rare case of compulsive ingestion of foreign bodies in a schizophrenic woman. From this experience, we have proposed some guidelines that may be useful in managing similar clinical problems. PMID- 6729563 TI - Brachial artery puncture: a definite risk to the hand. AB - We have described a patient who had an acutely ischemic hand after brachial artery puncture in the antecubital fossa. Because of the anatomy of the forearm, hematoma formation and compression of the brachial artery and median nerve are poorly tolerated and predispose to irreversible ischemia or neuropathy. We recommend that brachial artery puncture in the antecubital fossa be avoided. PMID- 6729564 TI - Superior mesenteric artery embolus. AB - We have presented a case of SMA embolization with early diagnosis and successful embolectomy. A high index of suspicion is necessary, since the relative paucity of early signs and symptoms often belies the gravity of the situation. Prompt angiography can corroborate the diagnosis and allow expeditious laparotomy. Although some authors have advocated nonoperative management of this problem, we believe a surgical approach offers the best chance for a successful resolution and for preventing devastating sequelae. PMID- 6729565 TI - Focal neurologic signs associated with hyperkalemia. AB - A patient with end-stage renal disease had a flaccid hemiparesis in conjunction with severe hyperkalemia. The hemiparesis resolved with treatment of the hyperkalemia. The patient was later found to have extracranial vascular disease, and we propose that a severe metabolic abnormality associated with an area of relative cerebral ischemia caused the reversible neurologic deficit. PMID- 6729566 TI - Pneumomediastinum after dental extraction. AB - In the preceding case, air dissection into the subcutaneous space and mediastinum was caused by the removal of an impacted third molar with a high-speed drill. Such surgery can result in a typical clinical complex lasting a few days and consisting of pain, dyspnea, fever, and leukocytosis. Because there is a potential for mediastinitis, antibiotic therapy is indicated. PMID- 6729567 TI - Fever of undetermined origin as the presenting symptom of Behcet's disease: a favorable response to colchicine. AB - A 30-year-old man had fever of undetermined origin for 16 months, finally diagnosed as Behcet's disease. Colchicine gave good therapeutic results. PMID- 6729569 TI - Pulsus paradoxus. PMID- 6729568 TI - Phantom limb pain. PMID- 6729570 TI - Toxic shock syndrome with staphylococcal wound abscess after gynecologic surgery. PMID- 6729571 TI - [Problems in improving public health in the rural community]. PMID- 6729572 TI - [Theoretical and practical problems in using automated systems in performing annual dispensary care of the whole population]. PMID- 6729573 TI - [Improved medical and health care for workers of the coal industry]. PMID- 6729574 TI - [Assessment of the activities of epidemiological health stations in the field of child and adolescent hygiene]. PMID- 6729575 TI - [Problems in preventing oncological diseases]. PMID- 6729576 TI - [Early detection of malignant neoplasms and the life expectancy of patients]. PMID- 6729577 TI - [Organizational problems of introducing the achievements of medical science into practice]. PMID- 6729578 TI - [Experience in defending course papers]. PMID- 6729579 TI - Is the chemistry of collagen in intervertebral discs an expression of Wolff's Law? A study of the human lumbar spine. AB - The collagen content, proportion of Types I and II collagen, and the relative concentrations of the reducible crosslinks of human lumbar intervertebral discs have been found to vary with age and location and to be highly dependent on the topography of the tissue. From adolescence to mature adulthood, the most significant change is an increase in the content of Type I collagen at the expense of genetically distinct Type II collagen in the outer lamella of the posterior quadrant, while just the reverse is true of the anterior quadrant. These changes are accompanied by similar but smaller alterations in the total collagen content and in the crosslink hydroxylysinohydroxynorleucine . The same differences in the distribution of Types I and II collagens occur in the annuli on the concave and convex sides of scoliotic curves. Together, these data establish that active cellular activity and tissue remodelling occur in the annuli fibrosi and suggest that these specific changes are initiated in response to overall increases in compressive loading on the concave side and tensile loading on the convex side of the spine and the subsequent changes they induce in the magnitude and distribution of internal stresses within the annuli. In its most general formulation, the biological behavior of annuli fibrosi to mechanical forces appears to follow Wolff's Law. PMID- 6729580 TI - The applied anatomy of the thoracolumbar fascia. AB - The thoracolumbar fascia was studied by dissection in ten adult human cadavers. The posterior layer of this fascia was found to consist of two laminae. The superficial lamina is formed by the aponeurosis of latissimus dorsi. The deep lamina consists of bands of fibers passing caudolaterally from the midline. Both laminae form a retinaculum over the back muscles, and the deep lamina constitutes a series of accessory posterior ligaments that anchor the L2 to L5 spinous processes to the ilium and resist flexion of the lumbar spine. The function of these ligaments is enhanced by the contraction of the back muscles and the action of certain, restricted portions of the abdominal muscles. PMID- 6729581 TI - Measurement of loads on the lumbar spine under isometric and isokinetic conditions. AB - Ten male and ten female subjects were tested for their ability to exert maximal force about the lumbo-sacral junction (as is done during lifting) under controlled isometric and isokinetic conditions. The myoelectric activity of ten trunk muscles, intra-abdominal pressure, and torque produced by the back were monitored. There are prominent differences in the manner in which subjects utilize the musculature of the trunk for the production of torque statically and dynamically. A significant lag was identified between the onset of intra abdominal pressure and torque, and this lag increased with increasing trunk velocity. These differences between isometric and isokinetic exertions suggest that isokinetic trunk testing provides a means of controlled evaluation that is appropriate for manual materials handling situations. PMID- 6729582 TI - Unstable thoracolumbar fractures. A study by CT and conventional roentgenology of the reduction effect of Harrington instrumentation. AB - Fourteen patients with unstable thoracolumbar fractures were examined with conventional roentgenologic technique and CT before and after operation with Harrington instrumentation. CT was superior in evaluating posterior elements, bone fragments in the spinal canal, and degree of narrowing of the spinal canal. Harrington rods restored the general spinal alignment. However, even after surgery, the midsagittal diameter, as well as the cross-sectional area of the spinal canal were still diminished by 26%. The reduction of the spinal canal improved significantly by early surgical intervention. Open reduction and stabilization with Harrington rods and fusion within three days after injury is recommended. PMID- 6729583 TI - Scoliosis and pulmonary function. AB - The effect on pulmonary function of all three dimensions of the scoliotic deformity was analyzed with computer tomography in 33 patients with thoracic idiopathic scoliosis. Both static (total lung capacity [TLC], vital capacity [VC] and functional residual capacity [FRC] ) and dynamic volumes (forced expiratory volumes in one second [FEV-1]) were negatively correlated to the lateral deformity and, to a lesser degree, to rotation. Of the computer tomography variables reflecting kyphosis, the sagittal diameter was correlated positively to all lung volumes though negatively to the quotient FRC/TLC while the KLi was correlated positively to VC and FEV1. The conclusion is drawn that the Cobb angle gives the most accurate estimation of lung volume compromise and that operative treatment should aim of reducing the lateral dislocation of the vertebrae and at maintaining normal sagittal thoracic curve. PMID- 6729584 TI - Lumbar curve, trunk muscles, and line of gravity with different heel heights. AB - The influence of different heel heights on the lumbar curve, pelvic inclination, trunk muscle activity, and the position of the line of gravity was examined in 18 healthy women. They were examined while standing on heel-supports, being 4.5 cm elevated, at the level of and 2.5 cm lower than the support of the forefoot, respectively (Figure 1). Each examination was preceeded by one-hour adaptation to a corresponding shoe type. With increasing heel height, the lumbar lordosis and the pelvis inclination were decreased. The back and abdominal muscles did not alter their activities. The position of the line of gravity kept the distance from the forefoot almost constant, but the ankle joint was shifted towards the line of gravity with increasing heel height. PMID- 6729585 TI - The nonsurgical management of odontoid fractures in adults. AB - Twenty-five odontoid fractures that were treated nonsurgically at the University of Virginia Hospital in the last 5 years were reviewed. Motor vehicle accidents were the major cause of this injury in our series. Early recognition and firm external stabilization of Type I and Type III fractures of the odontoid resulted in union in 100% of our patients. There were 12 Type II fractures with a nonunion rate of 42%. Thus, an overall rate of union of 80% was obtained. It is suggested in the literature and by this series that early recognition, reduction, and rigid external immobilization of Types I and III fractures of the odontoid should promote bony union. Type II fractures may also be managed successfully by closed methods, although the outcome is less certain. PMID- 6729586 TI - Experience of posterior surgery in atlanto-axial instability. AB - Twenty patients with atlanto-axial instability treated by posterior spinal fusion were reviewed. Patients with atlanto-axial instability due to congenital causes usually presented late with chronic myelopathy and treatment in these patients was associated with poor surgical results. Atlanto-axial fusion for fracture non unions offers immediate stability, reliability, few complications, and good range of neck movement after surgery. Occipito-cervical fusion is indicated whenever atlanto-axial fusion is surgically not feasible. PMID- 6729587 TI - Reconstruction of the cervical spine following anterior vertebral body resection: a mechanical analysis of a canine experimental model. AB - In some quadriplegic patients whose acute spinal injury consists of a vertebral body fracture with bony retropulsion anteriorly and ligamentous damage posteriorly, it is appropriate to perform a decompression of the injured spinal cord by excision of the fractured body. Reconstruction of such a spine to achieve immediate and ultimate stability can be quite difficult. This is a report of mechanical testing using a canine in vitro experimental model to simulate different general types of reconstruction systems applicable to the spine destabilized as above. The results explain some of the previously noted failures of the traditional anterior strut grafting procedures. In addition, one of the reconstruction systems tested (anterior and posterior tension bands compressing an anterior strut graft into place) appeared to have sufficient immediate stability to eliminate the need for a halo-vest in the postoperative period. If such a reconstruction system were to prove clinically applicable, it would be quite beneficial to the quadriplegic patient in his rehabilitation. PMID- 6729588 TI - The use of methylmethacrylate cement as an instantaneous fusion mass in posterior cervical fusions: a canine in vivo experimental model. AB - The authors previously predicted the failure of posterior cervical fusions utilizing methylmethacrylate cement as an instantaneous "fusion" mass, based on research using an in vitro canine experimental model. This report describes the results of in vivo canine studies on the same subject. Three groups of dogs had application of a posterior C4-C5 20-gauge cerclage wire and autologous iliac crest bone graft; application of a posterior C4-C5 20-gauge cerclage wire and methylmethacrylate cement; or application of a C4-C5 20-gauge cerclage wire only. This group represented the control group. The dogs were allowed to live for 3 months postoperatively, at which time they were killed and their spine fusions studied radiologically, mechanically, and histologically. Five of the bone fusions united solidly radiologically. Their flexion stability was statistically superior to the others. Histologic studies confirmed solid union of the fusion mass to the underlying bone. Four of the six methylmethacrylate fusions demonstrated cerclage wire fracture and methacrylate-bone separation by the second postoperative month. At the time the dogs were killed, their flexion stability was statistically inferior to the bone fusions and tended to be inferior to the controls as well. Histologically, fibrous tissue was noted to have grown between the methacrylate "fusion" mass and the underlying bone. This work provides a mechanical explanation for the well-known success of the traditional bony fusion. It further supports our original prediction regarding the failure of methylmethacrylate "fusions." PMID- 6729589 TI - Progressive cystic degeneration of the spinal cord following spinal cord injury. AB - From a group of 520 spinal cord injury patients treated at Rancho Los Amigos Hospital, two cases of progressive myelopathy secondary to cystic degeneration of the spinal cord have been identified. The cyst may dissect proximately to produce progressive neurologic deficit. Surgical treatment with shunting can allow stabilization and improvement with return of newly lost function. PMID- 6729590 TI - Cortical evoked potential monitoring. A system for intraoperative monitoring of spinal cord function. AB - This report describes the intraoperative use of a somatosensory cortical evoked potential system to monitor spinal cord function during 300 orthopedic surgical procedures. This system requires sophisticated equipment and the establishment of normative data but has performed well with no false negatives noted. The most frequent technical problem encountered was the effect of medications and anesthetic agents, some of which impair the evoked response significantly. In this series of 300 cases, three neurologic deficits were documented intraoperatively and confirmed postoperatively. There were four cases in which changes in evoked potentials led to change in operative procedure, with no subsequent neurologic deficit. In the remaining cases, the monitoring indicated no neurologic problems during surgery, and none were noted postoperatively. PMID- 6729591 TI - Experimental study on the circulatory dynamics of the spinal cord by serial fluorescein angiography. AB - The circulatory dynamics on the dorsal surface of the spinal cord were observed by serial fluorescein angiography . Fluorescein dye appeared in the posterior spinal artery and pial arterial plexus, although the direction of blood flow might be opposite and the time taken for fluorescein dye to enter the arteries was different for each. Fluorescein dye appeared in the veins after various periods, and the directions of flow of the dye were also variable and complicated. Laminar flow often was observed in veins of less than 200 microns in diameter. The regional circulation time was calculated to be 2.1 +/- 0.4 seconds. There was no extravasation. PMID- 6729592 TI - The effects of internal fixation on the articular cartilage of unfused canine facet joint cartilage. AB - Custom-made distraction instrumentation was placed in the lumbar spine of eight large dogs with care taken to preserve the integrity of two intervening apophyseal joints. Histologic staining of immobilized joint cartilage showed varying degrees of chondrolysis, cloning, invasion of the tide mark, and loss of proteoglycans as early as 2 months postoperatively. Every specimen had significant degenerative changes characteristic of osteoarthritis. The joints one segment caudal to the lower hooks also were examined and were found to have similar histologic evidence of degeneration. Three dogs had the instrumentation removed and were then sacrificed 1.5-3 months later. The degenerative changes were not reversible following instrumentation removal. PMID- 6729593 TI - The effect of postoperative electromagnetic pulsing on canine posterior spinal fusions. AB - An experimental canine study was devised to evaluate the efficacy of a noninvasive adjunct to improve the rate and quality of the posterior fusion mass over the standard surgical technique. Ten large adult mongrel dogs underwent a three-level lumbar spinal fusion. Bone excised from the spinous processes was packed in removed facet joints and over the decorticated laminae. To insure rigid internal fixation, custom-made distraction instrumentation was placed bilaterally under the laminae of the vertebrae above and below the three fused vertebrae. Five dogs underwent electromagnetic pulsing, and five dogs acted as controls. Two dogs were sacrificed at 4, 6, 9, 12, and 15 weeks to assess the radiographic and histologic status of the fusion mass. Preoperative and preautopsy hematologic studies as well as gross and histologic autopsy specimens revealed no abnormalities attributable to the electromagnetic pulsing. High-resolution radiography and histologic studies showed earlier incorporation of the graft, improved new bone formation, and better organization of the fusion mass in the 4 , 6-, and 9-week stimulated specimens. However, by 12 and 15 weeks there did not appear to be any histologic or radiographic differences between the stimulated and control dogs. Although electromagnetic pulsing appears to produce an early accelerated osteogenic response, it does not appear to improve the overall results of primary canine spinal fusions. PMID- 6729594 TI - Dermatomal somatosensory evoked potentials: their use in lumbar radiculopathy. AB - The accurate diagnosis of lumbar radiculopathy secondary to intervertebral disc herniation or spinal stenosis remains a significant problem. Studies have stressed that misdiagnosis of root entrapment significantly contributes to the incidence of failed back syndrome. In an attempt to aid the proper selection of surgical candidates, dermatomal somatosensory evoked potentials ( DSSEP ) have been used in conjunction with standard diagnostic techniques to evaluate our patients. The advantage of this technique lies in the root specificity. The authors studied the DSSEP using two methods. In Method 1, using myelograms as the standard, the accuracy was 85.7%. In Method II, using surgical outcome as the standard, the accuracy was 87.5%. As a result, the authors have found the noninvasive, relatively inexpensive DSSEP to be a useful adjunct in the selection of patients undergoing lumbar spine surgery. PMID- 6729595 TI - Prevention of postlaminectomy scar formation. AB - An animal experimental study was performed to investigate prevention of scar formation under lumbar laminectomy by using new biodegradable interposing materials-- polylactic acid (PLA) foam and membrane. The experimental animals consisted of 32 dogs, 16 control and 16 experimental. The experimental surgery consisted of L5 or L6 complete laminectomy and covering of the laminectomy defect with the experimental materials. The same procedure but without the covering of the laminectomy defect was performed on the control group animals. Animals were sacrificed at varying intervals (2-52 weeks) and the lumbar spines were evaluated with histologic preparations. The PLA membrane is found to be a promising material for prevention of scar tissue extension and adhesion after laminectomy but has a problem of marginal fitting. PLA foam is found to behave as a scaffold for scar tissue extension and adhesion onto the nerve. Other foamy materials such as gelatin foam or avitane are probably behaving similarly, causing scar tissue extension and adhesion. The new materials were found to be completely biocompatible and slowly biodegradable. A combined use of posteriorly convexed stiff PLA membrane and marginal gap filler with PLA foam may provide solutions for both prevention of scar tissue extension and adhesion and prevention of postlaminectomy spinal stenosis. PMID- 6729596 TI - Complete dislocations at two adjacent levels of the cervical spine. A case report. PMID- 6729597 TI - Unilateral synostosis of C3-C4 facet in subluxated position. A case report. PMID- 6729598 TI - [Opinions, attitudes and use of tobacco in a public health institution]. PMID- 6729599 TI - [The general practitioner in the detection of emotional disorders]. PMID- 6729600 TI - [Ecology of dengue and Aedes aegypti. Preliminary research. 2]. PMID- 6729602 TI - [Decree abrogating various rulings related to the affairs of the Secretariat of Health and Welfare]. PMID- 6729601 TI - [Accord number 20 delegating powers to the Senior Official, the Directors General of Administration, Administration of Personnel and Acquisitions, the General Manager of Biologics and Reagents, and the Director General of the Patrimony of the Public Welfare, and likewise to the directors, sub-directors and additional civil servants]. PMID- 6729603 TI - [Accord number 21 creating within the Secretariat of Health and Welfare administrative units called Subcomptroller of Inspection and Subcomptroller of Advocacy]. PMID- 6729604 TI - [Accord No. 22 establishing norms and criteria for the streamlining of the judicial activities and administrative procedures of the Secretariat of Health and Welfare]. PMID- 6729605 TI - [Decree decentralizing to the state governments the health services lent by the Secretariat of Health and Welfare to the states and those within the program for social solidarity through community participation, called "IMSS-Coplamar" which are provided by the Mexican Institute of Social Security]. PMID- 6729606 TI - [The future of radiology?]. PMID- 6729607 TI - [The most important requirements relating to the quality of roentgen apparatus in Europe, Japan and USA]. PMID- 6729608 TI - [Computed tomography for control of the course of radiation-treated prostatic carcinoma]. PMID- 6729609 TI - [Experimental and clinical experience with NMR-tomography]. PMID- 6729610 TI - Anaesthesia and diazoxide. PMID- 6729611 TI - Geographical distribution of certain cancers in South Africa, 1968-1972. AB - The geographical distributions of six major causes of cancer mortality in South Africa have been analysed for three population groups: White, Coloured and Asian. Because of the lack of comparable data, the majority Black population is not included. Geographical patterns are compared and discussed in the light of findings from other countries. In several cases the potential for aetiological follow-up is demonstrated. PMID- 6729612 TI - Depression and its pharmacological management. AB - Clinical factors of importance in the treatment of primary affective disorder with antidepressants are reviewed, and the selection of drugs is discussed on both clinical and biological grounds. Two recently validated neuro-endocrine tests used in the assessment of major depressive disorder are referred to, and research trends with regard to the neurobiology of these disorders are commented upon. PMID- 6729613 TI - Delayed pneumoperitoneum following traumatic haemopneumothorax. A case report. AB - An unusual case of delayed pneumoperitoneum following a penetrating wound of the chest is presented. The mechanism of pneumoperitoneum, the diagnostic dilemma of injury to the abdomen in penetrating wounds of the lower chest, and the alternative methods used in achieving early diagnosis of diaphragmatic penetration are discussed. PMID- 6729615 TI - Nutrition and cancer. PMID- 6729614 TI - Disseminated BCG infection in a child with chronic granulomatous disease. A case report. AB - A patient suffering from chronic granulomatous disease (then undiagnosed) developed progressive BCG infection from the age of 4 months. At about the age of 10 months his parents instituted legal action against the State on the grounds that their consent for BCG vaccination had been given when they were uninformed; approximately 4 months later the underlying immune defect was established. Complications of BCG vaccination are rare. The various factors that may be involved in their aetiology are outlined, and the association of chronic granulomatous disease and progressive BCG infection is briefly discussed. PMID- 6729616 TI - Intractable postphlebitic ulceration of the legs. PMID- 6729617 TI - [Danger of excessive Lucozade]. PMID- 6729618 TI - Rectal myiasis. PMID- 6729619 TI - A V-shaped osteotomy-osteoclasis for the distal femur. AB - The technique of a one-stage V-shaped osteotomy of the distal femur with impaction of the apex and osteoclasis of the opposite cortex is described. This osteotomy produces stability and rapid union and allows early mobilization. Of the 32 patients, on whom 60 osteotomies were performed, only 3 developed complications. PMID- 6729620 TI - The contract in medical partnership. AB - You may spend more time with your partner than with your wife; if you wish to have and to hold from this day forward then read the partnership contract carefully and understand its implications. A review of the main points and pitfalls is given to help the practising doctor draw up and check a contract. PMID- 6729622 TI - Peer review/eweknie-evaluasie. PMID- 6729621 TI - Biochemical evidence for clinically diagnosed adrenoleucodystrophy in two brothers. AB - Adrenoleucodystrophy (ALD) is a rare, X-linked inherited disease affecting the central nervous system. The clinical findings overlap those of other related progressive neurological diseases and complicate the diagnosis. In this article biochemical analyses of the very-long-chain fatty acid distribution in specimens obtained from 2 related patients clinically diagnosed as having ALD, which unequivocally confirmed the diagnosis, are described. Analyses of the long-chain fatty acids were performed on postmortem brain tissue samples from the one patient. In the other, who is in the terminal phase of the disease, the long chain fatty acids were analysed in plasma, erythrocytes and fibroblasts from tissue culture. The limitations of the different analyses for biochemical identification of ALD are discussed. PMID- 6729623 TI - Indications for vaginal hysterectomy. PMID- 6729624 TI - Blood lead levels in marathon runners. PMID- 6729625 TI - Acquired neutrophil dysfunction in male homosexuals with the acquired immunodeficiency syndrome. PMID- 6729626 TI - Endogenous immunoreactive digitalis-like substance in neonatal serum and placental extracts. AB - Therapeutic levels of digoxin in the serum of untreated neonates delivered to mothers who had not received the drug prenatally were detected by radio immunoassay. Digoxin levels in neonates should be interpreted with care because of the unknown contribution by the endogenous digitalis-like substance (DLS) to the level of the drug. Three commercially available radio-immunoassay kits were compared with regard to their sensitivity and reproducibility in detecting the endogenous DLS. The kit from Clinical Assays (Cambridge, Mass., USA) was selected for further investigations. In a series of 35 paired samples of maternal and cord blood the average DLS values in terms of digoxin were 0,52 +/- 0,07 and 0,81 +/- 0,27 ng/ml respectively. This difference is statistically highly significant. In the case of infants with DLS values of 1-1,5 ng/ml in terms of digoxin, approximately 1 week was required to reach nontherapeutic digoxin levels, i.e. below 0,5 ng/ml. Gel chromatography showed that the DLS in neonatal serum was more closely associated with protein than is authentic digoxin. In placental extracts it followed the elution profile of the protein completely, but it shifted to fractions with a lower molecular weight than haemoglobin after trypsinization. The level of DLS in neonatal serum was also increased by more than half its original value by trypsinization. Proteolysis therefore seems to have a releasing effect on DLS. The molecular size of this substance is probably in the same range as that of polypeptides, since it was not dialysable from trypsinized and untreated samples through a membrane with a 22 000 dalton molecular weight cut-off point. PMID- 6729627 TI - The possible role of endogenous digitalis-like substance in the causation of pre eclampsia. AB - Digoxin levels have been reported in neonatal blood when neither the mother nor the baby had received digoxin. An endogenous digoxin-like substance (DLS) that may be causally related to hypertension has been described. Using a commercially available radioimmunoassay kit, we investigated the presence of an immunoreactive DLS in 21 pre-eclamptic mothers, 36 mothers with normal blood pressure (the control group) and their infants. We found mean DLS levels to be higher in cord blood from infants born to the pre-eclamptic mothers than in cord blood from those born to mothers in the control group. Levels were also higher in cord blood than in maternal blood in both the pre-eclamptic and the control groups. DLS seems to be associated with pre-eclampsia. Although further work is needed for verification, a hypothesis on the possible role of DLS in the causation of pre eclampsia is presented. PMID- 6729628 TI - First-pass determination of the right ventricular ejection fraction using two regions of interest and the right anterior oblique view. AB - The right ventricular ejection fraction (RVEF) was determined on the right anterior oblique view in 9 patients during the first pass of a bolus of technetium-99m employing a gamma camera with high count-rate capability. The RVEF was calculated by using: (i) a fixed end-diastolic region of interest (ROI); and (ii) an end-diastolic and end-systolic ROI. Because of the movement of the tricuspid plane the first of these methods often gave low values, and agreement between the first two peaks was not as good as that when the second method was used. The mean for the second method was in agreement with that in a previous study using a gated first-pass technique and two ROIs but was somewhat higher than those reported by workers using either one ROI or the anterior view. PMID- 6729629 TI - Bilateral cataract extractions in one session. A report on 134 consecutive cases. AB - One hundred and thirty-four bilateral cataract extractions are discussed. Intra operative and short-term postoperative complications are compared with those of unilateral cataract extraction. Bilateral cataracts may be extracted in one session for socio-economic reasons, since the incidence of bilateral postoperative endophthalmitis is low. PMID- 6729630 TI - Sexual abuse of children. A hospital-based study. AB - Five child victims of rape, 9 of indecent assault and 4 of incest presenting at the Red Cross War Memorial Children's Hospital, Cape Town, over a 6-month period were investigated. The children ranged in age from 2 to 12 years, and the majority were female. In 65% of cases the offender was known to the child. Although all cases of rape were reported to the police, very few indecent assaults were reported. In 7 cases of sexual abuse there were no abnormal physical findings, but rape resulted in extensive physical injury. It is emphasized that regardless of the nature of the abuse, the child and the family involved are under a great deal of emotional stress, and management requires the expertise of a multidisciplinary team. PMID- 6729631 TI - Family planning among a group of coloured women. AB - Two-hundred-and-fifty Coloured women were interviewed at family planning and antenatal clinics in an effort to assess the type of person who practices family planning and to determine possible ways of reaching those who do not. The study shows a definite tendency towards the small family ideal and children are seen as an expense rather than as a source of income. Forty-two per cent of the sample had either never used family planning methods or had done so only after their third child was born. Sixty-seven per cent indicated lack of knowledge or fears resulting therefrom as the reason for delaying family planning. Of the antenatal patients interviewed, 69% said their pregnancies were unplanned. This seems to indicate the need for an intensified drive to educate and motivate people, especially teenagers, to plan their families. PMID- 6729632 TI - Ultrasound therapy in the treatment of persistent breast pain. PMID- 6729633 TI - Treatment of recurrent anterior shoulder dislocation by the modified Bristow Helfet procedure. PMID- 6729634 TI - Immunity to and infant mortality from measles. AB - The age-related sequential immune response to natural measles was investigated in order to establish the role of immunodeficiency in the high infant mortality from infectious diseases. There was no difference in lymphocyte transformation, complement-fixing antibody titres, serum IgG, IgM, IgA, C3 and factor B levels, total haemolytic complement and the alternative pathway of complement over a 6 week period after onset of the rash in those younger than 12 months (group A) compared with children older than 12 months (group B). The absolute number of peripheral blood lymphocytes, comprising T, B and null cells, was higher on different days in group A compared with group B. Throughout the 6 weeks group A had higher haemagglutination inhibition antibody levels and lower serum C4 levels than Group B. The inhibition of leucocyte migration to measles antigen was similar in the two groups, except on day 28 when it was significantly higher in group B. There were 5 deaths, all in infants younger than 15 months of age. Most immunological reactions studied were not age-dependent, while those differences detected in the younger age group involved factors known to indicate a good prognosis. Therefore, the high mortality rate reported for measles in infants is unlikely to be due to immunodeficiency in this age group. PMID- 6729635 TI - Continuing medical education and the general practitioner's frame of reference. AB - The usefulness of considering the influence of a person's frame of reference in the teaching/learning situation is discussed. This is applied particularly to the field of continuing medical education for the general practitioner. PMID- 6729636 TI - Poncet's disease. A case report. AB - A patient with tuberculosis and polyarthritis is described. The investigations and rapid resolution of the arthritis in response to therapy suggested the diagnosis of Poncet 's disease. The distinction between Poncet 's disease and tuberculous arthritis is prognostically important. PMID- 6729637 TI - Amyloid goitre. A case report. AB - A case of primary amyloidosis presenting as a goitre is reported. The clinical features of amyloid goitre are described and the difficulties in making a pre operative diagnosis are discussed. A plan of management for this rare thyroid condition is suggested. PMID- 6729638 TI - Traumatic dislocation of the hip in a child. A case report. AB - A case of traumatic posterior dislocation of the hip in a child in which the diagnosis was initially missed is presented. The fact that the condition may follow extremely mild trauma is demonstrated, and the need for two-plane radiography is stressed. A review of the literature emphasizes that prompt recognition and treatment may markedly reduce the incidence of avascular necrosis of the femoral head, the commonest and most severe complication. Reduction of a traumatically dislocated hip in a child is usually easy and need not be performed only at specialist centres. PMID- 6729639 TI - Bilateral unruptured tubal pregnancies. A case report. AB - A rare case of bilateral unruptured tubal pregnancy, which was confirmed on laparotomy and histological examination, is presented. PMID- 6729640 TI - Dual penetrating incised wounds of the thorax. PMID- 6729641 TI - The child health card--a cornerstone of preventive and promotive paediatrics. PMID- 6729642 TI - Racial differences in the causes of end-stage renal failure in Natal. AB - This study analyses the age, sex and race of end-stage renal failure ( ESRF ) patients who were referred to the two renal units in Durban from the whole of the province of Natal, as well of the aetiology of the disease. A striking feature was the high incidence of analgesic nephropathy in Whites; this did not cause ESRF in Black, Indian or Coloured patients. In contrast, hypertension was an important cause of ESRF in Black, Indian and Coloured patients. The control of analgesic abuse among Whites and the detection and screening of hypertension in all racial groups, particularly urban Blacks, are imperative. There are searching questions about whether developing countries can afford a chronic renal failure programme. PMID- 6729643 TI - Critical congenital heart disease. AB - We have reviewed the outcome in 94 infants who underwent diagnostic cardiac catheterization in the 1st month of life during the period 1976-1980. Eighty three were shown to have congenital heart disease, and in nearly 50% further active intervention was attempted. Mortality directly related to catheterization was only 1%, although hospital mortality after surgery was 44%, and overall mortality was 53%. The prevalence of cardiac abnormalities encountered has remained unchanged over the past 10 years, but there has been a gradual improvement in prognosis. Factors contributing to this are discussed. PMID- 6729644 TI - Pregnancy in patients with prosthetic cardiac valves. AB - Thirty-seven pregnancies in 33 patients who had prosthetic cardiac valves inserted at Baragwanath Hospital are reviewed. The patients were divided into three groups, as determined by fetal and maternal outcome. There were 31 live births, and the patients seemed to deal well with the haemodynamic stresses of pregnancy. There were 2 maternal deaths, and 6 patients required a second valve replacement during the pregnancy under review. The problem of longterm anticoagulant therapy and its management is discussed. PMID- 6729645 TI - Initiation of primary psychiatric care in Transkei. AB - A psychiatric service had to be set up from scratch for a population of about 3 million people in Transkei when it became independent. This unusual requirement taught us certain lessons concerning the early diagnosis, management and after care of patients admitted to Umzimkulu Hospital. Special mention is made of the alcohol-related mental disorders, depressive disorders and those associated with headache and convulsive seizures which were encountered, and the management and prevention thereof are commented upon. PMID- 6729646 TI - Unusual presentation of multiple myeloma. A report of 2 cases. AB - The diagnosis of multiple myeloma (overt plasma cell dyscrasia) is usually not considered in patients under 30 years of age. Furthermore, multiple myeloma with coexistent megaloblastic and iron deficiency anaemia is very uncommon. Within 6 months we encountered 2 patients under 30 years of age who had multiple myeloma, one with advanced secondary amyloidosis and the other with severe megaloblastic and iron deficiency anaemia. PMID- 6729647 TI - Tumours of accessory parotid glands. Case reports. AB - Tumours arising in accessory parotid glands are a distinct entity and a pitfall for the unwary . The diagnosis is made on the basis of clinical examination and a high index of suspicion is essential. Treatment is by wide exposure and careful dissection because of the relationship of the accessory parotid gland to the facial nerve and parotid duct. Four cases are described. PMID- 6729648 TI - Calcified bodies in a giant Baker's cyst. A case report. AB - A patient with long-standing rheumatoid arthritis developed a giant Baker's cyst which contained calcified loose bodies. The subject is discussed and the literature reviewed. PMID- 6729649 TI - Are acid secretory tests of diagnostic value in patients with benign-looking gastric ulcers? AB - In 41 patients in whom endoscopy showed benign gastric ulcer, gastric secretory function was assessed before and after stimulation with pentagastrin (6 micrograms/kg); they were then followed up for a period of 2-4 years. Of these 41 patients, 37 had benign and the remaining 4 malignant ulcers. Of the 37 patients with benign gastric ulcers, 11 had basal achlorhydria but all secreted acid after pentagastrin stimulation. Seven of these 37 patients (19%) secreted less than 5 mmol/h in response to stimulation with pentagastrin. Of the 4 patients with malignant gastric ulcer, 3 had basal achlorhydria. After pentagastrin stimulation 3 of these patients (75%) secreted up to 5 mmol/h and 1 patient secreted 17 mmol/h. Biopsy evidence of malignancy was only obtained after repeat endoscopy and biopsy in 2 of these 4 patients. The present study confirms that a malignant ulcer may simulate a benign ulcer on endoscopy, and shows that the finding of hypochlorhydria in such patients warrants a cautious approach with repeat endoscopy and biopsy to exclude a malignant lesion. PMID- 6729651 TI - High-dose weekly fractionation radiotherapy in advanced cancer of the uterine cervix. AB - A trial comparing two different radiotherapy techniques and schedules in the treatment of 83 patients with advanced cancer of the uterine cervix (stage IIIB) employing external irradiation alone is described. The one technique, used routinely in this department, employed a conventional daily fractionation schedule while the other used a high-dose weekly fractionation regimen. The techniques are described. The aim of the trial was to compare the efficacy and morbidity of these two methods of treatment. Dose distribution curves in cross section and midsagittal planes are shown and calculations or equivalent doses at various selected points using Ellis's nominal single-dose formula are tabulated. The 2-year survival figures were 33% for the daily fractionation technique and 22% for the weekly regimen. Serious late complication rates were 6% for the daily regimen and 22% for the weekly schedule. These differences are not statistically significant. Late complication rates in the weekly fractionation regimen appeared to be lower than figures quoted by other authors. Local control within the irradiated volume was better in the group treated by the daily fractionation method. PMID- 6729650 TI - Surgical treatment of peptic ulcer--the role of conventional surgery. AB - There is no ideal operation for peptic ulcer disease and sound surgical judgement is needed in choosing an operation for a specific indication in the individual patient. Highly selective vagotomy is currently the operation of choice for uncomplicated duodenal ulcer, and Billroth I gastrectomy remains the procedure of choice for uncomplicated gastric ulcer, but a variety of procedures are used in the management of the complications of peptic ulcer disease with vagotomy and drainage being the most frequently used and valued procedure. PMID- 6729652 TI - The private hospital industry in the greater Cape Town area. AB - Increasing emphasis is being placed on the role of the private sector in health in South Africa. This article uses the private hospital (PH) industry in the greater Cape Town area as a case study. The development and structure of the industry is described. Access to PHs is found to depend largely on membership of a medical aid fund. The PHs offer a relatively limited service, concentrating mainly on surgical cases. Problems between the PH industry and the medical aid schemes relating to the fixing of tariffs are outlined. Controversy exists over the future of PHs. It is concluded that PHs do not form an alternative to public sector services and may in fact weaken them. PMID- 6729653 TI - Gunshot injuries seen at Johannesburg Hospital during 1982. AB - Gunshot injuries seen at Johannesburg Hospital during 1982 are reviewed. The incidence of these injuries has been increasing over the last few years, and they now cause a significant problem in terms of workload and number of beds occupied. The use of a rifle or handgun is becoming more common, not only for suicidal purposes but also as a weapon of assault. PMID- 6729654 TI - Familial dilated (congestive) cardiomyopathy. Occurrence in two brothers and an overview of the literature. AB - Two young White brothers had dilated (congestive) cardiomyopathy. The elder came to autopsy after a chronic course of congestive cardiac failure, the younger underwent repeated cardiac catheterization and transvenous right ventricular endomyocardial biopsy specimens demonstrated histopathological features in keeping with a diagnosis of idiopathic dilated cardiomyopathy. These brothers may have the familial form of the disease, although post-viral myocarditis cardiomyopathy cannot be entirely excluded. The literature relating to familial dilated (congestive) cardiomyopathy is reviewed. PMID- 6729655 TI - Piroxicam poisoning in a 2-year-old child. A case report. AB - This report describes the severe multisystem toxicity which followed ingestion of 5 piroxicam capsules (100 mg) by a 2-year-old child. Gastro-intestinal symptoms developed within 2 hours, resulting in severe fluid and electrolyte imbalance, mental confusion and a generalized seizure. Evidence of liver and renal dysfunction developed within 3 days. Haemopoietic toxicity was manifested by progressive peripheral pancytopenia, bone marrow aplasia and coagulopathy. Pseudomonas septicaemia developed during the period of neutropenia. Clinical, biochemical and haematological abnormalities slowly resolved over 3-4 weeks. In view of the increasing use of piroxicam as an anti-inflammatory agent it seemed important to draw attention to the potentially serious effects of accidental overdosage. PMID- 6729656 TI - The metabolic response to head injury. PMID- 6729657 TI - Dangers of amrinone. PMID- 6729658 TI - Mucormycotic infection in mice following prolonged incubation of spores in vivo and the role of spore agglutinating antibodies on spore germination. AB - Following intranasal inoculation of mice, Rhizomucor pusillus spores are gradually cleared from the lung, with the clearance complete at 30 days. Incubation of R. pusillus spores in vivo for up to 14 days after intranasal inoculation resulted in pulmonary mucormycosis when the mice were then treated with cortisone. Spore-agglutinating IgM antibodies were detected in normal adult mice and R. pusillus-inoculated but not cortisone-treated mice. There was no correlation between antispore antibody titers and spore germination in vitro. The absence of germinated R. pusillus in inoculated but non-cortisone-treated mice appears to be due to a reversible inhibition of spore germination rather than destruction of spores by the host. The factor(s) that restrict spore germination are reversible and do not appear to be spore agglutinating antibodies. PMID- 6729659 TI - Distribution of the two mating types among Histoplasma capsulatum isolates obtained from an urban histoplasmosis outbreak. AB - The mating type distribution among the 28 Histoplasma capsulatum isolates obtained from the histoplasmosis outbreaks which occurred in Indianapolis in 1978 1979 and 1980-1981 was studied. The overall ratio of + and - types was 1:2.5. The isolates from disseminated patients showed a 1(+):1(-) ratio while the isolates from non-disseminated pulmonary cases showed a 1(+):4(-) ratio. The frequency of the + type in these outbreaks was three times higher than that of the previous study. This was due to an unusually high prevalence of the + type among the patients with disseminated histoplasmosis. PMID- 6729660 TI - Treatment of experimental murine candidiasis with liposome-associated amphotericin B. AB - Mice were challenged intravenously with Candida albicans, and then treated either with nothing (controls), amphotericin B-desoxycholate (AMB), or amphotericin B associated with liposomes (AMB-lipo). AMB-lipo permitted larger doses of amphotericin B to be given, and also appeared to have no severe toxicity in the animal model. High doses of AMB-lipo were protective, but at equal doses, AMB lipo was not as effective as commercial AMB. PMID- 6729661 TI - Isolation of Epidermophyton floccosum from a dog in Norway. AB - This report presents a case of dermatomycosis caused by Epidermophyton floccosum in a dog--the first recorded isolation of this fungus from animals in Norway. PMID- 6729662 TI - Trends in access surgery for hemodialysis. AB - Vascular access for chronic hemodialysis is for both doctors and nurses on one side and patients on the other a permanent, challenging problem. In respect to patency and complication rate, the direct AV fistula represents the most satisfactory solution and therefore should be achieved whenever feasible. In addition to the classic Brescia-Cimino and the brachiocephalic fistula, the most distal location in the snuff-box on one end and a transposed basilic vein at the upper arm on the other offer most satisfactory angioaccess alternatives that must be used stepwise from the periphery to more proximal sites. Graft fistulas should clearly be reserved for the patient for whom all autologous possibilities (with the exclusion of the autologous saphenous vein graft) have been used. Only ePTFE grafts have a patency rate comparable with direct autologous fistulas at a much higher cost. PMID- 6729663 TI - Carotid body tumors. AB - A review of carotid body tumors is presented together with a personal series of 16 patients managed in 4 years. Angiography was diagnostic in all instances. Five patients showed evidence of local invasion, while no patient had distant spread. Early recognition and surgical management were effective in the treatment of all operable tumors. Local removal of group 1 tumors without shunting is safe, with no morbidity or mortality in this series. The use of an indwelling shunt in group 2 tumors is recommended because of the risk of vessel wall damage during dissection and because reduction in blood supply to these large tumors facilitates their removal. We also recommend the use of an indwelling shunt in group 3 tumors when an en bloc resection of the vessels and tumor is performed in order to maintain cerebral perfusion. PMID- 6729664 TI - Prepyloric gastric ulceration. AB - The evidence in this contribution is based on the examination of 15 human antrectomy specimens removed for PPU , together with the evidence obtained from a comparison of the amount, degree, and distribution of chronic gastritis in an example of a typical DU, GU, and PPU . The evidence indicates that there is chronic gastritis in all PPUs , which is much less than that seen in GU, but is considerably greater than that seen in the stomach of a patient with a DU. In PPU the level of acid secretion may vary, and as a hypothesis it is suggested that PPU should be regarded as a mixed type of disease, in which both chronic gastritis and the effects of acid secretion are important. In individual instances either one or both of these components may be of particular importance, and in this way PPU is different from the more usual type of duodenal or gastric ulcer. For surgical management to be successful in PPU , both components should be treated. In PPU it appears that the higher the acid output, the nearer toward the duodenum the ulcer is likely to occur, with perhaps the greater curve ulcers showing a higher level of acid secretion than ulcers occurring on the lesser curvature. Whether or not the hypothesis is correct remains to be established, but it does have the single advantage that it explains most of the problems known to be associated with PPU , and perhaps even more important, it suggests a rational form of surgical management. When more information is available it may be possible to define which of the different factors are important in each instance and therefore to offer individual patients the surgical procedure appropriate to their specific needs. PMID- 6729665 TI - Pain, emotions, and the cancer patient. PMID- 6729666 TI - Accidents and trauma care--1983. AB - Except for categoric grants, the federal government has divested itself of financing emergency medical services. Now the leadership for regional planning of emergency medical services must come from the state, usually from the health department. If we are to obtain improved hospital care of trauma patients, it is critical that we separate hospitals that have made a genuine commitment to the care of the multiply injured patient from hospitals that have not in order to avoid the tragedy of patients being delivered to hospitals that have inadequate resources or commitment or organization to meet the needs of such patients. The most widely accepted categorization format for determining hospitals' ability to provide care for the trauma patient is that devised by the National Committee on Trauma of the American College of Surgeons. In order to be a Level I or II trauma center in that categorization format, a hospital has to show evidence of a fiscal and organizational commitment on the part of the hospital administration and staff to provide care to multiply injured patients sufficient to match the needs of that patient. The experience in Germany and in various counties of the United States that have regionalized trauma care provides the expectation that 25 percent or more of patients now dying of trauma could be saved. Professional organizations have a major role in supporting improved care for trauma patients by providing support and expertise to the EMS division of the state health department as well as developing national standards for hospital care of injured persons, equipment lists for ambulances, and training standards, as has been done by the American College of Surgeons Committee on Trauma. PMID- 6729667 TI - Symposium on hernias. PMID- 6729668 TI - Herniography. AB - With some experience with the technique, herniography is easy to perform and involves very little inconvenience to the patient. This direct method for exact evaluation of the lower part of the abdominal wall and pelvic floor is useful and valuable for this common group of patients with symptoms in the groin or pelvis. PMID- 6729669 TI - Repair of the groin hernia. Outpatient approach with local anesthesia. AB - The outpatient and local anesthesia approach to the repair of groin hernias has proved to be safe, effective, and less expensive, and is favored by patients. This approach reduces the surgeon's workload. In this era of increasing social pressures to reduce medical care costs--seemingly regardless of the effect on quality of care--the outpatient, local anesthesia approach should become the surgeons's preferred approach to the repair of groin hernias. PMID- 6729670 TI - Complications of inguinal hernial repair. AB - The complications specific to inguinal hernioplasty are addressed with an emphasis on their incidence, importance to the patient, and avoidance, if possible. The major portion of this article discusses ischemic orchitis, as this complication may be very disappointing to the patient if it results in testicular atrophy. PMID- 6729671 TI - Ligation of the hernial sac? AB - In a prospective randomized study, the need for a high ligature of the hernial sac at operation for indirect hernia was studied. Herniectomy without ligation of the sac did not increase the recurrence rate. In addition, the nonligated patients had less pain in the postoperative period. Herniography was used pre- and postoperatively to improve the diagnostics. PMID- 6729672 TI - Internal abdominal hernias. AB - Internal hernias are the underlying cause of acute or intermittent intestinal obstruction in approximately 4 per cent of cases. Their preoperative diagnosis depends on radiologic evaluation of the gastrointestinal tract with contrast material. This article presents the clinical and radiographic findings associated with various types of intra-abdominal herniations. PMID- 6729673 TI - The sphincteric and sensory components of preserved continence after ileoanal reservoir. AB - Sphincteric and sensory components of anal continence were investigated before and after restorative proctocolectomy and three loop ileal reservoir. Bowel habit, appearance of small intestinal mucosa, resting tone, squeeze pressure, anal canal length, pouch capacity and ileal sensation were investigated in 50 patients. The physiologic, endoscopic and histologic patterns were related to the occurrence of functional disturbances. The pressures in the anal canal as measured by manometry were found to be within the range of normality. The length of the sphincter was 3.4 +/- 0.6 centimeters; the maximal capacity of the reservoir was 450 +/- 204 milliliters of air. An ileorectoanal inhibitory reflex was recorded postoperatively in 52 per cent of the patients and normal postoperative continence was observed in 86 per cent of the patients, with no instances of gross incontinence. According to the results of the present study, the anatomic rearrangement that occurs after this surgical procedure preserved a satisfactory continence due to the integrity of the anal sphincters; minor leakage rarely occurred and was mainly related to a long inflamed distal portion of the ileum requiring self catheterization after operations for colitis. The best results were obtained in patients with polyposis who neither had staged procedures nor preoperative steroids. PMID- 6729674 TI - The effect of exercise upon cutaneous oxygen delivery in the extremities of patients with claudication and in a human laboratory model of claudication. AB - Transcutaneous PO2 measurements have been shown previously to reflect local cutaneous oxygen delivery in patients with severe peripheral arterial insufficiency. In the present studies, transcutaneous PO2 measurements indicated that exercise of the involved extremity lowered cutaneous oxygen delivery in patients with moderate peripheral arterial insufficiency (claudication). These exercise-related changes in transcutaneous PO2 were reproduced in a human laboratory model of claudication. The pattern of change in transcutaneous PO2 observed in this model during and after exercise correlated closely with the pattern of change in mean systemic blood pressure during the same time period. PMID- 6729675 TI - Endoscopic laser endarterectomy. AB - The effects of the Neodymium YAG laser on atheroma have been examined in human cadaver aortoiliac arteries and in normal porcine vessels. YAG laser is effective when used to ablate atheroma in an air environment and can be used successfully through the vascular endoscope. When atheroma were treated in the saline solution environment necessary for vascular endoscopy, the laser was less effective. Laser treated areas of porcine arteries were not thrombogenic. Severe laser damage was easily recognized by blanching and marked elevation of the initma and consistently resulted in late aneurysm formation. ELE is feasible and further investigation is warranted. PMID- 6729676 TI - Hypomagnesemia is a common complication of aminoglycoside therapy. AB - Normal therapeutic dosages of aminoglycosides can cause hypomagnesemia in more than one-third of patients. Hypomagnesemia occurs early in therapy, results in renal Mg++ wasting and may produce hypocalcemia and hypokalemia. Patients who are NPO, eating poorly or not receiving supplemental Mg++ are at high risk for hypomagnesemia. Hypomagnesemia, hypocalcemia and hypokalemia respond to Mg++ replacement therapy. We recommend serial monitoring of serum Mg++ levels in patients receiving aminoglycoside therapy. PMID- 6729677 TI - Staging of bronchial carcinoma. AB - Survival curves for 173 patients with pathologic Stage I and II bronchial carcinoma were calculated. These curves demonstrated far too much heterogeneity in patients with pathologic Stage I disease. We recommend that the American Joint Committee Staging System be modified so that patients with T1N0 tumors are classified as Stage I disease and patients with T1N1 , T1N0 and T2N1 tumors are classified as Stage II disease. PMID- 6729678 TI - The prognostic significance of elevated serum alkaline phosphatase levels preoperatively in patients with carcinoma of the colon and rectum. AB - Two hundred and eighty-three patients were observed for a minimum of 38 months after undergoing resection of Dukes' B2, C1 or C2 classification for carcinoma of the colon and rectum. Cumulative recurrence rates were higher in patients with elevated preoperative serum alkaline phosphatase levels. Site specific recurrence rates revealed a lower incidence of metastases to the liver in patients with elevated preoperative alkaline phosphatase levels. Elevated serum alkaline phosphatase values in patients with carcinoma of the colon may reflect hepatic metastases, but when metastases to the liver are not detected at laparotomy, patients with elevated levels of alkaline phosphatase are at no greater risk of having metastases to the liver develop than patients with normal levels. PMID- 6729679 TI - A bullet shaped tip for the circular stapling device. AB - A stainless steel bullet shaped tip has been designed for attachment to the shaft of the circular stapling device. It is useful when the shaft of this circular stapling device must transverse a viscus wall. This modification of the circular stapler has been used in vertical stapling of the stomach for morbid obesity, in low intestinal anastomoses using the side-to-end technique and in re-establishing intestinal continuity after a Hartmann procedure. PMID- 6729680 TI - Intestinal decompression tube for neonates. AB - A modification of the Baker jejunostomy catheter for use as an intestinal decompression tube for neonates is described. This has been used safely and effectively in the management of obstructive problems of the intestinal tract of diverse cause in full term and premature infants. PMID- 6729681 TI - Improved method for intra-abdominal drainage. AB - It has been shown that, by the addition of both suction and sump to straight drainage, the efficiency of the drain can be improved. A drain is described herein which uses these principles by combining a Jackson-Pratt drain, urethral catheter and Penrose drain. The combination drain has been used clinically and has proved to be both efficient and safe. PMID- 6729682 TI - A technique for operative cholangiography to evaluate failure of passage of contrast material. AB - An additional technique is described for obtaining operative T-tube cholangiograms when initial roentgenograms fail to demonstrate passage of contrast into the duodenum. Roentgenograms made with compression of the proximal common duct during injection may demonstrate no obstruction to be present, thereby obviating further or repeat exploration. PMID- 6729683 TI - Retrocolic omental pedicle flap for routine plication of abdominal aortic grafts. AB - A simple method of aortic graft plication with a retrocolic omental pedicle is described; plication should protect against both graft infection and graft enteric fistulas. PMID- 6729684 TI - Construction of experimental "giant" aneurysms. AB - Giant aneurysms were produced in dogs by initially producing a fistula between the common carotid artery and the external jugular vein. One week later the vein was ligated above and below the fistula to create a blind aneurysmal pouch. This model has been found useful in testing experimental techniques of aneurysmal obliteration by direct injection into the sac while the lumen of the parent vessel is temporarily protected by an endovascular balloon inflated at the neck of the aneurysm. PMID- 6729685 TI - Moyamoya disease associated with bilateral occlusion of the vertebral artery. AB - An unusual case of moyamoya disease associated with bilateral occlusion of the vertebral artery is reported. This case shows several embryologic collateral channels, which are typical of moyamoya disease, around the brainstem, that is, a transdural anastomosis between the superior cerebellar artery and the posterior meningeal artery, a leptomeningeal anastomosis between the superior cerebellar artery and the posterior inferior cerebellar artery, and moyamoyalike collateral vessels via primitive lateral anastomotic channels of Padget . Bilateral encephalomyosynangiosis (temporal muscle graft) were performed. Postoperatively, no ischemic attacks have developed for 6 years. PMID- 6729686 TI - Spontaneous thrombosis of an intracranial aneurysm. AB - A case of spontaneous thrombosis of a previously ruptured anterior communicating artery aneurysm is reported. The patient was referred by another hospital to our service 4 months after the bleeding episode. He had developed a symptomatic normal pressure hydrocephalus, successfully treated by ventriculoperitoneal shunt. Follow-up angiographies, the first performed 4 months and the second 1 year after the bleeding, did not show the aneurysm. Furthermore, the parent artery was not occluded. The literature relative to the subject is reviewed and the possible mechanisms of spontaneous thrombosis are discussed. PMID- 6729687 TI - Giant fusiform aneurysm of the middle cerebral artery treated with extracranial intracranial arterial bypass and Drake tourniquet. AB - A giant fusiform aneurysm of the right middle cerebral artery was treated with extracranial-intracranial arterial bypass followed by controlled occlusion of the proximal parent artery using a Drake tourniquet. Thrombosis of the aneurysm is documented, with the distal extremity of the lesion being smoothly contrasted in a retrograde fashion by the hypertrophied bypass. The low risk as well as effectiveness of this combined approach to inaccessible intracranial aneurysms is confirmed. PMID- 6729688 TI - Hemibase syndrome: an unusual presentation of intracranial paraganglioma. AB - A case of paraganglioma of parasellar origin in a 7-year-old girl is described. She presented with hemibase syndrome with involvement of a majority of the left cranial nerves. Three times in the past 2 years she had recurrent ophthalmoplegia with complete recovery. She was treated surgically and with postoperative radiotherapy. The site of origin of this paraganglioma as well as the clinical presentation are uncommon features in this case. PMID- 6729689 TI - Cerebral arteriovenous malformations in children. Clinical features and outcome of treatment in children and in adults. AB - A study of 19 children with cerebral arteriovenous malformation (AVM) is reported; these children represent 12% of 161 patients with this disease at the Rome University Institute of Neurosurgery. The published data on intracranial arteriovenous malformations in children and in adults are reviewed and the clinical features and results of treatment in the two age groups compared. The results of surgical removal seem to be better in children while the follow-up mortality with conservative treatment is higher. The last point receives indirect confirmation from a study of the risk of bleeding in which the patients of our series were compared by age at clinical onset, viz. those under 15 years of age and those over 15 years. After an average follow-up of slightly over 10 years, the risk of bleeding is higher with onset before the age 15 years and significantly higher if the onset is nonhemorrhagic. PMID- 6729690 TI - Diagnosis of sacral perineural cysts by nuclear magnetic resonance. AB - A case of sacral perineural ( Tarlov ) cyst is presented. The diagnostic advantages of nuclear magnetic resonance imaging in this uncommon entity are illustrated and explained. PMID- 6729691 TI - Comparison of the wedge turning frame and kinetic treatment table in the acute care of spinal cord injury patients. AB - A retrospective study is reported of 31 patients with complete cervical or thoracic spinal cord injuries treated either on the wedge turning frame or the kinetic treatment table. The mortality for the wedge turning frame group was 28.6% compared with 0% for the kinetic treatment table group. In the kinetic treatment table group, pulmonary complications were far fewer (69.2% vs. 25%) and much less severe than in the wedge turning frame group, and median intensive care stay was reduced by 45%. PMID- 6729692 TI - Cerebral neoplasms initially presenting with massive intracerebral hemorrhage. AB - In three patients, clinically silent brain tumors led to massive intracerebral hemorrhage. These patients represented 0.6% of 497 consecutive patients with primary or secondary brain tumors and 2.5% of 119 patients with hypertensive or spontaneous intracerebral hemorrhage. Examination by computed tomography and angiography provided no evidence suggestive of the presence of neoplasms. All three patients were surgically treated and the lesions were histologically confirmed to be metastatic bronchogenic carcinoma, metastatic clear-cell carcinoma and low-grade astrocytoma, respectively. PMID- 6729693 TI - Supratentorial intracerebral schwannomas. AB - A case of frontotemporal intracerebral schwannoma in a 16-year-old girl with epilepsy and progressive hemiparesis of 3 years' duration is described. The histologic diagnosis and possible sites of origin are discussed. In addition, five previously reported cases of supratentorial intracerebral schwannoma are discussed. All of the patients reviewed presented with epilepsy early in life, and there was no association with neurofibromatosis. PMID- 6729695 TI - Familial intracranial gliomas. AB - The pedigree of two interrelated families with 10 affected members suffering from malignant supratentorial gliomas is reported. In addition, three other unrelated families with two members each who were treated for different types of brain tumors are described. Genetic implications are discussed. PMID- 6729694 TI - Lumbar disk. Surgical tricks for safeguarding the "root's ecology". AB - Restoration of a physiologic periradicular environment is a fundamental step toward improving the results of surgical procedures on the herniated lumbar disk. Combined with the preservation of periradicular fat (or free transplant of subcutaneous fat), reconstruction of the yellow ligament, recreating the interlaminar plane, may act as a barrier against postoperative adhesions. An operative technique is described that is aimed toward preserving the yellow ligament with the purpose of reconstructing it at the end of the surgical procedure on the root. PMID- 6729696 TI - Unusual computed tomographic findings in a case of arachnoid cyst in the middle cranial fossa. AB - A rare case is reported of arachnoid cyst in the middle cranial fossa associated with intracystic hemorrhage and subdural hematoma. The preoperative computed tomography scans showed no difference in density among the cyst, the hematoma, and the brain parenchyma. The serial computed tomography scans after the accident were the most helpful in making the correct diagnosis. PMID- 6729697 TI - Changes in intracranial pressure associated with delayed cerebral radionecrosis. AB - Continuous recording of intracranial pressure (ICP) from one lateral ventricle in a case of histologically proven delayed temporal radionecrosis due to previous irradiation of the pituitary gland for the treatment of an adiposity of the Cushing type has revealed the occurrence of B-waves and ramplike waves despite the absence of raised intracranial pressure. Ventriculo-atrial shunting failed to relieve the severe psychic symptomatology, which was due to direct tissue damage. These observations indicate that B-waves may have a neurogenic origin. PMID- 6729698 TI - An integrative approach to intracranial hydraulic physiology. I. Basic concepts, pressure-volume relationships, and infusion studies. AB - A computer simulation of the anatomy of the intradural fluid compartment is used to explore intracranial hydraulic physiology. It examines the mutual interactions of fluid flow rates, volumes, and pressures that control the physiology of the intracranial fluid. The mechanisms of change in intracranial pressure despite the fixed volume constraint are elucidated. The physical origins of the pressure volume curve and data on the infusion of cerebrospinal fluid are examined. The dynamic behavior of this passive system closely simulates the observed physiologic response to bolus infusion, constant rate infusion, hypercapnia- hypocapnea , and hydrocephalus. PMID- 6729699 TI - Advice to a medical student seeking a residency post in neurological surgery. AB - This paper offers advice to a medical student who wishes a career in neurological surgery. It deals with the factors that are important in the evaluation of residency training programs in neurological surgery. PMID- 6729700 TI - Fat absorption after longitudinal pancreaticojejunostomy. AB - This study was undertaken to determine whether fat absorption is improved following longitudinal pancreaticojejunostomy. Ten consecutive patients with chronic pancreatitis underwent measurement of fat absorption (fecal fat, 14C labeled phenylacetic dipalmitate oil absorption test) before and after operation. Fecal fat increased in 8 of 10 patients following side-to-side pancreaticojejunostomy. However, the average postoperative fecal fat increase of 4.3 gm was of no clinical significance. The observed mild postoperative decline in fat absorption was confirmed by the 14C-labeled phenylacetic dipalmitate test. An improvement in postoperative fat absorption following side-to-side pancreaticojejunostomy Roux-en-Y should not be expected. The primary indication for this procedure for patients with chronic pancreatitis continues to be intractable pain. PMID- 6729701 TI - Staging of arterial complications of cervical rib: guidelines for surgical management. AB - Subclavian artery compression by a cervical rib is an uncommon but potentially disabling condition. A series of 12 patients with 15 arterial lesions is reviewed and a staging system proposed to provide guidelines for managing patients with this condition. Stage I lesions have only arterial stenosis and minor poststenotic dilatation and are managed by thoracic outlet decompression, usually consisting of cervical rib resection. Stage II lesions have intrinsic arterial damage usually with subclavian aneurysm formation and require rib resection, aneurysmectomy, and arterial reconstruction. Stage III lesions present with distal thromboembolic complications and require thrombectomy or embolectomy in addition to thoracic outlet decompression and arterial reconstruction. The anatomic and pathophysiologic bases of the syndrome are reviewed and clinical and angiographic examples of each stage are presented. PMID- 6729702 TI - Familial occurrence of abdominal aortic aneurysms. AB - The occurrence of clinically diagnosed and ruptured abdominal aortic aneurysms (AAAs) in the family was studied retrospectively among 200 consecutive patients with AAAs treated at the Surgical Clinic, University Hospital of Umea, in the north of Sweden, during the period 1965 to 1981. A standardized questionnaire was sent to the 89 patients who were still alive when the study was performed, and 87 patients answered it. In 14 of these families there was one blood relative with AAA, and in two families there were two blood relatives with AAAs, apart from the proband. In nine cases AAAs occurred among the 468 brothers and sisters of the probands (1.9%), and in five cases among cousins. Seven of the 204 deceased brothers and sisters (3.4%) had died of ruptured AAAs. No questionnaires were sent to the families of the 111 deceased patients, but at least 11 of these patients had AAAs in the family. Pedigrees of the families with aggregation of aneurysms are presented, and fortuitous familial aggregation or predisposition to the development of AAAs is discussed. PMID- 6729703 TI - Experimental replacement of the inferior vena cava: factors affecting patency. AB - To evaluate factors influencing graft patency in the venous system, we replaced the inferior vena cava (IVC) in 50 dogs. Expanded polytetrafluoroethylene ( ePTFE ) grafts with external support were implanted into 32 animals while autogenous, spiral jugular vein grafts were used to replace the IVC in 18 dogs. 111In-labeled autologous platelets and 125I-labeled canine fibrinogen were utilized to evaluate early thrombus formation. A distal arteriovenous (AV) fistula significantly (P less than 0.05) decreased both platelet and fibrin deposition on ePTFE grafts 3 hours following implantation. Patency rate of 12 ePTFE grafts with a temporary AV fistula was higher (75%) than that of grafts without fistula (25%) at 3 months (P less than 0.05). Spiral vein grafts with fistula showed 91% patency at 3 months; without fistula patency was only 67%. Venograms confirmed patency in five grafts followed up to 6 months. Antiplatelet therapy resulted in 100% patency in ePTFE and vein grafts during its administration, and vein grafts maintained patency after discontinuation of antiplatelet treatment. Spiral vein grafts showed no decrease in cross-sectional area at 3 months, while the cross-sectional area of ePTFE grafts decreased significantly (59%). Distal AV fistula decreases platelet and fibrin deposition leading to early occlusion in ePTFE grafts and produces excellent patency in spiral vein grafts. Antiplatelet therapy appears to further improve patency. PMID- 6729704 TI - The role of ionized calcium in the diagnosis of subtle hypercalcemia in symptomatic primary hyperparathyroidism. AB - This report details our continued study of the role of ionized calcium (CAI) in the diagnosis of symptomatic primary hyperparathyroidism (HPT) in patients with persistently normal total serum calcium (CAT) or fluctuating normal total serum calcium levels with elevated CAT. A patient was considered to have fluctuating CAT values if at least 40% of the CAT values were within the normal range. Our previous study demonstrated that CAI provided no additional diagnostic benefit in patients with HPT who had persistently elevated CAT levels. This retrospective study adds 15 additional patients to the four previously reported patients whose workup for HPT included normal or fluctuating normal total serum calcium with elevated CAT values. Eighteen of these 19 patients had complications or symptoms referable to HPT. Nine of these patients had renal calculi. CAT was measured by atomic absorption spectroscopy and CAI was measured by a calcium-selective ion flow-through electrode. One hundred fifty-one concurrent preoperative measurements of CAT and CAI from these 19 patients were used for analysis. Overall, 46 (30.5%) of the CAT values were elevated, whereas 134 (88.7%) of the concurrent CAI values were elevated (P less than 0.001). In three of these 19 patients all preoperative CAT values were within normal limits, however, 20 of the 21 (95%) concurrent CAI values were elevated. In the remaining 16 patients the CAT values fluctuated between normal and elevated. In all of these patients, at least 40% of the preoperative CAT values were normal, and in 15 of these 16 patients at least 50% of the preoperative CAT values were within the normal range. In this fluctuating category there were 130 concurrent values of CAT and CAI. Only 46 of these 130 (35.4%) CAT values were elevated, whereas 114 of the 130 (87.7%) CAI values were elevated (P less than 0.001). All patients underwent parathyroid operation; 15 patients had a parathyroid adenoma and four had hyperplasia. The CAI and CAT values returned to normal in all patients subsequent to operation. These data indicate that the measurement of serum ionized calcium appears to play an important role in the identification of symptomatic HPT in patients who have normal or fluctuating normal total serum calcium with elevated CAT values. PMID- 6729705 TI - Pathophysiologic classification of peripheral vascular disease by positional changes in regional transcutaneous oxygen tension. AB - The clinical manifestations and prognosis of peripheral vascular disease (PVD) depend upon the severity of limb hypoxia. Transcutaneous oxygen tension (Ptco2) is related to tissue oxygenation, but limb Ptco2 varies with changes in systemic as well as peripheral oxygen delivery (Do2). Previously we have found that simultaneous assessment of limb and chest Ptco2 yields a ratio, or regional perfusion index (RPI), that is independent of systemic Do2 and accurately reflects the adequacy of limb perfusion. Analysis of segmental limb Ptco2, RPI, and position-induced RPI changes was performed in 24 control limbs and 14 limbs with intermittent claudication (IC), 8 limbs with rest pain (RP), and 7 limbs with gangrene (G). Control limbs had high RPI values that varied little with position. The IC group had modestly decreased RPIs in the supine position, but extremity RPIs decreased markedly during leg elevation. Patients with RP had ischemia while supine, but the RPI improved to nearly normal upon standing. Feet with G were hypoxic even in the standing position. Segmental RPI decreases correlated with the presence of significant arterial lesions. This correlation was unaffected by diabetes. Analysis of regional transcutaneous oximetry allows classification of PVD by quantitative criteria based upon the adequacy of limb perfusion under functional conditions. RPI is characteristically high in normal persons and low in persons with G. Limbs with marginally compensated perfusion may have nearly normal RPI values under some conditions, but typical ischemic changes are elicited by positional change and exercise. The ease of such provocation of RPI decreases constitutes an index of the severity of disease. Such quantitative assessments of limb hypoxia can form the basis for a physiologic approach to arterial reconstruction. PMID- 6729706 TI - The management of recurrent inguinal hernias by muscle transposition--a preliminary communication. AB - Recurrent inguinal hernias occur almost exclusively in adult men. The rarity of both direct and recurrent hernias in women is due, among other factors, to the muscularity of an inguinal canal that has not been partially replaced by fibrous tissue to allow the passage of a large spermatic cord. Throughout the body, contractile dynamic muscular tissue resists strains and stresses better than do fascia and ligaments. With regard to the abdominal wall, herniation through this muscular corset is a rare event and herniations nearly always occur through areas in which fibrous tissue has replaced muscle. When the tissues of a recurrent hernia or the type of hernia preclude a satisfactory repair, transposition of a thigh muscle, preferably the gracilis, will provide a dynamic repair that is superior to the introduction of foreign material with all its disadvantages or to the other approaches when local conditions are unsatisfactory. Clinical experience with seven procedures in six patients is presented as a preliminary report. PMID- 6729707 TI - Panel debate. Part I. Advocates in vascular controversies. PMID- 6729709 TI - Penetrating peptic ulcer and aortic aneurysm with aortogastric fistula. AB - The case of a 71-year-old woman with an aortogastric fistula caused by the combination of a penetrating peptic ulcer and an aortic aneurysm is reported. Treatment consisted of excision of the ulcer and primary prosthetic grafting of the aorta. Recovery was uneventful. The possible relationship between aortic aneurysm and peptic ulceration is discussed, as are therapeutic alternatives. PMID- 6729708 TI - Case report: late rupture of a thrombosed abdominal aortic aneurysm. AB - A patient with a thrombosed aortic aneurysm, proved by angiography, died of aortic rupture 5 1/2 months after thrombosis. To our knowledge, this is the first reported case of late rupture of a thrombosed aortic aneurysm. This occurrence raises questions about the long-term safety of nonresective treatment of aortic aneurysms. PMID- 6729710 TI - Giant cell arteritis involving the carotid artery. AB - A case of transient cerebral and retinal ischemia caused by giant cell arteritis is reported. Because of the distribution of the disease, the patient was treated with a subclavian to carotid reversed saphenous vein graft. The clinical features of giant cell arteritis affecting the branches of the aortic arch are reviewed, and the management of atypical carotid artery lesions is discussed. PMID- 6729711 TI - [Heparin pharmacodynamics studied by means of finger rheography and rheohepatography in heart failure patients]. PMID- 6729712 TI - [Effect of sodium nitrite on blood rheology, microcirculation and blood coagulability in patients with circulatory failure]. PMID- 6729713 TI - [Arterial hypertension and the hyperdynamic syndrome as risk factors for heart rupture in acute myocardial infarct]. PMID- 6729714 TI - [Hemodynamic indices of patients with acute left-ventricular failure being treated with sodium nitroprusside]. PMID- 6729715 TI - [Kinetocardiography in the diagnosis of pulmonary artery stenosis]. PMID- 6729716 TI - [The nature of the whole-body rheogram]. PMID- 6729717 TI - [Diagnosis of the early ventricular repolarization syndrome]. PMID- 6729718 TI - [Hemodynamic changes in overt and abortive variants of alcoholic delirium]. PMID- 6729719 TI - [Echocardiographic diagnosis of left-ventricular thrombi]. PMID- 6729720 TI - [Hyperbaric oxygenation as a treatment method for the pain syndrome of patients with aortic heart defects]. PMID- 6729721 TI - [Differential clinical x-ray diagnosis of pneumonia and pulmonary thromboembolism in acute myocardial infarct patients]. PMID- 6729722 TI - [Characteristics of circulatory failure in combined myocardial infarct of the right and left ventricles]. PMID- 6729724 TI - [Oxygen regimen of the skin and the microcirculation in the bulbar conjunctiva depending on the physical load tolerance of patients who have had a myocardial infarct]. PMID- 6729723 TI - [Therapeutic correction with retabolil of functional plastic dissociation during strophanthin use on acute myocardial infarct patients]. PMID- 6729725 TI - [Approaches to assessing myocardial contractile function in patients with a postinfarct left-ventricular aneurysm using electrocardiography (electrocardiographic and ventriculographic comparisons)]. PMID- 6729726 TI - [Individualized system of physical training by rated walking in the early postinfarct period]. PMID- 6729727 TI - [Mathematical method of detecting patients at high risk of sudden death and fatal recurrent myocardial infarct (for outpatient practice)]. PMID- 6729728 TI - [Prevalence of ischemic heart disease and the appearance of various risk factors for ischemic heart disease in an unorganized male population aged 20 to 69]. PMID- 6729729 TI - [Comparative characteristics of stenocardia in patients up to 40 and over 65]. PMID- 6729730 TI - [Diagnostic importance of the hemostatic system indices in peripheral atherosclerosis]. PMID- 6729731 TI - [Characteristics of the atrial portion of the ECG in an esophageal lead in patients with painful and painless variants of atherosclerotic cardiosclerosis]. PMID- 6729732 TI - [Interrelation of the risk factors and physical load tolerance based on bicycle ergometry data]. PMID- 6729733 TI - [Effect of cardiac glycosides and anabolic preparations on the indices of the blood oxygen balance and carbohydrate metabolism in ischemic heart disease patients in the initial (preclinical) stage of heart failure]. PMID- 6729734 TI - [Electrocardiographic criteria of the ischemic reaction in performing a drug test with complamine]. PMID- 6729735 TI - [Characteristics of blood rheological disorders in hypertension and ischemic heart disease]. PMID- 6729737 TI - Aspects of adjuvant therapy. PMID- 6729738 TI - Endoscopic management of biliary tract disease. PMID- 6729736 TI - [Therapeutic effect of obzidan and its influence on the hemodynamics of hypertension patients]. PMID- 6729739 TI - Coal workers' pneumoconiosis in Texas. PMID- 6729740 TI - Exercise-induced "allergic" syndromes. PMID- 6729741 TI - The emergency transfusion. PMID- 6729742 TI - The source of bleeding in pulmonary aspergillomas. PMID- 6729743 TI - Occupational hearing loss. PMID- 6729744 TI - Squamous cell carcinoma of the esophagus. PMID- 6729745 TI - Thoracic and abdominal enteric duplications. PMID- 6729746 TI - Acrylonitrile (vinyl cyanide) poisoning: a case report. PMID- 6729747 TI - The influence of home care visits on health outcome. PMID- 6729748 TI - Wrongful birth and wrongful life in Texas. PMID- 6729749 TI - Presidential wrap-up: Dr Davis calls on physicians to act. PMID- 6729750 TI - Evaluation of age-specific vaccination strategies. AB - Under the assumption that maternal antibodies and vaccine immunity decay exponentially the proportions of susceptibles in the total population for given age-specific vaccination strategies and zero infection incidence are determined explicitly. The reciprocal value of such a proportion determines the maximum reproductive rate of an infection which could be eradicated by the corresponding strategy. For a single vaccination during life the optimum age is determined, for which the proportion of susceptibles reaches a minimum. The effect of one revaccination during school age is explored. PMID- 6729751 TI - Heritable genetic variation via mutation-selection balance: Lerch's zeta meets the abdominal bristle. AB - Most quantitative traits in most populations exhibit heritable genetic variation. Lande proposed that high levels of heritable variation may be maintained by mutation in the face of stabilizing selection. Several analyses have appeared of two distinct models with n additive polygenic loci subject to mutation and stabilizing selection. Each is reviewed and a new analysis and model are presented. Lande and Fleming analyzed extensions of a model originally treated by Kimura which assumes a continuum of possible allelic effects at each locus. Latter and Bulmer analyzed a model with diallelic loci. The published analyses of these models lead to qualitatively different predictions concerning the dependence of the equilibrium genetic variance on the underlying biological parameters. A new asymptotic analysis of the Kimura model shows that the different predictions are not consequences of the number of alleles assumed but rather are attributable to assumptions concerning the relative magnitudes of per locus mutation rates, the phenotypic effects of mutation, and the intensity of selection. This conclusion is reinforced by analysis of a model with triallelic loci. None of the approximate analyses presented are mathematically rigorous. To quantify their accuracy and display the domains of validity for alternative approximations, numerically determined equilibria are presented. In addition, empirical estimates of mutation rates and selection intensity are reviewed, revealing weaknesses in both the data and its connection to the models. Although the mathematical results and underlying biological requirements of my analyses are quite different from those of Lande , the results do not refute his hypothesis that considerable additive genetic variance may be maintained by mutation-selection balance. However, I argue that the validity of this hypothesis can only be determined with additional data and mathematics. PMID- 6729752 TI - Evolutionary dynamics in frequency-dependent two-phenotype models. AB - General frequency-dependent selection models based on two phenotypic classes are analyzed with underlying one-locus multiallele phenotypic determination systems in diploid populations. It is proved that the mean phenotypic fitnesses tend to equality over discrete generations and genetic mutations if a phenotypic polymorphism is to be maintained. The exact conditions are examined. The present results are valid for a wide class of models whenever random groupings or assortative patterns based on phenotype and affecting fitness, linearly or not, are independent of sex, mating preferences, or kinship. They can also be applied to two-sex haploid models. PMID- 6729753 TI - [Is there hope for drug therapy of cataracts?]. PMID- 6729754 TI - [Tolerance to artificial lenses]. PMID- 6729755 TI - [The use of Nd-YAG lasers in surgery of the anterior segment of the eye]. PMID- 6729756 TI - [Technic for the examination of injured eyes]. PMID- 6729757 TI - [Ocular oncocerciasis and its treatment]. PMID- 6729758 TI - [Long-term anti-inflammatory treatment of chronic uveitis in children and adults. Necessity and adverse effects]. PMID- 6729759 TI - [Vitrectomy. Indications, technic, results]. PMID- 6729760 TI - [Conservative treatment of intraocular tumors in the adult]. PMID- 6729761 TI - [Change, by nicergoline, of the hemodynamic effects of acebutolol in healthy subjects]. PMID- 6729762 TI - [Changes in plasma catecholamines after ingestion of caffeine in man]. PMID- 6729763 TI - [Construction of a questionnaire for the self-evaluation of pain using a list of qualifiers. Comparison with Melzack's McGill Pain Questionnaire]. PMID- 6729764 TI - [Kinetic study of the erythrocyte-plasma ratio of lithium. Diagnostic, prognostic and therapeutic value]. PMID- 6729765 TI - [Oral administration of heparin and low molecular weight heparin fractions in rabbits]. PMID- 6729766 TI - [Oltipraz in brief treatment of S. haematobium schistosomiasis. 3 doses per day or single dose]. PMID- 6729767 TI - [Median- and long-term tolerability of diltiazem]. PMID- 6729768 TI - [Chronic paroxysmal hemicrania. Treatment with indomethacin and diclofenac]. PMID- 6729769 TI - A pharmacokinetic and platelet function study of the combined administration of metoprolol and sulfinpyrazone to healthy volunteers. AB - In a double-blind study on healthy subjects who underwent three 3-week periods of treatment with metoprolol (M) + sulfinpyrazone (S), M + placebo, and S + placebo, pharmacokinetics and plasma levels of M were not affected by concurrent administration of S. Analysis of variance change-over demonstrated a significant difference between treatments only for serum uric acid levels. Analysis of post treatment and baseline data within each treatment showed: decreased platelet count by M, lowered serum 6-keto PGF1 alpha by all three treatments, decreased serum TXB2 generation and arachidonic acid-induced platelet aggregation by S + M. No negative interaction between S + M was found. PMID- 6729770 TI - Effects of dietary linoleic acid on rat platelet ADP-induced aggregation and binding of 125I-fibrinogen. AB - Platelets from rats fed a diet high in linoleic acid (6%) bound increased amounts of fibrinogen on stimulation with ADP, compared to those from rats fed diets with low (2%) or no linoleic acid. However, this increased fibrinogen binding was associated with a decrease in platelet aggregation induced by ADP. Changes in the linoleic acid concentration in platelet membranes may cause changes in this relationship. PMID- 6729771 TI - Antithrombotic activity of a glycosaminoglycan (sulodexide) in rats. AB - Glycosaminoglycans extracted from various sources are extensively utilized in the treatment of occlusive vascular disease. These products have shown to possess antithrombotic activity in some experimental thrombosis (1,2). Our purpose was to study the activity of Sulodexide, an heparin-like compound (3,4), on rat model of arterial thrombosis and to study its interaction with platelets. PMID- 6729772 TI - Intrarenal blood coagulation induced by ischemia in rats. Heparin and thrombocytopenia does not prevent the intracortical fibrin formation. AB - In various human and experimental renal failures some hemostatic parameters indicate the occurrence of intrarenal blood coagulation (1, 2). However, the fact that the common anticoagulants fail to cure the acute renal failure (3) appears to suggest either that they are ineffective against the intrarenal blood coagulation or no causal relationship exists between the hemostatic disturbances and impaired renal function. Therefore this study was undertaken to investigate the relationship between coagulation and impairment of renal function after a 45 min ischemic period in untreated, heparin-treated and in heparin- plus antiplatelet serum (APS)-treated thrombocytopenic animals. PMID- 6729773 TI - Intravascular microaggregation and in vitro platelet aggregation in coronary artery disease. AB - To investigate in vivo and in vitro microaggregation in coronary artery disease, we obtained blood samples from the coronary sinus (CS), pulmonary artery (PA), and aorta (AO) in patients undergoing cardiac catheterization. An electronic particle size analyzer was used to quantify microaggregates 13 to 81 mu in diameter in blood. In the first group of 58 patients, preformed circulating microaggregates and platelet responsiveness to ADP were assessed in AO and PA blood only. The coronary artery disease patients did not have significantly higher volumes of preformed in vivo aggregates in either AO or PA blood. However, the mean aggregate size in response to 0.2 microM ADP in vitro was larger in both AO and PA blood in patients with coronary disease [12.4 +/- 0.9 vs. 9.4 +/- 1.4 X 10(3) mu3 (AO); 12.5 +/- 0.9 vs. 8.3 +/- 0.7 0.7 X 10(3) mu3 (PA)]. In a second group of 46 patients, CS, AO and PA samples were compared using the same methods. The volume of microaggregates preformed in vivo was significantly greater in CS blood than in PA or AO blood in patients with and without coronary disease. The volume and mean size of aggregates induced by ADP in vitro were smaller in CS blood compared to PA. In conclusion, the volume of in vivo microaggregates is increased in CS blood, independent of coronary disease, but significant volumes are not found in PA or AO blood. Patients with coronary disease have more reactive platelets to in vitro aggregatory agents in AO and PA samples of similar hematocrit. PMID- 6729774 TI - Low-affinity heparin potentiates the action of high-affinity heparin oligosaccharides. AB - Previous studies have shown that high-affinity (HA) heparin oligosaccharides, with molecular weights of 3,000-5,000, were less effective than unfractionated heparin in preventing serum-induced venous thrombosis in rabbits, using a Wessler stasis model. In the present study, a larger high-affinity fragment (M.Wt. 6,000 6,500) was also found to be less effective than unfractionated heparin as an antithrombotic agent. However, addition of 80 micrograms/kg low affinity (LA) heparin to 80 micrograms/kg of this HA fragment significantly potentiated its antithrombotic activity, and the antithrombotic action of the mixture was equivalent to that of unfractionated heparin. Significant potentiation of antithrombotic activity was also observed on the addition of LA heparin to a HA decasaccharide (M.Wt. 3,000-3,500) with anticoagulant activity only against Factor Xa. The LA heparin content of low molecular weight heparin fractions appears to be an important determinant of their antithrombotic activity. PMID- 6729775 TI - Validation of the dual radiotracer method for quantitative In-111 platelet scintigraphy. AB - We have developed a simple in vivo scintigraphic technique that permits accurate quantitative comparison of intravascular platelet deposition in blood vessels of similar size. Regional count information from scintigraphic images of In-111 platelets and Tc-99m red blood cells is used to determine the ratio of radioactivity in the thrombus relative to that in the blood. Multiplication of this ratio by the percent injected dose (%ID) of In-111 per ml of blood yields a quantity (%ID index) that is directly proportional to the %ID of In-111 platelets in the thrombus as measured in vitro (r = .879, p less than 0.005). This technique is well suited for quantitative studies of scintigraphically detectable platelet deposition in both animals and in man. PMID- 6729776 TI - Activation of platelet prostaglandin biosynthesis pathway during neoplastic cell induced platelet aggregation. AB - In a previous study we found a correlation between metastatic potential and platelet aggregating activity in sublines of a benzopyrene-induced murine fibrosarcoma ( mFS6 ); the purpose of the present work was to elucidate the role of thromboxane biosynthesis by platelets and/or by neoplastic cells in the activation of platelets in this system. The cells of the more malignant subline induced higher aggregation and TxB2 production than those of the non metastasizing one. The supernatants of aggregating cell suspensions contained very few TxB2; furthermore, preincubation of platelets with ASA or Apyrase resulted in inhibition of aggregation and TxB2 production, while preincubation of the cells was ineffective; these results suggest the platelet origin of the measured TxB2 and indicate that platelet-derived ADP plays an important role in their activation, while the production of ADP by the cells does not seem to be relevant in this model. The involvement of platelet prostaglandin biosynthesis pathway in neoplastic cell induced platelet activation could play an important role in the development of platelet-dependent tumour metastasis. PMID- 6729777 TI - The role of sodium citrate in the dysfibrinogenaemia of liver disease. AB - The addition of excess sodium citrate to plasma was found to inhibit fibrin polymerisation (clot opacity) from patients with cirrhosis, hepatitis and hepatoma but not from normal controls. Abnormal clot opacity in plasma from patients with liver disease could be partly or completely abolished by removal of citrate ions by dialysis against citrate-free buffer, but not by dialysis against buffer containing citrate. Similar results were observed in plasma freed of calcium ions by treatment with EGTA. Treatment of plasma with neuraminidase largely abolished the inhibitory effect of excess citrate, and the thrombin times and clot opacity of asialofibrinogen were less affected by citrate than native fibrinogen. In addition, the effects of citrate on the clotting of purified, calcium-free fibrinogen from cirrhotic patients correlated with the sialic acid content. It is concluded that binding of citrate ions to fibrinogen renders the molecule acutely more sensitive to elevations in the sialic acid content, and that a simple plasma clot opacity test in the presence of excess citrate may be a useful aid in the differential diagnosis of liver disease. These findings may also explain why defects in fibrin polymerisation observed in plasma are not always reproduced in purified fibrinogen or fibrin monomer preparations. PMID- 6729778 TI - Some aspects of platelet glucose metabolism in thrombocytosis due to myeloproliferative disorders. AB - Some aspects of the glucose metabolism were investigated in platelets of 11 healthy donors and 11 patients suffering from thrombocytosis due to myeloproliferative disorders. Out of all the glycolytic compounds measured in resting platelets, dihydroxyacetonephosphate and fructose 1,6 bisphosphate were significantly higher in cells of subjects with thrombocytosis. No difference was observed in the basic net flux of glucose through the hexose monophosphate shunt. Addition of arachidonic acid to platelets of patients with thrombocytosis had a very poor effect in stimulation of the hexose monophosphate shunt, whereas high values of activation were obtained in control platelets. Lactate production determined by collagen was found significantly higher in all patients. These data observed in platelets of patients could be explained by a decreased pool of metabolic adenine nucleotides. PMID- 6729779 TI - In vivo attempt to consume antithrombin III by i.v. injection of a thrombin heparin mixture. AB - 15 rabbits and 6 dogs were injected with a mixture of thrombin and heparin. Increasing amounts of thrombin, and various ratio of thrombin in relation to heparin, were used. It was found that huge amounts of thrombin could be perfused, under the protection of heparin, without untoward effects. But the high amount of thrombin needed to obtain a 50% reduction of the circulating AT III required a corresponding high amount of protective heparin. Since the secondary injection of protamin sulphate (after the end of the perfusion with the thrombin-heparin mixture) was precipitating the DIC syndrome, such attempts to decrease AT III in man are not feasible. PMID- 6729780 TI - [The use of estramustine phosphate (estramustine, Estracyt) in Norway 1972-1981. An example of the irrational use of an expensive treatment]. PMID- 6729781 TI - [Continuous intercostal nerve block for postoperative pain relief]. PMID- 6729782 TI - [Recurrence of gastroduodenal ulcer after vagotomy. Etiological factors]. PMID- 6729783 TI - [Surgical treatment of malignant melanoma of the skin]. PMID- 6729784 TI - [Kaposi's sarcoma]. PMID- 6729785 TI - [Granulomatous prostatitis. Specific inflammation or noninfectious tissue reaction?]. PMID- 6729786 TI - [Axillary hyperhidrosis]. PMID- 6729787 TI - [Cold urticaria]. PMID- 6729788 TI - [Instruction for small groups in internal medicine. Longitudinal studies of groups of general practitioners]. PMID- 6729789 TI - [Clinical consequences of coronary angiography]. PMID- 6729790 TI - [Blunt chest injuries]. PMID- 6729791 TI - [Maternal hemoglobin concentration and the fetus. A reevaluation]. PMID- 6729792 TI - [Intracranial hemorrhage in premature infants during the neonatal period. Ultrasonographic evaluation]. PMID- 6729793 TI - [Cerebral ultrasonic examination of newborn infants. Normal case material]. PMID- 6729794 TI - [Cerebral ultrasonic examination of newborn infants and during the first year of life]. PMID- 6729795 TI - [Prazosin in exercise-induced angina pectoris. An open study of work capacity after a single dose of prazosin, isosorbide dinitrate, atenolol and nifedipine]. PMID- 6729796 TI - [A more detailed view of the cerebellum]. PMID- 6729797 TI - [Colo- and ileoscopy without the use of fluoroscopy]. PMID- 6729798 TI - [Throat infections caused by beta-hemolytic Streptococci. Diagnosis in general practice]. PMID- 6729799 TI - [Determination of injuries caused by solvents]. PMID- 6729800 TI - [Stability and distribution of oxytetracycline HCI during manufacture and storage of pig feed under field conditions]. AB - The distribution of oxytetracycline hydrochloride in two batches of 4,000 kg of pig-rearing pellets (400 ppm) was studied. The stability of oxytetracycline in this feed was also determined. The concentration of oxytetracycline in the feed was determined by high pressure liquid chromatography. The premix contained more oxytetracycline (27 per cent) than the proportion stated. The results show that the first 1,000 kg of feed contained less (350 mg/kg) oxytetracycline than the other 7,000 kg (435 mg/kg). After producing 8,000 kg of feed with oxytetracycline, 4,000 kg of feed not containing oxytetracycline was produced. Still, this feed was found to contain 13 mg/kg of oxytetracycline. When the feed was stored for 150 days at a temperature of from 1 to 2 degrees C and again for 270 days at 20 to 25 degrees C, it contained 86.5 per cent of the oxytetracycline present after production of the feed. PMID- 6729801 TI - [Roentgenological aspects of polyarthritis in foals]. AB - Radiographically, joint ill in foals is subdivided into four different types: Type P - osteomyelitis in the meta- and/or epiphysis adjacent to the physis. Type E - osteomyelitis in the epiphyseal subchondral bone. Type S - synovitis confined to the joint itself. Type T - osteomyelitis in the small tarsal bones. The radiographical features corresponding with the different types, the relationship between the radiological, pathological, bacterial and clinical findings, and the recommended radiographic procedure are discussed in detail. PMID- 6729802 TI - [Bone marrow depression following estrogen therapy]. AB - The cases of three dogs are reported, in which administration of oestradiol resulted in bone marrow hypoplasia. These case reports gave rise to a discussion leading to the advice to seek other methods of treatment. PMID- 6729803 TI - [Use of sperm older than 24 hours in the artificial insemination of pigs]. PMID- 6729804 TI - [Sickness insurance for domestic animals. III]. PMID- 6729805 TI - [Gentamycin dosage interval in premature infants]. AB - The effect of dose interval on gentamicin serum concentrations in preterm babies (less than 35 weeks gestational age) was studied in the first week after birth. When gentamicin (2,5 mg/kg) was given intravenously every 12 hours, 53% of the babies had elevated pre dose serum concentrations (greater than 2,0 microgram/ml). This occurred in 27% of the babies when gentamicin was given every 18 hours (p less than 0.01). We recommend that 2.5 mg/kg/18 hours should be used in preterm babies in the first week after birth, although monitoring of gentamicin serum levels remains essential. PMID- 6729806 TI - [Plasmapheresis treatment in 2 children with SSPE (subacute sclerosing panencephalitis). Various considerations on symptomatology, pathophysiology and therapy]. AB - Subacute sclerosing panencephalitis is a rare slowly progressive neurodegenerative disease in children and young adults. The course of the disease is 'typically' progressive until a vegetative state and death. Otherwise, the course might be 'atypical', with periods of relative stability or even some improvement. We describe two patients one of whom showed the typical course of the disease, whereas the other one showed the atypical form. Both patients were treated with plasmapheresis without noticeable favorable effects. The clinical symptomatology, the pathogenesis and the various therapeutical approaches are discussed. PMID- 6729807 TI - HLA and urolithiasis. AB - Frequencies of persons having particular HLA-A, -B, and -C antigens were compared for 113 urolithiasis clinic patients, a subset of 24 patients who had hypercalcuria , and 225 controls. The frequency of HLA- A30 was significantly elevated among the patients. A suggestion (S afwenberg et al. 1978) that HLA-B27 frequency is elevated among hypercalcuric patients with recurrent kidney stones was not confirmed. PMID- 6729808 TI - Rapid screening for humoral immune deficiency. AB - A preliminary report on a fast, easy and inexpensive screen-test for the detection of humoral immune deficiency is presented. The method is based on the presence of heterophilic antibodies in normal human serum. Multitested normal individuals and immunodeficient patients showed a clearcut dichotomy in this screening procedure. PMID- 6729809 TI - Study of alleles of the second complement component (C2) on Canadian HLA haplotypes. AB - Typing for genetic variation in the second complement component C2 was performed on sera from HLA haplotyped Canadian families. Part of the data has been studied and analysed as a population; in addition there is a further random collection of haplotypes bearing the C2*2 allele. In the population data there were 444 separate haplotypes from unrelated parents or other founders: 4.7% of the haplotypes carried the uncommon allele C2*2; one haplotype carried the rare C2*3. Study of C2 2-1 heterozygotes in the population data revealed 59 haplotypes which carried the common C2*1 allele and one which carried a deficiency allele C2*0. The remaining haplotypes carried either C2*1 or else an undetectable C2*0 allele. In the entire data there were 281 meioses informative for C2. The only recombinant between HLA-B and C2 showed the C2 locus to be on the DR side of the B locus. Strong allelic association between C2 *2 and Bw22 and less strong association between C2 *2 and B15 suggested the possibility of two ancestral C2 mutants. Examination of other markers on these and subsequently collected haplotypes do not conflict with this idea since the B15 haplotypes mostly carry C4A *4, C4B *2 whilst the Bw22 haplotypes mostly carry C4A *4, C4B *4. The alternative idea, that there was one original mutant which crossed over from a B15 to a Bw22 haplotype or vice versa is not excluded, however. Since approximate equilibrium has been reached between Bw22 and the HLA-A locus alleles on these C2 *2 bearing haplotypes, we conclude that this mutation is at least 5000 years old. Other haplotypes carrying C2 *2 are assumed to be ancestral recombinants; if this is true, the C2 locus map position between HLA-B and HLA-DR is confirmed. Study of C2 mutation may provide a model for understanding the genetics of some disease susceptibility genes in the HLA region. PMID- 6729810 TI - A successful trial of enzyme replacement therapy in a case of argininemia. AB - A 5-year-old boy with severe mental retardation and spastic quadriplegia accompanied by tonic seizures and hyperammonemia was diagnosed as having argininemia due to an arginase deficiency in his erythrocytes. His motor and mental abilities began to deteriorate at the age of 3 years. Thereafter, he lost his ability to stand alone, to sit and even to crawl by himself. After he was diagnosed as argininemia , a protein restricted diet was given as therapy, which was accompanied with a supplement of essential amino acids. However, his clinical condition had not improved very much. The erythrocytes in a normal person was found to have the ability to decrease the patient's elevated plasma arginine level to normal when they are mixed in vitro. First we tried replacing his red cells by a blood transfusion. Then we replaced them with the aid of an IBM 2997 blood cell separator. Following this his clinical and biochemical condition improved, and as a result so did his sitting and crawling abilities. It appears that the replacement of red blood cells improves not only the clinical and biochemical conditions, but the general condition of the patient as well. PMID- 6729811 TI - Monodeiodination of thyroxine in the maternal and fetal dog kidneys and placenta. AB - We studied the monodeiodinating activities of the dog placenta and the pregnant dog kidney and compared them with those of the non-pregnant dog kidney and fetal kidney. Each tissue was homogenized in 50 mM Tris/HC1 buffer, pH 7.5. The homogenate (1 mg protein) was incubated with 1 microgram of T4 at 37 degrees C in the air for 15 min or 60 min in the presence of 5 mM DTT. The T3 and reverse T3 generated in the reaction mixture were extracted into cold ethanol and then measured by RIA. Sulfhydryl group content in each tissue was determined. The characteristics of monodeiodinating activity of the dog placenta were in good concordance with those of the rat and human placentas. Net reverse T3 production in the dog placenta was 1.4-13.2 (6.1 +/- 5.3, mean +/- S.D.) ng/mg protein/micrograms T4/60 min but net T3 production was negligible. Although it seemed that the T3 production/reverse T3 production ratio in the pregnant dog kidney was lower than that in the non-pregnant dog kidney, there was no statistical significance. It is conceivable that the characteristics of deiodination in the placenta are tissue specific, independent of the changes in internal conditions induced by pregnancy. In the fetal dog kidney homogenate, T3 and reverse T3 were metabolized only minimally and productions of T3 and reverse T3 were also very low. An increase in DTT concentration up to 100 mM had no effect on the production rates of these triiodothyronines . Total and non-protein SH group contents in the fetal dog kidney homogenate were about the half of those in the maternal tissue.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS) PMID- 6729812 TI - Gallium induces reduction of negative charge of the cell membrane and redifferentiation of cancer cells. AB - In order to obtain an insight into the mechanism of experimentally induced redifferentiation of cancer cells, changes in negative charge of the cell membrane were examined by cytopherometry following in vitro exposure of the cancer cells to non-radioactive gallium. Reduction of the negative charge was observed at 24 hr and later. The gallium ions must have neutralized the negative charge of the cancer cell membrane to the normal range. This event may contribute in some way to cancer cell redifferentiation. PMID- 6729813 TI - Decrease in saturation density of mammalian carcinoma cell culture during exposure to bestatin, a clinically applicable agent. AB - Bestatin, one of the small molecular products of Streptomyces olivoreticuli , and a potential immunostimulator, was shown to decrease the saturation density of murine carcinoma cell culture. The finding may indicate a possibility of direct action of bestatin upon cancer cells presumably resulting in cancer cell redifferention . PMID- 6729814 TI - Toxicity-distribution relationships among 3-alkylfurans in mouse liver and kidney. AB - The present study was designed to extend previous observations regarding toxicity of furans and related compounds to liver and kidney. It was desired to test a series of homologous 3- alkylfurans , where changes in lipophilic character might be related to changes in toxicity. Additionally, it was desired to measure distribution of toxins to the target organs to ascertain whether organ selectivity might be determined by the concentrations attained in the target organs by the toxins. A synthesis for 3- ethylfuran and 3- pentylfuran was devised, and the toxicity of these, in addition to 3- methylfuran and furan itself, to mouse liver and kidney at 2.6 mmol/kg was determined. 2- Furamide and 2- ethylfuran were used as examples of substances known to be toxic to liver and kidney, respectively. 3- Methylthiophene was also included to determine whether results with furans extend to the closely related thiophenes . Histopathological examination of both organs was done, and quantitative estimates of liver toxicity were obtained from plasma levels of glutamate-pyruvate transaminase. Renal urine concentrating ability and plasma urea nitrogen levels were useful as quantitative indices of nephrotoxicity. It was found that both 3-ethyl and 3- pentylfuran exhibited pronounced toxicity to the kidney, and that both also caused moderate liver damage. Furan caused serious damage to the liver and produced somewhat lesser effects on the kidney. Equimolar doses of 3- methylfuran did not significantly damage either organ. Among the 3-alkyl furans, there is an impression that the more volatile compounds damage lung (3- methylfuran is reported to be a potent lung toxin), with liver and kidney toxicity increasing with molecular weight, and that compounds found in higher concentration produce greater damage in liver and kidney. However, among compounds other than alkyl furans, there is no obvious correlation between toxicity and organ concentration of toxin. PMID- 6729815 TI - State of sulfhydryl in selenite cataract. AB - A dose of 20 mumol selenite/kg body weight is a potent and a very rapid inducer of cataracts in young rats. We investigated the rate at which physiological concentrations of selenite would catalyze the oxidation of glutathione in vitro and found that selenite was a strong sulfhydryl oxidant. To test if selenite had the same effect in vivo, the oxidation state of five kinds of lenticular sulfur were measured in suckling rats following a cataractous dose of selenite. The measurements included reduced glutathione (GSH), oxidized glutathione (GSSG), protein-bound glutathione ( PSSG ), reduced protein sulfhydryl ( PSH ), and oxidized protein sulfhydryl ( PSSP ). While selenite caused a 44% decrease in lens GSH by 6 days postinjection, there was no concurrent increase in either GSSG or PSSG . Likewise, there was no evidence for increased oxidation of PSH to PSSP . To determine if GSH loss were the cause of the selenite cataracts, we injected normal rats with the glutathione synthesis inhibitor buthionine sulfoximine (BSO). Lens GSH dropped more than 96% by 4 days post-BSO injection; however, no cataracts formed. Thus, selenite cataract does not appear to be caused by extensive sulfhydryl oxidation and cannot be attributed exclusively to GSH loss. PMID- 6729816 TI - Hepatotoxicity of acetaminophen in neonatal and young rats. I. Age-related changes in susceptibility. AB - The susceptibility of neonatal (11 days) and young rats (19 and 33 days) to acetaminophen-induced hepatic necrosis was examined. Acetaminophen-induced lethality (LD50) was slightly lower in 19-day-old animals (840 mg/kg) compared to 11- and 33-day-old animals (1220 and 1580 mg/kg, respectively). A toxic dose of the drug ( LD20 ) produced elevated serum glutamate-pyruvate transaminase and lactate dehydrogenase activities 20-24 hr after drug administration only in 19- and 33-day-old animals. Serum enzyme elevation was not observed after a toxic dose of acetaminophen ( LD20 or LD50) in 11-day-old rats. Histological evaluation showed that both 19- and 33-day-old rats developed extensive hepatic centrilobular damage, whereas morphological parameters in 11-day-old animals given acetaminophen were not different from controls. It appears that high doses of acetaminophen are lethal to young rats, but that 11-day-old animals are different from 19-day-old and older rats in that the neonatal animals lack susceptibility to the hepatotoxic effects of the drug. Lower susceptibility of the neonatal rat liver to the hepatic effects of two other hepatotoxicants (bromobenzene and tannic acid) was also observed. PMID- 6729817 TI - Hepatotoxicity of acetaminophen in neonatal and young rats. II. Metabolic aspects. AB - The effects of a toxic dose of acetaminophen on levels of hepatic glutathione and [14C]acetaminophen-derived metabolites covalently bound to tissue macromolecules were investigated in 11- (1000 mg/kg), 19- (750 mg/kg), and 33-day-old (1250 mg/kg) rats. Although hepatic glutathione levels are lower in untreated 11- and 19-day-old rats compared to 33-day-old animals, a toxic dose of acetaminophen produced similar maximal depletion in all ages (to 0.5 mg/g). Covalent binding of [14C]acetaminophen to hepatic and renal macromolecules was higher in the younger animals. Glutathione-derived conjugates of APAP were present in the liver and kidney of neonatal and young rats given a toxic dose of the drug. In addition, age-related differences in the levels of the sulfate and glucuronide conjugates of the drug in these tissues were observed. The data presented suggest that neonatal rats, while less susceptible than older rats to the hepatic necrosis produced by the drug, are more able to metabolically activate a toxic dose of acetaminophen. PMID- 6729818 TI - Metabolism and excretion of orally administered dimethylarsinic acid in the hamster. AB - We administered a single po dose of dimethylarsinic acid ( DMAA ) to hamsters by stomach tube and determined the in vivo accumulation of the arsenic and its excretion in the urine and feces. It was shown that a part of the DMAA was further methylated to a trimethylarsenic compound (TMA). During the 24 hr following the administration of DMAA , a total of 80% was excreted in the urine and feces: 45% in the urine (made up of 67.9% DMAA and 32.0% TMA), and 34.7% in the feces (almost completely made up of DMAA but no TMA). The findings show that DMAA and the TMA are rapidly excreted and do not accumulate in the body. PMID- 6729819 TI - Embryotoxic effects of salicylates: role of biotransformation. AB - The three major metabolites of salicylate, o- hydroxyhippurate ( salicylglycine , salicyluric acid), 2,5-dihydroxybenzoate (gentisic acid), and 2,3 dihydroxybenzoate, were examined for their capacities to elicit dysmorphogenesis, embryolethality , and growth retarding effects in an embryo culture system. The effects were compared with those produced by the parent salicylate. At the highest concentrations tested (1.9 mM), none of the three metabolites produced significant increases in the number of malformed embryos or in embryolethality . At the same concentration, all three agents reduced crown-rump lengths and somite numbers slightly but significantly (p less than 0.01), and the dihydroxy metabolites also reduced the embryonic protein content (p less than 0.01). In contrast, the parent salicylate produced large increases in embryolethality ( embryolethality in controls was 6% or less) and malformed embryos at equivalent or lower concentrations. Preincubation of the parent salicylate with various biotransforming systems did not affect embryotoxicity significantly. The most rapid biotransformation of salicylate in vitro was achieved with mitochondrial preparations of monkey kidney as the enzyme source but quantities metabolized were not sufficient to prevent malformations in the culture system. Increased serum protein concentration in the culture medium, however, markedly reduced the capacity of added salicylate to cause malformations. An examination of the kinetics of the dysmorphogenic effects of parent salicylate indicated that 5 hr of exposure elicited nonsignificant increases in numbers of malformations. A significant malformation rate was produced by 9 hr of exposure. In contrast, effects on embryonic growth parameters and embryolethality were greatest after a 24-hr exposure period. The results strongly suggest that the parent salicylate, rather than generated metabolites, was primarily or solely responsible for the malformations observed and that the duration of exposure of embryos to unmetabolized salicylate may be the critical factor for determining teratogenic outcome. PMID- 6729820 TI - Incomplete correlation of 2,3,7,8-tetrachlorodibenzo-p-dioxin hepatotoxicity with Ah phenotype in mice. AB - Pretreatment of male mice of the inbred strains A2G, BALB/c, C57BL/10, and AKR with iron dextran synergized the action of a single dose of 2,3,7,8 tetrachlorodibenzo-p-dioxin (TCDD, 75 micrograms/kg) in causing hepatic porphyria and necrosis 35 days later. There was no effect in DBA/2 mice. Increased porphyrin levels were associated with decreased hepatic activity of uroporphyrinogen decarboxylase. Iron alone had no effect on porphyrin levels or decarboxylase activity. In male BALB/c mice given TCDD alone there was a delay in the onset of porphyria. Female BALB/c, AKR, and AKR X DBA/2 F1 mice were more resistant to the porphyrinogenic effect of TCDD than males. Development of porphyria did not correlate with Ah phenotype of the mice. The inheritance of sensitivity to TCDD in crosses of the AKR and DBA/2 strains, both Ah nonresponsive, was studied by a biometrical genetic analysis. The inheritances of increased porphyrin levels and of increased plasma activity of enzymes indicative of hepatic necrosis were both complex. Segregation of alleles at more than one locus was required to explain the data. A lack of correlation of porphyrins with plasma enzyme levels in the F2 generation suggested that the expression of these traits was determined independently. Genes other than Ah influence the development of TCDD-induced hepatotoxicity in mice. PMID- 6729822 TI - Neoplastic conversion in rat liver by the antihistamine methapyrilene demonstrated by a sequential syncarcinogenic effect with N-2-fluorenylacetamide. AB - A study was performed to determine whether the enhancing effect of the antihistamine methapyrilene (MP) in rat liver carcinogenesis represents promotion or syncarcinogenesis . The effect on hepatocarcinogenicity induced by N-2 fluorenylacetamide (FAA) of sequential administration of MP given either before or after FAA was studied in comparison with diethylnitrosamine (DEN) also given either before or after FAA. MP in either sequence with FAA enhanced liver carcinogenicity as did DEN. Moreover, MP by itself induced liver altered foci, albeit at a high dose for a prolonged interval. A single liver neoplasm occurred with exposure to MP alone. These findings suggest that MP produces neoplastic conversion of liver cells which can be summated with the genotoxic effect of FAA to produce syncarcinogenesis . PMID- 6729821 TI - The toxicity and biotransformation of single doses of acetaminophen in dogs and cats. AB - The biotransformation of single oral doses of acetaminophen (APAP) was studied in dogs an cats. Each animal received APAP at a no-effect (low), mildly toxic (medium), and severely toxic (high) dosage; dosages for each species were selected to produce similar clinical effects at each respective dosage. For dogs, these dosages were 100, 200, and 500 mg APAP/kg, while for cats, the similar effective dosages were 20, 60, and 120 mg APAP/kg. Plasma half-lives in dogs remained constant at the lower two dosages, but nearly tripled at the high dosage. The plasma half-lives in cats rose with increased dosage. Although the cats were given lower APAP dosages than the dogs, the plasma half-lives of cats were greater than those of the dogs at the medium and high dosages. Both species excreted about 85% of the administered single dose within the first 24 hr. APAP glucuronide was the principal metabolite excreted in the urine of dogs; its fraction of the total metabolites excreted in urine remained constant at the three dose levels. In cats, APAP-sulfate was the major metabolite in urine at all three dosage levels, but the fraction of the total urinary metabolites represented by APAP-sulfate decreased as the dosage increased. Hepatic centrilobular pathology was seen in dogs, while cats had more diffuse liver pathologic changes. The results indicate that the cat is at increased risk from APAP exposure because of impaired glucuronidation and saturation of its sulfate conjugation pathway. PMID- 6729823 TI - Effect of short-term ozone exposure on exogenous thyroxine levels in thyroidectomized and hypophysectomized rats. AB - Short-term ozone exposure (1 ppm X 24 hr) of male rats results in a significant reduction of circulating thyroid hormones and thyroid stimulating hormone (TSH). The reduction of thyroid hormone levels after ozone exposure has been hypothesized as a possible adaptive mechanism to enhance survival of rats during ozone exposure. In this study, we investigated the effect of ozone on thyroid hormone (T4) levels in thyroidectomized and hypophysectomized rats which received exogenous T4 in the drinking water. Groups of normal, intact rats, thyroidectomized rats maintained on T4 at doses ranging from 75 to 1000 micrograms/liter, and hypophysectomized rats maintained on 300 micrograms T4/liter were exposed to ozone (1 ppm X 24 hr), Plasma T4 concentrations were significantly reduced after ozone exposure, and the results indicated that the higher the circulating T4 levels before exposure the more they were reduced after ozone exposure. This reduction in T4 levels cannot be accounted for in these animals by reduced pituitary TSH levels or the effects of fasting, but is likely to be due to peripheral changes in plasma thyroid binding proteins initiated by ozone exposure. PMID- 6729824 TI - Reversible inhibition of in vitro epithelial cell proliferation by 2,3,7,8 tetrachlorodibenzo-p-dioxin. AB - Subconfluent cultures of a mouse epithelial cell line, which after prolonged subculturing exhibited an elevated saturation density as compared to the original cell line, were treated with 2,3,7,8-tetrachlorodibenzo-p-dioxin (TCDD). Cultures of cells with or without TCDD grew at equal rates until confluency was reached. At confluency, cultures treated with as little as 10(-11) M TCDD showed a decline in cell proliferation relative to controls as demonstrated by cell enumeration and supported by reduced [3H]thymidine incorporation (both by liquid scintillation spectrometry of whole culture and autoradiography of individual cells). After 14 days of exposure, the saturation density of the treated culture was about 50% of the control culture. This TCDD-induced, increased sensitivity to density-dependent inhibition of replication ( DDIR ) was accompanied by a change from a fusiform morphology in the high-saturation-density control cells to a flat cobblestone appearance in the treated low-saturation-density cells. The nondividing cultures treated for 14 days with 10(-11) M TCDD had the same viability as control cultures. Upon trypsin suspension and reseeding , these formerly quiescent cultures were again capable of growing to high cell density and of again showing susceptibility to TCDD-induced changes in cell growth and morphology. Evidence is presented to suggest that this reversible increase in sensitivity to DDIR and the morphological change are not a consequence of cell growth inhibition. This system may provide the basis for an in vitro model to study the effect of TCDD on the control of replication of these cells. PMID- 6729825 TI - Influence of dietary rapeseed oil and erucic acid upon myocardial performance and hemodynamics in rats. AB - Rats fed rapeseed oil, pure erucic acid, or a control diet of sunflowerseed oil during 24-26 weeks were studied for effects upon mechanical behavior of the isolated perfused heart and upon myocardial performance and hemodynamics in intact animals both under basal and stimulated conditions. In spite of focal myocardial fibrotic lesions due to rapeseed oil, no changes were found with respect to the intrinsic myocardial contractility in vitro and and in vivo. After inotropic intervention, only the rapeseed oil fed animals showed less contractile reserve capacity. The absence of this effect in the erucic acid-treated animals is in agreement with the histological studies showing no epicardiac fibrotic lesions in these animals. It appears that erucic acid is able to interfere with the contractile system of the peripheral vascular system. Both in the rapeseed oil-treated group and the erucic acid-treated group, the vasoconstrictor response toward norepinephrine was profoundly reduced. In all three oil fed groups, isoproterenol reduced myocardial contractility which has been attributed to a lowered perfusion pressure in the coronary blood supply of the myocardium with simultaneous increased energy demand. Neither rapeseed oil nor erucic acid feeding led to electrocardiographic changes in comparison with the control sunflowerseed oil group. It is concluded that rapeseed oil and not erucic acid is responsible for loss of contractile reserve capacity without changes in the myocardial conductance system and further, that erucic acid might interfere with the peripheral vascular system. Finally, it appears that a fat rich diet might result in reduced myocardial function during a state of energy demand coupled with a blood pressure decrease. PMID- 6729826 TI - Liposomal preparations of calcium- or zinc-DTPA have a high efficacy for removing colloidal Ytterbium-169 from rat tissues. AB - Results from this study demonstrate that liposomes increase the effectiveness of chelating agents in removing heavy metals from contaminated tissues in vivo. We compared the ability of free and liposomal preparations of Ca- and Zn diethylenetriaminepentaacetic acid (DTPA) to remove 169Yb from tissues of rats previously injected intravenously with either soluble or colloidal forms of 169Yb . Although single injections of liposomal Zn-DTPA were better than the free chelator in reducing the body burden of 169Yb administered in a soluble form (citrate), the liposomal preparations of Zn-DTPA or Ca-DTPA were even more effective in removing the 169Yb that had been injected as the colloidal form. However, a second injection of liposomal Zn-DTPA given 8 days after the initial treatment was not as effective in removing 169Yb as a second injection of the free chelator. Whether injected in the free or liposomal forms, Ca-DTPA was more effective than Zn-DTPA in removing the colloidal 169Yb . Significantly lower amounts of colloidal 169Yb remained in the liver, kidney, muscle, bone, and blood of rats after injection of the liposomal preparations of Ca- or Zn-DTPA than in the corresponding organs of the controls (P less than 0.01). The liposomal preparations were also more efficient in reducing the retention of colloidal 169Yb in bone and blood than the free chelators (P less than 0.01). PMID- 6729827 TI - The effects of ethanol and the role of the spleen during benzene-induced hematotoxicity. AB - Splenectomized and spleen-bearing mice were used to explore the source of nucleated red blood cells (normoblasts) appearing in the peripheral blood of animals treated with both benzene and ethanol and the role of splenic hematopoiesis in compensating for bone marrow stresses by repeated benzene and ethanol exposure. Regardless of operative status, mice exposed to the combined treatment demonstrated a transient appearance of normoblasts in the peripheral blood. Thus, the marrow is the apparent source of the peripheral normoblasts. This condition was not observed in mice treated with only benzene or with only ethanol. Splenectomy significantly influenced bone marrow response to the hematotoxic effects of benzene alone as well as the combined treatment of benzene and ethanol, as evidenced by altered marrow normoblast and granulocyte equilibria. PMID- 6729828 TI - Protection against paracetamol-induced hepatotoxicity by acetylsalicylic acid in rats. AB - Acetylsalicylic acid (ASA) given simultaneously with paracetamol decreased paracetamol-induced hepatotoxicity (measured by plasma transaminase activities as well as histology) without any effect on glutathione depletion, indicating that ASA prevents a process (or processes) subsequent to the metabolic activation of paracetamol. Delayed treatment with ASA also reduced paracetamol-induced liver toxicity, suggesting that reduction of the absorption rate of paracetamol does not contribute essentially to the protection by ASA. Combinations of paracetamol and ASA may have potential use in the development of safer analgesic combinations containing paracetamol (or ASA). PMID- 6729829 TI - Effect of sex hormone status on chloroform nephrotoxicity and renal mixed function oxidases in mice. AB - In mice, only males are susceptible to chloroform (CHCl3) nephrotoxicity and the susceptibility appears to be related to renal mixed function oxidase activity. There were sex-related differences of renal cytochrome P-450 and b5 concentrations and of ethoxycoumarin O-deethylase activity in mouse kidneys; in all cases activity was higher in males. Castration of male mice eliminated susceptibility to CHCl3 nephrotoxicity and reduced renal mixed function oxidases to concentrations observed in female mice. Treatment of male and female mice with testosterone increased the susceptibility to CHCl3 nephrotoxicity and increased renal mixed function oxidases to similar activities in both sexes. Previous data have suggested that CHCl3 is metabolized in situ by the kidney, possibly by a mechanism similar to that occurring in the liver. The data from this investigation are consistent with the concept that CHCl3 is metabolized by a cytochrome P-450-dependent mechanism in the kidney. PMID- 6729830 TI - The effects of formaldehyde gas in a flow-through rat tracheal implant system. AB - A flow-through rat tracheal implant system is described which permits the quantitative and repetitive exposure of respiratory epithelia to test gaseous substances. To investigate the acute toxicity of formaldehyde gas with this new system, open-ended rat tracheal implants were exposed to the gas for 1 h twice a week for up to 8 weeks. The formaldehyde gas was gene-rated from paraformaldehyde, mixed with humidified air and introduced into the lumens of the tracheal implants through microbore tubing. Concentrations of 4.1 +/- 0.9, 8.1 +/ 1.2 or 12.7 +/- 1.5 ppm, were introduced into the trachea by passing an airstream moving at 50, 225 or 475 ml/min, respectively, over the paraformaldehyde heated to 42 degrees C. These formaldehyde concentrations induced mucociliary hypertrophy and increasing amounts of atrophic, transitional and metaplastic epithelia in the tracheal mucosa. PMID- 6729831 TI - Kinetics and metabolism of theobromine in male rats. AB - On the basis of general pharmacological information (blood cells/plasma partition, plasma protein binding) and using HPLC as the principal analytical method, we investigated the kinetics and metabolism of theobromine (a caffeine metabolite) in male rats after a single dose and after a 2 week chronic application. Doses in both conditions varied between 1 and 100 mg/kg. In in vitro and in vivo the fraction of theobromine unbound to plasma proteins averaged 0.90 over a wide range of concentrations. No significant difference was found in the pharmacokinetic profile of the drug after acute or chronic treatment at different doses except for a reduction in the absorption rate constant as the dose increased. AUC values increased in proportion to the dose. The 2 treatment schedules were also similar as regards metabolism, at least 50% of the administered dose of theobromine being excreted unchanged, and 25% as 6-amino-5 [N-methyl- formylamino ]1-methyluracil. Only at the highest doses was there a tendency for theobromine to accumulate at the expense of its major metabolite (a uracil compound). PMID- 6729832 TI - Kinetics and metabolism of theobromine in male and female non-pregnant and pregnant rabbits. AB - The kinetics and metabolism of theobromine (3,7- DMX ) were investigated in male rabbits after a single oral dose and 14 days oral dosing at 1, 5, 10, 50 and 100 mg/kg/day. Female non-pregnant and pregnant rabbits were also studied after single oral doses of 1, 5 and 50 mg/kg. No significant difference was found in the pharmacokinetic profile of 3,7- DMX due to either sex, pregnancy or after chronic oral administration for 14 days. Intravenous (i.v.) administration of 3,7 DMX at 1 and 5 mg/kg resulted in calculated kinetic parameters in close agreement with oral doses. Irrespective of sex, there was a reduction in the absorption rate constant as the dose increased, coupled with a linear dose related increase in AUC values. No qualitative difference in the metabolism of 3,7- DMX in the rabbit was observed as linked to sex, pregnancy or treatment schedule. Twenty-five percent of the administered dose of 3,7- DMX was excreted unchanged, the major metabolite being 7-methylxanthine (40%). There appeared to be a shift in the metabolic pathway at 100 mg/kg/day in the males and at 50 mg/kg/day in the females with more unchanged 3,7- DMX excreted. Only at these highest doses (100 mg/kg for males and 50 mg/kg for pregnant rabbits) was there a tendency toward accumulation. PMID- 6729833 TI - Teratological evaluation of gamma-glycidoxypropyltrimethoxysilane in rats. AB - The embryotoxic and teratogenic potential of gamma- glycidoxypropyltrimethoxysilane ( GPTS ) was evaluated in rats. Pregnant Sprague Dawley rats were administered 0, 50, 500, or 1,000 mg/kg/day of GPTS by gavage on days 6 through 15 of gestation. No treatment related signs of toxicity, behavioral alterations or mortalities were observed in any of the pregnant animals. There was no evidence of adverse effects in mean maternal body weight, liver weight or food consumption of the treated females. The number of implantation sites, number of live fetuses per litter, the mean litter size, the sex ratio, the fetal body weight or the crown-rump length were not affected by treatment. The incidence of resorptions among the total fetal population was not altered by the administration of GPTS to pregnant rats, indicating that the test material is not embryolethal in rats at the tested dose levels. Few scattered incidences of fetal alterations in the external, soft tissue or skeletal examinations were seen both among treated and untreated litters, however, no single alteration was observed in treated litters at an incidence which was significantly different from the control. In conclusion GPTS was not embryotoxic or teratogenic in rats at dose levels up to 1000 mg/kg/day. PMID- 6729834 TI - The organ distribution of tin and the effect of tin on concentrations of several essential elements in rabbit. AB - The organ distribution and the effects of administration of tin, 5 mumol/kg/day, for 6 days on calcium, copper, iron, magnesium, phosphate, and zinc concentrations in plasma, erythrocytes, liver, kidney, and spleen of adult rabbits were studied. Kidney contained the highest concentration of tin, 15.0 +/- 1.64 micrograms/g wet weight (mean +/- S.D., n = 4). The concentrations of copper, phosphate, and magnesium increased significantly in the kidney, while magnesium concentration decreased in erythrocytes 1 day after the administration of tin for 6 consecutive days. A high correlation coefficient between magnesium and phosphate was observed in all organs tested. The correlation coefficients between P vs. Cu, P vs. Ca, and Mg vs. Ca in the liver were lowered during the period of tin administration, whereas those between P vs. Zn, Mg vs. Zn, and Cu vs. Zn in the kidney disappeared after tin administration was completed. PMID- 6729835 TI - Role of the microsomal FAD-containing monooxygenase in the liver toxicity of thioacetamide S-oxide. AB - To evaluate the different contributions of either microsomal FAD-containing ( FADM ) or cytochrome P-450 dependent monooxygenases in the bioactivation and liver toxicity of thioacetamide-S-oxide ( TASO ) (a proximate metabolite of the liver toxin and carcinogen thioacetamide), this compound: (i) was given to rats pretreated with methimazole (a substrate and inhibitor of FADM ), SKF 525-A (an inhibitor of cytochrome P-450) and cobalt protoporphyrin IX (a synthetic porphyrin which induces a long-lasting depletion of the hepatic cytochrome P 450); and (ii) was added to liver microsomes performing oxidation of model FADM or cytochrome P-450 substrates. Whereas the prior administration of methimazole alleviated the TASO induced liver necrosis, SKF 525-A was almost ineffective. Also pretreatment with cobalt protoporphyrin IX prevented liver necrosis. However, this porphyrin derivative was found to depress both cytochrome P-450 dependent and the FADM dependent biotransformations. On the other hand, addition of TASO to liver microsomes in vitro induced changes in the kinetics of S oxidation of thiobenzamide and of N-oxidation of dimethylaniline, whereas the O deethylation of ethoxycoumarin was unchanged. The overall results show the necessity of TASO bioactivation by mixed-function monooxygenases for the toxic action to be apparent; at the same time, the findings suggest FADM as the system mainly involved in TASO metabolism. PMID- 6729836 TI - Selected responses of hypertension-sensitive and resistant rats to inhaled acrolein. AB - The Dahl selected rat lines, one susceptible to salt-induced hypertension (DS) and the other resistant to salt-induced hypertension (DR), were exposed to filtered air, 0.4, 1.4, or 4.0 ppm acrolein for 6 h/day, 5 days/week for 62 days. All of the DS rats exposed to 4.0 ppm acrolein died within the first 11 days, while 60% of the DR animals survived the duration of the study. Neither dose dependent blood pressure changes nor altered behavioral characteristics were evident in either rat strain following acrolein exposure. Exposure to 4.0 ppm acrolein increased the level of several serum enzymes in the DR rats which survived. This concentration of acrolein also led to pulmonary edema and a significant increase in lung connective tissue in these animals. There was a marked difference in the pulmonary pathology observed in DS and DR rats exposed to 4.0 ppm acrolein. The lungs of moribund DS rats exhibited severe airway epithelial necrosis with edema and hemorrhage, while surviving DR rats primarily showed a proliferative change. Following exposure to 0.4 and 1.4 ppm acrolein, both rat lines displayed similar pathologic changes. Epithelial hyperplasia and/or clusters of macrophages were usually found near terminal bronchiolar areas. These findings suggest that further investigation of the physiopathologic sensitivity of the DS rat line may elucidate a model for investigating the underlying characteristics of stress susceptible populations. PMID- 6729837 TI - Effects of ingestion of chlorocholine chloride and cyclophosphamide on Venezuelan equine encephalitis virus infections in deer mice (Peromyscus maniculatus). AB - We investigated the effects of chlorocholine chloride (CCC), a plant growth regulator, and cyclophosphamide (CP), a known immunosuppressant, on the ability of deer mice (Peromyscus maniculatus) to resist challenge with a sublethal dose of Venezuelan equine encephalitis virus ( VEEV ). The toxicants were continuously delivered in low doses in the feed; CP at 20 mg/kg body wt/day and CCC at 1, 10, 20 or 40 mg/kg body wt/day. Mice were inoculated with 3 X 10(4) plaque forming units (pfu) of VEEV after eating experimental feed for 23 days. Mice were bled daily for 7 days and at selected intervals from 8 to 63 days post inoculation (PI) for viremia and antibody titer determinations. CP treatment increased the duration of viremia and significantly (P less than or equal to 0.05) decreased mean viremia titers. Antibody titers were significantly (P less than or equal to 0.05) depressed in CP-treated mice compared to controls. CP treatment increased mortality. CCC had no effect on viremia duration or titer except when given in doses of 1 mg/kg body wt/day when it significantly (P less than or equal to 0.05) decreased mean viremia titers compared to controls. Early antibody responses were increased by CCC treatment except in the 10 mg/kg body wt/day treatment group in which titers were decreased. By 30 days PI antibody titers of CCC-treated mice were no different from controls. PMID- 6729838 TI - Rattlesnake bites and surgical decompression: results using a laboratory model. AB - Studies were performed on the hind limbs of dogs and their anterolateral compartments to evaluate the effect of fasciotomy on tissue pressure and necrosis following pit viper envenomation. Venom from the southern Pacific rattlesnake, Crotalus viridis helleri, was injected into either the subcutaneous tissues, the intact anterolateral compartment or the anterolateral compartment following fasciectomy. Interstitial fluid pressure measurements, as well as limb girth and surface temperatures, were obtained over the first 48 hr following venom injection, after which time the compartment contents were examined microscopically. The results demonstrated intracompartment tissue pressure elevations only following intracompartment injections. Fasciectomy prior to injection did not prevent muscle necrosis, though it did reduce maximum compartment pressures. Clinically the limbs in each group could not be differentiated. Intracompartment pressure measurements were able to distinguish between muscle and subcutaneous envenomations by the differences in compartment pressures. These results demonstrate the value of tissue pressure measurements in the evaluation of patients envenomated by rattlesnakes. They also indicate the objectivity necessary to determine the need for surgical decompression. PMID- 6729839 TI - Isolation and pharmacological properties of phospholipases A2 from Vipera russelli (Russell's viper) snake venom. AB - By means of Sephadex G-75 column chromatography, Vipera russelli venom was separated into five fractions. The phospholipase A2 (PLA2) activity was concentrated in Frs. II and III. These two PLA2 fractions were rechromatographed on CM-Sephadex C-50. Several subfractions of Fr. II and Fr. III contained PLA2 activities. Frs. III-3, III-6 and III-10 showed single bands in SDS polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis with molecular weights estimated to be 15,054, 15,167 and 15,029, and isoelectric points of 4.15, 8.80 and greater than 10, respectively. Fr. III-3 had the most potent neuromuscular blocking action on the chick biventer cervicis nerve-muscle preparation, causing a complete neuromuscular blockade at 3 micrograms/ml. The response of the muscle to ACh, tested after complete blockade, was not altered. Most PLA2 subfractions had hypotensive actions in rats at 0.1 mg/kg. In the guinea-pig lung, Frs. II-5, II 7, III-3, III-6 and III-10 increased the perfusion pressure, which may account for part of their hypotensive actions. PMID- 6729840 TI - Occurrence of tetrodotoxin in the gastropod mollusk Tutufa lissostoma (frog shell). AB - Paralytic toxicity was detected in gastropod mollusk Tutufa lissostoma (frog shell) specimens collected from Suruga Bay, Shizuoka Prefecture, Japan. Seventeen of the 22 digestive glands removed were toxic; the highest toxicity, expressed as tetrodotoxin (TTX), being as high as 700 mouse units (MU) per gram. Attempts were made to isolate the toxin from pooled digestive glands by activated charcoal treatment and column chromatography on Amberlite IRC-50, CM-Sephadex C-25 and Bio Rex 70. The toxin showed a specific toxicity (as TTX) of 4200 MU/mg. It exhibited the same thin-layer chromatographic and electrophoretic behaviors and 1H-NMR spectrum as TTX. The toxin gave the same pattern as the TTX standard when alkali hydrolyzed and analyzed by GC--MS, indicating that it contains the quinazoline skeleton specific to TTX. From these results the frog shell toxin was identified as TTX. PMID- 6729841 TI - A new method for quantitating hemorrhage induced by rattlesnake venoms: ability of polyvalent antivenom to neutralize hemorrhagic activity. AB - Polyvalent (Crotalidae) antivenin was tested for its ability to neutralize the hemorrhagic activity of two crotaline venoms when mixed with them prior to injection. Hemorrhage was measured by two methods. In the first method an intradermal injection of venom produced a hemorrhagic spot which was quantitated by measuring diameters. In the second method the amount of hemoglobin in a muscle extract was measured after i.m. injection of venom. The results show that both methods are useful for quantitating hemorrhage induced by Crotalus viridis viridis and Crotalus atrox venoms. Antivenin neutralized the hemorrhagic activity of 240 micrograms C. v. viridis venom and 120 micrograms C. atrox venom per 0.05 ml. The question remains, can antivenin neutralize this amount of venom when injected independently of venom. PMID- 6729843 TI - Purification of thirteen toxins active on mice from the venom of the North African scorpion Buthus occitanus tunetanus. AB - A combination of several equilibrium chromatographic steps permitted us to purify thirteen proteins from the venom of Buthus occitanus tunetanus using the mouse as the test animal for lethality measurement. These proteins have been characterized by their amino acid composition and, for seven of them, by their N-terminal or complete amino acid sequence. The structural data obtained correlate well with the pharmacological and antigenic properties of the neurotoxins. PMID- 6729842 TI - In vivo reconstitution of ricin-like activity from its A and B chain subunits. AB - The capacity of highly purified preparations of ricin A and B chains to reconstitute ricin toxicity both in vitro and in vivo was studied. When the nontoxic A and B chain subunits were mixed and electrophoresed on sodium dodecyl sulphate-polyacrylamide gels (SDS-PAGE), reconstituted ricin was observed. The mixtures killed cells of the human Burkitt's lymphoma cell line Daudi in vitro and killed mice after i.v. injection. It was also shown that when mice were injected with one ricin subunit followed by administration of the complementary polypeptide up to 8 hr later, they died with lesions similar to those of ricin induced death. This observation suggests that A and B chains recombine either in the serum or on the surface of cells. The rate of clearance of A and B chains from the blood of rats indicated that sufficient concentrations of either chain were present in the circulation 8 hr after injection to account for the observed toxicity. The above studies therefore suggest that the subunits of ricin have a very high affinity for each other and are capable of reconstituting biologically active ricin in vitro and in injected mice. PMID- 6729844 TI - Transfer of ricin toxicity by spleen cells. AB - The ability of spleen cells to internalise ricin and release it in a form capable of killing an untreated cell population has been studied. Potential donor cells were incubated with a range of ricin concentrations and the amount of ricin subsequently released was found to be related to the ricin concentration of the primary incubation. Ricin release was detected either by using radiolabelled toxin or by measuring its cytotoxic effects. Cells which, after incubation with ricin, were washed with lactose or anti-ricin IgG had a slightly reduced ability to transfer the toxin to other cells, suggesting that much of the ricin had been internalised by the donor cells. The presence of 100 mM lactose in the incubation medium was unable to inhibit the uptake of ricin and did not prevent the release of competent toxin. Cells carrying the toxic material were lethal to animals and in vitro the released toxin was as susceptible to inactivation by anti-ricin IgG as was free ricin. PMID- 6729845 TI - [Ultrastructural study of the local changes induced in the white rat by the venom of Bothrops picadoi of Costa Rica]. AB - The pathogenesis of local lesions induced by Bothrops picadoi venom was studied at the electron microscopic level. White mice were injected i.m. with 100 micrograms of venom. A strong hemorrhagic action was the earliest and most prominent local effect observed in this study. In skeletal muscle fibers, rupture of the sarcolemma was observed and myofibril structure was drastically affected, showing amorphous masses of myofilaments. Myelin layers in many axons were disorganized. PMID- 6729847 TI - Amino acid composition of Clostridium botulinum type B neurotoxin. AB - To characterize type B botulinum neurotoxin based on reliable data on the amino acid composition, three batches of the neurotoxin were analyzed. Each batch was isolated from a separate neurotoxin producing bacterial culture (strain Okra). Two batches were purified by the same method and one was purified by a different method. The toxin preparations were comparable in purity (judged by polyacrylamide gel--sodium dodecyl sulfate electrophoresis) and similar in amino acid composition. The best estimate of the number of amino acid residues per toxin molecule (mol. wt 152,000) was: Asp212,Thr54,Ser83,Glu130,Pro46,Gly61++ +,Ala44,Val54,CyS11,Met23,Ile144,Leu107 , Tyr81,Phe77,Lys118,His7,Arg39,Trp18. PMID- 6729846 TI - A toxin from the sea urchin Tripneustes gratilla. AB - A heat labile toxic protein of 25,000 molecular weight was isolated (LD50 0.85 mg/kg. i.p. injection into mice) from the pedicellariae of the sea urchin Tripneustes gratilla. Pretreatment of the mice with antihistaminics did not prevent the toxic effects. PMID- 6729848 TI - Radiation exposure in high resolution computed tomography of the spine. AB - From all the available radiodiagnostic procedures for diagnosing spinal disorders (conventional tomography, myelography, CT), high-resolution, thin-slice computer tomography presents the highest radiation exposure as represented by the somatic dose index. It allows, however, the retrospective computer reformatting of axial slices into secondary slices of any projection desired. To obtain this extra information with conventional tomography would require further exposures in the desired projections and/or thinner slices. But there is a great amount of important diagnostic information that plays a decisive role in the choice of the form of therapy and the preoperative planning of surgical which cannot be obtained by conventional radiological procedures. PMID- 6729849 TI - [Percutaneous ultrasonic-guided nephropyelostomy in tumor-caused block of urinary outflow]. AB - A report is given on the method and results of ultrasound-guided nephropyelostomy which has been performed here for several years without open surgical intervention. The method has a low rate of complications and can be applied in severely ill patients, too. The problems of ureteral obstruction are quickly eliminated, even if the tumor has not been removed by chemotherapy, radiotherapy, or surgery. The authors report on 47 interventions performed in 36 patients. PMID- 6729850 TI - [Optimized application of afterloading in epipharyngeal tumors]. AB - In case of carcinoma of the epipharynx , the superfractionated and computer optimized intracavitary radiotherapy with a highly active radiation source moved by steps of 5 mm is an easily tolerated local measure to boost teletherapy. This field of irradiation and application techniques, of dosage and optimization represents an improvement of methods well-known since some thirty years. PMID- 6729851 TI - [Interstitial afterloading therapy. Principles, practical application and first clinical experiences]. AB - The principle and practical application of an afterloading system for interstitial therapy is reported. The system works with a single Ir-192 source with high dose rate and achieves the optimum dose distribution by gradual displacement and variable position times. A specially developed computer program serves to calculate the stopping times of the source. The implantation is performed with hollow needles made of refined steel, which are held in parallel position by means of jigs fixed to the patient. 28 patients with 36 tumors have been treated. The dose was determined according to the experiences in gynecologic afterloading therapy with high dose rate sources and dosage prescriptions in teletherapy. The authors present the therapeutic results of this pilot study, discuss the new system and show practicable possibilities for further development. PMID- 6729852 TI - [Significance of radiotherapy for the treatment of primary bone and soft tissue sarcomas]. AB - Recent data from the literature as well as our own treatment results of soft tissue sarcomas and primary bone tumours with the exception of osteosarcomas indicate, that: 1. A conservative, limb sparing therapy should be attempted in peripheral bone tumours and soft tissue sarcomas. This may be achieved in 85% to 97%. 2. The recurrence rate is in a range of 3% to 22%, which does not exceed the results of ablative surgery. 80% of possible recurrences can be controlled by consecutive surgery. 3. After the development of improved treatment techniques, the complication rate is less than 10%. 4. Conservative limb sparing treatment does not decrease the survival rate. However, these results are not derived from randomised studies. 5. Apart from osteosarcomas and Ewing sarcomas adjuvant chemotherapy is recommended for G3 tumours. The time interval for evidence of metastases may be doubled by this treatment modality. 6. There is some evidence that neutron-boost therapy may improve local control rates in T2 and T3 soft tissue sarcomas. PMID- 6729853 TI - [Results of standardized postoperative radiotherapy in circumscribed breast cancer. A retrospective study of 432 patients]. AB - From 1970 through 1981 232 women with breast cancer (190 with T1 N0 M0 and 242 with T2 N0 M0 disease) received postoperative radiotherapy . The usual surgical procedure was simple mastectomy with axillary lymph node dissection. The chest wall was irradiated using 137Caesium up to 40 Gy, while supraclavicular, infraclavicular and axillary lymph node areas were irradiated using 5,7 MeV photons up to 45 Gy. The rate of local recurrence was 2,4% and 3,3% in stage T1 and T2 respectively. The corresponding projected ten-year-survival was 88% and 78%, respectively. These data and results obtained by others may strengthen the grounds for recommending conservative surgical approaches in early stage breast cancer, in combination with tumoricidal radiotherapy, individualized according to the anatomic tumor site. PMID- 6729854 TI - [Diagnosis and therapeutic aspects of epithelial thymomas]. AB - The authors present histopathology, clinical course, and therapy results of seven patients with epithelial thymomas who have been irradiated subsequently to operation between 1971 and 1981. Four patients are alive without tumors two to twelve years after radiotherapy. One patient died ten years after treatment without any sign of recurrence, two patients died from a local recurrence or metastases eight months and four years after diagnosis, respectively. The therapy of choice is a resection of tumorous tissues performed as completely as possible which succeeds mostly in sano in case of encapsulated thymomas. Our experiences show that an irradiation is indicated for inoperable or incompletely resected thymomas in order to decrease the high risk of local recurrences and to obtain favorable long-term results. PMID- 6729855 TI - [Whole-skin electron therapy: a therapeutic concept for mycosis fungoides and Sezary syndrome. 2: Therapy]. AB - The alterations of mycosis fungoides of a malignant T-cell lymphoma are extremely radiosensitive. In the treatment of the cutaneous manifestation of mycosis fungoides, the whole-skin electron therapy is superior to the superficial application of mechlorethamine (NH2), to photochemotherapy with psoralen and ultraviolet radiation as well as to chemotherapy as monotherapy and combined therapy. Complete remissions are to be expected in 93% of all cases after application of a high total dose of more than 30 Gy. After less than 10 Gy, this rate is 18%. A combination of whole-skin electron therapy (30 Gy) with chemotherapy or with a total lymphoid irradiation with 30 Gy represents a new approach for the treatment of advanced tumor stages. PMID- 6729856 TI - [Optomechanical device for radiotherapy planning with the computer tomograph]. AB - An opto-mechanical device is described allowing to register in computed tomography the displacements of the patient relative to the table plane. Furthermore, the transmission of the irradiation plan to simulator and therapy unit can be checked by means of this device. PMID- 6729857 TI - Dosimetrical verification of calculated total and gamma absorbed dose distributions DT, respectively DG, for fast neutron therapy. AB - The physical part of treatment planning for neutron therapy is highly important but quite more complicated than for photons and electrons due to the necessity of separation of total and gamma absorbed dose distributions (DT and DG). Therefore, dosimetrical verifications of dose distributions of complex treatment plans are very rare, and the experimental difficulties are enormous. A method using TLD-300 (CaF2: Tm) detectors is described with the ability to provide from each detector's readings both DT and DG using the different LET dependence of the main glow-curve peaks. The principle of an on-line computer program is given for an automatic mathematical glow-curve analysis which is necessary to achieve the accuracy of about +/- 5% (DT) and +/- 10% (DG) in single fixed fields. Dosimetrically relevant features of the TLD-300 method are discussed. Examples of dosimetrical verifications of calculated dose distributions (DT and DG) for a treatment with one single fixed field, with two wedge filter fields and with a rotational field with d(14)+Be neutrons are shown. Deviations exceeding significantly the uncertainties above are found only in the case of the wedge filter treatment for the absolute (quite less for the relative) values of the DG dose distribution. Probable reasons are mostly the reduced contribution of scattered radiation for phantom sizes, which laterally scarcely exceed the useful beam, and slight neutron energy spectrum changes by the wedge filter. PMID- 6729858 TI - [Effect of preoperative radiation on the success rate in the transplantation of human kidney cancer into thymus-aplastic nude mice]. AB - The authors investigated the influence of a preoperative irradiation on the rate of successful implantations and the growth behavior of human hypernephromas implanted into nude mice. No successful implantation was observed in hypernephromas preirradiated with a dose of 2000 rd, which was also confirmed by histologic examinations. The rate of successful implantation of 17 non preirradiated hypernephromas (10/17) is below that of the total group, and the rate of successful implantation in serial passage (6/17 = 35%) is markedly inferior. The clinical observation that the incidence of local recurrences is reduced by a preoperative irradiation is explained by our experimental findings. PMID- 6729859 TI - [Effect of brachytherapy and teletherapy on treatment results in primary vaginal cancer]. AB - From 1971 to 1977 99 cases of primary carcinoma of the vagina were treated at the Radiotherapy Department of the I. University Clinic for Gynecology and Obstetrics in Vienna. Radiotherapy was adapted individually as far as possible due to the different localisations and extensions of this tumor and to the vicinity of bladder and rectum, two very radiation-sensitive organs. Basically a three-phased scheme of treatment was intended: primarily a focal irradiation of the tumor by plaque-application, then combined intra-uterine and intra-vaginal radium insertion, followed by a vaginal cylinder. Thus the vaginal tissue is charged with about 32 Gy in a depth of 0,5 cm, the tumor itself with about 100 Gy. Percutaneous telecobalt irradiation was applied additionally following the method prescribed for carcinoma of the cervix uteri. A vulvo-perineal irradiation field was applied supplementarily , if the tumor was localised in the lower third of the vagina. 5-year overall remission rate amounted to 32% for the years 1971 to 1977; hence it was somewhat lower than for the total time observed (1950 to 1977), which was 39,8%. This could be explained by the sharp increase of very old patients and of progressed stages. For separate stages, the following 5-year healing rates were observed: stage I: 78%; stage II: 48%; stage III: 24% and stage IV: 19%. Recto-vaginal or vesico-vaginal fistulas occurred in 8% of the cases; less severe complications, such as cystitis or proctitis, were found in 41 and 43%, respectively. The effect of percutaneous telecobalt irradiation on the healing rate was marked in progressed cases, especially. Only 1 patient of 15 (7%), who were not treated by teletherapy, reached 5-year remission , as compared to 14 of 52 (27%), who received teletherapy. Stages I and II did not show a comparable difference. Intrauterine brachytherapy was of more importance for remission rate in early stages: 11 of 16 (69%) patients with stages I and II, who were treated with intrauterine curietherapy, survived 5 years or more; of those who did not have intrauterine insertion, only 6 of 15 (40%) reached 5-year remission . For stages III and IV, intrauterine curietherapy did not markedly change the healing rate. PMID- 6729860 TI - Intracranial ependymomas and ependymoblastomas. AB - Nineteen cases of intracranial ependymal tumors were reviewed to examine the prognostic factors influencing survival of the patients with this disease. The two most important predictive factors in relation to survival status were a histologic grade of tumors and a presence of hydrocephalus. The clinicopathological correlation in this study has supported the view of two distinct ependymal tumors; more curable ependymomas and highly malignant ependymoblastomas . PMID- 6729861 TI - [Current state and possibilities of radiotherapy in the inter- disciplinary treatment of malignancies of the stomach, pancreas and biliary tract. II. Pancreatic cancer]. AB - The extremely unfavorable prognosis of the carcinoma of the pancreas is due to the fact that a curative operation - even by ultraradical surgery - is already impossible in 75 to 90% of patients at the moment of diagnosis. Contrary to expectation this situation has not been essentially improved by the introduction of modern, non-invasive examination methods such as ultrasound and computed tomography. Thus medical science is confronted again with the task of searching for operation modalities, especially for patients whose tumors are curatively inoperable but still restricted to the pancreatic region. Today the efficacy of radiotherapy can be considered to be proved also with respect to the carcinoma of the pancreas. The available results seem to indicate that the effect of radiotherapy depends on the dose and that the combination of radiotherapy and chemotherapy is more efficient than radiotherapy alone. It is not known yet if the effect of additional chemotherapy is only of a locally adjuvant or also of a systemic nature. Similarly to the carcinoma of the stomach, direct intraoperative irradiation - alone or combined to percutaneous irradiation - brings about the greatest effect. The authors present the surgical, radiotherapeutic, and chemotherapeutic results achieved hitherto in the treatment of the locally advanced carcinoma of the pancreas. Further possibilities for the future use of radiotherapy are proposed in order to encourage the establishment and application of interdisciplinary therapy conceptions. PMID- 6729862 TI - [Radiotherapy and combined modality treatment of advanced gastrointestinal tumors. Analysis of morbidity in 101 patients]. AB - Despite numerous reports about combined therapy of gastrointestinal tumours no detailed analysis of considerably manifold side effect has been established. In this study the therapeutic results and morbidity of irradiation in 64 patients are compared with 37 courses of combined therapy for recurrences and/or metastases. Modalities in combined therapy consisted of radiotherapy and hyperthermia or chemotherapy, or chemotherapy and hyperthermia respectively. Toxicity from combined therapy was seen more frequently and pronounced, requiring variations in therapy management up to 54% versus 17% in patients irradiated. Dose reductions (15% vs. 8%), intervals (30% vs. 14%) and its duration (14 vs. 6 days) extended the overall treatment times. In 21% combined therapy was interrupted totally (vs. 11% mainly caused by non therapy specific other diseases, respectively rapid tumour progression) or in another 13% continued sequentially. No improved results were seen following combined therapy, but an intolerably high risk of serious complications (up to 71% in combination of radio and chemotherapy). With the dosages, fractionations and techniques used combined therapy can be performed only in a sequential course for palliation of advanced gastrointestinal tumours. We assume that morbidity of hyperthermia in most cases is considerably higher than its therapeutic gain. PMID- 6729863 TI - [Results of radiotherapy in recurrent colorectal tumors]. AB - 65 patients are presented who have been irradiated at the Radiologic University Hospital of M unster for recurrences of colorectal carcinomas primarily operated upon. In 54 cases the recurrence was located in the small pelvis, in 6 cases within the anastomotic region. The other patients showed cutaneous manifestations or an infestation of adjacent intestinal segments. Apart from the volume occupied by the tumor, the symptoms were above all marked pains. In 62% (40 patients), these pains could be controlled. 30% (19 patients) reported a considerable subjective improvement and 32% (21 patients) a marked diminution of pains. In 20% (13 patients) no modification was achieved, and 12 patients reported a deterioration of troubles. A prolonged survival time after irradiation of the recurrence was observed in those patients irradiated with a focal dose of more than 40 Gy. PMID- 6729864 TI - Prostatic cancer treated by external irradiation at the Rotterdam Radiotherapy Institute. AB - Two-hundred-seventy-nine patients, mainly with prostatic cancer category T3NXM0 and T4NXM0 , have been treated by a full-course of external irradiation. Five- and 10-year survivals and relapse-free survivals are comparable to reports in literature. Complications in about 24% of all cases are acceptable but might be reduced in future by more sophisticated techniques. Important prognostic factors were the T-category of the primary, the histological grade according to WHO and according to Gleason, and to a lesser extent vascular invasion in the biopsy specimen and the diagnostic procedure: either transurethral resection or needle biopsy. Combinations of WHO-grade, Gleason-grade and T-category are possibly the best prognosticators . Persisting, positive transrectal cytology after the irradiation is probably an indicator of a slightly increased risk of metastasis. In spite of hormone therapy after evidence of metastasis, prognosis is poor and not significantly influenced by any pre-irradiation prognosticator. PMID- 6729865 TI - [Treatment results in brain metastases with primary irradiation and after surgery and postoperative irradiation]. AB - 61 patients with cerebral metastases were treated between 1977 and 1982, 32 out of them were operated and postoperatively irradiated, 29 only irradiated. The irradiations were given for curative purposes. Sixteen patients were alive at the date of December 31, 1982. The survival times calculated with the method of Kaplan-Mayer were 10 months after surgery and irradiation and 5 months after irradiations alone. In case of metastases of the mammary carcinoma, surgery with irradiation seems to be an especially effective method, as is suggested by the median survival time of 35 months and the total absence of local recurrences. In most of the other cases, too, the prolonged survival time was accompanied by a good quality of life which lasted for a considerable period of time. Younger patients had a longer survival time than older patients. The results of a high dosed therapy with several daily fractions, namely 60 Gy within 17 days or 1825 ret NSD, respectively, were not (yet) better than those of conventional fractionation and dosage with 50 to 60 Gy in 5 to 6 weeks or 1572 to 1768 ret NSD, respectively. However, the value of this method was the same, its advantage lying in the shorter treatment time. Only in patients over 60 years, above all if they had received a total-brain irradiation with this method, we think to have seen a more frequent development of psychosyndromes. (The calculation of the survival times includes all cases, even patients who died during or shortly after radiotherapy). PMID- 6729866 TI - [CT diagnosis and radiotherapy in local recurrences after surgery of a rectal cancer]. AB - Computed tomography plays an important role in radiotherapy, especially in case of local recurrences after surgical treatment of a carcinoma of the rectum: it is important for the pretherapeutic diagnosis of the tumor, for the localization diagnosis, when the irradiation plan is established, and for checking-up the therapy effect. During the last two years, 37 patients with presacral recurrences were irradiated with high doses and examined before and after treatment. There was no difficulty to discern the foreign tissue presenting the density of soft tissue and to differentiate between recurrences and postoperative fibroses if the patients showed the typical pains. Normally a very good clinical result, but only few regressions of the tumor are achieved by a dose of 80 Gy within the rotation axis. PMID- 6729867 TI - [Dose-effect measurements as a basis for computer-assisted dose distribution planning in brachytherapy]. AB - A measuring unit is presented for the measurement of dose rate values around an iridium-192 source. The values determined by measurements are compared to the calculated values. Both show a good conformity, so they can be used as basis for a computer program. PMID- 6729868 TI - [Lymphocyte depletion after irradiation of the chest region dependent on irradiation technics]. AB - In a prospective alternating study, the mediastinum of patients with bronchial carcinomas was preoperatively irradiated with 2000 cGy in ten fractions for an isodose of 80% by Co-60 stationary field or pendulum therapy. The leucocyte and lymphocyte blood count was determined every day. It was found out that the lymphocyte depression was significantly higher after pendulum therapy than after stationary field therapy. This is explained by the fact that the lymphocyte depression is caused rather by the irradiation of lymphocytes in the blood stream than by the irradiation of bone marrow. PMID- 6729869 TI - Vertebral-basilar posterior cerebral territory stroke--delineation by proton nuclear magnetic resonance imaging. AB - We used three-dimensional proton NMR images to study ischemic infarction in the territory of the vertebral-basilar posterior cerebral circulation. The study includes sixteen cases, eight of which are presented in detail. In seven cases, the infarctions were secondary to demonstrable large artery occlusive disease -- vertebral, basilar, or posterior cerebral. In nine cases, the infarctions were secondary to what was presumably small vessel disease. In fifteen of the sixteen cases, NMR imaging could locate the infarct, inversion recovery and spin-echo pulse sequences being more sensitive than the saturation recovery pulse sequence. This efficiency rests on the high sensitivity of ischemic infarction to changes in T1 and T2 relaxation time, highlighted in the inversion recovery and spin-echo images, respectively. The additional advantages of the three-dimensional approach, and the lack of bone artifact, make NMR imaging superior to CT scanning in identifying areas of infarction in the territory of posterior cerebral circulation. PMID- 6729870 TI - Anticoagulant-related hemorrhage in acute cerebral embolism. AB - Five patients with nonseptic cerebral embolism of cardiac origin are reported in whom early anticoagulant therapy resulted in clinical deterioration or death from frank hemorrhage into the acute infarct. In each patient an initial CT scan excluded the presence of intracerebral hemorrhage and a second CT scan, after clinical deterioration had occurred, documented frank hemorrhage into the infarcted zone. All five patients had large infarctions in the right middle cerebral artery territory and three patients were mildly hypertensive. Four patients received heparin within 36 hours of their stroke and one was on warfarin at time of the embolism. Clinical deterioration occurred after intervals of several hours (2 cases), 5-6 days (2 cases) and 30 days (1 case). In only 2 patients was anticoagulant activity excessive at time of clinical deterioration. This report illustrates the danger of early anticoagulant therapy of acute nonseptic cerebral embolism, particularly in the setting of large infarction. PMID- 6729871 TI - Subarachnoid hemorrhage in an isolated population. Incidence on the Faroes during the period 1962-1975. AB - In a retrospective study of a 14-year period (1962-1975) the annual incidence of subarachnoid hemorrhage (SAH) was found to be 7.4 per 100,000 in an isolated population of about 40,000. The age-specific incidences in the age groups from 15 25 to 60 years are on the same level as found in Sweden, Rochester USA, England, and Iceland, but lower than the findings in Finland. The age-specific incidence among persons over 60 years of age was far lower than in Sweden, Rochester USA, and Finland. The possible causes of the lower incidence in all age groups than reported in the above-mentioned studies are discussed. Forty patients had a history of SAH. Two months after the episode 38% had died and at the end of 5 years 53%. The recurrence rate at 5 years was 24%. PMID- 6729872 TI - Atrial fibrillation, TIAs and completed strokes. AB - A retrospective survey of 1076 patients with completed strokes and 789 with transient ischemic attacks (TIAs) revealed that 5.6% of those with completed strokes but only 1.6% of those with TIAs were in atrial fibrillation. TIAs in the presence of atrial fibrillation tended to last longer than 60 minutes except in individuals who had coexistent carotid disease that might have been the source of their attacks. It is suggested that emboli from the fibrillating atrium rarely cause brief TIAs, and more usually cause 'long' TIAs or completed strokes. PMID- 6729873 TI - Clinical experience with the use of xenon-enhanced CT blood flow mapping in cerebral vascular disease. AB - Cerebral blood flow mapping with the xenon-enhanced/CT method has become a useful clinical tool in the management of patients with occlusive cerebral vascular disease. Studies involving 4-5 minutes of inhaling a xenon/oxygen mixture (less than or equal to 35%) can now be performed routinely with acceptable patient tolerance and compliance. Four cases with acute and chronic ischemic injuries are reported here to illustrate the manner in which this method has been used to characterize flow pattern in such patients and the relevance of this flow information to clinical patient management. PMID- 6729874 TI - CVD mortality, 1968-1978: observations and implications. AB - U.S. multiple cause of death data were examined for the period 1968-1978. Specifically, the role of cerebrovascular disease mortality as an underlying and associated cause of death was studied. The number of deaths where cerebrovascular disease was cited as the underlying cause of death declined much faster than the number of deaths where cerebrovascular disease was cited as the associated cause of death. This trend is indicative of a possible change in the role of cerebrovascular disease as an associated cause of death. Cause elimination life tables were constructed for cerebrovascular disease as the underlying cause of death and as any cause of death. In the general population, eliminating stroke as a cause of death is projected to have less impact in 1978 than in 1968, for men than for women, and for whites than for nonwhites. Tables were also constructed to examine the life expectancy gains for the group of individuals who died of cerebrovascular disease. For these individuals, the gain in life expectancy at birth ranges from 9 years for white males to 18 years for nonwhite females. PMID- 6729875 TI - A dynamic concept of middle cerebral artery occlusion and cerebral infarction in the acute state based on interpreting severe hyperemia as a sign of embolic migration. AB - The present study investigates the pathogenesis of focal cerebral hyperemia, its effect on brain tissue and discusses its pathophysiological and therapeutic importance in the light of interpreting severe hyperemia as a sign of arterial reopening probably due to embolic migration. Cerebral angiography, serial CT scans and serial TC99 -scans were performed in a consecutive group of 73 patients with completed stroke all admitted to hospital within 3 days after stroke onset. When possible the regional cerebral blood flow (rCBF) was studied with the intracarotid Xe 133 injection method. Twenty-nine patients had evidence of middle cerebral artery (MCA) occlusion; rCBF was investigated in 24. Fourteen patients had either occlusion or severe internal carotid artery (ICA) stenosis; rCBF was not measured in these patients. Thirty patients had no angiographical evidence of MCA occlusion, ICA occlusion or severe ICA stenosis; rCBF was investigated in 24. Focal hyperemia was observed in 21 patients but exclusively in the group with evidence of MCA occlusion. Hence, these 21 patients are typical and representative for the group of patients with evidence of MCA occlusion. Hyperemia was found in infarcted as well as in non-infarcted tissue. Apparently, it is the severity of the initial ischemic episode and not the hyperemia that determines whether or not tissue necrosis develops. Interpreting severe hyperemia as a sign of arterial reopening and embolic migration (evidenced by partial reopening affecting only some MCA branches) reopening had occurred in about 1/3 of the patients with MCA occlusion before they were examined 1 to 4 days after stroke onset. Autopsy studies performed in 8 of the patients with MCA occlusion indicate that arterial reopening also takes place in many patients later on (7 of 8). According to this interpretation, hypothetical as it is, the changing position of the embolus is associated with partial or complete reperfusion leading to hyperemia in the initially ischemic brain tissue. The hemodynamic basis for appropriate therapy therefore may change from one day to the next in the acute state of stroke due to MCA occlusion. PMID- 6729876 TI - Calcium independent contraction induced by iodoacetic acid in isolated cerebral arteries. AB - In helically-cut strips of cerebral arteries isolated from dogs and monkeys, the addition of 1 mM iodoacetic acid (IAA) produced contractions during an early period (5 to 10 min) and also a prolonged exposure (50 to 70 min). The early contraction was abolished by exposure to Ca++-free media containing EGTA, and significantly attenuated by treatment with procaine or dantrolene. Verapamil, lidocaine, ATP and pyruvate did not inhibit the contraction. On the other hand, the late contraction was not prevented by exposure to Ca++-free, EGTA-containing media and by treatment with procaine, dantrolene, lidocaine, ATP or pyruvate. Nitroglycerin and papaverine did not relax the IAA-contracted arteries. In dog and monkey mesenteric arteries and dog coronary, renal and femoral arteries, IAA elicited contractions after a prolonged exposure, which were not inhibited by soaking the preparations in Ca++-free, EGTA-containing media. Passive tensions developed by rapid stretch in Ca++-free media did not differ in IAA-treated and control arteries. During an early period of IAA actions, Ca++ appears to be released from intracellularly stored sites in the amount sufficient to produce significant contractions in cerebral, but not in peripheral arteries. It is concluded that the involvement of Ca++ in the late contraction induced by IAA is if any minimal, and such a contraction may be associated with functional alterations induced by the metabolic inhibitor in arterial tissues other than smooth muscle. PMID- 6729877 TI - Treatment of acute focal cerebral ischemia with propranolol. AB - Propranolol's potential as a protective agent against tissue injury has been noted in experimental myocardial, renal and early acute focal cerebral ischemia. The purpose of the present investigation was to study further the effects of racemic (d,l) propranolol on blood-brain barrier permeability, morphological changes, cortical electrical activity, and regional cerebral blood flow (rCBF) in experimental focal cerebral ischemia. Thirty adult cats, anesthetized with nitrous oxide, underwent 6 hours of right middle cerebral artery (MCA) occlusion. Fifteen cats were untreated. Fifteen cats were given a continuous infusion of racemic propranolol (1 mg/kg/hr) for 7 hours beginning 1 hour before MCA occlusion and a 4 mg/kg bolus immediately before occlusion, both directly into the right carotid artery. Right Sylvian rCBF did not significantly differ in the treated and untreated groups. Carbon filling defects and vital dye (i.e., Evans blue and fluorescein) extravasation were less severe in the propranolol treated animals. Light microscopic findings demonstrated no difference in infarct size between the two groups. The findings suggest that at doses given, racemic propranolol does not exert a protective effect upon cerebral tissue subjected to 6 hours of incomplete ischemia. PMID- 6729878 TI - Early mortality following stroke: a prospective review. AB - Analysis of early deaths after stroke is important, since some deaths may be preventable. Previous studies have relied on retrospective and often incomplete clinical data, for comparison with pathological findings. The present study is based on 1073 consecutive stroke patients admitted to an intensive care stroke unit from a well-defined population. There were 212 deaths within the first 30 days, yielding a mortality rate of 20%. Clinical, radiological, and laboratory data were collected prospectively according to a standardized protocol. Autopsies were performed on 90 of the 212 patients, and CT scanning on a further 27. Early mortality after stroke exhibits a bimodal distribution. One peak occurs during the first week, and a second during the second and third weeks. The majority of deaths in the first week are due to transtentorial herniation. Of these, deaths due to hemorrhage usually occur within the first three days, whilst deaths due to infarction peak between the third and sixth day post ictus. After the first week, deaths due to relative immobility (pneumonia, pulmonary embolism and sepsis) predominate, peaking towards the end of the second week. Cardiac deaths occur throughout the first month, and unfortunately account for many deaths in patients with small functional deficits. PMID- 6729879 TI - Neuropsychological performance one week after carotid endarterectomy reflects intra-operative ischemia. AB - Fourteen patients with severe bilateral carotid artery stenosis underwent carotid endarterectomy. Intra-operative ischemia was monitored by somatosensory evoked potentials (SSEP) bilaterally. Neuropsychological evaluations were completed within two days before operation and 4-9 days after operation. Complete loss of N1-P1 or P1-N2 components of the SSEP (seen in 4 patients) was associated with a worsening of neuropsychological abilities (p less than .01). Two of these patients subsequently had strokes (7 and 35 days after operation). No other patients in the series have had strokes. Patients whose N1-P1 or P1-N2 amplitudes decreased by 50% or more performed worse after operation than patients with less severe reductions in these amplitudes (p less than .02). Time since first ischemic symptoms, age, education, clamp time, pre-operative stroke, and interval from surgery to assessment were not statistically related to changes in neuropsychological abilities. Patients with ischemic events in the week prior to surgery tended to improve in neuropsychological abilities 4-9 days after operation (p less than .05). Recentness of ischemic episode, however, was not related to intra-operative SSEP change. Results suggest the potential utility of intra-operative SSEP monitoring and early post-operative neuropsychological assessments both for clinical and research purposes. PMID- 6729880 TI - Hemolysate-induced contraction in smooth muscle cells of the guinea pig basilar artery. AB - The hemolysate (10(-5)-10(-2) times dilution; original hemoglobin concentration was 0.83 +/- 0.10 X 10(-3)M) evoked the contraction in a dose dependent manner, and this contraction was composed of low and high sensitive responses as estimated from the Eadie-Hofstee's plot. Indomethacin (10(-7)-10(-5)M) inhibited the latter component in the hemolysate-induced contraction. The membrane potential of smooth muscle cells was -50 mV and the cell was electrically quiescent. The hemolysate (greater than 10(-2) times dilution) depolarized the membrane and increased the ionic conductance of membrane. In rare occasions, the spike potential was triggered on the hemolysate-induced depolarization. The hemolysate (10(-5)-3 X 10(-3) times dilution) produced the contraction with no change in the membrane property. Carbocyclic thromboxane A2 ( cTXA2 ; 2.8 X 10( 10)M) produced the contraction without depolarization of the membrane, yet the TXA2 synthesis inhibitor, OKY-1581 (10(-5)M), had no effect on the hemolysate induced contraction. PGE1, PGE2 and PGF2 alpha (2.8 X 10(-6)M) produced the contraction with no change in the membrane property. The contraction evoked by 2.8 X 10(-6)M PGF2 alpha corresponded well with that evoked by 3 X 10(-3) times dilution of the hemolysate. Removal of the endothelium by mechanical rubbing modified the hemolysate-induced contraction. Under the assumption that OKY-1581 is a selective inhibitor for TXA2 synthesis, the major part of the contraction (the indomethacin sensitive component) of the basilar artery is postulated to be due to synthesis of the primary PG rather than TXA2 by the hemolysate, yet the hemolysate itself, has to some extent a direct action in evoking the small contraction. PMID- 6729881 TI - A two-year longitudinal study of post-stroke mood disorders: dynamic changes in associated variables over the first six months of follow-up. AB - We are prospectively studying a group of 103 stroke patients over the first 2 years after infarction to determine the variables which are associated with the development of depression. At both 3 and 6 months post-stroke, patients with left hemisphere infarcts showed a strong relationship between severity of depression and distance of the lesion on CT scan from the frontal pole. The strength of this association was unchanged from the immediate post-infarction period. In contrast, the correlation between degree of functional physical impairment and severity of depression steadily increased over the 6 month follow-up. The correlation between severity of depression and Mini-Mental score or between depression and social functioning score dropped between in-hospital and 3 months but then increased significantly between 3 and 6 months post-stroke. Age did not correlate with depression beyond the acute post-stroke period. Whether the increasing strength of the relationships between impairment and depression over the first 6 months post-stroke indicates that continued depression led to delayed recovery or whether continued severe impairments led to depression is not known, however, this issue will be addressed in further data evaluation from this prospective study. PMID- 6729883 TI - Indirect assessment of carotid occlusive disease by ocular pneumoplethysmography. 500 mm Hg vacuum pressure measurements and ocular pulse timing. AB - The interpretation and diagnostic value of the ophthalmic artery pressure measurement and ocular pulse timing modes of the 500 mm Hg vacuum OPG-Gee ocular pneumoplethysmograph were evaluated in 65 patients who underwent aortic arch and cerebral arteriography. Data analysis revealed the OPG-Gee differential tracing which electronically compares and amplifies differences between the right and left eye pulse waveforms to be of little value. In predicting the presence of a greater than or equal to 50 percent diameter unilateral stenosis, an eye-eye pulse interval of greater than 15 msec was 82 percent accurate, a greater than or equal to 5 mm Hg ophthalmic artery pressure difference was 77 percent accurate and when combined these two criteria were 84 percent accurate. Neither of the criteria intended to detect bilateral carotid lesions, eye-ear pulse interval nor ophthalmic/brachial pressure index, were reliable. Ocular pulse timing was found to be highly specific but insensitive to hemodynamically significant carotid disease. OPG-Gee pressure determinations were more sensitive but lacked specificity. In combination, these criteria allowed identification of unilateral hemodynamically significant lesions with a sensitivity of 83 percent and a specificity of 86 percent. If used to detect more severe degrees of arteriographic stenosis, 60 and 70 percent diameter reduction, the overall diagnostic accuracy of these techniques was not improved. These results do not justify the use of the OPG-Gee instrument as a single noninvasive test for carotid arterial disease. PMID- 6729882 TI - The value of histopathological examination of surgically removed blood clot in determining the etiology of spontaneous intracerebral hemorrhage. AB - The surgical specimens from all evacuated spontaneous intracerebral and intracerebellar hemorrhages at the Toronto General Hospital from 1976 to 1981 were reviewed. Cases resulting from trauma or from pre-operatively diagnosed aneurysms or arteriovenous malformations were excluded, leaving 84 cases in which the etiology was unknown. Seventy-five of the cases were intracerebral hemorrhages, while 6 were intracerebellar and 3 were intraventricular. Brain tissue was received with the blood clot in 54 cases (64%). From this tissue, an anatomic diagnosis was made in 37 cases; and in 14, the specific etiology of the hemorrhage could be determined. The specific etiologic diagnoses were tumor (7), amyloid angiopathy (6) and abscess (1). In 4 other cases, vasculopathy associated with hypertension was suggested as a possible etiologic diagnosis. The high incidence of a specific etiologic diagnosis made from specimens in which tissue was included (25%) suggests that biopsy of adjacent brain tissue or preservation of tissue fragments identified at the time of surgery is of diagnostic value. PMID- 6729884 TI - Cerebral infarction with transient signs (CITS): do TIAs correspond to small deep infarcts in internal carotid artery occlusion? AB - Among 75 patients in whom internal carotid artery (ICA) occlusion was discovered on angiography, 5 presented with transient ischemic attacks (TIAs) without suffering a stroke. Although neurological examination was normal, all had evidence for one (in one instance two) hypodense lesion suggesting infarction contralateral to the neurological dysfunction on computed tomography (CT). These infarcts were small and deeply located, being indistinguishable from lacunes in most cases. We suggest that cerebral infarction with transient signs ( CITS ) may be a usual finding in patients with ICA occlusion who suffer isolated TIAs. In these cases, CITS may correspond to incomplete cerebral necrosis related to a well-developed collateral supply, or to recurrent ischemia in the region of an old "silent" infarct. CITS should be differentiated from TIAs, which may be diagnosed only in absence of visible structural lesion. PMID- 6729885 TI - Autoradiographic determination of brain pH following middle cerebral artery occlusion in the rat. AB - A method of quantitative autoradiography using 14C-labelled 5,5-dimethyl-2, 4 oxazolidinedione 14C-DMO to evaluate the local changes in brain pH after ischemia is described. In normal control rats the calculated tissue pH values in gray matter were slightly lower than those in white matter, and there was no significant difference in the calculated pH among the various structures in cortical and subcortical gray matter. Four hours after a left middle cerebral artery (MCA) occlusion, marked reductions in 14C-DMO concentrations were demonstrated in the anterior two-thirds of the cerebral cortex and in the lateral part of the caudate nucleus indicating tissue acidosis in these areas. Although several assumptions are required for the calculation of pH in brain tissue, this method would appear very useful in the investigation of the altered metabolic state in ischemic brain. PMID- 6729886 TI - Butanediol induced cerebral protection from ischemic-hypoxia in the instrumented Levine rat. AB - To determine if 1,3-Butanediol (BD), which protects mice from hypoxia, would extend the tolerance of rats to ischemic-hypoxia, the Levine rat (unilateral carotid ligation and conscious hypoxic exposure) was modified to record mean arterial pressure (BP), heart rate (HR), central venous pressure (CVP), spontaneous respiration and EEG. Age and weight matched, male, Sprague-Dawley rats were anesthetized under halothane (1-2%), ligated, instrumented, and recovered 2 hrs before hypoxia (4.5% oxygen). Thirty minutes prior to hypoxia, groups of rats received, BD (47 mmoles/kg i.v.; n = 7), equal volumes of saline (S) (n = 6) or no-infusion (NI) (n = 7). Since no significant difference was observed between S and NI they were combined into a single control group (C). In a parallel group administered BD, resultant beta- hydroxybutarate ( BHB ) levels increased from 0.13 +/- 0.02 to 0.84 +/- 0.03 mM and temperature declined only 1.5 degrees C. The EEG of all ischemic-hypoxic rats invariably became isoelectric before cessation of spontaneous respiration and eventual loss of BP. BD significantly (p less than 0.01, Student's t) increased ischemic-hypoxic tolerance (time to isoelectric EEG) from 875 +/- 56 for the control group to 1338 +/- 67 seconds for the BD group, without changing the interval from isoelectric EEG to loss of BP. Further, EEG activity persisted at a lower mean BP (p less than 0.01) in the BD group (44 +/- 5 mm Hg) than in the control group (66 +/- 4 mm Hg). In summary, isoelectric EEG invariably precedes ventilatory failure and cardiovascular collapse. BD increases ischemic-hypoxic tolerance in the conscious rat by extending, at a lower mean BP, the time to isoelectric EEG. PMID- 6729887 TI - PH changes on the surface of brain and in cisternal fluid in dogs in cardiac arrest. AB - We measured brain surface pH and cisternal cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) acid-base variables in Na-pentobarbital anesthetized dogs during KCl induced cardiac arrest. Electrocardiographically, an agonal rhythm occurred within seconds, presumably resulting in rapid fall in cerebral blood flow. The mean arterial blood pressure fell from 125 +/- 22 (mean +/- 1 SD) to 35 +/- 28 mm Hg at 30 seconds and to 19 +/- 3 mm Hg at 60 seconds after KCl injection. The mean brain surface pH (n = 8) dropped abruptly from 7.30 to 6.80 within 3 minutes after induction of cardiac arrest. Changes in cisternal CSF pH, however, occurred slowly with the mean pH falling from 7.33 to 7.27 at 4 minutes and to 6.99 at 10 minutes after induction of cardiac arrest. The fall in cisternal CSF pH was due to a rise in CSF concentration of organic acids as well as a rise in CSF Pco2; the mean cisternal CSF [HCO3-] fell 3.6 mEq/l while the mean cisternal CSF lactate concentration and the mean CSF Pco2 rose, respectively, 2.1 mEq/l and 37.8 mm Hg 10 minutes after induction of cardiac arrest. We conclude that during acute ischemic anoxia gross pH disequilibria develop between brain extracellular fluid and cisternal CSF; analyses of the latter fluid provide unreliable information about brain metabolic status and its acid-base balance even up to ten minutes after induction of cardiac arrest. PMID- 6729888 TI - Behavioral performance of rats following transient forebrain ischemia. AB - Rats subjected to transient forebrain ischemic injury by the method of four vessel occlusion (4-VO) develop irreversible injury to select populations of vulnerable neurons which include pyramidal cells in the CA-1 region of the hippocampus. This brain area is thought to be crucial for learning and memory. Rats subjected to 30 minutes of 4-VO, and then cerebral reperfusion were tested on a radial 8-arm maze task after they had recovered. The data shows that both 4 VO and control animals improve their performance over trials, but that 4-VO rats are impaired on "working" and "reference" tasks. The data suggest that 4-VO rats' impaired "working" performance is permanent, compared to their transient "reference" impairment. Alterations in sensorimotor activity could not account for these performance deficits since control and 4-VO rats demonstrated equivalent choice time per maze arm. Performance deficits in rats following forebrain ischemic injury may be similar to some of the cognitive deficits found in humans survivors of cerebral hypoxia-ischemia. PMID- 6729889 TI - Idiopathic basilary artery occlusion in childhood (case report). AB - A case of basilar artery occlusion in a 16-year-old-girl has been reported. Reports of 20 such cases occurring in children have been reviewed. In children, basilar artery occlusion is more common in males; no previous case above the age of 3 years has been reported in females. There were preceding TIA's and RIND in the vertebro-basilar territory. PMID- 6729890 TI - The International Cooperative Study on Timing of Aneurysm Surgery--an update. AB - The timing of aneurysm surgery is one of the major controversies in the management of subarachnoid hemorrhage. The Cooperative Aneurysm Study is conducting an international epidemiological study to determine mortality and morbidity related to timing of surgery. From January, 1981 to July, 1983 over 3,500 patients have been registered from 68 centers. This preliminary report updates the progress of the study, describes the patient population, and presents overall outcome results. PMID- 6729891 TI - Cerebral blood flow in the four-vessel occlusion rat model. PMID- 6729892 TI - The EEG in lacunar strokes. PMID- 6729893 TI - [Nasopharyngeal tumors]. PMID- 6729894 TI - [Endoscopic diagnosis of nasopharyngeal tumors]. PMID- 6729895 TI - [Therapy results of nasopharyngeal cancers]. PMID- 6729896 TI - [Metastasizing behavior of nasopharyngeal cancer--current diagnostic and therapeutic consequences]. PMID- 6729897 TI - [Irradiation of the maxillofacial area. Preventive measures]. PMID- 6729898 TI - [Fixation of patients with tumors of the head and neck area by individual irradiation masks]. PMID- 6729899 TI - [Malignant lymphomas of the nasopharynx, nose and paranasal sinuses]. PMID- 6729900 TI - [Radiotherapy of malignant lymphomas of the epipharynx]. PMID- 6729903 TI - [Chemotherapy of metastatic nasopharyngeal cancer]. PMID- 6729901 TI - [Results of radiation treatment of lymphomas of the nasopharynx and adjacent face skull regions]. PMID- 6729904 TI - [Combined radiologic-cytostatic treatment in advanced nasopharyngeal cancer and recurrence]. PMID- 6729902 TI - [Possibilities of intracavity afterloading therapy of cancer of the pharynx and oral cavity]. PMID- 6729905 TI - [Radiologic diagnosis of nasopharyngeal tumors]. PMID- 6729906 TI - [Radiotherapy of nasopharyngeal tumors]. PMID- 6729907 TI - [Cancer of the epipharynx: criteria for local tumor regression and healing following percutaneous radiotherapy]. PMID- 6729908 TI - [Late results in exclusively irradiated and healed patients with malignant epipharyngeal tumors]. PMID- 6729909 TI - [Results of radiation treatment of lymphoepithelial and undifferentiated cancers of the nasopharynx and mouth]. PMID- 6729910 TI - [Cobalt 60 radiotherapy of nasopharyngeal tumors 1963-1969]. PMID- 6729911 TI - [Classification and clinico-pathologic correlation of nasopharyngeal cancer]. PMID- 6729912 TI - [Prognosis of nasopharyngeal tumors in relation to histologic classification]. PMID- 6729913 TI - [Results of percutaneous radiotherapy of advanced and incompletely operated epipharyngeal cancers]. PMID- 6729914 TI - [Treatment results in nasopharyngeal cancer following cobalt teletherapy]. PMID- 6729915 TI - [Radiotherapy of nasopharyngeal cancer: treatment results 1974-1982 at Cologne university clinics]. PMID- 6729916 TI - The intracapsular-extracapsular controversy. PMID- 6729917 TI - Extracapsular cataract extraction with and without intraocular lenses. PMID- 6729918 TI - Phacoemulsification with posterior chamber intraocular lenses. PMID- 6729919 TI - Factors affecting cystoid macular edema and postoperative inflammation. PMID- 6729920 TI - Pseudophakic ophthalmopathy: epidemiology and management. PMID- 6729921 TI - Parachute cataract surgery. PMID- 6729923 TI - Secondary implantation of intraocular lenses. PMID- 6729922 TI - Secondary implantation of anterior chamber lenses. PMID- 6729924 TI - A capsular-fixated posterior chamber lens with statistical evaluation. PMID- 6729925 TI - The neodymium: YAG laser. PMID- 6729926 TI - Surgical results of cataract and lens implant surgery. PMID- 6729927 TI - Astigmatism in cataract surgery. PMID- 6729928 TI - The evolution of IOL power calculations. PMID- 6729929 TI - The endothelium and the IOL. PMID- 6729931 TI - Anterior chamber implants: theoretical and practical considerations. PMID- 6729930 TI - Posterior chamber lens design and evolution. PMID- 6729932 TI - Basic principles of IOL design. PMID- 6729933 TI - Evaluation of a capsular envelope for fixation of IOLs and complications of posterior chamber IOLs. PMID- 6729935 TI - Incidence of antibody formation and positive direct antiglobulin tests in a multitransfused hemodialysis population. AB - In order to determine the degree and significance of red cell antibody production by dialysis patients, two groups of patients were studied retrospectively. One hundred and five randomly selected dialysis patients (Group I) receiving a total of 1074 units of blood were reviewed, as were 38 patients who were given frozen thawed red cells because of intractable nonhemolytic febrile reactions following transfusions of red cells stored conventionally (Group II). Eleven patients in Group I produced alloantibodies: nine after the start of dialysis. Of these, two patients had antibodies that were judged clinically insignificant. Eleven of 38 patients in Group II had red cell alloantibodies at the time of study, four of which were judged clinically significant. The direct antiglobulin test (DAT) was positive in 14 patients in Group I and eight patients in Group II for an overall percentage of 15. The cause of the positive DAT was determined in eluates for 26 percent of the cases studied. Clinically significant antibodies were produced by 6.7 percent of randomly selected dialysis patients (Group I). This incidence is lower than other chronically transfused patient populations reported, but higher than that reported in transfused patients at large. The incidence of positive DATs was higher than in some populations reported but not others. PMID- 6729934 TI - Quantitation of the third component of complement on stored red cells. AB - By means of an automated anti-C3c consumption technic, we quantitated the molecules of the third component of human complement (containing the C3c fragment) that accumulate on red cells (RBCs) during liquid whole-blood storage. Calibrated C-3 sensitized zymosan particles ( ZyC3 ) were used as standards for bound C3. Although the dose-response curves of anti-C3c neutralization by ZyC3 and stored RBCs were similar, mathematical analysis showed that the shapes of these two sigmoidal curves were significantly different. This indicated that the large C3 molecules bound to stored RBCs differed antigenically from those bound to ZyC3 . Despite this difference, the former could be quantitated adequately by the automated anti-C3c consumption technic. Red cell-bound large C3 molecules were measured following various periods of storage at 4 degrees C of whole blood samples (n=102). An average of 48 molecules were detected on RBCs stored for 21 days. Statistical analysis of these data indicated that during storage at 4 degrees C there was a continuous accumulation of C3 on RBCs, followed by cleavage of C3c fragments. The degree of agglutination of stored RBCs with anti-C3c was proportional to the number of cell-bound large C3 molecules. PMID- 6729936 TI - Characterization of various anti-Pr cold agglutinins. AB - Forty -one samples of anti-Pr cold agglutinins (CA) were studied. The titers ranged from 4 to 32,000. As is the case with cold agglutinins of other specificities, immunoglobulin class M and k-type light chains predominated with anti-Pr CA. On the other hand, the few IgM lambda, IgG, and IgA found were associated preferentially with anti-Pr specificity. All anti-Pr CA were inhibited by human red cell membrane sialoglycoproteins. On the basis of an increased inhibition by sialoglycoproteins after periodate oxidation and carbodiimide treatment, respectively, three anti- Pr2 and five anti-Pr3 were found. Among 24 anti-Pr1 CA subclassified on the basis of agglutination with dog red cells, six were anti- Pr1h , 16 were anti- Pr1d , and two did not fit into the subclassification. Similar to the anti- Pr1h , - Pr1d subclassification, anti-Pr3 CA could be subclassified into anti- Pr3h , - Pr3d . Three anti-Pra examples were found. None of the anti-Pr CA was inhibited by N-acetylneuraminic acid; some (5/35) were inhibited by sialyllactose, NeuAc alpha 2-3 2-6 Gal beta 1-4Glc, in high doses (5.0-20.0 mM). PMID- 6729937 TI - A human alloanti-N enhanced by acid media. AB - The serum from a 47-year-old man who had not been transfused previously was tested with reagent red cells selected from different commercial manufacturers to confirm the presence of an alloanti -N. Agglutination of homozygous N-positive red cells at 22 degrees C ranged from score 3 to 12. This variable reactivity was found to be due to pH, and the optimal reactivity was in test media below pH 7. PMID- 6729938 TI - Hydrogen ion maintenance improves the chemotaxis of stored granulocytes. AB - Through technological advances in granulocyte collection, it has become possible to collect neutrophils (PMNs) routinely in high concentration (greater than 5 X 10(7) PMN/ml) for transfusion. Previous studies in this laboratory suggested that storage of neutrophils for transfusion at high PMN concentrations resulted in impaired adenosine triphosphate (ATP) and hydrogen ion maintenance. The studies we report here were designed to assess the effect of PMN storage at concentrations which are usual (2 X 10(7) PMN/ml), intermediate (5 X 10(7) PMN/ml), and high (8 X 10(7) PMN/ml) on chemotactic responses, and to identify variables which are easily measured and might predict the chemotactic function of stored PMNs. Granulocyte concentrates were stored in plastic bags at 2,5, and 8 X 10(7) PMN per ml, with or without 15 mM bicarbonate (HCO3). The random migration (RM) chemotaxis (CTX), ATP, and relative cell size (VOL) of the fresh and stored cells and the pH, glucose, and lactate concentrations in the supernatant medium were measured in the freshly prepared units after 24 and 48 hours storage at room temperature. We found that RM, CTX, ATP, glucose, and pH decreased significantly (p less than .02) following storage for 24 and 48 hours, particularly in units stored at the higher cell concentrations. Cell volume and lactate increased significantly with storage for 24 and 48 hours, and these values were also greater in units stored at the higher cell concentration (p less than .02).(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS) PMID- 6729939 TI - Function of irradiated polymorphonuclear leukocytes obtained by buffy-coat centrifugation. AB - Several studies suggest that transfusion of polymorphonuclear leukocytes (PMNs) may be beneficial in the treatment of septic neonatal patients. Because of expense, donor availability, and the technical effort involved in obtaining PMNs by intermittent or continuous flow leukapheresis, buffy coat centrifugation of whole blood has been suggested as an alternative source. An in vitro study was performed to determine whether PMNs collected by this method have adequate oxidative and migratory function measured by chemiluminescence (CL) and chemotaxis under agarose (CT), respectively. Whole blood samples from six adult volunteers were drawn into citrate-phosphate-dextrose-adenine-one and stored at 4 degrees C for 0 to 48 hours. One-half of each sample was irradiated with 1500 rads. PMNs isolated from the buffy coat of these samples had greater than 80 percent normal CT and CL following 0 to 28 hours of storage in whole blood. Irradiation caused no depression in function. Units of whole blood yielded 1.11 +/- 0.40 X 10(9) PMNs per unit. This study indicates that transfusion of radiated PMNs obtained from stored whole blood that is less than 28 hours old is reasonable to use in studies involving PMN transfusions. PMID- 6729940 TI - Preparation of granulocyte concentrates for neonatal patient transfusion. AB - As an adjunct to antibiotic therapy, granulocytes for infusion often are required within hours of the diagnosis of neonatal sepsis. The logistics of obtaining granulocytes by leukapheresis were evaluated in order to provide, at short notice, a low volume, highly concentrated product. An average of 4.0 X 10(9) granulocytes in a mean volume of 101.5 ml of plasma was collected after processing an average of 3 liters of blood from each of three donors. Following centrifugation of these products, the volume of the final products was reduced by an average of 54.3 percent, while only 10.2 percent of the granulocytes were lost. One of the products, containing 4.8 X 10(9) granulocytes in a volume of 44 ml, was infused into a 3.4 kg septic neonatal patient within 4 hours of receipt of the order by the blood bank. We conclude that it is possible to collect high concentrations of granulocytes for neonatal transfusion in a timely manner by following the protocol described in this report. PMID- 6729941 TI - A microtiter plate technique for the detection of platelet antibodies and platelet antigen typing. AB - A microtiter plate assay is described for platelet serologic studies. The assay is based on an indirect radiolabeled antiglobulin test. The test was performed in microtiter wells of 400 microliter capacity manufactured to form strips that fit into a standard 96-well carrier. The strips were broken apart and placed into tubes for counting in a gamma counter. The technique does not require fixation of the platelets to the wells. Freshly collected platelets or platelets that have been stored frozen in 5 percent dimethylsulfoxide can be used. Results are presented using the technique for platelet alloantibody identification, platelet antigen typing, and platelet crossmatching. PMID- 6729942 TI - The frequency of granulocyte-specific antibodies in postpartum sera and a family study of the 6B antigen. AB - We examined sera from 2313 postpartum women as a potential source of granulocyte specific antibodies. Lymphocyte cytotoxic (LC) antibodies were detected in 397 (17.2%) specimens and granulocyte agglutinating (GA) antibodies in 291 (12.6%). Only two GA positive sera had reactivity for previously defined granulocyte specific antigens (one NA1 and NB1 ). One additional serum had GA reactivity similar to a serum previously reported by van Rood and called anti-6B. The frequency of granulocyte specific antibodies (0.1 percent) in our study indicates that the productivity of random screening of parous sera for granulocyte specific antibodies is low. A four-generation family study of the 6B antigen demonstrated a parallel association between HLA-B7 and B40 and 6B reactivity in the LC, GA, and granulocyte immunofluorescence (GIF) assay. This illustrates that the granulocyte reactivity of anti-6B is not granulocyte specific but is HLA related. This report provides additional evidence that HLA antibodies such as anti-B7 (6B) can react with granulocytes bearing these antigens in the GA and GIF assays currently used to identify granulocyte specific antibodies. PMID- 6729943 TI - Protein and colloid osmotic pressure changes with albumin and/or saline replacement during plasma exchange. AB - Colloid osmotic pressure (COP) has been used as a predictor of fluid egress from the vascular space and edema development in the lungs and elsewhere. We investigated the relative safety, as predicted by the COP, of 5 percent albumin plus saline and 5 percent albumin alone as replacement fluids during plasma exchange. Fifty-three one and one-half plasma volume exchanges were performed in 15 patients with a variety of diagnoses using intermittent flow cell separators. On specimens obtained, before, during, and after each plasma exchange, the COP was measured directly with a membrane oncometer , and total protein, albumin, and protein electrophoresis were determined using standard biochemical techniques. COP dropped significantly with one to one 5 percent albumin replacement but even more with one-half 5 percent albumin and one-half saline replacement during the exchange. COP did not fall below 12.5 torr at the end of the plasma exchange, even with one-half saline replacement, compared to the 10 to 12 torr level at which pulmonary edema might be expected. The fall in COP during exchange when saline was given first did approach this range but rapidly reversed itself with albumin administration. Clinically, no evidence of tissue or pulmonary edema was observed. Recovery in total protein and COP between plasma exchanges was significant. PMID- 6729944 TI - Variant of type B blood in an El Salvador family. Expression of a variant B gene enhanced by the presence of an A2 gene. AB - A variant of type B blood was found in three members of a family from El Salvador. In two members, both genotype BO, the blood and saliva had the characteristics of the phenotype Be1 . In the third member, genotype A2B, the red cell B antigen was stronger than in his BO genotype relatives. Thus, in this family, the presence of the A2 gene appeared to enhance the expression of the B gene. PMID- 6729945 TI - Territorial issues addressed through regionalization. AB - Possibly no structural issue in blood banking is as problematic as that of service "territory." The Regionalization Program of the American Blood Commission has worked with numerous regions in an effort to achieve a rational resolution of territorial issues. This paper discusses approaches utilized by these regions and results achieved. It provides a discussion of an alternate model that facilitates resolution of some problems. This information may be beneficial to regions that encounter similar problems. PMID- 6729946 TI - The rare red cell phenotype Gerbich negative in Japanese. AB - Two Japanese propositi with the rare Gerbich -negative (Ge-) phenotype were found by screening serum of donors for antibodies. These are the first two examples of Ge negative in Japanese. Both had the Gerbich type of Ge-negative phenotype (Ge: 1, -2, -3,), showed some depression of Kell system antigens, and had anti-Ge in their sera. The parents of each of the propositi were first cousins, and one of the propositi had two Ge-negative siblings. PMID- 6729947 TI - An apparent anti-I reacting only in low-ionic-strength solutions. PMID- 6729948 TI - HBsAg in blood donors. PMID- 6729949 TI - Small bowel transplantation. PMID- 6729950 TI - Primary integumentary xenograft reactivity in the American cockroach, Periplaneta americana. AB - The nature of cell-mediated immunity in the American cockroach (Periplaneta americana) was studied by observing the events involved in graft reactivity. Adult roaches received integumentary xenografts from Blaberus giganteus, as well as control autografts. Grafts were scored histologically by counting the number of nuclei in a 100-mu-wide area under the center of the graft. The data showed that the reaction to the xenografts was characterized by quick recognition of foreignness by day 3 posttransplantation, followed by a slow decline in the cellular response, which lasted for more than 70 days. Control autografts did not appear to stimulate a reaction. Histological examination of xenografts revealed a disruption of the normal cytoarchitecture by a heavy cellular infiltrate. Our findings indicate that the outcome of the response to foreign integument in the roach is more characteristic of an encapsulation reaction than a classic rejection reaction. PMID- 6729951 TI - Pregnancy-induced monoclonal antibody to a unique fetal antigen. AB - An IgM monoclonal antibody was produced by fusing maternal splenic lymphocytes obtained on the day of delivery of the first litter in a WF X DA mating with P3 653 myeloma cells, and at the time when the lymphocytes were isolated there was no circulating antibody in the pregnant animal. The monoclonal antibody had the same specificity as the antibodies in the postpartum pregnancy serum: it reacted with a unique class I MHC antigen, designated the pregnancy-associated (Pa) antigen, which is not one of the currently known, haplo-type-specific class I antigens. The use of recombinant strains mapped the locus encoding the Pa antigen to the region of RT1.A and to the left of RT1.B. PMID- 6729952 TI - Immunoglobulin (Gm) allotype frequencies in idiopathic membranous nephropathy and minimal change nephropathy. AB - 40 Caucasoid patients with idiopathic membranous nephropathy (IMN) and 49 Caucasoid patients with minimal change nephropathy (MCN) were immunoglobulin allotyped for the Gm markers G1m (1, 2, 3) and G3m (5, 11, 21). Compared with normal controls the IMN group had a significantly decreased incidence of the G1m (3); G3m (5, 11) phenotype (P = less than 0.005). This decrease was accompanied by concommitant increase in both the G1m (1, 3); G3m (5, 11, 21) and the G1m (1, 2, 3); G3m (5, 11, 21) phenotypes. The result was most pronounced in IMN patients with deteriorating renal function. In contrast no significant differences were observed between the Gm phenotype frequencies of the MCN patients and controls. PMID- 6729953 TI - Comprehensive care essential to success in diabetic nephropathy. AB - Planning treatment for the diabetic with progressive renal insufficiency requires allowance for the high probability that coincident multisystem disease will develop. By establishing a team approach, the patient is protected from the stress of having conflicting treatment protocols prescribed by physicians concerned with only one organ or system. The majority of uremic diabetics can survive at least the first three years of dialysis or renal transplantation with preserved sight and intact limbs. It may be anticipated that the proportion of nephropathic diabetics who attain rehabilitation will continue to increase. PMID- 6729954 TI - Approaches to the artificial heart. PMID- 6729955 TI - Artificial heart substitution: the total or auxiliary artificial heart. PMID- 6729956 TI - Current status of research and development of artificial hearts in Japan. PMID- 6729957 TI - Past, present, and future of mechanical circulatory support. PMID- 6729959 TI - The disturbed patient and general hospital care. PMID- 6729958 TI - The costs of primary health care. PMID- 6729960 TI - On a national drug policy for Bangladesh. PMID- 6729961 TI - Ocular injuries following assault in Lesotho. PMID- 6729962 TI - Maternity care in the Sudd, southern Sudan. PMID- 6729963 TI - Introduction of a home- and clinic-based growth chart in Dominica. PMID- 6729965 TI - Heat treatment of cutaneous leishmaniasis. PMID- 6729964 TI - Nurse practitioners in Ghana: a follow up. PMID- 6729966 TI - Suprapubic punch cystostomy. PMID- 6729967 TI - Management of tuberculosis in rural areas. PMID- 6729968 TI - Application of WHO Essential Drugs in practice. PMID- 6729969 TI - Supply of essential drugs for church hospitals in Ghana. AB - Based on the results of an inquiry, answered by 39 out of the 53 rural Church hospitals and clinics in Ghana, a list of 34 indispensable drugs was compiled. At a cost of less than US $600 000 it is possible to provide all Church health institutions (30% of all health facilities in Ghana) with these 34 essential drugs for one year (at 1982 prices). When the drugs are prepacked in Units, distribution can easily be carried out from a very limited number of distribution points, without the need for extensive logistic provisions such as trucks, stores, personnel and security checks. PMID- 6729970 TI - Appropriate technology for clinical medicine in the developing world. PMID- 6729972 TI - Psychiatric illness and the general physician in a developing country. PMID- 6729971 TI - Anxiety and depression, and the general doctor. PMID- 6729973 TI - Evaluation of primary health care: approaches, comments and criticisms. PMID- 6729974 TI - Post-exposure intradermal antirabies vaccine: a cheaper alternative for developing countries. AB - Intradermal (i.d.) human diploid-cell vaccine (HDCV) has been routinely used for post-exposure treatment of rabies at a rural mission hospital in central Thailand since 1979. Four 0.1 ml doses have been given over a fortnight, reconstituted vaccine being regularly stored for repeated use. No significant side effects have been encountered. Consistent antibody formation has been shown. In patients followed up for one year no case of rabies has been observed. Post-exposure intradermal HDCV is safer and more effective than nervous tissue vaccine and is of moderate cost. It should be more widely employed within the Third World. PMID- 6729975 TI - The paradox of amputation in the presence of healing. PMID- 6729976 TI - Local treatment of cutaneous leishmaniasis. PMID- 6729977 TI - Comparison of barium swallow and fibreoptic oesophagoscopy for diagnosis of oesophageal varices in Nairobi, Kenya. PMID- 6729978 TI - Upper gastrointestinal endoscopy in a rural hospital: a facility assessed. AB - In an isolated hospital in Pakistan, upper gastrointestinal endoscopy has been used to clarify the pathological cause and significance of common symptoms. Indications for its use include dysphagia, vomiting, and epigastric pain related to meals. In small hospitals where results of barium studies are unsatisfactory, endoscopy, easily learned and rapidly carried out, can be a more informative and cost-effective alternative. PMID- 6729979 TI - Management of uterine fibroids at the University of Benin Teaching Hospital. AB - One hundred and eighty cases of uterine fibroids out of the two hundred treated in a gynaecological unit in a 7-year period are reviewed. The incidence of uterine fibroids among gynaecological conditions was 3.2% and it accounted for 3.6% of the operations. The peak age incidence was at 31-40 years (46%). Twenty per cent of those affected were grand multiparae. The commonest clinical features were abdominal swelling, infertility, abdominal pain, menorrhagia and dysmenorrhoea. Most of the patients were treated surgically with myomectomy (68%), mainly on account of the low parity and age. There was increased morbidity among those who had hysterectomy; 2 deaths occurred in this group. We have advocated liberal use of myomectomy , with its preservation of menstrual and reproductive function. PMID- 6729980 TI - Urine test to monitor dapsone self-administration in leprosy. PMID- 6729981 TI - Dua Dua Theatre: an experiment in health education. AB - This is an account of an attempt to use theatre as a tool to alleviate health problems. The advantages of using a trained theatre group, and the benefits to audiences and to performers are discussed in the context of two plays devised and presented to community (primary) schools within a province of Papua New Guinea. No formal evaluation has been attempted, but audience involvement and participation has been enthusiastic. PMID- 6729982 TI - Microfilaremia and peak expiratory flow rate, Philippines. AB - We studied the peak expiratory flow rate in residents of two villages in the Philippines; one with a high prevalence, one with an intermediate prevalence of microfilaremia. We also determined the presence and level of microfilaremia in the individuals by examining thick films of 40 cmm of peripheral blood taken at night. We have found that the slope of the peak expiratory flow with age is steeper in the village with a high prevalence of microfilaremia and that it is also steeper in individuals from the high prevalence village with microfilaremia as compared with those without parasitemia. We conclude that there is a relationship between the presence of microfilariae and airflow obstruction. PMID- 6729984 TI - Serum cholesterol and triglycerides in childhood nephrotic syndrome in northern Nigeria. A preliminary report. AB - Serum total cholesterol and triglycerides were measured in 18 nephrotic and 14 control children. The values of the two lipids were significantly elevated in nephrotic children. The control values also were elevated when compared with normal values in Nigerian adults. There was a positive linear correlation between serum total cholesterol and triglycerides, so that one of them could be used for follow-up of patients. Hyperlipidaemia constitutes an additional factor in the poor prognosis of Nigerian children with nephrotic syndrome. Longitudinal studies of serum lipids in nephrotic children are advocated. PMID- 6729983 TI - Parasites found in the mouths of inhabitants of three villages of South Kalimantan (Borneo), Indonesia. AB - Infection rates of parasites in the oral cavity were compared for two study areas in South Kalimantan, Indonesia. Penguiran and Sungai Baru, two adjacent villages, were considered a single study area and were inhabited by 151 individuals ranging from 2 to 70 years. Tanah Intan, the second study area, had a population of 265 persons who also ranged from 2 to 70 years. The standard of living was low in all the villages (average of 450 U.S. dollars per family per year). Teeth and gums were examined by standard diagnostic techniques. Material from infected gums was examined for parasites. Of the 373 individuals studied, 49 were infected with Entamoeba gingivalis, 1 with Entamoeba histolytica, 19 with Trichomonas tenax, and 14 with Candida sp. The infection rates in the first study area were substantially lower than in the second study area. PMID- 6729985 TI - Amoebic hepatic abscess with leukaemoid reaction. AB - A case of amoebic liver abscess with leukaemoid reaction is reported. The leucocyte count was 81.000 cells/cmm with a shift to the left. PMID- 6729986 TI - Periodontitis diabetica. A case report from Nigeria. AB - A 16-year-old female presented with severe chronic periodontitis and previously unsuspected diabetes mellitus. Her diabetes was mild initially. As the periodontitis improved with antibiotics, het diabetic control worsened because she was able to eat more. In the light of their personal observations and this case report, the authors believe there to be a direct association between diabetes mellitus and periodontitis. PMID- 6729987 TI - Acute intestinal obstruction from a granuloma due to Schistosoma hematobium in the appendix. AB - A case of acute intestinal obstruction due to a granuloma caused by Schistosoma haematobium in the appendix is presented. The patient came from a pure S. haematobium area and only S. haematobium eggs were identified. The granuloma turned the appendix into a cingulum that caused an intestinal strangulation. PMID- 6729988 TI - Machakos project studies No. XXIV. Anthropometric changes during pregnancy in rural African women. AB - Anthropometric data of 1739 pregnant women followed in the period 1 May 1978 - 31 December 1980 are presented. Mean height was 157.1 +/- 5.5 cm. Weight gain between 3 months and term was 5.8 kg. Significant changes in the course of pregnancy were observed in upper arm circumference, triceps and subscapular skinfolds. Women started pregnancy with a higher mean weight-for-height ratio than the reference; in the course of pregnancy the ratio decreased from 107.0% to 95.7%. PMID- 6729989 TI - [Mutagenic activity of the fungicide captan]. AB - A complex study of mutagenic activity of captan (a fungicide) in a series of standard test-systems has shown that the preparation induces gene mutations in certain Salmonella indicator strains (without metabolic activation), increases the frequency of mitotic crossing-over and gene conversion in yeasts (Saccharomyces), possesses a weak cytogenetic action on bone marrow cells in experimental animals, manifests no cytogenetic effect in the lymphocyte culture of human peripheral blood (including a system of microsomal activation). Genetic activity of captan cannot be a limiting criterion of its harmfulness. PMID- 6729990 TI - [Assessment of the frequency of rare electrophoretic variants of blood proteins in children with congenital pathology]. AB - The frequency of rare electrophoretic protein variants was studied in children with congenital anomalies. The stated frequency (1.07 X 10(-3] proved to be ten fold higher than in the control group of newborns (1.09 X 10(-4). This difference was mainly due to rare variants of monomorphic proteins. The data obtained confirm the assumption of a functional importance of monomorphic protein loci. PMID- 6729991 TI - [Induction of mutations in mammalian cells by the action of live vaccinal strains of poliomyelitis virus]. AB - The attenuated strains' poliomyelitis virus induces mutagenesis in human and Chinese hamster cultured cells. The mutagenic action of the poliovirus is detected at chromosome and gene levels and directly depends on the multiplicity of cell infection. Possibilities for developing nonmutagenic antivirus vaccines are discussed. PMID- 6729992 TI - [Chromosomal polymorphism in patients with ovarian hypofunction of central origin]. AB - Comparative data are reported on chromosome polymorphism in adolescent patients with ovarian hypofunction of central origin and healthy women. Chromosome variants with small and very small heterochromatin blocks were found to prevail in the adolescent patients. The incidence of pericentric inversions in chromosomes 1 and 9 was found to be significantly increased in the girls with ovarian hypofunction. PMID- 6729993 TI - [Changes in the muscle ultrastructure and electrolyte composition of rats in embryogenesis. II. X-ray spectrum microanalysis of the intracellular concentrations of potassium, sodium and phosphorus in skeletal and heart muscle]. AB - Concentrations of K, P and Na were determined in skeletal and cardiac muscle cells of rat embryos. High K and P levels--133 and 166 mmole/kg wet weight, resp.,--were found in skeletal muscles of 13 day old embryos, the concentration of Na in these cells being 81 mmole/kg w. w. On the 18th day of development, K and P in skeletal muscle cells decreased down to 79 and 118 mmole/kg w. w., resp., while the concentration of Na increased to 165 mmole/kg w. w. In 19 day old embryos, the concentrations of K and P increased, although they did not reach the level typical of skeletal muscles of adult rats. The concentrations of K and P in cardiac muscle cells of 13 day embryos were found equal to 100 and 108 mmole/kg w. w., resp., on the 19th day of development these concentrations reached the level typical of the cardiac muscle cells of adult rats. PMID- 6729994 TI - [Isolation and characteristics of Chinese hamster cells resistant to colchicine]. AB - Several ClchR clones of CHO-K1 have been isolated by a single- and multistep selection. They are distinct from each other both in the level of colchicine resistance and in the phenotypic stability of this feature. Fluctuation tests showed that the generation of drug resistant variants in the wild type population was random and did not depend on the action of selective agent. The rate of spontaneous occurrence of these variants was approximatley 1.79 x 10(-6) per cell per generation. Treatment with MNNG enhanced the frequency of ClchR variants by 100 fold. Cytotoxic effect of Clch on resistant cells has been potentiated by non ionic detergent Tween 80. All the stable resistant clones appeared to be cross resistant to unrelated drugs such as actinomycin D, ethydium bromide and aminopterine . These two observations allow to suggest the alteration of membrane permeability as a mechanism of resistance to Clch . Genetical mechanisms of Clch resistance of cells are discussed. PMID- 6729995 TI - [Chromosomal study of polycythemia during different stages of the disease]. AB - A cytogenetic analysis of blood and bone marrow cells of 15 polycythemia vera patients was carried out at different stages of disease during the G-banding technique. Chromosome aberrations of single character were noted before treatment only in one case, i.e. with the patient at stage II of disease. Cell clones with marker chromosomes were revealed in 6 of 9 patients examined in the course of treatment at stages II and III. The cytogenetic analysis was applied to the terminal stage of polycythemia (blast crisis) in one case, when 3 aberrant clones with multiple quantitative and structural chromosome rearrangements were discovered in blood cell cultures with and without PHA. No preferential involvement of definite chromosomes in aberrations was noticed in all the cases examined, no deletion of the 20q --chromosome being discovered. The role of the treatment in the induction of chromosome aberrations is discussed in addition to its dependence on the stage of disease. It is possible that all the clones of pathological character may appear during the long-termed course of polycythemia in patients treated at more serious stages of the disease. PMID- 6729996 TI - [Cytophotometric and electron microscopic study of chronic human skin lymphomas. I. A study of skin manifestations]. AB - Electron microscopic and cytophotometric studies of low-grade malignant cutaneous lymphomas and non-malignant skin diseases revealed substantial differences between these groups of diseases. In the latter case, the DNA content per nucleus is diploid but in the former an atypical distribution of DNA content per nucleus (more than 5% aneuploid and polyploid nuclei) is observed in addition to a significant excess of the mean DNA content per nucleus above the diploid standard level. In lymphomas electron microscopy reveals clusters of atypical lymphoid cells with irregularly shaped nuclei, nuclear pockets, nuclear extrusions, network of cytoplasmic microfilaments. These features never occur with skin diseases. The data obtained can be helpful in the diagnostics of the low-grade malignant cutaneous lymphomas. PMID- 6729997 TI - [Regulation of thrombocytopoiesis studied by a mathematical model]. AB - A mathematical model of thrombocytopoiesis is proposed which accounts for the recent data on its regulation. It is shown that the compensatory response of the system to a decrease in the level of thrombocytes in the blood is controlled by the total amount of thrombocytes and megakaryocytes. The proliferation intensity of megakaryocytes and the total number of thrombocytes reveal, respectively, a lineary and a logarithmical dependence on the total number of thrombocytes and megakaryocytes. The limits of the post-transfusion level of thrombocytes are defined, within which the thrombocytopoiesis is controlled only by the number of thrombocytes. The values of parameters characterizing the behaviour of the thrombocytopoiesis system are calculated. PMID- 6729998 TI - Maintaining zebu Maure cattle in a tsetse infested area of Mali. AB - A study was initiated to evaluate two trypanocidal drugs, the prophylactic isometamidium chloride (Trypamidium) and the curative diminazene aceturate (Berenil) as to their potential for long-term maintenance of zebu cattle in a tsetse infested area of Mali. Trypamidium was administered quarterly and Berenil was administered only as animals were found to be positive for trypanosomes. During the 21-month study trypanosomiasis was the most frequently encountered disease in the cattle in the Berenil treatment group with an average of 5.5 reinfections. The predominant trypanosome species encountered was Trypanosoma vivax and the most important vector was Glossina palpalis gambiensis. The results indicate that, even though the direct costs for drugs under the two maintenance regimens were almost identical, the use of Trypamidium resulted in a significantly greater annual weight gain, prevented death loss due to trypanosomiasis and resulted in a herd with a greater market value. PMID- 6729999 TI - Development of ixodid ticks under natural conditions in Nigeria. AB - The developmental periods of five tick species were recorded from egg to adult stages under natural conditions. The ticks were Amblyomma variegatum, Boophilus decoloratus, B. geigyi, Hyalomma rufipes and H. truncatum and the natural condition was a grazing field on which "open" site and "shade" were recognised. The investigation took place between April 1980 and March 1981. The hatching patterns of larvae, attachment, engorgement, larvo-nymphal and nympho-adult moulting periods and the survival of larvae and nymphs during different climatic periods of the year were recorded. While the attachment and engorgement periods which were recorded on the animal were relatively constant for each tick species throughout the period of investigation the hatching patterns and moulting periods were influenced by rainfall and temperature. The moulting periods of larvae and nymphs kept in the open as well as the total duration of the life cycle were lower than those of ticks kept in the shade. The survival of larvae and nymphs of all tick species was lowest during the peak of rains and highest during the dry season; the survival was also generally higher among larvae and nymphs kept in the shade than those kept in the open. The results were related to the distribution pattern and seasonal occurrence of some of the tick species in Nigeria. PMID- 6730001 TI - Ovine and caprine listeric encephalitis in Iraq. PMID- 6730000 TI - Susceptibility of ticks to acaricides in Zambia. AB - The susceptibility of some Zambian ticks to dieldrin, dioxathion, dimethoate and chlorfenvinphos was determined on two- to three-week-old larvae of Amblyomma variegatum, Boophilus decoloratus, B. microplus, Rhipicephalus appendiculatus, R. e. evertsi and a member of the R. pravus group. Some strains of B. decoloratus and R. appendiculatus were resistant to dieldrin, dioxathion and dimethoate and some R. e. evertsi were resistant to dieldrin and dioxathion. A single strain of an R. pravus group tick was resistant to dioxathion and one out of four strains of A. variegatum was resistant to dieldrin. PMID- 6730002 TI - Taeniasis and cysticercosis in Kenya--a review. PMID- 6730003 TI - Metazoan parasites of dogs in Sabah, Malaysia. AB - The parasites which occurred most frequently in 175 owned or stray dogs in Sabah were Ancylostoma spp. present in 68% of the animals. Dirofilaria immitis occurred in 70% of the adult dogs but neither D. immitis nor Spirocerca lupi were present in puppies under four months of age. The latter attained a prevalence of 30% in the adults. In contrast Toxocara canis occurred in 81% of the puppies but infrequently in older dogs. Dipylidium caninum was moderately prevalent (15 to 25%) in dogs of all ages. Ticks were the most common arthropod parasite being present on 26% of the dogs and were mainly Rhipicephalus sanguineus. Demodectic and sarcoptic mange were confirmed and fleas and lice were also recovered. PMID- 6730004 TI - Comparative performance of intensively managed Khaki Campbell and native Indonesian ducks. AB - Egg Production traits of Khaki Campbell, Alabio, Bali and Tegal ducks were measured to 68 weeks of age under intensive management. Khaki Campbell ducks laid significantly more eggs and required less feed per egg or per gram of egg produced than the Indonesian breeds. Appreciable numbers of local ducks were observed to moult on two occasions during the trial. It was thought that this may have been a response to seasonal factors such as rainfall patterns. Tegal ducks laid significantly fewer eggs and were less efficient than Alabio and Bali ducks. Egg specific gravity was consistently highest in the Alabio and Tegal breeds. The poor production of Tegal ducks compared with that in other studies may have been related to their early onset of lay under the 16 h daylength used in the trial or to a sampling effect. PMID- 6730005 TI - Calf rearing in the tropics: behavioural response by Bos indicus calves to an artificial rearing system. PMID- 6730006 TI - Performance of Bos taurus X zebu crossbreds under village conditions. AB - Data on first lactation performance of 751 Holstein X zebu and Jersey X zebu crossbred heifers of various grades were collected under rural field conditions in Maharashtra. The heifers were the progeny of seven Danish Holstein (Sortbroget Dansk Malkekvoeg) sires, 33 homebred Holstein sires, six Danish Jersey sires and 35 homebred Jersey sires. The least-squares analysis showed that the location and genetic group within the two classes of crossbreds significantly affected the milk yield. In pooled data the 7/8 Holstein crossbreds produced by homebred sires were significantly superior to other genetic groups of either Holstein or Jersey inheritance. The milk yield increased with increasing level of homebred Holstein inheritance and with Jersey inheritance. Danish Holstein sires were the best to produce the halfbred Holstein crosses. The differences in the genetic groups accounted for 20% of the phenotypic variance in 305-day milk yield and for 2% of the variance of the lactation length in the crossbred population. It is inferred that the optimum level of exotic breed inheritance in Maharashtra would be above 50% and that the genetic group of the dams needs to be considered when evaluating the performance of a sire's progeny. PMID- 6730007 TI - A novel system to obtain addresses of out-patients--assessment in routine clinic practice in Madras, S. India. AB - A novel method of obtaining accurate home addresses from out-patients was introduced as a routine procedure in 6 chest clinics of Madras City, following highly satisfactory results under study conditions. In this method, the patient is given a card (the address card), and asked to get his exact address entered on it by any knowledgeable person of his choice such as a landlord or neighbour. An assessment of the system was undertaken after it had been in operation for about 8 months. A complete and legible address was available for 82% of 3956 patients, the range in the 6 clinics being 74% to 91%. The main causes for failure were: not giving address card to patient (7%), patient not reattending the clinic (6%), and patient reattending but not returning the address card (3%). Corrective measures have now been introduced, and a re-assessment will be undertaken in due course. PMID- 6730008 TI - Tuberculosis peritonitis: diagnostic value of the ascitic/blood glucose ratio. AB - In a study of 25 consecutive patients presenting with ascites, the use of the ascitic/blood glucose ratio in assisting in the diagnosis of tuberculous peritonitis was investigated. In all 13 patients with histologically confirmed tuberculous peritonitis the ratio was less than 0.96, and in 10 patients with non tuberculous ascites the ratio was greater than 0.96, this difference being statistically significant (P less than 0.001). In 2 patients with probable non tuberculous ascites but with pulmonary tuberculosis the results were excluded from statistical analysis, as they had received anti-tuberculosis therapy in addition to their other treatment. The conclusion drawn from this study is that the ascitic/blood glucose ratio is a useful test in the differentiation of tuberculous peritonitis from ascites due to other causes. PMID- 6730009 TI - Study of a fully supervised programme of chemotherapy for pulmonary tuberculosis given once weekly in the continuation phase in the rural areas of Hong Kong. AB - In the rural areas of Hong Kong outpatient treatment is organised from general primary health-care clinics which are visited only once a week by chest clinic staff. A daily 18-month, self-administered regimen of isoniazid and sodium PAS supplemented by daily streptomycin injections for the first 3 months has been the standard regimen, the patients attending a clinic once a month to collect their oral drugs, even during the first 3 months. In 1979 a new rural service programme of fully supervised chemotherapy was introduced for a trial period of 1 year. Patients were to be admitted to hospital initially for up to 2 months for daily treatment with streptomycin, isoniazid, rifampicin, pyrazinamide, and ethambutol, followed by once-weekly streptomycin, isoniazid, rifampicin, and ethambutol up to 12 months, fully supervised in the primary health-care clinics. The therapeutic results achieved with this new regimen were excellent. Among 101 patients with ne or more positive sputum smears or cultures and 24 with all their smears and cultures negative pretreatment, who were assessable up to 30 months, there were no bacteriological failures during chemotherapy and only one bacteriological relapse after stopping. However, the regimen had a major operational defect in that 41% of the 263 patients treated during the year had to be prescribed standard chemotherapy, which was not fully supervised, instead of the study regimen, 37% because they refused an initial period of hospital admission. The therapeutic results were far less satisfactory with the standard regimen. PMID- 6730010 TI - Iatrogenic disseminated mycobacterium chelonei infection. AB - The case is presented of a patient who developed a disseminated infection caused by M. chelonei which arose from a fragment of intravascular polyethylene catheter that had been inserted six months earlier. PMID- 6730011 TI - Oesophago-pleural fistula complicating a case of tuberculous pyopneumothorax. AB - The case of a 3-year-old girl who developed an oesophago-pleural fistula following tuberculous pyopneumothorax is described. She was successful managed followed by surgical closure of the fistula. PMID- 6730012 TI - Influence of ICRF-159 or ICRF-186 on cytotoxicity of daunorubicin and doxorubicin. AB - It has been shown that ICRF-159 [1,2-bis(3,5-dioxopiperazine-1-yl)propane] and its more water soluble d-enantiomer, ICRF-186, antagonize the toxicity of daunorubicin and the cardiac toxicity of daunorubicin and doxorubicin and potentiate the antitumor effect of both substances in experimental animals. In particular, the antagonism against general toxicity was observed in combination with daunorubicin but not with doxorubicin. In this study, we evaluated the activity of ICRF-159 and ICRF-186 on the colony inhibition test of HeLa cells in vitro in combination with daunorubicin or doxorubicin. ICRF-159 and ICRF-186 similarly antagonize the cytotoxicity of daunorubicin but not of doxorubicin. There were no differences between ICRF-159 and ICRF-186, dissolved in DMSO and in physiological solution, respectively. The different activity of ICRF-159 and ICRF 186 against daunorubicin and doxorubicin is not explained by a different uptake of the anthracyclines by HeLa cells in vitro. In the present paper we report findings from our in vitro colony forming assay with HeLa cells, which has been used to evaluate the cytotoxicity of ICRF-159 and ICRF-186 in the presence of daunorubicin and doxorubicin. PMID- 6730013 TI - Acriflavine-induced surface changes in three tumor cell types and differential sensitivity to lectins. AB - Phytohemagglutinin (PHA) and concanavalin A (Con A) were used as probes to detect changes in the cell surface of Dalton's lymphoma, sarcoma-180 and Ehrlich's carcinoma after short in vitro exposure to acriflavine. Dye-treated cells showed enhancement of agglutination both by PHA and Con A, and such enhancement was found to be dependent on the time of exposure and concentration of acriflavine. However, PHA-induced percent agglutination seemed to be much higher than that of Con A among the 3 cell types. There were also marked differences among the 3 cell types in order of their sensitivity to lectin-mediated agglutination. The strength of the response was greater in lymphoma to both PHA and Con A than that of sarcoma-180 and carcinoma cells, which appeared to be most resistant. Acriflavine, which is known as an intercalative agent with DNA, induces cell surface changes by promoting lectin-mediated cellular agglutination. PMID- 6730014 TI - Prognostic significance of progesterone receptors alone or in association with estrogen receptors in human breast cancer. AB - Estrogen (ER) and progesterone (PgR) receptors were measured simultaneously in 1144 consecutive breast cancer patients to determine the distribution of patients according to receptor and menopausal status when receptor occurrence rates were considered. The prognostic significance of PgR, either alone or in association with ER, was studied on 187 consecutive breast cancer patients treated only by radical mastectomy. All the cases, as regards axillary node status, were pathologically assessed as node negative. These patients did not receive any adjuvant treatment after mastectomy. At 36 months after mastectomy, the follow-up indicated that PgR- patients have a worse prognosis than PgR+ ones. This is evident when PgR alone is considered as a prognostic factor as well as when it is used to identify, within ER+ cases, those with a higher probability of relapse. In conclusion, it can be stated that although PgR status is an independent prognostic factor, it is useful to evaluate ER and PgR simultaneously for better patient management. PMID- 6730015 TI - Distribution of estrogen and progesterone receptors in primary tumor and lymph nodes in individual patients with breast cancer. AB - Primary breast cancer tissue and lymph nodes were obtained from 48 patients. Estrogen receptors (ER) and progesterone receptors (PgR) were determined by a dextran-coated charcoal assay. ER were present in 72.9% of the primary tumors and in 62.4% of the malignant lymph nodes, whereas PgR were present in 73.0% and 50.0% of the cases, respectively. The primary tumor and the corresponding malignant lymph nodes showed an identical ER and PgR status, i.e., both tumor sites were receptor positive or both receptor negative in 89.6% and 77.1%, respectively. However, 10.4% of the patients had ER-positive tumors but ER negative lymph nodes and 22.9% had PgR-positive primaries with PgR-negative lymph nodes. No receptor-positive lymph nodes showed a combination with receptor negative primary tumor. This preliminary data shows that receptor-positive malignant lymph nodes mostly display the same receptor status as the corresponding primary tumor, whereas receptor-negative lymph nodes may have a receptor-positive primary tumor. PMID- 6730016 TI - Early detection of local recurrences in the follow-up of primary breast cancer. AB - The results of physical examination (PE) in the detection of local recurrences (LR) from breast cancer are reviewed in the follow-up experience of 1139 breast cancer patients. A minimum follow-up time of 5 years was considered. LR accounted for 40% of total first relapses and isolated (without distant metastases) LR represented about 1/3 of total relapses. The chest wall was the most frequent site of LR. The extent of LR was correlated with the probability of associated distant metastases detectable at the time of LR diagnosis, whereas no correlations were found with the presence or absence of subjective symptoms at diagnosis. The mean free interval from primary surgery was 3 months shorter for LR detected in asymptomatic phase than in the symptomatic phase. This difference increased to 5 months for recurrences detected in the first 2 years, when PE controls were repeated every 6 months whereas a smaller difference of 2 months was observed over 2 years with yearly controls. The mean and 5-year actuarial survival was better (75.5 vs. 64.9 months and 54% vs. 40%) for cases detected in the asymptomatic phase than in the symptomatic phase; however, the difference was not statistically significant for the small sample considered and could be even partially due to length biased sampling. On the basis of the reported results, PE should still be recommended as a follow-up test, although further studies are needed to assess its real impact on prognosis. PMID- 6730017 TI - Prognostic evaluation of estrogen receptors and urinary androgens in ovariectomy for advanced breast cancer. AB - Eighty patients with advanced breast cancer were characterized by estrogen receptor (ER) status and by urine androgen (A) metabolites. After ovariectomy, patients with positive hormonal parameters were treated with hormonal therapy and patients with negative parameters were treated with chemotherapy. The results of the follow-up confirm that the survival is higher in patients with positive hormonal parameters (ER+, A+). In this group, the patients with increased urine androgen excretion (i.e. A+) apparently had a better long-term survival than ER+ cases. PMID- 6730018 TI - Early glottic cancer: surgery or radiation therapy? AB - From 1970 to 1979 at the University Otorhinolaryngological Clinic, at the Radiology Institute of the University and at the Radiation Therapy Department of the Hospital of Florence, 385 early glottic cancers were treated: 300 by surgery and 85 with radiation therapy as the primary therapy. The policy of treatment in this period was in most cases surgery; those patients who could not be operated were treated with radiation therapy. The local control actuarial rates at 5 years were 85%, 70% and 65% for the T1a, T1b and T2 patients treated by surgery, and 86%, 83% and 57% for those treated with radiation therapy. Considering the surgical salvage, the actuarial results at 5 years were 95%, 86% and 71% for the group treated by surgery, and 86%, 90% and 69% for the one treated with radiotherapy. The crude results at 3 and 5 years with an analysis of failures according to treatment modalities are also reported. In our experience, cordectomy can be the treatment of choice in T1a glottic cancer, whereas radiation therapy offers better results in the T1b forms. Treatment policy is more questionable in the T2 cases. PMID- 6730019 TI - Outcome of follow-up programs in patients previously resected for colorectal cancer. AB - The survival of a group of 115 patients (group A) who entered a follow-up program after apparently "curative" surgery for colorectal cancer was compared with that of 62 similar patients (group B) who did not join such a program. No significant difference was found. Clinical benefits to single patients in group A, in terms of anticipated diagnosis and effective treatment of recurrences and of metachronous neoplasias, appeared to be, if any, extremely limited. In light of the high costs of intensive follow-up programs, it is concluded that their use can be justified only within controlled perspective trials aimed to evaluate their usefulness. PMID- 6730020 TI - Polyps at the site of ureterosigmoidostomy. AB - Anatomoclinical findings in 6 patients under long-term control of ureterosigmoidostomy, performed 5 to 26 years previously for nonneoplastic bladder pathology, are reported. Four histologically confirmed polyps are described and histopathogenetic theories are discussed. The authors suggest that these polyps arise from the ureter via glandular metaplasia due to external contact surgically created in urinary diversion. PMID- 6730021 TI - Ultrastructural study of the ciliated cells from renal tubular epithelium in acute progressive glomerulonephritis. AB - Light microscopic examination of the renal tubular epithelium of a female with a rapid progressive glomerulonephritis revealed in several areas the presence of cells bearing ciliumlike structures. At transmission electron microscopy, normal tubular cells appeared to be partially replaced by epithelial cells showing numerous 9 X 2 cilia and a normally developed basal apparatus. The cilia showed several ultrastructural details (i.e., outer dynein arms, spokes) such as observed in kinocilia of the respiratory epithelium. In addition, a number of poorly differentiated cells showing cilia with a 9 + 0 pattern and at the same time cilia with a 9 + 2 pattern of microtubular arrangement were also seen. The possible biologic significance of these cilia is discussed. PMID- 6730022 TI - Crystalloid structures in muscle biopsies. PMID- 6730023 TI - An unusual soft tissue sarcoma in a 33-year-old male. PMID- 6730024 TI - "Epithelial" junctions. PMID- 6730025 TI - Freeze-fracture analysis of epithelial cell lysosomal inclusions in Crohn's disease. AB - Ileal epithelial cells from patients with Crohn's disease contain many large electron-dense lysosomal granules. Freeze-fracture electron microscopy was utilized to evaluate granule membrane ultrastructure and the interaction between granule contents and granule-limiting membranes. Large apical granules contained 0.1-0.6 micron vesicular inclusions as well as whorl-like myelin figures. The P fracture face contained discrete membrane specializations on the granule surface that were composed of circular arrays of intramembranous particles. Areas of membrane devoid of intramembranous particles were also seen. These circular arrays and particle-poor regions resemble previously documented areas of membrane fusion. These results are discussed and a number of possible interpretations for their significance in terms of the pathogenesis of Crohn's disease are presented. PMID- 6730028 TI - Honeycomb structures in tumor cells. PMID- 6730027 TI - The use of fresh-frozen tissue in diagnostic transmission electron microscopy. AB - We have examined the effects of freezing on fresh pathologic human tissue specimens with regard to the fine structural preservation of various organelles that can be of diagnostic importance. Specimens included in this study were frozen either in the cryostat (-20 degrees C) or by quenching in isopentane cooled by liquid nitrogen (-115 degrees C). The results indicate that fresh frozen tissue that is subsequently fixed and processed for transmission electron microscopy (TEM) provides ultrastructural information that is very nearly equal to that of conventionally processed specimens. Additionally, we performed identical freezing experiments using animal (rat) tissue in order to ensure that the results we obtained using a rather limited number of human specimens were valid. The outcome of these animal experiments thoroughly supports our observations using human pathologic tissue. We believe an appreciation of the fact that fresh-frozen tissue is suitable for TEM examination may become a very valuable resource in the surgical pathology laboratory. PMID- 6730026 TI - Absence of cilia and basal bodies with predominance of brush cells in the respiratory mucosa from a patient with immotile cilia syndrome. AB - his report describes the ultrastructural alterations observed in the tracheal epithelium of a 13-year-old male with a history of recurrent pneumonia, chronic bronchitis, chronic otitis media, and situs inversus. The epithelium consisted of globlet and basal cells with many columnar cells that lacked cilia and basal bodies. The surface of these cells had regular microvilli and cytoplasmic features typical of brush cells. PMID- 6730029 TI - [Synovectomy of the wrist joint in rheumatoid arthritis. Significance of preoperative radiological destruction and serological findings]. PMID- 6730030 TI - [Gastric stapling as a method of obesity surgery. A comparison between 3 types of operation]. PMID- 6730031 TI - [Relative bradycardia during hypovolemic shock. Experimental results compared with clinical observations]. PMID- 6730032 TI - [Traumatic injury of the respiratory tract]. PMID- 6730033 TI - [Ultrasonic scanning used in controlling the position of the Multiload Cu 250 intrauterine device]. PMID- 6730035 TI - [Sirenomelia--sympus dipus]. PMID- 6730034 TI - [Insertion of the Multiload Cu 250 IUD immediately after abortion or labor]. PMID- 6730036 TI - [Pregnancy with persistent retroflexion in the 3d trimester. Partial retroflexion of the pregnant uterus]. PMID- 6730037 TI - [Nodular fascitis]. PMID- 6730038 TI - [Aorto-caval fistula secondary to rupture of an abdominal aortic aneurysm]. PMID- 6730040 TI - [Acute poisoning in adults. 2013 consecutive cases in a large Danish anesthesiological department]. PMID- 6730039 TI - [The pill and cancer of the breast and cervix uteri]. PMID- 6730041 TI - [Mental and social problems of homeless men. A study of the shelter population in Copenhagen]. PMID- 6730042 TI - [Malignant mesotheliomas in Denmark 1943-1980. Cancer statistics 9]. PMID- 6730043 TI - [Local protection of normal skin from sunshine]. PMID- 6730044 TI - [Collagen colitis]. PMID- 6730045 TI - [Diagnosis and treatment of pulmonary embolism in Denmark. A questionnaire study]. PMID- 6730046 TI - [Clinical significance of radial scar of the breast]. PMID- 6730047 TI - [The effect of allopurinol on the serum digoxin concentration]. PMID- 6730048 TI - [Celestin tube in inoperable cancer of the esophagus. An alternative form of fixation]. PMID- 6730050 TI - [Ectopic renal cortex in the inguinal region]. PMID- 6730049 TI - [Cholestatic hepatitis during treatment with mexiletine/lidocaine]. PMID- 6730051 TI - [Caplan's syndrome. A case without persistent pneumoconiosis or symptom producing rheumatoid arthritis]. PMID- 6730052 TI - [Simultaneous gallstone ileus in the small and large intestines]. PMID- 6730053 TI - [Acetylcysteine (Fabrol, Mucomyst) in chronic obstructive lung disease/bronchitis]. PMID- 6730054 TI - [Physical violence to women by their consorts. A prospective study]. PMID- 6730055 TI - [Disease pattern in a refugee group. A study of health risks and need for preventive work in a Palestinian refugee camp]. PMID- 6730056 TI - [You are not alone. Social and sexual contact patterns of young patients with stomies]. PMID- 6730057 TI - [Return to work in patients with cerebral infarction. Prognostic factors]. PMID- 6730058 TI - [Soccer injuries in old boys' games]. PMID- 6730059 TI - Comparative study of four methods for quantifying Doppler ultrasound waveforms from the femoral artery. AB - Currently, there is no agreement as to the best method for quantifying Doppler ultrasound recordings from peripheral arteries in order to detect occlusive disease. The four methods assessed in this study are: the pulsatility index, height-width index, path length index, and a Laplace transform function index. Recordings of the Doppler ultrasound spectral waveforms from the common femoral artery of 232 limbs were digitized to obtain the maximum velocity waveforms. This data was analyzed and the various indices were computed and then compared with the arteriographic grades. The effect of distal disease was also examined. The diagnostic accuracy of each index was determined from receiver operating characteristics curves. We concluded that all four indices were capable of detecting significant aortoiliac disease with approximately equal diagnostic accuracy of 90-95% but that pulsatility index had the advantages of simplicity and ease of calculation. PMID- 6730060 TI - New aspects of fetal dynamics with a special emphasis on eye movements. AB - During the last few years, special attention has turned to the recording of human fetal dynamic phenomena. These are movements of the whole body as well as breathing, cardiac and ocular movements. All of them can be observed and recorded simultaneously through real-time echography and Doppler systems. The analysis of the recording may be considered separately as well as simultaneously and are one of the grounds for fetal physiology studies. What is known about fetal dynamics and physiopathology is summarized. Fetal biorhythms were discovered and described in that manner. Progressive integration in behavioural patterns was observed suggesting that movements are under a general and central control early in fetal life. Particular attention is given to personal work on fetal eye movement. Based on eye movements patterns, the fetal behaviour patterns might be compared to the three sleep stages (paradoxal--quiet--transitional) as described in the full-term and premature newborns. Some contradictions have been noticed in the conclusions drawn from the analysis of the fetal activities considered separately. They might only be apparent in the light of these integrated patterns. PMID- 6730061 TI - Neonatal echoencephalography. AB - The recent development of high-resolution real-time ultrasound scanners has coincided with the awareness of the high incidence of intracranial haemorrage in low birthweight babies, resulting in a considerable expansion in the use of echoencephalography in newborns in recent years. The uses are now further expanded and an overview of the subject is presented. PMID- 6730062 TI - Ultrasound screening for internal carotid disease-I. The temporal artery occlusion test--which periorbital artery? AB - Using continuous wave Doppler-shifted ultrasound and spectral analysis the response to the temporal artery occlusion test was compared when insonating the supraorbital and supratrochlear arteries of 203 internal carotid pathways. The test involved monitoring the periorbital artery whilst simultaneously compressing a single branch of the external carotid artery, the ipsilateral superficial temporal artery. In 41 instances carotid angiography demonstrated severe disease of the internal carotid artery, that is lesions of 75% or more reduction in lumen diameter. A positive response to the temporal artery occlusion test, when performed on the supraorbital artery, indicated severe disease with a sensitivity of 90% and a specificity of 89%. When this test was performed on the supratrochlear artery a low sensitivity of 36% was obtained, although specificity was high at 96%. PMID- 6730063 TI - Ultrasound screening for internal carotid disease-II. Sensitivity and specificity of a single site periorbital artery test. AB - Supraorbital artery blood flow was examined non-invasively with continuous wave Doppler-shifted ultrasound and spectral analysis. The results were used to assess the ipsilateral internal carotid artery in 155 patients undergoing carotid angiography. The ultrasound parameters used were the temporal artery occlusion test and A/B ratios of both resting and augmented supraorbital sonagrams. A retrospective study showed this combination to have a sensitivity of 65% for internal carotid disease which did not encroach on the lumen and for all other angiographically demonstrated lesions an average sensitivity of 94% and specificity of 92%. Augmented supraorbital pulses were more sensitive for detection of carotid artery disease than resting supraorbital pulses. Of the 61 lesions in which both resting and augmented supraorbital A/B ratios were obtained, the augmented supraorbital pulse detected 48 (79%) whilst the resting supraorbital pulse detected 29 (48%). Localised carotid bruits were poor indicators of carotid artery disease, having a sensitivity of only 27%. PMID- 6730065 TI - Introduction to the use of ultrasound for the evaluation of women's fertility and fetal well-being. PMID- 6730064 TI - Prospective assessment of the aorto-iliac segment by visual interpretation of frequency analysed Doppler waveforms--a comparison with arteriography. AB - In a group of 83 patients the prospective Doppler assessment of disease in the aorto-iliac segment, obtained from visual interpretation of the frequency analysed Doppler waveforms, is compared with subsequent arteriographic findings. The Doppler technique proved to be particularly accurate in the severely diseased vessels (sensitivity 87%, specificity 88%) but tended to underestimate the extent of the minimal/moderate disease. PMID- 6730066 TI - The role of ultrasound in female infertility management. AB - Ultrasound became an important help for the diagnosis of infertility by demonstration of the pelvic organs, of growing ovarian follicles, of intrafollicular structures and of cyclic uterine endometrial changes. Ultrasonic particularities of ovaries and their landmarks such as the ovarian artery, are described. Average ovarian blood flow can be measured. In hormone stimulated cycles, the ultrasonic examination is repeated through ovulation, induction and even afterward. The average diameter of the growing follicle is measured. The results of more than 8000 scans allowed the deduction that ovulation induction would be successful if the preovulatory follicular diameter was between 18 and 24 mm. Where two or more follicles of that diameter are present, multiple pregnancy occurs. The risk of overstimulation can be assessed. The importance of ultrasound is even higher than estradiol because it is impossible to differentiate between one big, some medium or many small follicles with hormone assays. It is possible to see the cumulus oophorus, but not earlier than 1-2 days before ovulation. Following successful ovulation the mature follicle appears to have a more solid than cystic make-up. Signs of a failure of ovulation are given. Cyclic changes in the histology of the endometrium are described and make it possible to predict ovulation within 12 hr. Ultrasound is an important aid in predicting the time of ovulation more accurately than the basal body temperature and faster and cheaper than hormone profiles. Ultrasound plays a role in egg collection and replacement of the embryo. The detection of ovulation is very important in the treatment of infertility. This was only possible for a longtime by hormone profile. Nowadays ultrasound is an accepted method in the diagnostic procedures of this field. It permits the visualization of the position and size of the uterus, Fallopian tubes and ovaries, the exclusion of genital anomalies and the demonstration of physiological changes of these organs during the menstrual cycle. The main points of ultrasound in the diagnosis of infertility are as follows: Demonstration of the pelvic organs (uterus, Fallopian tube, ovary) and vascular structures. Demonstration of growing ovarian follicles (Measurement of their numbers and sizes). Demonstration of intrafollicular structures (Cumulus oophorus, Corpus luteum). Demonstration of cyclic uterine endometrial changes. Most of the results were first obtained with high-resolution compound scanners, but the new generation of real-time scanners are equally capable. Sector scanners are superior to linear-array-parallel scanners, especially for the demonstration of specific structural ch PMID- 6730067 TI - [Fetal biometry: review and application of sex determination]. AB - Diagnostic ultrasound was introduced in the practice of obstetrics through its ability to measure accurately the biparietal (DBP) diameter of the foetus. The development of bidimensional and grey tone images expanded the possibility of fetal biometry. One of its most important uses is the estimation of gestational age. A knowledge of foetal age is necessary to interpret the results of most of the investigations currently performed during pregnancy. Different fetal dimensions increase with age at different rates according to the period of gestation. During the embryonic period, the crown-rump length gives a very good estimation of age within 4-6 days for twice the standard deviation. Later on, because of the curvature of the fetus, the age is estimated with the DBP. The accuracy diminishes with the slowing down of fetal growth, from 12 weeks onwards, when twice the standard deviation of the age estimate may be as long as 2 weeks. When DBP is no longer reliable in determining age, femur length is measured being more reliable for that purpose at least till 24 weeks. A very early assessment of foetal age reduces the risk of errors in estimating the duration of pregnancy and is important to detect early growth retardation (IUGR); this is usually symmetric, i.e. affecting all fetal parts (versus asymmetrical or late IUGR where trunk growth is first involved). Fetal weight can be estimated by fetal parts measurements. A formula was derived as long as twenty years ago but not all authorities agree on any measuring technique as evidenced by the many different formulas proposed--a sign that no very satisfactory one yet exists.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS) PMID- 6730068 TI - [Normal and pathological ultrasonography of the fetal brain]. AB - Advanced ultrasonic technology enabled the bidimensional imaging of fetal brain throughout pregnancy. The number of visible structures increases with gestational age. In order to certify the described items they were compared to similar anatomical sections available from brain specimens or an atlas of anatomy. Real time as well as automatic compound scanning machines were used to obtain echographic images of fetal brain anatomy in utero. Many different scans were collected along three orthogonal directions: every 2 mm, with the automated compound scan and as close from each other as possible with the linear array real time scanner. The material included 59 normal fetuses between the 15th and 40th week of gestation. Eight typical sections are made but the only structures identified are those being visible on every section obtained at the same level. Brain structures such as grey and white matter, nuclei, vessels and ventricles have different sonic properties. They are subsequently distinguishable on the ultrasonic image if the equipment is capable of detecting and showing such differences. Grey matter is more echogenic than white, choroid plexuses are very reflective as are vessel walls which also pulsate. Four horizontal sections are described in detail (Figs. 2-7). The coronal planes are demonstrated at three different levels (Figs. 8-12) and the sagittal plane is represented by Fig. 13. Thirty five structures were identified (Table 2). In the second section some brain and skull anomalies are briefly described. The principal signs of the abnormalities and possible encountered variations are listed such as cranial defects in anencephaly, acrania, encephalocele, iniencephaly; the anomaly of size and shape of head and ventricle, as in hydrocephaly and microcephaly, cystic-like and solid-tumor lesions and Dandy Walker syndrome and hydranencephaly. Attention is drawn to possible artifacts and pitfalls in the differential diagnosis between similar looking pictures. Examples are given such as noise in the near field, occurring more often in sectorscan machines, inadequate orientation of scan plane producing asymetrical display of the hemisphere and the Sylvian fissure described as if it was the lateral ventricle wall. Anomalies can also be confused such as exencephaly, anencephaly, iniencephaly, encephalocele. An excellent knowledge of normal brain anatomy and pathology, together with excellent equipment and a careful scrutiny of the echograms are required qualities for fetal brain examination. PMID- 6730069 TI - [Fetal heart. Present investigative means]. AB - Non invasive exploration of the fetal heart has been greatly facilitated by utilisation of high resolution echography using pulsed Doppler combined with B scan. Investigation of the fetal heart in human medicine opens three important fields of interest. Better knowledge of fetal hemodynamics. Measurement of fetal heart function. Recognition of congenital heart disease. Acquisition of some fundamental knowledge is required for an ultrasonic approach to fetal echocardiography. Embryogenetic data lead to an understanding of the periods of vulnerability for each cardiac segment, whereas an understanding of physiology of the fetal circulation helps to explain the consequences of fetal congenital heart diseases and the methods used to evaluate fetal cardiac function. One section is devoted to the etiology of congenital heart disease. The most important cardiopathies encountered in cases of chromosomal anomalies and genetic disease as well as those due to environmental causes are presented so that the echographist may relate the examination to the clinical picture. In most instances the diagnosis of congenital heart disease is made by routine morphologic scanning of the fetal heart. Indications are given for the best orientation of the scans. All echographists should have precise knowledge of the echographic semeiology of the normal heart. When a cardiopathy or an anomaly of cardiac rhythm are recognized or suspected, the examination should be repeated with help of a cardiopediatrician so as to make an exact diagnosis and take the right decision. Study of fetal heart function is the most recent field for progress and covers in addition to the evaluation of congenital heart disease the development of new parameters allowing recognition of fetal jeopardy. Pulsed Doppler has already allowed the acquisition of interesting facts and certainly is one of the most exciting new inroads for progress in the field of fetal cardiology. PMID- 6730070 TI - [The osteosynthesis workshop: a Swiss concept with international ramifications. 1]. PMID- 6730071 TI - [Experimental studies of the loading capacity and deformation of pertrochanter osteotomies in extra and intramedullary osteosynthesis methods]. AB - 52 human femora were examined for stabilization behaviour of pertrochanteric osteotomies as well as the significance of the osteotomy angle by intramedullary osteosynthesis with Ender nailing and by extramedullary osteosynthesis using a 145 degrees angular plate. The maximum stress tolerance of both osteosynthesis procedures in femora with flat angle osteotomies is only marginally different, but the stress tolerance of Ender nailing is much less in the steep osteotomies. With steep osteotomy angle the plastic as well as the entire distorsion of the osteosynthesis increased considerably. The distorsion following Ender nailing compared to the 145 degrees angular plating is approximately the same. With increased osteoporosis a decrease of stability and an increase of distorsion is found. This correlation is even more pronounced by steep angular osteotomy. In some cases the exact opposite can be found, so that the maximum stress can not be concluded from the osteoporosis degree found on an x-ray. PMID- 6730072 TI - [Organ-sparing therapy of splenic ruptures in children]. AB - Splenectomized patients--especially children - run the risk of a possibly lethal postoperational sepsis. Therefore an extirpation of the ruptured spleen should be avoided, if possible. Six children treated for a rupture of this organ within the last 2 1/2 years are presented in order to describe the diagnostic proceeding in case of suspected spleen rupture as well as the possible conservative treatment and the different surgical possibilities. The spleen could be preserved in five children. PMID- 6730073 TI - [Urologic traumatology in childhood (closed injuries)]. AB - Critical injuries of the kidney have to be treated surgically immediately. Here also have to consider the same rules of the surgery that go with an acute abdomen. By slight and severe injuries to the kidneys there is adaequate time for a thorrow diagnostic work up, prior to eventual operative intervention. The extreme rare ureter lesions with the symptomatic of a peritonism due to an urinoma and a retroperitoneal haematoma have to be treated operatively at the earliest possible time. Injuries to the urine bladder have always to be treated operatively with a special urgency since letality increases rapidly after six hours after the injury. Lesions of the urethra have to be treated operatively early by eliminating haematoma and urine and exact anastomosis of urethra's stumps to avoid later complications through scar-building. PMID- 6730074 TI - [Fractures of the cervical spine and computer tomography]. AB - 3 cases with fractures of cervical vertebra are presented in order to demonstrate the progress as well as the advantages of computed tomography in contrast to conventional x-ray examination. PMID- 6730075 TI - [Soft tissue injuries of the shoulder joint]. AB - In contrast to rare occurrence of blood vessel and nerve injuries the frequency of tendinous lesions of the shoulder is high. The clinical diagnosis of the ruptured tendon of the M. biceps brachii is obvious. On the other hand only arthrography or arthroscopy can verify the diagnosis of a ruptured supraspinatus tendon. The best access for tenosuture and tenoplasty of the latter is the transacromeal method. PMID- 6730076 TI - [Irreparable isolated dislocation of the radius head]. AB - Isolated traumatic dislocation of the radial head is rare. It occurs when the elbow is partly outstretched and the forearm pronated . Occasionally one is unable to achieve closed reduction. Then the open treatment is necessary. Posttraumatical myositis ossificans was described in the literatur . PMID- 6730077 TI - [Principles of first aid to severely injured persons at the scene of the accident]. AB - The therapy-free intervals after an accident have been considerably shortened by the introduction of an emergency system ensuring the treatment of the injured person by a physician on emergency duty already at the place of accident. Injuries threatening life have to be treated first in order to maintain the vital functions. Due to the lack of time and the insufficient equipment available at the place of accident, a precise diagnosis is possible only in exceptional cases. The most dangerous complications are respiratory deficiency, loss of blood, inconsciousness and lack of skeletal stability, and these are to be treated in this order. Intubation and artificial respiration are the most adequate methods to maintain the respiratory function. Exterior bleedings have to be staunched , losses of blood must be compensated by administration of colloidal solutions and electrolyte solutions. Urgent admission to a hospital is necessary in case of interior hemorrhages and in case of inconsciousness , especially if an intracranial hemorrhage is suspected. Fractures and luxations are not primarily threatening life, nevertheless the provisional reposition and immobilization of the injured extremities belong to the task of a physician on emergency duty. The reanimation of patients injured in an accident has a poor prognosis; if a cardiac arrest persists more than ten minutes, further reanimation measures are nearly never successful. PMID- 6730078 TI - Spontaneous fractures of the neck of the femur occurring in pregnancy in the absence of pregnancy osteoporosis. AB - Case report on a patient suffering from spontaneous fractures of the neck of the femur which occured during her first pregnancy at the age of 23 in the left leg and during another pregnancy seven years later in the right leg. Both fractures occured during the eighth month of pregnancy. Special attention is drawn to the fact that local or general osteoporosis which, according to literature, should be obligatory for the occurence of spontaneous necrosis of the femoral head and/or fractures of the neck of the femur, could be demonstrated neither during the first nor the second pregnancy. PMID- 6730079 TI - Program and abstracts: Undersea Medical Society annual scientific meeting. May 29 June 2, 1984, San Antonio, Texas. PMID- 6730080 TI - [Long and medium-term results following implantation of the GSB-knee-joint endoprosthesis. I. Clinical results]. PMID- 6730081 TI - [Classification and therapy of avulsion fractures of the intercondylar eminence during growth]. PMID- 6730082 TI - [Late complications following fronto-basal cranio-cerebral injuries]. PMID- 6730083 TI - [Stable osteosynthesis using anchor plates in the treatment of olecranon fractures]. PMID- 6730084 TI - [Unusual application of carbon fiber ligaments to joints]. PMID- 6730085 TI - [Treatment plan and interdisciplinary cooperation in multiple injuries]. PMID- 6730086 TI - [Minimal osteosynthesis using screw nails with the external fixation device. Experimental studies using artificial and cadaver bones]. PMID- 6730087 TI - [Injuries of the spinal column in accidents involving small private air planes]. PMID- 6730088 TI - [Epipleural hematoma. Etiology, morphology and clinical course]. PMID- 6730089 TI - [Neonatal jaundice]. PMID- 6730090 TI - [Pregnancy and cosmetic surgery]. PMID- 6730091 TI - [Hemorrhage during delivery]. PMID- 6730092 TI - [Postpartum and post-abortum contraception]. PMID- 6730093 TI - [Extracorporeal fertilization in Quebec: evaluation of phase I (August 1979-31 December 1982)]. PMID- 6730094 TI - [Prevalence of wounds and disease during the Quebec Games]. PMID- 6730095 TI - [Fractures of the 5th metacarpus]. PMID- 6730097 TI - [Christiane Olivier and the female Oedipus: a renewed contribution apropos of the psychologic evolution of women]. PMID- 6730096 TI - [Value of polychemotherapy for bronchogenic carcinoma other than undifferentiated small cell carcinoma]. PMID- 6730098 TI - [International cooperative study of extracranial artery bypass: development report]. PMID- 6730099 TI - [Temporo-sylvian bypass and carotid artery ligation in giant intracranial aneurysms]. PMID- 6730101 TI - [Microsurgical anatomy of the middle cerebral artery]. PMID- 6730100 TI - [Revascularization by temporo-sylvian bypass in cerebral ischemia: apropos of 50 operations]. PMID- 6730102 TI - [Vascular microarchitecture of the cerebral cortex]. PMID- 6730103 TI - [Microsurgical reconstruction of the posterior circulation]. PMID- 6730104 TI - [Preoperative evaluation of cerebral ischemia by Doppler ultrasonography]. PMID- 6730105 TI - [Complications of extra-intracranial bypass]. PMID- 6730106 TI - [Anesthesia in the cerebral revascularization operation]. PMID- 6730107 TI - [Thrombosis of the internal carotid artery: a prospective study]. PMID- 6730108 TI - [Pre- and postoperative neuropsychological evaluation of the patient with cerebral ischemia]. PMID- 6730109 TI - [Effect of electronic fetal monitoring and regionalization of the obstetrical department in a community hospital: a 5-year experience, 1974-1978]. PMID- 6730110 TI - [This stomach cancer healed before it was even clinically suspected]. PMID- 6730111 TI - [Contention, the "aspirin" of phlebology]. PMID- 6730112 TI - Fibrinogen degradation products in urological malignant tumors. AB - Fibrinogen degradation products (FDP) were determined in a series of 98 patients with malignant urological tumors using a staphylococcal clumping test. The results are compared with the FDP of 61 urological patients without malignant tumors. No difference between the series of radically operated tumor patients and the control group could be found. The FDP in a series of patients with persistent tumors were clearly higher than those of the control group: especially the results for patients with renal cell carcinoma were significantly higher. The highest concentration of FDP was found in patients with metastases. Therefore, FDP in serum could be a possible tumor marker for patients with renal cell carcinoma. PMID- 6730113 TI - In vivo recording of renal pelvic pacemaker potential. AB - Attempts have been successful to obtain electromyographic (EMG) recording of discharges of action potentials at the proximal end of canine renal pelvis in vivo by application of the Gil-Vernet procedure of extended pyelolithotomy. The discharges recorded in vivo from the proximal end of the renal pelvis in adult mongrel dogs showed EMG patterns characterized by a slow-rising positive waveform with virtually constant discharge intervals, irrespective of micturitional condition: normosthenuric or diuretic. The EMG pattern had striking resemblance to that obtained for the pacemaker of pyeloureteral peristalsis at the pelvicalyceal border in vitro. Potentials recorded at the lower pelvis, pyeloureteral junction and ureter in vivo showed increased frequencies of discharge during diuresis, compared to normal condition, the discharge intervals being always integral multiples of the interval of potentials at the proximal end of the renal pelvis. PMID- 6730114 TI - Lower urinary tract dysfunction in vesicoureteral reflux. AB - 41 patients with primary vesicoureteral reflux were investigated urodynamically. Only 4 of the patients had normal urodynamic findings. The rest showed reservoir and/or micturition dysfunctions. The study stresses the importance of a thorough urodynamic evaluation of vesicoureteral reflux patients. PMID- 6730115 TI - Nutritional risk factors in calcium stone disease in Japan. AB - The purpose of this study is to examine the nutritional environment affecting calcium stone disease in Japan. The following results were obtained. Renal stone disease in the late 1970s increased by about three times than that of the 1940s . Fats and oils, animal protein and calcium intake increased remarkably after the second World War and milk plus milk products, meat and animal products were increased surprisingly compared with 1950. The most ingested nutrients of calcium stone formers were not much different from the results of the National Nutritive Survey in Japan. But the ingested amount of calcium was unexpectedly small and did not reach the level of the daily nutritional requirement in Japanese (15 mmol). The ingested amount of total protein correlated with urinary calcium excretion and had the highest coefficient of determination to the urinary calcium excretion by multiple regression analysis. We have finished our research of individual dietary habits and suggest that the following individual dietary guidance is the primary treatment for the prophylaxis of renal stone disease. PMID- 6730116 TI - Calcium oxalate retention in subjects with crystalluria. AB - Calcium oxalate retention was studied in non-stone-forming volunteers. All subjects were placed on a constant diet for 5 days. After the oral administration of 10 microCi of [14C]-oxalic acid, the pattern of urinary oxalate excretion was followed for 48 h. Each subject was then given 10 microCi of [14C]-oxalic acid mixed with sufficient sodium oxalate (7.5 mg/kg body weight) to induce calcium oxalate crystalluria. Urinary oxalate excretion was then recorded for 48 h. After the administration of labeled oxalic acid (without additional sodium oxalate), 76.6 +/- 5.9% of the total recovered dose was excreted by 4 h. When the labeled oxalic acid was mixed with a sodium oxalate load, 62.4 +/- 8.8% was excreted by 4 h (p less than 0.01). Induction of calcium oxalate crystalluria results in the retention of oxalate in the kidney. The degree of retention varies among individuals. Differences in particle retention may help explain the differences between stone formers and non-stone formers. PMID- 6730117 TI - Renal carcinoma with solitary distant metastasis. AB - Our experience with 14 patients with renal cell carcinoma and solitary distant metastasis is reported. The treatment of choice is tumor nephrectomy and surgical removal of the metastasis simultaneously or within a short period of time. The average survival time with this treatment is 18.5 months (maximum 4 years, minimum 2 months). PMID- 6730118 TI - Chylous ascites after retroperitoneal lymphadenectomy: successful management with peritoneovenous shunt. AB - A case of chylous ascites occurring after retroperitoneal lymphadenectomy for testicular carcinoma is described. After failure of conservative therapy, the patient was successfully treated with peritoneovenous shunt. The pathophysiological and therapeutic aspects of this rare complication are described; in the world literature only 7 cases of chylous ascites following retroperitoneal lymphadenectomy are reported. PMID- 6730119 TI - Treatment of localized prostatic carcinoma. AB - Radical or total prostatectomy and interstitial irradiation with concomitant pelvic lymphadenectomy are discussed. Indications, relative merits, and pitfalls of each technique are examined, and the treatments are compared for efficacy. PMID- 6730120 TI - Vena cava tumor thrombus from renal cell carcinoma arising from adrenal vein. AB - Renal cell carcinoma is a highly vascular tumor with the propensity to propagate along venous channels. Vena cava tumor thrombi are reported to occur in approximately 4-10 per cent of cases and requires modification of the standard radical nephrectomy. We report the first 3 cases of vena caval tumor thrombus emanating not from the renal vein, but from the adrenal vein. The recognition of this occurrence is essential in order to avert an intraoperative catastrophe. PMID- 6730121 TI - Intraoperative definition of ureteropelvic junction obstruction. PMID- 6730122 TI - Testicular tumor in blacks. AB - Although testicular tumors are less common in blacks than in whites, they do occur and must be considered in making a differential diagnosis of scrotal masses. At The University of Texas M. D. Anderson Hospital and Tumor Institute at Houston, 19 black men were treated for testicular tumor between 1944 and 1980, representing 1.4 per cent of the total of 1,380 patients treated for testicular tumor. Since blacks made up 7.9 per cent of all patients treated at UT M. D. Anderson Hospital, blacks with testicular tumor were seen about one-fifth as often as would be expected if there were no racial variation in the incidence of the disease. Twelve patients had a diagnosis of seminoma, five embryonal carcinoma, one teratocarcinoma, and one interstitial cell tumor. The majority of patients had metastatic disease at the time of diagnosis. Five of 12 patients with seminoma and 5 of 6 with nonseminomatous cancer died of disease. Prognosis today, however, is no worse for blacks than for whites. PMID- 6730123 TI - Ileal segment replacement of ureter. I. Effects on kidney of refluxing vs nonrefluxing ileovesical anastomosis. AB - Unilateral partial ureteral obstruction was induced in 32 dogs followed by total ileal replacement of the obstructed ureter. The morphologic and functional effects on the kidney using a freely refluxing versus a nonrefluxing ileovesical anastomosis were compared, as well as the effect of total tapering of the reimplanted ileal segment. The tapered ileovesical anastomosis proved more reliable for prevention of reflux than the nontapered technique. Reflux prevention does not appear necessary for maintaining renal morphology and function when bladder function is normal and the observation period short. Total tapering of the ileal segment did not prove to be advantageous in protecting against hyperchloremic acidosis in this short-term canine study. PMID- 6730124 TI - Ileal segment replacement of ureter. II. Dynamic characteristics of refluxing, nonrefluxing, and totally tapered ileal ureter. AB - The pressure characteristics and cinefluoroscopic appearances of a refluxing, nonrefluxing, and totally tapered ileal " neoureter " were compared in 22 dogs with normal bladder function. The totally tapered ileal segment with a reflux preventing ileovesicostomy simulates normal ureteral peristalsis most closely on cinefluoroscopic evaluation. Pressure gradients across the ileovesical junction though were similar in refluxing and nonrefluxing ileovesicostomies , as well as in totally tapered ureters. PMID- 6730125 TI - Chylous ascites after retroperitoneal lymph node dissection. AB - Two cases of chylous ascites secondary to lymph node dissection for testicular tumors are presented. The diagnosis is confirmed by analysis of the fluid obtained by paracentesis, revealing fat globules, a positive staining with Sudan III, a smear showing mainly lymphocytes, and a high fat content. Treatment consisted of a medium chain triglycerides (MCT) diet, furosemide, and salt restriction. PMID- 6730126 TI - Retroperitoneal fibrosis in children (eosinophilic and idiopathic). AB - Two cases of retroperitoneal fibrosis in children are presented; one was idiopathic while the other was in association with eosinophilic cystitis, heretofore not reported. A literature search of patients under eighteen years of age reviews presentation, treatment, and associated diseases. PMID- 6730127 TI - Renal artery aneurysms in solitary kidney of woman with potentiality of pregnancy. AB - Although renal artery aneurysms in solitary kidney are rare, we encountered a case of congenital solitary kidney with noncalcified renal artery aneurysm. The patient was twenty-four years' old and wanted to become pregnant. We treated her by surgical methods. The operative procedure, aneurysmectomy and ligatures of the influx and exflux vessels of the aneurysm, was performed by a transaneurysmal approach. Ultrasound tomography during surgery was convenient to detect the intrarenal aneurysm. The postoperative course was uneventful apart from a transient increase of serum creatinine and blood urea nitrogen. The advisability of surgical methods for aneurysms in solitary kidneys and the implications in pregnancy are discussed. PMID- 6730128 TI - Pheochromocytoma with remission following phentolamine-induced shock. AB - A case of pheochromocytoma with spontaneous remission after recovery from shock induced by the phentolamine test is presented. Most of the surgically resected tumor demonstrated extensive necrosis. PMID- 6730129 TI - Subcapsular urinoma: unusual form of "page kidney" in newborn. AB - The first case of renal hypertension resulting from a urinoma in a kidney secondary to vesicoureteral reflux from posterior urethral valves in a newborn is presented. High-pressure reflux resulted in formation of a subcapsular urinoma. Removal of the nonfunctioning "Page kidney" cured the persistent hypertension. PMID- 6730130 TI - Overcoming pitfalls in placement of ureteral stents. PMID- 6730131 TI - Simple and bloodless technique for nephrostomy using surgical probe and suture. PMID- 6730132 TI - Testicular adnexal fibrous pseudotumors. AB - Fibrous pseudotumors of the testicular adnexae presenting clinically as a testicular malignancy are uncommon. Although fibrous pseudotumors are benign, they are usually diagnosed after radical orchiectomy. Radical orchiectomy occasionally may be avoided if this benign process is considered in the differential diagnosis of testicular neoplasms. PMID- 6730133 TI - Primary carcinoma of sigmoid colon metastasizing to epididymis. AB - Metastatic tumor of the epididymis from an occult primary carcinoma of the sigmoid colon is reported and the literature reviewed. PMID- 6730134 TI - Verruciform xanthoma of penis. Light and electron-microscopic study. AB - A case of verruciform xanthoma of the penis diagnosed by light microscopy was studied ultrastructurally. No extra-oral verruciform xanthoma has been analyzed at the ultrastructural level before. On electron microscopy the lipidized cells were histiocytes distended with lipid vacuoles of varying sizes and electron density. Lipid vacuoles were also in the overlying epidermis. Viral particles were not seen in the epidermal cells. PMID- 6730135 TI - Contralateral renal and ureteral displacement following flank incisional hernia. AB - A case is reported of contralateral displacement of the kidney and ureter due to a left flank incisional hernia following a simple nephrectomy for a staghorn calculus in a massively obese female. Two previously reported cases of pseudocrossed renal ectopia due to renal displacement from incisional hernias in obese females are reviewed. PMID- 6730136 TI - Computed tomography, sonographic, and radiographic findings in adrenal myelolipoma. AB - We report on a patient with a large adrenal myelolipoma which was suspected pre operatively on the basis of sonographic, computed tomography (CT), and radiographic findings. PMID- 6730137 TI - Significance of transient elevation of PAP levels after TUR. PMID- 6730138 TI - Penile Xenon washout studies. PMID- 6730139 TI - Estramustine phosphate in prostate cancer. Seminar. PMID- 6730140 TI - Cytotoxic properties of estramustine unrelated to alkylating and steroid constituents. AB - Using cultured HeLa S3 cells an ID50 of 2.5 micrograms/ml was found after a twenty-four-hour incubation with estradiol-17 beta- 3N -bis-(2-chloroethyl) carbamate (estramustine). Similar ID90 values were found in two Walker 256 rat carcinoma cell lines which were either sensitive or resistant to nitrogen mustards. Alkaline elution methodology revealed the complete absence of DNA strand breaks or cross-links in cells receiving up to 10 micrograms/ml estramustine for twenty-four hours. Nuclear uptake was 1.34 per cent of the available drug, one third of which was hydrophobically associated with the protein/phospholipid components of the nuclear matrix. In the human prostatic cell lines DU145 and PC3 , estramustine caused a drastic dose-dependent increase in the mitotic index. This increase resulted from an arrest of cells in metaphase, with highly contracted disoriented chromosomes present. Rapid reverse of the arrest on removal of drug resulted in cell death. Neither nor-nitrogen mustard nor estradiol demonstrated antimitotic properties. The lack of macromolecular alkylation together with the observed antimitotic effects predict a mechanism of action for estramustine which is distinct from either of its constituent components. PMID- 6730141 TI - Estramustine phosphate--historical overview. PMID- 6730142 TI - Effect of previous treatment on Estracyt response in advanced stage D prostatic carcinoma. PMID- 6730143 TI - Control of response to estramustine phosphate therapy through cytology and DNA analysis of cell nuclei in prospective study. PMID- 6730144 TI - [Comparative analysis of the acoustic and physiological responses of the fetus and the very young infant]. PMID- 6730145 TI - [Morphological changes in the sensory epithelium and nerve elements of the guinea pig cochlea as affected by aminoglycoside antibiotics]. PMID- 6730146 TI - [Differential diagnosis of allergic and non-allergic rhinitis in children]. PMID- 6730147 TI - [Experience in the use of computerized audiometry in examinations for hypoacusis and deafness]. PMID- 6730148 TI - [Conservative methods of treatment of maxillary sinusitis associated with oral pathology]. PMID- 6730149 TI - [Positive effect of adenotonsillectomy in children with chronic tonsillitis, adenoiditis and diabetes mellitus]. PMID- 6730150 TI - [Role of immunologic examination in the diagnosis of chronic tonsillitis]. PMID- 6730151 TI - [Nonspecific factors of immunity in patients with cancer of the larynx]. PMID- 6730152 TI - [Use of a T-shaped silicone tube in surgery of the trachea]. PMID- 6730153 TI - [Osteomas of the temporal bone]. PMID- 6730154 TI - [State of the upper respiratory passages in workers in industrial plants exposed to nickel sulfate vapors]. PMID- 6730155 TI - [Morphocytochemical indices in children with recurring diseases of the upper respiratory tract]. PMID- 6730156 TI - [Roentgenological signs of the presence of air in the prevertebral soft tissues in the neck in cases of foreign bodies in the laryngopharynx and esophagus]. PMID- 6730157 TI - [Method of graft fixation during functional reconstructive surgery on the ear]. PMID- 6730158 TI - [Contrast examination of the maxillary sinuses during drainage treatment for sinusitis]. PMID- 6730159 TI - [Favorable outcome of an otogenous facial paralysis of 40 years' duration]. PMID- 6730160 TI - [Phlegmon of the neck in a very young infant]. PMID- 6730161 TI - [Experience in the use of nasopharyngeal anesthesia in ORL surgery]. PMID- 6730162 TI - [Relapsing polychondritis]. PMID- 6730163 TI - [Kaposi's sarcoma with the primary lesion in the nasal cavity]. PMID- 6730164 TI - [Use of 35% cardiotrast on a starch-agar gel base in the diagnosis of maxillary sinus cysts]. PMID- 6730165 TI - [Leiomyosarcoma of the larynx]. PMID- 6730166 TI - [Characteristics of metabolic disorders in otogenic sepsis]. PMID- 6730167 TI - [Treatment of ingrown toenails by the Bartlett method in children]. AB - 74 case histories of 63 children aged 10 to 14 were studied. They were subject to 95 operations. The Bartlett's method of operation was used in all the cases as least traumatic and most simple. Good results obtained in 93 children (97,2%) out of 95 enable the operation by Bartlett's method to be recommended to treat ingrowing toenails in children. PMID- 6730168 TI - [Use of a conical plug to hermetically seal the inflated cuff of intubation tubes]. PMID- 6730169 TI - [Transfusion of sorbed donor blood stored for long periods in severe injuries]. PMID- 6730170 TI - [Massive reinfusion of blood after spontaneous internal hemorrhage]. PMID- 6730171 TI - [Extraperitonization of esophago-gastric and esophago-intestinal anastomoses]. PMID- 6730172 TI - [New method of transposing the gastric stump after pancreaticoduodenal resection]. PMID- 6730173 TI - [New indices of electrolyte metabolism in patients with obstructive jaundice]. PMID- 6730174 TI - [Changes in the rheologic properties of blood in septic shock]. AB - Results of examination of rheological properties of blood in 62 patients with septic shock of peritoneal etiology are presented. The control group included 50 patients with diffuse peritonitis without manifestations of septic shock. In patients with favourable outcomes of the disease septic shock was accompanied by the development of the high blood viscosity syndrome of the IInd degree or low blood viscosity syndrome of the Ist degree when microcirculatory and thrombohemorrhagic complications were of a reversible character. Irreversible septic shock was associated with the low blood viscosity syndrome of the IInd degree with a developing hypocoagulopathy of consumption when the therapeutic methods failed to correct rheological and microcirculatory disorders. Attention is called to differentiated approach to the treatment with special reference to the degree and phase of the rheological disorders. PMID- 6730175 TI - [Treatment of large echinococcal cysts of the lungs]. AB - An analysis of 177 operations for pulmonary echinococcosis performed in 160 patients has been made (17 patient were operated twice because of bilateral localization of the cysts). For patients with large and giant cysts the author prefers organ-preserving operations, the A. A. Vishnevski method being considered the best. There were 115 such operations. Among other organ-preserving operations there were: 12 operations by the method of Bobrov - Spasokukotski , 16 operations of different variants of capitonage , 15 combinations of organ-preserving operations, 5 one-step operations on the lungs and liver and only 10 operations of various resections of lungs. In the rest 4 patients other operations were performed. Postoperative lethality was 2,2%. A stable clinical effect with a complete recovery was noted in 87 of the patients examined in a remote postoperative period. Two patients had recurrences of the disease. PMID- 6730176 TI - [Features of the surgical anatomy of the thymus gland in myasthenia patients]. AB - The surgical anatomy of the thymus was studied intraoperatively in 220 myasthenia patients without tumors during extended thymectomy. An atypical disposition of the whole thymus (Ist variant) or its upper pole only (IInd and IIIrd variants) behind the left brachio -cephalic vein was noted in 8% of cases; mediastinal localization of the thymus (IVth variant) in 13,6% of observations; cervical localization (Vth variant) in 6,9%. Only the right lobe of the thymus ( VIth variant) or only the left lobe (VIIth variant) were found in 4,5% of observations. The technique of extended thymectomy with most frequent variants of the surgical anatomy of the thymus in patients with myasthenia is described. PMID- 6730177 TI - [Cholelithic intestinal obstruction]. AB - Analysis of the treatment of 25 patients with cholelithic intestinal obstruction is given. Questions of etiology, variants of the development, clinical course, diagnosis, operative treatment of the cholelithic ileus, causes of lethal outcomes are discussed. The authors propose measures of prophylactics . PMID- 6730178 TI - [Analysis of complications and lethal outcomes of radical surgical treatment of diffuse polyposis of the large intestine]. AB - 279 radical surgical interventions for diffuse polyposis of the colon were performed. Lethality was 11,4%. Postoperative peritonitis was noted in 16,8%. The radical surgery was necessary before the appearance of cancer, the operation being performed following the purposeful correction of metabolic and immunological disorders. PMID- 6730179 TI - [Diffuse peritonitis--the danger persists]. AB - An analysis of 127 case histories of patients with diffuse peritonitis treated in the clinic during 1979-1982 has been made. But for all the complex intensive treatment, generalization of the inflammatory process in the abdominal cavity has been shown to cause high mortality rate (76%). The patients' age substantially aggravated the prognosis. 79% of the victims were older than 60. In 56,6% of cases the development of peritonitis had different complications, 11% needed relaparotomy to treat the complications. Late diagnosis of the disease was specifically responsible for unsatisfactory results--two thirds of the patients had toxic or terminal stages of the disease. PMID- 6730180 TI - [Regional anticoagulant therapy after microvascular surgery with permanent intra arterial administration of heparin]. AB - Experiments on 32 dogs have shown that the greatest effect of medication on particular anatomical zone may be achieved by maximum approximation of the level of catheterization of the feeding artery to the zone. It may be achieved by the microsurgery technique. Permanent intraarterial administration of solutions of heparin in experiments and clinic is thought to provide a sufficient effect of the regional anticoagulating therapy, by creating a high concentration of the drug in the zone of microanastomosis with its low concentration in the general blood flow. PMID- 6730181 TI - [Hemodynamics of the lower extremities following lumbar sympathectomy]. AB - Peripheral blood circulation was studied in 72 patients (85 extremities) with obliterative arteriosclerosis of lower extremities within 7 days following lumbar sympathectomy with the help of occlusive plethysmography. The outcomes of lumbar sympathectomy were shown to be independent of the level of lesions of lower extremity arteries, changes in plethysmography indices depending on their initial level and stage of the disease. PMID- 6730182 TI - [Use of lysozyme and prodigiozan in the treatment of suppurative infections in diabetics]. AB - The natural resistance of the organism studied in 152 patients with purulent surgical infections against the background of diabetes mellitus was found to be considerably changed. Prodigiozan included in the complex measures of treatment was shown by the author to result in positive dynamics of the indices of humoral defense of the organism, in shortening the terms of treatment in the hospital by 5,2 days on the average. The most pronounced influence on the natural immunity factors and better postoperative results were found following joint employment of lysozyme and prodigiozan. The hospital treatment of this group of patients was 7.3 days shorter. PMID- 6730183 TI - [Surgical treatment of chronic osteomyelitis as radical surgical treatment of a suppurative-necrotic wound]. AB - From 1977 each operation for chronic posttraumatic osteomyelitis was considered as a radical surgical intervention performed for the first time by the type of primary surgical treatment of the wound. Such an approach required a radical dissection of necrotic and all non-viable tissues in the focus of lesion. The method of radical surgical treatment of pyo-necrotic wounds in combination with modern means of the conservative therapy allowed 236 out of 486 patients to regain their labour ability. PMID- 6730184 TI - [Treatment of the cavities of echinococcal cysts with iodine-sodium thiosulfate]. PMID- 6730185 TI - [Restoration of intestinal continuity after the Hartmann procedure]. PMID- 6730186 TI - [Rare localization of the source of retroperitoneal hemorrhage]. PMID- 6730187 TI - [Secondary myxoma of the scrotum]. PMID- 6730188 TI - [X-ray morphologic characteristics of aseptic necrosis of the semilunar bone]. PMID- 6730189 TI - [Blood reinfusion in injuries of the thorax and abdomen]. AB - The article is devoted to the assessment of efficiency of reinfusion of blood in patients with injured internal organs of the chest and abdomen and its influence upon the hemostasis system. The cavitary blood due to possessing a number of specific qualities has been shown to be a valuable transfusion medium. Its reinfusion does not aggravate abnormalities of the hemostasis system resulting from massive blood loss due to chest and abdominal traumas. PMID- 6730190 TI - [Resetting of humeral fractures]. PMID- 6730191 TI - [Successful treatment of fractures of the necks of both femurs by the method of perosseous osteosynthesis]. PMID- 6730192 TI - [Surgical treatment of the sequelae of acute destructive pneumonia in children]. AB - The authors present data on 142 children with sequellae of acute destructive pneumonia. In 101 patients there were 105 operations without lethal outcomes. Timely surgical measures were found to give better results of the treatment of acute destructive pneumonias. PMID- 6730193 TI - [Aggregational properties of the formed elements of the blood and their significance in surgical clinical practice]. AB - Observations were performed in 462 patients at different stages of the conservative and operative treatment. In 218 of them there were pyo-destructive lesions of the lungs and pleura, in 159--lung cancer, in 56--acute and chronic non-specific diseases of the lungs and pleura, in 5--diffuse purulent peritonitis, in 24--noncomplicated hernias of the anterior abdominal wall. The diseases mentioned, hernias excluded, were found to develop against the background of pronounced hyperaggregation of erythrocytes, thrombocytosis and increased adhesive-aggregative activity of thrombocytes. A significant unfavourable influence of infused micro-clots upon the structure and function of lungs, central hemodynamics, water-electrolyte and protein metabolism after operations on the lungs are shown. Convenient means of control and correction of impaired aggregation properties of blood cells are proposed. PMID- 6730194 TI - [Conservative treatment of intestinal invagination in children]. AB - A new method of the conservative treatment of intussusceptions in children by hydrostatic disinvagination with the help of barium enema is described. The durability of the colon was shown to change proportionally to its tone. To make the conservative treatment more efficient and to prevent a perforation of the colon the hydrostatic pressure should depend on the colon tone. Out of 48 patients with acute intestinal invagination 46 children were cured by this method including 2 children with small intestine invagination. In this group of patients there were neither complications nor lethal outcomes. PMID- 6730195 TI - [Emergency relaparotomy in children]. AB - Early relaparotomies following operations on organs of the abdominal cavity were shown by the authors to be necessary in 1,3% of the patients operated on due to developing intraperitoneal complications. The main causes of repeated operations were: intestinal obstruction, diffuse peritonitis, intestinal eventration, limited purulent processes in the abdominal cavity and intraperitoneal bleedings. Postoperative lethality proved to be high (23,5%). PMID- 6730196 TI - [Treatment of abducting and adducting transcondylar fractures of the humerus in children]. AB - Abducting and adducting transcondylar fractures of the humerus have not been described in literature since they are very rare (5%). The article analyzes specific features of such fractures, methods of reposition and immobilization, gives recommendations for the repair of functions of the injured extremity. The author believes that for the successful treatment of fractures in question it is necessary to take into consideration the character of fractures, localization of periosteal connection between fragments and other specific features of each fracture. PMID- 6730197 TI - Some functional characteristics of adrenal medullary tumors in aged male Wistar rats. AB - Neither analysis of the urinary catecholamine metabolites vanillymandelic acid and 4-hydroxy-3-methoxyphenylglycol nor blood pressure measurements allowed the detection of adrenal medullary tumors or hyperplasia in 115 aged male Wistar rats (70 rats, 24 months of age and 45 rats, 30 months of age). Histochemical examination of the adrenal glands demonstrated that the 55 hyperplastic and 25 neoplastic lesions of the medulla usually had little or no chromaffinity. Chromaffinity was found comparable to normal medulla in only three tumors examined histochemically. Of these tumors, two were partially and one completely chromaffin-positive, but all three were small and did not result in elevated blood pressure or catecholamine metabolite excretion values. These observations indicate that excessive catecholamine synthesis and release is not a feature of adrenomedullary tumors and hyperplasia occurring spontaneously in aged male Wistar rats. PMID- 6730198 TI - An ultrastructural analysis of osteochondritic growth plate cartilage in growing swine. AB - In growing swine, ossification failure due to osteochondrosis has an incidence of nearly 100% in the distal ulna of animals at six months of age, yet the etiology of the disease is understood poorly. In this study, the ultrastructure of the chondrocyte and its pericellular matrix is analyzed in normal growth plates and in growth plates with lesions characteristic of osteochondrosis using aldehyde primary fixatives and osmium-ferrocyanide as the secondary fixative. Chondrocytes in lesion areas fail to undergo normal hypertrophic cell maturation, and they have an accumulation of rough endoplasmic reticulum, lipid droplets and mitochondria. These morphological changes are interpreted to be both variable and nonspecific for osteochondrosis. Within the pericellular matrix of chondrocytes from lesion areas, the most striking abnormality is the presence of a highly condensed matrix with an accumulation of large, irregularly shaped deposits of electron dense material. These morphological alterations are characteristic of a matrix which either is not secreted normally, or in which the highly ordered interactions of diverse macromolecules has been lost. These pericellular matrix changes have not been described in other diseases of growing cartilage. They may be significant in the failure of metaphyseal vascular penetration of the pericellular matrix which is characteristic of osteochondrosis. PMID- 6730200 TI - Spontaneous swine glomerulonephritis in littermates from a leukemic sow. AB - Spontaneous glomerulonephritis was found in seven six-month-old littermates from a leukemic sow. Light microscopy of the glomerular lesions showed proliferation of the mesangial cells and increase of the mesangial matrix with deposition of homogeneous materials. All glomeruli were affected, but the severity of the lesions varied among pigs. The glomerular capillary walls had local and segmental changes such as thickening and/or irregularity. Electron microscopy revealed dense deposits in the mesangial, paramesangial, subendothelial, subepithelial, and intramembranous areas. The mesangial and paramesangial deposits were most characteristic and prominent. In five of seven pigs, the clusters of extracellular spherical microparticles with a diameter ranging from 25 to 60 nm were observed in the subepithelial, intramembranous, subendothelial, and mesangial areas. No conspicuous lesions were noted in other organs. PMID- 6730199 TI - Lesions of porcine necrotic ear syndrome. AB - Porcine necrotic ear syndrome is a disease of swine characterized by large erosive lesions at the margin of the pinna(e). The gross and microscopic characteristics of the lesions were studied in 38 pigs selected from eight affected swine herds. The progression of the lesions was examined in a herd of 174 weaned pigs in a total confinement nursery. The lesions began as a superficial vesicular dermatitis associated with superficial auricular trauma and progressed to become exudative and encrusted. Localized lesions slowly healed or sporadically progressed to deep necrotic ulcers. The early lesions resembled the epidermal changes produced by Staphylococcus hyicus. Deep ulceration and necrosis was attributed to the invasion of streptococci into the dermis resulting in cellulitis, vasculitis, thrombosis, ischemia, and necrosis. PMID- 6730201 TI - Ocular and orbital cysticercosis in hogs. AB - The prevalence of cysticercosis in hog muscles was correlated with oculo-orbital prevalence, and histologic characteristics of changes in the parasite and hog were observed. The orbital contents, globe, and eyelids of 39 hogs affected with Cysticercus cellulosae were examined. Thirty-seven parasites were found: 35 within the orbit and two intraocular. Twenty parasites with adjacent host tissue were studied histologically. Inflammatory infiltrates ranging from diffuse lymphoplasmacytic to dense granulomas were seen in 16 cysticerci. The scolex was unaltered in all specimens. PMID- 6730202 TI - Neuromuscular arthrogryposis multiplex congenita in a thoroughbred foal. AB - Arthrogryposis multiplex congenita was studied in a newborn thoroughbred foal. The syndrome affected only the left hind limb allowing the right hind limb to serve as a reference. There was a significant depletion of large motor neurons from the ventral horn of the spinal cord from L3 to S4 on the affected side. Hypoplasia of nerves, muscles, and bones was present in the affected limb. Histologically, hypoplasia and degeneration of myofibers and nerve bundles were seen. No cause of the syndrome, which corresponds to most human cases, was determined. Neuromuscular arthrogryposis was diagnosed because of the difficulty in distinguishing primary neuropathic from primary myopathic forms of the disease. PMID- 6730203 TI - A survey of parasitic lesions in wild-caught, laboratory-maintained primates: (rhesus, cynomolgus, and baboon). AB - The lesions associated with parasitic infestation in 1156 wild-caught, laboratory maintained nonhuman primates (Macaca fascicularis, Macaca mulatta, and Papio spp) are described. The two most common parasites seen were lung mites (Pneumonyssus spp) and nodular worms (Oesophagostomum spp). In addition, in cynomolgus monkeys (Macaca fascicularis) only, Nochtia nochti was a frequent pathogen. The etiology of mineralized fibrotic nodules in the mesentery of cynomolgus monkeys was thought to be infection with Paragonimus westermani, the oriental lung fluke. PMID- 6730204 TI - Studies on the sequential development and pathogenesis of citrinin mycotoxicosis in turkeys and ducklings. AB - The toxic effects of citrinin in turkeys and ducklings was studied in four trials. Citrinin dissolved in dimethyl sulfoxide-70% ethanol solution (3:1, volume/volume) was administered by gavage to male turkey poults and male white Pekin ducklings. When seven-day-old ducklings were given doses of citrinin between 30 to 110 mg/kg body weight, most of the treated ducklings which died (49/80) did so within four to 12 hours. Blood samples were collected sequentially at 3, 6, 12, and 24 hours after administration from seven-day-old ducklings given the single lethal dose (LD50). The alterations included hyperkalemia (P less than or equal to 0.01) and metabolic acidosis characterized by reduced blood pH (P less than or equal to 0.01) and base excess (P less than or equal to 0.01). Fourteen-day-old turkeys and ducklings given 56 or 57 mg/kg, respectively, were killed at 1, 3, 6, 12, 24, 48, and 72 hours after treatment. The principal alteration in both species was nephrosis that was more severe in turkeys than in ducklings. Tubular necrosis was the dominant lesion at three to 72 hours in turkeys and at six to 24 hours in ducklings. Hepatic and lymphoid lesions occurred in both turkeys and ducklings treated with citrinin. PMID- 6730206 TI - Pathogenesis of Trypanosoma brucei infection in deer mice (Peromyscus maniculatus). Ultrastructural pathology of the spleen, liver, heart, and kidney. AB - Trypanosoma brucei EATRO 110 infection of the deer mice (Peromyscus maniculatus) produced moderate to marked lesions in the spleen, liver, heart, and kidney seven to ten weeks after infection. Splenic lesions consisted of marked splenomegaly, with infected spleens weighing 25.9 times control spleens. Transmission electron microscopy of the sinuses and Billroth's cords of the splenic red pulp demonstrated an increased cellularity with greater contact between cells due partly to proliferation of macrophages, transformed lymphocytes and plasma cells and partly to accelerated erythropoiesis with increases in the numbers of rubricytes and reticulocytes. Erythrocytes also were present in large numbers, and erythroclasis was accelerated. Hepatic lesions consisted of necrosis of few hepatocytes, proliferation and hypertrophy of Kupffer's cells which exhibited increased phagocytosis--particularly of erythrocytes, as well as perivascular cuffs consisting of lymphocytes, plasma cells and macrophages. Myocarditis was marked and was characterized by degeneration of myocardial fibers with decreases in mitochondrial size and myofibril contents and fragmentation of some degenerating fibers, and was accompanied by accumulation of inflammatory cells including lymphocytes, transformed lymphocytes, plasma cells, and macrophages between the myocardial fibers. Renal lesions consisted of severe glomerulonephritis characterized by deposition of electron dense material along the basement membrane and in the mesangium of the glomerular tufts, and less frequently beneath the basement membrane and visceral epithelium of the Bowman's capsule and within the peritubular vessels. Neutrophils with fewer macrophages and lymphocytes invaded the glomeruli.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS) PMID- 6730205 TI - Altered patterns of mucin secretion in gastric hyperplasia in mice. AB - Gastric hyperplasia occurred more frequently among densely housed mice than mice housed singly, and crowding stress may have been implicated in this increased prevalence. Affected stomachs had striking increases in sulfomucin secretion when compared with unaffected gastric mucosa. The mucin changes suggested incomplete maturation of mucous cells in this condition and were similar to those reported in association with early neoplastic or pre-neoplastic lesions in the stomach of both man and rodents. PMID- 6730207 TI - Pathogenesis of Trypanosoma brucei infection in deer mice (Peromyscus maniculatus). Light and electron microscopic study of testicular lesions. AB - The results of light and electron microscopic studies demonstrated that Trypanosoma brucei infection produced marked testicular degeneration in deer mice (Peromyscus maniculatus) with highly significant (p less than 0.001) decreases in testicular weight, seminiferous tubular diameter, and epithelial thickness. Lesions in seminiferous tubules consisted of necrosis of spermatids, spermatocytes, and sometimes the spermatogonia. Sertoli's cells had marked vacuolation and accumulation of phagocytic material. Orchitis was present in most infected mice, particularly those with severe seminiferous tubular degeneration. There was marked folding of the basal laminae of the seminiferous tubule and myoid layer, and a consistent increase in the layers of the basal laminae of the seminiferous tubule. Trypanosomes were present in the intertubular tissues of seminiferous tubules, and they occasionally crossed the myoid layer but never the basal lamina of seminiferous tubules. Inflammatory and other cells in the interstitium consisted of lymphocytes (35.2%), Leydig's cells (25.1%), macrophages (18.1%), plasma cells (12.3%), neutrophils (5.6%), eosinophils (3.2%), and mast cells (0.5%). Inflammatory cells including lymphocytes (51.6%), macrophages (43.9%), plasma cells (3.0%), and eosinophils (1.5%) occasionally breached the myoid layer and occupied the space between it and the basal lamina of the seminiferous tubule. Leydig's cells usually existed in clusters, had decreased mitochondrial size and secretory granules, and folding of the nuclear membrane. PMID- 6730208 TI - Cryptosporidiosis in a pup with distemper. PMID- 6730209 TI - Myospherulosis in the subcutis of a dog. PMID- 6730210 TI - Hydrocephalus, syringomyelia, and spinal cord angiodysgenesis in a Lhasa-apso dog. PMID- 6730211 TI - Ganglioneuroma of Vater's papilla and extrahepatic cholestasis in a dog. PMID- 6730212 TI - Spontaneous uterine tumors in three cats. PMID- 6730213 TI - Metastatic equine seminoma: report of two cases. PMID- 6730214 TI - Pulmonary pythiosis in a horse. PMID- 6730215 TI - Caprine encephalomyelomalacia. AB - Six cases of encephalomyelomalacia in dairy goats 3 1/2 to four months of age are described. Neurologic signs had an abrupt onset and passed rapidly from ataxia to paralysis. All goats were killed after six to ten days and had spinal cord and brain stem lesions--always more extensive and severe in the cord. The bilaterally symmetrical necrotic lesions were restricted to the ventral and intermediate gray substance in the cord and to certain brain stem nuclei. The spinal cord enlargements were affected especially. PMID- 6730216 TI - A leukoencephalomyelopathy of rottweiler dogs. AB - Two adult rottweiler dogs were evaluated for slowly progressive ataxia and paresis of all four limbs of over seven months duration. On neurologic examination, signs referable to a lesion in the cervical spinal cord affecting motor and sensory white matter tracts were found. Both dogs were necropsied and were found to have demyelinating lesions in the spinal cord, brain stem, and deep cerebellar white matter. Primary morphologic alterations were intact naked axons and thinly myelinated axons accompanied by reactive astrogliosis. The spinal cord lesions tended to have bilateral symmetry and were found in the lateral funiculi and occasionally in the dorsal funiculi. The cause and pathogenesis of the lesion were not determined. PMID- 6730217 TI - Minimally functional rat adrenal medullary pheochromocytomas. AB - In this study of 29-month-old male Fischer and Sprague-Dawley rats, the tumor pheochromocytoma occurred in seven of 20 Fischer rats (35%) and ten of 22 Sprague Dawley rats (45%). Mean blood pressures and mean urinary vanillylmandelic acid levels of rats with pheochromocytomas did not vary significantly from rats with no tumors. Pheochromocytoma in our rats generally was non-functional or of minimal clinical significance. The content of chromaffin granules in tumor cells varied from abundant to not detectable, thus it was apparent that the absence of detectable chromaffin granules does not eliminate the diagnosis of pheochromocytoma. PMID- 6730219 TI - Benign and malignant epithelial tumors of the rete testis in mice. AB - Two papillary cystadenomas and one papillary cystadenocarcinoma in the rete testis were found in two of 500 very old male JCL:ICR mice; the hosts had no other tumors. One mouse had bilateral cystic tumors. A 5 x 3 x 3 mm papillary cystadenoma was observed in the rete of the right testis. A 7 x 3 x 3 mm tumor with a mixed pattern of papillary cystadenocarcinoma and papillotubular adenocarcinoma was found in the rete of the left testis; the latter extended from the mediastinum to the ductuli efferents and the caput epididymis. The other mouse had a 9 x 5 x 5 mm papillary cystadenoma of borderline malignancy in the rete of the right testis. The mice had no clinical signs. PMID- 6730218 TI - Spontaneous ovarian neoplasms of the laboratory rat. AB - A wide range of spontaneous tumors of the ovary are reported in a group of 5903 aged female Sprague-Dawley rats of the CD and CFY strains examined since 1978 in this laboratory. The most commonly observed tumor was the tubular adenoma. Others recorded were tubular adenocarcinoma, papillary cystadenoma, papillary cystadenocarcinoma, a Sertoli's cell tumor, benign and malignant granulosa cell tumors, benign thecal cell tumors, and classical mesotheliomas of ovarian origin. A system of classification and nomenclature of the ovarian tumors from this group is advanced. PMID- 6730220 TI - Feline cystic rete ovarii. AB - Cysts of the rete ovarii system from 20 cats are described. The cellular morphology of these cysts varies because the normal rete ovarii in the cat consists of three anatomically distinct parts. Cysts arise in the ovarian medulla or at the tubal extremity of the ovary, expand into ovarian stroma rather than the mesovarium , and are lined by ciliated columnar to flattened epithelium. Their functional significance is unknown. PMID- 6730221 TI - Feline bronchial cytology: histologic/cytologic correlation in 22 cats. AB - Trichrome-stained bronchial washings were obtained from 22 cats at necropsy and compared to lung tissue sections obtained at the same time. In three of the 22 cats, antemortem bronchial washings also were obtained. Sixteen of the cats were clinically ill and six were clinically normal and served as controls. On the basis of comparison of histologic sections and bronchial washings, patterns were detected in the washings indicative of general processes such as alveolar edema, chronic passive congestion, mucous metaplasia, and inflammation. Two specific etiologic agents, Histoplasma capsulatum and Toxoplasma gondii, each were seen in one washing. PMID- 6730222 TI - Nature and cause of bilateral ocular dermoids in Hereford cattle. AB - Nature and cause of bilateral ocular dermoids were investigated by field studies, pedigree analysis, clinical examination, light microscopy, scanning electron microscopy, and transmission electron microscopy. It was determined that ocular dermoids in Hereford cattle are a genetically transmitted defect; characteristics of autosomal recessive and polygenic inheritance were observed. Calves typically were affected bilaterally with multiple, connected ocular growths that clinically, histologically, and ultrastructurally mimicked normal haired skin. Sites most commonly involved included ventro-lateral limbus, third eyelid, medial canthus, eyelid and conjunctiva. Centro-corneal and anterior segmental dermoids also were observed. PMID- 6730224 TI - Ultrastructure of Prototheca zopfii in bovine granulomatous mastitis. AB - Mammary glands from cows with protothecal mastitis were examined by light and electron microscopy at 6, 13, 20, and greater than 180 days after infection. With increasing time, there were increases in severity of granulomatous inflammation, number of endospores and sporangia, and ratio of degenerate to intact algae. Algae were found in macrophages but were not seen in neutrophils, epithelial cells, or myoepithelial cells. Macrophages containing algae were markedly enlarged, chiefly from reduplication of the Golgi complex and its associated vesicles. Intracellular algae were degenerate and consisted of intact cell wall profiles which contained membrane fragments but lacked nuclei and cytoplasmic organelles. Degenerate algae in vitro had thin cell walls and did not undergo internal lysis. Cell wall material of intracellular algae stained as an acidic, nonsulfated, carboxylated glycoprotein. These findings suggest that intracellular Prototheca zopfii degenerate by progressive lysis of internal organelles with persistence of cell wall glycans and that development of aberrant cell wall forms occurs as a defective response by host macrophages. PMID- 6730223 TI - The comparative pathology of equine cutaneous phycomycosis. AB - Pythiosis (204 cases, 77%), basidiobolomycosis (48 cases, 18%), and conidiobolomycosis (14 cases, 5%) were diagnosed morphologically from 266 horses with phycomycosis. All lesions were cutaneous ulcerative granulomas and three horses with pythiosis had metastatic lesions in regional lymph nodes. Lesions of pythiosis contained characteristic yellow, coral-like coagula and had a fibrotic surface containing sinus tract openings. Basidiobolomycosis was characterized by infrequent small yellow coagula and a yellow line of fungal invasion beneath an edematous surface. Lesions of conidiobolomycosis had numerous small coagula and a nasal location. There were minor differences in inflammatory cell populations within the granulomatous lesions. Most differences were associated with coagula size and fungal morphology. Coagula were composed of collagen, fibrin, cellular debris, degranulated and whole eosinophils and hyphae. Histochemistry revealed no major differences among the three diseases. Pythium sp hyphae were 2.6 to 6.4 micrometers in diameter, had thick walls, and occasionally were septate. Basidiobolus haptosporus hyphae were 5.1 to 20.5 micrometers in diameter, had thin walls, and commonly were septate. Conidiobolus coronatus hyphae were 5.1 to 12.8 micrometers in diameter, had thin walls, and commonly were septate. A perihyphal eosinophilic cuff ( Splendore - Hoeppli phenomenon) with a radius of up to 20 micrometers was associated with the latter two fungi. Ultrastructurally, Pythium sp was composed of a thick, single density cell wall while B. haptosporus and C. coronatus had thin, double-layered cell walls. PMID- 6730225 TI - Filaroides hirthi: hyperinfective lungworm infection in immunosuppressed dogs. AB - Filaroides hirthi is a pulmonary parasite found primarily in beagle dogs. The modes of transmission and the life cycle of this parasite have been described recently, and the possibility of an autoinfectious cycle has been suggested. In this paper, we report two cases of experimentally immunosuppressed beagles (4 mg/day of prednisolone for over four months) in which massive disseminated F. hirthi infections developed. Large numbers of F. hirthi adults were present in the lungs, and larvae were found in lungs, mesenteric nodes, intestinal walls, and liver. While only minimal cellular responses were associated with the adult worms, a conspicuous mononuclear cell reaction was found around the larvae in the tissues. Since our dogs were caged to minimize contact with their own feces, we suggest that autoinfection took place in these dogs. Heavy worm burdens probably were reached because the reduced immune responses against the larva facilitated their successful penetration of the intestinal wall and their recirculation within the host. PMID- 6730226 TI - Canine cutaneous clear cell melanomas: a report of three cases. PMID- 6730227 TI - Intracranial germinoma in a dog. PMID- 6730228 TI - Lymphocytic leukemia in a ferret (Mustela furo). PMID- 6730229 TI - Basophilic enterocolitis in a horse. PMID- 6730230 TI - Mucoepidermoid carcinoma of the anal canal in a goat. PMID- 6730231 TI - Paramyxovirus infection of pigeons. PMID- 6730232 TI - The need for nurses. PMID- 6730233 TI - Analysis of a series of outbreaks of Aujeszky's disease in Yorkshire in 1981-82: the possibility of airborne disease spread. AB - A series of outbreaks of Aujeszky's disease occurred in Yorkshire during 1981-82. These were investigated from epidemiological and meteorological viewpoints to determine if airborne disease spread could have occurred between any of the premises. The results suggest that seven out of the 11 outbreaks investigated could have resulted from airborne virus. PMID- 6730234 TI - A simple procedure for the production of identical sheep twins. AB - Eggs were collected surgically on day 6, 7 or 8 from 18 Jacob ewes mated to a Welsh mountain ram. Thirty one (86 per cent) of the 36 eggs ovulated were recovered and of these 27 (87 per cent) had developed normally. All ovulated eggs were collected from 14 of the ewes. One (or more) normally developing morula or blastocyst was collected from 16 of the ewes. While the ewes remained under general anaesthesia each embryo was divided into two 'half' embryos with a thin glass needle. One monozygotic pair of 'half' embryos was retransferred to the embryo donor. The two ewes from which no normal embryos had been recovered were used as recipients for surplus bisected embryos from two other donors. Two of the 18 ewes returned to oestrus. The remaining 16 went to term producing, in all, eight pairs of identical twins, one pair of non-identical twins and seven single lambs. PMID- 6730235 TI - Thoracic limb defect in sheep. PMID- 6730236 TI - Alternative veterinary medicine. PMID- 6730237 TI - Entropion in newborn lambs. PMID- 6730238 TI - Joint measurement scheme. PMID- 6730239 TI - Changes in the producer payments scheme for milk. AB - The volume of milk for manufacture has more than doubled since 1970 and now exceeds that taken by the liquid market. To match producer payments more closely to market realities the MMB will, from April 1984, replace the fat and solids-non fat compositional quality payment scheme with one based on fat, protein and lactose. In the last 10 years the seasonal trough of production has moved from December to August/September. In an attempt to slow this trend and also provide a disincentive to additional supplies at peak, the MMB is altering its seasonal price adjustments. Milk prices will be increased in August and September and decreased in May and June. The changes in themselves will not affect the total sum of money available to producers, hence most of them will see little difference to their annual income. The exception will be those producers supplying milk of either especially low or high protein and, to a lesser extent, fat content. The change in seasonal adjustments will however cause a noticeable disruption in the cash flow to all producers. The price changes are not likely to produce an immediate management response but should encourage producers to consider critically their existing feeding, breeding and calving policies. PMID- 6730240 TI - Case of Dermatophilus congolensis infection in a two-day-old calf. PMID- 6730241 TI - Sneeze counts as a diagnostic aid in pig production. PMID- 6730242 TI - Paramyxovirus in pigeons. PMID- 6730243 TI - Capturing wildlife. PMID- 6730244 TI - Acceptability of levamisole and oxyclozanide for the post parturient ewe and newborn lamb. PMID- 6730245 TI - Surgery in rectal stricture in pigs. PMID- 6730246 TI - Synthetic pyrethroids to control headfly. PMID- 6730247 TI - Brain damage in dehorned goat kids. PMID- 6730248 TI - Mycotoxin detection using a Muscovy duckling bioassay. PMID- 6730249 TI - Hazard to cattle housed on slats. PMID- 6730250 TI - Protection against lungworm. PMID- 6730251 TI - Sheep scab equals cattle scab? PMID- 6730252 TI - Cell culture assay for toxigenic Pasteurella multocida from atrophic rhinitis of pigs. AB - A toxin produced by strains of Pasteurella multocida isolated from pigs with atrophic rhinitis caused a cytopathic effect in cell cultures derived from embryonic bovine lung. The toxin was produced during the late logarithmic phase of bacterial growth and inactivated by heating for 30 minutes at 56 degrees C. The cell culture assay was reproducible and 10(3) to 10(4) times more sensitive than a lethal assay in BALB/c mice. There was complete agreement between results in the two tests with 76 isolates of P multocida. Neutralising activity was demonstrated in both assays with sera from infected gnotobiotic piglets. It was concluded that embryonic bovine lung cell cultures provided a sensitive in vitro test for the differentiation of toxigenic from non toxigenic isolates of P multocida. The assay could be used in diagnostic laboratories and for characterisation of the toxin. PMID- 6730253 TI - Rapid method for the identification of Trichophyton verrucosum. PMID- 6730254 TI - Mannosidosis in aborted and stillborn Galloway calves. PMID- 6730255 TI - Congenital absence of hooves in a calf. PMID- 6730256 TI - Mucosal disease of cattle. PMID- 6730257 TI - Repeated bovine rotavirus infection and excretion in calves. PMID- 6730259 TI - Urethral ballistics. PMID- 6730258 TI - Efficacy of emepronium bromide. PMID- 6730260 TI - Application of an automated enzymatic technique for the determination of non esterified fatty acids in bovine blood. AB - An enzymatic method for the measurement of non-esterified fatty acid (NEFA) concentrations in blood was applied to samples from dairy cows. The method was carried out on a discrete analyser and showed considerable savings over other methods, particularly in time. The precision of the method was very high and the accuracy was good within normal concentration ranges when compared with an extraction reference method. Using this enzymatic method, it is possible to measure NEFA concentrations in bovine serum or plasma on a routine basis. The results will be of particular value in assessing the metabolic and nutritional status of cows in the post parturient period. PMID- 6730261 TI - Clinical and endocrinological investigation of possible ovulatory failure in a dairy cow. AB - Ovulatory failure was diagnosed in a cow by repeated rectal palpation. The follicle continued to increase in size accompanied by a thickening of the wall and retention of fluid in the central cavity. Plasma hormone profiles showed normal preovulatory oestradiol and luteinising hormone peaks. Four days later progesterone concentrations rose and were maintained for 14 days before falling to baseline concentrations as in a normal luteal phase. Twenty-two days after the luteinising hormone peak, the animal returned to oestrus. PMID- 6730262 TI - Some population parameters of Leptospira interrogans serovar hardjo infection in sheep. PMID- 6730263 TI - Toxicity of ionophores. PMID- 6730264 TI - Alternative veterinary medicine. PMID- 6730265 TI - Canine cannabis intoxication. PMID- 6730266 TI - Paramyxovirus type 1 infections of racing pigeons: 1 characterisation of isolated viruses. AB - Viruses isolated from field outbreaks of disease in racing pigeons in continental Europe and Great Britain were shown to be identical by serological tests using conventional chicken antisera and mouse monoclonal antibodies. The pigeon viruses showed high levels of cross-reaction to Newcastle disease virus (NDV) in haemagglutination inhibition tests and Madin-Darby bovine kidney cells infected with pigeon virus isolates bound three out of nine mouse monoclonal antibodies prepared against NDV Ulster 2C. These results confirm their classification in the paramyxovirus type 1 serotype of avian paramyxoviruses. However, the pigeon viruses could be distinguished from more classical paramyxovirus type 1 viruses by the significantly different titres obtained in haemagglutination inhibition tests, the failure of mouse monoclonal antibodies directed against the HN1 epitope of NDV Ulster 2C to inhibit their haemagglutinating activity and a unique binding pattern seen with the nine mouse monoclonal antibodies. PMID- 6730267 TI - Effect of neutering on two groups of feral cats. AB - Two colonies of urban feral cats were subjected to a programme of population control by trapping, neutering and returning to site. The behaviour of individual cats and the stability of the groups was studied before and after the programme, which was then assessed in terms of its humaneness and effectiveness as a means of control. The method was satisfactory on both counts and may be recommended for controlling feral cat colonies where the welfare of the cats can be assured after their return. PMID- 6730268 TI - Parenteral methods of supplementation with copper and selenium. AB - Parenteral treatments can provide a rapid successful method of supplementing ruminants with copper and selenium, and avoid the possible interactions between an oral supplement and other dietary constituents. The copper preparations studied contained copper complexed with calcium edetate (EDTA) or copper methionate , copper oxide or copper oxyquinoline sulphonate. The recommended doses of these commercial preparations contain different amounts of copper only part of which is transferred to the liver stores from which it can be released during the following months. The recommended dose of copper oxyquinoline sulphonate contains only 12 mg copper and the duration of its protective effect is short. Only a small proportion of the copper in copper methionate and copper oxide is transferred to the liver whereas nearly all the copper in a single dose of the EDTA complex (50 mg copper for sheep) is transferred to the liver stores. Although no longer recommended for use in sheep the copper EDTA complex can be administered to cattle to provide up to 1 mg copper/kg bodyweight. Selenium deficiency in both cattle and sheep can be corrected by the subcutaneous administration of up to 0.15 mg selenium/kg bodyweight as sodium selenate. However, if a dietary deficiency persists copper and selenium treatments are effective for only a few months. To avoid the need for repeated treatments, slowly dissolving or controlled release systems have been developed. Subcutaneous depots of barium selenate have been used (1 mg selenium/kg bodyweight) but large residues remained at the site of injection for up to three months. Initial trials with controlled release glasses containing copper have shown that they maybe useful for routine parenteral therapy. PMID- 6730269 TI - Efficacy of pyrethroid-impregnated ear tags for prophylaxis of tick-borne diseases of cattle. PMID- 6730270 TI - Neurological syndrome in the ferret (Mustela putorius furo). PMID- 6730271 TI - Pathogenic variation of three strains of Mycoplasma bovigenitalium for the bovine mammary gland. PMID- 6730272 TI - Ovine ureaplasmas and bovine mastitis. PMID- 6730273 TI - Sheep scab = cattle scab? PMID- 6730274 TI - Rupture of bovine fetlock. PMID- 6730276 TI - Use of antibiotics. PMID- 6730275 TI - Maximising the absorption of colostral immunoglobulins in the newborn dairy calf. AB - Various systems of early post natal management of the newborn calf were examined to determine which would consistently achieve high serum concentrations of maternally derived immunoglobulins, and to examine the factors which might influence this transfer. Early assisted sucking of colostrum to satiation produced consistently high serum concentrations of absorbed immunoglobulins with a mean of 27.17 +/- 8.92 zinc sulphate turbidity (ZST) units for 100 calves. No significant increase in the serum concentrations of absorbed immunoglobulins occurred when calves, which had been assisted to suck immediately after birth, were permitted to remain with their dams and encouraged to suck again at 12 hours (29.20 +/- 9.40 ZST units). Despite early assisted sucking, a small proportion of calves may remain hypogammaglobulinaemic because of the low concentration of immunoglobulins in their dams' colostrum; leakage of colostrum from the udder before calving was the major cause of these low immunoglobulin concentrations. A highly significant correlation was demonstrated between the colostral immunoglobulin concentrations and the passively acquired serum immunoglobulin concentrations of the calves. With this intensive system of early assisted sucking the breed of the calf did not significantly influence the absorption of colostral immunoglobulins. PMID- 6730277 TI - POM products and farmers. PMID- 6730278 TI - Weight loss associated with urea-molasses mixture. PMID- 6730279 TI - Precautions against nuclear accident or attack. PMID- 6730280 TI - Evaluation of three synthetic pyrethroids in the control of sheep headfly disease. AB - Deltamethrin (0.01 per cent) applied to the heads of lambs and gimmers at 30 day intervals on two separate farms failed to control damage caused by the sheep headfly , Hydrotaea irritans. Permethrin (0.1 per cent) applied to gimmers at monthly intervals achieved a slight reduction in severity of damage but protection did not extend beyond 14 days. Polyvinyl chloride tags containing 8.5 per cent cypermethrin reduced damage in gimmers to a very low level with protection lasting throughout the summer. Weight gains of lambs suffering headfly damage were significantly less than unaffected lambs. PMID- 6730281 TI - Control of stillbirths in pigs using homoeopathy. PMID- 6730282 TI - Abomasal displacement and tympany in a nine-week-old calf. PMID- 6730284 TI - Continuing education. PMID- 6730283 TI - Prevalence of antibody to conventional and atypical rotaviruses in chickens. PMID- 6730285 TI - Toxicity of the ionophores. PMID- 6730287 TI - Protection of chicks against Salmonella infantis infection induced by strict anaerobically cultured intestinal microflora. AB - In two experiments newly hatched broilers were orally inoculated either with intestinal microfloras cultured under different conditions or with a suspension of intestinal homogenate and challenged with high doses (3 X 10(5) c.f.u. per chick) of Salmonella infantis organisms. Inocula were prepared from intestinal material of mature SPF WL hens under aerobic or strictly anaerobic conditions (less than 5 ppm oxygen), and protected against atmospheric oxygen during storage. A very significant reduction of the number of Salmonella infantis bacteria in caecal content was achieved one and two weeks after challenge in those groups of chicks which were inoculated with anaerobically cultured flora or with intestinal homogenate. In order to induce protection, obligate anaerobes had to be accompanied by facultative anaerobes. Amprolium or Monensin dit not interfere with protection. Protection induced by intestinal microflora depends on anaerobiosis during preparation, culturing, storage, and application of the protective bacteria. Starvation on the first day of life appeared to have a negative effect on protection. PMID- 6730286 TI - The influence of cortisol excess on kidney function in the dog. AB - The effects of cortisol excess on kidney function were studied in 8 normal conscious dogs. Cortisol was given orally until polyuria developed. Cortisol excess decreased urine osmolality (from 897 +/- 76 to 186 +/- 36 mosm. kg-1) and increased urine production (from 0.7 +/- 0.1 to 9.3 +/- 2.4 ml kg-1. h-1). The glomerular filtration rate increased by 23 +/- 9 per cent. Sodium and potassium concentrations in plasma were decreased. 66 Per cent of the increase in urine production was due to the increase in free water clearance and 34 per cent to the increased urea excretion. Cortisol excess apparently caused polyuria by inhibition of the action of ADH in the collecting duct, resulting in a decreased water and urea reabsorption. The decreased urea reabsorption possibly causes a smaller urea recirculation in the renal medulla and hence a decrease in concentrating capacity. PMID- 6730288 TI - Three cases of obstruction of the small colon by a foreign body. AB - This report describes fatal obstruction of the small colon of three horses. The obstructions were caused by irregularly shaped enteroliths of which the centres contained a foreign body, namely a guy-rope, a piece of baling twine , and a fishing-line, respectively. The diagnosis was made by post-mortem examination. PMID- 6730289 TI - Prevalence of antibodies to Dermatophilus congolensis in sheep and goats in Nigeria. AB - A serological survey on dermatophilosis was carried out amongst sheep and goats in Kaduna State of Nigeria. Sera were obtained from slaughter animals and from sheep kept on an isolated ranch. The percentage of seropositive animals was 28.0 in slaughter sheep, 0.0 in sheep kept on the ranch, and 23.2 in slaughter goats. The high prevalence of D. congolensis antibodies among small ruminants compares well with the level of prevalence reported of cattle of cattle and calls for a concerted government effort for the control of the disease. PMID- 6730290 TI - Transpalpebral exenteration in cattle. AB - Description of a simple and fast surgical method and the necessary regional anesthesia for treatment of extensive global and orbital affections is given. The results of this transpalpebral exenteration procedure were highly satisfactory. PMID- 6730291 TI - Identification of several stilbene derivatives in bovine urine by means of high performance liquid chromatographic fractionation and immunochemical detection. AB - Radioimmunochemical detection (RIA) following fractionation of urine extracts via high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) turned out to be a very specific method for the identification of stilbene derivatives in bovine urine. Combination of the high resolution of the HPLC with a specific RIA is a suitable method to discriminate between the presence of different stilbene derivatives like diethylstilboestrol (DES), dienoestrol (DE) and hexoestrol (HEX) or other unknown compounds interfering in the celite-RIA used in the screening. Using this screening method 8200 samples of bovine urine were investigated on the presence of stilbene derivatives of which 133 were classified as 'positive'. In 106 'positive' urines the presence of DES was shown and in 19 'positive' urines the presence of DE or HEX, using the method described in this report whereas in 8 'positive' urines an unknown immunochemical active compound was detected. During 1.5 year of comparative investigation no qualitative discrepancies occurred between the results of the HPLC-immunogram procedure and the final confirmation by high resolution gas chromatography-mass spectometry (GCMS). PMID- 6730292 TI - A rapid thin-layer chromatographic screening method for five sulfonamides in animal tissues. AB - A procedure is described for the detection of five sulfonamides in muscle and kidney of swine, chicken and cattle. The method consists of an extraction with dichloromethane, cleaning up of the extracts on a Sep-Pak silica disposable column, and analysis by thin-layer chromatography on a silica plate with chloroform/n-butanol as an eluent. The sulfonamides were visualized by spraying with a fluorescamine solution. In spiked tissues the presence of the sulfonamides at concentrations of 0.05 mg/kg and higher is easily demonstrated. Direct detection of sulfonamides in tissue extracts of kidneys and lean tissues under the same chromatographic conditions is also described. This method, in which the Sep-Pak cleaning up procedure is omitted, has been successfully applied to spiked swine and cattle kidneys, chicken liver and breast tissue. PMID- 6730293 TI - Poison control and definitive cost containment. PMID- 6730294 TI - Blood lead, delta-aminolevulinic acid dehydratase and free erythrocyte porphyrins in normal cattle. AB - Normal values and ranges were identified for blood lead, delta-aminolevulinic acid dehydratase, and free erythrocyte porphyrins in 104 adult female cattle in central Missouri. The blood lead mean value was 0.063 ppm with a standard deviation of 0.028. The blood delta-aminolevulinic acid dehydratase activity mean value was 45.76 U with a standard deviation of 20.57. The free erythrocyte porphyrin mean value was 21.56 micrograms coproporphyrin/100 ml erythrocytes with a standard deviation of 11.36. Analysis of variance did not reveal differences between breeds or age groups for any of the parameters. Correlation was not observed between these parameters either for the group as a whole or within breed or age groups. If lead affects delta-aminolevulinic acid dehydratase and free erythrocyte porphyrin in cattle, it is at a higher exposure level than that which existed in this sampling of adult female cattle. PMID- 6730295 TI - Large scale extraction of pyrrolizidine alkaloids from tansy ragwort (Senecio jacobaea). AB - A new technique of large-scale pyrrolizidine alkaloid (PA) extraction was developed in response to toxicity studies on food animals. Results of toxicity experiments on cattle vary from those on rodents (2); therefore, dose/response studies need to be germaine to the appropriate species. This new technique for extraction utilizes protonation of the ring nitrogen and partition of solvent to preferentially extract the alkaloid. The primary equipment used in the system we developed includes a large stainless-steel extraction/separation tank, holding tanks, and a 100-liter vacuum distillation system. From 23 kg of plant material of Senecio jacobaea , our system was able to produce 8-10 g of alkaloid per run, compared to the 3 g which we achieved using other extraction methods (2,4). Additional advantages of our system include a lower labor cost and the ability to recycle the organic solvent. PMID- 6730296 TI - Cholinesterase activity in plasma, red blood cells, muscle, and brain of dogs following repeated exposure to Spotton (fenthion). PMID- 6730297 TI - Methyltin intoxication in six men; toxicologic and clinical aspects. AB - Neurologic and psychiatric symptoms such as headache, tinnitus, defective hearing, changing desorientation and aggressiveness are initial symptoms of methyltin chloride intoxication. Some patients also developed epileptic equivalents, such as dreamy attacks and central ventilation transaminases. Laboratory findings included low levels of serum potassium, leucocytosis and elevated transaminases. The excretion rate of tin in the urine correlated with the severity of the intoxication. There was no measurable effect of plasma separation or d-penicillamine therapy on tin excretion in the urine or on the clinical picture. The long-term prognosis of severely intoxicated persons is poor. Neurohistopathologic findings confirm the animal studies by Brown et al and the severe damage and cell necrosis in the hippocampus area. To prevent such events workers need to be warned of the risk and dangers of working with organo metallic compounds. The effectiveness of protective clothes and gas masks should be checked. In exposed workers regular testing is advised of tin concentrations in the urine. PMID- 6730298 TI - Holly berry ingestion: case report. PMID- 6730299 TI - Toxicity of furazolidone to Nubian goats. AB - Male Nubian goats were given furazlidone orally at daily doses of 40, 80, 160 and 320 mg/kg for up to 10 days. Animals given 160 and 320 mg/kg became anemic, and showed anorexia, hyperexcitability, uneasiness , backward walking, locomotory disturbances and circling. These animals died within 5 to 7 days of treatment. Postmortem examination showed mild congestion in brain, and fatty change in liver and kidneys. There was histopathological evidence of hepatic and renal damage, and some necrosis in brain and adrenals. Biochemical examination of serum confirmed the presence of hepatic and renal damage. Goats given furazolidone at daily doses of 40 and 80 mg/kg showed similar signs as above, but to a lesser degree. They were killed at the end of the experiment (10 days). The signs of furazolidone intoxication resembled those of cerebrocortical necrosis (thiamine deficiency in ruminants). Therefore, thiamine (100 mg/animal) was injected iv daily to goats receiving 320 mg furazolidone/kg. The vitamin ameliorated the severity of the drug toxicity. PMID- 6730300 TI - Influence of ingested lead on the distribution of lead, iron, zinc, copper and manganese in bovine tissues. AB - Five groups of cattle were dosed daily with either 0, 6.3, 7.8, 9.8 and 12.2 mg of lead/kg of body weight for 118 days or for as long as they lived, and tissue concentrations of lead, iron, zinc, copper and manganese were determined post mortem. Mean intakes of lead for the five groups were 0, 34, 165, 55 and 57 g respectively. Lead accumulated in all tissues of treated animals and was greatest in kidneys and liver. The accumulation of lead and iron in livers of the treated animals appeared to be related to lead intake. The zinc and iron concentrations in liver were significantly increased by the ingestion of lead whereas the copper concentrations in liver and heart and the manganese concentration in kidney were significantly decreased by the ingestion of the lead. PMID- 6730301 TI - A poison education program for primary school. AB - A program with which to teach children in grades 1 and 2 to identify poisons and hazard symbols, to learn where poisons should be stored and to recognize a poisoning and contact a poison control center in the event of a poisoning was developed. Each objective was taught in one 30-minute lesson by the children's school teachers. Evaluation of the approximately 400 children who received the program by pre- and post-tests demonstrated that they learned to identify poisons, to recognize hazard symbols and the telephone number of the local poison control center. The children were also asked to identify their source of knowledge about poisons and cited parents, television and school as their most important sources. PMID- 6730302 TI - Phlebectatic peliosis hepatis in Australian cattle. AB - Peliosis hepatis can be produced predictably in cattle following regular oral dosing for several weeks with dried plant of various Pimelea spp which contain irritant diterpenoid daphnane esters such as simplexin . The condition is associated with a massive hypervolemia and cor pulmonale. Affected animals may recover after removal of the toxin from the diet. The mechanism of peliosis hepatis in man and other species is obscure, and the present model in the large domestic species could well be employed in investigations of the pathogenesis of this lesion. The condition appears to have its origin as a portal venular ectasia and can be regarded as a true phlebectatic peliosis hepatis. Blood volume measurements may be of value in forecasting the possible development of peliosis hepatis in humans, which may occur in association with regular long-term anabolic steroid therapy. PMID- 6730303 TI - Udder infection of goats by coagulase-negative staphylococci. AB - Infection of udder halves by coagulase-negative staphylococci in seven commercial goat herds was studied in conjunction with the California Mastitis Test (CMT). Nine different species were identified and only 10% of strains belonged to groups which could not be identified with any of the known Staphylococcus species. The most prevalent species were Staphylococcus epidermidis (47.7%) and Staphylococcus caprae (19.7%). About half of the coagulase-negative staphylococcal infections gave negative CMT scores. The score was independent of the species of staphylococci involved and the stage of lactation. About 60% of the coagulase negative staphylococcal species isolated were reisolated in the identical half udder during the following lactation. PMID- 6730304 TI - Significance of milk as a possible source of infection for human yersiniosis. I. Incidence of Yersinia organisms in raw milk in Shimane Prefecture, Japan. AB - Twelve strains of Yersinia enterocolitica and 4 strains of a Y. enterocolitica like organism (Y. intermedia) were isolated from 374 pooled raw milk samples. Growth occurred in a cold enrichment system using phosphate buffer solution (7 strains), peptone solution (5 strains) and yeast extract-casein-cystine broth (5 strains). Serovar 13,7 was most frequently isolated (8 strains) followed by serovars 5,27 (2 strains), 6,31, 7,8, 14 and 22 (each one strain). Two strains were untypable, serologically. Seasonal variation was of little consequence, but the regional incidence was an important feature of the bacteriological findings. Autoagglutination tests gave negative results with all isolates. Although so called "clinical strains" were not identified, the relationship of the strains of Yersinia to milk-borne infections in humans cannot be excluded. PMID- 6730305 TI - A comparison of the effect of tiamulin hydrogen fumarate and tylosin tartrate on mycoplasmas of ruminants and some animal ureaplasmas. AB - The in vitro efficacy of tiamulin was compared to that of tylosin against 7 bovine, 7 ovine and 3 caprine mycoplasma strains isolated from various organs and belonging to different species, as well as 7 ureaplasma strains cultured from cattle, sheep, swine, chickens and turkeys. The minimal mycoplasmacidal concentrations of tiamulin varied between 0.01 and 10.0 micrograms ml-1, while tylosin proved to be active in concentrations of 0.5 and 100.0 micrograms ml-1. Five of 17 mycoplasma strains showed identical sensitivities to both antibiotics while all other strains, including the ureaplasmas, were sensitive to tiamulin at concentrations 5-5000-times lower than tylosin. PMID- 6730308 TI - Plaque assay of equine influenza virus. AB - ESK cells, a stable cell line derived from a swine embryo kidney, were found to be a good medium for plaque formation of the Prague and Miami strains of equine influenza virus. Factors influencing the plaque formation were investigated and a plaque assay for these viruses was worked out. The method is not only simple enough for routine use, but also is as sensitive as the egg inoculation method. The method was readily adapted for a neutralization test. PMID- 6730307 TI - Phagocytosis of Bacteroides nodosus by ovine peripheral blood leucocytes. AB - Phagocytosis of Bacteroides nodosus by ovine peripheral blood leucocytes (PBL) was examined after organisms had been opsonized in sera from normal sheep, or from animals immune to, or infected with ovine footrot . Ingestion of bacteria, as assessed microscopically or by counting isotopically-labelled organisms spectrometrically was effected in suspensions by polymorphonuclear leucocytes (PMN). Opsonization of bacteria in immune serum, particularly its IgG2 isotype, enhanced the rate of phagocytosis by PMN compared with that promoted by normal serum or medium alone. Whereas IgG2 from immune serum also increased the rate of ingestion of B. nodosus by adherent PMN, IgM and IgG1 from immune serum also initiated phagocytosis of bacteria by adherent ovine monocytes. Leucocytes from normal, immune or infected sheep of different breeds ingested B. nodosus with equal facility. PMID- 6730306 TI - Analysis of the outer membrane proteins of Bacteroides nodosus, the causal organism of ovine footrot. AB - Examination by SDS-PAGE of lithium acetate extracts of several strains of depiliated Bacteroides nodosus revealed 6 major outer membrane proteins (including pilin). The 5 membrane proteins exhibited approximate molecular weights of 75000, 50000, 38000, 34500 and 26500 whereas pilin had a MW of 17500 for the majority of strains. All proteins were accessible to lactoperoxidase catalysed iodination and proteins 1, 2 and 5 were shown to be glycoproteins. Several attempts to isolate individual OMC proteins in pure form by selective solubilization and gel filtration were unsuccessful, but electroelution of individual outer membrane complex proteins resolved by SDS-PAGE provided sufficient quantities of antigen for immunization of sheep and for immunochemical analysis. PMID- 6730309 TI - Factors affecting the consecutive and simultaneous coupling with bis-diazotized benzidine of protein antigen to sheep red blood cells. AB - The dynamics of attaching antigen to sheep red blood cells using bis-diazotized benzidine ( BDB ) were studied using purified protein derivative tuberculin as antigen. Factors considered were the concentration of antigen and BDB , temperature, time, and simultaneous or consecutive coupling. Simultaneous coupling at 42 degrees C for 10 min gave the most specific haemagglutination reactions and was simple to carry out. PMID- 6730310 TI - Immunity to Babesia in mice. I. Adoptive transfer of immunity to Babesia rodhaini with immune spleen cells and the effect of irradiation on the protection of immune mice. AB - Immunisation of Balb/c mice against Babesia rodhaini by an amicarbalide controlled infection resulted in a solid immunity which lasted for 216 days. With spleen cells of immune mice protection could be transferred both to naive mice pretreated with cyclophosphamide. Treatment of naive mice with cyclophosphamide (300 mg/kg) five days before a lethal B. rodhaini inoculation resulted in over 50% survival. This protective effect of cyclophosphamide is explained by its inhibiting effect on suppressor T-cells. The protection against B. rodhaini challenge infection afforded to immune Balb/c mice was completely resistant to a sublethal irradiation of 400 rad. Since B-lymphocyte function in antibody production is suppressed by this dose, the role of antibodies in the effector phase of the immunity appears to be of minor if any importance. A considerable degree of protection was still preserved after irradiation of immune animals with 875 rad. Sensitivity to this irradiation dose of all immunocompetent cells except macrophages and a small fraction of T-lymphocytes indicates the involvement of these cell types in the effector phase of the specific immunity. Highly radioresistant macrophages are therefore considered to play the major role but T lymphocytes are also required for complete protection. PMID- 6730311 TI - Immunity to Babesia in mice. II. Cross protection between various Babesia and Plasmodium species and its relevance to the nature of Babesia immunity. AB - Mice immunized against B. rodhaini by means of a drug-controlled infection were subsequently resistant to infection with B. microti and B. ratti. In the reciprocal experiments the protection against B. rodhaini was less effective. B. rodhaini immunized mice were also considerably protected against P. vinckei infection, whereas protection against P. berghei did not occur. Antibody determinations indicated that the heterologous protection cannot be explained by the occurrence of cross-reacting antibodies. Because of similarity with the non specific suppression of babesiosis in BCG-infected mice, the same effector mechanism is postulated to explain the infection-induced homologous and heterologous protection. Unlike non-specifically induced protection, the induction of acquired resistance by means of a drug-controlled B. rodhaini infection is thymus-dependent. PMID- 6730312 TI - [Microbiological studies of Mladost sour milk]. AB - Studied were a total of 239 productional batches of Mladost sour milk to establish the occasional contamination with coliform bacteria. It was found that 97.9 per cent of the batches had coli titers of 0.1 and over 0.1, and 2.1 per cent of the batches--over 0.01. Fourteen productional experiments were carried out to ascertain the sources of contamination with coli forms, yeasts, and moulds. It was found that the productional starter used for this type of sour milk did not contain coliforms and moulds in 0.1 cm3 but in about 43 per cent of the batches it contained 20 to 470 cm3 yeasts. It was also established that both yeasts and moulds that have found their way to the product multiplied in it to a various extent, depending on the activity of the cultures and the temperature of storage. Some of the stored batches deteriorated in terms of their organoleptic indices. At 11,000 cm3 yeasts the deterioration becomes stronger following the cummulation of greater amounts of biomass. PMID- 6730313 TI - [Chemical composition of the meat from does]. AB - The meat was studied of 9 does killed at the age of 2.5 years and live weight of up to 35 kg. Ascertained were the contents of water; the total, extractive, and protein nitrogen; fats; ash; essential amino acids ( triptophane ) and nonessential ( hydroxiproline ) proteins. Determined was also the nutritive value of meat. It was found that the proteins of musculus gracilis have higher nutritive value as compared with those of the neck muscles between the fifth and the seventh vertebra. PMID- 6730314 TI - [Theoretical and applied aspects of methanogenesis]. AB - The basic aspects of organic matter breakdown through methanogenesis are dealt with. The process is referred to as a method of obtaining energy-- biogas --and a way to solve a number of problems associated with the protection of the environment from waste products of the agricultural industry. Both traditional and modern technical means and basic parameters of the technology of biogas production are presented. Stated are also the important practical aspects of the biochemistry and kinetics of the process. PMID- 6730315 TI - [Microbial content of the air in poultry houses]. AB - The industrial animal-breeding complex is characterized as an ecotechnical system the function of which is determined by the action of antropogenic factors. It has been demonstrated that up to now the stress of antropogenic activity has been laid on the optimization of the abiotic factors. The control and optimization of the biotic factors has constituted a problem for industrial poultry breeding, especially important being the microbial content of air. Investigations have shown that with the industrial raising of birds air microbism has assumed the importance of a factor that lowers the effectiveness of the technologies applied. The factors have been discovered that govern the extent of microbial contamination of air. Results of experiments in productional poultry houses and climatic chambers have led to the offer of measures aimed at limiting the microbial contamination of air in the industrial raising of birds. PMID- 6730316 TI - [Use of Nobuto's method for controlling the immune titer of poultry against Newcastle disease]. AB - The use of Nobuto 's method for blood sampling with birds and mammals, using filter paper, suggests various advantages in the practice of serologic investigations. Studies were carried out to determine the immune titer of birds against Newcastle disease. Parallel blood samples were taken routinely and after the method of Nobuto with filter paper. Serologic examination was performed through the hemagglutination-inhibition test, beta procedure, with 10 HAU /0.5 cm3. As many as five parallel experiments with blood samples from birds were conducted within the period of from the 15th to the 40th day following vaccination. The results of HI-tests on filter paper, variants a and b, proved mathematically reliable, coinciding with the HI results with the samples studied with sera (P = 0.05). Further studies of blood samples from birds after the HI, beta micromethod, are currently carried out. PMID- 6730317 TI - [Protein studies of viral hemorrhagic septicemia in rainbow trout]. AB - Comparative investigations were carried out on the changes in the blood serum of normal and diseased rainbow trout with virus hemorrhagic septicaemia. Determined was the amount of the total protein and the protein fractions. The electrophoretic investigation of blood serum of rainbow trout revealed one dominating albumin fraction, 3 alfa-globulin fractions, 2 beta-globulin ones, and one gamma-globulin one. The following up of the protein fraction dynamic during the various seasons did not reveal any dependence on the temperature curve. Rainbow trout manifesting clinically virus hemorrhagic septicaemia showed lowering of the total protein amount and changes in the electrophoretic profile and the quantitative ratio of the protein fractions. There were a drop of the albumin percent and a rise of the beta- and gamma-globulin fractions. This led to a change in the coefficients alfa:beta (0.89) and albumin: globulin (0.14). PMID- 6730318 TI - [Therapeutic and prophylactic action of monensin and nicotinic acid in cows with subclinical ketosis]. AB - Experiments were carried out with sheep and cows on the basis of a limited feed ration--the giving of concentrates was discontinued, and the ration of alfalfa hay was replaced with meadow hay and a monensine supplement (at the rate of 20-25 mg for sheep and 250 mg for cows, daily), and nicotinic acid (at 0.8 g and 6.0 g, respectively). Observations revealed that in the course of 6-7 weeks in succession the drop of blood sugar was reduced, and monensine led to a rise of the alkali reserves of the blood by 27 to 41 per cent. Cows with ketonuria (from ++ up to + positive results with the nitroprusside tests) and hydroglycaemia (blood sugar up to 30 mg) were treated with monensine at the rate of 125 mg, in the morning and in the evening or with nicotinic acid at 3 g and the same frequency for 6-7 consecutive days. The symptoms receded to a greater extent (12.1 to 60 per cent) as compared to the process of self-healing for the same time period. In this respect the effect of monensine was better manifested. It was demonstrated that the prophylactic use of these drugs inhibited to a minimum the manifestation of hypoglycaemia and ketonuria. PMID- 6730319 TI - [Enzymatic and morphological study of the liver in acute radiation sickness]. AB - The morphologic changes in the liver were investigated along with those in the activity of the specific liver enzymes in the blood plasma of rats in the case of the severe form of acute radiation disease. The rats were treated with 670 Rad at the rate of 90 Rad/min. The studies were carried out on the 1st, 8th , 15th, 22nd, and 30th day following irradiation. It was found that under the conditions of the experiment the activity of the cytoplasmic enzymes sorbitoldehydrogenase , cholinesterase, and leucinaminopeptidase strongly rose on the 1st day after treatment (the activity of sorbitoldehydrogenase increased 11 times). The activity of acid phosphatase and glutamate dehydrogenase also increased strongly, whereupon there was deterioration of the mitochondrial and lysosomal structures. Seen were well expressed processes of fatty and parenchymal dystrophy. The studies on the changes in the activity of these enzymes can be used as an adjunct, resp., an auxiliary test to the haematologic indices in the evaluation of the severity of radiation disease. PMID- 6730320 TI - [Amino acid bioconversion in the feed for broilers under different breeding rates]. AB - Two experiments were carried out under productional conditions with a total of 69 520 broiler birds (four-line hybrids, crosses of White Plymouth Rock x Cornish ) -one in the spring and one in the summer. The birds were grown in a poultry house at density of 16.6 per sq. m. of floor area and in cage at the rate of 23.6 per sq. m. (an enclosure on the same premise). On another premise the birds were kept at 23.6 and 16.6 per sq. m., respectively. Every 15 days the amino acids and the protein were determined in the white meat, and each feed batch was checked as regards its crude protein and amino acid content. It was found that the bioconversion of the amino acids of the feed into amino acids of the white meat was acted upon by a constellation of biotic and abiotic ecologic factors. Dicisive was the effect of the biotic factors. It is stated that the present approach to optimize only the elements of the microclimate at higher rates of broiler raising is insufficient. It is necessary to study the biotic ecologic factors in detail as the base of optimization of the homotypic and heterotypic reactions. PMID- 6730321 TI - [Histological characteristics of the testis and epididymis of calves during postnatal development]. AB - A histologic investigation was carried out of the testis and epididymis of a total of 42 calves of the Black-and-white grouped in 14 test groups. The animals were currently castrated after the age of 2 months and were raised in the open. Material for investigation was taken on the 1st and 15th day, and once in every following month up to the completion of 12 months of age. It was found that up to the 3rd month there was no lumen in the testicular tubules, but only differentiating Sertoli cells and gonocytes were seen. Spermatogonia and spermatocytes were first observed at the age of 4 months, and prespermatids and sporadic spermatids--in the 8th month. Single spermatozoa in the phase of final shaping appeared in the 10th month, and completed spermatogenesis--in the 11th month. The histogenesis of the wall of the tubules of the epididymis completed earlier as compared to the histogenesis process in the testis--by the age of 8 months. Later on there were morphologically in the epididymis some proliferation and folding of the tubules with widening of the lumen, whereupon the amount of the surrounding connective tissue relatively decreased. PMID- 6730322 TI - [Seasonal dynamics of the main helminthiases on a sheep farm pasture]. AB - Two-year observations were made on the seasonal and age dynamic of the basic helminth infections on a pasture complex of the village of Bochkovtsi , Veliko Turnovo district. The methods of F ulleborn , Berman , successive washing, and MacMaster were employed to investigate a total of 2198 fecal samples taken from 50 permanently marked lambs, weaned lambs, and ewes. The parasite burden and the species composition of the helminths were established via complete post-mortem examinations, resp., helminthologic necropsies of 19 ewes, 7 weaned lambs, and 5 lambs. Studied were also the surrounding field conditions in order to discover and investigate the biotopes. A total of 517 fresh-water snails of the Limnea truncatula species and 640 land ones of the Helicella obvia species were examined. The helminth fauna was established with the various categories of animals raised on the pasture complex along with the seasonal dynamic of the basic parasitic diseases. A programme for the prophylaxis and therapy was worked out. PMID- 6730323 TI - [Effect of ketosis on the reproductive process in high-yield cows]. AB - Studies were carried out with a total of 40 ketosis-affected cows and 40 normal (control) cows. It was found that with the diseased animals the blood level of sugar was lowered by 45 per cent, that of total protein--by 24 per cent, that of carotene and vitamin A--by more than twice, and that of inorganic phosphorus--by 20 per cent as against the blood indices with the control cows. In the same period the content of ketone bodies in the blood of ths affected cows increased 5 times, and in the urine it rose 6 times. With cows that had ketosis the cases of dystocia and retained placenta were 5 times more, still births were twice more, and the cases of diseased endometrium were 6 times more than those in the control cows. Respectively, cows that had manifested clinical ketosis showed longer independence period (by 22 days), longer service period (by 54 days), lack of estrus (in 20 per cent of the animals), and as many as 33.3 per cent of them failed to conceive and were culled. It was concluded that ketosis had unfavourably affected the normal course of the parturition process ++ and the conception of high-producing cows. PMID- 6730324 TI - [Tocopherol absorption and accumulation in the body of rams]. AB - A paper-chromatographic method was employed to evaluate the tokoferrol content in the feed and in blood and semen of rams. It was established that the animals utilised from feeds higher percent of alfa- tokoferrol and negligible amounts of beta- and gamma- tokoferrols . The absorption of beta- tokoferrol was not demonstrated, although in the feed this tokoferrol was more than 15 per cent of the total tokoferrol content. Both in the seminal plasma and in the spermatozoa alfa- tokoferrol cumulated only. PMID- 6730325 TI - [Effect of movement on feed digestibility and reproduction in pregnant dry cows]. AB - Two experiments were carried out--in October and November and in May and June- with two groups of cows of 25 each, belonging to the Black-and-white breed. Up to the time of the tests and during the experimental period itself both groups of animals were given a ration that was one and the same in terms of composition and size. However, the test group was subjected to a regular daily walk of 3 km on a proper field terrain. It was established that regular movement produced a favourable effect on the health condition, digestibility, parturition, and puerperal affections as well as on the milk capacity and reproduction parameters. The health status and development of offsprings was also favourably affected. PMID- 6730326 TI - [The laws and categories of epizootiology]. PMID- 6730327 TI - [Isolation of the respiratory syncytial virus from calves with respiratory diseases]. AB - Described is a respiratory enzootic in calves aged 30 to 90 days. Two cytopathic strains of the bovine respiratory syncytial virus were isolated from diseased calves in a cell culture of lamb thyroid. Clinical observations and the results of virologic and serologic investigations have revealed that mixed infections of the respiratory syncytial virus and the mucosa disease virus take part in the etiology of the respiratory enzootic described. PMID- 6730329 TI - [Effect of perocin (zineb) on the quality of ovine seminal fluid]. AB - The fungicide perocin , an analogue of the preparation Zineb ( ditiocarbamate ) was applied orally with the feed to 11 rams divided into two test groups of three animals each and one control group of five rams. The preparation was administered at the rate of 1/50 and 1/100 of DL50 per kg body mass to the first and second test group, respectively, in the course of 4 months. During both the preparatory and the experimental period semen was sampled twice a week with the use of an artificial vagina, and investigations were carried out to evaluate the qualitative properties of the semen, the level of Na ions, the redoxi -potential and the activity of the alkaline phosphatase (APh). Apparently, the preparation triggered a trend toward increasing the number of pathologic spermatozoa (20-30 per cent) and decreasing to a lower extent the concentration of the sodium ions and the values of the redoxi -potential. The motility of spermatozoa was lowered by 4.3 per cent for the animals that were treated with 1/50 DL50 per kg body mass, and by 2.1 per cent for those that were offered 1/100 DL50 per kg body mass. There were certain differences between the values obtained although these were statistically insignificant so far as the alkaline phosphatase was concerned. They pointed to the fact that perocin contributed to the increase in the value relationships of some of the forms of this enzyme. The same applied also to the APh1 which is believed to have certain bearing upon preserving the activity of spermatozoa. PMID- 6730328 TI - [Localization of alkaline and acid phosphatases in the testes and epididymis of calves during postnatal development]. AB - A histochemical investigation was carried out after Gomori's method on the activity and localization of the alkaline and acid phosphatase in the testis and epididymis of 28 calves of the Black-and-white breed as dependent on their age- from the first day following birth to the age of 12 months, divided into 14 test groups. It was found that both enzymes had analogous localization in the testis as well as in the various portions of the epididymis, however, the activity of the alkaline phosphatase was higher as compared to that of the acid phosphatase. While in the interstitium of the testis and epididymis on the 1st, 15th, and 30th day following birth the alkaline phosphatase had low activity the acid phosphatase on the same dates was found in the epididymis only. PMID- 6730330 TI - [Composition of Eimeria in turkeys in Bulgaria]. AB - Studied was the species composition of Eimeria in turkeys on a pedigree farm in the territory of the Higher Institute of Zootechnics and Veterinary Medicine. Metrical and morphologic investigations were carried out with more than 1000 sporulated oocysts isolated from parental flocks, turkey poults for fattening, clinically affected poults at various ages, and from experimentally infected poults. On the basis of the results obtained the following species were ascertained: Eimeria meleagridis Tyzzer, 1927; E. adenoeides Moore, Brown, 1951; E. meleagrimitis Tyzzer, 1929. Most widely spread proved the Eimeria meleagridis species (52 per cent), followed by E. adenoeides (28.4 per cent), and E. meleagrimitis (26.6 per cent). PMID- 6730331 TI - [Causes of death in chicks in the 1st days after hatching]. AB - Scientific and productional experiments and complex investigations were carried out on breeding eggs, chick embryos, newly hatched birds, and ecologic habitats of two broiler dressing combines. It was found that the basic reasons for the morbidity and mortality of chicks in the first days following hatching were: the eggs chosen for hatching were of a lower biologic value due to deficient feeding (1); the veterinary, sanitary, and hygiene requirements with regard to the production, shipping, storing, and hatching of breeding eggs were overlooked (2); the little birds were offered feed mixtures of low value, along with admission of other drawback in their feeding (3); during the first days of raising the birds were kept at lower temperatures and lower relative humidity on the premises. PMID- 6730332 TI - [Poultry meat production with varying densities in raising the broilers]. AB - Tests were carried out at two densities of raising the broilers on productional premises--16.6 and 23.6 per 1 m2 of flooring. Both the prophylactic programme and the conditions of tending and feeding were one and the same on the premises used. Each one of these was supplied with a cell in which birds were kept at the same density value as that on the other premise. Thus, four groups were formed in all: I--broilers kept at the rate of 16.6 per sq. m, II--broilers raised on the premise at 23.6/m2, III--broilers kept in a cell at 16.6 on the same premise where the other birds were kept at 23.6, and IV--broilers kept at 23.6 per sq. m. on the premise where the rate concerning the other birds was 16.6. The basic integral indices of the production effectiveness as well as the bioconversion of the dietary amino acids were followed up. It was found that during the transitional period the lower productional results with the broilers raised at higher densities were due to the action of biotic factors, and, more specifically, to the changes in the homotypical reactions that were the result of the higher density of raising. In the summer season the pesimal effect produced was a complex one, including not only the biotic factors but also the unfavourable action of the temperature and humidity regime. PMID- 6730333 TI - [Pathomorphological changes in the organs of cattle dying in so-called sudden death]. AB - Studied were morphologically the organs of 10 cattle originating from two provinces of Cuba that suddenly succumbed ( muerte subita ). There were hemorrahagic diathesis, and histologically--general activation of the reticulo endothelial system, nonsuppurative encephalomyocarditis, interstitial nonsuppurative hepatitis, nephritis, and pneumonia as well as catarrhal hemorrhagic gastroenteritis. In all cases there were among the lymphoid proliferations diffusely disseminated eosinophile leukocytes ( hyperergia ). This finding showed that the disease had run a subacute or chronic course which was made acute by the action of some stress factors (continuous running, intoxications oligoelement disturbances, etc.). The finding was also characteristic of reactive processes taking place under the action of some specific virus that probably took part in the etiology of the disease and required an intermediary host that remained unknown at the time. PMID- 6730334 TI - [Evaluation of abiotic ecological factors and their dynamics at various densities in raising broilers]. AB - Three productional experiments were carried out in which the broilers were kept on unified premises under one and the same technology, but at various densities of raising: 14.4 and 23.4/sq. m., and 16.6 and 23.6/sq. m. with the second and third experiment. The dynamic, light intensity, and content of toxic gases along with the homogenization of air in the birds' vital zone were followed up. Differences were established which were defined by the higher density of raising, and which, acting as a constellation on the organism might lower the effectiveness of the technologies employed. PMID- 6730335 TI - Cross-sensitivity between interferon and uv in human cell strains: IFr, HEC-1, and CRL1200. AB - Correlation between susceptibility to the anticellular effect of human interferon (HuIFN) and ultraviolet (uv) lethality was examined in a set of isogeneous human cell lines (RSa and IFr cells), a human endometrial cancer cell line (HEC-1 cells), and a Xeroderma pigmentosum-derived fibroblast cell line ( CRL1200 cells). IFr cells, previously established as a HuIFN-alpha-resistant subline by exposing HuIFN-alpha- and uv-sensitive RSa cells to HuIFN-alpha preparations, appeared more refractory to uv than did the parent RSa cells in the cell proliferation and colony-formation studies. The extent of recovery from uv inhibited total cellular DNA synthesis and uv-induced DNA-repair synthesis was enhanced to a greater extent in IFr cells than in RSa cells. The preexposure of RSa cells to HuIFN-alpha enhanced uv-induced DNA-repair replication activities. HEC-1 cells, which are reportedly totally refractory to HuIFN actions, appeared most resistant to uv, in all the tests. The uv-sensitive CRL1200 cells appeared highly susceptible to HuIFN-beta, in both cell proliferation and DNA-synthesis inhibition tests. These results support and extend our previous finding (N. Suzuki, J. Nishimaki , and T. Kuwata (1982). Mutat . Res. 106, 357-376) that susceptibility to the anticellular effect of HuIFN closely relates with uv lethality. PMID- 6730336 TI - Trends in nursing and related care homes and hospitals. United States, selected years 1969-80. PMID- 6730337 TI - [The significance of isometric exercise in the echocardiographic diagnosis of ischemic heart disease]. PMID- 6730338 TI - [Estimation of the risk of hypertension in patients with normal blood pressure and a family history of hypertension]. PMID- 6730339 TI - [Superior vena cava syndrome]. PMID- 6730340 TI - [Preliminary experience with the Vitatron DPG 1 cardiostimulator]. PMID- 6730341 TI - [Lipids, apoproteins and glucose metabolism in men with ischemic disease of the lower extremities]. PMID- 6730342 TI - [Hepatobiliary impairment in inflammatory intestinal disease]. PMID- 6730343 TI - [Spontaneous hemothorax in a hemophiliac]. PMID- 6730345 TI - [Role of physicians on duty in the professional training of therapeutists]. PMID- 6730344 TI - [Decision making by hospital directors concerning organization of the institution's operations]. PMID- 6730346 TI - [Improving instruction in military hygiene in medical schools]. PMID- 6730347 TI - [X-ray diagnosis of disorders of the costal mechanism of respiration]. PMID- 6730348 TI - [Efficacy of bactoculicide in controlling the larvae of malaria mosquitoes]. PMID- 6730349 TI - [Role of physical exertion in artificial heat adaptation]. PMID- 6730350 TI - [Work capacity standards taking into account medico-technological safeguards for the conditions of human activity]. PMID- 6730351 TI - [Criteria for assessing personality traits for determining the occupational suitability of candidates for flight school]. PMID- 6730352 TI - [First aid and treatment of patients with severe closed craniocerebral injuries during long voyages]. PMID- 6730353 TI - [Use of dimexide in the treatment of acute respiratory diseases]. PMID- 6730354 TI - [Neurologic complications of diphtheria in adults]. PMID- 6730355 TI - [Diseases caused by herpes simplex virus]. PMID- 6730356 TI - [Clinical picture and diagnosis of metatonsillar diseases in servicemen]. PMID- 6730357 TI - [Lesions of nail plates]. PMID- 6730358 TI - [Use of CO2 lasers in the treatment of gunshot wounds of the liver (experimental study)]. PMID- 6730359 TI - [Clinico-morphologic parallels in appendicitis with a lethal outcome]. PMID- 6730360 TI - [Methods of eliminating recurrent pericoronitis]. PMID- 6730361 TI - [Diagnostic value of determining the natural luminescence of biopsies of the gastric mucosa]. PMID- 6730362 TI - [Case of myorhythmia of the diaphragm in chronic arachnoencephalitis]. PMID- 6730363 TI - [Diagnosis of the degree of renal failure in glomerulo- and pyelonephritis patients]. PMID- 6730364 TI - [Rare case of carbon monoxide poisoning associated with barotrauma of the lungs]. PMID- 6730365 TI - [Methodological problems of the theory of epidemiology]. PMID- 6730366 TI - [Work experience of the nurses' councils of military hospitals]. PMID- 6730367 TI - [Lumbar sympathectomy in patients with arteriosclerosis obliterans of the lower extremities]. PMID- 6730368 TI - [Role of a primary focus in the development of sepsis]. PMID- 6730369 TI - [More attention to young officers]. PMID- 6730370 TI - [Information value of various diagnostic methods in acute calculous cholecystitis]. PMID- 6730372 TI - [Clinico-epidemiological aspects of the diagnosis of infectious diseases]. PMID- 6730371 TI - [Early diagnosis of chronic hepatitis]. PMID- 6730373 TI - [Physiological and hygienic criteria for the medical selection of servicemen for work in a hot climate]. PMID- 6730374 TI - [Medico-psychological problems of the occupational fitness of flight personnel]. PMID- 6730375 TI - [Body function of sailors in a southern seacoast area]. PMID- 6730376 TI - [Effectiveness of subendocardial blood flow as a criterion of cardiac functional reserve]. PMID- 6730377 TI - [Suprasternal novocaine block in bronchial asthma]. PMID- 6730378 TI - [Antral drainage in treating chronic suppurative otitis media]. PMID- 6730380 TI - [Problems in organizing the mass immunization of servicemen]. PMID- 6730379 TI - [Diagnosis and treatment of bladder ruptures]. PMID- 6730381 TI - [Socialist competition--high achievement]. PMID- 6730382 TI - [Recommendations of the 8th All-Union Congress of Physiotherapists and Health Resort Specialists]. PMID- 6730383 TI - [Effect of physiotherapy on the outcome of acute pneumonia]. PMID- 6730384 TI - [Rheographic studies in intranasal electrophoresis]. PMID- 6730385 TI - [Effect of combined chrisanol and balneological treatment on the clinical indicators and permeability of the synovian membrane in patients with rheumatoid arthritis]. PMID- 6730386 TI - [Cortisol and aldosterone content of the blood of patients with ischemic heart disease during treatment with alternating magnetic fields]. PMID- 6730387 TI - [Effects of exercise therapy on blood circulation nd physical work capacity of patients with myocardial infarction]. PMID- 6730388 TI - [Characteristics of the development of sympathomimetic heart lesions depending on the adaptation to intermittent exogenic hyperthermia]. PMID- 6730389 TI - [Effect of hydrocortisone and lidase phonophoresis on the clinical symptoms and rheographic indicators in patients with sequelae of brucellosis]. PMID- 6730390 TI - [Lipid fractions of the blood in elderly patients with diabetes mellitus treated at health resorts]. PMID- 6730391 TI - [Use of helium-neon laser in diseases and sequelae of injuries of the musculoskeletal system]. PMID- 6730392 TI - [Use of pneumatic compression in the treatment of lymphedema of the upper limb in patients after radical antitumor treatment of breast cancer]. PMID- 6730393 TI - [Splenin phonophoresis in the complex treatment of patients with vasomotor and allergic rhinitis]. PMID- 6730394 TI - [Physical training of patients with stage I and II cardiac insufficiency after myocardial infarction]. PMID- 6730395 TI - [Exercise therapy in the complex hospital treatment of children with kidney diseases]. PMID- 6730396 TI - [Ultrasonics and heparin phonophoresis in the complex treatment of children with chronic hematogenic osteomyelitis]. PMID- 6730397 TI - [Psychotherapy and balneotherapy in the treatment of children with neurodermatitis in a specialized health resort pioneer camp]. PMID- 6730398 TI - [Various characteristics of the regulation of the tonus and movements of speech, respiratory and skeletal muscles in children with neurogenic stammering and their correction by exercise therapy]. PMID- 6730399 TI - [Effectiveness of balneotherapy of periodontosis with sodium-hydrocarbonated water (according to the rheoperiodontographic data)]. PMID- 6730401 TI - [Exercise therapy as a means of restorative, supporting and preventive treatment]. PMID- 6730400 TI - [Principles of optimal physical therapy procedures in a sanatorium-preventorium]. PMID- 6730402 TI - [Clinico-morphological characteristics of bone chondrosarcomas]. AB - One hundred and sixty-two cases of bone chondrosarcoma (86 males and 76 females) were studied. Course development of secondary neoplasms was more favorable than that of primary ones. Tumor size was found to be in correlation with 3-year survival only. No significant correlation was established between tumor size, on the one hand, and 5- and 10-year survival rates, on the other. Histologic type of chondrosarcoma proved to be of the highest prognostic value. The tumor followed 5 patterns: chondrosarcoma with mild (I), moderate (II), and severe (III) anaplasia, mesenchymal chondrosarcoma and the so-called "dedifferentiated" chondrosarcoma. PMID- 6730403 TI - [Radioimmunoassay of carcinoembryonic antigen in the evaluation of the effectiveness of breast cancer treatment]. AB - Changes in blood--CEA level in the course of tumor process were studied in 123 cases of breast cancer. In primary tumor patients, CEA concentration was found to be in correlation with tumor expansion. It depended upon the degree of involvement of regional lymphatics rather than on the size of primary tumor, since the involvement of lymph nodes was matched by an increase in CEA level. A persistent decline in CEA concentration during and after treatment served as an indication that the latter was adequate. A steady rise in CEA level despite treatment was prognostically unfavorable. It preceded clinical manifestations of metastases. PMID- 6730404 TI - [Required number of patients for controlled clinical trials. Groups of unequal size]. PMID- 6730405 TI - [Individual prognosis in patients with an edematous variant of breast cancer]. AB - The probability procedure of Neuman -Pearson (method of maximal credibility) was used for the quantitative description of factors of prognosis of edematous form of breast cancer in terms of specific gravities . A complex evaluation of these factors was carried out. The reliability of prognosis made on the basis of the factors under study was as high as 79%. PMID- 6730406 TI - [Non-organ tumors of the lesser pelvis]. AB - An analysis of the author's findings showed a correlation between clinical manifestations of tumor, on the one hand, and its growth rate, size and, to a lesser degree, morphological pattern, on the other. Large size of tumor should not necessarily be interpreted as an indication of inoperability. A better 5-year survival following surgery in benign tumor group (82.1%) as compared with malignant tumors (24.5%) was confirmed. PMID- 6730407 TI - [Characteristics of aniline, lead nitrate, carbon tetrachloride and formaldehyde as modifiers of chemical carcinogenesis]. AB - The modifying effect of aniline, lead nitrate, carbon tetrachloride and formaldehyde on nitrosodimethylamine-induced blastogenesis was studied in chronic experiments on 750 CBA X C57 / Bl6 female mice. A mixture of carcinogen with aniline or formaldehyde given in drinking water for 39 weeks produced a significantly higher tumor incidence. A similar, though statistically insignificant, effect was registered for a mixture of carcinogen and lead citrate or carbon tetrachloride. It is emphasized that aniline and formaldehyde are capable of modifying effect at levels 10 times maximum allowable concentrations. PMID- 6730408 TI - [Evaluation of the treatment tactics in patients with stage II malignant neoplasms]. AB - The paper deals with an analysis of the schemes of treatment of patients suffering from malignant tumors of the intestinal and respiratory tract, breast, cervix and corpus uteri in different Union Republics of the USSR within 1970 1980. This period witnessed noticeable improvements including increased effectiveness of the said schemes, extension of indications for surgery and development and integration of new drugs with practice. PMID- 6730409 TI - [Radical organ-saving operations in scapular tumors]. AB - The paper deals with analysis of data on 37 cases of scapular neoplasms who had undergone such radical function--saving surgery as interscapular-thoracic resection ( Tikhov - Linberg 's operation) (27) or scapulectomy (10). Modifications of both procedures developed by the authors are described. Their application was followed by an improved functional status as compared with other surgical procedures. Oncological status of 30 cases of primary scapular malignancies is discussed: 23 patients were recurrence- and metastasis-free during a follow-up period of 10 months-18 years (21 patients were operated on more than 5 years ago). PMID- 6730410 TI - [Medullary thyroid cancer and Cushing's syndrome (a case report)]. PMID- 6730412 TI - [Current trends and potentials for the use of mathematical methods in oncology]. PMID- 6730411 TI - [Prognostic factors in neuroblastoma in children]. AB - The results of clinico-morphological studies of 152 cases of neuroblastoma are presented. Neuroblastoma should be regarded as a tumor in which the following patterns may be distinguished: sympatogonioma (2.6%), sympatoblastoma -1 (38.8%), sympatoblastoma -2 (15.2%), ganglioneuroblastomia (41.4%), and combined ganglioneuroblastoma (2%). Mean two-year survival rate was 40.2%. Such factors as patient's by the time of tumor detection, radical surgery and excision of primary neoplasm in patients with metastases were found to improve the prognosis. The two year survival rates in sympatoblastoma -1, sympatoblastoma -2 and ganglioneuroblastoma were 19.6, 50, and 72%, respectively. PMID- 6730413 TI - [Treatment of postmastectomy edema of the upper extremity using microsurgical technics]. AB - Reconstructive microsurgery carried out in 25 cases of postmastectomy edema of the upper extremity proved to be the most effective and safest in treatment of the said complication. The procedure should be supplemented with phlebolysis of the subclavicular vein (when occlusion of the latter exceeds 50%) or with resection of dermatofascial flap of the brachial area (fibrous stage of lymphostasis). Sequence of stages and the results of the surgical treatment are discussed. PMID- 6730414 TI - [Causes of local edema in the infiltrative edematous form of breast cancer]. AB - The study was concerned with comparison of the characteristics of primary tumor in 80 cases of the infiltrative-edematous form of breast cancer. The control group included 192 patients with breast cancer unaggravated by edema. The involvement of regional lymph nodes proved to be the same in both groups. On the average tumors in the edematous breast cancer group were much larger and the rate of their growth much higher than in controls. The said pathogenetic differences are discussed. It is suggested that edema is primarily caused by disturbances in transcapillary metabolism at tumor site which are, in turn, induced by tumor metabolites. PMID- 6730415 TI - [Effect of whole-body artificial hyperthermia on the immunity function in cancer patients]. AB - The changes in immunologic indexes were studied in 90 cancer patients treated with artificial whole body hyperthermia and hyperglycemia. The changes of the indexes under study showed a double-phase curve after a hyperthermic session--the phase of "heat shock aftermath" involving a short-term decline in certain immunologic indexes was followed by a general improvement of immunologic vigor of cancer patients. Different components of cancer patient immunologic system reacted differently to whole body hyperthermia. PMID- 6730417 TI - [Use of nonhazardous laser radiation for treating the complications of patients undergoing radical surgery for esophageal and stomach cancer]. AB - Helium-neon laser irradiation of sparing intensity (fluence 1.5-2.0 x 10(3) W/m2) was given to 15 patients with erosive-ulcerous complications ( anastomositis , reflux-esophagitis and peptic ulcer of anastomosis) following radical surgery on the stomach. Irradiation was delivered via the optical fibre of the endoscope biopsy duct. A pronounced analgetic effect of laser irradiation was observed. In 2 cases, peptic ulcers of anastomoses became completely covered with epithelium. The same effect was obtained in 11 out of 13 cases of erosive reflux-esophagitis. PMID- 6730416 TI - [Comparative study of the DNA content and cross-sectional area of the interphase nuclei of epithelial cells in stomach polyps and cancer (based on gastric biopsy data)]. AB - Cytospectrophotometric measurement of DNA level of interphase nuclei versus their cross-reaction area was carried out in mucosal cells of the stomach. The material included gastric bioptates from healthy subjects and patients with single and multiple adenomatous polyps of the stomach as well as gastric cancer. Tumor cells, and to a lesser degree, those of multiple polyps exhibited certain changes in DNA content: histograms showed several peaks and variations in DNA level increased, the latter being unmatched by a rise in DNA content per nucleus. A correlation was established between DNA content and cross-reaction area of interphase nuclei. Therefore, both parameters may serve for diagnosis. PMID- 6730418 TI - [Table of the 5-year survival rate of the healthy population of the USSR]. PMID- 6730419 TI - [Potentials for optimizing research methods in prophylactic examinations]. PMID- 6730420 TI - [Enhancement of the therapeutic effect of sarcolysine by arterial hypotension in sarcoma 45 trials]. AB - Arterial hypotension was found to potentiate antitumor effect of sarcolysin on transplantable sarcoma 45 of rats. Induction of hypotension as modifying factor of chemotherapy of cancer is discussed. PMID- 6730421 TI - [Leiomyosarcoma of the prostate (a case)]. PMID- 6730422 TI - Conformational changes and loss of opsonic function in frozen or heat-treated plasma fibronectin. AB - Using human peripheral blood monocytes to assay opsonic protein activity, we have examined the efficiency of various procedures for isolating fibronectin from plasma for experimental or therapeutic use. In addition, we have assessed the protein's opsonic activity after cold storage, and after heat treatment to inactivate hepatitis virus. The purification procedures recovered only 30% of available plasma fibronectin whilst cold storage and heat treatment of the purified protein removed all of its remaining opsonic activity. This was associated with no alteration in overall molecular weight or in subunit size but was accompanied by changes in ultraviolet spectrum, suggesting a conformational change in the protein structure. Initial experiments to protect the purified protein against these changes were unsuccessful and unless further attempts are more encouraging, fresh-frozen plasma may be the only current economic source of opsonically active fibronectin. Since this would waste other valuable proteins required for other purposes, the widespread use of plasma fibronectin outside of clinical trials may be unjustified at this present time. PMID- 6730423 TI - Pasteurization of C1 inactivator in the presence of citrate salts. AB - Conditions have been determined under which the C1 inactivator (C1-INA) can be pasteurized to reduce the risk of transfusion hepatitis associated with its use for replacement therapy in patients with genetic or acquired deficiencies. Recovery of 90% of the biological and immunological activity of a C1-INA concentrate was achieved following heat treatment for 10 h at 60 degrees C in the presence of 3 M potassium citrate. Crossed immunoelectrophoresis in heparinized agarose was used to demonstrate the ability of the pasteurized C1-INA to bind heparin and to form a precipitation pattern with antibody which was almost indistinguishable from that of an unheated control. High pressure liquid chromatography and enhancement of the fluorescence of 1,8-anilinonaphthalene sulfonate were used to show that other proteins present in the concentrate were also stabilized. PMID- 6730425 TI - Anti-C4 in the serum of a transfused C4-deficient patient with systemic lupus erythematosus. AB - A C4-deficient patient with systemic lupus erythematosus had been transfused on several occasions. His red cells reacted with a proportion of anti-Rg (Rodgers) and anti-Ch (Chido) reagents, but this was due to a separable antibody that did not have anti-Rg or anti-Ch specificity. Eluates of anti-Rg and anti-Ch indicate his red cell phenotype to be Rg-Ch-. Anti-C4 has been identified in his serum that exhibits neither anti-Rg nor anti-Ch specificity, but has similar serological characteristics in reacting with C4- and C4d-coated red cells. PMID- 6730424 TI - The complications of therapeutic plasma exchange. AB - We reviewed a series of 181 patients who were treated with therapeutic plasma exchange ( TPE ) a total of 1,389 times. Complications were associated with 22 (1.6%) of the procedures and involved 20 (11%) of the patients. Six of the complications were of a technical nature and did not affect the medical conditions of the patients. 8 patients developed the following serious medical problems: unexplained death during the post- TPE period, myocardial infarction, pulmonary embolus, loss of consciousness, myocardial ischemia, cerebral ischemia and chest pain. Although these problems were temporally associated with TPE none of them could be attributed to the TPE with certainty. The remaining eight medical complications were of a less serious nature. PMID- 6730426 TI - Inhibition of serological reactions with enzyme-treated red cells by complement binding alloantibodies. AB - Complement-binding antibodies (2 examples of anti-Jka and 2 anti-kell) which inhibit agglutination of enzyme-treated cells have been investigated in the sera of 4 patients. The sera containing anti-Jka also contained rhesus antibodies (c + E and D + C) which could not be readily identified by an enzyme technique due to failure of the Jka+ cells of the corresponding Rh phenotype to react. The inhibition of the enzyme test reactivity was revealed using a control reagent added to each test after the initial examination for agglutination. Addition of ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid to the sera prior to testing resulted in identifiable reactivity with panel red cells. Failure to recognise this phenomenon in sera containing antibodies reacting only by an enzyme technique could result in misidentification, delay in providing compatible blood and transfusion of incompatible blood. Routine control of enzyme tests to detect false-negative results is recommended. PMID- 6730428 TI - Prediction of the outcome of rhesus haemolytic disease of the newborn: additional information using an ADCC assay. AB - An in vitro test system is described which measures the ability of anti-D sera to lyse Rh(D)-positive red cells. This test was applied to anti-D sera from 11 cases of HDN selected in Glasgow and tested 'blind' in Edinburgh. Evidence is presented to support the view that the ADCC (antibody-dependent cell-mediated cytotoxicity ) assay can correctly identify those cases where there is a satisfactory clinical outcome despite a high level of anti-D suggesting otherwise. Amniocentesis might therefore be avoided in this group. PMID- 6730427 TI - Incidence of T activation in a hospital population. AB - The incidence of T activation in a hospital population has been studied. T poly agglutinability likely to cause serological problems was found in only 1:10,000 but minor degrees of T activation occurred in 1:200. In a number of cases, severe infections were accompanied by T activation, but we were unable to establish any primary association between T activation and anaemia. The findings suggested that individuals whose erythrocyte sialic acid levels are slightly lower than normal are those who, when hospital patients, are likely to develop various degrees of T activation. PMID- 6730429 TI - Quantitative evaluation of elution methods for red cell antibodies. AB - Two recent techniques using xylene and chloroform for antibody elution from red blood cells (RBC) were compared with the most widely used ether and heat elution by means of a quantitative 125I-antiglobulin test. Free serum alloantibodies and cell-bound alloantibodies from in vivo sensitization of delayed hemolytic transfusion reactions and of hemolytic disease of the newborn as well as autoantibodies in autoimmune hemolytic disease were studied. With alloantibodies, xylene proved more efficient than chloroform (p less than 0.025), while both methods were superior to heat or ether elution (p less than 0.005). Autoantibody elution was equally effective with xylene and chloroform (p less than 0.1) but again better than heat or ether elution (p less than 0.02). However, no single method produced the strongest eluate with all antibodies studied. We conclude that xylene and/or chloroform elution are valuable implementations in RBC serology, but, in selected instances, the classical elution methods will retain their importance. PMID- 6730430 TI - Azapropazone-associated antibodies. AB - 2 patients on the drug azapropazone developed positive antiglobulin tests. Their sera were each found to contain two distinct antibodies. One was an IgG antibody, probably a drug-dependent autoantibody of the alpha-methyldopa type, but could have been related to the disease. The other was certainly a drug-dependent antibody of the penicillin type. PMID- 6730431 TI - Socio-economic aspects of blood transfusion. Abstracts. PMID- 6730432 TI - [RNA-polymerase activity of pathogenic and nonpathogenic influenza A virus variants]. AB - The transcriptase activity of original mouse-apathogenic strains of human (A/USSR/05/81) and animal (A/walrus/Massachusetts/1/80) influenza viruses and their pathogenic variants was studied. Also RNA-polymerase was studied in two types of antigenic recombinants produced by hybridization of the parental strains one of which (A/PR8/34) was pathogenic for mice. The nonpathogenic viruses under study were shown to have a low transcriptase activity, while pathogenic variants of these strains had a higher RNA-polymerase activity (1 1/2-3 times higher than in the original virus). All the recombinants tested, irrespective of their pathogenicity, had approximately similar transcriptase activity, 1 1/2-2 times higher than the enzymatic activity of the parental nonpathogenic virus. PMID- 6730433 TI - [Incidence of influenza virus infection in black-headed gulls]. AB - Two strains of influenza A viruses were isolated in 1978 from tracheal washings of 18 nestlings of black-headed gulls examined for influenza. Three strains of influenza A viruses were isolated in 1979 from 55 gull embryos collected in the same colony, the isolates being similar in their antigenic characteristics with the influenza virus isolated from a gull nestling in 1978. This confirms the possibility of simultaneous circulation of antigenically different variants of influenza A virus among birds in the same colony and transoviral transmission of virus to the offsprings. PMID- 6730434 TI - [Effect of ribavirin on the reproduction of influenza B virus]. AB - The influence of ribavirin on influenza B virus reproduction was studied at different experimental levels. Ribavirin was found to reduce significantly the production of hemagglutinin and accumulation of infectious influenza B/Lee/40 virus in MDCK cell culture. Synthesis of virus-specific polypeptides of influenza B/Hong Kong/5/72 virus was markedly reduced in its presence. Ribavirin in a dose of 100 mg/kg inhibited the infectious titre of influenza B/Lee/40 virus considerably and prevented the development of inflammatory reactions in pulmonary tissue of white mice. PMID- 6730435 TI - [Results of a serological examination of amyotrophic lateral sclerosis patients]. AB - Examinations of specimens from 12 patients with amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS) by means of enzyme-labeled immunosorbent assay (ELISA) and solid-phase radioimmunoassay ( SPIRA ) demonstrated antibody to lymphocytic choriomeningitis virus (LCM) in the blood sera of 3 patients and antigens of LCM virus in sera of 2 other patients. LCM virus antigen was also found in organs of a patient who died of ALS. LCM virus was isolated from the serum of one patient positive for LCM antigen by inoculation of newborn white mice. The new isolate (the Kanta -220 strain) examined by electron microscope was shown to have some morphological differences from the museum strain CA-1371 of LCM virus available in the laboratory. PMID- 6730436 TI - [Biological and genetic properties of a polyploid-forming mutant of the Venezuelan equine encephalomyelitis virus]. AB - Some genetic and biological properties of the multiploid -forming mutant of Venezuelan equine encephalomyelitis virus as well as of standard and multiploid virions isolated from its population were analysed. The mutant steadily retained the capacity for formation of multiploid virions comprising up to 20% of the population both in passages in CEF culture and in the progeny of multiploid and standard virions. Owing to this, the concentration of multiploid virions in the population of this mutant remains at a constant level. Formation of multiploid virions compensates for the temperature-sensitive defect inherent in the standard virions which is associated with later stages of virus replication. PMID- 6730438 TI - [Neurotropic influenza type A viruses]. AB - Influenza A/turkey/England/63 is neurotropic for mice. Substitution of the hemagglutinin gene of this virus by the corresponding gene of A/FPV/ Rostok /34 virus results in the loss of the neurotropic properties of the original virus. Examination of recombinants produced by hybridization of parental strains nonpathogenic (or weakly pathogenic) for newborn mice revealed recombinants highly virulent for this host. A correlation between constellation of genes and neurovirulence for mice was established. After intranasal administration neurovirulent viruses were shown to be able to penetrate into the brain of the infected animal along the trigeminal nerve escaping the blood stream. PMID- 6730439 TI - [Combined use of a specific vaccine and interferon inducers for preventing and treating experimental tick-borne encephalitis]. AB - A comparative study of prophylactic and therapeutic activity of 6 Soviet interferon inducers in tick-borne encephalitis was carried out. Such inducers as double-stranded RNA, poly(G) . poly(C), and tyloron were most active prophylactically. A therapeutic effect was observed after combined use of specific vaccine and interferon inducers: double-stranded RNA and poly(G) . poly(C) which underwent clinical trials. When these inducers were administered 3 hours after infection the protective effect was 56.7% and 46%, respectively. PMID- 6730437 TI - [Selection of antigenic variants of H1N1 influenza viruses by means of monoclonal antibodies]. AB - Six different monoclonal antibodies to influenza A/Brazil/11/78 virus hemagglutinin were used for selection of antigenic variants of H1N1 viruses: A/USSR/090/77 and A/black-headed gull/ Kaz . SSR/470/79. The group-specific monoclonal antibody completely neutralized the infective activity of the parental viruses (dilutions 1:5 to 1:640). Two antigenic variants of wild type viruses were obtained using cross-reactive antibody. A comparative study of the antigenic structure, biological properties, and peptide maps of the heavy chain of the original viruses, antigenic variants, and some epidemic H1N1 strains was carried out. The selected variants of A/black-headed gull/ Kaz . SSR/470/77 and A/USSR/090/79 viruses were shown to be similar to epidemic H1N1 strains isolated in 1953 and 1978. PMID- 6730441 TI - [Indirect hemagglutination reaction as a method of detecting and identifying the Japanese encephalitis virus]. PMID- 6730440 TI - [Streptomycin--an activator of persisting tick-borne encephalitis virus]. AB - The effect of streptomycin (C) on persistence of tick-borne encephalitis (TBE) virus in Syrian hamsters infected with 3 strains of the virus (41/65, Aina/1448, Vasilchenko ) intracerebrally or subcutaneously was studied. In the animals not given C the infectious virus could be detected in the brain for 8-14 days but not later although their organs (mostly brains and spleens) contained the hemagglutinating antigen and viral antigen detectable by immunofluorescence. Intramuscularly C was given twice daily for 13-35 days in a daily dose of 200 mg/kg. The C-treated hamsters yielded 7 virulent TBE virus strains: 3 from the brain, 3 from the spleen, and one from the blood. No virus could be isolated from the liver, kidneys, or lungs despite the use of various methods for isolation including tissue explantation. The activating effect of C was observed against the background of 4-fold decrease in the titre of complement-fixing and antihemagglutinating antibodies. C exerted its activating effect both at early (70 days) and late (9 months) stages of TBE virus persistence. The activating effect of C appears to be due to its immunosuppressive properties and neurotoxic action on the CNS. PMID- 6730443 TI - [Morphology of the Arctic rabies virus]. PMID- 6730444 TI - [Fatal sepsis from Staphylococcus aureus]. PMID- 6730442 TI - [Increased effectiveness of influenza prevention vaccination by using levamisole]. PMID- 6730445 TI - [Profuse hematuria in an amyloidosis patient]. PMID- 6730446 TI - [Nicolau's syndrome]. PMID- 6730447 TI - [Treatment of duodenal ulcer with herbazol]. AB - A total of 61 patients were treated - 30 with Herbazol , 16 with placebo and 15 with Biomet . Pain and dyspeptic complaints disappeared in a high percentage of the patients after 25-day treatment with the phytopreparation Herbazol , with no statistical significance of the differences with placebo and Biomet . The preparation Herbazol has the tendency to reduce the basal salt-acid production of the stomach and reduces the stimulated one with a statistical significance. Cicatrization of the ulcer nich e was obtained in 56.67 per cent, after the 25 day treatment with Herbazol , the results being higher, with statistical significance, that those obtained with placebo, and as compared with Biomet - there was no statistical significance of the difference. No adverse and toxic effects were observed during the treatment. PMID- 6730448 TI - [Hypothesis of the pathogenesis of renoparenchymal hypertension in chronic kidney failure patients before starting treatment with periodic hemodialysis]. AB - After a brief presentation of the pathogenetic scheme of renoparenchymal hypertension (RPH) in acute glomerulonephritis, of the pathogenesis of not controlled by dialysis and renin-dependent RPH, as well as of the more important causes for origination of arterial hypertension in patients with transplanted kidney, the author suggests the hypothesis, that the RPH in patients with ChRI , prior to the inclusion of the chroniodialysis treatment, originates, is maintained and becomes more frequent and graver , very likely, due to the gradual and progressive accumulation of factors within the patient's organism, elevating the arterial pressure, either by their reduced excretion through the affected kidneys or due to their increased production. In the development of the hypothesis, the author is based on some well known facts from literature and on his own studies, as elevated level of catecholamines in myocardium of patients that died with uremia, decreased elimination of catecholamines in patients with ChRI , elevated level of plasma cortisol in patients with chronic glomerular nephritis and ChRI , elevated levels of somatotropic and of thyreotropic hormone in patients with ChRI , elevated levels of angiotension 2 and of plasma aldosterone in some of the patients with RPH and ChRI , enhanced tendency to sodium and water retention in patients with ChRI , a tendency to increased volume of circulating plasma, increased stroke volume, increased general peripheral resistance, tendency to acidosis and to elevation of the serum level of potassium in advanced ChRI . PMID- 6730450 TI - [Clinical picture of the Pickwick syndrome]. PMID- 6730449 TI - [Urea kinetics model of patients on programmed hemodialysis]. AB - Fifty three patients with programmed hemodialysis, in a stable state were studied to the method of urea-kinetic modelling. A high correlation relationship was established between the pre-dialysis values of urea nitrogen in blood and the protein import, calculated from the quantity of the endogenously produced urea nitrogen. The best rehabilitated patients (41,5%) proved to introduce 1,0-1,6 g/kg body weight proteins and maintain a concentration of blood urea nitrogen from 65-95 ng% (32,14-33,8 mmol/1). Furthermore, another three patient groups were formed: with reduced protein introduction, with insufficient clearance and with overnormal protein introduction. The optimal group significantly differ from them, according to the state of nourishment, general rehabilitation, phosphatemia, calcium-phosphorus number and dialysis clearance. Both the stage of anemia and arterial hypertension show only a tendency in similar direction. PMID- 6730451 TI - [Reliability of an echocardiographic evaluation of the left ventricular pumping function in ischemic heart disease]. AB - Almost simultaneous angiographic and echocardiographic determination of the pump indices of left ventricle was performed to 38 male patients, aged 34 to 58. A special computer was used for the processing of the data. The echocardiographic indices were calculated by three formulae: cube, Forteen and Teiholz . Coefficients of correlation were derived between the two methods, confirming a relatively high reliability of echocardiography in the evaluation of left ventricular pump function, particularly if the calculations were selectively performed according to one of the three formulae, depending on the value of diastolic measure of left ventricle. PMID- 6730452 TI - [Clinical aspect of paroxysmal disorders of heart rhythm]. AB - The clinical analysis of 265 patients with paroxysmal disorders of cardiac rhythm established that 39,6 per cent were with chronic heart diseases, 23,4 per cent- with rheumatic valvular defects, 12,1 per cent--with arterial hypertension, 10,6 per cent--with myocardiopathy with undistinguished etiology, 8,2 per cent--with other diseases, 6,1 per cent--clinically healthy. Supraventricular paroxysmal tachycardia was established in 35,8 per cent, paroxysmal auricular fibrillation- in 37,3 per cent, paroxysmal tachycardia with AV block--15,6 per cent, ventricular tachycardia--11,3 per cent. The duration of the paroxysms in supraventricular tachycardia has lasted for 6,7 years, in auricular fibrillation- 3,2 years, in AT with AV block--1,2 years and in ventricular tachycardia--3,4 years. Apart from the basic disease the duration of the paroxysm and heart rate are of importance for the origination of the hemodynamic disorders. PMID- 6730453 TI - [Treatment of paroxysmal supraventricular tachycardia and tachyarrhythmia with verapamil]. AB - The antiarrhythmic effect of isoptin was verified in 47 patients--30 with paroxysmal supraventricular tachycardia and 17--with paroxysmal ventricular fibrillation: in case of paroxysmal supraventricular tachycardia with 5--10 mg isoptin i.v. for the restoration of sinus rhythm and with 240--320 mg orally for maintaining the effect and in case of ventricular fibrillation--i. v. for the slowing down the heart rate. Isoptin, i. v. applied, restores the sinus rhythm in 93,3 per cent of the patients with paroxysmal supraventricular tachycardia and in 17,6 per cent--with ventricular fibrillation and slowsdown the heart rate in 94,6 per cent among those with ventricular fibrillation. The oral isoptin reduces the paroxysms of the supraventricular tachycardia in 86 per cent and slowsdown the sinus rate and lengthens PQ. PMID- 6730454 TI - [Diabetes mellitus and myocardial infarct]. AB - The data from the case histories of 106 patients with myocardial infarction (MI) and diabetes mellitus (DM) from the intensive care unit of III Internal Clinic of the Medical Faculty of the Higher Medical Institute "I. P. Pavlov"-- Plovdiv are interpreted as well as of the same number of patients with myocardial infarction without diabetes mellitus. The authors found a higher percentage of painless forms of myocardial infarction in diabetics, no matter the duration, form and severity of the diabetes. The patients with DM and MI have a slowed down rehabilitation and reverse ECG dynamics. The complications in both groups observed do not differ. Myocardial rupture is significantly more frequent among the females from both groups. High leukocytosis, with shifting to the left, accelerated ESR, high SGOT and LDH activity and hypercoagulemia as well as their slowed down restoration should be admitted--a constellation with an unfavourable prognostic sign, requiring a cautious treatment and a slower rehabilitation. PMID- 6730455 TI - [Basal blood level of serotonin in diabetes mellitus patients]. AB - Blood serotonin was determined in 184 patients with diabetes mellitus by a biological method. Its average value in diabetics was significantly lower than that of the control healthy subjects. The changes established show a light dependence on sex and age of the patients, duration and type of the disease, blood sugar level and the kind of drug treatment. They are better manifested in the presence of retinopathy versus in its absence, as well as in the presence of proliferative versus non-proliferative one. With the compensation of the diabetes, a tendency to partial normalization of serotonin blood level was observed. The probable causes of serotonin changes established are discussed. PMID- 6730456 TI - [Sodium, potassium, calcium and magnesium metabolism in patients with allergic infectious bronchial asthma]. AB - A total of 126 patients with infectious -- allergic bronchial asthma were studied, 56 males and 67 females, aged from 16 to 58 (average age 38,5), with a duration of the disease from 1 to 20 years, distributed into four groups: group 1 -- 33 patients with light stage of the disease, group II - 36 patients with moderately severe stage of the disease, group III -- severe stage of the disease (32 patients), group IV -- 25 patients with moderately severe and severe stage, treated with Ketotifen. Disorder of electrolyte metabolism was found in all patient groups with infectious-allergic bronchial asthma. Hyperpotassemia , hypermagnesiemia , hypernatremia and hypocalcemia were established with statistical significance. Various mechanisms participate in the pathogenesis-of those disorders, the allergic reaction being at the root. The electrolytic alterations depend on the stage and severity of the bronchial asthma. The electrolyte metabolism was favourably influenced after the treatment in all patient groups and pronounced - in the patients from group IV. That requires a proper drug treatment with a consideration given to the disturbed electrolytic balance. PMID- 6730457 TI - [Bronchodilator effect of terbutaline (Bricanyl) in bronchial asthma patients]. PMID- 6730458 TI - [Leukocyte alkaline phosphatase in acute, chronic and exacerbated cholecystitis complicated and uncomplicated by cholelithiasis]. AB - The leukocyte alkaline phosphatase was determined in 101 patients with acute and chronic exacerbated cholecystitis, complicated and non-complicated cholelithiasis. Enhanced enzyme activity was established in the inflammatory diseases of the gallbladder and biliary ducts, that was normalized with the effective treatment. No essential alterations were established in case of non complicated cholelithiasis. PMID- 6730459 TI - [Comparative studies of 3 methods for determining uric acid in the blood serum]. PMID- 6730460 TI - The problem of alcoholism in the Commonwealth Caribbean. PMID- 6730461 TI - Infectious meningitis at the University Hospital of the West Indies. Review of clinical and laboratory findings (1965-1980). PMID- 6730462 TI - A pilot programme in education theory and instructional techniques for medical teachers of the University of the West Indies (E.C.M.S.). PMID- 6730463 TI - A comparative analysis of breech deliveries between 1974/1975 and 1979/1980 at the University Hospital of the West Indies. PMID- 6730464 TI - Endometriosis in Jamaica. Report on a 15-year study at the University Hospital of the West Indies (1968-1982). PMID- 6730465 TI - Biliary ascariasis. PMID- 6730466 TI - Conn's syndrome. Case report and a review of the syndrome of primary aldosteronism (SOPA). PMID- 6730467 TI - Hypohidrotic ectodermal dysplasia (Christ-Siemans-Touraine syndrome) in siblings. PMID- 6730468 TI - Antibiotic-associated colitis. AB - We determined the incidence of antibiotic-associated colitis among users of oral antibiotics or topical clindamycin in a large prepaid health plan. Exposure to antibiotics was determined using a system that automatically records outpatient prescriptions filled and hospital diagnoses were available from computer files. Four cases of acute colitis were judged likely to be causally linked with outpatient use of antibiotics. These findings provide substantial evidence that antibiotic-associated colitis requiring hospital treatment occurs very rarely. PMID- 6730469 TI - Lack of association of diagonal earlobe crease with other cardiovascular risk factors. AB - The relationship between diagonal earlobe crease and coronary risk factors, controlling for age and sex effects, was tested in 686 persons. A positive correlation (rho=.86, P<.001) is obtained between age and percentage of persons with earlobe creases in each one-year age interval; no sex difference is seen. To test for associations between cardiovascular risk factors and earlobe creases, 67 persons with creases are compared with 67 controls (matched by age and sex) without creases, using the following variables: diastolic and systolic blood pressures, cigarette smoking, weight, height, scapular skinfold thickness, serum cholesterol level, high-density lipoprotein level, intracellular sodium, sodium lithium countertransport, plasma renin level and the presence of diabetes and hypertension. None of these variables differs significantly between cases and controls, indicating that the previously documented association between earlobe crease and coronary heart disease may be independent of these risk factors. Although coronary heart disease has often been shown to aggregate in families, no familial aggregation is found for earlobe creases. PMID- 6730470 TI - Ultrasonic destruction of kidney stones. AB - Kidney stones may be removed without using a surgical incision by a combination of techniques and skills recently developed in the fields of urology and radiology. Percutaneous access to the kidney is established under fluoroscopic control. A guide wire placed into the renal pelvis allows a nephroscope to be inserted and the collecting system visualized. A long hollow metal probe is advanced through the nephroscope and placed in contact with the stone. This probe conducts the ultrasonic energy. The stone absorbs the energy and breaks into fine granules, which are evacuated by suction.Twenty-three consecutively seen patients presenting with 27 upper urinary tract calculi for which removal was indicated underwent successful percutaneous ultrasonic lithotripsy. Fifteen stones were located in the renal pelvis, eight in a calix, three at the ureteropelvic junction and one in the upper ureter. One infected staghorn calculus was removed. Two complications resulted in extended hospital stays, but in no patients were surgical incisions required. Of the 23 patients, 9 had previously had a surgical lithotomy. The authors believe that most renal and upper ureteral calculi for which removal is indicated may be extracted percutaneously with the aid of the ultrasonic lithotriptor. The patients may expect a rapid convalescence with diminished pain. PMID- 6730472 TI - Health care and not enough dollars. PMID- 6730473 TI - Antibiotic-associated colitis. PMID- 6730471 TI - Oral contraceptives and benign tumors of the liver. PMID- 6730474 TI - How much toxicity is necessary? PMID- 6730475 TI - Nitrofurantoin-induced cholestatic hepatitis from cow's milk in a teenaged boy. PMID- 6730476 TI - Pancreatic involvement in Hippel-Lindau disease. PMID- 6730477 TI - Chemically induced methemoglobinemia from aniline poisoning. PMID- 6730478 TI - Paradoxical embolus in pregnancy. An unusual thromboembolic event. PMID- 6730479 TI - Screening immigrant children. PMID- 6730480 TI - Opportunistic infection, asthma and corticosteroid therapy. PMID- 6730481 TI - Physicians attitudes toward homosexuality. PMID- 6730482 TI - Thromboembolic complications of knee arthroscopy. PMID- 6730483 TI - Other treatments for herpes zoster neuralgia. PMID- 6730485 TI - Neonatal 'brain damage'-an analysis of 250 claims. AB - Advances in perinatal care have resulted in decreased neonatal mortality. Increasingly, damage in survivors has been attributed to alleged negligence. We analyzed the 250 claims (1957 to 1982) from one major insurance company for factors to characterize high-risk pregnancies and then to distinguish preventable from nonpreventable causes within the group. Using predetermined criteria, 77 (31%) were classified preventable, 105 (42%) nonpreventable and 68 (27%) indeterminate. Preventable actions could be attributed to family members as well as health care providers. Twenty risk factors were significantly increased in the study group compared with those in a general population and included maternal, gestational, delivery and postdelivery risks. Furthermore, 13 of 25 factors differed significantly between preventable and nonpreventable cases. Those with significantly higher prevalence in preventable cases included prolonged gestation, the use of mid or high forceps, cesarean sections, meconium staining, low one- and five-minute Apgar scores, birth weight exceeding 4.5 kg (10 lb), poor tone, seizures and transfers to neonatal intensive care units. Increased in prevalence in the nonpreventable cases were congenital infections and malformations and the late onset of neurologic abnormalities. These findings suggest preventive measures to reduce unwarranted litigation and certain cases of neonatal brain damage. PMID- 6730486 TI - 'Baby Doe' rulings-review and comment. AB - The recent controversy over the "Baby Doe" regulations issued by the Department of Health and Human Services represents the culmination of a dilemma that has faced the medical and legal professions for more than a decade. Although they have not been upheld by the courts, the regulations express the position that withholding treatment from defective newborns may constitute discrimination on the basis of handicap and advocate mechanisms for the reporting of such practices. Legislation regarding this issue is pending at both the national and state levels. The rulings have been disputed by many medical and professional groups, which are working to provide acceptable alternatives. PMID- 6730484 TI - The evaluation and management of acute diarrhea. PMID- 6730487 TI - Charles R. Drew Postgraduate Medical School. PMID- 6730488 TI - Radial keratotomy. A controversial issue in ophthalmology. PMID- 6730489 TI - Outpatient theophylline determinations. AB - The indications and usefulness of outpatient serum theophylline determinations were prospectively evaluated by doing 151 of these studies in 137 consecutive cases of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. We found that evaluations were done for the following three groups of indications: group A, worsening bronchospasm; group B, stable asymptomatic cases, and group C, symptoms suggesting theophylline toxicity. When the three clinical groups were compared for frequency of nontherapeutic values, only an increased frequency of subtherapeutic values in patients with bronchospasm (group A) was significant (P<.01). Increasing the dosage up to 15 mg per kg of body weight a day while theophylline determinations are pending appears to be safe in this group of patients. Toxic symptoms were rarely associated with concentrations greater than 20 mug per ml (3/13) and infrequently occurred in patients with concentrations greater than 20 mug per ml (3/29). Nontherapeutic theophylline values did not always result in an adjustment of theophylline dosage. This was influenced by a correlation of symptoms, timing of the theophylline determination and the use of other bronchodilators. PMID- 6730490 TI - Myocardial revascularization for patients with an ejection fraction of 0.2 or less. 12 years' results. AB - From 1969 through December 31, 1981, a total of 232 patients with an ejection fraction of 0.2 or less (normal 0.67) had myocardial revascularization. The in hospital mortality in these patients decreased from 25 deaths in 82 patients (30%) from 1969 through 1972 to 10 deaths in 150 patients (7%) from 1973 through December 31, 1981. There was a 24% five-year survival for patients in congestive heart failure at the time of operation, a 40% survival at five years for patients successfully treated for failure before operation and a 60% five-year survival for those patients who had never been in failure. These results would appear to be better than those with cardiac transplantation, with neither the restrictions for operation nor the long-term immunotherapy required with cardiac transplantation. PMID- 6730491 TI - Epidural administration of morphine postoperatively for morbidly obese patients. AB - Two groups of morbidly obese patients undergoing a gastric stapling procedure were compared. Patients in group I received 5 mg of morphine through a lumbar epidural catheter immediately after the surgical procedure while group II patients were treated conventionally with parenterally administered morphine. In group I less narcotics were needed and patients were able to walk earlier than in group II. Length of hospital stay, time to removal of the nasogastric tube and postoperative pulmonary function were not significantly different between groups. Two patients in group I and one patient in group II had generalized pruritus, and in one study patient bradypnea developed in association with the epidural administration of morphine. It is concluded that morbidly obese patients can benefit from epidurally administered morphine and that this form of therapy has a role in the management of these patients. PMID- 6730492 TI - Paget's disease of bone. AB - These discussions are selected from the weekly staff conferences in the Department of Medicine, University of California, San Francisco. Taken from transcriptions, they are prepared by Drs Homer A. Boushey, Associate Professor of Medicine, and David G. Warnock, Associate Professor of Medicine, under the direction of Dr Lloyd H. Smith, Jr, Professor of Medicine and Chairman of the Department of Medicine. Requests for reprints should be sent to the Department of Medicine, University of California, San Francisco, School of Medicine, San Francisco, CA 94143. PMID- 6730493 TI - Overweight is risking fate. PMID- 6730494 TI - Non-01 Vibrio cholerae gastroenteritis in northern California. PMID- 6730495 TI - Carotid artery bruits and lacunar strokes. PMID- 6730496 TI - Death from cysticercosis. Seven patients with unrecognized obstructive hydrocephalus. PMID- 6730497 TI - Sensitivity to contact lens solutions. PMID- 6730498 TI - The effect of heparin dilution on arterial blood gas analysis. PMID- 6730499 TI - Approach to obese patients. PMID- 6730500 TI - A statewide approach to health care personnel maldistribution. The California Area Health Education Center System. AB - An Area Health Education Center (AHEC) system has been established in California to address the maldistribution of physicians and other health care professionals. The AHEC program uses educational incentives to recruit and retain health care personnel in underserved areas by linking the academic resources of university health science centers with local educational and clinical facilities. The medical schools, working in partnership with urban or rural AHECs throughout the state, are implementing educational programs to attract trainees and licensed professionals to work in underserved communities. The California AHEC project entered its fifth year in October of 1983 with the participation of all eight medical schools and the Charles Drew Postgraduate School of Medicine, 35 other health professions schools, 17 independent AHECs and more than 400 clinical training sites. Educational programs are reaching more than 22,000 students and practicing health professionals throughout California. We review the current status of the California AHEC system and use the AHEC programs at Loma Linda University to illustrate the effect this intervention is having. PMID- 6730501 TI - Commentary from Santa Fe: revitalizing county medical society meetings--a proposed reform of the rules. PMID- 6730502 TI - Long-term results of extracranial to intracranial bypass for ischemic vascular disease. PMID- 6730503 TI - [Difficulties in the early diagnosis of cancer of the gallbladder]. PMID- 6730504 TI - [Exocrine pancreatic efficiency in patients after Roux en Y operation]. PMID- 6730505 TI - [Toxoplasmosis in various periods of pregnancy]. PMID- 6730506 TI - [The effect of fluoridated water on selected elements of the masticatory system]. PMID- 6730507 TI - [A case of scleroma coexistent with pulmonary tuberculosis]. PMID- 6730508 TI - [Results of surgical treatment of subpelvic ureteral stenosis by the Hynes Anderson method]. PMID- 6730509 TI - [Inflammatory changes in the appendices epiploicae of the sigmoid as a rare cause of abdominal symptoms]. PMID- 6730510 TI - [Giant retroperitoneal liposarcoma]. PMID- 6730511 TI - [A rare case of primary brain tumor with double neoplastic structure]. PMID- 6730512 TI - [Progressive multifocal leukoencephalopathy as a complication of immunosuppressive and cytostatic treatment]. PMID- 6730513 TI - [Principles of the current treatment of recent hand injuries]. PMID- 6730514 TI - [Underestimated diagnosis]. PMID- 6730515 TI - [EEG controls in recurrences of supratentorial brain-specific tumors]. AB - The purpose of this study was to find out the value of postoperative EEG controls in the early detection of recurrence of supratentorial gliomas (the majority being astrocytomas, stage II to IV). 29 cases with verified tumour recurrence were examined and in all but one the EEG showed a reactivation of the focus in accordance with the development of the glioma. At least one of the following parameters had to be established: a further spreading of the focal changes, a reduction in frequency, an increase in amplitudes and focal depression of amplitudes. At least 3 postoperative EEG controls were made in each case. The duration of tumour treatment was 3 to 59 months. In 3 cases temporary focus activation was found without evidence of tumour recurrence; in one of these cases the activation was preceded by an epileptic seizure. Epileptic seizures, thus, seem to have a focus activating effect. Focus activation as a result of radiotherapy or cytostatic treatment was not observed. On the basis of our findings it appears that regularly conducted postoperative EEG controls seem to be highly suited as a non-invasive and economical method for the early detection of recurrence of this type of tumour. In the case of malignant types of gliomas involving rapid growth EEG controls should be made monthly. PMID- 6730516 TI - [Effect of pathologic changes in the urinary epithelium on the absorption of ethoglucide (Epodyl) from the bladder]. AB - Studies on the absorption of Ethoglucid from human urinary bladder, utilizing a photometric method to determine Ethoglucid in biological fluids, gave the following results: The intact uroepithelium prevents absorption of interluminal Ethoglucid as well as no significant increase of absorption was seen in the presence of superficial, highly differentiated cancers or inflammatory alterations of the bladder. Urothelial lesions after transurethral resection or infiltrating cancers permit an intercellular diffusion of Ethoglucid from the bladder cavity into the systemic circulation, due to a loss of intercellular gaps between the urothelial elements. PMID- 6730517 TI - [Sarcoidosis of the nervous system. Clinical and diagnostic synopsis based on two cases]. AB - This paper reports two cases of neurosarcoidosis . Initially the clinical picture involved only the nervous system. Later on manifestations pertaining to other systems were detected by interdisciplinary investigations. The resulting diagnostic problems, the value of additional investigations and the therapeutic management are discussed on the basis of the two presented cases. PMID- 6730519 TI - Comparison of results after proximal gastric vagotomy and healthy controls. PMID- 6730518 TI - Immunologic factors in pathogenesis and treatment of human and animal diabetes. PMID- 6730520 TI - Occupational noise-induced hearing loss in Wisconsin. PMID- 6730521 TI - Current status and treatment of tennis elbow. PMID- 6730522 TI - The healthcare worker and rubella. PMID- 6730523 TI - Urinary cytology: a twelve-year review. PMID- 6730524 TI - Reflex sympathetic dystrophy syndrome in children. PMID- 6730525 TI - Pediatric intensive care: an overview. PMID- 6730526 TI - [Social integration of aged citizens in homes for the aged]. AB - The paper deals with the aspects of social integration from the point of view of the residents on the bases of interviews. The feeling of more or less being integrated related to marital status and professional qualification, by this woman finding themselves not so well integrated as men. Supposed influences on the various items reflecting aspects and level of integration are discussed. Requirements concerning further research-work in this field as well as the development of psychological and social care for elderly people in residential homes are concluded from. PMID- 6730527 TI - [The retired person in a socialist society]. AB - There are not possibilities to stop aging. Therefore we should add to years life. To it necessary making the problems of aging to a task for the complete society. In our socialist country pensioners guaranteed on foundation of the constitution, the employment-low-book and the votes of party and government all chances to life carefree and with activities. PMID- 6730528 TI - [Characteristics of preoperative diagnosis in surgery of the aged]. AB - The individual and special risk factors in age patients must take into consideration in indication for operation. The preoperative diagnostic specialty concerned particularity function disturbances of the cardiovascular, bronchopulmonary and gastrointestinal system. Recognition and treatment are described. PMID- 6730529 TI - [Long-term effect of polyenic-fatty-acids-enriched diet on the relations of fatty acids and glycerophospholipids in 50- to 60-year-old HLP patients]. AB - Seventy-seven patients (twenty-nine males and forty-eight females aged fifty to sixty) with primary HLP type IIa, IIb, IV were treated for eight months with polyenic fatty acids enriched metabolic basis diet. Gas chromatographic analyses of the fatty acid pattern of glycerophospholipids were carried out in 4-monthly intervals. It was found an increase of polyenic fatty acids and a decrease of saturated and monoenic fatty acids in all three types of HLP. Polyenic fatty acids enriched metabolic basis diet influences favourable atherogenic fatty acids constellations of the glycerophospholipids. PMID- 6730530 TI - [Indications for special rehabilitation programs for cerebrovascular strokes]. AB - The rehabilitation of patients with stroke was a long time a neglected problem. Meanwhile there are several hospitals with comprehensive rehabilitation services with physical, occupational, speech, psychological and social assessments. The effectiveness were investigated in 296 stroke patients. 195 patients from two internal hospitals were compared with 101 patients from a hospital rehabilitation unit. Both groups were very similar according of age, sex, nature of stroke and the most of other factors. The effect were evaluated on the basic of ADL-classes (activities of daily living) at the time of discharge. The success of the special rehabilitation was better in patients with aphasia, flaccid and strong spastic hemiparesis, complicated diseases, lower motivation and mild or moderate psychoorganic syndromes. Absent of ability to cooperate limited the rehabilitation outcomes. In mild and severe followings of stroke were found same results in both groups. High age of life alone are not decreased the prognosis. PMID- 6730531 TI - [Characteristics of the electrocardiographic diagnosis in chronic cor pulmonale in the aged]. AB - Detailed ECG analyses were made in 97 patients aged between 60 and 79 as well as in 64 younger patients (aged between 30 and 49) suffering from chronical cor pulmonale. Since typical ECG symptoms pointing to cor pulmonale occur less frequently in old age, an analysis scheme to facilitate diagnostics is suggested. The ECG criteria established by Widimsky to diagnose cor pulmonale are supposed to be hypothetical and, in particular, are not adequate for early stages of the clinical picture. Therefore, reference is made to the method by Dusanin , which postulates symptoms of dextrocardia and pulmonary hypertension as established assessment criteria. We recommend the consideration of seven ECG characteristics as a result of a thorough ECG analysis. These characteristics have been integrated in a diagnostical formula through mathematical processes. PMID- 6730532 TI - [The nursing home of the city of Vienna in Baumgarten: current internal medicine and angiologic aspects of geriatrics]. AB - We consider the establishment of departments for internal medicine with a diagnostic and a therapeutic centre, the installation of an in-patient department for angiology and the increase of teaching and research activities at the Baumgarten nursing home in Vienna to be an example for the further development of geriatrics and a promising preliminary stage in the new understanding of the role of this growing branch of medicine, and its formal recognition in Austria. PMID- 6730534 TI - [What does Marxism give to us?--Considerations by a medical man]. PMID- 6730533 TI - [Age and sexuality from the viewpoint of the inmates of homes for the aged and nursing homes]. AB - This work refers to the former informations. It expands the hitherto existing way of investigation by the use of unifactoral , univariate and multifactoral , univariate models of factor efficacy. The medium coinage of all indicators of the investigated need lets percept significant differences in the groups of age, sex, personal status, time of being in homes and content of work. So, young groups of age expect from the new partner a greater readiness for intimate contacts. Female home inhabitants are sensitive for emotional relations between each other, male inhabitants are stronger interested in sexual aspects. The importance of these relations is increasing by higher content of work. The application of multifactoral , univariate models divides the settled efficacy of the elected characteristics for the person of inhabitant into main and interaction effects. The results let percept deep relations of factor efficacy between these characteristics at elected indicators of the central questions. At the end there is given a summed view of the results of all three articles. PMID- 6730535 TI - [Iron deficiency states in women between the menarche and menopause]. PMID- 6730536 TI - [Work incapacitation and disability in malignant ovarian tumors]. PMID- 6730538 TI - [Arteriosclerosis indices of lipid and lipoprotein metabolism]. PMID- 6730539 TI - [Several suggestions on the statistical handling of small-volume observation data]. PMID- 6730537 TI - [Acupuncture in myofascial pain]. PMID- 6730540 TI - [Treatment by the physician in the border area between life and death, from the penal viewpoint]. PMID- 6730541 TI - [Hemorrhoids and perianal thrombosis--diagnosis, therapy, results]. PMID- 6730542 TI - [Diagnosis of psychogenic seizures in ambulatory practice]. PMID- 6730543 TI - [Sheltered workshops in the system of psychiatric rehabilitation]. PMID- 6730544 TI - [Diseases caused by pigeon mites (Argas reflexus)]. PMID- 6730545 TI - [Orthopedic expert opinion--an analysis]. PMID- 6730547 TI - [Animals as natural models for drug testing]. PMID- 6730546 TI - [Hospital surgical care of stomatologic and maxillary diseases in East Germany from 1968 to 1978]. PMID- 6730548 TI - [Anatomy of the veins and lymph vessels of the lower extremities]. PMID- 6730549 TI - [Current trends in the clinical problem of lymphedema of the extremities]. PMID- 6730550 TI - [Physical therapy in venous diseases]. PMID- 6730551 TI - [Pretherapeutic diagnosis in the sclerotherapy of varicose veins]. PMID- 6730552 TI - [Sclerotherapy]. PMID- 6730553 TI - [Intraoperative sclerotherapy instead of stripping. Report on over 2700 interventions]. PMID- 6730554 TI - [Therapy of chronic intrafascial venous insufficiency]. PMID- 6730555 TI - [Complications and side effects of sclerotherapy]. PMID- 6730556 TI - [Outpatient care of patients with psychoneural disorders]. PMID- 6730557 TI - [Sclerosing of varices]. PMID- 6730558 TI - [Pneumatic compression in the treatment of chronic edema and in the prevention of thrombosis]. PMID- 6730559 TI - [Cinematographic studies of sclerosing therapy of varices]. PMID- 6730560 TI - [Appendicitis in infancy]. PMID- 6730561 TI - [Intensity, frequency and length of physical exercise in cardiovascular rehabilitation]. PMID- 6730562 TI - [Neuro-functional disorders in patients considered unable to work]. PMID- 6730563 TI - [Renal fluoride secretion following the drinking of black tea]. PMID- 6730564 TI - [Simultaneous occurrence of osteogenesis imperfecta tarda and isolated bone metastasis from cancer of the cardia]. PMID- 6730565 TI - [Functional helplessness or discrepancy reduction?]. PMID- 6730566 TI - [Visuomotor new coordination in mirror tracing conditions. Experimental study on the role of visual perception]. PMID- 6730567 TI - [Factor analyses of evoked potentials in stimulus processing and memory search]. PMID- 6730568 TI - [Origin of the perception of fatigue from the viewpoint of the cognitive emotions theory]. PMID- 6730569 TI - [Effect of experimental self verbalizations on physiologic, cognitive and motor components of conditioned fear reactions]. PMID- 6730570 TI - [Iodine levels in the environment of East Germany and its relation to the health status of the population]. PMID- 6730571 TI - [Is dichlorvos hepatotoxic?]. PMID- 6730572 TI - Production of enterotoxin B by Staphylococcus aureus in milk and some dairy products. PMID- 6730573 TI - [Method for environmentally useful processing of liquid manure from swine breeding installations]. PMID- 6730574 TI - [Results of an epidemiological study of workers exposed to noise or medium plants with reference to possible sex-dependent effects]. PMID- 6730576 TI - [Sanitary importance of meal mites (Acarus siro L., Acarina, Tyroglyphidae)]. PMID- 6730575 TI - [Reaction time meter for group testing of subjects]. PMID- 6730577 TI - [Diagnosis of psychosocial disorders based on a complaint questionnaire]. PMID- 6730578 TI - [Problems of sexual development and sex education of children and juveniles unfit for school but educable]. PMID- 6730579 TI - [Progress and values in medicine]. PMID- 6730580 TI - [Combination of arterial and venous vascular diseases]. AB - The coincidence of arterial and venous vascular diseases in the region of the extremities is demonstrated. The frequency and the pathophysiological connections are explained and a subdivision of the different forms of combination is made. The therapy has to orient itself at the pathophysiological processes of the individual case, where the arterial as well as the venous vascular region is to be included in the treatment. PMID- 6730581 TI - [Effects of a basic metabolic diet rich in polyene fatty acids on the pattern of glycerophospholipid fatty acids in patients with hyperlipoproteinemia]. AB - In 77 patients with primary hyperlipoproteinaemia of the types IIa, IIb and IV who for 8 months had been treated with a metabolic basic diet enriched by polyene fatty acid gas-chromatographic analyses of the fatty acid compound of the glycerophospholipids were carried out in four-month intervals. In all three types of hyperlipoproteinaemia in a different size and increase of poly-unsaturated and a decrease of saturated and mono-unsaturated fatty acid could be observed. A metabolic basic diet rich in polyene fatty acid has a favourable influence on atherogenic constellations of the fatty acids of the glycerophospholipids. PMID- 6730582 TI - [The dynamics of tuberculosis]. AB - The dynamics of tuberculosis is decisively influenced by factors, such as demography, BCG-vaccinations, infection rate by mycobacteria, diseases, cures, relapses and death. With national combatting programmes it is possible to develop the epidemetrical models to a dynamic-prognostic system. PMID- 6730583 TI - [Lesions of the gastric mucosa caused by blunt abdominal injury]. AB - Within a casuistic is reported on an 8-year-old boy who suffered from an intestinal haemorrhage due to a blunt abdominal trauma. Due to the endoscopic possibilities which are nowadays at our disposal appeared an alteration of the gastric mucous membrane in our opinion conditioned by contusion which from the macroscopic standpoint let us think of an ulceration. Theoretical fundaments as well as the anamnesis and the clinical course are correlated with our opinion to this case. PMID- 6730584 TI - [Hepatic coma in fulminating viral hepatitis--treatment results in 1981 in a district hospital]. AB - n the basis of clinical case reports on liver disintegration comata in foudroyant virus hepatitis the coma therapy was explained which was performed in the clinic for infectious and tropic diseases of the County Hospital St. Georg Leipzig in 1981 and this therapy was compared with the possibilities mentioned in literature. The aim of the article was to determine the present position of a county hospital in the great number of forms of therapy proposed. The basic therapy aimed at the reduction of neurotoxic protein metabolites and the application of intensive-medical therapeutic methods in interdisciplinary cooperation of internal specialist, specialist in dialysis and haemostaseologist are valuated as successful. The combined haemoperfusion/haemodialysis--two out of three patients treated survived--as a constituent of the present concept of therapy is assessed positively. PMID- 6730585 TI - [The effect of low-dose heparin therapy on patients in an internal medicine intensive care unit]. AB - It is reported on 191 patients of an intensive care unit, in whom for the purpose of the prophylaxis of thromboses and thromboembolic complications a low-dose heparinisation was carried out. For comparison served the documents of 137 patients who were admitted to the same department for homogeneous reasons but had not been treated prophylactically with anticoagulants. In no case more massive haemorrhages developed which might have compelled us to interrupt the therapy. In spite of the low-dose heparinisation 4 pulmonary embolisms as well as thromboses of the abdominal aorta, the radial artery and the coronary arteries were the result; they were confirmed autoptically . Thus the low dose heparinisation does not represent a sufficient protection against the thromboembolic complications for patients with internal diseases who are confined to bed. The demand is made to establish the individual need of heparin and to adjust the heparin dose according to this. PMID- 6730586 TI - [Diagnostic and prognostic significance of so-called rheumatoid vasculitis]. AB - 23 patients with rheumatoid arthritis and high rheumatic factors (mean titres of rheumatic factors 1 : 1 434) within a prospective study on the diagnostic and prognostic significance of the rheumatoid vasculitis which was performed together with the Research Institute for Rheumatism Moscow underwent examinations for the proof of an extraarticular organ manifestation. In correspondence with the data in literature we found rheumatic nodes (70%) as most frequent extraarticular organ manifestation. In 1 patient each a participation of the lungs and a rheumatic exudate of the pleura, respectively, could be diagnosed. In another patient there were references to a vasculitis at the fundus of the eye. In only 2 patients there was a vasculitis of the digital arteries with necroses, in one of them a generalized vasculitis. 5 of the 13 neurologically examined patients showed polyneuropathic symptoms. Of the biochemical findings the C-reactive protein and the blood sedimentation rate showed clear increases and correlations. PMID- 6730587 TI - [Diagnostic problems of pulmonary embolism]. AB - There is no pathognomonic sign for pulmonary embolism. The diagnosis must be made from the combination of anamnestic, clinical and paraclinical parameters. An essential purpose of the paper is the demonstration of the valency of these parameters. The clinical proof of the origin of embolism facilitates the establishment of the diagnosis, is, however, often not possible. The pulmonary embolism as well as the origin of embolism are most certainly to be proved by angiographic investigation methods. On account of the vital endangering by relapses as well as the necessity of a different and extensive therapy the securing of the diagnosis is necessary. PMID- 6730588 TI - [Polypectomy of the stomach and colon. 6 years' analysis]. AB - From August 1976 till December 1982 855 polyps were removed by endoscopic polypectomy from the upper and lower digestive tract in 450 patients. With 0.70% the complication rate was very low. Altogether 6 haemorrhages were observed, three of which had to be treated by a transfusion. There did not occur neither a complication which had to be treated surgically nor a fatal one. Among the colon polyps in 9% and among the gastric polyps in 2.9% a malignant change was found. The macroscopic picture of a polyp does not allow a conclusion to the histological findings. Therefore the endoscopic polypectomy and the careful histological investigation of the polyp demand a close cooperation between specialist in endoscopy and pathologist. PMID- 6730589 TI - [Psychodiagnostic characteristics of patients with functional cardiovascular disorders]. AB - As a contribution to the early recognition in 368 patients with functional disturbances of heart and circulation is examined, whether there are relations between distinguishable groups of complaint syndromes and different degree of neurotisation . Apart from this the characteristics of the symptoms for the adequate complaint syndromes found in the individual diagnosis are summarized to rank series, in which cases different distributions of frequency reveal. Certain parallels to similar investigations of other authors are discussed and conclusions for prophylactic and therapeutic measures are derived. PMID- 6730590 TI - [Latent and manifest iron deficiency conditions. Diagnostic and therapeutic developments]. AB - The developments of the last 15 years rendered possible more exact clinical evidences on stages (cross section diagnoses of the iron state within the body), developmental forms (longitudinal section diagnoses with estimation of the iron balance) and substitution of the iron deficiency. In the stages I (storage iron deficiency with increased intestinal iron absorption) and II (additional decrease of the serum iron) haemoglobin lies within the normal. Iron deficiency anaemias without (III) and with (IV) tissue damage show much decreased serum ferritin values. In the pre-treatment or in complications by infections or tumours the dispersion areas of serum ferritin intersect with the lower dispersion area of the norm of control persons with normal reserves of iron. - The most frequent cause of the non-haemorrhagic iron deficiency developing by an absolute or relatively too small iron supply are pregnancies without an effective iron prophylaxis. The chronic haemorrhagic iron deficiency relapsing without iron supply is caused by hypermenorrhoeas (blood losses per year 1-6 l) and in older patients by blood losses from the gastro-intestinal canal (blood losses per year 1 to more than 30 l). The posthaemorrhagic or postpartal iron deficiency remaining after removal of the causes remits spontaneously with sufficient nutrition. A more exact knowledge about the bioavailability of oral ferroiron preparation and the biotransformation of parenterally administered colloidal iron preparation render possible a better adaptation of the iron substitution to the demand of iron to the limits of tolerability and metabolisability of the remedies administered. PMID- 6730591 TI - [Idiopathic hemochromatosis--diagnosis and therapy]. AB - The excessive storage of iron in idiopathic haemochromatosis leads to severe organic lesion up to life-threatening conditions (cardiac insufficiency, portal decompensation). The symptoms melanodermia , diabetes mellitus and other endocrine failures, liver cirrhosis, cardiac insufficiency and arthropathy appear together or in various combinations. The diagnosis is ascertained by the proof of iron storage, the multiple organic affection and by familial accumulation of the various laboratory diagnostic possibilities are particularly to be emphasized the serum iron value together with the percetal transferrin saturation (as search test), serum ferritin, the desferrioxamine test, simple ferrokinetic investigations and the quantitative determination of iron in the liver in the bioptate . For family examinations, apart from the search test, a HLA typisation is reasonable, in order to estimate the risk of the disease (particularly of brothers and sisters). The therapy of choice are blood- lettings (0.5 l once to twice a week) up to obtaining a permanent easy iron deficiency anaemia. The maintenance therapy should be performed with monthly to quarterly blood- lettings . Only in cases exception a desferal treatment is indicated. Endocrine failures and cardiac disturbances need a particular therapy. PMID- 6730592 TI - [Method of quantitative iron determination in the serum, urine and tissue]. AB - In this paper the methodology of the quantitative determination of the iron in serum, urine and tissue is described. For the quantitative recognition of the iron in the serum the photometric determination with bathophenanthroline as well as the atomic absorption spectrophotometry may be used. The atomic absorption spectrophotometry may be used. The atomic absorption spectrophotometry is particularly suited for the measurement of the iron content in the urine. Tissue is disintegrated by wet ash formation and also determined by atomic absorption spectrophotometry. PMID- 6730593 TI - [Diagnosis and therapy of iron overload with desferrioxamine]. AB - In polytransfused patients the diagnostics of the iron overload belongs to the strategic programme of the treatment. It is particularly referred to the value of the desferal test. In the therapy of the transfusion haemosiderosis desferrioxamine is the remedy of choice. Its at present most favourable form of application is the subcutaneous infusion by means of the infusion group. A success of the treatment is only to be guaranteed, when the therapy is consequently performed over years under balancing the iron supply and excretion. PMID- 6730594 TI - [Serum iron and serum copper in patients with lymphogranulomatosis]. AB - The serum iron and serum copper level was determined in fifteen patients with lymphogranulomatosis before and during the course of the therapy. While the serum copper was increased in all stages, for the serum iron only in the stages III and IV a tendency to diminution was found. With obtaining the remission a significant increase of the serum iron and a significant decrease of the serum copper developed. The normalization of serum iron and serum copper suggests a remission, the dissociation of the two parameters an activity of the lymphogranulomatosis. PMID- 6730595 TI - [Iron metabolism in chronic alcohol abuse]. AB - Disturbances of the iron metabolism in patients with chronic alcohol abuse are of very complex genesis. The frequently probable hypersideraemia is caused by an increased intake of iron, by release of depot iron, when an alcohol-conditioned liver damage is present, and by an increased iron balance with disturbed iron use of the bone marrow. Thus the in alcoholics often provable combined megaloblastic sideroblastic anaemia is in close connection with this. PMID- 6730596 TI - [Midazolam as a premedication for gastroscopy]. AB - Midazolam (Ro 21-3981; Dormicum ) is a new water-soluble benzodiazepine. Compared with diazepam and flunitrazepam, it has the advantage of a short half-life and good tolerability after intravenous administration. It induces light sleep 1/2 to 2 min after injection, and anterograde amnesia. It has minimal hemodynamic and respiratory effects. We administered midazolam by intravenous injection in a dose of 3-7 mg to 100 patients about to undergo esophago-, gastro-, or duodenoscopy. The patient became quiet and relaxed, falling into a light sleep but remaining capable of following simple instructions. After completion of the endoscopy, the patients were half awake, and listened attentively to the report. They subsequently usually slept for 1-2 h, afterwards remembering nothing of the procedure. Two (at most, 3) hours after injection, the patients were again completely awake and able to go home or back to work. In some cases, concentration was slightly impaired for the rest of the day. Compared with other premedications , midazolam is better suited for use in endoscopy, owing to its rapid onset and short duration of action. PMID- 6730597 TI - [Premedication in upper gastrointestinal endoscopy]. PMID- 6730598 TI - [Retained cholelithiasis--a risk factor after endoscopic papillotomy?]. AB - Endoscopic papillotomy (EPT) today is in well defined indications an accepted procedure for the therapy of common bile duct stones. In patients with stone gallbladder in situ and bile duct stones it has been recommended to remove the gallbladder after papillotomy in order to prevent late complications. The present study shows that the gallbladder in situ is not necessarily a significant risk factor. On an average of 34,9 months (16-84) after EPT of 223 patients with a follow up, 83,7% were free of symptoms or significantly improved. Cholecystectomy was performed in 43 patients (18,9%): in 24 (11,6%) within an interval , in 13 (6,3%) as an emergency operation following a complication of EPT and in 2 (1%) months later because of recurrent cholecystitis. In patients over 70 years of age with increased risk for surgery therefore a gallbladder with stones after EPT must not absolutely be removed. A wait and see attitude may be justified. PMID- 6730599 TI - [Behavior of cultured cells on the surface of A12O3 ceramics of different consistencies]. AB - The in vitro reactions of mesenchymal cell populations on different powdery and cubical Al2O3 ceramic implants are described compared with those on glass. The ceramics differ because of different compounds and surface processing. The physiologic eluate of the contaminated ceramics induce no cytotoxic and no antiproliverative effect on the single layer population in vitro. The cells settle itself on the ceramic surface. They constidued a confluent cell layer about the whole surface by proliferation (morphogenetic reaction). No difference in the behaviour of the fibroblast-like cells was observed referable to the chemical compound or the surface of the Al2O3 ceramics. The aluminium oxide ceramic presents itself as an absolutely bioinert material despite of strong soiling. PMID- 6730600 TI - [The effect of extravascular administration of adrenaline solution into the carotid sinus on hemorrhage tolerance in anesthetized rabbits]. AB - The haemorrhage tolerance in 31 with morphine-urethane solution narcotized rabbits were proved. By locale application of epinephrine at the carotid sinus in 19 rabbits the depressor afferent C-fibres were activated. The efferent sympathetic nerve activity of the kidney was clear decreased before and during the haemorrhage. The maximum of the cardiac frequency and the sympathetic activity in the epinephrine animals was measured when the volume depletion was about 10 percent higher. In comparison with the control rabbits the blood pressure at the end of haemorrhage was clear higher. PMID- 6730601 TI - [Basic research on ultrasound surgery. VI: Comparative histological liver findings following treatment of the wound with ultrasound welding and suturing]. AB - Liver cuts were performed on 21 Mini- Lewe pigs and then closed with suture in one case, and by ultrasonic welding of Fimomed - Gelaspon conglomerate in the other. Macroscopic assessment in situ and the histological examination of cut out liver areas regularly showed perifocal inflammatory peritoneal reactions and abscess formation for the sutured regions. From a histological point of view the liver tissue in the regions subjected to ultrasonic treatment reacted more strongly than after suture, particularly in the form of lobule structure disturbances, focal hepatitis, hepatic duct proliferation and destruction, and cholangitis. All of these were limited to the immediate vicinity of the conglomerate with its fibrous demarcation, which remained identifiable until the end of the experiment after a year and a half. The experiments resulted in the sucessful closure of the liver wounds in all cases where ultrasonic welding of Fimomed - Gelaspon compound was used. Application to human medicine is, however, not yet justified. PMID- 6730602 TI - [Oxygen requirements of the isolated dog pancreas]. AB - This contribution reports about the oxygen requirement of the isolated perfused dog pancreas. A solution with the content of red blood corpuscles, a stroma-free hemoglobin solution or a perfusate--free from oxygen carriers--were applied. The oxygen requirement of the pancreas amounts to 0.59 ml/min . 100 g. The oxygen supply of the organ is possible with a flow of 0.50 ml/min . g and an oxygen partial pressure of 65 kPa (487.5 mmHg) also by means of a perfusate free from oxygen carriers. PMID- 6730603 TI - [Animal experiments using the left-ventricular-assist system]. AB - The left ventricular assist device (LVAD) was tested in 27 sternotomied dogs using hemodynamic parameters. The left ventricular failure was attained by the starvation of the coronary vessels. The use of cannulae and ventriculi fitting for the size of the animals, and a diastolic vacuum were an essential premise for an effective support of the left heart. By variation of the latent period, the systole duration, and the operating pressures were selected for optimal pumping conditions. The effectiveness of the LVAD was shown by the detected pressure and flow parameters. PMID- 6730604 TI - [An improved connecting system for artificial hearts]. AB - The certain connection of the artificial ventricles to the vascular system has a decisive importance in the implantation of an artificial heart. Demands concerning tightness, reliability, easy attendance, and anatomic fit are to be considered especially in the construction of a suitable connecting system. A modified bayonet system came in use. The connection between the artificial heart and the vascular system is placed here by distortions of a tightening ring. PMID- 6730605 TI - [Follicular lichenoid generalized granuloma annulare]. AB - A follicular lichenoid generalized granuloma anulare in a 63 years old man with diabetes mellitus and sarcoidosis ( Mentoux -negative) is described. The histopathology revealed granuloma anulare localized around the hair follicles and the eccrine sweat gland ducts. PMID- 6730606 TI - [Trichoblastic fibroma]. AB - A trichoblastic fibroma in the oval fossa of the left thigh of a 70 year old female is described. Basaloid cell complexes were surrounded by a moderately cellular, partly fibromyxoid stroma. Epithelial buds resembled the primitive hair germ which derives from the embryonal periderm. Epithelial layers, 1-2 cells thick, were enclosed in a hyalinized and condensed stroma. The development of a real hair bulb or a real hair matrix was not found. PMID- 6730607 TI - [Development of bacterial flora in leg ulcer]. AB - In the present study of the microbiological flora of 284 ulcera crurum we found 452 various bacterial strains. 174 (61.3%) of the 284 ulcera crurum were found in women, 110 (38.7%) in men with a predominance in the age group between 70-79 years. Staphylococcus aureus were the most frequent bacteria, with an isolation rate of 22,4%. Furthermore, gram-negative bacteria like pseudomonas (14.6%), proteus (10.2%) were isolated. Besides these other species of the group of enterobacteriaceae must be taken into consideration--especially Enterobacter and Klebsiella. In comparison to the results of bacterial isolation rates reported in the literature of the last 15 years, it is obvious that staph. aureus is most common in the bacterial invasion of ulcera crurum . An increase of isolation rates of pseudomonas and proteus and other gram-negative germs could not be found during the last 10 years. The variety of bacterial species on leg ulcers and the frequent occurrence of mixed flora give evidence of the importance of microbiological diagnostic and antibacterial therapy. PMID- 6730608 TI - [Marked regression of melanoma metastases under combined chemotherapy]. AB - We report a 60-year-old patient suffering from malignant melanoma and multiple cutaneous, lung, and intraabdominal metastases. After 6 series of combination chemotherapy ( BNCU , Hydroxyurea, Dacarbacin ), the metastases showed a remarkable regression. At present, the patient is in a nearly complete remission. PMID- 6730609 TI - [UV irradiation devices for the treatment of psoriasis. Desirable spectra and various criteria for selection]. AB - Special fluorescent lamps as well as filtered high pressure lamps are used for photo- and photochemotherapy of psoriasis. The spectra of the lamps offered for phototherapy are compared with the antipsoriatic range of action (lambda ca.295 315 nm) and judged by their therapeutic effect. The spectra offered for photochemotherapy should be free of UVB-radiation. Visible and infrared rays are not effective with psoriasis. The production of heat may stress the patient and require heat removal. On the skin surface the distribution of irradiation should be as even as possible. PUVA treatments of longer duration are preferably performed in a lying position. Closed irradiation units may produce claustrophobia . Open irradiation units require remote control. The most decisive economic factors are the duration of a single exposure as well as space requirements. PMID- 6730610 TI - [Hepatitis B vaccination: the danger of AIDS transmission]. AB - The safety of the hepatitis B vaccine H-B- Vax derives from a very strict screening of plasma donors as well as an extensive production process consisting of several purification and three inactivation steps. During a follow up of about 20 000 vaccine recipients over a 7 year-period, no known occurrence of AIDS or other infectious diseases have been associated with the vaccine. Also no known case of AIDS occurred in a group of 200 000 persons at low risk vaccinated since 1981. The hepatitis B vaccine is highly recommended to all people at high risk in Western Germany by the health organizations as well as the WHO. PMID- 6730611 TI - [Epidemiology of AIDS]. PMID- 6730612 TI - [Are depot corticoids still indicated?]. PMID- 6730613 TI - [Carcinoma spinocellulare in erythematosus]. AB - Case report on a 50-year-old man suffering from discoid lupus erythematosus since about 20 years. The development of a tumor of the left lower leg within a l. e. area, which turned out to be a squamous-cell carcinoma, had been noticed since two years. One year after tumor excision our patient died of multiple metastases. This case demonstrates the rare formation of a squamous-cell-carcinoma "in erythematode ". PMID- 6730614 TI - [Vital microscopy of nailfold capillaries in progressive scleroderma in relation to the clinical picture]. AB - Capillary microscopic investigations of the nailfold were performed in 38 patients presenting Raynaud's phenomenon (systemic sclerosis: diffuse type n = 6; systemic sclerosis: CREST syndrome n = 21; Raynaud's disease n = 7; mixed connective tissue disease (MCTD) n = 4). A control group of 15 healthy persons was investigated for comparison. 3 stages of capillary alteration were established in patients with systemic sclerosis by recording number (per 2 mm microscopic field diameter), morphology, colour and size of nailfold capillaries. Additional criteria like pericapillary microhemorrhages and disordered capillary blood flow were considered as well. Significant correlations of capillary microscopie findings to different subsets of systemic sclerosis including MCTD could not be proven. Cases provisionally classified as Raynaud's disease could not be assigned to systemic sclerosis on account of capillary microscopy. A clear correlation was found, however, between the grade of capillary alteration and both severity of clinical features and duration of the disease. All cases with capillary changes of stage 3 showed clinical correlation to esophageal dysmotility , also proven in 7 out of 13 patients with stage 2 capillary alteration. PMID- 6730615 TI - [A tricho-odonto-onychial subtype of ectodermal dysplasia]. AB - We report on a case of " uncombable hair syndrome" combined with additional hair changes ( peripilar casts), periodic shedding of nails, abnormality of teeth, dysplasia of the nipples , Morbus Scheuermann, and atopic disorders with specific IgE sensibilisation . Pili trianguli et canaliculi as well as peripilar casts were electron-microscopically examined. The presented case might be interpreted as a special tricho-odonto- onychial subtype of ectodermal dysplasia. PMID- 6730616 TI - [Significance of the D. Wyss communication mode for the interpretation of dreams in psychotherapeutic practice]. AB - The author illustrates how dreams are interpreted in " Anthropologic -integrative Psychotherapy" created by D. Wyss . A case report of a patient suffering from "cardiac neurosis" is given. Many dreams which were communicated in this therapeutic process are reviewed. The modi of communication pointed out by D. Wyss are used to clarify the communicative potentialities of these dreams. PMID- 6730617 TI - [Discrepancies and models: in the search for the object of psychology]. AB - There is ample evidence that psychology is in a state of crisis. An important cause of this state of crisis is seen in the paradox of an obviously lacking definition of the subject matter of psychology and a metatheoretic prohibition of subject-related reflections. In the combination of a phenomenological description and a reflexive psychological argumentation a method is outlined that can help psychology in the process of building its subject matter. It is shown that the subject of psychology is not "given", but has to be constituted. Since the psychic is not an "inner reality", but an aspect of our relations to the world, the organism is a much better model of the psychic than the traditional models of psychology. PMID- 6730619 TI - [Hyperkinetic syndrome. Approaches to an integrated theory and research program I]. AB - The present state of empirical psychological research in many areas can be characterized by disintegration, partialisation and theoretical emptiness accompanied by continually rising research expenditures. It will be argued here that the Hyperkinesis-Syndrome ( HKS ) provides a typical example of this unhappy state of psychological research, but on the other hand seems to be amenable to the conception of the strategies of systematic development of theories discussed elsewhere from a philosophy of science's view. In accordance with this conception, after a preliminary characterization and some fundamental reflexions an analysis of the findings of the most important HKS -conceptions will be carried out (Part I). For the results of this analysis rudiments of theoretical explanations (in the sense of the model of explaining laws) and suppositional explanations will be developed and--as a base for a general HKS -theory- presented for discussion (Part II). At the same time considerations for the creation of a corresponding HKS -research program will be submitted. PMID- 6730620 TI - [Consensus and action as determinants of psychological consultation]. AB - Recent publications in their majority are showing increasing criticism of current counseling concepts, esp. concerning their practical relevance. Therefore a critical revision of counseling models is demanded, with the following essential postulates: more field-oriented, more individual-centered and more evaluative. The model of counseling presented here stresses the importance of consensus and action in order to cope with these postulates. Finally first modes of application are demonstrated. PMID- 6730618 TI - [Phenomenology of the manic paranoid]. AB - The manic paranoid results of situations of pressure, which are resulting of the higher sensibility against a remaining behind the demands of himself (" remanence "). On the way of the psychotic transcending this pathogenic situation, there can be developed a tendency to an alternation of paranoid and manic syndrome . But also the paranoid phase can be "passed over" in favour of a direct development of a mania--often after some recidives. The proximity of a real nucleus of danger belongs to the phenomenal destination which on occasion can bring in protective elements in the paranoid themes. The prepsychotic personality distinguish itself by a strong sensibility for " remanence " The tendency to take a paranoid not as "conception" (" Begriff ") but as "idea" (" Idee ") in the sense of Goethe gives the legitimation to its manifold variety and permits to put it on a scientific fundament . PMID- 6730621 TI - [Instruments for intersubject processes: a research note]. AB - An important problem of social research is the formation of aggregates in data sets which usually tend to bias the represented original first level data. In the empirical analysis of meaning of social interaction face-to-face the essential conditions of data construction should be with the decisions of the observed actors (and not with the " fiat " of the researcher). Especially for the micro analysis of intersubjective processes in large samples by the means of questionnaire the use of four-dimensional scales is proposed; their graphic representation and multivariate analysis is described. In this way patterns of communication processes become open to research by questionnaire. PMID- 6730622 TI - [Incidence and prognostic significance of inducible ventricular arrhythmias in the early post-infarction phase]. AB - To identify patients at risk of sudden cardiac death or sustained ventricular tachycardia (VT) after recent acute myocardial infarction, 100 patients younger than 70 years (80 male, 20 female; 47 anterior wall infarction, 53 inferior wall infarction) were studied prospectively. 25 days (mean) after onset of myocardial infarction, programmed ventricular stimulation was performed, including the introduction of single (S2) and double (S2-S3) ventricular extrastimuli both during sinus rhythm and at paced ventricular cycle lengths (S1-S1) of 500, 430, 370, and 330 ms. The end of the protocol was reached as soon as 4 or more consecutive ventricular echo beats (VE) were initiated. Four or more VE were initiated in 46% of patients, 4 to 9 VE in 21%, greater than or equal to 10 VE or sustained VT in 25%. During follow-up (15 +/- 8 months), 5 patients died suddenly (less than or equal to 1 h), and 5 further patients developed spontaneous sustained ventricular tachycardia. In 3 patients who died suddenly and 4 with spontaneous sustained VT, greater than or equal to 4 VE had been induced by programmed ventricular stimulation (sensitivity 60% and 80% respectively). With regard to sudden cardiac death and spontaneous ventricular tachycardia, the predictive value of a positive test was 15%, that of a negative (normal) test 94%. False negative results occurred in 6%, whereas 85% of all abnormal results had to be regarded as false positive, as these patients did not develop an arrhythmic event during follow-up. Thus patients after recent myocardial infarction frequently have signs of increased ventricular vulnerability during programmed ventricular stimulation.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS) PMID- 6730623 TI - [Clinical and electrophysiologic findings following operative therapy of ventricular tachycardias]. AB - 40 patients with sustained ventricular tachycardia underwent either complete (n = 12) or partial (n = 28) endomyocardial encircling ventriculotomy ( EEV ). All patients had coronary artery disease, mean age 54 years. Aneurysmectomy was performed in 35 patients. 30 patients also received coronary artery bypass grafts. There were 3 perioperative deaths (7.5%): 1/12 with complete and 2/28 with partial EEV . All survivors underwent programmed right ventricular stimulation postoperatively. Ventricular tachycardia was not inducible in 23 of 36 patients (64%). One patient was not studied postoperatively. In contrast, sustained ventricular tachycardia was still inducible in 13 patients. Ventricular tachycardia was considered as "clinical" tachycardia in 9 patients whereas it was a "non-clinical" form in another 4 patients. Thus the electrophysiological failure rate with regard to "clinical" forms was 25%. In 2 of 4 patients with spontaneous recurrences during the first postoperative week, sustained ventricular tachycardia could not be induced during the postoperative electrophysiological study. During follow-up (mean 18 months), spontaneous recurrence of ventricular tachycardia occurred in 2 patients. Cardiac arrest possibly due to coronary bypass occlusion occurred in 1 patient who could be resuscitated. 6 patients died late postoperatively: 4 of congestive heart failure, 1 of re-infarction and 1 of fulminant pneumonia. 3/11 patients (27.3%) with complete and 1/26 (3.8%) with partial EEV died because of congestive heart failure (p less than .03). Thus abolition of spontaneous sustained ventricular tachycardia was successfully achieved in 94.6% of cases surviving surgery (91.9% if the patient with cardiac arrest is included.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS) PMID- 6730624 TI - [Correlation of stimulus-induced ventricular echo beats and left ventricular function in patients without ventricular tachycardia]. AB - 110 patients (105 male, 5 female, mean age +/- S.D.: 52.9 +/- 5.9 years) with and without coronary artery disease were prospectively studied by programmed right ventricular stimulation (single and double premature stimuli during sinus rhythm and a paced ventricular drive of rates of 120, 140, 160 and 180 b.p.m.). The incidence of ventricular echobeats (VE) was correlated with angiographic and electrocardiographic findings. The end of the stimulation protocol was reached as soon as four or more ventricular echobeats were initiated. 0 to 3 VE occurred in 61/110 patients, 4-9 VE in 31 patients (28%), and greater than or equal to 10 VE were induced in 16 patients. Four or more VE were initiated in 68% of cases up to a paced ventricular rhythm of 120 b.p.m. after one or two premature stimuli. Patients with abnormal results of stimulation showed a tendency to an increase in the frequency of ventricular extrasystoles and couplets during long-term ECG recording. 86% of the patients with normal angiographic findings had 0-3 VE and 14% greater than or equal to 4 VE. In 49% of the patients with abnormal left ventricular function, 0-3 VE and in 51%, greater than or equal to 4 VE could be induced. The type of left ventricular contraction abnormality was significantly correlated to the results of programmed ventricular stimulation. greater than or equal to 4 VE were observed in 74% of patients with anterior wall myocardial infarction. Patients with inferior wall myocardial infarction had greater than or equal to 4 VE in 54% of cases. Ventricular tachycardia was induced in 30% of patients with anterior and in only 12% of patients with inferior wall myocardial infarction (n.s.). To conclude, this prospective study has shown a correlation between the incidence of inducible ventricular echobeats in response to programmed ventricular stimulation and left ventricular function. The prognostic significance of these findings has to be assessed. PMID- 6730625 TI - [Chronic disorders of stimulus formation and stimulus conduction of the heart: problems of etiologic classification]. PMID- 6730626 TI - [Thrombolysis in acute transmural heart infarction: length of ischemia as a determinant of late results after 15 months]. AB - In 28 patients the effect of coronary artery reperfusion in acute transmural myocardial infarction was evaluated by the clinical and hemodynamic results obtained after 15 months. Patients with successful reperfusion within 4 hours after onset of symptoms were assembled in group A1 (n = 11), patients with successful reperfusion after more than 4 hours in group A2 (n = 7). Group B consists of 10 patients with unsuccessful reperfusion. Left ventricular ejection fraction (radionuclide ventriculography) and the perfusion defect (thallium-201 scintigraphy) were measured acutely and after 15 months (at rest and during exercise). The coronary anatomy and the regional ejection fraction of infarct area were determined acutely and after 4 weeks by cineangiography. Serum creatine kinase activity was measured serially during the acute phase of the infarction. Before the acute intervention, the patients of the 3 groups were comparable with regard to killip class, location of infarction, number of previous infarctions, coronary anatomy, left ventricular ejection fraction, thallium-201 perfusion defect and base-line serum creatine kinase activity. During acute infarction peak creatine kinase activity tended to be lower in group A1 (1296 U/l) than in group A2 (2100 U/l, NS) and in group B (2240 U/l, NS). After 4 weeks regional ejection fraction of infarct area was higher in group A1 (36%) than in groups A2 (24%, NS) and B (20%, p less than 0.05). After 15 months the thallium-201 perfusion defect was smaller in group A1 (7%) than in groups A2 (28%, p less than 0.05) and B (34%, p less than 0.01). At the same time left ventricular ejection fraction was higher in group A1 (52%) than in groups A2 (34%, p less than 0.05) and B (35%, p less than 0.05). Fifteen months after acute infarction patients in group A1 tended to reach a higher workload during exercise (118 watts) compared with patients of groups A2 (82 watts, NS) and B (86 watts, NS).(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS) PMID- 6730627 TI - [Fibrinolysis in right ventricular thrombus]. AB - After fracture of his toes, a 34-year-old male patient developed deep leg vein thrombosis and subsequent pulmonary embolism. Because of progressive heart enlargement, 2D-echocardiography was performed. A floating mass measuring 4.5 cm X 3.5 cm was found in the right ventricle. On account of the deep leg vein thrombosis and the lung perfusion deficits detected by scintigraphy, the floating mass was thought to be a thrombus. Because of the severity of the patient's state and the lack of success of a heparin therapy with 32,000 IU/d, fibrinolytic treatment with streptokinase was started. After initial improvement in pulmonary gas exchange the patient died about 7 hours later from progressive cardiopulmonary insufficiency. Necropsy revealed a smaller right ventricular thrombus than that seen by echocardiography. There were typical surface erosions caused by the fibrinolytic treatment. Many younger and older emboli which in part were fragmented could be shown in the pulmonary vessels. A fragmentation of the right ventricular thrombus and subsequent lethal occlusion of pulmonary vessels had to be considered. With respect to the course of the described case and some case reports in the literature we think fibrinolysis is more dangerous than surgical thrombectomy in right ventricular thrombosis. PMID- 6730628 TI - [Is the quotient: systolic peak pressure/end-systolic volume a useful parameter in the assessment of left ventricular function?]. AB - The quotient: peak systolic pressure/end-systolic volume (SP/ESVI) has been proposed as a parameter of LV function and as a substitute for the slope k of the end-systolic pressure-volume relation (P-Ves), because SP/ESVI is much easier to obtain. Therefore, the relation between SP/ESVI and k and the relation between SP/ESVI and ejection fraction (EF) were investigated. In 18 patients P-Ves was obtained after vegetative blockade (1.5 mg atropine and 0.15 mg/kg propranolol) from three LV angiograms at three different afterloads (control, isosorbide dinitrate, methoxamine). - SP/ESVI and slope k showed a moderate correlation: SP/ESVI = 0.50k + 2.35; r = 0.76. SP/ESVI and EF were correlated best in an exponential way: SP/ESVI = 0.267 X e0. 045EF ; r = 0.82.- An essential disadvantage of the quotient SP/ESVI resides in the fact, that the P-Ves line has varying intercepts on the abscissa. Secondly, any quotient may belong to several P-Ves lines. The quotient SP/ESVI may be used only with caution and under specific conditions as a substitute of the slope k of the P-Ves. PMID- 6730629 TI - [Cor triatriatum sinistrum in adults (case report)]. AB - A case is presented of cor triatriatum sinistrum , which has been diagnosed in an adult. The findings of invasive and noninvasive studies have resulted in a diagnosis, which can be confirmed by using two-dimensional echocardiography. PMID- 6730630 TI - [Reoperation following correction of partial defects of the endocardial cushion (indication, incidence, results)]. AB - In the period between 1955 and 1982, 297 patients underwent surgical correction of a partial AV-canal. Closure of the ostium primum defect was performed either by direct suture or by patch (prosthetic material or pericardium). Only in cases with severe mitral incompetence was the cleft in the anterior leaflet of the mitral valve surgically treated. At an average of 6 years (range: 3 months - 22 years) after the initial procedure 21 patients (7.8 per cent) underwent reoperation. In 20 patients reoperation was necessary for hemodynamic reasons (recurrence of ASD: n = 8; severe AV-valve regurgitation: n = 3; or both: n = 9). One patient with moderate mitral valve incompetence suffered from severe "patch hemolysis" due to direction of the blood-jet towards the prosthetic patch. Residual or recurrent atrial septal defects were closed by using a patch in cases with previous direct suture (39 patients - 8 reoperations) or by reinsertion or enlargement of the present patch (258 patients - 13 reoperations). AV-valve incompetence could be treated in all cases but two with reconstructive methods. In two patients implantation of a prosthetic valve was necessary. In the single case with "patch-hemolysis" the previous prosthetic patch was replaced by a pericardial one, together with a suture of the mitral cleft 3 months after operation. Mortality of reoperation was 14.5 per cent (3 early deaths). Major complications in the surviving patients did not occur, with one exception: one patient with postoperative total AV-block received a permanent pacemaker. PMID- 6730631 TI - [Improvement of the non-invasive diagnosis of coronary heart disease using a new double-isotope method for the noninvasive determination of coronary transit times]. AB - In conventional myocardial Thallium-201 scintigraphy, regional myocardial Thallium-201 activity is compared to the area of normal, i.e., maximal activity. In the presence of multivessel coronary artery disease, this mode of evaluation may yield false negative results. -In 87 patients suffering from coronary artery disease and in 26 controls, after simultaneous i.v. injection of Thallium-201 and Technetium-99m coronary transit times of Thallium-201 were determined as the interval between arrival of the tracer in the aortic root and the onset of its extraction in different myocardial areas. - Patients with hemodynamically significant coronary artery stenoses (greater than or equal to 75%) revealed a significant increase in coronary transit times over septum, apex, or posterolateral wall of the left ventricle. Using maximal coronary transit times, i.e., the largest of the regional values, an excellent discrimination between patients with severe coronary artery stenoses and controls was achieved. Following coronary vasodilatation with dipyridamole, even subcritical (50-75%) coronary artery stenoses could be detected with high sensitivity, since the shortening of coronary transit times in patients with subcritical stenoses was less pronounced as compared to controls. - Especially in the presence of diffuse three-vessel coronary artery disease, the quantitative assessment of regional coronary transit times yields important parametric data in addition to those obtained by conventional Thallium-201 scintigraphy combining static imaging with rapid sequence analysis of time-activity curves. PMID- 6730632 TI - [Abstracts of the 50th annual meeting of the German Cardiovascular Society, 27-29 April 1984, Mannheim. Subject: Coronary sclerosis, coronary heart disease]. PMID- 6730633 TI - Body weights, absolute and relative organ weights by maturation and ageing (with sexual differences), and their importance as measures of reference for metabolic investigations. AB - In this contribution, several organs important, especially for geronto pharmacological not only out of theoretical but especially for practical clinical reasons, to the development of absolute and relative organ weights of rats are examined, as related to a) body weight that is exhibited during the life span, and b) to the weight of the brain. This examination deals with male and female albino rats of the Sprague-Dawley-inbred strain, Sut : SDT ( Chbb : SPF) of both sexes that were two months old at the beginning of the experiment. The experiment results are given in monthly intervals and should be reference figures for metabolism and performance analyses of the examined organs during the course of life into old age (in continuation of corresponding earlier studies, also with humans). Since the following results are obviously of great importance to human medicine, the corresponding age groups for comparison are given and verified. The findings also show that pharmacokinetic experiments in extended test series concerning development during the course of life, therefore concerning all age groups, with the use of the here tested parameters, are better to conduct with female rats than with male. Along with this, the relative organ weights in relation to the brain weight are better to use than the (until now, usual) relative organ weights in relation to body weight. Further shown by the results of these studies is that, during the often necessarily large series, it can be preferable to use the absolute organ weights rather than the relative organ weights (as related to body weight).(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS) PMID- 6730634 TI - [Phagocytic activity of isolated perfused liver of rats of different ages. Biochemical and structural studies following perfusion with Cu-ceruloplasmin]. AB - The phagocytic activity of young and old isolated perfused rat livers was measured referred to a glycoprotein (Cu-coeruloplasmin). It was shown that the phagocytic activity of the old rat liver is significantly higher than that of the young rat liver. There was no age-dependent difference of the parameters of liver function GOT, GPT, Kt and the quotients beta-OH-Butyric acid/Acetoacetate and lactate/butyrate. PMID- 6730635 TI - Phagocytosis of aged erythrocyte membranes with a high fat content by the isolated perfused rat liver. AB - Erythrocyte membranes of a patient with excessively high serum fat levels were suspended in a perfusion medium free of immune globulines , protein, and hemoglobine , and then offered for phagocytosis in isolated perfused rat livers. The membrane changes, caused by hyperlipemia, led to a reduced rate of phagocytosis for young and old red cell membranes. PMID- 6730637 TI - [Experiences of voluntary visitors with nonverbal communication in interaction with confused elderly patients in nursing homes]. AB - 20 confused elderly in nursing homes (average age 82), who were socially isolated and dependent of nursing care resulting from dementia and institutional factors, were visited by students of social work and student nurses of the elderly. The voluntary visitors were trained in client-centered therapy, reality orientation, non-verbal communication, sensory training, reinforcing daily functions and occupational therapy. The experiences with verbal and non-verbal communication (visual and hearing contact and touching) and with difficulties with the confused elderly, with feelings and the environmental factors are described. The visiting results in better understanding of the confused elderly and in increasing of supporting relationship. Confusion was ameliorated only in some confused elderly. Recommendations are given for voluntary visitors. PMID- 6730636 TI - [Should elderly hypertensive patients be treated with a beta-blocker-diuretic combination?]. AB - 30 hypertensive patients aged over 60 years underwent an antihypertensive treatment for a time of 3 months with Viskaldix . There was an excellent hypotensive effect in supine and standing position and no bradycardia or orthostatic dysregulation occurred. Metabolic parameters were not influenced, and this is of great importance in elderly patients. It seems notable that elderly patients may benefit from a beta-blocker therapy, as there is clinical or subclinical coronary heart disease. PMID- 6730638 TI - Photoinactivation of Propionibacterium acnes by near-ultraviolet light. AB - Photodestruction of Propionibacterium acnes was investigated by broad-band near ultraviolet light. The inactivation of the bacteria was found to be oxygen dependent, and without O2 practically no photoinactivation occurred. D2O caused an increased inactivation (D10 = 5 kJ/m2 in D2O as compared to D10 = 11 kJ/m2 in normal water). Decreased temperature during illumination increased the ability to form colonies. The results are compared with corresponding results for other types of cells and the destruction mechanism is discussed. PMID- 6730639 TI - Notes on nursing homes by medical directors. PMID- 6730640 TI - Virginia's old folks at home. PMID- 6730641 TI - Adult day-care centers in Virginia. PMID- 6730643 TI - Home care: a boon to the aged ill. PMID- 6730644 TI - What is a geriatrician? PMID- 6730642 TI - Rx: rehabilitation. PMID- 6730645 TI - Head injuries, Part II: Lessons from a ten-year study. PMID- 6730646 TI - Vascular transposition for vertebral basilar insufficiency. PMID- 6730647 TI - Blunt esophagectomy: a misnomer. PMID- 6730648 TI - Prenatal sonographic diagnosis of osteogenesis imperfecta: case reports. PMID- 6730649 TI - Perinatal diagnosis of complete congenital heart block: four cases. PMID- 6730650 TI - [Parin-Schwiegk's reflex. Development of the problem of the effect of reflex from the lesser circulation on the blood circulation system]. PMID- 6730651 TI - [Intracardiac hemodynamics and the activity of the human heart in simulated weightlessness]. PMID- 6730653 TI - [Physiological cybernetics--a basis of theoretical physiology]. PMID- 6730654 TI - [Functional state of the cardiovascular system of cosmonauts during long-term space flights on "Saliut-6"]. PMID- 6730655 TI - [Mathematical analysis of cardiac rhythm in the evaluation of body adaptation to the conditions of space flight]. PMID- 6730652 TI - [Emotional stress and blood circulation]. PMID- 6730656 TI - [Results and perspectives of physiological studies on space flights]. PMID- 6730657 TI - [Prevention of nonspecific diseases in adolescence]. PMID- 6730658 TI - [Social and hygienic aspects of the evaluation of health status of children and adolescents]. PMID- 6730659 TI - [Methodological aspects of the study of the hygienic significance of chemical pollution in the urban residential environment]. PMID- 6730660 TI - [Various hygienic aspects of protection of the internal environment of the body]. PMID- 6730661 TI - [Various methods of rapid determination of chemical environmental carcinogens]. PMID- 6730662 TI - [Determination of the immune reactivity of chronic dermatosis patients by an intradermal test with phytohemagglutinin and histamine]. PMID- 6730663 TI - [Morphological changes in the normal skin of guinea pigs exposed to a helium-neon laser]. PMID- 6730665 TI - [Lymphomatoid papulosis--nodular lymphoma of the skin with slow tumor progression]. PMID- 6730664 TI - [Use of ampiox in combination with penicillin preparations in the therapy of patients with infectious forms of syphilis]. PMID- 6730666 TI - [Analysis of the interrelation of immunological parameters during treatment of furunculosis]. PMID- 6730667 TI - [Treatment of arthropathic psoriasis patients]. PMID- 6730669 TI - [Hand-Schuller-Christian disease in the dermatologist's practice]. PMID- 6730668 TI - [Adrenal glucocorticoid function in children with neurodermatitis]. PMID- 6730670 TI - [Combined method of relapse-preventing treatment of chronic pyoderma patients]. PMID- 6730671 TI - [Treatment of Hallopeau's acrodermatitis]. PMID- 6730672 TI - [Clinical characteristics of vitiligo]. PMID- 6730673 TI - [Dermatitis from plastic eyeglass rims]. PMID- 6730674 TI - [Nodular brittleness of the hair]. PMID- 6730675 TI - [Functional activity of peripheral blood lymphocytes, stimulated with phytohemagglutinin and concanavalin-A, in children with neurodermatitis]. PMID- 6730676 TI - [Sex steroid hormone content in young children with neurodermatitis]. PMID- 6730677 TI - [Seroresistance in syphilis]. PMID- 6730679 TI - [Prognostic significance of paraneoplastic dermatoses]. PMID- 6730678 TI - [Structure of neurosyphilis based on data from the V.G. Korolenko Clinical Municipal Hospital]. PMID- 6730680 TI - [Lichen myxedematosus]. PMID- 6730681 TI - [Clinical picture, adaptation reactions and biologically active substances in patients with lichen ruber planus]. PMID- 6730683 TI - [Ulcerative form of skin sarcoidosis]. PMID- 6730682 TI - [Pretibial myxedema]. PMID- 6730684 TI - [Lichen sclerosus et atrophicus with an unusual clinical picture]. PMID- 6730685 TI - [Cutis verticis gyrata]. PMID- 6730686 TI - [Development of Norwegian scabies in 2 patients with lupus erythematosus]. PMID- 6730687 TI - [Levamisole (decaris) in the complex treatment of different clinical forms of psoriasis]. PMID- 6730688 TI - [Case of anaphylactic shock caused by vitamin B12]. PMID- 6730689 TI - [Fig dermatitis]. PMID- 6730690 TI - [Case of congenital anonychia]. PMID- 6730691 TI - [Fungal skin diseases in the inhabitants of Conakry]. PMID- 6730692 TI - [Extragenital hard chancre]. PMID- 6730693 TI - [Familial false-positive serological reactions in syphilis]. PMID- 6730694 TI - [Interferon in the therapy of lupus erythematosus]. PMID- 6730695 TI - Congenital oesophageal stenosis due to fibromuscular thickening. AB - Three patients with fibromuscular oesophageal stenosis are reported. The onset was usually before 6 months of age; earlier than that of stenosis due to tracheobronchial remnants. The localization of the stenotic area varied from the distal to the mid-oesophagus. Extramucosal myotomy seemed to be the treatment of choice for this lesion, particularly in the mid-oesophagus involved diffusely, because of its good effectiveness, less invasiveness, and simplicity. PMID- 6730696 TI - [Possibilities of ascites draining in childhood]. AB - Children with congenital or acquired cirrhosis of the liver may lead a relatively normal life for a certain time due to better therapeutical measures, but the prognosis is usually unfavourable. Transplantation of the liver seems to become a possible therapy in the foreseeable future. It may be necessary to drain an ascites resistant to therapy in order to bridge the time between the onset of liver failure and transplantation. The advantages of peritoneo-venous drainage are stressed, the available shunt systems (LeVeen, Agishi , Denver, Cordis Hakim) are presented and discussed. PMID- 6730697 TI - Inflammatory bowel disease in childhood--treatment and follow up. AB - This study is based on 150 patients whose first symptoms of inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) appeared before puberty between 1955 and 1979. Recurrence of disease after improvement on medical treatment occurred within a shorter time in Crohn's disease than in ulcerative colitis. In this series it was twice as probable for surgery to be required within the first five years of illness for a child with Crohn's disease than for a child with ulcerative colitis. Median relapse time after medical treatment was 11 months for ulcerative colitis and 15 months for Crohn's disease, and the median relapse time after surgical treatment (including "incomplete" procedures) was over seven years for ulcerative colitis and just under five years for Crohn's disease. In ulcerative colitis it is suggested that earlier surgery might save the patient a period of distressing symptoms and reduce the risk of recurrence. PMID- 6730698 TI - [Experiences with perioperative short-term prevention in thoracic wall and colorectal surgery in children]. AB - This is a report on prophylaxis with antibiotics in chest wall deformities and colorectal surgery in childhood. The analysis shows a significant reduction of wound infections and general infections after administration of Cefamandol (150 mg/kg in 4 doses) or Cefotaxim (100 mg/kg in 3 doses) and Metronidazol (25 mg/kg in 3 doses) for one day only, starting one hour before operation. The positive effect of prophylaxis with antibiotics in these operations is compared with results in the literature. PMID- 6730699 TI - Long-term results after surgical correction of anorectal malformations. AB - Our surgical experience with 101 cases of anorectal malformations during the past 21 years includes staged abdominoperineal rectoplasty in 49 patients, perineoplasty in 35 patients, and permanent colostomy in 2 patients. The observations of this clinical study are especially focused on long-term anal continence. The functional results were assessed clinically on the basis of Kelly's criteria (5), and by manometric and radiologic studies. Fifty-one patients, aged 5-25 years, were personally interviewed and 36 of these 51 had manometric and radiologic studies to evaluate postoperative continence. Patients with low-type lesions were more likely to be continent, while patients with high type lesions had more problems with continence, because a functional internal sphincter is absent in high-type lesions. However, continent patients with high type lesions as well as those with low-type lesions characteristically had a marked high-pressure zone in the anal canal and an acute anorectal angulation in the defecogram . On the other hand, in the patients with fair or poor results, neither a high-pressure zone in the anal canal nor marked anorectal angulation was found. These results indicate that achievement of continence in patients with a high-type anomaly treated by abdominoperineal rectoplasty depends upon bringing the terminal bowel down exactly within the sling of the puborectalis and careful dilatation of the new anal canal after the creation of a cosmetically satisfactory anal opening. PMID- 6730700 TI - Congenital dilatation of the common bile duct in children.--The etiologic significance of the narrow segment distal to the dilated common bile duct. AB - Radiographic studies of 26 choledochal cyst patients were evaluated. Abnormal junction of the pancreatico-biliary system (PBS) was demonstrated in all patients. The transverse diameter of dilated common bile ducts was closely related to the length of the narrow segment of the distal common bile duct. Common bile ducts had not dilated despite the anomalous junction of PBS during the follow-up period, ranging from 2 to 12 years after choledochocysto jejunostomy in 7 patients. The present studies indicate that no abnormal junction of PBS but stenosis of the distal common bile duct may be etiologically responsible for the choledochal cyst. PMID- 6730701 TI - Histological study of the remnant of porta hepatis in patients with extrahepatic biliary atresia - A computed picture analysis of 30 cases. AB - The fibrous remnants of porta hepatis at the level of hepatic portoenterostomy for extrahepatic biliary atresia were examined histologically, and the number of bile ductules calculated, the area of the largest bile ductule and total area of all bile ductules was estimated in 30 cases, using a computed picture analyzer. Although there was no correlation between the degree of postoperative bile drainage and the number of ductules or the area of the largest bile ductule , the total area of all bile ductules in cases of adequate bile drainage (100,500 +/- 9,900 mu2, mean +/- SEM, n = 13) was significantly larger than that of those with poor bile drainage (29,900 +/- 9,900 mu2, n = 7) (p less than 0.05). More effective bile flow was evident in those with over 50,000 mu2 of a total area of bile ductules, compared to those with less than 50,000 mu2. However, in 4 there was a good postoperative bile drainage, despite a small area of all bile ductules of the porta hepatis. Thus, the total area of all bile ductules rather than the number at the porta hepatis or an area of the largest bile ductule , seems to be an important factor relating to a better postoperative bile drainage in extrahepatic biliary atresia. PMID- 6730702 TI - The collateral arterial network of the spleen following ligation of the splenic artery in traumatic rupture of the spleen; an arteriographic study. AB - Ligation of the splenic artery, combined with splenorrhaphy, was used successfully on eight children with splenic trauma involving major segmental vessels. Evaluation of the collateral arterial network and of its adequacy was done by means of arteriography on four out of the eight patients. Aortographies were carried out on the twentieth day, the first month, the third month, and the fourth month following the ligation. A collateral arterial network, deriving mainly from the short gastric arteries was detected, dyestream disruption and retrograde filling of the artery. No complications after aortography were noted. Findings demonstrate that collateral blood supply develops rapidly and its pattern is rather uniform. PMID- 6730703 TI - Renal growth after antireflux surgery in infants. AB - Thirteen children (eleven boys and two girls) with fifteen refluxing ureters have been operated upon during infancy and been followed between five and seven years postoperatively. Kidney growth has been studied by determining renal parenchymal area by planimetry. 14/15 were free from reflux at follow-up. Postoperative vesicoureteric obstruction was found in one infant. In the cases where the kidney had a pronounced parenchymal reduction at presentation poor kidney growth was demonstrated. However, the nine kidneys which had a smaller parenchymal reduction at presentation normal showed growth postoperatively. PMID- 6730704 TI - Results after operative correction of virilized female genitalia in children with congenital adrenal hyperplasia (CAH). AB - Critical deliberations on experiences with surgical procedures for correction of virilized genitalia in girls with CAH. 20 children were operated upon according to Stefan. Since 1977, eight children underwent surgery according to the Bolkenius / Daum modification of Stefan's procedure, two of them with own modifications. Two patients presented with Prader type V. Preservation of sensitive tissue is considered essential as well as an introitus of sufficient width. These demands are met by that method, as is the cosmetic result. Problems arise in case of high junction between urethra and vagina. PMID- 6730705 TI - [Experiences with the intramedullary open Rush-pin fixation of femur shaft fractures in children]. AB - This is a report of 47 followed-up children in whom open intramedullary splinting of the medullary space was effected because of fracture of the shaft of the femur, using the rush-pinning technique developed by the authors. In 33 children, a slight increase of longitudinal growth was seen, which amounted to 2-20 mm. The average longitudinal extension was 9.4 mm. In 10 children, there was a shortening amounting to 1-15 mm, the average being 4.6 mm. The change in length was independent of age, localisation of the fracture, and length of time during which the pin remained in position. The effect that a slight change in valgus positioning was seen in 7 children, whereas slight turning of the hip into varus occurred in 9 children only, points to a merely slight irritation of the trochanter metaphysis. PMID- 6730706 TI - Long-term prognosis of successfully operated oesophageal atresia-with aspects on physical and psychological development. AB - From 1966 to 1973, 43 oesophageal atresia patients with no other significant anomalies underwent successful anastomosis. The late mortalities of the 5 patients were due to the complications of gastro-oesophageal reflux and tracheal problems. These deaths and all the serious complications occurred before the age of 3 years. The survivors were followed up for a mean of 12.7 years and 34 of the 38 long-term survivors were re-examined by the author. The subjective results of the remaining 4 patients were obtained by means of a questionnaire. The results, according to Desjardins et al, were: "excellent" 31, "good" 6 and, "fair" 1. The growth of the patients was normal and the majority of them also possessed normal intelligence and body image. Oesophagograms revealed pathological peristalsis in every patient but only 1 of them demonstrated a somewhat narrowed anastomosis. Very few patients, however, complained of symptoms arising from the abnormal motility of the oesophagus. The long-term prognosis and the quality of life of oesophageal atresia patients seems good after the frequent problems which might occur in the early years have been overcome. PMID- 6730707 TI - [Iatrogenic esophagus perforation in newborn infants]. AB - Two cases of an iatrogenic oesophageal perforation in new-born are presented. Incidence and main sources of risk are discussed. Attention is drawn to early recognition and urgent surgical treatment. PMID- 6730708 TI - A solitary ileal diverticulum in a child. A case report. AB - This is a report on a torquated solitary ileal diverticulum in a boy of 2 1/2 years of age who was operated on a suspicion of an appendiceal abscess. PMID- 6730709 TI - Volvulus of the transverse colon in children--Report of a case and review of the literature. AB - Sigmoid, cecal and transverse colon volvulus have been responsible for approximately 3% of all large bowel obstruction in the United States. Transverse colon volvulus is much less frequent, occurring in less than 4% of all reported cases of colonic torsion. In the pediatric age group a review of the literature revealed seven cases only, to which we are able to add an eighth. Predisposing abnormalities implicated in the etiology of volvulus of the transverse colon include a redundant transverse colon, an elongated mesentery and close attachment or lack of fixation of the proximal and distal transverse colon. Chronic constipation and mental retardation are associated with this condition. The treatment is surgical intervention to untwist the volvulus and resect the redundant and often nonviable colon with primary colocolostomy or end-colostomy and mucous fistula as indicated. PMID- 6730710 TI - [Differential diagnosis of incarcerated inguinal hernia in an infant: appendicitis in the hernial sac]. AB - The article reports on the case of a 10-week-old male infant with a perforated appendix localised in the hernial sac of a right-sided inguinal hernia. The simultaneous occurrence of an acute appendicitis in infancy with the atypical localisation in the hernial sac presenting as an incarcerated hernia is a rare combination. PMID- 6730711 TI - Spleno-gonadal fusion. A case report. AB - Examination of a two-year-old boy with bilateral inguinal hernia revealed a firm, smooth, non-tender mass continuous with the upper pole of the testis and extending upwards to the inguinal canal. Histological examination revealed splenic tissue. The article describes the details of this case of splenogonadal fusion and quotes 50 further references from literature. PMID- 6730712 TI - Hydatid renal cyst with characteristic sonographic pattern. A case report. AB - The kidney is a rare localisation of the hydatid cyst even in countries with a high rate of infestation. We report a case of renal hydatid cyst in a five-year old girl. Conventional radiology did not yield any diagnosis, whereas in this case renal ultrasonography showed characteristic echographic signs pointing to the origin of the disease. PMID- 6730713 TI - [Urethral prolapse. Case report]. AB - The article reports on the case of a girl of 11 1/2 years of age who was referred to hospital with an urethral prolapse. The prolapsed urethral mucosa was excised and the wound closed by suturing. PMID- 6730714 TI - [An unusual form of bladder exstrophy]. AB - A rare case of bladder exstrophy is presented. It is described as being similar to a superior vesical fissure, but it differs from it by the abnormal course of the urethra which is separated from the bladder and runs along the clitoris. PMID- 6730715 TI - A plea for conservative treatment of large, unruptured omphaloceles. AB - Forty-six babies with an unruptured omphalocele were admitted over a 10-year period. The conservative treatment consisted of the application of mercurochrome or an antibiotic powder, while the primary surgical treatment consisted of either full-layer closure or silastic sac insertion. Liver containing omphaloceles were considered large. Of the 25 babies without associated life-threatening congenital anomalies, all 9 with a small omphalocele survived, irrespective of the method of treatment. Sixteen babies had a large omphalocele of which all 8 conservatively treated babies survived against only 4 of the 7 who underwent surgery. The remaining baby, weighting 960 g, died prior to treatment, due to respiratory distress. Eighteen of the 21 babies with associated life-threatening congenital anomalies died, irrespective the extent of the defect. Although the conservative treatment of the large defects did not result in an improved survival rate, therapy-related complications did not occur. From this study it appears that large unruptured omphaloceles should be treated conservatively. Babies not doing well with a small omphalocele or a large one treated conservatively, will have one or more major associated anomalies, necessitating urgent diagnosis and treatment. PMID- 6730716 TI - Histological study of intestinal atresia due to intrauterine intussusception. AB - Histological studies were conducted on 4 patients with intestinal atresia due to intrauterine intussusception. This atresia is characterized by a polypoid lesion as the remnant of the invaginated and necrotized intestine in the distal intestinal lumen. As the result of the histological survey in the affected intestine, we tentatively classified this atresia into two types, type A and B. In type A, the polypoid lesion is observed at the blind end, with relatively good preservation of the structure of the intestine. In type B, the polypoid lesion is located apart from the blind end, and the lesion is markedly necrotic. The interruption of intestinal blood flow seemed to be more severe in type B than in type A. PMID- 6730717 TI - The Duhamel/Martin operation in the treatment of Hirschsprung's disease. AB - Thirty-four patients with Hirschsprung's disease, 17 of whom were operated on by the original Duhamel procedure and 17 by the Martin modification are reported on. Thirty-two have had a satisfactory result. Fourteen patients developed early complications. One patient died. Twenty-two have been followed for more than five years. The Martin modification obviates the main disadvantage of the Duhamel operation. A proximal temporary diversionary colostomy or ileostomy greatly reduces the incidence of complications following the pull-through procedures. PMID- 6730718 TI - Hypospadias--genetics, epidemiology and other possible aetiological influences. AB - Questionnaires relating to 515 children with hypospadias were evaluated in respect of course of pregnancy, family history and epidemiology. The domiciles were more often in rural areas as compared to the average population in South Bavaria. A seasonal trend favouring the six months' period December to May could be observed. Children with hypospadias especially of higher degree were more often preterm and more frequently firstborn. 59 children (11.5%) had associated malformations particularly of the urogenital tract. Mothers of children with high degree hypospadias were remarkably young and conspicuously often wives of farmers. There was a clear correlation between the degree of hypospadias and threatened abortion, drugs, sexhormones and other disturbances during early pregnancy. The trend to lower age classes could be also observed in fathers. The incidence of hypospadias in fathers was 5-fold and in brothers 30-fold above average. The risk of recurrence was 1.4% if the father had a hypospadia and 6% if a brother had hypospadias. The incidence of other malformations did not seem to be enhanced in relatives. PMID- 6730719 TI - The modified Ombredanne repair for hypospadias--a comparison of single-stage and multi-stage procedures. AB - 319 modified Ombredanne operations were carried out over a 17-year period, 149 were single-stage and 170 multi-stage procedures. 65 (20%) of the operations were carried out by registrars in training with no appreciable increase in the number of complications. The overall fistula rate was 5% with no significant difference between the types of repair. Preputial flap detachment or retraction occurred in 23 (7%) of patients. The most common complication was the minor one of an unsightly redundant prepuce which occurred in 30 (9%) of the patients and required a secondary plastic procedure. The length of hospital stay was halved in those patients undergoing the single-stage procedure when compared to the multi stage group. Both techniques gave satisfactory cosmetic and functional results with a low incidence of serious complications. PMID- 6730720 TI - [Therapy of acute and subacute epiphysiolysis of the femur head]. AB - Therapy and prognosis of the slipped capital femoral epiphysis are discussed in connection with the results obtained in the authors' own patients. Reduction of a dislocated femoral head is always desirable. If closed reduction fails, it will be necessary to reduce in full view. In smaller children, fixation is effected by means of several Kirschner wires, in older ones via screw osteosynthesis. Bone pegging or osteotomy are not suited for treatment of an acute or subacute slipped capital epiphysis. PMID- 6730721 TI - The results of surgery for nail dystrophy of the hallux in children. AB - The efficacy of surgery for nail dystrophy of the hallux has been evaluated in 52 children studied retrospectively. 69 primary procedures were carried out with an overall symptomatic recurrence rate of 40%. When used as a primary procedure, avulsion alone had a symptomatic recurrence rate of 54% and Zadik 's procedure 29%. When avulsion was repeated, the recurrence rate rose to 100%. Avulsion alone cannot be recommended, but if surgery is contemplated Zadik 's procedure is the most effective. PMID- 6730722 TI - Total gastrectomy in an infant with corrosive gastritis. AB - An 18-month-old infant with necrosis of the entire stomach and subsequent stricture is presented. Two months after the ingestion of corrosive solution, the infant was admitted in poor condition. Total gastrectomy and oesophago-duodenal anastomosis were performed. Two years after the operation the child is in good condition. PMID- 6730723 TI - Ruptured ovarian cyst as a cause of ascites in a newborn infant. AB - Symptomatic ovarian cysts in newborn are rare. In a recent series of cases of congenital ascites ( Griscom et al 1977) only one case out of 27 was caused by an ovarian cyst. We describe a case in which congenital ascites was caused by a ruptured corpus luteum ovarian cyst. PMID- 6730724 TI - Endoscopic extraction of foreign bodies from the duodenum: four cases in infancy. AB - Four cases of foreign bodies in the duodenum were treated using a flexible fibre optic panendoscope. All the patients were boys and eight months to four years of age. The ingested foreign materials were an injection needle, a marking pin, a hairpin and a curtain hook. Endoscopic extraction was attempted, because the ingested objects might cause perforation or obstruction of the gastrointestinal tract. Until recently, they had to be carefully watched or prophylactic operation suggested. Under general anaesthesia, duodenal endoscopy was easily performed and extraction of foreign bodies was not found to be difficult during infancy. This is considered to be a safer and less hazardous way than careful watching or prophylactic operation. PMID- 6730725 TI - [Surgical therapy of nesidioblastosis]. AB - Whereas today intensive-paediatric management of the acute, life-threatening situation in organically conditioned hypoglycaemias is quite successful, conservative long-term treatment of nesidioblastosis is still unsatisfactory with regard to the prevention of subsequent cerebral damage. In contrast, subtotal pancreatectomy as performed by us is a curative treatment. Chances of cure are of course greatest if the treatment is effected before the onset of secondary damage. This is demonstrated by means of the authors' own patient material which comprises 10 surgically treated children with nesidioblastosis. Three of four infants operated on during the first weeks of their lives became normoglycaemic after the operation and developed normally, whereas only two of the six remaining children operated on at a later stage in their lives showed a comparably good course of the disease. The criteria of the surgical indication, surgical mode of procedure, intraoperative and postoperative complications and results obtained by the authors, are presented. PMID- 6730726 TI - Reoperation for biliary atresia after hepatic portoenterostomy--experience in 29 cases with a report on the longest survivor in Japan. AB - This communication reviews the experience with reoperations for correction of biliary atresia on 29 patients at the University of Tokyo Hospital since 1972, and discusses their value in the management of biliary atresia. It also includes a report on a patient who was treated by a repeated hepatic portoenterostomy in 1972 and has survived for more than ten years without jaundice. PMID- 6730727 TI - [Papers presented at the 3d German-Swiss-Austrian Pediatric Surgery Congress. 20 22 October 1983, Basel]. PMID- 6730728 TI - [Evaluation of activity and the electron microscope picture in Paget's disease]. AB - Thirteen patients with Paget's disease followed-up for prolonged periods of time were subjected to a series of biological tests and to studies of radionuclides incorporation into skeletal tissues. Bone alkaline phosphatase showed an osteoblastic activity, and tartarate -resistant acid phosphatases an osteoclastic function. Hydroxyproline in urine corresponded to the osteoclastic destruction. The X-ray pattern did not agree necessarily with the local metabolic bone activity of phosphates ( 99mTechnetium pyrophosphate), or of glycoproteins (85Sr). The use of scanning was recommended for studies of local activity and to correlate the results obtained with the clinical and biochemical syndromology . The electronoptic pattern was similar to that observed in inclusions of the paramyxovirus or papova virus. The problems associated with the differential diagnosis were discussed. PMID- 6730729 TI - [Ultrasound-Doppler analysis of arterial blood flow before and after cryotherapy]. AB - The reduction of oxygen consumption of the synovial membrane and the decrease of juxta-articular muscular tension are amongst others the aims of cryotherapy. The local cold application is followed by a reactive change in blood flow even in distant parts of the body. The knee region of 19 persons was cooled with a cryogel -pack for 15 min and the arterial blood flow of the a. dorsalis pedis was analysed with an ultrasound-Doppler-apparatus. Already in the rest period of 30 minutes before cooling the mean flow decreases and reaches a minimum after 10 min of cryotherapy. Subsequently continuing the therapy, blood flow velocity increases. The parameter independent of the angle is given through the pulsatility index PI (= maximum amplitude/mean flow). Since the mean flow is the denominator of this index the PI-value rises during the first 10 min of cooling and then decreases. The change of flow velocity for the mean value of the group was up to 1.0 cm/sec, i.e. 31% of the initial value. The maximum change of the pulsatility index was about 1.0, i.e. 29% of the initial value. There was no increase of the flow velocity during the test period for a control group of 22 persons with no cryotherapy. The difference was statistically significant (p less than 0.01). The cryotherapy selected includes a 15 minutes application of a cryogel -pack on a cloth, which leads to an average increase in blood pressure in the malleolar region of less than 5%. In spite of cryotherapy in all groups the mean blood pressure in the arm remains constant or decreases slightly because of the position of rest.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS) PMID- 6730731 TI - Concentrations of prostaglandins D2, E2, F2 alpha, 6-keto-F1 alpha and thromboxane B2 in synovial fluid from patients with inflammatory joint disorders and osteoarthritis. AB - The concentrations of PGD2, PGE2, PGF2 alpha, 6-keto-PGF1 alpha and TXB2 in synovial fluid from patients with rheumatoid arthritis (RA), Reiter's disease (RD), acute gouty arthritis (GA) and osteoarthritis (OA) were measured by radioimmunoassay. PGE2 was found to be the most predominant prostanoid (pg/ml; Mean +/- S.E.M.): RA 887 +/- 85, RD 870 +/- 71, GA 1064 +/- 155 and OA 665 +/- 71. In patients with OA lower mean levels of all the prostanoids were found than compared to the other groups of patients. Only in patients with RA a slight correlation between PGD2/PGF2 alpha, PGE2/PGF2 alpha and PGE2/6-keto-PGF1 alpha could be demonstrated. No significant correlations between the leucocyte cell counts in the synovial fluid and the prostanoid concentrations were found. In patients with RA developing recurrent knee joint effusions within four weeks after the first sampling significantly lower levels of PGE2 and TXB2 were found in the recurrent samples (PGE2 792 +/- 183; TXB2 179 +/- 33) than compared with the original samples (PGE2 984 +/- 146; TXB2 239 +/- 32). PMID- 6730730 TI - [Interactions of oral anti-diabetic agents and non-steroid anti-rheumatic agents]. AB - Due to the relative increase of age-diabetes and to the different forms of rheumatic diseases, long-term medicament therapy and the question of possible interactions between oral antidiabetic drugs ( OAD ) and nonsteroidal anti inflammatory drugs (NSAID) become more important. Unfortunately there exist studies on most of the well-known NSAID, but carried out on different conditions. The present study is intended to summarize the results at hand and to evaluate them in a certain sense. From almost all the NSAID, except from the salicylates and those connected with, as well as the pyrazolones, one may say, based on published data and long-term experience, that interactions with the OAD in use nowadays are not to be expected unless without clinical relevance. PMID- 6730732 TI - ["Psychological only children"--neuroses and illness behavior in adulthood]. AB - Our first basic hypothesis concerning the increased " overindulgence " of the "only child" according to the psychological definition of the term (hereafter referred to as "only child") and his associated characteristic qualities, e. g. neurotic passiveness , attitudes of indolence and pretension , inclination toward substitute gratification, lack of control, and timid evasion, has not proved valid where our patients are concerned. The "only child" among our patients did not exhibit these qualities any more often than our other neurotic patients. In the male "only child" we observed a conspicuous psychopathologic accentuation with regard to his behaviour in personal attachments. Also, provided that age groupings are the same, he is more often unmarried than other male neurotic patients, and he exhibits patterns of contact and attachment which are characterized by suspicion and remoteness . There is no indication that the "only child" among our patients seeks medical advice earlier or with fewer mental reservations because of his being accustomed to take advantage of outside help. In contrast to expectation, the behaviour of the male "only child" with regard to accepting the assistance of others is characterized by extraordinary reserve. He is not reported ill as often as the other male neurotic patients nor does hospitalization for longer periods of time occur as frequently as with them. This is interpreted as an indication that the male "only child" is "healthier" than other neurotic patients and less frequently tends to inflict injuries upon himself. With regard to his qualifications in school and in his profession the "only child" is particularly advanced. The question is raised as to whether the literary stereotype of the " overindulged " only child is in need of a certain differentiation, at least with respect to the social background of the patient. Our "only-child" patients originate predominantly from lower social strata and do not exhibit the classical attitudes of overindulgence any more often than other neurotic patients. Possibly " overindulged " patients mainly descend from the upper social classes. PMID- 6730733 TI - [Treatment expectation of psychosomatic patients and their significance in the polyclinic and consultation service]. AB - Clinical experience has shown, that psychosomatic patients in an outpatient clinic on the one hand and a consultation-liaison-service on the other hand differ in their motivation for psychotherapeutic treatment. We assumed that the patients' expectancies about the helpfulness of the different treatment methods can be a meaningful variable explaining this finding. By means of an empirical investigation we found two factors of expectancies. The first one was concerned with medical treatment, and the second with psychotherapeutic treatment. The two groups of patients showed significant differences in the intensity of these expectancies: in the patients of the Consultation-liaison-service dominated the expectancies concerning medical treatment, while in the patients of the outpatient-clinic the intensity of expectancies concerning psychotherapeutic treatment was significantly higher. The results are discussed on the background of the doctor-patient-interaction. PMID- 6730734 TI - [Control of regressive processes in therapy groups]. AB - At the outset a delineation is made of the concept of regression in the context of psychoanalysis. It is shown that partial and reversible regressive changes are a necessary pre-condition in order for progredient therapy developments to take place in a patient. This applies to the therapeutic process in the treatment of individuals as well as to group therapy. In analytic group therapy the development of a more mature personality structure can be facilitated by means of the carefully controlled use of such destructing measures as minimal structuring, abstinence, anonymity and rule of free interaction as well as the interpretation of the group analyst. In this way, the development and maintenance of psychoneurotic, functional somatic and character symptoms gradually become superfluous and psychic energies are liberated for more constructive forms of behavior. Some attention is given to the reciprocity between specifically psychoanalytic perception and a conclusion formation of an explanatory- hermeneutic nature. On the basis of the insights obtained in this way, the psychoanalytic group therapist designs his interventions which should, if possible, apply to all group participants. This approach is illustrated by means of a clinical case study. PMID- 6730735 TI - [Complaint picture and self concept of patients with duodenal ulcer before and 4 years after surgery]. AB - In a catamnesis 4 years after surgery for duodenal ulcer the development of the bodily complaints and of the self-concept of 42 patients was investigated. The self-image of the duodenal ulcer patients 4 years after the operation was the same as before! An unsolved problem of aggression and a state of depression could be identified now as before. Characteristics, which describe self-esteem and confidence were found as highly stable--i.e. they were relatively independent of time and rater. The intestinal complaints in average showed a decrease. Nevertheless the total score of complaints--intestinal and nonintestinal --of the ulcer patients in comparison to a representative sample (Federal Republic of Germany and Berlin-West) was much higher. The main postoperative complaints still came from the intestinum . It could be shown, that in a large subgroup of patients had established a shift of the syndrome to pains in the limbs. The results are discussed under psychoanalytical- psychosomatical aspects. PMID- 6730736 TI - [Psychogenic vision disorders: a case report with psychosomatic findings]. AB - The diagnosis of psychogenic visual disturbances, a phenomenon not so very rarely to be observed, is often made by an ophthalmologist, whereas the patients concerned will seldom consult a psychotherapist. We describe somatic, psychiatric and psychological data in 8 observed cases. Results of psychodynamic interviews point to underlying, especially oedipal conflicts. Slight confidence in one's own possibilities on the one hand and incomplete defence of urge on the other may here, too, lead to functional symptoms in special conflict situations. Need for and possibilities of careful diagnostic are discussed, as well as special courses of psychogenic visual disturbances and therapeutic changes. PMID- 6730737 TI - A contribution to guinea pig longevity data: nine-and-half years old guinea pig. Short communication. PMID- 6730738 TI - Breeding results of rabbits with familial hypercholesterolemia: effects of age and sex on serum lipids. PMID- 6730739 TI - [Buprenorphine-nitrous oxide-oxygen anesthesia in swine as an animal model]. PMID- 6730740 TI - [Automatic data recording and analysis of motor activities in the open-field test]. PMID- 6730741 TI - [Echinococcus multilocularis infections in pregnant and lactating mice: concentration of serum antibodies and assessment of their modification by milk production]. PMID- 6730742 TI - [Abnormalities of the digestive system in autopsy material of children]. AB - As a result of the autopsy reports of the Pathological Institute of M uhlhausen in a twenty-year-period from 1960 to 1979 there were 4.8 per cent (n = 219) malformations of the digestive tract among the 4,561 autopsies of stillborn children and live-born ones up to their 16th year of age. Lip, jaw and plate clefts, defects of diaphragm as well as oesophagus atresia and stenosis predominate among the various malformations. The malformations were classified and discussed according to nature, combinations, and sex differences as well as with respect to importance for mortality, territorial and time distribution. PMID- 6730743 TI - [Histological and autoradiographic studies of the objective characterization of the degree of dysplasia in the urothelium]. AB - 282 biopsy specimens of tumorous and tumor-free urinary bladders have been examined by histological and autoradiographical means. There is no recommendation unified on an international scale for the histological classification of intra urothelial cell and nucleus abnormities . The classification into three degrees of dysplasia is proposed. The exact characterization of urothelium requires additional objective methods. The increase of the average labeling index parallel to the increasing degree of dysplasia has been proved autoradiographically. Moreover, the change of proliferation pattern with the increasing degree of dysplasia points to the loss of physiological regeneration. PMID- 6730744 TI - [Skeletal muscle reaction to the loading limit. III. Changes in the contractile apparatus]. AB - A description is given of the changes in the contractile apparatus of the skeletal muscle following extreme long-term exercise. In detail, they include Z stripe dehiscences, myofibril disintegrations and destructions of single sarcomer . These findings are known from myopathology . A characteristic feature is their subsarcolemmic localisation. The pathogenesis is discussed. In connection with the alterations of the sarcolemma and the mitochondria as well as the increased endo- and exocytosis of the muscle fibre, the cause is seen in a local intracellular catabolism. At the same time, the possible importance to the effluence of enzymes, especially of creatine phosphokinase, is pointed out. PMID- 6730745 TI - [Causes and as age and sex distribution in autopsy cases of sudden natural death of noncoronary etiology]. AB - In 1,382 autopsied cases of sudden death we found 409 which died of a non coronarogenic cause. The proportion of women was significantly higher (37.2%) than that of men (23%). The age at death in the different kinds of sudden death of this genesis was lower than in those persons whose death was not acute. The death age was especially low in the group of instantaneous death. Like in coronarogenic death the part of sudden death was higher in males than in females. The distribution of the frequency of causes of sudden death was the same as that in general mortality. Embolia of the lung was most frequent in both sexes and followed by cerebrovascular lesions. Acquired heart/valve/diseases ranged next in women and were followed by malignant tumors and aortic rupture. On the other hand, aortic rupture was at the third place in males and followed by malignant tumors and hemorrhages of the gastrointestinal tract. In both sexes the mentioned causes of death belong over 70% to all sudden deaths of non-coronarogenic origin. Other important causes of non-coronarogenic acute death are discussed. PMID- 6730746 TI - Histopathology of pseudomembranous colitis. AB - Pseudomembranous colitis, an uncommon affection following surgery or antibiotic therapy, is characterized by whitish plaques ( pseudomembranes ) attached to the mucosa. Serial sectioning of these pseudomembranes disclosed that each of them was related to a lymphoid aggregate in the submucosa and the lamina propria. A group of glandular crypts overlying the aggregate were dilated by mucus, fibrin, leukocytes, and cellular debris. These contents jutted out of the mucosal surface into the lumen, constituting the stem of the pseudomembrane, and could spread over the surrounding mucosa. Accordingly, a morphologic unit was recognized in pseudomembranous colitis, including the lymphoid aggregate, the dilated glandular crypts, and the pseudomembrane stem. PMID- 6730747 TI - [Morphological findings in lymph nodes, spleen and liver in the rat following treatment with polyvinylpyrrolidone and trypan blue (light microscopy studies)]. AB - Lymph nodes, spleen and liver from 36 rats were studied by light microscope following prolonged administration of PVP and TB. When PVP had been administrated, the invasion of all the organs by large foam cells of RES was apparent while the structure of the organs had been destroyed. The animals which had received PVP combined with TB had less reticuloendotheliosis of the organs while their structure was maintained to a greater extent. The latter animals also had greater cellular reaction. All the rats showed obvious cachexia which was more apparent in those having received only PVP. PMID- 6730748 TI - [Histologic and autoradiographic studies on the significance and terminology of von Brunn's nests in biopsies of the bladder mucosa]. AB - Von Brunn's nests have been investigated systematically by means of histology and autoradiography in 201 biopsies of tumour-free and tumorous urinary bladders. They show the same proliferation behaviour like the superimposed urothelium under normal conditions and with inflammatory, metaplastic and dysplastic changes. Their sheltered location permits definite diagnoses even with detached superficial urothelium. In case of cystic transformation, a distinction between pseudoglandular, pseudopapillary and cribriform types is possible. They have to be distinguished from genuine glandular metaplasias in von Brunn's nests. Normal and metaplastic von Brunn's nests do not represent precancerous stages. They are supposed to be a protected proliferation reserve. PMID- 6730749 TI - [Acute natural death in adults with special reference to the under-50 age group]. AB - The cases of acute natural death of persons in the age group below 50 years were analysed in relation to the whole number of autopsies performed in the district of Leipzig (German Democratic Republic) in 1980. From a total of 137 cases, 103 (75.2%) were males and 34 (24.8%) females. The incidence per 100,000 inhabitants was 14.8 in males and 4.9 in females. The most common cause of death in the male group was the chronic ischemic heart disease ( CIHD ) with its complications. In females the noncoronarogenic death dominated. In contrast to other publications, we found only few thromboses (11%). Especially high was the number of embolia of the lung and the frequency of ruptured cerebral aneurysms in females. Of special interest are high physical activity in sports in combination with CIHD , anomalies of the coronary arteries, and hypertrophic cardiomyopathy which often causes sudden unexpected death. The results are discussed and other rare causes of acute death summarized. It seems from the literature also important to investigate histologically the heart muscle in all cases of unknown causes of acute death. PMID- 6730750 TI - [Correlative pathologic studies on the role of vitamin D in vascular calcinosis in childhood]. AB - The large arteries (aorta, common carotid arteries with the adjacent segments of the internal and external carotid arteries, common, internal and external iliac arteries) of 64 children and young adults were sectioned longitudinally and removed with adjacent tissue. The macroscopic demonstration of calcium deposits was performed by using the Kossa reaction modified by Meyer and Stelzig (16). The macroscopically positive cases were selected for histology, fixed in formalin and embedded in paraffin. The total material comprised 4 premature infants, 6 mature neonates, 8 babies aged 1 to 12 months, 13 children aged 1 to 5 years, 12 school children between 6 and 13 years, and 21 young adults between 15 and 30 years. Calcium incrustations are visible in various arterial segments (in 59 of the 64 cases examined) as black dots, stripes, patches or polygonal figures. Extent and density of calcifications display differences not only from case to case but also from segment to segment. Contrary to the literature, disseminated calcinoses were even detected in some of our prematurely born babies. The severity of calcifications increases with increasing age. Calcium incrustations in mature neonates do not appear exclusively in the common and internal iliac arteries, but also in the other arteries examined. The least pathological changes consist in a focal disintegration, calcium impregnation and circumscribed fragmentation of the lamina elastica interna. In advanced cases, the inner layers of the wall show additional compact calcification foci of different size. We were afraid that the high single doses of vitamin D, within the frame-work of rickets prevention, may cause calcium deposits in the arteries of children. A clarification of these problems might be accomplished by comparative studies of the population in countries where rickets prevention is not practised by application of such high doses. PMID- 6730752 TI - [Profundaplasty in older persons]. AB - The profunda femoris artery has become the most important collateral vessel for compensating femoro-popliteal arterial occlusion. The circulation of the ischaemic limb can be obtained by profundaplasty. From 1972 to 1982, 70 patients with a mean age of 75,7 years underwent surgery. Good results were obtained in 75,9%. PMID- 6730751 TI - Morphology and incidence of testicular tumors in western Austria (1945-1980). AB - During the years 1945-1980 260 testicular tumors were registered in the two western provinces of Austria ( Tyrol and Vorarlberg ). The histological slices of these tumors were revised and classified according to the revised "British Classification" ( Pugh 1976). 91.9% of investigated testicular tumors were of germinal cell origin: 43.8% of them were seminomas and 38.1% teratomas. Combined tumors first appeared regularly when the surgical material was completely processed. The right side was more common affected than the left, in the ratio 7:5. The age of orchidectomy showed the typical peaks for seminomas, teratomas and combined tumors. 60% of germinal cell tumors were operated in stage pT3 (UICC). The average incidence of all testicular tumors in the years 1945-1980 was 1.9/100,000 males, but in the last decennium (1971-1980) the average incidence was 4.0, with a maximum of 6.9 in 1978. Districts with a high percentage of employed in agriculture and forestry showed lower incidences than industrialized areas. PMID- 6730753 TI - [Anterothoracic colonic replacement in cicatricial caustic strictures of the esophagus in a 1-stage procedure]. AB - Five cases of oesophageal stricture secondary to caustic ingestion are presented. The colon, as a total bypass graft, was applied in all patients; two with right hemicolon and three with isoperistaltic transverse colon. The colon was placed subcutaneously, with the operation being performed as a one-stage procedure. A good functional result of the colon bypass, could be achieved in all persons. PMID- 6730754 TI - [Lymphedema of the arm after mastectomy--symptom of a recurrence?]. AB - From 1972 to 1976, 488 women suffering from cancer of the female breast underwent uniform surgical treatment (Rotter-Halsted-operation), no postoperative irradiation. In 62 cases (12,7%) a lymphoedema could be observed. The author holds the opinion that the oedema of the equilateral arm is caused by dissemination of cancer cells and depends on tumour stage and not the specific kind of treatment. PMID- 6730755 TI - [Surgical treatment of the double aortic arch (vascular ring)]. PMID- 6730756 TI - [Surgical indication and treatment results in advanced bronchial cancer]. PMID- 6730757 TI - [Irreversible cardiac luxation after right-sided pneumonectomy]. PMID- 6730758 TI - [Results of the diagnostic extirpation of nonpalpable breast lesions after preceding radiological localization]. PMID- 6730759 TI - [Acute hemorrhagic necrotizing pancreatitis. Analysis of 58 patients]. AB - The authors stress the therapeutic importance of peritoneal lavage for eliminating toxic substances from the abdominal cavity. In cases of a stenosing papilla or an impacted gallstone, endoscopic papillotomy and stone extraction are recommended. The indication for surgical interventions, like nekrosectomy or segmental resection of the pancreas, are discussed in detail. In case of diffuse recurrent peritonitis the technique of the "open abdomen" should be taken into consideration. The results of 44 resections and 14 necrosectomies are represented. The overall mortality rate comes up to 35 or 40% respectively. PMID- 6730760 TI - [Treatment of pancreatic fistulas]. AB - Persisting fistulae of the pancreas may develop after necrotomy or operation of abscesses or pseudocysts with drainage following pancreatitis. More rare causes are lesions of the glandula during operation in the upper abdomen or due to accidents. First of all conservative therapy is indicated. When spontaneous closure during two or three months will not take place, closure of the fistula by drainage of its origin into a jejunal loop (Roux) and for fistulas of the head of the pancreas the implantation in the duodenal stump after B II-resection is indicated. PMID- 6730761 TI - [Intraoperative pancreas puncture cytology]. AB - In the case of 10 to 15% of surgical patients with a pancreatic disorder an intraoperative diagnosis had to be made when a preoperative diagnosis had not yielded a definite result. Fine needle aspiration biopsy ( FNAB ) of the pancreas provided the basis for intraoperative differentiation of malignant and benign pancreatic processes. 244 pancreatic biopsies were carried out in 100 patients. It was possible to make a statement in 99% of the cases, with 65 malignant and 35 benign changes. In 83% the cytological diagnosis was correct; the method yielded incorrect-negative results in 7% of the cases. In 9% the presence of tumour cells was only suspected. There were no incorrect positive cancer diagnoses. FNAB caused no postoperative complications. Intraoperative bleeding after FBAB had to be stopped with a suture in one case. Transitory, asymptomatic hyperamylasemy must be expected in 25% of the patients after FNAB . This diagnostic technique is recommended in preference to the histological tissue removal methods because of its low risk factor. At least 2 biopsies of the suspect area with 2 smears are required, as a training in this diagnostic technique. PMID- 6730762 TI - [Mobile cecocolon and incarceration in the foramen of Winslow]. PMID- 6730763 TI - [Beta-thalassemia intermedia--a rare indication for splenectomy]. PMID- 6730764 TI - [Potentials and limits of conventional differential diagnosis of the endometrium]. AB - The reproducible identification of various histological types of the endometrium is of special interest for many reasons. The controversy in endometrial classification and terminology led us to study the algorithm of conventional endometrial diagnosing. This study is to examine the significance of historical morphologic parameters for differential diagnosis by semiquantitative or binary recording and computer-assisted evaluation. The results are based on cross-tables and cluster-analysis. The statistical test showed that most of the historical parameters were neither adequate for reclassification nor exclusion of historical typing of the endometrium. An objective and reproducible classification of endometrial changes by using binary parameters can only be achieved for specific histological types of normal endometrium and several types of hyperplastic endometrium. The dedifferentiated carcinoma is a diagnosis "per exclusionem ", since nearly all of the binary parameters cannot be analysed. The individual borderline lesions cannot be differentiated from each other by descriptive parameters. They cannot even be distinguished from the highly differentiated endometrial carcinomas. This kind of differential diagnosis is obviously not based on conventional formalistic criteria but on nonquantifiable empirical data. This might be a reason for the above mentioned controversy in endometrial diagnosis and terminology. PMID- 6730765 TI - [Value of computer tomography in clarifying lymphedema of the leg after treated gynecologic cancers]. AB - Lymph edema of leg following treated carcinoma of female genitals must not necessarily becaused by rising of a new tumor. Clarifying the reason does not succeed in every case, if the conventional examination methods are used. An accurate and early diagnosis is possible by computed tomography (CT). The diagnostic value of CT, lymphography, urography, isotope renography and sonography is discussed. PMID- 6730766 TI - [Treatment results in malignant tumors of the vulva, a retrospective analysis of 119 cases]. AB - Between 1960 and 1980 111 patients with malignomas of the vulva were treated. Among these 86 cases were admitted primarily with view of treatment. Within the period conception of therapy was changed drastically. Where as in former time treatment consists in excision of the tumour with following conventional X-ray therapy, since 1973 therapy of choice was radical vulvectomy with inguinal lymphonodectomy. Based on these facts a retrospective comparison of the survival rates in possible, particularly distribution of stages is likely the same in the two groups. The group treated since 1973 has essential better survival rates. This can be attributed to the conception of radical operative treatment preferred in literature predominantly. Mortality rate is below 5 per cent which will be favourable in the geriatric clientele. To make the results of treatment comparable internationally a postoperative classification should be proposed like in breast cancer. The question of the position of an additional postoperative irradiation is to be answered only with aid of a prospective multicenter study. PMID- 6730767 TI - [Adenocarcinoma of the endocervix in material submitted to a central cytodiagnostic laboratory]. AB - Three cases of histologically verified endocervical adenocarcinomas were selected from smears sent in far from. Beside the routine morphological studies cytochemical reactions were done and cytograms were made. PMID- 6730768 TI - [Comparative studies of the effect on the in vitro growth of endometrial cancers of hydroxyprogesterone caproate, norethisterone acetate and D-norgestrel]. AB - The influence of the progestogens hydroxyprogesteroncaproate , norethisteronacetate and d-norgestrel on the growth of endometrial cancer was observed on 78 cell cultures. 40 cases revealed an influence on in vitro growth by at least one progestogen, 26 times by progesterone, 21 times by norethisterone and 20 times by norgestrel. In 17 cases two or more progestogens had an effect on in vitro growth, however, in 23 cases only one progestogen revealed an effect. The possible consequences of these results for the planning of therapy are discussed. PMID- 6730769 TI - [Treatment results with malignant cervical cancer in the Department of Medicine of the Friedrich Schiller University in Jena in 1965 to 1976. IV. An evaluation of primary radiological therapy via contact and percutaneous irradiation]. AB - 414 patients with cervical carcinoma were treated by radiation only because of local or general inoperability. The 5-years-survival of these patients was 50.7%. The importance of primary irradiation in treatment of carcinoma of cervix is pointed out. Kind and frequency of side effects of the several different methods of radiation are investigated. Alterations of the rectum were the most common complication and especially frequent, if both x-ray radiation and local radiological therapy (radium, cobalt60 , caesium137 ) were performed. The therapy with percutane telecobalt in combination with local radioactive sources was followed by a small rate of complications. PMID- 6730770 TI - [Ovarian metastasis of a thymoma]. AB - Report about the rare occurrence of ovarian metastases from a thymoma. Exstirpation of a lymphoepithelial thymoma was performed in a female patient at the age of twenty. 10 months afterwards a large tumour in the abdomen was the cause for a laparotomy. The situs showed a gigantic ovarian tumour (size 20 X 20 X 10 cm). The histological diagnosis was a metastatic tumour from the lymphoepithelial thymoma. Salpingo-Oophorectomy, radiotherapy and immunosuppressive therapy with glucocorticoids were used. PMID- 6730771 TI - [Comparative study of oxygen tension in arterial blood and arterialized capillary blood in relation to the oxygen content of inspired air in healthy newborn infants]. AB - The values of oxygen tension of arterial blood were compared with those of arterialized capillary blood in 65 healthy newborns. The latter ones always had a significantly lower level than the arterial ones. A sufficient correlation between paired values could be stated only under conditions of normal room air. With increasing FiO2 (0.4, 0.6, 1.0) the capillary oxygen tension remains behind the arterial one. Giving pure oxygen the capillary tension is nearly half of the arterial value. PMID- 6730772 TI - [Major aspects of direct fetal electrocardiography with regard to the diagnosis of intrauterine fetal status]. AB - The possibilities and limits of direct fetal electrocardiography are described, which result from the estimation and interpretation of only one ECG lead in the diagnostics of disorders in excitation development, conduction and repolarisation and in the as early as possible detection of heart defects. PMID- 6730773 TI - [Neonatal risk in early manifested maternal diabetes]. AB - Neonatal risk in 172 women with early manifested maternal diabetes mellitus (manifestation less than or equal to 18 years) has been estimated in an analysis of 10 years. We found a tendency towards an increased rate of mortality and malformations, but there are no statistic significant differences compared with the White B group as well as with the C/D-group of late manifestation. An increased risk of morbidity (rate of fetopathy , immaturity, disturbed adaptation) could be demonstrated, but it exists also in the newborns of diabetic mothers of the White group B. Using the recent literature the causes have been discussed and conclusions have been made. PMID- 6730774 TI - [Occupational activity and work disability in pregnancy]. AB - From 600 employed pregnant women at least 61% have got a certificate of disablement one time in their pregnancy. 22.4 days of deficiency due in capability of working have been calculated on an average per employed gravida with statistically significant differences with regard to the degree of qualification and the working sphere of these women, too. Combined with an increase in the degree of qualification, a rising amount of days of deficiency has been found (18.5 days in the group of unskilled workers and 30.9 days in the group of pregnant women with high school graduation). The percentage of disablement also clearly varies in the working sphere of gravidae (53.3% in the administration and 71.4% in the public health service). This investigation is a pilot study and will be enlarged and completed later on. PMID- 6730775 TI - [Physical fitness during pregnancy]. AB - In a study of longitudinal section 25 primigravidae were examined during pregnancy on the bicycle ergometer. A group of 10 non-pregnant women in their postmenstrual phase was used as controls. Blood glucose, cholesterol, triglyceride and lactic acid were analysed parameters in addition to cardiorespiratory. The reaction of the cardiovascular system to submaximal load in healthy pregnant women is economic. The metabolic system reacts with an intensified availability of energy via fat-metabolism and a diminished utilisation of glucose. Pregnancy is a physical stimulus for the female organism. PMID- 6730776 TI - [Experiences with a mobile monitoring system for fetal and neonatal cardiotachometry]. AB - A monitoring system for fetal and neonatal cardiotachometry which set up in own instrumentation at the Department of obstetrics of the Regional Hospital of Rostock. With aid of a wireless telemetric system is it possible to estimate the fetal condition before and during of caesarean section as well as at transfer of high risk neonates. PMID- 6730777 TI - [Cardiotocography practice. Case 5]. PMID- 6730778 TI - Protozoan diseases. Proceedings of the Fourth Japanese-German Cooperative Symposium on Protozoan Diseases. June 14-18, 1983, Dusseldorf, Federal Republic of Germany. PMID- 6730779 TI - Naegleria: observations on its distribution in east Asia and South America, and electron microscopic studies on cultured trophozoites. AB - The present study is a survey of the distribution of Naegleria strains in water collected from ponds and rivers. Twenty three strains were isolated and identified as Naegleria fowleri. These strains were examined in culture for temperature tolerance. The five strains among of them were able to survive 32-36 degrees C. The two virulent strains were isolated from above the five strains. The lamellar structures in Naegleria showed positive reaction for acid phosphatase activity. PMID- 6730780 TI - Ultrastructural study of intestinal coccidia of the European mole (Talpa europaea). AB - The fine structure of the sexual stages of Cyclospora caryolytica and Eimeria goussevi from the epithelial cells of the small intestine of the European mole was studied by means of transmission electron microscopy. Special interest was given to the intranuclear development of C. caryolytica . PMID- 6730781 TI - Trypanosomes in Cervidae in Germany. AB - Trypanosoma cervi Kingston et Morton, 1975 was demonstrated in 2 fallow deer (Dama dama) in 1976, and in 10 roe deer (Capreolus capreolus) and one red deer (Cervus elaphus) in spring 1983. The infected deer originated from the vicinity of Hannover, Germany. PMID- 6730782 TI - Studies on babesia first found in murine in Japan: epidemiology, morphology and experimental infection. AB - During the period from November 1980 to September 1982, 314 small wild mammals were captured in 5 localities in Japan. Twenty-six out of 86 Apodemus speciosus and one out of 6 A. argenteus both species captured in Shiga Prefecture (35 degrees 02'N, 135 degrees 50'E, 330 m elev .) were positive for babesia. The parasitemia in those animals was generally low. The infection rate did not show any significant difference between sexes of the host or between seasons, whereas it tended to go up with the increase of the body weight of the host. Several developing stages were seen by light microscopic examination such as small to large sizes of ring forms, ameboid forms, dividing forms which finally formed 4 merozoites. The susceptibility of several kinds of experimental and wild animals to this babesia was studied. It was the highest in the nude mouse followed by the golden hamster, mongolian gerbil, mouse and rat. Furthermore, Microtus montebelli , A. speciosus , Clethrionomys rufocanus , Japanese monkey (splenectomized) and crab-eating monkey (splenectomized) became positive for babesial infection after experimental inoculation. The intensities of infection in those animals were generally very low although the infection continued for as long as two months. The Japanese monkey, crab-eating monkey, dog, cat and Eothenomys smithi (all without splenectomy), and Guinea pig and rabbit (both with and without splenectomy) were negative for babesia after being infected in the same manner. This is the first report of murine babesia in Japan. Although this babesia is not different from Babesia microti as far as the present examination shows, we intend to give a specific name to this parasite when the experiment on vector is completed. PMID- 6730783 TI - Studies on the activity of Obioactin with acetylspiramycin on mice infected with Toxoplasma gondii. AB - In acutely infected mice, acetylspiramycin (ASPM) administered in combination with Obioactin , or sulfamethoxypyrazine ( SMPZ ), prevented Toxoplasma organisms from encysting in the brain and heart tissues. When administered alone, ASPM prevented these organisms from encysting in the heart but not in the brain. All the regimens used failed to reduce the bulk of parasites in the brain and heart tissues of chronically infected mice. Treatment with an ASPM- Obioactin combination, however, brought about the most remarkable reduction, or 52.4%, of the cyst count in the brain of all the methods of treatment applied. Light and electron microscopy of the mice with chronic Toxoplasma infection revealed no changes in the brain or heart tissue of the ASPM- Obioactin treated mice and degenerative changes in the cyst wall and bradyzoites and a remarkable increase of microglias with cysts in the brain in some of these mice. PMID- 6730784 TI - Delayed secondary immune response in mice immunized with Toxoplasma antigens and its effect for protection against Toxoplasma gondii. AB - Primary immune response by mice immunized with Toxoplasma peritoneal exudate (PE) was produced slowly at a low level. To induce high Toxoplasma antibodies, mice should be boostered after the primary immune response reached the peak in 4 weeks or later. Immunization of mice with PE alone in 4 weeks could suppress the growth of Toxoplasma but could not accomplish protection. Two of 9 mice immunized with PE in complete Freund's adjuvant (CFA), and 16 of 27 mice immunized with PE containing Toxoplasma ( ToxoPE ) in CFA were protected against a challenge of 1 X 10(3) Toxoplasma, RH strain. The mice surviving to the challenge showed complete protection against a rechallenge of higher dose, 1 X 10(6) RH strain. Their ascites were very high in LA titer and would be a great source for obtaining high titer antibodies to Toxoplasma without contamination of host serum components. Biological characters of Toxoplasma, RH strain, in chronic infection of mice are discussed. PMID- 6730785 TI - [Cerebral hemisphere dominance]. AB - There is a functional asymmetry of the human brain. This division of labour is brought about by the enormous complexity of the cerebral performances and the fundamental incompatibility between the analytical functions on the one hand and the synthetic functions on the other. PMID- 6730786 TI - [Electroencephalograph findings in pituitary tumor with special reference to various surgical methods]. AB - The evaluation included pre- and postoperative Eegs of 147 patients who were operated on because of a hypophysoma by the subfrontal or the transphenoidal way. For comparison proper, the Eeg series of 64 patients were used. No verified differences between the two surgical accesses were found with respect to the effects on the total brain organ. PMID- 6730787 TI - [Neuro-ophthalmologic findings in angiomas and aneurysms with increased intracranial pressure]. AB - Angiomas and aneurysms of the intracranial space which are associated with an increase in pressure show a considerably worse prognosis than such diseases without an intracranial pressure increase do. In the connection, the occurrence of choked disks and haemorrhages in the fundus of the eye, are of particular importance. Paresis of the eye muscle are less important because in view of the neighbourhood relations they may also occur without an intracranial pressure increase ( paralytical type). Choked disks do not occur very frequently and are almost exclusively found in subarachnoid haemorrhages (apoplectic type). PMID- 6730788 TI - [Diagnostic problems of spinal tumors in childhood and adolescence]. AB - In evaluation of the clinical-neurological symptoms of 59 children and juveniles with spinal space occupations, 43 of whom were operated on, the differential diagnostic particularities especially with respect to the early symptoms are discussed. On the basis of representations of individual cases, the importance of metrizamide myelography and spinal computer tomography for the pre-operative diagnosis is pointed out. PMID- 6730789 TI - [Surgical stabilization of fractures of the thoracic and lumbar portion of the spine using paraspinal metal plates]. AB - Surgical treatment of lesions of the vertebral column is indicated for concomitant disturbed neurological functions showing an increasing tendency. In cases of a primary complete transverse paralysis, an improvement cannot be expected. The influence of the applied paraspinous plates on the rehabilitation is judged differently. The operation is carried out from a dorsal access. After laminectomy and decompression of the spinal marrow or cauda, stabilisation is effected by means of two paraspinous osteosynthesis plates similar to the method after Roy- Camille . Our own procedure is described, the results are demonstrated by the example of seven patients treated in this way. The authors are of the opinion that it is justified to continue employing this method and extend the range of indications to include also severe instable luxation fractures of the thoracic and the lumbar part of the vertebral column without disturbed neurological functions being present . The care of such patients is facilitated by the fact that pain is improved and degenerative changes and late damage prevented. PMID- 6730790 TI - Arteriovenous fistula of the vertebral artery. Case report. AB - A case of spontaneous arteriovenous fistula between the vertebral artery and vein at the level of the vertebral body C 4 is presented. The fistula was closed surgically with a balloon catheter with simultaneous occlusion of the ipsilateral vertebral artery. Clinically, there was a restitutio ad integrum. PMID- 6730791 TI - [Spontaneous healing of a carotid-cavernous fistula]. AB - In a posttraumatic carotid-sinus cavernous fistula, spontaneous healing occurred which was angiographically demonstrated. After this closure had occurred, an aneunysmal enlargement of the internal carotid was proved to exist and confirmed even two weeks later together with a concomitant spasm. The author is of the opinion that the cause of a carotid-sinus cavernous fistula is in most cases a ruptured aneurysms. By partial thrombosing of the aneurysm, a closure of the fistula occasionally takes place and thus the above mentioned spontaneous healing is reached. PMID- 6730792 TI - [Differential diagnosis of an intracranial tumor and aneurysm of cerebral vessels. Diagnostic value of angiography and computer tomography]. AB - On the basis of two patients with oversize aneurysms of the cerebral vessels , which in the preceding computer tomography had led to the diagnosis 'cerebral tumour' because of their localisation, size and enhancement tendency, the importance of cerebral angiography within modern diagnostics is discussed. PMID- 6730793 TI - Considerations on the malignancy of papillary meningioma. Clinico-pathological study of eight cases. AB - Eight papillary meningiomas, out of a collection of 750 cases of meningiomas, have been studied clinically and anatomopathologically. 2 had long survival without recurrences, 2 died shortly after operation, 4 had one or more recurrences with death. The 2 cases with long survival showed, at microscopical examination, few mitoses. On the contrary, in the six cases come to death the histological features were characterized by marked pleomorphism, focal necroses and frequent typical and atypical mitoses. In these cases, the correlation between "more malignant" histological aspects and "more aggressive" clinical behaviour is undoubtedly suggestive. PMID- 6730794 TI - Extradural-mediastinal meningioma in a child. Case report. AB - The case of an extradural-mediastinal meningioma in a girl of 12 years old is described. One-stage removal of intra- and extravertebral parts of tumors led to the rapid recovery. The histological study of both parts of tumor established psammomatous meningioma. Period of observation--3 years. PMID- 6730795 TI - [Pheromone-induced communication of Argas (Persicargas) walkerae and biological chemical control using a combination of pheromone and a pheromone analog with flumethrin]. PMID- 6730796 TI - [Epizootiological studies of atrophic rhinitis and pneumonia of swine. V. Studies on specific control]. PMID- 6730797 TI - [Pathogenicity of Ostertagia leptospicularis for cattle and sheep]. PMID- 6730798 TI - Haemonchus contortus: lipid biosynthesis from C14-labelled acetate and glucose. PMID- 6730799 TI - [Comparative trials of parasitic gastroenteritis control in calves and 2d-season cattle using a morantel long-term bolus]. PMID- 6730800 TI - [Cell-mediated cytotoxicity and lymphocyte stimulation in suckling piglets with and without colostral immunity against Aujesky's disease virus]. PMID- 6730801 TI - [Quantitative histochemical study of acetylcholinesterase and succinate dehydrogenase activity in the brain of the suslik Citellus parryi]. AB - Distribution of acetylcholinesterase (AChE) and succinate dehydrogenase (SDH) in some of the structures of the forebrain and midbrain of the Arctic long-tail ground squirrel is similar to that in other mammals. Quantitative histochemical investigation (incubation of slices at 7 and 25 degrees C) showed that onset of hibernation is accompanied by opposite changes in AChE content of different brain structures. Similar studies on the SDH activity in 9 regions of the forebrain and midbrain did not reveal any significant differences between hibernating and active animals, except the substantia nigra where the activity was higher during hibernation. PMID- 6730803 TI - [Immunogenic properties of glucagon: the interaction of glucagon from the hen with specific antisera to glucagon from mammals]. AB - In conventional radioimmunological systems for glucagon assay, it was shown that hen's glucagon is capable of productive interaction with specific antisera to mammalian molecule which account for its immunogenic properties. PMID- 6730802 TI - [Comparative analysis of lectin interaction with blood serum proteins in man, rodents and ungulates]. AB - Studies have been made on the interaction of proteins of the blood serum of man, guinea pig, rat, donkey and ram with concanavalin A, peas lectin and phytohaemagglutinin II. It was found that reactions of the lectins with serum proteins exhibit strictly specific pattern. On the basis of the data obtained, a discussion is made of evolutionary conformation of serum proteins and distribution of lectin receptors within the structure of their molecules. PMID- 6730804 TI - [Design of vaccines against influenza in relation to the epidemiology of influenza infection]. PMID- 6730805 TI - [Yield of Chlamydia from an infected cell studied by scanning electron microscopy]. AB - The study of the monolayer cell culture L-929, infected with strain CP-1 isolated from a patient with Reiter's syndrome, by means of scanning electron microscopy demonstrated that the release of chlamydiae from infected cells occurred in two ways: (1) by active ejection, probably as the consequence of the local rupture of the host cell, and (2) by more quiet "eruption" due to rupture in the plasmolemma . Elementary chlamydial bodies released from the cell had a spherical form, and reticular bodies had an irregularly spherical form, often with recesses and digitiform protrusions. PMID- 6730806 TI - [Species composition of nonpigment-forming bacteroids isolated from the intestines of healthy persons and from clinical material]. AB - The comparative study of the specific composition of bacteroids isolated from the intestine of healthy persons and from clinical material obtained from patients with different purulent inflammatory diseases has been carried out. This study has revealed that in the former case the prevalent bacteroid species are B. vulgatus and B. distasonis and in the latter case, B. thetaiotaomicron and B. fragilis. PMID- 6730807 TI - [D-mannose-resistant hemagglutination in opportunistic enterobacteria in infantile diarrhea]. AB - D-mannose-resistant hemagglutination with human and bovine red blood cells was determined in 284 cultures of opportunistis enterobacteria isolated from 99 patients with acute intestinal infections and in 55 cultures isolated from 27 practically healthy children aged up to 1 year. In 16 sick children (16.16%) opportunistic enterobacteria, positive when tested in D-mannose-resistant hemagglutination, were detected. In no case were such cultures isolated from practically healthy children. In 9 out of 12 species of opportunistic bacteria belonging to the family Enterobacteriaceae strains showing the positive reaction in the D-mannose-resistant hemagglutination test were found. PMID- 6730808 TI - [Poliomyelitis over many years of vaccinal prophylaxis. I. The epidemiological characteristics of poliomyelitis]. AB - Vaccinal prophylaxis against poliomyelitis , carried out regularly in the USSR for many years, has erected a reliable barrier to the epidemic manifestation of this disease in large areas of the USSR over the period of almost 25 years (the term of observation) and introduced new features into its epidemiology: the sluggish course of the epidemic process, a decrease in the relative morbidity rate in cities, a lower morbidity rate among children attending preschool institutions, the absence of the family foci of poliomyelitis, more favorable outcome oft the disease. PMID- 6730809 TI - [The hospital epidemiologist (justification, functional model and effectiveness)]. PMID- 6730810 TI - [Immunological activity and toxicity of a peroral vaccine made from mutant Re Salmonella minnesota]. AB - The possibility of the oral use of heated corpuscular vaccine prepared from S. minnesota mutant R 595 (chemotype Re) for protection against Pseudomonas aeruginosa has been studied. Oral immunization in 3 doses, each containing 10(9) cells of the vaccine strain, has been shown to protect mice from death after the intravenous injection of P. aeruginosa culture in a dose of 5 LD50 and induce a rise in the titers of antibodies to Re-glycolipid (Re-hemagglutinins). After multiple oral administration Re-vaccine shows low acute and chronic toxicity and induces local and systemic immunological transformation. PMID- 6730811 TI - [Comparative analysis of systemic and local immunity in selective IgA deficiency]. AB - The levels of serum and salivary immunoglobulins and serum antibodies to 5 different antigens (diphtheria toxoid, Escherichia coli and Shigella sonnei O antigens, bovine serum albumin and ovalbumin), as well as heterohemagglutinins , were studied in 29 persons with complete or partial IgA deficiency. In 27% of cases an increase in the level of serum IgA was observed, such increase occurring more frequently in complete than in partial IgA deficiency. A rise in the level of serum antibodies, especially those to alimentary and enterobacterial antigens, was established; the degree of this rise was not correlated with the degree of disturbances in the systemic synthesis of IgA. In complete IgA deficiency not only serum, but also salivary IgA was absent; in some cases saliva contained no secretory component as well. In partial IgA deficiency the level of salivary IgA was normal. The characteristic features of systemic and local immunity in a varying degree of disturbances in the synthesis of IgA are discussed. PMID- 6730812 TI - [Immunologic pathology in patients with disorders of neuromuscular transmission]. AB - The article presents an analysis of long-term follow up studies of more than 2500 patients with various forms of neuromuscular transmission impairments. The results of repeated observations, employing electromyographic and immunologic techniques made it possible to raise a question about the homogeneity and differences in the mechanisms of myasthenia formation, and also about combinations of myasthenia with other autoimmune diseases and with the myasthenic syndrome of Lambert- Iton 's type. PMID- 6730813 TI - [Methods of determining conduction velocity along sensory fibers of peripheral nerves]. AB - The results of determining the sensory conduction along the median nerve by the methods of Buchthal et al. and Gutmann are compared. Ten healthy subjects were examined using a serial myograph supplied by " Medicor ". The identical nature of the results obtained by both methods warranted the conclusion as to the high reliability of Gutmann's method. The authors describe the adequate operational regime of the frequency filters of the myograph as well as the technical procedures enabling the researcher to register low-amplitude action potentials of the peripheral nerve sensory fibers without an averager. PMID- 6730814 TI - [Neurologic and x-ray aspects of osteochondrosis and diskosis (khondrosis) of the spine]. AB - A certain disparity between the neurological and pathomorphological manifestations of osteochondrosis is reviewed. The authors substantiate the necessity of dividing the dystrophic process in the motor lumbar segment into two phases: 1) the involvement of the disk alone ( diskosis or chondrosis ) and 2) the involvement of both disk and adjacent vertebrae (osteochondrosis). The roentgenological diagnosis of these pathological phases is offered. The question of differentiating the mechanical injuries to the intervertebral disk from osteochondrosis is discussed. PMID- 6730815 TI - [Vertebrogenic subpiriform compression-ischemic neuropathy of the sciatic nerve with predominant lesions of fibers of the peroneal nerve (pathogenesis, clinical picture, treatment)]. AB - Using clinical and instrumental methods of investigation, seven patients with vertebrogenic neuropathy of the lesser femoral nerve were examined with reference to three levels of compression: 1) diskoradicular , 2) the subpiriform space: 3) osteofibrous channel on the leg. The involvement of the lesser femoral nerve is facilitated by its considerable length and by a large number of vulnerable points on it. Cases of the combined signs of the impaired lesser femoral nerve fibers at three levels are explained by the theory of "double compression". The guidelines of the differential therapy are proposed with regard to the level of involvement and the stage of exacerbation. PMID- 6730816 TI - [Dynamics of the electroencephalogram and rheoencephalogram during reflexotherapy of patients with trigeminal neuralgia]. AB - The examination of the EEG and the REG prior to and after acupuncture in patients with trigeminal neuralgia revealed the characteristic changes in the bioelectrical activity of the brain and in the cerebral circulation. Following the treatment the pattern of these changes was shown to alter. The beneficial time-course of the EEG was predominant although rheoencephalographic indices were also normalized. The majority of cases displayed the correlation between the physiological and clinical indices which prompted the conclusion that the physiological parameters studied were adequate for assessing the efficacy of acupuncture in trigeminal neuralgia. PMID- 6730817 TI - [Thermography in the diagnosis of spontaneous lumbosacral radiculitis]. AB - Employing the Soviet thermal scanner "Rubin", 59 patients aged 20 to 65 years suffering from lumbosacral radiculitis were examined. Clinical examinations were supplemented with spondylography , epidurography, pneumomyelography and myelography. Operation performed on 29 patients showed a slipped disk in 26 and hypertrophy of the yellow ligament in three patients. The level and the side of compression of one or another neural root by the slipped disk detected at operation correlated with the thermographic data in 72% of all cases. An analysis of the thermograms in 59 patients with lumbosacral radiculitis demonstrated that thermographically the given disease was manifested by the zone of hyperthermia in the lumbosacral area and the disruption of the thermal flow in the form of hypothermia in the lower extremities which in 72% of cases was distributed according to the stripe type. The side and the level of compression of the neural root are also outlined. PMID- 6730818 TI - [Unusual tremor in a patient with a local lesion of the brain]. AB - The authors describe tremor of the left limbs, that differs from the known types of tremor. The patient developed it concurrently with the symptoms of meningioma of the anterior part of the falciform process in the presence of residual phenomena after removal of the lateral ventricle tumor. The pathophysiological mechanisms of this unusual tremor generation are discussed. PMID- 6730819 TI - [Systematic organization of the symptoms of depression]. AB - Using a mathematical- locical techniques, a systemic organization of depressive symptoms at the level of components was suggested. This system may be used for evaluating the severity of the condition and determining its nosological character as well as for establishing prognostic criteria. PMID- 6730820 TI - [Climacteric mask of endogenous depressions]. AB - Eighty-six women of the menopausal age with neurotic and neurosis-like disturbances in the presence of the disrupted menstrual cycle were followed up at the Kazan psychoneurological outpatient centre. Out of the total number, 32 cases of masked depression in the framework of cyclothymia imitating climacteric disorders were ascertained. The author specifies the clinical characteristics of endogenic masked depression and the diagnostic criteria allowing its differentiation from climacteric neurosis. PMID- 6730821 TI - [Features of cerebral-somatic and metabolic shifts in older patients with depressive states]. AB - The age-related features of the sympatheticoadrenal homeostatic system identified in healthy subjects affect the pathogenesis and the clinical picture of depressions in old age. Sympatheticotonia , the stimulation of catecholamine synthesis, particularly of noradrenaline synthesis, contribute to the development of anxiety and agitation states in manic-depressive patients. Patients with involutional depression are characterized by the heterogeneous pattern of the functional changes in the body. This feature differentiates the above disorder from manic-depressive psychosis. Despite the anxiety affect, the patients mostly exhibit the synchronous EEG and the absence of any changes in blood and urinary noradrenaline. The central and peripheral changes in atherosclerotic depression reflect the on-going pathological process. PMID- 6730822 TI - [Schizophrenia with manic paroxysms during its course]. AB - A total of 34 patients with the monopolar manic course of paroxysm-like schizophrenia were studied for their premorbid characteristics and the nature of their paroxysms, remissions and personality changes. The premorbid characteristics were consistent with the personality structure of schizoids or hyperthymic psychopaths. Two different types of manic paroxysms were specified: simple manic states whose symptomatology was determined mostly by affective disturbances and manic-delirious paroxysms manifested in the form of mania with acute sensual delusion and manic-paranoid conditions. Certain differences in the time-course of the disease were found to depend on the type of the manifest paroxysm. The author elucidated relatively unremarkable and slowly increasing personality changes and the good quality of remissions in cases with prolonged hypomania. PMID- 6730823 TI - [Dynamics of psychogenic depressive disorders occasioned by the birth of a sick child into a family]. AB - In order to study the time-course of depressive neurosis, the author followed up 51 women living under the conditions of a prolonged psychotraumatic situation (the presence in the family of a child with infantile cerebral paralysis). Two variants of depressive disturbances formation closely associated with the premorbid characteristics of the patients' personality have been identified. It was shown that with passing years the neurotic disturbances led to a clinically homogeneous neurotic development of depressive nature. The author outlines the mechanism of the time-course of the given type of borderline disturbances, proceding from neurotic depressive reactions to depressive neurosis and further to a specific development of the personality. PMID- 6730824 TI - [Reactive states in patients with traumatic disease of the brain at remote periods]. AB - Long-term reactive conditions in 100 patients with traumatic cerebral lesions were studied. On the basis of the disease course, the patients were divided into two groups. In 55 cases, psychogenic disorders developed into neuroses, the latter transforming over years into neurosis-like symptomatology, with the growing frequency of vegetative and liquorodynamic impairments and also with increased asthenia. In the case of psychoses development, there was a tendency toward the alleviation of the acuity of every subsequent reactive condition. Such disorders as acute reactive psychoses, reactive depression, delirium-like fantasies showed a progressive tendency to decline, while there was an increase in the incidence of pseudodementia, reactive paranoid and verbal hallucinosis. Conditions contributing to the development of individual types of psychoses are reviewed. PMID- 6730825 TI - [Clinical analysis of movement disorders in reactive states]. AB - Fifty-two patients with reactive states were studied for specific features of their motor disorders. The clinical follow-up data were supplemented by electromyographic examinations. The motor pathology was shown to be characterized by polymorphism and marked atypical nature. It was revealed that under conditions of considerable functional disintegration of the cerebral motor systems, the motor pathology observed was similar to that seen with organic brain diseases. PMID- 6730826 TI - [Structure of nocturnal sleep in sleep disorders among middle and late middle aged patients]. AB - This is a report on the electropolygraphical examination of nocturnal sleep and the study of emotional-personality changes in 53 patients with impaired sleep who were divided into two groups (24 middle-aged and 29 elderly patients). Day-time electropolygraphic examinations were carried out in 39 out of these patients in period of relaxed and alert wakefulness. The patients versus healthy controls showed a reduction in the total duration of sleep, a tendency toward a decrease in delta-sleep, rapid sleep and the number of completed cycles. The patients were further characterized by an increase in the time of falling asleep, the number of spontaneous awakenings and the time of wakefulness in the course of sleep. The elderly as compared with the middle-aged were characterized by a pronounced decrease in night sleep, the duration of Stage II and the number of completed cycles of nocturnal sleep. In the period of alert wakefulness, alpha responsiveness in some modulated functional states was lower than in the control group. PMID- 6730827 TI - [Nocturnal polygraphic studies during the treatment of depressed patients with sleep deprivation]. AB - In 33 patients with endogenic and psychogenic depression treated by a course of total agrypnotic therapy, the time-course of the clinical and psychological parameters was compared with the findings provided by polygraphic examinations of night sleep. Sleep deprivation lessened depression by regulating the pattern of sleep in depressive patients which was expressed both in its deepening and the improvement of its total and cyclic organization. The efficacy of the agrypnotic therapy was more effective in cases when the quantitative parameters of sleep were disrupted less severely and when gross pathological changes of its general pattern predominated. The study confirms the homogeneity of the neurophysiological and biochemical cerebral processes responsible for the emotional state of the person and the integration of his or her sleep. PMID- 6730828 TI - [Personality dynamics during prolonged lithium prevention]. AB - The preventive lithium therapy of paroxysm-like endogenic psychoses is associated with a change in the personality responses, in particular to the patient's own mental disease which makes it possible to speak about certain personality changes that manifest themselves phenomenologically by the formation of the adequate criticism of the disease, the psychological dependence on the lithium therapy and by peculiar reduction of emotional responses. The pathogenetic treatment of the described phenomena is sophisticated and calls for the consideration of both therapy and features of the endogenous process. PMID- 6730829 TI - [Complex use of phenazepam, lithium and haloperidol in the treatment of several forms of schizophrenia]. AB - The effectiveness of phenazepam, lithium and haloperidol used in combination was studied in schizophrenic patients with different courses of the disease. These drugs were used in doses lower than average therapeutic doses usually employed. The multiple modality therapy studied proved to be effective even in those cases where the patients had been resistant to earlier conducted active antipsychotic methods of treatment. In addition, there were no marked side effects in the form of extrapyramidal disorders. The follow-up study showed that the use of this treatment modality, having no effect on the progression of the schizophrenic process, may serve as a method of choice. This therapy has a number of advantages as compared with other treatments. PMID- 6730830 TI - [Effect of ethanol on components of the nonspecific startle reaction in man]. AB - The components of the startle reaction (SR) (reactions of nonspecific motor activation, the wink reflex and reflectory alleviation of motoneurones) were utilized as indices of the functional status of the midbrain system of cerebral nonspecific activation. Healthy subjects and chronic alcoholics in the abstinence period were examined. The patients exhibited significantly lower SR thresholds, a shortened latent period and a stronger reaction as compared with the healthy subjects which was suggestive of the irritation of the mesencephalic activating mechanisms in patients during the period of abstinence. Intake of the euphorizing doses of ethanol depressed the acoustic SR in both patients and controls. It is concluded that ethanol exerts an inhibitory action on the midbrain system of brain nonspecific activation. PMID- 6730831 TI - The frequency of carcinoma in Crohn's disease. AB - An operated case of cancer in the small bowel associated with Crohn's disease is reported. The patient had been treated for ulcerative colitis from 16 till 32 years of age. Attention is called to the danger of carcinoma in cases of Crohn's disease that manifests in juvenile age. In spite of the risks, early exploration is advocated. PMID- 6730832 TI - Ischaemic necrosis of the lesser curvature of the stomach as a complication of proximal selective vagotomy. AB - After a survey a the European literature of lesser curvature ischaemic necrosis, a special complication of proximal selective vagotomy, the pathogenesis, and the clinical and pathological forms of the complication as well as the possibilities of its treatment and prevention are analysed. The case of two patients with lesser curvature necrosis is presented. PMID- 6730833 TI - Renal distal tubular acidosis in obstructive nephropathy. AB - The acidifying capacity of the kidney was studied in patients with obstructive nephropathy. After a loading test with ammonium chloride, incomplete renal tubular acidosis (RTA) could be observed in 22.5% and stone formation in 30% of the patients with renal tubular acidosis. Attention is called to the fact that, in addition to the known anatomical and physicochemical factors, the alkali fixed urine due to incomplete tubular acidosis due to urinary tract obstruction also predisposes to calculus formation. PMID- 6730834 TI - [Joint prosthesis in bone surgery]. PMID- 6730835 TI - [Colonic diverticulitis and peritonitis]. PMID- 6730836 TI - [Generalized peritonitis as a result of perforation of diverticular sigmoiditis. Retrospective analysis of 32 cases]. AB - A retrospective study of 32 cases. The authors relate about a series of thirty two cases of diffuse peritonitis, complicating diverticular sigmo iditis in which the etiological features, means of diagnosis and surgical procedures are analysed. According to obtained results, the preference is given to Hartmann's intervention. They are convinced that the better results after that surgical technique are due to the better management of the stercoral peritonitis it offers, taking away the infectious segment. It is neither long to perform nor dangerous and prevents anastomotic fistula in these no-prepared colons. The global mortality of peritonitis in diverticular disease of the colon appears them still very high and they prefer the one stage prophylactic segmentary colectomy after one or two medically treated acute sigmo iditis , particularly in the young patient of who the liability to complications is high. PMID- 6730837 TI - [Diverticular and instrumental perforations of the colon]. AB - From july 1976 to july 1982, two groups of patients consisting of eleven peritonitis due to acute perforated diverticulitis, and five instrumental colonic perforations were treated in our department. None of the patients died in both groups. The relative infrequency, the important morbidity and the inaugural aspect of the perforation in the diverticular disease are in agreement with the literature. The ideal surgical attitude is still controversial. With the majority of the authors, we prefer the Hartmann's operation. The frequency of iatrogenic perforations is not negligible, and could increase in the future, with the development of endoscopic investigations. The morbidity is lower than in the first group, provided that the surgical treatment is applied early. PMID- 6730838 TI - Operative management of penetrating wounds of the chest. Experience with 41 patients on the island of Curacao. AB - Of the 157 cases of chest injuries, 41 patients underwent thoracotomy. Thirty three were male and 7 female with an average age of 27 years. Eighty-three percent had stabwounds and 17 percent gunshotwounds . On admission and on examination only seven thoracotomy patients were in a stable clinical condition. Hypotension and hemo- or pneumothorax were often present. Persisting hemorrhage from chest tubes drainage, cardiac tamponnade , and massive hemothorax were indications for immediate thoracotomy. Only few of the patients with an hemothorax have an hemorrhage from a major systemic vessel. Associated intraabdominal injuries were often found (17%). For exploration of the abdominal lesions a separate explorative laparotomy is indicated. The only patient who died in our series suffered from septicemia after multiple associated intra-abdominal wounds (mortality rate 2.4%). The overall complication rate was 19.7%. The average period of hospitalisation was 15.4 days. PMID- 6730839 TI - [Thymectomy in myasthenia gravis]. AB - Myasthenia gravis is an autoimmundisease characterized by muscle fatigability due to a reduction in available acetylcholinereceptors at neuromuscular junction. Although the role of the thymus in the pathophysiology remains obscure, the results of thymectomy are out of discussion. However, controversy continues concerning the indications for thymectomy. In a period of six years and a half, 24 patients underwent a thymectomy. 22 of the patients benefited from the procedure. Their was no relation with sex, age, and severity of the disease; but how sooner we operate, how greater the changes for a total remission. With this results we propose thymectomy as essential in the treatment of myasthenia gravis. We found no relationship between anatomopathological results and these of the thymectomy. But we can confirm that a reduction in the acetylcholine antibodies titer is not essential for clinical benefit. PMID- 6730841 TI - [Apropos of a case of Jefferson fracture: diagnosis, treatment, outcome and value of the CT-scanner in evaluating lesions and the quality of reduction]. AB - A 53 year old man was admitted with severe pain localized high in the neck after he fell from a height of 3-4 meters on his head. Routine radiographic investigation, tomography and CT-scan disclosed a fracture of the right articular apophysis of the first cervical vertebra with diastasis. Complete reduction of the fracture was obtained after 30 days of traction. The patient resumed his full professional activity after consolidation of the fracture site. It is worth mentioning that in the literature the overall results of therapy are very deceptive. PMID- 6730840 TI - [Vascular injuries associated with osteoarticular lesions of the lower extremities]. AB - The authors report 38 observations of vascular traumatisms associated to osteo articular lesions of lower members cured by restorative treatment. The authors define a diagnostic and therapeutic line of conduct. They insisted upon the necessity of early diagnosis of vascular lesion, based on ultrasonic exploration of vessels as soon as the patient was admitted to hospital. Restoration must be considered from a global point of view in taking into account the state of integuments , the type of selected osseous restoration, the vascular approach and the possible necessity of aponeurotomy . The importance of vascular lesion and the slowness of circulation restoration induced the results of the treatment, the major risks of which were infection and metabolic lesion of the kidney. In 18% of the cases amputation was necessary. PMID- 6730842 TI - Cecal volvulus: report of a case and review of the literature. AB - Colonic volvulus is a common condition that affects the sigmoid and rarely involves the more proximal colon. The cecal volvulus is a well-recognized entity, about 270 cases have been reported in the medical literature to our knowledge. A recent case of acute cecal volvulus is described with a Review of the Literature. PMID- 6730843 TI - [Ulcer perforating into the free peritoneum. Review of 70 cases]. AB - We retrospectively studied a series of 70 patients admitted between 1977 and 1982 with an acute perforated ulcer. As compared to available data our patient's population is characterized by elevated mean age and by important delay between onset of symptoms and admission. Clinical diagnosis supported by plain X-rays and laboratory was confirmed in 91%. In one patient only, treatment was purely conservative; nine vagotomies, four gastrectomies and fifty-six suture plication were performed. Hospital stage was short (mean: 13,5 days) despite 37% morbidity. Mortality (10%) was close correlated with age and delay between onset of symptoms and treatment. PMID- 6730844 TI - [Truncal vagotomy with pyloroplasty as a routine procedure in perforated duodenal ulcer]. AB - Truncal vagotomy and pyloroplasty for perforated duodenal ulcer. A retrospective study of 220 patients operated upon between 1959 and 1982 for perforated duodenal ulcer by truncal vagotomy and pyloroplasty shows that this operation can be performed as safely as suture plication, even in the critically ill patient. The advantages of this procedure as the routine treatment of perforated duodenal ulcer are discussed. PMID- 6730845 TI - Results of simple suture for perforated peptic ulcer. AB - A series of perforated peptic ulcer, mainly treated by simple suture, omentoplasty and drainage, is presented. The mortality rate, amounting 13.5%, as well as the postoperative sequelae are discussed. Recurrences or persistent symptoms induced reoperations in 63% of the patients. A comparison between our results and the figures from the literature is given, essentially focused on the choice to be made at the moment of the laparotomy for perforation. PMID- 6730846 TI - Psycho-social problems of diabetic children and adolescents. AB - The experience gained in the treatment of 700 diabetic children and adolescents over 20 years at the Beilinson Medical Center, Israel, is reviewed in the light of prevailing concepts. To deal with the psycho-social problems arising in this chronic disease with acute episodes, a multidisciplinary team approach has been used since 1966. The program of this team and the results obtained in relation to the control of the diabetes and to the habilitation and rehabilitation of patients within the family, at school and in adulthood (work and marriage) are described. PMID- 6730847 TI - Glycosylated proteins as an indicator of metabolic control in diabetes: evaluation by aminophenylboronic acid affinity chromatography. AB - Glycosylated proteins, glycosylated albumin and HbA1 were studied in type I and type II diabetes. Glycosylated proteins were evaluated by a new method: aminophenylboronic acid affinity chromatography. A good correlation was found between total HbA1 and glycosylated proteins in both groups (r = 0.57, p less than 0.05; r = 0.67, p less than 0.01, respectively), but a positive correlation between stable HbA1 and glycosylated proteins was present only in maturity onset diabetics (r = 0.71, p less than 0.01). Glycosylated proteins correlated with glycosylated albumin only in type II diabetes (r = 0.67, p less than 0.01). We hypothesize that in maturity onset diabetes glycosylated proteins and HbA1 reflect a greater glycemic stability while in insulin-dependent diabetes the same proteins reflect a different periodic pattern of glycemic control. Moreover, our data suggest that aminophenylboronic acid affinity chromatography is a suitable tool for routine monitoring of metabolic control in maturity onset diabetes, while further investigations are needed to establish if this method is a useful index of altered glucose metabolism in type I diabetes. PMID- 6730848 TI - Assessment of left ventricular function with M-mode echocardiography in a selected group of diabetic patients. AB - Sixty patients with non-insulin-dependent diabetes underwent M-mode echocardiographic examination. They were all in good metabolic control under treatment with oral antidiabetic drugs and/or diet; none had clinical evidence of micro- or macroangiopathy, cardiovascular disease, arterial hypertension, or other associated risk factors. The control group consisted of 30 normal subjects. No significant differences were shown either with routine or computer-assisted evaluation of the echocardiograms; if there was a significant difference, there was a wide overlap with normal values. However, alterations of the systolic function of the left ventricle were shown by the reduction of the percentage fractional shortening during the first third of systole (9.14 +/- 5.85 vs 12.27 +/- 7.04, p less than 0.05); alterations of the diastolic function were shown by the marked mitral opening delay (54.15 +/- 20.64 msec vs 10.57 +/- 5.18, p less than 0.00001) and the presence of a B notch (50% of the diabetics). In particular, the B notch seemed to be associated with more severe impairment of left ventricular performance. Therefore, these data appear particularly useful in detecting even slight abnormalities in cardiac function in diabetic patients. PMID- 6730849 TI - Increased LDL cholesterol in non-insulin-dependent diabetics with maculopathy. AB - Serum cholesterol and its various lipoprotein fractions and triglycerides were measured in 50 non-insulin-dependent diabetic patients, 25 without retinopathy (group A) and 25 with diabetic maculopathy (group B) initially before control of diabetes, and again, after achieving good metabolic control. The lipid parameters were also estimated in 25 healthy non-diabetic subjects. The groups were well matched for sex, age, duration of diabetes and body weight. Mean serum total cholesterol and LDL cholesterol levels were significantly higher in group B when compared to group A, before and after achieving good metabolic control of diabetes (p less than 0.001). Mean total/HDL cholesterol and mean LDL/HDL cholesterol ratios were also significantly increased in group B as compared to group A (p less than 0.01) both before and after good diabetic control in these patients. Mean serum HDL and VLDL cholesterol and triglyceride concentrations were similar in groups A and B. The mean serum lipid concentrations in the diabetic patients without retinopathy (group A) were comparable to those of non diabetic subjects. PMID- 6730850 TI - Clinically ascertainable data requirements of the new classification of diabetes mellitus. PMID- 6730851 TI - The effects of hormone implants on serum lipoproteins and steroid hormones in bilaterally oophorectomised women. AB - Serum lipoproteins were measured over a period of 6 months in 14 oophorectomised women treated with oestrogen implants (50 mg oestradiol-17 beta) and 17 oophorectomised women treated with oestrogen/testosterone implants (50 mg oestradiol-17 beta, 100 mg testosterone). Both types of implant caused only minimal changes in lipoprotein metabolism. Low density lipoprotein (LDL) cholesterol decreased with both types of implant and high density lipoprotein (HDL) cholesterol rose with the oestrogen implants. HDL subfractions were also measured. The oestrogen implants caused a transient rise in HDL2 cholesterol levels at 2 months and a slower rise in HDL3 cholesterol. The oestrogen/testosterone implants had no effect on HDL fractions. The results indicate that hormone implants do not cause the profound changes in lipoproteins associated with oral hormone therapy. PMID- 6730852 TI - The effect of testosterone on ram spermatozoa collective motility treated by antimycin A. AB - The effect of testosterone on collective motility of antimycin A-treated, Ficoll 400-washed ejaculated ram spermatozoa was studied. The lowest concentration of antimycin A which blocked collective motility in hexose deprived cells (0.4 X 10(9) cells/ml) was 2 X 10(-7) M. Fructose, glucose and mannose, but not galactose, sorbitol or inositol, served as energy sources for collective motility. Cortisol, 5-beta-DHT, androsterone and 5-alpha-pregnan 3-beta-ol-20-one did not affect collective motility. Testosterone inhibited collective motility in a dose-dependent fashion. However, it did not affect lactic acid accumulation. The effect of testosterone was noted both on cells suspended in buffer containing fructose and on exogenously starved cells treated with fructose after collective motility arrest. It was concluded that testosterone might exert its inhibitory effect on motility by uncoupling fructolytic energy production to the tail motility system. PMID- 6730854 TI - Effect of the vasopressin antagonist d/CH2/5Tyr/Et/VAVP on the antidiuretic action of exogenous and endogenous vasopressin. AB - The effect of [1-(beta-mercapto-beta, beta- cyclopentamethylene -propionic acid),2-0- ethyltyrosine ,4-valine]-arginine vasopressin on the water metabolism was studied in rats. The compound decreases the antidiuretic action of exogenous vasopressin in Brattleboro rats; in rats without diabetes insipidus it causes temporary polyuria and eliminates the response of antidiuresis to an osmotic stimulus. The results indicate that this compound can block the antidiuretic action of both exogenous and endogenous vasopressin. PMID- 6730853 TI - The biological assay of human somatomedin A: improvement by small molecular weight natural molecules. AB - Somatomedin activity is often measured by 35SO4 uptake in pelvic chick embryo cartilage. This assay gives good results when the somatomedin activity is measured in serum, but often gives uninterpretable results for purified somatomedin. An ultrafiltrate (UF 1000) obtained from human normal serum, added to the incubation medium allows measurement of biological somatomedin activity even when somatomedin is highly purified. UF 1000 contains some compounds of molecular weight lower than 1000 daltons. UF 1000 acts either when used simultaneously with somatomedin or in pre-incubation with cartilage before testing biological activity. So, we chose to use it in pre-incubation (1 h) at the optimal concentration of 10% (v/v), the standard curves being realized with normal serum retentates . In these conditions, the proper action of UF 1000 does not interfere with calculation of somatomedin activity. This method has enabled us to show that a diminution of serum somatomedin activity can be linked either to an anomaly of UF 1000 or to a somatomedin deficiency. PMID- 6730855 TI - Prevention of hyponatraemia and cerebral oedema by the vasopressin antagonist d/CH2/5Tyr/Et/VAVP in rats treated with pitressin tannate. AB - A rat model of the Schwartz-Bartter syndrome was created by the administration of a high dose of a long-acting vasopressin preparation (pitressin tannate ) together with a forced water intake. The treatment led to water retention, hypernatriuria , marked hyponatraemia (in 4-5 days) and severe cerebral oedema. These changes could be prevented by the simultaneous administration of [1-(beta mercapto-beta, beta- cyclopentamethylene -propionic acid),2-0- ethyltyrosine ,4 valine]arginine vasopressin. The observations indicate that this vasopressin antagonist analogue might be of use in the future as an effective drug against the Schwartz-Bartter syndrome. PMID- 6730856 TI - The prevalence and progression of autoimmune thyroid disease in the elderly. AB - Thyroid antibodies were measured by an enzyme-linked assay system (ELISA) on a random sample of 414 asymptomatic elderly people aged 70 years or more in a South Wales town in 1977. The prevalence of elevated titres of microsomal antibodies was 15.4% and of thyroglobulin antibodies 13.3%; 8.5% had an elevation of both antibodies. Five years later thyroid function was evaluated in 51 (66.6%) of those people with raised antibody titres in 1977 and compared with a control group of 46 old people drawn from the original population. Significant fluctuations of microsomal and thyroglobulin antibody titres were observed in two thirds of the antibody positive group. Three people in the control group developed positive thyroid antibodies during this period. Only 1 person in the antibody positive group became hypothyroid. The prognostic significance of raised thyroid antibodies with or without elevated TSH levels is less in the elderly than in middle aged or younger people. The significance of the fluctuating antibody levels as measured by a more sensitive method remains to be determined. PMID- 6730857 TI - Immunoreactive parathyroid hormone, calcium, and magnesium in human cerebrospinal fluid. AB - Parathyroid hormone (PTH) was measured radioimmunologically in simultaneous plasma and cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) samples obtained from 72 patients aged 20 to 80 years without endocrine or psychiatric diseases and from 2 patients aged 40 and 70 years with secondary hyperparathyroidism due to renal insufficiency. They underwent routine diagnostic lumbar puncture because of suspected prolapse of a disc. Total calcium (Ca) and magnesium (Mg) were also determined in these samples by complexometry . The following findings were obtained (ng/ml, median, range in brackets): Plasma PTH 1.7 (0.7-6.6); CSF PTH 0.8 (0.5-2.3), respectively. No correlation was found between PTH concentrations in plasma and CSF in all 74 samples. The Ca concentrations in plasma, with a median of 2.3 mmol/l (2.1-2.6) were significantly higher than the Ca concentrations in CSF (median 1.1 mmol/l, range 0.4-1.3). The correlation between PTH and calcium levels in CSF was only weak (r = 0.284 P less than 0.05). The Mg levels in CSF (median 1.1 mmol/l, range 0.7-1.6) were higher than Mg concentrations in plasma (median 0.9 mmol/l, range 0.6-1.1). No correlation was found between PTH and Mg in CSF. Our study demonstrated that in man PTH is a normal constituent of CSF. PMID- 6730859 TI - Evidence for existence of somatostatin-like immunoreactivity with molecular heterogeneity in porcine ovaries. AB - Measurement of somatostatin (SRIF) by RIA in porcine ovarian tissues after removal of the follicular fluid revealed the existence of immunoreactive (IR) SRIF at concentrations of 2.2 +/- 0.6 ng/g wet weight (mean +/- SD). On gel chromatographic analysis of ovarian extracts one major and two minor components with SRIF-like immunoreactivities have been detected. The major component comprised 59.5 +/- 15.1% of the total IR-SRIF and was coeluted with synthetic tetradecapeptide (SRIF 14). The two other components seemed to have almost the same molecular weights as synthetic octacosapeptide (SRIF 28) (25.1 +/- 10%) and pro-somatostatin (15.4 +/- 5.5%), respectively. It is concluded that SRIF in porcine ovaries is heterogeneous, comprising SRIF 14 as a major component, as well as larger forms of SRIF which probably represent SRIF precursors. PMID- 6730860 TI - Effects of oxytocin on cervical and uterine connective tissue. AB - The effect of oxytocin on collagen metabolism in the cervix and lower uterine segment of pregnant women was studied by measuring the incorporation of [3H]proline in vitro. Oxytocin had a concentration related inhibitory effect on the labelling with [3H]proline. Addition of indomethacin did not influence the response to oxytocin indicating that the effect was not directly mediated by prostaglandins. Oestradiol-17 beta potentiated the effect of oxytocin. Vasopressin decreased the incorporation of [3H]proline slightly but the action of this hormone was significantly less than that of oxytocin. The results suggest that oxytocin under in vitro experimental conditions influences cervical connective tissue metabolism which is in contrast to current clinical experiences. PMID- 6730861 TI - Circulating concentrations of oxytocin during pregnancy in ewes. AB - Oxytocin and progesterone were measured radioimmunologically during a control cycle, early pregnancy and during several time courses until term in 4 ewes of a local Maroccan breed of sheep. Oxytocin concentrations increased in a similar matter after day 3-4 of the control cycle or after mating and decreased on days 13-15 of early pregnancy about 2 days earlier than during the oestrous cycle. After days 18-19 of pregnancy oxytocin concentrations remained low until term at concentrations as observed during the non-luteal phase of the oestrous cycle. Contrary progesterone concentrations remained high throughout gestation. Maternal recognition of pregnancy seems to have only a slight effect on the secretion pattern of oxytocin for few days after day 12. The results indicate a similar unknown mechanism during the cycle and early pregnancy for the vanishing oxytocin secretion and perhaps synthesis. PMID- 6730858 TI - Seasonal levels of serum parathyroid hormone, calcitonin and alkaline phosphatase in relation to antler cycles in white-tailed deer. AB - Seasonal levels of serum parathyroid hormone (PTH), calcitonin (CT), and alkaline phosphatase (AP) were studied in relation to antler growth cycles in 8 male (2.5 6 years old) white-tailed deer. Feed consumption was recorded weekly, whereas body weight was recorded biweekly. Antler length was measured from the pedicle to the tip after velvet growth was initiated. Serum samples were obtained biweekly while animals were tranquilized with xylazine hydrochloride. Serum Ca was significantly (P less than 0.05) elevated during the summer. Serum P was significantly (P less than 0.05) elevated only during early fall. There was an increase in serum PTH during velvet initiation in April-May, but not thereafter. CT increased during the rapid antler growth period. Serum PTH levels were significantly (P less than 0.05) elevated (0.628 vs 0.884 ng/ml) during post velvet shedding and decreased (0.602 vs 0.346 ng/ml, P less than 0.05) during post-antler casting. Serum AP activity was highest during rapid velvet antler growth. Feed intake was lowest in early winter, but a compensatory increase was found in late winter. Feed intake peaked in May, then gradually decreased. Body weight was maximum in November and minimum in March. It is concluded that increased PTH during velvet initiation is responsible for Ca absorption and/or mobilization. Increasing PTH levels are related to final mineralization of antlers post-velvet shedding. Higher levels of serum Ca in June-July inhibit continued increase in PTH. Increased CT during rapid antler growth may have prevented excessive bone resorption. PMID- 6730863 TI - Arterial umbilical cord as tubal replacement. A preliminary report. AB - In ten white New Zealand rabbits a one cm long human arterial cord graft was transplanted after resection of 0,5 cm of isthmus by microsurgical technique. The umbilical artery was previously prepared under microscope and treated for suppression of cord antigens. After two episodes of mating, no pregnancies were observed in the operated side, but total patency was demonstrated in 2 case (20%) and only distal occlusion in 2 more (20%). In 4 cases (40%) the growth of mucosa by apocrine metaplasia was histologically observed and in 5 cases (50%) the presence of foreign body reaction was detected. The hystological findings are presented and the results discussed. PMID- 6730862 TI - Vasoepididymostomy to the head of the epididymis: a comparative study of two microsurgical techniques in the rabbit. AB - In an experimental animal study, two different microsurgical techniques of vasoepididymostomy to the caput epididymidis are compared: an end-to-side anastomosis with the epididymal tubule and an end-to-end anastomosis with a section of a cluster of the epididymal tubule. The patency rates are respectively 50 per cent and 26.3 per cent, as controlled by deferentography and histology. Examination with scanning electron microscopy, shows that the superiority of the first method is due to the better apposition of both mucosas . PMID- 6730864 TI - Isthmic tubal occlusion: etiology and histology. AB - Twenty five patients were operated on for isthmic tubal occlusion. In 15 cases (60%) the etiology of this lesion was salpingitis isthmica nodosa. Of the other 10 cases, three showed tubal endometriosis and another three isthmic fibrosis. In two patients the histologic examination showed chronic inflammation. In one case etiology was tubal tuberculosis and in one case a cyst of calcified Gartner 's duct was seen. Inflammatory etiology seems to be important in isthmic tubal occlusion. In many cases chlamydial infection may be the chronic irritant which also cause the muscular hypertrophy leading to salpingitis isthmica nodosa. PMID- 6730865 TI - Tubal microsurgery versus in vitro fertilization. PMID- 6730866 TI - The management of hydrocolpos. AB - Three cases of hydrocolpos observed in the Milan Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology and of Pediatric Surgery are described. Two of them were cases of simple imperforated hymen whereas the third had a vaginal obstruction associated with microcephaly and polydactily. The diagnosis was based on vaginography and urography and the treatment on resection of the vaginal membrane in two cases and in laparatomic Leadbetter-Politano's operation in the third. The Authors stress the importance of a very early diagnosis for a definitive treatment and a good prognosis and also the interest of a follow-up of these patients. PMID- 6730867 TI - Effects of Carica papaya seed extracts on the physiology of the vas deferens of albino rats. AB - The physiology of vas deferens after administrating papaya seed extract (1 mg/0.2 ml/day/rat) for 7 and 15 days was studied with reference to organ weights, fertility rate, some biochemical parameters and contractile pattern of isolated right and left vas deferens. Studies on combined extract + ascorbic acid feeding and discontinuation of treatment for 1 and 2 1/2 months were also carried out. The results revealed that the treatment altered the biochemical parameters except cholesterol levels and the contractile pattern was reduced in comparison to control. However, significant recovery occurred by withdrawal of treatment in all parameters studied. AA feeding was efficaceous in restoring the androgenicity of vas deferens under treated conditions. On the whole, the distal vas deferens was affected more by the seed extract treatment than proximal vas and recovery was slower probably due to its higher threshold requirement for androgen. The results are discussed in the light of recent work. PMID- 6730868 TI - A case of pregnancy in a patient suffering from the Behcet syndrome: immunological aspects. AB - A case of pregnancy in a patient with Behcet syndrome is described. The immunological aspects have been thoroughly investigated during and after gestation and an explanation is given in regards to clinical remission during pregnancy. PMID- 6730869 TI - Personality factors in human conditioning. PMID- 6730870 TI - Epidural analgesia and the endocrine-metabolic response to surgery. Update and perspectives. PMID- 6730871 TI - Failure of epidural analgesia to modify postoperative depression of delayed hypersensitivity. AB - Delayed hypersensitivity to four common antigens was assessed in 32 patients undergoing major abdominal surgery randomly allocated to either general anesthesia (fentanyl + O2/N2O + postoperative pain relief with systemic opiates) or general anaesthesia + epidural analgesia (local anaesthetics + morphine) continued for 72 h. Skin-test responses were performed 2 days before surgery and 1 day after surgery and compared to a similar retesting schedule in 16 comparable non-operative control patients. Cumulated mean skin-test responses increased from 1290 to 2330 mm2 (P less than 0.0001) during retesting in the non-operative control group. In contrast, mean skin-test responses in patients operated during general anaesthesia + systemic opiates for postoperative pain relief fell from 1422 to 1227 mm2 (P = 0.3) and in patients receiving epidural analgesia from 1228 to 890 mm2 (P = 0.06), without statistically significant differences between these two groups (P greater than 0.5). Thus, surgery leads to depression of delayed hypersensitivity and this impairment in immunofunction is not modified by an epidural analgesic regimen providing adequate pain relief. PMID- 6730872 TI - Effects of thoracic epidural analgesia on cardiovascular function and plasma concentration of free fatty acids and catecholamines in the dog. AB - Increased plasma levels of free fatty acids (FFA), leading to increases in the myocardial oxygen demand, are seen after, for example, surgical stress, traumas and myocardial infarction. The present study was undertaken to investigate the cardiovascular effects of thoracic epidural analgesia (TEA) and the effect of TEA on the plasma concentration of FFA and catecholamines. In 10 sodium-pentobarbital anaesthetized dogs the local anaesthetic agent bupivacaine was injected into the thoracic epidural space via a surgically introduced catheter. TEA markedly reduced heart rate, mean aortic blood pressure, left ventricular systolic blood pressure and dP/dtmax. TEA reduced the plasma concentration of FFA. The FFA lowering effect was greatest when the FFA values were high. The effect of TEA on the plasma concentration of noradrenaline and adrenaline was inconsistent and seemed to be of minor importance for the haemodynamic and FFA effects of TEA. The study indicates that TEA, by its haemodynamic and FFA-lowering effects, may reduce myocardial oxygen demand. PMID- 6730873 TI - Effect of pethidine, fentanyl and morphine on post-operative shivering in man. AB - One hundred consecutive patients who shivered following general or regional anesthesia and a surgical procedure were randomly treated with 25 mg pethidine, 2.5 mg morphine, 25 micrograms fentanyl or sodium chloride 0.9%, given in equal intravenous volumes over a 15-min period. The effects were evaluated every 5 min after the first injection. There was a spontaneous, time-related disappearance of shivering in the sodium chloride-treated patients. In the pethidine-treated group, shivering disappeared more than twice as fast as in the control group. The difference was highly significant at 15 and 20 min (P less than 0.001) and was unrelated to weight, body temperature or duration of anesthesia. Women responded sooner than men, reaching significance at 10 min (P less than 0.05), while men did so only at 20 min. Morphine or fentanyl had no effect. Nausea and vomiting were minimal and of equal incidence in narcotic- and placebo-treated patients. PMID- 6730874 TI - Pain relief with epidural buprenorphine after spinal fusion: a comparison with intramuscular morphine. AB - In a prospective randomized trial, epidural buprenorphine was compared with intramuscular morphine for pain relief after spinal corrective surgery. Both forms of analgesia were given on demand and both produced excellent reduction of pain as assessed with visual linear analogue. The quality and duration of analgesia were similar for both groups of patients. Since the correct placement of epidural catheters could be done intraoperatively in difficult cases and since many patients for spinal corrective surgery have limited respiratory reserve, the authors feel that epidural buprenorphine provides an excellent alternative to conventional opiate analgesia after this type of surgery. PMID- 6730875 TI - Effect of epidural morphine on post-operative pulmonary dysfunction. AB - The effect of post-operative epidural morphine analgesia on pulmonary function was assessed after abdominal surgery and compared to conventional analgesia. In a control group, ten patients received a parenteral analgesic, non-narcotic drug. In a second group of 11 patients, epidural morphine was injected after the operation and continuous analgesia was prolonged until the 3rd post-operative day by means of repeated injections through an epidural catheter. Analgesia was tested on a visual pain scale. Pulmonary function was evaluated by measurements of blood gases, pulmonary volumes (vital capacity, by spirometry, and functional residual capacity by helium dilution technique) and forced expiratory volume in one second. Measurements were performed on the day before the operation and on the first, third and sixth post-operative days. Pain scoring documented a better analgesia in the epidural group during the post-operative period. By contrast, epidural morphine was unable significantly to improve VC, FEV1 and FRC during the post-operative course. The results suggest that pain is not an important factor of decreased post-operative pulmonary function. PMID- 6730876 TI - Effect of epidural morphine on the Hoffman-reflex in man. AB - Four healthy, young subjects undergoing knee surgery with epidural anaesthesia were given epidural morphine for the relief of post-surgical pain. The Hoffman (H)-reflex was tested before and after the injection of morphine in the epidural space. The reflex was chosen as a monitor of the function of monosynaptic pathways in the spinal cord. Analogue scales for the measurement of pain revealed a satisfactory decrease of nociception after morphine injection, while the H reflex was not significantly affected. This study may confirm that monosynaptic reflexes are not affected by epidural administration of morphine and that they are probably not involved in pain transmission. PMID- 6730877 TI - Acute epiglottitis in adults. A management protocol based on a 17-year material. AB - During a 17-year period 75 adult patients were treated for acute epiglottis. Twenty of the patients had respiratory symptoms and in 13 patients an artificial airway was established by means of nasotracheal intubation or tracheotomy. One patient died of suffocation and one other patient had severe incapacitating brain damage because of cardiac arrest in combination with respiratory obstruction. All the other patients were discharged from the hospital without any sequelae. On the basis of our 17-year material and the literature, a protocol for the handling of patients with suspected acute epiglottitis is presented. PMID- 6730878 TI - Complement activation and its relationship to adult respiratory distress syndrome. An experimental study in pigs. AB - Pulmonary leucostasis induced by complement activation has been considered an important pathogenic factor in adult respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS). To determine whether complement activation per se could evoke pulmonary dysfunction similar to ARDS, pigs were repeatedly infused with complement-activated plasma (CAP). Complement activation was produced by incubation of plasma with zymosan. Three groups of animals were investigated. Control animals received non-activated plasma. Nine animals (Group II) were given four infusions of CAP at a rate of 7 ml X min-1, and another nine animals (Group III) received two CAP infusions at a rate of 7 ml X min-1 followed by two at a rate of 14 ml X min-1. In the control animals there were no changes in gas exchange or haemodynamic variables and the leucocyte counts gradually increased. Infusion of CAP resulted in transient peripheral leucopenia and a dose-rate-dependent reversible increase in pulmonary vascular resistance in all animals. In one animal of Group II and in six of Group III there was a significant infusion-related decrease in Pao2 due to increased venous admixture. These animals were characterized by an enhanced pulmonary vascular tone before the start of the first CAP infusion. They also displayed a more pronounced pulmonary vascular response to infusion of CAP. The changes in gas exchange variables and pulmonary haemodynamics showed no relation to the degree of leucopenia or decrease in platelet count. The increased venous admixture was caused by "dry" ventilation/perfusion mismatching and not by oedema. These results suggest that additional factors besides complement activation and pulmonary leucostasis are required for the development of increased microvascular permeability and the pulmonary oedema characterizing ARDS. PMID- 6730879 TI - Long-term follow-up of infants under intensive care with tracheotomy during the period 1956-1965. AB - Twenty-seven infants who survived intensive care during early infancy in the pioneering period of neonatal intensive care (1956-1965) were investigated after 8-17 years. The selection criterion was maintenance of a tracheotomy for more than 15 days during the first 12 months of life. A variety of clinical, physiological, radiological and psychiatric sequelae was found. Respiratory symptoms were the dominating problem during the post-tracheotomy period. The long term follow-up revealed that these symptoms had a strong tendency to subside. At the time of the follow-up, as many as 20 children (74%) did not experience any functional impairment. PMID- 6730880 TI - Fourier analysis of effects of varying pressure waveforms in electrical lung analogs. AB - Six voltage waveforms were devised to simulate pressure curves of varying configuration for use in artificial ventilation. These waveforms were subjected to Fourier analysis and terms of the resulting series applied to a simple two branch resistive-capacitive circuit intended to represent a lung analog using computer simulation. Current (analogous to flow) and charge (analogous to volume) in each branch could be graphically displayed. Differences among the waveforms in such attributes as efficiency, inspiratory work, volume introduced per unit of mean pressure applied, and relative volume distribution between the two branches could be demonstrated. All waveforms were capable of delivering a predetermined volume to the circuit with adjustment of their peak pressure (voltage). It was not possible to designate any of the waveforms as "superior" since advantage in one attribute, such as efficiency, was accompanied by deficiencies in other characteristics such as uneven volume distribution. Despite obvious severe limitations on physiological interpretations of such data, Fourier analysis of respiratory waveforms appears to be a useful teaching, illustrative, and exploratory method. PMID- 6730881 TI - Platelet model for halothane-induced effects on nucleotide metabolism applied to malignant hyperthermia. AB - A relatively non-invasive screening technique using venous blood analyzed by high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) was developed to assess the effects of halothane on platelet nucleotide metabolism. Platelets were selected for study because of their contractile characteristics and many metabolic similarities to voluntary muscle. Platelets of 22 patients who previously had a documented clinical episode of malignant hyperthermia demonstrated a significant change in their nucleotide profile due to halothane exposure compared to normal subjects and 10 patients with musculo-skeletal and metabolic disorders. These results showed 100% correlation with the skeletal muscle contracture test for malignant hyperthermia (PHB). The platelet-halothane bioassay is highly reproducible and specific for detecting malignant hyperthermia with a significant degree of expression at the time of venipuncture. The assay deserves further study as an aid to the diagnosis of the degree of malignant hyperthermia susceptibility. PMID- 6730883 TI - Influence of anaesthesia on blood flow to the calves during surgery. AB - The blood flow to the calves during abdominal surgery under different kinds of general anaesthesia was measured by strain gauge plethysmography in 12 patients. The volume flow increased 100% during surgery in both light and deep anaesthesia, caused by a decrease in peripheral resistance. The increase in volume flow could partly be explained by the anaesthesia itself, possibly induced by the use of a nitrous oxide-oxygen gas mixture. The surgical procedure caused a further increase in volume flow. Possible underlying mechanisms are discussed. PMID- 6730882 TI - Infection risks from cannulae used to maintain intravenous access. AB - In an experimental in vitro study, it was shown that the rate of infection through the injection route was higher with Venflon cannulae than with Intraflux cannulae (P less than 0.01). A restricted use of cannulae with injection side ports is recommended. PMID- 6730884 TI - Material thrombogenicity in central venous catheterization III. A comparison between soft polyvinylchloride and soft polyurethane elastomer, long, antebrachial catheters. AB - Soft venous catheters, 36 made of polyurethane (PU) and 37 made of polyvinylchloride (PVC), were inserted in 73 patients via basilic and cephalic veins punctured at the cubital fossa, and compared regarding their thrombogenicity. The mean duration of catheterization was 12.5 days. Two patients with PU- and six patients with PVC-catheters developed clinical thrombophlebitis 4-36 days after insertion. The radiological thrombi were rather small with both PU- and PVC-catheters in both peripheral and central veins with no significant difference between the catheters. Also, the incidence of thrombosis and the rate of catheter occlusions were similar. The surface topography of the PVC-catheters was relatively smoother, but less uniform than that of the PU-catheters. Platelet adhesion in vitro to the catheter surfaces, expressed as ATP-concentration in relation to catheter area after contact with human blood, was relatively low with both catheters. The results suggest that soft PU- and PVC-catheters have a similar thrombogenicity. PMID- 6730885 TI - Blood concentrations of lidocaine, mepivacaine and bupivacaine during caudal analgesia in children. AB - The venous blood concentrations of lidocaine, mepivacaine and bupivacaine were measured in children following the caudal epidural administration of these local anaesthetic solutions with adrenaline. The mean maximum concentrations of lidocaine and mepivacaine were 2.20 micrograms/ml and 2.53 micrograms/ml, respectively, which occurred at 45 min after injection of lidocaine or mepivacaine 11 mg/kg. By combined administration of 5.5 mg/kg equally of lidocaine and mepivacaine, the blood concentration of mepivacaine was significantly higher than that of lidocaine. The mean maximum concentration of bupivacaine was 0.67 micrograms/ml and occurred at 45 min after injection of bupivacaine 3.7 mg/kg. The blood concentration of bupivacaine was consistently significantly lower than that of lidocaine or mepivacaine. These results demonstrate that the blood concentrations of the three local anaesthetics following caudal administration are all below the toxic levels in spite of application of the maximum dosage recommended for adults. PMID- 6730886 TI - Cerebral energy state and glycolytic metabolism during enflurane anesthesia in the rat. AB - The effects of enflurane anesthesia on the cerebral cortical energy state and glycolytic metabolism were studied in rats. Twenty-four rats were divided into four groups with increasing concentrations of enflurane in the arterial blood, i.e. control (1.9 +/- 0.3 mg/dl, means +/- s.e.mean), level I (16.1 +/- 1.1 mg/dl), level II (26.0 +/- 1.6 mg/dl), and level III (32.9 +/- 0.9 mg/dl). At level I, high voltage 1-3 Hz slow waves superimposed on low voltage 10-12 Hz waves were predominant, and at levels II and III, spiking activity and burst suppression were recorded in the EEG. The duration of suppression at level III was significantly longer than that at level II. During enflurane anesthesia, there were no significant differences compared with the control group in the cerebral energy state or energy charge. Glycolytic metabolism remained unchanged except for an increase in glucose at levels II and III. Effects of hypocapnia and hypercapnia were examined in an additional 12 rats with an enflurane concentration in the blood similar to that at level II. Irrespective of PaCO2 levels, there were no significant changes in cerebral energy charge and glycolytic metabolites except for a decrease in glucose and an increase in lactate at hypocapnia. It was concluded that there was neither evidence of derangement of energy state nor increased anaerobic metabolism in the cerebral cortex during enflurane anesthesia. PMID- 6730887 TI - Hyperpotassemia during massive blood transfusions. AB - Eleven of 21 patients having received more than 10 units of whole blood developed hyperpotassemia during the rapid phase of transfusion. The increase in serum potassium from initial values correlated well (r = 0.74) with the rate of the transfusion. Three of the hyperpotassemic patients developed cardiac arrest but no life-threatening arrhythmias were registered in the normokalemic patients. In contrast to most previous studies, transient hyperpotassemia often necessitating aggressive therapy was quite common in our massively transfused patients. PMID- 6730889 TI - Effects of colchicine on the formation and looping of the tubular heart of the embryonic chick. AB - The role of microtubules in the early development of the chick embryo heart was studied. The microtubules were disrupted by treatment of the embryos with colchicine. The embryos were divided for study into three groups: (I) before the fusion of the paired cardiac primordia; (II) before the starting of the cardiac loop, and (III) during the formation of the looping process. Colchicine did not impair the fusion of the paired heart primordia nor the acquisition of an asymmetric C-shaped form. However, the normal counterclockwise movement of the heart loop was prevented. From these results we conclude that the formation of the tubular heart and its looping are independent of the integrity of the microtubular system. Under the effects of colchicine the developing myocytes rounded up bulging into the pericardial cavity. The cell contours became scarcely discernible and the individual cell surfaces gave rise to blebs and ruffles of different sizes. In older embryos, clefts of different sizes appeared between the myocardial cells. The effects of colchicine on the pulsatile activity of the heart were recorded. These effects, as well as those on the cell surface characteristics, were found to be age dependent. The more mature the hearts were, the more resistant to colchicine they became. The developmental significance of the results reported here is discussed. PMID- 6730888 TI - Cardiac tamponade and different modes of artificial ventilation. AB - Cardiac tamponade after open-heart surgery often occurs in a situation when the patient is still mechanically ventilated and needs circulatory support with catecholamines. To evaluate the effects of different modes of artificial ventilation and dopamine on cardiac tamponade, an experimental study was carried out in seven mongrel dogs. In pentobarbital - N2O anaesthesia, a cardiac tamponade of 20 mmHg was produced by injecting 120-200 ml of normothermic saline into the pericardium. Intermittent positive pressure ventilation (IPPV) and positive end-expiratory pressure (PEEP) ventilation with frequencies of 12 and 20 were tested before and after producing the tamponade. Cardiac tamponade produced a significant fall in arterial pressure and cardiac output, a significant rise in central venous pressure and only a slight increase in pulmonary arterial pressure. PEEP with the slower ventilation frequency of 12 produced additional, significant falls in cardiac output and systemic arterial pressure, which were not noted with the ventilation frequency of 20 and PEEP. Dopamine infusion increased the cardiac output by increasing the heart rate during tamponade. It is concluded that PEEP ventilation with a slow frequency should not be used if cardiac tamponade is suspected after open-heart surgery, and that dopamine has a favourable effect on haemodynamics even in the presence of a severe cardiac tamponade. PMID- 6730890 TI - Catecholamine-containing cells in the nerve plexus of the guinea pig gallbladder. AB - A population of catecholamine-containing cells, broadly belonging to the class of small intensely fluorescent (SIF) cells, was observed in the ganglionated plexus and around blood vessels of the guinea pig gallbladder. Their morphological features were studied by fluorescence and electron microscopy. Some cells were closely associated with ganglion neurons within the ganglionated plexus. Others were clustered into small groups located along blood vessels. Counts carried out on the whole gallbladder showed that these cells varied greatly in number between individuals and that they were most numerous shortly after birth (on average 230 cells). In the adult, their average number was about 30. PMID- 6730891 TI - Some new findings about Hofbauer cells in the chorionic villi of the human placenta. AB - The cytological structure of the Hofbauer cells was investigated in human placentas of the first and second trimesters of gestation. These cells are found in the stromal channel system of the chorionic villi core. Their walls, which are supported by collagen fiber bundles, are produced by reticulum cells and fibroblasts. The cytoplasmic processes of the Hofbauer cells are in contact with the walls of the channels without being associated with them by desmosomal complexes. Some of these cells have features in common with macrophages, such as cytoplasmic processes, larger vacuoles, many pinocytotic vesicles and intracytoplasmic granules. This system of vacuoles and vesicles enables micropinocytotic activity and phagocytosis. This type of Hofbauer cell resembles the typical macrophages. These cells may play a role in the regulation of stromal water content, transportation of ions and the flow of interstitial fluid. The most original finding of this study are long tubes observed in some Hofbauer cells and extending between the nucleus and the extracellular ground substance through the cytoplasm. One of these tubular formations resembles a cilium in structure with three limiting membranes and is filled with a slightly electron dense substance. This type of Hofbauer cell may transport information between the nucleus and the extracellular ground substance by means of these tubular structures. PMID- 6730892 TI - The surface of the conjunctiva in domestic ruminants. A scanning electron microscopic investigation. AB - The surface of the conjunctiva was investigated in goats, sheep and bovines. The lid-facing surface of the nictitating membrane carries a serrated crest. At a low magnification the areas covered by a stratified squamous epithelium appear as a mosaic. In the superior and inferior conjunctival fornices the mucous membrane has a uniform appearance. Areas of goblet cells have an irregular appearance. Four functional stages can be observed in the goblet cells. At a high magnification the superficial cells of the palpebral and bulbar conjunctiva are covered by microplicae. In the fornix conjunctival microvilli project over the superficial cells. PMID- 6730893 TI - Ultrastructural studies of initial stages of mineralization of long bones and vertebrae in human fetuses. AB - We studied 27 embryos of 5-12 weeks gestational age where pregnancy was interrupted due to paramedical reasons, in order to find the developmental stages at which matrix vesicles appear in cartilage, and whether they are involved in the mineralization process. Specimens of long bones, lumbar and thoracic vertebral column were prepared for light, transmission and scanning electron microscopic studies. In the cartilaginous models of long bones, matrix vesicles were found amongst maturing and hypertrophic chondrocytes already by the 6th week after fertilization. By that stage, bone rudiments consisted of only cartilage that was not yet mineralized. In the vertebral column matrix, vesicles were found in the vertebral bodies amongst maturing and hypertrophic chondrocytes at the beginning of the 8th week. At that stage, although hypertrophy of chondrocytes was observed, mineralization was still absent. No matrix vesicles were found in the perichondrium, investing mesenchyme and intervertebral discs. Mineralization of cartilage in long bone rudiments started in the form of hydroxyapatite crystals within or around the matrix vesicles at 7 weeks of age and in the vertebral column at 11 weeks. As mineralization progressed, more hydroxyapatite crystals were observed around the matrix vesicles, forming typical calcospherites . Mineralization then progressed in the form described in other animals. PMID- 6730894 TI - Anatomy of the knee joint of the cat. AB - Based on dissection of 20 adult specimens the anatomy of the knee joint of the cat is described. An attempt is made to include all functionally relevant structures such as bones, ligaments, menisci, joint capsule and capsular reinforcements. A comparison with the human knee joint is made. There is a high resemblance in construction with the main differences occurring in the proportions of the constituent elements. A comparison of the semimembranosus and biceps femoris receives particular attention. These descriptions lead to functional considerations in relation to the stability and force transmission of the knee joint in the cat. PMID- 6730895 TI - Fluorescence microscopic study of the architecture and structure of an adrenergic network in the plexus myentericus (Auerbach), plexus submucosus externus (Schabadasch) and plexus submucosus internus (Meissner) of the porcine small intestine. AB - The distribution of adrenergic fibres in the ganglionated plexuses of the porcine small intestine has been made on air-dried stretch preparations using the glyoxylic acid fluorescence method. Adrenergic fluorescent fibres occur in the ganglia and internodal strands of the three fundamental ganglionated plexuses: the myenteric plexus (Auerbach) and the two superimposed meshworks of the plexus submucosus , i.e. the plexus submucosus externus ( Schabadasch ) and the plexus submucosus internus (Meissner). The plexus Auerbach consists of densely glyoxylic acid induced fluorescent (GIF) elongated ganglia with in general a longitudinal axis running parallel to the circular muscle layer and large dense interconnecting fibre tracts with primary, secondary and tertiary subdivisions. In the ganglia, the fibres are varicose, forming large fluorescent 'baskets' which might be related to the occurrence of well defined enteric neurones. The plexus Schabadasch can be distinguished from the plexus Meissner by its size, strongly fluorescent ganglia and broad densely fluorescent internodal strands. The pattern of fluorescing ring-like formations at the margin and out of the nodes, clearly present in the Auerbach and Schabadasch plexuses, completely lack in the plexus Meissner, the latter being narrow-meshed with smaller fluorescent 'baskets', indicating that the corresponding neurones are smaller in size. In the ganglionic nodes of all three plexuses the axons display comparatively more varicosities than in the fibre tracts. Each of the three main ganglionated enteric plexuses are quite different with regard to the pattern of the adrenergic network both in the ganglia and in the strands. PMID- 6730896 TI - The geometry of the cruciate ligaments in the canine and equine knee joint, a Tchebychev mechanism. AB - The ratio between the length of the anterior and posterior cruciate ligaments and the distance between their femoral and tibial attachments in the canine and equine knee joint reveals that these structures form a Tchebychev mechanism for parallel motion. PMID- 6730897 TI - Formation of cytoplasm-containing vesicles from double-walled coated invaginations containing oligodendrocytic cytoplasm at the axon-myelin sheath interface in adult mammalian central nervous system. AB - Double-walled coated invaginations ( DWCIs ) of the axolemma, containing oligodendroglial cytoplasm and presumably giving rise to double-walled coated vesicles ( DWCVs ), are observed in the central nervous system (CNS) of adult monkey and mouse. By means of serial sections, DWCIs are clearly distinguishable from the also observable adaxonal invaginations of oligodendroglial cytoplasm. DWCIs range in diameter from 60 to 190 nm with a circular or oval cross section. Their incidence in different regions of the CNS has been determined and evidence is adduced that DWCIs occur randomly along the axolemma. PMID- 6730898 TI - Cytoarchitecture of the periaqueductal gray matter in the cat: a quantitative Nissl study. AB - We studied the periaqueductal gray matter (PAG) in cresyl-violet-stained serial sections from 5 cats applying quantitative determinations. No significant variations were observed in the cytological aspects in the various sites examined (lateral, ventral and dorsal regions, and external and internal portions). The neuronal density was constant in the different regions, but showed a gradual and significant increase in the most external regions of the PAG. Our findings do not, therefore, confirm the existence in the PAG of subnuclei with a specific cytoarchitecture; this does not, however, rule out the possibility that there are specific regions for connections, histochemical properties or functions. PMID- 6730899 TI - Smooth muscle cell herniation in the contracted arterial wall of spontaneously hypertensive and normotensive rats. AB - Structural changes of blood vessels from hypertensive animals during contraction were studied using light and transmission microscopy. In the arteries, maximally contracted with norepinephrine, vacuoles were found in the media of three categories of mesenteric arteries from two age groups (10-12, 28-30 weeks) of spontaneously hypertensive (SHR) and age-matched normotensive Wistar-Kyoto (WKY) rats. These vacuoles were related to contraction of the smooth muscle cells involving shape change, as they were absent in relaxed vessel walls, and also in muscles that underwent isometric contraction. In the SHR, the number of vacuoles/1,000 microns 2 of media was positively correlated with the degree of contraction of the vessels. Electron microscopic examination of these vacuoles showed that they were the result of herniation (or evagination) of smooth muscle cells into the intercellular space as well as into the neighbouring cells. When the number of herniae per unit cross-sectional area of the contracted media was used as the basis for comparison between SHR and WKY, we found no difference between the two strains of rats at 10-12 weeks of age. At 28-30 weeks, however, the number of herniae was significantly lower in the SHR as compared with age matched WKY and younger SHR, suggesting that functional changes, that functional changes, probably related to the physical property of the plasma membrane in the smooth muscle cells, have taken place in older SHR. PMID- 6730900 TI - Ultrastructure of aging human umbilical artery and vein. AB - Qualitative and quantitative changes in the human umbilical artery and vein were observed in 15 human specimens at different stages of development. Features such as intimal thickening and cellular lipid accumulation were found in umbilical vasculature. Cellular origin and quantification of lipid-containing cells were determined by electron microscopy. Within 1 month after birth, lipid-containing cells originating from macrophages were observed in the umbilical artery, while those originating from smooth muscle cells were observed in both the umbilical artery and vein. Lipid droplet formation appeared to be independent and different in macrophages and smooth muscle cells; the former cells were stimulated to produce lipid droplets primarily by plasma insudation and the latter cells primarily by hypoxia. These findings indicate that ultrastructural changes observed in closing umbilical vasculature may closely parallel and serve as a model for atherosclerotic changes which occur in mature vessels. PMID- 6730901 TI - Inhibitory activity of cartilage growth in serum of young rats. AB - Humoral factors play an important role in growth regulation. The growth regulatory activity in serum is a complex system with both growth-promoting and growth-inhibiting factors. In this study, using in vitro cartilage from rat nasal septum as target organ, evidence is presented that inhibiting activity does exist in normal rat serum. This activity seems to play a role in modulating cartilage growth rate in young, normal animals. Furthermore, a significant interaction between age in cartilage and age in serum as regards influence on cartilage growth was found. PMID- 6730902 TI - Dissociated cells from different layers of adult human aortic wall. AB - Cells isolated from a fixed adult human aorta by alcoholic-alkaline dissociation retain their intrinsic shape. They are represented by four major morphological types: stellate, elongated, elongated with side processes, and irregularly shaped cells. All the four types of cells were found in the elastic-hyperplastic intimal sublayer ; elongated and irregularly shaped cells were mainly observed in the musculoelastic sublayer and in the media. Cell density in the atherosclerotic lesion is higher than normal, the number of stellate cells being increased more substantially compared to other cell types. The origin of stellate cells and other morphological cell types, and reasons for their disproportionate accumulation in the atherosclerotic intima are discussed. PMID- 6730903 TI - Pattern visual evoked potentials in pseudotumor cerebri. A longitudinal study. AB - The prognosis of "benign" intracranial hypertension (Pseudotumor cerebri) is generally favorable. In fact, the resolution of the clinical picture is related to the disappearance of the increased intracranial pressure. However, sometimes an irreversible visual loss can occur. The authors studied, over a period of time, seven subjects suffering from pseudotumor cerebri utilizing pattern visual evoked potentials (VEPs). Five patients showed normal VEPs latencies that remained such in the successive controls. Two patients displayed pathological P100 VEPs latencies. Such findings tended towards a progressive transient improvement following decompressive lumbar puncture. The authors suggest that the VEPs alterations in these patients could be due to the association of general (increased CSF pressure) and local (malformations, scleral canalis constrictions) ocular factors. In these circumstances, the pattern VEPs recordings could be coupled with traditional methods of evaluation of visual pathway damage capable of provoking an irreversible compromission of the visual function. PMID- 6730904 TI - Electrophysiological (BAEPs) changes in subacute sclerosing panencephalitis. AB - Over a period of time, the authors have studied a case of subacute sclerosing panencephalitis (SSPE), by means of brainstem auditory evoked potentials (BAEPs). The observed abnormalities of the conduction time along the early auditory pathways appeared to be related to the clinical picture; in fact, during periods of transitory clinical improvement these abnormalities were less evident. In addition, the encountered electrophysiological alterations consisted of a marked pathologic increase in the III-V interpeak latencies. The authors suggest that the BAEPs findings in their case could have been influenced by either unfavourable endogenous conditions (edema, electrolyte changes, etc.) or CNS segmental lesions due to focal viral distribution. PMID- 6730905 TI - Alzheimer neurofibrillary tangles: monoclonal antibodies to inherent antigen(s). AB - Using isolated Alzheimer neurofibrillary tangles as the immunogen, nine mouse hybridomas were generated which produced antibodies to the tangles as tested in both tissue sections and isolated neurons from Alzheimer brain. Extraction of isolated neurofibrillary tangles with 2% SDS could not remove the antigen(s) with which these monoclonal antibodies reacted. Immunocytochemical study revealed that each of the monoclonal antibodies reacted with one or more of other tissue antigens in addition to the Alzheimer tangles. However, no reaction with either neurofilaments or microtubules was observed with any one of these antibodies. This is the first demonstration of monoclonal antibodies which have been generated against isolated Alzheimer neurofibrillary tangles; these antibodies react with antigen(s) inherent to the tangles. PMID- 6730906 TI - Vulnerability to lead in protein-deprived suckling rats. AB - Most studies on lead toxicity in the suckling rat have been performed with doses leading to growth retardation. In a previous paper ( Sundstr om et al. 1983), the effects of different lead doses on normal suckling rats were described. The dose of 10 mg/kg body weight daily given on days 1-15 pp produced minute hemorrhagic lesions on day 15 in the cerebellum, whereas rats given 5 mg/kg body weight daily lacked microscopically discernible pathologic changes in the brain. None of these groups exhibited growth retardation. To further elucidate the association between lead encephalopathy and malnutrition, lead was administered to protein-deprived suckling rats. Protein deprivation was achieved by a diet with 50% reduction of protein content. The mothers of the pups were fed this diet from 2 weeks before conception throughout the experiment. Experimental animals were injected i.p. with 5 mg or 10 mg lead nitrate/kg b.wt. daily. Littermates, injected with vehicle without lead nitrate served as controls. Protein-deprived rats without either treatment were "external" controls. Animals were killed at 10, 15, and 20 days age for determination of lead content in blood and brain and for light microscopic examination. The protein-deprived rats given 10 mg/kg b.wt. daily were growth-retarded as compared to unexposed protein-deprived rats. The mortality was almost 100% at 15-20 days pp. At 15 days, the cerebellum of these rats showed abundant hemorrhages, and the cerebrum was also hemorrhagically discolored. Protein-deprived rats given 5 mg/kg b.wt. daily did not differ significantly from unexposed protein-deprived rats with regard to body weight gain.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS) PMID- 6730907 TI - Demyelination in the spinal cord of murine globoid cell leukodystrophy (the twitcher mouse). AB - Chronologic events of demyelination were investigated in the spinal cord of the twitcher mouse, an authentic murine model of human globoid cell leukodystrophy (GLD) from 5 to 45 days postnatal. There was very little evidence of myelin degeneration before day 25 although clustered or scattered globoid cells were already noted in the dorsal columns and intramedullary portion of the ventral roots. Globoid cells contained typical cytoplasmic inclusions and in those which were found adjacent to degenerating myelin and naked axons, myelin debris were conspicuous in their cytoplasm. Vesiculation of myelin and a feature of globoid cells stripping myelin lamellae were noted in the area of demyelination. Myelin and oligodendroglial degeneration became pronounced throughout the spinal white matter after day 40 but globoid cells tended to be more concentrated in the dorsal columns. Our observations suggest that the emergence of globoid cells in GLD is in response to the changes in biochemical environment (i.e., excessive presence of galactosylceramide in the tissue?), and these cells appear to have a role as phagocytic cells in removing myelin lamellae. PMID- 6730908 TI - Hemiplegic atrophy. Morphological findings in the anterior tibial muscle of patients with cerebral vascular accidents. AB - Anterior tibial muscle biopsies of the hemiplegic side of 16 patients with a cerebrovascular accident in the middle cerebral artery region were analyzed qualitatively and quantitatively by enzyme histochemistry and electron microscopy. Patients grouped according to the time lapsed as from the occurrence of the accident (1-17 months) demonstrated a progressive decrease in the fiber diameter and changes in fiber type distribution with predominant type II atrophy and type I predominance. Nuclear internalization, myopathic alterations, and perifascicular fatty infiltrations were observed constantly. In the affected fibers the ultrastructural findings were myofibrillar alterations with the formation of rods and cytoplasmic bodies. There was accumulation of lipofuscin, glycogen, and lipid droplets. Microvascular changes were observed frequently. Biopsies from the asymptomatic legs were either normal or showed age-related muscle alterations. Correlation was noted between the clinical and functional status of the patients and the morphological aspects seen in muscle biopsies. PMID- 6730909 TI - Postictal cerebral hemiatrophy: with a contribution to the problem of crossed cerebellar atrophy. AB - A case is presented of a 4.5-year-old child who died 5 days after the onset of a continuous hemiconvulsion and compared with three cases of established cerebral hemiatrophy. The laminar necrosis in the first case was strikingly similar in severity and distribution with the laminar cell loss in the others, thus producing additional evidence in support of the postictal aetiology of diffuse cerebral hemiatrophy. Particular attention was focussed on the pontocerebellar lesions. Three types of lesions were observed in the ipsilateral nuclei pontis: (1) focal neuronal necrosis in the acute stage, (2) focal neuronal loss, presumably the end result of the preceding lesion and (3) transneuronal atrophy. The contralateral cerebellar hemisphere showed the following abnormalities, singly or in combination: (1) necrosis of Purkinje cells in the acute stage, (2) loss of Purkinje cells and lobular sclerosis in advanced cases and (3) reduction in bulk of the hemisphere due to lesions in the nuclei pontis and degeneration of pontocerebellar fibres. These findings of the so-called crossed cerebellar atrophy. PMID- 6730910 TI - Folliculo-stellate cell adenoma of the pituitary. A light- and electron microscopic study. AB - An unusual tumor of the pituitary gland is reported. The most characteristic finding of the present tumor was the presence of numerous "colloid" and mucoid secretions. The cells were stellate in shape and there were intra- or intercellular lumina which were lined by many microvilli and occasional cilia. There were also large accumulations of 10 nm filaments in their cytoplasm. Junctional devices were well formed at the points of mutual contact of these cells. They thus correspond to fetal follicular cells of the anterior pituitary lobe. For this reason, "folliculo-stellate cell adenoma of the pituitary" would best characterize this hitherto undescribed neoplasm. PMID- 6730911 TI - Chlorhexidine-induced degeneration of adrenergic nerves. AB - Possible toxic effects of chlorhexidine (CHX) on the sympathetic adrenergic ground plexus were studied in whole mounts of albino rat irides using Falck Hillarp fluorescence histochemistry. CHX dissolved in an isotone , buffered sodium-acetate solution or in 70% alcohol was injected into the anterior chamber of eye. CHX caused a marked and dose-dependent degeneration of adrenergic nerves. Two days after the lowest dose, 0,25 micrograms (5 microliters of a 0.05% CHX solution), approximately 30% of the nerves had disappeared. Almost complete degeneration was observed after the same time with higher doses (2.5 micrograms, 5.0 micrograms, and 7.5 micrograms corresponding to 0.5, 1.0, and 1.5% CHX respectively). Two weeks after the lowest dose, the nerves had regenerated almost completely. With the highest dose used, only some 40% of the normal adrenergic nerve plexus had reformed after 51 days. Alcohol as a solvent did not have an additive effect on the neurotoxic action caused by CHX. The results demonstrate yet another aspect of chlorhexidine neurotoxicity, degeneration of peripheral adrenergic nerve terminals. This suggests that neurotoxic actions on thin unmyelinated fiber systems should be looked for also in the central nervous system (CNS). PMID- 6730912 TI - Blood-brain barrier in chronic relapsing experimental allergic encephalomyelitis: a correlative study between cerebrospinal fluid protein concentrations and tracer leakage in the central nervous system. AB - Blood-brain barrier (BBB) permeability in chronic relapsing experimental allergic encephalomyelitis was studied morphologically in tracer studies with horseradish peroxidase (HRP) as well as by quantitative determination of HRP, albumin, and IgG in serum and cerebrospinal fluid (CSF). BBB damage was found to be localized in demyelinating plaques and in blood vessels with vasculitis. Actively demyelinating lesions showed massive increase in BBB permeability, whereas in inactive or remyelinated lesions BBB damage was either minimal or absent. Determination of serum proteins in the CSF of animals with severe disease and a high incidence of actively demyelinating lesions showed evidence of BBB damage (reduction of Q-albumin) and an IgG-index in the normal range. In animals with only inactive lesions the Q-albumin was normal, the IgG index, however, was elevated. This finding indicates intrathecal IgG synthesis. A correlation between morphologically visualized tracer leakage in the central nervous system (CNS) with serum protein concentrations in the CSF revealed that elevated CSF albumin is a reliable indicator for BBB damage in lesions, located near the inner or outer surface of the brain and spinal cord. However, singular focal lesions with BBB damage located in the depth of the CNS parenchyma may not be accompanied by CSF protein alterations. The invariable presence of BBB damage in active inflammatory demyelinating lesions and its absence in inactive plaques or in the unaffected nervous tissue may be important in therapy, not only in experimental allergic encephalomyelitis but also in multiple sclerosis (MS). PMID- 6730913 TI - Cerebellar histogenesis and synaptic maturation following pre- and postnatal alcohol administration. An electron-microscopic investigation of the rat cerebellar cortex. AB - Fetal alcohol syndrome was produced in rats by feeding an ethanol-enriched, vitamine -supplemented liquid diet over a period of 4 weeks before mating and throughout pregnancy. The amount of ethanol was equivalent to 38-40% of the daily calories; control animals were fed an isocaloric amount of sucrose. The offspring of experimental animals displayed a diminished birth weight. In contrast to previous experiments, the ethanol diet was also administered during the lactating period. On postnatal day 7, experimental animals and controls were killed by perfusion and the cerebella prepared for electron microscopy. Morphometric analysis showed a reduced number of Purkinje cells. On day 12, Purkinje cells of experimental animals displayed ultrastructurally fewer organelles. Furthermore, a delayed synaptogenesis in the molecular layer was demonstrated with osmium-zinc iodide and ethanolic phosphotungstic acid showing an immature appearance of the presynaptic grid and weaker stained synaptic cleft material. The following discussion deals with possible mechanisms underlying these alcohol-induced alterations of cerebellar synaptogenesis. PMID- 6730914 TI - Fluorescence-microscopic localization of in vivo injected ethidium bromide in the nervous system of the mouse. AB - Ethidium bromide is a compound which can suppress DNA, RNA, and protein synthesis in mammalian cells. It is a very useful tool in experimental neuropathology for studies on myelin lesions taking place in the spinal cord after injury to oligodendroglial cells following intracisternal or intraspinal administration. By using a technique described in this short original communication we can now directly trace the distribution of the compound in various cells of the central and the peripheral nervous systems after its administration to a living experimental animal. Therefore, in the future direct correlations can be made between the cellular distribution of the compound and its cytotoxic effects. PMID- 6730915 TI - Central nervous system of a thoracopagus. AB - Postmortem examination of the central nervous system (CNS) of a dicephalus thoracopagus tetrapus revealed two separate brains and spinal cords. On the conjoined side the spinal cord showed hypoplasia of the anterior horns and dorsal funiculi at the lower cervical and upper thoracic levels. Hypoplasia of the peripheral nerves, anterior horn cells, and dorsal funiculi is a consequence of a reduction in tissue mass due to a loss of inductive influence. PMID- 6730916 TI - Direct involvement of intracerebral arteries in Takayasu's arteritis. AB - A man aged 20 with sudden onset of headaches and rapidly evolving spastic quadriparesis died within 3 weeks. Pathologic examination revealed intensive inflammation confined mainly to the adventitia of the aorta, the internal carotids, and all the major intracranial arteries. The gross changes and the lymphocytic and plasma cell nature of the inflammatory infiltrates were typical of Takayasu's arteritis. Thrombosis of the right internal carotid artery resulted in ischemic necrosis of the ipsilateral hemisphere. Quite recent thrombus occluded the left internal carotid artery. This seems to be the first case report on histologically proven extensive direct involvement of intracranial vessels in Takayasu's disease. The differential diagnostic aspects of the case are also briefly discussed. PMID- 6730917 TI - Mitochondrial abnormalities in cortical dendrites from patients with early forms of subacute sclerosing panencephalitis (SSPE). AB - Biopsy fragments from the frontal cortex of two patients with early forms of subacute sclerosing panencephalitis (SSPE) were studied with ultrastructural methods. Special attention was given to mitochondrial abnormalities observed in dendrites from the three superficial cortical layers. Some of the mitochondria presented atypical elongated cristae parallel to the longer axis of the organelle and closely opposite each other. The surface of these cristae is undulated, and the intracristal space is regularly septate. As these abnormal mitochondria appeared in dendrites, which in later stages of the disease are supposed to degenerate, it is advanced that these abnormalities could be precursors of dendritic changes and be possibly related to the precocious, insidious mental changes which characterize the early forms of the disease, as it is known that the disruption of the dendritic domain is linked with neuronal dysfunction. PMID- 6730918 TI - Automated image analysis of gliomas an objective and reproducible method for tumor grading. AB - A system of automated microscopic picture analysis was used in an examination of 272 gliomas (70 glioblastomas, 91 astrocytomas, 56 pilocytic astrocytomas or spongioblastomas , and 55 oligodendrogliomas). The specimens were prepared as Feulgen sections, 4 microns in thickness. Thirteen morphometric-densitometric parameters of tumor cell nuclei were tested together with two mitotic parameters. Objective and reproducible data on numerical nuclear density ( KRNZ , AREA), nuclear size ( KOFL , KFRL , P250 ), nuclear shape ( FOFK , FOFR , P150), optical density ( EXTU , EXTS , EXSR , EXTM , EXMR ), and mitotic activity ( MITZ , VHMK ) of the gliomas were obtained from the morphometric-densitometric parameters. All gliomas but glioblastomas were subdivided by four tumor grades. The morphometric-densitometric and mitotic data recorded were statistically checked, depending on tumor grade (Student's t-test, Wilcoxon's test, alpha = 0.05). Numerical nuclear density, deformation of nuclei, and mitotic activity were found to grow with significance along with increasing tumor grade up to glioblastoma. The relative standard deviation (SD) of nuclear size ( KFRL ), relative SD of shape factors ( FOFR ), and relative SD of extinction sums ( EXSR ) are high accuracy parameters for the pathologist to describe variability of sizes, polymorphism, and polychromasia of nuclei. These parameters show a significant increase of values in parallel with rising tumor grade, with maximum values being recordable from cases of glioblastomas. In cases of astrocytomas, optical values of nuclei decrease along with rising tumor grade. The data thus obtained were used as reference values for objective, reproducible automatic glioma grading. The classifier method, described in an earlier publication, proved to be more effective than the regression method. PMID- 6730919 TI - Hydrocephalus with cerebral aqueductal dysgenesis and craniofacial anomalies. AB - A pre-term infant was born with multiple limb and craniofacial anomalies, including craniosynostosis and a nasopharyngeal adenohypophysis. Severe hydrocephalus of the lateral and third ventricles was attributed to cerebral aqueductal dysgenesis. Scattered aqueductules and ependymal rosettes were found throughout the midbrain and pontine tegmentum. An hypothesis to explain the unique constellation of craniocerebral findings is discussed. PMID- 6730920 TI - Peripheral nerve findings in hereditary coproporphyria. Light and ultrastructural studies in two sural nerve biopsies. AB - In spite of several cases reported in the literature, the exact pathogenetic mechanism of neuropathic changes in porphyric neuropathy remains uncertain. Various authors have ascribed the neuropathologic findings to either a dying-back axonal degeneration or segmental demyelination. In recent years, the hypothesis of an axonal and myelinic disorder has received support by the demonstration of a combined and simultaneous involvement of both these structures. Such different opinions are also a consequence of the reduced number of detailed bioptic observations in the different forms of acute porphyria not only during acute phases but also between attacks. In this paper we report the results of light- and electron-microscopic examination of two sural nerve biopsies from subjects with hereditary coproporphyria. The first was performed 6 months after an acute attack, the second specimen was obtained from a patient without acute attacks, who had clinical and electrophysiologic signs of a chronic progressive neuropathy. In both cases a dying-back axonal degeneration is considered the primary change. The pathogenetic mechanism of peripheral nerve lesions in porphyric neuropathy will be discussed finally. PMID- 6730921 TI - Cesarean section and intraoperative surgical complications. AB - The incidence of surgical complications associated with cesarean section (CS) was studied prospectively in 1319 patients undergoing CS during the years 1978, 1979 and 1980 (18% of all deliveries). The overall complication rate was 11.6% (9.5% patients with minor complications and 2.1% with major complications). The complication rate for emergency operations was 18.9% and for elective CS, 4.2%--a highly significant difference. (p less than 0.001). Six risk factors were associated with the occurrence of surgical complications in emergency cases: Station of the presenting part of the fetus in relation to the spinal plane (p less than 0.001), labor prior to surgery (p less than 0.001), low gestational age (less than 32 weeks) (p less than 0.001), rupture of fetal membranes (with labor) prior to surgery (p less than 0.01), previous CS (p less than 0.01), and skill of the operator (p less than 0.05). However, no such risk factors were found in the elective group. The clinical relevance of these findings is summarized in two conclusions. Firstly, the proportion of emergency operations needs to be reduced, either in favor of elective procedures, or by allowing more patients to give birth by the vaginal route. Secondly, emergency CS requires great skill on the part of the surgeon, and should therefore not be entrusted to young, inexperienced obstetricians. PMID- 6730922 TI - The incidence of acute neonatal respiratory disorders in relation to mode of delivery. AB - Over a 3-year period all infants (n = 7401) born at the Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Central Hospital, Boras Sweden, were studied for signs of respiratory disease. For all infants who developed signs of respiratory disorders the mode of delivery and the type of anesthesia used in cesarean section (CS) were analysed. The incidence of respiratory disorders in the whole material was 3.0% (n = 220) and the mortality rate for these disorders was 0.24%. There was a significantly higher incidence (p less than 0.001) of respiratory disorders in infants weighing greater than or equal to 2500 g born by CS vis-a-vis infants born by the vaginal route. The group born by elective CS under maternal general anesthesia had a higher (p less than 0.05) rate of respiratory disorders than those born by elective CS under maternal epidural anesthesia. It is concluded that the risk of respiratory disorders in infants delivered by CS is related to the mode of delivery per se. Consequently, a reduction in the proportion of such interventions ought to reduce the overall number of infants developing respiratory disease, as indicated in the present study. PMID- 6730923 TI - Maternal mortality in the Nordic countries 1970-1979. AB - There are approximately 400,000 births plus legal abortions in the five Nordic countries annually. During the 1970s the number of maternal deaths ranged from 14 to 33 per year, the overall mean rate being 7.2 per 100,000 births. The rates declined somewhat from 1972 onwards, but otherwise there was no demonstrable change in frequency with time. Mortality rose steeply with increasing maternal age, with a rate of 28.5 for mothers over 35. The two most frequent causes of death were pre-eclampsia/eclampsia and hemorrhage, comprising 17.0 and 14.2% of the total, respectively. Legal abortion carried less risk of death than did pregnancy continuing to birth. Among the countries, Denmark and Sweden had the lowest average maternal mortality rates. The distribution of causes showed a predominance of abortion and thrombosis in Finland, and of hemorrhage and infection in Norway, but neither singular causes nor age-specific birth distributions can explain inter-country differences. PMID- 6730925 TI - Unstressed antepartum cardiotocography in the management of pregnancies complicated by intrauterine growth retardation. AB - A study of antenatal cardiotocographs (CTG) in 250 patients with fetal growth retardation showed that nonreactive tracings were associated with a significant increase in operative deliveries for fetal distress in labour, a high perinatal mortality rate, and fetal anomalies, and a low Apgar score of the infant, both at one and five minutes after delivery. A "ten-point" scoring system was used to evaluate the CTG tracing. A score of 6 or less was associated with a significantly higher perinatal morbidity and mortality rate compared with those who had a score of 7 or more (p less than 0.01). PMID- 6730924 TI - Spiral artery lesions in relation to metabolic control in diabetes mellitus. AB - Decidual and intramyometrial spiral arteries from 18 insulin-dependent diabetic and 18 non-diabetic women were compared histologically. All women were normotensive and none had signs of pre-eclampsia. None of the infants in either group had intra-uterine growth retardation. Metabolic control in the diabetic women was assessed by pregnancy glucose level from the last trimester of pregnancy and by C-peptide in amniotic fluid and cord blood as a measure of the fetal beta-cell function. The intramyometrial and decidual parts of the spiral artery were normal in the non-diabetic group. None of the diabetic patients showed pathological changes in the intramyometrial part of the spiral artery. Two of the 18 diabetic patients had pathological changes (intramural fibrosis) in the decidual portion of the spiral artery. These two women had signs of diabetic angiopathy (White's class D and F) and in one of them, the background diabetic retinopathy progressed markedly during pregnancy. The pregnancy glucose level was above normal (greater than 6.2 mM/l) in 3 of 18 diabetics. The C-peptide values in amniotic fluid and cord blood were above normal in 11 of 17 and in 5 of 17, respectively. Both patients with spiral artery lesions had pregnancy glucose levels in the upper range, 5.86 and 5.98 mM/l, respectively and the highest value of C-peptide in the amniotic fluid and cord blood, suggesting exaggerated fetal beta-cell function. PMID- 6730926 TI - Epidural anesthesia for cesarean section. The effect of morphine-bupivacaine administered epidurally for intra and postoperative pain relief. AB - Two groups of mothers who underwent elective cesarean section under epidural analgesia, were studied with the aim of comparing the analgesic potency and side effects of two solutions: morphine-bupivacaine and morphine-saline. Each group comprised 100 patients. The intraoperative anesthesia was established with bupivacaine plain, 5 mg/ml, in amount 85-125 mg. Immediately after the infant was delivered, the mothers received a single epidural dose of 3 mg of preservative free morphine chloride mixed with either 5 ml of 0.25% bupivacaine (Group I) or 0.9% saline (Group II). The intraoperative observations showed "good effect" without need for supplementation of analgesia in 82 mothers in Group I, compared with 61 mothers in Group II (p less than 0.001). The postoperative observations showed that 82 mothers in Group I were satisfied with a single dose of morphine for more than 24 hours, while in Group II the corresponding number was 63 (p less than 0.01). A significant difference in the incidence of nausea and vomiting was found between the groups; 7 of the mothers experienced nausea and 4 vomited in Group I and 17 experienced nausea and 13 vomited in Group II (p less than 0.05, for both variables). Respiratory depression was seen in one mother during surgery immediately after supplementation of morphine-bupivacaine analgesia with ketamine. Other side effects, such as itching, bradycardia and Horner's triad were rare. It may be concluded that a single epidural dose of morphine in bupivacaine will augment intraoperative analgesia and prolong postoperative analgesia. Less favorable results were obtained when morphine in saline was used. Synergism between bupivacaine and morphine is suggested. PMID- 6730927 TI - Preserved prolactin fluctuations and response to metoclopramide in ovulatory, infertile, hyperprolactinemic women. AB - The study included 18 infertile, hyperprolactinemic women with preserved menstrual cycles. Among 13 women with consistently elevated prolactin (PRL) levels, 6 had either anovulatory cycles or luteal insufficiency, whereas 7 had apparently normal ovulatory cycles. Comparisons of these two groups showed that basal levels were similar but the PRL response to metoclopramide (MTC) and the day-to-day fluctuations were significantly lower in the group with altered ovulatory function. In this group the PRL response to MTC was significantly greater than in control patients with hyperprolactinemic amenorrhea (n = 12), but lower than in normal women (n = 10). The PRL response to MTC in hyperprolactinemic women with normal ovulatory function did not differ significantly from that of normal women, irrespective of whether hyperprolactinemia was sustained (n = 7) or intermittent (n = 5). The study indicates that the degree of autonomy of PRL secretion reflected by both the fluctuations in basal levels and the response to a dopamine antagonist, may be used to evaluate whether or not slightly elevated PRL levels are of clinical significance in relation to fertility. PMID- 6730928 TI - Normal and abnormal prolactin levels during human pregnancy. Lack of influence on fetoplacental endocrine function. AB - Serial measurements of serum prolactin (PRL), chorionic gonadotropin (hCG), estradiol and progesterone were performed during 16 normal pregnancies. The same hormone analyses were performed in a woman with the galactorrhea-amenorrhea syndrome and a pituitary adenoma during two pregnancies, with and without continued treatment with bromocriptine throughout gestation. The study indicates that marked differences in circulating PRL levels do not influence the fetoplacental hormone levels. Furthermore, tumor expansion may possibly be prevented and successful breast-feeding can be achieved after treatment with bromocriptine throughout gestation. PMID- 6730929 TI - Urinary incontinence in the female. A long-term study of the effect of anticholinergics on overactive detrusor function. AB - The long-term effect of anticholinergic medication in female patients with overactive detrusor function was studied in a group of 73 patients. The definition of overactive detrusor function is in accordance with the terminology and definition of the International Continence Society. The patients were mailed a questionnaire about the medication, its effect on the continence situation, the side effects, and whether they still used the drugs. The duration of observation was more than 12 months. A satisfactory effect of the treatment was found in 43% while 50% reported no effect or severe side effect. Only 5% stopped the medication because of side effects, 18% because of lack of effect, while 42% had resigned themselves to their voiding disorders. Twenty-nine claimed to be cured or were still using the drug with beneficial effect. Nevertheless the treatment had continued for 6 months in both the group with no effect and in the group with good effect. The anticholinergic medication is of some value because it helps the patient to accept the bladder dysfunction, to alter the micturition habits and to assist in re-establishing inhibition of the micturition reflex. PMID- 6730930 TI - Estimation of fetal weight by external abdominal measurements. AB - In 2108 pregnant women, external abdominal measurements were correlated to the weight of the newborn child. The product of girth and uterine height was more closely correlated to the infant weight than were any of these maternal variables alone or in other combinations, but the accuracy of this method was almost as low as of simple external palpation. For successive estimations of fetal growth the product of maternal girth and uterine height may be more adequate than either of these variables alone. PMID- 6730931 TI - Lethal fetal renal malignant tumor. PMID- 6730932 TI - Postpartum perforation of the colon due to endometriosis. AB - A case is reported of a ruptured endometriotic lesion following childbirth. Immediately after her second delivery, the 34-year-old parturient developed acute abdominal pain. At operation a ruptured left-sided ovarian abscess with a fistula to the colon was found. Endometriosis was present in the ovarian wall and the adjacent colon. Endometriosis as a cause of acute abdominal pain during pregnancy should be kept in mind. PMID- 6730933 TI - Obstetrical paracervical block with chloroprocaine. PMID- 6730934 TI - Fetal heart rate response to a controlled sound stimulus as a measure of fetal well-being. AB - The fetal heart rate (FHR) response to a controlled sound stimulus of 80 dB was registered in 152 at-risk pregnancies. Thirty-four of the infants showed signs of an intra-uterine pathological condition at birth, whereas 118 infants were clinically unaffected. The mean heart rate response was significantly weaker in the pathological group than in the normal group. A FHR response of less than 15 bpm was found to give a test sensitivity of 53%. The differences between the two groups revealed by the sound stimulation test corresponded to differences in birth weights and in Apgar score after 1 minute. The results indicate that the sound stimulation test is sensitive to minor changes in the condition of the fetus. PMID- 6730935 TI - Fetal heart rate response to controlled sound stimuli during the third trimester of normal pregnancy. AB - Fetal heart rate (FHR) responses to controlled sound stimuli were compared in the 32nd, 35th and 39th week of pregnancy. Though a tendency to a greater FHR response to sound was found as gestation advanced, this increase would seem to be so small that it may be ignored in practice. The earlier demonstrated influence of stimulus intensity and prestimulus heart rate level on the FHR response to sound were confirmed. PMID- 6730936 TI - Maternal-fetal transfer of aminophylline. AB - Ten women with normal pregnancies who underwent an elective cesarean section received orally 200 mg of aminophylline every 6 hours for 24 - 36 hours prior to surgery. The levels of aminophylline and caffeine were measured in maternal and cord sera and in amniotic fluids. The mean level of aminophylline (+/- SD) in maternal serum was 10.4 +/- 1.74 micrograms/ml, and in cord serum 11.2 +/- 1.25 micrograms/ml. The mean aminophylline level in amniotic fluids was 8.2 +/- 1.42 micrograms/ml. The serum aminophylline levels were within the therapeutic level range. Caffeine levels in those specimens ranged between traces to 6 micrograms/ml which correspond to the normal dietary range. PMID- 6730937 TI - Retinal hemorrhages in the preterm neonate. A prospective randomized study comparing the occurrence of hemorrhages after spontaneous versus forceps delivery. AB - The incidence and magnitude of retinal hemorrhages (RH) in a group of 23 preterm infants (29-35 weeks) born spontaneously in vertex presentation have been compared with those of 23 others (28-35 weeks) born by gentle extraction with small forceps. Distribution to the groups was random. The overall frequency of RH in both groups together was low, 6%, with no statistically significant difference between the groups. No fundi with severe (grade III) hemorrhages were seen. Both the incidence and magnitude of RH were less in the preterm neonates when compared with previously reported figures in term infants born spontaneously or with forceps extraction. The study provides further evidence in support of the hypothesis that fetal head compression with venous congestion is the main cause of RH in the newborn. PMID- 6730938 TI - Non-specificity of symptoms related to adenomyosis. A prospective comparative survey. AB - A total of 212 patients coming for removal of the uterus due to a benign condition were interviewed by the first author before operation. Of these patients 28 had adenomyosis, while 157 had neither adenomyosis nor external endometriosis; these two groups were compared with respect to duration of menstrual bleeding, dysmenorrhea, dyspareunia, urinary symptoms and sacral and lower abdominal pain. There were no inter-group differences in the frequencies of these symptoms. It is concluded that although patients with adenomyosis have many symptoms, none specific to adenomyosis can be found. PMID- 6730939 TI - Low maternal but normal fetal prolactin levels in cigarette smoking pregnant women. AB - In the 36th week of pregnancy, levels of serum prolactin (PRL) (p less than 0.01) and estriol (p less than 0.05) were significantly lower in 101 consecutive women smoking 10 cigarettes or more per day, compared with a control group of 104 non smoking pregnant women. Cord serum PRL was not related to maternal smoking habits, whereas estriol was significantly (p less than 0.05) lower in the infants of smokers, compared with the control group. The lower PRL levels in cigarette smoking pregnant women may be due either to a direct effect of nicotine or secondary to lower estrogen levels, and the finding may be of clinical importance in relation to lactation. PMID- 6730940 TI - Maternal hemoglobin concentration is closely related to birth weight in normal pregnancies. AB - Maternal Hb levels during the third trimester were studied in relation to certain maternal and fetal parameters in 877 apparently normal pregnancies. Low Hb levels at term were closely associated with increased frequency of newborns in the heavy weight-for-date group. Conversely, high maternal Hb levels were closely associated with an increased frequency of newborns in the light weight-for-date group. The maternal Hb levels both in the early third trimester and at term were significantly higher in mothers of small-for-date newborns than in those with newborns of normal weight. In both groups the maternal Hb levels increased significantly during the third trimester of pregnancy. High maternal Hb levels both early and late in the third trimester of pregnancy should be a matter of concern rather than of reassurance. PMID- 6730941 TI - Oral glucose tolerance test in pregnancy. Evaluation of a simplified procedure. AB - After initial screening for gestational diabetes, 182 3-hour OGTTs in altogether 168 patients with determination of plasma glucose at 30-minute intervals were performed. Two-hour and 3-hour areas below the curve were calculated. Twenty-two patients had a reduced glucose tolerance test as judged by the 3-hour areas. Twenty of the 22 patients had a reduced glucose tolerance even according to the 2 hour areas. The correlation coefficient between the 3-hour areas and the 2-hour areas was 0.97. In 160 observations plasma glucose and capillary blood glucose were compared. The correlation coefficient between plasma glucose and capillary blood glucose concentrations was 0.99. It is concluded that the discriminatory power of the 2-hour OGTT with capillary blood glucose determinations is comparable to that of the 3-hour OGTT with venous plasma glucose determinations. The simplicity of the suggested method makes it suitable for use in instances with moderate or small laboratory resources. PMID- 6730942 TI - Urinary free cortisol during pregnancy. AB - Adrenocortical function was measured during early and late normal pregnancies by determining urinary free cortisol on three consecutive days. A marked intra individual variation in urinary free cortisol excretion was found. This pattern did not differ in early and late pregnancy. No correlation was demonstrated between the excretion of free cortisol, estrogen levels and creatinine clearances. PMID- 6730943 TI - Prevalence of genito-urinary symptoms in the late menopause. AB - One thousand two hundred women, aged 61, randomly selected from a defined geographical area in South Sweden, were interviewed by an anonymous questionnaire about their urogenital symptoms. Seventy-five percent co-operated, of whom 29.2% admitted to some degree of urinary incontinence and 48.8% some degree of lower genital tract disorder. Stress incontinence symptoms were reported by 11.8% of the women, urge incontinence by 7.9% and both types combined--"mixed" by 9.5%. Four percent of all women (18% of stress incontinence) experienced a loss sufficient to necessitate the wearing of a sanitary napkin or change of under clothing several times a day. Thirteen percent had repeated urinary tract infections. Itch, discharge and smarting pain was reported by 15%. Thirty-eight percent had vaginal dryness and dyspareunia. Only 4% of the women were undergoing estrogen therapy. PMID- 6730944 TI - Three years of experience after post-abortal insertion of Nova-T and Copper-T 200. AB - The results of 3 years of follow-up of a randomized comparative study of 331 women who had an IUD inserted immediately after a first-trimester legal abortion are presented. In one group of women, 172 Nova-T were inserted and in another, 159 Copper-T 200. There was no statistically significant difference between the two groups, though the pregnancy rate for Nova-T was considerable lower than for Copper-T 200. The overall performance of the IUD equals that in a larger material of more than 1 800 insertions, both post menstrual and post abortal , of which this study is a part. PMID- 6730945 TI - Uteroscopy during labor. PMID- 6730946 TI - Genetic counselling for trisomy 20 mosaicism in amniotic fluid cell cultures. AB - Trisomy 20 mosaicism in amniotic fluid cell cultures has an obscure origin and significance. In only a few cases has the mosaicism been confirmed in fetal tissues, but never in neonatal tissues. There is some indication that the trisomic cells might originate from epithelial cells deriving from the urinary tract. A review of 20 demonstrated cases reveals that no consistent malformation pattern is associated with this finding. Since it is questionable whether the presence of this mosaicism in amniocentesis can be regarded as a manifestation of abnormal fetal development, we suggest that it does not justify interruption of pregnancy. Postnatal cytogenetic studies and follow-up are indicated in these infants. PMID- 6730947 TI - Omentum presenting at the vulva after a normal labor and delivery. An unusual late complication of induced abortion. AB - A case is described where omentum prolapsed through a uterine fenestration and presented at the vulva after a normal vaginal delivery. The patient had been aborted three times in the past, and it is postulated that the uterus had been perforated on one of these occasions. PMID- 6730948 TI - Umbilical cord damage and placental abruption during amniocentesis. AB - A case of umbilical cord laceration and placental damage during amniocentesis for maturity studies is presented, with a review of the complications of amniocentesis. PMID- 6730949 TI - Enterocele due to continuous ambulatory peritoneal dialysis (CAPD). PMID- 6730950 TI - [Functional subtotal laryngectomy]. PMID- 6730951 TI - [Reparative procedures following total circular pharyngolaryngectomy]. PMID- 6730952 TI - [Personal experience in reconstructive subtotal laryngectomy using a sliding epiglottoplasty]. AB - Seven near total reconstructive laryngectomies with epiglottoplasty have been performed by the members of the Saint-Luc ( UCL ) Department of Otolaryngology. The technical aspects are described and the indications and limitations of this procedure are discussed. There is no postoperative complications and the functional results are excellent. The authors think that this procedure must find a place for surgical treatment of laryngeal neoplasms. PMID- 6730953 TI - [Urea treatment of Meniere's disease and other labyrinth disorders]. AB - Urea (9 g a day) is a very useful drug in the treatment of Meniere's disease. Results are also effective in other labyrinthine disorders (sudden deafness, tinnitus) but less constant. The mechanism of the action of urea on the pathologic labyrinth is discussed. PMID- 6730954 TI - [Surgical treatment of choanal atresia]. PMID- 6730955 TI - [Spontaneous hernia of the brain into the temporal bone]. AB - A case of spontaneous brain hernia into the middle ear cleft is described. Even without preceding infection, trauma or surgery of the mastoid, dural and cerebral tissue may protrude into the antrum or middle ear space. The pathology of this rare disease is discussed. PMID- 6730956 TI - [Treatment of essential blepharospasm and hemifacial spasm by elective sectioning of the facial nerve]. PMID- 6730957 TI - Endothelial tubuloreticular structures in intracranial germinomas. AB - In studying three human intracranial germinomas tubuloreticular structures were observed within the cisterns of granular endoplasmic reticulum (RER), as well as occasionally within dilated perinuclear spaces of capillary endothelial cells. These tubuloreticular structures seen as a network of branching, convoluted, tubular profiles appear to originate from amorphous material. The development of these structures could be classified into three stages. In Stage I, the precursor substance appears as dense amorphous material within the cisterns of RER. Stage II is marked by the transformation of the amorphous material to coarse particulate material which aggregates to form tubular units. During the first and second stages, the distended RER that participates in the formation of these structures is accompanied by numerous attached ribosomes and is closely associated with mitochondria. In Stage III, the tubular units fuse with one another to form the tubuloreticular structure. In this third stage both ribosomes and mitochondria are almost absent. As a result of the almost complete disappearance of these organelles at this time, both the attached ribosomes and mitochondria may play an important role in the synthesis of the precursor substance as well as in its transformation to the tubuloreticular structure. PMID- 6730958 TI - Clinico-pathological study of juvenile polyp of large intestine. AB - Although the difference of juvenile polyps between the childhood and adult groups was investigated, no significant difference could be pointed out both clinically and histologically. Since the polyps showing similar pathological findings were examined in the present investigation, it should be considered as a matter of course that no significant difference by age was pointed out. In a sense, these facts revealed the existence of a juvenile polyp which occurs in adult patients. In fact, the incidence of juvenile polyp which occurs in adult patients beyond the age of 20 has been estimated as 0 to 44% in the literature. If the term of juvenile polyp is not preferable in the adult cases, the term adult juvenile type polyp may be useful. Although several theories like as hamartoma, inflammation, allergy, etc. have been discussed for its histogenesis, it may be difficult to understand the histogenesis of juvenile polyps by a single theory. PMID- 6730959 TI - Atypical polysplenia only with absence of the hepatic segment of inferior vena cava in a middle-aged. AB - An autopsy case of polysplenia with absence of the hepatic segment of the inferior vena cava in a 53-year-old female is reported. The venous blood from the lower parts of the body was drained through the azygos vein and the superior vena cava into the right atrium. Other than acquired pathological change, the heart was found to be normal. Except for the partial absence of the inferior vena cava, isomerism of asymmetric organs, and heterotaxia of abdominal organs, characteristic of typical polysplenia, were not present. This case of atypical polysplenia suggests the presence of a transitional form in the complex. PMID- 6730961 TI - Malignant schwannoma associated with embryonal rhabdomyoblastic foci in a single tumor. AB - A case of malignant schwannoma associated with rhabdomyoblastic foci is reported. The tumor was composed of two cellular elements. One was malignant schwannoma cells and the other was embryonal rhabdomyoblast within tumor component. We suggested that this rhabdomyoblast might have been derived from ectomesenchym . PMID- 6730960 TI - Light and electron microscopic study of nonfunctioning parathyroid carcinoma. Report of a case with a review of the literature. AB - A case of nonfunctioning parathyroid carcinoma in a 69-year-old female has been studied by light and electron microscopy. The tumor, located on the left side of the anterior neck, was well encapsulated by connective tissue but showed invasion to the capsule and to the thyroid. The tumor cells exhibited a trabecular arrangement surrounded by capillary networks but focally showed several ductal structures. They were polygonal in shape, had a large nucleus showing frequent mitosis and poor cytoplasm containing glycogen. Some tumor cells had clear and abundant cytoplasm, and resembled water-clear cells of the parathyroid. Immunohistochemically, no thyroglobulin was demonstrated in the tumor tissue. Electronmicroscopically, the tumor cells with high N/C ratio contained poorly developed cell organelles and abundant glycogen particles. They were poor in secretory granules and had no conglomeration of lipid. Desmosomes and tonofibrils were observed. The ratio of the reported number of nonfunctioning parathyroid carcinoma to that of functioning one in Japan was compared with that in western countries. No difference of the ratio was found between these two, when identical criteria were employed. PMID- 6730962 TI - Solitary multilocular cyst of the kidney with embryonic tissue in a child. AB - A case of multilocular cyst of the kidney with embryonic tissue has been reported. The patient was a five-month-old girl. A large multicystic space occupying lesion was found in the right kidney. Some embryonic renal tissue was observed in the cystic mass by microscopy. The significance of the presence of the embryonic renal tissue in a multilocular cyst of children was discussed referring to other cases reported in the literature. PMID- 6730963 TI - Mucoepidermoid carcinoma of the liver. AB - An autopsy case of mucoepidermoid carcinoma of the liver associated with congenital cysts in a 78-year-old man was reported. The liver weighed 1,900 g, and there was a massive tumor of 11 X 10 X 6.5 cm in the left lobe with multiple sero-mucinous cysts. Histologically, the tumor cells consisted of four types of cells: mucus-secreting cells, squamous cells, intermediate cells, and oxyphilic cells. The variety of tumor cells quite resembled that of mucoepidermoid carcinoma of the salivary gland. The sero-mucinous cysts were lined with a single layer of cuboidal or columnar cells and were not communicated with the biliary ducts. Part of the cysts with benign lining cells was in continuity with tumor cells of the intermediate type. Discussion was made on the histogenesis of hepatic mucoepidermoid carcinoma in particular emphasis on the association of the congenital cysts. PMID- 6730964 TI - Endotoxemia-induced diffuse myelitis and extensive patchy necrosis of the liver. AB - An autopsy case with endotoxemia-induced diffuse myelitis and extensive, grossly patchy necrosis of the liver occurring in a 70-year-old female was examined histopathologically and electron microscopically. Leucopenia with prominent leukemoid reaction (myeloblasts 20%) preceded the terminal fulminant hepatitis by two weeks. Soon after the terminal event, bacteremia and endotoxemia were detected and negativity for HB antigen was proved. Diffuse myelitis was characterized by devastation of hyperplastic bone marrow structure mottled with destructed sinus architecture and scattered exudative necrosis, resulting in the loss of mature granulocytes and erythropoiesis. Regenerative clusters of myeloblasts and prominent increase of megakaryocytes were observed. Electron microscopically, the bone marrow contained fibrin and platelets within the exudate of the marrow stroma. Extensive, grossly patchy necrosis of the liver microscopically consisted of well demarcated coagulation necrosis of hepatic parenchyma with scattered fibrin thrombi in the sinusoids at the boundary. There were no definite thrombi but occasional fibrin accumulation in the small blood vessels of the liver. Both extensive diffuse myelitis and extensive, patchy necrosis of the liver seemed to be quite rare in incidence. The pathogenesis of these combined lesions was discussed in relation with endotoxemia. PMID- 6730965 TI - Cardiovascular lesion of carcinoid syndrome. An autopsy case of bronchial carcinoid. AB - An autopsy case of a 67-year-old Japanese male is presented. He had been suffering from carcinoid syndrome for 5 years and showed a typical picture of carcinoid heart disease. In Japan, carcinoid heart disease is rare and we can find only four reported cases (33% of reported carcinoid syndrome). The patient had high urinary secretion of 5-HIAA and high serum serotonin, and finally he died of heart failure and bronchopneumonia. The primary site of this carcinoid tumor was of the bronchus of the right B10c , and it had large hepatic metastases. Electronmicroscopically, the tumor cells had secretory granules measuring 1500-3500 A in diameter. Immunohistochemically, the tumor cells were markedly positive for human chorionic gonadotropin (hCG) and antidiuretic hormone (ADH) and positive for serotonin, in both the primary site and hepatic metastases. Characteristic fibrous plaques were detected in the right atrium, tricuspid valve, right ventricle, and left atrium. Electron-microscopically, the fibrous plaques consisted of smooth muscle cells and myofibroblasts surrounded by basement membrane-like material. The abundant matrix of the fibrous plaques contained acid mucopolysaccharide, microfibrils and collagen fibers. The same fibrous plaques were also found in hepatic veins. Furthermore, retroperitoneal fibrosis was present, which showed proliferation of myofibroblasts, fibroblasts and immature mesenchymal cells. PMID- 6730966 TI - So-called nasal glioma. AB - Nasal glioma is heterotopic brain tissue which usually presents as a tumor around the nose of children and infants. We have encountered two cases of nasal glioma during the past nine years at Hokkaido University Hospital. One showed a tumor in the subcutis of the nasal bridge and the other a polypoid mass arising in the soft palate. Both consisted of proliferation of fibrillary spindle cells consistent with fibrillary astrocytes divided by fibrovascular septa. This was reminiscent of "gliosis" of the central nervous system. Occasional protoplasmic astrocytes were present in both and, in addition, one case showed neuronal cells and choroid plexus. The glial nature of the lesion was confirmed by the presence of glial fibrillary acidic protein demonstrated by the immunoperoxidase method. Nasal glioma is not neoplastic contrary to its name and is considered heterotopic brain tissue which was displaced during fetal development by similar pathogenetic mechanisms of sincipital and basal encephalocele, although its communication to the brain was lost. PMID- 6730967 TI - Occlusion of the basilar artery. A clinical and pathological study of thirteen autopsied cases. AB - The present report dealt with thirteen autopsied cases of basilar artery occlusion. The age of the patients ranged from fifty one to seventy six years with a mean age of fifty six years, and there were eleven males and two females. Basilar artery occlusion was found in one in every 160 autopsies. The average length of the clinical course of the disease was five months. Many patients had a history of hypertension, diabetes mellitus, and cerebrovascular attacks. The neurological signs and symptoms of basilar artery occlusion extremely varied and were complicated. In our series, occular bobbing, palatal myoclonus, Foville syndrome, and Millard - Gubler syndrome are significant. Arteriosclerotic thrombosis is the most important etiologic factor. The site of occlusion was most frequently encountered in the lower third of the basilar artery. Areas of softening were prominent in the midbrain and the pons. In the cerebellum, softenings were present particularly in the areas supplied by the superior cerebellar artery. Infarcts in the thalamus and the temporo-occipital lobes supplied by the posterior cerebral artery were observed very frequently. The distribution of softening was related to the site of occlusion of the basilar artery and the collateral circulation through the Willis ring. PMID- 6730968 TI - Pathogenesis of paraquat-induced pulmonary hemorrhage in hamsters with special reference to arterial constriction. AB - Three dimensional reconstructions of pulmonary arteries and the bronchial tree were made to evaluate the cause of hemorrhage in the lungs of hamsters treated with a single intraperitoneal injection of paraquat at a dose of 15 mg/kg b.w. The hemorrhage corresponding to the respiratory bronchiolar segment formed the minimum hemorrhagic unit; larger hemorrhages were composed of conglomerations of such units. The respiratory bronchiolar segment was fed by a single respiratory bronchiolar arteriole which had a distinct muscular medial coat. No evidence of breakage of the arterial wall passing through the hemorrhagic lesion could be detected even by careful observation with serial histological sections. Accordingly, the cause of the lung hemorrhage was sought in the combined effects of paraquat toxicity to the capillary endothelium and vasoconstriction of the respiratory bronchiolar arterioles. PMID- 6730969 TI - Scanning electron microscopic and X-ray microdiffractometeric studies on sialolith-crystals in human submandibular glands. AB - The crystalline structures of 18 submandibular gland calculi were studied by radiomicrography , scanning electron microscope, and X-ray microdiffractometeric techniques. The following observations were made by SEM: Granular or globular structure was seen on the surface of all cases and pyramidal crystal in one case. In the inside, all showed lamellar pattern with amorphous nucleus in the center, and granular, plate-like and rhombohedral structures were also observed. X-ray microdiffractometeric analyses: Apatite was frequently observed in both outside and inside of the calculi. Whitlockite was next frequently detected and was seen more often in the inside. Brushite and weddellite were noted in the outside of calculi in one case each. Thus, it is suggested that brushite and weddellite were present in the front portion of calculus formation and then transformed into the more stable form e.g. apatite. PMID- 6730970 TI - Endothelial changes of hypertensive rat mesenteric arteries. AB - The mesenteric arteries of hypertensive rats with bilaterally constricted renal arteries were observed by light, scanning electron and transmission electron microscopy. In the early stage of hypertensive arterial lesions, many leukocytes adhered to the endothelial surface, and large or small and polygonal endothelial cells were irregularly arranged. Sporadically brightened and atrophied endothelial cells were distributed on the injured surface. These atrophied cells were transmission electron microscopically confirmed to have undergone coagulation necrosis. In the surrounding of the atrophied cells were observed opened endothelial cell junctions and enlarged intercellular spaces to which many leukocytes and platelets adhered. Because of loosening of connection with neighboring cells, atrophied endothelial cells became solitary or being denuded. Opened endothelial cell junctions were also observed between the uninjured endothelial cells as well as in areas penetrated by leukocytic pseudopods. Where light microscopy disclosed the deposition of a large amount of fibrinoid substance in the intima and media, scanning electron microscopy showed opened endothelial cell junctions and denudation of endothelial cells. From the results of the present experimental study, it was suggested that in the genesis of the hypertensive rat arterial lesions, the degeneration, necrosis and denudation of endothelial cells, opened endothelial cell junctions between these cells, and insudation of blood plasma through the opened junctions or denuded areas might play important roles. PMID- 6730971 TI - Value of pleural lactate in the differential diagnosis between empyema and non bacterial pleural effusions. AB - Lactate concentrations in the pleural fluid of 50 patients were determined by the Monotest Lactate Kit. Lactate values were found higher in bacterial pleural infections than in cases of hydrothorax. Elevated levels were also found in most cases of histologically confirmed cases of pleural neoplasms and in some cases of non-bacterial pleuritis exsudativa . The highest levels were found in cases of empyema, but there was considerable overlapping between the groups. Pleural lactate thus appears to have little diagnostic value in the differential diagnosis between empyema and non-bacterial pleural effusions. PMID- 6730972 TI - Evidence for presence of a xylitol phosphotransferase system in Streptococcus mutans OMZ 176. AB - A cariogenic bacterial strain, Streptococcus mutans OMZ 176, was found to be able to take up xylitol by a phosphotransferase system (pts) in spite of lack of ability to catabolize this pentitol. A metabolite with an Rf value in TLC similar to xylitol 5-phosphate was extracted from resting cells which had been exposed to 14C xylitol. Phosphatase treatment of this metabolite yielded xylitol. It is suggested that the inhibition of growth of Strep. mutans observed in several laboratories can be explained in terms of accumulation of xylitol phosphate (presumably xylitol 5-phosphate) inside the cells. It is furthermore suggested that xylitol is transported and phosphorylated through the fructose pts. PMID- 6730973 TI - Secretion rates of immunoglobulins, albumin, haptoglobin and complement factors C3 and C4 in the perfused jejunum and ileum of human Salmonella carriers. AB - Secretion rates of immunoglobulins and other proteins were assessed by luminal perfusion of jejunum and distal ileum, and the jejunal histology was evaluated in eight Danish chronic Salmonella typhi and paratyphi carriers compared to nine healthy controls who previously had suffered from typhoid or paratyphoid fever not followed by a carrier state. The median secretion rates for each protein investigated in the distal ileum as well as in the jejunum revealed no significant differences between the two groups. The secretion rate of secretory IgA was raised in both groups compared to previously investigated normal persons. The histological examination revealed no signs of inflammation or presence of bacteria. It was concluded that no primary humoral immune defect was revealed in the carriers. PMID- 6730975 TI - [Study of morphine hydrochloride of pharmacopeal quality]. PMID- 6730974 TI - [Biologically active procyanidin content of Crateagus drugs]. PMID- 6730976 TI - [Production of perhepar powder by means of spray drying]. PMID- 6730977 TI - [Kinetics of sulfadimidine after intravenous and rectal injection into rabbits]. PMID- 6730978 TI - [Factors influencing the energy requirements of tabletting. II]. PMID- 6730979 TI - [Production of microcapsules containing tofizopam]. PMID- 6730980 TI - [Beta-cyclodextrin as an auxiliary substance in tabletting (preliminary communication)]. PMID- 6730981 TI - Reduced synthesis of hepatic and plasma proteins in rats during diethyl ether anaesthesia. AB - The effect of diethyl ether anaesthesia on in vivo hepatic protein synthetic rates was tested in male Wistar rats. Protein synthesis was measured by an isotope technique after correction for measured levels of precursor specific radioactivity. It was shown that usual anaesthetic levels of diethyl ether reduced the rate of synthesis of liver proteins with 20% compared to a group receiving no anaesthesia. The synthesis/secretion of plasma proteins was much more inhibited, with approximately 70-80%, compared to animals either receiving no anaesthesia or pentobarbital. Monitoring of ether concentrations therefore seems necessary in experiments in which the hepatic capacity for protein synthesis/secretion is measured. PMID- 6730982 TI - Nature of 54Mn binding protein in rat brain, liver and serum. AB - Studies were undertaken to investigate the 54Mn binding protein in rat serum, liver and brain. Equilibrium dialysis pattern in three biological media with 54Mn against distilled water showed a rectangular hyperbola after 24 hr dialysis. 54Mn in the bag was in the non-dialysable form, presumably bound to protein. Gel filtration studies with 54Mn bound protein showed that 54Mn had a specific carrier protein, which was identical for all the three biological media tested. The electrophorogram of concentrated 54Mn protein with Comassie blue stain for protein and PAS stain for glycoprotein showed a single band with an equal RF value clearly indicating the glycoprotein nature of 54Mn binding protein. Sulphydryl groups were absent and it had molecular weight of 6.3 X 10(4) dalton. PMID- 6730983 TI - The influence of prazosin and propranolol on serum lipids and atherosclerosis in standard fed pigs. AB - The influence of prazosin and propranolol on serum lipids and atherosclerosis was evaluated in standard fed pigs during a nine months experimental period. The incidence and severity of atherosclerotic lesions was very low, and no difference could be observed neither between the two drugs nor between the drug groups and the placebo group. Prazosin and propranolol induced no marked change in the serum lipid profile. The results could be explained by the very low fat content, 3.6 per cent, in the present standard diet. PMID- 6730984 TI - Sensory irritation and pulmonary irritation by airborne allyl acetate, allyl alcohol, and allyl ether compared to acrolein. AB - The propene derivatives, allyl acetate, allyl alcohol, allyl ether, and acrolein were investigated for their property as sensory irritant in Ssc:CF-1 mice. The concentration of the chemicals necessary to depress the respiratory rate by 50% ( RD50 ) due to sensory irritation of the upper respiratory tract were 2.9, 3.9, 5.0 and 2.9 p.p.m., respectively. The potency of these propene derivatives varied very little for their concentration in air, in p.p.m., to depress the respiratory rate by 50%. However, when the potency is expressed in terms of thermodynamic activity acrolein was found to be 10 times more potent than the other propene derivates. This may be explained either by a higher reactivity of the carbon carbon double bond or the involvement of the aldehyde group in a secondary chemical binding. No secondary chemical binding can be invoked for allyl acetate, allyl alcohol or allyl ether. In general, the chemical structure CH2 = CH-CH-O may be suspected to allow a molecule to act as a strong sensory irritant. The TLV's were predicted from the relation: TLV approximately equal to 0.03 X RD50 and were found to be 0.1, 0.1, 0.15, and 0.1 for allyl acetate, allyl alcohol, allyl ether, and acrolein, respectively. No pulmonary irritation was found at the concentration causing a 50% decrease in respiratory rate. PMID- 6730985 TI - Haemolytic activity of copper as influenced by chelating agents, albumine and chromium. AB - The haemolytic activity of CuSO4 (0.3 mM) in vitro was reduced in the presence of albumine (5-20 g/l). The presence of D-penicillamine, triethylene tetramine or dimercaptosuccinic acid (0.3 mM) also reduced the copper-induced haemolysis, whereas 2,3-dimercaptopropane-1-sulphonate increased the cytolysis. N ethylmaleimide (NEM) in appropriate concentrations (1 mM), as well as chromic chloride (0.3 mM), reduced the copper-induced haemolysis. Higher concentrations of NEM (2 mM) were ineffective. The results may provide helpful suggestions as regarding the clinical treatment of copper poisoning and Wilson's disease. The results may also be helpful for the understanding of the mechanisms of haemolysis associated with copper intoxication in vivo. PMID- 6730987 TI - Radial and axial tensile strength and strength variability of paracetamol tablets. PMID- 6730986 TI - Embryotoxicity of arsenite and arsenate: distribution in pregnant mice and monkeys and effects on embryonic cells in vitro. AB - The distribution of 74As-labelled arsenate and arsenite in pregnant mice and a monkey has been studied by autoradiography and gamma counting of isolated tissues, and their in vitro toxicity to a chondrogenic system has been investigated. With both arsenic forms, given as single intravenous injections to the mother, the 74As-arsenic appeared to pass the mouse placenta relatively free and approximately to the same extent. The retention time in maternal tissues including the placenta was, however, around three times longer with arsenite than with arsenate. In early gestation, high activity was registered in the embryonic neuroepithelium, which correlates well with reported CNS malformations in rodents. In late gestation, the distribution pattern was more like that in the adults. Accumulation in skin and squamous epithelia of the upper gastrointestinal tract (oral cavity, oesophagus and oesophageal region of stomach) dominated the distribution picture, especially at a long survival interval. Arsenate, but not arsenite, showed affinity for the calcified areas of the skeleton. A marmoset monkey in late gestation receiving arsenite showed a somewhat lower rate of placental transfer than the mice. Skin and liver had the highest concentrations (at 8 hrs), both in mother and foetuses. This species is known not to methylate arsenic, resulting in stronger binding and longer retention times of arsenic as compared with other species. The stronger binding in maternal tissues may possibly explain the lower rate of placental transfer. Arsenite was shown to inhibit cartilage formation in a chick limb bud mesenchymal spot culture system (ED50 approximately 5-10 microM), while arsenate seemed to be without effect at concentrations up to 200 microM (highest tested). Arsenate, however, showed a potentiation of the arsenite toxicity. PMID- 6730988 TI - Cyclizing compounds. V. Tertiary haloalkylamine derivatives related to the tricyclic psychopharmacological agents promazine, imipramine and amitriptyline. PMID- 6730989 TI - Metabolism of piperonal and piperonyl alcohol in the rat with special reference to the scission of the methylenedioxy group. PMID- 6730990 TI - A muscle-relaxant catechin derivative from Elaeodendron balae (Celastraceae). PMID- 6730991 TI - Schizophrenia. A comparative trial of community orientated and hospital orientated psychiatric care. AB - Sixty-five schizophrenic patients presenting for admission were randomly allocated into two groups. Control patients received standard hospital care and after-care. Experimental patients were not admitted if this could be avoided; instead they were taken back to the community by the Community Treatment Team who provided them and their relatives with comprehensive community treatment and a 24 h crisis service. During the 12 months study period 68% of the schizophrenic patients in the experimental group were not admitted; 10% were admitted two or more times and for 5 weeks or longer. All the schizophrenic patients in the control group were admitted--two-thirds or more times and for 5 weeks or longer. It was feasible to treat most schizophrenic patients in the community. Community treatment was considered by patients and their relatives to be the more satisfactory and helpful form of treatment and achieved a superior clinical outcome. PMID- 6730992 TI - Self-healing strategies among schizophrenics: attempts at compensation for basic disorders. AB - New experimental findings show that schizophrenics, as well as some of their non schizophrenic relatives, manifest basic cognitive disorders defined in terms of variables from the field of experimental psychology. These basic disorders can be regarded as markers--if not, indeed, as psychological manifestations--of vulnerability to schizophrenia. They can be associated with subjectively experienced forms of non-clinically manifest impairments in psychological functioning. It was therefore hypothesised that schizophrenics, as well as non schizophrenic subjects vulnerable to schizophrenia, will, in the course of learning processes, develop compensatory efforts which may be more or less effective. It is assumed that effective efforts of this kind will take on special significance in stress situations which would tend to elicit the occurrence of a schizophrenic episode. Effective efforts at compensation for basic disorders should be able to act as a 'buffer' against negative stressor effects (moderator function), thus reducing the danger of a psychotic breakdown. These compensation efforts were studied in 40 inpatients in remission after an acute schizophrenic episode. It was found that significant correlations exist between the extent of subjectively experienced basic disorders and the number and kind of conscious compensation attempts. Although the findings to date are of a preliminary and purely descriptive nature they would seem to justify further research. PMID- 6730993 TI - Relationship of response to sleep deprivation and carbamazepine in depressed patients. AB - The responses of 16 patients with major depressive disorder to one night's sleep deprivation and a subsequent double-blind, placebo-controlled trial of carbamazepine were compared. There was a significant association between the presence or absence of an antidepressant response to each of these treatments. Further studies are required to assess the clinical utility of this relationship and whether it is based on antidepressant response to any agent or is more specific to carbamazepine. PMID- 6730994 TI - Mean 14.00-17.00 h plasma cortisol concentration and its relationship to the 1 mg dexamethasone suppression response in depressives and controls. AB - Three-hour cortisol-profiles and cortisol responses to a 1 mg dose of dexamethasone were recorded in 31 depressed patients and nine controls. The data indicate that the likelihood of detecting non-suppressible cortisol concentrations after dexamethasone is significantly increased in depressed patients with a hypersecretion of cortisol. However, a considerable subsample of normosecretors shows abnormal DST results. Conversely, hypersecretion is often associated with dexamethasone suppression. In this study a 1 mg-DST did not reflect the adrenocortical activity with ultimate accuracy. Therefore any attempts which correlate psychopathological or biological data with pituitary adrenal activity and use a DST-result as measure are criticizable . Data derived from volunteers illustrate that medical factors such as weight-loss, steroid containing contraceptives and sleep deprivation can make a pituitary-adrenal activity test ambiguous. PMID- 6730995 TI - The reliability of psychiatric diagnosis in Israel's Psychiatric Case Register. AB - To determine the reliability of psychiatric diagnoses in the Israel Psychiatric Case Register, DSM-III criteria were applied to case record abstracts of first admissions to a large psychiatric hospital in Jerusalem. The DSM-III diagnoses were compared with ICD-8 records diagnoses. Between 40 and 50% of those originally diagnosed as schizophrenia were re-diagnosed into less severe categories. The proportion diagnosed as affective disorder doubled from 21% for ICD-8 diagnoses to 40% for DSM-III diagnoses. The unreliability concerned the diagnoses of schizophrenia and affective disorder. Findings suggest that the introduction of standardized diagnostic criteria in Israel will lead to a substantial increase in the number of cases diagnosed as affective disorder, although difficulties involved in differentiating schizophrenia from the major affective disorders remain. The DSM-III findings suggest a high prevalence of affective disorders among Jews. PMID- 6730996 TI - Treatment of alcohol withdrawal symptoms in hospitalized patients. A randomized, double-blind comparison of carbamazepine (Tegretol) and barbital (Diemal). AB - Seventy-two hospitalized patients with alcohol withdrawal symptoms were treated with either carbamazepine (Tegretol) or barbital ( Diemal ) in a randomized, double-blind trial. The dose of trial medication as well as the duration of treatment was individual, corresponding to the conventional treatment schedule. During the trial period daily records were kept of target withdrawal symptoms, global evaluation, the patient's subjective feeling and unwanted effects. Sixty patients completed the treatment successfully. The two treatment groups were homogeneous as regards patient characteristics, pre-treatment disease severity and drop-out rate. No statistically significant differences were found in efficacy between the two treatments, and both drugs were well tolerated. It is concluded that carbamazepine is a valuable alternative drug in the treatment of mild and moderate alcohol withdrawal symptoms. PMID- 6730997 TI - Feighner's symptom profile of alcoholism in a Kenyan general hospital. AB - Eighty-three consecutive first-ever admissions to the general medical wards at the Kenyatta National Hospital ( KNH ), were screened for alcoholism using the Feighner's Research Diagnostic Criteria for Alcoholism ( FRDCA ) in their first week of admission. They were aged between 18-65 years and able to give informed consent and participate in an interview. 48% of the males, 13% of the females and 31% of the overall sample scored for definite alcoholism. Abnormal drinking behaviour and social pathology associated with drinking rather than the medical and psychiatric aspects of alcoholism were more associated with the alcoholism group. These findings are compared and contrasted with similar findings in Western settings. PMID- 6730998 TI - Attempted suicide (parasuicide) in Nairobi, Kenya. AB - The authors report on socio-demographic characteristics, methods and associated causes among 110 suicide attempters seen by them in Nairobi. Attempted suicide is still an offence in Kenya, like it is in other Third World countries. A profile of a typical young person who attempts to take his/her life is described and some relevant aspects of 'parasuicide' are discussed. PMID- 6730999 TI - Memories of parental rearing practices and personality features. AB - Relationships between own memories of parental rearing practices and adult personality features were examined. Two hundred healthy volunteers, 86 males and 114 females, completed the Own Memories of Child-Rearing Experiences ( EMBU ), the Eysenck Personality Questionnaire ( EPQ ) and the Lazare - Klerman - Armor Trait Scale ( LKAS ). Relations between two sets of variables were examined by means of Pearson product moment correlation coefficient, and Bonferroni inequalities were applied for each family of hypotheses. For the male sample all correlations were not significant. For females there were several significant correlations. The most consistent finding was that the experience of negative parental rearing factors was associated with pathological features in the personality. About one half of the significant correlations were found between female hysterical scores and EMBU father. The findings support the general assumption that females with hysterical traits have complicated relations to their fathers, which may indicate fixation in the Oedipal stage. PMID- 6731000 TI - Offspring of women with nonorganic psychosis: fear of strangers during the first year of life. AB - Fear of strangers ( FOS ) during the infant's first year was studied in 46 "high risk" offspring of index mothers with a history of nonorganic psychosis and in 80 demographically similar control offspring. FOS was measured in the home by a standardized test at 1 year of age and by repeated interviews with the mother during the first year. As compared with controls, the total index group, and the subgroups of offspring of mothers with Schizophrenia and Cycloid Psychosis, significantly more often showed a total absence of FOS in the test at 1 year, as well as during the entire first year. FOS at 1 year was unrelated both to serious active psychiatric disturbance in index mothers during the infant's first year of life, and the infant's sex, in index and control groups. PMID- 6731001 TI - Reactive hypoglycemic tendency among arsonists. AB - A reactive hypoglycemic tendency during the glucose tolerance test was connected with fire-setting behavior. These hypoglycemic arsonists not only fulfilled the criteria for either intermittent explosive disorder or violent antisocial personality, but also those for borderline personality disorder. They seemed to differ from other arsonists in alcohol abuse and behavior during the fire-setting acts, and, in personality profile in MMPI, also differed from classical violent offenders with intermittent explosive disorder. PMID- 6731002 TI - Perception of signals presented in the periphery of the visual field. PMID- 6731003 TI - A processing division on the recency axis: the selective effects of visual field, match type, and direction of reading on terminal and pre-terminal items in a letter matching task. PMID- 6731004 TI - Secorbarbital and perceptual processing. PMID- 6731005 TI - Umbilical and paraumbilical veins in ligamentum teres. Their significance as collaterals in portal hypertension. AB - Twenty-two postmortem specimens of the liver (18 normal livers, three with liver metastases, and one with liver cirrhosis) with attached ligamenta teres were investigated using silicone rubber injection technique. In all cases, the paraumbilical veins were demonstrated. They were usually divided into 2 groups, one on the right and one on the left side of the ligamentum teres, and they terminated in a variable manner into small peripheral portal vein branches in the liver parenchyma. A patent segment of the umbilical vein was found in 7 of the 22 cases. Connections between the umbilical vein and paraumbilical veins were supposed to represent one of the collateral channels in portal hypertension. PMID- 6731006 TI - Preoperative radiographically guided wire marking of nonpalpable breast lesions. AB - In 37 women with possibly malignant lesions detected at radiography of the breast, 42 excisional biopsies were performed using preoperative guide wire marking at radiography. The wire transfixed or missed the lesion by less than one cm in 95 per cent of the cases, and in all but three cases a precise localization was obtained with only one wire. Full removal of the lesion was obtained at the first excision in 40 procedures and a second excision was necessary in only two patients. Minor wound complications occurred in two patients. The malignancy rate was 13.5 per cent and metastatic lymph node involvement was not observed in any of the patients. The localization method described is easy to perform and highly recommendable. PMID- 6731007 TI - Radiographic measurements of the cranio-vertebral region. Designed for evaluation of abnormalities in rheumatoid arthritis. AB - A new method of measuring vertical dislocation of the C1 and C2 vertebra in rheumatoid arthritis is presented based on the distance from the lower end plate of C2 to the palato -occipital or McGregor 's line. In a normal material the distance was found to be 34 mm or more in men and 29 mm or more in women. A value below these limits should be regarded as vertical dislocation. In the same normal material the value according to the McGregor method was found to be 9 mm or less in both sexes. In a combined material consisting of healthy individuals and patients with rheumatoid arthritis a good correlation between the two measurement methods was found. The new method has the advantage of giving a measurable value also in cases with advanced dislocations and an undiscernible dens and of giving a correct value in cases with erosions and destruction of the dens. PMID- 6731008 TI - Degree of vertebral wedging of the dorso-lumbar spine. AB - From a random sample consisting of 164 persons, the degree of vertebral wedging was calculated as the ratio between the heights of the anterior and posterior aspects of the vertebrae Th8 to L3. The normal values and confidence limits are described. The degree of wedging was significantly greater at almost all levels in the male group than in the female group. No positive relationship to age was found. PMID- 6731009 TI - Radiologic method to assess urinary bladder capacity and proportions in children. AB - The bladder capacity has been determined physiologically and radiologically at micturition urethrocystography in 139 otherwise normal children 4 to 8 weeks after a bacteriologically confirmed, successfully treated urinary tract infection. This capacity, at a pressure of 50 cm of contrast medium, has been correlated to the length of the lumbar segment L1 to L3. The assessment of normal and abnormal bladder size can be made from infused volume or three dimensional radiologic measurements and is expressed in standard deviations. PMID- 6731010 TI - Arthro-osteo-renal dysplasia. Report of a case. AB - A rare case of bone dysplasia with moderate modelling anomalies of the long bones, joint dislocation, osteolysis, a congenital calvarial defect, a patent ductus arteriosus, a mild degree of hypospadias and hypertensive renal cystic dysplasia is presented. In spite of many similarities with the Hajdu - Cheney Syndrome (HCS), important dissimilarities indicate that this case may be either an extreme variant of HCS, or a closely related, separate entity for which the term Arthro-Osteo-Renal Dysplasia is proposed. PMID- 6731011 TI - Bronchial and intercostal angiography with ioxaglate and diatrizoate in man. A comparative investigation. AB - A low osmolality contrast medium, ioxaglate, was compared with diatrizoate of high osmolality in selective bronchial and intercostal angiography. The frequency and degree of pain, heat sensation, cough and involuntary movement were significantly lower with ioxaglate. In addition haemodynamics recorded in 17 cases of bronchial angiography revealed that ioxaglate induced significantly less effect on systemic blood pressure and heart rate. PMID- 6731012 TI - Method for assessment of the reporting standard of clinical trials with roentgen contrast media. AB - A procedure for assessing the methodologic standard of the reports of contrast medium trials is described. Each report was assessed and scored on 11 different items important for evaluating the methodologic strength of a given trial. Although the method was rough, the first experiences indicate that reliable, comparative evaluations can be obtained. The method may be used for improving the reporting standard. PMID- 6731014 TI - Measurement of background signals due to scattered and off-focal radiation on CT scanners. AB - The magnitude of scattered and off-focal radiation in relation to the primary radiation has been measured for 4 commercial CT scanners of third generation (only rotation). The measurement has been done by placing a lead beam stop in front of a scattering phantom as well as without a phantom and registering the detector signal behind and outside the lead beam stop. The off-focal radiation has been found to be very similar in magnitude for 3 of the scanners compared, while the scattered radiation from the phantom was found to vary with parameters like distance between phantom and detector, grid in front of the detector and self collimation of the detector. PMID- 6731013 TI - CT staging of oesophageal carcinoma. AB - It has been generally accepted that the normal oesophagus, usually in its entire length, is surrounded by fat which facilitates assessment of tumour extension at CT examination in patients with carcinoma. As this contradicts the clinical experience at the hospital, 25 normal subjects and 36 patients with carcinoma of the oesophagus were investigated with computed tomography. In the middle part, where most tumours arise, the oesophagus as a rule was poorly delineated against important structures such as the left main bronchus and the pericardium (left atrium). In the upper and lower oesophagus the delineation was usually better, but none of the normal subjects had a good or at least discernible fat plane in every slice. The typical tumour appeared as a concentric thickening of the wall with broad contact surfaces without interposed fat with adjacent structures such as the trachea, left main bronchus, left atrium, aorta or vertebrae. Most patients received 24 Gy MV treatment followed by surgery and then 40 Gy of radiation. Ten tumours with broad contact surfaces were easily excised while of the five lesions which were relatively well demarcated two needed sharp dissection. These facts make it very difficult to anticipate the surgical findings at CT. The only reliable sign of inoperability was big bulky tumours encroaching on neighbouring organs. PMID- 6731015 TI - E-Z-CAT. An oral contrast medium for use in computed tomography of the abdomen. AB - A new barium sulphate suspension, E-Z-CAT, for use as an oral contrast medium at computed tomography of the abdomen has been compared with the commonly used water soluble iodinated contrast medium Gastrografin as regards patient tolerance and diagnostic information. The investigation was conducted as an unpaired randomized single-blind study in 100 consecutive patients. E-Z-CAT seems to be preferred because of its better taste, its lesser tendency to cause diarrhoea, and for usage in patients who are known to be hypersensitive to iodinated contrast media. The diagnostic information was the same for both contrast media. PMID- 6731016 TI - Herniographic appearance of contralateral inguinal hernia. AB - In 303 adults (185 men, 118 women) with unilateral groin pain and a normal physical examination, positive contrast herniography was performed. In 32 per cent of the patients a symptomatic hernia (ipsilateral) and in 18 per cent an asymptomatic hernia (contralateral) were found. The type of hernia was indirect, direct, femoral or obturator. Indirect and direct inguinal hernias were significantly more frequent on the ipsilateral side compared with the contralateral in men with right-sided groin pain. In women with left-side groin pain femoral hernias were significantly more frequent on the ipsilateral side compared with the contralateral. The size alone could not discriminate between ipsi- and contralateral hernias. The results indicate that in most patients there is no specific radiographic appearance which can discriminate between symptomatic and asymptomatic hernias. PMID- 6731017 TI - Cranio-caudal movements of the liver, pancreas and kidneys in respiration. AB - The range of movement of the liver, pancreas and kidneys in maximum and normal respiration, and the ability to suspend respiration repeatedly leaving the organs in exactly the same position with the aid of given instructions or a combination of instructions and a simple tool were investigated. The range of movement of the most mobile organ (liver) was 5.5 cm during maximum, 2.5 cm during normal, 0.9 cm during suspended respiration, and 0.2 cm during suspended respiration with a bar placed above the abdomen. PMID- 6731018 TI - Vertical dislocation of the C1 and C2 vertebrae in rheumatoid arthritis. AB - In a retrospective analysis of 450 patients with rheumatoid arthritis the cervical films were reviewed to detect vertical dislocation of the C1 and C2 vertebrae. A frequency of 10 per cent was found among all patients and of 24 per cent among those with cervical arthritis. The authors' method of measuring vertical dislocation at conventional radiography turned out to be superior to the method of McGregor , especially in cases with severe dislocation. The vertical dislocation was shown to be preceded by a horizontal dislocation and the appearance of vertical dislocation diminished or abolished the horizontal dislocation. Progression occurred in many cases and was combined with erosions of the atlas and axis. In more than half of the patients there was also contemporaneously a subaxial dislocation. Neurologic symptoms were more often occurring in patients with a severe vertical dislocation and in patients with spinal stenosis at the C1 level. PMID- 6731019 TI - Arthrography of the dislocated elbow joint. AB - Arthrography has been suggested as a useful tool for diagnosing ligament ruptures. In 14 consecutive patients with non-fractured elbow dislocations arthrography was performed after reduction of the dislocation. One or two days following arthrography all elbows were examined under general anesthesia with regard to stability and half of them were randomized for surgery with exploration and suture of both the ulnar and the radial collateral ligaments. Arthrography, even if performed within 24 hours after the injury, was found to be unreliable in diagnosing ligament injuries after elbow dislocation. Leakage of the contrast medium was more or less limited to the site of the major injury, which in the dorsal and dorso-radial dislocation was a rupture of the volar aspect of the capsule and the ulnar side of the joint in the radial dislocation. PMID- 6731020 TI - Width of the normal ankle joint. AB - An investigation of the talocrural joint was performed in 160 normal adults, 80 males and 80 females. The joint space was measured on films at six locations, three in the antero-posterior and three in the lateral view of the ankle. The average joint space in men was 3.4 mm and in women 2.9 mm, which is a significant difference (p less than 0.001). The joint space was wider in the medial part when evaluating the antero-posterior view, but did not change with age. PMID- 6731021 TI - Omnipaque and urografin in arthrography of the knee. AB - The first experience with Omnipaque in arthrography of the knee in patients is reported. Forty arthrographies were performed using either Omnipaque 350 mg I/ml or Urografin 370 mg I/ml at random. The low-osmolar non-ionic Omnipaque showed a tendency for pain of shorter duration and lower incidence of hydrops. A significantly lower incidence of complaints of tension and swelling and assessed reactive synovitis was demonstrated. Both contrast media produced excellent synovial coating on standard series, but Omnipaque showed a slower decrease in attenuation. PMID- 6731022 TI - Iohexol and metrizoate in urography in children. Comparison between a non-ionic and an ionic contrast medium. AB - Urography was performed with the non-ionic contrast medium iohexol in 21 children and with the ionic contrast medium metrizoate in 18 children. The quality of the urograms was good with both contrast media and there was no statistically significant difference between them in this respect. However, the contrast medium attenuation in the collecting system was higher with iohexol than with metrizoate. No renal damage was observed. Only minor adverse reactions were seen with both contrast media and more rarely in the iohexol group, but this difference was not statistically significant. PMID- 6731023 TI - Radiographic demonstration of a liquid surface bounded by a partially wettable solid surface. AB - At the line of contact between a liquid surface and a bounding solid deformation of the surface is produced by surface tension, and this deformation is clearly demonstrated in the radiograph. For the interpretation of this image feature a detailed analysis is necessary. Such an analysis is described in the present article. PMID- 6731024 TI - Computed tomography versus aortography for preoperative evaluation of abdominal aortic aneurysm. AB - Twenty-eight patients with abdominal aortic aneurysm were examined by computed tomography (CT) and aortography. They subsequently underwent aneurysmectomy and reconstruction of the aorta. CT provided in most of the cases the same or more accurate preoperative information than aortography. CT is comfortable for the patient, less invasive and faster than aortography and can be done as an outpatient procedure. Thus, we recommend CT to be the primary method for preoperative evaluation of abdominal aortic aneurysm. In selected cases aortography gives additional information regarding the relationship to the renal arteries (when the aorta is very tortuous), the occurrence of renal artery stenosis, and peripheral vascular disease. PMID- 6731025 TI - Inhibition of platelet aggregation by cepharanthine is accomplished during the early, membrane-related activation process. AB - Cepharanthine, a biscoclaurine alkaloids which interact with biomembranes, has been found to inhibit platelet aggregation. The effects of this drug on morphological and physiochemical phenomena following collagen-induced platelet stimulation were investigated. In the presence of cepharanthine, stimulated platelets became spherical, but did not form pseudopoda , nor did they become aggregated. Physiochemical reactions such as accelerated oxygen consumption, release of membrane-bound Ca2+, release of Ca2+ into the extracellular medium and deporalization of the membrane potential were all inhibited by cepharanthine. Using D,L-dipalmitoyl phosphatidylcholine liposomes as the substrate, cepharanthine was shown to inhibit phospholipase A2 activity. These results suggest that the changes in the membrane following the interaction of collagen with its receptor are important for platelet activation. Cepharanthine may inhibits these membrane state changes, thus blocking all subsequent reactions. PMID- 6731026 TI - Effect of induced hypertension on experimentally-induced cerebral arterial spasm. AB - Ten adult cats were anesthetized and ventilated by respirator. After the basilar artery was exposed transclivally and visualized with an operative microscope, mean arterial blood pressure (MABP) was raised gradually by intravenous drip infusion of norepinephrine (5-20 micrograms/kg) or angiotensin-II-amide (0.3-1.0 micrograms/kg). At various blood pressures, microphotographs were taken. There was no appreciable change in vessel diameter at a MABP ranging from 78 to 191 mmHg. The blood pressure was allowed to return to the initial baseline level. Arterial spasm was produced by the topical application of 0.2 M calcium gluconate, which decreased the arterial diameter by 13 to 58 percent for more than 60 min. Blood pressure was increased again after the production of the arterial spasm. Significant increases in the diameter of the arteries were produced by the drug-induced hypertension at levels of MABP ranging from 82 to 192 mmHg. The maximum arterial dilations ranged from 123 to 208 percent of the untreated control. The degree of dilation of the arteries almost paralleled the rise in MABP. Norepinephrine and angiotensin-II had a similar effect on both the blood pressure and the arterial diameter. Induced hypertension would be expected to improve blood flow parameters in the case of spastic cerebral arteries. PMID- 6731027 TI - A case of chronic pancreatitis successfully treated by endoscopic removal of protein plugs. AB - A 56 years old male with chronic pancreatitis complained of intractable abdominal pain, anorexia, emaciation and peripheral edema. Medical treatment initiated only partial improvement in the general condition and hypoproteinemia. Endoscopic retrograde cholangiopancreatography revealed multiple filling defects in the dilated main pancreatic duct. Endoscopic aspiration of pure pancreatic juice yielded numerous protein plugs. The endoscopic removal of protein plugs from the pancreatic duct resulted in remarkable improvement in symptoms, laboratory findings and ERCP findings. We consider this procedure to be an important new treatment of chronic pancreatitis. PMID- 6731028 TI - Detection of serum blocking factors and antibodies to the albumin receptor on HBsAG particles in healthy persons and patients with liver diseases. AB - An enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) for the detection of serum blocking factors (BF), or antibodies to the albumin receptor on HBsAg particles, was developed, and its clinical usefulness was examined in healthy persons and patients with liver diseases. Thirteen of 80 anti-HBs-positive female (16.3%) had BF, but all 25 male anti-HBs-positive, 41 female and 32 male anti-HBs-negative subjects were negative for BF. The activity of BF in BF-positive cases was not associated with the positive reciprocal hemagglutination titer of anti-HBs. For a neutralization test of BF, the BFs from 5 cases were absorbed with IgG immunobeads. It was determined that these IgG-BFs were antibodies to the albumin receptors on HBsAg particles. No significance between positive-BF and abnormal S GPT levels was recognized. These results suggest that the present test for the detection of BF, or anti-albumin receptor antibody, different from anti-HBs, might be useful for diagnosis of hepatitis B and as a marker for HB virus. PMID- 6731029 TI - Quantitative psychometric testing and subclinical hepatic encephalopathy- comparative study between encephalopathic and non-encephalopathic patients with liver cirrhosis. AB - Six quantitative psychometric tests were performed on 51 healthy subjects, 19 cirrhotic patients with subclinical hepatic encephalopathy (SHE), 32 cirrhotic patients without SHE, and 26 patients with other diseases. Strong correlations between age and the results of all the psychometric tests were observed in the healthy subjects (p less than 0.005). Sex and etiology of liver cirrhosis did not affect the test results. SHE patients, compared with non-SHE and health subjects, presented impairment in the ability to perform the tests, even in the absence of obvious clinical and electroencephalogram findings. In SHE patients, trailmaking test A (TMT A) yielded the highest frequency of abnormal values, 63%. TMT A results were abnormal in 80% of SHE patients with abnormal scores in other tests, and thus it seemed to be the most sensitive test. Liver function tests did not correlate with psychometric testing in any of the groups. Blood ammonia levels in SHE patients with abnormal TMT A scores correlated with TMT A scores (r = 0.752, p less than 0.01); this was not the case in SHE nor non-SHE patients with normal TMT A results. These data demonstrate the usefulness of psychometric tests in detecting SHE. PMID- 6731030 TI - [Assay of thyroglobulin in the study of patients with differentiated thyroid carcinoma]. PMID- 6731031 TI - [Contact dermatitis in children]. PMID- 6731033 TI - Angiographic, ultrasound and isotopic scanning in the evaluation of hepatic masses. PMID- 6731032 TI - [Ruptured aneurysm of the sinus of Valsalva into the right atrium]. PMID- 6731034 TI - Cardiopulmonary function in sarcoidosis. AB - Hemodynamics, angiocardiographic findings and lung function were evaluated in 10 patients with clinically, radiologically and histopathologically established sarcoidosis. All 10 patients had cardiac symptoms and/or abnormal ECG. Right and left heart catheterization, angiocardiography, spirometry and diffusion capacity were performed in all patients. Pulmonary hypertension was present in the two patients with stage III sarcoidosis and in 7 of 8 patients with stages I and II. Right ventricular end-diastolic pressure was elevated in 6 patients. Seven patients had findings compatible with a failing left ventricle with elevated end diastolic pressure and/or elevated pulmonary capillary wedge pressure. None of the patients had entirely normal hemodynamic findings. Angiocardiography showed a low ejection fraction in 6 patients but no wall asynergy. Right ventricular angiography and coronary angiography were normal in all patients. Findings compatible with failure of the left and right ventricle of the heart was common in our sarcoid patients with cardiac symptoms and/or abnormal ECG. Impairment of the pulmonary function does not seem to be the only reason for the hemodynamic findings, thus indicating the possibility of myocardial sarcoidosis. PMID- 6731035 TI - Failure of the biguanide moroxydine chloride to stimulate plasma fibrinolytic activity. AB - Eleven patients with recurrent venous thrombosis or thrombophlebitis and a decreased fibrinolytic activity after venous occlusion were given a phenformin like substance, moroxydine chloride, for 6 months. No sustained increase in the fibrinolytic activity was observed after moroxydine treatment. PMID- 6731036 TI - Potassium in skeletal muscle in untreated primary hypertension and in chronic renal failure, studied by X-ray fluorescence technique. AB - Muscle biopsy specimens form 22 patients with primary hypertension, 10 patients with chronic renal failure and 21 healthy normotensive controls were analyzed using a Kevex 0600 X-ray spectrometer. Muscle potassium (MK), calcium (MCa), sulphur (MS) and phosphorus (MP) were determined. In the patients with primary hypertension, MK was decreased compared to the controls (p less than 0.001), MCa was increased (p less than 0.05), MS was decreased (p less than 0.05) and no difference was seen in MP. In the patients with chronic renal failure, MK was decreased compared to the controls (p less than 0.001), MCa showed no difference compared to the controls, whereas both MP and MS were lower (p less than 0.05 and p less than 0.001). It was concluded that intracellular potassium is low both in primary hypertension and chronic renal failure. In chronic renal failure the potassium decrease is probably secondary to loss of cellular potassium capacity, whereas in primary hypertension an inhibition of the sodium, potassium, adenosine triphosphatase is suggested as the cause of the low potassium. PMID- 6731038 TI - Smoking and diabetic nephropathy. AB - Forty-seven patients with insulin-dependent diabetes (IDDM) and diabetic nephropathy and 47 controls with IDDM without diabetic nephropathy were interviewed about their previous and current smoking habits. The patients in the two groups were matched according to sex, age, age at onset, and duration of diabetes. All patients in the nephropathy group had proteinuria and decreased glomerular filtration. None in the control group had ever had proteinuria as tested by dip stick. The total amount of smoking until date of interview was estimated for each individual and presented as an index. The patients with nephropathy had a significantly higher smoking index than the controls. In the nephropathy group there were also more numerous current smokers, more heavy smokers and fewer individuals who had never smoked than in the control group. The link between diabetic renal microangiopathy and smoking may be through mechanisms such as increased platelet aggregation, accentuated tissue hypoxia and hemodynamic or metabolic effects of repeated noradrenaline release. PMID- 6731037 TI - Stroke registration in Goteborg, Sweden, 1971-75. Clinical profile and prognosis. AB - Strokes occurring in persons 15-65 years of age (population 300 000) have been registered since 1970 in Goteborg, Sweden. From 1971 to 1974, 640 patients were registered and followed for at least one year. Coexisting cardio-cerebrovascular diseases were more frequent in the stroke patients than in random samples of the population of Goteborg of similar ages for each sex. At three weeks the degree of neurological deficit and type of stroke were decisive for prognosis, while the presence of cardio-cerebrovascular diseases influenced fatality rates negatively at one year. Key words: stroke (cerebrovascular disorders), stroke type (cerebral infarction, cerebral hemorrhage, subarachnoid hemorrhage), clinical profile, coexisting cardiovascular diseases, fatality rates. PMID- 6731039 TI - Predictability in diabetic nephropathy. AB - Possible association between several variables and the prognosis of nephropathy was investigated in 23 insulin-dependent diabetics with established diabetic nephropathy. Age at onset and duration of diabetes, blood pressure and metabolic control were among these variables. In the mean observation period of 27 months, end-stage renal disease (ESRD) developed in 11 patients. Nine patients died, including six with progression to ESRD, mainly of cardiac disease. Age, duration of diabetes, insulin requirement, blood pressure and glycosylated hemoglobin concentration showed higher values in the patients with progression to ESRD, but no difference was statistically significant. During the observation time, however, blood pressure was less well controlled in the patients who developed ESRD. The deterioration rate of renal function showed wide interindividual variation. In each patient, however, the decline seemed to follow a linear regression course. The results suggest that, in the absence of dependable prognostic factors, regular individual monitoring of glomerular filtration rate can provide a reliable predictive estimate of the progression rate. PMID- 6731040 TI - Felodipine in primary pulmonary hypertension. Report of two cases. AB - Two women with primary pulmonary hypertension were treated with felodipine, a vasodilating agent. A marked reduction in pulmonary artery pressure was noted in one, whereas the other showed no reduction in pressure but an increase in blood flow and a decrease in pulmonary vascular resistance. PMID- 6731041 TI - Hypercalcitoninaemia in a patient with urticaria pigmentosa. A possible cause of diarrhoea. AB - Mastocytosis gives rise to clinical symptoms such as flushing, itching and diarrhoea. We report a patient with urticaria pigmentosa without evidence of systemic involvement but with recurrent episodes of diarrhoea. The patient had elevated circulating levels of calcitonin, which might have been a mediator of her diarrhoea. We suggest that serum calcitonin level should be checked in patients with mast cell disease and diarrhoea. PMID- 6731042 TI - Pathogenesis of AA amyloidosis. PMID- 6731043 TI - Adenosine deaminase in the diagnosis of pleural effusions. AB - The activity of adenosine deaminase (ADA) was determined in serum and pleural fluid of 90 patients with pleural effusions of various aetiology. Tuberculous pleural effusions, empyemas and rheumatoid pleural effusions demonstrated significantly higher activities of ADA than parapneumonic , nonspecific and malignant pleural effusions and effusions in systemic lupus erythematosus and congestive heart failure. In tuberculosis, empyema and rheumatoid arthritis ADA activity was significantly higher in pleural fluid than in serum, indicating a local synthesis of ADA by cells within the pleural cavity in these diseases. PMID- 6731044 TI - Morbidity and mortality in relation to blood pressure and antihypertensive treatment. A 12-year follow-up study of a population sample of Swedish women. AB - Morbidity and mortality in cardiovascular and cerebrovascular diseases and total mortality have been studied in a longitudinal population study initially comprising 1462 women representative of the general female population. When related to the initial blood pressure (BP) levels of women not on antihypertensive drugs (hypertensives and non-hypertensives), the distributions of women with myocardial infarction (MI) and stroke during the 12-year follow-up period seemed to be U-shaped, with the highest incidences in women with the lowest and the highest BP levels. Women recognized as untreated hypertensives in the initial study were offered regular control by the study team during the whole 12-year period and were treated when treatment was considered indicated. They were found to be similar to the non-hypertensives with regard to the incidence of MI and stroke and total mortality. Our encouraging results may be explained by continuity of medical care, the antihypertensive treatment per se or the types of antihypertensive drugs administered. PMID- 6731045 TI - Relationship between serum CK-MB-estimated acute myocardial infarct size and clinical complications. AB - The relationship between acute myocardial infarct (AMI) size and morbidity and mortality was estimated in 317 patients followed for one year or until death. Infarct size was estimated from serum creatine kinase (CK)-MB levels measured thrice daily. The incidence of ventricular arrhythmias, congestive heart failure, cardiogenic shock, and the cardiac performance during exercise were studied during hospitalization. Hospital mortality and one-year mortality were registered. A positive correlation was found between serum CK-MB-estimated infarct size and the incidence of ventricular arrhythmias (p less than 0.05). Patients with congestive heart failure and patients with cardiogenic shock had significantly larger infarct size than patients without (p less than 0.05-0.01), although there was a substantial overlap. During exercise test the rise in systolic blood pressure correlated negatively and the rise in heart rate correlated positively to estimated infarct size (p less than 0.01). Both hospital mortality and one-year mortality were significantly related to estimated infarct size (p less than 0.01). Thus the infarct size, as estimated from serum CK-MB, seems to be of importance for development of the most common and serious complications after AMI. PMID- 6731046 TI - No evidence of a lymphocytopenic state before manifestation of chronic lymphocytic leukemia. AB - Total lymphocyte counts were determined on an average 13.4 years before establishment of the diagnosis in 20 of 95 consecutive patients with chronic lymphocytic leukemia (CLL). The reasons for performing the white blood cell and differential counts did not include diabetes, autoimmune diseases or verified viral infections which are conditions well known to be associated with lymphocytopenia or lymphocytosis. The mean total lymphocyte count in the patient group was 2.6 X 10(9)/l and did not differ from that of an age-matched control group. There was no significant association between the pretreatment lymphocyte count and the time between test and diagnosis. We conclude that patients with CLL have not a lymphocytopenic state antedating the diagnosis of CLL. PMID- 6731047 TI - Polymorphism of complement C3 in chronic inflammatory bowel disease. Predominance of the C3F gene in Crohn's disease. AB - Polymorphism of the third component of complement (C3), occupying a key position in cascade reactions, was investigated in 125 consecutive outpatients, 53 with Crohn's disease and 72 with ulcerative colitis. A sample of 1378 randomly selected healthy volunteers of Danish origin served as controls. Occurrence of the F and FS phenotype of C3 (C3F and C3FS ) was increased in the group of Crohn's disease patients (chi 2 = 2.80, p less than 0.05, one-tailed test) and in a subgroup of Crohn patients with the gastrointestinal disease process confined to ileum (chi 2 = 6.91, p less than 0.01). C3 phenotype distribution was unaffected in ulcerative colitis. Only S and F alleles of C3 ( C3S and C3F) were recognized and C3F frequencies were 0.33 in Crohn patients with small bowel disease, 0.23 in all Crohn patients, 0.18 in ulcerative colitis patients and 0.17 in healthy volunteers. The results are compatible with a positive association of the C3F gene and Crohn's disease located in the small bowel. PMID- 6731048 TI - Influence of dialysis on prednisolone kinetics. AB - Six patients with end-stage renal disease were given prednisolone, 0.7-1.0 mg/kg/b.wt. parenterally. Prednisolone kinetics were investigated during dialysis, in 3 patients on hemodialysis and in 3 on continuous peritoneal dialysis, and also on days without dialysis. Mean plasma half-life was 250 min in five patients and 690 min in one patient who also suffered from intermittent porphyria. No change was found in prednisolone kinetics when the dialysis-free period was compared to the dialysis periods. PMID- 6731049 TI - HBsAg-negative chronic active hepatitis and mixed connective tissue disease syndrome. An unusual association observed in two patients. AB - Two patients are described who suffered from both HBsAg-negative chronic active hepatitis and mixed connective tissue disease syndrome. The diagnosis of liver disease was made prior to the diagnosis of collagenosis in one of the patients, whereas the opposite was the case in the other. In spite of the fact that symptoms and laboratory data suggesting both diagnoses were present from the moment of presentation, there was a considerable delay in establishing the second diagnosis in both patients. To our knowledge, this is the first report on an association between chronic active hepatitis and mixed connective tissue disease syndrome. It illustrates the difficulties when diagnosing overlap conditions. PMID- 6731050 TI - Colitis of Behcet's syndrome. AB - A 25-year-old previously healthy man developed complete Behcet's syndrome during five weeks. His main complaint was diarrhea with blood. Ulcers resembling aphthous ulcers of the mouth were revealed in the transverse, left and sigmoid colon by X-ray and sigmoidoscopy. Prednisone therapy was initiated and resulted in complete clinical restitution within three weeks. PMID- 6731052 TI - Common carotid artery--internal jugular vein aneurysms and fistula with cerebrovascular signs. A case report. AB - The authors present a symptomatic common carotid artery-internal jugular vein (CCA- IJV ) aneurysm and fistula after stab injury which has been treated successfully. PMID- 6731051 TI - Conductance to outflow of CSF in normal pressure hydrocephalus. AB - Normal pressure hydrocephalus (NPH) is defined as a combination of dementia, gait disturbances and/or urinary incontinence, hydrocephalus, and a normal intracranial mean pressure. The clinical effect of CSF shunting in patients with this syndrome is sometimes striking, but generally only 50-60% of the shunted patients benefit from the treatment. It is assumed that the condition is caused by reduced conductance to outflow of CSF ( Cout ). A clinically usable method for the measurement of Cout has been developed. Cout has been measured in 80 patients with NPH. The results of clinical examination, computed tomography (CT), long term intracranial pressure recording, isotope cisternography (ICG), and Cout have been compared to the clinical results of shunting 3 and 12 months after operation. Among the preoperative investigations Cout proved to have the best diagnostic specificity and sensitivity. Thus, selection of patients for shunting on the basis of Cout should lead to a satisfyingly high success rate. The different methods for measurement of Cout are discussed, and a theory on the pathophysiology of NPH is proposed. A clinical investigational programme, based on the results from clinical examination, CT, pressure recording, and measurements of Cout is suggested. PMID- 6731053 TI - Symptomatic Rathke's cleft cyst in an old patient. Case report. AB - A 71-year-old woman with a symptomatic Rathke's cleft cyst is reported. Our patient is unique in that both metrizamide computed tomographic cisternography and a transsphenoidal surgery were safe and successful procedures in spite of the advanced age of the patient. PMID- 6731055 TI - Long-term results of the surgical treatment of syringohydromyelia. AB - Long-term results of 26 patients suffering from syringohydromyelia are reported. The patients underwent laminectomy and myelotomy with marsupialisation of the intracord cavity. Two different long term objective examinations have been performed demonstrating favorable results in 65% of patients at the first examination (mean 8 years following the operation) and in 60% of these at a second examination (mean 14 years following the operation). The limitations of posterior fossa decompression and other surgical procedures have also been discussed. The absence of surgical mortality and the length of follow-up period of this series supported the conclusions that laminectomy and myelotomy with marsupialisation of the intracord cavity represents a reliable method to relieve the effects of associated foramen magnum abnormalities avoiding posterior fossa surgery. PMID- 6731057 TI - A new device for electrocoagulation of small vessels. AB - The importance of sealing small vessels by electrocoagulation in microsurgery is well known. In practice, the reliability of both short and long time results obtained with common and bipolar forceps with radiofrequency application is variable, particularly when encrusted coagulations adhere to the forceps tips and there is danger of damaging the vessel when the forceps are withdrawn. The coagulation process involves a sudden change in tissue characteristics, that occurs within a narrow temperature range, closely following the pattern of the applied current and is only modified by heat dissipation to the cooler parts, such as the forceps tips. Keeping these principles in mind, we developed an improved device which provides: A well-balanced current flow between the tips, which is unaffected by wiring, distributed capacitance and current leakage of the electrocoagulator ; a time-dependent heating pattern that coagulates only the core of the clamped tissue. PMID- 6731054 TI - Treatment of cervical disc disease using Cloward's technique. III. Evaluation of cervical spondylotic myelopathy in 138 cases. AB - Among 1,106 patients with cervical disc disease treated with Cloward's operation over a fifteen-year period, 138 patients had symptoms and signs of spinal cord involvement. The median symptom duration was one year. Nearly all had gait disturbances, 63% had spasticity of the lower extremities and 11% had various degrees of tetraplegia. Three months after surgery 78% of the patients were found to have some symptoms, but only 5% had no symptoms at all. At the time of the questionnaire (average 7.7 years postoperatively) 46% of the patients stated they were still affected by the operation. The duration of preoperative symptoms was of significance to the outcome, but age, sex, and severity of myelopathy were not. It was demonstrated that patients with medullary involvement had a higher annual mortality rate than patients with radicular symptoms, and that this rate depended on the severity of the spinal cord symptoms. PMID- 6731056 TI - Use of acrylic prosthesis in cervical spine pathology (report of 45 cases). AB - The authors report on their experience with the use of a reinforced acrylic prosthesis in cervical spine pathology. The study of their own 45 cases enables the advantages and disadvantages of the technique to be demonstrated. A discussion of possible improvements in the technique and its indication completes the report. PMID- 6731058 TI - Traumatic intracerebral haematomas of delayed onset. AB - 25 cases of traumatic intracerebral haematomas of delayed onset were found among 775 cases of acute head injuries. All these 25 cases were analysed both clinically and with computed- tomographical studies. Their clinical features were different from those of classical " traumatische Spat- Apoplexie " originally described by Bollinger in 1891, in the following aspects; absence of the symptom free interval and absence of apoplectic onset of symptoms after a relatively long lucid interval. These traumatic intracerebral haematomas of delayed onset were, on the other hand, characterized by the following; the patient was injured when the head was in motion, the injury was not necessarily severe, the onset of signs and symptoms were gradual and insidious, all 25 cases but 4, had cranial vault fractures and/or basal skull fractures, precipitating factors could not be identified, though hypotensive episodes were present in 60% of cases, intracerebral haematomas appeared within 72 hours following the head injury in most of cases, though more than 4 days later in a small number of cases, the appearance of such intracerebral haematomas suggested an unfavourable outcome, cerebral contusion might be a major contributory factor. PMID- 6731059 TI - Traumatic aneurysms of cerebral arteries. A study of five cases. AB - Five cases of traumatic aneurysms of cerebral arteries are presented, two located at the internal carotid artery, and three at peripheral arterial branches. The manifestation of the aneurysm was a delayed neurological deterioration due to bleeding from the aneurysm, 4-35 days (mean 21 days) after the head trauma; four patients had an intracerebral haematoma and one patient had a subarachnoid haemorrhage. One patient died from extensive cerebral injuries with the aneurysm untreated. In four cases the aneurysm was treated surgically. Three patients returned to their former occupation and one patient died from late septic complications. It is concluded that signs of delayed intracranial bleeding after a head trauma should raise the suspicion of an underlying traumatic aneurysm, and in addition to a CT-scan an angiography should be performed. PMID- 6731061 TI - Trends in adolescent research: a review of articles published in Adolescence- 1976-1981. AB - Adolescence is one of the few journals devoted exclusively to topics that are important to adolescents and researchers in adolescent psychology. Developmental psychologists, clinicians, and others can keep abreast of current studies in their specialties. With a few years' perspective, a researcher can estimate the importance of particular topics by noting the frequency of their occurrence. This study examines the 455 articles published in the 24 issues of Adolescence between Spring 1976 and Winter 1981. The most frequently appearing topics are noted. Some interesting observations with reference to these topics are made. The important conclusions reached in the eight most frequent topics are also compiled. PMID- 6731060 TI - Cerebral protection during carotid endarterectomy--EEG monitoring as a guide to the use of intraluminal shunts. AB - The authors have reviewed the literature concerning measures for cerebral protection during carotid endarterectomy, with particular reference to the controversy regarding the use of an intraluminar shunt. The authors use preoperative EEG analysis during the carotid compression test as well as intraoperative EEG monitoring, and insert a shunt only when signs of cerebral ischaemia appear. This approach was used in 100 patients during a 4 year period and an internal shunt was required in only 10% of these patients. The mortality was 1% and morbidity 1% in this series. The authors believe that EEG monitoring is a reliable technique in detecting signs of cerebral ischaemia before irreversible changes occur and that an intraoperative shunt should be used only when necessary, and not routinely, as it may contribute to operative and postoperative complications. PMID- 6731062 TI - Differences in sexual attitudes and likeliness of sexual behaviors of black lower socioeconomic father-present vs. father-absent female adolescents. AB - This study compared sexual permissiveness attitudes and likely behaviors of father-absent vs. father-present black, lower-socioeconomic female adolescents. Father-absent subjects were not found to be more sexually permissive in reported likely behavior or attitude than father-present subjects. However, the father absent group was found to have significantly greater inconsistency between behavioral and attitudinal scores in which the reported behavior was more permissive than the reported attitude. Finally, within the father-absent group, those subjects whose fathers became absent before they were five years old, were found to have a significantly higher need for social approval than subjects whose fathers became absent after they were five years old. The implications of these results are discussed. PMID- 6731063 TI - Minimum competency: a comparison of reactions of southern black high school students, their parents and black teachers. AB - A questionnaire was administered to 300 black high school students, 77 parents and 79 black teachers to determine their reactions to minimum competency requirements being suggested for high school graduation. Black parents were strongest in their approval of such requirements, followed by black teachers and to a lesser degree by the students. In some areas all were essentially in agreement. Being able to communicate, handle money matters, stay healthy, recognize dishonest merchandising and make simple home repairs were agreed upon as necessary for survival as adults in our society. Minimal and necessary competencies were thus equated. PMID- 6731064 TI - Assertion training with adolescents. AB - A month-long assertion training program for adolescents was instituted and evaluated in a middle-school setting. A group of 23 adolescents who received the treatment was compared to a group of 23 adolescents who did not receive the treatment. Although there were no significant differences between the groups prior to the program, the group who received the training significantly improved their scores on the Piers -Harris Children's Self-Concept Scale and the Intellectual Achievement Responsibility Questionnaire by the termination of the program. The group who did not receive any special program showed no change in their scores on these scales. These differences were still present at a seven week follow-up. PMID- 6731065 TI - Sexuality as a treatment issue with a special population of adolescents. AB - The handicapped adolescent population heretofore has not been properly identified or serviced. These adolescents have to deal with body image and sexual identity problems. Working with the adolescent individually, in groups, and in a therapeutic community setting, we have developed methods of dealing with the issue of sexuality. PMID- 6731066 TI - Fatherless adolescents' feelings about their mothers--a pilot study. AB - Data from a study on feelings of Jerusalem high school students about their parents were used to explore fatherless adolescents' feelings about their mothers. Only eighteen such cases were found in this population and they were divided into two groups: twelve girls and six boys. The boys and the girls from two-parent families served as control groups. Statistical evaluation showed that fatherless adolescent girls perceived their mothers as significantly less benevolent (p less than 0.01) than girls from two-parent families of similar sociodemographic background. In the smaller group of boys no differences were found. PMID- 6731067 TI - Correlation between the Minnesota Multiphasic Personality Inventory profiles of emotionally disturbed adolescents and their mothers. AB - The purpose of this study was to show the similarities and differences in like sex and unlike-sex parent-adolescent modeling. Minnesota Multiphasic Personality Inventories were administered to male and female adolescents and their mothers upon admission of the adolescents to the St. Joseph Hospital Children and Youth Center. Comparisons of profiles and correlational data showed that the mother daughter profiles were very similar but the mother-son profiles were dissimilar. Furthermore, repeat testing of the adolescents showed that the mother-daughter profiles became progressively dissimilar as treatment progressed. The similarities were explained in terms of like-sex modeling and the decrease in similarity was attributed to the impact of the treatment program on the female adolescents. PMID- 6731069 TI - The relationship of psychology to delinquency: a comprehensive approach. AB - Three psychological perspectives on youth deviance are presented. Two traditional theoretical approaches to understanding and intervening in delinquent behavior are explained. A third perspective, a youth advocacy approach, is described and expanded upon in the light of cognitive developmental theory. Youth's developmental needs and their opportunity to complete developmental tasks are stressed. PMID- 6731068 TI - Consequences of teenage pregnancy and motherhood. AB - In the past 15-20 years there has been a significant increase in sexual activity among teenagers as well as an increase in the rate of pregnancy. Teenage pregnancy has many social, psychological, economic and health consequences. Although there has been a significant increase in the use of abortion since the early 1970s among white teenagers, the majority of pregnant teenagers opt to carry their pregnancy to term and raise their child themselves. This review of the literature concerns itself with some of the variables associated with adolescent sexual behavior focusing on teenage pregnancy and the consequences of motherhood on child development. Suggestions are made for strategies that may be effective in ameliorating some of the problems as well as the research required for evaluating such strategies. PMID- 6731070 TI - Characteristics of a helpful relationship: a study of empathic understanding and positive regard between runaways and their parents. AB - Runaways were randomly matched to a group of adolescent nonrunaways for age, sex, ethnicity and family structure. Empathy and positive regard were measured between adolescents and their parents. Runaways and their parents reported far less empathy and positive regard from each other as compared to the nonrunaways and their parents. PMID- 6731071 TI - Parent-child relationships of adopted adolescents in a psychiatric hospital. AB - This study compared the parent-child relationships of 140 adopted and non-adopted adolescents treated in a psychiatric hospital through examination of information contained in the adolescents' medical records. Specifically, comparisons were made of the mention of parental contribution to the problems precipitating hospitalization, psychiatric restriction of parental visits to hospitalized offspring, and referral of parents to an adjunct parents' group. Data were gathered by uninformed research assistants, from the hospital charts of adolescents who had already been discharged from the hospital. Statistical analysis of the data yielded the following results. Adoptive parents were significantly more frequently restricted in their visits to their children. In addition, they were also more likely to have been involved in the precipitants to hospitalization and to have been referred subsequently for adjunctive treatment. It was concluded that parent-child relations may be more problematic among hospitalized adopted, as compared with non-adopted , adolescents. It was also suggested that psychiatric bias concerning "typical" adoptive family dynamics might have contributed to the observed differences. PMID- 6731072 TI - The relationship of parental drug use and parents' attitude concerning adolescent drug use to adolescent drug use. AB - The purpose of this study was to examine the relationship of two variables, parental drug use and parental attitude toward adolescent drug use, both as perceived by the adolescent respondent to his or her own use or nonuse of drugs. A sample of 106 drug-using and 96 nondrug-using adolescents was obtained through the use of the anthropological " snowball " technique. All respondents were administered a drug use history profile and a personal data questionnaire. In order to be classed as drug users, respondents had to have been using two or more recreational substances on a regular basis. Nondrug users were those who used no recreational drugs, although individuals who had tried alcohol or tobacco experimentally were included in this group. On the personal data form, respondents were asked to describe their parents' use of alcohol, tobacco, or other substances, and to indicate their parents' attitudes concerning adolescent use of drugs. Parental attitudes were classed as permissive if the respondent indicated that parents were indifferent about drug use, if they accepted a certain range of drugs, or if the decision were left up to the youth. A nonpermissive attitude was defined as one which would not accept drug use by the adolescent. Four 2 x 2 Chi-square analyses were used to determine significance of the relationship between adolescent drug use and parents' use or nonuse of drugs, parents' attitudes about adolescent use or nonuse and actual adolescent use or non-use, and this same attitudinal relationship looking at parent users and nonusers separately.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS) PMID- 6731073 TI - Regression of swine atherosclerosis: susceptibilities of various lesion features. PMID- 6731074 TI - Macrophage activation in the prevention or regression of atherosclerosis. PMID- 6731076 TI - Connective tissue metabolism in development and healing of atherosclerotic lesions during life. PMID- 6731077 TI - Oxygen transport to tissue. V. PMID- 6731075 TI - Hormonal effects on prevention or regression of atheroma. AB - White Leghorn cockerels, fed either normal or cholesterol enriched food, were injected with saline, peanut oil, testosterone, oestradiol, progesterone, or oestradiol plus progesterone for 87 days. The ascending aortas, descending aortas and abdominal aortas were examined by light and electron microscopy and both qualitative and quantitative assessments made. The results were subjected to multivariate analysis. Cholesterol feeding increased lipid storage and round cell infiltration in the endothelium and intima, and both the degree of lipid storage and the amount of lumen obstruction was much greater in the abdominal aorta than in the ascending or descending aorta. Treatment with oestrogen plus progesterone, regardless of diet or site of action, caused a highly significant reduction in the percentage of normal cells of the endothelium. Those cockerels treated with oil, androgen and progesterone showed significantly less large foamy eosinophilic endothelial cells than those treated with oestrogen plus progesterone. The degree of round cell infiltration was increased by androgen and oestrogen, but not by oestrogen plus progesterone, when compared with both saline treated and oil treated controls. Cholesterol feeding caused a reduced percentage of normal endothelial cells. This was significantly enhanced by treatment with androgen, progesterone and saline. The effect of cholesterol feeding as a cause of a reduced percentage of normal, and an increased percentage of foamy eosinophilic endothelial cells, was significantly enhanced in the ascending aorta and the descending aorta but not in the abdominal aorta. The same site-dietary interaction was observed in the trend towards an excess of large clear cells over large eosinophilic cells in the intima. In spite of this the extent of plaque likely to cause obstruction as a result of this site-dietary interaction was increased only in the abdominal aorta. An unexpected treatment-site interaction was that progesterone had an enhanced effect, causing disruption of the internal elastic lamina of the ascending aorta but not of the descending or abdominal aortas. There was no evidence that diet or treatment increased the amount of acid esterase in the tissues, even though the chickens showed the expected species deficiency of this enzyme, but there was a significant relationship between the presence of lipid and the amount of acid esterase in the plaques of the abdominal aorta. Male albino Wistar rats were primed with peanut oil, oestrogen and triamcinolone before subcutaneous granulomas were induced by implanting cholesterol, and then treated with these substances for longer periods. Cryostat sections of the granulo PMID- 6731079 TI - Diffusional coupling in a hemoglobin-free perfused capillary-tissue structure. PMID- 6731078 TI - Mathematical analysis of transport and consumption of molecules in heterogeneous brain tissue (methodology). AB - A computer model of metabolite transport and consumption in heterogeneous brain tissue, using a combination of probabilistic and deterministic techniques is being developed. The metabolites are put into two separate classes: (I) those that have reached a membrane for the first time during a small time step, delta t, and (II) those that have not yet reached a cell membrane for the first time during that time step. The time dependent spatial distribution of class (I) molecules is determined using random walk theory, which takes into account the actual paths of the molecules. The variation of the spatial distribution of class (II) molecules with time is determined using the time dependent diffusion equation with a boundary condition of zero concentration on the enclosing membrane boundaries. PMID- 6731080 TI - Oxygen uptake into the sheared flowing blood: effects of red cell membranes and haematocrit. PMID- 6731082 TI - Improved O2 transfer to tissues during deep hypoxia in rats with a left-shifted blood O2 dissociation curve. PMID- 6731081 TI - Diabetic oxygen-hemoglobin equilibrium curves evaluated by nonlinear regression of the Hill equation. AB - The oxygen-hemoglobin equilibrium curves ( OHECs ) were measured on whole blood samples from 131 individuals (33 normal and 26 diabetic adults and 30 normal and 42 diabetic juveniles) using a Radiometer Dissociation Curve Analyzer (DCA-1). All measurements were made in the morning following an overnight fast and without exogenous insulin. The saturation versus Po2 data were fitted to the Hill equation using a previously described nonlinear regression algorithm to yield the parameters describing the position (P50) and shape (n) of each OHEC . It was found that the Hill model could be used to describe OHECs of both normal and diabetic subjects. A small (approximately 10%) but significant decrease in P50 was found for the diabetic juveniles compared to normal juveniles. There appeared to be no change in P50 with diabetes in adults. However, in these diabetic subjects, the P50 had been increased by the somewhat elevated levels of 2,3-DPG. No difference in n was found between either group of diabetics and their corresponding group of normals but n was approximately 5% lower in juveniles than in adults. The ability of blood to release oxygen to tissue may be transiently impaired in diabetic juveniles because of the left shift of their OHECs . PMID- 6731083 TI - Changes in cerebral oxygen tension and red cell content on sensory stimulation. PMID- 6731084 TI - Relations between Po2 and neuronal activity in hippocampal slices. PMID- 6731085 TI - Response of gerbil cerebral unit activity to slowly declining tissue Po2. PMID- 6731089 TI - The effect of glucose on the oxygen supply of the blood-free perfused guinea pig brain as measured by reflection spectra and Po2 histograms. PMID- 6731088 TI - Focal epicerebral ischemia: post-ischemic tissue oxygenation with and without recirculation. PMID- 6731087 TI - Intraoperative monitoring of cortical surface oxygen in subarachnoid haemorrhage. PMID- 6731086 TI - Muscle O2 gradients from hemoglobin to cytochrome: new concepts, new complexities. AB - The capillary is the principal barrier at high Vo2. Mathematical modelling indicates that at high flow and Vo2 the time required for release of O2 is greater than red cell transit time in some capillaries. This convective shunting appears to be particularly important in the myocardium. The Mb acts to buffer Po2 below 5 Torr during muscle contraction. This greatly increases the transcapillary O2 gradient and promotes O2 delivery. During voluntary movements, Mb should act as a major O2 source in parallel with capillaries. The Kroghian model of the capillary as a "low-resistance" point source of O2 supplying a spatially uniform sink appears to be the reverse of the actual geometry of O2 supply to working red muscle. PMID- 6731090 TI - Oxygen supply to the brain cortex in SHR and normotensive rats. PMID- 6731091 TI - Relationship between microflow, local tissue Po2 and extracellular activities of potassium and hydrogen ions in the cat brain during intraarterial infusion of ammonium acetate. PMID- 6731092 TI - Glycolysis and regulation of cerebral blood flow and metabolism. PMID- 6731093 TI - Contribution of adenosine to the regulation of cerebral blood flow: the role of calcium ions in the adenosine-induced cerebrocortical vasodilatation. PMID- 6731094 TI - Local oxygen supply and regional wall motion of the dog's heart during critical stenosis of the LAD. PMID- 6731095 TI - Intramyocardial oxygen pressure and coronary blood flow during experimental coronary stenosis. PMID- 6731096 TI - Mitochondrial oxidative phosphorylation: tissue oxygen sensor for regulation of coronary flow. AB - The observation that mitochondrial oxidative phosphorylation in vivo is dependent on oxygen tension throughout the physiological range (Wilson et al., 1979a , 1979b ) has made this metabolic pathway the most probable candidate for the tissue oxygen sensor in the regulation of local blood flow. We have utilized the oxygen dependent regulatory system for coronary blood flow to examine this possibility. Alterations in coronary flow were induced by: 1. Varied work load; 2. Infusion of Amytal (an inhibitor of mitochondrial respiration); 3. Infusion of DNP; 4. Hypoxia. Increased work load caused increased coronary flow with no decrease in effluent oxygen tension while Amytal infusion and hypoxia caused vasodilation with increased and decreased O2 tension respectively. This indicates that oxygen tension per se cannot be responsible for the observed vasodilation. Tissue energy metabolism was evaluated by measuring metabolite levels in hearts which were freeze-clamped in each state of perfusion. In all four methods of vasodilation, a decrease in cellular energy state ratio ([ATP]f/[ADP]f[Pi]) expressed as the calculated ratio of free adenine nucleotides, was observed for conditions which increased flow. Systematic variation of work load, Amytal or DNP concentration resulted in quantitatively the same correlation between tissue [ATP]f/[ADP]f[Pi] and coronary flow. It is concluded that mitochondrial oxidative phosphorylation is the oxygen sensor for the regulation of coronary blood flow by tissue oxygen tension. Infusion of adenosine, a known coronary vasodilator, induced vasodilation which was completely blocked by theophylline.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS) PMID- 6731097 TI - Distribution of myocardial glucose consumption under normal conditions and during isoprenaline and dobutamine infusion. AB - The regional myocardial metabolic rate of glucose (reg. MMR Gl) of the left ventricular free wall was determined applying the 2-deoxyglucose method (Sokoloff, 1977) in the anesthetized closed chest dog. Under control conditions an inhomogeneous distribution of MMR Gl was observed. Isoprenaline or dobutamine infusions resulted in a redistribution of MMR Gl. With isoprenaline a homogeneous distribution pattern was observed, while with dobutamine a slight decrease in MMR Gl of the subendocardial region was measured. This redistribution may result from altered ventricular working conditions, due to changes in ventricular volumes or from differences in the frequency of myocardial adrenoceptors within the ventricular wall. PMID- 6731098 TI - Cardiovascular and metabolic responses to carotid clamping in anemic dogs. PMID- 6731099 TI - Metabolic rate and microcirculation. PMID- 6731100 TI - Effects of propranolol and epinephrine on capillary plasma filling and minimal intercapillary distances in the rat heart. PMID- 6731101 TI - Deleterious effects of oxygen radicals on reoxygenated myocardial cells. PMID- 6731102 TI - A comparison of Po2 histograms from rabbit hind-limb muscles obtained by simultaneous measurements with hypodermic needle electrodes and with surface electrodes. PMID- 6731103 TI - Diffusion-perfusion relationships in skeletal muscle: models and experimental evidence from inert gas washout. AB - In order to study the dependence of blood-tissue gas exchange upon diffusion, the simultaneous washout of two inert gases of differing diffusivity was investigated in isolated-perfused dog gastrocnemius preparations. The muscles were equilibrated with CH4 and SF6 via arterial blood. The washout kinetics were determined from venous blood samples analyzed by gas chromatography. The results revealed the following features: The washout of the test gases was pronouncedly multi-exponential, and could be described by three exponential components when analyzed to 5% of the initial value. The non-exponential washout was attributed to unequal distribution of capillary blood flow to tissue volume. The mean ratio of washout rate constants CH4/SF6 was within 1.10-1.25 and was even smaller than the ratio expected for pure perfusion limitation (1.46). Therefore, no evidence for effective tissue-blood diffusion limitation was obtained. The observed washout rate constant ratio could be explained by a model with veno-arterial back diffusion which more strongly retards washout kinetics of the better diffusible gas (CH4) as compared to the less diffusible gas (SF6). PMID- 6731104 TI - Oxygen supply of skeletal muscle in experimental endotoxic shock. AB - In our model of hypodynamic endotoxic shock systemic pulmonary and metabolic alterations such as -hypotension, tachycardia, low output syndrome -pulmonary hypertension -pulmonary failure with arterial hypoxemia and - lactacidosis developed earlier than disturbances in oxygen supply of skeletal muscle. This points to the different responses of the organ systems in endotoxic shock. PMID- 6731105 TI - Microcirculation and Po2 in skeletal muscle during respiratory hypoxia and stimulation. PMID- 6731106 TI - Biochemical and 31P-NMR studies of the energy metabolism in relation to oxygen supply in rat skeletal muscle during exercise. PMID- 6731107 TI - Dependence of O2 uptake on tissue Po2: experiments in intact excised rat skeletal muscle. AB - Oxygen uptake (M) at different surface O2 pressures (Po) was measured in intact, excised rat skeletal muscle suspended in the gas phase. Above a critical value of Po(Pc), M was apparently independent of Po; below Pc, M declined in close proportion to the square root of Po. This experimental relationship was compared with predictions based on the model of Warburg (1923) which assumes the tissue to be homogeneous in respect of its metabolic rate, diffusivity and geometry. The good agreement between the Warburg model and the experimental values suggests that the assumptions underlying this model are justified. PMID- 6731108 TI - Metabolic adaptation in response to intermittent hypoxia in rat skeletal muscles. PMID- 6731109 TI - Local regulation of blood flow. AB - H+ and K+ ions participate decisively in the local regulation of blood flow. Variation of their extracellular concentration changes the membrane potential of vascular smooth muscle cells and tension via electromechanical coupling. The effect of K+ ions can be primarily attributed to a change of K+ equilibrium potential and electrogenic pump rate, the effect of H+ ions to a change of Na+ and K+ permeability of the cell membrane. Shifts of external proton and/or cation concentrations cause changes of the binding properties of the polyanionic macromolecules in vascular connective tissue. Thus, the extracellular concentration of various cation species can very fast and drastically in the tight mesh-work of connective tissue fibres close to the membrane of vascular smooth muscle cells. Especially, the K+ adsorption with extracellular acidification as well as the cooperative K+ binding as consequence of a conformational change induced by Mg++ ions are of great importance for membrane hyperpolarization and vasodilatation. PMID- 6731110 TI - Flow dependence and independence of oxygen consumption within the intestinal vasculature. PMID- 6731111 TI - PO2 and pH measurements within the rabbit oviduct following tubal microsurgery: reanastomosis of previously dissected tubes. AB - Adhesions of the fallopian tube might be a source of generalized infertility. In order to improve the mechanical and functional properties of the oviduct, microsurgical replacement of the affected tubular segments have been applied, however, with contradictory results. In order to improve the situation and gain further information about this problem, catheter microelectrodes for Po2 and pH measurements within the lumen of the fallopian tube have been developed. The validity of the measurements was tested in a series of rabbits (Dutch belt strain, n = 19, 3.5-4.5 kg bw) which have been laparatomized under pentobarbital anesthesia during the oestrus phase. From one side of the oviduct 1 cm was resected and the free ends reanastomosed while the other side served as a control. Six to eight weeks later Po2 and pH values within the oviduct were measured. After another 4-5 weeks ovulation had been induced and artificial insemination performed. 64 hours later the rabbits were sacrificed. The oviducts were isolated and the corpora lutea as well as the ova were collected and examined histologically. The mean Po2 of the oviduct was 53 (+/- 16) mm Hg (mean +/- SD) for the control side and 56 (+/- 13) mm Hg (mean +/- SD) within the anastomosed tubes. The range of values was the same in both groups (n = 8) 34-75 mm Hg. A T-test comparison of the means of the two groups gave p-values which were not significant (p greater than 0.1). Po2 fluctuations with small-fast amplitudes (1 mm Hg) and additional slow-large oscillations (about 20 mm Hg) have been observed similar to the Po2 waves described for muscle and brain. The mean pH value of the oviduct a showed slight, statistically significant pH differences (7.75 reanastomosed side, 7.94 control side) whereby the degree of adhesions was correlated with luminal pH value. In three rabbits the relationship between corpora lutea and fertilized ova was 1:6, 2:9, 3:6 for the reanastomosed side while the control side showed balanced quotients of 4:4, 4:4, 6:6. In two rabbits unfertilized ova have been observed within the reanastomosed tubes where the typical outside layer of mucoproteids was absent while the control side was normal. Nevertheless, within both oviducts a continuous layer of epithelial cells has been observed even after reanastomosis. PMID- 6731112 TI - Studies of hemorrhagic and traumatic shock influence on liver oxygen tension: effects of a single large dose of dexamethasone. AB - Liver surface oxygen tension in response to hemorrhagic shock (hs) and to combined hemorrhagic-traumatic shock (hts) as well as to hemorrhagic-traumatic shock with glucocorticoid application ( htsc ) has been studied using male rats (Wistar strain, 250-300 g b.w.). The animals were anaesthetized by i.p. injection of ketamine/xylazine. All animals were bled through a catheter inserted into the vena jugularis until a hypotension of 40 mm Hg mean arterial blood pressure (MAP) was attained. The hts rats were traumatized by fracturing the left tibia and crushing the adjacent muscle tissue with 45 N/2.25 cm2 for 5 minutes. The htsc animals were traumatized and treated with a single injection of a large pharmacological dose of dexamethasone (6-8 mg/kg b.w.). Initial surface Po2 of the liver was higher than published by others (29 +/- 7 mm Hg) probably due to the narcotic agents. Maximal blood withdrawal was 24.4 +/- 2.2 ml/kg b.w. for hs, 17.9 +/- 3.8 ml/kg b.w. for hts and 20.6 +/- 4.5 ml/kg b.w. for htsc rats. Liver surface Po2 decreased to zero mm Hg in response to hypovolemic hypotension in all rats. Retransfusion of the shed blood caused a MAP and surface Po2 increase to only about half of the initial levels in hts and htsc rats while in hs animals the initial values were approximated. The hts and htsc rats showed signs of progressive hypotension to about 45 mm Hg MAP within 90 minutes post retransfusion. Dexamethasone improved the arterial pH to 7.15 compared with 7.05 of the control. Pao2 was elevated to 60 mm Hg vs. 49 mm Hg of the control animals. The beneficial influence of glucocorticoids on liver surface Po2 has not been substantiated as would have been desirable for the patient. Nevertheless, from a physiological standpoint a positive trend in the liver O2 supply has been evaluated as a small right shift of the surface Po2 histogram as well as the blood gas and pH data. PMID- 6731113 TI - Correlation between the redox state of NAD(P)H and total flow in the perfused rat liver. PMID- 6731114 TI - Studies on the ability of kidney cells to recover after periods of anoxia. PMID- 6731116 TI - Effectiveness of respiratory hyperoxia, of normobaric and of hyperbaric oxygen atmospheres in improving tumor oxygenation. AB - Tumor oxygenation during respiratory hyperoxia is dependent on the tumor growth site, on the growth stage, and hence on the vascular pattern. Diffusion of O2 from the surrounding atmosphere contributes considerably to the oxygenation of subcutaneous tumors during normobaric exposure to a pure O2 atmosphere. However, hypoxia is still present in the tumor core under these conditions, and pressurization up to 4 bar is required to completely eradicate these hypoxic areas, thus enhancing the radiosensitivity of the tumors. PMID- 6731115 TI - Erythropoietin and intrarenal oxygenation in hypercapnic versus normocapnic hypoxemia. PMID- 6731117 TI - Impact of various thermal doses on the oxygenation and blood flow in malignant tumors upon localized hyperthermia. AB - Upon localized hyperthermia at modest thermal doses an increase in tumor blood flow can be observed in many tumors which is paralleled by an improvement of the oxygenation status of the tissue. At intermediate or high thermal doses a pronounced restriction of the tumor circulation becomes obvious leading to a deterioration of the tumor oxygenation. As a consequence, a further enhancement of the thermal response of tumors relative to normal tissues has to be expected at intermediate or high thermal doses. PMID- 6731118 TI - Measurement of local PO2 and intracapillary hemoglobin oxygenation in lung tissue of rabbits. PMID- 6731119 TI - Reactions of carotid baroreceptors to anoxia and ischaemia. PMID- 6731120 TI - Tissue O2 supply under normal and pathological conditions. PMID- 6731121 TI - Local variations of oxygen consumption within multicellular spheroids calculated from measured PO2 profiles. PMID- 6731122 TI - Transcutaneous PO2 during exercise. PMID- 6731123 TI - Quantification of the utilization of reserve oxygen transport capacity: initial studies in critically ill patients. PMID- 6731124 TI - On a generalized bioenergetic control mechanism of microcirculation with different effects in the lung and the other parts of the body. PMID- 6731125 TI - Some aspects of signal analysis applied to intracapillary hemoglobin spectra. PMID- 6731126 TI - Relationship between steady redox state and brain activation-induced NAD/NADH redox responses. PMID- 6731127 TI - Evaluation of reflection spectra of the isolated heart by multicomponent spectra analysis in comparison to other evaluating methods. PMID- 6731128 TI - Quantitative analysis of reflection spectra of the surface of the guinea pig brain. AB - For a nearly constant light scattering coefficient a method is presented which allows the quantitative analysis of reflection spectra of the brain using a nonlinear multicomponent analysis ( NLMCA ). PMID- 6731129 TI - Assessment of brain oxygenation: a comparison between an oxygen electrode and near-infrared spectrophotometry. PMID- 6731130 TI - Cryogenic microspectrophotometry. PMID- 6731131 TI - A measuring device to determine a universal parameter for the flow characteristics of blood: measurement of the yield shear stress in a branched capillary. PMID- 6731132 TI - Television fluorescein-angiography of the retina with on-line measurement of the dilution curves. PMID- 6731133 TI - Micro, surface, and needle oxygen electrodes: comparison of physiological relevance and clinical acceptance. PMID- 6731134 TI - An improved polarographic multiwire surface PO2 electrode, particularly for measurement of high PO2 values. PMID- 6731135 TI - Steady state condition--what does it mean during investigation of oxygen supply? AB - Judging from the presented data it was possible to maintain steady state conditions during high dose piritramide anesthesia for a period of three and a half hours. Under these carefully defined experimental conditions it will be possible to actually correlate any changes observed in the microcirculatory bed with medication or other interventions. So-called "normal Po2 histograms" taken from different organs of dogs under the above-defined experimental conditions (basic anesthesia with high-dose piritramide, controlled artificial ventilation with 21% O2) are presented in Fig. 12. We feel that any comparison of results from different working groups must be based on exactly defined and standardized experimental conditions, because otherwise the methodological differences would prevent adequate comparability. PMID- 6731136 TI - Evidence for boundary layer effects influencing the sensitivity of microencapsulated O2 fluorescence indicator molecules. PMID- 6731137 TI - A correction method for ionic strength-independent fluorescence photometric pH measurement. PMID- 6731138 TI - Influence of enzyme concentration and thickness of the enzyme layer on the calibration curve of the continuously measuring glucose optode. PMID- 6731139 TI - Establishing and characterizing cells in culture. PMID- 6731140 TI - Eukaryotic cell cultures. Basics and applications. Proceedings of the Second International Cell Culture Congress. September 29-October 1, 1981, Birmingham, Alabama. PMID- 6731141 TI - Mammalian cell culture: technology and physiology. AB - During the last decade phenomenal advances have taken place in large-scale mammalian cell culture both for microcarriers and suspension methods. The cost of serum and product quality require that such systems be examined in terms of both their physical and chemical parameters. Data are presented as to the method used to more than double the final harvest cell density of 100-liter batch culture reactors by simple temperature measurements and 12-liter reactors by increasing the oxygen potential of the liquid. The results are interpreted in terms of physical transport phenomena of momentum, heat and mass via the theoretical relationships of Navier -Stokes, Fourier and Fick respectively. In addition, data are presented of 3-, 12-, and 100 liter reactors that the spent cell growth media were analyzed for ten different chemistries. The Monod cell growth curve was used to interpret the results. The cost savings and product quality improvements can be enormous by approaching both the technology and physiology of mammalian cell culture from the vantage points of chemistry, thermodynamics and transport phenomena. PMID- 6731142 TI - A high efficiency stirrer for suspension cell culture with or without microcarriers. AB - The stirrer described in this paper employs "Teaspoon stirring" in which a secondary motion is superimposed on the rotation of the liquid. This secondary motion arises from the viscous drag from the wall and bottom of the flask. The culture medium is rotated by a bulb-ended rod suspended from inside the flask cap: the bulb orbits around in a circular trough formed between a central indent in the base and the rounded periphery of the base. There are no bearings and no stagnant areas. The power used to stir 4 flasks each holding 500 ml of medium is less than 2 watts. The speed is electronically controlled by a tachometer and automatically gives a smooth start and stop as well as "Interval stirring" to assist initial attachment of cells. PMID- 6731143 TI - Alternative surfaces for microcarrier culture of animal cells. AB - As part of an effort to broaden the applicability and efficiency of microcarrier cell culture various alternative new microcarriers were synthesized. The microcarriers were compared as substrates for the growth of several types of cells and with respect to binding of proteins from the culture medium. Cross linked dextran has been found to be the most suitable material for a microcarrier matrix and was used as the matrix for the new microcarriers. One type of microcarrier was synthesized so that the charges necessary for cell attachment were present only in the surface layer of the microcarrier in the form of N,N,N trimethyl-2- hydroxyaminopropyl groups. The resulting microcarriers had a very low capacity to bind proteins from the culture medium (e.g. albumin and IgG) and such proteins could be removed from the cultures more efficiently than when using previous microcarriers. A new principle was used for the development of the other type of microcarrier. A surface layer of cross-linked denatured collagen provided the surface for growth of cells. These microcarriers provided a "natural" substrate for cell growth and allowed improved attachment and spreading of cells with epithelial morphology. Harvesting cells from these microcarriers with proteolytic enzymes was more efficient than with previous microcarriers. The two alternative microcarriers should result in improved process efficiency and have a potential value in the preparation of live vaccines. PMID- 6731144 TI - Interferon production in microcarrier culture of human fibroblast cells. AB - The microcarrier cell culture technique offers a convenient way of manipulating relatively large amounts of anchorage-dependent cultured mammalian cells in a relatively small volume. Other advantages of this system are ease of direct observation, and of monitoring and control of other culture parameters. The production of human fibroblasts interferon on microcarrier culture on a scale of up to 44 litres (very roughly equivalent to 1100 roller bottles) using a conventional inducation with poly(I) poly(C), followed by superinduction by treatment with metalolic inhibitors, is described. PMID- 6731145 TI - In vitro and in vivo effects of endothelial cell-derived growth factor. AB - Endothelial cells in culture produce a growth factor with an apparent molecular weight of 10,000 to 30,000 daltons. This material, the endothelial cell-derived growth factor ( ECDGF ), can replace the requirement of 3T3 and smooth muscle cells for exogenous mitogens. ECDGF , added to plasma-derived serum, a platelet deficient preparation of plasma, supports growth of these cells to confluency. Lyophilized preparations of the ECDGF stimulate migration of smooth muscle cells into an in vitro wound. The same material induces an angiogenic response when implanted on the chick chorioallantoic membrane. Thus two requirements of an angiogenic response, migration and proliferation, are supplied by endothelial cell products. PMID- 6731146 TI - Thymic inhibition of myelopoietic proliferation. AB - Homeostasis may be viewed as the dynamic balance reached between cellular production and loss. The effectors of proliferation are thought to be tissue specific humoral substances. Inhibitory substances appear to negate the proliferate effects of activator substances. We report here that conditioned medium from cultures of murine "nonlymphoid" adherent thymus cells in a source of a potent myelopoietic inhibitor substance(s). Examination of the inhibitor(s) in the soft-agar clonogenic assay show it to abrogate both the 10-day granulocyte macrophage colony-forming cell (GM-CFC) and the 25-day monocyte-macrophage colony forming cell (M-CFC). The inhibition is most significant when the thymus conditioned medium (TCM) is present upon culture initiation. TCM added at a time after soft-agar initiation (day 6) also results in significant clonogenic inhibition. We have characterized the inhibitor as potent on the basis that volume ratios of inhibitor to L-cell colony-stimulating factor (CSF) as low as 1 part to 40 parts will give near total inhibition of both GM-CFC and M-CFC clonogenic growth. The inhibitor is dialyzable, has a molecular weight of less than 1000, is not significantly cytotoxic, and its effects are reversible with washing. PMID- 6731147 TI - Characteristics of lympho-myelopoietic stem cells isolated from canine peripheral blood. AB - If hematopoietic stem cells (HSC) could be separated from peripheral blood, it might be possible to harvest these stem cells for potential clinical use. By leukapheresis techniques, we harvested mononuclear cells (MNC) from peripheral blood and then placed these cells over discontinuous stractan gradients of three densities (1.077 gm/ml, 1.071 gm/ml and 1.066 gm/ml). These separated cells were submitted to colony culture to identify colony-forming-unit activity for granulocyte-macrophage (CFU-C) and T-cell lymphocyte (CFU-L) cell lines. The lightest cells (1.066) contained most of the CFU-C and no CFU-L activity. Heavier cells (greater than 1.071) contained CFU-L and very little CFU-C activity. CFU-L colonies could be distinguished from CFU-C by their density and distinct morphological appearance. In addition, the amount of CFU-C could be increased in the animal by increasing the amount of blood processed (from 3.9 +/- .76 CFU C/10(6) MNC to 6.7 +/- .35 CFU-C/10(6) MNC). This resulted in an increase of CFU C collected from 7.6 +/- 2.1 CFU-C/10(6) MNC after the first equivalent blood volume to 22.5 +/- 3.4 CFU-C/10(6) MNC after the third equivalent blood volume processed. These results suggest that leukapheresis and gradient density separation may be useful procedures to obtain HSC. PMID- 6731148 TI - Antigenic expression of human melanoma cells in serum-free medium. AB - A human melanoma cell line, M14 , adapted to grow in serum free synthetic media was examined for its expression and secretion of several serologically defined melanoma associated antigens (MAA) previously described in this laboratory. Melanoma associated antigen expression and secretion was identical to that of M14 cells grown in parallel in serum supplemented medium. Spent synthetic media was found to be an enriched serum free source for the initial isolation of 100 kilodalton secreted glycoprotein MAA. M14 melanoma cells grown in synthetic media were also shown to be adaptable to the double agar clonogenic assay facilitating the examination of clonal heterogeneity in functional studies of MAA in melanoma tumor biology. Recent investigations from this laboratory have focused on characterizing human melanoma associated antigens (MAA) found either as secreted or cell surface associated glycoproteins in human melanoma cell lines. In these studies, monoclonal and polyclonal antiserums to melanoma cell components have been developed to specifically identify these MAAs immunochemically and provide a means to study the structural biochemistry of these determinants. At this time we have identified two antigens on which our research efforts are targeted: 1) a 100,000 dalton secreted glycoprotein (100K) common to melanoma, sarcoma and neuroblastoma tumor cell lines, and 2) a 250,000 dalton-high molecular weight component glycoprotein-proteoglycan complex which is thus far restricted to melanoma cells. The ultimate goal of our efforts is two-fold. Initially, we hope to develop schemes to isolate these melanoma associated antigens in sufficient quantities to obtain detailed structural information on these molecules, and secondly, we wish to implicate these glycoproteins in functional aspects of the biology of metastatic human melanoma in vitro.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 400 WORDS) PMID- 6731149 TI - In vitro senescence, differentiated function, and transformation in cultured vascular endothelial cells. PMID- 6731150 TI - [Sexual hygiene of feeble-minded schoolboys]. PMID- 6731151 TI - [Significance of fatal accidents in 0- to 25-year-old persons]. PMID- 6731152 TI - [Screening of hearing in infants using the MV 82 multivibrator]. PMID- 6731153 TI - [Current changes in the development of boys. Preliminary report]. PMID- 6731154 TI - [Spirometric results in childhood and adolescence tabulated as percentiles]. PMID- 6731155 TI - Follow-up study of the reconstruction of microtia using Silastic frame. AB - The authors describe a new method using a Silastic frame for reconstructing typical and minor-grade microtia. For the reconstruction of typical microtia, the temporoparietal muscle fascia is used, which is brought to the conchal part of the frame through a skin tunnel in front of the auricle. Then full-thickness skin is grafted on it. This avoids exposure of the frame which may result in extrusion. Follow-up study revealed this new device gave reliable long-term results. For minor-grade microtia, the entire frame was used except the conchal part and the follow-up study showed a wonderful result. PMID- 6731156 TI - The effect of low-dose epinephrine on the hematocrit drop following lipolysis. AB - The large drops in hematocrit levels that frequently follow blunt suction lipectomy can be lessened by the preparation of the localized operative area with subcutaneous injections of a solution containing a weak concentration of epinephrine. PMID- 6731157 TI - Optimum vacuum pressures for lipolysis. AB - The author presents a method to test the adequacy of any suction machine pump used in lipolysis surgery, regardless of the altitude and/or sea level of the operating room physical conditions. Surgeons can, therefore, subject any vacuum pump to a vaporization test and thereby ensure its adequacy for lipolysis techniques. PMID- 6731158 TI - Asymmetries of the breast: a classification system. AB - The author proposes a new classification concerning asymmetry of the breast, based on 150 cases. Four main groups are evident, with 3 subgroups within each of them. The main groups are true malformative asymmetry of breast; precocious primary asymmetry of breast; secondary or progressive acquired breast asymmetry; and tertiary or induced breast asymmetry. Several examples of treated patients are illustrated, and some basic principles are elucidated, based on case histories. PMID- 6731159 TI - The bilateral conchal cartilage graft: a new technique in augmentation rhinoplasty. AB - The most common procedures to reconstruct a severe saddle-nose deformity are autogenous costal cartilage, iliac bone grafting, or Silastic implants. Each of them has its specific disadvantages. As an alternative solution, an autogenous bilateral conchal graft in sandwich technique is described. A 3-layer graft for the dorsum and a 2-layer graft to support the depressed columellar -tip area grants a more natural and elastic reconstruction of the nasal framework. The conchal grafts are taken by an incision made on the preauricular surface of the ear. How to plan the curved grafts by meticulous "cross-hatching" and to immobilize them in the recipient area by transcutaneous suturing is demonstrated. PMID- 6731160 TI - Reduction mammoplasty and mastopexy: a personal technique. AB - Surgical correction of the ptotic or hypertrophic breast is performed with increasing frequency. Many different techniques are widely practiced and give predictably reliable results. Greater consideration needs to be given to the long term aesthetic results, breast shape, quality of scars, and preservation of nipple sensation. This paper presents a personal technique practiced for the past 10 years in which consideration is given to achieving better nipple projection and less conspicuous scars. In addition, a method of wide tissue overlapping is advocated to maintain better long-term breast contour. PMID- 6731161 TI - Preventing and treating capsular fibrosis after breast augmentation: a case report. AB - A Radovan injection reservoir connected to a tube that reached behind a gel filled implant has successfully been used to treat capsular fibrosis after mammary augmentation. The routine use of this device as a prophylactic measure is discussed. PMID- 6731162 TI - A technique for reduction mammoplasty. AB - The author presents a technique for reduction mammoplasty in which the amount of skin removed is limited to a small area in the middle part of the breast. The glandular tissue is resected laterally and medially at the caudal part of the circumference of the breast, along with a midline wedge. With this technique and with the retraction of the skin and the sutures that pull this skin to the midline, the final result is a very short horizontal scar. PMID- 6731163 TI - The value of anatomical study of the platysma muscle in cervical lifting. AB - Medial fibers of the platysma muscle present anatomical variations at the submental area. It is important that patients be operated on according to the anatomical distribution of these fibers. The method described is easy and safe, based on anatomical studies and on clinical observations. It is another option for the treatment of cervicofacial deformities. PMID- 6731164 TI - Low serum vitamin B12 in Alzheimer-type dementia. AB - Serum vitamin B12 levels (as determined by radio-immunoassay) were measured in 20 subjects aged 65 years and over with Alzheimer-type dementia, 20 age-matched subjects with non-Alzheimer type dementia and 20 age-matched subjects with no dementia. Serum vitamin B12 levels were significantly lower and serum vitamin B12 deficiency was significantly more frequent in subjects with Alzheimer-type dementia and were independent of age, sex, haematological abnormality or serum folate. PMID- 6731165 TI - The value of modern non-invasive imaging techniques in the elderly. AB - Computerized tomography, isotope imaging and ultrasonography are available for the investigation of elderly patients at the Middlesex Hospital. Over a six-month period there were 360 acute admissions to the Geriatric Department and 100 specialist imaging techniques were used in their investigation. The pattern of presentation of these patients and results of specialist techniques are presented. Sick elderly patients should have ready access to modern non-invasive imaging techniques. PMID- 6731166 TI - Absence of abdominal pain in elderly patients with peptic ulcer. AB - The presentation of peptic ulcer in 132 elderly patients is compared with that in 67 younger patients. Abdominal pain was not present in one third of the elderly group. Absence of pain was associated with the older age group to a highly significant degree (P less than 0.001). PMID- 6731167 TI - A randomized controlled trial of a stroke rehabilitation ward. AB - In S.E. Kent, during 1978 and 1979, 225 patients, representing 228 occurrences of hemiplegia, were referred to a new 20-bed stroke rehabilitation ward. These patients were randomly allocated to treatment in the special ward (group A 112 strokes) or to remain in conventional treatment locations (group C 116 strokes); the two groups were closely similar, except for the initial level of consciousness. Survivors were observed at four-month intervals to one year. There are indications of benefit for patients in group A by comparison with Group C in terms of treatment received (number treated by remedial therapists, the extent of treatment, and the arrangements for after-care), and in outcome (survival and the proportion returned to the community). The direction of the trend of advantage is consistent with another recent controlled trial, although not all modes of improvement are identical in the two trials. It is suggested that every health district should develop a comprehensive policy of stroke management. PMID- 6731168 TI - Long-term survival after stroke. AB - A total of 162 patients referred for rehabilitation were followed-up for two years. Using the t test and the chi-square test, 15 variables distinguishing the 107 survivors from the 55 who died were identified. Multiple regression analysis identified three factors that gave a predictive equation which correctly identified 92% of the two-year survivors and 48% of those dying in that time. These factors were the severity of the stroke (represented by the patient's walking ability), the presence of pre-existing cardiovascular disease (indicated by a history of myocardial infarction), and the patient's age. Pre-stroke motivation or fitness may also influence long-term survival. The technique of using multiple regression analysis allows a clearer separation of the important prognostic factors than the more usual comparative statistical methods. PMID- 6731169 TI - The short-term effects of reducing elevated blood pressure in elderly patients with propranolol and dyazide. AB - Propranolol and Dyazide (25 mg hydrochlorothiazide and 50 mg triamterene) were used singly to reduce the elevated blood pressure (systolic ranging from 170 to 271 mmHg and diastolic ranging from 100 to 141 mmHg) of 38 elderly hypertensive patients whose ages ranged from 69 to 91 years. Each compound was administered for a period of four weeks with a wash-out period of four weeks in between. The following parameters were assessed before and after each treatment period: cerebral blood flow (CBF), mental functions, cardiac output (CO), electrocardiogram, glomerular filtration rate (GFR) and serum biochemistry. Both systolic and diastolic blood pressure were significantly reduced following the administration of either compound. No significant change in CBF and CO could be observed after reducing the blood pressure whether Propranolol or Dyazide was used. The GFR was, however, significantly reduced and the plasma creatinine significantly increased following Dyazide but not Propranolol administration. As expected the administration of the latter compound was associated with a significant bradycardia. No significant change could be observed in the other parameters studied. PMID- 6731170 TI - Institutionalization and the elderly: international comparisons. AB - This paper is an exploratory attempt to examine international differences in the proportion of old people living in non-private households. The aim of the study was to provoke further discussion of the role which institutions play in the care of the elderly in various settings and to examine the effect of certain demographic and economic parameters on the proportion of elderly people in non private households. Data were drawn from national censuses and indirect standardization was used to allow comparison of the probability of institutionalization in the countries considered. Considerable variation in standardized institutionalization ratios was found but this variation was not significantly associated with any of the demographic or economic variables considered. PMID- 6731171 TI - Osteoid in bones of elderly patients without bone disease. AB - Bone samples were taken at post-mortem examination by Jamshidi needles from 88 elderly patients who were known to have normal bone biochemistry in life. The extent of osteoid in these samples is quantitatively described. In patients with normal creatinines the relative osteoid area ranges from 0 to 3.7% and trabecular osteoid surface percentage ranges from 0 to 23%, but higher values were seen in those with raised creatinines. Osteoid extent did not vary with age, sex or time of year. Descriptions of other series of control bone biopsies in the literature are reviewed and it is suggested that relative osteoid area greater than 3.5% or osteoid surfaces greater than 25% should be considered excess osteoid. PMID- 6731172 TI - Intracranial tumours in the elderly: diagnosis and treatment. AB - A series of 111 intracranial tumours in elderly patients, investigated by modern methods, is reviewed. The clinical picture of progressive neurological deficit, and/or intellectual impairment, did not differ greatly from that of younger patients, but the manifestations of raised intracranial pressure (headache and papilloedema) were much less common in the elderly. Intermittency of symptoms appeared to be a relatively common phenomenon with meningiomas, occurring in four of 12 symptomatic cases. Operative treatment, for removal of meningiomas or relief of obstructive hydrocephalus, produced improvement in almost all cases, with a low morbidity and mortality. High-dose steroid therapy produced substantial, if temporary, benefit in 51% of hemisphere tumours. PMID- 6731173 TI - Age-related changes in structure of labial minor salivary glands. AB - Despite an increasing number of reports on the effect of various systemic diseases on human labial salivary glands, the influence of the patient's age on the morphology of these glands has not previously been considered. A total of 78 healthy individuals aged from 19 to 87 years were biopsied, and their labial salivary glands were histologically assessed in a blind manner using criteria previously outlined by the author. The parameters recorded were: acinar atrophy, ductal dilatation, fatty change, fibrosis, periacinar callus formation, and inflammatory infiltration. Acinar atrophy was not found in individuals aged under 50 years, but after this it increased progressively as a function of age. The degree of fibrosis rose with advancing age as did fatty infiltration--although less linearly than fibrosis. Ductal dilatation and callus formation were not infrequent from age 50 onwards. Foci of inflammatory cells first appeared in the age group 30-39 years and the focus score was higher in older age groups. The results clearly indicate that an age- and sex-matched control group is mandatory when salivary gland changes associated with systemic diseases are evaluated. PMID- 6731174 TI - Doppler ultrasound screening for arterial disease in elderly stroke patients. AB - Doppler-shifted ultrasound and spectral analysis were used to assess the carotid arteries of 77 elderly stroke patients, which represented 154 carotid bifurcations. Severe carotid disease was demonstrated at 19 of the 154 carotid bifurcations and in eight of these complete occlusion of the internal carotid artery was present. In 12 of the 19 instances the severe disease was in the internal carotid artery associated with the stroke. Localized carotid bruits were present in five patients and only three of these were associated with severe disease of the internal carotid artery. Minor disease was detected in 80 of the 154 carotid bifurcations and no disease was detected at the remaining 55 carotid bifurcations. An abnormally low ankle/arm systolic pressure ratio, which indicated occlusive arterial disease of the legs, was obtained in 19 of the 43 patients examined. No relationship was found between the severity of carotid artery disease and the presence of haemodynamically significant disease of the lower limbs. Ultrasound measurement of aortic compliance gave significantly lower values in elderly stroke patients compared to elderly asymptomatic volunteers. Comparison of flow-velocity transit times from the stroke-affected and non affected limbs showed no consistent effect of the stroke on vascular tone in the patients assessed. PMID- 6731175 TI - Urinary excretion of histamine, methylhistamine (1-MeHi) and methylimidazoleacetic acid (MeImAA) in mastocytosis: comparison of new HPLC methods with other present methods. AB - New HPLC-methods for the determination of histamine, 1- MeHi and MeImAA in human urine were compared with methods presently at use in our laboratory, the enzymatic double-isotope assay for histamine, the DNFB-method for 1- MeHi and the semiquantitative estimation of MeImAA by thin layer chromatography (TLC). A fairly good agreement between the methods was obtained for the measurement of histamine and 1- MeHi , although there was a rather large random error probably due to poor precision of the present methods. The TLC-method for MeImAA used so far overestimated by about 20% the HPLC-values, probably due to inaccurate correction for recovery by the internal standard technique. There was found to be a strong correlation between the urinary excretion of 1- MeHi and MeImAA in mastocytosis patients and the molar ratio MeImAA /1- MeHi appeared significantly higher compared to normal controls and patients with chronic granulocytic leukemia indicating in general a more efficient histamine catabolism in mastocytosis. PMID- 6731176 TI - Gastric histamine methyltransferase: different methylation rates for enantiomers of side-chain methylated histamine analogues using a highly purified enzyme preparation. AB - The inhibitor/activator and substrate properties of enantiomers of two methylated histamines (MH) were investigated using a histamine methyltransferase preparation which was purified 1207-fold from pig fundic mucosa by ultracentrifugation, ion exchange chromatography on DEAE-cellulose and preparative electrofocusing. In 1 100 microM concentrations, S-alpha-MH and R-alpha-MH were acceptor substrates as good as histamine itself. When substrate concentrations were increased to 1 mM these substances were methylated to an even greater extent than histamine, since they did not exert substrate inhibition on HMT. Introduction of a further methyl group into the N alpha-position reduced acceptor substrate properties drastically. A difference in methylation was then seen since R-alpha,N alpha-DMH was a better substrate than S-alpha,N alpha-DMH. Whereas alpha-MH's could not activate HMT the alpha,N alpha-DMH's did. The poorer the substrate affinity of the investigated substances was, the better they were able to activate HMT. PMID- 6731177 TI - Turnover of histamine in mucosal and connective tissue mast cells of the rat. AB - Mast cells constitute a heterogenous cell system. The specific type of mucosal mast cell (MMC) of the gut differs with respect to a number of properties from the classical connective tissue mast cell ( CTMC ) found in, e.g. skin, tongue and the peritoneal cavity. This report summarizes recent findings concerning turnover rates of amines and heparin in the two cell types. The elimination rate of radioactively prelabelled histamine, 5-hydroxytryptamine (5-HT) and heparin from peritoneal CTMC was compared with the elimination of radiolabelled histamine from tongue, where histamine is stored in CTMC and duodenum where it is stored in MMC. The elimination of histamine from peritoneal CTMC was slow (t 1/2 = 23 days) and did not differ significantly from that of 5-HT (t 1/2 = 25 days) and heparin (t 1/2 = 35 days) suggesting a low degree of secretory activity in the normal rat. The elimination rate of histamine from the tongue was also very slow. The specific radioactivity of histamine in duodenum was decreasing more rapidly. This was explained by a dilution of the radioactivity since the histamine content increased during the experimental period, and also by MMC death. The results are compatible with the assumption that CTMC and MMC are secretory cells, but with low activity until recruited by adequate, immunological or other stimuli. PMID- 6731178 TI - Alterations in histamine and collagen induced in chick embryos by aminoguanidine and 48/80. AB - The effects of aminoguanidine (a histamine inhibitor) and 48/80 (a histamine liberator) on the levels of histamine, soluble collagen fraction and total collagen in the chick embryos were studied. Histamine content in bones (tibia and femur) and skin markedly increased in the embryos treated with aminoguanidine. Aminoguanidine treatment was followed by a decrease of total collagen and an increase of soluble collagen fraction both in bones and skin. 48/80 did not change the histamine level in the bones but decreased that in the skin. 48/80 administration resulted in an augmentation of the total collagen content in the skin. Both in the skin and bones soluble collagen fraction was found to be lower in 48/80 treated embryos. PMID- 6731179 TI - Low level antigen responses in guinea-pig lung strip. AB - Guinea-pigs were sensitized either by i.p. administration or by a novel procedure involving inhalation of ovalbumin (2, 0.2 and 0.002%) on days 0, 5 and 19 respectively. Lung strips from these guinea-pigs were challenged with both low (0.02 micrograms/ml) and high (10 micrograms/ml) concentrations of ovalbumin and the responses compared. Whereas the low level antigen gave consistent contractions following aerosol sensitization, no response was observed from the i.p. sensitized guinea-pig lung strips. Marked differences were also observed following the high ovalbumin challenge, where the aerosol sensitized lungs gave almost twice the response as tissue from the i.p. sensitized guinea-pigs, the former being approximately 140% of that observed with acetyl-beta-methyl choline (1 mM). Furthermore, the response elicited in the lungs from aerosol sensitized guinea-pigs were not modified by the addition of high concentrations of the H1 antagonist diphenhydramine (100 microM), before or subsequent to challenge. The data suggest that the aerosol sensitization procedure gives rise to a contractile response in guinea-pig lung strips which contains no observable histamine component. PMID- 6731180 TI - Tissue histamine levels and mast cell numbers in tumour-bearing mice. AB - In C57BL/6 mice bearing the 3LL carcinoma and in C3H mice bearing the McC3 -1 fibrosarcoma (18th passage), the increase in skin histamine levels was correlated with the increase in mast cell number. The number of cells able to incorporate tritiated thymidine was proportional to the mast cell number. These results strengthen the notion that, in tumour-bearing rodents, the increase in tissue histamine is an active phenomenon. PMID- 6731181 TI - Histamine and its catabolism in tumour-bearing rat and mouse. AB - The hypothesis that failure of histamine (Hi)-mediated inter and intracellular cell-cell communication may be involved in the control of cellular growth has been tested in leukaemia-bearing mice and fibrosarcoma-bearing rats. In all examined tissues of mice bearing leukaemia L1210 cells and rats bearing methylcholanthrene fibrosarcoma histamine content was higher than in controls. Tissues of fibrosarcoma-bearing rats more intensively metabolized 14C-Hi and oxidative pathway was predominant. Histamine metabolic activity as well as histamine catabolic pathways do not differ in leukaemic mice as compared with the controls. PMID- 6731182 TI - Plasma histamine in pig: effect of food and pentagastrin. AB - Histamine may have a role in the physiological control of gastric acid secretion. We aimed to detect histamine release into the circulation during food and pentagastrin. Non-parametric statistical analysis was used. Seven pigs bearing iliac artery, iliac vein and portal vein cannulae were given a standard meal. Blood samples were collected at 10-minutes intervals over a period of 2 hours for histamine assay. There were no significant changes in whole blood and plasma histamine concentrations in the iliac arterial or venous blood. In portal venous blood, no significant changes were observed in whole blood histamine, but there were significant increases in plasma histamine 40 minutes after food (basal median: 149.0; range: 50.3-258.6 pmol ml-1; 40 minutes, median 214.9; range: 64.2 319.6 pmol ml-1). Four pigs were given pentagastrin, 6 micrograms kg-1 h-1 i.v. Iliac and portal venous bloods were collected for histamine assay before and 15 minutes after pentagastrin infusion. There were no significant changes in the whole blood histamine concentration in either iliac or portal venous blood. A small increase, mean 5%, of plasma histamine concentration was detected in the iliac venous blood (basal mean 242.9 +/- 21.7 pmol ml-1; stimulated mean 256.9 +/ 39.1 pmol ml-1). A 20% increase in the portal plasma histamine concentration was observed after pentagastrin (basal mean 240.1 +/- 13.2; stimulated mean 288.4 +/- 18.8 pmol ml-1). Both food and pentagastrin increase plasma histamine concentration in the portal vein. Pentagastrin has a greater effect than food. PMID- 6731183 TI - Effect of histamine on the hippocampal neurons in guinea-pigs. AB - Histamine produced an excitatory effect on CA3 pyramidal cells in hippocampal slices of guinea-pigs. The amplitude of population spikes and EPSPs was augmented by histamine at concentrations of 10(-7) to 10(-6) M. Cimetidine but not pyrilamine prevented the stimulatory effect. The histamine effect was mimicked by dimaprit but not by 2-pyridylethylamine. It is concluded that histamine has a facilitatory influence on the hippocampal excitatory system via H2 receptor. PMID- 6731184 TI - Histamine H2-binding studies in the guinea-pig brain. AB - Using 3H-mepyramine and 3H-tiotidine to label, respectively, the histamine H1- and H2-receptors, we have assessed the distribution of these receptors in five distinct areas of guinea-pig brain. With regard to the H2-receptor, we could detect no binding in either the cerebellum or pons-medulla, whereas the distribution in the other brain areas was corpus striatum greater than cortex greater than hippocampus. This was in contrast to the distribution of the H1 receptor which was found to be in all areas studied but predominantly in the cerebellum. PMID- 6731185 TI - Age-related changes in brain histamine. AB - The effect of age on brain histamine levels and histamine methyltransferase activity (HMT) was investigated. Male Sprague-Dawley rats (12 months old) displayed significantly higher hypothalamic, midbrain and cortical histamine concentrations than three-month-old animals. In contrast, HMT activity was significantly decreased in all three brain regions. The increase in brain histamine concentration of old rats could have been partially attributed to decreased activity of HMT since elevated levels of brain histamine are known to occur following HMT inhibition. Present results indicate that similarly to the reported changes in the concentration, synthesis and/or metabolism of other central neurotransmitters in old rats, brain histamine regulation may also be affected in the process of aging. PMID- 6731186 TI - Plasma vasopressin levels after I.C.V. infusion of histamine agonists in the conscious goat. AB - Histamine H1-agonists 2-pyridylethylamine (2-PEA) and 2-methylhistamine and H2 agonists 4-methylhistamine, dimaprit and impromidine were given i.c.v. to conscious goats and the release of arginine vasopressin (AVP) was measured. 2-PEA at very low doses (9 and 27 mumoles/animal, equivalent to H1-activity of about 0.5 and 1.5 mumoles histamine, resp.) significantly increased plasma AVP. The H2 agonists did not cause consistent changes in AVP even if their relative doses were higher. It is concluded that the vasopressin releasing effect of histamine is due to H1-receptor activation. PMID- 6731187 TI - The effect of group selective reagents N-ethylmaleimide and dithiothreitol on histamine H1-receptor binding sites in the vascular smooth muscle membranes. AB - The chemical nature of the histamine H1-receptors of beef aortic membranes has been elucidated by introducing two group selective reagents in the [3H] mepyramine binding studies: dithiothreitol (DTT), a protein-disulphide group reducing reagent, and N-ethylmaleimide (NEM), a protein-thiol group alkylating agent. In the binding experiments, NEM independently inhibits [3H]-mepyramine binding. The inhibition is time and concentration dependent. DTT on the other hand potentiates the binding of the radioligand to its receptor and changes the affinity of histamine in competing for [3H]-mepyramine binding site. In the DTT pretreated membranes (100 microM), histamine shows a higher affinity for [3H] mepyramine binding (Ki 0.35 microM) than in the untreated membranes (Ki 3.7 microM). Comparison of the pharmacological studies on the DTT-treated rabbit aortic strips and above binding studies, revealed a good correlation between the changes in the affinity of histamine for its receptor, when DTT was present. The results suggest an important role of the S-S and SH groups in the function of aortic histamine H1-receptor. PMID- 6731188 TI - Smoking as a risk factor for the development of arterial occlusive disease. AB - There was examined a total of 982 males with arterial occlusive disease (908 males with atherosclerosis obliterans, 59 with thromboangitis obliterans and 15 males with this disease of uncertain aetiology), 30 females with atherosclerosis obliterans, 411 control males and 50 control females. Among the controls there were significantly more frequently non-smokers and occasional smokers (the latter, however, having atherosclerosis obliterans--with the exception of females, and males having thromboangitis obliterans). In the complex of occlusive disease there were, on the other hand, more frequently present regular smokers smoking 31-40 years (in thromboangiitics for a period up to 10 years), smoking proportionally throughout the day and having their starting age of smoking before their 20th year of life. In the group of the arterial occlusive disease there was also a significantly higher number of those who discontinued smoking for 1-2 years in their life, while in the control group there were chiefly males who had discontinued smoking for a period longer than 5 years. Among stop-smokers there occurred significantly more frequently patients having only occlusions and significantly less frequently those having both occlusions and stenoses. There were no significant differences between the group with a pathological arterial process and the control one in the prevalence of cigar smokers or in the existence of their different smoking habits. The situation was similar also with pipe smokers with one exception: in the occlusive disease and/or atherosclerosis obliterans there were found more frequently mixed smokers of more than one package of tobacco weekly, smoking 31-40 years, namely proportionally throughout the day. As significant there proved to be chiefly cigarette smoking, and that in the amount over 16 cigarettes a day. As critical was found to be the period of exposition of 31-40 years. But when the relationship between the average daily number of cigarettes smoked and the total duration of smoking was compared, there was found in males with atherosclerosis obliterans as significant the smoking of already 11-15 cigarettes a day for a period of 31-40 years. With the rising number of cigarettes smoked per day there was getting shorter the critical period of exposition. Of importance is likewise the starting age of cigarette smoking before the 20th year of life and the proportional time distribution of smoking in the course of the whole day. In the complex of the arterial occlusive disease there were significantly more "rapid" smokers, i.e. those smoking their cigarette within a time up to 6 minutes and, further, those in whom, 5-8 years prior to the onse PMID- 6731189 TI - [Denervation supersensitivity of the detrusor muscle due to prolonged bladder overdistension]. AB - The influence of prolonged bladder overdistension on the detrusor muscle was studied in female mongrel dogs. Two overdistending methods were employed, namely, constantly elevated hydrostatic pressure for one hour and bladder neck ligation for 48 hours. The cystometrogram and urinalysis at 2 weeks after release of overdistension were compared with the preoperative estimations. Using the in vitro isometric technique, the contractility of the detrusor muscle strip to acetylcholine was evaluated in the untreated control group and the two overdistended groups. Prolonged bladder overdistension for one hour as well as 48 hours resulted in a high incidence of urinary tract infection. There was no correlation between the cystometric findings before and after overdistension . An increase in contraction response to acetylcholine was observed in both overdistended groups. Besides, a small contraction response to acetylcholine at a lower concentration was observed in the group overdistended for 48 hours. It is suggested that the observed contraction response increase was probably due to axonal degeneration caused by a decrease in the blood supply to the overdistended bladder wall. PMID- 6731190 TI - [Application of the video-system in urological endoscopy]. AB - The possibility of many persons viewing the same field together has been long desired in urological endoscopy, not only for objective diagnosis and proper treatment but also as an aid in teaching. Since 1978, the authors have been using the video-system consisting of an MK- 309C as a video-camera with a television monitor, the connecting scope between the endoscope and the video-camera, and a CLX as a light source. This system has been used in cystourethroscopy, TUR and fiberscopy of the upper urinary tract by our pyeloureteroscope . The features of this system are to use the connecting scope which allows television monitoring of the findings without disturbing the handling of the endoscope by the operator, the three-tube video-camera which transmits the pictures in quite natural color and good resolution to the television monitor and the very bright light source which gives clear views of the lesions. The endoscopic field that could be viewed simultaneously by many persons using this system proved to be satisfactory. PMID- 6731191 TI - [Clinical studies on topical hemostat Avitene in urological surgery]. AB - Avitene (Microfibrillar Collagen Hemostat) is a new absorbable topical hemostatic agent, of which action mechanisms are platelet entrapment and activation of platelet clotting factors. It was used clinically on 11 patients for bleeding during urological surgery; bleeding from renal beds, resectional surfaces of kidney, urethras and floor of the pelvis, prostatic capsule and renal pelvis. The patients were 9 males and 2 females aged from 30 to 71 years old. Avitene was applied directly to the source of bleeding in a dry condition after the treatment of large vessel hemostasis. Pressure was applied to the area, and after 3 to 5 minutes, the excess of this material was removed. Avitene was successful in rapidly controlling bleeding in all the patients. No patient had secondary bleeding and complications attributed to the use of this material. This study indicates that Avitene is very effective as a topical hemostatic agent, particularly in urological surgery. PMID- 6731192 TI - [A case of hypospadias in a woman whose incontinence was repaired surgically]. AB - On August 23, 1982 a 24-year-old woman presented with incontinence following her first delivery. From infancy she used to void urine frequently. When she was 4 years old a left nonfunctioning kidney was diagnosed and left nephrectomy was done. The external genitalia were remarkable in that there was a solitary orifice in the vestibule. The other items in the examination were normal. Vaginal examination revealed that the urethral meatus was on the anterior vaginal wall about 3 cm proximal to its orifice. Bladder neck and proximal urethral narrowing combined with suspension of bladder neck was performed on January 19, 1983. Postoperative course was uneventful and she was continent when the bladder was filled up to 200 ml while she stood erect. Our case might belong to group 3 according to Blum 's classification. PMID- 6731193 TI - A case report of renal pelvic squamous cell carcinoma. AB - We describe a case of a 75-year-old woman with squamous cell carcinoma in the right renal pelvis accompanied by multiple dysplasia in the upper urinary tract. Though it is difficult to make a preoperative diagnosis of squamous cell carcinoma, lavage cytology is particularly valuable. Renal arteriography and cross-sectional imaging are also useful to assess an accurate stage. We postulate that severe dysplasia could be a precursor of squamous cell carcinoma as well as transitional cell carcinoma. PMID- 6731194 TI - [A case of leiomyoma of the urinary bladder in a woman with the chief complaint of total urinary retention]. AB - Benign nonepithelial tumor of the urinary bladder is very rare. We experienced a case of a 33-year-old woman who complained of total urinary retention. Vaginal examination revealed a hen's egg sized retrovesical tumor. IVP revealed a filling defect on the cystogram. Cystoscopy revealed protrusion of left side of the bladder neck and intact mucosa. Transvaginal needle biopsy of the tumor was done, and pathohistological diagnosis of the tumor was done, and pathohistological diagnosis of the specimen was leiomyoma. The tumor was intramural type and was resected. It was 5.5 X 5 X 5 cm in size, weighed 80 g, and pathohistological diagnosis was leiomyoma of the urinary bladder. 57 cases of leiomyoma of the urinary bladder including this case have been reported in Japan. No special method of diagnosing leiomyoma of the urinary bladder exists, but in some cases, needle biopsy is very effective. PMID- 6731195 TI - [Two cases of giant condyloma with malignant degeneration]. AB - We report two rare cases of giant condyloma with malignant degeneration. Case 1: A 70-year-old male noticed a small nodule on his glans penis 5 years ago that had recently grown larger and larger. After admission, the biopsy of the mass revealed giant condyloma with malignant degeneration. Partial amputation of the penis was performed. Meatoplasty was performed by Whisnant 's procedure. Case 2: A 49-year-old male had received exstirpation of the condyloma of the penis eleven years earlier. Local recurrence and exstirpation were repeated. In June 1981, the mass was diagnosed as giant condyloma. In December malignant degeneration was suspected. In 1982, radiation therapy failed to reduce the mass and it made an ulcer on the penis. Total amputation of the penis was performed. The pathological diagnosis was invasive keratinizing squamous cell carcinoma. Meatoplasty was performed, applying Toyoda 's ureterocutaneostomy and Abercrombie 's procedure. Though giant condyloma is pathologically benign, in many cases it is clinically indistinguishable from squamous cell carcinoma and may have a malignant potential like our cases. It may be concluded that giant condyloma should be treated as malignant and that partial or total penectomy may be the best treatment because conservative treatment including local excision is not effective. PMID- 6731197 TI - [A case of mediastinal parathyroid adenoma with primary hyperparathyroidism]. AB - A 21-year-old man with a history of recurrent urolithiasis was admitted. Hypercalcemia was found and a diagnosis of primary hyperparathyroidism was made. Neck exploration was performed without success. Localization studies were done. Repeated selective arteriography revealed a mediastinal parathyroid adenoma. CT scan as well showed the adenoma in the anterior mediastinum. Ultrasonotomography, 201Tl-chloride and 131I scintigraphy with subtraction image and two venous samplings were negative. Mediastinal exploration with partial sternotomy was performed and a parathyroid adenoma was subsequently removed. Serum calcium and phosphorous levels were normalized, several postoperative days. PMID- 6731196 TI - Vesicocolic fistula formed by "collision" tumor between transitional cell carcinoma of urinary bladder and adenocarcinoma of the sigmoid colon. AB - A patient with vesicosigmoid fistula due to "collision" tumor between adenocarcinoma of the sigmoid colon and transitional cell carcinoma of the urinary bladder is presented. Resection of the sigmoid colon and partial cystectomy were performed. The clinical symptoms, diagnostic procedures and treatments are discussed. PMID- 6731198 TI - [Angiomyolipoma of the kidney: report of three cases and a statistical study of 194 cases in Japan]. AB - Three cases of renal angiomyolipoma are reported. The first case was a 53-year old female with the complaint of left flank pain. In both cases selective angiography revealed a renal tumor, and computerized tomography disclosed a renal mass with low density corresponding to the fat tissue. From several examinations these two cases were preoperatively diagnosed as renal angiomyolipoma and nephrectomy was performed. Histopathological diagnosis was renal angiomyolipoma. The third case was a 64-year-old female with the complaints of left flank pain and macrohematuria. In this case computerized tomography revealed a renal mass which did not have a low density area. The possibility of renal cell carcinoma was considered and nephrectomy was performed. Histological diagnosis was renal angiomyolipoma which was primarily composed of smooth muscle cells. The first case had a calcified lesion in the brain. But there was no evidence of tuberous sclerosis in the following two cases. Some problems in diagnosis and treatment of renal angiomyolipoma are presented, and a statistical study is made on 194 reported cases of renal angiomyolipoma in Japan. PMID- 6731199 TI - [A case of testicular tumor with uncommon clinical course: testicular lesion that was initially not palpable led to a wrong diagnosis of huge retroperitoneal hematoma due to trauma]. AB - A case of testicular tumor with uncommon clinical course is presented. Although the patient underwent abdominal trauma and was diagnosed as having retroperitoneal hematoma, a retroperitoneal bulky tumor was revealed at surgery. After that left orchiectomy was performed because the testicular swelling gradually developed. The retroperitoneal tumor was confirmed to be a secondary lesion metastasized from left testicular carcinoma. PMID- 6731200 TI - [Clinical experience of Hachimijiogan for male infertility patients]. AB - We treated 53 patients for male infertility with TSUMURA - Hachimijiogan given as a daily dose of 7.5 g for 144 days on the average. The sperm density was improved by administration to 10 X 10(6)/ml or more in 22 patients (41.5%) and lowered to 10 X 10(6)/ml or more in only 2 patients (3.8%). The sperm motility was improved by 10% or over in 29 patients (54.7%) as compared with 5 patients (9.4%) in whom it was lowered by 10% or more. The sperm motile efficiency index ( SMEI ) was improved in 40 (75.5%) of the 53 patients. Statistically significant differences were noted in the improvement in sperm density, sperm motility and SMEI . By contrast, there was no difference in semen volume, sperm morphology or sperm agglutination between the pre- and post- treatment periods. During the period of treatment, the wives of 4 patients (7.5%) conceived children. These results suggest that TSUMURA - Hachimijiogan is effective for male infertility to a certain extent and that clinical trials on its use for male infertility may be meaningful. PMID- 6731201 TI - Transfer factor--a lymphocyte cell surface component. AB - An attempt was made to locate the biologically active component of the DLE in lymphocytes. The test was based on the recovery of sheep cell-rosetting capacity in trypsinized human lymphocytes (recovery assay). Comparisons of the extract from trypsinized leukocytes and the leukocyte supernatant (after trypsination ) yielded the following results: The peptide fraction detached from the cell surface by trypsin (30 min with 0.5 g trypsin/l at 37 degrees C) accounts for most of the TF activity of the whole lymphocytes. Of the two TF activities (fractions II and III), fraction III obviously stems from the cell interior because it cannot be liberated by trypsin. Fraction III is characterized by an unusually high UV absorption quotient (A 260/280), probably due to a large nucleotide content. Trypsination leads to the biologically active TF fraction going into the supernatant. Fraction II consists almost entirely of cell surface peptides. It is relatively easy to separate it cleanly, and it has a high level of biological activity (1 microgram/ml is still detectable). PMID- 6731202 TI - [Ketotifen in the treatment of chronic urticaria and angioneurotic edema]. AB - 26 male and female patients, suffering chronic idiopathic urticaria and angioneurotic edema, are treated with a new synthase molecule, Ketotifen, which offers a polivalent action. Among the patients there was a great majority of females (61,5%) their mean age being 35 years. The mean duration of this urticaria was 57,3 months, being even longer in male patients. In eleven of these cases there was a previous history of atopy in their families, and sixteen patients had some episodes of atopy in the past. All the patients were treated with ketotifen, in 1 mg. tablets, usually administered before meals, with partial doses no higher than 1 mg. 3 times a day, and a total dosage ranging from 28 to 180 mg. With this dosage we attained satisfactory results in 80,8% of the cases, with complete curation in 16 patients and a remarkable improvement of symptoms in 5 patients. In only two of the cases there was no response to the treatment. Tolerance to this drug was excellent in 88,6% of the patients. For all these reasons we consider ketotifen as an excellent therapeutic agent in Chronic Idiopathic Urticaria and Angioneurotic Edema, especially in those cases in which traditional therapies have failed. We also think that ketotifen, in association with other drugs, for example, terbutaline ( SAIHAN ) may solve, at least in some patients, the therapeutical problem that these conditions present. Furthermore, the nearly complete absence of important secondary effects, as observed in our study, makes it the treatment of choice in patients with gastric intolerance to drugs, or in those patients that, owing to their occupational activities, might be exposed to a high risk of laboral accidents. PMID- 6731203 TI - Clustering of foodstuffs in food hypersensitivity. An inquiry study in pollen allergic patients. AB - 600 pollen allergic patients were questioned about hypersensitivity symptoms from various foodstuffs. The answers regarding one foodstuff were compared with those of other foodstuffs making 780 tables, from which the Spearmen 's correlation coefficients were calculated. Most of the combinations of foodstuffs showed statistically significant correlations. The highest value of the correlation coefficient was found for certain combinations: Various nuts reciprocally as well as nuts combined with apple and stone fruits. Stone fruits reciprocally and even stone fruits combined with apple and pear. Apple and pear. Kiwi fruit and avocado. Potato and carrot. Swede , parsnip and celery reciprocally. Strawberry and wild strawberry. Fish and bread, fish and cheese. Beer and wine. Several of the foodstuffs showing high degrees of correlation are known to be associated with birch pollen allergies. It is probable that at least some of these correlations are due to true IgE-mediated cross-reactivity with common allergens in birch pollen and foodstuffs. Other, hitherto less well understood mechanisms, might be at work as well. It is concluded that clustering of foodstuffs is common in food hypersensitivity and that in Sweden this phenomenon mostly is due to the association between birch pollen and some foodstuffs. PMID- 6731204 TI - Tracheal ultrastructure in kerosene treated guinea pigs. A preliminary report. AB - p6high correlation between the usage of kerosene and the appearance of asthmatic crises has been demonstrated. The ultrastructure of the upper respiratory tract of animals treated with kerosene has not been previously reported. Kerosene aerosol was administered for 15 minutes daily during 21 days to adult male guinea pigs with fragments of trachea being processed for ultrathin electron microscopical studies. Controls did not receive any treatment. Trachea of guinea pigs submitted to kerosene aerosols showed swelling, ruffling and breakdown of the ciliary membrane. The regularly arranged ciliary border was disturbed to a certain degree in some areas by the development of cytoplasmatic protrusions at the apical part of the ciliated cells. An eosinophilic infiltrate was observed deep inside the epithelium and into the lamina propria. Therefore, these ciliary alterations can be considered as one of the most important changes induced by kerosene in tracheal epithelial cells. The protrusions may represent a sign of cell alteration produced by kerosene aerosol inhalation in the guinea pig. PMID- 6731205 TI - Total blood eosinophilia in allergic (type I allergy) and non-allergic asthma, rhinitis and cough. AB - p6tal blood eosinophil counts (TBE) were obtained in allergic and non-allergic patients suffering from asthma, rhinitis, cough, or various combinations of these disorders. As expected higher blood eosinophil counts were found in allergic patients. In the non-allergic patients however, significantly higher blood eosinophil counts were also found as compared to controls, which limits the possible role of TBE determination in the diagnosis of type I allergy. There is no significant correlation between TBE and total serum IgE. Atopic eczema is associated with higher TBE only in the group with allergic respiratory diseases. In allergic patients blood eosinophilia is steadily decreasing with age, where the inverse is observed in non-allergic patients. Our data suggest that for some reason TBE is increased in both allergic and non-allergic patients. A further increase of TBE in allergic patients is associated with a type I allergic reaction. PMID- 6731206 TI - Thorax deformity and asthma bronchial. AB - In patients with bronchial asthma thorax deformity aggravates the respiratory function. The authors performed follow up examinations on 381 young adults who suffered from bronchial asthma in childhood. Thorax deformities were was found in 70 patients (28 pectus excavatum, 8 pectus carinatum, 19 thorax emphysematicus . 15 other and combined deformities). Comparing the recovered and non-recovered asthmatic patients, the state of the ill one was significantly worse with regards to thorax deformity. In the seriously ill patients thorax deformities occurred significantly more frequently than in the total number of patients. In the thorax deformity group asthma had an earlier onset and lasted longer in comparison with the whole of patients studied. Bronchial hyperreactivity and lung function values referring to chronic obstruction were significantly more frequent in patients with thorax deformity. Investigating physical exercise, the ratio of patients pursuing some sporting activity was similar, i.e. 50%, both in the total patient group and in the group of patients with pectus excavatum and pectus carinatum, while 90% of the patients belonging to the thorax emphysematicus group did not pursue any physical training. PMID- 6731207 TI - Bronchogenic squamous cell carcinoma metastatic to the kidney. PMID- 6731209 TI - Heterozygous beta thalassemia. A case report. PMID- 6731208 TI - Giardiasis Tuscaloosa County. PMID- 6731210 TI - The scope of genital herpes among private physician patients. PMID- 6731211 TI - A screen for colon and rectal cancer in a family medicine patient population. PMID- 6731212 TI - Postsplenectomy sepsis. PMID- 6731213 TI - Complications of fiberoptic bronchoscopy in a community hospital. PMID- 6731214 TI - Reliability of physical examination in patients with chronic pain. PMID- 6731215 TI - Incest and the sexually abused child. PMID- 6731216 TI - Report on the development and utilization of an ocular screening device. Photometric detection of eye diseases in the Huntsville School System 1982-1983. PMID- 6731217 TI - Percutaneous removal of renal calculi. PMID- 6731218 TI - Percutaneous ultrasonic lithotripsy (PUL): kidney stone disintegration. PMID- 6731219 TI - Chlorpropamide hepatitis. PMID- 6731220 TI - Malignant melanoma: a case report. PMID- 6731221 TI - Clonidine overdose from minimal ingestion. PMID- 6731223 TI - Programs and services for the deaf in the United States. Part III. Supportive and rehabilitation programs and services. PMID- 6731222 TI - Programs and services for the deaf in the United States. Part II. Educational programs and services. PMID- 6731224 TI - Programs and services for the deaf in the United States. Part V. Research programs and services. PMID- 6731225 TI - Courts interpret mainstreaming: how residential schools can adapt. PMID- 6731226 TI - The application of minimum competency testing to deaf students. PMID- 6731227 TI - Modification of coronary heart disease (CHD) risk factors in obese boys through diet and exercise. PMID- 6731228 TI - Ultrasonic measurement of subcutaneous fat on the upper leg. PMID- 6731229 TI - Spinal cord injury and maximal aerobic power. PMID- 6731230 TI - Early management of spinal injuries. AB - Traumatic spinal injuries are a major health problem. Any accident victim suspected of having a spinal injury must be immobilized immediately to prevent further damage to the spine. Management is directed toward achieving the most favorable environment for spinal cord recovery. This includes maintaining adequate oxygenation and blood flow and restoring the integrity of the spinal canal as rapidly as possible. PMID- 6731231 TI - Esophageal atresia and tracheoesophageal fistula. AB - Associated anomalies are now the major cause of mortality in infants with esophageal atresia. Early diagnosis, preoperative management and appropriate referral for repair are challenges for the family physician. Timing and choice of surgical procedure depend on the type of malformation. PMID- 6731233 TI - Pulmonary collapse. PMID- 6731232 TI - Flexible fiberoptic sigmoidoscopy in family medicine. AB - Flexible fiberoptic sigmoidoscopy is easily mastered by family physicians. Self study, along with a minimal amount of supervision, seems to provide adequate training. Patient preparation is essential and is best accomplished with enemas "until clear" rather than with the standard two enemas. Patients prefer the flexible sigmoidoscope to the rigid instrument, and the greater depth of penetration achieved with the former--even with the 35-cm sigmoidoscope--enables the physician to detect significantly more pathologic lesions. PMID- 6731234 TI - Family therapy and the dementia patient. AB - Caring for a relative with senile dementia often results in family problems. In this situation, the family usually turns to the physician for evaluation, advice, treatment and support. A specific strategy for family intervention is helpful and does not require an extensive commitment of time. PMID- 6731235 TI - Managing odontogenic infections. AB - Odontogenic infections are caused by a complex ecosystem of anaerobic and aerobic organisms that arise from the indigenous oral flora. No specific organism or combination of organisms appears to be essential to the disease process. Evacuation of pus and removal of necrotic tissue are the essential steps in treating such infections. Antibiotics are adjuncts to definitive therapy; penicillin is the empiric drug of choice. PMID- 6731236 TI - The elderly amputee. AB - The level of amputation is important in walking. Neurologic and cardiovascular deficits may limit the potential for ambulation. The remaining foot and joints must be protected. A variety of skin problems occur; diligent stump care prevents most of them. Phantom sensation is a normal phenomenon and usually resolves. Patients with pain in the extremity before amputation are predisposed to phantom pain. PMID- 6731237 TI - Rubber band ligation of hemorrhoids. AB - Hemorrhoids are frequently seen by family physicians. Prolapse and painless bleeding are the symptoms most commonly experienced by patients with internal hemorrhoids. These areas of chronically enlarged rectal tissue arise above the dentate line and are amenable to treatment by rubber band ligation. The procedure is safe and effective, and can be performed in the physician's office. Contraindications include infection, chronic liver or bowel disease, clotting disorders and significant thrombosis. PMID- 6731239 TI - Monitoring tricyclic antidepressant plasma levels. AB - Patients receiving tricyclic antidepressants exhibit extreme variability in steady-state plasma concentrations because of differences in metabolism. At routine dosages, rapid metabolizers may have suboptimal concentrations while slow metabolizers can suffer from adverse effects due to inappropriately high concentrations. Neither may benefit from the drug therapy. Through analysis of plasma levels of tricyclic antidepressants, an optimal therapeutic response can be achieved, and the risk of serious side effects can be reduced. PMID- 6731240 TI - Cardiac pacemakers: current concepts. AB - Cardiac pacemakers are generally used in conditions where bradyarrhythmia is a major problem, such as advanced heart block, sick sinus syndrome and bundle branch block. Temporary or permanent pacing may be needed to control certain tachyarrhythmias refractory to medical therapy. Temporary pacing may be of value in the diagnosis of sinus node dysfunction and preexcitation syndrome, and may be used expectantly in some patients with acute myocardial infarction. PMID- 6731238 TI - Pityriasis rosea. AB - Pityriasis rosea is a common, self-limited, scaling disorder of unknown etiology, seen predominantly in young adults. The lesions, typically found on the trunk and proximal extremities, are ovoid, salmon-colored and symmetric. A "herald patch" appears in 70 percent of cases. Variants appear frequently. Papular, urticarial, vesicular or hemorrhagic lesions may be seen. Management with antipruritic lotions, emollients or antihistamines may be necessary to relieve itching. PMID- 6731241 TI - The female athlete. AB - Anatomic considerations are the female athlete's wider pelvis, shorter extremities and lower center of gravity. There is little qualitative difference in the muscle tissue of men and women; differences in strength stem from the amount of muscle mass. Amenorrhea/oligomenorrhea is common in runners, ballet dancers, cyclists, gymnasts, body builders, figure skaters and, to a lesser extent, swimmers. Pregnancy limits activity, but current evidence indicates that exercise during pregnancy is not harmful to either the mother or the fetus. PMID- 6731244 TI - Sexuality during pregnancy. AB - While pregnancy is a major event in most couples' lives, there are no predictable changes in sexuality. Fears of damaging the fetus are unwarranted, even during the last weeks of pregnancy, provided there are no complications. Meticulous episiotomy technique can lessen the healing time and allow the couple to resume mutually satisfying intercourse sooner. PMID- 6731243 TI - Acute alcoholic myopathy. AB - Muscle disease associated with alcohol abuse is more common than is generally realized. The chronic painless form of alcohol myopathy is thought by some to be an atypical neuropathy. Patients with the acute painful variety have pain, swelling, tenderness, cramps and weakness in one or more muscle groups, usually after an alcoholic binge. Clinical differentiation of this form of myopathy from deep vein thrombosis can be challenging. Ethanol and its metabolite, acetaldehyde, have direct pathologic effects on skeletal muscle. PMID- 6731245 TI - Chronic diarrhea in infants and children. PMID- 6731242 TI - Black widow spider bite. AB - Latrodectus mactans has now invaded towns and cities. The spider's venom is a neurotoxin that causes little local reaction but produces pain and spasm in large skeletal muscle groups within 30 minutes to three hours after the bite. Severe envenomation may result in respiratory failure and coma. First aid is of no value. Muscle relaxants are useful in treatment, as is calcium gluconate. Antivenin is indicated for high-risk victims, such as those with hypertension and persons younger than 16 or older than 60 years of age. PMID- 6731246 TI - Motion sickness. AB - Motion sickness affects approximately 90 percent of the population at some time during life, and for many the problem is recurrent and severe. Labyrinthine defective individuals are "immune." Adaptation is highly specific to one type of motion. Recent studies have focused on the role of the limbic system in mechanisms of motion sickness. Medications are sometimes useful, but they have a high incidence of side effects. Oral agents are ineffective after symptoms develop. PMID- 6731247 TI - Emergencies in rheumatoid arthritis. AB - Musculoskeletal emergencies include tendon rupture, carpal tunnel syndrome, rupture of synovial cyst (" pseudothrombophlebitis " syndrome), subluxations in the cervical spine, cricoarytenoid arthritis and septic arthritis. Ocular complications can be serious emergencies, as can vasculitis and rheumatoid nodules. Drug reactions represent an additional group of urgent problems. While rheumatoid arthritis is characteristically an indolent disease, failure to recognize its urgent complications can cause significant morbidity and mortality. PMID- 6731249 TI - Splenic trauma. PMID- 6731248 TI - Imaging techniques and renal infections. AB - Newer techniques have supplanted the urogram as the preferred procedure for evaluation of several renal infections. When imaging is indicated in acute pyelonephritis, sonography should be performed first. In focal pyelonephritis, sonography and/or computed tomography are preferred. These techniques are also generally required for elucidation of renal abscess and pyonephrosis. PMID- 6731251 TI - Skin changes after forty. AB - Skin changes in the middle years are relatively minor but are often regarded as major problems. Wrinkles, skin dryness and hair loss are sources of great concern for some individuals. Little can be done to prevent hair loss, since it is primarily determined by genetic factors. Wrinkles and thinning of the skin can best be prevented by avoiding sun exposure. Seborrheic keratoses, skin tags, hyperplastic sebaceous glands and angiomas appear more often in patients over age 40 and must be distinguished from malignant lesions. PMID- 6731252 TI - The physician's role in prenatal counseling. AB - Malformations occur in 3 percent of all live-born infants in the United States. A successful effort to reduce this incidence depends on understanding the factors that cause malformations and taking steps to eliminate them. Often these steps must be taken before conception, and the responsibility falls on the physician who regularly sees the patient. The patient's history and the acronym DIRE - drugs, infections, radiation and environment--are useful in assessing reproductive risk. PMID- 6731250 TI - Growth plate injuries of the wrist and hand. AB - Growth plate or physeal injuries are classified according to the zones of the physis that are affected and the disruption of bony structure. All physeal injuries should be reduced anatomically, particularly when an articular surface is involved. Inability to restore normal configuration can result in malunion, incongruous articular surfaces and premature cessation of growth plate activity in the region of injury. Innocuous-appearing injuries that do not involve articular surfaces may result in severe abnormalities. PMID- 6731253 TI - Environmental failure to thrive: the need for intervention. AB - Evaluation of the child with failure to thrive consists of a comprehensive history, a thorough physical examination and appropriate laboratory tests. The behavioral characteristics of the infant and mother, as well as the social characteristics of the family, may point to the diagnosis of environmental failure to thrive. Appropriate management strategies are influenced by the psychosocial assessment. The physician must maintain an advocacy role for the child throughout this time, even if community agencies are providing most of the care. PMID- 6731254 TI - Transitions of later life. AB - Each life event and turning point requires a transition in the life of the older individual. An older person's ability to make a transition successfully and to adjust to a new relationship with the environment depends on the type and the timing of the event. It also depends on the person's perception of the event, previous experiences and degree of freedom to explore a broad range of possibilities for the future. PMID- 6731255 TI - Ischemic myelopathy following cardiac arrest. AB - Ischemic myelopathy, resulting in flaccid paralysis of the lower extremities with loss of bladder and bowel control, occurred in a patient who had suffered a massive myocardial infarction and cardiac arrest, followed by prolonged cardiopulmonary resuscitation. Individual anatomic variations in the vasculature of the spinal cord and the collateral spinal circulation may be important determinants of ischemic damage. PMID- 6731256 TI - Tabasco throat. PMID- 6731257 TI - Coexistence of rheumatoid arthritis with thrombotic events. PMID- 6731258 TI - Long-term survival after prehospital sudden cardiac death. AB - One hundred thirty-nine survivors of prehospital sudden cardiac death were followed after their hospital discharge. Eighty patients were studied with coronary angiography and cardiac catheterization; 34 of these underwent coronary bypass surgery. After a maximum follow-up of 105 months, 89 patients were still alive. The probability of survival at 6 months, 1 year, 2 years, 3 years, 4 years, and 5 years was 88%, 86%, 78%, 70%, 63%, and 59%, respectively. Of the 43 cardiac deaths, 37 (86%) were secondary to documented recurrent ventricular fibrillation or occurred suddenly. Twelve percent of the total population had recurrent ventricular fibrillation in the first year following the initial cardiac arrest, 16% within 2 years, and 22% within 3 years. Of the 37 survivors dying from recurrent ventricular fibrillation, 32% died within the first 3 months following hospital discharge, 46% in the first year, 64% within 2 years, and 78% within the first 3 years. Most survivors were capable of resuming normal activities after hospital discharge. Only 7% demonstrated permanent neurologic impairment. Sixty-eight percent of the patients who were employed at the time of their prehospital sudden cardiac arrest returned to full-time employment. In the subset of 34 surgically treated patients, there have been six (18%) cardiac deaths. Four of these deaths were related to recurrent ventricular fibrillation, with one of these deaths occurring in the immediate postoperative period. The other three deaths related to recurrent ventricular fibrillation occurred 36 months (two deaths) and 49 months following the initial prehospital cardiac arrest. PMID- 6731259 TI - Echocardiographic study of left ventricular wall motion in mitral valve prolapse. AB - A distinct late systolic "dip" in ventricular wall motion is described in patients with mitral valve prolapse. Sixty patients were referred because of clinically suspected mitral valve prolapse. Thirty of these patients had M-mode echocardiograms showing mitral valve prolapse. An abnormal late systolic "dip" in posterior wall motion was present at chordal level in 9 of 30 patients with prolapse but none of 27 patients without prolapse. All of these nine patients had late systolic prolapse and greater mean velocity of circumferential fiber shortening than 21 patients with prolapse but without the "dip" at chordal level (1.6 +/- 0.3 vs 1.3 +/- 0.2, p less than 0.02). Two of these nine patients had several episodes of transient cerebral ischemic attacks. Direct mural compression by the posterior chordae is offered as a possible mechanism for this echographic wall motion finding. PMID- 6731260 TI - Contrast bidimensional echocardiography in the morphologic and functional postoperative evaluation of the Senning technique for complete transposition of the great vessels. AB - Contrast bidimensional echocardiographic (2DE) studies were performed in eight patients with d-transposition of the great vessels in the postoperative period of the Senning technique. Contrast was injected into a peripheral vein of all patients, and into the arterial atrium in five in the postoperative period. The 2DE projections used were the four-chamber apical view and four-chamber subcostal view. In all patients it was possible to see and identify the new atrial cavities which greatly resembled the actual anatomy. Early postoperative alternating injections of contrast in both new atria not only achieved the main purpose of delineating the real anatomy, but also permitted more definitive identification of residual shunts. PMID- 6731261 TI - Rest and exercise hemodynamic effects of sequential alpha-1-adrenoceptor (trimazosin) and beta-adrenoceptor (propranolol) antagonism in essential hypertension. AB - The efficacy of acute beta blockade in essential hypertension is limited by reflex vasoconstriction. The aim of this study was to determine whether the latter response was modified by prior selective alpha-1-adrenoceptor blockade. A single-blind, within-patient, placebo-controlled evaluation of the immediate hemodynamic effects of sequential alpha-1 (trimazosin)- and beta (propranolol) adrenoceptor blockade was undertaken in 10 men (34 to 58 years) with previously untreated essential hypertension. The study commenced with a 4-minute control period of constant-load (600 to 900 kpm/min) upright bicycle exercise, and measurements were made before (control) and 30 minutes after intravenous trimazosin (2 mg/kg) and exercise was then repeated; measurements at rest were again made 4 minutes after intravenous propranolol (0.2 mg/kg) before a final exercise period. Trimazosin at rest reduced systolic and diastolic arterial pressure and systemic vascular resistance without change in heart rate, cardiac output, or left ventricular (LV) filling pressure. During upright bicycle exercise the reductions in blood pressure were sustained without change in their rest-to-exercise increments. Other circulatory variables did not differ from control values. At rest the addition of propranolol further reduced systolic arterial pressure. Heart rate and cardiac output fell and systemic vascular resistance increased to its pretreatment control value. During exercise the changes at rest were sustained and the rest-to-exercise increments in blood pressure, heart rate, and cardiac output were reduced. LV filling pressure was significantly increased. In conclusion, alpha-1-adrenoceptor blockade modified the adverse effects of acute beta blockade at rest but not during exercise. PMID- 6731262 TI - Right precordial ST and QRS changes in the diagnosis of right ventricular infarction. AB - Two groups of patients with anatomically proved acute myocardial infarction were compared in order to study specificity and sensitivity of the ECG criteria previously described in clinical and experimental right ventricular infarction ( RVI ). Group 1 included 21 patients with left inferior infarction and with a variable degree of right ventricular involvement; group 2 included nine patients with myocardial infarction confined to the left inferior wall. In both groups the presence of ST elevation (at least 0.05 mV) and the morphology of the QRS complex in V4R , V3R, and V1 were assessed in ECGs performed at the time of admission. Also, in order to evaluate the morphology of the ST segment and QRS complex in right precordial leads in normal subjects, an ECG with 12 standard and four right precordial leads ( V6R to V3R) was performed in 82 subjects (group 3) without clinical and ECG evidence of heart disease. Our data reveal that in normal subjects an rS pattern is always present in V3R and frequently (91%) in V4R . On the contrary, the presence of QS or QR complexes in both V4R and V3R are specific markers of right ventricular necrosis (specificity 100%; sensitivity 78%). The presence of injury and necrosis waves in V4R or V4R to V3R during inferior infarction is a useful diagnostic criterion in that it insures a highly specific diagnosis of acute RVI in the great majority (76 and 71%, respectively) of the cases with autopsy evidence of right ventricular involvement. PMID- 6731263 TI - Impaired systemic arterial compliance in borderline hypertension. AB - Arterial compliance was evaluated by pulse wave velocity, pulse pressure/stroke volume, and by an exponential analysis of the diastolic blood pressure decay curve in three groups of normotensive, borderline hypertensive, and established essential hypertensive patients. Two of the above three indices reflected significantly impaired arterial compliance in borderline hypertension, and all three indices were distinctly abnormal in patients with established hypertension. A close correlation among the three indices was observed in the entire study population. Multiple regression analysis indicated that age (p less than 0.005), systolic (p less than 0.005) and diastolic (p less than 0.025) pressure were independent determinants of pulse wave velocity; other factors such as total peripheral resistance, pulse pressure, and stroke volume were not. We conclude that arterial compliance becomes impaired early in hypertensive cardiovascular disease at the time when arterial pressure may be only slightly elevated. Thus structural alteration of the arterial wall can be demonstrated in borderline hypertension. Age, systolic and, to a lesser degree, diastolic pressures are the best determinants of arterial compliance in large vessels and are therefore important risk factors for evolving systemic arterial disease in essential hypertension. PMID- 6731264 TI - Cardiopathica fantastica. PMID- 6731265 TI - International diagnostic criteria for acute myocardial infarction and acute stroke. PMID- 6731266 TI - Proton nuclear magnetic resonance tissue analysis of normal, volume overloaded, and dehydrated rabbit myocardium. PMID- 6731267 TI - Anomalous left coronary artery origin from the right coronary sinus. PMID- 6731268 TI - Echographic recognition of perivalvular infection complicating aortic bacterial endocarditis. PMID- 6731269 TI - Preoperative echographic diagnosis of supravalvular stenosing ring of the left atrium. PMID- 6731270 TI - Ruptured aneurysm of mitral anulus in bacterial endocarditis. PMID- 6731271 TI - Familial clustering of atrioventricular canal defects. PMID- 6731272 TI - Symptomatic coronary and cerebral steal after internal mammary-coronary bypass. PMID- 6731273 TI - Phonoechographic findings in disc variance of a Beall mitral prosthesis. PMID- 6731274 TI - Perforation of muscle shelf of right coronary cusp causing acute regurgitation of porcine mitral xenograft. PMID- 6731275 TI - M-mode echographic features of ruptured sinus of Valsalva aneurysms. PMID- 6731276 TI - Aortic valve prolapse due to syphilitic aortitis. PMID- 6731277 TI - Advanced early and late atrioventricular block in acute inferior wall myocardial infarction. AB - Seventy-six patients with acute inferior acute myocardial infarction (AMI) and advanced atrioventricular (AV) block are described. According to pre-established ECG criteria and time of appearance of the advanced AV block, patients were divided into two groups. The early block group consisted of 31 patients who developed advanced AV block during the hyperacute ECG stage of AMI. Advanced AV block in these patients was characterized by early appearance, short duration, third-degree type block, poor response to atropine, and increased need for pacemaker therapy. The late block group consisted of 45 patients who developed advanced AV block during subsequent ECG stages of AMI. Advanced AV block in these patients was characterized by late appearance, longer duration, second-degree type block, positive response to atropine, and diminished need for pacemaker therapy. Morbidity and mortality also differed between both groups. Patients with early block had more syncope (32% vs 2%, p less than 0.0001), more left heart failure (36 vs 7%, p less than 0.005), and more cardiogenic shock (39% vs 2%, p less than 0.001) than patients with late block. The mortality rate in the early block group was high (23%) and similar to that reported in the literature, whereas the mortality rate in the late block group was low (7%, p less than 0.05) and similar to the mortality rate reported for acute inferior AMI without advanced AV block. These data identify a subgroup of patients with acute inferior AMI and advanced AV block, which accounts for the high mortality rate reported in this group of patients. PMID- 6731278 TI - Skin permeability: dermatologic aspects of transdermal drug delivery. AB - Long considered an impermeable barrier, the skin is now perceived as a potential portal of entry for drugs. This new awareness, coupled with the availability of potent pharmacologic agents that can exert their effects at very low tissue concentrations, has led to the development of new drug delivery systems. Delivery of drugs through the skin utilizes the unique properties of the stratum corneum, which slows down the entry of drug to the circulation, thereby making possible the attainment of blood levels without sharp peaks and valleys. The skin not only acts to govern drug release from an external reservoir but may itself act as a reservoir for the slow, steady release of drug. Application of drug to the skin avoids the metabolic inactivation that may occur in the liver as the result of first-pass metabolism of oral drug formulations. Nitroglycerin ointment has demonstrated the feasibility of drug administration through the skin. One of the first transdermal modalities, the ointment vehicle, has now been replaced by sophisticated devices that allow far greater control of dosage. Rapid advances can be expected in view of the convenience and steady-state kinetics of transdermal systems. PMID- 6731279 TI - Increased congestive heart failure after myocardial infarction of modest extent in patients with diabetes mellitus. AB - To elucidate the factors involved in the reduced survival rate of diabetic patients after acute myocardial infarction (AMI), we prospectively evaluated 100 patients with well-documented diabetes and 426 control patients. We characterized infarct size and analyzed the incidence and severity of congestive heart failure (CHF) and subsequent death with respect to infarct size. The extent of the index infarct was less in diabetic compared to nondiabetic patients, 16.2 +/- 2.2 CK-gm eq/m2 compared with 19.2 +/- 0.9 (p less than 0.02). However, CHF was more prevalent in diabetic patients (31.2% of the diabetic patients compared to 15.7%). The difference was most prominent in diabetic patients who had sustained prior infarction (50% compared to 16%), but was evident also in diabetic patients with initial infarction (26% compared to 16%). The mortality rate was greater in diabetic patients (p less than 0.04). When diabetic and nondiabetic patients were stratified with respect to the presence or absence of CHF, survival curves were comparable. The increased incidence of CHF despite a smaller infarct size suggests that additional factors must contribute to myocardial dysfunction and the resultant excess in mortality. PMID- 6731280 TI - Hemodynamic evaluation by M-mode echocardiography in acute myocardial infarction. AB - We assessed the relationship between echocardiographic and hemodynamic parameters in 28 patients with documented acute myocardial infarction (AMI), who underwent M mode echocardiography and Swan-Ganz catheterization during the same hospitalization. Patients with valvular heart disease were excluded from the study. On mitral valve echogram, DE interval was measured and the area enclosed by mitral valve echogram during DE interval (DE subarea ) was calculated in each echocardiogram. DE subarea /DE interval ratio was computed for each measurement set. Hemodynamic parameters were obtained in the usual fashion. Patients with pulmonary artery wedge pressure (PWP) less than 18 mm Hg showed a DE interval markedly longer than patients with PWP greater than 18 mm Hg: 81.72 +/- 15.23 vs 55.12 +/- 9.85 msec (p less than 0.001). Patients with cardiac index greater than 2.2 L min-1 m-2 had a DE subarea /DE interval ratio greater than patients with cardiac index less than 2.2 L min-1 m-2: 0.169 +/- 0.035 vs 0.094 +/- 0.017 dm2 sec-1 (p less than 0.001). Echocardiographic and hemodynamic data were then correlated in the whole study group, and it was found that DE interval was significantly (p less than 0.001) and inversely correlated to PWP; stroke index more than cardiac index was correlated (p less than 0.005) both to DE subarea /DE interval ratio and to DE interval itself; DE interval was not affected by heart rate. We were able to categorize the patients into four subsets on the basis of echocardiographic measurements. Our findings suggest the possibility of providing, through M-mode echocardiography, a noninvasive and accurate evaluation of PWP and stroke index. PMID- 6731281 TI - Determinants of tachycardia induction using ventricular stimulation in dual pathway atrioventricular nodal reentrant tachycardia. AB - Factors determining tachycardia induction using ventricular stimulation in atrioventricular (AV) nodal reentrant tachycardia utilizing the slow pathway for anterograde and the fast pathway for retrograde conduction were analyzed in 53 patients. Sixteen patients had tachycardia induced by ventricular stimulation. In 15, tachycardia was inducible with incremental ventricular pacing. In 4 of these 15 patients, the tachycardia was also induced with V1V2 testing, while in 11 patients, the tachycardia was not induced with V1V2 testing. In 9 of the latter 11 patients, tachycardia could be induced with V1V2V3 testing, suggesting that the retrograde effective refractory period (ERP) of the right bundle (RB) or the relative refractory period of the His-Purkinje system (HPS) was the limiting factor for tachycardia induction during V1V2 testing. In the remaining one patient, tachycardia was induced with V1V2V3 testing, which provoked a premature ventricular beat, leading to tachycardia induction. Tachycardia was not induced by ventricular stimulation in 37 patients. Factors deterring tachycardia induction in these patients may be related to the retrograde ERP or functional refractory period (FRP) of the HPS, the retrograde ERP of the fast pathway, and an insufficient conduction delay of the circuit (retrograde fast and anterograde slow pathway) to allow anterograde conduction of the slow pathway. In conclusion, AV nodal reentrant tachycardia can be induced by ventricular stimulation in approximately 30% of patients with incremental ventricular pacing and/or ventricular extrastimulus testing. Induction of tachycardia with ventricular stimulation, nevertheless, is frequently limited by the retrograde FRP or ERP of the HPS, the retrograde ERP of the fast pathway, and possibly by an insufficient conduction delay of the circuit. PMID- 6731282 TI - Reversibility of hypotension and shock by atrial or atrioventricular sequential pacing in patients with right ventricular infarction. AB - Hypotension and shock associated with heart block and other forms of atrioventricular (AV) dissociation frequently accompany right ventricular infarction ( RVI ). Such patients do not invariably improve with ventricular pacing. We evaluated the relative effects of AV dissociated rhythms (ventricular pacing or nodal rhythm) and AV synchronous rhythms (atrial pacing, AV sequential pacing, or return to normal sinus rhythm) in seven patients with RVI complicated by AV dissociation, who had hypotension or shock. Hemodynamic monitoring demonstrated the characteristic features of RVI in all patients. Restoration of AV synchrony resulted in a highly significant (p less than or equal to 0.001) increase in systolic blood pressure (88.0 +/- 16.5 mm Hg to 133.0 +/- 21.8 mm Hg), cardiac output (3.8 +/- 0.9 L/min to 5.7 +/- 0.9 L/min), and stroke volume (40.5 +/- 6.9 cc to 61.0 +/- 10.0 cc). We conclude that restoration of normal AV synchrony has a marked effect on stroke volume in this setting and that atrial or AV pacing can reverse hypotension and shock in RVI complicated by AV dissociation. PMID- 6731283 TI - Mental arithmetic stress testing in patients with coronary artery disease. AB - A mental arithmetic stress test was performed by 122 consecutive patients undergoing diagnostic coronary arteriography. Twenty-two patients showed significant ST segment abnormalities during the test (group 1). Of these patients, 20 performed a bicycle exercise test, which was positive in all of them. Seventy patients had a negative mental stress but a positive exercise test (group 2), whereas in 30 patients both tests were negative (group 3). There were no patients with a positive mental stress test and a negative exercise test. Mental stress induced a significant increase in heart rate and systolic blood pressure in the three groups of patients. Group 1 patients, however, achieved higher values of double product during mental stress and had a shorter exercise duration than group 2 and group 3 patients. The extent of coronary artery disease (CAD) was similar in groups 1 and 2, while group 3 patients had a significantly lower prevalence of two or more vessel disease. To investigate the pathogenetic mechanism of mental stress-induced myocardial ischemia, great cardiac vein flow was measured by means of the thermodilution technique in four patients with isolated left anterior descending artery disease, who showed ST segment depression in anterior leads in response to mental stress. In three patients without vasospastic angina the calculated coronary resistance decreased during mental stress, as a result of a normal vasodilatory response to the increased myocardial oxygen consumption induced by the test. By contrast, in one patient with variant angina, coronary resistance increased suggesting coronary vasoconstriction. Our findings demonstrate that mental arithmetic stress testing may induce significant ST segment abnormalities in patients with CAD.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS) PMID- 6731284 TI - Acute myocardial infarction: sex-related differences in prognosis. AB - In 641 patients (535 men and 106 women) with acute myocardial infarction (AMI), a mortality of 16.63% was recorded among the former and one of 42.45% among the latter. No significant difference was observed in the age groups up to 40 years, in the group from 41 to 55 years, and in those over 71; the difference between percentages (17.09 vs 38.23) was instead statistically significant (p less than 0.01) in patients in the age group from 56 to 70 years. This difference was significant (p less than 0.01 or 0.001) with regard to mortality in diabetics (21.36% vs 46.34%), nondiabetics (13.09% vs 30.36%), hypertensives (19.72% vs 37.70%) and nonhypertensives (12.86% vs 36.11%), as well as in patients with previous infarction (33.36% vs 81.82%) and in those with first infarction (12.18% vs 31.39%). Since this phenomenon does not seem related to any particular feature of infarction nor to a particular predisposition to specific causes of death, the reasons for such severe prognosis in women require clarification. PMID- 6731285 TI - Unimproved chest pain in patients with minimal or no coronary disease: a behavioral phenomenon. AB - Patients with chest pain and minimal or no coronary disease have a good prognosis for survival, yet many continue to have pain. In our experience with 821 medically treated patients there were three cardiac deaths (0.3%) and two nonfatal myocardial infarctions (0.2%) in the first year after angiography, which had revealed insignificant (less than 75% narrowing of the luminal diameter) or no coronary artery stenosis. In a subset of 548 patients selected with no apparent systematic difference from the inception cohort of 821 patients, there was complete absence of chest pain in 178 (33%) patients but 155 (28%) had similar or worse pain. From an analysis of clinical history and catheterization data entered in a stepwise logistic regression function, unimproved chest pain was significantly associated with female sex (p = 0.01) and an index of five chest pain descriptors (p = 0.0005). After adding selected behavioral variables available for a representative sample of 217 patients, a high hypochondriasis score (scale I from the Minnesota Multiphasic Personality Inventory) became the strongest determinant of continued pain (p less than 0.0001). In our experience, an exaggerated preoccupation with personal health is prospectively associated with continued chest pain in patients with minimal or no coronary disease. PMID- 6731286 TI - Hemodynamic determinants of coronary constriction in human myocardial bridges. AB - To study the physiopathology of myocardial bridges, we assessed the degree of systolic coronary artery constriction (%SC) in different hemodynamic situations in six patients submitted for coronary angiograms. There was an increase of %SC (p less than 0.05) with sodium nitroprusside (NP), no modification during fast atrial stimulation (AS), and a decrease (p less than 0.05) during noradrenaline infusion (Nor). Hemodynamic studies indicate an inverse relation (p less than 0.05) between %SC and systolic and diastolic aortic pressure and left ventricular dP/dt. There was no correlation between changes in %SC and changes in Vmax or heart rate. Thus we conclude that changes in systemic arterial pressure and coronary perfusion pressure may significantly affect the degree of severity of myocardial bridges, possibly through an influence upon intraluminal coronary pressure and an intramyocardial tension relationship. PMID- 6731287 TI - Theophylline pharmacotherapy. PMID- 6731288 TI - Update: relieving the pain of cancer. PMID- 6731289 TI - Opportunities in industry for graduate-degreed pharmacists. PMID- 6731290 TI - Taking advantage of 'super-phone' technology. PMID- 6731291 TI - "Left main equivalent" coronary artery disease: its clinical presentation and prognostic significance with nonsurgical therapy. AB - The clinical characteristics and nonsurgical prognosis of 55 patients with "left main (LM) equivalent" coronary artery disease (CAD) were evaluated and defined as: (1) greater than or equal to 75% diameter reduction of the left anterior descending coronary artery (LAD) before the takeoff of any large septal perforator or anterolateral (diagonal) branches; (2) greater than or equal to 75% diameter reduction of the left circumflex artery (LC) before the takeoff of any large marginal branch; and (3) absence of greater than or equal to 50% stenosis of the LM coronary artery. Compared with nonsurgically treated patients with greater than or equal to 75% stenosis of the LM artery, patients with LM equivalent CAD had a shorter duration of symptoms (median of 51 months vs 66 months) and more often had a Q wave on the electrocardiogram (60 vs 39%). Survival in patients with LM equivalent CAD (78% at 1 year and 55% at 5 years) was better than that in patients with LM disease with nonsurgical therapy (65% at 1 year and 40% at 5 years) (p = 0.02), although the rate of freedom from cardiovascular events was not significantly different. Compared with other nonsurgically treated patients with 2- or 3-vessel CAD involving the LAD and LC (28 and 42%, respectively, with progressive angina), patients with LM equivalent CAD had more severe anginal symptoms (55% with progressive angina) and a longer duration of symptoms (medians of 20 months in 2-vessel CAD, 36 months in 3-vessel CAD and 51 months in LM equivalent CAD).(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS) PMID- 6731292 TI - Ventricular arrhythmias during coronary angiography in patients with angina pectoris or chest pain syndromes. AB - Of 7,915 patients undergoing coronary angiography from 1978 to 1983, 39 (25 men and 14 women with a mean age of 57 years [range 37 to 79]) had sustained ventricular tachycardia (VT) or ventricular fibrillation (VF) during the procedure. Nine patients had atypical chest pain and 30 had typical angina. Fifteen had had a previous myocardial infarction. One patient had a history of VT or VF. Electrocardiograms taken at rest revealed a prolonged QT interval in 14. A normal ejection fraction was found in 79%. Coronary angiography revealed that 10 patients had 3-vessel disease, 15 had 1- or 2-vessel disease and 14 had normal coronary arteries. The VT or VF was seen with injection of contrast medium into the right coronary artery in 24, the left coronary artery in 10 and vein bypass grafts in 5 patients. Of the episodes of VT or VF, 67% occurred after injection of contrast medium into a minimally diseased coronary artery. In patients in whom VT or VF occurred after injection into a minimally diseased coronary artery, the arrhythmia was preceded by bradycardia, usually with pronounced widening of the QRS and QT intervals. This response was significantly different from that in patients in whom VT or VF occurred after injection into a coronary artery with significant stenosis; in these patients, VT or VF was initiated by a single premature ventricular contraction on a T wave. VT or VF was successfully cardioverted in all instances, without further arrhythmias. PMID- 6731293 TI - Thrombolysis in acute myocardial infarction: effect of intravenous followed by intracoronary streptokinase application on estimates of infarct size. AB - The effect of pretreatment with intravenous infusion of streptokinase (SK) (16,700 U/min for 90 minutes), started after diagnosis and followed by intracoronary application (2000 U/min) (protocol 1), was assessed retrospectively in 55 consecutive patients with acute transmural myocardial infarction (MI). Another 46 patients with acute MI treated previously by intracoronary thrombolysis served as control subjects (protocol 2). Reperfusion at first coronary injection was observed after pretreatment in 25 patients (45%), but in no control patient (p less than 0.001). Fifteen patients with successful pretreatment (group A), 20 patients with successful treatment according to protocol 2 (group B) and 9 patients with unsuccessful thrombolysis (group C) were restudied after 4 weeks. Data from patients with reinfarction, coronary bypass surgery or percutaneous transluminal coronary angioplasty before restudy were excluded. Thallium-201 scintigraphy was performed before and 24 hours after treatment, serum creatine kinase activity was measured every 8 hours for 3 days and regional ejection fraction (EF) of acute MI was determined before and 4 weeks after treatment. The scintigraphic, enzymatic and hemodynamic data before treatment indicated severe and comparable ischemia among the 3 groups. The thallium-201 perfusion defect decreased in group A (from 41 to 21%, p less than 0.01) and in group B (from 38 to 26%, p less than 0.01), but did not change in group C (from 37 to 31%, difference not significant). Peak serum creatine kinase levels normalized by the perfusion area of acute MI was 20, 33 and 58 U/liter unit in groups A, B and C. The mean values of groups A and C were significantly different (p less than 0.01).(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS) PMID- 6731294 TI - Two-dimensional echocardiographic appearance of left ventricular thrombi with systemic emboli after myocardial infarction. AB - To test the hypothesis that left ventricular (LV) thrombi that project into the lumen and are mobile are more likely to embolize than those that do not have these characteristics, the 2-dimensional echocardiograms of 16 patients with LV thrombi after myocardial infarction were retrospectively reviewed. Ten had evidence of peripheral embolization and 6 did not. The studies were reviewed in random order by an observer blinded to the clinical data. Each echocardiogram was graded as showing a protruding or nonprotruding thrombus and the presence or absence of increased mobility. The thrombus projected into the lumen on the echocardiograms of 8 of 10 patients who had had emboli and in 0 of 6 who had not. The thrombus had increased mobility in 4 of 10 patients with emboli and 0 of 6 without. Thus, LV thrombi that project into the lumen and have increased mobility are more likely to embolize than those without these characteristics. PMID- 6731295 TI - Determinants of arrhythmogenic ventricular activity detected on the body surface QRS in patients with coronary artery disease. AB - The prevalence of arrhythmogenic ventricular activity (AVA) was investigated in 166 patients with coronary artery disease. Thirty patients had documented ventricular tachycardia (VT)/ventricular fibrillation (VF). Bipolar X, Y, Z leads were signal-averaged and filtered with a 40-Hz, bidirectional, high-pass digital filter. The filtered QRS signals were analyzed for the amplitude of the last 40 and 50 ms; duration of low-amplitude potentials (less than 40 microV) in the terminal portion; and duration of the filtered QRS. A positive AVA test result was defined as the presence of 2 or more abnormal indexes. Of the 30 patients with VT/VF, 66% had positive AVA test results (AVA-positive patients). Of the 136 patients without VT/VF, 25% had positive AVA test results. The following univariate variables showed significant correlation with an AVA-positive test: age, previous myocardial infarction, previous VT/VF, left ventricular wall motion abnormalities and left ventricular ejection fraction. Multivariate stepwise discriminant function analysis revealed that the presence of previous myocardial infarction and history of sustained VT/VF were the only independent determinants of AVA. During electrophysiologic studies, sustained VT/VF could be induced in 77% of the AVA-positive patients (24 of 31) and in 30% of the AVA-negative patients (3 of 10). The survival probabilities for 6, 12 and 18 months of follow up were 92%, 85% and 85% for the AVA-positive and 97%, 92% and 90% for the AVA negative patients. Our findings support the concept that a positive AVA test result reflects areas of delayed ventricular activation. The areas of delayed ventricular activation are associated with previous myocardial injury and scar tissue and serve as an anatomic basis for reentry.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS) PMID- 6731296 TI - Relation between electrocardiographic and scintigraphic location of myocardial ischemia during exercise in one-vessel coronary artery disease. AB - The purpose of this study was to determine the usefulness of exercise electrocardiography in predicting the site of myocardial ischemia. Fifty-two patients were studied who had angiographically documented 1-vessel coronary artery disease (CAD) and exercise-induced reversible thallium-201 perfusion defects. The patients were divided into 2 groups: group I (28 patients) had left anterior descending CAD and group II (24 patients) had left circumflex or right CAD. There were no significant differences between the 2 groups in severity of coronary stenosis, heart rate and systolic blood pressure during exercise. The size of the perfusion defect was larger in group I than II (28 +/- 12% vs 19 +/- 10%, p less than 0.02). There was no significant difference between the 2 groups in the frequency of ST depression in the anterior, inferior or lateral electrocardiographic leads. ST depression occurred in 16 patients (57%) in group I and 11 patients (46%) in group II (difference not significant). The sensitivity of the exercise electrocardiogram was 52% using 12 leads, 50% using 3 leads (V3, V5 and aVF) and 50% using V5 alone (difference not significant). Thus, the site of ST depression during exercise is not a good predictor of the site of exercise induced perfusion defect or anatomic site of CAD. The use of 12 leads does not improve the sensitivity of exercise electrocardiography in patients with CAD. PMID- 6731297 TI - Peak exercise and immediate postexercise imaging for the detection of left ventricular functional abnormalities in coronary artery disease. AB - Eleven patients without significant coronary artery disease (CAD) (group A), 22 patients with significant CAD and no prior myocardial infarction (MI) (group B), and 10 patients with CAD and a previous MI (group C) were imaged at rest, at peak exercise and immediately after exercise by first-pass radionuclide angiography. At peak exercise, mean left ventricular (LV) ejection fraction (EF) did not change significantly in group A or C and decreased significantly in group B. However, in all groups mean LVEF increased significantly immediately after exercise. Examination of potential criteria for an abnormal LVEF response showed that changes from rest to peak exercise were sensitive for detection of CAD but were not specific. Postexercise criteria were more specific but relatively insensitive: 15 of 32 patients (47%) with CAD showed a normal (greater than 5% increase over rest) response after exercise. Similarly, a regional abnormality at peak exercise was 100% sensitive, compared with a sensitivity of 78% after exercise for the whole group, and only 68% in patients without prior MI. Seven patients would have been misclassified as normal if postexercise imaging alone had been performed. The likelihood of an abnormal postexercise EF response was related to the extent of CAD: No patient with 1-vessel, 8 of 17 with 2-vessel and 9 of 12 with 3-vessel CAD showed such a response. Peak exercise imaging is necessary to achieve maximal sensitivity for the detection of CAD, and a high false-negative rate will be obtained if postexercise imaging only is used. The combination of peak exercise and postexercise imaging may be of value in assessing the severity of CAD. PMID- 6731298 TI - Value of lead V4R for recognition of the infarct coronary artery in acute inferior myocardial infarction. AB - In 84 patients with an acute inferior wall myocardial infarction (MI) admitted within 10 hours after the onset of chest pain, a right precordial lead V4R electrocardiogram was recorded in addition to the standard 12-lead electrocardiogram. The presence or absence of ST-segment elevation in lead V4R was correlated with results of coronary angiography performed 2 to 26 weeks (mean 10) after MI. Patients were classified into 3 groups: (1) those with a critical stenosis or occlusion proximal to the first right ventricular (RV) branch (27 patients); (2) those with stenosis distal to the right ventricular branch of the right coronary artery (36 patients); and (3) those with stenosis in the left circumflex coronary artery (21 patients). The presence of ST-segment elevation greater than or equal to 1 mm in lead V4R has a sensitivity of 100% and a specificity of 87% for occlusion of the right coronary artery above the first RV branch; the predictive accuracy is 92%. Seven of 36 patients with a distal occlusion of the right coronary artery showed ST-segment elevation of 1 mm or more in lead V4R . The absence of ST-segment elevation greater than or equal to 1 mm in lead V4R excluded proximal occlusion of the right coronary artery. ST segment elevation in lead V4R was not seen either in 29 of 36 patients with a distal occlusion of the right coronary artery or in all patients with an occlusion of the left circumflex artery. Recording of lead V4R within 10 hours after onset of acute inferior wall MI can give information rapidly about the vessel responsible for MI.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS) PMID- 6731299 TI - Persistent ST-segment elevation and left ventricular wall abnormalities: a 2 dimensional echocardiographic study. AB - Twenty-three patients with an anterior wall myocardial infarction (MI) and persistent ST-segment elevations (Group I) were examined for wall motion abnormalities using 2-dimensional (2-D) echocardiography. Twenty-two (96%) had dyskinetic wall motion of the infarcted area and 10 (43%) had a left ventricular aneurysm. Among 15 patients who had a chronic anterior wall MI without ST-segment elevation (Group II), 13 (86%) had akinesia of the infarcted segment. To document that dyskinetic wall motion caused the persistent electrocardiographic ST-segment elevations, 15 patients with an acute anterior wall MI (Group III) were followed by serial 2-D echocardiography for 2 to 24 months (mean 8). Of the 10 patients who had dyskinetic wall motion abnormalities on their initial 2-D echocardiogram, persistent ST-segment elevation developed in 9. All 5 patients with akinetic or severely hypokinetic wall motion abnormalities on their first 2-D echocardiogram did not show ST-segment elevation on late follow-up surface electrocardiograms. Infarct size as determined by peak creatine kinase levels for the former subgroup was greater than that for the latter subgroup (2243 +/- 429 vs 899 +/- 320 IU, respectively, p less than 0.01). In conclusion, persistent ST-segment elevation after an acute anterior wall MI is indicative of dyskinetic wall motion rather than aneurysm formation. Dyskinesia precedes the appearance of ST-segment elevation and is probably responsible for these changes on the surface electrocardiogram. Infarct size is larger in persons in whom dyskinetic wall motion abnormalities are likely to develop. PMID- 6731300 TI - Long-term clinical outcome of ventricular tachycardia or fibrillation treated with amiodarone. AB - The determinants of long-term clinical outcome were studied in 42 patients with recurrent ventricular tachycardia (VT) or ventricular fibrillation (VF) who were treated with amiodarone as the sole antiarrhythmic agent. Of the 42 patients, 11 (26%) either died suddenly or had recurrent, symptomatic, sustained VT during a mean follow-up period of 10 months (range 0.3 to 45). Of the 19 patients without inducible VT/VF during electrophysiologic study while receiving amiodarone, 1 patient died suddenly but no patient had recurrent VT/VF. Ten of the 23 patients (43%) with persistently inducible arrhythmia have died suddenly or have had recurrent VT/VF. Using survival and stepwise logistic regression analyses, 2 significant independent predictors of recurrent arrhythmia were identified; persistently inducible VT during electrophysiologic testing in patients receiving amiodarone therapy (p less than 0.002) and the left ventricular ejection fraction at rest (p less than 0.05). The predictive accuracy of the response to serial electrophysiologic testing during amiodarone therapy was 67%, the sensitivity was 58% and the specificity was 91%. Thus, serial electrophysiologic testing is useful for determining the prognosis in patients with inducible VT/VF treated with amiodarone. PMID- 6731301 TI - Entrainment of atrioventricular nodal reentrant tachycardias during overdrive pacing from high right atrium and coronary sinus. With special reference to atrioventricular dissociation and 2:1 retrograde block during tachycardias. AB - Entrainment was attempted during electrophysiologic evaluation of 8 patients with atrioventricular (AV) nodal reentrant tachycardia. Entrainment could be performed while pacing from the high right atrium in 35 of 35 episodes, from proximal coronary sinus in 9 of 21 episodes and from distal coronary sinus in 10 of 20 episodes. The minimal rates required were 8 to 40 beats/min faster than those of the tachycardias. That the atria (as defined in electrophysiologic studies) were not a necessary component of the reentry circuit was suggested by the occurrence, during tachycardia, of short episodes of AV dissociation and of 1 episode of 2:1 retrograde block. For the tachycardia to be interrupted, the pacing rate usually had to be slightly faster than that required to entrain, as well as sufficiently rapid to produce anterograde block of an atrial impulse in the slow AV nodal pathway. Moreover, termination of tachycardia apparently was a function of the pacing site. In some episodes, either because of a proximity effect or because of a preferential input into the upper common pathway, coronary sinus pacing terminated the tachycardia at slower rates or with fewer stimuli than high right atrial pacing. Thus, patients with drug-resistant AV nodal reentrant tachycardias may benefit from recently introduced pacing techniques for termination of tachycardia through entrainment. PMID- 6731302 TI - Cardiac arrest recorded on ambulatory electrocardiograms. AB - To characterize the events that precede and precipitate sudden cardiac death (SCD), the long-term electrocardiograms of 27 patients who had SCD while being monitored were analyzed. In 20 patients, SCD was associated with ventricular tachyarrhythmias (ventricular tachycardia [VT]/ventricular fibrillation [VF]) and in 7 it was associated with bradyarrhythmias. Seventeen of the patients were men and 10 were women. Twenty-one patients had coronary artery disease, 2 had idiopathic dilated cardiomyopathy, 2 had mitral stenosis and 1 patient had mitral valve prolapse. Four patients with VT/VF had a previous nonfatal cardiac arrest. In the 20 patients with tachyarrhythmia-related SCD, 3 or more VT beats always preceded degeneration to VF. In 5 patients, the frequency or complexity of ventricular arrhythmias increased in the hour before SCD. In 11 of 20, there was a 20% or greater increase in underlying heart rate in the hour before SCD. The R on-T phenomenon was observed in 4 patients. The long-short phenomenon initiated VT/VF in 2 patients. Only 2 patients with VT/VF were resuscitated. No patient with bradyarrhythmia -related SCD had manifest atrioventricular block or bundle branch block. Two of 7 patients had an episode of nonsustained bradycardia in the hour before arrest. No patient was resuscitated. In conclusion, VT that degenerates into VF is the most common arrhythmia associated with SCD. VT/VF is frequently preceded by an increase in heart rate and complex ectopy. VT is most often initiated by late ventricular premature complexes. Twenty-five percent of patients who have SCD have associated bradyarrhythmias that may occur without premonitory events. PMID- 6731303 TI - Failure of antihypertensive therapy with diuretic, beta-blocking and calcium channel-blocking drugs to consistently reverse left ventricular diastolic filling abnormalities. AB - The present protocol was designed to determine whether antihypertensive therapy with hydrochlorothiazide, propranolol or diltiazem, 3 agents with different mechanisms of action and potentially different effects on myocardial function, reverses left ventricular filling abnormalities. Twelve patients with essential hypertension and no evidence of associated cardiovascular disease, either clinically or with noninvasive testing, were evaluated while taking no medication and after 2 months of treatment with these agents. All 3 drugs produced equivalent control of blood pressure (BP), reducing sitting systolic BP by a mean of 20 to 24 mm Hg and diastolic BP by 14 to 16 mm Hg. LV ejection fraction and end-diastolic volume were normal in all but 1 subject (who was excluded from the analyses of LV diastolic filling) and were not altered by drug therapy. The peak LV filling rate and the first-third filling fraction were reduced in the patients with hypertension, but neither of these indexes nor the time to peak filling rate were significantly improved for the group as a whole by any of these medications. Nine of 10 patients whose BP was controlled by diltiazem had increases in their first-third filling fraction, but this change did not reach statistical significance. Our findings suggest that abnormalities of LV diastolic filling are not consistently affected by short-term therapy in patients with chronic, previously treated systemic hypertension. PMID- 6731304 TI - Limitations of qualitative angiographic grading in aortic or mitral regurgitation. AB - This study was performed to assess the accuracy of qualitative angiographic grading in persons with aortic regurgitation (AR) or mitral regurgitation (MR) and to determine the factors that may influence the reliability of such grading. In 230 patients (152 men, 78 women, aged 52 +/- 14 years) with AR or MR, forward cardiac index was measured by the Fick and indicator dilution techniques and left ventricular (LV) angiographic index by the area-length method, from which the regurgitant volume index was calculated. In 124 other patients (89 men, 35 women, aged 52 +/- 11 years) without regurgitation, there was good agreement between forward and angiographic cardiac indexes (r = 0.87, p less than 0.001). In the 83 patients with AR, the regurgitant volume indexes in those with 1+ (0.87 +/- 0.57 liters/min/m2) and 2+ (1.72 +/- 1.19 liters/min/m2) angiographic regurgitation were not significantly different from one another, but were significantly different from those with 3+ (3.0 +/- 1.42 liters/min/m2) and 4+ (4.80 +/- 2.25 liters/min/m2) regurgitation; at the same time, the regurgitant volume indexes of patients with 3+ and 4+ AR were not significantly different from one another. In the 147 patients with MR, the regurgitant volume indexes in patients with 1+ regurgitation (0.61 +/- 0.64 liters/min/m2) were significantly lower than other grades, but the regurgitant volume indexes of 2+ (1.14 +/- 0.85 liters/min/m2) vs 3+ (2.14 +/- 1.37 liters/min/m2) and of 3+ vs 4+ (4.60 +/- 2.31 liters/min/m2) were not significantly different. With AR and MR, regurgitant flow within each angiographic grade varied widely, especially in grades 3+ and 4+, and there was considerable overlap of regurgitant volume indexes between grades.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS) PMID- 6731305 TI - Comparison of late (62 to 140 months) degenerative changes in simultaneously implanted and explanted porcine (Hancock) bioprostheses in the tricuspid and mitral valve positions in six patients. AB - A Hancock porcine bioprosthesis (PB) was simultaneously implanted in each of 6 patients aged 30 to 64 years (mean 45) in the tricuspid and mitral valve positions and both PBs were explanted 62 to 140 months (mean 102) later. Cuspal degenerative changes occurred in all 12 PBs. In 5 patients, the changes were more extensive on the PBs in the mitral position than in those in the tricuspid position. Cuspal calcific deposits, as determined by radiographs of the explanted bioprostheses, occurred in 5 PBs in the mitral position and in 3 in the tricuspid position: 1 patient with calcific deposits in the PB in the mitral position had no calcific deposits in the corresponding PB in the tricuspid position; 1 patient had heavy calcific deposits in the PB in the mitral position and only mild deposits in the PB in the tricuspid position; and 3 patients had similar but mild calcific deposits in both PBs. Cuspal tears occurred in 5 of the 6 PBs in the mitral position and in no PB in the tricuspid position. Thrombus was observed on the ventricular aspects of the bioprosthetic cusps in 1 PB in the mitral position and in 4 PBs in the tricuspid position. Thus, in our 6 patients, the degenerative changes were more extensive in the PBs in the mitral position than in those in the tricuspid position. These observations indicate that wear characteristics of simultaneously implanted PBs vary according to the site of implantation. PMID- 6731306 TI - Favorable effects of hydralazine on the hemodynamic response to isometric exercise in chronic severe aortic regurgitation. AB - The hemodynamic effects of isometric exercise and the response to hydralazine therapy were evaluated in 11 patients with chronic, severe aortic regurgitation (AR). Isometric exercise produced a significant increase in heart rate (from 78 +/- 11 to 93 +/- 19 beats/min [mean +/- standard deviation], p less than 0.05), mean blood pressure (from 83 +/- 8 to 104 +/- 20 mm Hg, p less than 0.05), mean right atrial pressure (from 3 +/- 2 to 7 +/- 5 mm Hg, p less than 0.05) and mean pulmonary artery wedge pressure (from 12 +/- 7 to 18 +/- 10 mm Hg, p less than 0.05). Small and insignificant changes were seen in cardiac index (from 3.4 +/- 0.8 to 3.9 +/- 1.0 liters/min/m2), systemic vascular resistance (from 1,097 +/- 257 to 1,171 +/- 284 dynes s cm-5), pulmonary vascular resistance (from 120 +/- 76 to 130 +/- 89 dynes s cm-5) and stroke volume index (from 44 +/- 10 to 43 +/- 12 ml/m2). After oral hydralazine administration (100 to 300 mg), hemodynamic values during isometric exercise were: Heart rate increased further, to 105 +/- 14 beats/min (p less than 0.05), mean blood pressure was 102 +/- 16 mm Hg (difference not significant [NS]) cardiac index increased markedly, to 5.2 +/- 1.4 liters/min/m2 (p less than 0.05), stroke volume index increased to 49 +/- 12 ml/m2 (p less than 0.05).(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS) PMID- 6731307 TI - Complete transposition of the great arteries and coarctation of the aorta. AB - Thirty-two patients with complete transposition of the great arteries (TGA) and coarctation of the aorta (C of A) were seen at The Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, Canada, between 1963 and 1983. Three patients had only mild C of A and have not required coarctectomy (Group I); 29 had a severe form of C of A (Group II). Two patients in Group I and 21 in Group II had a ventricular septal defect. Subaortic obstruction was present in 5 patients in Group II. The mechanisms included anterior deviation of the infundibular ventricular septum, anomalous right ventricular muscle bundles, and abnormal ventriculoinfundibular fold. Five patients in Group II had a hypoplastic right ventricle. Coarctectomy was performed in 25 patients, and 5 died (20% mortality rate). Sixteen patients had repair for TGA (13 Mustard, 2 Jatene , 1 Rastelli), and 2 died (12% mortality rate). Life-table analysis shows that only 68% of the patients with TGA and C of A survived the first month of life. The 5-year survival in this group was 57%. In the same period, 94% of patients with uncomplicated TGA survived the first month of life and the 5-year survival rate was 89%. PMID- 6731308 TI - Morphologic features of an intact ventricular septum susceptible to subpulmonary obstruction in complete transposition. AB - Twenty-five autopsy specimens of complete transposition of the great arteries with intact ventricular septum (VS) were categorized as "bulging" (11 cases) or " nonbulging " (14 cases) according to the curvature of the VS. A fibrous ridge was observed on the VS, especially at the site of mitral apposition in 82% of the bulging group. No fibrous ridge was seen in the nonbulging group. An objective index of anteroposteriorness was then designed to measure the distance between the midpoint of the nonfacing aortic cusp line and the left anterior descending coronary artery. In the bulging group, the aorta lay more anterior to the pulmonary trunk, whereas in the hearts with a straight VS, the aorta tended to lie side by side and to the right of the pulmonary trunk. The midmitral line is an imaginary line in the middle of the anterior mitral leaflet. The more the pulmonary valve is wedged toward the right atrioventricular junction, the more the midmitral line will pass through the nonfacing pulmonary cusp rather than right pulmonary cusp or the nonfacing /right commissure. This was so in 100% of the bulging group, but in only 36% of the nonbulging group. These differences between the groups in terms of anteroposterior index and extent of wedging were statistically significant. In conclusion, if the aorta lies more anterior and to the left of pulmonary trunk rather than side by side and to the right, the "wedged" subpulmonary area will be more susceptible to obstruction caused by septal bulging. Cross-sectional echocardiography is the best means of diagnosing these features. PMID- 6731309 TI - Combined contrast echocardiographic and radionuclide diagnosis of atrial septal defect: accuracy of the technique and analysis of erroneous diagnoses. AB - The utility of combined peripheral vein contrast 2-dimensional echocardiography (2-D echo) and radionuclide shunt detection was evaluated in 25 patients with suspected atrial septal defect (ASD) in whom the diagnosis was confirmed at cardiac catheterization: 14 patients had ASD and 11 had no intracardiac shunt. Contrast 2-D echo correctly diagnosed 13 of 14 patients with ASD, but there were 2 false-positive diagnoses in the 11 patients without ASD. Radionuclide shunt studies correctly identified all 14 patients with ASD, but yielded 5 false positives results among the 11 without ASD. After altering the radionuclide processing technique, there were only 2 of 11 false-positive shunt studies, and the correlation of radionuclide shunt magnitude with cardiac catheterization improved (r = 0.49, p less than 0.025 to r = 0.75, p less than 0.001). Thus, the improved processing method improved both the qualitative and quantitative accuracy of radionuclide shunt detection. The combination of contrast 2-D echo and radionuclide shunt detection led to a proper diagnostic and therapeutic decision in 24 of 25 patients. Therefore, these combined modalities are clinically useful in the evaluation of patients with suspected ASD. PMID- 6731310 TI - Electrophysiologic abnormalities of children with ostium secundum atrial septal defect. AB - Sinus node (SN) and atrioventricular node (AVN) function were evaluated in 49 patients with secundum type atrial septal defect (ASD). Automaticity and conduction system function were assessed by intracardiac recording of the AH and HV intervals at rest, corrected SN recovery time, sinoatrial conduction time, AVN refractory period and the ability of the AVN to conduct rapidly paced atrial beats to the ventricles. Electrophysiologic abnormalities were found in 41% of the 34 patients who were studied before surgery. However, no preoperative abnormalities were present in children younger than 2.5 years. If only children older than 2.5 years were analyzed, the incidence of conduction abnormalities was similar for the patients studied before operation (62%) and those studied after operation (71%). The size and ejection fractions of the right and left ventricles, the magnitude of shunt flow and the size of the ASD did not differ between the patients with and those without electrophysiologic abnormalities. AVN dysfunction was present in 40% of the patients who were studied after surgical repair. While this frequency was more than twice the preoperative incidence of AVN dysfunction, it was not statistically significant. The data suggest that patient age is the major factor that influences the presence of conduction system dysfunction in patients with ASD. PMID- 6731311 TI - Atrioventricular valve anular diameter: two-dimensional echocardiographic-autopsy correlation. AB - To study the accuracy of 2-dimensional echocardiography (2-D echo) in estimating mitral and tricuspid anular diameter, 2-D echo estimates were compared with autopsy measurements of anular diameter in 21 children studied by echo within 30 days of death. The mitral anulus was measured from the left parasternal long axis view and the apical or subcostal 4-chamber image and the tricuspid anulus from the 4-chamber view. Comparable measurements were made from the autopsy specimen with calipers. The correlation coefficient for echocardiographic vs autopsy measurements was 0.79 (standard error of the estimate 2.8 mm) (mitral long axis r = 0.76, mitral 4-chamber r = 0.85, tricuspid 4-chamber r = 0.76). Echo measurements exceeded the corresponding autopsy measurements by an average of 17%; this was at least partially attributed to shrinkage of the specimen during fixation. Thus, 2-D echo may be used to provide a reasonable estimate of mitral and tricuspid anular diameter. PMID- 6731312 TI - Systolic time intervals reconsidered. Reevaluation of the preejection period: absence of relation to heart rate. AB - Within limits, systolic time intervals are reliable reflectors of cardiac status and responses to physiologic and pharmacologic challenges, with various functional correlates. That heart rate (HR) is an important determinant of the duration of systole is well accepted, owing to its effect on left ventricular ejection time (LVET). An independent rate effect on preejection period (PEP) is disputed. Some studies in pooled normal subjects at rest showed some degree of HR PEP covariance, leading to widespread rate correction in practical use. However, although right atrial pacing showed the expected HR-LVET relation, it consistently failed to show an HR-PEP relation. Systolic time intervals were examined from echocardiograms of a deliberately heterogeneous group comprising 50 consecutively appearing persons with sinus rhythm. There was no HR-PEP covariance (r = 0.23; p = not significant). However, our subjects were otherwise comparable to those of other investigators, in that all other relations in these subjects were as expected from studies in both pooled and paced subjects: HR with LVET (r = -0.74; p less than 0.001), PEP/LVET with ejection fraction (r = -0.85; p less than 0.001), and PEP/LVET with velocity of circumferential fiber shortening (r = 0.65, p less than 0.001). Thus, HR correction of PEP is inappropriate. All other relations are substantiated in routinely encountered, unselected subjects. PMID- 6731313 TI - Radionuclide ventriculographic responses to graded supine and upright exercise: critical role of the Frank-Starling mechanism at submaximal exercise. AB - To assess the influence of work load and posture on the response to exercise, 25 patients with coronary artery disease (CAD) and 17 normal subjects underwent graded supine and upright exercise radionuclide ventriculography. In both groups, end-diastolic counts increased with supine exercise (p less than 0.001). The ejection fraction and peak systolic pressure-end-systolic volume relation increased in normal subjects (p less than 0.02), but not in patients with CAD. At upright rest, end-diastolic counts decreased in both groups (p less than 0.001) and then increased with exercise (p less than 0.001). The increase in end diastolic counts was most pronounced on the transition from upright rest to the 150-kpm work load and resulted in a significant increase in stroke counts (p less than 0.05) for both patients with CAD and normal subjects, without a measurable change in the ejection fraction or the peak systolic pressure-end-systolic volume relation. Later in exercise, end-diastolic counts plateaued, and the ejection fraction and the peak systolic pressure, end-systolic volume relation increased only among normal subjects. Thus, low-level upright exercise is highly dependent on the Starling mechanism in both normal subjects and patients with CAD, with enhanced contractility apparent only during more vigorous exercise in normal subjects. PMID- 6731314 TI - Quantification of pulmonary thallium-201 activity after upright exercise in normal persons: importance of peak heart rate and propranolol usage in defining normal values. AB - Fifty-nine normal patients (34 angiographically normal and 25 clinically normal by Bayesian analysis) underwent thallium-201 imaging after maximal upright exercise. Lung activity was quantitated relative to myocardial activity and a lung/myocardial activity ratio was determined for each patient. Stepwise regression analysis was then used to examine the influence of patient clinical characteristics and exercise variables on the lung/myocardium ratio. Peak heart rate during exercise and propranolol usage both showed significant negative regression coefficients (p less than 0.001). No other patient data showed a significant relation. Using the regression equation and the estimated variance, a 95% confidence level upper limit of normal could be determined for a give peak heart rate and propranolol status. Sixty-one other patients were studied to validate the predicted upper limits of normal based on this model. None of the 27 patients without coronary artery disease had an elevated lung/myocardial ratio, compared with 1 of 8 with 1-vessel disease (difference not significant), 6 of 14 with 2-vessel disease (p less than 0.005), and 6 of 12 with 3-vessel disease (p less than 0.0001). Thus, lung activity on upright exercise thallium-201 studies can be quantitated relative to myocardial activity, and is inversely related to peak heart rate and propranolol use. Use of a regression analysis allows determination of a 95% confidence upper limit of normal to be anticipated in an individual patient. PMID- 6731315 TI - Altered acoustic reflectance on two-dimensional echocardiography as an early predictor of myocardial infarct size. AB - P6 area of increased acoustic reflectance was readily observed by 2-dimensional echocardiography (2-D echo) in the acutely ischemic canine myocardium. Fifteen mongrel dogs subjected to closed-chest coronary artery occlusion were used to test the hypothesis that these areas of altered acoustic reflectance were predictors of subsequent myocardial infarction (MI). Each dog was studied by 2-D echo in short-axis views of the left ventricle at 4 levels before and after coronary artery occlusion. The dogs were killed after 48 hours and heart sections were stained with triphenyltetrazolium chloride to identify the areas of necrosis. Four sections were then selected, approximating the same location within the left ventricle as the short-axis views taken for 2-D echocardiographic analysis. The in vivo 2-D echocardiographic examination revealed alteration of acoustic reflectance immediately after coronary occlusion, which detected the presence of MI with a sensitivity of 92% and a specificity of 90%. The extent of altered acoustic reflectance seen by echo correlated closely (r = 0.81) with the extent of MI detected by triphenyltetrazolium staining of the excised heart. Altered acoustic reflectance seen by 2-D echo immediately after coronary artery occlusion reflects acute ischemic changes and may be an early predictor of MI size. PMID- 6731316 TI - Comparison of the canine tissue distribution of digoxin after acute and chronic administration: implications for digitalis therapy. AB - Digoxin is often used as an antiarrhythmic and inotropic agent. It produces significant neuroexcitatory responses that influence both its therapeutic and toxic effects. Patients receiving digoxin can be separated into 2 groups: those who receive it acutely and those who receive it chronically. The therapeutic and toxic responses to digoxin vary between these groups. The neural tissue distribution of digoxin was compared in dogs after both acute and chronic injections. Acute administration of digitalis in this study was associated with preferential uptake of digoxin into peripheral sympathetic nerves. Chronic administration was associated with continued selective uptake into the central nervous system despite decreasing serum levels. Therefore, acute (experimental or suicidal) or chronic (maintenance) digoxin administration produces different neural responses. The peripheral sympathetic nervous system will be the primary area of interaction with acute digoxin administration and the central nervous system will have a greater involvement with chronic digoxin administration. Our results indicate that the uptake of digoxin into the peripheral nervous system and central nervous system depends upon the duration of digoxin administration. The time course of digoxin accumulation influences both its therapeutic and toxic actions. PMID- 6731317 TI - Actions of disopyramide on potential reentrant pathways and ventricular tachyarrhythmias in conscious dogs during the late post-myocardial infarction phase. AB - The effect of intravenous disopyramide (plasma level 3.7 +/- 1.6 micrograms/ml, mean +/- standard deviation) on reentrant ventricular tachyarrhythmias was studied by programmed ventricular stimulation in 11 conscious dogs 3 to 8 days after experimental myocardial infarction. Sustained ventricular tachycardia (VT) was induced in 4 dogs (mean cycle length 173 +/- 14 ms) and nonsustained VT in 7 (8 +/- 4 beats, mean cycle length 136 +/- 18 ms). Disopyramide prevented induction of VT in 1 of 4 dogs with sustained VT and 3 of 7 with nonsustained VT, and increased VT cycle length by more than 30% in 2 dogs with sustained VT and 2 of 7 with nonsustained VT. Disopyramide prolonged refractoriness in the infarct zone, measured by analysis of electrograms from an implanted "composite" electrode, by 38 to 53%, depending on the mode of pacing. These values were significantly greater than the increase produced by disopyramide in ventricular effective refractory period (13 +/- 12%), QRS duration and QT interval. Disopyramide has a selective effect on potential reentry circuits in ischemic myocardium, and prolongs refractoriness in abnormal myocardium to a greater extent than its effect on the normal ventricle. PMID- 6731318 TI - Thrombolysis of acute total occlusion of the left main coronary artery in evolving myocardial infarction. PMID- 6731319 TI - Repetitive paroxysmal ventricular tachycardia and sudden death in a child. PMID- 6731320 TI - Transient ("hole-in-one") occlusion of the mitral valve orifice by a free floating left atrial ball thrombus: identification by two-dimensional echocardiography. PMID- 6731321 TI - Two-dimensional echocardiographic diagnosis of quadricuspid aortic valve. PMID- 6731322 TI - Identification of a rare congenital anomaly of the myocardium by two-dimensional echocardiography: persistence of isolated myocardial sinusoids. PMID- 6731324 TI - Goteborg Metoprolol Trial: electrocardiographically estimated infarct size. AB - In 236 patients with anterior myocardial infarction (MI), infarct size was estimated by analyzing the R- and Q-wave amplitude in 24 precordial leads 4 days after randomization. In 254 patients with inferior MI, the final R- and Q-wave amplitude was evaluated in leads II, III and aVF. Electrocardiographic signs of a smaller MI were observed in anterior MI in the metoprolol group compared with the placebo group when treatment was started 12 hours or less after the onset of pain, but no difference was found when treatment was started later. There was no sign of an effect of metoprolol in inferior MI. An immediate reduction in ST segment elevation was observed after metoprolol treatment regardless of infarct localization or delay between the onset of pain and treatment. PMID- 6731323 TI - Goteborg Metoprolol Trial: enzyme-estimated infarct size. AB - In 1,375 patients serum activity of heat-stable lactate dehydrogenase (LD; E.C.1.1.1.27.) was analyzed every twelfth hour for 48 to 108 hours. The mean maximum LD activity was 11.1 +/- 0.4 mu kat X 1(-1) in the metoprolol group vs 12.4 +/- 0.5 mu kat X 1(-1) in the placebo group (p = 0.054). In patients in whom treatment was started 12 hours or less after the onset of pain, a 17% reduction in LD activity was observed (p = 0.009) and similar results were found in patients randomized 8 hours or less. Groups in which the effect after metoprolol treatment was more pronounced were those with an initially higher heart rate and also those with anterior myocardial infarction. PMID- 6731325 TI - Goteborg Metoprolol Trial: effects on arrhythmias. AB - During the initial hospitalization, ventricular fibrillation (VF) developed in 6 metoprolol-treated patients (0.9%) vs 17 placebo-treated patients (2.4%) after inclusion in the study (p = 0.035). There were 6 episodes of VF in the metoprolol group compared with 41 episodes in the placebo group (p less than 0.001). During the same period, 14 metoprolol-treated patients had treated ventricular tachycardia vs 26 placebo-treated patients (p = 0.076). Similar favorable results were found when the incidence of severe ventricular arrhythmias during the first rehospitalization within the 3-month double-blind treatment period was analyzed. PMID- 6731326 TI - Goteborg Metoprolol Trial: design, patient characteristics and conduct. AB - The Goteborg Metoprolol Trial was a double-blind, placebo-controlled, stratified trial aimed at evaluating the effect of the beta 1-selective blocker, metoprolol, in suspected acute myocardial infarction and during 2 years of follow-up. The primary end-point was 3-month mortality (blind treatment period). Secondary end points were 2-year mortality, indirect signs of infarct size, chest pain, arrhythmias and tolerability. The entry criteria were fulfilled in 2,802 patients, 1,395 of whom were included in the trial. Treatment started as soon as possible after arrival in hospital with intravenous administration followed by oral treatment for 3 months. All patients were randomized 48 hours or less after estimated onset of infarction and 69% were randomized at 12 hours or less. The blind treatment had to be withdrawn in 19% of all randomized patients before the end of the 3-month follow-up. PMID- 6731328 TI - Goteborg Metoprolol Trial: clinical observations. AB - Heart rate, systolic blood pressure and rate-pressure product were analyzed during the first 18 hours and 4 days after intravenous metoprolol or placebo. On injection of metoprolol there was an immediate decrease in mean heart rate from 72.9 +/- 0.6 to 62.7 +/- 0.4 beats/min, but no change was found in the placebo group. The difference in heart rate remained during the first 4 days. Systolic blood pressure was reduced from 144.1 +/- 0.9 to 134.6 +/- 0.9 mm Hg after intravenous metoprolol and was lower than that in the placebo group during 4 days of follow-up. Indirect signs of congestive heart failure tended to be less severe in patients given metoprolol within 12 hours of the onset of symptoms than in those given placebo. The duration of hospitalization also tended to be shorter in patients given early metoprolol treatment than in those given placebo early. PMID- 6731327 TI - Goteborg Metoprolol Trial: effects on chest pain. AB - The effect of metoprolol on chest pain was compared with that of placebo in all randomized patients. The pain score before and 15 minutes after the injection of trial medication was registered and a reduction in chest pain was observed in the metoprolol group. Increasing chest pain after blind injection was observed in only 16 and 9 patients from the placebo and metoprolol groups, respectively. Comparison with the placebo as well as detailed analysis of clinical data revealed that in these patients the increasing pain could not be explained by coronary spasm evoked by beta-blockade. Similarly, metoprolol did not exhibit any unfavorable effect on the 14 patients who were withdrawn (together with the 28 patients given placebo) from blind treatment due to angina pectoris. Either metoprolol does not induce coronary vasospasm or spasm does not play a role in these patients with definite and suspected acute myocardial infarction as well as unstable angina pectoris. Metoprolol reduced the need for analgesics during the first 4 days and shortened the duration of pain. The effects were similar in patients with early and late treatment, but may depend on initial heart rate, blood pressure and site of infarction. PMID- 6731329 TI - Goteborg Metoprolol Trial: tolerance. AB - During a 3-month follow-up, 131 patients (19.1%) withdrew from blind treatment in both metoprolol- and placebo-treated groups. More metoprolol-treated than placebo treated patients withdrew because of cardiovascular adverse experience mainly during the very early phase. In all, 45 (6.5%) metoprolol-treated vs 14 (2.0%) placebo-treated patients were not given either a full intravenous dose or a full oral dose 15 minutes later. Bradycardia and hypotension were more common in the metoprolol group, whereas severe atrioventricular block did occur in a similar number of patients in both groups and severe congestive heart failure was more common in the placebo group. Results indicate that tolerance is generally good after intravenous and oral treatment with metoprolol in patients with suspected acute myocardial infarction. PMID- 6731330 TI - Goteborg Metoprolol Trial: mortality and causes of death. AB - During the 3-month blind treatment period there were 40 deaths in the metoprolol group compared with 62 deaths in the placebo group (p = 0.024). During the first year (after 3 months the 2 groups were treated similarly) there were 64 deaths in the metoprolol group vs 93 in the placebo group (p = 0.017) and during 2 years 92 patients died in the metoprolol group vs 120 in the placebo group (p = 0.043). The relative incidence of different causes of death did not differ significantly between the 2 treatment groups, indicating that metoprolol reduced all causes of death to the same extent as its effect on overall mortality. PMID- 6731331 TI - Histological and ultrastructural studies of secondary neurulation in mouse embryos. AB - The histological and ultrastructural features of secondary neurulation in C57BL/6 mouse embryos were examined as a first step in the analysis of how this process occurs in mammalian embryos. Secondary neurulation involves two major events in mouse embryos: (1) formation of the medullary rosette (9.5- to 10-day embryos) or plate (11- to 12-day embryos), and (2) cavitation. These two events occur simultaneously. The medullary rosette consists of elongated tail bud cells, radially arranged around a central lumen formed by cavitation. The secondary portion of the neural tube forms in 9.5- to 10-day embryos by progressive enlargement of the central lumen and addition (by cell recruitment or mitosis) of tail bud cells to the rosette. The medullary plate likewise consists of elongated tail bud cells, but these cells do not surround a central cavity. Instead, cells of the medullary plate extend ventrad from the basal aspect of the dorsal surface ectoderm to a slit-like cavity formed by cavitation. Formation of the secondary neural tube occurs in 11- to 12-day embryos, principally by the recruitment of more lateral and ventral tail bud cells into the medullary plate. Free cells and cellular debris are frequently encountered in the forming lumen of the secondary neural tube, but cells exhibiting signs of necrosis were absent in cavitating regions. Numerous small intercellular junctions form at the inner ( juxtaluminal ) ends of tail bud cells as the medullary rosette or plate is forming and cavitation is occurring. These observations suggest that cavitation per se (i.e., formation of a lumen) during secondary neurulation is a relatively passive phenomenon, which results principally from neighboring cells becoming polarized apicobasally and incorporated into a primitive neuroepithelium. The latter constitutes the walls of the forming secondary neural tube. PMID- 6731332 TI - Arterial anatomy of chicken embryo and hatchling. AB - The arterial pattern in chicken hatchlings was investigated by microangiography and microscopic analysis of cleared specimens. The hatchling arterial pattern was found to resemble strongly the pattern that has been described for the adult chicken. Several minor variations in this pattern were found which were probably due to species, strain, or age differences. We also investigated the arterial pattern in chicken embryos aged 4.5 to 21 days of incubation. The hatchling pattern was fully developed by approximately 8 days of incubation. Some similarities were found to exist between the embryonic pattern in the chicken embryo and that described for the human embryo. PMID- 6731333 TI - Cartilage in the Atlantic hagfish, Myxine glutinosa. AB - Light and electron microscopic observations and biochemical analysis of the lingual cartilages from the Atlantic hagfish, Myxine glutinosa, reveal two different types of cartilage, designated types 1 and 2, respectively. The anterior and medial lingual are type 1, while the posterior lingual cartilage is type 2. Chondrocytes in type 1 cartilage are similar to those found in other vertebrate cartilages. The presence within the Golgi elements of material that resembles a component of the extracellular matrix suggests the involvement of active chondrocytes in the synthesis of the matrix. The matrix of the type 1 cartilage contains fibrils arranged to form concentric lamellae in the territorial matrix and irregularly arranged, branched fibrils in the interterritorial matrix. Biochemical analysis of the type 1 cartilage reveals that it is composed primarily of a cyanogen bromide (CNBr)-insoluble protein of unique composition that we have termed " myxinin ." Myxinin appears to be similar, but not identical, to lamprin . Type 2 cartilage bears no resemblance to any other known vertebrate cartilage. The principal cells are hypertrophied and are characterized by masses of cytoplasmic filaments. The appearance of the organelles in smaller nest cells suggests that nest cells are active in the production of some of the matrix, which consists primarily of collagen. Microfibrils and a basal lamina-like material are also present. Biochemical analysis of the type 2 cartilage reveals that the CNBr-insoluble material is different from myxinin . Comparisons of lamprey and hagfish cartilages prompt the concept that these two agnathans probably followed long-independent evolutionary histories. PMID- 6731334 TI - Surface topography and distribution of cell types in the rat nasal respiratory epithelium: scanning electron microscopic observations. AB - Several cell types were identified in the rat nasal respiratory epithelium using scanning electron microscopy. In addition to the previously described ciliated, nonciliated, and goblet cells, the nasal brush cell was identified based on its surface characteristics and its location between nonciliated epithelial cells. Scanning electron microscopy clearly showed the differences in distribution of cell types in the nasal mucosa. The ciliated cells increase in number from the anterior to the posterior areas of the respiratory epithelium with a corresponding decrease in nonciliated cells. However, even at a single cross sectional area of the nasal cavity, the various surfaces have different proportions of ciliated versus nonciliated cells, e.g., the medial surface of the nasal concha has more ciliated cells than other surfaces. Brush cells are distributed between nonciliated cells of the respiratory epithelium on most surfaces of the nasal cavity including the conchae and the lateral wall. Based on the available information, scanning electron microscopy will be useful in future studies to determine the effects that inhaled toxicants have on cells and on the location of lesions. PMID- 6731335 TI - On the functional morphology of the human petrous bone. AB - In this study the human petrous bone was investigated to find out whether and in what way it is adapted to mechanical stress by inner bone structure. Three normally formed petrous bones were cut in serial sections and examined by means of microradiography and circular polarized light with respect to mineralization, distribution of bone structure, and collagen fiber arrangement over the cross section. It has been shown that the human petrous bone can be divided morphologically into four different bony layers: 1) endosteal; 2) enchrondral ; 3) inner periosteal layers, which together form the labyrinthine capsule and which are characterized by a higher level of mineralization and show no clear indication of bone remodeling; and 4) outer periosteal layer, in which numerous osteons indicate appositional and resorptional growth processes. The collagen fibers in the labyrinthine capsule are arranged in an irregular web-like pattern, whereas in the outer periosteal layer they run predominantly parallel to the surfaces of the petrous bone, probably to minimize the mechanical stress in the form of a tension band. These results support the assumption that in the human petrous bone, the outer periosteal layer is adapted to resorb elastic deformation, whereas the brittle labyrinthine capsule is better adapted to the functions of an auditory and vestibular organ. PMID- 6731336 TI - The effect of age on lung structure in male BALB/cNNia inbred mice. AB - Morphometric examination using light, scanning electron, and transmission electron microscopy was performed on the lungs from 32 inbred male BALB/ cNNia mice between 38 days and 28 months of age. Between 38 days and 9 months of age the changes were primarily those of growth. Alveolar multiplication and total elastic-fiber length appeared complete by 38 days of age. The major increase in the number of interalveolar pores occurred by 68 days, but there was a significant further increase from 68 days to 9 months of age. At 9 months, approximately 10% of the alveolar wall was formed by pores. Alveolar ducts, the cylindrical core of air central to alveolar mouths, increased more in diameter than length. Between 9 and 28 months the changes were attributed to aging and were different from those reported in humans and other species. Lung volume, alveolar surface area, and total volume of alveolar wall increased with age; there was no change in mean linear intercept and volume proportion of alveolar and alveolar duct air. Total area of pores increased with age, but their number and area fraction of the alveolar wall did not change. No transmission electron microscopic changes were seen in the alveolar walls. We speculate that the morphometric differences between our animals and those studied in other reports may reflect the fact that our animals were specific-pathogen-free animals and kept under protected circumstances. PMID- 6731337 TI - The effect of dietary consistency on gross and histologic morphology in the craniofacial region of young rats. AB - Three groups of weanling rats and three groups of juvenile rats were fed diets which differed in physical consistency for periods of 5 and 8 weeks, respectively. In both the weanling and juvenile rats, one group was fed a soft diet, a second group was fed a hard diet, and a third group was initially fed the soft diet and then was switched to the hard diet for the remainder of the experimental period. The effects of these differences in dietary consistency on gross and histologic morphology of the craniofacial region were examined. Significant differences were found in the dimensions and morphology of the condyle and condylar cartilage as a result of the differences in dietary consistency in both the weanling and juvenile groups. Soft-diet rats generally had smaller condyles and a thinner layer of condylar cartilage than either hard diet or soft/hard-diet rats. Little change, however, was found in the overall dimensions of the mandible and maxilla in any of the groups of rats. PMID- 6731338 TI - Lobular and cellular patterns of early hepatic glycogen deposition in the rat as observed by light and electron microscopic radioautography after injection of 3H galactose. AB - Very low hepatic glycogen levels are achieved by overnight fasting of adrenalectomized (ADX) rats. Subsequent injection of dexamethasone (DEX), a synthetic glucocorticoid, stimulates marked increases in glycogen synthesis. Using this system and injecting 3H-galactose as a glycogen precursor 1 hr prior to sacrifice, the intralobular and intracellular patterns of labeled glycogen deposition were studied by light (LM) and electron (EM) microscopic radioautography. LM radioautography revealed that 1 hr after DEX treatment, labeling patterns for both periportal and centrilobular hepatocytes resembled those in rats with no DEX treatment: 18% of the hepatocytes were unlabeled, and 82% showed light labeling. Two hours after treatment with DEX, 14% of the hepatocytes remained unlabeled, and 78% were lightly labeled; however, 8% of the cells, located randomly throughout the lobule, were intensely labeled. An increased number of heavily labeled cells (26%) appeared 3 hr after DEX treatment; and by 5 hr 91% of the hepatocytes were intensely labeled. Label over the periportal cells at this time was aggregated, whereas centrilobular cells displayed dispersed label. EM radioautographs showed that 2 to 3 hr after DEX injection initial labeling of hepatocytes, regardless of their intralobular location, occurred over foci of smooth endoplasmic reticulum (SER) and small electron-dense particles of presumptive glycogen, and in areas of SER and distinct glycogen particles. After 5 hrs of treatment with DEX, the intracellular distribution of label reflected the glycogen patterns characteristic of periportal or centrilobular regions. PMID- 6731339 TI - The cytoarchitecture of the wall and the innervation pattern of the microvessels in the rat mammary gland: a scanning electron microscopic observation. AB - This report describes the morphology of the smooth muscle cells, pericytes, and the perivascular autonomic nerve plexus of blood vessels in the rat mammary gland as visualized by scanning electron microscopy after removal of connective-tissue components. From the differences in cellular morphology, eight vascular segments were identified: 1) terminal arterioles (10-30 microns in outer diameter), with a compact layer of spindle-shaped and circularly oriented smooth muscle cells; 2) precapillary arterioles (6-12 microns), with a less compact layer of branched smooth muscle cells having circular processes; 3) arterial capillaries (4-7 microns), with " spidery " pericytes having mostly circularly oriented processes; 4) true capillaries (3-5 microns), with widely scattered pericytes having longitudinal and several circular processes; 5) venous capillaries (5-8 microns), with spidery pericytes having ramifying processes; 6) postcapillary venules (10 40 microns), with clustered spidery pericytes; 7) collecting venules (30-60 microns), with a discontinuous layer of circularly oriented and elongated stellate or branched spindle-shaped cells which may represent primitive smooth muscle cells; and 8) muscular venules (over 60 microns), with a discontinuous layer of ribbon-like smooth muscle cells having a series of small lateral projections. No focal precapillary sphincters were found. The nerve plexus appears to innervate terminal arterioles densely and precapillary arterioles less densely. Fine nerve fibers are only occasionally associated with arterial capillaries. Venous microvessels in the rat mammary gland seemingly lack innervation. PMID- 6731340 TI - Light- and electron-microscopic observations of the tail bud of the larval lamprey (Lampetra japonica), with special reference to neural tube formation. AB - Serial transverse and horizontal sections of the tail of the 26-day larval lamprey, Lampetra japonica, were observed by light and electron microscopy. The axial structures in the tail of the larval lamprey seem to differentiate from the prospective materials derived individually from the tail bud. The latter consists of two closely adjoined cell populations (C1 and C2). C1 is a small cell cluster located posterior to the other group (C2) and consists of loosely arranged polymorphous cells. The cell cluster extends cranially as a cell sheet on the ventral surface of C2; somites differentiate from this cell sheet. C2 is composed of cells elongated mediolaterally and stacked horizontally to form a compact cell mass which is covered on each lateral surface by a basal lamina. The upper one third of C2 seems to differentiate into the neural tube, anteceding other axial structures. The middle one-third of C2 seems to develop into the notochord, and the lower one-third into the subchord and the undefined cell cord. The central canal develops in the upper one-third of C2 through the following events: 1) appearance of cilia and a small cavity between adjoining cells; 2) appearance of microvilli in the cavity, in addition to cilia; and 3) development of junctional complexes along the luminal borders of cells surrounding the cavity. Together with these events, cells surrounding the cavity increase in number, acquiring apicobasal polarity and radial arrangement. The cavity itself enlarges by incorporation of periciliary clefts and fusion of cavities with each other to establish the central canal. Near the caudal end of the neural tube, the central canal is directly confluent with the connective-tissue space through an opening in the dorsal wall of the neural tube. PMID- 6731341 TI - Relationship between chromaffin cells and blood vessels in the rat adrenal medulla: a transmission electron microscopic study combined with blood vessel reconstructions. AB - The rat adrenal medulla architecture was examined using a combination of medullary blood vessel reconstructions and transmission electron microscopy. The peripheral radicles of the central vein and the medullary capillaries of the medullary arteries were thus precisely identified in the electron microscopic observations. The observations confirmed that the peripheral segments of the central vein were sinusoidal vessels with an attenuated and fenestrated endothelial wall. No ultrastructural differences were observed between segments lined by epinephrine-storing cells and those lined by norepinephrine-storing cells. The findings suggest that these peripheral segments of the adrenal central vein were sites of cortical hormonal effects on the adrenal medulla. The vessel structure does not support the hypothesis that medullary chromaffin-cell development is controlled by selective distribution of adrenal blood vessels. PMID- 6731342 TI - Morphologic and cytochemical characteristics of amine-containing globule leukocytes in rat tracheal epithelium. AB - Amine-containing cells in the tracheal epithelium are typically of the small granule type (diameter approximately 100 nm). However, in the rat, another amine containing cell type has been identified that possesses the amine-handling features of the APUD-series of cells (amine precursor uptake and decarboxylation) but not the ultrastructural characteristics. It has been postulated that these cells may be related to cutaneous melanocytes. In this study, fluorescent cells were present in the laryngeal and tracheal epithelial lining of adult Sprague Dawley rats following freeze-drying and exposure to formaldehyde vapor (FIF or formaldehyde-induced fluorescence). Microspectrofluorimetry revealed an emission maximum at 493 nm. The excitation maximum could not be calculated but appeared to be around or below 350 nm (to record spectra below requires the use of quartz optics). Yellow fluorescence also emanated from serotonin-containing mast cells (excitation and emission maxima: 401/515 nm). Tracheal segments processed according to the aqueous formaldehyde ( AFIF ) technique, for the demonstration of 5- hydroxytryptophan (5-HTP) or serotonin (5-HT), failed to identify fluorescent cells in the epithelial lining even though connective-tissue mast cells were evident. Subsequent treatment of AFIF -fixed sections with formaldehyde and HCl vapors ( AFIF -HCl) resulted in the formation of a fluorogenic compound within numerous cells in the tracheal lining (455/537 nm). This spectral shift and increase in intensity of fluorescence following acidification are characteristic for standards and/or cells that contain tryptamine, tryptophan, or peptides with NH2-terminal tryptophan and are markedly different from microspectrofluorimetric data reported for the phenylethylamines or serotonin. It is therefore postulated that these cells contain a closely related beta-(3-indolyl) ethylamine-like compound, serotonin excluded. The morphology of the fluorescent cells was similar when prepared according to the FIF or AFIF -HCl techniques. Conjunctive staining, the examination of a single section first by fluorescence microscopy and subsequently by other histochemical and cytochemical methods, demonstrated that the fluorescent granules were also methylene blue, alcian blue, periodic-acid Schiff, and ferric- fericyanide positive. Subsequent correlative electron microscopic examination of Epon embedded AFIF -HCl-treated tracheal sections demonstrated that these amine containing cells were globule leukocytes. PMID- 6731343 TI - Phase II trial of vindesine in patients with squamous cell cancer of the head and neck. AB - Fifteen patients with advanced squamous cell cancer of the head and neck received weekly vindesine at doses of 3 mg/m2. No patient had received prior chemotherapy, though all had received either radiotherapy or radiotherapy and surgery. Fourteen patients were evaluable for response. Two patients had documented partial remissions. Dose-limiting neutropenia was the primary toxic effect observed. It was frequent and occasionally life-threatening. Vindesine has minor but real activity in this group of patients with advanced head and neck cancer who have not received prior chemotherapy. PMID- 6731344 TI - Management of gastrointestinal lymphoma. AB - A study was made of 65 patients with primary gastrointestinal (GI) lymphoma. The occurrence was 40 (62%) in stomach, 15 (23%) in the small intestine, and 10 (15%) in colorectum. The majority of patients had their histology classified according to Rappaport's classification. Diffuse histiocytic type had the worst prognosis (median survival 13.8 months), and nodular histology had the best prognosis. A modified staging system proposed by Blackledge et al. was used. Patients who had their disease confined to one viscus (Stage I) or with spread to regional lymph nodes (Stage II) had an excellent prognosis, with a 5-year survival of 87 and 67%, respectively. However, those who had distant nodal involvement (Stage III, e.g., para-aortic nodes) or spread to adjacent organs within the abdomen (Stage IV) had worse prognosis, with 5-year survival of 40 and 13%, respectively. In Stage I, radiotherapy alone was as effective as surgical resection. None of the 11 patients treated by radiotherapy alone had perforation or bleeding. The 5-year disease-free survival was 51%. PMID- 6731345 TI - The impact of extraperitoneal surgical staging on morbidity and tumor recurrence following radiotherapy for cervical carcinoma. AB - From 1971 through 1981, 83 nonsurgically staged women with cervical cancer received extended-field radiotherapy on the basis of abnormal lymphangiogram, obstruction on intravenous pyelogram, or extensive pelvic tumor volume. From 1978 through 1981, 61 surgically staged patients underwent radiation therapy; of these, the 21 with positive lymph nodes received periaortic radiation. No increase in morbidity was found in these patients. Survival, relapse rate, and sites of treatment failures were similar in the positive lymphangiogram group and in the surgically staged patients with positive nodes. PMID- 6731346 TI - A phase II study of PALA (NSC 224131) in patients with advanced ovarian carcinoma. A Gynecologic Oncology Group study. AB - Pala, 5G /M2 i.v. every 3 weeks was given to 32 evaluable patients with ovarian carcinoma (31 previously treated). No complete or partial responses were noted. Ten patients had stable disease for a median progression-free interval of 4.7+ months, while the remainder had progression of disease from the start of therapy. The major toxicity was dermatologic, and five patients had severe skin rash with desquamation or ulceration. There was no substantial hematologic or gastrointestinal toxicity. PALA displays no useful activity in previously-treated patients with ovarian cancer. PMID- 6731347 TI - Treatment of grade III and IV astrocytoma with high-dose irradiation: schedule and chemotherapy. AB - From October 1978 to June 1981, 35 consecutive patients with grade III-IV malignant glioma were treated with a concentrated course of radiotherapy (two cycles of 17 Gy in two sessions over a 3-day period) with a cobalt unit, followed by chemotherapy with vincristine and BCNU. In the 30 evaluable patients, no complete remission, seven partial remissions, 23 stable disease, and no progression were encountered. Median duration of response was 6 months (range 4 11+). Median survival time was 9 months (range 7-19); radically resected patients survived longer than those with inoperable tumor. Toxicity of treatment was acceptable; however, two patients with brain stem tumors had acute neurologic toxicity following the first radiotherapy session. PMID- 6731348 TI - American Society of Clinical Pathologists. President's address. PMID- 6731349 TI - Mucoepidermoid carcinoma of salivary glands: a study of 69 cases with special attention to histologic grading. AB - Sixty-nine cases of mucoepidermoid carcinoma with a minimum of five years follow up are presented. Major salivary glands were involved in 46 cases (44 parotid, two submandibular), and intraoral minor glands in 23. The tumor was considered histologically high grade (20 cases) when 90% or more of its area was made up of tumor cells and 10% or less of intracystic space and low grade (49 cases) when this ratio was lower. The proportion of cell types was not considered in grading: although intermediate, epidermoid, and clear cells usually predominated in high grade tumors, several such examples contained numerous mucous cells. Grade was highly significant prognostically; all but 2 of the 14 deaths due to tumor and all six instances of distant metastasis occurred in cases with high-grade tumors. High histologic grade also was associated with an increased incidence of local recurrence (particularly recurrence not subsequently controlled) and cervical lymph node metastasis; in the case of recurrence this was due in part to the fact that inadequate surgical margins were more common with high-grade tumors. Tumors measuring less than 2.5 cm were rarely fatal regardless of grade, there being only two such deaths (one high grade, one low grade). Nuclear anisochromia and pleomorphism of more than slight degree, frequent mitoses, and tumor necrosis of more than focal extent were found to be untypical of mucoepidermoid carcinoma regardless of grade; these findings should occasion consideration of other diagnoses such as poorly differentiated adenocarcinoma with a solid growth pattern and adenosquamous carcinoma. PMID- 6731350 TI - Inflammatory fibroid polyps of the intestine. AB - The clinical and pathologic features of 64 inflammatory fibroid polyps of the large and small bowel in 63 patients are reported. Six of the lesions in the small bowel were studied by electron microscopy. Follow-up information was obtained from 39 patients. The lesion was always benign, occurred at all ages, and had a world-wide distribution. The lesions were polypoid, sessile, originated in the submucosa, infiltrated the muscularis propria, and most closely resembled granulation tissue. The principal mesenchymal cell by electron microscopy was the fibroblast. No associated medical conditions were identified and the cause remains unknown. PMID- 6731351 TI - Laryngeal cysts in adults: a clinicopathologic study of 20 cases. AB - Clinically significant cysts in the region of the larynx are uncommon. In this study, 20 cases were recovered for the period 1969-1983. There were eight males and 12 females whose ages ranged from 28-76 years and whose most common symptom combinations were hoarseness (9), local foreign body sensation (5), and pain (4). Laryngoscopic examination revealed cystic lesions 0.5-3.0 cm. in diameter, all localized to the supraglottis with half in the vallecula . Histologically, 17 cysts were closely associated with tonsillar lymphoid tissue. Nine cysts, having squamous lined crypt-like structures and abundant follicular lymphoid tissue, were designated "tonsillar cysts." Eight cysts had a prominent epithelial component and focal follicular lymphoid aggregates. Three cysts were unassociated with lymphoid tissue. Two of these, located in the ventricles of elderly patients, were oncocytic cysts. Both showed oncocytic changes on the surface mucosa and in adjacent salivary gland tissue. In one case, a biopsy of the contralateral ventricle demonstrated oncocytic metaplasia. Treatment in all cases was by surgical excision. Follow-up on 13 patients ranging from three months to 9 years revealed one recurrence of an oncocytic cyst one year after initial removal. We conclude that follicular lymphoid tissue is present in most laryngeal cysts and may play some pathogenetic role in their formation. Furthermore, oncocytic cysts are different from other laryngeal cysts, having a characteristic location, age group, field effect, and recurrence rate. PMID- 6731352 TI - Serum testosterone measurements. AB - Serum testosterone and especially free testosterone is one of the parameters commonly used to evaluate androgen excess or deficiency. The authors equilibrated serum samples with 14C-labeled testosterone followed by an ammonium sulfate precipitation to compare the "apparent free testosterone concentration" with "total" serum testosterone concentration in the following populations: normal males and females; females presenting with gynecologic problems, particularly hirsutism and/or virilization; and males and females on maintenance hemodialysis. Total serum testosterone for each specimen was assayed with five different commercially available RIA kits encompassing a variety of technics: direct assay technics, assays utilizing extraction procedures prior to RIA; tritium-labeled tracer as well as iodine-labeled tracers. Clinical correlations improve strikingly when apparent free testosterone concentrations rather than total serum testosterone concentrations are used. PMID- 6731353 TI - A sex- and age-limited ossification pattern in human costal cartilages. AB - In our continuing development of a roentgenographic method of determining age, race, and sex of cadaveric material, an absolutely distinctive pattern of ossification of the costal cartilages in older women has been identified. This ossification pattern has been found only in women over the age of 50 years and largely is restricted to those over 60 (i.e., remotely postmenopausal). Not encountered in men, this age/sex distinctive pattern is found in about one-third of the adult female autopsy population. It consists of rounded, solitary, or coalescent ossified foci confined to the central portions of the costal cartilages. These foci do not extend to the perichondrium and only very rarely involve the peristernal junctions. When this x-ray pattern is present, the decedent can be identified as an elderly female with great certainty. PMID- 6731354 TI - Mean platelet volume: the need for a reference method. AB - The time course of artifactual effects due to anticoagulants, specimen temperature, and interval between venipuncture and analysis on platelet volume measurements was evaluated. Split specimens were analyzed using hydrodynamic focusing, and platelet distributions were computed using a least-squares fit to a log-normal distribution. Significant artifacts resulted from exposure to EDTA, cooling to room temperature, and delay in exposure to anticoagulant. The artifactual effect of EDTA is extreme and time dependent. Collection of blood in Buffered Citrate, Acid Citrate Dextrose, or Pyridoxal-5'-phosphate supplemented Citrate yielded stable and equivalent results with rapid anticoagulation and incubation at 37 degrees C for up to six hours. PMID- 6731355 TI - Antithrombins and coronary artery disease. AB - The role of antithrombin-III with respect to atherogenesis and myocardial infarction remains unclear; however, it has been reported that antithrombin-III levels are decreased in many individuals with coronary artery disease and in those at high risk for coronary artery occlusion. However, the several reports available do not agree and remain inconclusive. Antithrombin-III levels were determined in 86 individuals undergoing coronary artery angiography. Results of these determinations reveal that the majority of patients with angiographically documented coronary artery disease have normal antithrombin-III levels. Additionally, there was found to be no correlation between antithrombin-III levels and severity or site of coronary artery involvement. The results of this study would suggest that plasma antithrombin-III determinations are of no particular significance in determining the presence, absence, or severity of coronary artery disease. PMID- 6731356 TI - Gas-chromatographic determination of mexiletine with a nitrogen-selective detector. AB - The authors present a procedure for the determination of mexiletine in serum. The drugs are extracted under basic conditions into n-heptane/isobutanol (96/4 by vol) and then extracted again into 1 mol/L H2SO4. The acidic solution is made basic with sodium hydroxide, reextracted with diethyl ether, and the extract evaporated. The residue is redissolved in ethanol and analyzed by gas chromatography with a nitrogen-selective detector. By use of two internal standards, diphenhydramine and p- chlorodisopyramide , concentration and instrument response are related linearly from 500 micrograms/L to 4.0 mg/L. Interferences from other drugs also are eliminated by using two internal standards. Within-run precision (CV) was 5% at the 1 and 2 mg/L concentration: between-run precision was 10% and 5% at those respective concentrations. Interference studies indicate that most commonly prescribed basic drugs will not interfere with this procedure. PMID- 6731357 TI - Is C-reactive protein useful in the management of children with suspected bacterial meningitis? AB - C-reactive protein (CRP) was evaluated in both serum and cerebrospinal fluid in 119 patients to determine if either or both measurements were of clinical value in the diagnosis of bacterial meningitis. CSF C-reactive protein is too insensitive (sensitivity = 66%) to be useful, while serum CRP is too nonspecific for routine application. Serum CRP may have a role if used selectively in those patients with a low-grade CSF pleocytosis and a negative Gram's stain. PMID- 6731358 TI - Evaluation of the BACTEC 16B medium in a cancer center. AB - The routine use of the new resin-containing BACTEC 16B (Johnston Laboratories, Inc., Cockeysville, MD) culture medium was evaluated in a population consisting primarily of cancer patients. Of 1,163 paired blood culture sets collected, 652 (56%) were collected in the presence of antimicrobial therapy. Eighty-three aerobic and facultatively anaerobic isolates were recovered from 79 positive blood culture sets. No significant difference could be demonstrated between the 16B and the 6B medium in the group of blood cultures collected from patients not receiving antibiotic therapy at the time of blood collection. In contrast, a significantly greater proportion of isolates (P less than 0.005) was recovered from the 16B medium (96%) than the 6B medium (68%) in the group of blood cultures collected in the presence of antimicrobial therapy. In this group, 43% of the isolates were either detected earlier or recovered solely from the 16B medium. PMID- 6731359 TI - Erythrophagocytosis by segmented neutrophils in paroxysmal cold hemoglobinuria. AB - The authors report a case of paroxysmal cold hemoglobinuria (PCH) with pronounced erythrophagocytosis by segmented neutrophils. This type of erythrophagocytosis, though well-documented in vitro, is a rare phenomenon in vivo. A review of the literature shows an association between PCH and erythrophagocytosis by segmented neutrophils that the authors suggest may have diagnostic value. PMID- 6731360 TI - Fatal intravascular immune hemolysis induced by hydrochlorothiazide. AB - A patient receiving antihypertensive therapy developed acute intravascular hemolysis and died. Hemolysis was due to an immune process associated with antibody to thiazide. Only two other cases have been reported. Thiazide-induced hemolysis appears to be confined to those patients treated concommitantly with methyldopa. PMID- 6731362 TI - Editorial series: disease, medical research, and the American Journal of Clinical Pathology. 7. Classifying medical research published in this journal. PMID- 6731361 TI - Sudden death due to stinging insect hypersensitivity: postmortem demonstration of IgE antivenom antibodies in a fatal case. AB - This case report of a documented, witnessed death from an anaphylactic reaction to a single yellow jacket sting confirms the ability to demonstrate specific IgE antivenom antibodies in postmortem blood specimens. Implications and potential clinical impact are briefly discussed. PMID- 6731363 TI - Discrepant fibrinogen values during thrombolytic therapy--a reply. PMID- 6731364 TI - Training in community psychology: promises kept and yet to keep. PMID- 6731365 TI - Curriculum issues in community psychology: the ecology of program development and the socialization of students. PMID- 6731366 TI - Trends observed in community psychology training descriptions. PMID- 6731367 TI - An evaluation of skill acquisition in community psychology training. PMID- 6731368 TI - Austin--a decade later: preparing community psychology students for work in social policy areas. PMID- 6731369 TI - The social policy process and community psychology training. PMID- 6731370 TI - Training for the role of advocate. PMID- 6731371 TI - Community psychology and public policy: missed opportunity. PMID- 6731372 TI - Making evaluation viable: the response of graduate programs in evaluation. PMID- 6731373 TI - Community mental health training: a personal view. PMID- 6731375 TI - Training in consultation. PMID- 6731374 TI - Training community psychologists for work in rural areas. PMID- 6731376 TI - Training community psychologists for crisis intervention. PMID- 6731377 TI - Training for primary prevention in mental health. PMID- 6731378 TI - Iatrogenous complications in the fetus and newborn. The dilemma. PMID- 6731379 TI - Respiratory and gastrointestinal illnesses in breast- and formula-fed infants. AB - Ten breast-fed infants, each paired with a formula-fed infant, were evaluated prospectively from birth to the age of 112 days to identify respiratory and gastrointestinal (GI) illnesses and microorganisms associated with respiratory tract infections. The infants were matched by age and sex. More GI illnesses occurred among the formula-fed infants. Although the breast-fed infants had less exposure to tobacco smoke in the home and less exposure to other children in day care settings, there was no suggestion of a decrease in the frequency of respiratory illness during the first four months. PMID- 6731380 TI - Rapidly progressive posthemorrhagic hydrocephalus. Treatment with external ventricular drainage. AB - Nineteen premature infants with progressive posthemorrhagic hydrocephalus with increased intracranial pressure were treated with external ventricular drainage. Progression of hydrocephalus was arrested during the drainage period in each patient. Three of the 19 infants required no further therapy. Sixteen had recurrence of progressive ventricular dilatation, and all but one eventually had placement of a ventriculoperitoneal shunt, although under more favorable medical conditions than existed at the time of institution of external ventricular drainage. Three of the 19 infants died of causes unrelated to the external ventricular drainage. Of the 16 survivors, seven infants had a developmental quotient or formal IQ of over 75. Outcome was poorest for those infants with accompanying intracerebral hemorrhage. We consider ventriculostomy to be an effective temporizing measure in small infants with rapidly progressive posthemorrhagic hydrocephalus with increased intracranial pressure in whom ventricular decompression is necessary and placement of a ventriculoperitoneal shunt is not feasible. PMID- 6731381 TI - Communicating hydrocephalus secondary to superior vena caval obstruction. Occurrence after Mustard's operation for transposition of the great arteries. AB - Communicating hydrocephalus was observed on computed tomographic (CT) scans in two infants who had previously undergone Mustard's operation for transposition of the great arteries. Obstruction of the superior limb of the intracardiac baffle developed in these children, resulting in venous obstruction to the head and upper extremities that resulted in cranial enlargement. Radiologic clues included a bulging superior vena cava and a prominent azygous system on chest roentgenogram, split cranial sutures on skull films, and enlarged subarachnoid spaces and dilated ventricles on CT scans. Two-dimensional echocardiography showed the obstructed baffle, as well as signs of redirected blood flow. Angiography and measurement of venous pressures confirmed the obstruction, and surgical correction was successful. Follow-up CT scans showed resolution of the hydrocephalus. Increased venous pressure, leading to decreased CSF absorption and increased intraventricular and subarachnoid CSF accumulation in an infant with an expandable cranium, is a possible explanation for the development of cranial enlargement and hydrocephalus under these circumstances. PMID- 6731382 TI - Intrauterine positional deformations masquerading as multiple congenital malformations. AB - A 1,340-g male neonate was delivered by emergency cesarean section at 28 weeks' gestation following failed therapy with isoxsuprine hydrochloride and fetal distress. Transverse-lie presentation with the posterior side of the thorax wedged into the maternal pelvis and the head flexed firmly against the anterior side of the thorax led to a severe deformation sequence initially interpreted as multiple congenital malformations. This case illustrates the difficulty in distinguishing between pure deformations and malformations with and without subsequent deformations. It also emphasizes the clinician's need for a definitive diagnosis to guide the management of suspected malformations that are potentially lethal or portend a poor neurodevelopmental outcome. PMID- 6731383 TI - Neonatal lupus erythematosus. AB - Three infants with neonatal lupus erythematosus (LE) had characteristic sharply marginated erythematous papules and plaques without congenital heart block. Two of the infants were definitely photosensitive, while the third infant's eruption began on a photoexposed area. All three infants and their mothers were positive for Ro Sjogren's syndrome A antigen (SSA) antibody. These three infants have additional evidence supporting the concept that transplacental passage of Ro (SSA) antibody is a serologic marker for neonatal LE. PMID- 6731384 TI - Juvenile laryngeal papillomatosis with pulmonary spread. Regression following transfer factor therapy. AB - A 6-year-old girl with a history of juvenile laryngeal papillomatosis since 6 months of age and progressing pulmonary extension of the tumor for two years was treated with transfer factor prepared from her mother. Within one month of the onset of therapy, she exhibited marked clinical improvement. A computed tomographic scan performed after four months of therapy revealed almost complete resolution of her pulmonary lesions. PMID- 6731385 TI - Ticarcillin-induced cystitis. Cross-reactivity with related penicillins. AB - Two children had dysuria, sterile pyuria, and microscopic hematuria develop during treatment with ticarcillin disodium. With the exception of a predominance of pyuria over hematuria, the clinical course and laboratory findings in this disorder were similar to those observed in hemorrhagic cystitis, a potential complication of the use of several semisynthetic penicillins and penicillin G potassium. One patient had urinary abnormalities develop during two courses of ticarcillin therapy and subsequently after initiation of piperacillin sodium therapy. A second patient in whom hemorrhagic cystitis due to carbenicillin disodium developed experienced this related disorder four years later when first exposed to ticarcillin. Neither reduction of the dose nor substitution of one semisynthetic penicillin for another (piperacillin for ticarcillin, ticarcillin for carbenicillin) prevented recurrence of the disorder. The clinical importance of either form of cystitis induced by semisynthetic penicillins is uncertain, as is the risk for progression to interstitial nephritis. PMID- 6731386 TI - Hepatitis B virus infection and Schonlein-Henoch purpura. AB - Sch onlein -Henoch purpura developed in two children in association with hepatitis B virus (HBV) infection. The first child, an 8-year-old boy, first had a clinical picture of Sch onlein -Henoch purpura and then was found to have HBV related chronic persistent hepatitis. In the second child, a 6-year-old girl, characteristic skin lesions, arthralgia, and proteinuria developed during acute hepatitis B. Immunofluorescence demonstrated IgA deposition in the renal glomeruli of the first patient. We suggest that evidence of HBV infection should be sought in patients with Sch onlein -Henoch purpura. PMID- 6731388 TI - Radiological case of the month. Tetralogy of Fallot with absent pulmonary valve. PMID- 6731387 TI - Sudden death in infants with chaotic atrial rhythm. AB - In four cases of chaotic atrial rhythm in infancy, three infants died, two unexpectedly. Chaotic atrial rhythm may be associated with a relatively high mortality in the first year of life. PMID- 6731389 TI - Corticosteroid treatment of croup. PMID- 6731390 TI - Thyroid function changes. PMID- 6731391 TI - 'Minifellowship' in pediatric program. PMID- 6731392 TI - Nontherapeutic opiate addiction in health professionals: a new form of impairment. AB - Case studies describe a new type of addicted health professional whose opiate abuse originated recreationally . Historically, health professionals have had high rates of opiate addiction, usually viewed as an occupational hazard stemming from access and from self-treatment for pain or stresses of the medical profession. Partly because addiction in health professionals was almost always therapeutic (iatrogenic) or quasi-therapeutic (stress-related), it affected them less severely than it affected heroin addicts, whose drug abuse usually began recreationally . Now, however, because recreational drug abuse has become commonplace at American colleges since the mid-1960s, a majority of young health professionals have histories of abusing drugs and some are becoming non therapeutically addicted. Six case studies describe this new addict type, showing how the subjects went from heavy soft drug use to opiate addiction, experienced severe longterm effects, were treated by society, and responded to treatment. PMID- 6731393 TI - Motivation for drinkers and treatment outcome: a study of personal and nonpersonal effects drinkers. AB - Personal effects drinkers seem more likely than nonpersonal effects drinkers to benefit from an alcoholism treatment program emphasizing abstinence and self actualization. PMID- 6731394 TI - A pragmatic alcoholism treatment outcome scale. PMID- 6731395 TI - Treatment outcomes of substance-abusing physicians. AB - Publications relating to outcome of physicians treated for substance abuse were obtained from a computerized literature search and a review of Cumulated Index Medicus for the years 1950-1982. The studies were reviewed regarding such factors as study location, sample size, presence of control groups, treatment modalities and setting, treatment duration, follow-up duration, method of determining outcome, and treatment outcome. Variations in these factors make comparisons of the studies difficult. Shortcomings in the methods of determining outcome raise questions concerning reliability of the data. Suggestions are made for further research for the assessment of treatment and outcome of substance-abusing physicians. PMID- 6731396 TI - The black female addict's career options: a typology and theory. AB - Female addicts are typically treated as one group with similar needs and experiences. This is particularly true for Black female addicts. This study of Black men and women entering an inner-city methadone maintenance treatment program attempts to delineate (1) how Black women differ from Black men in their heroin-using careers and (2) differences among Black women in their integration of drug use and lifestyle. Findings show men and women do develop different patterns of criminal activity, drug use, family ties, and labor force participation. Further analysis using multiple discriminant techniques indicates that Black female addicts are not one homogeneous group. Conclusions based on these findings suggest that sex role expectations may structure heroin use. Other social locators such as age may also delimit available career paths, lending further support to the theoretical framework employed here. PMID- 6731397 TI - Characteristics of physician addicts. AB - This article attempts to characterize the physician addict and to challenge the usual sociological or psychological explanations of differences and similarities among addicts. Using available data on Quebec physicians, two types of physician addicts are described according to the "two diseases model." In its first form the disease is characterized by the search of euphoria, and as such is considered to be highly contagious and pernicious, while the other is rarely contagious and relatively less pernicious. PMID- 6731398 TI - Heroin use in the barrio: solving the problem of relapse or keeping the tecato gusano asleep. AB - The Chicano heroin addict or " tecato " belongs to a subculture that profoundly influences addict behavior and personality. Life-history interviews with a subsample of 18 Southern California ex- tecatos who were abstinent from 2.3 to 24.5 years revealed that tecatos employ the metaphor of an indestructable junkie worm or " tecato gusano " living in their vicera to explain heroin relapse, and abstinence in a manner essentially consistent with learning theories of opioid addiction. The study showed that ex- tecatos use a variety of coping mechanisms for maintaining abstinence and for avoiding "dangerous situations" which could trigger heroin craving and relapse. The research also revealed that being an ex- tecato does not necessarily imply living a crime free or nondeviant lifestyle, and that the process of working out of addiction involves two complementary social adjustment processes termed (a) extrication (from the tecato subculture) and (b) accommodation (to square society). Suggestions for utilizing these findings for treatment intervention purposes are offered. PMID- 6731399 TI - The psychiatrically severe drug abuse patient: methadone maintenance or therapeutic community? AB - The present research was conducted to examine the effects of pretreatment psychiatric status and treatment duration on improvement following drug abuse rehabilitation. Percent improvement from admission to 6-month follow-up was measured on three criteria: drug use, employment, and criminality. Analyses of the total samples in both the Therapeutic Community (TC) and Methadone Maintenance (MM) programs indicated some quantitative differences between the two modalities but all measures showed a strong and positive relation between treatment duration and percent improvement. When patients in the two program samples were divided, on the basis of admission psychiatric status, into LOW, MID, and HIGH severity groups, different findings emerged. LOW severity patients in both programs showed the greatest absolute levels of improvement in most measures, more improvement at shorter treatment durations, and less additional improvement at longer treatment durations. MID severity patients in both programs showed the most dramatic effects of treatment duration, with generally large improvements in all criteria at greater treatment lengths. Qualitatively different results were seen between the treatment programs for the HIGH severity patients. HIGH severity MM patients showed low absolute levels of improvement but longer treatment durations were associated with modest improvements. HIGH severity TC patients also showed low absolute levels of improvement but unlike any other group, greater lengths of treatment were associated with negative change (worsened status) across all measures. The authors discuss these results with regard to the general efficacy of drug-dependence treatment and the specific issue of the psychiatrically impaired drug abusers. PMID- 6731400 TI - Client types in drug-free and methadone treatment: comparison of personality traits. AB - The Drug-Free Therapeutic Community (TC) and Methadone Maintenance Treatment (MMT) modalities provide environmental conditions that are particularly well suited for examining addict personality characteristics suggested as important to the treatment of addiction. This study examines 174 addicts of two programs to determine how their relatedness to others varies with a self-selected treatment modality. Results indicate a generally low relatedness to others for the sample of addicts studied based on measures of the enduring trait associated with dependency on others and the more situational characteristic of interpersonal behavior. The MMT subsample showed greater social dependency in terms of the more enduring personality trait while the TC subsample was more interpersonally oriented based on the situational context. The absence of a relationship between the two measures suggests that there is a self-selection of treatment types which may serve to compensate for trait-related deficiencies or liabilities in addicts, and that the techniques employed by the approaches interact with these personality attributes that are probably accrued in the midst of learning how to cope with troubled familial settings and life as an addict. PMID- 6731401 TI - Problems in the necropsy diagnosis of alcoholic liver disease. AB - Problem areas in the necropsy diagnosis of alcoholic liver disease are reviewed, potential sources of confusion delineated, and diagnostic guidelines proposed. The entire spectrum of alcoholic liver disease, including alcoholic hepatitis, may be perfectly mimicked by severe obesity, diabetes, and perhexiline maleate toxicity. Focal fatty change in the liver introduces sampling errors in the assessment of steatosis. Nodular regenerative hyperplasia of the liver mimics a micronodular cirrhosis both clinically and macroscopically. Measurement of the liver iron concentration reliably differentiates between alcoholic liver disease with siderosis and idiopathic hemochromatosis. The evaluation of preexisting fibrosis or cirrhosis in cases of massive hepatic necrosis is aided by stains for elastic fibers. Alcohol abusers taking acetaminophen (paracetamol) in excessive, but not suicidal doses are at risk of developing fatal "late" acetaminophen hepatotoxicity. Fatal viral hepatitis may be overlooked in an alcoholic with preexisting liver disease. PMID- 6731402 TI - Deaths in custody revisited. AB - This study has surveyed deaths that have occurred while in police custody in Metropolitan Dade County from 1956 to 1982. Cases were then subdivided by age, race, sex, cause, and manner of death as well as place of death or incident leading to the victim's demise. The results of this study indicate that natural disease--predominantly cardiocerebral vascular and alcohol-related--was most common followed by suicides and accidents. The natural deaths occurred in an older age group, whereas suicides occurred in a younger age group. Racially, most deaths in all categories involved white people. Accidents were given an historical perspective with an admonition to the reader to document all findings should a case be presented to them. Homicides and unclassified deaths were infrequent and axiomatically a function of the facilities studied. PMID- 6731403 TI - Lung morphology in experimental acute paraquat poisoning. SEM observations. AB - The authors describe the SEM ultrastructural aspects of rat lungs following acute paraquat poisoning. The results obtained confirmed previous TEM observations and suggest an early inhibition of secretory activity in type II alveolar cells. This morphological aspect can be related to the generally known early development of respiratory difficulties following acute paraquat poisoning. The technique employed allows a precise study of alveolar reepithelization in further stages of poisoning. These last observations agree with the hypothesis of reepithelization by type II alveolar cells. PMID- 6731404 TI - Wounds caused by tight contact with the barrel-cylinder gap of revolvers. AB - A case is presented in which the recognition of a tight cylinder gap contact wound was crucial. Experiments were carried out to reproduce the wound which was noted on the hand of a robbery suspect. Tight contact with the cylinder gap of a revolver produces a characteristic, readily recognizable wound. It is characterized by an L-shaped pattern of powder residue. Along one axis a searing burn may occur which may be deep and which may lead to significant tissue destruction. PMID- 6731405 TI - Fatal snakebite in Australia. AB - More than 20 venomous snakes found in Australia belong to the family Elapidae . Although their venom delivery system is less efficient than that of the Viperidae , their venoms are extremely potent. The active components of Australian elapid venoms include neurotoxins, myotoxins , hemolysins, and factors producing hypocoagulability. The groups at particular risk of snakebite are children, agricultural workers, bushwalkers , and herpetologists . A high index of suspicion must be maintained when investigating cases of sudden unexpected death in these groups. The bite wound itself may be particularly easily overlooked as there is little local reaction to many elapid bites. The necropsy findings in fatalities are predictable from the known properties of the venoms of the various species. However, these findings are non-specific and the diagnosis ultimately rests upon the demonstration of the presence of venom by immunoassay. For this purpose swabs from the bite site, the overlying clothing, the excised bite site, the local and regional lymph nodes, urine, and blood may be used. PMID- 6731406 TI - Acute rheumatic carditis causing sudden death. AB - An 18-year-old male died suddenly while running a confidence course in basic training. Past medical history was negative for acute rheumatic fever. At autopsy he had acute rheumatic mitral valvulitis with extensive myocarditis. Multiple Aschoff bodies were seen in perivascular regions in the right and left ventricle. Review of recent literature of the various causes of sudden cardiac death failed to reveal acute rheumatic valvulitis and myocarditis as reported causes of sudden death. PMID- 6731407 TI - Spontaneous primary dissecting coronary artery aneurysm. Report of two cases. AB - Two cases of dissecting aneurysm of the left main stem and left anterior descending coronary arteries are presented. Both cases were discovered during routine medicolegal death investigations. Unusual aspects of one of our cases include the history of antecedent trauma and the precise identification of an intimal tear. PMID- 6731408 TI - Traumatic pulmonary arteriovenous fistula due to shotgun wound to the chest. AB - Acquired or congenital pulmonary arteriovenous fistulas are rare. The pulmonary arteriovenous fistula may be either acquired or congenital in origin, the latter being much more frequent than the former. The congenital origin usually combines with other vascular anomaly. Acquired origin has been reported in cases of metastatic carcinoma of the thyroid gland, pulmonary schistosomiasis, and long standing hepatic cirrhosis. PMID- 6731409 TI - Fatal hemorrhage from minor trauma following massive salicylate ingestion. AB - The anticoagulant property of aspirin has long been appreciated. Recently, the physiologic mechanism has been identified and documented extensively. Despite the long-lasting inhibition of platelet function and clinically significant postoperative hemorrhage following aspirin use, few serious complications or fatalities are reported in the current literature. We report a case in which fatal hemorrhage resulted from minor trauma following massive salicylate ingestion. A review of the cyclo-oxygenase mechanism is presented. PMID- 6731410 TI - Tuberculosis and sudden death in Baghdad. AB - Tuberculosis deaths represent a recognizable proportion of all medicolegal statistics in and around Baghdad. Out of the total number of autopsies performed at the Medicolegal Institute at Baghdad, Iraq, in the years, 1948, 1953, 1958, 1963, 1968, 1973, and 1978, 168 sudden deaths were attributed to tuberculosis. Bilateral pulmonary tuberculosis was the principle lesion in the majority of the victims. Tuberculosis cavitation was the major finding in 126 cases, followed by advanced pulmonary TB without cavitation in 25. There was no gross abnormality, except for a histological basis of pulmonary TB associated with miliary TB involving hepatic, renal, meningeal, and mesenteric organs in the remaining 17 autopsies. The abrupt and suspicious deaths in older people, especially during cold months, is more likely due to TB. Autopsy should be performed in all cases of sudden and suspicious deaths. Histological study of different body organs, whether death is attributed by the investigative authority or not related to TB, should be required in all medicolegal autopsies, in order to obtain a true picture of TB as a natural cause of death. PMID- 6731411 TI - Dental age estimation. An alternative technique for tooth sectioning. AB - An alternative technique for sectioning teeth for age estimation, the half tooth technique, is presented. In a sample of 10 pairs of contralateral teeth, the measurements and calculated age obtained with this technique were compared with those obtained by the conventional thin section technique. Age calculations were performed according to the methods of Bang and Ramm , Dalitz , Johanson, and Miles. The half tooth technique was easy to perform and the cut surface produced was found to be suitable for measurements of the factors used in age calculations. Although a tendency for higher measurements was found using the half tooth technique, the difference was not significant for any type of measurement (P greater than 0.05). A significantly higher age from the half teeth was found when calculated by the method of Bang and Ramm , but this seems to be based on an inaccuracy in their method. Therefore, the methods used for calculating the age based on thin sections can be applied successfully to the half tooth technique. PMID- 6731412 TI - Police surgeons of the United Kingdom. Practitioners of clinical forensic medicine. PMID- 6731413 TI - Arterial rifle bullet embolus. PMID- 6731414 TI - Flexible sigmoidoscopy: diagnostic yield in 1015 patients. AB - The purposes of our study were to 1) identify the number of neoplastic lesions (adenomatous polyps and cancer) diagnosable by flexible sigmoidoscopy (FS) in patients with symptoms of colorectal disease and 2) determine the age distribution of patients in whom neoplastic lesions are detected by FS. A total of 1015 patients, ages 20-89 years, underwent FS because of the following indications: rectal bleeding, occult blood loss, anemia, change in bowel habit, weight loss, and abdominal pain. FS examined a mean distance of 49 +/- 2 cm (SEM) in an average time of 11.5 min. A bowel preparation of 2 Fleet enemas was adequate in 95% of patients and the examination was well tolerated by all age groups. There were no complications encountered. Eight-five neoplastic lesions were identified in 78 patients. Fifty-four percent of all adenomatous polyps and 61% of the cancers were detected beyond 20 cm. Neoplastic lesions were identified in all adult decades studied, ranging from 3.2% of patients aged 20-40 years, 8.0% for patients between 40 and 60, and 10.1% from 60 to 80; with a peak yield of 11.2% in the 7th decade. Cancer was diagnosed only in patients more than 40 years; 3.3% of patients over 60 had carcinoma compared to 0.8% in patients less than 60. These data provide evidence for the value of FS as a safe initial diagnostic procedure to detect neoplastic lesions in symptomatic patients of all adult age groups. PMID- 6731415 TI - Barrett's esophagus with adenocarcinoma in scleroderma. AB - The gastrointestinal manifestations of scleroderma are varied. Esophageal problems are common especially in patients with Raynaud's phenomenon. An adenocarcinoma complicating a Barrett's esophagus was identified in a patient with the CREST variant of scleroderma. The significance of this association and its relationship to chronic reflux esophagitis is discussed. Patients with scleroderma should be considered to be at an increased risk of developing this premalignant condition of the esophagus. PMID- 6731416 TI - Perforation of the small intestine due to eosinophilic gastroenteritis. AB - A 74-year-old woman with longstanding diarrhea and clinical symptoms of malabsorption and a raised peripheral eosinophilic count underwent an explorative laparotomy for small intestinal perforation. The resected specimen was consistent with the diagnosis of eosinophilic gastroenteritis. Despite corticosteroids, a second acute abdominal crisis occurred and the patient died. Small intestinal perforation due to transmural bowel wall involvement in eosinophilic gastroenteritis has to our knowledge not been described previously. PMID- 6731417 TI - Nongranulomatous ulcerative jejunoileitis. AB - Nongranulomatous ulcerative jejunoileitis is a rare cause of small intestinal ulceration. Clinical features include fever, pain, steatorrhea, and protein losing enteropathy with an unremitting downhill course. Some cases have shown similarities to gluten-sensitive enteropathy. However, the small bowel barium study of these two diseases shows markedly divergent patterns. PMID- 6731418 TI - Proctalgia fugax in patients with the irritable bowel, peptic ulcer, or inflammatory bowel disease. AB - One hundred forty-eight patients with gastrointestinal disease, 50 patients with the irritable bowel syndrome (IBS) and 49 each with peptic ulcer and inflammatory bowel disease, were interviewed to determine if they had proctalgia fugax (PF) and if the symptom was associated with the IBS. One-third of the patients had PF. It occurred in 51% of females and 12% of males (p less than 0.001). When corrected for sex, PF was no more prevalent in IBS than in peptic ulcer or inflammatory bowel disease. Only two of six previously described IBS symptoms were more prevalent in the PF patients. Attacks occurred in the day in 94%, and one-third of sufferers related them to defecation. The pain was localized in the anus in 90%, occurred less than five times a year in 51%, and lasted less than 1 min in 57%. In most, activity was not interrupted by this pain and only 20% had ever reported it to a physician. PF is very common among patients with abdominal symptoms, but is not related to the IBS. Since it is infrequent, benign, and transient, PF is usually not mentioned to the physician. PMID- 6731419 TI - Colonic polyps and adenocarcinoma complicating ureterosigmoidostomy: report of a case. AB - A case of bilateral juvenile polyps and unilateral adenocarcinoma at the ureterocolic junctions occurring 40 years after ureterosigmoidostomy for exstrophy of the bladder is reported. Although adenocarcinoma of colon at the anastomotic site represents an uncommon late complication of ureterosigmoidostomy, patients undergoing this form of urinary diversion have a risk of developing colonic carcinoma that is 100 to 550 times greater than the normal population. Moreover this complication is being reported with increasing frequency in the literature. Different pathogenetic factors may play a role in carcinogenesis, but none has been satisfactorily proven. We suggest the possibility that polyps developing at the site of a ureterocolic junction may represent precancerous lesions. PMID- 6731420 TI - Rare complications after transabdominal fine needle aspiration. AB - Fine needle aspiration is emerging as a useful diagnostic tool in the evaluation of tumor masses. This technique provides high diagnostic yield associated with only minimal side effects. Of 500 transabdominal aspirations conducted in our hospital over an 8-year period we have experienced four cases of unusual complications after this procedure. These included bile peritonitis, localized peritonitis and infection, perforation of small bowel, and pneumothorax. The last three cases have not yet been described in the literature as complications of transabdominal aspiration. Analysis of these complications illustrate the importance of careful patient selection and meticulous attention to the proper procedure. PMID- 6731421 TI - Cystadenoma of the common bile duct demonstrated by endoscopic retrograde cholangiography: an uncommon cause of extrahepatic obstruction. AB - Obstructive jaundice may rarely be caused by a benign tumor of the biliary tract. We describe a patient in whom the diagnosis of cystadenoma of the common bile duct was established. Complete resection of the tumor could be carried out. The clinical, radiological, and histological features of this neoplasm are reviewed. PMID- 6731422 TI - Acute hepatitis as a primary manifestation of infectious mononucleosis in a 53 year-old man. PMID- 6731423 TI - Cystic duct fistula: a complication of cholecystectomy. AB - Two patients with postcholecystectomy cystic duct fistulas are described. Although still a most uncommon diagnosis, newer imaging procedures have facilitated recognition of this problem. Cystic duct fistulas may contribute to the subhepatic collection found in many patients postcholecystectomy. PMID- 6731424 TI - Bright yellow--the extended spectrum of Gilbert's syndrome. PMID- 6731425 TI - Paraganglioma of the common hepatic duct. AB - A case of paraganglioma arising in the common hepatic duct is reported. The patient presented with obstructive jaundice. At operation, a soft mass, 5 X 2 X 1.8 cm, was found firmly adherent to the intraluminal surface of the common hepatic duct. At cholecystectomy, exploration of the common hepatic duct was performed and the mass was partially removed. T-tube choledochostomy and operative cholangiography were performed. The final pathological report was paraganglioma of the common hepatic duct. The patient was clinically improved on discharge. PMID- 6731426 TI - Crohn's disease of the proximal stomach. PMID- 6731427 TI - Job activity and colon cancer risk. AB - The authors studied 2,950 population-based colon cancer cases in males in Los Angeles County, California, that were diagnosed between 1972 and 1981. To determine if colon cancer risk is reduced by physical activity on the job in males aged 20-64 years, the authors first rated each occupation by judging the activity level as high, moderate, or sedentary. Men with sedentary jobs had a colon cancer risk at least 1.6 times that of men whose jobs required a high level of activity. Risk increased in a stepwise manner as activity level decreased. This gradient was consistently seen within each socioeconomic stratum, among whites, blacks, immigrant and native Hispanics, and for each subsection of the colon from the hepatic flexure to the sigmoid. The protective effect of physical activity was very strong in the descending colon and diminished in a gradient both proximally and distally. There was no such relationship between physical activity and risk for rectal cancer. Physical activity may play a major, previously unrecognized role in colon cancer etiology. Such a role is consistent with the known pattern of colon cancer occurrence and with our understanding of colon physiology and colon cancer pathogenesis. In addition to the implications for prevention, understanding the effects of physical activity on colon cancer risk may allow future studies to evaluate more accurately the role played by diet. PMID- 6731428 TI - Estimating disease rates from a diagnostic test. AB - Incidence and remission rates are often estimated from studies that employ a diagnostic test to indicate the presence of disease. The apparent rates that result from a simple study design with one test given at two time points will be substantially different from the true rates, even if the error rates of the test are low. Estimation of the true rates requires extra assumptions or extended designs with more tests or more time points. The authors illustrate their points with the use of two examples, the second of which compares the estimates obtained to actual data from a study of onchocerciasis (river blindness) in Guatemala. PMID- 6731429 TI - Causal analysis of infant deaths in Hawaii. AB - Infant mortality among the 34,330 births registered in Hawaii during 1978-1979 was analyzed by means of several methods. Path analysis showed the Apgar score to be the best predictor of mortality, although the effects of birth weight, gestation time and preconceptional and postconceptional factors were all highly significant. Commingling analysis attributed 41% of the deaths to high risk factors recognized from the birth certificate. The infant mortality was lowest in tracts with the highest socioeconomic and health standards, but individual variation in socioeconomic standards was a poor predictor of mortality. PMID- 6731430 TI - Guillain-Barre syndrome and its relationship to swine influenza vaccination in Michigan, 1976-1977. AB - Active surveillance to detect all patients with Guillain-Barre syndrome who had had onset of illness from July 1, 1976 through April 30, 1977 was undertaken in Michigan after indications that the syndrome might be associated with the National Influenza Immunization Program of 1976-1977. Hospital record room librarians, neurologists, and neurosurgeons reported the greatest number of cases; coded hospital discharge records were the best means of ascertaining case occurrence. This differed from national surveillance, which relied essentially on reports that neurologists and other clinicians sent to state epidemiologists and then to the Centers for Disease Control; hospital discharge lists were not systemically reviewed nationally. A total of 79 of the Michigan cases were in persons who had not received swine influenza vaccine, while 46 cases were in persons who had received it. For unvaccinated adults, the incidence of Guillain Barre syndrome during the 10-month surveillance period was 0.36 cases per 10(6) person-weeks; for adults with onset within six weeks of vaccination, it was 2.31 cases per 10(6) person-weeks. After six weeks post-vaccination, the rate decreased to 0.17 cases per 10(6) person-weeks. The attributable risk for acquiring Guillain-Barre syndrome within six weeks after receiving swine influenza vaccine was 11.70 cases per 10(6) persons vaccinated. PMID- 6731431 TI - A case-control study of cancers of the nasal cavity and paranasal sinuses. AB - To examine occupation, smoking, and other risk factors for nasal cancer, a case control study was conducted among 160 patients, who were admitted to four hospitals in North Carolina and Virginia between 1970 and 1980, and 290 controls. Employment in the furniture industry was not associated with squamous cell tumors, but such employment increased the risk of nasal adenocarcinoma by fivefold. In addition, approximately threefold excess risks of adenocarcinoma were observed for those employed in other industries involving possible exposure to wood dust. Elevated risks among males were also associated with occupational exposures to chromates (relative risk (RR) = 5.1) and chemicals (RR = 2.7). Among females, an excess risk was associated with employment in the textile industry, particularly for jobs involving dust exposure (RR = 2.3). Although there was no evidence that alcohol consumption affected risk, heavy cigarette smokers were at a two- to threefold excess risk (predominantly for squamous cell tumors); in addition, there was evidence that there was an elevated risk associated with the use of snuff. Elevated risks were also associated with histories of nasal polyps (RR = 8.3), recurrent nose bleeds (RR = 2.0), and sinus trouble (RR = 2.7). These findings provide leads for further studies, and underscore the importance of distinguishing between histologic types. PMID- 6731432 TI - The Collaborative Lipid Research Clinics Program Family Study. I. Study design and description of data. AB - The third phase of the Lipid Research Clinics North American Population Studies is the Collaborative Family Study (1975-1978), designed to contribute knowledge of the familial association of dyslipoproteinemia and distribution of lipids and lipoproteins among family members. The 2,405 probands of the study were composed of a random (40%) and a hyperlipidemic (60%) component. A total of 15,693 living relatives of these probands were identified, of whom about 75% participated in the study. Demographic, medical, and medication history and lipid and lipoprotein data were collected with strict adherence to a common protocol and standardized laboratory methodology. This report presents the design and scope of the Family Study and the distribution of probands and relatives by clinic, age, selection scheme, and family structure. The possible avenues of analysis and the potential usefulness of this large, high quality data base in assessing the familial determinants of lipid and lipoprotein levels are discussed. PMID- 6731433 TI - The Collaborative Lipid Research Clinics Program Family Study. II. Response rates, representativeness of the sample, and stability of lipid and lipoprotein levels. AB - The Collaborative Family Study (1975-1978), the third phase of the Lipid Research Clinics Program Population Studies, covers 2405 probands and 15,693 of their relatives from nine North American communities. This sample was examined for participation differences across race, sex, locality, educational level, and reason for selection. The participation rates were somewhat lower for blacks, younger age groups, and subjects with lower educational levels. The probands' reason for selection into the study had little impact on the participation of probands or relatives. Moreover, based on information gathered at earlier examinations on eligible Family Study probands, the cornary risk factor profile appeared to be similar among participants and nonparticipants . The available longitudinal lipid data on probands indicated general consistency in lipid levels within subjects over short periods of time, in cholesterol even more so than in triglycerides. Among age strata, the younger subjects showed the least intrapersonal stability, especially for triglycerides. PMID- 6731434 TI - The Collaborative Lipid Research Clinics Program Family Study. III. Transformations and covariate adjustments of lipid and lipoprotein levels. AB - Several methods of transformation and covariate adjustment have been applied to the Collaborative Lipid Research Clinics Program Family Study data to facilitate analysis of lipid levels of examinees of different sex and age groups. After several exploratory analyses, cholesterol, high density lipoprotein cholesterol, and low density lipoprotein cholesterol were logarithmically transformed, and triglycerides were transformed by the power -0.25. Two types of covariate adjustment procedures, the regression and Z score methods, were used. A modified regression method was developed and was found to be preferable to both simple cubic regression and the Z score method on theoretical and empirical grounds. Refinements in this method to correct for change in variance with age, and for the effect of socioeconomic status, seasonality, and anthropometric measures were made. Methodological issues connected with the transformation and adjustment procedures are discussed. PMID- 6731435 TI - The Collaborative Lipid Research Clinics Program Family Study. IV. Familial associations of plasma lipids and lipoproteins. AB - Familial associations of total cholesterol, low density lipoprotein cholesterol, triglycerides, and very low density lipoprotein cholesterol were examined in a population-based random sample of 858 white and 73 black probands and their 4,027 white and 245 black relatives from nine North American Lipid Research Clinics. Correlations among biologic relatives were highly significant for total cholesterol and low density lipoprotein cholesterol and to a lesser extent for triglycerides and very low density lipoprotein cholesterol in whites. Correlations for spouses, however, were not significant, suggesting a stronger influence of genes than shared environment in the determination of these traits. Homogeneity of familial correlations across age strata, clinics, and racial groups was examined. In general, correlations were homogeneous across age strata and clinics, and there was no asymmetry in parent-offspring correlations by the sex of the parent or offspring. Racial differences in correlations were not significant except in four of 32 comparisons, with blacks showing weaker correlations than whites in those instances. PMID- 6731436 TI - Components of depressed mood in married men and women. The Center for Epidemiologic Studies' Depression Scale. AB - The Center for Epidemiologic Studies' Depression Scale (CES-D) was developed to measure depressive symptoms in community populations. To be useful for epidemiologic studies of depression, the scale should measure the same thing in various subgroups. This study examines the psychometric properties of the CES-D among men and women, including its factor structure, reliability, and characteristics of its subscales. A national sample of 1,360 married men and women, collected in 1978, was used. Factor analysis produced four major factors in the CES-D: depressed affect, enervation , lack of positive affect, and interpersonal problems. These factors are generalizable across men and women with two exceptions--crying spells, which are a good indicator of depressed mood for women, do not indicate depressed mood for men; and feeling one's life is a failure is associated with depressed affect for women and with a lack of positive affect for men. The two items in the interpersonal factor (feeling that people dislike you and that people are unfriendly ) do not show the expected pattern of association with gender, since men have significantly more interpersonal symptoms than women. Women have more symptoms of depressed affect, enervation , and lack of positive affect. PMID- 6731438 TI - Erythrocyte pyruvate kinase deficiency in the Ohio Amish: origin and characterization of the mutant enzyme. AB - We have identified eight individuals in an Amish population in Geauga County, Ohio, who have a congenital hemolytic anemia and red cell pyruvate kinase (PK) deficiency. The mutant enzyme is a low Km phosphoenolpyruvate (PEP) variant associated with a slower (77.5% of normal) electrophoretic mobility in starch gel. Because of the high consanguinity in this population, we assume the affected individuals are homozygous for the mutant gene. Genealogical records allow us to trace all eight cases back to a common ancestor who lived in Mifflin County, Pennsylvania. His sister was a common ancestor to all cases of PK deficiency originally described in the Pennsylvania Amish isolate. Therefore, all cases of PK deficiency in the Amish arose from a common ancestral pair. PMID- 6731437 TI - Complementation of multiple sulfatase deficiency in somatic cell hybrids. AB - Multiple sulfatase deficiency (MSD) is an inherited disorder characterized by deficient activity of seven different sulfatases. Genetic complementation for steroid sulfatase (STS), arylsulfatase A, and N-acetylgalactosamine 6-SO4 sulfatase was demonstrated in somatic cell hybrids between MSD fibroblasts and mouse cells ( LA9 ) or Chinese hamster cells ( CHW ). In an electrophoretic system that separates human and rodent STS isozymes, enzyme from hybrids migrated as human enzyme. We concluded that the rodent cell complemented the MSD deficiency and allowed normal expression of the STS structural gene. Some MSD- LA9 hybrids showed significant levels of human arylsulfatase A activity, as shown by the immunoprecipitation of active enzyme by human-specific antiserum. Complementation was also suggested for N-acetylgalactosamine 6- sulfatate sulfatase (GalNAc-6S sulfatase) in several MSD- LA9 hybrids by the demonstration of a significant increase in activity (10-fold) over that of the GalNAc-6S sulfatase-deficient parental mouse and MSD cells. Thus, it was possible to demonstrate complementation for more than one sulfatase in a single MSD-rodent hybrid. Normal levels of sulfatase activity in hybrids indicate that the sulfatase structural genes are intact in MSD cells. PMID- 6731440 TI - A "disproportion" between the frequency of rare electropmorphs and enzyme deficiency variants in Amerindians. AB - Our previous studies have revealed a higher frequency of nonpolymorphic electrophoretic variants in blood samples from Amerindians than in similar samples from Caucasians and Japanese. Our present study finds, by contrast, that the frequency of deficiency variants of 11 erythrocyte enzymes, sampled in nine Amerindian tribes of Central and South America, is essentially the same (1.5/1,000 determinations) as in Caucasians or Japanese. Possible explanations of the elevated frequency of mobility variants in the tropical-zone/ unacculturated populations include: higher mutation rates resulting in both electrophoretic and activity variants in Amerindians but increased selection against deficiency variants in the Amerindians, or comparable mutation rates in both populations coupled with a greater probability of a mobility variant attaining a relatively high frequency among the Amerindians. PMID- 6731441 TI - Screening and genetic counseling for beta-thalassemia trait in a population unselected for interest: comparison of three counseling methods. AB - We have assessed the effects of screening and genetic counseling for beta thalassemia trait on knowledge, attitudes, and behavior in a prospective, controlled study of randomly selected adult members of a health maintenance organization. We report here that knowledge of manifestations and of inheritance of thalassemia, previously reported to be high immediately after counseling, were well maintained at 2 and 10 months following counseling. There was no detectable impairment of self-concept. Marital adjustment improved, and sexual activity increased significantly. Mood, assessed immediately before and after counseling, showed no undesirable changes. A patient-structured counseling method, designed to minimize negative psychological effects via discussion of feelings, was not superior to conventional and programmed methods, described in our previous reports, in terms of learning or attitude change. PMID- 6731439 TI - Fragile (X) X-linked mental retardation. II. Frequency and replication pattern of fragile (X)(q28) in heterozygotes. AB - The frequency of cytologic expression and the replication pattern of the fragile (X) [fra(X)] were investigated in 28 fra(X) heterozygotes, of which 25 agreed to psychological assessment. One-third of the heterozygotes in this study are mentally retarded. The intellectually impaired carriers had a higher frequency of fra(X) and a higher proportion of early-replicating fra(X) than the normally intelligent carriers. The early-replicating fra(X) accounted for 39% of the variability in IQ and the late-replicating fra(X) for 12%. Age had a minimal inverse effect on fra(X) expression and replication pattern. Thus, it appears that mental retardation in females heterozygous for the fra(X) may largely be a function of the proportion of cells with an early-replicating, active X chromosome possessing the fragile site. PMID- 6731443 TI - Cancer mortality among workers exposed to formaldehyde. AB - Proportionate mortality among workers exposed to formaldehyde was analyzed among employees of a large chemical plant in Western Massachusetts. Twenty-four such decedents, all males, were identified through union records, reports of former co workers, and a systematic review of obituaries in local newspaper. Work histories were obtained from seniority lists. Race-age-sex-adjusted proportionate mortality ratios ( PMRs ) were significantly elevated for cancer of the colon based on United States, county, and county cancer mortality proportions (PMR = 702, 424, 333, p less than or equal to .05), as were PMRs for the category buccal and pharyngeal cancer (PMR = 870, 952, 833, p less than .05). This study provides evidence of formaldehyde's carcinogenicity. These findings are at variance with a previous report of the mortality experience of workers at the same plant from an earlier period. PMID- 6731442 TI - Distribution of genetic variants of transcobalamin II in Nigerian black populations. AB - Transcobalamin II ( TC2 ) phenotyping was performed in Nigerian black males from several ethnic groups, using polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis in combination with autoradiography. The TC2 gene frequencies in the total Nigerian sample amounted to .064 (X), .124 (S), .498 (M), and .313 (F). Compared to white populations, the frequency of TC2 *X is low while the frequencies of TC2 *S and TC2 *F are high, which confirms previous studies on blacks. In some of the rare phenotypes we found, in addition to common TC2 variants, TC2 gene products with an electrophoretic mobility intermediary to X and S, and to M and F, indicative of further microheterogeneity in the genetic system of TC2 . The TC2 gene frequency data indicate interpopulation heterogeneity for this marker. Major differences were found between the Sudan and Guinea Savanna Group ( SGSG ) and the Middle Belt Group, and between the SGSG and the Ibos . The results of our comparative study confirm to some extent similar surveys, which have been based on the distribution of the ABO blood groups. PMID- 6731444 TI - Evidence for hematotoxicity and tumorigenesis in rats exposed to 100 ppm benzene. AB - A group of 40 Sprague-Dawley rats was exposed to 100 ppm benzene for 6 h/day, 5 days/week for life. Another group of 40 rats received air under the same exposure regimen. During the exposures, treated rats exhibited continuously depressed peripheral erythrocyte and lymphocyte counts. Although the incidences of these peripheral cell depressions were statistically significant, the magnitudes of the depressions were not. Histopathologic evaluation revealed that splenic hemosiderin pigments were much more prevalent in exposed rats than in controls, indicating either red cell hemolysis or ineffective erythropoiesis. The mortality corrected tumor incidences between exposed and control mice were not statistically different. However, several exposed rats died with tumors that, because of their rare spontaneous incidence, are most likely treatment-related. Four rats died with liver tumors, two died with zymbal gland carcinoma, and one died with chronic myelogenous leukemia. PMID- 6731445 TI - Mortality from cancers of major sites in female radium dial workers. AB - The female radium dial workers have now experienced significant mortality from cancers other than the bone sarcomas and head carcinomas long known to be radium induced. The relationships of radium exposure to mortality from cancers of the stomach, pancreas, colon, rectum, liver, lung, breast, cervix, and corpus uteri, and from leukemia were studied in 1,285 pre-1930 dial workers. Mortality was compared with that expected from rates for US white females, with and without adjustment for local area mortality rates, and with mortality in dial workers exposed from 1930 to 1949. For the 693 cases whose body content of radium has been measured since 1955, dose-response relationships of cancer to systemic intake of radium and duration of employment were examined. Liver, pancreatic, cervical, and uterine cancers were clearly unrelated to radium exposure. Other cancers of the digestive tract appeared to be indirectly, if at all, associated with work in radium facilities. Lung cancer requires further investigation; inhalation exposures of the dial workers were reviewed. Analyses of the breast cancer data uncovered several observations inconsistent with the previously suggested causal association with radium exposure. Multiple myeloma was also reviewed. A threefold excess risk of death due to multiple myeloma has occurred, but is more closely correlated with duration of employment (a surrogate for external gamma radiation) than with radium intake. PMID- 6731446 TI - Formaldehyde: science and regulation. PMID- 6731447 TI - Financial aspects of hepatitis B vaccination program. PMID- 6731448 TI - Pain-management program for ambulatory patients. PMID- 6731449 TI - Controlling admixture waste through pharmacist monitoring. PMID- 6731450 TI - Determination of ideal body weight. PMID- 6731451 TI - Application of federal indicators in nursing-home drug-regimen review. AB - Numbers of medications per patient and rate of drug administration errors were compared in Wisconsin long-term care facilities that used federal indicators in conducting drug-regimen review versus facilities that did not use the indicators. Data were collected from 1132 charts in 24 facilities randomly selected from a state survey schedule for June-October 1982. Both prescription and nonprescription drugs that patients received during the 30-day period preceding the survey were counted. Medication use was compared by facility type--skilled nursing facility (SNF), intermediate-care facility (ICF), or ICF for the mentally retarded. The federal indicators were used in 10 facilities. Mean number of medications used per patient where indicators were applied (5.4 versus 6.6 for SNFs and 3.4 versus 5.8 for ICFs ) was not significantly different. In SNFs using the indicators, patients received 5.6 medications where the consultant pharmacist was also the provider and 5.2 where the consultant was not the provider. Medication use was not significantly different by facility type. The number of drug administration irregularities per 100 residents was significantly greater where indicators were not applied. Further study is needed to determine whether use of federal indicators encourages more efficient and appropriate drug therapy for patients in long-term care facilities. PMID- 6731452 TI - Veterans Administration medical center policies and procedures for handling injectable antineoplastic drugs. AB - Policies and procedures for handling injectable antineoplastic agents in Veterans Administration medical centers ( VAMCs ) were surveyed. The chiefs of pharmacy of 158 VAMCs received a questionnaire that covered (1) methods of preparation, administration, and disposal of injectable antineoplastic medications, (2) precautions in the handling of these drugs, and (3) general information about the institutions. Representatives of 136 (86.1%) of the VAMCs responded, representing more than 72,000 hospital beds with 1203 designated as oncology beds. Approximately half of these institutions had written policies and procedures for the preparation, administration, and disposal of the agents. Only 22 VAMCs had a formal training program for their employees. Sixty-two percent indicated that the pharmacy had complete responsibility for the preparation of injectable antineoplastics, while 33% still claimed nursing involvement. Only five institutions stated tests were performed to evaluate harmful effects. Only half used vertical laminar-airflow hoods exclusively for the preparation of these agents. Two thirds of the VAMCs stated that they had special methods for segregating antineoplastic waste; 81% employed incineration. The survey identified areas involving the handling of injectable antineoplastics in which hospitals need to develop policies. PMID- 6731453 TI - Tips for making the job search productive and enjoyable. AB - Tips for making the search for a new job productive and enjoyable are presented. Identifying job opportunities requires a network of individuals who might assist in the job search. Traditional sources of job information can also be helpful. The most important element in following up on job leads is determining in advance that qualifications meet the established requirements. In preparing for a job interview, the applicant should learn as much as possible about the potential employer, the job, and the interviewer. General points to follow during and after the interview are outlined. Accepting a new job is a major life decision. Advance preparation, including a clear understanding of personal goals, motivations, and expectations, combined with strong interviewing skills can ensure that each job specific short-range decision will contribute to the achievement of a life-long career path. PMID- 6731454 TI - Recruiting, interviewing, and hiring pharmacy personnel. AB - A practical approach to recruiting, interviewing, and hiring pharmacy personnel is presented. Recruiting applicants should be an ongoing function, and personnel departments can serve as an important resource. A good pool of applicants can be developed by contacts, referrals, and advertising and through schools of pharmacy and placement services. Federal and state regulations regarding equal employment opportunity and affirmative action are discussed. The first step of the interview process involves comparing the applications with a current job description. A strategy for conducting the interview should be developed before the meeting takes place. Some examples of basic questions and questions that can be used to explore the applicant's work experience, background, and motivational level are presented. Suggestions are made for documenting interviews. Details on making the hiring decision on the basis of the interview are discussed, and the process of actually offering the position is covered. Hiring new employees is a major commitment that demands careful consideration. Each step in the process of recruiting, interviewing, and hiring must be performed diligently to avoid problems later on. PMID- 6731455 TI - Policies governing physician self-prescribing. PMID- 6731456 TI - Alternative organizational structure for a hospital pharmacy department. PMID- 6731457 TI - Visual compatibility of dobutamine hydrochloride with other injectable drugs. PMID- 6731458 TI - Baroreceptor dysfunction in humans. PMID- 6731459 TI - Abnormal zinc metabolism in type II diabetes mellitus. PMID- 6731460 TI - Parathyroid glands in familial benign hypercalcemia (familial hypocalciuric hypercalcemia). AB - The histologic characteristics of the parathyroid glands in familial benign hypercalcemia (familial hypocalciuric hypercalcemia) are disputed, some finding parathyroid hyperplasia and others finding no abnormalities. To further investigate this issue, the histologic appearance of 82 parathyroid glands from 47 control patients (surgical and autopsy) were compared with those of 28 glands from 23 patients with familial hypocalciuric hypercalcemia who had undergone surgery for suspected primary hyperparathyroidism. Median and mean weights of 23 parathyroid glands from 12 patients with familial hypocalciuric hypercalcemia were 50 mg and 60 mg, respectively, with a range from 5 to 181 mg. Eighty-three percent of individual glands were within extreme normal limits for weight (less than 75 mg). Percent parenchymal area in familial hypocalciuric hypercalcemia was slightly but significantly less than control values (62 +/- 2 versus 71 +/- 2 percent, respectively; (p = 0.009). Conversely, percent fat was higher in familial hypocalciuric hypercalcemia than control values (30 +/- 3 versus 21 +/- 2 percent, respectively; p = 0.015). Stromal area was 8 +/- 1 percent in each group. Although 15 to 20 percent of parathyroid glands in familial hypocalciuric hypercalcemia exceeded normal size, most were indistinguishable from normal by size, weight, and microscopic appearance. The significantly reduced percent parenchyma in glands from patients with familial hypocalciuric hypercalcemia further suggests that the condition is not uniformly accompanied by typical parathyroid hyperplasia and should not be thought of as merely a variant of the latter. PMID- 6731461 TI - Intraleukocytic sequestration as a cause of persistent Staphylococcus aureus peritonitis in continuous ambulatory peritoneal dialysis. AB - Peritonitis caused by Staphylococcus aureus in four patients undergoing continuous ambulatory peritoneal dialysis failed to respond to, or relapsed immediately after cessation of, intraperitoneal antibiotic therapy with vancomycin or cephalothin and tobramycin. Sequestration of viable staphylococci within polymorphonuclear leukocytes in the peritoneal fluid was suspected for two reasons: (1) staphylococci could still be grown after treatment of the dialysate cell fraction with lysostaphin, a procedure that kills only extracellular staphylococci, and (2) diminished polymorphonuclear leukocyte bactericidal activity was demonstrated in peritoneal dialysis effluent. Addition of rifampin, which readily penetrates polymorphonuclear leukocytes, to the treatment regimen of all patients led to prompt resolution of peritonitis without relapse. PMID- 6731462 TI - Evidence for hyperestrogenemia as the link between diabetes mellitus and myocardial infarction. AB - The previous findings of hyperestrogenemia in men with myocardial infarction and of a correlation between the ratio of serum estradiol to testosterone and the glucose-insulin-lipid defect have led to the hypothesis that hyperestrogenemia may be responsible for the increased incidence of atherosclerosis and its complications in patients with diabetes. The hypothesis predicts that the mean serum level of estradiol and the ratio of serum estradiol to testosterone are elevated in patients with diabetes. To test this hypothesis, the serum levels of estradiol and testosterone were measured in 21 nonobese men with diabetes and in 19 apparently healthy men of similar age and weight. A higher mean serum estradiol level (p less than 0.001) and estradiol-to-testosterone ratio (p less than 0.005) were observed in the patients with diabetes, whereas the mean serum testosterone level was not significantly different. The findings are consistent with the hypothesis. PMID- 6731463 TI - Clinical implications of aging physiology. AB - The increasing biologic uniqueness of older persons requires an individualized approach to their medical care. The physician must be aware of his or her own attitudes and beliefs regarding aging and death and how these views influence the physician-patient relationship. The physician must understand how older persons behave when they are ill and know how to interpret a changing constellation of multiple disease possibilities and interrelationships. The physician requires knowledge skills and the willingness to carefully evaluate each individual situation and to formulate a specifically tailored care plan. Because of the magnitude and complexity of medical, psychological, and social problems in older persons, the physician must cooperate with other members of the health care team. The accumulation and constant refinement of these skills defines the maturity and scientific grounding of the physician. PMID- 6731464 TI - Functional properties of accessory atrioventricular pathways in Wolff-Parkinson White syndrome. Clinical implications. AB - The Wolff-Parkinson-White syndrome is an uncommon cardiac disorder due to the presence of an accessory atrioventricular pathway resulting in ventricular pre excitation and supraventricular tachycardias. The recognition of the Wolff Parkinson-White syndrome is important because of the potential for the development of extremely rapid ventricular rates during atrial fibrillation that may lead to ventricular fibrillation and sudden death. The diagnosis of the Wolff Parkinson-White syndrome is obvious when classic delta waves and short P-R intervals are present, but the electrocardiographic manifestations of the syndrome may be subtle and vary considerably from patient to patient. Certain commonly used antiarrhythmic medications may be useful for the treatment of reciprocating tachycardia in these patients and yet prove to be ineffective--or even deleterious--in preventing excessively rapid conduction to the ventricles during atrial fibrillation. An appreciation of the functional properties of the accessory pathways in the Wolff-Parkinson-White syndrome and how they are affected by pharmacologic agents should result in improved recognition of this entity and more effective medical management of patients with a risk of sudden death. PMID- 6731465 TI - Acute basophilic leukemia. AB - Acute basophilic leukemia was diagnosed in a 61-year-old black woman on the basis of 85 to 90 percent basophils in the peripheral blood as well as bone marrow and very high serum histamine level (more than 10,000 ng/ml). These complications occurred as a transformation from essential thrombocythemia. Accompanying this transformation, there was also cytogenetic change from 46XX karyotype to 46XX 2p+ in 66 to 90 percent of cells in the bone marrow. This may be the first reported occurrence of transformation of essential thrombocythemia into acute basophilic leukemia. PMID- 6731466 TI - Focal renal cortical necrosis associated with zomepirac. AB - Anaphylactoid shock, disseminated intravascular coagulation, and anuric renal failure requiring dialysis occurred in a patient receiving zomepirac sodium for toothache. Although renal function showed gradual improvement after seven days of anuria, the recovery was slow and incomplete. Renal biopsy three weeks after the onset of renal failure revealed evidence of focal renal cortical necrosis. Association of zomepirac administration with renal cortical necrosis is not known to have been previously demonstrated. This observation adds another dimension to the previously reported renal complications of nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory agents, especially zomepirac. The proportions of lymphocyte subsets, as defined with monoclonal antibodies, and the proliferative response to mitogens were normal. The patient's lymphocytes showed no proliferative response to zomepirac. Serum complement components and immunoglobulin levels were within normal limits, and radioallergosorbent testing gave negative results. The mechanism of anaphylactoid reaction to zomepirac in this case, therefore, remains unclear. PMID- 6731467 TI - Unusual case of acute leukemia. Coexisting acute leukemia and pernicious anemia. AB - Acute nonlymphocytic leukemia developed in a 57-year-old woman following adjuvant therapy with melphalan for ovarian carcinoma. Maturation of differentiating marrow myeloid and erythroid precursors was megaloblastic. The serum vitamin B12 level was low, and Schilling test revealed vitamin B12 malabsorption correctable with intrinsic factor. Megaloblastic maturation of the marrow cells was converted to normoblastic following treatment with vitamin B12 and folic acid. However, blast cells persisted in the marrow, and cytogenetic analysis revealed aneuploidy and trisomy 18. In contrast to the marrow blast cells, there was a decline in circulating blast cells following vitamin replacement, suggesting that these cells were capable of maturation but required vitamin B12 for this purpose. PMID- 6731468 TI - Long-term weight regulation in treated hyperthyroid and hypothyroid subjects. AB - Body weight regulation after treatment was studied in 87 hyperthyroid and 18 hypothyroid subjects. Mean body weight was 83.9 percent of the premorbid weight at the time of initial treatment for hyperthyroidism and 102.5 percent at 96 months following treatment. Mean (+/- SD) post-treatment weight difference from baseline was 3.4 +/- 18.6 pounds at 96 months (n = 44). Early weight gain was greatest in subjects in whom thyroxine values normalized quickly. Hyperthyroid subjects from whom a body mass index could be calculated (n = 45) were divided into two groups. The obese group had a greater mean weight loss (35.2 +/- 15.0 pounds versus 21.2 +/- 9.9 pounds, p less than 0.001) and a lower weight (percent of baseline weight) at the time of treatment for hyperthyroidism (81.6 +/- 7.7 percent versus 86.0 +/- 5.1 percent, p less than 0.05). Subjects with thyroxine levels of 20 micrograms/dl or more had higher premorbid body weights and greater weight loss from baseline than subjects with thyroxine values below 20 micrograms/dl. Hypothyroid subjects showed a small decline in mean body weight over the first six months of treatment but returned to pretreatment weight by 24 months. In the absence of significant metabolic derangement, body weight is regulated within narrow limits over many years. Effective treatment of hyperthyroidism is accompanied by weight gain. PMID- 6731469 TI - Prognostic significance of isolated sinus tachycardia during first three days of acute myocardial infarction. AB - Sinus tachycardia often accompanies other indicators of poor prognosis in acute myocardial infarction. This study was performed to evaluate the prognostic significance of early (Days 1 to 3) in-hospital sinus tachycardia (isolated sinus tachycardia) in the absence of other common indicators of poor prognosis. All patients consecutively admitted directly to the cardiac care unit during a six year period were evaluated. Patients who had confirmed acute myocardial infarction and no urgent complications during Days 1 to 3 with isolated sinus tachycardia (99 patients) or without isolated sinus tachycardia (159 patients) were included in the study. Both groups were followed for subsequent in-hospital outcome and long-term survival. Univariable and multivariable analysis of historical and demographic characteristics showed no significant differences between the two groups. When clinical descriptors of the infarct were evaluated, the group with isolated sinus tachycardia had a significantly higher mean peak creatine kinase level (p = 0.0007), a larger proportion of anterior infarcts and multiple infarct sites (p less than 0.001) by electrocardiography, a higher incidence of peri-infarction pericarditis (p = 0.007), and a higher incidence of recurrent chest pain (p = 0.03). Twenty-five patients (25 percent) in the group with isolated sinus tachycardia had subsequent urgent complications during the hospitalization compared with 11 patients (7 percent) in the control group (p = 0.00005). In multivariable analysis, isolated sinus tachycardia was an independent predictor of subsequent urgent complications (p = 0.0009) and mortality (p = 0.05). PMID- 6731470 TI - Increased urinary enzyme excretion in workers exposed to nephrotoxic chemicals. AB - Nephrotoxic chemicals are commonly present in the environment, particularly in the workplace. The level of occupational exposure to these chemicals has been so reduced that exposure to these agents now rarely causes clinically evident acute renal disease. A sensitive indicator of renal injury, urinary excretion of N acetyl-beta-glucosaminidase, was utilized to evaluate persons exposed in the workplace to lead, mercury, or organic solvents, for evidence of renal effects from this exposure. None of the persons had clinically evident renal disease by history, none had hypertension, and all had normal findings on urinalysis. When compared with appropriate control populations, workers exposed to lead, workers exposed to mercury, and two of three groups of workers exposed to organic solvents had significant increases in urinary acetyl glucosaminidase activity. The third group of laboratory workers with low exposure to organic solvents had no increase in urinary acetyl glucosaminidase activity. It is concluded that exposure to environmental nephrotoxins at levels currently considered safe can produce renal effects as manifested by elevations of urinary acetyl glucosaminidase excretion. It is speculated that these renal effects are not always innocuous. PMID- 6731472 TI - Glutathione and its redox system in diabetic polymorphonuclear leukocytes. AB - The level of reduced glutathione in diabetic polymorphonuclear leukocytes was found to be significantly decreased compared to normal. Although the activity of glutathione reductase remained unchanged, the activity of glutathione peroxidase was found to be decreased in the diabetic state. Ketosis was not found to additionally aggravate the glutathione system. Polymorphonuclear leukocytes obtained from insulin-treated patients showed significant restoration. PMID- 6731471 TI - Intravenous and oral prenalterol in congestive heart failure. Effects on systemic and coronary hemodynamics and myocardial catecholamine balance. AB - Systemic and coronary hemodynamic effects of prenalterol, a beta-1 receptor agonist, were determined in patients with chronic congestive heart failure, initially after intravenous administration (10 patients) and then after oral administration (eight patients). Cardiac index increased by 33 percent and 30 percent after intravenous and oral prenalterol, respectively. The increase in stroke volume index and stroke work index and decrease in pulmonary capillary wedge pressure and systemic vascular resistance were not significant. Myocardial oxygen consumption and coronary sinus blood flow increased in the majority of patients, although these changes were not statistically significant. There were no significant changes in transmyocardial norepinephrine or epinephrine balance. The systemic and coronary hemodynamic effects of both intravenous and oral prenalterol were similar. Major side effects included sudden death (two patients) and hypotension and bradycardia (three patients) during oral prenalterol treatment. It is concluded that improved left ventricular function following both intravenous and oral prenalterol may be associated with increased myocardial oxygen consumption, and serious adverse effects may occur during prenalterol therapy. PMID- 6731474 TI - The association of motor neuron disease and Alzheimer-type dementia. AB - An elderly woman is described who developed senile dementia of the Alzheimer type, followed within eight months by classical and electromyographic features of sporadic motor neuron disease. Although amyotrophic lateral sclerosis is generally believed to affect the voluntary motor system and spare intellectual function, with the exception of certain familial forms and geographic isolates in the Pacific, pathological involvement of the cerebral cortex and posterior columns has often been demonstrated. A small number of cases of concomitant amyotrophic lateral sclerosis have been reported, but an association has not thereby been proven. With the incidence of dementia increasing, it is possible that epidemiologic studies may show an increase in the incidence of motor neuron disease, and thereby suggest an association. A unitary hypothesis for causation of amyotrophic lateral sclerosis, Parkinson's disease, and Alzheimer's disease has been proposed. Closer investigation of patients with motor neuron disease for dementia, and inquiry into the incidence of motor dysfunction in demented patients, may yield evidence in support of such a hypothesis. PMID- 6731473 TI - Angioimmunoblastic lymphadenopathy and squamous cell carcinoma of lung. AB - The development of angioimmunoblastic lymphadenopathy in a patient with a slowly growing squamous cell carcinoma of the lung is reported. The possible relation between the two concomitant conditions in this rare case is proposed. PMID- 6731475 TI - Pulmonary coccidioidal mycetoma. AB - Cavitary pulmonary disease due to coccidioidomycosis is common; however, development of both the underlying cavity and the fungus ball due to Coccidioides immitis is rare and has been reported on only five occasions. We report a case of coccidioidal mycetoma formation as a late sequelae of primary pulmonary coccidioidal pneumonia. Therapy with 2 gm of amphotericin B was unsuccessful and, because of recurrent hemoptysis, the patient required lobar resection. Endosporulating spherules, as well as septate mycelia with arthrospore formation, were found on histologic examination. The medical and surgical management, as well as the potential of such lesions to produce human to human transmission, is discussed. PMID- 6731476 TI - Relationship of functional residual capacity to static pulmonary mechanics in chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. AB - Static pulmonary mechanics may not be the sole determinant of the functional residual capacity (FRC) in the chronic obstructive pulmonary diseases (COPD). To assess the relationship of FRC to pulmonary mechanics, pulmonary function tests such as spirometry, lung volumes, maximum expiratory flow volume curves, and single-breath diffusing capacity were related to compliance measurements in 65 patients with stable COPD. Compliance studies were examined over the range of tidal volume and at maximum lung inflation. The results showed that there was a poor correlation between the degree of hyperinflation at FRC and static compliance in the tidal range. However, there was a highly significant correlation between FRC and static lung mechanics at maximum lung inflation, as well as between FRC and diffusing capacity. Thus, in patients with stable COPD, FRC is a useful guide to static recoil properties of the lung as assessed at maximum lung inflation. Lung compliance measurement in tidal range may not reflect this relationship. An increase in FRC remains a useful index of pulmonary emphysema, even in the presence of chronic airway disease. PMID- 6731477 TI - Heart block during bacterial endocarditis: a review of the literature and guidelines for surgical intervention. AB - The management of patients with bacterial endocarditis complicated by atrioventricular block is based on uncontrolled data, mostly from retrospective surgical and autopsy series. It is difficult to advance broad recommendations on the basis of such a biased population. Nevertheless, it is the firm opinion of many experienced clinicians that heart block developing as the result of aortic endocarditis signals myocardial abscess formation, and thereby is an indication for early surgery. I present a patient with aortic and mitral endocarditis in whom first degree heart block developed and then disappeared over five days; she was successfully managed with medical therapy alone. This case illustrates that some patients with endocarditis and heart block will not require surgery. In this setting, I propose the following guidelines in selecting patients for operation: 1) the observed appearance or progression of heart block; 2) the presence of aortic valve involvement; 3) the persistence of heart block, despite at least one week of optimal antibiotics; and 4) the elimination of other potential causes of conduction abnormalities. PMID- 6731479 TI - Toxoplasmosis in a patient with common variable immunodeficiency. AB - We describe here a case of common variable immunodeficiency with depression of both humoral and cellular immunity, manifested primarily by chronic toxoplasmosis. The presence of a lymphoma as the underlying etiology of the immunodeficiency was excluded. The clinical, histological, and immunological interrelations between immunodeficiency, toxoplasmosis and lymphoma are discussed. PMID- 6731480 TI - Remission of overt diabetes mellitus after removal of an oral epidermoid carcinoma. AB - This report describes a patient with an invasive epidermoid carcinoma of the tongue who presented with insulin-requiring diabetes mellitus. Fasting blood glucose was 379 mg/dl and 295 mg/dl on two successive days. The patient required 35 to 40 units of insulin per day for control. After removal of the carcinoma the insulin requirements decreased, and ultimately the insulin was stopped. One year after removal of the carcinoma, glucose and insulin levels were completely normal during an oral glucose tolerance test, demonstrating complete remission of overt diabetes mellitus. PMID- 6731478 TI - Membrane plasma exchange in Goodpasture's syndrome. AB - We report two cases with Goodpasture's syndrome successfully treated by membrane plasma exchange. In both patients, pulmonary infiltrations and hemoptysis had already resolved after the first pulse methylprednisolone dose (1000 mg IV). Following plasma exchange, renal function did not further deteriorate in one patient and returned to normal in the other patient. From the clinical course of our patients and a review of the literature, we conclude that membrane plasma exchange is effective in preventing deterioration of renal function in Goodpasture's syndrome. Analysis of the literature shows that patients who respond to plasma exchange have significantly fewer crescents and lower plasma creatinine, while non-responders are more often oliguric or anuric and require dialysis at the time of plasma exchange. PMID- 6731481 TI - Cardiac tuberculosis: TB of the endocardium. AB - Tuberculosis involving the endocardium is extremely rare. The diagnosis is usually made during autopsy. Often there is involvement of other parts of the heart as well as other regions of the body. The infection is a result of direct extension from the myocardium or hematogenous spread. Two cases of disseminated tuberculosis with endocardial involvement are reported. In Case 1 miliary tuberculosis was diagnosed during life but the patient succumbed to extensive disease on the third hospital day. The patient in Case 2 presented with congestive cardiac failure and the possibility of tuberculosis was not suspected during life. PMID- 6731482 TI - Polymyalgia rheumatica and temporal arteritis in a married couple. AB - A husband suffering from temporal arteritis and his wife afflicted with polymyalgia rheumatica are reported. The possibility of the existence of an environmental factor rather than a genetic etiology is discussed. PMID- 6731483 TI - Endocarditis caused by Streptococcus morbillorum. AB - Although patients with nutritionally variant streptococcal endocarditis have been reported in recent years, the specific clinical features of this disease have not been well characterized. We report here the clinical and laboratory features of a particularly unusual case of persistent bacteremia caused by Streptococcus morbillorum , one of the nutritionally variant streptococci. The patient was successfully treated with a combination of penicillin and rifampin after two treatment failures. We also review cases of nutritionally variant streptococcal endocarditis published in the English literature since 1971, in an attempt to understand some difficulties encountered in diagnosing and treating this type of endocarditis. PMID- 6731484 TI - Mental Retardation Research Centers. PMID- 6731485 TI - Cognitive research in mental retardation. AB - Virtually all investigators currently conducting cognitive research in mental retardation address directly or indirectly the question of cognitive modifiability. Within that context we have dichotomized the research for discussion purposes into two classes. The first class includes research aimed at the development of an empirically based cognitive model of mental retardation. Investigators who do this work believe that strategies for cognitive modifiability will follow directly from a thorough understanding of the structures and processes that comprise the cognitive system. The second class of cognitive research in mental retardation is composed of studies on intervention. This research is focused on identification of cognitive deficiencies and subsequent attempts to alleviate these deficiencies. In this paper we have briefly provided examples of research from both classes chosen from ongoing research at the John F. Kennedy Center for Research on Education and Human Development. PMID- 6731486 TI - Synapse elimination and plasticity in developing human cerebral cortex. AB - Overproduction of structures including neurons, dendrites, and synapses occurs during development in many neural systems. In human beings cerebral cortex synaptogenesis takes place prenatally and during early infancy. Maximum synaptic density, absolute number of synapses, and number of synapses per neuron are reached by age 1 year. Subsequently, there is progressive synapse elimination that is most rapid during the preschool years. Overproduction of synapses may impart plasticity to the brain of young children. This property of developing brain may be exploited for retraining when function is impaired. An example is the reversal of amblyopia by forcing strabismic children to use their squinting eye. PMID- 6731487 TI - The participant-observer approach to research in mental retardation. AB - Participant-observation, which calls for long-term immersion in the world of the persons being studied yet disciplined detachment from that world, has long been utilized in various social sciences. This method of data collection was seldom used in the study of mentally retarded people until recent years; however, it has now been employed in the study of many aspects of the lives of these people and their families. Although this method of research is expensive and time consuming, it has the advantage of allowing investigators to learn how people actually behave in a variety of contexts and to grasp the meaning these activities have for them. PMID- 6731488 TI - Social and other environmental influences on the cognitive and personality development of low birthweight infants. AB - Research on the cognitive development of low-birthweight infants was reviewed, followed by suggestions for promising future research strategies. On-going studies at the Rose F. Kennedy Center were described to illustrate the proposed model. Central features of the expanded approach are as follows: The study of high-risk populations should include, beyond biologic and broadly conceived social measures and beyond cognitive outcome, measures of development in the psychosocial domain. Further, detailed assessment of the children's daily life and behavior patterns can provide clues for causal linkages to account for the association between social economic status and cognitive development. PMID- 6731489 TI - Preventive education for high-risk children: cognitive consequences of the Carolina Abecedarian Project. AB - Longitudinal mental test scores for 54 educationally treated disadvantaged preschool children at high-risk for nonbiologically based mild mental retardation and 53 control children were compared. The educationally treated children were in a child-centered prevention-oriented intervention program delivered in a daycare setting from infancy to age 5. Language, cognitive, perceptual-motor, and social development were stressed. Children were examined with age-appropriate tests of development at 6, 12, 18, 24, 30, 42, 48, and 54 months of age. Beginning at 18 months, and on every test occasion thereafter, educationally treated children significantly outscored control group children on mental tests; treated children consistently scored at the national average whereas control children's scores declined from the average level at 12 months to below average at 18 months and thereafter. Implications of the results for early intervention were discussed. PMID- 6731490 TI - Nutrition and mental development. AB - It has been difficult to assess the effects of malnutrition upon mental development because of the environmental alterations that invariably accompany malnutrition, even in animal models. In rats, maternal behavior is altered whenever offspring are malnourished, in part in response to the altered stimulus characteristics of the offspring. It is difficult to assess whether these alterations in environment are detrimental because they are adaptive in promoting the growth of the pups. Environmental stimulation may to some extent reverse the brain effects of malnutrition and can remediate some of the behavioral effects. PMID- 6731491 TI - Disorders of communication: investigating the development of language of mentally retarded children. AB - Research conducted at the Waisman Center on Mental Retardation and Human Development over the past 10 years documents the multidimensional nature of the development of children's language in retarded and nonretarded populations. Recent advances in research methodology now available for investigating language comprehension and production will allow large-scale indepth studies of the lexical, semantic, syntactic, and pragmatic aspects of the language performance of a variety of retarded populations. PMID- 6731493 TI - Behaving appropriately in new situations: a stimulus class analysis. AB - Ways in which initially unrelated stimuli can be established as members of the same stimulus class were reviewed and the suggestion made that such classes may explain individual's abilities to behave in appropriate ways in novel situations. Possible process limitations of retarded persons in developing such classes were discussed. PMID- 6731492 TI - Molecular genetic approaches to human diseases involving mental retardation. AB - Recombinant DNA techniques provide new approaches to the diagnosis and analysis of inherited human diseases associated with mental retardation. Examples of such diseases include the Lesch-Nyhan syndrome, phenylketonuria, the Fragile X syndrome, Down syndrome, and those associated with deletions or duplications of subchromosomal regions, e.g., the proximal short arm of human chromosome #15. For a limited but increasing number of diseases, the DNA sequences responsible for the phenotype (e.g., sequences coding for abnormal proteins) can be isolated directly. In many other cases, DNA segments mapping near genes responsible for diseases of interest can be isolated, e.g., from recombinant phage libraries enriched for specific regions of the genome by metaphase chromosome flow-sorting and then used in molecular linkage studies to "track" the abnormal gene in a pedigree. Both the necessary technology and the methods for its application continue to improve, and the impact of recombinant DNA studies in the field of mental retardation should increase markedly in the very near future. PMID- 6731494 TI - Glomerular and interstitial disease induced by nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs. PMID- 6731495 TI - Renal response to lower body positive pressure produced by military anti-shock trousers. AB - Military anti-shock trousers (MAST) are extensively used in the management of various forms of clinical shock and are presumed to produce their antihypotensive effect by the autotransfusion of blood from the lower extremities. In the present studies we documented the renal response to (1) four hours of recumbency; (2) 4 h of MAST inflation at a pressure of 45 mm Hg over the lower extremities and 15 mm Hg over the abdomen, and (3) 4 h of thermoneutral head-out water immersion in a group of salt replete normal subjects. Similar studies were performed in a group of adults with nephrotic syndrome and edema. In both normal and nephrotic subjects only water immersion produced a natriuresis that was significantly greater than during recumbency. The mean natriuresis following MAST inflation in normal subjects was somewhat greater than that during recumbency but the difference was neither consistent nor statistically significant. We conclude that MAST inflation does not lead to central translocation of more fluid than what would be expected from the assumption of recumbent posture. Thus, MAST are unlikely to be of therapeutic benefit in the relief of edema in patients with nephrotic syndrome and a critical evaluation of their mechanisms of action in the management of hypotension is required. PMID- 6731496 TI - Renal biopsy in acute renal failure. AB - Renal biopsies were performed on 91 out of 99 patients with acute intrinsic renal failure. In all these 91 cases a clinical diagnosis was suggested by an experienced nephrologist unaware of the renal biopsy findings. Most diagnoses agreed with the histopathological findings, but there were important exceptions. On clinical grounds, acute tubulointerstitial renal disease was diagnosed correctly in 77% and acute glomerulonephritis in 56%. In 15% of the patients the clinical data did not permit any certain diagnostic suggestion. In about 20% the biopsy finding definitely influenced the choice of medical treatment. In those 15 patients who needed dialysis treatment, the biopsy findings helped in determining whether this need was temporary or permanent. Our results show that renal biopsy is valuable in settling the diagnosis, in determining the prognosis, and in planning the treatment of acute intrinsic renal failure. PMID- 6731497 TI - Persistence of protective pneumococcal antibody following vaccination in patients with the nephrotic syndrome. AB - We have determined the level of persisting pneumococcal antibody in a group of nephrotic children vaccinated by us 5 years ago. Of the 19 vaccinated children, 2 have died and 1 has moved away. Sera from the remaining 16 patients were examined by radioimmunoassay to determine the antibody response to 11 of the 14 types contained in the polyvalent pneumococcal vaccine. The lowest protective level of geometric mean titre (GMT) of antibody in our laboratory is 300 ng antibody nitrogen per millilitre. 56% (9/16) of the patients showed adequate GMT 5 years after vaccination. All 9 patients had minimal change nephrotic syndrome. 44% (7/16) of the children had a GMT less than 300 ng antibody nitrogen per millilitre. 3 of these patients had focal sclerosis, 3 had membranoproliferative glomerulonephritis, and 1 patient had IgM nephropathy. Of these 7 patients, 1 with the lowest GMT (23 ng antibody nitrogen per millilitre) developed pneumococcal peritonitis. During this same period, in 20 other unvaccinated nephrotic patients followed continuously from 1976 to 1981, 7 cases of pneumococcal peritonitis occurred (p less than 0.05). Additionally, 1 unvaccinated child died of pneumococcal sepsis. Our study indicates that patients with minimal change nephrotic syndrome continue to maintain adequate amounts of antibody, but those with disease other than minimal change nephrotic syndrome are unable to maintain an adequate level of antibody. PMID- 6731498 TI - Incomplete activation of intraperitoneal clindamycin phosphate during peritoneal dialysis. AB - Clindamycin phosphate (C-PO4) must be hydrolyzed to the active antibiotic, but whether this occurs within the peritoneal cavity during peritoneal dialysis is unknown. Therapeutic peritoneal levels are difficult to achieve after intravenous administration, so direct intraperitoneal instillation is preferred in treating dialysis-associated peritonitis. Therefore, the activation of C-PO4 in peritoneal dialysate was investigated. Fresh and 'uremic' peritoneal dialysates of 1.5 and 4.25% dextrose concentrations at pHs of 5.1 and 7.4 did not activate C-PO4. Clindamycin hydrochloride in this same fluid was active, ruling out uremic deactivators. A patient with peritonitis was treated with intraperitoneal C-PO4, and therapeutic (greater than 5 micrograms/ml) serum and peritoneal levels were achieved. Infected (exudative) peritoneal dialysate drained from another patient with peritonitis activated C-PO4 in vitro. Commercial alkaline phosphatase added to uremic dialysate also activated C-PO4 in vitro. C-PO4 was instilled into the peritoneal cavities of 10 noninfected patients. Exposure to the peritoneal membrane at two concentrations resulted in a 3% activation of C-PO4. From these observations it is clear that C-PO4 is only partially activated intraperitoneally. Uremia or uremic products in the dialysate do not deactivate the antibiotic. Exudative material (bacteria, white blood cells and proteins) in infected dialysate contribute to activation of C-PO4. The peritoneal membrane further assists in activation. We recommend that C-PO4 be administered at a concentration of 167 mg/l of dialysate to ensure therapeutic peritoneal levels of the active antibiotic, especially after the exudative phase clears. PMID- 6731499 TI - Use of noninvasive laboratory testing in the prediction of thrombosis in the nephrotic syndrome. AB - A noninvasive method for diagnosing thrombosis in the nephrotic syndrome could be useful clinically. We measured hematocrit, fibrinogen, creatinine, antithrombin III, plasminogen, and alpha-2-plasmin inhibitor levels in 20 patients with nephrotic syndrome objectively studied for the presence of thrombosis, and found that by using combinations of three or more of these variables good discrimination could be obtained between those patients with and without thrombosis. We conclude that it is possible to predict risk of thrombosis in nephrotic syndrome using relatively simple noninvasive laboratory tests. PMID- 6731500 TI - 1-Deamino-8-D-arginine vasopressin as a therapy for the bleeding diathesis of renal failure. AB - The treatment of the bleeding diathesis of renal failure remains unsatisfactory. 1-Deamino-8-D-arginine vasopressin (DDAVP) has recently been shown to shorten the prolonged bleeding time of renal failure and may as a result diminish the risk of clinical hemorrhage. We describe 2 cases where DDAVP was used successfully in the management of hemorrhage in the setting of renal insufficiency. PMID- 6731501 TI - Renal amyloidosis associated with crescentic glomerulonephritis. AB - A case of renal amyloidosis coincidentally associated with crescentic glomerulonephritis is described. A 59-year-old female with 30 years' history of rheumatoid arthritis developed nephrotic syndrome followed by rapid deterioration of renal function. Among 28 glomeruli in a kidney biopsy specimen, glomerular amyloid deposition was present in 17 and crescent formation in 20. Only one glomerulus was free from amyloid deposition or crescent. The amyloid deposition was clearly demonstrated by congo red, thioflavin-T staining as well as electron microscopic examination. Glomerular deposition of immunoglobulins and/or complements were not noted. While cyclophosphamide, dipyridamole, and heparin followed by pulse methylprednisolone were given, the renal function deteriorated progressively and dialysis was initiated. Renal function, however, recovered partially without medication after peritoneal dialysis of 3 months' duration. The second renal biopsy revealed the progression of glomerular amyloid deposition and the increase in fibrous component of crescent. PMID- 6731502 TI - Local low-dose streptokinase thrombolysis of a thrombosed arteriovenous fistula. PMID- 6731503 TI - Long-term hemodialysis at reduced dialysate flow rates. AB - 20 stable hemodialysis patients were maintained on a dialysate flow rate of 300 ml/min (QD 300) to determine the safety of prolonged reductions in dialysate flow rate. After 24 months, QD 300 compared to QD 500 resulted in no change in weight, blood pressure, BUN, hematocrit, creatinine, bicarbonate, potassium, cholesterol, or calcium. Serum phosphate concentration increased between month 13 and month 17 but then stabilized. No adverse symptoms developed. EEGs and motor nerve conduction studies following 24 months at QD 300 were normal. We conclude that QD 300 does not impair dialysis efficiency for most small molecules and saves $1.38 per patient per dialysis. PMID- 6731504 TI - Management of third-trimester diabetic pregnancies with the use of continuous subcutaneous insulin infusion therapy: a pilot study. AB - Six women with juvenile-onset diabetes were managed as outpatients during the third trimester of pregnancy with continuous subcutaneous insulin infusion therapy. Twenty-four-hour metabolic profiles for plasma glucose, beta hydroxybutyrate, and triglycerides were monitored prior to, 1 week, 5 weeks, and 10 weeks after initiation of continuous subcutaneous insulin infusion therapy and compared with the metabolic profiles of 10 normal (nondiabetic) pregnant women. Near-normal metabolic profiles were achieved in these patients after 5 weeks of therapy in this pilot study. Patient motivation, compliance, and understanding of their illness were crucial in achieving the therapeutic goals of normoglycemia. PMID- 6731505 TI - Distribution analysis of intrauterine pressure in nonpregnant dysmenorrheic women. AB - Very few attempts to describe, codify , and implement analysis of intrauterine pressure data have occurred in the past. With a growing interest in intrauterine pressure during dysmenorrhea, the need for new ways of evaluating pressure data have become more acute. The availability of fast, compact microcomputers to process these data provides a tool which may make this goal attainable. In addition to purely mathematical analysis, graphic representations of the changing relationships of pressure and time are also possible. This type of graphic display of data may convey information more rapidly and allow subtle relations to be appreciated more easily. One such display technique, pressure distribution analysis, has been developed and appears to be useful in monitoring dysmenorrhea therapy. The method of the display's development along with examples of its use are presented. PMID- 6731506 TI - Ultrasound evaluation of female genital tract anomalies: a review of 64 cases. AB - Sixty-four patients with an ultrasound diagnosis of an anomaly of the female genital tract were studied retrospectively to determine the accuracy and usefulness of sonographic examination of these anomalies in the pregnant (64%) and the nonpregnant (36%) patient. Ultrasound diagnoses in 46 patients with follow-up included: (1) bicornuate/septate uterus in 21 cases, (2) uterus didelphys in 18 cases, (3) cervical and vaginal atresia in three cases, (4) obstructed lower but normal upper genital tract in two cases, and (5) abnormal appearing uterus in two cases. Ultrasound diagnosis was compared with hysterosalpingographic and/or surgical findings in 43 patients and with physical examination in three patients. Scan results were classified as diagnostic in 26%, confirmatory in 63%, and incorrect in 11%. Ultrasound is a reliable clinically useful method of studying genital tract anomalies in gynecologic patients. PMID- 6731507 TI - Possible prediction of accelerated osteoporosis by alkaline phosphatase isoenzymes. AB - We observed that patients with a variety of metabolic bone diseases had elevated fractions of bone alkaline phosphatase as determined by polyacrylamide disc electrophoresis and thermostability studies. We undertook an epidemiologic investigation to determine if there is any causal relationship between increased bone alkaline phosphatase in the perimenopausal healthy woman and later development of osteoporosis as reflected in bone fractures. The results after an 8-year follow-up show that the fracture rate in the normal group was statistically significantly lower than the fracture rate in the elevated group after adjustment for chronologic and postmenopausal ages (p = 0.05). PMID- 6731508 TI - When is an amniocentesis for fetal maturity unnecessary in nondiabetic pregnancies at risk? AB - For several years standard obstetric practice has been to perform an amniocentesis for evaluation of fetal maturity. In order to provide a more definitive answer as to which pregnancies need an amniocentesis, a group of 294 nondiabetic pregnant women in whom an amniocentesis for the evaluation of fetal maturity had been performed for clinical indications were evaluated. Three predictors of fetal maturity--obstetric estimate of gestational age, fetal biparietal diameter, and ultrasonic determination of placental maturation--were evaluated for their ability to predict three outcomes of fetal maturity, including positive amniotic fluid phosphatidylglycerol, pediatric estimate of gestational age greater than or equal to 38 weeks, and absence of hyaline membrane disease. A fetal biparietal diameter of greater than or equal to 90 mm was present in 36% of the total population and was associated with 97% term delivery, 87% positive amniotic fluid phosphatidylglycerol, and 0% hyaline membrane disease. The results associated with an obstetric estimate of gestational age of greater than or equal to 38 weeks were similar. In the present data set over one third of clinically indicated amniocenteses could potentially be avoided without losing any predictive capability for fetal maturity. PMID- 6731509 TI - Conservative management of placenta previa: a cost-benefit analysis. AB - Thirty-eight gravid patients with placenta previa were managed according to either an inpatient expectant or an outpatient expectant approach. The inpatient expectant group showed significant improvement in outcome by several measures when compared with the outpatient expectant group. These included mean obstetric gestational age at delivery (35.3 versus 32.4 weeks), mean neonatal Dubowitz (35.7 versus 33.3 weeks), mean neonatal weight (2442 versus 1824 gm), neonatal morbidity (24% versus 74%), mean neonatal hospital days (21.2 versus 32.8 days), and neonatal hospital costs (nearly a 3:1 ratio). There were two cases of neonatal death in the outpatient expectant group and none in the inpatient expectant group. Mean maternal hospital days and hospital costs were significantly higher in the inpatient expectant group. However, overall hospital costs for maternal-neonatal pairs were 69% higher in the outpatient expectant group. The implications of these findings are discussed. PMID- 6731510 TI - Perinatal observations in a high-risk population managed without intrapartum fetal pH studies. AB - Intrapartum fetal scalp blood pH studies remain controversial in obstetrics. Electronic fetal monitoring, by contrast, has achieved nearly uniform acceptance. Controlled comparative studies from one institution are unlikely to provide adequate numbers. Intrapartum fetal monitoring is used consistently at our institution. Fetal health is assessed by monitoring criteria, and intervention occurs only for obstetric or monitoring indications. With the presumption that intrapartum compromise and its management will usually be reflected in early neonatal findings, three recent years of perinatal results in a predominantly high-risk population of over 7100 deliveries are reported. Comparisons are made to results of other similar populations managed elsewhere with and without pH studies. Absence of pH studies did not appear to result in extraordinary rates of stillbirth, operative intervention, or neonatal compromise. The data are offered for interest but cannot by themselves prove the lack of worth of a test not used. PMID- 6731511 TI - The prognostic significance of tumor emboli in lymphatic or vascular spaces of the cervical stroma in Stage IB squamous cell carcinoma of the cervix. AB - The presence of tumor emboli in lymphatic or vascular spaces within the cervical stroma in squamous cell carcinoma of the cervix has been reported by several authors to be associated with a decrease in 5-year survival. In a 10-year review of 124 radical hysterectomies for Stage IB squamous cell carcinoma of the cervix at the University of Michigan from 1970 to 1980 the presence of tumor emboli in the cervical stroma without other known risk factors did not significantly alter the 3- and 5-year survival. With the potential risks and lack of proved benefit the use of adjuvant radiotherapy or chemotherapy in this setting is not recommended. PMID- 6731512 TI - Combined gynecologic surgical procedures and cholecystectomy. AB - This report presents our experiences with combined gynecologic surgical procedures and cholecystectomy from 1976 to 1983. The review evaluated risks, cost, and hospital stay in combined surgical procedures. Hospital charts were reviewed in 46 cases. The patients were compared with 178 patients undergoing total abdominal hysterectomy and bilateral salpingo-oophorectomy in 1981. Of the 46 patients reviewed, 22 (47.8%) had preoperative diagnosis of cholelithiasis. We believe it appropriate to combine gynecologic surgical procedures with cholecystectomy when indicated. This eliminates a significant postoperative complication, cholecystitis, a second general anesthetic, and future hospitalization with additional time off work and patient recovery time. PMID- 6731513 TI - A survey of pregnancies complicated by decreased amniotic fluid. AB - Four hundred seventy-one patients undergoing diagnostic ultrasonography were identified as having moderately decreased amniotic fluid or oligohydramnios, and 339 of these cases were reviewed. Ninety-two of the patients were excluded from further statistical analysis because their decreased fluid was attributed to rupture of the membranes only. Of the remaining patients there was a 7% neonatal malformation rate. Decreased amniotic fluid before 27 weeks of gestation was associated with a significantly poor outcome. Of all the live births, infants of patients with oligohydramnios had lower Apgar scores at 1 minute and 5 minutes than did infants of patients with moderately decreased amniotic fluid. Of cases of patients with decreased fluid, 10% involved fetal distress during labor and in 17% meconium was present. Decreased levels of fluid were associated with an increased rate of abdominal deliveries. Preeclampsia was present in 24.7% of patients with decreased fluid. There was no correlation between the quantitative fluid amounts and the severity of the disease. In view of normative data and clinical experience, these observations suggest that the diagnosis of decreased amniotic fluid on routine ultrasonography requires a fetal scan to rule out anomalies, close antepartum observation to detect complications that may arise in the pregnancy, and delivery under conditions that allow appropriate support and intervention on behalf of the fetus. PMID- 6731514 TI - Patient costs in the prevention and treatment of post-cesarean section infection. AB - The total cost to the patient is an important consideration in the selection of antimicrobials for prevention and treatment of post-cesarean section endomyometritis. We compared the cost to the patient of commonly used therapeutic and prophylactic agents in a theoretical model population of 450 women who were delivered by cesarean section. Cost of the drug alone on a per gram, per dose, or per day of therapy basis is not an accurate way of estimating the cost eventually paid by the patient. The therapeutic efficacy, frequency of administration, and need for ancillary services for each treatment regimen affect significantly the patient's costs. PMID- 6731515 TI - Ovarian tumors associated with pregnancy termination patients. AB - One hundred adnexal masses were discovered at the time of pregnancy termination among a total of 55,278 pregnancy terminations performed at the Los Angeles County/University of Southern California Medical Center between 1970 and 1982. Seven patients were found to be not pregnant, and 93 masses were associated with pregnancy, for an incidence of one adnexal mass for every 594 (0.17%) terminations. Benign cystic teratoma was the most common lesion found (46;50%). There were two (2.2%) ovarian malignancies, 15 masses were bilateral, 11 masses were associated with pain, and torsion of the adnexa had occurred in seven cases. The preoperative diagnosis was made more commonly in the first trimester (86%) than in the second trimester (29%). Since many ovarian tumors are small, the true incidence is unknown. In a series of 998 abortion hysterectomies, 13 ovarian tumors were found, for an incidence of 1.3%. PMID- 6731516 TI - Amniotic fluid phosphatidylglycerol in diabetic and control pregnant patients at different gestational lengths. AB - Phosphatidylglycerol (PG) and lecithin/sphingomyelin (L/S) ratios were simultaneously determined in 1770 samples of amniotic fluid. PG was defined as "present" when it appeared in at least 2% of the total phospholipids. Comparison of the appearance of PG in samples of amniotic fluid obtained from diabetic and nondiabetic pregnant patients according to L/S ratios showed that samples from diabetic patients were less likely to have PG present than those from nondiabetic patients, particularly at L/S ratios between 3.1 and 4.0. Because of that, further studies compared the appearance of PG according to gestation in 186 diabetic patients with that in a group of 238 control patients that was composed only of those who underwent repeat cesarean section. Rh-sensitized patients were not included in the control group, since they had delayed appearance of PG. The results showed that the appearance of PG was delayed in patients with Classes B, C, and D-F-R diabetes. In patients with Class A diabetes, the appearance of PG was not significantly different from that in control patients over the entire gestational period, although the appearance of PG may be delayed during early gestation. In contrast, there were no significant differences in L/S ratios in various classes of diabetic pregnant patients and control patients at different gestations. PMID- 6731517 TI - Potassium supplementation in ritodrine-induced hypokalemia. AB - Acute hypokalemia occurs during infusion of beta 2 agonists for tocolysis. This study examines the efficacy of supplemental potassium in treating this hypokalemia. Four groups of dogs were anesthetized and given lactated Ringer's solution (group I), potassium chloride (group II), ritodrine hydrochloride (group III), and ritodrine plus potassium (group IV). Arterial blood gases, pH, and serum and urinary electrolytes were measured. Results were analyzed by an analysis of variance. Serum potassium fell in groups I and III, rose in group II, and remained stable in group IV. Urinary potassium levels in groups that received ritodrine (III and IV) were not different from control levels. Potassium given with ritodrine will prevent hypokalemia. However, the risks of hyperkalemia exist if vigorous replacement is undertaken. There were no dysrhythmias and no adverse effects in any of the hypokalemic animals. Therefore, the routine administration of potassium is not advocated even in obstetric patients who undergo general anesthesia. PMID- 6731518 TI - Preoperative dilatation of the first-trimester cervix: a comparison between Lamicel and 16,16-dimethyl-trans delta 2 prostaglandin E1 methyl ester pessaries. AB - Both Lamicel and 16,16-dimethyl-trans delta 2 prostaglandin (PG) E1 methyl ester pessaries have recently been shown to be effective for cervical dilatation prior to first-trimester abortion. In the study described, the force required to dilate the cervix prior to vaginal termination of pregnancy was measured in three groups of patients--a control group, a group which received Lamicel , and a group which received 16,16-dimethyl-trans delta 2 PGE1 methyl ester pessaries. The total force required to dilate the cervix to 10 mm was significantly reduced in the treated groups, but there was no significant difference between the two treatment regimens. The use of Lamicel is associated with fewer side effects. PMID- 6731519 TI - Maternal, fetal, and neonatal lidocaine levels following local perineal infiltration. AB - Local infiltration of the perineum is a simple and commonly used technique for providing pain relief for episiotomy. It has always been considered safe and effective because a small amount of local anesthetic agent could be administered quickly and accurately to the perineum just prior to vaginal delivery and cord clamping. Because of the short time interval between local infiltration and delivery, very little anesthetic was thought to reach the fetus. However, the maternal and neonatal disposition of lidocaine following local perineal infiltration has not been well studied. The purpose of this study was to document placental transfer or nontransfer of lidocaine following local perineal infiltration. Fifteen normal parturient women at term and their infants were studied. After local perineal infiltration, the concentrations of lidocaine and two metabolites--monoethyl glycine xylidide and glycine xylidide --were determined in maternal plasma, in the umbilical cord vein at delivery, and in maternal and neonatal plasma or urine for 2 days post partum. Lidocaine and its metabolites were quantitated by gas chromatography-mass spectrometry. The pharmacologic results indicated the following: First, lidocaine is detected in maternal plasma as early as 1 minute after injection, and peak plasma concentrations occur within 3 to 15 minutes. Second, there is rapid placental transfer of lidocaine; the mean fetal/maternal ratio of 1.32 was significantly higher than that found following epidural anesthesia. Third, lidocaine and its active metabolites persisted in neonatal urine for at least 48 hours after delivery. This study suggests that local perineal infiltration with lidocaine for episiotomy should be considered similar to any other anesthetic technique in that it may result in significant neonatal drug exposure. PMID- 6731521 TI - Catecholamine physiology in the ovine fetus. III. Maternal and fetal response to acute maternal exercise. AB - A study was made of the effects of maternal exercise on fetal plasma concentrations of catecholamines in nine ewes with chronically catheterized singleton fetuses at 125 to 137 days' gestation. The ewes were subjected to acute treadmill exercise of 2.5 mph for 45 minutes with continuous recording of maternal and fetal blood pressures. Samples of arterial blood were obtained for measurement of catecholamines, glucose, and blood gases. Changes in blood flow in fetal organs in response to maternal exercise were assessed by injection of radioactive microspheres. The maternal plasma catecholamine responses were related to the severity of the exercise stress as indicated by the index of cardiac effort. The fetal responses did not correlate with maternal cardiac effort. A significant decrease in fetal Po2 with a moderate alkalosis occurred, accompanied by a significant elevation in circulating levels of norepinephrine. At the peak of exercise, there was an increase in fetal renal, adrenal, and placental blood flows, as compared to the control period. PMID- 6731520 TI - Catecholamine physiology in the ovine fetus. I. Gestational age variation in basal plasma concentrations. AB - Fifty-five ewes with chronically catheterized singleton gestations were studied to assess changes in basal concentrations of fetal catecholamines with increasing gestational age. All pregnancies were time dated, and measurements of catecholamines were conducted at least 5 days after placement of fetal catheters when fetal metabolic parameters had normalized. Plasma concentrations of catecholamines were measured by radioenzymatic assay. Additionally, fetal heart rate (FHR) and corrected mean blood pressure were analyzed in 32 of the fetuses for correlation with plasma levels of catecholamines. Multiple regression analysis revealed significant inverse correlations of fetal plasma concentrations of catecholamines with gestational age, as follows: norepinephrine (p less than 0.001), epinephrine (p less than 0.05), and dopamine (p less than 0.01). FHR correlated inversely with gestational age (p less than 0.001) and positively with circulating levels of norepinephrine (p less than 0.001). PMID- 6731522 TI - Comparison of fetal and maternal hind limb metabolic quotients in sheep. AB - This study compared substrate utilization by the fetal hind limb and the maternal hind limb in 26 sheep at 120 to 135 days of gestation. Catheters were placed in the mother and the fetus to sample femoral arterial and venous blood by use of a nonocclusive technique. Arterial and venous concentrations of oxygen content, glucose, lactate, acetate, and ketoacids were measured simultaneously and were used to calculate metabolic quotients. The fetal hind limb was perfused with arterial blood having a lower oxygen content than the maternal hind limb (3.03 +/ 0.17 versus 4.94 +/- 0.24 mmol/L, p less than 0.001) and had a smaller arteriovenous difference of oxygen content (0.97 +/- 0.05 versus 2.68 +/- 0.104 mmol/L, p less than 0.001). Despite a lower fetal arterial glucose concentration (0.81 +/- 0.05 versus 2.58 +/- 0.13 mmol/L, p less than 0.001), the glucose/oxygen quotient (0.82 +/- 0.05 versus 0.20 +/- 0.02, p less than 0.001) and the arteriovenous difference of glucose (0.13 +/- 0.01 versus 0.08 +/- 0.01 mmol/L, p less than 0.001) were higher in the fetal hind limb than in the maternal hind limb. Both limbs were net producers of lactate. The (glucose + lactate)/oxygen quotient was also higher in the fetal hind limb than in the maternal hind limb (0.68 +/- 0.05 versus 0.12 +/- 0.04, p less than 0.001). In the maternal hind limb, acetate and ketoacids uptake could account for 48% +/- 6% of total oxygen consumption whereas in the fetal hind limb it accounted for only 12% +/- 4% (p less than 0.001). The data demonstrate that, in relation to oxygen uptake, fetal hind limbs have approximately a 2.8% higher rate of perfusion and take up approximately four times as much glucose as the hind limbs of the mother in the resting state. PMID- 6731523 TI - Hickman catheter use in a pregnant patient requiring therapeutic heparin anticoagulation. PMID- 6731524 TI - Perioperative antimicrobials at cesarean section: lavage versus three intravenous doses. PMID- 6731525 TI - Urinary orotic acid in pregnancy. PMID- 6731526 TI - Sinusoidal fetal heart rate pattern associated with intravenous butorphanol administration: a case report. PMID- 6731527 TI - Sensitivity versus predictive value: implications in low-risk populations. PMID- 6731528 TI - Trial of labor after cesarean section. PMID- 6731529 TI - Mumps parotitis and ovarian cancer. PMID- 6731530 TI - Ultrasound-detected oligohydramnios and fetal outcome. PMID- 6731531 TI - Complete blood cell counts after elective hysterectomy. PMID- 6731532 TI - Chorioamnionitis, dysfunctional labor, and epidural analgesia. PMID- 6731533 TI - Linkage of genes for human esterase D and hereditary retinoblastoma. AB - Determinations of esterase D isoenzymes in the members of a family with hereditary retinoblastoma gave results consistent with linkage between the loci for esterase D and retinoblastoma. This gene linkage allows the detection of gene carrier states in certain kindreds. We used this technique to predict that a 6 month-old boy carries the tumor-predisposing retinoblastoma gene. PMID- 6731534 TI - Fine needle biopsy in retinoblastoma. AB - We studied three cases of retinoblastoma in which fine needle biopsy established the correct diagnosis inside the eye or at extraocular sites. PMID- 6731535 TI - Retinal degeneration in vitamin B12 disorder associated with methylmalonic aciduria and sulfur amino acid abnormalities. AB - A 33-month-old boy with an inborn error of vitamin B12 metabolism characterized by methylmalonic aciduria, homocystinuria, cystathioninuria , and hypomethioninemia had poor vision and a progressive retinal pigmentary degeneration. The child had early growth retardation with microcephaly, developmental delay, and a megaloblastic anemia. The retinal lesions were first noted when he was 1 year of age and, by ophthalmoscopy and by electroretinographic testing, have progressed. Treatment with hydroxocobalamin and L-methionine improved the anemia and the biochemical abnormalities but apparently did not halt the retinal degeneration. We believe the retinopathy is a feature of this disease, particularly in patients with infantile involvement. The retinal lesion may be caused by an unidentified abnormality of sulfur amino acid metabolism. PMID- 6731536 TI - Factors influencing final visual results in severely injured eyes. AB - We reviewed 194 consecutive eyes treated by pars plana vitrectomy for severe injury with posterior segment involvement. By using multivariate analysis, we determined which of a large number of clinical, ultrasonographic, and electrophysiologic factors influenced or predicted postoperative visual acuity. Additionally, the effects of the timing of vitrectomy on final vision and the usefulness of prophylactic scleral buckling were analyzed. We found that although clinical data have predictive value, it is electrophysiological information, specifically the visual-evoked potential, which most accurately predicts the postoperative vision of an injured eye. We could not demonstrate a significant effect of the timing of surgery on the final visual result but could determine that prophylactic scleral buckling clearly reduces the rate of delayed retinal detachments. PMID- 6731537 TI - Comparison of visual field defects in the low-tension glaucomas with those in the high-tension glaucomas. AB - We compared the visual fields of 79 eyes (48 patients) with low-tension glaucoma (intraocular pressure less than 21 mm Hg) to the visual fields of 106 eyes (74 patients) with high-tension glaucoma (intraocular pressure greater than 30 mm Hg). Both groups had similar amounts of total field loss as determined by computerized threshold perimetry. Scotomas in the low-tension group had a steeper slope (P less than .001), were significantly closer to fixation (P less than .001), and had greater depth (P less than .001) than those in the high-tension group. These findings suggested that more than one causative factor is important in the production of optic nerve damage in glaucoma. PMID- 6731538 TI - Pseudophakia and intraocular pressure. AB - We studied the change in intraocular pressure in 373 consecutive eyes undergoing cataract extraction with intraocular lens implantation between Jan. 1, 1981, and May 31, 1982. There was a mean increase in intraocular pressure of 0.1 mm Hg following this surgery. This increase, however, was not statistically significant (P greater than .5). There was a mean rise in pressure of 0.8 mm Hg in the eyes undergoing intracapsular surgery and a mean fall in pressure of 0.6 mm Hg in the eyes undergoing extracapsular surgery (P less than .05). The change in pressure was unrelated to age, surgeon, or lens type. The results of a separate analysis of 16 eyes with a preoperative diagnosis of glaucoma and eight eyes with ocular hypertension were similar. PMID- 6731539 TI - High-speed photographic evaluation of intraocular lens movements. AB - Iridodonesis and pseudophakodonesis were examined in detail with a high-speed camera capable of picture rates up to 500/sec. Tilting, or "wobble," of iris supported intraocular lenses was extreme, with a tilt of nearly 24 degrees with respect to the visual axis of the globe being documented, even with a moderate speed of globe rotation. Oscillations of the lens continued for several cycles after the globe stopped its rotation. Such lenses can, in some instances, tilt sufficiently to contact the endothelial surface of the cornea. In the case of some anterior chamber intraocular lenses, the iridodonesis is sufficient to cause constant rubbing of the iris on the posterior surface of the lens and its haptics , suggesting that vault, finish, haptic configuration, and placement of the lens may be critical factors in anterior chamber intraocular lens design. PMID- 6731540 TI - The effect of age on the nerve fiber population of the human optic nerve. AB - Nerve fiber counts of 16 normal human optic nerves from subjects aged 3.5 to 82 years showed a significant effect of age (P = .0207). The delay between death or enucleation and fixation also significantly affected the result (P = .0078). The mean (+/- S.E.M.) count for the 16 nerves was 1,244,005 +/- 20,033 fibers, giving a 99% confidence level between 1,192,400 and 1,295,610 fibers. PMID- 6731541 TI - Orbital recurrence of choroidal melanoma 20 years after enucleation. AB - A 54-year-old woman developed an orbital mass 20 years after enucleation of the left eye for a choroidal melanoma, which proved to be of spindle-A type. Computed tomography of the orbit suggested the diagnosis of a cavernous hemangioma, but orbital biopsy confirmed the diagnosis of recurrent malignant melanoma and the patient was managed by orbital exenteration followed by radiotherapy. The orbital recurrence was of the mixed cell type, suggesting a gradual 20-year transition of the spindle-A cells to spindle-B and epithelioid cells. We recommend that the selected surgical management of extrascleral extension of uveal melanomas be determined by the degree of extrascleral involvement and by whether the extrascleral extension is discovered clinically, at surgery, or in the pathology laboratory. We recommend that orbital computed tomography be performed periodically after enucleation in all patients who have orbital extension of uveal melanomas. PMID- 6731542 TI - Petriellidium (Allescheria) boydii orbital and brain abscess treated with intravenous miconazole. AB - A previously healthy 4-year-old boy suffered a penetrating injury to his left orbit and left frontal lobe, which resulted in an infection by Petriellidium boydii. The patient was successfully treated with intravenous miconazole and multiple debridements. PMID- 6731543 TI - Comparison of automated and conventional keratometers. AB - Clinical trials in 275 eyes indicated that an automated keratometer (Canon) was equal to or better than a conventional keratometer (Bausch & Lomb). Comparisons of the values obtained with the two instruments showed agreement on the radius of curvature. The automated keratometer detected small differences in directional axis in slightly astigmatic eyes. Because this instrument is quick and simple to operate, it should be widely used, particularly for examining children. PMID- 6731544 TI - Esterase D and hereditary retinoblastoma. PMID- 6731545 TI - Timing of color fundus photographs and intravenous fluorescein angiography. PMID- 6731546 TI - Retinal perforator for internal drainage. PMID- 6731547 TI - A prone bed. PMID- 6731548 TI - The negative coincidence of retinitis pigmentosa and proliferative diabetic retinopathy. PMID- 6731549 TI - Improvement of uveitis and optic nerve disease by cyclosporine in a patient with multiple sclerosis. PMID- 6731550 TI - Lightning-induced macular hole. PMID- 6731551 TI - Iron mydriasis. PMID- 6731552 TI - Reaction to hydrogen peroxide in a contact-lens wearer. PMID- 6731553 TI - YAG laser capsulotomy through a lens-manipulating hole. PMID- 6731554 TI - Iris melanocytoma with secondary glaucoma. PMID- 6731555 TI - Vascular hypotension and bradycardia following intraocular injection of acetylcholine during cataract surgery. PMID- 6731556 TI - Fluorophotometric study of anterior segment barrier functions after extracapsular cataract extraction and posterior chamber intraocular lens implantation. PMID- 6731557 TI - The familial occurrence of cutaneous melanoma, intraocular melanoma, and the dysplastic nevus syndrome. PMID- 6731558 TI - Vascular hypotension and bradycardia following intraocular injection of acetylcholine during cataract surgery. PMID- 6731559 TI - The liberal arts connection. AB - Occupational therapists need to be critical of who teaches, what is taught, how it is taught, how it is applied, and to whom it is taught in the entire education program of prospective occupational therapists. Further, I recommend that occupational therapy educators on campus take the lead in initiating meetings and discussions that facilitate a functional conjoining of occupational therapy practice, occupational therapy theory, and liberal arts studies. An initial effort in this regard might be for the three mutually interdependent and equal partners in the education of occupational therapy students to read and discuss Ernest L. Boyer's work entitled, A Quest for Common Learning--The Aims of General Education. I believe that all occupational therapists would benefit from reading this text, individually and collectively, and the profession and our community would benefit. The question is not whether or not this subject should be incorporated into an occupational therapy student's curriculum. The question for discussion should be at what point in the student's education--the student's intellectual growth and development and professionalization--would this topic and this treatment be best applied? Perhaps from this beginning the three partners- practice, theory, and liberal arts--would recognize and respond to their mutually interdependent and equally important role and responsibility in the design and implementation of the entire occupational therapy educational program, which is future responsive and ensures the highest probability that graduates will be professionally competent. PMID- 6731560 TI - Choice making in group and individual activity. AB - A guiding premise of occupational therapy practice is that it is beneficial to allow clients freedom of choice in selecting and participating in activities. This study examined subjects' affective responses to having or lacking freedom of choice in completing an activity and explored how those responses might differ when subjects did the activity in individual as opposed to group settings. Forty female undergraduate and graduate students participated in an origami activity under four different experimental conditions: a) individual--choice; b) individual--no choice; c) group--choice; and d) group--no choice. Afterward, each subject rated how she felt about herself while participating in the activity by using Osgood's semantic differential designed to elicit responses in terms of three affective factors: evaluation, power, and activity. Data analysis revealed an interaction between the two independent variables on the power factor such that subjects who were not permitted choice responded significantly differently from those who were permitted choice only in the group setting. Implications of this finding for occupational therapy practice are discussed. PMID- 6731561 TI - Occupational therapy in hospice care. AB - As hospice care becomes more integrated in the overall health care delivery system, the profession of occupational therapy needs to analyze further its potential within this unique system. This article briefly discusses the goals and philosophy of the hospice concept from the perspective of the National Hospice Organization. Occupational therapy intervention in terminal care is examined, with emphasis on locus of control and occupation as determinants in enhancing quality of life for the terminally ill in a nontraditional rehabilitative environment. A brief case study illustrates some of the general principles discussed throughout the article. PMID- 6731562 TI - Electromyographic study of the upper extremity during bilateral sanding: unresisted and resisted conditions. AB - Electromyographic information was obtained from seven right shoulder complex muscles in nine subjects (three normal, three paraplegic, and three quadriplegic) during the occupational therapy activity of bilateral sanding on an incline board, an activity that has been recommended as a treatment modality to strengthen the triceps brachii. Electromyography revealed that the anterior and middle portions of the deltoid were the muscles most responsible for the subjects' arm movements during both resisted and unresisted bilateral sanding . Triceps lateralis and medialis were also active during the up phase, but not as consistently as the deltoid. Pectoralis major and biceps brachii were not extensively active in most subjects. The small size and heterogeneity of the subject sample limits the generalizations of our findings. However, graded resisted bilateral sanding does appear to be an appropriate activity for strengthening the shoulder muscle group, especially the deltoid and triceps brachii, in the tested patient populations. PMID- 6731563 TI - Brief or new: measuring cone for thumb abduction/extension. PMID- 6731564 TI - Brief or new: the use of self-adherent wrap in hand rehabilitation. PMID- 6731565 TI - Initiating occupational therapy clinical research. AB - The purpose of research is to give us indications of what the effectiveness of particular treatments are on groups of people. The similarities between what we accept as a standard of education and practice and what we conceive to be research are striking. In both cases, these are disciplined methods of collecting and analyzing data, and acting upon the results of it. Those of us with clinical populations have unanswered questions and thus, good reasons for conducting research. The professional who wants answers must be willing to work for them knowing that the rewards and personal satisfaction will be great. Hopefully, the membership will recognize the importance of providing support to research and will be generous in their contribution to the American Occupational Therapy Foundation. The AOTF provides the necessary seed money to answer the questions that we are all facing. PMID- 6731566 TI - Reimbursement in private practice. AB - Occupational therapists in private practice must develop sound business policies and procedures to help ensure third party reimbursement for their services. Carefully delineated protocols and proper documentation in treatment are of utmost importance. Fee schedules are established within the framework of local government regulations, using one or a combination of the following methods: unit value system, modalities and procedures, cost-plus or overhead, and state relative value system or maximum allowable fees. Blue Cross/Blue Shield or other private third party payers, Medicare or Medicaid, and workers' compensation insurers are the usual parties billed for services rendered. Therapists must use good public relations methods to educate their present and future reimbursers and act as advocates for private practitioners in occupational therapy. PMID- 6731567 TI - Payment of occupational therapy by legislative mandate. AB - This article reviews the process that the Council on Government Affairs of the Connecticut Occupational Therapy Association undertook from 1979 to 1982 to obtain payment mandated by legislation for occupational therapy. The process included learning the Connecticut legislative system, marketing occupational therapy as a profession in the health arena, and coordinating, planning, and communicating all phases of activity to reach a final objective of mandated payment. PMID- 6731568 TI - Preferred provider organizations. AB - The 1980s has marked the beginning of a new alternative health care delivery system: the preferred provider organization ( PPO ). This system has developed from the health maintenance organization model and is predominant in California and Colorado. A PPO is a group of providers, usually hospitals and doctors, who agree to provide health care to subscribers for a negotiated fee that is usually discounted. Preferred provider organizations are subject to peer review and strict use controls in exchange for a consistent volume of patients and speedy turnaround on claims payments. This article describes the factors leading to the development of PPOs and the implications for occupational therapy. PMID- 6731569 TI - Health Insurance Association of America: update on occupational therapy. PMID- 6731570 TI - Contrast sensitivity determined with the spatial bandwidth equalization technique: threshold, suprathreshold, and spatiotemporal measurements. AB - Contrast sensitivity functions were obtained from normal subjects using a spatial bandwidth equalization (SBE) technique and the more conventional display method. Static sensitivity measurements obtained with the two methods were in good agreement. However, when the patterns were counterphase flickered , sensitivity to the lower spatial frequencies was enhanced using the conventional method while sensitivity measured with the SBE technique was slightly depressed. The SBE method also was used to investigate suprathreshold contrast perception with static and flickering gratings. In general, the perception of contrast was independent of spatial frequency content of the stimulus, especially with increasing contrast levels and flicker frequencies. These studies have shown that the SBE technique is an acceptable method to assess static contrast sensitivity and suprathreshold contrast perception. PMID- 6731571 TI - Effect of in vivo and in vitro surface protein deposits on the oxygen permeability of polyhydroxyethylmethacrylate gel contact lenses. AB - The effect of surface protein deposits on the oxygen permeability of polyhydroxyethylmethacrylate ( polyHEMA ) gel contact lenses was studied using: (1) previously worn lenses with protein deposits accumulated in vivo, and (2) new lenses with protein deposited in vitro. The oxygen permeability (Dk) of the protein-deposited in vivo lenses was determined before and after cleaning, and that of the new lenses before and after in vitro protein deposition. For both groups of lenses, the oxygen permeability did not change significantly after either cleaning (in vivo lenses) or protein deposition (in vitro lenses). It is concluded that surface protein deposits on polyHEMA lenses do not alter the oxygen permeability of the lenses. PMID- 6731572 TI - Effect of luminance, contrast, and eccentricity on visual acuity in senile macular degeneration. AB - We examined the effect of luminance on low contrast visual acuity in six patients with mild reductions in vision due to senile macular degeneration (SMD) and in six normals of approximately the same age. At the highest luminance tested the SMD patients showed a reduction in acuity compared to the controls, with eccentricity and contrast effects clearly shown. The SMD patients had difficulty performing the acuity task at the lower luminances (0.26 and 0.75 cd/m2); they showed little or no increase in visual acuity with increasing contrast levels at the lower luminances. Acuity was slightly influenced by target eccentricity at these luminances. These data suggest that the adaptation mechanisms allowing the normal visual system to operate efficiently over a wide range of luminances are affected in SMD, even when clinically measured acuity is only moderately depressed. PMID- 6731573 TI - Eyelid closure effects on the refractive error of the eye in dark- and in light reared kittens. AB - Kittens reared in the dark with their eyelids sutured postnatally on one side have developed hypermetropia in the closed eye (average: +2.75 D for the horizontal meridian). This was significantly different (0.01 greater than p greater than 0.005) from the results of the open eye (+1.67 D; 180 degrees). The closed eye of light-reared kittens had similar refractive error (+0.33 D) to that of their open eye (+0.50 D), and to that of kittens light-reared with both eyes open (+0.75 D). Axial length of the closed eye in the dark-reared kittens and its corneal refractive power were smaller in comparison to the results for the open eye. It was concluded that in kittens lid closure during development in the dark induces hypermetropia. PMID- 6731574 TI - An optometric purview of intraorbital meningioma. AB - A 34-year-old black male presented with marked unilateral proptosis and pain in the left eye. Visual acuities were OD 6/7.5 (20/25) and OS 6/120 (20/400). His left eye was exophthalmic , had a Marcus Gunn pupil, and exposure keratitis. Sectorial pallor and a decreased Kestenbaum count were evident on the left optic nerve head. A tentative diagnosis of orbital meningioma was made and later confirmed. Optometric management of the patient, including appropriate screening tests and referrals, are discussed. PMID- 6731575 TI - Electric cataract: a rare clinical entity. AB - Bilateral crystalline lens opacities developed in a 39-year-old black male who had been involved in an electrical accident approximately 1 yr before our examination. The anterior subcapsular opacities had feathered edges and a slightly raised center. The typical appearance and progressive course of the opacities, as well as the history, led to the diagnosis of electric cataract. PMID- 6731576 TI - Effect of luminance on scotomas. PMID- 6731577 TI - Oxygen consumption of whole human corneas. AB - In vivo corneal oxygen consumption of whole human corneas is mathematically estimated to be 4.85 X 10(-5) ml O2/ml/s, or 0.8 microliter O2/mg dry weight/hr, from data gathered by a noninvasive technique. PMID- 6731578 TI - Overaccommodation, underaccommodation, and the clinical phoropter: a study of instrument myopia and related effects. AB - To explore the degree to which a phoropter can induce overaccommodation (instrument myopia) and/or underaccommodation , 19 college-age subjects participated in a series of measurements of accommodation response. Accommodation responses were assessed while subjects looked through a phoropter (both with standard 19-mm viewing apertures and through 2-mm artificial pupils) and when no phoropter was present. Subjects were tested both monocularly and binocularly, and under three stimulus conditions (near target, far target, and total darkness). Even without the phoropter , subjects tended to overaccommodate for the far target. The 19-mm phoropter produced no significant overaccommodation or underaccommodation effects over and above those observed without the presence of the phoropter . The 2-mm artificial pupils produced significantly more underaccommodation for the near target. Results indicate a tendency for accommodation response to approach an intermediate resting position as the viewing situation becomes impoverished. PMID- 6731579 TI - Foveal xenon flash disruption of steady-state visual evoked potentials. AB - The effects of foveal exposure to near maximum permissible levels of broad-band light from lamps of differing flash durations and visual angle subtense on steady state visual evoked potentials ( SSVEP 's) were measured in four human volunteers. SSVEP 's in response to a counterphasing checkerboard pattern were recorded with a two-phase vector voltmeter used as an analog fourier analyzer and were averaged across repeated presentation of the flash from each lamp. Two microsecond flashes of approximately 0.4 degrees have minimal, although significant effects on early visual processing of a 2.77 degrees diameter 6/24 (20/80) target. Five hundred microsecond flashes of equivalent size have greater effects; larger flashes (11.3, degrees 500 mus) produced afterimages that totally obscured the target for approximately 3.4 s and also reduced the SSVEP to near zero. Recovery of the SSVEP was subjectively correlated with afterimage duration rather than target obscuration . Therefore, single short small retinal image flashes may have minimal transient effects on photopic suprathreshold vision. PMID- 6731580 TI - Horopter shifts due to a magnification change. AB - Both the equidirection ( nonius ) and the equidistance horopter criteria were used on a group of subjects with and without the application of a 5% overall magnifier before the right eye. For three of six subjects, shifts in the equidirection horopter induced by this afocal lens could not be predicted on the basis of the magnification properties of the lens and the assumption that corresponding points are fixed. Equidistance horopter plots showed reasonably systematic reductions in slope between the predicted and the measured values for all subjects. Irregularities in all data were accounted for by shifts in the vergence angles during the experiment. PMID- 6731581 TI - Effect of 30% sodium sulfacetamide on corneal sensitivity. AB - This study compares the effect of 10 and 30% sodium sulfacetamide on corneal sensitivity. The corneal sensitivity was measured on 11 subjects with a Cochet Bonnet aesthesiometer without any drug, 10 and 30% sodium sulfacetamide . The results obtained for the mean corneal sensitivities (mean +/- standard error) for the control, 10 and 30% sodium sulfacetamide were 1.07 +/- 0.025, 1.09 +/- 0.023, and 1.36 +/- 0.10 gm/mm2, respectively. We found that there was no statistical difference between the control value and 10% sodium sulfacetamide , but the 30% produced a significant decrease in corneal sensitivity when compared to the control and 10% concentration. PMID- 6731582 TI - Idiopathic cysts of the anterior uvea. AB - Idiopathic cysts of the anterior uveal tract most frequently involve the epithelial layers of the ciliary body and iris. Idiopathic cysts occur less frequently in the iris stroma. Characteristically asymptomatic, most of the cases reported in the literature have been discovered during routine eye examination by slitlamp biomicroscopy as an iris elevation. Cysts of the epithelial layers rarely enlarge to cause ocular complications. Stromal cysts, although extremely rare, appear to have a greater propensity to enlarge. The visual prognosis for patients with idiopathic anterior uveal cysts is quite good. A review of the literature and examples of these disorders are presented to emphasize the clinical characteristics and management of patients with a diagnosis of idiopathic anterior uveal cyst. PMID- 6731583 TI - Computer-based ophthalmotropes. AB - The versatility of a computer-based display of the extraocular muscles is demonstrated by comparing two different assumptions as to the paths of the muscles over the globe. PMID- 6731584 TI - The migration of bronchoalveolar macrophages into hilar lymph nodes. AB - The migration of bronchoalveolar macrophages ( BAMs ) into hilar lymph nodes ( HLNs ) was investigated in order to assess their potential importance in pulmonary immune responses. 51Chromium- or 111Indium-labeled broncholaveolar cells ( BACs ) or purified BAMs were inoculated into the tracheas of syngeneic guinea pigs, and the number of cells that reached HLN at 24-72 hours was estimated by 1) measuring the cell-associated radioactivity in HLN and 2) counting the radiolabeled cells in autoradiographic preparations. It was determined that 400-2900 BAM/10(7) inoculated BACs or BAMs reached the HLNs within a 3-day period. From this data, it was calculated that in a normal animal as many as 8700 BAMs might reach HLNs daily. These migratory phagocytes are potentially important in facilitating the systemic spread of macrophage-resistant intracellular organisms from the lung. Furthermore, following phagocytosis and killing of microorganisms in the alveolus, BAMs might migrate to HLNs and present antigen to stimulate a primary immune response. PMID- 6731585 TI - Ultrastructure of cultured adult myocardial cells during anoxia and reoxygenation. AB - Cultured heart cells from adult rats were exposed to anoxia in a substrate-free Tyrode's solution at constant pH. In this system the metabolic and the morphologic pattern can be investigated simultaneously. Anoxic changes develop gradually above 2 mumol adenosine triphosphate (ATP)/ gww . Morphometry reveals that the morphologic changes are closely related to the energetic state: creatine phosphate (CP) decay is accompanied by the loss of small mitochondrial matrix granules (r = 0.97). The fall of ATP is coincident with sarcomere shortening (r = 0.95) and, below 4 mumol/ gww , with mitochondrial swelling (r = -0.88). The number of lipid droplets correlates with the ATP level during anoxia and reoxygenation (r = -0.92). The early energetic depletion is accompanied by a moderate release of cytosolic enzymes and morphologic changes: the appearance of sarcolemmal microblebs and an increase in subsarcolemmal vesicles. Below an average ATP level of 2 mumol/ gww an increasing number of individual cells fail to recover when reoxygenated . However, that failure is accompanied neither by massive enzyme release nor by ultrastructural damage regarded as typical for the "oxygen paradox." PMID- 6731586 TI - Growth response of B16 melanoma to in vivo treatment with 1-(2-chloroethyl)-3 cyclohexyl-1-nitrosourea (CCNU) at the initial stage after tumor transplantation. AB - The changes of implanted B16 melanoma fragments in situ following early treatment with 1-(2-chloroethyl)-3-cyclohexyl-1-nitrosourea (CCNU) were studied by quantitative histopathologic methods from Day 1 to Day 7 and at Day 14 after transplantation. During the first 3-day period there were no apparent differences between the two groups in all the parameters studied. The most striking differences were observed on Day 5 after implantation, when the drug-treated tumor showed the lowest number of morphologically intact tumor cells and the lowest level of proliferative capacity, with a high proportion of melanotic cells. The late infiltration of host macrophages was more abundant in drug treated tumors than in controls due to an enhanced production and liberation of melanin granules. The results suggest that a 7-day growth delay of drug-treated tumors is characterized not only by a reduced number (one order of magnitude) of intact tumor cells but also by a severely suppressed proliferative capacity. PMID- 6731588 TI - Joint custody: a critical analysis and appraisal. AB - Joint custody, now in the statutes of over half the states, is becoming the legally preferred custody arrangement. It eases the burden on the courts, and is thought to benefit all family members. Research has indicated that children generally gain from maintaining a relationship with each parent; however, the assumption that joint custody promotes cooperation between divorced parents is a research question that has yet to be answered. There is a disparity between the strength of the joint custody movement and the sufficiency of evidence that this is the optimum approach for all children. PMID- 6731587 TI - Ethchlorvynol-induced pulmonary edema in rats. An ultrastructural study. AB - Studies of ethchlorvynol (ECV)-induced pulmonary edema were undertaken for determination of the structural basis of increased microvascular permeability. Rats were administered an intravenous bolus dose of 15 mg/kg ECV and killed at time intervals between 5 minutes and 72 hours. Oyster glycogen and ferritin were used as permeability probes for identification of the sites of altered microvascular permeability. Edema fluid containing ferritin begins to accumulate in the alveolar interstitium 10 minutes after EVC . Thirty minutes after ECV, marked intersitial edema fluid is present containing both permeability probes. The absence of any appreciable transendothelial movement of either probe via vesicles and the presence of open endothelial junctions led the authors to propose the latter as the principal determinant of the increase in permeability. In addition to open endothelial junctions, prominent subendothelial blebs occur. These blebs develop in an otherwise intact endothelium and increase in frequency and size with time following their appearance at 10 minutes. Ferritin and glycogen progressively accumulate within the blebs. At 15 minutes the concentration of ferritin in blebs appears to equal that in plasma, whereas glycogen is absent or sparsely present in a few blebs. At 60 minutes both permeability probes have become concentrated in the blebs. The mechanism of formation of the blebs and concentration in them of the permeability probes cannot yet be specified. The lesion caused by ECV is completely reversible, so that by 72 hours after ECV there is complete resolution of interstitial edema, disappearance of the subendothelial blebs, and closure of endothelial junctions. A small amount of exudate remaining in the alveoli is cleared by 72 hours. PMID- 6731589 TI - The relationship of maternal perception and maternal behavior: a study of normal mothers and their infants. AB - Normal mothers of nine-month-olds generally perceived their infants' behavior accurately. However, where maternal perceptual distortions did occur, they were associated with less maternal responsiveness and greater interference. These correlated with the mothers' anxiety level and with infant sleep problems. Maternal expectations thus seemed to be translated into specific maternal behavior which may be of significance in the child's psychosocial adjustment. PMID- 6731590 TI - Maternal stress and social support: effects on the mother-infant relationship from birth to eighteen months. AB - Mothers' perceived stress and social support were found to be significant predictors of maternal attitudes and the quality of interaction with their infants, when measured concurrently across an 18-month period. However, long-term predictions were poor, as stability of maternal stress and support factors was only moderate. The quality of infants' interactive behavior was also affected by maternal stress and support, but only during the early measurement periods of one and four months. PMID- 6731591 TI - The relationship between maternal risk status and maternal sensitivity. AB - The relationship between parental risk condition and parents' sensitivity to infants' cues was measured in one father-infant and 59 mother-infant dyads. Parents were videotaped at home, playing with their infants. Systematic differences in interactional patterns were found across six parental risk groups- neglectful, abusing, mentally retarded, low-income, deaf, and middle class (non risk) parents. Sources of differences are discussed and implications for intervention strategies are offered. PMID- 6731592 TI - Home intervention for premature infants of low-income families. AB - Low-income families with premature newborns received home intervention regarding the care and development of their infants. Infants in these families were found to have higher mental ability scores, to be judged as having easier temperaments, and to be more likely to live in homes which facilitated development than were matched controls at one year of age. PMID- 6731593 TI - The postadoption experience of surrendering parents. AB - In order to ascertain the effects on subsequent life adjustment of having relinquished a child for adoption, a survey was conducted among 334 individuals, most of whom are members of Concerned United Birthparents. Findings indicate that having surrendered a child is perceived by these respondents as having a protracted negative influence on their lives in the areas of marriage, fertility, and parenting. Implications for adoption work and policy are discussed. PMID- 6731594 TI - Reassessing the revolving door: a developmental perspective on the young adult chronic patient. AB - Recent literature has described the young adult chronic patient as a subgroup of the chronically mentally ill whose high demand for a variety of mental health services places a strain on the delivery system. This paper suggests that the revolving door syndrome reflects deficits among the target population at three different levels: intrapsychic, dyadic, and societal. A treatment program that includes strategies responsive to the deficits at each level is described. PMID- 6731595 TI - Recovering the past: patient and family review of children's old mental health treatment records. AB - The right of access to old mental health treatment records creates unique challenges when requests are from former child patients. One agency's experience suggests that review of these records represents an attempt to understand current problems and concerns by searching for supposedly objective observations from the past. PMID- 6731596 TI - Using community news media to broaden mental health center prevention efforts. AB - Community programs of preventive mental health are especially likely to face difficulties during times of fiscal constraint. Mental health professionals should be aware that prevention activities can be developed with limited resources and existing staff, by making use of local news media--newspapers, radio, and television--to educate, support, and inform the public about mental health issues. PMID- 6731597 TI - New religions and the myth of mind control. PMID- 6731598 TI - The nonspecificity of mental illness. PMID- 6731599 TI - Effect of exercise of the lower limbs on the non-exercised biceps brachii muscle. AB - The electrophysiological pattern of fatigue of the biceps brachii (BB) muscle before and after bicycle leg exercise (LE), was evaluated in 12 healthy volunteers. In healthy people, the onset of isometric contraction is initiated by smaller motor units with briefer durations and higher spike frequencies. With the progression of contraction and muscular fatigue, electromyographic decrease in frequency and an increased spike duration occur. In our study, these findings were presented in subjects at the Final Value (FV) of electromyography before and after LE. In 8 subjects, the Initial Value (IV) of spike duration was longer after LE and a decrease in the frequency of electromyography was found in 9 of the 12 subjects. The changes in these two parameters at the onset of the BB contraction after LE may be due to the existence of an electrophysiological transfer effect. Eight subjects sustained the isometric BB contraction longer after LE than before LE. This may be explained by a diverting activity or other factors. Venous lactic acid was measured in 7 subjects and showed an increase after LE. No definite correlation between electromyographic changes and lactic acid was found. PMID- 6731600 TI - Relationship between myoelectric signals and blood lactate during incremental forearm exercise. AB - Five men performed incremental forearm exercise by using a modified hand grip dynamometer while external loads (1 Kg metal plate) were added at each succeeding minute until volitional exhaustion occurred. Myo-electric signals were recorded from the belly of the flexor carpi radialis-palmaris longus. By the use of an LSI 11/23 minicomputer, the digitized data were processed for integrated EMG (IEMG) and mean power frequency (MPF) by means of 512 point fast Fourier transform. Data from individuals revealed that venous lactate correlated highly with IEMG (range: 0.977 to 0.857, P less than 0.001) and MPF (-0.960 to -0.862, P less than 0.001) during the incremental exercise. Group data revealed that none of the parameters tested showed any significant changes between the onset of lactate threshold (LT), i.e., the onset of abrupt increases in lactate, and one minute prior to LT. However, when these parameters were tested between LT and one minute after LT, significant differences were observed for venous lactate (t = 3.16, P less than 0.05), IEMG (t = 3.02, P less than 0.05) and MPF (t = 3.84, P less than 0.05). It was concluded that analysis of myo-electric signals may provide a non-invasive measure of lactate threshold after which dynamic equilibrium of lactate production and utilization becomes unbalanced during the incremental forearm exercise. PMID- 6731601 TI - Hemoglobin levels in a Himalayan high altitude population. AB - This report presents data on hemoglobin concentrations in a sample of Himalayan high altitude natives measured at their habitual altitude of residence. In this sample of 270 healthy Tibetan adults resident at 3250-3560 m in Upper Chumik , Nepal, the mean hemoglobin concentration is 16.1 +/- 1.2 gm/dl among adult males, 14.4 +/- 1.4 gm/dl among premenopausal and 15.0 +/- 1.1 gm/dl among postmenopausal adult females. 123 of 126 (98%) males, 96 of 100 (96%) premenopausal and 36 of 44 (82%) postmenopausal females have hemoglobin concentrations within two standard deviations of the sea level mean. These data demonstrate that a healthy population may reside at high altitude without the degree of elevation in hemoglobin widely known and cited for Andean highlanders. Comparing published data on mean hemoglobin concentrations of adult Himalayan and Andean samples residing between 3200 m and 4100 m reveals that Himalayan means are systematically lower. This in turn may account for the reported population differences in the prevalence of chronic mountain sickness ( Monge 's disease). It is hypothesized that Himalayan and Andean highlanders represent alternative patterns of high altitude hematological adaptation. PMID- 6731602 TI - Human red cell glycolysis in high altitude chronic hypoxia. AB - We have found that glycolysis in human red blood cells under the hypoxic conditions found at high altitudes is connected with changes in enzyme activities and levels of various metabolic intermediates. The sensitivity of the four kinases to hypoxia results in 1) glycolytic hyperactivity leading to a higher intracellular energy state, and 2) accumulation of 2-3 DPG, whose role in the adaptation of red blood cell respiration to high altitude has been shown by previous research. PEP, 3PG , and G6P appear to be the main regulating intermediates in glycolysis in this system. The reason for the very large increase in G1- 6DP is still not clear. PMID- 6731603 TI - Microfracture patterns of abrasive wear striations on teeth indicate directionality. AB - A method is described that will indicate the direction that an abrasive particle was traveling as it scored the surface of a brittle material. Light and scanning electron micrographs of glass, dentine, and enamel abraded by loose and, steel carbide, and diamond indicate that partial Hertzian fracture cones are formed at the margins of wear striations during abrasion. The bases of these fracture cones face in the direction of travel of the abrasive particle and, therefore, indicate directionality. Because this method is based only on the consistent geometry of fracturing of brittle materials, it is independent of the loading of the abrasive particle. The only other method available to determine directionality of striations is unreliable since it uses the width of striations, and, hence, is dependent upon a consistent loading regime of the abrasive particle. This new method has direct application for determining the direction of movement of the jaws during mastication in living or fossil animals. PMID- 6731604 TI - Estimation of body fat in female rhesus monkeys. AB - Measurement of height (crown-rump length), body weight, and abdominal subcutaneous fat depth, based on skinfold thickness taken from 13 female rhesus monkeys comprising two age groups were correlated with body fat values derived from tritiated water determinations of total body water. The manner with which each measure was related to percent body fat differed as a function of age of the animal. In the young, nulliparous females, crown-rump length was the single best predictor of body fat, whereas in the older, multiparous females, skinfold thickness correlated most highly with body fat. When all measurements, including the Quetelet index [(wt/ht)2 x 1,000], were combined statistically and regressed against percent body fat, a significant increase in predictive ability was obtained. When each age group was considered separately, the resulting equations again reflected the age-group biases. In addition, as an internal check on the validity of the regression equations, an additional regression analysis was performed using morphometric data from selected animals in each age group. These equations yielded accurate estimates of body fat when compared to determinations made from total body water. These analyses indicate that the predictive accuracy of morphometric data is greatly enhanced by using these measurements in concert. Furthermore, the utility of such predictions is influenced by the specific physical characteristics of the subject population. PMID- 6731605 TI - Variation in the convexity of the human maxillary incisor labial surface. AB - Labial surface convexity of the maxillary central incisors ( ILC ) is classified with a new five grade ranked scale. More than 2,000 individuals representing 20 worldwide populations were studied. Principle findings are 1) sexual dimorphism is not significant, 2) antimere asymmetry is moderate, 3) labial convexity is negatively associated (r = -0.48) with labial surface double- shovelling , and 4) significant differences occur between several populations. Convexity is most marked in African and Asiatic Indian populations, particularly Bushmen . Europeans have intermediate degrees of convexity, and American Indians the least; Eskimos have the highest amount of convexity among Native Americans. Pacific Islanders are intermediate; Melanesians show the strongest expression of incisor labial convexity in the Pacific. PMID- 6731607 TI - A metrical comparison of maxillary first premolar form. AB - In a study of maxillary right first premolar morphology, multivariate analysis showed varying degree of separation between four human ethnic groups depending upon the actual metrical profile included in the analysis. Such ethnic discriminations were not possible from visual inspection or univariate analysis of individual crown diameters. Although the interpretation of such ethnic contrasts remains obscure, this study demonstrated the potential of multivariate statistical techniques in the investigation of odontometric data. PMID- 6731606 TI - The body build and composition of Samoan children: relationships to infant feeding patterns and infant weight-for-length status. AB - The relationships between infant feeding patterns, infant weight status, and subsequent growth are not yet firmly established. This study attempts to address these topics among Samoan children. The study population consists of 1,186 children born between October 1974 and September 1976 who were subsequently seen in the Well Baby Clinic in American Samoa. On the basis of the clinic records the children were categorized into feeding groups (breast vs. bottle) and weight-for length groups (less than 25th percentile or greater than 75th percentile of National Center for Health Statistics ( NCHS ) standards). A survey of 74 of these children was conducted in 1982. The average age of the children was 6.6 years. Twenty anthropometric measurements were taken and divided into three groups: skeletal, adipose, and mixed. Multiple analysis of variance was used on each of the groups of measurements to assess effects of infant feeding and weight for-length. This analysis demonstrated significant relationships between infant weight-for-length and childhood skeletal size (heavy infants are larger children); between infant feeding patterns and childhood adiposity (bottle-fed children are fatter); and between both infant patterns and the mixed measurements (heavy and bottle-fed infants are heavier children with larger circumferences). The relationship between infant weight-for-length and skeletal size may be a continuation of infant patterns of high musculoskeletal weight in heavy infants. The relationship between infant feeding and childhood fatness was not affected by family income. PMID- 6731608 TI - Stress and strain in the mandibular symphysis of primates: a test of competing hypotheses. AB - The primary purpose of this study was to test various hypotheses about symphyseal stress in primates. First, those patterns of symphyseal strain that would be associated with various hypothetical patterns of symphyseal stress were formulated. Then these hypothetical patterns of stress and strain were tested by comparing the formulated bone strain pattern with actual in vivo symphyseal bone strain patterns. Patterns of in vivo symphyseal bone strain were determined by bonding rosette and/or single-element strain gages to the midline of the middle and lower third of the labial aspect of the symphysis of six adult Macaca fascicularis. Following recovery from the anesthetic, bone strain was recorded during mastication, incision, and isometric biting. Symphyseal bone strain was also recorded during yawning, licking, and threat behaviors. The data suggest that during the power stroke of mastication, the macaque symphysis is predominately sheared dorsoventrally and/or twisted about a transverse axis and bent by lateral transverse bending of the mandibular corpora. During lateral transverse bending of the mandibular corpora, the labial aspect of the macaque symphysis experiences compressive bending stress, while the lingual aspect experiences tensile bending stress. During the opening stroke of mastication and during other jaw opening behaviors, the macaque symphysis is bent by medial transverse bending of the mandibular corpora. At this time the labial aspect of the symphysis experiences tensile bending stress, while its lingual aspect experiences compressive bending stress. During both the power and opening strokes of mastication, the macaque mandible is bent in the plane of its curvature, and therefore the mandible acts as a curved beam. This is important because it results in elevated levels of stress along the lingual aspect of the macaque symphysis, particularly during the power stroke of mastication. During the power stroke of incision, the local effects of the bite force are unknown; however, at this time the lower half of the macaque symphysis is both sheared dorsoventrally and bent due to twisting of the mandibular corpora about their long axes. The results of this stress analysis have implications for understanding the mechanical attributes of symphyseal structure. In order to counter dorsoventral shear, the most important symphyseal attribute is to have adequate cross sectional area of bone in the plane of the applied stress. In contrast, both the cross-sectional area of bone and symphyseal shape is important in order to counter stress effectively during symphyseal torsion and the three symphyseal bending regimes.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 400 WORDS) PMID- 6731609 TI - Secular change in growth of native children and adolescents at high altitude Huancayo, Peru (3,280 meters). AB - Stature and weight of native children, adolescents, and adults at Huancayo , Peru (3,280 meters), were measured in 1977, 1978, and 1982 and compared with mean statures and weights reported in previous studies. The data indicate that in Huancayo there has been a secular increment in child stature, sitting height, and weight from 1937 to 1978-1982. The observed changes in stature are related to a proportionally greater increment in leg length relative to trunk length. It is concluded that the observed secular increase in body size reflects changes in the standard of living and a greater influx of nonnative populations, which are usually characterized by greater stature than natives. PMID- 6731610 TI - Determination of sex from the tibia. AB - Determination of sex from the tibial shaft as well as the entire bone itself has not been generally investigated by osteologists . This paper is an attempt to fulfill this need. The purpose is to determine sex from both the complete tibia and the shaft at the nutrient foramen level. The sample was obtained from the Terry Collection and included 159 specimens of whites and blacks. The tibial length, and circumference, anteroposterior, and transverse measurements at the nutrient foramen level were analyzed by means of step-wise discriminant function analysis. It was found that the circumference alone could give, on the average, 80% accuracy in determining sex. The addition of other dimensions to the function increased the accuracy by about 4%. Comparisons of this study with those on the femur indicated that sexual dimorphism in the tibia was a result not only of the general growth and musculo-skeletal activity, but also of the genetic structure of the population, i.e., racial variation. PMID- 6731611 TI - Ontogenetic and interspecific organ weight allometry in Old World monkeys. AB - The importance of allometry as an analytic tool is well recognized in the literature of primate morphology. However, a number of recent studies have illustrated how interpretive difficulties can arise when researchers confound different types of allometric data. Such confusion is due less to carelessness than to uncertainty about how different types of allometry are related. The present study examines the relationship between two types--ontogenetic and interspecific allometry--in the case of organ weight scaling in six species of Old World monkeys. Accepting the interpretation of interspecific allometry as a reflection of functional scaling constraints, the results of this analysis indicate how ontogenetic patterns have been modified in different-sized species to maintain compliance with these constraints. Specifically, for the heart and lungs it appears that vertical transpositions of individual species' ontogenies are dictated by isometric interspecific allometry, while in the case of the kidneys and liver, the relation of negative allometry across species entails alteration of the relative growth coefficients of the individual species. While these conclusions can at present only be applied to organ weight scaling, the approach of examining interspecific patterns in light of developmental differences between species should prove very helpful in our efforts to understand the phenomena of size and scaling. PMID- 6731612 TI - Postembryonic dimensional allometry of the human femur. AB - Developmental constraints can affect evolution. McMahon 's (1973, 1975a ) hypothesis of elastic similarity is tested as an epigenetic rule. This is an ontogenetic hypothesis that previously has not been tested with ontogenetic data. Cross-sectional data from the human femur are analyzed. Length-diameter relationships for phases of growth and aging are calculated with bivariate allometry. McMahon 's hypothesis cannot be rejected, although most of the calculations are not consistent with it. Ontogenetic skeletal allometry is complex because both material and geometric properties change during development. PMID- 6731613 TI - Tooth loss and tooth retention in a multitribal group of Bantu-speaking South African blacks: a study on 500 dry mandibles. AB - Tooth loss and tooth retention in adult South African Bantu-speaking Negroes were studied from data derived from 500 dry mandibles. The tribe, sex, and stated age of the specimens were available. Mandibles were equally distributed over the third to seventh decade of life. The presence of dental units was recorded and analysed within and between decade age groups. The mandibles carried a total of 5,459 dental units. Between the third and fourth decades of life and between the sixth and seventh decades, the reduction of the frequency of dental units was mild and statistically not significant. It was, however, severe and significant between the fourth and fifth, and the fifth and sixth decades. In the third decade group, most teeth were found in the anterior region with a tendency to diminish in number posteriorly. After the third decade there was a definite persistence of first premolars and canines with significant tendency toward loss of teeth anterior and posterior to them. Only the incisors and third molars showed significant reduction in number from the third to the fourth decade. The reduction of all teeth was statistically significant later, until the sixth decade of life. Although there was loss of teeth from the sixth to the seventh decade, it was not significant for any of the homologous dental units. There is a possibility that some dietary differences existed between the older subjects (50 70 years old) and the younger ones (20-49 years old) which may have had some influence on the results. PMID- 6731614 TI - Estimation of total water and fatness from weight and height: inaccurate for lean women. AB - Mellits and Cheek have provided a regression equation which predicts total water, and by extension, fat, from weight and height of women. The equation has been used by many researchers as a convenient means to estimate fat when more complicated body composition estimation techniques are not possible. It is an essential component of evidence provide by Frisch for the critical fat hypothesis. The equation has not been validated on another sample, however, and has a large standard error. I test the Mellits and Cheek equation on five samples of young women, two of which show a normal range of heights and weights. The other three are athletic samples composed of lean women. In the normal samples mean fat percent determined by density (from underwater weighing) is closely approximated by the weight and height equation but not in the lean samples. When measured fat is regressed on estimated fat, correlations are low, and standard errors are high, suggesting that the Mellits and Cheek equation predicts poorly the body fat percentage of individual females. In summary, the Mellits and Cheek equation is moderately useful for the prediction of group means for body composition on samples with normal ranges of height and weight. It does not produce acceptable results on groups selected for extreme leanness or obesity. It is not recommended for fat prediction of individuals. PMID- 6731615 TI - Psychodynamic variables as predictors of psychotherapy outcome. AB - Predicting the outcome of psychotherapy is a central concern in psychiatry. Twenty-one medical students seeking psychotherapy were evaluated on a number of psychodynamic and process variables using self-report scales and scales completed by the therapist before, during, and after psychotherapy. There were significant differences between patients and a comparison group on eight variables before therapy. Ten psychodynamic variables (six representing ego defense mechanisms) and four process variables were found to be highly correlated with outcome measures; the process variables were the best predictors of outcome. The data support the use of psychodynamic and process variables as predictors of outcome in psychoanalytically oriented psychotherapy. PMID- 6731616 TI - Is there a relationship between eating disorder and affective disorder? New evidence from sleep recordings. AB - There is evidence that patients with anorexia nervosa (particularly those who also have bulimia) and patients with affective disorder share many features. The authors present sleep polygraph data from 20 young women with anorexia nervosa (17 also bulimic) and 10 age-matched normal women. Their urinary free cortisol levels were determined, and the subjects with eating disorders were also rated for depression. The findings suggest the existence of a subgroup of patients who show sleep abnormalities, in addition to clinical and possibly endocrine abnormalities, that indicate concurrent affective disorder. The authors present several models that could account for this relationship. PMID- 6731617 TI - Hyperprolactinemia, distress, and hostility. AB - The scores of 14 women with hyperprolactinemia on the Symptom Rating Test and the Symptom Questionnaire were compared with those of nonpsychotic women attending a psychiatric clinic, women attending a family practice clinic, and female nonpatient employees. The scores of the hyperprolactinemic women were similar to those of the psychiatric patients. Hyperprolactinemic patients were significantly more hostile, depressed, and anxious and had more feelings of inadequacy than family practice patients and nonpatient employees. The authors recommend measuring the serum prolactin levels of women with depression, hostility, anxiety, and symptoms or signs suggestive of hyperprolactinemia. PMID- 6731618 TI - Symptoms and hospitalization decisions. AB - On the basis of semistructured evaluations of all new patients presenting for care during a 1-year period at a comprehensive psychiatric facility, the authors systematically assessed the relationship between various aspects of the patients' symptoms and hospitalization decisions. The individual symptoms correlating the highest with hospitalization were self-neglect, disorganized thought process, and impulsivity. Even greater correlations, in increasing order, were obtained for the total number of symptoms present, for delusional psychosis (one of the broad factors underlying the patient's symptoms), and for a linear combination composed of self-neglect, impulsivity, suspiciousness, and suicidal indicators. PMID- 6731619 TI - Psychological benefits of Spiritual Baptist "mourning". AB - Members of the Spiritual Baptist Church in the West Indies engage in a ceremony called "mourning," which involves prayer , fasting, and the experiencing of dreams and visions while in isolation. Twenty-three church members who had undergone the experience were interviewed. Mourners cited six benefits of the practice: relief of depressed mood; attainment of the ability to foresee and avoid danger; improvement in decision-making ability; heightened facility to communicate with God and to meditate ; a clearer appreciation of their racial origins; identification with church hierarchy; and physical cures. Mourning appears to be a viable psychotherapeutic practice for these church members. PMID- 6731620 TI - Psychiatric needs in local jails: emergency issues. AB - There is an urgent need for psychiatric services for mentally ill inmates in local jails. The authors recommend that a psychiatric team be established inside the jail to provide short-term crisis evaluation, disposition, and treatment; that special training be provided for jail booking personnel in the recognition of psychiatric problems during the initial jail screening and classification process; that special modules be developed for mentally ill inmates; and that inmates in need of hospitalization have easy access to hospital beds. They describe a psychiatric ward actually located within a county jail to treat mentally ill inmates who are considered security risks. PMID- 6731621 TI - The dynamics of hospitalization in a defined population during deinstitutionalization. AB - In a sample of 1,032 psychiatric inpatients studied for 1 year, chronic patients (more than 6 months' inpatient stay) represented 17.4%, almost half of whom were discharged during a 2-year follow-up; an additional 19.4% died. The incidence of "new" long-stay patients was 8.6/100,000 population, which, if constant over time, would result in a net increase of long-stay patients. Most chronic long stay patients had a diagnosis of schizophrenia or organic brain syndrome. The two diagnostic groups had strikingly different patterns of deinstitutionalization. Alcoholic patients and those with "other" diagnoses demonstrated chronic dependence on the hospital, characterized by short inpatient stays and high readmission rates. PMID- 6731622 TI - Brewster v Dukakis: developing community services through use of a consent decree. AB - Filed against the state of Massachusetts in 1977, Brewster v Dukakis involved the claim that psychiatric patients living in state hospitals or at risk of being hospitalized in these facilities have a right to treatment in community settings. The decree that emanated from the suit resulted over a 5-year period in a tenfold increase in state expenditures for community mental health services, a 48% decline in the state hospital census, and a 15% drop in the state hospital admission rate in the region of the state targeted by the suit. Factors that facilitated this outcome are described, as well as the dangers and limitations of exclusive reliance on the judicial process to promote the development of community services. PMID- 6731623 TI - Effects of desipramine on clinical liver function tests. AB - Results of liver function tests in 46 depressed patients changed little during treatment with desipramine and were uncorrelated with drug plasma levels. The findings suggest that tricyclic-associated hepatitis, rather than being dose dependent, is an uncommon, idiosyncratic phenomenon. PMID- 6731624 TI - Sleepwalking and recurrent sleeptalking in children of childhood sleepwalkers. AB - Thirty-seven children, one or both of whose parents had sleepwalked during childhood, were studied prospectively. At 8 years of age, they were more likely to manifest sleepwalking, recurrent sleeptalking , and emotional lability than control children. PMID- 6731625 TI - Persistent psychophysiologic insomnia: preliminary Research Diagnostic Criteria and EEG sleep data. AB - Some patients with persistent psychophysiologic insomnia have a history of generalized anxiety, minor depression, or drug misuse. Their sleep resembles sleep of patients with generalized anxiety (except for night 2 improvement in the insomniacs' sleep continuity) but differs from sleep of patients with major depression. PMID- 6731626 TI - A case report of leukopenia associated with phenelzine. AB - Leukopenia, a rare but serious side effect of many psychotropic agents including monoamine oxidase inhibitors (MAOIs), has not been reported in the literature in association with phenelzine. The authors report such a case and suggest a toxic etiology independent of MAOI activity. PMID- 6731627 TI - The dexamethasone suppression test for major depression among opiate addicts. AB - The authors gave the dexamethasone suppression test (DST) to 42 opiate addicts 2 weeks after detoxification. The DST provided a sensitivity of 80% and a specificity of 93% for major depression diagnosed according to the Research Diagnostic Criteria. PMID- 6731628 TI - WHO guidelines on clinical drug studies available. PMID- 6731629 TI - Diagnosis in patients with chronic pelvic pain. PMID- 6731630 TI - The Supreme Court looks at psychiatry. AB - An analysis of the attitudes of the U.S. Supreme Court toward psychiatry, as expressed in the Court's major opinions on mental health law from 1975 to 1983, reveals significant discrepancies from case to case. The explanation for these puzzling shifts in attitude lies outside the realm of mental health law, in the justices ' aversion to judicial involvement in professional decision making. A close examination of the cases demonstrates the Court's willingness to alter its rhetoric about psychiatry to support this overriding end. Psychiatrists' understanding of the Court and advocacy for their own and their patients' interests must take this broader issue into account. PMID- 6731631 TI - Platelet monoamine oxidase activity and genetic vulnerability to schizophrenia. AB - Platelet monoamine oxidase (MAO) activity, determined in 102 patients with chronic schizophrenia, 223 first-degree relatives, and 88 normal control subjects, was shown to be a heritable and stable trait and was significantly lower in patients than in normal control subjects. Within families, MAO activity distinguished ill from well relatives. However, the considerable overlap in enzyme activity between affected and unaffected individuals limits the usefulness of low MAO activity as a major risk factor in schizophrenia. PMID- 6731632 TI - Relationship of psychological processes during delirium to outcome. AB - To determine which psychological processes during delirium might correlate with and predict postdelirium psychological outcome, the authors prospectively studied 34 burn patients who became delirious during hospitalization. After the delirium resolved, seven of the 25 survivors had severe psychological symptoms--either depression or posttraumatic stress disorders. During delirium, this outcome group was clinically distinctive: They showed significantly more preoccupation with their trauma and injury, had greater anxiety and fear, and differed in their use of defensive operations. These findings suggest modifying the standard approach to the delirious patient. PMID- 6731633 TI - Elevated plasma tricyclic levels with therapeutic doses of imipramine. AB - Nine (15%) of 59 patients treated with imipramine at doses of 150 to 300 mg/day had steady-state plasma levels greater than 500 ng/ml. Low capacity for hydroxylation was found in all six patients for whom hydroxy metabolites were measured. Maximum tricyclic levels in the nine study patients were comparable to levels found in tricyclic antidepressant overdoses (651-2439 ng/ml). No study patient experienced any adverse effects: QRS durations were all less than 100 msec, and a mildly dry mouth was the most commonly reported side effect (five of nine patients). Depressive symptoms recurred in three patients when their imipramine dose was decreased. PMID- 6731634 TI - Outcome following ECT for primary unipolar depression: a test of newly proposed response predictors. AB - This study considered dexamethasone suppression test (DST) results, Winokur 's familial subtyping, and the presence or absence of melancholia according to DSM III criteria as potential predictors of response to ECT. Familial subtype and DST results independently predicted outcome after ECT, but melancholia did not. Relationships between outcome and several other traditional items tested for comparison generally agreed with those in earlier studies. The pattern of significant predictors varied considerably depending on outcome measure--Hamilton depression score at discharge, global rating at discharge, or symptom score during a 6-month follow-up--which may explain some of the discrepancies between results of earlier predictor studies. PMID- 6731635 TI - Strangers bearing gifts: a retrospective look at the early years of community mental health center consultation. AB - Many early community mental health center (CMHC) consultations floundered when consultants attempted to apply Gerald Caplan 's community consultation theory, which the author describes as based on a private consultation paradigm, to the very different realities of government-mandated public paradigm consultation by CMHCs to public agencies. CMHC consultants were often perceived by consultees as "strangers bearing gifts" due to the lack of clarity concerning the rationale, contracts, roles, responsibilities, evaluation, and consultant- consultee exchanges of their public paradigm consultations. The otherwise disastrous recent losses of financial support for CMHCs are beneficially forcing them to shift their community consultation practices toward the private paradigm. PMID- 6731636 TI - Age and the dexamethasone suppression test in depression. AB - The authors examined the effects of age on plasma cortisol concentrations of 81 depressed men after dexamethasone administration. Dexamethasone nonsuppression was significantly more frequent in patients older than age 55 than those younger. Similarly, older patients had significantly higher postdexamethasone cortisol concentrations than younger patients at all time points sampled. These differences could not be attributed to severity or to the prevalence of psychosis in older and younger depressed patients. PMID- 6731638 TI - A comparison of national and in-house examinations of psychiatric knowledge. AB - The search continues for the optimum method of assessing psychiatric residents' knowledge. In 1982, 72% of the U.S. residency programs gave the Psychiatry Resident In-Training Examination ( PRITE ). The authors compared the PRITE with an examination developed by their program. The two tests yielded highly correlated percentages of correct responses and resident rank orders for advanced residents, detected similar areas of weakness, had comparable dollar costs, and elicited similar, moderately high resident satisfaction. Important differences were the amount of information and feedback provided to residents and to the residency program and the time between the test and the feedback. PMID- 6731637 TI - Psychiatric catchment areas in an urban center: a policy in disarray. AB - This study of the catchment area policy in New York City's 10 municipal psychiatric inpatient units and emergency rooms showed that of a total of 52,170 emergency room visits and 18,558 admissions in 1982, 35% and 24%, respectively, were of patients from outside the hospitals' catchment areas. The authors discuss the factors associated with the relative ineffectiveness of the policy and the implications for municipal hospitals' funding and patient care. They suggest that policy makers consider a different model for acute-care hospitals and propose a network approach as a plausible alternative. The need for further research is also emphasized. PMID- 6731639 TI - Insanity defenses: contested or conceded? AB - The authors examined 316 Oregon criminal cases in which the accused successfully pleaded the insanity defense. Prosecutors agreed to the insanity verdict in more than four out of five cases. In most cases all examining experts diagnosed the defendant as psychotic. The smaller number of defendants who were diagnosed by the state hospital staff as displaying only personality disorders accounted for a disproportionately large percentage of the contested trials. Observing that Oregon's insanity defense system is run by consensus, the authors suggest a reorientation of the insanity defense debate. PMID- 6731640 TI - Self-help groups for parents of young drug and alcohol abusers. AB - A national movement of parent self-help groups has recently emerged to combat drug abuse in children and adolescents. This innovative modality addresses a major mental health problem in an area where manpower shortages are anticipated. On the basis of self-report data from 135 parent group members, the drug and behavior problems of their children were evaluated. Improvement was reported in the community at large but more frequently in the children of members. The parent groups differed notably in structure and activities; nonetheless, the underlying psychology of membership, i.e., the shared attitudes and social cohesiveness of the members, facilitated the achieving of common goals. PMID- 6731641 TI - Is delusional depression related to bipolar disorder? AB - In a family study of major depression, the prevalence of bipolar illness was nearly six times as high among the relatives of delusionally depressed probands as among the relatives of nondelusionally depressed probands or of controls. PMID- 6731642 TI - A case report of mania and congenital deafness. AB - The authors report treatment of an initial manic episode in a congenitally deaf teenager. It appears that bipolar illness in the deaf is rare and that integrating handicapped patients into a general psychiatric setting may prevent regression. PMID- 6731643 TI - Possible psychogenic fever of 103.5 degrees F in a patient with borderline personality disorder. AB - The authors describe a 24-year-old woman with borderline personality disorder and prolonged fever of unknown origin. After an extensive search for a fever source, they noted that her temperature responded to pseudoseizures and to phenobarbital. PMID- 6731644 TI - Brief reactive psychosis in a deaf man. AB - A prelingually deaf man developed a brief reactive psychosis that was influenced by sociocultural, community, and interpersonal conflicts. Resolution of symptoms followed interventions that addressed all areas of conflict. PMID- 6731645 TI - Serial dexamethasone suppression tests in male chronic schizophrenic patients. AB - The author performed weekly dexamethasone suppression tests on five nondepressed male chronic schizophrenic patients over 12 weeks. Nonsuppression occurred three times in two patients, twice in two patients, and once in one patient. PMID- 6731646 TI - More on psychiatry and space flight. PMID- 6731647 TI - Therapeutic neutrality and racial issues in treatment. PMID- 6731648 TI - Cerebral ventricular enlargement and suicide in schizophrenia and mania. PMID- 6731649 TI - Some effects of rhythmic context on melody recognition. AB - The effects of rhythmic context on the ability of listeners to recognize slightly altered versions of 10-tone melodies were examined in three experiments. Listeners judged the melodic equivalence of two auditory patterns when their rhythms were either the same or different. Rhythmic variations produced large effects on a bias measure, indicating that listeners judged melodies to be alike if their rhythms were identical. However, neither rhythm nor pattern rate affected discriminability measures in the first study, in which rhythm was treated as a within subjects variable. The other two studies examined rhythmic context as a between subjects variable. In these, significant effects of temporal uncertainty due to the number and type of rhythms involved in a block of trials, as well as their assignment to standard and comparison melodies on a given trial, were apparent on both discriminability and bias measures. Results were interpreted in terms of the effect of temporal context on the rhythmic targeting of attention. PMID- 6731650 TI - Feeding inhibition produced by concurrent sucrose ingestion in gerbils and hamsters. AB - The daily 1-h intake of solid diet, 7% sucrose solution, and water of gerbils and hamsters tested for a 15-day period was investigated. Results of Experiment 1 indicated that gerbils provided with sucrose solution in addition to Purina rat chow showed an inhibition of food intake relative to control gerbils not given access to sucrose solution. However, experimental animals did not differ from control animals in either body weight loss or total caloric intake. For Experiment 2, results indicated that hamsters provided with sucrose solution in addition to sunflower seeds did not differ in their daily 1-h intake of seeds from control hamsters that had access to sunflower seeds. In Experiment 3, gerbils were tested under the same conditions as those of Experiment 2, and results indicated that concurrent sucrose ingestion inhibited the intake of sunflower seeds. The implications of these species differences in reactions to the test conditions are discussed. PMID- 6731651 TI - Relationship between physical and conceptual color codes. AB - The experiment was designed to determine whether the efficacy of the conceptual color code increases as the availability of the physical color code decreases. On each trial subjects judged whether two color chips were physically identical. On primed trials the prototype color chip was presented for 2 s prior to the test pair. After exposure to test pairs involving moderate goodness levels, all subjects responded to test pairs consisting of either good or poor members of a category. For some subjects the test pairs were presented immediately after the termination of the prototype chip. For other subjects there was either a 1- or 2 s delay between viewing the prototype chip and the presentation of the test pair. Under delay conditions of both 0 s and 1 s, priming with the prototype chip facilitated responses to good members of the category and inhibited responses to poor members of the category. However, after a 2-s delay, priming facilitated responses to both good and poor category members. It was argued that under the 0- and 1-s conditions priming effects were mediated by the physical color code. When the availability of the physical code was reduced by the 2-s delay, priming effects were determined by the modified conceptual representation. PMID- 6731652 TI - Developmental analysis of the effects of reward on selected Wechsler subscales. AB - The authors recently proposed that adverse effects of material rewards on Wechsler subscale performance may be the result of a reward-produced developmental regression. The present study further explores that idea through an attempt to replicate earlier findings with adults and to extend the inquiry to children. Selected Wechsler subscales were administered to 32 subjects at each of three ages (5, 10, and 18 years) under either reward or nonreward conditions. Subscales were chosen to represent both algorithmic and heuristic types of tasks. Reward and nonreward groups (8 males and 8 females per group at each age) were matched initially on age and ability. For adults, consistent with earlier findings, reward had an adverse effect on performance on the heuristic subscales and tended to facilitate performance on the algorithmic subscales. However, rewards generally had no effect at the fourth-grade level and had a reverse effect at the nursery school level, i.e., rewards facilitated heuristic and hampered algorithmic performance. These findings appear to be more consistent with an explanation based on developmental regression than on any available alternative mechanism. PMID- 6731653 TI - Likability of targets and distractors in facial recognition. AB - Target and distractor likability were examined in two studies of face memory. Subjects studied faces that had been rated by others as likable or unlikable . The test required subjects to identify the previously studied face in an array of four faces, where the distractor faces were either likable or unlikable . Overall, unlikable targets were more readily recognized than likable targets. In Experiment 2, distractor likability appeared to have little effect on correct recognition when response bias was ruled out. However, in Experiment 2, arrays involving all new faces showed that likable faces were more apt to be falsely identified as targets. In general, these results seem more in accord with an interpretation based on distinctiveness instead of affective responses. PMID- 6731654 TI - Picture-digit differences in processing clock times. AB - Clock times displayed as digits and as clockfaces were used as stimuli in a series of experiments that tested the hypothesis that a common numerical code was used for processing clock times. Whether the task involved reading times or making comparative judgments of early/late or same/different, digits were always processed faster than clockfaces . The size of the format effect varied, however, with the processing demands of the task and with times at specific locations on the clockface . Also, automatic processing of times presented as clockfaces interfered with comparative judgments made with digits, but digital distractors were not found to interfere with judgments made to times as clockfaces . The findings are discussed within the context of picture-word differences in rate of access to articulatory and semantic codes. Conclusions are also made regarding the relative efficiency of displaying times digitally and in the form of clockfaces . PMID- 6731655 TI - From "evenly-hovering attention" to "vicarious introspection": issues of listening in Freud and Kohut. PMID- 6731656 TI - Horney theory and mother/child impact on early childhood. PMID- 6731657 TI - Horney theory and mother/child impact on early childhood. PMID- 6731658 TI - Pathological attachments and their relationship to affective disorders in adult life. PMID- 6731659 TI - Horneyan developmental psychoanalytic theory and its application to the treatment of the young. AB - The early work of Dr. Karen Horney has been reviewed, including her ideas concerning neurotogenesis, the formation of basic anxiety, basic conflict as a result of disordered attachment, and various conflict solutions. In addition, her pioneering ideas regarding the real self and self-realization have been mentioned. It has been shown that the application of her ideas in clinical work with the young results in a rational approach to suffering children and their families. PMID- 6731660 TI - From attachment to affiliation. PMID- 6731661 TI - Violence in the family as a disorder of the attachment and caregiving systems. PMID- 6731662 TI - Carcinoma in situ of the gallbladder. A clinicopathologic study of 18 cases. AB - Eighteen cases of carcinoma in situ of the gallbladder collected over a 7-year period at the General Hospital of Mexico City are reported. All patients were females whose ages ranged from 26 to 83 years with a mean of 55. Their symptoms and signs were related to the presence of stones. Grossly, the in situ carcinomas could not be differentiated from chronic cholecystitis. In only one case was the diagnosis suspected on macroscopic examination. Thirteen lesions were located either in the fundus or body of the gallbladder. Histologically there were two types of in situ carcinoma--papillary (two cases) and nonpapillary (16 cases). Hyperplasia of the antral-type glands was associated with 12 cases and cholecystitis follicularis with four. The atypical changes began on the surface epithelium and extended into the epithelial invaginations and later into the antral-type glands. Four carcinomas in situ exhibited limited invasion into the underlying lamina propria or inner part of the muscle layer. In the 15 cases that were examined, immunoperoxidase stains revealed cytoplasmic staining for carcinoembryonic antigen (CEA). All patients we were able to follow (those who had only carcinoma in situ) are symptom-free after cholecystectomy. One of the four patients with microinvasion died 7 years after cholecystectomy with clinical evidence of liver metastasis. PMID- 6731663 TI - Low-grade papillary adenocarcinoma of palatal salivary gland origin. AB - The clinicopathologic features of five low-grade papillary adenocarcinomas of palatal salivary gland origin are presented and seven well-documented cases from the literature are reviewed. Patients in our series ranged in age from 30 to 77 years (median 48). Symptoms were nonspecific and related to a mass present for a long duration. Histologically, these were complex cystic, papillary, focally solid tumors that were partially encapsulated. Cytologically, they were composed of bland, predominantly cuboidal cells with eosinophilic or clear cytoplasm. Four tumors were initially considered to be benign mixed tumors, but long-term follow up indicates that these are slowly growing, malignant neoplasms. Three patients developed solitary cervical lymph node metastases from 2 to 21 years after initial presentation. One tumor underwent an anaplastic transformation to solid adenocarcinoma, and this was from the only patient in our series who died with tumor. Low-grade papillary adenocarcinoma is a clinicopathologically distinctive salivary gland neoplasm, with histologic features unlike those of other papillary salivary gland tumors. PMID- 6731664 TI - Sertoli-Leydig tumors of the ovary. A clinicopathologic study of 64 intermediate and poorly differentiated neoplasms. AB - The clinical and pathologic features of 64 Sertoli-Leydig tumors of the ovary with intermediate and poor differentiation were studied. The neoplasms occurred mainly in young women. Fifty-four percent of the patients presented with clinical evidence of a hormonally active tumor, and 38% were virilized. The remaining 46% had nonspecific symptoms. Sixty-two patients had tumors confined to one ovary at operation (Stage Ia), while only two patients presented with pelvic metastases (Stage III). The prognosis was generally favorable; the 5- and 10-year actuarial survival rates were 92%. Unilateral salpingo-oophorectomy was effective treatment for Stage Ia Sertoli-Leydig tumors in young women. Microscopically, 44 of the neoplasms were of intermediate differentiation and 20 were poorly differentiated. Heterologous elements (mucinous epithelium, striated muscle, cartilage) were present in 16 neoplasms. The pathologic features that correspond with development of metastases were poor differentiation, the presence of heterologous mesenchymal elements, frequent mitotic figures in stromal cells, and rupture of the neoplasm. PMID- 6731665 TI - Leiomyoblastomas and their relationship to other smooth-muscle tumors of the gastrointestinal tract. An electron-microscopic study. AB - Twelve cases of gastrointestinal leiomyoblastoma were studied by electron microscopy, and the findings were compared with those in 12 cases of leiomyoma and nine cases of leiomyosarcoma of the gastrointestinal tract. All of the "classic" ultrastructural features of smooth-muscle tumors, including subplasmalemmal dense patches, pinocytotic vesicles, cytoplasmic microfilaments and dense bodies, and focal basement membrane formation, were present in the leiomyoblastomas ; however, extensive sampling was commonly necessary to demonstrate such findings. In contrast, these features were more prominent in leiomyomas and leiomyosarcomas. PMID- 6731666 TI - Breast nodule produced by Dirofilaria tenuis. AB - A case of Dirofilaria tenuis presenting as a breast nodule is reported in a patient who traveled to the southeast United States 6 months before the nodule was noted. It illustrates an unusual diagnostic problem, especially since it presented in a nonendemic area. The morphological criteria for diagnosis of D. tenuis in tissue sections are noted. PMID- 6731667 TI - Ciliated hepatic foregut cyst. AB - This study describes a solitary unilocular cyst of the liver, lined by ciliated, pseudostratified, columnar epithelium supported by a loose, relatively acellular lamina propria. The cyst wall was composed of a prominent smooth muscle band, of up to three layers, surrounded by an outer fibrous capsule. These features distinguish the cyst from biliary cystadenoma and make it histologically similar to previously described ciliated bronchial and esophageal cysts. This ciliated hepatic cyst and similar bronchial and esophageal cysts appear to represent a common spectrum of derivatives from the embryonic foregut. Cysts of this type have not been generally recognized to occur in the liver. PMID- 6731668 TI - Malignant transformation in a thymic cyst. AB - Thymic cysts have not been previously reported to show malignant transformation. This is the first documented case of well-differentiated papillary squamous cell carcinoma arising in a preexisting thymic cyst. The tumor was treated by surgical excision with no evidence of metastasis 6 1/2 years later. PMID- 6731669 TI - Ultrastructural localization of protective antigens of Plasmodium yoelii merozoites by the use of monoclonal antibodies and ultrathin cryomicrotomy. AB - The production of two hybridoma cell lines secreting monoclonal antibodies (MAb), both of which react specifically with erythrocytic merozoites of Plasmodium yoelii in the indirect immunofluorescence assay, has been reported earlier. MAb 25.77 was reactive with a localized region within each merozoite, while MAb 25.1 appeared to be specific for the plasma membrane of schizonts and merozoites. The parasite antigens recognized by antibodies 25.77 and 25.1 are proteins of 235,000 and 230,000 molecular weight, respectively, both of which induce protective immunity against P. yoelii in mice. In order to establish the precise localization of these protective antigens within erythrocyte merozoites, ultrathin cryomicrotomy was used in conjunction with the MAb and protein A-gold. This technique showed that gold particles were exclusively concentrated over the rhoptries when erythrocytic merozoites were incubated with MAb 25.77. On the other hand, gold particles were distributed uniformly over the merozoite surface when parasites were incubated with MAb 25.1. These results demonstrate, for the first time, that a protective antigen of the erythrocytic stage of P. yoelii is localized within the rhoptries as well as on the merozoite surface. PMID- 6731670 TI - Larvicidal activity of albendazole against Necator americanus in human volunteers. AB - This study evaluated the efficacy and tolerance of a single oral 400-mg dose of albendazole on Necator americanus larvae, and compared its efficacy when administered between meals or with a meal. Twenty-nine healthy and hookworm-free male volunteers were exposed on the forearm to approximately 45 8-day-old N. americanus larvae. All subjects developed discrete maculopapular eruptions at the site of larval application. Following a random double-blind study design, each subject received at the end of the 6th post-infection day either the investigational drug or a placebo as follows: Group I (n = 8)-placebo; Group II (n = 11)-400 mg albendazole with a meal; Group III (n = 10)-400 mg albendazole 3 or more hours after or before a meal. On day 56 post-infection, the stools of all subjects who received placebo were positive for N. americanus eggs (by zinc sulfate flotation technique), compared with 48% positivity (10/21) in those who received albendazole (P = 0.01). By day 63 post-infection, an additional three subjects in the treatment group became positive, for an overall 62% rate of positivity (13/21), i.e., albendazole prevented patent infection in 38%. Administration of albendazole with a meal did not alter drug efficacy. In those subjects in whom patent infections were not prevented, egg output was one-fourth that of the placebo group. There was no difference in viability of eggs appearing in feces of treated and untreated subjects as judged by larval development in Harada-Mori cultures. Our data indicate that albendazole is active against pre intestinal stages of N. americanus in human infections. PMID- 6731671 TI - The prevalence of onchocerciasis on selected divisions of the Firestone Rubber Plantation, Harbel, Liberia. AB - A survey for the prevalence of onchocerciasis was conducted on selected divisions of the Firestone Rubber Plantation, Harbel , Liberia, in November 1980. Divisions 19, 22, 23, and 36 are located in the north-central portion of the plantation, and were selected to complement transmission studies which were performed there in 1979 and 1980. Biopsy of the calf, iliac crest, and shoulder was done on a total of 583 individuals. No lateral difference in microfilarial density was observed. A prevalence of 80.8% was found. Prevalence appeared to be equal between the sexes, and to plateau above 35 years of age. Of those presenting positive skin biopsies, 20.2% had palpable onchocercomata . The geometric mean wet weight microfilarial density/mg of skin for the population sampled was 19. Onchocerciasis is considered hyperendemic in the Harbel area. Further investigations are warranted to define its dimensions in relation to clinical sequelae on the plantation. PMID- 6731672 TI - Morphogenesis of larval Onchocerca volvulus in the Panamanian black fly, Simulium quadrivittatum. AB - Simulium quadrivittatum Loew (Diptera: Simuliidae), a man-biting black fly, was shown, for the first time, to be capable of supporting development of Onchocerca volvulus Leuckart (Nematoda: Filarioidea) from microfilariae to third-stage (infective) larvae. The black flies were collected in Chiriqui Province, Panama and transported alive to Guatemala, where they were allowed to feed on a human subject infected with O. volvulus. Samples of these flies were dissected over an 11-day period to assess morphogenesis of the parasite. Vigorously motile microfilariae were recovered from the mid-gut during the first 24 hours postfeeding; second-stage larvae were found in the thoracic musculature on day 4; and fully developed third-stage larvae were obtained from the cephalic capsule by day 10. This rate of larval development is similar to that observed in Guatemalan S. ochraceum. Onchocerciasis is not known to occur in Panama. The results of the present study direct attention to a potential public health hazard there and possibly elsewhere in Central America. PMID- 6731673 TI - Development of Onchocerca volvulus larvae in Simulium pintoi in the Amazonas region of Venezuela. AB - The intake and development of Onchocerca volvulus in Simulium pintoi from the Parima mountain region of the Federal Territory of Amazonas in Venezuela, were studied experimentally. When wild females fed on the lower half of the legs and lower third of the back of an onchocerciasis patient harboring 23 and 264 microfilariae per skin snip, respectively, at each site, an average (median) of 14 (range, 1-77) and 245 (range, 58-495) microfilariae was ingested. However, within 24 hours of microfilarial ingestion a mortality of 47% (16/34 flies) was observed in the group of flies which fed on the back, as compared with 2% (2/101 flies) in the other group which fed on the legs. At a temperature varying between 16 degrees C and 24 degrees C, the development of O. volvulus larvae in S. pintoi was synchronous and orderly; no abnormal nor deformed larvae were observed. Third stage larvae were first seen in the head of flies dying between 8 and 9 days after microfilarial ingestion, and 98 of 100 larvae recovered from days 10-16 were in the third stage. The proportions of females harboring third-stage larvae among flies which lived through day 8 in the two groups which fed on the legs and back, respectively, were 55% (21/38 flies) and 63% (5/8 flies). Although only two of five positive flies in the latter group contained third-stage larvae in the head (1 and 12, respectively), 71% (15/21 positive flies) of the former group had an average of 2.7 third-stage larvae in the head (range, 1-10).(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS) PMID- 6731674 TI - Detection of circulating parasite antigens in canine dirofilariasis by counterimmunoelectrophoresis. AB - Circulating Dirofilaria immitis antigen was detected in sera from 24 of 24 infected dogs by counterimmunoelectrophoresis (CIE). Parasite antigen was not detected in sera from uninfected dogs or dogs with Dipetalonema reconditum infection. In experimentally infected dogs, the antigen was first detectable 6.5 8.5 months after infection. Preliminary evidence suggests that the antigen is present in male and female adult worms but not in microfilariae. Sera from dogs with microfilaremic and amicrofilaremic infections contained statistically equivalent amounts of D. immitis antigen. However, a significant correlation was observed between serum parasite antigen content and the number of adult worms present in individual dogs at necropsy. Previous studies from several laboratories have shown that microfilarial counts and serum antibody titers are not related to adult worm counts in canine dirofilariasis or other filarial infections. Thus, CIE detection of D. immitis antigenemia represents a significant improvement over previously available diagnostic techniques because it is more sensitive than microfilarial tests, more specific than antibody tests, and the only test that has been related to infection intensity. PMID- 6731675 TI - Experimental disseminated strongyloidiasis in Erythrocebus patas. I. Pathology. AB - Fatal disseminated disease was induced in ten patas monkeys infected with two Southeast Asian strains of Strongyloides stercoralis. While some animals died within 6 weeks after infection, others controlled their infections until placed on high doses of corticosteroids. Larvae were first noted in the stools 11-20 days after transcutaneous exposure to filariform larvae. Daily larval counts tended to increase as the infections progressed, but the number of larvae in the stool was not predictive of whether a monkey would control his infection or succumb to fatal disease. Hyperinfection was confirmed in the six monkeys in which counts were made of the adult female parasites in the duodenum at postmortem, as well as by pathologic findings in all animals. Clinical signs of disease were vague until dyspnea induced by terminal pulmonary hemorrhage occurred. Eosinophilia and/or basophilia were noted intermittently in some infections. Severe necrotizing duodenitis, colitis, and pulmonary hemorrhage were the most conspicuous postmortem findings. Hyperinfection has been predictably induced in a cercopithecoid monkey for the first time; a species which may lend itself to further investigations into the pathogenesis of disseminated strongyloidiasis . PMID- 6731676 TI - Experimental disseminated strongyloidiasis in Erythrocebus patas. II. Immunology. AB - Parasite-specific humoral and cellular immune responses were evaluated in seven Erythrocebus patas monkeys experimentally infected with a Southeast Asian strain of Strongyloides stercoralis. Most animals developed high titers of anti-larval surface IgG antibody (as evaluated by the indirect immunofluorescence test), and all animals tested developed specific IgE antibody (as shown by the in vitro histamine release test). Modest lymphoproliferative responses to S. stercoralis antigens were demonstrated in most animals during the early phase of the infection (days 20-40), but disappeared later. Steroid treatment (prednisone, 12.5 mg/kg on alternate days) was given to three animals, but did not appear to significantly affect the immune parameters tested. The degree of the immune responses to S. stercoralis larval antigens did not correlate well with the course of the infection, and several animals died of disseminated disease in spite of demonstrable humoral and cellular responses to these antigens. We suggest therefore that other factors, such as local intestinal immune and nonimmune mechanisms may be of importance in protection against disseminated strongyloidiasis. PMID- 6731677 TI - Evaluation of natural killer activity in human schistosomiasis. AB - Natural killer (NK) activity was assayed in peripheral blood mononuclear cells of patients with schistosomiasis, of patients following treatment, and of uninfected control subjects. The patient populations were from villages in the Qalyub Province, Egypt and around Belo Horizonte , Brazil. NK activity was assayed by the cytotoxicity of 51Cr-labelled K562 target tumor cells. In neither infected population were significant alterations from normal levels found in the percent cytotoxicity per 10(6) cells, or in the lytic units that expressed 25% cytotoxicity. Likewise, prior treatment (2 and 6 months previously) did not alter the group NK activity detected. Similarly, in the Egyptian study there was no difference in the percentage of large granular lymphocytes between the infected and uninfected groups. In parallel studies in Egyptian and Brazilian schistosomiasis patients we did not find any evidence that this chronic infection consistently altered circulating NK activity. PMID- 6731678 TI - Diphyllobothriasis associated with salmon consumption in Pacific Coast states. AB - A review of requests for niclosamide ( Niclocide or Yomesan ) made to the Centers for Disease Control Parasitic Diseases Drug Service indicated that an outbreak of diphyllobothriasis occurred in west coast states in 1980, and in the Los Angeles area in 1981. Our investigation of 52 infections that occurred in 1980 implicates fresh salmon (Oncorhynchus spp.) as the host for the Diphyllobothrium parasite in 82% of the persons interviewed. We describe here common symptoms of the infection, methods of fish preparation employed by infected individuals, and epidemiologic data. We suggest that changes in fish marketing practices and the popularity of uncooked or slightly cooked fresh salmon were responsible for this epidemic. We recommend that salmon be either cooked or frozen before it is eaten. PMID- 6731679 TI - Melioidosis in Far North Queensland. A clinical and epidemiological review of twenty cases. AB - During the last 4 years, 20 cases of clinical melioidosis were diagnosed in the geographical area between Tully and Thursday Island. Sixteen were diagnosed by culture of Pseudomonas pseudomallei, and four by positive serology with appropriate clinical features. Most cases occurred during or after a heavy wet season. All patients were adult, and males predominated. Farmers and stockmen represented predisposed populations due to their prolonged soil contact. Ten patients were white Australians, six were Aborigines and four were Torres Strait Islanders. Twelve cases were first diagnosed by positive blood culture and four by sputum culture. The primary site of infection was pulmonary in 14 cases, genitourinary tract in one case, subcutaneous tissues in one case, and joints in two cases. In cases of fulminating infection metastatic abscesses were commonly found in many organs; typically lungs, liver, kidneys and spleen. Six patients had acute fulminating disease and died. Fourteen patients successfully responded to appropriate therapy, but relapse occurred in three, all of whom had an alcohol problem and showed poor drug compliance. The presence of diabetes mellitus in six patients confirmed the important known association of these two diseases. In three fulminating and four subacute infections the serology was negative at the time of diagnosis by culture. Antibiotic therapy for the different forms of this disease is reviewed, and a laboratory protocol for the rapid reporting of positive culture results is included. PMID- 6731680 TI - The prevalence of human melioidosis in Northern Queensland. AB - Sera from 9,047 individuals from Northern Queensland were examined for the presence of hemagglutinating antibodies to Pseudomonas pseudomallei, the causative agent of melioidosis, and 512 (5.7%) were found to have titers of 1:40 or greater. The distribution of positive reactors in various groups was uneven, and significantly higher prevalences of positive antibody titers were found in the sera from Aborigines (7.9-10.6%), Torres Strait Islanders (7.8%), Vietnamese refugees (29%) and from persons with certain medical conditions including chronic alcoholism (15%), chronic infections (14.8%), diabetes mellitus (8.6%) and liver disease (12.9%). There were significantly fewer positive reactors (1.4%) amongst the armed forces stationed in Northern Queensland. At present, the boundaries of the major endemic region of Australia extend north from Rockhampton along the coast to Darwin and inland, west from Rockhampton to Tennant Creek in central Australia. Townsville was found to have the highest prevalence (5.2%) of positive reactors of all urban populations of Northern Queensland. The extent of the disease is such that it can no longer be considered a rare infection in Northern Queensland. PMID- 6731681 TI - Genetic heterogeneity among Caribbean populations of Aedes aegypti. AB - Using starch gel electrophoresis, we have analyzed genetic variation at 11 loci in 18 Caribbean collections of Aedes aegypti. Our results show that, while there is some relationship between geographic proximity and genetic distance, the overall picture among islands is one of gene frequency patchiness , with some collections clearly not conforming to any geographic pattern. We attribute this to the combined effects of high rates of gene flow among islands and with the mainland American continent, and the activities of various vector control agencies in the region. PMID- 6731682 TI - Russell's viper bite in Sri Lanka. A study of 22 cases. AB - Twenty-two patients who had been bitten by a Russell's viper were studied. Neurological manifestations and generalized myalgia were observed, respectively, in 86.4% and 72.7%. Renal failure did not occur in three patients who received antivenin within 5 hours of the bite, and it is suggested that administration of antivenin within the first few hours following the bite could prevent renal failure. Of 19 patients who were in acute renal failure, seven responded to conservative management while 12 needed peritoneal dialysis. Nine patients developed pulmonary edema and four had grand mal seizures. Five patients died. Autopsy revealed massive pulmonary edema, thought to be the immediate cause of death, in four of them and extensive cortical and tubular necrosis in three. PMID- 6731683 TI - Nitazoxanide in the treatment of Taenia saginata and Hymenolepis nana infections. AB - Nitazoxanide , a nitrothiazole derivative, was tested in 22 patients infected with Taenia saginata and 18 infected with Hymenolepis nana. A single 25 mg/kg body weight dose was effective against T. saginata, while twice this dose level (50 mg/kg), also as a single dose, was required for treating H. nana infection. Tolerance of the drug was good at both dose levels used. PMID- 6731684 TI - Current concepts in cardiac rehabilitation. AB - This article has presented the historical basis for cardiac rehabilitation and the available data related to the four most important questions that remain: (1) Does exercise increase survival after myocardial infarction? Although it is generally thought that clinical trials have failed to demonstrate that cardiac rehabilitation prolongs life after a myocardial infarction, analysis of pooled data from all published studies shows that this conclusion is unjustified. (2) Can each individual patient's risk for a future cardiac event be determined? We have developed a method using serial application of Baye 's theorem to determine each patient's risk. By so doing, we can stratify patient groups by previous risk and then assess the effect of cardiac rehabilitation on altering risk without limiting the analysis to subsequent myocardial infarction and cardiac death. (3) Can regression of atherosclerosis be demonstrated? Regression of atherosclerosis has been clearly demonstrated in animal models, but new evidence suggests that it can also occur in human subjects. (4) Do all patients require monitored exercise after a myocardial infarction? Evidence documenting the safety of exercise in patients recovering from a myocardial infarction has resulted in inclusion of sick patients in cardiac rehabilitation programs and exercise of the healthier patients in unmonitored settings. Major changes in cardiac rehabilitation programs are now taking place, with the emphasis moving away from prolongation of life toward improvement in the quality of life. As a result, cardiac rehabilitation is no longer confined to exercise alone; equal emphasis is placed on dietary and psychologic aspects of patient recovery. PMID- 6731685 TI - Intraaortic balloon counterpulsation. AB - The physiologic principle of hemodynamic circulatory support for the failing left ventricle must be directed toward reducing left ventricular work and myocardial oxygen demand and increasing myocardial oxygen supply. This support can best be accomplished with the use of intraaortic balloon counterpulsation. Support of the failing heart after cardiopulmonary bypass was the most frequent indication for counterpulsation treatment in our reported series. This type of assist was required in 5.2 percent of my patients. I reviewed the reports from three medical centers and added our own results in patients who required intraaortic balloon counterpulsation for weaning from cardiopulmonary bypass. Of a total of 399 patients, 255 or 73 percent were weaned off the balloon assist device and of this group, 239 or 60 percent were subsequently discharged from the hospital. Among patients who required intraaortic balloon counterpulsation for postoperative pump failure, 43 (70 percent) of 66 patients were weaned off the intraaortic balloon device, and 35 (53 percent) were later discharged from the hospital. A 24 percent survival rate occurred in patients with cardiogenic shock treated solely with counterpulsation; however, the survival rate increased to 52 percent when those patients subsequently received cardiac catheterization and appropriate surgical intervention. PMID- 6731686 TI - Surgical implications of low cardiac output syndrome after myocardial infarction. AB - There is a spectrum of conditions that can occur after severe myocardial infarction which cause inadequate cardiac output. Severe and generalized infarction may result in inadequate perfusion of sufficient myocardium to maintain the cardiac work load. Management is limited to supportive measures, including the use of the intraaortic balloon pump. More localized defects of myocardial blood supply can give rise to myocardial rupture. These ruptures may occur in the free wall, within the septum, or within a papillary muscle. Conservative therapy is only indicated as long as improvement continues. Surgical measures should not be delayed in the face of clinical deterioration. They consist of debridement of dead tissue and repair of the defect (or mitral valve replacement if papillary muscle rupture is present). PMID- 6731687 TI - Combined topical and systemic antibiotic prophylaxis in experimental wound infection. AB - The effectiveness of a combined topical and systemic antibiotic regimen was studied in an animal model previously shown to simulate clinical surgical wound infection. At a high level of bacterial contamination, the combination regimen produced a lower infection rate than either a placebo (p less than 0.01), a topical antibiotic administered alone (p less than 0.01), or a systemic antibiotic administered alone. At a lower level of bacterial contamination, no additional reduction in infection rates was produced by the combination regimen when compared with systemic antibiotic administered alone. These experimental results suggest that when wound contamination is great, a combination of topical and systemic antibiotics is the more effective regimen. Where wound contamination is less severe, systemic antibiotic prophylaxis is all that is required; no further benefit is obtained by the additional administration of topical antibiotics. Clinical trials appear justified to confirm or refute this hypothesis. PMID- 6731688 TI - Bronchoscopy and carcinoma of the esophagus I. Findings of bronchoscopy in carcinoma of the esophagus. AB - Tracheobronchial involvement frequently occurs in patients with carcinoma of the esophagus. A study of the results of 525 bronchoscopies performed on patients with carcinoma of the esophagus who were evaluated for surgery revealed that abnormalities were found in 33.9 percent. The incidence was highest for those with cervical and upper-third thoracic tumors; however, a significant number of lower-third thoracic and abdominal tumors also showed abnormalities (12.5 and 5 percent, respectively). The incidence was also higher with large tumors, but again, a significant number of apparently small tumors also showed abnormalities. The abnormalities could be broadly classified into two groups: those showing only impingement and those showing actual invasion. Further studies are needed to determine whether the tumors with impingement are resectable. PMID- 6731689 TI - Bronchoscopy and carcinoma of the esophagus II. Carcinoma of the esophagus with tracheobronchial involvement. AB - Involvement of the tracheobronchial tree, as observed through the bronchoscope, was in the form of impingement or invasion. Bronchoscopy was performed on 525 patients with carcinoma of the esophagus. Impingement was found in 91 patients and invasion in 87 patients. Forty-eight of the 63 patients with impingement and 7 of the 51 patients with invasion were found to have resectable tumors. Bypass operations were performed on the rest of the patients. The operative mortality was high for both bypass and resection procedures. The median survival for bypassed patients and resected patients were 4 months and 9 months, respectively. Four resected patients survived 3 years or more, 2 of whom had no evidence of recurrence. Most patients with impingement have resectable tumors and long-term survival is possible if the tumor can be resected. PMID- 6731690 TI - Control of postcarotid endarterectomy hypotension with baroreceptor blockade. AB - The reported incidence of hypotension after carotid reconstruction ranges from 21 to 50 percent. To evaluate baroreceptor dysfunction, 283 carotid reconstructions were studied. During 181 consecutive reconstructions, a transcutaneous Teflon catheter was positioned intraoperatively at the carotid bifurcation for postoperative injection of lidocaine as necessary. Of 283 reconstructions, 210 (74 percent) were not followed by hypotension. In the remaining 73 (26.5 percent), hypotension (systolic blood pressure less than 100 mm Hg) was seen. In 14 of the 73 cases of hypotension, vasoactive drugs, atropine, or a fluid bolus was administered with variable responses. In 27 of the 73, no treatment was instituted. In the remaining cases of hypotension, treatment consisted of 1 to 2 ml of lidocaine administered through the catheter. A prompt increase in systolic blood pressure from 93 to 139 mm Hg (means) within 30 minutes of treatment occurred in 29 of the 32 cases (91 percent). These data currently support routine catheter placement. PMID- 6731691 TI - Tolerance of the cirrhotic liver to normothermic ischemia. A clinical study of 15 patients. AB - Temporary occlusion of hepatic inflow, namely, the Pringle maneuver, was adopted for 15 patients with liver cirrhosis who underwent partial hepatectomy. The warm ischemia time ranged from 2 to 32 minutes with an average of 19 minutes. The procedure did not cause any harmful effects on systemic hemodynamic and postoperative liver function. The results in our patients were compared with those of 15 comparable control patients who had been operated on over the same period of time without inflow obstruction. The Pringle maneuver significantly diminished the estimated blood loss during surgery, intraoperative and postoperative complications, and suppressed the operative mortality rate from 20 percent to 0. PMID- 6731693 TI - Intermittent sequential high-pressure compression of the leg. A new method of preventing deep vein thrombosis. AB - The effect of sequential pneumatic leg compression on venous flow velocity was studied in 25 patients. At the usual pressures of 35 to 55 mm Hg, venous flow velocity was only 175 percent of the control value, but 366 percent when pressures were between 90 and 100 mm Hg. The incidence of post-operative thrombosis was studied in three groups of patients. In 24 patients receiving sequential compression prophylaxis of 90 to 100 mm Hg, there was one case of thrombosis, whereas there were three cases among the 25 patients with compression of 35 mm Hg and three cases among the 25 patients receiving 5,000 units of heparin three times per day. Sequential intermittent compression with high pressures, 10 compression cycles three times daily, is recommended for all patients unable to undertake physically active prophylactic measures. An absolute indication exists in those patients who cannot be mobilized and those in whom there are additional contraindications to the use of anticoagulants. Sequential compression is no alternative to antithrombosis stockings which must be worn from the day of hospitalization until discharge and also during the period of pneumatic compression. PMID- 6731692 TI - Diagnosis of major peripheral arterial trauma by transcutaneous oxygen monitoring. AB - During a 6 month period, 36 consecutive suspected major peripheral arterial injuries in 33 patients were evaluated by clinical examination and Doppler signal. Thirty-three of these injuries were also evaluated using portable transcutaneous oxygen monitors. Of the 12 confirmed arterial injuries, 2 had normal Doppler-derived blood pressures and significantly decreased transcutaneous oxygen tensions. The transcutaneous oxygen values in traumatized limbs with arterial injury were significantly lower than in traumatized limbs without arterial injury (34 +/- 6 versus 58 +/- 3, p less than 0.01). The ratio of the injured limb transcutaneous oxygen tension to the uninjured contralateral limb transcutaneous oxygen tension was also significantly lower in the group with arterial injury than in the group without arterial injury (0.72 +/- 0.08 versus 1.12 +/- 0.05, p less than 0.01). The overall sensitivity and specificity of the diagnosis of major peripheral arterial injury by a bilateral transcutaneous oxygen ratio less than 0.90 was 80 percent and 91 percent, respectively. In addition, transcutaneous oxygen monitoring helped quantify tissue perfusion in limbs with decreased neurologic function and Doppler-derived blood pressure. The results suggest that transcutaneous oxygen monitoring is a valuable, noninvasive adjunctive method for the diagnosis of major peripheral arterial trauma. PMID- 6731694 TI - Evaluation of graft patency utilizing the ankle-brachial pressure index and ankle pulse volume recording amplitude. AB - To determine femoropopliteal graft patency, the ankle-brachial pulse index and the ankle pulse volume recording amplitude were measured. Fourteen healthy volunteer subjects were tested on two occasions over 24 hours (ankle-brachial pressure index 1.14+:-0.16, change 0.03+:-0.05; ankle pulse volume recording amplitude 25+:-7 mm, change 5+:-4 mm). In the second control group, hemodynamic function in the unoperated limb was studied before and after surgery in 40 patients undergoing infrainguinal bypass on the contralateral side (preoperative ankle-brachial pressure index 0.66+:-0.3, change 0.02+:-0.12; preoperative ankle pulse volume recording amplitude 8+:-7 mm, change 1+:-3 mm). After 119 patent femoropopliteal bypasses ankle-brachial pressure index and ankle pulse volume recording amplitude increased by 0.41+:-0.26 and 11+:8 mm, respectively. PMID- 6731695 TI - Course of enterovesical fistulas in Crohn's disease. AB - Enterovesical fistulas occurred in 38 of 683 patients (5.6 percent) with Crohn's disease admitted to The Mount Sinai Hospital between 1960 and 1977. There were 22 ileovesical fistulas, 8 colovesical fistulas, and 8 fistulas of combined ileal and colonic origin. These cases fell into three different pathophysiologic categories: 16 patients presented with sepsis after a mean duration of 7 years of Crohn's disease, 19 presented without sepsis after a mean of 10 years of disease, and 3 elderly cancer patients presented with an average 25 years disease duration. Sepsis was usually due to deep pelvic or lower quadrant abscess with spontaneous rupture into the bladder. Nonseptic fistulization was a later, more gradual process, reflecting slow penetration into the bladder from a site of chronic cicatrizing bowel disease. Cancer was a very late complication, arising in each patient from an excluded loop. Although medical treatment was successful in delaying surgery in 6 patients and obviated surgery altogether in 2 patients, 36 of 38 patients (95 percent) eventually required operation. Postoperative mortality in this series was limited to two patients (5 percent) with preoperative intraabdominal abscess and sepsis. Five other deaths, unrelated to urinary complications, were caused by intestinal cancer in three patients and by intestinal complications of recurrent Crohn's disease in two patients. The urologic course of patients with enterovesical fistula was completely benign. All operated patients were cured of their enterovesical fistulas, and no urologic sequelae developed. Subsequent reoperations that were required in 45 percent of these patients were all for recurrent bowel disease and not for fistula or other urologic problems. PMID- 6731696 TI - Removal of the massive spleen: a surgical risk? AB - The results of splenectomy for hematologic disorders have been reviewed with special attention to problems possibly associated with massive spleens (1,500 g or more). The mortality rate in the group of patients with massive spleens did not differ from that in the group of patients with smaller spleens (2 percent and 3 percent, respectively). The complication rate, however, in the group of patients with massive spleens (43 percent) was twice that in the patients with smaller spleens (43 percent and 22 percent, respectively). The most frequent complication was postoperative hemorrhage in the splenic bed, usually caused by thrombocytopenia, perisplenitis , or both. Postoperative morbidity is seen as a function of the underlying disorder and of the general condition of the patient and not of the weight of the spleen per se. PMID- 6731697 TI - Mucosal proctectomy using an ultrasonic scalpel. AB - Mucosal proctectomy is becoming the operation of choice in the surgical treatment of patients with ulcerative colitis and familial polyposis coli. Dissection of the rectal mucosa and submucosa from the underlying muscularis is often difficult and, in some instances, impossible to perform. The feasibility of using an ultrasonic device to perform mucosal protectomy was studied in eight dogs. This technique produced coagulative necrosis of the mucosa and muscularis mucosa with marked edema and congestion of the submucosa. The muscularis propria remained intact. Complete destruction of the distal 7 cm of rectal mucosa required a total duration of exposure to the ultrasonic probe of at least 12 minutes. In another five dogs, total colectomy was performed above the area of the mucosal proctectomy followed by endorectal pull-through of the ileum. Follow-up studies revealed healing of the ileonal anastomosis without retraction or stricture. This technique should allow mucosal proctectomy to be performed in those patients in whom standard dissection is not possible due to fibrosis of the submucosal plane. PMID- 6731698 TI - Lateral approach to the profunda femoris artery. AB - In five cases of prosthetic conduit infection in the groin we have successfully used this lateral approach to the deep femoral artery and encountered no subsequent sepsis in the new graft. In 18 other cases of severe groin scarring, this approach facilitated dissection and permitted limb revascularization using the profunda femoris artery as either an inflow source or an outflow tract. We therefore recommend this technique for complicated secondary vascular reconstructions in the groin, where a direct approach would be both difficult and hazardous. PMID- 6731699 TI - Totally implantable venous access system for cyclic administration of cytotoxic chemotherapy. AB - Utilization of the totally implantable infusion system provides a convenient, cost-effective, and safe administration technique for oncology patients who require cyclic or continuous intravenous medication. In addition, it provides an excellent conduit for blood withdrawal access. The efficacy of this technique abrogates the necessity for periodic replacement of subclavian lines and their associated complications and possibly represents an advantage over percutaneous Broviac and Hickman catheters and the attendant catheter-related sepsis associated with their use. The initial low incidence of complications and absence of catheter thrombosis with this implantable system suggests its superiority over percutaneous silicone catheter devices for bolus drug injection and the continuous infusion of chemotherapeutic agents. Cyclic or continuous infusion of hypertonic dextrose and amino acid solutions (total parenteral nutrition) with this system is being evaluated but cannot yet be recommended as being more advantageous than infusion with an implanted Hickman or Broviac catheter. PMID- 6731700 TI - New break-away needle for subclavian vein cannulation. AB - A new break-away needle for subclavian catheter insertion has been described. This needle functions exactly as the usual 14 gauge needle, but it can be completely removed from the catheter while leaving the integral Luer adaptor intact. PMID- 6731701 TI - Surgical cautery revisited. AB - A new hemostatic scalpel has been developed to control bleeding between the cut edges of wound tissue. The scalpel blade resembles conventional scalpel blades, except that it can be heated and its temperature controlled within narrow limits. Cutting is accomplished by the blade's sharp edges, and hemostasis results from the direct transfer of heat from the blade to the tissue. This experimental study has demonstrated that the hemostatic effect of the scalpel is associated with damage to the tissue's defenses against infection and impaired wound healing. PMID- 6731702 TI - Sclerosing cholangitis, chronic pancreatitis, and Sjogren's syndrome: a syndrome complex. AB - The disease complex of chronic pancreatitis, sclerosing cholangitis, and Sjogren's syndrome seems to be a well-defined entity with an autoimmune cause similar to that which occurs in primary biliary cirrhosis. Treatment depends on the component of primary sclerosing cholangitis and, more particularly, on the degree of extrahepatic involvement. PMID- 6731703 TI - Pancreaticogastrostomy: clinical experience with a direct pancreatic-duct-to gastric-mucosa anastomosis. AB - The propensity for leakage and disruption at the site of the pancreaticojejunostomy is a major reason for morbidity and death after pancreaticoduodenal resection. Because it is less prone to leakage and disruption, pancreaticogastrostomy has been reintroduced as a possible alternative to pancreaticojejunostomy. Of four patients in whom the pancreas was simply implanted into the stomach and five patients in whom a direct pancreatic duct-to-gastric-mucosa anastomosis was constructed, there was no morbidity or death related to the pancreatic anastomosis. Because of evidence that a direct pancreatic-duct-to-gastric-mucosa anastomosis has an increased incidence of patency and because it was successful in a clinical setting, it is recommended. PMID- 6731704 TI - Combined topical and systemic antibiotic prophylaxis in surgical wound infection. PMID- 6731705 TI - Perceptions and knowledge of breast-feeding among WIC and non-WIC pregnant women in Alabama. PMID- 6731706 TI - Substance abuse. PMID- 6731707 TI - Substance abuse and the professional provider. The need for new attitudes about addiction. PMID- 6731708 TI - Attitudes about addiction. The need for change. PMID- 6731709 TI - Factors in addiction and the psychological dynamics of personality deterioration. PMID- 6731710 TI - Anthropological overview of substance abuse. A social policy prevention approach. PMID- 6731711 TI - Health promotion and disease prevention. Combating substance abuse with health life-styles. PMID- 6731712 TI - Abdominal pain and hypertension in a young man. PMID- 6731713 TI - Peritonitis in a patient with hepatorenal syndrome. PMID- 6731714 TI - Toxicology notes. PMID- 6731715 TI - Nuclear magnetic resonance of the central nervous system. PMID- 6731716 TI - The management of unstable fractures and dislocations of the thoracic and lumbar spine. PMID- 6731717 TI - Consumer participation and payment for health promotion programs at an urban primary care center. PMID- 6731718 TI - Changing concepts in geriatric dentistry. PMID- 6731719 TI - Health promotion research and development. PMID- 6731720 TI - Blink reflex elicited by auditory stimulation: clinical study in newborn infants. AB - Blink reflex can be elicited by sudden strong auditory stimulation. Using a special transducer wer recorded this reflex which appears as a microvibration of the eyelid, and named it auditory-evoked eyelid microvibration (AMV). As the reflex pathway of AMV exists in the brainstem, AMV is an easy and useful way of knowing the function of the brainstem, especially in newborn periods. AMV was studied in infants from 25 to 43 weeks in conceptional age, to establish the normal value and to analyse the change of AMV in cases of neonatal asphyxia and intracranial hemorrhage. The mean latency of AMV in full-term infants was 31.0 +/ 67. msec. After 33 weeks in conceptional age, AMV was observed constantly with almost the same latency and amplitude as adult values. AMV appeared during both waking and sleep stages, except in active sleep. Marked change in AMV was noted such as delayed latency or disappearance of the response in neonatal asphyxia or intracranial hemorrhage. Infants who continued to have these abnormalities for a certain period, died or exhibited neurological sequelae. PMID- 6731721 TI - A female case of ornithine transcarbamylase deficiency with marked computed tomographic abnormalities of the brain. AB - The patient, 2 years and 9 months of age, was referred to our hospital with complaints of frequent vomiting, left hemiconvulsion and deep coma. The serum ammonia level was 251 micrograms/dl. Urine had a high orotate level (3,900 mumol/g creatinine). There was 7% residual of ornithine transcarbamylase (OTC) activity in the liver. Activities of other enzymes of the urea cycle were within normal limits. CT scanning on admission showed diffuse low density of both frontal lobes and of the right temporo-parietal lobe, narrowing of the right lateral ventricle and a shift of the mid-line to the left. The diffuse low density area was not enhanced after contrast medium injection. Follow-up CT scanning showed progressive bilateral ventricular dilatation and cerebral and cerebellar atrophy. PMID- 6731722 TI - Computerized projective testing as an aid in medical diagnosis. PMID- 6731723 TI - The changing nature of truth. PMID- 6731724 TI - The decline of clinical teaching. PMID- 6731725 TI - The effects of resin of podophyllin on condyloma acuminatum. AB - The effects of resin of podophyllin on lesions of condyloma acuminatum have posed problems to pathologists who sought to differentiate them histologically from squamous cell carcinoma in situ. The most striking histologic changes in lesions of condyloma acuminatum following application of resin of podophyllin occur within the first 48 hours. They are pallor of the epidermis secondary to both intracellular and intercellular edema, numerous necrotic keratinocytes in the lower half of the epidermis, and a marked increase in the number of mitotic figures there. Within the edematous papillary dermis, there is a scattered infiltrate of lymphocytes, histiocytes, and neutrophils. The absence of nuclear atypia, multinucleated keratinocytes, and dyskeratotic cells, and the presence of the orderly sequence of maturation of keratinocytes within the epidermis permit histologic differentiation of podophyllin-treated condyloma acuminatum from true squamous-cell carcinoma in situ. The acute histologic changes induced by podophyllin begin to wane by 72 hours after the resin has been applied. At this time, necrotic keratinocytes are found mostly within the upper portion of the epidermis and few mitotic figures are seen. By 1 week after application of podophyllin there are virtually no histologic abnormalities within the epidermis. PMID- 6731726 TI - A gigantic, metastasizing keratoacanthoma. Report of a case and discussion on classification. AB - A case of a gigantic metastasizing keratoacanthoma in a woman who had impaired cellular immunity and autoimmune hemolytic anemia is described. The case suggests that disorders of humoral and cellular immunity may be responsible for development of recurrent and metastasizing keratoacanthomas. PMID- 6731727 TI - Clear-cell syringoma. Association with diabetes mellitus. AB - Only one case of clear-cell syringoma has been reported in the United States, whereas six cases have already been reported in Japan, and ours described herein constitute an eighth and ninth. Eight of the total of nine cases of clear-cell syringoma were associated with diabetes mellitus. In this report, we summarize these nine cases and emphasize the close relationship between clear-cell syringoma and diabetes mellitus. PMID- 6731729 TI - The Caspary-Robinson space. PMID- 6731728 TI - Clear-cell syringoma. A study by conventional and electron microscopy. AB - The epithelial component of a syringoma is usually composed of cuboidal cells that have a moderate amount of eosinophilic cytoplasm in tissue sections stained with hematoxylin and eosin. Some syringomas have variable numbers of larger epithelial cells that have pale or clear cystoplasm. Such lesions have been called clear-cell syringomas. Examination of 18 cases by conventional microscopy revealed that their general organization is the same as ordinary syringomas but that the epithelial component constitutes a greater proportion of neoplastic volume. Histochemical studies confirmed that the clear cells contain abundant glycogen. The cells near lumina also contained a mucous substance that had a staining profile consistent with sialomucin. Examination by electron microscopy of two lesions composed entirely of clear cells revealed numerous multivesicular bodies, some in large aggregates, in periluminal cells. All cells contained numerous glycogen granules. Lesions in which there were incomplete changes in clear cells tended to have cells predominantly around the lumina. These observations suggest that the majority of clear cells result from accumulation of glycogen. The periluminal cells may be clear owing to the large number of multivesicular bodies and storage of sialomucin in them. PMID- 6731730 TI - Body language. A look at lay anatomic terms in western cultures. PMID- 6731731 TI - Vacuoles in the upper part of the epidermis as a clue to eventuation of superficial pemphigus and bullous impetigo. PMID- 6731732 TI - A Langerhans' cell in mitosis within the epidermis of a case of lichen amyloidosus. AB - While studying skin specimens of lichen amyloidosus, we found an epidermal Langerhans' cell in mitosis. Since there are only two previous reports of Langerhans' cells in mitosis in the epidermis, a third instance is reported by us. PMID- 6731733 TI - Basal- and squamous-cell neoplasms of dogs and cats. PMID- 6731734 TI - Solitary congenital calcified nodule of the skin (Winer) situated on an ear. PMID- 6731735 TI - Dermatologic surgery. Better training of residents is needed. PMID- 6731736 TI - Business as usual at the Tower of Babel. PMID- 6731737 TI - Hyperplasia of sebaceous glands in a linear pattern of papules. Report of four cases. AB - Four cases of a clinically discernible hyperplasia of sebaceous glands in a linear pattern of papules were seen and studied at the Dominican Dermatological Institute in the past 3 years. The condition was found in three men and one woman and was characterized by a linear arrangement of papular lesions situated on the pre- and retroauricular regions, neck, and chin. The histologic features were stereotypic in all cases and consisted of hyperplasia of sebaceous glands. PMID- 6731738 TI - Hair-follicle nevus. AB - A case of a 5-year-old child with a rare nevus of a hair follicle is reported. Histologically it was characterized by many hair follicles within the dermis at the same level of maturation. This nevus must be differentiated from other hamartomas of hair follicles and from Becker's nevus. PMID- 6731739 TI - Myxopapillary ependymoma of the cauda equina with extension to the skin of the sacrococcygeal region. AB - Cutaneous involvement by myxopapillary ependymoma of the cauda equina is described clinically and morphologically. The patient, a young woman, was 12 years old at the time that the neoplasm was diagnosed. Skin involvement developed 12 1/2 years following the initial diagnosis of the primary neoplasm and after the third attempt at surgical extirpation. Involvement of the skin preceded the death of the patient by 11 months. PMID- 6731740 TI - Regressing atypical histiocytosis. Report of a case. AB - A patient with a pseudomalignant, histiocytic dermal lesion is reported. Despite a torpid course, the lesion was considered on histologic grounds by several consultants to be malignant. It appears to be distinct from previously reported pseudosarcomas or pseudolymphomas and most closely resembles a recently described condition termed "regressing atypical histiocytosis." The clinical and histopathologic features are summarized. PMID- 6731741 TI - Expansibility of the papillary dermis. The position of the superficial vascular plexus relative to the epidermis. PMID- 6731742 TI - On the concept of bacterids (pustular bacterid, Andrews). PMID- 6731743 TI - Sebaceous and hepatoid gland neoplasms of dogs and cats. PMID- 6731744 TI - Consultations in dermatopathology. Should they be for free or for fee? PMID- 6731745 TI - Consultations in dermatopathology for a fee. PMID- 6731746 TI - The costs for consultations in dermatopathology. PMID- 6731748 TI - Dermatofibrosarcoma protuberans or spindled melanoma? PMID- 6731747 TI - The dystrophic nail of keratotic scabies. PMID- 6731749 TI - [Abstracts of the 8th Latin American Congress of Allergy and Immunology, the 38th national meeting of the Mexican Society of Allergy and Immunology and the International Pediatric Allergy Seminar. 28-30 October-2 November, Monterrey, Nuevo Leon, Mexico]. PMID- 6731750 TI - [Skin tests for dust and acari in children with asthma]. PMID- 6731751 TI - Bronchial reactivity in relation to immune responses in rats after subcutaneous sensitization without adjuvant. AB - Rats of BNxWi /Fu strain were immunized by daily subcutaneous (s.c.) injections of antigen without the use of adjuvant for two 2-week periods with a 4-week interval. The bronchial responses to airway and intravenous (i.v.) antigen challenge were measured during and after the immunization period. These responses were compared with both the humoral and the cell-mediated immune response of the animals. Immunization induced bronchial reactivity of the animals to antigen after airway and i.v. challenge. This reactivity persisted for 7 weeks following the second immunization period. Specific IgE antibodies were detected in serum, bronchial fluid and in supernatants from cultured peripheral lymph node cells. The immunization also resulted in an IgG antibody response. Neither the amount of IgE, IgG2a, nor of any other isotype, correlated with the bronchial reactivity in the animals. Antigen stimulation of lymph node cells mixed with syngeneic spleen cells induced proliferation. This procedure also resulted in a maturation of mast cells in 3-week cultures. The immunization also resulted in some increase in the number of mast cells around vessels in the lung. There was no correlation between these parameters of cell-mediated immunity and either antibody responses or bronchial reactivity. PMID- 6731752 TI - A reference allergen preparation of the house dust mite D. pteronyssinus, produced from whole mite culture--a part of the DAS 76 study. Comparison with allergen preparations from other raw materials. AB - A D. pteronyssinus whole culture allergen preparation contained 49 antigens as revealed by crossed immunoelectrophoresis (CIE), using polyspecific rabbit antibodies. Crossed radio-immunoelectrophoresis ( CRIE ) with sera from 30 patients revealed nine allergens, antigens 42, X, Y and 23 (in rank order) showing the most frequent and intense IgE-uptake. Nine antigens originated from the culture medium (human dander + yeast), but none of these gave rise to specific IgE-uptake. Extremely few and weak reactions were observed in radioallergosorbent (RAST) with 129 sera, using media extracts on the discs. Purified mite body extract (PMB) contained less ag 42 and more ag Y and ag 23 than whole mite culture extract ( WMC ), whereas an acetone-extracted mite excreta preparation (AML) contained 5 times more ag 42, but was devoid of ag Y and ag 23. Ag X was present in all preparations. The RAST-inhibitory potency of PMB was best correlated with the content of ag X. Preparations with properties similar to WMC and PMB were judged as suitable for clinical application. PMID- 6731753 TI - Immunotherapy with alginate-conjugated and alum-precipitated grass pollen extracts in patients with allergic rhinoconjunctivitis. AB - In order to compare the safety and the efficacy of two grass pollen extracts made from the same starting material, i.e. equal proportions of cocksfoot and timothy, a 3-year study was made on patients with hay fever. One product was a dialysed aqueous extract of pollens which was chemically conjugated to activated sodium alginate ( Conjuvac ). The other was a pyridine-extracted alum-precipitated crude extract (Allpyral). Forty patients with classical hay fever were admitted to the study. All gave positive result to prick and nasal/conjunctival testing with extracts of both cocksfoot and timothy grass. Thirty-five patients completed all 3 years of the study. Seventeen/eighteen Allpyral-treated and 17/17 Conjuvac treated patients were subjectively improved. There was no significant difference in symptom scores between the two groups. Challenge tests showed a tendency to reduced sensitivity to allergen in the Conjuvac -treated but not in the Allpyral treated group. The median values for specific IgG and IgE showed the same pattern of reaction as seen in earlier studies of pollen hyposensitization. There was, however, a greater increase of grass-specific IgG in the Conjuvac -treated patients. No serious adverse effects were seen in any of the treatment groups, but there were slightly fewer side effects in the Conjuvac group. PMID- 6731754 TI - Blood lymphocyte proliferation response to pollen extract as a monitor of immunotherapy. AB - In a study of immunotherapy 41 children with seasonal rhinoconjunctivitis due to deciduous tree pollen allergy were monitored by means of symptom scoring, patient self-evaluation, conjunctival provocation tests and lymphocyte proliferation in vitro to the allergen. The lymphocyte responsiveness to birch pollen decreased significantly during the first year of immunotherapy. However, neither the lymphocyte responsiveness before treatment nor changes in lymphocyte reactivity during the immunotherapy correlated with the clinical efficacy of the therapy as evaluated by changes in symptom scores, self-evaluation or conjunctival provocation test changes in the individual patients. The results indicate that lymphocyte responsiveness to an allergen cannot be used to select patients for immunotherapy, i.e. to predict whether a patient would benefit from immunotherapy or not, or to evaluate the effects of immunotherapy after beginning the treatment. However, lymphocyte proliferation response to an allergen indicates clinical sensitivity. PMID- 6731755 TI - Lymphocyte transformation by grass pollen allergens. A study of atopic patients receiving immunotherapy. AB - Peripheral blood lymphocyte (PBL) transformation by allergens, PPD antigen and PHA mitogen, was followed in 20 allergic patients with grass pollen rhinitis, during and after a preseasonal immunotherapy. Ten patients were treated with Allpyral and 10 with Conjuvac two-grass mixture. Lymphocyte proliferative responses to grass antigens decreased during therapy for most of the patients. Higher values than before treatment were seen in August. Three patients had increased values during the preseasonal treatment. One stopped treatment because of discomfort, the other two got urticaria during the ensuing winter seasons. No effect of immunotherapy was seen on the PPD or PHA response of cells. Cellular changes in relation to changes in specific IgE and IgG antibodies are discussed. PMID- 6731756 TI - Do infections in infancy affect sensitization to airborne allergens and development of atopic disease? A retrospective study of seven-year-old children. AB - We studied 145 children aged 7 years, who had been at day-care centers for at least 3 months during the 2 first years of their lives. The group was compared with a matched population of 145 children cared for at home. Of the 290 children, 212 participated in all phases of the study, which included a questionnaire to parents, skin prick tests with seven allergens, and a clinical examination. Day care-center children had twice as much otitis media in infancy as "home" children (P less than 0.001), and they also tended to have more other infections. On the other hand, day-care-center children did not have more eczema in infancy, more cumulated atopic disease by the age of seven, or more positive skin tests than home children. When the groups were combined, an increased prevalence of cumulated atopic disease and positive skin tests was found in children with infections in infancy. We conclude that under the conditions of this study infections in infancy did not facilitate the development of hypersensitivity to allergens and atopic disease. The linked tendencies to develop infections and atopy could depend on some third factor. PMID- 6731757 TI - [Electrostimulation anesthesia in comparison with enflurane-nitrous-oxide anesthesia during gynecologic operations. 1. Clinical experiences]. AB - Concerning twenty-two gynaecological abdomen laparotomies, electrostimulation anaesthesia was opposed to inhalation anaesthesia with nitrous oxide-enflurane. Electrostimulation anaesthesia (ESA) was compared to a nitrous oxide-enflurane technique among two groups of eleven patients each scheduled for gynecological abdominal surgery. The present part of this communication concerns the description of the anesthetic techniques, reactions of the cardiocirculatory system, consumption of muscular relaxants and of analgetics supplementation intraoperatively and during recovery. While heart rate remained fairly normal in both groups, mean arterial pressure in the ESA group increased by 20% of the preanesthetic level as compared to a 10% increase in the enflurane group. It is felt that electrostimulation anaesthesia can be effectively employed even in abdominal surgery. However in cardiac risk patients this technique should not be considered. PMID- 6731758 TI - [Electrostimulation anesthesia in comparison with enflurane-nitrous-oxide inhalation anesthesia during gynecologic operations. 2. Hormonal reactions in the pre-, intra- and postoperative course]. AB - This study describes the secretion of cortisol, growth hormone, prolactin and catecholamines before, under, and following gynaecological surgery in electrostimulation anaesthesia combined with nitrous oxide (ESA). The hormonal stress reactions of ESA were compared to inhalation anaesthesia with enflurane nitrous oxide ( EFL ). Twenty-two patients undergoing laparotomy were allocated evenly to one of these procedures. In both groups serum levels for cortisol, growth hormone, and prolactin increased during surgery. Growth hormone showed a considerably higher increase during ESA at the end of the operation, whereas prolactin was higher at all periods of surgery during EFL . Cortisol, however, was identical for both groups. Renal excretion rates of adrenaline and noradrenaline were not significantly different. During surgery more metanephrine and normetanephrine were excreted in the urine under ESA than under EFL . There is no advantage with ESA intra- or postoperatively as compared to other routine procedures of anaesthesia for abdominal gynaecological surgery with regard to the so-called stress hormones or sympathetic activity. PMID- 6731759 TI - [Anesthesia in neuroradiology]. AB - Cerebral angiographies can be performed under general anaesthesia, analgosedation in the presence of an anaesthesiologist, and under local anaesthesia. The criteria governing the choice of the most appropriate method of anaesthesiology are discussed. In computed tomography of the head, general anaesthesia is indicated only if it proves impossible to achieve satisfactory cooperation with the patient. Discographies , myelographies and the now rare pneumoencephalography are performed almost without exception under local anaesthesia or without anaesthesia. If general anaesthesia is preferred, it will be necessary to take into account the special pathophysiological conditions obtaining in neurosurgical patients (disturbance of cerebral blood flow due to enhanced intracranial pressure or caused by stenosing vascular processes). PMID- 6731760 TI - [Results of therapy of severe metabolic alkalosis using hydrochloric acid infusions]. AB - Severe metabolic alkalosis is often treated by infusion of arginine-HCl. Since we know that this substance leads to a supplemental increase of intracellular pH and fails to reduce intracellular bicarbonate concentration we use HCl for correction of this disturbance of acid-base equilibrium. 18 intensive-care patients with severe metabolic alkalosis were treated with an infusion of 0.2 m HCl. While base excess and sodium decreased significantly, chloride increased slightly. Arterial plasma pH, potassium, Hb, Hk, pCO2, pO2, and SO2 remained unchanged. Instructions for preparing different HCl solutions and advice on dosage are given. PMID- 6731761 TI - [Limitations of neurologic intensive care]. AB - The indication for intensive care in incurable neurological diseases is discussed. An attempt is made to analyse the problem by presenting two cases of multiple sclerosis and two other cases of amyotrophic lateral sclerosis. There is a clear indication for intensive-care treatment in all cases with life threatening symptoms and complications, provided there seems to be a chance of reversibility in spite of an eventually poor prognosis. If there is no chance of improvement, and the illness has reached its terminal stage, we do not think, that intensive care is of any benefit for the patient. However, we are not able to make a decision should he insist on such a treatment. When the patient is doomed to die in any case, there is no obligation to inform him about a life prolonging treatment which is not indicated. PMID- 6731762 TI - [Calculated and measured oxygen saturation. A valid comparison of the Kelman, Severinghaus, and Siggaard-Anderson formulas for calculating oxygen saturation of patients in intensive care]. AB - The validity of calculation of oxygen saturation by means of Kelman's, Severinghaus ' and Siggaard -Andersen's formulas was investigated in 329 arterial and 26 mixed venous blood samples of intensive-care patients. The spectrophotometric measurement of oxygen saturation with Radiometer's Hemoximeter OSM2 served as reference. In spite of good coefficients of correlation regarding the total number of samples (r 0,963/ Kelman's formula; r = 0,964/ Severinghaus and Siggaard -Andersen's formula) there were not as satisfactory correlations in some individual patients. The study shows that there was a decrease in conformity between measured and calculated oxygen saturation with decreasing oxygen tension in the blood. Sufficient accuracy of calculation of saturation can be expected only with pO2 greater than 80 mmHg. Siggaard -Andersen's formula was slightly superior to the other tested algorithms. PMID- 6731763 TI - [Postoperative attack of familial periodic hypokalemic paralysis]. AB - The article reports on a postoperative attack of familial hypokaliaemic paralysis. Current pathophysiological concepts on the origin of the disease pattern are presented and the possible influence of general anaesthesia is discussed. PMID- 6731764 TI - [A simple method for determining and registering the degree of relaxation]. PMID- 6731766 TI - [A new laryngoscope of the Macintosh type with fiberglass illumination in a clinical test]. PMID- 6731765 TI - [Vasofix-Braunule--a new indwelling venous catheter]. PMID- 6731767 TI - Anaesthesia for children. PMID- 6731768 TI - Intravenous regional analgesia. The danger of the congested arm and the value of occlusion pressure. AB - Two cases are described in which congestion of the arm occurred during intravenous regional analgesia. One case exhibited signs of serious local anaesthetic toxicity, while a significant plasma bupivacaine level was demonstrated in the other. In a study in a volunteer, leakage of contrast medium past the cuff was demonstrated radiologically only when congestion of the arm was produced. The Hoyle double cuff apparatus has narrow cuffs producing less tissue compression than a standard blood pressure cuff inflated to the same pressure. It may sometimes not occlude the brachial artery when inflated to a pressure based on the systolic arterial pressure measured with a standard cuff and congestion of the arm may then result. Increases in arterial blood pressure occurring during the procedure can also lead to congestion of the arm. Congestion may increase the risk of local anaesthetic agent leaking past the tourniquet into the systemic circulation. Recommendations are made about the choice of cuff gauge pressure and the prevention of arm congestion occurring during intravenous regional analgesia. PMID- 6731769 TI - The effect of nitrous oxide on cerebral electrical activity. AB - Recordings of cerebral electrical activity produced by the cerebral function analysing monitor ( CFAM ) were obtained from nine healthy volunteers breathing increasing concentrations of N2O in O2. Concentrations of 30 and 50% N2O produced significant reductions in CFAM trace amplitude. Withdrawal of N2O resulted in an increase in amplitude with an initial increase above the control level. There were no consistent changes in the frequency distribution of the weighted electroencephalographic signal with increasing concentrations of N2O. PMID- 6731770 TI - Effect of premedication on the induction dose of thiopentone in children. AB - The effective dose of thiopentone in 90% ( ED90 ) of unpremedicated children is 10.5 mg/kg. This is significantly greater (p less than 0.01) than in premedicated children. The ED90 in children premedicated with TDP (a mixture of trimeprazine , droperidol and physeptone with atropine) is 4.2 mg/kg which is significantly less (p less than 0.05) than with trimeprazine and atropine ( ED90 5.2 mg/kg) or papaveretum and hyoscine ( ED90 5.0 mg/kg). PMID- 6731771 TI - Oxazepam premedication in neurosurgical patients. The use of a fast-dissolving oral preparation of oxazepam as a pre-operative anxiolytic drug in neurosurgical patients. AB - In a double-blind study, a new fast-dissolving formulation of oxazepam used as sole premedicant in patients undergoing neurosurgery, was assessed with particular reference to its effect on the levels of anxiety, consciousness and orientation of the patients pre- and postoperatively. The results show that when given at least one hour pre-operatively the new preparation is a highly effective anxiolytic with minimal sedative or other side-effects, is convenient to administer and has high patient acceptability. PMID- 6731773 TI - Failure of intravenous regional analgesia using a double cuff tourniquet. AB - A case is presented of an elderly, obese patient with calcified peripheral vessels in whom an intravenous regional analgesic technique failed because arterial occlusion could not be achieved safely with a double cuff tourniquet. The possible causes and precautions are discussed. PMID- 6731772 TI - Midazolam and diazepam in ketamine anaesthesia. AB - Midazolam 0.07 mg/kg was compared with diazepam 0.12 mg/kg intravenously as an adjuvant to ketamine anaesthesia in healthy patients undergoing minor gynaecological operations of less than 15 minutes duration. The occurrence of induction and emergence sequelae, and patient acceptance of the technique was assessed by means of a questionnaire. The incidence of unpleasant dreams was 6.7% with midazolam and 26.7% with diazepam. There was no significant difference in any other sequelae. Overall patient acceptance was high at 96.7%. PMID- 6731774 TI - A rare complication of extradural analgesia. AB - A case is reported of probable subdural injection of bupivacaine during attempted extradural analgesia for an operative obstetric procedure. PMID- 6731775 TI - Acute pulmonary oedema. A complication of upper airway obstruction. AB - A case of postoperative laryngeal spasm is presented in which severe pulmonary oedema developed after the laryngeal spasm was relieved. The management is discussed and some suggestions for prevention of pulmonary oedema in similar circumstances made. The pathophysiology of pulmonary oedema after acute upper airway obstruction is described. PMID- 6731776 TI - Diabetic gastroparesis. Case report and review of the literature. AB - A case report is presented of a diabetic patient who vomited unsuspected stomach contents peri-operatively due to gastroparesis. A short review of this condition is presented, together with suggestions for pre-operative management. PMID- 6731777 TI - Immune reaction to propanidid. AB - An adverse reaction to the intravenous anaesthetic agent propanidid is described in which the main features were hypotension, facial erythema, and abdominal pain. Changes in serum complement levels and differential white cell counts indicate that this was an immune reaction mediated by the classical complement pathway. The immune reaction apparently involved antibodies other than those of the IgE (reagin) class, and circumstantial evidence suggests that it was specific to propanidid rather than to the entire formulation or to Cremophor EL. PMID- 6731778 TI - Intercostal nerve block by jet injection. AB - A jet injector was used to perform intercostal nerve block as a method of intra operative and postoperative pain relief at cholecystectomy, using a concentrated solution of local analgesic. This method was shown to be as successful as the conventional needle technique. The risk of pneumothorax, and the problems of the local analgesic solution used are discussed. PMID- 6731779 TI - Computing in anaesthesia and intensive care. PMID- 6731780 TI - A new condenser humidifier. PMID- 6731781 TI - The Sheffield pump. PMID- 6731782 TI - Epidural analgesia by infusion. PMID- 6731783 TI - Glycopyrrolate and the bowel. PMID- 6731785 TI - Care of Jehovah's Witnesses. PMID- 6731786 TI - Epidural fentanyl. PMID- 6731784 TI - Portex swivel connector hazard. PMID- 6731787 TI - Emphysema of the neck after epidural anaesthesia. PMID- 6731788 TI - Trichloroethylene: a plea. PMID- 6731789 TI - Oesophageal multipurpose probe. PMID- 6731790 TI - [Intensive medicine--and what follows? Psychosocial follow-up study of former intensive care patients]. AB - Intensive care medicine enables the organic survival of many seriously ill patients; however, long continuing of disease and trauma itself and the addition of life supporting therapy can remain and make social readjustment difficult. In order to obtain data on the outcome of former intensive care patients we re examined all patients for three consecutive years who had been discharged from a multidisciplinary ICU. The patients and relatives were interviewed to elucidate changes in personality, behaviour and handicaps. These data were tested on the basis of several hypotheses. 182 patients were tested. The death rate varied for the three different years between 27% up to 37% per reexamined year. 22%-32% of the former patients reported being seriously, 69%-78% reported being moderately disabled. The suicidal tendency is equal to the standard population, although dying and death become a central theme (39%). Due to the drug consumption the health status got worse in 35% of the former patients. Despite severe psychological and physical handicaps 97% were convinced of the necessity of an ICU. PMID- 6731791 TI - [The use of oral morphine in intractable pain]. PMID- 6731792 TI - The interaction of proteins and cells with affinity ligands covalently coupled to silicon surfaces as monitored by ellipsometry. AB - Two methods for the chemical binding of biomolecules to silicon surfaces are described. The first method utilizes an alkyl silane and a nucleophilic reagent to join the biomolecule to the silicon surface; the second method involves crosslinking with glutaraldehyde in order to couple the biomolecule and albumin molecules, which have first been physically adsorbed. The course of binding to the silicon surface has been followed with the aid of ellipsometry. This optical measuring technique estimates the thicknesses of, e.g., organic layers, by measuring the polarization properties of a light beam before and after reflection at surfaces. The method by which the binding of a biomolecule to its corresponding affinity ligand on silicon wafers can be followed with this technique is reported. The systems studied are concanavalin A-Saccharomyces cerevisiae cells, immunoglobulin G-Staphylococcus aureus cells, and an NAD-analog lactate dehydrogenase. With ellipsometry it was possible to assess how the incubation time and the concentration of the cells and the biomolecules added influenced the results. It was found that an increasing time of incubation and higher concentration resulted in a more complete coverage of the silicon wafer surfaces. PMID- 6731793 TI - Quantitative electrophoretic transfer of DNA from polyacrylamide or agarose gels to nitrocellulose. AB - A method for efficient electrophoretic transfer of DNA fragments from polyacrylamide gels to nitrocellulose sheets was developed. Hybridization to these fragments can be performed by standard techniques. The method is also applicable to agarose gels, allowing this transfer method to be used for DNA ranging from 40 to at least 23,000 bp. PMID- 6731795 TI - Separation and evaluation of the cis and trans isomers of hydroxyprolines: effect of hydrolysis on the epimerization. AB - A procedure has been developed which can detect the hydroxyproline isomers trans 4-hydroxyproline (Hyp), trans-3-hydroxyproline, cis-4-hydroxyproline, and cis-3 hydroxyproline present in hydrolysates of collagens. The method involves hydrolyzing collagen, and reacting the primary amino acids with o-phthaladehyde (OPA) and the hydroxyprolines and proline with 7-chloro-4-nitrobenzo-2-oxa-1,3 diazole (NBD-Cl) which combines specifically with secondary amino acids. The proline and hydroxyprolines are then separated by thin-layer chromatography and quantified by using a scanning spectrofluorometer. The method was used to show that both trans-4-L-hydroxyproline and trans-3-L-hydroxyproline were epimerized as a function of hydrolysis time to the cis isomers. An appreciable amount of trans-3-Hyp was degraded. Hydrolysis with 6 N HCl in the presence of 6% trichloroacetic acid gave greater epimerization than the 6 N HCl alone. Alkaline hydrolysis in 0.2 M Ba(OH)2 caused more epimerization of trans-4-Hyp and trans-3 Hyp compared with acid hydrolysis but less degradation, so that alkaline hydrolysis is proposed for the evaluation of trans-3-Hyp, provided that the total of the cis and trans isomers be considered in this case. PMID- 6731794 TI - Streptomyces R61 DD-carboxypeptidase: hydrolysis of X-D-alanyl-D-alanine peptides measured by a fluorometric assay. AB - A fluorometric procedure for measuring the activity of DD-carboxypeptidase is described. The method is based on the reaction of one of the products, D-alanine, with o-phthaldialdehyde to form a highly fluorescent adduct. The method has been applied in examining a series of X-D-alanyl-D-alanine peptides as substrates of the penicillin-sensitive DD-carboxypeptidase from Streptomyces R61. The effect of the third residue, X, on kinetic parameters and its implications on the steric analog model for penicillin action are also discussed. PMID- 6731796 TI - A carrier-free cell superfusion system for the study of androgen formation from precursor steroids by isolated rat testis Leydig cells under steady-state conditions. AB - A cell superfusion system is presented in which cells can be kept in suspension if there is an equilibrium between cell sedimentation velocity and superfusion medium flow velocity. Since the cross-section area of the central core increases gradually, theoretical considerations and experimental results demonstrate that single isolated cells as well as small cell aggregates are not able to leave the superfusion chamber. The whole apparatus is constructed from glass to avoid adsorption of steroids. As an application of the system, androgen formation from progestin precursors by isolated rat testis Leydig cells is shown. Under steady state conditions, constant concentrations of substrates, intermediates, and products are measured in the collected effluent. In contrast to conventional cell incubation, constant testosterone formation rates and linearly increasing cumulative testosterone production are achieved. PMID- 6731797 TI - The use of lectins for determination of absolute configurations of small amounts of sugars eluted from chromatograms. AB - A simple procedure for the determination of the absolute configuration (i.e., assignment to the D- or L-enantiomeric series) of glucose, mannose, galactose, fucose, arabinose, and rhamnose is described, based on inhibition by these sugars of 125I-labeled lectin binding to the glycoconjugates immobilized on the wells of plastic microculture plates. The method works well with 10 to 100-micrograms amounts of the sugars isolated after paper chromatography of the glycoprotein or polysaccharide hydrolysates. PMID- 6731798 TI - Synthesis of [75Se]trimethylselenonium iodide from [75Se]selenocystine. AB - The synthesis of [75Se]trimethylselenonium iodide from [75Se]selenocystine is described. The starting compound is reduced to [75Se]selenocysteine with borohydride and reacted with methyl iodide to form [75Se]Se-methyl selenocysteine, then treated with methyl iodide in formic acid solution to form Se-dimethyl-selenocysteine selenonium iodide. Over a period of days, the selenonium intermediate undergoes spontaneous elimination to form alanine and dimethyl selenide, which reacts with methyl iodide to give the trimethylselenonium product in over 90% yield. PMID- 6731799 TI - A radioenzymatic method for S-adenosyl-L-methionine determination in biological fluids. AB - Current methods for the radioenzymatic assay of S-adenosyl-L-methionine (AdoMet) in biological fluids have been modified in order to increase sensitivity. The modified procedure has allowed to measure AdoMet content also in plasma and cerebrospinal fluid where the concentrations have been found to range between 17 and 72 ng/ml in the different animal species. PMID- 6731800 TI - Picogram per cell determination of DNA by flow cytofluorometry. AB - Using nuclei isolated from less than 0.2 g tissue or 10(7) cells, a method is presented for the quantitative determination of amounts of DNA per cell at the picogram level. This technique is based on the enhanced fluorescence of 4',6 diamidino-2-phenylindole (DAPI) when it binds to DNA. A rapid, one-step nuclear isolation and DNA staining procedure is used to prepare tissue samples for flow cytometric analysis. Frozen tissues give results comparable to those for fresh tissue. Both chicken and trout erythrocyte nuclei were used as reference standards in the determination of amounts of DNA per diploid cell for several mammals and Amazon molly fish. The consistent values obtained for different tissues from the same organism show the accuracy of this method for DNA measurement. PMID- 6731801 TI - The separation of bovine prothrombin and descarboxyprothrombin by high performance liquid chromatography. AB - Prothrombin contains 10 gamma-carboxyglutamic acid (Gla) residues which are absent in the warfarin-induced descarboxyprothrombin; hence prothrombin has 10 more negative groups than has descarboxyprothrombin. The two proteins can be separated by HPLC with the aid of an anion-exchange column. Plasma from warfarin treated animals could be analyzed without pretreatment of the samples and a full analysis was obtained in 30 min. PMID- 6731802 TI - The release and purification of sialic acids from glycoconjugates: methods to minimize the loss and migration of O-acetyl groups. AB - The sialic acids can have O-acetyl esters at the 4, 7, 8, and 9 positions. Most methods for the detailed study of such molecules require their release from glycosidic linkage, followed by extensive purification. The currently used methods for release and purification of sialic acids allow a reasonable qualitative analysis of the diversity of sialic acids from a given biological source. However, for several reasons, quantitative assessment of the degree and type of O-acetylation is not possible with these methods. Previously known problems include the incomplete and nonrandom release of the different sialic acids by both enzymatic and chemical means, and extensive destruction of the O acetyl esters (de-O-acetylation) during the release and purification. An additional problem, that migration of O-acetyl groups from the 7 or 8 positions to the 9 position can occur under the conditions of release and purification, particularly when the pH is above 6 or below 3.0, is demonstrated here. It is shown that the O-acetyl esters on free sialic acids are relatively more stable under acid conditions but more labile under basic conditions than similar esters on bound sialic acids. An analysis of the various steps of the conventional purification procedure showed that exposure to the basic anion-exchange resin is the critical step that results in de-O-acetylation and O-acetyl migration. Based upon these and other findings some new methods have been devised, and several modifications of the existing methods have been suggested, that allow the quantitative release and purification of sialic acids with minimal loss of O acetyl groups. The migration of O-acetyl groups is also decreased by these modifications, but cannot be completely controlled. PMID- 6731803 TI - Electrophoretic concentration of proteins in a nonlinear pH gradient. AB - A method for electrophoretic concentration of differently charged proteins is described. A nonlinear pH gradient is generated by imposing a potential gradient on an electrolyte system composed of (+)H3PO4-valine (pI 6.0)-Servalyte (pH 9-11) triethylamine(-). Proteins contained in the valine solution accumulate at the interphase formed between the valine solution and the Servalyte solution. This interphase acts as a barrier or liquid membrane to all proteins having isoelectric points in the range 6-9. For proteins having isoelectric points in the range 5-7 valine is replaced by histidine (pI 7.64) and the Servalyte by Pharmalyte, pH 2.5-5.0. Ribonuclease, hexokinase, bovine serum albumin, and hemoglobin were concentrated and recovered from the top of the column using a peristaltic pump. The duration of concentration process was 1-4 h, the length of the run depending on the experiment scale (20 or 100 ml protein solution), the amount of protein, and the isoelectric point of the protein. Proteins were concentrated 9- to 48-fold, depending on the initial volume and concentration of the protein. The recoveries ranged from 79.7 +/- 1.1 for hemoglobin to 93.17 +/- 2.84 for ribonuclease. PMID- 6731804 TI - Use of mini-octadecylsilane ultrasphere column in high-pressure liquid chromatography for protein structural studies. AB - Using a single mini-octadecylsilane (ODS) 5-micron ultrasphere column (0.46 X 4.5 cm) and linear gradients of different solvents, all the aspects of protein structural analysis have been defined. The effectiveness of the system has been evaluated by separating the alpha and beta chains of hemoglobin and their tryptic peptides, then performing amino acid analysis and, finally, identifying the phenylthiohydantoin derivatives of amino acids. PMID- 6731805 TI - Purification and analysis of cobamides of Methanobacterium bryantii by high performance liquid chromatography. AB - Cobamides from Methanobacterium bryantii were purified by isocratic reverse-phase high-performance liquid chromatography at neutral pH in readily extractable buffers. A gradient adaptation of this chromatography system on C-18 muBondapak columns in buffers containing aqueous methanol and 100 mM LiCl readily separated Co alpha-(5-hydroxybenzimidazoyl)-Co beta-cyanocobamide, Co alpha-(5 hydroxybenzimidazoyl)-Co beta-adenosylcobamide, cyanocobalamin, adenosylcobalamin, and methylcobalamin. Aquacobalamin was not resolved from cyanocobalamin by this procedure. The gradient procedure was also useful in following the fate of tritiated cyanocobalamin in cell-free extracts of M. bryantii. PMID- 6731806 TI - Resolution of some glycopeptides of hen ovalbumin by reverse-phase high-pressure liquid chromatography. AB - Reverse-phase high-pressure liquid chromatography has been shown to be useful in fractionation of oligosaccharides containing N-acetyl amino sugars on the basis of stereochemical differences. Data in this paper show this same stereochemical selectivity can be obtained for glycopeptides. Using dilute aqueous phosphate for elution, three major high-mannose glycopeptides from ovalbumin can be separated on the analytical scale in a few minutes and the same method can also be used for preparation of the glycopeptides on the milligram scale. High-field proton NMR spectroscopy is used to identify two of the compounds as the mannose-5 and -6 glycopeptides (E3 and D3) and the third as the mannose-6 glycopeptide substituted by two N-acetyl glucosamine (GlcNAc) residues (C3B). The NMR spectra and analytical chromatograms of the glycopeptides show high purity and freedom from contaminants previously identified in ovalbumin glycopeptides. PMID- 6731807 TI - Characteristics of the isoelectric focusing procedure: importance of column size, pH, and protein-protein interactions. AB - Isoelectric focusing (IEF) on 110- and 440-ml columns can result in the loss of enzyme activity. Such losses can be reduced or eliminated by focusing on 20-ml columns. Artifacts which arise during the IEF procedure may result from protein protein interaction or from the interaction of pH with other sources of artifacts. The reasons for greater loss of activity on large columns and the mechanism of artifacts due to pH and protein-protein interactions are discussed. PMID- 6731808 TI - The pyrogallol assay for superoxide dismutase: absence of a glutathione artifact. AB - Reduced glutathione was found to affect the assay for superoxide dismutase when autooxidation of epinephrine, but not pyrogallol, was used as the indicator. Glutathione concentrations in the micromolar range, which correspond to levels in erythrocyte extracts, were capable of perturbing the epinephrine assay method and causing overestimation of enzyme content. The pyrogallol method was not significantly affected by large excesses of glutathione and appears to be a superior method for tissue extracts likely to be rich in glutathione. PMID- 6731809 TI - Determination of catechol-O-methyltransferase activity by high-performance liquid chromatography with electrochemical detection. AB - A rapid and simple assay for catechol-O-methyltransferase (COMT) activity by high performance liquid chromatography with electrochemical detection is described. The method is based on the measurement of 3-O- and 4-O-methylated products (3 methoxy-4-hydroxy- and 4-methoxy-3-hydroxybenzylamine, respectively) of the substrate 3,4-dihydroxybenzylamine. These compounds are determined from the incubation mixture after removal of protein injecting aliquot into the liquid chromatograph. The detection limit is 1 pmol of product. This method is very suitable for screening of COMT activity as well as for determining the meta/para product ratios. PMID- 6731810 TI - High-performance liquid chromatographic analysis of ammonium in human urine. AB - A method for the quantitative determination of ammonium in human urine by high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) is described. After making fluorescent substances with fluorescamine, they were separated and quantified by their fluorometric intensity. The intensity (as measured by peak height) was linear between 0.5 and 5.0 micrograms, and coefficients of variation for elution time and peak height on replicate analysis of the standard were 0.15 and 4.2%, respectively. Recoveries of added ammonium were 96.5 and 97.3%, respectively, on 2.0 and 3.0 micrograms by this method. Detection limit of this method was 0.2 microgram. There was good agreement between the proposed HPLC method (X) and ion chromatographic method (Y), giving the relationships as Y = 0.956X + 0.012, r = 0.991. PMID- 6731811 TI - High-pressure liquid chromatographic-fluorometric detection of adenosine and adenine nucleotides: application to endogenous content and electrically induced release of adenyl purines in guinea pig vas deferens. AB - To avoid some of the disadvantages associated with using radiolabeling to investigate adenyl purine content and release from excitable tissues, a reverse phase high-pressure liquid chromatographic method utilizing fluorescence detection for the measurement of picomole amounts of endogenous ATP and its 6 amino purine analogs has been developed. This procedure has been used to determine the content of adenyl purines in the guinea pig vas deferens and that released from the tissue following stimulation of adrenergic nerves. The total tissue content was measured to be 1.6, 0.76, and 0.10 mumol/g of ATP, ADP, and AMP, respectively. However, adenosine could not be detected. Hypoxia caused a significant decrease in ATP content concomitant with an increase in adenosine content to 0.04 mumol/g. Following transmural electrical stimulation of the guniea pig vas deferens, the release of the following purine compounds was detected: ATP (0.106 nmol/g), ADP (0.242 nmol/g), AMP (0.035 nmol/g), and adenosine (0.454 nmol/g). PMID- 6731812 TI - A method to reduce interference by sucrose in the detection of thiobarbituric acid-reactive substances. AB - A thiobarbituric acid (TBA) reaction for measuring lipid peroxidation products was evaluated for interference by several ingredients commonly used in solutions to prepare or analyze tissue homogenates or subcellular organelles. These included sucrose (up to 100 mM final concentration in the assay medium), Tris maleate (up to 40 mM), imidazole (up to 20 mM), inorganic phosphate (up to 10 mM), and 4- morpholinepropanesulfonic acid (up to 20 mM). When the samples were heated at 95 degrees C as recommended in some procedures, only sucrose significantly affected color development. Sucrose concentrations as low as 10 mM significantly increased absorbance at 532 nm of aqueous tetramethoxypropane (TMP) standards, and so the assay could not be applied reliably to tissue samples prepared in sucrose. Sucrose interference was only partially reduced by subsequent organic extraction (n-butanol plus pyridine), with measured absorbances remaining significantly greater (50-100%) than sucrose-free controls at sucrose concentrations of 20 mM or more. Modifying the assay to include sucrose in blanks and TMP standards failed to adequately correct for interference when the absorbance of unextracted (aqueous) solutions was measured. Further modification by adding sucrose to blanks and TMP standards, followed by butanol pyridine extraction, gave standard curves that were linear, through the origin, and had slopes equivalent to those of sucrose-free standards. This modification enabled almost complete recovery (average 2% error) of known amounts of TMP added to aliquots of tissue homogenates containing amounts of sucrose that otherwise significantly interfered. Also, with the modified method the content of TBA reactive substances in tissues homogenized in sucrose was found to be not significantly different from that measured in tissues homogenized in a noninterfering substance, KCl. PMID- 6731813 TI - Alterations in lysophosphatidylcholine levels of canine heart: modes of extraction and storage. AB - The extraction of lysophosphatidylcholine from canine heart and the storage of lysophosphatidylcholine in total lipid extracts were investigated. The lysolipid was effectively extracted from canine heart by chloroform/methanol (1/2) and the maximum recovery of the lysolipid was 89-92%. Changes in levels of the lysolipid were observed when the tissue was stored at 0 degree C for 60 min or at -20 degrees C for 7 days. An alteration in the lysophosphatidylcholine level was also observed when the lipid extract from the heart was stored in theoretical lower phase (chloroform/methanol/water; 86/14/1). In order to accurately assess the level of lysophosphatidylcholine in the canine heart, the lipid should be extracted immediately from fresh tissue and the lipid extract stored in chloroform/methanol (2/1) or without solvent under nitrogen prior to separation and determination. PMID- 6731814 TI - A method to correct for errors caused by generation of interfering compounds during erythrocyte lipid peroxidation. AB - A commonly used method for quantification of lipid peroxidation depends upon measurement of a malonaldehyde-thiobarbituric acid derivative with absorbance at 532 nm. Investigation of this assay demonstrated that erythrocyte peroxidation produces compounds that react with thiobarbituric acid to interfere with the malonaldehyde assay. Interference results from carryover absorbance at 532 nm, equivalent to 20% of the intensity of the maximum absorption peak at 453 nm. These compounds are not products of lipid peroxidation but are derived from erythrocyte hemolysate and reduced glutathione. A specific HPLC assay for malonaldehyde corroborated the improved accuracy of measuring absorbance at 453 nm and correcting for the absorbance of the interfering compounds at 532 nm when assaying erythrocyte malonaldehyde production. PMID- 6731815 TI - Precolumn concentration of protein samples by displacement electrophoresis (isotachophoresis) followed by high-performance molecular sieve chromatography on a packed agarose column. AB - The use of displacement electrophoresis for the concentration of dilute protein solutions and the construction of a column suitable for this purpose are described. The concentrated protein zone can be pumped directly from the electrophoresis column into a gel-filtration column, which greatly reduces losses of protein. Recoveries of 95% or better were obtained even for small amounts of protein. The electrophoretically concentrated samples gave virtually the same elution profiles as did samples injected in a small volume without the use of electrophoretic preconcentration. PMID- 6731816 TI - A dynamic dialysis method for studying protein-ligand binding using chromatographic theory. AB - A new dynamic dialysis method has been developed for studying protein-ligand binding phenomena. The method depends on analysis of the elution pattern of ligand in a single dialyzing process where the ligand concentration in the sample compartment changes greatly with time. The dialyzer is composed of a long, narrow chamber (the sample compartment) between two sheets of semipermeable membrane and two outside chambers (the sink compartment) connected as a single path. Eluting buffer flows in the sink compartment to exchange the ligand with the solution in the sample compartment. Therefore, the ligand concentration gradient in the sink compartment is in the longitudinal direction. The mathematical expressions to analyze the experimental data were derived from a modified theory of chromatography. Examination of the binding of sulfanilamide to bovine serum albumin using this method shows that these equations are valid for use in studying protein-ligand binding. PMID- 6731817 TI - Isolation of mitochondria from ascites tumor cells permeabilized with digitonin. AB - A new, improved procedure for isolating mitochondria from ascites tumor cells is described. The unique feature of this technique is the use of digitonin to make the cells susceptible to disruption by Teflon pestle/glass vessel homogenization. The yield and respiratory control ratios of mitochondria isolated by this method from murine Ehrlich ascites tumor cells and rat AS30-D ascites hepatoma cells are significantly better than those obtained for mitochondria isolated by the commonly employed Nagarse method, which involves the use of proteolytic enzymes. Moreover, mitochondria isolated by this new procedure from three different lines of tumors exhibit respiratory control ratios with both adenosine diphosphate and a respiratory uncoupler comparable to those obtained with mitochondria present in situ within digitonin-permeabilized tumor cells. PMID- 6731818 TI - Visualization of heparin-binding proteins by ligand blotting with 125I-heparin. AB - A ligand-blotting procedure which allows detection of heparin-binding proteins is described. Crude commercial heparin was fractionated by chromatography on a column of human plasma low-density lipoproteins immobilized to Sepharose CL-4B. Chromatography yielded an unbound and a bound fraction of heparin, designated URH and HRH, respectively. The HRH fraction was reacted with the N hydroxysuccinimidyl ester of 3-(p-hydroxyphenyl)propionic acid and then labeled with 125I. Proteins were separated by 3-20% pore-gradient gel electrophoresis, transferred to nitrocellulose, and then assayed for their ability to bind 125I labeled HRH. Human plasma apolipoproteins B-100, B-48, and E of chylomicrons, very low-density lipoproteins, and low-density lipoproteins bound the 125I labeled HRH; the radiolabeled heparin did not bind to serum albumin, ferritin, catalase, and lactate dehydrogenase. The ligand-blotting procedure should facilitate the purification of heparin-binding domains from these proteins and, moreover, may be applicable to the investigation of heparin-protein interactions in general. PMID- 6731819 TI - Three-step preparation and purification of phosphorus-33-labeled creatine phosphate of high specific activity. AB - Rabbit heart mitochondria were used as a source of enzymes for the synthesis of phosphorus-labeled creatine phosphate. This method is based on the coupled reaction between mitochondrial oxidative phosphorylation and mitochondrial-bound creatine kinase. It is possible to convert more than 90% of the inorganic phosphate (Pi) to creatine phosphate. The method used only small amounts of adenine nucleotides which led to a product with only slight nucleotide contamination. This could be removed by activated charcoal extraction. For further purification, a method for the removal of residual Pi is described. PMID- 6731820 TI - Quantitation of hydroxypyridinium crosslinks in collagen by high-performance liquid chromatography. AB - An HPLC method for quantifying the 3-hydroxypyridinium crosslinks of collagen is described. It can be applied to crude hydrolysates of all types of connective tissue. Mineralized tissues can be hydrolyzed directly and analyzed without interference from the mineral ions. The hydroxylysyl (HP) and lysyl (LP) forms of hydroxypyridinium residue were resolved on a reverse-phase C18 column using a gradient of acetonitrile in water and 0.01 M n-heptafluorobutyric acid as an ion pairing agent. The crosslinking amino acids were accurately quantified down to 2 PM (1 ng) injected, by detecting their natural fluorescence with a spectrofluorometer. Tissues in which hydroxypyridinium crosslinks were plentiful included all forms of cartilage, bone, dentin, ligament, tendon, fascia, intervertebral disc, lung, gut, cervix, aorta, and vitreous humor. Among normal tissues, LP, the minor form of the crosslink, was present in significant amounts relative to HP only in bone and dentin. Both crosslinks were essentially absent from skin, cornea, rat tail tendon, and basement membranes. PMID- 6731821 TI - Purification of monoterpenyl glycosides by gel-permeation and hydrophobic interaction chromatography on polyacrylamide (Bio-Gel P-2). AB - Hydrophobic interaction of the aglycone of monoterpenyl glycosides with the polyacrylamide matrix of Bio-Gel P-2 greatly retards the elution of these substances when chromatographed in dilute aqueous sodium chloride. This hydrophobic interaction is eliminated by inclusion of 15% acetonitrile in the eluant, thereby permitting conventional gel-permeation chromatography. Combination of these techniques by sequential chromatography on the same Bio-Gel column, in the hydrophobic interaction mode followed by the gel-permeation mode, provides a simple, yet mild and highly selective procedure for the purification of monoterpenyl glycosides from crude plant extracts. Examination of the chromatographic properties of beta-D-glucopyranosides and beta-D galactopyranosides of a number of acyclic, monocyclic, and bicyclic monoterpenols indicates that the extent of hydrophobic interaction is of diagnostic value in determining the nature of the aglycone. PMID- 6731822 TI - An abbreviated synthesis of tetrahydropteridines. AB - 5,6,7,8-Tetrahydrobiopterin, the naturally occurring essential cofactor for the enzymatic hydroxylations of phenylalanine, tyrosine and tryptophan, and its synthetic analog 2-amino-6-methyl-5,6,7,8-tetrahydro-4(3H)-pteridinone, have been synthesized in good yield by the direct hydrogenation of 1-(2-amino-1,6-dihydro-5 nitro-6-oxopyrimidin-4-yl-amino)-1,5-dide oxy-L- erythro-pentulose and 2-amino-6 hydroxy-5-phenylazo-4-pyrimidylamino-acetone, respectively. The reactions were carried out at room temperature in trifluoroacetic acid over a platinum catalyst at 2 atm and the products, each containing a mixture of the two possible C-6 isomers, were isolated by precipitation. The simplicity of the preparative method suggests the procedure may be applied generally to the synthesis of all tetrahydropteridines derived from similar pyrimidine precursors. PMID- 6731823 TI - A fluorescent spot test for coagulation factor XIII. AB - A new method is described for the rapid detection of coagulation factor XIII. The technique utilizes the amine monodansylcadaverine in a fluorescent spot test. The method allows the checking of large numbers of samples during purification procedures. This test can also be used to diagnose factor XIII deficiency in plasma samples. PMID- 6731824 TI - Determination of D- and L-aspartate in amino acid mixtures by high-performance liquid chromatography after derivatization with a chiral adduct of o phthaldialdehyde. AB - A sensitive and convenient method for the simultaneous determination of D- and L aspartic acid in amino acid mixtures is described. The method involves derivatization of the mixture with a chiral fluorogen, followed by high performance liquid chromatography on a reverse-phase column. The fluorogen used is an adduct of o-phthaldialdehyde with an optically active thiol, N-acetyl-L cysteine. The sensitivity and accuracy of this method is similar to that using adducts of o-phthaldialdehyde with the achiral thiol, 2-mercaptoethanol. Five picomoles of D-aspartate can be accurately detected in the presence of a 100-fold excess of L-aspartate with a total analysis time (including derivatization) of 10 min. PMID- 6731825 TI - Fractionation techniques in a hydro-organic environment. I. Sulfolane as a solvent for hydrophobic proteins. AB - Sulfolane (thiophene, tethrahydro-1,1-dioxide), at concentrations of 4 M or above, is an efficient solubilizing agent for water-insoluble proteins (e.g., zein or globin chains). In comparison with urea, it appears indefinitely stable in aqueous solutions and does not chemically modify proteins upon storage. Moreover, it favors protein structure, i.e., it increases their alpha-helix content, while urea decreases it. Sulfolane is compatible with electrophoretic techniques (it only slightly reduces polyacrylamide polymerization efficiency and it does not interfere with protein and peptide detection methods) and with chromatographic methods (it has negligible A280 nm). With hydrophilic proteins, sulfolane behaves as a mild denaturant and precipitates them at concentrations between 5 and 7 M. PMID- 6731826 TI - Fractionation techniques in a hydro-organic environment. II. Acryloyl-morpholine polymers as a matrix for electrophoresis in hydro-organic solvents. AB - The properties of gels prepared either from acryloyl-morpholine (ACM) or from its mixtures with acrylamide and crosslinked either with bisacrylylpiperazine or with methylenebisacrylamide have been described. ACM-containing gels are compatible with organic solvents. If polymerized in water and dried, they are able to reswell, e.g., in dimethyl sulfoxide or dimethylformamide. If polymerized in presence of dimethylformamide, they form perfectly clear gels, whose mechanical properties are by far superior than those of similar plain polyacrylamide formulations. PMID- 6731827 TI - Protein determination with trinitrobenzene sulfonate: a method relatively independent of amino acid composition. AB - Conditions are described for precise quantitative measurement of microgram protein samples by spectrophotometric determination of the trinitrobenzene derivatives of amino acids in hydrolysates. The mean molar absorbances of individual amino acids were measured and the effective molar absorbance for use in protein measurements of 1.9 X 10(4) A M-1 cm-1 has been determined. From measurements using the trinitrobenzene sulfonate and fluorescamine reagents, and the published data on the o-phthaldialdehyde method, the molar absorption coefficients and the relative fluorescent yields are compared for the amino acids derivatives found in protein hydrolysates. The coefficients of variation for the trinitrobenzene derivatives are less than that for either the fluorescamine or the o-phthaldialdehyde derivatives. The color yields for five soluble proteins were also compared using the Lowry, Bradford, and trinitrobenzene sulfonate reagents. The results show that the described trinitrobenzene sulfonate method is more sensitive and produces a threefold smaller variation in absorbance per milligram protein than either the Lowry or the Bradford methods. PMID- 6731828 TI - Purification of S-acyl fatty acid synthase thioester hydrolase by affinity chromatography with fatty acid synthase attached to Sepharose. AB - S-Acyl fatty acid synthase thioester hydrolase, the enzyme responsible for release of short-chain fatty acids from fatty acid synthase, was purified to homogeneity in 50-60% yield by a procedure involving affinity chromatography with fatty acid synthase as the affinity ligand attached to Sepharose. This procedure gave a 10- to 12-fold increase in yield over the previously available method. PMID- 6731829 TI - Reverse-phase purification and silica gel thin-layer chromatography of porphyrin carboxylic acids. AB - Thin-layer chromatography on silica gel 60 plates in the solvent N,N dimethylformamide/methanol/ethylene glycol/glacial acetic acid/1 chlorobutane/chloroform (4/35/6/0.4/18/20 by volume) separates porphyrin carboxylic acids by the number of free carboxyl groups. Coproporphyrins I and III and isocoproporphyrin are separated in 30 min, other porphyrins in 15 min. The N,N-dimethylformamide and acetic acid in the solvent strongly increase porphyrin fluorescence on the plates. Fading and diffusion of the fluorescent patterns is prevented by storage of the plates in the cold and dark without oxygen and with desiccant. In a preliminary step, porphyrins are purified in high yields, concentrated, and deacidified rapidly (2 min) by reverse-phase chromatography on cartridges containing a C18 spacer or on Amberlite XAD-2 columns. The methods are applied to urines of porphyria patients and for following porphyrin ester hydrolysis. PMID- 6731830 TI - The preparation of stroma-free hemoglobin by selective DEAE-cellulose absorption. AB - The preparation of stroma-free hemoglobin by selective DEAE-cellulose absorption is reported. The stroma-free hemoglobin prepared by this method is compared to the product obtained by crystallization from sodium phosphate. Both show normal serum potassium, sodium, and pH values, and no coagulant activity or blood type activity by blood type test. PAA gradient gel electrophoresis, sodium dodecyl sulfate-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis, and isoelectric focusing in polyacrylamide gel all show the same well-defined bands in both preparations. The DEAE procedure requires 11 h as compared to 4 days for the crystallization method. The recovery of hemoglobin is 77% (less than 1% methemoglobin) in the DEAE preparation compared to 34% (greater than 3% methemoglobin) by the crystallization method. In addition, far fewer expensive materials are required. PMID- 6731831 TI - Silk--a new substrate for UDP-d-xylose:proteoglycan core protein beta-D xylosyltransferase. AB - The formation of most connective tissue polysaccharides is initiated by transfer of D-xylose from UDP-D-xylose to specific serine residues in the core proteins of the putative proteoglycans. The substrate specificity of the xylosyltransferase catalyzing this reaction has not yet been examined in detail, but it appears that a -Ser-Gly- pair is an essential part of the substrate structure. Since the preparation of the known acceptors (e.g., Smith-degraded or HF-treated cartilage proteoglycan) involves a substantial effort, we have searched for readily available proteins with the -Ser-Gly-sequence, which might serve as alternative substrates. In the present work, it was found that silk fibroin from Bombyx mori, which consists, in large part, of the repeating hexapeptide, Ser-Gly-Ala-Gly-Ala Gly, is an excellent substrate for the xylosyltransferase from embryonic chick cartilage. Pieces of silk were used directly in the reaction mixtures, and [14C]xylose transferred from UDP-D-[14C]xylose was measured by liquid scintillation spectrometry after rinsing the silk in 1 M NaCl and water. Substantially greater incorporation was observed with preparations of silk or fibroin which had been dissolved in 60% LiSCN and subsequently dialyzed exhaustively or diluted appropriately. Under standard reaction conditions, the Vmax for fibroin was 531 pmol/h/mg enzyme protein, as compared to 223 pmol/h/mg for Smith-degraded proteoglycan. Km values were 182 mg/liter (fibroin) and 143 mg/liter (Smith-degraded proteoglycan). The product of [14C]xylose transfer to silk was alkali labile, and [14C]xylitol was formed when [14C]xylosylsilk was treated with borohydride in alkali. Proteolytic digestion with papain, Pronase, leucine aminopeptidase, and carboxypeptidase A yielded a radioactive product which was identified as [14C]xylosylserine by electrophoresis and chromatography. The identity of the isolated [14C]xylosylserine was further supported by its resistance to treatment with alkali (0.5 M KOH; 100 degrees C; 8 h) and by acid hydrolysis which yielded [14C]xylose. Tryptic and chymotryptic fragments from fibroin were also good xylose acceptors and had Vmax values 60-70% of that observed for the intact protein. Substantial acceptor activity was displayed also by the sericin fraction of silk and by the silk sequence hexapeptide. Ser-Gly-Ala Gly-Ala-Gly; the latter had a Vmax value close to 20% of that of intact fibroin. PMID- 6731832 TI - A recommendation for visualizing disulfide bonding by one-dimensional sodium dodecyl sulfate--polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis. AB - A simple modification of the conventional one-dimensional sodium dodecyl sulfate- polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis technique has been used to visualize inter- and intramolecular disulfide bonding in proteins. The gradient of reducing agent established between adjacent slab gel tracks by electrophoresing identical protein samples next to one another, one containing and the other not containing 2-mercaptoethanol, has been used to visualize the change in mobility of disulfide bond-containing proteins throughout the transition from a reducing to a nonreducing environment. As illustrated by an analysis of immunoglobulin heavy and light chains, the method particularly facilitates the positive identification of proteins containing intrachain disulfide bonds. PMID- 6731833 TI - Colorimetric method for the determination of ketoses using phenol-acetone-boric acid reagent (PABR). AB - A purplish pink color developed when ketose solution (100 microliters) was mixed with phenol-acetone-boric acid reagent (0.5 ml 5% phenol, 2% acetone, 4% boric acid) and then treated with 96% sulfuric acid (1.4 ml). The absorbance of the reaction mixture was measured at 568 nm after 60 min at 37 degrees C. This method allowed the simple determination of 3-50 nmol of D-fructose with coefficient of variation 7.8% for 3 nmol and 2.8% for 50 nmol. Carbohydrates other then ketoses did not interfere with this reaction. The influence of various chemicals on the colorimetric reaction and applicability of the method for determination of ketoses in natural products are presented. PMID- 6731834 TI - Purification of intracellular phospholipase A2 from rat spleen supernatant by reverse-phase high-performance liquid chromatography. AB - Intracellular phospholipase A2 was purified to homogeneity from rat spleen supernatant by reverse-phase high-performance liquid chromatography with a trifluoroacetic acid-acetonitrile solvent system. The method simplified the purification procedure, which includes three consecutive chromatographic steps. The recovery of the enzyme activity was greater than 70% with an about 23,000 fold purification. The solvent system did not affect the catalytic properties of the enzyme. Phospholipases A2 from rat spleen, human pancreatic juice, and porcine pancreas were eluted in that order from a column of octadecasilyl silica gel in a similar concentration range of acetonitrile. This result suggests that the phospholipases A2 examined have similar hydrophobicities. This method may be applicable to the purification of phospholipases A2 from other sources. PMID- 6731835 TI - Determination of malonyl-coenzyme A in rat heart, kidney, and liver: a comparison between acetyl-coenzyme A and butyryl-coenzyme A as fatty acid synthase primers in the assay procedure. AB - The malonyl-CoA assay was nonlinear at low malonyl-CoA concentrations when labeled acetyl-CoA was used as fatty acid synthase primer. Linearity was obtained with low concentrations of both fatty acid synthase and labeled acetyl-CoA, but then the assay was disturbed by the diluting effect of endogenous acetyl-CoA. The problems of nonlinearity and dilution of radioactivity by endogenous compounds were absent when labeled butyryl-CoA was used as primer. The levels of malonyl CoA in rat heart, kidney, and liver were determined. The use of butyryl-CoA gave higher values of malonyl-CoA. PMID- 6731836 TI - Monoclonal antibody screening: two methods using antigens immobilized on nitrocellulose. AB - The dot-immunobinding assay of Hawkes et al. [R. Hawkes, E. Niday, and J. Gordon (1982) Anal. Biochem. 119, 142-147] has been modified such that many antibody solutions are screened simultaneously on dots of antigen applied to a single sheet of nitrocellulose using very small amounts of both antigen and antibody solutions. This method is also used in the assay of antibody binding on dots of components of the antigen after enzymatic digestion and chromatographic fractionation and to dots of compounds which may be chemically related to the antigen. An aluminum template for screening Western blots with a number of different antibody solutions on a single sheet of nitrocellulose is also described. Possible applications of the dot-immunobinding assay in screening for virus are discussed. PMID- 6731837 TI - Polyethylene glycol interferes with protein molecular weight determinations by gel filtration. AB - Gel filtration studies on Sephadex G-75 demonstrate markedly increased elution volumes for proteins chromatographed with polyethylene glycol. As little as 5% (w/v) polyethylene glycol in the applied protein sample can reduce apparent molecular weight estimates by gel filtration as much as 55%. Furthermore, gel filtration columns equilibrated with polyethylene glycol are not size-separating columns. Consequently, caution must be exercised when performing and interpreting gel filtration studies of proteins previously treated or precipitated with polyethylene glycol. PMID- 6731838 TI - A method for the quantitative recovery of protein in dilute solution in the presence of detergents and lipids. AB - A rapid method based on a defined methanol-chloroform-water mixture for the quantitative precipitation of soluble as well as hydrophobic proteins from dilute solutions (e.g., column chromatography effluents) has been developed. The effectiveness of this method is not affected by the presence of detergents, lipids, salt, buffers, and beta-mercaptoethanol. PMID- 6731839 TI - Evaluation of isoelectric focusing running conditions during two-dimensional isoelectric focusing/sodium dodecyl sulfate-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis: variation of gel patterns with changing conditions and optimized isoelectric focusing conditions. AB - Five major isoelectric focusing (IEF) parameters--volt-hours; concentrations of acrylamide, NaOH, and H3PO4; and equilibration time--were systematically varied to determine the effect of each on two-dimensional IEF/sodium dodecyl sulfate polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis gel patterns and to optimize IEF conditions. Alterations in each parameter affected the gel pattern, frequently causing uncertainty in the identification of spots between conditions. The results emphasize the need for internal analytical consistency, and indicate that gel pattern comparisons between laboratories can be complicated if different IEF conditions are employed. The systematic evaluation indicated that optimized patterns were obtained when increased concentrations of NaOH and H3PO4 (to 50 and 25 mM, respectively) and run durations of 10,000 V-h or longer were used. PMID- 6731840 TI - Separation of histones from Physarum polycephalum by ion-paired, reverse-phase high-performance liquid chromatography. AB - The histones of Physarum polycephalum were efficiently separated using a muBondapak C-18 column with 50 mM triethylamine-phosphoric acid, pH 2.2, as the aqueous phase and a gradient of increasing concentration of acetonitrile. The effects of buffer concentration and changes in gradient rate and flow rate on retention times were investigated to optimize separation. The recovery of total histones (70%) was independent of loading up to at least 0.5 mg. Loading had little effect on retention times. Under optimal conditions, substantially pure (less than 90%) fractions of each histone were obtained. The quantity of each histone after HPLC fractionation reflected its abundance in the original sample, indicating that there was no selective loss of a particular histone. PMID- 6731841 TI - A rapid and convenient preparation of [4-3H]NADP and stereospecifically tritiated NADP3H. AB - The enzymatic preparation and chromatographic purification of [4-3H]NADP and NADPH stereospecifically labeled with 3H on either the A or B faces at position 4 have been simplified. Commercially available [1-3H]glucose was used as a starting material for the sequential synthesis of [4B-3H]NADPH, [4-3H]NADP, and [4A 3H]NADPH. These products were rapidly purified by step elution of DEAE-cellulose minicolumns so that [4B-3H]NADPH was produced and purified from [1-3H]glucose in 2 h, [4-3H]NADP in 5 h, and [4A-3H]NADPH in 8 h. Yields of these products were 65 to 88% starting with [1-3H]glucose. Analysis of the products by high-performance liquid chromatography indicated radiochemical purities of 82-95% for these compounds and specific activities equivalent to that of the starting material (10 15 Ci/mmol). PMID- 6731842 TI - Vertical slab gel electrophoresis on a large number of samples: an apparatus with the capacity for central cooling. AB - Plans and instructions are given to allow the inexpensive manufacture of a robust electrophoresis apparatus. The equipment permits four polyacrylamide gels, each capable of holding 25 samples, to be run simultaneously while being cooled by constantly flowing water. PMID- 6731843 TI - Synthesis and properties of 5-membered heterocyclic disulfides: application for enzyme modification. AB - Synthesis of the disulfides 2,2'-dithiodithiazole, 2,2'-dithiobis(4 methylthiazole), and 5,5'-dithiobis(3-methylisothiazole), which are thiol specific reagents, is described and the uv-absorption spectra of the disulfides and corresponding thiols and/or thiones are presented. The utility of these and several other reagents for the modification of thiol groups in enzymes has been demonstrated with lactate dehydrogenase and malate dehydrogenase and compared with the frequently applied modification reagents 5,5'-dithiobis(2-nitrobenzoic acid) and 2,2'-dithiodipyridine. The 5-membered heterocyclic disulfides permit the spectrophotometric determination of all sulfhydryl groups of malate dehydrogenase and lactate dehydrogenase without requiring their prior denaturation. Application of these reagents makes possible the determination of SH groups in the pH range less than or equal to 7. PMID- 6731844 TI - The reduction of aliphatic and aromatic N-oxides to the corresponding amines with titanium(III) chloride. AB - Amine N-oxides have been observed to be reduced by titanium(III) chloride. To study this reaction, 24 model amine N-oxides were reacted with titanium(III) chloride. The products of these reactions were shown by melting (boiling) points, mixed melting points, derivatives, refractive indices, infrared, and NMR comparisons with authentic compounds to be the corresponding amines. The reductions were found to require 2 moles of titanium(III) per mole of amine N oxide. PMID- 6731845 TI - Progress curve analysis of adenosine deaminase-catalyzed reactions. AB - The kinetic constants of the adenosine deaminase-catalyzed conversion of adenosine to inosine were found to be readily obtainable by analyzing the progress curve of a single reaction. A novel inhibitor, 9-(1-hydroxymethyl-3 methylbutyl)adenine, was studied to test the validity of the progress curve method with this enzyme. Estimates of kinetic constants determined by this method were compared to those determined by the conventional initial velocity analysis. The Km and Vmax values for adenosine and the Ki value for the inhibitor were estimated to be 26.1 microM, 1.27 mumol/min/unit of enzyme, and 0.48 microM, respectively, by the initial velocity method, and 29.3 microM, 1.27 mumol/min/unit of enzyme, and 0.52 microM, respectively, by the progress curve analysis. The inhibitor was shown to act competitively with substrate by both methods of analysis. The progress curve experiments were very simple to perform and the constants were calculated (with an interfaced microcomputer) within a few minutes of the completion of each assay. PMID- 6731846 TI - Purification of micromolar quantities of nucleotide analogs by reverse-phase high performance liquid chromatography using a volatile buffer at neutral pH. AB - The separation of 5'-adenosine di- and triphosphates from inorganic pyrophosphate or imidodiphosphate can be accomplished with reverse-phase HPLC by using a solvent system buffered by triethylammonium bicarbonate (pH 6.7). This buffer was used because it was neutral, readily volatile at 20 degrees C, and formed ion pairs with phosphate compounds to allow their separation by reverse-phase chromatography. Micromolar amounts of radioactive or fluorescent nucleotide analogs have been purified using C-18 columns or a polystyrene divinylbenzene column (PRP-1, Hamilton) with the solvent system described. The method is particularly advantageous in preparing salt-free acid-, base-, or thermally labile nucleotide analogs. It is possible with this method to remove 32Pi (173 mumol) from ATP (50 mumol, 30 mg) in one run using a C-18 analytical column demonstrating that this approach can be useful for selected semipreparative purifications. PMID- 6731847 TI - A modified assay system for enzymes involved in N-acetyl group transfer reactions: its use to study enzymes involved in ornithine biosynthesis in plants. AB - A new method for assaying the enzymes N2-acetyl-L-ornithine:L-glutamate N acetyltransferase (EC 2.3.1.35) and acetyl-coenzyme A:L-glutamate N acetyltransferase (EC 2.3.1.1) has been designed. This assay system is based on the separation of N-[14C]acetylglutamate from N-[14C]acetylornithine or [14C]acetyl-coenzyme A by differential absorption of these compounds to DEAE anion-exchange disks. The procedure is simple and sensitive and eliminates the use of ion-exchange resin columns. Using the present method, the inhibition of the enzyme N2-acetyl-L-ornithine:L-glutamate N-acetyltransferase by alpha methylornithine and N-bromoacetylornithine was studied. PMID- 6731848 TI - Determination of creatine phosphate levels in brain tissue by isocratic reverse phase, ion-paired high-performance liquid chromatography. AB - The utilization of isocratic, reverse-phase, ion-paired high-performance liquid chromatography for analysis of creatine phosphate allows for rapid quantification of multiple samples. Cryogenic sample handling and the addition of ethylene glycol bis(beta-aminoethyl ether) N,N'-tetraacetic acid as a Ca2+ sequestering agent during perchloric acid extraction enhance maximal recovery of creatine phosphate from brain samples. Peak identification is supported by a complete enzymatic shift with a phosphocreatine kinase, hexokinase, and glucose-6 phosphate dehydrogenase system. PMID- 6731849 TI - DNA and protein content as cellular biochemical parameters. A discussion with two examples: acid phosphatase and cathepsin D in rat liver and hepatoma and acid phosphatase in human breast normal tissue and adenocarcinoma. AB - The advantage of using DNA content as a biochemical parameter because the results it gives are directly related to cellularity is discussed. As examples, comparisons of acid phosphatase and cathepsin D activities in rat liver and hepatoma and of acid phosphatase in human normal breast tissue and adenocarcinoma are considered. Contradictory results are obtained, depending whether they are related to DNA content, fresh tissue weight, or protein content. PMID- 6731850 TI - Purification of quadrol for microsequencing in the spinning-cup sequenator. AB - Treatment of Quadrol buffer with isothiocyanatophenylthiocarbamylaminoethylaminopropyl glass (DITC glass) substantially reduces the impurities observed when this buffer is used with the spinning cup sequenator. Use of DITC glass-treated Quadrol buffer permits identification of PTH-amino acids from protein degradations down to 100 pmol. PMID- 6731851 TI - Near-infrared photoacoustic spectroscopy of proteins. AB - A major problem encountered with the use of electronic spectroscopy in the analysis of biological materials in the ultraviolet, visible, and infrared region involves the limited range of the physical state of samples that can be examined. In an attempt to expand this range, photoacoustic spectra of both solid- and solution-state proteins have been obtained in the near-infrared region. Solid proteins generate detailed spectra in the region 1.0-2.6 micron, resulting primarily from hydrogenic overtone and combinational modes. Harmonics and combinations of amide group frequencies which display significant spectral complexity are observed between 1.4 and 1.7 micron, although they appear to manifest only limited conformational sensitivity. Solution spectra in D2O are of much lower resolution. Assignments of peaks for both solution- and solid-state proteins are presented and the advantages and disadvantages of the use of near infrared photoacoustic spectroscopy with proteins are discussed. PMID- 6731852 TI - The prevention of distortion in ultrathin-layer polyacrylamide gel isoelectric focusing. AB - Although isoelectric focusing patterns in ultrathin layers of polyacrylamide gel are distorted by the presence of salts, such as ammonium persulfate, this reagent is commonly used to promote polymerization of the gel. The amount of ammonium persulfate can be reduced but this causes the formation of sloppy gels or incomplete polymerization. A method is described here in which an ultrathin polyacrylamide gel is formed on a polyester sheet using ammonium persulfate in the absence of ampholyte. After complete polymerization, the ammonium persulfate is washed out and ampholyte is allowed to diffuse into the gel. Subsequent isoelectric focusing is then free from distortion caused by the presence of ammonium persulfate. PMID- 6731853 TI - Assay of hepatic microsomal testosterone hydroxylases by high-performance liquid chromatography. AB - A high-performance liquid chromatographic (HPLC) method for the assay of the hepatic microsomal polysubstrate monooxygenase catalyzed hydroxylation of testosterone is described. The metabolites are extracted from the incubation mixture with dichloromethane and the extract is washed with dilute alkali and water, dried over anhydrous sodium sulfate, and evaporated to dryness. The residue is dissolved in methanol and an aliquot analyzed. The products are separated by reverse-phase chromatography with a methanol/water/tetrahydrofuran gradient and quantitated at 240 nm by the internal standard technique. The assay does not use radioactively labeled testosterone and can measure hydroxylase activity in microsomal samples containing less than 1.0 mg protein. At least seven products, 2 alpha-, 2 beta-, 6 beta-, 7 alpha-, 16 alpha-, and 16 beta hydroxytestosterone and androstenedione, are resolved by HPLC. The major products formed by microsomes from untreated adult male rats are 2 alpha- (not 2 beta-) and 16 alpha-hydroxytestosterone and androstenedione which constituted 60% of the total products, followed by 6 beta-, 7 alpha-, and smaller quantities of 2 beta- and 16 beta-hydroxytestosterone. The carrier of the substrate in the incubation mixture was found to affect significantly the metabolite pattern and total activity, and of the several solvents studied methanol yielded the highest total activity. Since the 6 beta-, 7 alpha-, and 16 alpha-hydroxylation of testosterone is catalyzed by distinct forms of cytochrome P-450, this assay which measures seven products may serve as a useful qualitative probe of the cytochrome P-450 population of the monooxygenase. PMID- 6731854 TI - Determination of picomole quantities of acetylcholine and choline in physiologic salt solutions. AB - An assay capable of detecting tens-of-picomole quantities of choline and acetylcholine in milliliter volumes of a physiological salt solution has been developed. Silica column chromatography was used to bind and separate 10-3000 pmol [14C]choline and [14C]acetylcholine standards made up in 3 ml of a bicarbonate-buffered Krebs-Ringer solution. The silica columns bound 95-98% of both choline and acetylcholine. Of the bound choline 84-87% was eluted in 1.5 ml of 0.075 N HCl, whereas 95-98% of the bound acetylcholine was eluted in a subsequent wash with 1.5 ml of 0.030 N HCl in 10% 2-butanone. Vacuum centrifugation of the eluants yielded small white pellets with losses of choline and acetylcholine of only 1%. Dried pellets of unlabeled choline and acetylcholine standards were assayed radioenzymatically using [gamma-32P]ATP, choline kinase, and acetylcholinesterase. The net disintegrations per minute of choline[32P]phosphate product was proportional to both the acetylcholine (10-3000 pmol) and choline (30-3000 pmol) standards. The "limit sensitivity" was 8.5 pmol for acetylcholine and 11.4 pmol for choline. Cross-contamination of the choline assay by acetylcholine averaged 1.3%, whereas contamination of the acetylcholine assay by choline averaged 3.1%. PMID- 6731856 TI - 1984 Fundamental reviews. PMID- 6731857 TI - Macroanatomy of the renicule of the bowhead whale (Balaena mysticetus). AB - The macroanatomy of renicules and surrounding tissues from the kidneys of five Eskimo-harvested bowhead whales, Balaena mysticetus , was examined. These renicules are similar in overall structure to those of other cetaceans and intermediate in size. There are several important differences including the presence of arcuate vessels within the sporta perimedullaris , the extension of connective tissue from the sporta deep into the peripheral cortex, and the presence of very large, thin-walled veins that occupy the interrenicular spaces. Arterial and venous plexuses outside the substance of the sporta reported in other cetaceans were not observed in the bowhead . PMID- 6731855 TI - Quantitative assay of deoxyribonuclease activity after isoelectric focusing in polyacrylamide gels: pH control and effects of enzyme diffusion. AB - A method for the quantitative assay of nuclease activity in crude cell lysates after isoelectric focusing (IEF) in polyacrylamide slab gels is described. After IEF, an agarose overlay gel containing DNA is placed on the IEF gel and the nuclease activity quantified by the loss of ethidium bromide fluorescence of the DNA. With this method a linear response was obtained for 1 to 10 ng of DNase I. Various methods of pH equilibration after IEF were also evaluated. The use of a high buffer concentration in the overlay gel is recommended to control the pH during the enzyme reaction. An analytical solution for the diffusion of enzymes from the IEF gel to the overlay gel is also presented and an equation that may be used to choose optimum times for transfer of the enzyme from the IEF gel to the overlay gel is given. PMID- 6731858 TI - Ultrastructure of the secretory epithelium, nerve fibers, and capillaries in the mouse sweat gland. AB - The ultrastructure of the mouse sweat gland was examined, in support of neurological studies of sweat glands and their relationships to the autonomic nervous system. It was found that the mouse sweat gland is similar to that of the rat and has only one type of secretory cell. Many nerve fibers are entwined with the secretory tubule and contain accumulations of round, clear vesicles, some microtubules, but apparently no neurofilaments. Cholinesterase is found in the clefts between nerve fibers and their ensheathing Schwann cells. The nerve fibers tend to run parallel with capillaries, but have no close association with either the capillaries or the secretory epithelium. Capillaries provide an abundant blood supply to the sweat gland and are fenestrated. The relationships between cellular elements of the sweat gland provide no direct evidence of the mechanisms involved in neurogenic sweating, although it seems likely that effector substances are diffusely distributed. PMID- 6731859 TI - A quantitative study of satellite cells in regenerated soleus and extensor digitorum longus muscles. AB - Satellite cells quantitated in the rat soleus and extensor digitorum longus (EDL) muscles following a complete regeneration returned to "normal" percentages of myofiber nuclei in both muscles 3 months after injury. Following cross transplantation, the percentage of satellite cell nuclei in the EDL regenerated in the soleus bed was indistinguishable from the percentage in the soleus. Likewise, the soleus muscle regenerated in the EDL bed had a satellite cell percentage characteristic of the EDL. These results suggest that 1) the proportion of satellite cells is reestablished in a regenerated muscle and 2) the innervating nerve determines the proportion of satellite cell nuclei in a muscle. PMID- 6731860 TI - Rat uterine tissue and cell responses to the presence of plain and indomethacin delivering IUDs. AB - Plain silastic intrauterine devices or those containing 270 micrograms of indomethacin were inserted into the caudal portion of one uterine horn of mature Wistar rats. After a 3-week period animals were fixed by perfusion on the morning of day 2 after estrus. Segments of uterine tissue corresponding to regions adjacent to and cranial to the devices as well as an equivalent portion of the contralateral horn were embedded in glycol methacrylate. A group of control animals without any form of device were treated in an identical manner. Sections cut from these segments were evaluated by grid-point stereology to ascertain changes in tissue volumes and cell populations. It was found that the presence of plain devices induced hypertrophy in the stroma and myometrium of the portion of the uterus adjacent to the device. The presence of indomethacin in such devices prevented stromal hypertrophy. No changes in populations of fibroblasts or areas of glandular or vascular tissue were evident in any treatment group. Cell populations of neutrophils, eosinophils, and mononuclear cells, however, were elevated in the superficial stroma of the horns bearing either type of device; this feature was more pronounced for neutrophils in the presence of the indomethacin devices. Neutrophils, rather than eosinophils, predominated in the epithelia of the uterus bearing either type of IUD. Conversely, eosinophil populations were reduced in the superficial tissues cranial to the devices delivering indomethacin. Neutrophils and mononuclear cells were also found to be elevated in the deep stroma of tissues adjacent to both the plain and medicated device. PMID- 6731861 TI - The postovulatory cat oviduct and uterus: correlation of morphological features with progesterone receptor levels. AB - Oviducts and uteri were obtained from cats at estrus and up to 14 days after coitus. Progesterone binding sites were estimated by Scatchard analysis, serum levels of progesterone were determined by radioimmunoassay, nd key morphological parameters of the lining of the epithelium of the oviduct and the deep uterine glands were quantitated. Progesterone cytosol binding was highest at estrus, significantly depleted by day 4, and continued a gradual decline out to day 14 in both tissues. Nuclear binding was markedly elevated at day 4; with time the binding decreased until by day 14 it was equal to or lower than that detected at estrus. The initial depletion of cytosol binding and rise in nuclear binding coincided with the initial rise in serum progesterone levels. Within the oviduct, the increase in nuclear binding coincided with the onset of regressive changes within the epithelium. These changes included atrophy, deciliation, and apoptosis. Within the uterine glands, the increase in nuclear binding coincided with the onset of the progestational response. This response included cell hypertrophy, glycogen synthesis and deposition, and with longer exposure to elevated levels of progesterone, the disappearance of these glycogen deposits. These results clearly illustrate the immediate effect of low levels of progesterone on the subcellular compartmentalization of the progesterone receptor system, and the down regulation of the total receptor system when target tissues are exposed to a continuous elevation of serum progesterone. These results also illustrate that similar changes in receptor compartmentalization induce different morphological responses within target tissues from the same animal. PMID- 6731862 TI - The relationship of epithelial cell types in the ventral prostate glands of castrated mice treated with testosterone. AB - The purpose of this study was to determine the relationship of epithelial cell types in the ventral prostate glands of castrated mice treated with testosterone during the period of maximum DNA synthesis, mitosis, and restitution of the epithelium. Of 33 adult mice, ten were used as normal controls, six were used as castrated controls at day zero of treatment, and 17 castrates were treated with testosterone for 1 through 8 days. Selected normals, castrates, and treated mice were injected with 3H-thymidine prior to their sacrifice. Tissue samples from each mouse were processed for electron microscopy and autoradiography. The epithelium of the ventral prostate glands after testosterone treatment had four cell types: basal, intermediate, mitotic, and columnar. Intermediate and mitotic cells were most frequent during the second, third, and fourth day of androgen treatments. Basal and columnar cells were observed in normal, castrates, and androgen-treated mice. The restitution of the epithelium included an initial phase of cell growth which was essentially complete by the fifth day of hormone treatment. During the growth phase many basal and columnar cells synthesized DNA and became mitotic. Columnar cells increased their cell height and showed variable amounts of organelles and inclusions. The growth phase was followed by the secretory phase in which columnar cells contained abundant supranuclear organelles and inclusions and appeared as secretory cells much as those observed in normal prostate. The restitution process of the prostate glands of castrates was completed by the eighth day of hormone treatment. PMID- 6731863 TI - Histological and histochemical studies of the secretory components of the salamander olfactory mucosa: effects of isoproterenol and olfactory nerve section. AB - Secretory components of the salamander olfactory mucosa, sustentacular cells (SC), and Bowman's glands (BG), were examined histologically and histochemically. In the aquatic larval salamander, SC in sensory grooves contained secretory granules; the submucosa contained a single layer of homogeneous, ductless glands. In the land-dwelling adult salamander, SC spanning a flat epithelial sheet contained vesicles. Subjacent to the epithelium in both dorsal and ventral mucosae lay BG whose ducts opened at the surface of the epithelium. In the ventral mucosa, two additional layers of olfactory glands (OG) lying below the BG were identified; ducts were not observed in association with the OG. The beta adrenergic agonist isoproterenol caused depletion of secretory granules from BG and OG of larval, young, and adult salamanders but had no discernible effect on SC. Histochemical techniques (Alcian blue at pH 2.5 and pH 1.0, high-iron diamine, and the periodic acid-Schiff reaction) demonstrated that SC contained neutral, acidic, and small amounts of sulfated mucopolysaccharides (MPS), BG and OG contained only neutral MPS. In contrast, glands under adjacent respiratory epithelium contained both acidic and sulfated MPS. Unilateral olfactory nerve section ( ONX ) caused changes in the histochemical reactivity of acidic and sulfated MPS in SC on the ipsilateral and later on the contralateral side. Neutral MPS staining became enhanced first in the OG that lay under the BG, then in BG cells, and later in the deepest OG layer. Ipsilateral changes preceded contralateral ones. At 24 days post- ONX , some acinar cells in the deep OG contained acidic but not sulfated MPS. PMID- 6731864 TI - Histochemical survey of the distribution of the epidermal melanoblasts and melanocytes in the mouse during fetal and postnatal periods. AB - In order to clarify the time of onset of the differentiation of epidermal melanoblasts and melanocytes in C57BL/ 10J mice, pieces of skin were excised on various days after gestation and subjected to the dopa reaction and to the combined dopa- premelanin reaction. Cells positive to the combined dopa- premelanin reaction ( melanoblast -melanocyte population) were first identified on prenatal day 14 in the dorsal and ventral skin, and increased in number until day 17. The population remained constant (about 140 cells/0.1 mm2 for the dorsal skin and about 65 cells/0.1 mm2 for the ventral skin) until postnatal day 4, and then decreased. However, cells positive to the dopa reaction (melanocyte population) were first identified on prenatal day 16 in the dorsal and ventral skin, and increased until postnatal day 4 (about 95 cells/0.1 mm2 for the dorsal skin and about 25 cells/0.1 mm2 for the ventral skin), then gradually decreased and disappeared by day 30. These results indicate that mouse epidermal melanoblasts begin to differentiate on prenatal day 14, and 2 days later tyrosinase activity is induced within the cells. PMID- 6731865 TI - A comparison of the density of microtubules in the central and peripheral axonal branches of the pseudounipolar neurons of lizard spinal ganglia. AB - The number and density of microtubules were determined in cross sections of the two branches (central and peripheral) of the bifurcating axon of the pseudounipolar neurons of the lizard thoracic spinal ganglia. In both the central and peripheral branches the average number of microtubules rose, while the microtubular density decreased with an increase in the cross-sectional area of the axonal branch: More precisely, a linear relationship was observed between the logarithm of the microtubular density and the cross-sectional area of the axonal branch. Both the average number of microtubules per cross section of the axonal branch and the microtubular density were found to be significantly lower in the central than in the peripheral branch. Since the amount of material carried by fast transport was found by other authors to be greater in the peripheral than in the central branch, a positive correlation seems to exist between microtubular density and the quantity of material carried by fast transport along the two branches of the axon in pseudounipolar neurons. Such a correlation suggests that microtubules may be somehow involved in the fast transport of material along the axon. The average densities of microtubules were found to be the same comparing two sets of unmyelinated and myelinated central (or peripheral) branches of corresponding size. Therefore, different microtubular densities usually observed in unmyelinated and myelinated axons appear to be correlated with the different size ranges of the two types of axon rather than with the absence or presence of the myelin sheath. PMID- 6731866 TI - Neural crest and normal development: a new perspective. AB - Several clinical syndromes, including the DiGeorge syndrome, are characterized by clusters of developmental defects of the heart and great vessels with structures derived from the embryonic pharyngeal apparatus including thymus and parathyroids. The connective tissue derivatives of neural crest are necessary for the normal development of these structures, and there is new experimental evidence that depletion of neural crest causes defects similar to these clinical syndromes. Therefore it is proposed that many of these syndromes are due to inappropriate development of neural crest. The implications of this hypothesis include the predictions 1) that asplenia and certain other anomalies have the same etiology, and 2) that it is possible to observe the effects of teratogenic agents upon a cellular population (neural crest) at the time when it is being altered, rather than waiting until definitive organs may be examined. PMID- 6731867 TI - Distribution of glycogen in the floor plate of the chick spinal cord during development. AB - The present study was undertaken to characterize the structural changes and the glycogen distribution in the floor plate of the developing chick spinal cord. The floor plate consisted of ventricular zone by stage 19 (staged according to Hamburger and Hamilton, 1951). The marginal zone of this plate could be distinguished as a narrow border at stage 21. It increased progressively in thickness and was the same thickness as the ventricular zone at stage 26. It increased again in thickness from stage 38 onward. Glycogen appeared and subsequently disappeared in the floor plate of the chick spinal cord during development. Little, if any, glycogen appeared in the midportion of the floor plate at stage 19. The floor plate was weakly glycogen positive from the cervical through lumbosacral segments at stage 21. In the floor plate of the lumbosacral enlargement the glycogen staining was the highest and was maximal through stages 34-37. The floor plate of the cervical and thoracic segments except for the cervical enlargement continue to have low concentrations of glycogen. The glycogen staining of the floor plate began to decrease from stage 38, and at the same time neuroglial cells began to migrate into the marginal zone of the floor plate, later than in other regions of the cord. The glycogen staining in the floor plate was barely detectable at stage 40. The accumulation of the glycogen granules in the floor plate was found only in the radial glial cells. PMID- 6731868 TI - Fine structural comparative peculiarities of the developing dipnoan dermal skeleton in the fins of Neoceratodus larvae. AB - This study shows that actinotrichia are present in the growing fins of the dipnoan larvae Neoceratodus . They develop in advance of the camptotrichia , which will finally sustain the adult fin. Actinotrichia in dipnoan fins are similar to those already described in other osteichthyans . This feature strongly suggests the plesiomorphic character of the actinotrichia in the fish fins. In dipnoan , unlike other osteichthyan , actinotrichia are integrated in the growing camptotrichia and thus disappear in the adult fin. Consequently, only in dipnoan are actinotrichia a transitory dermal skeleton. PMID- 6731869 TI - The effect of beta-aminoproprionitrile on the periodontal ligament: II. Radioautographic study of collagen secretion from fibroblasts. AB - Fibroblasts are distributed evenly throughout the periodontal ligament (PDL) of normal mice. In mice fed beta-aminoproprionitrile (beta-APN) the fibroblasts undergo aggregation to form palisades of closely juxtaposed cells abutting pools of acellular collagenous matrix. Individual fibroblasts within these aggregates retain their polarized cytoplasmic organization and continue to synthesize and secrete collagen. However, unlike normal PDL fibroblasts, the beta-APN-treated cells appear immobilized by well-developed cell-to-cell adherens-type junctions along their lateral surfaces. We studied collagen secretion from beta-APN-treated fibroblasts by light and electron microscopic radioautography after injection of 3H-proline. Newly synthesized collagen was secreted from the distal ends of the beta-APN-aggregated fibroblasts as a distinct band of labeled material, resembling the pattern of matrix deposition seen in osteogenesis and dentinogenesis. The radioactive band of collagenous matrix was displaced further away from the fibroblasts at 2 and 4 days after 3H-proline injection as more collagen was secreted. This pattern of radiolabeled collagen secretion confirmed previous observations that PDL fibroblasts are highly polarized and that collagen secretory granules are extruded from the distal or secretory pole of the cell. In normal PDL the even distribution of fibroblasts and the complex interrelationship of their distal cell processes leads to a diffuse pattern of silver grain deposition, masking the oriented flow of new collagen from the distal ends of individual fibroblasts. Analysis of electron microscopic radioautographs revealed that newly synthesized collagen was packaged and secreted from beta-APN-treated fibroblasts via the normal cytoplasmic pathways but at a slower rate. PMID- 6731870 TI - Localization of a synthetic progestin in the reproductive organs of the female baboon. AB - The uptake and retention of a radiolabeled synthetic progestin, ORG 2058, was studied in the female reproductive system of the baboon. Four estrogen-primed baboons were injected intravenously with 2.5 micrograms/kg body weight of 3H-ORG 2058. One animal, which served as a control, received an additional injection of 2.5 mg/kg body weight of unlabeled progesterone. One hour after the injections, the animals were killed and the uterus, cervix, oviduct, vagina, and labia were removed and processed for autoradiography. The cells in the germinative layers of the stratified squamous epithelium of the cervix, vagina, and labia demonstrated nuclear localization of the label. The columnar epithelium, both surface and glandular, of the uterus and cervix sequestered the synthetic steroid; however, the nuclei of the epithelium lining the oviduct were unlabeled. The nuclei of the fibroblasts and of the smooth muscle cells were labeled in all the organs studied. These preliminary observations suggest that there is a stage in the reproductive cycle in which progesterone receptors are contained in the stromal cells of the oviduct but are absent in the epithelium. PMID- 6731871 TI - Compensatory follicular hypertrophy during the ovarian cycle of the house gecko, Hemidactylus frenatus. AB - The house gecko ( Hemidactylus frenatus ) exhibits an ovarian cycle that can be divided into early follicular, vitellogenic, and luteal phases. Serial sections through the right ovary of animals in the three phases allowed us to quantify follicular size, condition, and number, as well as germinal bed activity. There are six to eight healthy, growing follicles in each ovary, arranged in a stepwise size hierarchy. This number does not vary among the three phases, even though one follicle becomes atretic and one ovulates during each cycle. Therefore, compensatory follicular hypertrophy occurs, leading to replacement of lost follicles and maintenance of the follicular size hierarchy. PMID- 6731872 TI - Vesicle numerical densities and cellular attenuation: comparisons between endothelium and epithelium of the alveolar septa in normal dog lungs. AB - The alveolar septa are divided into two anatomically distinct portions: The thin sides consist of capillary endothelium, alveolar epithelium, and their closely apposed (often fused) basal laminae; the thick sides are characterized by prominent interstitial spaces, containing fibrils and cells, which separate the respective basal laminae. Vesicle numerical densities are comparable (approximately 400 vesicles/ micron3 cytoplasm) in the endothelial and epithelial cells on both sides of the septa. Mean vesicle diameters, however, are substantially less in the epithelial cells on both the thin and thick sides. The extent of both endothelial and epithelial attenuation is significantly greater on the thin sides of the septa. Further, epithelial attenuation is more marked than endothelial attenuation on both sides of the septa. The attenuated cellular portions, possibly because of their extreme thinness, are void of vesicles but provide relatively short diffusion distances (20-30 nm) from vessel or alveolar lumen to the basal lamina. Whether these structural differences between endothelial and epithelial cells contribute to physiologic evidence that describes the endothelium as more permeable than the epithelium remains to be established. PMID- 6731873 TI - On the maturation rate of the neutrophil. AB - Fifty-three maturing bone marrow cells of the granulocyte cell series stained with Giemsa stain and magnified 1,000 times were scanned by a "computerized microscope" consisting of a LSI-11/23 microprocessor and a black-and-white video camera attached to a "frame grabber ." Each sampled cell was digitized into 70 X 70 pixels, each pixel representing 0.04 micron of the real image. The pixel gray values ranged between 0 and 255. Zero stood for white, 255 represented black, while the numbers in between stood for the various shades of gray. The cells represented six different stages of granulocytic maturation: myeloblast, promyelocyte, myelocyte, metamyelocyte , band form, and polymorphonuclear granulocyte. A discriminant analysis program selected 19 features best distinguishing between the six different cell types and computed five canonical discriminant functions defining a Space in which maturation was studied. In the Space, distance between two cells serves as a measure of similarity. The closer two cells are, the more similar they are and vice versa. This measure was applied here to express the degree of similarity between the neutrophil maturation classes, and since they represent states in the neutrophil life history, it is applicable also as a yardstick for the quantitation of differentiation. In the Space, the life history of a cell is represented by a trajectory originating in the myeloblast and terminating in the granulocyte state. Displacement along the trajectory represents cell maturation that is expressed relatively to the least differentiated state of the myeloblast. The further a cell from this state the more mature it is. The same yardstick also serves for differentiation rate estimates represented in the Space by displacement velocities that are derived from the known "transit times" of a cell in each state. The methodology is also applied for cell production estimates. Unlike other "computerized microscopes" serving for cell classification, the instrument described in this study is primarily a cell-comparator providing a precise measure of similarity between any two cells. PMID- 6731874 TI - Tridimensional study of the deep cortex of the rat lymph node: VIII. The deep cortex units of the athymic nude rat. AB - The deep cortex of the lymph node of various species actually consists of hemispherical structures, termed deep cortex "units." Each unit is centered under an opening of an afferent lymphatic and comprises a center and a periphery. In a recent work on the nude mouse, we found that the congenital athymic state inhibits the development of the lymphocyte population in the center of the units as well as in a related area of peripheral cortex, and that it also modifies other nodal components. In the present work, we wanted to compare the effects of the athymic state on the rat nodes. Therefore, nodes from various anatomical locations in 8-week-old nude rats were submitted to a tridimensional analysis. The overall effects of the congenital athymic state were found to be comparable in rats and mice. However, marked differences were noticed in the modifications of the node histology, in both species of nude animals. Their significance is discussed together with new findings. PMID- 6731875 TI - Comparative cardiotoxicity of bupivacaine and lidocaine in the isolated perfused mammalian heart. AB - This study was designed to compare the direct actions of bupivacaine and lidocaine on the isolated perfused guinea pig Langendorff heart preparation. Sixty min after mounting, either bupivacaine HCl (0.3 or 3 micrograms/ml) or lidocaine HCl (10 or 30 micrograms/ml) was added to the perfusate, and the effect (if any) was compared to untreated control values 30, 60, and 90 min later. Although the highest concentrations of both drugs invariably produced statistically significant reductions in heart rate, df/dt, coronary blood flow, and myocardial oxygen consumption (MVO2), these reductions were consistently greater after bupivacaine. Moreover, arrhythmias occurred in 6 of 12 preparations in those hearts exposed to 3 micrograms/ml of bupivacaine. Most often these arrhythmias consisted of heart block and bi- or trigeminy. Additional studies indicated that the reduction in coronary blood flow and MVO2 produced by 3 micrograms/ml of bupivacaine was a consequence of its direct negative inotropic and chronotropic action. Although the myocardial depression produced by bupivacaine and lidocaine could be reversed readily by substituting fresh perfusate, increasing the extracellular calcium concentration in stepwise increments did not augment the negative inotropic or chronotropic effect produced by 3 micrograms/ml of bupivacaine or 10 micrograms/ml of lidocaine. We conclude that 3 micrograms/ml of unbound bupivacaine is more cardiotoxic than 30 micrograms/ml of unbound lidocaine in this model. PMID- 6731876 TI - Regional blood flow during isoflurane and halothane anesthesia. AB - Cardiac output distribution and regional blood flow in 18 dogs during isoflurane and halothane anesthesia were studied in dose-related fashion. Surgical preparation consisted of left thoracotomy and placement of catheters in the left atrium and aorta through a femoral artery. Regional blood flow was studied one week after surgical preparation using a microsphere technique at the three stages: awake, 1 MAC, and 2 MAC of inhalation anesthesia. At each stage of the experiment, two sets of microspheres (15- and 9-micron diameter), labeled with different isotopes, were used simultaneously. Both anesthetics increased cerebral blood flow, decreased blood flow through preportal area, and preserved renal blood flow. Isoflurane increased hepatic artery blood flow at both levels of anesthesia, while halothane preserved the flow during 1 MAC and decreased it at 2 MAC. Apparently, isoflurane provided better oxygenation to the liver than halothane. Myocardial blood flow was increased during isoflurane (despite decrease in blood pressure and cardiac output) and decreased during halothane anesthesia. Isoflurane appears to be a coronary vasodilator with potential beneficial (improvement in myocardial blood supply) as well as hazardous ("steal effect") effects on the heart. PMID- 6731877 TI - The pall ultipor breathing circuit filter--an efficient heat and moisture exchanger. AB - The Pall bacterial filter was tested as a potential heat and moisture exchanger on a model patient, placed on a circle absorber system, and clinically. The laboratory study was conducted during mechanical ventilation at a V of 6 L/min with fresh gas inflows of 1, 3 and 6 L/min. The model patient introduced carbon dioxide into the circuitry at a rate of 200 ml/min. The resistance of the filter was tested before and after each experiment. With all fresh gas inflows , absolute humidity increased from around 19 mg H2O/L at the start of experimentation to about 27 mg H2O/L within 30 min. Maximum humidities reached were 28 +/- 0.7 mg H2O/L, 27.6 +/- 0.5 mg H2O/L, and 27.7 +/- 0.5 mg H2O/L within 3 hr, with fresh gas inflows of 1, 3, and 6 L/min, respectively. Variations in inspired humidity were also assessed at minute volumes of 4 and 5 L/min with fresh gas inflows of 6 and 3 L/min. Increases in percent dead space were negligible when the filter was inserted between the model patients (assumed to weigh between 70-40 kg) and the circuit. There was no statistically significant increase in pressure with gas flows of 50 L/min when the instrument was dry (0.02 +/- 0.001 cm H2O/L X min-1) or when it was wet (0.02 +/- 0.002 cm H2O/L X min-1). The clinical study was conducted on ten adult anesthetized patients breathing through the bacterial filter and ten controls. The loss of body temperature was 0.2 degrees C when the filter was used and 1.5 degrees C when the filter was not used. Arterial blood gas tensions were within normal limits when the bacterial filter was used as a humidifier. PMID- 6731878 TI - Pediatric fentanyl dosing based on pharmacokinetics during cardiac surgery. AB - The pharmacokinetics of fentanyl (F) were studied in 10 children, age 5 months 4.5 yr (mean 19 months) undergoing cardiac surgery with cardiopulmonary bypass ( CPBP ). They suffered from transposition of the great arteries (6), tetralogy of Fallot (2), and atrio-ventricular (A-V) canal (2). Induction of anesthesia included a bolus of 50 micrograms X kg-1 X min-1 F followed by a continuous F infusion of either 0.15 micrograms X kg-1 X min-1 (4 patients) or 0.3 micrograms X kg-1 X min-1 (6 patients). The F infusion was discontinued when cardiopulmonary bypass was started, 81-141 min (mean 112 min) along with deep hypothermia. Blood was collected throughout surgery from an indwelling radial arterial catheter and plasma concentration of F was assayed by GLC. F plasma concentrations after 30 min were 2-3-fold higher than reported with the same regimen in adults. The calculated values for t1/2 alpha (12 +/- 9 min) (mean +/- SD), t1/2 beta (141 +/- 98 min) and total body clearance (12.8 +/- 7.3 ml X min-1 X kg-1) were similar to adult values. The significantly lower steady-state volume of distribution observed in children with intracardiac shunts (1385 +/- 875 ml X kg-1) compared to reported values for adults (3200-6000 ml X kg-1) explains the higher F plasma concentrations achieved in these children. Cardiopulmonary bypass produced a mean 70% (range, 56-89%) decrease in plasma F, significantly higher than would be expected from hemodilution alone. Studies of F disposition in the CPBP demonstrated that F is bound to the pump.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS) PMID- 6731879 TI - The effects of intravenous cimetidine and metoclopramide on gastric volume and pH. AB - The effects on gastric pH and volume of intravenous administration of cimetidine and metoclopramide before induction of anesthesia were studied. Sixty ASA Class I patients scheduled for elective surgery were randomly divided into four groups of 15 each, and the study was double-blinded. Group I received normal saline only; Group II received 4 mg/kg of cimetidine only; Group III received 0.15 mg/kg of metoclopramide only; and Group IV received 4 mg/kg of cimetidine and 0.15 mg/kg of metoclopramide. All drugs were given intravenously 30 min before induction of anesthesia. Gastric aspirates were collected during anesthesia, 30 min and 60 min after administration of the drugs. Metoclopramide reduced gastric volume significantly when administered alone (P = 0.0001), but cimetidine did not (P = 0.10). Cimetidine increased the gastric fluid pH significantly (P = 0.0001) as did metoclopramide (P = 0.0023). The effects of cimetidine and metoclopramide on gastric fluid pH were additive when administered together. The combination of cimetidine and metoclopramide when given intravenously before anesthesia provides greater protection against aspiration pneumonitis in patients at risk than does either drug alone. PMID- 6731880 TI - Objective evaluation of clinical performance and correlation with knowledge. AB - In certifying competence of anesthesiologists who have finished residency training, knowledge and judgment are evaluated objectively using written and oral examinations. Clinical motor skills, however, are not routinely assessed by objective techniques. This implicitly assumes that knowledge and judgment correlate with performance of motor skills. This study was designed to evaluate whether performance of a particular motor skill correlates with performance on a knowledge test related to that skill. To do this, we developed a criterion referenced Spinal Anesthesia Skill Test and a knowledge test using multiple choice questions related to spinal anesthesia. Both the skill and knowledge tests were administered to 44 residents at various levels of training at five major anesthesia teaching programs. Scores on the skill test were significantly higher than in the knowledge test, suggesting that proficiency in this essential motor skill is achieved earlier in training. There was no correlation between scores on the skill test and knowledge test. There were institution-linked differences in the scores on the skill test, suggesting that teaching of motor skills is not uniform. The advantages of developing criteria of performance of motor skills is discussed. PMID- 6731881 TI - Quality assurance in anesthesiology--the problem-oriented audit. PMID- 6731882 TI - Anesthetic management of a patient with dystonia musculorum deformans. PMID- 6731883 TI - Fresh gas flow affects minute volume during mechanical ventilation. PMID- 6731884 TI - Succinylcholine and intracranial pressure--a cause for "pause". PMID- 6731885 TI - Nifedipine in dogs anesthetized with halothane. PMID- 6731887 TI - Epidural anesthesia for elective cesarean section. PMID- 6731886 TI - Blood pressure and heart rate changes during fiberoptic nasotracheal intubation. PMID- 6731888 TI - Plasma morphine concentrations and analgesic effects of lumbar extradural morphine and heroin. AB - Patients undergoing lumbar laminectomy were given extradural narcotic, either 5 mg morphine sulphate or 5.5 mg heroin (diamorphine hydrochloride); the extradural catheter had been positioned adjacent to the dura under direct vision. Plasma morphine concentrations measured by specific radioimmunoassay showed that peak concentrations occurred significantly earlier with heroin (4.7 +/- 0.6 min, mean +/- SEM) than with morphine (7.6 +/- 0.9 min) and that peak concentrations were significantly higher after heroin 5-10 min after extradural injection. The fraction of extradural heroin crossing the dura was estimated to be 55% of the fraction of morphine crossing the dura. Postoperative fentanyl requirements using demand analgesia were the same with extradural morphine as with extradural heroin (mean, 6.6 micrograms/hr). Clinically significant slowing of respiratory rate occurred only after extradural heroin (three patients). PMID- 6731890 TI - Perioperative changes in blood pressure and heart rate. AB - In order to evaluate the possible physiologic significance of intra- and postoperative hypotension, we monitored arterial blood pressure and heart rate continuously for 36 hr starting the night before and ending the morning after operation in 34 gynecologic patients. The lowest pressures that occurred during physiologic sleep were compared with the lowest arterial pressures that occurred during anesthesia without deliberate hypotension. Two values were calculated: a preoperative baseline pressure, i.e., the average value recorded during the second hour of monitoring on the night before surgery, and a preanesthetic standard pressure, i.e., the average value of 15 consecutive measurements made at 1-min intervals in the operating room before the induction of anesthesia. The results indicate that a systolic pressure 10% below the PAS during anesthesia does not constitute physiologically significant hypotension because this range resembles the range that occurs spontaneously during unmedicated sleep or sleep aided with a mild hypnotic. These physiologic nadirs in blood pressure are assumed to be tolerated well by the patient. Intraoperative pressures in elderly patients frequently drifted below sleep-associated levels of blood pressure and may, therefore, constitute physiologically significant hypotension. PMID- 6731889 TI - Effects of diazepam premedication and epinephrine-containing local anesthetic on cardiovascular and plasma catecholamine responses to oral surgery. AB - The effects of diazepam premedication and administration of an epinephrine containing local anesthetic on plasma catecholamine levels and cardiovascular parameters were evaluated prior to and during a minor surgical procedure, the removal of impacted third molars. Significant elevations in circulating epinephrine levels (203% above control) and cardiac output (30%) were seen in unsedated patients after administration of lidocaine with epinephrine before surgery, while no changes were seen after lidocaine alone. Unsedated patients had increased norepinephrine (24%) and epinephrine (57%) levels during surgery. Diazepam premedication decreased norepinephrine levels 29% below preoperative levels, followed by an increase during surgery to preoperative levels. These results indicate that intraoral injections of epinephrine-containing local anesthetics result in increased circulating epinephrine levels that are associated with cardiovascular changes and that diazepam premedication decreases plasma norepinephrine levels and attenuates the sympathoadrenal response to surgical stress. PMID- 6731891 TI - Reliability and validity of psychomotor tests as measures of recovery from isoflurane or enflurane anesthesia in a day-care surgery unit. AB - The reliability and validity of three psychomotor tests of recovery from anesthesia were evaluated. Rotary pursuit and pegboard tests were not reliable, but the Bender Gestalt Track Tracer was a reliable and valid measure of recovery from anesthesia. The interaction between the reliability and the validity of these tests is discussed along with their relationships to "street fitness" in a day-care surgery unit. PMID- 6731892 TI - Anesthetic complications in surgery for congenital heart disease. AB - Anesthetic complications in 500 consecutive operations for congenital heart disease were studied and their contribution to mortality and morbidity were assessed. The great majority of the cases were young and sick children in ASA Class III, IV, or V with complex congenital heart disease. Anesthetic mortality was zero and hospital mortality was 6.3%. Anesthetic complications occurred in 2% of the cases. Four major complications were seen, including two tension pneumothoraces, one episode of severe hypotension on induction, and a breathing circuit malfunction on induction leading to bradycardia and hypotension. Six minor complications included two cases of premature extubation that required reintubation postoperatively, one case of subglottic edema, airway obstruction from inadvertent tracheal insertion of an esophageal temperature probe, one corneal abrasion, and one case of erosion of the nasal ala secondary to a nasotracheal tube. Half of the complications were probably preventable, but the other half of the complications occurred despite specific attempts at their prevention. PMID- 6731893 TI - Pulmonary aspiration--effects of volume and pH in the rat. AB - To evaluate the effect of volume of aspirates with different pHs on mortality associated with pulmonary aspiration, hydrochloric acid solutions were injected into the tracheas of 336 Sprague-Dawley rats. The rats were divided randomly into 33 groups, were observed for 96 hr after aspiration, and were not resuscitated. Deaths were divided into two groups: early, less than 30 min after aspiration, and late, greater than 4 hr after aspiration. Late deaths, accounting for 22% of all fatalities, occurred exclusively in animals aspirating solutions with a pH less than 2.5. These late deaths indicated progressive lung damage as opposed to acute cardiorespiratory failure, which early deaths suggested. Low volume pulmonary aspirates (0.3 ml/kg) with extremely low pH (1.0) resulted in a high mortality rate (90%). Conversely, higher volume pulmonary aspirates (1.0-2.0 ml/kg) with a higher pH (greater than or equal to 1.8) resulted in a low mortality rate (14%). These data demonstrate an important interaction between pH and volume of aspirates: even low volumes have a high mortality rate if pH is very low, whereas if gastric fluid is effectively buffered, then much higher volumes than previously thought can be tolerated. This suggests that the routine use of nonparticulate antacids may be indicated in patients at risk from aspiration of stomach contents and should not be withheld because of concern of increasing gastric volume. PMID- 6731894 TI - Pentobarbital antagonizes the effect of morphine on cardiac acceleration response to noxious stimulation. AB - The effects of morphine alone and in combination with pentobarbital on the cardiac acceleration response to somatic noxious stimulation were studied in 145 rats. It was found that pentobarbital in subanesthetic doses (1-10 mg X kg-1) weakened the inhibitory effect of morphine on the cardiac acceleration response; it antagonized the effect of morphine in a dose-dependent manner. The maximal antagonism was observed with a pentobarbital dose of 10 mg X kg-1. With this dose of pentobarbital, even 200 mg X kg-1 or morphine was unable to block the cardiac acceleration response (without pentobarbital, morphine blocked the response in a dose of 10 mg X kg-1). Caffeine (10 mg X kg-1), on the contrary, strengthened the effect of morphine on the cardiac acceleration response: there was a significant (P less than 0.05) shift to the left along the dose axis in the position of morphine dose-effect curve for the cardiac acceleration response. It has been suggested that the effect of morphine on the cardiac acceleration response to noxious stimulation results primarily from activation of inhibitory control mechanisms concerned with this response; pentobarbital depresses the inhibitory control mechanisms and, therefore, weakens the effect of morphine. PMID- 6731895 TI - A controlled comparison of techniques for locating the internal jugular vein using ultrasonography. AB - Fifteen techniques for localization of the internal jugular vein ( IJV ) were evaluated in each of 25 subjects using ultrasonography to simulate actual cannulation. Ultrasound images were used to determine puncture of the IJV , puncture of the carotid artery (CA), the distance from the skin to the center of the IJV , the width of the IJV lumen, the relationship of the CA to the IJV , and the lateral distance of the IJV from the axis of the sound beam. No technique proved best in successful IJV puncture. Techniques did differ statistically in rates of CA puncture. Techniques using the CA pulse as a landmark had lower CA puncture rates. Rotation of the head, extension of the neck, and breathholding had no influence on IJV cannulation rates. It is concluded that no one technique is clearly superior to the others. Facility with one technique may be more critical to successful cannulation than the technique itself. PMID- 6731896 TI - Continuous axillary brachial plexus block--a clinical and anatomical study. AB - In order to decrease both the failure rate and inadvertent arterial puncture rate that may be associated with continuous axillary brachial plexus block, a new technique of insertion of the catheter in the axilla was studied in 52 patients and in 12 fresh cadavers. With the arm abducted, externally rotated, and flexed at the elbow, an 80-mm long catheter was inserted under the skin at a site located 40-mm below the axilla and medial to the biceps muscle. Injection of lidocaine and bupivacaine produced sensory and motor blockades of the median, radial, ulnar, and musculocutaneous nerves in 98% of the patients. Arterial puncture occurred in one. The catheter was left in situ up to 9 days without complications. In the anatomical study, injection of dye and molding solutions showed that the tip of the catheter lay not in the perivascular sheath, but in a virtual cavity that was very superficial, under the skin, and surrounding the perivascular space. The technique used was safe and had a high success rate. It is particularly useful in patients undergoing long operations and in patients in whom pain would otherwise prevent postoperative physiotherapy of the upper arm. PMID- 6731897 TI - Anesthetic management of the first permanent, orthotopic, prosthetic cardiac replacement (total artificial heart) in man. PMID- 6731898 TI - Liquid-gas partition coefficients of halothane and isoflurane in perfluorodecalin, fluosol-DA, and blood/fluosol-DA mixtures. PMID- 6731899 TI - Halothane-succinylcholine induced masseter spasm: indicative of malignant hyperthermia susceptibility? PMID- 6731901 TI - Anesthetic management of mediastinal masses. PMID- 6731902 TI - Acid aspiration: recurring myths. PMID- 6731900 TI - Elevated intraoperative carboxyhemoglobin levels. PMID- 6731903 TI - Flash fire hazard with eye ointment. PMID- 6731904 TI - A CAT with a birth defect. PMID- 6731905 TI - Epinephrine and systemic local anesthetic toxicity. PMID- 6731906 TI - Gas analyzer or anesthesia circuit malfunction? Let room air decide. PMID- 6731907 TI - Effects of morphine and respiratory depression on sulfobromophthalein disposition in rats. AB - Morphine, 20 mg X kg-1, sc, halved the plasma clearance of sulfobromophthalein (BSP) while tripling hepatic tissue levels of this dye. Since narcotics depress respiration, effects of hypoxia, hypercapnia, and acidosis on BSP disposition were studied. Ambient gases breathed by rats were adjusted to achieve blood gas levels identical to those of morphine-induced respiratory depression. Saline treated rats breathing room air had PAO2 of 87 +/- 3 mmHg (mean +/- SE) and PaCO2 of 40 +/- 2 mmHg. After intraarterial injection of BSP, 100 mg X kg-1, plasma clearance of this dye was 7.1 +/- 1.1 ml X min-1 and BSP levels in the liver at 40 min after injection were 163.3 +/- 19.8 micrograms X g-1. After morphine, 20 mg X kg-1, PaO2 decreased to 47 +/- 4 mmHg and PaCO2 increased to 89 +/- 5 mmHg. In these rats BSP clearance dropped to 3.5 +/- 0.4 ml X min-1, and 40-min liver dye levels were increased to 596.4 +/- 60.4 micrograms X g-1. Similar hypoxia and hypercapnia caused by breathing 9% O2 and 8% CO2 in the absence of morphine caused plasma BSP clearance to be decreased to 4.4 +/- 0.2 ml X min-1 and 40-min hepatic BSP to be increased to 292.5 +/- 31.8 micrograms X g-1. Hypercapnia and acidosis alone did not affect BSP disposition, while hypoxia without hypercapnia decreased its plasma clearance to 5.5 +/- 0.3 ml X min-1 and increased liver levels to 339.1 +/- 35.1 micrograms X g-1. Hypoxia was reversed completely in morphine-treated rats by placing them in 40% O2. In these animals, despite normal oxygen, plasma BSP clearance was decreased to 4.4 +/- 0.6 ml X min-1, and liver BSP was increased to 497.9 +/- 65.6 micrograms X g-1. Thus, respiratory depression with hypoxia may contribute to morphine-induced effects on BSP disposition, but altered blood gases cannot account fully for these narcotic effects. PMID- 6731908 TI - Systemic and cerebral effects of isoflurane-induced hypotension in dogs. AB - The systemic and cerebral effects of hypotension induced with isoflurane were examined in 12 dogs. Hypotension to a mean arterial pressure of either 50 mmHg or 40 mmHg for 1 h was produced by 2.5 +/- 0.1-2.9 +/- 0.3% end-expired isoflurane anesthesia. Before and during the period of hypotension the following were measured or derived: arterial and pulmonary artery pressures; arterial, mixed venous, and sagittal sinus blood gases; cardiac output and cerebral blood flow; whole body and cerebral oxygen consumption; systemic and cerebral vascular resistance; intracranial pressure, serum lactate, and pyruvate concentrations; and blood glucose. At the end of the period of hypotension, brain biopsy specimens were taken for the determination of ATP, ADP, AMP, phosphocreatine, lactate, and pyruvate concentrations. Isoflurane-induced hypotension produced a significant decrease in systemic vascular resistance (27-43%) associated with a significant decrease in cardiac output (39-42%) and a smaller decrease in whole body oxygen consumption (14-21%). Isoflurane also produced a significant decrease in cerebral oxygen consumption (40-44%) accompanied by a decrease in cerebral blood flow (60-62%). Following both the 40 and 50 mmHg periods of hypotension, the cerebral energy state was normal, indicating the preservation of normal aerobic metabolism.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS) PMID- 6731909 TI - Central and splanchnic hemodynamics in the dog during controlled hypotension with adenosine. AB - Central and splanchnic hemodynamic effects during controlled hypotension induced by the administration of the endogenous vasodilator adenosine were studied in ten artificially ventilated dogs under neurolept anesthesia. Adenosine was administered as a continuous infusion in the aorta (n = 3), in the inferior vena cava (n = 3), and after pretreatment with dipyridamole (which inhibits the cellular uptake of adenosine) (n = 4) in a dose sufficient to maintain a mean arterial blood pressure (MABP) level of approximately 50 mmHg. Observations were made before and after 20 min of controlled hypotension. Basal arterial plasma levels of adenosine were in the 10(-7) M range (means = 0.4 microM). The hemodynamic response was similar in all three settings. Adenosine caused a profound decrease in systemic vascular resistance (SVR) (52%, P less than 0.01) and preportal vascular resistance (PPR) (64%, P less than 0.01), while hepatic arterial vascular resistance ( HAR ) increased by 49% (P less than 0.05). Cardiac output increased (22%, P less than 0.05) through increase of stroke volume (77%, P less than 0.01), while heart rate decreased (28%, P less than 0.01). Whole-body oxygen uptake decreased (14%, P less than 0.01). Portal venous blood flow increased by 28% (P less than 0.05), whereas hepatic arterial blood flow decreased by 70% (P less than 0.01). In the preportal tissues, oxygen uptake decreased by 21% (P less than 0.01). In contrast, hepatic oxygen consumption increased (53%, P less than 0.05). Adenosine-induced hypotension was not associated with changes in plasma renin activity or the plasma concentration of norepinephrine. It is concluded that adenosine causes a rapidly induced and easily maintained hypotension and may be a potentially useful agent for controlled hypotension in patients. PMID- 6731910 TI - Morphine-halothane interaction in rats. AB - The effects of morphine, halothane, and their various combinations on the purposeful movement (PM) response and the heart rate (HR) increase caused by noxious stimulation were studied in 250 rat experiments. Doses that block the PM and HR responses for the single agent and for combinations were determined with a probit procedure and compared with an isobolographic analysis. As was evidenced by the PM response, the combined anesthetic effect of morphine and halothane, with some deviations, may be defined as additive. It also was found that the combined administration of morphine and halothane results in an antagonism for suppression of the HR increase to noxious stimulation. Halothane antagonized morphine to a much greater extent than morphine to halothane. PMID- 6731911 TI - Time course and responses of sustained hypoxic pulmonary vasoconstriction in the dog. AB - The stability of the pulmonary blood pressure and flow response to alveolar hypoxia (hypoxic pulmonary vasoconstriction or HPV) was studied in six pentobarbital anesthetized, mechanically ventilated open-chested dogs. Aortic and left pulmonary artery blood flows; systemic and pulmonary arterial, central venous, left atrial, and airway pressures; hemoglobin; arterial and mixed venous blood gases were measured. The right lung was ventilated continuously with 100% oxygen, while the left lung was ventilated alternately with 100% O2 ( prehypoxia control phase), an hypoxic gas mixture containing 4% O2, 3% CO2, balance N2 for 4 h, or 100% O2 (post-hypoxia control phase). Hypoxic ventilation of the left lung resulted in an immediate and sustained decrease in left lung blood flow (QL%) from 39.0 +/- 1.8% (mean +/- SE) to 9.9 +/- 3.6% at 15 min of hypoxic ventilation. QL% remained decreased and did not vary significantly during the 4 h of hypoxia. Venous admixture correspondingly was increased and PaO2 decreased by hypoxic ventilation and did not vary significantly during the 4 h of hypoxia. All variables returned to control levels upon reestablishing ventilation with 100% O2. While the maximal reduction in QL% with left lung hypoxic ventilation was identical to that observed during atelectasis previously in our laboratory, the time course of the response was different. The response to hypoxia was maximal by 15 min, however, QL% decreased more slowly during atelectasis, where the maximal reduction was observed by 60 min. The present study therefore demonstrated that hypoxic ventilation of the left lung yielded an immediate and sustained decrease in left lung blood flow for 4 h. The stability of the HPV response probably was accounted for by the lack of such confounding factors as respiratory alkalosis, severe systemic hypoxemia, and increased cardiac output. PMID- 6731912 TI - Elimination of nitrous oxide accelerates elimination of halothane: reversed second gas effect. AB - The effect of nitrous oxide on the elimination of halothane was studied in 10 patients ranging in age from 20 to 50 years. After establishing a stable baseline (inspired halothane concentration: 0.85%, end-tidal halothane concentration: 0.75%), halothane administration was stopped and the rate of decrease in alveolar concentration of halothane (FE/ FE0 , FE: measured end-tidal concentration of halothane; FE0 : the endtidal concentration immediately preceding the cessation of halothane administration) was measured continuously. The rate of decrease in FE/ FE0 was more rapid when nitrous oxide (70%) is discontinued abruptly and replaced by the same concentration of nitrogen (Part 2) than when the nitrous oxide is continued (Part 1). One minute and a half after the cessation of halothane administration, FE/ FE0 was 0.38 +/- 0.05 (mean +/- SD) in Part 2 and 0.45 +/- 0.04 in Part 1 (P less than 0.01). In Part 2, the fall in the alveolar concentration of halothane was accompanied by a decrease in alveolar carbon dioxide from 4.27 +/- 0.01% to 4.16 +/- 0.01% at 1.5 min and an increase in the mean expired tidal volume from 522 +/- 39 ml to 557 +/- 29 ml. The authors conclude that the elimination of nitrous oxide accelerates the elimination of halothane both by dilution and by an increased expired ventilation. PMID- 6731913 TI - Relationship between cerebral blood volume and CSF pressure during anesthesia with isoflurane or fentanyl in dogs. AB - Cerebral blood volume (CBV) and intracranial (ICP) were examined in dogs during 3.5 h anesthesia with isoflurane (1.4% expired) or fentanyl (continuous intravenous infusion), and after decreasing the concentration of isoflurane to less than 0.15% expired or discontinuing administration of fentanyl. Isoflurane (1.4%) increased CBV 9-11% for greater than 3 h but increased ICP for only the first 21.7 +/- 1.4 min (mean +/- SEM). Fentanyl decreased CBV 7-10% for greater than 3 h but decreased ICP for only the first 20.3 +/- 2.7 min. Because both halothane or enflurane increase ICP for greater than 3 h in this model, both isoflurane or fentanyl may be preferred to halothane or enflurane for patients at risk for increased ICP. PMID- 6731914 TI - Effects of cardiac output on the clearance of air emboli from the superior vena cava. AB - The authors assessed the effect of cardiac output on the rate of clearance of air emboli from the superior vena cava (SVC) in 11 dogs placed in a supine 30 degrees head-up inclined position. Venous air emboli were produced by infusing 4 ml of air into the dorsal sagittal sinus. Air emboli appearance and clearance from the SVC were determined from the analog record produced by a transesophageal Doppler ultrasound monitor. Cardiac output was altered by changing the level of anesthesia and the administration of intravenous fluid. Eighty-eight per cent of air infusions resulted in an analog response of consistent amplitude indicating that all or a similar fraction of the infused air arrived consistently at the ensonified region of the SVC. In this group, air emboli passed from the SVC with a clearance time (CT) that was related inversely to the cardiac index (CI). CT = 24 CI-1.3 with a correlation coefficient = 0.57. Following 12% of the air infusions, there was evidence that a part of the air became detained in vascular sites cranial to the ensonified portion of the SVC. This evidence consisted of the following observations: analog responses were diminished in amplitude; subsequent air injections evoked responses that sometimes were exaggerated; and/or subsequent increases in cardiac output alone, produced spontaneous analog responses characteristic of air emboli. The authors postulate that air similarly may be detained in clinical settings and may explain such phenomenon as persistent precordial Doppler sounds of air emboli after pulmonary artery pressure has returned to normal following symptomatic air embolism and occurrence of air emboli after scalp closure. PMID- 6731915 TI - Fatality associated with the combined use of halothane and gingival retraction cord. PMID- 6731916 TI - Pacemaker syndrome during anesthesia. PMID- 6731918 TI - Residents' attitudes toward parents' presence during anesthesia induction in children: does experience make a difference? PMID- 6731917 TI - Propranolol postoperative maintenance by continuous intravenous infusion. PMID- 6731920 TI - Treatment of a subarachnoid-cutaneous fistula with an epidural blood patch. PMID- 6731921 TI - In defense of volatile anesthetics for short outpatient surgery. PMID- 6731919 TI - Malignant hyperthermia and glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase deficiency. PMID- 6731922 TI - A reconsideration of the merits of the cardiac risk index. PMID- 6731923 TI - An adjustable laryngoscope handle for difficult intubations. PMID- 6731924 TI - Tension pneumocephalus and intermittent drainage of ventricular CSF. PMID- 6731925 TI - An unusual cause for airway obstruction in a young healthy adult. PMID- 6731926 TI - Pulmonary edema following laryngospasm. PMID- 6731927 TI - Further modifications of the Miller blade for difficult pediatric laryngoscopy. PMID- 6731928 TI - Intrinsic lower esophageal activity may interfere with esophageal pressure measurements. PMID- 6731929 TI - Pulmonary vein catheterization--an unexpected location of a central venous catheter placement. PMID- 6731930 TI - Vasoactive drug infusion: making life easier. PMID- 6731931 TI - Wasted ventilation. PMID- 6731932 TI - Transesophageal echocardiography during external chest compression in humans. PMID- 6731933 TI - Cerebellar infarction due to embolization during tumor resection. PMID- 6731935 TI - Outpatient anesthesia should not be limited to ASA Class I patients. PMID- 6731934 TI - Dural diffusion of local anesthetics. PMID- 6731936 TI - Another aid for nasotracheal intubation. PMID- 6731937 TI - A new tracheal tube for head and neck surgery. PMID- 6731938 TI - [Critical considerations on the long-term results of the medical and surgical therapy of peripheral arteriopathies stages III and IV in the elderly]. PMID- 6731939 TI - [Treatment of deep venous thrombosis. Our experience in 252 cases]. PMID- 6731940 TI - [Behavior of the venous pressure after total stripping of the saphenous vein]. PMID- 6731941 TI - ["Steal" effect on the blood circulation of the arm caused by axillo-femoral by pass]. PMID- 6731942 TI - Coronary cineangiography to diagnose tricuspid regurgitation. PMID- 6731943 TI - Noninvasive methods in the diagnosis of extracranial carotid artery disease: a correlation with carotid arteriography in eighty patients. AB - Five hundred fifty-nine patients were evaluated for carotid artery disease in the Blood Flow Laboratory by the following direct and indirect noninvasive methods: 1. Periorbital doppler examination; 2. Ocular pneumoplethysmography (Gee); 3. Pulsed doppler ultrasonic arteriography; and 4. Sound spectral analysis with a pulsed doppler. Carotid arteriograms were available for comparison with one hundred fifty-seven vessels (80 patients). Sensitivity, specificity and overall accuracy was established for each noninvasive modality by correlation with the angiographic findings. For detection of stenoses greater than 50% by diameter reduction, sensitivity was 98%. Sound spectral analysis and ultrasonic arteriography were found to yield a higher sensitivity when compared to the other noninvasive methods in detecting stenoses of less than 50%. In our hands, disturbed spectral flow patterns do not always correlate with the degree of stenosis in non-hemodynamic lesions. Our results indicate that proper patient selection for angiographic examination can be made through noninvasive screening. PMID- 6731946 TI - Peripheral atherosclerosis in patients with myocardial infarction. AB - In 260 patients with myocardial infarction the systolic blood pressure gradient from arm to big toe was used as an indirect measure of the degree of generalized atherosclerosis. Arterial insufficiency was found in 12 per cent of the men and in 17 per cent of the women studied. The two year mortality was 19 per cent in males with arterial insufficiency as against 6 per cent in males without arterial insufficiency. This difference increased with longer (56-82 months) follow-up. The number of women was smaller but the results were similar. The present study does not support the theory that most patients with myocardial infarction have generalized atherosclerosis. Indeed, this seems to be the case in only a small fraction of such patients, thus supporting the idea that other mechanisms are also important in the etiology of myocardial infarction. PMID- 6731945 TI - Indirect blood pressure measurement at the common femoral artery. AB - In the present study the technique and the reliability of indirect blood pressure measurement at the common femoral level was described. The blood pressure was measured by using a long cuff, which encircled the hips at the level of the groin, and determining the flow signals by Doppler technique applied at the ankle. In order to transmit the cuff pressure to the artery, a slender bag with air, which was a blood pressure cuff used in children, was placed over the common femoral artery under the cuff. A 14 cm. wide cuff-bladder was usually used, but in obese subjects with the size of hips more than 90 cm, a 16 cm. wide cuff bladder was applied. In patients with collateral vessels around the groin due to the iliac disease, the blood pressure could be measured by placing the Doppler flat probe over the common femoral artery or the collateral vessel. In observation of 24 subjects, a close correlation was obtained between the femoral cuff pressures and common femoral intra-arterial pressures. Furthermore, blood pressure values at the common femoral level measured indirectly showed similar reproducibility as those at the ankle and toe levels. PMID- 6731944 TI - The management of valvular heart disease in children. AB - The child with significant valvular heart disease may present in any single instance both the most difficult of management decisions or a surprisingly simple one. Thus, if a direct surgical approach on the valve is feasible, the problems may very well be quite simple and straightforward; conversely, if valve replacement is indicated such may not be the case. We have recently reported our experience with one type of valvular heart condition, congenital aortic stenosis, in respect to determination of surgical approach based upon the ability to predict the orifice area and valvular anatomy. This report reviews our current experience with this technique. As well, the experience concerning the approach to each of the valvular conditions will also be reviewed with emphasis in respect to the left heart valves and particularly their long term postoperative management. PMID- 6731947 TI - Delayed, distant arterial injury after brachial artery catheterization. AB - The occurrence of iatrogenic arterial injury secondary to catheterization for angiographic studies has been well documented in the literature for over a decade. It has been well established that patients should be carefully evaluated post-catheterization and if absence of the pulse distal to the arteriotomy site is discovered, most should undergo exploration for identification and correction of the problem. Between 0.3 and 24% of patients undergoing brachial artery catheterization have been found to have a diminished or absent radial pulse after the procedure. In the vast majority of cases the problem has been solved by local exploration of the arteriotomy site. However, in a small but definite number of cases late thrombotic complications have become manifest, and in two cases reported in 1981 and in the case report to follow, thrombotic complications have become manifest months later, secondary to injury well proximal to the arteriotomy site. PMID- 6731948 TI - Aeroallergens of the southeast Missouri area: a report of skin test frequencies and air sampling data. AB - Aeroallergens in the Southeast Missouri area were identified by analyzing the positive skin tests of eight hundred seventeen patients and five years of air sampling. The important trees, grasses and weeds are enumerated. Reactivity levels of house dust, feathers and Dermatophagoides farinae exceeded all others. First among the fungi was Epicoccum purpurascens . PMID- 6731949 TI - An intraindividual comparison of standard and mini-Wright scores. AB - The relationship between peak expiratory flow rate scores recorded with the standard Wright meter and those recorded with the mini-Wright meter was determined by correlating these scores on an intraindividual basis. These correlations were compared with correlations between pairs of standard scores. The latter were computed so as to provide an estimate of peak expiratory flow rate variability unrelated to recording apparatus. The results showed that pairs of standard Wright scores were more highly related to one another than were pairs of standard and mini-Wright scores. From these observations it was concluded that standard and mini-Wright scores are not equivalent and therefore may not confidently be interchanged. PMID- 6731950 TI - Importance of determining IgG-allergen specific subclass during immunotherapy. PMID- 6731951 TI - [The concept of protein profile]. AB - From their own experience of the simultaneous immunonephelometry of eight serum proteins, the authors propose a definition of protein profile from the point of view both of laboratory technique and interpretation. The assay should be performed quickly and the results expressed diagrammatically in normalised values, in such a way that the relative variation in protein levels can be easily visualised. A protein profile should thus comprise a minimum of proteins to be measured, chosen according to protein physiopathology and the type of abnormality under investigation. Interpretation is based on inter-protein correlations that may appear or disappear depending on the underlying physiopathology. This makes it possible to study inter-protein variation and thus avoid the probabilistic "interpretation" of single proteins taken in isolation. From this approach syndromes can be divided into two groups, elementary or complex. The authors provide examples of each, and propose an interpretation model based on this dichotomy. PMID- 6731952 TI - [Automatization of heparin determination using chronometric evaluation of anti-Xa activity of the AT III-heparin complex]. AB - The authors describe an adaptation on a semi- automatique coagulometer KC 10 of a manual assay of anti-Xa activity of the Heparin-Antithrombin III Complex close to the technique described by Yin and al. ( Hepaclot - Stago ). The results show a good linearity and a good reproducibility, with a better sensitivity than the manuel method. Freezing has no influence. Significant differences were observed between our assay and the manuel anti-IIa assay. These last results neither depend on the administration route nor on the heparin batches. PMID- 6731953 TI - [Diagnosis of defibrination syndromes in infectious pathology]. AB - Severe infections and particularly infectious shock are frequently accompanied by a varying degrees of disseminated intra-vascular coagulation (DIC). The mechanism at work is complex, involving endotoxin or bacterial lipopolysaccharide constituents that damage vascular endothelium and activate intrinsic coagulation, platelet function and the release of leucocyte coagulation-promoting compounds. The activation of coagulation in turn activates prekallikrein and complement and plays a part in shock. The laboratory plays an essential role in diagnosing DIC, determining its repercussions on the parameters of haemostasis and in monitoring its course under antibiotics, which in some cases may be combined with carefully controlled heparin treatment. Sensitive and specific tests are the assays for fibrinogen-fibrin degradation products (FDP) and soluble complexes (SC) using the haemagglutination test or the ethanol test. The platelet count should be combined with measurement of the bleeding time. A varying degree of thrombopenia is frequent but non specific. In cases of septicemia, it is an early warning sign. A selective fall in proaccelerin is an indirect early sign. A fall in antithrombin III (AT III) is considered a good sign of DIC but it does not occur in every case, and is most liable to be present in liver failure. From the FDP and fibrinogen results, it should be clear whether one is dealing with compensated, decompensated or even over-compensated DIC. Diagnosis should be complemented by a careful search for the clinical signs of coagulation and haemorrhage. It is indispensable for investigations to be repeated every 6-12 hours, for the sake both of treatment strategy, which can be extremely difficult, and DIC monitoring. PMID- 6731954 TI - [Neutrophil functions and interactions in the inflammatory reaction]. AB - After 14 days' bone marrow maturation, neutrophil granulocytes reach the tissues where for 1-2 days they form the army whose phagocytic function was described by llya Metchnikoff in 1882. At that time, Paul Ehrlich was developing his neutrophil secretory theory which had less success until it returned with a vengeance in the last decade. Neutrophils are not only phagocytes. Above all they are cells that secrete bactericidal effectors and regulators (amplifiers and modulators) of the inflammatory focus. More and more sophisticated methods are being used to study phagocytosis, from the point of view both of the mechanism of chemotaxis and its role in inflammation and of the mediators of oxygen-dependent bactericidal action (superoxide anion, oxygenated water, hydroxyl radicals, myeloperoxidase, halogen ions and superoxide dismutase). In addition, the importance of oxygen-independent bactericidal mechanisms has been confirmed by the discovery of proteins such as BPI (Bactericidal Permeability Increasing Protein). Study of neutrophil dysfunction throws light on a number of neutrophil regulatory and effector mechanisms; it also proves useful in explaining the recurrent infections observed in some congenital disorders (chronic granulomatous disease, the "lazy leucocyte syndrome", the Chediak-Higashi syndrome, ichthyrosis , Job's syndrome...) or those associated with transitory neutrophil disorders (measles, severe bacterial infection...). Neutropenia induced by some antibiotics is easily demonstrated, but the interactions between these antibiotics and neutrophils are complex: phagocyte concentration of antibiotic, neutrophil inactivation of antibiotic, effect of antibiotic on microbe-leucocyte interaction such as an alteration in phagocytic and chemotactic response. The neutrophil is the first blood cell to arrive at the inflammatory focus; it is also at the centre of the response, next to the humoral mediators which both act upon it and which it itself secretes. PMID- 6731955 TI - [Plasma determination of paracetamol using high performance liquid chromatography. Application to a pharmacokinetic study]. AB - A plasma assay for paracetamol by HPLC is described. Paracetamol is extracted with diethyl ether in the presence of an internal standard, beta- hydroxyethyltheophylline . The extracts are analysed using reversed phase chromatography (Radial Pak C18 column), the mobile phase consisting of a buffer mixture of 0.01 mol/l acetate (pH 4)-acetonitrile (920-80, v/v). The method is simple, rapid, precise and sensitive (lower level of sensitivity 0.13 mumol/l). It was used in a pharmacokinetic study in twelve volunteers. PMID- 6731956 TI - [Macrophage phagocytic function]. AB - Described a century ago by Metschnikoff , phagocytosis plays an essential role in the defence of organisms faced with bacterial infection. Phagocytosis is ensured essentially by neutrophils and macrophages. In cases of inflammatory response, chemotactic factors induce an afflux of neutrophils which predominate at the site of infection for the first few hours. Then macrophages intervene to try and eliminate the infectious agent. If the latter can be rapidly ingested and degraded, the inflammatory response will gradually dwindle . On the other hand, if the infection persists (bacteria resistant to phagocytosis, or to bactericidal agents), the inflammatory response will become chronic. Macrophage anti-bacterial activity is therefore essential and can be broken down into several stages: first chemotaxis, which initiates macrophage migration towards the inflammatory focus. Then adherence to bacteria, via opsonins and membrane receptors. This binding releases an intra-cytoplasmic signal which governs the following stages, i.e. actual ingestion (phagocytosis), then enzymatic destruction within phagolysosomes " bactericidosis ". The phase of recognition and membrane binding to bacteria thus occupies an important place in the physiological role of macrophages. Two receptors are especially involved: the Fc receptor and the C3b receptor. The ingestion phase appears to be initiated by the redistribution of these membrane receptors, which first reform in "micro-clusters" (reversible small aggregates), then in "clusters" (irreversible larger aggregates), which finally become "patches" and "caps". " Bactericidosis " then ensures in most cases the disintegration of the infectious agent, by systems that can be either dependent or independent of oxygen. The main techniques for the study of macrophage phagocytosis are briefly reviewed. PMID- 6731957 TI - The Trauma Score as applied to penetrating trauma. AB - The Trauma Score is a simple physiological measure of injury severity that has been shown to have a high correlation with mortality for blunt trauma patients. In this study, the Trauma Score was evaluated on two subsets of penetrating trauma patients. Results showed that the Trauma Score had a relative information gain of 0.83 and 0.87, an excellent rating in comparison with a possible perfect rating of 1.0. The Score had modest numbers of false negatives (13/64 for the design set, and 3/380 for the test set) and a low number of false positives (5/380 for the design set, and 3/380 for the test set). The Trauma Score is thus an accurate predictor of mortality for both blunt and penetrating trauma patients. PMID- 6731958 TI - The Reel Splint: experience with a new traction splint apparatus in the prehospital setting. AB - A new lower extremity splint apparatus was applied by paramedics to 50 patients in the prehospital setting to manage a total of 60 injuries. The Reel Splint was designed to provide stabilization with or without traction to a variety of angulated lower extremity fractures/dislocations. In 37 instances (74%), the splint was judged by the rescuers to be superior to the standard Thomas splint. In this series the splint was used successfully for extrication , to immobilize deformed limbs, and to provide traction for the restoration and maintenance of peripheral circulation, with frequent pain relief. No deleterious functional complexities or manufacturing defects were identified. The Reel Splint is a uniquely useful alternative to currently available splints. PMID- 6731959 TI - New traction devices to aid reduction of shoulder dislocations. AB - A set of traction devices that aid in the reduction of shoulder dislocations is described and their use and efficiency are discussed. A series of 47 consecutive patients seen over a six-month period and diagnosed as having shoulder dislocations with no other major trauma composed the study population. After radiographic confirmation and premedication with analgesics and muscle relaxants, the devices were used. The traction- countertraction method was used initially. When this method was unsuccessful, the Stimson method was performed using an alternate traction strap. These devices were successful in 96% of the relocations attempted. No complications were encountered. The traction devices were found to be effective and easy to use. PMID- 6731960 TI - Efficacy of absorption of sublingual and intravenous Cardio-Green. AB - To simulate the effect of sublingual injections on pediatric patients, open chested kid goats were injected sublingually or peripherally with Cardio-Green while being supported by internal cardiac massage. Our study demonstrates that there is statistically a ten-fold lower central blood level after sublingual injection compared to that after use of the peripheral intravenous route. Our experiment casts doubt on whether absorption through the sublingual route is adequate, and shows that if a peripheral intravenous line cannot be started, vigorous attempts should be made to obtain a central line rather than taking valuable time to inject sublingual drugs. Further studies must be done before these results can be applied to clinical situations. PMID- 6731961 TI - Research topics, author's specialty, and funding sources of articles published in an emergency medicine journal. AB - All original articles published in JACEP and Annals of Emergency Medicine in 1972, 1975, 1978, and 1981 were reviewed and classified according to topic, author's specialty, and funding source. The number of articles published in each category was as follows: toxicology, 44; emergency medical services (EMS), 34; general surgery, 31; emergency department, 28; educational techniques, 19; orthopedics, 17; cardiovascular disease, 15; pulmonary, 13; cardiopulmonary resuscitation (CPR), 10; shock, 8; airway management, 8; and other, 71. The number of authors per article ranged from one to eight; the mean number of authors increased from 1.1 in 1972 to 2.6 in 1981 (P less than .001). The authors' backgrounds most frequently included were as follows: emergency medicine, 53.4%; surgery, 12.8%; internal medicine, 7.9%; and pediatrics, 1.6%. The percentage of articles with specific funding sources increased from 2.9% in 1972 to 25% in 1978, then decreased to 14.3% in 1981. The percentage for each funding source was as follows: government, 7.9%; industry, 2.0%; university, 3.3%; foundation, 2.0%; other, 1.0%; and none, 83.8%. This study demonstrates that there is a defined body of knowledge in emergency medicine, that emergency physicians author the majority of publications in this emergency medicine journal, and that emergency medicine is not supported by traditional funding sources. PMID- 6731962 TI - Seizures following topical application of local anesthetics to burn patients. PMID- 6731963 TI - Bee-sting anaphylaxis: the use of medical antishock trousers. AB - There is a large population of unprotected individuals who are susceptible to Hymenoptera-induced anaphylaxis. Medical antishock trousers (the MAST suit) can play an important role in field treatment of anaphylactic shock. Upon application, both blood pressure and cerebral perfusion are preserved despite clinically profound vasodilation. The MAST suit mechanically increases peripheral resistance, analogous to the vasoconstrictive effects of adrenaline. In the two cases presented, the MAST suit reversed significant hypotension caused by Hymenoptera envenomation. Both patients recovered fully. Based on the suit's effectiveness in bee-sting anaphylaxis, it would seem that extended indications exist for using the MAST suit in other forms of low-resistance shock. PMID- 6731964 TI - Anaphylactic reaction associated with sulindac. AB - Reported is the case of an anaphylactic reaction following sulindac ingestion. A 64-year-old man developed marked shortness of breath following the ingestion of a 200-mg sulindac tablet. On admission he had a palpable blood pressure of 50 mm Hg and diffuse inspiratory and expiratory wheezes on auscultation. He demonstrated marked cardiovascular instability for 24 hours following the adverse reaction. He was treated successfully with a continuous intravenous infusion of epinephrine, a corticosteroid, and an antihistamine. Recovery was complete. This case demonstrates that caution is needed in prescribing sulindac and other nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs. PMID- 6731965 TI - Lidocaine toxicity following subcutaneous administration. AB - A case of a 2-year-old girl who survived grand mal seizures secondary to toxicity from massive subcutaneous administration of lidocaine is presented. She was treated with intravenous diazepam and was intubated. After 24 hours of observation she was discharged, and there have been no sequelae or recurrence of seizure activity during ten months follow up. Central nervous system, cardiac, and hematologic effects of lidocaine toxicity are discussed. Drug interactions that may potentiate lidocaine toxicity are listed. PMID- 6731966 TI - Cardiac arrest and resuscitation in children. PMID- 6731967 TI - Manual detorsion of testis using xylocaine block. PMID- 6731968 TI - Lidocaine toxicity from intraurethral administration. PMID- 6731969 TI - Cerebral cortical injury with a lawn dart. PMID- 6731970 TI - Skin exposure to cyanoacrylate adhesive. PMID- 6731971 TI - Absence of symptoms and acidosis in potentially lethal methanol poisoning. PMID- 6731972 TI - Unusual fracture of the transverse process. PMID- 6731973 TI - Luxatio erecta. PMID- 6731974 TI - Blood removal from the antishock suit. PMID- 6731975 TI - Effects of halothane anesthesia on equine liver function. AB - Effects of halothane anesthesia were investigated in ponies prepared surgically with chronic external biliary fistulas (T tubes) to determine the effects on liver function and biliary excretion during 2 hours of anesthesia. Four studies were performed on 2 ponies, 2 to 6 months after surgery with the enterohepatic circulation held intact between studies. Intravenous bile acid infusion was used to maintain steady-state bile flow, bilirubin, and bile acid excretion during each study. Compared with the immediate 2-hour preanesthesia values (base line), halothane caused a 138% increase in bilirubin excretion, a 60% increase in biliary bilirubin concentration, and a 43% increase in PCV. Halothane anesthesia also caused a 16% reduction in plasma bilirubin, a 46% reduction in biliary bile acid concentration, and a 27% reduction in bile acid excretion. The bile acid independent fraction of bile flow appeared to increase. Plasma aspartate transaminase concentration did not change during anesthesia. The ratio of conjugated bilirubin fractions in bile [82% to 83% disconjugates of glucuronide and glucoside (2 forms) and 17% to 18% monoconjugates of glucoside, glucuronide, and xyloside] did not change during anesthesia and less than 1% was excreted unconjugated. Halothane anesthesia did not appear to affect adversely the activity of the transferase-conjugating enzymes in the presence of an increased bilirubin load. Seemingly, greatly increased conjugated bilirubin excretion observed during halothane anesthesia was most likely the result of a combination of increased hepatic clearance from plasma and increased hepatic bilirubin production from turnover of free hepatic heme or heme from the induced cytochrome P-450 system.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS) PMID- 6731976 TI - Effects of isoflurane anesthesia on equine liver function. AB - The acute 2-hour effects of isoflurane anesthesia on liver function and biliary excretion were examined in 2 ponies prepared surgically with chronic external biliary fistulas (T-tubes). Studies were conducted 2 to 8 months postoperatively with the enterohepatic circulation held intact between studies. Bile acid infusion IV (8.1 to 8.8 mumol/min) helped maintain bile flow and bile acid and bilirubin excretion during complete biliary diversion throughout each study. Following 3-hour control periods, anesthesia was induced and maintained at 1.3 to 1.5 minimal alveolar concentration plus O2 (spontaneous breathing) for 2 hours. Compared with the immediate 2-hour preanesthesia values, isoflurane caused significant increases in PCV (27%) and biliary bilirubin excretion (24%). However, no significant differences were detected in plasma or biliary bilirubin concentrations, biliary bile acid concentration or excretion, bile flow, or plasma aspartate aminotransferase concentrations between preanesthesia control and anesthesia periods. The results indicate that although isoflurane anesthesia enhanced hepatic bilirubin excretion, its effects on hepatic bilirubin formation and/or clearance are modest, compared with effects of halothane anesthesia which have previously been shown to enhance equine bilirubin excretion by 138% and reduce bile acid excretion by 27%. Isoflurane anesthesia in ponies does not appear to affect hepatic bile acid transport or bile formation significantly. PMID- 6731977 TI - Radiographic, macroscopic, and microscopic changes in growth plates of calves raised on hard flooring. AB - The effect of flooring on the development of physeal and metaphyseal lesions of the limbs was studied in 1- to 5-month-old dairy calves. Calves were allotted to 2 groups. Group I was housed on a clay floor throughout the study and group II was housed on metal slats until weaned and then on concrete. Radiographs of the right thoracic limb of the animals were made 7 times during the experimental period and of the right thoracic and pelvic limbs at necropsy. Selected sections of the physeal regions of the distal part of the radius, metacarpus, metatarsus, and rib were examined microscopically. The physes of the limbs in the 2 groups had eosinophilic streaks and patches which originated in the germinal zone and were associated with blood vessels. These foci varied from small streaks parallel to the chondrocyte columns to multiple horizontal branching patches in which cleft formation and necrosis interrupted the physis, resulting in osseous bridging. Remnants of necrotic cartilage or cartilage containing hypertrophied chondrocytes were located in the metaphysis adjacent to the areas of physeal disruption. Multiple undulations of the physes with variations in thickness and orientation of the chondrocyte columns occurred in the physes of all limbs examined. These areas did not interrupt the physis and were not associated with metaphyseal lesions. The ribs in both groups had focal areas of failure of endochondral ossification characterized by elongation of the hypertrophied zone, accumulation of fibrin and hemorrhage in the zone of provisional calcification, and retention of cartilage within the metaphysis.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS) PMID- 6731978 TI - Pharmacokinetics of tetracycline encapsulated in bovine carrier erythrocytes. AB - Tetracycline was encapsulated in erythrocytes with a dialysis technique. The effect of drug concentration (0.2 mg/ml of erythrocytes) on encapsulation of [14C]sucrose and [3H]tetracycline was reduction of the tetracycline encapsulation, but not [14C]sucrose. Carrier erythrocytes containing tetracycline reinjected in calves were studied for their pharmacokinetic constants. The drug half-life was 6.7 hours, with an overall elimination constant of 0.104 hour-1. PMID- 6731979 TI - Acid-base balance and selected hematologic, electrolytic, and blood chemical variables in calves nursing cows: one week through fifteen weeks. AB - Definition was given to acid-base balance, erythrocyte variables, serum iron, and several plasma variables in nursing calves, beginning at 1 week of age to 15 weeks of age. Of all the variables measured (once a week), arterial blood pH was the only one for which there was a significant difference due to sex of the calves (female calves had blood slightly more acidic than did male calves). Significant differences due to time were noted for the erythrocyte variables and for plasma potassium and chloride ion and serum iron concentrations. There were no significant changes from week to week for the acid-base balance variables. A significant sex X time interaction was noted for serum iron concentration-after week 6, the concentration of iron in female calves was higher than it was in male calves. PMID- 6731980 TI - Selenium concentrations in feeds and effects of treating pregnant Holstein cows with selenium and vitamin E on blood selenium values and reproductive performance. AB - Holstein cows (n = 104) and heifers (n = 35) were used to determine the effects of treatment with selenium (Se) and vitamin E on whole blood Se values and fertility. At 21 +/- 3 days before parturition, 55 cows and 19 heifers were injected with 680 IU of vitamin E and 50 mg of Se as sodium selenite. Treatment had no effect on days to first estrus, days to first service, days to conception, services per conception, or number of uterine infusions required. Blood samples were obtained from 33 nontreated cows and heifers and 32 treated animals at 21 and 14 days (+/- 3) before calving and at 7 and 14 days (+/- 3) after calving. Mean whole blood Se level at -21 days (day 0 was day of parturition) and before Se-vitamin E treatment was 0.109 micrograms/ml. At days -14, 7, and 14, blood Se was significantly higher in the treated than the non-treated animals. Blood Se was lower on all sampling days in cows calving in July through November than in cows calving in December through April. Heifers in their 1st lactation had lower blood Se concentrations than did cows in their 2nd or later lactation. In feeds sampled at 2-week intervals, mean concentrations of Se in Bahia grass, mixed ryegrass and oats, corn silage, and sorghum silage were less than 0.1 micrograms/g on a dry matter basis. Bermuda grass, alfalfa hay, and concentrates contained greater than 0.1 micrograms of Se/g. Large variation existed in Se concentrations of individual feedstuffs. PMID- 6731981 TI - Response of cattle upon reexposure to Anaplasma marginale after elimination of chronic carrier infections. AB - Sixteen cattle serotest-negative for anaplasmosis with either no previous exposure (2 animals) or cleared 8 months earlier of their carrier state by chemotherapy (14 animals) were each exposed to Anaplasma marginale. Anaplasma serotest titers were determined by complement-fixation and rapid card agglutination tests conducted during a 63-day trial period. Serologic reactions indicated that all cattle (both groups) were converted to seropositive by the 21st day after exposure. Fluctuations in PCV were seen in the 2 groups between days 21 and 35. However, parasitemia levels were detectable only in the 2 previously unexposed control cattle. Three splenectomized calves, given 10 ml of blood from 3 of the former carrier cattle 14 days after the latter were reexposed, developed severe clinical and hematologic signs of anaplasmosis and seroconverted from negative to positive on both serologic tests. The need to acquire a better understanding of immunity in anaplasmosis is discussed. PMID- 6731982 TI - Efficacy of a large magnesium alloy rumen bolus in the prevention of hypomagnesemic tetany in cows. AB - Two cow-calf grazing studies and 2 rate-of-disappearance trials in steers surgically prepared with rumen fistula were conducted to evaluate the efficacy of a large Mg alloy rumen bolus in preventing hypomagnesemic tetany (grass tetany). The mineral composition of the forage and results of study of 2 cows in the cow calf studies indicated that an environment conducive to the occurrence of grass tetany existed. Grass tetany occurred in a cow that was given a Mg bolus and in a control cow. Administration of 1 or 2 mg boluses did not affect blood serum Mg, Ca, P, and K concentrations. Bolus treatment did not affect cow-calf performance or conception rate. The rate of weight loss of the boluses in the surgically prepared steers (rumen fistula) ranged from 0.71 to 1.43 g/day or 0.66 to 1.33 g of Mg/day. Steer differences affected the rates of disappearance patterns of the boluses. The rate of disappearance was relatively constant over a 175-day period and regurgitation or passage was not a problem. Although administration of the boluses could have prevented tetany in some animals (borderline), the rate of Mg release appears too slow to be highly effective in preventing grass tetany. PMID- 6731983 TI - Clinical and immunologic responses of pigs to African swine fever virus isolated from the Western Hemisphere. AB - Pigs in the United States were exposed to African swine fever (ASF) virus isolated from pigs in Brazil and the Dominican Republic. The former were examined for clinical response, lesions, viremia, and antibody response. Sequential blood samples were tested for the presence of ASF virus by the hemadsorption test (in swine buffy coat cell culture) and for antibody to ASF virus by the enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. The incubation period was 3 to 5 days; inoculated pigs had fever for 8 to 16 days (mean 12.5 days) and viremia at 3 to 35 days after inoculation and few died. Inoculated pigs developed antibodies at 7 days after inoculation which were detectable until the termination of the experiment (10th month). Reinoculation of some of the surviving pigs with the homologous isolate at approximately 6 months after exposure did not induce clinical response, viremia, nor anamnestic antibody response. In contrast, challenge exposures of convalescent pigs with the Lisbon-60 viral strain approximately 5 weeks after exposure to the Brazilian strain produced death, in spite of an anamnestic antibody response. PMID- 6731984 TI - A 2-mercaptoethanol tube agglutination test for diagnosis of Haemophilus pleuropneumoniae infection in pigs. AB - A 2-mercaptoethanol (2-ME) tube agglutination (TA) test has been developed as an alternative to the complement fixation (CF) test for the detection of antibodies to Haemophilus pleuropneumoniae, a causative agent of pleuropneumonia in pigs. Using sera from experimentally infected pigs, herds with confirmed H pleuropneumoniae infection, and from disease-free pigs, the specificity and the sensitivity of the 2-ME-TA test were investigated and results were compared with those obtained using the CF test. The TA test without 2-ME gave 100% nonspecific reaction. The 2-ME-TA test was highly specific and more sensitive than was the CF test. Seemingly, the 2-ME-TA test can be used to monitor herds for H pleuropneumoniae antibodies instead of the CF test because it was easier to perform. Test procedures for a presumptive herd diagnosis of H pleuropneumoniae have been proposed. PMID- 6731985 TI - Comparative efficacy of sulfamethazine and sulfathiazole in feed for control of Bordetella bronchiseptica infection in swine. AB - Seventy-two conventionally raised pigs were challenge exposed intranasally when approximately 3.5 weeks old with yolk-grown Bordetella bronchiseptica. Twenty four pigs acted as noninfected, nonmedicated controls. Feed containing sulfamethazine or sulfathiazole (110 mg/kg of feed) was initiated in 2 groups of 24 infected pigs each 3 days after challenge exposure and was fed continuously for 56 days. Twenty-four infected pigs were given nonmedicated feed. Challenge exposure with the B bronchiseptica resulted in nasal bordetellosis characterized by isolations of the test organism from nasal cavities of infected control pigs at greater than 90% frequency through 28 days and from at least 50% of the pigs through 56 days. Moderate turbinate atrophy developed with a 48% increase in mean turbinate space in infected control pigs at necropsy. Performance was not affected by the infection which was confined to the nasal cavity. The B bronchiseptica isolation rate decreased faster (P less than 0.01) in the sulfamethazine group than in the sulfathiazole group. By day 42, sulfamethazine medicated pigs were negative for B bronchiseptica in nasal swab samples; whereas 8% to 17% of sulfathiazole-medicated pigs were positive from days 42 to 56. Turbinate spacing measurements averaged 11% less in the sulfamethazine group than in the sulfathiazole group. PMID- 6731986 TI - Peripheral distribution of virus in dogs inoculated with two strains of rabies virus. AB - Forty-seven Beagles were inoculated IM with an Ethiopian strain or a Mexican strain of rabies virus to study the pathogenesis of street rabies virus in dogs. Thirty-nine dogs died of rabies, with incubation periods lasting 9 to 69 days. Of the dogs that died, 82% had shown typical signs of rabies, but 18% died without any noticeable signs of illness. Eight dogs that remained healthy during an observation period lasting more than 2 years did not produce detectable amounts of rabies virus-neutralizing antibodies; however, when challenge exposed with a large dose of the homologous rabies virus inoculum, these 8 dogs responded with high antibody titers, but challenge-exposed control dogs died of rabies. Infective virus was isolated from the saliva and cerebrospinal fluid of dogs before any signs of rabies were noticed; rabies virus-neutralizing antibodies were not detected in the serum and cerebrospinal fluid before illness. In this study, viral antigen was not detected in the skin biopsy specimens taken before signs of rabies were noticed. At necropsy of the 39 dogs, rabies virus was detected in most tissues examined. Viral antigen was detected in the skin tissues of 14 (36.8%) of the 38 dogs examined. The presence of viral antigen in the skin seemed to correlate with the presence of virus in the salivary glands, but virus in the salivary glands did not indicate the presence of virus in the skin. Eleven (44%) of the 25 dogs which had virus in the salivary glands did not have any detectable amount of viral antigen in the skin.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS) PMID- 6731987 TI - Effects of sterilized micropulverized barium sulfate suspension and meglumine iothalamate solution on the genitourinary tract of healthy male dogs after retrograde urethrocystography. AB - A sufficient quantity of 30% w/v sterile barium sulfate suspension was infused into the caudal portions of urinary tracts of 12 young adult healthy male Beagles to induce vesicoureteral reflux. A control group of dogs was infused with a 7.5% solution of meglumine iothalamate. The dogs were radiographed at 1, 6, 13, and 29 days later. Three dogs from each group were euthanatized and necropsied (1 each) after radiography at each of these times. In some dogs, radiopacity in the prostate, urinary bladder, and renal pelvic diverticula due to barium persisted throughout the 30-day observation period. Opacity at or beyond 24 hours was not found in dogs infused with iothalamate. Light microscopy revealed barium either free or within macrophages in the submucosa of the bladder, in glandular and stromal areas of the prostate, and in the kidney. Renal barium was limited to pelvic diverticula (3 dogs), in a medullary tubule (1 dog), and in cortical tubules (2 dogs). Significant lesions attributable to barium were not seen in kidneys of dogs in the barium group. Iothalamate induced focal to multifocal inflammatory responses in some prostates; barium was phagocytosed by macrophages. Focal transient inflammatory and ulcerative lesions induced by bladder distention were observed in the bladder and urethral mucosa in both groups. PMID- 6731988 TI - Influence of phentolamine and propranolol on the length of tonus and clonus in pentylenetetrazol-induced seizures in dogs. AB - The goal of this study was to test the hypothesis that phentolamine and propranolol premedication would affect tonus differently than clonus in pentylenetetrazol (PTZ)-induced tonic-clonic seizures in dogs. Tonic-clonic seizures were induced with IV infusion of PTZ, given as an initial 300-mg bolus and then 100-mg boluses every 10 S until a seizure began. Premedication with phentolamine (2 mg/kg of body weight) significantly shortened clonus (P less than 0.05), whereas propranolol (1 mg/kg) significantly lengthened clonus (P less than 0.05). Neither phentolamine nor propranolol significantly altered the length of tonus or the dose of PTZ required to induce seizures (P greater than 0.05). This indicates that tonus and clonus may have different neural mechanisms and that adrenergic receptors may be involved in the neural mechanisms of clonus. PMID- 6731989 TI - Histologic examination of selected areas of canine pulmonary arteries. AB - Selected areas of pulmonary arteries from 18 healthy mixed-breed dogs were examined using histologic staining techniques. Smooth muscle cell, collagen, and elastin content of the tunica intima and tunica media were assessed. Fifteen dogs had abnormalities of tunica intima or tunica media in at least one arterial section examined. Of all arterial sections examined, 40% had histologic changes of the tunica intima or tunica media, and 42% of these vascular lesions were in the main pulmonary artery. The most commonly occurring pathologic change was loss of smooth muscle cells and elastin of the tunica media and replacement by collagen. This lesion is similar to cystic medionecrosis of the aorta. Seemingly, a high frequency of spontaneous vascular lesions exist in pulmonary arteries of young dogs. PMID- 6731990 TI - Organophosphate detoxification related to induced hepatic microsomal enzymes of chickens. AB - Detoxification of the organophosphate malathion in its activated form (malaoxon) was increased in livers of chickens given microsomal enzyme inducers (beta naphthoflavone, 3-methylcholanthrene, butylated hydroxytoluene (BHT), or polychlorinated biphenyls). Positive correlations between inducer and microsomal enzyme activity were demonstrated for beta-naphthoflavone with demethylation of p nitroanisole and for 3-methylcholanthrene and for BHT with cytochrome P450/448 and cytochrome b5. Malaoxon detoxification decreased in correlation with decreases in quantities of cytochrome P450/448 in birds fed a low-protein diet. Prediction of malaoxon detoxification was aided by using enzyme activities as dependent variables in the regression model, although only in birds given BHT were all of the 5 enzymes necessary for providing the best predictive model. PMID- 6731991 TI - Lipopolysaccharides of the Heddleston serotypes of Pasteurella multocida. AB - Lipopolysaccharides (LPS) were extracted from 13 of the 16 Heddleston serotypes of Pasteurella multocida by phenol-chloroform-petroleum ether (PCP). Serotypes 3, 9, and 13 were extracted only by phenol-water (PW). After extraction of LPS of serotype 9 by PW, an additional LPS was isolated by PCP. All LPS contained glucose, 2-keto-3-deoxyoctonate, and heptose. Two isomers of heptose, D-glycero-D mannoheptose and L-glycero-D-mannoheptose, were found in serotypes 2 and 5. Antisera made against purified LPS of serotypes 2 and 5 reacted with both heat stable antigens and LPS from serotypes 2 and 5 in the gel-diffusion precipitin test. Antisera against serotype 2 LPS protected turkeys against challenge with capsulated serotype 5, indicating that a structural relationship exists between LPS of strains that cause hemorrhagic septicemia and fowl cholera. Rhamnose was a component of serotype 9 LPS, and galactose was found in all LPS, except for serotype 11. The LPS of serotype 13 contained an isomer of heptose that has not been identified. The LPS had buoyant densities in CsCl of 1.40 +/- 0.0148 g/ml, and all hemagglutinated chicken and turkey, but not sheep or horse, RBC. PMID- 6731992 TI - Assessment of smooth muscle function in Sesbania drummondii toxicosis in Gallus domesticus. AB - An in vitro assessment based on tissue responsiveness to 2 agonists-histamine and carbachol-was made on smooth muscle activity in chickens experimentally poisoned with sesbania. Crude extracts of Sesbania drummondii were prepared and 2 dosage levels, 0.25% and 0.5% of body weight, were used. The birds were dosed orally with the extract for 3 consecutive days, and on the 4th day segments of ileum and lung were collected from each bird. The isometric contractions of each tissue, produced by the addition of histamine or carbachol in graded concentrations, were recorded. The cumulative concentration-effect curves for the tissues to the agonists were constructed and compared with respective control curves. The results indicated the responsiveness of the tissues in the treated groups was significantly decreased, compared with that of tissues in the controls. Responses of both intestinal and parenchymal strips in the chickens given the higher dosage (0.5%) were decreased significantly, whereas in those given the smaller dosage (0.25%), only parenchyma had a significant response. This indicates that the activity of smooth muscles in general was depressed by sesbania. The effect was more evident in the lung than in the intestine. Therefore, an active principle in the extract which affects smooth muscle, rather than causing direct irritation, may exist. This assessment of smooth muscle activity is sensitive and was effective in detecting changes in tissues from sesbania-treated birds which had not shown any clinical signs. The results also support the possibility that smooth muscle involvement could be a primary cause of toxicity in sesbania poisoning. PMID- 6731993 TI - Megakaryocytes with intracytoplasmic blood cells. AB - The phenomenon of megakaryocytes containing intracytoplasmic blood cells was frequently observed in the bone marrow of rats. The frequency appeared to increase in inflammatory or neoplastic conditions. The types of blood cells engulfed were mainly neutrophils. For the first time, megakaryocytes also were found to be engulfed. PMID- 6731994 TI - Immunoglobulin concentrations in serum and nasal secretions of calves at the onset of pneumonia. AB - Immunoglobulin (Ig) concentrations in serum and in nasal secretions were correlated with pneumonia and diarrhea during the first 12 weeks of life in 56 calves. The peak onset of pneumonia occurred between 2 and 4 weeks of age when the calves' serum IgG1, IgG2, and IgA concentrations were lowest. As IgG2 concentrations increased, fewer calves developed pneumonia. Peak onset of pneumonia was also correlated with the lowest IgG and IgA concentrations in the calves' nasal secretions. Most calves developed pneumonia when serum concentrations of IgG1 were less than 1.5 g/dl, IgG2 less than 0.3 g/dl, IgA less than 0.1 g/dl, and IgM less than 0.2 g/dl and when the combined IgG and IgA values in nasal secretions were less than 0.2 mg of Ig/mg of protein. In study A, diarrhea preceded pneumonia in 63% of 56 calves. In study B, 38% of 23 calves had diarrhea and/or hemorrhagic feces before pneumonia. Seemingly, there was a relationship between diarrhea and pneumonia. Furthermore, pneumonia occurred at or just after the time when IgG1, IgG2, and IgA concentrations in serum and the combined IgG and IgA concentrations in nasal secretions were lowest. Pneumonia is a common disease of calves between 1 and 5 months of age, a period coinciding with the usual low point in serum immunoglobulin (Ig) concentrations due to catabolism of passively acquired antibodies. Calves that absorb less than adequate amounts of Ig may be susceptible to pneumonia at approximately 2 months of age, when serum Ig concentrations would be lowest.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS) PMID- 6731995 TI - Determination of phagocytosis of 32P-labeled Staphylococcus aureus by bovine polymorphonuclear leukocytes. AB - A procedure for the measurement of phagocytosis by bovine polymorphonuclear leukocytes (PMN) of 32P-labeled Staphylococcus aureus was modified so that a larger number of samples could be compared in a single run, and smaller volumes of sample, PMN, and 32P-labeled S aureus could be used. Results were highly reproducible, with a coefficient of variation between duplicate determinations of less than or equal to 2%. Lysostaphin was prepared from the supernatant of S staphylolyticus and was compared with a commercially available preparation. Effects of lysostaphin on PMN and influence of incubation media on release of 32P from 32P-labeled S aureus by lysostaphin were examined. PMID- 6731996 TI - Motility of the distal portion of the jejunum and pelvic flexure in ponies: effects of six drugs. AB - Bipolar stainless steel electrodes were surgically implanted in 4 ponies to record myoelectrical and mechanical activity of the distal portion of the jejunum and pelvic flexure. After determining normal activity, the effects of neostigmine, xylazine, flunixin meglumine, dipyrone, panthenol, and atropine sulfate were determined. Flunixin meglumine, dipyrone, and panthenol had no effect on the motility of the jejunum or pelvic flexure. Xylazine and atropine sulfate decreased motility of the distal portion of the jejunum and pelvic flexure, with atropine sulfate having a greater effect and lasting longer. Neostigmine stimulated propulsive motility in the pelvic flexure only. PMID- 6731997 TI - Benzimidazole resistance of equine strongyles: critical tests of several classes of compounds against population B strongyles from 1977 to 1981. AB - From 1977 to 1981, critical tests were conducted on 10 horses naturally infected with population B strongyles. Drugs tested were: oxibendazole (OBZ), 10 mg/kg of body weight (n = 1); albendazole, 10 mg/kg (n = 1); a mixture of thiabendazole (TBZ), 44 mg/kg and trichlorfon, 40 mg/kg (n = 1); a mixture of TBZ at 44 mg/kg with piperazine (PPZ) at 55 mg of base/kg (n = 1); febantel (FBT), 6 mg/kg (n = 3), 12 mg/kg (n = 1), or 24 mg/kg (n = 1); and pyrantel (PRT) pamoate, 6.6 mg of base/kg (n = 1). Large strongyles, Strongylus vulgaris (9 horses) and S edentatus (5 horses), were effectively removed (100%) by each compound and mixture. Five species of small strongyles (Cyathostomum catinatum, Cyathostomum coronatum, Cylicocyclus nassatus, Cylicostephanus goldi, and Cylicostephanus longibursatus), previously singled out in this population as resistant to 5 benzimidazoles (TBZ, mebendazole, cambendazole, fenbendazole, and oxfendazole), but not OBZ, were efficaciously removed by OBZ, albendazole, the mixture of TBZ plus PPZ, FBT (24 mg/kg), or PRT. These 5 small strongyle species were resistant to FBT (6 mg/kg) in 3 foals and Cylicostephanus minutus was also resistant in 2 of 3 foals to FBT (6 mg/kg). Doubling the dose of FBT to 12 mg/kg increased the average removal of the 5 basic species plus Cylicostephanus minutus to 88%. The mixture of TBZ and trichlorfon was relatively ineffective against 3 species (C catinatum, C coronatum, and Cylicostephanus longibursatus), but unexpectedly efficacious (86% to 99%) for 2 species (Cylicocyclus nassatus and Cylicostephanus goldi).(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS) PMID- 6731998 TI - Impedance monitoring of equine intestinal motility. AB - Myoelectrical and myomechanical activities of the distal portion of the jejunum and pelvic flexure were studied in 7 ponies, using permanently implanted monopolar and bipolar stainless steel electrodes. Dental acrylic embedded recording electrodes were surgically sutured to the serosal surface of the distal portion of the jejunum and pelvic flexure. Myoelectrically, regular spike bursts and irregular spike bursts were observed in the jejunum. Short spike bursts and long spike bursts were recorded and associated with spike potentials, using impedance recording techniques. Electrical and mechanical data could be monitored simultaneously from the same recording electrode, using separate channels on a physiograph. This method proved effective to monitor periodically myomechanical activity at the same time that myoelectrical activity was being evaluated. The recording system required fewer recording devices to be attached to the intestinal tract, was an inexpensive method of obtaining myomechanical recordings, and did not alter markedly the myoelectrical activity when mechanical activity was being monitored. PMID- 6731999 TI - Diagnostic value of urinary dialkyl phosphate measurement in goats exposed to diazinon. AB - Recognition of exposure to diazinon, an organophosphate insecticide, was studied in goats. Urine and milk dialkyl phosphate concentrations (DETP; O,O-diethyl phosphorothionate) and blood cholinesterase activity (ChE) and diazinon concentrations were measured. Groups (n = 3 each) given (orally) diazinon at doses of 0.5 mg/kg for 7 days (small dose) or 5 mg/kg for 7 days (large dose) were compared with goats acutely exposed to single doses of 150 mg/kg (n = 1) or 700 mg/kg (n = 1). Clinical signs of intoxication occurred only in the goat given the 700 mg/kg dose. Urinary DETP concentrations were sensitive indicators of diazinon exposure and provided quantitative differences between small, large, and acute dosage exposures. Milk DETP concentrations were not detected. Cholinesterase measurement was useful only in the acute exposure studies. Whole blood diazinon concentrations were detected only in goats given the large dose for 7 days and acutely exposed. Measurement of urinary DETP was a sensitive aid for recognition of diazinon exposure. PMID- 6732000 TI - Selected physical and chemical characteristics of prostatic fluid collected by ejaculation from healthy dogs and from dogs with bacterial prostatitis. AB - Forty specimens of prostatic fluid, collected by ejaculation from 36 dogs with bacterial prostatitis, and 43 specimens of prostatic fluid collected by the same method from 42 healthy dogs were analyzed with respect to pH, specific gravity, cholesterol concentration, and zinc, copper, iron, calcium, and magnesium concentrations. Values from prostatic fluid of infected dogs were compared with values from prostatic fluid of healthy dogs, using a variety of statistical methods. In striking contrast to data obtained from human beings, prostatic fluid pH, specific gravity, or cholesterol zinc concentrations were not altered in dogs with bacterial prostatitis. Seemingly, these tests are not reliable in the diagnosis of bacterial prostatitis in dogs. PMID- 6732001 TI - Postnatal development of renal tubular amino acid reabsorption in canine pups. AB - The renal clearance of amino acids in canine pups 5 days and 3, 8, and 12 weeks of age was studied. The 5-day-old pups had incomplete reabsorption of most amino acids. At 3 weeks, fractional reabsorption of 16 of 21 amino acids was complete; between 3 and 8 weeks, an adult pattern of reabsorption was present. Seemingly, a rapid development of amino acid transport precedes anatomic development or functional maturation of other transport systems. PMID- 6732002 TI - Pharmacokinetics of ticarcillin in the horse after intravenous and intramuscular administration. AB - Serum and peritoneal fluid concentrations of ticarcillin were measured in 10 healthy adult horses from 0.5 to 8 hours after IV or IM administration of 44 mg/kg of body weight. After IV injection, the serum concentration at 30 minutes was 104.3 +/- 6.1 mg/L and the mean peak peritoneal fluid concentration (61.4 +/- 29.0 mg/L) occurred 2 hours after injection. The peak serum (28.3 +/- 5.5 mg/L) and the peak peritoneal fluid concentrations (19.2 +/- 6.0 mg/L) occurred 2 hours after the IM injection. Ticarcillin (greater than or equal to 2 mg/L) persisted in serum and peritoneal fluid for 6 hours after IV injection and 8 hours after IM injection. The half-life of ticarcillin was 0.94 hour after IV injection and the bioavailability of ticarcillin administered IM was 64.9%. PMID- 6732003 TI - Serum concentration of penicillin in the horse after repeated intramuscular injections of procaine penicillin G alone or in combination with benzathine penicillin and/or phenylbutazone. AB - Twenty-one adult horses were randomly assigned into 7 groups of 3 and were treated for 5 days with procaine penicillin G, benzathine penicillin , or phenylbutazone in various combinations and dosage schedules. Serum concentration of penicillin was measured serially over a 7-day period. The highest mean peak serum concentration was 2.06 micrograms/ml. Comparable peak values were seen 2 to 4 hours after administration of 22,000 IU of procaine penicillin G/kg of body weight given once or twice daily. A minimum serum concentration of 0.25 micrograms/ml was selected as adequate for efficacy against organisms that can be considered sensitive to penicillin. Once daily administration of procaine penicillin G and, although peak concentrations were lower, some regimens of procaine and benzathine penicillin G did maintain this concentration. Concurrent phenylbutazone administration did not affect serum concentration of penicillin appreciably. PMID- 6732004 TI - Control of Boophilus ticks on heifers with two pyrethroids applied as sprays. AB - The pyrethroid permethrin (25% cis to 75% trans) was sprayed on Hereford heifers infested with all parasitic stages of Boophilus microplus (Canestrini) at 0.05% and 0.1% active ingredient. At 0.05%, control was 66.7%; whereas at 0.1%, control was 93.3%. Replete females were collected daily for 28 days after treatment at both concentrations, indicating that at least some ticks treated as larvae or nymphs were able to reach repletion. The pyrethroid fenvalerate was sprayed on Hereford heifers infested with all parasitic stages of B microplus or B annulatus (Say) at 0.025% and 0.05% active ingredient. Fenvalerate was as effective as permethrin at a lower concentration. At 0.025%, control was 89.2% and 86.6% and at 0.05% was 92.5% and 90.1% for B microplus and B annulatus , respectively. Both these pyrethroids could provide adequate reduction in programs in which control is the aim; however, in an eradication program, both acaricides failed to provide the necessary reduction to achieve complete elimination. PMID- 6732005 TI - Use of fiberoptic bronchoscopy in experimental production of bovine respiratory tract disease. AB - Fourteen 6-month-old calves were infected with Pasteurella haemolytica or infectious bovine rhinotracheitis (IBR) virus. Four calves were inoculated sequentially with IBR virus followed by P haemolytica at a 5-day interval. Calves were inoculated by allowing them to inhale an aerosol of the organism or by placing an inoculum in the right lung, using fiberoptic bronchoscopy. Clinical signs of infection were recorded, and the calves, if they survived, were killed and necropsied 3 days after inoculation with P haemolytica (or 8 days after inoculation with IBR virus). The extent of pulmonary lesions was determined, and the lower respiratory tract (lungs and lower trachea) was examined for both organisms. Inoculation of the calves by aerosolization with IBR virus alone resulted in mild respiratory tract disease. Mild-to-moderately severe respiratory tract disease developed as a result of sequential inoculations by aerosolization with IBR virus and P haemolytica. However, respiratory tract disease did not develop in calves exposed by aerosol to P haemolytica alone. Large numbers of these organisms were recovered from the lower respiratory tract of the dually inoculated calves, only indicating delayed pulmonary clearance. Mild clinical signs of disease but substantial, though localized, pneumonic lesions developed in calves inoculated with P haemolytica by fiberoptic bronchoscopy. Calves inoculated with IBR virus by the latter procedure developed moderately severe respiratory tract disease involving 25% to 30% of the total lung volume. Lesions occurred mainly in the right lung, but the left lung also had marked lesions in these calves.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS) PMID- 6732006 TI - Counterimmunoelectrophoresis for the diagnosis of bovine mycoplasmosis. AB - Counterimmunoelectrophoresis (CIE) procedure has been established for mycoplasma identification from cultures, and the specificity and the sensitivity of this technique were evaluated. Preparations of milk samples and clinical and necropsy specimens were used for the technique. From 171 milk samples, 80 (46.8%) were positive by CIE (73 samples with Mycoplasma bovis and 7 with Mycoplasma arginini) and 77 (45%) were positive by biochemical and growth inhibition tests (70 samples with Mycoplasma bovis and 7 with Mycoplasma arginini). From 36 mycoplasma culture positive clinical and necropsy specimens, CIE identified 5 different mycoplasma species and from 3 mycoplasma culture-positive specimens, the technique identified coinfection by 2 mycoplasma species. The CIE is a reliable, specific, sensitive, and rapid technique for the diagnosis of mycoplasmosis in the bovine. PMID- 6732007 TI - Hematologic and immunologic responses of Holstein calves to a fire ant toxicant. AB - Holstein calves (3 to 5 months of age) were used to develop an animal model sensitive to environmental toxicants. In the present study, the fire ant toxicant AMDRO was fed (113.5 g/day/calf) to weanling castrated calves (9 test and 9 controls) for 7 weeks. As early as 14 days after the start of the AMDRO feeding, leukopenia was observed. Differential counts revealed significant non-transient decreases in lymphocytes and eosinophils. Eosinopenia was observed from days 21 to 49 of AMDRO treatment. Variability in hematocrit and hemoglobin values in treated and control calves precluded making a determination of trends due to toxicant exposure. The AMDRO treatment did not produce significant decreases in primary or secondary antibody responses to keyhole limpet hemocyanin or to Brucella abortus vaccination. It also did not produce suppression of cellular immunity, as determined by delayed-type hypersensitivity response to bacille Calmette-Guerin. Potential effects of AMDRO on thermoregulatory mechanisms were indicated by significant depressions of rectal temperature observed after 25, 32, and 39 days' treatment. PMID- 6732008 TI - Antileishmanial activity of liposome-encapsulated meglumine antimonate in the dog. AB - Experimental infections of Leishmania donovani in mixed-breed dogs were induced to determine the antileishmanial efficacy of liposome-encapsulated meglumine antimoniate ( LEMA ). Each dog was inoculated IV with 1.0 +/- 0.2 X 10(8) amastigotes of a Khartoum strain of L donovani/kg of body weight. The antileishmanial agents ( LEMA or unencapsulated meglumine antimoniate ) were given once daily, IV, for 1, 4, or 10 consecutive days beginning the 12th day after inoculation. The dogs were killed 3 or 4 days after completion of therapy, and parasites in the spleens were quantified. A single injection of LEMA (0.61 mg of Sb/kg of body weight) resulted in 89% suppression and 4 consecutive daily injections of LEMA (1.94 mg of Sb/kg/day) resulted in 95.8% suppression of splenic parasites. The dose of LEMA that would give 50% suppression ( SD50 ) was estimated as approximately 0.029 mg of Sb/kg. The SD50 for unencapsulated drug was estimated as approximately 24 mg of Sb/kg. The liposome-encapsulated drug was estimated to be more than 700 times more efficacious than the unencapsulated drug. Seemingly, liposomes can markedly reduce the drug dosage required for equivalent treatment of visceral leishmaniasis in dogs. PMID- 6732009 TI - Statistical analysis of selected tracheal measurements in normal dogs and dogs with collapsed trachea. AB - Tracheas were removed from 8 average-sized (13 to 19 kg) dogs, 12 toy breed dogs, and 6 toy breed dogs with collapsed trachea. The tracheal arcs were counted whenever possible and measurements of the inner ventrodorsal and lateral diameters, lumen areas, cartilage and muscle thicknesses, and numbers of chondrocytes and muscle cells/0.1 mm2 were obtained from 3 regions. The regions were the 3rd ring caudal to the larynx, the region at the thoracic inlet, and the 2nd ring cranial to the carina. The 3 tracheal regions were compared with one another for all the variables in the 3 dog groups. All groups exhibited similar significant regional variations for tracheal diameters, lumen areas, and cartilage and muscle thicknesses. There were no significant differences between regions for chondrocyte and muscle cell counts. In the comparison of average dogs and normal toy breed dogs, the former had larger ventrodorsal tracheal diameters, lumen areas, and cartilage and muscle thicknesses. The measurements from the toy breed dogs with collapsed tracheas were smaller than those from the normal toy breed dogs. There were no significant differences in chondrocyte and muscle cell counts between average dogs and normal toy breed dogs. PMID- 6732010 TI - Long-term study on the effects of electroejaculation on seminal characteristics of the domestic cat. AB - Semen was collected by electroejaculation from 9 random-source cats. There were 22 seminal collections over 32 weeks. An electroejaculate was defined as the seminal fluid and spermatozoa collected during the application of 60 electrical stimuli--the 1st 40 stimuli at 2.0 V, and immediately afterward, 20 stimuli at 3.0 V. Four sequential electroejaculates were obtained from each cat at each seminal collection. The volume and number of spermatozoa for each electroejaculate were determined. There was a significant (P less than 0.005) effect of cat and sequence of electroejaculate for both the volume and number of spermatozoa in the electroejaculate . There was no effect of week of collection; however, there was a trend (P less than 0.1) for the volume of electroejaculate to increase with time. The interactions of cat X week of collection and electroejaculate sequence X week of collection for the volume and for the number of spermatozoa per electroejaculate were not significant (P greater than 0.05). The volume of the 1st electroejaculate of the sequence was lower (P less than 0.01) and the number of spermatozoa in the 2nd of the sequential electroejaculates was higher (P less than 0.05). There was considerable variation within and between cats in the volume and number of spermatozoa. Repeated anesthesia and electrical stimulation did not appear to alter the ejaculatory capacity of the cat. PMID- 6732011 TI - Sensory nerve conduction velocity of cutaneous afferents of the radial, ulnar, peroneal, and tibial nerves of the cat: reference values. AB - The mean conduction velocities of the compound action potentials of sensory axons of the cutaneous branches of the radial, ulnar, peroneal, and tibial nerves of the healthy cat were determined by cutaneous stimulation and recorded by averaged evoked response technique. Locations for both stimulation and recording electrodes were identified. Mean conduction velocities were: radial nerve, 83.6 +/- SD 8.3; ulnar nerve, 89.2 +/- 10.3; peroneal nerve, 85.3 +/- 6.8; and tibial nerve, 80.2 +/- 7.9 m/s. PMID- 6732012 TI - Morphologic, cytochemical, and functional studies of peripheral blood cells of young healthy American alligators (Alligator mississippiensis). AB - Samples of peripheral blood collected from healthy young American alligators (Alligator mississippiensis) were studied to determine baseline values and characterize cell types. Mean total leukocyte counts were 6.4 +/- 2.9 X 10(3)/mm3, with mean differential values of 54.7 +/- 47.5% heterophils, 10.4 +/- 6.0% eosinophils, 12.7 +/- 16.8% basophils, 23.9 +/- 4.9% lymphocytes, and 0.7 +/ 0.5% monocytes. Mean total thrombocyte counts were 23.0 +/- 7.0 X 10(3)/mm3, and mean total erythrocyte counts were 3.84 +/- 8.7 X 10(5)/mm3. Morphologic descriptions of Wright-Giemsa-stained alligator blood cells generally corresponded to those of their counterparts in other reptiles, birds, and mammals. Cytochemical tests were positive as follows: chloroacetate esterase lymphocytes and monocytes; nonspecific esterase-heterophils and monocytes; acid phosphatase-heterophils, basophils, and monocytes; and alkaline phosphatase heterophils, eosinophils, and monocytes. Phagocytic and microbiocidal capacity was tested by adding live Staphylococcus aureus to whole blood. Subsequent staining with acridine orange and observation with fluorescence microscopy showed in vitro phagocytic and microbiocidal activity of monocytes, heterophils, and to a lesser degree, eosinophils. PMID- 6732013 TI - Efficacy of clorsulon for treatment of mature naturally acquired and 8-week-old experimentally induced Fasciola hepatica infections in cattle. AB - In a dose-titration study against experimentally induced 8-week-old Fasciola hepatica infection (study A), 20 calves were allotted to 5 groups, each of 4 calves, and treated with different doses of an injectable formulation of clorsulon or its vehicle: group 1--controls, no drug; group 2--2 mg of clorsulon /kg; group 3--4 mg of drug/kg; group 4--8 mg/kg; and group 5--16 mg/kg. Mean numbers of flukes recovered from 4 calves in each treatment group were as follows: group 1--112.2, group 2--42, group 3--4.8, group 4--3.0, and group 5- 0.2. Percentages of fluke reductions for groups 2, 3, 4, and 5 ( clorsulon treated) calves were 62.6%, 95.7%, 97.3%, and 99.8%, respectively. Against naturally acquired mature (greater than 14-week-old) F hepatica infections (study B), a total of 161 flukes were recovered from 7 vehicle-treated control calves (group 6; mean fluke recovery = 23) and no flukes were recovered from 9 calves (group 7) given orally a formulation containing 7 mg of clorsulon /kg of body weight. Eggs were not found in the feces of clorsulon -treated calves at 20 to 21 days after treatment as compared with a mean of 7.4 eggs per gram (epg) in group 6 (control) calves. Mean bile egg recoveries were 13,532 (456 to 66,861) from group 6 calves as compared to recovery of a total of 162 (0 to 160) eggs from 3 of the 9 treated calves.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS) PMID- 6732014 TI - Experimentally induced Cooperia oncophora infection in calves: lymphocyte blastogenic and delayed hypersensitivity responses. AB - Lymphocytic responses in peripheral blood and visceral lymph to Cooperia oncophora antigen and skin tests were determined in 35 Holstein male calves that were inoculated orally with single or multiple doses of C oncophora infective larvae. Several calves were vaccinated or given immune serum before larvae were inoculated. Antigen-specific in vitro blastogenesis of blood and lymph lymphocytes and delayed-type hypersensitivity reactions were observed in several inoculated, vaccinated, and/or passively immunized calves. Most calves that had delayed skin reactions also had in vitro lymphocyte responses to C oncophora antigen. The lymphocyte and skin responses were inconsistent and variable in time of onset--the earliest lymphocyte response occurring 7 days after calves were inoculated. A cellular immune response was induced by both dermal vaccination and oral inoculation; however, passive immunization by IV administration of immune serum simultaneously with inoculation did not have an apparent effect on the cellular response, as measured by the lymphocyte blastogenesis test or dermal testing. Although cellular immune responses were observed in several calves infected with C oncophora, there was no apparent relationship between the specific responses and number of nematodes establishing infection in calves after either single- or multiple-dose oral inoculations. PMID- 6732015 TI - Bovine coccidiosis: protective effects of low-level infection and coccidiostat treatments in calves. AB - Twenty coccidia-free Holstein bull calves were allotted to groups to study effects of treatment with lasalocid and decoquinate on subsequent resistance to coccidiosis (Eimeria spp infections). Calves fed medicated rations of either drug at dosages of 50 mg/kg of feed (approx 1.2 mg/kg of body weight) had significantly fewer oocysts (P less than 0.01) than did nontreated controls regardless of other procedures used. Treated calves premunized with 2,000 oocysts/day for 5 days and later challenge inoculated with 200,000 oocysts did not develop diarrhea, unless the drugs were withdrawn from feed. Animals premunized (2,000 oocysts/day for 5 days) in absence of drug were no more resistant to the challenge inoculation than nonpremunized animals. These results indicated that lasalocid and decoquinate were efficacious coccidiostats and protected calves as long as they were administered. Cessation of drug treatment usually resulted in appearance of oocysts in feces and diarrhea. Premunization alone cannot be expected to prevent coccidiosis when animals are exposed to large numbers of oocysts. PMID- 6732016 TI - Functional anatomy of the equine tarsocrural collateral ligaments. AB - Equine tarsocrural collateral ligaments (CL) were dissected grossly. The areas of attachment and fiber arrangements were described for the long lateral CL, long medial CL, 3 short lateral CL, and 3 short medial CL. Sequential cutting of CL in any order indicated that the short medial CL were responsible for the snap-joint phenomenon observed at the equine tarsocrural joint. PMID- 6732017 TI - Antagonism of xylazine and ketamine anesthesia by 4-aminopyridine and yohimbine in geldings. AB - Thirty-six fasted, mixed horse breed geldings (6 groups of 6 animals each) were anesthetized with xylazine and ketamine, and when maximally sedated, were given 1 of the following antagonists: saline solution, 4-aminopyridine (4-AP), small-dose yohimbine, large-dose yohimbine, 4-AP plus low-dose yohimbine, or 4-AP plus high dose yohimbine. Measured data included mean standing time (MST), heart rate, respiratory rate, rectal temperature, and mean total recovery time ( MTRT ). Emergence phenomena were also observed and recorded as smooth, fairly smooth, fairly rough, or rough. Groups given 4-AP alone, small-dose yohimbine alone, or large-dose yohimbine alone produced a significant (P less than 0.05) decrease in MST (9.9 +/- 1.6 minutes, 11.3 +/- 1.7 minutes, and 10.6 +/- 2.3 minutes, respectively) compared with that in the saline control group (24.3 +/- 9.2 minutes). The MTRT were not significantly (P greater than 0.05) different (47.2 +/- 10 minutes, 90.4 +/- 15.1 minutes, and 83.2 +/- 23 minutes, respectively) from control values (66.2 +/- 13.4 minutes). When the antagonists were combined, 4-AP plus small-dose yohimbine and 4-AP plus large-dose yohimbine produced significant (P less than 0.05) decreases (10.3 +/- 2 minutes and 8.3 +/- 2.6 minutes, respectively) in MST compared with that of saline controls. The MTRT was significantly longer in the combined antagonist group (4-AP + small-dose yohimbine--131.8 +/- 28.9 minutes; 4-AP + large-dose yohimbine--131.3 +/- 19.4 minutes) compared with that of control or any antagonist alone.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS) PMID- 6732018 TI - Bone strain in the equine tibia: an in vivo strain gauge analysis. AB - Rosette strain gauges were bonded to the cranial, caudal, and medial surfaces of the tibia in the middiaphyseal region of 6 adult ponies. While the ponies were walking, the cranial side was mainly subjected to tension, and the caudal side, to compression. The compression strain on the caudal side was 1.5 times greater than the tension strain on the cranial side. None of these principal strains was aligned along the long axis of the bone; both deviated laterally from the long axis. On the medial surface, the principal strain deviated caudally about 40 degrees from the long axis. From analysis of the strain patterns on the 3 sides of the bone, it could be concluded that during loading of the tibia, torsion was superimposed on craniocaudal bending. The strain pattern was not affected after transection of the cranial tibial muscle, as determined by measuring with the same gauges before and after surgical interference. The contribution of the cranial tibial muscle in reducing the strain in the tibial cortex was therefore very small. PMID- 6732019 TI - Bone strain in the equine tibia: inertia as a cause of the presupport peak. AB - Strain tracings obtained from the tibial cortex of walking ponies reveal peaks in the principal tension and compression strains occurring immediately before and after the support phase. Evidence is presented that the presupport peak is caused by inertial forces. PMID- 6732020 TI - Stride characteristics of horses competing in Grand Prix jumping. AB - An investigation was made of the stride characteristics of horses jumping 2 obstacles during a Grand Prix competition. One obstacle was a picket fence and rail 1.3 m high (fence 2), and the other was a coop and rail 1.52 m high (fence 11). Thirteen distance and 22 timing measurements of 17 horses were extracted from high-speed films, using computer-aided analysis. These data were used to compare takeoff and landing of the lead and nonlead legs, the thoracic limbs and pelvic limbs, and fence 2 and fence 11. Paired t-tests were used to compare means and a stepwise regression analysis was done for each fence, using the total horizontal distance jumped as the dependent variable. Stride timing and distance measurements did not differ (P less than 0.05) between the 2 fences . Each horse approached the fences in a moderately fast canter and, at takeoff , placed the nonlead thoracic limb earlier and farther from the fence than the lead thoracic limb (P less than 0.05). The nonlead leg stance phase lasted longer than the lead leg stance phase (P less than 0.05). The lead and nonlead pelvic limbs acted more in unison than the thoracic limbs and did not differ in their time of placement, stance phase duration, or position from the fence (P less than 0.05). The overlap of the stance phases of the pelvic limbs was greater than that of the thoracic limbs (P less than 0.05).(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS) PMID- 6732021 TI - Cellular constituents of clinically normal foal bronchoalveolar lavage fluid during postnatal maturation. AB - Bronchoalveolar lavage was performed 5 times, sequentially, on 3 healthy foals when each was between 2 and 63 days of age. Total and differential counts were performed on recovered cells. The lungs of foals less than 19 days of age contained few alveolar macrophages recoverable by bronchoalveolar lavage. This number increased sharply during the first 2 to 3 weeks of life, but remained relatively constant subsequently. Approximately 86% of the alveolar cells in the lungs of foals up to 3 weeks of age were alveolar macrophages. During the first 2 months of life, this number decreased to approximately 71%, whereas the relative percentage of lymphocytes increased from 5% to 20%. PMID- 6732022 TI - Functional and ultrastructural evaluation of neutrophils from foals and lactating and nonlactating mares. AB - Neutrophils from 4 pony foals, 3 lactating pony mares, and 3 nonlactating mares were evaluated ultrastructurally and by in vitro function tests. Neutrophils from foals had significantly (P = 0.05) less random migration than neutrophils from mares; values in tests for iodination and Staphylococcus aureus ingestion were also lower with foal neutrophils. Neutrophils from lactating mares had lower responses to iodination, antibody-dependent cell-mediated cytotoxicity, and random migration tests than did neutrophils from nonlactating mares. Ultrastructurally, granule concentration did not differ significantly among groups. A slight decrease in primary granules and a corresponding increase in granules with a flocculent matrix indicates partial spontaneous neutrophil degranulation in foals and lactating mares. PMID- 6732023 TI - Dyschondroplasias, including osteochondrosis, in boars between 25 and 169 days of age: histologic changes. AB - Microscopic sections of physeal and articular-epiphyseal (A-E) cartilages from major limb bones of 60 boars between 25 and 169 days of age were examined. The objectives in this study were to determine the age of onset and pathogenesis of osteochondrosis, a defect of endochondral ossification. Lesions regarded as typical of osteochondrosis were associated with physes of pigs from 25 days of age, indicating an earlier age of onset than has generally been documented. Two morphologically distinct lesions were observed, but both had areas with increased depth of the zone of hypertrophying chondrocytes. Some lesions were repairing. With increasing age of the pigs, the number of involved physes increased in each of 6 different age groups up to 169 days. Lesions associated with physes were observed in boars younger than those with lesions associated with A-E complexes. A few pigs at, or older than, 53 days of age, had osteochondrosis-like lesions involving epiphyseal growth cartilages. However, a dyschondroplasia different from osteochondrosis and typified by chondrolysis was more frequently associated with A-E complexes of pigs at or greater than 79 days of age. The number of affected cartilages and sites with this type of lesion also increased with age. Although osteoarthrosis had not developed in any of the pigs, it is probable that chondrolytic areas were precursors of degenerative joint disease. To date, osteochondrosis has been used to encompass lesions involving physes and A-E complexes. However, in view of the findings in the present study, dyschondroplasia is the preferred term to be used generically and then qualified by morphologic description, since causations may be different. PMID- 6732024 TI - Dyschondroplasias, including osteochondrosis, in boars between 25 and 169 days of age: radiologic changes. AB - Boars in 6 different groups (between 25 and 169 days of age) were examined radiographically to determine the age of onset of lesions associated with the sites of endochondral ossification in limb bones. Although lesions were in histopathologic sections of physes from all groups of pigs, they were not found frequently in radiographs of live animals until boars were more than 100 days old. Microscopic lesions were infrequent in articular-epiphyseal (A-E) complexes of pigs less than 80 days old, and radiographic examination of live animals had limited value until animals were greater than 100 days old. Radiographs of slabs of bone were useful in the detection of physes with lesions in all age groups and A-E complexes with lesions in boars 100 days of age or older. So that the accuracy of radiographic examination of live animals for the diagnosis of dyschondroplasias could be evaluated, a comparison was made between the numbers of growth cartilages with lesions as determined by radiologic examination of live animals, radiographic examination of slabs of bone, and light microscopy (examination of tissue sections). Only 21% of the lesions associated with physes and 22% of the lesions associated with A-E complexes were detected in radiographs of bones of live pigs. The authors concluded that the latter method was inaccurate for the identification of dyschondroplastic foci. Identification of lesions by examination of radiographs of slabs of bone was only slightly more accurate, since 33% of physes and 23% of A-E complexes which had lesions were found. Potential errors in evaluation of radiographs were discussed.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS) PMID- 6732025 TI - Animal studies of potential chronic lung disease of workers in swine confinement buildings. AB - The pathologic changes in laboratory animals housed in a swine confinement building were studied to predict potential chronic health effects on persons working in these buildings. Rabbits and guinea pigs were maintained for 12 months either in a confined nursery-grower unit (test animals) or in conventional laboratory animal housing (controls). Necropsies and histopathologic examinations were performed on animals that died prematurely or were killed at termination of the study. Blood serum from the animals was examined for antibodies to extracts from swine confinement house dust. The confinement atmosphere was monitored for environmental pollutants. Concentrations of gases and dust in the air of the confinement building were comparable to those found in a typical swine confinement building. Pulmonic lesions seen in the test rabbits and guinea pigs included diffuse interstitial histiocytic pneumonia. Tracheal and nasal turbinate lesions included epithelial hyperplasia and metaplasia, with submucosal infiltration of plasma cells and heterophils. Blood from the test animals contained serum precipitins to dust extract from confinement houses. The presence of precipitins combined with the microscopic appearance of the lungs indicated that an immunologic process, such as hypersensitivity pneumonitis, may be used to explain the basis of the observed lung lesions. The tracheal and turbinate lesions are best explained as a reaction to a chronic low-grade irritation. PMID- 6732026 TI - Persistence of passively acquired antibodies to hemagglutinating encephalomyelitis virus in swine. AB - The persistence of passively acquired antibodies to hemagglutinating encephalomyelitis virus (HEV) was determined in 4 pigs in each of the litters of 10 sows. At time of delivery by the sows, the colostrum and serum samples (from the 10 sows) had hemagglutination-inhibiting antibodies to HEV. All of the pigs also had hemagglutination-inhibiting antibodies to HEV at 2 days of age. The level of circulating antibodies to HEV decreased at a nonlinear rate and persisted for about 4 to 18 (mean 10.5) weeks in the circulation of pigs. All 40 pigs were seronegative at 20 weeks of age. PMID- 6732028 TI - Genesis of QRS in the ruminant: graphic simulation. AB - Graphic simulation of ventricular activation for a typical ruminant with complete endocardial-epicardial penetration of Purkinje's fibers was performed. Voltages recorded from points on the torso simulating electrodes V10 and aVF were predicted. These compared favorably in amplitudes and durations with voltages actually recorded from typical ruminants. PMID- 6732029 TI - Effects of dopamine and serotonin on eructation rate and ruminal motility in sheep. AB - The relationships between forestomach motility and eructation rate were studied during dopamine infusion (2 sheep) and serotonin infusion (2 sheep). The sheep were chronically fitted with strain gauges on the reticulorumen and with a cannula in the dorsal sac of the rumen. A tracheotomy was performed to intercept the eructated gases and to permit measurement of their volume. To maintain a regular rate of eructation during the control periods, experiments were performed with a moderately increased intraruminal pressure obtained by continuous ruminal insufflation of nitrogen. Dopamine and serotonin were infused (IV for 10 minutes) at rates of 25, 50, and 100 micrograms/kg/min and 4, 8, and 16 micrograms/kg/min, respectively. Dopamine and serotonin both decreased the frequency of primary contractions. Dopamine reduced the amplitude of secondary contractions, whereas serotonin increased the forestomach tone and suppressed secondary contractions which were replaced by unpropagated eructative contractions. These motility changes were associated with a decrease in eructation rate during dopamine infusion and an increase in the eructation rate during serotonin infusion. After dopamine infusion was stopped, rebounds of eructation rate and rumen motility were observed which disappeared when a constant intraruminal pressure was maintained, indicating that the rumen reacts to its own distention. Sulpiride, but not phentolamine or propranolol, blocked the effects of dopamine. The effects of serotonin were abolished by methysergide, but were unaffected by imipramine. Therefore, seemingly dopamine acts through specific dopaminergic receptors and serotonin impringes on smooth muscle serotoninergic receptors. Finally, the use of dopamine and serotonin revealed that close relationships exist between the eructation rate and the pattern of ruminoreticular motility which may be preponderant against the cardia tone in the elimination of ruminal gases. PMID- 6732027 TI - Noneffectiveness of verapamil in preventing halothane-induced malignant hyperthermia in susceptible swine. AB - Pietrain pigs susceptible to malignant hyperthermia (MH; porcine stress syndrome) were treated with the slow-channel calcium blocker verapamil and then subjected to halothane testing. There was no significant delay in the onset of MH among pigs (3 groups) given different doses of verapamil (1, 5, and 10 mg/kg) and saline control Pietrain pigs. The mortality due to MH (83.3%) was significantly higher among the pigs given the largest dose (10 mg/kg) than in the other groups. Verapamil was not effective in preventing or delaying a MH reaction. This antiarrhythmic drug should be used cautiously during a MH reaction in susceptible individuals. PMID- 6732030 TI - Maximum-distention retrograde urethrocystography in healthy male dogs: occurrence and radiographic appearance of urethroprostatic reflux. AB - Urethroprostatic reflux was found during retrograde urethrocystography in 21 of 24 mature healthy Beagles. Minimal parenchymal-positive contrast " blushes " near the urethra were identified, but no massive accumulations of contrast medium within the prostate were found. A particulate contrast medium, sterilized barium sulfate, was used in 12 of the dogs. After retrograde urethrocystography, the barium particles were found in the secretory (acinar) portion of the prostatic parenchyma, confirming that urethroprostatic reflux extended beyond the prostatic duct system that directly empties into the urethral lumen. PMID- 6732031 TI - Maximum-distention retrograde urethrocystography in healthy male dogs: occurrence of vesicoureteral reflux. AB - Twenty-four healthy, mature male Beagles were examined radiographically for vesicoureteral reflux (VUR) by maximum-distention retrograde urethrocystography. Bilateral VUR was observed in 9 dogs and unilateral VUR was observed in 3 dogs. The VUR occurred when the bladder was full or nearly full when maximum bladder filling was defined by trigonal-prostatic urethral dilation. The refluxed contrast medium reached the renal pelves in all but 3 of the 21 affected ureters. PMID- 6732032 TI - Determination of the oral toxicity of Sesbania drummondii seeds in chickens. AB - Extracts of Sesbania drummondii administered to chickens by oral intubation are lethal within several days. Effects are dose-dependent; a dose of 1% of body weight is uniformly lethal in 5 days. Signs of poisoning include weakness, depression (CNS), anorexia, diarrhea, ruffled feathers, cold feet, and rapid loss of body weight. Microscopic examination indicates damage to kidney glomeruli and leakage of protein into the kidney tubules. Packed cell volume and plasma glucose concentrations show no difference between controls and treated chickens; however, creatine kinase is increased and plasma cholinesterase and total plasma protein values are severely depressed in poisoned birds. Neither a specific toxin nor a mechanism of action for toxicity has yet been identified. PMID- 6732034 TI - Efficacy of fenbendazole against migrating Ascaris suum larvae in pigs. AB - Twenty-four weanling crossbred pigs were inoculated with 10,000 embryonated Ascaris suum eggs. The infection was aborted in 1 group (n = 8 pigs) with fenbendazole (3 mg/kg of body weight) given on postinfection days 2, 3, and 4 and in a 2nd group (n = 8 pigs) given fenbendazole at the same rate on postinfection days 6, 7, and 8; a 3rd group (n = 8 pigs) was not treated with fenbendazole. All pigs were necropsied at 24 days after they were inoculated. Fenbendazole was 99% effective against A suum larvae in the 2 treated groups. Early treated pigs had significantly higher daily weight gains (P less than 0.05) and were 22% more efficient in feed conversion than were nontreated pigs. Lung weights increased linearly with length of exposure to migrating A suum larvae (P less than 0.10). Liver weights were greater in treated pigs than in non-treated pigs (P less than 0.01). A negative correlation existed between number of liver lesions and liver weights of all pigs (P less than 0.05). PMID- 6732033 TI - Serum chemical values of gestating and lactating swine: reference values. AB - Reference values of 18 serum constituents were determined in gestating (n = 33) and lactating (n = 13) swine. Serum concentrations of calcium, glucose, urea nitrogen, cholesterol, total protein, and globulin were lower (P less than 0.10) during gestation than during lactation. Concentrations of creatinine, triglycerides, and creatine phosphokinase were higher (P less than 0.10) during gestation than during lactation. Creatinine concentration increased (P less than 0.05) from lactation days 14 to 26. PMID- 6732035 TI - Clinical biochemical and hematologic values of the American Miniature Horse: reference values. AB - Sixteen clinical biochemical determinations and 13 hematologic measurements were performed on 49 healthy American Miniature Horses of mixed age and both sexes. Serum triiodothyronine and thyroxine values were also determined. Serum biochemical test results from American Miniature Horses compared favorably with values for full-sized horses, whereas differences in hematologic test results were noticed between American Miniature Horses and full-sized horses. PMID- 6732036 TI - Reproduction in feral horses: an eight-year study. AB - The reproductive rate and foal survival of the free-ranging ponies on Assateague Island National Seashore were studied for 8 years, 1975 to 1982. Most (52%) of the 86 foals were born in May, 13% were born in April, 22.6% in June, 10.4% in July, and less than 1% in August and September. The mean foaling rate was 57.1 +/ 3.9% and the survival rate was 88.3 +/- 3.6%. Forty-eight colts and 55 fillies were born (sex ratio 53% female). Mares less than 3 years old did not foal and the foaling rate of 3-year-old mares was only 23%, that of 4-year-old mares was 46%, that of 5-year-old mares was 53%, and 6-year-old mares was 69%. The relatively poor reproduction rate was believed to be a consequence of the stress of lactating while carrying a foal when forage quality on the island was low. The hypothesis was supported by the higher reproductive rate (74.4 +/- 2.4%) of the ponies in the Chincoteague National Wildlife Refuge on the southern part of the island. Their foals are weaned and sold in July each year. Despite the low reproductive rate on Assateague Island National Seashore , the number of ponies increased from 43 to 80, a 90% increase in the 8-year period or greater than 10%/yr. There were 24 deaths and 8 dispersals from the study area. PMID- 6732037 TI - Prevalence of Anoplocephala perfoliata and lesions of Draschia megastoma in Thoroughbreds in Kentucky at necropsy. AB - A total of 396 Thoroughbreds (86 males, 293 females, and 17 geldings) in Kentucky, 1 to 30 years of age, were examined at necropsy for presence of Anoplocephala perfoliata (2 female horses were not examined) in the cecum for lesions of Draschia megastoma in the stomach, during the 1-year period of Mar 1, 1982 through Feb 28, 1983. Prevalence of A perfoliata was 53% and of lesions of D megastoma was 63%. All lesions of D megastoma were partially or entirely in the glandular region of the stomach. Distances of the midpoint of these lesions from the margo plicatus varied from 0 to 290 mm. The center of about 88% of the lesions was within 50 mm of the margo plicatus . Measurements of the size of the lesions, exclusive of masses, indicated that about 95% were less than or equal to 50 mm in diameter. There appeared to be a higher infection rate of lesions of D megastoma in younger horses (81% in 1 to 7 year olds) than in older horses (41% in 8 to 30 year olds) with a few exceptions. PMID- 6732038 TI - Is pulmonary artery catheterization necessary for the diagnosis of pulmonary edema? AB - The ability to differentiate cardiac from permeability edema on the basis of clinical and radiographic criteria was studied in 70 ICU patients in whom subsequent pulmonary artery catheterization (PAC) was performed. Our study demonstrated that the clinical assessment of permeability pulmonary edema was correct in 17 of 20 patients (85%). In contrast, of the 50 patients initially suspected of having cardiac edema, only 31 (62%) were predicted correctly (p less than 0.05). Complications relating to catheterization occurred in 25% of patients, with 3 deaths. We conclude that the diagnosis of cardiogenic pulmonary edema, based on clinical criteria alone, is often inaccurate in the intensive care setting. The failure of patients to respond to initial therapy should mandate pulmonary artery catheterization, despite the attendant risks. Furthermore, even though the clinical diagnosis is correct in 85% of patients with permeability pulmonary edema, PAC data may be necessary for optimal management. PMID- 6732039 TI - Tolerance to inhaled fenoterol. AB - Fenoterol ( Berotec ; Th 1165a , Boehringer- Ingelheim , Spa., Firenze , Italy) is an effective, widely used bronchodilator. It has been suggested by some investigators that, as in the case of other beta-adrenergic agonists, its clinical usefulness may be limited by the development of tolerance; others have found no tolerance. These conflicting results appear to be related to differences in study designs. We studied for 3 months the effects of inhaled fenoterol in 15 asthmatics, using a rigidly controlled protocol. Appropriate serial physiologic measurements were made at regular intervals during the 90-day study. In all instances the day 1 bronchodilator response was significant, prompt, and sustained: at 1,3,4,8 and 12 wk the response was statistically the same as on day 1. It is concluded that, when the important variables are properly controlled, no evidence of tolerance to long-term therapy with fenoterol is demonstrable. PMID- 6732040 TI - Shortest possible acceptable effective chemotherapy in ambulatory patients with pulmonary tuberculosis. Part II. Results during the 24 months after the end of chemotherapy. AB - Efficacy of two 4.5-month regimens (3 RSZH / S2H2Z2 and 3 RSZH /RH) and one 3 month regimen (3 RSZH ) in the management of pulmonary tuberculosis is reported (see table 1 for definition of regimen abbreviations). Even when the patients were ambulatory and outpatient attendance was required for supervised drug administration, drug compliance was high (87%). Bacillary sterilization was achieved in 99% of the patients at 3 months. During first year follow-up after cessation of chemotherapy, 6% of the patients receiving the 3 RSZH regimen, 7% of the patients receiving the 3 RSZH / S2H2Z2 regimen, and 2% of the patients receiving the 3 RSZH / R2H2 regimen experienced relapse. During second year follow-up, relapse was observed in only 1 patient receiving the 3 RSZH / S2H2Z2 regimen. The patients who relapsed usually had drug-susceptible strains at the time of relapse. Regression of pulmonary lesions continued even after the cessation of chemotherapy. PMID- 6732041 TI - Antibiotic susceptibility and serotype distribution of Streptococcus pneumoniae. Stable incidence of antibiotic-resistant isolates and common serotypes. AB - The serotype distribution and antibiotic susceptibility of 200 pneumococci isolated from clinical specimens in 1981 were determined. These results were compared with the susceptibility of organisms determined in 1974 and the serotype distribution of organisms determined in 1974 and 1977. Penicillin G, tetracycline, erythromycin, and chloramphenicol were tested in both 1974 and 1981. No isolates resistant to penicillin, erythromycin, or chloramphenicol were found, and the percent of isolates resistant to tetracycline and of moderate susceptibility to penicillin were similar in the 2 yr. An increasing incidence of pneumococci with decreased susceptibility to these antibiotics was not observed. Vancomycin was tested in 1981 only and no resistant isolates were identified. The distribution of serotypes during each time period was also similar. Our results establish a stable, low-level incidence of antibiotic-resistant pneumococci at our hospital, as well as a stable distribution of serotypes. PMID- 6732042 TI - Postural hypoxemia in the postpneumonectomy patient. AB - A patient with platypnea and orthodeoxia after right pneumonectomy is described. Cardiac catheterization revealed arterial desaturation in the upright position associated with increased right to left intracardiac shunting through a patent foraman ovale. The absence of a pressure gradient between the left and right atrium in either the supine or sitting position indicated that the orthodeoxia resulted from an increase in streaming of blood from the inferior vena cava to the left atrium caused by mechanical distortion of the interatrial septum. PMID- 6732043 TI - Induction of the obstructive sleep apnea syndrome in a woman by exogenous androgen administration. AB - We documented airway occlusion during sleep and an abnormally high supraglottic resistance while awake in a 54-yr-old woman who had developed physical changes and the syndrome of obstructive sleep apnea while being administered exogenous androgens. When the androgens were withdrawn, the patient's physical changes, symptoms, sleep study, and supraglottic resistance all returned to normal. A rechallenge with androgen produced symptoms of obstructive sleep apnea that abated upon withdrawal of the hormone. Previous reports have favored a role of androgens in the pathogenesis of sleep apnea. Our report provides direct evidence for this role. Structural and functional measurements indicate that androgens exert a permissive or necessary action on the structural configuration of the oropharynx that predisposes to obstruction during sleep. Development of the obstructive sleep apnea syndrome must be considered a possible side effect of androgen therapy. PMID- 6732044 TI - Foreign body aspiration associated with the use of an aerosol inhaler. AB - A 51-yr-old asthmatic carpenter aspirated a penny using a hand-held, self pressurized aerosol device. The penny was extracted using a fiberoptic bronchoscope. Because no similar instances are reported in the medical literature, experimental systems were designed to test the likelihood of this event happening with a variety of nebulizers. Nickels , dimes , and pennies were tested for ejection potential and for aspiration likelihood. All inhalers, excepting that designed for Intal, were capable of accommodating dimes and pennies and ejecting them down simulated airways during inspiration. Nickels were accommodated by several inhalers but were not ejected during conventional inspiratory volumes and pressures. PMID- 6732045 TI - Advances in the diagnosis and treatment of broncholithiasis. AB - In order to determine the present clinical spectrum of broncholithiasis and the impact that chest computed tomographic (CT) scans, laminograms , and fiberoptic bronchoscopy ( FOB ) have had on the diagnosis and treatment of this entity, we reviewed our experience between 1970 and 1982. Nineteen patients were identified with this diagnosis. Cough, hemoptysis, and obstructive pneumonia were the most common presentations. Lithoptysis occurred in only 3 patients. The chest radiographic findings were nonspecific, but in 8 of the 19 patients, laminograms or chest CT scans helped establish the diagnosis; FOB was performed on 18 patients and was abnormal in each case, with 8 intrabronchial calcifications identified. However, FOB has limited therapeutic indications in this disorder. Depending on the patient's clinical status and underlying lung disease, observation, bronchoscopic removal of the stone, or surgical resection may be indicated. PMID- 6732046 TI - Transbronchial needle aspiration of peripheral masses. PMID- 6732047 TI - Aspirin desensitization in aspirin-sensitive asthma: failure to maintain a desensitized state during prolonged therapy. PMID- 6732048 TI - The structure and function of the pulmonary vasculature in mild chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. PMID- 6732049 TI - The UCLA population studies of chronic obstructive respiratory disease. VII. Relationship between parental smoking and children's lung function. AB - Results of previous studies of the impact of parents' smoking on children's lung function have been conflicting. To evaluate further the effect of passive smoking on the lung function of children, we analyzed respiratory questionnaire and lung function results obtained during field testing of residents (aggregated according to household) of 4 census tracts in the Los Angeles area. We report here on 971 white, non-Hispanic, nonsmoking, nonasthmatic children residing in households in which the smoking status of both parents was known; households with ex-smoking parents were excluded from analysis. We divided these children into 3 categories related to parental smoking status: (1) at least mother smokes , (2) only father smokes , and (3) neither parent smokes . Prediction equations for several indexes of forced expired volume and flow were derived separately for boys and girls 7 to 17 yr of age. Analysis of variance was used to compare lung function residuals of children in the 3 different passive smoking categories. Analysis was performed separately on younger (7 to 11 yr of age) and older (12 to 17 yr of age) children of each sex. Among younger male children, residual values were significantly lower in the maternal smoking category than in the other 2 household categories for maximal flow and maximal flow after exhalation of 25% of forced vital capacity (FVC) (p less than or equal to 0.05); no differences were noted between the paternal-smoking only and nonsmoking household categories. A trend toward similar results was found in older male children, which approached significance (p less than 0.1). Among females, forced expiratory flow during the middle half of the FVC and maximal flow after exhalation of 75% of FVC were significantly lower in relation to maternal smoking in the older children only (p less than or equal to 0.05). ANOVA revealed no decrement in lung function in relation to passive smoking among children with asthma or bronchitis (n=138).(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS) PMID- 6732050 TI - A comparison of in vivo and in vitro human airway reactivity to histamine. AB - To examine for a relationship between in vivo nonspecific bronchial reactivity to histamine and in vitro smooth muscle response to histamine, we performed inhalation dose-response curves prior to lung surgery in 12 patients and compared this with their bronchial smooth muscle response in vitro. In vivo reactivity was assessed by the provocative concentration of histamine resulting in a 20% fall in forced expiratory volume in one second (PC20), and in vitro reactivity was measured by the negative log of the molar concentration of histamine producing 50% maximal contraction (pD2) as well as maximal tension generated (Tmax). In addition, morphometric analysis was performed on the in vitro tissue to quantitate the amount of smooth muscle present. A wide range of in vivo responses was found in the 12 subjects (PC20-0.065 lead to 16). There was less in vitro variability and no correlation between PC20 and in vitro reactivity assessed by pD20 or Tmax or between PC20 and the percent of smooth muscle. PMID- 6732051 TI - Study of case-finding for pulmonary tuberculosis in outpatients complaining of a chronic cough at a district hospital in Kenya. AB - This investigation is the fifth in a series of case-finding studies in Kenya. It explores the potential for case-finding by the identification of persons with suspected tuberculosis (persons with a cough for 1 month or more) through careful screening of general outpatients attending a district hospital. Of 601 suspects identified among 20,756 new outpatients attending hospital during a period of 11 wk, 5.6% were considered by an independent assessor to have active pulmonary tuberculosis (2.2% with sputum positive on both smear and culture, 1.2% on culture only, and 2.2% negative sputum but radiographically active lesions). A further 2.0% were considered to have inactive tuberculosis. This method of case finding appears to be uniformly effective within a radius of approximately 9 miles of the hospital, becoming less effective outside this range. There were certain important diagnostic pointers. There was an excess of tuberculosis cases in males, in those with weight loss, in those with a history of cough of less than a year, in those with a history of hemoptysis, and in those 35 yr of age or older. This investigation provides additional support to our previous studies, which demonstrated serious problems of case-finding in the peripheral health units and suggests that unless the infrastructure of primary health care at the periphery can be improved, the policy should be to diagnose tuberculosis in the district hospital and to operate a simple referral system for persons with suspected tuberculosis from the periphery. PMID- 6732052 TI - Uptake of antibiotics by human alveolar macrophages. AB - To provide additional criteria for therapy of pulmonary infections caused by facultative intracellular bacteria, we studied the uptake of 12 antibiotics by alveolar macrophages (AM) obtained from healthy, young volunteers by bronchoalveolar lavage. These human AM were incubated with radiolabeled antibiotics for periods as long as 2 h. Entry of antimicrobials into the cells was determined by means of a velocity-gradient centrifugation technique. Antibiotic uptake was expressed as the ratio of the cellular to the extracellular drug concentration (C/E). Penicillin G, cefamandole, and gentamicin were taken up poorly by human AM (C/E = 0.5 to 0.8). Isoniazid achieved a cellular concentration similar to the extracellular level of the drug (C/E = 0.9). Chloramphenicol, rifampin, tetracycline, and lincomycin, drugs that are lipid soluble, were concentrated several-fold by AM (C/E = 2 to 5). The remaining antibiotics tested, clindamycin, erythromycin, erythromycin propionate, and ethambutol, were markedly concentrated by AM (C/E = 9 to 23). Accumulation of clindamycin (C/E = 23) was a rapid, active, energy-requiring process, which appeared to be dependent upon mitochondrial oxidative metabolism. The ability of the tested antimicrobial agents to enter human AM correlates well with the efficacy of these drugs in treatment of certain intracellular pulmonary infections. PMID- 6732053 TI - The injurious effect of neutrophils on pneumocytes in vitro. AB - Neutrophils have been implicated in the pathogenesis of pulmonary injury in many clinical entities, but in vitro studies of neutrophil-mediated pneumocyte damage are limited. To study the role of neutrophils in mediating pulmonary injury, we cocultured these cells with monolayers of human A549 pneumocytes and rat type II alveolar cells. As indexes of injury, we measured cell detachment from monolayers, frank cytolysis, and the effect on pneumocyte protein and DNA synthesis. Unstimulated neutrophils effected minimal lysis or detachment of both pneumocyte targets, but neutrophils stimulated with phorbal myristate acetate and other secretogogues produced marked target cell detachment without lysis, which was time- and dose-dependent. Supernatants of activated neutrophils were similarly effective, suggesting that the mediator was a stable, soluble substance. Catalase and superoxide dismutase were minimally inhibitory to neutrophil-mediated detachment, and neutrophils from patients with chronic granulomatous disease produced detachment comparable to that produced by normal neutrophils. Furthermore, target cells were quite resistant to reagent H2O2 and non-neutrophil-derived toxic oxygen species, further suggesting that oxidative injury was not a major factor in causing detachment. Target cells were susceptible to detachment by the neutral proteases, elastase and collagenase, whereas neutrophil-mediated detachment was markedly inhibited by neutral protease and elastase inhibitors. Human and bovine serum were also inhibitory, but not albumin or pepstatin A, an acid protease inhibitor. Furthermore, we found that activated neutrophils inhibited protein and DNA synthesis of pneumocyte targets, providing additional evidence that neutrophils cause nonlytic injury to pneumocytes. These studies indicate that stimulated neutrophils cause nonlethal injury to pneumocytes, as measured by detachment from monolayers, and inhibition of vital intracellular synthetic functions. The mechanism of detachment is through the action of granule neutral proteases, rather than toxic oxygen metabolites, and is probably due to degradation of the extracellular matrix of the pneumocytes. In vivo, detachment could lead to desquamation of alveolar cells and increased permeability of the epithelial barrier of the lung. Similarly, inhibition of protein and DNA synthesis could have profound effects on the normal function and replication of alveolar epithelium. PMID- 6732054 TI - The effect of bacterial superinfection on lung function after diffuse alveolar damage. AB - Although bacterial infection is very common in patients with adult respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS), the effects of infection on the clinical course of ARDS are unknown. We have studied the effects of gram-negative bacillary infections in 21 baboons during periods of prolonged anesthesia and ventilatory support. Sixteen animals received oleic acid, 0.04 to 0.06 ml/kg intravenously; 7 developed no infections, 5 developed nosocomial pneumonias, and 4 inadvertently received intravascular infusions of Serratia marcescens. Five uninjured animals were studied; all developed pneumonia. In the absence of infection, oleic-acid induced lung injury was mild and all animals were successfully weaned. Uninjured animals that developed pneumonia demonstrated only mild abnormalities of lung function, but 4 of 5 died of complications of their infections. Gram-negative bacillary infections superimposed upon oleic acid injury produced rapid and marked deterioration of lung function. Acquired infection, either of the lung itself or at remote sites, may markedly worsen lung function in the presence of a previous lung injury. PMID- 6732055 TI - Tracheobronchial gland profiles in four segmental airways. AB - Previously described methods of measuring the amount of submucous gland in the trachea and bronchi have various disadvantages. These have been overcome by a method in which area point counting has been used to obtain a new unit, Vgl mm3/mm2, the volume of gland per unit airway surface area; Vgl has been obtained for the trachea, the main and lobar bronchi, and for successive airway generations down 4 segmental bronchi (the left lingular , the left anterior basal, the right middle medial, and the right anterior basal) from 3 nonsmokers, and presented in profile form. The profiles have a distinctive shape, not previously appreciated, with a rise to a proximal peak and then a striking fall to low Vgl values in the subsegmental bronchi. The shape of the profile is intriguing, but at present the information required to answer the questions it raises is not available. As there were no significant differences between the profiles of the 4 airways in the individual subjects, any one of the 4 airways may be chosen to give a representative profile for an individual subject. PMID- 6732056 TI - The detection of small airways disease. AB - In order to investigate the relationship between pulmonary function and disease of the membranous and respiratory bronchioles, we studied 96 patients who required lobectomy for removal of a solitary pulmonary nodule. A subgroup of patients with forced expiratory volume in one second (FEV1) greater than 80% predicted were further analyzed to determine if abnormalities in tests designed to detect peripheral airways disease actually correlated with the pathology found in these airways. Analysis of the data shows that inflammation in both respiratory and membranous bronchioles, goblet cell metaplasia of the epithelium in membranous bronchioles, and decreasing muscle in the respiratory bronchioles are the pathologic features that are associated with deterioration of the FEV1. When the FEV1 is greater than 80% of the predicted value, inflammation of the respiratory bronchioles and fibrosis of both membranous and respiratory bronchioles increase with decreasing FEV1. Tests of specialized pulmonary function appear to correlate with epithelial pathologic parameters of membraneous bronchioles and inflammation and fibrosis of respiratory bronchioles. When patients with FEV1 greater than 80% predicted were subdivided according to the number of abnormal tests of small airways function, there was a significant increase in inflammation of the walls of respiratory bronchioles when 2 tests were abnormal and increases in both airway wall and intralumenal inflammatory cells as well as increased wall fibrosis when 3 tests were abnormal. We conclude that when the FEV1 is greater than 80% predicted, abnormalities in the tests for small airway disease reflect pathologic changes in the respiratory bronchioles. PMID- 6732057 TI - Paraquat-induced injury of type II alveolar cells. An in vitro model of oxidant injury. AB - Paraquat, a widely used herbicide, causes severe, often fatal lung damage. In vivo studies suggest the alveolar epithelial cells (types I and II) are specific targets of paraquat toxicity. This study used 51Cr-labeled type II cells to demonstrate that paraquat (10-5 M) resulted in type II cell injury in vitro, independent of interacting immune effector agents. With 51Cr release expressed as the cytotoxic index (Cl), type II cell injury was found to accelerate with increasing paraquat concentrations (10(-5) M, 10(-4) M, and 10(-3) M, resulting in a Cl of 12.5 +/- 2.2, 22.8 +/- 1.8, and 35.1 +/- 1.9, respectively). Paraquat induced cytotoxicity (10(-4) M, with a Cl of 22.8 +/- 1.8) was effectively reduced by catalase 1,100 U/ml (Cl 8.0 +/- 3.2, p less than 0.001), superoxide dismutase, 300 U/ml (Cl 17.4 +/- 1.7, p less than 0.05), alpha tocopherol, 10 micrograms/ml (Cl 17.8 +/- 1.6, p less than 0.05). Paraquat toxicity (10(-3) M) was potentiated in the presence of 95% O2 with an increase in Cl from 31.1 +/- 1.7 to 36.4 +/- 2.3 (p less than 0.05). Paraquat-induced type II cell injury was noted as early as 4 h incubation by electron microscopic evidence of swelling of mitochondrial cristae and dispersion of nuclear chromatin. Thus, this in vitro model indicates that paraquat-induced type II cell injury can be quantified, confirmed by morphologic ultrastructural changes, significantly reduced by antioxidants, and potentiated by hyperoxia. PMID- 6732058 TI - Care of the injured. Who will do it? PMID- 6732059 TI - Surgical treatment of necrotizing pancreatitis by marsupialization. AB - The ideal surgical treatment for necrotizing pancreatitis remains a matter of debate. To provide adequate drainage and egress for large fragments of devitalized pancreas as well as access for interval debridement, three patients with significant pancreatic necrosis underwent debridement of devitalized pancreas and open packing (marsupialization) of the lesser space. The etiologies of pancreatic necrosis included trauma in one patient, an infected pancreatic pseudocyst in another patient, and acute alcoholic pancreatitis in the third patient. After the initial operative procedure, patients were returned to the operating room at intervals of 2 to 5 days for further debridement and dressing changes. Clinical improvement was observed almost immediately after the initial procedure, although the rate of recovery varied from patient to patient. No deaths occurred. Two procedure-related complications occurred: development of a loculated fluid collection in the left paracolic gutter that required surgical drainage and an injury to the splenic artery requiring arteriorrhaphy . Late complications included a ventral hernia and a persistent duodenocutaneous fistula. Marsupialization along with limited debridement is recommended as an alternative to closed drainage of the peripancreatic space in patients with significant pancreatic necrosis. PMID- 6732060 TI - [National Registry of Pediatric Tumors. Yearbook of basic statistics of the Registry. 1. (1980-1982). Valencia 1983]. PMID- 6732061 TI - [Importance of ultrasound in the study of cerebral pathology in childhood]. AB - Results of 491 studies of the brain with gray-scale sonography in 341 patients with ages ranging from one day to one year are reported. Sonographic appearance of normal brain, cerebral abscesses and hemorrhages in neonates, together with sonographic findings of some congenital brain anomalies are described. PMID- 6732063 TI - [Tryptophan metabolism in children with epilepsy]. AB - Authors measured urinary excretion of tryptophan derivatives (kynurenine way) in 13 healthy and 15 epileptic children, modifying the technique qualitatively and quantitatively. In both groups, they measure tryptophan metabolites before and after L-tryptophan overload, the dosage being 100/mg/kg of body weight. They found higher tryptophan derivative values in the group suffering a epilepsy. PMID- 6732062 TI - [Changes in linoleic and arachidonic acids in the immediate neonatal period]. AB - Linoleic and arachidonic acids were studied in 18 healthy full term newborn infants during the neonatal period. A percentual decrease of arachidonic acid relative to blood umbilical cord values was observed at 24 hours of life. No changes in linoleic acid were observed. Physiologic implications are discussed. PMID- 6732064 TI - [Univentricular heart; angiocardiographic study]. AB - Authors present angiocardiographic study of 19 patients with univentricular heart. It was realized during the neonatal period in 13 cases and between the six first six months in the rest. To determine the existence of an only ventricle contrast was injected in the right and left atrium and the ventricle through the right and left atrioventricular valve. The bulbo-ventricular foramen was orientated in all cases from back-front wards. Those of left ventricle type had a right anterior, anterior-superior or left-anterior rudimentary chamber. Depending on its' morphology they were classified in three types: left, right or indeterminate. In these series fourteen patients had left ventricle morphology. All cases had a rudimentary chamber: 10 with transposition great vessel and four with normal related great vessels. Six presented normal situs (five with levocardia , and eight ambiguous situs (six with asplenia, four with dextrocardia). In nine atrio ventricular valves were anomalous. In the indeterminate type, two had a normal situs, two with polysplenia and two asplenia. Cardiac apex was oriented to the right in two (one asplenia). The two patients with polysplenia and one with normal situs and single atrium had a common ventricular valve. Four had an anterior aorta and three pulmonary obstruction. PMID- 6732065 TI - [Cushing's disease in childhood: apropos of a case cured after trans-sphenoidal adenomectomy]. AB - Authors describe one case of Cushing's disease in a old eight-year boy, with growth deficiency, pubic hair and obesity. He had hypercortisolism unresponsive to dexamethasone suppression (1 mg). The more interesting fact for localization of the lesion was the more than 50% suppression with 8 mg of dexamethasone, while tomographic studies of sella turcicaland CAT were normal. A 3 mm microadenoma was removed at transsphenoidal surgery. After surgery the patient had diabetes insipida and adrenal insufficiency. One year later all endocrinologic studies were normal. This fact underlines the importance that transsphenoidal surgery can have in the treatment of Cushing's disease. PMID- 6732066 TI - [Goldenhar syndrome. Discordance in monozygotic twins]. AB - Child here described is a new-born male, the firstborn twin, who showed clinical radiological manifestations compatible with an oculo-auriculo-vertebral syndrome or Goldenhar's syndrome. A comparison of chromosomes, identification of serological types and determination of antigens of histocompatibility (HLA) showed them to be similar in both twins, thus showing identity of monozygots . Of great importance in the anamnesis is a radiological study--cholecystography- which was practiced between 4th and 6th weeks of pregnancy. Differences shown and possible intervention of radiation as etiology mark the especial interest of this case. PMID- 6732067 TI - [Goldenhar syndrome. Report of a new case]. AB - Authors present a patient with Goldenhar's syndrome, with severe cardiac, vascular and brain malformations. Goldenhar's syndrome is a condition characterized by epibulbar dermoids or lipodermoid , malformation auricular, and vertebral anomalies. Many other abnormalities have been described, but these signs are the most constant and give the syndrome its' identity. PMID- 6732068 TI - [Mesenteric and omental cysts. Apropos of 2 cases]. AB - Two cases of abdominal lymphatic cysts are described, one had an omental origin , and the other arose from jejunal mesentery. Both patients presented with non specific abdominal pain, and a vague clinical picture. Diagnosis was made through echography findings, which were unmistakable . PMID- 6732069 TI - [Functioning of an accessory spleen in a splenectomized patient]. PMID- 6732070 TI - Feulgen DNA cytophotometry in histologic sections of mammary neoplasms. AB - Because of a lack of suitable archival material, it is rarely possible to make retrospective studies of the correlation between the prognosis for a patient with mammary carcinoma and the distribution of nuclear DNA in the cells of the neoplasm. An investigation of the possibility of using sections cut from paraffin embedded specimens showed that such sections are not suitable for use in retrospective studies of breast carcinoma. Because of such factors as the heterogeneity in size and shape of the nuclei from neoplastic cells and their tendency to mold around each other, determinations of DNA content of cells in sections were extremely difficult; in this particular carcinoma it was found that the distribution of nuclear DNA as obtained from a Feulgen-stained histologic section was not the same as that obtained from a Feulgen-stained imprint smear, and some polyploid tumors were erroneously classified as aneuploid. PMID- 6732071 TI - Computerized histopathologic assessment of malignant potential. III. Refinements of measurement and data analysis. AB - The nucleolar area of uveal melanomas, measured from standard hematoxylin-and eosin-stained microslides , has been shown in previous work to correlate well with survival following enucleation of the tumor-bearing eye. Despite this correlation, the accuracy of the original system for measuring nucleolar area was affected by several sources of error: (1) the algorithm by which area was computed underestimated true area, (2) geometric and optical factors caused overestimation of nucleolar area unless measured in the center of the microscopic field of view and (3) the area of small nucleoli, as the result of several possible mechanisms, contains less useful information than the area of large nucleoli. This paper presents methods introduced to reduce error from these sources and demonstrates that the predictive value of nucleolar measurements is relatively insensitive to high levels of random variation. PMID- 6732072 TI - Image and flow cytometric analysis of DNA content in breast cancer. Relation to estrogen receptor content and lymph node involvement. AB - A comparative flow-cytometric and image-cytometric study was performed on 166 human breast cancers. Parallel measurements of 67 cases showed a good correlation between the DNA indices measured with each of the techniques. However, minor ploidy abnormalities were detected with flow cytometry. Only with this technique about 70% of the tumors appeared to be aneuploid. DNA profiles obtained with image cytometry frequently contained DNA values above the modal G2 value of the tumor. At least part of these broadly scattered DNA profiles resulted from multiploid tumors, as was found with flow cytometry. The mean percentage of cells with DNA contents exceeding the modal G0G1 value in image-cytometric DNA profiles (non- G0G1 cells) appeared to be highest in aneuploid lymph-node-positive (N+) tumors and lowest in near-diploid lymph-node-negative (N-) tumors. Near-diploid tumors were more frequently (70%) estrogen receptor positive (ER+) than were aneuploid tumors (50%), whereas highly aneuploid tumors with low or negative ER contents tended to be N+. Tumors with a high percentage of non- G0G1 cells value were predominantly estrogen-receptor negative (ER-). PMID- 6732073 TI - Contemporary unorthodox treatments in cancer medicine. A study of patients, treatments, and practitioners. AB - Public education, legislative action, and medical advances have failed to deter patients from seeking unorthodox treatments for cancer and other diseases. To study this phenomenon, we interviewed 304 cancer center inpatients and 356 patients under the care of unorthodox practitioners. A concomitant survey of unorthodox practitioners documented their backgrounds and practices. Eight percent of all patients studied never received any conventional therapy, and 54% of patients on conventional therapy also used unorthodox treatments. Forty percent of patients abandoned conventional care entirely after adopting alternative methods. Patients interviewed did not conform to the stereotype of poorly educated, end-stage patients who had exhausted conventional treatment. Practitioners also deviated from the traditional portrait: Of 138 unorthodox practitioners studied, 60% were physicians(M.D.s). Patients are attracted to therapeutic alternatives that reflect social emphasis on personal responsibility, pollution and nutrition, and that move away from perceived deficiencies in conventional medical care. PMID- 6732074 TI - Intraperitoneal chemotherapy. PMID- 6732075 TI - Drug development, guidelines, and the Food and Drug Administration. PMID- 6732076 TI - Phenobarbital in the monitoring of compliance. PMID- 6732078 TI - Thyroxine preparations. PMID- 6732079 TI - Hodgkin's disease and the acquired immunodeficiency syndrome. PMID- 6732077 TI - Intraperitoneal chemotherapy with melphalan. AB - We administered melphalan by the intraperitoneal route to investigate its toxicity and pharmacokinetics. The drug was instilled with 2 litres of fluid and allowed to dwell in the peritoneal cavity for 4 hours. No local toxicity was detected by clinical examination, laboratory tests, or histologic examination. The intraperitoneal route allowed the dose to be increased to approximately three times the maximum dose tolerated intravenously before drug leaking into the systemic circulation produced dose-limiting myelosuppression. The peak peritoneal concentration averaged 93-fold greater than the plasma concentration, and total drug exposure for the peritoneal cavity averaged 63-fold greater than that for plasma. Tumor regressions were observed in patients with ovarian carcinoma and gastrointestinal adenocarcinomas. This study shows that from the pharmacologic point of view, if any portion of the tumor can be reached by intraperitoneal instillation, then there is a very strong rationale for the administration of melphalan by the intraperitoneal route, rather than the oral or intravenous route, for the treatment of tumors confined to the peritoneal cavity. PMID- 6732080 TI - Aminoglycoside nephrotoxicity and creatinine clearance. PMID- 6732081 TI - Absorption of vancomycin. PMID- 6732082 TI - Moxalactam in pleural fluids. PMID- 6732083 TI - Zinc treatment of Wilson's disease. PMID- 6732084 TI - Alcohol and renal function. PMID- 6732086 TI - Polymyalgia rheumatica and pericardial effusion. PMID- 6732085 TI - Continuous hemofiltration. PMID- 6732087 TI - Possible interaction between vidarabine and theophylline. PMID- 6732088 TI - Bromocriptine and hallucinations. PMID- 6732089 TI - Lung function in cotton-textile workers. PMID- 6732090 TI - Septic shock and right ventricular function. PMID- 6732091 TI - Correction: article on toxic shock syndrome. PMID- 6732092 TI - Correction: article on myocardial function in septic shock. PMID- 6732093 TI - Ventricular fibrillation causes sudden death in Southeast Asian immigrants. AB - Young, male, Southeast Asian immigrants living in the United States have a high incidence of unexplained, sudden, nocturnal death. We report the cases of three patients, two Laotians and one Filipino, who were resuscitated and subsequently studied extensively. Each patient was having ventricular fibrillation when first examined by paramedics outside the hospital, and episodes of fibrillation recurred in the early hospital course. Clinical evaluation found no significant coronary atherosclerosis or structural cardiac disease. One patient is asymptomatic after 2 years; the second patient died suddenly at 4 months; and the third is asymptomatic but had inducible ventricular tachycardia on electrophysiologic testing 6 months after resuscitation. The mechanism of sudden death in young Southeast Asian men appears to be ventricular fibrillation. The cause of the arrhythmia is unclear, although in our patients the arrhythmia was not an isolated event; underlying predispositions to further cardiac arrest persisted. PMID- 6732094 TI - Chronic delta infection and liver biopsy changes in chronic active hepatitis B. AB - The delta agent consists of particles of RNA nucleoprotein and is probably a defective virus present only in the livers of patients with B-viral acute or chronic liver disease. Its frequency is significantly greater in patients with chronic active hepatitis B than in those with persistent viral hepatitis B, suggesting that chronic delta infection may increase the severity of liver disease. We studied biopsy or autopsy tissue samples from 57 patients with chronic active hepatitis B for morphologic differences between chronic delta positive and delta-negative cases. The delta-positive cases had significantly greater portal and parenchymal inflammatory change, parenchymal necrosis, and nuclear dysplastic and polyploid change than did the delta-negative cases. These findings suggest that chronic delta infection, with ongoing delta replication, may increase the degree of hepatic damage, and possibly hasten the progression of liver disease, in patients with chronic active hepatitis B. PMID- 6732095 TI - Time needed for publication of journal articles. PMID- 6732096 TI - [A case of congenital cervical atresia]. PMID- 6732097 TI - [Current indications and complications of vaginal hysterectomy. Observations on 800 interventions]. PMID- 6732098 TI - [Computerized axial tomography in the staging of cervix uteri carcinoma]. PMID- 6732099 TI - [Attitude and behavior of physicians and medical students toward contraception: results of a study carried out in Modena]. PMID- 6732100 TI - [Contraceptive behavior in 1877 dispensary users. Which to use? What were the motives for their suspension?]. PMID- 6732102 TI - Osseous and fibro-osseous conditions affecting the craniofacial bones. AB - Fifty-eight patients with osseous or fibro-osseous conditions affecting the craniofacial bones are reviewed in order to determine difficulty of diagnosis, natural history, and management. In many patients separation into individual categories is possible on clinical grounds alone. However, by correlating clinical examination with radiological and histological findings, it is clear that each of the pathological conditions discussed is a separate entity and not merely part of a broad spectrum of bony disorders. PMID- 6732101 TI - [Mature teratoma of the ovary with carcinoma]. PMID- 6732104 TI - Benign pleomorphic adenomas in children. AB - Benign pleomorphic adenomas of the salivary glands in children are rare. Reported are 30 patients under the age of 21 years presenting with this neoplasm. Twelve patients were first seen with recurrent or persistent tumor following previous attempts at removal. Retreatment resulted in control of the neoplasm in eight patients with follow-up from 5 to 24 years. Two additional patients have developed malignant degeneration of their neoplasms. All 18 previously untreated patients have remained free of recurrence. As with adults, the treatment of choice for benign pleomorphic adenomas of the parotid gland developing in children is parotidectomy with preservation of the facial nerve. Tumors arising in the submandibular gland are best treated by complete excision of the gland as well as the tumor. PMID- 6732103 TI - Endolymphatic sac: possible role in autoimmune sensorineural hearing loss. AB - Histologic examination of the temporal bone of a patient with Wegener's granulomatosis showed involvement of the vessels of the endolymphatic sac (ELS) but no involvement of the vasculature of the rest of the inner ear. Autoimmune sensorineural hearing loss in this patient may have been due to interference of antigens and antibodies with the filtering capacity of the ELS, leading to imbalance of inner ear fluids. Histologic findings reemphasize that the cochlea and ELS have different blood supplies. PMID- 6732105 TI - Calcific tendinitis of the longus colli muscle. AB - Facility in the evaluation of the cervical prevertebral soft tissues should be a skill of any otolaryngologist. Tendinitis of the longus colli muscle mimics more serious disease processes of the prevertebral cervical region that the otolaryngologist may be required to evaluate. It has, however, received little attention in otolaryngological literature. Five cases from the Massachusetts Eye and Ear Infirmary are presented. Calcific tendinitis of the longus colli muscle is an easily recognized clinical and radiological syndrome. Characteristic features include cervical pain, dysphagia, and distinctive radiographs. The pathognomonic lateral neck film reveals prevertebral soft tissue swelling and an amorphous radiodensity anterior to the C-1 and C-2 vertebral bodies. Symptoms usually manifest over a few days and resolve benignly within 2 weeks. PMID- 6732108 TI - Reversible hearing loss after meningitis. Prospective assessment using auditory evoked responses. AB - Hearing loss (HL) was prospectively studied in 236 children with meningitis using brainstem auditory evoked responses. Hearing loss was detected in 38 (16.1%) in the acute phase of the disease and in 10 (5.2%) of 193 patients who were tested 6 months later. Hearing loss was more frequent and more severe in patients with bacterial meningitis (25.4% in the acute phase, and 8% 6 months later) than in patients with viral and tuberculous meningitis. In half of the affected cases the auditory lesion was bilateral. Follow-up was possible in 32 patients with early postmeningitic HL. Ten (31.2%) had permanent HL while the remaining 22 (68.7%) recovered normal hearing. Severe initial losses tended to be permanent, whereas minimal and intermediate losses were generally reversible and patients recovered completely in 1 to 6 months. The high incidence of HL in bacterial meningitis suggests that any one of the existing methods of auditory screening should be performed in all patients during the convalescent period. PMID- 6732107 TI - Neurophysiologic assessment of endolymphatic hydrops. AB - An electrophysiological method for assessing endolymphatic hydrops of the cochlea in an animal model of Meniere's disease is described. Eighth nerve gross action potentials (AP) were evoked by tone bursts presented at discrete phases of a simultaneously delivered 50-Hz pure tone. Hydropic cochleas showed significantly less modulation of AP amplitude and latency than normal cochleas. This method may be useful in objectively evaluating Meniere's disease with electrocochleography. PMID- 6732106 TI - Temporal bone pathology in DiGeorge's syndrome. AB - DiGeorge's syndrome is characterized by partial or complete absence of the parathyroid and thymus glands and is often associated with other developmental anomalies, particularly of the structures arising from the third and fourth pharyngeal pouches. The temporal bone findings in three cases of DiGeorge's syndrome are presented. Patients with this condition have a high incidence of Mondini dysplasia in both ears, sometimes with other anomalies of the external or middle ears. Hearing may range from normal to profound deafness and may manifest sensorineural, conductive, or mixed losses of varying degrees. PMID- 6732109 TI - Flexible transbronchial needle aspiration. Technical considerations. AB - Flexible transbronchial needle aspiration provides a bronchoscopic method for the diagnosis and staging of mediastinal neoplasms. Increasing experience has confirmed the usefulness of this procedure and has identified several technical factors that influence its yield and safety. PMID- 6732110 TI - Bilateral otorrhagia and orbital hematoma complicating subgaleal hematoma. AB - A patient with bilateral otorrhagia and orbital hematoma following massive subgaleal hematoma is reported for the first time. The pathogenesis of the extensive subgaleal hematoma as well as the production of these unusual complications is discussed. This case would suggest that the weakest points in the attachment of the epicranial aponeurosis to the base of the calvarium are its attachments to the squamous part of the temporal bone and to the frontal bone under the eyebrow. PMID- 6732111 TI - Incidence of reciprocal synapses on outer hair cells of the human organ of Corti. AB - The incidence of reciprocal synapses at the base of outer hair cells of the human organ of Corti was studied by electron-microscopic serial section reconstruction. Reciprocal synapses were found in each of six ears from five individuals. A total of 1,386 serial sections and the neural poles of 25 outer hair cells in two individuals were examined. Fourteen of the 25 outer hair cells (56%) possessed reciprocal synapses. The incidence of reciprocal synapses increased from the first to the third rows of outer hair cells, as determined by the percentage of outer hair cells and afferent nerve terminals of each row demonstrating reciprocal synapses and the average number of reciprocal synapses per hair cell in each row. Hair cells with reciprocal synapses had more afferent and fewer efferent terminals per hair cell than hair cells without reciprocal synapses. PMID- 6732112 TI - Effects of analog and digital filtering on auditory middle latency responses in adults and young children. AB - Effects of analog high pass (HP) filtering were compared with those of zero phase shift digital filtering on the auditory middle latency responses (MLR) from nine adults and 16 young children with normal hearing. Analog HP filtering exerted several prominent effects on the MLR waveforms in both adults and young children, such as suppression of Po (ABR), enhancement of Nb, enhancement or emergence of Pb, and latency decrements for Pa and the later components. Analog HP filtering at 20 Hz produced more pronounced waveform distortions in the responses from young children than from adults. Much greater latency decrements for Pa and Nb were observed for young children than for adults in the analog HP-filtered responses at 20 Hz. A large positive peak (Pb) emerged at about 65 ms after the stimulus onset. From these results, the use of digital HP filtering at 20 Hz is strongly recommended for obtaining unbiased and stable MLR in young children. PMID- 6732113 TI - Chondroma of the tongue. Report of two cases. AB - Lingual chondromas are very rare tumors. It can be assumed that chondromas of the tongue develop from heterotopic embryonal cartilage. Chondromas are usually seen on the lateral borders of the tongue. Because chondrosarcomas can appear in this location, wide excision of the lesions should be performed. The CO2 laser facilitates the excision, providing a dry surgical field. Two cases of lingual chondroma are presented and their probable cause discussed. PMID- 6732114 TI - ENG of the month. Congenital sensory-deficit nystagmus. PMID- 6732115 TI - Pathology consultation. Extracranial meningiomas. AB - Extracranial meningiomas are most often due to extension from an intracranial primary and less so from meningocytic cells found with arachnoid clusters or modified mesenchymal cells. The most common presentation of all forms is cutaneous, either primary or secondary. Orbital, paranasal, temporal bone and oral presentations follow in that order. PMID- 6732117 TI - [Koilonychia and the carpal tunnel syndrome]. PMID- 6732116 TI - [Livedo reticularis and cerebrovascular accidents]. AB - The authors report the case of three middle-aged women admitted to the hospital because of cerebro-vascular accidents, in whom examination disclosed idiopathic livedo reticularis. This association has only been described recently, but does not seem fortuitous; some of the clinical manifestations are characteristic, but the histology is usually nonspecific and the basic abnormality remains unknown. The main problem is prognostic and therapeutic. In an attempt to prevent the neurological defects, tobacco and contraception should not be permitted to female patients showing widespread acquired livedo reticularis; high blood-pressure should be treated systematically. PMID- 6732118 TI - [Necrotic angiodermatitis]. PMID- 6732120 TI - [Xeroderma pigmentosum]. PMID- 6732121 TI - [Alagille's syndrome. Clinical and histo-pathologic study]. AB - Alagille 's syndrome, described in 1970, associates a chronic intrahepatic cholestasis (hypoplasia of the interlobulary biliary ducts), vertebral and visceral malformations, retarded physical, mental and sexual development and neonatal jaundice. A series of cutaneous manifestations are reviewed in their clinical, histological and ultrastructural aspects. Its relation with the zinc deficiency syndrome is discussed. PMID- 6732119 TI - [Xeroderma pigmentosum. A case treated with a beta-carotene-canthaxanthin combination and aromatic retinoid]. PMID- 6732122 TI - [Male genital dyskeratotic tumor. 2 case reports]. AB - Two cases of genital vegetant tumors are described associated with lichen sclerous in male patients. Clinically they were very close to giant condyloma acuminatum. This diagnosis was rejected after histological examination of the tumors. The pathological changes consisted of epithelial hyperplasia, dyskeratosis, epidermal dysplasia and presence of some vacuolated keratinocytes. After surgical excision, the relapses are frequent. Etr etinate or local 5 fluorouracil seemed to prevent these relapses. PMID- 6732125 TI - [Pertinence of skin tests and the phenomenon of antigenic extinction in allergy to cosmetics]. PMID- 6732123 TI - [A case of yellow nails syndrome]. PMID- 6732126 TI - [Beneficial effect of thalidomide in a case of Hailey-Hailey pemphigus. 1 years' trial]. PMID- 6732124 TI - [Acquired genital leukokeratosis in epidermolytic hyperkeratosis]. PMID- 6732127 TI - [Problems caused by heparin-induced thrombopenia in a cardiovascular surgery department]. PMID- 6732128 TI - [Surgical treatment of multiple ventricular septal defects]. PMID- 6732129 TI - [Surgical treatment of cardiac hydatidosis. Apropos of 4 left ventricular localizations]. PMID- 6732130 TI - [Results of the repair of isolated aortic coarctation in the 1st 6 months of life. Apropos of 46 cases]. PMID- 6732132 TI - [Thrombosis of the inferior vena cava downstream of an Adams-De Weese pericaval clip. Apropos of 2 cases]. PMID- 6732131 TI - [Possibilities of reconstructive surgery in organic involvement of the tricuspid valve. Study of consecutive series of 30 cases]. PMID- 6732133 TI - [Thoracic development of liver hydatid cysts, and its complications. Apropos of 21 cases]. PMID- 6732134 TI - [Aorto-esophageal fistula secondary to a perforation of the esophagus by a foreign body]. PMID- 6732135 TI - [Chronic fistula of the chest wall]. PMID- 6732136 TI - [Value of the latissimus dorsi musculocutaneous flap in the covering of enlarged thoracic parietectomies]. PMID- 6732137 TI - [Chest wall prosthesis by in situ silastic molding]. PMID- 6732138 TI - [Distribution and development of myocardial temperatures in hypothermic cardioplegia. Experimental study in dogs]. PMID- 6732139 TI - [Experimental study of various pericardial substitutes]. PMID- 6732140 TI - [Round table on Pancoast-Tobias syndrome and lung cancer of the apex invading the upper chest. Non-apical bronchopulmonary cancer invading the chest wall. Paris, 8 October 1982]. PMID- 6732141 TI - [4 cases of pulmonary arteriovenous fistula disclosed by cerebrovascular accidents]. PMID- 6732142 TI - [Hepatic injuries. Analysis of 45 cases and therapeutic deductions]. PMID- 6732143 TI - [Primary appendiculocutaneous fistula caused by appendicitis. Description of a case and review of the literature]. PMID- 6732144 TI - [Fractures of the upper extremity of the humerus in adults. Classification and therapeutic indications]. PMID- 6732145 TI - [Results of the surgical treatment of dorsolumbar injuries with neurologic lesions. Apropos of 165 cases]. PMID- 6732146 TI - [Changes in the electrocardiogram in status asthmaticus]. AB - The aim of this study, based on the electrocardiographic analysis of 42 patients in status asthmaticus, is to define the basic criteria which may be used as a basis for electrocardiographic differential diagnosis. The following ECG changes were observed: the pulmonary "p" wave is common, sometimes with exaggerated amplitude in peripheral leads, however, in the precordial leads, the voltage of the "p" wave is reduced; most cases have a vertical heart with clockwise rotation and mild right axis deviation, S1 Q2 Q3 and the transitional zone displaced to the left. Ten cases also had a S1 S2 S3 appearance and three cases showed Q1 Q2 Q3, simulating myocardial infarction; there is poor progression of the R wave in the precordial leads and marked persistence of the S wave in the left precordial leads. In some cases, a QS complex dominates the right precordial leads. A variation in the amplitude of the QRS with the respiratory rhythm is often seen in V1 and V2; ventricular repolarization shows a lowered J point with an upward oblique ST segment in the peripheral leads. However, in the precordial leads, the repolarization is normal except for three cases which presented a frank hypokalaemia. The mechanism of these electrocardiographic changes appears to depend on the vertical position of the heart caused by over expansion of the lungs and pulmonary arterial hypertension. The elements of the electrocardiographic differential diagnosis with myocardial infarction and pulmonary embolism are discussed. PMID- 6732147 TI - [Conduction disorders in infarction. Prognosis and therapeutic impact]. AB - The natural history of conduction disorders in infarction and their prognostic significance are now well known and determine the choice of treatment. In the acute phase of inferior infarction without bundle branch block, temporary pacing is only indicated in cases with poor clinical tolerance or with a bradycardia of less than 50. Prophylactic pacing, on the other hand, appears to be necessary in cases of anterior infarction with branch block, at least in the high risk group in which the block is recent and bifascicular. In this case, the pacemaker is only permanent in cases of high degree atrio-ventricular block in the acute phase. The subsequent prognosis of anterior infarction with branch block and without high degree atrio-ventricular block in the acute phase carries a high incidence of sudden death. Primary delayed ventricular fibrillation during the first eight weeks seems to be the cause for this sudden death. Prolonged hospital surveillance of these patients would appear to be indicated. PMID- 6732148 TI - [Semi-automatic acquisition and processing of mechanocardiograms]. AB - Like echocardiography and radio-isotope techniques, mechanocardiography has a special place in the evaluation of left ventricular function in heart disease. This recognized technique can be easily performed by clinicians or pharmacologists or in aerospace medicine. A programme has been developed from micro-processor material (HP 9845 S - SP 9835 - HP 6940 B multi-programmer) already in use in the department. After sampling at 700 Hz and quantification, this programme can reproduce a complete mechanocardiographic tracing consisting of ECG, phonocardiogram, carotidogram and apexogram . The first derivative of the apex cardiogram is calculated numerically and visualized. The characteristic events of the systolic phase of the apex cardiogram are then checked manually or semi-automatically by the operator. After confirmation, the calculations are performed and are edited with the tracings. This system eliminates the need for a recorder, as the tracings can be stored on cassette or diskette and recalled later for statistical analysis. These programmes make the interpretation of the mechanocardiographic tracings considerably simpler and faster. PMID- 6732149 TI - [Acute fatal non-occlusive intestinal ischemia during treatment with a cardiotonic glucoside]. AB - After presenting the case of a 70 year old woman who presented a massive mesenteric infarction as a result of non-occlusive intestinal ischaemia ( NOII ), the authors review the principal features of this particular form of intestinal ischaemia. This condition is seen principally in elderly people with a syndrome of low cardiac output, resulting in marked mesenteric vasoconstriction. It is a complication of either severe decompensated heart disease treated with digitaloids or to a state of hypovolaemic or septic shock. The diagnosis of NOII should be suggested by the combination of abdominal signs with a state of shock and/or treated heart disease. The diagnosis is confirmed by selective mesenteric arteriography which reveals a patent but spastic vessel. The treatment is initially medical, consisting of the correction of haemodynamic disturbances and the in situ injection of vasodilator products, which may need to be completed by a surgical operation. However, the prognosis of NOII remains serious, particularly because of the frequent delay in making the diagnosis. PMID- 6732150 TI - [Amiodarone and hyperthyroidism]. AB - 22 cases of hyperthyroidism occurring during or following treatment with amiodarone are reported and compared with more than 15 cases in the literature. The specific clinical features of these cases of hyperthyroidism are presented and the problems in interpretation of the laboratory thyroid function tests are discussed. A study of the course of these cases reveals a number of prognostic factors. Finally, the authors describe the practical management of this form of hyperthyroidism. PMID- 6732151 TI - [Abnormal origin of the anterior interventricular artery from the pulmonary artery responsible for a postinfarction left ventricular aneurysm in a 6-year-old girl]. AB - The isolated abnormal origin of the anterior interventricular artery from the pulmonary artery with the circumflex artery, arising normally from the right coronary artery and implanting in the aorta is much less common than the origin of a common left coronary trunk from the pulmonary artery. The first condition is also better tolerated than the second. In the present case, the clinical tolerance was excellent, but there was, nevertheless, a complicated antero-apical necrosis of a left ventricular aneurysm, which was successfully resected at the same time as the reimplantation of the anterior interventricular artery into the aorta. The patency of the anastomosis was subsequently confirmed. PMID- 6732152 TI - The effects of vehicle mass, speed and safety belt wearing on the causes of death in road traffic accidents. AB - The present investigation was based on the files of the Boards of Traffic Accident Investigation of insurance companies with regard to those fatal motor car accidents in Finland during the period 1972-1979, where the driver or front seat passenger had died. The analysis concerned a total of 1197 fatalities. In collisions where the other vehicle had been clearly heavier (mass distribution smaller than 1/5) head injuries were significantly (p less than 0.001) more often found as the main cause of death (57.3%) than was the case when colliding vehicles had approximately the same weight (mass distribution 2/3-3/2), in which case head injuries were found in 37.8% of the cases to be the main cause of death. When the speed was over 80 kph , the number of head injuries as the main cause of death increased significantly (p less than 0.001) in collisions where the vehicles had approximately the same weight (mass distribution 2/3-3/2) and in single accidents of motor-cars. The wearing of seat belts had an effect on the distribution of causes of death in single accidents of motor-cars and in collisions where the vehicles had approximately the same weight but did not effect the distribution of causes of death in collisions where the other vehicle was clearly heavier. In single accidents of motor-cars where the victims had not used seat belts, there were more head injuries (54.2%) as the main cause of death than in victims who had used seat belts (head injuries in 36.8% as the main cause of death). In collisions where the vehicles had approximately the same weight, cervical spine injuries were more common causes of death in victims who had used seat belts than in those who had not (21.3%/13.7%). The mechanism of fatal cervical spine injuries in victims who had used seat belts was the rapid bending of the neck due to maximal deceleration in 38% of cases. PMID- 6732154 TI - Liver damage after halothane anaesthesia: analysis of cases in Finnish hospitals in 1972-1981. AB - A retrospective questionnaire revealed 11 patients with halothane related liver disturbances in Finland in 1972-1981. Seven of the cases were regarded as obvious and two as probable halothane hepatitis (HH). Four patients suffered HH twice, and none of the cases had a fatal outcome. The speed of onset of icterus correlated with the number of halothane exposures, as did the increase in liver enzyme (ASAT, ALAT) activities and the increase in serum bilirubin concentration. Halothane anaesthesia is strictly contraindicated if a nondefinite icterus has appeared after a previous exposure to halothane. It should not be given if unclear fever or prolonged nausea have followed a previous exposure. No major adverse effects or organ toxicity connected with enflurane were found. PMID- 6732153 TI - Anterior dislocation of the acromioclavicular joint. AB - A rare type of acromioclavicular dislocation is described. The right acromion of a 25-year-old woman was traumatically luxated in front of the distal clavicle. The luxation was not detected in the primary examination as the prominence of the acromioclavicular joint was missed and the trauma was almost indiscernible in X rays taken with conventional projections. The diagnosis was finally confirmed with oblique craniocaudal radiographs. The painful dislocation was corrected surgically. Anatomical reduction and ligament reconstruction produced an excellent result. PMID- 6732155 TI - A new atraumatic and simple method of taking sural nerve grafts. AB - Because the sural nerve has become the most frequently used nerve as graft material in peripheral nerve reconstruction, an atraumatic method was developed for its harvesting. The nerve is easily identified in the popliteal region by stretching it slightly behind the lateral malleolus. Only two short skin incisions are needed for centrifugal liberation of the nerve. The advantages of the method presented lie in shorter operation time, a superior cosmetic result and a fairly intact nerve for grafting. PMID- 6732156 TI - Acute epididymitis and Chlamydia trachomatis. AB - Prostatitis and epididymitis, which are the most common complications of urethritis in men below 35 years of age may be associated with Chlamydia trachomatis infection. Chlamydiae have been isolated from expressed prostatic fluid in men with urethritis complicated by prostatitis and epididymitis. Epididymitis seem to be an established complication of chlamydial urethritis particularly when urethritis is complicated with prostatitis. Since epididymitis may lead to reduced fertility, prompt antibiotic treatment using tetracyclines should be administered to patients with this condition. PMID- 6732157 TI - Accuracy of the diagnosis in suspected intraepithelial neoplasia of the cervix. AB - 520 patients with a preoperative diagnosis of cervical intraepithelial neoplasia (CIN) were operated. The diagnoses obtained by colposcopically directed biopsy and endocervical curettage were compared with those obtained by cone biopsy or/and hysterectomy. Underdiagnosis occurred in 18.9% of the cases, if severe dysplasia and carcinoma in situ were considered to be separate conditions. When these two diagnoses were combined as CIN 3 the underdiagnosis rate declined to 11.0%. CIN 3 changed to invasive carcinoma in 1.5% and to microinvasive carcinoma in 4.4% of the cases. The preoperative diagnosis of CIN seems not to be accurate enough to make cone biopsy totally unnecessary as a complementary diagnostic step. PMID- 6732158 TI - Small bowel and liver pO2 during vasopressin infusion into the superior mesenteric artery. AB - In an earlier study we found that intravenous vasopressin infusion caused a profound decrease in intestinal and liver pO2. As vasopressin has been reported to be more effective when infused directly into the superior mesenteric artery, we have now studied the effects of this type of administration. Intestinal pO2 and pCO2 and liver pO2 were continuously recorded using a silicone elastomer tube as a tonometer. Vasopressin was infused in a dose of 2.75 mU/kg/min in twelve dogs for 45 minutes. Intestinal tissue pO2 decreased during 45 minute infusion period from 35 +/- 0.9 mmHg to 19 +/- 0.7 mmHg (p less than 0.001) and liver pO2 from 38 +/- 1.9 mmHg to 19 +/- 1.1 mmHg (p less than 0.005). Both values obtained in this study did not differ from those noted when the same dose of vasopressin was administered intravenously. PMID- 6732160 TI - Ankle arthrography in acute injuries. AB - Ankle arthrography has proved to be a simple, quick, and useful method in evaluating the ligamentous ruptures in connection with ankle injuries. The observations of the present authors are based on almost 5000 arthrographies . On the lateral side, the ligamentous ruptures spring up in an anteroposterior direction so that the FTA ligament is ruptured first, and, in a continuing injure mechanism, the FC ligament is the next to be ruptured. Isolated ruptures of the FC ligament do not occur. The rupture of the FTP ligament does not appear in arthrography. The rupture of the deltoid ligament is rarer and it usually appears in connection with a pronation lateral rotation injury, especially if the patient has a high fibular fracture and there is no simultaneous fracture of the medial malleolus. The ruptures of tibiofibular ligaments are connected with pronation lateral injuries and fractures of the fibula, if the fracture is situated at the level of the talo-crural joint line or cranial to it. PMID- 6732159 TI - Prophylaxis of upper gastrointestinal bleeding with cimetidine in patients undergoing partial hepatectomy. AB - The aim of this study was to evaluate the effect of cimetidine on prophylaxis of upper gastrointestinal (GI) bleeding from acute mucosal lesions or stress ulcers of the stomach and duodenum after partial hepatectomy. Five (27.8%) of 18 control patients had upper GI bleeding v.s. only two (5.9%) of 34 cimetidine treated patients (P less than 0.05). The result showed that cimetidine therapy is an effective modality to prevent upper GI bleeding after liver resection but there was a trend that it may induce postoperative liver failure and hepatitis. A further study is necessary to elucidate whether cimetidine therapy is really safe following major hepatic resection. PMID- 6732161 TI - Stress response of the tibial cortex: a longitudinal radiographic study. AB - The influence of physical exercise on bone tissue was studied in a sample of 30 conscripts, who served in the coast commando battalion . A repeated roentgen examination of the lower legs was performed after 10, 20 and 40 weeks' service. In the anterior cortex of mid-diaphysis of the tibia a structural change in bone could be regularly observed. In the first examination (after 10 weeks) the cortical bone was longitudinally striated. In the next control (after 20 weeks) the finding was less pronounced. After 40 weeks the bone structure was quite homogenous and solid. The cortical thickness did not change significantly during the 40 weeks follow-up. Most of the diagnosed stress lesions (73%) in bone were developed during the first 10 weeks. PMID- 6732162 TI - Incidence of bone lesions in the lower extremities during endurance training. AB - The occurrence of stress fractures was studied in 120 recruits after a progressive basic training period of ten weeks. The diagnosis made by bone scintigraphy, was confirmed by radiographs. The occurrence of stress fractures varied, depending on the amount of exertion required by the endurance training. Stress fractures were most frequent among sample C, the parachutists , 63%. The frequency of stress fractures in normal infantrymen of sample B was 35%. In sample A, light infantrymen , stress fractures occurred in 15% of the men. The location of the bone lesions was unexpectedly high in the upper legs. PMID- 6732163 TI - Multiple intracranial meningiomas associated with intracranial arterial aneurysm. AB - This report illustrates a patient who was found to harbor eight separate meningiomas associated with an intracranial arterial aneurysm. Five of the meningiomas were extirpated and the aneurysm was wrapped. The causality between multiple meningiomas and aneurysm is obscure. Although the introduction of CT has facilitated the diagnosis of multiple meningiomas there are however areas especially in the base of the skull and high parasagittally where small meningiomas may remain undetected. PMID- 6732164 TI - Duplex ultrasound imaging of the carotid arteries. AB - Duplex ultrasound examination of vessels includes both high resolution imaging in real time mode and rangegated Doppler with spectral analysis. Velocity spectra are calculated, and blood velocity ratios are determined. The duplex ultrasound examination seems to be a suitable method for screening of patients for angiography. PMID- 6732165 TI - Ultrasonography, arteriography and CT in the diagnosis of renal carcinoma. AB - The material consists of 130 renal carcinomas diagnosed and histologically verified in 1978-1983, of which 124 were examined ultrasonographically (US), 122 arteriographically and 39 with computed tomography (CT). Of these renal carcinomas, 10 were detected as random findings in US. The US examination detected or gave suspicion of carcinoma in 94% of the cases, arteriography in 98% and CT in 95%. US was generally performed as a primary examination, and the US finding was often known at the time of arteriography and CT. Being noninvasive, US is a suitable primary examination in cases where renal carcinoma is suspected. PMID- 6732166 TI - Ultrasonography, computed tomography and arteriography in the evaluation of the local spreading of malignant renal neoplasm. AB - In a series of 32 operated renal carcinoma patients, the ability of ultrasonography (US), computed tomography (CT) and arteriography to demonstrate the local spreading of renal carcinoma was investigated. Operation showed that 23 of the renal carcinomas were local. Nine carcinomas had spread locally. CT was the most sensitive indicator of local spreading (particularly perirenal extension). CT examinations, however, also gave most of the false positive findings. The number of false negative findings was highest in the US group. PMID- 6732167 TI - Pseudotumours and insignificant tumours in US and CT examinations of the adrenal glands. AB - Pseudotumours encountered in US and CT examinations of the adrenal glands over 2 years are reviewed. 12 pseudotumours were detected in US, 1 in the right adrenal gland and 11 in the left, while 2 pseudotumours were seen in the CT. The former were due to splenic lobulation in 4 patients, accessory spleens in 4, splenic cyst in one, renal cysts in 2 and the bowel contents in one, and the latter to the stomach and an accessory spleen (both of these CT examinations were technically unsuccessful). The 7 benign, non-functioning adenomas detected in CT and causing problems of differential diagnosis were also collected over the same period. A comparison of the US findings for 30 malignant adrenal tumours and the above pseudotumours revealed no essential differences, nor did a comparison of the benign non-functioning adenomas and small malignant adrenal tumours. PMID- 6732168 TI - Hypo-echogenic pseudolesions of the liver examined by CT. AB - Successive hypo-echogenic focal lesions of the liver tentatively interpreted sonographically as benign were collected over a 3-year period and analyzed. All of these patients had undergone a CT examination and had been followed up. Lesions ranging in size from 2 to 13 cm were seen in about 0.1% of the patients. None of the 16 homogeneous hypo-echogenic nonexpansive and well-demarcated lesions bordering upon anatomic structures with a partly straight or concave contour turned out to be malignant. CT was able to give little additional information. PMID- 6732169 TI - Ultrasonographic diagnosis of pancreatic carcinoma supplemented with CT or ERCP. AB - The practicability of ultrasonography as the primary imaging method for pancreatic carcinoma was studied in a series of 64 patients with pancreatic carcinoma examined and operated on more than 2 years previously, and CT and ERCP were compared for their expedience in the further examination of uncertain sonographic findings. Ultrasound revealed 42 carcinomas definitely and 8 carcinomas uncertainly (78%) and further indicated dilatation of bile and/or pancreatic ducts in 10 patients. Three sonographic examinations failed, and one resulted in a false negative finding (error of interpretation). ERCP proved to be a little more informative than CT in the further examinations. PMID- 6732170 TI - Hyperechogenic renal tumours. AB - 58 hyperechogenic renal tumours from the years 1978-1983 were studied to elucidate whether it would be possible to discriminate between malignant and benign tumours with the aid of echo strength and homogeneity. 42 tumours were malignant (renal carcinomas) and 16 benign (15 angiomyolipomas and one hemangioma). 5% of the malignant tumours were highly echogenic (the echo strength equal to or higher than that of sinusal area) and 95% moderately echogenic ( echostrength higher than that of parenchyma and lower than that of sinusal area), and 12% had homogeneous and 88% nonhomogeneous echo pattern. 75% of the benign tumours were highly and 25% moderately echogenic, while 94% were homogeneous and 6% nonhomogeneous. It is not possible to differentiate with absolute reliability between malignant and benign hyperechogenic renal tumours on the basis of the ultrasonographic finding. PMID- 6732171 TI - Preoperative localization of enlarged parathyroid glands. AB - Nine patients suspected of having parathyroid adenoma or hyperplasia on the basis of laboratory tests were examined by semiselective venous sampling for parathyroid hormone after unsuccessful neck explorations. Two pathologic parathyroid glands were found at re-operation. Only one was suspected preoperatively on the basis of venous sampling. Twenty patients suspected of having parathyroid adenoma or hyperplasia on the basis of the laboratory tests were examined by real-time sonography. Twelve adenomas and ten hyperplastic glands were found at operation. All the adenomas and hyperplastic parathyroid glands were preoperatively discovered with ultrasonography, but there were also three false-positive findings. PMID- 6732172 TI - Chance findings in ultrasonography of the gallbladder and the abdominal organs. AB - Chance findings (pathological processes in other than in the object organ) were recorded in: I 400 consecutive gallbladder sonographies performed with gray scale compound equipment during 1978-1980, and II 1100 consecutive abdominal or retroperitoneal real time sonographies during 1982-1983. Eight malignant tumours and three aortic aneurysms in group I, and five malignant tumours and four aortic aneurysms in group II were the most significant chance findings. The malignant tumours included seven renal carcinomas. The use of US as a multi-organ imaging method is stressed. PMID- 6732173 TI - An ultrasonographic renal parenchymal index. AB - A method for estimating the renal parenchyma relative to the whole kidney (renal parenchymal index, RPI) by ultrasonography has been developed. This method (the area of the sinus relative to the area of the whole kidney) was applied to sets of renal diseases. Hydronephrosis and fibrolipomatosis lead to enlargement of the renal sinus area. Changes in the proportion of parenchyma are small in chronic parenchymal diseases, but it often increases in thickness in acute cases and the RPI is consequently lower. The scars of chronic pyelonephritis reduce the size of the parenchyma in an irregular manner, and therefore measurement of the RPI is not as suitable in such cases as it is in other diseases, which involve generalized parenchymal changes. Because of the great normal variations the method is not suitable for diagnosis in single cases, but it is appropriate for basic surveys in which the relative changes in the renal parenchyma are being assessed in a large number of cases. PMID- 6732174 TI - Ultrasonography of gastric tumours. AB - The visualization of the different parts of the stomach in ultrasonography was ascertained, and the information obtained by upper abdominal ultrasonography of patients with gastric tumour was evaluated in a retrospectively collected series. Normally, the whole stomach is not visualized in ultrasonography. A sonography examination can never exclude the possibility of gastric carcinoma, but the carcinoma is often detectable by ultrasound. Ultrasonography also provides some idea of the extent of infiltration. Those performing epigastric ultrasonographies should attach increasing attention to the stomach. PMID- 6732175 TI - Normal pancreatic echogenicity: relation to structural unevenness and thickness in CT. AB - The structure and size of the pancreas visualized in US and CT in 70 patients without any pancreatic disease were examined. About half of the pancreata were weakly echogenic and the other half highly echogenic. CT showed 80% of the weakly echogenic pancreata to be of homogeneous structure and 20% to be non-homogeneous and fatty. Of the highly echogenic pancreata, 25% were homogeneous and 75% non homogeneous. Thin pancreata were more often highly echogenic than ones of normal thickness. In 13% of the cases the pancreas appeared thicker in the US examination than in CT, which was probably due to fact that ultrasound was not always able to distinguish the contour of the highly echogenic pancreas from the highly echogenic retroperitoneal fat surrounding it. PMID- 6732176 TI - Rapid analysis of nickel in serum and whole blood by electrothermal atomic absorption spectrophotometry. AB - A method is described for analysis of nickel in serum and heparinized blood. After the sample has been subjected to protein precipitation with nitric acid and heat, nickel in the protein-free extract is measured by electrothermal atomic absorption with Zeeman background correction. The method is more sensitive, rapid, and convenient than previous techniques, and less subject to nickel contamination. Nickel concentrations in serums from New Zealand rabbits (mean +/- SD) average 4.0 +/- 2.5 micrograms per L, range = 0.9 to 11.9, N = 30; these results agree with measurements by the International Union of Pure and Applied Chemistry (IUPAC) reference procedure ( corr . coef . = 0.98). The following values are reported for nickel concentrations in serum and whole blood from healthy adult persons living in central Connecticut: serum, 0.46 +/- 0.26 micrograms per L, range = 0.1 to 1.3, N = 39; whole blood, 1.26 +/- 0.33 micrograms per L, range = 0.6 to 1.8, N = 30. This method is suitable for routine use in clinical and industrial laboratories. PMID- 6732177 TI - Gene survival in isolated populations: the number of distinct genes on Tristan da Cunha. AB - Gene extinction probabilities over the ancestral genealogy of Tristan da Cunha are analysed, to determine the probability distributions of numbers of surviving distinct founder genes. Autosomal, X-linked and Y-linked genes are considered, and also the bivariate distributions of genes originating in males and in females. One founder group shows a greater variety of surviving genes than another, although there is little difference in their total genetic contributions. This excess variety is concentrated in male lines of descent. The paper demonstrates the types of analysis that can be used to illuminate and summarize lists of gene extinction probabilities. PMID- 6732178 TI - Finger ridge patterns and tactile sensitivity. AB - Tactile sensitivity has been measured in 101 normal individuals (38 females and 63 males) of European origin, and compared with ridge pattern characteristics of the fourth fingertip of the right hand. There is a relationship of tactile sensitivity performance with the type of pattern, particularly in females, and also with the number of junctions within the pattern, particularly in males. The possible origin of sex differences in tactile sensitivity and in its relationships with dermatoglyphic variables is discussed. In spite of sex differences, optimal tactile sensitivity performance seems to be associated with medium-sized loop patterns which have a greater number of junctions than ends and also have grooves wider than ridges. The possible evolutionary significance of these associations is discussed in relation to evidence for epistatic genetic variation for pattern intensity. PMID- 6732179 TI - Relationships between minute characteristics of finger ridges and pattern size and shape. AB - We present results of a multivariate analysis of several characteristics of the ridge pattern on the tip of fingers III and IV of the right hand, with special consideration of the minute properties of ridges. The analysis is based on a sample of 38 females and 63 males of European origin. Results of factor analysis for the male sample reveal that pattern type and size load on one factor. Furthermore, there are separate factors for the two types of minutiae . If characters on both fingers are considered jointly, there are seven factors, identical for both fingers on some variables, but unique for minutiae , especially for junctions, on each finger. These results are consistent with evidence obtained in our previous study that junctions and pattern type are largely independent correlates with tactile sensitivity. PMID- 6732180 TI - Genetic and environmental influences on serum levels of human C4. AB - In a family study, levels of the C4 component of complement measured in 195 individuals show a continuous normal distribution. There is a slight but significant age effect, especially in females. Heritability is estimated at 62%. The effect of environment, however, remains substantial, and it is suggested that at some time during development the mechanism controlling the C4 levels establishes a general steady-state level whose effects remain after the divergence of sib environments with the approach of adulthood. PMID- 6732181 TI - Secular change in menarche in women in Madrid. AB - The age at menarche was estimated by recollection in 1617 women between the ages of 18 and 60 in Madrid and a nearby suburb, Pinto. The population of Pinto is working-class and the Madrid group, taken from residential neighbourhoods , belongs to the upper middle class. In both groups we found a diminution in average age at menarche, from 14.04 to 13.02 years in Madrid and from 14.55 to 13.16 years from about 1935 to about 1965 in Pinto. These changes have been more intense in the group which is less well-off economically, where living conditions have varied much more drastically. PMID- 6732183 TI - Skeletal maturity in Austrian children assessed by the GP and the TW-2 methods. AB - Skeletal maturity was assessed in 637 Austrian children from 7 to 16 years of age. The Greulich - Pyle and the Tanner- Whitehouse -2 ( RUS and TW 20-bone) methods were used. The GP ages showed some major deviations at and after puberty, especially in boys. The RUS and 20-bone ages conformed more closely to the standards although a general advancement in RUS ages was seen in girls after the age of 10 1/2. A similar pattern in RUS ages has been reported for other populations and may indicate a secular trend. PMID- 6732182 TI - Diabetes alert study: weight history and upper body obesity in diabetic and non diabetic Mexican American adults. AB - History of adult weight gain and fat patterning is compared in Mexican American diabetics and age and sex matched non-diabetics. Diabetics differed little from non-diabetics in overall body fatness at the time of the examination. However, history of adult weight gain and current fat patterning were very different. Diabetics were heavier than non-diabetics at age 18. They subsequently gained weight faster and attained a substantially higher weight, at an earlier age, than non-diabetics. Discriminant function analysis was used to test for differences in patterning. Diabetics tend to have more trunk fat, as reflected particularly in the subscapular skinfold, and less lower extremity (leg) fat. Fat patterning in this population does not appear to be influenced by age when weight gain occurred, but is related to diabetic status, especially in women. PMID- 6732185 TI - Digestibility and dietary quality of nonacetylated and acetylated Vicia faba proteins in maintenance. Studies on 15N-labelled adult rats. AB - N digestibility and the dietary quality of a Vicia faba protein isolate as well as of two protein fractions from this isolate, acetylated and nonacetylated, were estimated in 15N-labelled adult rats. For reference, whole egg, casein and wheat were studied. The diets were fed at maintenance energy intake level. Daily metabolic fecal nitrogen estimated by an isotopic method was 5 mg/100 g body weight in animals receiving whole egg, casein, or Vicia faba proteins. When wheat was included in the diet metabolic fecal nitrogen was increased to 140% of this value. True N digestibility of reference proteins was 91-92% and of Vicia faba proteins 95-97%. Protein quality for maintenance was high and similar for all proteins. Acetylation affected neither N digestibility nor protein quality under maintenance conditions. PMID- 6732184 TI - Endogenous urea as a nitrogen source for microorganisms of the rabbit digestive tract. AB - The total urea release, measured in the different secretions of the digestive tract of the rabbit, is estimated to be 22 mmol/day, which represents half of the urea produced by the nitrogen catabolism of the animal. This quantity represents a significant source of nitrogen for symbiotic bacteria and, due to coprophagy , could be recycled in the bacterial proteins digested by the rabbit. PMID- 6732186 TI - Influence of diets containing different levels of Vicia faba L. as source of protein on body protein composition and nitrogen balance of growing rats. AB - Rats fed on Vicia faba as source of protein grew less than those fed a casein control diet. However, no differences were found on protein content of whole body, liver, muscle, and myofibrillar fraction. Nitrogen balance values were significantly higher in animals fed the casein diet than in those nourished with V. faba as source of protein. Minor differences due to the protein level of the diets were found. Retained nitrogen values were similar in all dietary groups. The inclusion of V. faba in the diet did not affect specifically muscle mass and protein distribution. It is suggested that differences reported in nitrogen balance are a consequence, at least in part, of the impairment of growth, although some other factors must be involved in this phenomenon. PMID- 6732187 TI - The effect of alpha-tocopherol and ascorbic acid on the serum lipid peroxide level in elderly people. AB - The aim of this work was to study the relationship between the state of saturation of the organism with vitamin E and vitamin C and the serum level of lipid peroxides in elderly people. The determinations were carried out in 100 subjects, mainly women, aged 60-100 years living in old people's homes, who were given daily vitamin E, 200 mg, or vitamin C, 400 mg, or both vitamins during 1 year. A correlation was found between the degree of saturation of the organism with vitamin E and the level of lipid peroxides. The daily intake of vitamin E for 4 months decreased the serum peroxide level by a mean value of 14%; a similar intake of vitamin C decreased it by 8%, and both vitamins decreased it by 20% compared with the initial level. After 1 year, these levels were decreased by 26% (vitamin E), 13% (vitamin C) and 25% (both vitamins). PMID- 6732188 TI - Severe neurological impairment: legal aspects of decisions to reduce care. AB - Decisions to reduce care for patients with severe neurological impairment may raise legal questions. The laws of most states now authorize physicians to stop care for those who have suffered irreversible cessation of all functions of the brain ("brain death"). Where state law is not explicit, it is nevertheless probably lawful to regard brain death as death for legal purposes so long as currently accepted criteria are satisfied. Several courts have ruled that it is lawful to reduce care for patients in vegetative states, but have prescribed differing standards and procedures for implementing such decisions. The issue of whether parents can authorize physicians to reduce care for neurologically impaired children is the focus of current litigation. Implicit in this litigation is the question of how severe neurological impairment must be before parents and physicians may lawfully agree to reduce care. For severely impaired but not vegetative adults, there is some legal authority to justify certain decisions to reduce care. The issue of whether withholding feeding from a severely demented patient with life-threatening medical problems constitutes criminal behavior is now being considered by a state supreme court. PMID- 6732189 TI - Parkinson's disease: neuron loss in the nucleus basalis without concomitant Alzheimer's disease. AB - A representative region of the nucleus basalis of Meynert was investigated in 11 patients with idiopathic Parkinson's disease and compared with the identical region in 13 age-matched control subjects. Simultaneously, the cerebral cortex and the nucleus basalis in the patients with Parkinson's disease were examined for senile plaques and Alzheimer's neurofibrillary tangles. The nucleus basalis was significantly depleted of its large neurons in Parkinson's disease (p less than 0.001 versus controls; Student t tests), but in the majority of cases the neuron loss was not associated with Alzheimer's disease. PMID- 6732190 TI - Cerebrospinal fluid vasopressin and increased intracranial pressure. AB - Cerebrospinal fluid and plasma vasopressin were measured in patients with cerebral disorders associated with varying levels of elevated intracranial pressure. The mean cerebrospinal fluid vasopressin concentration was significantly increased in patients with pseudotumor cerebri (2.0 +/- 0.2 [SEM] pg/ml), intracranial tumor (2.3 +/- 0.4 pg/ml), and intracranial hemorrhage (1.9 +/- 0.3 pg/ml) compared with control patients (1.2 +/- 0.1 pg/ml). A significant relationship was found between intracranial pressure and the cerebrospinal fluid vasopressin concentration within all groups of patients and in the whole sample as well (r = 0.79; p less than 0.001). In the groups of patients with intracranial tumor, hydrocephalus, and intracranial hemorrhage, some individuals showed plasma vasopressin concentrations inappropriate to the corresponding plasma osmolality, but no relationship was found between intracranial pressure and plasma vasopressin concentration. It is suggested that increased intracranial pressure is a stimulus to centrally released vasopressin. The clinical importance of increased cerebrospinal fluid vasopressin concentrations is still not known. PMID- 6732191 TI - Regional blood flow in compression-induced brain edema in rats: effect of dietary vitamin E. AB - Regional cerebral blood flow (rCBF) was studied autoradiographically in a murine model of focal epidural brain compression, and the effect of vitamin E administration was investigated. Mean cortical CBF was reduced to 0.48 to 0.50 ml/gm/min following 2 or 24 hours of compression. Early (2 hours) following subsequent decompression, a mixed pattern of hypoperfusion and hyperperfusion was observed. Twenty-four hours later, rCBF heterogeneities were less marked. Comparisons among animal groups raised on vitamin E-supplemented, vitamin E normal, and vitamin E-deficient diets 2 hours after decompression revealed marked reductions in rCBF in the previously compressed cortex of the last two groups and hyperemia of the underlying hippocampus. The vitamin E-supplemented rats showed increased flow in the previously compressed cortex. In addition, vitamin E supplementation tended to eliminate rCBF gradients between subjacent zones. These data may help explain our previous observations of the beneficial effects of vitamin E on compression-induced brain edema. PMID- 6732192 TI - Severe neurological disease associated with hyperparathyroidism. AB - Two patients, one with ataxia, internuclear ophthalmoplegia, muscle weakness, atrophy, fasciculations, and bilateral Babinski's signs, the other with dysarthria, dysphagia, muscle weakness, atrophy, fasciculations, and hyperreflexia, had elevated serum calcium and parathyroid hormone levels, establishing the diagnosis of primary hyperparathyroidism (HPT). Removal of a parathyroid adenoma in one patient and three hyperplastic parathyroid glands in the other resulted in remission of the hyperparathyroidism but left both patients with residual neurological damage. Postmortem examination of the second patient showed typical features of amyotrophic lateral sclerosis. The findings in these patients show that hyperparathyroidism may be associated with signs of severe central nervous system disease and that patients with unexplained neurological signs or symptoms should be checked for hyperparathyroidism. PMID- 6732193 TI - Eye movements induced by head rotation in unresponsive patients. AB - Eye movements induced by head rotation were studied in 6 patients in acute coma, 4 patients in a persistent vegetative state, and 6 healthy, alert control subjects. Results from control subjects suggest that the oculocephalic response in the supine position is principally a vestibulo-ocular reflex. A position-step rotation of the head produced an initial oppositely directed eye movement, followed by a drift of the eyes back toward midline with a negative exponential time course. The time constant of this drift was greater than or equal to 10 seconds in control subjects but less than or equal to 1.5 seconds in unconscious patients and less than or equal to 0.5 seconds in vegetative patients. The rapid drift back of the eyes in unresponsive patients implies dysfunction of reticular and, possibly, cerebellar connections; the rate of this drift may indicate the severity and extent of brain injury. Sinusoidal head rotation produced slow and quick phases of nystagmus in normal subjects. Quick phases were absent in patients in acute coma; although present in vegetative patients, the quick phases did not keep the eyes close to primary position, as was the case in control subjects. PMID- 6732194 TI - Rebound nystagmus in olivocerebellar atrophy: a clinicopathological correlation. AB - Rebound nystagmus was recorded in a patient with cerebellar dysfunction. Neuropathological examination showed degeneration of the inferior olivary nuclei and the cerebellar cortex. The basis pontis and the brainstem tegmentum were spared. Rebound nystagmus is attributed to a smooth eye movement bias that is generated within intact vestibuloocular pathways to oppose gaze-evoked centripetal drift of the eyes. The source of the rebound bias was not visual, because rebound nystagmus normally occurs in darkness, smooth pursuit was paretic, and the olivocerebellar visual relay pathway was degenerated. An extraretinal, efference copy signal of the eye position error must detect the ocular drift and generate the rebound bias. The neuropathological findings indicate that rebound nystagmus can be a sign of involvement confined to the olivocerebellar circuit and that nonvisual signals of eye position are monitored independently of this cerebellar system. PMID- 6732195 TI - Lymphomatoid granulomatosis with isolated involvement of the brain. AB - A patient with biopsy-proven lymphomatoid granulomatosis of the brain as the sole manifestation of the disease is described. During 14 months of follow-up since surgical excision of the cerebral mass, no evidence of recurrent brain involvement or of extracranial lesions has been found. This case is unusual in the confinement of the disease to the central nervous system and in the favorable outcome following surgical treatment alone. PMID- 6732196 TI - Quantitation of the sweating deficiency in diabetes mellitus. AB - This report introduces quantitative tests for the evaluation of sweating and the results obtained in 81 diabetic and 30 control subjects. The tests rely on the ability of pilocarpine, introduced into the skin by iontophoresis, to stimulate sweating from fully or partially innervated sweat glands but not from denervated glands. Many diabetic patients had a reduced number of excitable sweat glands and a low volume of sweat per square centimeter of skin. The results of the sweat tests correlated best with the clinically determined perception of pain from pinprick. The similar degree of involvement of sudomotor axons and pain-conveying axons may be related to the known similarity in size and reinnervation patterns. There was poor correlation of the sweating deficiency with alpha motor conduction velocity and with denervation of foot muscles as determined by the evoked muscle action potential. The number of excitable sweat glands was usually normal if the muscle action potential was above 0.5 mv, and often normal even when a muscle action potential was unobtainable. Every diabetic patient with abnormal sweating and several with normal sweating had reduced heart rate fluctuation during a standard Valsalva maneuver or during slow respiration. PMID- 6732197 TI - Computed tomography of the brain in subacute sclerosing panencephalitis. AB - Twenty-four computed tomographic scans of 12 patients with confirmed subacute sclerosing panencephalitis were studied using standardized techniques of radiological assessment. Abnormalities encountered were of four types--(1) lateral ventricular dilatation, (2) cerebral cortical atrophy and sylvian fissure widening, (3) low parenchymal attenuation, and (4) brainstem atrophy and cerebellar atrophy--and of varying degrees. The abnormalities correlated best with the stage and duration of disease, but not necessarily well with the patient's mental state. The fewest radiological abnormalities were encountered in the acute or early stages, whereas more signs of parenchymal disturbances in the form of low attenuations emerged during intermediate periods. Chronic periods were accompanied by atrophic changes in the form of cortical atrophy, ventricular dilatation, and brainstem cerebellar atrophy. PMID- 6732198 TI - DA strain of Theiler's murine encephalomyelitis virus induces demyelination in nude mice. AB - DA strain of Theiler's murine encephalomyelitis virus produces a chronic, progressive demyelinating disease in mice that resembles multiple sclerosis. An immunopathological mechanism for demyelination has been postulated, because there is a brisk immune response with low virus titers at the time of demyelination and because immunosuppression lessens the degree of demyelination. We inoculated Nude mice with DA virus to clarify the role of immune-mediated demyelination. Animals became paralyzed 3 weeks to 2 months after inoculation, usually dying within a week of appearance of signs. Demyelinated foci were present in the spinal cords, with evidence of degenerating myelin around intact axons as well as completely demyelinated, naked axons. Occasional macrophages were present, but none was seen actively stripping intact myelin lamellae. These results suggest that DA virus lytic infection, without a contribution from the T lymphocyte immune system, is sufficient to produce demyelination. It is likely that DA virus demyelination has varying mechanisms that may be active at different times. PMID- 6732200 TI - Cortical and subcortical dementia. PMID- 6732199 TI - Reversible visual evoked potential abnormalities in vitamin E deficiency. AB - A patient with cystic fibrosis and cirrhosis developed a progressive neurological syndrome associated with ataxia, proximal weakness, and ophthalmoplegia. Profound deficiencies of vitamins A, D, and E were present. Visual acuity and results of retinal funduscopy were normal. The pattern reversal visual evoked potential was initially abnormal (P100 latency, 136 and 130 ms from left and right eyes, respectively) but became normal (less than 3 standard deviations from mean control P100 latency) over a two-month period when vitamin E was administered. This case documents a potentially reversible visual evoked potential abnormality in a visually asymptomatic patient with vitamin E deficiency. PMID- 6732201 TI - Review of reviews. PMID- 6732202 TI - [Kinetics of ampicillin breakdown in the solid state]. AB - The degradation kinetics of solid sodium ampicillin, ampicillin trihydrate and anhydrous ampicillin was studied in relation to the disintegration level of the powder before and after its screening by the particle size. It was shown that the effect of the powder disintegration level on the degradation rate constant proceeded by the spherical model and the reaction of the antibiotic degradation proceeded according to the equation of the first order reaction. The degradation rate constants of the total fractions and the fractions with the particle size of 60, 80 and 100 micron at elevated and room temperatures and their half-lives were evaluated. Different mechanisms of degradation of three ampicillin forms were shown on the basis of the dependence of the degradation rate constant on the temperature and the data of thin-layer chromatography. Higher stability levels of ampicillin powder with the particle size of 100 micron and anhydrous ampicillin in comparison with sodium ampicillin and ampicillin trihydrate were observed. This allows recommending anhydrous ampicillin for preparation of oral dosage forms. PMID- 6732203 TI - [Retroaldol cleavage of the glyopeptide antibiotic ristomycin A during alkaline inactivation]. AB - The chemical and physicochemical characteristics of one of the two inactive components, i.e. the reduced product of alkaline inactivation (PAH-II) of ristomycin. A were studied. The components formed on the antibiotic incubation in mild alkaline media: 0.05 M NaOH, 37 degrees C, 1.5-2 hours. It was shown that the retroaldol cleavage of the C alpha-C beta bond of the phenol serine fragment of the trinuclear dideschlorvancomycinic acid G at the aglycone N-end was one of the causes of ristomycin A rapid inactivation under such conditions. PMID- 6732204 TI - [Combined action of nitrofuran preparations and bile acids on staphylococci]. AB - The effect of cholic, glycocholic and deoxycholic bile acids on the antimicrobial activity of furacin, furadonin, furagin and furoxone was studied with the use of collection strains and fresh isolates of staphylococci. The method of dilutions in liquid media was used. Cholic and glycocholic acids lowered the MIC of furacin, furadonin, furoxone and furagin with respect to the collection strains by 4-16, 5, 4-6 and 22-37 times, respectively. The potentiating effect of deoxycholic acid on the nitrofuran drugs was even more pronounced. Thus, when the nitrofurans were used in combination with deoxycholic acid, their MIC dropped by 16-114 times. A significant increase in the antimicrobial activity of the nitrofurans under the effect of the bile acids was also observed with respect to the fresh isolates of Staphylococcus, while it was somewhat lower. The subbacteriostatic doses of cholic, glycocholic and deoxycholic bile acids also increased the bactericidal effect of the nitrofuran drugs. The minimum bactericidal concentrations (MBC) of furacin, furoxone, furadonin and furagin decreased from 12.5, 2.08, 25.0 and 1.82 to 0.78, 0.26, 2.34 and 0.032 micrograms/ml, respectively. The most pronounced decrease in the MBC was observed under the effect of deoxycholic acid. Therefore, the bile acids potentiated the nitrofuran antistaphylococcal activity. The combinations of deoxycholic acid with furagin or furoxone were the most effective. PMID- 6732205 TI - [Sensitivity of nonfermenting gram-negative bacteria of clinical origin to antibacterial preparations]. AB - Sensitivity of 371 clinical strains of gram-negative bacteria not fermenting glucose. was studied with respect to 11 antibacterial drugs with the use of indicator discs. The strains were isolated from patients with purulent inflammatory diseases in 1980-1981. Gentamicin proved to be the most active in vitro against the majority of isolates. Among Pseudomonas 56 per cent of P. maltophilia strains were resistant to this antibiotic. More than 80 per cent of the strains belonging to Acinetobacter and Moroxella were sensitive to nitrofurantoin and nalidixic acid. Analogous sensitivity of these bacteria was observed with respect to streptomycin and kanamycin. About a half of the not fermenting bacteria were sensitive to chloramphenicol, rifampicin and tetracycline. The majority of the bacteria were resistant to one or more of the chemotherapeutic drugs. Strains with multiple resistance to at least 6 drugs predominated among. P. aeruginosa, P. maltophilia and P. cepacia. Such polyresistant strains were mainly isolated from the urine, from wound and ear discharge. PMID- 6732206 TI - [Fatty acid composition of variant Staphylococcus aureus 209 P resistant to antibiotic AL-87]. AB - The antibiotic AL-87 resistant variant of S. aureus 209P was grown on the antibiotic-free medium. The study on its fatty acid composition showed that it was analogous to the fatty acid composition of the initial sensitive strain with the predominance of branched fatty acids. However, when the resistant variant was grown on the antibiotic-containing medium, it was characterized by a markedly changed fatty acid composition with the predominance of the straight chain saturated and unsaturated fatty acids, mainly hexadecanoic and octadecenic acids. The fatty acid composition of the resistant variant grown in the presence of the antibiotic was close to that of a wide range of gram-positive and gram-negative microogranisms. PMID- 6732207 TI - [Interaction of rubomycin and its aglycone with DNA studied by fluorescent methods]. AB - The fluorescent characteristics of rubomycin as dependent on the environmental conditions (different solvents, acidity of the medium, ionic strength) were studied. A model explaining suppression of the rubomycin fluorescence on the antibiotic interaction with DNA is described. The model confirmed intercalation and preferable binding with purines as compared to pyrimidines. The constants of rubomycin and aglycone interaction with DNA were determined. The use of the antibiotic concentrations less than 10(-6) M allowed the determination of a higher constant characterizing "strong binding". The nonlinearity of the curve of DNA titration with the antibiotic plotted on the Scatchard coordinates indicates the heterogeneity of the binding sites. The constant of the aglycone binding to DNA was approximately 2 orders lower at the same number of the binding sites in one molecule. The decrease in the constant of rubomycin interaction with DNA of an increased ionic strength and the low constant of the aglycone interaction with DNA as compared to that of the antibiotic itself confirmed the suggestion that there formed a bond between the amino sugar and the phosphate groups. PMID- 6732208 TI - [Chemotherapeutic effectiveness of gentamycin, tobramycin and sisomycin in Pseudomonas aeruginosa pyelonephritis in rats compared with dioxidine]. AB - The chemotherapeutic efficacy of gentamicin, tobramycin, sisomicin and dioxydin was studied and compared in rats with hematogenic obturation P. aeruginosa pyelonephritis. The drugs were injected intramuscularly in doses of 5, 8, 8 and 50 mg/kg, respectively for 7 days a day after infection. It was shown that on prolongation of the period of the treatment estimation from 24 hours to 7 days after discontinuation of the drug use a significant decrease was observed in the therapeutic efficacy of dioxydin, gentamicin and especially tobramycin. As for sisomicin, the decrease was insignificant. Dioxydin and gentamicin had a similar therapeutic effect at the early and late periods of their estimation after discontinuation of the treatment. They were inferior to tobramycin with respect to the early results and superior to it with respect to the late results. The chemotherapeutic efficacy of sisomycin in both the cases was higher than that of tobramycin, gentamicin and dioxydin. PMID- 6732209 TI - [Effect of acetylsalicylic acid on sulfalene and sulfadimethoxine binding by serum proteins and on their kinetics in rabbits]. AB - The use of sulfalen and sulfadimethoxine in combination with acetylsalicylic acid resulted in the decreased binding of the sulfanilamides by serum proteins, most pronounced with respect to sulfadimethoxine. The decreased binding of the drugs by serum proteins in rabbits was accompanied by decreased elimination of sulfalen and increased excretion of sulfadimethoxine from the host. The different effect of acetylsalicylic acid on the kinetics of sulfalen and sulfadimethoxine in the rabbits was partially due to the unequivalent effect of the decreased binding of the sulfanilamides by the serum proteins on their combined use. PMID- 6732210 TI - [Liver-protective effect of tocopherol acetate and selenium-containing preparations in tetracycline antibiotic lesions of the liver]. AB - It was shown on 99 male albino rats that vitamin E, sodium selenite and Astragalus. L. infusion used separately lowered the toxic effect of tetracycline on the liver, while the use of vitamin E in combination with sodium selenite or Astragalus L. infusion prevented such an effect of the antibiotic. This was evident from the decreased levels of lipid peroxidation products, i.e. diene conjugates and malonic dialdehyde in the blood and liver, and a simultaneous increase in the ratio of sulfhydryl and disulfide groups in these biosubstrates. Parallelism of the changes in these indices of the blood and liver was observed. It is suggested that lipid peroxidation plays an important part in the pathogenesis of liver affection with tetracyclines. The combined use of vitamin E and selenium-containing drugs is considered advisable for the prophylaxis and treatment of such affections. PMID- 6732211 TI - [Clinico-laboratory evaluation of the effectiveness of the new aminoglycoside antibiotic brulamycin (tobramycin) in treating surgical infections]. AB - The clinico-laboratory estimation of brulamycin in the treatment of 50 patients with severe wound infections showed its high efficacy with respect to gram negative microflora and in particular Ps. aeruginosa (94 per cent of the sensitive strains). Satisfactory into the affection foci and a long-term maintenance of its therapeutic levels in the host allowed one to recommend the antibiotic for the treatment of patients with complicated purulent affections and first of all systemic infections. PMID- 6732212 TI - Effect of rifampin and bacitracin on nasal carriers of Staphylococcus aureus. AB - Anterior nares cultures from 664 hospital personnel identified 165 (24.8%) as carriers of Staphylococcus aureus. Persistent carriers (17.8%) were identified and randomly assigned to one of four treatment groups: rifampin (600 mg once a day for 5 days), bacitracin ointment (topically applied three times a day for 10 days), combined rifampin and bacitracin, and control (no treatment). Bacitracin ointment was ineffective in eliminating S. aureus from the anterior nares and had a postreatment carrier rate equal to the control rate. Rifampin therapy caused a highly significant reduction (79%) in carriage; however, combined therapy was not as effective as treatment with rifampin alone. Of 132 strains of staphylococci isolated before and after treatment, all were susceptible to less than 0.016 micrograms of rifampin per ml. This study demonstrates that rifampin may be an effective antistaphylococcal antibiotic and could be used to control the carrier state in high-risk situations. PMID- 6732213 TI - Pharmacokinetics of vancomycin in patients with various degrees of renal function. AB - The pharmacokinetics of vancomycin were characterized in 56 patients with different degrees of renal function after an intravenous dose of 18.4 +/- 4.7 mg kg-1 (mean +/- standard deviation). Seven subjects had a creatinine clearance (CLCR) of greater than 60 ml min-1 (group I), 13 had a CLCR of 10 to 60 ml min-1 (group II), and 36 had a CLCR of less than 10 ml min-1 (group III). Serial serum samples (range, 3 to 8) were collected during the 168 h after drug administration. The serum concentration-time profile in all patients demonstrated monoexponential decay. The mean half-lives were 9.1, 32.3, and 146.7 h in groups I, II, and III, respectively. A significant decline in serum clearance (CLS) was also noted (62.7 to 28.3 to 4.87 ml min-1 in groups I, II, and III, respectively). The steady-state volume of distribution varied from 0.72 to 0.90 liter kg-1. There was no significant relationship between the steady-state volume of distribution and CLCR. The observed relationship between CLS and CLCR (CLS = 3.66 + 0.689 CLCR; r = 0.8807) can be utilized to devise dosage schedules for patients with any degree of renal impairment. This relationship was utilized to develop a nomogram for initial and maintenance dosing of vancomycin. PMID- 6732214 TI - Disposition of phosphomycin in patients with pleural effusion. AB - The pharmacokinetics of phosphomycin were studied in seven patients with pleural effusion of varied etiologies. All patients received a single intravenous bolus of 30 mg of antibiotic per kg. Phosphomycin levels in plasma and pleural fluid were determined simultaneously. Antibiotic levels in plasma followed a two compartment open kinetic model. In the pleural fluid, maximum concentrations of phosphomycin, 42.63 +/- 16.03 micrograms/ml (mean +/- standard deviation), were reached at 3.69 +/- 1.08 h after administration of the antibiotic. The disappearance constant of the antibiotic from the pleural fluid was significantly smaller (0.16 +/- 0.06 h-1) than the elimination constant determined from the levels of drug in plasma (0.73 +/- 0.26 h-1). Phosphomycin persisted in antibacterial concentrations in the pleural fluid for a considerable period of time. The low accessibility of phosphomycin observed in one of the patients in the study, with a maximum concentration value of 2.16 micrograms of phosphomycin per ml of pleural fluid, could be due to the existence of pachypleuritis in that patient; this was later confirmed in clinical and histological studies done after the research described here. PMID- 6732215 TI - Penetration of cefoperazone into surgical wound drainage in patients undergoing head and neck surgery. AB - Cefoperazone penetration into skeletal muscle and wound drainage in patients undergoing major surgery of the head and neck was measured by high-pressure liquid chromatography. Cefoperazone (2 g) was infused over 30 min before surgery and every 8 h for three postoperative doses. Simultaneous samples of serum and sternomastoid muscle were collected in 18 patients at 135 to 480 min after infusion. Mean cefoperazone concentrations in muscle tissue were 17.1% of those in simultaneously collected serum. Steady-state wound drainage concentrations after the fourth dose of cefoperazone averaged 55.2 micrograms/ml at 1 to 2 h and 62.1 micrograms/ml at 2 to 3 h. Simultaneous steady-state serum and wound fluid samples were obtained at regular intervals in six patients. In all patients, the peak level in wound fluid exceeded 25 micrograms/ml. Thus, cefoperazone reaches interstitial fluid concentration in soft tissue that exceeds the MICs required to inhibit the usual pathogens found at the site of wound infection after head and neck surgery. PMID- 6732216 TI - Quantitative uptake studies of 131I-labeled (E)-5-(2-iodovinyl)-2'-deoxyuridine in herpes simplex virus-infected cells in vitro. AB - We have synthesized a 131I-radiolabeled antiviral compound (E)-5-(2-iodovinyl)-2' deoxyuridine (IVdU) and shown that this agent was selectively trapped within rabbit kidney cells, infected in vitro by thymidine kinase-positive (TK+) herpes simplex virus (HSV). The uptake of 131I-labeled IVdU was specific, as it was not concentrated within either HSV (TK-) or mock-infected cells. In certain conditions, over 40% of the radiolabel was selectively trapped within HSV (TK+) infected cells. This was a 20- to 30-fold increase over the uptake of 131I labeled IVdU by HSV (TK-) or mock-infected cells. The uptake of 131I-labeled IVdU varied directly with (i) the dose of the virus used to infect the rabbit kidney cells; (ii) the concentration of radiolabeled IVdU added to the system; and (iii) the time of exposure of IVdU to infected cells. The ability of this agent to be trapped within HSV (TK+)-infected cells merits further evaluation in animal models as it has potential as a noninvasive, herpes-specific diagnostic test, in particular for HSV encephalitis. PMID- 6732217 TI - Evaluation of Sch 29,482 in the eradication of Neisseria meningitidis from nasopharyngeal carriers. AB - Fifty-eight chronic carriers of Neisseria meningitidis were given 250 mg of Sch 29,482 or placebo orally every 6 h for 4 days. Although 22 of 29 subjects taking Sch 29,482 became culture negative while taking the drug, only five were culture negative 2 weeks posttherapy. There were no significant adverse reactions. PMID- 6732218 TI - Stability of plasmid content in Salmonella wien in late phases of the epidemic history. AB - Prevalence, genetic characteristics, and EcoRI cleavage analysis of plasmids identified in clinical strains of Salmonella wien isolated in recent years showed that the plasmid content in this serotype has remained uniform and stable over more than a decade and also late in the epidemic history. No correlation between decrease in S. wien isolations and naturally occurring systematic changes in the DNA of its most common FIme plasmid was structurally detectable. PMID- 6732219 TI - Bactericidal activities of five antibiotics during short-term exposure to coagulase-negative staphylococci. AB - After a 1-h exposure to concentrations used for topical prophylaxis in neurosurgical procedures, bacitracin, vancomycin, and oxacillin were bactericidal against more than 90% of 48 body fluid isolates of coagulase-negative staphylococci. More than 10% of isolates survived despite exposure for 4 h to concentrations of gentamicin and streptomycin greater than those employed for topical prophylaxis. PMID- 6732221 TI - In vitro activity of ciprofloxacin compared with those of other new fluorinated piperazinyl-substituted quinoline derivatives. AB - The in vitro antimicrobial activity of ciprofloxacin (Bay o 9867) was compared with those of the other new fluorated piperazinyl-substituted quinoline derivatives: norfloxacin, ofloxacin, and pefloxacin, as well as with those of the earlier analogs, nalidixic acid and oxolinic acid. Virtually no resistance against the new fluorated piperazinyl-substituted quinoline derivatives was observed. As a rule, ciprofloxacin was about four times more active in vitro than the other new fluorated piperazinyl-substituted quinoline derivatives. The antibacterial spectrum of the new fluorated piperazinyl-substituted quinoline derivatives included, among other susceptible species, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Streptococcus faecalis, Staphylococcus spp., and members of the family Enterobacteriaceae. In the case of ciprofloxacin, ofloxacin, and perfloxacin, anaerobes were included in the antibacterial spectrum as well. There was no cross resistance between the earlier analogs and the new fluorated piperazinyl substituted quinoline derivatives. Regression analysis of MIC pairs for individual strains illustrated almost mathematical correlation between the antimicrobial activities of the quinoline derivatives. PMID- 6732220 TI - Comparative in vitro activity of ciprofloxacin against Campylobacter spp. and other bacterial enteric pathogens. AB - A comparison was made of the in vitro activity of ciprofloxacin (Bay o 9867) with nine other antibiotics against isolates of Campylobacter jejuni, Salmonella spp., Shigella spp., Yersinia enterocolitica, Clostridium difficile, Vibrio spp., and Escherichia coli. Minimum inhibitory concentrations of ciprofloxacin were the lowest of any compound tested for all organisms except C. difficile. PMID- 6732222 TI - Infection caused by vancomycin-resistant Streptococcus sanguis II. AB - A patient with bacteremia caused by vancomycin-resistant Streptococcus sanguis II is presented. This rare occurrence suggests that vancomycin may not be a completely reliable antibiotic in the treatment of infections due to viridans species of the genus Streptococcus. Gram-positive isolates from blood and otherwise sterile body fluids should be tested for susceptibility to vancomycin. PMID- 6732223 TI - In vitro comparison of the activity of RU 28965, a new macrolide, with that of erythromycin against aerobic and anaerobic bacteria. AB - RU 28965, a novel macrolide antibiotic, inhibited most gram-positive species at concentrations similar to that of erythromycin but was not active, even at alkaline pH, against Pseudomonas spp. or members of the family Enterobacteriaceae. Staphylococci and streptococci resistant to erythromycin were resistant to RU 28965. RU 28965 inhibited Haemophilus influenzae, including a number of beta-lactamase, ampicillin-resistant isolates, and Neisseria meningitidis and Neisseria gonorrhoeae at concentrations similar to those of erythromycin. Against anaerobic species, Bacteroides fragilis and Clostridia and Fusobacterium spp., RU 28965 was less active than erythromycin, but its activity against Campylobacter and Legionella spp. was similar to that of erythromycin. PMID- 6732224 TI - Early, patient-initiated treatment of herpes labialis with topical 10% acyclovir. AB - To determine whether topical acyclovir in polyethylene glycol could reduce the severity of herpes simplex labialis if applied immediately after onset of a recurrence, 10% acyclovir in polyethylene glycol ointment or polyethylene glycol alone was prospectively dispensed to 352 patients in a double-blind, randomized trial. Sixty-nine subjects initiated treatment in the prodrome (57%) or erythema (43%) stage and were followed by clinical and virological criteria. The healing time (6.0 days), maximum lesion area (42 mm2), vesicle or ulcer formation (91%), and maximum lesion virus titer (4.8 log10 PFU) in the drug recipients were not reduced in comparison with those who received the vehicle (5.2 days, 30 mm2, 75%, and 4.5 log10 PFU, respectively). Topical acyclovir in polyethylene glycol was ineffective for the treatment of herpes labialis despite an optimum therapeutic opportunity. PMID- 6732225 TI - Antileishmanial activity of chlorpromazine. AB - The antiprotozoal activity of chlorpromazine against the pathogenic protozoan Leishmania donovani, in both its amastigote and promastigote stages, was characterized. Chlorpromazine at concentrations greater than or equal to 3.12 micrograms/ml (9.8 X 10(-6) M) produced a significant reduction in viable promastigotes. The minimal protozoacidal concentration for promastigotes, defined as that concentration which produced greater than or equal to 90% reduction in viable parasites after 18 h, was 13.8 micrograms/ml. The results were similar when promastigote viability was assessed by flagellar motility or by the ability of drug-exposed or control promastigotes to incorporate [3H]uridine and [3H]leucine. Exposure of promastigotes to 50 micrograms of chlorpromazine per ml reduced O2 consumption by 87% within 30 min and immobilized 97% of parasites. Morphological disruption of promastigotes was observed by electron microscopy. The mean minimal protozoacidal concentration of chlorpromazine for amastigotes was 13.2 micrograms/ml. Chlorpromazine given orally (20 mg/kg per day for 14 days) reduced the parasite burden in L. donovani-infected hamsters by 64.2% (P less than 0.01) as measured by the number of amastigotes in touch preparations of livers and by 67.9% (P = 0.03) as measured by the number of promastigotes derived from homogenates of spleens. This dose is ca. 10-fold greater than that tolerated by patients being treated for psychiatric illness. Although chlorpromazine will probably not be useful in the treatment of human visceral leishmaniasis, the data suggest that less-toxic phenothiazines might prove to be effective. PMID- 6732227 TI - Pharmacokinetics of vancomycin in patients undergoing continuous ambulatory peritoneal dialysis. AB - The pharmacokinetics of vancomycin were studied in four patients on continuous ambulatory peritoneal dialysis. After a single intravenous infusion of 10 mg/kg of total body weight, multiple blood, urine, and dialysate samples were collected during a 72-h evaluation period. The steady-state volume of distribution was 0.73 +/- 0.07 (mean +/- standard deviation) liters/kg with a beta half-life of 90.2 +/ 24.2 h. The continuous ambulatory peritoneal dialysis clearance of vancomycin was 1.35 +/- 0.35 ml/min, and the serum clearance was 6.4 +/- 1.1 ml/min. Peritoneal dialysate concentrations of vancomycin were rapidly attained after the intravenous infusion and averaged 2.2 +/- 0.7 mg/liter throughout the 72-h observation period. A loading dose of 23 mg/kg followed by a maintenance dose of 17 mg/kg every 7 days should attain and maintain therapeutic serum and dialysate concentrations. More frequent dosing may be necessary for less susceptible organisms. PMID- 6732226 TI - Single-dose pharmacokinetics of cefsulodin in patients with cystic fibrosis. AB - The single-dose pharmacokinetics of cefsulodin were evaluated in 12 patients with cystic fibrosis. Each patient received 3 g of cefsulodin intravenously over 30 min. Multiple plasma and urine samples were obtained during the 6-h study period for the determination of cefsulodin. Pharmacokinetic parameters were determined by model-independent methods. Mean values for t1/2, Vss, and CLp were 1.53 h, 0.242 liters/kg, and 117.3 ml/min per 1.73 m2, respectively. Six-hour urine recovery revealed 73.2% of the administered dose with a corresponding cefsulodin urinary clearance of 75.1 ml/min. These pharmacokinetic data in patients with cystic fibrosis appear consistent with data reported for unaffected individuals. PMID- 6732228 TI - Effects of furosemide, piretanide, and water loading on urinary excretion of cefazolin in humans. AB - Antibiotics and diuretics are often prescribed concomitantly for humans. We compared the effects of two potent loop diuretics, furosemide and piretanide, with those of water loading on the urinary excretion of cefazolin. During a continuous infusion of inulin and cefazolin (10 mg/kg per h), six healthy male volunteers received a single intravenous injection of furosemide (0.3 mg/kg) or piretanide (0.1 mg/kg) or again an oral water load of 15 ml/kg over a 20-min period. In vitro, furosemide at all concentrations tested significantly reduced by about 10% the percentage of cefazolin bound to serum proteins. Piretanide exhibited such an effect only at a concentration of 2 micrograms/ml. Furosemide, piretanide, and water loading significantly and similarly increased the ratio of excreted to infused cefazolin up to 2 h after the injection of diuretic or after oral water intake. In each of the three parts of the experiment, the increase of the urinary flow rate was similar when compared with the control values. Furosemide significantly increased the cefazolin filtered load during the same time. Piretanide significantly enhanced the absolute rate of net cefazolin tubular secretion. Water loading increased the urinary excretion of cefazolin, probably through a reduction in tubular reabsorption. These results suggest that (i) furosemide and piretanide as well as water loading are capable of enhancing renal excretion of cefazolin by different complex mechanisms; (ii) cefazolin undergoes a bidirectional tubular transport; (iii) piretanide might act on the proximal tubule in addition to its main site of action on Henle's loop; and (iv) the effects of both diuretics and of water loading are unlikely to affect in vivo antibiotic activity in humans. PMID- 6732229 TI - Single-dose amoxicillin therapy of acute uncomplicated urinary tract infections in women. AB - Of 210 women who were experiencing dysuria, frequent urination, pyuria, and significant bacteriuria and who were treated with a single 3-g dose of amoxicillin, 165 (79%) were cured of their original infections. Patients with infections that were negative by antibody-coated-bacteria assay were cured at a significantly higher rate than those with infections that were positive by antibody-coated-bacteria assay (90 versus 59%; P less than 0.001). Similarly, those with infections caused by amoxicillin-susceptible organisms were cured at a significantly higher rate than those with infections caused by resistant organisms (85 versus 50%; P less than 0.001). Of 27 patients who had infections caused by amoxicillin-susceptible organisms and who had relapses after single dose therapy, 14 (52%) had relapses again after a conventional 10-day course of therapy, although all responded to a 6-week course. An additional 27 patients experiencing dysuria, frequent urination, and pyuria but who had a lower number of uropathogens in the urine (10(2) to 10(4.5)/ml of urine) were treated with single-dose therapy, with a 100% eradication of organisms and an 89% rate of symptomatic relief. PMID- 6732230 TI - Azlocillin pharmacokinetics in patients with cystic fibrosis. AB - The pharmacokinetics of azlocillin were studied in 10 cystic fibrosis patients, ranging in age from 11 to 28 years. The patients received a 9- to 23-day course of 350 mg of azlocillin per kg in four or six divided daily doses in combination with am aminoglycoside. Blood and urine samples were collected at specified times after the last dose of the course of azlocillin therapy and then assayed for azlocillin content. Pharmacokinetic parameters were determined by noncompartmental analysis. Mean values for serum half-life (1.74 h), disposition constant (0.41 h-1), total body clearance (123 ml/kg per h), and renal clearance (58 ml/kg per h) were determined. All patients exhibited improvement with respect to clinical and laboratory parameters and displayed no adverse reactions. The pharmacokinetic analysis offers further evidence of the dose-dependent nature of azlocillin elimination, but elimination did not appear to be altered in cystic fibrosis patients. PMID- 6732231 TI - Size and stability of a naturally occurring virus inhibitor. AB - We recently described a virus inhibitor (contact-blocking virus inhibitor) which was produced spontaneously by untransformed human and murine cells in tissue culture (S. Baron and L. McKerlie , Infect. Immun . 32:449-453, 1981). This contact-blocking virus inhibitor was characterized by broad antiviral activity, high potency, and reversible inhibition of viral attachment. Unlike interferon, the antiviral activity of the contact-blocking virus inhibitor is not species specific. An inhibitor with similar properties can also be demonstrated in many body fluids and surface secretions. We report here studies on the stability of the antiviral species which indicate that it is resistant to denaturation by heat (100 degrees C), acid (pH 2), and alkali (pH 12). The antiviral activity against all viruses tested resides in a low-molecular-weight molecule. The range of characteristics so far determined for the contact-blocking virus inhibitor distinguishes it from other virus inhibitors reported in the literature. PMID- 6732232 TI - Treatment of experimental cutaneous leishmaniasis with liposome-intercalated amphotericin B. AB - The therapeutic efficacy of a liposomal preparation of amphotericin B was evaluated in two murine models of cutaneous leishmaniasis. No significant decrease in tissue parasite density was observed in C57BL/6 mice after systemic treatment instituted seven days after footpad inoculation with Leishmania tropica; in contrast, BALB/c mice showed a modest response. PMID- 6732233 TI - Effect of clavulanic acid on the activities of ten beta-lactam agents against members of the Bacteroides fragilis group. AB - Clavulanic acid reduced the MICs of amoxicillin, carbencillin , cefamandole, cefotaxime, ceftazidime, ceftizoxime, cephalothin, and penicillin G, but not of cefoxitin or moxalactam, against 77 isolates of the Bacteroides fragilis group, all rapidly beta-lactamase positive by the nitrocefin slide test. It had no effect on the susceptibilities of eight Bacteroides distasonis strains that were slowly beta-lactamase positive (18 h of incubation). PMID- 6732234 TI - In vitro activity of apalcillin compared with those of piperacillin and carbenicillin against 6,797 bacterial isolates from four separate medical centers. AB - Quantitative susceptibility tests were performed in four separate medical centers, in which apalcillin was compared with piperacillin and carbenicillin. Data from tests of 6,797 isolates confirmed that apalcillin and piperacillin had nearly identical spectra of activity but that apalcillin was significantly more active against Pseudomonas aeruginosa (MIC required to inhibit 90% of strains, 2.0 versus 64 micrograms/ml) and Acinetobacter calcoaceticus subsp. anitratus (MIC required to inhibit 90% of strains, 2.0 versus 16 micrograms/ml). Against 166 anaerobic bacterial isolates, apalcillin demonstrated in vitro activity. PMID- 6732235 TI - Sedimentation characteristics of subcellular vesicles associated with internalized insulin and those bound with intracellular glucose transport activity. AB - Comparative studies were made on the sedimentation characteristics of microsomal vesicles associated with internalized [125I]iodoinsulin and those bound with intracellular glucose transport activity. Upon linear sucrose density gradient centrifugation, the internalized hormone formed a peak slightly, but significantly, on the higher density side of the peak of intracellular glucose transport activity. After a long centrifugation, the peak of 125I activity became lower and broader than that of glucose transport activity. Internalized 125I activity was also found in the medium-density microsomal fraction, which had little glucose transport activity. Accumulation of 125I activity in the medium density fraction and that in the low-density fraction were both completed in approximately 10 min. Under basal conditions, little, if any, insulin binding activity was detectable in either the medium- or low-density microsomal fractions; in contrast, some glucose transport activity was always present in the low-density fraction. These results indicate that the subcellular distribution of internalized insulin and of intracellular glucose transport activity are different, suggesting that the pathways of intracellular processing of the insulin receptor and the glucose transport mechanism are different. PMID- 6732236 TI - Search for an endotherm in chloroplast lamellar membranes associated with chilling-inhibition of photosynthesis. AB - The phase transition of chloroplast lamellar membrane lipids has been proposed to be the underlying cause of chilling-induced inhibition of photosynthesis in sensitive plants. Differential scanning calorimetry has been used to search for any endotherms arising from lipid state changes in chloroplast lamellar membranes of the chilling-sensitive plants cantaloupe , kidney bean, domestic tomato, and soybean. For comparison, calorimetric scans of chloroplast lamellar membranes from the chilling-insensitive plants spinach, pea, and wild tomato were made. A large reversible endotherm, extending from below 10 degrees to nearly 40 degrees C, was observed in chloroplast membranes from tomatoes of both chilling-sensitive (Lycopersicon esculentum Mill. cv. Floramerica ) and chilling-insensitive (L. hirsutum LA 1361) species. A much smaller endotherm, approximately 5 to 10% of the area of that seen in the two tomato species, and extending over a similar temperature range, was detected in chloroplasts from chilling-insensitive spinach and peas, and also was generally observed in chloroplasts from chilling-sensitive cantaloupe , kidney bean, and soybean. The enthalpy of these smaller endotherms indicates that, if the endotherm arose entirely from a lipid transition, then it corresponded to the melting of less than about 10% of the total membrane polar lipid. On the basis of these data it is concluded that there is no correlation between chilling sensitivity of photosynthesis and the presence or absence of a phase transition of bulk membrane lipids of the chloroplast lamellar membrane at temperatures above 5 degrees C. PMID- 6732237 TI - A simple and efficient method for reconstitution of amino acid and glucose transport systems from Ehrlich ascites cells. AB - Solubilized Ehrlich cell plasma membrane proteins were incorporated into lipid vesicles in the presence of added phospholipid, using Sephadex G-50 chromatography combined with a freeze-thaw step. Liposomes formed in K+ exhibited high levels of Na+-dependent, alpha-aminoisobutyric acid uptake which was electrogenic and inhibited by other amino acids. The transport activity reconstituted was similar to that observed in native plasma membrane vesicles. In addition to transport by system A, leucine exchange activity (system L), Na+ dependent serine exchange activity (system ASC), and stereospecific glucose transport activity were also reconstituted. The latter was inhibited by D glucose, D-galactose, cytochalasin B, and mercuric chloride. The medium used for reconstitution was critical for the recovery of Na+-dependent amino acid transport. The use of Na+ in the reconstitution procedure led to formation of liposomes which displayed little Na+-dependent and gradient-stimulated amino acid uptake. In contrast, all transport activities studied were efficiently reconstituted in K+ medium. PMID- 6732238 TI - Kinetic study of CO and O2 binding to horse heart myoglobin reconstituted with synthetic hemes lacking methyl and vinyl side chains. AB - Carbon monoxide- and oxygen-binding rates and affinities were measured for horse heart myoglobins reconstituted with synthetic hemes lacking peripheral methyl and vinyl groups. There is an apparent correlation between heme size and ligand specificity, i.e. larger m values (ratios of CO vs O2 association rates, l'/k') with smaller hemes. However, this correlation broke down with the most dealkylated heme. This is interpreted as resulting from protein conformational changes altering the steric crowdedness at the O2-binding site. Spectral properties and autoxidation rates also corroborate this view. PMID- 6732239 TI - myo-Inositol-1-phosphate synthase from pine pollen: sulfhydryl involvement at the active site. AB - myo-Inositol-1-phosphate synthase [EC 5.5.1.4; 1L-myo-inositol-1-phosphate lyase, (isomerizing)] from Pinus ponderosa pollen has been partially purified and characterized. It has a pH optimum between 7.25 and 7.75. The km for D-glucose 6 phosphate (NAD+ constant at 1 mM) is 0.33 mM. Inhibition by p chloromercuribenzoate and N-ethylmaleimide, and partial protection against this inhibition by D-glucose 6-phosphate in the presence of NAD+, suggests that there is sulfhydryl group involvement at the substrate binding site. PMID- 6732240 TI - Gossypol inhibition of adenylate cyclase. AB - Gossypol, a polyphenolic binaphthalene -dialdehyde reputed to exert contraceptive action in males, reversibly inhibits adenylate cyclase [ATP pyrophosphate lyase (cyclizing), EC 4.6.1.1] in a concentration-dependent manner. In membranes prepared from a variety of organs, the half-maximal inhibitory concentration (IC50) ranges from 75 microM (rat Leydig tumor cells) to 250 microM (rat liver membranes). Kinetic studies using partially purified catalytic subunit isolated from bovine testis show that gossypol is competitive with ATP with an apparent Ki of 110 microM. These data suggest that gossypol inhibition of adenylate cyclase is due to direct interaction at the nucleotide-binding domain of the catalytic subunit of the enzyme. PMID- 6732241 TI - N-demethylation of p-chloro-N-methylaniline catalyzed by subcellular fractions from the avocado pear (Persea americana). AB - Subcellular fractions from the avocado pear ( Persea americana) catalyzed formation of p-chloroaniline from p-chloro-N-methylaniline. Fractions prepared by centrifugation of avocado homogenates at 20, 000g for 20 min formed p chloroaniline (2900 +/- 500 pmol min-1 mg protein-1) with an NADPH-generating system. p-Chloroaniline formation required reduced pyridine nucleotide (NADPH was 6-7 times more effective than NADH) and O2. N-Demethylation was inhibited by CO (55% inhibition at CO:O2 = 1) and was not inhibited by CN. Cytochrome P-450 was detected in the 20, 000g pellet at levels of 300-380 pmol/mg protein. This particulate preparation was also active in catalyzing the NADPH-dependent epoxidation of the chlorinated cyclodiene aldrin. Improvements to a colorimetric procedure for measuring p-chloroaniline increased the sensitivity of the procedure fourfold, and allowed use of samples containing high amounts of lipid. Avocado pear is suitable tissue for further studies on the oxidation of foreign compounds by higher plants. PMID- 6732242 TI - The interaction of the potential-sensitive molecular probe merocyanine 540 with phosphorylating beef heart submitochondrial particles under equilibrium and time resolved conditions. AB - The interaction of the potential-sensitive extrinsic molecular probe merocyanine 540 ( M540 ) with phosphorylating submitochondrial particles has been investigated under equilibrium and time-resolved conditions. The addition of ATP to a M540 -membrane suspension produces oligomycin and CCCP-sensitive spectral changes with absolute maxima near 490, 530, and 565 nm; a 1- to 2-nm red shift of the dye absorption spectrum is also evident in the longer-wavelength region of the spectrum. In fixed-wavelength work, the energy-dependent optical signals were increased by the addition of nigericin and NH4Cl, and could be subsequently restored to the control level by valinomycin or KSCN, respectively. These observations suggest that M540 is specifically sensitive to the membrane potential portion of the electrochemical gradient presumably present in the submitochondrial particle system in the presence of substrate. Binding analyses based on the Langmuir adsorption isotherm and the direct linear method indicate that the M540 dissociation constant is decreased by the presence of ATP with little or no change in the maximum number of binding sites. The M540 dissociation constant was markedly decreased when 0.1 M NaCl was present in the medium, suggesting that the association of this probe with the membrane may be subject to considerable surface charge repulsion. Results from the binding analyses indicate that the origin of the energy-dependent spectral changes may be an enhanced association of M540 with the submitochondrial particle membrane resulting from the transfer of dye from the aqueous phase to membrane-binding sites. The time course of the NADH-, ATP-, or succinate-induced signal developed slowly, on a time scale of tens of seconds, and follows a second-order rate law, suggesting that the rate-limiting step in the development of the ATP-induced M540 signal may be the transfer of dye from the aqueous phase to membrane-binding sites. The enhanced passive binding of M540 to the submitochondrial particle membrane in the presence of NaCl reduces the concentration of free dye apparently available to redistribute to the membrane when substrate is present, with a concomitant reduction in the observed pseudo-first-order and the second-order rate constants. If the effective free dye concentration is estimated from binding data and used in the plot from which the latter rate constant is obtained, the value of this constant compares favorably with the obtained in the absence of the electrolyte.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 400 WORDS) PMID- 6732243 TI - An analysis of the H2O2-mediated crosslinking of lens crystallins catalyzed by the heme-undecapeptide from cytochrome c. AB - In contrast to other tissues, the lens exists in a milieu containing relatively high (micromolar) concentrations of H2O2. It has been demonstrated that activation of H2O2 to more-potent oxidant species via the heme-undecapeptide from cytochrome c produces alterations in lens crystallin polypeptides similar to the changes found in cataract. These include crystallin polypeptide crosslinking and the development of a blue fluorescence not attributable to tryptophan. Of the three classes of mammalian crystallins, gamma-crystallin is crosslinked by heme peptide-H2O2, whereas alpha and beta are not. Heme peptide plus H2O2 generates dityrosine from free tyrosine, and, concomitant with crosslinking, the gamma crystallin exposed to this system develops a new fluorophor with the the characteristics of dityrosine. The findings with bovine and human crystallins are identical in this regard. In addition to the oxidation of tyrosine, exposure to heme peptide-H2O2 results in the oxidation of tryptophan. The intrinsic fluorescence of alpha, beta, and gamma-crystallins is due primarily to tryptophan, and the intrinsic fluorescence of each is decreased by heme peptide H2O2. Thus, tryptophan oxidation occurs in all crystallins, but crosslinking occurs only in gamma-crystallin and is associated with oxidation of tyrosine. PMID- 6732244 TI - The structure of 2-methoxy-5-(2',3',4'-trimethoxyphenyl)tropone, an effective analog of colchicine. AB - -Methoxy-5-(2',3',4'-trimethoxyphenyl) tropone is an active analog of colchicine, a mitotic spindle inhibitor, which is missing the middle "B" ring. This compound crystallizes in the triclinic system, space group P1, with Z = 2; a = 10.135(2), b = 10.166 (4), and c = 7.863(2) A; alpha = 82.15(3), beta = 103.49(3), and gamma = 107.16(2); degrees and V = 750.7(4) A. The structure was solved by direct methods and refined by full-matrix least-squares to a final R = 0.063, using 2503 observed reflections and 271 parameters. Despite the absence of the middle ring, the conformation of the molecule is similar to that of colchicine, isocolchicine , and their derivatives. The troponoid ring is dissimilar to the phenyl ring in that it is not aromatic and does have alternating short and long bond lengths. The dihedral angle between the least-squares planes of the two rings is -57.4 degrees. Van der Waals surface representations of the analog and colchicine are presented to demonstrate the similarity and differences of these two molecules . The structural information of the analog is consistent with the interpretation of thermodynamic parameters which govern the interactions between brain tubulin and the analog. PMID- 6732245 TI - Regiospecific hydroxylation of lauric acid at the (omega-1) position by hepatic and kidney microsomal cytochromes P-450 from rainbow trout. AB - Microsomes from liver or kidney of untreated rainbow trout hydroxylated lauric acid specifically at the (omega-1) position. Turnover numbers for liver (2.72 min 1) and kidney (14.1 min-1) were decreased seven- and twofold, respectively, following treatment with beta-naphthoflavone. Laurate hydroxylation activity from untreated trout hepatic microsomes was sensitive to inhibition by SKF-525A, but was not sensitive to metyrapone and only partially inhibited by alpha naphthoflavone. The temperature optimum of laurate (omega-1) hydroxylation in trout liver microsomes was 25-30 degrees C. The Km and Vmax for (omega-1)- hydroxylaurate formation was 50 microM and 1.63 nmol min-1 mg-1, respectively, in liver and 20 microM and 3.95 nmol min-1 mg-1, respectively, in kidney from untreated trout microsomes. (omega-1) Hydroxylation of laurate, in both liver and kidney microsomes, was sensitive to an antibody raised against a previously purified cytochrome P-450 isozyme (LM2) of trout liver microsomes, which has been shown to be active towards aflatoxin B1. Antibody to the major isozyme of cytochrome P-450 ( LM4b , active towards benzo(a)pyrene) induced by beta naphthoflavone did not inhibit (omega-1) hydroxylation of laurate in microsomes from untreated or beta-naphthoflavone-treated trout. PMID- 6732246 TI - Arachidonic acid epoxidation: epoxyeicosatrienoic acids are endogenous constituents of rat liver. AB - Epoxyeicosatrienoic acids have been isolated and purified from the livers of male rats. They were identified by gas chromatography-mass spectrometric techniques. These results expand the list of in vivo-produced eicosanoids. Their documented in vitro biological activities suggest a role for them in cell and tissue homeostasis. PMID- 6732247 TI - [Review of intra-arterial infusion-radiation therapy for lingual cancer]. AB - Since 1974, we have performed intra-arterial infusion combined with radiation therapy in 137 cases of malignant tumor of the head and neck region. Of these 31 cases of lingual cancer are reviewed in the present paper. The cases were divided, according to the kind of infusional agent administered, into the following groups: BUdR X 5-FU (BAR), 13 cases and BUdR, 18 cases. Instances of death occurring in patients to which anti-cancer agents were applied were as follow: BAR, 8 cases (2 local recurrence, 1 lymph node metastasis, 3 unknown and 2 other causes) BUdR, 8 cases (2 local recurrence, 3 lymph node metastasis, 2 pulmonary metastasis, 1 unknown). Cases of death classified by stages included: (I) 2/6, (II) 4/10, (III) 8/13 and (IV 2/2. The shortest period of observation was 2 years and the longest 10. One of the 15 surviving cases has undergone hemiglossectomy due to recurrence, but the remaining 14 have not received any surgical treatment. PMID- 6732248 TI - [Evaluation of multi-disciplinary treatment combined with intra-arterial chemotherapy for carcinoma of the meso-pharynx]. AB - Forty-seven cases of carcinoma of the mesopharynx , treated from 1973 to 1981 at Gunma Cancer Center, were evaluated. The following results were obtained, According to histopathologic diagnosis, 37 were well-differentiated squamous cell carcinoma and other cases were poorly differentiated squamous cell carcinoma. Classification of the site of the disease showed the most frequent site was lateral wall type (31 cases, 65.9 per cent) followed by anterior wall (9 cases), superior wall (5 cases), and posterior wall types (2 cases). According to TN classification, there were 1 case in T1, 14 cases in T2, 24 cases in T3, and 7 cases in T4, N distribution revealed 27 cases N0, 20 cases N1, N2 and N3. The most common treatment was intraarterial chemotherapy using 5-FU combined with external irradiation (15 cases, 31.9 per cent), external irradiation alone (14 cases, 29.7 per cent), external irradiation with Radium (8 cases, 17.0 per cent), and combined with cryosurgery 5 cases, 10.6 per cent). The five-year cumulative survival rate was 35.3 per cent. The lesion of mesopharyngeal carcinoma takes various forms, so the treatment policy cannot be a standard one. Thus multi disciplinary treatment should be applied for this disease. PMID- 6732249 TI - [Results of treatment on laryngeal cancer]. AB - We have applied a triple combination of 5-FU, vitamin A and Radiation (FAR therapy) to clinical treatment of laryngeal cancers. One hundred and ninety one cases of carcinoma on the larynx, treated from 1970 to 1976 at Kyushu University Hospital, were investigated retrospectively. We compared the 5-year survival rate between FAR (+) group and FAR (-) group. A highly effective synergism was shown in FAR (+) group. PMID- 6732250 TI - [Clinical evaluation of hypoxic cell sensitizer (Misonidazole)]. AB - Clinical effectiveness and toxicity of Misonidazole were analyzed and discussed in 22 cases of carcinoma of uterine cervix, 17 cases of esophageal cancer and 11 with other malignancies treated by radiation. By clinical and histologic examination in the controlled trial, it was shown that radiation response of tumor was slightly sensitized in the treated group with this drug, compared with that in the control group. It was confirmed that there was no significant difference between radiation response of tumor in both groups. Peripheral neuropathy was a complication in 10% and toxicodermatitis in 12% even if the total dose administered was below 10 g/m2. From these results, it was strongly suggested that this drug is not suitable in combination with simple fractionated irradiation as a hypoxic cell sensitizer. PMID- 6732251 TI - [Quantitative measurement and clinical analysis of serum levels of immunosuppressive acidic protein (IAP) in hematopoietic malignancies]. AB - Serum levels of immunosuppressive acidic protein (IAP) in 105 patients with hematopoietic malignancies, there were 12 cases of acute myeloblastic leukemia, 1 acute monocytic leukemia, 13 myelomonocytic leukemia, 4 acute promyelocytic leukemia, 26 chronic myelogenous leukemia, 22 non-Hodgkin's lymphoma, 5 Hodgkin's disease, 6 adult T-cell leukemia, 5 acute lymphoblastic leukemia, 3 chronic lymphocytic leukemia, and 8 multiple myeloma. High levels of serum IAP were detected in all of the patients except chronic phase of CML, malignant lymphoma in stage I and II, and multiple myeloma. In the cases of malignant lymphoma, serum IAP levels in stage III and IV were higher with statistical significance (p less than 0.01) than those in stage I and II. Serum IAP levels in the patients with CML in blastic crisis were higher than in the chronic phase, so serum IAP levels are useful as one diagnostic parameters in blastic crisis. However, in patients with ANLL in relapse, serum IAP levels showed normal values. Serum IAP levels paralleled those of acute phase reactants such as alpha 1-acid glycoprotein , C-reactive protein, alpha 2-globulin, and alpha 1-antitrypsin, and had inverse correlations with PPD and PHA skin test. PMID- 6732253 TI - [Local application of interferon beta to skin lesions of malignant melanoma and malignant lymphoma--clinical and histopathological analysis]. AB - Interferon (IFN) beta was applied locally to skin lesions of malignant melanoma (MM: 3 cases in stage IV and 1 case in stage II) and malignant lymphoma (ML: 3 cases of mycosis fungoides in stages II-III and 1 case of primary cutaneous lymphoma in stage III). It was found that IFN beta was remarkably effective for ML (3 in CR and 1 in PR), but far less effective for MM (3 in PD and 1 in NC). Biopsy specimens of clinically regressed areas revealed histopathology entirely different from each other, skin lesion of MM being infiltrated by numerous inflammatory cells such as lymphocytes and macrophages, whereas that of ML infiltrated Least. Local application of IFN beta appears to provide a new modality for treatment of cutaneous ML, which has the primary lesions on skin and has been hardly controlled by systemic chemoimmunotherapy. PMID- 6732254 TI - [Clinical effects of human fibroblast interferon in advanced gynecological cancers]. AB - Human fibroblast interferon (IFN-beta) was given 13 cases of advanced gynecological cancers. Eight patients, who were clinically evaluable, were reported as follows; Patients consisted of ovarian adenocarcinoma (5), cervical adenocarcinoma (1), endometrial carcinoma (1) and tubal carcinoma (1). Route of administration was intravenous in 5 cases and intratumorous in 3 cases. IFN-beta dose ranged from 2, 650 X 10(4) to 10, 620 X 10(4) units. Clinical effects according to Koyama - Saitoh 's category was progressive disease (PD) in 7 cases and minor response (MR) only in one case who received intratumorous injection for recurrent tumor mass of tubal carcinoma in vaginal stump. Side effects of IFN beta were chill and fever, fatigue and anorexia, leucocyte--and thrombocyte-- penia and hepatic dysfunction, though they were mild in grade and not dose limiting factors. No anti-IFN-beta-antibodies were detected in any cases. PMID- 6732252 TI - [Etoposide effect on cell cycle kinetics of a human lung cancer cell line]. AB - The lethal and kinetic effects of Etoposide on a cell line of human small cell carcinoma of the lung (PC-6) were analyzed in vitro using flow cytometric measurement of DNA content. The drug effect is dependent on concentration and exposure time. When PC-6 cells were exposed to Etoposide for 1 hour then washed, a increase of cells in G2 phase was observed followed by prompt recovery. Continuous treatment with Etoposide for 24 hours caused a retardation of S phase transit, and high concentrations (greater than 10 micrograms/ml) resulted in stoppage of the whole cell cycle. This drug may be useful in combination chemotherapy regimens. PMID- 6732256 TI - [The effect of human lymphoblastoid interferon (HLBI) on the growth of 2 human malignant melanoma xenografts in nude mice]. AB - The effects of Human Lymphoblastoid Interferon ( HLBI ) on the growth of 2 human malignant melanoma xenografts in nude mice were investigated. At a dose of 6 X 10(5) IU, the growth of SK-14 was significantly inhibited by intratumoral administration, whereas that of AM-1 was only moderately by inhibited. Tumor cell of SK-14 was found to be degenerated and replaced with melanophages by histological observation, while that of AM-1 showed no significant changes. Dose response of the inhibitory effect of HLBI (6 X 10(5)IU, 1 X 10(5)IU) was investigated against tumor cell of SK-14. At a dose of 6 X 10(5)IU, the growth was strongly inhibited, whereas 1 X 10(5)IU showed only a moderate effect. In conclusion, the sensitivity of malignant melanoma xenograft to the inhibitory effect of HLBI varied with the cell line. It was considered that a relative large dose of HLBI was necessary for an appreciable effect on the malignant melanoma xenograft. PMID- 6732255 TI - [Effect of 7-N-(P-hydroxyphenyl)-mitomycin C (KW-2083) against pleuritis carcinomatosa]. AB - Fourteen cases of adenocarcinoma with pleuritis carcinomatosa (lung cancer 10 cases, ovarian cancer 2 cases, colon cancer 2 cases) were treated with intra pleural instillation of 7-N-(p-hydroxyphenyl)-mitomycin C (KW-2083), a derivative of mitomycin C. KW-2083 was administered at a dose of 40 mg once or twice weekly. In 14 evaluable patients, the rate of decrease of pleural fluid was 79%, and that of disappearance of tumor cells in pleural fluid was 64%. Median survival time (MST) from the beginning of treatment in all cases was 163 days. The toxicities of intrapleural instillation of KW-2083 were chest pain (86%), transient fever (64%), anorexia (64%), fatigability (29%), nausea (21%), vomiting (21%) and thrombocytopenia (nadir: 3.5 X 10(4)/mm3; 7%). Serum and pleural fluid KW-2083 concentrations have been measured in 3 patients after intrapleural administration of KW-2083. The mean half life of KW-2083 in serum and pleural fluid was 74 min (69-78 min) and 56 min (33-70 min), respectively. The peak serum KW-2083 concentration was 0.18 microgram/ml (0.06-0.24 microgram/ml). PMID- 6732258 TI - [Ultrasonically guided biopsy of mass lesions in the pancreas, liver and gallbladder]. AB - The first paper describing ultrasonically guided biopsy of the kidney was reported by Berlyne in 1961. The next important development was the production by Holm and Goldberg in 1972 of a special pilot transducer with a central cannula through which a fine needle could be introduced. The present author reported the definitive diagnosis of pancreatic carcinoma with percutaneous aspiration biopsy using contact compound scanning methods in 1977. A new para real time method has been recently the developed to allow needle puncture we through the pancreas, liver and gallbladder. The needles and commonly used have been 22 and 23-gauge and 15 or 20 cm in length. Cytological diagnosis of adenocarcinoma of the pancreas was made with an accuracy of 40 cases out of 45 (89%). That for the liver and gallbladder was 100%. On inserting the needle into the gallbladder for cytological examination, a biochemical analysis of bile juice , CEA and LDH, was performed, as for cases of pancreatic cyst. In gallbladder carcinoma, LDH and CEA showed significantly higher levels than in benign mass lesions. The merits of ultrasonic real time guidance for puncture technique are safety, ability of hitting a small target accurately, short time requirement, harmlessness and ease of use at the bedside. PMID- 6732257 TI - [Augmentation of NK activity in peripheral blood lymphocytes of cancer patients by intermittent GE-132 administration]. AB - The natural killer (NK) activity of peripheral blood lymphocytes from 18 cancer patients was studied prior to and after multiple administration of organo germanium compound (Ge-132). In successive oral administration of Ge-132 at a dose of 1000 mg/day for 10 days, NK-activity of patients was augmented at 3 days, but by 10 days, depression of NK activity was observed in all cases. In intermittent oral administration of Ge-132, however, more than half of the patients with augmented NK activity at day 3 maintained the high activity level at day 10. This result suggests the superiority of intermittent administration of Ge-132 for clinical use. PMID- 6732259 TI - Skin typing for assessment of skin cancer risk and acute response to UV-B and oral methoxsalen photochemotherapy. AB - Skin typing is a clinical classification system based on a patient's historical reporting of the acute skin response to sunlight. It is advocated as a means of determining an individual's relative risk of skin tumors and has been used to determine the initial therapeutic dose of UV radiation for UV-B phototherapy or oral methoxsalen photochemotherapy (PUVA) for psoriasis. Among PUVA-treated patients, the relative risk of cutaneous carcinoma was significantly higher among patients with skin types I and II compared with patients with skin type IV (3.2 and 2.3, respectively). Skin type was a better predictor of this risk than eye or hair color. The minimal erythemal dose ( MErD ) and minimal phototoxic dose (MPD) increased with increasing skin type number, but within a given skin type each varied as much as sixfold. Skin type was a good clinical predictor of skin cancer risk, but lacked specificity as a predictor of an individual's MErD or MPD. PMID- 6732260 TI - Human absorption of crude coal tar products. AB - Five normal adult volunteers without cutaneous disease applied 2% crude coal tar to the skin for eight-hour periods on two consecutive days. Blood extracts subjected to gas chromatography and mass spectrometry yielded evidence of absorption in all five volunteers. Phenanthrene, anthracene, pyrene, and fluoranthene, found in four of our volunteers, have been shown to be tumor initiators or cocarcinogens. PMID- 6732261 TI - Anaphylaxis following the use of bacitracin ointment. Report of a case and review of the literature. AB - A 52-year-old woman suffered an acute anaphylactic reaction to topically applied bacitracin. An investigation disclosed the presence of concurrent type I and IV hypersensitivity to bacitracin. We review five other cases of anaphylactic reactions to topical medications and describe the clinical characteristics common to all six cases. PMID- 6732262 TI - Generalized staphylococcal scalded skin syndrome in an anephric boy undergoing hemodialysis. AB - Generalized staphylococcal scalded skin syndrome (SSSS) is a toxin-related epidermolytic disease that predominantly affects previously healthy infants and children younger than 5 years. In contrast, the majority of the reported adult cases have been associated with underlying diseases, suggesting that immunosuppression and renal insufficiency are important predisposing conditions for this age group. We report herein a case of adult-type SSSS in an anephric 10 year-old boy. Patients undergoing hemodialysis who have chronic renal failure may be uniquely predisposed to the SSSS by virtue of their decreased glomerular filtration rate, associated uremic immunodeficiency, and a high incidence of Staphylococcus aureus bacteremia. PMID- 6732263 TI - Bypass phrynoderma. Vitamin A deficiency associated with bowel-bypass surgery. AB - A 41-year-old woman had multiple keratotic papules and nodules on the trunk and extremities four years after a bowel-bypass procedure for morbid obesity. The microscopic features were those of a perforating folliculitis. Serum vitamin A levels were extremely low. Oral vitamin A therapy resulted in dramatic improvement of the cutaneous lesions. PMID- 6732264 TI - Angioimmunoblastic lymphadenopathy followed by Kaposi's sarcoma. PMID- 6732265 TI - Pyoderma gangrenosum and sarcoidosis. PMID- 6732266 TI - Chronic urticaria secondary to aminobenzoic acid. PMID- 6732267 TI - Pediatric pemphigus vulgaris. Treatment with topical adrenal steroids. PMID- 6732268 TI - Vitamin E treatment of haemolytic uraemic syndrome. AB - Because low plasma vitamin E concentrations have been reported in patients with haemolytic uraemic syndrome and there is accumulating evidence of lipid peroxidation in this disease, treatment with the antioxidant vitamin E was undertaken in 16 consecutive children with the syndrome. Twelve children had features at presentation suggesting a poor prognosis for recovery but despite this all 16 patients survived and are well three months later. Fifteen children now have normal values for serum creatinine, blood pressure, and urinalysis for protein but one has slight renal impairment. Although this is not a report of a controlled trial, it seems that patients treated with vitamin E have fared considerably better than our previously treated patients with haemolytic uraemic syndrome, even in the presence of early, adverse prognostic features. We suggest that vitamin E alters the natural history of the disease, and in view of the absence of any observed side effects further experience with this treatment is being sought. PMID- 6732269 TI - Cardiovascular abnormalities in Kawasaki disease. AB - Eighteen patients with Kawasaki disease underwent serial, cross sectional echocardiographic examinations to determine the extent and subsequent course of cardiac involvement in this disease. The mean follow up period was 12.3 months. Cardiovascular complications were found in a total of 10 patients (55%). Coronary artery aneurysms were detected in 6 patients (33%), pericardial effusions in two, and one patient had electrocardiographic evidence suggesting inferior myocardial infarction. Coronary artery aneurysms, seen exclusively in infants less than 12 months of age, were found in four to regress over a mean period of 7.5 months (range 1 to 13 months). Electrocardiogram, chest radiographs, and clinical examination were unhelpful in identifying those patients with coronary artery aneurysms. Eight patients (44%) were hypertensive, though only two required treatment. While all patients have survived, serial cross sectional echocardiographs should be performed in children with Kawasaki disease to identify those at risk from potentially fatal complications. PMID- 6732270 TI - Treatment choice in acute rheumatic carditis. AB - A trial was conducted using sequential analysis by pairs to compare the efficacy of corticosteroids and salicylates in the treatment of acute rheumatic carditis. The results show a significantly favourable effect of steroid treatment both in clinical response and in reduction of the erythrocyte sedimentation rate. In addition, patients receiving steroids usually had a shorter hospital stay. The use of steroids in acute rheumatic fever with carditis is recommended. PMID- 6732272 TI - Hyponatraemia in the first week of life in preterm infants. Part II. Sodium and water balance. AB - Serial measurements of plasma sodium, sodium balance, water intake, and urine volume were made for a mean period of 5.9 days in 10 preterm infants of mean gestation 30.5 weeks and mean birthweight 1506 g. In five infants weighed regularly, estimates of insensible water loss averaged 2.6 (range 1.4 to 6.2) ml/kg/hour. High insensible water losses were the cause of hypernatraemia that occurred in two of the 10 infants. Net sodium balance was negative during the study and represented contraction of the extracellular fluid volume associated with weight loss. The negative sodium balance did not seem diminished by increasing sodium intake and there was no evidence that sodium intake need exceed 3 to 4 mmol/kg/day. Hyponatraemia was not due to changes in sodium balance but to water retention associated with inappropriate increases in urinary arginine vasopressin excretion and urine osmolality in 8 of 10 infants. Frequent, accurate measurements of body weight and of plasma sodium are the two most reliable indicators of changes in water balance. PMID- 6732271 TI - Hyponatraemia in the first week of life in preterm infants. Part I. Arginine vasopressin secretion. AB - Continuous sequential urinary arginine vasopressin measurements in 14 preterm, ventilated infants suggest that both osmoreceptor and volume receptor systems are able to stimulate the prolonged secretion of arginine vasopressin from 26 weeks' gestation. The kidney is able to respond to arginine vasopressin stimulation from the first day of life and from 26 weeks' gestation. A maximum urine osmolality not exceeding 550 mOsm/kg was reached which varied with hydration of the infant. Excretion of arginine vasopressin and urine osmolality increased during deterioration of respiratory illness, mask ventilation, bilateral pneumothoraces, and severe intraventricular haemorrhage. The data show that inappropriate arginine vasopressin secretion is common during illness in the first week of life in preterm infants and that strict attention must be paid to water balance during this time. PMID- 6732273 TI - Serial study of C reactive protein in neonatal septicaemia. AB - Serial C reactive protein concentrations were assayed by electroimmunoassay in 41 infants. Values in most of the non-infected infants were below 0.3 mg/dl, the lower limit of detection of C reactive protein by electroimmunoassay. Eleven of 12 infants with proved sepsis (positive blood cultures) had significantly raised concentrations and one infant with recurrent pseudomonas chest infection had a raised C reactive protein concentration. High C reactive protein concentrations were also found in infants with suspected infection. Successful treatment was followed by a decrease in the C reactive protein concentration. Total white blood cell count was not as appropriate as C reactive protein determination in the early identification of bacterial infection in the newborn. PMID- 6732274 TI - Intraventricular haemorrhage and haemostasis defects. AB - Twenty five of 106 preterm infants of 34 weeks' gestation or less developed intraventricular haemorrhage within the first 48 hours of life. A comparison of infants with and without intraventricular haemorrhage showed no significant differences in their haemostatic parameters at birth. At age 48 hours the group with intraventricular haemorrhage showed a prolonged activated partial thromboplastin time and reduced factor II, VII, and X activity. There was a significant correlation between the severity of intraventricular haemorrhage and the degree of haemostasis abnormality both in cord blood and in blood obtained at age 48 hours. Those infants sustaining grade IV intraventricular haemorrhage had a significantly prolonged activated partial thromboplastin time, reduced factor II, VII, and X activity; and a decreased fibrinogen concentration at birth. At age 48 hours these defects were accompanied by reduced platelet counts and an increased megathrombocyte index. Although intraventricular haemorrhage is multifactorial, we postulate that correction of haemostasis abnormalities at birth may prevent progression to more severe grades of haemorrhage. PMID- 6732275 TI - Community campaign against asthma. AB - Asthma in children is common, underdiagnosed, and undertreated . We report a childhood asthma campaign in an inner city area, initiated by school doctors who then worked closely with family doctors. The campaign aimed to detect children with asthma, to institute or improve treatment, and to provide information about childhood asthma for families, teachers, school doctors, school nurses, and general practitioners. The symptoms and school attendance of most asthmatic children were reported by parents to have improved after the campaign, which was well received by both families and professionals. Similar campaigns focusing on other common childhood problems may provide concrete opportunities for collaboration between school health services and general practitioners and for improving children's health. PMID- 6732276 TI - Norms for hand grip strength. AB - Norms for hand grip strength of healthy children are presented. Sex and age specific centiles for age 5 to 18 years have been determined using a portable strain gauge dynamometer with an accuracy of 0.5 N. The test group comprised 1417 healthy, urban school children from a middle class suburb of Brisbane. Mean maximum grip strength (of four tests, two with each hand) and mean peak grip strength (best of four tests) were recorded. Mean values of peak grip strength were 10 to 15% higher than the average maximum grip in all age groups. At all ages girls had a reduced grip strength compared with boys and although boys manifested a continual, approximately linear increase in grip strength through all age groups, girls manifested an approximately linear increase up to 13 years after which mean hand grip usually remained constant. By the age of 18 years boys had a mean grip strength some 60% higher than girls. Correlations with height and weight are also presented. "Handedness' influenced grip strength and was most noticeable in children aged over 10 years. The clinical use of hand grip strength centiles for the early indication of neurological and muscular disorders and for following the natural history of neuromuscular disease is discussed. PMID- 6732277 TI - Asymptomatic neonatal colonisation by Clostridium difficile. AB - In a prospective survey of infants born in a single maternity unit, asymptomatic faecal colonisation by Clostridium difficile occurred in 31 (47%) of 66 babies who provided a faecal sample during week one of life and at age 14 and 28 days, and in 46 (30.7%) of the total of 150 babies for whom at least one faecal sample was obtained during the month of study. There was no evidence for acquisition of the organism from the mother during delivery and colonisation was unrelated to the means of delivery, infant sex, means of feeding, duration of hospital stay, or antibiotic treatment. New colonisation occurred throughout the month of the study and further evidence for environmental acquisition was obtained by the finding of a similar strain of C difficile in 7 babies from one ward together with positive environmental cultures. Colonisation was frequently transient and occasionally intermittent; most infants kept the same strain during their period of carriage. Twenty two (47.8%) babies colonised by C difficile had low titres of cytopathic faecal toxin but none had symptomatic diarrhoea or features of necrotizing enterocolitis. The in vitro toxigenic potential of 57 toxigenic isolates from 36 babies was low and 12 babies carried non-toxigenic strains. Transient colonisation by C difficile in early life is almost certainly more common than is generally recognized and the neonate provides an important reservoir of potential infection. PMID- 6732278 TI - Atropine treatment of reflex anoxic seizures. AB - In 7 children with unusually severe or frequent reflex anoxic seizures atropine treatment, which was well tolerated, reduced seizure frequency by a mean value of 98%. Treatment withdrawal (five patients) was followed by an increase in seizure frequency and reintroduction (three patients) by restoration of control. PMID- 6732279 TI - Candida albicans skin abscesses. AB - Two neonates who developed Candida albicans skin abscesses are described. One developed disseminated infection. In the newborn abscesses cannot be assumed to be of bacterial origin. PMID- 6732280 TI - Hydrocephalus and primary ciliary dyskinesia. AB - Primary ciliary dyskinesia was shown in a 12 year old boy with bronchiectasis who had developed hydrocephalus in the neonatal period. The possible relevance of his ciliary abnormality is discussed. PMID- 6732281 TI - Late presentation of haemorrhagic disease of the newborn. AB - A 9 week old infant presented with bleeding due to vitamin K deficiency. He had not been given vitamin K after birth but there was no associated risk factor for deficiency and he had not bled from circumcision performed at 8 days of age. PMID- 6732282 TI - Chronic sclerosing tracheobronchitis. AB - We report a child with wheezing and respiratory distress of 53 months duration which was undiagnosed and unresponsive to treatment. Necropsy examination of trachea and bronchi showed narrowing by chronic inflammation and fibrosis of mucosa and submucosa. Despite intensive investigations, the aetiology and pathogenesis remained undetermined. PMID- 6732283 TI - Intracranial pressure monitoring. PMID- 6732284 TI - Prophylactic ethamsylate for periventricular haemorrhage. PMID- 6732285 TI - Age as a main determinant of renal functional damage in urinary tract infection. PMID- 6732286 TI - Two catheter technique in neonatal peritoneal dialysis. PMID- 6732287 TI - Calcium deposition on the maternal surface of the human placenta: a scanning electron microscopic study. AB - To explore the role of calcium in the materno-foetal relationship we decided to study the surface ultrastructure of the human placenta. Fresh pieces of tissues were obtained from central and peripheral parts of the maternal surface of human full-term placentas, processed and then examined with the Scanning Electron Microscope. Calcium depositions could only be seen at higher magnifications in forms of flecks, plaques, and concretions. They were frequently found in firm association with the tips of microvilli projecting from the apical parts of the syncytiotrophoblasts, which led to the clumping of those tips. Regional variations in the distribution of calcium deposits were apparent. Our findings indicate that placental calcification is a continual process occurring simultaneously in various parts of the placenta to varying degrees. Moreover, it seems possible that the process of placental calcification is of clinical and pathological significance bearing relationship to both maternal and foetal conditions. PMID- 6732288 TI - Cyclic AMP-dependent protein kinases and cAMP-binding proteins in human mammary tumor MCF-7 cells. AB - Two isoenzymes of cAMP-dependent protein kinases were found in MCF-7 cytosol. The regulatory (cAMP-binding) subunit of protein kinase I (predominant form) has an apparent molecular weight (MW) of 49,000 and the two forms of regulatory subunits of protein kinase II have MWs of 52,000 and 54,000. Substantial amounts of the 49,000 protein cochromatographed on DEAE cellulose with protein kinase II. The quantities of protein kinase holoenzyme activity are strongly influenced by extraction procedures: the use of EDTA and of the protease inhibitor benzamidine can lead to extensive dissociation. On the other hand, high yields of cAMP dependent protein kinase holoenzyme activity were consistently obtained with 150 mM KCl. PMID- 6732289 TI - Measurement of nuclear DNA in the management of cervical intraepithelial neoplasia. AB - Cytophotometry was used to study the DNA content in 166 smears. The results were compared with the histological findings at cone biopsy which showed 117 carcinomas in situ, 30 microinvasive cancers, and 19 invasive carcinomas. There were statistically significant differences in DNA content and distribution between the intraepithelial neoplasia and microinvasive or invasive carcinoma. We also found cytophotometric differences between exocervical and endocervical in situ carcinoma and invasive cancers. The DNA content of cells did not vary significantly with age. Exocervical carcinoma in situ to have aneuploid histograms while endocervical in situ carcinoma had a euploid distribution of DNA, cytophotometry can help in planning the limits or extent of a cone biopsy. PMID- 6732290 TI - Preovulatory serum estradiol-17 beta values and ultrasound scans in 17 pregnancies which followed in vitro fertilization and embryo transfer after treatment with clomiphene and hCG. AB - 17 patients whom we treated with clomiphene and hCG became pregnant after in vitro fertilization (IVF) and embryo transfer (ET). We now report on our experience with preovulatory estradiol 17 beta values and ultrasonography in determining the time of hCG administration in these patients. The mean estradiol value just before the hCG injection was 329 +/- 75 pg/ml/follicle. The mean follicle diameter on ultrasound was 23.4 +/- 1.5 mm on the same day. In four cases, we only used estradiol values and in one case only ultrasound for the timing of the hCG injection. Both methods of monitoring follicular growth are discussed. PMID- 6732291 TI - Lack of nuclear estrogen binding in benign mesothelioma of the uterus. AB - Estrogen binding sites in a benign mesothelioma of the uterus was studied by in vitro steroid autoradiography. Unlike normal myometrium, which shows distinct supanuclear localizations of tritiated estradiol, the cellular components of the benign mesothelioma do not appear to have estrogen receptors. Serial sections through the tumor failed to localize sites of estrogen binding. These findings are congruent with an undifferentiated mesothelial organ for the tumor and suggest a lack of response to endogenous sex steroids. PMID- 6732292 TI - [Osseous desmoid fibroma of long bones. Review of the literature and diagnostic problems. Apropos of 2 cases including 1 with ultrastructural study]. PMID- 6732293 TI - [Leiomyosarcoma of bone. Ultrastructural and histoenzymologic study. Apropos of a case of mandibular localization]. PMID- 6732295 TI - [Malacoplakia. Contribution of electron microscopy. Apropos of a case with vesicoureteral localization]. PMID- 6732294 TI - [Conization of the uterine cervix using the CO2 laser. An anatomo-pathological study of tissue changes and the repair process apropos of 8 cases]. PMID- 6732298 TI - [Hypervitaminosis A. Apropos of a new case]. PMID- 6732296 TI - [A case of uterine metastasis with origin in the breast]. PMID- 6732297 TI - [Association of a malignant vaginal melanoma with vaginal melanosis and a blue nevus of the cervix. Apropos of a case]. PMID- 6732300 TI - [Histochemical study of mucins in endobrachyesophagus]. PMID- 6732299 TI - [Value of extemporaneous cytologic examination in pancreatic diseases. Our experience apropos of 60 cases]. PMID- 6732301 TI - Colon cancer and dysplasia in ulcerative colitis. Observations on seventeen cases. PMID- 6732302 TI - Clearance kinetics of heterologous antigen and antigen-antibody complexes in Schistosoma mansoni infected mice. PMID- 6732303 TI - [Indications for vaccination against hepatitis B]. PMID- 6732304 TI - [Clinical trial of nifurtimox in human African trypanosomiasis]. PMID- 6732305 TI - [Simple chronic glaucoma in the blacks of Zaire]. PMID- 6732306 TI - [Analysis of the electrophoretic profile of serum proteins of Bantu mothers and their newborn infants]. PMID- 6732307 TI - [Average age at menarche of Zairian girls in Kinshasa, Zaire]. PMID- 6732308 TI - International colloquium: Tropical medicine outside the tropics. Antwerp, 16-17 November 1983. Abstracts. PMID- 6732309 TI - Balloon dilatation of biliary strictures through a choledochojejuno-cutaneous fistula. AB - The problem of recurrent strictures following repair for bile duct injuries or in patients with sclerosing cholangitis is well recognized. For the most part, the recurrent problems have required repeated operations. The possibility of controlling the recurrent strictures by dilatation has been postulated, but repeated dilatations obviously require simple access to the entire biliary tree. We have found that stomatization of the afferent limb of a choledochojejunostomy or hepaticojejunostomy provides ready access to the biliary tree through which strictures can be readily traversed and dilated. Our early results with this procedure suggest that long-term patency can be expected following dilatation of these strictures. PMID- 6732310 TI - Clarification of risk factors for abdominal operations in patients with hepatic cirrhosis. AB - Celiotomy in cirrhotic patients is reported to bear a high risk of operative morbidity and mortality. We reviewed 100 consecutive, cirrhotic patients who underwent nonshunt celiotomy. Thirty patients died and major complications occurred in another 30 patients. Hospital mortality rate was 21% in 39 biliary operations, 35% in 26 procedures for peptic ulcer disease, and 55% in nine colectomies . Fifty-two variables were compared between survivors without complication, survivors with complications, and nonsurvivors. A computer generated, multivariant discriminant analysis yielded an equation predictive of survival. Utilizing coagulation parameters, presence of active infection, and serum albumin, the equation predicted survival with 89% accuracy. In a similar fashion, amount of operative transfusions, absence of postoperative ascites, pulmonary failure, gastrointestinal bleeding, and culture-positive urine predicted survival with 100% accuracy. We conclude that celiotomy in the cirrhotic patient is truly associated with very high morbidity and mortality, and preoperative assessment can predict survival with 89% accuracy. PMID- 6732311 TI - Suprarenal vena caval occlusion. Principles of operative management. AB - Retrohepatic occlusion of the inferior vena cava caused by tumor complicates complete resection and not infrequently is associated with life-threatening symptoms that accelerate the lethality of the underlying malignant process. This report summarizes our experience with caval thrombectomy and reconstruction that allowed complete removal of all gross tumor in seven patients with malignant occlusion of the retrohepatic inferior vena cava. Included in this group are five patients with renal cell carcinoma and extension of tumor into the retrohepatic vena cava. Three of these patients had extension of tumor thrombus into the right atrium. A sixth patient had recurrent right adrenal cortical carcinoma with tumor invasion of the vena cava and occlusion to the right atrium. Associated hepatic vein occlusion and secondary Budd-Chiari syndrome also was successfully managed in this patient. The final patient with occlusion of the entire suprarenal vena cava required caval reconstruction after resection of a primary leiomyosarcoma of the retrohepatic portion of the vena cava. Careful planning of the operative procedure, adequate exposure, complete mobilization of the retrohepatic vena cava, and control of the hepatic venous effluent will allow patients with retrohepatic vena caval occlusions to be managed with safety and success. PMID- 6732313 TI - Femoral anastomotic false aneurysms. An 11-year experience analyzed with a case control study. AB - Eighty-three femoral anastomotic false aneurysms occurring in 51 patients were diagnosed from 1972 through 1982. Twenty-two (27%) presented with acute events. Seventy (84%) were confirmed by sonography and/or arteriography. Bilaterality (29%), recurrence (18%), and associated aortic false aneurysms (8%) were significant problems. Eight-one were repaired with a six per cent complication rate, including one death related to preoperative rupture. The 51 patients were evaluated for associated illnesses, risk factors, and etiologies of their false aneurysms. The most common single cause (61%) was host vessel degeneration with an intact suture line remaining attached to a disrupted Dacron limb. Twenty-three patients with host vessel degeneration were matched with case controls not developing false aneurysms. These two groups were matched for gender, age, and year of AFB and compared for associated illnesses and risk factors. Incidences of cigarette smoking, hypertension, cerebrovascular disease, coronary artery disease, diabetes mellitus, previous femoral endarterectomy, outflow disease, other aneurysmal disease, multiple groin operations, wound complications, and training levels of surgeons performing initial AFBs were similar for both groups. Factors observed significantly more often in patients who developed false aneurysms included serum lipid abnormalities (p less than 0.05), braided synthetic suture material as opposed to monofilament polypropylene (p less than 0.05), and continued abuse of tobacco following AFB (p less than 0.005). PMID- 6732312 TI - Priority of revascularization in patients with graft enteric fistulas, infected arteries, or infected arterial prostheses. AB - Patients with arterial infections, infected arterial prostheses, or graft enteric erosions or fistulas have high amputation and mortality rates after treatment. An unresolved therapeutic question is whether remote ("extra-anatomic") bypass should precede or follow removal of the infected artery or prosthesis. None of the ten patients reported here who had a remote bypass inserted first developed distal limb ischemia or infection of the remote bypass. Literature review of patients with aortic prosthetic infections revealed a mortality of 71% (10/14) if infected graft removal preceded remote bypass and 26% (6/23) if remote bypass was first. Patients with graft enteric erosions or fistulas had a mortality of 53% (40/75) if graft removal was first and 17% (5/29) if remote bypass was first. Subsequent infection of the remote bypass was rare. Therefore, when possible, remote bypass with a prosthetic graft should precede removal of an infected artery, an infected arterial prosthesis, a graft enteric erosion, or a graft enteric fistula. PMID- 6732314 TI - Chest wall reconstruction. Experience with 100 consecutive patients. AB - Experience with 100 consecutive chest wall reconstructions during the past 7 years was reviewed. There were 52 female and 48 male patients with ages ranging from 13 to 78 years (average 53). Of the 100 patients, 42 had tumors of the chest wall, 19 had radiation necrosis, 24 had infected median sternotomies , and 15 had combinations of the three. Seventy-six patients underwent skeletal resection of the chest wall. An average of 5.7 ribs were resected in 63 patients. Total or partial sternectomies were performed in 29. Ninety-two patients underwent 142 muscle flaps: 77 pectoralis major, 29 latissimus dorsi, and 36 other muscles, including serratus anterior, rectus abdominis, and external oblique muscles. The omentum was transposed in ten patients. Chest wall skeletal defects were closed with Prolene mesh in 29 patients and with autogenous ribs in 11. Eighty-nine patients underwent primary closure of the skin. The 100 patients underwent an average of 2.1 operations. Hospitalization averaged 17.5 days. There was one perioperative death (29 days). Two patients required tracheostomy. Follow-up averaged 21.6 months. There were 24 late deaths. All 99 patients who were alive 30 days after operation had excellent results at the time of death or last follow up. PMID- 6732315 TI - Aortic arch aneurysm. A sentinel of extensive aortic disease requiring subtotal and total aortic replacement. AB - Aneurysm of the thoracic aorta is a serious form of disease because it may be extensive or associated with a more distant aneurysm. This manifestation occurs in about one-third of the cases. The actuarial 5-year survival of nontreated patients is only 13% with many patients dying from aortic rupture. The 5-year survival of our patients with aneurysm of the descending thoracic aorta treated by graft replacement is 58% with the two most common causes of late death being myocardial infarction and rupture of another aortic aneurysm. Effective treatment consists of initial total aortic examination, continued follow-up examination, and total replacement of disease. Aneurysmal disease that involves the entire aortic arch is especially prone to extensive involvement because it is due to diffuse aortic dissection or medial degenerative disease in most cases. The latter is most common, being present in 63 of our 81 patients requiring total arch replacement. The disease was extensive in all cases with degenerative medial disease and required extensive graft replacement. In fact, the entire thoracic aorta was involved in ten, the entire thoracic aorta and substantial segments of abdominal aorta in ten, and the entire aorta in 12 patients. Most of these patients were women (84%) over 65 years of age (63%) or older, ten (37%) were over 70 years. Associated pulmonary disease was frequent, aortic valvular insufficiency was present in 12 (38%), and symptoms were present in most. Treatment consisted of removing the disease when possible in stages, the arch in one and the remaining disease in another with the sequence and interval depending upon indications and condition of the patient. A total of 53 operations were performed in these 32 patients, the arch replaced in 29, the descending thoracic aorta in eight, and the thoracoabdominal aortic segment in 16 patients. All of the disease was replaced in 21, including the entire aorta in eight and incompletely replaced in 11 patients. Sixteen (76%) of the former are still alive 4 months to 6 1/3 years. Six (55%) of those in whom operation was limited to replacement of the symptomatic aortic segment because of limited risk are still alive. Of the ten deaths occurring during the study period, four (40%) and perhaps five (50%) were due to natural rupture of unresected disease which indicates its progressive nature and suggests the need for aggressive surgical treatment. PMID- 6732318 TI - The AMA's role in the development of medical education. PMID- 6732316 TI - Pharyngoesophageal stricture and fistula. Treatment by free jejunal graft. AB - Fifty-five patients with disorders of the pharynx or cervical esophagus requiring extensive ablative therapy were reconstructed by heterotopic autotransplantation of a segment of jejunum. Of these 55 patients, the overwhelming majority were treated for squamous cell carcinoma or the complications of combined radiation and operative therapy. There were six graft failures in the entire group of 55 patients for a transfer reliability of 90%. Three patients died in the perioperative period (5%). The purpose of this paper is to report on the treatment of a subset of these patients in whom fixed cicatricial stenosis of the gullet was the problem or in whom a radionecrotic cutaneous fistula existed. Fourteen such patients were treated, ten with stricture and four with fistula. Both patch grafts of on-lay segments and more routine circumferentially intact tubed segments of jejunum were used depending upon the nature of the defect. The youngest patient in this group was a 3-year-old juvenile diabetic with caustic stricture and the oldest was a 75-year-old man with fixed stricture following operation and radiation for cancer. Nine of ten and four of four anatomic reconstructions were successful in the stricture and fistula patients, respectively. All of these 13 patients with a neo- gullet of jejunum were able to handle secretions and liquids satisfactorily. Eleven patients were on a regular diet and had no discernible physiological impairment in alimentation. One patient had mild dysphagia and used a blenderized diet. One patient was able to swallow liquids only. In this patient the resection for tumor was so high and so extensive that the physiologic act of deglutition itself was impaired. There were no perioperative deaths, although one patient has succumbed to recurrent and metastatic carcinoma. When conventional treatment for stricture or fistula in the cervical alimentary tract has failed, reconstruction can be accomplished safely by free revascularized jejunal graft. Successful alimentation can be anticipated in all patients in whom the physiologic mechanism of deglutition itself is not drastically impaired. PMID- 6732317 TI - Experimental and clinical observations of the effects of cytotoxic chemotherapeutic drugs on wound healing. AB - The administration of perioperative doxorubicin HCl (Adriamycin) had profound effects on wound healing for 5 out of 7 breast cancer patients and 5 of 5 melanoma patients following intravenous and intra-arterial infusional chemotherapy, respectively. The clinical observation of significant reduction in wound tear strength (WTS) and wound tear energy ( WTE ) in the group of patients with cutaneous melanoma initiated this experimental analysis. A study of WTS ( kNm -2) in nontumor-bearing (non-TB) and Morris Hepatoma (MH)-7777 (TB) rats treated with therapeutic doses of Adriamycin (ADR) and methotrexate (MTX) was compared with saline-treated controls. Mean tumor volume (cm3) was unaffected by MTX, while significant tumor inhibition (p less than 0.01) was evident for ADR treated TB animals. A correlation (r = 0.516, p less than 0.01) was observed for tumor volume and WTS. Separate analysis of TB and non-TB animals identified a significant correlation (r = 0.6259, p less than 0.01) between advancing cachexia in TB rats and WTS. A 21-day analysis was done for 160 animals to determine the effect of MTX and ADR on WTS ( kNm -2) and WTE ( Ncm -1). The presence of MH-7777 significantly (p less than 0.01) reduced WTE for TB animals not treated with chemotherapy. TB animals treated with ADR had significant (p less than 0.01) improvement in WTE at day 21 compared with TB controls. This enhancement in WTE was not observed in rats treated with MTX. These clinical and experimental observations suggest significant retardation of the early phases of wound fibroplasia as determined by WTS and WTE following operative trauma and subsequent administration of therapeutic dosages of cytotoxic agents. PMID- 6732319 TI - Prevention and treatment of central venous catheter sepsis by exchange via a guidewire. PMID- 6732320 TI - Strategies for cost containment in surgical patients. PMID- 6732321 TI - Operative prebypass arteriography. PMID- 6732322 TI - Cricothyroidotomy for long-term tracheal access. A prospective analysis of morbidity and mortality in 76 patients. AB - Cricothyroidotomy for long-term tracheal access was prospectively studied in 76 critically ill patients. Thirty patients (39%) survived and 46 (61%) died. Mean duration of follow-up computed in all survivors was 8.5 months. Postmortem examination of the airway was performed in 85% of the nonsurvivors. Five patients (7%) had major complications including one death, subglottic stenosis in two adolescent patients, reversible subglottic granulation with partial obstruction in one patient, and tracheomalacia in one patient. Minor complications occurred in 23 (30%) survivors. Eleven (28%) of the nonsurvivors examined post mortem had airway pathology, including ulceration, hemorrhage and abscess at the stoma or cuff site, subglottic erosion, and mucosal separation. There were no significant differences in any of the parameters studied between the group with and the group without airway pathology. The morbidity and mortality of cricothyroidotomy in adults are similar to that reported for tracheostomy. However, cricothyroidotomy should be avoided in children and adolescents because of the risk of subglottic stenosis. PMID- 6732323 TI - Subtotal versus total parathyroidectomy with forearm autograft for secondary hyperparathyroidism in chronic renal failure. AB - Forty-three patients with chronic renal failure and secondary hyperparathyroidism underwent parathyroidectomy; 20 of the 43 underwent subtotal parathyroidectomy (Group A) and 23 patients underwent total parathyroidectomy and parathyroid autotransplant in the forearm (Group B). Postoperative clinical improvement was similar in both groups. In the immediate postoperative period eight patients in Group A who had severe bone changes and 21 patients in Group B needed supplemental calcium administration. The grafted tissues in all cases functioned well; reimplantation of the cryopreserved parathyroid tissues was unnecessary. One case in each group showed a recurrence. One patient in Group A was submitted to reexploration of the neck with a lateral approach. The other patient in Group B underwent excisions of the transplanted parathyroid tissues on three separate occasions under local anesthesia. The second operation was definitely easier and safer to manage after a total parathyroidectomy with autotransplantation to the forearm. PMID- 6732324 TI - Open versus closed diagnostic peritoneal lavage. A multiphasic prospective randomized comparison. AB - A total of 118 trauma patients were prospectively randomized to receive either open or closed peritoneal lavage. In addition, comparisons were made between using an infraumbilical versus a supraumbilical approach in patients with pelvic fractures. No statistical difference was noted between the open and closed groups, despite the overall accuracy rate of 96.6%. The supraumbilical approach was vastly superior to the infraumbilical approach in patients with pelvic fracture with an accuracy rate of 90.9% versus 57%. In this regard, use of the infraumbilical approach in this setting is to be highly discouraged. Finally, patient body habitus, technique, and physician experience all play a role in the outcome of the lavage. PMID- 6732325 TI - Splenectomy for hematologic disease. The UCLA experience with 306 patients. AB - Between 1956 and 1981, 306 splenectomies for hematologic diseases were performed at the UCLA Medical Center. Of these operations, more than 75% were performed for therapeutic reasons to control anemia, thrombocytopenia, neutropenia, or painful symptoms of splenomegaly. Of the 65 patients who had idiopathic thrombocytopenic purpura, 77% showed an excellent response, and of the 39 patients who had hereditary spherocytosis, 90% responded. Other diseases with predictably good response rates were autoimmune hemolytic anemias, Felty's syndrome, and hairy cell leukemia. Forty patients with Hodgkin's disease had splenectomies for diagnostic purposes the last 10 years. The overall morbidity and mortality were 24% and 6%, respectively, the most common complications being pneumonia, wound infections, and local postoperative bleeding, and the most common cause of death being sepsis. The review supports the thesis that in carefully selected patients, therapeutic splenectomy can have desirable palliative effects and that diagnostic splenectomy has a sufficiently low risk to warrant its consideration in patients with Hodgkin's disease. PMID- 6732326 TI - Mechanisms for rupture of pancreatic pseudocysts. A biomechanical evaluation. AB - Considerable morbidity and mortality continue to attend the rupture of pancreatic pseudocysts. If the mechanism responsible for rupture were known, it is conceivable that patients with impending rupture could be identified and appropriate measures taken. In an effort to determine whether pseudocysts rupture from increased internal pressure, in vivo pressure measurements and stress calculations were performed in 10 intact pseudocysts. Next, fresh strips of pseudocyst wall tissue from seven patients were placed in a tensile testing machine, and ultimate strength (peak stress capacity) was determined. The average in vitro peak stress prior to yield and separation was 12.30 +/- 2.75 Kg-F/cm2. Both this value, and calculated internal pressures required to achieve this level of wall stress, are more than 100 times greater than the corresponding values ever measured in humans. In all likelihood, pseudocysts rupture from diminished wall thickness resulting from immaturity and/or enzymatic debridement. PMID- 6732327 TI - Sclerosing cholangitis. Anatomical distribution of obstructive lesions. AB - The cholangiograms of 36 patients with sclerosing cholangitis were reviewed. The mean age of the patient group was 43 years, and the mean disease duration was 4.5 years. Seventeen of the patients had associated inflammatory bowel disease. The mean serum bilirubin was 6.8 mg/dl, the mean SGOT was 105 IU/L, the mean SGPT was 108 IU/L, and the mean serum alkaline phosphatase was 534 IU/L. The cholangiograms demonstrated involvement of the extrahepatic bile ducts in 33 patients, involvement of the hepatic duct bifurcation in 33 patients, and involvement of the intrahepatic bile ducts in 35 patients. The cholangiograms were graded as to the areas of the most severe obstructive involvement. In 24 patients the area of most severe involvement was the hepatic duct bifurcation. In eight additional patients the hepatic duct bifurcation, along with the extrahepatic ducts and/or the intrahepatic ducts, were felt to be the areas most severely affected. This predilection for severe obstructive disease at the hepatic duct bifurcation in sclerosing cholangitis held for both patients with and without inflammatory bowel disease. Thus, most patients with sclerosing cholangitis have cholangiographic evidence of diffuse extrahepatic and intrahepatic biliary tract disease, with the hepatic duct bifurcation being the area generally most severely affected. PMID- 6732328 TI - Peritoneovenous shunt therapy for leaking ascites in the cirrhotic patient. AB - Review of clinical and operative records of 86 patients at the Minneapolis VA Medical Center and Mount Sinai Hospital undergoing peritoneovenous (PV) shunt for intractable ascites revealed a subgroup of patients (n = 9) who developed leaking ascites prior to shunting. The etiology of leaking ascites was as follows: 1) ruptured umbilical hernia ( UH ) (four patients), 2) repeated paracentesis (three patients), and 3) postoperative incisional ascitic fluid leak (two patients). Initial therapy included local sterile compression dressing, intravenous antibiotics, and management of fluid and electrolytes. All nine patients underwent subsequent closure of the fascial defect and PV shunt to prevent reaccumulation of ascites (simultaneous procedures were performed in five patients). No patient developed postoperative septic complications, organ failure, gastrointestinal bleeding, or encephalopathy. There were no early deaths; however, three late deaths (18 months, 2, and 4 years) were due to variceal bleeding and/or liver failure. Ascites was well controlled in seven patients with PV shunt alone, the other two ultimately responding to medical therapy. We conclude that peritoneal fluid leaks can be treated successfully by repairing the fascial defect and placing a PV shunt. In the absence of infected ascites and clinical peritonitis, PV shunt may be performed simultaneously with closure of UH , thus preventing the reaccumulation of ascites during the immediate postoperative period. PMID- 6732329 TI - Carotid endarterectomy in patients with asymptomatic intracranial aneurysm. AB - The patient with symptomatic extracranial carotid artery disease who, on angiography, is found to have a coexisting intracranial aneurysm presents a therapeutic dilemma. Relief of the carotid stenosis, with a potential increase in cerebral blood pressure, might increase the risk of aneurysm rupture. Conversely, repair of the aneurysm may be hazardous because of the low flow imposed by the carotid stenosis, particularly in the event of perioperative hypotension. We reviewed 19 patients treated with 20 carotid endarterectomies in the face of concurrent asymptomatic intracranial aneurysm. There were no instances of aneurysm rupture during the operation or the 30 days following operation. The literature reported to date consists of a total of 20 patients with only one incidence of aneurysm rupture in the postoperative period. We conclude that carotid endarterectomy is unlikely to precipitate rupture of an intracranial aneurysm during the operation or postoperative period. PMID- 6732330 TI - Recurrent carotid artery stenosis following endarterectomy. AB - Spectral analysis was used to examine 257 carotid arteries in 227 patients who had undergone carotid endarterectomy at 1, 3, 6, and 12 months after surgery and annually thereafter. Routine intraoperative completion angiography ensured that the operations were technically satisfactory. Postoperative restenoses were identified in 38 patients (15%). In 23 arteries (9%), the restenosis exceeded a 50% diameter reduction while in 15 arteries (6%) the stenosis was less than 50% of the diameter. Restenosis developed in 24/96 women (25%) and 14/161 men (9%). Twenty-nine (70%) stenotic lesions occurred within 12 months. In three patients early lesions regressed. Reoperation with patch angio-plasty was required in six patients. When the 219 carotid arteries that remained widely patent were compared to the 38 that restenosed , no differences were noted for age, diabetes mellitus, hypertension, smoking, or degree of preoperative stenosis. Early stenotic lesions appear to be due to myointimal hyperplasia, which is probably platelet mediated. The predominant female sex distribution may be explained by differences in platelet responsiveness in men and women. PMID- 6732331 TI - Nerve compression injuries due to traumatic false aneurysm. AB - Experience with 17 patients with delayed onset of compression neuropraxia due to hemorrhage following nonoperative treatment of penetrating arterial injuries is presented. Fifteen cases involved the arteries of the neck shoulder girdle and upper extremity and two the gluteal vessels. This resulted in dysfunction of components of the brachial plexus, median ulnar, and sciatic nerves. Follow-up extended from 3 to 18 months. Of 10 brachial plexus lesions two recovered fully, five partially, and three not at all. Of seven peripheral nerve injuries, full recovery occurred in two patients and none in five. Adverse prognostic factors for neurological recovery are sepsis, involvement of intrinsic hand innervation and the sciatic nerve. An improved prognosis may be expected for upper trunk lesions of the brachial plexus and radial nerve lesions. The complication is essentially avoidable and a careful appraisal of the circulatory status must be made in all patients with penetrating trauma in the neck and shoulder girdle and buttock. PMID- 6732332 TI - Arterial injuries during inguinal herniorrhaphy. AB - In all common forms of inguinal herniorrhaphy, stitches pass either just superficial to the internal iliac artery and vein or through their sheath. Despite the potential for arterial injury, documented cases seem to exist only in the foreign-language literature. We report four cases of arterial injury following inguinal herniorrhaphy in adults. The artery is placed in jeopardy when the transversalis fascia is incorporated in the stitches used to close the medial aspect of the internal inguinal ring. The depth of penetration of the needle and the proximity of the external iliac artery must be accurately judged. Injury can result from direct puncture of the artery or avulsion of one of its branches. Immediate repair of any arterial injury is paramount, and newly subnormal pulses below the inguinal injury are unacceptable. Exposure must be adequate, and division of the floor of the inguinal canal may be necessary for this purpose. Repair may require a simple hemostatic suture, a patch graft, or an interposition graft. PMID- 6732333 TI - Evaluation of tomography and mediastinoscopy for the detection of mediastinal lymph node metastases. PMID- 6732334 TI - The Meadox unicusp pericardial bioprosthetic heart valve: new concept. AB - To obtain a valve with better hemodynamic performance and longer durability than the currently available bioprostheses, a single-cusp pericardial xenograft has been developed. This valve has been tested extensively both in vitro, in a pulse duplicator and in a fatigue-testing system, and in vivo, in a series of dogs and sheep. Hemodynamic studies showed improved hemodynamic performance compared with other biological and mechanical valves. Effective orifice areas were larger and performance indexes higher, especially in the small sizes. Accelerated fatigue testing showed durability significantly superior to that of other biological devices. Animal experiments have established that the single cusp remains pliable even after more than two years of insertion. There is a low incidence of calcification and good preservation of the collagen matrix. This preliminary experience demonstrates that the unicusp pericardial xenograft has superior hemodynamics, increased resistance to fatigue-induced lesions, and a low incidence of calcification. These results might indicate an extended in vivo durability for this device. PMID- 6732335 TI - Albumin coating of a knitted polyester arterial prosthesis: an alternative to preclotting. AB - Coating a knitted polyester arterial prosthesis with cross-linked albumin fills the interstices of the graft and relieves the surgeon of the necessity to preclot . This is of particular value in patients whose blood clotting properties are hypercoagulable, or hypocoagulable . In addition, such prostheses require less handling, which can lower the risk of bacteremic colonization and shorten the operative time. The in vivo behavior of the implanted albuminated prosthesis in the thoracic aorta of dogs is similar to that of preclotted grafts, although the sequences of early healing are different. The preclotted graft develops a continuous, thick thrombotic matrix on its luminal surface during the first 4 hours of implantation. Following the initiation of the fibrinolytic mechanism 24 to 48 hours postoperatively, this thrombotic deposit quickly recedes , leaving blood cells and platelets adhering here and there to the prosthetic surface. In comparison, the albuminated coating is not associated with major early thrombotic deposits. The albumin remains visible between the filaments during the first 2 weeks of implantation. Both treated and control grafts contain numerous thrombi on their inner surface after 1 to 2 weeks. After 1, 3, and 6 months, both implants are well encapsulated and present a glistening and continuous luminal surface. This excellent healing, however, can be compromised should the graft adhere too closely to the animal's lungs.+2 PMID- 6732336 TI - Fresh frozen plasma: a solution to heparin resistance during cardiopulmonary bypass. AB - The reasons for the highly variable response of patients to heparin remain incompletely understood. Empirical maintenance of the activated clotting time (ACT) at levels of 400 to 480 seconds appears to be safe for cardiopulmonary bypass (CPB). For patients with ACT responses lower than predicted for initial heparin doses, titration with additional heparin has been customary. In 44 patients undergoing cardiopulmonary bypass, 20 patients were identified as having initial ACTs of 300 seconds or less after receiving 300 units per kilogram of heparin. In 11 of them, ACTs were titrated to 400 to 480 seconds with additional heparin. Nine were given 2 units of fresh frozen plasma shortly after institution of CPB. In this group, there was significant augmentation of the ACT immediately after infusion of plasma. No differences in total heparin dosages given during CPB were found between 24 control patients with initially acceptable ACTs and the group receiving fresh frozen plasma. In contrast, more heparin was necessary in the patients with a low ACT titrated with heparin alone. Data also indicated that protamine sulfate requirements were substantially lower after administration of plasma than were those in either the control or the heparin-titrated, low ACT group. Fresh frozen plasma appears to "normalize" the heparin-ACT dose-response curve in heparin-resistant patients and to lessen total heparin requirements during CPB. PMID- 6732338 TI - Endotracheal tube with movable blocker to prevent aspiration of intratracheal bleeding. AB - A newly developed endotracheal tube with a movable blocker was found to be lifesaving in patients with copious and persistent intratracheal bleeding. The cases of 4 patients are presented. In 3 patients, severe intratracheal bleeding was attributed to the extensive bronchopulmonary laceration caused by blunt chest trauma. In the remaining patient, the bleeding was due to rupture of the sutured site in the right pulmonary artery; the rupture was caused by a postoperative bronchopleural fistula. In these patients, spread of blood was completely prevented and pulmonary resection was performed safely by using the blocker in this new device. PMID- 6732337 TI - Rebound vasospasm after coronary revascularization in association with calcium antagonist withdrawal. AB - Four patients experienced life-threatening coronary vasospasm following discontinuation of calcium channel blocking medication at the time of coronary revascularization. The last dose of the calcium blocker in each instance was administered between 8 and 18 hours before operation. Two of the patients were receiving diltiazem (60 mg four times a day) and 2, nifedipine (20 mg four times a day). During this same period, 16 patients had received diltiazem (12.5% incidence of vasospasm) and more than 100 patients, nifedipine (less than 2% incidence). In 3 of the 4 patients, coronary spasm was identified by electrocardiogram and documented as the cause of ischemia in the distribution of a nondiseased right coronary artery. In the fourth patient, spasm had occurred in the distribution of a bypassed left anterior descending coronary artery. In 2 patients in whom the problem was recognized retrospectively, an infarct developed; 1 patient died. In the 2 patients in whom the problem was apparent prior to infarction, nitroglycerin (1 to 3 micrograms/kg/min, intravenously) and nifedipine (10 mg, sublingually every 4 to 6 hours) successfully reversed the ischemic process. The routine administration of calcium at the completion of coronary revascularization may be ill-advised in patients in whom calcium channel blockers have been utilized. Postoperative therapy of this condition with intravenous administration of nitroglycerin and sublingual administration of nifedipine seems to be effective when instituted early. PMID- 6732339 TI - Pneumothorax in the Marfan syndrome: prevalence and therapy. AB - At least twenty-four reports of pneumothorax associated with the Marfan syndrome have appeared in the medical literature, but the frequency and optimal method of treatment remain unclear. We conducted a retrospective review of medical records from one genetics clinic and found that the frequency of spontaneous pneumothorax in patients older than 12 years with Marfan's syndrome was 4.4% (11 out of 249). Men were more commonly, but no more severely, affected than women. Seven patients had recurrent or bilateral pneumothorax. In 9 of the 11 patients, apical bullae were present and detectable on chest radiograph. Pneumothorax frequently recurred if not treated by resection of the offending bullae. We recommend that all adolescent and adult patients with the Marfan syndrome undergo chest radiography for ascertainment of the gross pathological condition of the lung. Definitive surgical treatment should be performed at the first occurrence of pneumothorax because of the high rate of recurrence after treatment with a chest tube, with or without pleurodesis. PMID- 6732340 TI - Complete transection of the intrathoracic trachea due to blunt trauma. AB - A 24-year-old man was transferred to Columbia-Presbyterian Medical Center from a local hospital 24 hours after a car crash. Bronchoscopy at the local hospital revealed transection with discontinuity of the trachea just above the carina. At Columbia-Presbyterian Medical Center, following cautious intubation without positive airway pressure, a right posterolateral thoracotomy was performed, and the bronchi were intubated with sterile endotracheal tubes for initial airway control. A 6-cm tracheal disruption was repaired. Early care was complicated by chest wall instability and pulmonary contusions, but the patient was discharged breathing comfortably on the tenth postoperative day. Subsequent to discharge, flow-volume loops revealed the development of a tracheal stricture. Three months after the initial procedure, tracheal resection for stenosis was completed. To date, the patient is asymptomatic. PMID- 6732342 TI - Aortic root venting. PMID- 6732341 TI - Temporary unilateral pulmonary artery occlusion: a method for controlling Swan Ganz catheter-induced hemoptysis. AB - A patient undergoing mitral and aortic valve replacement suffered catheter induced pulmonary artery trauma and massive hemoptysis during weaning from cardiopulmonary bypass. Hemorrhage ceased when the ipsilateral pulmonary artery was occluded. Forty-eight hours later the temporary band was removed, and the patient did well without further bleeding. PMID- 6732343 TI - Kussmaul's sign. PMID- 6732344 TI - Aortic cannulation techniques. PMID- 6732345 TI - Direct current cardioversion. PMID- 6732346 TI - Growth of the aorta after prosthetic patch aortoplasty for coarctation in infants. AB - We have shown that patch aortoplasty relieves the aortic pressure gradient substantially better than resection with end-to-end anastomosis in infants with coarctation of the aorta. Growth of the intact posterior wall of the unresected coarctation after aortoplasty, however, has not yet been demonstrated to occur. We studied 21 infants less than 2 years of age who underwent prosthetic patch repair of coarctation after 1975. Associated lesions were present in 16 patients, and 12 had a concomitant procedure. Two patients died in the hospital, and 4 died later, all of causes unrelated to the coarctation repair. Systolic blood pressure in the right arm declined from 140 +/- 41 mm Hg (mean +/- standard deviation) preoperatively to 101 +/- 19 mm Hg postoperatively in the whole group and to 95 +/- 12 in 10 patients followed for more than 3 years. The right arm-left leg systolic pressure gradient declined from 66 +/- 22 mm Hg to 5 +/- 14 in all patients and to 4 +/- 13 in the group followed more than 3 years. Hypoplastic transverse arch was seen in all but 2 patients. Its relative diameter increased in 6 of 9 patients who underwent catheterization postoperatively and increased more than 50% in 3 patients. Two patients have evidence of narrowing of the aorta at the patch, but both have normal blood pressure in the right arm. In the patient with longest follow-up, an 8-month-old infant seen 8 years after operation, angiograms show the diameter of the aorta at the coarctation to be greater than that at the transverse arch and at the descending aorta.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS) PMID- 6732347 TI - Natural history of surgically treated ventricular aneurysm. AB - Forty-one patients underwent resection of a postinfarction ventricular aneurysm. Thirty-seven of them had associated saphenous vein grafting procedures (average, 2.3 grafts per patient). Thirty-five patients sustained left ventricular dysfunction preoperatively. Forty patients were followed until death or for a minimum of five years (1 was lost to follow-up), and functional status was evaluated. Hospital mortality was 12%. Twenty-four patients survived five years or longer, and 20 patients were alive after a mean follow-up of 84 months. Eighty percent of the nonsurvivors died of atherosclerosis-related events. Forty-nine percent of the patients who survived the operation sustained severe atherosclerotic events postoperatively. Only 2 of 15 nonsurvivors ever regained functional status as judged by return to work. Twelve of the 20 long-term survivors returned to work. Of those patients less than 50 years old at operation, only 17% returned to work. Preoperative left ventricular function was a significant predictor of long-term functional results of aneurysmectomy and saphenous vein grafting. All patients remained at high risk for continued events related to atherosclerotic cardiovascular disease, and only 37% returned to full time, preoperative work status. Return to productive status was especially disappointing in patients less than 50 years old. PMID- 6732348 TI - Myasthenia gravis with thymoma: analysis of and postoperative prognosis for 65 patients with thymomatous myasthenia gravis. AB - Sixty-five patients with thymomatous myasthenia gravis were investigated. Thymomas were present in 44% of the male patients and 19% of the female patients with myasthenia gravis. The incidence of thymomatous disease in male patients was higher than in female patients in all age groups. Eighty percent of men more than 50 years old and women more than 60 years old had myasthenia gravis with thymoma. Germinal center formation in the thymus of patients with thymomatous myasthenia gravis was positive in 91% and was high grade. The prognosis for patients undergoing extended thymectomy of thymomatous myasthenia gravis was significantly better than in those having transsternal simple thymectomy, but it was worse than the prognosis for patients with nonthymomatous myasthenia gravis. No increase in the rate of remission or palliation was seen one year after thymectomy. It is concluded that early thymectomy is effective in control of myasthenia gravis in thymomatous myasthenia gravis. PMID- 6732351 TI - Evacuation of calcific valvular debris using a standard Ellik evacuator. AB - A simple but effective technique is described for removing calcific and other debris following aortic and mitral valve replacement. This technique uses an Ellik evacuator , which is readily available in most operating rooms. An 11-year experience is presented, documenting the efficacy of this method in several hospitals. PMID- 6732350 TI - Transdiaphragmatic adrenal biopsy. AB - The adrenal gland is a common site of metastasis from carcinoma of the lung. In selected patients, especially those in whom the adrenal mass is on the ipsilateral side of the lung lesion, the adrenal gland can be biopsied by a transthoracic transdiaphragmatic approach. Our technique of transdiaphragmatic adrenal biopsy in the staging of carcinoma of the lung is described. PMID- 6732349 TI - Bronchial carcinoid tumors. AB - Forty-six patients with bronchial carcinoid tumors were operated on over a 37 year period. The results were reviewed with special reference to presenting complaint, histological diagnosis, location of the tumor, lymphatic involvement, and type of surgical resection. Age at operation ranged from 9 to 86 years (mean, 43.6 years). Presenting symptoms were hemoptysis in 21 instances, chronic cough in 17, and pneumonia in 15. The primary tumor was within the main bronchus in 17 patients. Twenty-one patients required pneumonectomy, and 20 had lobectomy or bilobectomy . Nine of the patients under-going pneumonectomy had severely damaged lung tissue distal to the lesion in the main bronchus. Six patients had metastases to hilar nodes. Four patients died of carcinoid tumor, but none with metastases died of carcinoid tumor. This series confirms the low malignancy potential of bronchial carcinoid tumors, even in the presence of lymphatic involvement. Although conservative resection is an attractive surgical option, only 10 of the 46 (22%) were potential candidates for such intervention. Standard surgical resection resulted in "cure" in 90% of the patients in the series. PMID- 6732352 TI - Anatomy of the aortic root. AB - A variety of operations are now being done on the aortic root. To make it easier to understand the aortic root, a schematic diagram of its anatomy is presented, along with a description of the procedures that are being performed and an illustrative case report of repair of a recurrent perivalvular leak through a right ventricular incision. PMID- 6732353 TI - Epicardial corkscrew lead fracture. PMID- 6732354 TI - LA-LV bypass for mitral stenosis. PMID- 6732355 TI - Subacute LV wall rupture. PMID- 6732356 TI - Effect of verapamil on renal vasoconstriction induced by angiotensin II, norepinephrine or renal nerve stimulation in anesthetized dogs. AB - The effect of verapamil on the decrease in renal blood flow (RBF) induced by angiotensin II (Ang II), norepinephrine (NE) or renal nerve stimulation (RNS) was examined in pentobarbital-anesthetized dogs. The injection into the renal artery of Ang II (0.01-0.1 micrograms), or NE (0.1-1.0 micrograms), or RNS (1-10 Hz) decreased RBF in a dose- or frequency-dependent manner. The renal arterial infusion of verapamil (30 micrograms/min followed by 100 micrograms/min) brought about a sustained increase in RBF and inhibition of renal vasoconstriction induced by Ang II or NE, but not by RNS, when the extent of vasoconstriction was estimated in terms of absolute changes in RBF. We also observed that the inhibitory effect of verapamil on Ang II-induced vasoconstriction was greater than on NE-induced constriction, as estimated from the % change in RBF. These results indicate that in canine renal vasculature, verapamil exerts different inhibitory effects on the vasoconstriction induced by Ang II, NE or RNS. PMID- 6732357 TI - The effect of 4-aminopyridine on the frequency-force relationship of isolated left atria of guinea-pigs. AB - The effect of 4-aminopyridine (4-AP) on the frequency-force relationship of isolated electrically-driven left atria of guinea-pigs was studied. 4-AP increased atrial contractility between the optimum and pessimum frequencies, but not the rested state contractions. The compound increased the time to peak force and the relaxation time. Results obtained indicate that 4-AP-induced positive inotropic effect is different from that induced by noradrenaline, and supports the view that the compound exerts a direct action on the myocardium to increase contractility. Release of endogenous noradrenaline by 4-AP cannot, however, be excluded. PMID- 6732358 TI - Effects of various compounds on the accumulation of macrophages in mice. AB - The effects of different anti-inflammatory and anti-rheumatic compounds on the accumulation of macrophages in mice have been investigated. Glass coverslips were inserted subcutaneously and the cellular accumulation evaluated by measuring the surface covered by cells or the cellular potassium. Among the non-steroidal anti inflammatory compounds tested, only niflumic acid and BW 755C were found active in this assay. Hydrocortisone, chloroquine and cyclophosphamide inhibited partially the migration of cells. Na- aurothiopropanol sulfonate, levamisole and methotrexate were inactive. MK 447 and d-penicillamine increased the accumulation of macrophages. The activity of the different substances is discussed in terms of their modes of action. PMID- 6732359 TI - Analgesic activities of amphetamine isomers. AB - The analgesic activity of single doses of d- and l-amphetamine was tested in mice using four systems: 65 degrees C hot plate, 55 degrees C hot plate, tail flick, and acetic acid-induced writhing. Although both isomers had some activity, the l isomer was generally more potent and had a greater duration of activity. PMID- 6732360 TI - Vasoactivity of adrenaline in regions covering the canine gastrointestinal tract. AB - Little is known about the action adrenaline has on vascular areas of functionally different parts of the stomach and intestine. Therefore the vasoactivity of adrenaline (1-1024 ng/kg i.v.) was studied by electromagnetic flow measurements in 8 vascular beds covering the gastrointestinal tract. Adrenaline induced 1) a vasodilation in the lesser curvature and antrum of the stomach; 2) a vasoconstriction in the greater curvature of the stomach; 3) a vasoconstriction followed by a vasodilation in the duodenum and jejunum; 4) a vasoconstriction in the ileum, caecum/colon and colon/rectum. Phenoxybenzamine (750 micrograms/kg i.v.) blocked systematically the vasoconstriction in the duodenum and jejunum but not in the ileum and colon. Vasodilation could be blocked by propranolol (100 micrograms/kg i.v.). It is concluded that 1) adrenaline-effects are mediated predominantly by beta-receptors in the antrum and lesser curvature of the stomach; predominantly by alpha-receptors in the greater curvature of the stomach; by alpha- and beta-receptors in the duodenum and jejunum; 2) receptors in the large intestine are of another alpha-adrenergic type than those in the small intestines. Evidence was provided for a gradient of diminishing vasodilating effects of adrenaline from cranial to caudal of the gut. PMID- 6732361 TI - Peripheral adrenergic subsensitivity in adult rats undernourished at perinatal age. AB - The reactivity to NA was studied in vas deferens and atrial preparations from adult rats undernourished at perinatal age. The contractile response on isolated vas deferens was markedly reduced in experimental preparations as compared with controls; however, the maximal contractile response elicited by Ba++ did not differ between them. Furthermore, the positive chronotropic effect of NA on isolated atria was significantly lower in preparations from deprived animals. The specific beta adrenergic receptor binding was significantly reduced in the hearts of experimental animals as compared with controls, without changes in receptor affinity. These results demonstrated that, in addition to changes in reactivity on vascular bed previously described, perinatal undernutrition produces a subsensitivity to adrenergic agonist on other peripheral sympathetic innervated tissues, as vas deferens and heart. This subsensitivity may be the consequence of a reduction in the number of adrenergic receptors caused by early malnutrition. PMID- 6732362 TI - Effect of histamine on aorta preparations of different species. AB - The effect of histamine (10(-8) to 10(-3)M) on aorta preparations of 5 different species was studied. In aortic ring segments, precontracted by norepinephrine, three types of dose-response curves were found: relaxation (rat), contraction (guinea-pig, cat, mouse) and relaxation followed by contraction at higher doses (rabbit). In relaxed preparations, histamine either had no effect (rat) or elicited a contraction (rabbit, guinea-pig). All the contraction effects proved to be H1-mediated as they were antagonized by mepyramine. These contraction effects were maintained or even increased after rubbing the endothelial surface of the vessel, which suggests a direct action on muscular structures. The differences between the species in the dose-response curves to histamine appeared to be determined by the role of the endothelial structures, which can induce an H1-mediated (rat) or an H2-mediated (rabbit) relaxation or may have no influence (guinea-pig). PMID- 6732363 TI - Pharmacokinetics of clonazepam in the dog. AB - After i.v. administration of 0.2 mg/kg clonazepam to dogs, plasma concentrations followed partly a biexponential and partly a monoexponential decline, the terminal elimination half-life (t0.5 beta or t0.5) being 1.4 +/- 0.3 hr. Over the dose range from 0.1 to 0.5 mg/kg the elimination rate was dose-dependent. At the highest dose level, one dog showed signs of a saturation kinetics. After oral administration absorption was rapid, but bioavailability poor and highly variable (20-60%). In spite of the high elimination rate in the single dose studies, clonazepam plasma concentrations in the range known as "therapeutic" in man could be maintained in subacute studies (1 week) by dosing 0.5 mg/kg b.i.d. or t.i.d. This is most likely explained by a saturation of metabolic inactivation and makes the dog a useful model for man when the drug is given continuously. Protein binding averaged 82% and is thus similar to man. Clonazepam passed the blood/CSF barrier rapidly (P = 0.217 min-1) so that steady state conditions were reached within 10-20 min. PMID- 6732364 TI - Unique [3H]tryptamine binding sites in rat brain: distribution and pharmacology. AB - [3H]Tryptamine binding in rat brain is widely distributed with highest densities in the cortex, striatum and hippocampus. This binding is stereospecific and is potently displaced by tryptamine analogues and beta-carbolines. Phenethylamines also possess a weaker activity in displacing [3H]tryptamine. The strict structural requirements for binding to this site substantiate its unique character and suggest that it may represent a tryptamine receptor in the CNS. PMID- 6732365 TI - Effects of carocainide (770207) on canine cardiac automaticity. AB - The benzofuran derivative carocainide is a new class I antiarrhythmic drug which has been shown to prevent and stop experimental ventricular arrhythmias. The effects of this drug on different types of cardiac automaticity were investigated by experimental models using "in situ" dogs' hearts. Complete A-V block was produced by local formaldehyde injection into the A-V junction. Carocainide at doses of 2.5, 5 and 7.5 mg/kg body weight i.v. produced the following effects: a significant and dose-related slowing of the idioventricular rate; a non significant change of the sinus rate at 2.5 and 5 mg/kg b.w.; and a significant decrease of the total number of triggered ventricular beats induced by ventricular pacing during slow norepinephrine infusion. Our results suggest that carocainide could be a safe and effective drug for the treatment of ventricular arrhythmias. PMID- 6732366 TI - Induction of opposite response of hindlimb vasculature to adrenergic agents in hypothyroid rats. AB - In order to investigate whether hypothyroidism induces some functional change in the vascular smooth muscle, the responsiveness of the femoral vascular bed of hypothyroid rats to vasoactive agents was compared with that of euthyroid rats. The vascular beds were perfused by using the constant flow method. Ad libitum feeding of 0.15% 6-propylthiouracil to young male Wistar rats (120 g) over 3 months leads to hypothyroidism. Hypothyroidism did not induce any changes in the Ach- or papaverine-induced vasodilation and 5-HT-induced vasoconstriction. In contrast to euthyroidism, hypothyroidism induces a marked augmentation of the clonidine-induced vasoconstriction, while the phenylephrine-induced vasoconstriction and isoprenaline-induced vasodilation were clearly attenuated. The response to phenylephrine in euthyroidism was predominantly inhibited by prazosin and was slightly modified by yohimbine. While the attenuated response to phenylephrine in hypothyroidism was modified by these blockers in a converse manner, the response to clonidine in each rat group was not modified by prazosin, but markedly inhibited by yohimbine. From these results the following conclusions were obtained: both alpha-1 and alpha-2 adrenoceptors in the femoral vascular beds of eu- and hypothyroid rats responded to phenylephrine; phenylephrine stimulated predominantly alpha-1 adrenoceptors in euthyroidism; hypothyroidism caused an attenuation of the responsiveness mediated through alpha-1 adrenoceptors and an augmentation of that of alpha-2 receptors; hypothyroidism caused an opposite response, mediated through alpha- and beta-receptors, without influencing muscarinic and serotoninergic responses; augmentation of the alpha-2 response and attenuation of alpha-1 and beta-2 responses caused by hypothyroidism may be attributed to functional changes at receptor sites. PMID- 6732367 TI - Cholinergic mechanism of sodium nicotinate-induced contractions in rat and guinea pig descending colon. AB - In segments of rat descending colon 34.5 microM Na-nicotinate-induced rhythmic contractions that were late in onset, long lasting and reversible. The Na nicotinate contractile effect was unaffected by 100 microM hexamethonium, whereas it was rapidly blocked by 30 nM scopolamine and inhibited by treating the samples with 20 microM hemicholinium-3, or 40 microM tetrodotoxin or 60 microM procaine, by incubation at 20 degrees C for 60 min or by removing CaCl2 from the incubation medium. In segments of rat descending colon exogenous acetylcholine induced an initial peak in developed tension followed by long lasting rhythmic contractions. Low indomethacin concentrations (from 3 to 60 microM) suppressed both Na nicotinate and acetylcholine-initiated rhythmic contractile activity while a higher indomethacin concentration (0.6 mM) was required to abolish the acetylcholine-evoked first major contraction. Also in segments of guinea-pig descending colon 34.5 microM Na-nicotinate induced a contractile effect that was abolished by 30 nM scopolamine and almost completely absent in tissue samples treated with 20 microM hemicholinium-3 or exposed to low temperature. The data presented indicate that in segments of rat descending colon Na-nicotinate contractile activity is triggered by acetylcholine release from postganglionic nerve endings and that this cholinergic, calcium-dependent action appears to be modulated by a contemporary release of prostaglandin-like material. In addition, indication is given that this indirect mechanism can be responsible of the Na nicotinate contractile action at the intestinal level in different animal species. PMID- 6732368 TI - Mode of neuromuscular blocking action of toxic phospholipases A2 from Vipera ammodytes venom. AB - The effects of toxic phospholipases A2 ( fraxtions "j", "k1" and "k2") isolated from the venom of Vipera ammodytes were studied on the chick biventer cervicis muscle and the mouse phrenic nerve-diaphragm preparations. In the chick muscle, all of these PLA2s caused neuromuscular (N-M) blockade without producing contracture or affecting the response of the muscle to acetylcholine. In the mouse diaphragm, these PLA2s inhibited completely the indirectly elicited contraction without affecting that evoked directly. The order of their N-M blocking potency is "k2" greater than "k1" greater than or equal to "j". In a low Ca2+ (0.5 mM) medium, they produced a triphasic change in the indirectly elicited contractions: an initial inhibition followed by an enhancement and then a progressive depression leading to complete N-M blockade. The frequency of miniature endplate potentials (m.e.p.p.s) in the mouse diaphragm first increased 2-3 fold and then gradually decreased after "k2" treatment, while the amplitude of m.e.p.p.s did not decrease even after the evoked release of transmitter failed. Giant potentials and bursts of m.e.p.p.s were frequently observed. The quantal content of e.p.p.s was first increased and then decreased gradually. The resting membrane potential was only slightly reduced at 30 micrograms per ml. The ultrastructure of motor nerve terminals in the "k2"-intoxicated mouse diaphragm showed an increase in omega-shaped indentation in the axolemma. The mitochondria in the nerve terminal were swollen and vacuolized. No structural changes were found in the muscle fibers, fibrocytes and myelinated axons in the diaphragm. It is concluded that the toxic PLA2s from Vipera ammodytes venom produce a N-M blockade by acting selectively on the presynaptic site. PMID- 6732369 TI - Comparison of the relative effects of aspirin, mefenamic acid, dihydrocodeine, dextropropoxyphene and paracetamol on visceral pain, respiratory rate and prostaglandin biosynthesis. AB - A comparison was made between the relative effects of aspirin, mefenamic acid, dihydrocodeine , dextropropoxyphene and paracetamol on visceral pain (chemically inducing writhing), respiratory rate and prostaglandin (PG) biosynthesis (cyclo oxygenase activity). A close correlation was found to exist between inhibition of PG biosynthesis and inhibition of visceral pain for mefenamic acid, aspirin and paracetamol. Analysis of the complete activity profiles derived from evaluation of the test parameters yielded the following rank order of overall ratios of their beneficial anti-writhing/anti-cyclo-oxygenase to respiratory depressive activities: (1) mefenamic acid, (2) aspirin, (3) dihydrocodeine , (4) dextropropoxyphene and paracetamol. PMID- 6732370 TI - Regression of Barrett's esophagus seen after surgical intervention. PMID- 6732371 TI - National consensus standards for diabetic patient education programs. A first step in solving an important puzzle. PMID- 6732372 TI - The diagnosis of the thyroid nodule using aspiration biopsy and cytology. PMID- 6732373 TI - Sustained improvement in drug documentation, compliance, and disease control. A four-year analysis of an ambulatory care model. AB - We analyzed the effectiveness of an intervention program involving a clinical pharmacist and nurse clinician in improving drug documentation in medical records, patient compliance, and disease control. Medical records and prescription files were reviewed for patients in a rheumatology and renal clinic. Compliance was estimated by examining prescription refill patterns. Reviews were performed before intervention (control group), nine months after intervention (study group 1), and four years nine months after our intervention program began (study group 2). A six-month retrospective analysis at each review point demonstrated a significant improvement in drug documentation, compliance, and disease control--BP--for both study groups. A significant correlation was found between compliance (refill patterns) and BP control--correlation coefficient phi for the control group, 67 for study group 1, and .89 for study group 2. Cost reductions associated with our intervention program suggest that this program is cost-effective. PMID- 6732374 TI - Medical consequences of missed appointments. AB - "No-show" patients (n = 100) were matched by age and number of appointments scheduled in a six-month period with 100 control patients who kept an appointment. No-show patients were less likely than control patients to have chronic medical problems (78% v 94%, respectively) and to be receiving long-term medications (58% v 73%, respectively) at the time of entry into this study. At follow-up at 29 to 51 weeks, no-show and control patients did not differ significantly in the development of new medical problems or the exacerbation of old medical problems either before or after controlling for differences in baseline health status. No hospitalizations or deaths could be directly attributed to a missed appointment. No-show patients were more likely than control patients to say they felt better at follow-up (42% v 26%, respectively). No-show patients may believe the benefit of keeping an appointment is not worth the inconvenience or expense. We suggest that physicians should carefully justify the need for a follow-up visit and consider negotiating follow-up schedules with their patients. PMID- 6732375 TI - The utility of serum gastrin levels in assessing the significance of low serum B12 levels. AB - Elevated levels of serum gastrin as a consequence of gastric achlorhydria are characteristic of clinical pernicious anemia. In a largely male hospitalized population with an average age of 64 years, 7.7% had low levels of serum B12 (less than 170 pg/mL); only 2.5% of these had frank pernicious anemia. In an attempt to separate a subgroup with low levels of serum B12 in whom pernicious anemia may later develop, their serum gastrin levels were determined. Twenty-two percent had high values and, of these, 70% had low B12 absorptions. In patients with low serum B12 levels, serum gastrin assays may be useful in determining those in whom clinical pernicious anemia seems likely to develop. PMID- 6732376 TI - Diagnostic accuracy and use of aspiration biopsy in the management of thyroid nodules. AB - The diagnostic accuracy of fine-needle aspiration biopsy of thyroid nodules was assessed in 111 patients who underwent thyroidectomy and in three persons whose thyroid glands were examined at autopsy. The basis for not performing surgery in 107 patients studied during the same period is also discussed. Carcinoma (excluding incidental occult carcinoma) was found in 76% of the nodules with malignant cytologic findings (class 5, 10/10; and class 4, 3/7), 20% (3/15) of the nodules with suspicious cytologic findings (class 3), and 9% (8/87) of the nodules with benign cytologic findings (classes 1 and 2). The major reasons for avoiding surgery included resolution of the nodule after aspirating a cyst (eight cases) or after hemorrhage (two cases), multinodular goiter (13 cases), functioning nodule (ten cases), lymphocytic thyroiditis (nine cases), high operative risk without suspicious cytologic findings (15 cases), and response to suppression therapy (27 cases). Among 186 patients given thyroxine suppression therapy, 10% of the nodules disappeared and 12% decreased to less than 1 cm in diameter or more than 50% in volume. Aspiration biopsy is useful to select patients for early surgery or for long-term medical management. Its lack of precision, however, requires that it be employed as an adjunct to other clinical considerations. PMID- 6732377 TI - Toward consensus. Training in procedural skills for internal medicine residents. AB - The faculty, residents, and fellows of the Department of Medicine, University of North Carolina (UNC) School of Medicine, Chapel Hill, were surveyed about procedures that graduates of general internal medicine programs should be able to perform independently. More than 95% of the 177 respondents agreed that, of 71 procedures, all program graduates should be able to perform 13 without supervision. Our results are similar to those of studies at two other universities with geographically distant and philosophically different departments of medicine. The UNC faculty, fellows, and residents had significant differences of opinion on the need for training in 18 procedures. Residents tended to endorse training in the largest number of procedures, faculty the fewest, with fellows in between. The respondents' subspecialty affiliations did not influence their opinions on any of the procedural skills. PMID- 6732378 TI - Medication problems among outpatients. A study with emphasis on the elderly. AB - When patients ascribe adverse symptoms to their medications, the medical care process can be affected. To investigate how often medical outpatients link various adverse symptoms with their medications and to learn what actions they take in response, 299 randomly selected medical outpatients were interviewed. Thirty percent of the subjects identified at least one medication as causing an undesirable symptom. Subjects 65 years or older attributed a lower mean number of adverse symptoms to their medications than did younger subjects. Subjects rarely reported modifying their medication regimens due to adverse symptoms, a finding supported by multiple regression analysis. Approximately one in four subjects did not discuss their symptoms with their providers. These results have important implications for medical care in general, and for the elderly in particular. PMID- 6732380 TI - Radiation-induced breast cancer. AB - Between 1975 and 1983, sixteen patients with a history of irradiation at an early age to the head, neck, or chest areas for a variety of conditions in whom breast cancer subsequently developed were seen at out institute. The median latent period between the irradiation and the development of breast cancer was 420 months. The distribution of patients by stage of the disease and the median age at diagnosis of this subgroup was similar to the breast cancer observed in the general population. The subsequent course of this disease was also similar to the breast cancer observed in the general population. A substantial number of women have been exposed to irradiation at a young age, and these women are at a higher risk of having breast cancer develop. These women should be closely observed to discover the disease in an early curable stage. PMID- 6732379 TI - Effects of prazosin therapy on BP, renal function, and body fluid composition. AB - To our knowledge, the long-term effects of prazosin hydrochloride, an alpha 1 adrenoceptor antagonist, on renal function and body fluid composition have not been previously reported. Fourteen hypertensive men in whom the BP was normalized with prazosin monotherapy, underwent assessment of renal function and body fluid composition following short-term (three to six weeks), long-term (five to six months), and withdrawal (two weeks) therapy. Neither short- nor long-term prazosin therapy had any adverse effect on the glomerular filtration rate or effective renal plasma flow. Renal vascular resistance was decreased 14% during short-term therapy, but not during long-term therapy. Urine flow rate, urine osmolality, free water clearance, and fractional sodium and potassium excretions were statistically unchanged throughout drug therapy. Plasma volume and extracellular fluid volume were increased following both short- and long-term therapy. Long-term prazosin monotherapy effectively lowers BP without resulting in drug tolerance, however, sodium retention probably limits its antihypertensive effectiveness. PMID- 6732381 TI - Case-control research. Temporal precedence and other problems of the exposure disease relationship. AB - We assessed the principle of temporal precedence in recent case-control studies demonstrating the alleged associations between tampon use and toxic shock syndrome and between aspirin use and Reye's syndrome. For both relationships, we considered four components of the exposure-disease association, including: (1) establishing that the agent preceded the disease, (2) selecting an index time, (3) defining criteria for classifying a patient as "exposed," and (4) avoiding the bias that occurs when use of the etiologic agent was influenced by an early manifestation of the disease. The problems can be minimized by interviewing patients early during the course of their illness and by improving strategies for data analysis. PMID- 6732382 TI - How good is communication between primary care physicians and subspecialty consultants? AB - We prospectively studied the communication between 27 referring practitioners and their consultants for 464 consecutive patient referrals from a general internal medicine group practice at a university medical center. The rates of referral among practitioners varied from 0 to 28.1 per 100 patients visits. Though referring physicians provided patient background information in 98% of the cases, they made explicit the purpose of the referral in only 76% of the cases. They contacted consultants directly in only 9% of the cases. In return, consultants communicated their findings to referring practitioners in only 55% of the consultations. Referring physicians who personally contacted consultants or who supplied them with more clinical information were more likely to learn the results of the consultation. While communication between the referring physicians and consultants in this setting is limited, it may be improved if referring physicians supply more clinical information to consultants and contact them directly. PMID- 6732383 TI - Memories of polio. PMID- 6732384 TI - A sentimental education. Looking back on medical school in Strasbourg, France. PMID- 6732385 TI - RBC fragmentation and thymoma. AB - Thrombocytopenia and hemolytic anemia with fragmented RBCs were discovered in a 70-year-old woman with a large mediastinal mass. Investigation of the cause of the hematologic findings was negative. The mass was surgically excised and proved to be a thymoma of spindle cell type. The hemogram findings returned to normal within a month of surgery. We postulate the thymoma as the source of the RBC fragmentation and thrombocytopenia and explore the relationship between tumors and the hematologic findings. PMID- 6732386 TI - High-output right ventricular failure secondary to hepatic arteriovenous microfistulae. Selective arterial embolization treatment. AB - A patient with diffuse hepatic arteriovenous microfistulae suffered from secondary high-output right ventricular failure, pulmonary hypertension, and ascites, all of which could be managed by selective embolization of the hepatic artery. The vascular lesion of the liver seems to be essential, although hemorrhagic hereditary telangiectasia , perhaps aggravated by administration of oral contraceptives, may be considered contributory factors in this case. PMID- 6732387 TI - Acute renal failure after percutaneous cholangiography. AB - A patient had acute renal insufficiency following repeated injections of water soluble radiologic contrast material for transhepatic cholangiography . PMID- 6732388 TI - Development of reversible hypertension during disulfiram therapy. AB - An alcoholic patient had a gradual increase of BP while he was treated with disulfiram. The BP returned to normal after the disulfiram was withdrawn. Increased BP should be considered a possible side effect of long-term disulfiram therapy, especially in the presence of alcohol-induced liver damage. PMID- 6732389 TI - Neuroleptic malignant syndrome complicated by disseminated intravascular coagulation. AB - The neuroleptic malignant syndrome (NMS), clinically manifested by hyperpyrexia, mental status changes, muscular rigidity, and autonomic dysfunction, is an idiosyncratic reaction to major neuroleptic pharmacologic agents. The reported causes of morbidity and mortality include respiratory insufficiency, cardiovascular collapse, arrhythmias, and renal failure. Coagulopathy does not seem to be a prominent component of the syndrome. We observed a case of NMS in which disseminated intravascular coagulation was a prominent feature. PMID- 6732390 TI - Hairy-cell leukemia with the appearance of mixed cryoglobulinemia and vasculitis. AB - Hairy-cell leukemia has been associated with a number of disorders of the immune system. At least 13 cases of vasculitis and hairy-cell leukemia have been reported. However, the occurrence of cryoglobulinemia and hairy-cell leukemia is rare. We report a case of a patient with the unusual combination of hairy-cell leukemia, vasculitis, and cryoglobulinemia. This case illustrates that hairy-cell leukemia should now be included in the differential diagnosis of patients with the appearance of vasculitis and cryoglobulinemia. The association presents a therapeutic challenge and emphasizes the need for individualized treatment in such patients. PMID- 6732391 TI - Tuberculous main-stem bronchial stenosis treated with sleeve resection. AB - The unusual complication of bronchial stenosis from scarring due to tuberculosis developed in a 33-year-old woman, despite otherwise effective antibiotic therapy. She then was treated successfully with conservative surgical management by sleeve resection of the involved segment. This unusual sequela and its workup contain important implications for the management of tuberculosis. PMID- 6732392 TI - Methylprednisolone in status asthmaticus. PMID- 6732393 TI - Bacteremia and hemodialysis. PMID- 6732394 TI - Diuretic regimens in essential hypertension. PMID- 6732395 TI - Hypothyroidism and isozyme elevations. PMID- 6732396 TI - Pericardial effusion. PMID- 6732397 TI - Peace of mind and the cost of treating infections. PMID- 6732398 TI - The natural history of intravenous catheter-associated phlebitis. AB - During a controlled evaluation of an intravenous therapy (IVT) team, we had the opportunity to follow up 202 episodes of catheter-associated phlebitis. While the IVT team had a considerable effect on the incidence of phlebitis, the clinical course of this complication was not influenced. More than 40% of catheter associated phlebitis occurred more than 24 hours after withdrawal of the catheter. Premonitory symptoms were not useful in predicting the development of phlebitis. Factors that influenced the duration of phlebitis included the patient's diagnosis and the administration of vancomycin hydrochloride. The duration of phlebitis was prolonged by delayed removal of the catheter after the development of phlebitis. PMID- 6732399 TI - 'Hypocryoglobulins'. Enhanced cryoprecipitation from hypotonic serum in patients with vasculitis. AB - Three patients with cutaneous vasculitis and one patient with digital gangrene had a negative or equivocal test for cryoglobulins but a positive result in a modified assay for cryoproteins ( hypocryoglobulins [ HGs ]) in which serum is rendered hypotonic by dilution with an equal volume of distilled water before incubation in the cold. Each cryoprecipitate contained a mixture of immunoglobulins, and in two instances, a monoclonal component was demonstrated. Rheumatoid factor activity was found in two precipitates. All four patients improved with plasmapheresis, and two subsequently responded to alkylating agents. Seven patients with conventional cryoglobulins had precipitation from diluted serum as well, but none had a substantial increase in precipitation in the HG assay. Only two of five patients with seropositive rheumatoid arthritis had abnormal levels of HG. Hypocryoglobulins are a new category of abnormally insoluble serum proteins, probably closely related to conventional cryoglobulins, which are readily detected in a simple precipitation assay. PMID- 6732400 TI - Left ventricular ejection times during exercise testing with scintigraphy. Their use in the detection of ischemic heart disease. AB - Left ventricular ejection times ( LVETs ) were obtained in a group of 20 control subjects (group 1) during maximal treadmill exercise testing, using a Bruce protocol, and in conjunction with myocardial scintigraphy. Heart rates (HRs) and LVETs were recorded during standing rest, each minute of exercise, and for eight minutes in the postexercise period. A linear regression equation was constructed and separate correction factors of 1.04 X HR + observed LVET (correlation coefficient, -.86) for the exercise period and 0.73 X HR + LVET (correlation coefficient, -.71) for the postexercise period were derived. The LVETs were also recorded in 31 subjects with positive ECGs and defects on myocardial scanning with thallous chloride TL201 (group 2) during a similar exercise protocol. Comparison of groups 1 and 2 disclosed that the former had a higher HR and shorter LVET than the latter at peak effort (consonant with the significantly longer duration of exercise achieved by the control subjects). The LVETs in group 1 remained significantly shorter than that of group 2 through the fifth minute postexercise. In the postexercise period, the LVET indexes were significantly shorter in group 1 than group 2 at 1, 3, and 5 minutes. Subjects with presumptive coronary disease (positive ECG and defects on thallium 201 scanning) not only have a decreased exercise tolerance and HR, but after exercise, their ejection times are substantially longer than in normal subjects. This may be attributed to a slower rate of ejection in patients with coronary disease when venous pooling on quiet standing after exercise delivers a smaller volume to the heart. In normal subjects, the lesser volume may be ejected more rapidly. PMID- 6732401 TI - Pulmonary hemorrhage in lupus erythematosus without evidence of an immunologic cause. AB - Intra-alveolar hemorrhage is a known complication of lupus erythematosus (LE), but its cause is controversial. Some authors have shown immune complexes (ICs) deposited at various sites in the alveolar septae and postulated that these deposits result in pulmonary hemorrhage (PH). A patient with LE and PH had no detectable IC deposits at a time when IC disease was present in the kidney and vasculitis was active in the skin. Reviewing the literature, we show that IC deposits in the lung are nonspecific and are not correlated with PH. We propose that classification schemes that differentiate between IC-mediated PH and idiopathic PH are arbitrary, and that patients thought to have idiopathic PH should be followed up prospectively to monitor the development of possible immunologic disease. PMID- 6732402 TI - Percutaneous subclavian vein catheterization. Too much of a good thing? AB - Eighty-one percutaneous subclavian vein catheterizations ( PSVCs ) were randomly selected for retrospective audits. Physicians with varied levels of experience were performing PSVCs in many patient care areas. The incidence of pneumothorax was 12.4%. After impersonal contacts by the audit committee failed to reduce that rate, a concurrent audit process with direct physician contact was initiated. This reduced the complication rate significantly. Because earlier published reports had associated PSVCs with low complication rates, operator caution may have given way to overzealous use by undertrained physicians. Direct physician involvement in quality-assurance programs can enhance patient care. PMID- 6732403 TI - Salt restriction in hypertensive patients. Comparison of advice, education, and group management. AB - The purpose of this study was to identify the best of three methods of treating hypertensive outpatients in order to minimize dietary sodium levels and thereby decrease the need for antihypertensive drugs. Forty-eight outpatients with hypertension were randomly assigned to three treatment programs: (1) advice; (2) an intensive educational program; and (3) small-group management plus feedback. This last program had a problem-solving format in which patients shared ideas and provided mutual support for dietary change. Only these group management patients were told the results of their sodium determinations. In a one-year study, group management plus the feedback to patients of information on the sodium content of their urine was more effective in decreasing dietary sodium intake than advice or an intensive educational effort. PMID- 6732404 TI - Serious infections in adults following splenectomy for trauma. AB - Postsplenectomy sepsis in children is a well-recognized hazard. Few reports discuss the risk of sepsis in the asplenic adult. Case reports of 47 adults with serious infections following splenectomy for trauma were examined. We conclude that fulminant sepsis after splenectomy for trauma in adults is indeed a potential risk and that all such patients should receive penicillin prophylaxis and pneumococcal vaccine. PMID- 6732405 TI - Expiratory flow limitation in large and small airways. AB - Obstructive airways diseases constitute 75% of all chronic respiratory diseases. This article briefly reviews the physlologic basis for flow limitation in large and small airways. Application of the physiologic principles described can lead to a better understanding of the normal mechanics of breathing and the various alterations resulting from diseases that limit airflow. PMID- 6732406 TI - Control of postbiopsy renal hemorrhage with renal artery vasopressin infusion. AB - Persistent, severe renal hemorrhage resulted from a diagnostic renal biopsy in a 19-year-old woman with chronic renal insufficiency. Infusion of vasopressin into the renal artery through an angiographic catheter produced prompt resolution of bleeding. This method has distinct advantages over surgical intervention or transcatheter embolization in the control of traumatic renal hemorrhage. PMID- 6732407 TI - Serum inhibitor in systemic lupus erythematosus associated with aplastic anemia. AB - Hematologic complications of systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) usually involve peripheral destruction of blood elements. We report a case of SLE-associated aplastic anemia in which an IgG complement-dependent antibody, obtained from the patient's disease-phase serum but not remission-phase serum, suppressed growth of granulocyte-macrophage progenitor cells from bone marrow of normal donors in vitro. Therapy with plasmapheresis and immunosuppression resulted in lasting remission. PMID- 6732408 TI - Recurrent Neisseria meningitidis bacteremia. Association with deficiency of the eighth component of complement (C8) in a Sephardic Jewish family. AB - A 24-year-old man had repeated episodes of meningococcal meningitis. Selective deficiency of the eighth component of complement (C8) was demonstrated in the patient, his twin brother, and in one of five siblings. As the parents were first cousins of normal phenotype, this pattern is suggestive of an autosomal recessive heredity. The present report brings the total number of patients given the diagnosis of C8 deficiency to 14, and calls attention to the existence of this condition in Jews of Sephardic (Mediterranean) origin. PMID- 6732409 TI - Spurious hypertension in the obese patient. Effect of sphygmomanometer cuff size on prevalence of hypertension. AB - We used standard, large adult, and thigh-size cuffs in random order to take BPs in 470 patients. The prevalences of definite high BP [( HBP]), greater than or equal to 160/95 mm Hg) and borderline HBP [( BHBP ], greater than or equal to 140/90 less than 160/95 mm Hg) were the same with all three cuffs in patients with an arm circumference less than 35 cm, a body mass index less than 34, and a weight of less than 95 kg. The large adult and thigh cuffs did not underestimate the prevalence of HBP in these nonobese patients. The prevalences of HBP and BHBP were twofold greater with the standard cuff than with the large adult or thigh cuffs in obese patients (arm circumference greater than or equal to 35 cm or body mass index greater than or equal to 34 or weight greater than or equal to 95 kg). Routine use of the large adult cuff will provide accurate BP measurement and avoid unneeded evaluation and treatment. PMID- 6732410 TI - Hypertension, vascular headaches, and seizures after carotid endarterectomy. Case report and therapeutic considerations. AB - The following three unusual complications of carotid endarterectomy developed in a 64-year-old woman: vascular headaches, delayed hypertension, and seizures. beta Blockade with propranolol hydrochloride had no beneficial effect on either the hypertension or the headaches. Peripheral alpha-blockade with prazosin hydrochloride resulted in prompt improvement in the patient's condition. Altered autonomic vascular control secondary to carotid sinus trauma is proposed as a possible causative mechanism for all three complications. The therapeutic implications are discussed. Based on this experience, we would caution against the use of unopposed beta-blockade in this setting and suggest that the role of prazosin in the initial management of postendarterectomy hypertension and vascular headache be explored. PMID- 6732411 TI - Acute hepatic injury associated with minocycline. AB - Minocycline hydrochloride hepatotoxic effect occurred in one patient. Unlike the usual histologic features of tetracycline-induced hepatic injury, fatty metamorphosis was predominantly macrovesicular . The patient recovered when drug therapy was withdrawn. Close observation of liver function variables is recommended in patients treated with high parenteral doses of minocycline, particularly in cases of pregnancy or renal disease. PMID- 6732412 TI - Factor XII deficiency in a man with gout and angioimmunoblastic lymphadenopathy. AB - A patient with factor XII deficiency, gout, and angioimmunoblastic lymphadenopathy (AIL) was seen initially for an acute myocardial infarction, gout, and unexplained urticaria. The patient eventually was found to have AIL and a prolonged partial thromboplastin time. There was no evidence of a circulating anticoagulant. A factor XII deficiency (Hageman factor) was discovered. The coexistence of a factor XII deficiency, AIL, and gout in the same person raises some interesting questions regarding the basic mechanisms of the inflammatory process. PMID- 6732413 TI - Overwhelming sepsis in the adult variant of Wiskott-Aldrich syndrome. AB - Two brothers with a variant form of Wiskott-Aldrich syndrome suffered episodes of severe bacterial infection commencing in their fourth decade of life. One man died of overwhelming pneumococcal infection. This study emphasizes (1) the importance of recognizing the variant form of Wiskott-Aldrich syndrome in male adults with thrombocytopenia and (2) the treatment of these patients with prophylactic antibiotics. PMID- 6732414 TI - Acetaminophen hepatotoxicity associated with alcoholic pancreatitis. PMID- 6732415 TI - Systemic influences in tooth loss. PMID- 6732418 TI - Structured interviews and borderline personality disorder. AB - A study was designed to determine whether the Diagnostic Interview for Borderlines (DIB) might be scored from the Schedule for Affective Disorders and Schizophrenia (SADS), and also whether DIB scores predicted the clinical diagnosis of DSM-III borderline personality disorder. One pair of clinicians interviewed patients with the DIB, and another pair interviewed the same patients with a slightly modified version of the SADS. Both interviews diagnosed virtually the same patients as borderline according to the criteria of Gunderson and Singer. The sensitivity of DIB scores in predicting a DSM-III diagnosis of borderline was 70%, while the specificity was 90%; the intraclass correlation coefficient was .75. Although there is a substantial concordance, the disparity between the DSM-III and DIB systems of diagnosing borderline patients is sufficiently great to preclude the generalization of findings from studies employing one set of criteria to those employing the other. PMID- 6732416 TI - Genetic and nosological aspects of schizotypal and borderline personality disorders. A twin study. AB - The aim of this study was to investigate etiological and nosological aspects of the schizotypal and borderline personality disorders. The sample consisted of 44 schizotypal, 15 schizotypal and borderline, and ten borderline same-sexed twin probands. The investigation of the co-twins indicated that genetic factors seemed to influence the development of the schizotypal, but not the borderline, personality disorders. The basic genetic core of the schizotypal syndrome seemed to consist of schizoid and paranoidlike features, and not psychoticlike cognitive and perceptual distortions. The study did not indicate any relationship between schizotypal and borderline personality disorders and affective and schizophrenic disorders. Further research is needed to confirm the independent status of the schizotypal syndrome in relation to the schizoid, avoidant, and paranoid personality disorders, and the borderline syndrome in relation to the histrionic , narcissistic, and antisocial personality disorders. PMID- 6732417 TI - An independent analysis of the Danish Adoption Study of Schizophrenia. VI. The relationship between psychiatric disorders as defined by DSM-III in the relatives and adoptees. AB - In this report, modified DSM-III criteria were applied to all the available interviews with adoptees from the greater Copenhagen sample of the Danish Adoption Study of Schizophrenia. In the adoptees, reasonable agreement was found between our DSM-III diagnoses and the original diagnoses using global DSM-II based criteria by Kety et al for their categories of chronic and acute, but not borderline, schizophrenia. Comparing DSM-III-based diagnoses in adoptees and relatives, schizophrenia, schizotypal personality disorder, and paranoid personality disorder were all significantly more common in the biologic relatives of schizophrenic v screened control adoptees. These three diagnoses, which together form a tentative "schizophrenia spectrum," were also significantly concentrated in the biologic relatives of adoptees with schizoaffective disorder, mainly schizophrenic subtype, and schizotypal personality disorder, but not in biologic relatives of adoptees with schizophreniform disorder or atypical psychosis. PMID- 6732419 TI - The Chestnut Lodge follow-up study. II. Long-term outcome of schizophrenia and the affective disorders. AB - This report details the long-term course for systematically rediagnosed (and largely chronically ill) patients with schizophrenia (n = 163) and with bipolar (n = 19) and unipolar (n = 44) affective disorders from the Chestnut Lodge, Rockville, Md, follow-up study. Their conditions were assessed and they are described rigorously from multiple outcome perspectives. Except in the realm of symptomatic diathesis, striking differences emerged between these major axis I disorders consonant with Kraepelin's original observations. Roughly two thirds of the schizophrenic patients were functioning marginally or worse at follow-up, compared with one third of the unipolar cohort. The reverse held for better outcomes. Outcome varied little as a function of follow-up interval (time) across all diagnostic categories. Representative case examples serve to place the ratings in meaningful clinical contexts. PMID- 6732420 TI - Cerebral ventricular size in the offspring of schizophrenic mothers. A preliminary study. AB - Within a prospective, longitudinal study of offspring of schizophrenic mothers, computed tomographic scan-derived measurements of ventricular size were evaluated for a subsample consisting of schizophrenics, borderline schizophrenics (DSM-III schizotypal), and mentally healthy individuals. Schizophrenics exhibited larger ventricular sizes and borderline schizophrenics smaller ventricular sizes than mentally healthy individuals. Ventricular size correlated with premorbidly obtained obstetric data. These results are interpreted as being consistent with the hypothesis that neurological insult may decompensate schizotypal individuals toward florid schizophrenia. PMID- 6732421 TI - Deficits in sensory gating in schizophrenic patients and their relatives. Evidence obtained with auditory evoked responses. AB - A deficit in inhibitory gating of auditory evoked responses was examined in 15 schizophrenic patients, their first-degree relatives, and normal subjects, using a conditioning-testing paradigm with the P50 wave of the auditory evoked response. This paradigm demonstrates inhibition by presenting paired stimuli to the subject; the P50 wave evoked by the second stimulus is reduced because of inhibitory mechanisms activated during the response to the first stimulus. In normal subjects, the mean amplitude of the second P50 response was reduced to less than 20%. In the schizophrenics, the mean amplitude of the second response was more than 85% of the first, a result that replicates our previous finding of a deficit in inhibition in schizophrenia. Approximately half the first-degree relatives, generally including at least one parent, had a similar deficit. Presence of this deficit in the parents was associated with a family history of schizophrenia. Family members with this deficit also had significantly higher scores on several scales of the Minnesota Multiphasic Personality Inventory than did family members without the deficit. Despite the deficit in inhibition, other characteristics of the P50 wave were normal in the relatives, in contrast to unmedicated schizophrenics, who showed additional abnormalities in wave latency and amplitude. PMID- 6732422 TI - LSD and schizophrenia. PMID- 6732423 TI - LSD flashbacks. PMID- 6732424 TI - Depressive disorders in childhood. II. A longitudinal study of the risk for a subsequent major depression. AB - As part of a longitudinal nosologic study of major depressive disorder, dysthymic disorder (DD), and adjustment disorder with depressed mood ( ADDM ) in a school aged cohort, the predictive validity of each diagnosis was examined. Using all available data on the course of the disorders, the criterion was the first subsequent major depressive episode. Major depressive disorder and DD signaled a similarly high risk of a new bout of depressive illness. For the children who recovered from their first episode of major depression and then had their second one (40%), the free interval did not exceed two years; an underlying dysthymia increased the risk of recurrence. Major depression and dysthymia were distinct from ADDM and a set of control disorders; the latter two diagnostic groups were associated with a minimal risk for major depression. PMID- 6732425 TI - Drug-responsive symptoms in melancholia. AB - Depressive symptoms present in 43 patients with unipolar nondelusional melancholia were studied to determine which symptoms were the best measures of response to desipramine hydrochloride. An extended Hamilton Depression Scale was used to identify symptoms that were present frequently. We then determined which symptoms improved in direct relation to achievement of therapeutic plasma desipramine concentrations, using multiple regression analysis to account for pretreatment symptom severity. In ten symptoms, improvement was significantly associated with desipramine treatment. These ten symptoms seem to be the best measure of drug response during tricyclic antidepressant treatment in patients with nondelusional melancholia. PMID- 6732426 TI - The tyramine challenge test as a marker for melancholia. AB - A previous study reported that unipolar depressives excrete significantly lower amounts of urinary tyramine-O-sulfate following oral administration of a tyramine hydrochloride load than do normal control subjects. This study replicates and extends those findings by showing that within the heterogeneous group of unipolar depressives, patients with melancholia and bipolar patients with a history of melancholia manifest a tyramine excretion deficit. A small subgroup of medication free patients in remission from episodes of melancholia had abnormally low tyramine sulfate excretion levels while they were euthymic, supporting the suggestion that reduced tyramine sulfate excretion following oral tyramine loading is a trait marker for depression. Further study of the role of trace amines in affective illness is warranted. Clinical application is not warranted until further evaluation of the sensitivity, specificity, and reproducibility of this oral tyramine challenge test. PMID- 6732427 TI - Brain function in psychiatric disorders. II. Regional cerebral blood flow in medicated unipolar depressives. AB - Regional cerebral blood flow was measured during resting baseline and the performance of a verbal and a spatial task in 14 medicated depressives and 25 matched controls. Overall resting flows did not differ, nor were there hemispheric or anteroposterior differences between patients and controls for resting flows. Differences between patients and controls were evident during cognitive activity, and the effects were different for male and female patients. Depressed female patients had higher than normal flows in all conditions, whereas depressed male patients had lower than normal resting flows, which increased to normal during cognitive activity. Their anterior flows increased for the verbal task but not for the spatial task. PMID- 6732428 TI - Psychiatric consultation to geriatric medically ill inpatients in a university hospital. AB - Using hospital admissions data, medical records, and the Consultation-Liaison Outcome Evaluation System, we studied psychiatric consultation to hospitalized medical-surgical patients who were aged 60 years or older. In comparison with younger patients, the geriatric population was less often referred for psychiatric consultation. Those referred had less prior psychiatric history than the group aged less than 60 years. They received a different distribution of psychiatric diagnoses. Consultants recommended psychotropic medication and diagnostic actions more often for the elderly; the former was related to the presence of organic mental disorder. Concordance with consultants' recommendations and diagnoses did not vary with patients' age. Certain aspects of the consultation process are thus modified when geriatric patients are involved, and specific features of "geriatric consultation" are unique. PMID- 6732429 TI - Aging, abstinence, and medical risk factors in the prediction of neuropsychologic deficit among long-term alcoholics. AB - Halstead-Reitan assessments were conducted with 71 male alcoholics sober for four weeks, 65 alcoholics sober for four years, and 68 nonalcoholics. Recently detoxified alcoholics showed learning and problem-solving difficulties, as did older persons in all groups. Aging, not alcoholism, was related to psychomotor slowing. There were no age-alcohol interactions for any neuropsychologic test. Time since last drink predicted neuropsychologic performance modestly, as did head injury, age, and education. Long-term sober alcoholics were indistinguishable from controls. Our results suggest that alcoholics abstinent one month suffer a subacute alcohol-related organic mental disorder that might resolve with prolonged abstinence, that the neuropsychologic findings in such alcoholics are more consistent with an "independent decrements" rather than "premature aging" hypothesis, and that neuromedical and other risk factors must be considered before permanent neuropsychologic deficit among alcoholics can be attributed solely to neurotoxic effects of alcohol. PMID- 6732430 TI - The importance of a clinical perspective. PMID- 6732431 TI - Psychopathology and creative cognition. PMID- 6732432 TI - Methodologic differences in major depression and panic disorder studies. PMID- 6732433 TI - Dexamethasone suppression test in patients with panic disorder and secondary depression. PMID- 6732434 TI - Variability in cortisol level assay methods. PMID- 6732435 TI - Possible interaction between pheneizine and amantadine. PMID- 6732436 TI - Fluphenazine and tardive dyskinesia. PMID- 6732437 TI - [Primary malignant non-Hodgkin's lymphoma of the stomach in the Kiel classification]. AB - Resection preparations from 30 cases of primary malignant non-Hodgkin lymphomas of the stomach were reclassified using the Kiel-classification. In 17 cases centroblastic malignant lymphomas were found a further 4 were centroblastic centrocytic, 4 were immunoblastic malignant lymphomas, and 5 immunocytic malignant lymphomas. Although preoperative gastroscopies and biopsies were carried out in 22 cases, certain diagnoses of lymphoma were possible in 9 cases only. Seven patients died within a month postoperatively. The two-year survival rate was more than one-third, and the five-year survival rate, less than one fourth of all cases. The results are compared with data from the literature. PMID- 6732438 TI - Increased risk for cancer of the breast due to previous medication. AB - Fifteen patients presenting one or more risk factors for cancer of the breast, who also received medication with prolactin-stimulating effects, were selected. The medication was by hormone derivatives or by non-hormone drugs used for processes other than oncologic . In all cases the medication was for long periods, three or more years, with the exception of one case, where the correlation with the unfavourable evolution of the cancer process was more evident. In patients presenting the classic risk factors for cancer of the breast, it is recommended to avoid the prescription of drugs having a prolactin stimulating effect. The association of both circumstances (risk factors and prolactin-stimulating medication) is considered as an increased risk for cancer of the breast. PMID- 6732439 TI - [Malignant neoplasms of the ovary in Berlin, capital of East Germany, 1975-1979]. AB - Some data characterizing the situation in ovarian cancer control in Berlin, capital of the GDR, during the period 1975-1979 were analyzed. The analysis demonstrates a slight decline of the age-standardized incidence rate to 19,9/100 000. Only 23% of all cases were detected in stage I. 65% of the patients had advanced tumors of stages III or IV. There was an increase of patients treated with radical surgery up to the age of 65 years. The 5-year-survival rate amounted to 21% and was strongly related to the age of patients and the tumor stage. PMID- 6732440 TI - [In vitro cell and tissue cultures as a model for studying human tumors]. AB - An experimental in vitro or in vivo tumour model should be unchanged represent the biological properties (e.g. histology, proliferation). Changes of tumour cell populations were determined by means of DNA-distribution and multinucleation after cytochalasin B treatment. Flow cytometry measurements on cell cultures in 50 ml glass culture flasks reveal reduction of polyploid cells after collagenase treatment of human mammary carcinomas. Selection of cell populations are responsible for the failed induction of multinucleation by cytochalasin B. In organ cultures the composition of cell population prior to and after 48 hours could maintained. The improved penetration could be demonstrated by autoradiographic measurements of 3H-thymidine incorporation. Thickness, surface and improved penetration of metabolites of vital tissue slices seem to be also important for cell movement and cell division. In 10 out of 12 experiments an earlier cell migration and proliferation could be observed from vital slices than from tissue pieces. Organ cultures represent sufficiently carcinoma in vivo and are more suitable than other mentioned in vitro cell culture methods. PMID- 6732441 TI - [Experimental methodologic rationale of the variable results of determining cytosolic estradiol receptors in human breast cancer]. AB - The results of hormonal treatment of mammary tumor patients based on foregoing estradiol receptor investigations are very different by the several authors. In common these results are not enough satisfying. It is tried to show that the dextran-charcoal method widely used in clinical receptor investigations permits a lot of different experimental manipulations which can influence the final result in a deciding manner. To get utilizable results it is an indispensable demand to observe precisely standardized conditions. PMID- 6732442 TI - [Effect of S-oxidation on the anticoagulant action of phenprocoumon thioanalogs]. PMID- 6732443 TI - [Effect of new quaternary iminium compounds on selected bacterial and fungal strains. 7. Synthesis of N-alkylthiomethylquinolinium chlorides 1 and analogous 6 methyl compounds 2]. PMID- 6732444 TI - [Effect of S-oxidation on the anticoagulant action of warfarin thioanalogs]. PMID- 6732445 TI - Availability of metoclopramide in vitro and in vivo. PMID- 6732446 TI - [Sila drugs. 29. Bioisosteric C/Si exchange in parasympatholytics of the pridinol type]. PMID- 6732447 TI - [Effect of S-oxidation on the anticoagulant effects of 4-hydroxycoumarins, 4 hydroxy-2-pyrones and 1,3-indanediones]. PMID- 6732448 TI - [Protein binding of drugs studied using continuous ultrafiltration. 5. Effect of S-oxidation on protein binding of methylthio derivatives of warfarin]. PMID- 6732449 TI - [Aminoalcohol esters of hydroxyboranes. 10. Tetracycline boron Mannich bases as potential antineoplastic agents]. PMID- 6732450 TI - [The occurrence and analysis of phenylpropane derivatives. 5. Rosmarinic acid in pharmacopoeial drugs and its determination by HPLC]. PMID- 6732451 TI - [Anticoagulant properties of heterocyclic 1,3-diketones]. PMID- 6732452 TI - [Antimycotic agents. 16. Halogenated cyanaminomethylenepiperidines and piperazines]. PMID- 6732453 TI - [Synthesis and anti-inflammatory effects of esters of anti-inflammatory carboxylic acids with hydrocortisone]. PMID- 6732454 TI - [Effects of new iminium compounds on selected bacterial and fungal strains. 9. Synthesis of 1,2-dimethyl- and 1-butyl-3-(n-alkylthiomethyl)imidazolium chlorides]. PMID- 6732455 TI - Measuring functional impairment associated with pain: psychometric analysis of an exploratory scoring protocol for activity pattern indicators. AB - Behavioral science theorists who study pain have advocated the development of measures designed to assess aspects of behavior. Recently, Diller , Fordyce , Jacobs, and Brown developed a 64-item self-report activity measure. Assessment of functional impairment associated with pain is a potentially appropriate application for the Activity Pattern Indicators (API). The API provides a description of actual functioning; frequency of behavior is the unit of measurement. Currently, no agreed upon scoring protocol is available for this measure. We propose to design, in accordance with measurement theory, a psychometrically sound yet practical scoring protocol. The API data presented allow an acceptable degree of reliability and sensitivity to group differences. Results of the present study support continued psychometric exploration of: the current scoring protocol, alternative scoring protocols, and the Activity Pattern Indicators. PMID- 6732456 TI - Visual perception in hemiplegic patients. AB - Visual perceptual disturbances have been identified as a complication associated with hemiplegic syndrome that can interfere with rehabilitation progress. In this study a test battery was developed to identify visual perceptual disturbances in stroke patients. Forty-six patients (mean age 49.9 years) were first categorized according to the severity and complexity of their various impairments. This classification revealed a previously unremarked high proportion of patients who had sensorimotor disorders of the nonparetic hand and arm. Patients were subsequently tested for visual perceptual disorders, which were detected in 25 of the 46 patients. No correlations were found between the presence of these disorders and the factors of age, time since cerebrovascular accident, aphasia, and severity of the syndrome. However, significant correlations (p less than 0.01) were revealed between visual perceptual scores and disturbances in function of the nonparetic hand. The nature of the tests used to identify visual perceptual problems meant that this relationship could not be attributed to motor deficits. Possible explanations linked visual and motor systems. Left-side paretic patients performed significantly worse than right-side patients on visual perception tests, which is in accordance with earlier studies. This result was interpreted in terms of hemispheric dominance for specific functions. PMID- 6732457 TI - Quality of life of 50 carotid endarterectomy survivors: a long-term follow-up study. AB - The quality of life of 50 subjects who underwent carotid endarterectomy was investigated in a follow-up study varying from 81 to 105 months. Subjects were retrospectively classified in either low or medium preoperative risk categories. Risk was determined from the previous medical history and the findings of the carotid angiography. Quality of life was estimated from the functional level and such psychosocial factors as work, leisure, and finances during the follow-up period. All subjects had minimal dysfunction in ADL and cognition. Medium risk subjects, however, had marked dysfunction in home and outside activities and social interaction. Fifty percent of the working subjects were forced to take an early retirement. Quality of life seems more affected by cardiovascular problems in the 22 medium risk patients and by neurologic problems in the 28 low risk patients. This study suggests the importance of long-term rehabilitation goals to preserve the quality of life. PMID- 6732458 TI - Infection control surveillance in a rehabilitation hospital. AB - Infection control surveillance in a rehabitation setting is essential to quality assurance because of the high number of infection risk factors found in this patient population. These factors include longer length of stay, high incidence of urinary tract instrumentation, and high incidence of skin lesions, including decubital and stump wounds. A surveillance process is described which offers timely access to each infected patient's diagnosis, treatment, and follow-up, and results in simplified hospital-wide antibiotic monitoring. Quality assurance problems identified through this surveillance plan involved specimen collecting and reporting errors, nursing-procedure inadequacies, and organism misidentification. These and other examples illustrate the distinctive role an infection control program can play in quality monitoring and problem solving in a rehabilitation hospital. PMID- 6732459 TI - Stroke onset and rehabilitation: time lag as a factor in treatment outcome. AB - Increasing time between stroke onset and initiation of rehabilitation has been associated with poorer outcome in published reports. However, this conclusion is difficult to generalize because of variations in study sample size and selection. The present study examines rehabilitation outcomes for 687 patients admitted to a private rehabilitation center. Outcome variables include measures of ambulation, transfers, upper extremity function, and self-care in dressing, feeding, hygiene, communication, and household and homemaking activities. The association of outcome with fourteen variables, including time since onset, is explored using a multiple regression approach. Results suggest that time since stroke onset before admission to a rehabilitation facility has a minor effect on outcome when adjustments for other variables are taken into account. Its effects appear to be limited to treatment received in physical therapy, such as transfers and ambulation training. Other variables such as patient age, judgment, attention to task, and skill carryover are consistently associated with outcome measures and should be considered when assessing rehabilitation potential. PMID- 6732460 TI - A day rehabilitation stroke program. AB - An innovative approach to the rehabilitation of the stroke patient was initiated at Riverside Methodist Hospital to accommodate an increasing number of patients. Patients spend six hours a day several days a week attending a day rehabilitation program at which all necessary therapies are provided. A year-end analysis of the program substantiates the original hypothesis that stroke patients would show significant improvement with treatment in a specialized day rehabilitation facility. PMID- 6732462 TI - Child adjustment as related to financial security and employment status of fathers with spinal cord injuries. AB - Many rehabilitation professionals have expressed concern about the effects that socioeconomic changes associated with disability in a parent have on children's adjustment. It has been speculated that financial insecurity and unemployment among fathers with disabilities adversely affect child development, because of the presumed consequence of reversal in parental roles. This study tested these notions by comparing children whose fathers with spinal cord injuries (SCI) were: (1) receiving ample, secure income vs low income that was not guaranteed, and (2) employed vs unemployed. All subjects were given seven tests measuring personality, values, and interests, which were completed in a standardized order and time period. On 16 demographic indices and more than 150 measures of children's personality, behavior, and attitudes, only 17 were related to the financial resources of fathers with SCI and 11 to their employment status. Contrary to opinions in previous reports, no adverse relationships were found between child adjustment and the financial security or employment status of fathers with SCI. Limitations and implications of the study are discussed. PMID- 6732461 TI - Physical fitness in children with hemophilia. AB - Eleven boys, 8.3 to 15.5 (mean 11.6) years old, with hemophilia, were studied by bicycle ergometry to determine their physical fitness. Parameters analyzed and compared to data for normal children included total work, mean power minutes of exercise, heart rate (HR), and blood pressure (BP), as well as catecholamine levels. The hemophilic child performs significantly less total work (67%), mean power (49%), minutes of exercise, (30%), and HR (8%). There were no differences in BP. Norepinephrine rose from a resting level of 204.5 to 652pg /ml after exercise, and epinephrine rose from 20.5 to 76.6pg/ml, levels comparable to those achieved by normal children during exercise. Children with hemophilia demonstrate poor exercise performance, which we believe is due to a lack of physical conditioning. Recommendations are made for individual exercise prescriptions to improve the fitness of these children. PMID- 6732463 TI - Pantyhose prosthesis: a cosmetic alternative. AB - A cosmetic prosthesis for the nonambulatory patient with unilateral or bilateral above-knee amputation is described. This device can be made with minimal cost and difficulty, and it offers advantages of durability, flexibility, and excellent appearance. Cosmetic prostheses for patients with below-knee or hip disarticulation amputations can be made in a similar manner. PMID- 6732464 TI - EMG biofeedback-controlled exercise in chronic arthritic knee pain. AB - Reinstitution of a regular exercise program for patients with chronic arthritic knee pain can be extremely important, given the overall medical and psychosocial status of the patient. A 60-year-old man with intense pain in his right knee was targeted for an exercise intervention program. Before treatment, the patient's symptoms included near absence of vastus medialis muscle, subpatellar crepitation, and other signs of atrophy. The patient had 17 exercise sessions of 15 minutes each using an ergometer. During these sessions, the patient was given audio feedback to train him to use the vastus medialis as the predominant knee extensor while minimizing use of the vastus lateralis. As treatment progressed, pain was markedly lessened, the vastus medialis increased to normal size, and crepitation was less than in prior exams. A portable home biofeedback device was used to help maintain the appropriate exercise response. Importantly, the patient reported an increase in positive mood as he was able to ambulate without pain. PMID- 6732465 TI - Membership issues within the American Congress of Rehabilitation Medicine: results of a survey. AB - A questionnaire survey of the membership of the American Congress of Rehabilitation Medicine ( ACRM ) was conducted in early 1983. Results relating to membership issues indicate that the organization should not return to physician only membership. The issue of opening membership to baccalaureate-level rehabilitation professionals polarized the membership. The dimension of polarization is not between physicians/non-physicians. The membership is uncertain whether the current size of the organization is too small. The data suggest that appeals for new members should be primarily based on aspects of professionalism. Secondary reasons for joining differ for subgroups of members. The recommendation of a current ACRM member may be a decisive influence in a potential new member's decision to join. It is suggested that a major discriminating factor among members relates to belief in interdisciplinary rehabilitation as the ultimate concern of the ACRM . PMID- 6732466 TI - Knowledge: inertia without mass. PMID- 6732467 TI - Sexual behavior of unmarried Colombian University students: a five-year follow up. AB - The results of a 5-year follow-up survey on the sexual behavior of unmarried Colombian University students are reported. On the whole, these findings corroborate the earlier data. Coital incidences of 93.9% among males and 38.3% among females, as well as the important role prostitution still plays in the sexual lives of males, show that the double standard is much in force. However, there are indicators of its erosion, such as male students' decreasing reliance on prostitutes as sources of sexual outlet and the appreciable incidence of female premarital coitus, which could reach 50% among those students that eventually marry. PMID- 6732468 TI - The courtship disorders: a further investigation. AB - The senior author had put forward the hypothesis that voyeurism , exhibitionism, obscene telephone calling, toucheurism - frotteurism , and at least some cases of the preferential rape pattern all distort normal courtship behavior in basically the same manner. An earlier study (Freund et al., 1983) tested part of this hypothesis, namely that voyeurism , exhibitionism, and frotteurism - toucheurism , are closely related. However, the outcome of one of the experiments by which this test was performed could be interpreted as indicating that the relationship between these anomalous erotic inclinations consists simply in that they may be expressions of a disinclination toward intercourse. The present study was conducted to test this interpretation. It compared 16 exhibitionists with 16 sexually normal controls on penile responses to auditorily presented descriptions of the four phases of normal sexual interaction (location of a suitable partner; pretactile erotic interaction; tactile interaction short of intercourse; the situation of intercourse) and sexually neutral situations. These descriptions were narratives about the examined subject's involvement in such interaction. No differences in responding between exhibitionists and normal controls were observed. Both groups responded most to descriptions of intercourse. The second largest response was to tactile interaction (short of intercourse). The third was to situations of partner location and pretactile interaction, which were not differentiated from each other. Responses to sexually neutral situations were smaller than those to descriptions of any category of sexual interaction. This result refutes the hypothesis that exhibitionism develops on the basis of a disinclination toward intercourse. The close relationship between exhibitionism, and voyeurism and toucheurism (or frotteurism ), had been demonstrated earlier.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS) PMID- 6732469 TI - The mid-life male sex-change applicant: a multiclinic survey. AB - Directors of coordinators of a cross-section of North American Gender Identity Clinics provided descriptive information on 1,637 sex-change applicants and psychosocial, psychosexual, and psychiatric data on 21 middle-aged male candidates. To determine the age relatedness of the findings, the mid-life male candidates were then compared on selected characteristics with a random sample of younger biological males seeking sexual reassignment at the Vanderbilt Gender Identity Clinic. The results are consistent with previous findings highlighting the factors at mid-life that intensify the male transsexual's desire for sexual transformation. Viewing the aging gender dysphoria patient's surgical request from a developmental perspective promotes appreciation of his predicament and informed consideration of his treatment options. PMID- 6732470 TI - Female orgasmic experience: a subjective study. AB - Human female orgasm was studied by collecting and analyzing the subjective orgasmic histories of 30 women, ages 18 to 59 years. Virtually all of the 93% who reported they had experienced orgasm also reported some level of conscious control over whether or not they reached orgasm. Women differed widely as to preferred types of physical stimulation and/or mental activities to facilitate orgasm. Orgasms were experienced as centered in the clitoral and/or vaginal areas. Women over 40 were more likely to have experienced orgasm in more than one anatomic site than were women aged 18 to 29. Marital status, religion, occupation, educational level, experiences of pregnancy and childbirth, various reported characteristics of relationships with partners, and early sexual experience were not associated with where orgasm is experienced within the body or with other variables of adult orgasmic experience. The variation among women as to how orgasm is best reached, differences in where it is experienced within the body, and the reasons why an individual woman experiences orgasms differently over time remain poorly understood phenomena. PMID- 6732471 TI - Changes in sex differences in sexual behavior: a replication of a study on West German students (1966-1981). AB - In 1966, at the start of the student movement and the sexual liberalization process, we studied the sexual behavior and attitudes of 3,666 male and female students from 12 West German universities by mailed questionnaires. In 1981 we replicated this study with 1,922 students from 13 universities (10 the same as 1966, 3 founded after 1966). In both studies the students were selected at random. Results of these comparative studies are presented with a view to the changes in sex differences. Sex differences in masturbation behavior have considerably decreased since 1966; masturbation is nonetheless still the form of sexual behavior with the most striking differences between the sexes. The sex differences in coital behavior are now reversed, female students being earlier and more active than males. As regards the tendency to change partners or for sexual relations outside a steady relationship, the differences between men and women have disappeared. In their attitudes to sexuality, female students in 1981 are somewhat more liberal than their male counterparts, whereas hardly any difference could be found in 1966. These changes in sex differences are observed in all subsamples, i.e., in young and old, in strictly religious and nonreligious students, and in students from both upper- and lower-class backgrounds (educational level of parents). PMID- 6732472 TI - Local cutaneous recurrence after conservative excision of malignant melanoma. AB - We examined the risk factors for the development of local recurrence in patients treated with a conservative wide local excision, which was defined as being less than the historical 5-cm margin. There were 118 patients with clinical stage I disease followed up for a minimum of 60 months or until death. The extent of wide local excision varied from 0.6 to 8.5 cm. The majority (76.3%) had a resection margin of 30 mm or less. Four patients (3.4%) had local recurrence within 5 cm of the primary closure scar or skin graft edge. The primary lesion in the patients with local recurrence had deeper invasion and larger diameters than the lesion in patients who did not have local recurrence. Other recognized risk factors, such as ulceration, satellitosis , and unrecognized subclinical stage II disease, at the time of initial diagnosis were noted in the patients eventually displaying local recurrence. Tumor aggressiveness was recognized. The patients who had local recurrence had excisions with wider margins (mean, 4.75 cm; range, 2.5 to 8.5 cm) than the patients without local recurrence (mean, 2.87 cm; range, 0.6 to 6.0 cm). A tumor-field effect did not contribute to local recurrence. PMID- 6732473 TI - Resection of hepatic metastases from colorectal cancer. AB - We studied 141 patients who had resection of hepatic metastases from colorectal cancer, considering all such lesions removed between 1948 and 1982. The study involved extended observations of patients described previously. Also included were 21 patients who had wedge resections of small metastases done since 1976, who, therefore, did not qualify for analysis of major hepatic resections reported recently (1980 and 1983). The overall five-year survival rate was 25%, significantly higher than that of a group of historical controls who had resectable metastases that were not removed. The size and nature of our extended sample allowed identification of some determinants of favorable prognosis: Dukes' stage of the primary lesion, absence of extrahepatic metastases, and being female. Contrary to our earlier observations, this study justified removal of some multiple hepatic metastases. PMID- 6732474 TI - Laparotomy for intra-abdominal sepsis in patients in an intensive care unit. AB - Patients in an intensive care unit who have intra-abdominal (IA) infections producing clinical deterioration in their conditions require urgent intervention. However, detection is often difficult. To define preoperative criteria for, and improve the specificity of, laparotomy, we reviewed 100 explorations in 71 patients with suspected IA sepsis. Eighty-one explorations demonstrated an infected or ischemic process; 19 were negative. Preoperative features associated with a positive laparotomy were as follows: (1) objective evidence by physical examination, ultrasonography, or computed tomography suggesting an IA focus (89%); (2) septic shock (80%); and (3) positive blood cultures (95%). Absence of these features significantly lowered the accuracy of exploration. Septic shock or bacteremia had a 90% mortality regardless of findings at exploration. The best accuracy (89%) and survival (51%) rates were achieved with "directed" exploration before septic shock or bacteremia. Early use of sensitive detection techniques that permit directed laparotomy before septic deterioration should improve survival. PMID- 6732475 TI - Gastrojejunal disruptions. Changing concepts in management. AB - From 1973 through 1983, 197 patients were treated at Harper-Grace Hospital, Detroit, according to a protocol designed to minimize the effects of possible gastrojejunal disruption. All had high-risk resections or bypasses of the stomach reconstructed with an end-to-end Roux-en-Y anastomosis using a long (100-cm) jejunal limb. Eighteen anastomoses leaked, producing fever, pain, and mild respiratory distress in 14 patients and peritonitis with shock in four. Nine of the 14 patients without shock avoided surgery, requiring only antibiotics and nutritional support. The other five had a subphrenic abscess, necessitating drainage. The four patients with shock were treated with staged intestinal discontinuity, nutritional support, and reestablishment of gastrointestinal continuity at a later date. Seventeen patients (94%) survived this serious complication, a significant improvement compared with the mortality of historical controls. PMID- 6732476 TI - Managing the outer limits of reconstruction with microsurgical free tissue transfer. AB - Six patients had major deficits reconstructed with microsurgical free tissue transfer. In contrast to some opinions that free tissue transfer is a "method of last resort," these patients were selected for microsurgical reconstruction as a method of first choice due to the qualities desired in the reconstruction, the reliability of the technique, and the desire to minimize the functional or aesthetic deficit at the donor site. Microsurgical techniques allowed a reconstruction in these cases that would have been difficult or impossible by conventional techniques, while they markedly improved the quality and reliability of the reconstruction and decreased the donor morbidity. Microsurgical free tissue transfer has been reported to have a success rate of 94% in centers where a significant volume of surgery is done. We believe the continued refinement of microsurgical techniques and their increased application will improve the results of reconstruction in a large category of severe traumatic and cancer defects. PMID- 6732477 TI - Management of renovascular problems during aortic operations. AB - Sixty patients who had primary aortic disease (aortic stenosis or aneurysm) and required simultaneous aortic and renal artery operations were divided according to the indications for renal artery repair as follows: group 1, renovascular hypertension (ten patients); group 2, kidney salvage (11 patients); group 3, improvement of renal function (three patients); and group 4, renal artery involvement in the diseased aorta (36 patients). Renal artery reimplantation and aortorenal grafting were usually employed. Two kidneys in the renal salvage group failed, and two main and three accessory arteries were found to be occluded on late follow-up. Three patients died after emergency surgery for aneurysm rupture (two patients) and infected false aneurysm (one patient). The mortality rate for combined operations is higher (5%) than for aortic or renal surgery alone, but simultaneous repair may be needed for technical reasons, or to treat renovascular disease. PMID- 6732478 TI - Superiority of transcutaneous oximetry in noninvasive vascular diagnosis in patients with diabetes. AB - Transcutaneous oxygen tension Ptco2 is directly related to skin oxygen delivery. Regional transcutaneous oximetry ( RTO ) compares peripheral and truncal (Ptco2), yielding a regional perfusion index indicative of local limb perfusion. The relative diagnostic values of RTO , Doppler ankle-brachial pressure ratio (ABR), pulse volume recording (PVR), and toe pulse reappearance time (PRT/2) were studied in 64 limbs of patients with diabetes. These limbs were clinically classifiable into claudication, rest pain, and gangrene groups. Regional transcutaneous oximetry had a higher diagnostic accuracy than ABR (X2 = 27.47, P less than .001), PVR (X2 = 7.54, P less than .01), and PRT/2 (X2 = 10.99, P less than .001). Regional transcutaneous oximetry was universally applicable and the degree of hypoxia observed correlated with clinical symptoms. Significant hypoxia predicted large-vessel angiographic lesions, many of which were reconstructible . Regional transcutaneous oximetry should be the initial noninvasive test in diabetic peripheral vascular disease. PMID- 6732479 TI - Role of intra-arterial streptokinase in treatment of arterial thromboembolism. AB - We treated 27 cases of arterial thromboembolism, including nine thrombosed grafts, with intra-arterial (IA) streptokinase. Complete lysis without significant residual lesions was achieved in eight (30%) of the cases, and partial lysis with sustained improvement was achieved in an additional six cases (22%). Partial lysis revealing inaccessible residual disease in runoff vessels occurred in four (15%) of the cases, and nine (33%) were primary failures. Surgery was completely avoided in 11 (41%) of the patients, lesser amputations were possible in three (11%), and 18 (67%) avoided major amputation. Grafts lysed faster (35 v 62 hours) and more frequently (seven [78%] of nine v 11 [61%] of 18) than native vessels, but had a higher rethrombosis rate (four [71%] of seven v two [11%] of 11) and a lower late patency rate (two [22%] of nine v nine [50%] of 18). Significant bleeding occurred in one (3.7%) of the patients, and major thromboembolic complications occurred in four (13.8%). None occurred in those treated with concomitant heparin sodium. Better patency and fewer complications were also observed in limbs that were not acutely threatened, when IA streptokinase infusion was completed within 48 hours, and when the occluded segment and runoff vessels were rendered widely patent by IA streptokinase, with the aid of balloon angioplasty when necessary (five [36%] of 14). PMID- 6732480 TI - Effects of prostaglandins on motility of gallbladders removed from patients with gallstones. AB - Prostaglandins (PGs) affect smooth-muscle contractility and are also involved in the inflammatory reaction. They may therefore affect gallbladder motility in cholecystitis. The contractile effects of PGs were recorded in organ baths on strips from 63 fresh, surgically removed human gallbladders. Spontaneous rhythmic contractions were reduced or abolished by indomethacin, which inhibits endogenous PG synthesis. In strips with chronic cholecystitis, concentration-dependent contractions were produced by PGF2, PGB2 and PGD2; the responses to PGE1 and PGE2 were sometimes variable but there were concentration-dependent contractions after treatment of the strips with indomethacin. The majority of strips with acute cholecystitis responded poorly to PGs even after pretreatment with indomethacin. We concluded from this preliminary study that PGs could affect gallbladder motility and that indomethacin probably reduces the endogenous production of PGs in the gallbladder. PMID- 6732482 TI - Massive rectal bleeding from colonic fistula in pancreatitis. AB - Two cases of massive hematochezia from pancreatitis-associated colonic fistulae occurred. Diagnosis was made by arteriography; prompt surgical intervention ensued and both patients recovered. This rare complication of pancreatitis should be considered in every patient with rectal bleeding and a history consistent with pancreatitis, especially when an abdominal mass is present. Contrast enema examinations may help to make the diagnosis, but visceral arteriography is preferred because it defines the source of bleeding and guides the operative plan. The minimal surgical treatment consists of ligating bleeding vessels, debriding necrotic tissue, widely draining the peripancreatic space, and creating a totally diverting colostomy. All involved organs should be resected when technically feasible, since this eliminates abnormal tissue and minimizes the chances that hemorrhage will occur. PMID- 6732481 TI - Obliteration of the gallbladder without formal cholecystectomy. A feasibility study. AB - Obliteration of the gallbladder without formal cholecystectomy was attempted in 36 rabbits, using an open technique for cannulation of the gallbladder during laparotomy. The gallbladder was cannulated, the proximal cystic duct was occluded with cyanoacrylate-nitrocellulose 2% wt/wt, and the gallbladder mucosa was exposed to various sclerosing agents to induce fibrosis. Heated 60% diatrizoate meglumine and absolute alcohol induced a controllable chronic cholecystitis with transmural fibrosis within two weeks, a result not seen with morrhuate sodium or in the control groups. All animals survived without complications, and no instances of common bile duct damage or occlusion was noted. The results reported are promising and indicate the need for further studies of this technique for its efficacy and safety. PMID- 6732483 TI - Choledochal cysts in children. PMID- 6732484 TI - Hepatic encephalopathy in patients with hepatosplenic schistosomiasis mansoni. PMID- 6732485 TI - Scope and limitations of collateral circulation. Presidential address. AB - The human body, possessing no true end arteries, is capable of furnishing some collateral vessels for any arterial, venous, or lymphatic obstruction. In places, only capillary anastomoses are immediately available and ischemia may be profound. We have learned to support organs like the heart, brain, or liver while small communications enlarge to increase the flow of blood or lymph. Even in the retina, some success has been obtained by retrograde perfusion through the supra orbital artery. Supplemental flow, ie, blood varying in content or pressure--such as bronchial blood substituting for pulmonary blood--carries some detriment in the form of diminished function or the rupture of thin-walled vessels. PMID- 6732486 TI - Lessons from initial experience with the in situ saphenous vein graft. AB - A policy of preference for the in situ saphenous vein was adopted for all patients requiring bypass grafting below the knee. In an initial series of 25 operations, technical complications occurred in eight cases (32%), including venographic extravasation, vein injury during valve lysis, and early graft occlusions due to incomplete valve lysis and routing under tension past the hamstring tendons. Early loss of tibial outflow vessels occurred twice, with retrieval of embolic debris possibly shed from the graft. In spite of these events, at an average follow-up of ten months, 21 grafts were open (84% patency). Two occlusions occurred in patients who suffered operative complications, and another graft was lost after rethrombosis of a donor axillobifemoral prosthesis. Acceptable patency in spite of technical mishaps early in my experience encourages continued efforts to master the in situ method. PMID- 6732487 TI - Isolated popliteal segment v tibial bypass. Comparison of hemodynamic and clinical results. AB - Clinical and hemodynamic results of isolated popliteal segment, tibial, and sequential bypass grafts were compared in a retrospective review. Results were good with vein grafts to either an isolated segment or infrapopliteal vessel, with five-year patency rates of 71% and 72%, respectively. Prosthetic grafts performed poorly in both groups, and sequential grafts appeared advantageous in such circumstances. Average ankle pressure increased 49 mm Hg following successful isolated segment grafts. Although less than with patent tibial or sequential grafts, improvement was sufficient to relieve rest pain in all instances and heal ischemic lesions or local amputations in all but four patients. If an adequate vein is available and a good tibial vessel exists, distal grafting may be elected, particularly if advanced ischemic lesions demand restoration of pulsatile flow to the foot. If such conditions are not present, isolated segment grafting will give highly satisfactory results. PMID- 6732488 TI - Acute arterial thrombosis of the lower extremity. Its natural history contrasted with arterial embolism. AB - We compared a group of 52 patients with acute lower extremity ischemia secondary to arterial thrombosis with a series of 220 patients with peripheral embolism who were seen at the Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, from 1967 through 1980. The conditions of patients with arterial thrombosis were misdiagnosed as acute embolism at a rate of 20%. Mortality in the patients with embolism was significantly higher. While patients with acute embolism were routinely treated with embolectomy, two thirds of the patients with thrombotic occlusion required surgery during their initial hospitalization for ongoing severe ischemia. More than half of these operations were carried out as emergency procedures. Limb salvage in surgically treated patients with arterial thrombosis was inferior to that seen with embolism. Early revascularization for acute thrombosis was carried out with a 30-day patency rate of 82%. While the mortality associated with acute thrombosis was significantly lower than that seen with peripheral embolism, the risk of major amputation was 35%. There should be no reluctance to proceed with indicated vascular reconstruction in the setting of acute limb ischemia secondary to arterial thrombosis. PMID- 6732489 TI - Postsurgical changes in arterial compliance. AB - Mismatch in elasticity between artery and graft, a possible contributing factor to graft failure, has traditionally been believed to be caused by the graft. Compliance of the artery and/or graft may change after surgery, resulting in a different compliance mismatch. To study the arterial contribution to compliance mismatch, we measured compliance-pressure (CP) curves noninvasively in the femoral arteries of five dogs. One femoral artery was then simply exposed, and the incision was closed. Repeated CP curves were obtained after 24 hours, and after 1, 2, 3, and 4 weeks. Compliance remained normal after 24 hours, but by one week compliance of the dissected arteries had dropped significantly at all pressures between 70 and 120 mm Hg. Compliance reached a minimum after two weeks and remained low until after four weeks. Postsurgical arterial stiffening causes a significant decrease of arterial-graft compliance mismatch and may suggest an upper limit for synthetic graft compliance. PMID- 6732490 TI - Malignant neoplasia in patients with abdominal aortic aneurysms. AB - Thirty-eight percent of 69 patients with abdominal aortic aneurysms were on record for having malignant neoplasms with the Connecticut State Tumor Registry five to ten years following aneurysm repair. Thirteen percent of 61 patients with atherosclerotic occlusive disease were on record for having malignant neoplasms as a contemporaneous case-control group. The crude and adjusted odds-ratios for this difference in patients with aneurysms v patients with atherosclerotic disease were statistically significant. There are several theoretical explanations for these observations, spanning the gamut from possible immunologic mechanisms to hypothetical disturbances in the relationship of epithelia to connective-tissue matrix in the patients with aneurysms. PMID- 6732492 TI - Gastric outlet and duodenal obstruction from inflammatory pancreatic disease. AB - During a ten-year period, 16 patients with gastric outlet and duodenal obstruction due to inflammatory pancreatic disease were seen. The cause of obstruction was chronic pancreatitis in ten patients, pseudocysts with associated pancreatitis in five patients, and pancreatic abscess in one patient. All patients had nausea and vomiting, 14 had abdominal pain, and five had weight loss greater than 4.5 kg. Diagnosis was made by plain abdominal film in one case, upper gastrointestinal tract roentgenographic series in 15 cases, and endoscopy in 11 cases. Mobilization of the duodenum relieved the obstruction in two patients. Fixed obstruction remained in 14 patients. This was relieved by gastrojejunostomy in 12 patients. Gastrojejunostomy was combined with drainage of a pseudocyst in three patients, a dilated pancreatic duct in three patients, and a dilated common bile duct in four patients. Obstruction was relieved by pseudocyst drainage in two patients. Associated common duct and pancreatic duct obstruction must be identified preoperatively. PMID- 6732491 TI - Pancreatic exocrine secretion. Release of gastrin and cholecystokinin in response to bombesin in pigs. AB - The objective of this study was to determine whether bombesin can stimulate pancreatic exocrine secretion and release of cholecystokinin-33 and gastrin in pigs. Bombesin (1 microgram/kg-hr) was infused intravenously in six conscious piglets for one hour, and pancreatic secretions, plasma, and serum were collected. Cholecystokinin-33 and gastrin were measured by specific radioimmunoassays. Pancreatic secretory volume increased from a basal value of 1.5 +/- 0.5 mL/15 min to 10.4 +/- 1.7 mL/15 min. Pancreatic protein output increased from basal values of 7.9 +/- 2.4 mg/15 min to 88.9 +/- 25.4 mg/15 min. Plasma cholecystokinin-33 increased significantly from a basal concentration of 130 +/- 40 pg/mL to 275 +/- 100 pg/mL, as did gastrin (40.7 pg/mL to 200 +/- 27 pg/mL). Our findings demonstrated that bombesin stimulates exocrine pancreatic secretion in pigs; we conclude that this stimulation is due largely to the release of cholecystokinin. PMID- 6732493 TI - Endoscopic dilation of late stomal stenosis. Its use following gastric surgery for morbid obesity. AB - We have observed 16 cases of stomal stenosis occurring late after gastric surgery for morbid obesity. In one patient no stoma was apparent in the pouch on radiographic or endoscopic examination and reoperation was required for complete obstruction. We dilated stenoses in the remaining 15 patients. Stenosis in the three earliest patients in our series were dilated with Eder-Puestow dilators. All subsequent patients have received endoscopic dilation with pneumatic balloon catheters. Ten patients remain asymptomatic following dilation. Two patients have occasional vomiting, which is ameliorated by metoclopramide hydrochloride, despite a sufficiently patent stoma. Two patients with a torsion of the stoma received no benefit from dilation, and one patient with a sufficiently patent stoma has experienced frequent vomiting. Surgery has been repeated in the latter three patients. The technique of endoscopic pneumatic balloon catheter dilation is a safe and effective means of dilating stomal stenoses occurring late after gastric surgery for morbid obesity. PMID- 6732494 TI - Retroperitoneal, mesenteric, and omental cysts. AB - Retroperitoneal, mesenteric, and omental cysts are rare abdominal tumors occurring in approximately one of 105,000 hospitalized patients. These cysts have a similar pathogenesis that primarily may be ectopic lymphatic tissue. Retroperitoneal and mesenteric cysts can occur anywhere in the area between the duodenum and rectum but are most common in the small-bowel mesentery, especially the ileum. They can appear as chronic abdominal pain, a painless abdominal mass, or acute abdomen. The most common physical finding of a retroperitoneal or mesenteric cyst is a compressible abdominal mass, movable transversely but not longitudinally; omental cysts are freely movable. Diagnostic aids include abdominal computed tomography and ultrasound. The upper gastro-intestinal (GI) tract series, barium enema examination, and intravenous pyelogram exclude GI and genitourinary cysts and tumors. Treatment of choice is enucleation; resection of the adjacent bowel may occasionally be necessary. Morbidity and mortality should be very low because of modern surgical techniques and follow-up procedures. PMID- 6732495 TI - Strictureplasty. An alternative in the surgical treatment of Crohn's disease. AB - A patient with severe, multilevel, partial obstruction of the jejunum and ileum secondary to Crohn's disease successfully underwent strictureplasty of the stenotic areas as described. Intestinal length was fully preserved. Complete healing and patency without fistulization was observed on reexploration seven months later for stenosis of previously unaffected areas (some of which were again successfully treated with strictureplasty ). When resection threatens the patient with extensive loss of small-intestine length, strictureplasty appears to be a viable alternative. PMID- 6732496 TI - Mesenteric hematoma suggests rupture of visceral artery aneurysm. AB - A 61-year-old man with nonspecific abdominal pain appeared to have an intramesenteric hematoma by computed tomographic scan. He suffered catastrophic intraperitoneal hemorrhage from a mesenteric branch-artery aneurysm several days later. A mesenteric hematoma, which can be diagnosed noninvasively, suggests a bleeding visceral artery aneurysm, and such findings warrant angiography followed by abdominal exploration if the presence of a visceral artery aneurysm is confirmed. PMID- 6732497 TI - [Vitamin A requirement of growing swine. 1. Effect of vitamin A supply on growth of piglets and fattening swine]. AB - For the purpose of ascertaining the vitamin A requirement seven experiments with 303 pigs in the live weight range between 6.5 and 114 kg were made. In three experiments under in practice conditions we checked the standard vitamin A supplement to the mixed feed with 1,732 pigs (live weight range between 8.5 and 110 kg). The supplement to vitamin-A-free rations and to those poor in or free of carotene amounted to between 0 and 8,000 IU/kg feed. Above that, between 0 and 16 mg beta-carotene and 1,000 mg nitrite/kg feed were supplemented. As long as the vitamin A store in the liver during weaning amounted to greater than 50 IU and greater than 100 IU/g at the beginning of fattening, feed intake, live weight growth and feed expenditure were not influenced by the supplement of vitamin and provitamin resp. The supplement of 250 IU resulted in the same weight growth from weaning to the end of fattening as that of 4,000 IU. Nitrite supplement had a negative effect at 250 IU, at 500 IU vitamin A consumption and weight growth tended to be only insignificantly lower. The methaemoglobin content decreasing in the course of the experiment reflects the adaptation of the pigs to the nitrite load. The consumption and growth depression caused by vitamin A deficiency could be observed from the 7th week of the experiment when casein-swelling starch rations were fed, but from the 13th week of the experiment only when cereal soybean oilmeal rations were fed. The weight of liver, spleen, kidneys, heart and brain was not influenced by vitamin A supply. The same applies to the body composition and retention with the exception of two deficiency piglets, which contained less fat in the empty body than the control animals. PMID- 6732498 TI - [Nitrogen and mineral metabolism of growing lambs fed straw treated in different ways]. AB - Lambs were fed diets containing 500 g straw, 50 g sucrose and 30 g minerals per day. The straw was untreated (A), wafered after addition of NaOH (B) or gassed with ammonia. Diets A and B, in addition contained urea, so that equal amounts of dietary N were offered. Digestibility of OM was increased by 12 units after addition of NaOH and by 8 units after gassing with NH3. As significantly more faecal N was excreted in animals fed diet C, it is concluded that N of NH3 treated straw is less available than of added urea. When NaOH-treated straw was fed, renal excretion of phosphorus was increased. PMID- 6732499 TI - [Comparative studies of the digestibility of wheat straw pellets with different proportions of concentrated feed in sheep and bulls. 2. Rumen fermentation studies]. AB - 4 sheep (wethers) and 4 bulls (130-140 kg live weight) received pellets of straw and concentrated feed of the charges 1-5 produced from the same wheat straw. The quota of wheat coarse meal in the pellets was, in the sequence 1 to 5:31.4; 29.7; 15.3; 11.5 and 7.8% (charge 5 contained in addition to this 7.4% dried sugar beet). The crude fibre content in the DM, in the same sequence, was as follows: 25.9; 28.1; 28.7; 31.7 and 34.4%. The total content of volatile fatty acids (VFA) in the rumen fluid of the sheep was between 96.6 and 97.8 mmol/l (all 5 charges) and in the rumen fluid of the bulls between 83.4 and 90.5 m mol/l. There were no significant differences between the groups. The molar acetic acid content after the feeding of charge 1 (poorer in crude fibre) was 67.4% (sheep) and 68.0% (bulls) and rose with the increasing crude fibre content in the case of charge 5 to 70.5% and 72.2% resp. The content of propionic acid did not rise in the pelleted rations with the growing cereal quota and, identically for sheep and bulls, amounted to 17.7 mol% and 17.8 mol% on an average of the 5 rations. The molar butyric acid content decreased significantly with both species with the growing crude fibre content of the pelleted charges. The sum of the VFA with branched chains (isobutyric acid, valeric acid and isovaleric acid) increased significantly in both species with the growing quota of cereal coarse meal in the pellet charges. In the bulls, however, the increase was distinctly steeper, which is probably connected with the significantly higher pH-value and a higher proteolysis rate in the rumen fluid of the bulls (charges 1 to 2) in comparison with the sheep. PMID- 6732500 TI - Pneumoconiotic effects of welding-fume particles from mild and stainless steel deposited in the lung of the rat. AB - Rats were exposed to single periods of inhalation of fumes generated by arc welding. Two processes were compared: either manual metal arc (MMA) using flux coated mild steel (MS) electrodes or metal inert-gas (MIG) welding with stainless steel (SS). Widespread but small deposits of fume particles were cleared effectively from alveoli and airways. Peribronchial and subpleural aggregates of particle-laden macrophages remained. More massive and persistent lung-burdens were established by intratracheal administration of suspensions of fume-particles (10 mg and 50 mg, single doses). Initial pneumonitis was attributed to irritant gases or soluble toxic components of particles. MIG-SS particle deposits were more persistent and lesions more severe, inhibition of phagocytosis or clearance and damage to epithelial cells being associated with possible toxic effects in macrophages. Both types of particle caused alveolar epithelial thickening, with proliferation of granular pneumocytes and exudation of lamellar material. Foam cells appeared in alveoli. Long-term effects (80-300 days) involved formation of nodular aggregates of particle-laden macrophages. Giant cells were formed. Nodules containing MIG-SS material were irregular and surrounded by collapsed and thickened epithelium. Soluble chromium or nickel constituents are cited as probable active agents producing effects resembling those of cytotoxic non fibrogenic dusts, e.g., soluble silicas . MMA-MS particles produced low-grade fibrotic ( collagenised ) changes. PMID- 6732501 TI - The effectiveness of N-acetylcysteine in isolated hepatocytes, against the toxicity of paracetamol, acrolein, and paraquat. AB - The protective effect of N-acetylcysteine against the toxicity of paracetamol, acrolein, and paraquat was investigated using isolated hepatocytes as the experimental system. N-acetylcysteine protects against paracetamol toxicity by acting as a precursor for intracellular glutathione. N-acetylcysteine protects against acrolein toxicity by providing a source of sulfhydryl groups, and is effective without prior conversion. Paraquat toxicity can be decreased by coincubating the cells with N-acetylcysteine, but the mechanism for the protective effect is not as clear in this instance. It is probable that N acetylcysteine protects against paraquat toxicity by helping to maintain intracellular glutathione levels. PMID- 6732502 TI - Teratological studies on the TCDD congener 3,3',4,4'-tetrachloroazoxybenzene in sensitive and nonsensitive mouse strains: evidence for direct effect on embryonic tissues. AB - The teratogenicity of 3,3',4,4'- tetrachloroazoxybenzene ( TCAOB ), a TCDD congener, was studied in Ah-responsive (C57BL and NMRI) and non-responsive (DBA/2J and AKR/ NBom ) strains of mice. In the responsive strains, the TCAOB produced cleft palate and hydronephrosis in 50-90% of the offspring at a dose level of 6-8 mg/kg b.w. in the absence of apparent maternal toxicity. Day 11 was shown to be the day of highest sensitivity (palatal closure occurs at day 14) in the C57BL strain. Higher doses (16 mg/kg b.w.) produced high rate of fetal death both in responsive (C57BL; 60%) and non-responsive (DBA; 40%) strains. These doses induced cleft palate in 95% of the surviving C57BL fetuses but failed to do so in the DBA strain. The non-sensitivity of the DBA and AKR strains appeared to segregate as a dominant trait. Backcrosses between NMRI X DBA F1 generation and NMRI showed an intermediate sensitivity. It was shown that the genotype of the embryo was of ultimate importance for the development of cleft palate. There appeared however to be an additional host (maternal) factor as well, because the offspring of NMRI females mated with NMRI X DBA F1 males showed a higher rate of cleft palate as compared to those of the crossing between NMRI X DBA F1 females and NMRI males. Light and scanning electron microscopy indicated that the apical epithelial cells of the secondary palates failed to follow the normal pattern of programmed cell death, suggesting a similar mechanism of pathogenesis as previously described for TCDD. PMID- 6732503 TI - Liver injuries induced by cyclochlorotine isolated from Penicillium islandicum. AB - Sequential morphological changes in murine liver induced by cyclochlorotine (CC), a secondary metabolite of Penicillium islandicum were investigated by transmission electron microscopy and scanning electron microscopy. Within 15 min after the administration of CC there was a marked dilatation of Disse's space around the portal triads, and the exudates then poured out into the space which was formed by the invagination of the hepatocyte plasma membrane. Shortly after the invagination was completed, the connection between Disse's space and the invaginated space was pinched off, so that this space became a membrane-bound vacuole. After dehydration, the vacuoles became granular. The liver injuries induced by CC were influenced by various pretreatments. The results indicate that drug-metabolizing systems mediated by cytochrome p-450 in the hepatocytes may play an important role in the hepatotoxicity of CC. PMID- 6732505 TI - Styrene metabolism in man: gas chromatographic separation of mandelic acid enantiomers in the urine of exposed persons. AB - D- and L-mandelic acid are separated by gas chromatography as isopropyl ester or isopropyl ester-isopropyl urethane on capillary columns, coated with Chirasil Val. For its determination in urine the isopropyl ester procedure gives better results because other components of the urine do not cause interference. Thus D- and L-mandelic acid in the urine of exposed workers could be detected and verified by means of GC/MS. Occupational styrene exposure near the MAK-value (100 ppm) results in a L/D-enantiomer-ratio in urine of nearly 1.5. PMID- 6732504 TI - Studies on the mechanism of acute toxicity of nitriles in mice. AB - Acute toxicity and metabolism of 21 nitriles in mice were studied in relation to their chemical structures. All the test nitriles liberated cyanide ions both in vivo and in vitro, with the exception of benzonitrile , although the extent of liberation and the effect of carbon tetrachloride (CCl4) pretreatment on the mortality of animals differed among nitriles. From these results, test compounds were tentatively divided into three groups. In group 1 (13 compounds), acute toxicity was greatly reduced by CCl4 pretreatment, in group 2 (seven compounds), toxicity was not significantly changed or was somewhat enhanced, and in group 3, benzonitrile only, toxicity was clearly enhanced. The amount of cyanide was higher (0.68-0.80 microgram CN/g brain) at death in the brains of mice given group-1 compounds, the level being comparable to that found in mice killed by dosing with potassium cyanide. After oral doses of each nitrile, the time course for cyanide levels in the liver varied among the compounds. The difference between group-1 and -2 compounds lay in the dose-cyanide liberation relationship in liver, and in the kinetics for cyanide liberation in the hepatic microsomal enzyme system. Double-reciprocal plots of enzyme activity showed a linear relationship for nitriles of group 1 and a non-linear one for group 2. The relationship between log (1/LD50) and log P for the compounds in group 1 fitted a parabolic plot, while that for compounds in group 2 was linear. PMID- 6732506 TI - Boric acid single dose pharmacokinetics after intravenous administration to man. AB - Eight young adult male volunteers with a basic (alimentary) plasma boric acid concentration of less than 0.10 - 0.46 mg/l were given a single dose of boric acid (562-611 mg) by 20 min IV infusion. The plasma concentration curves, followed for 3 days, best fitted a three-compartment open model, although two subjects had to be left out due to inconstant basal plasma concentration values or failure to fit to the three-compartment model. The 120 h urinary excretion was 98.7 +/- 9.1% of dose, Cltot 54.6 +/- 8.0 ml/min/1.73 m2, t1/2 beta 21.0 +/- 4.9 h and distribution volumes V1, V2, and V3: 0.251 +/- 0.099, 0.456 +/- 0.067 and 0.340 +/- 0.128 l/kg. PMID- 6732507 TI - Effects of chlorfenvinphos on plasma corticosterone and aldosterone levels in rats. AB - Plasma corticosteroids concentrations, in rats intoxicated with chlorfenvinphos (p.o. single dose 6.15 mg/kg), were investigated. A significant increase of corticosterone was observed at 1 and 3 h and aldosterone from 1 to 6 h after treatment. Brain and blood AChE activity was diminished to about 10-30% for up to 24 h, with maximal inhibition in brain at 2 h after treatment. Maximal increase in plasma corticosteroids levels occurred within 1 h, while the brain AChE was only slightly inhibited at that time. Results suggest that changes in plasma corticosteroids are not related to the decrease of AChE activity in brain. PMID- 6732508 TI - Stereoselectivity of enzymes involved in toxicity and detoxification of soman. AB - The fate of the four stereoisomers of soman [0-(1,2,2- trimethylpropyl )-methyl fluoro phosphonate] has been studied a) in vivo in mouse blood and liver after IP injection of 0.75 X LD50 RC- and SC-soman respectively, and b) in vitro upon incubation with acetyl- und pseudocholinesterase, aliesterase and phosphorylphosphatase . The analytical method used is based on gas chromatography mass spectrometry with deuterated internal standard. Most soman disappeared very rapidly from blood and liver. In liver, SCRP and RCRP , the two isomers that preferentially react with cholinesterase, could be detected. The level of SCRP , which was higher than that of RCRP , could be followed for 17-18 h. In blood only SCRP could be detected. The amounts found were fairly constant during the time period 2 min to 4h, and it could even be detected 17-18 h after soman administration. PMID- 6732509 TI - Characterization of African swine fever virus antigenic proteins by immunoprecipitation. AB - African swine fever virus is a large, complex virion in which numerous proteins have been identified by biochemical techniques. Few of these proteins have been shown to react with antibodies from recovered swine, leading to speculation that the immunological unreactivity of some viral proteins might explain the inability of immune sera from surviving animals to neutralize the virus. We used immunoprecipitation of radiolabeled viral proteins to examine these sera in more detail. Gradient sodium dodecyl sulphate polyacrylamide gel electrophoretic analysis of these immunoprecipitates revealed that at least 37 viral proteins participated in antigen-antibody reactions in this system. Differences in the molecular weights of some immunoprecipitable proteins were noted between different isolates of virus, between the same isolate grown in different cells, and between an isolate adapted to Vero cells and one not adapted to these cells. PMID- 6732510 TI - Evaluation of the patient with jaundice--1984. PMID- 6732511 TI - Clinical application of diagnostic and interventional electrophysiology. PMID- 6732512 TI - Colorectal carcinoma. New approaches for advanced disease. PMID- 6732513 TI - Medical and legal aspects of child abuse and neglect in Arizona. PMID- 6732514 TI - Hospice care policy and implications contained in the emerging cost control incentives. PMID- 6732515 TI - Stress and the role of the family in psychosomatic illness. PMID- 6732516 TI - Clinical practice roles for the doctor in developing countries. PMID- 6732517 TI - Cerebellar infarction from chiropractic neck manipulation: case report and review of the literature. PMID- 6732518 TI - Perioperative use of inotropic drugs. PMID- 6732519 TI - Asthma and Arizona. PMID- 6732520 TI - [Role of lung biopsy in a heart surgery center (a new method for the quantitative assessment of pulmonary hypertension by biopsy of the lung of patients with congenital heart defects)]. AB - Forty-three lung biopsies taken from 42 patients with various congenital heart malformations with high pulmonary hypertension (aged from 8 months to 34 years) were studied by morphological and morphometric methods. Changes in the pulmonary vessels were evaluated according to Heat-Edwards' classification and morphometric classification of Rabinovitch , et al. The morphometric data give some additional information on the growth and development of peripheral vessels, the degree of hypertrophy of tunica media muscularis, a decrease in the size of arteries. The demonstration of considerable reduction in the number of peripheral arteries by morphometry constitutes a serious prognostic sign of further progression of sclerotic changes in the pulmonary vessels even in the early correction of the heart malformation. PMID- 6732521 TI - [Benign tumors of the peripheral nerve sheaths]. AB - Benign tumors from sheaths of peripheral nerves (25 neurolemmomas and 6 neurofibromas) were studied. The ultrastructural data presented attest to the principal differences between these tumors and the possibility of their differential diagnosis. The typical signs of tumor cells of neurilemmoma include numerous complicatedly interwoven processes not infrequently forming " pseudomesaxonal " structures, and the presence of permanent basal membrane. These signs indicate the histogenetic relationship of neurilemmoma with cells of the Schann sheath of the peripheral nerve ( lemmocytes ). Neurofibroma tumor cells were characterized by the presence of bipolar thin, long non-interwoven cytoplasmic processes with inconstant basal membrane, desmosome-like contacts between the processes, and pinocytic vesicles in the cytoplasm. The revealed ultrastructural signs indicate the histogenetic relationship of neurofibroma with cells of the perineurium of peripheral nerves. PMID- 6732522 TI - [Morphological characteristics of mesenchymal chondrosarcoma]. AB - Complex morphological examination of 11 cases of mesenchymal chondrosarcoma is performed. This tumour has sufficiently characteristic clinical and morphological features distinguishing it from a usual chondrosarcoma. Clinically, mesenchymal chondrosarcoma is characterised by a shorter anamnesis of the disease, a rapid course and shorter life-span. It occurs more frequently during the 2nd and 3rd decades of life. Histologically, apart from the structures characteristic of typical chondrosarcoma, poorly differentiated areas resembling hemangiopericytoma occur and sometimes predominate. Electron microscopic examination of the differentiated parts of mesenchymal chondrosarcoma revealed the presence of cells with chondroid direction of the structurally-functional differentiation while in the areas with pericytal structures there were found structurally and functionally undifferentiated cells. PMID- 6732523 TI - [The nature of the so-called symptom-free periods of a disease]. AB - The first structural changes in human diseases are the changes of cell membranes followed by their corresponding functional alterations (principle of the structure and function unity). In parallel with the destructive changes compensatory and adaptive processes (regenerative and hyperplastic) develop that level these changes and prevent homeostasis disorders. The higher is the host adaptive potential the longer clinical well-being can be retained in spite of the existing pathological process and the longer a patient with progressing morphological changes of a given organ is considered to be practically healthy. The first clinical symptoms of the disease appear when compensatory-adaptive reactions are not able to overmatch fully the organ destructive changes and resulting functional disorders. Therefore the preclinical period of the disease results in good compensation of morphological changes leading to the absence of the corresponding clinical symptoms. PMID- 6732524 TI - [Characteristics of the restructuring of the microcirculatory bed of the cervical mucosa in cancer]. AB - Complex colposcopic and macro-microscopic examination of the microcirculatory bed ( MCB ) of the normal uterine cervix and at various stages of the neoplastic process is performed. It is established that MCB undergoes restructuration in the presence of focal epithelial alterations and takes place in the formation of the colposcopic picture. The general view of MCB different parts, their distribution, pleomorphism, peculiarities of their combinations may serve as certain tests in the provisional diagnosis of epithelial displasia, preinvasive and invasive carcinoma. Specific MCB alterations are manifested in marked hemocapillaries proliferation of the subepithelial plexus in precancerous conditions with its enhancement, deformation and atypia in intra-epithelial carcinoma. The restructuration of other MCB components in epithelial displasias and preinvasive carcinoma is stereotype. PMID- 6732525 TI - [Morphogenesis of intralobular liver fibrosis in obstructive jaundice patients]. AB - The results of ultrastructural study of the intralobular liver fibrosis in 38 patients with obstructive jaundice of various duration are presented. It is established that the appearance of fibroblast-like sinusoid cells plays a leading role in the development of intralobular liver fibrosis. The morphologic characteristics of poorly differentiated and differentiated cells of this type and their involvement in collagen fiber synthesis within liver lobules are given. It is shown that in obstructive jaundice a significant disturbance of the sinusoidal wall takes place due to the formation of collagen fibers, basal membrane that results in the worsening of the exchange between the blood and hepatocytes. PMID- 6732526 TI - [Characteristics of the topographic interrelation of the head of the pancreas and the duodenum and pathology of the organs of the pancreatoduodenal area]. AB - Seventy pancreatoduodenal complexes of 55 patients with chronic pancreatitis and tumours of this zone and 15 patients died from other diseases are studies histotopographically . The pieces of the pancreatic head tissue in the medial wall of the duodenum were found in 12 cases of the first group and in 4 control cases. The pancreatic tissue consisted either of all elements of this organ or cystically dilated ducts and seemed to infiltrate different layers of the duodenum wall. Three variants of the pancreatic head structure are suggested on the basis of anatomo-topographical interrelationships of the pancreatic head and duodenum. In 12 out of 14 cases chronic pancreatitis and carcinoma of organs of this zone were combined with the variants of the pancreatic head structure, in 2 cases there was a true heterotopy . Pathogenetic significance of these variants for the development of chronic pancreatitis is discussed. PMID- 6732527 TI - [Methodological trend in the teaching of pathological anatomy]. AB - On the basis of fundamental concepts of the materialist dialectics and principles of morphological determinism the methodological analysis of the morphofunctional relations in normal and pathological conditions is given, the key concepts of native theory of pathology are presented. The erroneous philosophical concepts (mechanistic determinism and conditionalism , empirism and positivism ) are evaluated critically. The authors, using concrete examples, give the leading principles and the most important forms of teaching at the pathology departments of medical institutes. The necessity of educating in students the habits of independent decisions in the most complex problems of pathology, the formation of the qualitatively new, populationist style of scientific thinking and proper methodological position is grounded. PMID- 6732528 TI - [Thyroid cancer metastasis to a clear-cell cancer of the kidney]. AB - A rare case of thyroid gland carcinoma metastasis into clear-cell renal carcinoma is described. According to the literature, the latter is a tumor-recipient in approximately 70% of currently known cases of metastases of one cancer tumor into another. PMID- 6732529 TI - [Characteristics of the fatal outcome of drug-induced anaphylactic shock]. AB - Among 520 cases of drug anaphylactic shock there were 48 (9.2%) fatal outcomes. Analysis of the pathomorphological changes in shock showed them to have characteristic features consisting in blood redistribution (decentralization), its deposition in parenchymatous organs with marked disorders in microcirculation and diapedetic hemorrhages in serous, mucous membranes, and tissue of nearly all the organs, as well as signs of stasis and leukocyte aggregation, perivascular and pericellular edema and swelling of cells of different organs. In a protracted course of shock, marked degenerative changes of parenchymatous organs were observed. In the acute course and rapid fatal outcome pathomorphological changes were less marked than in a protracted and recurrent course which was characterized by the development of secondary pathological changes such as inflammatory, degenerative, and necrotic processes. PMID- 6732530 TI - [Neurosyphilis mortality in a psychiatric hospital over a 50-year period]. AB - Through information gathered at the statistical and medical register service it was done a descriptive study of some epidemiologic aspects of neurosyphilis at the Juliano Moreira Hospital (Bahia) in a period of 50 years (1930 - 1979). Coeficients of specific mortality were stablished . The distribution of the disease was analyzed according to sex, diagnosis in relation to the year, decades and periods before and after penicilinotherapy . Based on the results it is possible to conclude that: neurosyphilis has a cyclic character in epidemiologic level; women are more resistant or less exposed to the disease; males are more often affected; with the penicilinotherapy it was observed a progressive decrease of mortality; the last death caused by neurosyphilis at the Juliano Moreira Hospital occurred in 1971. PMID- 6732531 TI - [Re-evaluation of clinical and electroencephalographical criteria of brain death determination in the child]. AB - A case is reported in which there was a return of the electroencephalogram after a period of more than 36 hours of electrocerebral silence. Electroencephalographic technique and instrumentation were in accordance with the recommendations of Silverman, Saunders, Schwab and Masland . The possibilities of hypothermia or drug overdosage, known to reversibly depress the electroencephalogram, were excluded in the related case. The return of EEG activity was preceded by improvement in neurological status. It is concluded that criteria accepted for the determination of brain death in adults should not be valid for children. PMID- 6732532 TI - [Cavernous hemangiomas of the brain: report of 2 cases]. AB - Two cases of encephalic cavernous hemangiomas successfully surgically treated are described. Neurological clinical picture is not characteristic and it is given by the size, number and location of lesions in addition to the possibility of bleeding. Precise diagnostic done by angiography, gammagraphy and CT scan is of utmost importance to consider surgical approach. Surgery is the best means to treat the lesion although if surgery is contraindicated prognosis is poor due to episodes of hemorrhage that can accompany this pathology. PMID- 6732533 TI - [Spontaneous spinal epidural hematoma during pregnancy: report of a case]. AB - A case of spontaneous dorso- lumbar spinal epidural hematoma during pregnancy is reported. The hematoma was removed 8 hours after the onset of paraplegia, and there was no evidence of vascular malformation. The motor deficit remained unchanged post-operatively. The etiology, clinical findings and the value of early laminectomy are discussed. PMID- 6732534 TI - [Polyradiculoneuritis and infectious hepatitis: report of a case]. AB - A case of the Guillain-Barre-Strohl syndrome ( GBSS ) in a 7 year-old-patient convalescing from infectious hepatitis possibly by virus A is presented. The GBSS represent a rare complication from this disease and in more than 50% of all cases reported in the literature it appeared after the icteric phase. Other neurologic complications are described as follows: cranial nerve involvement, encephalitis, myelitis, meningitis, peripheral neuropathy, tremor syndrome, behaviour dysfunction and focal neurological signs. PMID- 6732535 TI - [Traumatic occlusion of the middle cerebral artery: report of a case]. AB - Post-traumatic occlusion of middle cerebral artery is uncommon. Only forty nine cases have been adequately described in the literature. We present one such cases. The symptoms may simulate those of intranial hematoma and the angiography confirms the diagnosis. The mortality rates are high. The pathogenesis is not clearly understood and several explanations have been reported. PMID- 6732536 TI - [Intradiploic dermoid cyst of the skull: report of a case]. AB - A case of intradiploic dermoid cyst of the skull in a female child with seizures is reported. The authors emphasize diagnostic aspects and the surgical procedure. The characteristics of the tumor were cleared at the surgical procedure, and its nature was confirmed by histological examination. The importance of the skull biopsy when radiological aspects are not definite and the benign characteristics of the process are discussed. Good results of surgical treatment and the infrequency of the tumor justify the report. PMID- 6732537 TI - [Increased muscular irritability syndrome: treatment with nifedipine. Report of a case]. AB - In 1980 Alberca et al. described a patient with a syndrome of increased muscle irritability, who presented ondulating muscle rolling movements and electrically silent cramps, myoedema and muscle reactions to mechanical stimulation similar to myotonic response, suggesting a disfunction at myofibrillar level. We saw a similar case, of a male patient, 21 years of age, who complained of cramps of severe intensity for the past four years. These cramps were painful in the upper and lower limbs and impaired his locomotion; they were electrically silent. At percussion the patient showed severe idiomuscular contraction, with a period of increased relaxation, similar to a myotonic reaction and also, prolonged myoedema and rolling muscle contractions. Electromyography was normal, as were histochemical and electron microscopy studies. We carried out a therapeutic trial with niphedipine (a calcium antagonist), on the assumption that the patient showed a disturbance of the myofibrillar function--even though physiopathogenesis of the hyperirritability muscle syndrome was not yet clearly defined--and with a basis on the importance of the intracytoplasmatic level of Ca++ free in the muscle contraction mechanism, not only as the initiating factor of the contractile process, but also as a quantitative controller of the mechanic tension development through regulation of the amount of ATP metabolized during muscle activity. Administration of the drug in a dose of 40 mg daily, per os, brought a remission of the symptoms after two weeks, and the patient could walk normally again. On the introduction of a placebo, on two different opportunities, there occurred a recrudescence of the symptoms after about one week's time.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS) PMID- 6732538 TI - [Technic for research on pain sensitivity. Practical note]. AB - A disposable hypodermic needle introduced into the end of its cover at right angles represents a useful tool for the determination of sensitivity to pain. This tool is more comfortable to use for the examiner and permits more adequate measurement of the muscular force used for the different stimuli when compared with pins, needles and sharp tools specially manufactured for the evaluation of superficial cutaneous sensation to pain. PMID- 6732540 TI - Living with artificial organs. PMID- 6732539 TI - [Neuroanatomical study of the orbitofrontal branch of the anterior cerebral artery in human brains]. AB - The neuroanatomic study of the orbitofrontal branch of the anterior cerebral artery was performed by simple and careful dissection in 50 human brains. The observation was carried out with stereoscopic magnifying glass. The results with regard to frequency and origin of the artery were the following: the orbitofrontal artery was present in 90% (45/50) of the cases on the right hemisphere and 92% (46/50) on the left hemisphere; in 26 cases (52%) on the right side and 34 cases (68%) on the opposite side, the artery arose between anterior communicating and frontopolar arteries; in 19 cases (38%) on the right side and 12 cases (24%) on the left side the vessel was not the classical first branch of the postcommunical segment of the anterior cerebral artery, it arose between the Heubner artery and the frontopolar artery. With regard at filogenetic signification of the orbitofrontal artery it has been formulated the hypothesis that the artery is homologous to posterior and anterior orbital branches of the anterior cerebral artery described by Watts in sub-human primates. PMID- 6732541 TI - Leukopenia, hypoxemia, and complement activation during a single hemoperfusion. AB - White blood cell count, acid-base balance, PO2, and complement function in five uremic patients undergoing a single hemoperfusion employing activated charcoal coated with methacrylate were studied. After 20 min on hemoperfusion, a marked leukopenia [ranging from 6,080 +/- 526 to 3,740 +/- 1,124 (p less than 0.02)] and hypoxemia [ranging from 106 +/- 13.8 to 80.2 +/- 11.9 mm Hg (p less than 0.02)] were observed. At the same time, total hemolytic complement decreased from 135 +/ 15.7 to 123 +/- 14.7 U/ml (p less than 0.001) and alternative pathway activity from 38.1 +/- 5.1 to 33.1 +/- 6.7 U/ml (p less than 0.005). C3 and B cleavage fragments were detected in the samples tested, thus demonstrating the activation of the complement alternative pathway. After 60 min, the different parameters tended to increase but did not reach the baseline levels. A direct correlation between the degree of leukopenia and the reduction of PO2 throughout the hemoperfusion period was found. pH PCO2, and HCO-3 did not change throughout the hemoperfusion period. The results demonstrate that complement activation, leukopenia, and hypoxemia occur during hemoperfusion. PMID- 6732542 TI - Hemodialysis of doxepin and desmethyldoxepin in uremic patients. AB - The disposition of doxepin and its active metabolite desmethyldoxepin was investigated in five uremic patients undergoing hemodialysis. The hemodialysis system yielded a mean extraction efficiency of 7.6% for doxepin and 13.9% for desmethyldoxepin. Mean dialysis clearances were 10.8 and 18.1 ml/min for doxepin and desmethyldoxepin, respectively. The drug and metabolite recovery constituted a very small fraction of the body store, i.e., less than 1%. Hemodialysis did not significantly alter the plasma half-life of doxepin, 14.6 +/- 4.3 h, or of desmethyldoxepin, 25.4 +/- 5.5 h. The nondialyzability of both compounds could be attributed to the compounds' protein binding and volume of distribution. The dialysis experiments show that modification of the usual dosage regimen is not necessary during hemodialysis or on dialysis days. The dialysis parameters confirm that hemodialysis is not likely to be of value in the management of acute doxepin poisoning. PMID- 6732543 TI - Evaluation of the influence of peritoneal dialysis on cellular immunity by the E rosette inhibition test. AB - Sera of patients on peritoneal dialysis and regular hemodialysis were analyzed over a follow-up period of 8 months for the capacity of normal lymphocytes to inhibit E-rosette formation. The percentage of inhibition in sera from peritoneal dialysis patients was significantly reduced (p less than 0.02) only 1 month after treatment was started, whereas in hemodialysis patients the percentage of inhibition remained unchanged. No difference was observed between sera collected before and after the hemodialysis sessions. There was no significant positive correlation between the percentage of E-rosette inhibition and p-urea, p creatinine, s-albumin, and s-proteins, respectively. Statistical analysis of the E-rosette inhibition test by uremic serum and spontaneous E-rosettes in these patients showed a significant regression coefficient (p less than 0.01) in both groups. The fact that, unlike ultrafiltrate from hemodialysis, peritoneal dialysate significantly (p less than 0.05) inhibits the E-rosette formation capacity of normal lymphocytes, confirms these findings, suggesting an inhibitory activity of serum factors on lymphocyte function. PMID- 6732544 TI - Development of polyetherurethane sheet embedded with powdered charcoal for use in hemoperfusion. AB - This article describes the development of a polyetherurethane sheet embedded with powdered charcoal ( UPC ) for use in a hemoperfusion system. The UPC was 200 micron thick and the release of microparticles could be limited. The powdered charcoal used was selected for optimum pore size distribution and particle size (10-40 micron) to provide a maximum adsorption of bilirubin. The results of an in vitro adsorption test with this material showed an adsorption of bilirubin approximately 14 and 6 times higher than those by bead-type charcoal and XAD-7, respectively. Jaundiced dogs were subjected to direct hemoperfusion through a UPC column containing 36 g powdered charcoal. Effective decreases in bilirubin were observed, giving the maximum removal amounts of 78% in conjugated bilirubin and 76% in unconjugated bilirubin. PMID- 6732545 TI - Effects of homologous plasma cross-circulation on liver function in galactosamine induced hepatic necrosis in rats. AB - Plasma cross-circulation that resembles clinical plasma exchange was carried out in rats with galactosamine (GalN)-treated hepatic failure to investigate its effect on the damaged liver function. Twenty-four hours after the injection of GalN, plasma cross-circulation was performed at a plasma flow rate of 0.1 ml/min for 6 h. At 48 h after the injection of GalN, survival was obtained in 6 of 8 GalN-injected rats treated with plasma cross-circulation as compared with 4 of 10 GalN-injected rats treated with sham circulation. State 3 oxygen consumption and ATP synthesis (mitochondrial respiratory function) and ATP, ADP, and total adenine nucleotide contents in the liver were significantly higher in the former group than in the latter group at that period, as determined by sacrificing the surviving animals. Although the survival rate was not significantly improved, evidence suggests that plasma cross-circulation enhanced mitochondrial phosphorylative activity and produced an augmented high-energy state of the liver, which had been markedly reduced by GalN administration. An efficient removal of toxic metabolites as well as an influx of a large amount of fresh plasma by plasma cross-circulation would be beneficial for the regenerative process of the necrosing liver tissues. PMID- 6732546 TI - Effect of plasma proteins on the sieving spectra of hemofilters. AB - qoffxture of neutral maltodextrins with a continuous molecular weight distribution from 340 to 120,000 daltons has been used alone or in the presence of plasma to determine solute rejection by four hemofilters and the effect of plasma on such rejection. High pressure liquid chromatographic analyses were utilized to establish concentration ratios of feed and filtrate solutions over a wide molecular weight range. At equal transmembrane velocities, the boundary layer-corrected rejection of each hemofilter was determined as a function of molecular weight. The presence of plasma increased rejection by the Amicon Diafilter 30, the Hospal RP-6, and the Gambro FH202 hemofilters , but the Fresenius D-6 was virtually unaffected. PMID- 6732547 TI - Ex vivo preclinical evaluation of membrane plasma separators. AB - Four different types of hollow-fiber membrane plasma separators, constructed of cellulose acetate, polyvinyl alcohol, polyethylene, and polymethylmethacrylate membranes, were evaluated in ex vivo dog perfusions under conditions simulating their clinical use. An arteriovenous (A-V) fistula constructed in the dogs for blood access enabled repeated access to be achieved without surgical intervention. All modules produced transient leukopenia and a reduction of platelet counts. The polymethylmethacrylate module showed minimum reductions of white blood cell counts and CH50. The early leukocyte count reduction in membrane plasmapheresis is most likely related to the magnitude of complement activation by the membrane, as is seen with hemodialysis. PMID- 6732548 TI - Effect of extracorporeal enzymatic deheparinization on formed blood components. AB - A stirred blood filter containing an immobilized enzyme, heparinase, has been used to neutralize heparin's anticoagulant activity at the outflow of an extracorporeal circuit in dogs. The hematocrit and red blood cell count remained unchanged throughout the 90-min perfusion period. Platelet and white blood cell counts decreased early in the procedure to approximately 20% of the initial levels, but then returned to 30 and 70%, respectively, of their initial values by the end of the procedure. After 24 h normal levels were reestablished. In vitro experiments with human blood were conducted to determine the principal cause of the observed decrease of formed blood components. An unstirred heparinase filter preserved platelets and white blood cells better than stirred filters possessing higher, the same, or no heparin-degrading capacity, suggesting that most of the loss of formed blood components is due to stirring and not to the heparinase or the Sepharose support on which the enzyme is immobilized. PMID- 6732549 TI - Design of pusher-plate-type left ventricular assist device based on mechanical analyses. AB - A permanently implantable left ventricular assist device (LVAD) pump of the pusher-plate type was designed based on mechanical analyses. A series of three different segmented polyether polyurethanes was utilized for the diaphragm, cannulae, and their blood-contacting surfaces, considering each material's characteristics. The span and thickness of the pump diaphragm were determined so as to minimize the stress developed by the bending and blood pressure forces. The inflow and outflow cannulae were designed using fundamental equations that describe the operation of a piston-type reciprocating pump. The pump diameter was determined considering the required flow for the average Japanese person. In vitro and in vivo experiments showed good pump performance, which satisfied the design specifications. No failure was observed in the designed diaphragm. The Hall effect sensor incorporated in the pump was very useful in monitoring the cardiac output of the pump. PMID- 6732550 TI - Doppler ultrasonic detection of particulate release during hemodialysis with cellulose hollow-fiber and sorbent suspension reciprocating dialyzers. AB - Doppler ultrasound is a noninvasive technique for monitoring moving objects such as flowing blood while ignoring stationary objects such as shunt tubing. A Doppler system was investigated to determine its sensitivity in detecting particulate release in blood during hemodialysis. Seven hemodialysis procedures with dogs and six trials with humans were done using a sorbent suspension reciprocating dialyzer ( SSRD ). Two additional trials were done with humans using a cellulose acetate hollow-fiber dialyzer (HFD). A large increase (approximately twofold) was found in the reflected Doppler signal in outflowing blood from the SSRD and HFD in both dogs and humans. Numerous additional studies to characterize the nature of the particulate matter showed platelet aggregates in the dogs and fibrinogen-fibrin degradation products in the humans to be present in the outflowing blood. In vitro studies suggested microscopic air bubbles (less than 25 micron in diameter) may have contributed to the particulate matter detected during hemodialysis by this sensitive monitoring system. PMID- 6732551 TI - Massive mediastinal hematoma caused by a double-lumen subclavian catheter. AB - Double-lumen subclavian catheters have recently been released for use as a temporary blood access for extracorporeal circulation. Initial reports indicate that once properly inserted, these catheters are safe. However, massive mediastinal hematoma that occurred 3 days after insertion and uneventful initial dialysis with a double-lumen subclavian catheter has been documented. The patient experienced excruciating pain immediately after the onset of the subsequent dialysis and was found to have developed a massive mediastinal hematoma. It appears that at some point after the completion of the initial dialysis, the catheter tip eroded the vein and entered the mediastinum. As a result, the proximal (arterial) perforations were inside the vein, allowing blood to freely enter the circuit and be forcefully pumped into the mediastinum through the distal (venous) perforations near the tip. Prompt recognition of the problem and immediate discontinuation of dialysis prevented a potential fatal outcome in this case. PMID- 6732552 TI - Drug interaction in middle molecule analysis, with special reference to acetylsalicylic acid. AB - Concerning the middle molecules in uremia and other diseases, the potential artifact that can impede an accurate quantitation of middle molecules and that is related to the absorption of a very commonly used drug, namely aspirin, is discussed. Peak 7c and peak b 4-2 are two different middle molecules separated by gel permeation chromatography followed by anion-exchange chromatography. Oral ingestion of acetylsalicylic acid modifies the chromatographic pattern of the middle molecule fraction in normal subjects and uremic patients. Peak 7c is increased in the urine of healthy subjects, whereas this is not the case for peak b 4-2: With the b 4-2 technique, ingestion of acetylsalicylic acid produces a higher peak b 5. This is consistent with the previous demonstration that peak 7c was eluted as peak b 5. Structural analogies between salicylate metabolites and orthohydroxyhippuric acid beta-glucuronate (i.e., the main component of peak 7c) could explain this drug-related artifact. PMID- 6732553 TI - Lidocaine removal during resin hemoperfusion for phenobarbital intoxication. AB - A deeply comatose patient with severe phenobarbital intoxication was hemoperfused with an Amerlite XAD-4 column. She was receiving lidocaine for ventricular ectopy. The rate of lidocaine infusion had to be increased to control ventricular arrhythmias during hemoperfusion. Plasma clearance for lidocaine by the column was 122 ml/min at initiation and 75 ml/min at 2 h. These findings suggest that an increment in lidocaine infusion may be needed during resin hemoperfusion in patients receiving this drug because of its removal by the column. PMID- 6732554 TI - Intravenous balloon pumping. PMID- 6732555 TI - Sree chitra tirunal institute for medical sciences and technology. PMID- 6732556 TI - New hollow-fiber dialyzers. PMID- 6732557 TI - Aminocaproic acid. PMID- 6732558 TI - Recurrent episcleritis and emotional stress. PMID- 6732559 TI - Autosomal dominant exudative vitreoretinopathy. PMID- 6732560 TI - Graphic three-step test. PMID- 6732561 TI - Adverse reactions during intravenous fluorescein angiography. PMID- 6732562 TI - Motility efficiency. PMID- 6732563 TI - Fenestrated sheen macular dystrophy. AB - Fenestrated sheen macular dystrophy is an autosomal dominant macular disorder characterized by the presence in the central macular zone of a golden sheen with tiny red fenestrations. Even in the later stages, only a mild functional disturbance has been observed. There were five patients manifesting this dystrophy in two generations of a family. They represent the third family so described. PMID- 6732564 TI - Effect of vitreous detachment on vitreous fluorophotometry. AB - Twenty eyes of 17 normal subjects with or without posterior vitreous detachment (PVD) were examined to investigate the influence of various types of PVD on vitreous fluorophotometric readings. Biomicroscopic examinations of the vitreous body were performed with an El Bayadi - Kajiura preset lens, and the findings were classified according to the extent of vitreous detachment and the position of the posterior hyaloid membrane when the eye was stationary. Equivalent fluorescein concentration profiles along various directions in the vitreous cavity were obtained with vitreous fluorophotometry. The degree of PVD significantly affected the measurements. Close to the retina, fluorescein concentrations were significantly higher when the subhyaloid space was sampled than when the vitreous gel was sampled. Our findings have implications for vitreous fluorophotometric assessment of the permeability of the blood-retinal barrier. PMID- 6732565 TI - Formation of peripheral anterior synechiae following argon laser trabeculoplasty. A prospective study to determine relationship to position of laser burns. AB - One hundred eighteen eyes with primary open-angle glaucoma underwent argon laser trabeculoplasty . Laser burns were placed in the anterior trabecular meshwork (ATM) in 58 eyes and directly over Schlemm's canal in the posterior trabecular meshwork (PTM) in 60 eyes. Twenty-nine eyes received 100 burns and 89 eyes received 50 burns distributed equally over 360 degrees. Peripheral anterior synechiae (PAS) developed in seven (12%) of the eyes having anterior trabeculoplasty and in 26 (43%) of those having posterior trabeculoplasty . There was no correlation between the development of PAS and sex, width of the anterior chamber angle, or the number of laser burns. Eyes having anterior trabeculoplasty had a final decrease in intraocular pressure equal to those having posterior trabeculoplasties . Our results strongly suggest that trabeculoplasty is a safer but no less effective procedure when the laser burns are placed on the ATM rather than the PTM. PMID- 6732567 TI - Clinical evaluation of the Humphrey automatic refractor. AB - A new automatic objective refractor was used on healthy adults. In the absence of cycloplegic drugs, spherocylindrical objective refractions performed with the instrument provided 20/20 acuity 96% as often as with standard subjective techniques. No instrument-induced accommodations effects were seen. One hundred percent of instrument spherical findings were repeatable within 0.50 diopters; all cylindrical findings were repeatable within 0.37 D. This result represents a higher level of repeatability than that reported for standard subjective refraction under clinical conditions. In the absence of cycloplegic drugs, the correlation coefficient between the instrument's findings and standard subjective spherical findings was .97 v .98 between two practitioners' subjective refractions. The average difference between cylindrical findings of the instrument and those of an experienced practitioner was 0.04 D larger than the average difference seen between two practitioners using subjective techniques. PMID- 6732566 TI - Cross-polarization photography of the nerve fiber layer. AB - Cross-polarized photography was used to enhance the visibility of the arcuate bundles of the retinal nerve fiber layer ( NFL ). A fundus camera (Zeiss) was modified to accept a linear polarizing filter in front of the flash and another polarizing filter in front of the film plane. The azimuths of the two filters were kept at right angles to one another. Cross-polarized photographs were taken of the NFL of seven normal eyes and 18 eyes with ocular hypertension. The polarizers were rotated together to obtain four different orientations, equally spaced through 90 degrees. The manner in which visibility of the arcuate fibers was enhanced varied consistently with the orientation of the polarizing filters. Cross-polarization accentuated apparent defects in the NFL when compared with standard red-free illumination. PMID- 6732568 TI - Differential light threshold in automated static perimetry. Factors influencing short-term fluctuation. AB - The scatter of the differential light threshold observed during a single visual field test is called the short-term fluctuation. A number of factors that may influence the magnitude of the short-term fluctuation were studied. The main factor was the level of the differential light sensitivity itself, followed by the rate of false responses in the catch trials. The pupil size was only notable in patients with glaucoma, while age as well as the mean reaction time did not appear to be notable. The short-term fluctuation is not dependent on the location in the visual field up to 27 degrees of eccentricity degrees tested in normal subjects and patients suspected of having glaucoma, but there is a slight tendency in patients with glaucoma for a larger short-term fluctuation in the upper half of the visual field. PMID- 6732569 TI - Covariates of the long-term fluctuation of the differential light threshold. AB - The scatter of the differential light threshold has a short-term and a long-term component. Although these components are significantly positively correlated, the relationship is not strong enough to accurately predict in an individual patient the long-term fluctuation from the short-term fluctuation. The reversible variation of the retinal sensitivity with time is statistically related to the temporal variation of the short-term scatter, to the variation in reaction time, and probably to the variation in the intraocular pressure. PMID- 6732570 TI - The aging effect on intraocular pressure in an apparently normal population. AB - Statistical analysis of intraocular pressure was conducted on approximately 200,000 healthy subjects who were examined at the Aichi Prefectural Center of Health Care in Nagoya, Japan, during the last decade. The IOP was estimated with either Schl otz or noncontact tonometers, which consistently showed a decreasing tendency of IOP with age in both sexes. Multivariate analysis on systemic values disclosed that obesity, systolic BP, and age were the most influential factors of IOP. Stratification of the sample by systolic BP, obesity index, and age indicated that young, obese, and hypertensive subjects had the highest IOP, while old, lean, and hypotensive subjects showed the lowest IOP. It was confirmed that the IOP is physiologically maintained by a counterbalance between the IOP lowering effect of age and the IOP-raising effects of obesity and systolic hypertension, which are largely age dependent. PMID- 6732571 TI - Anterior corneal mosaic in eyes with keratoconus wearing hard contact lenses. AB - The anterior corneal mosaic is the pattern produced by massage of the cornea through the closed eyelids following the instillation of fluorescein sodium. This pattern has been observed without lid manipulation in eyes with keratoconus wearing hard contact lenses. Thirty-three (75%) of the 44 eyes with keratoconus wearing hard contact lenses spontaneously demonstrated the presence of the anterior corneal mosaic pattern; the pattern occurred spontaneously in two (5%) of 40 eyes in the control group of normal corneas. The mechanism by which the anterior corneal mosaic pattern is produced by hard contact lens wear provides an explanation of the high incidence of this pattern in eyes with keratoconus wearing hard contact lenses. PMID- 6732572 TI - The ultimate diagnoses of patients undergoing temporal artery biopsies. AB - Patients with signs and symptoms of giant cell arteritis may have normal temporal artery biopsy specimens. To study the relationships between signs and symptoms of this disease and the ultimate clinical diagnosis, we reviewed 51 patients who had undergone temporal artery biopsy. The mean age of the patients with abnormal biopsy specimens was higher than that of patients with normal biopsy specimens. We found headache, fever, and jaw claudication were useful symptoms in predicting abnormal biopsy specimens. The ultimate diagnoses of patients with normal biopsy specimens and no response to treatment showed high incidence of malignant neoplasms and diabetes mellitus. PMID- 6732573 TI - Malignant melanoma of the orbit in a black patient with ocular melanocytosis. AB - Ocular melanocytosis has been associated with an increased incidence of choroidal melanomas in white patients. Recently reported was a case of a choroidal melanoma in a black patient with oculodermal melanocytosis. We treated a case of an orbital malignant melanoma arising in a black patient with ocular melanocytosis. PMID- 6732574 TI - Malignant Merkel cell neoplasm of the eyelid. AB - Malignant Merkel cell neoplasms of the eyelid are most commonly found in elderly patients. They occur most frequently on the upper eyelid and are seen as large, nontender , red or violaceous masses with intact overlying skin. Differential diagnosis includes lymphoma and oat cell carcinoma. Conventional light microscopic features are usually distinctive, but tissue should be saved for electron microscopy and immunocytochemical studies, since the presence of dense core neurosecretory granules and perinuclear microfilaments on electron microscopic examination and positive staining for neuron-specific enolase, are strongly suggestive of malignant Merkel cell neoplasm. Because of the diffuse infiltrative growth pattern and early lymphatic spread of this tumor, treatment requires careful examination of regional lymph nodes and wide surgical excision of the tumor with frozen-section control of margins. PMID- 6732575 TI - Effects of echothiophate on enzymatic hydrolysis of dipivefrin. AB - Dipivefrin is an antiglaucoma prodrug that is hydrolyzed to the active drug, epinephrine, by esterases in the cornea. Since cholinergic antiglaucoma agents are frequently used in combination with adrenergic agents, it was of interest to determine the effects of a commonly used irreversible cholinesterase inhibitor, echothiophate (Phospholine) iodide, on the dipivefrin esterases. In vitro studies showed that echothiophate is a competitive, reversible inhibitor of the soluble corneal dipivefrin esterases. In vivo studies substantiated the reversible nature of echothiopate inhibition, since no inhibition of dipivefrin hydrolysis could be detected 1 3/4 hours after echothiophate treatment and as early as 15 minutes after dipivefrin application. PMID- 6732576 TI - Polyol pathway metabolites in human cataracts. Correlation of circulating glycosylated hemoglobin content and fasting blood glucose levels. AB - Circulating glycosylated hemoglobin (Hb A1) and/or fasting blood glucose (FBG) levels, measures of the extent to which diabetes is clinically controlled, were correlated with the contents of fructose, sorbitol, glucose, and inositol in 27 cataracts removed by intracapsular extraction. In the series of patients studied, Hb A1 levels ranged from 6.0% to 15.5% of the total hemoglobin value. The levels of fructose and sorbitol (micromoles per gram of lens) in their cataracts ranged from 0 to 8.4 and 0 to 10.2 mumole/g, respectively, with correlation coefficients greater than .8. Similar correlations were noted with FBG. The Hb A1 correlated with lens glucose (r = .58) and not with inositol. However, FBG had no correlation with either lens glucose or inositol. The observed correlation of the polyol pathway metabolites with both Hb A1 and FBG suggests that the lens can synthesize substantial quantities of sorbitol and fructose in response to the excess glucose available to lenses of human diabetics. A synergistic role of the polyol pathway in the cause of senile cataracts is thus possible. PMID- 6732577 TI - Coalescence of endothelial cells in the traumatized cornea. III. Correlation between specular and scanning electron microscopy. AB - Sequential specular microscopy has shown that coalescence of endothelial cells occurs after thawing in cryopreserved rabbit corneas. Scanning electron microscopy of corneas studied in vitro by specular microscopy showed the same large, fused endothelial cells. As observed in the electron micrographs, these cells showed no evidence of the cell borders that had disappeared during the specular microscopic examination. These data support the reliability of our specular microscopic observations and provide additional evidence for the occurrence of fusion or coalescence of corneal endothelial cells. PMID- 6732578 TI - Treatment of xerophthalmia with retinol, tretinoin, and etretinate. AB - Topical retinol, tretinoin (all-trans-retinoic acid) and etretinate (a synthetic retinoid) were used in rabbits to treat experimental xerophthalmia due to vitamin A deficiency. Both 0.2% retinol and 0.1% and 0.2% tretinoin effectively reversed abnormal corneal epithelial keratinization within one to two days and restored corneal clarity within two to four days following topical application three times per day. Etretinate was ineffective in the concentration used (0.2%). In addition, application of tretinoin to one eye effectively reversed xerophthalmic changes in the other eye. Retinol did not have an effect on the other eye. PMID- 6732579 TI - Clearance from the anterior chamber of RBCs from human diabetics. AB - Erythrocytes from diabetic patients manifest decreased deformability and increased adherence. These abnormal membrane properties may diminish the ability of erythrocytes (RBCs) from diabetics to undergo deformation in passage through the trabecular meshwork. Using sodium chromate Cr 51-labeled RBCs from type I diabetic patients with proliferative retinopathy and normal control subjects, we studied RBC clearance from the rabbit anterior chamber. The mean time for 50% clearance (T50) of RBCs from diabetics (76 hours) was significantly longer than that for RBCs from normal subjects (19.5 hours). In this model, RBCs from diabetics have a slower clearance from the anterior chamber than do RBCs from normal subjects. PMID- 6732580 TI - The shape of the trochlea. AB - Dissections and serial sections of human orbits showed the shape of the trochlea to be more complex than has been previously described. A grooved cartilaginous flange extends posterolaterally from the front of the trochlea, guiding the reflected portion of the superior oblique tendon. PMID- 6732581 TI - Cryosurgical treatment of the eyelids and lacrimal drainage ducts of the rhesus monkey. Course of injury and repair. AB - Freezing injuries were produced on the eyelids and lacrimal drainage systems in ten rhesus monkeys. The instrumentation produced both single and double freezing cycles at tissue temperatures of -30 and -60 degrees C. The extent of injury and the course of repair were evaluated by clinical observation and by histologic examination of tissue specimens removed at intervals up to three months after freezing. Both cryosurgical techniques produced necrosis of the tissues, but injury was less with single freezing cycles at -30 degrees C. The course of repair was favorable. Even at the three-month observation period, when healing was complete, there was minimal-clinical or histologic evidence of canalicular obstruction or other periocular complications. PMID- 6732582 TI - Human endolymphatic duct. An ultrastructural study. AB - The fine structure of the human endolymphatic duct was observed by transmission electron microscopy. Well-preserved specimens were obtained after fixation of inner ear tissue by perilymphatic perfusion. The morphologic findings seemed to be in accordance with earlier propositions that the human endolymphatic duct may be involved in endolymph resorption. The duct was found to contain otoconialike bodies, suggesting that the endolymphatic duct and sac in man may also play a role in the turnover of macular otoconia. PMID- 6732583 TI - Scanning electron microscopy of the cochlea in rats with Streptococcus pneumoniae otitis media. AB - This investigation was performed to determine the morphologic effects of bacterial otitis media on the organ of Corti. The middle ear cavities of rats were inoculated with Streptococcus pneumoniae or saline and the animals were killed on days 1, 4, 7, 10, 14, and 21 after inoculation. Middle ear cultures were obtained and the cochleas were examined using scanning electron microscopy. All animals killed on day 1 had positive cultures, but by day 21, all cultures were negative. Cochlear changes observed were (1) damage to supporting cells (Deiters' cells), (2) morphologic changes of hair cell stereocilia, and (3) loss of inner and outer hair cell stereocilia and cell bodies (to a lesser extent), especially in the lower middle and basal turns. These changes appeared to occur in a definite sequence; ie, damage to the supporting cells, changes in stereocilia, and, finally, hair cell loss. These data show that cochlear damage and hair loss can be associated with bacterial otitis media. PMID- 6732584 TI - Verrucous-squamous carcinomas of the oral cavity. A clinicopathologic study of 104 cases. AB - One hundred four patients had verrucous carcinomas of the oral cavity. Our study documents, for the first time, the coexistence of foci of less-differentiated squamous carcinoma within verrucous lesions of the oral cavity (20%). We confirm previous observations that verrucous lesions tend to recur in the form of less differentiated carcinomas. Finally, we demonstrate that surgery is indeed the treatment of choice for verrucous carcinomas of the oral cavity, although irradiation can be used to treat selected patients. PMID- 6732585 TI - Metastatic neck disease. Evaluation by computed tomography. AB - Computed tomographic (CT) scanning has been used in the preoperative examination of patients with head and neck cancer. Although early reports on the use of CT scanning for cervical lymphadenopathy were encouraging, the accuracy of CT in detecting nodal metastases has not been well established. Fifty consecutive patients underwent radical neck dissection and preoperative CT scanning. The clinical staging of the neck, CT diagnoses, and pathologic findings were correlated; CT accuracy was then compared with clinical accuracy. Our findings show the overall accuracy of CT diagnoses to be 90%. Comparison with clinical accuracy shows the CT scan to be superior to the clinical examination, particularly in detecting occult metastases. PMID- 6732586 TI - Functional and aesthetic consequences of total platysma resection. AB - The functional and aesthetic effects of total unilateral platysma resection during ablative surgery is described and outlined for the first time (to our knowledge). The consequences of this resection are analyzed with respect to the partial facial paralysis that is evident. A model describing the dynamics of this paralysis is presented. These data are important in understanding the contribution of the platysma to the smile and the effects of manipulating this muscle during aesthetic and reconstructive neck surgery. PMID- 6732587 TI - Submental liposuction extraction with hard chin augmentation. AB - Liposuction techniques utilizing fat extraction sculpturing of the neck and simultaneous chin augmentation are described herein. In young persons, extraction is carried out in the submental areas. In older patients, who have diffuse fat accumulations and less skin tone, extraction includes the submental and submandibular areas, along with dry tunneling to the lateral borders of the sternocleidomastoid muscle and inferiorly to the suprasternal notch. When the skin tone is poor, with excessive redundancy, combined rhytidectomy with both open and closed liposuction is performed. With liposuction submental sculpturing , necessity for chin augmentation is critical to tauten the submental skin and to give a better neck-chin angle. Hard chin implants are preferred over the soft gelatinous types. We utilized a hard acrylic implant ( Rish ) in all cases. Results obtained by the dual approach of submental fat suction sculpturing and hard chin augmentation have been excellent. PMID- 6732588 TI - Autologous fascia grafts in head and neck plastic surgery. AB - Using an experimental animal model, we studied the stability of the size (gross morphology) and structure (histomorphology) of the fascia autograft. Fascia from a rabbit's leg was grafted in the subcutaneous tissue of the ear and abdomen and also into the intra-abdominal cavity. The weight and size of the autograft were recorded during the study period. Our findings showed that the size of the autograft remained stable, but there was a substantial weight reduction. Microscopic examination of histopathologic sections disclosed that there was no inflammatory response to the fascia. It also appeared to maintain its histomorphologic structure. Clinical trials with patients receiving facial plastic surgery are also reported. We believe a fascia autograft can be used to augment facial areas. We base this conclusion on the findings from previous reports, our animal experiment, and clinical trials. PMID- 6732589 TI - Skin grafts in intraoral reconstruction. A new stenting method. AB - The results of skin graft reconstruction in intraoral cancer in 65 consecutive cases were uniformly good. There were only 11 wound complications and all resolved spontaneously without additional surgery. Skin grafts were used successfully in conjunction with coronal resections of the mandible, incontinuity modified neck dissections, and composite resections. Postoperative radiation therapy had no ill effects on the grafts or oral hygiene. A new stenting method with a dental tissue conditioner was employed. When used to immobilize intraoral skin grafts, it improved oral hygiene and patient deglutition, thereby hastening rehabilitation. The success of grafts performed with the new stent was equal to (if not better than) the success of grafts performed with the traditional stent. PMID- 6732590 TI - Repair of head and neck defects with thin and double-lined pectoralis flaps. AB - The evolution of nondelayed , single-stage repairs of extensive ablative defects of the upper aerodigestive tract with thin, skin-lined pectoralis myogenous and myocutaneous flaps is described, with particular emphasis on technique and applicability. To date, 15 such modified flap reconstructions of the oral cavity, oropharynx, and pharyngoesophagus have been performed. Other than one instance of flap failure, no significant short- or long-term complications were noted. The functional results of these repairs are equivalent to other, less convenient or technically more difficult methods of reconstruction. PMID- 6732591 TI - Oral desensitization to penicillin in necrotizing (malignant) external otitis. AB - Penicillin allergy can complicate the treatment of life-threatening infections. When a beta-lactam (penicillin) drug is the treatment of choice, true allergy can be safely overcome by a recent, oral method of desensitization to penicillin. Patients with positive skin test results can be desensitized within four hours with oral, subcutaneous, and then intramuscular administration of progressively increased doses of penicillin G. We used this method successfully in a patient with severe necrotizing (malignant) external otitis. PMID- 6732592 TI - Bilateral hyperplasia of the coronoid process of the mandible. Report of a case. AB - A case of bilateral hyperplasia of the coronoid process occurred. The diagnosis was made easily, and the treatment was successful. Speculation is made regarding the cause of the condition. PMID- 6732593 TI - Arytenoid dislocation and computed tomography. AB - The insertion of endotracheal tubes is surprisingly free of laryngeal complications. Although the exact incidence of endotracheal tube-induced laryngeal trauma is unknown, recent reports of arytenoid dislocations have led to an increased awareness of the possibility for this type of laryngeal injury. Since indirect examination of the larynx in a postoperative patient is not always an easy procedure, the use of a computed tomographic (CT) scan may provide help in making the diagnosis of arytenoid dislocation and in confirming the return of the arytenoid to its usual position following endoscopic manipulation. A 27-year old man had a weak voice following an atraumatic intubation. A scan done on a body scanner without contrast revealed a right arytenoid dislocation. Following laryngoscopic manipulation, an improved position of the arytenoid was confirmed by a subsequent CT scan done in the same manner. The use of this noninvasive technique may be an additional aid in the diagnosis of laryngeal disorders following intubation. PMID- 6732594 TI - A Jehovah's Witness and homograft ossicular implantation. PMID- 6732595 TI - The biology of head and neck cancer. PMID- 6732596 TI - Cylindrical cell papilloma of the maxillary sinus. PMID- 6732597 TI - The effect of blood pressure on inner ear blood flow. AB - We investigated the effects of blood pressure on the blood flow in the inner ear as compared with other organs in normotensive rats (NR), spontaneously hypertensive rats (SHR) and renal hypertensive rats (RHR). The cardiac output and the regional blood flow were measured by a radioactive microsphere technique in conscious rats. The haemodynamics of the inner ear and other organs and the effects of a converting-enzyme inhibitor (SA-446) on the regional blood flow were compared among NR, SHR, and RHR, the blood pressure being 107, 152, and 185 mm Hg, respectively. With the exception of the heart, the organ blood flow was lower in SHR than in NR in all organs, including the inner ear. It was also lower in RHR than in SHR. The blood pressure dropped after i.v. injection of SA-446, while the regional blood flow increased. The effect was strongest in RHR, followed by SHR and finally NR. PMID- 6732598 TI - Cell-size distribution of human tonsillar lymphocytes. AB - Cell-size distributions of human tonsillar lymphocytes (TL) and adenoid lymphocytes (AL) were determined using a computerized cell-size analyser. In comparison with peripheral blood lymphocytes, TL, and AL comprised a greater number of large lymphocytes. Child TL were characterized by an enrichment of not only B-lymphocytes but also of large lymphocytes. A decrease in the number of large B-lymphocytes with advancing age was considered to be indicative of the morphological profile of tonsillar involution. PMID- 6732599 TI - Measurement of blood flow to human nasal mucosa in normal and pathological conditions by the use of the 133Xe clearance technique. AB - The blood flow to nasal mucosa in normal subjects and in allergic rhinitis, vasomotor rhinitis and laryngectomized patients was measured using the 133Xe clearance technique. The results were statistically compared and correlated with capillary diameter. Compared to the normal group, the blood flow to nasal mucosa increased in allergic and vasomotor rhinitis patients and decreased in laryngectomized patients. There was a statistically significant difference between allergic and vasomotor groups (p less than 0.01), so the present method could be used in the differential diagnosis of rhinitis. PMID- 6732600 TI - The high frequency limit of the fundamental vestibulo-ocular reflex. AB - The high frequency limit of the image-stabilizing trineuronal vestibulo-ocular reflex is very difficult to assess experimentally, as the necessary accelerations are extremely high. We chose to examine fistulae of the bony horizontal semicircular canal. Oscillating pressures of between 3 and 40 Hz were applied to the fistula, and the fast pendular eye movements were registered by electronystagmography. Above 15 Hz there was no regular reaction. Up to 15 Hz the eye movements corresponded to the alternating pressure stimulus upon the fistula. Up to 11 Hz the ocular reaction was very strong, with calculated acceleration values near the dynamic limit of the bulbus and eye muscles. The capacity of the vestibular organ has often been underrated. In view of previous investigations and our own experiments it seems justified to set the frequency limit of the fundamental vestibulo-ocular reflex at at least 10 Hz. PMID- 6732601 TI - Prolonged maintenance of endocochlear potential by vascular perfusion with media devoid of oxygen carriers. AB - A method is described for maintaining the cochlear potentials of the guinea pig via arterial perfusion of the surviving inner ear with an artificial medium devoid of oxygen carriers or oncotic agents. The endocochlear potential (EP) can be maintained at a normal level for periods in excess of 5 h; the responses of the EP to anoxia and to furosemide closely approximate those seen in the intact animal. This preparation may represent a simplified method for carrying out selected arterial perfusion experiments in the surviving inner ear. PMID- 6732602 TI - Immunologic aspects of ozena. AB - In order to be able to describe the systemic cellular immunity in patients with ozena, the following immunologic parameters were studied in 19 ozena patients: the number of T- and B-cells, the spontaneously proliferating cells, and the transformation response of lymphocytes to phytohemagglutinin and pokeweed mitogen. No differences could be found between the ozena patients and the healthy control subjects, however. Subsequently, with the methods used, we were unable to find any systemic cellular immuno-disorders in patients with ozena. PMID- 6732603 TI - Measurement of nasal mucociliary activity in man with 99mTc-labelled resin particles. AB - The mucociliary activity in normal and pathological nasal mucosa was studied with a gamma camera using 99mTc-labelled resin particles. The mucus flow rate was investigated under physiological conditions in the following groups of subjects: normal, allergic rhinitis, vasomotor rhinitis, primary atrophic rhinitis, and laryngectomized. The mean flow rates obtained were 5.7 +/- 2.2, 1.5 +/- 0.5, 1.9 +/- 0.8, 0.0, and 4.8 +/- 1.9 mm/min respectively. When the results were compared, the differences between the normal and allergic rhinitis groups, and the normal and vasomotor rhinitis groups were statistically significant (p less than 0.05). However, the differences between the normal and laryngectomized groups, and the allergic and vasomotor rhinitis groups were insignificant (p greater than 0.05). PMID- 6732604 TI - Nasal responsiveness to methacholine stimulation in allergic rhinitis patients. AB - We examined the nasal responsiveness to topical methacholine application in allergic rhinitis and non-allergic chronic rhinitis patients, and in control subjects. Methacholine responsiveness was significantly higher in allergic rhinitis patients than in non-allergic patients and control subjects. In perennial rhinitis, methacholine responsiveness correlated with the severity of daily nasal symptoms and those provoked by specific allergen challenge tests. Among nasal symptoms, hyper-rhinorrhoea was found to be closely related to methacholine responsiveness. As a result of these findings, the possibility of cholinergic hyper-reactivity in allergic rhinitis patients is discussed. PMID- 6732605 TI - Histological investigation of skin biopsies in otosclerosis and osteogenesis imperfecta. AB - Histological investigation of skin biopsies in four patients with osteogenesis imperfecta, nine patients with otosclerosis and 13 sex- and age-matched normal controls was carried out blindly. The dermal thickness was markedly reduced in osteogenesis imperfecta and slightly reduced in otosclerosis. Minor degenerative changes in the elastic fibres were seen in otosclerosis, while the elastic fibres were found to be more degenerated and more numerous in osteogenesis imperfecta. Our study does not support the hypothesis of otosclerosis being a localized form of osteogenesis imperfecta. The minor changes in the elastic fibres in otosclerosis indicate that further studies of the elastic fibres and of collagen will be necessary to determine whether otosclerosis is a localized disease or part of a general connective tissue disorder. PMID- 6732606 TI - Audiological and vestibular findings in 219 cases of meningitis. AB - The audiological and electronystagmographic follow-up results of 219 children with different forms of meningitis are presented. The findings for hearing loss are roughly comparable with those of earlier reports. There have been no previous systematic studies on children with meningitis. Our electronystagmographic results show continuous nystagmus, evenly distributed in different aetiological groups, in 26 patients (12%), directional preponderance in 11 patients (5%) and canal paresis in three patients (1.5%). Disconjugate eye movements indicating a possible brain-stem lesion were observed in seven patients (3%). Eye movements were registered individually for both eyes. None of our patients had clinically significant vertigo. The electronystagmographic findings did not appear with hearing loss, indicating that vestibular disorders may develop independently. Our results support the view that electronystagmography should be performed routinely on every child who has had meningitis. PMID- 6732607 TI - Inductive tissue interactions during inner ear development. AB - Inductive tissue interactions were studied in the otocyst of the CBA/CBA mouse. Otocysts with surrounding mesenchyme explanted at the 12.5-13th gestational day and cultured in vitro for 4 days underwent morphogenesis with formation of semicircular canals, vestibular organs, and some cochlear coiling. Without their surrounding mesenchyme only little, if any, development was seen. However, otocysts without mesenchyme but grown in a medium precultured with mesenchyme did develop normally. A soluble and diffusible induction factor is apparently produced by mesenchyme and also by other fetal organs. Cell-cell contact may not be needed for induction. PMID- 6732608 TI - The effect of furosemide on sodium and potassium concentrations in guinea-pig perilymph. AB - To observe the effects of furosemide on electrolyte concentrations in inner-ear fluids, experiments were performed on 286 normal guinea-pigs. Intravenous injection of furosemide (15 mg/kg) induced increases of Na concentration in scala tympani perilymph, scala vestibuli perilymph, and cerebrospinal fluid (CSF). K concentrations in both perilymphs and CSF were also increased by furosemide. The increased Na concentrations are thought to be due to the dehydration of body fluids induced by the diuretic action of furosemide. The increase of K concentrations in perilymphs could be attributable to either a characteristic action of furosemide on the electrolyte transport in the inner ear or a secondary change caused by a rise of K concentration in the endolymph. PMID- 6732609 TI - Vocal rehabilitation by tracheogastric shunt method after pharyngolaryngoesophagectomy for malignancy. AB - After pharyngolaryngoesophagectomy had been performed to remove a malignant tumor, a shunt was created between the elevated gastric tube and the trachea for vocal rehabilitation in two patients. By covering the tracheostoma, the patients were able to produce a substituted voice without any reflux. However, strange vibrations of the gastric tube slightly disturbed the intelligibility of the shunt voice. PMID- 6732610 TI - On sources of error in the biochemical study of perilymph (guinea-pig). AB - Contamination of perilymph with other fluids (cerebrospinal fluid, tissue fluid, blood, endolymph) together with sampling, anaesthesia, surgical intervention or food intake of the animals may considerably affect the analytical result. The numerous possible artefacts seem to be the main reason why varying values are given in the literature for the same chemical component of perilymph. This is also partly true of cerebrospinal fluid and blood. The effect of some sources of error on selected chemical components of perilymph, cerebrospinal fluid and blood is briefly summarized. PMID- 6732611 TI - Effect of diazepam on vestibular compensation in squirrel monkeys. AB - The effect of the chronic administration of diazepam on vestibular compensation (post-unilateral labyrinthectomy) was studied in squirrel monkeys. An intramuscular injection of diazepam (2 mg/kg) was given daily for a period of 4 weeks post-operatively. After daily injection, reduction of the slow-phase eye velocity ( SPEV ) of spontaneous nystagmus and enhancement of locomotor body dysequilibrium were found in the early post-operative stage. However, these pharmacological effects decreased gradually and almost no remarkable effect was found about 3 weeks after surgery. When compared to control animals, no marked differences was found in SPEV reduction of spontaneous nystagmus in injected animals during the vestibular compensation period. Platform runway tests showed that the average number of calendar days needed to regain the pre-operative level of locomotor balance function in the group injected with diazepam was even less than that of the control group. Thus, post-operative daily diazepam injections did not retard the vestibular compensation. The possible neural mechanism responsible for this phenomenon is discussed. PMID- 6732612 TI - Cytochemical localization of adenylcyclase in the lateral wall of the inner ear. AB - The cytochemical localization of adenylcyclase in the lateral cochlear wall was studied using a modification of the Reik -Howell method. All the cell membranes of the stria vascularis and spiral prominence cells, except the vascular endothelium, showed a low enzyme activity. In the marginal cell and spiral prominence epithelium facing the endolymph, this activity was limited to the perilymphatic membrane sections. The results are discussed. PMID- 6732613 TI - The effect of kanamycin on experimentally induced endolymphatic hydrops. AB - In guinea pigs with endolymphatic hydrops 6 months after operation the DC potential had decreased from +80 mV to +50 mV, while the sodium activity had increased. The twofold increase in Na+ activity could explain the increased degree of endolymphatic hydrops. The K+ activity and Cl- activity were unchanged. However, endolymphatic hydrops could be produced in kanamycin-induced deaf guinea pigs after obliteration of the endolymphatic sac and duct. The physiological data on DC potential, K+, and Na+ activity were similar to those for non-treated animals. When the animals were treated with kanamycin 6 months after the development of endolymphatic hydrops, there was no effect on the morphological and functional changes compared to controls. The data suggest that regulation of the inner ear fluid occurs independent of an intact auditory system. The effect of aminoglycoside treatment in Meniere's disease cannot be explained by an effect on endolymphatic hydrops formation. PMID- 6732614 TI - Operative treatment for otosclerosis. Comparative study of long-term results following substitution of stapes by free cartilage grafts. AB - This comparative study of long-term results following the substitution of stapes by free cartilage grafts is based on 500 stapedectomies. The patients were operated on by the same surgeon (first author) and followed-up for a period of 5 20 years. Postoperative results, compared with the results of other stapedectomy techniques, demonstrate a statistically significant difference in favour of the cartilage implant technique with respect to the overall functional success rate and the incidence of postoperative complications. PMID- 6732615 TI - Asymptomatic leiomyosarcoma of maxillary sinus accompanied by primary mucocele. AB - A case of asymptomatic leiomyosarcoma of the maxillary sinus accompanied by primary maxillary mucocele is presented together with a review of the literature. The manifestation and symptoms, pathology in special reference to electron microscopic findings, treatment and prognosis, and origin of this tumor are discussed. Initially, this tumor should be treated by extensive surgical excision, but long-term follow-up is essential in the light of this high rate of local recurrence, and radical neck surgery is indicated for metastatic nodal disease. PMID- 6732616 TI - Low frequency thresholds assessed with 40 Hz MLR in adults with impaired hearing. AB - In a group of 30 adults with impaired hearing, objective thresholds defined with 40 Hz middle latency responses (MLR) were compared with subjective audiometric measures. Frequencies of 0.25, 0.5, and 1 kHz were studied. In order to guarantee a good frequency specificity, subjects presenting large high-frequency hearing loss were particularly chosen. The 40-Hz MLR thresholds were generally worse than the audiometric measures. The average difference was around 12 dB, but in about one-third of the cases it was between 20 and 30 dB. Although not perfect, 40-Hz MLR estimates on low frequencies can be very helpful and deserve further consideration, especially in children. PMID- 6732617 TI - The incidence of acoustic neuroma in autopsy material. AB - According to reports in the literature, the incidence of occult acoustic neuroma is about 1%. This figure is relatively high compared with clinically encountered neuromas. Our material consisted of 298 temporal bones from 168 cases (129 paired specimens). No occult neuromas were discovered in our material. On the basis of earlier studies, we expected to find one or two occult neuromas, but there was only one case of a large cerebellopontine acoustic neuroma, and the patient died after a neurosurgical operation. PMID- 6732618 TI - Histochemical studies of cholesteatoma. AB - Frozen sections of cholesteatomas were compared with postauricular and auditory canal skin and studied using histochemical methods. Several dehydrogenases, lysosomal enzymes and proteolytic activity were studied. Lactate and malate dehydrogenase activity was very strong in the epithelium and subepithelial tissue of cholesteatomas; no succinate dehydrogenase activity was observed. Esterase and acid phosphatase activity was prominent in cells of granulation tissue. Considerable proteolytic activity was observed in these cells and one specimen showed possible extracellular activity. Strong evidence of fat was found in the granulation tissue, particularly at the interface of granulation tissue and bone. In postauricular and auditory canal skin, enzyme activity was generally weaker; no evidence of fat was found. The findings are discussed in the light of other investigations on the importance of enzyme activity in bone destruction associated with cholesteatoma. PMID- 6732619 TI - Fibrin related antigen: an aid in cytologically false negative effusion fluid. PMID- 6732620 TI - Uterine cervical cancer associated with eosinophilic infiltration. PMID- 6732621 TI - Intravenous gammaglobulin therapy for severe infections caused after treatment for malignant tumors of the female genital tract. PMID- 6732622 TI - Gestosis index (EPH-gestosis); evaluation for the assessment of prognosis and condition of the newborn. PMID- 6732623 TI - Acardiac anomalies: review of 88 cases in Japan. PMID- 6732624 TI - Preoperative diagnosis of malignant ovarian tumors by measuring serum fibrin degradation products. PMID- 6732625 TI - Ethnic birth patterns and fetal outcome in Auckland and New Zealand in the 1970's and their medico-social implications. Part I. Birth patterns, fetal infant outcome. PMID- 6732626 TI - Ethnic birth patterns and fetal outcome in Auckland and New Zealand in the 1970's and their medico-social implications. Part II. Ethnicity and medico-social implications. PMID- 6732627 TI - Determinant factors in foetal mortality associated with umbilical cord prolapse. PMID- 6732628 TI - A critical evaluation of subfertility investigations. PMID- 6732629 TI - Studies of normal hearing. AB - Auditory function changes continually from birth to old age. A variety of methods to assess hearing have evolved since the invention of the audiometer. Types of measurement include: electrical response in the central nervous system, cochlear acuity and speech responses. While some of these tests correlate fairly well with each other, their ability to represent overall hearing function is questionable. Other attempts to improve the assessment of hearing have been made in the area of self-appraisal, but these, too, have significant limitations. Most self-report and peer appraisal questionnaires have been established by studies of hearing impaired populations. Norms for these techniques in normal-hearing populations need to be established. There is still room for valid tests of everyday communication. What we have in measurement procedures does not achieve this goal. Research studies of today will hopefully produce better definition of normal auditory function. PMID- 6732630 TI - Frequency-specific auditory brainstem responses to clicks masked by notched noise. AB - Frequency-specific auditory brainstem responses were recorded as a function of the intensity of a click masked by notch-filtered white noise (i.e. band-stop filtered). The bandwidth of the notch was fixed at five-thirds octave and the center frequency was 0.5, 1.0, 2.0 or 4.0 kHz. For normally hearing subjects the latency of the main peak in the responses is increasing with decreasing center frequency of the notch and with decreasing click intensity. At a click sensation level of 60 dB, the mean of 7 subjects' peak latency was 6.7 ms for the center frequency 4.0 kHz and 10.2 ms for the center frequency 0.5 kHz. The thresholds derived from the frequency-specific responses were within 20 dB above the subjective thresholds of audibility of the clicks as heard when masked by notched noise. PMID- 6732631 TI - Brain stem potentials evoked by binaural click stimuli with differences in interaural time and intensity. AB - Auditory-evoked brain stem potentials were recorded from 12 adults with normal hearing using click stimuli with differences in interaural time and intensity. Almost independent superimposed Jewett V peaks were produced, whose latency and amplitude depended on the parameters of the stimulus applied to either ear. This indicates that separate binaural information for the evaluation of sound source direction is still available at the brain stem level where wave V originates. We demonstrate that the normal nonlinear latency/intensity function may be responsible for the subjective compensation of time and intensity differences, since the well-known trading functions show similar intensity-dependent gradients. PMID- 6732632 TI - On-line computer scoring of the auditory brainstem response for estimation of hearing threshold. AB - Auditory brainstem responses (ABRs) to click stimuli have become established as a useful indicator of hearing thresholds in infants and young children. Although the investigation is objective in so far as the patient is concerned, a subjective element remains in the decision by the operator as to whether or not an ABR is present in an averaged waveform. A simple on-line computer detection technique is described which removes some of the reliance placed upon the operator. The technique employs a scanning window for correlation and amplitude analysis of pairs of averaged ABR waveforms. The reliability and accuracy of computer and operator scoring of 25 thresholds in normally hearing adults and 50 thresholds in infants and young children with suspected hearing impairment have been investigated. In the adult group, 96% of computer estimates of the threshold were within +/- 10 dB of the subjective hearing threshold, compared with 92% for operator scoring. There were 92% of computer and operator scores within +/- 10 dB of each other. In the patient group there was equally good agreement between computer and operator scoring with 90% of the thresholds within +/- 10 dB of each other; the incidence of possible false-positive thresholds was also lower with computer scoring. This on-line scoring technique, therefore, offers useful assistance to the operator; requires only limited computing power, and is suitable for use in a routine clinical environment. PMID- 6732633 TI - The effects of interruption on squirrel monkey temporary threshold shift to a 96 hour noise exposure. AB - 6 squirrel monkeys (Saimiri scuireus ) were exposed to an octave band of noise with a center frequency of 500 Hz under both continuous and interrupted conditions. Continuous exposures lasted for 4, 8, 16, 24, 48, 72 and 96 h, with complete recovery of hearing before the next exposure. The interrupted exposure was 96 h, long with 5-min interruptions so that temporary threshold shift (TTS) could be measured at 2, 4, 8, 12, 16, 24, 36, 48, 60, 72 and 84 h of exposure. There were no differences in TTS from 8 to 96 h of exposure between the two conditions. However, at 4 h of exposure, the interrupted exposure showed significantly less TTS (p less than 0.05) than the continuous exposure. The only difference between the exposures was a 5-min interruption at 2 h of exposure during the interrupted exposure. Thus, the interrupted-exposure method is valid for making generalizations about continuous exposures of 8 h or longer. The results also confirmed our previous finding that there was no asymptotic threshold shift for the squirrel monkey although we extended the exposure time to 96 h in this experiment. The similarity of human and squirrel monkey TTS growth functions is consistent with our earlier results and supports the suitability of the squirrel monkey as an animal model for noise-induced hearing loss in humans. PMID- 6732635 TI - The painful wrist. AB - Almost certainly, any condition producing pain in the wrist will interfere with the use of the hand. This in turn can cause impaired function of the whole of the limb. PMID- 6732634 TI - Does incubator noise increase risks of aminoglycoside ototoxicity? AB - One group of newborn rats were given 50 mg/kg gentamicin for 20 days, 8 days after birth and were housed during the treatment in a regular incubator. They were compared to a similar group housed in regular cages and to two groups of unintoxicated newborn rats, one being exposed to the incubator noise and one being unexposed. Incubator noise was found to have no influence on gentamicin ototoxicity and to induce only a temporary threshold shift. PMID- 6732636 TI - Injection techniques for common arm disorders. AB - The most junior resident medical officer soon becomes proficient at lumbar puncture and pleural aspiration but placement of a needle in a synovial cavity is approached with less confidence. Although only a part of the management of soft tissue rheumatic conditions, a carefully given corticosteroid injection can be dramatically effective for severe pain localised to a bursa, tendon sheath or synovial space. PMID- 6732637 TI - Aboriginal eye problems. AB - Treatment programmes will be more effective with continued education of the community. The aboriginal health workers, guided by doctors and nurses working in these harsh remote areas, should become skilled in recognising and treating active trachoma and thus prevent the sequelae of entropion, trichiasis, corneal scarring and blindness. PMID- 6732638 TI - Surf, sand and sea. Recreational morbidity in a New South Wales coastal resort. AB - The health problems associated with recreation in a small remote resort township create a 'subspecialty' of general practice and challenge the doctor's ingenuity and ability to improvise . Trauma, infection, allergy and miscellaneous emergencies dominate the presentations. PMID- 6732639 TI - Children with cough. AB - Most children with a cough have recurrent acute viral bronchitis or asthma. For both, the natural history is progressive improvement through childhood. An unrelenting cough with purulent sputum suggests suppurative lung disease and must not be dismissed lightly. In most cases the cause of cough can be determined by careful clinical history, physical examination and chest X-ray. Other laboratory investigations can be useful when underlying asthma is suspected. PMID- 6732640 TI - Reflex sympathetic vasodystrophy. PMID- 6732641 TI - Content and process of general practice. Preliminary report. AB - A method is described for the collection of information on the content and process of general practice. During their two-week clinical tutorial attachments to Queensland general practitioners, fifth year medical students record information about patients seen: a preliminary analysis of more than 50,000 patient contacts in three years is presented. PMID- 6732642 TI - Treatment of chronic duodenal ulcer. AB - The cause of peptic ulcer is unknown but the authors calculate that 70 per cent of duodenal ulcers are due to environmental factors. Acid secretion appears to be an essential component: although two thirds of patients with duodenal ulcer have a normal rate of acid secretion, 90 per cent of ulcers respond to its reduction. The case against the role of acid has been argued by Cleave. PMID- 6732644 TI - Pain in the upper limb. PMID- 6732643 TI - The painful shoulder. AB - Although a common symptom, shoulder pain is not always due to intrinsic disorders of the joint; it can be referred from lesions of the cervical spine or from visceral disease. PMID- 6732645 TI - Nerve entrapment syndromes in the upper limb. AB - Nerve entrapment in the upper limb usually presents as pain, sensory disturbance and motor loss; the most common diagnosis is carpal tunnel syndrome. A high index of suspicion with some anatomical knowledge aid the recognition of clinical patterns and diagnosis. Treatment of patients with intermittent or early progressive changes has an excellent prognosis; most with constant sensory or motor loss will show at least partial response to treatment. PMID- 6732646 TI - Directional preponderance of optokinetic nystagmus. Study of 30 cases of unilateral cerebral lesions. AB - Analysis of the optokinetic nystagmus has been one of the most important means to examine the function of the vestibulo-oculomotor system. Especially in Japan, it has been used as a mean to analyze the function of the brain stem. We investigated directional preponderance of the optokinetic nystagmus in supratentorial lesions especially unilateral lesions, in the cerebral hemisphere which had been nearly neglected as an object for investigation of the vestibular system. We examined 30 cases of unilateral lesion in the cerebral hemisphere. In all cases CT-scan confirmed that these lesions have no mass effect which might affect the function of the surrounding brain. It was also confirmed that these cases had no spontaneous nystagmus. These cases consisted of 11 cerebral infarctions, 9 cerebral thrombosis, 6 cerebral hemorrhages and 4 cerebral contusions. In the result, 27 cases showed directional preponderance of the optokinetic nystagmus to the ipsilateral side, while there was none to the contralateral side. Three cases showed no directional preponderance. Some cases showed marked inhibition of optokinetic nystagmus of the contralateral side. These markedly inhibited cases are very similar to cases of pontine lesion which usually manifest marked inhibition of the optokinetic nystagmus to the ipsilateral side. PMID- 6732647 TI - [Therapy of tinnitus. Tympanic cavity infusion of lidocaine and steroid solution]. AB - Tinnitus is an otological symptom which is often encountered and is yet difficult to treat. If tinnitus is of cochlear origin then it seems reasonable to assume that a total depression of the cochlear function will abolish cochlear tinnitus. To achieve this depression, transtympanic injections of a local anesthetic (4% Lidocaine) to anesthetize the inner ear and of Decadoron were conducted in a patient suffering from tinnitus. One hundred and sixty-eight patients (220 ears) who had suffered from relatively long-term tinnitus were included in this study. In almost all of the cases the clinical symptoms and the otological findings (i.e., the audiogram and caloric test) indicated that the probable lesion underlying the tinnitus was located within the end organ. In some cases this injection brought a transient (for few days), slight, neurosensorial deafness in the low-frequency range. This auditory disorder, however, was completely restored without sequelae. Our results are summarized as follows: in 76 ears, tinnitus was abolished completely, in 109 ears, tinnitus was considerably ameliorated, in 35 ears, tinnitus was slightly ameliorated or no effect. One hundred and nine patients (138 ears) who had suffered from tinnitus were included in this study. Decadoron was applied to the middle ear cavity by transtympanic injection. Our results are summarized as follows: in 87 ears, tinnitus was abolished, in 39 ears, tinnitus was considerably ameliorated, in 14 ears, tinnitus was slightly ameliorated or no effect. PMID- 6732648 TI - Osteoma of the external auditory canal. AB - A case of osteoma of the external auditory canal in a 19-year-old male patient was reported. The differentiation between osteoma and exostosis was discussed clinically, histopathologically and scanning electron microscopically. PMID- 6732649 TI - Dyspnea and dysphagia in a child due to an antrochoanal polyp. AB - A 3-year-old girl with complaints of dyspnea and dysphagia due to a huge antrochoanal polyp is presented. On examination of the left nostril a huge polyp occupying whole of the nostril was seen with mucoid discharge. It was so huge that it was reaching the laryngopharynx and causing dyspnea and dysphagia (11 cm in length and 3 cm in diameter). The tracheostomy was avoided by performing an emergency polypectomy. PMID- 6732650 TI - Guillotine tonsillectomy without anesthesia. AB - Guillotine tonsillectomy without anesthesia is a new and safe operative procedure. From 1958 to 1973, 11,140 tonsillectomies were performed in our clinic. Being safe, simple, convenient and time-saving, this method gives fairly satisfactory results. Besides, it is less traumatic and has a lower incidence of postoperative hemorrhage. More than 93% of the patients experienced no pain or slight pain during the operation. For assessment of the therapeutic results, we made an analysis of 4,190 cases. There was no much difference in cure rate and size of lymphoid tissue in the tonsillar fossa between guillotine and dissection methods. Guillotine without anesthesia eliminates all the dangers and the unfavourable side-effects of anesthesia. It is distinctly safe and, therefore, is far superior to the procedure under anesthesia. PMID- 6732651 TI - Sensation elicited by mechanical stimuli to the oropharyngeal mucosa. AB - An inaccurate localization of the site of stimulus, a higher two-point threshold for touch than those at lower lip or soft palate mucosae, and reference of touch sensation to the submaxillary cervical region following mechanical stimuli to the posterior oropharyngeal wall or lateral pharyngeal band were observed in the present study on otolaryngologists, medical students and patients with abnormal sensations in the throat. These results indicated that not only the somatic but also the visceral nervous system might contribute to the elicitation of sensation from the oropharyngeal structures behind the soft palate. PMID- 6732652 TI - Inhibition of stomal recurrence in laryngectomy with preoperative far therapy. A statistical evaluation. AB - FAR therapy is effective for cancers of the head and neck, in particular laryngeal cancer. This combined chemoradiotherapy consists of 5-FU, vitamin A and radiation. We found 10% stomal recurrences in reviewing 112 patients who had been treated with total laryngectomy. Stomal recurrences after total laryngectomy occur frequently in patients undergoing an emergency tracheotomy. We studied 33 such patients divided into 2 groups, on the basis of whether laryngectomy had been carried out after the emergency tracheotomy plus preoperative FAR therapy, or whether laryngectomy had been carried out without preoperative FAR therapy. The incidence of stomal recurrence was less among those given preoperative FAR therapy and was statistically significant. Such being the case, preoperative FAR therapy seems to e prophylactically effective against stomal recurrence after emergency tracheotomy. PMID- 6732653 TI - Presidential address. Royal Australian College of Ophthalmologists. 15th Annual Congress, 1983. PMID- 6732654 TI - Bell's phenomenon. A study of 508 patients. AB - Bell's phenomenon is an important physical sign in clinical medicine. An assessment of Bell's phenomenon may help to explain or localize the cause of ocular disease and lead to the diagnosis of systemic disease. We report in this paper our findings in 508 patients who presented consecutively to a general ophthalmic practice, and who were examined for their Bell's phenomenon and for lagophthalmos. The study demonstrated a good deal of variability not only in the amount but also in the type of Bell's phenomenon response in normal patients. It also demonstrated the usefulness of Bell's phenomenon in specific clinical situations. The literature on the usefulness of Bell's phenomenon is reviewed. PMID- 6732655 TI - An ultrastructural study of the role of leucocytes and fibroblasts in the breakdown of Bruch's membrane. AB - Ultrastructural examination was performed on 30 eyes selected on the basis of a light microscopic classification as representing all stages of macular degeneration. The eyes belonged to 29 patients aged 40 to 91 years at death and all patients with the exception of the 40-year-old had been examined during life. The results indicate that monocytes, lymphocytes, fibroblasts and mast cells may play a role in the formation of breaks in Bruch's membrane at early and late stages of macular degeneration. The implications of these observations are discussed in the context of their possible role in choroidal neovascularization. PMID- 6732656 TI - Vitreous cytology in primary cerebroretinal malignant lymphoma. AB - We report the case of a 72-year-old woman who presented with vitreous opacities of unknown cause. A pars plana vitrectomy yielded material in which there were atypical lymphoid cells consistent with malignant lymphoma. Five months after the vitrectomy, the patient re-presented with cerebral lymphoma. Our report emphasizes the value of cytological examination of the vitreous in selected cases. We also review the features of malignant lymphoma of the retina and stress the cerebroretinal axis of involvement in this disease. PMID- 6732657 TI - Vitreous fluorophotometry in children with type I diabetes mellitus. AB - A clinical, biochemical and ocular study was carried out on 17 children with type I diabetes mellitus. Eight had no clinical or angiographic evidence of retinopathy (Stage 0), seven had stage 1, one had stage 2 background retinopathy (Malone's classification) and one had intraretinal microvascular abnormalities. The vitreous fluorescein concentration 3 to 5 mm in front of the macula in those without retinopathy varied from low to abnormally high, while the concentrations in those with retinopathy were above normal. There was no correlation between haemoglobin A1 estimations taken at the time of the study and the vitreous fluorophotometry readings. This variation in fluorophotometry values obtained in diabetics with stage 0 disease differs from the findings in previous reports and may be of prognostic value in determining those patients at risk of developing retinopathy, and may be an indication for improving diabetic control. PMID- 6732658 TI - A case of junctional epidermolysis bullosa (Herlitz-Pearson) with corneal bullae. AB - A proven case of junctional epidermolysis bullosa is presented in which there have been recurrent right and left corneal lesions. The corneal changes arose either spontaneously or after minor trauma. We have no histological findings of the cornea at present, but the clinical features are similar to those reported in epidermolysis bullosa dystrophica-recessive. We believe that this is the first detailed case report of corneal involvement in proven junctional epidermolysis bullosa. The literature is reviewed. PMID- 6732659 TI - The disposable modified fornix flap for cataract surgery. AB - Thirty cataract operations were performed in 28 patients using the disposable modified fornix flap technique described by Quinn and Ewald. Vision was 6/12 or better in 26 of 30 eyes with a mean follow-up period of seven months. Vision was corrected in 11 patients with intraocular lens implants, in 10 patients with aphakic spectacles and in seven patients with contact lenses. Four of the seven contact lens wearers had ocular irritation related to contact lens wear. The technique appears to work satisfactorily for intracapsular or extracapsular cataract surgery and for intraocular lens implantation. PMID- 6732660 TI - Bimanual phacoemulsification. AB - Phacoemulsification is widely used in the USA for cataract extraction. The surgeon's ability has been enhanced by improved instrumentation and evolution of techniques which make the surgery less challenging. Such a technique is bimanual phacoemulsification, which is described in this paper. PMID- 6732662 TI - New iris retractor for use with cryoprobe. PMID- 6732661 TI - Intraocular lens implantation: should we abandon intracapsular surgery? AB - The most important late complication of a longitudinal study of iris-supported lens was bullous keratopathy. Endothelial cell loss after using the closed chamber technique for lens insertion was more than halved. The cell loss rate after intracapsular extraction with a Federov I lens was compared with that after extracapsular extraction with an iridocapsular lens. The intermediate results did not show any significant difference between groups and there were eyes in both groups with a large initial loss which appeared to lose cells at a faster rate. PMID- 6732663 TI - Basic oculoplastic surgery. AB - Oculoplastic procedures well within the capabilities of most ophthalmic surgeons are described. Only those conditions most commonly encountered are discussed and the corrective surgery is illustrated. If required, all procedures described may be carried out under local anaesthesia in a minor operations room. The operative techniques described are those used by the author. PMID- 6732664 TI - Extracapsular cataract extraction. PMID- 6732665 TI - Copper supplementation of sheep. AB - The effect of 6 methods of copper supplementation on copper status was examined in Merino sheep at pasture. Plasma copper concentrations were not affected by any of the treatments. Liver copper concentrations in sheep given an oral dose of 3 g of oxidised copper wire particles were significantly greater than those of untreated sheep for the duration of the experiment of 80 weeks. Subcutaneous injections of 18 mg of copper as diethylamino cupro -oxyquinoline sulphonate produced small, transient increases in liver copper. Single oral doses of 150 mg of copper as copper sulphate or 30 mg of copper as copper oxychloride produced little or no detectable increase in liver copper. Liver copper concentrations of untreated sheep were lowest in winter, apparently associated with increased damage to the abomasum, as indicated by raised plasma pepsinogen activities. PMID- 6732666 TI - Duration of excretion of virulent Newcastle disease virus following challenge of chickens with different titres of serum antibody to the virus. AB - Virulent Newcastle disease virus (NDV) was isolated from susceptible and immune chickens following intra-ocular challenge with the Essex '70 strain. Challenge virus was isolated from the trachea and cloaca of susceptible birds until they died 7 to 9 days after challenge. This virus was isolated from immunised chickens for up to 14 days after challenge. The duration of excretion was influenced by the prechallenge serum antibody titre to NDV. It persisted longest in chickens with titres of 2(3) to 2(7) and decreased in length and frequency from chickens with titres in the range 2(8) to 2(12). Chickens with pre-challenge titres of 2(3) to 2(5) developed 2- to 3- fold increases in post-challenge titres, whereas those with higher pre-challenge titres had smaller proportional increases in titre. Excretion of virulent virus from immunised birds should be considered in the development of Newcastle disease control programs. PMID- 6732667 TI - Comparison of the residual virulence of Newcastle disease vaccine strains V4, Hitchner B1 and La Sota. AB - The clinical response of 7-day-old chickens to Newcastle disease vaccine strains V4, B1 and La Sota administered by the aerosol method was used to study the residual virulence of the strains. Parameters used to assess the severity of the clinical response were the number of sneezes recorded and the weight gain of chickens in the 10 day test period. The demeanour of the chickens was also observed. Strain V4 was less pathogenic for chickens than strain B1 which was less virulent than strain La Sota. Statistically significant differences were recorded in weight gain and the number of sneezes detected in each group. An unexpected mild respiratory disease recorded in chickens dosed with strain V4 may have been associated with administration of virus as a fine particle aerosol. PMID- 6732668 TI - Observations on the use of glyceryl guaiacolate as an adjunct to general anaesthesia in horses. AB - Twenty-one horses undergoing clinical surgery and diagnostic procedures received 15% glyceryl guaiacolate followed by a rapid intravenous injection of a thiobarbiturate for induction of anaesthesia. Premedication was with atropine and acepromazine. Induction was smooth and free from problems apart from transient apnoea in some horses. Maintenance of anaesthesia was with oxygen and halothane administered by means of a closed circle system with soda-lime absorber and with the vaporiser out of circuit. During the period immediately following induction, the heart rate increased and the respiratory rate fell. Blood gas estimations were carried out on 6 horses during anaesthesia. These horses showed respiratory acidosis. Arterial blood oxygen tension values were above those reported in conscious horses. Use of glyceryl guaiacolate in this way provides a safe induction and enables transition to a stable maintenance period which is followed by a quiet and uneventful recovery. PMID- 6732669 TI - The long term efficacy of a hardjo-pomona vaccine in preventing leptospiruria in cattle exposed to natural challenge with Leptospira interrogans serovar hardjo. AB - The long term efficacy of a commercially prepared bivalent vaccine against Leptospira interrogans serovar hardjo and L. interrogans serovar pomona was evaluated in a group of 82 dairy heifers exposed to natural challenge with L. interrogans serovar hardjo for up to 55 weeks after calfhood vaccination. Nineteen heifers were vaccinated twice with a one-month interval, at calfhood (9 to 10 months). A further 18 heifers received a similar calfhood vaccination regimen plus a third injection at adulthood (22 to 23 months), while 19 heifers were vaccinated twice at adulthood only and finally 22 heifers were used as unvaccinated controls. At 55 weeks after calfhood vaccination and prior to adulthood vaccination, only 2.7% of the vaccinated heifers were found to have leptospiruria compared with 58.5% of the unvaccinated heifers (p less than 0.0001). Microscopic agglutination (MA) titres at the same time in the unvaccinated heifers ranged from 32 to 4096 while those vaccinated at calfhood ranged from 32 to 64. Adult vaccination of infected animals did not significantly reduce leptospiruria . Prior to adulthood vaccination, 9 of 19 heifers had leptospiruria , in comparison to 4 of 15 after adulthood vaccination. At the same sampling periods 15 of 22 controls had leptospiruria in comparison to 4 of 9 subsequently tested. PMID- 6732670 TI - Osteomyelitis in dogs and cats caused by anaerobic bacteria. AB - Localised osteomyelitis was diagnosed in 2 dogs and 2 cats. The disease was caused by fight wounds in 3 cases. Radiographic examination demonstrated a circumscribed zone of cortical bone lysis, sequestra and periosteal new bone. Each case was treated surgically by sequestrectomy and debridement. Infection was due mainly to anaerobic bacteria. The pathogenic bacteria isolated from the lesions of dogs were Actinomyces viscosus, Fusobacterium nucleatum and Bacteroides spp, and from the lesions in cats were Clostridium villosum , Peptostreptococcus anaerobius, Wolinella recta and Bacteroides gingivalis. As all the bacteria were sensitive to penicillin, each case was treated with penicillin and by irrigation of the wound. This resulted in resolution of the disease, within 4 weeks, in all cases. PMID- 6732671 TI - Primary polycythaemia in a dog. AB - A 7-year-old, crossbred, desexed bitch had a fluctuating illness of more than 6 months duration, with signs of inappetence, reduced exercise tolerance, restlessness, panting, black diarrhoea, and red eyes and ears. Haematological examination disclosed persistent polycythaemia, reticulocytosis, normoblastaemia , and normal total plasma protein concentration when not dehydrated. Splenomegaly was present, but there was no evidence of significant pulmonary, cardiac or renal disease on physical, radiographic or electrocardiographic examination. Further investigations revealed normal arterial Po2 and oxygen saturation, and increased total erythrocyte volume. Primary polycythaemia was diagnosed. The dog was rendered anaemic by bleeding, then treated with a single injection of radioactive phosphorus. The patient has had no recurrence of signs and remains well 50 months later. PMID- 6732672 TI - Perforation of thoracic aorta in a dog associated with Spirocerca lupi infection. PMID- 6732673 TI - Aeromonas hydrophila isolated from polyarthritis in a calf. PMID- 6732674 TI - Therapeutic immunisation of bulls with the membranes and glycoproteins of Tritrichomonas foetus var. brisbane. PMID- 6732675 TI - Long-range air capability and the South Atlantic Campaign. PMID- 6732676 TI - The sickle cell trait in relation to the training and assignment of duties in the armed forces: II. Aseptic splenic necrosis. AB - Well-documented information gleaned from the world's literature reveals that in vivo sickling of erythrocytes and vascular occlusive lesions involving the spleen have occurred in individuals with the sickle cell trait (SCT) while flying in unpressurized airplanes or when exposed to hypoxic environments in mountains at intermediate altitudes. The clinical and anatomical manifestations of splenic infarcts are described. Individuals without the trait do not develop splenic infarcts during or following exposure to ambient hypoxia. PMID- 6732677 TI - Motion sickness susceptibility in student navigators. AB - Identification of individuals highly susceptible to motion sickness could be of significant benefit in managing flying personnel in training. Several studies in the past four decades with this end have been primarily aimed at pilot trainees. The following study is a prospective evaluation of airsickness in Air Force navigation students. Motion Sickness Questionnaires and Minnesota Multiphasic Personality Inventories were given to the students at the beginning of navigator training. Airsickness was assessed by means of questionnaires and evaluation by a flight surgeon. Motion sickness among navigation trainees was found to be quite common. However, prediction of susceptible individuals by methods used was not reliable. Further investigation of airsickness susceptibility in navigation students by means of physiologic techniques is suggested. PMID- 6732678 TI - Experimental assessment of selected antimotion drugs. AB - Space motion sickness (SMS) has been a perplexing problem in both the Soviet and U.S. manned space programs. Both the sensory conflict theory (neuronal signal mismatch) and the cephalad fluid shift concept explain the mechanism. This paper reviews the mechanism of action of various drugs that primarily affect brain blood flow or brain metabolism. In particular, Cavinton (apovincamic acid ethyl ester) has been used successfully in offsetting SMS in experimental test subjects. PMID- 6732679 TI - Effect of digoxin on serum and urinary cation changes on acute induction to high altitude. AB - Forty subjects each were rapidly inducted by road to altitudes of 3200 and 3771 meters (m). Half of subjects at each altitude were maintained on digoxin and the other half received placebos. The digoxin group showed higher serum potassium at both altitudes. Serum sodium remained unaltered. When compared to control groups, urinary volume changes were less marked in the digoxin group. Similarly, the alterations in calcium and magnesium in serum and urine at 3771 m were less pronounced. However, none of these changes in the digoxin groups were statistically significant when compared with control groups. PMID- 6732680 TI - Coagulation and fibrinolytic responses to exercise and cold exposure. AB - This study examined the effect of acute cold exposure on coagulation (PTT) and fibrinolysis (ELT), and the effect of cooling on subsequent exercise-induced coagulation and fibrinolytic responses. Ten male volunteers were tested at 5 degrees C and 28 degrees C on alternate days. Each subject began by sitting quietly for 60 min. Each then exercised on a cycle ergometer at 50 W for 5 min followed by 150 W for 10 min. Venous blood samples were taken before rest, after rest, and after exercise for each temperature on each of the two days. PTT, ELT, and hematocrit (HCT) were determined at each interval. Rectal temperature (Tre) and mean skin temperature (Tsk) were assessed at 15-min intervals throughout. Tsk was stable under neutral conditions but declined rapidly in the cold environment. Tre response was more complex but was significantly different for one contrast only (CE less than NE). ELT was shortened to 74, 62, and 44% while HCT increased to 107, 107, and 111% of pretest values for CR, NE, and CE, respectively. No significant change was noted for PTT. It is concluded that acute cold exposure as well as exercise stress results in an increase in ELT activity of blood; simultaneous enhancement of the coagulation status of the blood in response to stress is not inextricably linked to an elevation of fibrinolytic activity, a result that questions the importance of the Hageman factor dependent pathway between coagulation and fibrinolysis. PMID- 6732681 TI - Blood volume responses in partially dehydrated subjects working in the cold. AB - The effects of high-salt diets, cold, and heavy exercise have been examined in 33 Marine Corps volunteers living and working in a cold chamber. Temperatures varied from -29 degrees C during working hours to -4 degrees C, simulating partly warmed shelters, at night. Dehydrated operational rations were eaten and fluid intakes were controlled. When quantities of water were consumed at or above the amounts determined in previous studies in this series to prevent symptoms of cold-induced dehydration with these diets, ie., 2.5-3.0 L/d with diets containing 24 g of NaCl/d or about 2.0 L/d with 8 g NaCl/d, blood volumes increased 5-10%, primarily as a result of plasma volume expansion. This finding apparently confirms the results of earlier workers who have noted plasma volume increases in subjects undergoing vigorous exercise training. In subjects receiving 0.5 L/d or more below recommended quantities of water, intravascular volume increases developed slowly and quite erratically during 5 d of exercise. Intravascular volume increases responded within 1-2 d when fluid levels became appropriate for either high- or low-salt intakes. Besides confirming recommendations concerning water needed with dehydrated diets under conditions of the experiment, the observation of intravascular fluid volume increases during exercise training--despite limiting fluid intakes--raises the question of whether there are any physiological advantages from this adaptive mechanism. PMID- 6732682 TI - Comparative analysis: effects of positive and negative lateral acceleration on isometric fatigue in the forearm. AB - The purpose of this investigation was to determine the difference, if any, produced by +/- Gy acceleration on forearm fatigue. The Dynamic Environment Simulator (DES) at the USAF Aerospace Medical Research Laboratory was used to create a lateral acceleration environment. The experiment was designed to measure the forearm strength, endurance, recovery from fatigue, and surface electrical activity of six subjects during +/- 2 Gy acceleration. THE RESULTS: isometric performance was degraded during -2 Gy acceleration compared to + 2 Gy acceleration. The percentage drop in center frequency of the EMG signal was determined to be unreliable as a fatigue index during lateral acceleration. When head and shoulder restraints were used during lateral maneuvers, they were a factor in pilot performance, with + 2 Gy being superior to -2 Gy. This study suggested a way of analyzing the EMG signals that may permit quantification of isometric fatigue during lateral acceleration. PMID- 6732683 TI - Comparative analysis of social, demographic, and flight-related attributes between accident and nonaccident general aviation pilots. AB - This investigation represents an exploratory examination of several differentiating social and demographic characteristics for a sample of calendar year 1978 Colorado-resident nonfatal accident-involved pilots and a random sample of nonaccident general aviation (i.e., nonairline) pilots. During 1979-1980 80 currently active pilots were interviewed by the author, and information concerning the standard demographic variables, in addition to several social, psychological, and flying-related items, was obtained. The sample was generated from commercially available data files derived from U.S. Government records and consisted of 46 accident and 34 nonaccident pilots who resided within a 100-mi radius of Denver, east of the Rocky Mountains. Descriptively, the respondents represented a broad spectrum of general aviation, including: corporate pilots, "crop dusters," builders of amateur experimental aircraft, and recreational fliers. Application of stepwise discriminant analysis revealed that the pilots' education, political orientation, birth order, percent of flying for business purposes, participation in nonflying aviation activities, number of years of flying experience, and an index of aviation procedural noncompliance yielded statistically significant results. Furthermore, utilization of the classification capability of discriminant analysis produced a mathematical function which correctly allocated 78.5% of the cases into the appropriate groups, thus contributing to a 56.5% proportionate reduction in error over a random effects model. No relationship was found between accident involvement and several indicators of social attachments, socioeconomic status, and a number of measures of flying exposure. PMID- 6732684 TI - Head and neck injuries in Canadian Forces ejections. AB - This paper reviews the head and neck injuries experienced by Canadian Forces Aircrew who ejected while wearing the DH 41-2 helmet during the period from 1 Jan. 1972 through 31 July 1982. Pre and post-ejection factors, including a review of helmet performance, are presented. PMID- 6732685 TI - A personal medical emergency kit. AB - The professional and promotional literature is replete with advertisements for emergency kits. For many years, we have pursued the question from the perspective of immediate accessibility. This paper presents four case reports relating the authors' experience with such a small, personal emergency kit. PMID- 6732686 TI - Medical disqualification in USAF pilots and navigators. AB - The categories of medical condition which have most often been responsible for permanent disqualification of flying personnel have not been previously well documented. In this study, 304 USAF rated personnel were identified from the USAF Medical Waiver File. These pilots and navigators were grounded during 1980 and 1981 and have not been returned to flying duties after 1-2 years of follow-up. The disqualifying conditions were reviewed, listed individually, and grouped by major disease categories. Age factors related to these conditions were examined. Cardiovascular disease, as a category, was found to be the commonest cause (30%) of disqualification in this group. Other internal medical and neurological diseases are frequent reasons for permanent disqualification. PMID- 6732687 TI - After the fire-ball. AB - A hypothetical aircraft accident scenario is described in which the pilot survives but some of the passengers are fatally injured. Information is provided on the acute situational anxiety that may occur in aircrew after any aviation accident, especially one in which lives are lost. A course of action is discussed which encourages early recognition and treatment of the potentially debilitating phenomenon termed "post-accident anxiety syndrome". PMID- 6732688 TI - The international standardization of the medical certification of civil aircrew. AB - The extremely heterogeneous nature of the various peoples and states of today's world makes the development of a satisfactory set of medical standards for the certification of civil aircrew extremely difficult. This difficulty is compounded by the varying roles aviation plays in different parts of the world. Essential to the understanding of this difficulty is a comprehension of the concept of the sovereignty of nations. Emphasis on aviation medical standards is affected by the variation in health care priorities seen amongst the worldwide community of nations. Annex 1 to the Convention on International Civil Aviation sets regulations and recommendations for aircrew licensure. The capability of the International Civil Aviation Organization (ICAO) to enforce regulations is restricted by the same factors which restrict the power of any supernational organization. Nonetheless ICAO remains the most effective means available for achieving the diplomatic consensus so essential to the development of international standards. PMID- 6732689 TI - The sickle cell trait in relation to the training and assignment of duties in the armed forces: III. Hyposthenuria, hematuria, sudden death, rhabdomyolysis, and acute tubular necrosis. AB - Although the sickle cell trait (SCT) is usually a benign and innocuous carrier state or condition rather than a disease, those with the trait are capable of developing any and all types of vascular occlusive lesions that have been observed in patients with sickle cell anemia. Obstructive vascular lesions in individuals with SCT occur infrequently, but when they do occur they are disabling and may be life-threatening. Disabilities attributed to in vivo sickling have the potential of seriously impeding the success of military missions. When selecting recruits to be trained and assigned to special operations, consideration should be given to hyposthenuria, the possibility of hematuria and to exercise-induced syndromes. Exertion to the point of exhaustion in previously healthy individuals with SCT may cause sudden death, rhabdomyolysis, and acute tubular necrosis. In vivo sickling of erythrocytes is a superimposed and late contributory and complicating factor of exertional syndromes. PMID- 6732690 TI - Hypohydration and acclimation: effects on hormone responses to exercise/heat stress. AB - This study was designed to assess the effects of hypohydration (-5% body weight) and heat acclimation on plasma cortisol (PC) and growth hormone (GH) responses to exercise (1.34 m X s-1) in a hot-wet (35 degrees C, 79% rh) or hot-dry (49 degrees C, 20% rh) environment. Preacclimation, hypohydration in both the hot-wet and hot-dry environments resulted in significant (p less than 0.05) increments in PC levels during the fourth exercise interval. Acclimation had no effects on PC levels in the euhydrated condition, but in the hot-wet environment there did occur an attenuation of the PC response when hypohydrated. Preacclimation exercise in either the hot-wet or hot-dry environment resulted in significant (p less than 0.05) increments in GH when euhydrated. While the effects of acclimation were inconsistent, hypohydration generally resulted in elevated levels of GH compared to euhydration. We concluded from these studies that hypohydration to -5% of body weight generally elicited elevations in circulating levels of stress hormones, and that acclimation did not effect consistent decrements in these responses. PMID- 6732691 TI - Effect of arginine vasopressin, acetazolamide, and angiotensin II on CSF pressure at simulated altitude. AB - To test the hypothesis that arginine vasopressin (AVP) in the cerebral spinal fluid (CSF) influences CSF dynamics at simulated altitudes, cannulae were bilaterally implanted into the lateral ventricles of rabbits and rats. Recordings of CSF pressures at ambient and at various reduced barometric pressures identified an increase in CSF pressure in animals at simulated altitudes. Samples of CSF collected before and immediately after altitude exposures and assayed for AVP did not show a significant change in AVP concentration. Brain water content did not change after 6-8 h of reduced barometric pressure. Intraarterial injections of acetazolamide reduced CSF pressures, whereas intraventricular injection had no effect. Intraventricular angiotensin II (AII) elevated CSF pressures both at ambient (744-755 mm Hg) and reduced barometric pressures. When AII was preceded by saralasin, an AII blocker, the rise in CSF pressure with AII injection was prevented. Indeed, saralasin given alone, reduced or prevented the rise in CSF pressure seen at simulated altitudes. Intraventricular AVP did not influence CSF pressures nor did prostaglandins E2 and F1 alpha and norepinephrine. In AVP-deficient (Brattleboro) rats, response to intraventricular AVP depended on barometric pressure; i.e. CSF pressure rose when the rat was exposed to reduced barometric pressures and fell when the rat was exposed to ambient pressure. We suggest that hypobaric stress could cause an increase in AII content of the central nervous system which, in turn, would lead to an increase in CSF pressure. The exact mechanism of CSF pressure increase after AII increase remains to be investigated. PMID- 6732692 TI - Bilirubin metabolism in the rat at high altitude. AB - Bilirubin metabolism was studied in rats injected with unconjugated bilirubin (0, 0.5, 1.5, 3.0, or 4.5 mg X 100 g-1) after 2 and 6 weeks continuous exposure to 4,600 m (15,000 ft) simulated altitude. Exogenous loads of bilirubin were used to exceed any effect of polycythemia, thereby allowing assessment of defects in conjugation and excretion due to the exposure to high altitude. Rats given no exogenous bilirubin showed polycythemia when exposed to high altitude which may have contributed to the small but significant elevations in their serum bilirubin levels. Compared to sea-level controls, mean serum concentrations of total and unconjugated bilirubin were significantly elevated in altitude-exposed rats given exogenous bilirubin. Mean serum conjugated bilirubin levels did not rise at any dose. Thus, bilirubin uptake and/or conjugation rather than excretion are impaired in rats at high altitude. We conclude that while polycythemia may contribute to high altitude-induced bilirubinemia, an impairment in uptake and/or conjugation also exists. PMID- 6732693 TI - Subjective effects of combined-axis vibration: comparison of Y-axis and Y-plus roll vibrations. AB - A psychophysical matching experiment was conducted to compare the perceived intensity of Y-axis and Y-plus-roll vibrations. Seated subjects matched their perceptions of the intensity of single-axis stimulus vibrations in the Y-axis, or combined-axis stimulus vibrations made up of Y-axis and roll motions, by adjusting the intensity of a sinusoidal, 5 Hz, Z-axis response vibration. Stimulus vibrations were sinusoidal at 3.15, 4, 5, 6.3, and 8 Hz. For each frequency, both types of stimulus vibrations were presented at three acceleration levels related to three axis-to-seat distances for the roll vibrations. The results showed that as frequency increased the acceleration of the Z-axis matching response decreased for both types of stimuli. In addition, as stimulus acceleration (axis-to-seat distance) increased, response acceleration showed substantial increases at every frequency. However, the matching responses showed only minor differences due to vibration type, indicating that the effects of roll vibrations can be accounted for in terms of the Y-axis translational vibrations produced at the subject's seat. PMID- 6732694 TI - Weight-height indices and percent body fat among U.S. Navy divers. AB - Weight, height, and other anthropometric measurements were obtained on a cohort of 194 U.S. Navy divers 20-42 years old. Percent body fat was computed for each man using an established prediction equation derived from a population of U.S. Marine Corps personnel whose age, height, and weight characteristics were comparable to those of the divers. Among the divers, weight, weight-height indices, and percent body fat increased across age strata. The body mass index (W/H2) was the best predictor of adiposity, as it had the highest correlation with percent body fat and the lowest correlation with height. Regression analysis quantified this relationship. The relative obesity of the divers (18.2% body fat) and the implications for using the body mass index as a measure of adiposity in the medical examination of divers are discussed. PMID- 6732695 TI - Factitious decompression sickness. AB - The diagnosis of decompression sickness is made largely by history; there are few physical findings and no radiographic or laboratory tests to support the diagnosis. We present three cases of factitious decompression sickness in which patients fabricated an appropriate history and underwent compression therapy. Due to the potential severity of decompression sickness and the relative safety of compression therapy, the initiation of therapy must not be delayed in a case of decompression sickness. Once therapy is begun, investigation into the particulars of a suspicious case can be made. PMID- 6732696 TI - An expandable surgical chamber for use in conditions of weightlessness. AB - An expandable surgical chamber of transparent polyvinyl has been designed to provide a sterile environment for minor surgical procedures performed in conditions of weightlessness. Contamination of the cabin with blood and other debris is prevented while performing surgery. The patient's extremity is inserted through a cuff into the surgical chamber. The cuff may be inflated for rapid hemostasis. All instruments and suture material are stored within the chamber. PMID- 6732697 TI - Mild hypoxia and the use of oxygen in flight. AB - Hypoxia in aviation remains a major hazard. It may be caused by ascent while breathing air, failure of oxygen supply or loss of cabin pressurisation. Malfunction of equipment or its improper use accounted for the majority of hypoxic incidents in one 10-year military study. Symptoms of hypoxia depend on rate of ascent, temperature, and individual variation, as well as altitude. Dyspnoea, lack of coordination and reduction in capacity for skilled performance precede the gross changes which occur at altitudes of over 4572 m (15,000 ft) and lead ultimately to unconsciousness. Studies have shown a significant decrease in psychomotor task ability at altitudes as low as 2438 m (8000 ft). Developments in aircraft oxygen systems are discussed and the importance of adequate crew instruction on hypoxia and their aircraft oxygen equipment is stressed. PMID- 6732698 TI - Hyperventilation in flight. AB - Hyperventilation in flight may be caused by environmental, psychological, pharmacological, and pathological factors. The effects are discussed and two case histories are presented, illustrating the development and effect of hyperventilation in training or aircrew under stress. Investigation of in-flight hyperventilation is technically very difficult, but positive acceleration, hypoglycaemia, and anxiety are important contributory factors. The incidence of hyperventilation must be reduced by educating aircrew in its aetiology, early recognition, and treatment. PMID- 6732699 TI - Small airways, lung function and aviation. AB - The anatomy, physiology and functional assessment of small airways and their relevance to aviation is reviewed. Small airways normally contribute little to lung function, and they can become extensively and irreversibly damaged, or even closed, before clinical deterioration is evident. Small airways disease does, however, produce typical and reproducible changes in spirogram, flow volume, and closing volume measurements. Minor abnormalities of respiratory function, inconsequential at sea level, can substantially reduce arterial oxygen saturation at high altitude. Aircrew with pulmonary disease could also be severely affected by loss of pressure, causing significant hypoxia. Stress during flight may exacerbate airways obstruction, especially in asthmatics. The hypoxia resulting from these situations could seriously compromise in-flight performance. Peak flow, FEV1, and FVC measurements are recommended for civilian air crew prior to employment and at routine intervals thereafter. PMID- 6732700 TI - The natural history of asthma: aeromedical implications. AB - Asthma is often incompatible with flying and it is important that the natural history of the disorder is understood in relation to both pretraining enrollment and inservice fitness checks. Studies of childhood asthma with prolonged follow up have shown that as many as 70% experience some asthmatic symptoms in later life. Of asymptomatic adults with a history of childhood asthma, 60% have evidence of bronchial lability and therefore an ongoing asthmatic tendency. Asthma developing in adulthood may be intermittent or continuous, with a poorer prognosis. A history of childhood asthma should be disqualifying for entry into pilot training. If asthma develops after training, persistent asthma, intermittent asthma with frequent or severe attacks, and asthma requiring regular beta-agonist, theophylline or corticosteroid inhaler treatment should all preclude aircrew from further flying. PMID- 6732701 TI - Dangerous asthma. AB - Greater awareness of the morbid condition in severe asthma attacks would decrease the still considerable number of deaths which occur in otherwise fit, young asthmatics. Failure to recognise serious attacks in time may be due to the presumption that the disorder is one of bronchoconstriction. More dangerous is the hyperaemia and exudation of plasma into the bronchial lumen where it mixes with mucus to form plugs. Bronchial epithelium damaged during an attack may take weeks to regenerate, increasing the risk from another attack. Patients should be instructed to consult a doctor when expected bronchodilator relief decreases in either degree or duration. PMID- 6732702 TI - Nasal disease in relation to fitness of a pilot. AB - The nasal cavity and sinus system is extensive but its examination is limited. Listening to breathing and respiration can afford useful clues to underlying abnormality. Examination of the nasal cavity may reveal the pale swollen mucosa of allergic rhinitis or the overdeveloped lining seen in perennial rhinorrhoea and hypertropic rhinitis. Localised hypertrophy gives rise to the nasal polyp which usually forms in the region of the ethmoid sinus. Atrophic rhinitis is a destructive condition of the nasal lining. Sinusitis may be open or closed, presenting with localised pain and displacement of the eye in the case of frontal or ethmoidal abscess or mucocoele. Deformities of the external nose or nasal septum are often encountered during examination. Epistaxis may be caused by bleeding simply from Kiesselbach's vessels, or may be an early feature of telangiectasia or cardiovascular diseases. Tumors are rarely found but include papillomata and the mucous membrane melanoma. PMID- 6732703 TI - Central vs peripheral anticholinergic effects on repeated acquisition of behavioral chains. AB - Monkeys that were required to repeatedly learn new sequences of responses to obtain food were injected with 0.2 mg/kg of atropine sulfate or methylatropine nitrate. Effects lasted 8 to 12 hr following injection. Both drugs decreased the rate at which the animals worked, but only atropine sulfate increased the number of attempts required to solve the problem and decreased overall accuracy, suggesting a peripheral mode of action for rate-decreasing effects, and a central mode of action for effects of atropine on qualitative aspects of performance. PMID- 6732704 TI - Interference in food aversion conditioning by reducing drug dose or conditioning trials. AB - Previous work has suggested that aversions to foods are relatively resistant to interference effects. Although these findings have been interpreted as reflecting the potency of foods as targets in aversion conditioning, resistance to interference could more generally characterize intense conditioned aversions. In the present studies with Wistar rats we examined whether interference with food aversion conditioning could be demonstrated by reducing either the drug dose (cyclophosphamide; 20 vs 40 mg/kg) or the number of conditioning trials. In both cases interference was produced; that is, the presence of a second food did interfere with the conditioning of aversions to the first or "target" food. Thus, under conditions which would be expected to produce slower or weaker conditioning, interference with food aversions was facilitated. PMID- 6732705 TI - The hippocampus, context, and information processing. AB - Two experiments are described in which groups of rats with bilateral hippocampal lesions, cortical lesions, and operated controls are compared on tests of discrimination learning, retention, and reversal learning. Experiment 1 examined the effects of varying prior training and context on new learning. Experiment 2 used a transfer paradigm to compare extent of original learning by hippocampal and control groups in a discrimination task involving multiple discriminanada . The major findings were that rats with hippocampal damage were less efficient at processing information and were more constrained by contextual influences than control rats. PMID- 6732706 TI - The radial maze performance of mice: assessing the dimensional requirements for serial order memory in animals. AB - Two versions of the eight-arm radial maze were used to test the working memory abilities of CD-1 mice. In an elevated open-arm radial maze, mice quickly and successfully learned the multiple-choice procedure. However, mice trained in an enclosed-arm radial maze mastered the task only by developing a kinesthetic strategy of response. When a delay was imposed between choices 4 and 5, mice in the open-arm radial maze retained high performance levels. Choice accuracy declined markedly for mice in the enclosed-arm radial maze under delay conditions. Transference of the two groups of mice between the two mazes resulted in a complete reversal of sampling strategies. Minor changes to the enclosed-arm maze and room illumination permitted mice to successfully perform in the non egocentric manner which they exclusively employed in the open-arm maze. The results show that mice can demonstrate a working memory capacity when in an environmentally adequate radial maze, and provide evidence against the existence of nonspatial working memory ability. The discussion examines the procedural and environmental requirements for displays of working memory, and a set of hypotheses is presented which serve to integrate the working memory and cognitive mapping theories. PMID- 6732707 TI - Testosterone and the decline of sexual behavior in aging male rats. AB - This experiment was designed to elucidate the role of testosterone in the decline of sexual behavior in aging males. Old (25 months) and middle-aged (10 months) male rats were given six tests (30-min long) of sexual behavior. The old males then were divided into two groups: intact and castrated with testosterone treatment. The middle-aged males were divided into three groups: intact, castrated with testosterone present all the time, and castrated with testosterone present only when tested. The old males were given another set of six tests 1 week after the operation (when 27.5 months old), and the middle-aged males were given three more sets of six tests 8, 26, and 39 weeks after the operation (when 15, 19, and 22.5 months old, respectively). Blood drawn after each test set was assayed for testosterone. The middle-aged intact males had higher levels of testosterone than the old intact males, and the testosterone-treated castrated males, whether middle-aged or old, had higher levels than the intact males. The presence of higher levels at the time of testing resulted in increased rates of mounting and intromitting in old males and an attenuated decline in the mount rate and percentage of tests with intromissions in middle-aged males. The middle aged castrated males with continuous testosterone differed from the middle-aged castrated males with periodic testosterone only in the mount-intromission interval; the former group had a longer interval. It was concluded that testosterone, in general, does not prevent or reverse the decline in sexual performance of aging male rats and that the degree and rate of decline do not depend on whether or not testosterone is continuously present. PMID- 6732708 TI - Strain differences in sympathetic-adrenal medullary responsiveness and behavior. AB - Three experiments confirmed and extended previous findings from this laboratory regarding strain differences in physiological and behavioral responses of rats to stressful stimulation. In the first experiment, adult male Wistar-Kyoto (WKY) rats had greater plasma levels of norepinephrine and epinephrine and higher mean arterial pressures following 5 min of intermittent footshock (2.0 mA, 0.5-sec duration, every 6 sec) compared to adult male Brown-Norway (B-N) rats. In contrast, basal plasma levels of both catecholamines and resting values of mean arterial pressure and heart rate did not differ between strains when rats were undisturbed in their home cages. The second experiment involved a behavioral comparison of adult male and female WKY and B-N rats during 3 consecutive daily tests in an open field arena. B-N males and females were dramatically more active and reared more frequently during each open field test compared to WKY rats. For the third experiment, adult male and female rats of the two strains were trained in a one-trial passive avoidance task and median crossover latencies were similar for all strain-sex comparisons. However, median 24-hr retention latencies were much greater for WKY male and female rats. These findings indicate that strain differences in the physiological and behavioral responses of WKY and B-N rats are consistent across sexes. Moreover, our studies with these inbred strains of rats provide a convenient model for examining the relationship between sympathetic adrenal medullary activity and behavioral responses to stressful stimulation. PMID- 6732709 TI - Possible interaction between central cholinergic muscarinic and opioid peptidergic systems during memory consolidation in mice. AB - Naloxone (0.01-1.00 mg/kg, ip) facilitated retention of a one-trial inhibitory avoidance task, when administered to male Rockland mice immediately after training, as indicated by performance on a retention test 48 hr later. The dose response curve was an inverted U in this range of dose. In these conditions naloxone did not lengthen latencies to step-through during the retest of unshocked mice. Higher doses of naloxone (3.00 and 10.00 mg/kg, ip) tended to increase latencies to step-through of both shocked and unshocked mice. These facts rule out an aversive effect of naloxone for low and moderate doses but not for high doses. The influence of naloxone (0.10 mg/kg, ip) on retention was time dependent, which suggests that naloxone facilitated memory consolidation processes. The effects of naloxone were prevented by morphine in both an amnesic and a nonamnesic dose (1.0 and 0.5 mg/kg, ip, respectively). Therefore, naloxone probably facilitated retention as a function of its opiate antagonist properties. The memory facilitation induced by naloxone (0.10 mg/kg, ip) was antagonized by atropine (0.5 mg/kg, ip) but not by methylatropine (0.5 mg/kg, ip), mecamilamine (5 mg/kg, ip), or hexametonium (5 mg/kg, ip). Further, there was a mutual potentiation for both naloxone (0.01 mg/kg, ip) and the muscarinic agonist oxotremorine (6.25 and 12.5 micrograms/kg, ip) administered simultaneously, in doses which had no effect on their own. Moreover, an amnesic dose of atropine (10.00 mg/kg, ip) prevented the enhancement of retention induced by naloxone, while an amnesic dose of morphine (1.00 mg/kg, ip) did not modify the facilitatory effect of oxotremorine (50 micrograms/kg, ip) on retention. An inhibitory modulatory role for endogenous opioid systems on the activity of central cholinergic muscarinic systems during memory consolidation is suggested. PMID- 6732710 TI - The role of the accessory and main olfactory systems in maternal behavior of the primiparous rat. AB - The objective of this study was to analyze the respective roles of the main and accessory olfactory systems in the development of maternal behavior in the primiparous Wistar rat. Females underwent one of the following treatments: vomeronasal nerve section (VN), irrigation of nasal cavities with 5% ZnSO4 solution (ZN), surgical control, saline irrigation control, and normal control. Surgical or first irrigation were done before mating occurred. Irrigations were done every 7 days thereafter. The dams and their litters were observed from the day the litter was born (Day 1) through Day 16. Pup weights and temperatures were recorded daily. Home cages were checked daily for changes in nest location and number of times pups were found out of the nest. Retrieving tests were conducted on Days 4, 7, 10, and 13. The following behavioral items were observed: number of pup retrievals , number of times mother nosed or licked pups, percentage of litter returned to nest by end of test, dam self-grooming, dam climbing or rising, and dam digging or burrowing in shavings. The VN dams and their litters were not significantly different from the control dams and their litters on any of the measures taken. The ZN dams and their litters were not significantly different from their controls on all measures except for pup body temperature which was slightly lower from Day 13 through day 16 and pup body weight which was slightly lower from Day 12 through Day 16. Since these differences are very small, they do not seem to indicate a serious deficiency in maternal behavior. The results indicate that adequate maternal behavior develops with either of the two systems intact. PMID- 6732711 TI - Attenuation of epileptogenesis: proactive effect of a single epinephrine injection of amygdaloid kindling. AB - Repeated daily electrical stimulation of the amygdala can lead to a progressive increase in brain and behavioral seizures. This phenomenon, termed kindling, has been viewed as a model for epileptogenesis. The results reported here demonstrate that a single systemic epinephrine injection can significantly retard such epileptogenesis for a period of at least several days. These findings suggest that peripheral catecholamines, responding either to stress near the time of seizure initiation or to treatments administered at that time, may be important in regulating the development of epileptic states. In addition, the results indicate that an acute episode of high plasma epinephrine levels may result in a durable modification of brain function. PMID- 6732712 TI - Selective breeding for differences in cholinergic function: sex differences in the genetic regulation of sensitivity to the anticholinesterase, DFP. AB - Genetic factors involved in the sensitivity of behavioral and physiological variables to the anticholinesterase diisopropyl fluorophosphate (DFP) were studied by comparing the sensitivities to DFP of two lines of rats selectively bred to be either sensitive ( Flinders S-line) or resistant ( Flinders R-line) with F1 and F2 genetic crosses between the two lines. The dependent variables selected were body weight, core body temperature, and water intake. Statistical analyses with two-way ANOVA revealed highly significant line differences for all variables and significant sex differences for core body temperature and water intake. Among the lines and crosses the S-line was more sensitive, followed in order by the F2, F1 and R-line. However, the relative differences among the lines varied for the two sexes. The F1 males were almost identical to their R-line counterparts, whereas F1 females were intermediate between the female S- and R lines. The data were also subjected to discriminant function analyses and similar relationships were found. Estimates of the number of genes involved in the inheritance of DFP sensitivity suggest a single gene in males and two genes in females. The data for the males were reasonably consistent with a model for a single recessive gene coding for DFP sensitivity. On the other hand, the data for the females could be fitted better with a two-gene model, although there was not a complete fit with the observed data. These results provide strong support for sex differences in the genetic regulation of DFP sensitivity. PMID- 6732713 TI - Dietary salt and doca-salt treatments modify ethanol self-selection in rats. AB - The effect of a salt supplemented diet on the voluntary intake of ethanol in male Wistar rats was examined in two experiments. In Experiment 1, the addition of 3% sodium chloride to the diet selectively increased the intake of moderately concentrated ethanol solutions (3 and 6%) while leaving the choice of a 12% solution unaffected. The choice and intake of water in the two former groups declined. In a second experiment four different groups of rats were offered the 3% salt supplemented diet in combination with daily injections of the synthetic salt-retaining mineralocorticoid desoxycorticosterone acetate (0.5, 1.5, and 6.0 mg/day). Ethanol intake again tended to increase in the 3 and 6% groups but in contrast to the results of Experiment 1 water intake also increased significantly. When desoxycorticosterone was administered without the salt supplemented diet, ethanol intake was significantly depressed while water intake increased. These findings indicate that a salt supplemented diet can significantly and selectively enhance the intake of moderately concentrated ethanol solutions and that while the addition of desoxycorticosterone injections to this diet has its effect primarily on water intake, these injections alone can also suppress ethanol intake indirectly by shifting the animals choice toward water and away from ethanol. PMID- 6732714 TI - Crystallinity of mineral deposited in arterial walls in the course of arteriosclerosis in diabetics and in patients with normal carbohydrate metabolism. AB - A comparison was made of the amount and crystallinity of mineral deposited in the course of the arteriosclerosis in arterial walls in diabetic patients and in individuals with normal carbohydrate metabolism. The macroscopically unchanged tunica intima, fibro-lipidic plaques and bone-like lamellae were taken from aorta thoracalis , aorta abdominalis, arteriae femorales and arteriae coronariae in the course of the autopsy of 17 insulin dependent diabetic individuals and of 9 persons with arteriosclerosis, but with normal carbohydrate metabolism, called control group. The total inorganic constituents in the three kinds of samples were determined by ashing of dried samples at 600 degrees C for 6 h. Crystallinity of mineral was defined as the ratio of the spins connected with the radiation-induced stable paramagnetic centers present in the crystalline lattice of hydroxyapatite crystal, to the total ash content of the sample. An increase in the amount and in the crystallinity of deposited mineral was observed when consecutive stadia of development of arteriosclerotic lesions were compared. This phenomenon resembles the maturation of mineral observed in the course of bone development. PMID- 6732715 TI - The presence of G1 and G2 populations in normal epithelium of rat urinary bladder. AB - The cell population kinetics of transitional epithelium of the rat urinary bladder was analysed by (3H) thymidine autoradiography and pararosanilin Feulgen DNA cytofluorometry. By flash and 72 h continuous DNA labelling, the generative cells of the transitional epithelium were found to be well localized in the basal layer, and it was postulated that che cells produced by cell proliferation in the basal layer would migrate towards the surface, maintaining direct attachment to the basement membrane by anchorage of a cellular process. Analyses of normal and wounded transitional epithelium revealed that 58.8% of all basal cells are G0 cells in G1 phase (G1-population), and 59.0% of the remaining basal cells reside in prolonged (75.1-108.0 h) G2 phase, preserving the ability to divide (G2 population). The cell cycle time of the generative basal cells including the long G2 phase was calculated as 129.1-162 h. All the cells existing in upper layers were found to be also G0 cells in G1 phase, with the DNA amounts of 2C class. No polyploid cells could be detected except for 2C-2C binucleated cells in the superficial layer. The existence of a G2-population may serve for the urgent need of cell incrementation to repair cell loss as the cells in G2 phase can divide without the time-delay needed for DNA synthesis. The rat transitional epithelium, which is composed exclusively of proliferating and potentially proliferative cells, will have much greater capability to repair damage than stratified squamous epithelia. PMID- 6732716 TI - Where is the origin of the activator calcium in cardiac ventricular contraction? AB - Under normal experimental conditions, the force of rested-state contractions (i.e., contractions after a rest period of 15 min or longer) of mammalian ventricular myocardium is insignificant. In Mg2+-free solution, in low sodium solution or in the presence of a cardioactive steroid, a strong "early" rested state contraction develops without delay after stimulation, indicating the accumulation during rest of intracellularly stored activator calcium. By contrast, catecholamines cause a "late" rested-state contraction with a characteristic latent period of about 100 ms between stimulation and onset of contraction. Inhibition of the slow inward current by nifedipine has no influence on the contraction velocity of the "early" rested-state contraction, indicating that Ca2+ of the slow inward current is not involved in the calcium release mechanism of prefilled stores during excitation-contraction coupling. Nifedipine suppresses the "late" rested-state contraction in the presence of noradrenaline. In view of the constancy of the latent period, it is proposed that the activator calcium for the "late" rested-state contraction enters the cell with the slow inward current, is sequestered at first by uptake sites of the sarcoplasmic reticulum and subsequently released from its release sites as long as the cell is depolarized. The model of the different origin of activator calcium is discussed in its implication for high-frequency contractions. PMID- 6732717 TI - Thrombolytic effects of intracoronary streptokinase on canine coronary artery thrombosis. AB - The thrombolytic and hemodynamic properties of intracoronary streptokinase (SK) application were studied in an in-vivo canine model with left circumflex coronary artery thrombosis, initiated by electrical stimulation (150 microA, DC for 6 h) of the artery's intima via an implanted silver wire. In pentobarbital anesthetized, open-chest dogs acute myocardial ischemia was determined by a dehydrogenase-dependent staining of the coronary artery perfusion area. Thrombus weight was determined post-mortem. Saline-treated control animals developed coronary thrombosis after 3.1 +/- 0.4 h of stimulation. Thrombus weight was 64 +/ 3.1 mg. Acute infarct volume was 32 +/- 3.1% of total left ventricle, and 53 +/- 6.2% of the coronary artery risk region for infarction. At occlusive thrombosis, blood pressure, ventricular pressure and the LV dP/dtmax fell significantly, whereas heart rate and the end-diastolic filling pressure increased. Severe ST segment elevation and loss of R wave voltage indicated myocardial ischemia. At 20 min into thrombotic vessel occlusion, 2,000 IU/min SK were infused by way of a Sones-catheter advanced to the thrombus. Coronary thrombosis consistently lysed after 12 +/- 0.7 min of SK infusion, and coronary blood flow as well as hemodynamics were restored. Only minor acute infarction was found indicating viability of ischemic jeopardized myocardium. In another group, the continuous SK infusion (20 IU/kg/min) concomitant with electrical vessel stimulation prevented coronary thrombosis and acute ischemia, and no significant hemodynamic alterations were noted. These results indicate that intracoronary SK-infusion can lyse acute thrombosis as sequel of electrical stimulation. This prevents development of acute myocardial infarction. Continuous SK-infusion can completely prevent coronary thrombosis in response to intimal injury. PMID- 6732718 TI - Quantification of ischemic stress during repeated coronary artery occlusion in the dog. A method for validation of therapeutic effects. I. Estimation of O2-debt and O2-repayment. AB - In 9 open-chest mongrel dogs 4-6 intermittent 3-min occlusions of the LAD artery were performed with time intervals of about 45 min. Using a mu-computer, the following variables were calculated online: energy demand according to the Bretschneider equation (Et) from digitized hemodynamic data; myocardial oxygen consumption (MVO2) from fiberoptically measured coronary sinus oxygen saturation and coronary sinus blood flow. Coronary occlusion led to a decrease in MVO2 in comparison to Et. The integral of the difference between MVO2 and Et over the entire occlusion time yielded a total O2-deficiency (DO2) of 76 (+/- 12%) microliter O2/g ischemic tissue and a correlation coefficient with the weights of the intravitally stained ischemic areas of r = 0.96. Additional O2-uptake in relation to Et during the early perfusion period yielded a correlation to the size of the ischemic area of r = 0.95 and an average O2-repayment (RO2) of 32 (+/ 14%) microliter O2/g ischemic tissue. The determination of total myocardial O2 deficiency during ischemic stress as well as determination of O2-repayment during the early reperfusion period could be used to estimate the extent of ischemic stressed myocardium. Subsequently, the evaluation of pharmacological effects on myocardial ischemia should be possible. PMID- 6732719 TI - Quantification of ischemic stress during repeated coronary artery occlusion in the dog. A method for validation of therapeutic effects. II. Reproducibility of the release and uptake of electrolytes and substrates. AB - As criterion for the degree of ischemic stress on myocardium during repeated coronary artery occlusion, the reproducibility of the release of potassium, lactate and inorganic phosphate in the early reperfusion period was examined. On 20 anaesthetized open-chest mongrel-dogs, local ischemia was induced by intermittent occlusion of the LAD artery. In each experiment the artery was occluded for 3 min 4 to 6 times with intervals of 45 min. Just before beginning, at the end of occlusion and after 5 min of reperfusion, arterial and coronary venous blood was collected simultaneously. Additionally, 3 ml of blood were withdrawn by syringe-pumps during the first minute of reperfusion. Intra individually, the following standard-deviations were found in a representative experiment with 5 occlusions: potassium +/- 7% (22.62 +/- 1.6 mumol/min); inorganic phosphate +/- 9% (19.82 +/- 2.06 mumol/min); lactate +/- 11% (55.38 +/- 5.93 mumol/min). Interindividually, the correlation between the release of these markers and the perfusion bed of the ligated artery led to coefficients of about r approximately 0.88. On an average, per gram ischemic tissue/wet weight 0.74 mumol potassium, 0.6 mumol inorganic phosphate and 1.98 mumol lactate were released. The ratios between the releases remained constant independent of the size of ischemic area. An even closer correlation with coefficients of about r approximately 0.97 was found between the O2-debt in the occlusion period. Based on a synoptic assessment of metabolic and energetic parameters, this experimental model may render more detailed information on pharmacological interventions during ischemic stress. PMID- 6732720 TI - Local myocardial perfusion and epicardial NADH-fluorescence after coronary artery ligation in the isolated guinea pig heart. AB - In Langendorff-perfused guinea pig hearts, local myocardial perfusion was evaluated by analysis of FITC-dextran-150 elution kinetics after bolus injection. Locally estimated half-times of the monoexponential elution curves showed good correlation with global undisturbed coronary flow. After ligation of the left anterior descending coronary artery indicator transit kinetics in the ischemic area were only slightly affected (increase of t/2 by 30 +/- 19%), indicating a residual flow of 80% to the ligated area. The moderate increase (40 +/- 20%) of NADH-surface fluorescence in the same area confirms a high degree of residual flow. Indicator partition volume (signal peak height after bolus injections) was additionally enhanced. Moreover, indicator transit kinetics changed from monoexponential to composed kinetics. On reperfusion these effects were partially reversible. Ligation of the left coronary artery at its aortic root produced only moderate ischemia, indicating very effective mechanisms in the isolated guinea pig heart from the right coronary artery to support the left ventricle. Severe ischemia as evidenced from NADH-surface fluorescence could be observed only after "stopped flow" ischemia. PMID- 6732721 TI - Vulnerability of the right ventricle to cathodal, anodal, and bipolar stimulation at double diastolic threshold strength. AB - The repetitive ventricular response (RVR) to three stimulation techniques (bipolar, cathodal and anodal) was investigated in 35 patients. 26 patients suffered from coronary heart disease and 9 patients from dilative cardiomyopathy. The stimulation study was performed at a ventricular driving rate of 120/min with one and two premature ventricular extrastimuli. We used rectangular impulses of 1.8 ms duration at double diastolic threshold strength. RVR was scored as follows: 0: no RVR, 1: one nonstimulated RVR, 2: two nonstimulated RVR, 3: three nonstimulated RVR, 4: four to ten nonstimulated RVR, 5: more than ten nonstimulated RVR lasting less than 2 minutes, 6: sustained ventricular tachycardia or ventricular fibrillation. We found that with unipolar anodal stimulation the diastolic threshold was significantly greater and the effective refractory period of the right ventricle was significantly shorter as compared to the other stimulation techniques. Between the three different electrode configurations there were no significant differences concerning the number of consecutive ventricular depolarizations following premature stimulation. CONCLUSION: the phenomenon of RVR is not influenced by the stimulation technique (bipolar, cathodal and anodal) at double diastolic threshold. PMID- 6732722 TI - (3H)-spiroperidol binding sites in the rabbit splenic artery. AB - The topographic distribution of (3H)-spiroperidol binding sites (corresponding to dopamine receptors likely) was studied in rabbit splenic artery by the use of a histoautoradiographic technique. (3H)-spiroperidol was localized preferentially at the level of smooth muscle cells of the media as well as in close relation with cellular membrane of endothelial cells. The findings of a constant distribution of (3H)-spiroperidol binding sites within the medial layer of the splenic artery led us to hypothesize that these receptors mediate the relaxation of the splenic artery determined by dopamine infusion. PMID- 6732723 TI - Analysis of methodology for measurement of intramyocardial pressure. AB - We critically evaluated the major techniques for measurement of intramyocardial pressure (IMP) (closed, perfusion, open, microtransducer). Each technique demonstrates a gradient in systolic IMP increasing with depth from the epicardium. The estimated magnitude of this gradient varies with the technique employed. Indirect methods (closed, perfusion) estimate a higher value for the systolic IMP gradient. The open and microtransducer methods, which measure a direct hydrostatic pressure within the myocardium, are less invasive and reflect more reliably the magnitude of IMP. The results for the open and microtransducer methods were comparable and indicate that normalized systolic IMP increases linearly from the epicardium. In the inner half of the myocardium systolic IMP approaches the level of systolic LVP and in the subendocardial layer it exceeds the systolic LVP by about 8%. A reverse IMP gradient occurred in late diastole ranging from 5 mmHg in the subendocardial region to 25 mmHg in the subepicardium. PMID- 6732724 TI - [Diagnostic significance of the atypical dry click of the hip in newborn infants]. PMID- 6732725 TI - [Pattern of injury following falls from great heights]. PMID- 6732726 TI - [Experiences with simultaneous compression and neighboring distraction osteotomy using external fixation in infected defect pseudarthrosis of the tibia]. PMID- 6732727 TI - [Myeloscopic findings in the region of the lower lumbar spinal column]. PMID- 6732728 TI - [Clinical results of alloarthroplasty using ceramic endoprosthesis]. PMID- 6732729 TI - [Results of endoprosthesis of the hip joint in Bechterew's disease]. PMID- 6732730 TI - [Increased indication for VDS instrumentation using Zielke's method]. PMID- 6732731 TI - [Micro-movements of cement-fixated hip endoprosthesis shafts of cadaver femurs]. PMID- 6732732 TI - [Animal experiment studies on inducing osteoarthrosis by venous stasis- preliminary results]. PMID- 6732733 TI - [Effect of acid synovial fluid on articular cartilage in animal experiments]. PMID- 6732734 TI - [Morphology of articular cartilage during various functions]. PMID- 6732735 TI - [Morphologic changes of the hip joint following experimental intertrochanteric osteotomy]. PMID- 6732736 TI - Dissipation of endosulfan residues from unprocessed and processed brinjal (Solanum melongena L.) fruits. AB - In the summer season of 1980, brinjal crop (Solanum melongena L.) raised under field conditions in the Hissar region, India, was studied for endosulfan residues, with particular reference to the influence of washing and boiling/cooking of the fruits on the persistence of endosulfan. Endosulfan was applied three times at intervals of 15 days each. For analysis, fruits were sampled from the first and third spraying at 0, 1, 3, 6, 10, and 15 days. They were analysed colorimetrically for residues. Recovery of endosulfan was 99.61%. In unprocessed fruits, the initial samples contained 2.13 and 2.53 ppm, the final samples 0.12 and 0.25 ppm, which means an endosulfan dissipation of 90.12 and 94.37%. With increasing time the dissipation speed decreased. The half-life values were 4.01 and 5.20 days. Washing and boiling/cooking the fruits decreased the endosulfan content by 42.06 to 64.41 and 67.94 to 78.66%, respectively. The endosulfan residues were below the prescribed tolerance level of 2 ppm within one day of spraying in unprocessed fruits, while in washed and boiled/cooked fruits, even the initial deposits were below the tolerance level. PMID- 6732737 TI - The rate of penetration of leaf tissues by the systemic fungicides benodanil (2 iodobenzanilide) and oxycarboxin (2,3-dihydro-6 methyl-5 phenylcarbamoyl-1,4 oxathin-4,4-dioxide). AB - Leaf washing after application of benodanil and oxycarboxin reduced the protectant effect more than the eradicant effect. Oxycarboxin penetrated more rapidly than did benodanil . Residues of benodanil (WP) on the leaf surfaces can be absorbed again later in the presence of water. PMID- 6732738 TI - [Periosteal hyperostosis of the mandible in 2 foals]. PMID- 6732739 TI - [Comparative studies of psittacosis control on a drug basis. II. Efficacy trial of different drugs in different dosage forms in experimentally infected parrots (Amazona viridigenalis)]. PMID- 6732740 TI - [Reciprocal sucking behavior of calves raised artificially]. PMID- 6732741 TI - [Feeding with the rumen contents of slaughtered cattle. 1. Preservation of partly dehydrated rumen contents with urea and their composition]. PMID- 6732742 TI - [Occurrence of treponemas in swine. 1. Cultural demonstration and resistance testing]. PMID- 6732743 TI - [Differentiation and sensitivity testing of esculin splitting Streptococci isolated from bovine udder infections]. PMID- 6732744 TI - [Effect of different freezing and thawing rates on the fertilizing capacity of deep-frozen trout sperm]. PMID- 6732745 TI - [Problems and conditions affecting the development of veterinary service in Somalia. The Kismayo veterinary laboratory as an example of Somali-German cooperation]. PMID- 6732746 TI - Genetics of the clam Mercenaria mercenaria. I. Mendelian inheritance of allozyme variation. PMID- 6732747 TI - Genetic variation in red-cell adenosine deaminase and glucosephosphate isomerase in a laboratory colony of the marsupial Sminthopsis crassicaudata (Gould). PMID- 6732748 TI - Histidine decarboxylase phenotypes of inbred mouse strains: a regulatory locus (Hdc) determines kidney enzyme concentration. AB - Mouse kidney histidine decarboxylase (HDC) provides a model system to study genetic control of a hormone-regulated enzyme (inducible by estrogen and thyroxine; repressible by testosterone). Five major HDC phenotypes scored on the basis of (i) enzyme activity and (ii) the difference in activity between the sexes (females usually higher than males) have been discovered by screening 38 strains of mice. One genetic difference between high-activity strains (DBA/2 and C3H/He) and low-activity strains (C57BL/6 and C57BL/10) has been examined in detail. The phenotypic difference segregates as a single gene in both conventional crosses and between recombinant inbred (RI) strains. Immunoprecipitation has shown that the activity difference is due to an alteration in the number of enzyme molecules. The phenotypic difference between high and low strains can therefore be attributed to different alleles of a single regulatory locus, Hdc; the allele Hdcb determines low HDC concentration, and the allele Hdcd high concentration. Hdc has been mapped to chromosome 2 using data from both comparisons of strain distribution patterns of previously mapped loci within RI strains and a conventional three-point cross. The probable gene order is B2m-pa-Hdc, with map distances of 3.1 +/- 1.7 and 2.0 +/- 1.4 cM, respectively. PMID- 6732749 TI - Further genetic variation at the esterase loci of Drosophila virilis. AB - Reexamination of the electrophoretic mobilities of esterases encoded by the Est alpha and the Est-beta alleles of Drosophila virilis was carried out in detail using both thin-layer agar gel and polyacrylamide slab gel electrophoresis. Many allelic products with fine differences in their electrophoretic mobilities were found and designated by a new system. Some esterases separable by the agar gel method were indistinguishable using the polyacrylamide gel method. But the polyacrylamide gel method uncovered two multiband homozygotes, alpha(d).77 and beta(d) 1.28. Some allelic frequencies on the basis of the new designation were estimated in two natural populations. As a result, it is proposed that the total scope of allelic variation at the two esterase loci of Drosophila virilis is composed of discrete distribution patterns of gene frequencies, each histogram of which shows a bell-shaped pattern. PMID- 6732750 TI - Genetics of mitochondrial glutamate-oxaloacetate transaminase (GOT-2) in Tigriopus californicus. AB - Glutamate-oxaloacetate transaminase (GOT; EC 2.6.1.1) occurs as two electrophoretically distinguishable isozymes in the copepod Tigriopus californicus. The slower-migrating form, referred to as GOT2 , is shown to be associated with the mitochondrial cell fraction. GOT2 phenotypes are inherited in typical Mendelian fashion, indicating that they are encoded by a nuclear gene. Allelic frequencies for electrophoretic variants of the two Got loci in 12 California populations of T. californicus show a sharp differentiation of local populations. Linkage studies demonstrated that Got-2 is linked to Got-1; a map of four loci in linkage group I is presented. PMID- 6732751 TI - A Chinese hamster ovary leucyl-tRNA synthetase mutant with a uniquely altered high molecular weight leucyl-tRNA synthetase complex. AB - The Chinese hamster ovary (CHO) cell culture temperature-sensitive mutant ts025Cl with a defect in leucyl-tRNA synthetase ( LeuRS ) does not have an inherently more thermolabile LeuRS , but instead the mutation causes the complete loss of the LeuRS high molecular weight complexes which are present in normal wild-type cells. The mutant cell LeuRS has a single 8 S enzyme form which corresponds hydrodynamically to the 8 S free form of wild-type enzyme. Both 8 S forms have the same thermostability and the same Km for leucine, indicating that there is no inherent defect in the catalytic activity of the enzyme. The temperature sensitive phenotype can be explained by the lack of thermostable high molecular weight forms of LeuRS . PMID- 6732753 TI - A mathematical model for the cell age-dependent decline of creatine in human cell cells. AB - A mathematical model is proposed to describe the decline of creatine concentration in red blood cells during the course of cell aging. It is based on experimental data concerning two processes of creatine transport across the red cell membrane: a) an active transport, and b) exchange diffusion. The model corresponds well with data obtained from density-fractionated human red cells in normal steady-state erythropoiesis as well as in acutely and chronically activated erythropoiesis. Degradation of the carrier system for active transport is postulated to be the cause of the time course of decline of the cellular creatine concentration. PMID- 6732752 TI - Messenger RNAs coding for mouse major urinary proteins are differentially induced by testosterone. AB - We have investigated the sexual dimorphism of the mouse major urinary proteins (MUPs) by isoelectric focusing (IEF). In each of two inbred strains which have different male patterns (C57BL and BALB/c), the females show a simpler pattern with fewer prominent components. The main female component is different in each strain, and these may be the products of allelic structural genes. Treatment with testosterone induces the excretion of MUPs with the male pattern. The in vitro translation of hybrid-selected MUP mRNA was studied in the same way. Again, the female patterns were simpler than the male, and the patterns obtained with female mRNA from the two inbred strains were different. When the females were treated with testosterone, a male or male-like pattern was obtained. We argue that some MUP structural genes are quite actively transcribed in females and that the transcription of others is dependent to different degrees upon induction by testosterone. PMID- 6732754 TI - Effect of oxythiamine on adrenal thiamine pyrophosphate-dependent enzyme activities. AB - The effect of parenterally administered low doses of oxythiamine (0.5 mumol/100 g body weight every 12 h) on rat adrenal transketolase, pyruvate dehydrogenase ( PDC ) and 2-oxoglutarate dehydrogenase complex ( OGDC ) activities was studied. It was found that the transketolase and the PDC activities decreased after 12, 16, and 20 injections. When the activities were measured in the absence of exogenous thiamine pyrophosphate (TPP), the PDC inhibition was significant after 20 oxythiamine injections. The OGDC activity was resistant to oxythiamine administration. The oxythiamine effects seem to be due to its being phosphorylated to yield diphosphate ester which, as kinetic studies on highly purified PDC from bovine adrenals have shown, is a strong competitive inhibitor (Ki = 0.07 microM) with respect to TPP (Km = 0.11 microM). The data obtained provide evidence for the possibility of a partial selective in vivo inhibition of the adrenal TPP-dependent enzymes. PMID- 6732755 TI - On the brain barrier system function and changes of cerebrospinal fluid concentrations of phenylalanine and tyrosine in human phenylketonuria. AB - In 6 patients with classic phenylketonuria (PKU) the plasma and cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) concentrations of phenylalanine and tyrosine were measured fluorimetrically. The results of the PKU group were compared with data obtained from 17 children without abnormal CSF parameters and free of metabolic or central nervous disorders, in whom a diagnostic lumbal puncture has been performed. The PKU patients showed statistically significant differences in comparison with the controls: plasma and CSF phenylalanine contents were markedly higher (on the average 6.4 and 4.6 times, respectively) in PKU patients. Plasma tyrosine was 1.8 times lower, but CSF tyrosine was about 2.2 times higher in comparison to the controls. In general, the plasma CSF-ratio ( PLR ) of phenylalanine did not change in PKU and could be found in the same range as in the normal controls. In contrast to this, the PLR of tyrosine was found to be significantly lower in PKU patients. The results are discussed with respect to an altered function of the brain barrier systems for the amino acid transport in PKU, and that increased CSF tyrosine contents in PKU may rather reflect disturbances of the intracellular metabolism of the brain cells than changes of the amino acid transport through the brain barrier produced by hyperphenylalaninemia. PMID- 6732756 TI - Influence of age on carotid body size and arterial chemoreceptor reflex effects in spontaneously hypertensive (SHR) and normotensive rats. AB - In normotensive Wistar rats of a random-bred strain and in spontaneously hypertensive rats (SHR) of the Okamoto-Aoki-strain, the mean systemic arterial blood pressure, the pO2, pCO2, pH-values and the base excess of the arterial blood were measured during ventilating normal air as well as hypoxic (12.6% O2 in N2) and hyperoxic (100% O2) gas mixtures. The animals were anaesthetized and breathed spontaneously; they aged 5-6, 15-20, 30-40, and 50-70 weeks. The volume of their carotid bodies was determined morphometrically. When compared with the age-matched normotensive controls at an age of 5-6 weeks the SHR already exhibited slightly but significantly elevated blood pressures but had equal carotid body size and arterial carbon dioxide tension. In contrast, hypertensive animals in the established phase of hypertension (older than 15 weeks) showed greater carotid bodies and a highly significant respiratory alkalosis when compared with the corresponding age-group of the normotensive rats. The reactions of the mean systemic arterial blood pressure and the arterial pCO2 provoked by hypoxia and hyperoxia proved to be age-dependent in both the normotensive and hypertensive animals but this influence of age was different in the two strains of rats. The data support the concept that alterations of arterial chemoreceptor structures and reflex effects found in the established phase of hypertension are the result of this disease. Furthermore they indicate that, when interpreting arterial chemoreceptor reflex effects in hypertensive humans and animals, the stage of hypertension must be taken into account. PMID- 6732757 TI - Inhibition of 5-hydroxytryptamine-potentiated aggregation of human blood platelets by 5-hydroxytryptamine receptor-blocking agents. AB - Blood platelets possess specific receptors for 5-hydroxytryptamine (5-HT) which differ from the carrier for the amine uptake. Activation of 5-HT receptors causes shape change and aggregation of platelets. We studied the influence of drugs with 5-HT receptor blocking properties on 5-HT-potentiated, ADP-induced aggregation of human blood platelets. The synergistic effect of 5-HT on aggregation was inhibited by the compounds tested in the order of potency: cyproheptadine, pizotifen, spiperone, methysergide, methiothepine , mianserin, ketanserin, dihydroergotamine. The IC50 values lay in the range from 14 to 40 nmol/l. Chlorpromazine and haloperidol were less effective by more than one order of magnitude. Our results indicate a certain similarity between the 5-HT receptors on platelets and the 5-HT receptors on serotonergic neurons and vascular smooth muscle which belong to the 5-HT2 receptor type. PMID- 6732758 TI - Mono-, di- and triglycerides in serum of spontaneously hypertensive and normotensive rats in relation to age. AB - Serum triglycerides appeared significantly lower in spontaneously hypertensive as compared to normotensive rats except in 8-week-old animals. Tri-, di and monoglycerides decreased continuously with age in the former but revealed only a transient fall in the latter. The remarkably high portion of partial glycerides (about 30% of total glycerides) in serum should be considered in all studies on lipolysis in rats. PMID- 6732759 TI - 2,3-butanedione desensitization of bovine adrenal 2-oxoglutarate dehydrogenase to adenosine-5'-diphosphate. AB - 2- Oxoglutarate dehydrogenase from bovine adrenal glands is inactivated under the actions of 2,3-butanedione, a modifier of arginine residues. On treatment of 2 oxoglutarate dehydrogenase with 2,3-butanedione in the presence of 2-oxoglutarate the basal activity is maintained, while enzyme sensitivity to the stimulatory effect of adenosine-5'-diphosphate (ADP) is lost. The data obtained provide evidence for the positive effector, ADP, to act by an allosteric mechanism. Arginine residues are likely to incorporate into both the active and allosteric centers of adrenal 2-oxoglutarate dehydrogenase. PMID- 6732760 TI - Folic acid and lipoprotein lipase from aorta and blood plasma of atherosclerotic rats. AB - The lipoprotein lipase activity is somehow associated with atherosclerosis, and some publications report a protective effect of this enzyme against infiltration of lipids. In this publication, an atherogenic diet was associated with a decrease of this enzyme in aorta and blood plasma of rats. After administration of folic acid, a significant increase of the clearing factor activity was observed. PMID- 6732761 TI - Activated charcoal and resin haemoadsorbents: in vitro drug removal and blood compatibility studies. AB - An investigation has been made of the drug removal properties and blood compatibility of activated charcoal and resin haemoadsorbents . The adsorbents were Norit RBX1 peat-based extruded charcoal, spherical charcoal as used in the Sorin Biomedica Detoxyl 2 column and 2 cross-linked polystyrene-based macroreticular resins. Drug removal properties were assessed in terms of in vitro adsorption efficiency of each adsorbent for 11 different drugs. The blood compatibility of the charcoals and macroreticular resins was evaluated in an in vitro haemoperfusion circuit by measuring the changes in platelet and leucocyte levels in human blood caused by contact with the adsorbent. The results of the investigation indicate advantages in using spherical charcoal haemoadsorbents . PMID- 6732762 TI - Interaction of anilinonaphtyl labeled spectrin with fatty acids and phospholipids: a fluorescence study. AB - Anilinonaphtyl labeled spectrin exhibits a fluorescence emission spectrum characteristic of a highly hydrophobic environment. Quenching of the fluorescence intensity by nitroxide analogs of fatty acids of affinity 10(4) M-1 reveals that the sites of interaction of fatty acids lie very close to the anilinonaphtyl groups. Similar experiments performed with a nitroxide analog of phosphatidylserine yield a 30% quenching of fluorescence while the same phosphatidylcholine analog has essentially no effect. The changes in the fluorescence emission spectrum exhibited in the presence of sonicated phosphatidylserine vesicles further outline the specificity of interaction towards phosphatidylserine, with one spectrin binding site per about 750 exposed phospholipids. Moreover, they suggest a penetration of the anilinonaphtyl group into the lipid bilayer. PMID- 6732763 TI - Elongated cells derived from rat mammary cuboidal epithelial cell lines resemble cultured mesenchymal cells in their pattern of protein synthesis. AB - Two-dimensional gel electrophoresis has been used to identify polypeptide patterns characteristic of rat mammary cuboidal epithelial cells or mesenchyme derived cells. Elongated cells and cell lines derived from cloned cuboidal epithelial cells in culture possess a polypeptide pattern which resembles that of the cultured mesenchymal cells rather than that of the cuboidal epithelial cells from which they were derived. These elongated converts also resemble cultured mesenchymal cells in possessing a Triton-insoluble matrix in which vimentin and not prekeratin predominates. PMID- 6732764 TI - Metabolism of cyclophosphamide by purified cytochrome P-450 from microsomes of phenobarbital-treated rats. AB - Incubation of [3H]-sidechain-labeled and [14C]-C(4)-ring-labeled cyclophosphamide (CPA) with purified cytochrome P-450 from liver microsomes of rats treated with phenobarbital resulted in the production of a major metabolite that contained both labels, was unaffected by diazomethane, possessed high polarity, was identical in TLC and HPLC behavior to a synthetic standard, didechlorodihydroxy CPA, and was converted to CPA and bis(2-chloroethyl)amine by thionyl chloride . These results indicate that phenobarbital-inducible cytochrome P-450 is able to dechlorinate CPA and may account, in part, for the inability of phenobarbital to enhance the therapeutic activity and toxicity of this important anticancer and immunosuppressive agent. PMID- 6732765 TI - Changes in mitochondrial proteins during neuroblastoma differentiation. AB - The evolution of three major mit-proteins was followed in neuroblastoma cells cultured in different conditions of differentiation. 1 methyl cyclohexane carboxylic acid (CCA) was found to stimulate the synthesis of the three mit protein markers. This result, compared to the effects of oligomycin, an inhibitor of mitochondrial function, favours the hypothesis that CCA induces in vitro neurogenesis through a general metabolic alteration. PMID- 6732766 TI - Plant phenols as in vitro inhibitors of glutathione S-transferase(s). AB - Ellagic acid, a commonly occurring plant phenol, was shown to be a potent in vitro inhibitor of GSH-transferase(s) activity. Other plant phenols such as ferrulic acid, caffeic acid and chlorogenic acid also showed a concentration dependent inhibition of GSH-transferase(s) activity. The I50 values of ellagic acid, caffeic acid, chlorogenic acid and ferrulic acid were 8.3 X 10(-5)M, 14.0 X 10(-5)M, 20.0 X 10(-5)M and 22.0 X 10(-5)M respectively, suggesting that ellagic acid is the most potent inhibitor of all the four studied plant phenols. At 55 microM concentration of ellagic acid, a significant inhibition (35-47%) was observed on GSH-transferase activity towards CDNB, p-nitrobenzyl chloride and 1,2 epoxy-3-(p-nitrophenoxy)propane as substrates. Ellagic acid inhibited GSH transferase(s) activity in a non-competitive manner with respect to CDNB while with respect to GSH it inhibited the enzyme activity in a competitive manner. Other phenolic compounds purpurogallin , quercetin, alizarin and monolactone also showed a concentration dependent inhibition of the enzyme activity with a I50 of 0.8 X 10(-5)M, 1.0 X 10(-5)M, 8.0 X 10(-5)M and 16.0 X 10(-5)M respectively. These inhibitors of GSH-transferase(s) activity should be useful in studying the in vitro enzyme mediated reactions of exogenous and endogenous compounds. PMID- 6732767 TI - Inositol uptake by cultured isolated rat Schwann cells. AB - The uptake of radiolabeled myo-inositol by Schwann cells isolated from the sciatic nerve of 2-4 day old rats was found to occur by a saturable, sodium dependent phlorizin-inhibited mechanism with an estimated Km of 30 microM. The system was inhibited by galactose and glucose but not by galactitol. At high concentrations of myo-inositol, a diffusion-like process appeared to be functional. The characteristics of the saturable system are very similar to those of myo-inositol uptake by the endoneural fascicle preparation of sciatic nerve. PMID- 6732768 TI - Gangliosides of normal and neoplastic human melanocytes. AB - The major ganglioside component isolated from diploid human melanocytes is sialosyllactosylceramide (GM3 86-91% of total sialic acid). The corresponding disialo derivative (GD3) is found as a minor component (2-6% of total sialic acid) in the membranes of these cells. In human melanoma cells, grown in tissue culture, GD3 is the predominant ganglioside component (48-63% of total sialic acid). Withdrawal of TPA from the culture medium of normal melanocytes or addition of TPA to the medium of melanoma cells had no significant effect on GM3/GD3 ratios. We conclude that the difference between the composition of gangliosides is related to the normal vs transformed phenotypes of melanocytes. PMID- 6732769 TI - Peroxisomal fatty acid oxidation is selectively inhibited by phenothiazines in isolated hepatocytes. AB - The production of hydrogen peroxide by isolated hepatocytes in response to lauric, palmitic and oleic acids, a measurement of peroxisomal fatty acid oxidation, is inhibited by phenothiazines under conditions in which ketone body production, a measurement of mitochondrial fatty acid oxidation, does not reveal inhibition of mitochondrial activity. This novel finding provides a pharmacological tool for the study of peroxisomal function in whole cells. The mechanism of this effect of phenothiazines, detected in hepatocytes from rats treated with a peroxisome proliferation inducing drug, is not yet known. PMID- 6732770 TI - Isolation of tumor disturbing factor on the proliferation of tumor cells in human serum. AB - The classified sediment with ethanol from sera of nude mice and humans showed a disturbing effect on L1210 cells in vitro and a lifesaving effect on L1210 cell bearing mice in vivo. This factor was purified more than 2300-fold to a specific activity of approximately 1 X 10(5) U/mg by ethanol classified precipitation, Sephadex G-200 gel filtration, DEAE cellulose ion exchange chromatography with Nacl and pH gradient aqueous solution, and preparative polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis. PMID- 6732771 TI - Inhibition of parathormone-stimulated bone resorption by type I interferon. AB - The effect of Type I interferon on bone resorption was studied by measuring its effect on parathormone-stimulated calcium release from neonatal murine calvaria in vitro. A pure human recombinant leukocyte interferon hybrid of the A and D subtypes was used, which has high antiviral activity on mouse cells. Calcium release was inhibited in a dose dependent fashion with 50% inhibition at about 10(-10) M or 600 U/ml, and the inhibition was reversible. The presence of interferon was required before or during the activation phase of the resorptive response, when the formation of osteoclasts from precursor cells would occur. When added to actively resorbing bone it had no effect. The data suggest that Type I interferon can inhibit the parathormone-regulated development of active osteoclasts, possibly by inhibiting osteoclast precursor differentiation. PMID- 6732773 TI - Facilitated transfer of cholesteryl ester between rough and smooth microsomal membranes by plasma lipid transfer protein. AB - The accessibility of intracellular membrane cholesteryl esters to removal was tested with plasma lipid transfer protein as a tool. Incubation of a mixture of non-radioactive smooth microsomes + rough microsomes prelabeled with cholesteryl ester resulted in slight movement (2-4%) of radioactive cholesteryl ester into smooth microsomes. With the addition of increasing amounts of plasma lipid transfer protein to the mixture, the % transfer of cholesteryl ester into smooth microsomes progressively increased until a plateau was reached at 14%. Movement of cholesteryl ester in the reverse direction was examined with non-radioactive rough microsomes as an acceptor and smooth microsomes prelabeled with cholesteryl ester as a donor. The pattern of the % cholesteryl ester transferred in the reverse and forward direction was almost identical in the presence of plasma lipid transfer protein, showing bidirectional movement of cholesteryl ester between membranes. PMID- 6732772 TI - Hydroxyurea has the capacity to induce damage to human erythrocytes which can be modified by radical scavengers. AB - The treatment of human erythrocytes with hydroxyurea [HU] results in the azide dependent changes in osmotic fragility and in increased methemoglobin formation. Similar changes were induced by H2O2 treatment. However when H2O2 in the presence of azide stimulated malondialdehyde production, in the HU-treated cells no malondialdehyde was detectable. When subjected to an oxidant stress [sodium ascorbate] HU-treated erythrocytes were more fragile and revealed changes in the absorption spectrum of the TBA-reactive material in comparison with the cells treated with ascorbate alone. Partial protection by radical scavengers against certain HU-induced changes can be achieved. The results indicate that HU can damage erythrocytes and suggest the radical origin of these effects. PMID- 6732774 TI - Rapid elevation of rat serum prolactin concentration by cyclosporine, a novel immunosuppressive drug. AB - Within one hr of the administration of cyclosporine to rats, there was a 4-fold elevation in the serum prolactin concentration. Doses of 0.12, 1.2, and 12 micrograms/100 g body weight cyclosporine significantly elevated the serum prolactin level. Higher doses, 120 or 1200 micrograms/100 g body weight cyclosporine resulted in small but insignificant elevations of the serum prolactin concentration. Bromocriptine, a dopamine agonist which inhibits prolactin release from the anterior pituitary, completely blocked the elevation in serum prolactin in response to cyclosporine alone. These data suggest that the ability of cyclosporine to suppress immune function may involve its ability to rapidly produce hyperprolactinemia. PMID- 6732775 TI - Nicotine-induced inhibition of lycopene cyclization in Phaseolus vulgaris cotyledons. AB - The complete nicotine inhibition of lycopene cyclization during light-induced carotenogenesis in excised bean cotyledons was achieved. The inhibitory effect was easily reversible and removal of nicotine has allowed synthesis of the normal cyclic carotenoids. PMID- 6732776 TI - Effects of cyclic 12-, 8-, and 6-carbon compounds on glutathione S-transferase activity. AB - The effects of feeding ICR/Ha mice cyclic 12-, 8-, and 6-carbon compounds on glutathione S-transferase (GST) activity in the liver, intestinal mucosa, and the forestomach were determined. The compounds used for this study were 1,5,9 trans,trans,cis- cyclododecatriene , 1,2-trans-5,6-trans-9,10-cis- cyclododecatriene -1,2-oxide, cyclododecanol , cyclododecene oxide, cyclododecane , 1,5- cyclooctadiene , cyclooctene oxide, cyclohexene, and cyclohexene oxide. The unsaturated cyclic 12-carbon compounds elicited the greatest increase in GST activity. Thus, feeding 1,5,9-trans,trans,cis- cyclododecatriene increased this activity almost 4-fold in the livers and the intestinal mucosa of experimental animals. Cyclic 8-carbon compounds were less effective and feeding the cyclic 6 carbon compounds did not result in any significant increase in GST activity. None of the compounds elicited increased GST activity in the fore-stomach. Previous studies have shown that compounds inducing increased GST activity can protect against chemical carcinogens. It remains to be determined whether the compounds identified in the present investigation as inducers of this enzyme system will have such protective capacities. PMID- 6732777 TI - Antagonist action of cholesterol towards the toxicity of hydroxysterols on cultured hepatoma cells. AB - The cytostatic and cytolytic action of 22R - hydroxydesmosterol on hepatoma cells cultured in a medium containing 10% newborn-calf serum can be reversed within certain concentration limits by adding cholesterol to the culture medium. In contrast, under the same conditions, the cytotoxicity of 7 beta hydroxycholesterol could not be reversed, whatever the concentrations of cholesterol added. However, in a lipoprotein-poor and in a chemically defined medium, the cytolytic action of both hydroxysterols can be reversed by adding cholesterol, but growth inhibition cannot be suppressed. This demonstrates the importance of serum lipids and lipoproteins for the toxicity of the hydroxysterols and for the antagonistic effect of cholesterol. Our results suggest that the action mechanisms of 7 beta-hydroxycholesterol and 22R - hydroxydesmosterol on HTC hepatoma cells are not fully identical. PMID- 6732778 TI - Binding of 5-methoxypsoralen to human serum low density lipoproteins. AB - 5-methoxypsoralen (5-MOP) binds to human serum low density lipoproteins (LDL) according to a two-step process. Scatchard analysis of the first step yields K = 1.4 X 10(5) M-1 and 4 binding sites. It involves the LDL apoprotein. The second step corresponds to a solubilization, in the lipidic core, of congruent to 45 molecules of 5MOP per LDL molecule. It is accompanied by a large blue shift of the 5MOP fluorescence. The ability of LDL to bind 5MOP and to carry it into various cells may explain some biological effects sometimes encountered during PUVA therapy. PMID- 6732779 TI - Kinetic studies on the mechanism and the specificity of peptide semisynthesis catalyzed by the serine proteases alpha-chymotrypsin and beta-trypsin. AB - The mechanism of peptide semisynthesis catalyzed by alpha-chymotrypsin and beta trypsin has been investigated. The dependence of the apparent ratio of the second order rate constants for the deacylation of the acyl-enzyme intermediate by water and other nucleophiles (amino acid amides) on the nucleophile concentration indicates a mechanism that involves two acyl-enzymes. One with and one without bound nucleophile that both can be deacylated by water. The nucleophile specificity in peptide semisynthesis catalyzed by the proteases was found to reflect the P1-specificity in the corresponding hydrolytic reaction. PMID- 6732780 TI - Activation of muscarinic receptors stimulates the release of choline from brain slices. AB - The effect of several agents known to interact with muscarinic acetylcholine receptors on the release of choline from slices of rat corpus striatum into the incubation medium has been investigated. The amount of released choline was increased if choline, acetylcholine, or oxotremorine had been added to the incubation medium. Atropine blocked the effects of acetylcholine and oxotremorine; it was not tested with choline. It is proposed that the increased release of choline is due to an increased hydrolysis of phosphatidylcholine, brought about by the activation of muscarinic acetylcholine receptors. PMID- 6732781 TI - Primary structure of human plasma fibronectin--characterization of the 6,000 dalton C-terminal fragment containing the interchain disulfide bridges. AB - The carboxy terminal fragment of human plasma fibronectin has been isolated after tryptic digestion and separation by DEAE-cellulose chromatography and gel filtration on Sephadex G-50. It has a molecular weight of 6,000 which changes to 3,000 after reduction indicating that the fragment is a dimer. We have determined the amino acid sequence of the 6kDa fragment and showed that it contains 26 residues including two half-cystines which form two interchain disulfide bridges. The 6kDa fragment is not phosphorylated as in bovine fibronectin although its amino acid sequence is identical to that reported for bovine plasma fibronectin. When compared to the sequence deduced from a rat cDNA, one amino acid substitution can be found. It appears that the carboxyl end of fibronectin is highly conserved among species. PMID- 6732782 TI - Dietary induction of glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase synthesis. AB - The effect of dietary carbohydrate on rat liver glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase synthesis has been determined by using a method which can accurately quantitate relative rates of synthesis as low as 0.001 percent of total protein synthesis. Hepatocytes were incubated with (3H) leucine for 60 min and G6PD was separated from all other proteins by immunoprecipitation and electrophoresis on two dimensional O'Farrell gels. The relative rate of synthesis of G6PD increased 70 fold (from 0.0015 to 0.11% of total protein synthesis) in hepatocytes from fasted rats refed a high carbohydrate diet. We have concluded that the 20-30 fold dietary induction of G6PD is due to a 70 and 3 fold increase in synthesis and degradation, respectively. PMID- 6732783 TI - Regional distribution of adrenorphin in rat brain: comparative study with PH-8P. AB - Adrenorphin is the first C-terminally amidated form of opioid peptide isolated from human pheochromocytoma tumor and is considered to be generated out of proenkephalin A by unique processing. We have developed a highly specific and sensitive radioimmunoassay for adrenorphin as well as for PH- 8P , whose structure and processing are similar to adrenorphin . Prior to the measurement of both peptides in rat brain, immunoreactive adrenorphin and PH- 8P were verified to be identical with their individual authentic peptides by high performance liquid chromatography. Here we have determined the distribution of adrenorphin in rat brain by radioimmunoassay, and compared it with that of PH- 8P . The regional distribution of adrenorphin was found to be quite different from that of other endogenous opioid peptides including PH- 8P . The highest concentration of adrenorphin was found in the olfactory bulb. These results suggest that adrenorphin is generated by a specific processing mechanism and may have a unique physiological function distinct from that of known opioid peptides. In addition, we identified adrenorphin also in human and bovine adrenal medullas. PMID- 6732784 TI - Noncovalent complexes of diadenosine 5',5"'-P1,P4-tetraphosphate with divalent metal ions, biogenic amines, proteins and poly(dT). AB - Diadenosine 5',5'''-P1,P4-tetraphosphate was shown by circular dichroic measurements to bind to metal ions (Mg2+, Ca2+, Mn2+, Co2+, Zn2+), to biogenic amines (cadaverine, putrescine, spermidine, spermine), to L-arginine, to proteins (lysozyme, bovine serum albumin, Arg-rich histone f3, Lys-rich histone), and to poly(dT). Most cations effect destacking of the intramolecular adenine rings. Poly(dT) bound to the dinucleotide with a stoichiometry of 2 residues TMP per molecule of adenosine 5',5'''-P1,P4-tetraphosphate. PMID- 6732785 TI - Angle resolved depolarised resonance Raman studies of beta-carotene in lipid/water mixtures. AB - The orientational ordering of beta-carotene incorporated in lamellar model membranes above their main phase transitions has been studied by angle resolved depolarised Resonance Raman scattering. The ordering strongly depends on the chemical composition of the lipid bilayers: in di-oleoyl lecithin (DOPC) the carotenoid molecules lie parallel to the bilayer plane, while in di-galactosyl diglyceride ( DGDG ) a bimodal distribution was found with molecules lying both parallel and perpendicular to the membrane phase. PMID- 6732786 TI - The interaction of divicine with glutathione and pyridine nucleotides. AB - Native divicine , a pyrimidine aglycone strongly implicated in the pathogenesis of favism, undergoes rapid auto-oxidation according to a 1:1 stoichiometry with respect to the oxygen disappeared. In the presence of oxygen divicine re-oxidizes both NADPH and NADH, whereby a red-ox cycling is perpetuated between hydroquinonic and quinonic species of divicine itself. The oxygen-dependent interaction of divicine with GSH involves a 90% oxidation to GSSG and the parallel formation of two distinct adducts. Both adducts have been isolated by means of HPLC and characterized in their spectral properties. The one having maximum absorption at 305 nm is susceptible of reduction by glutathione reductase, while the adduct with maximum absorption at 320 nm is stable and is likely to represent a dead-end complex of divicine . PMID- 6732787 TI - Two new tetrahydropterin intermediates in the adrenal medullary de novo biosynthesis of tetrahydrobiopterin. AB - Isolation of two kinetically competent tetrahydropterin intermediates on the de novo biosynthetic pathway to tetrahydrobiopterin is reported. The compounds were detected in HPLC chromatograms by electrochemical oxidation at 270 mv. The hydrodynamic voltamograms of the compounds are indistinguishable from those of tetrahydropterins . Both require Mg+ + for biosynthesis from dihydroneopterin triphosphate. One compound is produced in the absence of NADPH; the other requires NADPH for synthesis. Enzymatic conversion of the former into the latter intermediate requires NADPH. Conversion of either intermediate into tetrahydrobiopterin also requires NADPH. Mg+ +, which is required for the biosynthesis of the intermediates, is not needed for their conversion to tetrahydrobiopterin. Neither compound coelutes with 6-lactoyl tetrahydropterin, the tetrahydropterin analog of sepiapterin. PMID- 6732788 TI - Presence of platelet-activating factor in blood from humans and experimental animals. Its absence in anephric individuals. AB - Blood from humans and experimental animals was examined for the presence of platelet-activating factor. The procedure included a rapid extraction of the samples and a purification of the lipid content by thin layer chromatography. The chemical characterization was performed by phospholipases' treatment and high performance liquid chromatography. Rats contained the highest concentrations of platelet-activating factor and rabbits the lowest. Five anephric patients undergoing support hemodialysis had undetectable blood levels and the same finding was observed in six rats in which surgical nephrectomy was performed. Based on these data we suggest: 1) Low amounts of platelet-activating factor can be present in blood under normal conditions. 2) Kidney tissue seems to play a role in the formation of the platelet-activating factor that can be detected in blood under these conditions. PMID- 6732789 TI - Regulation of platelet activating factor synthesis: modulation of 1-alkyl-2-lyso sn-glycero-3-phosphocholine:acetyl-CoA acetyltransferase by phosphorylation and dephosphorylation in rat spleen microsomes. AB - 1-Alkyl-2-lyso-sn-glycero-3-phosphocholine:acetyl-CoA acetyltransferase plays an important regulatory role in the biosynthesis of platelet activating factor, a potent bioactive mediator. We tested the hypothesis that the activity of acetyltransferase may be modulated by enzymatic phosphorylation and dephosphorylation. The results showed that acetyltransferase activity in rat spleens was 2- to 3-fold higher in microsomes isolated in the presence of F-than in those isolated in the presence of Cl-. The microsomal acetyltransferase could be activated by preincubation of microsomes, isolated in the presence of Cl-, with ATP, Mg2+, and the soluble fraction from rat spleen. Addition of phosphatidylserine, diacylglycerols, plus Ca2+ further enhanced the activity. The increase in the activity of acetyltransferase was abolished by treatment of the activated microsomes with alkaline phosphatase. Conversely, the activity of acetyltransferase can be reactivated in the alkaline phosphatase-treated microsomes with incubation conditions that favor phosphorylation. Therefore, our findings suggest that acetyltransferase activity is regulated by reversible activation/inactivation through phosphorylation/dephosphorylation. PMID- 6732790 TI - The presence of both growth inhibitory and growth stimulatory factors on membranes prepared from mouse liver. AB - Plasma membrane fractions from mouse livers were examined for the presence of growth regulatory peptides. Both growth inhibitory and growth stimulatory factors were found on these membranes. The growth inhibitory component could be enriched by extractions with both dimethylmaleic anhydride and octylglucoside. The growth stimulatory component could be removed from the membrane by either freeze-thaw, high salt, protease or pyrophosphate treatment, indicating that this factor is an extrinsic membrane protein. The existence of these factors on liver membranes provides an easily obtainable source for the large-scale purification of these molecules and may indicate a possible role in normal tissue growth. PMID- 6732791 TI - Formation of 19-nor-10-keto-25-hydroxyvitamin D3 in cultured mammalian cells. AB - Cultured dog kidney cells convert 25-hydroxyvitamin D3 into more polar metabolites during in vitro incubations. One elutes with 1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D3 from high pressure liquid chromatographic silica columns with hexane:isopropanol (9:1), but can be separated from 1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D3 by elution with dichloromethane:isopropanol (95:5). This peak has been isolated, purified and identified by mass spectral analysis to be 19-nor-10-keto-25-hydroxyvitamin D3. PMID- 6732795 TI - Synthesis of 2',5'-oligoadenylate by rat liver nuclear matrix protein. AB - Nuclear matrix was prepared from unstimulated rat liver by treatment of nuclei with DNAse and 0.4 M NaCl and was further extracted with 2.0 M NaCl. Proteins were bound to poly(rI):(rC)-agarose, incubated with (alpha-32P) adenosine 5' triphosphate and 2',5'-linked oligoadenylate was isolated from the supernatant. The substance inhibited amino acid incorporation in a reticulocyte translation system and was identified after enzymatic treatment followed by thin-layer chromatography on PEI-cellulose. The possible function of 2',5'-oligo(A) synthetase in the maturation of pre-mRNA associated with nuclear matrix is discussed. PMID- 6732793 TI - Activation of the rat liver androgen-receptor complex. AB - Activation of androgen receptor in rat liver cytosol was studied in vitro. The state of activation was judged by binding of [3H] R1881-receptor complex to chromatin. High ionic strength (0.4 M KCl as a final concentration) provoked the binding of [3H] R1881-receptor complex to chromatin at 0 degrees C. At low ionic strength, activation was very slow at 0 degrees C, but was very rapid at 25 degrees C and reached the maximum at 15 min of heating. PMID- 6732794 TI - Effect of N-methylation of phosphatidylethanolamine on the fluidity of phospholipid bilayers. AB - The effect of N-methylphosphatidylethanolamine on phase transition and the fluidity of the liposomes made of dipalmitoylphosphatidylcholine or phosphatidylethanolamine was studied by the steady-state fluorescence polarization method and differential scanning calorimetry. N-methylation of phosphatidylethanolamine caused a decrease of fluidity of liposomes made of dipalmitoylphosphatidylcholine, but had little effect on dipalmitoylphosphatidylethanolamine. The liposomes prepared with both phosphatidylcholine and N-methylphosphatidylethanolamine and also phosphatidylethanolamine and N-methylphosphatidylethanolamine could be composed of solid solution and exhibited symmetric phase diagram. PMID- 6732792 TI - Phosphorylation of the myosin light chains and satellite proteins in detergent skinned arterial smooth muscle. AB - Isoelectric focusing of extracts prepared from detergent-skinned porcine carotid artery showed that contraction was associated with phosphorylation of the regulatory myosin light chains and two additional proteins of the same apparent molecular weight (20,000). These two proteins, previously described as satellites, did not appear to be artifactually derived from the phosphorylated light chains during electrophoresis. That is, each of the phosphorylated proteins migrated as separate and distinct proteins when subjected to a second cycle of isoelectric focusing. Moreover, relaxation of skinned fibers was associated with dephosphorylation of the light chains and both satellites. These findings suggest that the satellites may represent varients of the light chains per se, or another regulatory protein which is reversibly phosphorylated and dephosphorylated during contraction and relaxation of vascular smooth muscle. PMID- 6732796 TI - Extracellular calcium protects isolated rat hepatocytes from injury. AB - The incubation of isolated rat hepatocytes in calcium-free medium resulted in a pronounced increase in lipid peroxidation, mitochondrial and cytoplasmic glutathione depletion, glutathione disulfide formation and efflux of reduced glutathione as compared with hepatocytes incubated in calcium containing medium. These data suggest that extracellular calcium ions serve a protective role in isolated rat hepatocytes against cell injury. PMID- 6732799 TI - Two-step dissociation of bovine 6S procarboxypeptidase A by dimethylmaleylation. AB - Reversible condensation of the ternary complex form of bovine pancreatic procarboxypeptidase A with 2,3-dimethyl maleic anhydride was investigated at pH 9.0 and low concentration of reagent over the acylable amino groups. After subsequent modification of only a few lysyl residues, subunit III was found to have been released from the quaternary structure leading to the separation of an apparently native protein devoid of any contaminating subunit II, while dissociation of the remaining binary complex occurred upon further addition of the anhydride. This observation suggests that the electrostatic interactions existing between subunits I and III are more rapidly weakened than those between subunits I and II, probably because fewer lysyl residues are involved and/or there is greater accessibility to the chemical reagent . Although completely inactive on the specific substrates of trypsin, chymotrypsin and elastase, subunit III hydrolyzed p-nitrophenyl acetate at a rate similar to that of chymotrypsin but without any burst of p-nitrophenol, which indicates that the weakly functional active site of the subunit is not quite comparable to that of serine protease zymogens. Subunit III already has some of the functional characteristics of the corresponding active enzymes. PMID- 6732797 TI - Amino acid sequence of rat epidermal thiol proteinase inhibitor. AB - The complete amino acid sequence of rat epidermal thiol proteinase inhibitor was determined. The unique 103-residue sequence was derived by analysis of two peptides generated by limited proteolysis of the native inhibitor with Staphylococcus aureus V8 protease and of three cyanogen bromide fragments. The protein has a high degree of sequence homology to either rat liver or human leucocyte inhibitor but is not identical and may represent a new type of low molecular weight thiol proteinase inhibitors. PMID- 6732802 TI - Amino-terminal variation in melanoma antigens. AB - Melanoma tumors express both common antigenic determinants and individually specific markers. A melanoma-specific glycoprotein antigen ( B700 ) with a molecular weight of approximately 65,000 daltons was detected on murine B16 melanoma cells but appears on other murine and human melanoma tumors. In order to determine the relationship between the B700 antigen and other melanoma antigens which have been described and to elucidate molecular changes that have taken place in the transformation from melanocyte to melanoma, we have purified the B700 glycoprotein to homogeneity. We have carried out amino acid composition analysis and partial sequence determinations and report that the B700 melanoma antigen shows similarities to serum albumin, but is not identical to this normal component. Moreover, amino-terminal variation occurs in the first 15 residues of the B700 antigen produced by separate B16 tumors. PMID- 6732798 TI - Diadenosine tetraphosphate activates AMP deaminase from rat muscle. AB - Diadenosine tetraphosphate, Ap4A, doubled the activity of AMP deaminase from rat muscle, with an activation constant of 0.005 mM, in the presence of 0.05 mM AMP. The presence of Ap4A appeared to induce Michaelian kinetic behavior. The activation by Ap4A was not dependent on the presence of either MgCl2 or KCl in the reaction mixture. Diguanosine tetraphosphate was inhibitor of the enzyme. Diadenosine and diguanosine triphosphates, adenylosuccinate and xanthosine monophosphate were neither inhibitors nor activators of the reaction. PMID- 6732801 TI - Stereochemical course of the biosynthesis of 1-aminocyclopropane-1-carboxylic acid. I. Role of the asymmetric sulfonium pole and the alpha-amino acid center. AB - The substrate stereospecificity of 1- aminocyclopropane -1-carboxylic acid synthase, a pyridoxal phosphate-containing enzyme, from the pericarp tissue of Lycopersicon esculentum (tomatoes) was studied using the various stereoisomers of S-adenosylmethionine (AdoMet) at both the sulfonium pole and the amino acid center. The data indicate that only the naturally occurring isomer (-)Ado-L-Met acts as substrate (Km = 20 +/- 5 microM). Both (+/-)Ado-D-Met and (+)Ado-L-Met were inactive as substrates. The (+)Ado-L-Met (Ki = 15 +/- 5 microM) was found to be a potent inhibitor of ACC synthase whereas (+/-)Ado-D-Met (Ki = 70 +/- 20 microM) was less active as an inhibitor. This active isomer has the (S) configuration at both the sulfur and the alpha-carbon of the amino acid portion of AdoMet. PMID- 6732800 TI - Stimulation of sphingomyelin hydrolysis by cannabidiol in fibroblasts from a Niemann-Pick patient. AB - The hydrolysis of sphingomyelin in cells derived from a Niemann-Pick patient was studied using both a labelled precursor and measurement of endogenous levels. In vitro exposure of the cells to cannabidiol resulted in a large decrease in both the relative and absolute amounts of this lipid; the drug had a smaller effect on normal fibroblasts. Cannabidiol has been tested in the clinic as an antiepileptic agent with some success; our findings suggest that it may also be useful in relieving the symptoms associated with Niemann-Pick disease. PMID- 6732803 TI - High pressure NMR studies of hemoproteins. The effect of pressure on the quaternary structure of hemoglobin. AB - Proton NMR spectra for nitrosyl-, aquomet - and deoxy des-Arg (alpha 141) hemoglobin in H2O were studied at high pressures up to 1400 atm with attention to the exchangeable proton resonances due to the intra- and intersubunit hydrogen bonds. For aquomethemoglobin , the T state marker signal at 6.4 ppm is insensitive to pressure while the R state marker signal at 6.0 ppm exhibits progressive upfield shift upon pressurization . For nitrosylhemoglobin, the T state signals at 9.6 and 6.5 ppm decrease their intensities upon pressurization while the R state marker signal at 6. 0 ppm remains unchanged. Pressure-induced spectral changes for some of exchangeable resonances are also encountered for deoxy des-Arg (alpha 141)-hemoglobin while the R and T quaternary structural indicators at 6.0 and 9.4 ppm are insensitive to pressure. These pressure-induced spectral changes for these hemoglobin derivatives are significantly distinguished from those associated with the R-T transition induced by addition of IHP or by variation of pH. It is therefore concluded that pressure induces subtle quaternary structural changes in these hemoglobin derivatives without causing the R-T transition. PMID- 6732805 TI - Isolation from rat liver of a peroxisomal enzyme which converts molecular form 1 of biliverdin reductase into molecular form 3. AB - Cobaltous chloride induced in rat liver an enzyme which converted biliverdin reductase molecular form 1 into the molecular form 3. This conversion involves the oxidation of two sulfhydryl groups of form 1 giving rise to a disulfide bond in form 3. The converting enzyme was isolated from the liver peroxisomal fraction (which was devoid of biliverdin reductase activity), and was absent in liver peroxisomes of control rats. The enzyme was solubilized by treatment of the peroxisomes with 0.1% sodium deoxycholate, and partially purified by DEAE cellulose and Sephadex G-100 filtration. It is a NAD+ dependent enzyme which was inactivated by trypsin and heat treatments. It did not oxidize either reduced glutathione or cysteine. The converting enzyme had a molecular weight of about 54,000 daltons. The oxidation of biliverdin reductase molecular form 1 mediated by the converting enzyme did not affect the latter's molecular weight or activity. PMID- 6732804 TI - Inhibition of polyriboinosinic:polyribocytidylic acid-induced depression of mouse hepatic mixed function oxidases by actinomycin D or cycloheximide. AB - Administration of a single dose of the potent interferon inducer poly rI:rC to Swiss Webster mice depressed hepatic cytochrome P-450 to 75% of control, ethylmorphine N-demethylase to 56% of control and DMN N- demethylases I and II to about 80% of control. Although each enzyme responded in a unique manner, maximum depression occurred at 24 hours after poly rI:rC administration and the concurrent administration of inhibitors of protein synthesis (actinomycin D or cycloheximide) prevented this depression. These data suggest that poly rI:rC effects on the mixed function oxidases are not species specific although depression follows a time course shorter than that reported in the rat (maximum depression at 40 hours after poly rI:rC administration) and that depression occurs through the stimulation of a protein responsible for degrading cytochrome P-450. PMID- 6732806 TI - A chemical modification to make horseradish peroxidase soluble and active in benzene. AB - Horseradish peroxidase was modified with 2,4-bis(O- methoxypolyethylene glycol)-6 chloro-s-triazine. The modified peroxidase, in which 60% of the amino groups were coupled with polyethylene glycol, had 70% of the enzymic activity in aqueous solution and was found to be soluble in benzene. Since the modified peroxidase in benzene had an absorption spectrum similar to that of unmodified peroxidase in aqueous solution, the prosthetic group, protohaemin IX, remained with the apoprotein even in benzene. The modified peroxidase in benzene had 21% of the enzymic activity relative to that of unmodified enzyme in aqueous solution. PMID- 6732807 TI - Interaction of Solanum tuberosum agglutinin with human platelets. AB - Solanum tuberosum agglutinin (STA) binds to the surface of human platelets and leads to their agglutination. Lectin staining shows that 125I-STA most intensely labels a major platelet membrane glycoprotein identified as GPIIIa followed by GPIV . STA does not induce release reaction, TXB2 formation or platelet protein phosphorylation. Since STA-induced agglutination is independent of intracellular metabolism of platelets, STA may prove to be a useful tool to explore the clinical condition in which the composition of platelet membrane protein is altered. PMID- 6732808 TI - Mg2+ counteracts the inhibitory effect of spermine on liver phosphorylase kinase. AB - When the effect of polyamines on pig liver phosphorylase kinase was examined, spermine was found to be the most inhibitory. Although putrescine stimulated the reaction slightly, the spermidine effect was dependent on the phosphorylase b concentration. The inhibitory effect of spermine was counteracted by increasing the Mg2+ concentration. At 0.3 mM Mg2+, the apparent Km for phosphorylase b was increased 9-fold by the addition of 5 mM spermine. However, increasing Mg2+ to 3 mM decreased the value to the initial level obtained at 0.3 mM Mg2+ alone. These results suggest that a possible role of Mg2+ in the regulation of liver phosphorylase kinase is to protect the enzyme from the inhibitory action of a polyamine such as spermine. PMID- 6732809 TI - Induction of laurate omega-hydroxylase by di (2-ethylhexyl)phthalate in rat liver microsomes. AB - Liver microsomes, prepared from rats fed a diet containing di (2 ethylhexyl)phthalate, were observed to hydroxylate lauric acid at carbon 12 at a specific activity 6 times greater than control rats. There was no increase in the specific activity of the laurate 11-hydroxylase. The specific activity of hepatic microsomal NADPH-cytochrome c reductase was increased 2-fold by phthalate feeding, but no effect was observed in the specific contents of cytochromes b5 or P-450. These results indicate that di (2-ethylhexyl)phthalate is similar to the hypolipidemic agent and peroxisomal proliferator , clofibrate, which was previously reported to be a novel inducer of the cytochrome P-450 mediated omega hydroxylation of fatty acids. PMID- 6732810 TI - Thyroglobulin structure-function: the effect of iodination on the structure of human thyroglobulin. AB - Thyroglobulin of very low iodine content has been prepared from a single non toxic human goitre. The initial iodine content of the protein (0.038%) has been increased to levels of 0.16% and 0.85% by in vitro treatment with thyroid peroxidase and the resulting proteins studied with respect to their intrinsic fluorescence, circular dichroism spectra and binding of the hydrophobic probe 1,8 anilinonaphthalene sulfonic acid (ANS). While significant differences were observed between levels of iodination in both the ANS binding and intrinsic fluorescence of the thyroglobulin, no significant differences in the near and far UV circular dichroism spectra of the protein as a function of iodine content were observed. These data suggest that, the iodination of thyroglobulin effects specific areas of the protein without significant disruption of its overall secondary structure. PMID- 6732811 TI - One base substitution in IVS-2 causes a beta +-thalassemia phenotype in a Chinese patient. AB - Two beta-globin genes derived from a Chinese patient with a beta +-thalassemia phenotype have been cloned and sequenced. A four-nucleotide deletion in codon 41 and 42 was found in one of the clones and a C to T substitution at position 654 of IVS-2 was detected in the other clone. The former change, which causes premature termination at codon 59, was found previously in another Chinese patient with homozygous beta 0-thalassemia. The latter change, which has not been reported so far, creates a sequence much like the consensus sequence of the 5' splice site. These results suggest that the new base change found in IVS-2 causes aberrant splicing of the beta-globin mRNA precursor. Thus, this patient is doubly heterozygous for beta 0- and beta +-thalassemia. PMID- 6732812 TI - Effects of verapamil on the binding properties of rat heart muscarinic receptors: evidence for an allosteric site. AB - The calcium channel antagonist verapamil is known to inhibit competitively antagonist binding to rat heart muscarinic receptors. The present data suggest that this drug recognized two binding sites on the muscarinic receptors: 1) an allosteric site modulating the tracer dissociation rates and 2) the muscarinic drug binding site. The affinity of verapamil for the allosteric site and the efficacy of its effect on muscarinic ligand dissociation rates depended on the ligand studied. PMID- 6732813 TI - Retinoids increase the incorporation of D-[3H]galactose into epidermal glycoproteins. AB - All-trans retinoic acid increased the incorporation of D-[3H]galactose into particulate and soluble glycoproteins in the epidermis of cultured pig skin slices nearly two-fold. Increased incorporation of D-[3H]galactose was not blocked by tunicamycin. This effect was specific for D-[3H]galactose since the incorporation of D-[3H]glucosamine and L-[14C]leucine into epidermal glycoproteins was unaffected by all-trans retinoic acid. All-trans retinoic acid and 13-cis retinoic acid had quantitatively similar effects on D-[3H]galactose incorporation. All-trans retinyl acetate and an aromatic retinoic acid analogue ('Etretinate') were less effective. SDS polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis and fluorography showed increased incorporation of D-[3H]galactose into all epidermal glycoproteins in the presence of all-trans retinoic acid. There was no evidence for synthesis of new glycoproteins such as mucins. PMID- 6732814 TI - Isolation and regional localization by in situ hybridization of a unique gene segment to chromosome 21. AB - V chromosome 21 (ch. 21) flow-sorted library was screened for the presence of unique DNA segments which are specific for the 21st chromosome. By combining the techniques of somatic cell genetics and in situ hybridization, we have identified several of these recombinant probes and have regionally mapped one of them to the distal half of the long arm of chromosome 21 (q22.1- greater than qter). This represents the first report of the sublocalization of a unique DNA segment to chromosome 21 by in situ hybridization. PMID- 6732815 TI - 1,2-Diacylglycerols do not potentiate the action of phospholipases A2 and C in human platelets. AB - 1,2-Diacylglycerol has recently been reported to potentiate the ability of phospholipases A and C to hydrolyze phospholipids in a cell-free system. The present study has been undertaken to investigate whether 1,2-diacylglycerol can also perform this function in intact cells using the platelet as a test system. Exogenous 1-oleoyl-2-acetyl-glycerol ( OAG ) and 1,2- didecanoylglycerol , at concentrations sufficient to produce maximal phosphorylation of a 40,000 dalton protein, caused no significant formation of [3H]inositol phosphates and [32P]phosphatidic acid (products of phospholipase C activation) or [14C]arachidonic acid metabolites and lysophosphatidyl[3H]inositol (products of phospholipase A2 activation). These data therefore imply that 1,2-diacylglycerols do not potentiate the actions of phospholipases A2 and C in intact platelets at concentrations that are physiologically relevant. PMID- 6732816 TI - Visualization of protein kinases in lymphocytes stimulated to proliferate with concanavalin A or inhibited with a phorbol ester. AB - Stimulation of lymphocytes with a mitogenic lectin such as concanavalin A (ConA) results in differentiation and cell division. Among the changes which occur after stimulation are increases in phosphorylation of proteins and in protein kinase activity. We used a high-resolution, nondenaturing gel system to separate and visualize protein kinases in situ. We have clearly identified both autophosphorylating and substrate-dependent kinases. One band of cyclic AMP dependent kinase activity was significantly enhanced in lectin-stimulated cells. In contrast, treatment of the cells with phorbol ester under conditions which depress stimulation caused a decrease in the activity of one kinase. PMID- 6732817 TI - Inhibition of endoribonuclease VI from Artemia larvae by cytidine 2'-phosphate. AB - The endoribonuclease VI from Artemia larvae is non-competitively inhibited by cytidine 2'-phosphate with a Ki ca 1 microM. Neither of the cytidine monophosphates isomers with the phosphate group in the 3' or 5' position nor the cyclic 2':3' phosphate are inhibitors at concentrations up to 100 microM. Adenosine, guanosine and uridine 2' or 3' phosphates are also ineffective in this range of concentrations. Certain polyribonucleotides are potent competitive inhibitors of the ribonuclease activity. PMID- 6732818 TI - The DNase activity of an endoplasmic reticulum nuclease and its effect on DNA synthesis in vitro. AB - An endoplasmic reticulum nuclease which was isolated previously in this laboratory from rat liver ( Kouidou et al. (1981) Eur.J. Bioch . 120, 9-14) was found to degrade linear and circular single stranded DNA but not double stranded DNA. The DNA fragments resulting from this cleavage were longer than 20 nucleotides. In addition the nuclease was found to improve the efficiency of DNA template used by DNA polymerase I in DNA synthesis in vitro. The results were the same whether incubation of the template with the nuclease was prior to addition of DNA polymerase I or simultaneously with polymerization. When nuclease was added after the completion of polymerization by DNA polymerase I it was ineffective unless the product was denatured. These data further corroborate the observation that double stranded DNA is not cleaved by this enzyme. PMID- 6732819 TI - Characterization of triglyceride lipase activities in rat skeletal muscle. AB - Triglyceride lipase activity was determined in particulate and soluble fractions from rat skeletal muscle homogenates. The fractions exhibited an acid (pH 5,0) optimum with an impressive enhancement in the combined P17 /100 fraction. Methylamine inhibited this acid lipase activity. A further lipase was observed with maximal activity at pH 7,0 and only a small enhancement in the combined P17 /100 fraction and inhibition by diethyl p-nitrophenyl-phosphate but not by protamine sulfate. Lipoprotein lipase activity was identified by the following in vitro criteria: Stimulation of activity by serum, maximal activity at alkaline pH (pH 8,5 - 9,0) and inhibition of activity by NaCl and protamine sulfate. There was a definite enhancement of lipoprotein lipase activity in the combined P17 /100 fraction after the lipase activity has been washed out from the capillary bed with heparin. PMID- 6732820 TI - Functional reconstitution of rat liver cytochrome P-450 with mesohemin. AB - After allylisopropylacetamide-mediated "suicide" destruction of their prosthetic heme moieties, certain rat liver cytochrome P-450 isozymes can be effectively reconstituted by addition of exogenous hemin in vitro. We now report that two of these isozymes will equally accept mesohemin , a 2,4-diethyl heme-analog and result in a "meso-hemoprotein" with altered spectral but not functional characteristics. PMID- 6732821 TI - Calcium regulation of phospholipase A2 is independent of calmodulin. AB - There are conflicting data in the literature as to whether or not the Ca2+ activation of phospholipase A2 is mediated by the calcium binding protein calmodulin. In the present study the membrane-bound phospholipase A2 enzymes in rat and human platelets were shown to be absolutely Ca2+ dependent but were not stimulated by the addition of calmodulin. A partially purified phospholipase A2 from rat platelet membrane, which contained little endogenous calmodulin, also was not stimulated by calmodulin addition. Both isolated and membrane-bound phospholipase A2 were inhibited by the non-specific calmodulin antagonist trifluoperazine but the inhibition was not overcome by adding calmodulin. There was thus no evidence from these studies that phospholipase A2 is calmodulin regulated. PMID- 6732822 TI - Effect of lipids and proteins on the viscosity of gastric mucus glycoprotein. AB - The effect of associated lipids and covalently bound fatty acids, and the contribution of serum albumin and secretory IgA to the viscosity of dog gastric mucus glycoprotein was investigated. Using a cone/plate viscometer at shear rates between 1.15 - 230s -1, it was found that extraction of associated lipids from the glycoprotein lead to 80-85% decrease in the viscosity. Further loss (39%) in viscosity of the delipidated glycoprotein occurred following removal of covalently bound fatty acids. Reassociation of the delipidated glycoprotein with its neutral lipids increased the viscosity 3-fold, a 2.5-fold increase was obtained with glycolipids, and 2-fold with phospholipids. Preincubation of purified mucus glycoprotein with albumin or IgA resulted in the increase in viscosity. This increase in viscosity was proportional to albumin concentration up to 10%, and to IgA concentration up to 5%. The results show that interaction of lipids and proteins with mucus glycoprotein contributes significantly to the viscosity of gastric mucus. PMID- 6732825 TI - Complete amino acid sequence of amelogenin in developing bovine enamel. AB - Pure amelogenin protein in developing bovine incisor enamel was isolated and its primary structure was investigated by sequencing the peptides obtained after clostripain and chymotrypsin digestions and CNBr degradation with an automated Edman sequencer. The enamel protein was found to be composed of 170 amino acid residues with one phosphate having a molecular weight of 19,350 and its complete amino acid sequence was elucidated. This protein has no sequence homology with any other tissue or secretory protein of known structure. PMID- 6732826 TI - Purification and characterization of trypsin-like enzyme from sea urchin eggs: substrate specificity and physiological role. AB - A trypsin-like enzyme has been purified to homogeneity from eggs of the sea urchin, Strongylocentrotus intermedius. The purified enzyme efficiently hydrolyzed Z-Phe-Arg-4- methylcoumaryl -7-amide (MCA) and Pro-Phe-Arg-MCA among 12 peptidyl-Arg (or Lys)- MCAs . The substrate specificity of the enzyme was closely similar to that of the enzyme activity in the egg cortical granule exudate. Among various peptidyl-argininal (Arg-H) derivatives, Z-Phe-Arg-H and Z Phe-Leu-Arg-H showed the strongest inhibition against both the activity of the purified enzyme and the elevation of vitelline coat. Thus, the trypsin-like enzyme of sea urchin possesses a narrow substrate specificity and participates at least in the elevation of vitelline coat during fertilization. PMID- 6732824 TI - Inhibition of gastric acid secretion by a phorbol ester: effect of 12-O tetradecanoylphorbol-13-acetate on aminopyrine accumulation by rat parietal cells. AB - 12-O-tetradecanoylphorbol-13-acetate ( 32nM ) inhibits aminopyrine accumulation induced by dibutyryl cyclic AMP or by histamine plus 3-isobutyl-1-methylxanthine in isolated rat parietal cells, but a significant effect on carbachol-stimulated aminopyrine accumulation is only seen at higher concentrations of the phorbol ester. 12-O-tetradecanoylphorbol-13-acetate ( 32nM ) does not affect aminopyrine accumulation or glucose oxidation in unstimulated cells, nor does it alter the ability of cells to exclude trypan blue. The phorbol ester may trigger a specific, and novel, parietal cell system capable of modulating the acid secretory response to histamine. PMID- 6732823 TI - Electric birefringence of chromatin reconstituted with various histone H1 subfractions. AB - Rat liver chromatin is stripped of H1 histone by exposure to 0.5 M NaCl and reassociated with individual purified subfractions of H1 by salt-step dialysis. The effectiveness of proteins H1-1 and H1 in the condensation of DNA is monitored by transient electric birefringence and circular dichroism. Steady-state birefringence and relaxation time measurements show that reconstitutions are not perfect although some features of native chromatin are restored when a ratio of 2 moles of H1 per nucleosome is used. The amplitude of the positive birefringence is better recovered with H1-1 than with H1 but the values of relaxation times and molar ellipticities indicate that reconstituted samples exhibit a more compact and rigid structure compared to that of native chromatin. PMID- 6732827 TI - Enhanced N-acylation of palmitic acid in sphingomyelin of antibody-stimulated L cells. AB - Metabolism of sphingomyelin was stimulated in a fibroblast-like transformed cell line, L-929, when the cells were incubated with antibodies of a specific rabbit antiserum. The cells responded with an increased incorporation of [3H] palmitic acid into sphingomyelin. The stimulated uptake of palmitic acid into sphingomyelin can not be explained by simple mass increases in cellular phospholipids but probably represents a selective N-acyl group turnover. Palmitic acid composed only 7.5 percent of the acyl substituents, as assessed by gas liquid chromatographic analysis, but [3H] palmitic acid was incorporated at a two fold higher level into the acyl position than into the long chain base precursor (sphingosine). Since it is known that palmitic acid is the predominant fatty acid forming sphingosine, this represents a considerable selection for N-acyl group turnover. Another saturated fatty acid, stearic acid, which was over twice as abundant constituently was incorporated at a much lower rate when the cells were stimulated. Thus palmitic acid was observed to be selectively turning over in a manner suggestive of acylation-reacylation cycles observed with other classes of phospholipids. PMID- 6732828 TI - Binding of citrate synthase and malate dehydrogenase to mitochondrial inner membranes: tissue distribution and metabolite effects. AB - Citrate synthase and malate dehydrogenase bind to mitochondrial membrane preparations obtained from various species of animals and lemon fruit. The amount of enzyme bound per mg mitochondrial protein was comparable in all tissues studied. The effect of various substrates, products, and substrate analogs on citrate synthase binding to rat liver mitochondrial inner membrane was examined. OAA was the most effective inhibitor of binding followed by AcCoA , CoA, citrate, ATP, and MgATP. Neither D- nor L- malate were effective in blocking binding. The wide distribution of binding of citrate synthase and malate dehydrogenase to the inner membrane and specificity of substrate effects on the binding of citrate synthase are discussed in relation to the possible physiologic nature of these phenomena. PMID- 6732829 TI - The capsid polypeptides of the yeast viruses. AB - The yeast virus is a double-stranded RNA virus with a large genomic dsRNA and one major viral capsid polypeptide. Most strains of yeast have a major and a minor species of the large genomic dsRNA present. The major species has previously been shown to encode a capsid polypeptide with a Mr of about 88,000. We show that the minor species also encodes its capsid polypeptide with a Mr of about 80,000. Unlike all the dsRNA viruses of procaryotes and higher eucaryotes, the yeast virus appears to have only one major polypeptide in its virions. There are some 60 molecules of this capsid polypeptide per particle, consistent with a simple icosohedron of T=1. PMID- 6732830 TI - Cross-linking of wheat germ RNA polymerase II with dithiobis(succinimidyl propionate). AB - The subunit arrangement of wheat germ RNA polymerase II was examined using the cleavable cross-linking reagent dithiobis(succinimidyl propionate). Conditions were chosen such that the enzyme was active prior to treatment, and that most of the subunits were reactive towards the reagent. Our results indicate that the enzyme is made up from a central core involving the two large subunits, around which the small subunits are independently arranged. Possible relations between the overall structure and the role of individual subunits in transcription are discussed. PMID- 6732831 TI - Temperature and field dependent 1H-NMR relaxation data as probes of prostaglandin motional parameters in aqueous media. AB - Proton resonance correlation times (tau eff) for PGF2 alpha and a more rigid analog have been derived from the field-strength dependence of spin-lattice relaxation times ( T1D ) using 200 and 500 MHz observation. Those hydrogens showing tau eff less than the value calculated for whole molecule tumbling (which applies for H-5----H-15) also show a significantly greater temperature dependence for T1D at 500 MHz. Minor wagging may occur at the C-7 and C-10 methylenes , and gradually increasing segmental motion is observed toward both side chain termini. A current model for the aqueous geometry of PGF2 alpha is developed from this data and studies of relaxation rate changes upon specific deuteration. PMID- 6732832 TI - An investigation of the effects of phenobarbitone on the pharmacokinetics of norethindrone in the rat using liver perfusion and everted gut sacs. AB - Previous in vivo studies have suggested that phenobarbitone increases the first pass clearance of norethindrone in the rat by induction of enzymes both in the gut wall and liver. In the present study phenobarbitone caused an increase in both the production of highly polar ether-extractable metabolites and the conjugation of the steroid as it crossed the wall of the everted gut sac preparation. In addition, there was a marked increase in the uptake of norethindrone into the liver followed by increased phase I metabolism in the isolated perfused liver. As expected for a highly cleared drug, enzyme induction had no measurable effect on the terminal half-life of norethindrone in the perfused liver preparation. PMID- 6732833 TI - Metabolic activation and deactivation of fusarin C, a mutagen produced by Fusarium moniliforme. AB - The metabolic activation and deactivation of fusarin C, a mutagen produced by Fusarium moniliforme strain MRC 826, was studied by the Salmonella typhimurium mutagenicity assay using tester strain TA 100. A microsomal monooxygenase, preferably induced by phenobarbitone (PB) activities the mutagen to its active mutagenic form. Deactivation of the mutagenic metabolite seems to occur through chemical binding to thiol groups and by enzymatic conjugation mediated by a cytosolic glutathione -S-transferase. PMID- 6732834 TI - Short term reductions in cerebral muscarinic receptor concentration of the mouse after in vivo administration of cycloheximide. AB - [3H]quinuclidinyl benzilate ([3H]QNB) was used to investigate the effects of administration of cycloheximide to mice on the concentration of muscarinic receptors in the cerebral cortex. A single subcutaneous (s.c.) injection of cycloheximide (3.5 mg/kg) reduced receptor concentration by 18% afer an apparent latency of 1 hr. A single intraperitoneal (i.p.) injection of 3.5 mg/kg produced a 14% reduction in muscarinic receptor concentration 20 min after injection. After both s.c. and i.p. administration the effects of cycloheximide were reversible, dose-related and maximal at a dose of 3.5 mg/kg. The maximum reductions in receptor concentrations obtained were 13-18%. Multiple doses of cycloheximide did not produce greater falls in receptor concentration than single doses and did not prevent its return towards control levels. Treatment of mice for 10 day with cycloheximide reduced muscarinic receptor concentration to 71% of the control at 3 days after stopping administration; receptor levels returned to control values 35 days after the last dose of cycloheximide. Treatment of mice with cycloheximide had no effect on the affinity of [3H]QNB for the receptor and, in vitro, 10(-4)M cycloheximide did not have any significant effect on the binding of the radiolabel. PMID- 6732836 TI - Changes in membrane lipid content after chronic ethanol administration with respect to fatty acyl compositions and phospholipid type. AB - Changes in the relative proportions of the phospholipid fatty acids of erythrocyte membranes in mice after chronic ethanol treatment (4.5 g/kg, i.p. twice daily for one week) were shown to vary with the differing control profiles observed. It is suggested that certain changes in membrane lipid composition after ethanol administration may not be interpreted simply in terms of an adaptation to a disordering effect of the drug. The fatty acid changes were, in addition, distributed asymmetrically within the individual phospholipid classes. Depending on the control profile, the effects varied from being mainly in phosphatidylethanolamine (PE; 80%) and phosphatidylserine-inositol (PS + PI; 10%), phospholipids primarily located on the inner half of the membrane bilayer, to being more evenly distributed between PE and phosphatidylcholine (PC) and probably, therefore, between the two halves of the bilayer. Changes in the monounsaturated acid remained primarily with PE, suggesting a specific functional role for this species. The remaining results are discussed in the light of possible effects on cell morphology and their potentially similar consequences of increasing cell volume. PMID- 6732835 TI - Monophosphates of formycin B and allopurinol riboside. Interactions with leishmanial and mammalian succino-AMP synthetase and GMP reductase. AB - Formycin B 5'-monophosphate (Form B-MP) and allopurinol riboside 5'-monophosphate ( HPPR -MP) are isomers of IMP that are metabolically produced when Leishmania spp. are incubated with the antileishmanial agents formycin B and allopurinol or allopurinol riboside. The interactions of Form B-MP with succino -AMP synthetase and GMP reductase from both leishmanial and mammalian sources were compared with the data of earlier studies with HPPR -MP. Both analogs could substitute for IMP as a substrate for succino -AMP synthetase isolated from Leishmania donovani. The V'max values of Form B-MP and HPPR -MP were about 1% of the V'max of IMP. Only Form B-MP (and not HPPR -MP) could serve as an alternative substrate for mammalian succino -AMP synthetase. The V'max of Form B-MP was 40% that of IMP. The corresponding analogs of AMP, ADP and ATP were produced when Formycin B was incubated with mouse L cells. The Formycin A residue was incorporated into the cellular RNA. The amount of Formycin A-TP produced (relative to ATP) in mouse L cells was considerably less than that produced in Leishmania spp. Both Form B-MP and HPPR -MP were inhibitors of partially purified GMP reductase from L. donovani. The binding of Form B-MP and HPPR -MP to human GMP reductase was 40- and 100-fold weaker, respectively, than the binding to leishmanial GMP reductase. Pretreatment of promastigotes of L. donovani with either allopurinol or Formycin B resulted in greater than 95% reduction of the incorporation of the radiolabel from [14C]xanthine into ATP and greater than 80% reduction of the incorporation of the label into GTP. The HPPR -MP and Form B-MP present in these cells may have inhibited the leishmanial succino -AMP synthetase and GMP reductase. The analogs had little or no effect on the pool sizes of ATP and GTP of either mouse L cells or L. donovani. PMID- 6732837 TI - Effect of cationic amphiphilic drugs on the hydrolysis of acidic and neutral phospholipids by liver lysosomal phospholipase A. AB - Rat liver lysosomal phospholipase A hydrolyzes both acidic and neutral phospholipids. Numerous cationic amphiphilic drugs including imipramine, propranolol, 4,4'-bis(diethylaminoethoxy)-alpha, beta- diethyldiphenylethane and chloropromazine inhibit phospholipase A. Cationic amphiphilic drugs bind readily to acidic phospholipids but much less readily to neutral phospholipids. Formation of drug-lipid complexes is thought to be an important mechanism involved in the inhibition of lysosomal phospholipases. Therefore, we studied the effects of four cationic amphiphilic inhibitors on lysosomal phospholipase A using one acidic and two neutral phospholipid substrates. The concentration of the drugs required to produce 50% inhibition was much higher when phosphatidylinositol was used as substrate. The degradation of phosphatidylethanolamine and phosphatidylcholine was more readily inhibited by these agents than that of phosphatidylinositol. In drug-induced lipidosis, the predominance of acidic phospholipids may be due to redirection of phospholipid metabolism towards the formation of acidic phospholipids with a resultant increased delivery of these lipids to lysosomes. Based on our results, it does not appear to be due to decreased enzymatic hydrolysis of drug-acidic phospholipid complexes, at least when pure phospholipid substrates are used. Lysosomal storage of both acidic and neutral phospholipids appears to be caused by inhibition of lysosomal phospholipase action in view of the probable high intralysosomal levels of these agents. PMID- 6732838 TI - Analysis of the mechanism of the magnesium effect on the warfarin-albumin interaction. PMID- 6732839 TI - Effect of acute renal failure on the clearance and biliary excretion of indocyanine green in perfused rat liver. PMID- 6732840 TI - Phenylhydrazine-induced lipid peroxidation of red blood cells in vitro and in vivo: monitoring by the production of volatile hydrocarbons. AB - Human red blood cells and male Sprague-Dawley rats were treated in vitro and in vivo, respectively, with phenylhydrazine in order to determine whether the release of volatile hydrocarbons can serve as a suitable index for phenylhydrazine-induced red blood cell peroxidation. Lipid peroxidation following phenylhydrazine administration (in vitro experiments: dosage calculated at 0.5-50 mM; in vivo experiments: intraperitoneal injection of 2.8 mg/100 g body wt) was monitored by the release of ethane and pentane measured by gas chromatography. Further hydrocarbons such as ethylene, propane, n-butane, iso-butane and iso butene were monitored to form a basis of comparison. In vitro haemolysis was also determined during the course of incubation. Red blood cell suspensions yielded more than 15-fold concentrations of propane and more than 2-fold concentrations of iso-butane compared to pentane and ethane yields. Haemoglobin solutions also produced propane and iso-butane in the presence of phenylhydrazine, whereas pentane and ethane were not detectable. Time-course studies revealed that ethane and pentane reached maximum in vitro levels after red blood cell suspensions had been incubated for 2 hr whereas the maximum degree of haemolysis (approximately 60%) was attained between 60 and 90 min following the beginning of phenylhydrazine treatment. The dosage did not affect the final degree of haemolysis. Rats treated with phenylhydrazine exhaled greater concentrations of ethane (6-fold increase) and pentane (2-fold increase) compared to control animals. Exhaled propane showed a 30-fold increase in concentration following drug treatment. Our results suggest that the release of pentane and ethane may be useful in assessing red blood cell lipid peroxidation in the presence of phenylhydrazine in vitro and in vivo. PMID- 6732841 TI - Differences in the serum protein binding of prazosin in man and rat. AB - The serum protein binding of prazosin in man and rat has been studied in vitro by equilibrium dialysis. Prazosin was more extensively bound in human serum than in rat serum with binding ratios (B/F) of 14.3 +/- 3.4 and 4.4 +/- 0.2 (corresponding to 93.4 and 81.4% bound), respectively. This difference in binding between the species was partly due to qualitative differences between human and rat serum albumin, but also to the lower concentration of albumin in rat serum. Rat serum albumin (RSA) apparently showed two different classes of binding sites for prazosin, one with high (KD = 5.78 X 10(-6) M) and one with low (KD = 1.1 X 10(-4) M) affinity; the former is suggested as representing alpha 1-acid glycoprotein (alpha 1-AGP) with one binding site for prazosin per molecule, the latter as representing RSA with 0.28 binding sites per molecule. Human serum albumin (HSA) and human alpha 1-AGP both showed one class of binding sites with KD values of 2.7 X 10(-5) and 1.95 X 10(-6) M, respectively. HSA possessed 0.5 and human alpha 1-AGP 1 binding site for prazosin per molecule. The binding parameters obtained for the isolated serum proteins overestimated to some degree the total serum protein binding of prazosin in man. This was explained by a specific deviation from the law of mass action. HSA was the major binding protein in human serum at therapeutic concentrations, with ca. 60% of the total binding, the remaining 40% being bound to alpha 1-AGP. Anticipating that the high affinity binding site on the RSA preparation represents the binding of prazosin to alpha 1 AGP, then this protein accounts for 70% of the binding in rat serum, while rat serum albumin accounts for approximately 23%. The binding of prazosin to lipoproteins was insignificant in both species. The observed differences between man and rat in the serum protein binding of prazosin implicate differences in the two species with respect to prazosin pharmacokinetics and the pharmacological effect. PMID- 6732842 TI - Studies on the intracerebral metabolism of anticonvulsant drugs--I. Perfusion of primidone through the isolated brain of the rat. AB - Primidone and phenobarbital (each 85 nmoles/ml were separately perfused through the isolated brain of the rat. After 5 min of perfusion similar amounts of primidone and phenobarbital were taken up into the brain; for both drugs the concentration ratio between brain and perfusion medium was about 0.2. However, after 2 hr of perfusion the mean concentration ratio for primidone was about 0.55; for phenobarbital it was about 0.9 thus indicating a better uptake of phenobarbital. In two regions (hypophysis, mesencephalon) the concentration of phenobarbital was significantly higher than in perfusion medium. During 2 hr of perfusion of primidone, substantial quantities of phenobarbital and PEMA were formed amounting to 1400 pmoles for each metabolite. The highest concentration of the metabolites was found in septum, hypothalamus, hypophysis and mesencephalon. The in situ metabolism of primidone in the intact brain was demonstrated for the first time. PMID- 6732844 TI - Glutathione and glutathione S-transferases in the urinary bladder of different species. PMID- 6732843 TI - Monoamine oxidase: separation of the type A and B activities. PMID- 6732845 TI - Effects of diisopropylfluorophosphate (DFP) and other cholinergic agents on release of endogenous dopamine from rat brain striatum in vitro. PMID- 6732846 TI - Inhibition of glucuronide formation by D-galactosone or D-galactosamine in isolated hepatocytes. PMID- 6732847 TI - Deoxyribonucleic acid crosslinking by 4-hydroperoxycyclophosphamide in cyclophosphamide-sensitive and -resistant L1210 cells. AB - 4-Hydroperoxycyclophosphamide, a synthetic, activated form of cyclophosphamide, has been used to study DNA crosslinking in L1210 cell lines sensitive and resistant to cyclophosphamide. The time course of crosslink appearance and the proportion of inter-strand to DNA-protein crosslinks support the belief that phosphoramide mustard is the ultimate alkylating agent derived from cyclophosphamide. Cell survival and DNA crosslinking studies with a cyclophosphamide-resistant L1210 cell line indicate that resistance is associated with a failure of 4-hydroperoxycyclophosphamide to produce DNA crosslinks. The ability to reverse this situation by exposure of resistant cells to disulfiram points to a role of aldehyde dehydrogenase in this mechanism of cyclophosphamide resistance. PMID- 6732848 TI - Inhibitors of hydrogen peroxide-induced haemolysis of bovine erythrocytes. AB - The optimal conditions for the haemolysis of bovine erythrocytes by H2O2 have been established. The parameters were concentration of erythrocytes, H2O2 concentration, time, and influence of the solvent in which the substances tested were dissolved. Some inhibitors of this oxidative haemolysis have been employed to serve as model substances for further antihaemolytic investigations with natural products. PMID- 6732849 TI - Influence of muzolimine on arterial wall elastin. AB - Muzolimine, 3-amino-1-(3,4-dichloro-alpha-methylbenzyl)-2- pyrazolin -5-one, an antihypertensive and diuretic drug, accumulates in the arterial tissue of rats and dogs after oral administration. Two weeks after the administration of 3 mg [14C]muzolimine, the aorta of rats contained 60-300 times more 14C radioactivity/weight unit than the skin or tail tendon. The 14C-radioactivity was exclusively bound to the isolated aortic elastin and corresponded to 0.04% of the applied muzolimine dose. Up to ca 250 ng bound muzolimine/mg elastin was found in the aorta of dogs treated with non-labelled muzolimine for 52 weeks. The elastin bound [14C]muzolimine was not extractable by organic solvents or by weak acids or bases but was released in a soluble form by pancreatic elastase and extracted from the elastase digest by dichloromethane. In the dichloromethane extract muzolimine was detected by HPLC and HPTLC, and was identified by mass spectrometry. Muzolimine pretreatment of rats for 2 months did not influence the elastin content of arterial tissue or [3H]glycine incorporation into aortic elastin under organ culture conditions, but after labelling the elastin with [4,5 3H]lysine, the [3H]desmosine and [3H]-isodesmosine isolated from the elastin of muzolimine-pretreated rats and incorporated under organ culture conditions was lower than that of control animals. In addition, aortic elastin of rats pretreated for 2 months with 800 ppm muzolimine in the diet was more resistant to elastase degradation. This effect might give some implications for muzolimine in the therapy of cardiovascular disorders with impaired arterial elastin metabolism. PMID- 6732850 TI - Inhibition of soluble glutathione S-transferase by diuretic drugs. AB - Glutathione transferases are believed to play an important protective role in the various tissues of animals and man by catalysing the glutathione conjugation of electrophilic drugs and electrophilic drug metabolites. Many of these compounds have the potential to react with vital cellular macromolecules in the absence of this enzyme system. We have investigated the interaction of a number of high ceiling diuretics with the glutathione transferases contained in the cytosolic fraction of the rat liver. Of bumetanide, ethacrynic acid, furosemide, indacrynic acid and tienilic acid, only ethacrynic acid was conjugated with glutathione. Further experiments revealed that ethacrynic, indacrynic and tienilic acids are all potent inhibitors of glutathione S- aryltransferase . Glutathione S- alkyltransferase and glutathione S-epoxide transferase were also inhibited by the diuretics, but to a lesser extent than glutathione S- aryltransferase . The diuretics giving the greatest inhibition of these reactions were chemically related to ethacrynic acid. The concept where inhibition of glutathione-S transferase by a drug may enhance its own toxicity is considered. This mechanism has also the potential of enhancing the toxicity of other concurrently administered drugs which normally require glutathione S-transferase for detoxication. PMID- 6732851 TI - Stimulation of dopamine-beta-hydroxylase in rat adrenals by repeated exposures to carbon disulphide. AB - The conversion of dopamine to noradrenaline, measured shortly after exposure to carbon disulphide, is reduced in the adrenals of rats. However, alongside this effect, carbon disulphide produces a gradual increase in the adrenal content of dopamine-beta-hydroxylase indicated by the increase of in vitro estimated enzyme activity and by the increased in vivo conversion of dopamine to noradrenaline observed 24 hr after the ninth exposure. Thus, after repeated exposures, the reduced rate of noradrenaline synthesis detectable immediately after the exposure alternates with the increased rate of synthesis. PMID- 6732852 TI - The in vitro effect of some nitroimidazoles on microtubule formation. AB - The in vitro effects of some nitroimidazoles (metronidazole, ornidazole) and their metabolites on microtubule formation have been tested. Cyclic metabolites are without effect. Metabolites proceeding from cleavage of the imidazole ring inhibit microtubule formation and reduce the polymerization rate of tubulin. This inhibitory effect might be correlated to some of the side-effects of these drugs. Isaxonine phosphate corrects this effect. PMID- 6732853 TI - The effect of methyl-2-tetradecylglycidate (McNeil 3716) on heart mitochondrial metabolism in rats. AB - Methyl-2- tetradecylglycidate (MTG), one of a new class of hypoglycemic agents, given to healthy rats, prompted uncoupling of oxidative phosphorylation in heart mitochondria (measured ex vivo) without a concomitant effect on mitochondrial electron transfer reactions. At the same time heart creatinephosphate -kinase was inhibited and subsequently the semipermeability of the inner mitochondrial membrane was impaired as demonstrated by an influx of creatine. The triglyceride and total phospholipid content of heart tissue and its mitochondria showed a transient elevation. The hearts were enlarged, flabby and discoloured and had dilated ventricles. These effects could be the account of an adverse effect of MTG on the heart energy metabolism. PMID- 6732854 TI - A fluorescent analogue of methotrexate as a probe for folate antagonist molecular receptors. AB - A dansyl-L-lysine analogue of methotrexate, N alpha-(4-amino-4-deoxy-10- methylpteroyl )-N epsilon-(5-[N,N-dimethylamino]-1-naphthalenesulfonyl)-L-lysine, is a potent inhibitor of murine L1210 dihydrofolate reductase. The dansyl fluorescence emission was enhanced approximately 3-fold with a 10 nm blue shift upon binding to L1210 dihydrofolate reductase. The fluorescent analogue was only 10-fold less potent than methotrexate in inhibiting the growth of methotrexate sensitive and -resistant L1210 cells and competes effectively for [3H]methotrexate transport with a Ki of 7.02 microM, a value virtually identical to the Kt for methotrexate in both cell lines. In addition, strong dansyl fluorescence was found to be associated with dihydrofolate reductase from methotrexate-resistant, dihydrofolate reductase-overproducing L1210 cells following incubation of viable cells with the fluorescent methotrexate analogue for 4 hr. The results demonstrate that the dansyl-L-lysine analogue of methotrexate was rapidly transported into L1210 cells where it formed a high affinity, fluorescent complex with intracellular dihydrofolate reductase. PMID- 6732855 TI - Role of calcium in isoproterenol cytotoxicity to cultured myocardial cells. AB - Primary cultures of rat myocardial cells were used to evaluate the cellular dynamics of calcium accumulation after exposure to isoproterenol (ISO). Non-toxic concentrations of ISO (2.4 X 10(-7) M) caused a gradual increase in myocyte calcium uptake. These effects peaked 3 min after exposure and returned to control levels within 2 min. Toxic concentrations of ISO caused a biphasic increase in calcium uptake. The initial phase peaked 1 min after exposure and returned to control levels by 3 min. A second phase was characterized by a progressive increase in calcium uptake that plateaued 10 min after exposure. Ascorbic acid (AA, 5 X 10(-3) M) and sodium bisulfite (SB, 9.6 X 10(-4) M) did not modify the calcium uptake of the initial phase, whereas propranolol (1 X 10(-6) M) and verapamil (1 X 10(-5) M) prevented the initial rise in calcium uptake. In contrast, the antioxidants prevented the the second phase of ISO-induced calcium uptake, whereas verapamil and propranolol did not. The toxic accumulation of calcium induced by ISO may be due to oxidative damage of the sarcolemma. Antioxidants may prevent the formation of oxidative metabolites from ISO and the subsequent calcium overload. Our results show that agents which modify slow calcium-channel transport do not prevent ISO-induced calcium overload in our cell culture system. PMID- 6732856 TI - Presence and biosynthesis of phenylacetic acid in the rabbit brain. PMID- 6732858 TI - Evidence for the preferential interaction of micellar chlorpromazine with human serum albumin. PMID- 6732857 TI - Effect of cimetidine on paracetamol activation in mice. PMID- 6732859 TI - Glucose metabolism of oxidatively stressed human red blood cells incubated in plasma or medium containing physiologic concentrations of lactate, pyruvate and ascorbate. AB - Red cells suspended in either defined medium or buffered plasma were oxidatively stressed by incubation in the presence of 1,4-naphthoquinone-2-sulfonate at concentrations which caused less than 50% methemoglobin accumulation, stimulation of the hexose monophosphate shunt to less than 15% of capacity, and about a 30% increase in flux through glycolysis. Normal plasma concentrations of lactate and pyruvate in either defined medium or buffered plasma allowed increased contribution of reducing equivalents from glycolysis in response to oxidative stress. Increased utilization of reducing equivalents by the red cell was observed as increased accumulation of pyruvate, whereas accumulation of lactate represented storage of reducing equivalents. Exogenous lactate or pyruvate did not serve as a net electron source or sink since the total content in red cell suspensions of both lactate and pyruvate was increased during exposure to oxidative stress. If exogenous lactate had been used as a net source of reducing equivalents, the lactate concentration would have decreased during incubation of red cell suspensions. Plasma ascorbate or other constituents did not alter the qualitative response of glycolysis to oxidative stress (decreased lactate accumulation, increased pyruvate accumulation, and increased total flux through glycolysis), but plasma constituents did raise significantly the dose of oxidant agent required to elicit a given quantitative response. At levels of oxidative stress likely to be encountered in vivo, glycolysis and the hexose monophosphate shunt may be equal in importance as aerobic/antioxidant pathways. PMID- 6732860 TI - Metabolic hydroxylation of the thiophene ring: isolation of 5-hydroxy-tienilic acid as the major urinary metabolite of tienilic acid in man and rat. AB - The metabolism of tienilic acid, a drug containing a thiophene ring, was reinvestigated in man, rat and dog. The major urinary metabolite in man and rat was isolated and completely characterized by comparison with a synthetic compound. This metabolite derives from the hydroxylation of the thiophene ring of tienilic acid in position 5. Its isomers, 3- and 4-hydroxy-tienilic acids, were synthetized but could be detected neither in man nor in rat urine. Because of its particular behaviour toward electrophiles, 5-hydroxy-tienilic acid was found to react with diazomethane with the formation of a complex mixture of methylated products. This made difficult its measurement by a previously described GLC technique, after acidic extraction and methylation by diazomethane. A new very simple assay using HPLC and direct injection of urine is described in this paper. This assay led to a very precise and reproductible determination of tienilic acid and its hydroxylated metabolite in urine. Up to 50% of tienilic acid is excreted in man or rat urine as 5-hydroxy-tienilic acid whereas this metabolite does not appear in dog urine. These data describe the first example of metabolic hydroxylation of the thiophene ring. PMID- 6732861 TI - In vivo and in vitro effects of a new hypoglycemic agent, 2-(3 methylcinnamylhydrazono)-propionate (BM 42.304) on glucose metabolism in guinea pigs. AB - A new compound, 2-(3- methylcinnamylhydrazono )-propionate (BM 42.304), showed a dose dependent hypoglycemic effect in starved guinea pigs after both oral and intraperitoneal administration. In contrast to biguanides (phenformin and metformin) the new compound produced only a moderate increase in blood lactate concentration and did not alter the content of adenine nucleotides in the freeze clamped liver in vivo. Gluconeogenesis from a variety of precursors in the perfused guinea-pig liver was also inhibited by BM 42.304. These properties suggest that the compound deserves further investigation in connection with its potential usefulness for the treatment of diabetes. PMID- 6732862 TI - Distinct inhibition of membrane-bound and lysosomal phospholipase A2 by glucocorticoid-induced proteins. AB - Anti-inflammatory steroids induce the release in vivo of antiphospholipase proteins (APP) into the peritoneal cavities of rats. APP were partially purified by ion- exchange chromatography. The main anti-phospholipase activity was recovered in two zones of the elution gradient named APP I and APP II; their molecular weight (mol. wt) was determined with molecular sieve chromatography. Two phospholipase A2 (PLA2) activities were identified from rat peritoneal leucocytes, one with a pH optimum at 4.5 (a lysosomal enzyme) and one with pH optimum at 8.5 (a membrane-bound enzyme); the selective secretion of the former was observed when leucocytes were stimulated by phagocytosis. The effect of APP on both enzyme activities was studied on enzyme preparations from resting leucocytes. APP were also added to leucocytes incubated with or without phagocytozable material. After incubation, PLA2 activities were determined both inside the cells and in the culture medium. APP I revealed a mol. wt of 200 k with a small fragment of 15 k and inhibited membrane-bound PLA2; APP II revealed a mol. wt of 40 k and inhibited lysosomal PLA2. PMID- 6732863 TI - Effects of metyrapone and norharmane on microsomal mono-oxygenase and epoxide hydrolase activities. AB - This study was undertaken to examine the possibility that metyrapone and norharmane stimulate epoxide hydrolase and inhibit mono-oxygenase activities by binding to a cytochrome P-450 component of a stable complex containing the two enzymes. The concentration of metyrapone and norharmane which inhibited mono oxygenase activities of hepatic microsomes from untreated and diethylnitrosamine treated rats was lower than that required to stimulate epoxide hydrolase of the same microsomes. The ability of metyrapone and norharmane to stimulate epoxide hydrolase in these microsomes was not inhibited by the addition of carbon monoxide and reductant. Epoxide hydrolase activity was inhibited by detergents but the enzyme was still stimulated by metyrapone and norharmane under conditions of total membrane disaggregation. When microsomes were solubilized, epoxide hydrolase could be quantitatively recovered by immunoprecipitation. The immunoprecipitate contained no detectable cytochrome P-450 but was stimulated by metyrapone and norharmane. A purified epoxide hydrolase was stimulated by metyrapone but not by norharmane. The response of the enzyme to norharmane was not restored by the inclusion of cytochrome P-448. These findings suggest that metyrapone and norharmane act at separate sites on both cytochrome P-450 and epoxide hydrolase. PMID- 6732864 TI - Teratogen metabolism: activation of thalidomide and thalidomide analogues to products that inhibit the attachment of cells to concanavalin A coated plastic surfaces. AB - Thalidomide metabolites inhibited the attachment of tumor cells to concanavalin A coated polyethylene surfaces. Thalidomide, itself, was non-inhibitory. Thalidomide activation to inhibitory products required hepatic microsomes, an NADPH-generating system, and molecular oxygen. Production of inhibitory metabolites was unaffected by either epoxide hydrolase or 1,2-epoxy-3,3,3 trichloropropane (TCPO), an inhibitor of epoxide hydrolase endogenous to hepatic S9 fraction. Therefore, the attachment inhibitor was probably not an arene oxide. Inhibition was not accompanied by cytotoxicity, as judged by trypan blue exclusion. Although uninduced hepatic microsomes from mice, rats and dogs had similar abilities to activate thalidomide, microsomes from Aroclor 1254 induced rats were relatively inactive in the system. Inhibitory metabolites were generated from the thalidomide analogues EM8 , EM12 , EM16 , EM87 , EM136 , EM255 , E350 , phthalimide, phthalimido-phthalimide, indan, 1- indanone and 1,3- indandione . Glutarimide , glutamic acid and phthalic acid did not activate to inhibitory products. PMID- 6732865 TI - Metabolism of bromobenzene to glutathione adducts in lung slices from mice treated with pneumotoxicants. AB - Recent studies showing that the bronchiolar Clara cell and alveolar Type II cell are major loci of cytochrome P-450 monooxygenases in the lung suggested that measurement of xenobiotic metabolizing enzyme activity might provide a useful and sensitive index of injury to these cell types. Accordingly, an assay has been developed for quantitating the rate of formation of reactive bromobenzene metabolites in lung slices which is based upon measuring the rate of formation of bromobenzene glutathione adducts. To demonstrate that monitoring adduct formation would yield quantitatively similar data to the traditional covalent binding assay for measuring the formation of reactive bromobenzene intermediates, covalent binding and conjugate formation were assayed in incubations of phenobarbital induced hepatic microsomes conducted in the presence of various cytochrome P-450 monooxygenase inhibitors. Incubation conditions which decreased the rate of covalent binding (incubations done in the absence of glutathione) resulted in similar decreases in conjugate formation (incubations done in the presence of glutathione). In lung slices, the metabolism of bromobenzene to glutathione conjugates was linear for 20 min and continued to increase with time over the entire 160 min of the study. The formation of bromobenzene glutathione adducts in lung slices from piperonyl butoxide-treated animals occurred at a significantly lower rate than control. Likewise, lung slices from animals treated with butylated hydroxytoluene or carbon tetrachloride, agents known to injure alveolar epithelial cells, metabolized bromobenzene to glutathione conjugates at significantly slower rates than control. In contrast, treatment with naphthalene or dichloroethylene, agents which damage the bronchiolar epithelial cells, had little or no effect on conjugate formation. Similarly, there were no significant differences in the rate of bromobenzene glutathione conjugate formation between lungs of air- and ozone-exposed (1.0 ppm X 4 hr) mice killed 2, 24, 48, 72, or 120 hr after exposure. These studies suggest that monitoring the rate of bromobenzene glutathione conjugate formation in lung slices may be a useful and sensitive biochemical index of injury to certain cells of the lung but that severe damage to the nonciliated bronchiolar epithelial cells has little effect on the rate of metabolic activation of this aromatic hydrocarbon. PMID- 6732866 TI - Metabolic effects of acarbose administration in normal and diabetic rats. AB - The effect of acarbose on cardiac and hepatic metabolism was investigated in normal and diabetic rats. Groups of rats were fed one of the three following diets for 7 days: (1) ground Purina chow, (2) ground Purina chow fortified with raw corn starch and sucrose, and (3) the above high carbohydrate diet, with added acarbose (40 mg/100 g food). At the end of the dietary period the rats were decapitated, and a sample of liver tissue was removed and frozen in liquid nitrogen. The heart was extirpated for subsequent perfusion by the Langendorff technique. Increases in liver and heart glycogen produced by the high carbohydrate diet in the normal rats were prevented completely when acarbose was incorporated into the food. In diabetic animals, liver glycogen was uniformly lower than normal, irrespective of the diet or the presence of acarbose. With animals fed the control diet, cardiac glycogen was higher in diabetic than in normal rats. The high carbohydrate diet caused a lowering of heart glycogen in diabetic rats and this reduction in glycogen content was reversed by including acarbose in the diet. Effects of isoproterenol on myocardial phosphorylase a activity were determined in hearts from normal and diabetic rats given one of the three diets. The high carbohydrate diet decreased the enzymatic response to the catecholamine in hearts from both normal and diabetic animals, and this phenomenon was prevented by the presence of acarbose in the diet. In diabetic rats fed any of the three diets, the activation of cardiac phosphorylase by isoproterenol was greatly accentuated. Measurements of heart uridine kinase showed that the activity of this enzyme was lower than normal in hearts from diabetic rats given either the control or the high carbohydrate diet. The presence of acarbose in the latter diet resulted in a significant decrease in cardiac uridine kinase activity in hearts from normal rats. The results of this study demonstrate the effectiveness of acarbose in modulating tissue metabolism in normal and diabetic animals. PMID- 6732867 TI - Metabolism of 15N-labelled N-nitrosodimethylamine and N-nitroso-N-methylaniline by isolated rat hepatocytes. AB - The N-demethylation of 15N-labeled N-nitrosodimethylamine (DMN) and N-nitroso-N methylaniline (NMA) by isolated rat hepatic cells has been investigated. The values obtained in this system for molecular nitrogen formed during metabolism, compared with substrate consumed, were DMN 47%, NMA 23%, and N-nitroso-N methylurea (NMU) 105%. The results for DMN are roughly halfway between those previously determined with rat liver S-9 fraction in vitro (33%) and in vivo (67%). For NMA, the hepatocyte data are closer to those obtained from S-9 in vitro (19%), rather than the in vivo (52%). No mixed nitrogen ( 15N14N ) or labeled nitrogen oxides were found. PMID- 6732868 TI - Deoxyribonucleoside triphosphate pools in human diploid fibroblasts and their modulation by hydroxyurea and deoxynucleosides. AB - Deoxyribonucleoside triphosphate (dNTP) pool levels were examined in synchronized and unsynchronized log phase cultures and in quiescent cultures of human diploid foreskin fibroblasts. dNTP levels were in good agreement with those previously published for human HeLa and lymphoblastic leukemia cells. dCTP and dGTP levels showed only a modest lowering in quiescent as compared to log-phase cells, but dATP and dTTP levels were reduced dramatically in quiescent cultures. Cells synchronized by serum starvation and assayed at the peak DNA synthetic phase (18 21 hr post release) showed substantially higher pools of all four dNTPs. Hydroxyurea treatment reduced only purine dNTPs in both log phase and confluent cells while increasing dTTP and dCTP pools. The effects of deoxynucleosides on dNTP pools were also examined and are discussed in light of current models regarding regulation of purified ribonucleotide reductase formulated from in vitro studies. PMID- 6732869 TI - Substrate induction of the biliary excretion of sulfobromophthalein in rats. PMID- 6732871 TI - The effect of frequency and grounding on whole-body absorption of humans in E polarized radiofrequency fields. AB - The radiofrequency absorption rates of five male human volunteers have been measured from 3 to 41 MHz. The subjects were exposed at about 10 microW /cm2 inside a very large transverse electromagnetic (TEM) cell and never absorbed more than 1 W. Both the EKH and EHK orientations were employed under both free-space and grounded conditions. Absorption rates for the EKH orientation exceed those of the EHK orientation by 40% in free space, but only by 6% when grounded. The absorption rates for the grounded men vary with frequency, f, as f1.9 from 3 to 25 MHz and then level off at peak. The free-space absorption rates vary as f1.7 from 3 to 18 MHz and as f2.9 from 18 to 41 MHz. The average measured absorption rates at 10 MHz exceed the average of the standard model calculations by a factor of three (for free space) or four (grounded). The average man, when exposed grounded in an EKH orientation to the maximum permitted exposure levels under ANSI standard C95 .1-1982, will absorb 0.58 +/- 0.14 W/kg over most of the 3 to 41-MHz frequency range. This slightly exceeds the whole-body maximum of 0.40 W/kg underlying the standard. PMID- 6732870 TI - The effects of oral ginseng administration on the activities and isoenzyme profiles of murine lactate dehydrogenases. PMID- 6732872 TI - Behavioral studies with mice exposed to DC and 60-Hz magnetic fields. AB - Behavioral measures were evaluated in adult CD-1 and LAF-1 mice continuously exposed for 72 h to a 1.5-Tesla (1 T = 10(4) Gauss) homogeneous DC magnetic field, and in LAF-1 mice continuously exposed for 72 h to a sinusoidal 60-Hz, 1.65-mT (rms) homogeneous AC field. Three types of behavioral tests were employed: (1) Memory of an electroshock-motivated passive avoidance task was assessed in animals that had been trained immediately prior to the field exposure. The strength of memory was varied either by altering the strength of the electric footshock during training, or by administering a cerebral protein synthesis inhibitor, anisomycin, at the time of training. (2) General locomotor activity was measured using a quadrant-crossing test immediately after termination of the magnetic field exposure. (3) Sensitivity of the experimental subjects to the seizure-inducing neuropharmacological agent, pentylenetrazole , was assessed immediately after the field exposure on the basis of three criteria: (a) the percentage of subjects exhibiting a generalized seizure, (b) the mean time to seizure, and (c) the mean seizure level. The results of these studies revealed no behavioral alterations in exposed mice relative to controls in any of the experimental tests with the 1.5-T DC field or the 60-Hz, 1.65-mT (rms) AC field. PMID- 6732873 TI - The effect of exposure of acetylcholinesterase to 2,450-MHz microwave radiation. AB - The effect of 2,450-MHz pulsed microwave radiation on the enzyme activity of membrane-free acetylcholinesterase was studied while the enzyme was in the microwave field. We found no significant effect of microwave radiation on enzyme activity using a wide variety of power densities, pulse widths, repetition rates, and duty cycles. This suggests that simple, direct modification by microwave energy of acetylcholinesterase structure and enzymic activity is not related to microwave alteration of acetylcholinesterase central nervous system levels. PMID- 6732874 TI - Interaction between electromagnetic fields and cells: microelectrophoretic effect on ligands and surface receptors. AB - The aggregation between lectins and lymphocyte surface receptors can be affected strongly by a low-level electric field induced in the cell suspension by a time varying magnetic field. One of the possible mechanisms is the microelectrophoretic effect due to the electric field, which influences the distance (in the mean square sense) between charged ligands and receptors when they are about to separate. On a purely theoretical basis, it is shown that, at low frequencies, an externally induced periodic electric field always decreases the mean lifetime of ligand-receptor complexes. As a consequence, the mitogenic gain obtained by lectin addition to cell suspension is decreased. These results suggest that such a mechanism, if effective, reduces the lectin mitogenic capability and offers a way of handling similar phenomena which have been described for other biological systems. PMID- 6732875 TI - A reference curve for axial bioelectric potentials in rabbit tibia. AB - A high coefficient of variation is characteristic of the bioelectric potentials recorded from living long bones. As a consequence, the data collected from animal and human experiments are difficult to use in practical ways. A distribution curve for bone bioelectric potentials has been calculated using polynomial regression analysis to process the voltage values recorded on the whole length of rabbit tibiae, with reference electrodes positioned in three different points of the bone. The distribution curve so obtained is presented to fulfill the need for a reference curve for the bioelectric potentials recorded from rabbit tibial surfaces. PMID- 6732876 TI - Effects of acute low-level microwaves on pentobarbital-induced hypothermia depend on exposure orientation. AB - Two series of experiments were performed to study the effects of acute exposure (45 min) to 2,450-MHz circularly polarized, pulsed microwaves [1 mW/cm2, 2-mus pulses, 500 pps, specific absorption rate (SAR) 0.6 W/kg] on the actions of pentobarbital in the rat. In the first experiment, rats were irradiated with microwaves and then immediately injected with pentobarbital. Microwave exposure did not significantly affect the extent of the pentobarbital-induced fall in colonic temperature. However, the rate of recovery from the hypothermia was significantly slower in the microwave-irradiated rats and they also took a significantly longer time to regain their righting reflex. In a second experiment, rats were first anesthetized with pentobarbital and then exposed to microwaves with their heads either pointing toward the source of microwaves (anterior exposure) or pointing away (posterior exposure). Microwave radiation significantly retarded the pentobarbital-induced fall in colonic temperature regardless of the orientation of exposure. However, the recovery from hypothermia was significantly faster in posterior-exposed animals compared to those of the anterior-exposed and sham-irradiated animals. Furthermore, the posterior-exposed rats took a significantly shorter time to regain their righting reflex than both the anterior-exposed and sham-irradiated animals. PMID- 6732877 TI - Ethanol-induced hypothermia and ethanol consumption in the rat are affected by low-level microwave irradiation. AB - Microwave irradiation of rats by circularly polarized, 2,450-MHz, pulsed waves (2 microseconds pulses; 500 pps) was performed in waveguides to determine effects on ethanol-induced hypothermia and on ethanol consumption. Rats injected intraperitoneally with ethanol (3 g/kg in a 25% v/v water solution) immediately after 45 min of microwave irradiation exhibited attenuation of the initial rate of fall in body temperature, which was elicited by the ethanol, but exhibited no significant difference in maximal hypothermia as compared with that of sham irradiated rats. Microwave irradiation did not affect the consumption of a 10% sucrose (w/v) solution by water-deprived rats. However, it enhanced the consumption of a solution of 10% sucrose (w/v) + 15% ethanol (v/v) by water deprived animals. These results were obtained at a specific absorption rate (SAR) of 0.6 W/kg, which rate of energy dosing would require a power density of 3-6 mW/cm2 if exposure of the animals had occurred to a 12-cm plane wave. PMID- 6732878 TI - Electromagnetic heating of tissue-equivalent phantoms with thin, insulating partitions. AB - The electromagnetic power absorption in tissue-equivalent phantoms that are used for evaluation of diathermy and hyperthermia applicators is analyzed for the purpose of determining the effect of an insulating partition that is frequently used to facilitate separation of the phantom for thermographic analysis of heating distributions. An analysis that is based on the plane wave spectrum decomposition of the electromagnetic field is applied to a simplified model of the medium. The simplified model is valid whenever the insulating partition does not significantly alter the fields in the medium. The curves that are presented indicate that thin partitions do not significantly alter the power absorption for most situations of therapeutic interest. Data on the effects of partition thickness and electrical parameters are presented for microwave and radiofrequencies of interest for diathermy and hyperthermia. PMID- 6732879 TI - Operant behavior and colonic temperature of Macaca mulatta exposed to radio frequency fields at and above resonant frequencies. AB - Five food-deprived rhesus monkeys were exposed to 225-MHz continuous-wave, and 1.3-GHz, and 5.8-GHz pulsed radiation to determine the minimal power densities affecting performance. The monkeys were trained to press a lever (observing response) thereby producing signals that indicated availability of food. In the presence of the aperiodically appearing food signals, a detection response on a different lever was reinforced by a food pellet. Continuous, stable responding during 60-min sessions developed and was followed by repeated exposures to radiofrequency radiation. The subjects, restrained in a Styrofoam chair, were exposed to free-field radiation while performing the task. Colonic temperature was simultaneously obtained. Observing-response performance was impaired at increasingly higher power densities as frequency increased from the near resonance 225 MHz to the above-resonance 5.8 GHz. The threshold power density of disrupted response rate at 225 MHz was 8.1 mW/cm2; at 1.3 GHz it was 57 mW/cm2, and at 5.8 GHz it was 140 mW/cm2. These power densities were associated with reliable increases in colonic temperatures above sham-exposure levels. The mean increase was typically in the range of 1 degree C, and response-rate changes were not observed in the absence of concomitant temperature increases. In these experiments increase of colonic temperature was a much better predictor of behavioral disruption than was either the power density of the incident field or estimates of whole-body-averaged rates of energy absorption. PMID- 6732880 TI - Thermal action of 2.45 GHz microwaves on the cytoplasm of Chinese hamster cells. AB - In order to demonstrate possible specific effects of microwaves at the cellular level V-79 Chinese hamster cells were exposed to 2.45-GHz radiation at power levels of 20-200 mW/cm2 and at specific absorption rates of 10-100 mW/g. Intracellular cytoplasmic changes were observed by fluorescence polarization using a method based on the intracellular enzymatic hydrolysis of nonfluorescent fluorescein diacetate (FDA). At levels of absorbed energy below 90 J/g, modifications of microviscosity and mitochondrial state were absent, but a slight stimulation of enzymatic hydrolysis of FDA was observed which may be explained by microwave-induced alterations of cellular membranes possibly due to differences in heating pattern of microwaves compared to water-bath heating. At levels of absorbed energy above 90 J/g, the decrease of enzymatic hydrolysis of FDA, increase in degree of polarization, and increase of permeation of the fluorescent marker correlated well with the decrease in cell viability as measured by the exclusion of trypan blue. At equal absorbed energy, microwaves were found to exert effects comparable to classical heating except that permeation was slightly more affected by microwave than by classical heating. This suggests that membrane alteration produced by microwaves might differ from those induced by classical heating or that microwaves may have heated the membrane to higher temperatures than did classical heating. PMID- 6732881 TI - Effect of microwave radiation on the beating rate of isolated frog hearts. AB - One hundred and two isolated frog hearts were divided into ten groups and placed individually in a waveguide filled with Ringer's solution and exposed to 2,450 MHz CW radiation at 2 and 8.55 W/kg. Heart rate was recorded using one of the following methods: 3-M KCl glass electrode, ultrasound probe, tension transducer, Ringer's solution glass electrode, and a metal wire inserted in the Ringer's solution electrode. An accelerated decrease of heart rate was observed only in those groups recorded using the 3-M KCl electrode and the metal wire Ringer's solution electrode. No effect was found in the other groups. These results indicate that bradycardia in isolated hearts could be caused by electrode artifacts resulting from the intensification of electromagnetic fields. PMID- 6732882 TI - Microwave bioeffects in the erythrocyte are temperature and pO2 dependent: cation permeability and protein shedding occur at the membrane phase transition. AB - Microwave exposure (2450 MHz, 60 mW/g, CW) of rabbit erythrocytes increases Na passive transport only at membrane phase transition temperatures (Tc) of 17-19 degrees C. This permeability effect is enhanced for relative hypoxia which is characteristic of intracellular oxygen tension (pO2 less than or equal to 5 mm Hg). Neither the permeability nor the pO2 effects are observed in temperature matched (+/- 0.05 degrees C), sham-exposed controls. In addition, at Tc, microwave exposure is observed to induce the shedding or release of two erythrocyte proteins not seen in sham-exposed controls. Moreover, the enhanced shedding of at least seven other proteins all of molecular weight less than or equal to 28,000 D was detected in the microwave-treated samples. Using sensitive silver staining we estimate that approximately 450 fg of protein were shed per erythrocyte. These results demonstrate that temperature and pO2 are important influences on both functional and structural responses of cell membranes to microwave radiation. PMID- 6732883 TI - Generation of C5-derived peptides and other immune reactants in the sera of patients with systemic lupus erythematosus. AB - Activated complement components and immune complexes cause neutrophil aggregation in vitro and in vivo. We have previously demonstrated that sera of patients with active systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) provoke the aggregation of normal neutrophils in vitro. In this study the serum or plasma of 4 such patients was fractionated on Sephadex G-75. In 3 patients neutrophil aggregating activity (NAA) was detectable in fractions which coeluted with reference C5-derived peptides (estimated molecular radius of 17,000). The activity of these fractions was inhibitable by antibodies to human C5. All patients also had activity that coeluted with reference immune complexes. In addition, material of apparent molecular radius under 12,000 that contributed to the neutrophil aggregating activity of SLE sera was detected. In separate experiments increased levels of C5a desarg were demonstrated during active disease by means of radioimmunoassay. These findings suggest that multiple neutrophil aggregants circulate during the course of active SLE. The formation of intravascular leukoaggregates may contribute to endothelial injury in this disease. PMID- 6732884 TI - Effects of static and cyclic compressive loading on articular cartilage plugs in vitro. AB - The influence of static and intermittent stress on articular cartilage metabolism was examined in vitro. Full-thickness plugs of cartilage from femoral condyles of normal adult dogs were cultured while static or cyclic stresses were applied for 2 hours. The plugs were then incubated under atmospheric pressure for 2 hours in medium containing radioactive label, to provide measurements of net synthesis of glycosaminoglycan (GAG) or protein. As a control, cartilage from the same knee was cultured in the apparatus at atmospheric pressure. When cartilage plugs were exposed to static stress, or to cyclic stresses at a duty cycle of 60 seconds on/60 seconds off, net GAG synthesis was suppressed to 30-60% of that in controls. In contrast, when a duty cycle of 4 seconds on/11 seconds off was used, GAG synthesis was increased by 34%. The duty cycle which increased GAG synthesis did not affect protein synthesis or tissue contents of DNA, uronic acid, or water. At the cycle which suppressed GAG synthesis, protein synthesis and uronic acid content were decreased, and water content was increased. As judged by uptake of 14C-aminoisobutyric acid and 14C-xylose, the above changes in GAG synthesis do not appear to have been due to changes in diffusion of nutrient molecules through the cartilage during loading. PMID- 6732885 TI - Susceptibility and resistance to 6-sulfanilamidoindazole-induced arthritis among inbred strains of rats. AB - Inflammation induced by 6- sulfanilamidoindazole (6-SAI) in aged, outbred rats is predictably produced, but the pathogenesis is not understood. We demonstrate the variable resistance of 15 inbred rat strains to 6-SAI arthritis. Susceptibility to 6-SAI arthritis is not directly linked to the major histocompatibility complex, although resistance is related to the major histocompatibility complex in other experimental forms of rat arthritis. The genetic background of these inbred rat strains appears to have a major role in 6-SAI arthritis susceptibility. PMID- 6732886 TI - Renal malakoplakia in a patient with systemic lupus erythematosus. PMID- 6732887 TI - Acute calcific retropharyngeal tendinitis: an unusual cause of neck pain. PMID- 6732888 TI - Hyperuricemia in the inhabitants of the Marshall Islands. PMID- 6732889 TI - Thrombophlebitis in Behcet's disease: two causes of diagnostic error. PMID- 6732891 TI - Asha interviews: Derald Oldring and Frank Wilson. PMID- 6732890 TI - Severe neutropenia in systemic lupus erythematosus. PMID- 6732892 TI - The effect of small changes in frequency on clinically determined estimates of auditory threshold. PMID- 6732893 TI - Organization and maintenance of records for clinical service delivery. PMID- 6732894 TI - Guidelines for caseload size for speech-language services in the schools. Committee on Language, Speech, and Hearing Services in the Schools. PMID- 6732895 TI - Insect prothoracicotropic hormone: evidence for two molecular forms. AB - In an insect, the tobacco hornworm Manduca sexta, the cerebral neuropeptide prothoracicotropic hormone (PTTH), the primary effector of postembryonic development, exists as two molecular forms. These two PTTH's elicit characteristic in vitro dose responses of activation of prothoracic glands from different developmental stages, an indication that during development the glands change in their sensitivity to the neurohormones. Both PTTH's are active in a specific in situ bioassay. Since they may be released in situ at stage-specific times to evoke distinctly different developmental responses, the PTTH neuroendocrine axis appears to be an effective system for determining the functions of molecular forms of a neurohormone in the regulation of growth and development. PMID- 6732896 TI - The effect of introduction of axial cineangiography and echocardiography on contrast and radiation doses during cardiac catheterisation. PMID- 6732897 TI - The morphogenesis of the vacuolation of liver cells. AB - The morphogenesis of the vacuolation of liver cells caused by congestion was studied in the rat. Congestion of the liver was produced by constriction of the inferior vena cava just below the diaphragm. Vacuoles appeared within 5 min after the constriction (inferior vena cava pressure: 50 mm H2O or more). Vacuolation began as a small and saccular invagination of the sinusoidal surface of the liver cell membrane, and at the initial stage the vacuolar lumen connected with the space of Disse through a narrow slit. The small vacuoles increased in size and became larger by fusing with each other. The limiting membrane of vacuoles showed identical enzymological activities to those in the liver cell membrane. Vacuoles contained some components of blood and horseradish peroxidase injected into the femoral vein. These findings suggest that vacuolation of liver cells is formed by invaginations of liver cell membrane. PMID- 6732898 TI - Immediate memory span, recognition memory for subspan series of words, and serial position effects in recognition memory for supraspan series of verbal and nonverbal items in Broca's and Wernicke's aphasia. AB - Four Broca's aphasics, four Wernicke's aphasics, and four matched controls were investigated on three verbal and one visual short-term memory tasks. Experiment 1 considered memory span and subspan recognition memory for verbal items and Experiment 2 assessed serial position effects in supraspan verbal recognition memory. The Broca's aphasics demonstrated verbal memory deficits, which could not be attributed to linguistic disturbances, while the verbal memory deficiencies seen with the Wernicke's aphasics could be regarded as secondary to linguistic defects. In Experiment 3, where visual recognition memory was investigated, only the Broca's aphasics showed deficient performance. The wider context of deficient mnemonic performance in aphasia is discussed. PMID- 6732899 TI - Effects of minority status on facial recognition and naming performance. AB - Found performances on two tests of higher cerebral function, a facial recognition test and a naming test in an aphasia examination, to be influenced differentially by minority status (N = 94). Performance on the facial recognition test was relatively free of racial bias for the purposes of clinical assessment, but this was not the case for visual naming. In fact, straightforward application of the standard criteria for the naming test would have resulted in classification of 22% of a sample of urban black control patients as defective. Revised normative standards are presented for use in this segment of the referral population. PMID- 6732900 TI - Comparative inhibition of hepatic hydroxymethylbilane synthase by both hard and soft metal cations. AB - The in vitro inhibition of hydroxymethylbilane synthase (EC 4.3.1.8, uroporphyrinogen I synthetase) obtained from livers of Sprague-Dawley rats has been studied with a wide range of di- and tri-valent metal ions. After purification by cell lysis, heat treatment, and centrifugation, the stable, soluble enzyme yielded sigmoidal inhibition curves with increasing concentrations of each of the 16 test ions. Using the negative logarithm of metal concentration for 50% inhibition (the pM50 value), the metal ions could be classified according to their Klopman hardness values. Very soft ions including Hg2+, intermediate ions including Cr3+, and very hard ions including Al3+ all yielded large pM50 values indicating strong inhibition. In comparison to known metal-ion chemical behaviour, these three ions could indicate three different types of inhibitory binding sites at or near the active site: Hg2+ corresponding to sulfur in cysteine, Cr3+ corresponding to nitrogen in histidine, and Al3+ corresponding to oxygen in carboxyl groups. The presence of the first two sites is also indicated by the pH dependence of activity. PMID- 6732901 TI - DNA in cytosol fractions obtained by differential centrifugation of homogenates of rapidly growing liver tumors. AB - Preliminary work revealed that the cytosol fractions obtained by differential centrifugation of homogenates of the rapidly growing Morris hepatomas 7777 and 7288CTC contained substantially more DNA than could be detected with the more slowly growing hepatoma 5123C or the liver of tumor-bearing rats. The amount of DNA in the cytosol fractions of the rapidly growing hepatomas was decreased by concentrations of cations which are known to promote precipitation of solubilized chromatin. Data on the incorporation of [3H]thymidine into DNA of nuclear and cytosol fractions and the time-dependent effects of hydroxyurea were compatible with initial nuclear synthesis and later release of the DNA seen in the cytosol fractions. The amount of this DNA was increased in larger tumors and was less in isolated cells than in solid tumors. Postmortem changes in the liver and hepatoma 5123C, but not in hepatomas 7777 and 7288CTC, resulted in a large increase in DNA appearing in the cytosol fraction. The results indicated that the measurement of DNA in cytosol fractions may serve as a guide to the existence of necrosis in tumors, but is not always proportional to the degree of necrosis. PMID- 6732902 TI - The importance of traditional methods of measuring tracer biodistributions. PMID- 6732903 TI - Takaokamycin, a new peptide antibiotic produced by Streptomyces sp. AB - A new peptide antibiotic named takaokamycin was isolated from a fermentation broth of Streptomyces sp. AC-1978, a soil isolate. It exhibits antibacterial activity against some Gram-positive bacteria. The molecular weight was found to be 1,130 on the basis of elemental analysis, FD-mass spectrum and 1H and 13C NMR. Acid hydrolysate of takaokamycin contains isoleucine, threonine and unidentified amino acids. PMID- 6732904 TI - [Environment of invasive breast carcinoma. Morphological and epidemiological study]. AB - In a retrospective study, the authors have observed different types among 180 breast invasive carcinomas, their environment and their epidemiology. Tumors consisted in 158 invasive ductal carcinomas, 11 invasive lobular carcinomas and 11 special forms. The benign environment was divided in 3 groups: no epithelial lesion (1/5 cases), "mastosis simple" (3/5) (elementary lesions more or less associated, exceptionally isolated, diffuse or focal), the last, 1/5, corresponded to a "mastosis complex" defined as the significant association of the same elementary lesions (minimum 3 to 4), diffuse, with some degree of dysplasia and always an intraductal hyperplasia, of any type. The confrontation of these environments with carcinoma types and grades and with some epidemiological data allowed: 1) To opposite intraductal hyperplasias, mainly "mastosis complex", to other environments; 2) to discuss a) "mastosis complex" position in relation to cancer, b) an eventual lobular origin for precancerous lesions and c) individualization of epidemiological factors in relation to development of malignant tumors. PMID- 6732905 TI - [Intestinal ganglioneuromatosis: histochemical, histoenzymological and ultrastructural study of a case]. AB - Report of a child with disseminated ganglioneuromatosis of the gut. The complexity of the intestinal nervous system malformation is proved by histochemical, histoenzymological and ultrastructural studies. The malformation is characterized by: hyperplasia and hypertrophy of enteric plexus and nerves bundles in the meso, high acetylcholinesterase activity, aplasia of the sympathetic innervation with the exception of perivascular plexus, qualitative and likely quantitative integrity of the endocrine digestive system. These data are compared with similar observations in the literature. PMID- 6732906 TI - [Gynecomastia. Apropos of 122 cases]. AB - Pathological data from 122 cases of gynecomastia are studied. According to the importance of epithelial hyperplasia and of specialised stroma, 3 types are described. Every type is compared with the age of patients, the duration of the illness and occasional etiologic circumstances. It is concluded that these 3 types are not evolutive stages, that type II is the most frequent at any age and that there is no relation between etiology and histological type, except between oestrogenic therapy and type I. The alterations of connective tissue, especially breakdown of elastic fibers, are important. PMID- 6732907 TI - [Fibroadenoma of the paraurethral glands. A new tumoral entity?]. AB - A eighty year old woman was admitted with "metrorrhagia". Clinical examination founded a nodule in the urethro-vaginal septum. Tumor was easily removed by approach through the anterior vaginal wall and was 2 cms in size. The patient is well since 18 months. Histological study showed a proliferation of ducts surrounded by connective tissue, just like in a fibroadenoma. Duct's epithelium was mostly of urothelial type, sometimes columnar with mucous secreting cells. Both epithelia where sometimes observed in the same duct. The hypothesis of a fibroadenoma of supernumerary mammary gland tissue doesn't seem to be retained: the lesion is not in vulva, there is no mammary gland tissue around and the epithelium is not a breast duct's epithelium. The term "fibroadenoma of para urethral ducts" is suggested. No similar tumour could be founded in the literature. PMID- 6732908 TI - [Anatomo-pathological diagnosis of neonatal malformations of the urinary tract. II. Excreto-urinary tract malformations]. AB - Congenital anomalies of the urinary tract are of great pathological importance and account for about 10.9 per cent of all fetal and neonatal autopsies. This paper reports 17 cases of such lesions compiled from 156 consecutive autopsies of newborn infants performed during 33 months at C.H.R. de Bordeaux. Each malformation is discussed, using embryological classification. These lesions can occur independently but usually they are associated with other organ abnormalities. Whenever, an hereditary syndrome must be seek after. In a first part, we have presented the anomalies of the kidney proper. In a second part, we shall present the anomalies of the excretory apparatus, bladder, and urethra. PMID- 6732909 TI - [Ultrastructure of bronchial biopsies obtained by fibroscopy during a remission between crises in asthmatic adults]. AB - This study describes the ultrastructure of bronchial biopsies from ten patients with bronchial asthma in remission. The superficial submucosa was the seat of a cellular infiltration: the plasma-cells are the most numerous. Light microscopy shows thickening of bronchial basement membrane. By electron microscopy, the basement membrane appears intact and the thickness consists of collagen fibrils in plexiform arrangement. The epithelium shows goblet cells and basal cells hyperplasia and lesions of the ciliated cells. The defects in the ciliary ultrastructure are: compound cilia, abnormal cilia and internalized cilia. They can be regarded as non specific lesions. Two types of cells infrequent in the bronchial mucosa are found: one characterized by apparition of a dictyosome with mucous secretion; the second by defects of the cellular membrane and little electron dense cytoplasm. These two types of cells show a "mitochondrial barrier" like the ciliated cells. This study reveals that numerous lesions are seen in the bronchial mucosal of patients with severe asthma even in remission. PMID- 6732910 TI - Effects of neonatal testicular hormones on preference behaviour in the rat. AB - The effects of neonatal testicular hormones on preference behaviour for an oestrous female rat were investigated. A residential maze was used in which the position of the animals was registered continuously without disturbing them. Two experiments are described. In the first experiment adult male rats which had been castrated within 24 h of birth were given testosterone (T), dihydrotestosterone (DHT) or oestradiol (E2) in a subcutaneous silastic implant. The T- and E2 treated males showed preference for an oestrous female rat over an anoestrous female. The DHT-treated animals showed no interest in a female conspecific, irrespective of her hormonal state. In the second experiment females spayed in adulthood were given a T-containing silastic implant. They showed preference for the oestrous female, like intact males. Removal of the T-implant caused this preference to disappear, while locomotor activity was not affected. It is concluded that neonatal testicular hormones have little effect on adult sociosexual preference behaviour. PMID- 6732911 TI - Dual action of cycloheximide on memory formation in day-old chicks. AB - Amnesia for a single trial discriminated passive avoidance learning task in day old chicks, resulting from the antibiotic cycloheximide, is shown to begin after 30 min following learning when cycloheximide is given immediately after or before learning. However, amnesia does not begin until after 50 min following learning when cycloheximide is given 5 min or later after learning. The results are interpreted in the context of a 3 stage model of memory formation. It is suggested that the second or intermediate stage involves two phases: phase A which lasts up to 30 min following learning, is energy dependent, and is susceptible to inhibition by 2,4-dinitrophenol; phase B which occurs after phase A, lasts up to 50 min following learning, is energy independent, and is not susceptible to inhibition by 2,4-dinitrophenol. It is concluded that cycloheximide given immediately after or before learning inhibits expression of phase B of intermediate memory as well as formation of long-term memory, while cycloheximide given 5 min or later after learning only inhibits formation of long term memory. Another antibiotic, anisomycin, is shown to have no effect on intermediate memory, independent of time of administration. PMID- 6732912 TI - Successful overshadowing and blocking in hippocampectomized rats. AB - Overshadowing (Experiment 1) and blocking (Experiment 2) were investigated using a conditioned suppression paradigm in rats. Neither hippocampectomy nor cortical control lesions affected the extent to which a salient stimulus overshadowed a less salient one. Nor did the lesions affect the extent to which a stimulus that was highly correlated with shock overshadow a stimulus that was less well correlated with shock. Finally, the lesions did not alter the extent to which a previously reinforced stimulus blocked conditioning to another stimulus when both were presented as a reinforced compound stimulus. It is thus possible for hippocampectomized rats to show apparently normal overshadowing and blocking, at least under some testing conditions. PMID- 6732913 TI - Physiological characteristics of pressure immobility. Effects of morphine, naloxone and pain. AB - This study is an attempt to detect the most important modifications of physiological parameters occurring during pressure immobility in rabbits and to compare them with those recorded during animal hypnosis. Like the latter, pressure immobility is characterized by the development of high voltage slow waves in the EEG, reduction in frequency and amount of rhythmic slow activity in the hippocampus (RSA) and depression of spinal polysynaptic reflexes. Systolic and diastolic blood pressures are not modified. Duration of two types of immobility is positively correlated within individuals. Treatment by a single dose of morphine (1 mg/kg) potentiates the duration and this effect is antagonized by naloxone (1 mg/kg). Repeated morphine injection up to tolerance reduces duration. Pressure immobility may also be produced under persistent nociceptive stimulation and is characterized by the development of high voltage slow waves in the EEG, as is typical in the absence of pain. Naloxone, (5 mg/kg) injected in a condition of persistent noxious stimulation, reduces immobility duration. In contrast to animal hypnosis, the duration of pressure immobility is neither potentiated by pain nor reduced by naloxone (1,5 or 20 mg/kg). It is suggested that the two immobilities are controlled by several mechanisms, some similar, some different. PMID- 6732914 TI - A lack of interocular transfer of spatial conditional discrimination in pigeons. AB - Pigeons were monocularly trained to peck one of two keys according to the color of the keys. In one task two keys were horizontally mounted on the front panel of the experimental chamber, and in the other task two keys were mounted vertically. Pigeons did not show interocular transfer of either task. The failure of the transfer was discussed in terms of role of visuomotor integration in interocular transfer of learning. PMID- 6732915 TI - Eye accommodation during prey capture behaviour in salamanders (Salamandra salamandra L.). AB - The eyes of fire salamanders were examined refractometrically before, during and after prey capture behaviour. It was ascertained that the refraction makes a myopic shift before the salamander turns to the prey. This means that fire salamanders use accommodation for distance estimation. PMID- 6732916 TI - Genetic predisposition to hypertension, elevated blood pressure and pain sensitivity: a functional analysis. AB - Pain sensitivity was examined in Dahl hypertension-sensitive (DS) and Dahl hypertension-resistant (DR) rats. The results indicated that hypertensive DS rats had a reduced sensitivity to painful stimulation compared to normotensive DS rats or compared to DR rats. Furthermore, the lower pain sensitivity of even normotensive DS vis-a-vis normotensive DR rats was not due to genetic factors but due to slight variations in blood pressure between lines. These results provide additional experimental support for the contention that elevations in blood pressure result in decreased pain sensitivity. PMID- 6732917 TI - Conditions of illumination during rearing affect specific components of phototactic behavior of laboratory-reared Hermissenda. AB - We have investigated the effect of 3 different conditions of illumination during rearing on phototactic behavior of the marine mollusk Hermissenda. Rearing Hermissenda in the dark results in a significant increase in the variability of positive phototactic behavior of adults and decreases responsiveness to illumination. The decrease in the positive phototactic response, as measured by the significant increase in the time taken by dark-reared Hermissenda to enter an illuminated area, was due to a decreased velocity of locomotion in the light gradient. These changes in phototactic behavior were not observed for Hermissenda reared on 12 h light-12 h dark cycles or under constant illumination. The affects of dark rearing on phototactic behavior cannot be the result of abnormal photoresponses since the photoreceptors of dark-reared Hermissenda exhibited normal generator potentials in response to light. A cellular analysis of the behavior of laboratory-reared Hermissenda will be useful in studying phototaxis since learning and experiences during rearing have two quite different behavioral consequences. PMID- 6732918 TI - Visual discrimination after early and late unilateral enucleation of the rabbit. AB - Brightness and tilt discrimination were studied in rabbits in which one eye had been enucleated either 1 day or 3 months after birth. When tested at the age of 5 months no differences in performance were found between both groups of animals. PMID- 6732919 TI - Hypothalamic self-stimulation: the role of dopamine and possible relations to neocortical slow wave activity. AB - Reserpine abolishes self-stimulation in rats but the behavior can be restored temporarily by treatment with D-amphetamine or L-DOPA. Apomorphine does not restore self-stimulation even though it restores spontaneous motor activity in reserpinized rats. The data indicate that dopamine plays a role in reinforcement as well as in motor function. The ability of D-amphetamine to restore self stimulation in reserpinized rats is eliminated by concurrent treatment with atropine or scopolamine. This effect may be related to the presence of continuous large amplitude slow wave activity in the neocortex under these conditions. PMID- 6732920 TI - Deficits for representational memory induced by septal and cortical lesions (singly and combined) in rats. AB - A differentiation was made between dispositional memory and representational memory. A delayed-nonmatching-to-sample task in a T-maze operationalized this distinction. Experimental brain lesions in posterior septum and in prelimbic cortex resulted in amnesia for representational memories. The amnesia ameliorated as a function of continued reinforced postoperative testing. When lesions were placed in both structures in the same animals, amnesia for representational memories also occurred, and with further testing, the amnesia ameliorated as indicated by group data. However, examination of the behavioral performance and the lesions in individual animals revealed that when both lesions were adequate, choices remained at chance levels, results suggesting permanent amnesia for representational memories. That the lesion-induced amnesia was restricted to representational memory was indicated by the fact that the rats displayed no amnesia for dispositional memories regarding what to do in the maze. They did not act like naive animals, as they should if they had forgotten the dispositional memories necessary for successful T-maze performance. PMID- 6732921 TI - Posterodorsal septal lesions impair performance on both shift and stay working memory tasks. AB - Two groups of rats were trained preoperatively on either a shift or a stay problem in a T-maze. Training trials consisted of two runs, an "information run" in which a subject was forced to go down one of the two arms of the T-maze, followed immediately by a "choice run" in which the subject could choose either arm. In the shift condition, rats were rewarded with wet mash only for choosing the arm opposite the one they entered on the information run. In the stay condition, rats were rewarded for entering the arm that was entered on the information run. In both conditions, rats ultimately learned to perform with median accuracy of 100%, but the shift group reached this level of performance after fewer trials than the stay group. In a subsequent phase, the delay between information runs and choice runs was increased from 0 to 30, 60, 90, 210 and then decreased back to 0 s. Choice accuracy in both groups declined as the delay increased and returned to 100% at the 0-s delay. Half of the subjects in each condition then received either lesions of the posterodorsal septum-aimed at disconnecting the septum and hippocampus-or control surgery. Postoperative retention deficits resulted from posterodorsal septal lesions in both shift and stay conditions. There was some recovery of performance but no indication of "savings" during postoperative training. These results indicate that deficits in maze performance by rats with septo-hippocampal damage are not restricted to tasks that require alternation of spatial locations. This finding falsifies the notion that maze deficits reflect a spontaneous alternation deficit or changed "spatial strategy," but it supports the hypothesis of a working memory deficit in these animals. PMID- 6732922 TI - Oral somatosensory factors in dietary self-selection in rats. AB - For studying the mechanisms of the control of protein intake, rats were subjected to partial trigeminal deafferentation. Oral somatosensory afferents from the lower anterior portion of the oral cavity were selectively sectioned, but somatosensation of the other parts of the mouth as well as gustatory and olfactory afferents were left intact. Animals were allowed to choose from two diets, only one of which contained protein. Before deafferentation, the rats chose a constant portion of their daily intake in the form of protein (12.2%; SE = 0.5). After deafferentation, protein intake was all but eliminated at first but was resumed later; carbohydrate intake was reduced. When total intake had recovered to nearly preoperative values, the protein/total-intake ratio remained impaired, with deficits that ranged from seemingly random selection to extreme preferences. The variability of dietary selection between days was considerably higher than before surgery. The discussion considers the involvement of learning processes in homeostasis. PMID- 6732923 TI - Oral somatosensory factors in dietary self-selection after food deprivation and supplementation. AB - In order to study the role of oral somatosensory input in the ability of rats to adjust protein selection to changing metabolic conditions, trigeminally deafferented animals were subjected to nutritional stresses while being allowed to balance protein and carbohydrate intake from two separate dietary fractions. Partially trigeminally deafferented rats that had recovered a normal protein ratio (protein/total intake) underwent total food deprivation (Experiment 1) or intragastric (IG) supplementation of protein or carbohydrate suspensions (Experiment 2). In response to deprivation, control rats increased protein intake above ad-lib levels, but not carbohydrate intake. In response to IG supplementation, they decreased protein intake disproportionately more than carbohydrate intake when the fluid consisted of protein and vice versa when the fluid consisted of carbohydrate. The recovered deafferented rats showed no selective increase in protein intake after deprivation and no differential compensation to nutrient supplementation. This suggests that recovery of the protein ratio after partial trigeminal deafferentation is incomplete and that the compensatory mechanisms used cannot fully replace the function of trigeminal somatosensory input. The possible role of other orosensory and of postingestional factors for recovery is discussed. PMID- 6732924 TI - Genetically obese (ob/ob) mice are predisposed to gastric stress ulcers. AB - Genetically obese (ob/ob) mice and lean littermate controls were food deprived and subsequently physically restrained at normal room temperatures. Obese mice became hypothermic and developed gastric stress ulcers. Lean mice maintained normal body temperatures and did not form gastric ulcers. Oxygen consumption was measured during food deprivation and restraint. Obese and lean mice had parallel metabolic responses, with obese animals using significantly less oxygen at all times. The predisposition to formation of gastric ulcers is a new phenotypic expression of the ob/ob genotype. The pathogenesis of this susceptibility appears to be related to a genetic disturbance in heat production. PMID- 6732925 TI - Food-motivated behavior in rats with cortico-basomedial amygdala damage. AB - Twelve rats with amygdala damage (CBM) and 20 sham-operated controls were tested in several food-related situations. The CBM rats showed a longer latency to eat than controls in a novel environment due to more pronounced exploration. In the competition for food, CBM rats lost 85% of encounters with controls. Immediately after the contest, when allowed to eat singly, CBM rats displayed a higher persistence of alimentary responses to an emptied cup than did controls, presumably because they experienced more losses in the food competition. Both groups were equally able to overcome obstacles on the way to food, which suggests similar alimentary motivation. The only direct indication of a lowered responsiveness to hunger in CBM rats was 24-hr-fasting-induced hypophagia. The results of this study indicate the involvement of the cortico-basomedial amygdaloid region in the control of relations between alimentary and other motivations. The contribution of eventual changes of food motivation in the postoperative alteration of this balance is discussed. PMID- 6732926 TI - Opposite effects of Met-enkephalin and Leu-enkephalin on a discriminated shock escape task. AB - Leu-enkephalin was found to impair and Met-enkephalin to enhance acquisition of a discriminated Y-maze shock-escape task in mice at equivalent doses (100 micrograms/kg, ip). Naloxone (1.0 and 10.0 mg/kg) also enhanced acquisition of the escape response and blocked the impairing actions of Leu-enkephalin. Neither naloxone nor the enkephalins influenced shock-induced locomotor activity in an open field. The results suggest that enkephalin actions on escape conditioning are mediated through opioid receptors. PMID- 6732927 TI - Role of olfactory bulbectomy and DSP4 treatment in avoidance learning in the rat. AB - Olfactory bulbectomized rats and DSP4-treated rats were studied on a two-way active avoidance task as well as on step-down passive avoidance and fear conditioning and retention tasks in three experiments. The DSP4-treated, but not olfactory bulbectomized, rats were impaired in acquiring two-way avoidance; bulbectomized, but not DSP4-treated, rats were found to show notable passive avoidance and fear retention deficits. Bulbectomized rats treated with DSP4 did not show passive avoidance and fear retention deficits, nor did these animals evidence the two-way avoidance impairment of the DSP4-treated rats. No alteration of dopamine-beta-hydroxylase activity in the frontal cortex and hippocampus as a result of the bulbectomy operation was indicated. The double dissociation between bulbectomized and DSP4-treated rats is discussed in terms of opponent behavioral processes, influenced by olfactory bulbectomy and DSP4, which may permit insights into experimental investigations of stress, anxiety, and depression. PMID- 6732928 TI - Sound localization in large mammals: localization of complex sounds by horses. AB - The idea that large mammals localize sounds more accurately than small mammals has been noted frequently and is usually explained by reference to their large interaural distance and the correspondingly broad binaural time (delta t) and spectral (delta fi) differences between their two ears. Sound-localization thresholds for single clicks and 100-ms noise bursts were determined for horses, and the magnitude of the binaural time (delta t) and spectral (delta fi) cues for sound direction were measured on a horse. Although horses have relatively large interaural distances and physically broad binaural-localization cues available to them, their sound direction thresholds were markedly poorer than those of other large mammals--averaging 22 degrees for noise and 30 degrees for clicks. It appears that sound-localization acuity is not determined simply by the physical availability of binaural cues. PMID- 6732929 TI - Predictability and coping with separation in infant squirrel monkeys. AB - Twelve infant squirrel monkeys were separated from their mothers once every 48 hr for a total of 20 separations. Half of the infants experienced separations for a fixed interval (FI) of 30 min. The remaining 6 infants experienced separations for a variable interval (VI) which averaged 30 min. During the separation periods, movement and vocalizations were recorded. Blood was sampled for later cortisol assay after the 1st, 5th, 10th, 15th, and final separation. The FI group showed increased levels of movement and vocalization over repeated separations when compared with the VI group. Cortisol showed significant increases over basal levels and remained elevated throughout the entire period in both groups. These findings suggest that predictability may be more stressful than unpredictability when organisms cannot control the predicted event. PMID- 6732930 TI - [Na-Ca-exchange as a mechanism regulating spontaneous contractions of isolated individual cardiomyocytes]. AB - The frequency (f) of spontaneous contractions (SC) were registered on single enzymatically isolated cardiomyocytes of adult rats using current-carrying electrode through which current (50-200 nA) was passed. Cell motion on the electrode during SC caused current oscillations, measured by an amplifier. The actions of Na+, K+, Ca2+, caffeine, epinephrine and isoptin on fSC have been studied. The data obtained suggest that spontaneous contractions of isolated cardiomyocytes are related to increased intracellular Ca2+ concentration due to Na-Ca exchange. Cyclic contractions can possibly be accounted for by the work of sarcoplasmic reticulum. PMID- 6732931 TI - [Current problems in the physiology of the cardiovascular system]. PMID- 6732932 TI - [Heterogeneity of the chemical element composition of the human myocardium after sudden cardiac death]. AB - The content of Si, Fe, S, Ca, Cl in different heart compartments was studied in the autopsy material of human myocardium obtained after sudden cardiac death preceded by emotional stress. Damage of the element content was detected both within the myocardium of one chamber and the whole heart. Zones of high intracellular Ca content were found in the myocardium of the left ventricle and right atrium. Their location coincided with the area of ultrastructural alterations, which were earlier characterized as calcium damage of the myocardium. The same sites were characterized by high Cl content. The size of the areas was determined by roentgenologic mapping. S and Fe content was also different in different heart compartments. PMID- 6732933 TI - [Physico-chemical properties of the erythrocyte membranes of normotensive and spontaneously hypertensive rats]. AB - To detect the substrate of molecular alterations in a plasma membrane, found earlier to be typical of chronic hypertension, microcalorimetric study of erythrocyte membranes of spontaneously hypertensive rats was performed. It was found that characteristics of some irreversible therminal transitions in the membranes differ from the corresponding control values. The supposed predominant role of membrane protein denaturation in these transitions is confirmed by the analysis of temperature-dependent infrared spectra, spectra of membrane protein fluorescence and circular dichroism. PMID- 6732934 TI - [Changes in body fluid spaces in hypertension patients treated with different diuretics]. AB - Body fluid spaces: total body fluid volume, extracellular fluid volume, circulating plasma volume, intracellular and interstitial fluid volumes were studied in 60 patients with essential hypertension, stage IIB. The studies were performed prior and following a two-week treatment with diuretics ( furosemid , oxodolin , hydrochlorothiazide, brinaldix ). The patients were divided into 3 groups. I--patients whose total body fluid volume was considerably increased due to intracellular fluid. They had the highest blood pressure level. Treatment with diuretics was the most effective in this group and was accompanied by intracellular fluid reduction and slight circulating plasma volume decrease. II- patients whose fluid spaces did not differ from those of normal subjects. Treatment with diuretics was effective and accompanied by simultaneous reduction in intracellular and interstitial fluid volumes. III--patients with reduced interstitial fluid volume and raised circulating plasma/interstitial fluid ratio. Treatment with diuretics was ineffective and accompanied by intracellular fluid level reduction and fluid passage from the vascular bed into the interstitial space. Furosemid and oxodolin were most effective decreasing intracellular fluid volume, hydrochlorothizide --reducing interstitial fluid volume and brinaldix was equally effective decreasing both fluid volumes. PMID- 6732935 TI - [Pathophysiologic role of the level of taste sensitivity to table salt and its determination during treatment of hypertension with diuretics]. AB - Sixty hypertensive patients (stage IIB, no complications) were studied. Gustatory sensitivity threshold to salt was determined and body fluid volume, extracellular fluid volume, intracellular fluid volume, circulating plasma volume and interstitial fluid volume were measured in the control period and 2-3 weeks after treatment with diuretics. 27, 63 and 10% of patients had low, moderate and high gustatory sensitivity threshold, respectively. Patients with different gustatory sensitivity threshold to salt were identical in body fluid volume with peculiar extracellular fluid distribution between intravascular and interstitial spaces. In patients (72%) with a favourable hypotensive effect of diuretic therapy the reduction in gustatory threshold to salt was significant. PMID- 6732936 TI - [Spatial parameters of the automatically reproduced QRS loop of the VCG in healthy subjects]. AB - The findings of the VCG automatic construction in 55 healthy subjects with different axial and positional variants of ECG were analyzed . The applied method of the automatic corrected VCG construction has shown that QRS loop morphology coincides with the classical forms of VCG described before in healthy persons. The data of the automatic calculations of spatial characteristics demonstrated the orientation stability according to the angle--azimuth, max QRSxyz , S/2 QRSxyz and the integral vector-- AQRSxyz , i. e. independence of the azimuth value on the ECG axial and positional variants. The positional and rotational shifts regularly change the azimuth value in the spatial orientation of the initial (0.01"--0.02') and end (0.06") moment vector of depolarization, and the value of the angles of spatial vector elevation max QRSxyz , S/2 QRSxyz , AQRSxyz . In the normal intraventricular conduction, the orientations of max QRSxy , yz , xz are sufficiently informative in order to reveal the integral vector directions. The coincidence of S/2 QRSxy , yz , xz direction with that of AQRSxy , yz , xz in the two-polar loops indicates that S/2 QRSxy , yz , xz should be calculated to determine AQRSxy , yz , xz orientation. Indeed, in case of intraventricular conduction disorders, the AQRSxy , yz , xz calculation alone gives an idea of a resultant vector projection. PMID- 6732937 TI - [Methodologic approach to individual evaluation of the pharmacodynamic effects of single doses of hydralazine, endralazine, prazosine and propranolol in hypertension patients]. AB - The possibility to apply impedance cardiography technique and individual statistical analysis based on Dixon's criterion to pharmacodynamic studies of single hydralazine ( apressine ), prazosine ( pratsiol ), endralazine ( mirethilan ), propranolol (obsidan) doses is discussed. 12 patients with essential hypertension, stage II were examined. Blood pressure was measured by the method of Korotkov , heart volume and total peripheral vascular resistance were determined by impedance cardiography. Apressin , mirethilan , pratsiol and obsidan doses were 50-100 mg, 5-15 mg, 2-5 mg and 80-120 mg, respectively. The drug effect was compared with that of placebo. Impedance cardiography in combination with the method of Korotkov were shown to be appropriate for recording qualitative alterations of hemodynamic parameters during pharmacodynamic studies of single apressine , mirethilan , pratsiol an obsidan doses. The data obtained allow objective individual assessment of single dose efficacy based on Dixon's criterion. PMID- 6732938 TI - [Hemodynamic aspects of magnetically-guided drug transport]. PMID- 6732939 TI - [Production of complexes of low-density lipoproteins and liposomes]. PMID- 6732940 TI - [Structure of cardiac membranes: relation to the metabolic state of cells]. PMID- 6732941 TI - [The ultrastructure of the paratympanic organ (Vitali) in Gallus domesticus: preliminary studies]. AB - The sensory epithelium of the paratypanic organ (Vitali) was studied by means of the electron microscope. Two kinds of cells are present. One type extends from the basement membrane to the surface of the epithelium; their nuclei are arranged close to the connective tissue and are surrounded by a pale cytoplasm. The distal part of these cells, which are denser and richer in organelles, possess microvilli. The cells of the second type are located above the basement membrane and are found between the upper parts of the cells of the first type. Their cytoplasm is rich in small round vesicles, free ribosomes and cisternae of rough endoplasmic reticulum are present especially in the infranuclear zone. The apical part contains a Golgi apparatus lysosomes and multive sicular bodies. At the apex each cell possesses a cuticular plate numerous stereocilia and one kinocilium. The stereocilia become increasingly longer from one side of the cell surface to the other and the kinocilium is situated on the side where the stereocilia are longest. Nervous fibers are present in the epithelium and are in close contact with the cells of the second type. The cells we have described are remarkably similar to the supporting and hair cells of the vestibular sensory epithelium. PMID- 6732942 TI - [Vascularization of the thymus in the duck]. AB - The arrangement and the blood of Thymus lobes were shown by intra-vasal injection of Indian ink or Neoprene Latex. The origin and the distribution of the arteries were studied within thymic lobe and until the final branches represented by endolobulare capillaries. These branches represent the origin of the vein of the thymic lobe. PMID- 6732943 TI - [Characteristics of articular caps of the elbow in relation to flex-extension movement]. AB - Considering the factors limiting flexo-extension movements of the elbow, particular importance has been given to the possible existing contact between its articular ends in the final stage of the movement. However, this factor has different importance according to the angle formed by the ulnar and humeral diaphysis with their respective epiphysis. Some authors assert that humeral and ulnar articular ends do not come into any contact during the first stage of the sigmoid cavity movement on the trochlea, according to their opinion, in fact, an angle of 45 degrees should exist between the prolongation of the humeral diaphysis axis and the lower epiphysis and the great ulnar sigmoid cavity should be oriented forward and high forming an axis that is inclined of 45 degrees the horizontal plane. In order to verify this affirmation, we have measured the width of these angles in 50 soaked humeri and 50 ulnas. The same angle has been measured in 50 radiograms of partially flexed laterally projected elbows. The mean observed values have been of about 34 degrees for the distal epiphysis diaphysis angle in humeri and of about 25 degrees for the inclination angle of the orientation axis of the great ulnar sigmoid cavity. The results show that - when humeral epiphysis-diaphysis angle is larger or eventually equal to the ulnar one - it is sufficient that the considered angles are less than 45 degrees to get a correct and complete flexo-extension movement. PMID- 6732944 TI - [Biosynthesis of purine nucleotides in the rat muscle after castration]. AB - The paper describes the effects of castration on formate-14C incorporation into the acid-soluble purines and into the nucleic acids of skeletal muscles (ELD and G) and perineal muscle (LAM). 20% homogenates were prepared in 1 M HC10(4), centrifuged and the nucleic acid were extracted from the precipitate with 0.7 N PCA (15 min at 90 degrees C). The acid-soluble purines were precipitated with 1 M AgNO3 from the supernatant of the centrifuged homogenate, then extracted with 1 M HC1 and separated by ion exchange chromatography with a scalar gradient of HC1. In the LAM a significant decrease in the specific activity of the purine bases (A, -56%, P less than 0.01; G, -47%, P less than 0.05) and of the nucleic acid ( 47%, P less than 0.01) was observed after castration, while no difference was observed in skeletal muscles. PMID- 6732945 TI - [Effect of castration on purine biosynthesis in the rat liver and kidney]. AB - With the present study, the effects of testosterone deficiency on the biosynthesis of purine nucleotides and nucleic acids in rat liver and kidney has been investigated. 20% homogenates were prepared in 1 N HCl04, centrifuged and the nucleic acid were extracted from the precipitate with 0.7 N PCA (15 min at 90 degrees C): the acid-soluble purines were precipitated with 1 M AgNO3 from the supernatant of the centrifuged homogenate, then extracted with 1 M HC1. An increase of the specific activity of the liver (A, +49%; G, +47%) and of the kidney (A, +54%; G, +34%) has been observed (P less than 0.05), while no variation of the specific activity of nucleic acids was evident after castration. PMID- 6732946 TI - [Methodological specifications on the Todd method and preliminary results]. AB - In order to measure the potentiality and kinetics tissue fibrinolysis we have modified Todd's histochemical method preparing at least six sections taken from same sample tissue, by infraoperatory biopsy, esponing them to a fibrin film at a constant concentration; we have also chosen to incubate the section at 10, 20, 30, 45, 60 min. The measurement of the areas of fibrin, of tissue and fibrinolysis, at the above mentioned times, has been effected at standard magnification (15 X) by an image analyser (Videoplan) scale 1:8. For each sample we suggest to elaborate an Index of the Potentiality of Fibrinolysis (formula; see text) and an Index of the Kinetics of the Fibrinolysis (formula; see text). Applying this method to two different groups of thyroid disease (struma and adenoma) we have not pointed out any statistically significant difference. PMID- 6732947 TI - [Variations in plasma protein components during extracorporeal circulation]. AB - In this research we have determined the behaviour of proteic plasmatic pattern and some enzymes during extracorporeal circulation and we noted a constant increase of albumin and of the ratio Alb/Glob. We observed also variations of some enzymes. Our opinion according other AA. is that this changes are determined principally by the large dose of heparin necessary during the C.E.C. PMID- 6732948 TI - Further SEM observation of human scalp hair: statistical research. AB - Scalp hair of 100 somalian subjects (50 males and 50 females) were examined with SEM at standard magnification (X 1.000). On each specimen, the hair diameter, mean scale height (M.S.H.), scale index (S.I.), mean scale number (M.S.N.) and mean scale width (M.S.W.) were searched. The statistical elaboration of the obtained data indicates that: i) the hair diameter and M.S.N. are greater in the males, while the other parameters (M.S.H., M.S.W. and S.I.) are prevalent in the females; ii) the hair diameter is directly correlated with M.S.W. and M.S.N., while M.S.H. shows a direct correlation with M.S.W. and an inverse on with M.S.N.. From the comparison between these results and those previously obtained in 100 subjects of white race it results that: a) the mean hair diameter as well as M.S.W. are greater in the white subjects; b) M.S.N., M.S.H. and S.I. are prevalent in the somalians. PMID- 6732949 TI - Behaviour of serum T3, rT3, TT4, FT4 and TSH levels after exercise on a bicycle ergometer in healthy euthyroid male young subjects. AB - In order to know thyroid function during physical activity, just studied by several authors without univocal findings, we have submitted 10 young subjects, non athletes, aged 22-25 years (mean age 23, 6 +/- 1, 43) to a biologically maximal exercise on a bicycle ergometer. We have also examined the change of TSH serum levels during exercise. Our data show an evident increase of T4 (18, 60% at 10'), p less than 0.025, an increment of FT4 (28, 49 soon after the strain), and no relevant change of T3 and rT3 serum levels. Moreover TSH values show a reduction at 30' (-26, 15%) in comparison with the basal level. Our findings confirm the known increment of T4 and FT4 serum level after physical activity. It can be due, more than an hemoconcentration supported by others, to a real rise of thyroid incretion as in our opinion TSH levels reduction suggests. Concluding we think that the increase of T4 and decrease of TSH could be due to a direct influence of the physical activity on the system interested in their production. PMID- 6732950 TI - [Oral load test with beta-carotene in normal and dysthyroid subjects]. AB - An oral load of beta-carotene (500 mg) was administered to four normal, four hypo and four hyperthyroid subjects. Plasma beta-carotene content was determined at the 2nd, 4th, 6th, 8th, 10th, 12th and 24th hour after administration and at every 24th hour thereafter for 5 consecutive days. Plasma assays were performed by HPLC. No significant differences were revealed by Student's T test for one group to the other. The authors sustain that, as there is no impairment in intestinal uptake of beta-carotene in disthyroid subjects, the elsewhere described increase in carotinemia in hypothyroids is due to other mechanisms. PMID- 6732951 TI - [Pharmacological actions of alkylaminoalkyl-phenylbenzisothazole compounds on the gastrointestinal tract]. AB - In the present paper pharmacological properties studied on the gastrointestinal tract of two new alkylaminoalkylphenylbenzisothiazole derivatives, 4 dimethylamino-2-phenyl-2-(1,2-benzisothiazole-3-yl)butyramide (PM2) and N,N dimethyl-3-phenyl-3-(1,2-benzisothiazole-3-yl)propylamine (PM3) have been reported. Both drugs showed antispasmodic effects on gastroduodenal junction of the anaesthetized rat stimulated by Caerulein, according to previous results obtained on guinea-pig isolated ileum. On this substrate they were different in the potency being PM3 more active than PM2. On the contrary, the hypersecretion induced by Histamine or Gastrin-17 in rat perfused stomach was potentiated by PM2 and inhibited by PM3. Similar effects were observed on guinea-pig "in vitro" stomach preparation where PM2 and Papaverine were ineffective in modifying Histamine dose-response curves and PM3 reduced significantly maximal peak effects of Histamine, behaving as a non-competitive antagonist. The significant differences observed on gastric secretion but not on other substrates, from compounds structural analysis, appear scarcely justified and seem to us important to be further investigated. PMID- 6732952 TI - [Topography of the thalamo-cortical projections on trunk representation demonstrated by fluorescent neuro-tracers]. AB - With the aim to study the detailed topography of the thalamo-cortical neurones projecting to the trunk representation zone of the first somatosensory area (SI), punctate injections of three different fluorescent tracers (Evans Blue, Nuclear Yellow and Fast Blue) were performed in the three physiologically defined subareas forming the trunk region of SI. These injections resulted in the labelling of three different cell aggregates, narrow in dorsoventral and mediolateral extent but elongated rostrocaudally, located in topographically distinct regions of the nucleus ventralis posterio-lateralis. The results suggest that the highly organized topography of the trunk representation of area SI is imposed by the thalamo-cortical input from VPL. PMID- 6732953 TI - [Callosal connections of the somatosensory area in the primate: anatomical and electrophysiological studies]. AB - In order to study the callosal connections of the hand sensory field of the second somatosensory area of the monkey, experiments were carried out by combining the method of retrograde neuronal tracing with microelectrode recording. In six monkeys, Macaca Irus, single or multiple (5-8) injections of horseradish peroxidase (HRP) were performed into the cortex of the parietal operculum of one side. Neurones retrogradely labelled with HRP (callosal neurones) were found in the post-central gyrus and in the parietal operculum of the contralateral hemisphere. Microelectrode recording from this hemisphere showed that the cortical zones of both the first and the second somatosensory area containing neurones excited by sensory stimulation of the contralateral hand also contained HRP-positive neurones. PMID- 6732954 TI - [Intrinsic and extrinsic connections of the postarcuate premotor area of the monkey]. AB - Horseradish peroxidase conjugated with wheat germ agglutinine was injected in restricted parts of the postarcuate cortex in the macaque monkey. Anterograde and retrograde transport was found in the parietal and frontal lobes. In the parietal lobe two areas were marked: the antero-lateral part of area 7 and the superior bank of the sylvian fissure. In the frontal lobe the marked areas were the precentral motor cortex, the supplementary motor area and the gyrus cinguli. The intrinsic connections within the postarcuate cortex were rich and widespread. The hand representation was connected anterogradely and retrogradely with the mouth representation and anterogradely with the leg representation; the mouth representation was connected both ways with the hand representation but not with the leg area. The richness of intrinsic connections in the postarcuate cortex supports the suggestion that this area is involved in the organization of sequential motor acts. PMID- 6732955 TI - [Functional organization of the intermediate and deep layers of the superior colliculus of the monkey]. AB - Single neurons and polispike activity were recorded from the superior colliculus of anesthetized, behaving monkeys. In agreement with previous findings neurons of the superficial layers responded exclusively to visual stimuli. In the intermediate layers most neurons were oculomotor, although some of them showed also a visual receptive field. No neurons responding to tactile or auditory stimuli were found. Occasionally the discharge of an oculomotor neuron increased if the ocular movement was triggered by a visual or an acoustical stimulus. Rare tacticle and auditory neurons were recorded in deep layers. However their receptive fields were difficult to map and their responses lacked the precision of the responses of the specific acoustic and tactile areas. Electrical stimulation of the SC produced contralateral eye and head movements, the threshold being high in the superficial layers and low in the intermediate and deep ones. In the deep layers complex limb and trunk movements could be also elicited. In conclusion, in contrast with carnivores and other mammals, the primate superior colliculus appears to be dominated by the visual modality. PMID- 6732956 TI - [Neurological deficit following a lesion in the parietal area 7b in the monkey]. AB - The effect of unilateral surgical ablations of lateral part of inferior parietal lobule (area 7b) has been studied in the macaque monkey. The following neurological deficits were found: 1) A hemi-inattention for tactile stimuli applied to the hemiface and hand contralateral to the lesion; 2) A hemi inattention for visual stimuli in the contralateral peripersonal space; 3) A reluctance to use the contralateral arm; 4) A mild and transient deficit in mouth grasping movements towards stimuli contralaterally presented; 5) Postural abnormalities of the hand contralateral to the lesion. It is proposed that area 7b is involved in the perception of the peripersonal space and in the organization of movements towards stimuli presented in that space. PMID- 6732957 TI - Effects of reinnervation upon electrical membrane properties of normal and paralyzed muscles. AB - Resting membrane potentials (RMP) and resistance to tetrodotoxin (TTX) have been compared in denervated rat soleus muscles and muscles reinnervated with tetrodotoxin-inactive nerves for periods of 15-18 days. RMP's of the two muscle groups exhibited the same low values typical of denervated muscles. Similarly, comparable values of TTX-resistance were found in the two muscle groups, although exceptions with slightly lower values in the innervated-paralyzed muscles were noted. It is concluded that muscle reinnervation restores to normal the membrane properties altered by denervation essentially through the return of muscle activity. PMID- 6732958 TI - [Protein content of various summer pastures]. AB - The chemical composition of some summer pastures in Sardinia (in the surroundings of Sassari) has been examined. Very low protein content was found out (5,17 g/%). This in the grazing ruminants, particularly in the sheep, can compromise the ration's digestibility and utilization. The need to integrate the summer pasture with nitrogenous matters in emphasized. PMID- 6732959 TI - [Serum and salivary CEA in benign and malignant lesions of the oral cavity]. AB - Serum carcinoembryonic antigen (CEA) and salivary CEA levels were determined for 18 patients with squamous oral carcinoma, 12 patients with oral leukoplakia, and 14 healthy volunteers. The determination of the CEA-serum levels has no diagnostic significance. Salivary CEA levels are not correlated with CEA-serum values, with cigarette consumption and clinical stage. Salivary CEA determination provides no additional information for the primary diagnosis. Serial determinations may have adjunctive value in monitoring oral cancer. PMID- 6732960 TI - [Isoenzyme fractions of serum and platelet lactate dehydrogenase in normal subjects]. AB - We determined the isoenzymatic fractions of platelets and seric LDH in off healthy people (50 males and 50 females). We broken the platelets by triton X 100 (octylphenoxypolyethoxyethanol) in order to obtain the release of platelet LDH. The seric and platelet LDH isoenzymes were then separated by electrophoresis (Gelman sistem). We confirm the prevalence of LDH2 and LDH3 fractions in human platelets. PMID- 6732961 TI - Anatomical basis for the use of muscle flaps in the leg. AB - The aim of this study is to define the anatomical features of each of the anterior crural muscles and to determine their respective usefulness as flaps for surgical repair. PMID- 6732962 TI - Atlanto-axial dislocation with brain atrophy and edema: an autopsy report. AB - We report autopsy findings of the vertical type of atlanto-axial dislocation. Details of the anatomical features in the head and neck are described, with reference to the histological findings of medullary compression. PMID- 6732963 TI - A contribution to the study of the innervation of the sternocleidomastoid muscle. AB - Studies on the innervation of the sternocleidomastoid muscle have shown the highly variable arrangement of the nerve fibers originating from the accessory nerve (eleventh cranial pair) and cervical nerves which supply the muscle. The results of 100 dissections described in this study confirmed these variations and led to propose a classification of the innervation of the sternocleidomastoid according to three main types. The classical "anastomotic" type of innervation (also referred to as Maubrac's type of innervation) was the most frequent, although present in only half of all cases. Innervation of the sternocleidomastoids in symmetrical fashion was an exceptional finding. The functional attributes of these anatomical variations are discussed. PMID- 6732964 TI - The "axial sacroiliac joint". AB - This article describes an iliac prominence and a sacral cavity, located extracapsularly approximately 15 mm dorsal to the angle created by the auricular facies of the sacroiliac joint. These bony structures are often covered by cartilage on one side, usually on the iliac prominence. The sacral cavity is occupied by areolar tissue, rich in adipocytes. They interface very closely, forming an extracapsular junction, which we have named the "axial sacroiliac joint". The study comprised 27 anatomical specimens, 3 of which were found to be ankylosed. Among the remaining 24, and iliac prominence was demonstrated on 22, and a sacral cavity on all. Descriptions and measurements of the sacroiliac joint, the "axial sacroiliac joint", and the spatial relationships are presented, the sacroiliac joint being the joint of reference. The study includes microscopy of the "axial sacroiliac joint". PMID- 6732965 TI - The mandible, an overhanging mechanically suspended structure. Considerations on the system of attachment and servo-command of the mandible. AB - The mandible, owing to its form, surrounding muscles and "position" in the craniofacial unit can be assimilated to an overhanging mechanically suspended structure. The hypothesis, according to which the temporomandibular joints would be submitted to pressure during mastication should be abandoned on the basis of anatomical and clinical findings. Furthermore, this hypothesis is in disagreement with the results of simulation on a physicomathematical model of the mandible. Accordingly, it is reasonable to assume that the mandible is a suspended structure and that the elevator muscles of mastication, especially the masseter and medial pterygoid (together forming the mandibular sling), and probably also the anterior belly of the temporalis muscle play a twin role in the suspension of this bone. These muscles obviously command the movement of closure. They also constitute the suspensory apparatus of the mandible and, by mechanical computation, should display a certain degree of elasticity and undergo most of the mechanical constraints developed during mastication. One can also consider the cranio-facio-mandibulo-hyoid group as a suspended structure. The comparison of this type of system to the basic principles of servo-robotics allows to understand that such a structure is capable of extremely precise movements in all spatial planes with a minimum of effort. PMID- 6732967 TI - A physicomathematical approach to the structure of the mandible. AB - Classical methods of anatomical study and experimentation have reached an endpoint with respect to the advancement of our knowledge of certain aspects of bone, i.e. its mechanical properties, investigation of the constraints acting on bone and the organization of bone allowing resistance to such mechanical stress. Indeed, current knowledge is rather limited regarding bone as a material. Furthermore, bone from the cadaver cannot be considered a reliable source of study material since its physicochemical composition and mechanical properties are highly different from those of living bone. The types of experimentation used to date, although allowing to study the phenomena occurring on the surface of the bone, do not allow to evaluate those that occur within the bone without modification of its mechanical features. Finally, the number and complexity of the parameters to be taken into account in this respect largely supersede the possibilities of classical study techniques. Accordingly, new types of methodology are required to evaluate the many parameters involved, to perform the corresponding computations and resolve the great number of unknown variables. Such methodology must allow experimentation to be performed without modifying the object of study and to determine the phenomena occurring within the bone itself, i.e. the mandible. A method of computer assisted simulation of a physicomathematical model was used to analyse the structural properties of the mandible.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS) PMID- 6732968 TI - [Diagnosis of neonatal bacterial meningitis]. PMID- 6732966 TI - Anatomical relationship between the medial head of the gastrocnemius and the occurrence of a dystrophic bony lacuna. AB - A bony lesion with identical radiological features was seen in the medial part of the distal femoral metaphysis in five patients who practised cross-country motorcycling. These findings suggested that the cause of the lesions was of muscular origin. The nature and physiopathogenesis of the lesions were studied by roentgenography, computerized tomography and analysis of anatomical specimens. The results of these procedures were compared to observations made peroperatively. The lesion was identified as a specific, dystrophic bony lacuna resulting from the action of the medial head of the gastrocnemius (caput mediale m. gastrocnemii). In certain conditions this powerful biarticular muscle induces multiple microtrauma via traction on the structures of its tendinous insertion, especially the underlying bone, thus leading to bony avulsion. It is shown in this study that the bone-tendon-muscle complex forms a veritable biomechanical unit. PMID- 6732969 TI - [Two-dimensional ultrasonography of the brain in infancy: its application to the diagnosis of intracranial disorders]. PMID- 6732970 TI - [Application and interpretation of B-type echoencephalography in neonates]. PMID- 6732971 TI - [Neurophysiological examinations for the diagnosis of perinatal brain damage]. PMID- 6732972 TI - [Electrophysiological diagnosis in newborn: clinical applications of auditory brain stem response and blink reflex]. PMID- 6732973 TI - [Pathogenesis and prevention of perinatal hypoxic brain damage and intraventricular hemorrhage]. PMID- 6732974 TI - [A histochemical analysis of the development of human fetal muscles]. PMID- 6732975 TI - [Type I familial amyloidotic polyneuropathy]. PMID- 6732977 TI - [A case of posttraumatic interhemispheric disconnection syndrome]. PMID- 6732976 TI - [An electrophoretic study of the muscle proteins in nemaline myopathy: a new method using type-defined freeze-dried sections]. AB - The characteristic features observed in the muscle fibers of nemaline myopathy are the presence of rods mainly in type I fibers, and the predominance and atrophy of type I fibers. In order to detect the abnormal proteins in the rods and clarify whether type I or II fibers have abnormal structural protein, we examined proteins in the muscles of patients with nemaline myopathy by one and two-dimensional gel electrophoresis (2-D). These freshly frozen muscles were cut to 20 microns thick and freeze-dried. Pieces were chosen and teased under a dissecting microscope with reference to the stained specimens of the same part, and electrophoresed. At first, we examined the proteins of the type I and II fibers in normal and type grouping fibers of patients with motor neuron disease by SDS gel electrophoresis and found no abnormality of the protein pattern in this disease. Then we examined each of the following fibers of the nemaline muscle; type I fibers with many rods and type II fibers with no rods. Each of the electrophoresed gel patterns of the nemaline muscle was compared with those of grouping type I and II fibers. The SDS gel electrophoresis showed and increase of the intensity of 55 K band in nemaline myopathy, especially in type I fibers with rods, which was thought as desmin. In 2-D, the pattern of type I fibers with rods were identical to that of the grouping type I fibers except the 55 K spot which showed a slow form of tropomyosin alpha-subunit (TM-alpha), troponin-C (TN-C) and myosin light chains (LC) although both contained small amounts of fast form LC2 and LC3.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS) PMID- 6732978 TI - [A neuropsychological study on a case with a tumor lesion in the posterior part of the corpus callosum]. PMID- 6732979 TI - [Computed tomography in lumbar degenerative disease]. AB - We reported the 18 patients which underwent surgical exploration and reviewed these CT findings. Method. All CT scans were obtained on Somatom II, high resolution CT scanner, with the patient in the supine position. A lateral localizer image (Topogram) was used to select the appropriate intervertebral disk space. The slice thickness was 4 mm. Results. CT findings in lumbar degenerative diseases include bony canal stenosis (central canal stenosis, narrowed lateral recess), soft tissue abnormalities (herniated nucleus pulposus, bulging annulus, hypertrophy and/or ossification of ligamentum flavum, no delineation of nerve root in lateral recess), and spinal instability (spondylolisthesis, vacuum phenomenon). The above three factors contribute to narrowing of spinal canal. No delineation of nerve root or soft tissue replacement of epidural fat in lateral recess suggests that the nerve root may be compressed by some factors. Herniated nucleus pulposus may cause nerve root compression with or without canal stenosis. Conclusion. This study revealed that the CT findings correlated closely with the surgical findings and the site of nerve root compression could be determined. PMID- 6732980 TI - [An acute syndrome of opsoclonus and body tremulousness. A case report of benign encephalitis]. AB - A 30-year-old woman was admitted to our hospital in May 1977, suffering from oscillation, body tremulousness and astasia-abasia. Two months prior to admission she had caught a common cold and felt paresthesia on the right arm. Three days before admission, she had photophobia, tremulousness of the trunk and head, and astasia-abasia. A neurological examination revealed difficulty in standing, and jerky movement of the body and right arm, her limbs were well coordinated. An ocular examination resulted in normal findings except for intermittent oscillation of the eyeballs. As the pupils and fundi were normal, so were the routine laboratory tests. The cerebrospinal fluid was clear and colorless under normal pressure, and showed no more than 6 mononuclear cells in any of the three examinations. CSF protein was registered 20 mg/dl, glucose 75 mg/dl, and no virus titers were elevated. Electroencephalogram was slightly abnormal due to a slowing of the Alpha wave in the background activity. Both computerized tomography and vertebral-angiography were normal. A slow and steady abatement of all symptoms started while she was taking steroid treatment in hospital. Electrooculogram showed irregular disconjugation of the eyes rotating or moving in horizontal and vertical direction. There movements conjugated or disconjugated in both eyes with 5-7 Hz of frequency and 10-20 degrees of amplitude. They decreased when the eyelids were closed or staying in a dark room. These ocular movements were regarded as opsoclonus. Then opsoclonus changed to flutter-like oscillation.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS) PMID- 6732981 TI - [Subdural tension pneumocephalus after trephination for chronic subdural hematoma]. AB - Symptomatic tension pneumocephalus developed after an evacuation of chronic subdural hematoma is reported. In this 71 year-old man, a rapid deterioration of consciousness was noted 5 days after a trephination for bilateral chronic subdural hematomas. An evacuation of hematoma was performed under a local anesthesia, and the preoperative and immediate postoperative course was uneventful. Subdural tension pneumocephalus was confirmed by typical CT findings and treated by re-trephination and drainage. The literature on the tension subdural pneumocephalus was reviewed, and the mechanism of its development was briefly discussed. PMID- 6732982 TI - [On the hemispheric asymmetry of unilateral spatial neglect]. AB - Many investigators were interested in unilateral spatial neglect (USN) and studied it in various respects. Especially the between-hemispheric difference of USN has been broadly argued. It can be considered as a well accepted fact that there is a difference of frequency of USN between left and right brain-damaged patients, however, there is no consistent opinion whether there are differences of severity and quality. To settle this dispute, 239 right-handed unilateral brain-damaged subjects were investigated on USN. 125 subjects suffered from left hemisphere lesions and 114 from right hemisphere lesions. Two tests; copy of drawings and finger imitation; were performed. On copying of drawings, each patient was required to copy line drawings of cubes, complex two-dimensional geometrical figures and simple two-dimensional geometrical figures. Those who failed to complete either the left- or right-hand side of any one of these drawings were classified as showing USN. Then failures of USN were divided into two different patterns; unilateral omission and unilateral distorsion. Again imitation of various finger patterns was tested with the hand homolateral to lesions. These items were presented by two methods. The subjects saw the dorsal side of the examiner's hand in the first, and palmar side in the second. On the copying of drawings, right brain-damaged subjects had about twice higher incidence of total USN than left brain-damaged subjects. As for omission alone, the incidence with the right hemispheric group was three times as high as the incidence with the left hemispheric group.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS) PMID- 6732983 TI - [The diagnosis and pathogenetic study of syringomyelia]. AB - Thirteen cases of syringomyelia which was confirmed by metrizamide CT myelography (MCTM) were reported. Nine cases were associated with Chiari malformation, and four were idiopathic type. Delayed CTM which were performed in several hours after the metrizamide myelography disclosed not only the existence of the syrinx but its shape and location. From the investigation of their clinical findings together with the appearance of their syrinx on CT scan, the following results were obtained. The syrinx was not always situated centrally within the cord, but had laterality at some spinal level in nine out of thirteen cases. The main laterality of the syrinx seemed to be located in the posterior horn. In the cases which had unilateral dissociated sensory disturbance, the laterality of sensory disturbance corresponded with the side of syrinx. These results suggested the possibility that the intrathecal injected contrast materials entered into the syrinx via the dorsolateral sulcus of the cord rather than via IV ventricle in some cases. PMID- 6732984 TI - [Effect of tumor promoting agents on the in vitro malignant transformation of the fetal rat brain cells exposed in utero to ethylnitrosourea]. AB - The potent tumor promoter 12-0-tetradecanoyl phorbol 13-acetate (TPA) and phenobarbital (PB) were tested for their abilities to promote effect of these agents on the in vitro malignant transformation of the fetal rat brain cells exposed in utero to Ethylnitrosourea (ENU). Rat fetal brain cells were transferred to cultured system at 72 hours after single pulse of ENU (50 mg/kg B. W.) to pregnant SD-JCL rats on the 18th day of gestation. Primary cultured cells were divided into 20 groups, and graded doses of PB from 1.0 mM to 5.0 mM or that of TPA from 0.1 ng/ml to 50.0 ng/ml were added continuously into cultured medium. In the ENU group treated with TPA, it was found the results of more early appearance of "piled up focus" for about 90 days, more early capacity of colony formation in semisolid soft agar for about 110 days, and more early appearance of tumorigenicity for about 90 days than that in the ENU groups treated with or without acetone. An increased agglutinability to Concanavalin A (200 micrograms/ml) was appeared more early in the ENU groups treated with TPA than in the ENU groups. On the basis of these results, it is suggested that TPA promoted the in vitro malignant transformation of the fetal rat brain cells with a transplacental carcinogen of ENU, and TPA might effect as a tumor promoter on the neurogenic carcinogenesis. As for the mechanisms of the promoting effect of TPA, it is speculated that TPA might modulate the function of cell membrane from the results of Concanavalin A agglutinability, and might modulate the differentiation on cell function from the results of morphological analysis. PMID- 6732985 TI - [An autopsy case of cerebral calcification--with special reference to the morphogenesis of the calcified deposits]. AB - The case was a 51 years old male who died of cervical spinal cord injury. On admission, X-ray disclosed distinct hyperostosis such as ossification of posterior longitudinal ligament, ankylosing spondylitis and callus luxurians of bilateral hip joints. He had no familial history. He normally developed into adult without any mental and neurological abnormalities. In the latter half of the fifth decade, he developed progressive spastic diplegia of his legs. Laboratory studies revealed evident hypocalcaemia (2.3 meq/l). Hormonal examination of the parathyroid gland was not performed. Postmortem examination of the brain (1,400 g) disclosed widely spreading numerous spherical deposits of various sizes stained deeply with hematoxilin. These deposits were positive with PAS, colloidal iron, prussian blue and Kossa's Method for calcium etc. as shown in Table 1. According to their histochemical properties, these deposits were considered to consist of both acid mucopolysaccharides and proteins to which calcium and iron have been bound later. These deposits were predominantly observed in the basal ganglia, dorso-lateral portion of the thalamus and the depth of the cerebellum. The dentate nucleus was mostly spared. To the lesser degree, these deposits were also seen around the capillaries and subadventitial space of the small vessels in the cerebral cortex, cerebral white matter, capsula interna and red nucleus. These deposits were shown to be adjacent to the capillary walls microscopically. Electron microscopy disclosed that many electron dense spherical bodies surrounding capillary were related to the basement membrane of the endothelium or pericyte.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS) PMID- 6732986 TI - [Regional change of brain energy metabolism and catecholamine in the early stage of experimental cerebral ischemia--histochemical study]. AB - Ischemic change of cerebral energy metabolism and catecholamine have already been discussed largely using biochemical quantitative assay. However, regional change and their correlation are not well understood. In the present study, the ischemic regional change of cerebral energy metabolism and catecholamine were investigated in gerbils and histochemical method. Adult either sex mongolian gerbils, weighing 50-100 g, were anesthetized with ether and the left carotid artery was ligated. After observation of clinical symptoms, the brain was frozen in situ by pouring liquid N2 after 30 min and 60 min of ischemic insult. The frozen brain was sectioned with precooled saw in the coronal plane. The brain section were placed in liquid N2 bath and illuminated with 366 nm light (UV) from a 200 watt mercury lamp and Corning filter 5840. NADH fluorescence was recorded photographically through Corning filter 3387 and 5562. Also UV reflectance was recorded through Corning filter 5840 to observe quenching effect of hemoglobin. Regional change of catecholamine was observed in the same frozen brain processed with Falck-Hillarp method. According to neurological abnormalities following left carotid ligation, animals were divided into three groups; symptomatic, borderline and asymptomatic. The intensity and distribution of tissue NADH fluorescence were closely correlated to the clinical symptoms. In the symptomatic group, both in 30 min and 60 min of ischemia, homogeneously and markedly increased fluorescence was observed in the ipsilateral temporal cortex, caudate nucleus, hypothalamus and dorsolateral thalamus. Columnar mild increase of NADH fluorescence was seen in the ipsilateral parietal cortex.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS) PMID- 6732987 TI - [Initial cellular damage in the developing rat brain caused by cytotoxicity of ethylnitrosourea]. AB - Initial cellular degeneration in developing rat fetal brains were induced during the early cytogenetic period of neuroblasts by cytotoxic action of ethylnitrosourea (ENU). This was transplacentally administered. After a single intravenous administration of 60 mg/kg body weight ENU to 16th day-pregnant rats, each fetus was removed surgically from the uteri every hour for 24 hours and every day for 9 days. These were fixed by the transcardial perfusion method to observe them with light and electron microscopes. From 4 hours after the ENU treatment, the degenerative alteration of cells, characterized ultrastructurally by cytoplasmic condensation and nuclear pyknosis, developed selectively in the matrix cell layer of the fetal cerebrum where active cell division was carried out to produce neuroblasts. Cellular degeneration was first noticed at the zone of DNA synthesis and then all the matrix cell layer including the mitotic phase. Furthermore, the cell processes of matrix cells, or so-called radical fibers, were also recognized to be in the same degenerative processes. These affected cells increased in number and became arranged in columns along the radial fibers through the process of time, and successively migrated to the migrating zone through the outer part of the matrix cell layer. At 10 hours after treatment, many cells were observed in the migrating zone and a few cells were noticed in the matrix cell layer. The degenerated neuroblasts reached the cortical plate about 3 hours after the development of initial degeneration. In contrast, the neuroblasts in the cerebral cortical plate which had already been formed at the time of ENU administration were not affected by the ENU and persisted for the following developments.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS) PMID- 6732988 TI - Effects of short term beta adrenoreceptor blockade on serum lipids and lipoproteins in patients with hypertension or coronary artery disease. AB - The effects of beta adrenoceptor blockade with propranolol or pindolol on serum total cholesterol, low density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL), high density lipoprotein cholesterol (HDL), and its subfractions HDL2 and HDL3, serum triglyceride, and Intralipid clearance were studied in 17 normolipidaemic, non diabetic patients with hypertension or angina pectoris. Both pindolol and propranolol had similar effects on fasting serum total and lipoprotein cholesterol concentrations. HDL2 cholesterol concentrations were reduced by 9 +/- 29% and HDL3 cholesterol increased by 11 +/- 16%, but there were no significant changes in total or LDL cholesterol in the combined groups after six weeks' treatment. After 12 weeks' treatment total cholesterol concentrations were reduced by 7 +/- 10% mainly owing to a reduction in the LDL fraction of 9 +/- 15%. Concentrations of HDL2 remained low, 8% less than control values. Serum triglyceride concentrations were increased by both drugs at six weeks but had returned to base values in the pindolol group by the twelfth week. Pindolol, but not propranolol, enhanced the rate of clearance of intravenous Intralipid. PMID- 6732989 TI - Prevalence of ischaemic heart disease in middle aged British men. AB - The prevalence of ischaemic heart disease was determined by an administered questionnaire and electrocardiography in 7735 men aged 40-59 years drawn at random from general practices in 24 British towns. Overall, one quarter of these men had some evidence of ischaemic heart disease on questionnaire or electrocardiogram or both. On questionnaire, 14% of men had possible myocardial infarction or angina, with considerable overlap of the two syndromes. The prevalence of possible myocardial infarction combined with angina and of definite angina only showed a fourfold increase over the age range studied. Electrocardiographic evidence of ischaemic heart disease (definite or possible) was present in 15% of men, there being myocardial infarction in 4.2% and myocardial ischaemia in 10.3%. Electrocardiographic evidence of myocardial infarction increased fourfold over the age range studied. There was considerable overlap of questionnaire and electrocardiographic evidence of ischaemic heart disease. Nevertheless, more than half of those with possible myocardial infarction combined with angina had no resting electrocardiographic evidence of ischaemic heart disease, and half of those with definite myocardial infarction on electrocardiogram had no history of chest pain at any time. This national population based study strongly suggests that the prevalence of ischaemic heart disease in middle aged British men is greater than has been indicated by previous studies based on occupational groups. PMID- 6732990 TI - Recall of diagnosis by men with ischaemic heart disease. AB - In a study of the prevalence of ischaemic heart disease in middle aged men in 24 British towns, the subjects were asked whether a doctor had ever told them that they had any form of cardiovascular disease. Their recall of various diagnoses was related to evidence of ischaemic heart disease obtained by an administered questionnaire on chest pain and electrocardiography. Twenty one per cent of men recalled a diagnosis of cardiovascular disease, in one quarter of whom it was ischaemic heart disease. There was a sixfold increase in the prevalence of recall of a diagnosis of ischaemic heart disease over the age range studied. Only one third of the men with possible myocardial infarction on questionnaire recalled such a diagnosis having been made by a doctor. Only half of those with a definite myocardial infarction on an electrocardiogram could recall a diagnosis of ischaemic heart disease. Even in severe (grade 2) angina 40% could not recall being told that they had heart disease. Overall, only one in five of those regarded as having ischaemic heart disease was able to recall such a diagnosis having been made by a doctor, and these were likely to be those most severely affected. Ischaemic heart disease is common in middle aged British men, but most of those affected are apparently not aware of their condition. This low level of awareness among patients and doctors may contribute to a lack of public concern regarding the need for action to reduce the incidence of ischaemic heart disease in Great Britain. PMID- 6732991 TI - Myocardial infarction related to valve replacement surgery. AB - Fifty consecutive patients, 25 undergoing aortic valve replacement and 25 mitral valve replacement, were studied by serial electrocardiography, preoperative and postoperative technetium-99m pyrophosphate radionuclide scanning, and serial measurement of enzymes (creatine kinase, aspartate aminotransferase, urea stable lactic dehydrogenase) and the MB isoenzyme of creatine kinase to define the incidence of preoperative myocardial infarction and to identify the most appropriate diagnostic techniques. The use of myocardial scanning and measurement of peak enzyme activity proved to be accurate indicators of myocardial infarction, but the electrocardiogram was of limited value. The measurement of creatine kinase MB isoenzyme had no diagnostic advantage over that of the other enzymes. There were two deaths in the series, one due to acute pancreatitis after aortic valve replacement and the other due to myocardial injury after mitral valve replacement. There were four non-fatal myocardial infarctions after aortic valve replacement, giving an incidence of 16%, and none after mitral valve replacement, giving an incidence of 4%. PMID- 6732992 TI - Single lead atrial synchronised pacing in patients with cardiogenic shock after acute myocardial infarction. AB - A pacing system requiring only a single lead was used to establish atrial synchronised pacing in eight patients with complete atrioventricular block and cardiogenic shock following acute myocardial infarction. Spontaneous atrial activity was sensed through electrodes positioned on the pacing lead and used to trigger ventricular demand pacing. A normal atrioventricular relation could be established in each of these critically ill patients without the complexity of inserting and finding a stable position for an additional atrial sensing lead. Atrial synchronised pacing at the spontaneous sinus rate had distinct haemodynamic advantages compared with conventional ventricular pacing at 100 beats/min. Mean cardiac output for the group was 3.3 1/min with atrial synchronised pacing compared with 2.6 1/min with conventional pacing, a significant difference of 27%. Peak systolic pressure averaged respectively 91 and 73 mm Hg in the two pacing modes. With conventional ventricular pacing a pronounced phasic alteration in blood pressure was observed, dependent on the altering relation of the paced beats to spontaneous atrial activity. Atrial synchronised pacing abolished this effect and resulted in a stable blood pressure at or above the peak pressure achieved with conventional pacing. Atrial synchronised pacing with a single lead system can be established rapidly. This mode of pacing has appreciable and significant haemodynamic superiority over conventional ventricular pacing in patients with cardiogenic shock and atrioventricular block following acute myocardial infarction. PMID- 6732993 TI - Measurement of left ventricular ejection fraction after acute myocardial infarction. A serial cross sectional echocardiographic study. AB - Left ventricular ejection fraction was assessed by biplane cross sectional echocardiography in 65 patients with a first acute myocardial infarction on the first day. In 30 patients (group 1) measurements were repeated on the third day and in another 35 patients (group 2) at three months. Changes in ejection fraction of 0.05 or less were arbitrarily called insignificant. In group 1 only two patients showed a decrease of more than 0.1 between days 1 and 3, and both had an enzymatically confirmed infarct extension. The remaining patients had no complications. In group two 11 patients had decreases of more than 0.1 between day 1 and three months: three of them had an enzymatically confirmed reinfarction (perioperative in one) and four a possible reinfarction, and in two an angiographically confirmed left ventricular aneurysm developed. In two no complications occurred. The other complications that occurred were an enzymatically confirmed but small reinfarction, an angiographically confirmed but circumscript aneurysm, and an uncomplicated bypass operation in one patient each. These three patients had a small increase (between 0.05 and 0.1) in ejection fraction. Reproducibility of the method of measuring the ejection fraction was assessed concurrently in 20 outpatients with a previous myocardial infarction who were studied twice on the same day (with a 30 minute interval) by two different observers. The mean absolute difference in ejection fraction between the paired observations was 0.036 +/- 0.023 with a range of 0 to 0.07. Thus only changes in ejection fraction of more than 0.1 correlate with clinically recognised complications. Changes between 0.05 and 0.1 may be due to spontaneous variability or to the limited reproducibility of the method. PMID- 6732994 TI - Effect of amiodarone on retrograde conduction and refractoriness of the His Purkinje system in man. AB - The effects of long term treatment with oral amiodarone on retrograde conduction ( S2H2 interval) and refractoriness of the His-Purkinje system were studied in 11 patients using His bundle electrograms and the ventricular extrastimulus method. Ten patients had ventricular tachycardia and one supraventricular tachycardia. Electrophysiological studies were carried out before and after the patients had been taking their maintenance dose for a mean duration of 84 days. After amiodarone treatment the HV interval was prolonged in seven patients and unchanged in four. At comparable S1S2 intervals, the S2H2 intervals were longer after treatment with amiodarone in all patients than before. Similarly, the longest S2H2 intervals achieved after amiodarone were longer than the control values. Amiodarone significantly increased the relative, effective, and functional refractory periods of the His-Purkinje system. Thus amiodarone exerts important effects on the His-Purkinje system. PMID- 6732995 TI - Ankylosing spondylitis and an aortic arch syndrome. AB - A 63 year old woman with a 16 year history of ankylosing spondylitis and peripheral joint involvement later presented with a large vessel arteritis affecting the branches of the arch of the aorta. PMID- 6732996 TI - Anomalous right subclavian artery and coarctation of the aorta. Surgical implications and the use of the right subclavian artery as a flap. AB - Coarctation of the aorta was repaired surgically in a 4 month old boy using the anomalous right subclavian artery as a flap. The role of the anomalous artery in providing collateral flow to the descending aorta should be determined so that injudicious clamping is avoided. PMID- 6732998 TI - Diagnosis of right ventricular outflow obstruction in infants by cross sectional echocardiography. PMID- 6732997 TI - Disadvantageous closure of the interventricular communication in double outlet right ventricle. AB - A double outlet right ventricle was diagnosed in a 10 week old infant, in whom the ventricular septum was intact at the time of presentation. A large aneurysm of a membranous septal remnant was present, and this appears to be the first recorded instance of closure of a malalignment ventricular septal defect by such a mechanism. PMID- 6732999 TI - Persistent left ventricular disease in clinically "cured" primary endocardial fibroelastosis. PMID- 6733000 TI - Influence of chronic dosing on theophylline clearance. AB - Theophylline clearance was studied in normal healthy volunteers before and after chronic oral dosing. Oral theophylline clearance showed a significant decrease (P less than 0.001) from 59.3 +/- 6.48 ml/min (mean +/- s.e. mean, n = 10) to 48.0 +/- 6.4 ml/min. Steady-state intravenous clearance decreased by 26 +/- 2% from 55.1 +/- 7.7 ml/min to 41.0 +/- 5.96 ml/min (mean +/- s.e. mean, n = 6; P less than 0.001) at constant steady-state intravenous test concentrations (mean 15.0 +/- 1.6 micrograms/ml after chronic oral dosing), excluding significant concentration dependence. Extrapolation of acute clearance findings to maintenance requirement may not be valid even in the same individual, with theophylline therapy requiring on-going review beyond acute stabilisation. PMID- 6733001 TI - Effects of lormetazepam and of flurazepam on sleep. AB - Nine poor sleepers of mean age 61 years took part in a double-blind, balanced order study in which, during three periods of 3 weeks, each took lormetazepam 1 mg, lormetazepam 2.5 mg, and flurazepam 30 mg. Using electrophysiological measures, sleep was found to increase by 0.75 h with each treatment condition, mainly through more of stage 2 sleep. The treatments reduced the delay to sleep and led to fewer and shorter awakenings, with little difference among the three treatments. Slow-wave sleep was reduced by flurazepam and by lormetazepam 2.5 mg. After flurazepam intake ceased, there was evidence of persisting drug effects for as long as 7 nights. In contrast, when lormetazepam 2.5 mg ceased, there was significant rebound reduction of sleep duration below baseline for up to 3 withdrawal nights, and there was a similar though non-significant trend after lormetazepam 1 mg had ceased. Wakefulness in the final 2 h of nocturnal recording during the third week of drug intake was significantly reduced below baseline by flurazepam, but was little affected by lormetazepam. The differences among the treatment conditions could be attributed to the long-persistence of flurazepam vs the more rapid elimination of lormetazepam. PMID- 6733002 TI - Plasma concentrations of unbound phenytoin in the management of epilepsy. AB - In 46 epileptic patients the range of the unbound fraction of phenytoin in plasma measured by ultrafiltration (at 37 degrees C) and tracer-labelling with [14C] phenytoin was 6.7%-33.3% with a median of 11.9%. The total and unbound phenytoin plasma concentrations were significantly correlated (r = 0.93, P less than 0.001), but in six patients the unbound concentration fell on or outside the 90% predictability limits for a single value. In all patients the unbound concentration reflected the clinical status of the patient equally or better than the total concentration. An inverse relationship was found between the plasma albumin concentration (within the normal reference range) and the phenytoin unbound fraction (r = -0.83, P less than 0.001) indicating that plasma albumin concentration is one of the important overall determinants of phenytoin protein binding. Saliva and plasma unbound phenytoin concentrations were significantly correlated (r = 0.98, P less than 0.001) but both collection of plasma samples and preparation of plasma ultrafiltrate using the Amicon micropartition system are simpler than collection and processing saliva, and interpretation of plasma unbound concentration does not require allowance for potential contamination. The additional value of the unbound phenytoin concentration in a clinically significant number of individuals would justify routine measurement of unbound phenytoin concentration in monitoring therapy, once available simplified methodology has been adequately characterised. PMID- 6733003 TI - Interaction between warfarin and propranolol. AB - The interaction between propranolol and warfarin was investigated in six healthy volunteers using a low dose warfarin protocol and in New Zealand white rabbits. Warfarin concentration (Cmin) in the volunteers increased by 14.7% on addition of propranolol (P less than 0.02). There was no significant change in prothrombin time. In the rabbit study, elimination half-life was shorter in the propranolol treated animals (8.20 +/- 0.44 h) than in controls (10.89 +/- 0.62 h). This was due to a fall in its volume of distribution from 1.13 +/- 0.10 1 kg-1 in controls to 0.81 +/- 0.08 1 kg-1 in the propranolol treated group. Clearance was not significantly altered. The small change in warfarin concentration could be of clinical importance in some patients because warfarin has a low therapeutic index. This requires further investigation. PMID- 6733004 TI - Saliva concentrations of isosorbide dinitrate, isosorbide 2-mononitrate and isosorbide 5-mononitrate. AB - Correlations between saliva and plasma concentrations of isosorbide dinitrate (ISDN), and its active metabolites, isosorbide 2-mononitrate (2-ISMN) and isosorbide 5-mononitrate (5-ISMN) were examined. In the case of 5-ISMN (r = 0.98, P less than 0.01), saliva concentrations are probably reliable indices of the plasma concentrations of this drug and their measurement should provide a useful non-invasive procedure to assess compliance during the clinical use of products containing either ISDN or 5-ISMN: it may also be helpful in assessing the clinical pharmacokinetics of 5-ISMN. Less satisfactory correlations were obtained for ISDN (r = 0.84) and 2-ISMN (r = 0.83). PMID- 6733006 TI - The effect of single doses of penbutolol and propranolol L.A. on psychomotor performance. AB - The effect of single oral doses of penbutolol (40 mg) and propranolol L.A. (160 mg) on psychomotor performance of 12 normal individuals has been investigated. Subjects were randomly administered penbutolol, propranolol L.A. and placebo according to a double-blind, three-part cross-over design. At 3 h post-dosing both penbutolol and propranolol L.A. significantly increased (P less than 0.001) complex reaction times when compared to placebo. By 24 h post-dosing the mean complex reaction times for penbutolol and propranolol L.A. were not significantly different from placebo. PMID- 6733005 TI - Lack of effect of domperidone on gastrin release: evidence for a peripheral activity of the drug. AB - The effect of intravenous administration of domperidone, a dopamine receptor antagonist with peripheral activity, on basal and submaximal pentagastrin stimulated gastric acid secretion and gastrin release has been evaluated in healthy volunteers. No significant changes were observed in the parameters studied. The lack of effect on gastrin release appears to confirm that domperidone is unable to penetrate the blood brain barrier in appreciable amounts in adults. PMID- 6733007 TI - Perceptions of differences between pairs of tablets. PMID- 6733009 TI - Acetazolamide excretion into human breast milk. PMID- 6733008 TI - Impaired enzyme induction by rifampicin in the elderly. PMID- 6733010 TI - A comparison of local excision and radiotherapy with mastectomy for early breast cancer. PMID- 6733011 TI - Symptomatic osteoarthritis in the elderly: multicentre comparative study of sulindac and ibuprofen. PMID- 6733012 TI - Upper gastro-intestinal endoscopy in the elderly. PMID- 6733014 TI - An unusual case of skin necrosis due to an adrenaline-containing cream. PMID- 6733013 TI - Hydrochlorothiazide/triamterene combination: once daily in the treatment of hypertension. PMID- 6733015 TI - An unusual case of stroke. PMID- 6733016 TI - Hepatic artery aneurysm. An unusual case of upper gastro-intestinal bleeding. PMID- 6733017 TI - Elevated expression of the human ras oncogene family in premalignant and malignant tumours of the colorectum. AB - Study of expression of ras-related oncogenes in human premalignant polyps and malignant tumours of the colorectum, as well as in normal colorectal mucosa, shows a significant elevation in the premalignant and malignant tissues as compared to their respective colorectal mucosa. These results suggest that activation of the ras oncogene family occurs in the development of colorectal tumours and that elevated expression at a premalignant stage may well be critical in the process of carcinogenesis but not in itself sufficient. PMID- 6733019 TI - Breast cancer: relationship between the size of the primary tumour and the probability of metastatic dissemination. AB - The relationship between the size of the primary tumour upon initial treatment and the incidence of distant metastasis during the course of the disease was investigated using data from 2648 breast cancers treated at the Institut Gustave Roussy between 1954 and 1972. This analysis suggests the existence for each tumour of a critical volume (threshold) at which the first remote metastasis is initiated. The correlation between the size of the primary tumour and the probability of metastatic dissemination was assessed as well as the influence on this correlation of two prognostic indicators: histological grade and number of involved lymph nodes. It was found that the threshold volume is strongly correlated with the number of involved lymph nodes and the histological grading. PMID- 6733018 TI - Serum CEA testing in the post-operative surveillance of colorectal carcinoma. AB - Six hundred and sixty-three patients were followed with serial serum CEA measurements in addition to routine clinical surveillance after radical resection of colorectal carcinoma. Of 626 available for analysis, 366 (58.4%) remained clinically free of recurrence and had a normal CEA (less than 20 ng ml-1) throughout and 89 (14.2%) had a temporary non-progressive rise in CEA with no evidence of secondary disease. Of 171 patients who developed proven or suggestive recurrence, 114 had a preceding rise in the serum CEA and in further 21 the CEA rose simultaneously with recurrence. In 36 patients secondary disease was detected while the CEA was still within normal limits. CEA was more effective as an early index of distant metastasis, thus in 76% of those patients with a preceding rise in CEA, the secondary disease was disseminated, whereas only 20% had localised recurrence. The pattern of rise in CEA was of no practical value in distinguishing localised from distant recurrence. PMID- 6733020 TI - Effects of the antioestrogen tamoxifen on the cell cycle kinetics of the human breast cancer cell line, MCF-7. AB - The effect of 10(-6) M tamoxifen on MCF-7 cells adapted to growth in 0.5% foetal calf serum has been studied. The growth inhibitory effect of this tamoxifen concentration was abolished by simultaneous addition of 10(-8) M oestradiol, indicating that tamoxifen may exert its effect via binding to the oestrogen receptor. Flow cytometric cell cycle analysis of tamoxifen-treated cultures showed an increase in the proportion of cells in the G1 phase of the cell cycle. By exposing the cells to BUdR before flow cytometry the growth fraction was determined and found to be dramatically decreased in tamoxifen-treated cultures. Cells were not only arrested in the G1 phase but also in the G2 phase of the cell cycle. A few colonies of MCF-7 cells were resistant to 10 days treatment with 10( 6) M tamoxifen. PMID- 6733021 TI - Radiation and heat sensitivity of cells from two slowly growing human melanoma xenografts. AB - The radiation and heat sensitivity of cells from two melanin-rich, slowly growing human melanoma xenografts (B.E. and R.A.) were studied. The volume-doubling times of the xenografts in the volume range 200-500 mm3 were found to be 22.5 47.5 days (B.E.) and 25.3-39.2 days (R.A.). The cells were suspended in culture medium during irradiation or heating, and the colony forming ability of the cells was assayed in soft agar. The X-ray survival curve parameters were found to be: Do = 1.09 +/- 0.14 Gy, Dq = 1.99 +/- 0.58 Gy (B.E.); Do = 1.23 +/- 0.08 Gy, Dq = 2.03 +/- 0.35 Gy (R.A.). The Do-values of the heat survival curves were found to be 119.0 +/- 26.6 min (42.5 degrees C), 20.4 +/- 3.9 min (43.5 degrees C) and 9.6 +/ 1.6 min (44.5 degrees C) for the B.E. melanoma and 112.9 +/- 13.3 min (42.5 degrees C), 17.9 +/- 2.0 min (43.5 degrees C) and 7.7 +/- 0.5 min (44.5 degrees C) for the R.A. melanoma. Both the radiation and the heat sensitivities of the cells are within the range of sensitivities reported for rapidly growing melanoma xenografts, suggesting that the intrinsic radiation and heat sensitivity of tumour cells are not strongly related to the rate of tumour growth prior to treatment. PMID- 6733022 TI - The effects of glutathione depletion on thermotolerance and heat stress protein synthesis. AB - The effects of cellular glutathione depletion by buthionine sulfoximine on the development of thermotolerance and synthesis of heat stress protein was studied. Cellular glutathione levels were found to increase rapidly following an acute heat treatment of either 12 min at 45.5 degrees C or 1 h at 43 degrees C and remain elevated for prolonged periods. Glutathione depletion and prevention of glutathione synthesis by buthionine sulfoximine resulted in inhibition of the development of thermotolerance and a decrease in total protein as well as specific heat stress proteins. While the degree of inhibition of thermotolerance was similar for both glutathione depletion protocols, inhibition in heat stress protein synthesis was greater when glutathione was depleted to low levels prior to heating. The possible role of glutathione and the cellular redox state to thermotolerance and synthesis of heat stress protein is discussed. PMID- 6733023 TI - B16 melanoma development, NK activity cytostasis and natural antibodies in 3 and 12 month old mice. AB - Three types of natural immune responses against malignant cells were studied in vitro: Cytotoxicity mediated by splenic NK cells; cytostasis mediated by splenocytes and binding of naturally occurring antibodies to various tumour targets. These responses were studied in untreated 3 and 12 month old mice and in mice of both age groups inoculated with B16 melanoma cells. The results showed that in normal mice NK activity decreases with age, cytostatic activity remains unchanged and the titre of natural antibodies increases. Twelve-month old mice were shown to be appreciably more resistant than 3 month old mice to the development of tumours from subthreshold numbers of B16 tumour cells. In mice injected with threshold amounts of the B16 tumour, there was no change in any of the responses in the tumour-free period, but there was a decrease in NK activity and an increase in cytostatic activity when a large tumour mass developed. An increase in the titre of natural antibodies in young mice injected with the tumour was also seen. The correlation between these changes and tumour appearance and development is discussed. PMID- 6733024 TI - Hypoxic cells and in situ chemopotentiation of the nitrosoureas by misonidazole. AB - Intracerebral (i.c.) and subcutaneous (s.c.) 9L tumours were treated simultaneously with various doses of the nitrosoureas, BCNU or CCNU, and 2.5 mmol kg-1 of misonidazole (MISO). After 24 h, tumours were removed, dissociated into single cell suspensions and the cells plated for colony formation. In both i.c. and s.c. tumours, no cell kill was observed after exposure to MISO alone, and no additional cell kill was observed when MISO was combined with either nitrosourea. If s.c. 9L tumours were clamped 30 min after i.p. injection of 2.5 mmol kg-1 MISO, then 2 h later the clamps were removed and the nitrosourea injected, an increase in cell kill was observed. This increase in cell kill was statistically significant (P less than 0.01) for each dose of BCNU administered, but not statistically significant (P greater than 0.05) for the moderate dose of CCNU administered. Clamping did not alter the colony forming efficiency of cells from untreated 9L s.c. tumours or from those treated with each drug alone. These data demonstrate that hypoxic cells are required for misonidazole to potentiate the cell-killing effects of the nitrosoureas and that s.c. 9L tumours contain no such cells. PMID- 6733026 TI - A physiological effect on tissue temperature during RF hyperthermia. PMID- 6733025 TI - In vitro potentiation of BCNU activity in rat brain tumour cells pretreated with misonidazole. PMID- 6733027 TI - Immunolocalization of the murine monoclonal antibody, 791T/36 within primary human colorectal carcinomas and identification of the target antigen. PMID- 6733028 TI - Alpha-2 HS glycoprotein in the hypercalcaemia of multiple myeloma. PMID- 6733029 TI - The effects of adult behaviours on increasing language delayed children's production of early relational meanings. PMID- 6733030 TI - From acquisition theories to intervention strategies: an experiment with mentally handicapped children. PMID- 6733031 TI - Communication in aphasia therapy: some of the procedures and issues involved. PMID- 6733032 TI - The use of augmentative communication systems in schools and units for autistic and aphasic children in the United Kingdom. PMID- 6733033 TI - A commentary on the LARSP procedure. PMID- 6733034 TI - Suffering a relarsp: a reply to Connolly. PMID- 6733035 TI - Auditory discrimination in speech-impaired and normal children as related to age. PMID- 6733036 TI - Increased concentrations of immunoreactive leukotrienes in cutaneous lesions of eosinophilic cellulitis. AB - A case of eosinophilic cellulitis is described. Tests of eosinophil function were normal. Radioimmunoassay identification of inflammatory mediators showed greatly increased concentrations of leukotrienes LTC4/D4 (components of slow-reacting substance of anaphylaxis) in the affected skin. These mediators may play a causal role in the inflammation seen with eosinophilic cellulitis. PMID- 6733037 TI - Inhibition of chemiluminescence in human neutrophils by dapsone. AB - Dapsone at doses of 0.5 to 5.0 micrograms/ml was found to produce a dose dependent inhibition of opsonized zymosan-induced human polymorphonuclear leukocyte (PMN) chemiluminescence (CL) in vitro. Simultaneous exposure of PMN to dapsone and zymosan was as effective in reducing CL as preincubation of PMN with dapsone. Preincubation of PMN with dapsone followed by washing, resulted in the loss of dapsone-mediated CL inhibition, indicating that dapsone did not permanently alter the CL-generating mechanism and that the drug had to be present to inhibit CL. Dapsone did not absorb light at the wavelength of CL and was not toxic to PMN at concentrations tested. Sodium azide, an inhibitor of myeloperoxidase-mediated CL inhibited PMN CL to the same degree as dapsone. When incubated together with PMN, dapsone and azide did not produce an additive inhibition of CL. These data suggest that inhibition of myeloperoxidase may be the mechanism by which dapsone inhibits PMN CL. PMID- 6733038 TI - Effect of coal tar on cutaneous aryl hydrocarbon hydroxylase induction and anthralin irritancy. AB - The inflammatory dose-response to topical anthralin and whole skin aryl hydrocarbon hydroxylase (AHH) activity were measured before and 24 h after application of a coal tar solution to the uninvolved skin of patients with psoriasis. The inflammatory response to anthralin decreased and total AHH activity increased after the tar treatment. A possible explanation is that anthralin or an irritant product is metabolized by AHH activity in the skin. Induction of AHH by coal tar increases its removal and reduces anthralin irritancy. PMID- 6733039 TI - Treatment of chronic actinic dermatitis with azathioprine. AB - Fourteen patients with severe unremitting chronic actinic dermatitis were treated with oral azathioprine in a dosage of 100-200 mg daily for a mean 11.5 months. Clinical improvement, apparently permanent, occurred after a few weeks to several months and continued for up to 2 years. Nine patients cleared or improved markedly, one patient cleared and then relapsed again on treatment, two patients showed no response and two patients needed to discontinue therapy because of gastrointestinal side-effects. We feel that in many patients azathioprine can be a very effective therapy for this extremely incapacitating disease. PMID- 6733040 TI - Short-contact dithranol therapy--a comparison with the Ingram regime. AB - We have compared a short-contact dithranol regime with the traditional Ingram regime in the treatment of forty-three patients with plaque psoriasis. The Ingram regime produced a significantly faster rate of improvement of the psoriasis than the short-contact regime. The degree of relapse 12 weeks after stopping treatment was identical for both regimes. The irritant effect was more troublesome with short-contact dithranol therapy. Nevertheless, short-contact dithranol regimes may have a place in home treatment. PMID- 6733041 TI - A serum inhibitor of neutrophil chemotaxis associated with hyperglobulinaemia E in a patient with lymphoma, and recurrent skin infection. AB - A patient with a strong serum inhibitor of neutrophil chemotaxis, a possible chemotactic factor inactivator and hyperimmunoglobulinaemia E is described. The patient had a persistent chronic dermatitis which appeared to develop following radiation of the central nervous system for an unclassified lymphoma. Other abnormalities included a general increase of serum immunoglobulins, impaired lymphocyte response to mitogens, and a high Epstein-Barr antibody titre. This case illustrates that an increased IgE level, previously reported in association with a cellular chemotactic defect, may coexist with serum inhibitors of neutrophil chemotaxis. PMID- 6733042 TI - The morphology and hardness of the nail in two cases of congenital onychoheterotopia. PMID- 6733043 TI - Confirmation of raised phospholipase A2 activity in the uninvolved skin of psoriasis. PMID- 6733044 TI - House dust mite avoidance and atopic dermatitis. PMID- 6733045 TI - The inhibition of the anticoagulant activity of heparin by platelets, brain phospholipids, and tissue factor. AB - Platelets and phospholipids have been shown to protect factor Xa from inhibition by the heparin--antithrombin III complex. The studies reported herein investigated the effects of gel filtered platelets, activated platelets, brain phospholipids (cephalin), and brain tissue factor on the inactivation of thrombin and factor Xa by the heparin--antithrombin III complex. In addition, the relative anticoagulant effects of heparin on the extrinsic and intrinsic coagulation pathways were investigated. Our results suggest that gel filtered platelets, activated platelets, cephalin and tissue factor protect thrombin, as well as factor Xa, from inactivation by the heparin--antithrombin III complex. Tissue factor had the greatest anti-heparin activity. Activated platelets, gel filtered platelets, cephalin and tissue factor did not alter the protease--antithrombin III reaction rates measured in the absence of heparin. These observations are consistent with the hypothesis that platelets, brain phospholipids, and tissue factor, in the presence of calcium, partition heparin from antithrombin III, and thus prevent full expression of the antithrombin III-dependent anticoagulant activity of heparin. PMID- 6733046 TI - Production and availability of thromboplastin in endothelial cells: the effects of thrombin, endotoxin and platelets. AB - Freshly prepared endothelial cells from umbilical cord veins were demonstrated to possess a weak but significant thromboplastin activity. Upon exposure of cultured endothelial cells to catalytically active thrombin (4.5 U/ml) or endotoxin (0.05 microgram/ml), the thromboplastin activity of the cells was increased 10-40-fold during 5 h incubation, and with the additional presence of washed, isolated platelets during the incubation, the activity was enchanced up to 170-fold. Platelets or catalytically inactivated thrombin added alone were largely ineffective as stimulants. 75-80% of the enhanced thromboplastin activity became available on the surface of the cultured cells as demonstrated by utilizing thromboplastin antibodies. Such exposed activity is suggested to be important in thrombotic situations where initial formation of thrombin may significantly accelerate the generation of thrombin by a positive feedback effect upon thromboplastin synthesis in the endothelial cells. PMID- 6733047 TI - Feasibility of antenatal diagnosis of beta thalassaemia by DNA polymorphisms in Asian Indian and Cypriot populations. AB - The feasibility of using restriction fragment length polymorphisms ( RFLPs ) for the antenatal diagnosis of beta thalassaemia in the U.K.-resident Cypriot and Asian Indian populations has been determined. Seven polymorphic restriction endonuclease sites in the beta globin gene cluster were analysed in 20 Cypriot and 42 Asian patients and their parents and the combination of polymorphic sites (haplotype) for each chromosome determined. It was found that 76% of the Asian and 35% of the Cypriot families had DNA polymorphisms which would allow antenatal diagnosis of a homozygous beta thalassaemic fetus, and that in the majority of the remaining families there was a 50% chance of a successful diagnosis of either a normal or a heterozygous fetus. These results indicate that RFLP analysis of fetal DNA is a useful method for antenatal diagnosis of beta thalassaemia in families with either a normal or homozygous beta thalassaemia child, especially in the Asian population in the U.K. PMID- 6733048 TI - Antenatal diagnosis of haemoglobinopathies by improved method of isoelectric focusing of haemoglobins. AB - An improved method of isoelectric focusing (IEF) of haemoglobins, utilizing a spacer molecule to increase the separation between HbA and acetylated HbF, was carried out in parallel with carboxymethylcellulose (CMC) chromatography in 85 antenatal diagnoses for haemoglobinopathies (mainly thalassaemia). In 19 of 21 affected fetuses no HbA band was detectable on IEF while in two a very faint band was observed; in heterozygotes or normal fetuses a more obvious HbA band was present. Moreover, IEF was useful for the demonstration of HbLepore in two cases at risk for beta-thalassaemia/ HbLepore and for interpreting a radioactive pre beta globin peak on CMC chromatography. Pure fetal blood is needed for IEF. It can therefore be used for most cases in centres using fetoscopy for fetal blood sampling. About 80% of antenatal diagnosis of haemoglobinopathies may be carried out by IEF which is a very simple, rapid and inexpensive method. PMID- 6733049 TI - The use of intermediate dose cytosine arabinoside (ID Ara-C) in the treatment of acute non-lymphocytic leukaemia in relapse. AB - Cytosine arabinoside in a high dose of 3 g/m2 (HD Ara-C), alone or in combination with doxorubicin, has been advocated for the treatment of patients with acute non lymphocytic leukaemia (ANLL) in relapse. Although a remission rate of 65% has been reported, the toxicity was severe and was possibly related to the high plasma concentrations of Ara-C (about 100 microM) reached during 1 h infusion. It has been postulated, however, that the intracellular enzymes which convert Ara-C into the active metabolite cytosine arabinoside triphosphate (Ara-CTP), are saturated at plasma concentrations of about 10 microM. We calculated that this level could be reached with an intermediate dose of 0.5 g/m2 Ara-C, given in a 1 h infusion (ID Ara-C). Subsequently 15 patients with ANLL (12 in relapse and three refractory to conventional therapy) were treated with ID Ara-C every 12 h for 6 d in combination with doxorubicin and vincristine. The overall remission rate was 80%. The median duration of bone marrow depression was 20 d (range 14-29 d) and side effects were comparable to conventional treatment. These preliminary data suggest that the therapeutic results of this ID Ara-C regimen are not inferior to comparable schedules with HD Ara-C as reported by others while toxicity is less severe. PMID- 6733050 TI - Haematological phenotype of the triplicated gamma-globin gene arrangement. PMID- 6733051 TI - Bone marrow plasma cell infiltration in multiple myeloma. PMID- 6733054 TI - Asymptotically distribution-free methods for the analysis of covariance structures. PMID- 6733052 TI - The decomposition of multitrait-multimethod matrices. PMID- 6733053 TI - Invariance in time series representations of 2-input 2-output psychophysical experiments. PMID- 6733055 TI - Contraception for the older woman. PMID- 6733057 TI - Analysis of fetal heart rate on-line at 32 weeks gestation. AB - Antenatal fetal heart rate (FHR) patterns were screened in 634 women with singleton pregnancies at 32 weeks gestation using a microprocessor on-line. The duration of the record was adjusted according to its character, varying from 10 min with high FHR variation (39% of records) to 45 min with low variation (4.7%). The average duration was 16.7 min. Of the 30 fetuses with the lowest FHR variation (less than 5th centile), 19 (63%) had a normal outcome. Of the 11 with an abnormal outcome five were born greater than or equal to 38 weeks; six were born by caesarean section at 32-34 weeks, resulting in an increased incidence in the group. Analysis of the numbers of accelerations, of decelerations, of episodes of high FHR variation or of fetal movements did not improve long-term prediction. It was concluded first, that antenatal FHR monitoring for up to 45 min at 32 weeks gestation had no long-term predictive value; and second, that 3% of our obstetric population have unreactive FHR traces at this age, with a normal outcome. This does not imply that consecutive antenatal records on the same high risk patient at short intervals are not valuable clinically. PMID- 6733056 TI - Variability of fetal scalp blood flow during labour: continuous transcutaneous measurement by the laser Doppler technique. AB - Variability of fetal scalp blood flow was measured in 15 patients in labour. Using the continuous transcutaneous laser Doppler technique adapted for fetal intrapartum measurements, it was possible to obtain recordings from a cervical dilatation of 3 cm until delivery. The general trend of fetal scalp blood flow showed a decrease in the majority of the patients during the first and the second stages of labour, with a fall of more than 50% of the initial value at the end of the first stage in seven. During the second stage the decrease in flow was generally less pronounced, although in one fetus scalp blood flow fell to 18% of the initial level by the end of the second stage. Of all the uterine contractions recorded, 57% were accompanied by a transient decrease in blood flow, often by 40 50%, but a temporary increase in scalp blood flow was found in 25% of contractions. Caput succedaneum formation was associated with a more pronounced transient decrease in local scalp blood flow during contractions. It is concluded that during labour a considerable reduction in fetal scalp blood flow occurs. It follows that the reliability of fetal transcutaneous blood gas monitoring techniques, which need a substantial increase in local capillary blood flow, seems highly questionable. PMID- 6733058 TI - The transfer of cephradine across the placenta. AB - The transfer of maternally administered cephradine (1 g given intravenously) to the fetal circulation and amniotic fluid was investigated in 2 pregnant patients undergoing fetoscopy. Cephradine was detected in fetal serum between 23 and 72 minutes after injection and was present in therapeutic concentrations. Fetal serum levels appeared to peak at approximately 40-50 min. Amniotic fluid levels were rising during the sampling period of 97 min. Cephradine is transferred across the placenta and appears to be a suitable antibiotic for use in selected obstetric patients when penetration of the fetal compartment is desirable. PMID- 6733060 TI - The congenital cervicovaginal transformation zone in young women exposed to diethylstilboestrol in utero. AB - Twenty-seven young women exposed in utero to diethylstilboestrol have been studied for greater than 24 months. Serial study of the cervi-covaginal transformation zone has been by the non-invasive techniques of cytology, colposcopy and scanning electron microscopy. Minimal change has been noted in aceto-white areas within the transformation zone and, although some progressive glycogenation has been observed, this has never been to the stage of fully glycogenated epithelium. Scanning electron microscopy has shown maturation of the epithelium although there has been some slowing or arrest of the process at the stage of immature squamous epithelium. The neoplastic potential of this epithelium is discussed. PMID- 6733061 TI - The congenital cervicovaginal transformation zone in sexually active young women. AB - A total of 110 sexually active teenage girls was screened cytologically and colposcopically; 71 of them had areas of aceto-white epithelium within the cervicovaginal transformation zone. Of these 54 had long-term follow-up and over a mean period of 36 months the aceto-white epithelium was observed to disappear in 26. In the remaining 28 girls aceto-white areas persisted largely unchanged over the period of follow-up. The characteristics of these persistent aceto-white areas are documented and suggestions with regard to their origins and significance are made. PMID- 6733059 TI - An automatic electronic device (Rite Time) to detect the onset of the infertile period by basal body temperature measurements. AB - Two trials of an electronic thermometer (Rite Time), designed to record and interpret basal body temperature (BBT) patterns in normal ovulating women, are described. A total of 140 menstrual cycles from 34 women, who used the thermal or symptothermal methods of natural family planning, were studied. Rite Time gave a signal for the start of the infertile period in 117 cycles, of which 114 (97%) appeared to have occurred at appropriate times. Further studies using hormonal and ultrasound reference points for ovulation were carried out in 21 cycles. Rite Time generally produced BBT patterns of quality acceptable for interpretation of the periovulatory BBT shift. About one-half of the volunteers said that they would be willing to replace their conventional charting methods with Rite Time. PMID- 6733062 TI - Benign cervicovaginal deformities in young women not exposed to diethylstilboestrol. AB - During a 2-year period six women have been identified with benign cervicovaginal deformities of the type normally associated with diethylstilboestrol (DES) exposure in utero. In none of them could such a hormonal history be identified. It is suggested, in view of these findings, that benign cervicovaginal deformities are not unique to women exposed to DES in utero and some possible reasons why they have never previously been reported are presented. PMID- 6733063 TI - The efficacy of graduated compression stockings in the prevention of deep vein thrombosis after major gynaecological surgery. AB - The efficacy of graduated compression stockings in the prevention of deep vein thrombosis (DVT) after major gynaecological surgery was investigated in a controlled randomized prospective trial in 196 patients who were greater than 35 years of age. The stockings were worn by 104 of the 196 patients throughout their stay in hospital, the other 92 patients did not wear the stockings (control group). All the patients were scanned for DVT postoperatively with the 125I labelled fibrinogen test. None of the 104 patients who wore the stockings developed a thromboembolism, but four of the 92 control patients who did not wear the stockings had DVT. This difference between the two groups was statistically significant. PMID- 6733065 TI - The use of a fibre optic endoscope for amnioscopy. PMID- 6733064 TI - Failure of post-coital contraception after insertion of an intrauterine device. Case report. PMID- 6733067 TI - Is the lecithin/sphingomyelin ratio outdated? PMID- 6733066 TI - Premature ovulation after ovarian ultrasonography. PMID- 6733068 TI - Bilateral central scotomata due to intracranial tumour. AB - Bilateral centrocaecal scotomata have been recognised as a sign of intrinsic optic nerve disease, usually associated with hereditary optic neuropathy, and nutritional or toxic amblyopias. This report describes four patients with central scotomata due to intracranial masses, three of whom recovered after surgical intervention. The clinician should be alerted to the association in patients with headaches, other neurological signs, and central visual loss. PMID- 6733069 TI - Evaluation of the Friedmann Visual Field Analyser Mark II. Part 1. Results from a normal population. AB - Normal subjects when examined with the Friedmann Mark II Analyser often miss stimuli in the extreme (greater than 20 degrees) superior field and in the arcuate regions. The majority of misses in the superior field are believed to result from the subjects' eyelashes acting as partial occluders. The misses in the arcuate region are believed to be the result of the retinal blood vessels. Isolated missed points at 0.8 or more log unit above threshold were found in 9% of the subjects, which means that it is 13 times more likely that an isolated missed point comes from a normal subject than a glaucomatous one (the incidence of glaucoma is taken as 0.7% of the total population). Clusters of two missed stimuli in the arcuate region at 0.4 and 0.6 log unit above threshold were found in 8% and 0% of the population. Clusters of three missed stimuli in the arcuate region were found in 0.7% of the population. It is suggested that isolated missed stimuli should be retested with the eccentric fixation point. PMID- 6733070 TI - Evaluation of the Friedmann Visual Field Analyser Mark II. Part 2. Results from a population with induced visual field defects. AB - The Friedmann Visual Field Analyser Mark II is evaluated with a group of 301 normal eyes, 155 of which had an induced visual field defect. Measures of sensitivity and specificity are calculated from these data by criteria similar to those used by other researchers. The inadequacies of using pass/fail criteria in the clinical situation are discussed, and a solution is proposed in which each field response is scored and the score compared with those from normal and defective populations. An example is given of how this form of analysis could be incorporated into the clinical situation. PMID- 6733071 TI - Visually evoked potentials in eccentrically and centrally fixing amblyopes. AB - Visually evoked potentials to checkerboard pattern reversal were found to be nearly five times larger in eccentrically fixing amblyopic eyes than in centrally fixing amblyopic eyes when compared with the fellow non-amblyopic eye. The two groups of amblyopes had comparably poor visual acuity and differed in no other way save in their fixation behaviour. This suggests that at least two neurodevelopmental mechanisms subserve human amblyopia and that only one of these resembles the animal model of visual deprivation. PMID- 6733072 TI - Corneal ulcer due to Achromobacter xylosoxidans. AB - We report a case of corneal ulcer caused by the opportunistic organism Achromobacter xylosoxidans which developed during chronic topical steroid treatment of an eye with neovascular glaucoma. A. xylosoxidans has probably been underreported as a cause of ocular infection because of confusion between this organism and other Gram-negative organisms, particularly pseudomonas. A. xylosoxidans is resistant to aminoglycosides and some cephalosporins but not carbenicillin. This difference in antibiotic sensitivity patterns between A. xylosoxidans and pseudomonas makes an accurate differentiation between the 2 organisms important. This case was successfully treated after substituting topical carbenicillin for topical gentamicin and amikacin. PMID- 6733073 TI - Retinal vascular remodelling in radiation retinopathy. AB - A 34-year-old female developed bilateral radiation retinopathy three months after external beam radiotherapy for pituitary adenoma. The clinical symptoms, fundus abnormalities, and microvascular pathology noted on fluorescein angiography resolved spontaneously over a few months. The most dramatic aspect was the progressive improvement and partial reperfusion of the retinal capillary bed. PMID- 6733074 TI - Vitreous fluorophotometry in patients with cone-rod dystrophy. AB - Eight patients with cone-rod dystrophy were examined by means of vitreous fluorophotometry. The data in three patients with an early stage of retinitis pigmentosa (rod-cone dystrophy) served for comparison. In contrast with the abnormal findings on vitreous fluorophotometry in patients with an early stage of retinitis pigmentosa the value of vitreous fluorophotometry in cone-rod dystrophy was within the normal range in all patients except the two with advanced stages of this disease. Our results suggest that, although both diseases are based on diffuse dystrophy of photoreceptors, and the final stages of the two diseases may show several similar features, the process of breakdown of the blood retinal barrier differs greatly in the two diseases. PMID- 6733076 TI - Reconstruction of the lower lid. AB - As the lower eyelid is frequently the site of malignant disease, lower lid replacement is a common task in oculoplastic surgery. As a rule the reconstruction of larger defects (more than one-third) can be accomplished with free grafts or with flaps. Different forms of pedicle flaps (full thickness, tarsoconjunctival, combined) from the upper lid provide better results than free grafts. A convenient method of lower lid replacement is the use of a medial pedicle rotation flap of the cheek. This has advantages over the temporal pedicle cheek flap or the frontal flap. PMID- 6733075 TI - The Alstrom syndrome: ophthalmic histopathology and retinal ultrastructure. AB - A case of pigmentary retinal degeneration causing blindness in early childhood, progressive neurosensory hearing loss, diabetes mellitus, acanthosis nigricans, hypogonadism with normal secondary sex characteristics, and kyphoscoliosis without polydactyly and with no mental retardation is reported. The results of endocrinological studies, karyotype analysis, and digital dermatoglyphics supported the clinical diagnosis of the Alstrom syndrome. The patient had small globes, bilateral posterior subcapsular cataracts, lacy vacuolation of the iris, ciliary process hyalinisation, unilateral asteroid hyalosis, total absence of rods and cones, intraretinal melanin pigment, retinal pigment epithelium atrophy, focal chorioretinal fusion, preretinal fibrosis, bilateral giant optic disc drusen, and optic nerve atrophy. Electron microscopy of the retina demonstrated large numbers of melanolysosomes, numerous folds of basement membrane material, disruption of Bruch's membrane, and numerous bundles of extracellular collagen fibrils in the retinal pigment epithelium. PMID- 6733077 TI - Carbon-13 chemical shifts on oxytocin as a consequence of its interaction with neurophysins. AB - Carbon-13 NMR was used to study the interaction of the hormone oxytocin with neurophysin (NP). Oxytocins specifically enriched to 90% 13C in the alpha-carbons of Leu-3 (in [3-leucine]oxytocin), Gln-4, and Leu-8 and in the carbonyl carbon of Cys-6 were synthesized, so that the effect on these positions of binding to NP could be monitored. The alpha-carbons of residues 3 and 4 experienced shifts of 4.2 and -1.5 ppm (negative shifts are downfield), respectively, upon binding of the hormone to NP. The carbonyl carbon of residue 6 underwent a shift of +0.7 ppm, while the alpha-carbon of residue 8 displayed no shift. For each enriched residue, the hormone diastereoisomer in which this residue had the D configuration was also synthesized. NMR was then used to determine the binding affinity of the various diastereoisomers to NP, as well as to measure the NMR parameters of the bound peptides. When position 3 had the D configuration, the binding affinity for NP was 10-20% that of the native hormone. For positions 4, 6, and 8, the D diastereoisomers bound with the same affinity as oxytocin. The alpha-carbons of D residues of positions 3 and 4 shifted by -2.5 and +0.4 ppm, respectively, the carbonyl carbon of D-Cys-6 shifted by +1.4 ppm, and the alpha carbon of D-Leu-8 was unshifted on binding to NP. The shift and diastereoisomer binding data, combined with previous results involving enriched carbons and/or diastereoisomers of residues 1, 2, and 9, support the conclusion that residues 1 and 2 are most crucial for binding of oxytocin to NP, residue 3 is less important, and residues 4-9 are of only slight significance.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS) PMID- 6733078 TI - A monoclonal antibody to the estrogen receptor discriminates between the nonactivated and activated estrogen- and anti-estrogen-receptor complexes. AB - An IgM-class monoclonal antibody ( B36 ) [Greene, G. L., Fitch, F. W., & Jensen, E.V. (1980) Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A. 77, 157-161] raised against the calf uterine estrogen receptor (R) was used to probe the structure of R bound to estradiol or to 4-hydroxytamoxifen, a nonsteroidal anti-estrogen which displays a high affinity for R. This antibody does not noticeably modify the interaction of R with these ligands, but R, when bound to B36 , is markedly displaced in both low- and high-salt sucrose gradients. We found the following: The B36 antibody interacts more strongly with activated cytosol estradiol- and 4-hydroxytamoxifen R complexes than with nonactivated (molybdate-stabilized) complexes. This antibody also interacts strongly with the nuclear forms of R bound to estradiol or to the anti-estrogen. The affinity of B36 for the nonactivated R-4 hydroxytamoxifen complex is 3-fold greater than for the non-activated R-estradiol complex. The difference is slightly less pronounced for activated complexes. Preincubation of activated R with saturating amounts of B36 partially (less than or equal to 60%) inhibits the binding of R-ligand complexes to DNA adsorbed onto cellulose. These results suggest that the B36 and DNA binding domains of R are related and strengthen the hypothesis that R has different external structures when activated or nonactivated and when bound to an anti-estrogen or to estradiol. PMID- 6733079 TI - Oxygen equilibrium studies on carp-human hybrid hemoglobins. AB - Hybrid hemoglobins have been made in which one chain is derived from human hemoglobin and the other from carp hemoglobin. Both hybrid hemoglobins show low cooperativity in oxygen binding. Hybrid I (alpha carp: beta human) has a very small Bohr effect, whereas hybrid II (alpha human: beta carp) has a Bohr effect nearly as large as that for human hemoglobin. Both hemoglobins have P50's more closely resembling carp hemoglobin than human hemoglobin in the region of pH 7, and for both hybrids, as for carp, cooperativity virtually disappears at acid and alkaline pHs. Since both hybrids are formed from chains derived from cooperative parent hemoglobins, it is difficult to account for the low cooperativity in terms only of the T-state salt bridges and the alpha 1-beta 2 contacts involved in the R-T switch region. We suggest that the F9 Ser in the carp beta-chain as well as alpha 1-beta 1 interactions is important in controlling the allosteric transitions in these hybrids. PMID- 6733081 TI - Ligand binding kinetic studies on the hybrid hemoglobin alpha (human):beta (carp): a hemoglobin with mixed conformations and sequential conformational changes. AB - Oxygen and CO ligand binding kinetics have been studied for the hybrid hemoglobin (Hb) alpha (human):beta (carp), hybrid II. Valency and half-saturated hybrids were used to aid in the assignment of the conformations of both chains. In hybrid II, an intermediate S state occurs, in which one chain has R- and the other T state properties. In HbCO at pH 6 (plus 1 mM inositol hexaphosphate), the human alpha-chain is R state and the carp beta-chain is T state. We have no evidence at this pH that the carp beta-chain ever assumes the R conformation. At pH 6, the human alpha-chain shows human Hb R-state kinetics at low fractional photolysis and T-state rates for CO ligation by stopped flow. At pH 7, the human-chain R state rate slows toward a carp hemoglobin rate. The carp beta-chains, on the other hand, react 50% more rapidly in the liganded conformation than in carp hemoglobin, and while the human alpha-chains are in the R state, the two beta chains appear to function as a cooperative dimer. In this hemoglobin, the chains appear to be somewhat decoupled near pH 7, allowing a sequential conformational change from the R state in which the beta-chains first assume T-state properties, followed by the alpha-chains. The rate of the R-T conformational change for the carp beta-chains is at least 300 times greater than that for the human alpha chains. At pH 9, the R----T conformational transition rate is at least 200 times slower than that for human hemoglobin.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS) PMID- 6733080 TI - Ligand binding kinetic studies on the hybrid hemoglobin alpha(carp):beta(human): a hemoglobin with a restricted allosteric range. AB - The preparation of native alpha- and beta-chains of carp hemoglobin and the preparation of the hybrid hemoglobin alpha(carp):beta(human), hybrid I, are described. CO association and dissociation kinetics were determined for the hybrid hemoglobin alpha(carp):beta(human) as a function of fractional saturation by stopped-flow and by flash and laser photolysis. Oxygen dissociation from the liganded distribution of conformers and overall oxygen association were studied by laser photolysis. An allosteric model was used to fit successfully all of the CO and oxygen kinetics and equilibria for this hybrid. In this model, it was assumed that the conformational changes were rapid with respect to ligand binding. A linear free-energy relationship relating rate constants and equilibrium constants was assumed in order to reduce the number of fitting parameters. In the allosteric model itself, it was assumed that L, but not c, varied with pH. For CO, the allosteric parameter c was 0.24; for oxygen, the value was 0.14. At pH 7, L was 80. In hybrid I, the calculated CO association rate constants for the R and T states differ by only a factor of 2. From the equilibrium data, with no assumptions as to the rate of conformational equilibrations , one can show that the allosteric model requires that the measured CO association constant from stopped-flow measurements be assigned to the T state. This state, however, is poised approximately midway between a carp human T state and a carp hemoglobin R state. In this hybrid, neither chain shows normal R-state behavior; rather, the liganded state is also intermediate between R and T. In this hemoglobin, the low cooperativity appears to be associated with a very restricted range for the R-T conformational change. PMID- 6733082 TI - Mass transport and reaction kinetic parameters determined electrochemically for immobilized glucose oxidase. AB - Mass-transfer resistances often have pronounced effects on the overall reaction rates of enzymes immobilized at interfaces or in polymeric matrices. In the present work glucose oxidase was immobilized on the surface of a platinum disk electrode by one of three attachment techniques: silane-glutaraldehyde, allylamine-glutaraldehyde, and albumin-glutaraldehyde. In one group of studies the electrodes were rotated, and methods were employed to determine the diffusion and shielding coefficients for transport of a model electroactive compound, i.e., potassium ferrocyanide, through the enzyme matrix. A model electrochemically active compound was used because glucose exhibits a very slow rate of electron transfer at a platinum surface. The diffusion coefficient for ferrocyanide was reduced 7% by the silane-enzyme and 25% by the allylamine-enzyme matrices. In a second group of studies the electrodes were held stationary. Marked internal diffusional resistance was noted for the albumin-glutaraldehyde-enzyme matrix. The calculated flux of ferrocyanide was decreased by a factor of 2000-8500 for transport through albumin-enzyme matrices 0.21-0.063 cm thick, as compared to transport through free solution. In a third group of studies the rotating enzyme matrix electrode was utilized in determining apparent values of the Michaelis constant for glucose. The velocity of the reaction was determined by amperometric measurement of the concentration of hydrogen peroxide reaching the ring electrode. The results, determined from Eadie-Hofstee type plots of reaction current and substrate concentration, gave values between 12 and 36 mM for the three methods of immobilization.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS) PMID- 6733083 TI - Stoichiometry of covalent actin-subfragment 1 complexes formed on reaction with a zero-length cross-linking compound. AB - The interaction of actin and rabbit subfragment 1 has been reexamined by using a carbodiimide cross-linking reagent. A major doublet with an apparent molecular weight of 134 000 as judged by sodium dodecyl sulfate-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis has been identified. A minor product of much higher molecular weight is also formed. Stoichiometry determinations using [3H]actin and [14C]subfragment 1 indicate that the major doublet is a 1:1 complex of actin and subfragment 1. This result confirms that reported by Sutoh (1983) [ Sutoh , K. (1983) Biochemistry 22, 1579-1585] PMID- 6733084 TI - Troponin-tropomyosin interactions. Fluorescence studies of the binding of troponin, troponin T, and chymotryptic troponin T fragments to specifically labeled tropomyosin. AB - We have studied the interaction between troponin and tropomyosin by means of a fluorescent probe, N-(1- anilinonaphth -4-yl)maleimide (ANM), attached to the cysteine-190 residues of tropomyosin. The binding of troponin and troponin T to ANM-tropomyosin produces substantial increases in the label fluorescence. Analysis of the binding profiles indicates that both troponin and troponin T bind with a 1:1 stoichiometry. We have obtained and characterized several chymotryptic fragments of troponin T by digestion of isolated troponin T or whole troponin. An N-terminal fragment from troponin T which is slightly less than two-thirds of the whole molecule binds to tropomyosin without affecting the label fluorescence; a C terminal fragment composed of the rest of the troponin T molecule causes a substantial enhancement of the label fluorescence. We have also isolated a complex containing the C-terminal troponin T fragment together with troponin I and troponin C from whole troponin, which also enhanced the label fluorescence. These observations indicate an elongated region of attachment between troponin T and tropomyosin. PMID- 6733086 TI - Metabolism of vitamin K and vitamin K 2,3-epoxide via interaction with a common disulfide. AB - The effects of thiols and sulfhydryl blocking reagents on the reduction of vitamin K to vitamin K hydroquinone and vitamin K 2,3-epoxide to vitamin K and vitamin K hydroquinone catalyzed by rat hepatic microsomes were investigated to determine the mechanism(s) for these reactions. Both vitamin K and vitamin K 2,3 epoxide reductions were catalyzed more effectively with dithiols than with monothiols as the reductant. The sulfhydryl reagent N-ethylmaleimide (NEM) inhibited vitamin K and vitamin K 2,3-epoxide reduction much more effectively when microsomes were initially treated with dithiothreitol (prereduced). In prereduced microsomes iodoacetamide was approximately half as effective an inhibitor of vitamin K and vitamin K 2,3-epoxide reduction as NEM, but in microsomes not prereduced it was more effective. Iodoacetic acid was ineffective as an inhibitor. Vitamin K or vitamin K 2,3-epoxide added to prereduced microsomes blocked subsequent inhibition by NEM of vitamin K and vitamin K 2,3 epoxide metabolism, respectively. Vitamin K added to prereduced microsomes also blocked inhibition by NEM of vitamin K 2,3-epoxide metabolism, and vitamin K 2,3 epoxide addition blocked inhibition by NEM of vitamin K metabolism. Vitamin K did not diminish the rate of vitamin K 2,3-epoxide metabolism, however, nor did vitamin K 2,3-epoxide diminish the rate of vitamin K metabolism. These data establish that exogenous thiol compounds promote the reduction of at least one protein disulfide which participates in the metabolism of vitamin K and vitamin K 2,3-epoxide. Presumably, the resultant sulfhydryl groups are reoxidized to the disulfide form during the metabolism of either vitamin which protects them from reaction with NEM. PMID- 6733085 TI - Effects of ionic strength and state of assembly on kinetics of hydrogen exchange of calf thymus histones. AB - The kinetics of hydrogen exchange of calf thymus histone H2A-H2B dimers and (H3 H4)2 tetramers at pH 7 have been examined at low (0.16 M NaCl) and high (2 M NaCl) ionic strengths and after incorporation into (H2A-H2B-H3-H4)2 octamers. The similarity of the results for both species is noteworthy. Approximately 60% of the backbone amide protons are detectable in both low and high salt, and at least three kinetic phases can be distinguished. Increasing the ionic strength from 0.16 to 2 M accelerates exchange of some of the rapidly exchanging protons in both dimers and tetramers, while slowing exchange of others. Exchange of the more slowly exchanging protons is virtually unaffected. Incorporation of dimers into octamers accelerates exchange of approximately 40 protons to such an extent that they can no longer be detected. The effects of assembly upon the tetramer are qualitatively similar. These results indicate that both high ionic strengths and assembly destabilize some regions of the structure while stabilizing others. For both dimers and tetramers, the effects of ionic strength are dramatic, while those of assembly are more subtle. Higher resolution studies aimed at identifying the responsive protons would be of interest. PMID- 6733087 TI - Stability and structure of clathrin. AB - The effects of urea on the dissociation and structural transitions of clathrin (8 S) have been evaluated by various techniques. The dissociation of the light chains in 3 M urea has been shown by light scattering, ultracentrifugation, and column chromatography. The dissociated components still retain the capacity to form the characteristic polygonal structure of the coat after removal of the urea. At higher concentrations of urea, the secondary and tertiary structures are eliminated, as documented by various spectroscopic techniques, i.e., tryptophan polarization and emission maxima, circular dichroism, and difference spectra. Two distinct transitions are observed by all techniques, one between 3 and 6 M urea and a second one which starts at 7 M but is still incomplete by 9.6 M urea. A concentration-dependent aggregation of clathrin chains occurs in 4 and 5 M urea solutions, as observed by light scattering and sedimentation. The results indicate that there are two large, independent domains in clathrin heavy chains and that each domain may have a single, highly cooperative transition. PMID- 6733088 TI - Na+ and K+ transport in Nitrosomonas europaea and Nitrobacter agilis. AB - Potassium-depleted cells of Nitrosomonas europaea and Nitrobacter agilis were prepared by diethanolamine treatment and contained less than 5 mM intracellular K+. The addition of K+ to K+-depleted cells of N. europaea and N. agilis resulted in a depolarization of membrane potential (delta psi) by about 5 and 10 mV, respectively. This depolarization was, however, compensated by an equivalent increase in transmembrane pH gradient (delta pH), so that the total proton-motive force (delta p) remained constant, indicating that K+ transport was electrogenic in both bacteria. Using 22Na+-loaded cells, it is shown that both bacteria lack a respiration-dependent Na+ pump; however, antiporters for Na+/H+, K+/Na+ and K+/H+ were detected. Of these, at least the K+/Na+ antiporter required an electrochemical gradient for its operation. It is also shown that the unprotonated form of NH+4 is transported into these bacteria by a simple diffusion mechanism. PMID- 6733089 TI - Manganese proteins isolated from spinach thylakoid membranes and their role in O2 evolution. II. A binuclear manganese-containing 34 kilodalton protein, a probable component of the water dehydrogenase enzyme. AB - Extraction conditions have been found which result in the retention of manganese to the 33-34 kDa protein, first isolated as an apoprotein by Kuwabara and Murata (Kuwabara, T. and Murata, N. (1979) Biochim. Biophys Acta 581, 228-236). By maintaining an oxidizing-solution potential, with hydrophilic and lipophilic redox buffers during protein extraction of spinach grana-thylakoid membranes, the 33-34 kDa protein is observed to bind a maximum of 2 Mn/protein which are not released by extended dialysis versus buffer. This manganese is a part of the pool of 4 Mn/Photosystem II normally associated with the oxygen-evolving complex. The mechanism for retention of Mn to the protein during isolation appears to be by suppression of chemical reduction of natively bound, high-valent Mn to the labile Mn(II) oxidation state. This protein is also present in stoichiometric levels in highly active, O2-evolving, detergent-extracted PS-II particles which contain 4-5 Mn/PS II. Conditions which result in the loss of Mn and O2 evolution activity from functional membranes, such as incubation in 1.5 mM NH2OH or in ascorbate plus dithionite, also release Mn from the protein. The protein exists as a monomer of 33 kDa by gel filtration and 34 kDa by gel electrophoresis, with an isoelectric point of 5.1 +/- 0.1. The protein exhibits an EPR spectrum only below 12 K which extends over at least 2000 G centered at g = 2 consisting of non uniformly separated hyperfine transitions with average splitting of 45-55 G. The magnitude of this splitting is nominally one-half the splitting observed in monomeric manganese complexes having O or N donor ligands. This is apparently due to electronic coupling of the two 55Mn nuclei in a presumed binuclear site. Either a ferromagnetically coupled binuclear Mn2(III,III) site or an antiferromagnetically coupled mixed-valence Mn2(II,III) site are considered as possible oxidation states to account for the EPR spectrum. Qualitatively similar hyperfine structure splittings are observed in ferromagnetically coupled binuclear Mn complexes having even-spin ground states. The extreme temperature dependence suggests the population of low-lying excited states such as are present in weakly coupled dimers and higher clusters of Mn ions, or, possibly, from efficient spin relaxation such as occurs in the Mn(III) oxidation state. Either 1.5 mM NH2OH or incubation with reducing agents abolishes the low temperature EPR signal and releases two Mn(II) ions to solution. This is consistent with the presence of Mn(III) in the isolated protein.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 400 WORDS) PMID- 6733090 TI - Carrier-mediated transport systems of tetraethylammonium in rat renal brush border and basolateral membrane vesicles. AB - Transport of [3H]tetraethylammonium, an organic cation, has been studied in brush border and basolateral membrane vesicles isolated from rat kidney cortex. Some characteristics of carrier-mediated transport for tetraethylammonium were demonstrated in brush-border and basolateral membrane vesicles; the uptake was saturable, was stimulated by the countertransport effect, and showed discontinuity in an Arrhenius plot. In brush-border membrane vesicles, the presence of an H+ gradient ( [H+]i greater than [H+]o) induced a marked stimulation of tetraethylammonium uptake against its concentration gradient (overshoot phenomenon), and this concentrative uptake was completely inhibited by HgCl2. In contrast, the uptake of tetraethylammonium by basolateral membrane vesicles was unaffected by an H+ gradient. Tetraethylammonium uptake by basolateral membrane vesicles was significantly stimulated by a valinomycin induced inside-negative membrane potential, while no effect of membrane potential was observed in brush-border membrane vesicles. These results suggest that tetraethylammonium transport across brush-border membranes is driven by an H+ gradient via an electroneutral H+-tetraethylammonium antiport system, and that tetraethylammonium is transported across basolateral membranes via a carrier mediated system and this process is stimulated by an inside-negative membrane potential. PMID- 6733091 TI - Effect of pyrithiamine treatment on potassium ion fluxes in rat cortical slices. AB - The effect of thiamine deficiency on energy-requiring processes in brain tissue was studied by comparing cortical slices prepared from control and pyrithiamine treated rats. Veratridine was used to stimulate energy metabolism by opening voltage-sensitive sodium channels resulting in enhanced Na+/K+ pumping; subsequent tetrodotoxin addition closed the sodium channels. Pyrithiamine-treated slices showed both lower basal and veratridine-stimulated respiration rates compared to control slices. K+ was released from the tissue upon addition of veratridine and was taken up again upon addition of tetrodotoxin. The movement of K+ was monitored directly with a K+-sensitive electrode as well as by measuring the rubidium diffusion potential. There was no difference between control and pyrithiamine-treated slices in K+ fluxes in response to veratridine and tetrodotoxin. The extent of reuptake of K+ upon tetrodotoxin addition was inversely related to the extracellular Ca2+ concentration and to the incubation temperature. Veratridine resulted in a marked decrease in tissue levels of ATP and creatine phosphate; these levels remained quite low upon tetrodotoxin addition. Despite the different respiration rates, control and pyrithiamine treated slices showed the same ATP and creatine phosphate levels in response to veratridine and tetrodotoxin. PMID- 6733093 TI - Interdigitated hydrocarbon chain packing causes the biphasic transition behavior in lipid/alcohol suspensions. AB - It has been shown recently by Rowe ((1983) Biochemistry 22, 3299-3305) that ethanol has a 'biphasic' effect on the transition temperature (Tm) of phosphatidylcholine bilayers, reducing Tm at low concentrations but increasing Tm at high concentrations. Our X-ray diffraction data show that this reversal of Tm is a consequence of the induction of an unusual gel phase, where the lipid hydrocarbon chains from apposing monolayers fully interpenetrate or interdigitate. The properties of this interdigitated phase also explain the lipid chain length dependence of the reversal in the Tm versus ethanol concentration curves and the narrow width of the transition at high ethanol concentrations, as well as spectroscopic and calorimetric data from lipid suspensions containing other drugs such as methanol, benzyl alcohol, phenyl ethanol, and chlorpromazine. PMID- 6733092 TI - The influence of n-alkanols on the capacity per unit area of planar lipid bilayers. AB - The electrical capacities per unit area of planar lipid bilayers formed from monoolein/n-hexadecane, monoolein/ squalane (or squalene) and monoolein/triolein have been measured in the presence of a range of n-alkanols. For monoolein/n hexadecane bilayers, the effects of the n-alkanols are complicated but can be rationalized in terms of the likely changes in lipid chain order and the influence of the n-alkanol in the Plateau-Gibbs border. Monoolein/ squalane (or squalene) and monoolein/triolein bilayers exhibit behaviour quite different from the n-hexadecane membranes. For both the squalane and triolein bilayers the shorter chain alkanols increase the capacity per unit area while the longer homologues have little effect. These results help to account for the influence of the n-alkanols on gramicidin single-channel lifetimes. PMID- 6733094 TI - Isolation and partial purification of dicarboxylic acid binding protein from luminal-membrane vesicles of rabbit kidney cortex. AB - A specific dicarboxylic acid binding protein was isolated by solubilizing highly purified renal luminal-membrane vesicles with the non-ionic detergent C12E8 , followed by affinity chromatographic procedures. SDS-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis of the samples containing dicarboxylic acid binding protein showed a single sharp band of an apparent molecular weight of 50 000. After treatment with mercaptoethanol the protein was split in two subunits of apparent molecular weights of 35 000 and 15 000. By analytical ultracentrifugation the minimal molecular weight of the dicarboxylic acid binding protein preparation was calculated to be 54 000. Binding of the radioactive succinate and L-malate to the dicarboxylic acid binding protein preparation as studied by equilibrium dialysis showed saturation phenomenon and was specifically inhibited by addition of D malate. The dissociation constants for succinate (0.18 mM) and L-malate (0.33 mM) calculated from the binding data agree extremely well with the apparent Km values for these organic acids found in transport studies utilizing intact luminal membrane vesicles. PMID- 6733095 TI - Transfer of phosphatidic acid between microsomal and mitochondrial outer and inner membranes. AB - A protein fraction from rat liver cytoplasm, precipitable at 50-95% saturation of ammonium sulphate, binds phosphatidic acid from mitochondrial and microsomal membranes. Protein-bound phosphatidic acid was eluted from Sephadex G-75 in fractions corresponding to a molecular weight of about 10 000. No such binding was observed with mitochondrial soluble proteins, either total or precipitated with ammonium sulphate between 50 and 95% saturation. The transfer of phosphatidic acid from microsomes to mitochondria was increased by liver cytoplasmic proteins precipitable at 50-95% saturation of ammonium sulphate but not with mitochondrial soluble proteins. This increase by cytoplasmic proteins was pronounced in 200 mM sucrose but was negligible in 100 mM KCI where the spontaneous transfer was quite high. Cytoplasmic proteins stimulated the synthesis of cardiolipin and phosphatidylglycerol in mitochondria deprived of the outer membrane but not in intact mitochondria when phosphatidic acid was supplied either by microsomes or liposomes. It is suggested that the transfer of phosphatidic acid from the outer to the inner mitochondrial membrane is not mediated by transfer proteins but occurs either by direct contact of the membranes or as free diffusion through the aqueous phase. PMID- 6733096 TI - Interaction of saponin and digitonin with black lipid membranes and lipid monolayers. AB - The effects of the plant glycosides saponin as well as digitonin on the electrical conductance of black lipid membranes and the effect of these agents on the surface pressure of lipid monofilms was investigated. Both saponin and digitonin induced channel-like fluctuations in planar bilayers made either of diphytanoylphosphatidylcholine ( DPhPC ) or of DPhPC and cholesterol 2: 1 (w/w). In cholesterol-free bilayers the amount needed to induce an increase in conductance was 0.3-1 mg/ml for saponin and about 0.2 mg/ml for digitonin. In contrast, in cholesterol-containing bilayers the concentration needed to induce pores was about 10 micrograms/ml for both saponin and digitonin. In cholesterol containing membranes the fluctuating pores induced by saponin were about 3-times more permeable to K+ than to Cl- and the macroscopic current showed an ohmic behaviour. Surface pressure experiments demonstrate that both glycosides could penetrate into lipid monofilms of pure DPhPC spread at the air/water interface with an initial surface pressure of 30 mN/m. The increase in surface pressure was considerably enhanced in cholesterol-containing films. It is assumed that the channel-like fluctuations induced by saponin as well as digitonin, in both cholesterol-free and cholesterol-rich bilayers are due to the formation of micellar structures within the lipid lattice. Probably the penetration of the glycosides into the lipid bilayer is considerably enhanced by the presence of cholesterol. PMID- 6733097 TI - Nucleoside transport in cultured mammalian cells. Multiple forms with different sensitivity to inhibition by nitrobenzylthioinosine or hypoxanthine. AB - The zero-trans influx of 500 microM uridine by CHO, P388, L1210 and L929 cells was inhibited by nitrobenzylthioinosine ( NBTI ) in a biphasic manner; 60-70% of total uridine influx by CHO cells and about 90% of that in P388, L1210 and L929 cells was inhibited by nmolar concentrations of NBTI (ID50 = 3-10 nM) and is designated NBTI -sensitive transport. The residual transport activity, designated NBTI -resistant transport, was inhibited by NBTI only at concentrations above 1 microM (ID50 = 10-50 microM). S49 cells exhibited only NBTI -sensitive uridine transport, whereas Novikoff cells exhibited only NBTI -resistant uridine transport. In all instances NBTI -sensitive transport correlated with the presence of between 7 7 X 10(4) and 7 X 10(5) high-affinity NBTI binding sites/cell (Kd = 0.3-1 nM). Novikoff cells lacked such sites. The two types of nucleoside transport, NBTI -resistant and NBTI -sensitive, were indistinguishable in substrate affinity, temperature dependence, substrate specificity, inhibition by structurally unrelated substances, such as dipyridamole or papaverine, and inhibition by sulfhydryl reagents or hypoxanthine. We suggest, therefore, that a single nucleoside transporter can exist in an NBTI -sensitive and an NBTI resistant form depending on its disposition in the plasma membrane. The sensitive form expresses a high-affinity NBTI binding site(s) which is probably made up of the substrate binding site plus a hydrophobic region which interacts with the lipophilic nitrobenzyl group of NBTI . The latter site seems to be unavailable in NBTI -resistant transporters. The proportion of NBTI -resistant and sensitive uridine transport was constant during proportion of NBTI -resistant and sensitive uridine transport was constant during progression of P388 cells through the cell cycle and independent of the growth stage of the cells in culture. There were additional differences in uridine transport between cell lines which, however, did not correlate with NBTI sensitivity and might be related to the species origin of the cells. Uridine transport in Novikoff cells was more sensitive to inhibition by dipyridamole and papaverine than that in all other cell lines tested, whereas uridine transport in CHO cells was the most sensitive to inactivation by sulfhydryl reagents. PMID- 6733098 TI - Measurement of facilitated calcium diffusion by a soluble calcium-binding protein. AB - The flux of calcium through an aqueous compartment was determined in a flow dialysis cell in which two dialysis membranes separated the middle aqueous compartment from two outer compartments. The contribution of convection to the total calcium flux was large but could be removed by addition of 1% agar. The flux of calcium through the gelled aqueous compartment agreed with theoretical expectations. The self-diffusion coefficient for calcium from these results was calculated to be 0.81 X 10(-5) cm2 X s-1. Carp parvalbumin significantly enhanced the calcium flux at 2.3 X 10(-6)M free calcium. The calcium flux increased linearly with parvalbumin concentration. These observations are consistent with the hypothesis that the overall unidirectional calcium flux J is the sum of free calcium diffusion and protein-calcium diffusion: J = D[Ca] + D'[CaPr]. The value of D', the self-diffusion coefficient for parvalbumin, was calculated from the flux data to be 13.7 X 10(-7) cm2 X s-1. PMID- 6733099 TI - Rotational dynamics of immunoglobulins with fluorescent haptens on a membrane surface. AB - The rotational dynamics of rabbit immunoglobulin G with fluorescent lipid haptens on a membrane surface has been studied by nanosecond fluorescence emission anisotropic spectroscopy. It has been found that the rotational angles of the antibody are very restricted on the membrane, but that the rotation rate itself is not appreciably lower than that in solution, and is independent of the membrane fluidity. PMID- 6733100 TI - The Ca2+ uptake and the hydrolysis of various nucleotide triphosphates by human platelet membranes. AB - Several nucleotide triphosphates (NTPs) were tested as energy source for the Ca2+ uptake by human platelet membrane vesicles. The Ca2+ uptake by these membranes was driven by ATP, GTP, ITP, UTP and CTP. The steady-state level of accumulated Ca2+ was equal with the different NTPs. The highest uptake velocity was found with ATP, but about 40-80% of the velocity with ATP could be accomplished with the other nucleotides. The highest affinity was also found with ATP (Km apparent = 15 microM). The liberation of Pi from the various NTPs was measured simultaneously with the Ca2+ uptake. The coupling ratio (moles of Ca2+ taken up/moles of Pi liberated) varied from 0.4 for ATP to 2.3 for UTP and was almost independent of the NTP concentration. The enzyme activity with ATP as substrate is strongly dependent on the Ca2+ concentration in contrast to the activity with GTP, ITP, UTP or CTP. PMID- 6733101 TI - Characterization of calciphorin by laser-excited europium luminescence. AB - There is some question whether the calcium binding characteristics of calciphorin are due to contaminating phospholipids. To differentiate protein ion binding by phospholipids or contaminating detergent, we describe here the use of Eu(III) as a metal-binding-site probe, and characterize the interaction of Eu(III) with calciphorin, cardiolipin, deoxycholate, and digitonin. The luminescence excitation pattern of Eu(III) bound to the calciphorin preparation clearly differentiates it from Eu(III) interactions with the possible contaminants. In addition, the effect of the luminescence decay constant of Eu(III) bound to calciphorin on the mole fraction of H2O in a mixture of H2O/2H2O indicates that all except approximately 0.8 of the 9 to 10 water molecules coordinating Eu(III) in solution are stripped off upon binding to calciphorin. This also contrasts with the data for the possible contaminants. PMID- 6733102 TI - Lipid-protein interactions of the human erythrocyte concanavalin A receptor in phospholipid bilayers. AB - The interaction of the human erythrocyte concanavalin A receptor (a subpopulation of Band 3) with phospholipids has been investigated using differential scanning microcalorimetry of reconstituted vesicles prepared by detergent dialysis. The mean diameter of dialyzed phospholipid vesicles jumps dramatically on inclusion of the concanavalin A receptor and then increases linearly with the fraction of protein in the bilayer. The glycoprotein has a dramatic effect on the phospholipid gel to liquid-crystalline phase transition, and delta H decreases linearly with increasing mole fraction of protein up to a protein/lipid mole ratio of around 1:1160. Extrapolation of this data indicates that each concanavalin A receptor is able to perturb about 685 molecules of dimyristoylphosphatidylcholine, withdrawing them from the main phase transition. The cooperativity of phospholipid melting is profoundly disrupted by small amounts of glycoprotein, with the cooperative unit dropping to less than half its initial values at a protein/lipid mole ratio of 1:3800. A break occurs in the delta H curve as the protein/lipid mole ratio is increased above 1:1160, and delta H then increases linearly with increasing amounts of concanavalin A receptor in the bilayer. This phenomenon may be interpreted in terms of protein protein aggregation which occurs in the phospholipid bilayer above a certain critical mole fraction of concanavalin A receptor, resulting in perturbed phospholipids being returned to the phase transition. In addition, the hydrophilic domains of the glycoprotein may exist in two different conformations depending on the protein concentration in the bilayer, and these may differ in their ability to interact with phospholipid headgroups at the membrane surface. PMID- 6733103 TI - Characterisation of phosphatidylcholine/phosphatidylinositol sonicated vesicles. Effects of phospholipid composition on vesicle size. AB - Phosphatidylinositol (PI), dipalmitoylphosphatidylcholine (DPPC) and mixed lipid (DPPC plus PI) sonicated vesicles have been prepared covering a range of composition. The vesicles were characterised by gel filtration, electron microscopy and photon correlation spectroscopy. The dimensions of the vesicles as measured by electron microscopy were in good accord with those obtained from photon correlation spectroscopy measurements. The number average diameters of the vesicles increase on increasing the PI content and range from approx. 30-80 nm as the weight % of PI is increased from 0 to 100. Gel filtration on Sepharose 4B columns gave anomalous results indicating that PI-containing vesicles were retarded on the gel possibly due to an interaction between the inositol headgroup and the gel matrix. Electrophoretic measurements on multilamellar vesicles show that the surface charge density increases with the PI content of the vesicles upto 50 weight % PI and remains constant thereafter. The radii of sonicated vesicles also increase with PI content which reflects a decreasing liposome curvature with increasing surface charge density. PMID- 6733104 TI - Lactosylceramide-induced stimulation of liposome uptake by Kupffer cells in vivo. AB - Incorporation of 8 mol percent lactosylceramide into small unilamellar vesicles consisting of cholesterol and sphingomyelin in an equimolar ratio and containing [3H] inulin as a marker resulted in an increase in total liver uptake and a drastic change in intrahepatic distribution of the liposomes after intravenous injection into rats. The control vesicles without glycolipid accumulated predominantly in the hepatocytes, but incorporation of the glycolipid resulted in a larger stimulation of Kupffer-cell uptake (3.2-fold) than of hepatocyte uptake (1.2-fold). Liposome preparations both with and without lactosylceramide in which part of the sphingomyelin was replaced by phosphatidylserine, resulting in a net negative charge of the vesicles, were cleared much more rapidly from the blood and taken up by the liver to higher extents. The negative charge had, however, no influence on the intrahepatic distributions. The fast hepatic uptake of the negatively charged liposomes allowed competition experiments with substrates for the galactose receptors on liver cells. Inhibition of blood clearance and liver uptake of lactosylceramide-containing liposomes by N-acetyl-D-galactosamine indicated the involvement of specific recognition sites for the liposomal galactose residues. This inhibitory effect of N-acetyl-D-galactosamine was shown to be mainly the result of a decreased liposome uptake by the Kupffer cells, compatible with the reported presence of a galactose specific receptor on this cell type (Kolb-Bachofen et al. (1982) Cell 29, 859-866). The difference between the results on sphingomyelin-based liposomes as described in this paper and those on phosphatidylcholine-based liposomes as published previously (Spanjer and Scherphof (1983) Biochim. Biophys. Acta 734, 40-47) are discussed. PMID- 6733105 TI - Formation of alpha-tocopherol complexes with fatty acids. A hypothetical mechanism of stabilization of biomembranes by vitamin E. AB - The formation of alpha-tocopherol complexes with saturated and unsaturated fatty acids in ethanol has been demonstrated. The values of equilibrium constants for alpha-tocopherol interactions with fatty acids have been determined. These values do not depend in practice on the number of carbon atoms in saturated fatty acid molecules (from 7:0 to 24:0) and are equal to about 40-50 M-1. For unsaturated fatty acids the values of equilibrium constants are increased exponentially with an increase in the number of double bonds in the fatty acid molecule (1.25 X 10(4) M-1 for arachidonic acid). alpha-Tocopherol can form complexes with free fatty acids incorporated into phosphatidylcholine liposomes or into skeletal muscle sarcoplasmic reticulum membranes. The formation of alpha-tocopherol complexes with free fatty acids is regarded as a molecular mechanism of membrane stabilization by vitamin E against the damaging action of free fatty acids. PMID- 6733106 TI - Processed pseudogenes. Characteristics and evolution. PMID- 6733107 TI - Ultraviolet-crosslinking reveals specific affinity of eukaryotic initiation factors for Semliki Forest virus mRNA. AB - Eukaryotic initiation factors (eIF) associate readily with 32P-labeled Semliki Forest virus (SFV) mRNA in vitro, forming complexes which can be crosslinked by 254 nm ultraviolet irradiation. After ribonuclease digestion, the initiation factors were released and analysed by gel electrophoresis. Autoradiography revealed proteins by virtue of crosslinked 32P-labeled mRNA fragments. eIF-4A, 4B and -4C as well as three subunits of eIF-3 could be crosslinked with SFV mRNA. None of these proteins bound to ribosomal RNAs. PMID- 6733108 TI - Relative argininosuccinate synthetase mRNA levels and gene copy number in canavanine-resistant lymphoblasts. AB - Mutants resistant to the arginine analogue, canavanine, have been isolated from two normal lymphoblast lines, MGL8B2 and MGL33. These mutants constitutively express up to 200-fold higher amounts of structurally normal argininosuccinate synthetase, the urea cycle enzyme that converts citrulline to argininosuccinate. Relative levels of argininosuccinate synthetase mRNA were compared among normal and canavanine-resistant lines using in vitro translation of poly(adenylic acid) RNA and blot hybridization of total cytoplasmic RNA to an argininosuccinate synthetase cDNA. Both of these approaches indicated that the canavanine-resistant lines contain increased steady-state levels of synthetase-specific mRNA relative to their sensitive parents and that these were roughly correlated with levels of enzyme activity. Blot hybridization of EcoRI-digested genomic DNA preparations revealed no detectable differences in argininosuccinate synthetase structural gene copy number between normal and canavanine-resistant lymphoblasts, demonstrating that the canavanine-resistant phenotype is not caused by gene amplification. PMID- 6733109 TI - Concentration of particular high molecular mass phosphoproteins in rat liver nuclei and nuclear matrix decreases following inhibition of RNA synthesis by alpha-amanitin. AB - Purified liver nuclei were isolated from rats treated with non-lethal doses of alpha-amanitin, actinomycin D, galactosamine or cycloheximide. The nuclei were incubated in the presence of adenosine 5'-[gamma-32P]triphosphate, and digested with DNAase or DNAase plus high salt concentrations to prepare nuclear residual structures. Using SDS-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis followed by autoradiography, samples from untreated rats were shown to contain major phosphoproteins in the range 76-260 kDa, with a prominent triplet of bands with 110, 117 and 128 kDa. Treatment of animals with alpha-amanitin or high doses of actinomycin D and galactosamine caused a significant decrease in the concentration of a few phosphorylated species, including the 110 kDa protein in whole nuclei, and their disappearance from the nuclear matrix or residual ribonucleoprotein structures after 1-3 h. The changes were reversible, complete recovery being observed after 5 h in the case of alpha-amanitin. No similar results were obtained with nuclei from rats treated with the translation inhibitor cycloheximide. The data are discussed in view of a possible effect of certain high molecular mass phosphoproteins on reactions of the heterogeneous nuclear RNA/mRNA pathway in the cell. PMID- 6733110 TI - The use of cloned tRNA genes for the purification and measurement of specific tRNAs. AB - We have previously reported the ability of a cloned tRNAMeti gene (pt145) to bind tRNAMeti specifically [5]. In this paper, we show that a pBR322 plasmid containing the tRNAAsn gene of Xenopus (pt38 - donated by Stuart Clarkson) will specifically bind to mouse tRNAAsn when total mouse tRNA, extracted from uninduced Friend erythroleukemia cells, is hybridized to the gene probe. One dimensional electrophoresis of the hybridizing tRNA in 20% polyacrylamide reveals one major band and several small-molecular-weight minor bands. The hybridizing tRNA has been identified as tRNAAsn by partial RNA sequencing and the detection of both the Q base and t6A. The steady-state concentration of tRNAAsn in the uninduced Friend cell was determined by hybridizing tRNA labeled in vitro to pt38. 1% of the total tRNA hybridized, representing 0.017 pg tRNAAsn/cell. The fraction of newly synthesized tRNA representing tRNAAsn or tRNAMeti was also determined by hybridizing tRNA labeled in vivo to either pt38 or pt145, respectively. 0.96% and 0.85% of the tRNA hybridized to pt38 and pt145, respectively. PMID- 6733111 TI - Effect of intercalating and groove-binding ligands on formation of covalent complexes between nitracrine (Ledakrin, C-283) or 8-methoxypsoralen and DNA. AB - The effect of ethidium bromide, actinomycin D, distamycin A and netropsin on covalent binding of nitracrine (1-nitro-9-(3,3-N,N dimethylaminopropylamino)acridine, Ledakrin, C-283) and 8-methoxypsoralen to DNA was examined. The competition was assayed either directly with [3H]- and [14C]nitracrine or indirectly by estimation of transcriptional template activity of nitracrine-DNA and 8-methoxypsoralen-DNA complexes formed in the presence of the ligands. A higher protective effect of ethidium bromide and distamycin on the photo-binding of 8-methoxypsoralen than on the dithiothreitol-dependent attachement of nitracrine to DNA assayed at 0.15 M KCl or NaCl was observed. The non-intercalating antibiotics showed lower competitive effect on 8 methoxypsoralen binding than ethidium bromide. Actinomycin D showed relatively low competition for both drugs with DNA. In contrast to the reaction of 8 methoxypsoralen, the decrease of nitracrine binding in the presence of competing ligands considerably depends on ionic strength. Particularly high inhibition of the adduct formation in the presence of ethidium at 1 M KCl was shown, while the amount of nitracrine bound in the presence of distamycin increases at elevated ionic strength. The results may indicate steric demands of the reaction between nitracrine and DNA. PMID- 6733112 TI - The nucleotide sequence of bacteriophage T5 glutamine transfer RNA. AB - Uniformly 32P-labeled phage-specific tRNAGln has been isolated from bacteriophage T5-infected Escherichia coli cells and its nucleotide sequence has been determined using thin-layer chromatography on cellulose to fractionate the oligonucleotides. The sequence is: pUGGGGAUUAGCUUAGCUUGGCCUAAAGCUUCGGCCUUUGAAG psi CGAGAUCAUUGGT psi CAAAUCCAAUAUCCCCUGCCAOH. The main feature of this tRNA is the absence of Watson-Crick pairing between the 5'-terminal base and the fifth base from its 3'-end. The structure of tRNA was confirmed by DNA sequencing of its gene. PMID- 6733114 TI - The specificity of biliverdin reductase. The reduction of biliverdin XIII isomers. AB - The substrate specificity of the different molecular forms of biliverdin reductase (bilirubin:NAD(P)+ oxidoreductase, EC 1.3.1.24) using biliverdin XIII alpha, XIII beta and XIII gamma was examined. It was found that molecular form 1 (the major form in normal rat liver) reduced biliverdin XIII alpha at a much higher rate than the other two isomers. Molecular form 2 (the minor form) reduced isomers XIII alpha and XIII beta at similar rates, while molecular form 3 (the major form induced by CoCl2 treatment) reduced the XIII beta isomer at a slightly higher rate than the XIII alpha isomer. Molecular forms 2 and 3, both reduced isomer XIII gamma more slowly than they reduced the XIII alpha and XIII beta isomers. These results are similar to those obtained previously using biliverdins IX alpha, IX beta and IX gamma, suggesting that biliverdin reductase specificity is related to the type of the isomer rather than to the series (IX or XIII) of the isomer. PMID- 6733115 TI - Temperature effects on optical absorption and circular dichroism of cytochrome P 450scc from bovine adrenocortical mitochondria. AB - Temperature-dependent spin changes of the heme iron atom on cytochrome P-450scc were studied by optical absorption and circular dichroism measurements. The optical absorption and circular dichroism spectra of cholesterol-free cytochrome P-450scc did not change between 10 and 26 degrees C. In contrast, the absorbance at 390 nm and the ellipticity at 330 nm of cholesterol-bound cytochrome P-450scc decreased upon temperature elevation, and the absorbance at 424 nm correspondingly increased. These spectral changes were reversible in respect of temperature. The far-ultraviolet circular dichroism spectra of both cholesterol bound and -free cytochrome P-450scc were not affected by temperature. In addition, bound cholesterol molecule is not released from the cytochrome molecule by increasing temperature. From these results, we propose that temperature modulates specific interactions between the heme protein and bound cholesterol rather than the gross secondary structural changes of the protein. PMID- 6733113 TI - Selective modification of the active center of renal iodothyronine 5'-deiodinase by iodoacetate. AB - Pretreatment of renal iodothyronine 5'-deiodinase with sulfhydryl reagents, iodoacetate, iodoacetamide and N-alkylmaleimides, results in irreversible loss of catalytic activity. Iodoacetate and iodoacetamide were the most potent inhibitors, being 100- to 1000-times more potent than N-alkylmaleimides. Iodoacetate and iodoacetamide inactivation followed pseudo-first-order kinetics with maximum inactivation rate constants of 1.56 min-1 and 0.87 min-1, respectively. Thyroxine and 3,3',5'-triiodothyronine and the competitive inhibitor iopanoate, protected the enzyme against iodoacetate inhibition. Protection by 3,3',5'-triiodothyronine was competitive with iodoacetate with a dissociation constant (Kd) of 113 nM; in close agreement with the Km for rT3 of 190 nM determined under similar reaction conditions. [3H]Carboxymethylation of renal membranes in the absence and presence of 3,3',5'-triiodothyronine showed specific incorporation of iodo[3H]acetate into substrate-protected sites of 35 40% of total when non-essential residues were first blocked with excess unlabeled iodoacetate. ' Protectable ' [3H]acetate incorporation followed pseudo-first order kinetics and the rate constant for incorporation was identical to the rate constant for inactivation. These results indicate that iodoacetate fulfills the minimum criteria for an active-site-directed reagent for renal 5'-deiodinase and that a sulfhydryl group is in close proximity to the iodothyronine-binding site. PMID- 6733116 TI - Calcium-dependent hydrophobic chromatography of calmodulin, S-100 protein and troponin-C. AB - We have demonstrated calcium-dependent hydrophobic interactions among calmodulin, S-100 protein and troponin-C and a homologous series of omega-aminoalkyl agaroses. The three Ca2+-binding proteins were retained on the column of agarose substituted with omega- aminooctyl or even longer with alkylamine, in the presence of Ca2+ and 0.15 M NaCl. As these proteins were not retained on the column with shorter alkylamine 'arms' (N = 2, 4), they are probably successively absorbed with a higher affinity to the hydrophobic agarose column. Calmodulin and S-100 protein were eluted from the aminoocytl -agarose column with 1 mM EGTA in the presence of 0.15 M NaCl and the elution of troponin-C was Ca2+-independently carried out with 0.3 M NaCl. On the other hand, S-100 and troponin-C were eluted Ca2+-dependently from aminodecyl -agarose in the presence of 1 M NaCl and half the amount of the calmodulin applied was eluted with 1 M NaCl. As there are obvious differences among the three Ca2+-binding proteins with regard to chromatographic behavior on omega-aminoalkyl-agarose columns, our results suggest that these three proteins expose different hydrophobic regions following Ca2+ induced conformational changes and, if so, such would explain the interaction with aminoalkyl-agaroses. PMID- 6733118 TI - Elution of interferon beta from blue sepharose by poly(vinylpyrrolidone). AB - Interferon beta produced by a cell line (MRC-5) of human embryonic lung fibroblasts adsorbs to Blue Sepharose CL-6B and may be dissociated at neutral pH using a buffer containing poly(vinylpyrrolidone) and sodium chloride. Poly(vinylpyrrolidone) of Mr 2500 or of Mr 25 000 is equally efficient on a w/w basis. The effect of substituting volatile ammonium salts for the sodium chloride has been investigated. The benefits of the use of poly(vinylpyrrolidone) compared with the use of the commonly-used dissociating agent, 1,2-ethanediol, are discussed. It is concluded that interferon preparations eluted by poly(vinylpyrrolidone) from Blue Sepharose may be suitable for clinical use with minimal additional processing or formulation. PMID- 6733117 TI - Solubilization of peroxidase from porcine thyroids and characterization by photoaffinity labelling. AB - Peroxidase was solubilized without proteolysis from porcine thyroid particulate fraction with the nonionic detergent, 1-O-n-octyl-beta-D-glucopyranoside. The enzyme was able to catalyze the oxidation of guaiacol and the iodination of bovine serum albumin (33 atoms of iodine per molecule protein). Binding studies performed with the partially purified enzyme indicated that the substrates thyroxine (T4) and tyrosine compete for the same binding site on the enzyme. Dissociation constants of 0.9 nM and 0.5 nM were found for T4 and tyrosine, respectively. After photoaffinity labelling with underivatized 125I-labelled T4, gel chromatography on Sephacryl S-1000 revealed a relative molecular weight of about 100 000 for the solubilized enzyme. The peroxidase activity and haem absorbance peak coeluted from the Sephacryl S-1000 column. SDS-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis under reducing conditions indicated two major radiolabelled polypeptides, Mr 83 000 and Mr 42 600, as well as a smaller peak at Mr 15 400. The 15 400 molecular weight species is probably not part of the peroxidase complex, since it could partially be removed by Sephadex G-25 prechromatography . Further analyses confirmed that the partially purified enzyme is a haemoprotein absorbing maximally at 412 nm. The Soret band is shifted to 423 nm by reducing agents and the haem-cyanide complex has a maximum absorbance at 416 nm. PMID- 6733119 TI - Mossbauer spectroscopic studies of human haemosiderin and ferritin. AB - Ferritin and haemosiderin isolated from iron-overloaded human spleens have been investigated by 57Fe Mossbauer spectroscopy at temperatures between 1.3 and 200 K and also in applied magnetic fields. Virtually identical spectra were obtained from both materials at the high and low-temperature ends of this range, and also at 4.2 K in an applied magnetic field of 10 T; this indicates that both must contain iron in a closely similar chemical form. The difference between the two materials lies in the temperature dependence of their Mossbauer spectra in the intermediate temperature range, between 10 and 100 K. The temperature dependence of the Mossbauer spectra is characteristic of superparamagnetic behaviour, which occurs when a magnetically ordered material is present in the form of small particles. The details of this temperature dependence are related to the distribution of particle sizes and the magnetic anisotropy constant of each substance. Electron microscopy shows the haemosiderin cores to be markedly smaller on average than those of ferritin. Combining the Mossbauer spectroscopy and electron microscopy data we have shown that the magnetic anistropy constant of haemosiderin is considerably larger than that of ferritin. This is thought to result from the smaller core size and less symmetrical protein shell of the former. These data are consistent with the proposal that haemosiderin is derived from ferritin. PMID- 6733120 TI - Dissociation of mitochondrial malate dehydrogenase. AB - The kinetics of the dissociation reaction under acidic conditions of the dimeric pig and chicken mitochondrial malate dehydrogenases (EC 1.1.1.37) have been studied. The dissociation of the pig enzyme is completely reversible. The pK for dissociation determined by light-scattering measurements agrees within experimental error with the pK value of 5.25 measured for a tyrosine-carboxylate pair. The rate constants for the dissociation reaction and for the protonation process of this tyrosine are in close agreement. Thus, the tyrosine-carboxylate pair can be used as indicator of the dissociation reaction. The dissociation of the chicken enzyme proceeds around pH 4.5 at a much lower rate. A true equilibrium between dimer and monomers is not found, since the monomer gradually unfolds at this pH. The monomers of both enzymes, pig and chicken mitochondrial malate dehydrogenase, show the same stability towards acid. The difference in stability of the dimeric forms, therefore, must be due to an altered subunit contact area. PMID- 6733121 TI - Degradation of lysophosphatidylcholine by lysosomes. Stimulation of lysophospholipase C by taurocholate and deficiency in Niemann-Pick fibroblasts. AB - Hydrolysis of 2-[1-14C]oleoyl phosphatidylcholine and of 1-[1-14C]oleoyl lysophosphatidylcholine by lysosomes prepared from rat liver using Triton WR-1339 has been studied. At pH 5.0 sodium taurocholate stimulated the release by the soluble lysosomal fraction of labelled lysophosphatidylcholine, diacyl- and monoacylglycerol and fatty acids from [14C]phosphatidylcholine. The time course of appearance of labelled products suggested that monoacylglycerol could be released as a result of the action of phospholipase A1 followed by lysophospholipase C or by the initial action of phospholipase C followed by monoacylglycerol lipase. The hydrolysis of 1-[14C]acyl lysophosphatidylcholine was also stimulated by sodium taurocholate under similar conditions; however, only release of monoacylglycerol was increased, whereas release of fatty acid was inhibited. Mg2+ inhibited the release of labelled monoacylglycerol and of fatty acid from lysophosphatidylcholine. The detergents deoxycholate and Triton X-100 and phospholipids were strongly inhibitory. 5'-AMP almost completely suppressed release of monoacylglycerol but increased release of fatty acid. Chloroquine strongly suppressed release of monoacylglycerol and only at high concentration (1.25 mM) diminished fatty acid release. In the presence of sodium taurocholate the predominant mechanism for degradation of phosphatidylcholine by the soluble fraction of lysosomes involves phospholipase A followed by phospholipase C. Assay of release of monoacylglycerol from [14C]lysophosphatidylcholine catalyzed by extracts of fibroblasts from patients with Niemann-Pick disease and controls in the presence of taurocholate revealed that lysophospholipase C activity was lacking in those cell lines that were deficient in sphingomyelinase. This suggests that lysophospholipase C and sphingomyelinase activities may be catalyzed by one enzyme. PMID- 6733122 TI - Modulation of solubilized brain fucosyltransferase activity by phospholipids. AB - Phospholipids interact on Triton X-100 solubilized GDP-fucose: asialofetuin fucosyltransferase (EC 2.4.1.68) isolated from sheep brain. This enzymatic activity is modulated by charged phospholipids. In particular, phosphatidic acid and analogues markedly inhibit the transfer of fucose from GDP-[14C]fucose. Kinetic studies show that phosphatidic acid interacts as a mixed inhibitor: the velocity and affinity of fucosyltransferase for the GDP-fucose and asialofetuin substrates are strongly decreased. However, this inhibitory effect is not related to stereospecificity, and the different parameters involved in the enzymatic reaction of glycosylation are not modified. The nature of fatty acids and chemical bond (ester or ether) occurring in the carbohydrate chain does not modify the behaviour of phosphatidic acid with respect to fucosyltransferase activity. Further, the physical state of phosphatidic acid (gel phase or liquid crystalline phase) has no influence. However, as the inhibition is closely pH dependent, these data suggest that phosphatidic acid might directly interact with the active site of the enzyme and induce a conformational change. PMID- 6733123 TI - Regulation of 3-hydroxy-3-methylglutaryl-coenzyme A reductase and cholesterol synthesis and esterification during the first cell cycle of liver regeneration. AB - The regenerating rat liver provides a unique in vivo synchronized system for study of the interrelationships between mevalonate and sterol metabolism during the cell cycle. The regulation of 3-hydroxy-3-methylglutaryl-coenzyme A reductase, cholesterol synthesis and acyl coenzyme A: cholesterol acyltransferase during the first cell cycle was investigated. At 8 h postoperative and prior to onset of DNA synthesis or S phase, cholesterol synthesis was depressed in the regenerating liver relative to that in sham-operated controls. This suppression was observed whether assayed in vitro with liver homogenates utilizing radiolabeled acetate, mevalonate or water or in vivo with tritium water. In contrast, at this time point, 3-hydroxy-3-methylglutaryl-CoA reductase activity was increased in microsomes prepared both in the presence and absence of NaF. By 24 h, well into S phase and approaching mitosis, reductase activity and cholesterol synthesis both approached levels observed in the sham-operated control animals. There were no detectable changes in acyl-CoA: cholesterol acyltransferase activity at any time point. Thus, at the 8 h time point, the regulation of the three processes appeared uncoupled. The increased levels of in vitro expressed 3-hydroxy-3-methylglutaryl-CoA reductase activity compared with the decrease in the rate of both cholesterol and squalene biosynthesis suggested diversion of mevalonate into products other than squalene or sterols. We propose that this may reflect the needs of the cell for a nonsterol metabolite of mevalonate necessary for entry of cells into S phase. PMID- 6733124 TI - Application of modified Lineweaver-Burk plots to studies of kinetics and regulation of radish 3-hydroxy-3-methylglutaryl-CoA reductase. AB - We propose the use of modified Lineweaver-Burk plots for the correct evaluation of Michaelis-Menten parameters in radioactive enzyme assays. A correction factor X for the translation of 1/S0 into 1/S is directly derived from the integrated Michaelis-Menten equation without the need of complicated calculations. In practice, this approach is favorably combined with an isotope dilution method which enhances the reliability of measurements at low substrate concentrations. The usefulness of the theoretical and practical approach is demonstrated in investigations of HMG-CoA reductase present in membrane fractions isolated from radish seedlings. The enzyme in the two main membrane fractions obtained by centrifugation at 16000 X g ( P16000 ) and at 105000 X g ( P105000 ) appears to be independently regulated by phytochrome and by phytohormones. Whereas active phytochrome decreases the apparent V of HMG-CoA reductase in the P105000 without affecting the Km, it increases the apparent Km in the P16000 . Kinetin treatment also results in a higher apparent Km of the enzyme in the P16000 fraction. Gibberellic acid and indoleacetic acid did not exhibit such a clear effect. PMID- 6733125 TI - Changes in monogalactosyl diacylglycerols, alkylgalactolipids and cerebroside fatty acid esters in maturing rat brain measured by high-performance liquid chromatography. AB - A newly developed high-performance liquid chromatography method was used to measure four nonpolar glycolipids in developing rat brain. The accumulation patterns of nonhydroxy- and hydroxycerebroside fatty acid esters were similar to those of myelin cerebrosides. In contrast, both monogalactosyl diacylglycerol and alkylgalactolipids reached maximal levels at the early stages of myelination. PMID- 6733126 TI - Phytosphingosine in intestinal glycolipids of the rat fetus. AB - The intestinal glycolipids of rat fetuses contained two major long-chain bases, sphingosine and phytosphingosine. The occurrence of phytosphingosine in glucosylceramide and GM3 was lower at 17 days of gestation than at birth. The base composition of GD3 remained stable and consisted mainly of sphingosine. PMID- 6733127 TI - Rapid synthesis of 26-hydroxycholesterol from mevalonic acid in the Syrian hamster. AB - Using isotope-ratio mass spectrometry, newly synthesized 26-hydroxycholesterol and its derivative, 3 beta-hydroxy-5-cholenoic acid, were detected in the liver and bile of animals within 2 h following intravenous administration of [5 13C]mevalonic acid. The findings indicate that 26-hydroxycholesterol merits further consideration as an in vivo modulator of HMG-CoA reductase activity. PMID- 6733128 TI - Capacity of lipoproteins to act as substrates for lecithin:cholesterol acyltransferase. Enhancement by pre-incubation with an artificial triacylglycerol emulsion. AB - Previous studies have shown that high concentrations of very low density lipoproteins (VLDL) stimulate the formation of cholesteryl esters in human plasma, possibly by acting as recipients of cholesteryl esters transferred from high density lipoproteins (HDL). To gain further insight into this phenomenon, experiments were performed to determine whether the triacylglycerol emulsion Intralipid, which acts as an artificial recipient of HDL cholesteryl esters, has an effect on cholesterol esterification similar to that of VLDL. Intralipid, in contrast to VLDL, is devoid of apolipoproteins which may stimulate cholesterol esterification. Human plasma, which had previously been depleted of VLDL, was pre incubated in the presence or absence of Intralipid. After pre-incubation, the Intralipid was removed and rates of cholesterol esterification were measured in subsequent incubations of the Intralipid-depleted fractions. The presence of Intralipid during the pre-incubation had a marked stimulatory effect on cholesterol esterification, comparable to that of VLDL in earlier studies. The pre-incubation with Intralipid also markedly reduced the cholesteryl ester content, and increased the triacylglycerol content, of the HDL. These changes in composition coincided with two changes in the elution profile of HDL after density-gradient ultracentrifugation which were (i) a reduction in the density of particles in the HDL3 subfraction, which virtually disappeared as an identifiable peak, and (ii) the emergence of a discrete population of very dense lipoproteins consisting primarily of protein and phospholipid. Since all these changes were related to redistributions of lipids, the results highlight the importance of lipid transfers in the regulation of plasma cholesterol esterification. PMID- 6733129 TI - Fluorescence polarization order parameters and phase transitions in lipids and lipoproteins. AB - Fluorescence polarization measurements with 1,6-diphenyl-1,3,5-hexatriene (DPH) were used to monitor phase changes in sonicated dispersions of triacylglycerols, cholesteryl esters and phospholipids. Lipid transitions to a fluid state were detected in a novel way by noting the temperature, t0.08, at which rs, the steady state anisotropy, was equal to 0.08. According to published equations (Van Blitterswijk , W.J., Van Hoeven , R.P. and Van der Meer , B.W. (1981) Biochim. Biophys. Acta 644, 323-332), this value for rs corresponds to a value of zero for S, a structural order parameter. Saturated and trans monounsaturated fatty triacylglycerols and distearoylphosphatidylcholine yielded t0.08 values in close agreement with transition temperatures found by differential scanning calorimetry (DSC), whereas cis unsaturated triacylglycerols displayed residual anisotropy, rs greater than 0.08, at temperatures above the DSC transition. The bent configuration of the cis double-bonded fatty acyl chains probably limits freedom of movement even in the liquid state when three such chains are bound to the glycerol molecule. Cholesteryl esters of 14:0, 18:0 and cis 18:1 fatty acids all showed rs greater than 0.08 above the DSC melting point. The difference in rotational freedom of DPH in triacylglycerol and cholesteryl esters even in the 'liquid' state explains the low t0.08 in the more fluid plasma VLDL and the contrastingly high t0.08 in plasma LDL, and HDL, which contain more cholesteryl ester an less triacylglycerol. PMID- 6733131 TI - The biogenesis of dicarboxylic acid in rats given hypoglycin. AB - The metabolic origin of dicarboxylic acids which are produced as a result of hypoglycin poisoning (Jamaican vomiting sickness) was investigated. 14C- and 3H labelled palmitic acid was administered with hypoglycin to rats, and radioactivity was measured in urinary dicarboxylic acids that were isolated by gas-liquid chromatography. Both isotopes were incorporated into adipic and sebacic acids, indicating a precursor-product relationship. Glutaric acid was, essentially, unlabelled. Preferential incorporation of C-16, relative to C-1 of palmitate, while not evident from data for fraction of isotopic dose incorporated, could be deduced by comparing ratios of 14C:3H in precursor with those ratios in products. It thus appears that omega-oxidation of the fatty acid intervenes predominantly at an intermediate stage of chain-shortening, when inhibition of beta-oxidation by hypoglycin becomes more pronounced. PMID- 6733130 TI - Studies on chicken pancreatic lipase and colipase. AB - Lipase and colipase have been purified to homogeneity from chicken pancreatic tissue. The enzyme has a molecular weight (48 000) and catalytic properties similar to those of pancreatic lipase from higher mammals. Hydrolysis of triolein by chicken lipase is strongly inhibited by various bile salts, including sodium taurochenodeoxycholate, which is present in large proportion in chicken bile. Inhibition is reversed by colipase. With triolein as enzyme substrate, in the presence of sodium deoxycholate, no difference was observed in the ability of pure colipase from chicken, horse or pig to fully activate bile-salt-inhibited lipase from the same species. However, kinetic studies of the hydrolysis of a lecithin-stabilized emulsion of triacylglycerol (Intralipid) by chicken lipase show that the lag period is much longer in the presence of porcine colipase than with the chicken cofactor. This might reflect the higher ability of the avian enzyme to associate with colipase from the same species than with mammalian cofactors when the triacylglycerol substrate surface is covered with amphiphilic lecithin. From our study, the chicken pancreatic lipase/colipase system appears to be functionally similar to homologous lipolytic systems from higher mammals. It is then likely that they are of comparable physiological significance in fat digestion in avian and mammalian species. PMID- 6733133 TI - Nonspecific inhibition of enzymes by p-bromophenacyl bromide. Inhibition of human platelet phospholipase C and modification of sulfhydryl groups. AB - This study demonstrates that p-bromophenacyl bromide irreversibly inhibits, in a time- and dose-dependent manner, yeast alcohol dehydrogenase, bovine pancreatic alpha-chymotrypsin, human platelet phosphatidylinositol (PI)-specific phospholipase C, in addition to the neutral-active and calcium-dependent phospholipase A2 of human platelets. The PI-specific phospholipase C has maximal activity at pH 5,5 is calcium-dependent, and is strongly inhibited by sulfhydryl reagents 5,5'-dithiobis(2-nitrobenzoic acid) (DTNB) and methylmethane thiosulfonate . Increasing concentrations of DTNB produced concomitant inhibition of phospholipase C activity and titration of sulfhydryl groups. In contrast, human platelet phospholipase A2 activity was unaffected by concentrations of DTNB that titrated sulfhydryl groups, and completely inhibited PI-specific phospholipase C activity. Treatment of cysteine with p-bromophenacyl bromide resulted in modification of the amino acid as demonstrated by paper chromatography, and loss of titratable sulfhydryl groups. These data show that p bromophenacyl bromide inhibits a wide spectrum of enzymatic activities including PI-specific phospholipase C. This reagent modifies amino acid residues other than active-site histidines and therefore has a broader reactivity than previously considered. Thus, it should not be used as a selective inhibitor of enzymes in crude cellular experiments. PMID- 6733132 TI - Acyl-chain specificity and membrane fluidity. Factors which influence the activity of a purified phospholipid-transfer protein from lung. AB - A purified phospholipid-transfer protein from rat lung has been characterized in terms of the specificity of the protein for phosphatidylcholine molecules with different apolar moieties. The study demonstrated that the lung-phospholipid transfer protein discriminates between dipalmitoylphosphatidylcholine and molecular species of phosphatidylcholine with unsaturated acyl chains. The initial rate of transfer of dipalmitoylphosphatidylcholine is 1.5-fold greater than the rate of transfer of dioleoylphosphatidylcholine, 1-palmitoyl-2- arachidonylphosphatidylcholine , or egg phosphatidylcholine under most assay conditions. Although the protein preferentially transfers dipalmitoylphosphatidylcholine, the incorporation of increasing mole percentages of dipalmitoylphosphatidylcholine into unilamellar phosphatidylcholine vesicles profoundly affects their effectiveness as donors for phosphatidylcholine transfer by the transfer protein. At 60 mol% dipalmitoylphosphatidylcholine, the rate of transfer is one-third that observed when vesicles are composed of 100% egg phosphatidylcholine. Decreases in membrane fluidity as estimated by fluorescence polarization of 1,6-diphenyl-1,3,5-hexatriene correlate with decreases in the effectiveness of the vesicles as donors in the phospholipid-transfer reaction. The conclusion from these studies is that the rate of transfer of phosphatidylcholine by the purified phospholipid-transfer protein from lung is determined by physical properties of membrane interfaces with which the protein interacts, as well as by the specificity of the phospholipid-transfer protein for different molecular species of phosphatidylcholine. PMID- 6733135 TI - Effect of monodansylcadaverine on the synthesis of phosphatidylinositol by rabbit neutrophils. AB - The present results show that the addition of monodansylcadaverine to rabbit neutrophils stimulates the incorporation of both [3H]inositol and [3H]glycerol into phosphatidylinositol. Monodansylcadaverine also induces the accumulation of phosphatidylinositol 4-phosphate, phosphatidic acid and diacylglycerol. These effects are all dose-dependent and occur at concentrations of monodansylcadaverine which are known to inhibit receptor-mediated endocytosis. Monodansylcadaverine has not effect on phosphatidylinositol hydrolysis or arachidonic acid release, indicating that it acts by increasing de novo synthesis of phosphatidylinositol but not its turnover. It is proposed that the effects of monodansylcadaverine on receptor-mediated endocytosis are mediated, at least in part, by its perturbing effect on lipid metabolism. PMID- 6733136 TI - Stimulation of phosphatidylcholine synthesis by exogenous phosphatidylglycerol in primary cultures of type II pneumocytes. AB - We examined the effect of exogenous phospholipids on phosphatidylcholine synthesis in primary cultures of adult rat type II pneumocytes. Incubation of the cells with 10 microM phosphatidylglycerol for 2 h stimulated the rate of [3H]choline and [3H]glycerol incorporation into phosphatidylcholine by 72% and 50%, respectively. The effect appeared to be specific for phosphatidylcholine synthesis and was largely on the unsaturated species. Synthesis of disaturated phosphatidylcholine was little stimulated. The stimulatory effect of the lipid is unlikely to be a consequence of increased substrate, since it was not mimicked by glycerol, glycerol 3-phosphate or palmitic acid. Neither does it appear to be due to increased cell growth, since rates of protein and DNA synthesis were not increased. The relevance of these findings to surfactant turnover and reutilization warrants investigation. PMID- 6733137 TI - Measurement and prediction of the rates of spontaneous transfer of phospholipids between plasma lipoproteins. AB - The purpose of this report is to develop a correlation between the hydrophobicity of a phospholipid as measured by reversed-phase high-performance liquid chromatography and its rate of spontaneous transfer and to use this correlation to predict the rate of transfer of any homologous lipid from any lipoprotein. We have studied the mechanism of transfer of a series of fluorescent or radiolabeled phospholipids among natural and reassembled serum lipoproteins. Fluorescent phosphatidylcholines included those with 9-(1-pyrenyl)nonanoic acid in the sn-2 position and lauric, myristic, palmitic, stearic, oleic or linoleic acid at sn-1. The radioactive phosphatidylcholines contained [3H]oleic acid in the sn-2 position and lauric, myristic, or palmitic acid at sn-1. The kinetics of transfer of the pyrene-labeled lipid were followed by changes in the excimer fluorescence, and that of the radioactive lipids by separation of the donor (lipid apolipoprotein recombinant) from the acceptor (single bilayer vesicles) on a column of Sephacryl S-200. The retention time of each lipid was measured by high performance hydrophobic chromatography through a Waters radially compressed C18 column eluted with 75% isopropanol and 25% triethylammonium phosphate (0.15 M). A linear relationship was observed between the rate-constant of transfer and the retention time which suggest that the rate of desorption of phosphatidylcholines from lipoproteins and vesicles is controlled predominately by the hydrophobic effect. For a homologous series of lipids, the rate of transfer can be predicted from retention times obtained from hydrophobic chromatography. The kinetics of transfer of 1-lauroyl-2-[9-(1-pyrenyl)nonanoyl] phosphatidylcholine between isolated human serum lipoproteins exhibits a linear correlation between the transfer half-time and the size of the donor lipoproteins. As a consequence, transfer from very-low-density lipoprotein is 10-times slower than that observed from high-density lipoproteins. The observed correlations between phospholipid transfer rates and both the Stokes radius of the donor and the retention time of the phospholipid on a hydrophobic column permit one to calculate the rate of transfer of homologous molecules between lipid-protein complexes. The results predict that the spontaneous transfer of phospholipids between plasma lipoproteins would be too slow to be a physiologically important phenomena. PMID- 6733134 TI - Lipoprotein lipase-catalyzed hydrolysis of dimyristoylphosphatidylcholine. Effect of lipid organization and apolipoprotein C-II on enzyme activity. AB - The effect of phospholipid organization on the lipoprotein lipase-catalyzed hydrolysis of dimyristoylphosphatidylcholine was examined with sonicated vesicles and Triton X-100 or lysomyristoylphosphatidylcholine solubilized lipid. Triton X 100-dimyristoylphosphatidylcholine substrates were prepared at various ratios of detergent to phospholipid so as to produce lipid structures varying from bilayers to micelles. Apolipoprotein C-II, the activator protein for lipoprotein lipase, enhanced the rate of the lipoprotein lipase-catalyzed hydrolysis of dimyristoylphosphatidylcholine for each substrate tested. Although the absolute rate of lipoprotein lipase catalysis was different for each, the factor (the ratio of lipoprotein lipase activity with apolipoprotein C-II to that without the activator protein) was nearly constant, with a value of approximately 16. We conclude that the enhancement of lipoprotein lipase activity by apolipoprotein C II is independent of the physical form of the phospholipid substrate. PMID- 6733138 TI - Oxidation and esterification of cis- and trans-isomers of octadecenoic and octadecadienoic acids in isolated rat liver. AB - The metabolism of 9-octadecenoic and 9,12-octadecadienoic acids with different geometrical configurations was compared in isolated perfused rat liver. More ketone bodies were produced when the trans-isomers were infused. In contrast, only the cis-isomer augmented the triacylglycerol secretion almost entirely as very-low-density lipoprotein (VLDL). Although these responses were independent of the difference in the degree of unsaturation in both the cis- and trans-isomers, the trans-monoenic acid compared to the trans-dienic acid was incorporated more readily into perfusate and hepatic lipids. Quantitative information was obtained with radioactive tracer experiments. The hepatic uptakes of 9-[10 14C]octadecenoic acids were comparable in the cis- and trans-isomers. The trans octadecenoic acid compared to the cis counterpart was oxidized more readily and incorporated more into liver phospholipid but less into perfusate and liver triacylglycerol. These reciprocal responses counterbalanced each other. The lower rates of triacylglycerol synthesis and secretion in the liver perfused with the trans-octadecenoic acid was confirmed using [2- 3H]glycerol as a tracer. The marked difference in the channelling of cis- and trans-fatty acids in the pathways of oxidation and esterification seems to modify the VLDL secretion in perfused rat liver. Present observations indicate a considerable difference in the fate of unsaturated fatty acids with different configurations. trans-Fatty acids are expected to be an efficient energy source in animal tissues and may not be hyperlipidemic. PMID- 6733139 TI - pH-dependent Ca2+ interaction with phospholipids related to phosphatidylethanolamine N-methylation. AB - The interactions of PE and its N-methylated derivatives (PME, PDE AND PC) WITH Ca2+ were examined. PE and the intermediate phospholipids of PE N-methylation (PME and PDE) interacted with Ca2+ in a pH-dependent and reversible manner. When these phospholipids were present in the heptane phase, Ca2+ in the aqueous phase was translocated into the heptane phase at alkaline pH but not at acidic pH. PDE was also effective for the translocation even at around neutral pH, while PC hardly translocated Ca2+ at pH 6.0-9.2. The amounts of Ca2+ interacting with these phospholipids were in the following order: PDE is greater than PME is greater than PE is much greater than PC. P1, phosphatidic acid and PS interacted with Ca2+ in the whole pH range examined. The Ca2+ interactions with P1 and phosphatidic acid were independent of pH, while PS interacted with more Ca2+ at alkaline pH. These phospholipids interacted with Ca2+ most strongly among the cations studied. Liposomes containing PDE also bound the highest amounts Ca2+ among PE and its N-methylated derivatives. Furthermore, mammalian cultured cell membranes, which contain increased amounts of PDE by in vivo modification with N,N'-dimethylethanolamine, bound more Ca2+ than those prepared from choline treated control cells. PMID- 6733141 TI - Rat eustachian tube synthesizes disaturated phosphatidylcholine. AB - Otitis media results when the eustachian tube fails to adequately ventilate the middle ear. A surface tension-lowering substance may be required for normal tube opening, especially in young children with poorly developed naso-pharyngeal musculature. We report here that rat eustachian tube epithelium synthesizes disaturated phosphatidylcholine, which is recognized as the surface tension lowering substance of pulmonary surfactant. PMID- 6733140 TI - Ethanolamine inhibits choline uptake in the isolated hamster heart. AB - The effect of exogenous ethanolamine on phosphatidylcholine biosynthesis in the isolated hamster heart was investigated. Hamster hearts were perfused with [Me 3H]choline in the presence of 0.05-0.5 mM ethanolamine. Incorporation of label into phosphatidylcholine was decreased 26-63% at 0.1-0.5 mM ethanolamine. Similar decreases in the labelling of the metabolites of the CDP-choline pathway were observed at these ethanolamine concentrations. The observed decrease in phosphatidylcholine labelling at 0.1-0.5 mM ethanolamine was attributed to an inhibition of labelled choline uptake by ethanolamine. The inhibitory role of ethanolamine to choline uptake was examined by comparison to hemicholinium-3. Both compounds inhibited choline uptake in a competitive manner. Intracellular choline, phosphocholine and CDP-choline concentrations were not altered under all experimental conditions. It can be concluded that exogenous ethanolamine has no immediate effect on the rate of phosphatidylcholine biosynthesis in the isolated hamster heart. The reduced labelling of phosphatidylcholine in the presence of ethanolamine is a direct result of the reduction of labelled choline taken up by the heart. PMID- 6733142 TI - Acetoacetate is a cholesterogenic precursor for myelinating rat brain and spinal cord. Incorporation of label from [3-14C]acetoacetate, [14C]glucose and 3H2O. AB - Rat pups, 3 weeks old, were injected i.p. with combinations of 3H2O and either [3 14C]acetoacetate or [14C]glucose. 3H/14C incorporation ratios were measured in lipid fractions of homogenates and myelin prepared from whole brain and spinal cord. Spinal cord synthesized at least twice as much fatty acids and 3-fold more sterols than whole brain. Both tissues used acetoacetate preferentially for sterol synthesis, whereas label from [14C]glucose was distributed between fatty acids and sterols in the same way as 3H from 3H2O. The relative contributions of acetoacetate to sterol synthesis in whole tissue and in the purified myelin fraction were about the same, both for the cerebrum and for the spinal cord. PMID- 6733143 TI - Electrophoretic patterns of protein synthesis and turnover in apical plasma membrane and outer bilayer of Schistosoma mansoni. AB - Polypeptide fractions labelled with [14C]leucine and associated with fractionated inner plasma membrane and outer bilayer (envelope) from the apical double bilayer complex of the surface epithelium of the human blood fluke, Schistosoma mansoni, were analyzed by two-dimensional electrophoresis and fluorography. In contrast to the distribution of alkaline phosphatase, the polypeptide profiles of the two bilayer fractions were similar due to cross contamination between one membrane containing larger amounts of protein (inner) and the second bilayer having more heavily labelled proteins (outer bilayer). Convincing evidence for only two of 35 polypeptides could be provided for localization to the outer bilayer. These results suggest that the marker enzyme used for the inner bilayer, alkaline phosphatase, may not be homogeneously distributed in this membrane. In pulse chase studies a correction factor for cross-contamination was derived. The rate of turnover of the polypeptide fractions was twice as fast for the outer compared to the inner membrane, this difference being consistent with the view that multilamellar bodies are the precursors of the apical double bilayer complex. Comparing the rates of surface renewal in adult and juvenile schistosomes leads to the suggestion that membrane turnover can be correlated with susceptibility to host immune effector mechanisms. PMID- 6733144 TI - Photoreactivation in pigmented and non-pigmented extreme halophiles. AB - The sensitivity to ultraviolet radiation (254 nm) and the photoreactivability of four pigmented and three colourless strains of the extremely halophilic bacteria Halobacterium cutirubrum and Halobacterium salinarium have been studied. The results with three pigmented/non-pigmented pairs show that the pigments play an accessory role in photoreactivation at low visible light intensities and confirm that they do not provide passive protection against ultraviolet light. Evidence is presented that photoreactivation plays an unexpected direct role in the resistance of extreme halophiles to ultraviolet radiation and that colourless mutants of H. cutirubrum NRC 34001 only arise in cultures that have been both ultraviolet-irradiated and photoreactivated. None of these extreme halophiles is capable of excision repair of ultraviolet damage to DNA. PMID- 6733145 TI - Localization of the menaquinone-0 alkylating enzyme in the smooth reticulum of chicken liver microsomes. AB - The alkylation of menaquinone-0 to menaquinones occurs in the microsomal fraction of chick and rat liver. Subfractionation of chick microsomes into smooth and rough reticulum was achieved by density gradient centrifugation. The alkylation enzyme was localized in the smooth reticulum with an activity of 155 pmol/mg per h, about 50-fold greater than that in the rough reticulum. The membrane-bound alkylating enzyme system requires reduced menaquinone-0 and is phospholipid dependent. PMID- 6733147 TI - Liposome encapsulated tetracaine lowers blood glucose. AB - Tetracaine, a local anesthetic, was previously shown to block hormonal stimulation of gluconeogenesis and glycogenolysis ( Friedmann , N. and Rasmussen, H. (1970) Biochim. Biophys. Acta 222, 41-52). In the present studies tetracaine incorporated into liposomes (phospholipid vesicles) was injected into intact rats and epinephrine was administered an hour later. Liposomal tetracaine blocked 50% of the hyperglycemic response. When tetracaine, incorporated into liposomes, was injected into diabetic rats it reduced transiently, but significantly, blood glucose levels. Equivalent doses of free tetracaine were toxic. These studies indicate that liposomal drug administration might be developed into a tool to influence hepatic metabolism and, consequently, blood glucose levels. PMID- 6733148 TI - Changing protein patterns during lens cell aging in vitro. AB - Changes in biosynthesis of lens proteins upon culturing have been studied by one- and two-dimensional gel electrophoretic techniques. In primary cells still growing on the capsule, alpha B2-crystallin is synthesized in a relatively high amount next to the main cytoskeletal constituents actin, tubulin and vimentin. In addition, a minor amount of beta Bp seems to be synthesized too. When the cells grow off the capsule, alpha-crystallin synthesis diminishes. beta-Crystallin synthesis continues at a low rate in cells growing on plastic or in cells forming 'lentoid bodies'. When the cells are subcultured, the synthesis of actin and vimentin becomes more pronounced, while tubulin synthesis is no longer detectable after three transfers. The relative amount of vimentin decreases, as compared to actin, during aging and elongation of the cells. When the cells have been transferred ten times and have started to elongate, a 55 kDa protein doublet differing from tubulin is observed in the two-dimensional gel patterns. We observed that elongation of lens cells in culture is accompanied by an increase in the synthesis of a polypeptide of the 26 kDa region. Furthermore, a major glycoprotein is found in the 130 kDa region, but overall glycosylation of proteins seems to decrease during lens cell elongation in vitro. PMID- 6733146 TI - Optically detected zero field magnetic resonance characterization of a bromine atom-containing polynucleotide, poly(dA-br5dU). AB - Phosphorescence and optically detected zero field magnetic resonance ( ODMR ) spectra are reported for a bromine atom-containing polynucleotide, poly(dA- br5dU ). The triplet state luminescence of poly(dA- br5dU ) is dominated by the phosphorescence of the bromouracil base which possesses sub-millisecond triplet lifetimes. Characteristic multiple slow passage ODMR transitions, which are observed in both br5dUrd and poly(dA- br5dU ), are assigned to the triplet state of bromouracil. In addition, an abnormally-perturbed adenine triplet state, which is not apparent in the phosphorescence spectrum of poly(dA- br5dU ), is detected and identified by its slow passage ODMR and amplitude-modulated phosphorescence microwave double resonance spectra. It is proposed that the perturbed adenine is a minor component of the polynucleotide structure which is present in regions of altered stacking induced by the high polarizability of the Br atom. PMID- 6733149 TI - Biochemical studies of taste sensation. XI. Isolation, characterization and taste ligand binding activity of plasma membranes from catfish taste tissue. AB - Plasma membranes were isolated from taste receptor-containing epithelium of the channel catfish, Ictalurus punctatus. The membranes were prepared by ultracentrifugation of a sedimentable fraction in sucrose, using either a discontinuous density gradient or a continuous linear density gradient. The plasma membranes were characterized by their increased content of 5'-nucleotidase and by electron microscopy, as well as by a greatly diminished content of NADH cytochrome c reductase and succinate-cytochrome c reductase. The recovery of binding activity for taste ligands was low, because of the long time-period required for ultracentrifugation, but of the recovered activity 80% occurred in the plasma-membrane preparation. Binding of seven chemostimulatory amino acids was demonstrated and found to correspond reasonably well with earlier binding data obtained using a less pure sedimentable fraction. The data provide direct evidence supporting the long-standing hypothesis that taste receptor sites are localized to the plasma membranes. PMID- 6733150 TI - Purification and characterization of rat dopamine beta-monooxygenase and monoclonal antibodies to the enzyme. AB - Dopamine beta-monooxygenase was extensively purified from rat adrenal. The specific activity of the final preparation was approx. 1500 nmol/min per mg protein, which was much higher than the highest yet reported. As judged by gel filtration on Ultrogel AcA22, SDS-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis, and cross linking studies, the enzyme appeared to be composed of four identical subunits, each possessing a molecular weight of 88 000. The isoelectric point of the enzyme was estimated to be pH 6.6 in the presence of 8 M urea. Spleen cells from BALB/c mice immunized with rat dopamine beta-monooxygenase were fused to P3-X63-Ag8-653 mouse myeloma cells. From 55 hybrid cells, 10 stable clones secreting anti dopamine beta-monooxygenase antibody were obtained. Antibody from one clone was coupled to CNBr-activated Sepharose 4B and the monoclonal antibody-Sepharose was shown to be very useful to isolate rat dopamine beta-monooxygenase from crude preparations. PMID- 6733151 TI - The structure of the carbohydrate units of the carboxyl-terminal peptide of procollagen as elucidated by 500 MHz 1H-NMR spectroscopy. AB - The oligosaccharides of chick embryo type I procollagen were isolated from carboxyl-terminal propeptide fragment by exhaustive digestion with papain and pronase, and then purified as a mixture of glycopeptides. The structures of the oligosaccharides were established by high-resolution 1H-NMR spectroscopy and found to be a mixture with respect to the non-reducing terminal residues as shown below: (formula; see text) The percentages refer to the relative amount of those mannose residues present in the mixture. The data suggest that the oligosaccharides are a microheterogeneous mixture of high-mannose type glycans containing between six and nine mannose residues per carbohydrate unit. Such carbohydrate chains, although not uncommon for glycoproteins, had never been found before for collagen or collagen-related compounds. PMID- 6733152 TI - Protective effect of quercetin and rutin on photosensitized lysis of human erythrocytes in the presence of hematoporphyrin. AB - Photosensitized hemolysis of human erythrocytes by hematoporphyrin was suppressed by flavonols such as quercetin and rutin at submillimolar concentrations. The suppression of photohemolysis was accompanied by inhibition of lipid peroxidation by the reagents. Quercetin and rutin were photooxidized in the presence of hematoporphyrin and the photooxidation was partially suppressed by 1 mM NaN3, a quencher of singlet molecular oxygen. Flavonols were also oxidized by radicals formed during degradation of lauroyl peroxide. These results indicate that flavonols can function as antioxidants in biological systems by terminating radical chain reactions and removing singlet molecular oxygen. A pharmacological function of flavonols, decrease of the increased permeability and fragility of capillary, was discussed in relation to their antioxidative functions. PMID- 6733153 TI - Interaction of alpha-thrombin and prethrombin 2, with phosphatidylserine containing monolayers. AB - Prothrombin activation complex is located at a phospholipid surface on activated platelets. To see whether the thrombin domain of the molecule plays a role in the interaction with lipids, we investigated the direct interaction of human alpha thrombin and its precursor prethrombin 2 with phospholipid monolayers of various compositions (PS/PC). Adsorption of the labeled proteins was determined by surface radioactivity measurements. Penetration of the proteins in the lipid layer was inferred from capacitance variation of the monolayer, measured by a.c. polarography. Disulfide bridges reduced at the electrode were determined by cyclic voltametry. In all the cases studied, although in different manners thrombin was found both to adsorb and penetrate the lipid layer, whereas prethrombin 2 did not penetrate pure phosphatidylcholine (PC). In the case of thrombin, but not of prethrombin 2, penetration is accompanied by S-S reduction which is maximum at 10 per cent of phosphatidylserine (PS). This indicates a different orientation for prethrombin 2 and thrombin in the lipid layer. This observation might be of importance for the comprehension of the architecture of the prothrombin activation complex and for the regulation of thrombin formation within the complex. PMID- 6733154 TI - FFT method to compute solution X-ray scattering curves. AB - We present an efficient algorithm to compute X-ray intensities scattered by macromolecules in solution, from atomic positions found in crystal structures. The algorithm applies the Fast Fourier Transform to an electron density map created from the atomic coordinates and corrected for solvent density. We compute scattering curves for both allosteric forms of E. coli aspartate carbamoyltransferase. Calculated intensities are in agreement with the ones measured by Moody et al. which shows that the structures observed in solution in the presence or in the absence of a substrate analogue do correspond to those of two crystal forms analyzed by Lipscomb and collaborators . PMID- 6733156 TI - Fibrinogen and fibrin in strong magnetic fields. Complementary results and discussion. AB - When fibrin polymerizes in a strong magnetic field, it can be highly oriented. The structural diffraction study of the oriented polymer becomes thus possible. The magnetic birefringence can also be used to study the development of the polymer Fibrinogen in solution is weakly oriented in high magnetic fields. In this work we present complementary results and discussion. The validity of the comparison of the orientation parameters of fibrinogen and fibrin with those of other orientable known biological structures is discussed. The orientation of fibrin formed from fibrin monomer solution is compared to that of fibrin formed by the action of thrombin on fibrinogen. The conditions to obtain highly oriented fibrin gels suitable for three dimensional structure studies are also briefly discussed. PMID- 6733155 TI - Swine liver L-leucine aminopeptidase: improved purification procedure. AB - An L-leucine aminopeptidase, having a specificity toward the substrate L-leucine amide, was purified 1084-fold from swine liver with a yield of 50.7 per cent. Purification procedure was carried out using successively centrifugation at 105 000 X g, fractionation by ammonium sulfate, DEAE Sephacel chromatography and zonal ultracentrifugation. Enzyme homogeneity and purity studies were carried out by analytical ultracentrifugation and polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis. In SDS gel polyacrylamide, a single band was observed. It corresponded to a 55 000 molecular weight protein. PMID- 6733157 TI - Experimental and calculated study of the vibrational modes of poly(dG-dC).poly(dG dC) in B and Z conformations. AB - Infrared spectra of the B and Z forms of poly(dG-dC).poly(dG-dC) are presented. Experimental assignments relative to certain vibration modes have been confirmed by calculation based on the GF-Wilson method. The calculated results show that only the geometry change between B and Z forms, is responsible for the observed modifications in the vibrational spectra. PMID- 6733158 TI - [Aminoacylase from Streptoverticillium microorganisms: stereo- and substrate specificity]. AB - The stereo- and substrate specificity of a new aminoacylase from Streptoverticillium microorganisms was studied. The enzyme effectively hydrolyzes acetyl derivatives of aliphatic (methionine, leucine) and aromatic (phenylglycine, phenylalanine, tryptophan) amino acids. The L-enanthiomer of acetylphenylglycine is hydrolyzed by aminoacylase 8000 times more effectively than the D-enanthiomer. A procedure for determination of the enanthioselectivity of aminoacylases was elaborated. This procedure is designed for a detection and assessment of contaminations of the N-acetyl derivative of one enanthiomer by another enanthiomer of the amino acid, as well as of the degree of racemization of the substrate during hydrolysis of acetyl derivatives of D-amino acids. PMID- 6733159 TI - [Effect of phospholipids on the differential spectra of the binding of microsomal cytochrome P-450 with substrates]. AB - The effects of the phospholipid composition of rat liver microsomes on the differential binding spectra of cytochrome P-450 with type I and II substrates (hexobarbital and aniline) were studied. Lysophosphatidylcholine was found to decrease the binding of both type substrates. These changes were reversible, and the spectra were restored by exchanging the microsomal lysophosphatidylcholine for unsaturated phosphatidylcholines, but not with dipalmitoylglycerophosphocholine, sphingomyelin, phosphatidylserine, and phosphatidylethanolamine. Phosphatidylinositol favoured only the binding of type II substrates. The data obtained indicate that the substrate binding capacity of cytochrome P-450 depends specifically on the "boundary" lipids, but not on the bulk lipids of the microsomal membrane. PMID- 6733160 TI - [Interaction of 8-aza-16-oxasteroids with rat liver microsomal cytochrome P-450]. AB - The interaction of the 8-aza-16-oxasteroid series (8-AS) with cytochrome P-450 from liver microsomes of intact and phenobarbital-induced rats has been studied. It has been shown that 8-AS are the substrates for the cytochrome P-450-dependent enzyme system, and that their affinity for cytochrome P-450 is determined by the structure of the compounds tested. Using inhibitory analysis, the site in the active center of hemoprotein responsible for 8-AS binding was examined. The possibility of direct participation of the 8-AS ketogroup in their binding with cytochrome P-450 is discussed. PMID- 6733161 TI - [Effect of sphingomyelin on RNA-polymerase activity in the cell nucleus of normal and regenerating rat liver]. AB - Using a model of regenerating rat liver, it was shown that the activities of RNA polymerases I and II, and the ratio of free to template engaged form of the enzyme are correlated with the changes in the contents of sphingomyelin in chromatin isolated from cell nuclei of hepatectomized animals. Injections of sphingomyelin to intact and hepatectomized animals in doses increasing its contents in chromatin, stimulate the activity of RNA polymerases I and II and increase the ratio of free to engaged form of the enzyme. Addition of sphingomyelin as a micellar suspension to heterochromatin in vitro facilitates RNA polymerase binding to the template. Removal of sphingomyelin from the intranuclear structures by its degradation with sphingomyelinase results in a loss of activities of both RNA polymerases. It is assumed that sphingomyelin plays a role in the transcriptional activity by changing the structure of the template and that of the enzymes. PMID- 6733162 TI - [Acid-soluble, non-histone proteins in rat liver chromatin. Interaction with DNA]. AB - Some properties of nonhistone proteins of rat liver chromatin (Mr 40 +/- 1 and 41 +/- 1 KD) are described. These proteins are abundant in monomeric particles formed at the early steps of chromatin fragmentation by Ca2+,Mg2+-DNase. The proteins are not extracted from chromatin by 5% HClO4 and 1 M NaCl, but can be extracted by 0.4 n H2SO4 and 2 M NaCl. Study on proteins binding to DNA demonstrated that in 0.05 M NaCl these proteins are bound both to bovine satellite DNA and to the plasmid pBR 322 DNA. PMID- 6733163 TI - [Interaction of succinate dehydrogenase and oxaloacetate]. AB - The equilibrium and rate constants for interaction of the reduced and oxidized membrane-bound succinate dehydrogenase (EC 1.3.99.1) with oxaloacetate were determined. The 10-fold decrease in the oxaloacetate affinity for the reduced enzyme was shown to be due to the 10-fold increase of the enzyme-inhibitor complex dissociation rate, which occurs upon its reduction. The rate of dissociation induced by succinate is 10 times higher than that induced by malonate in the submitochondrial particles, being equal in the soluble enzyme preparations. The rates of dissociation induced by malonate excess, or by the enzyme irreversibly utilizing oxaloacetate (transaminase in the presence of glutamate) are also equal. The data obtained suggest that succinate dehydrogenase interaction with succinate and oxaloacetate results from the competition for a single dicarboxylate-specific site. In submitochondrial particles all succinate dehydrogenase molecules are in redox equilibrium provided for by endogenous ubiquinone. No electronic equilibrium between the individual enzyme molecules exists, when succinate dehydrogenase is solubilized. PMID- 6733164 TI - [Lipase and cholesterol-esterase activity in the salivary gland secretions of the medical leech Hirudo medicinalis]. AB - The lipase (triglyceridase) and cholesterol-esterase activities were detected in the salivary gland secretions of medicinal leeches (Hirudo medicinalis). The specific activities of these enzymes were found to be equal to 8.2 +/- 0.3 and 3.1 +/- 0.2 nmol/mg of protein per hour, respectively. It was shown that the cholesterol esterase activity of the secretions is suppressed by 60% by sodium cholate. PMID- 6733165 TI - [Participation of chromatin proteins in the binding of glucocorticoid receptor complexes by the cell nucleus]. AB - The binding of the purified glucocorticoid-receptor complexes from rat liver cytosol with partially deproteinized and partially reconstituted chromatins from rats liver and brain has been investigated. The chromatin was deproteinized by stepwise extraction of nuclei with NaC1 solution of raised molarity. The partial chromatin reconstruction was accomplished by the addition of individual fractions of extracted proteins to DNA-cellulose. It has been shown that in both test systems used some fractions of nuclear proteins in particular the fractions of loosely associated with chromatin nonhistone proteins are capable of modulating specifically (mainly positively) the binding of glucocorticoid-receptor complexes with chromatin. PMID- 6733166 TI - [Morphological and functional characteristics of the inspiratory and expiratory formations of the medial and lateral areas of the respiratory center]. AB - The density of the reticular and respiratory neurones in the inspiratory and the exspiratory "points" of medial and lateral zones of the medulla oblongata the electrical stimulation of which is accompanied by the maximum inspiratory and exspiratory effects has been studied in the anesthetized cats. The electrophysiological and morphological data allow to relate the structures studied to the respiratory centre and confirm the correct picking out of two functionally heterogeneous zones - the medial and lateral. PMID- 6733167 TI - Human fetal weight and placental weight growth curves. A mathematical analysis from a population at sea level. AB - A mathematical analysis of human fetal and placental growth curves was made on data collected prospectively from a population at sea level. Both the fetal and placental growth curves can best be described by a form of the logistic equation inhibited growth model. The fetal growth rate reaches its maximum approximately 4 weeks after the placental growth rate has reached its maximum. Growth rate constants were calculated for several populations at various altitudes. PMID- 6733168 TI - Value of leukocyte alkaline phosphatase and other leukocyte parameters in diagnosis of neonatal infection. AB - Various leukocyte parameters, i.e., leukocyte alkaline phosphatase (LAP) activity, absolute segmented polymorphonuclear count (segs), absolute band count and bands/segs ratio were studied in 15 full-term newborns with bacterial infections, 15 full-term newborns with bacterial infections, 15 full-term newborns with viral illnesses, and 10 age- and weight-matched control newborns. Mean LAP scores were 87.5 in the control group, 160.3 in newborns with viral illnesses, and 232.7 in newborns with bacterial infections. The differences between each group were statistically significant. The mean band count and bands/segs ratio were 65.6/mm3 and 0.013 in the control group; 842/mm3 and 0.18 in newborns with viral illnesses, and 2,207/mm3 and 0.37 in newborns with bacterial infections. LAP was more sensitive than other parameters in distinguishing the three groups. The data indicate that an LAP score of greater than 200, a band count of greater than 500/mm3 and a bands/segs ratio of greater than 0.3 are highly suggestive of bacterial infection. PMID- 6733170 TI - Electroencephalographic findings in relation to diagnostic constructs in psychiatry. AB - A group of 759 patients with final DSM-I and -II diagnoses of schizophrenia was identified among a cohort of 1494 adults who were hospitalized between 1965 and 1972. Admission EEG recordings were done in each patient during waking, activation procedures, drowsiness, and sleep. All cases were reclassified according to the Feighner et al. criteria, and relationships between the EEG, reassigned diagnosis, and outcome were examined. One-third of the schizophrenics were rediagnosed as having affective, organic, or other disorders. EEG abnormalities predicted diagnostic change and relatively favorable prognosis. Mean alpha frequencies were slower in schizophrenics than in patients with other DSM I-II disorders, and less in patients with Feighner et al. diagnoses of schizophrenia than in some rediagnosed categories. In 1980-82, matched samples from the original cohort with affective, schizophrenic, and mixed Feighner et al. diagnoses were followed and evaluated blindly with the SADS-L. RDC follow-up diagnoses were significantly correlated with the index EEG findings in terms of higher alpha average frequencies proportional to the amount of affective psychopathology. A subgroup of high functioning individuals within the RDC schizophrenic category was identified with affective symptomatology early in the course of illness, normal EEGs, and high alpha average frequencies. Patients with a consistent diagnosis of schizophrenia according to the three nosologic systems were shown to function better in some areas if the index EEG was abnormal. Discriminant function analysis established that DSM-I and -II categories possessed the greatest long-term predictive accuracy which was enhanced by the EEG diagnosis and alpha average to a level of more than 50%. The Feighner et al. and RDC diagnostic systems were not as relevant for prediction of long-term follow-up status. PMID- 6733171 TI - The orienting response in schizophrenia: proposed resolution of a controversy. AB - The habituation of the skin conductance orienting response ( SCOR ) was studied in 36 schizophrenic and 11 normal male subjects. Scoring criteria significantly influenced results: more inclusive criteria (used in most SCOR studies) scored 56% of patients as nonresponders and 19% as slow habituators . More restrictive criteria scored 75% of patients as nonresponders, and the remainder as faster habituators than normals. The faster habituation of patient responders could be explained by the effects of low response amplitude. Evidence is given for the greater validity of the restrictive scoring criteria; on this basis the schizophrenic patients in this study were SCOR nonresponders or fast habituators . The data suggest that the more inclusive scoring criteria can confuse spontaneous and orienting activity. Clinical and theoretical implications are discussed. PMID- 6733169 TI - Comparison of 2,3-diphosphoglycerate metabolism between fetal and postnatal pig red cells. AB - A four-fold increase in red blood cell 2,3-diphosphoglycerate (DPG) levels occurs within 1-2 weeks after birth resulting in a decrease in oxygen affinity in the newborn pig. In this study, we found that although newborn pig red blood cells seem to be equally capable of net DPG synthesis as adult pig cells when challenged by a mixture of inosine, pyruvate and phosphate, the cells from newborns degrade DPG much faster than do cells from adults. As a result, DPG levels in the newborn's cells do not seem to increase in comparison to the adult's cells. Using a density centrifugation technique, it was found that the postnatal cells initially entering the circulation have a relatively low rather than high DPG content. However, DPG content quickly increases as they age. These findings suggest that the rapid rise of DPG seen in the growing piglet is brought about in part (a) by an elimination of the fetal cells with low DPG, and (b) by an emergence of postnatal cells having the capacity to augment their DPG content while in circulation. PMID- 6733172 TI - Haloperidol inhibition of monoamine oxidase in vivo and in vitro. AB - Haloperidol was found to inhibit monoamine oxidase (MAO) activity in sonicated platelets by 50% (IC50) at a concentration of 10(-4) M. Preincubation of the sonicated platelets with haloperidol before the assay did not shift the dose response curve. When cultured human skin fibroblast MAO was assayed along with haloperidol, MAO activity was only slightly affected (estimated IC50 = 3 X 10(-2) M), even with 1 hr of preincubation. When fibroblasts were cultured with medium containing haloperidol, however, the haloperidol IC50 for MAO activity was 3 X 10(-7) M after 3 days, 2 X 10(-8) M after 7 days, and 3 X 10(-9) M after 14 days. We conclude that haloperidol alters MAO enzyme activity acutely in vitro and that the inhibition increases at lower concentrations with chronic treatment in vivo. PMID- 6733173 TI - Memory self-ratings before and after electroconvulsive therapy: depression-versus ECT induced. AB - The Squire Self-rating Scale of Memory Function was administered to 28 depressed inpatients before and after electroconvulsive therapy (ECT), with random assignment to bilateral or unilateral electrode placement. Several memory changes differentiated between bilateral and unilateral ECT following treatment (p less than 0.05). Memory complaints arising from ECT were distinguished from those due to depression. PMID- 6733174 TI - Effects of chronic desipramine on plasma norepinephrine concentrations and cardiovascular parameters in elderly depressed women: a preliminary report. AB - The effect of chronic administration of desipramine, a relatively specific inhibitor of the reuptake of norepinephrine (NE), on heart rate, blood pressure, and concentrations of NE in plasma was examined in elderly depressed women. Plasma NE concentrations rose significantly following administration of desipramine, while there was no significant change in either heart rate or blood pressure. Implications of these findings are discussed with relationship to the selection of appropriate types and doses of antidepressants in the elderly. PMID- 6733175 TI - Serum dopamine-beta-hydroxylase activity in depression and anxiety. AB - Three studies were done to determine whether serum dopamine-beta-hydroxylase (DBH) activity is affected by the symptoms of depression or anxiety. In the population-screening study, serum DBH activity was measured in a heterogeneous sample of 548 medical, surgical, and psychiatric outpatients. No association was found between serum DBH activity and scores on either the Zung Self-rating Depression Scale or the Taylor Manifest Anxiety Scale. In the longitudinal depression study, enzyme activity was measured in 14 patients with major depressive illness treated with imipramine. Serum DBH activity remained unchanged throughout treatment whether or not the patient recovered from the depressive illness. Furthermore, there was no association between enzyme activity and steady state antidepressant plasma levels. In the longitudinal anxiety study, evaluation of 45 anxious outpatients in a placebo-controlled double-blind evaluation of two benzodiazepines (diazepam and alprazolam) indicated that serum DBH activity failed to reflect either state changes in anxiety or pharmacological variables. These results are reviewed with respect to current knowledge regarding neuronal release and extraneuronal disposal of circulating DBH. PMID- 6733176 TI - Lymphocytic monoamine oxidase: activity and thermolability in younger and older subjects. PMID- 6733178 TI - Approaches to high-risk research. PMID- 6733177 TI - Low B6 levels in depressed outpatients. PMID- 6733179 TI - Human information-processing: some effects of methylphenidate, age, and scopolamine. PMID- 6733180 TI - Hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenocortical function in geriatric depression: diagnostic and treatment implications. AB - Extensive work in the field has indicated a state-dependent hyperactivity of the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenocortical (HYPAC) functions and unresponsiveness to dexamethasone suppression in at least 50% of patients suffering from endogenous depression. In this study, elderly outpatients, 60-85 years of age, suffering from major depressive illness according to research diagnostic criteria (RDC) were studied with the dexamethasone suppression test (DST). Careful diagnostic evaluation included RDC, the Newcastle index, and clinical interviews focusing on "endogenomorphic features." The great majority (83.3%) of patients diagnosed as endogenous depressives were nonsuppressors (abnormal DST) as compared to 16.7% nonsuppressors amongst nonendogenous patients. In addition, DST tended to normalize the clinical recovery. The research and clinical implications of our findings in this population are further discussed. PMID- 6733181 TI - Rapid eye movement sleep measures of Alzheimer's-type dementia patients and optimally healthy aged individuals. AB - It has been suggested that rapid eye movement (REM) sleep measures may be useful in the differential diagnosis of affective disorders. To determine what changes, if any, of REM measures occur in Alzheimer's dementia we examined the REM sleep of nine control and nine mild, nine moderate, and nine severe dementia subjects with probable Alzheimer's disease (AD). Control and mild and moderate AD groups were screened to exclude major depression. REM latency, REM time, REM activity, and REM density were examined. Results indicated that REM sleep measures are minimally affected by mild dementia. None of the REM sleep variables reported here successfully discriminated mild AD subjects from controls. However, REM time and REM latency were significantly affected in later stages of dementia. Total time in REM and REM latency successfully classified control and moderate-severe AD patients. In addition, the pattern of REM density across the night was also affected by severity of dementia. The results of this study, when compared to published REM measure findings in major depression, indicate that with proper cautions REM sleep measures may prove useful in the differential diagnosis of dementia and depression in geriatric patient populations. PMID- 6733182 TI - The effects of neuroleptics on attention in adolescent schizophrenics. AB - In contrast to studies of adult psychiatric patients, there was no striking difference between vigilance task performance by 11 newly diagnosed, previously untreated adolescent schizophrenics and that of 58 nonpsychotic adolescent comparison subjects. Neuroleptic treatment failed to improve the performance of the schizophrenic subjects. Sedation, a frequent side effect, was associated with significant prolongation of reaction time and an increase in error rate. Attentional characteristics of adolescent schizophrenics appear to resemble those of other disturbed children. Their response to neuroleptics appears to be limited and the deleterious effects of sedation on attention may well outweigh any clinical benefit attributable to sedation. Findings are discussed in terms of methodology and age-related characteristics. PMID- 6733183 TI - Elevated vanadium content of hair and mania. AB - Vanadium content of hair from manic patients, recovered patients, and normal controls was measured by neutron activation analysis. The mean vanadium content of the hair of the manic group was significantly higher than that of the control group and that of the group of recovered manics. PMID- 6733184 TI - An analysis of dose-response of plasma choline to oral lecithin. PMID- 6733185 TI - The effect of dexamethasone on sleep: preliminary results in eleven patients. PMID- 6733186 TI - The effects of physical fitness and exercise on cardiac awareness. AB - This experiment was run to further evaluate the role of individual difference factors in perception of heart beats (cardiac awareness). The present study examined 24 male subjects who showed high and moderate levels of physical fitness. Cardiac awareness was examined using Brener-Jones type discrimination trials. Subjects discriminated first while standing quietly on a treadmill (32 trials), then while walking briskly on a motorized treadmill (32 trials), and finally during recovery from exercise (elevated HR but behavioral quiescence) (16 trials). Results showed that only the moderate fitness group showed heightened awareness during exercise, while both groups showed greater than chance awareness during recovery from exercise. Neither group was highly aware while resting before exercise. These results fail to support notions that high fitness distance runners are highly aware of cardiac function during exercise. A number of reasons for this finding are discussed. PMID- 6733187 TI - Pulmonary changes induced by frontal EMG training. AB - Earlier research suggested that the effects of facial muscle tension changes on other responses are not widespread but limited to a rather narrow set of pulmonary events. Further evidence in support of the specificity of the facial muscle-pulmonary relationship was provided in the present study by monitoring changes in several responses as a function of muscle tension training. Feedback training for increases and decreases in muscle tension at both facial and limb muscle sites was given to adult males. The effects of these manipulations on PEFR, RR, and HR were examined. Increases in facial muscle tension resulted in PEFR decreases whereas increases in limb muscle tension did not. Decreases in facial muscle tension were not observed as a function of training and no PEFR changes resulted from these conditions. Neither RR nor HR were related to the facial EMG changes observed during feedback training. These observations demonstrated the specificity inherent in the relationship between facial muscle tension and PEFR, and lent support to the hypothesis that these two responses are linked reflexively. PMID- 6733188 TI - Effects of stimulus change on the electrodermal orienting response. AB - This experiment (N = 48) examined recovery of the skin conductance response, following habituation training, to change in type of visual stimulus. Maher and Furedy (1979) have argued that the majority of such studies have not controlled for time, trial, or stimulus-specific effects. These variables were controlled in the present study by using no-change control groups and by counterbalancing training and test stimuli. Experimental groups received either shapes during training and a letter on the test trial (trial 41) or letters during draining and a shape on the test trial; control groups received either shapes or letters for 41 trials. Test trial response magnitude was larger in experimental than control groups, and the effect was independent of the nature of the test stimulus. In addition, responsiveness increased from the last block of training trials to the test trial for experimental groups, but not for control groups. These results demonstrate recovery of the skin conductance response to change per se. PMID- 6733189 TI - A comment on Freixa i Baque's 'reliability of electrodermal measures: a compilation'. PMID- 6733190 TI - P300 and slow wave: the effects of reaction time quartile. AB - Event-related potentials (ERPs) were recorded from 25 adolescents in a modification of the odd-ball paradigm. On alternate blocks subjects were required to detect either a missing stimulus or a change in pitch, each of which occurred 17% of the time and was embedded in a series of background tone pips (66% occurrence). The study was designed to assess the relationship between P300 and Slow Wave elicited by two infrequent targets which differed in the amount of temporal uncertainty (and thus, equivocation) associated with them. Principal components analyses (PCAs) were used in an attempt to reduce overlap among components. Stimulus-synchronized (SSA) and response-synchronized (RSA) averages were computed for correct trials only in association with the first (Q1) and fourth (Q4) reaction time (RT) quartiles. Measurement of the SSAs replicated the results of Roth, Ford and Kopell (1978): P300 amplitude was larger in Q1 than in Q4, while Slow Wave amplitude increased in Q4 relative to Q1. In the RSAs for Slow Wave, only the frontally negative aspect remained larger in Q4 than in Q1, while the parietally positive component did not differ between quartiles. The PCA basis waves showed that the major portions of P300 and Slow Wave followed response execution, thus precluding their involvement in the discrimination process per se. These results support the functional dissociation of P300 and Slow Wave and the functional independence of the frontal and parietal aspects of Slow Wave. PMID- 6733191 TI - Tonic heart rate level, social class and antisocial behaviour in adolescents. AB - On the basis of previous empirical research it was hypothesised that (a) antisocial behaviour in adolescence would be characterised by lower tonic heart rate levels and (b) any such relationship would be particularly borne out in the higher social classes where the 'social push' towards antisociality may be relatively weaker. These predictions were tested by relating tonic heart rate levels in a sample of 15 year old male schoolchildren to self-report and teacher ratings of antisocial behaviour/undersocialization. An 'antisocial' group was found to have significantly lower heart rate levels than a 'prosocial' group. Several analyses on high and low class groups resulted in a significant low heart rate/antisociality relationship in the high classes only. It was speculated that the heart rate/antisociality relationship may be mediated by somatotype, or alternatively that low levels in high class antisocials may reflect a vagal passive adaptation to mildly aversive events. PMID- 6733192 TI - A waveform dissimilarity of auditory evoked potentials induced by the stimulation of meaningful nouns. AB - Hemispheric asymmetry in language processing was investigated using an auditory evoked potential as the index for neurophysiological activity. Subjects were given the task of recognizing and classifying typical Japanese nouns, responding to nonsense syllables and responding to tone pips. Fourteen subjects participated and the AEPs of 12 subjects from the frontal, central and parietal regions were adopted for subsequent analyses. Correlation coefficients between the right/left AEPs from homologous scalp regions and a waveform similarity curve analysis that can indicate the similarity of two AEPs segmentally and successively, were adopted to provide the intra-individual symmetry index. Results were as follows: (1) The waveforms between the right/left AEPs induced by meaningful nouns were significantly dissimilar than those induced by nonsense syllables and tone pips; (2) the dissimilarities occurred mainly at 160 msec and 350 msec from the onset of the first syllable on the frontal and central regions. These findings may reflect the hemispheric asymmetry of neurophysiological activity in language processing. PMID- 6733193 TI - Eye-movements in a two-dimensional plane: a method for calibration and analysis using the vertical and horizontal EOG. AB - A method for calibration, orthogonalization and standardization of eye movements is described. The method is based on linear transformation of the horizontal and vertical EOG. With this method it is possible to measure the locus of eye fixation on a TV screen and its associated fixation time. Because of the used time constant (TC) of 36 sec, subjects must look at the centre of the TV screen or at random places on the screen during the interstimulus intervals (ISIs). For the EOG registration pre-amplifiers with a long TC were used to cut off slow changes in polarization caused by the electrode-electrolyte combination. In the calibration procedure only four orthogonal stimulus points were used. In an experiment to evaluate this method, subjects had to fixate letters on a TV screen in 12 different pre-determined positions. The distance between the measured locus of fixation and the coordinates of the stimulus was measured. The mean horizontal errors ranged from 1.4-2.2 degrees of arc and the mean vertical errors from 2.4 3.8 degrees of arc across subjects. It was concluded that accuracy was within acceptable limits, despite the fact that eye movement behaviour during the ISI was free. It was shown that the method is insensitive to non-orthogonality of the vertical and horizontal EOG. Calibration and transformation can be done by any real time computer system. The method is suitable for measuring, e.g. the visual orienting reaction (VOR), and it can also be applied in event related potential (ERP) studies where ocular fixation is used. PMID- 6733194 TI - Electromyographic specificity during simple physical and attitudinal tasks: location and topographical features of integrated EMG responses. AB - Integrated electromyographic (IEMG) activity was recorded using surface mini electrodes placed over the corrugator supercilii, zygomatic major, levator labii superioris, masseter, obicularis oris and superficial forearm flexors muscle regions while subjects imagined or performed simple physical or attitudinal tasks. In the physical tasks, subjects either imagined they lifted or actually lifted a 16 gram or 35 gram weight. In the attitudinal tasks, subjects adopted either an agreeable or disagreeable attitudinal set as they silently read neutral text or imagined reading an editorial. Each task was performed for 12 sec on five separate occasions, and tasks were ordered randomly across the experimental trials. Following each trial, subjects provided self-reports regarding the extent to which the task was stressful, arousing and vivid. Multivariate analyses of the topographical features of each IEMG response were performed to determine the effects of the tasks on changes in IEMG response waveforms, and univariate analyses were conducted to assess the features of the waveform that were altered by tasks. Results support the efficacy of electromyographic studies of covert affective processing given that subjects are generally quiescent, unobtrusively observed, unaware that somatic activity is being recorded and involved in the task. The implications of these data for the somatic representation of affect are discussed. PMID- 6733195 TI - Hypophysectomy and hemivasectomy can inhibit the testicular hemicastration response of the mature rat. AB - Three questions were asked in an attempt to understand how testosterone (T) concentration in the veins of the remaining testis can double within 24 h after hemicastration in the mature rat without a change in plasma luteinizing hormone (LH) levels. These three questions (and their answers) were: 1) Can the testicular hemicastration response occur in hypophysectomized rats? Answer, No. 2) Does LH binding to the testis increase after hemicastration? Answer, No. 3) Is there a neural route to the testis alternate to the superior spermatic plexi? Answer, Yes, apparently there is, since hemivasectomy contralateral to the excised testis partially suppressed the testicular hemicastration response (150.4 +/- 13.2 ng/ml in hemicastrated, sham- hemivasectomized rats [n = 18] vs. 109.4 +/- 11.6 ng/ml in hemicastrated, hemivasectomized rats [n = 18], P less than 0.026). It was concluded that LH was probably necessary to the testicular hemicastration response but that its presence did not provide a mechanism. The response was mediated at least partly through the inferior spermatic nerves associated with the vas deferens. A possible reason, although highly speculative, for failure to previously block the testicular hemicastration response by bilateral denervation of the superior spermatic plexi (Mock and Frankel , 1982) was that during the 12-wk interval between denervation and hemicastration, testicular innervation functionally transferred from the superior spermatic to the inferior spermatic nerves. PMID- 6733196 TI - Effect of ambient temperature on serum prolactin and luteinizing hormone levels during the reproductive life cycle of the female turkey (Meleagris gallopavo). AB - An ambient temperature of 30 degrees C compared to 18 degrees C accelerated the increase in serum prolactin (Prl) level induced by photostimulation of female turkeys. The contribution of reproductive stage and nesting behavior to this serum Prl elevation was assessed by housing adult female turkeys in individual wire cages while allowing other females free access to nests on the floor. Birds of both groups were exposed to 10 degrees C, 24 degrees C or 30 degrees C beginning 4 wk prior to photostimulation and continuing throughout the reproductive phase. Lapsed time between the onset of photostimulation and onset of sexual maturity, and between the onset of sexual maturity and onset of incubation behavior was shorter in birds housed at 30 degrees C with access to nests than in corresponding birds housed at 24 degrees C and 10 degrees C. The increases in serum Prl associated with sexual maturity or incubation behavior occurred at a greater rate in the birds maintained at 30 degrees C. Cage-reared birds had the same lapsed time between onset of photostimulation and onset of sexual maturity and the same sustained low Prl level regardless of ambient temperature exposure. All groups exhibited similar luteinizing hormone profiles. These findings indicate that the accelerated increase in Prl under elevated temperature in floor-reared turkeys is related to accelerated development of reproductive function, and not the direct effect of ambient temperature on mechanisms controlling Prl. PMID- 6733197 TI - Further studies on in vitro steroidogenesis by luteal cells from long-term hypophysectomized rats. AB - Immature pregnant mare's serum gonadotropin-treated rats were hypophysectomized on the day of ovulation (Day 1 of luteal function), and luteal steroidogenesis and human chorionic gonadotropin (hCG) and prolactin (Prl) binding sites were determined on Days 5, 10, 20 and 30 (H5- H30 ) compared with intact rats on Days 5 or 10 (C5 or C10). On H5, dispersed luteal cells secreted large amounts of progesterone (P), 20 alpha-dihydroprogesterone (20 alpha-DHP), 17 alpha hydroxyprogesterone (17 alpha-OHP), and small amounts of testosterone (T) and estradiol-17 beta (E2), but between H10 and H30 , reduced levels of all steroids were produced except for 20 alpha-DHP. Addition of large amount of pregnenolone (P5) or P (100-1000 ng) to dispersed luteal cells increased production of P and 20 alpha-DHP in C5 and H5 rats. The higher serum levels and basal in vitro production of 20 alpha-DHP from H5 to H30 indicates that 20 alpha-oxidoreductase persists in the corpora lutea (CL) at high levels and that 3 beta-ol dehydrogenase is also present but with P rapidly shunted into its principal metabolite. From H5 to H30 , addition of 10 ng P to luteal cells increased the production of 17 alpha-OHP and addition of 10 ng androstenedione (A) or T enhanced production of T and E2, indicating that 17 alpha-oxidoreductase, 17 beta hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase and aromatase also persist in the CL. In vitro addition of 10 ng LH significantly stimulated production of P from luteal cells on C5 and H5, whereas on C10 and H10, 100 ng LH was required and on H20 and H30 , 1 microgram LH produced a minimal increase in P.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS) PMID- 6733198 TI - Calcium dependency of pregnant rat myometrium: comparison of circular and longitudinal muscle. AB - The purpose of this study was to determine if the changes in spontaneous contractions of circular uterine muscle during pregnancy were related to alterations in calcium (Ca) sensitivity or dependence. Circular muscle (CM) and longitudinal muscle (LM) segments from rats on Days 16-17 of gestation and at term were compared with respect to: sensitivity of potassium (K)-induced contractions to changes in extracellular Ca, and rate and magnitude of decrease of K- and acetylcholine (ACh)-induced contractions in Ca-free medium and in methoxyverapamil (D-600). The effects of low Ca and D-600 on spontaneous electrical activity of CM were also studied. Ca sensitivity was no different in CM and LM and did not change between Day 16 and term. There was no difference in the Ca-dependence of K- or ACh-induced contractions during this time. Potassium contractions declined more rapidly than ACh contractions in Ca-free media, especially in CM. Spontaneous action potentials in CM were Ca-dependent and disappeared in low Ca or D-600 on Days 16-17 and at term. Therefore the changes in contractions of CM during pregnancy are not related directly to Ca sensitivity or dependence, but indirectly via Ca modulation of the action potentials. PMID- 6733199 TI - Interruption of early pregnancy in the monkey with mestranol and 5-oxa-17-phenyl 18,19,20-trinor prostaglandin F1 alpha methyl ester. AB - Prior work has shown that 5-oxa-17-phenyl-18,19,20- trinor prostaglandin F1 alpha methyl ester (PGF-analog) inhibits luteal progesterone secretion, but does not shorten menstrual cycles in human chorionic gonadotropin (hCG)-treated, nonpregnant monkeys. This report demonstrates that a combination treatment of PGF analog and mestranol not only reduces blood progesterone concentrations in the hCG-treated monkey, but also results in a significant shortening of menstrual cycles. The corpus luteum-inhibiting activity of PGF-analog in hCG-treated, nonpregnant monkeys was not enhanced by simultaneous administration of nonestrogenic steroids (norethisterone, oxymetholone, azastene , 17 alpha-allyl-3 methoxy-1,3,5(10)- estratrien-17 beta-ol). Most importantly, pregnancy was interrupted in 11 or 12 monkeys when PGF-analog and mestranol were administered on Day 28 of fertile menstrual cycles; this abortifacient activity of the prostaglandin-estrogen treatment was not prevented by concomitant administration of progesterone. Administration of PGF-analog and mestranol in the third trimester terminated pregnancy in only 1 of 3 monkeys. The data indicate that a combination treatment of PGF-analog and mestranol is highly effective for the termination of early pregnancy in the monkey. Although PGF-analog and mestranol clearly inhibit the monkey corpus luteum, it is unlikely that this activity is essential for the abortifacient activity of the prostaglandin-estrogen treatment. PMID- 6733200 TI - Effects of season and sex on the distribution of cytosolic estrogen receptors within the brain and the anterior pituitary gland of sheep. AB - This study was undertaken to evaluate the effects of season and sex on the distribution of cytosolic estradiol-17 beta receptors (E2-receptors) within multiple regions of the ovine brain and the anterior pituitary gland. Our data confirm the existence of a saturable, high-affinity receptor specific for estradiol-17 beta (E2) in the hypothalamus and anterior pituitary gland. The concentrations of E2-receptors in tissues from castrated ewes and rams killed in December (breeding season) and May ( nonbreeding season) were determined by incubating cytosols with a saturating concentration of [3H] E2. For both sexes, the anterior pituitary gland contained the highest concentration of E2-receptor. Within the brain, the highest concentrations of E2-receptor were in the hypothalamus and preoptic area (POA), and within the hypothalamus, the median eminence-infundibular stalk (ME) contained a higher concentration of E2-receptor than the anterior and posterior hypothalamus. The numbers of E2-receptors in the anterior hypothalamus and ME of ewes were 2- 3X those for rams. In ewes, there was little seasonal difference in the numbers of E2-receptors in the POA, anterior hypothalamus and ME. In rams, there was little seasonal difference in the numbers of E2-receptors in the POA and anterior hypothalamus. For both sexes, there were fewer E2-receptors in the anterior pituitary gland and posterior hypothalamus in May than in December. Thus, during the nonbreeding season, the major neuroendocrine site of action of E2 probably is within the brain, specifically in the POA, anterior hypothalamus and ME of the ewe, and in the POA and the anterior hypothalamus of the ram. These data do not support a mechanism whereby the increased sensitivity to sex steroids during the nonbreeding season is due to enhanced numbers of E2-receptors. PMID- 6733201 TI - Serum progesterone profiles and corpora lutea of pregnant, postpartum, barren and isolated females in a laboratory colony of woodchucks (Marmota monax). AB - Female woodchucks, greater than or equal to 1 year old (n = 10) or recently weaned locally in the wild at 42 degrees N (n = 10), were maintained indoors in standard laboratory animal facilities from one summer solstice to the next except for those killed after 11 months of study. Available ambient light was supplemented with a 12L: 12D incandescent light schedule. Food and water were provided ad libitum, except for a 63-day period when feeding and supplemental lighting were discontinued, starting at the winter solstice . Temperatures fluctuated with outdoor temperatures greater than or equal to 4 degrees C. During the winter, females within each age class (adult vs. subadult ) were housed with (n = 5) or without (n = 5) a male cagemate , and scored for hibernation at variable intervals. Blood samples for serum progesterone assay were collected at intervals of 1-4 weeks. Birth of litters occurred in 2 of 5 adults (March 19, April 2) and in 0 of 5 subadults . Neither the incidence nor frequency of hibernation were correlated to the occurrence of pregnancy or to the extent or timing of elevations in progesterone in barren or isolated females. Serum progesterone was elevated during the 31-day gestation and for 1-2 months postpartum in the 2 fertile colonized animals and in 7 others captured pregnant during the same breeding season and which gave birth April 12-24. Postpartum animals had progesterone levels equal or above those near midgestation and had 3.1 +/- 0.2-mm diameter corpora lutea which numbered 2.5 +/- 0.3 per ovary.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS) PMID- 6733202 TI - Sensitive assay detects protein methylesterase in spermatozoa: decrease in enzyme activity during epididymal maturation. AB - A more sensitive assay for protein methylesterase (PME) was developed. The new assay measures the methanol formed from hydrolysis of protein-methyl esters instead of methyl esters remaining on proteins. The formation of methanol is linear with time and enzyme concentration up to 20% of substrate hydrolysis. With this assay, we have detected very low PME activity in rat spermatozoa from cauda epididymidis. However, PME activity in spermatozoa from caput epididymidis was 10 fold higher. In a more detailed study on bull spermatozoa during epididymal maturation, we observed that PME activity was low in testicular spermatozoa, increased in spermatozoa from caput epididymidis to a maximum of 1.29 pmol/mg protein, and progressively decreased to a very low level (0.06 pmol/mg protein) in spermatozoa from cauda epididymidis. The drop in PME activity during epididymal transit parallels the progressive acquisition of motility and fertilizing capacity by spermatozoa. PMID- 6733203 TI - Posttesticular surface modifications and contributions of reproductive tract fluids to the surface polypeptide composition of boar spermatozoa. AB - Caput and cauda epididymal fluids were found to be exceedingly rich in the numbers and kinds of polypeptides when analyzed by two-dimensional (2-D) gel electrophoresis. Only a few of the major (Coomassie-stained) and minor (silver stained) epididymal fluid polypeptides were identified on epididymal sperm plasma membranes (PM) and even fewer identified in ejaculated sperm. The 2-D electrophoretic patterns of caput sperm PM differed little from those of cauda sperm PM. Thus, epididymal transit resulted in relatively minor quantitative and qualitative modifications in sperm PM composition. Seminal plasma showed a few major polypeptides from the cauda epididymal fluid, but the major constituents were those polypeptides from the seminal vesicle secretions. Sperm appear to acquire one acidic high molecular weight polypeptide from either the bulbourethral gland or prostate gland, and another major acidic polypeptide of high molecular weight from the seminal vesicle gland. Numerous neutral and basic low molecular weight polypeptides, originating from the seminal vesicles, adhered tightly to sperm. These were major polypeptides and constituted a substantial percentage of the total PM protein. Thus, major contributions to the sperm PM polypeptide profile occurred at ejaculation. This study did not address loosely bound polypeptides but is the first to analyze, in a comprehensive way, the origins of tightly bound sperm polypeptides from a single species. PMID- 6733204 TI - Morphological evidence for a blood-epididymis barrier and the effects of gossypol on its integrity. AB - Ultrastructural and micropuncture techniques were used to obtain morphological evidence for a blood-epididymis barrier ( BEB ) in the rat and to determine whether gossypol, an oral male contraceptive, alters the permeability of the BEB or blood-testis barrier ( BTB ) in rats made infertile with gossypol. Rats were treated by gavage with 20 mg/kg per day of gossypol for 6 weeks; control animals received the vehicle alone. For electron microscopy the components of the BEB were analyzed in each region of the epididymis with intravascularly perfused lanthanum nitrate. Throughout the epididymis in both control and gossypol-treated animals it was found that the zonula occludens at the apicolateral surface of the epididymal epithelial cells was the sole and ultimate structural component of the rat BEB ; the flow of intravascularly perfused lanthanum was not significantly impeded by the vascular endothelium, the peritubular myoid layer or other lateral cell surface specializations. For micropuncture, control and treated rats were administered 0.3 mCi [3H]inulin via the jugular vein. Radioactivity was determined in samples collected from the seminiferous tubules, caput and cauda epididymidis, and carotid artery. Results showed that [3H]inulin entry in seminiferous tubules, caput and caudal luminal fluid from blood was similar for control and treated groups. It was concluded that gossypol treatment does not alter the permeability properties of the BTB and BEB to macromolecules such as inulin or to small electron-dense tracers such as lanthanum. PMID- 6733205 TI - Quantification of intraluminal motion of surrogate ova in the rabbit oviductal isthmus. AB - The feasibility of using black polystyrene microspheres as surrogate ova to obtain quantitative information regarding ovum motion in the oviductal isthmus was tested in rabbits. The 175-microns diameter surrogates were instilled into the ampulla at the time of ovulation, and later the oviducts were exposed for direct observation of surrogate movements in the isthmic lumen. With the aid of transillumination, the black spheres were visible through the intact tubal wall and cinematographic records were made to quantify their movements. The frequency of surrogate movements was 5/min at 24, 36 and 48 h after coitus an 10/min at 60 and 72 h. The motion was typically oscillative with individual movements less than 4 mm in length; usually no net displacement occurred during 1-2 h of observation. These preliminary data, when used to test the stochastic model of ovum transport proposed by Verdugo et al. (1980), predicted isthmic transit times of only a few hours. Thus, the long duration of ovum residence in the rabbit isthmus may not be due to a slow transport process governed by random motion. PMID- 6733206 TI - Perfusion of the rat ovary in vitro: methodology, induction of ovulation, and pattern of steroidogenesis. AB - A method for perfusion of the rat ovary in vitro for the study of ovulation was developed and characterized. Immature rats (27-29 days old) were primed with 20 IU of pregnant mare's serum gonadotropin (PMSG). Two days later a laparotomy was performed, the aorta and vena cava were cannulated, the right ovary was isolated, and all vessels connecting with the aorta and vena cava except for the right ovarian artery and vein were ligated. The preparation was placed in the perfusion apparatus and perfused for up to 20 h with oxygenated Medium 199 containing 4% bovine serum albumin (37 degrees C, pH 7.4). The perfusion pressure was 70-90 mm Hg and the average flow was 1 ml . min . ovary. Ovulation was confirmed by oocyte recovery from the apparatus. Nine ovaries were perfused without further treatment (controls); only 1 ovulation occurred in this group. Nine ovaries received luteinizing hormone (LH; 0.1 microgram/ml) 1 h after the start of perfusion; 71 ovulations resulted (range, 3-13/ovary). Ovulations did not begin before 9 h after LH administration. Samples of medium were taken frequently for measurement of progesterone, estradiol and androstenedione. Levels of all three steroids rose rapidly and markedly in response to LH but increased only slightly in control perfusions. This study demonstrates that ovulation in the rat ovary can be induced in vitro and provides a basis for further studies on the mechanism of ovulation. PMID- 6733207 TI - Plasma estrogen levels during pregnancy in the western spotted skunk. AB - The present study was undertaken to obtain an estrogen profile throughout gestation in the western spotted skunk with special emphasis on relating changes in estrogen levels to blastocyst development. Blood samples were collected from 130 pregnant animals by cardiac puncture and plasma estrogen levels were determined by radioimmunoassay (RIA). Estrogen levels varied throughout the period of embryonic diapause, with mean levels ranging between 3 to 18 pg/ml. There was a tendency for estrogen levels to be less variable and somewhat lower during the 15 days immediately prior to blastocyst implantation than during the preceding period. Plasma estrogen levels in skunks with delayed implanting blastocysts (diameters of 1.1 mm or less) were significantly higher (P less than 0.05) than those in females with activating blastocysts (i.e., diameters of 1.2 mm or greater), again suggesting that estrogen levels were reduced during the period immediately preceding implantation. However, the exact physiological significance, if any, of this modest reduction in estrogen levels remains to be determined. PMID- 6733208 TI - Role of lipoproteins and prolactin in luteal function in the ferret. AB - This study investigated luteal function in vitro during early pregnancy and pseudopregnancy in the ferret. Corpora lutea taken from animals on Day 13 following the ovulatory stimulus (mating or gonadotropin treatment) were dissociated with collagenase and incubated with ovine prolactin (Prl), ovine luteinizing hormone (LH), total lipoprotein fraction from canine serum, canine high-density lipoproteins (HDL), canine low-density lipoproteins (LDL) or combinations of Prl, LH, HDL, and LDL. Total lipoproteins produced statistically definable increases in progesterone accumulation in incubation media at 5 microliter (approx. 50 micrograms protein) through 25 microliter (250 micrograms protein) of the total lipoprotein solution. LDL in doses of 1 or more microgram protein stimulated progesterone accumulation in 2-h incubations and a similar stimulation was observed in the presence of 60 or more micrograms HDL. Prl, LH or the combination of Prl and LH had no apparent stimulatory influence on progesterone accumulation in vitro. Prl in combination with LDL further stimulated progesterone output by luteal cells in short-term incubation relative to LDL alone. Prl and LH together with LDL produced an increase in stimulation over LDL alone, but, for the most part, this augmentation did not exceed that recorded in the presence of the combination of Prl and LDL. No interactions between HDL and luteotropic hormones were present. The results indicate that lipoproteins increase progesterone output from ferret luteal cells, presumably by providing substrate for steroid hormone synthesis. No direct role for LH in ferret luteal function emerged from these experiments.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS) PMID- 6733209 TI - Metabolism of pachytene primary spermatocytes from rat testes: pyruvate maintenance of adenosine triphosphate level. AB - Pachytene primary spermatocytes were prepared and examined for energy metabolism. When the cells were incubated with various substrates (glucose, fructose, pyruvate and lactate) to measure their utilization of substrates and the degree of ATP synthesis, spermatocytes were observed to use pyruvate as much as lactate, but in amounts much greater than those of glucose or fructose. Pyruvate and lactate maintained ATP levels in spermatocytes, while only lactate did in round spermatids and residual bodies. Pyruvate (5 mM) did not inhibit ATP synthesis from lactate in spermatocytes, differing from its behavior in spermatids. Pyruvate was oxidized in the Krebs cycle for further oxidative phosphorylation and was not altered by addition of glucose. Pyruvate and lactate were interconverted, but the intracellular level of pyruvate remained unchanged (approx. 0.2 mM) when either pyruvate or lactate was added to the medium. The maximal activity of lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) of spermatocytes occurred at 0.3 0.7 mM pyruvate, and this enzyme promoted the conversion of pyruvate to lactate rather than the reverse reaction. In addition, activity assays of 11 glycolytic enzymes and concentration assays of glycolytic intermediates showed a possible regulatory role for glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate dehydrogenase (GA3PDH) in glycolysis. These observations suggested that spermatocytes differed strikingly from spermatids with respect to energy metabolism, even though glycolysis in the two categories of germinal cells was presumably regulated by GA3PDH. PMID- 6733210 TI - Comparison of the effects of gossypol, estradiol-17 beta and testosterone compensation on male rat reproductive organs. AB - The effects of gossypol acetic acid (GAA) were compared with those induced by estradiol-17 beta (E2), testosterone, and a combination of these steroids. GAA was administered s.c. to adult rats at doses of 25 to 30 mg . kg BW . day for 30 days, while steroids in polydimethylsiloxane tubing of various lengths were implanted s.c. for 30 days or longer. GAA and E2 at the doses used had similar effects: they caused a graded atrophy of sex organs, discriminative degeneration of spermatogenic cells, impairment of Sertoli cells, decrease in serum testosterone, reduction in androgen receptor binding and retardation in body growth. Supplementing GAA and E2 treatments with 14-cm testosterone implants had a counteracting effect on organ weight losses: seminal vesicles recovered above, ventral prostate within and epididymides below control values, whereas the testes did not respond. The organs most refractory to supplementation therapy were those in which GAA and E2 were most effective in depressing androgen receptor binding. Aside from having similar antiandrogenic effects as E2 and other steroids, GAA induced a specific flagellar syndrome which testosterone therapy could not prevent, indicating that this action is hormonally independent. PMID- 6733211 TI - Pregnancy-related changes in the connective tissue of the ovine cervix. AB - During the course of gestation, changes in the metabolism and chemical composition of the cervical connective tissue occur. The concentrations of collagen, proteoglycan and hyaluronate in the cervix decrease with time of pregnancy, while there is a small but significant increase in tissue hydration. The collagen network loses its dense, ordered appearance and assumes a loose, frayed, disoriented structure. A small molecular weight dermatan sulphate proteoglycan with Kav = 0.48 on Sepharose CL-4B has been isolated from pregnant and nonpregnant ovine cervix. Proteoglycans isolated from dilated cervix yield a second peak at the excluded volume of a Sepharose CL-4B column which may represent a new proteoglycan species, or represent a proteoglycan monomer with larger glycosaminoglycan constituents. The rate of synthesis of proteoglycan is enhanced during pregnancy, and doubles in the time between 140 days and term (dilated). The increased rate of proteoglycan synthesis in the presence of a diminishing hexuronate concentration in the pregnant cervix is indicative of enhanced proteoglycan turnover. This may provide some insight into the mechanism whereby a new matrix with altered mechanical properties is produced, since a rapid turnover of matrix components enables a remodeling of the connective tissue framework. This reorganization of the matrix is discussed with respect to parturition. PMID- 6733212 TI - Immunological identification of seminalplasmin in tissue extracts of sex glands of bull. AB - Using immunoglobulin G (IgG) antibodies raised against highly purified, homogeneous seminalplasmin, an antimicrobial protein of bovine seminal plasma, it has been shown that bovine ampullae, gland vesicularis and corpus prostate, but not testes and epididymis, contain seminalplasmin. The content as estimated by radioimmunoassay employing 125I-seminalplasmin was: ampullae, 267 +/- 13; gland vesicularis, 275 +/- 14; and corpus prostate, 445 +/- 22 micrograms per g wet weight of the tissue. Seminalplasmin, as characterized by high-performance liquid chromatography and in vivo inhibition of RNA synthesis in E. coli, was isolated from gland vesicularis. The seminalplasmin content of bovine seminal plasma was shown to be 1%. A chymotryptic peptide of seminalplasmin comprising residues 1-13 from the amino terminus was found to compete with 125I-seminalplasmin for binding to anti-seminalplasmin IgG. PMID- 6733213 TI - Structural degradation of ceramics. AB - Fabrication procedures for alumina are summarized and the potential for improving the mechanical strength indicated. Engineering performance of alumina is discussed, particularly in relation to femoral heads, giving emphasis to statistical variations in strength and time dependent strength degradation processes. PMID- 6733214 TI - Metabolism of degradation/corrosion products from tissue - material interactions. AB - This paper relates materials science, physiology, biochemistry, pharmacology, immunology, pathology and toxicology to the study of metabolism of degradation and corrosion products arising from tissue/material interactions. The mechanisms of absorption and distribution of released substances, either in solution or as particles, are considered together with their related chemistry. The importance of immune processes is discussed and their potential use for immunological analysis is illustrated by reference to nickel and mercury as used in the oral cavity. PMID- 6733216 TI - A method for testing the toxicity of temporary crown and bridge materials. AB - A realistic method for testing the toxicity of a temporary crown and bridge material in vivo is described. The results are compared with a previous study. It is stressed that temporary crown and bridge materials should never be used as a temporary filling material. PMID- 6733215 TI - Effect of the chemical structure of N-(2-hydroxypropyl)methacrylamide copolymers on their ability to induce antibody formation in inbred strains of mice. AB - The homopolymer of N-(2-hydroxypropyl)methacrylamide (HPMA) and copolymers of HPMA differing in oligopeptide side chains (-Gly-Gly-OH; -Acap-Phe-OH; -Acap-Leu HMDA and -Gly-Phe-Tyr-OH) or in their content (1%, 3.5% and 8.4% mole of -Gly-Gly OH side chains) were investigated with respect to their ability to induce antibody formation and mitogenic reaction in inbred strains of mice. The dependence on the antigen dose, on composition of the side chain and on the genetic background of the immunized organism was defined. It was demonstrated that the specificity of the antibody formed is predominantly directed against oligopeptide side chains, though some part of the antibody is also produced against hydroxypropyl chains. Neither the homopolymer nor the copolymers behave in the tissue culture as mitogens. PMID- 6733217 TI - Preparation of an asymmetric semipermeable membrane with anticoagulant activity. AB - In this paper we report the preparation of a new asymmetric semipermeable styrene isoprene-styrene block-copolymer membrane. Its modification by addition of gaseous N-chlorosulphonylisocyanate alters neither its permselectivity nor its water permeability rate. This modified membrane possesses an antithrombic activity which depends on antithrombin III. The actual active surface in contact with proteins is very large because the whole macroporous underlayer is modified and accessible to the proteins. PMID- 6733218 TI - Relationship between the degradation behaviour of calcium phosphate ceramics and their physical-chemical characteristics and ultrastructural geometry. AB - The neck geometry of different calcium phosphate materials was studied by scanning electron microscopy. The dissolution rate of these materials, especially of the necks, was determined by chemical analysis. The degradation of calcium phosphate materials in lactate buffer, related to the detachment of sintered particles, was found to be determined by neck dissolution rate and neck geometry. The latter factor depends on the crystallography and stoichiometry of the material and the sintering conditions. PMID- 6733219 TI - An assessment of the jet-test method for solubility measurement of dental cements. AB - The use of the jet-test method for laboratory measurements of dental cement solubilities was explored. Two cements, a glass-ionomer and a silicate, were used as models. Lactic acid concentrations in the range 0.1-0.005 M, ionic strength, the effect of column height, the effect of continuous and intermittent flow, and the effect of temperature were investigated. Several modifications to the jet test equipment were made as a result of these studies. All the above-mentioned variables were shown to be critical in obtaining reproducibility, and a failure to control them will most probably give invalid results. The mode of wear (which is linear with time in most cases) is shown to include a significant element of erosive wear as well as one based on chemical attack. PMID- 6733221 TI - Adsorption of bovine submaxillary mucin on silicone contact lenses grafted with poly(vinyl pyrrolidone). AB - Bovine submaxillary mucin is considered to be an analogue of the high molecular protein present in the conjunctival mucus. This mucin was isolated from fresh salivary glands and acetylated with [1-14C]acetic anhydride. In situ adsorption of the bovine submaxillary mucin on silicone contact lenses ungrafted and grafted with poly(vinyl pyrrolidone) was performed for the first time using an original radiotracer technique. The results show that the adsorbed amounts of mucin are higher on grafted samples and that thick layers are adsorbed when mucin concentration in the bulk solution is increased. Desorption experiments reveal that in addition to the tightly adsorbed protein layer, a loosely bound mucin layer of the same thickness exists on grafted and ungrafted silicones. PMID- 6733220 TI - Interactions of human platelets with insoluble anticoagulant modified polystyrene resins. AB - The interactions of two insoluble anticoagulant polystyrene derivatives with human platelets were studied in an in vitro system similar to a chromatography column. Blood was pumped through the column and platelets were counted before and after passage through the column. Interaction of platelets with the beads led to retention of platelets in the column. The same experiment was performed with several donors. Different pretreatments were assayed and compared for both materials: platelet poor plasma, antithrombin III-depleted platelet poor plasma and an antithrombin III solution. Platelet retention depends on the polymer composition: the material containing glutamic acid sulphamide groups, which has a larger anticoagulant activity in plasma than the materials only substituted by sulphonate groups, is always less reactive towards platelets. The differences in the effects of pretreatment on both materials can be correlated with the variations of antithrombin adsorption on the synthetic surfaces. PMID- 6733222 TI - Morphology and morphogenesis of implanted valve-containing prostheses of the pulmonary trunk for surgical correction of complex congenital heart diseases. AB - Morphology and morphogenesis of implanted valve-containing pulmonary trunk prostheses have been experimentally examined. It has been shown that 30 months after the operation there is total encapsulation of the graft and formation of the pseudointima layered with regenerated endothelium. In a xenograft sutured into the graft lumen, ultrastructural destructive changes develop gradually, however, the obturative function of graft has been preserved. All these facts allow us to recommend this type of graft for clinical use. PMID- 6733223 TI - Simplified models of screening for chronic disease: estimation procedures from mass screening programmes. AB - The performance of a screening programme depends on a number of parameters, which may need different types of information for their estimation. In this paper, two characteristics of interest, the sojourn-time distribution and the sensitivity, are considered, and estimation procedures, based on data which should be available from a mass screening programme, are proposed. The methods are applied to published data from the HIP breast cancer screening project, to which a negative exponential distribution for the sojourn-time distribution fitted better than the other families of distribution considered. PMID- 6733224 TI - The detection of disease clustering in time. AB - This paper presents a new index for the level of disease clustering in time, which is devised to the case where the data are grouped into several equally spaced intervals. This index is applicable to both temporal and cyclical clustering. The asymptotic distribution of this index is derived under the null hypothesis of no clustering in time. Monte Carlo simulation studies show that the asymptotic results are good approximations when the sample size is as small as the number of intervals, an average of one per interval. The powers of the test based on this index for both types of clustering are compared with those of several existing procedures. Tables of upper percentage points of this index are given. PMID- 6733225 TI - A likelihood ratio test for a patterned covariance matrix in a multivariate growth-curve model. AB - In a multivariate growth-curve model, the estimator of the parameter matrix is a function of the matrix of the sums of squares and of the cross-products due to error. However, if the assumption of a patterned covariance matrix is valid, then the parameter estimator does not depend on the error matrix. A likelihood ratio test of this patterned covariance matrix is constructed and its distribution is discussed. A numerical example is provided in which the design consists of two treatment groups, with three repeated measures being taken of the three response variables. PMID- 6733226 TI - Covariances of relatives stemming from a population undergoing mixed self and random mating. AB - We consider covariances of all parent and first-generation relatives from outcrossing or self-fertilization in a parent population that is in equilibrium with respect to these processes. The results, which are for any number of alleles and loci with additive and dominance effects, are phrased in terms of six quadratic genetic components whose coefficients are given by descent measures for equilibrium populations. Because of the variation in the inbreeding coefficients for this system of mating, the expressions include joint contributions of loci to the variances and covariances of relatives. By inclusion of the full complement of relatives, all quadratic components can be estimated. The findings of Ghai (1982, Biometrics 38, 87-92) for compound functions of the covariances with two alleles at a single locus are analyzed in terms of the more general model. PMID- 6733227 TI - Methods for the identification of Lexian, Poisson and Markovian variations in the secondary sex ratio. AB - One of the problems arising in the identification of the type of process generating the secondary sex ratio in human and other populations is that of 'spurious contagion'. A model is presented which allows the simultaneous estimation of the effects of (i) variation in the biological predisposition of couples to have children of a particular sex, (ii) variation in this predisposition with birth order, (iii) a Markov association between the sexes of adjacent sibs as the result of in utero interaction, and (iv) the socio psychological predisposition of couples to limit families once they have obtain a desirable composition. Restricted forms of the model allow one to test for the presence of each of these effects whilst controlling for the others. The model is applied to data from the United States and Finland. PMID- 6733228 TI - Log-linear-model analysis of the association between disease and genotype. AB - In this paper, log-linear-model analysis is employed to provide further insight into the disease-genotype association problem, as discussed by Norwood and Hinkelmann (1978, Biometrics 34, 593-602). It is shown how this approach can take account of the structure of the data when testing hypotheses about the type of association, by specifying the form of recurrence risks and allowing estimation of such recurrence risks by maximum likelihood. The notation of conditional recurrence risk is introduced and its usefulness is illustrated. PMID- 6733229 TI - Kendall's tau with a blocking variable. AB - Kendall's rank correlation tau between two variables, in the presence of a third blocking variable, is defined. An estimator of the common tau within the blocks is used to test conditional independence of the two variables, given the blocking variable. An application is presented. PMID- 6733230 TI - Three-period crossover designs for two treatments. AB - The use of three periods in the two-treatment crossover design for clinical trials is considered. It is proposed that a series of such trials in a particular therapeutic area may establish the relevance of the crossover design in that area. Treatment sequences to be used in three-period two-treatment trials are discussed. Two possible designs which allow carryover effects to be tested against the within-subject variability are compared. A design involving four treatment sequences is recommended. PMID- 6733231 TI - Quick and simple approximation of sample sizes for comparing two independent binomial distributions: different-sample-size case. AB - Given the ratio, k, of two sample sizes, sample sizes for comparing two independent proportions can be approximated from the sample size for the equal sample-size design. The proposed method is compared to the method of Fleiss , Tytun and Ury (1980, Biometrics 36, 343-346). Methods for choosing the ratio are also presented. PMID- 6733232 TI - Calculation of carcinogenic potency from long-term animal carcinogenesis experiments. AB - An index of carcinogenic potency for chemicals tested in chronic animal experiments is described. By analogy with the well-known 'lethal dose 50' (LD50) of quantal bioassay, a 'tumorigenic dose 50' (TD50) may be defined (in the absence both of tumors in the control group and of intercurrent deaths) as that (daily) dose of chemical which gives 50% of the test animals tumors by some fixed age. Tumors in the control (zero-dose) group are handled exactly as for the LD50, and intercurrent deaths are handled by life-table methods. Nonparametric procedures are developed for estimating the TD50 and for constructing confidence intervals. These are based on likelihoods which assume that the tumor hazard is linear in dose. PMID- 6733233 TI - Nonparametric estimation of the distribution of time to onset for specific diseases in survival/sacrifice experiments. AB - This paper concerns the analysis of an animal survival/sacrifice experiment designed to investigate the incidence of a particular disease of interest. The disease is assumed to be irreversible, and detectable only at death, for example by a necropsy. Each observation can be of one of three types: (i) death caused by the disease, (ii) death from a competing cause such as sacrifice, with the disease present, or (iii) death with the disease absent. A two-dimensional EM algorithm is proposed for the nonparametric maximum likelihood estimation of the distributions of the time to onset and of the time to death from the disease. These can be compared with nonparametric estimators recently proposed by Kodell , Shaw and Johnson (1982, Biometrics 38, 43-58) and by Dinse and Lagakos (1982, Biometrics 38, 921-932). A slight modification of the algorithm permits the construction of likelihood-based interval estimates of quantiles of the distributions. Some extensions and generalizations are indicated. PMID- 6733234 TI - Additive and multiplicative models for relative survival rates. AB - The relative survival rate is the ratio of the overall survival rate to that 'expected' for demographically similar individuals in a reference population. It is commonly used to estimate the effect of a particular disease on mortality, when the cause of death is not reliably known. The effect of the disease on the underlying hazards may be multiplicative or additive; the former case has been considered elsewhere but seems biologically less plausible than the latter. Both models are examined in this paper. The effect of the disease is assumed to be constant throughout the follow-up period, or to be piecewise constant within K follow-up intervals. Maximum likelihood estimates and related statistics are presented, as are simpler statistics based on moment estimators of the disease effect. The moment-based statistic for testing the homogeneity of r groups may be expressed as a sum of individual scores, which are shown to be closely related to the logrank scores when follow-up intervals are made arbitrarily small. PMID- 6733235 TI - A model for the synthesis of chemical compounds in red blood cells, with an application to diabetes. AB - The amount of a substance produced and stored in red blood cells is modelled as the solution to a first-order differential equation involving the stochastic rate of production of the substance within each cell, the lifespans of the cells, and the birth and death rates of the cells. Estimation of the parameters of the model is outlined for a special case, and the model is fitted to a set of real data taken from clinically diabetic dogs. PMID- 6733236 TI - Flow distribution in closed networks: minimal sets of measuring sites. AB - In microvascular research it is of great importance to know how the flow of blood is distributed to all the vessels in a capillary network. However, it is generally impossible to obtain simultaneous measurements of the flow values in all branches of a network. A method of selecting minimal subsets of branches is presented, by which the flow measurements in these branches can be used to compute the flow values in all other branches. It is sufficient to measure between half and one-third of the branch flows. The experimenter can also specify a subset of the branches as inaccessible to measurement; nevertheless the method allows him to decide whether determination of all flows is possible from the remaining branches, and in which branches the measuring devices should then be optimally placed. PMID- 6733238 TI - Propagation through electrically coupled cells. Effects of a resistive barrier. AB - Action potential propagation through cardiac tissue occurs in a spatially inhomogeneous three-dimensional electrical syncytium composed of discrete cells with regional variations in membrane properties and intercellular resistance. In comparison with axons, cardiac tissue presents some differences in the application of core conductor cable theory. We have used analytical and numerical techniques to contrast the propagation of action potentials along nerve axons and along cardiac strands, including an explicit inclusion of cellular anatomical factors (the surface-to-volume ratio), the strand radius, and the regional distribution of longitudinal resistance. A localized decrease in the number of gap junctions will produce a functional resistive barrier, which can lead to unidirectional block of propagation if the tissue on two sides of the barrier in either excitability or passive electrical load. However, in some circumstances, a resistive barrier separating regions of different electrical load can actually facilitate propagation into the region of larger electrical load. PMID- 6733237 TI - Charge asymmetry of the purple membrane measured by uranyl quenching of dansyl fluorescence. AB - Purple membrane was covalently labeled with 5-(dimethylamino) naphthalene-1 sulfonyl hydrazine (dansyl hydrazine) by carbodiimide coupling to the cytoplasmic surface (carboxyl-terminal tail: 0.7 mol/mol bacteriorhodopsin) or by periodate oxidation and dimethylaminoborane reduction at the extracellular surface (glycolipids: 1 mol/mol). In 2 mM acetate buffer, pH 5.6, micromolar concentrations of UO2 +(2) were found to quench the dansyl groups on the cytoplasmic surface (maximum = 26%), while little quenching was observed at the extracellular surface (maximum = 4%). Uranyl ion quenched dansyl hydrazine in free solution at much higher concentrations. Uranyl also bound tightly to unmodified purple membrane, (apparent dissociation constant = 0.8 microM) as measured by a centrifugation assay. The maximum stoichiometry was 10 mol/mol of bacteriorhodopsin, which is close to the amount of phospholipid phosphorus in purple membrane. The results were analyzed on the assumptions that UO2 +(2) binds in a 1:1 complex with phospholipid phosphate and that the dansyl distribution and quenching mechanisms are the same at both surfaces. This indicates a 9:1 ratio of phosphate between the cytoplasmic and extracellular surfaces. Thus, the surface change density of the cytoplasmic side of the membrane is more negative than 0.010 charges/A2. PMID- 6733239 TI - Statistical mechanics of lipid membranes. Protein correlation functions and lipid ordering. AB - An expression is derived for the lipid-mediated intermolecular interaction between protein molecules embedded in a lipid bilayer. It is assumed that protein particles are accommodated by the bilayer, but they distort the lipids in some manner from their equilibrium protein-free configuration. We treat this situation by expanding the free energy density in the plane of the membrane as a Taylor series in some arbitrary parameter and its gradient. Minimization of the total membrane energy for a given particle configuration yields the interparticle interaction energy for that configuration. A test of the model is provided by measurement of the protein-protein pair distribution function from freeze fracture micrographs of partially aggregated membranes. The measured functions can be simulated by adjustment of two parameters (a) a lipid correlation length that characterizes the distance over which a distortion of the bilayers is transmitted laterally through the bilayer, and (b) a term quantifying the energy of the protein-lipid interaction at the protein-lipid boundary. Correlation lengths obtained by fitting the calculated particle distribution functions to the data are found to be several nanometers. Protein-lipid interaction energies are of the order of a few kT. PMID- 6733240 TI - Thermal fluctuations of large cylindrical phospholipid vesicles. AB - The time correlation function of the shape fluctuations of large (greater than 10 micron), cylindrical, hydrated, phospholipid-membrane vesicles consisting of one bimolecular layer was measured. The restoring force of the membrane was due to the excess curvature of a membrane element. A value for the curvature elastic modulus, Kc, was obtained from the mean-square amplitude of the normal modes of the fluctuations using the equipartition theorem. An expression for the correlation time was found by solving the dynamics of the membrane's relaxation against the low Reynolds number viscous drag of the surrounding fluid. The amplitudes and correlation times of the fundamental bending mode of the cylindrical vesicles both yield Kc = 1-2 X 10(-12) ergs. PMID- 6733241 TI - Multicomponent phase transitions of diacylphosphatidylethanolamine dispersions. AB - The phase transition properties of aqueous suspensions of a series of nonhydrated (not heated above room temperature) and hydrated 1,2 diacylphosphatidylethanolamines (PE's) have been examined by high sensitivity differential scanning calorimetry at scan rates of 0.02-1.0 K min-1. At all scan rates nonhydrated PE's show a single asymmetric transition curve of excess heat capacity as a function of temperature. Multilamellar dispersions of hydrated PE's, however, exhibit transitions with fine structure, which can be fitted as the sum of three two-state component transitions, at scan rates of 0.02-0.1 K min 1, but give only a single asymmetric transition at 1.0 K min-1. At all scan rates the transition(s) of hydrated samples occur at lower temperatures than those of nonhydrated samples. One of the component transitions of hydrated PE's may be analogous to the pretransition that occurs in 1,2 diacylphosphatidylcholines. PMID- 6733242 TI - Model of calcium movements during activation in the sarcomere of frog skeletal muscle. AB - A model of calcium movement during activation of frog skeletal muscle is described. The model was based on the half sarcomere of a myofibril and included compartments representing the terminal cisternae, the longitudinal sarcoplasmic reticulum, the extramyofibrillar space, and the myofibrillar space. The calcium binding proteins troponin, parvalbumin, and calsequestrin were present in appropriate locations and with realistic binding kinetics. During activation a time-dependent permeability in the terminal cisternal wall led to calcium release into the myoplasm and its diffusion through the myoplasm longitudinally and radially was computed. After adjustment of three parameters, the model produced a myoplasmic free-calcium concentration that was very similar to those recorded experimentally with calcium indicators. The model has been used to demonstrate the importance of parvalbumin in the relaxation of skeletal muscle, to describe the time course and magnitude of calcium gradients associated with diffusion across the sarcomere, and to estimate the errors associated with the use of aequorin as an intracellular calcium indicator in muscle. PMID- 6733243 TI - Diffusive properties of water in Artemia cysts as determined from quasi-elastic neutron scattering spectra. AB - Results have been obtained on the quasi-elastic spectra of neutrons scattered from pure water, a 20% agarose gel (hydration four grams H2O per gram of dry solid) and cysts of the brine shrimp Artemia for hydrations between 0.10 and 1.2 grams H2O per gram of dry solids. The spectra were interpreted using a two component model that included contributions from the covalently bonded protons and the hydration water, and a mobile water fraction. The mobile fraction was described by a jump-diffusion correlation function for the translation motion and a simple diffusive orientational correlation function. The results for the line widths gamma (Q2) for pure water were in good agreement with previous measurements. The agarose results were consistent with NMR measurements that show a slightly reduced translational diffusion for the mobile water fraction. The Artemia results show that the translational diffusion coefficient of the mobile water fraction was greatly reduced from that of pure water. The line width was determined mainly by the rotational motion, which was also substantially reduced from the pure water value as determined from dielectric relaxation studies. The translational and rotational diffusion parameters were consistent with the NMR measurements of diffusion and relaxation. Values for the hydration fraction and the mean square thermal displacement [u2] as determined from the Q-dependence of the line areas were also obtained. PMID- 6733244 TI - Transport properties of polymer solutions. A comparative approach. AB - A variety of transport properties have been measured for solutions of the water soluble polymer poly(ethylene oxide)(PEO) with molecular weights ranging from 200 to 14,000, and volume fractions ranging from 0-80%. The transport properties are thermal conductivity, electrical conductivity at audio frequencies (in solutions containing dilute electrolyte), and water self-diffusion. These data, together with dielectric relaxation data previously reported, are amenable to analysis by the same mixture theory. The ionic conductivity and water self-diffusion coefficient, but not the thermal conductivity, are substantially smaller than predicted by the Maxwell and Hanai mixture relations, calculated using the known transport properties of pure liquid water. A 25% (by volume) solution of PEO exhibits an average dielectric relaxation frequency of the suspending water of one half that of pure water, with clear evidence of a distribution of relaxation times present. The limits of the cumulative distribution of dielectric relaxation times that are consistent with the data are obtained using a linear programming technique. The application of simple mixture theory, under appropriate limiting conditions, yields hydration values for the more dilute polymer solutions that are somewhat larger than values obtained from thermodynamic measurements. PMID- 6733245 TI - Molecular conformations and 8-CH exchange rates of purine ribo- and deoxyribonucleotides: investigation by Raman spectroscopy. PMID- 6733246 TI - X-ray crystallographic analysis of a ternary intercalation complex between proflavine and the dinucleoside monophosphates CpA and UpG. PMID- 6733247 TI - Mean-square helical hydrophobic moments in partially ordered proteins. PMID- 6733248 TI - Monoazido analog of ethidium as a chromatin probe: binding to DNA. PMID- 6733249 TI - Quasi-harmonic method for studying very low frequency modes in proteins. PMID- 6733250 TI - Dynamic light scattering as a probe of superhelical DNA-intercalating agent interaction. PMID- 6733251 TI - Quantitative aspects of the development of a hydrophobic binding site on calmodulin by calcium binding. PMID- 6733252 TI - Steric effects in the coagulation of casein micelles by ethanol. PMID- 6733254 TI - Measurement of endogenous tryptamine in rat brain by capillary column gas chromatography mass spectrometry. AB - A capillary column gas chromatographic mass spectrometric method, involving the use of a deuterated analogue as internal standard, was developed and used to identify and quantify tryptamine in the rat brain. The mean level of tryptamine in rat whole brain was 0.54 pmol g-1. PMID- 6733253 TI - Mass spectrometry of 2-substituted-4-arylthiazoles. 3--Identification of microsomal nitroreduction products by mass spectrometry. AB - The electron impact mass spectra of the chemical carcinogens 4-(4-nitrophenyl)-2- methylaminothiazole , 4-(4-aminophenyl)-2- methylaminothiazole and 4-(4 aminophenyl)-2- aminothiazole were studied. The 4-(4-amino-phenyl)-2-substituted thiazoles were isolated from the anaerobic microsomal reduction of their respective 4-nitrophenyl analogues. Microsomes prepared from rat and rabbit kidney tissues were used. The identity of the reduction products were established by chemical synthesis and mass spectrometry. The mass spectrometric fragmentation of the nitro derivative shows prominent ions arising from the loss of the nitro group, ring enlargement of the thiazoles, and the phenylthiirene ion resulting from 1,2-cleavage of the thiazole ring. In the 4-(4-aminophenyl)-2-substituted amino derivative prominent ions result from the preferential 1,2-cleavage of the thiazole ring to give the common 2-(4-aminophenyl) thiirene ion and subsequent fragmentation of this ion. PMID- 6733255 TI - Mass spectral properties of volatile derivatives of thyronine (T0) and use of these in the study of thyronine excretion in eu-, hyper- and hypothyroidism. AB - The mass spectral properties of four classes of derivatives of thyronine are discussed ( oxazolidinone , O-methyl oxazolidinone , O-acetyl oxazolidinone and N,O- diheptafluorobutyryl methyl ester). An assay for thyronine in human urine is described based on the N,O- diheptafluorobutyryl methyl ester. Results of T0 excretion in euthyroid humans were compared with those obtained previously using an assay based on the O-acetyl oxazolidinone derivative. Patients with frank hyperthyroidism had significantly higher T0 excretion than euthyroid subjects (2 alpha less than 0.002) and hypothyroid patients lower T0 excretions than euthyroid subjects (2 alpha less than 0.002). Some overlap between the two pathological ranges and the normal euthyroid range was evident. PMID- 6733256 TI - Identification of a plasma metabolite of 5-(2-bromo-E-ethenyl)-2'-deoxyuridine. AB - A prominent plasma metabolite was detected in animals and man after oral administration of 5-(2-bromo-E- ethenyl )-2'-deoxyuridine. The metabolite was isolated by solvent extraction and high-performance liquid chromatography and was identified by mass spectrometry as 5-(2-bromo-E- ethenyl )uracil. PMID- 6733258 TI - A simple method for large-scale electrofusion and culture of plant protoplasts. AB - A simple method is described for the electrofusion of plant protoplasts. Protoplasts were aggregated in a radio-frequency field (10 V RMS, 0.5 MHz) for 15 30 s with an inter-electrode distance of 5 mm. They were then fused with a 300-V DC pulse. The protoplasts were able to divide after this treatment. A transferrable electrode permitted electrofusion of 1-ml volumes of culture in standard tissue-culture dishes in about 20 s. PMID- 6733260 TI - Brown fat activity in fasted and refed rats. AB - Four days of fasting in the rat reduced brown-adipose-tissue (BAT) mass, mitochondrial protein, and tissue protein content. Specific binding of guanosine diposphate (GDP) to BAT mitochondria was depressed by 55% in 4d-fasted rats. Rats fasted for 3 d, and then refed a single carbohydrate meal (40 kJ), showed a significant increase in specific GDP-binding (27% above fasted) 24 h later, and a large increase in total binding. Specific activities of cytochrome oxidase and alpha-glycerophosphate dehydrogenase in BAT mitochondria were not significantly affected by fasting or refeeding. These results suggest that BAT may be partly responsible for the fall in metabolic rate associated with fasting and the delayed increase after carbohydrate refeeding. These effects may be due to changes in the mitochondrial proton-conductance pathway in brown fat. PMID- 6733257 TI - Differential solubility of subcomponents of rat glomerular basement membrane. AB - Marked differences were found in the electrophoretic profiles and amino-acid compositions of components prepared from rat glomerular basement membrane (GBM) by a number of different solubilization procedures. Treatment with reducing agent resulted in a simplified electrophoretic pattern which was characterized by the presence of a major collagenous component with a mol.wt. of 150 000. In contrast, detergent solubilized mainly lower-mol.-wt. material which had a more polar amino acid composition. When both reagents were used together the majority of the basement-membrane material was solubilized within 2 h and components with mol.wts. of 170 000 and 135 000 were predominant in the pro-alpha region of the gel. Treatment for a further 16 h was required to solubilize higher-mol.-wt. material and to achieve maximum solubility of components in the pro-alpha region with mol.wts. of 185 000 and 150 000. These methods provide a means of separating subcomponents of rat GBM while avoiding the problems of degradation inherent in enzymatic procedures. PMID- 6733259 TI - Unimpaired thermogenic response to noradrenaline in genetic (ob/ob) and hypothalamic (MSG) obese mice. AB - The thermogenic response to noradrenaline administration was investigated at 25 degrees C in two models of obese mice (genetic ob/ob obesity of the ' QEC ' strain and monosodium-glutamate-induced obesity) and in their respective lean littermates. Subcutaneous injections of a low dose of noradrenaline (100 micrograms/kg body wt.) elevated metabolic rate by about 30% in both obese models but not in their respective lean counterparts. In contrast, the increase in metabolic rate after injections of a high dose of noradrenaline (600 micrograms/kg body wt.) was of a similar magnitude in both lean and obese animals: metabolic rate was increased by 70-80%. These results indicate that the overall whole body thermogenic capacity is unimpaired at room temperature in this ' QEC ' strain of ob/ob mice and in the hypothalamic damaged obese mice. Obesity in these models is therefore not associated with a reduced ability to respond to noradrenaline but could rather be due to a failure to release noradrenaline. PMID- 6733261 TI - Milk-protein mRNAs and poly(A) in the involuting rat mammary gland return to the levels found during late pregnancy. AB - Analyses of the rat mammary gland show that the increase in the milk-protein mRNAs during the development of lactation and the rapid disappearance of these sequences during involution are not accompanied by similar changes in the poly(A) content. During the development of lactation the casein mRNA is initially in great excess to the whey-protein mRNA and this differential expression of the genes for the two types of milk proteins is again observed during early involution. Since the amounts of poly(A) and of both milk-protein mRNAs are also similar to the amounts found in the gland during late pregnancy, these results indicate that during early involution the mammary gland has reverted to the pattern of mRNA metabolism that occurs during late pregnancy. PMID- 6733262 TI - Alterations in mammary-gland blood flow and glucose metabolism in the lactating rat induced by short-term starvation and refeeding. AB - Six-hour starvation of lactating rats caused a 75% decrease in mammary-gland lipogenesis. The inhibition of lipogenesis was accompanied by a 45% decrease of blood flow to the mammary gland and a 60% decrease in glucose uptake. Within 2 h of refeeding, lipogenesis and glucose uptake by the gland increased to fed values though blood flow to the gland remained at only 63% of that in the fed state. It is concluded that blood flow, and hence substrate supply, is not a rate-limiting factor for lipogenesis by the lactating mammary gland in the rat. PMID- 6733263 TI - Stimulation of flux through hepatic pyruvate dehydrogenase by 3 mercaptopicolinate. AB - Isolated hepatocytes from 24-h-starved rats were used to assess the possible effect of the hypoglycaemic agent 3-mercaptopicolinate on flux through the hepatic pyruvate dehydrogenase complex. Increasing the extracellular pyruvate concentration from 1 mM to 2 mM or 5 mM resulted in an increase in flux through pyruvate dehydrogenase and the tricarboxylic acid cycle as measured by 14CO2 evolution from [1-14C]pyruvate and [3-14C]pyruvate. Gluconeogenesis was inhibited by 3-mercaptopicolinate from both 1 mM and 2 mM pyruvate, but significant increases in malate and citrate concentrations only occurred in cells incubated with 1 mM pyruvate. Flux through pyruvate dehydrogenase was stimulated by 3 mercaptopicolinate with 1 mM pyruvate but was unaltered with 2 mM pyruvate. Dichloroacetate stimulated flux through pyruvate dehydrogenase with no effect on gluconeogenesis in the presence of 1 mM pyruvate. There was no effect of 3 mercaptopicolinate, administered in vivo, to 24-h-starved rats on the activity of pyruvate dehydrogenase in freeze-clamped heart or liver tissue, although the drug did decrease blood glucose concentration and increase the blood concentrations of lactate and alanine. Dichloroacetate, administered in vivo to 24-h-starved rats, increased the activity of pyruvate dehydrogenase in freeze-clamped heart and liver, and caused decreases in the blood concentrations of glucose, lactate, and alanine. The results suggest that 3-mercaptopicolinate increases flux through hepatocyte pyruvate dehydrogenase by an indirect mechanism. PMID- 6733264 TI - Adventures in vaccine research. PMID- 6733265 TI - Intranuclear defect in beta-globin mRNA accumulation due to a premature translation termination codon. AB - We have analyzed a cloned beta O-thalassemia (beta O-thal) gene from a patient doubly heterozygous for hemoglobin Lepore and beta O-thalassemia. Studies of 3H uridine incorporation into beta-globin mRNA in this patient's erythroblasts suggested an intranuclear defect in both beta and Lepore (delta beta) mRNA synthesis, as did S1 nuclease analysis of nuclear RNA. However, the nucleotide sequence of the beta O-thal gene revealed only a single base change in codon 39 (CAG----UAG), which created a premature translation termination codon. The 5' flanking sequence, including transcription promotor boxes and the mRNA initiation (CAP) site, were normal. The unexpected effect of this mutation on intranuclear beta-mRNA synthesis in vivo was studied by insertion of the cloned gene into a plasmid expression vector and transfection into tissue culture (COS-1) cells. beta-Globin mRNA produced by the transfected cells was assessed by S1 nuclease analysis. The beta O-39 thalassemia gene generated five- to tenfold less beta mRNA than a normal beta-gene in both nuclear and cytoplasmic RNA, simulating the results observed in vivo. Moreover, the small amount of beta O-39 mRNA produced was as stable as normal beta-mRNA during an actinomycin D chase, ruling out rapid cytoplasmic turnover as a cause of the reduced accumulation. Cotransfection of the beta O-39 thalassemia gene with a mutant tyrosine suppressor tRNA gene resulted in restoration of the beta O-39 mRNA accumulation to near-normal levels. On the basis of these results, we suggest that the low levels of beta-mRNA known to exist in the common form of beta O-thalassemia, beta O-39 thalassemia, result from a lesion in transcription, or early posttranscriptional processes; the defect appears to be corrected by restoration of proper translational potential to the mutant mRNA, at least in a gene transfer-expression system in tissue culture cells. PMID- 6733266 TI - Characterization of the effect of influenza virus on polymorphonuclear leukocyte membrane responses. AB - Depressed chemotactic activity of polymorphonuclear leukocytes (PMNL) infected with influenza virus could be due to changes occurring at the plasma membrane. The present study examined the effect of unopsonized influenza virus on chemotaxis, adherence, receptor binding, shape change, membrane fluidity, and release of specific granules from PMNL. Chemotactic activity of PMNL under agarose to the chemoattractants, zymosan-activated serum ( ZAS ) and N-formyl methionyl-leucyl-phenylalanine (fMLP), and adherence of PMNL to a plastic surface were markedly decreased in virus-treated cells as compared to control cells. The binding of fMLP to the PMNL was increased in virus-treated cells compared with control cells. Exposure of cells to virus, ZAS , or fMLP caused 35%-50% of the cells to become bipolar in shape, whereas less than 5% of the cells exposed to buffer became bipolar. Influenza virus did not alter membrane fluidity as measured by electron spin resonance spectroscopy with the probe 5-doxyl stearate. Virus-treated PMNL stimulated with FMLP or Staphylococcus aureus exhibited a marked decrease in the amount of lactoferrin released into phagosomes, onto the cells' outer membrane, and into the extracellular medium as compared to control cells. The possible relationship between inhibition of lysosomal enzyme degranulation and decreased chemotactic activity and adherence of PMNL is discussed. PMID- 6733267 TI - A cell line secreting stimulating factors for CFU-GEMM culture. AB - The multipotent hemopoietic stem cell has fastidious growth requirements in vitro. Traditionally, phytohemagglutinin-stimulated leukocyte conditioned medium has been used to supply the undefined growth factors required for culture of the human multipotent hemopoietic progenitor. We describe the use of medium conditioned by the bladder carcinoma cell line, 5637, to replace PHA-LCM in CFU GEMM cultures and show that the properties of this conditioned medium closely mimic those of PHA-LCM in two separate CFU-GEMM culture systems. PMID- 6733268 TI - Prolongation of sickle cell survival by dimethyl adipimidate is compromised by immune sensitization. AB - The effect of dimethyl adipimidate (DMA), an amino-reactive crosslinking reagent with demonstrated antisickling properties in vitro, on the survival of 51Cr labeled autologous sickle cells was evaluated in five adult males with sickle cell anemia. The survival of cells pretreated with 5 mmol/L DMA (pH 7.4), normal (t1/2 28-33 days) in four subjects and near-normal (t1/2 20 days) in the fifth, was considerably longer than that usually observed in sickle cell disease. In fact, the effect of DMA on the survival of sickle cells in vivo equals or exceeds that of any other agent tested to date. In three subjects, the survival of a second infusion of DMA-treated red cells was much shorter (t1/2 1.8, 3, 4.5 days) than in the initial study. An antibody was detected in the serum of these subjects that was directed to DMA-treated red cells. Modification of the immunogenicity of treated cells will be required before further consideration of DMA for use in the therapy of sickle cell anemia. PMID- 6733269 TI - Similarities between IgG-bearing lymphocytes and hairy cells: cytologic and cytochemical studies. AB - Six patients with hairy cell leukemia (HCL) were studied for surface immunoglobulin ( sIg ). In all five sIg -positive cases, the heavy chain isotype was IgG. We performed cytologic and cytochemical studies of sIgG + lymphocytes in normal peripheral blood and compared them with hairy cells. Normal sIgM + lymphocytes were also examined. sIgG + and sIgM + lymphocytes made up 0.9% and 6.1% of normal peripheral blood lymphocytes, respectively. Under a phase-contrast microscope, 76% of sIgG + lymphocytes showed cytoplasmic processes similar to those found on hairy cells, whereas most sIgM + lymphocytes had smooth surfaces. Tartrate-resistant acid phosphatase (TRAP) staining revealed that TRAP-positive cells accounted for 65% of sIgG + lymphocytes and 19% of sIgM + lymphocytes. Some (8.3%) of the sIgM + lymphocytes expressed sIgG concomitantly. When sIgM +, sIgM +, sIgG + lymphocytes were excluded, the percentages of cells with surface processes and of TRAP-positive cells in the remaining sIgM +, sIgG - lymphocytes were 10% and 12%, respectively. A very small proportion (0.2%) of sIgM -, sIgG - lymphocytes had cytoplasmic processes. These results indicate that normal sIgG + lymphocytes are cytologically and cytochemically different from most sIgM + lymphocytes and that the phase-contrast microscopic appearances and TRAP activity of sIgG + lymphocytes are similar to those of HCL tumor cells. PMID- 6733270 TI - Transformation of Fanconi's anemia to acute nonlymphocytic leukemia associated with emergence of monosomy 7. AB - Two sisters in whom a diagnosis of Fanconi's anemia was made at ages 12 and 18 subsequently developed acute nonlymphocytic leukemia (ANLL). A third sibling had previously died at age 11 of apparent sepsis. Both sisters had cytogenetic studies that showed increased chromosomal breakage and a 46,XX karyotype, but subsequently developed ANLL after, or coincident with, the emergence of monosomy 7. These observations suggest that, in addition to myelodysplastic syndromes and defective neutrophil chemotaxis, monosomy 7 may be associated with the emergence of leukemia in this disorder. PMID- 6733271 TI - Tissue factor in microvesicles shed from U87MG human glioblastoma cells induces coagulation, platelet aggregation, and thrombogenesis. AB - Microvesicles (diameter ca 200 nm) from the cell-free supernatant of U87MG human glioblastoma cell caused platelet aggregation and coagulation in a manner identical with that previously shown for the intact cells. Both activities were inhibited by dansylarginine -N-(3-ethyl-1,5-pentanediyl) amide (DAPA), confirming the thrombin-dependent nature of both activities. The specific activities per microgram of protein were 2-10 times greater in the microvesicles than in the plasma membrane fraction, suggesting localization in specific membrane domains. Sucrose density centrifugation gave a single protein peak (density 1.14) with congruent procoagulant and platelet aggregating activities. Both activities required the extrinsic pathway, as shown by studies with factor-deficient plasmas, and both were inhibited by heating (60 min/100 degrees C), by reduction and alkylation, and by incubation of the microvesicles with rabbit anti-bovine brain tissue factor antibody. These observations were confirmed using microvesicles from the HL-60 human promyelocytic leukemia cells, which are known to contain tissue factor activity. The results suggest that both procoagulant and proaggregating activities are causally related through the presence of tissue factor in the microvesicles. Studies with the Baumgartner perfusion apparatus showed that U87MG microvesicles increased the size of adherent thrombi nearly tenfold and that these thrombi were associated with nucleated cells from the blood. The increase in adherent thrombi did not occur if perfusion was carried out in the presence of DAPA, confirming the role of thrombin in their formation. PMID- 6733272 TI - Do patients with thromboembolic disease have circulating platelet aggregates? AB - Reports of circulating platelet aggregates (ie, microemboli) in thromboembolism and other vascular disorders are based on a method (Wu and Hoak , 1974) in which venous blood is collected via scalp vein needle and tubing into either formaldehyde, which fixes aggregates, or EDTA, which disperses them. The ratio of platelet counts in platelet-rich plasma (PRP) from the two blood samples after centrifugation is interpreted as a measure of platelet aggregates in the circulation in vivo. We compared this standard Wu and Hoak technique with a modified one, in which blood was drawn directly into a syringe, and with a third method that avoided centrifugation by counting single platelets in whole blood. Both modified techniques could detect aggregates generated in vitro with adenosine diphosphate (ADP). In 12 normal subjects, the three methods were equivalent, but in 37 patients with thromboembolic disorders, the standard Wu and Hoak method gave a lower ratio than the other methods. Similar results were found in a subset of eight patients with myocardial infarction. Heparin treatment of patients did not influence the results. The data suggest that formation of platelet aggregates occurred during venipuncture. Platelets may be hyperactive in patients with thromboembolic disease and may form aggregates in vitro during collection, but the concept of chronic microembolism in such patients should be reassessed. PMID- 6733274 TI - Beta O-39 thalassemia gene: a premature termination codon causes beta-mRNA deficiency without affecting cytoplasmic beta-mRNA stability. AB - The function of a beta O-thalassemia globin gene with a premature termination codon at position 39 was studied in tissue culture cells using plasmid expression vectors. The thalassemic globin gene was isolated by molecular cloning from the bone marrow DNA of an Italian patient with severe thalassemia. Sequences upstream of the normal beta-globin gene and the beta O-39 globin gene were removed to 127 nucleotides (nt) 5' to the start site of transcription, thereby eliminating uncharacterized DNA sequences but preserving promoter function. To create a hybrid gene differing from the normal by only the single nt change in codon 39, the truncated 5' end of the beta O-39 gene was recombined with the 3' end of the normal gene. The beta O-39 substitution resulted in a 6-14-fold reduction in cytoplasmic RNA accumulation in transfected monkey kidney or HeLa cells. This decrease in mRNA did not appear to be due to instability, as the beta-mRNA present 24-36 hours after transfection was stable for up to 24 hours in the presence of actinomycin D. In the presence of actinomycin D, the globin mRNA precursor disappeared, suggesting that globin gene transcription had been effectively blocked. We also examined a second globin mRNA with a premature termination codon; this RNA that arises from incorrect splicing of the transcript of a beta + -24 thalassemia gene was as stable as the correctly spliced species. Thus, the presence of a premature termination codon does not necessarily alter cytoplasmic mRNA stability, nor does cytoplasmic instability account for the quantitative deficiency of beta-globin mRNA. Our observations suggest that a premature termination codon alters intranuclear stability and/or nuclear to cytoplasmic transport of the beta-globin mRNA. PMID- 6733273 TI - The response of human neutrophils to a chemotactic tripeptide (N-formyl-methionyl leucyl-phenylalanine) studied by microcinematography. AB - A quantitative microcinematographic technique for the measurement of cellular motion in response to chemical influences is described. The data are analyzed by using a magnetic digitizer connected to a computer, permitting comparison of several characteristics of such motion. When human granulocytes are placed in a gradient of formyl-methionyl-leucyl-phenylalanine (fMLP) (concentration 10(-6) 10(-8) mol/L) against buffer, the motion of the cells is increased in velocity (chemokinesis) and is directed toward the chemoattractant, as measured by the orientation of the vector of motion. This directionality is confirmed by positive values for the McCutcheon index and analysis of directed linear displacement. Concentrations of fMLP below 10(-9) mol/L did not result in chemokinesis or chemotaxis, presumably due to insufficient stimulus. Concentrations of 10(-6) mol/L fMLP and greater resulted in marked stimulation of the cell surface but reduced directionality and velocity of motion compared with cells in a more optimal gradient. Motion of the unstimulated cells tended to be ortholinear , and this was not increased by the presence of a gradient of fMLP. Hence, as previously shown, the Random Walk analysis, which does not give weight to the direction of motion, is not useful in the analysis of the response of these cells to a chemotaxin in this system. PMID- 6733276 TI - The ineffectiveness of random donor platelet transfusion in splenectomized, alloimmunized recipients. AB - The effect of splenectomy on the response to random donor platelet transfusion in 15 multitransfused thrombocytopenic patients is presented. Eight patients responded poorly, with low corrected platelet count increments at 1 and 24 hours posttransfusion. These eight patients were clinically alloimmunized and had lymphocytotoxic antibody ( LCTAb ) in their sera. They responded well to closely HLA-matched transfusions. In contrast, seven splenectomized patients responded well to random donor platelets. Five of these patients had no LCTAb and no other evidence of immunization. Two patients who responded well to random donor platelets had "weak" LCTAb , and one responded to platelets presplenectomy in the presence of this antibody. Splenectomy does not improve the response to random donor platelets in alloimmunized recipients. PMID- 6733275 TI - TdT-positive acute leukemia with monocytoid characteristics: clinical, cytochemical, cytogenetic, and immunologic findings. AB - Thirteen patients with acute leukemias that were difficult to classify by the use of cytochemical staining and terminal deoxyribonucleotidyl transferase (TdT) activity are reported. The phenotype of the leukemic cells was characterized by the presence of mature or early monocyte lineage antigens and intense Ia antigen expression detected by monoclonal antibodies, terminal deoxytransferase activity, and cytochemical features, including both Sudan black B and periodic acid-Schiff activity. The mean age of this group of patients was 60 years. Five patients had leukemia occurring after chemotherapy or radiotherapy of a prior malignant disease, and two patients had a refractory anemia prior to development of acute leukemia. These patients had a low response rate to chemotherapy. This series of leukemia appears to form a distinct nosologic entity, representing a leukemic transformation among early cells of the monocyte lineage, resulting in a predominant neoplastic cell that is less mature than either the French-American British M4 acute myelomonocytic leukemia or M5 acute monoblastic leukemia. The presence of terminal deoxytransferase activity was interpreted as indicating the primitive state of the cells in the differentiation sequence, rather than as implying any significance with respect to lineage. PMID- 6733277 TI - Spontaneous iron overload in alpha-thalassemic mice. AB - Because clinical disorders of spontaneous iron overload have no experimental counterpart, we studied iron distribution (atomic absorption analysis) and intestinal absorption (59Fe) in mice with hereditary alpha-thalassemia. Mice heterozygous for a radiation-induced alpha-Hb gene deletion exhibit a mild hemolytic anemia, like the human condition, with microcytosis, reticulocytosis, splenomegaly, and chemical evidence of defective alpha-chain synthesis. Quantitative iron determination showed that total iron content in spleen, liver, and kidney, but not heart or lung, of adult alpha-thalassemic mice was greater (P less than .05) than that in unaffected littermates. Iron concentration was also increased in liver (P less than .001), spleen (P = .025), kidney (P = .058), and heart (P = .010); in general, the greater the iron concentration in liver, the greater that in spleen (r = .39, P = .009), kidney (r = .70, P less than .001), and heart (r = .46, P less than .001). In mice examined 8 months postoperatively, splenectomy, as compared to sham operation, significantly raised iron content in extrasplenic tissues, but did not affect total body iron. At 10-11 weeks of age, but no longer at 12-14 weeks, thalassemic mice showed higher rates of iron absorption than age-matched controls. Thus, alpha-thalassemic mice display an early occurring iron absorption defect, leading to a modest, sustained, nonprogressive iron overload, and thereby represent a valuable model for exploring disorders of iron homeostasis. PMID- 6733278 TI - Adherence of sickle erythrocytes to vascular endothelial cells: requirement for both cell membrane changes and plasma factors. AB - Hebbel and colleagues have proposed that increased adherence of sickle red cells to vascular endothelium may initiate vasoocclusive events in sickle cell disease. We have developed a micropipette technique to obtain direct, quantitative measure of the adherence of individual red cells to vascular endothelial cells. Using this technique, we found that the vast majority of sickle cells suspended in autologous plasma were strongly adherent to endothelial cells, whereas only a small fraction of normal cells were weakly adherent. Influence of plasma factors on adherence was determined by measuring adherence of sickle cells suspended in normal plasma and normal cells suspended in sickle plasma. Although over 90% of sickle cells adhered to endothelial cells in autologous plasma, the percentage of adherent cells decreased dramatically to less than 20% when the same sickle cells were suspended in normal plasma. In contrast, adhesion of normal red cells suspended in sickle plasma was only modestly increased compared to adhesion in autologous normal plasma. Our results provide direct evidence for markedly enhanced adherence of sickle cells to endothelial cells. In addition, they suggest that both cell membrane changes and plasma factors contribute to this interaction. The requirement for sickle plasma further implies that temporal changes in plasma factors may play an important role in determining the onset of vasoocclusive crisis. PMID- 6733279 TI - Increased IgG molecules bound to the surface of red blood cells of patients with sickle cell anemia. AB - We have used the complement-fixing antibody consumption ( CFAC ) test to detect small concentrations of IgG on red blood cells from patients with hemolytic anemias that are not thought to be caused by an immune mechanism. Although patients with hereditary spherocytosis, pyruvate kinase deficiency, and mechanical hemolytic anemias generally had normal concentrations of IgG bound to their red cells (less than 25 molecules IgG per red cell), we found that 39/62 (63%) patients with sickle cell anemia had elevated values. These 39 patients had a mean of 195 and a maximum of 890 molecules of IgG per red cell. None of the patients had been transfused within the previous 90 days, and some had never been transfused. Direct antiglobulin tests were positive in only two instances and autoantibodies were not found in the serum of any patient. However, eluates from the red cells of 6 of 23 patients demonstrated antibody activity against all of a panel of normal red cells by the indirect antiglobulin test. There was no correlation between the number of IgG molecules on patients' red cells and the severity of their anemia, the incidence of painful sickle cell crises, the reticulocyte count, or with blood transfusion history. We conclude that further study of immunohematologic abnormalities in patients with sickle cell anemia is warranted, especially in view of previous reports in this population of patients with red cell autoantibodies, autoimmune hemolytic anemia, hemolytic transfusion reactions without detectable alloantibodies, and an association of some episodes of pain crises with immunologically mediated red cell destruction. PMID- 6733280 TI - Antisickling effect of tellurite: a potent membrane-acting agent in vitro. AB - Potassium tellurite (K2TeO3) was found to be a potent antisickling agent that inhibited red cell sickling at concentrations less than 10 mumol/L. The inhibitory effect depended on the incubation time, with the effect increasing with longer incubation periods. Because tellurite causes swelling of red cells, and because the antisickling effect of tellurite correlated with the degree of red cell swelling, the antisickling effect of tellurite is assumed to be due to the decreased mean cell hemoglobin concentration. Swelling of red cells by tellurite was accelerated by the addition of reduced glutathione. Tellurite appears to be a new type of antisickling agent that interacts with the red cell membrane. PMID- 6733281 TI - Abnormal processing of beta Knossos RNA. AB - Hemoglobin beta Knossos (beta 27Ala-Ser) is a cause of beta-thalassemia due to its reduced synthesis. To investigate the basis for this observation, we have isolated the beta Knossos gene and examined its expression in heterologous cells. We have found that some beta Knossos RNA transcripts are abnormally processed, utilizing a cryptic splice sequence that is enhanced by the Knossos substitution. This form of abnormal RNA processing is seen in two other mutations in this region (a silent substitution in codon 24 and the substitution in codon 26 that produces the beta E variant) and most likely contributes appreciably to the reduced synthesis of beta Knossos. PMID- 6733282 TI - Cytapheresis and plasmapheresis. PMID- 6733285 TI - Effects of uptake and surface of entry on the responses of the rat caudal artery to noradrenaline, adrenaline and methoxamine. AB - The action of adrenaline on the rat tail artery was similar to that of noradrenaline in that (i) adrenaline was more potent by the intraluminal than the extraluminal route of application, and (ii) cocaine eliminated the difference in potency by selectively enhancing the response to extraluminal adrenaline. In the absence of cocaine, extraluminal adrenaline was more potent than extraluminal noradrenaline; in the presence of cocaine, the two amines were equipotent, irrespective of the route of application. The intraluminal and extraluminal potencies of methoxamine did not differ, either in the absence or presence of cocaine. It is concluded that neuronal uptake is responsible for differences between the potencies of noradrenaline and adrenaline and for the effect of the route of applications on these potencies. Potentiation of responses to both noradrenaline and adrenaline by 27 microM deoxycorticosterone acetate was minor compared with that by cocaine. The results provide further evidence that in the rat tail artery the extraneuronal uptake system is poorly developed compared with the neuronal uptake system. PMID- 6733284 TI - Erythroid progenitors in adult chronic pure red cell aplasia: relationship of in vitro erythroid colonies to therapeutic response. AB - Twenty-two cases of idiopathic chronic pure red cell aplasia (PRCA) in adults have been studied to evaluate their erythroid progenitors in vitro using the plasma clot technique. Three types of culture growth patterns were observed and classified as follows. Type I: showing a normal number of autologous CFU-E; type II: CFU-E and BFU-E were detectable but constantly decreased; type III: CFU-E and BFU-E were undetectable. The results were reproducible when patients were studied on two or more occasions. A strong correlation was found between the in vitro growth of autologous erythroid colonies and the results of immunomodulating therapy in 18 evaluable patients. A constant response to immunomodulating treatment was observed in type I patients. A constant failure of treatment was observed in type III patients, whereas results of therapy were unpredictable in type II patients. Two patients with chronic PRCA associated with thymoma and three with chronic myeloproliferative disorders were also studied. Patients with PRCA and thymoma behaved in vitro like type I patients. Patients with chronic myeloproliferative disorders exhibited very low numbers or no CFU-E or BFU-E (type II or III). These data support the hypothesis that at least two mechanisms are responsible for PRCA--one immunologically mediated and the other resulting from a stem cell defect. Moreover, they suggest that the study of erythroid progenitors in vitro might be useful in predicting the immunosuppressive therapy effect in adult chronic PRCA. PMID- 6733283 TI - A murine monoclonal antibody that blocks fibrinogen binding to normal platelets also inhibits fibrinogen interactions with chymotrypsin-treated platelets. AB - We recently described a monoclonal antibody, 10E5 , that completely blocks adenosine diphosphate (ADP) induced fibrinogen binding to platelets and aggregation induced by ADP, epinephrine, and thrombin. Multiple lines of evidence indicate that 10E5 binds to platelet membrane glycoproteins IIb and/or IIIa. Because it has been reported that platelets treated with chymotrypsin aggregate when fibrinogen is added, we tested the effect of 10E5 antibody on chymotrypsin induced fibrinogen binding and platelet aggregation. Aspirin-treated human platelets were washed in modified Tyrode's buffer (pH 7.5), incubated for 5 minutes at 22 degrees C with 300 micrograms/mL chymotrypsin, and washed again. The amount of 10E5 antibody bound to these platelets (37,232 +/- 2,928 molecules/platelet; mean +/- SEM, N=9) was similar to that bound to unstimulated control platelets (36,910 +/- 2,669) and did not differ significantly from the amount of antibody bound to ADP-treated platelets (P less than .01, N = 5). The amount of 10E5 bound to chymotrypsin-treated platelets correlated directly with the amount of fibrinogen bound to separate aliquots of the same platelet samples (r = .876, P less than .001). The 10E5 antibody caused virtually complete inhibition of both the binding of fibrinogen to chymotrypsin-treated platelets and the aggregation induced by exogenous fibrinogen. Immunoprecipitation studies of 125I-labeled chymotrypsin-treated platelets revealed that the 10E5 antibody bound proteins with molecular weights characteristic of glycoproteins IIb and IIIa. These data suggest that the fibrinogen receptor on chymotrypsin-treated platelets is identical to that on ADP-treated platelets and that this receptor is either near to, or on, the glycoprotein IIb/IIIa complex. PMID- 6733286 TI - The three-dimensional configuration of the elastic fiber network in canine saphenous vein. A stereo scanning electron microscopic study. AB - Stereo scanning electron microscopy was used to study the normal arrangement of elastic fibers in canine saphenous veins. Selective alkali digestion and autoclaving exposed a network of interconnecting elastic fibers throughout the venous wall. 14 normal saphenous veins were surgically removed from 7 healthy dogs. Unfixed 1-cm segments of the isolated specimens were digested by sonication for 30 min in 0.5 N NaOH solution and then autoclaved for 30 min. The digested specimens were then fixed and routinely prepared for scanning electron microscopy. Large longitudinally oriented fibers in each tunica branched and anastomosed with adjacent fibers. Small fibers branched off at almost right angles and interconnected the longitudinal fibers. The configuration of the elastic network varied between the tunicae of the venous wall. The different networks were interconnected by anastomosing fibers of adjacent tunica to form a single elastic cylinder throughout the venous wall. The internal elastic lamina consisted of a single layer of fibers with a fishnet-like arrangement around the periphery of the luminal surface. Large, longitudinally oriented elastic fibers of the tunica media branched and anastomosed as in the internal elastic lamina. However, they also had tangential orientation and traversed different levels within the media. As a result, stratified layers were not formed. The external lamina consisted of several parallel layers of longitudinally oriented ribbons of elastic. Thick fibers interconnected these broad ribbons on the same and adjacent levels to form discontinuous layers. The configuration of the elastic network of the canine saphenous vein is compared to that previously reported for human saphenous vein. It is suggested that the architecture of this elastic network would contribute to vascular integrity and flexibility as well as aid in the distribution of stress throughout the venous wall. Basic knowledge of the elastic fiber network in this vein may be applied to future studies of diseased and grafted vessels. PMID- 6733287 TI - Extraneuronal accumulation of metaraminol in rabbit aorta media. PMID- 6733288 TI - Selectivity of inhibitors of neuronal and extraneuronal 3H-l-norepinephrine uptake in rabbit aorta. PMID- 6733289 TI - Histamine-induced relaxation of rat aorta. Importance of H1 receptor and vascular endothelium. PMID- 6733290 TI - [10-year retrospective analysis of the sequelae of loco-regional treatment of breast cancer]. AB - With a minimum follow-up period of 10 years, the incidence of sequelae after loco regional treatment of 349 breast cancers remains low, being dominated by lymphoedema. Rare after treatment by irradiation alone, lymphoedema appears more frequently in patients treated by radio-surgical association, in spite of a moderate dose of radiation. If a rigorous technique is carried out, the possibility of achieving satisfactory local control in the axilla with radiation alone without neurological sequelae, therefore brings into question the need for axillary dissection without clinically significant adenopathy. PMID- 6733291 TI - [Malignant lymphomas with initial breast localization. Experience of the Curie Institute]. PMID- 6733292 TI - [Screening for the familial form of medullary cancer of the thyroid]. AB - Several questions concerning the diagnosis of medullary carcinoma of the thyroid (MCT) arise from two studies of kindred of a patient with MCT carried out in 1977 and 1983. Diagnosis is based on calcitonin level determination after stimulation by pentagastrine. This method should be proposed for all kindred every time a positive diagnosis of MCT has been made for the first time in a given family. When calcitonin levels are normal it is necessary to repeat this test once a year in all individuals over 5 years of age with a high risk of MCT. Surgical removal should be proposed in cases where calcitonin levels are high. But in practice, this may be difficult and screening must be adapted to each individual case. PMID- 6733293 TI - [Plasma tumor markers (calcitonin and carcinoembryonic antigen) in medullary thyroid cancers]. AB - The authors have studied 43 patients operated on for medullary thyroid carcinoma. Plasma calcitonin was measured regularly in all patients, while carcinoembryonic antigen assay was performed in only 30 patients. Calcitonin assay was found to be useful for preoperative diagnosis of medullary carcinoma, and the level of plasma calcitonin appeared to be roughly correlated with tumor extension. After surgery, simultaneous assay of calcitonin and carcinoembryonic antigen was performed, in order to obtain more accurate information concerning the evolution and prognosis of the disease. In most cases in which no metastatic lymph nodes had been discovered at operation, the level of the two markers rapidly fell to undetectable values. It was observed that in patients with lymph node involvement, cervico-mediastinal radiation treatment did not change the slow and progressive evolution of the disease. However, a rapid increase in titre of carcinoembryonic antigen occurred simultaneously with the discovery of metastases, even when calcitonin levels did not dramatically change. PMID- 6733294 TI - [Metastatic breast cancer: controlled treatment trial of chemotherapy combined with hormone therapy using medroxyprogesterone alone or combined with tamoxifen]. PMID- 6733295 TI - [Anatomo-pathological study of 40 cases of preoperatively irradiated rectal cancers]. PMID- 6733296 TI - A statistical view of heavy metal pollution index of river sediment. PMID- 6733297 TI - Alveolar macrophages from expectorate samples: a stress signal from occupational pollution. PMID- 6733298 TI - Elevation of cadmium, lead, and zinc in the hair of adult black female hypertensives. PMID- 6733299 TI - Delayed ethanol elimination from rat blood after treatment with thiram, tetramethylthiuram monosulfide, ziram, or cyanamide. PMID- 6733300 TI - Effects of environmental temperatures on the toxicity of methylmercury in rats. PMID- 6733301 TI - Induction of hepatic mixed function oxidase system by endosulfan in rats. PMID- 6733303 TI - Antimony and thallium toxicity to embryos and larvae of fathead minnows (Pimephales promelas). PMID- 6733302 TI - Influence of sediment types on the sorption of endothall. PMID- 6733304 TI - Interference of aluminum and pH on the Na-influx in an aquatic insect Corixa punctata (Illig.). PMID- 6733305 TI - Fish mortality following application of phenthoate to Florida citrus. PMID- 6733306 TI - Microbial growth effects of petroleum and shale-derived fuels. PMID- 6733307 TI - Bioluminescent toxicity assay of synfuel by-product waters. PMID- 6733308 TI - Release of volatile liquid hydrocarbons from spilled petroleum. PMID- 6733309 TI - A unifying concept for the amino acid code. PMID- 6733311 TI - A general solution for the steady-state kinetics of immobilized enzyme systems. PMID- 6733310 TI - Four-urn catenary model for excretion. PMID- 6733312 TI - Evolution of cannibalism in an age-structured population. PMID- 6733313 TI - Stability analysis of a stochastic model for biomolecular selection. PMID- 6733314 TI - The mathematical modeling of entrained biological oscillators. PMID- 6733315 TI - A stochastic model of the effects of ionizing radiation on mammalian cells in vitro. PMID- 6733317 TI - Audiology technicians' training manual. PMID- 6733316 TI - A stochastic model of bacterial spore germination. PMID- 6733318 TI - The ototoxicity of chloroquine sulphate in the guinea pig. AB - Chloroquine has been implicated as a possible ototoxic agent. The aim of this study was to investigate whether treatment with chloroquine sulphate causes permanent damage to the sensory hair cells of the spiral organ in the guinea pig. Both albino and pigmented animals were given seven daily subcutaneous injections of either 80 mg/kg or 60 mg/kg of the drug or the equivalent volume of normal saline to act as controls. The animals were killed 21 days after the final injection, and the cochleae prepared for examination under light microscopy using the surface specimen technique. The spiral organ was assessed in segments each of 100 outer hair cells in length and the percentage of damaged inner and outer hair cells for each segment was calculated. Chloroquine sulphate was found to be highly toxic when administered in single doses in excess of 40 mg/kg. No evidence was found to suggest that chloroquine causes permanent damage to the hair cells. The affinity of chloroquine for melanin and the possible effects on its ototoxicity are discussed. PMID- 6733319 TI - The results of cortical electric response audiometry in medico-legal investigations. AB - Cortical ERA was conducted in a consecutive series of 118 medicolegal cases (467 threshold determination in 209 ears). In organic cases, the distribution of subjective (manual pure tone audiometry)/objective (CERA) discrepancies was normal and centred on 0 dB, with only 3.2% of the discrepancies exceeding + 15 dB. Averaged over 3 or more test frequencies in one ear, only 4.4% of the discrepancies exceeded + 7.5 dB, as compared to 95.1% exceeding + 7.5 dB in those suspected of having a non-organic overlay. The pattern of non-organic overlay superimposed on noise-induced hearing loss is expected and demonstrated to produce a flattening of the dip in the audiogram. It is argued that such flattening is very rarely the end product of noise exposure. PMID- 6733320 TI - The selective effects of central masking on brain stem potentials. AB - The effect of contralateral white noise stimulation on ipsilaterally presented click evoked brain stem potentials was examined. Continuous contralateral white noise does not influence the brain stem response components but pulsed white noise simultaneously presented with the clicks produced a central masking effect which was observed as an amplitude reduction confined to Wave V. Our findings confirm those of Zwislocki (1971) that pulsed noise is a more effective central masker than continuous noise. A computer addition of the responses to pulsed white noise and clicks recorded independently revealed no reduction in Wave V amplitude but the response to the two stimuli presented simultaneously showed a specific reduction in Wave V amplitude. No change in the latency of Wave V was observed to suggest any 'cross-over' masking of the click stimulus. Patients with total unilateral deafness did not exhibit this phenomenon. The effect of a time delay of the masker to one ear in relation to the click presented to the other ear reduced the amplitude of Wave V less than when the two stimuli were presented simultaneously. The reduction in the amplitude, being specific to Wave V, suggests that the effect is central and that the particular locus for this aspect of central masking is at the level of the inferior colliculus. PMID- 6733321 TI - Peak-clipping in induction loop systems. AB - The decision to fit an induction loop system in many buildings is often dictated by cost, in particular that of the amplifier. In order to accommodate the peaks of speech the amplifier must be 4 times as powerful as that required for average speech. This often makes a profound difference to the cost and tips the balance against a loop being installed. Experience with two loops fitted for an audience of hard of hearing people where the peaks were clipped without any apparent loss of discrimination initiated this study. The findings showed that although high fidelity is to be preferred, peak clipping in loop systems can be tolerated without serious loss of intelligibility. PMID- 6733322 TI - An assessment of two amplitude-compression hearing aid systems, especially in high ambient noise. AB - A critical test of the suitability of amplitude compression in hearing aid design must look at the performance of such devices with high levels of background noise. A series of tests was carried out, using both normal and hearing-impaired subjects and word-list test material. The results favour some forms of amplitude compression, even under these critical conditions. However, nonlinear compression ('Carrier Clipping') can reduce the signal-to-noise ratio to unity under adverse conditions. Under these circumstances, such compression impairs performance, though in most situations, it is beneficial. PMID- 6733323 TI - Through the mould audiometry (TTM)--implications for an improved hearing aid fitting method. PMID- 6733324 TI - Determining the costs of journals used in support of federally sponsored research. AB - As a part of Medical University negotiations with the federal government regarding indirect cost rate, the library staff attempted to determine how much of current journal expenditures went to support federally sponsored research in 1982. We compiled a list of research journals for review by the library's Research Collection Development Committee and studied citations in MUSC faculty journal publications that acknowledged federal research support. A comparison of the Research Collection List and the file of referenced journals indicated that at least 30% of the library's current journals could be considered to be supporting federally sponsored research. PMID- 6733325 TI - Collection development policies and practices in medical school rare book libraries. AB - A survey of collection development policies and practices in medical school rare book libraries indicated that only 20% had documented criteria for collection development. The advantages of preparing and maintaining a formal written collection development policy are presented with guidelines for formulating such a policy. PMID- 6733326 TI - Regional Online Union Catalog of the Greater Midwest Regional Medical Library Network: development and operation. AB - The GMRMLN Online Catalog was developed as an easily accessible locator tool for monographs and audiovisuals held within the Greater Midwest Regional Medical Library Network. The catalog was generated from machine-readable records in MARC formats contributed by regional libraries. It was mounted by BRS as a private database and is fully free text searchable using BRS search. Each institutional file was merged and purged of duplicates to create a single entry for each title. The catalog features an online interlibrary loan system that automatically routes a request to the two nearest, smallest libraries that own the title. If the request is not filled within the region, the system automatically routes it to the National Library of Medicine without the need to rekeyboard data. The system collects management data on interlibrary loan processing. Funding for the catalog permitted a trial period of use with cost support. Data on system operation were gathered during this demonstration. PMID- 6733327 TI - Electronic document delivery: directing interlibrary loan traffic through multiple electronic networks. AB - The University of Nebraska Medical Center (UNMC) uses five different electronic networks for interlibrary loan (ILL) request transmission. The advantages and problems of using electronic networks for ILL request transmission are discussed. Advantages include speed of request transmission, improved capabilities for locating documents, lower labor costs, improved turnaround time, and production of user reports and statistics. Disadvantages include increased work load, additional staff training, coordination of non-standard networks, determining access protocols, and establishing priorities for handling requests. PMID- 6733328 TI - Exhibits in health sciences libraries. AB - The exhibit policies and practices of health sciences libraries have been surveyed. This paper discusses the administration of exhibits, preservation of exhibited materials, and special practices and techniques used in developing and installing exhibits. Recommendations for safe display of materials are made. PMID- 6733329 TI - Chiropractic college libraries in the United States and Canada, 1981-1982. AB - Libraries in thirteen chiropractic colleges in the United States and Canada were surveyed in 1981/82. Data include operating expenditures, library resources, staffing levels and salaries, and size of physical plant. The survey identified wide differences among the population in all variables measured. PMID- 6733330 TI - New library building: Mercer University School of Medicine, Macon, Georgia. AB - The Mercer University School of Medicine (MUSM) enrolled its charter class in 1982. The curriculum is problem-based and adaptable to the learning needs of each student. MUSM is housed in a new building designed to support this unique educational program. Its library is an example of a comparatively small, but fully functional, medical school library. The planning process, design, and layout of the new library facility are described. Among its unique features are an integrated print and non-print collection, current periodical display space, and extensive use of task lighting. PMID- 6733331 TI - Personal/departmental journal subscriptions: panacea or pandora for a library's journal collection. PMID- 6733333 TI - Midwinter musing on microcomputers and Memex. PMID- 6733332 TI - The paperless society: libraries in transition. PMID- 6733334 TI - American Dental Association Library. PMID- 6733336 TI - Coronary artery disease in the 1980s. PMID- 6733335 TI - The interface between medicine and psychiatry. PMID- 6733337 TI - Psychiatric considerations in coronary artery disease. PMID- 6733338 TI - Psychological complications of dialysis. Psychonephrology to the rescue. PMID- 6733339 TI - An introduction to geriatric medicine. PMID- 6733340 TI - Recent advances in the understanding of gastrointestinal disorders. PMID- 6733341 TI - Psychological aspects of physical illness. PMID- 6733342 TI - Cancer patterns and trends in the Bahamas. PMID- 6733343 TI - An epidemiologic study of American cutaneous leishmaniasis in Maipuco, Peru. PMID- 6733344 TI - An epidemiologic survey of smoking patterns and chronic obstructive bronchopulmonary disease in Porto Alegre, Brazil. PMID- 6733345 TI - Experimental aerial spraying with ultra-low-volume (ULV) malathion to control Aedes aegypti in Buga, Colombia. PMID- 6733346 TI - Mycobacteria isolated from apparently normal swine lymph nodes in Uruguay. PMID- 6733347 TI - Welfare indicators and health: the selection and use of socioeconomic indicators for monitoring and evaluation. PMID- 6733348 TI - Atrioventricular block. PMID- 6733349 TI - Bundle branch block. PMID- 6733350 TI - Sick sinus syndrome. PMID- 6733351 TI - Antiemetics. PMID- 6733352 TI - Immediate management of burns in casualty. PMID- 6733353 TI - ECT machines. PMID- 6733354 TI - Budget commentary. PMID- 6733355 TI - A parametric study of the effects of the noradrenaline neurotoxin DSP4 on avoidance acquisition and noradrenaline neurones in the CNS of the rat. AB - The effects of various doses of DSP4 on two-way active avoidance acquisition in rats and on central noradrenaline neurones were compared. Doses of DSP4 from 3 mg kg-1 i.p. and upwards injected one week before the onset of the avoidance trials significantly impaired two-way avoidance learning. The learning impairment caused by DSP4 (50 mg kg-1 i.p.) lasted for at least 10 weeks. Desipramine (20 mg kg-1) injected either 30 or 60 min before DSP4 (50 mg kg-1) antagonized the active avoidance impairment. A high dose of DSP4 (50 mg kg-1 i.p.) produced profound decreases in dopamine-beta-hydroxylase activity in the frontal cortex and in the concentrations of noradrenaline in various brain regions indicating degeneration of the locus coeruleus noradrenaline system. Low doses of DSP4 (3 and 6 mg kg-1 i.p.) produced small but significant decrease in the concentrations of noradrenaline (NA) in some regions, e.g. cerebral cortex, hippocampus, olfactory bulb and spinal cord. The avoidance impairment caused by the low dose of DSP4 (3 mg kg-1) was absent when rats were tested 10 weeks after treatment nor was NA depletion present when NA was analysed 3 months after treatment. PMID- 6733356 TI - Muscarinic receptor occupation and receptor activation in the guinea-pig ileum by some acetamides related to oxotremorine. AB - The dissociation constants (KD values) and relative efficacies of seven acetamide analogues of oxotremorine, including two enantiomeric pairs, at muscarinic receptors in the guinea-pig isolated ileum were determined. The method used involved analysis of dose-response data before and after fractional inactivation of receptors with propylbenzilylcholine mustard. All of the compounds studied had lower affinities than oxotremorine, but some had substantially higher relative efficacies. Replacement of the pyrrolidine ring of N-methyl-N-(4- pyrrolidino -2- butynyl )acetamide(I), the parent compound in the series, by a dimethylamino or a trimethylammonium group decreased the affinity 32 and 4.5 fold, respectively, whereas the relative efficacy increased 5.7-8.3 times. There was no correlation between relative efficacies and affinities of the compounds. The structural requirements for high affinity and high efficacy appeared to be quite different. PMID- 6733357 TI - Does amiodarone affect heart rate by inhibiting the intracellular generation of triiodothyronine from thyroxine? AB - The hypothesis that the antiarrhythmic drug amiodarone slows down the heart rate by its inhibitory action on the intracellular conversion of thyroxine (T4) to 3,5,3' triiodothyronine (T3) was investigated. For this purpose we compared the effect of amiodarone with that of another potent inhibitor of the T4----T3 conversion, i.e. the radiographic contrast medium iopanoic acid, on the heart rate of unanaesthetized guinea-pigs. Both amiodarone and, to an even greater extent, iopanoic acid induced an increase in serum 3.5',3' triiodothyronine (reverse T3), indicating effective inhibition of T4----T3 conversion. Both amiodarone and iopanoic acid were accumulated in the liver and in the heart (measured as iodine). While amiodarone induced bradycardia, iopanoic acid did not change the heart rate. Supraphysiological amounts of exogenous T3 reverted the amiodarone induced bradycardia to near normal values. A comparable effect was observed with isoprenaline. The intracellular inhibition of the T4----T3 conversion is not the ultimate mode of the action of the amiodarone effect on heart rate. It is thought that amiodarone interacts with T3 at its receptor or somewhere later along the pathway from the T3-receptor interaction to the final effect of T3 on heart rate. PMID- 6733358 TI - The calcium antagonists PY 108-068 and verapamil diminish the effects of angiotensin II: sites of interaction in the peripheral circulation of anaesthetized cats. AB - The sites of interaction between the vasoconstrictor angiotensin II (A II) and the calcium antagonists PY 108-068 (PY) (a dihydropyridine derivative) or verapamil (V) in different peripheral vascular beds were investigated using the microsphere method in chloralose-urethane anaesthetized open-chested cats. A II was infused intravenously into 27 cats at a rate of 0.15 microgram kg-1 min-1. Systemic haemodynamic variables and regional blood flow were measured immediately before and 10 min after the start of the infusion. While the infusion of A II continued, PY (3 micrograms kg-1 min-1), V (30 micrograms kg-1 min-1) or the vehicle was infused for 10 min into 9 cats each and the effects of this combined infusion were again measured at the end of the 10 min period. A II increased mean arterial blood pressure but decreased peripheral conductance and, to a smaller but still significant degree, cardiac output and peak acceleration of blood in the aorta (an ejection phase parameter of myocardial contractility). The calcium antagonists reversed these effects. Cardiac output and total peripheral conductance were increased even beyond the pre-A II level by PY. A II constricted the vascular beds of the kidney, small intestine, liver and skin. Arterio-venous shunt flow decreased. Vasoconstriction was also found in the stomach, spleen and in different parts of the heart with the exception of the subendocardial layer of the left ventricle, where blood flow increased and conductance remained unchanged. A II did not decrease conductance in different parts of the brain or in skeletal muscle. The vasoconstrictor effects of A II persisted or tended to be increased in most of the vascular beds of placebo treated animals. PY 108-068 and verapamil abolished the vasoconstrictor effects of A II in most of the vascular beds with the exception of the liver, the spleen, the skin and the arterio-venous shunts and caused vasodilatation in the heart. PY also induced vasodilatation in the brain and skeletal muscle, where A II had not induced vasoconstriction. The pattern of attenuation of A II effects was different from the pattern of vasodilatation induced by these and other calcium antagonists in the same cat preparation not treated with a vasoconstrictor. The sites of action of this dihydropyridine derivative (PY) on the peripheral circulation thus, appear to depend not only on the vascular bed but also on the presence of a vasoconstrictor influence at the time of investigation. PMID- 6733359 TI - The time course of muscarinic depolarization of guinea-pig myenteric neurones. AB - Intracellular recordings were made from neurones in the myenteric plexus of the guinea-pig ileum in vitro. Muscarinic depolarizations were evoked by brief (1-500 ms) ionophoretic applications of acetylcholine (ACh) or other agonists. Nicotinic responses to ACh evoked by the same ionophoretic pulse had short latencies and rapid rise times, indicating close proximity of the ionophoretic pipette to the neurone membrane. The time course (duration several seconds) of the muscarinic depolarization was independent of the identity of the agonists applied (ACh, methacholine, carbachol, oxotremorine). Hyoscine and barium were ejected onto the neurones by brief (30 ms-1 s) pressure pulses applied to micropipettes. Hyoscine applied immediately after ACh, during the latency and rising phase of the muscarinic depolarization, did not antagonize the response to ACh. The same application of hyoscine immediately prior to ACh caused complete antagonism. Muscarinic depolarizations evoked by continuous application of ACh (by repeated ionophoresis or perfusion) were reversed by hyoscine. The time course of this reversal was similar to the decline of the muscarinic response following a single brief application of ACh. Barium caused a depolarization similar to that produced by muscarinic agonists in its latency, time course and temperature sensitivity, and having the same reversal potential (-90 mV). These barium potentials were not affected by hyoscine. It is suggested that neither diffusion of ACh to the receptors nor the kinetics of the agonist-receptor interaction contributes significantly to the latency and prolonged time course of the muscarinic depolarization. PMID- 6733361 TI - Interactions of cholinesterase inhibitors and glucocorticoids with ketamine and pentobarbitone-induced general anaesthesia in the rat: possible effects on central cholinergic activity. AB - Doses of 100, 150 and 200 micrograms kg-1 of the cholinesterase inhibitor neostigmine reverse the anaesthetic action of ketamine. The antagonistic effect is increased as the dose is increased. The duration of anaesthesia induced by pentobarbitone is reversed by the cholinesterase inhibitor in doses of 150, 200 and 250 micrograms kg-1. Choline, in a dose of 50 mg kg-1, significantly antagonizes the action of the two anaesthetics, whereas hemicholinium-3, an inhibitor of the uptake of choline and the synthesis of acetylcholine, markedly potentiates their action. Dexamethasone induces a significant reduction of the duration of anaesthesia produced by ketamine and pentobarbitone. The potentiation of the anaesthetic effect caused by hemicholinium-3 is also reversed by dexamethasone. The acetylcholine content in rat cerebral cortex is increased after treatment with ketamine and pentobarbitone. Measurements of the course of the plasma level of pentobarbitone do not reveal alterations in the pharmacokinetic profile by either neostigmine or dexamethasone. These results indicate that central cholinergic systems may somehow be involved in the anaesthesia induced by ketamine and pentobarbitone and that the interactions described in this paper may be the result of modification by neostigmine and dexamethasone of the alterations in cholinergic activity caused by the two anaesthetics. PMID- 6733360 TI - Actions of gamma-aminobutyric acid on neurones of guinea-pig myenteric plexus. AB - The effects of gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA) applied by ionophoresis, pressure ejection and superfusion to myenteric neurones of the guinea-pig ileum were investigated by intracellular recording techniques. Ionophoretic or pressure application of GABA (10 pC-30 nC) caused membrane depolarizations of AH neurones but not S neurones. This depolarization was associated with a conductance increase. It reversed polarity at a membrane potential of -18 mV when intracellular electrodes contained KCl, and -39 mV when electrodes contained K acetate, citrate or sulphate. The ionophoretic depolarization was antagonized by bicuculline (1-30 microM) in an apparently competitive manner. During prolonged or repeated ionophoretic application of GABA, both the depolarization and conductance increase desensitized. Superfusion of GABA (1-100 microM) caused a membrane depolarization in AH neurones, associated with an increase in membrane conductance. The increase in conductance was always smaller than that evoked by ionophoresis of GABA. Bicuculline only partially depressed the depolarization induced by superfusion of GABA, particularly slowing its rising phase. beta-p Chlorophenyl GABA (baclofen) (10 microM) caused a depolarization similar to that observed with GABA in the presence of bicuculline. The depolarization induced by baclofen and GABA (in presence of bicuculline) superfusion did not decline during prolonged applications; superfusion of GABA but not baclofen reversibly reduced or eliminated the effects of GABA ionophoresis. It is concluded that GABA has two effects on the membrane of myenteric neurones. The first is a bicuculline sensitive, rapidly desensitizing chloride activation: the second is a bicuculline insensitive, non-desensitizing depolarization. PMID- 6733363 TI - Effects of phosphorothioate analogues of ATP, ADP and AMP on guinea-pig taenia coli and urinary bladder. AB - Phosphorothioate analogues of ATP, ADP and AMP were tested on the guinea-pig taenia coli and urinary bladder. The Rp diastereoisomers of the phosphorothioate analogues, ATP-alpha-S and ADP-alpha-S were respectively 7 and 3 times more effective than the Sp diastereoisomers in causing relaxation of the taenia coli. No stereoselectivity was observed for the diastereoisomers of ATP-beta-S. In guinea-pig bladder, no stereoselectivity was observed for any of the phosphorothioate analogues. These results show that P2-purinoceptors mediating inhibitory responses in the guinea-pig taenia coli show marked stereoselectivity, while P2-purinoceptors mediating excitatory responses in the guinea-pig bladder show little stereoselectivity. PMID- 6733362 TI - An investigation into the characteristics of reperfusion-induced arrhythmias in the anaesthetized rat and their susceptibility to antiarrhythmic agents. AB - Reperfusion-induced arrhythmias were elicited in the pentobarbitone-anaesthetized rat by occlusion of the left main coronary artery and subsequent release. These arrhythmias were rapid in onset, occurring within 20 s after release of the ligature, and were of short duration (1-2 min). Their severity was dependent upon the duration of the preceding occlusion. A 5 or 15 min occlusion period produced the most severe arrhythmias on release, the incidence of ventricular fibrillation being 56 and 50% respectively. Evidence that reperfusion had occurred was provided by fluorescein dye distribution and intramyocardial temperature studies. The severity of reperfusion arrhythmias and mortality was unaffected by bilateral vagotomy, beta-adrenoceptor blockade by atenolol (2 mg kg-1 i.v.) or a combination of the two. The incidence of reperfusion-induced ventricular fibrillation was significantly reduced by Org 6001 (which blocks the fast inward sodium current), melperone (which acutely prolongs the cardiac action potential duration) and bepridil (which blocks both fast and slow inward currents). It was unaffected by nitroglycerine and the calcium antagonists verapamil, prenylamine and nifedipine. We have shown that reperfusion-induced cardiac arrhythmias can be consistently elicited in the anaesthetized rat and that they are particularly susceptible to drugs that can block the fast inward sodium current. PMID- 6733366 TI - The inhibitory effect of aspirin on lymphatic contractility. AB - Spontaneous contractions and those elicited by two different methods of electrical stimulation were studied in isolated segments of bovine mesenteric lymphatic vessels. The effect of aspirin (a cyclo-oxygenase inhibitor) on spontaneous and evoked contractions of isolated lymphatic vessels was investigated. Aspirin at doses of 10(-6) M or greater depressed both spontaneous and action potential-dependent evoked contractions, but failed to inhibit contractions evoked by high current field stimulation. These latter contractions were rapidly depressed by the application of D600. When aspirin was applied for five minute periods, inhibition never occurred within the period of drug administration but was delayed, with maximum inhibition occurring approximately 10 min after washout of the drug. It is concluded that the inhibitory action of aspirin is unlikely to be a non-specific depression of the contractile mechanism, but rather a reduction in excitability probably as a result of cyclo-oxygenase inhibition. PMID- 6733365 TI - Selective antinociceptive effects of tizanidine (DS 103-282), a centrally acting muscle relaxant, on dorsal horn neurones in the feline spinal cord. AB - The effects of the centrally acting muscle relaxant tizanidine (DS 103-282) have been examined on the responses of laminae IV and V dorsal horn neurones to peripheral noxious and non-noxious stimuli in cats spinalized at L1. Iontophoretic ejection of tizanidine near the cell bodies of the recorded neurones or more dorsally into laminae II-III resulted in a marked and prolonged depression of excitation of laminae IV and V neurones evoked by noxious stimuli. Spontaneous firing was also depressed in many neurons but responses to innocuous stimuli were unaffected. Intravenous administration of tizanidine also produced a long lasting and selective reduction in responses of laminae IV and V neurones to noxious stimuli and depressed the long latency excitation of these neurones evoked by electrical stimulation of small diameter unmyelinated primary afferents. In contrast to the selective antinociceptive effect of tizanidine, ejection of gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA) near laminae IV and V neurones or isoguvacine into laminae II-III produced parallel reductions in responses to noxious and non-noxious stimuli. Furthermore, ejections of the excitant amino acid kainate into laminae II-III produced parallel enhancement of responses induced by both types of stimuli. The site and mechanism of the antinociceptive action of tizanidine is not known but does not appear to involve an interaction with opiate receptors as it was not antagonized by naloxone. The possibility is discussed that tizanidine acts at synapses formed between excitatory interneurones in lamina II or III and laminae IV and V neurones, either interfering with transmitter release or its postsynaptic action. The effects of iontophoretically administered tizanidine are quite distinct from those of baclofen, which produced non-selective depression of responses to both noxious and innocuous stimuli, but were similar to those of noradrenaline. This raises the possibility that noradrenaline and tizanidine may act at a common site in the spinal cord. PMID- 6733364 TI - Substituted benzaldehydes designed to increase the oxygen affinity of human haemoglobin and inhibit the sickling of sickle erythrocytes. AB - Substituted benzaldehydes have been designed to bind preferentially to the oxy conformation of human haemoglobin at a site between the amino terminal residues of the alpha-subunits. Such compounds should stabilize the oxygenated form of haemoglobin and thereby increase its oxygen affinity. The compounds produce the expected effect, left-shifting the oxygen saturation curve of dilute haemoglobin solutions and of whole blood, although the binding pattern to haemoglobin is more complex than envisaged by the design hypothesis. The predicted best compound is also a potent inhibitor, at low oxygen pressure, of the sickling of erythrocytes from patients homozygous for sickle cell disease, and may prove to be a clinically useful anti-sickling agent. PMID- 6733367 TI - Anti-arrhythmic effects of (-)-carnitine chloride and its acetyl analogue on canine late ventricular arrhythmia induced by ligation of the coronary artery as related to improvement of mitochondrial function. AB - Using the two-stage coronary ligation method, first described by Harris, (1950), anti-arrhythmic effects (AAE) of (-)-carnitine chloride (LCC) and acetyl (-) carnitine chloride (ALCC) were studied in conscious unrestrained dogs in comparison with those of disopyramide (D). Two-stage ligation of the coronary artery resulted in a significant decrease in the myocardial free carnitine content. Intravenous administration of LCC (300 mg kg-1) and D (5 mg kg-1) suppressed the ventricular arrhythmia induced by coronary ligation after 24 hours. ALCC (300 mg kg-1) was found to be less potent. An improvement of the mitochondrial function (respiratory control index (RCI) and oxidative phosphorylation rate (OPR) ) was noted with LCC and ALCC and there was a linear correlation between AAE expressed as reduction of arrhythmic ratio and improvement in the OPR, whereas there was no improvement in mitochondrial function after D. Plasma carnitine concentration was increased after administration of LCC, attaining the value of around 8 mM at 10 min after 300 mg kg-1. At 60 min, the plasma carnitine concentration was still about half as high as at 10 min. After ALCC, both acetyl carnitine and free carnitine were found in the plasma. The concentration of the former was decreased after attaining a peak value of around 0.2 mM at 10 min, while the plasma concentration of free carnitine was gradually increased. The anti-arrhythmic effects of LCC and ALCC were ascribed to the improvement of mitochondrial oxidative phosphorylation, while effects other than the improvement of the mitochondrial activity were suggested as mechanisms of anti-arrhythmic effects of D. PMID- 6733369 TI - Psychiatric disorder in pregnancy and the first postnatal year. AB - We interviewed 128 women regularly during pregnancy and the first postnatal year. Psychiatric interviews identified eight 'cases' of psychiatric disorder (6 per cent) in early pregnancy and twenty 'cases' (16 per cent) at six weeks after birth. Postnatal affective disorder, which accounted for 15 of these cases, was significantly associated with dissatisfaction with the marital relationship and also with previous psychiatric history. The implications of the term 'postnatal depression' are considered in terms of the course of the disorder in the 29 women (23 per cent) who had episodes of affective disorder at some time during pregnancy and the postnatal year. We found that the majority of episodes of affective disorder could be understood in terms of previous psychiatric history and/or reaction to life-events, including the stress of childbirth itself. PMID- 6733368 TI - Proceedings of the British Pharmacological Society. 11th-13th April, 1984. Abstracts. PMID- 6733370 TI - The contingent negative variation, personality and antisocial behaviour. AB - Using a classical click/flash paradigm the contingent negative variation (CNV) was recorded from 60 consecutive male admissions to Broadmoor Hospital. Clinical and psychometric Minnesota Multiphasic Personality Inventory (MMPI) assessments were made independently of the electroencephalography (EEG) data. A trend for higher amplitude CNV's to be recorded from patients with a clinical diagnosis of antisocial (psychopathic) personality was observed. Patients with a Mental Health Act diagnosis of psychopathic disorder had significantly higher voltage CNV's than those in the mental illness category. These CNV differences were only found in the primary (non-anxious, sociable) psychopaths. Secondary (neurotic, unsociable) psychopaths did not differ from staff controls. A positive association between CNV voltage and the personality factor of sociability(sociable-shy dimension) was observed. A weak, negative correlation between CNV amplitude and impulsivity (impulsive-controlled dimension) was also apparent. All subjects showed an habituation effect across trials. No difference in response variability between successive series of trials was apparent in any of the patient groups. PMID- 6733371 TI - Interactional correlates of expressed emotion in the families of schizophrenics. AB - Measures of intrafamilial expressed emotion (EE) predict relapse in schizophrenic patients, but previous research has not investigated whether EE scores are representative of ongoing family transactions. Parents of 42 hospitalized schizophrenic patients were rated for level and type of EE. Following the patient's discharge, families participated in two 10-minute direct interaction tasks. Transcripts from these interactions were coded on dimensions of affective communication. High-EE parents exhibited more negatively charged emotional verbal behaviour in direct transaction with their schizophrenic offspring than did low EE parents. Some parents rated high-EE were distinguished by their frequent usage of critical comments during the interactions, whereas high-EE overinvolved parents used more intrusive, invasive statements. These findings support the construct validity of expressed emotion. PMID- 6733372 TI - Criteria for diagnosing reversible dementia caused by depression: validation by 2 year follow-up. AB - Eighteen patients fulfilling DSM-III criteria for both major depression and dementia were matched by age and sex to patients with a diagnosis of irreversible dementia and patients with a diagnosis of major depression. A past history of depression, self reports of depressed mood, self blaming, hopeless and somatic delusions, an appetite disturbance and subacute onset identified the patients suffering from dementia caused by depression. Two year follow-up confirmed the initial diagnosis and demonstrated that coexisting cognitive impairment and major depression are not usually precursory to a progressive dementing illness. PMID- 6733373 TI - Psychological response to amputation as a function of age and time since amputation. AB - Much of what is known about the psychological response to amputation is derived from studies of veterans. Most recent amputees come from a different group; they are typically older and have experienced medical problems prior to their amputation. In order to investigate the effects of age and time since amputation on psychological response, 66 amputees were assessed by the Symptom Checklist-90, Beck Depression Inventory and interviewed. When classified by time since amputation and by age, the results indicate that older amputees exhibited less depression and fewer psychological symptoms: in contrast, younger amputees evidenced increased depression and psychological symptomatology the longer the time since their amputation. PMID- 6733374 TI - Tardive dyskinesia: fluctuating patient or fluctuating rater. AB - Tardive dyskinesia (TD) is usually described as fluctuating in its clinical manifestations. We attempted to quantify fluctuations in TD using the Abnormal Involuntary Movement Scale (AIMS). Three psychiatrists rated multiple video recorded examinations of four outpatients with mild TD. The unexpected finding was that within-rater variability dominated within-patient variability. PMID- 6733376 TI - Dysmorphophobia: a question of definition. AB - Dysmorphophobia is an uncommon psychiatric syndrome characterized by a subjective feeling of ugliness or physical defect. Although appearance is within normal limits, the patient feels that this is noticeable to others. Views on the nature of this condition are illustrated by two case histories. It is proposed that dysmorphophobia is a discrete psychiatric illness. The symptoms arise in individuals with schizoid, narcissistic, or obsessional personality traits and should be distinguished from those phenomena which are secondary to morbid psychological processes. PMID- 6733375 TI - Cognitive vulnerability to auditory hallucination. Impaired perception of meaning. AB - Forty-four psychiatric patients were separated into four groups on the basis of presence/absence of hallucinations and reactive/process status. Reactive hallucinators were found to be singularly impaired in two aspects of cognitive processing: (1) tolerance of ambiguity; and (2) availability of alternative meanings. The perceptual errors produced by premature judgment and limited consideration of alternative meanings for misperceptions are discussed as factors predisposing to auditory hallucination. PMID- 6733377 TI - A comparison of lenient and strict operant conditioning programmes in refeeding patients with anorexia nervosa. AB - The present paper compares a lenient and a strict operant conditioning programme in refeeding patients with anorexia nervosa. Sixty-five consecutive in-patients participated in the study. We found no significant difference in the rate of weight-gain between the two treatments. There were, however, a number of practical advantages in using the more lenient programme: it was more economical of nursing time, and patients were more accessible to psychotherapy. The programme was also more acceptable to the patients. PMID- 6733378 TI - Brain-type creatine phosphokinase serum levels before and after ECT. AB - Brain-type creatine phosphokinase isoenzyme (CPK BB) was measured by radioimmunoassay in the serum of 31 depressed patients undergoing bilateral ECT. Samples were taken shortly before and at one hour, two hours, and six hours following ECT. ECT did not cause a significant alteration in serum CPK BB concentration during the six hours following the treatment. Similarly, there was no difference in mean pre-ECT concentration of serum CPK BB between patients receiving the first ECT of their current admission and those receiving subsequent treatments. These findings do not support suggestions that ECT causes alteration in permeability of the blood-brain barrier, nor that it causes detectable brain injury. PMID- 6733379 TI - Personality and regional cerebral blood flow. AB - The extraversion-introversion dimension of personality is believed to have an inverse relationship with cortical arousal. Brain capillary perfusion is a well established index of brain function and arousal. Regional cerebral blood flow was measured in 51 right-handed females whose personality structure was examined with the Eysenck Personality Inventory (EPI). Significant inverse correlations were found between the brain blood flow and the extraversion-introversion score of EPI. PMID- 6733380 TI - Facial affect recognition in schizophrenia. Is there a differential deficit? AB - Several studies have suggested that schizophrenics have a deficit in their ability to recognize the affect expressed in photos of human faces. In this study, the performance of 17 chronic schizophrenics was compared to that of 17 controls on both a test of facial affect recognition and a control task involving facial recognition. Compared with controls, chronic schizophrenics tended to perform more poorly on the test of facial affect recognition, but this difference was eliminated when facial recognition was entered as a covariate. When all test items, including those with poor reliability and discriminatory power, were included in the analysis the schizophrenics showed a significant deficit in facial affect recognition which persisted even when facial recognition was used as a covariate. PMID- 6733381 TI - Ammon's horn or hippocampal sclerosis without epilepsy in mental handicap. AB - Neuropathological examination of the brain of eight adult mentally handicapped patients showed mesial temporal sclerosis. Three patients had cerebral palsy, one had Down's syndrome, three were retarded, and one had an unspecific mental handicap. Although there was a suspicion of fits in most patients, temporal lobe epilepsy was not diagnosed in life. PMID- 6733382 TI - Organic mental disorders--an American perspective. AB - The new American psychiatric classification (DSM-III) features a radically new approach to organic mental disorders. The concept of organicity has been liberalised to allow inclusion of psychiatric correlates of cerebral disorders which not only fail to involve cognitive impairment but in some cases also resemble affective, paranoid, and schizophrenic disorders. The highlights, and implications of the new approach are discussed. PMID- 6733383 TI - The Nithsdale schizophrenia survey. IV. Social adjustment by self-report. AB - The Social Adjustment Scale Self-report (SAS-SR) was completed by chronic schizophrenics (N = 82) living in Nithsdale, in Dumfries and Galloway region. Relatives also assessed patients' adjustment. The questionnaire response indicated that scrutiny of the form by a professional immediately after completion is necessary. Patients' and relatives' assessment of the patients' overall adjustment correlated very closely, thus suggesting a schizophrenic can satisfactorily describe his own adjustment. The patients were less well adjusted than a normal community population in all areas except the parental role. The SAS SR highlights for each individual where many of his problems lie, and therefore may act as a guide to specific rehabilitative measures. PMID- 6733384 TI - Dexamethasone suppression test and thyroid stimulation test in depression. PMID- 6733385 TI - Dexamethasone suppression test. PMID- 6733388 TI - A dimensional conceptualization of anxiety. PMID- 6733386 TI - Body image disturbance in anorexia nervosa. PMID- 6733387 TI - Agoraphobia and hyperthyroidism. PMID- 6733389 TI - Akathisia during lithium prophylaxis. PMID- 6733390 TI - Right cerebral hemisphere superiority for recognizing the internal and external features of famous faces. AB - Right-handed male and female subjects were asked to identify bilaterally presented famous faces from an upright display of all the faces used in the experiment, under four conditions: these involved presentation of upright external features, upright internal features, upright whole faces, and inverted whole faces. The task was one of identification in the sense of picking out presented faces from a display of all the possible faces, and did not require explicit naming of the famous people. Left visual hemifield superiorities were found for upright external features, upright internal features, and upright whole faces, which did not vary across these three conditions. Overall performance levels did vary, with whole faces better identified than internal features, which were in turn better identified than external features. The presentation of inverted whole faces led to poorer overall performance than for upright faces, and no visual hemifield asymmetry. These results show that the right cerebral hemisphere is better able than the left to recognize known faces from both internal and external features. PMID- 6733391 TI - Left-handers and right-handers compared on performance and preference measures of lateral dominance. AB - Ninety-three right-handed and 53 left-handed adults were compared on a range of performance and preference measures of handedness and footedness. Performance measures included tests of accuracy, speed, and strength. Non-parametric statistical procedures were used to determine whether left-handers (LHs) were less lateralized than right-handers (RHs), and whether distributions for LHs were the mirror images of those for RHs. On performance measures, the distributions for LHs and RHs were generally normal and similar in central tendency, shape, and range. However, on preference measures, distributions were J-shaped, and LHs were significantly less lateralized and more widely dispersed than RHs. Correlations among performance measures were generally low for all subjects. Sex and familial left-handedness did not significantly moderate the responses of these right- and left-handers on performance or preference measures of lateral dominance. PMID- 6733392 TI - The validity of 'biorhythmic' theory questioned. AB - The study was of the relation between three categorical independent variables (cases in the critical, positive or regenerative phase of their 'biorhythmic' cycle) and two numerical independent variables, academic performance and factor scores on the psychoneurotic component of the University College London Study Questionnaire. The sample comprised 368 Open University students. A subset was used to study the relation between cases at the peaks and troughs of their cycles. If 'biorhythms' had any effect then it would be expected that the mean scores of the three subgroups would differ significantly. Results for 18 ANOVAs showed that none of the observed relations was greater than would be expected by chance. PMID- 6733393 TI - Dextroamphetamine and individual susceptibility to reinforcement in verbal operant conditioning. AB - The present investigation was designed to study the relationships between extraversion, d-amphetamine and modes of reinforcement in verbal operant conditioning. A factorial design involving two levels of extraversion (extraverts and introverts), two reinforcement conditions ('good' and 'electric shock') and three treatments (placebo and two doses, 7.5 and 12.5 mg, of d-amphetamine) with repeated measures on the last factor was used. Sixty postgraduate female students were individually subjected to Taffel's verbal conditioning procedure. The study supported the following conclusions: (1) under the placebo condition, the extraverted subjects condition better with the rewarding reinforcer while the introverted subjects condition better with the punishing reinforcer; (2) under the influence of d-amphetamine, the extraverted subjects condition better with the punishing reinforcer while the conditioning scores of introverted subjects decrease with the punishing reinforcer but are not influenced with the rewarding reinforcer. PMID- 6733395 TI - Phonological recoding for reading: the effect of concurrent articulation in a Stroop task. AB - The present experiment obtained Stroop and reverse Stroop effects in a card sorting task where subjects were required to sort cards into bins, labelled with either colour patches or colour names in black ink, under silent and concurrent articulation conditions. Performance by normal subjects and a conduction aphasic supported the notion that concurrent articulation affects post-lexical phonology. It was shown that the status of the hypothesis that pre-lexical phonology is normally used to access meaning during reading (the speech recoding hypothesis) remained uncertain if concurrent articulation only affected post-lexical phonology. PMID- 6733394 TI - Structural dimensions in aged self-concept: a Tennessee Self Concept study. AB - Structural aspects of self-concept in old age measured by the Tennessee Self Concept Scale (Fitts, 1965) were examined in an aged (means = 79.57, SD = 5.17 years) community sample (n = 82) using multivariate techniques. Three robust factorial dimensions emerged from a principal components analysis: self acceptance; doubt resolution/defensiveness; and conflict integration. The importance of defensiveness in aged self-concept was highlighted. PMID- 6733396 TI - An investigation into component and configural processes underlying face perception. AB - The nature of the processes underlying face perception was examined in two different paradigms using the same set of stimuli varying on three dimensions of two values each. In a simultaneous matching task, both latencies and errors were found to decrease as the number of differences between stimuli increased. Regression analyses showed that the manipulated features interactively contributed to these variations when the faces were presented in their normal upright orientation, whereas no evidence of an interactive processing was found when the faces were inverted. A multidimensional scaling analysis of dissimilarity judgements between pairs of different upright faces revealed that the overall impression of a face was not simply the sum of subimpressions, and that a configuration typical of each face emerged from the relationship among their particular features, giving each face its individuality. The results suggest that faces have both component and configural properties and lend themselves to different processing strategies that are not mutually exclusive and can unfold simultaneously. Some implications of these results for current research on face perception and recognition are outlined. PMID- 6733397 TI - The development of word recognition processes. AB - To observe the course of the development of automatic processes in word recognition, two experiments were performed in which a distracting word interacted with a target stimulus. In Expt 1 the subjects named a simple line drawing, and in Expt 2 they named a word appearing in a rectangle. The distracting word (i) was a semantic associate of the target stimulus, (ii) was graphemically similar to the name of the target, (iii) was phonemically similar to the name of the target, (iv) was unrelated in meaning, orthography and phonology, or (v) was replaced with an unpronounceable letter string. Three groups of subjects were tested. Skilled adult readers were compared with two groups of children. Matched groups of children were used, with similar ages (9-12 years old) and non-verbal spatial abilities, but dissimilar reading ages. All groups of subjects showed semantic interference and graphemic priming from the distractor word in Expt 1, and the children showed phonemic priming. In Expt 2, only the poor readers showed semantic interference, and no groups showed graphemic or phonemic effects. The sensitivity of the poor readers to the distractors indicates that the semantic, graphemic and phonemic codes of words are generated by these subjects, and that the difference in reading age between them and the good readers can be attributed to post-lexical processes such as text integration and articulatory planning and execution. PMID- 6733399 TI - Anxiety and the measurement of handedness. AB - University students completed Annett's (1970) Handedness Inventory (n = 254) and the Trait Scale of the Spielberger Anxiety Questionnaire (n = 247). No relationship was found between anxiety and the hand preference classes distinguished by Annett (1970). Discrepancies between these findings and others reported in the literature are attributed to methodological factors concerning the measurement of handedness. PMID- 6733401 TI - Perceptions of television violence: effects of programme genre and type of violence on viewers' judgements of violent portrayals. AB - This paper reports two studies which examined the mediating effects of programme genre and physical form of violence on viewers' perceptions of violent TV portrayals. In Expt 1, a panel of British viewers saw portrayals from five programme genres: British crime-drama series, US crime-drama series, westerns, science-fiction series and cartoons which feature either fights or shootings. In Expt. 2, the same viewers rated portrayals from British crime-drama and westerns which featured four types of violence, fist-fights, shootings, stabbings and explosions. All scenes were rated along eight unipolar scales. Panel members also completed four subscales of a personal hostility inventory. Results showed that both fictional setting and physical form had significant effects on viewers' perceptions of televised violence. British crime-drama portrayals, and portrayals that featured shootings and stabbings, were rated as most violent and disturbing. Also, there were strong differences between viewers with different self-reported propensities towards either verbal or physical aggression. More physically aggressive individuals tended to perceive physical unarmed violence as less violent than did more verbally aggressive types. PMID- 6733400 TI - Relative deprivation in black and white youth: an empirical investigation. AB - A model of relative deprivation is proposed drawing on the writings of Gurr (1970) and Runciman (1966) and is discussed in relation to existing studies. Those aspects of the model concerning the intensity of affective reaction to relative deprivation are subjected to empirical test using samples of employed and unemployed black and white youth. The prediction that the degree of relative deprivation is negatively associated with attitudes to the perceived cause of deprivation receives only limited support. Various indices of relative deprivation are compared and it is concluded that present relative deprivation is the most appropriate operational measure. It is concluded that in understanding the attitudes of black and white youth to societal institutions other social characteristics are more important then relative deprivation. PMID- 6733402 TI - Is soft tissue radiology useful in acromegaly? AB - Twenty-six acromegalics had measurements of serum growth hormone (GH) levels during a glucose tolerance test, X rays of the heel for heel pad thickness, and of the hand for bone/soft tissue ratio. These measurements were performed before and between 2 and 7 years after treatment, which was by transethmoidal hypophysectomy, external irradiation or a combination of the two. Neither the heel pad thickness nor bone/soft tissue ratio correlated with the mean serum GH nor with each other before and after treatment. The nine patients who were assessed as showing a good clinical response to treatment showed a significantly greater fall in mean serum GH than the 17 patients who were assessed as unchanged or partial responders (40.1 +/- 20 mmu/l compared with 9.9 +/- 14.0 mmu/l, p = 0.02). However, there were no significant differences in changes of heel pad thickness nor bone/soft tissue ratio between these groups. It is concluded that these radiological measurements of soft tissues are unhelpful in the follow-up of acromegalic patients. PMID- 6733398 TI - Reproduction of complex two-dimensional movements as a function of mode of presentation. AB - The experiment reported here examined the kinaesthetic reproduction of two dimensional patterns from three different modes of presentation: kinaesthetic only, visual only and visual plus kinaesthetic. The patterns were open and consisted of three linear segments of different lengths. All reproductions tended to underestimate pattern size. Subjects who had received visual experience of the pattern with or without simultaneous kinaesthetic experience produced significantly greater underestimates than subjects who had not seen the patterns. This is discussed in terms of the dominance of vision over kinaesthesis, and differences in size perception in the two modalities. Least distortion of the pattern shape was found in the reproduction of subjects who had received both kinaesthetic and visual experience of the criterion. PMID- 6733404 TI - Long-term amiodarone therapy: a cause of increased hepatic attenuation on CT. AB - Approximately 40% of the anti-arrhythmic drug, amiodarone, consists of iodine. During long-term therapy both the drug and its major metabolite, desethylamiodarone, are deposited in the liver. CT scans of patients receiving such therapy demonstrated increased hepatic attenuation. PMID- 6733403 TI - Ultrasonic detection of occult testicular neoplasms in patients with gynaecomastia. AB - Gynaecomastia occurs in up to 10% of patients with malignant testicular tumours. In most cases a testicular mass will be easily palpable but occasionally these tumours are occult. Ultrasound has been shown to be of value in the detection of occult neoplasms in patients presenting with nodal disease. Two patients with gynaecomastia and palpably normal testes are presented in whom testicular tumour was diagnosed by ultrasonic examination of the scrotum. PMID- 6733406 TI - Radiotherapy treatment planning for patients fitted with prostheses. AB - The effects of prostheses on radiotherapy treatment planning are discussed. The compositions of commonly used materials are tabulated. Sample plots show the size of perturbations produced by typical absorbers at 8 MV. A technique for estimating the density of a prosthesis in a patient is demonstrated and the effects of prostheses on representative radiotherapy plans are illustrated. PMID- 6733405 TI - Contrast-medium-induced acute renal failure and Tamm-Horsfall proteinuria. AB - An acute obstructive nephropathy due to precipitation of urinary glycoprotein contrast complexes in the renal tubules has been postulated to explain the episodes of renal failure occasionally seen following intravascular contrast medium administration. In an in vitro study we were unable to produce any precipitation of contrast-glycoprotein complexes over a wide range of concentrations, temperatures and pH values in urine with any urographic contrast agent, conventional or new. Meglumine ioglycamide (Biligram: Schering) alone, the strongly protein-binding agent, exhibited the phenomenon, and only in high concentration. It is concluded that such a mechanism is unlikely to play a role in contrast medium nephrotoxicity, which therefore remains unexplained. PMID- 6733407 TI - The dosimetry of bone incorporating alpha-emitting radionuclides. AB - The previous work on the dosimetry of alpha-emitting radionuclides incorporated in bone is briefly reviewed. The application of cavity ionisation theory to problems of bone dosimetry is propounded and recent developments of the cavity theory for alpha particle fields are applied to bone dosimetry problems. The mean marrow dose over a large range of bone cavity size calculated by a simple theory using a mean chord length to characterise a cavity is compared with results of a more elaborate theory employing the chord length distribution for a sphere. The difference is not great. The influence of the shape of the cavity is explored by considering cylindrical cavities of different elongation. Data are presented for both volume-seeking and surface-seeking radioactive nuclides. The endosteal dose to a 10 mu layer is calculated as a function of cavity size for both volume seeking and surface-seeking radioactive nuclides. The endosteal dose is also calculated for a surface seeker as a function of endosteal layer thickness. Finally, the results of these calculations are shown to be generally in good agreement with those of the calculations of earlier workers. It is concluded that a simple and reliable method of calculating the mean marrow dose and endosteal dose for both volume- and surface-seeking alpha emitters has been established. PMID- 6733409 TI - A simulator-based CT system for radiotherapy treatment planning. PMID- 6733412 TI - The costs of X rays. AB - A costing system for radiology departments has been developed which runs on a micro-computer and can produce, for about two days' clerical work, a list of average costs for every type of X ray performed in a department. All costs, including capital and radiologists' time, are covered and the system could be used in the development of performance indicators. An example run, in a general hospital in the West Midlands, is given. PMID- 6733410 TI - Tracheobronchomegaly--the Mounier-Kuhn syndrome. PMID- 6733411 TI - In utero torsion of the testis: antenatal and postnatal ultrasonic appearances. PMID- 6733408 TI - RBE values and repair characteristics for colo-rectal injury after caesium 137 gamma-ray and neutron irradiation. II. Fractionation up to ten doses. AB - Early and late colo-rectal damage in mice have been assessed after 137Cs gamma irradiation and 3 MeV neutrons given as 1,2,5 or 10 fractions. Damage was measured by early changes in body weight, the late production of short faecal pellets and the pattern of lethality after irradiation. The data have been analysed in terms of the time course of expression of damage, fractionation effects and the RBE for neutrons over a wide range of doses per fraction (0.5 12.5 Gy neutrons, 3.5-33.5 Gy gamma rays). An initial epithelial denudation led to an early loss of weight, maximal at 11-17 days after irradiation. A dose dependent weight reduction persisted over the animals' life-time. Deaths after localised pelvic gamma irradiation were progressive with no sharp demarcation between early or late phases of injury. The time course for lethality was qualitatively similar after neutrons. Beyond six months the rectum became constricted by fibrosis and a higher proportion of small faecal pellets was observed. At 6-15 months relatively shallow dose-response curves were obtained for this change. The sparing effect of fractionation was marked for the gamma irradiated mice and almost absent after neutrons. A very high repair increment (11 Gy) was seen with two gamma-ray fractions of 20 Gy. At lower doses per fraction the proportion of each gamma-ray fraction recovered was 50-69% for all assays, i.e., similar to that for other normal tissues. There was a slight enhancement in the sparing effect for the late compared with the early assays over the lower dose range. The RBE was strongly dependent on dose per fraction because of the lack of reparable damage after neutrons. The RBE for both early and late effects was 5.0 at a neutron dose per fraction of 1 Gy. Extrapolation of the RBE data to lower doses, using the linear quadratic model, predicts a higher RBE for late (7.4-12.7) than for early damage (5.7-8.5) if gamma-ray doses below 5 Gy are used. PMID- 6733414 TI - Imaging the tumour uptake of radiolabelled antibodies. PMID- 6733413 TI - Finger doses in special procedures. PMID- 6733415 TI - Film-screen combinations for mammography. PMID- 6733416 TI - Female micturition. PMID- 6733417 TI - Linear thermocouple arrays for in vivo observation of ultrasonic hyperthermia fields. PMID- 6733418 TI - Ruptured aortic aneurysms: postoperative complications and their aetiology. AB - A review of 198 ruptured aortic aneurysms has been undertaken, this being 36.3 per cent of all the aneurysms treated during the period 1960-81. The overall mortality rate was 42.9 per cent. The peroperative mortality was 6.6 per cent and the mortality of the patients who survived the operation was 38.9 per cent. Factors which influenced postoperative mortality were the age of the patient, the distance travelled to hospital, the presence of an intraperitoneal bleed, the duration of the operative procedure and the volume of blood transfused, but only the amount of blood transfused had a statistically significant influence on mortality. However, as the highest mortality associated with any of these risk factors was 54.9 per cent, no single factor alone can be considered a contra indication to operation. As there are no reliable predictive factors, we believe that all cases with clinically ruptured aortic aneurysms should have a laparotomy and resection. The most common postoperative complications were varying degrees of renal and respiratory insufficiency and the occurrence of these was significantly associated with the volume of blood transfused. PMID- 6733419 TI - The uses and abuses of life-table methods in vascular surgery. AB - This paper details the calculations involved in a life-table analysis and appraises the current use of this technique in vascular research. We suggest that the presentation of patency curves should be standardized and recommend that: curves are presented as step rather than continuous graphs; the number of patients remaining in a study are shown at intervals along patency curves; the length of time for which a curve is claimed to hold is more rigorously defined; an attempt is made to increase, where possible, the frequency of patient review, particularly in the immediate postoperative period; ways of increasing the total sample size (e.g. multicentre studies) are investigated. We also recommend that a set of definitive guidelines on the presentation of graft patency data acceptable to all the major vascular journals be sought. PMID- 6733420 TI - Diagnosis and treatment of superior mesenteric artery syndrome. AB - Superior mesenteric artery syndrome (SMAS) is a rare clinical condition. Eleven cases of SMAS treated surgically are reported after follow-up periods of 6 months to 6 years. The value of hypotonic duodenography in the diagnosis of the syndrome is emphasized. PMID- 6733421 TI - Iliaco-appendiceal fistula complicating endarterectomy alone. PMID- 6733423 TI - The demonstration of saphenofemoral incompetence; doppler ultrasound compared with standard clinical tests. AB - Patients with primary varicose veins were examined by a combination of the standard tourniquet test with detection of reflux by Doppler ultrasound. Results were compared with standard clinical tests: impulse or thrill at the saphenous opening on coughing, tap impulse at the groin, and the 'Trendelenburg' tourniquet test. The state of competence of the saphenofemoral junction was noted at operation. One hundred and sixty-one limbs of 105 patients were studied. The saphenofemoral junction was incompetent in 132/161 limbs (82 per cent) and was judged competent in 29/161 limbs (18 per cent). The combined Doppler and tourniquet test assessed the saphenofemoral junction correctly in 82 per cent of limbs and was more accurate than all the other tests. The test had good sensitivity (0.9) but poor specificity (0.45). Poor specificity was a feature of all the tests except for thrill which was a highly insensitive test. The combined Doppler and tourniquet test appears to be the most simple, rapid and accurate means of detecting saphenofemoral incompetence. PMID- 6733424 TI - Deep venous insufficiency after postoperative thrombosis diagnosed with 125I labelled fibrinogen uptake test. AB - Postoperative thrombosis detected with the 125I-labelled fibrinogen uptake test (FUT) is frequent. FUT correlates well with phlebography and a positive FUT is associated with high incidence of pulmonary embolism. This study has been performed to evaluate venous function 3-5 years after FUT-detected thrombosis. A follow-up examination was performed in 381 patients who had been studied after operation with FUT. The follow-up included a questionnaire, clinical examination, venous occlusion strain-gauge plethysmography, ambulatory strain-gauge plethysmography, venous pressure examination and, in some cases, Doppler ultrasound examination of venous valve function in the leg. No statistically significant differences were found in any parameters used between legs with and without FUT-detected postoperative thrombosis, except that more FUT-positive legs had an abnormal venous pressure decrease during exercise than FUT-negative legs. The frequency of deep venous insufficiency was equal in FUT-positive and FUT negative legs. Moreover the frequency of deep venous insufficiency was not affected by the site of the FUT-detected thrombosis or by the different kinds of prophylactics used. The frequency of venous insufficiency was high. PMID- 6733422 TI - Haemodynamics of the adjunctive arteriovenous fistula in femorodistal bypass grafting: an experimental study. AB - The results of femorotibial bypass for limb salvage vary a great deal. One of the reasons for this might be the discrepancy between potential inflow and run-off into the foot. An arteriovenous fistula at the distal graft anastomosis may improve results but the best anatomical arrangement for the fistula is unknown. Ileofemoral grafts were performed in dogs after the hind limb was rendered ischaemic. The distal end of the graft was anastomosed proximal to, superimposed upon, or distal to an arteriovenous fistula between the femoral artery and its accompanying femoral vein. The effect of the fistula on graft/run-off haemodynamics was then measured. The adjunctive arteriovenous fistula increased inflow by a mean of 900 per cent and reduced systemic pressure by 10 per cent. Peripheral resistance was reduced by 85 per cent. Distal arterial run-off was maximized with respect to total graft flow when the graft was placed distal to the fistula (P less than 0.05). The venous steal of flow and perfusion pressure produced by the fistula was minimized with the same configuration compared to the two other arrangements (P less than 0.01 and P less than 0.05). Placement of the graft distal to the adjunctive arteriovenous fistula maximized distal arterial flow and pressure, and significantly increased graft flow. PMID- 6733425 TI - Surgical treatment of the 'slipping rib syndrome'. AB - This review seeks to draw attention to the existence of the 'slipping rib syndrome' as a not uncommon clinical entity. It is characterized by trunk pain in a radicular distribution, often related to certain movements or activity, but not associated with other visceral symptoms. The diagnosis is a clinical one, with surgical excision of the affected rib and costal cartilage a successful simple treatment for relieving those patients of a severe and persistent pain syndrome. PMID- 6733426 TI - Porcine dermal collagen repair of incisional herniae. AB - Dermal collagen implants have been used to repair large incisional hernias in 11 patients (7 women, 4 men). The youngest was 37 years and the oldest 67, with a mean age of 49.9 years. Single-, or double-layered dermal collagen was used to bridge the defect, secured with interrupted 3/0 Prolene. Postoperatively, three patients required single aspiration of seromas and one, exploration of a sinus to remove a suture. There were no recurrences during a median follow-up period of 4.75 years. It is suggested that collagen implants are a good alternative to other methods of repair. PMID- 6733428 TI - Penetrating neck trauma with tracheal and oesophageal injuries. AB - Failure to recognize early that penetrating neck wounds include the cervical oesophagus greatly increases morbidity and mortality. From an analysis of experience over 5 years (1978-1983) it emerges that, while tracheal wounds are usually recognized early, cervical oesophageal injuries are not. It is empyema which complicates such oesophageal injury and which prompts referral to a Department of Thoracic Surgery, the patients by this time being mortally ill, with septicaemia and malnutrition. Neck penetration is usually left-sided, the injuring agent usually a knife, driven downwards and medially by a right-handed assailant. Empyema is usually right-sided. Early recognition and prompt referral are associated with a low morbidity and low mortality. Late recognition and late referral carry a high morbidity rate, prolonged convalescence in those who survive, and a mortality rate of nearly 25 per cent. PMID- 6733427 TI - Delayed spontaneous recanalization of the vas deferens. AB - Eight patients were identified who had undergone successful vasectomy a mean of 4.6 years previously and in whom all were microscopically shown to have recurrent motile spermatozoa in their ejaculate. All had been referred following a pregnancy in their wives, and all agreed to undergo repeat vasectomy. Histological examination of the excised portions revealed the presence of spermatozoa in the distal end of one side; but also the presence of a well formed sperm granuloma in continuity with both divided ends of the vas. There does not appear to be any correlation with the suture previously used, nor incidence of infections or injury. Although recanalization is a recognized complication of vasectomy, the majority have occurred within months of the operation. The association of the delayed recanalization with sperm granuloma formation in these cases suggests an aetiological link, it being previously reported that such granuloma can develop up to six years postoperatively. PMID- 6733429 TI - The effect of tetracycline lavage and trauma on visceral and parietal peritoneal ultrastructure and adhesion formation. AB - The clinical efficacy of tetracycline lavage (1 mg/ml) in the management of abdominal sepsis has led to advocacy of its use in potentially contaminated cases. Yet at higher concentrations (6 mg/ml), tetracycline is a pleural sclerosant. The possibility of early ultrastructural peritoneal damage and later adhesion formation has been examined in syngeneic female Wag rats. At high concentration (10 mg/ml), tetracycline caused adhesions in the absence of peritoneal trauma and there was an associated loss of serosal microvilli. Lavage with low concentration tetracycline (1 mg/ml) or saline after clean abdominal surgery led to more adhesions than if no lavage was employed. There was an unexplained paradoxically low incidence of adhesions if prior mild contamination of the peritoneal cavity with 1 ml 10(5) E. coli had been performed. PMID- 6733430 TI - Postoperative peritonitis due to gastric and duodenal fistulas. Operative management by continuous intraluminal infusion and aspiration: report of 23 cases. AB - A new surgical procedure is presented for the management of postoperative peritonitis due to a leak from a suture line in the stomach or the duodenum. At re-operation, an intraluminal unit made of three silicone tubes is inserted through the fistula into the bowel lumen. Extraluminal drains are placed near the fistula. A Witzel jejunostomy is constructed in order to provide continuous high energy enteral support. Intraluminal infusion and aspiration starts immediately after operation. Twenty-three patients have been treated according to this technique. Five died (22 per cent): one from mediastinitis and four from complications unrelated to the fistula. Three (13 per cent) patients developed recurrent abdominal abscesses and underwent re-operation for drainage with no mortality. In the first 2 weeks after operation, most of the discharge was collected by the extraluminal drains. Thereafter the intraluminal unit collected the majority of the fluid, thus allowing the extraluminal drains to be removed. At an average time of 27 days after operation the intraluminal unit was withdrawn. The external fistula created by this technique healed spontaneously in 15 of the 18 survivors, and was surgically closed in three, with no complication. This procedure prevents the recurrence of intra-abdominal sepsis and local complications due to the enzymatic action of the gastroduodenal secretions. PMID- 6733433 TI - Partial closure and other techniques in pilonidal surgery: an assessment of 157 cases. AB - The report is a retrospective study of 157 patients with pilonidal disease. The period in hospital, the healing time, and the rates of wound breakdown and sinus recurrence were documented following four different methods of management. After incision and drainage of the pilonidal abscess, later excision was necessary in less than 40 per cent of patients. Elective excision of the granulation tissue and skin, with partial closure of the defect, gave better results than excision and primary suture. PMID- 6733431 TI - Results of colectomy for severe idiopathic constipation in women (Arbuthnot Lane's disease). AB - Twenty-one women with slow-transit constipation have been treated by bowel resection. All had a normal barium enema, but an increased colonic transit time. Pathological examination of the resected colons showed no evidence of aganglionosis. Some of the patients were treated by segmental colonic resection, anorectal myectomy, anal stretch or internal sphincterectomy but were not helped. Colectomy with ileorectal or caecorectal anastomosis gave the best results; on balance, ileorectal anastomosis seems preferable. Of sixteen patients who underwent colectomy, ten subsequently had normal bowel function and four were markedly improved. The spontaneous bowel frequency in this group rose from 0.3 +/ 0.1 (s.e.m.) to 21.7 +/- 8.3 weekly (P less than 0.001). PMID- 6733432 TI - Primary adenocarcinoma of the vermiform appendix: report of a series of ten cases, and review of the literature. AB - Ten cases of primary adenocarcinoma of the vermiform appendix are presented. The condition is rare and usually presents after middle age as acute appendicitis. It is seldom recognized during appendicectomy. The tumours resemble colonic adenocarcinomas but, because of peculiarities in the anatomy of the appendix, there is a tendency to early local spread. Right hemicolectomy performed as soon as the true nature of the lesion is recognized is the treatment of choice and has been shown to improve survival. Even after hemicolectomy the prognosis must be guarded, as local spread of disease may not be controlled in many cases. PMID- 6733434 TI - Carriage of intestinal protozoal cysts in homosexuals. AB - A total of 83 male homosexuals were studied to ascertain the carriage of intestinal protozoal cysts. The homosexual group had a significantly (p less than 0.0005) higher prevalence than a control group. One or more types of protozoa were found in 33 homosexuals. The carriage of intestinal protozoal cysts was associated with particular sexual practices and promiscuity, but not with symptomatic bowel disorders. The possible implications of the carriage of these cysts are discussed. PMID- 6733435 TI - Failure of pivampicillin in treating chlamydial infections. PMID- 6733436 TI - Buschke-Loewenstein tumour and laser treatment. PMID- 6733437 TI - The risks and problems associated with the import and export of domestic poultry. PMID- 6733438 TI - The risks and problems associated with the importation of dogs, cats and other mammals. II. PMID- 6733439 TI - Summer mastitis. PMID- 6733440 TI - Neoplasms in older dogs with particular reference to management. II. PMID- 6733441 TI - Obligate anaerobic bacteria found in canine and feline purulent lesions. PMID- 6733442 TI - Parasitic worms causing the rejection of tilapia (Oreochromis species) in Zaire. PMID- 6733444 TI - Pregnancy diagnosis in cows and heifers by determination of oestradiol-17 alpha in faeces. PMID- 6733443 TI - Sheep slaughtering procedures. I. Survey of abattoir practice. PMID- 6733445 TI - Investigations into the elimination of ureaplasmas from the uro-genital tract of ewes. PMID- 6733446 TI - Functional activation in the auditory system of the rat produced by arousing reticular stimulation: a 2-deoxyglucose study. AB - The 2-deoxyglucose (2-DG) autoradiographic method was used to map the activity in the auditory pathway during behaviorally arousing electrical stimulation of the mesencephalic reticular formation (RET). Uptake of 2-DG during RET stimulation was compared to the effect of a frequency-modulated tone (4-5 kHz, 60 dB SPL) and to controls without stimulation. The major finding was a specific pattern of increased metabolic activation throughout the auditory pathway evoked during RET stimulation. The observed increases in 2-DG uptake were always greater in RET stimulated rats as compared to sound-stimulated or control rats. The dorsal cochlear nucleus (DCN) showed the largest incorporation of 2-DG among the auditory nuclei of the brainstem in RET-stimulated rats. In the central nucleus of the inferior colliculus a layered pattern made of 3 discrete bands of high 2 DG uptake was visible in RET-stimulated rats. The medial geniculate (MG) and the auditory cortex (AC) also showed highly significant increases in 2-DG uptake induced by RET stimulation. The method provided correlations between classical morphological schemes of parcellation on nuclei and functionally defined areas of increased 2-DG uptake. Our observations represent the first anatomical demonstration of the activating effects of RET stimulation in a sensory system, and they support the concepts of arousing reticular mechanisms for sensory control. PMID- 6733447 TI - The role of the accessory abducens nucleus in the rabbit nictitating membrane response. AB - Electrolytic and knife-cut lesions were employed in the rabbit to examine the role of the VIth cranial nerve, and of the motoneurons in the abducens (ABD) and accessory abducens (ACC) nuclei that supply the VIth nerve, in the reflex extension of the nictitating membrane. The nictitating membrane response (NMR) was elicited by tactual stimulation of the cornea with a puff of air or by electric shock delivered to the skin over the paraorbital region of the head. Total destruction of the VIth nerve or interruption of all ACC inputs to the VIth nerve (while leaving ABD inputs intact) produced a large and comparable reduction in the magnitude of the NMR elicited by air puff, although a small residual NMR of less than 1 mm could still be detected. In contrast, the magnitude of the NMR elicited by shock was not affected by ACC isolation and only reduced by 50% after VIth nerve lesions. Total isolation of ABD inputs to the VIth nerve (while leaving ACC inputs intact) had no effect on NMR magnitude elicited by either air puff or shock. The small residual NMRs to air puff and the larger NMRs to shock remaining after total destruction of the VIth nerve were not eliminated by the removal of all extraocular muscles (while leaving the retractor bulbi muscle intact). However, knife cut lesions that interrupted all ACC inputs to the VIth nerve and transected the VIIth (facial) nerve completely eliminated NMRs elicited by both air puff and shock. The results of this study indicate that NMRs elicited by tactual stimulation of the cornea are primarily mediated by retractor bulbi motoneurons in the ACC nucleus via the VIth nerve. In contrast, NMRs elicited by electric shock delivered to the skin over the paraorbital region of the head are produced by contraction of the retractor bulbi muscle via the VIth nerve and by contraction of the orbicularis oculi muscle via the VIIth nerve which then squeezes the nictitating membrane over the cornea. PMID- 6733449 TI - Turnover and synthesis of biogenic amines in discrete brainstem nuclei of the rabbit. AB - By use of a microtechnique and sensitive enzymatic isotopic assays norepinephrine (NE), dopamine (DA) and serotonin (5-HT) turnover rates were measured in 6 discrete brainstem regions. The results from young (3 days) and adult (1 year) rabbits were compared. In the dorsal raphe nucleus (dr) of the younger animals the slopes of disappearance of NE and 5-HT were significantly higher than in the adults. Whereas, in the dr the slope of the decline of DA was found to be significantly lower in younger animals. In the dr turnover rates of NE and 5-HT were higher in the young animals. However, higher turnover rates for DA were seen only in the LC-A6 region. The young animals had significantly lower turnover times for NE and 5-HT in the dr. The nts was the only nuclear group to reach significance for DA, and the young animals had longer turnover times when compared to adults. These results are indicative of the different roles the neurotransmitter systems play in maintaining homeostasis. The delicate balances in these systems in the brains of younger animals may contribute to their increased susceptibility to perturbations. PMID- 6733448 TI - Lateral hypothalamic lesions or transections block bombesin hyperglycemia in rats. AB - The peptide bombesin-14 causes hyperglycemia when injected into the cisterna magna of rats. We report that acute lateral hypothalamic lesions block bombesin hyperglycemia. Lateral thalamic lesions do not have this effect. We further report that transections on the lateral or posterior borders of the lateral hypothalamus also block bombesin hyperglycemia. Cuts on the medial border also somewhat diminish this hyperglycemia, while cuts on the anterior border are not reliably effective. These results suggest that fibers traversing the lateral hypothalamus are involved in the hyperglycemic response to intracisternal bombesin-14. PMID- 6733450 TI - Regional variability of blood flow and glucose utilization within the subependymal germinal matrix. AB - Regional cerebral blood flow (RCBF) and local cerebral glucose utilization (LCGU) were studied in normal, awake newborn beagle puppies using quantitative autoradiography. A highly significant linear relationship between RCBF and LCGU was present for all brain structures. Special attention was directed to the subependymal germinal matrix (GM), the site of origin of periventricular hemorrhage in the premature human. A consistent variability in both RCBF and LCGU was found within GM. Both RCBF and LCGU were higher in rostral than posterior GM, and in peripheral than internal GM. The close coupling between RCBF and LCGU within GM suggests that GM blood flow is influenced by local energy needs. The quantitative relationship between RCBF and LCGU was similar within GM to that in cerebral white and gray matter, suggesting that the puppy GM predominantly utilizes glucose as fuel for energy production. PMID- 6733451 TI - Regional differences in extracellular ascorbic acid levels in the rat brain determined by high speed cyclic voltammetry. AB - High speed cyclic voltammetry was used in combination with pressure ejection of ascorbate oxidase for the determination of extracellular ascorbic acid within the brain of the anaesthetized rat. Large variations in absolute levels of ascorbate were found between animals although distribution patterns showed a good degree of reproducibility. Ascorbate levels in the white matter of the corpus callosum were found to be higher than in adjacent areas of grey matter (striatum and cortex). PMID- 6733452 TI - Neuropeptides are present in projection neurones at all levels in visceral and taste pathways: from periphery to sensory cortex. AB - Using combined immuno-staining and retrograde tracing techniques many of the ascending visceral and taste pathways within the rat central nervous system have been shown to be composed of a variety of neuropeptide and catecholamine synthesizing enzyme containing neurones. The pathway we examined extended from the periphery to sensory cortex and included: the nodose ganglion (periphery)--- solitary nucleus (medulla)----parabrachial nucleus (pons)----ventral posterior medial nucleus (thalamus)----visceral and taste sensory areas (cortex). In the solitary nucleus of the medulla many neuronal cell bodies could be shown to be both immuno-positive for one of 6 neuropeptides including avian pancreatic peptide (APP), cholecystokinin (CCK), enkephalin (ENK), neurotensin (NT), somatostatin (SOM) and substance P (SP) or the catecholamine synthesizing enzyme tyrosine hydroxylase (TOH) and to have a projection to the parabrachial nucleus of the pons. In the parabrachial nucleus of the pons many neuronal cell bodies could be shown to be immuno-positive for one of 5 neuropeptides (CCK, ENK, NT, SOM, SP) and have a projection to the ventral posterior medial nucleus of the thalamus. In the ventral posterior medial nucleus of the thalamus several neuronal cell bodies were shown to be immuno-positive for one of 3 neuropeptides (CCK, ENK, SOM) and project to the visceral and taste sensory cortex. This is the first report of neuropeptides being present in the projection neurones of any sensory system in the central nervous system and for the first time describes an entire set of putative neurotransmitters which extends from the periphery to the sensory cortex. From previous studies it also appears that in all cases examined the relevant receptors are present in these visceral and taste relay nuclei in order for the neuropeptide or catecholamine to produce an effect upon release. Comparisons between rat and other animals suggest that a similar organization of these visceral and taste pathways may also be present in other mammals including man. Functionally these neuropeptides containing projection neurones appear to be primarily involved in relaying visceral information rather than taste information. In this capacity activation of these neurones may produce such visceral sensations as malaise, well being, hunger, satiety or thirst. PMID- 6733453 TI - Induction of spinal seizures by natural stimulation in cats. AB - Transection of the spinal cord of the cat at a thoracic or lumbar level results, after as short a period as 12 days, in a preparation with such altered excitability that repeated natural stimulation of the dermatome just caudal to the transection site will induce, in as short a time as 3 days, seizure discharges. The trigger zone for the seizure spreads to caudal dermatomes when these caudal regions are repeatedly stimulated. The 'typical' T4-T7 seizure is a scratch reflex followed by the tonic-clonic seizure lasting for 20-30 s and ending with a scratch afterdischarge lasting for several minutes. Lower thoracic and upper lumbar seizures consist of tonic-clonic co-contractions of the muscles of the hindlegs, followed by rhythmical stepping movements lasting less than 1 min. Partial dorsal rhizotomy or local Cobalt application to the spinal cord may reduce the threshold for induction of seizure by natural stimulation and local Penicillin application to spinal cord induces seizure discharges similar to those induced by natural stimulation. Retransection of the spinal cord caudally, with elimination of the primary trigger zone, does not abolish the secondarily acquired triggers. The findings suggest that spinal circuits possess the ability to acquire new neuronal patterns of discharge and to transfer them to other more caudal segments. PMID- 6733454 TI - Cardiovascular reflexes arising from the gallbladder and pancreas in spinal and in decerebrate cats. AB - Cardiovascular responses to chemical stimulation of thin-fiber afferents from the gallbladder and pancreas were determined before and after C1 transection of the spinal cord in cats. Additional cats were studied before and after decerebration. Stimulation of gallbladder and pancreatic afferents caused significant increases in arterial pressure and heart rate in all groups; however, smaller responses often occurred in spinal cats. These results demonstrate that spinal circuitry alone can generate cardiovascular responses to visceral stimulation and that supraspinal, though not necessarily suprapontine areas, are involved in producing the full response. PMID- 6733455 TI - Intersegmental coordination of leech swimming: comparison of in situ and isolated nerve cord activity with body wall movement. AB - Recordings of motoneuron activity during swimming, obtained from leech ventral nerve cords in situ, were compared with films of swimming leeches and with recordings of motoneuron activity from isolated nerve cords. It was found that the intersegmental phase lag in body movement is greater than the phase lag of in situ neuronal activity, which is in turn greater than the phase lag of isolated nerve cord activity. We conclude that peripheral neuronal or mechanical effects, as well as sensory feedback to the central pattern generator, contribute to the movement pattern of the intact swimming leech. PMID- 6733456 TI - Identification of projecting neurons in rat neostriatal slices. AB - Spiny neurons projecting to substantia nigra (SN) were identified by combining retrograde transport of tracers in vivo with intracellular staining in vitro. First, neostriatal projection neurons were retrogradely labeled by the injection of fluorescent tracers into the ipsilateral SN. Then, slices were taken from the neostriata containing the retrogradely labeled cells. Cells were impaled for intracellular recording and stained by intracellular dye injection. All cells were of the spiny type and 75% contained both dyes, the intracellularly injected dye as well as the retrogradely transported tracer. Thus, most intracellular recordings in neostriatal slices are obtained from spiny neurons projecting to SN. PMID- 6733457 TI - Contralateral corticothalamic projections from area 6 in the raccoon. AB - Contralateral corticothalamic projections from cytoarchitectonic area 6 in the raccoon were studied using the autoradiographic tracing technique. Following injections of tritiated amino acids, accumulations of silver grains were present over both the ipsilateral and contralateral ventral medial, central lateral, paracentral, central medial, parafascicular and mediodorsal thalamic nuclei. These nuclei are also known to receive a number bilateral subcortical motor inputs. The additional presence of bilateral area 6 inputs suggests that these thalamic nuclei may be critically involved in the bilateral control of movement. PMID- 6733458 TI - Connections of hypothalamic paraventricular neurons with the dorsal medial thalamus and neurohypophysis: an electrophysiological study in the rat. AB - Connections between the hypothalamic paraventricular nucleus (PVN) and thalmic paraventricular nucleus ( PVT ) were examined using electrophysiological methods. Efferent projections of adjacent PVN cells were defined on the basis of antidromic activation from either PVT (n = 12) or neurohypophyseal (n = 38) stimulation; antidromic activation from both sites (n = 3) suggested that some PVN cells project both to the PVT and to the neurohypophysis. PVT stimulation evoked only weak orthodromic responses from 21% of PVN neurohypophyseal neurons, whereas short latency, high probability orthodromic responses were observed from 43% of PVN non-neurosecretory neurons. These data indicate reciprocal PVN- PVT connections and suggest that PVT afferents preferentially innervate non neurosecretory PVN cells. PMID- 6733459 TI - Distribution of immunoreactive dynorphin B in discrete areas of the rat brain and spinal cord. AB - The distribution of immunoreactive (ir)-dynorphin B in 101 microdissected rat brain and spinal cord regions was determined using a specific radioimmunoassay. The highest concentration of dynorphin B in brain was found in the substantia nigra (1106.2 fmol/mg protein). Very high concentrations of ir-dynorphin B (greater than 400 fmol/mg protein) were also found in the lateral preoptic area, parabrachial nuclei and globus pallidus. Relatively high concentrations of ir dynorphin B (250-400 fmol/mg protein) were found in 19 nuclei, including the periaqueductal gray matter, anterior hypothalamic nucleus, median eminence, nucleus accumbens and hippocampus. Moderate levels of the peptide (between 100 and 250 fmol/mg protein) were found in 42 brain nuclei such as the perifornical nucleus, nucleus of the diagonal band, medial forebrain bundle, and dorsal premamillary nucleus. Low concentrations of ir-dynorphin B (less than 100 fmol/mg protein) were found in 28 brain areas, e.g. cerebral cortical structures (parietal, cingulate, frontal), claustrum, olfactory bulb, lateral and periventricular thalamic nuclei. The cerebellar cortex has the lowest dynorphin B concentration (53.7 fmol/mg protein). Spinal cord segments exhibit low or moderate (cervical segment) levels of the peptide. The neurointermediate lobe of the pituitary gland is extremely rich in ir-dynorphin B (11,047.1 fmol/mg protein). PMID- 6733460 TI - Disintegration of orthogonal arrays in perivascular astrocytic processes as an early event in acute global ischemia. AB - A quantitative freeze-fracture study of perivascular astrocytic processes in rat cerebral cortex disclosed rapid disintegration of orthogonal arrays of the intramembrane particles in acute global ischemia. The process apparently preceded the development of astrocytic swelling. PMID- 6733461 TI - A trigeminal sensorimotor circuit for pecking, grasping and feeding in the pigeon (Columba livia). AB - A combination of autoradiographic and histochemical tracing procedures was used to identify telencephalic structures, linking the sensory and motor components of the trigeminal system in the pigeon. In addition to the nucleus basalis, these structures include trigeminal projection areas in the frontal and caudal neostriatum both of which project upon the intermediate archistriatum . Archistriatal output reaches premotor areas in the lateral (parvocellular) reticular formation via a descending pathway, the occipitomesencephalic tract. The trigeminal sensorimotor circuit defined in these experiments has been linked, by neurobehavioral studies, to the control of pecking, grasping and feeding in the pigeon. PMID- 6733462 TI - Neurotensin neurons in the ventral tegmental area project to the medial nucleus accumbens. AB - A high density of neurotensin-containing neuronal perikarya are found in the ventral tegmental area, and some of these neurons also contain dopamine. In this study, we used retrograde transport of horseradish peroxidase (HRP) coupled with immunohistochemical staining for neurotensin to determine whether ventral tegmental neurotensin neurons project to known dopamine terminal areas of the limbic forebrain. It was found that HRP injection into the medial nucleus accumbens and diagonal band of Broca resulted in neurons in the ventral and medial ventral tegmental area containing both HRP granules and neurotensin immunoreactivity. PMID- 6733463 TI - Regeneration of transected dorsal root ganglion cell axons into the spinal cord in adult frogs (Xenopus laevis). AB - The extent of regeneration of the central axonal processes of dorsal root ganglion cells was determined using anterograde horseradish peroxidase histochemistry at 1-12 weeks after dorsal root transection in adult frogs. At 4, 8 and 12 weeks axons were found to have regenerated across the dorsal root entry zone and into the spinal cord. PMID- 6733464 TI - Neurophysiological evidence for tricyclic antidepressant-induced decreased beta adrenergic responsiveness in the rat hippocampus. AB - A study was made in rats of the effects of chronic treatment with the tricyclic antidepressant agent imipramine on the increase in the population spike amplitude produced by the beta-adrenergic receptor agonist isoproterenol in the 'in vitro' slice preparation of the hippocampus. A significant reduction of 39% and 44% of the population spike increase was observed at 5 X 10(-7) M and 1 X 10(-6) M isoproterenol respectively in rats treated for 28 days with 10 mg/kg i.p. imipramine. PMID- 6733465 TI - Delayed loss of striatal dopamine receptors during aging of dietarily restricted rats. AB - Dietary restriction by feeding every other day retards the normal age-associated loss of dopamine receptors from the corpus striatum of the rat. Ad libitum fed animals lose about 40% of the receptors labeled by [3H]spiperone between 3 and 24 months, while the loss is only about 20% over the same period in restricted rats. Ultimately, by 30 months of age, values for restricted animals drop to those of 24-month-old ad libitum-fed rats. The mean lifespan of restricted rats, however, is about 40% longer than the 22-24 months characteristic of ad libitum-fed counterparts. The effect of restriction appears to be chronic rather than acute since ad libitum-fed rats which are restricted for 2 weeks prior to sacrifice possess receptor levels comparable to 24-month-old rats maintained on ad libitum feeding for their entire lifetime. PMID- 6733466 TI - Variation in the frequency of complex forms of mitochondrial DNA in different brain regions of senescent mice. AB - It was shown previously that the frequency of an aberrant form of mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA), double-sized circular molecules or circular dimers, increased significantly in the brain of senescent mice, to about 2% versus less than 0.1% in the brain of adult mice. To follow up these observations, we isolated total mtDNA from 6 different brain regions of 29-month-old male BALB/c mice and examined it for the occurrence of circular dimers and other complex forms by electron microscopy. There was a statistically highly significant variability in the occurrence of circular dimer mtDNA among the 6 brain regions. The frequencies of circular dimers were: medulla, 3.3%; cortex, 1.7%; midbrain, 1.1%; cerebellum, 0.9%; hippocampus, 0.5%; and striatum, 0.2%. The frequency of catenated (topologically interlinked) molecules varied only slightly, from 4 to 6%. On the basis of the available literature, a correlation appears to exist between age related tissue pathology of the mouse brain and the increased incidence of circular dimer mtDNA. Although no cause-effect relationships can be established, it is suggested that the frequency of circular dimer mtDNA may be a useful marker in assessing the general physiological condition of the aging brain. PMID- 6733467 TI - Cells in the pretectal olivary nucleus are in the pathway for the direct light reflex of the pupil in the rat. AB - Extracellular microelectrode recordings from 148 single cells in the pretectum of the hooded rat were classified according to their temporal response properties to light stimulation of their retinal receptive fields. Fifty-six cells were classified as tonic-on cells, 22 cells were classified as tonic-off cells, and 53 cells were classified as phasic cells. Seventeen cells could not be assigned to one of these 3 groups. The diameters of the receptive field centers of the tonic on pretectal cell were clustered about a mean of 31 degrees and the temporal response of these cells was sustained. Constriction of the contralateral pupil was produced by electrical stimulation through the recording electrode at sites containing tonic-on pretectal cells, but not at sites containing tonic-off pretectal cells or phasic pretectal cells. For this reason, we argue that tonic on cells are likely to mediate constriction in the light reflex of the rat's pupil. Receptive field maps together with electrolytic marking lesions at recording and stimulation sites showed that tonic-on pretectal cells are retinotopically organized and are aggregated in a strip running from the dorso medial tip of the pretectum to the ventro-lateral boundary. The anatomical distribution of these cells is coextensive with the region known as the pretectal olivary nucleus (PO) in the rat. Using fine microelectrodes, recordings were obtained from 27 axons presumed to be of optic origin (fibers). Of these, 14 were tonic-on, 10 were phasic, 2 were tonic-off, and 2 were unclassified. Recordings from tonic-on fibers were obtained near tonic-on pretectal cells, typically in the most dorsal light-responsive region of the pretectum. These fibers were activated by single pulse electrical stimulation of the optic chiasm. The mean receptive field center diameter of 6 tonic-on fibers was 10.1 degrees, or about a factor of 3 less than that of pretectal tonic-on cells. The mean conduction velocity of 14 tonic-on fibers was 3.1 m/s. We argue that the tonic-on cells of the PO serve to integrate signals from tonic-on center retinal ganglion cells with adjacent receptive fields to provide signals for constriction of the pupil to neurons in the oculomotor nucleus. PMID- 6733468 TI - The efferent and afferent connections of the supplementary motor area. AB - The efferent and afferent connections of the supplementary motor area (SMA) were studied in 6 squirrel monkeys using [3H]leucine and horseradish peroxidase, respectively. Efferent projections, common to all leucine-injected animals, were found to the cortical areas 9,8,44,4,2,5,7,24 and 23. Subcortically , efferents were found to the putamen, caudate nucleus, claustrum, the thalamic nuclei reticularis, ventrialis anterior, ventralis lateralis, medialis dorsalis, centralis lateralis, paracentralis , centrum medianum, parafascicularis, centralis superior lateralis, centralis inferior and lateralis posterior, the subthalamic nucleus, field H of Forel, nuel . ruber, reticular formation of midbrain, pons and medulla, the pontine gray and nucl . reticularis tegmenti pontis. Afferent connections exist with the cortical areas 9,8,6,44,4,1,2,5,7, 24 and 23, insula, fronto-parietal operculum and superior temporal sulcus. Subcortical afferent connections exist with the claustrum, nucleus of the diagonal band, nucl . basalis Meynert, basolateral amygdaloid nucleus, the thalamic nuclei ventralis anterior, ventralis lateralis, medialis dorsalis, centralis lateralis, paracentralis , centrum medianum, centralis superior lateralis, centralis inferior, lateralis posterior and pulvinaris , the posterior hypothalamus, ventral tegmental area, nucl . ruber pars parvicellularis , reticular formation of midbrain and pons, locus coeruleus and nucl . centralis superior Bechterew. The projections are discussed with respect to the possible role SMA plays in the voluntary initiation of motor actions. PMID- 6733469 TI - Cellular composition of primary cultures from cerebral cortex, striatum, hippocampus, brainstem and cerebellum. AB - Primary cultures from newborn rat cerebral cortex, striatum, hippocampus, brainstem and cerebellum were grown for 14 days. There was a linear relationship between the amount of material seeded and the protein content of the respective culture. The amount of tissue material seeded was selected so that the different cultures reached confluence at 6-7 days and contained similar amounts of protein when 7 and 14 days old. The cellular content was evaluated by astroglial markers, such as the glial fibrillary acidic protein (GFAp; alpha-albumin) and the S-100 protein, and by markers for other cells expected to be in the cultures (14-3-2 protein, macrophage acidic protein (MAP), alkaline phosphatase, myelin basic protein (MBP), 2',3'-cyclic nucleotide 3'-phosphohydrolase (CNP]. Astroglial-like cells represented 60-70% of the cells present in the different cultures. Quantitation of GFAp (alpha-albumin) showed similar amounts to be present in cultures from cerebral cortex, hippocampus and striatum; however, on lower levels expressed in soluble proteins than in the corresponding brain regions of adult rats. Brainstem of adult rat contained large amounts of GFAp (alpha-albumin), while low levels were found in brainstem culture. Also, phagocytic cells (macrophages), endothelial-like cells, mesenchymal-like cells, ependymal-like cells and oligoblasts were found. Neither mature neurons, nor oligodendroglial cells were observed. It is concluded that although there might be some differences in the degree of maturation or in the cellular composition of the various cultures, they could serve as a good model system for studying the characteristics of astroglial cells from various brain regions. PMID- 6733470 TI - The ultrastructure of group Ia afferent fiber synapses in the lumbosacral spinal cord of the cat. AB - Ia synapses in laminae VI and IX of the cat's spinal cord were examined in the electron microscope following iontophoretic injection of horseradish peroxidase (HRP) into single, identified, Ia afferent fibers from gastrocnemius muscles. Ia boutons contacting motoneuron dendrites in lamina IX contained spherical synaptic vesicles and generally contacted only one postsynaptic profile. The Ia boutons were often postsynaptic to smaller P-type axonal terminals. Consequently Ia boutons may be classified as S-boutons with axo-axonic contacts. PMID- 6733471 TI - Muscarinic cholinergic mediation of opiate and non-opiate environmentally induced analgesias. AB - Previous studies have demonstrated that brief front paw shock and brief hind paw shock produce prolonged opiate and non-opiate analgesia, respectively. Additionally, opiate analgesia can be classically conditioned by using either front paw shock or hind paw shock as the unconditioned stimulus. However, beyond this point little is known regarding the neurochemistry of these phenomena. The present series of studies examined the potential involvement of nicotinic and muscarinic cholinergic systems in these 3 forms of environmentally induced analgesia. These experiments demonstrate that muscarinic cholinergic sites within the central nervous system are critically involved in the mediation of both hind paw (non-opiate) foot shock-induced analgesia ( FSIA ) and classically conditioned (opiate) analgesia since scopolamine, but not equimolar methylscopolamine, significantly attenuated analgesia. Furthermore, the primary muscarinic site(s) appears to exist at a supraspinal, rather than spinal, level since delivery of scopolamine directly to the lumbosacral cord produced, at most, only a slight decrease in analgesia. Nicotinic systems do not appear to be importantly involved in any of these forms of environmentally induced analgesias since mecamylamine had no effect on either front paw FSIA or hind paw FSIA and, at most, produced only a slight reduction in classically conditioned analgesia. These data and a review of the literature suggest that the critical cholinergic sites involved in hind paw FSIA exist within the caudal brainstem whereas cholinergic sites within more rostral brain levels probably mediate classically conditioned analgesia. PMID- 6733472 TI - The effects of clonidine on EEG wavebands associated with sleep in the rat. AB - Clonidine was studied for its effects in rats on the occurrence of several EEG waves that characterize the sleep/waking cycle. Intraperitoneal administration of the drug (0.001-1.0 mg/kg) at the onset of the daily light period induced low frequency (4-7 Hz) rhythmical slow activity (RSA), and suppressed delta-wave occurrence. These effects were more prominent with increasing dose. Clonidine also had a biphasic effect on spindles: at low doses it suppressed, while at high doses it enhanced spindle occurrence. These effects could not be characterized as modifications in any of the classical sleep stages. A clearly non-classical state was induced by the clonidine in these studies. These results suggest that in rat, effects of clonidine cannot simply be interpreted as an alteration in one or more of the classically-defined sleep states. PMID- 6733473 TI - Role of the suprachiasmatic nuclei in the circadian timing system of the squirrel monkey. I. The generation of rhythmicity. AB - The circadian organization of squirrel monkey (Saimiri sciureus) drinking behavior was evaluated before and after the placement of radiofrequency lesions which completely destroyed the suprachiasmatic nuclei (SCN) in 4 monkeys and partially ablated the SCN in another 4 animals. In continuous illumination (LL: 600 lux) prior to surgery, each monkey had a precise free-running circadian rhythm of drinking behavior with a period of 25.31 +/- 0.21 h (means +/- S.E.M.). By 4-6 weeks following the lesions, the temporal organization of drinking behavior had become disrupted, but a statistically significant free-running circadian rhythm was still detectable by time series analyses. Subsequently, the circadian organization of drinking behavior in 7 out of 8 monkeys gradually decayed with either no statistically significant rhythmicity or only weak circadian and/or ultradian rhythmicity detected by time series analyses by 10-92 weeks post-lesion. The remaining animal which maintained a statistically reliable free-running rhythm in drinking behavior received the least damage (less than 50%) to the SCN. Despite the major alterations in the temporal patterning of behavior, the overall amount of drinking behavior per 24 h was unchanged. The SCN are thus essential for maintaining the circadian organization of squirrel monkey drinking behavior. However, the existence of residual circadian rhythmicity following SCN lesions and the gradual decay of circadian organization thereafter suggest that the SCN may coordinate the activity of circadian oscillators which lie outside its borders. PMID- 6733475 TI - Effects of kainic acid and radiofrequency lesions of the pulvinar on visual discrimination in the monkey. AB - Monkeys with thermocoagulation or kainic acid lesions of the pulvinar and unoperated control monkeys were tested in two tasks: pattern discrimination retention and color discrimination learning in which the stimuli were located at the response sites or were separated spatially from them (S-R separation). The monkeys with kainic acid pulvinar lesions were mildly impaired in retention of the pattern discrimination, but were unimpaired in the color discrimination tasks with or without the S-R separation. The monkeys with thermocoagulation lesions, like monkeys with superior colliculus lesions in a prior study, were severely impaired in performing one of the color discrimination tasks with S-R separation. These findings suggest that: (a) the inferior pulvinar, unlike the superior colliculus, does not contribute to the performance of discriminations involving S R separation; and (b) corticotectal projections traversing the pulvinar and destroyed by the thermocoagulation lesions are crucial to the performance of discriminations involving S-R separation. The results of an earlier experiment also suggested that interruption of corticotectal fibers passing through the pulvinar impairs performance in another task sensitive to superior colliculus lesions--spatial localization of light flashes. Thus, corticotectal projections may be crucial for the contribution of the colliculus to performance in a variety of visual tasks. PMID- 6733474 TI - Role of the suprachiasmatic nuclei in the circadian timing system of the squirrel monkey. II. Light-dark cycle entrainment. AB - The role of the suprachiasmatic nuclei (SCN) in light-dark (LD) cycle entrainment in the squirrel monkey (Saimiri sciureus) was evaluated by continuously monitoring core body temperature and drinking behavior in both intact and SCN lesioned animals exposed to different LD conditions. In a 24-h LD cycle with 12 h of light per day (LD 12:12), both intact and SCN-lesioned monkeys had a prominent rhythm in body temperature with an acrophase 6.51 +/- 0.36 h (intact) or 5.12 +/- 0.42 h (SCN-lesioned) after light onset. In a 23-h LD cycle composed of 1 hr of light and 22 h of dark (LD 1:22), the temperature rhythm in both intact and SCN lesioned monkeys became synchronized with the 23-h period of the LD cycle. Studies examining the effects of LD cycle exposure on the temporal pattern of drinking behavior indicated that both intact and SCN-lesioned monkeys confined their drinking to the daily period of light. Each monkey was subsequently exposed to an LD cycle with 6 h of bright light and 18 h of darkness or dim background illumination (i.e. 60:0, 66:6 and 76:16 lux cycles). In intact monkeys systematic increases in the average intensity of the daily LD cycle produced corresponding delays in the phase of the daily offset of drinking behavior but did not alter the basic 24-h rhythmicity in the behavior. In contrast, increasing the intensity of the 24-h LD cycle in SCN-lesioned monkeys produced no delay in the daily termination of drinking, but instead produced a disintegration in the 24-h rhythm of drinking behavior.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS) PMID- 6733476 TI - Muscarinic binding sites in small homogenates and in autoradiographic sections from rat and human spinal cord. AB - Binding of labelled L- quinuclidinylbenzylate was studied in cryosections and homogenates of human and rat spinal cord. For the cryosections an autoradiographic method was used. With both techniques a higher density of muscarinic binding sites was found in rat than in human spinal cord. In the autoradiographs very high densities of muscarinic binding sites were observed in the motor neurone area and in the apical part of the dorsal horn. The latter high density region was not always found in homogenates from dissected tissue samples. The autoradiographic technique has a better resolution for detecting discrete regional variations in the receptor content of the spinal cord. PMID- 6733477 TI - A projection to the striatum from the medial subdivision of the posterior group of the thalamus in the cat. AB - Injections of wheat germ agglutinin-conjugated horseradish peroxidase in the lateral part of the caudate nucleus or the putamen of the cat result in retrograde thalamic cell-labeling in the rostral extension of the medial subdivision of the posterior group (POM). Autoradiography after [3H]amino acid injection of POM reveals a dense and discontinuous distribution of axons in the lateral half of the caudate and putamen concentrated at their middle rostrocaudal levels. This newly discovered thalamostriatal projection of POM may account for somatosensory activity observed in striatal cells. PMID- 6733478 TI - Activation of 'fictive swimming' by electrical microstimulation of brainstem locomotor regions in an in vitro preparation of the lamprey central nervous system. AB - Electrical microstimulation of specific areas of the brainstem in an in vitro preparation of the lamprey CNS elicits coordinated swimming motor activity recorded in spinal ventral roots. Swimming motor activity could be graded in intensity by variations in stimulus current. This 'brainstem locomotor region' extends from the mesencephalon, near the torus semicircularis, caudally through the rhombencephalon in parallel strips about 200-300 micron lateral to the midline. PMID- 6733479 TI - Collateralization of brainstem pathways in the spinal ventral horn in rat as demonstrated with the retrograde fluorescent double-labeling technique. AB - The collateralization of brainstem pathways to the spinal ventral horn was studied in rat by means of injections of True Blue (TB) and Diamidino Yellow Dihydrochloride (DY .2HCl) at different levels in the spinal cord. TB (or DY .2HCl) was injected in the cervical gray and DY .2HCl (or TB) was injected ipsilaterally either at mid-thoracic or at lumbar levels. The retrogradely single and double-labeled neurons were studied in the interstitial nucleus of Cajal, the lateral vestibular nucleus of Deiters, the nucleus (sub) coeruleus and the nucleus raphe pallidus, including the adjoining ventral medullary reticular formation. In all those brainstem nuclei many double-labeled neurons were present after both mid-thoracic and lumbar injections. This indicates that these brainstem spinal pathways to the ventral horn probably give off many collaterals along their trajectory in the spinal cord. PMID- 6733481 TI - Sodium-dependent calcium efflux from single Aplysia neurons. AB - 45Ca2+ efflux from single Aplysia somata was measured. Replacement of external Na with Tris caused a reduction in the efflux following a transient increase. CCMP, a metabolic poison, caused a reversible increase in the efflux. The results suggest that Na+/Ca2+ exchange and mitochondrial uptake can act to regulate Ca2+ in Aplysia neurons. PMID- 6733480 TI - Organization of the intercollicular pathway in rat. AB - The intercollicular pathway of the rat was studied using autoradiographic (ARG) and horseradish peroxidase (HRP) tracing techniques. The HRP experiments demonstrated that the cells of origin of the intertectal pathway were located primarily in the rostral stratum griseum intermediale ( SGI ), stratum album intermedium (SAI) and stratum griseum profundum (SGP). Intertectal neurons were in most cases multipolar and had average somal diameters which ranged between 8 and 33 micron. Only a small number of superficial layer neurons contributed axons to the intercollicular pathway. ARG tracing showed that the intertectal pathway terminated in the deep layers of the rostral one half of the colliculus. The primary terminal zone was SGP. In addition, labeled axons left this region and coursed dorsally to terminate in a series of patches in the lower SGI and upper SAI. A small number of labeled fibers also reached the stratum opticum (SO) and lower stratum griseum superficiale (SGS). PMID- 6733482 TI - Plastic changes in the distribution and soma size of retinal ganglion cells after neonatal monocular enucleation in rats. AB - Using the method of retrograde labeling of ganglion cells with HRP, we studied in adult rats the plastic changes in the retinogeniculate projections due to monocular enucleations shortly after birth. Four normal and 6 neonatally enucleated rats were used. In two of the normal and 4 of the enucleated rats a small amount of HRP was injected into the dorsal lateral geniculate nucleus (LGd) and in 4 other rats massive injections were made into the optic tract near the LGd. Neonatally unilaterally eye-enucleated rats were characterized by an expanded distribution of ipsilaterally projecting ganglion cells all over the retina of the remaining eye and by a densely packed distribution of these cells in the lower temporal retina in which area these cells have only a moderate density in normal rats. On the contrary, in the lower temporal retina of monocularly enucleated rats the incidence of contralaterally projecting ganglion cells was decreased. Soma areas of ipsi- and contralaterally projecting ganglion cells were measured for the peripheral crescent in lower temporal and lower nasal retinas. As compared with normal rats, neonatally enucleated rats had a larger mean soma area of ipsilaterally projecting cells and a smaller mean soma area of contralaterally projecting cells. This result was interpreted as suggesting that after neonatal monocular enucleation medium to large cells had changed their side of axonal projection from the contralateral to ipsilateral LGd. PMID- 6733483 TI - The effects of lesions of medullary midline and lateral reticular areas on inhibition in the dorsal horn produced by periaqueductal grey stimulation in the cat. AB - In barbiturate-anaesthetized cats, the excitation of lumbar dorsal horn neurones by impulses in unmyelinated primary afferent fibres was inhibited by electrical stimulation in the periaqueductal grey matter. This inhibition was slightly reduced by extensive electrocoagulation of the medullary midline and para-medial areas including the raphe, but significantly reduced by small bilateral lesions in the region of the caudal lateral reticular nuclei. When the lateral lesions were made subsequent to midline coagulation, the inhibition from periaqueductal grey stimulation was abolished. An important component of spinal inhibition from periaqueductal grey stimulation appears to relay in lateral reticular areas of the medulla. PMID- 6733484 TI - Bilateral changes in soma size of geniculate relay cells and corticogeniculate cells after neonatal monocular enucleation in rats. AB - Soma areas of relay cells of the lateral geniculate nucleus and of corticogeniculate cells of normal rats (n = 4) were compared with those of neonatally unilaterally eye-enucleated adult rats (n = 13). These cells were labeled by retrogradely transported HRP. Monocular enucleation was performed on postnatal days 1 (PND 1) (n = 4), 3 (PND 3) (n = 5) and 6 (PND 6) (n = 4). The results are summarized as follows. In PND 1 rats soma areas of relay cells were 12-16% smaller than those of normal rats, but only for the geniculate nucleus ipsilateral to the remaining eye. In PND 3 and 6 rats the areal shrinkage of relay cells was 27-39% of the normal control for both hemispheres, though it was less marked in the hemisphere contralateral to the remaining eye. The corticogeniculate cells were distributed in layers V and VI in eye-enucleated rats as well as in normal rats. Soma areas of both layer V and VI cells increased in PND 1 rats for both hemispheres by about 15-47% of the normal control. In PND 3 rats increase in soma size tended to occur for layer VI cells, although the data varied from animal to animal. In summary, it was established that unilateral eye-enucleation in rats at birth induced soma size changes of the geniculate relay cells and of the corticogeniculate cells in the non-deafferented as well as in the deafferented hemisphere. Possible mechanisms for the bilateral changes in soma area of central visual cells after neonatal monocular enucleation are discussed. PMID- 6733485 TI - Correlation of age and body weight with local cerebral glucose utilization in 8 14 week-old rats. AB - The regional cerebral metabolic rate for glucose (rCMRgl) in 8-14 week-old, male, albino, Wistar rats, weighing 200-385 g was autoradiographically measured using the [14C]2-deoxyglucose (2-DG) technique. Three age-weight groups of rats were tested: (I) 8-9 weeks old (200-250 g, average 227 +/- 14); (II) 10-11 weeks old (255-300 g, average 280 +/- 15 g); (III) 12-14 weeks old (305-385 g; average 331 +/- 25 g). A gradual reduction in rCMRgl was observed in the older and heavier groups. The reductions were statistically significant in 18/28 investigated structures in group III as compared to group I. Since such significant variation in the investigated age-weight range may affect rCMRgl values obtained in different experiments, it is suggested to use narrow and uniform age-weight groups for experimentation concerning brain metabolic functions. PMID- 6733486 TI - Pinna orientation determines the maximal directional sensitivity of bat auditory neurons. AB - The auditory response areas of 192 inferior collicular neurons (IC) of Eptesicus fuscus were studied under free field acoustic stimulation. The boundary of the auditory response area of a neuron expands with stimulus intensity (Fig. 1). However, there is a response center within each neuron's response area at which the neuron has the maximal sensitivity. All response centers of the 192 neurons are located within a limited space of the bat's contralateral auditory space. The position of the response center of a neuron changes with different pinna orientations (Figs. 2 and 3) providing a bat with versatility in maximizing the sensitivity of its echolocation system. PMID- 6733487 TI - Unmyelinated axons in the pyramidal tract of the cat. AB - Ultrastructural preparations revealed the presence of unmyelinated axons in the pyramidal tract (PT) of the adult cat. At the level of the medulla oblongata, unmyelinated axons constituted 8-15% of the total PT population. Axon diameters ranged from 0.05 to 0.06 micron with a mean of 0.18 micron. Although axons were distributed throughout the PT, their density was highest in the medial part. PMID- 6733489 TI - Regional differences and interindividual variability in sensitivity to vibration in the glabrous skin of the human hand. AB - Thresholds for sensation of continuous sinusoidal skin displacements were determined in 7 different test points in the glabrous skin area of the right hand of 11 human subjects. While the subjects were tracking the threshold, the frequency of the sine wave was continuously varied between 0.8 Hz and 400 Hz. THe obtained threshold-frequency functions showed systematic differences between test points at frequencies below 40-60 Hz. These differences were closely related to density in the skin of the afferent mechanoreceptive units most likely accounting for the decisive afferent signals. At higher frequencies, the interregional variation was less marked whereas there was a pronounced variation between subjects. It was proposed that the detection of the type of stimuli used was based on activity in 3 different mechanoreceptive systems. PMID- 6733490 TI - 'Real-motion' cells in the primary visual cortex of macaque monkeys. AB - Extracellular recordings were carried out in the primary visual cortex of behaving macaque monkeys. Neurons were activated by moving a visual stimulus across their receptive fields during periods of steady fixation and by moving their receptive fields (by visual tracking) across a motionless visual stimulus, taking care that the velocities of stimulus and eye movements were the same. The total cell population (108 neurons) ws divided into 3 groups according to the cell sensitivity to visual stimulus orientation (non-oriented cell and oriented cells) and to the presence or absence of antagonistic areas in in the receptive fields (oriented cells with antagonistic areas). All the non-oriented cells (n = 14) showed almost the same response to visual stimulation both during steady fixation and during visual tracking. Out of a total number of 86 oriented cells, 77 turned out to be activated by the visual stimulation both during fixation and tracking. Eight oriented cells gave a very weak response or no response at all to visual stimulation during smooth pursuit eye movements and one neuron of the same group showed a greater response during visual tracking than during fixation. Six out of 8 oriented cells with antagonistic areas showed almost the same response to the two types of visual stimulation, while the remaining two neurons showed very weak responses during smooth pursuit eye movements. Our results show that a small percentage (about 10%) of striate neurons in macaque monkeys gave very different responses to the same physical stimulation at retinal level, according to the presence or absence of slow eye movements (smooth pursuit eye movements). The activity of these neurons seems to be related to the real movement of something in the visual world, in spite of the retinal image movement per se. PMID- 6733488 TI - An investigation into the mechanism of cardiovascular responses elicited by electrical stimulation of locus coeruleus and subcoeruleus in the cat. AB - Electrical stimulation of locus coeruleus (LC) and subcoeruleus (SC) elicited an increase in heart rate (HR) and blood pressure (BP). Adrenergic neurone blockade in the posterior hypothalamus with guanethidine and also bilateral adrenalectomy completely blocked the LC stimulation induced cardiovascular responses. The cardiovascular responses elicited by electrical stimulation of SC were, however, unaffected by the former and only partially inhibited by the latter. It is suggested that the LC stimulation-evoked rise in HR and BP is mediated by catecholamine release from the adrenal medulla due to an activation of the hypothalamic-adrenal axis. The cardiovascular responses elicited by stimulation of SC are mainly due to activation of the sympathetic preganglionic neurones and are further augmented by the adrenal catecholamine release. PMID- 6733491 TI - Brain stimulation reward and dopamine terminal fields. II. Septal and cortical projections. AB - The boundaries and relative sensitivities of the substrates of septal and cortical brain stimulation reward were mapped in relation to the dopamine terminal fields in these regions using a dorsal-ventral moveable electrode. Brain stimulation was rewarding at all levels of the posterior lateral septum and not just in the region of dopamine terminal innervation. Reward thresholds, ease of training, maximum response rates and stability of responding were all unrelated to the proximity of the stimulating electrode to the band of dopamine terminals revealed by glyoxylic acid-induced dopamine fluorescence. Stimulation was also rewarding in the anterior lateral septum; the best sites were in the ventral portions of this region although dopamine terminal fluorescence was uniform throughout. Thus the anatomy of the brain stimulation reward substrate of the lateral septal nucleus does not bear a special relation to the anatomy of dopamine terminals within this region. Stimulation was also rewarding in each of the dopamine terminal fields of the cerebral cortex. The best self-stimulation was obtained with electrodes in the medial frontal cortex; sulcal frontal cortex was next best, entorhinal cortex was next, and pyriform cortex, though reliably positive, supported the weakest self-stimulation. Variations in self-stimulation threshold were seen as electrodes were moved through homogeneous regions of dopamine terminal density in some regions, while stable thresholds were associated with movements through areas of varying dopamine terminal density in others; thus, again, there was no special relation between goodness of self stimulation and density of dopaminergic innervation. These data suggest that rewarding brain stimulation in these regions is not due to direct activation of either the dopaminergic terminals or the cells that they innervate. PMID- 6733492 TI - The nutrient supply of the chick visual system: responses to form and light deprivation. AB - Blood flow and uptake of two nutrient analogues have been studied in the neural retina, pigment epithelium and optic lobes of 5-7-day-old chicks after systemic administration of isotopically labeled compounds. The pigment epithelium accumulated the inert amino acid, alpha-aminoisobutyric acid, 6 times as effectively on a wet weight basis than did the neural retina or optic lobes. However, the neural retina was over 3 times as active in transport of deoxyglucose as was either the pigment epithelium or optic lobe. These differences could not be attributed to variations in blood flow since the penetrance of the freely diffusible antipyrine was low in the neural retina and roughly equal in the vascularized epithelium and optic lobes. Two days of unilateral eyelid suture significantly depressed blood flow and deoxyglucose uptake in the optic lobe innervated by the occluded eye. The neural retina of the eye receiving reduced light input also had a reduced level of deoxyglucose accumulation but the capacity to concentrate alpha-aminoisobutyrate was increased. The corresponding dark-adapted pigment epithelium had a major (48%) increase in the uptake of this inert amino acid. The data show that regional glucose utilization may not be directly proportional to blood flow or glucose diffusion rates. The non-vascularized neural retina possesses an unusually powerful glucose transport mechanism while the pigment epithelium has a high capacity for amino acid accumulation. PMID- 6733493 TI - Sensitivity of complex cells in cat striate cortex to relative motion. AB - Sensitivity of 95 complex cells to relative motion between oriented bars and textured backgrounds was investigated monocularly in the striate cortex of lightly anesthetized, paralyzed cats. Cells were classified conventionally. Those in deep layers were either direction-selective, or strongly preferred one direction of motion, and responded well to background texture motion alone: backgrounds potentiated the response to the bar in the cell's preferred direction when moved in phase, or in the opposite direction when moved in antiphase; other combinations depressed the level of response compared with that for the bar alone. The majority of direction-selective or strongly direction-biased cells in superficial layers behaved similarly. The most interesting superficial-layer cells were bidirectional or weakly direction-biased, and recorded closer to the cortical surface than the direction-selective neurons. A majority showed preference for relative motion, some for antiphase, others for in-phase motion, regardless of the absolute direction of motion across the receptive field, which could not be accounted for on the basis of separate responses to bars and backgrounds alone. Three of the superficial-layer direction-selective cells also showed preference for antiphase relative motion. In a few complex cells from superficial laminae, backgrounds were either without influence on responses to oriented stimuli, or purely suppressive. Visual backgrounds against which objects are perceived are usually neither featureless nor motionless: the results suggest that most complex cells in striate cortex are sensitive to the context in which objects are seen and susceptible to relationships between objects and their backgrounds in relative motion. PMID- 6733494 TI - Evidence for peripheral, but not central modulation of trigeminal cold receptive cells in the rat. AB - The effects of locus coeruleus (LC), periaqueductal grey (PAG) and segmental stimulation (all of which are known to inhibit convergent nociceptive cells), were tested on the activity of cold receptive cells in the trigeminal system of the rat. LC and PAG stimulation from sites which inhibited convergent nociceptive cells had no effect on cells with cold receptive input in the trigeminal nucleus caudalis. Electrical or mechanical segmental stimulation caused suppression of activity in cold receptive trigeminal nucleus neurons. Recording from the trigeminal ganglion showed this suppression to be a property of the primary afferent cold receptors themselves and therefore it is not analogous to the proposed mechanism for the segmental inhibition of convergent nociceptive neurons. PMID- 6733495 TI - Anatomical study of the rabbit's corneal-VIth nerve reflex: connections between cornea, trigeminal sensory complex, and the abducens and accessory abducens nuclei. AB - The corneal-VIth nerve reflex of the rabbit, involving retraction of the eyeball by the retractor bulbi muscle and the correlated extension of the nictitating membrane, has been suggested to be mediated by retractor bulbi motoneurons in the accessory abducens-(ACC) nucleus but not by those in the abducens (ABD) nucleus, and to consist of both a fast, disynaptic, component and a slower component mediated by the reticular formation (RF). We, therefore, employed the anterograde and retrograde transport of horseradish peroxidase (HRP) to examine the neural connections between anatomical structures proposed to be involved in the afferent limb of the corneal VIth nerve reflex. The transganglionic transport of HRP from cornea indicated a primary projection to the ventral half of pars oralis of the trigeminal sensory complex. The retrograde transport of HRP infused into ACC resulted in a bilateral labeling of cells in ventral pars oralis with 75% of the labeled cells being ipsilateral to the side of infusion. In contrast, there was no retrograde labeling of cells in the trigeminal sensory complex after HRP infusions into ABD. Infusion of HRP into ACC and ABD also revealed retrogradely labeled cells in the RF caudal to these two nuclei and infusion of HRP into this area of the RF resulted in both the retrograde labeling of cells in ventral pars oralis and anterograde-like labeling in both ACC and ABD. These data provide anatomical support for a direct relationship of the ACC, but not ABD, to the trigeminal sensory system and for the suggested existence of two components of the corneal-VIth nerve reflex: a disynaptic component from cornea to ventral pars oralis which in turn projects only to the ACC nucleus; and a multisynaptic component consisting of projections from the ventral pars oralis to RF cells which, in turn, are premotor to the ACC and ABD nuclei. PMID- 6733496 TI - Evidence for a sympathetic component in motor branches of the facial nerve: a horseradish peroxidase study in the cat. AB - The retrograde transport of horseradish peroxidase (HRP) was used to examine the location of sympathetic ganglion cells with axons in facial motor branches of the cat. Large numbers of HRP-labeled neurons were observed in the rostro-anterior part of the superior cervical ganglion. In addition, some labeled neurons were found in the cervical sympathetic trunk, the accessory cervical, middle cervical and stellate ganglia. PMID- 6733497 TI - Circadian rhythms and temporal structure of the susceptibility to tonic-clonic seizures in the mouse. AB - A circadian paradigm of susceptibility to tonic-clonic convulsions was established for two strains of mice. This research dealt with rhythmometric methods for estimating the main circadian parameters characterizing the temporal structure of these behavioral phenomena. Such experiments provided a quantitative approach for studying some neurobiological mechanisms regulating the seizure susceptibility. PMID- 6733498 TI - Skin or hypothalamus cooling: a behavioral choice by rats. AB - Rats were chronically implanted with a hypothalamic thermode. After recovery the thermode was heated and the rats were exposed to 4 ambient temperatures (Ta) 20, 30, 35 and 40 degrees C. For each Ta they were subjected to 3 conditions: (1) they could press a bar which provided them with a cool wind; (2) they could press a bar which cooled the hypothalamic thermode; and (3) both bars were active and the rat could press either one. Skin, hypothalamic, and rectal temperatures were recorded at the same time. The results indicate that when rats had either only or by choice access to the lever that cooled their hypothalamus, they used it in such a way as to prevent their hypothalamus from overheating. A lower priority was given to the maintenance of skin temperature. PMID- 6733499 TI - Factors affecting the phosphorylation of a 41,000 dalton protein of hippocampal subcellular fractions. AB - The phosphorylation of the alpha-subunit of mitochondrial pyruvate dehydrogenase may be involved in the development of long-term potentiation in the hippocampus. Study of this hypothesis is hampered by variability in the incorporation of 32P into pyruvate dehydrogenase of hippocampal subcellular preparations, in vitro. 32P from [gamma-32P]ATP was incorporated into pyruvate dehydrogenase present in mitochondria and in a membrane-enriched synaptic particulate fraction from hippocampus. However, the presence of the synaptic fraction decreased isotopic labeling of the mitochondrial protein. This effect was not due to inhibition of the protein kinase or activation of a protein phosphatase, but the rate of ATP hydrolysis was found to be higher in the synaptic fraction than in the mitochondria (34 nmol/mg protein/min vs 14 nmol/mg protein/min). These data raise a variety of questions about the interpretation of the in vitro phosphorylation assay. It is concluded that variability in in vitro labeling can be minimized if the effect of ATP hydrolysis is diminished by use of a higher concentration of ATP. In addition, these data indicate that quantitative comparisons of the in vitro phosphorylation of diverse subcellular preparations must take into account differential rates of ATP hydrolysis. PMID- 6733500 TI - Long-term potentiation in the hippocampal slice: possible involvement of pyruvate dehydrogenase. AB - Tetanic stimulation of fibers in the hippocampal slice preparation produces long term potentiation (LTP) and also decreases the in vitro incorporation of phosphate into the alpha subunit of pyruvate dehydrogenase (alpha PDH). This paper describes 6 experiments that were undertaken to replicate this observation. Hippocampal slices were incubated in a specially designed chamber and stimulated with a tungsten wire electrode in the stratum radiatum for 1 s at 100 Hz. Two minutes after the tetanus, the stimulated slices were removed alternately with control (not tetanized) slices and each group was pooled for subcellular fractionation and labeling of the fractions with [32P]ATP. Proteins were separated by electrophoresis and relative 32P contents of 41K and 50K protein bands were studied. Tetanic stimulation of the stratum radiatum did not affect subsequent phosphorylation of a 50K Mr protein that has been reported to be altered by perforant path activation. Stimulation also had no effect on pyruvate dehydrogenase enzyme activity or on the ratio of active (dephosphorylated) to inactive enzyme. In most cases tetanic stimulation produced no significant change in the in vitro phosphorylation of this enzyme. Only under one set of conditions, labeling with 250 microM [gamma-32P]ATP for 10 s, was a decrease in the in vitro labeling of alpha PDH shown to be statistically significant. These findings suggest that LTP is not necessarily accompanied by an initial change in PDH phosphorylation level or activity but may be associated with a decrease in the kinase activity directed toward this protein. PMID- 6733501 TI - Descending control and sensory gating of 'fictive' swimming and turning responses elicited in an in vitro preparation of the lamprey brainstem/spinal cord. AB - An in vitro lamprey nervous system preparation has been developed which consists of the head and exposed brainstem attached to the isolated spinal cord (resting on the notochord). Mechanical or electrical stimulation of the snout elicits motor activity in ventral roots which underlies a turning response (head withdrawal) away from the stimulus followed by escape swimming. Direct stimulation of the sensory division of the trigeminal nerve activates these patterns, and cutting this nerve abolishes ventral root activity elicited by stimulation of the snout. These patterns of ventral root activity are correlated with muscle activity and escape movements in intact animals. Sensory input activated by passive bending of the notochord/spinal cord gates the first burst in ipsilateral ventral roots during turning motor activity, and this response can thus be considered as a position dependent 'enhancement' reflex. Descending pathways activated by stimulation of the snout consist of axons which project for at least 20 segments, and are not significantly dependent on propagation through local circuits in the gray matter. The in vitro brainstem/spinal cord preparation survives for several days and will permit studies of the descending systems which normally initiate two types of motor acts, swimming and turning responses. PMID- 6733502 TI - Damped oscillation in the ampullary electroreceptors of Plotosus involves Ca activated transient K conductance in the basal membrane of receptor cells. AB - K-blockers suppressed damped oscillation of Plotosus electroreceptors in situ. Ca blockers abolished V-dependent non-linear responses, as well, and shifted the DC level in the ampulla by ca. -1 mV. Thus, the in situ receptor is held depolarized with maintained Ca current in the basal membrane of receptor cells. The oscillation involves Ca-activated transient K current in the same membrane, which contributes to the initial sensory adaptation, and presumably also to stabilizing the sensitive receptors. PMID- 6733503 TI - Ionic currents in the sensory epithelium examined in isolated electroreceptors of Plotosus under simulated in situ conditions. AB - The hypothesis of steady epithelial current in an electrically biased sensory epithelium was examined in Plotosus electroreceptors. The in situ conditions were simulated reversibly by electronic shunting of isolated receptors. The epithelial current had an N-shaped property due to Ca current superimposed over passive bias current, with net current close to zero when unstimulated. The high-gain synaptic transfer proved to be the result of modulation of steady Ca component. PMID- 6733504 TI - A cross-correlation study of interactions among respiratory neurons of dorsal, ventral and retrofacial groups in cat medulla. AB - In anesthetized or decerebrated cats, extracellular activities of pairs of respiratory neurons located in the regions of the dorsal (DRN), ventral (VRN) and retrofacial (RFN) medullary respiratory nuclei were recorded using two separate microelectrodes. Neurons were classified as bulbospinal or laryngeal if stimulation of the spinal cord or vagus nerve elicited antidromic action potentials, or as propriobulbar if they were not antidromically activated. Of 163 pairs of single unit activities, either inspiratory (143 pairs) or expiratory (20 pairs), cross-correlation analyses indicated that 23% had short latency peaks, either broad (12%) or sharp (1%) in their cross-correlograms, 3% had short latency troughs and 74% had flat cross-correlograms. When the two neurons were located in the DRN (68 pairs) the probability of obtaining a positive cross correlogram was high for inspiratory bulbospinal neurons, indicating shared inputs and excitatory relationships. When one neuron of the pair was located in the RFN and the other in either the DRN or VRN (95 pairs), cross-correlation analysis revealed shared inputs, excitatory and inhibitory relationships. Among expiratory neurons interactions were only inhibitory with a more frequent incidence (3/20) than between inspiratory neurons (2/143). Our results indicate that: short time scale synchrony due to shared inputs (broad peaks) are largely distributed in the respiratory neuronal network and operate over long distance (i.e. RFN, caudal medulla); excitatory coupling may exist between remote neurons but is more frequent between inspiratory bulbospinal neurons located in the DRN. PMID- 6733505 TI - Activity of nigral dopaminergic neurons after lesion of the neostriatum in rats. AB - As shown by post-mortem analysis the major neuropathological trait of Huntington's chorea is a degeneration of the intrinsic neurons of the neostriatum (caudate nucleus and putamen). Such a situation can be reproduced by a destruction of the neostriatum by kainic acid. When injected into the caudate nucleus this excitatory amino acid destroys the intrinsic neurons of the neostriatum and spares fairly well the passing fibers. In the present work, we have chosen to examine the influence of neostriatal destruction on the activity of identified dopaminergic cells in the pars compacta of the substantia nigra. As a key element in the nigro-neostriato-nigral loop, this structure is a relevant site for observing the functional effects of neostriatal lesion. Our research hypothesis was based on the generally accepted view that the suppression of the important neostriato-nigral pathway and in particular the inhibitory GABAergic contingent, could generate a hyperactivity of nigral dopaminergic cells. One may therefore consider that the dopaminergic hyperactivity produces abnormal messages which can influence via several pathways the motoneurons, and which participates in the genesis of the hyperkinetic movements characteristic of chorea. After destruction of the neostriatum, we have shown that the pattern of discharge of most identified nigral dopaminergic neurons becomes greatly disorganized. This drastic change in the pattern of activity cannot be interpreted as the simple 'lift of a brake' on these cells by the suppression of the inhibitory GABAergic striato-nigral tract. PMID- 6733506 TI - Ultrastructural studies on catecholaminergic terminals and GABAergic neurons in nucleus tractus solitarius of the rat medulla oblongata. AB - Synaptogenesis of catecholamine (CA) boutons in the nucleus tractus solitarius (NTS) was compared between spontaneously hypertensive (SHR) rats and Wistar-Kyoto (WKY) rats at different ages. On the average, there were about 32 CA varicosities per 2200 microns2 area of the NTS in both SHR and WKY rats as revealed by glyoxylic acid fluorescence microscopic (FM) morphometric study. The FM analysis indicated that there were no significant changes in the CA varicosity density between SHR and WKY rats. The CA boutons were labeled with 5-hydroxydopamine and appeared to contain small granular vesicles at the electron microscopic (EM) level. A total of 1402 CA boutons were studied in a 540,000 micron2 area of the NTS. The number of CA boutons involved in synaptic contacts vs the number of total CA boutons was used to obtain synaptic frequency which was taken as an index for synaptogenesis. A reduction of approximately 18% and 14% of synaptogenesis of CA boutons was observed in the NTS of SHR rats at 4 weeks (prehypertensive stage) and 12 weeks (early hypertensive stage) of age respectively, as compared to age-matched WKY rats. No significant difference of synaptogenesis of CA neurons was found between SHR and WKY rats at 16 weeks of age, a stage in which hypertension is well established and maintained in SHR rats. These results suggest that CA neurons with fewer synaptic contacts in the NTS may play a more important role in the initiation than in the maintenance of hypertension in the SHR rats. In addition to CA terminals, there were numerous GABAergic cell bodies in the NTS which were identified by immunocytochemistry using antibodies to the GABA synthesizing enzyme, L-glutamate decarboxylase (GAD). GABAergic dendrites with GAD-positive reaction were often seen to receive several GAD-negative synapses at EM random profiles. In the text, a viewpoint is thus discussed that emphasizes that a synaptic abnormality of CA terminals with fewer synaptic contacts affecting GABAergic neurons may participate in the pathogenesis of hypertension. However, it remains to be determined as to whether or not there is a direct contact between CA boutons and GABAergic dendrites. PMID- 6733507 TI - Behavioral significance of monkey hypothalamic glucose-sensitive neurons. AB - Feeding-related neuronal activity of lateral hypothalamic glucose-sensitive and glucose-insensitive neurons was investigated in behaving monkeys. The behavioral paradigm was a high fixed ratio of bar pressing for food reward signaled by light and tone cues. Twenty-seven percent of the neurons tested were glucose-sensitive. The population of neurons which changed in firing rate during the feeding task was higher among glucose-sensitive cells than among glucose-insensitive cells. The activity of many glucose-sensitive neurons decreased during the bar pressing and reward periods. A small population of glucose-sensitive neurons responded to cue stimuli. The results suggest that glucose-sensitive neurons are mainly involved in the drive and/or reward mechanism of feeding behavior, and that these cells may have specific roles in neural control of hunger-motivated food acquisition. PMID- 6733508 TI - Influence of environmental light-dark cycle and enucleation on activity of suprachiasmatic neurons in slice preparations. AB - The influence of environmental light-dark cycle (LD) and bilateral enucleation on single neuronal activity in the suprachiasmatic nucleus (SCN) was examined using a hypothalamic slice preparation. Firstly, we reconfirmed previous results that the discharge rate in slices taken from animals kept on normal LD was higher during the light than during the dark period. Secondly, the day time discharge rate in the ventrolateral part of the SCN was decreased by bilateral enucleation and DD housing, while in the dorsomedial part it was unaffected. Thirdly, LL housing suppressed the discharge rates in both parts during the day and night periods. The present results suggest that the dorsomedial part of the SCN is more important in regulation of the circadian rhythm of SCN neuronal activity than the ventrolateral. PMID- 6733509 TI - Responses of suprachiasmatic nucleus neurons to optic nerve stimulation in rat hypothalamic slice preparation. AB - Stimulation of the optic nerve evoked two positive waves (P1 and P2) with short latencies and a following large negative wave (N) in the suprachiasmatic nucleus (SCN) of hypothalamic slice preparations. The conduction velocities of the P1, P2 and N waves were assumed to be 2.9 m/s, 0.5 m/s and 0.4 m/s, respectively. The N wave disappeared in low Ca2+ medium and all responses disappeared when TTX was added to the medium at a concentration of 10(-6) M. The results indicate that the P1 and P2 waves were responses of the optic nerve in the SCN and the N wave was that of SCN neurons. Following optic nerve stimulation 15 out of 212 single SCN neurons were excited; 10 were excited then inhibited, 14 were excited followed by rhythmic oscillation, and 4 were inhibited. The results demonstrate neuronal projections from the optic nerve to the SCN, and suggest that the major role of the excitatory influence on SCN neurons is responsible for the elevation of neuronal activity in the SCN during the daytime. PMID- 6733510 TI - Enhanced binocular interaction in the visual cortex of normal kittens subjected to intracortical norepinephrine perfusion. AB - It was previously proposed that norepinephrine (NE)-containing nerve terminals in visual cortex are important for the maintenance of cortical plasticity. Observations at that time indicated that local microperfusion of exogenous NE for 1 week directly into kitten visual cortex, with no alteration of the visual environment, resulted in an unexpected bias in ocular dominance toward the contralateral eye. The proportion of binocular cells, however, remained close to normal. In the present study, we examined this contralateral bias in visual cortical neurons addressing the following two issues: the time needed for change in ocular dominance to occur, and its dependence on visually evoked activity. We found no bias in ocular dominance toward the contralateral eye when the continuous local perfusion of 48 microM NE lasted for 3 days. Such change became obvious after 1 week. However, if the animal was placed in the dark during the period of NE perfusion, no change whatsoever in ocular dominance was observed. These results suggest that NE itself does not affect ocular dominance circuitry directly, since both high levels of NE and an extended period of visually evoked activity are necessary for the observed change in ocular dominance to occur. We conclude that the present results are consistent with the previously proposed role for NE in the modulation of visual cortical plasticity. PMID- 6733511 TI - Suppression of C-fibre discharges upon repeated heat stimulation may explain characteristics of concomitant pain sensations. AB - Nociceptors with unmyelinated axons were recorded from the superficial radial nerves of 7 volunteers. A sequence of uniform radiant heat stimuli of 18 s duration, starting from an individually adjusted adapting temperature were used to raise the skin surface temperature by 6 degrees C to a painful level (41-43 degrees C). These stimuli followed each other at 3 different interstimulus intervals of 35 s, 70 s and 105 s, occurring in a random order. The subjects were asked to track the time course of the stimulus-evoked sensation by manipulating the length of a light bar. Adaptation and stimulus temperatures were chosen to induce sensations of heat and/or pain. All nociceptors studied responded to these stimuli with a phasic response of 3-5 s duration, often followed by a low frequency tonic discharge, lasting as long as the stimulus. No discharges were seen in interstimulus periods. Discharge rates during the phasic responses were linearly related to interval duration, whereas tonic discharges were not influenced by the preceding interval. In parallel readings of pain responses were lower up to the 10th second of the stimulus after short rather than after long intervals. These results indicate that the suppression of C-fibre nociceptor discharges during repetitive stimulation may explain concomitant reductions in the magnitude of human pain sensations. PMID- 6733512 TI - Maintenance of equilibrium point control during an unexpectedly loaded rapid limb movement. AB - Two experiments investigated whether the equilibrium point hypothesis or the mass spring model of motor control subserves positioning accuracy during spring loaded, rapid, bi-articulated movement. For intact preparations, the equilibrium point hypothesis predicts response accuracy to be determined by a mixture of afferent and efferent information, whereas the mass-spring model predicts positioning to be under a direct control system. Subjects completed a series of load-resisted training trials to a spatial target. The magnitude of a sustained spring load was unexpectedly increased on selected trials. Results indicated positioning accuracy and applied force varied with increases in load, which suggests that the original efferent commands are modified by afferent information during the movement as predicted by the equilibrium point hypothesis. PMID- 6733513 TI - Inhibitory influence of the mesocortical dopaminergic system on spontaneous activity or excitatory response induced from the thalamic mediodorsal nucleus in the rat medial prefrontal cortex. AB - Since the medial prefrontal cortex receives converging projections from the mediodorsal nucleus of the thalamus (MD) and the dopaminergic neurons located in the ventromedial mesenscephalic tegmentum (VMT) the responses of cortical neurons to ipsilateral VMT and MD stimulation (50-150 microA; 0.2-0.5 ms duration) were analyzed in ketamine anaesthetized rats. MD stimulation at 1 Hz blocked the firing of 99% of the spontaneously active cortical units tested (mean latency, 15 ms; mean duration, 182 ms). MD stimulation at 5-10 Hz evoked single spike responses (mean latency, 16 ms) in 80% of the units tested. Ten to 15 days after kainic acid injection into the MD the number of cortical neurons inhibited (1 Hz) or excitated (5-10 Hz was reduced to 57 and 18%, respectively. Following stimulation of the VMT (at a frequency of 1-5 Hz), 85% of cortical neurons showed an arrest of spontaneous firing occurring after a mean latency of 17 ms and lasting 109 ms on the average. Most of the cells displaying the VMT inhibitory effect were excitated by MD stimulation. Moreover VMT stimulation, applied 3-45 ms before that of MD, blocked the excitation induced by MD in 75% of the units tested. After injection of 6-hydroxydopamine into the medial forebrain bundle or intraperitoneal administration of alpha-methyl-paratyrosine (alpha-MpT), the number of units tested responding to VMT stimulation was of 19 and 35%, respectively. Moreover in these treated rats, the proportion of excitatory responses to MD blocked by VMT stimulation was reduced to 5 and 6%.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS) PMID- 6733514 TI - Pre- and postnatal influence of testosterone propionate and diethylstilbestrol on differentiation of the sexually dimorphic nucleus of the preoptic area in male and female rats. AB - The volume of the sexually dimorphic nucleus in the preoptic area (SDN-POA) of the rat brain is several fold larger in males than in females. When female rats were treated pre- and postnatally with testosterone propionate (TP) or with diethylstilbestrol (DES) they became anovulatory and their SDN-POA developed equivalent in size to that of normal males. Identical treatment of male rats resulted in deficient testicular development, but had no influence on SDN-POA volume. The results indicate that the gross morphological sex difference in SDN POA volume can exclusively be controlled by the hormonal environment during the critical period of sexual brain differentiation, and that non-steroidal estrogens are just as effective as convertible androgens in stimulating SDN-POA differentiation. PMID- 6733515 TI - Gustatory neural responses in three different strains of mice. AB - Taste sensitivity in mice and its strain variation were studied by examining integrated responses and single fiber discharges of the chorda tympani nerve to various taste stimuli in the 3 different strains of mice (BALB, C3H and C57BL mice). A comparison among integrated responses of the 3 strains demonstrated that C57BL mice possess the highest sensitivity to sucrose and the lowest to acids, whereas the opposite is true for BALB mice. These 3 strains of mice commonly possess higher sensitivity to divalent chloride salts than to NaCl. Measures of the breadth of responsiveness showed that single fibers of all 3 strains of mice are relatively more narrowly tuned to taste stimuli than those of rats and hamsters, although the specificity of fibers tends to be greater in the order of C57BL greater than C3H greater than BALB mice. A cluster analysis of fibers demonstrated that two distinct fiber types, a sweet- and Na-type, commonly exist in all 3 strains of mice. The most clear strain difference was found in the sensitivity to D-phenylalanine, which produced good responses in 'sweet-type' fibers of C57BL mice but not in those of C3H and BALB mice. This suggests the possibility that D-phenylalanine has a taste to C57BL mice that is similar to that of sucrose and that it tastes different to C3H and BALB mice. PMID- 6733516 TI - The effect of colchicine treatment on the buoyant density of noradrenaline storage particles in the rabbit superior cervical ganglion. AB - The subcellular distribution of noradrenaline (NA) was studied in the rabbit superior cervical ganglion before and after colchicine treatment. One-third of the total NA could be sedimented with the microsomal material in control conditions. Upon colchicine treatment the percentage of the NA which was particle bound increased only slightly. The absolute NA content of the superior cervical ganglion from colchicine-treated rabbits, however, showed a 3.5-fold increase compared to control animals. Density gradient centrifugation of the microsomal fraction revealed that the distribution of the NA-containing particles changed significantly. Before colchicine treatment the NA was found in a broad band covering the gradient fractions where 'light' and 'heavy' NA vesicles were expected to equilibrate. After colchicine treatment the NA was concentrated in the 'heavy' NA vesicles part of the gradient. The dopamine beta-hydroxylase activity and the NA content in the gradient are increased 3 times after colchicine treatment. These experimental results can be explained by the axoplasmic transport impairing action of colchicine. The neuronal cell body accumulates 'heavy' NA vesicles formed there, unable to transport them towards the periphery. PMID- 6733518 TI - Hyperosmotic arabinose solutions open the tight junctions between brain capillary endothelial cells in tissue culture. AB - Tight junctions between bovine brain capillary endothelial cells in primary cell culture are impermeable to horseradish peroxidase (HRP) after 5 min of incubation. However, following 1-5 min of exposure to 1.6 M arabinose, HRP penetrates the extracellular space between successive tight junctions. Endothelial cells in control cultures contain a small number of cytoplasmic pits and vesicles containing HRP which do not increase in number after hyperosmotic treatment. PMID- 6733517 TI - A retinohypothalamic pathway in man: light mediation of circadian rhythms. AB - It has been proposed that, in animals, a retinohypothalamic pathway exists which mediates the synchronization of the diurnal light-dark cycle with the central neural components regulating endogenous rhythms. There have been numerous anatomic, physiologic and behavioral investigations to substantiate this proposed connection in experimental animals. Morphologic investigation of a retinohypothalamic tract in man has awaited the development of a technique capable of axonal tracing in the human brain. The paraphenylenediamine method was applied to 7 post-mortem human brains. Degenerated axons were found in the suprachiasmatic nuclei of the hypothalamus in each of the 4 patients who had incurred prior optic nerve damage. The retinosuprachiasmatic pathway may be the anatomical substrate for the integration of retinal light information with endogenous rhythms in man. PMID- 6733519 TI - Subplantar yeast injection induces a non-naloxone reversible antinociception in spontaneously hypertensive rats. AB - Spontaneously hypertensive (SH), Wistar Kyoto (WKY) or Sprague-Dawley (SD) rats were tested for their responsiveness to noxious mechanical pressure before and after a subplantar yeast injection to the right rear paw. Prior to the yeast injection, hypertensive animals were less responsive to pain relative to normotensive animals, as seen in the significantly greater pre-yeast latencies of SH compared to WKY or SD rats. Subplantar yeast injection produced hyperreactivity in the inflamed paws of WKY or SD rats, with no effect on the contralateral non-injected paw. However, identical subplantar yeast injections to hypertensive animals produced a robust, long-lasting antinociceptive effect in both rear paws of SH rats. This effect was not reversed by naloxone (opiate antagonist), labetalol (beta-blocker/vasodilator antihypertensive), or hydralazine (peripheral vasodilator antihypertensive); the antinociception was not potentiated by thiorphan (enkephalinase inhibitor). However, the alpha 2 receptor antagonist yohimbine (0.1-5 mg/kg s.c.), produced a dose-related reversal of the yeast-induced antinociception in SH rats. These results suggest that the subplantar yeast injection is triggering descending noradrenergic pain inhibitory pathways in SH rats. PMID- 6733520 TI - Short internodal lengths of canine tooth pulp axons in the young adult cat. AB - Light-microscopical measurements have been made on teased pulpal nerve fibers from young adult cat canine teeth. In the root canal portion (apical to first branching point) the mean internodal length was approximately 250 micron. In the pulpal chamber portion (coronal to the first branching point) the pulpal nerve fibers had a mean internodal length of approximately 125 micron. A local decrease in internodal length was evident at bifurcations and in preterminal regions. These internodal lengths are shorter than in similarly sized stem axons. The possible functional significance of this difference is discussed. PMID- 6733521 TI - Effects of hypothalamic lesion on pancreatic autonomic nerve activity in the rat. AB - The effects of hypothalamic lesions and intravenous glucose infusion on the efferent activity of vagal and splanchnic nerves to the pancreas were studied in anesthetized rats. Lesions of the ventromedial hypothalamic (VMH), the dorsomedial hypothalamic (DMH) and the paraventricular (PVN) nuclei increased vagal and reduced splanchnic nerve activity. Lesion of the lateral hypothalamic area (LHA) decreased pancreatic vagal nerve activity, and produced either increased or decreased activity of pancreatic splanchnic nerve. Intravenous glucose infusion increased activity of the vagal nerve and reduced that of the splanchnic nerve. These glucose responses were influenced by hypothalamic lesions only slightly or not at all. The findings suggest that hypothalamic modulation of pancreatic hormone secretion involves both the parasympathetic and sympathetic nervous systems, and provide evidence that not only the VMH and the LHA but also the DMH and the PVN are involved in this mechanism. PMID- 6733522 TI - Collateral innervation of the inferior colliculus in the North American opossum: a study using fluorescent markers in a double-labeling paradigm. AB - The innervation of the opossum inferior colliculus was investigated using the retrograde transport of fluorescent markers in a double-labeling paradigm. True Blue was injected into one inferior colliculus while Nuclear Yellow was placed into the other. Many single-labeled neurons were found in all of the brainstem and cortical areas previously labeled by comparable injections of HRP. When the two injections of fluorescent markers were bilaterally symmetrical within the inferior colliculi, double-labeled neurons were numerous in the medial and lateral superior olivary nuclei. Only a few double-labeled neurons were found in the auditory cortex (AC), the dorsal nucleus of the lateral lemniscus (DNLL), the nucleus reticularis gigantocellularis pars ventralis (RGcv), and the dorsal column nuclei (DColN) and the spinal trigeminal complex (TrS). These data suggest that two patterns of innervation are seen for afferent fibers from regions with bilateral connections to the IC. The first pattern, typified by projections from AC, DNLL, RGcv, the DColN and TrS, primarily consists of neurons with unilaterally directed axons, extending to either the ipsilateral or contralateral IC. The second pattern, typified by projections from LSO and MSO, displays a great number of neurons whose axons apparently innervate both inferior colliculi, presumably through a process of axon collateralization. The bilateral projection of axons from individual neurons in these two nuclei possibly reflects their involvement in the processing of sensory information from the two cochleas and may represent at least one pathway whereby binaural information is relayed to both inferior colliculi. PMID- 6733523 TI - GABA uptake by purified rat schwann cells in culture. AB - Purified rat Schwann cells maintained in culture for up to 6 months retained their ability to take up the neurotransmitter gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA) by a high-affinity mechanism. Although cultured fibroblasts also accumulated GABA, they did so by a low affinity mechanism. These results indicate that Schwann cells continue to express a high affinity GABA transport system in the absence of signals from neurons. PMID- 6733524 TI - Unilateral memory after binocular discrimination training: left hemisphere dominance in the chick? AB - After learning a pattern discrimination with both eyes open, chicks demonstrated good monocular retention when tested through the right, but not the left, eye. Since the avian optic nerves cross completely to the contralateral hemisphere, the results suggest that the left hemisphere of the chick brain was dominant for pattern discrimination learning and that memory for the discrimination was stored as a unilateral engram which was not available to the right hemisphere. PMID- 6733525 TI - Diazepam and midazolam increase light slow-wave sleep (SWS1) and decrease wakefulness in rats. AB - Rats implanted with electrodes for polygraphic recordings were injected with diazepam (5 mg/kg, i.p.) or midazolam (10 mg/kg, i.p.) and recorded for 6 h during the 8 h of darkness of a 16 h light/8 h dark cycle. The results show that administration of diazepam reduced SWS1 latency by 92%, and increased SWS1 and total sleep by 255% and 59%, respectively, in comparison to control. Administration of midazolam increased SWS1 by 158% and total sleep by 57% when compared to control. These findings correlate well with the effects of benzodiazepines on sleep stage 2 in humans and indicate that benzodiazepine hypnotics increase only the behaviorally lighter stage of SWS in rats as well as in human subjects. PMID- 6733526 TI - Baroreceptor-mediated inhibition of A5 noradrenergic neurons. AB - Spinally-projecting A5 noradrenergic neurons were recorded in urethane anesthetized rats. All A5 neurons sampled were inhibited by raising the mean arterial blood pressure (mBP) in the 110-160 mm Hg range. Similar elevations of mBP in baroreceptor-denervated rats were without effect. Clonidine inhibited A5 neurons and enhanced the inhibitory effect of increasing peripheral blood pressure. PMID- 6733527 TI - Subfornical organ--supraoptic nucleus connections: an electrophysiologic study in the rat. AB - Extracellular recordings from antidromically-identified neurosecretory cells in the rat supraoptic nucleus (SON) indicate that electrical stimulation (1 Hz, 50 microseconds, 200 microA) in the subfornical organ (SFO) alters the excitability of 89% (n = 31) of phasically-active (putative vasopressin-secreting) and 94% (n = 16) of continuously-active (putative oxytocin-secreting) neurons; 45% of cells display a long latency (mean 80.2 +/- 20.5 ms, S.D.) prolonged (150-350 ms) increase in excitability; 26% of cells demonstrate a similar excitation, preceded by a brief decrease in firing at a latency of 30.5 +/- 13.1 ms; 15% of cells display only a depression in their activity, lasting up to 150 ms. Ninety percent of non-neurosecretory (i.e. non-antidromic) neurons (n = 19) within or above th SON also display orthodromic excitatory or inhibitory responses to SFO stimulation; however, these cells usually respond with shorter latencies, and none demonstrate the prolonged excitation seen among neurosecretory cells. With SON stimulation, antidromic activation observed from 6 of 18 SFO neurons (latency range of 12-27 ms) confirms a projection from SFO to the SON area. These data suggest a predominantly facilitatory influence of SFO neurons on the excitability of both vasopressinergic and oxytocinergic neurosecretory cells in the rat, thereby supporting a role for the SFO in body water balance. PMID- 6733528 TI - Limbic influence on the periaqueductal gray: a single unit study in the awake squirrel monkey. AB - Single neurons of the periaqueductal gray (PAG) were studied during electrical stimulation of the amygdala and hippocampus. Fifty-one percent (34/67) of the units sampled throughout the rostrocaudal extent of the PAG were found to have a limbic influence. PAG neurons were characterized by low spontaneous firing rates (means = 4.94 spikes/sec). Units responded to basolateral amygdala stimulation primarily with short duration excitatory responses having a mean latency of 30 ms (range: 13.3-110 ms). Responses to corticomedial and lateral amygdala stimulation produced different patterns of activation including complex excitatory and inhibitory sequences. Only 10 units (15%) sampled in PAG responded to hippocampal stimulation with excitatory or tonic-inhibitory responses. The majority of responsive units (8) were to anterior hippocampal stimulation (latency range: = 20-75 ms). High frequency (9 Hz) basolateral amygdala stimulation recruited responses with increases in the probability of firing and a decrease in initial latency and latency variability. PMID- 6733529 TI - Properties of [3H]diazepam binding sites on cultured murine glia and neurons. AB - [3H]Diazepam binding was assayed in situ on living cultures of fetal mouse cerebral cortex or glia in an attempt to further characterize the high and low affinity binding sites. Mixed neuronal-glial cultures were found to have a high (Kd approximately equal to 10 nM) as well as a low (Kd approximately equal to 240 nM) affinity binding site. Glial cultures also had a similarly high affinity site (Kd 13 nM). In both types of cultures, the high affinity site was Ro 5-4864 sensitive and clonazepam resistant. Since Ro 5-4864 has particular affinity for non-neuronal elements and clonazepam for neuronal elements, the data suggest that the high affinity binding site may be localized to glial elements and the low affinity site primarily neuronal. PMID- 6733530 TI - Postnatal development of cat superior colliculus. I. Presumptive neurons, immature neurons and degenerating cells in the intermediate and deep layers. AB - Presumptive neurons, immature neurons and degenerating structures were found in the intermediate and deep layers of the superior colliculus of normal cats over the age range 7-45 days postnatal. Electron microscopical analysis revealed these structures to be unexpectedly frequent in the early postnatal period. There were 34 immature neurons per 1000 neurons at 7-8 days and 78 per 1000 neurons at 14 days postnatal. Few were found in older cats. Two types of degenerative changes in the neurons were observed: nuclear and cytoplasmic. The number of degenerating structures to be unexpectedly frequent in the early postnatal period. There were 34 immature neurons per 1000 neurons at 7-8 days and 78 per 1000 neurons at 14 days postnatal. Few were found in older cats. Two types of degenerative changes in the neurons were observed: nuclear and cytoplasmic. The number of degenerating neurons was higher at 14 days (28 per 1000 neurons) than at 7-8 days (21 per 1000 neurons), but only a few were found at 30 and 45 days. Degenerative changes were noted in synaptic terminals at all ages studied. The greatest number of degenerating synaptic profiles were observed at 14 and 30 days. They were infrequent in younger or older animals. The number of presumptive neurons does not change significantly over 7-14 days. It is speculated that they persist as a reverse pool of neurons. The increasing number of immature neurons in the period between 7 and 14 days indicates that formation of new cells in the intermediate and deep layers of the superior colliculus continues into the early postnatal period. The degeneration of some neurons and synapses over the same developmental period suggest that the final adjustment of the neuronal composition of the superior colliculus occurs postnatally. PMID- 6733531 TI - Developmental changes in synaptic membrane fluidity: a comparison of 1,6-diphenyl 1,3,5-hexatriene (DPH) and 1-[4-(trimethylamino)phenyl]-6-phenyl-1,3,5-hexatriene (TMA-DPH). AB - Cortical synaptic plasma membranes were prepared from rats 3, 7, 10, 14, 21, 28 and 120 days of age. Developmental changes in the fluidity of these membranes were assessed using fluorescence polarization techniques. 1,6-Diphenyl-1,3,5 hexatriene (DPH), a probe of the membrane interior, showed a marked developmental increase in polarization, suggesting a developmental decrease in fluidity. The magnitude of the change from day 3 to the adult was the equivalent of lowering the temperature 7 degrees C. The developmental change in DPH polarization was maintained in liposomes (multilamellar vesicles) prepared from membrane total lipid extracts. In contrast to DPH, 1-[4-(trimethylamino)phenyl]6-phenyl-1,3,5 hexatriene (TMA-DPH), a probe of the membrane surface reported no significant developmental effect on polarization for intact membranes; however, TMA-DPH did report a significant increase in polarization for the total lipid extract liposomes. For the intact membranes, both cis- and trans-parinarate, fluorescent probes of the mid-region of the acyl chains, reported significant developmental increases in polarization. The role of gangliosides in the developmental regulation of fluidity was examined. Gangliosides did not appear to play a role in the developmental changes, but they do have a significant effect (increased polarization) on the membrane surface as reported by TMA-DPH. Fluorescence lifetime and heterogeneity analyses were performed for DPH. There was a small but significant increase in probe lifetime during development. Thus, polarization measurements alone underestimated the increases in membrane order. In an attempt to amplify the differences in membrane organization between the developing and adult membranes, we examined the effects of the membrane perturbant ethanol, on DPH polarization at the different ages. No developmental effect on the ethanol induced fluidization of synaptic membranes was observed. PMID- 6733532 TI - Does the early exuberant retinal projection to the superior colliculus in the neonatal rat develop synaptic connections? AB - The retinal projections of newborn rats are more extensive than those of the adult and retract to form the adult pattern during the first week after birth. In this study, the retinal projections from one eye of newborn hooded rats were labeled by anterograde transport of horseradish peroxidase (HRP) following intravitreal injection of the tracer, and HRP-labeled axons and terminals were then sought by electron microscopy in coronal sections of the superior colliculus cut at 3 levels: rostral, middle and caudal. Labeled presynaptic profiles were present in the superior colliculus on the side contralateral to the injection at all rostro-caudal levels and in the rostral portion of the ipsilateral superior colliculus. But in approximately 37 sections analyzed in detail from 11 animals, only one example was found of an unequivocally presynaptic profile in the middle or caudal regions of the ipsilateral superior colliculus. Thus it would appear that in the newborn hooded rat, the exuberant ipsilateral projections to the middle and caudal parts of the superior colliculus form no or very few transient synaptic connections. PMID- 6733533 TI - The development of callosal projections in normal and one-eyed rats. AB - The course of callosal development in area 17 of rats suggests that, unlike immediately adjacent regions, axons of callosal origin do not normally gain access to upper cortical layers, and this results in the loss of an early exuberant callosal pathway. Removal of optic input, however, permits invasion of these layers of area 17 by callosal axons and results in survival of callosally projecting neurons in area 17. PMID- 6733534 TI - Bilateral transitory projection to visual areas from auditory cortex in kittens. AB - A transitory projection from primary and secondary auditory areas to the contralateral and ipsilateral areas 17 and 18 exists in newborn kittens. Distinct neuronal populations project to ipsilateral areas 17-18, contralateral areas 17 18 and contralateral auditory cortex; they are at different depth in layers II, III, and IV. By postnatal day 38 the auditory to visual projections have been lost, apparently by elimination of axons rather than by neuronal death. While it was previously reported that the elimination of transitory axons is responsible for focusing the origin of callosal connections to restricted portions of sensory areas it now appears that similar events play a more general role in the organization of cortico-cortical networks. Indeed, the elimination of juvenile projections is largely responsible for determining which areas will be connected in the adult. PMID- 6733535 TI - Postnatal development of the brainstem auditory evoked potential and far-field cochlear microphonic in non-sedated rat pups. AB - Normal postnatal development of the scalp-recorded cochlear microphonic (CM) response and brainstem auditory evoked potential (BAEP) were studied in rat pups. BAEP latencies decreased and amplitudes increased as a function of maturation. These changes occurred rapidly between 14 and 23 days of age with gradual change occurring thereafter. The observed latency changes indicated that the auditory pathway matures in a sequential manner from the most peripheral to the most rostral structures. For example, CM latency stabilized (matured) by day 17 while BAEP wave I and II latencies stabilized by days 23 and 35, respectively. BAEP waves III and IV still showed significant latency decreases between days 42 and 70. The between-litter variability for CM and BAEP wave latencies also decreased with age. In contrast to peak latency measures, CM and BAEP amplitudes followed an independent time course of postnatal development. CM amplitude did not increase significantly after day 14. Amplitudes of all 4 BAEP components increased steadily from day 14 to 29, then stabilized. Unlike latency variability, amplitude variability was independent of age. There were no significant gender-dependent differences in amplitudes or latencies between the ages of 14 and 70 days. PMID- 6733536 TI - The neuronal adhesion protein D2 in differentiating aggregates of brain cells. AB - The D2-protein is a high molecular weight protein involved in interneuronal adhesion. The concentration of D2-protein was measured both in aggregates of fetal rat telencephalic cells cultured in a chemically defined medium and in developing forebrain. Both the concentration of the D2-protein and the degree of sialylation were changed in the cultures in parallel with the corresponding values obtained from postnatal forebrain. In the cultures the highest specific concentration of D2-protein was observed after 12 days in culture. This value was 2.7 times higher than the average value of adult rat forebrain. Antibodies to D2 protein have previously been shown to inhibit fasciculation of neuritic fibers extending from cultured explants of sympathetic ganglia. We investigated the effect of such antibodies on the differentiation of aggregating telencephalic cells. By adding surplus antibodies to the cultures from day 11 to day 16 we were able to decrease the specific concentration of D2-protein on the neurons by 53% measured at day 19. The decrease was not compensated fully even after further 10 days in the culture. Although the concentration of D2-protein was decreased during the period of synaptogenesis no change was found in the specific concentration of a marker of mature synapses, the D3-protein. Thus, in this culture system synaptogenesis could proceed to an unimpaired extent in the presence of a decreased concentration of a putatively involved adhesion molecule. However, the specific concentration of two markers of myelination, 2',3'-cyclic nucleotide 3'-phosphodiesterase and myelin basic protein, were both increased, suggesting an antibody-induced stimulation of myelination in the cultured aggregates. PMID- 6733537 TI - Seizure-like spreading depression in immature rabbit hippocampus in vitro. AB - Study of immature rabbit hippocampus, using the in vitro slice preparation, has revealed seizure-like spreading depression (SD) episodes in tissue from 8-12-day old animals. These SDs occur both spontaneously and in response to stimulation, and are seen in both extracellular and intracellular recordings. At the cellular level, SDs are similar to epileptiform ictal phenomena in their onset bursts of action potentials, prolonged membrane depolarizations, and afterdischarge bursts. Glial recordings indicate that a large rise in [K+]0 occurs during these SD episodes. Low chloride concentration in the bathing medium facilitates SD occurrence. The immature CA1 region, where inhibition is slow to develop, is more susceptible to SDs than the CA3 region, where inhibitory post-synaptic potentials are potent early in development. These observations suggest that the slice preparation of immature rabbit hippocampus may provide a useful model in which to study epileptiform mechanisms, such as inhibitory efficacy and extracellular potassium clearance, which might be responsible for ictal onset and control. PMID- 6733538 TI - Developmental changes in environmentally induced analgesia. AB - Previous studies have shown that exposure to inescapable, front-paw shock produces an opioid-mediated analgesia. Additionally, research has revealed that the majority of opioid receptors in the central nervous system are formed between birth and adulthood. The purpose of the present experiment was to examine the relationship between the development of the opioid receptors and the function of the endogenous opioid pain-inhibitory system activated by shock. Ten-day-old, 28 day-old and 5-7-month-old rats were exposed to 90 s of front-paw shock (1.6 mA). Results revealed that 10-day-old rats displayed lower levels of shock-induced analgesia than 28-day-old and 5-7-month-old rats. This age-related difference in shock-induced analgesia confirms a parallel in the development of opioid receptors and the function of an endogenous pain-inhibitory system. In addition, injection of naloxone produced an increased analgesia in the 10-day-old rats. In the 28-day-old rats naloxone completely blocked the shock-induced analgesia while in the 5-7-month-old rats naloxone only partially attenuated analgesia. This age related difference (28-day-old vs 5-7-month-old) in the effectiveness of naloxone in blocking shock-induced analgesia suggests the involvement of a non-opioid analgesia system in the 5-7-month-old rats that is not present in the 28-day-old rats. This last difference led to the speculation that the non-opioid analgesia system develops more slowly than the opioid system. PMID- 6733539 TI - Effect of 2450 MHz microwave energy on the blood-brain barrier to hydrophilic molecules. A. Effect on the permeability to sodium fluorescein. AB - Significantly elevated levels of sodium fluorescein (MW 376) were found only in the brains of conscious rats made considerably hyperthermic (colonic temperatures greater than 41.0 degrees C) by exposure to ambient heat (42 +/- 2 degrees C) for 90 min or 2450 MHz CW microwave energy at 65 mW/cm2 (SAR approximately equal to 13.0 W/kg) for 30 or 90 min. For microwave-exposed rats, fluorescein levels within the cortex and hypothalamus appeared to increase with increasing duration of exposure. This trend was not apparent in the cerebellum or medulla. Exposure to ambient heat resulted in increased fluorescein with the cortex, hypothalamus and medulla, but not the cerebellum, and, in general, ambient heat was not as effective as microwave energy in raising tracer concentrations within the brain. By far the greatest elevation of fluorescein dye in the brain occurred in those animals whose blood-brain barrier had been opened osmotically by intracarotid injection of 10 M urea. It is suggested that increased levels of sodium fluorescein found in the brain tissue of ambient heat and microwave-exposed rats most likely represent technically derived artifact and not a breakdown of the blood-brain barrier. PMID- 6733540 TI - Effect of 2450 MHz microwave energy on the blood-brain barrier to hydrophilic molecules. B. Effect on the permeability to HRP. AB - Alteration of blood-brain barrier (BBB) permeability by 2450 MHz CW microwaves was assessed semi-quantitatively after intravenous injection of horseradish peroxidase (HRP) and exposure of conscious, unrestrained rats to incident power densities of 0, 20 or 65 mW/cm2 for 30, 90 or 180 min. Additional rats were exposed to ambient heat (42 +/- 2 degrees C) for 30 or 90 min. None of the brain regions studied, with the exception of the normally leaky pineal gland, showed extracellular HRP leakage attributable to microwave or thermally-induced breakdown of the blood-brain barrier. The mean ratio of HRP-labeled microvessel endothelium/total number of microvessels counted was determined for each brain region. Mean values for the cortex, hypothalamus, cerebellum and medulla of microwave-exposed and heated rats were consistently below those of corresponding sham levels. This decrease appeared to correlate inversely with power density and duration of exposure. Statistically significant deviation (P less than 0.05) from sham mean values occurred in the cortex, hypothalamus, cerebellum and medulla of animals made hyperthermic with ambient heat or exposure to microwaves at 65 mW/cm2 (specific absorption rate approximately equal to 13.0 W/kg) for 30 or 90 min. Additionally, electron microscopic evaluation of ultrathin sections taken from each of the 4 brain regions revealed no significant extravasation of HRP indicative of microwave or ambient heat-induced disruption of the blood-brain barrier. PMID- 6733541 TI - Effect of 2450 MHz microwave energy on the blood-brain barrier to hydrophilic molecules. C. Effect on the permeability to [14C]sucrose. AB - Intravenously injected [14C]sucrose was used as a small molecular weight (342 daltons), hydrophilic tracer for determination of 2450 MHz CW microwave and ambient heat effects on rat blood-brain barrier permeability in the cerebral cortex, hypothalamus, cerebellum and medulla. The tracer was injected 4 min following exposure of conscious, unrestrained rats to microwaves at 0 or 65 mW/cm2 for 30 or 90 min (SAR approximately equal to 13.0 W/kg) or to ambient heat (42 +/- 2 degrees C) for 90 min. Comparison of mean permeability-surface area products (PA) and uptake ratios between sham and microwave-exposed animals revealed a statistically significant (P less than 0.05) decrease of both PA and uptake ratios for the hypothalamus, cerebellum and medulla of rats exposed to microwaves for 30 min. This decrease was not apparent for rats exposed to microwaves for 90 min. A pertinent observation, with regard to this latter group of animals, was the increased circulating levels of the tracer when colonic temperature was raised to approximately 41.4 degrees C or higher. PMID- 6733542 TI - Effect of 2450 MHz microwave energy on the blood-brain barrier to hydrophilic molecules. D. Brain temperature and blood-brain barrier permeability to hydrophilic tracers. AB - Measurement of temperature within the cerebral cortex, hypothalamus, cerebellum and medulla of rats sham-, heat- or microwave-exposed revealed the presence of a thermal gradient within the brain. In all groups, cerebral cortex and the cerebellum were cooler than the deeper hypothalamus and medulla. Exposure to 2450 MHz CW microwaves or ambient heat (42 +/- 2 degrees C) resulted in measurable elevation of regional brain temperature, but without alteration of temperature gradients normally observed within the brain. Exposure to 20 mW/cm2 (SAR approximately equal to 4 W/kg) for 30, 90 or 180 min induced a small, but significantly (U = 0, P less than 0.05) increased temperature of the colon, and in each region of the brain studied. Exposure to an incident power density of 65 mW/cm2 (SAR approximately equal to 13.0 W/kg) for 30 or 90 min or to ambient heat (42 +/- 2 degrees C) for 90 min resulted in a substantially greater thermal response as indicated by higher colonic and brain temperatures. Comparison of regional brain temperature with individual colonic temperatures is expressed as delta T = t degrees Cbrain--t degrees Ccolon. In general delta T values for ambient heat or microwave-exposed rats did not differ significantly from those of sham-exposed animals. Exposure to microwaves or ambient heat did not alter the general relationships between regional brain and colonic temperatures, i.e., cortical and cerebellar temperatures were always below and hypothalamic and medullary temperatures always above corresponding colonic temperatures. The plotted temperature data (brain vs colonic temperature) indicate a linear relationship between brain and colonic temperatures. Levels of sodium fluorescein (NAFl), horseradish peroxidase (HRP) and [14C]sucrose (described in preceding papers) within the brain show a high correlation (P less than 0.05) with brain temperature. Suppression of blood-brain barrier permeability to hydrophilic tracers was most pronounced at brain temperatures exceeding approximately 40 degrees C and is demonstrated to be temperature dependent. PMID- 6733544 TI - Field potentials in the suprachiasmatic nucleus of rat hypothalamic slice produced by optic nerve stimulation. AB - Spatial profile of a projection from retina to the suprachiasmatic nucleus (SCN) was studied by electrophysiological method. Stimulation of contralateral optic nerve evoked the fast positive and late large negative waves in only the ventrolateral but not the dorsolateral parts of the posterior SCN. This result, in agreement with anatomical evidence suggests that the late negative wave is due to excitatory synaptic potential in the SCN and has a role for elevating the neuronal activity in the ventrolateral part of the posterior SCN daytime. PMID- 6733543 TI - Effects of corticosterone on the electrophysiology of hippocampal CA1 pyramidal cells in vitro. AB - Modulation of CA1 field potential amplitudes by normal and stress concentrations of corticosterone (CT) was observed in hippocampal slice preparations from adrenalectomized rats. Slices exposed to CT levels characteristic of a morning (4 nM) or evening (7 nM) resting state showed increased population spike amplitudes in the CA1 pyramidal cell field within 10 min. A stress concentration (15 nM) also increased spike amplitudes, but only at the higher stimulus intensities. The effects of these doses were essentially the same 10 and 60 min after administration. The hormone facilitated responding more in morning resting concentrations than in concentrations characteristic of the evening resting state. This occurred, however, only for relatively low intensity stimuli. The data provide some support for the suggestion that circadian fluctuations in magnitude of long-term potentiation result from corresponding changes in CT level. The rapid onset of the observed changes is difficult to account for in terms of generally accepted mechanisms of receptor binding. PMID- 6733545 TI - Neuronal activity in the medial orbitofrontal cortex of the behaving monkey: modulation by glucose and satiety. AB - To investigate neuronal responses to interoceptive information, single neuron activity of the orbitofrontal cortex (OBF) of the behaving monkey was recorded during glucose injection, natural feeding and an operant bar press feeding task. Intravenous glucose injection had almost no effect on rates of spontaneous firing, but tended to attenuate neuronal responses during the bar press and reward periods. In about half of the neurons tested, the spontaneous firing rate changed for a relatively long period after the animal ate to satiety. The results suggest that blood glucose concentration is a modulatory factor in neuronal processing for feeding, but other interoceptive information generated by satiety strongly affects the activity of OBF neurons. PMID- 6733548 TI - Perianal abscess and its recurrence. PMID- 6733549 TI - Clinical diagnostic accuracy in the management of primary Stage I cutaneous malignant melanoma in a plastic surgery unit. PMID- 6733547 TI - Monkey orbitofrontal neuron activity during emotional and feeding behaviors. AB - Long term, single neuron activity was recorded in the monkey orbitofrontal cortex (OBF) through chronic platinum-iridium microwire electrodes. Tonic as well as phasic changes in neuronal activity occurred upon presentation of palatable (food) and aversive stimuli during bar pressing for food. Lesions in this region are known to induce changes in emotional behavior. Therefore, the results suggest that the OBF neurons are involved in processing emotion. PMID- 6733546 TI - Naloxone-induced augmentation of the photically evoked afterdischarge in conscious rats. AB - Naloxone, at subconvulsive dose levels, from 1 to 15 mg/kg were administered to conscious rats. Significant increases in photically evoked afterdischarge occurrence were seen at naloxone dose levels above 5 mg/kg with no clinical evidence of seizure activity being observed. Typically photically evoked afterdischarge augmentation is only observed following the administration of convulsive drugs. PMID- 6733551 TI - Effects of the naked-neck gene on traits associated with egg laying in a dwarf stock at two temperatures. AB - Naked-neck (NaNa and Nana+) and normal hens, all dwarf (dw), were compared for laying performance in two groups at 15 to 20 or 30 degrees C. Naked-neck hens, especially homozygotes, weighed less only at the cooler temperature. Body fatness was not different. Normal, but not naked-neck birds, showed a depression in food intake and egg output at 30 degrees C. In the hot environment mean egg weight and egg mass output were highest for naked-neck homozygotes. At the cooler temperature mean egg weight was also higher for this genotype, at fixed body weight. The decline in egg mass with time seemed greater for fully-feathered layers at high temperature. At moderate temperature residual food intake was slightly increased by the naked-neck gene, but owing to the reduced body weight, food utilisation was not poorer for the NaNa or Nana+ genotypes. At higher temperature Nana+ and especially NaNa hens utilised food more efficiently. An increase in wattle size and a slight decrease in body temperature were associated with the Na allele. PMID- 6733552 TI - Growth and carcass composition of broilers fed sunflower oil and olive oil. AB - Sunflower and olive oils were fed at the same dietary inclusion levels to male broilers as a means of varying the dietary linoleic acid concentration while maintaining similar concentrations of total fat and total unsaturated fatty acids. The type of oil and the dietary supplementation level influenced growth rate, food utilisation and carcass composition. Birds grew faster and utilised food more efficiently when fed the sunflower oil and had higher concentrations of body fat. Increasing the level of supplementation with either oil decreased body fat content. The different responses to the two oils were not related to differences in dietary amino acid balance, ME: protein ratios or rates of food passage through the digestive tract. PMID- 6733550 TI - The effect of collection method and housing system on semen production and fertility of Alabio drakes. AB - Three methods of semen collection from Alabio drakes were compared: the use of an artificial vagina (AV), electro ejaculation (EE) and manual massage (MM). For the latter two methods, drakes were housed in individual cages or in groups in floor pens, while for the AV method all drakes were kept in individual cages. Training success rates of drakes for the three collection methods were similar. Drakes housed in cages produced significantly more semen with a higher sperm concentration, which maintained fertility longer than semen from floor-penned drakes. The average semen volume per ejaculate, sperm concentration and total number of sperm per ejaculate were highest for the AV method while the other two methods did not differ. The average duration of fertility was significantly longer for the AV method (8.8 d) than the EE (6.5 d) or MM methods (5.1 d). The proportion of fertile eggs for 7 d following the insemination of 2 X 10(8) spermatozoa was also highest for the AV method. Although greater skill was required from the operator, the AV method is recommended for general use because of its significantly higher semen yield and longer duration of fertility. PMID- 6733554 TI - Bile acid deconjugation and attachment of chicken gut bacteria: their possible role in growth depression. AB - Bacteria isolated from the chicken gut were tested for their ability to deconjugate bile acids and attach to chicken epithelial cells (crop squamous cells and duodenal brush borders). Clostridium perfringens, streptococci and some of the bifidobacteria and lactobacilli were able to deconjugate all 4 substrates whereas the bacteroides deconjugated only the taurine conjugates and the coliforms were completely inactive. None of the strains of Escherichia coli or streptococci attached to squamous cells, but the anaerogenic coliform, the strain of Klebsiella aerogenes and the lactobacilli did show attachment. Attachment to brush borders was obtained with the anaerogenic coliforms, K. aerogenes, 2 out of 5 of the lactobacilli, and 4 out of 9 of the streptococci, but none of the strains of E. coli. PMID- 6733553 TI - Changes in the activities of NADP+-linked dehydrogenases during ontogenesis in the chicken. AB - Changes in the activities of glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase [EC 1.1.1.49], 6 phosphogluconate dehydrogenase [EC 1.1.1.44] and cytoplasmic and mitochondrial "malic" enzyme [EC 1.1.1.40] and NADP+- linked isocitrate dehydrogenase [EC 1.1.1.42] were measured in the liver, heart, lung and brain during ontogenesis in the chicken. In the liver the cytoplasmic malic enzyme was constant during embryonal development, increasing suddenly and markedly thereafter and isocitrate dehydrogenase increased in the embryo and decreased after hatching while their mitochondrial isoenzymes showed parallel but less marked changes. Activities of the other dehydrogenases were essentially unchanged. In the heart only cytoplasmic isocitrate dehydrogenase showed important changes, increasing three fold during growth after hatching. In the lung, glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase and cytoplasmic malic enzyme attained their maximum activities respectively at 16 to 18 d and 14 d of development. Mitochondrial malic enzyme did not change, while isocitrate dehydrogenase reached its maximum between 14 and 18 d. In the brain cytoplasmic malic enzyme was activated only after hatching, while its mitochondrial isoenzyme and isocitrate dehydrogenase showed discontinuous variations of an insignificant magnitude. Other activities were unchanged. PMID- 6733555 TI - Cross-breeding performance of white Leghorn and Australorp lines selected under continuous light for short interval between eggs: full-year egg production and efficiency of food utilisation. AB - White Leghorn (LS) and Australorp (AS) lines selected for short oviposition interval and their control lines (LC and AC), together with three strains of Australian commercial layers, were evaluated for crossbreeding performance. The estimates of selection effect on crossbreeding performance in lines LS and AS respectively were 3.5% and 15.2% for survivors' egg number, -3.3% and -2.0% for average egg weight, and 4.3% and 7.4% for efficiency of food utilisation. Compared to the commercial strains, the LS X AS cross was 13 to 15% higher for egg number, 7 to 10% lower for egg weight and 2 to 7% better for efficiency of food utilisation. The LC X AC cross laid more but smaller eggs than the commercial strains. This raised the question of how effective conventional selection in the commercial nucleus flocks had been in improving egg number in the previous 10 years, a period when the control lines had been bred without deliberate selection. PMID- 6733556 TI - Age, body weight and body composition requirements for the onset of sexual maturity of dwarf and normal chickens. AB - Comparisons of age, food intake, body weight and body composition at the onset of sexual maturity were made between dwarf and normal chickens from lines selected for high or low juvenile body weight. At the same age birds which had started to lay were significantly heavier and contained significantly more abdominal and carcass fat than those which were not laying. Differences between normal and dwarf pullets within lines varied with genetic background, indicating differences between lines in meeting a body weight or a body composition requirement, or both, for the onset of sexual maturity. PMID- 6733557 TI - Regulation of food intake by brown Leghorn cockerels in response to dietary dilution with kaolin. AB - The ability of adult Brown Leghorn cockerels to regulate food intake precisely was tested by measuring their responses to dietary dilutions with 100, 200, 300 and 400 g kaolin per kg diet. When changed from their original undiluted mash diet, cockerels continued gaining body weight with 100 and 200 g kaolin/kg dilutions, maintained weight with 300 g/kg and lost weight continuously with 400 g/kg. With all dilutions, the birds eventually adjusted weights of dry matter digested per day to the same levels as with the original basal diet. This took a few days with 100 g kaolin/kg, a week or more with 200 and 300 g/kg, and about three weeks with 400 g/kg. They achieved this mainly by increasing consumption of diluted food to maintain their original intake of basal diet. With 400 g kaolin/kg they were unable to compensate fully in amount eaten, but digestibility of the basal diet increased significantly. It is suggested that, given the right conditions, fowls may be able to compensate accurately when challenged with a range of dietary dilutions, the upper limit depending on the density of filler used. PMID- 6733558 TI - Comparison of plasma very low density lipoproteins and lipogenic enzymes as predictors of fat content and food conversion efficiency in selected lines of broiler chickens. AB - Activities of lipogenic enzymes and plasma very low density lipoprotein (VLDL) concentrations were measured in lines of chickens with large differences in food conversion efficiency (FCE) and body fat. Hepatic activities of malate dehydrogenase [EC 1.1.1.40 (MD)] and ATP citrate lyase [EC 4.1.3.8 (CL)] were correlated with the proportion of both abdominal and total body fat (r = 0.50) but were poorly correlated with gain: food ratio. Activities of MD and CL in plasma were low and variable and were not correlated with any other characteristics. Plasma VLDL concentration was significantly correlated with the proportion of abdominal and total body fat (r = 0.59), and gain: food ratio (r = 0.36). PMID- 6733559 TI - Biotin intake and transfer to the egg and chick in broiler breeder hens housed on litter or in cages. AB - Biotin concentrations in the plasma of hens and chicks and in egg yolk were measured at different ages in broiler breeder hens housed on litter or in cages and fed restricted amounts of diets containing different concentrations of biotin. In the caged groups, biotin concentrations in these fluids increased with increasing maternal biotin intake over the range of intakes studied. Biotin concentrations in hen plasma and yolk were linearly related and increased with age. Biotin concentration in chick plasma was highly correlated (r = 0.93) with yolk concentration. The poorest biotin status was predicted for chicks from young hens. There was no evidence that ingestion of excreta contributed substantially to the biotin status of hens housed on deep litter. PMID- 6733561 TI - Fractionation in radiation therapy: theoretical basis, experimental, and clinical studies. AB - In summary, there is a growing body of clinical evidence along with laboratory studies that in rapidly growing tumors, small doses per fraction given over a short time interval, as in hyperfractionation or accelerated fractionation, may increase the therapeutic ratio. For slowly growing tumors, small doses per fraction may still have an advantage, but they need not be compressed into a short time interval. Finally, for certain "radioresistant" tumors, with a large shoulder to the survival curve, there may be a clinical advantage to larger doses per fraction, but this will have to be weighed against the potential long-term chronic toxicity which increases rapidly with large doses per fraction. PMID- 6733560 TI - Controversies in mammography. PMID- 6733562 TI - Validity of mammographic screening: pros and cons. PMID- 6733563 TI - Clinical experience with intravenous misonidazole for carcinoma of the esophagus: results in attempting radiosensitization of each fraction of exposure. AB - By using intravenous misonidazole, a hypoxic cell radiosensitizer, we attempted to test the hypothesis of hypoxia as the basis of the relatively poor results seen with radiation therapy in the treatment of carcinoma of the thoracic esophagus. As the peripheral neuropathy of misonidazole was well recognized, we felt that an adequate dose of misonidazole could be given approximately ten times before peripheral neuropathy would necessitate its discontinuation. Because of a desire to maximize any possible effects of radiosensitization, it was decided to administer misonidazole with each fraction of radiation, attempting to deliver curative radiation therapy with only ten fractions of radiation. We thus devised a scheme of radiation consisting of 400 rad twice a week for 5 weeks, a total of 4000 rad. Originally the attempt was made to utilize preoperative radiation therapy and assess the histologic specimens for efficacy. However, major pulmonary toxicity caused revision of that plan. Twenty six patients were treated with radiotherapy alone without surgery, 12 of the patients being randomized to receive intravenous misonidazole with 10 fractions of 400 rad each. In terms of partial response, complete response, local control, and long-term survival, there was no suggestion of any benefit of intravenous misonidazole in these patients. As a consequence, although the number of study patients was small, the investigation was discontinued. Possible explanations for the failure to demonstrate any benefit of misonidazole are discussed. PMID- 6733564 TI - Bladder reconstruction in the surgical management of bladder cancer. AB - As the preceding discussion has demonstrated, a number of ingenious yet relatively practical approaches have been proposed for urinary reconstruction following partial or total cystectomy for bladder cancer. Ileal conduit diversion and ureterosigmoidostomy are the only procedures for which there is adequate clinical experience to judge their relative advantages and disadvantages. Neither is an ideal form of diversion but both are practical solutions to the problem of urinary drainage following radical cystectomy. Until effective alternatives are developed, these procedures will remain the standard therapies in the management of bladder cancer. The ideal bladder substitute which needs to be developed must be continent, able to evacuate completely, have minimal physiologic consequences, and be stomaless. Ureteroiliourethrostomy comes closest to fulfilling these criteria, but there is persistent skepticism about the ability of the ileal bladder to empty effectively. Further clinical trials of this procedure are necessary before any definitive statements are possible regarding its eventual role in patients with bladder cancer. The major consideration in urinary reconstruction in the management of bladder cancer is the possibility of tumor recurrence in an adjacent urinary segment. Partial rather than total bladder reconstruction is usually precluded by this factor, but may be feasible in carefully selected patients. Staged urinary reconstruction, such as initial conduit diversion and later reestablishment of urinary continuity once tumor recurrence has been ruled out, is an attractive but relatively untried solution to this problem. The quality of life of the patient must improve to an extent which warrants the operative risks involved. To minimize these risks, a flexible, reliable, and uncomplicated procedure must be developed and must withstand prolonged clinical scrutiny. Advances in urinary reconstruction in the management of bladder cancer are eagerly anticipated by surgeons and patients alike. PMID- 6733565 TI - Methylation of the O6 position of guanine in DNA is the most likely initiating event in carcinogenesis by methylating agents. PMID- 6733566 TI - Alkylation of the O6 of guanine is only one of many chemical events that may initiate carcinogenesis. AB - The original hypothesis that chemical alteration of DNA can ultimately lead to carcinogenesis had been extended to a concept that the presence and persistence (lack of removal) of O6-alkyl G in an organ or cell population is the important requirement for tumorigenesis by alkylating agents. There are, however, many examples given in the text in which the organ specificity does not correlate with the amount of O6-alkyl G, and indeed, in some instances, no tumors result even though it can be shown that the DNA of many organs contains O6-alkyl G and that cell proliferation occurs. In some cases, there are clearly genetic factors. For example, the brain tumor incidence in two mouse strains differ but O6-alkyl G persistence is the same. Differing amounts or repair capability of O6-alkyl G in species, organs, or cells is not sufficient to explain variations in tumor incidence. Consideration must be given to other alkyl derivatives formed by alkylating carcinogens since at least six derivatives can lead to mispairing. Additionally, depurination has profound biological effects and evidence is emerging that bulky carcinogens such as aflatoxin and N-hydroxy acetylaminofluorene cause rapid depurination (42). The role of phosphotriesters is as yet unknown. In attempting to come to a conclusion concerning the mode of tumor initiation by alkylating agents, we must not ignore the differences between alkyl groups. Dr. Pegg's paper focuses mainly on methylation, while my arguments stress ethylation. When the number of O6-methylguanines greatly exceeds that of O methyl-pyrimidines, the former is more likely to be the initiating event. However, ethylation is generally more carcinogenic than methylation, if one considers that much less total alkylation is necessary for tumor development. The O-ethylpyrimidines produced by N-nitroso ethylating agents are more numerous than the O6-ethylguanines and they appear to be more persistent; that is, poorly repaired. Table 3 in Dr. Pegg's paper gives strong support to the potential initiation efficiency of the O4-ethylthymine and perhaps even to the idea that some yet-unidentified event is responsible for the carcinogenicity of diethylnitrosamine.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 400 WORDS) PMID- 6733567 TI - Activation of hexose transport by antibody. AB - In our attempts to study alterations in cell behaviour by membrane perturbations, the effects of specific antisera on membrane functions were examined. The present communication reports the nature and kinetics of the changes in hexose transport as a result of treatment of L6 rat myoblast cells with specific antibodies. Exposure to complement-inactivated rabbit anti-myoblast antiserum resulted in an almost immediate two- to three-fold increase in hexose transport; morphological changes were observed only after prolonged incubation with the antiserum. Similar stimulation of hexose transport was observed upon exposure of cells to immunoglobulin G (IgG) from both sheep anti-myoblast and rabbit anti-myoblast plasma membrane sera. It seems that the interaction of specific IgG with cell surface components is sufficient to elicit this response. We have established that over 90% of 2-deoxyglucose is phosphorylated upon entrance into rat myoblasts and that exposure of cells to specific antibody does not cause changes in cell volume or general leakiness of the cell membrane. The antibody-stimulated hexose transport system resembles its normal counterpart in its substrate affinity and specificity; it differs from that of the control cells only in the transport capacity. This increase in hexose capacity is brought about by processes independent of protein synthesis and is not likely the result of extensive reorganization of membrane components. PMID- 6733568 TI - Improved procedures for the conjugation of oligosaccharides to protein by reductive amination. AB - The rate of coupling of oligosaccharides having aldose end groups to protein by reductive amination was significantly increased by changing the temperature and pH of the reaction, and even more significantly by the addition of borate ions. Under optimized conditions half of the lysine residues of bovine serum albumin could be derivatized by lactose in 7 h and their complete derivatization was achieved in approximately 24 h. All attempts to carry out similar reductive amination procedures using oligosaccharides having ketose (D-fructose, 3-deoxy-D manno-octulosonic acid (KDO), and sialic acid) failed owing to the slowness of the reaction. Model studies on the coupling of D-fructose and KDO to glycine indicate that any coupling procedure based on reductive amination of ketose residues would of necessity require the prior introduction of a small functionalized spacer molecule. PMID- 6733569 TI - Characterization of an isozyme of S-adenosylmethionine synthetase from rat liver. AB - An isozyme of S-adenosylmethionine synthetase has been purified to homogeneity by ammonium sulfate fractionation, DEAE-cellulose column chromatography, and gel filtration on a Sephadex G-200 column. The purified enzyme is very unstable and has a molecular weight of 120 000 consisting of two identical subunits. Amino acid analysis on the purified enzyme showed glycine, glutamate, and aspartate to be the most abundant and the aromatic amino acids to be the least abundant. It possesses tripolyphosphatase activity which can be stimulated five to six times by S-adenosylmethionine (20-40 microM). The findings support the conclusion that an enzyme-bound tripolyphosphate is an obligatory intermediate in the enzymatic synthesis of S-adenosyl-methionine from ATP and methionine. PMID- 6733571 TI - The theory of the pairing of telocentric chromosomes in triploids and trisomics. AB - The possible pairing patterns of telocentric chromosomes in triploids and trisomics are considered and expressions are derived allowing the prediction of expected meiotic, chromosomal, and cellular pairing patterns. The calculation of the relative affinity of the homoeologous chromosomes involved in the pairing patterns with the telocentrics is discussed. PMID- 6733570 TI - Purine and pyrimidine analogues irreversibly prevent passage of lymphocytes from the G1 to the S phase of the cell cycle. AB - Six-hour pulses of the purine analogue 8-azaguanine (8-AG) and the pyrimidine analogue 5-fluorouracil (5-FU) produced a novel irreversible effect on mouse and human lymphocytes. Cells treated with these analogues early during culture with concanavalin A and then washed in presence of excess natural base could pass normally through the various stages of blast formation (e.g., increased K+ transport, increase in nuclear and cytoplasmic volume, disaggregation of chromatin), but showed a severe inhibition of DNA synthesis when this was measured by [3H]thymidine incorporation at 48 h of culture; this was true irrespective of whether the 6-h pulse with analogue occurred at 0, 12, or 24 h of culture in the presence of mitogen. The analogue 6-mercaptopurine, which strongly inhibited DNA and RNA synthesis while present in the medium, had no irreversible effects, unlike 5-FU and 8-AG. The persistence of the effects of 5-FU in presence of excess thymidine in the medium suggested that inactivation of thymidylate synthetase was not responsible for the inhibition observed here. The effect was expressed in the presence or absence of protein synthesis; therefore, the observed inhibition of proliferation was not due to synthesis of a toxic protein, but to an effect on the formation or function of the DNA synthesizing system and (or) on its template, thus preventing the cells from passing from the G1 to the S phase of the cell cycle. PMID- 6733572 TI - Genetics of speciation in the Aedes (Stegomyia) scutellaris subgroup (Diptera:Culicidae). 4. Chromosomal relationships of Aedes cooki with four sibling species. AB - Morphology and behavior of chromosomes and development of testes and sperm were examined in hybrids from interspecific crosses involving Aedes cooki and four sibling species of the Aedes (Stegomyia) scutellaris subgroup of mosquitoes. The degree of abnormality in hybrid spermatogenesis in interspecific crosses involving Aedes cooki males and females of four sibling species paralleled the geographic distributions of these species and the genetic divergence indicated by other genetic studies. Hybrids from crosses involving Aedes malayensis females and Aedes cooki males were characterized by atrophied testes and extensive chromosome breakage. Hybrids from crosses involving Aedes alcasidi females and Aedes cooki males suggested a possible pericentric inversion distinguishing the largest autosome of Aedes alcasidi from that of Aedes cooki. Hybrids from interspecific crosses involving females of Aedes polynesiensis and Aedes pseudoscutellaris and males of Aedes cooki showed high percentages of univalents of the smallest chromosome pair. Hybrid spermatogenesis in two interspecific crosses involving Aedes cooki females differed from results of reciprocal crosses. Data were scant, however, and interpretation was difficult in view of negligible hatch in all interspecific crosses involving Aedes cooki females. PMID- 6733573 TI - Relationship of brown adipose tissue with growth and obesity differences in genetically selected mouse lines. AB - A recent hypothesis considers brown adipose tissue (BAT) to be an important source of diet-induced thermogenesis (DIT). In turn, DIT and thermogenesis in general are believed to be key factors in the control of obesity of laboratory rodents. This hypothesis was developed from the study of single gene mutant obese rodents. The present research tested this hypothesis in mice with polygenic control of growth and obesity, which is more characteristic of the type of genetic variation expected in human and other mammalian populations. Control and high fat diets were used to test responses of five genetically selected lines of mice showing different patterns of growth and obesity. All lines deposited more fat on the high fat diet, but the most obese line showed the largest increase in BAT and the lipid-free dry (LFD) component of BAT. Use of LFD per unit body weight gave results which supported the hypothesis being tested, but it was argued that this measure is misleading. When brown and white adipose tissue growth relative to body weight were examined, 2 of the 10 line-diet groups showed alterations in BAT growth patterns. However, it was concluded that BAT, if involved at all, was not a major factor in growth and obesity differences. PMID- 6733574 TI - The taxonomy of multivalent orientation: six modes of alternate or one? AB - Unlike adjacent I and II, alternate I and II orientations of interchange and tetrasome quadrivalents can be considered extremes within one particular population of orientations (alternate) and thus lack sufficient distinction to justify a separate taxonomic status. Within the population up to six types may be distinguished, but the biological significance of this distinction is small. PMID- 6733575 TI - Foresight prevents blindness. PMID- 6733576 TI - Lacrimal sac identification for dacryocystorhinostomy: the role of sodium hyaluronate. AB - Sodium hyaluronate in a 1% solution (Healon) mixed with a few drops of 2% fluorescein has been found to be useful in exposing the lumen of the lacrimal sac at the time of dacryocystorhinostomy (DCR) surgery. Injection of the solution into the sac facilitates proper opening and allows accurate identification of the edges of the sac flaps. This technique is especially valuable when the sac is small or when previous DCR surgery was unsuccessful. PMID- 6733578 TI - Pseudophakic retinal detachment. AB - In 40 cases of pseudophakic retinal detachment 88% of the retinas were reattached, and 20% of the patients had a final visual acuity of 6/12 or better. Poor visualization of the fundus in 38% of the cases and the inability to find retinal breaks in 20% of the cases were major problems in management. PMID- 6733577 TI - Bardet-Biedl syndrome and retinitis punctata albescens in an isolated northern Canadian community. AB - Autosomal recessive inheritance of various conditions is well documented among inbreeding groups. In northern Canada inbreeding occurs in communities as a result of language and cultural uniqueness as well as geographic isolation. In one such community--Rae, in the Northwest Territories--two autosomal recessive disorders, the Bardet-Biedl syndrome and retinitis punctata albescens, are segregating. This report outlines the major clinical features of the disorders, establishes for both conditions the high frequency of the heterozygous carrier genotype in the community and suggests a possible way to reduce the likelihood of increased numbers of affected individuals in forthcoming generations. PMID- 6733579 TI - Orbitotonography, the dynamic assessment of orbital tension: 1. Results in subjects without known orbital disease. AB - This paper describes a new orbitotonometer and method of dynamically assessing the orbital tissue resistance ("orbital tension"). In 20 healthy volunteers without known orbital disease the inexpensive instrument proved to be safe and accurate, providing useful, reproducible clinical information. The full diagnostic work-up of patients with orbital disease should include the accurate measurement of orbital tension, as this may provide the ophthalmologist with earlier objective evidence of the disease process as well as a method of following its course. PMID- 6733580 TI - Ocular effects of water from acidic lakes: an experimental study. AB - The purpose of this experimental study was to determine the effects on the conjunctiva and cornea of eyes exposed to water from acidic lakes in comparison with water from lakes having a nearly neutral pH. One eye each of 190 rabbits was exposed to an experimental sample of water having a pH of 5.18, 5.04, 4.70 or 4.50. The other eye of each rabbit was simultaneously exposed to a control sample of water having a pH of 6.40 or 6.21. The water was continuously instilled for 15 minutes every day for 7 days. Observations were made daily. The two eyes of each rabbit were compared for conjunctival congestion, corneal staining with fluorescent dye, the granulocyte count and osmolarity of the tears, bacteriologic findings in conjunctival swabs, corneal cell damage, corneal thickness and ultrastructural features of the corneal epithelium. Although some of the rabbits showed a difference of reaction in the two eyes, the majority showed similar reactions to water from the acidic and nearly neutral lakes. PMID- 6733581 TI - Orbital involvement in chronic lymphocytic leukemia. AB - In a 68-year-old man with chronic lymphocytic leukemia diagnosed on the basis of peripheral lymphocytosis, marked bilateral exophthalmos developed owing to massive orbital involvement by the disease. At the time there was no lymphadenopathy or evidence of organ infiltration. The response to radiotherapy was excellent. Orbital involvement is rare as an early clinical feature of chronic lymphocytic leukemia but should be considered in the differential diagnosis of bilateral exophthalmos in adults. PMID- 6733582 TI - Malignant glaucoma. PMID- 6733583 TI - Effects of scorpion venom on structure and function of esophageal lower sphincter (LES) and body circular muscle (BCM) from opossum. AB - In the lower esophageal sphincter (LES) and body circular muscle (BCM) from opossum, nerves appeared to innervate the interstitial cells of Cajal more closely than they innervated smooth muscle cells, and it was postulated that these cells might mediate nonadrenergic, noncholinergic ( NANC ) nerve effects. Tissues were treated with a toxin, selective for structures with Na channels, the venom of the scorpion, Leiurus quinquestriatus, to determine its morphological effects on nerves and other structures and its effect on responses of LES and BCM to NANC nerve stimulation by field stimulation with 0.5- and 5-ms pulses. Relaxations to 5-ms pulses are tetrodotoxin-insensitive and might result from the release of mediators from nerve terminals by a different, Na channel independent mechanism or from activation of a nonneural structure with a longer time constant than nerve. Scorpion venom relaxes the LES temporarily and, like tetrodotoxin, abolished responses of LES and BCM to 0.5-ms pulses of field stimulation, but not responses to 5-ms pulses of field stimulation. When responses to 0.5 ms of field stimulation were first inhibited, some nerve varicosities were damaged. Later nearly all were depleted markedly of synaptic vesicles. Venom did not structurally damage other cells. The venom effects to relax LES and to damage nerves were prevented by tetrodotoxin pretreatment, suggesting that venom released an inhibitory mediator and destroyed synaptic vesicles by acting on Na channels. The finding that interstitial cells of Cajal, which often had gap junction contacts to smooth muscle and close associations with nerves, were resistant to scorpion venom while the nerves that innervate them were not, is consistent with the hypothesis that interstitial cells are intercalated between the nerves and muscles and may mediate tetrodotoxin-insensitive responses to field stimulation. PMID- 6733584 TI - Inhibition of the synthesis of hepatic cytochrome P-450 by the interferon inducing agent poly rI.rCi. AB - The levels of cytochrome P-450, cytochrome b5, aminopyrine N-demethylase, and benzo[a]pyrene hydroxylase were depressed in hepatic microsomes following treatment of mice with the interferon inducer poly rI.rC. The decrease in the hepatic mixed function oxidase system was accompanied by an increase in the incorporation of amino acids into total microsomal protein. Fractionation of solubilized microsomes using a Sephacryl S-200 gel filtration column demonstrated that the increase in amino acid incorporation tended to be associated with proteins with molecular weights under 67 000. The fractions which contained cytochrome P-450 were further separated using a DEAE cellulose column. The amount of labelled amino acids associated with the cytochrome P-450 fractions was uniformly depressed in preparations from poly rI.rC treated animals compared with saline-treated controls. These results suggest that poly rI.rC causes a depression in the rate of synthesis of the apoprotein of cytochrome P-450 while increasing the incorporation of amino acids into other hepatic proteins. The decrease in apocytochrome P-450 synthesis explains the marked loss of drug biotransformation which occurs following induction of interferon. PMID- 6733585 TI - Triazene metabolism. III. In vitro cytotoxicity towards M21 cells and in vivo antitumour activity of the proposed metabolites of the antitumour 1-aryl-3,3 dimethyltriazenes. AB - In vitro cytotoxicity of a series of antitumour triazenes towards the M21 melanoma cell line has been studied. Dimethyltriazenes are structural analogues of 5-(3,3-dimethyl-1-triazeno-)imidazole-4-carboxamide (Dacarbazine) and are inactive, which is consistent with the requirement for metabolic activation. Monomethyltriazenes and hydroxymethyltriazenes , the proposed metabolites of the dimethyltriazenes, are cytotoxic to the M21 cell line. A new series of 4-hydroxy 1,2,3- benzotriazines has been tested for in vitro cytotoxicity. A series of monoalkyltriazenes (Ar X N = N X NHR ) has been tested for antitumour activity against the P388 lymphoma in vivo. Only monomethyltriazenes had significant antitumour activity, which supports the hypothesis that the monomethyltriazene is the active metabolite of the antitumour dimethyltriazenes. The activity of monomethyltriazenes in vivo is correlated with the chemical stability and t1/2 measurements in pH 7.5 phosphate buffer. PMID- 6733586 TI - Effect of diuretics on the tubuloglomerular feedback response. AB - To study the influence of diuretics on the tubuloglomerular feedback mechanism, early proximal stop-flow pressure (SFP) was measured during loop exposure to different drug concentrations. SFP was recorded continuously during arrested flow and at a perfusion rate of 50 nL/min. The perfusate consisted of isotonic saline, to which varying amounts of furosemide. bumetanide, piretanide, or hydrochlorothiazide were added to obtain final concentrations between 10(-6) and 10(-4)M. The loop diuretics furosemide, bumetanide, and piretanide showed inhibition: an inverse log-linear relation between the luminal concentration and the respective feedback response. No differences between the dose-response curves of furosemide, bumetanide, or piretanide could be demonstrated. The effective concentration range was between 10(-6) and 10(-4)M, the mean effective dose (ED50) was close to 10(-5)M for each of them. In contrast, hydrochlorothiazide did not alter the feedback response. The effect of loop diuretics was rapidly and repeatedly reversible. PMID- 6733587 TI - Alterations in aortic and tail artery reactivity to agonists after streptozotocin treatment. AB - In the present study, responses to various agonists in thoracic aorta and tail artery strips, obtained from 4-week streptozotocin (STZ)-treated rats and age matched controls, were studied. Responses in aorta obtained from diabetic animals to the alpha-agonists, norepinephrine (NE), and methoxamine (MOX), to calcium (Ca2+) and potassium (K+) were found to be depressed relative to control tissue. Responses in tail artery however, were found to be different. While responses to K+ were decreased and to Ca2+ unchanged, tail artery strips obtained from diabetic animals were found to be supersensitive to both alpha-agonists relative to control tissue. Another observed difference between the two tissues was in their catecholamine content. While induction of diabetes did not alter catecholamine levels in the aorta, a significant decrease was produced in the tail artery, relative to control tissue levels. Our results indicate that inherent differences (such as the degree of innervation) may contribute to the differential responses observed in the two tissues studied. They further suggest the possible involvement of alterations in calcium utilization in aorta and the development of postjunctional supersensitivity in tail artery obtained from STZ treated animals. PMID- 6733588 TI - The effects of low-level lead exposure in developing rats: changes in circadian locomotor activity and hippocampal noradrenaline turnover. AB - The circadian spontaneous locomotor activity of rats exposed to 0.1 mg lead/kg, po from 3 days until 4 and 6 weeks of age was similar to that of controls. However, hyperactivity during initial hours of recording was observed in rats that were treated with lead (Pb) until 8 weeks of age. When treatment was discontinued for 2 weeks, previously Pb-exposed rats had a tendency to be hypoactive. The elevated locomotor activity in 8-week-old lead-treated rats was not accompanied by any significant changes of noradrenaline levels in the cerebral cortex or hippocampus. Alterations in noradrenaline content of the hippocampus were, however, observed in rats that had been treated with Pb for 4 and 6 weeks. The turnover rate of noradrenaline in the hippocampus was also found to be significantly reduced following treatment for 6 weeks. Regional distribution of Pb in the brains of lead-exposed rats showed a large accumulation of the metal in the hippocampus. The alterations of the noradrenergic function in the hippocampus may be associated with the preferential storage of lead in this region. PMID- 6733589 TI - Control of spontaneous and deoxycorticosterone-salt hypertension and polyuria by nitrendipine pellets. AB - Weekly subcutaneous implantation of 25-mg nitrendipine pellets prevented onset of both spontaneous and deoxycorticosterone-salt hypertension in rats. Discontinuance of implantation led to reappearance of hypertension after about 2 weeks in the former and led to rising though still normotensive pressures after about 3 weeks in the latter. A new implant caused blood pressures in both to drop within a day or two to normotensive levels in the case of spontaneously hypertensive rats. Nitrendipine prevented cardiac hypertrophy in steroid hypertensive rats, but not in spontaneous hypertensives. A nitrendipine pellet given 1 day before or a 30 mg/kg injection given 1 h prior to the administration of a water, Na+, and K+ load, prevented the diabetes insipidus-like syndrome resulting from deoxycorticosterone-salt treatment, and lowered sodium but not potassium excretion. Nitrendipine did not affect steroid-induced hypernatremia and hypokalemia. PMID- 6733590 TI - Placental drug transfer in near-term ewes: acetylsalicylic and salicylic acid. AB - Radiolabelled acetylsalicylic acid (ASA) and salicylic acid (SA) were given intravenously to four near-term ewes and their occurrence in both maternal and fetal plasma was ascertained using a specific thin-layer chromatographic analysis procedure. Findings proved that ASA and SA cross the placental barrier and reach distribution equilibrium about 40 min after salicylate administration. The equilibrium plasma fetal/maternal ratio for both salicylates averaged 0.4. Plasma concentrations of the two compounds in the mother and the fetus accorded with a two-compartment model having unusually large mean estimates (54 and 39 L) for the tissue distribution space of ASA and SA, respectively. Furthermore, the mean SA clearance in the ewe (358 mL X min-1) was much greater than that reported in man, while the mean ASA clearance (764 mL X min-1) was similar. Since ASA is an irreversible inhibitor of arachidonate cyclooxygenase, our findings reassert the need for caution in the use of the drug during pregnancy. PMID- 6733594 TI - Impedance profiles of peripheral and central neurons. AB - The electrical impedance of trigeminal ganglion cells (in vivo) and hippocampal CA1 neurons (in vitro) of guinea pigs was measured in the frequency range of 5 1250 Hz using intracellular recording techniques with single microelectrodes and computerized methodology. The transfer functions of the electrode and the electrode-neuron system were computed from the ratio of fast Fourier transforms of the output voltage response from the neuron and input current composed of sine waves with rapidly increasing frequency which displaced membrane potential by 2-5 mV. We believe these to be the first measurements of complex impedance and transfer functions in peripheral and central neurons of vertebrates and the first use of such input current functions. The majority of trigeminal ganglion cells did not exhibit electrical behaviour ascribable to a simple resistance capacitance (RC) circuit but showed a hump at low frequencies (5-250 Hz) in the computed transfer function, probably attributable to resonance. The transfer function in less than 20% of the trigeminal neurons could be fitted approximately to a theoretical transfer function (resistance in series with a parallel RC circuit model) providing values for electrode resistance, effective input resistance, and effective input capacitance. The transfer functions measured in hippocampal CA1 neurons were characterized by a rapid fall-off in the low frequency range (less than 200 Hz). Impedance locus plots approximate the locus corresponding to a series RC circuit in parallel with a parallel RC circuit. PMID- 6733593 TI - Hypotensive actions of some analogues of platelet-activating factor (PAF) with higher potencies than natural PAF. AB - Substituents on the nitrogen atom of the phosphorylcholine moiety of natural C16 platelet-activating factor (PAF) were modified or replaced by more bulky groups, and their hypotensive activities were examined with rats. As a result, it was found that N-methylpiperidine and N-methylpyrrolidine analogues were 3-10 times more potent than natural C16-PAF. PMID- 6733595 TI - Adrenal paraneurone contractile proteins and stimulus-secretion coupling. AB - Actin, myosin, and alpha-actinin have been isolated from adrenal chromaffin cells and characterized. Their physicochemical properties have been studied and their cell localization revealed by biochemical, immunocytochemical, and ultrastructural techniques. Alpha-actinin is a component of chromaffin granule membranes and some of the cell actin copurifies with these secretory granules. Myosin is not detected in the granules but is present mainly in the cytosol. Trifluoperazine, a calmodulin antagonist, blocks stimulation-induced hormone release from chromaffin cells at a step distal from Ca2+ entry. High affinity calmodulin binding sites have also been found in chromaffin granule membranes. Furthermore, microinjection of calmodulin antibodies into chromaffin cells blocks hormone output in response to stimulation. In view of the above findings, the possible roles of contractile proteins and calmodulin in chromaffin cell functions is discussed. PMID- 6733592 TI - Morphine diesters. II. Blood metabolism and analgesic activity in the rat. AB - The kinetics of hydrolysis of dipropanoylmorphine (DPM) and dibutanoylmorphine (DBM) in human blood fractions and for diacetylmorphine (DAM) and DBM in rat blood fractions were investigated. In each case the hydrolysis of morphine diesters terminated with the production of the corresponding 6-monoester derivative. Generally, decreases in Km and Vmax were observed for the plasma, red blood cell (RBC) cytosol, and RBC membrane esterases responsible for morphine diester hydrolysis as the alkyl chain length of the ester moiety increased. This resulted in an overall decrease in the rate of hydrolysis of morphine diesters by human or rat blood with longer chain homologs of DAM. The analgesic potency and duration of morphine, DAM, and DBM were assessed at various i.v. dosages in the rat by means of the tail-flick latency test. A comparison of equianalgesic doses of morphine, DAM, and DBM indicated that DAM and DBM were 11.5 and 6 times as potent and 0.8 and 1.2 times as long acting, respectively, as morphine. PMID- 6733596 TI - An acute and subacute neurotoxicity assessment of trichlorfon. AB - The toxicity of trichlorfon (O,O-dimethyl-2,2,2,-trichloro-1 hydroxyethylphosphonate, Dipterex, Dylox), reported to elicit delayed neurotoxicity in man and chickens, was studied by administering single subcutaneous doses of 100 or 300 mg/kg to adult White Leghorn hens. At 24 h posttreatment, the birds were observed for visible signs of neurotoxicity, were euthanized, and samples of blood plasma, brain, and spinal cord (cervical and thoracic regions) were obtained for quantification of cholinesterase and neurotoxic esterase (NTE) activities. In subacute studies, hens were dosed with trichlorfon (100 mg/kg) every 72 h for a total of six doses. Seventy-two hours after the final dose the hens were euthanized, the brains, spinal cords, and distal sciatic nerves were removed for enzymatic and (or) histological examination. Parallel acute and subacute studies were conducted using diisopropyl phosphorofluoridate (DFP), a known neurotoxic agent, at subcutaneous dosages of 1.0 mg/kg. In the acute studies, both DFP and trichlorfon markedly inhibited tissue cholinesterase activities but only DFP elicited a significant inhibition of NTE. In the subacute studies, DFP produced a characteristic central-peripheral distal axonopathy in the 18-day period of study which was confirmed by clinical and morphological evidence and by marked inhibition of neuronal NTE. Trichlorfon caused little or no obvious neurotoxicity, an observation that was supported by minimal morphological changes and impairment of walking ability and no inhibition of brain or spinal cord NTE. PMID- 6733597 TI - The role of aortic chemoreceptors during acute anemia. AB - The importance of aortic chemoreceptors in the circulatory and metabolic responses during acute anemia was studied in anesthetized dogs. Data were obtained from nine dogs in which the aortic chemoreceptors were surgically denervated prior to induction of anemia, and from seven sham-operated dogs. Cardiac output (QT), limb blood flow (QL), limb and whole body oxygen uptake (VO2) were determined at normal hematocrit (Hct) and at 30 min of anemia (Hct = 13%) produced by isovolemic dextran-for-blood exchange. At 30 min of anemia, QT was increased from 91 to 186 mL . kg-1 . min-1 (p less than 0.01) and from 99 to 153 mL . kg-1 . min-1 (p less than 0.01) in the sham and denervated groups, respectively. The increase in QT during anemia was less (p less than 0.05) in the aortic-denervated series. Limb flow was also increased during anemia in both groups (p less than 0.01); the mean value of 89 mL . kg-1 . min-1 in the denervated group was less than that of 130 mL . kg-1 . min-1 observed in the sham animals (p less than 0.05). Whole body VO2 decreased (p less than 0.05) in the denervated group at 30 min of anemia; limb VO2 was maintained at the preanemic control value in both groups. The data indicate that during acute anemia the aortic chemoreceptors contribute to the increase in QT. PMID- 6733599 TI - Regional myocardial blood flow during pericardial tamponade. AB - The relative changes in myocardial blood flows within different parts of the heart were measured in anaesthetized thoracotomized dogs during and following effusive pericardial tamponade. Blood flows measured in a group of animals bled to the same arterial hypotensive levels served as experimental controls. The results demonstrate that regional myocardial blood flows to all areas were severely reduced during tamponade. Regional differences in the relative responses were evident; right and left atrial flows decreased more than left ventricular or septal flows which in turn decreased more than right ventricular endocardial flows decreased more than epicardial and the flow within the left side of the septal wall decreased more than the right. Although decreases in aortic pressure and ventricular volumes can account for some of these changes in flow seen in tamponade, alterations in extravascular compression appear to further reduce the myocardial perfusion and may be responsible for the differences in regional responses. In further experiments when the pericardial cavity was drained following 2 h of tamponade, a hyperemic response was seen throughout the heart indicating that the myocardial flow during tamponade may have been insufficient to meet the cardiac demands. In conclusion tamponade appears to result in a disproportionate decrease in myocardial blood flow to various parts of the heart which cannot be explained on the basis of a decrease in blood pressure or a reduction in ventricular volume. PMID- 6733598 TI - Fade of the responses of the isolated, blood-perfused dog atrium to cholinergic interventions. AB - In the isolated, blood-perfused, canine right atrium, intramural parasympathetic nerve stimulation and intra-arterial infusions of acetylcholine induced substantial negative chronotropic and inotropic responses. The responses to parasympathetic stimulation reached their maximum values quickly, and then usually faded back toward control levels over the next 1 or 2 min of stimulation. The fade of the responses at high stimulation frequencies (greater than or equal to 30 Hz) was significantly greater than that at lower frequencies. The inotropic responses to acetylcholine infusion (1 microgram/min) faded slightly but significantly, whereas the chronotropic responses did not fade at all. These results suggest that the fade of the cardiac responses to parasympathetic stimulation is mainly ascribable to a progressive reduction in the rate of acetylcholine release from the nerve endings, especially at higher stimulation frequencies. The fade of the inotropic responses was more pronounced and had a longer time course than that of the chronotropic responses. Furthermore, the fade of the inotropic responses diminished significantly as the response magnitude was augmented by an increase in stimulation voltage. Conversely, the fade of chronotropic responses was not significantly affected by this intervention. These differences in the inotropic and chronotropic responses to neural stimulation, and the occurrence of a slight fade of the inotropic response to acetylcholine infusion, suggest that in addition to the predominant prejunctional mechanism, a postjunctional phenomenon may also be partly responsible for the fade of the inotropic response to cholinergic interventions. PMID- 6733591 TI - Morphine diesters. I. Synthesis and action on guinea pig ileum. AB - 3,6-Dipropanoylmorphine (DPM), 3,6-dibutanoylmorphine (DBM), and 3,6 dihexanoylmorphine (DHM) were prepared as prospective long-acting narcotic analgesics. The purity and structure of these compounds were authenticated by high pressure liquid chromatography and direct probe mass spectrometry. In aqueous solution the stability of the HCI salts of these compounds decreased with increasing alkyl chain length such that DHM underwent rapid hydrolysis to 6 monohexanoylmorphine (MHM). A comparison of DPM, DBM, and MHM with morphine (MO) and 3,6-diacetylmorphine (DAM, heroin) in the electrically stimulated guinea pig ileum myenteric plexus longitudinal muscle strip preparation (GUPIL) revealed similar potencies and efficacies for all compounds, but marked differences in the onset of drug action (MO greater than DAM greater than MHM greater than DPM greater than DBM, faster to slower). In a periodically washed GUPIL preparation DBM and MHM were five times longer acting than MO, DAM or DPM. PMID- 6733600 TI - Decrease in calcium carbimide (calcium cyanamide)-induced inhibition of rat hepatic aldehyde dehydrogenases by multiple ethanol administration. AB - Ethanol (0.3 g/kg) was administered intravenously to adult, male rats at 3 h or at 1 and 3 h after gastric intubation of 7 mg/kg calcium carbimide (CC). For animals administered CC and two ethanol doses, blood ethanol concentration was similar for the two doses; however, blood acetaldehyde concentration was significantly less for the second ethanol dose compared with the first dose as determined by the area-under-curve data. Hepatic aldehyde dehydrogenase activity was determined over the 3.5- to 5-h interval after CC pretreatment. The inhibition of low Km and high Km aldehyde dehydrogenase activity in liver homogenate and in hepatic mitochondrial, cytosolic, and microsomal fractions was significantly less for rats administered CC followed by two ethanol doses compared with that for animals administered CC alone or CC followed by one ethanol dose. The data demonstrate that increased acetaldehyde concentration, produced during the CC - ethanol interaction, can augment the recovery of hepatic aldehyde dehydrogenase activity following CC pretreatment and indicate the existence of a displaceable enzyme inhibitor derived from CC. PMID- 6733601 TI - Decreased plasma testosterone and total thyroxine in desalivated male rats. AB - Plasma testosterone and total thyroxine were decreased by 50 and 35%, respectively, in submandibular gland extirpated or parotid duct ligated rats treated 27 days earlier. Sixty-two days after surgery, testosterone and total thyroxine were decreased by 20 and 40%, respectively. These changes occurred in the absence of evidence of nutritional impairment or signs of stress, such as adrenal enlargement or thymic involution. PMID- 6733602 TI - Effect of quinidine on Na-dependent 45Ca transport in isolated adult cardiac cells. AB - The effects of quinidine on Na+-dependent Ca2+ transport in adult rat isolated cardiac cells have been studied by measuring 45Ca2+ uptake and efflux at various external Na+ concentrations ([Na+]o). Quinidine (greater than 50 microM) appreciably inhibited the Ca2+ uptake induced by lowering [Na+]o but had little effect on the Ca2+ efflux. The conclusion that the apparent inhibition of the Na+ dependent Ca2+ uptake was probably due to a general inhibition of the Ca2+ entry through cellular membrane and, at high concentrations, into the intracellular compartments rests on the observations that: (i) in non-steady-state conditions, the fraction of Ca2+ uptake inhibited by quinidine was independent of [Na+]o; (ii) lidocaine, which is known to have effects on membrane electrical activity and Na+ permeability similar to those of quinidine, did not affect the Ca2+ movements; and (iii) when incubated in low [Na+]o, quinidine (greater than 0.2 mM) caused an irreversible contracture of a fraction of the myocyte population, even if about 50% of the Ca2+ uptake induced by lowering [Na+]o was inhibited. The results of this study therefore suggest that quinidine cannot be considered a specific inhibitor of the Na+-Ca2+ exchange in isolated rat cardiac myocytes and indicate the importance of quinidine's effects on intracellular Ca2+ regulation in cardiac muscle. PMID- 6733603 TI - Quinidine and propranolol binding to very low and low density lipoproteins of human plasma. AB - The interaction of quinidine (Q) and propranolol (P) with human very low density lipoproteins (VLDL) and low density lipoproteins (LDL) was determined by ultrafiltration in phosphate buffer (pH 7.4) for Q and in phosphate and Tris buffers (pH 7.4-7.5) for P, respectively. The Scatchard plots of Q are curved and were best described by a model assuming two independent classes of binding sites on lipoproteins. When working with P, the Scatchard plots were also nonlinear, but positive cooperativity was observed for the VLDL fraction in phosphate buffer and apparently also for the LDL fraction in Tris buffer. These nonlinear curves were described by the model used for Q, excluding any data falling in the cooperating region. The binding parameters, primary (K1) and secondary (K2) affinity constants and the number of sites in each class of independent binding sites, were generated by a computer program. The results of this in vitro study suggest that drug binding (and possibly distribution) to lipoproteins may be affected by the nature and concentration of some ions present in serum. PMID- 6733604 TI - Effects of moderate hypoxia on premature action potentials of rabbit papillary muscle. AB - Experiments were performed to study the effects of hypoxia on the characteristics of premature action potentials of rabbit papillary muscles. At normal resting potential, the duration of the premature action potential at the shortest coupling intervals was always greater than that of the control response. As the coupling interval was increased beyond 150 ms, the duration of the premature action potential regained control values. In cells depolarized to -70 mV by KCl, early lengthening of the premature response was attenuated. After 60 min of hypoxia, recovery of action potential duration at normal and reduced resting potentials was accelerated. The maximum rate of depolarization and its reactivation time constant were not affected by 60 min of hypoxia. It is suggested that intracellular free Ca is important in the control of action potential duration via the outward background potassium current. PMID- 6733606 TI - Lateral asymmetries and thalamic components in far-field somatosensory evoked potentials. AB - To investigate the neural generators of the subcortical somatosensory evoked potential (SEP) waves we studied the far-field SEPs in 20 normal adults. We stimulated the median nerve at the wrist and used a 40k gain, 25 msec sweep and a 150-3000 Hz bandpass. We recorded SEPs simultaneously over C3' and C4' using a non-cephalic clavicle reference. The following series of six positive waves were found reliably in all subjects: P9, P11, P13, P14, P16 and P17. The P16 and P17 probably arise from the thalamus and/or thalamocortical projections. Recent evidence suggests that the thalamus is not a closed field and thus one should be able to find corresponding waveforms in far-field recordings. We believe that this is a function of the bandpass used and with the above paradigm these components can be reliably recorded. We found significant ipsilateral and contralateral amplitude asymmetries beginning with the negative deflection after P14 and including P16 and P17. The amplitude was greater over the contralateral hemisphere. This suggested that both P13 and P14 are generated prior to decussation of the afferent fibres in the medial lemniscus. Bilateral recording allowed detection of this asymmetry which has not been previously reported as a means of determining the electrophysiological correlates of lateralization. PMID- 6733605 TI - Stability of dopamine in an in vitro incubation system using Medium 199. AB - This study investigated the stability of exogenous dopamine (DA) in vitro in a commercially available medium (Medium 199), with and without additional ascorbic acid, during incubation with pituitary halves in prolactin secretion experiments. After a 3-h incubation period, 26 and 15% of the starting concentrations of DA were degraded in the absence and presence of 1 mM ascorbic acid, respectively; in the absence of pituitary tissue, these reductions in DA concentration were 19% and 0%, respectively. In contrast, 98% of DA was degraded after 3 h of incubation in Krebs-Henseleit bicarbonate buffer which contained no tissue or no antioxidants. A number of antioxidants (including a low concentration of ascorbic acid) which are already present in Medium 199 are most likely responsible for the relative stability of DA in this medium. The loss of DA during incubation in Medium 199 is considered small for this type of study, and additional ascorbic acid only marginally improves DA stability in this medium. We have concluded that there is no need to be overly concerned about the degradation of exogenous DA in vitro for some incubation experiments using Medium 199, and the addition of extra ascorbic acid (which may be deleterious) is not necessary. PMID- 6733607 TI - Ocular and cerebral ischemic mechanisms in disease of the internal carotid artery. AB - Stenosis of the internal carotid artery reduces the flow velocity in the ophthalmic artery. Lowered velocity permits increased red cell aggregation and decreased red cell deformability which increases viscosity. Contrary to the theory of remotely originating emboli, this is an alternate hypothesis regarding transient attacks of ocular and cerebral ischemia. The ophthalmic artery circulation time was measured in two groups of patients. The circulation time was defined as the interval between the appearance of contrast media in the siphon of the internal carotid artery and in the ocular choroid. The measurement was made on 151 angiograms of 108 subjects. These vessels were normal. An additional 76 patients had 108 angiograms which showed various amounts of internal carotid artery stenosis. These 76 patients had transient ischemic attacks; retinal, cerebral, or both. There is a significant difference in the ophthalmic artery circulation time in the two groups. The slowing in the ophthalmic artery is related to the degree of internal carotid artery narrowing. The circulation time in a cerebral branch of the internal carotid was not measured. It is presumed that stenosis of the internal carotid artery would have the same effect on a cerebral artery as on the ophthalmic artery. PMID- 6733608 TI - Sensory nerve conduction in chronic uremic patients during the first six months of hemodialysis. AB - In an attempt to find the best electrophysiological indicator of improvement for the neuropathy present in patients with chronic renal failure undergoing hemodialysis, several types of nerve conduction were studied at the beginning of dialysis and six months later. Sural nerve conduction and late response latencies were recorded in addition to conventional motor and sensory nerve conductions. After six months of hemodialysis, sensory nerve conduction velocities in the median, ulnar and sural nerves were improved. These values appear to be the most sensitive indices of the beneficial effect of hemodialysis on the neuropathy. PMID- 6733609 TI - Dependence of EMG responses evoked by imposed wrist displacements on pre-existing activity in the stretched muscles. AB - The relationship between the segmented EMG activity in flexor carpi radialis evoked by imposed angular wrist displacement was studied with respect to the level of pre-existing background activity in 30 normal human subjects. Input output response planes demonstrate that the magnitude of the M1 & M2-3 segments is dependent on both the displacement parameters and the level of pre-existing EMG activity in the stretched muscle. If the level of background activity exceeded 4-5% of the maximum voluntary contraction, the onset latency of the M1 segment and duration of the M1 and the M2-3 segments remained constant (within +/ 2 msec) for different magnitudes of step load displacements, despite marked variation in the range of the displacement's amplitude, duration, velocity, and acceleration. We propose that the dependency of the relationship between reflex magnitude and imposed movement parameters on tonic motoneuron activity, as represented by pre-existing EMG levels, may reflect an automatic adjustment mechanism that could be utilized in servo compensation of movements requiring markedly different force levels. PMID- 6733610 TI - Characteristics of EMG responses to imposed limb displacement in patients with vascular hemiplegia. AB - The segmented EMG activity in flexor carpi radialis to imposed wrist movements was studied in 18 hemiplegic subjects with vascular lesions of the sensorimotor cortex or internal capsule and compared to that in age-matched normal subjects. The segmented EMG activity in the stretched muscle was normalized against the maximum M response elicited by electrical stimulation of its peripheral nerve in hemiplegic and normal subjects. This M response was used to estimate the maximal activity of the motoneuron pool. Twelve of the hemiplegic patients showed a stereotyped abnormal segmentation pattern of the EMG activity characterized by: an increased M1 segment of prolonged duration with both an increased sensitivity to low initial velocities of displacement and an increased slope of the input output relationship for the range of velocities tested; absent or diminished activity during the interval of the normal M2-3 segment; and a late component not evident in normal subjects. The increased magnitude of the EMG activity during the M1 interval, markedly exceeded the normal range of control values. A method to demonstrate the response distribution of the interrelationship of the magnitude of the M1 segment using two variables (background EMG activity and initial velocity) for individual responses rather than average responses is presented. The results of the study indicate that: the increased excitability, reflected in the enhanced EMG over the M1 segment does not result from increased levels of resting alpha motoneuron activity and may result from disruption of polysynaptic internuncial influences on alpha motoneurons; the absent or diminished activity over the interval of the normal M2-3 segment may partially result from the interruption of a transcortical reflex by the vascular lesions. PMID- 6733612 TI - Fatal nemaline myopathy in infancy. AB - The clinical and neuropathological findings in two infants with congenital nemaline myopathy are described. One patient presented at birth with severe hypotonia, respiratory failure and contractures and died shortly after the neonatal period. The other presented at age two months with hypotonia and, following a period of clinical stability, died at age seven months from respiratory failure. Pathological findings in the fatal neonatal case revealed numerous rod bodies in lingual, pharyngeal, diaphragm and limb muscles, correlating with clinical findings. Significant, but less rod body involvement was found in the diaphragm and limb muscles of the second patient. Although a neural basis has been suggested for this disorder, no abnormalities were found in the central nervous system or in the peripheral nerves of these two severely affected patients. PMID- 6733611 TI - Occlusive cerebrovascular disease in young adults. AB - This retrospective study documents the experience of two large Canadian teaching hospitals with occlusive cerebrovascular disease in young adults. Chart review disclosed 76 patients aged 15-40 years during a recent six year period. An apparent cause, or significant coincident risk factors were found in 51 patients (67%). The most prevalent recognized causes were atherosclerosis, emboli from cardiac sources or intracranial aneurysms, and complicated migraine. Pregnancies or use of oral contraceptives were apparent coincident risk factors. PMID- 6733613 TI - Two cases of Capnocytophaga bacteremia, one with endocarditis. PMID- 6733614 TI - How to read clinical journals: VII. To understand an economic evaluation (part A). PMID- 6733615 TI - High-density lipoprotein response to alcohol consumption and abstinence as an indicator of liver function in alcoholic patients. AB - A study of 36 alcoholic men admitted to hospital when intoxicated was undertaken to confirm the value of changes in the level of high-density lipoprotein cholesterol (HDL) as an indicator of liver function in patients with chronic alcoholism. In the patients without severe liver disease the HDL level was high after the recent consumption of alcohol and usually dropped by 0.2 mmol/L or more after 1 or 2 weeks of abstinence. In contrast, in the patients with severe alcoholic liver disease the HDL level was initially low and generally remained low after abstinence. PMID- 6733617 TI - Ontario experiments with emergency paramedics. PMID- 6733616 TI - Poisoning from dermal absorption of promethazine. AB - Two cases in which dermal absorption of promethazine hydrochloride resulted in a toxic neurologic syndrome are reported. The symptoms included central nervous system depression, acute excitomotor manifestations, ataxia and visual hallucinations. In addition, peripheral anticholinergic effects occurred. These symptoms are comparable with those of oral, intramuscular and rectal overdose of promethazine. The demonstrated risks of the topical use of promethazine outweigh any benefits. PMID- 6733618 TI - The uncertain role of medicine in law enforcement. PMID- 6733619 TI - Management companies: Revenue Canada reveals its audit policy. PMID- 6733620 TI - Better communication urged for pharmaceutical manufacturers. PMID- 6733621 TI - The CMA's stand on the medical use of heroin: setting the record straight. PMID- 6733622 TI - Effects of extra-billing. PMID- 6733623 TI - Battered wife syndrome. PMID- 6733624 TI - Transfer of medical records. PMID- 6733625 TI - Health risks of urea formaldehyde foam insulation. PMID- 6733626 TI - Need for assessing the effects of closing chest clinics in Ontario. PMID- 6733627 TI - The tobacco industry: still resourceful in recruiting smokers. PMID- 6733629 TI - Marital therapy for the elderly. AB - Little attention has been paid to marital therapy for the elderly in spite of its relevance to morale and emotional problems. Physical illness is of particular significance in altering the dynamics of the marital relationship. Retirement and financial problems, as well as changes in sexual activity and gender roles, are also important. However, radical changes in patterns of behaviour cannot be expected. Therapeutic techniques must be altered for this age group, and the therapist must be active, giving and concretely helpful. As with therapy for younger couples, children may need to be involved in the therapy sessions. Family physicians should be a main source of help for marital problems among the elderly. However, because problems related to countertransference must be faced, working with the elderly will not be for everyone. PMID- 6733628 TI - Cigarette smoking, lung cancer and Canadian women. PMID- 6733633 TI - Cimetidine-induced fever. AB - Cimetidine is a rare cause of drug-induced fever. In a patient without evidence of hypersensitivity (the lymphocytes did not react to the drug in vitro) fever was the sole manifestation of an adverse reaction to cimetidine that was confirmed by challenge with the drug. PMID- 6733630 TI - Leukocyte-depleted blood: a comparison of available preparations. AB - Febrile nonhemolytic transfusion reactions due to leukoagglutinins are frequently seen in patients who have been given multiple blood transfusions. To prevent or reduce the severity of these reactions, leukocyte-poor blood (that containing fewer than 0.3 X 10(9) leukocytes per unit) is frequently requested by clinicians. Four methods commonly used in Canada to produce leukocyte-poor blood were examined for their relative effectiveness and appropriate use. The mean total leukocyte count per unit was reduced to 0.22 X 10(9) in buffy-coat-poor red blood cell preparations produced by centrifugation with the blood bag inverted, to 0.19 X 10(9) by perfusion through an Imugard filter, to 0.21 X 10(9) by the use of an IBM 2991 automated cell washer and to 0.13 X 10(9) with the use of frozen blood. The proportion of red cells recovered varied from 62% with the inverted-spin method to 85% with the use of frozen blood. Comparison of these data and the percentage of leukocytes removed, the shelf life of the product, the cost of supplies and the preparation time indicated that the use of sophisticated machinery, such as the IBM cell washer, or of glycerolization plus washing of frozen cells is not warranted for most patients. Instead, patients who have febrile nonhemolytic transfusion reactions should initially be treated with a leukocyte-poor red cell preparation produced by the inverted-spin method; only if such reactions recur should the blood bank be requested to provide filtered, washed or frozen red cells. PMID- 6733632 TI - Primary chylopericardium associated with allergic alveolitis. AB - A 42-year-old woman with extrinsic allergic alveolitis and worsening dyspnea was found to have an enlarged cardiac silhouette. Primary chylopericardium was diagnosed when pericardiocentesis yielded the characteristic milky-white fluid containing microscopic fat droplets. The pericardial effusion resolved with prednisone therapy. PMID- 6733634 TI - A conversation with Ake Blomqvist. Interview by David Woods. PMID- 6733631 TI - Dirofilariasis presenting as a breast lump. AB - Dirofilariasis is now recognized as a zoonosis. Infection of humans occurs when a mosquito that has obtained larvae-containing blood from an infected animal transmits the larvae, after they have developed to the infective stage, to a human. Dirofilarial infections in humans have been reported from around the world. In this paper a case is reported in which subcutaneous dirofilariasis in a human presented as a lump in the breast. The epidemiologic and pathogenetic features of this disease are discussed. PMID- 6733635 TI - Is Quebec Medicare really a model for Canada? PMID- 6733636 TI - Recognizing the victims of sexual abuse. PMID- 6733637 TI - Psychiatrists explore female model of self. PMID- 6733638 TI - Catching up with the ABCs of sneezing, wheezing and itching. PMID- 6733639 TI - The World Medical Association: looking for real tasks. PMID- 6733640 TI - Italian health care: who's minding the clinic? PMID- 6733641 TI - Should boxing be banned? PMID- 6733642 TI - Assessment of a treatment for epidermolysis bullosa. PMID- 6733644 TI - Management, labour and the occupational medicine physician: the delicate triangle. PMID- 6733643 TI - Safety of intermediate doses of pyridoxine. PMID- 6733645 TI - AIDS and the use of blood components and derivatives: the Canadian perspective. PMID- 6733647 TI - Active tuberculosis in Indochinese refugees in British Columbia. AB - The incidence of active tuberculosis in 8692 Indochinese refugees admitted to British Columbia between 1979 and 1981 was reviewed. In the first 3 months after entry into the province the rate was extremely high--estimated at 1890/100 000 (126 times the provincial average). A large proportion of these cases were of primary or minimal pulmonary tuberculosis. However, although the proportion of cases of minimal pulmonary tuberculosis was twice the provincial average, the proportion of these cases that were confirmed by culture was only one third the provincial average; this suggests some overdiagnosis in this period. In the subsequent 21 months of residence the incidence of active tuberculosis was also high, at 353/100 000, which was more than 20 times the provincial average. The distribution of cases by severity was closer to the provincial distribution in this period, but advanced disease accounted for a far smaller proportion of cases in both periods than it did in 1980 in the entire province. PMID- 6733646 TI - Acetaminophen: a practical pharmacologic overview. AB - Acetaminophen is an effective analgesic and antipyretic agent with few adverse effects when used in recommended dosages. The drug is metabolized mainly in the liver, and the several end products have no harmful effects. An intermediate compound in a minor metabolic pathway, however, is toxic; it is normally inactivated by glutathione. In the case of an acetaminophen overdose the hepatic stores of glutathione seem to become depleted, leaving the toxic intermediate free to damage liver tissue. Such damage is unlikely to occur unless the plasma concentration of acetaminophen peaks above 150 micrograms/mL--a level far in excess of the 5 to 20 micrograms/mL achieved with therapeutic doses of the drug. Long-term therapeutic use of acetaminophen does not appear to be associated with liver damage, although some case reports suggest the possibility. Acetaminophen poisoning follows an acute overdose and, if untreated, is manifested clinically by an initial phase of nonspecific signs and symptoms, a latent period in which the liver transaminase levels rise and then, 3 to 5 days after the ingestion, signs of more serious hepatic dysfunction. Most patients do not progress beyond the first or second phase. They and those who survive the third phase recover with no residual injury to the liver. Appropriate antidotal therapy markedly reduces the severity of the initial damage. PMID- 6733648 TI - An outbreak of Q fever in the Basque country. AB - The main clinical manifestations of 42 cases of Q fever occurring in an outbreak in Valmaseda, Spain during March, April and May 1982 are described in this paper. The benign character of the acute disease is emphasized. Further epidemiologic studies must be done to determine the incidence of Q fever in the Basque country. PMID- 6733649 TI - Nutrition knowledge of a sample of urban women. PMID- 6733650 TI - A revival in breastfeeding. PMID- 6733651 TI - Mothers' milk banking: microbiologic aspects. PMID- 6733652 TI - [Breast feeding and adoption among the Inuit population of Northern Quebec]. PMID- 6733653 TI - Smoking and pregnancy: attributable risks and public health implications. PMID- 6733654 TI - A study of nursing care in a rural area of Mexico. PMID- 6733655 TI - Population density as an indicator of urban-rural differences in cancer incidence, Alberta, Canada, 1969-73. PMID- 6733656 TI - The investigation of a cancer epidemic: which numerator data? Tumour registry files vs. hospital records. PMID- 6733657 TI - Research on causes of lung cancer: case--control study of 523 cases of lung cancer. PMID- 6733658 TI - [The concept of community health: elements of international comparison]. PMID- 6733660 TI - Genetic counselling: its need in psychiatry and the directions it gives for future research. AB - The methods for investigating the extent to which genetic factors can influence vulnerability to psychiatric illness are, in increasing order of precision: family, twin, and adoption studies. The evidence from these studies is in support of a gene-environment interaction for schizophrenia and the affective disorders. While the family study method cannot supply precise etiological data, the empirically derived information can be used by the genetic counsellor to provide empirical risk estimates to the counsellee. The psychiatrist, geneticist, and social worker make an appropriate team for reliable genetic counselling. The clinician must determine the precise psychiatric diagnoses in family members which the geneticist may use to estimate risk. The social worker can follow-up the counselling session or sessions to assess the counsellees' understanding of what has been told to them. It is stressed that while genetic counselling should be available, clinical judgement should be exercised to ensure its appropriate use. PMID- 6733659 TI - Accommodation preference in the senior years. PMID- 6733661 TI - Psychodynamic aspects of occupational stress. AB - Freud described work as that which attaches the individual most firmly to reality. Many patients present to psychiatrists with disturbances in the capacity to work. This paper reviews common psychodynamic constellations in such patients in the belief that depth psychological approaches should complement recent person environment fit considerations. Work inhibitions may arise from repressed aggression and/or sexuality displaced onto occupational tasks. Fear of success may be rooted in both oedipal and pre-oedipal conflicts. Work compulsion may evince attempts to appease a harsh super-ego. Chronic job dissatisfaction often arises from maladaptive attempts to regulate self-esteem. More importantly however, these disturbances frequently arise from interacting dynamic factors which must be carefully attended to by clinicians. PMID- 6733663 TI - Factors influencing length of stay in psychiatric day care. AB - The goal of the present study was to discover the factors which influence psychiatric day care patients to remain in treatment. Of the numerous variables examined, three accounted for 65 percent of the variance. They were prior duration of the disorder which accounted for about half, followed by patients' satisfaction with treatment, and age. Contrary to previous findings, patients' initial expectations and whether or not they were confirmed played no part in their decision to remain in treatment. PMID- 6733662 TI - Improving interviewing techniques through the bug-in-the-ear. AB - The author describes a simple, efficient and inexpensive tool to improve and accelerate the teaching of interviewing techniques. There are major advantages and some shortcomings to this method. Both are reviewed along with a survey carried out to gauge the experiences of psychiatric residency training programs across the continent with the "bug-in-the-ear". The author discusses the implications for residents, supervisors and patients and offers suggestions how to make this approach more available to non-using centers. PMID- 6733664 TI - Residents training in the mental status examination. AB - One hundred and ninety-two Canadian psychiatry residents (43% of the total Canadian resident population) completed a questionnaire concerning their training in and use of the mental status examination (MSE). Residents perceive a number of deficiencies in their training for the mental status examination. They employ a wide variation in tests, and show a lack of sophistication in how to test for special dysfunctions. We discuss these data in the context of accumulated research on MSE. It should be possible to provide more systematic training in the MSE and we suggest modifications in resident training which might produce a more uniform and reliable MSE. PMID- 6733665 TI - Suicide in recurrent affective disorder patients. AB - In a matched controlled study manic depressive patients who suicided were compared with those who did not suicide. Significantly more of those who suicided lived alone, had early parental loss, had attempted suicide in the past, and were depressed and suicidal at their last admission. The period after discharge was found to be a time of increased risk. PMID- 6733666 TI - Gender and psychiatric clerkship performance. AB - This study compared the performance of male and female medical students on a psychiatric clerkship rotation. The women performed at a higher level than the men, although the difference was not significant. In general, the men scored significantly higher on national standardized medical examinations. Correlations between psychiatric clerkship evaluations and national examinations were low, suggesting that the two measures are independent. These findings for psychiatric clerkship are consistent with those for clerkships in medicine, surgery and obstetrics, implying that female clinical clerks are just as capable as male clinical clerks in providing high quality medical care. PMID- 6733667 TI - The patient and the dying psychiatrist. AB - In the last few years a great deal of attention has been paid to the dying patient and his relatives, but very little to the illness of the psychiatrist, particularly when it is of a terminal nature. This paper is about Jean Caron, M.D., a psychiatrist who suffered from leukemia, and his patients some of whom came to learn about it in an indirect fashion and others in a more open way. The knowledge of his illness and oncoming death, while first experienced as severe shock, became therapeutically useful in relieving previous losses and abandonments and completing unfinished mourning. It appears possible to mourn a person who is still living and through his help, mourn previous losses while this person is mourning his own life. PMID- 6733668 TI - Sexual offenders, violence and testosterone: a clinical study. AB - Sexual assault has increased steadily over the last decade. Attempts at a more accurate evaluation of the violent sexual offender have included studies looking for correlation between plasma testosterone and high levels of sexual violence. The present study failed to replicate these findings, however, it confirmed the known association between violence and alcoholism. The significant association between a psychiatric diagnosis of depressive neurosis and low plasma testosterone levels was an associated finding. PMID- 6733669 TI - Conjugal psychiatric hospitalization. AB - A heterosexual couple, both with multiple prior hospitalizations, was hospitalized in the same room at the Douglas Hospital, Montreal. Both patients had previously been extremely difficult to treat. While this approach was instituted with wariness by the ward's staff, the hospitalization proved to be highly beneficial for the couple as well as having certain positive effects on the ward in general. It is suggested that this therapeutic approach be considered in certain specialized cases. PMID- 6733670 TI - Analysis of emotional status during the hospital treatment of a borderline patient. AB - This single case study illustrates a methodology for identifying recurrent pathological emotional states in a hospitalized, borderline patient. Parallel therapeutic inputs are delineated and examined in terms of patient-specific responses. The results indicate that ratings of nursing notes recorded across three periods of hospitalization can reliably isolate the patient's most salient and debilitating emotional states. State-specific therapeutic interventions are extracted and their effectiveness noted. The analyses illustrate clinical phenomena which are congruent with what is known about borderline symptomatology. In addition, the study locates therapeutic errors which often occur when working with difficult patients. PMID- 6733672 TI - ECT as a form of restraint. PMID- 6733671 TI - The re-establishment of trust through psychotherapy. AB - In the course of life's experiences mistrust develops in childhood and adulthood. Clinical manifestations of mistrustfulness in patients are discussed. Successful psychotherapy has as one of its principal goals the re-establishment of trust within the patient. This takes place through the development of trust toward the therapist. This experience serves as a bridge to the re-establishment of trust in others. Those personal qualities in the therapist which are of the greatest importance in this area are reliability and realistic hopefulness. Being taken seriously and the opportunity to attach to the therapist are also very significant. The place of the therapist's interventions as well as the relevant significant qualities in the patient are also discussed. Trust breeds trust, connection with others and, thence personal security. This is a basic goal of psychotherapy. PMID- 6733673 TI - "Yet there is time!". PMID- 6733674 TI - Solid tumor models for the assessment of different treatment modalities. XXII. The alternate utilization of radiotherapy and chemotherapy. AB - Major increases in the time between administration of two modalities, radiation and cyclophosphamide (CP), from 1 to 7 days and in the overall time of delivery of 3 courses of combined therapy from 24 to 35 days were carried out in rats with hepatoma 3924A without major loss of therapeutic effectiveness. Cure rates of 50% or greater could be maintained even though treatment was given over much longer time periods. The radiation was given as hyperfractionated, split-course schedules which were devised by increasing the number of 250 rad fractions over a 2-day period. In one series of experiments these 2-day schedules were given at 11 day intervals for 3 courses on days 0 and 1, 11 and 12, 22 and 23; and CP (150 mg/kg) was given 1 day after each of the 3 radiation courses on days 2, 13, and 24. In the second series of experiments radiation was given on days 0 and 1, 14 and 15, 28 and 29; and this was alternated with 3 single doses of CP given 1 week after each of the 3 courses of radiation, on days 7, 21 and 35. Increasing the total radiation dose from 6000 to 7500 rad in the series given CP 1 day after each of three courses of radiation results in an increase in total tumor cure rates from 50% to 60%. The tumor cure rate in the series given CP 7 days after radiation increased from 10% to 70% when the total radiation dose was increased from 6000 to 7500 rad. Increasing the total radiation dose from 6000 to 7500 rad increased the magnitude of the acute skin reaction as well as the duration of recovery. However, the skin reactions for both the 6000 and 7500 rad were acceptable. Host toxicity and normal tissue reaction were within acceptable limits for both modalities. The results of these studies, therefore, indicate that excessive toxicity, one of the major deterrents to the effective combined utilization of these two primary means of cancer management, may be avoided by temporal separation of delivery while maintaining tumor cure rates of 50% or greater. PMID- 6733675 TI - Radiation therapy of Waldeyer's ring lymphoma. AB - Forty-nine patients with biopsy-proven Waldeyer's ring lymphoma were treated with radiation therapy between 1968 and 1979; 45 to 50 Gy were given to Waldeyer's ring structures with a 5- to 10-Gy boost to the primary site. Uninvolved low cervical nodes received 40 to 50 Gy. Chemotherapy was reserved for treatment failures. Actuarial 5-year survival was 53%, disease-free survival was 48%, and local control was 98%. Patients with Stage I disease fared better than patients with Stage II disease, and unilateral adenopathy conferred a better prognosis than bilateral adenopathy. When classified by the Rappaport system, nodular lymphomas had a better prognosis than diffuse lymphomas, and of the diffuse lymphomas, histiocytic lymphoma was a more lethal disease than lymphocytic lymphoma. Patients with diffuse undifferentiated lymphomas in the Rappaport system, or high-grade lymphomas in the Working Formulation, fared poorly. Most relapses were systemic, and actuarial 5-year survival after salvage was only 20%. A logical approach to the treatment of this disease can be based on these prognostic features. PMID- 6733676 TI - Acute nonlymphocytic leukemia, preleukemia, and acute myeloproliferative syndrome secondary to treatment of other malignant diseases. II. Bone marrow cytology, cytogenetics, results of HLA typing, response to antileukemic chemotherapy, and survival in a total series of 55 patients. AB - Secondary acute nonlymphocytic leukemia or its earlier stages, preleukemia or an acute myeloproliferative syndrome with refractory cytopenia and clonal cytogenetic abnormalities of the bone marrow, was diagnosed in 55 patients previously treated for other malignant diseases. In patients with overt leukemia, cytologic, and cytochemical studies showed predominance of the French-American British (FAB) type M2. Cytogenetic examination demonstrated a normal karyotype in 11 cases, whereas clonal abnormalities were observed in 44 patients. Defects of chromosome 7 were observed in 24 cases, most often -7, and defects of chromosome 5 in 14 cases, most often 5q-. In addition, chromosomes 3 and 17 were possibly nonrandomly involved. Other abnormalities commonly observed in de novo acute nonlymphocytic leukemia as t(8;21) and t(15;17) were not observed and +8 rarely seen in secondary leukemia. The survival from the leukemic complication was short for the whole group of 55 patients (median, 7 months). However, a significantly longer survival was observed in a subgroup of 11 patients with a normal karyotype (P less than 0.01), due to a favorable response to antileukemic chemotherapy, and in a subgroup of 11 patients with -7 or -C as the only cytogenetic abnormality (P less than 0.01), due to a prolonged preleukemic phase, compared with the remaining 33 cases with mostly multiple karyotypic abnormalities. Three preleukemic patients with -7 who were studied during transformation to overt leukemia all developed additional cytogenetic abnormalities. According to the two step or multistep hypothesis for malignant transformation, the prolonged preleukemic course in patients with -7 as the only abnormality could represent a premalignant stage, in which further evolution is required for development of overt leukemia. The patients showed a random distribution of blood groups and HLA types. PMID- 6733677 TI - Estrogen, progesterone, and androgen-binding sites in renal cell carcinoma. Observations obtained in Phase II trial of flutamide. AB - A Phase II disease-oriented drug trial using flutamide (4'-nitro-3'trifluoro methylisobutyranilide) 250 mg by mouth three times a day was undertaken in 28 patients with advanced, bidimensionally measurable renal cell carcinoma. Of 25 adequately treated cases, 1 (4%, 95% confidence limits 0-12%) had a partial remission lasting 9+ months, and 2 had stabilization of disease lasting 6 and 15 months, respectively. Flutamide demonstrated no significant antitumor activity in patients with disseminated renal cell carcinoma. Including patients entered in this study, 62 specimens were evaluated for steroid binding sites using a fluorescent method: 33 of 62 specimens assayed showed no hormone-binding sites, and only 12 cases had androgen binding. Of the 12 of 23 patients receiving flutamide who were biopsied and had an adequate sample for steroid-binding site determination, estrogen binding was demonstrated in 6, androgen binding in 3, and progesterone binding in 4. Since this study did not obtain a sufficient number of cases with androgen-binding positivity, the possible efficacy of flutamide in such cases cannot be excluded. PMID- 6733678 TI - Adenocarcinoma of the ethmoid sinuses. A review of 28 cases with special reference to wood dust exposure. AB - Adenocarcinoma makes up only a small percent of all nasal and paranasal sinus carcinomas, and is most often found in the ethmoid sinuses. Adenocarcinoma of the ethmoid sinuses is known to be associated with exposure to wood dust. Twenty eight patients with ethmoid adenocarcinomas were collected, mainly during the last decade from a region with approximately 900,000 inhabitants and with a large amount of furniture industries. There were 4 women and 24 men in the study. Twenty of the men were exposed to dust from hardwood for 20 to 55 years (mean, 40 years) which is in accord with other reports and supports data on the increased risk for workers of developing adenocarcinoma of the ethmoid sinuses when exposed to dust from hardwood. Radiologic diagnosis is necessary to delineate the extent of these tumours, and computerized tomography (CT) especially furnishes important information. Most patients received preoperative radiotherapy followed by surgery, 50% of them survived 5 years, which is in accord with other reports. PMID- 6733679 TI - Hairy cell leukemia. Disease pattern and prognosis. AB - The authors reviewed the clinical course of 31 consecutive patients with hairy cell leukemia seen at the University of California Los Angeles. The clinical presentation included varying degrees of pancytopenia, splenomegaly, and bone marrow infiltration with hairy cells. Ten patients were identified as having an "atypical" disease, which is defined as absence of palpable splenomegaly and/or marrow cellularity of less than 45%. These atypical patients had clinically milder disease and significantly less anemia than the usual patient (mean hemoglobin, 12.1 g/dl versus 9.4 g/dl; P = 0.016), although neutropenia and thrombocytopenia were comparable. Mortality and infection rates were similar in both groups. Infections were common in all patients, but opportunistic infections and septicemia were rare in patients prior to initiation of therapy. Two thirds of the patients who received corticosteroids and/or cytotoxic agents had serious infections, with a 50% mortality rate. Nearly 70% of the neutropenic patients (leukocyte count less than 1000) who received any form of treatment had a serious infection. The most important factors predicting mortality were chemotherapy and an age older than 50 years. Patients who survived 2 years with their disease had an excellent prognosis, and four patients in this series are alive and well with their disease for more than 10 years. PMID- 6733680 TI - Lactic dehydrogenase isoenzyme electrophoretic patterns in the diagnosis of pleural effusion. AB - The relative value of each lactic dehydrogenase isoenzyme (iso LDH) was measured by electrophoretic separation in the serum and the pleural fluid of 100 patients. In each case, the cause of the pleural effusion was known. Two types of LDH isoenzyme pattern were found in the serum: a normal type with a low value of LDH 5 and an abnormal type with a high value of LDH 5. This high LDH-5 level is due to an impaired liver function. In the pleural fluid, the electrophoretic patterns of five LDH isoenzymes were found by computerized processing. During congestive heart failure (28 cases) the electrophoretic pattern of the LDH isoenzymes was always similar in the serum and in the pleural fluid (transudative pleural effusion). During thoracic empyema, the relative values of the isoenzymes in the pleural fluid were regularly increasing from LDH 1 to LDH 5. In this situation, the evaluation of LDH 5 appeared to emanate from the increased granulocytes in the pleural fluid. In 22 inflammatory pleural effusions, the relative values of the five isoenzymes were equal. During malignant effusions (35 cases) a high level of LDH 5 was found in 21 patients. LDH 5 is known to be secreted by malignant tissue, and the authors confirmed it by finding a high level of LDH 5 in biopsy specimens of patients with mesothelioma or epidermoid lung cancer (7 cases). Conversely, the level of LDH 5 was low in biopsy specimens from normal lung tissue or benign inflammatory pleuritis (6 cases). Among the 14 patients with low levels of LDH 5 in the pleural fluid during malignant pleural effusion, the authors found the malignant lymphomas (three cases) and the small cell lung carcinoma (five cases). In these cases, the low level of LDH 5 was in agreement with the result of a low level of LDH 5 found in the biopsy of a metastatic liver localization of a small cell lung carcinoma. So the electrophoretic determination of LDH isoenzymes pattern in pleural fluid is a sensitive tool for the management of pleural effusion. PMID- 6733681 TI - Preoperative staging of rectal cancer with computerized tomography. Accuracy, efficacy, and effect on patient management. AB - Twenty-three consecutive patients with rectal cancer were evaluated by pelvic computerized tomography (CT). The study was designed to assess the accuracy of preoperative CT staging. The results showed that the CT and surgical and/or pathologic staging agreed in 18 patients. In two patients, the pelvic extent was correctly assessed, but small liver implants were not recognized. In three patients, CT over-estimated the extent of disease. The authors also studied whether or not CT yielded significant new information, which was not obtainable by other diagnostic methods. In most patients this was the case. Finally, the authors wanted to know the extent to which this knowledge influenced the decision about how to treat the patient. Computerized tomography findings influenced the treatment in less than 50% of the patients. It is concluded that the accuracy in staging, and the addition of new and unique information justified the routine use of CT prior to surgical intervention in all patients with known invasive rectal cancer. PMID- 6733682 TI - Benign clear cell tumor ("sugar tumor") of the trachea. AB - A benign clear cell tumor occurring in the trachea of a 48-year-old woman is described. This is the first such case to be reported with location outside of the lung parenchyma. Symptoms consisted of dyspnea on exertion, nonproductive cough, and finally fairly brisk hemoptysis. Histology and electron microscopy confirmed the diagnosis. PMID- 6733683 TI - Intracranial embryonal cell carcinoma. AB - Intracranial embryonal cell carcinoma (ECC) is a germ cell tumor most frequently found in the pineal region. However, little is known about the incidence, pattern of growth, or response to treatment of ECC. Between 1975 and 1983, 16 consecutive patients younger than age 18 with tumors of the pineal region have had biopsies performed prior to treatment, and 5 (31%) have had primary intracranial ECC. One other child had ECC in the suprasellar region. The clinical, radiographic, and histologic features of the six patients with ECC are presented and contrasted with the findings in children with other pineal region neoplasms. Pathologic confirmation is necessary to distinguish ECC from other intracranial tumors. Three patients were treated with radiation therapy (RT) plus adjuvant chemotherapy; two patients were treated with chemotherapy followed by RT; and one was treated with RT only. All patients initially responded to therapy, but only one has survived for longer than 1 year. It is concluded that biopsy is necessary for the diagnosis of ECC; that ECC is more common than currently believed; and that current treatment for intracranial ECC is unsatisfactory. Biopsy of pineal region tumors is necessary if progress is to be made in their management. PMID- 6733684 TI - Follicular neoplasms of the thyroid. A study of 44 cases followed for a minimum of 10 years, with emphasis on differential diagnosis. AB - Forty-four follicular thyroid neoplasms followed for a minimum of 10 years are presented. The cases were divided into four categories: follicular adenoma (19 cases), encapsulated follicular carcinoma (7 cases), invasive follicular carcinoma (11 cases), and the follicular variant of papillary carcinoma (7 cases). The former two tumor types were distinguished by the presence of capsular invasion in encapsulated follicular carcinoma (which was defined as lacking extension into the surrounding thyroid) and by the frequent thinness of the capsule in follicular adenoma, while the latter two (which both infiltrated adjacent thyroid or extrathyroid tissue) were separated primarily on the basis of the tendency toward vesicular and hypochromatic nuclear staining in the follicular variant of papillary carcinoma, but with consideration of a number of other factors in addition. No patient with follicular adenoma had any further difficulty after removal of the lesion. Metastasis to cervical lymph nodes occurred in five cases of the follicular variant of papillary carcinoma, but there were no distant metastases or deaths due to tumor. By contrast, three patients with encapsulated follicular carcinoma and nine with invasive follicular carcinoma died of tumor, and all of these had distant metastasis (most often to bone). Local recurrence was seen only in invasive follicular carcinoma (six cases). PMID- 6733685 TI - Metastases to the adrenal glands and the development of Addison's disease. AB - Metastases to the adrenal glands are common in patients with cancer but symptomatic Addison's disease is rarely noted in this population. The development of body computerized tomography (CT) allows the diagnosis of adrenal metastases to be made more readily antemortem. From 1980 to 1981, 19% (4/21) of patients at the Massachusetts General Hospital who had metastatic cancer and who were noted to have enlarged adrenal glands on CT also had or developed symptomatic adrenal insufficiency. The case histories of 8 patients with Addison's disease and one patient with adrenal hemorrhage on the basis of metastatic infiltration are reviewed. Since adrenal insufficiency may develop abruptly in this group of patients, it is suggested that prophylactic maintenance glucocorticoid therapy be initiated as soon as the diagnosis of adrenal metastases is made. PMID- 6733687 TI - Childhood liposarcoma. Report of a case and review of the literature. AB - A case of liposarcoma presenting in an adolescent black male is described. Features unique to this case include a mediastinal primary site (the fourth to be documented in a pediatric patient), a demonstrable response to radiotherapy and chemotherapy allowing complete surgical excision of an initially inoperable tumor, and the apparent histologic maturation of the tumor following multimodal therapy. A review of previously published accounts of pediatric liposarcoma revealed the following: (1) peak incidences during infancy and in early adolescence; (2) the extremities to be the most common site of origin (51%); (3) a predominance of myxoid histology (76%); and (4) a lower overall recurrence rate when compared with adult cases (37% versus 72%, respectively). The influence of histology, location of the tumor, and completeness of surgical excision on the prognosis of adult liposarcoma was confirmed in this limited pediatric experience. While the use of radiotherapy and chemotherapy cannot be advocated in all instances of liposarcoma, our experience and that from other reports would support the incorporation of these modalities of treatment in selected patients where the tumor is surgically inaccessible due to size. PMID- 6733686 TI - Metastatic transitional cell carcinoma of the testis. A case report. AB - A case of transitional cell carcinoma of the urinary bladder metastatic to the testis is reported. Light and electron microscopic findings and the probable route of metastasis are discussed, and the relevant literature is reviewed. PMID- 6733688 TI - Primary ovarian carcinoid with marked heterogeneity of microscopic features. AB - A primary ovarian carcinoid tumor in a 54-year-old patient with the carcinoid syndrome is reported. On histologic examination there were, in addition to typical insular and atypical ribbon-like areas, solid and papillary growth patterns with pleomorphic and clear cells, some with anaplastic features. The heterogeneity seen in this case has not been reported in an ovarian carcinoid. However, since argentaffine and some argyrophil granules were demonstrated by special stains and ultrastructural studies in all of the various cellular elements, it was concluded that the entire tumor represented a carcinoid. This case demonstrates that ovarian carcinoids are not necessarily insular, trabecular, or mixtures thereof, but can also be extremely heterogeneous. In order to identify more tumors of this kind and also to avoid a diagnosis of an anaplastic or unclassifiable carcinoma in such cases, it is recommended that special stains for neurosecretory granules and electron microscopic examination be carried out in a larger number of poorly differentiated ovarian neoplasms, especially in those in which some of the microscopic features are suggestive of a carcinoid. PMID- 6733689 TI - Metastatic neuroblastoma arising in an ovarian teratoma with long-term survival. Case report and review of the literature. AB - A case of neuroblastoma arising in an immature teratoma of the ovary in a 22-year old woman is reported. Differentiation was grade 3 in the primary and metastases. Metastases to retroperitoneal, mediastinal, and supraclavicular lymph nodes and to bone were diagnosed 2 years after presentation of the primary tumor. Electron microscopic study demonstrated dense-core granules of the neurosecretory elements. Treatment with combination chemotherapy followed by radiotherapy resulted in complete remission which continues to the time of this report, more than 4 years after diagnosis of the primary tumor. Prolonged survival of metastasizing grade 3 immature teratoma is distinctly uncommon. The literature pertaining to this unusual tumor and to neuroblastoma of adults is reviewed. PMID- 6733690 TI - Secular and age distribution of scrotal cancer in Connecticut and a review of United States literature. AB - In contrast with the expectations of the authors and with reports suggesting a decline in risk for scrotal cancer, Connecticut Tumor Registry data neither showed detectable decrease in risk over the 45-year-period for all 95 scrotal malignancies nor for the 71 epithelial cancers. The age distribution of scrotal cancer in Connecticut was similar to that of the more common tumors thought to be caused by exogenous agents. The risk increased up to age 75 in a geometric fashion, followed by a plateau and decline in risk among the very elderly. United States literature on scrotal cancer points to a change in occupational risks; this literature and recent occupational data from Connecticut suggest that metalworking may have been associated with a high proportion of cases in recent decades. Evidence is lacking that scrotal cancer and its most recent marker of carcinogenic risk have been fully eliminated. PMID- 6733691 TI - Radiation for medulloblastoma adjusted to prevent recurrence to the cribriform plate region. AB - In a recent survey of the recurrence pattern in 40 medulloblastoma patients treated at Memorial Hospital between 1970 and 1979, 15% of all recurrences were in the region of the cribriform plate, which is an area that is undertreated with commonly employed radiation therapy techniques. The authors, therefore, modified their technique to increase the dose in this area. They report on the initial results in 15 subsequent patients treated with this modification. Ten of the 15 patients had localized tumors (Groups I and II) and 8 of these patients are alive disease-free compared with 7 of 17 Group I and II patients treated between 1970 and 1979. Three of five patients with disseminated tumors (Groups III and IV) are alive disease-free compared with none in the previous series. Although the period of follow-up is relatively short (median, 32 months), the overall survival of patients with medulloblastoma seems to be improved with additional radiation to the region of the cribriform plate. No side effects attributable to this modification were observed. In the opinion of the authors, this modification should be used routinely in patients with medulloblastoma. PMID- 6733692 TI - What to do when Sinemet fails: Part one. PMID- 6733693 TI - Essential myoclonus: response to anticholinergic therapy. AB - Benztropine mesylate (Cogentin) in total daily dosages of 4 to 9 mg markedly suppressed the involuntary jerking movements in three patients (a brother and sister and a third apparently sporadic case) with essential myoclonus. PMID- 6733694 TI - In vitro binding of amantadine to plasma proteins. AB - In vitro binding of amantadine to plasma protein was assessed by ultrafiltration of plasma samples (from a blood bank) to which amantadine hydrochloride had been added. Approximately two-thirds of the amantadine was found to be protein-bound. The degree of protein binding was constant over a plasma amantadine concentration range of 100-2,000 ng/ml. PMID- 6733696 TI - Compazine-induced dyskinesia in a 14-month-old boy. PMID- 6733697 TI - Surgical oncology research development: the perspective of the National Cancer Institute. PMID- 6733695 TI - Assessment of Parkinson's disease. AB - The quantitative assessment of clinical deficits in Parkinson's disease has become more difficult due to such factors as the introduction of therapy that induces involuntary movements, the recognition of marked fluctuations in response to treatment, and an increasing of memory disturbance in patients. An attempt to take these problems into account using a brief and simple scale of evaluation is presented. PMID- 6733698 TI - Myocardial effects of mitoxantrone and doxorubicin in the mouse and guinea pig. AB - Mitoxantrone (DHAQ) was compared to doxorubicin for myocardial effects in the mouse and the guinea pig. Histologically, DHAQ induced a high incidence of focal myocardial damage in mice, similar to that observed with doxorubicin. Functionally, like doxorubicin, DHAQ significantly reduced the rate of contraction and histamine responsiveness of guinea pig right atria in vitro. Additionally, long-term ip administration of either DHAQ or doxorubicin reduced the atrial response to histamine in vitro. These data suggest that DHAQ may have a spectrum of myocardial activity similar to that of doxorubicin. PMID- 6733699 TI - Blood leakage and melphalan leakage from the perfusion circuit during regional hyperthermic perfusion for malignant melanoma. AB - In regional hyperthermic perfusion with melphalan for patients with malignant melanoma of the leg, plasma leakage between the perfusion circuit and the systemic circulation was 4-7 ml X min-1. The melphalan concentration in the perfusate was biphasic, with half-lives of 8-12 mins for the initial phase and 19 28 mins for the second phase, after the first dose. After a second dose, the corresponding values were 11-13 and 26-34 mins. The highest concentration in general circulation was 0.38 micrograms X ml-1. PMID- 6733700 TI - Association between malnutrition and caloric intake, emesis, psychological depression, glucose taste, and tumor mass. AB - A nutritional evaluation was performed in 72 patients with advanced solid tumors receiving chemotherapy: 35 patients (49%) were considered malnourished and 37 (51%) were considered normal. The malnourished group showed a significantly lower caloric intake than the normal group (1214 +/- 360 vs 2088 +/- 607; P less than 0.001) and a higher incidence of severe depression (16 of 27 patients [59%] vs six of 30 [20%]; P = 0.026). No significant difference was found between the normal and malnourished patients in reference to emesis, glucose tasting threshold, or tumor burden. PMID- 6733701 TI - Venous thrombosis as a side effect of tamoxifen treatment. AB - We report what we believe to be an infrequent but noteworthy complication of antiestrogen therapy with tamoxifen. Seven patients developed venous thrombosis or pulmonary embolism within 6 months of starting treatment. Guidelines similar to those employed in younger women treated with anovulatory drugs would appear indicated. PMID- 6733702 TI - Long persistence of doxorubicin in human skin after extravasation. AB - Extravasation of doxorubicin (DXR) from a dorsal hand vein is described. At 28 days following this event, high dermal concentrations of DXR were still present, not only at the injection site (1.7 X 10(-6) M X g-1) but also at a distance of 5 cm (0.4 X 10(-6) m X g-1. This long persistence of DXR in the skin necessitates ample excision of the skin following severe extravasation of the drug. PMID- 6733703 TI - Sinus histiocytosis with massive lymphadenopathy: response to cyclophosphamide therapy. AB - A patient with sinus histiocytosis with massive lymphadenopathy is described. After attempts to control lymph node size and constitutional symptoms with corticosteroids were unsuccessful with radiation therapy and nonsteroidal anti inflammatory drugs, the patient was treated with two courses of low doses of oral cyclophosphamide therapy. He remains in complete remission 15 months after therapy was discontinued. PMID- 6733705 TI - Pulmonary toxicity associated with spirogermanium. PMID- 6733704 TI - Mitoxantrone in malignant melanoma. AB - Twenty-nine patients with metastatic malignant melanoma without prior chemotherapy and 36 patients refractory to prior chemotherapy received mitoxantrone (5 mg/m2/week). No patient achieved a partial response. The dose limiting toxic effect was granulocytopenia. Mitoxantrone is ineffective in malignant melanoma. PMID- 6733706 TI - Phase I-II diaziquone chemotherapy in brain tumors. PMID- 6733707 TI - Prospidin chemotherapy in recurrent head and neck carcinoma: a phase II study. PMID- 6733708 TI - Phase II clinical trial of mitoxantrone in patients with advanced renal cell carcinoma: a Southwest Oncology Group study. PMID- 6733709 TI - Phase II study of continuous 5-day vinblastine infusion in renal adenocarcinoma. PMID- 6733710 TI - Intra-abdominal carcinomatosis with histologically normal ovaries. PMID- 6733711 TI - Increase of serum iron concentrations in rhesus monkeys and humans on administration of vincristine, vinblastine, or vindesine. PMID- 6733713 TI - 25 years of oxazaphosphorine research. PMID- 6733712 TI - Proceedings of a symposium on significance of and progress against tumour resistance. Regensburg, FRG, 9-11th June 1983. PMID- 6733714 TI - Development of selectively acting platinum complexes. PMID- 6733715 TI - Chemosensitivity testing of human neoplasms using the soft agar colony assay. AB - An in vitro soft agar assay for cloning of primary human tumour cells and sensitivity testing to anticancer agents has been developed by Hamburger and Salmon (human tumour stem cell assay, HTSCA). Based on the stem cell model, this assay may predict chemosensitivity for a defined tumour cell subpopulation of human solid neoplasms. But, methodological problems like the representative quality of a tumour sample, the disaggregation as well as the limited plating efficiency have to be solved before the clinical value of this test can be evaluated. Depending on the histological tumour type a sufficient colony growth for chemosensitivity testing can only be obtained in about 1/3 of all cases. Because of the limited biopsy material, more than five anticancer agents can only be tested in half of all assays. Paradoxical dose-response relationships for cytostatic agents or radiation in vitro point to artifacts. In vivo pharmacokinetics can only be partly imitated by in vitro conditions. Quality control trials using an established cell line reveal a variability of the in vitro test conditions for certain agents. In addition, the testing of different tumour biopsy samples of the same patient yields variable results. In spite of the methodological problems, large in vivo-in vitro trials show sufficient correlations. The results reflect the high proportion of resistance of human solid tumours. Further development and improvement of the assay promises application of the test system in preclinical testing of anticancer agents. PMID- 6733716 TI - In vitro testing of cytotoxic compounds in hormone-dependent and -independent breast cancer cell lines. PMID- 6733718 TI - The experimental basis for combination chemotherapy. PMID- 6733717 TI - Radiosensitization by hyperthermia in human melanoma cells: single and fractionated treatments. PMID- 6733720 TI - The cellular interpretation of tumour radioresistance. PMID- 6733719 TI - Glutathione-conferred resistance to antineoplastics: approaches toward its reduction. PMID- 6733721 TI - Preclinical evaluation of the anti tumour activity of new epoxyde derivatives. AB - As a follow-up to our initial results on the antineoplastic activity of alpha 1,3,5-triglycidyl-s-triazinetrione (alpha TGT, NSC-296934, Teroxirone), many new epoxyde derivatives were tested against murine tumours, mostly against P388 leukaemia, to determine their antineoplastic role and to characterize their specific effect against tumour cells in vivo, as well as to select an analogue with higher anti-cancer properties and superior pharmacological properties. Triglycidyl urazol (TGU, NSC-332488) showed the highest therapeutic activity and a good level of water-solubility which makes this agent a good candidate for phase-one clinical trials. PMID- 6733722 TI - Synthesis and characterization of methyl 6-O-alpha- and -beta-D-galactopyranosyl beta-D-galactopyranoside. AB - Sequential tritylation, acetylation and detritylation of methyl beta-D galactopyranoside gave crystalline methyl 2,3,4-tri-O-acetyl-beta-D galactopyranoside (4) and methyl 2,3,6-tri-O-acetyl-beta-D-galactopyranoside, the latter being the minor product resulting from acetyl migration. Reaction of 4 with 2,3,4,6-tetra-O-acetyl-alpha-D-galactosyl bromide in benzene, in the presence of mercuric cyanide and mercuric bromide, gave the alpha- and beta-D-(1- --6)-linked disaccharides (7 and 9, respectively) in high yield, and their structure was confirmed by 1H- and 13C-n.m.r. 1d. and 2d. spectroscopy. O Deacetylation of 7 gave the hitherto unknown, crystalline methyl 6-O-alpha-D galactopyranosyl-beta-D-galactopyranoside. O-Deacetylation of 9 gave the corresponding, beta-D-linked disaccharide methyl glycoside, the physical constants of which are discussed with respect to controversial data in the literature. PMID- 6733724 TI - Extrinsic Cotton effects exhibited by glucuronans from a dimorphic fungus, Mucor rouxii. PMID- 6733723 TI - Hexadeoxycycloheptaamylose-pyridoxamine, an artificial transaminase with a "deeper" binding pocket. AB - Cycloheptaamylose was converted in four steps into a monosulfonylated, hexadeoxy derivative that, on treatment with pyridoxaminethiol, provided an artificial transaminase with activity similar to that found in the nondeoxygenated analogue. Characterization of the intermediate hexadeoxycycloheptaamylose was facilitated by the use of field-desorption mass spectrometry, which was uniquely able to distinguish between penta-, hexa-, and hepta-deoxycycloheptaamylose. A detailed description of experimental methods for the first time makes this modified binding-site available for general use in the design of enzyme mimics. PMID- 6733725 TI - Synthesis of N-(1-deoxyhexitol-1-yl)amino acids, reference compounds for the nonenzymic glycosylation of proteins. AB - The N-(1-deoxy-D-mannitol-1-yl) and N-(1-deoxy-D-glucitol-1-yl) derivatives of L valine, L-alanine, L-threonine, and L-leucine were prepared by reductive amination of D-mannose and D-glucose with the appropriate amino acids, in the presence of sodium cyanoborohydride. N epsilon-(1-Deoxy-D-mannitol-1-yl)- and N epsilon-(1-deoxy-D-glucitol-1-yl)-L-lysine were prepared by similar reactions of hexoses with N alpha-tert-butoxycarbonyl and N alpha-benzyloxycarbonyl-L-lysine, followed by removal of the protecting groups. The structures were confirmed by 1H n.m.r. spectroscopy, which showed that each compound was completely free of its C 2 epimer. The synthetic compounds may be used as reference compounds for the identification of N-(1-deoxyhexitol-1-yl)amino acids formed when N-(1-deoxy-D fructose-1-yl) groups of nonenzymically glycosylated proteins, of the hemoglobin A1c type, are reduced with sodium borohydride, and the protein is subjected to acid-catalyzed hydrolysis. PMID- 6733726 TI - Reproducibility of left ventricular volume determinations with use of a semi automated system. AB - Reliability of a computer-assisted system for determination of left ventricular volumes was judged by multiple measurements of rotation ellipsoids, cadaver hearts, and cineangiograms from patients. The volume measurements in cadaver hearts provided a volume correction factor necessary for reproducible results. Variation coefficient for intraobserver and interobserver variability did not exceed 2.3% when calculated using rotation ellipsoids and was highest at 12.0% for the end-systolic volumes derived from patient films. When appropriate calibration methods are employed, different observers can make reliable left ventricular volume measurements aided by such systems. PMID- 6733727 TI - The radiographic appearance of coronary artery dissection: a decision-making dilemma. AB - The appearance of acute iatrogenic dissection of the coronary arteries during coronary angiography is described in five patients. Specific signs of dissection include: 1) initimal flap, 2) delayed flow, 3) loss of side branches, 4) periostial contrast "puddling," and 5) unusually small size coronary artery with atypical smooth walls. Recognition of the radiographic patterns of this complication should permit distinction from coronary spasm, thrombosis, and embolization. Recent advent of alternate forms of therapy (streptokinase infusion, angioplasty) makes it imperative to precisely diagnose the dissection to avoid possible catastrophic results. PMID- 6733728 TI - A variation in the origin of the posterior descending coronary artery. AB - A rare congenital variation in the origin of the posterior descending artery (PDA) is described. The PDA arose from a vascular ring formed by a normally occurring communication between the right coronary artery and the left circumflex artery within the atrioventricular groove, then traversed the inferior septum following a normal branching pattern. No significant coronary artery stenoses nor abnormalities in the physiological data were present, thus ruling out the possibility of the communication being a collateral vessel secondary to ischemia. Our patient's uncommon communication represents only the third reported case of such an occurrence. PMID- 6733729 TI - Aneurysm of an aberrant right subclavian artery--computed tomography. AB - An aneurysm of an aberrant right subclavian artery was diagnosed with computed tomography (CT) in a 77-year-old man with an asymptomatic mediastinal mass at admission. Although CT clearly demonstrated this rare congenital anomaly, further radiologic study or surgery was not attempted because of the patient's advanced age and lack of symptoms. PMID- 6733730 TI - Treatment of acute embolus of the superior mesenteric artery by topical infusion of streptokinase. AB - Two patients with sudden onset of acute abdominal pain caused by embolic disease of the superior mesenteric artery (SMA) were evaluated angiographically. In one patient, the study was performed soon after the clinical onset of symptoms, and successful treatment with low-dose topical streptokinase infusion produced total lysis of the clot over a period of 30 h. In the second patient, the angiogram was obtained 6 days following the initial episode of pain. Radiographic and clinical findings indicated advanced gastrointestinal ischemia with bleeding which contraindicated the use of fibrinolytic therapy. Surgical resection of infarcted intestine was required. Early angiographic detection of acute mesenteric thrombus or embolus is crucial for the selection of patients for fibrinolytic therapy. Our cases suggest that with early diagnosis, streptokinase infusion is an alternative to surgical management of selected patients with acute mesenteric ischemia. PMID- 6733732 TI - The velocity profile in the canine ascending aorta and its effects on the accuracy of pulsed Doppler determinations of mean blood velocity. AB - The velocity profile in the ascending aorta, which has been variously reported as parabolic, skewed or flat, was measured using an intraluminal probe equipped with a miniature piezoelectric crystal activated by a 20 MHz pulsed Doppler with a 1 mm3 sample volume size. Phasic velocities, determined via spectral analyses, were obtained at 2 mm intervals across the aortic lumen of anaesthetised open-chest dogs by sequentially moving the crystal between posterior and anterior walls, maintaining the ultrasound beam parallel to the flow axis. Range-gating allowed data acquisition 3.5 mm proximal to the crystal, thus eliminating probe induced turbulence. Time and spatial distributions of velocities over the cross-section were computed. Expected errors in vessel mean velocity estimates based on point measurements were calculated. Analysis of phasic waveforms showed increased posterior velocities during systole but third order regression analysis of normalised point mean velocities across the lumen showed the best fit was a statistically flat straight line. Centreline referenced analyses indicated the expected difference between point mean velocity and vessel mean velocity was maximal (19.3 +/- 10.1%) 4 mm toward the posterior wall and minimal (4.7 +/- 9.1%) 5 mm toward the anterior wall. Anterior posterior wall referenced analyses indicated the most reliable position for estimating vessel mean velocity from point mean velocity along this axis was 5 mm from the anterior wall. PMID- 6733731 TI - Repetitive episodes of brief ischaemia (12 min) do not produce a cumulative depletion of high energy phosphate compounds. AB - During myocardial ischaemia the purine (ATP, GTP) and pyrimidine (CTP, UTP) nucleotide content of the myocyte falls. When the ischaemic episode resolves, many hours or even days are required for restoration of nucleotide pools. These observations suggest that repetitive episodes of ischaemia might produce progressive depletion of nucleotide pools. In order to determine the effect of repetitive episodes of brief ischaemia on nucleotide pools, open-chest dogs underwent three 12 min periods of occlusion of the left anterior descending coronary artery, with each occlusion followed by 10 min of reperfusion. During the first occlusion nucleotide pools decreased by 30% (ATP); 36% (GTP), 52% (CTP), and 48% (UTP). The subsequent two occlusions produced no further decrease in nucleotide pools. The myocardial content of adenine nucleotide catabolites (adenosine + inosine + hypoxanthine) tended to be greater during the first occlusion than during the subsequent occlusions, and substrate delivery (ie regional myocardial blood flow) was similar during each of the periods of ischaemia. These results indicate that a decrease in the rate of nucleotide degradation, rather than an increase in nucleotide synthesis, accounts for the maintenance of nucleotide content during subsequent ischaemic episodes after the initial ischaemic period. Thus repetitive episodes of regional ischaemia do not produce a cumulative decrease in the high energy phosphate content of the myocardium. PMID- 6733733 TI - Delayed afterdepolarisations and triggered activity in canine Purkinje fibres treated with neuraminidase. AB - We investigated the electrophysiological alterations induced by the removal of sialic acid from the sarcolemma in canine Purkinje fibres. About 70% of total sialic acid content of Purkinje fibres was removed by 120 min of exposure to neuraminidase (1 U X ml-1). The treatment with neuraminidase did not change any of the action potential characteristics at normal Ca2+ concentration (2.7 mmol X litre-1). However, action potential duration and maximum upstroke velocity of phase zero of the action potential were reduced to a greater degree in neuraminidase-treated Purkinje fibres than in non-treated controls at high Ca2+ concentration (8.1 mmol X litre-1). At high Ca2+ concentration, delayed afterdepolarisations were induced in five out of nine neuraminidase-treated Purkinje fibres and triggered activity was observed in two, when driven in trains of 20 stimuli of different cycle length (1000 to 180 ms). No discernible delayed afterdepolarisations were observed in nine non-treated control Purkinje fibres. In addition, the amplitude of delayed afterdepolarisations induced by ouabain (0.2 mumol X litre-1) in neuraminidase-treated Purkinje fibres was larger than non-treated controls. These findings suggest that sialic acid residues of glycocalyx function as a kind of barrier to Ca2+ influx. PMID- 6733734 TI - Inotropic and vasodilator effects of amrinone on isolated human tissue. AB - The effects of amrinone on human umbilical artery and human myocardium were studied. Amrinone produced dose related increases in tension, dT/dtmax and dT/dtmin in myocardium from patients who were NYHA grade I (n = 1) and II (n = 4). The responses to amrinone of these tissues were similar to the response seen in normal guinea-pig myocardium (n = 34). The drug had no inotropic effect on tissue from NYHA grade III patients (n = 5). The inotropic response of the tissues to amrinone was inversely related to length of history and severity of heart failure in the patients from whom the tissues were obtained. Amrinone caused dose related relaxation of the human umbilical artery. The vasodilator properties, but not the positive inotropic effects of amrinone were detectable at concentrations of the drug obtained during oral therapy (0.4 to 4.0 micrograms X ml-1). These findings support the view that in patients with congestive cardiac failure amrinone acts by vasodilatation with no clinically important positive inotropic effect. PMID- 6733735 TI - Microvascular deterioration: implications for reperfusion. AB - Beneficial effects of reperfusion or revascularisation on acute myocardial injury may be restricted to the initial few hours due in part to the development of myocardial haemorrhage and "no-reflow". In the present study, the severity of regional myocardial haemorrhage was assessed with Cr-51-RBC and compared with regional flow in the same areas assessed with labelled microspheres in 51 dogs to determine the temporal profile of reperfusion induced haemorrhage and "no-reflow" in relation to the duration of preceding ischaemia. Reperfusion was initiated after selected intervals of coronary occlusion (1 to 7 h) in 31 dogs, and results compared to those in 14 dogs with persistent occlusion and six dogs with no occlusion. Regions of decreased perfusion were outlined grossly with lissamine dye. Heart rate, blood pressure and left atrial pressures were monitored continuously. Haemorrhage was confirmed by histology. The amount of blood in normal regions of the heart was 3.2 +/- 0.4% of wet weight. In tissue ischaemic for 1 h without reperfusion, it was less, ie, 2.3 +/- 0.7; with occlusion of seven hours, it was reduced even further to 1.3%. in dogs subjected to reperfusion after selected intervals of ischaemia, haemorrhage (6.6 +/- 3.8 ml X 100 g-1) occurred in the endocardium after 3 h of ischaemia but in this epicardium only after 5 h of ischaemia (3.9 +/- 1). Regional flow was normal in the endocardium with reperfusion after 1 h of ischaemia (0.9 +/- 0.2 ml X min-1 X g-1) but decreased by 50% with ischaemia of 7 h prior to reperfusion. Thus, haemorrhage occurred earlier than "no-reflow". Results indicate that the severity of microvascular damage is a function of the duration of the interval of ischaemia prior to reperfusion and that it is evident earliest in the subendocardium. Since haemorrhage preceded "no-reflow" extravasation of blood may contribute to the "no-reflow" phenomenon. Adjunctive measures designed to delay microvascular deterioration may be useful to prolong the interval in which lysis or bypass surgery can be implemented effectively. PMID- 6733736 TI - [Statistical predictions in medical research and practice. On the 250th anniversary of the de Moivre-Pascal-Gauss curve]. PMID- 6733737 TI - [Strategy of clinico-biochemical diagnosis]. PMID- 6733738 TI - [The importance of scientific information for medical personnel]. PMID- 6733739 TI - [Experience with the HLA system in paternity disputes]. PMID- 6733740 TI - [Prevention--possibilities and inequalities]. PMID- 6733741 TI - [Erythema chronicum migrans and the importance of discovering its cause for further practice]. PMID- 6733742 TI - [The system of teaching at the McMaster University Medical School in Canada]. PMID- 6733743 TI - [Economic problems of nutrition and agriculture in the modern world]. PMID- 6733744 TI - [Observations on intensive care in internal medicine after treating 2000 patients]. PMID- 6733746 TI - [Our 2-year experience with the reinfusion of concentrated ascitic fluid in liver cirrhosis with emphasis on the hemodynamic effects of the renin-angiotensin aldosterone system]. PMID- 6733745 TI - [Experience with the operation of a metabolic unit in the internal medicine department]. PMID- 6733747 TI - Mitotic and labelling activity in normal human epidermis in vivo. AB - Labelling and mitotic indices were studied in the epidermis of twenty-eight young men. A mean labelling index of 5.5% was found from the whole study and a mean mitotic index of 0.06%. Mitotic index particularly was extremely variable; indices between 0.002 and 0.438% were found in individual biopsies. In the first two of three experiments in which mitotic index at 09.00 hours was compared with that at 15.00 hours, significant differences were found (15.00 hours greater than 09.00 hours by a factor of 2.6, P less than 0.001). However, in the third such experiment no such difference was found, suggesting that the timing and occurrence of diurnal rhythms of mitotic activity may not be consistent in normal human epidermis. In the one experiment in which it was investigated, a significantly higher mitotic index was found at 21.00 hours compared to 09.00 and 15.00 hours. Labelling index did not vary significantly at 09.00, 15.00 or 21.00 hours. However, labelling index did show a significant pattern of change over a 12-month period in two groups of subjects; peaks of labelling were seen in July and troughs in January. Very high ratios of labelled: mitotic cells were found, the median ratio for the whole study being ninety-eight labelled: one mitotic cell. This finding supports the possibility that not all labelled cells subsequently go on to divide in normal human epidermis. PMID- 6733748 TI - Delay in entry into S phase after heat shock. AB - Synchronized cells of the Harding Passey melanoma grown in culture were given a heat shock treatment of 44 degrees C for 36 min. Thymidine incorporation was measured at frequent intervals after heat shock to determine the time of onset of the next DNA synthetic period. If the heat shock was given at the end of G1, the following S was delayed by 20 hr. Heating at other times in the cell cycle resulted in an even longer interval before the onset of S. The end of G1 was also the most resistant to hyperthermic killing and to the effect of heat on the magnitude of thymidine incorporation in the following S. Heating the cells a second time did not repeat the effect of the first treatment unless the second heat shock treatment was at a considerably higher temperature. Thus thermotolerance to heat shock killing also applies to cell-cycle delay. PMID- 6733749 TI - Subpopulations of slowly cycling cells in S and G2 phase in mouse epidermis. AB - Evidence has been presented supporting the existence of heterogeneity in cell cycle progression in mouse epidermis, The present study was undertaken to characterize this heterogeneity in more detail. Hairless mice were continuously labelled with tritiated thymidine every 4 hr for 4 days. Basal cell suspensions were prepared from slices of mouse skin at intervals during the experiment and subjected to DNA flow cytometry. Cell-cycle analysis was combined with sorting of cells from windows in G1, S and G2 phase, and the proportion of labelled cells within each window was determined in autoradiographs. Reanalysis and resorting to control the purity of of sorted fractions were performed. Computer simulations of the data were made using a mathematical model assuming different S and G2 phase characteristics. A good fit to the data was only obtained when heterogeneity in mouse epidermal cell-cycle progression was assumed, indicating the existence of slowly traversing, distinct subpopulations of cells in G2 and S phase. These cells are assumed to contribute to about 40% of all cells in S phase and to about 70% of all in G2 phase. The estimated residence times in the resting states were 38 and 32 hr in S and G2 phase, respectively. Two-parameter sorting based on DNA and light scatter indicated that slowly cycling cells were larger than the average. There is no evidence of significant subpopulations of permanently non proliferating keratinocytes in any of the cell-cycle phases. PMID- 6733750 TI - Pluripotent stem cells do not completely maintain normal human steady-state haemopoiesis. AB - Since the classical work on the regulation of canine erythropoiesis by Alpen & Cranmore (1959), it has been generally accepted that recognizable bone-marrow cells are continuously replaced from sources of unrecognizable precursors. Although many features of pluripotent stem cells (PSC) and committed haemopoietic precursors have been determined, direct demonstration of a continuous influx, under normal steady-state conditions, from PSC into the recognizable bone-marrow cell compartments is still lacking. There is abundant evidence that PSC, in a number of species, including primates, resemble atypical or immature ('transitional') lymphocytes. By utilizing the technique of quantitative 14C autoradiography, we have measured the activities of DNA and protein synthesis in individual bone-marrow cells of two healthy humans. A positive relationship was established between the protein synthesis rate and rate of movement through the cell cycle in all proliferative compartments. Lymphoid cells, considered to contain the fraction of PSC, were found in the lower range of this relationship. These low metabolic rates exclude fast growth as well as short cell-cycle times. In view of the low frequency of the potential PSC in the human bone marrow, amounting to less than 2%, these cells cannot be considered to represent a source continuously supplying the pool of rapidly proliferating, recognizable blast cells in the bone marrow under steady-state conditions. Some self-maintenance of a subcompartment within the pool of recognizable normal bone-marrow blast cells is therefore suggested. PMID- 6733751 TI - Proliferation kinetics of a human malignant melanoma serially grown in nude mice. AB - The technique of labelled mitoses and flow cytometric DNA analysis were used to determine the proliferation kinetics of a human malignant melanoma grown in nude mice. The effect of tumour volume and of long-term serial transplantation on the kinetic parameters was investigated. The results showed that the cell loss factor, which was the dominant factor in the growth of this melanoma, increased from 52 to 69% with increasing tumour size, whereas the calculated growth fraction showed no systematic changes. The cell generation time increased from 34 to 44 hr with tumour size, mainly due to a prolongation of the G1 duration time, whereas no significant changes occurred in the duration of the S and G2 phases of the cell cycle. The stability of the investigated tumour characteristics indicated that the kinetics of this melanoma remained unchanged during more than sixty serial transplantations in nude mice. The methods applied are suitable for a detailed description of tumour growth kinetics, since they provide complementary results. PMID- 6733753 TI - Cell-cycle analysis using a monoclonal antibody to BrdUrd. AB - The flow cytometric measurement of DNA distributions of cells has many applications in biomedical research. Phase fractions estimated (calculated) from such distributions are used to study the growth characteristics of various types of cells, particularly when the cells have been exposed to perturbing agents such as chemotherapeutic drugs. For more than 10 years many methods for resolving DNA distributions into the three cell subpopulations (G1, S and G2 + M) have been reported in the literature. A new method of analysis utilizing a monoclonal antibody to bromodeoxyuridine (BrdUrd) has been developed (Gratzner, 1982; Dolbeare et al., 1983) which makes it possible in most cases to accurately determine phase fractions without resorting to mathematical models. The procedure involves the incorporation of BrdUrd by growing (DNA synthesizing) S phase cells, labelling the BrdUrd with a fluorescent monoclonal antibody, and the bivariate measurement of the antibody and of total DNA content, the latter through propidium-iodide staining. The resulting bivariate distributions clearly and simply resolve the three subpopulations. This paper describes the method and illustrates its use in the analysis of various fractions of elutriated exponentially growing Chinese hamster ovary (CHO) cells. PMID- 6733752 TI - Kinetic differences between fed and starved Chinese hamster ovary cells. AB - When Chinese hamster (CHO-K1) cells are grown as monolayer cultures, they eventually reach a population-density plateau after which no net increase in cell numbers occurs. The kinetics of aged cells in nutritionally deprived (starved) or density-inhibited (fed) late plateau-phase cultures were studied by four methods: (i) Reproductive integrity and cell viability were monitored daily by clonogenic cell assay and erythrosin-b dye-exclusion techniques. (ii) Mitotic frequencies of cells from 18 day old cultures were determined during regrowth by analysing time lapse video microscope records of dividing cells. (iii) Tritiated-thymidine ([3H]TdR) autoradiography was used to determine the fractions of DNA-synthesizing cells in cultures entering plateau phase and during regrowth after harvest. (iv) The rate of labelled nucleoside uptake and incorporation into DNA was measured using liquid scintillation or sodium iodide crystal counters after labelling with [3H]TdR or [125I]UdR. Non-cycling cells in starved cultures accumulate primarily as G1 phase cells. Most cells not in G1 phase had stopped in G2 phase. Very few cells (less than 2%) were found in S phase. In contrast, about half of the cells in periodically fed cultures were found to be in DNA-synthetic phase, and the percentage of these S phase cells fluctuated in a manner reflecting the frequency of medium replacement. Populations of both types of plateau-phase cultures demonstrate extremely coherent cyclic patterns of DNA synthesis upon harvest and reculturing. They retain this high degree of synchrony for more than three generations after the resumption of growth. From these data it is concluded that nutritionally deprived (starved) late plateau-phase cells generally stop in either G1 or G2 phase, whereas periodically fed late plateau-phase cultures contain a very large fraction of cycling cells. Populations of cells from these two types of non-expanding cultures are kinetically dissimilar, and should not be expected to respond to extracellular stimuli in the same manner. PMID- 6733755 TI - Morphological correlates of visual pigment turnover in photoreceptors of the fly, Calliphora erythrocephala. AB - The content of visual pigment in one eye of Calliphora 'chalky' was measured spectrophotometrically and related to the ultrastructure of the other eye and the density of membrane particles as revealed by the freeze-fracture technique. Electron microscopy of thin-sectioned material showed that the manifestations of synthesis and breakdown of photoreceptor membrane were most prominent in flies kept in blue light, in comparison to flies kept in green light or darkness, in which only a moderate breakdown of membrane was evident. By subjecting flies to different light regimes it was found that the density of membrane particles was related to the content of visual pigment, but not on a one-to-one basis. In particular, the particle density in flies with a low (less than 10%) rhodopsin content, produced by raising flies on a vitamin A-deficient diet or by exposure to green light, was still about 35% of that of normal flies. Taken together the results indicate that all rhodopsin molecules are particles but that some particles represent another protein that most probably serves to maintain the structural integrity of the photoreceptor membrane. Furthermore, membrane synthesis can take place in the absence of rhodopsin synthesis. PMID- 6733754 TI - Spreading of explants of embryonic chick mesenchymes and epithelia on fibronectin and laminin. AB - Tissues from 2.5-day chick embryos were explanted onto glass coated with adsorbed fibronectin or laminin, or extracellular matrices (ECM) of deoxycholate-extracted chick embryo cells. Spreading of somitic and trunk neural-crest mesenchyme cells was equally rapid and extensive on fibronectin, laminin and on the fibronectin rich, laminin-poor ECM produced by mesenchymal cells. No preference for fibronectin over laminin was displayed by these two mesenchymes when a choice of mutually exclusive alternating tracks was provided. Epithelial cells did not spread from explants of the neural tube on any substrate tested up to 24 h in vitro, but adhesion of the explant and outgrowth of axons was greatest on laminin. Explants of endodermal epithelium spread rapidly on or near ECM formed by endoderm cells. This ECM was deficient in laminin but contained dense fibronectin fibers. Spreading was less rapid on fibronectin, and even more retarded on laminin. Ectodermal epithelium explants spread rapidly on and near fibronectin-rich, laminin-poor ECM produced by ectoderm cells, and almost as rapidly on laminin, but spreading was strongly delayed and reduced on fibronectin. The observations suggest that the mesenchymal nature of somite and neural crest cells does not correspond to a lowered responsiveness to laminin relative to fibronectin, while the relationship between laminin and superior epithelial cell spreading should not be generalized. The spreading of the epithelia on complex ECM also indicates the presence of a component(s) other than fibronectin or laminin, which strongly promote(s) spreading. In addition, the methods used indicate that plasma fibronectin and laminin do not specifically bind to each other, and that bovine serum albumen may be inadequate in preventing the attachment of proteins, especially laminin, to cell culture substrates. PMID- 6733756 TI - A morphometric study of the variations in subcellular structures of rat hepatocytes during 24 hours. AB - Subcellular structures of hepatocytes in periportal and perivenous zones were examined during 24 h. The volume, surface and numerical profile densities of cytoplasmic organelles were analysed morphometrically. Most subcellular structures in periportal and perivenous hepatocytes were subject to strong circadian variations. In hepatocytes from both zones, the volume densities of smooth endoplasmic reticulum (sER), mitochondria, lysosomes, peroxisomes, polysomes and lipid droplets demonstrated peak values at 16.00 h, 20.00 h or 00.00 h; trough values were at 04.00 h, 08.00 h, or 12.00 h, except for peroxisomes (16.00 h). However, the volume densities of glycogen granules and rough endoplasmic reticulum (rER) in periportal and perivenous hepatocytes exhibited maximal values at 04.00 h, 08.00 h or 12.00 h and minimal values at 20.00 h. The surface densities of sER, mitochondria, lysosomes and peroxisomes, and the numerical profile densities of mitochondria, lysosomes and peroxisomes in periportal and perivenous hepatocytes showed similar trends. These events suggest that membranes of the rER show a partial correlation with the sER, mitochondrial and lysosomal membranes during the 24-h span. This may involve the interaction between ribosomes and rER. Almost all cytoplasmic organelles examined displayed significant differences between periportal and perivenous hepatocytes, morphometrically and in fine structure, indicating that the morphofunctional variability of hepatocytes differs depending on the location in the liver acinus. PMID- 6733757 TI - Extraocular photoreceptors in the brain of Epilachna varivestis (Coleoptera, Coccinellidae). AB - Within the optic lobe of adult Mexican bean beetles, Epilachna varivestis, three complex areas were detected that display elements with the morphological appearance of photoreceptors. Each of these complexes contains about eight cells that show fully differentiated rhabdomeres, screening pigments and other features typical of photoreceptors. It was shown that these areas originate from larval stemmata, which move into the depth of the head capsule during metamorphosis and are finally embraced by the outgrowing optic lobes. Although the function of these formations is not yet known, there are some indications that they may play a role in the entrainment of circadian clocks. PMID- 6733758 TI - Mitochondrial binding of triiodothyronine (T3). Demonstration by electron microscopic radioautography of dispersed liver cells. AB - To assess the distribution of the thyroid hormone triiodothyronine (T3) within intact living cells, freshly prepared dispersed rat hepatocytes were incubated with [125I]-T3 for periods of 5 min and 30 min. Light- and electron-microscopic (EM) radioautography was carried out to determine the distribution of grains over the isolated cells. Both procedures showed the grains distributed almost entirely over the cytoplasmic matrix rather than the nucleus. Grain counts under the EM were compared with expectation based on established quantitative methods. Only the mitochondria showed obvious and statistically significant grain counts, whereas the nucleus failed to accumulate grains in excess of expectations by chance alone based on area. The findings support the existence of mitochondrial binding of T3, presumably a prerequisite for its action in direct stimulation of the mitochondria. PMID- 6733759 TI - Sperm invasion of the oviducal mucosa, fibroblastic phagocytosis and endometrial sloughing in the Japanese greater horseshoe bat, Rhinolophus ferrumequinum nippon. AB - In the Japanese greater horseshoe bat, Rhinolophus ferrumequinum nippon, a vast number of spermatozoa invade the oviducal epithelial cells of the caudal isthmus and become concentrated in the endometrial lamina propria of the bicornuate horns. They are subsequently phagocytised and digested by fibroblasts. Then, finally, they become deposited in the uterine lumen together with a large quantity of secretory material from the endometrial connective tissue which, prior to this event, undergoes a massive infiltration by polymorphonuclear leucocytes. PMID- 6733760 TI - The ecdysis of hair mechanoreceptors in crayfish. AB - The fine structure of hair mechanoreceptors in crayfish during moulting was investigated with special attention to the interface apparatus between cuticular hairs and sensory cells: the chorda. The chordae are lost with old exuviae at every moulting. They are drawn out from a moulting canal at the tip of the new hair. The chordae are regenerated from a material secreted by sheath cells after moulting. Therefore, the chorda is an inward projection of the cuticular exoskeleton, and it has direct contact with the sensory element, the scolopidium. The scolopidium has been found in both hair mechanoreceptors and subcuticular chordotonal organs in crustaceans, and is thought to be a primitive type of mechano-sensory transducing element. The present observation gives additional evidence for the homology of two sensory elements in arthropods, i.e., the cuticular hair sensilla and subcuticular chordotonal organs. PMID- 6733761 TI - Epidermal cell migration during wound healing in Dugesia lugubris. Observations based on scanning electron microscopy and treatment with cytochalasin. AB - The epidermal cells that migrate over the surface during the wound closure stage of head regeneration in Dugesia lugubris s.l. were examined by scanning electron microscopy. The effect of cytochalasin B on epidermal cell migration was also examined. During the first few hours after decapitation epidermal cells at the edges of the wound showed significant changes of shape related to the process of migration that was accomplished approximately 10 h after wounding. Flattening of the marginal cells was associated with active epidermal spreading throughout the healing period. Suitable support for migrating cells appeared to be a rhabditic network attached to the wound tissue. Epidermal cell migration was inhibited by cytochalasin B. These results demonstrate that the basis for cell movement in planarians is similar to that of many other systems. PMID- 6733762 TI - Intercellular junctions between macrophages in the regional lymph node of the rat after injection of large doses of steroids. AB - Intercellular junctions were often found between macrophages in sinuses of regional lymph nodes of the rat after injection of large doses of cholesterol, cortisone acetate, and estrone at the footpad. They were identified by subplasmalemmal densities, 20-50 nm in width, beneath the plasma membranes of apposed macrophages. No distinct filamentous structures were visible in those dense regions. Electron-dense amorphous materials are lined up at the center of the intercellular space in the junctional regions. Some macrophages form clusters with intercellular junctions. No significant difference in the effect of cholesterol, cortisone acetate, and estrone on the number of intercellular junctions between macrophages was found. PMID- 6733763 TI - Changes in human skeletal muscle induced by long-term eccentric exercise. AB - The fine structure of muscle fibres from m. vastus lateralis of nine healthy males (mean age 26 years) was investigated. Four individuals constituted non exercised controls while five subjects participated in a two-months eccentric muscular training program. Specimens from the controls showed a well-preserved, regular myofibrillar band pattern while changes in the myofibrillar architecture were constantly found in specimens taken after the training program. These changes consisted of Z-band alterations, Z-bands being out of register, extra sarcomeres, Z-band extensions and bisected Z-bands. Between the separated Z-band halves, thin and thick myofilaments as well as abundant glycogen particles and/or ribosomes, were observed. Type-2 (fast-twitch) fibres were predominantly affected. Contrary to the controls the trained individuals constantly showed a greater variation in sarcomere lengths in Type-2 fibres than in Type-1 fibres. It is concluded that muscular work of high tension can induce fine-structural alterations. When repeated over a long period of time, extreme tension demands seem to initiate reorganization in the muscle fibres, predominantly in the, ultrastructurally defined, Type-2 fibres. This adaptation probably results in a better stretchability of the muscle fibres, reduces the risk for mechanical damage and brings about an optimal overlap between actin and myosin filaments. PMID- 6733764 TI - Lectin-binding properties of the Merkel cell and other root sheath cells in perinatal rat vibrissae. AB - Surface carbohydrates on the Merkel cell of the outer root sheath (ORS) were investigated in 1- to 4-day-old rat vibrissae by use of rhodamine isothiocyanate (RITC)-conjugated lectins. The red fluorescence of RITC provided a convenient assay for lectin binding to the Merkel cell, which is itself identified by its green fluorescence following selective uptake of the dye quinacrine. In monolayers or suspensions of freshly dissociated ORS cells, the Merkel cell showed high affinity for the alpha-fucose-specific lectin, Ulex europeus agglutinin I (UEA-I), thus revealing a novel feature for a basally located cell. Other high-affinity lectins included concanavalin A (Con A), wheat germ agglutinin (WGA), soybean agglutinin (SBA), and Ricinus communis agglutinin I (RCA-I). In contrast, Dolichos biflorus (DBA), Bandeiraea simplicifolia I and II (BS-I and BS-II), and peanut agglutinin (PNA) virtually excluded the Merkel cell, though PNA-binding sites were unmasked after neuraminidase treatment. Other dispersed ORS cells had varying lectin affinities, and generally binding was inhibited by a competing haptenic sugar. The pattern of lectin binding seen in cryostat and paraffin sections of the vibrissa suggested that the Merkel cells share surface properties with their neighboring basal and/or spinous cells; however, unshared properties are likely to exist since ingrowing mechanosensory nerves recognize the Merkel cells, and not other epidermal cells, as their targets. PMID- 6733765 TI - Nonselective motor innervation of nuclear bag1 intrafusal muscle fibers in the cat. AB - The motor nerve supply to cat nuclear bag1 intrafusal muscle fibers was reconstructed from light and electron microscopy of serial transverse sections of spindles in the tenuissimus muscle. Twenty-six of thirty poles of bag1 fibers that were examined received motor innervation. Every innervated bag1 pole received at least one (range 1-3) selective motor axon that supplied this fiber type only. Four of the innervated bag1 poles (15%) received additional motor supply from a nonselective motor axon that also innervated one nuclear chain fiber in the same spindle pole. The chain fibers co-innervated with bag1 fibers were among the longest chain fibers although they were shorter than two long chain fibers also present in the spindle poles. In cross-sections stained with toluidine blue they displayed 1-3 equatorial nuclei side by side, and there were fewer intermyofibrillar granules in their polar regions than in most of the other chain fibers. The endings of nonselective motor axons on the bag1 and chain fibers were morphologically and ultrastructurally dissimilar. It is suggested that instances of common innervation of the (dynamic) bag1 fiber and a (static?) chain fiber represent an integral and, presumably, functionally meaningful part of the motor pattern in some cat spindles. PMID- 6733767 TI - Calcification initiation sites in the crab cuticle: the interprismatic septa. An ultrastructural cytochemical study. AB - In the crab cuticle the interprismatic septa (IS), which correspond to imprints left in the cuticle by the margins of the epidermal cells, penetrate the twisted structure of the chitin-protein matrix. The ultrastructure and geometric relationship between the fibrous architecture and the pattern of the prisms is described. The cytochemical characterization of the IS, by pronase treatment and ruthenium red staining, supports the hypothesis that this material corresponds to cell-coat glycoproteins released in the cuticle during secretion of the organic matrix. Calcification begins after ecdysis in the external laminae of the pigmented layer and along the IS. The presence of cation-binding glycoproteins in the sites where calcification is initiated could induce the nucleation of the mineral phase by concentrating calcium. The extracellular distribution of carbonic anhydrase, which favours carbonate deposition, is observed on ultrathin sections over the IS. PMID- 6733766 TI - Ultrastructure and morphometry of the stomach muscle of Amphiuma tridactylum. AB - An ultrastructural and stereological examination was performed on stomach smooth muscle of the salamander Amphiuma. This tissue has very large cells, ranging up to 12 X 1500 micron when relaxed. The extracellular space is 31% of the tissue volume, and the tissue contains 84.6% water. These values are similar to those of other amphibian and mammalian gastrointestinal smooth muscle. The cells possess the usual smooth muscle organelles. Thick, thin and intermediate filaments are present, along with membrane-associated and cytoplasmic dense regions. There is a well-developed sarcoplasmic reticulum and many microtubules. Caveolae are found in rows along the cellular surface; the caveolae increase the cellular surface area by about 70%. The ratio mean volume: surface area of the cells is 1.26 micron. This tissue appears to be typical of gastrointestinal smooth muscle, with the exception of the very large size of the cells. PMID- 6733768 TI - Radioiodinated surface proteins of separated cell types from rabbit endometrium in relation to the time of implantation. AB - To investigate changes in surface proteins of uterine cells in relation to the time of implantation, epithelial and stromal cells were isolated from rabbit endometrium and maintained in primary culture for 3 days. Surface-iodination of intact cells was carried out before and after culture, using immobilized Iodogen catalyst. The labeled proteins were analyzed by polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis, followed by autoradiography; peak areas were quantitated by scanning densitometry. Different gestational ages showed no marked qualitative differences in the surface-iodination patterns either of epithelial or stromal cells before or after culture. Quantitative differences between the surface iodination pattern of epithelial cells from days 4 to 6.5 of pregnancy were revealed by canonical variate analysis of labeled peak areas. Values for individual rabbits clustered according to gestational age, with significant (p less than 0.05) separation of the clusters, although the discrimination was less pronounced for cultured than for freshly isolated cells. Changes involving increases in labeling of a protein of 38000 Mr in fresh cells, and decreases in a protein of 42000 Mr in cultured cells, were evident between day 4 and day 6.5. Thus changes in the surface-labeling pattern of uterine epithelial cells in relation to the time of receptivity for ovoimplantation can be distinguished. The functional significance of these changes remains to be elucidated. PMID- 6733769 TI - Satellite cells in the tail muscles of the urodelan larvae during development. AB - The incidence and ultrastructure of satellite cells in the tail muscles of urodelan larvae were examined during development during which the number of satellite cells is gradually reduced. They are found more frequently in red than in the white fibres in all four stages examined (stage 53, 64, 66+ and juvenile). As development proceeds, intercellular space between satellite cell and muscle fibre is in general gradually extended and is mostly filled with basal lamina. Small muscle cells, satellite fibres, which are situated under the basal lamina of the parent fibre, are morphologically similar to satellite cells but contain a small amount of myofibrils. Three types of satellite fibres are distinguishable on the basis of differences in K2-EDTA-treated ATPase activity, width of Z line, and parent fibre type. Neuromuscular junctions are visible in satellite fibres. PMID- 6733771 TI - Freeze-fracture study of the turtle lung. 2. Rod-shaped particles in the plasma membrane of a mitochondria-rich pneumocyte in Pseudemys (Chrysemys) scripta. AB - In thin sections of the lung of the fresh-water turtle Pseudemys (Chrysemys) scripta some pneumocytes can be distinguished from the remaining pulmonary epithelial cells by a larger amount of mitochondria. In these cells the typical features of type-I and type-II cells are absent. Freeze-fracture replicas reveal rod-shaped particles in the apical plasma membrane of a small population of pneumocytes, which by cytological criteria seem to be identical with the mitochondria-rich cells observed in thin sections. It is assumed that these cells represent a distinct type of pneumocytes in the turtle lung and that they are a member of the group of mitochondria-rich cells present in some ion-transporting epithelia. The function of these cells in this location remains to be determined. PMID- 6733770 TI - Access and distribution of exogenous substances in the intercellular clefts of the rat adenohypophysis. AB - In model experiments with the use of horseradish peroxidase (HRP), two pathways of transport of substances to the adenohypophysis were studied, as well as the distribution of the tracer in the latter organ. The first pathway allows the tracer to penetrate from the intercellular milieu of the median eminence below the meningeal sheath covering the adenohypophysis to the surface of the pituitary gland. The second pathway transports the tracer via the capillaries of the hypophysial portal circulation to the interior of the glandular parenchyma. These results show (i) that the meningeal sheath establishes a barrier between the hemal milieu of the pituitary and the hemal milieu of the general circulation, and (ii) that the tracer reaching the adenohypophysis via both routes is found in the intercellular clefts of the glandular parenchyma only to a limited extent. By means of conventional electron microscopy, intercellular contacts between hormone producing adenohypophysial cells are observed resembling focal tight junctions. Between the membranes of entwined processes of stellate cells, only small maculae adhaerentes are found. Freeze-etch studies on unfixed adenohypophyses reveal zonulae occludentes between the durafacing layers of the meningeal sheath and focal maculae occludentes between parenchymal cells. Additional tissue-culture experiments with adenohypophysial cells directly exposed to HRP reveal a gradual cessation of the labeling process in the intercellular clefts in accord with the observations from the in-vivo experiments, as well as intercellular focal tight junctions between individual hormone-producing cells. PMID- 6733773 TI - Morphometric evaluation of lipid droplet associations with secretory vesicles, mitochondria and other components in the lactating cell. AB - The size, cellular location, and identity of surface-associated components were determined for lipid droplets in lactating cells. Transmission electron microscopic measurements were made involving 3801 droplets in approximately 211 cells from three rats and 1197 droplets in 66 cells from a mouse. For the purposes of droplet evaluation, cells were divided into seven locations ranging from basal to secreting positions. Droplets were also categorized with respect to contact with other droplets, basolateral plasma membrane, mitochondria, Golgi apparatus, secretory vesicles, and endoplasmic reticulum-cytoplasm (ERC). Data on droplet size showed that droplet growth occurs mainly in the secretory position, confirming previously published findings. Lipid droplets from mouse tissue, although somewhat smaller in size showed similar growth trends to those of the rat. Data on numbers of droplet contacts and percentages of droplet circumferences involved in associations with other cell components showed that the dominant interaction of lipid droplets was with the ERC. However, intimate association of droplets with mitochondria was noted in all cellular locations. In addition, nursed animals exhibited a greater proportion of droplet surface association with secretory vesicles and less in contact with mitochondria in comparison to those not nursed. The significance of these relationships to milk synthesis and secretion is discussed. PMID- 6733772 TI - Morphometric analysis of loading-induced changes in collagen-fibril populations in young tendons. AB - This study was designed to gain more detailed morphological information on skeletal tendons in the course of adaptation to physical loading. The effect on collagen fibrils was investigated in 6-week-old mice by means of electron microscopy. Physical loading was performed on a treadmill 5 days a week for 1, 3, 5, 7 and 10 weeks. Morphometric analysis of collagen fibrils revealed the mean diameter, the diameter distribution, the number and the cross-sectional area. The principal observations included: 1. After one week of physical loading an increase in mean fibril diameter (30%, p less than or equal to 0.01), in number (15%, p less than or equal to 0.05), and in cross-sectional area (15%, p less than or equal to 0.05), as well as a change in mean fibril diameter distribution. 2. From the third to the seventh week a fall under the level of the controls in mean diameter (26%, p less than or equal to 0.01), in number (26%, p less than or equal to 0.01), and a reduced cross-sectional area (17%, p less than or equal to 0.01), accompanied by signs of splitting of individual collagen fibrils. 3. In the long-term study an increase in fibril number (29%, p less than or equal to 0.01), a fall in mean diameter from 189 nm in the controls to 179 nm (p less than or equal to 0.05) but no statistically significant change in the relative cross sectional area (32%) per unit in comparison to unloaded tendons. The possible physiological implications of the findings are discussed in the light of several regulatory mechanisms known to appear during the course of physical loading in connective tissues. PMID- 6733775 TI - Effects of folic acid upon filopodia of Dictyostelium discoideum vegetative amoebae. AB - Living vegetative D, discoideum amoebae were studied to determine whether their filopodia respond to folic acid, a chemoattractant for these cells. Exponentially growing amoebae (ca. 10 micron diameter) exhibit 5-30 micron long filopodia; at stationary phase, aggregation competent amoebae have numerous multibranched filopodia up to 100 micron long. Folic acid was observed to stimulate production, elongation, and branching of filopodia with its effects progressively changing as the amoebae approach aggregation. Filopodial construction was also found to be dependent upon Mg2+ levels. The significance of these results is discussed with respect to progressive changes within the vegetative phase as well as to the mechanisms of amoeboid movement, pseudopodial activity, and chemotaxis. PMID- 6733774 TI - Involution and regeneration of the endometrium following parturition in the ewe. AB - Involution and regeneration of the endometrium after parturition in the ewe, were studied by light- and electron microscopy. The luminal epithelium in intercaruncular regions of the endometrium remained intact at all stages, but degeneration and death of many glandular epithelial cells were observed on the day after parturition. Glandular regeneration had commenced by 8 d post partum, and the glands were substantially regenerated by 15 d. Caruncular epithelial cells on the maternal side of the placentomes, between the bases of the maternal septa, persisted during the period of degeneration of the foetal and maternal tissues of the placentomes. Epithelial cells from this source contributed to the regeneration of the caruncular epithelium following shedding of plaques of degenerate placental tissue from the caruncles, which commenced after 8 d and was completed before 31 d. Thus, ingrowth of epithelium from the edges of the caruncles, as previously proposed, was not the sole source of new caruncular epithelium. The additional source of regenerating epithelium identified here may account for the rapidity with which epithelium appears in the centres of some caruncles, several millimetres in diameter, during endometrial regeneration. However, in some caruncles, regeneration of the epithelium was not completed until after 31 d post partum. PMID- 6733776 TI - A flagellar surface glycoprotein mediating cell-substrate interaction in Chlamydomonas. AB - The Chlamydomonas flagellar surface exhibits interesting adhesive properties that are associated with flagellar surface motility. This dynamic surface property can be exhibited as the binding and movement of small polystyrene microspheres or as the interaction of the flagellar surface with a solid substrate followed by whole cell locomotion, termed "gliding". In order to identify flagellar surface proteins that mediate substrate interaction during flagellar surface motility, two immobilized iodination systems were employed that mimic the conditions for flagellar surface motility: small polystyrene microspheres derivatized with lactoperoxidase, and large glass beads derivatized with Iodogen. Use of these iodination conditions resulted in preferential iodination of a high-molecular weight glycoprotein with apparent molecular weight of 300,000-350,000. These results suggest this glycoprotein as a major candidate for the surface-exposed adhesive component that directly interacts with the substrate and couples the substrate to a system of force transduction presumed to be located within the flagellum. PMID- 6733777 TI - Mitochondrial motility in axons: membranous organelles may interact with the force generating system through multiple surface binding sites. AB - In living tissue, membrane-bound organelles, including mitochondria, move along parallel cytoplasmic pathways. Motion is directed and tends to be confined to a single path. Deviations from this single path motion are rare. When present, however, they tend to occur at points of intersection of cytoskeletal linear elements (LE). Such intersections are relatively uncommon in intact axons and extruded axoplasm. However, we have found that such intersections can be produced in extruded preparations by shear forces directed tangential to the axoplasmic surface. We have studied the detailed behavior of mitochondria in extruded squid axoplasm. Special attention was directed to the relationship between mitochondrial shape changes and orientation of cytoskeletal LE. The most striking of these changes in shape is branching. In this process, the mitochondrion transiently assumes a triradial (three-ended) shape. This appearance may be maintained for seconds to minutes before the normal cylindrical shape is resumed by absorption of either the newly formed end or, more commonly, one of the original ends. The frequency of branching appears to be dependent on the degree of cytoskeletal organization. It becomes more common as the number of apparent intersections between cytoskeletal LE increases. Further, the formation of new ends seems to occur along paths defined by cytoskeletal elements. These observations suggest that the mitochondrial membrane is multivalent. That is, it contains multiple sites capable of interacting with the axonal force generation apparatus. Furthermore, LE in the cytoskeleton may indicate the paths along which these interactions are permissible. PMID- 6733778 TI - Mast cells in cluster headache. Ultrastructure, release pattern and possible pathogenetic significance. AB - Cluster headache remains a disease with almost totally unknown etiology and poorly understood pathogenesis. Some evidence has been presented to suggest that histamine released from mast cells might possibly be responsible for the initiation of pain attack. The authors present ultrastructural data concerning cutaneous mast cells in the painful region in patients suffering from cluster headache. The biopsies were taken between attacks in a bout. The fine structure of the mast cells (namely swollen granules, zones of decreased density, membrane bound vesicles and granular fusion) are consistent with the dissolution pattern of secretion. The possible role of antidromic-reflex activation of the mast cells is also discussed. PMID- 6733779 TI - Chronic paroxysmal hemicrania. VII. Mechanical precipitation of attacks: new cases and localization of trigger points. AB - Two new chronic paroxysmal hemicrania patients are described. In both, attacks can be precipitated mechanically by applying firm manual pressure to certain sensitive points on the neck, i.e. in the C2 area, in the transverse processes of the C4-C5 vertebrae, or beneath the posterior part of the skull on the symptomatic side. The most sensitive area seems to be the transverse process of C4-C5. Susceptibility to this type of attack is dependent on the flow of spontaneous attacks; attacks are easily precipitated in a phase with multiple spontaneous attacks, but are not readily precipitated otherwise. Under indomethacin protection, local tenderness is clearly diminished and attacks cannot be precipitated. PMID- 6733780 TI - Kinetics and thermolability of platelet monoamine oxidase in cluster headache and migraine. AB - Platelet monoamine oxidase activity (MAO) from 33 cluster headache patients (17 males, 16 females) and 34 migraine patients (16 males, 18 females) was assayed. The kinetic constants (apparent Vmax and apparent Km) and the thermolability, measured as the ratio of the platelet MAO activity after and before heat treatment (+52 degrees C, 30 min), were determined. The MAO activity and Vmax values were significantly lower in cluster headache than in migraine and in both headache disorders compared to a control group (62 males, 66 females). When comparing all groups, Km was not significantly different except for migraine females, who had lower Km values compared to control females. Thermolability was significantly higher in cluster headache than in migraine and in both headache disorders compared to the control group. Smokers of five cigarettes or more per day had significantly lower Vmax values but similar Km and thermolability values compared to those smoking less or nothing. The findings of low maximal velocities and high thermolability of platelet MAO in cluster headache and migraine are suggested to represent constitutionally different enzyme properties. PMID- 6733781 TI - Chronic paroxysmal hemicrania: heart rate changes and ECG rhythm disturbances. A computerized analysis of 24 h ambulatory ECG recordings. AB - Ambulatory ECG recordings have been carried out in five patients suffering from CPH. During the study a total of 105 attacks occurred. Contrary to findings in cluster headache, no typical pattern of heart rate change was found in association with attacks of CPH. A striking finding in all patients, however, was that there were often large and rapid variations in heart rate which could be observed "before", "during" or "after" the attacks. One patient developed bradycardia and sino-atrial block and another bundle branch block together with episodes of atrial fibrillation in association with attacks. PMID- 6733783 TI - Marked enhancement of macrophage activation induced by synthetic muramyl dipeptide (MDP) conjugate using monoclonal anti-MDP antibodies. AB - Activation of peritoneal exudate macrophages of mice to inhibit the in vitro proliferation of tumor target cells was achieved with low concentrations of N acetyl-L-alanyl-D-isoglutamine (MDP for muramyl dipeptide) conjugated to a synthetic carrier. Addition to the cultures of monoclonal anti-MDP or anti carrier antibodies renders a thousandfold-smaller concentration of the conjugate highly effective in activating macrophages. This synergistic effect was observed neither with a control monoclonal antibody of different specificity nor with an F(ab)2 fragment of the monoclonal anti-MDP antibody. Other controls, such as addition to the cultures of the carrier alone with its specific monoclonal antibodies, also demonstrated that there exists a requirement for the presence of MDP in the conjugate. The possible uses of such a system as well as the underlying mechanisms are discussed. PMID- 6733782 TI - Histamine release from leucocytes during migraine attack. AB - Spontaneous histamine release (SHR) from leucocytes (basophils) of 27 migraine patients was investigated during various phases of attack. Mean SHR during the first 3 h of attack (33.7%) was increased compared with the mean SHR from leucocytes of healthy persons (15.9%), but differed insignificantly from the mean SHR in symptom-free periods. Histamine release (HR) from leucocytes of healthy persons suspended in migraine sera from different time-periods of attack was also increased compared with HR in control sera, i.e. high HR could be induced by passive transfer of serum. But the mean HRs in sera from different time-periods of attack were insignificantly different from the mean HR in sera from symptom free periods. The increased SHR may contribute to vascular hyperreactivity in migraine. PMID- 6733784 TI - Immune resistance of semisyngeneic F1 hybrid mice to lymphoma grafts differs from natural hybrid resistance in its genetic pattern. AB - Resistance of semisygeneic F1 hybrid mice immunized three times with irradiated tumor cells was compared to the genetic pattern of natural hybrid resistance to challenge with live tumor cells. Syngeneic mice responded equally well to immunization with all five hemopoietic tumor lines tested as the naturally much more highly resistant F1 hybrids. Natural hybrid resistance was found to be severely reduced by sublethal irradiation with 4 Gy, in contrast to hybrid resistance to parental bone marrow. PMID- 6733785 TI - Ultrastructural and biochemical properties of oxygen-resistant Chinese hamster ovary cells. PMID- 6733786 TI - Identification of human mesothelial cells in culture by electron microscopy and antibodies. PMID- 6733787 TI - Inhibition of uncontrolled callus development in Helianthus tuberosus by platinum and titanium wire. PMID- 6733789 TI - Amiloride and glucose effects on the intracellular pH of Yoshida rat ascites hepatoma AH-130 cells grown in vivo. AB - The equilibrium distribution of 5,5-dimethyloxazolidine-2,4-dione (DMO) between intra- and extracellular volume was used to estimate the intracellular pH in Yoshida rat ascites hepatoma AH-130 cells under different growth conditions (log, midlog and stationary). The cells were suspended in a Krebs-Ringer 25 mM phosphate buffer and the effects of variation of external pH, of glucose and amiloride addition on intracellular pH were measured. Proliferating cells had higher intracellular pH than stationary phase cells and this difference was inhibited by amiloride. On addition of glucose the fall in external pH was similar in all conditions and corresponded to lactate production. However, the intracellular pH decreased only in proliferating cells. Stationary phase cells showed an amiloride-sensitive cytoplasmic alkalinization with glucose. Glucose addition also caused prompt recovery to a normal polysomal pattern in these cells that might suggest increased efficiency of the initiation step of protein synthesis under these conditions. The data thus suggest that the increased intracellular pH of proliferating and of glucose-treated stationary phase cells is linked to the rate of protein synthesis and is mediated by the amiloride sensitive Na+/H+ exchange system. This could lead to increased intracellular Na+ concentration under these conditions and to initiation of growth. PMID- 6733788 TI - Response of isolated nuclei to phospholipid vesicles: analysis of the nuclear proteins after treatment with phosphatidylserine and phosphatidylcholine and comparison with heparin. AB - Phospholipid liposomes affect the histone pattern of isolated rat liver nuclei. Multilamellar vesicles (MLV) obtained with phosphatidylserine (PS) release a large amount of the lysine rich histones, while those obtained with phosphatidylcholine (PC) do not induce significant changes with respect to controls. This different response has been compared to the effects obtained with Heparin, which slightly modifies the relative ratio of the histone fractions. These data might account for the mode by which phospholipids induce transitions of the chromatin structure and changes of the endogenous RNA polymerase activity. PMID- 6733790 TI - Identity of the ubiquitous eukaryotic ring-shaped miniparticle. AB - Ring-shaped miniparticles with 110A outer diameter which stack up to to form tetrameric rectangular particles (110 X 150A) are ubiquitous in eukaryotic cells. This communication reviews the properties of these miniparticles and shows that the ring-shaped miniparticles are not high-Mr aminoacyl-tRNA synthetase complexes but are a recently recognized 19S RNP particle which represses cytoplasmic mRNA translation. PMID- 6733791 TI - Interactions of caffeine and phenobarbital on sister chromatid exchanges in rat liver epithelial cell lines treated with 2-acetyl-aminofluorene and N-acetoxy-2 acetylaminofluorene. AB - Using "Fluorescence plus Giemsa" technique, sister chromatid exchanges (SCE) were determined on second-division metaphases in rat liver epithelial cell lines treated with 2-acetylaminofluorene (2-AAF), the procarcinogen, and N-acetoxy-2 AAF (N-OAc-2AAF), an ultimate carcinogen analog. The SCE frequency was found decreased after some conditions of 2-AAF treatment and increased with N-OAc-2 AAF. Phenobarbital (PB) decreased also the SCE frequency but cancelled the 2-AAF action when incubated after the procarcinogen. The addition of caffeine (Caf) cancelled the action of 2-AAF but not of phenobarbital. It is suggested that the mechanism of SCE may have several origins. PMID- 6733793 TI - [Leukokoria in children's eyes in the diagnosis of retinoblastoma]. PMID- 6733792 TI - [Conditions imitating critical congenital heart defects]. PMID- 6733794 TI - [The effect of psychosocial factors on morbidity, health and mental status of a group of school children in a long-term follow-up study (2)]. PMID- 6733795 TI - [Transient hyperammonemia in a full-term newborn infant]. PMID- 6733796 TI - [Luscher's color test in obese children]. PMID- 6733797 TI - [The prune-belly syndrome, its clinical picture and medico-genetic problems]. PMID- 6733798 TI - [The modern view of cephalosporin antibiotics]. PMID- 6733799 TI - [Cefoperazone in the treatment of bacterial meningitis in young children]. PMID- 6733800 TI - [Neonatology--a supplemental specialty in pediatrics]. PMID- 6733801 TI - [Experience in the cooperation of pediatricians and pediatric and adolescent health personnel in the South Moravia region]. PMID- 6733802 TI - The inhibition of ultraviolet radiation-induced DNA repair in human diploid fibroblasts by arabinofuranosyl nucleosides. AB - The antiviral compounds 9-beta-D-arabinofuranosyladenine (ara-A), 9-beta-D arabinofuranosyl-2-fluoroadenine (FAA), 9-beta-D-arabinofuranosylhypoxanthine (ara-Hx), 9-beta-D-arabinofuranosylguanine (ara-G), 1-beta-D arabinofuranosylthymine (ara-T), 1-beta-D-arabinofuranosyl-2'-fluorocytosine (FAC), 1-beta-D-arabinofuranosyl-2'-fluoro-5-iodocytosine (FIAC) and 1-beta-D arabinofuranosyl-2'-fluoro-5-methyluracil (FMAU) were compared to 1-beta-D arabinofuranosyl cytosine (ara-C) in their ability to inhibit ultraviolet (UV) light-induced DNA repair in log phase and confluent human diploid fibroblasts. Inhibition of the polymerization or ligation steps of DNA excision repair manifests itself in the form of DNA single-strand breaks which may be quantitated through velocity sedimentation analysis in alkaline sucrose gradients. In UV irradiated quiescent, confluent human fibroblast cultures, treatment with any of the aranucleosides leads to accumulation of single-strand breaks but the effective dose for this inhibition varies greatly. The order of their effectiveness in confluent cultures was ara-C and its derivatives greater than ara-A, FAA, ara-G, ara-Hx greater than ara-T. In rapidly cycling cells on the other hand, sensitivity to repair inhibition was exhibited only in response to ara-C and FAC. If 2 mM hydroxyurea (HU) was administered with ara-A, FAA or FMAU, however, DNA strand breaks were seen. HU also increased the efficiencies of ara-C and FAC. No significant strand breaks were observed in UV-irradiated log phase cells treated with FIAC, ara-Hx, ara-G or ara-T even in the presence of HU. The efficiencies of inhibition of unscheduled DNA synthesis (UDS) and semiconservative DNA synthesis by the aranucleosides is consistent with their relative efficiencies at producing strand breaks. The ability of the aranucleosides to inhibit DNA repair is discussed with respect to their hypothesized effects on DNA metabolic processes in eucaryotic cells. PMID- 6733803 TI - Macromolecular covalent binding of [14C]nitrobenzene in the erythrocyte and spleen of rats and mice. AB - Nitrobenzene exposure is known to produce red blood cell damage as well as engorgement and sinusoidal congestion of the spleen in male Fischer-344 (F-344) rats but not in male B6C3F1 mice. These studies were conducted to investigate the species differences in the covalent binding of [14C]nitrobenzene in the erythrocyte and spleen and to assess the contribution of nitrobenzene-induced erythrocytic damage to the splenic effects. Total and covalently bound 14C concentrations in erythrocytes of rats were 6-13 times greater than those of mice following a single oral dose of 75, 150, 200 or 300 mg/kg [14C]nitrobenzene, suggesting that species differences in nitrobenzene-induced red blood cell toxicity may be related to differences in erythrocytic accumulation of nitrobenzene and its metabolites. Covalently bound 14C in erythrocytes of rats peaked 24 h following administration of 200 mg [14C]nitrobenzene/kg; in contrast, bound radiolabel in erythrocytes from mice plateaued at 10 h. Splenic engorgement increased in a time-related manner in treated rats but not in mice. Species specificity was also observed in the accumulation of bound radiolabel in the spleen. Gel filtration and sodium dodecyl sulfate-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis (SDS-PAGE) of lysed, dialyzed erythrocytes from treated rats revealed that hemoglobin was the primary, if not the exclusive, site of macromolecular covalent binding following nitrobenzene treatment. SDS-PAGE of dialyzed rat spleens revealed that 82% of total bound 14C migrated identically to hemoglobin. These data indicate that covalent binding of [14C]nitrobenzene and its metabolites in the spleen is primarily derived from bound 14C from scavenged erythrocytes. Therefore, the species differences in splenic engorgement and accumulation of [14C]nitrobenzene may be related to differences in susceptibility to nitrobenzene-induced red blood cell damage. PMID- 6733804 TI - The effect of methyltransferase inhibition on the metabolism of [74As]arsenite in mice and rabbits. AB - The effect of periodate-oxidized adenosine (PAD), an inhibitor of certain methyltransferases, on the biotransformation and tissue retention of [74As]arsenite in mice and rabbits was studied. Injection of PAD (100 mumol/kg body wt.), 15-min prior to the injection of [74As]arsenite (0.4 mg As/kg body wt.), resulted in a 25-70% decrease in the production of [74As]dimethylarsinic acid ( [74As]DMA). This implies that S-adenosylmethionine is the methyl-donor in the methylation of inorganic arsenic in vivo. Due to interaction of the unmethylated arsenite with tissue constituents the PAD-treated animals had significantly higher (2-6 times) tissue concentrations of 74As than did the controls. This effect was first observed in the liver, indicating that this organ is the main site of the methylation of arsenic. The increase in the tissue retention due to the PAD-treatment remained also after cessation of the inhibition of methylation. The results can be seen as confirmation that alkylation of inorganic arsenic acts as a detoxification mechanism in mammals. PMID- 6733805 TI - Cross-linking of DNA in liver and testes of rats fed 1,3-propanediol. AB - 1,3-Propanediol (PAD) was fed to rats for 15 weeks, and its effects on hepatic and testicular DNA were studied. The control rats were fed a casein-based diet that contained 10% tocopherol-stripped corn oil with 30 IU of d,l-alpha tocopherol acetate/kg; the experimental rats were fed the same diet with 500 ppm of PAD. Homogenates prepared from the livers of each group of rats converted 1,3 propanediol to malondialdehyde (MDA) with equal efficacy, but homogenates of testes did not catalyze this conversion. After 10-15 weeks of feeding the diets, the hepatic DNA of the rats fed PAD had less template activity, more bound tryptophan and more DNA-protein and interstrand DNA cross-links than that of the control rats. As measured by template activity and bound tryptophan, testicular DNA of the experimental rats was not different from that of the control rats; however, there was slightly more cross-linking in the testicular DNA of experimental rats than in that of control rats. Testes of the experimental rats contained more lipid-soluble fluorophores than did those of the control rats. The results are consistent with the conclusion that PAD was converted to MDA in vivo and that MDA is the reactive species that caused the observed biological damage. PMID- 6733806 TI - Antivertigo agents. I. Structure-activity relationships of 2-(2 aminoethyl)pyridines. PMID- 6733807 TI - Action mechanism of anti-AH13 activity of 1,3-diaryl-1-nitrosoureas and related compounds. PMID- 6733808 TI - High-performance liquid chromatographic determination of organic substances by metal chelate derivatization. II. Microdetermination of methamphetamine and amphetamine. PMID- 6733809 TI - Isolation and purification of human pulmonary arylsulfatase B by means of chromatofocusing. PMID- 6733810 TI - Comparative effects of crude drugs on serum lipids. PMID- 6733811 TI - Degradation of nucleic acids with ozone. IV. Specific internucleotidic bond cleavage of ozone-treated transfer ribonucleic acids with aniline-acetate. PMID- 6733812 TI - Properties of cyclodextrin polymer as a tabletting aid. PMID- 6733813 TI - Evaluation of cyclodextrin polymer as an additive for furosemide tablet. PMID- 6733814 TI - Preparation and drug adsorption characteristics of activated carbon beads suitable for oral administration. PMID- 6733815 TI - Effect of sodium copper chlorophyllin on lipid peroxidation. VI. Effect of its administration on mitochondrial and microsomal lipid peroxidation in rat liver. PMID- 6733816 TI - 5-Fluorouracil derivatives. IV. Synthesis of antitumor-active acyloxyalkyl-5 fluorouracils. PMID- 6733817 TI - Requirement of a large amount of polyuridylate for efficient polyphenylalanine synthesis by staphylococcal ribosomes. PMID- 6733818 TI - Examination of natural gums as matrices for sustained release of theophylline. PMID- 6733819 TI - Antitumor activity of cell wall from Streptoverticillium cinnamoneum. PMID- 6733820 TI - Hepatotoxicity of hydrazine in isolated rat hepatocytes. PMID- 6733821 TI - Incorporation of cholesterol into serum high density lipoprotein apoprotein and recombinants. AB - The uptake of cholesterol (CHL) by serum high density lipoprotein (HDL) delipidated apoproteins and phospholipid-apoprotein recombinants has been studied with two methods; by incubation with Celite-dispersed cholesterol or with cholesterol crystals. The apoproteins bind very small amounts of cholesterol with a maximum of about 6 micrograms/mg apoprotein. Recombinants with dimyristoyl phosphatidylcholine (DMPC) or egg phosphatidylcholine (EPC) as phospholipid component gave similar values for cholesterol uptake. The initial rate for uptake from Celite-cholesterol by recombinants was high (0.1 mol cholesterol/mol phospholipid/h) and somewhat higher than that for phospholipid vesicles. The maximal uptake was by gel filtration shown to depend on the size of the complexes with values about 0.95 mol cholesterol per phospholipid for vesicular complexes, 0.75 for discoidal complexes and between 0.5 and 0.2 for small 'protein-rich' complexes. During the incubation of recombinants with cholesterol there was considerable decomposition of discoidal complexes and formation of larger ones. The results show that phospholipid-apoprotein complexes are efficient acceptors for cholesterol but also that about 25% of the phospholipid in the discoidal complexes is excluded from interaction with cholesterol by interaction with apoprotein. PMID- 6733822 TI - Binding of Ca2+ to phosphoinositols, phosphatidylserines and gangliosides. AB - The effect of K+, Mg2+ and serotonin on the interaction between Ca2+ and different phospholipids as well as glycosphingolipids (gangliosides) was studied by equilibrium dialysis using 45Ca as tracer. The highly polar phosphatidylinositol-4,5-bisphosphate (TPI) was found to bind more Ca2+ per lipid molecule than all other lipids tested and Ca2+ could not be released as easily as in the other lipids by K+, Mg2+ and serotonin. Ca2+ is released from all lipid Ca2+ complexes most effectively by Mg2+, serotonin is less effective but enhances K+ in its capacity to displace Ca2+ from the respective binding sites. A remarkable dissociating influence of serotonin on ganglioside-Ca2+ and phosphatidylserine-Ca2+ complexes is observed. This effect is less pronounced with phosphatidylinositol-Ca2+ complexes under comparable comparable conditions. The possible functional role of phospholipids and gangliosides in vivo is discussed with regard to the specific Ca2+-binding properties of these lipids. PMID- 6733823 TI - [Splenic injuries: therapeutic orientation. Apropos of 46 cases]. AB - Between 1979 and june 1983, 46 splenic trauma, with or without associated lesions, have been treated at Sainte'-Justine's Hospital. 8 children had a splenectomy, 3 had a laparotomy for other lesions without a splenectomy was done. 35 had a non operative management of splenic trauma. The ultrasound shows the splenic lesions and the blood in the peritoneal cavity. So, the "Routine Abdominal TAP" does not seem necessary in every abdominal trauma. The splenic scintigraphy is, for, now, the best exam to confirm the diagnosis and to assess the resolution of splenic lesion in 1 to 4 months. Transfusions were done in 8 of 11 operated patients and in 11 of the 35 children wo underwent a conservative management. The average stay in the hospital was 11 days in these 35 last patients. No mortality or morbidity were in relation with the conservative management in our series. The exact diagnosis of splenic trauma by ultrasound and scintigraphy allows the pediatric surgeon to choose a non operative treatment, when the child has stable vital signs. Monitoring these patients in intensive care unit is mandatory and allows a careful evaluation of the course of these splenic trauma. PMID- 6733824 TI - [Milk of calcium bile syndrome in children. 2 cases]. AB - Milk of calcium cholecystitis is a rare entity in children. Two cases are reported here, each in a boy aged respectively 4 and 13. The symptoms were limited to abdominal pain with or without vomiting. Plain X-ray of the abdomen showed the usual milk of calcium picture, with calcified deposits within the gallbladder and an obstructing stone at the site of the gallbladder neck or the cystic duct. Surgery consisted simply of cholecystectomy with preoperative cholangiogram. Neither biochemical analysis of the gallbladder contents, nor the pathological examination of the gallbladder wall helped in determining the pathogenesis of the disease. Only four other cases of milk of calcium cholecystitis in children have been found by the authors in the literature, where a number of adult cases have been described. PMID- 6733825 TI - [Retroperitoneal hamartoma. Apropos of 6 cases]. AB - Retroperitoneal hamartoma is an exceptional, benign, malformative tumor (1, 2% among retroperitoneal tumors in children). The authors report 6 cases which have been observed at the C.C.I. (Hopital des Enfants Malades. Paris) for a 15 years period. This tumor has been revealed, generally in 3 years old children, by various clinical pictures. Echography can confirm the liquid contents of the tumor and her retroperitoneal sit. Surgical but non aggressive complete remove leads to recovery without any sequela. PMID- 6733826 TI - [Recto-sigmoid cancer and polyps in children. Comments apropos of 2 cases of atypical juvenile polyps]. AB - The writers present a report of 2 observations of colo-rectal carcinoma, on a 19 month old infant with a mixed juvenile and adenomatous polyp situated at the recto-sigmoid junction and treated successfully by segmental colectomy, and on a 10 years old girl presenting a large colloid rectal carcinoma which occurred 6 years after resection of an atypical rectal juvenile polyp. After recalling the rarity and the gravity of colo-rectal carcinoma in childhood, the authors underline the importance of histological investigations in the juvenile polyposis which is usually benign; the possibility of histological aspects on separate polyps and sometimes on the same polyp explains the degeneration of some multiple juvenile polyps (several cases in the literature), or isolated polyp (first case described). PMID- 6733827 TI - [Dorsal extradural hourglass lipoma in children]. AB - The authors would like to recount and discuss the case of a 14 months old child which presented a dumbbell dorsal lipoma, purely extradural with no congenital anomalies. The warning signal was the discovery of paraparesis with the regression of walking ability. The hypothesis of medullary compression by a dumbbell dorsal tumor was quickly dismissed with the discovery of a mediastinal mass on the pulmonary X-Ray. A diagnosis of the pre-operational neuroblastoma was carried out because of detection of dorsal epidural medullary compression revealed by the myelography. The testing was completed with a vertebral computed tomography, which clearly showed the extent of medullar compression, and the mediastinal tumoral development under the paravertebral muscular masses. The child was operated on at 2 fronts, vertebrally and thoraxically for an encapsulated, perfectly separable and non hemorrhaging tumor. The anatomopathological examination confirmed the diagnosis of the lipoma. It is in the resumption of the computed tomographic examination that the tumoral density measures will confirm fatty tissue with numbers of density--50. In light of the literature, we are discussing the appearance of the lipoma, entirely exceptional because of its dorsal location, its extradural and certainly its dumbbell position, with large thoraxic development. It is necessary to stress the importance of the meticulous neurological examination of the child, the diagnostical necessity of the CT scan and the importance of the avoidance of the creation of an instable vertebral lesion at the time of laminotomy. In this case only the early double surgical operation permitted the recovery of the child. PMID- 6733828 TI - [Treatment of megaureter in children by Cohen's operation combined with ureteral reconstruction. 81 reconstructed and reimplanted ureters]. AB - From January 1973 to June 1983, 69 children have been operated on: remodeling of a primary mega-ureter and reimplantation of the tailored ureter with the Cohen technique. 81 ureters have been treated this way. 68 children have been followed and the results of this operation are evaluated on 80 ureters. There are 65 satisfactory results, 5 mediocre and 10 bad (5 stenosis, 5 reflux); another operation has been done for these cases: 3 nephrectomy, 7 conservative treatments have been successful. PMID- 6733829 TI - [Prepuce plastic surgery, known as the Lille operation, in distal hypospadias. Apropos of 138 cases]. AB - Distal hypospadias with meatus situated on the glans, in the balano-penile furrow, even on the distal part of the shaft, are the most frequent hypospadias. Without chordee, it's only a cosmetic handicap. The aim of surgery is to produce the esthetic appearance of a normal penis. In France, circumcision is not usual and most people prefer a child with prepuce. The best technique in this case is to keep the meatus in its hypospadial situation and get the prepuce circular with a ventral suture. It's an easy technique. The hospital stay is short, 2 or 3 days, without any diversion of the urine. This operation is made when the child is about 3 years. Saint-Aubert described this procedure in 1967. The authors present their technique and results. Since 1971, 138 boys underwent this operation with few complications: 2% of fistulas and 2% of phimosis on the last hundred of cases. PMID- 6733830 TI - [Therapeutic remarks on the congenital elevation of the scapula. Apropos of 16 cases]. AB - The authors review a series of 16 cases of congenital high scapula including 4 bilateral cases. The pathological aspects are detailed including investigations for scapular hypoplasia (3 cases), omovertebral bone (7 cases), loco-regional muscular anomalies (5 cases), and various deformities of the cervical spine (present in all cases). The entire spine and the thoracic cage was examined in all cases. The Woodward procedure was performed with some modifications described in the text. The operative results in 3 cases were judged to be failure based on cosmetic and functional criteria. The age of the patients at operation and the presence of an omovertebral bone did not influence the results, however, the presence of important deformities of the cervical spine had a poor prognosis. The authors insist on the loco-regional character of the deformity and on the importance of the reorientation of the scapulo-humeral joint. Results were judged on cosmetic and functional criteria with 79% excellent or fair results. PMID- 6733831 TI - [Autotransplantation of the spleen. Experimental study in rats. Histology and anti-infectious role of infected splenic tissue]. AB - Experimental study on splenic autotransplantation into the retroperitoneum and an epiploic pouch in the rat. Histologic examination of the splenic transplants was performed 5, 8, 14 days, 3, 4, 5, 6, 9, 12 weeks and 7 months after operation. Study of the immunologic efficiency of the transplant after intravenous injection of the bacteria Pneumococcus and Staphylococcus aureus. PMID- 6733832 TI - Properties of locomotor generators in man. AB - There is little behavioural information on either the functional capacities or the limitations of the coupling system between the locomotor generators of limbs. In this experiment, 10 subjects produced maximal stepping frequencies under eight randomly-assigned conditions consisting of all combinations of standing and sitting, one leg and two legs, and auditorily-cued or self-paced. There was a significant difference in the mean maximum frequency while sitting and standing with higher frequencies found under the seated condition. There were no significant differences between the one-leg and two-legs condition and no significant difference was found between cued- and self-paced stepping. In three subjects who underwent ten training sessions, under all conditions, no significant learning effect was found. Both swing and stance phases showed a decrease with increasing frequency during cued stepping. These results are discussed in terms of the functional properties of locomotor generators in man. PMID- 6733833 TI - Effects of different running programs on VO2 max, percent fat, and plasma lipids. AB - This study attempted to determine the effects of interval and continuous running on factors associated with cardiovascular health. Fifty-nine untrained men and women, ages 18-32 years, were randomly assigned to one of four groups: (1) 4 mile: running continuously at 75% of maximal heart rate (approximately 500 Cal/session) (2) 2 mile: running continuously at 75% of maximal heart rate (approximately 250 Cal/session) (3) interval: running one min at 90% maximal heart rate followed by three min of walking for eight sets (approximately 500 Cal/session) (4) control: no exercise program. The training was performed three times per week for 12 weeks. Treadmill VO2 max and percent body fat by hydrostatic weighing were assessed pre- and post training. Pre and post analyses were performed on plasma for triglycerides (TG), cholesterol (Chol), and high density lipoprotein cholesterol (HDL-C). Analysis of covariance indicated that only the interval group improved more than the control in VO2 max. Percent fat decreased in all exercise groups, but no program was superior. Changes in TG, Chol, or HDL-C were not different among groups. Although men and women differed on the pretests in VO2 max, percent fat, and HDL-C, their response to the training was similar. These results indicate that interval training may benefit aerobic capacity more than continuous running in young adults who have moderately high initial fitness levels. The data also indicate that cardiovascular fitness parameters are not easily altered by short term exercise in young active men and women. PMID- 6733834 TI - [Aerobic capacity of 6 to 17-year-old Quebecois--20 meter shuttle run test with 1 minute stages]. AB - Norms for the 20-m shuttle run test (with 1 min stages) for the functional and maximal aerobic power (FMAP) are given by age or academic year for boys and girls from 6 to 17 years old for the province of Quebec in May 1981. The sample, 3669 boys and 3355 girls, was selected by stratum according to the scholar population of each region in Quebec. Weight and height for both sexes are similar to those obtained in a recent Canadian study (CAHPER, 1980). The FMAP or the 20-m test results (as a function of age and sex) varies like other published FMAP indices. This supports the validity of the norms of the 20-m test, a test that various advantages in school testing (group testing, progressive protocol and valid test). PMID- 6733836 TI - [Accuracy of the rate of advance of electrocardiographs]. PMID- 6733835 TI - Physiological characteristics of male and female middle distance runners. AB - The purpose of this investigation was to obtain physiological profiles of highly ranked middle distance runners in the province. Seven male (x age = 23.4 yr) and 5 female (x age = 18.6 yr) athletes were evaluated on selected measures related to performance. Average height, weight, and body fat were 176.7 cm, 67.0 kg, 7.8% and 166.7 cm, 51.6 kg and 14.9% for the males and females, respectively. Maximal oxygen uptake average 5.09 l X min-1, or 76.0 ml X kg-1 X min-1, for the males, and 3.59 l X min-1, or 68.0 ml X kg-1 X min-1, for the females. The difference was significant (p greater than 0.05) between the sexes for all of the above variables except maximal aerobic power expressed relative to body weight. Little sex related difference existed in peak torque or power, expressed relative to body weight, generated during flexion and extension of the knee and ankle. Percent body fat in the females was the only parameter that was significantly correlated with provincial ranking. The hematological status of the athletes was also determined, and the males had significantly greater hemoglobin, hematocrit and red blood cell counts, less mean corpuscular hemoglobin and smaller mean corpuscular volumes, than the females. PMID- 6733837 TI - Maximal treadmill tests five years apart in asymptomatic men aged 45-72 years. AB - 169 asymptomatic male volunteers aged 45-72 years not taking part in any fitness or intervention program performed two maximal treadmill tets (Bruce protocol) five years apart. Treadmill endurance time declined 4 to 8 seconds per year; 72% of subjects had changes in endurance time of less than one minute. Maximal heart rate declined about 1 beat/min-1 per year. Horizontal or downsloping ST segment depressions of 0.1 mv or more or slowly upsloping ST depressions of 0.2 mv or more occurred in 26% of subjects at test 1, 38% of subjects at test 2. 25% of subjects with ST abnormality at test 1 were normal at test 2, and 26% of subjects with a normal ST segment at test 1 were classified as abnormal at test 2. Ventricular ectopic beats during or after exercise occurred in 22% of subjects at test 1 and in 37% of subjects at test 2, and the frequency of complex ventricular ectopic activity increased from 2% at test 1 to 9% at test 2. There is a high frequency of exercise induced ventricular extrasystoles, and ST depression in a normal population of older men and it is not known whether there is any need for intervention. PMID- 6733838 TI - Health beliefs and exercise habits in an employee fitness programme. AB - A prospective study examined the attitudes, practices and physical characteristics of adults who enrolled in and adhered to a workplace fitness programme. Questionnaires on health beliefs and exercise habits were completed by 409 participants in an employee fitness programme and by 374 randomly selected non-volunteering controls. All underwent initial aerobic testing, and 20 months later 263 of the original enrollees were re-evaluated. Among the males, concern for health and belief in the health value of exercise were significantly stronger among enrollees than in controls. A higher level of perceived health and realistic expectations of the programme characterized male enrollees who went on to higher levels of exercise. For women, perceived health and belief in exercise were stronger in initial participants, but there were no clear predictors of exercise adoption. Although attitudes towards exercise generally became more positive over the programme, low-level participants came to view exercise as less "fun" and more "discipline". People who are ready for change and believe in exercise may enter a fitness programme, but adherence is influenced by personal factors such as the perceived state of health and the acceptability of the specific exercise programme. PMID- 6733839 TI - Impact performance of bicycle helmets. AB - Seven brands of bicycle helmets were compared by means of a drop test using an instrumented Hodgson-WSU headform, on the front (F), rear (R) and left side (LS) locations from a height of 1.0m and on the right front boss (RFB) from either 1.0m or 1.75m. Acceleration signals from the headform were computer processed to yield peak acceleration and the Gadd Severity Index (GSI). Significant differences between helmets and within helmets at different locations were found. Helmets with crushable polystyrene liners were much superior to those with soft foam liners. The superiority of the polystyrene liners disappeared however when helmets were subjected to two consecutive drops to the same location (R). The results also indicated that for most cases the GSI was between 800-1200 but there were two helmets that had values in excess of 1500. Clearly not all bicycle helmets provide equivalent levels of protection and some are much superior to others. PMID- 6733840 TI - Cytofluorescence localization of adriamycin in resistant colon cancer cells. AB - A simple fluorescent microscopic method demonstrated that adriamycin was distributed in two cellular compartments of living rat colon cancer cells. Adriamycin accumulated slowly in cytoplasmic granules, probably lysosomes, where it persisted long after the drug was removed from the medium. On the other hand, adriamycin accumulated rapidly in the nucleus, but was rapidly cleared in adriamycin-free medium. Drug efflux from the nucleus was blocked by sodium azide in glucose-free medium or by verapamil, a calcium-blocking agent. When colon cancer cells were cultivated for 1 day or longer in adriamycin-containing medium no nuclear fluorescence was observed. However, the addition of sodium azide to glucose-free medium or verapamil restores the nuclear fluorescence. The colon cancer cells had low sensitivity to adriamycin, but the addition of verapamil strongly enhanced adriamycin toxicity. Thus adriamycin is permanently cleared from the nucleus of rat colon cancer cells through an energy-dependent efflux mechanism, which is blocked by verapamil. The efficiency of this efflux mechanism is enhanced by exposure of the cell to adriamycin. This mechanism could be involved in the resistance of colon cancer to adriamycin. PMID- 6733841 TI - Collateral sensitivity of a methotrexate-resistant L1210 cell line to the vinca alkaloids. AB - L1210 mouse leukaemia cell lines showing a 20,000-fold differential sensitivity to methotrexate have been shown to exhibit some collateral sensitivity to at least two of the vinca alkaloids, vinblastine and vindesine. Vinblastine is the more cytotoxic for both cell lines. The extent of the collateral sensitivity decreases in the order vindesine greater than vinblastine greater than vincristine. Total cellular uptake studies with radiolabelled methotrexate showed only a two- to three-fold greater incorporation in the sensitive line. On the other hand, a two-fold greater incorporation of labelled vincristine occurred in the resistant line. No significant difference in the uptake occurred following labelled vinblastine treatment by the two cell lines. It is unlikely that differences in uptake account for the altered drug responses observed in the two cell lines. PMID- 6733843 TI - The use of a fluorescent methotrexate probe to monitor the effects of three vinca alkaloids on a mixed population of parental L1210 and gene-amplified methotrexate resistant cells by flow cytometry. AB - Cells resistant to methotrexate (L1210/R7A) and possessing an increased level of dihydrofolate reductase due to gene amplification can be detected by the technique of flow cytofluorimetry using a new fluorescent derivative of methotrexate (F-MTX) based on a putrescine linker. Comparative studies of dihydrofolate reductase enzyme and cell growth inhibition following treatment with methotrexate and F-MTX suggest that the two agents possess similar modes of action. In an artificially mixed population of cells sensitive and resistant to methotrexate it is possible, using F-MTX, to recognise and separate distinct cell subpopulations showing differential fluorescence using a fluorescence-activated cell sorter (FACS IV). The selective removal of the resistant cells within a mixed population of sensitive and resistant cells has been demonstrated for 5 X 10(-8) M vinblastine by means of flow cytometry. The effectiveness of the vinca alkaloids decreases in the order vinblastine greater than vindesine greater than vincristine, which previously was shown to be the order of effectiveness in producing collateral sensitivity. PMID- 6733846 TI - Theoretically required urinary flow during high-dose methotrexate infusion. AB - The renal excretion of methotrexate (MTX) and its major metabolite 7 hydroxymethotrexate (7-OH-MTX) was analysed in 12 children with malignancies during 52 courses of high-dose methotrexate (H-D-MTX) infusion at dosages ranging from 0.7 to 8.4 g/m2. The peak concentrations of both MTX and 7-OH-MTX exceeded the aqueous solubilities of these compounds at low pH (less than or equal to 6.0). The cumulative MTX excretion in urine was 75%-98% of the administered amount of MTX, and the cumulative 7-OH-MTX excretion in the urine was 3%-15%. The theoretically required urinary flow (TRUF) was estimated as the minimum urine volume needed for complete resolution of MTX and its metabolites in urine. TRUF during MTX infusion from 0 to 6 h and from 6 to 12 h was correlated with the dosage of MTX, and these values were 0.1-1.8 ml/min/m2 at pH 7.0, 0.5-11.1 ml/min/m2 at pH 6.0, and 1.9-42.2 ml/min/m2 at pH 5.0 with dosages of 0.7 to 8.4 g/m2. The value of the theoretically required urinary flow is important to ensure adequate hydration and the optimum alkalinization schedule for massive MTX infusion. PMID- 6733844 TI - Pharmacological disposition of 1,4-dihydroxy-5-8-bis[[2 [(2 hydroxyethyl)amino]ethyl]amino]-9,10-anthracenedione dihydrochloride in the dog. AB - DHAQ, a new antitumor agent, has been selected for clinical trial on the basis of its activity against a number of transplantable rodent tumors. In anticipation of the clinical trial of this agent, the pharmacology of DHAQ was studied in beagles by high-pressure liquid chromatographic and radiochemical techniques that are specific for the unchanged drug. 14C-DHAQ was administered IV to beagles at a dose of 5 mg/kg, 100-125 microCi total. With a maximal plasma concentration of 75 +/- 2.7 ng/ml, DHAQ was eliminated from the plasma with a half-life of 28.1 h during the terminal phase. The total clearance of DHAQ was 10.1 +/- 0.4 mg/kg/min, while the apparent volume of distribution was 26.6 +/- 4.9 l/kg. In 48 h, 2.4% +/- 0.6% of the dose was excreted in the urine and 3.0% +/- 0.1% in the bile as the unchanged drug. At autopsy performed 5 h after dosing, the highest percentage of the administered DHAQ was in the liver (49.7% +/- 2.7%), followed by the small intestine (7.1% +/- 0.7%), kidneys (2.7% +/- 0.1%), lung (1.9% +/- 0.3%), spleen (1.6% +/- 0.3%), and stomach (1.3% +/- 0.1%). The heart, large intestine, pancreas, gallbladder, urinary bladder, and brain each retained less than 1% of the dose. However, 24 h after dosing 10.6% of the drug was detected in the liver and 2.9% in the small intestine. In terms of the percentage of the dose, the distribution of DHAQ in the other organs either remained unchanged or increased slightly. In concentrations varying from 10 ng/ml to 10 micrograms/ml the drug was 70%-80% bound to plasma protein. DHAQ was metabolized to two unidentified metabolites. Thus, this drug appeared to be cleared from the plasma of beagle dogs chiefly by tissue binding, leading to possible persistence of the drug in certain body compartments. PMID- 6733847 TI - Mutagenicity of gastric juice: the importance of controlling histidine concentration when using Salmonella tester strains. AB - The mutagenic activity of gastric juice has been assessed using bacterial tester strains that undergo reverse mutation (Salmonella typhimurium:his(-)----his(+)). Free histidine, a known source of inaccuracy in this mutation test system, was detected in 42 of 73 juice samples (concentration range 3.5-992.4 micrograms/ml); high histidine concentrations were significantly correlated with hypochlorhydria. The effect of histidine was controlled by using a pre-incubation modification of the Salmonella fluctuation test in which juice samples and their corresponding control cultures containing equivalent amounts of histidine were incubated with the tester bacteria prior to plating out. Significant mutagenic activity was found in a high proportion of samples (18 of 20). The histidine content in gastric juice which can affect in vitro mutagenicity testing must be adequately controlled before positive or negative results can be equated with the presence or absence of intragastric carcinogens. PMID- 6733845 TI - Calcium modifies the accumulation and retention of daunorubicin by Ehrlich ascites carcinoma. AB - Verapamil restores daunorubicin sensitivity to daunorubicin resistant Ehrlich ascites carcinoma but is without effect when used with daunorubicin in daunorubicin sensitive parental Ehrlich ascites tumor. Energy dependent daunorubicin efflux is more active in drug resistant than in drug sensitive cells. However, daunorubicin retention decreases equivalently in drug resistant and sensitive cells with increasing calcium levels in the presence of both intact and interrupted outward transport. Therefore, (1) daunorubicin accumulation and retention in Ehrlich ascites carcinoma cells is influenced by at least two independent mechanisms and (2) it is likely that verapamil modifies daunorubicin activity in drug resistant tumor variants by mechanisms beyond calcium inhibition. PMID- 6733848 TI - Kinetics of fibronectin release from fibroblasts in response to 12-O tetradecanoylphorbol-13-acetate and retinoic acid. AB - We have studied the effects of the tumor promoter 12-O-tetradecanoylphorbol-13 acetate (TPA) and its in vivo and in vitro antagonist retinoic acid (RA) on the synthesis and release of a major extracellular glycoprotein, fibronectin (FN), in human lung fibroblasts (HLF). The studies reported here investigate the question of whether the increased amounts of FN released by TPA treatment are cell-surface derived or require de novo synthesis of FN. Untransformed HLF continuously released FN into the medium. Addition of TPA rapidly enhanced this release of FN into the culture medium, as shown with enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. RA, given simultaneously with TPA, prevented the increased release and resulted in a normal FN accumulation in the medium. RA alone did not influence FN release. To study the effect of TPA or RA on synthesis rates of FN, HLF were labeled metabolically: FN synthesis rates with or without TPA, RA, or with TPA and RA were similar, as judged by assaying cell-layer-associated and medium [3H]FN. Pre existing (unlabeled) FN accumulated in the medium as a result of TPA treatment at a time when newly synthesized (labeled) FN was still intracellular. Cycloheximide, in concentrations which inhibited protein synthesis by 95%, did not prevent but only reduced the normal FN release, nor did it prevent the effect of TPA at this reduced level. We conclude that phorbol ester action and RA counteraction on the release of FN takes place on a cell-surface target; that FN which is released into the medium by TPA is derived from pre-existing FN; that RA specifically antagonizes TPA action. No protein synthesis is required to release FN, to mediate enhanced FN release by TPA, or to counteract the enhanced release by RA. PMID- 6733842 TI - The effect of vinca alkaloids in enhancing the sensitivity of a methotrexate resistant (L1210/R7A) line, studied by flow cytometric and chromosome number analysis. AB - Two L1210 murine lymphoma cell lines sensitive and resistant to methotrexate (L1210 and L1210/ R7A , respectively) and previously shown to exhibit collateral sensitivity to the vinca alkaloids have been studied by flow cytofluorimetric techniques following propidium iodide staining of the DNA. Following treatment with a range of concentrations of vincristine, both cell lines showed a build-up of fluorescence in the 4n position. However, the methotrexate-resistant cell line exhibited this effect at lower doses of vincristine. On an equimolar basis, the vinca alkaloids ranked for intensity of this effect in the order vinblastine greater than vindesine greater than vincristine. DNA fluorescent histograms following various times of continuous exposure to vincristine showed an accumulation of material at the 8n position, which was shown by chromosome analysis to be due to polyploidy. It was concluded that methotrexate-resistant cells (L1210/ R7A ) experience difficulty in traversing mitosis and this difficulty is enhanced by the vinca alkaloids. PMID- 6733849 TI - Carcinogenesis by nitrosomorpholines, nitrosooxazolidines and nitrosoazetidine given by gavage to Syrian golden hamsters. AB - Five cyclic nitrosamines, four containing oxygen in the ring, were administered by gavage to groups of 20 male Syrian golden hamsters. After administration of very similar doses, nitrosomorpholine, nitroso-2-methylmorpholine and nitroso-5 methyl-1,3-oxazolidine caused the animals to die with tumors after similar times, but nitrosomorpholine induced mainly tumors of the nasal cavity (and a few of the trachea), whereas the 2-methyl derivative induced tumors of the nasal cavity and liver. While nitroso-1,3-oxazolidine and its 5-methyl derivative both induced liver tumors (but no tumors in the nasal cavity) those induced by the former compound took much longer to kill the animals. Nitrosoazetidine, a liver carcinogen in rats, but which had been reported to be inactive in hamsters, did induce tumors of the liver in 30% of hamsters after a much larger dose than the other cyclic nitrosamines. PMID- 6733850 TI - Morphological correlates of transformation in cultured C3H/10T1/2 mouse embryo cells. AB - In efforts to determine common and consistent morphological parameters of transformation in C3H/10T1/2 cells, 15 cell lines transformed by different carcinogens were examined with the scanning electron microscope (SEM) and compared to non-transformed cells. Cell lines were studied at different passages, at different cell densities, and after growth as anchorage dependent or independent cultures. The transformed cell lines could be distinguished in the SEM from non-transformed cultures by the expression of one or more of the following morphological characteristics: formation of mini- or macro-foci (random piling of cells on top of each other), pleiomorphism in cell size and shape, and cell surface complexity. The extent to which these characteristics were expressed varied widely in the different transformed cell lines. Light microscopic scoring for different types of foci also revealed broad variability among the different transformed lines. At the SEM level, cell lines could not be characterized as transformed on an individual cell basis. However, all transformed cell lines could be definitively characterized as transformed on a population basis due to the presence of mini-foci. The various transformed cell lines were classified semi-quantitatively into categories based on the extent of expression of the different morphological characteristics. There was broad correspondence between the morphological classification and the relative plating efficiencies of the cell lines in soft agarose. PMID- 6733851 TI - Repair of DNA-protein cross-links induced by the mycotoxin botryodiplodin in mammalian cells. AB - Repair of DNA--protein cross-links (DPC) induced by the mycotoxin botryodiplodin in three cell strains (LF, VA and XP) was studied after removal of the drug and postincubation in fresh medium. Immediately after botryodiplodin was removed, DPC progressively disappeared with an efficiency which depended upon the dose of mycotoxin applied and the cell strain considered. Experiments using [14C]botryodiplodin suggested that DPC repair involved at least one splitting step, located between the DNA and the drug. Botryodiplodin also inhibited the replication process. After incubation of cells in fresh medium, DPC repair was not associated with concomitant resumption of DNA replication ability. Immediately after botryodiplodin removal, inhibition of DNA synthesis was strengthened for a few hours before DNA replication recovered. Possible mechanisms involved in the DPC repair process are discussed. PMID- 6733852 TI - Urethan (ethyl carbamate) alone is carcinogenic for mouse skin. AB - Nine groups of 32 hairless mice (16 males and 16 females in each) were painted on the back skin with approximately 200 microliters solution of urethan twice a week for up to 58 weeks. The following treatments were given: acetone alone, propylene glycol alone, 10% urethan in acetone, 15% urethan in propylene glycol, 20% urethan in acetone, 30% urethan in propylene glycol, 40% urethan in acetone, 75% urethan in propylene glycol, and approximately 100% melted urethan. Histological examinations revealed no development of general epidermal hyperplasia or inflammatory reactions. Tumors developed in skin, liver and lymph nodes, and one mouse also developed leukemic infiltrations in kidneys and lungs. The rate and yield of skin tumors were registered and statistically analyzed. The number of other tumors occurring was also recorded. The results confirm that urethan is a tumorigen for the lung and several other organs, and that it is also a complete carcinogen for hairless mouse skin, even in a dose as low as 10% urethan in acetone. There is also a significant dose-response relationship. PMID- 6733853 TI - Glutathione conjugate formation in the detoxification of ultimate and proximate carcinogens of N-methyl-4-aminoazobenzene. AB - The presumed ultimate carcinogenic metabolite of the rat hepatocarcinogen N methyl-4-aminoazobenzene (MAB), N-sulphonyloxy-MAB, was synthesized and reacted with glutathione (GSH) to yield the stable ring-substituted conjugates, 3-, 2'- and 4'-glutathion-S-yl-MAB (3-, 2'- and 4'-GSMAB) and the unstable methylene substituted conjugate, N-(glutathion-S-methylene)-4-aminoazobenzene. Reaction of the model ultimate carcinogen, N-benzoyloxy-MAB, or the proximate carcinogen, N hydroxy-MAB, with GSH also gave the same four conjugates. The ratio of ring substitution relative to methylene conjugate formation increased with stronger leaving groups; i.e., ring-substitution increased in the order: N-hydroxy: N benzoyloxy: N-sulphonyloxy. The ratio of 3-GSMAB to 2'- plus 4'-GSMAB was constant for all three MAB derivatives. PMID- 6733854 TI - Carcinogenicity in mice of a mutagenic compound, 2-amino-3-methylimidazo[4,5 f]quinoline, from broiled sardine, cooked beef and beef extract. AB - A potent mutagenic compound, 2-amino-3-methylimidazo-[4,5-f]quinoline (IQ), isolated from broiled sardines, cooked beef and beef extract was tested for carcinogenicity in CDF1 mice of both sexes. Mice were given diet containing 0.03% IQ or control diet for up to 675 days. Tumors were observed mainly in the liver, forestomach and lung. In the mice given IQ, the incidences of these tumors were as follows: liver tumors - 41% in males and 75% in females; tumors of the forestomach - 41% in males and 31% in females; lung tumors - 69% in males and 42% in females. In the control mice, incidences of these tumors were as follows: liver tumors - 9% in males and 8% in females; tumors of the forestomach - 3% in males and 0% in females; lung tumors - 21% in males and 18% in females. The incidences of tumors in the liver, forestomach and lung were significantly higher in mice given IQ than in control mice. PMID- 6733855 TI - Ovarian mesothelial tumors and herbicides: a case-control study. AB - The ovarian cancer risk from herbicide exposure has been studied in a hospital based, case-control study after some of these compounds have been shown to be carcinogenic for animals. This study includes 60 cases of primary mesothelial ovarian tumors and 127 controls with non-ovarian malignancies drawn from the same file and matched by year of diagnosis, age and residence. A positive association (relative risk 4.38) has been found between herbicide exposure and ovarian mesotheliomas. PMID- 6733856 TI - O6-Methylguanine-DNA transmethylase activity in extracts of human gastric mucosa. AB - In view of the possible involvement of N-nitroso compounds in the etiology of gastric carcinoma in man, we have examined the abilities of extracts of human gastric mucosa for the removal from DNA of O6-methylguanine, the primary precarcinogenic lesion induced in DNA by methylating carcinogenic N-nitroso compounds. We find that all 20 specimens examined (including 14 non-neoplastic and 6 neoplastic) possess significant activity, removing on average 0.73 +/- 0.06 (s.e.m.) pmol O6-methylguanine per mg protein in the extract. This activity, which has the characteristics of an O6-methylguanine-DNA-transmethylase, while exhibiting wide interindividual variations, shows no significant differences between the groups of normal and of neoplastic tissues or between the groups of non-neoplastic tissues obtained from individuals with benign or with malignant gastric disease. It is estimated that the average O6-methylguanine-removing capacity of the cells of normal gastric mucosa (calculated as 166 000 +/- 26 000 (s.e.m.) molecules per cell) greatly exceeds the extent of DNA damage likely to be caused by gastric-juice N-nitroso compounds. PMID- 6733857 TI - Metabolism of 2-naphthylamine and benzidine by rat and human bladder organ cultures. AB - The metabolism of benzidine and 2-naphthylamine, two aromatic amines which are carcinogenic for the human, was investigated in human and rat bladder organ cultures. There was little oxidative metabolism of either carcinogen in either species. In particular, N-hydroxy-2-naphthylamine, a proximate carcinogen of 2 naphthylamine could not be detected. In contrast, large amounts of the acetylated metabolites, N-acetylbenzidine, N,N-diacetylbenzidine and N-acetyl-2 naphthylamine were formed both in rat and human bladder cultures. The results suggest that metabolism of these carcinogens in situ in the bladder is unlikely to contribute to their carcinogenic effect but instead may have a positive protective role. PMID- 6733859 TI - N-Nitroso(2-hydroxyethyl)glycine, a urinary metabolite of N,N-dinitrosopiperazine with potential utility as a monitor for its formation in vivo from piperazine. AB - Urinary metabolites in the rat of the carcinogen N,N-dinitrosopiperazine were identified as N-nitroso(2-hydroxyethyl)-glycine (22% of the dose), N nitrosodiethanolamine (3%), 3-hydroxy-N-nitrosopyrrolidine (3%), and unchanged N,N-dinitrosopiperazine (18%). N-Nitroso(2-hydroxyethyl)glycine (1.6 mumol) was detected by gas chromatography-nitrosamine specific detection in the urine of rats treated by gavage with 19 mumol of piperazine and 191 mumol of sodium nitrite. Since sensitive methods are available to quantify N-nitroso(2 hydroxyethyl)glycine in rat urine and human urine, it has potential utility as a monitor for in vivo formation of N,N-dinitrosopiperazine. PMID- 6733858 TI - The capacity of rat hepatoma cell lines for O6-methylguanine-DNA repair correlates with their status of differentiation. AB - O6-Methylguanine-DNA methyltransferase activity, i.e., the capacity of cells to transfer the methyl group from O6-methylguanine in DNA to protein, was determined in 10 hepatoma cell lines, all derived from Reuber H35 hepatoma but differing in their status of differentiation. Methyltransferase activity of the six differentiated lines tested was at least 4-5 times higher than that of two dedifferentiated lines. The activity of the two poorly differentiated lines examined was low to intermediate. Some of the differentiated lines possessed methyltransferase activities comparable to those in hepatocytes freshly isolated from adult rat. The results suggest that certain differentiated hepatoma lines are capable of mimicking liver in the capacity for repair of O6-methylguanine lesions and in this respect may be useful as model systems for studying liver specific effects of monofunctional alkylating agents. PMID- 6733860 TI - Health and behaviour in preschool children. AB - This study reviews the relationship between the health and behaviour of 870 preschool children reviewed over a 5-year period. Detailed information was collected at regular intervals on rates of upper and lower respiratory tract infections, ear infections, and other illnesses. The children were examined, and their behaviour was assessed using questionnaires. In addition, the mothers of the children were interviewed, and assessment was made of levels of maternal stress. Relationships are demonstrated between episodes of illness and different behaviour problems. Night waking, poor appetite, temper tantrums, difficulty in management, and the doctor's and mother's overall assessment of behaviour were all found to be correlated with recurrent minor illnesses. Relationships were also found between maternal stress and some of the behaviour variables. Attention is drawn to the well known association of stress with physical illness, and the importance of this relationship in the management of both infections and behaviour problems in the young child is discussed. PMID- 6733861 TI - Some reasons for disagreement among scorers of infant intelligence test items. AB - Six videotapes covering 1406 administrations of items from the Griffiths Scales of Mental Development were made, and each one was shown to a different panel of 9 or 10 observers. Each person independently scored the items and made comments on administration and scoring. Reasons for disagreements among scorers were considered in terms of these comments and the characteristics of individuals and groups participating. Disagreement was particularly high for items from the Baby Scales. This was at least partly due to use of mothers' reports. Mothers' reports were found to present a particular problem when elicited on occasions for which they are not recommended by the manual. Across all ages disagreement was related to difficulties with both administrative and scoring criteria. The present study was designed to be sensitive to a range of sources of unreliability and the findings may have relevance for other infant assessment procedures. PMID- 6733862 TI - Cultural influences and patient behaviour: some experiences in the paediatric ward of a Nigerian hospital. AB - In this paper an attempt is made to analyse the incompatibilities between the professional and the layman's ideology in terms of models of illness and their treatment. From an interview with paediatricians at the Ile-Ife Teaching Hospitals Complex in Nigeria, we found out that the conflicting encounters experienced could be divided into 2 groups: opposition as a result of religious ideology, held especially from the Jehovah's Witnesses Sect; and opposition as a result of some child-rearing practices that were being strictly upheld by the mothers of the patients. From the cases cited, we noted that the adherence to some religious ideology was so strong that some patients were willing to withdraw from hospital treatment when it conflicted with a tenet of their religion. Of particular relevance here, was the fact that a religious leader of this sect agreed to a transfusion after he had been assured of secrecy. In this particular case, it was obvious that he feared 'losing face' among his followers. We felt that a more flexible relationship between the doctor and patient would reduce the tension; hence a case was made for a transcultural perspective based on an adequate knowledge of behavioural sciences. PMID- 6733863 TI - Input impedance of the pulmonary arterial system in normal man. Effects of respiration and comparison to systemic impedance. AB - Input impedance of the pulmonary arterial system was determined in 10 subjects undergoing elective cardiac catheterization. No cardiovascular or pulmonary disease was found in these patients. In five of the subjects, systemic arterial impedance was also obtained, so that both systems could be compared. Pulmonary and systemic peripheral resistances were 79 +/- 9 dynes sec/cm5 (mean +/- SEM) and 1016 +/- 50 dynes sec/cm5, respectively. Characteristic impedance of the pulmonary circulation was lower than the characteristic impedance of the systemic circulation: 20 +/- 1 dynes sec/cm5 vs. 47 +/- 9 dynes sec/cm5, respectively. Pulmonary pressure and flow spectra for both systems are also presented. The amplitudes of the harmonics of pressure and flow are smaller for the pulmonary circulation, which is consistent with the lower pressures and more rounded waveforms of the normal pulmonary circulation. In all 10 subjects, input impedance of the pulmonary system was examined during both the inspiratory and expiratory phases of respiration. There was no difference between inspiration and expiration in either pulmonary vascular resistance (77 +/- 10 dynes sec/cm5 vs. 80 +/- 9 dynes sec/cm5, respectively), characteristic impedance (20 +/- 1 dynes sec/cm5 vs. 20 +/- 1 dynes sec/cm5) or in the overall impedance spectrum. Quiet respiration, thus, has no effect on the pulmonary arterial load, and changes in pressure and flow must result from alterations in right ventricular performance. PMID- 6733864 TI - Carotid sinus baroreceptor reflex control and the role of autoregulation in the systemic and pulmonary arterial pressure-flow relationships of the dog. AB - To understand more fully the role of the arterial baroreceptor reflex on systemic and pulmonary vascular resistance, we studied the influence of the carotid sinus baroreceptor reflex control system on the entire systemic and pulmonary arterial pressure-flow relationships. Ten pentobarbital-anesthetized dogs, whose carotid sinuses were isolated, were used in a preparation in which the right and left hearts were bypassed to control systemic and pulmonary blood flows. At intrasinus pressures of 50, 125, and 200 mm Hg, systemic and pulmonary arterial pressures were measured in response to step changes in systemic and pulmonary blood flows from 0 up to 200 ml/min per kg. The systemic arterial pressure-flow relationship exhibited a marked nonlinearity, especially at either high or low flows. A third order polynomial fit was found to represent the steady state systemic arterial pressure-flow relationship best. Blood flow autoregulation was reflected as a secondary change in systemic arterial pressure at constant flow approximately 15 seconds after the initial response. Blood flow autoregulation was seen in the entire systemic vascular bed over the entire range of flows studied. The degree of autoregulatory significantly contributed to the shape of the systemic arterial pressure-flow relationship. The steady state arterial pressure-flow relationship shifted upward and toward the pressure axis, increasing the calculated incremental resistance and total peripheral resistance as intrasinus pressure was decreased. The systemic zero-flow arterial pressure was found to increase with decreases in intrasinus pressure. The pulmonary arterial pressure-flow relationship was found to be linear in the range of flows studied from 25 up to 200 ml/min per kg.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS) PMID- 6733865 TI - The phase-dependency of the cardiac chronotropic responses to vagal stimulation as a factor in sympathetic-vagal interactions. AB - We determined the effects of the timing of repetitive bursts of vagal stimulation on the positive chronotropic responses of the heart to trains of cardiac sympathetic nerve stimulation in open-chest anesthetized dogs. Trains of sympathetic stimulation alone, at frequencies of 2 and 4 Hz, decreased the cardiac cycle length by 176 +/- 19 msec (mean +/- SE) and 190 +/- 22 msec, respectively. When bursts of vagal stimuli were given once each cardiac cycle and they were placed at their least effective time in the cycle, sympathetic stimulation at frequencies of 2 and 4 Hz decreased cardiac cycle length by only 107 +/- 8 and 120 +/- 8 msec, respectively. However, when the bursts of vagal stimuli were delivered at their most effective time in each cycle, the same levels of sympathetic stimulation elicited much larger reductions in cardiac cycle length (285 +/- 32 and 330 +/- 32 msec, respectively). Therefore, the effects of sympathetic stimulation were significantly attenuated by the vagal stimuli when the vagal bursts were relatively ineffective. Conversely, the chronotropic effects of the sympathetic stimulation were exaggerated substantially when the vagal stimulus bursts were initially positioned at their most effective time in the cardiac cycle. This latter response is contrary to the characteristic "accentuated antagonism," wherein the effect of any given level of sympathetic stimulation is diminished as the level of vagal activity is increased. This vagally mediated enhancement of the positive chronotropic response to sympathetic stimulation occurs because the phase dependency of the response of the automatic cells to the bursts of vagal stimulation is altered by the increased sympathetic activity. PMID- 6733866 TI - Augmented responses to vasoconstrictor stimuli in hypercholesterolemic and atherosclerotic monkeys. AB - We examined effects of hypercholesterolemia and atherosclerosis on vasoconstrictor responses to norepinephrine and serotonin. Responses were compared in normal, atherosclerotic, and hypercholesterolemic but non atherosclerotic cynomolgus monkeys. The hindlimb was perfused at constant flow so that changes in perfusion pressure indicated changes in vascular resistance. We measured the pressure gradient from the iliac to the dorsal pedal artery so that responses of the large artery segment could be determined. Serotonin decreased total hindlimb resistance in normal and hypercholesterolemic monkeys, but increased total resistance in atherosclerotic monkeys. There was a greater than 10-fold increase in constrictor responses of large arteries to serotonin in atherosclerotic monkeys, compared with normal and hypercholesterolemic monkeys. In contrast, we found that vasoconstrictor responses to norepinephrine are normal in atherosclerotic monkeys and increased in hypercholesterolemic monkeys prior to development of atherosclerosis. Hypercholesterolemia augmented responses of small vessels to norepinephrine. We conclude that, during early stages of hypercholesterolemia in cynomolgus monkeys, vasoconstrictor responses to norepinephrine are increased in small vessels. At a later stage, as atherosclerosis develops, responses to norepinephrine return to normal, but vasoconstrictor effects of large arteries to serotonin are greatly potentiated. PMID- 6733867 TI - Effect of right ventricular pressure on the end-diastolic left ventricular pressure-volume relationship before and after chronic right ventricular pressure overload in dogs without pericardia. AB - We studied the effect of chronic right ventricular pressure overload on diastolic ventricular interdependence in dogs without pericardia, instrumented to measure left ventricular pressure, right ventricular pressure, and 3 left ventricular dimensions. We studied 12 dogs before (control) and nine dogs after 6 weeks of pulmonary artery constriction producing systolic right ventricular pressure greater than or equal to 70 mm Hg. Compared to control, following pulmonary artery band there was greater (P less than 0.01) interventricular septal mass (53 +/- 15 vs. 35 +/- 7 mg, mean +/- SD), thickness (15 +/- 2 vs. 10 +/- 1 mm), and ratio of the surface area of the interventricular septal to total left ventricular surface area (0.38 +/- 0.03 vs. 0.33 +/- 0.02), but unchanged left ventricular free wall mass (81 +/- 12 vs. 84 +/- 14 mg) and thickness (11 +/- 2 vs. 11 +/- 2 mm). End-diastolic right and left ventricular pressures and left ventricular volume were varied by vena cava and pulmonary artery occlusions and releases. Volume was calculated as an ellipsoid and the data in each dog fit to: left ventricular pressure = a0 + a1V + a2V2 + a3V3 + a4V4 + bPRV, r greater than or equal to 0.91 in each dog. During control, b was similar, whether calculated from both pulmonary artery and vena cava occlusions (0.47 +/- 0.09) or from vena cava occlusions alone (0.43 +/- 0.11), and was greater than the ratio of the interventricular septal surface area to left ventricular surface area (0.33 +/- 0.02, P less than 0.05). Following the pulmonary artery band, b decreased to 0.21 +/- 0.10 (P less than 0.05) and was less than the ratio of interventricular septal surface area to the left ventricular surface area which increased to 0.38 +/- 0.03 (P less than 0.05). We conclude that the effect of alterations in right ventricular pressure on the end-diastolic left ventricular pressure volume relationship, independent of the pericardium, is reduced following the pulmonary artery band that produces interventricular septal hypertrophy. These results are consistent with the hypothesis that the effect of alterations of right ventricular pressure on the diastolic left ventricular pressure-volume relationship depends on the relative elastance of the interventricular septum and left ventricular free wall, and not simply on the ratio of the interventricular septal surface area to the left ventricular surface area. PMID- 6733868 TI - Short- and long-term determinants of baroreceptor function in aged normotensive and spontaneously hypertensive rats. AB - In a variety of animal models, baroreceptor resetting during chronic hypertension has been correlated to vessel wall hypertrophy and decreased distensibility. In one possible mechanism of chronic resetting, termed the splinting hypothesis here, it has been suggested that a stiffer vessel wall might increase the minimum pressure required for activation of these mechanoreceptors (pressure threshold) and decrease suprathreshold pressure sensitivity. Lower vessel distensibility would alter baroreceptor function by preventing equivalent pressures from producing equivalent vessel distensions and, thus, receptor distortions. Recent studies have also suggested that the pressure threshold is strongly influenced by the most recent (minutes) history of blood pressure exposure during a process termed rapid resetting. Hypertension and advanced aging are associated with distensibility changes. The present study examines pressure and equivalent mechanical response characteristics of aortic baroreceptors from aged normotensive Wistar-Kyoto and spontaneously hypertensive rats. An in vitro aortic arch-aortic nerve preparation was used to assess the discharge properties from a number of baroreceptors and the pressure-diameter relationship of each aorta. Both control and rapid resetting protocols were used to study the baroreceptor characteristics. Aged Wistar-Kyoto rats were normotensive and averaged 115 weeks of age. Aged spontaneously hypertensive rats had systolic tail pressures of 187 mm Hg and averaged 76 weeks of age. Although aortic distensibility of aged WKYs was much lower than previously found in younger animals, the pressure threshold was unchanged. Aged spontaneously hypertensive rat receptors were chronically reset in proportion to their blood pressure. Decreased distensibility did not alter the rapid resetting process. It is concluded that baroreceptor pressure sensitivity is more closely related to aortic distensibility under several conditions altering vessel stiffness, whereas, the pressure threshold may be regulated additionally by mechanisms independent of distensibility. The results are inconsistent with the splinting hypothesis. PMID- 6733869 TI - The effect of coronary inflow pressure on coronary vascular resistance in the isolated dog heart. AB - The shape of the coronary arterial pressure-flow relationship results from the interaction of a number of poorly understood physiological factors. Experiments in which coronary inflow and outflow pressures were coupled so that driving pressure was held constant showed that changes in inflow or outflow pressures altered coronary blood flow: coronary vascular resistance varied inversely with changes inflow pressure below 50 mm Hg and with changes in outflow pressure below 80 mm Hg. The magnitude of the influence of inflow pressure on resistance also depended on the fixed level of outflow pressure, the influence being large when the outflow pressure was low, and small when it was high. Inflow and outflow pressures, then, are two physiological factors which are determinants of the shape of the pressure-flow relationship, and their interaction contributes to the degree of curvature found in a particular relationship. These findings suggest that the use of linear regression in the interpretation of pressure-flow relationships results in poor estimation of resistance and zero-flow pressure. Other experiments measuring regional coronary blood flow using radionuclide labeled microspheres resulted in the same inverse relationship between inflow pressure and resistance, regardless of mural depth, indicating that inflow pressure may influence resistance by distending vessels, rather than by causing sequential cessation of perfusion in successive transmural layers. PMID- 6733871 TI - Idiopathic restrictive cardiomyopathy. AB - This report details the clinical, hemodynamic, and morphologic data from four patients 59 to 77 years old (mean 66) with a primary restrictive cardiomyopathy. All patients had symptoms of congestive heart failure, jugular venous distention, and murmurs of mitral and tricuspid regurgitation. Four patients required pacemakers, three for the brady-tachy syndrome and one for complete heart block. Chest x-ray demonstrated cardiomegaly in all four patients and pulmonary congestion and/or pleural effusions in three. Echocardiographic examination documented left atrial enlargement in all patients, along with normal left ventricular internal dimensions. Global left ventricular systolic function was normal in all, and left and right ventricular filling pressures were elevated and similar in three. A dip and plateau pattern was present in the pressure tracings of two of three patients. Unlike previous reports of restrictive cardiomyopathy, in our four patients there was no specific morphologic cause noted at necropsy. Pathologic evaluation demonstrated biatrial dilatation in all patients, with thrombi present in the atrial appendages in three. Normal ventricular cavity size and mild right ventricular hypertrophy were present in all patients and mild-to moderate left ventricular hypertrophy was present in two. There were no significant pericardial, endocardial, or valvular abnormalities and no infiltrative myocardial disorders were present. Light and electron microscopic studies demonstrated only interstitial fibrosis of the myocardium. A restrictive hemodynamic profile may be observed in the absence of specific infiltrative disorders and affected patients may exhibit a prolonged clinical course of 4 to 14 years (mean 9). However, in these patients congestive heart failure responded poorly to medical therapy or surgical correction of valvular regurgitation, which is common in this disorder. PMID- 6733870 TI - Comments on "Transcapillary water and protein flux in the canine intestine with acute and chronic extrahepatic portal hypertension". PMID- 6733872 TI - Transient predominant right ventricular ischemia caused by coronary vasospasm. AB - This study describes the clinical experience with four patients with variant angina caused by spasm of the right coronary artery who were assessed for evidence of right ventricular involvement. The patients were suspected of having predominant right ventricular ischemia on the basis of normal thallium-201 scans, left ventricular ejection fraction, regional wall motion assessed by equilibrium radionuclide angiography (RNA), two-dimensional echocardiographic findings, and left ventricular hemodynamics; all procedures were performed during transient ST segment elevation in the inferior leads. Right ventricular ischemia was documented in four patients by first-pass radionuclide studies and phase analysis of RNA, and in three patients by simultaneous right and left hemodynamic monitoring. The clinical findings from these four patients are compared with those from four other patients with similar electrocardiographic changes, coronary anatomic distribution, and documented right coronary spasm but with evidence of left ventricular involvement as documented by abnormal thallium-201 scintigraphy, RNA, two-dimensional echocardiography, and left hemodynamics during ischemic episodes. Although preliminary, these data indicate the existence of prevalent right ventricular ischemia during variant angina caused by right coronary vasospasm. This condition should be suspected whenever typical anginal symptoms and/or ischemic electrocardiographic changes are accompanied by normal thallium-201 scintigraphic findings and/or normal left ventricular function as assessed by RNA, echocardiography, and left hemodynamic monitoring. Among noninvasive procedures, first-pass radionuclide study and phase analysis of RNA represent suitable techniques for detecting transient right ventricular dysfunction. PMID- 6733873 TI - Ergonovine-induced myocardial ischemia: no role for serotonergic receptors? AB - Because ergonovine appears to produce coronary contractions by a serotonergic (5 HT) mechanism, we attempted to prevent ergonovine-induced ischemia in patients with vasospastic angina by pretreatment with ketanserin, a new selective 5-HT blocker. We studied seven patients with consistently positive results of ergonovine testing (ST segment elevation in three and ST segment depression in four). Ergonovine testing was performed before and after a bolus of 10 mg of ketanserin (all patients) and infusion of 2 to 4 mg/hr for 8 hr (six patients). To assess 5-HT blockade during ketanserin infusion, the constrictor response of hand veins to 5-HT was tested before and after ketanserin. Despite evidence of 5 HT blockade in hand veins, ergonovine-induced ischemia was not prevented by ketanserin in any patient, and there was no significant change in the dose of ergonovine required to provoke ischemia. In one patient, four spontaneous episodes of ST segment elevation occurred during infusion of ketanserin. The plasma concentrations of ketanserin at the time of ergonovine testing ranged from 61 to 127 ng/ml (mean 102) and were well above those that completely inhibit canine coronary 5-HT contractions in vitro. Although human coronary arteries may differ in their responsiveness to 5-HT or ketanserin, these data suggest that ischemia from ergonovine-induced coronary vasospasm is not mediated by 5-HT receptors. PMID- 6733874 TI - Safety of maximal exercise testing in patients at high risk for ventricular arrhythmia. AB - While maximal exercise testing is useful for detection of arrhythmias and assessment of antiarrhythmic drug efficacy, few reports have documented the safety of this procedure in patients with malignant ventricular arrhythmias. We reviewed the complications of symptom-limited exercise in 263 patients with such arrhythmias who underwent a total of 1377 maximal treadmill tests. Seventy-four percent of the population studied had a history of ventricular fibrillation or hemodynamically compromising ventricular tachycardia and the remainder had experienced ventricular tachycardia in the setting of either recent myocardial infarction or poor left ventricular function. A complication was defined as the occurrence of arrhythmia during exercise testing--ventricular fibrillation, ventricular tachycardia, or bradycardia--that mandated immediate medical treatment (cardioversion, use of intravenous drugs, or closed-chest compression). Complications were noted in 24 patients (9.1%) during 32 tests (2.3%), whereas 239 patients (90.9%) were free of complication during 1345 tests (97.7%). There were no deaths, myocardial infarctions, or lasting morbid events. Clinical descriptors associated with complications included male sex, presence of coronary artery disease, and a history of exertional arrhythmia (p less than .05). Clinical variables previously considered to confer increased risk during exercise, such as poor left ventricular function, high-grade ventricular arrhythmias (Lown grade 4A or 4B) before or during exercise, exertional hypotension, and ST depression, were not predictive of complications (p greater than .05). Occurrence of a complication was also unaffected by the use of antiarrhythmic drugs at the time of exercise (chi square = 0.19, p greater than .05).(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS) PMID- 6733875 TI - Noninvasive prediction of the angiographic extent of coronary artery disease after myocardial infarction: comparison of clinical, bicycle exercise electrocardiographic, and ventriculographic parameters. AB - To assess alternative criteria for the prediction of multivessel coronary artery disease after myocardial infarction, we compared the clinical, bicycle electrocardiographic, and radionuclide ventriculographic (ejection fraction and wall motion) responses in 110 patients undergoing coronary angiography after myocardial infarction. Ninety-seven of the 110 patients had multivessel coronary artery disease (two or more diseased vessels). Clinical or electrocardiographic abnormalities were observed in 41 of 97 (sensitivity = 43%) patients with multivessel disease, and in only two of 13 (specificity = 85%) patients without multivessel disease. The average information content of these combined clinical and electrocardiographic variables relative to perfect discrimination was 5%. Among the scintigraphic parameters, the conventional criterion for ejection fraction abnormality, a rise of less than 5% had a sensitivity of 72% and a specificity of 62% for multivessel coronary artery disease, while a fall in ejection fraction of 5% or more had a sensitivity of 39% and specificity of 92% for multivessel coronary artery disease. The presence of an exercise wall motion abnormality in the nonadjacent noninfarcted (remote) region had a sensitivity of 82% and specificity of 55% for multivessel coronary artery disease. A more stringent criterion, worsening of remote wall motion with exercise, had a sensitivity of 52% and specificity of 75%. When this latter criterion was combined with a fall in ejection fraction, the sensitivity for multivessel coronary artery disease increased to 62%, specificity remained 75%, and information content increased from 5% to 10%. We conclude that conventional diagnostic criteria for abnormal clinical, bicycle electrocardiographic, or scintigraphic results do not identify patients with additional coronary artery disease after infarction with high accuracy. Two alternative ventriculographic parameters--a fall in ejection fraction and wall motion worsening--are similar to clinical parameters in specificity, but have a higher sensitivity and information content. PMID- 6733876 TI - Influence of two-stage anatomic correction on size and distensibility of the anatomic pulmonary/functional aortic root in patients with simple transposition of the great arteries. AB - To evaluate the results of the two-stage anatomic correction of simple transposition of the great arteries the size, distensibility, and histologic characteristics of the anatomic pulmonary root, which arises from the anatomic left ventricle and which we termed the functional aortic root after anatomic correction, were determined in seven patients before and twice after anatomic correction (mean 43 and 671 days) and the results were compared with those in normal control subjects. The diameter of the systolic sinus of the anatomic pulmonary root increased after banding on the average to 140% of normal, whereas the diameter of the diastolic sinus of the functional aortic root increased after anatomic correction on the average to 150% of normal. Diameters of both the systolic and diastolic sinuses of the functional aortic root remained 30% to 55% larger than normal after anatomic correction. Growth potential of the functional aortic root after anatomic correction was normal, whereas its distensibility, as assessed by determination of the percent change in radius and pressure-strain elastic modulus (stiffness index), was decreased after anatomic correction. This pressure-strain elastic modulus was directly related to the corresponding body surface area and age at banding. In four of five specimens of the anatomic pulmonary arterial wall that were obtained at the time of anatomic correction, fragmentation and shortening of elastic fibers were observed. The histologic characteristics of the pulmonary root in the patient with the smallest body surface area at banding and normal distensibility of the anatomic pulmonary/functional aortic root before and after anatomic correction revealed normal aortic configuration of the elastic tissue.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS) PMID- 6733877 TI - Coronary angiographic examination with the dynamic spatial reconstructor. AB - The dynamic spatial reconstructor (DSR), a high temporal resolution, three dimensional roentgenographic, computed tomography scanner, was used to scan the coronary arteries of five dogs. After one injection of contrast medium into the left main coronary artery or into the aortic root of each dog, all major epicardial coronary arteries and the septal artery could be imaged. After selective removal of all nonangiographically enhanced anatomical structures within the three-dimensional images, pseudo three-dimensional displays were generated to show the arteries from all possible views--even the strictly cranial view--so that superposition of arteries could be avoided. The geometric accuracy of the images was evaluated by comparing coronary arterial segment length measured by the DSR with postmortem measurements (r = .99, SEE = 3.12 mm, n = 35) and by measuring the stenosis produced by nine hollow plastic cylinders lodged in coronary arterial lumina via percutaneous catheterization. Three of the plugs had irregular noncircular lumina drilled into them so that the percentage of stenosis seen in some projection images underestimated the severity of stenosis. The DSR overestimated the length of a 3 mm long stenosis by 0.4 +/- 0.5 mm. The percent area reduction caused by the hollow cylinders varied between 53% and 92% and was underestimated by the DSR on the average by 7%. The correlation between DSR measurements and the direct measurements was r = .85 (SEE = 5%, n = 9). The volume of plastic in each plug (average 13.2 mm3), calculated from the length, cross-sectional area, and degree of the stenosis, showed a better correlation (r = .90, SEE = 2 mm3) with the actual plastic volume.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS) PMID- 6733878 TI - The usefulness of x-ray computed tomography for the diagnosis of myocardial infarction. AB - Conventional and enhanced computed tomographic (CT) examinations were performed in 103 patients with myocardial infarction for evaluation of the diagnostic usefulness of CT. After intravenous bolus injection of contrast material, an initial filling defect and late enhancement of the infarcted myocardium appeared on the cardiac CT images. These two findings were direct evidence of myocardial infarction; the former was found mostly in the patient with recent myocardial infarctions, and the latter was recognized both in those with recent and those with "remote" infarctions. Wall thinning at the site of infarction was found by enhanced CT mostly in patients with anteroseptal or extensive anterior infarctions, and was rarely found in patients with inferoposterior infarctions. Left ventricular aneurysms and ventricular thrombi were found by enhanced CT in 39 and 23 of the 103 subjects, respectively, and the sensitivity of CT in detecting intracardiac thrombi was higher than that of two-dimensional echocardiography. Calcification of the myocardium and pericardial effusion associated with myocardial infarction were also detected by conventional nonenhanced CT. Thus, cardiac CT was found to be a useful test in evaluating patients with myocardial infarction. PMID- 6733879 TI - Validity of echocardiographic determination of left ventricular systolic wall thickening. AB - Previous direct measurements of left ventricular systolic wall thickening (SWT) in animal studies have yielded values approximately one-half those found echocardiographically in humans, suggesting a possible overestimation of SWT by echocardiographic techniques. To test the validity of echocardiographic SWT measurements, the relationship between echocardiographically determined end diastolic and end-systolic left ventricular short-axis myocardial cross-sectional areas (ED Myo CSA and ES Myo CSA, respectively) was assessed in 18 normal subjects. Since Myo CSA is a function of wall thickness and wall circumference, overestimation of SWT by echocardiography would be expected to produce an overestimation of ES Myo CSA relative to ED Myo CSA. SWT, as determined by both M mode (52%) and two-dimensional echocardiography (48%), was consistent with previously reported echocardiographic values, but exceeded that reported in animal studies. By least squares linear regression analysis, ES Myo CSA was 1.078 X ED Myo CSA - 0.385 cm2 (r = .947 SEE = 1.183 cm2) when assessed by one observer and was 1.042 X ED Myo CSA - 0.142 cm2 (r = .906, SEE = 1.831 cm2) when assessed independently by another. The close relationship observed between echocardiographically determined ES Myo CSA and ED Myo CSA was consistent with constant left ventricular myocardial mass throughout the cardiac cycle and thus did not suggest an overestimation of SWT by echocardiographic techniques. PMID- 6733880 TI - Computerized quantitative analysis of left ventricular wall motion by two dimensional echocardiography. AB - Quantitative detection of left ventricular segmental wall motion abnormalities by any modality depends on the reference system used because of the dynamic geometry of contraction and cardiac motion within the thorax. To assess the feasibility and accuracy of quantitative analysis of left ventricular wall motion by two dimensional echocardiography, we studied 61 subjects with the use of 44 different reference methods in each of three echocardiographic views: the parasternal short axis view at the levels of the mitral valve and of the papillary muscles and an apical four-chamber view. The three major groups of reference systems used were those with a fixed external reference, a floating reference correcting for translation, and systems correcting for both translation and rotation. In the first part of this study the end-diastolic and end-systolic outlines of 20 normal subjects were stored in a computer and composite data of these 20 subjects were plotted to obtain a 95% confidence interval for measured normal fractional change for each reference method. In the second part of the project an additional prospective group of 10 normal subjects and a group of 31 "abnormal" patients had their left ventricular wall motion analyzed by similar methods and the results were compared with all the confidence intervals. One reference method was selected for each two-dimensional echocardiographic view based on the highest sensitivity and specificity found by statistical analysis; a floating-reference system including translation was found to be optimal for the apical four-chamber and parasternal short-axis views at the level of the mitral valve and a fixed external reference system was optimal for the short-axis view at the papillary level. The percent fractional shortening of radial dimensions (radial methods) and the percent fractional change in area measurements (area methods) during the cardiac cycle were also calculated at 5, 10, 20, 30 and 45 degree intervals around the outline perimeter for each subject according to each of the 44 different methods. Area methods yielded the same specificity and sensitivity as radial dimension analysis methods at 5 to 45 degree intervals. Ten normal subjects underwent repeat echocardiography within 2 days of their first study to examine day-to-day variation. Average change in mean contraction from day to day was 7% to 9% for radial methods and 9% to 13% for area methods. In conclusion, we present a computerized system for unbiased selection of optimal methods of analysis of left ventricular wall motion by two-dimensional echocardiography.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 400 WORDS) PMID- 6733881 TI - Identification of patients with ventricular tachycardia after myocardial infarction: signal-averaged electrocardiogram, Holter monitoring, and cardiac catheterization. AB - Electrocardiographic signal averaging techniques have demonstrated a low amplitude late potential and a long filtered QRS complex in patients with ventricular tachycardia (VT) after myocardial infarction. Complex ventricular ectopy and left ventricular aneurysms have also been associated with VT. The purposes of this study were (1) to determine whether the findings from the signal averaged electrocardiogram (ECG) were independent of those from Holter monitoring and cardiac catheterization and (2) to determine the combination of findings from the signal-averaged ECG, cardiac catheterization, and Holter monitoring that best characterize patients with VT after myocardial infarction. We studied 174 patients after myocardial infarction, 98 of whom had recurrent sustained VT. By multivariate logistic regression only three parameters were found to be independently significant, listed in order of power: positive signal-averaged ECG (presence of a late potential or a long filtered QRS duration), peak premature ventricular contraction greater than 100/hr, and presence of a left ventricular aneurysm (p less than .001). The signal-averaged ECG provides independent information in identifying patients with VT after myocardial infarction. PMID- 6733882 TI - Coil embolization of congenital thoracic vascular anomalies in infants and children. AB - When significant thoracic vascular anomalies occur in children, they may present surgical difficulties making operative management undesirable. The recent development of a new, accurate coil-delivery system has enabled us to embolize 17 vessels in five children by passing Gianturco steel coils coated with thrombogenic Dacron strands through No. 5 or 6F end-hole catheters suitable for infants. Coils of 0.038 inch packed diameter were fed through the catheter lumen by a flexible guidewire emerging as 3, 5, or 8 mm diameter loose coils. Fifteen of 17 vessels were successfully occluded. No complications or errors in placement of coils occurred. Four of five children clearly benefitted from the procedure. One died in spite of partial occlusion. Coil embolization can be performed accurately and safely even in small infants with a high rate of successful occlusion and may prove to be a valuable adjunct to operative management. PMID- 6733883 TI - Long-term effects of ileal bypass on lipoproteins in patients with familial hypercholesterolemia. AB - Partial ileal bypass is effective in reducing circulating cholesterol levels. In our study the 10 year effects of the procedure on serum lipids and lipoproteins were studied in 27 patients with heterozygous familial hypercholesterolemia. The ileal bypass patients were compared with conservatively treated case controls matched for age, sex, serum cholesterol level, relative body weight, blood pressure, and smoking habits and also for the existence of diabetes and coronary heart disease. Serum triglycerides were initially slightly higher in the patients undergoing ileal bypass. During the 10 year follow-up eight surgically treated and seven control patients suffered fatal or nonfatal myocardial infarctions. Of these all but one male subject who underwent surgery had had manifest coronary heart disease at entry. Male sex, smoking, triglyceride levels, and angina were significant predictors of new coronary events. The fall in serum cholesterol in patients who underwent ileal bypass and had fatal myocardial infarctions was smaller than in the corresponding subjects without events. The serum lipid levels of the survivors at the end of the 10 year follow-up showed that ileal bypass, as compared with the conservative treatment, had led to a larger decrease in total serum cholesterol (-33% vs -11% in the control patients; p less than .001); lower total serum cholesterol (360 vs 468 mg/dl; p less than .001), low-density lipoprotein (LDL) cholesterol (236 vs 324 mg/dl, p less than .001), and LDL apoprotein B levels (186 vs 231 mg/dl; p less than .001); and higher serum high density lipoprotein (HDL) (46 vs 38 mg/dl; p less than .05) and HDL2 cholesterol levels (25 vs 16 mg/dl; p less than .05).(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS) PMID- 6733884 TI - Advance prediction of transthoracic impedance in human defibrillation and cardioversion: importance of impedance in determining the success of low-energy shocks. AB - The purposes of this study were to evaluate a method that predicts transthoracic impedance in advance of defibrillating shocks in humans and to assess the importance of transthoracic impedance in low-energy defibrillation. Via defibrillator electrodes we applied 31 kHz current to the chest during the defibrillator charge cycle, before the defibrillating shock was actually delivered. The current flow was limited by transthoracic impedance; a microprocessor monitored the predischarge current flow and determined the predischarge impedance by calibration against known resistance values. Actual impedance to the defibrillating shock was also determined and compared with the predicted impedance. With this approach we predicted impedance in 19 patients who received 66 shocks for ventricular and atrial arrhythmias. Predicted impedance (y) correlated very well with actual impedance (x):y = .90x + 11.3; r = .97. To determine the importance of impedance in defibrillation and cardioversion, we prospectively gathered data from 96 patients who received shocks of various energies for ventricular or atrial arrhythmias. In patients with high transthoracic impedance (greater than 97 omega), low-energy shocks (less than or equal to 100 J) for ventricular defibrillation had only a 20% success rate as opposed to a 70% success rate for low-energy shocks in patients with low or average impedance (p less than .05). We conclude that transthoracic impedance can be accurately predicted in advance of defibrillation and cardioversion. This method permits the preshock identification of patients with high impedance in whom attempts to defibrillate with low-energy shocks are inappropriate. PMID- 6733885 TI - Hydrogen peroxide contrast echocardiography: quantification in vivo of myocardial risk area during coronary occlusion and of the necrotic area remaining after myocardial reperfusion. AB - During sustained coronary occlusion in canine preparations, the extent of regions that fail to show contrast enhancement when imaged by supra-aortic hydrogen peroxide contrast echocardiography (SHPCE) has been shown to correlate well for single cross sections with the extent of malperfused myocardium "at risk" of infarction. In the present study, SHPCE was investigated as a means of determining the fraction of total left ventricular mass at risk during occlusion. Since necrotic tissue has low blood flow even when reperfused, we also investigated the potential of quantitating the extent of infarcted myocardium by measuring the extent of contrast defects seen with SHPCE performed during reperfusion. In 20 dogs the fraction of the left ventricle showing a contrast defect during coronary occlusion correlated well with the fraction of the left ventricular mass "at risk" by an autoradiographic technique (autoradiography = 0.83 echocardiography + 8.6%; r = .89, SEE = 4.5%). SHPCE was also performed after 3 hr of reperfusion following occlusions varying in duration from 60 to 150 min. The fraction of the ventricle showing a contrast defect during reperfusion predicted the infarcted portion of the left ventricle as shown by triphenyl tetrazolium chloride staining (% left ventricle infarcted = 0.81 echocardiography + 3.3%; r = .84, SEE = 5.3%). Observer variability for the fraction of the ventricle showing a contrast defect was excellent during both occlusion and reperfusion. The ratio of the left ventricular extent of contrast-negative regions during reperfusion and occlusion was used to calculate a necrosis-to-risk index in vivo that correlated relatively well with the myocardial necrosis-to risk ratio determined morphologically (r = .77, SEE = 16%).(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS) PMID- 6733886 TI - Combined renovascular hypertension and diabetes in rats: a new preparation of congestive cardiomyopathy. AB - Myocardial function, electrophysiologic characteristics, and structure were studied in rats with both renovascular hypertension and streptozotocin-induced diabetes (HD). Ventricular papillary muscles from untreated rats with HD showed a marked slowing of isometric and isotonic contractions. Peak developed tension and peak shortening were preserved, except in one animal with findings of congestive heart failure. Transmembrane action potentials increased fivefold in duration. Myocardial interstitial fibrosis was frequently observed. Physiologic parameters of rats with HD treated by left nephrectomy, captopril, and insulin were very similar to those of age-matched controls. The mortality rate of rats with HD was 43% over 5 to 6 months in the first study. In a second study, spontaneously dying rats with HD were compared with those deliberately killed. A 55% mortality was observed over 7 months. Myocardial structural damage and histologic evidence of congestive heart failure were more frequent in spontaneously dying rats with HD. Combined renovascular hypertension and diabetes in rats appears to be a new preparation of congestive cardiomyopathy. PMID- 6733887 TI - Guidelines for permanent cardiac pacemaker implantation, May 1984. A report of the Joint American College of Cardiology/American Heart Association Task Force on Assessment of Cardiovascular Procedures (Subcommittee on Pacemaker Implantation). PMID- 6733888 TI - High allergic reactivity in a tropical environment. AB - The prevalence of atopic disease in tropical populations is often considered to be low, and this has been attributed to an immunological modulating effect of intestinal helminthiasis. We, however, report that the frequency of positive allergic history and skin-test reactivity to groups of major environmental allergens is extremely high (43 and 63% respectively) in children in Caracas, Venezuela (Lat. 10 degrees N). These values were statistically significantly greater than in a group of children with a similar age and sex distribution studied in parallel, but having limited or no contact with a tropical environment (29 and 37% respectively). The two groups differed with respect to the sporadic and light intestinal helminthic infections (such as ascariasis) experienced by the Venezuelans, compared to rare contact in the 'non-tropical' group. This was probably the cause of the increased total serum IgE levels of the former children (369 vs 68 iu/ml), and possibly, therefore, their higher allergic reactivity. PMID- 6733889 TI - Epithelial damage in nasal polyps. AB - Bronchial epithelial damage occurs regularly in bronchial asthma, but it is not known whether such damage occurs in the mucosa of nasal polyps. We obtained nasal polyp tissues from thirty patients and we examined these tissues for evidence of epithelial damage. Immediately after resection, polyp tissue was fixed in Karnovsky's fixative, embedded in methacrylate and stained with Giemsa pH 6 X 5. Normal nasal tissue from eight patients undergoing nasal septal reconstruction was similarly processed. As a disease control, we examined tissue from eight patients with nasal polyps associated with cystic fibrosis. Tissues were viewed by microscopy and epithelial damage was expressed as the percent of surface involved. Twenty-eight of the thirty patients with idiopathic nasal polyps (93%) showed complete loss of nasal mucosa in varying degrees (range 3-81% of surface; mean, 29%). All patients showed evidence of some epithelial damage, either complete loss or marked desquamation (range 9-99% of surface; mean 54%). In contrast, six of eight biopsies from patients undergoing septal reconstruction and five of eight nasal polyps from patients with cystic fibrosis showed little or no evidence of epithelial damage. The results indicate that nasal polyps regularly show evidence of epithelial damage similar to that seen in bronchial asthma, and this abnormality may partly explain the rhinorrhea which is prominently associated with nasal polyps. PMID- 6733890 TI - Allergy in the Mediterranean area. I. Pollen counts and pollinosis of Montpellier. AB - The climatic conditions of the Mediterranean area result in vegetation and pollen very different from that of the other parts of Europe. The pollen content of the atmosphere of Montpellier, southern France, was examined using a filter sampler which was shown to be more efficient than most of the current devices for air sampling. Pollen counts were subsequently compared with pollinosis of patients born and living in and around Montpellier. The mean annual pollen counts showed that grass pollens and Cupressaceae pollens (cypress and juniper) are the highest. Some Mediterranean pollens (Oleaceae, London plane, Parietaria) are also important. Plantain and oak pollens are also present in relatively large amounts. Grass pollen allergy was found to be present in 86.5% of pollen-allergic patients. It was followed by plantain, Parietaria, Oleaceae, London plane and Cupressaceae pollens which were allergenic in 13-36% of pollen-allergic patients. Oak and pine pollens were present in large quantities in the counts but few persons were sensitive to oak and none to pine. By contrast, some patients had positive skin tests to alfalfa, red clover, acacia and lime tree pollens though these pollens were almost absent from the counts. In a few cases local sources of these pollens could account for the positive skin tests but cross-sensitivities could also occur. In summary, pollinosis of the Northern Mediterranean area is intermediate between the southern part of the area and the other parts of Europe. PMID- 6733891 TI - Breast milk cell supernatants from atopic donors stimulate cord blood IgE secretion in vitro. AB - Breast milk cell culture supernatants from atopic mothers (nineteen) were compared by ELISA with normal breast-feeding controls (twenty-one) for regulation of cord blood lymphocyte IgA and IgE secretion in vitro. A minority of atopic (five out of nineteen) and normal (three out of twenty-one) cell supernatants stimulated cord blood lymphocyte IgA release to the same extent. The others were inactive. Stimulation was not related to breast milk cells donor atopic history or cord blood lymphocyte atopic heredity. In contrast, 70% of atopic milk cell supernatants stimulated cord blood lymphocyte cultures to form IgE (means +/- s.d. = 2070 +/- 2240 pg/culture) while stimulatory supernatants (24%) from normal donors resulted in less lymphocyte IgE release (means +/- s.d. = 680 +/- 490 pg/culture) (p less than 0.001). These differences did not correlate with breast milk cell supernatant IgE concentrations, cord blood donor serum IgE levels or atopic heredity. PMID- 6733892 TI - Decreased haptoglobin levels in respiratory allergy. AB - As unusually high frequency of decreased haptoglobin levels in patients with asthma and/or rhinitis is described. The condition is significantly associated with haptoglobin 2-2 phenotype. Decreased haptoglobin levels are more frequently associated with young age, atopic antecedents, positive skin tests for pollens, higher IgE and higher RAST activity for pollens and housedust mite. Whether the association of decreased haptoglobin levels and IgE-mediated respiratory disease has a physiopathological significance or is solely the expression of a common genetic determinate remains to be investigated. PMID- 6733893 TI - Clinical uses of monoclonal antibodies. AB - Immunization of animals for the purpose of generating antisera for clinical and experimental use results in the production of antibodies with multiple specificities directed at the parent antigen. Furthermore, if the immunogen contains contaminants of a highly immunogenic nature, large amounts of irrelevant antibody will be generated and which must subsequently be absorbed. The unpredictable nature of heteroantisera can be overcome by adopting the monoclonal antibody technique which allows one to produce standardized antibody with well defined and selected specificity toward a given epitope on a macromolecule. Cross reactions are not eliminated by monoclonal antibodies. PMID- 6733894 TI - Anemia. A clinical perspective. PMID- 6733895 TI - Automated fibronectin assay using light-scattering optics on a centrifugal analyzer. AB - We describe an automated, kinetic nephelometric method for fibronectin on the Multistat III F/LS Centrifugal Analyzer (Instrumentation Laboratory Inc., Lexington, MA 02173). Antiserum is diluted with polyethylene glycol. Calibrators and samples are prediluted with potassium phosphate buffer (10 mmol/L, pH 7.0) containing 8.5 g of NaCl per litre. Intensity (I) is read at 5 and 180 s and the resulting delta I plotted against concentration. A non-linear least squares curve fitting and interpolation of results is carried out automatically. Three controls, with values of between 190-370 gave coefficients of variation between 4 and 7 percent, and the sensitivity of the method is to 25 mg/L. PMID- 6733897 TI - Modification of sulfhydryl groups of creatine kinase by urate. AB - The catalytic activity of rabbit skeletal muscle creatine kinase is diminished in solutions of sodium urate. The rate of inactivation follows first-order kinetics and is dependent upon urate concentrations. During the course of inactivation, only partial reactivation can be obtained by exposure to thiol agents. Reduction in the number of reactive sulfhydryl groups from eight per dimer to four accompanies inactivation of the enzyme, but no alteration in electrophoretic mobility is detectable. PMID- 6733896 TI - Rapid determination of salicylate in serum on a centrifugal analyzer. AB - A bichromatic method is described for the determination of salicylate using a micro centrifugal analyzer. Salicylate was quantitated based on its reaction with ferric ion to produce a violet-colored complex. The method provides sample blanking and allows for rapid determination of salicylate levels in serum. PMID- 6733898 TI - Comparison of pyridoxal phosphate-supplemented reagent kits for alanine aminotransferase using centrifugal analysis. AB - The addition of pyridoxal-5-phosphate for assay of alanine aminotransferase has been recommended. The referral methods are inconvenient for high volume instrumentation due to use of multiple reagents and blanks. We adapted a well documented method to the centrifugal analyzer as a reference for adaptation of two kit methods. Reference intervals obtained and linearity determined were all similar. The kit methods compared favorably to the referral method. Linear regression analysis yielded the following: DOW = 1.011 BERG + 1.666, r = 0.9965; SKI = 0.938 BERG + 4.559, r = 0.9926; and DSKI = 1.028 BERG + 1.051, r = 0.9889. Precision of the assays was acceptable. We concluded that automation of reagent kits incorporating pyridoxal-5-phosphate is feasible and the assays compared favorably to a recommended method. High volume instrumentation can be used without denigration of analytical quality and to allow comparability to a documented method for interlaboratory review. PMID- 6733899 TI - Two-site monoclonal antibody assays for human heart- and brain-type creatine kinase. AB - Monoclonal antibodies have been raised against human heart- and brain-type creatine kinase (CK-MB and CK-BB). We used a low-affinity monoclonal antibody to develop a simple two-step immunoaffinity purification procedure for native CK-MB. Antibodies of higher affinity were used to construct specific two-site immunoradiometric assays for CK-MB and CK-BB. In the assay for CK-MB we used an 125I-labeled B subunit-specific antibody with an immobilized anti-M subunit antibody--adding either simultaneously, for a 1-h assay in which between 5 and 1000 ng of CK-MB per milliliter could be measured with an intra-assay CV of 4% to 20%, or sequentially, for a 2-h magnetic separation assay in which between 0.5 and 1000 ng/mL could be measured with an intra-assay CV of 14 to 19%. In both versions CK-BB up to 100 ng/mL and CK-MM up to 5000 ng/mL did not interfere. In the assay for CK-BB we used an 125I-labeled, reduced, and alkylated monoclonal antibody specific for the B subunit of CK-BB, and removed bound isoenzyme with a second immobilized monoclonal antibody specific for a different epitope on the B subunit. Total incubation time for this assay was 5 h. Intra-assay CV was 7.5 to 20% between 0.1 and 1000 ng/mL. CK-MB up to 1000 ng/mL and CK-MM up to 100 000 ng/mL did not interfere. Inter-assay CVs in all three assays varied from 9 to 21%. PMID- 6733900 TI - Theoretical aspects of one-point calibration: causes and effects of some potential errors, and their dependence on concentration. AB - The potential errors of the one-point calibration technique are described mathematically. I examine the theoretical causes and effects of analytical errors in absorbance and of errors in determining calibration concentration, and discuss techniques for minimizing their impact. The dependence of these errors on the calibration concentration and on the size of the result is considered, and some conclusions are drawn about the choice of calibration concentration. PMID- 6733901 TI - Assessment of analytical bias: four new ways to use recovery measurements. AB - I describe three ways of using data from analytical-recovery studies to assess analytical nonlinearity, without access to samples of known concentration. I then describe a recovery-based method of assessing constant, proportional, and non linear errors with use of as little as one sample pool of known concentration. In each case, I present the theoretical basis of the method and an outline of a practical experimental protocol. PMID- 6733903 TI - Multilayer-film analysis for urea nitrogen in blood, serum, or plasma. AB - Two types of multilayer-film slides for measurement of urea nitrogen in blood are reported here: one for whole-blood samples, the other for plasma or serum. Urea nitrogen concentrations in plasma are determined almost immediately, without preparation of reagents or centrifugation of blood samples. Because the sample volume applied to the slide is not critical, reliable results are quickly obtained by the neophyte. PMID- 6733902 TI - Selenium concentrations in plasma of patients with arteriographically defined coronary atherosclerosis. AB - A prospective epidemiological study (Lancet ii: 175-179, 1982) implicates low concentrations of selenium in plasma in coronary atherogenesis. We examined this relationship more directly by fluorometry of selenium in the plasma of 91 hospitalized patients who were being examined by coronary arteriography for clinical evaluation of chest pain. We observed a significant, inverse correlation between the plasma selenium and severity of coronary atherosclerosis. These results confirm those of the epidemiological studies, but the role, if any, of selenium in atherogenesis still is unclear. Its concentration in plasma is decreased by ethanol and cigarette use; possibly this is the mechanism of its relation to hypertension and atherosclerosis. PMID- 6733904 TI - Intercomparison of seven radioimmunoassay kits and a fluorescence polarization immunoassay kit for digoxin. AB - Samples from 33 patients being treated with digoxin and three concentrations of control material were analyzed for this drug by use of seven radioimmunoassay (RIA) kits and an automated fluorescence polarization immunoassay (FPIA) system. CVs ranged from 2.4 to 6.4% for the FPIA system and from 4.6 to 7.4% for two RIA methods. In the analysis of between-method variability of RIA kits, CVs ranged from 6.1 to 33.2%. We compared each RIA kit with the other six RIA kits (I), as well as each RIA kit with the FPIA system (II). Correlation coefficients were greater than or equal to 0.96 in all cases. Slopes ranged from 0.82 to 1.20 for comparison I and from 0.86 to 1.01 for comparison II. For the FPIA system, analytical recovery of digoxin ranged from 94 to 104%. For the RIA methods we examined, analytical recoveries ranged from 113 to 135%. Analysis time is shorter and precision is greater for the FPIA system than for the RIA methods. PMID- 6733905 TI - Improved liquid-chromatographic determination of haloperidol in plasma. AB - This method for determination of haloperidol in plasma is based on "high performance" isocratic liquid chromatography with the use of a C8 bonded reversed phase column at room temperature. Haloperidol and the internal standard (chloro substituted analog) are extracted from alkalinized plasma into isoamyl alcohol/heptane (1.5/98.5 by vol) and back-extracted into dilute H2SO4. The aqueous phase is directly injected onto the column. The mobile phase is a 30/45/25 (by vol) mixture of phosphate buffer (16.5 mmol/L, pH 7.0), acetonitrile, and methanol. Unlike other liquid-chromatographic procedures for haloperidol, commonly used psychotropic drugs do not interfere. Analysis can be completed within an hour. The procedure is extremely sensitive (1.0 microgram/L) and is well reproducible (CV 5.6% for a 2.5 micrograms/L concentration in plasma). PMID- 6733906 TI - Evaluation of the Amniostat-FLM assay for assessment of fetal lung maturity. AB - Results of the "Amniostat-FLM" assay, a rapid semiquantitative test for phosphatidylglycerol, were compared with determinations of the lecithin/sphingomyelin (L/S) ratio, with phosphatidylglycerol measured by two dimensional thin-layer chromatography, and with results of the "shake test" for 94 specimens of amniotic fluid. Correlation between results with the Amniostat and the other tests was excellent. All four tests are very accurate when predicting lung maturity. The predictive value of a negative test, i.e., that hyaline membrane disease would not occur, was between 92 and 100%. However, the accuracy of predicted lung immaturity is poor. For all four tests, predictions of lung immaturity were incorrect in more than 50% of the cases. Of the 49 infants born within 72 h of testing, none developed hyaline membrane disease when phosphatidylglycerol was detectable by either method or when the shake test indicated fetal lung maturity, but three infants with L/S ratio greater than 2/1 did develop the disease. The Amniostat provides a rapid screening method for detecting phosphatidylglycerol in amniotic fluid, which could well replace the thin-layer chromatographic method for measuring phosphatidylglycerol in the panel of diagnostic tests for fetal lung maturity. PMID- 6733907 TI - Discordant inter-kit results in the radioimmunoassay for choriogonadotropin in serum. AB - Discordant results for concentrations of choriogonadotropin (HCG) in sera from five of 162 women are reported, as determined with four commercial radioassay kits: Becton-Dickinson, Clinetics, Corning, and Hybritech. Results ranged from 11.2 to 36.7 int. units/L, when assayed with the Becton-Dickinson kit, but HCG was not detectable when assayed with the other kits. None of the patients was pregnant, and none had evidence of persistent trophoblastic or nontrophoblastic disease. Concentrations of lutropin, follitropin, thyrotropin, triglycerides, cholesterol, protein, and albumin were normal. Assay of diluted sera did not parallel the standard curve, and nonspecific binding in the patients' samples was negligible. Some kits for HCG may be influenced by inherent methodological factors or interfering serum constituents, which can lead to spurious results. PMID- 6733909 TI - Liquid-chromatographic determination of amiodarone and its desethyl metabolite in plasma. PMID- 6733908 TI - Free and total putrescine in cerebrospinal fluid quantified by reversed-phase liquid chromatography. AB - This is a simple, rapid, sensitive method for routine quantification of the polyamine putrescine (1,4-diaminobutane) in cerebrospinal fluid. Sample preparation involves protein precipitation, acid hydrolysis for 18 h (if total putrescine is to be measured), pre-column derivatization with o-phthalaldehyde, and extraction into acetonitrile. The derivative is separated and quantified by "high-performance" liquid chromatography on a reversed-phase C18 radial compression column. A single chromatographic run takes less than 18 min. Putrescine concentrations as low as 50 nmol/L in cerebrospinal fluid can be detected. PMID- 6733912 TI - A versatile recycling system for the COBAS-BIO cuvette rotor. PMID- 6733911 TI - Acetylacetone method for glycine improved by use of ammonium citrate buffer. PMID- 6733910 TI - Two different methods for calculating stability compared. PMID- 6733913 TI - Misunderstandings of telephoned blood-gas reports. PMID- 6733914 TI - Total Mg2+ measured in serum and urine in the Technicon RA 1000 random access analyzer by use of modified manual calmagite procedure. PMID- 6733915 TI - Heparin interferes in creatine kinase assays. PMID- 6733918 TI - Absence of DNA interference in measurement of hCG-like substances in normal human tissues. PMID- 6733916 TI - Sodium azide interference with a radioimmunoassay for prostatic acid phosphatase. PMID- 6733917 TI - Aspartame not a source of formate toxicity. PMID- 6733920 TI - The cell nucleus as a possible source of cathodally migrating serum creatine kinase. PMID- 6733919 TI - A case of crystal formation in bone marrow. PMID- 6733921 TI - Serum tests to detect iron deficiency. PMID- 6733922 TI - Liquid chromatography of plasma catecholamines, with electrochemical detection, after treatment with boric acid gel. PMID- 6733923 TI - Technicon SMAC methods for uric acid: uricase and phosphotungstate compared. PMID- 6733924 TI - Particle-enhanced turbidimetric inhibition immunoassay of theophylline adapted to the Cobas-Bio centrifugal analyzer. PMID- 6733925 TI - Tolerable variations of imprecision and inaccuracy. PMID- 6733926 TI - Gas chromatography-mass spectrometry of maprotiline in serum. PMID- 6733927 TI - A cost-effective modification of an immunologic agglutination test for amniotic fluid phosphatidylglycerol. PMID- 6733928 TI - A study on post-synthetic modifications in alfa-alfa enolase (EC 4.2.1.11) brought about by a human serum protein. AB - Human alfa-alfa enolase is modified in the blood circulation by a serum protein for which the name 'modifying protein' is proposed. The protein occurs in every human serum tested and appears to be the same protein that is responsible for the post-synthetic modification in the M subunit of creatine kinase. Three alfa-alfa enolase forms, the original one plus two modified forms can be found in serum both in vivo and after in vitro incubation. The original alfa-alfa enolase is modified completely within a few hours in vitro in a pH-controlled human serum matrix at 37 degrees C. As the modification also takes place in vivo it is theoretically possible to acquire information about the activity of a disease process by doing one single determination of the amount of circulating alfa-alfa 3 enolase. A mechanism is proposed for the modification, where at first one of the two alfa chains is modified resulting in the alfa-alfa 2 form. Ultimately the second alfa chain is also modified. The alfa-alfa 1 form seems to be the completely modified alfa-alfa form. The three enolase forms differ in their isoelectric points but have similar Michaelis-Menten constants. PMID- 6733929 TI - Laboratory preparation and evaluation of a multiparameter hemocytometry control. AB - A protocol for the laboratory preparation of a multiparameter hemocytometry control is given. Human platelets, stabilized by a basically simplified and inexpensive fixation procedure, are added to our previously described white and red blood cell control. Evaluation of this multiparameter control shows good precision characteristics and acceptable mechanical stability for at least 7 weeks, as measured in the Coulter counter Model S Plus-II. The control can basically contribute to the realization of the essence of internal quality control: continuous self-auditing and continuous attempts at improvement of performance. PMID- 6733930 TI - Colorimetric measurement of abnormal levels of 3-hydroxybutyrate in plasma. PMID- 6733931 TI - International Federation of Clinical Chemistry (IFCC). Scientific Committee, Clinical Section. Expert Panel on Theory of Reference Values (EPTRV). IFCC Document (1982) stage 2, draft 2, 1983-10-07 with a proposal for an IFCC recommendation. The theory of reference values. Part 2. Selection of individuals for the production of reference values. PMID- 6733932 TI - International Federation of Clinical Chemistry (IFCC). Scientific Committee, Clinical Section. Expert Panel of Drug Effects in Clinical Chemistry (EPDECC). IFCC Document stage 2, draft 3, 1983-11 with a proposal for an IFCC recommendation. Drug effects in clinical chemistry. Part 1. The basic concepts. PMID- 6733933 TI - International Federation of Clinical Chemistry (IFCC). Scientific Committee, Clinical Section. Expert Panel on Drug Effects in Clinical Chemistry (EPDECC). IFCC Document stage 2, draft 3, 1983-11 with a proposal for an IFCC recommendation. Drug effects in clinical chemistry. Part 2. Guidelines for evaluation of analytical interference. PMID- 6733934 TI - Effects of age and alcohol abuse on pattern reversal visual evoked potentials. AB - The Pattern Reversal Visual Evoked Potential (PRVEP) was recorded in normal subjects and alcoholics. The recordings were made from the patients during withdrawal and repeated after three weeks of detoxification. It was found that the N76 latency was longer in the alcoholic patient in the withdrawal phase than in the normal subjects. The latency returned to normal range after detoxification in younger alcoholic patients but did not in the older alcoholics. The age related increase in the N76 latency in the alcoholic patients was similar to that in normal subjects but more exaggerated. For alcoholics, the age-related change in the N76 latency reached significance, but was only a trend in normal subjects. The P100 latency demonstrated significant age-related change, but far less modification related to the alcoholism than the N76 latency. It is unclear at present whether the failure of the latency to return to normal in older patients after detoxification is related to longer periods of excessive drinking, or to a particular vulnerability of the older patients to continued use of alcohol. PMID- 6733935 TI - Theta pattern coma, a variant of alpha pattern coma. AB - Electroencephalograms with a dominant rhythmic areactive 5Hz theta activity are reported in two comatose patients with fatal outcome. This pattern was followed by isoelectric EEG and death in the first patient, who suffered multiple injuries including severe cerebral concussion and later tentorial herniation. The second patient died eight hours after the second EEG recording, both EEGs having shown a very rhythmic 5-6 Hz activity which was maximal anteriorly. He died two days after a severe cerebral hypoxic episode due to acute respiratory failure. Both patients were in their late sixties. It is suggested that the dominant areactive theta activity is a variant of malignant "alpha pattern coma". PMID- 6733936 TI - Periodic lateralized EEG abnormality in a case of Neuro-Behcet syndrome. AB - A thirty-six year old male with a sixteen month history of a progressive neurological disorder had Behcet's disease. His initial electroencephalogram showed periodic lateralizing epileptiform discharges (PLEDs). The electroencephalographic changes in this disorder have not been described in detail in the American literature. The review of world publications in this matter disclosed that there is no specific EEG pattern in this condition, and that electroencephalographic changes are mainly related to the side of the lesion and have no prognostic value. PMID- 6733937 TI - Subclinical delta status in the newborn--an unfavorable prognostic sign. AB - A hitherto undescribed, unusual EEG abnormality invariably associated with a poor prognosis was reported and was called subclinical delta status. It consisted of continuous discharges of high voltage monomorphic or polymorphic delta activity occurring diffusely but often asynchronously in all leads, without sleep cycles. These discharges when monomorphic may be confused with respiratory artefacts, and when polymorphic they may be mistaken for part of the background activity. Four neonates with this abnormality all had intracranial bleeding and were mechanically ventilated because of frequent apneic attacks. Staring or deviation of the eyes was frequently observed during the EEG recording. A small dose of intravenous diazepam temporarily abolished this activity. Three infants died and the other survived with neurological sequelae. PMID- 6733938 TI - Basis and use of a true monopolar derivation: the neo-electroencephalography (N.E.E.G.). AB - A new method of monopolar recording is presented. This true monopolar derivation is based on a computer-reconstituted signals method: use of a reference electrode obtained by interconnecting two electrodes placed one on either side of the neck to form a common pole; detection by Fourier analysis of the various frequencies from 0 to 16 Hz in 1/4 Hz steps; continuous comparison of phase for each activity per 1/4 Hz between the signal PF left - Reference Neck (RC) and O right - Reference Neck (RC) in order to see whether the reference electrode is active or not; automatic subtraction of the value of the reference electrode from the value of all other reference channels if the reference electrode is active. The technique is available for routine purposes. The results are easy to read and provide more precise data as well as new parameters which could prove useful in current clinical practice. The first electroclinical correlations covered frequency, location of potential gradients and phase relations established for 40 adult normal subjects with a reading identified as normal, and for 60 adult pathological subjects with a reading also identified as normal. Clear differences appeared between these two types of supposedly normal readings. PMID- 6733939 TI - Electrocorticography: information derived from intraoperative recordings during seizure surgery. AB - The findings of 100 consecutive electrocorticographies in 94 epileptic patients were reviewed. Most of these patients underwent temporal lobectomies. A well defined and circumscript cortical spike focus was found in only 28 tracings whereas multiple sub-foci of spike activity or dissipated areas of spiking were demonstrated in 46 recordings. Cortical spike activity was minimal in 14 and absent in 12 tracings. Additional one-lead depth electrodes (inserted mainly into amygdala and hippocampus) yielded rather little information in contrast to the wealth of information derived from chronic multiple-leads depth implants prior to surgery. The frequent occurrence of dissipated spike foci suggests that, in partial epilepsies (and especially in temporal lobe epilepsy), epileptogenic zones are more widespread than one would expect from the scalp EEG recordings. These findings lend support to the use of en-bloc removal of large portions of an affected lobe. PMID- 6733940 TI - The effects of renal hemodialysis on pattern reversal evoked potentials. AB - PREP P100 latency was significantly prolonged in patients maintained on renal hemodialysis. P100 latency also failed to show changes related to time past dialysis. PREPs may be of use in evaluating the progression of uremic induced dysfunction. PMID- 6733942 TI - Metabolic and blood pressure effects of 6 alpha-methylprednisolone in the conscious sheep. AB - Methylprednisolone has been reported to be produce hypertension in the rat but to have no effect on blood pressure in the dog. In this study, methylprednisolone infused to conscious sheep for up to 10 days at either 20 micrograms/kg/hr or 100 micrograms/kg/hr, failed to induce a hypertensive response. Metabolic effects characteristic of glucocorticoid activity, such as increased water intake and urine volume, were observed in all animals. No consistent decrease in plasma potassium concentration was observed with either rate of infusion, indicating a lack of in-vivo mineralocorticoid activity. In the conscious sheep, like the dog, methylprednisolone exhibits only glucocorticoid activity and does not increase blood pressure. PMID- 6733941 TI - Effect of subfornical organ ablation on the development of renal hypertension. AB - Both the AV3V and the SFO have been shown to mediate dipsogenic and pressor responses to angiotensin. Neuroanatomical projections from the SFO to structures in the AV3V region have been associated with angiotensin effects. Since it has been shown that ablation of the AV3V region attenuates the development of experimental renal hypertension in rats, the effect of ablation of the SFO on the development of renal hypertension was examined. One kidney renal hypertension was produced by placing a figure of eight silk wrap around one kidney and removing the contralateral kidney. Rats with SFO lesions developed hypertension to a similar extent as rats with a sham lesion procedure. This study demonstrates that unlike the AV3V region the SFO is not critical for the development of non-renin dependent renal hypertension. PMID- 6733944 TI - Non-invasive radiology. PMID- 6733943 TI - Systemic and regional hemodynamics in normotensive and spontaneously hypertensive rats after slow-channel calcium blocker nitrendipine. AB - To determine the effects of the recently synthesized slow channel calcium blocker nitrendipine on systemic and regional hemodynamics, mean arterial pressure, heart rate, cardiac index and organ blood flow distribution were measured with the combined radioactive reference sample and microsphere techniques before and one hour after its oral administration (1 mg or 10 mg/kg). Twenty-week-old normotensive Wistar-Kyoto (WKY) and spontaneously hypertensive (SHR) conscious male rats were studied. At the 10 mg dose, nitrendipine exerted a hypotensive effect within 15 minutes, and this effect persisted throughout the study. After one hour, mean arterial pressure fell by 14 percent of pretreatment levels in WKY controls; it fell by 25 percent in SHR (p less than 0.001). This action was mediated by a fall in total peripheral resistance index (p less than 0.01) that was nonuniformly distributed to the organ circulations since blood flow was maintained or increased to brain, heart, kidneys, lungs, and adrenals, but decreased to skin. No change in cardiac index was observed. PMID- 6733945 TI - The non-invasive investigation of the gastrointestinal tract in neonates and infants. PMID- 6733946 TI - Dermal changes in Ehlers-Danlos syndrome. AB - Skin biopsies from thirteen patients suffering from Ehlers-Danlos syndrome, including 6 of the mitis type, 4 of the benign hypermobile type, one of the X linked type, one of the ocular type and one of the periodontitis type, were studied by electron microscopy after routine preparation. Collagen fibrils showed a distorted arrangement of bent, curled or twisted fibrils and thread-like material. Similar changes may be seen in the skin of other hereditary disorders of connective tissue. However, abnormal collagen fibrils in normal skin suggests one of eight types of Ehlers-Danlos syndrome. Clinical variants cannot be differentiated on the basis of ultrastructural findings. Elastic fibres were normal without degenerative changes. Perineurium was lacking in dermal nerves of most patients. Fibroblast-like cells showed no cystic cisterna of endoplasmic reticula. PMID- 6733947 TI - The use of structured scenarios in genetic counselling. AB - Nineteen women at risk of bearing a child with either Duchenne muscular dystrophy or a neural tube defect participated in a structured scenario study. Eight scenarios were created to allow the women to "try out" possible reproductive outcomes. Our findings suggest that the use of scenarios may be helpful in reproductive counselling, particularly for those women who have difficulty discussing emotional issues. PMID- 6733949 TI - Asymmetric skeletal anomalies in siblings. AB - We describe two siblings with asymmetric limb reduction malformations. Such anomalies are usually considered to result from sporadic events, but the recurrence in siblings without any identifiable teratogenic insult suggests a genetic etiology. This finding becomes important when parents are counseled about future pregnancies. The use of prenatal diagnostic techniques during subsequent pregnancies should be considered. PMID- 6733948 TI - Five generations of t(4;8)(q35;q13) leading to a case of partial 8q trisomy with consideration of potential pregnancy outcomes from translocation carriers. AB - We describe a female infant with partial trisomy 8q who has microphthalmia, a cleft palate, micrognathia and a heart defect. Her dysmorphogenetic features closely resemble the characteristic pattern seen in the 17 cases thus far reported in the literature. Her chromosomal defect was caused by an unbalanced translocation, inherited through her father, and found to have been transmitted through at least 5 generations. Recently developed models designed to predict the most probable mode of unbalanced segregation from the meiotic quadrivalent and the likelihood that a chromosomally unbalanced fetus will survive to term are applied to this family's translocation. Also, the frequencies of potential reproductive outcomes from carriers of this translocation generated from empiric data are considered as a requisite aid to genetic counseling. PMID- 6733950 TI - Partial ornithine transcarbamylase deficiency associated with recurrent hyperammonemia, lethargy and depressed sensorium. AB - A 6-year-old boy presented with recurrent coma associated with hyperammonemia and infection is reported. A liver biopsy revealed decreased ornithine transcarbamylase (OTC) activity (16% of normal). The enzymatic abnormality in the child is supported by the finding of elevated orotic acid excretion in his mother following a protein load, compatible with an X-linked pattern of inheritance. Since initiation of a dietary arginine supplement, the child has not had recurrent episodes of hyperammonemia. PMID- 6733951 TI - Trisomy 7 and Potter syndrome. AB - A patient with mosaic trisomy 7 and features of Potter syndrome is described. The patient was the product of a 35-week gestation and survived fourteen hours, demise being attributed to respiratory insufficiency. Autopsy confirmed pulmonary hypoplasia and renal agenesis. Additional findings included malformed, low-set ears, a flattened nasal bridge, redundant nuchal skin, positional deformation of the extremities, rocker-bottom feet, and clitorimegaly. Cytogenetic study of peripheral blood and skin fibroblast culture revealed mosaicism for full trisomy 7, the skin showing 12% of the cells to have an extra 7. Comparison with one previously confirmed case of trisomy 7 and two cases of trisomy C suggests a correlation between trisomy 7 and Potter syndrome. PMID- 6733952 TI - Alternative explanations for recurrent achondroplasia in siblings of normal parents. PMID- 6733953 TI - Combination topical nitrogen mustard and photochemotherapy for mycosis fungoides. PMID- 6733954 TI - Photobiology of amiodarone: preliminary in vitro and in vivo studies. PMID- 6733955 TI - Teaching dermatology to undergraduates in the 1980s. PMID- 6733956 TI - Acquired racket nails. PMID- 6733958 TI - Ulcerative sarcoidosis: a rare manifestation of a common disease. PMID- 6733959 TI - The determination of skin thickness using conventional diagnostic ultrasound equipment. PMID- 6733957 TI - Pyoderma gangrenosum and leucocytoclastic vasculitis in association with rheumatoid arthritis--a report of two cases. PMID- 6733960 TI - The lack of association of lichen sclerosus et atrophicus with HLA-A and B tissue antigens. PMID- 6733961 TI - Increased plasma fibronectin in diabetes mellitus, necrobiosis lipoidica and widespread granuloma annulare. PMID- 6733962 TI - Familial malignant atrophic papulosis. PMID- 6733963 TI - Photosensitizing agents used in the United Kingdom. PMID- 6733964 TI - Carcinoma cuniculatum. PMID- 6733965 TI - Eruptive xanthomata in type V hyperlipoproteinaemia associated with diabetes mellitus. PMID- 6733966 TI - Papular urticaria caused by Dermestes maculatus Degeer. PMID- 6733967 TI - Bilateral chondrodermatitis nodularis antihelicis. PMID- 6733968 TI - Concern about the current clinical practice of diluting topical glucocorticosteroid preparations. PMID- 6733969 TI - Plasma anti-pneumococcal antibody activity of the IgG class and subclasses in otitis prone children. AB - Plasma anti-pneumococcal polysaccharide antibody activity (serotypes 3, 6a and 23) was determined in samples from 15 otitis prone children, at 30 months of age, and compared with age matched control children and adults. A recently developed enzyme immunoassay, using IgG subclass specific monoclonal antibodies for analysis of pneumococcal antibody activity of different IgG subclasses was employed. Adult sera always contained the highest antibody concentrations, almost exclusively of the IgG2 subclass. Children, on the other hand, had higher amounts of IgG1, significantly exceeding those of the adults, healthy children having higher IgG1, as well as IgG2 values than otitis prone children. The most significant differences were seen with type 6a, less so with type 23 antibodies. No differences in IgG1 anti-type 3 pneumococcal activity were observed between the children and the adults. These findings support the concept that pneumococcal antibody activity is confined to IgG2 and, in addition, it was found that sera from children contain antibodies of both IgG1 and IgG2 subclasses. PMID- 6733970 TI - Precipitation of 19S IgM rheumatoid factor-IgG circulating immune complexes in patients with juvenile arthritis by polyethylene glycol and separation by immobilized protein A. AB - Immune complexes (IC) in sera and synovial fluid (SF) from patients with juvenile (rheumatoid) arthritis (JA) were isolated by making use of polyethylene glycol (PEG) to precipitate IC and then using staphylococcal protein A to separate the IC. The isolated IC were compared to IC in sera analysed by sucrose density gradients and measured by the C1q solid phase assay (ClqSPA). Isolated IC from sera of 10 of 16 JA patients demonstrated significant 19S IgM rheumatoid factor (RF) titres in their acid elutes utilizing the haemolytic assay. IgM and IgG were detected by low level radial immunodiffusion in the acid eluate of sera in all 10 patients who had significant RF titres. In isolated IC from SF, three of five JA patients had significant 19S IgM RF titres detected in their acid eluates. By sucrose density gradient analysis of these sera, elevated levels of IC detected by ClqSPA were found in the fractions of greater than or equal to 19S comparable to the previous isolated 19S IgM-IgG complexes. This detection of IC like material containing 19S IgM and IgG by the present method further supports the participation of classic and hidden 19S IgM RF in IC formation in JA patients. PMID- 6733971 TI - Association of elevated serum glycoprotein gp70 with increased gp70 immune complex formation and accelerated lupus nephritis in autoimmune male BXSB mice. AB - BXSB male mice, which spontaneously develop a systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) like disease, were the only strain to have a significant incidence of abnormally elevated levels of gp70 in sera. Concentrations of gp70 in some mice were more than 10 times (greater than 500 micrograms/ml) those of young BXSB and any other murine strain. The presence of high serum levels of gp70 was significantly associated with hepatic sinusoidal lymphocytosis, a high incidence of which was only observed in male BXSB mice. Serum levels of gp70-anti-gp70 immune complexes were greatly increased in mice with high levels of gp70, presumably associated with increased anti-gp70 antibody production. Such mice developed fatal glomerulonephritis significantly earlier than those with lower levels of gp70. These results suggest that (1) hepatic inflammation of unknown aetiology occurring uniquely in male BXSB mice during the course of their SLE may be responsible for the enhanced expression of serum gp70 antigen, because of its nature as an acute phase reactant and (2) enhanced expression of gp70 antigen is associated with increased formation of anti-gp70 antibodies and exacerbation of lupus nephritis in male BXSB mice. PMID- 6733972 TI - Analysis of rabbit lung lavage immunoglobulins during the course of pulmonary inflammation induced with aerosolized antigen. AB - Lung lavage fluids (LLF) from rabbits with pigeon dropping extract (PDE)-induced granulomatous pulmonary inflammation were studied for protein and immunoglobulin (Ig) G and A levels. It was found that the protein levels of the lung fluids of rabbits increased to a maximum after 2-3 weeks of aerosol treatment with PDE during which time inflammation of the lung increases. This is followed by a gradual decrease in protein content as the inflammation wanes and the lung returns to normal. These variations primarily reflect changes in IgG and IgA levels. IgG and IgA levels follow different courses. IgA reaches a maximum in the first week of inflammation and then gradually decreases. In contrast, IgG reaches a maximum level (2-3 weeks) and stays at an elevated level throughout the 12 week period of aerosol treatment with PDE. Antibodies to PDE in these two classes of immunoglobulins do not entirely reflect the immunoglobulin class levels. IgA antibody levels reach a maximum after extended aerosol challenge while IgG antibody reaches a maximum early and then declines to background levels. The specificity of the non-PDE antibody IgG is unknown at present. The distribution of IgA subclass producing cells in the lung is different than in the gut. In the lung the major subclass is g while in the gut it is f. The distribution of subclasses of IgA in the LLF, however, does not appear to reflect the cellular distribution. The reason for this is not clear. PMID- 6733973 TI - Local immune complexes and inflammatory response in patients with chronic interstitial pulmonary disorders associated with collagen vascular diseases. AB - Evidence is accumulating that the lung injury in collagen vascular diseases (CVD) is triggered by immune complexes (IC). These reactions are neutrophil- and complement-dependent. The direct, in vivo phagocytosis of IC by bronchoalveolar lavage polymorphonuclear leucocytes (BAL-PMN), was studied in 15 patients with CVD and chronic interstitial pulmonary disorders. A control group (NC) consisted of nine healthy, non-smoking volunteers. Concentrations of soluble IC were measured using a solid phase Clq ELISA assay, and an indirect, in vitro phagocytosis assay performed using healthy donor PMN. Local Ig and C3 concentrations were determined using laser nephelometry and Mancini techniques, respectively. In the patient group the total cell counts/ml recovered lavage fluid and the proportions of BAL-PMN were significantly increased (P less than 0.05 and P less than 0.001, respectively). The influxed PMN showed high scores of direct IC phagocytosis. Soluble IC concentrations were significantly increased compared with controls (all comparisons P less than 0.01), and in the BAL relatively higher than in the serum of the same patients. Concomitantly high local IgG concentrations were observed. Corticosteroid treatment gave rise to significantly decreased total cell counts (P less than 0.05), and proportions of BAL-PMN (P less than 0.001), a decrease in the in vivo IC phagocytosis (P less than 0.05), in the indirect, in vitro IC phagocytosis, in the Clq ELISA and in the local IgG concentrations (all comparisons P less than 0.001). We concluded that locally formed IC may induce an inflammatory response in the lungs of patients with CVD. PMID- 6733974 TI - Receptor associated defects of cultured monocytes in bronchial carcinoma. AB - Using peripheral blood monocytes from individuals with bronchial carcinoma (BC) we have measured changes, over an 8 day culture period, in monocyte/macrophage complement (C3b) and IgG (Fc) rosettes, chemotactic factor (CF)-induced enhancement of C3b and IgG (Fc) rosettes, and the phagocytic index (PI) for yeast particles. The same measurements were made on monocyte/macrophages from individuals with non-malignant respiratory diseases (NMRD) and healthy controls (HC). Following 8 days of culture there was a significant increase in C3b rosettes, IgG (Fc) rosettes and the PI in NMRD and HC. In contrast there was no significant increase in C3b rosettes in BC. The PI increased in BC, but on day 8 was still significantly less than control monocytes/macrophages. IgG (Fc) rosettes increased in BC following culture to a similar degree as that observed with NMRD and HC. In addition, there were no differences between BC and HC in CF induced enhancement of IgG (Fc) rosettes at either day 0 or day 8 of culture whereas complement receptor enhancement in BC was impaired both at the beginning and end of the 8 day culture period. These results indicate that in advanced BC there is an abnormality in the expression of monocyte/macrophage complement receptors (which is not readily demonstrable for IgG [Fc]receptors) and that the defect persists following an 8 day culture period. PMID- 6733975 TI - Studies of complement activation and IgG subclass restriction of anti thyroglobulin. AB - Using a sensitive radioimmunoassay, it was demonstrated that autoantibodies to human thyroglobulin (hTg) did not activate complement upon interaction with solid phase adsorbed hTg. Since IgG4 immunoglobulins do not activate complement, we studied sera containing large amounts of anti-thyroglobulin (anti-Tg) with a sensitive radioimmunoassay for IgG4 anti-Tg. Antibodies of the IgG4 subclass were detected in the sera of each of the eight patients studied and not in control subjects. Quantitative assays of IgG4 anti-Tg were performed by comparing the removal of anti-Tg and total IgG4 during immunoadsorption of anti-Tg. The contribution of IgG4 anti-Tg antibodies to the total quantity of anti-Tg ranged from 6 to 30%, an amount inadequate to explain the lack of complement activation by anti-Tg. PMID- 6733977 TI - The mononuclear cells of human mesenteric blood, intestinal mucosa and mesenteric lymph nodes: compartmentalization of NK cells. AB - The proportions of T cell subsets and Leu 7+ cells and the spontaneous cell mediated cytotoxicity (SCMC) of isolated mononuclear cells have been determined across the mesenteric vascular bed and along the intestinal mucosal-mesenteric lymph node (MLN) axis in patients undergoing abdominal surgery. Whereas the proportion of T4+ and T8+ cells were similar in simultaneously taken PVB and mesenteric venous blood (MVB), the proportion of Leu 7+ cells was higher in MVB in 16 of 17 studies (15.4 +/- 6.8%, 10.8 +/- 5.1%). Additional studies showed that the proportions of lymphocyte subsets in peripheral arterial blood are the same as those in PVB. Thus, an enrichment of Leu 7+ cells occurs across the mesenteric vascular bed. Isolated intestinal and MLN mononuclear cells contained similarly high proportions of T4+ and T8+ cells as in PVB but Leu 7+ cells made up a minority subpopulation in intestinal (1.3 +/- 0.8%) and MLN mononuclear cells (1.0 +/- 0.9%). The SCMC of intestinal and MLN mononuclear cells was low and paralleled the proportion of Leu 7+ cells. Despite the higher proportions of Leu 7+ cells in MVB, the SCMC was less than that of PVB in eight patients with inflamed intestine and not significantly different from PVB in seven patients with normal intestines. These paradoxical findings were at least in part due to inhibitory factors in mesenteric plasma. In conclusion, NK cells appear to be largely confined within the vascular system and the enrichment of Leu 7+ cells across the mesenteric vascular bed suggests that this compartmentalization may be due to differences in the traffic of lymphocyte subpopulations through the intestinal mucosa and MLN. PMID- 6733976 TI - Natural killer cells and spontaneous cell-mediated cytotoxicity in the human intestine. AB - Spontaneous cell-mediated cytotoxicity (SCMC) has been investigated in mononuclear cells (MNC) isolated from intestinal mucosa and autologous peripheral blood from human subjects. The proportion of cells with the NK-K phenotype (Leu 7+) were substantially lower in intestinal MNC than in autologous peripheral blood. SCMC of K-562 target cells when tested at an effector to target (E:T) ratio equivalent to that used for peripheral blood MNC was markedly deficient in intestinal MNC. This was not due to the effect of EDTA and collagenase used in the isolation process. However, at high E:T, ratios, significant cytotoxicity was demonstrated for most intestines examined probably reflecting a low proportion of effector cells within the intestinal MNC population. SCMC in both intestinal and autologous peripheral blood MNC were similarly related to the Leu 7+:T ratios used in the assay indirectly suggesting that the Leu 7+ cell may be responsible for the observed cytotoxicity. It is concluded that the apparent functional difference between similar cells derived from different sites may be largely related to differing proportions of effector cells. The findings indicate the need for specific definition of the effector cell and suggest that intestinal SCMC in health and various disease states requires re-appraisal. PMID- 6733978 TI - Surface proteins of the human eosinophil. I. Isolation of eosinophil IgG binding proteins. AB - Proteins involved in the attachment of eosinophils to immobilized antigen antibody complexes were isolated. Eosinophils, purified from normal human peripheral blood, were surface labelled with 125I-iodide in the presence of lactoperoxidase and hydrogen peroxide. Immobilized immune complexes were prepared by covalent coupling of tetanus toxoid antigen to cellulose and treatment of the fixed antigen with human anti-tetanus IgG. Intact cells were allowed to interact with the antigen-antibody complex and the cells were then lysed in situ with a salt solution containing the non-ionic detergent NP40. After exhaustive washing to remove unattached proteins, the bound proteins were eluted with a buffer containing mercaptoethanol with or without SDS. A major protein of mol. wt 16K and a minor protein of mol. wt 18K were isolated. These proteins were unaffected by the temperature of attachment of eosinophils to the fixed IgG antigen complexes or by the presence of protease inhibitors and did not therefore appear to be proteolytic cleavage products. PMID- 6733979 TI - Serum IgG subclass concentrations in healthy adults: a study using monoclonal antisera. AB - IgG subclass concentrations have been measured in the sera of 172 healthy adults using monoclonal antisera. 'Normal ranges' are given. The findings were similar to those of previous studies of European populations but differed from the findings of the only other study of a large British population. In particular, low proportions of IgG4 in a British population have not been confirmed. IgG4 concentrations were higher in males than females (P = less than 0.00003) and IgG3 concentrations were higher in females than males (P = 0.034). PMID- 6733980 TI - Studies of complement autoactivatability in hereditary angioedema: direct relationship to functional C-1-INA and the effect of classical pathway activators. AB - It has been observed earlier that the hemolytic complement in diluted sera obtained from patients with hereditary angioedema (HAE) undergoes spontaneous decay when incubated at 37 degrees C. Employing individual serum from patients at different stages of this disease it was demonstrated that this spontaneous loss of hemolytic complement also occurs without dilution and is directly linked to the absence of functional C-1-INA. Incubation of HAE serum resulted in a loss of activity which appears to be dependent upon the concentration of functional C-1 INA. While C-1-INA levels less than 50 micrograms/ml lead to rapid depletion with time, reconstitution of deficient sera with highly purified C-1-INA or of undiluted NHS inhibited spontaneous activation. Furthermore, NHS was rendered susceptible to autoactivation when its C-1-INA was depleted by passage over an anti-C-1-INA Sepharose 4B affinity column in the presence of 10 mM EDTA, indicating that in the absence of functional C-1-INA, C1 undergoes an uninhibited spontaneous autoactivation which leads to the consumption of C4 and C2 but not C3. Consumption of C3 was observed, however, in HAE sera that contained a significant amount of immune complexes. Incubation of HAE sera with highly purified Hageman factor fragment (5 micrograms/ml), or aggregated IgG (2 mg/ml) was found to accelerate the rate of decay when compared to untreated samples while sera from patients under treatment with Danazol or Stanozolol failed to autoactive. These results suggest that, the absence of C-1-INA, may, by itself trigger the dissociation and autoactivation of C1 in the sera of such patients; however, the presence of other complement activators accelerates the reaction. This inherent property of HAE sera, i.e., spontaneous autoactivation at 37 degrees C, may be a useful screening test but direct determination of C-1-INA activity is required to establish the precise diagnosis. PMID- 6733981 TI - Suppression of human lymphocyte mitogenesis mediated by phagocyte-released reactive oxygen species: comparative activities in normals and in chronic granulomatous disease. AB - Human blood monocytes and neutrophils stimulated in vitro with phorbol myristate acetate, N-formyl-L-methionyl-L-leucyl-L-phenylalanine, activated zymosan, or heat aggregated gamma-globulin were found to suppress lymphocyte mitogenic responses. In activated phagocyte-lymphocyte cocultures, both blast transformation and [3H]-thymidine incorporation were reduced while numbers of dead cells were increased, thus suggesting a cytolethal suppressive mechanism. Suppression was prevented by catalase but not by other oxygen radical scavengers nor by cyclooxygenase inhibitors, thus implicating H2O2 as the suppressive mediator. Activated monocytes and neutrophils but not lymphocytes released measurable quantities of H2O2 into cell supernatants. However, transfer of an inhibitory effect with these supernatants was not routinely achieved. Finally, as opposed to normals, lymphocyte blastogenesis in chronic granulomatous disease patients was not inhibited by their activated phagocytes. However, catalase reversible suppression could be restored in cocultures of normal phagocytes and patient lymphocytes. In conclusion, these studies demonstrate a potentially important mechanism whereby activated phagocytes may alter lymphocyte reactivity. PMID- 6733982 TI - Interferon-alpha regulation of lymphocyte function in systemic lupus erythematosus. AB - Interferon (IFN) production and responsiveness are abnormal in some patients with systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE). The present investigation was designed to further delineate these abnormalities of IFN response. The response to IFN-alpha was determined in peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMC) using the natural killer (NK) cell assay, the concanavalin A (Con A)-induced T-cell proliferation assay, and the pokeweed mitogen (PWM) blastogensis system. The average NK cell activity was impaired in SLE patients (19.7 +/- 3.8 LU/10(7) cells; n = 22) compared to 24 normal controls (45.6 +/- 7.2 LU/10(7) cells; n = 24) (P less than 0.05). In addition, the response to IFN in the NK cell system was impaired in SLE (110.0 +/- 38.0% enhancement) compared to controls (320.0 +/- 94.0% enhancement; +/- SD P less than 0.05). In contrast to the impaired IFN response of the NK cell in SLE, the effect of IFN on Con A- and PWM-induced blastogenesis in SLE was normal (P greater than 0.1). Thus, the defect in IFN response in SLE appeared to be confined to the NK cell system, but was not present in the other assay systems. To determine if the impaired IFN response might be secondary to impaired release of natural killer cytotoxic factor (NKCF) induced by IFN, NKCF was generated from PBMC in the presence of IFN. IFN-induced NKCF release was markedly impaired in SLE (8.9 +/- 11.7%) relative to normal controls (22.3 +/- 11.2%) (P less than 0.05). IFN-induced release of NKCF in SLE also closely correlated with IFN-induced NK enhancement (r = .83, P less than 0.05). No depletion of NK cells was noted using the monoclonal antibody HNK-1. Thus, this study demonstrates for the first time that the insensitivity to IFN in SLE is not a universal lymphocyte defect but appears to be isolated to the NK cell which is functionally abnormal. PMID- 6733983 TI - Immunoglobulin deposits in bladder epithelium and vessels in interstitial cystitis: possible relationship to circulating anti-intermediate filament autoantibodies. AB - Sera from patients suffering from interstitial cystitis (IC) reacted with bright staining of the bladder epithelium and vascular endothelium when tested for autoantibodies by indirect immunofluorescence using normal bladder tissue as target antigen. When tested for autoantibodies using cultured cells as antigen the antibodies were found to be directed against cytoskeletal intermediate filaments (IMF). Sera from 43 IC patients had a high incidence and high titers of anti-IMF autoantibodies as compared to both healthy individuals and patients suffering from other urological or surgical diseases. The results suggest that anti-IMF autoantibodies may be involved in the perpetuating chronic type of tissue injury seen in these patients. The antibodies were of the IgM class. In vivo deposits of IgM in patient bladder biopsies localized similarly to the autoantibodies; epithelial tissue showed deposits in 19% and vascular tissue, deposits in more than 50% of the patients, often together with complement components Clq,C3, or C4. In addition, subendothelial deposits associated with fibrillar structures could be observed. The results suggest a possible relationship between the in vivo IgM deposits in the bladder epithelium and vascular endothelium, on one hand, and the presence of anti-IMF antibodies capable of reacting with these cell structures, on the other hand. However, as the autoantibodies have to gain access to intracellular structures in order to cause in vivo deposits, primary tissue injury has to be postulated. PMID- 6733984 TI - Effect of antigen charge on immune complex interaction with glomerular cells in culture. AB - The effect of antigen charge on immune complex (IC) interaction with glomerular cells was evaluated using cultured rabbit glomerular cells. Rat albumin (Alb) was modified to produce a cationic charge; isoelectric point (pI) 7.4-8.0; anionic charge, pI 4.0-4.2; or left unmodified, pI 6.2-6.4. I125-IC (100 micrograms Alb in complex) was incubated with cells for 44 hr. Cationic Alb IC (CAT IC) interaction was 7 and 10 times greater than unmodified (UM) and anionic (AN) IC, 7596 +/- 613 vs 1016 +/- 176 and 746 +/- 106 pg I125-Alb/micrograms cell protein, mean +/- SE (P less than 0.01). A 10-fold excess of unlabeled CAT Alb decreased CAT IC interaction (6342 +/- 432 vs 1246 +/- 296 pg I125-Alb/micrograms cell protein, P less than 0.01) increased UM IC (981 +/- 186 vs 3994 +/- 394 pg I125 Alb/micrograms cell protein, P less than 0.01), and had no effect on AN IC. A 10 fold excess unlabeled CAT IC increased interaction of both CAT IC (7067 +/- 514 vs 37,416 +/- 3026 pg I125-Alb/micrograms cell protein) and UM IC (994 +/- 123 vs 12,922 +/- 566 pg I125-Alb/micrograms cell protein) but not of AN IC. Incubation of cells with CAT, UM, or AN Alb followed by specific antibody demonstrated increased antibody interaction with cells exposed to CAT Alb (15,212 +/- 676 vs 3866 +/- 406 and 1785 +/- 206 pg I125-IgG/microgram cell protein for UM and AN Alb, respectively). PMID- 6733985 TI - The presence of immunoglobulin D in endocrine disorders and diseases of immunoregulation, including the acquired immunodeficiency syndrome. AB - Immunoglobulin D (IgD) was determined by double diffusion in the serum from 26 patients with endocrine disorders and diseases of immune imbalance along with controls. IgD was detected in the serum of nine patients that included two with primary parathyroidism, one with insulin-resistant diabetes, four with immunodeficiencies, and two with Hodgkin's disease. IgD was absent in the serum of seven patients with the same diagnoses after treatment. IgD was present in the serum of the majority of acquired immune deficiency syndrome patients (in eight of ten cases). The presence of IgD in the serum of these patients suggests that it plays a role in receptor-mediated events. PMID- 6733986 TI - Renal disease in patients with AIDS: a clinicopathologic study. AB - To determine the nature and frequency of renal disorders in AIDS we reviewed the records of thirty-two patients hospitalized over a twenty-two month period. Group I, including all patients with AIDS who demonstrated proteinuria and/or renal insufficiency, numbered thirteen patients, in ten of whom renal tissue was available. Renal abnormalities included proteinuria in twelve patients, which exceeded two grams per day in seven. The glomerular histologic lesions included focal glomerulosclerosis, diffuse mesangial hypercellularity, diffuse proliferative glomerulonephritis, and membranoproliferative glomerulonephritis. The nonglomerular histologic lesions included acute tubular necrosis, nephrocalcinosis, focal interstitial nephritis, and one case each of intrarenal cryptococcal infection and renal cell carcinoma. Nine of these thirteen patients developed renal insufficiency, and four of them required dialysis. Their mortality by the end of the study period was eleven of thirteen patients (85 percent), significantly worse in the short term than AIDS patients without renal problems. The patients in Group I were compared to the nineteen AIDS patients without renal abnormalities in Group II. The Group I patients had a higher incidence of oral and esophageal candidiasis, other fungal infections, and infections with Mycobacterium avium-intracellulare. They also had a higher incidence of exposure to aminoglycoside antibiotics and amphotericin B, and experienced more clinical shock than their Group II counterparts. It is concluded that patients with AIDS may demonstrate renal abnormalities on the basis of immune, hemodynamic, infectious, and neoplastic derangements. PMID- 6733987 TI - Proteinuria and glomerular disease in Jamaica. AB - Clinical, laboratory and renal biopsy data on 50 adult patients investigated in Jamaica because of proteinuria of more than 1 g/day were reviewed. Primary glomerular disease was present in 23 cases and the most common histological pattern was mesangial proliferation. Proteinuria was part of a systemic disease in 27 patients of whom 19 had systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE). Urinary protein excretion was less in patients with systemic diseases than in those with primary glomerulonephritis, but hypoalbuminemia, renal function and presence of edema were not helpful in distinguishing types and causes of renal disease. By comparison with other countries SLE and mesangial proliferative glomerulonephritis are common causes of proteinuria and nephrotic syndrome in Jamaica whereas idiopathic membranous glomerulonephropathy appears to be rare. PMID- 6733988 TI - Hemoperitoneum during continuous ambulatory peritoneal dialysis: a possible complication of radiation induced peritoneal injury. AB - Hemoperitoneum requiring surgical exploration developed in association with an indwelling chronic peritoneal dialysis catheter. Major intra-abdominal hemorrhage in continuous ambulatory peritoneal dialysis (CAPD) has not been previously reported. Radiation therapy for carcinoma of the bladder and subsequent radiation induced peritoneal injury appears to have predisposed this patient to develop catheter-related trauma and hemorrhage. Antecedent radiation therapy with its possible deleterious effects on the peritoneal membrane may subject potential CAPD patients to unique risks and should be considered in the decision to choose CAPD as a form of treatment for end stage renal disease. PMID- 6733989 TI - Recurrence of circulating anti-glomerular basement membrane antibody three years after immunosuppressive treatment and plasma exchange. AB - A patient with auto-antibody mediated Goodpasture's syndrome was successfully treated with cytotoxic drugs, steroids and plasma exchange. After an absence of three years, circulating anti-glomerular basement membrane antibodies reappeared, and linear IgG staining of the glomeruli was shown by immunofluorescent studies. Renal function did not change and there was no evidence of pulmonary hemorrhage. Antibody levels then fell spontaneously over the succeeding 18 months. PMID- 6733990 TI - Heparin activity during hemodialysis. PMID- 6733991 TI - Red cell survival and erythrocyte iron utilization in patients on continuous ambulatory peritoneal dialysis. PMID- 6733992 TI - Serum aluminum falls post parathyroidectomy in patients on maintenance hemodialysis. PMID- 6733994 TI - Ureteroceles in children: clinical study and report of 58 cases. AB - Fifty-eight children with ureteroceles are the subject of this study. The lesions occurred more commonly in females and affected the left urinary transport system predominantly. Ectopic ureterocele was the most common type and virtually always developed on the ureter originating from the upper renal unit of a duplex kidney. There was a high incidence of associated urinary tract obstruction or vesico ureteral reflux. The most common presenting symptoms were those of urinary infection followed by discovery of an abdominal mass. A characteristic filling defect in the bladder was seen on excretory urogram, and voiding cystourethrography revealed vesicoureteric reflux in 50% of the patients. Management of an infant or child with a ureterocele should begin with appropriate antibiotic treatment if infection is present, followed by excision or drainage of the involved renal segment(s). A pus filled upper pole and ureter may need to be removed or drained urgently in some ill patients. Ureteroceles are often complicated anatomic problems, which should be treated by surgeons who are familiar with the various facets of this congenital malformation. PMID- 6733995 TI - Influence of fluid removal rate during hemodialysis on left ventricular performance and exercise tolerance in patients with coronary artery disease. AB - The effect of hemodialysis (HD) on left ventricular (LV) function and exercise tolerance were measured at rest and during exercise using gated equilibrium radionuclide ventriculography in seven patients with confirmed coronary artery disease (CAD). To separate the effects of fluid removal rate on LV function in CAD, we investigated the same patients with identical overall volume loss of 4 liters during two different treatment times (4 hr and 2 hr). HD significantly increased resting LV ejection fraction (EF) from 55.7 +/- 8% to 64.7 +/- 8% (P less than 0.01) during the 4 hr HD and from 58.1 +/- 9 to 68.1 +/- 10 (P less than 0.05) during the 2 hr HD. Indicating ischemia, EF decreased at pre- and postdialysis peak exercise without differences between both treatments. HD also resulted in an improved segmental wall motion score. Exercise duration as well as S-T segment depression and angina score improved during HD, whereas heart rate, blood pressure and double product remained unchanged. We conclude that HD improves global and regional resting LV function and exercise tolerance in patients with CAD. The degree of interdialytic hydration and not the degree of fluid removal per time affects LV performance in CAD. Since LV function is the major prognostic factor in CAD, those patients require volume restriction and/or shorter interdialytic phases. PMID- 6733993 TI - Crescentic lupus glomerulonephritis. AB - Crescentic lupus glomerulonephritis (greater than or equal to 50% crescents) occurred in 16% of systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) patients biopsied over a 32 month period. All had underlying WHO class IV lupus nephritis. These patients more frequently manifested with acute renal failure usually of the non-oliguric type, had heavier proteinuria and lower serum albumin, but were otherwise indistinguishable from non-crescentic WHO class IV lupus nephritis in their other renal and extrarenal manifestations or in their serological findings. Crescentic lupus glomerulonephritis may occur in patients at first presentation with SLE, or develop in patients after prolonged follow-up initially for lupus nephritis of WHO class IV or other classes. Combined methylprednisolone pulse therapy, immunosuppressives, antiplatelet agents with or without anticoagulant produced good initial responses. Prognosis was unfavorable for inadequately treated patients or for patients with persistent nephrotic syndrome and crescents. PMID- 6733996 TI - Acute renal failure in essential mixed cryoglobulinemia: precipitation and reversal by plasma exchange. AB - A patient with essential mixed cryoglobulinemia was treated for deteriorating renal function with plasma exchange alone. This therapy was immediately followed by acute oliguric renal failure due to precipitation of the cryoglobulin within glomerular capillary loops, probably as a result of infusion of cold plasma. The composition of the intracapillary deposits reflected not only the variety of cryoglobulin but the rapidity of deposition. Renal function returned when plasma exchange was re-introduced, this time coupled with immunosuppressive chemotherapy. After resolution of the intraluminal caogula a membranoproliferative picture remained. Replacement fluids for plasma exchange in cryoglobulinemia should be warmed before infusion. PMID- 6733997 TI - Rhabdomyolysis and acute renal failure in chronic alcoholics with myopathy, unrelated to acute alcohol ingestion. AB - Rhabdomyolysis leading to acute renal failure necessitating hemodialysis is described in three chronic alcoholics. In each case an acute medical or surgical event, but not alcoholic intoxication, was implicated. Renal biopsies demonstrated acute tubular necrosis with intraluminal deposits consisting of Tamm Horsfall protein and myoglobin. After recovery all three patients were demonstrated to have proximal muscle weakness with similar electromyographic abnormalities but nerve-conduction was impaired in only two. Muscle biopsies showed mixed, but predominantly type II fiber atrophy and reduced muscle phosphorylase levels. In the one patient tested the lactate response to forearm muscle ischemia was abnormal. It is postulated that chronic alcoholics may be predisposed to rhabdomyolysis and acute renal failure following acute medical and surgical stress as well as acute alcohol abuse. The muscle damage in these patients may be due to impaired intra cellular glycogen metabolism. PMID- 6733998 TI - Cell count as a diagnostic aid in clinical and subclinical peritonitis. PMID- 6733999 TI - Occurrence of hematoma after renal biopsy: systematic follow-up study by sonography. PMID- 6734000 TI - More on thyroid status in patients with chronic renal failure: effect of glucose intolerance on serum reverse T3. PMID- 6734001 TI - Norethisterone acetate in the treatment of advanced breast cancer. AB - One hundred and twenty-five patients with progressive advanced carcinoma of the breast were treated with norethisterone acetate 20 mg tds orally after prior hormonal treatment or chemotherapy. Ninety-nine patients are evaluable for response. Sixteen patients (16%) achieved a partial response (median duration 4.5 months), 26 (26%) had stable disease (median duration 3 months) and 57 (58%) developed progressive disease on treatment. Patients who responded to norethisterone acetate had more often responded to prior hormonal or ablative treatment (56% vs 25%) and had received less prior treatment than those who did not respond (p less than 0.05). There was no statistically significant correlation between response and age, menopausal status, disease-free interval, stage at diagnosis, or distribution of disease. Side effects led to cessation of therapy in nine patients (9%). PMID- 6734002 TI - The management of locally advanced carcinoma of the breast by Nolvadex (tamoxifen): a pilot study. AB - Fifty-one postmenopausal women with locally advanced breast cancer were treated initially by Nolvadex (Tamoxifen, ICI) alone and followed prospectively between 1974 and 1982. Twenty-three patients (40%) showed an objective response to therapy of whom 17 (75%) remain in remission at median follow-up of 36 months. Patients who failed to respond to Nolvadex therapy were treated by radiotherapy which achieved local control in 64%, with 10 months median duration. Nolvadex therapy conveys a good quality lengthy remission to a sizeable minority of patients. The majority of those who fail to respond are satisfactorily managed by radiotherapy. PMID- 6734003 TI - Clinical assessment of tumour size in primary breast carcinoma. AB - In a consecutive series of 100 operable breast carcinomas clinical and mammographic assessment of tumour size each resulted in only 75% being placed in the correct T category when compared to the actual tumour size. In a further 50 breast carcinomas it was shown that an accurate assessment of actual tumour size could be obtained by subtracting the thickness of the skin, fat and subcutaneous tissue in the corresponding area in the contralateral breast from the clinical measurement obtained using calipers (adjusted clinical size). The T category using this method was correct in 49 out of the 50, significantly better than clinical measurement or mammographic assessment of tumour size (p less than 0.003 McNemar's Test). Analysis of the regression lines obtained comparing clinical measurement, mammographic assessment and adjusted clinical size with actual tumour size showed that: clinical measurement overestimated actual tumour size by 0.5 to 1 cm; mammographic assessment overestimated small tumour and underestimated larger ones, whereas the adjusted clinical size never differed by more than a fraction of a centimeter from the actual size. This new method of assessment of tumour size allows accurate pre-operative selection of patients into appropriate treatment options. PMID- 6734004 TI - Breast screening results from a healthy working population. AB - The early results of a breast screening service in a large retail company have been analysed. Female employees over 35 years of age were offered mammography, thermography and clinical examination, periodically over 51/2 years. One hundred and two cases of proven cancer were found in 21 186 women (4.8 per thousand). Non palpable cancers accounted for 56.9% of the total and 37.3% of these were less than 1 cm in size. Twenty tumours were microscopic. Only 13.7% of cases were known to be node positive and 43% of the cancers occurred in women of less than 50 years of age. The results throughout the whole age range encouraged the original hope that screening and early diagnosis will influence the prognosis of female breast cancer. PMID- 6734005 TI - Malignant lymphoma, undifferentiated, Burkitt's type in north-east Italy. AB - Burkitt's lymphoma occurred in 15 Italian patients seen at Pordenone General Hospital over a period of seven years representing 8% of all malignant lymphomas seen in the same period. All patients were born and lived in a region of 100 miles radius around the north-eastern Italian town of Pordenone. Five patients lived in the same rural village, and another two were distant relatives. There were eleven males and four females; the median age was 29 years (range 9-68) with ten patients older than 15 years. Primary tumor was in the gastrointestinal tract regions in nine patients and in lymph nodes in six patients. Epstein-Barr virus serology was positive in one of the 12 patients tested. According to the Ziegler staging system, three patients were stage A, three stage AR, five stage C and four stage D. Treatment consisted in surgical removal of bulky tumor followed by combination chemotherapy in seven patients, combination chemotherapy alone in seven patients and palliative radiotherapy in one. Median survival was significantly higher in patients who have obtained an objective response than in those who have not (11.5 versus 4 months). Median survival was not significantly influenced by age, stage and treatment. This report would emphasize that in Europe there are areas of relatively high incidence of Burkitt's lymphoma, and the province of Pordenone is one of these: it must be considered in the histological diagnosis of lymphoma in these areas. PMID- 6734006 TI - Epidermoid cysts of testis. AB - Two cases of epidermoid cyst of testis are reported. The histogenesis is discussed, together with the histogenesis of identical cysts of the ovary and the spleen, and, for the gonadal lesions, a teratoid origin is considered the most likely developmental derivation. The prognosis is excellent after limited excision or orchidectomy. PMID- 6734007 TI - Randomized clinical trials of cancer treatment--a public opinion survey. AB - An interview survey was carried out among 1022 adults, representative of a cross section of the population aged 16-70, to find out how people reacted to the idea of participating in randomized clinical trials of cancer treatment. A secondary purpose of the survey was to learn whether or not people wanted their doctor to give them information about their illness, the treatment and the trials. Overall, there was no evidence of antipathy to the concept of randomized trials. Two out of three of those interviewed were prepared to participate, except in the most demanding situations when just over half wished to choose their own treatment. There was a strong response in favour of being given information and a very high level of confidence in doctors. Both respondents and interviewers were enthusiastic about participating in the survey. PMID- 6734008 TI - Tumores rari et inusitati. Chordoma in a lumbar vertebral transverse process: a case report and review of the literature. AB - Chordoma is a rare tumour of the skeleton that develops from notochordal elements. It occurs in the midline of the body particularly at the upper and lower ends of the vertebral columns. This paper reports a case of chordoma of unusual localization in the transverse process of a lumbar vertebra in a 30-year old man with review of the literature. The early confinement of the tumour to a vertebral transverse process has never been reported. The scarcity with which chordoma is diagnosed in Jordan and the clinical presentation of the case reported are discussed. PMID- 6734009 TI - Malignant melanoma and BCNU. PMID- 6734011 TI - Carcinoma of the endometrium. PMID- 6734010 TI - Side and size of breast cancer. PMID- 6734012 TI - Testing methotrexate sensitivity of human malignancies in the human tumour stem cell assay. PMID- 6734013 TI - Oncogenes and oncogenesis. PMID- 6734014 TI - Changes in primidone/phenobarbitone ratio during pregnancy and the puerperium. AB - Plasma concentrations of primidone and its metabolite phenobarbitone were monitored in 9 pregnant epileptic patients treated with primidone (and in 3 cases other antiepileptic drugs) given at constant doses throughout pregnancy and the puerperium. Phenobarbitone plasma concentrations were monitored in another 6 patients given phenobarbitone itself. A trend towards increasing primidone plasma concentrations during the second quarter of pregnancy was evident in all patients, with a concomitant significant decrease in primidone-derived phenobarbitone plasma concentrations. A trend towards a lowering of plasma concentrations of phenobarbitone administered as such was confirmed. These results suggest the usefulness of a careful monitoring of primidone and primadone derived phenobarbitone during pregnancy and the puerperium. Discrepancies of findings with primidone and phenobarbitone are discussed in view of the possible mechanism involved. PMID- 6734015 TI - Amitriptyline dosage prediction in elderly patients from plasma concentration at 24 hours after a single 100mg dose. AB - Fifteen depressed elderly patients (14 female, 1 male; mean age 85 years) received a single oral dose of amitriptyline. The concentration of amitriptyline plus nortriptyline in a blood sample taken 24 hours later was used to predict by means of a nomogram the amitriptyline dosage required for each patient. Each dose was selected to produce steady-state amitriptyline plus nortriptyline concentrations close to 140 micrograms/L. The daily dosage ranged from 20 to 100mg (mean 62mg). Patients received the individually calculated dose each night, and weekly blood samples were obtained for drug analysis. At 2 weeks, mean amitriptyline plus nortriptyline concentrations were 118 +/- 21 micrograms/L. Eight of the patients were studied for a further 2 weeks and the mean amitriptyline plus nortriptyline concentration was then 111 +/- 19 micrograms/L. The dose prediction test is easy to use and ensures each patient receives an adequate but safer dose of amitriptyline than might otherwise be prescribed routinely. PMID- 6734016 TI - Quantitative reviewing of medical literature. An approach to synthesizing research results in clinical pediatrics. AB - The quantitative literature review is presented as a unique type of research endeavor complete with formal stages that parallel those associated with primary or experimental research. This article provides a tutorial overview of the quantitative literature review procedure and, in conjunction with the companion article published in this issue, serves to illustrate the application of this technique in the review process. The stages in quantitative review include: (1) problem formation; (2) data collection; (3) data evaluation; (4) analysis and interpretation; and (5) reporting results. It is argued that inferences made in the research review process are as central to the establishment of valid biomedical and clinical knowledge as inferences made in primary research. Despite some limitations, quantitative reviewing procedures constitute a significant advance over the traditional narrative methods of integrating empirical research in an area of interest. The use of quantitative reviewing procedures represents a paradigm shift in which the literature review is conceptualized as a unique form of scientific inquiry complete with formal stages and methods. The adoption of these methods should assist researchers in the behavioral and biomedical sciences in establishing scientifically valid data bases to guide theory development and direct future clinical investigation. PMID- 6734019 TI - Warning labels. A source of toxicity information for parents. AB - The Hazardous Substances Act specifies that warning labels for household products contain specific signal words. This study was designed to determine whether this warning label format provides enough information for parents to accurately assess product toxicity. One hundred forty-two parents from two different sites (community health clinic, private pediatrician's office) were asked to rate the toxicity of four common household products (Crystal Drano, Lysol Basin/Tub and Tile Cleaner, Clorox Bleach, Tempera Poster Paint) and four imaginary products based on the warning labels found on them. Parents had a fairly accurate perception of the toxicity of products and the toxicity to be anticipated based on the warning label. There was considerable variability in response for products which were less toxic or nontoxic. Confusion was noted regarding the meaning of the term nontoxic. PMID- 6734017 TI - Ocular involvement in varicella. AB - Twenty-four children with classical chickenpox were referred for ophthalmic assessment because of lesions on the lids and in the eye. The appearance of these lesions, their treatment, and their complications are discussed. Twenty-five percent of these children were documented to have an anterior uveitis. PMID- 6734018 TI - The "empty sella" in childhood. AB - The "empty sella" (ES), a common entity in adults, is so named because a cerebrospinal fluid-filled arachnoid hernia fills the pituitary fossa and compresses the pituitary gland, creating the illusion of an "empty" sella. We report our experience of ES in childhood. Our four cases represent associations with ES that have not been previously described in childhood: case 1 was associated with central precocious puberty; case 2 with secondary ES resulting from shrinkage of a prolactinoma during bromocriptine therapy; case 3 with pseudotumor cerebri; and case 4 with no significant pathology. Together, they account for approximately 1 percent of cases of radiographically enlarged sella tursica investigated here. This brings the number of cases of ES reported in children to 27. Review of these 27 cases reveals seven with local skull dysplasia and/or a familial inheritance. The remainder lacked clinical homogeneity or similarity to the common adult variety of ES. Children with ES did not exhibit the higher female preponderance reported in adults with ES. They showed a higher frequency of secondary cases (4/27), and of associated endocrine (10/15) and visual (8/17) abnormalities than is seen in adults with the "empty sella." PMID- 6734020 TI - The effect of the Tylenol scare on parent's use of over-the-counter drugs. AB - We administered a questionnaire to determine changes in parental use and administration of over-the-counter (OTC) drugs after cyanide-laced Extra-Strength Tylenol capsules caused the deaths of at least seven people in Illinois in 1982. Three hundred area parents were studied and divided into three equally sized groups on the basis of economic, educational, and professional criteria. After the Tylenol murders, all groups became anxious about the safety of OTC drugs, but intergroup differences were highly significant (p = 0.001). Attitude changes, however, did not necessarily precipitate a change in behavior. Similar percentages of each of the groups who claimed to be adversely affected by the Tylenol scare gave OTC drugs as before. PMID- 6734021 TI - A study of treatment resistance among children referred for encopresis. AB - This study reports on some of the distinguishing characteristics of children with persistent encopresis who have proven, at long-term follow-up, to be resistant to intensive pediatric-based treatment at a referral outpatient clinic. Resistant children differed from responsive children primarily in two respects: they tended to have less stool retention at initial presentation, and their accidents occurred at all hours of the day. Additional information suggested that early success or failure did not presage long-term resistance and that parents' attributions of the cause of their child's soiling were related to outcome. Discussion centered on enumerating important high-risk factors that signal the need for more intensive intervention and follow-up. PMID- 6734022 TI - Telephone encounters in a university pediatric group practice. A 2-year analysis of after-hour calls. AB - The records of off-hours calls received by the University of Colorado Pediatric Group Practice from 4:30 p.m. throughout 8:00 a.m. weekdays and all day Saturday, Sunday, and holidays were audited. An answering service and pageboy system ensured 24-hour, 7-day-a-week accessibility through a single telephone number. The four practices received 2386 after-hours calls from November 1978 to October 1980. An average of 104 calls per month were received with approximately four calls per day on weekday evenings and six calls per day on Saturday, Sunday, and holidays. Five concerns accounted for 49 percent of all after hours calls: fever, vomiting and/or diarrhea, upper respiratory infection (URI), earache, and rash. While 75 percent of families made fewer than four calls per year, 4 percent made at least 12 calls per year, accounting for 18 percent of all calls. Families calling three or more times a month were defined as "frequent users" and accounted for 22 percent of a given month's calls. Most calls from the same families (55%) occurred within a 24-hour period and dealt chiefly with parental concerns about fever, vomiting and diarrhea, URIs, ear infection, accident, and rashes. The additional responsibility that residents assume in taking calls for the Pediatric Group Practice while on other off-hour assignments was not excessively demanding, and cost of the answering service was easily absorbed by group practice revenues. PMID- 6734023 TI - Profound shock following intervention for chronic untreated stool retention. A case report. AB - Chronic stool retention with soiling is a common and distressing condition in children. Diagnosis and treatment generally involve both medical and psychological aspects. This case addresses a potentially life-threatening complication of shock occurring during treatment of chronic stool retention with castor oil, and also explores the psychosocial factors felt to be contributory. PMID- 6734024 TI - Acute thallium poisoning in a 3-year-old child. A case report. PMID- 6734025 TI - Nifedipine: kinetics and dynamics in healthy subjects. AB - Kinetics and pharmacologic effects of three formulations of nifedipine were examined in six healthy young men in a crossover design. Each subject received intravenous nifedipine, 0.015 mg/kg body weight, 20 mg in a capsule, and 20 mg in a slow-release tablet. Changes in heart rate (HR), blood pressure, heart dimensions, and plasma norepinephrine levels (PNE) were examined serially. Plasma concentrations of nifedipine (Cp) and urinary metabolite concentrations were measured by liquid chromatography. After intravenous injection the elimination t1/2 was 1.7 +/- 0.4 hr, systemic clearance was 26.7 +/- 5.4 l/hr, and volume of distribution was 0.8 +/- 0.2 l/kg. After the capsule, Cp rose rapidly, to a maximum concentration (Cmax) of 117 +/- 15 ng/ml at a maximum time (tmax) of 1.4 +/- 0.5 hr. After the sustained release tablet tmax was 4.2 +/- 0.7 hr and Cmax was 26 +/- 10 ng/ml. Nifedipine bioavailability was 56% +/- 25% for the capsule and 52% +/- 13% for the tablet, but there were large interindividual differences. Urinary excretion was 58% +/- 13% 24 hr after intravenous injection, and after 32 hr was 55% +/- 13% after capsules and 32% +/- 8% after tablets. HR increased briefly after intravenous injection and after capsules (15 to 20 bpm), but not significantly after tablets. Diastolic blood pressure (DBP) fell briefly after capsules (8 to 10 mm Hg), but there was a sustained effect after tablets. Cardiac dimensions were unchanged. PNE levels paralleled plasma drug levels in the three experiments.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS) PMID- 6734026 TI - Digoxin-rifampin interaction. AB - Digoxin doses required to maintain therapeutic serum concentrations rose substantially in two patients dependent on dialysis with the commencement of rifampin therapy. When rifampin was discontinued, doses fell to requirements before rifampin. Serum digoxin concentration may fall to ineffective levels with rifampin therapy and rise to potentially toxic levels when rifampin is discontinued. PMID- 6734027 TI - Stereoselective clearance and distribution of intravenous propranolol. AB - Our objective was to determine the kinetics of (+)- and (-)-propranolol after intravenous doses of racemic drug. Five normal subjects received 0.1 mg/kg of a pseudoracemate of propranolol that consisted of deuterium-labeled (+)-propranolol and unlabeled (-)-propranolol. Plasma concentrations of (+)- and (-)-propranolol as measured by gas chromatography-mass spectrometry demonstrated enantiomeric differences in systemic clearance (Cls) [(+)-propranolol, 1.21 +/- 0.15 l/min; ( )-propranolol, 1.03 +/- 0.12 l/min; P less than 0.01] and apparent volume of distribution (Vd) [(+)-propranolol, 4.82 +/- 0.34 l/kg; (-)-propranolol, 4.08 +/- 0.33 l/kg; P less than 0.001], but no difference in distribution or elimination t1/2s (t1/2 beta 3.5 hr). The higher Cls of (+)-propranolol suggests stereoselective hepatic elimination. The higher apparent Vd of (+)-propranolol is mainly related to its lower plasma binding [(+)-propranolol, 20.3 +/- 0.8% unbound; (-)-propranolol, 17.6 +/- 0.7% unbound; P less than 0.001]. There was no stereoselective uptake by red blood cells. These findings demonstrate that multiple stereoselective mechanisms are involved in the disposition of propranolol and determine the access of the drug to active sites. PMID- 6734028 TI - Hemodynamic effects of an inhaled beta-2 agonist. AB - We examined echocardiographically in a single-blind crossover trial the circulatory effects of an inhaled selective beta 2-adrenergic bronchodilator, fenoterol. Eight healthy subjects were studied on the first and fourteenth day after randomly assigned therapy with either no drug or 400 micrograms fenoterol by metered dose inhaler four times a day. Heart rate (HR) and systolic (SBP) and diastolic (DBP) blood pressure responses to fenoterol were small (means +/- SE; HR: +4 +/- 1.3 bpm; SBP: +6 +/- 1.3 mm Hg; DBP: -3 +/- 1.4 mm Hg). In contrast, mean cardiac output increased 26% (1.1 +/- 0.2 l/min), accompanied by an 18% fall in total peripheral vascular resistance (-6 +/- 1.3 U), a 16% increase in stroke volume (+12 +/- 2.5 ml), and an 18% increase in the mean velocity of circumferential shortening (+0.2 +/- 0.04 c/s). Responses varied widely among subjects; maximum observed increase in cardiac output was 117% (+5.48 l/min) in one subject. There was no evidence to suggest development of tolerance to these hemodynamic effects, as the response of measured variables did not differ after 2 wk of regular fenoterol therapy. We conclude that selective beta 2 bronchodilators are not without potential for hemodynamically significant effects when taken by metered inhalers in recommended therapeutic doses and that the magnitude of such effects is underestimated when measured by HR and blood pressure changes. PMID- 6734029 TI - Clinical and systemic hemodynamic effects of nitrendipine. AB - The antihypertensive effects of nitrendipine were evaluated in 12 subjects with hypertension, one of whom could not tolerate the drug for more than 3 days; hence hemodynamics were studied in the 11 subjects who were treated for 2 wk. In one patient taking 40 mg twice a day, blood pressure reduction was associated with a hemodynamic pattern of hyperkinetic circulation. Of the other 10 subjects, all of whom were taking 20 mg twice a day, two did not respond, but 8 had significant reduction in mean arterial pressure (136 +/- 4.3 to 106 +/- 3.2 mm Hg) resulting from a decrease in total peripheral resistance (52 +/- 3.7 to 35 +/- 2.6 U X m2). Changes in cardiac output, heart rate, and cardiopulmonary volume varied widely among subjects, such that average changes did not attain significance. Heart rate and cardiopulmonary volume, however, changed in the same direction, which suggests that the alterations in both were related to the degree of reflex sympathetic stimulation induced by nitrendipine. Plasma renin activity (PRA) increased during treatment (2.6 +/- 1.0 to 9.3 +/- 4.1 ng/ml/hr), whereas the increase in plasma aldosterone (PA) levels did not attain significance (13.7 +/- 1.6 to 21.5 +/- 4.5 ng/dl). As a result, PA/PRA decreased (16.1 +/- 4.9 to 9.4 +/ 2.6). These results suggest that calcium entry blockade might have interfered with steroidogenesis, thus blunting the effect of increased PRA. Finally, blood pressure response to nitrendipine in the whole group correlated inversely with pretreatment PRA (r = -0.88), suggesting greater activity of the drug in low renin hypertension. PMID- 6734031 TI - Cefonicid kinetics in subjects with normal and impaired renal function. AB - Cefonicid is a cephalosporin with a longer t1/2 than currently available cephalosporins. Cefonicid kinetics after an intravenous dose of 7.5 mg/kg were followed in four groups of subjects: group 1, four subjects with normal creatinine clearance (Clcr greater than 80 ml/min); group II, seven subjects with mild renal insufficiency (Clcr 50 to 80 ml/min); group III, five subjects with moderate to severe renal impairment (Clcr 8 to 49 ml/min); and group IV, five subjects with end-stage renal disease who were receiving maintenance hemodialysis (Clcr less than 8 ml/ml). Cefonicid volume of distribution ranged from 6.9% to 17.6% body weight but was not related to Clcr. Elimination t1/2 was 4.6 +/- 0.7 hr in group 1,6.0 +/- 2.7 hr in group II, 25.6 +/- 14.0 hr in group III, and 65.3 +/- 43.6 hr in group IV. There was a strong correlation between plasma cefonicid clearance and Clcr. Nonrenal clearance did not change with decreasing Clcr. Hemodialysis clearance calculated from plasma concentrations and recovery in dialysate was 2.5 +/- 0.9 ml/min. These kinetic parameters were used to formulate dosage regimens for patients with renal impairment. PMID- 6734030 TI - Imipramine disposition in users of oral contraceptive steroids. AB - Ten women on long-term, low-dose estrogen oral contraceptive steroids (OCS) and eight age-matched drug-free female controls received an intravenous infusion of 12.5 mg imipramine. Eleven (six OCS users and five controls) also took a 50-mg oral dose of imipramine on another occasion. After intravenous injection, volume of distribution was much the same in the OCS and control groups and clearance was of the same order (899 and 975 ml/min). Elimination t1/2 was prolonged in OCS users after intravenous doses (17.8 vs 25.5 hr) but did not change after oral doses (18.4 vs 19.1 hr). Imipramine plasma protein binding was of the same order in both groups. Absolute bioavailability increased in OCS users (from 27.1% vs 44.1%), which resulted in a trend toward decreased apparent oral clearance (from 4649 vs 2322 ml/min). Women who used OCS regularly show little change in imipramine kinetics after intravenous dosing. After oral dosing absolute systemic bioavailability increased, resulting in decreased apparent oral clearance in the absence of any change in oral elimination t1/2. Imipramine (with high first-pass hepatic extraction) is nonrestrictively cleared, with drug elimination predominantly a function of hepatic blood flow. These data are consistent with OCS inhibition of hepatic imipramine oxidation with no alteration in hepatic blood flow resulting from chronic OCS use. PMID- 6734032 TI - Difference in erythrocyte catechol-O-methyltransferase activity between Orientals and Caucasians: difference in levodopa tolerance. AB - The same bimodal distribution of erythrocyte catechol-O-methyltransferase (RBC COMT) was found in normal Caucasians and Orientals, but the frequency distribution of high RBC-COMT activity of the Orientals was significantly greater than that of the Caucasians. There was no difference in RBC-COMT frequency distribution between Oriental ethnic groups studied (i.e., Chinese and Filipinos). Since Caucasians with Parkinson's disease who had high RBC-COMT activity appeared to have more adverse effects from levodopa (L-dopa) than had those with low RBC-COMT activity, L-dopa doses and adverse responses in Filipinos with parkinsonism were compared to those of Caucasians with parkinsonism. The Filipinos were prescribed substantially lower doses than were the Caucasian patients, and more Filipinos than Caucasians developed dyskinesia at comparable doses of L-dopa. The possible association of the clinical differences in L-dopa tolerance and response between Filipinos and Caucasians with Parkinson's disease, with the racial differences in RBC-COMT activity is discussed. PMID- 6734033 TI - Blood cotinine levels as indicators of smoking treatment outcome. AB - Pretreatment blood cotinine levels, expired carbon monoxide levels, and self reported cigarette consumption were evaluated as predictors of smoking treatment outcome in 114 patients. Of these indices of nicotine intake, blood cotinine level was the most useful predictor. High blood cotinine level was the best predictor of dropping out before completion of treatment and of smoking at the end of treatment and at follow-ups. The usefulness of cotinine as a marker of tobacco dependence is discussed. PMID- 6734034 TI - Theophylline metabolism in relation to antipyrine, debrisoquine, and sparteine metabolism. AB - Theophylline plasma clearance (Clp) and clearance to its metabolites ( Clm ), as well as antipyrine saliva clearance ( Clsal ) and its Clm were compared in a crossover study in 25 healthy subjects. They were selected with regard to smoking status (nine smokers, 16 nonsmokers) and oxidation phenotype of debrisoquine and sparteine (six poor metabolizers [PMs] and 19 extensive metabolizers [EMs]). Clm of theophylline (1,3-dimethyluric acid, 1-methyluric acid, and 3-methylxanthine) correlated (r greater than or equal to 0.92) to each other and to total theophylline Clp (r greater than or equal to 0.97). Smokers had higher Clm to all metabolites, particularly by the N-demethylation pathways. After correction for the effect of smoking, there was no difference between EMs and PMs with regard to theophylline Clp or Clm . Antipyrine clearances by EMs and PMs ( Clsal and Clm of 4-OH-antipyrine, 3-OH- methylantipyrine , or norantipyrine) also did not differ. Antipyrine Clsal and Clm correlated to theophylline Clp (r between 0.50 and 0.69). It is concluded that theophylline metabolism (N-demethylations and C oxidation) is not under the same genetic control as sparteine and debrisoquine oxidations, and that there may be a partial overlap in factors that regulate the metabolism of theophylline and antipyrine. PMID- 6734035 TI - Phenytoin: the pseudosteady-state phenomenon. AB - After reaching an apparent steady state, plasma phenytoin (PHT) levels may then undergo inexplicable changes, a phenomenon called " pseudosteady state". We evaluated 13 pseudosteady -state periods in 10 inpatients with complex partial seizures. Eleven of the periods occurred after a change in PHT dosage and two after drug withdrawal. The pseudosteady -state period began 2 to 12 days (means = 5.7 days) after dosage change and lasted 5 to 10 days (means = 6.3 days), during which plasma PHT levels were stable (+/- 5%). Plasma PHT levels thereafter fluctuated spontaneously by greater than 25% for 5 to 22 days (means = 10.8 days). A final steady-state level was reached 13 to 31 days (means = 21.4 days) after the first dosage change. Falling plasma PHT levels increased seizure frequency in two patients, and a level of 52 micrograms/ml led to medication toxicity in another. PMID- 6734036 TI - Triamterene kinetics and dynamics in cirrhosis. AB - Triamterene is extensively metabolized by the liver and undergoes important presystemic elimination in normal subjects after oral doses. We examined triamterene disposition in eight healthy controls and seven patients with cirrhosis and ascites. A specific and sensitive HPLC assay was used to measure concentrations of triamterene and of its major metabolite p-hydroxy-triamterene sulfate (OH-T-S). Apparent oral clearance of triamterene in controls averaged 1617 +/- 219 ml/min. Plasma concentration of OH-T-S was 7.2 +/- 1.1 times that of the parent compound (estimated by the ratio AUCOH -T-S/ AUCtriamterene ). Urinary recovery of OH-T-S accounted for 45% of the triamterene dose. There was 92% reduction in apparent oral clearance of triamterene (134 +/- 42 ml/min) in patients with cirrhosis. The ratio AUCOH -T-S/ AUCtriamterene fell to 0.55 +/- 0.2, and urinary recovery of OH-T-S accounted for only 15% of the dose. These changes in triamterene kinetics in patients with cirrhosis resulted in prolongation of its natriuretic effect, which lasted for up to 48 hr, whereas it was only 8 hr in the controls. These observations reinforce the concept that cirrhosis is associated with a markedly impaired disposition of drugs that have a large first-pass effect. PMID- 6734037 TI - Nalbuphine, acetaminophen, and their combination in postoperative pain. AB - In a double-blind study with the use of subjective reports of patients as indices of analgesia, we compared the analgesic effect of oral nalbuphine and acetaminophen and determined the contribution of each to the efficacy of their combination. In this parallel 2 X 2 factorial study, 129 inpatients after surgery were randomly assigned to treatment with a single oral dose of nalbuphine hydrochloride (30 mg), acetaminophen (650 mg), the combination of nalbuphine (30 mg) and acetaminophen (650 mg), or placebo. In the factorial analysis, both the nalbuphine and acetaminophen effects were significant for virtually every measure of total and peak analgesia, whereas the interaction contrast was not significant for any measure of analgesic effect. This indicates that the analgesic effect of the combination represents the additive effect of its constituents and is consistent with the results of studies of combinations of codeine and other opioids with aspirin or acetaminophen. There were few adverse effects other than sedation, which occurred twice as frequently in patients treated with nalbuphine as in those receiving acetaminophen or placebo. Our data suggest that this combination should prove at least as effective as any currently marketed narcotic containing combination. Since nalbuphine has less dependence liability than narcotics and exhibits a ceiling on respiratory depression, its combination with acetaminophen should also be safer than comparable narcotic combinations. PMID- 6734038 TI - Effect of potassium chloride supplements on upper gastrointestinal mucosa. AB - Eight controlled 1- or 2-wk experiments involving 225 healthy male subjects and one study of 18 patients with hypertension, nine of whom were long-term users of a wax-matrix potassium chloride preparation, were conducted to evaluate the upper gastrointestinal safety of oral KCl supplements. All subjects in the short-term studies had normal upper gastrointestinal tracts. Subjects were examined again after at least 7 days of treatment with one of three commonly prescribed wax matrix KCl tablets, KCl liquid, microencapsulated KCl, a potassium- sparer , or placebo. Some received an anticholinergic drug with treatment to induce delayed gastric motility. Diet and compliance to treatment regimens were controlled. Results indicate that upper mucosal injury, particularly erosions (43%) and ulcerations (11%), were more frequent after wax-matrix tablets. These changes occurred much less frequently after liquid KCl (0%), microencapsulated KCl (10.5% erosions, 1.2% ulcers), and the potassium-sparing drug (0%). More serious and more frequent lesions were associated with slowed motility. No occult bleeding was noted. Symptomatic complaints did not correlate with endoscopic findings. In the long-term study, patients with hypertension were examined endoscopically after 19 to 23 mo on KCl and again after 1 wk. Six of nine of the patients with hypertension treated for nearly 2 yr with a wax-matrix KCl supplement had significant lesions. One had developed ulceration after 7 days.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS) PMID- 6734039 TI - Predictability of verapamil steady-state plasma levels from single-dose data explained. PMID- 6734040 TI - Transdermal scopolamine, oral meclizine, and placebo in motion sickness. AB - The efficacy of transdermal scopolamine, oral meclizine, and placebo in protection against motion sickness was compared in a double-blind crossover study. Thirty-six healthy subjects were exposed to motion three times for 90 min in a ship-motion simulator. Transdermal applications were made and tablets were taken at least 12 and 2 hr before exposure to motion. Transdermal scopolamine provided better protection than placebo or meclizine. Dryness of mouth was the only side effect reported more frequently for one regimen, transdermal scopolamine. PMID- 6734041 TI - Hepatic drug metabolism and physical fitness. AB - Physical fitness, as expressed by maximal oxygen uptake (Vo2max), was measured in 14 subjects before and during physical education consisting of 4 to 8 hr of daily physical training. Mean pulse rate during training was 115 bpm. After 3 mo of physical training, Vo2max increased a mean 6% (range -5% to +23%). Corresponding mean increases in hepatic drug metabolism, as expressed by the metabolism of the model drugs antipyrine and aminopyrine, were 12% (range -12% to +59%) and 13% (range -21% to +47%). Changes in the two groups were still present 6 mo after physical education. There was only a moderately close but nonetheless significant correlation (r = 0.7) between the extent of change in Vo2max and the corresponding relative change in antipyrine metabolism during the 3-mo period of this investigation. The correlation between oxygen uptake and aminopyrine metabolism (r = 0.6) was slightly less and was not significant. Improved physical fitness associated with enhanced drug metabolism may lead to changes in drug efficacy and drug toxicity that may be clinically important in the case of drugs with low therapeutic indices. PMID- 6734042 TI - Electroencephalographic and behavioral correlates of buprenorphine administration. AB - Male subjects on methadone maintenance who were residing in a research ward were switched to buprenorphine for 45 days. Physiologic measures, behavioral and subjective ratings of mood states, and an electroencephalogram (EEG) were obtained daily. Distinct changes in EEG activity paralleled physiologic and behavioral effects during the transition to buprenorphine. Similar physiologic effects and a reversal of EEG effects occurred when saline solution was substituted for buprenorphine. It is concluded that, consistent with its classification as a partial opiate agonist, buprenorphine may not substitute fully for methadone. PMID- 6734043 TI - Relationship between caffeine concentrations in plasma and saliva. AB - Caffeine concentrations in plasma and saliva were measured by HPLC in 12 healthy subjects after a single oral dose of 250 to 350 mg. There was a linear relationship between caffeine concentrations in the two fluids. Mean (+/- SE) saliva: total plasma concentration ratio was 0.79 +/- 0.02, while the ratio of the free (non-protein bound):total concentration of drug in plasma was 0.59 +/- 0.01. We postulate that the higher saliva:total plasma ratio as compared to the plasma free: total ratio is a result of pH partitioning. The mean elimination t 1/2 estimated from plasma and saliva concentration-time curves were much the same (5.7 +/- 0.7 and 5.9 +/- 0.8 hr). Values for total body clearance and apparent volume of distribution obtained from saliva data were higher than values derived from plasma concentrations. These differences could be corrected by multiplying the saliva-derived parameters by the saliva: total plasma concentration ratio. We conclude that saliva sampling could serve as a useful technique for therapeutic drug monitoring as well as for research of caffeine kinetics when many samples are required. PMID- 6734044 TI - Effect of food on blood hydralazine levels and response in hypertension. AB - A study with a nonspecific hydralazine assay reported that food increased hydralazine concentrations in plasma. We used a specific HPLC hydralazine assay to determine the effect of food on hydralazine blood levels and hemodynamic responses after oral hydralazine. Six subjects with uncomplicated essential hypertension were given 1 mg/kg hydralazine solution orally on two occasions at least 3 days apart. On 1 study day subjects fasted and on the other they were given a standard meal 45 min before hydralazine. Mean arterial pressure and heart rate were monitored for 2 hr before and for 4 hr after hydralazine and frequent venous blood samples were drawn for hydralazine assay. Hepatic blood flow was estimated by determination of indocyanine green clearance before food, after food, and 30 min after hydralazine. Peak blood hydralazine concentrations fell in all (46.2% +/- 11.5%; means +/- SE) and areas under the blood hydralazine concentration/time curves fell (45.7% +/- 9.5%) after food. This could not be explained by changes in liver blood flow. Food-related reductions in blood levels of hydralazine were associated with reduced vasodepressor effects (41.5% +/- 5.6%). It is possible that food increases intravascular conversion of hydralazine to hydralazine pyruvic acid hydrazone. The reduction in vasodepressor response suggests that patients with hypertension should take hydralazine at a fixed time in relation to meals. PMID- 6734045 TI - Effect of nifedipine on serum digoxin concentration and renal digoxin clearance. AB - Nifedipine has been reported either to decrease or not to affect digoxin elimination. We studied the effect of oral nifedipine on steady-state digoxin concentrations and renal clearance in 20 healthy male subjects. After 2 wk of digitalization, all received digoxin, 0.375 mg a day, with placebo for 2 wk, then digoxin and nifedipine, 18.5 +/- 4 mg every 8 hr, for 2 wk, and then digoxin with placebo for 2 wk. Mean (+/- SD) digoxin concentrations of 0.74 +/- 0.20 and 0.75 +/- 0.25 ng/ml on placebo were not altered by nifedipine (0.77 +/- 0.23 ng/ml). Digoxin clearance was 2.2 +/- 0.6 and 2.7 +/- 0.8 ml/kg/min on placebo and 2.5 +/ 0.6 ml/kg/min on nifedipine. No change in pharmacologic effect of digoxin by nifedipine was observed, but mean blood pressure was lower and heart rates were accelerated. These data indicate that oral nifedipine does not alter digoxin concentrations or decrease renal clearance in healthy subjects. PMID- 6734046 TI - Plasma verapamil levels and exercise performance. AB - Our study in 10 patients with stable, exercise-related angina under a double blind, placebo-controlled protocol correlated plasma verapamil levels after single oral doses of 120 and 240 mg and exercise performance. Plasma verapamil levels peaked at 2 hr in seven patients and 4 hr in three patients and declined thereafter, with a mean plasma t1/2 of 3.22 and 4.54 hr after the 120- and 240-mg dose. Despite the relatively short t1/2s, total exercise duration and time to onset of angina and S-T segment depression were longer than placebo values for 4 hr after the 120-mg dose and for 8 hr after the 240-mg dose. Percentage increase in treadmill time and log of plasma verapamil levels correlated. All patients with plasma levels above 100 ng/ml had at least a 50% increase in exercise duration. Thus measurement of plasma verapamil levels are useful in patients who fail to respond to a dose of verapamil. If the level is below 100 ng/ml, increasing the dose of verapamil may improve response. PMID- 6734047 TI - Dose-response effects of cardioselective beta blockade in coronary artery disease. AB - The hemodynamic dose-response effects of intravenous acebutolol, a cardioselective beta-adrenoceptor antagonist with intrinsic sympathomimetic activity, were evaluated in 12 male subjects with angiographically confirmed coronary artery disease. At rest after a saline solution control period, four doubling intravenous boluses of acebutolol (logarithmic cumulative dosage of 20, 40, 80, and 160 mg) were injected at 4-min intervals; hemodynamic variables were recorded 2 to 4 min after each injection. Hemodynamic effects of the drug during steady-state exercise were evaluated by comparison of a control exercise period with observations made at the same workload (25W to 50W) after the maximum cumulative dose (160 mg). After the four intravenous boluses, plasma acebutolol concentrations rose in log-linear fashion and levels achieved (0.6 to 3.5 micrograms/ml) were within the range at which substantial pharmacodynamic activity is usually present (i.e., 0.02 to 0.2 microgram/ml). Compared with control measurements at rest after saline solution injection, these plasma concentrations of acebutolol resulted in a quadratic reduction in heart rate (maximum delta HR, -4 bpm) and a linear increase in pulmonary artery occluded pressure (maximum delta PAOP, +3 mm Hg) without change in systemic arterial pressure. There was a small reduction in cardiac output (delta cardiac index [CI], -0.2 l/min/m2). During steady-state supine bicycle exercise, there were significant reductions in systolic blood pressure (delta SBP, -15 mm Hg, or 9%) HR (-9 bpm or -9%), cardiac output (delta CI, -1.0 l/min/m2, or -18%), and increase in PAOP (+8 mm Hg, or +38%).(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS) PMID- 6734048 TI - Effect of penbutolol and propranolol on normal airway response to salbutamol. AB - The specific airway conductance (sGaw) response of eight normal men to inhaled salbutamol, 200, 600, and 1800 micrograms, was measured on 3 separate days. On each occasion subjects received either placebo, long-acting propranolol (160 mg), or penbutolol (40 mg) orally in a double-blind manner after baseline lung function determination. After placebo, mean sGaw rose from a baseline of 2.07 +/- 0.15 to 2.81 +/- 0.25 kPa-1 X sec-1 after 200 micrograms salbutamol. There was little further airway dilation with higher doses of salbutamol. With long-acting propranolol, there was no significant airway dilation after 200 micrograms salbutamol but there was after 600 and 1800 micrograms inhaled salbutamol; baseline sGaw rose from 2.02 +/- 0.17 to 2.70 +/- 0.28 and 2.95 +/- 0.32 kPa-1 X sec-1. Penbutolol prevented any significant airway dilation with all doses of salbutamol. Penbutolol at the doses used appears to be a more potent blocker of beta 2-receptors than does propranolol. PMID- 6734049 TI - Polymorphic ability to metabolize propranolol alters 4-hydroxypropranolol levels but not beta blockade. AB - The ability to hydroxylate debrisoquine is known to be polymorphically distributed, with about 8% to 9% of the North American Caucasian population being poor metabolizers. We have shown that the ability to 4-hydroxylate propranolol is also polymorphically determined and that it cosegregates with ability to metabolize debrisoquine, such that poor debrisoquine metabolizers produce much less 4-hydroxypropranolol (4-OH propranolol) than do extensive metabolizers. There was no significant difference, however, between plasma propranolol concentrations after either single or multiple doses in the two groups. Despite the substantial difference in production of the pharmacologically active 4-OH metabolite, no difference was seen in the extent of beta-blockade induced in the extensive and poor metabolizers, which implies that 4-OH propranolol does not contribute substantially to beta-blockade. PMID- 6734050 TI - Beta adrenoceptor antagonism and pressor response to phenylephrine. AB - Patients on beta-blockers may experience a potentially harmful blood pressure rise after topical alpha-adrenoceptors such as phenylephrine. The presumed mechanism for this enhanced pressor responsiveness is unopposed alpha adrenoceptor activity. This possibility has been investigated in 12 patients with hypertension by infusing increasing intravenous doses of phenylephrine after 2 wk on propranolol, metoprolol, or placebo within a randomized, double-blind, crossover study design. Mean (+/- SE) phenylephrine doses required to increase systolic blood pressure by 25 mm Hg were 4.8 +/- 0.7, 4.7 +/- 0.8, and 5.3 +/- 0.9 microgram/kg on propranolol, metoprolol, and placebo; these differences are not significant. Baroreceptor-mediated decreases in heart rate during phenylephrine infusion were in the same range, 15.8, 15.6, and 17.4 mm Hg on propranolol, metoprolol, and placebo, over baseline heart rate values. In these 12 patients with hypertension, beta-blockade did not induce any appreciable enhancement of alpha-adrenoceptor activity, suggesting that patients with hypertension who receive beta-blockers do not have enhanced pressor responsiveness. PMID- 6734052 TI - Digoxin-quinidine-spironolactone interaction. AB - Digoxin kinetics are substantially altered by quinidine and by spironolactone. We evaluated the effect of the combination of quinidine and spironolactone on digoxin kinetics and compared it to the effect on digoxin of each drug alone. Six normal subjects each received a 1.0-mg intravenous dose of digoxin alone, digoxin with quinidine, digoxin with spironolactone, and digoxin with both quinidine and spironolactone. Spironolactone and quinidine, alone and in combination, reduced digoxin systemic, renal, and nonrenal clearances and prolonged digoxin elimination t 1/2. A greater alteration in digoxin kinetics was induced by quinidine than by spironolactone, and an even greater effect resulted from the combination. We did not assess clinical consequences of the interaction. We advise reduction in digoxin dose, careful clinical evaluation, and measurement of serum digoxin concentrations when digoxin is used in combination with quinidine and spironolactone. PMID- 6734051 TI - Effects of propranolol and of verapamil on heart rate and blood pressure in hyperthyroidism. AB - Cardiac manifestations of hyperthyroidism have been attributed to enhanced sympathoadrenal activity, but thyroid hormones also have a direct positive chronotropic effect on sinoatrial cells, in which there are slow calcium channels. We evaluated the effects of verapamil on heart rate, PR and QT intervals, and blood pressure in eight patients with hyperthyroidism and compared them to those effects of propranolol. Three doses of propranolol (0.05, 0.1, and 0.2 mg/kg) and verapamil (0.1, 0.2, and 0.4 mg/kg) were injected intravenously after a 72-hr withdrawal period in a double-blind, crossover fashion. Propranolol increased the RR interval from 581 +/- 51 to 734 +/- 65 msec, whereas verapamil did not have any negative chronotropic effect despite prolonging the PR interval. Systolic blood pressure decreased from 134 +/- 5 to 119 +/- 8 mm Hg after verapamil and was not affected by propranolol. Diastolic blood pressure was depressed equally by both drugs. We conclude that verapamil is not a good alternative drug to propranolol in hyperthyroidism. Our data cannot confirm the possibility of an interaction between thyroid hormones and slow calcium channels in patients with hyperthyroidism. PMID- 6734053 TI - Influence of nicotine on cardiovascular and hormonal effects of cigarette smoking. AB - To elucidate the importance of nicotine in determining the effects of cigarette smoking, we studied 10 healthy subjects on a research ward who were either smoking their usual brand of cigarettes, smoking high- (HN, 2.5 mg) or low- (LN, 0.4 mg) nicotine research cigarettes, or abstaining. Blood nicotine concentrations were four times as high smoking HN than LN cigarettes. Values while smoking their own brands were intermediate. Cigarette smoking increased mean (24-hr) heart rate (HR), but HR effect did not differ as a function of nicotine exposure. Analysis of the hourly HR pattern showed that smoking increased HR more over the first few hours of the morning, but then followed a circadian pattern similar to that during abstention. HR remained elevated all night even though no cigarettes were smoked. Blood pressures tended to be higher while smoking, but plasma cortisol concentrations throughout the day did not differ while smoking or abstaining. Thus the amount of nicotine consumed when assessed over the whole day has little influence on magnitude of cardiovascular responses to cigarette smoking. Insofar as nicotine contributes to risk, changing nicotine content per se may not alter the risk of sudden adverse cardiac events associated with cigarette smoking. PMID- 6734054 TI - Disposition of intravenous glycofurol: effect of hepatic cirrhosis. AB - The disposition of intravenous glycofurol, a solvent for some drugs, was followed in nine male patients with hepatic cirrhosis. In comparison with age-matched controls, glycofurol clearance in the patients with cirrhosis was reduced 43% and terminal t 1/2 was prolonged 103%. There was no significant difference between the cirrhotic and control groups in volume of distribution. PMID- 6734055 TI - Tiflamizole elimination from plasma in rheumatoid arthritis. AB - Tiflamizole is a fluorinated diarylamidazole sulfone nonsteroidal anti inflammatory drug not metabolized or excreted in urine. Its mean (+/- SD) elimination t 1/2 from plasma was 21.6 +/- 9 days (range 11.8 to 49.5 days) in 17 subjects with rheumatoid arthritis, and appeared to be first order in most of them. Plasma elimination t 1/2 was loosely related (r = -0.67) to stool frequency in eight subjects for whom stool frequency data were available. In one, cholestyramine decreased t 1/2 to 4.1 days. In two patients, synovial fluid total tiflamizole concentrations were approximately one-third of simultaneous plasma concentrations, but elimination t 1/2s from synovial fluid were of the same order as those from plasma. Even with infrequent dosing, the longer t 1/2 may help sustain the anti-inflammatory effects of this drug. PMID- 6734056 TI - Effect of sleep on quazepam kinetics. AB - The effect of sleep on quazepam kinetics was studied in 12 normal adult men. In a randomized two-way crossover design, each subject received one 15-mg quazepam tablet either at night just before sleep or in the morning after a night's sleep. Blood samples were drawn before and at specified times (to 120 hr) after dosing. To assure that blood collection did not interfere with sleep, blood was drawn by an indwelling catheter from a large arm vein. Plasma concentrations of quazepam and its two major plasma metabolites (which are also active) 2-oxoquazepam and N desalkyl-2-oxoquazepam (N-desalkylflurazepam) were determined by specific GLC methods. Kinetic analysis was by a two-compartment open model with first-order absorption/formation kinetics. Quazepam was rapidly absorbed with both administration times; absorption t 1/2 was 0.7 to 0.9 hr. Absorption lag time was slightly longer after the nighttime dose (1.0 and 0.6 hr). Maximum concentration and AUC of quazepam and 2-oxoquazepam and AUC of N-desalkyl-2-oxoquazepam were somewhat higher after nighttime dosing, most likely a result of decreased apparent volume of distribution of the central compartment after the nighttime dose (5.0 l/kg for nighttime dosing and 8.6 l/kg for morning dosing). The elimination t 1/2s of quazepam, 2-oxoquazepam, and N-desalkyl-2-oxoquazepam after the morning dose were 25, 28, and 79 hr, which did not differ from those values after the nighttime dose. In general, time of dosing had no appreciable effect on quazepam kinetics or those of its major active plasma metabolites. The small differences between the two dose times are not expected to have clinical significance. PMID- 6734057 TI - The place of staging laparotomy in the management of Hodgkin's disease. AB - The results of laparotomy and splenectomy in 225 patients with Hodgkin's disease are presented. The investigation changed the staging of the disease in 35% of patients. It carried no mortality and a low morbidity. It is concluded that the procedure provides information unobtainable accurately by other means and that it should be carried out in adult patients of both sexes and all histological subgroups who have clinical Stage I and II disease. PMID- 6734058 TI - Ultrasonic assessment of infectious meningitis. AB - Real-time ultrasonography was performed, utilising the patent anterior fontanelle, on 82 infants with viral or bacterial meningitis. One third of the cases had normal ultrasonic appearances. The other two thirds demonstrated abnormalities of the subdural space, parenchyma and ventricles. Ventricular dilatation was the commonest abnormality and was present in 57% of the infants; ultrasonic evaluation was used to monitor the progress of treatment of these patients. PMID- 6734059 TI - Ultrasound evaluation of complications in shunted hydrocephalus. AB - In the infant the cranial and abdominal complications of ventriculoperitoneal shunting can be assessed by real-time ultrasound via the anterior cranial fontanelle or the abdominal wall. The possible complications are listed and eight cases document the spectrum. PMID- 6734060 TI - Computed tomography of sellar and parasellar lesions. AB - The findings in 50 patients examined by computed tomography (CT) of the pituitary fossa are described. The appearances in 43 were judged to be abnormal, four were normal and three were 'doubtful'. Abnormal features included deviation of the pituitary stalk (seven), localised increased enhancement after intravenous injection of contrast medium (18) and extrasellar extension of tumour (11). The CT scans enabled diagnoses of pituitary microadenoma, empty sella and combinations of the two to be made. Modern CT scanners (third or fourth generation) provide detailed information enabling the optimum assessment and treatment of sellar and parasellar lesions. PMID- 6734061 TI - Radiculography with non-ionic contrast medium: routine bed rest is unnecessary. AB - In a prospective study into the occurrence of side-effects, 200 patients who had undergone iopamidol radiculography were randomly allocated into two groups, one being confined to bed for 24 h and the other allowed to be fully ambulant. We found that the incidence of side-effects was not increased by allowing the patients to remain ambulant and that headache and dizziness were significantly less frequent than in a comparable study in which we had used metrizamide. PMID- 6734062 TI - A pilot evaluation of radiography of the acute abdomen. AB - A pilot study to assess the value of abdominal films in acute surgical admissions was undertaken. The effect of chest and abdominal radiographs on the initial management of 100 consecutive patients was assessed. A management change of 10% was found and the implications are discussed. Patients with non-specific abdominal pain and women under 40 years of age had normal radiography. Pregnancy should first be excluded in the latter group. PMID- 6734063 TI - Computed tomography in 101 patients with a palpable abdominal mass. AB - A total of 101 patients with a palpable or suspected abdominal mass of unknown origin were examined by computed tomography (CT). In 69 patients an abnormality was demonstrated at the site of the palpable mass; only in one patient was this finding erroneous (false positive). In 32 patients no lesion was demonstrated (one false negative). Such high positive and negative predictive values (99% and 97%) indicate the value of CT in determining the presence or absence of a lesion to account for a clinically apparent mass, especially when there is doubt as to its presence or organ of origin. As to the cause of the mass, CT correctly identified the responsible organ or structure in 64 out of 69 patients with a lesion (93%) and suggested the likely nature in 61 (88%). PMID- 6734065 TI - Thin-walled ring shadows in early pulmonary sarcoidosis. AB - The appearance of ring shadows on the chest radiograph of patients with sarcoidosis is usually associated with generalised, irreversible pulmonary fibrosis. We report three patients in whom thin-walled ring shadows appeared early in the disease. These ring shadows occurred in areas of pre-existing lung shadowing and in two patients they disappeared with corticosteroid therapy over a period of 1-2 years. We postulate that these early sarcoid ring shadows may be caused by a combination of central necrosis of areas of coalescent granulomas and a check-valve mechanism beyond partial obstruction of airways by endobronchial sarcoidosis. PMID- 6734064 TI - Abdominal hydatid disease: computed tomographic and ultrasound changes during albendazole therapy. AB - Eleven patients with abdominal hydatid disease were monitored by ultrasound and computed tomography during treatment with albendazole. As well as diminution in cyst size, some patients developed a transonic halo around their cysts and, in others, daughter cysts apparently disappeared. PMID- 6734066 TI - The subcutaneous reaction: a useful mammographic sign. AB - The appearance of a subcutaneous reaction which may be observed on a mammogram in the presence of underlying pathology is described. When this sign was used as the sole indicator of malignancy in a series of 273 consecutive biopsied cases, a specificity of 96% and a positive predictive value of 89% was observed. Non malignant cases, not in the series, are also presented and it is concluded that, in cases not investigated by Tru-cut needle biopsy or cyst aspiration and in the absence of infection or lymphoedema, malignancy should be considered a highly likely cause of a subcutaneous reaction. PMID- 6734068 TI - Soft-tissue thickness of the wrist. AB - Increase in the soft-tissue thickness of the wrist is said to be a sensitive indicator of early oedema due to generalised or local arthritic disease. No normal values are available. Measurement of the soft-tissue thickness opposite the radial and ulnar styloid processes in a random population demonstrated a large normal range which was not related to obesity. This large normal variation calls into question the accuracy of radiological evaluation of early wrist oedema. PMID- 6734067 TI - A new radiological sign in the hips of cerebral palsy patients. AB - During a review of 74 patients with cerebral palsy, a notch on the supero-lateral aspect of the femoral head was demonstrated in 17. It is postulated that this is due to moulding in response to the tendency of the femur to migrate upwards and outwards. Its presence is a good prognostic sign that such a hip is unlikely to dislocate. PMID- 6734069 TI - A new method of measuring the femoral anteversion and neck-shaft angles. AB - A new and simple method for measuring the femoral anteversion and neck-shaft angles, based on descriptive geometric principles, is described. Its technique and geometrical analysis are also analysed. The results have proved to be very accurate. Graphs have been prepared from which one can readily determine the anteversion and neck-shaft angles, once the projected angulations have been measured. PMID- 6734070 TI - Computed tomography of the anterior cruciate ligament. AB - The anterior cruciate ligaments of 20 patients with suspected pathology in one ligament were studied by thin-section computed tomography (CT) and reformating techniques. In 19 patients, the suspect anterior cruciate ligament was abnormal and this was confirmed by subsequent arthroscopy or arthrotomy in thirteen. Thin section CT and reformatting techniques provide a useful means of non-invasively imaging the anterior cruciate ligament. PMID- 6734071 TI - Embolization of renal carcinoma. PMID- 6734072 TI - Effect of intraluminal hydrocortisone on solute and water absorption in the human jejunum. AB - To compare the effects of intravenous and intraluminal hydrocortisone on jejunal transport, the proximal jejunum was perfused with glucose (28 mmol/l) in saline in two groups of normal subjects. In the first group of seven subjects, compared with the control period results there were no changes in sodium, water and glucose absorption during the intravenous administration of hydrocortisone. In contrast, intraluminal hydrocortisone (100 mg/l) increased sodium, water and glucose absorption by 169%, 223% and 81% respectively (P less than 0.001 in each case) above the control values, when peripheral plasma cortisol levels were similar to those achieved with intravenous hydrocortisone. In the second group of three subjects, intraluminal hydrocortisone (10 mg/l and 30 mg/l), followed by an intravenous infusion of hydrocortisone, had no effects on sodium, water and glucose absorption. In a third group of six normal subjects perfused with fructose (28 mmol/l) in saline and bicarbonate (28 mmol/l) in saline intraluminal hydrocortisone (100 mg/l) had no effect on solute and water absorption. These results suggest that intraluminal hydrocortisone stimulates glucose-coupled sodium transport by exerting a topical effect on the apical membrane of the jejunal mucosa. PMID- 6734073 TI - Short-term studies on the use of glycerol as an osmotic agent in continuous ambulatory peritoneal dialysis (CAPD). AB - The use of glycerol as an osmotic agent in two different concentrations (92 mmol/l and 272 mmol/l) in peritoneal dialysis fluid was investigated over 3 days in six patients on continuous ambulatory peritoneal dialysis and compared with two concentrations of glucose (76 mmol/l and 215 mmol/l) in the same patients. The calorific value of the absorbed osmotic agent was lower, by 19% with isotonic and 22% with hypertonic solutions, when glycerol was used in place of glucose. However, glycerol provided significantly lower total ultrafiltration than glucose at each concentration, despite a higher initial osmotic pressure of the glycerol based solutions. Thus, the higher concentration of glycerol required to provide equal ultrafiltration may offset any calorific advantage. Equilibration of creatinine and urea was slower and creatinine clearance lower with glycerol. Solutions containing glycerol were initially less acid (pH 6.5) than those containing glucose (pH 5.1). Blood glycerol levels, which were in the physiological range with glucose as the osmotic agent, reached a peak 80-fold greater at 4.3 +/- 0.8 mmol/l during dialysis with fluid containing glycerol at 272 mmol/l and eightfold higher at 0.42 +/- 0.09 mmol/l with glycerol at 92 mmol/l. There was no evidence of haemolysis or other toxic effect despite these levels. The rise in blood glucose and insulin noted during the use of glucose based solutions was not found with glycerol. Circulating levels of lactate, pyruvate, alanine, non-esterified fatty acids and the ketone bodies were similar with the two agents. Although these short-term studies have shown no conclusive advantage of glycerol over glucose, long-term effects of glycerol, particularly on circulating lipid levels, will determine its future role as an osmotic agent in continuous ambulatory peritoneal dialysis. PMID- 6734074 TI - Transport of thyroid hormones. PMID- 6734075 TI - Pathogenicity of cationized albumin in the dog: renal and extrarenal effects. AB - The effects of 21 cationized serum albumin samples of various degrees of cationization on renal function were studied in the dog. The samples were perfused intra- aortically to obtain preferential perfusion of the left kidney in 25 dogs. Standard clearance techniques were used, associated in six dogs with sieving studies of 125I-labelled polyvinylpyrrolidone (125I-PVP) and with an extensive morphological study in 15 dogs. Renal effects were observed. (a) Renal effects in left kidneys. The perfusion with weakly cationized albumin (group 1) produced moderate proteinuria associated with the deposition of cationized albumin on the anionic sites of the basement membrane. Glomerular filtration rate (GFR) was unaltered. Perfusion with highly cationized samples (group 2) produced more severe proteinuria and a significant decrease in GFR. Glomerular permeability to 125I-PVP increased. Perfusion with the four samples of highest pI (group 3) was followed by anuria. (b) Renal effects in right kidneys. A retarded mild proteinuria appeared only in group 2 and group 3 animals without alteration of GFR. All the kidneys (group 1 included), with the exception of two (group 3), showed deposition of the protein in the anionic sites. The following extrarenal effects were observed essentially in group 2 and group 3 animals: erythrocyte agglutination and haemolysis, platelet aggregation and thrombocytopenia, and a decrease in plasma fibrogen level due to fibrinogen precipitation. These effects produced progressive obstruction in the glomerular capillaries, thus explaining the occurrence of anuria. The structural damage in group 2 and group 3 left kidneys bears remarkable resemblance to that observed in the fulminant form of the human so-called 'haemolytic-uraemic syndrome'. The neutralization alone of the fixed negative charges in the glomerular wall appears to produce only mild proteinuria, whereas the various extrarenal effects combine to produce more severe proteinuria associated with functional alteration and vascular obstruction. PMID- 6734076 TI - Plasma clearance, tissue distribution and catabolism of cationized albumins with increasing isoelectric points in the rat. AB - The infusion of cationic substances produces acute renal failure and proteinuria, and an experimental disease very similar to disseminated coagulopathy. The purpose of this work was to investigate further, in the rat, the plasma disappearance rate, the tissue distribution and the catabolism of albumins with modified isoelectric points. Human serum albumin was cationized with hexanediamine and labelled with 125I or 131I. During 10-180 min after their intravenous injection into the rat, these modified 125I-labelled albumins were cleared from the plasma at a rate which increased with their isoelectric point. At 1 and 3 h after the injection of highly cationic proteins (isoelectric point higher than 9.5) the tissue protein bound 125I concentration was greatest (approximately 3.5% of the injected activity/g) in the spleen and liver. A significant amount of the basic proteins was found in the kidney and in the lung (0.75-1%/g). Their concentration was much lower in other tissues. The whole body radioactivity was significantly lower 24 h after the injection of 131I-labelled cationized albumins than after similarly labelled native albumin. However, expressed as a percentage of the retention at 24 h, the body radioactivity at later times was higher for cationic than for native albumin. We conclude that cationized albumins are cleared from the plasma, mainly by the reticuloendothelial system, at a rate directly related to their isoelectric point. The cationized albumins are catabolized very rapidly initially, but a fraction of the injected protein remains in the body for a longer time than native albumin. PMID- 6734077 TI - Role of the splanchnic bed in extracting circulating adrenaline and noradrenaline in normal subjects and in patients with cirrhosis of the liver. AB - Splanchnic extraction rates of adrenaline and noradrenaline were determined in seven normal subjects and in nine patients with cirrhosis of the liver using arterial-hepatic venous catherization . Both catecholamines were effectively removed when the blood passed through the splanchnic area: splanchnic fractional uptake of adrenaline in normal subjects was 90 +/- 3%, and lower for noradrenaline, 68 +/- 4% (P less than 0.001). Net splanchnic extraction rates were higher for noradrenaline (126 +/- 16 ng/min) than for adrenaline (40 +/- 10 ng/min, P less than 0.001), probably due to the higher arterial plasma levels of noradrenaline. Resting arterial adrenaline and noradrenaline levels were significantly higher in cirrhotic patients than in normal subjects (adrenaline: 121 +/- 27 vs 54 +/- 8 pg/ml, P less than 0.05; noradrenaline: 678 +/- 89 vs 251 +/- 26 pg/ml, P less than 0.005). Net splanchnic catecholamine uptake was increased in cirrhotic patients. The results demonstrate that the splanchnic bed in normal and cirrhotic subjects extracts plasma catecholamines efficiently; they suggest that elevated plasma catecholamines in cirrhosis are not the result of impaired splanchnic catecholamine removal. PMID- 6734078 TI - The biliary excretion of sulphated and non-sulphated bile acids and bilirubin in patients with external bile drainage. AB - The biliary excretion of total bilirubin and bile acids, and the fate of tracer doses of radioactive sulphated and non-sulphated bile acids, were studied in patients with percutaneous transhepatic bile drainage. Non-sulphated bile acids were excreted in bile early after biliary decompression, and the serum total 3 alpha-hydroxy bile acid concentrations fell rapidly to normal. Biliary bilirubin excretion was both less than and delayed compared with that of bile acids, and the serum bilirubin concentration fell more slowly. The serum disappearance of [3H]chenodeoxycholate-3-sulphate was slower than that of [14C]glycocholate in all patients with bile drainage, the difference being more marked in the jaundiced patients. The radioactive sulphated bile acids were recovered predominantly in the urine of the jaundiced patients. In contrast [14C]glycocholate was excreted almost exclusively in bile. In an anicteric patient, radioactive sulphated bile acid disappeared from the serum more quickly, and biliary recovery exceeded that in the urine. The studies demonstrate the differences in handling of total bilirubin, and sulphated and non-sulphated bile acids in man after the relief of bile duct obstruction. The biliary excretion of radioactive labelled sulphated bile acids is low for at least 1 week after biliary drainage, but later becomes the predominant route for excretion in the anicteric patient. PMID- 6734079 TI - Forearm arterial compliance: the validation of a plethysmographic technique for the measurement of arterial compliance. AB - Arterial compliance was determined in eight normal subjects and 23 patients with hypertension and vascular disease by two independent techniques: (a) with a plethysmographic strain gauge (to measure pulsatile forearm volume changes as representing intra-arterial volume changes) and an automated sphygmomanometric system (to measure pulse pressure) and (b) calculation from the local pulse wave velocity and dimension of the brachial artery measured by pulsed wave Doppler ultrasound. Arterial compliance measured both by the plethysmographic technique and calculated from the pulse wave velocity was reduced in subjects with hypertension and vascular disease as compared with normal subjects. The regression equation between the compliance determined by the plethysmographic technique (x) and that calculated (y) from the pulse wave velocity and brachial arterial diameter was y = 3. 35x + 1.53, r = 0.77, P less than 0.001. The good correlation appears to validate the plethysmographic technique as a method of determining arterial compliance. PMID- 6734080 TI - Whole body cellular and collagen nitrogen in healthy and wasted man. AB - The classical literature shows that wasting of body protein takes place mainly from the cellular compartment leaving high proportions of extracellular collagen. Whole body nitrogen ( WBN ) is proportional to whole body protein (cellular + extracellular) while whole body potassium ( WBK ) is almost entirely intracellular. WBK might be an adequate index of cellular wasting. WBN was measured by neutron activation and WBK by counting 40K in 29 healthy males and 131 male and female patients with wide ranges of body composition. Our wasted patients with Crohn's disease or ulcerative colitis, had higher WBN / WBK ratios than matched healthy controls and the difference between the two groups was in the cellular ratio (23.6 mol of N/mol of K, 0.33 g of N/mmol of K, 3 mmol of K/g of N). A multiple regression model for all the subjects represented cellular nitrogen by a term in WBK and extracellular nitrogen by simple anthropometric measurements. The partial regression coefficient of WBN on WBK was 22.6 +/- 1.1 (SE) mol of N/mol of K; this was also similar to the cellular ratio. Our results were compatible with extracellular protein (mainly collagen, which is 35% of normal whole body protein) remaining resistant to wasting even when severe loss of cellular protein occurs. The high ratios of WBN / WBK in wasted patients can be explained by this disproportionate wasting of cellular substances and they do not imply alterations in the cellular N/K ratio. We suggested that the stable ratio of WBK to cellular protein makes it an effective index of cellular wasting. The resistance of collagen to wasting and the preponderance of extracellular mass in the fat-free mass of wasted subjects, make WBN and fat-free mass unreliable guides to the extent of wasting. PMID- 6734081 TI - Nocturnal foot blood flow in patients with arterial insufficiency. AB - Twenty-four hour continuous recording of xenon (133Xe) wash-out from the forefoot was performed on patients with normal circulations (n = 10) and on patients with different degrees of arterial insufficiency (n = 36). During day hours the calculated subcutaneous blood flow in the forefoot was on average the same in patients with normal circulations and in patients with different degrees of arterial insufficiency (mean: 2.0 +/- 0.8 ml min-1 100 g-1). During sleep the blood flow nearly doubled in patients with normal circulations; no systematic change was seen in patients with intermittent claudication. In patients with severe ischaemia, i.e. having rest pain, the blood flow decreased by approximately 50%. The changes in local blood flow may be due to changes in local sympathetic tone and to changes in local perfusion pressure. PMID- 6734082 TI - Post-exercise reduction of blood pressure in hypertensive men is not due to acute impairment of baroreflex function. AB - Two experiments were carried out in male subjects. In the first experiment heart rate and blood pressures were measured before, during and for 90 min after a 50 min period of intermittent exercise in seven hypertensive subjects. After exercise there was a marked reduction in systolic and diastolic blood pressures; this effect lasted throughout the 90 min observation period and was unaccompanied by tachycardia. In the second experiment heart rate and blood pressures were measured before and during the rest periods in a 50 min session of intermittent exercise in nine hypertensive and nine normotensive subjects. Following the first 10 min bout of exercise, resting blood pressures were significantly reduced in the hypertensive subjects; the reduction in blood pressure progressively increased following successive exercise periods. The normotensive subjects did not show a significant reduction in resting blood pressures until the fifth bout of exercise had been completed. In the second experiment also, the competence of baroreflexes was assessed by measuring cardiovascular responses to lower body subatmospheric pressure ( LBSP ) 30 min before and 30 and 60 min after exercise. The post-exercise reduction in blood pressure was not due to exercise-induced impairment of baroreflex mechanisms since the reduced blood pressure after exercise was well maintained during lower body subatmospheric pressure. Furthermore, after exercise, exposure to lower body subatmospheric pressure elicited greater increases in heart rate and forearm vascular resistance than were seen before exercise. PMID- 6734083 TI - Questions and answers on the "Baby Doe" rulings. PMID- 6734084 TI - The "Baby Doe" issue: developments at the state level. PMID- 6734085 TI - Massive digoxin ingestion in a child. PMID- 6734086 TI - Nicotine chewing gum not for all smokers. PMID- 6734087 TI - Slowly titrated lithium doses delay therapeutic response. PMID- 6734088 TI - Interference with serum digoxin assays in neonates. PMID- 6734089 TI - Usefulness of cyclosporine monitoring questioned. PMID- 6734090 TI - Serum lidocaine concentrations following subcutaneous administration. AB - Serum lidocaine concentrations were determined following subcutaneous administration for local anesthesia in the management of lacerations in the emergency room setting. Thirty patients received doses of lidocaine hydrochloride 1% solution ranging from 10 to 300 mg. Venous blood samples were drawn 15, 30, 45, and 60 minutes after lidocaine administration. Serum lidocaine determinations were made using an immunoassay system and verified by gas chromatography. There was no evidence of lidocaine absorption from the subcutaneous injection sites. There were no detectable concentrations of lidocaine in any of the patient blood samples. The absorption characteristics of subcutaneously administered lidocaine appear to be altered in traumatized tissue. PMID- 6734092 TI - Effect of oxaprozin on the steady-state anticoagulant activity of warfarin. PMID- 6734091 TI - Accuracy of four methods of home blood glucose monitoring in hemodialysis patients. AB - The accuracy of four techniques of home blood glucose monitoring in hemodialysis patients was compared. Arterial-venous blood samples were collected from 23 patients undergoing hemodialysis and analyzed for serum glucose concentrations using an automated laboratory method. Capillary-blood glucose concentrations were also determined in each patient by visual readings of the Chemstrip bG and Dextrostix reagent strips and by reflectometer readings of the StatTek Glucose and Dextrostix reagent strips. Readings of glucose concentration obtained by each of the four techniques were compared with laboratory-determined values, and the true and absolute deviations in these values for each technique were recorded. The effect of patient hematocrit on deviations in glucose concentration readings was evaluated by analysis of variance. The mean glucose concentration readings obtained using the visual and reflectometer (Dextrometer) readings of Dextrostix were substantially less accurate than the other two techniques when compared with serum glucose concentrations determined by the laboratory. The StatTek technique gave the smallest mean absolute deviation from laboratory-determined values. No correlation was found between the patient's hematocrit and either the true or absolute deviations in glucose concentrations. The Chemstrip bG and StatTek techniques are reasonably accurate methods for home monitoring of blood glucose concentrations in diabetic patients undergoing hemodialysis. PMID- 6734093 TI - Warfarin maintenance-dose prediction based upon initial anticoagulant response. PMID- 6734095 TI - Megaloblastic anaemia in vegetarian Asians. AB - Of 27 Asians with a megaloblastic bone marrow, 22 (81%) had nutritional deficiency of vitamin B12 (NMA), while five (19%) had true pernicious anaemia (PA). All the patients were Hindu vegetarians except for a single Muslim who had PA. Dietary intakes of calories, protein, iron, vitamin B12 and folate were below the recommended level in both groups. The PA group had lower levels of serum B12 and higher levels of serum folate than the NMA group. Despite low levels of red cell folate (RCF) in the NMA patients, the abnormality in deoxyuridine (dU) suppression was always corrected by vitamin B12. The dU suppressed value showed a significant inverse relationship to the RCF level. Nutritional deficiency of vitamin B12 is the most common cause of megaloblastic anaemia in Hindu vegetarians but the incidence of true PA is higher than previously thought and may approximate to that of the white population. PMID- 6734094 TI - Withdrawal reactions after long-term treatment with flurazepam. PMID- 6734097 TI - Bone marrow iron and plasma ferritin in dialysed patients given intravenous iron dextran. AB - Bone marrow biopsies have been taken in 28 patients on or approaching maintenance haemodialysis before and after treatment with monthly intravenous iron-dextran (Imferon). Stainable marrow iron was compared with blood Hb, plasma ferritin, erythrocyte protoporphyrin and MCH levels at the time of biopsy, and with previous or subsequent responses to iron in terms of blood Hb and MCH. There was a positive correlation between bone marrow iron and plasma ferritin levels both before and after iron therapy. All the patients with excess marrow iron had high plasma ferritin. However, six patients with low or normal marrow iron also had high plasma ferritin, two of these before iron therapy was given. Seven of the eight patients with no detectable marrow iron had low plasma ferritin. Three of the 28 patients failed to respond to iron with an increased blood Hb. MCH increased in all patients studied during iron therapy. All but one of the patients with high plasma ferritin prior to iron therapy responded well to iron. Although a good correlation between plasma ferritin and marrow iron can be shown in dialysed patients given intravenous iron-dextran, a high plasma ferritin level in an individual patient should not by itself preclude iron therapy. PMID- 6734096 TI - Effect of blood transfusion on iron status in sickle cell anaemia. AB - The iron status of 31 patients with sickle cell anaemia (Hb SS) and balanced globin chain synthesis was studied. Twelve patients (group I) had never been transfused; 14 had received up to 4 units of blood in the past (group II) and five had been hypertransfused for 6 months to 2 years (group III). The hypertransfused group had significantly higher MCV and MCH than the nontransfused one, and significantly lower total iron binding capacity and higher serum ferritin concentration than either groups I or II. The serum ferritin concentration was lower than normal in eight patients (five in group I and three in group II), and higher than normal in seven patients (four in group III and three in group II). The remaining 16 patients had normal serum ferritin concentrations. Our results indicate that iron overload is uncommon in adults with Hb SS who have not been transfused, and that a proportion of patients have lower than normal serum ferritin concentrations. Transfused patients, even 6 months after the last transfusion, show increased haemoglobin content of red cells, which may have an adverse effect on the frequency and severity of sickle crises. PMID- 6734098 TI - Amniotic fluid anti-D and the maternal serum: liquor ratio in rhesus haemolytic disease of the newborn. AB - Eighty-seven pairs of samples of maternal serum and amniotic fluid were analysed for anti-D levels at varying stages of gestation. There was a marked positive correlation between the maternal serum level and that in the amniotic fluid. The ratio of maternal serum anti-D to liquor anti-D was calculated for 61 pairs of data and was found to increase as gestation advanced. However, it was neither of clinical value in predicting the severity of haemolytic disease of the newborn nor the Rh(D) group of the fetus. PMID- 6734099 TI - An evaluation of some of the methods currently available for the production of leucocyte-poor blood. AB - Four methods used for the production of leucocyte-poor blood were compared: liquid nitrogen recovery and washing, washing alone, the Imugard filter and the Leuko-Pak filter. Twenty units of blood were tested by each technique. Liquid nitrogen recovery and washing, and the Imugard filter removed over 95% of white cells, and 95% and 56% respectively of platelets. Washing alone was unreliable and removed on average 47% of white cells and 85% of platelets. The Leuko-Pak filter removed on average 42% of white cells and 79% of platelets. PMID- 6734100 TI - Pure red cell aplasia--evidence for an inhibitory action of the bone marrow adherent cell layer. AB - Evidence is presented for an inhibitory action of the bone marrow adherent cell layer on erythropoiesis in a case of pure red cell aplasia. Cultures of the patient's bone marrow with autologous and normal plasma showed normal numbers of CFU-C, but total absence of BFU-E. There was no inhibition of BFU-E when normal bone marrow was cultured with the patient's plasma. T-cell depletion of the patient's bone marrow did not affect these results, but after removal of the adherent cells, normal numbers of BFU-E were cultured. These observations suggest that the adherent cells, which are predominantly macrophages, were responsible for the inhibitory action on erythropoiesis. PMID- 6734101 TI - Protocol for evaluation of automated blood cell counters. International Committee for Standardization in Haematology (ICSH). AB - This protocol is proposed for the evaluation of automated blood cell counters to assess the performance, advantages and limitations of such instruments. It is based on the International Committee for Standardization in Haematology (ICSH) 'Protocol for type testing equipment and apparatus used for haematological analysis' (1978a) and the British Committee for Standardization in Haematology 'Guidelines for the evaluation of instruments used in haematology' (Shinton, England & Kennedy, 1982). The document has been prepared by the ICSH Panel on Cytometry after discussion with colleagues. This tentative protocol will be reviewed 1 year after publication, in accordance with the ICSH rules, before it is adopted as a definitive standard. PMID- 6734102 TI - Extensive ecchymoses due to ibuprofen therapy in the management of haemophiliac arthropathy. PMID- 6734103 TI - Clinical features of early haemarthroses in severely affected adolescent haemophiliacs. AB - Six hundred and ninety bleeds into the knees, ankles and elbows of severe haemophiliacs presenting for treatment within 3 h of the onset of symptoms have been studied with the aim of providing clinical information for the haemophiliac patient or his parent treating early bleeding episodes at home. Patients were resident at a boarding school and documentation and follow-up to complete resolution was possible. Stiffness was a presenting symptom in 61% of elbow bleeds, 49% of knee bleeds and 18% of ankle bleeds. Pain was a presenting feature in 79% of ankle bleeds, 55% of knee bleeds and 42% of elbow bleeds. Tenderness was a common feature of ankle bleeds (85%), less so in elbows (55%) and knees (69%). Swelling was a very common feature at all sites and the mean increases in girth of the knees, elbows and ankles were 1.42 cm, 0.88 cm, and 0.62 cm, respectively. All the knee and elbow bleeds and 85% of the ankle bleeds had demonstrable restriction of movement. There was a direct relationship between the degree of swelling, extent of movement restriction and time taken for complete restoration of function, the mean of which was 3.6 days for elbows, 2.5 for knees and 1.1 for ankles. PMID- 6734104 TI - Symposium on controversies in laboratory medicine. PMID- 6734105 TI - The efficacy of the autopsy in medical quality assurance. AB - Autopsy is seen as the foundation of a pathology information service that possesses intrinsic value in the enhancement of medical care of the seriously ill. However, if it is to survive as a cost-effective consultative practice in the hospital setting, consideration must be given to the scientific principles of both information management and behavioral change strategies at the organizational level. The rationale for goals and the methodology are discussed. PMID- 6734106 TI - The fifth-year controversy. AB - Among the issues responsible for the current controversy surrounding a fifth year of training in pathology, the current division of authority and responsibility is paramount. In this article, approaches are recommended to resolve the acute problem and prevent comparable recurrences in the future. PMID- 6734107 TI - Can physicians be rational about diagnostic tests? AB - Concerns about diagnostic test utilization have led to interest in the role of tests in clinical decision-making, and researchers have developed guidelines for interpreting the results of diagnostic tests using Bayesian probability revision and decision analysis. Although it acknowledges the importance of these quantitative models in medical education, this article identifies major obstacles that limit their application, demonstrating that " rational " decision-making may not be rational or optimal in clinical practice. PMID- 6734108 TI - The pathologist and the diagnostic process. With a note on Edelman's Group Selection Theory and the Darwinian Computer. AB - In this well-detailed article, the author considers the diagnostic process phenomenologically (as it might be seen by an outsider observer) and goes on to consider the process from an aspect that is more interesting, more important, and much more difficult to understand: what goes on in a physician's mind as he makes a diagnosis. PMID- 6734109 TI - Interpretive reporting. AB - Recent growth in the number and complexity of laboratory tests requires more widespread and more sophisticated interpretive reporting. The author examines the state of the art and how pathologists can effectively manage the laboratory data portion of the medical data base. PMID- 6734110 TI - Reference values: are they useful? AB - To answer the question of whether reference values are useful in clinical decision-making, this article addresses the following major controversies: (1) Are reference subjects representative of the group from which they are selected? (2) To what extent should the process of collecting reference values be standardized and controlled? (3) Can a single distribution of reference values be used in an meaningful way in the process of clinical decision-making. PMID- 6734112 TI - Limitations and value of aspiration cytology. AB - The successes of aspiration cytology have enhanced its popularity over the past few years. Now the limitations of the technique are becoming apparent. This article reviews the uses and contraindications for the detection of benign and malignant lesions in various body sites. PMID- 6734111 TI - Leukocyte differentials. Are they worth the effort? AB - This article explores the analytical inaccuracies of routinely performed leukocyte differentials and cites the known biologic and personal physiologic variability in the total leukocyte counts and the leukocyte differential. The clinical value of leukocyte differentials in patients without hematologic disease is assessed on the basis of reports in the existing medical literature. It is concluded that the 100- or 200-cell differential is of no value in the majority of patients on whom the test is requested and that an initial scan of 300 or more cells in concert with the 10,000-cell differentials now available from instruments will soon replace the traditional " diff ". PMID- 6734113 TI - Inflammatory disorders of muscle. PMID- 6734114 TI - Myositis and malignancy. PMID- 6734115 TI - Inflammatory disorders of muscle. Cardiac abnormalities. PMID- 6734116 TI - Inflammatory disorders of muscle. Echovirus disease in hypogammaglobulinaemic patients. PMID- 6734117 TI - Management of polymyositis and dermatomyositis. AB - The overall prognosis for polymyositis and dermatomyositis has improved with the judicious use of corticosteroids, while azathioprine and other cytotoxic agents are of value in improving functional ability and decreasing the total steroid requirement. However, the duration of therapy and the relative risks of it must be under constant surveillance. Problems such as respiratory or cardiac failure in the course of the disease are of serious importance and require particular care in management . Finally, the possibility of neoplasm underlying the disease or occurring as a sequel to cytotoxic therapy should always be borne in mind. PMID- 6734118 TI - Inflammatory disorders of muscle. Classification. PMID- 6734119 TI - Inflammatory disorders of muscle. Histopathology. PMID- 6734120 TI - Electromyography in polymyositis and some related disorders. PMID- 6734121 TI - Polymyositis and dermatomyositis in adults. PMID- 6734122 TI - Inflammatory disorders of muscle. Aetiology. PMID- 6734123 TI - Juvenile dermatomyositis and polymyositis. AB - Myositis in childhood is characterized by elevated serum levels of muscle-derived enzymes, proximal symmetrical muscle weakness, abnormal EMG and a muscle biopsy which frequently documents an inflammatory process. In the paediatric age group, JDMS is much more common than PM and occurs more frequently among females. Mortality has been reduced from 33 per cent to 7 per cent following the use of steroids. The development of calcifications (33 per cent) can be the most debilitating consequence of JDMS . It is our premise that JDMS is a distinct disease entity and that the increase in HLA-B8 and -DR3 in JDMS places this disease in the company of other immunopathic disorders. There are conflicting data concerning immunological abnormalities in JDMS , but there appears to be impairment of natural killing and evidence of complement activation. The frequent positive ANA in JDMS raises the speculation of its relationship to the antinuclear antibody, Jo-1, found in some adults with PM, which has specificity for tRNAHis. Most newly diagnosed JDMS patients have antibodies to Coxsackie B which may be related to the pathogenesis of this disease. Specific pathological findings of endothelial cells containing reticulotubular inclusions are associated with vessel occlusion, subsequent obliteration and increased Factor VIII levels in clinically active disease. In addition to physical therapy, prednisone is the drug most used, but immunosuppressive agents and plasmapheresis have been tried in severely ill children. Rigorous evaluation of the efficacy of these modalities is needed. PMID- 6734125 TI - Treatment of occupational lung diseases. PMID- 6734124 TI - Diagnosis and treatment of erythropoietic protoporphyria. PMID- 6734126 TI - Advances in interstitial lung disorders. AB - Interstitial lung disorders are a heterogeneous group of diseases that result in a similar clinical presentation and have similar physiologic consequences on lung function. Our current understanding of these disorders indicates that there is an inflammatory component of these diseases that is reversible and that precedes the development of interstitial pulmonary fibrosis, which is irreversible. Although conclusive clinical studies are still lacking, treatment of pulmonary disease in these patients is based on the concept that treatment of the inflammatory component of the disease with immunosuppressive agents will prevent or reduce the amount of pulmonary fibrosis that develops. Because of the significant side effects associated with immunosuppressive drugs, therapy should be used only when there is likely to be therapeutic benefit. The use of immunosuppressive agents is, therefore, indicated in selected groups of patients. If there is a known precipitating agent for the interstitial disorder, such as asbestos exposure, the primary therapy is to avoid further exposure to the agent. Sarcoidosis is one of the most common systemic disorders associated with interstitial lung disease, and in this disease, corticosteroids clearly are of benefit. In pulmonary sarcoidosis, patients who are symptomatic or patients who demonstrate progressive clinical deterioration of pulmonary function should be treated. Recent studies also suggest that patients with a high degree of pulmonary inflammation as demonstrated by a positive gallium scan and a high percentage (greater than 28%) of lymphocytes obtained on lung lavage may also benefit from corticosteroid therapy. Idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis is a progressive disease and is usually symptomatic at the time of presentation, so it is reasonable to give all patients a therapeutic trial with corticosteroids.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS) PMID- 6734127 TI - Osteoporosis: a growing problem. PMID- 6734128 TI - Screening, diagnosis, and treatment of secondary hypertension. PMID- 6734130 TI - Surgical treatment of coexisting carotid and coronary arterial disease. PMID- 6734129 TI - Immunization against infectious disease. PMID- 6734131 TI - Herpes simplex ocular disease. AB - The present epidemic of genital herpes has led to broad concern among both physicians and lay persons. For those who specialize in cornea and external disease, this new awareness provides a much needed opportunity to discuss ocular herpetic disease. Through ongoing medical education, great strides are being made toward early diagnosis and appropriate therapy. The primary care physician occupies a pivotal position in these efforts. PMID- 6734132 TI - Dermatophytosis: an approach to therapy. PMID- 6734133 TI - Modern management of mixed bacterial infections. PMID- 6734134 TI - Bacterial pyelonephritis. PMID- 6734135 TI - Community-acquired pneumonia and lower respiratory infections. PMID- 6734136 TI - Pictures and names: making the connection. PMID- 6734137 TI - Measuring blood pressure: reports from patients. PMID- 6734138 TI - The effect of a health education intervention about breast cancer amongst general practitioners on speed of referral and outpatient workload. PMID- 6734139 TI - A review of aetiological and intervention studies on rickets and osteomalacia in the United Kingdom. PMID- 6734140 TI - Health of infants and use of health services by mothers of different ethnic groups in East London. PMID- 6734141 TI - Malignant hyperpyrexia: A role for the community physician. PMID- 6734142 TI - Lassa fever in London: environmental health aspects. PMID- 6734143 TI - Ethical implications of medical involvement in planning for nuclear war. PMID- 6734144 TI - The Mental Health Act 1983: a summary of the act and its implications. PMID- 6734145 TI - 'Emotion recollected in [provisional] tranquillity'. PMID- 6734146 TI - Communicable disease report. October to December 1983. PMID- 6734147 TI - Inadequacies of the ICD E code. PMID- 6734148 TI - Inpatient care for mental illness in Scotland: past trends and the future prospect. PMID- 6734149 TI - Sexual dimorphism in the Harderian gland proteins of the golden hamster. AB - SDS polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis of male and female hamster Harderian gland homogenates has shown a clear-cut sexual dimorphism. At least three major proteins present in the male gland are missing from the female gland. Two of the above are associated with the tubular clusters of the male gland while the third seems to be a structural component. PMID- 6734150 TI - Coupling of "malic" enzyme and NADPH:NAD transhydrogenase in the energetics of Hymenolepis diminuta (Cestoda). AB - Acetylpyridine NADP replaced NADP in promoting the Mn2+ ion-requiring mitochondrial "malic" enzyme of Hymenolepis diminuta. Disrupted mitochondria displayed low levels of an apparent oxaloacetate-forming malate dehydrogenase activity when NAD or acetylpyridine NAD served as the coenzyme. Significant malate-dependent reduction of acetylpyridine NAD by H. diminuta mitochondria required Mn2+ ion and NADP, thereby indicating the tandem operation of "malic" enzyme and NADPH:NAD transhydrogenase. Incubation of mitochondrial preparations with oxaloacetate resulted in a non-enzymatic decarboxylation reaction. Coupling of malate oxidation with electron transport via the "malic" enzyme and transhydrogenase was demonstrated by polarographic assessment of mitochondrial reduced pyridine nucleotide oxidase activity. PMID- 6734151 TI - Histone variants of the insect Plodia interpunctella during metamorphosis. AB - The pattern of histone variants from the meal moth Plodia interpunctella was compared to the mouse histone variant pattern. Plodia contains histones which comigrate on two dimensional gels with H3.2, H3.3, H4 and H2A.Z in mouse. Plodia H2A.1 and H2B.1 migrate somewhat differently from the respective mouse histones. Comparison of the iodinated tryptic peptides of H2A.1 and H2A.Z from mouse and Plodia showed that the H2A.Z proteins have two iodinated peptides that comigrate in the two species and three more that are different. The H2A.1 proteins in the two species have one iodinated peptide which comigrates and two more which migrate very close to each other. The histone variants from three developmental stages, larval, pupal and adult of Plodia interpunctella were also identified and compared. The same histone variant pattern is found through all stages of development. It is concluded that histone gene expression does not change during metamorphosis in Plodia . PMID- 6734152 TI - Turnover and tissue uptake of rabbit ferritin from rabbit plasma. AB - Using a two-site immunoradiometric assay for rabbit liver ferritin normal NZW rabbits were found to have very low plasma ferritin concentrations (less than 4 micrograms/l). Purified preparations of rabbit liver and kidney ferritin were labelled with 125I and injected into rabbits. Clearance from plasma was extremely rapid with an initial half-life of 1-2 min as measured by immunoprecipitation of labelled ferritin. The rate of clearance was unaffected by the labelling procedure and by the method of ferritin purification. Autoradiography and organ uptake studies showed that 125I-rabbit liver ferritin was removed mainly by liver reticuloendothelial cells, although on a weight basis, spleen had the greatest radioactivity. These studies indicate that rabbit ferritin released into the circulation is promptly cleared by the RES. PMID- 6734153 TI - The pursuit of a total data processing system free of language and programming. AB - The interactive system FLXFL has been reconstructed as a versatile tool for data analysis. The system now allows the user to carry out such step-by-step analysis as multivariate analysis, converting input data, changing the combination of variables, or making use of the intermediate result, all in an interactive mode. Another new feature is the interactive form designing facility for record output. This unique function provides flexibility in the output style without forcing laborious programming work on the user. Retaining the principle of operational simplicity, all the processes are consistently carried out based on menu selection. The system has processed as many as 50,000 records in the past, and currently it runs at three clinical institutions. Through experience with FLXFL, it is concluded that in the medical environment the simplicity of the menu-based operation fully offsets the restrictions imposed. PMID- 6734154 TI - Recognition of noisy peaks in ECG waveforms. AB - A new method for recognizing noisy peaks in ECG waveforms is presented. This method is based on the principle that most noisy peaks in ECG waveforms appear as pairs of adjacent peaks which satisfy certain criteria. These pairs are called "noisy peak pairs" in this paper. The above principle was originally based on observation and was subsequently checked and found to be correct utilizing a standard ECG library, namely, the CSE library. With this method and using that library, 84.8% on the average of all peaks in every lead were recognized as noisy. This method is useful when employed as a step in the process of recognizing the real peaks in ECG waveforms. PMID- 6734155 TI - A computerized system for localizing sources of cardiac activation. AB - A noninvasive method for locating a source of cardiac electrical activity is described. The data acquisition and its preliminary processing is done with the aid of a microcomputer, while lengthier calculations are done on a large computer. The method was tested on 18 patients, and the results indicate that it is reliable, and with further technical refinements it could be used in research and clinical settings. PMID- 6734157 TI - Field mapping of EEG by unbiased polynomial interpolation. AB - The technique for field mapping of EEG using interpolation by an unbiased estimator of two-dimensional isotropic higher-order polynomial is developed. Assuming that the observed EEG contains noise, this method permits free positioning of the electrodes and does not reveal artificial oscillations as large as those of the Gibbs' phenomenon as in the case of the widely used Fourier interpolation. In the example of RMS (root mean square) amplitude at anesthesia, the onset of the fast activities began to appear clearly in the frontal and occipital area. By this method, not only RMS amplitude, but also instantaneous amplitude, such as visual evoked potential and somatosensory evoked potential, can be mapped. PMID- 6734156 TI - A computer system for analysis and transmission of spirometry waveforms using volume sampling. AB - A microprocessor-controlled data gathering system for telemetry and analysis of spirometry waveforms was implemented using a completely digital design. Spirometry waveforms were obtained from an optical shaft encoder attached to a rolling seal spirometer. Time intervals between 10-ml volume changes (volume sampling) were stored. The digital design eliminated problems of analog signal sampling. The system measured flows up to 12 liters/sec with 5% accuracy and volumes up to 10 liters with 1% accuracy. Transmission of 10 waveforms took about 3 min. Error detection assured that no data were lost or distorted during transmission. A pulmonary physician at the central hospital reviewed the volume time and flow-volume waveforms and interpretations generated by the central computer before forwarding the results and consulting with the rural physician. This system is suitable for use in a major hospital, rural hospital, or small clinic because of the system's simplicity and small size. PMID- 6734158 TI - Statistical identification of compartmental models with application to plasma protein kinetics. AB - A numerical method for fitting linear compartmental models to data is presented which is similar to the method proposed by Jennrich and Bright (R. I. Jennrich and P. B. Bright, Technometrics 18, 385 (1976] and Feldman (H. A. Feldman. Amer. J. Physiol. 233, R1 (1977] but avoids some of the numerical difficulties. The method is direct and does not use numerical integration thereby avoiding time consuming and expensive calculations. Emphasis is on statistical procedures for model selection. In addition to the usual F tests for comparing two models, Akaike's Information Criterion (AIC) is introduced for choosing from among several models. The combined use AIC with an F test, chi-square test, or confidence intervals on estimated parameters gives a practical method to obtain a balance between underfitting and overfitting. Application to models of plasma protein kinetics illustrates the method. PMID- 6734159 TI - Computed tomography--a reliable diagnostic modality in pulmonary asbestosis. AB - Forty-six individuals with documented asbestos exposure were studied by computed tomography as part of their initial evaluation. CT sections were compared to standard chest radiographs and pulmonary function tests. The results showed computed tomography to be able to detect early signs of asbestosis in patients with inconclusive conventional radiographs or intact pulmonary function tests, the same as to demonstrate extensive pulmonary pathology in long-standing cases. PMID- 6734160 TI - Ventriculoperitoneal shunt metastasis of a pineal germinoma. AB - Metastasis of pineal germinoma to the peritoneal cavity via the patient's ventriculoperitoneal shunt represents an unusual complication of this rare tumor. We report such a case with autopsy correlation of the abdominal CT findings. CT accurately delineated the extent of the metastatic mass and revealed associated complications including biliary tract obstruction, thrombosis of the inferior vena cava and a small amount of ascitic fluid. Since this tumor is very sensitive to radiotherapy and chemotherapy, the need for early detection of such metastasis is apparent. Possible implications with respect to the management of these patients are considered. PMID- 6734161 TI - An unusual case of fluid-fluid layering in cystic astrocytoma. PMID- 6734162 TI - Small superficial cerebrovascular lesions: clinical and computed tomographic correlations. AB - The clinical and diagnostic studies in 40 patients with small superficial cerebrovascular lesions which were detected by CT is reviewed. Nine patients presented with seizures. Fourteen patients had pure motor hemiparesis. Eight of 17 patients had angiographic evidence of extracranial internal carotid stenosis (greater than 80%). CT showed an isodense gyral enhancing lesion in 21, hypodense lesion with enhancement in 11 and a hypodense nonenhancing lesion in 8. The prognosis for clinical recovery was best in those patients with an idodense enhancing lesion. PMID- 6734163 TI - CT scanning in septic sacroiliac arthritis or periarticular osteomyelitis. AB - Two cases are presented which demonstrate the utility of CT scanning in the evaluation of patients with septic sacroiliitis. The importance of making an early diagnosis in such patients is noted and the roles of various other modalities are related to that of CT scanning. PMID- 6734164 TI - Computed tomographic demonstration of gas collections simulating infection. AB - Two cases of computed tomographic demonstration of gas collections simulating gas forming organism infection are presented in patients shown subsequently not to be infected--the air resulting from tissue necrosis. These observations are helpful in guiding conservative management of certain patients in the appropriate clinical setting. PMID- 6734166 TI - Careers in psychiatry: options for the future. PMID- 6734165 TI - Steroid-induced mesenteric lipomatosis. AB - A patient undergoing chronic corticosteroid therapy presented with mesenteric lipomatosis that simulated malignant masses. Computerized tomography was instrumental in identifying these apparent tumors as benign fatty deposits. The spectrum of lipomatous abdominal lesions amenable to diagnosis by computerized tomography is reviewed. PMID- 6734167 TI - Alexithymia: towards validation and measurement. PMID- 6734168 TI - Changes in thought content following sleep deprivation in depression. PMID- 6734169 TI - Can schizophrenia begin after age 44? PMID- 6734170 TI - Organic brain syndrome in three cases of acquired immune deficiency syndrome. PMID- 6734171 TI - A prospective DSM-III study of 100 consecutive somatization patients. PMID- 6734172 TI - A new classification of narcotic addicts based on type and extent of criminal activity. PMID- 6734173 TI - Requests for outpatient mental health services: a comparison of whites and blacks. PMID- 6734174 TI - Stress: a pervasive dilemma in psychiatric emergency care. PMID- 6734176 TI - Toward a validation of the concept of borderline schizophrenia. PMID- 6734175 TI - Stress and adaptation in medical students: who is most vulnerable? PMID- 6734178 TI - The influence on the dermal cellular infiltrate of topical steroid applications and vehicles in guinea pig skin: normal skin, allergic and toxic reactions. AB - The mechanisms of the anti-inflammatory effects of corticosteroids are uncertain but could be explained by an influence on infiltrating leukocytes. Our method for the qualitative and quantitative investigation of the dermal cellular infiltrate makes it possible to study the effects of topically applied corticosteroid preparations and vehicles on the infiltrating leukocytes of normal skin, allergic and toxic reactions in guinea pig skin. Ointment and cream vehicles as well as corticosteroid cream and ointment preparations often caused erythema and increased mononuclear infiltrate after only short periods of application (24-72 h). The strongest steroid ointment gave the most marked macroscopic response and propylene glycol preparations the most marked cellular response. In both toxic and allergic reactions, application of steroid preparations after the provocation gave no beneficial result either macroscopically or microscopically. Macroscopic scores were worsened by cream and ointment preparations. Although steroid solutions had no beneficial effect, they caused no detrimental effect. The guinea pig seems to be extremely sensitive to irritants and has not proved to be a suitable model for this approach to the study of the efficacy of topically applied steroids. PMID- 6734179 TI - Oral exposure to a nickel-containing dental alloy of persons with hypersensitive skin reactions to nickel. AB - In 10 partially dentate subjects, all with long histories of skin reactions to nickel, prosthetic treatments were performed with fixed prosthetic appliances manufactured in a dental alloy containing 66% nickel. During time periods varying from 12 to over 40 months, these subjects were controlled using a variety of dental and medical methods. Neither adverse general nor oral clinical nor histological reactions were noted during the observation. PMID- 6734177 TI - Is the distinction between situational and nonsituational primary depression valid? PMID- 6734181 TI - Mephenesin contact dermatitis with erythema multiforme features. AB - 5 patients, all using a mephenesin -containing ointment, with an acute contact dermatitis also presented an id-like spread with erythema multiforme features. In 4 patients, patch tests were performed and since mephenesin was the common allergen in each of these cases, we may assume that this is also the cause of the erythema multiforme-like lesions. PMID- 6734180 TI - Histological changes in rabbits after application of medicaments and cosmetic bases (III). AB - An experimental study is reported of the irritant potential of oil of purcellin , isopropyl palmitate, nonyl phenol, Modulan , Amerchol and Acetulan when massaged in fixed amounts into the rabbit's skin daily for 30 days. Skin biopsies provided data on the number of epithelial cell layers, cell counts of the superficial dermis, and the fibre and basement membrane changes. All the test compounds induced changes in the form of increased number of epithelial cell layers and of the papillary dermis cell count, more marked for Acetulan or Amerchol . The difficulties in the evaluation of the results and their applications to human pathology are discussed. PMID- 6734182 TI - Multiple application delayed onset contact urticaria: possible relation to certain unusual formalin and textile reactions? AB - An unusual type of contact urticaria to formalin is described, based on 4 patients and experiments in 14 volunteers. The contact urticaria appeared on healthy skin only following repeated open applications or after a single application on slightly diseased skin. The possible relation of this phenomenon for patients claiming textile intolerance is discussed. Further tests are required to reveal the mechanism of this delayed onset contact urticaria to formalin. PMID- 6734184 TI - Sensitization to hydroquinone and the monobenzyl ether of hydroquinone. PMID- 6734185 TI - Allergic contact dermatitis by oral disulfiram. PMID- 6734183 TI - Pseudofolliculitis of the beard and "fiddler's neck". PMID- 6734186 TI - Thin-layer chromatography study of organic dye allergens. PMID- 6734187 TI - Use of buffer solutions for patch testing. AB - Acid and alkaline products must usually be diluted before patch testing in order to be non-irritant. The use of ordinary solvents for the dilution often means low concentration products to be tested. By using buffer solutions, the possible test concentrations can be increased at least many hundred fold. PMID- 6734188 TI - Stevens-Johnson syndrome associated with occupational exposure to trichloroethylene. AB - Reports on cases of Stevens-Johnson syndrome (erythema multiforme major) have seldom related it to occupational exposure to chemicals. Serious liver involvement is also uncommon. This report describes 5 cases of the syndrome who had been occupationally exposed to trichloroethylene. The circumstantial evidence suggested that the chemical might have been a causative factor in the disease. The liver was involved in all and in 3 it was serious, with one death. The degree of exposure to trichloroethylene varied. The duration of exposure ranged from 2 to 5 weeks. It seemed likely that there was a hypersensitive reaction to trichloroethylene in these cases. PMID- 6734189 TI - Flare-up reactions and desensitization from oral dosing in chromate-sensitive guinea pigs. AB - Flare-up reactions were induced in potassium dichromate hypersensitive guinea pigs by a single oral dose of 55 mg/kg. This dose is systemically toxic and higher than the dose required to induce the same reactions in humans. A total oral dose of potassium dichromate of 90-115 mg/kg induced immunological unresponsiveness for at least 6 weeks. With limitations, the guinea pig model may be helpful in screening the hyposensitization capacity of different haptens dosed orally. PMID- 6734191 TI - Tobacco dermatitis in Japanese harvesters. PMID- 6734190 TI - Cross sensitivity in colour developers. AB - Colour developers are widely used and contact dermatitis and lichen planus-like eruptions from them are well-known. As a result of automation, there have been few recent reports of contact dermatitis from colour developers. We describe here 4 cases of dermatoses from Kodak CD4 colour developer and study their cross sensitivity to other colour developers and PPD. Attempts were made to determine the purity of the patch test allergens to ensure that cross sensitivity was not the result of contamination and decomposition of the allergens. PMID- 6734192 TI - Allergic contact cheilitis to guaiazulene. PMID- 6734193 TI - Testing for 5 fluorouracil allergy: patch and intradermal tests. PMID- 6734195 TI - Animal experiments with nickel-chromium-molybdenum implants. PMID- 6734194 TI - Cosmetic dermatitis due to methyl glucose sesquisterarate. PMID- 6734196 TI - Contact urticaria from winged bean the (Psophocarpus tetragonolobus). PMID- 6734197 TI - Irritant contact urticaria to diethyl fumarate. PMID- 6734198 TI - Occupational airborne irritant contact dermatitis to slag. PMID- 6734199 TI - Contact allergy to choline chloride. PMID- 6734200 TI - Allergic dermatitis from Viruserol ointment probably due to tromantadine hydrochloride. PMID- 6734201 TI - Contact dermatitis to tromantadine. PMID- 6734202 TI - Macrophage activation. PMID- 6734203 TI - Biotransformation of norgestimate in women. AB - The metabolism of norgestimate (ORF-10131; 14C-d-13-ethyl-17-acetoxy-18,19-dinor 17 alpha-pregn-4-en-20- yn -3-oxime) was studied in humans. Compound labeled with carbon-14 in the 17 alpha-ethynyl group was administered to four female subjects. An average of 46.8 percent of the administered radioactivity was excreted in the urine and 36.8 percent in the feces over a two-week collection period. About 12 percent of the urinary radioactivity represented freely extractable metabolites and another 57 percent consisted of extractable material released by enzyme hydrolysis. The ethynylated metabolites of norgestimate were separated from endogenous compounds and non- ethynylated metabolites by silver- sulfoethyl cellulose column chromatography. Metabolites were subsequently isolated by high performance liquid chromatography and thin layer chromatography. The identification of five urinary metabolites was accomplished by combined gas liquid chromatography/mass spectrometry. These metabolites include norgestrel, 16 beta- hydroxynorgestrel , 2 alpha- hydroxynorgestrel , 3 alpha, 5 beta- tetrahydronorgestrel , and a fifth trihydroxylated metabolite of undetermined stereochemical configuration; 3,16-dihydroxy-5- tetrahydronorgestrel . PMID- 6734204 TI - Copper intravas device (IVD) and male contraception. AB - An alternative method of male contraception is crucial at this stage of increasing population in the developing world. A non-obstructive, non-hormonal, reversible method of male contraception would find acceptance in oriental communities. Our experience with copper IVD in small animals has been encouraging. We present here an extension of the use of the copper IVD in the rhesus monkey. Treated male rhesus ejaculate showed fifteen-to thirty-five-fold increase in copper levels up to 10 months after insertion of Cu IVD . Semen analysis showed an increase of dead sperm (23.0% - 52.3%; control 4.5% - 14.0%) and decrease in percentage of motile sperm (10-30%; control 70-80%). Fertility studies using treated male rhesus of proven fertility from the breeding colony mated with cycling females of proven fertility showed highly significant reduction of fertility up to 13 months (P less than 0.001). Reduction in fertility of the treated rhesus was also significant up to a period of 23 months (P less than 0.01). A reversal of contraceptive effect and increase in sperm count and motility is observed after 13 months post-treatment. Studies are required to achieve an increase in the effective life span of the IVD . PMID- 6734206 TI - The termination of early pregnancy in the mouse by beta-momorcharin. AB - beta- Momorcharin is a basic glycoprotein found in the seeds of Momordica charantia L. It differed immunologically from alpha- momorcharin also of the same source but possessed similar mid-term abortifacient activity. Intraperitoneal administration of beta- momocharin into mice on Days 4 and 6 of pregnancy led to an inhibition of pregnancy. In vitro study showed that the protein disturbed peri implantation development by: (a) blocking the hatching of embryos from the zona pellucida; (b) decreasing the incidence of successful attachment of the blastocyst; (c) reducing the trophoblast outgrowth; and (d) disrupting the development of inner cell mass. It is likely that beta- momorcharin inhibited embryonic implantation by a similar biological action previously described for alpha- momorcharin . PMID- 6734205 TI - Fluid migration through the tail of the Dalkon shield intrauterine device. AB - X-ray radiographs were used to monitor the migration of Renouve -dip radiopaque tracer through the multifilament tail of Dalkon Shield intrauterine devices (IUDs). The movement of the tracer was more rapid and migrated a greater distance through the long end of the tail than through the short end of the tail. The double knot serves as at least a temporary barrier to the migration of tracer from the long end of the tail, but this barrier was circumvented when drops of Renouve -dip radiotracer were placed at both ends of the tail. Migration of Renouve -dip radiotracer was prevented when the end of the Dalkon Shield tail was fused by heating. No migration of this tracer occurred on the tails of commonly used IUDs which possessed monofilament tails, thus demonstrating that fluid migration occurs within and not on the surface of the multifilament tail. PMID- 6734208 TI - Scanning electron microscopy of the multifilament IUD string. AB - Fifteen multifilament strings on Dalkon Shield IUDs removed from patients were evaluated with scanning electron microscopy. All fifteen showed deterioration of the sheath which encloses the smaller inner filaments. The greatest area of deterioration was at the attachment knot which is usually intrauterine. Deterioration of the sheath also occurs when the device is within the uterine wall or intraperitoneal. The risk of pelvic infection may be attributed to this deterioration of the sheath and contamination from that site. PMID- 6734207 TI - Long-term follow-up of children whose mothers used oral contraceptives prior to conception. AB - Anthropometric, psychometric and hematologic measurements were made at intervals in the first 3 years of life in a cohort of 732 infants, including 177 (24.2%) whose mothers used oral contraceptives (OC) prior to conception. Analysis of the data focused on weight and height measurements at 3, 9, 12, 24 and 36 months of age; hemoglobin and hematocrit at 9 months; development quotient (DQ) at 2 years and its components, posture, coordination, language and social; and intelligence quotient (IQ) at 3 years and its verbal and nonverbal components. Analyses were made for both sexes combined and males and females separately, by examining crude means, and means adjusted through linear multiple regression for birthweight, age of child at the time of examination, height of mother, mother's weight-for-height centile, birth-order, maternal and paternal education, and maternal smoking. No significant differences were found between the children whose mothers did or did not use oral contraceptives. PMID- 6734209 TI - Comparative clinical experience with 3 IUDs, TCu 380 Ag, TCu 220C and Mahua ring, in Tianjin, People's Republic of China. AB - A comparative study of three IUD models assigned at random was carried out at 5 hospitals in Tianjin. The experience of 2762 acceptors was analyzed by life table techniques. At the end of one year the net cumulative first segment pregnancy rates of the TCu 380Ag and the TCu 220C were 0.1 and 0.3 per 100, respectively, significantly below the 3.0 per 100 pregnancy rate of the Mahua double ring. The expulsion rate of the TCu 220C at the end of the first year, 1.6 per 100, was significantly lower than the expulsion rates of the other two devices. Removals for bleeding and pain cumulated to 3.3 per 100 at one year for users of the TCu 220C, significantly less than 6.8 per 100 for acceptors of the TCu 380Ag. Over all categories of termination, women who used the TCu 220C had the lowest one year termination rate, 5.5 per 100, while those who were assigned the Mahua device had the highest one year termination rate, 13.9 per 100. PMID- 6734210 TI - Study on the factors associated with contraceptive discontinuations in Bangkok. AB - Detailed information was collected from 666 cohorts of pill, injectable-DMPA and IUD acceptors at 14 Bangkok Metropolis Health Clinics (MHCs). The contraceptive status at 12-month follow-up home interview shows that 47% of pill acceptors, 39% of DMPA acceptors and 55% of IUD acceptors were still using the same contraceptive method and receiving them from the original source. The women who initially adopted the pill could seek the oral contraceptive from other sources with a higher significant percentage (14%) than was found in the DMPA and IUD group. The DMPA group revealed the lowest percent of using same method and same source but higher rate of clinic switch (15%), including method and clinic switch (18%), than the pill and IUD acceptors. The women who adopted the pill had stopped using any contraceptive method with the highest percentage (31%). The main reason for method switch among the three contraceptive acceptors was disagreeable health effects; 50% of pill acceptors, 75% for DMPA acceptors and 49% for IUD acceptors. Another important reason for IUD switch was a 32% expulsion of IUD. Those who switched clinic gave the three important reasons of distance inconvenience, opening hour inconvenience and disagreeable health effects. Service-related factors are likely to play a less important role in determining discontinuation of the pill and DMPA, while the reasons on doctors objecting to removing the IUD appear to be the major service-related factor in discontinuation of IUD (19%). The decision to stop using any contraceptive appeared to be related to dissatisfaction with the method and side effects was the primary reason and the secondary reason was that they wanted another child.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS) PMID- 6734211 TI - Vascular pathology in phenylbutazone intoxicated horses. AB - Three mature Thoroughbred geldings were given 13.63 mg phenylbutazone/Kg bodyweight intravenously for 3 days and repeated in one horse 4 days later. After 4, 7 and 10 days (double treatment), degeneration of the wall of small veins occurred in all horses. The veins were dilated and/or showed hyalin degeneration. The phlebopathy was interpreted to be paramount in phenylbutazone intoxication. All other manifestations, including erythro- and leukodiapedesis, submucosal edema and ulceration of the gastrointestinal mucosa, phlebothrombosis and significant changes in the hemogram and serum chemistry, were considered secondary to the vein lesions. PMID- 6734212 TI - [Comparison of institutional and ambulatory methods of rehabilitation in myocardial infarct]. AB - The authors compared the results of their own methods of rehabilitation after myocardial infarction, applied in two groups: 92 patients who were trained in the institute, and in other 92 patients who performed their rehabilitation training for some weeks at home. In all patients the working capacity (bicycle ergometry), psychosocial state and rate of return into professional activity over one year after infarction were examined. No statistically significant differences in the results obtained in both groups were found except for the working capacity, the improvement of which was significantly more pronounced in patients who performed their rehabilitation training in the institute. PMID- 6734213 TI - Central haemodynamics in different stages of hypertension. AB - Central and systemic haemodynamics were investigated in 53 juvenile hypertensives (JH) and in 43 older hypertensives aged over 30 (OH). The cardiac index at rest was significantly higher in JH, stage I and II according to the WHO, than in OH, stage I and II. Hyperkinetic circulation was present in systolic as well as in systolic-diastolic hypertension. Peripheral vascular resistance was at rest in JH relatively elevated (in relation to the given cardiac output) and normalized during heavy muscular work. In OH, peripheral vascular resistance was elevated at rest, but did not normalize during exercise. Mean and end-diastolic pulmonary artery pressure are at rest and during exercise higher in OH, regardless of the stage of hypertension, while in JH they are normal. Mean and diastolic pulmonary artery pressure correlate with systolic pressure in systemic circulation at rest and during exercise both in JH and in OH. In OH, left heart filling pressure is during exercise higher in patients with signs of ischaemic heart disease. PMID- 6734214 TI - Arterial blood flow and resistance in the forearm of arteriosclerotic patients. AB - Twenty patient with severe atherosclerotic affection of the lower limbs, but without any symptoms of involvement of their upper extremities, and twenty healthy controls were examined. The investigation included measurement of arterial blood flow and resistance in the left forearm at rest and after a three minute circulatory arrest, using a strain-gauge venous occlusion plethysmograph. Comparison of the results obtained in each group showed statistically significant differences in haemodynamic parameters such as maximal blood flow, resting resistance, and minimal resistance which suggested the presence of vascular changes also in the upper extremities. Arterial resistance proved to be a more sensitive indicator of circulatory disorder than blood flow. PMID- 6734215 TI - Telemetric evaluation of the atrioventricular conduction system. AB - A telemetric method was developed to record His-bundle ECG. With this technique the His-potential of ambulatory patients could be continuously monitored. The heart rate, AH intervals and HV intervals were recorded at rest, during exercise and during atrial pacing in ten patients with various arrhythmias. It was found that atrial pacing increased, and exercise, at comparable rates, decreased the AH intervals. The HV intervals did not change. The telemetric method is useful in dynamic evaluation of the atrioventricular conduction system in the clinical practice. PMID- 6734216 TI - Differential diagnosis of anomalous pulmonary venous return. A clinical roentgenological study. AB - The paper presents an analysis of the results of clinical and roentgenological examination of 88 patients with anomalous pulmonary venous return (42 females, 46 males), aged 2 weeks to 33 years. This defect has highly diverse anatomical variants. Its most frequent form is partial anomalous drainage (70.5%), while total drainage is much less frequent (29.5%). As regards the return level of the pulmonary veins, the site occurring most frequently is the supracardial one (63%), followed by the cardial (20%), mixed (11%) and infracardial site (6%). The authors compare the findings of X-ray examination with the results of catheterization of the right and left heart, selective angiocardiography (62) and the findings made intraoperatively (82), and assess the value of routine X-ray examination for differential diagnosis of partial and total anomalous pulmonary venous drainage at different return levels. PMID- 6734217 TI - Hyperkinetic circulation in the pathogenesis of hypertension. A review. PMID- 6734218 TI - Immunological changes in the organism of patients with myocardial infarction. AB - The study included 261 patients with myocardial infarction in whom heart antibody titre, the index of leucocyte migration and the indicator of their agglomeration with antigen from the infarction and perinfarction region were investigated. Two variants of immunological changes occurring in acute coronary disease were identified--one characteristic of a favourable course of the disease, the second characteristic of a complicated course in the acute and late periods. In patients with prior myocardial infarction, residual sensibilization is present both after discharge from the hospital and 1 to 3 years later. PMID- 6734219 TI - Importance of investigation of myocardial metabolites in diagnosis and evaluation of treatment of ischaemic heart disease. AB - Myocardial metabolism was examined in 114 patients with ischaemic heart disease. In selected subgroups, possibilities were detected of using this method in clinical cardiological diagnostics for determining or defining more precisely the diagnosis of ischaemic heart disease, and for objective evaluation of conservative or surgical therapeutic approach in ischaemic heart disease. PMID- 6734220 TI - Genetic analysis of the relationships between ischaemic heart disease and the blood lipid level. AB - The results of clinical-experimental research on the prevalence of ischaemic heart disease (IHD), the cholesterol (CS) and triglyceride (TG) level in a random sample of the male population of the city of Andizhan in the Uzbek SSR, aged 40 59 years (n = 593) have shown the following correlations between the mentioned variables: IHD - CS: rp = 0.61, IHD - TG: 0.64, CS - TG: 0.28. These findings suggest the existence of certain factors - genetic and/or environmental ones - common to the mentioned pairs of traits. Genetic analysis of the structure of common elements for IHD, CS and TG has shown that the genetic component of IHD liability is determined by genetic factors of the CS (50.2% and the TG level (47.3%). As regards the influence of environmental factors on IHD risk, statistical analysis has not so far permitted to draw any reliable conclusions. PMID- 6734222 TI - Sequential cardiopulmonary variables of infants and children in septic shock. AB - Sequential cardiopulmonary variables were analyzed in 32 infants and children with septic shock. Variables were staged by a system based on therapeutic efforts to control blood pressure. There were 14 survivors and 18 nonsurvivors. Systemic circulation variables (MAP, cardiac index [CI], systemic vascular resistance index [SVRI], wedge pressure [WP], left cardiac work index [LCWI]) and pulmonary circulation variables (mean pulmonary artery pressure [MPAP], pulmonary vascular resistance index [PVRI], CVP, right cardiac work index [RCWI]) were similar in survivors and nonsurvivors. Pulmonary variables (intrapulmonary shunt [Qsp/Qt], fraction of inspired oxygen [FIO2], Pao2, PaCO2) revealed significantly more dysfunction in nonsurvivors than survivors during the postresuscitation (PR) and middle (M) shock stages. Even though oxygen delivery was equivalent in survivors and nonsurvivors, nonsurvivors demonstrated decreased oxygen utilization variables (oxygen consumption [Vo2], arteriovenous oxygen content difference [C(a v)O2], O2 extraction index, core temperature) during the resuscitation (RS) and PR stages. PMID- 6734221 TI - Clinical evaluation compared to pulmonary artery catheterization in the hemodynamic assessment of critically ill patients. AB - Although pulmonary artery (PA) catheterization is frequently employed in the management of critically ill patients, there is little documentation that the information obtained alters patient management. This study evaluated prospectively this question in 103 PA catheterizations. Before catheterization, physicians were asked to predict the range of several hemodynamic variables, the presumed diagnosis, and their plan for therapy. After catheterization, each chart was reviewed. The hemodynamics at the time of catheterization and therapy within 8 h of catheterization were noted. Pulmonary artery occlusive (wedge) pressure (WP) was correctly predicted 30% of the time. Cardiac output, systemic vascular resistance (SVR), and right atrial pressure (RAP) were correctly predicted approximately 50% of the time. There was no significant difference in the ability to predict hemodynamics of subgroups with either hypotension or impaired oxygenation. After catheterization, planned therapy was altered in 58% of the cases. Unanticipated therapy was added in 30% of the cases. This study documents the difficulty of predicting accurately hemodynamics based solely on clinical evaluation. Thus, the information obtained by catheterization often leads to alterations in the therapeutic plan. We suggest that PA catheterization is both indicated and useful in the management of critically ill patients. PMID- 6734223 TI - Cellular defense in critically ill surgical patients. AB - Cell-mediated immunity was examined using 4 recall antigens in 102 critically ill surgical patients treated in an ICU. There were 4 (14%) deaths in 28 patients with positive reactions (R), compared to 33 (45%) deaths in 74 nonreactors (NR) (p less than .01). Thirty-seven of the patients were admitted after trauma, and mortality in this group was not significantly different between R and NR patients. Repeat testing in 40 NR patients who remained in the ICU for more than 7 days showed that 30 remained NR (70% mortality) and 10 became R (20% mortality, p less than .001). Peripheral blood lymphocytes from the patients showed a reduced response to concanavalin A, but a normal response to phytohemagglutinin and pokeweed mitogen. Mononuclear cells and granulocytes both showed a small increase in chemotactic response to casein, suggesting that the reduced response to skin testing may be partly due to defective T-cell function, rather than impaired phagocyte chemotaxis. PMID- 6734224 TI - Hemodynamic alterations in canine acute lung injury induced with N-nitroso-N methylurethane. AB - Acute alveolar injury induced by subcutaneous injection of N-nitroso-N methylurethane (NNNMU) closely resembles the pathology of human adult respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS). However, its effects on cardiovascular function have not been evaluated. We measured hemodynamic variables and venous admixture (Qsp/Qt at FIO2 0.21) and shunt fraction (Qsp/Qt at FIO2 1.0) in 7 dogs. The measurements were repeated when a single subcutaneous injection of 8.0 mg/kg NNNMU decreased PaO2 on room air to 40 torr (phase I) and 30 torr (phase II). Within 5 to 7 days after injection, PaO2 decreased to 40 torr, Qsp/Qt at FIO2 0.21 increased from 0.18 to 0.70, Qsp/Qt at FIO2 1.0 increased to 0.55, and pulmonary vascular resistance index (PVRI) increased from 213 +/- 37 to 407 +/- 142 dyne X sec/cm5 X m2 (p less than .05). However, a decrease in mean arterial pressure (MAP) from 153 +/- 16 to 131 +/- 32 mm Hg was the only significant hemodynamic change. At phase II, decreased systemic vascular resistance index (SVRI) was the only significant hemodynamic alteration. We conclude that single subcutaneous injection of NNNMU produces hemodynamic and pulmonary dysfunction similar to that seen in human ARDS. This acute lung-injury model may be useful for evaluating different ARDS therapies. PMID- 6734225 TI - Long-term follow-up of newborns with persistent pulmonary hypertension. AB - Persistent pulmonary hypertension of the newborn (PPHN) is a syndrome associated with high morbidity and mortality. Mechanical ventilation attempts to maintain a PaCO2 less than 30 torr and a pH greater than 7.5 until pulmonary hypertension resolves. To assess whether the disease or its therapy adversely affects neurodevelopmental or cardiorespiratory outcome, 11 infants diagnosed and treated for PPHN were evaluated at a mean age of 31 months. Nine had normal developmental quotients (DQs) and 2 had mildly delayed DQs. Eight children were entirely normal neurologically, 2 had slightly increased lower-extremity tone, and 1 had unilateral hypertonia. All cardiac exams, echocardiograms, and ECGs were normal. Four children had chronic lung disease requiring either daily or intermittent bronchodilator therapy; however, their activity levels were unaffected. These results suggest that subsequent normal development with little significant medical compromise may be expected in this group of critically ill infants. PMID- 6734226 TI - Transnasal fiberoptic endoscopy in children with obstructive apnea. AB - Eight children with obstructive apnea were evaluated by transnasal fiberoptic endoscopy. Three children had obstructive adenoids and tonsils, 2 had pharyngeal collapse, 1 had an obstructive tongue, and 1 had a subglottic cyst. The remaining patient had no abnormality. The results of transnasal endoscopy influenced therapeutic interventions. PMID- 6734227 TI - Evaluation of two devices for improving thermal control of premature infants in transport. AB - Two devices, a plastic heat shield and a chemically heated mattress, were evaluated for their ability to reduce the needed air temperature and the power requirements in air servo-controlled transport incubators. A single-walled transporter and a double-walled transporter were evaluated using a heated manikin modeled after a 1000-g baby. The plastic heat shield reduced required transport incubator air temperature by 0.7 degree in the single-walled and 0.5 degree in the double-walled incubator, but did not significantly reduce power consumption. The chemically heated mattress was more effective in reducing power consumption and required air temperature, but it was difficult to stabilize infant temperatures in an incubator without skin servo-control. The transport incubators tested have wide swings in air temperature even during stable operation, rendering them suboptimal to manage small premature infants. PMID- 6734228 TI - Two-dimensional echocardiographic demonstration of acute myocardial depression in septic shock. AB - A 50-yr-old woman exhibiting streptococcal neck cellulitis developed severe septic shock with low cardiac output, which was reversed by infusion of dopamine plus dobutamine. Two-dimensional echocardiography performed at the bedside demonstrated severe myocardial failure. The patient's condition remained dependent on inotropic drug support for 2 days and ultimately improved. Two dimensional echocardiography repeated on the fourth day corroborated the disappearance of transient myocardial failure. PMID- 6734229 TI - Technique to locate the end of an endotracheal tube. AB - The use of metallic spinal instrumentation in the low-cervical and high-thoracic spine can impede radiographic verification of the position of an endotracheal tube. The method described here may be of value in solving this problem. PMID- 6734230 TI - Critical Care Self-Assessment Program IV. PMID- 6734231 TI - ICU visiting policies. AB - Head nurses from 78 ICUs in 37 northeast Ohio hospitals were interviewed about visiting policies. There was tremendous variation with regard to frequency and length of visits; 25% of these ICUs allowed only 2 visits/day, and 42% restricted visits to under 20 min. Most units rarely or never allowed children under 12 yr old to visit. Traditional rationales for restricted visiting are not supported by studies in the literature, nor are they consistent with current concepts of patients' rights. In an era where high technology and medicine by-the-numbers threaten to dehumanize patients, open visiting is an important part of the humanization process. PMID- 6734232 TI - Cardiac tamponade associated with a multilumen central venous catheter. AB - Two patients experienced cardiac tamponade after catheterization with a multilumen central venous catheter. The authors review the problem, including recommendations for central line placement to decrease the incidence of this potentially lethal complication. PMID- 6734234 TI - Thermodilution cardiac output measurements. PMID- 6734233 TI - Naloxone in stroke: worth a trial? PMID- 6734236 TI - Possible hazards from catheter sheath introducers. PMID- 6734235 TI - Effectiveness of speaking-cuffed tracheostomy tube in patients with neuromuscular diseases. PMID- 6734237 TI - Intraesophageal pressure monitoring in infants with respiratory disorders. PMID- 6734238 TI - Phospholipid metabolism in human platelets preserved at 22 degrees C: differential effects of storage on phospholipase A2- and C-mediated reactions. AB - The effects of preservation at 22 degrees C on phospholipid metabolism were studied in human platelets. Stimulation of fresh platelets with thrombin caused a rapid and transient rise of 1,2-diacylglycerol (DG) which was derived from phosphatidylinositol (PI) by its strictly specific phospholipase C. Lysophosphatidylcholine (lysoPC) and lysophosphatidylethanolamine (lysoPE) were also accumulated as a result of the action of phospholipase A2. No significant changes in phospholipid metabolism were detected in platelets preserved at 22 degrees C up to 6 hr. However, platelets stored for more than 12 hr showed (1) an accumulation of both lysoPC and lysoPE before thrombin activation, (2) a subsequent decrease in the formation of lysoPC and lysoPE after thrombin activation when compared to fresh platelets, (3) a threefold lower rate of liberation of arachidonic acid than fresh platelets after activation, and (4) a lower rate and extent of aggregation than fresh platelets. Nevertheless, the amount of 1,2-DG produced during preservation up to 48 hr was similar to that observed in fresh platelets. The results indicate that the markedly enhanced activity of phospholipase A2, but not phospholipase C, that occurs during platelet storage leads to the deterioration of aggregation and arachidonic acid liberation in response to thrombin. PMID- 6734241 TI - An analytical method to evaluate cooling rates during cryopreservation protocols for organs. AB - A simple, graphical procedure has been established to estimate the cooling rates at a specified location and temperature in a biological medium frozen by imposing a constant cooling rate at the outer surface. The graphical procedure also facilitates the determination of the outer surface temperature at the instant a given temperature has been attained in a specific location. The results obtained through a numerical study using finite elements can be applied to biological media with various chemical compositions including different concentrations of cryoprotective agents. PMID- 6734239 TI - Factors influencing renal cryopreservation. I. Effects of three vehicle solutions and the permeation kinetics of three cryoprotectants assessed with rabbit cortical slices. AB - A renal cortical slice model was used to assess the effects on viability of three vehicle solutions-Krebs-Henseleit (K-H), solution A, and RPS-2--at 25 degrees C. After 120 min incubation no differences in [K+]/[Na+] ratios were found. Tracer techniques were used to study the osmotic effects and permeation kinetics at 25 degrees C of three cryoprotectants (dimethyl sulfoxide (Me2SO), ethylene glycol, and glycerol) and the effect of the vehicle solution (K-H or RPS-2) on Me2SO kinetics. It was found that Me2SO was most permeable and ethylene glycol least, and that ethylene glycol had unusual effects which suggest that it may not act as a simple solute. Differences were found when Me2SO was introduced in K-H and RPS 2 that are believed to be related to the binding properties of Me2SO to cell constituents. PMID- 6734240 TI - Factors influencing renal cryopreservation. II. Toxic effects of three cryoprotectants in combination with three vehicle solutions in nonfrozen rabbit cortical slices. AB - The [K+]/[Na+] ratio of rabbit renal cortical slices was used to examine, at 25 degrees C, the effects on viability of three cryoprotectant agents (CPA) (dimethyl sulfoxide (Me2SO), ethylene glycol, and glycerol) in combination with three vehicle solutions (Krebs-Henseleit (K-H), solution A, and RPS-2). Viability assessment by [K+]/[Na+] for all test solutions was made after incubating the slices in modified Cross-Taggart solution (C-T). With K-H and solution A, all concentrations of ethylene glycol and glycerol resulted in lowered ratios, whereas with Me2SO, concentrations greater than 1.4 M are required to reduce [K+]/[Na+]. With RPS-2 no decrease in the ratios was found until concentrations greater than 2.8 M were reached for all three CPAs. Binding of Me2SO to albumin, studied using [14C]Me2SO, was inhibited by RPS-2 when compared to K-H. Introduction and removal of Me2SO at 10 degrees C allowed an improvement in viability, at higher Me2SO concentrations, as compared to 25 degrees C. PMID- 6734242 TI - Ultrasonic characteristics of frozen liver. AB - The recent development of new ultrasound probes has made real-time intraoperative monitoring of cryosurgery, and thermocouple placement a possibility. It is shown that frozen tissue and thermocouple needles have acoustic characteristics that enable them to be easily visualized by ultrasound examination. Further in vivo animal studies are needed to examine temperature characteristics of visualized cryolesions, to develop scanning techniques, and to correlate ultrasonic findings with histologic changes in tissue. PMID- 6734243 TI - Comparison of the cryoprotection of red blood cells by 1,2-propanediol and glycerol. AB - Red blood cells are cooled in buffered solutions containing 10, 15, 20, 30, or 35% (w/w) 1,2-propanediol or glycerol. Cell survival is measured after cooling to -196 degrees C at rates between 1 and 3500 degrees C/min, followed by rewarming rapidly, except in a few cases. At low cooling rates, where the injuries are due to solution effects, for the same (w/w) concentrations of 15 or 20% (w/w), 1,2 propanediol protects erythrocytes better than glycerol. Differences are still observed when the two cryoprotectants are compared on a mole-fraction basis. At high cooling rates the survival passes through a minimum and then increases again. For the same concentrations, the minimum occurs at much lower cooling rates with 1,2-propanediol than with glycerol, in agreement with the better glass forming tendency of 1,2-propanediol solutions. These cooling rates almost coincide with those at which the quantity of ice crystallized begins to decrease in the corresponding solutions. Thus, survival seems to be closely related to the glass-forming tendency at the survival minimum, and at higher cooling rates. After the fastest cooling rates, the warming rates necessary to avoid damage on warming are much smaller than those necessary to avoid devitrification. Therefore, in the present experiments the survivals are not related to the stability of the wholly amorphous state. However, injury follows the presumed transition from cubic to hexagonal ice, in erythrocytes as well as in other kinds of cells. PMID- 6734244 TI - Acute systemic changes in blood cells, proteins, coagulation, fibrinolysis, and platelet aggregation after frostbite injury in the rabbit. AB - Acute systemic blood changes were measured in New Zealand white rabbits after severe and mild frostbite injury to the foot. There were observed after 72 hr, in the severely frostbitten rabbits, a decrease in erythrocytes, hematocrit, lymphocytes, and albumin, and an increase in total leukocytes, neutrophils, platelets, fibrinogen, and antithrombin III. Mildly frostbitten rabbits showed similar changes except for no changes in the platelets, albumin, and antithrombin III. In severely frostbitten rabbits, after 72 hr, the changes in the plasma coagulation tests were a prolonged partial thromboplastin time, an accelerated prothrombin time, and increased activities of Factors VII, IX, X, and XI. In mildly frostbitten rabbits there were a prolonged partial thromboplastin time and an increased activity of Factor VII. No changes in fibrinolysis were seen in either group of rabbits. Platelet aggregation, studied only in the severely frostbitten rabbits, showed a change only by an increase in the slope of the collagen-induced platelet aggregation. The blood changes observed in the rabbit model are different than those reported in human frostbite cases. No disseminated intravascular coagulation was apparent in the rabbit model after frostbite injury. PMID- 6734247 TI - "This will clear your mind": the use of metaphors for medication in psychiatric settings. AB - Psychiatric medications are an important part of the interaction between patients and clinicians in psychiatric settings. This article examines metaphors used by patients and clinicians to talk about the effects of antipsychotic medication. Metaphors provide a way to communicate about issues of identity and change involved in giving and taking medication. Although metaphorical language can contribute to misunderstandings between patients and clinicians, metaphor is also a major way in which clinical experiences are given shared meanings. PMID- 6734245 TI - Indigenous Koro, a genital retraction syndrome of insular Southeast Asia: a critical review. AB - Koro, a disorder characterized by complaints of genital hyperinvolution and fear of impending death, is found to be indigenous to certain populations of insular Southeast Asia. Koro is similar to, but nevertheless distinct from, the Chinese syndrome which carries its name and serves as the transcultural prototype; the category of genital retraction syndromes is proposed as a substitute for the use of "koro" as the transcultural rubric. In a review of the Koro literature, an exploration of the many possible cultural and biomedical factors is begun; the issues and perspectives are relevant to the wider study of culture specific manifestations of genital retraction. PMID- 6734246 TI - Anthropology and mental retardation: research approaches and opportunities. AB - Although mental retardation is largely a sociocultural phenomenon, anthropological interest in this field has been slow to develop. In recent years, anthropological concepts and methods have been used in study of the community adaptation of mentally retarded persons and societal reactions to them. As an illustration, research developments at the Mental Retardation Research Center, UCLA, are discussed. The need for expanded, collaborative research by social and biomedical scientists is examined. The research puzzles include the links between poverty, ethnicity, schools, families and mental retardation, as well as the nature of intelligence and adaptation. PMID- 6734248 TI - Idioms of distress: kinship and sickness among the people of the Kingdom of Tonga. AB - "Idioms of distress" refers to the popular expression of emotional tension that arises in the relationship between 'sickness' and 'kinship'. By reference to case studies and discussions among the Polynesian people of Tonga, the author shows where such tension arises and how it influences the sickness process. Sickness is necessarily a collective phenomenon which can best be understood not simply as a clinical event, but as an experience that is part of the experience of 'family'. Various ways of expressing distress as a reflexive encounter between personal and cultural meaning systems are reviewed, as are several new concepts such as "doing sickness as kinship", and "turning" in the process of decision making in the kinship management of sickness. The explanatory models of sickness in Tonga are shown to encompass culturally sanctioned expressions of distress as part of of the adaptive coping mechanisms in that society. Distress frequently emerges in somatic form, as a number of studies have shown. However, the author emphasizes the "kinship meaning of sickness", "kinship management and sickness therapy", "the adaptive process of idiomatic expressions of distress", which are expanded here and offered as potential avenues for elaboration in other cultural milieu. Two aspects of the notion "idioms of distress" are noted, and the phenomenon is understood as a process which acts as a "prime mover" in social change. PMID- 6734249 TI - Culture and mental disorder: the case of bebainan in Bali. AB - This is an investigation of bebainan, a disorder which Balinese believe to be caused by sorcery. Most attacks are brief, lasting 1/4-1 hour. The most common symptoms are sudden feelings of confusion, crying, screaming and shouting, followed by inability of the sufferer to control his or her actions. Most sufferers are aware of their behavior during an attack, and remember the occurrence afterwards. The investigator interviewed all the members (296 persons) in the compound of the descendants of the former royal family of Klungkung, among whom 27 people had suffered bebainan attacks. The victims, mostly females, offspring of endogamous marriges, experienced their first attack between the ages of 16 and 30. Analysis of the psychological and social pressures acting on these women suggests that bebainan attacks provide sufferers with an opportunity to release feelings of frustration and anger without risk of widespread disapprobation or stigmatization. However, bebainan is not instrumental in altering access to resources within the restricted environment of the royal compound, nor does it empower the victim within this environment in any but the most transitory ways. Bebainan cannot be regarded as a form of psychosis, even of the reactive or atypical type, it is neither an organic mental disorder, nor a form of neurosis. Instead bebainan can be considered a form of dissociation which is only understandable in the local context of Balinese culture. PMID- 6734250 TI - Isotachophoresis and immunoelectrophoresis of water-soluble and -insoluble crystallins of the ageing bovine lens. AB - Water-soluble (WS) and water-insoluble (WI) crystallins were prepared from calf and bovine lenses. The WS-crystallins were analyzed by capillary isotachophoresis and by immunoelectrophoresis with polyvalent and alpha-, beta-, gamma-crystallin specific antisera. The WI-crystallins were first solubilized in formamide and then analyzed by the same methods. The WS-crystallins, which increase in weight, but decrease in % with increasing age, show an increase of alpha-crystallins from 36 to 43%, an increase of beta-crystallins from 42 to 48% and a decrease of gamma crystallins from 22 to 9%. In the WI-crystallins, which increase in weight and in % with increasing age, the alpha-crystallins form the main portion with an increase from 54 to 61%. The beta-crystallins in WI remain fairly constant at about 37% and the gamma-crystallins decrease from 8 to 2%. Quantitatively, the alpha-crystallin is the major constituent of the lens. The alpha-crystallin and the beta-crystallin components are increasingly incorporated in WI with increasing age. The gamma-crystallin components are selectively incorporated into WI-protein. Immunologically, alpha-, beta- and gamma-crystallins were detected by the polyvalent and specific antisera in WS- and in WI- crystallins. PMID- 6734251 TI - Noninvasive measurement of optic nervehead mechanical compliance in normal and ocular hypertensive beagles. AB - We have proposed that the susceptibility of some eyes to glaucomatous damage is due to an abnormal weakness of the structural support of the optic nervehead. To verify this hypothesis and, if it proves correct, to provide an early test of glaucoma, we have developed a noninvasive method of measuring the optic nervehead compliance. We present here the first in-vivo measurements that were performed in a normal beagle dog and dogs with congenitally elevated intraocular pressure (IOP) over different periods of time. The quality of the measurements was tested and the reproducibility of the optic nervehead displacement was +/- 15 microns. The optic nervehead displacement was found to be higher in the older dogs that also sustained ocular hypertension for a longer period. These results were compared with ophthalmoscopic observations of the optic disc. The present study indicates that the method is applicable to the measurement of the optic nervehead compliance and that the structural support of the optic nervehead may vary. PMID- 6734252 TI - Consensual accommodation. AB - Consensual accommodation, like other consensual responses, may be a useful diagnostic indicator. The consensual interocular lag (direct accommodative response minus consensual accommodative response) was measured under a variety of accommodative conditions in four normal subjects, one of whom later underwent cryosurgery for a retinal tear. There was no consensual interocular lag when subjects were orthophoric , but when slightly exophoric at near distances a small lag does occur. A subject with large exophorias at near showed a more complex accommodative pattern. The consensual interocular lag proved to be the most sensitive measure of accommodative loss and subsequent recovery after retinal cryosurgery. PMID- 6734253 TI - Purification and characterization of a gamma crystallin from mouse lenses. AB - A gamma-crystallin has been purified by a two-step column chromatography from an extract of water soluble lens proteins from (101/ E1xC3H /E1)F1 mice. About 17% of the water soluble lens protein in normal mice is represented by this gamma crystallin. The protein has been shown to be absent in cataractous lenses of Nop /+ mice after isoelectric focusing of water soluble lens proteins. It has a MW of 20,000. Amino acid analysis reveals the occurrence of eight cystein residues, which is considered to be high compared to other crystallins. The protein might play an important role in cataractogenesis. PMID- 6734254 TI - A lamprey lens protein related to avian and reptilian delta crystallin. AB - Delta crystallin has hitherto been considered specific to reptiles and birds. Evidence presented in this paper suggests that a major lens protein in adult river lampreys (Lampetra fluviatilis) is related to chick delta crystallin. Both are of similar size (Mr 45-50,000), and the lamprey protein cross-reacts with antibodies against chick delta crystallin in immunodiffusion, immunoelectrophoretic and immunoblotting tests. However, the charge properties and V8 proteolytic fragment patterns of the lamprey protein are markedly different from those of avian and reptilian delta crystallins. Preliminary evidence on the occurrence of delta-related DNA sequences in the genomes of all vertebrates examined, is also discussed. PMID- 6734255 TI - The ocular hypotensive action of SK&F 86466 in the conscious rabbit. AB - SK&F 86466, 6-chloro-3-methyl-2, 3, 4, 5-tetrahydro-1H-3-benzazepine, a potent and selective competitive antagonist of the alpha 2-adrenoceptor is of interest as a potential antiglaucoma agent. Following instillation into the rabbit eye, SK&F 86466 produced concentration (0.25 to 10%) dependent reductions in intraocular pressure (IOP). The ocular hypotensive effect of SK&F 86466 was maximal 30-60 minutes post treatment and persisted for at least 90 minutes. The IOP of the contralateral (untreated) eye was significantly decreased only at the 10% concentration. A 10% solution of SK&F 86466 had no significant effect on mean arterial blood pressure (MAP) of rabbits during the time of maximal bilateral ocular hypotensive activity. These results suggest: (1) a selective alpha 2 adrenoceptor antagonist can reduce IOP when applied topically to rabbit eyes and (2) the ocular hypotensive effect of SK&F 86466 is not secondary to a reduction in systemic blood pressure. PMID- 6734256 TI - Marihuana-derived material: distribution and effects after systemic administration. AB - Studies have been made in an attempt to elucidate the mode of action of water soluble marihuana-derived material (MDM). MDM lowers intraocular pressure (IOP) at systemic dose levels greater than 5 micrograms/rabbit by reducing aqueous humor inflow. Blood pressure, body temperature, and PO2 remain constant despite the wide variation in IOP caused by high dose levels of MDM, viz. an initial hypertensive phase followed by a hypotensive phase. Blood PCO2 and pH, however, both decrease with 1 mg MDM/rabbit indicating an acidosis which may partially explain some of the fall in IOP caused by MDM at this high dose level. Low doses of MDM (50 micrograms/animal), however, induce no such changes in systemic chemistry, illustrating the absence of an MDM effect which can explain the greater than 50% fall in IOP. Repeated injections of MDM on a weekly basis indicate a sequentially reduced effect on IOP. MDM, when incubated in vitro for 6 hours with saline, aqueous or vitreous, always induced a fall in IOP; incubation in these media for 24 hours, however, reduced the capacity to induce an IOP decrease. When aqueous or vitreous was removed from animals which had received intravitreal injections of MDM 24 hours previously (thus, at a time when the IOP in these animals was low) and was reinjected intravitreally into fresh recipient rabbits, the IOP fell in the recipients with aqueous, but not vitreous. Only when high doses of MDM (greater than or equal to 2 mg) were given systemically to a donor rabbit was any evidence obtained of a fall in IOP in recipient rabbits at short times after the donor injection (less than 10 min); at greater times after the donor injections whole blood or serum from donor rabbits failed to elicit a fall in IOP in recipient animals. These data indicate that, in vivo, MDM is bound or metabolized rapidly in rabbits when MDM is given systemically. PMID- 6734257 TI - A revised technique for extracapsular lens extraction in the rabbit. AB - The surgical procedure described here for extracapsular lens extraction utilizes a bent 25 gauge needle as an irrigating cystotome , a 100 degrees superior clear corneal incision, a single clean incision of the lens capsule, a muscle hook for expression of the nucleus, no cortical cleanup, and interrupted 9-0 nylon sutures to close the incision. We have found it a simple and effective technique which utilizes inexpensive instruments commonly available in an ophthalmology department or ophthalmic research laboratory. PMID- 6734258 TI - Animal models for inherited cataracts: a review. PMID- 6734259 TI - Aqueous outflow in the beagle. I. Postnatal morphologic development of the iridocorneal angle: pectinate ligament and uveal trabecular meshwork. AB - The present study examined the postnatal development of the pectinate ligaments and uveal trabecular meshwork of the normal canine chamber angle of the Beagle breed at one day, one through ten weeks, three, four and six months, and one and two years of age. Angle tissue was prepared and examined by standard techniques for light microscopy and scanning and transmission electron microscopy. Developmentally, pectinate ligaments matured by the third week although areas continued to develop through the eighth week. Each primary pectinate ligament possessed a large, posterior extracellular space at its iridal attachment. The uveal meshwork, which developed by rarefaction, was not formed at birth and did not appear adult-like until the end of the second month. Adult trabecular cells were ultrastructurally identical throughout the angle, having been characterized by having cilia and "special" rough endoplasmic reticulum. PMID- 6734260 TI - Aqueous outflow in the beagle. II. Postnatal morphologic development of the iridocorneal angle: corneoscleral trabecular meshwork and angular aqueous plexus. AB - The morphology and postnatal ontogeny of the major pathway for aqueous outflow in the canine eye has been examined. Normal canine chamber angles of the Beagle at one day, one through ten weeks, three, four and six months, and one and two years of age were used. Angle tissue was prepared and examined by standard techniques for light and electron microscopy. At birth the corneoscleral trabecular meshwork largely consisted of spongy mesenchyme. By the end of the first month the corneoscleral trabecular meshwork developed into a series of longitudinally oriented sheets anteriorly covered by the peripheral extremity of the corneal endothelium. The angular aqueous plexus (trabecular veins), which was formed at birth, was continually separated from the corneoscleral meshwork by an endothelial lining. Transcellular channels interconnected the trabecular veins and the corneoscleral trabecular meshwork. The corneoscleral trabecular meshwork and angular aqueous plexus in the canine angle are similar topographically, structurally and ultrastructurally to that described in other nonprimate and primate angles. PMID- 6734261 TI - Aqueous humor catecholamines. AB - The catecholamines norepinephrine, (NE) epinephrine (E) and dopamine (DA) were detected for the first time in the aqueous humor of humans under general anesthesia and monkeys under ketamine. The catecholamine levels in aqueous humor of 9 humans were assayed. NE was 0.796 +/- 0.457 ng./ml., E ranged between 0 and 0.132 ng./ml. in 4 out of 9 subjects, and DA was found in 2 of the 9 eyes. (0. 123ng ./ml. and 0. 318ng ./ml..) Plasma levels were measured in 8 of the human subjects at the time of aqueous sampling -NE was 0.311 +/- 0.171, E ranged between 0 and 0.097 (4 out of 8 subjects) and DA was detected in one subject- 0.037 ng./ml.. Monkey aqueous levels were NE:2.843 +/- 0.668 and DA:0.462 +/- 0.177 ng./ml., with an intact iris. (N = 8 eyes.) NE was 0.497 +/- 0.049, and DA 0.426 +/- 0.218 ng./ml. after total iridectomy. (N = 4 eyes) E was not detected in the monkey under these conditions. Whilst NE may be produced in part by the iris, DA levels were not affected by iridectomy. This implies that DA may be produced by structures unrelated to sympathetic nerve endings of the iris in the anterior segment of the non-human primate eye, perhaps by diffusion from the ciliary body or retina. Ketamine is known to inhibit catecholamine uptake, which may explain the high levels measured in the monkey. Human aqueous catecholamine levels measured under anesthesia may be affected by a variety of the drugs used. It is postulated that dopaminergic neurones and associated receptors may be present in the anterior segment of the eye. This may explain the presence of aqueous humor dopamine and the effects of dopaminergic drugs on intraocular pressure. PMID- 6734262 TI - The topography of the anterior surface of the cat's cornea. AB - The topography of the cornea in nine unanaesthetised domestic cats was studied by the computer analysis of photokeratographs obtained using a Wessley Jessen P.E.K. 2000 photokeratoscope . Mean figures were obtained for: Central corneal radius in the steeper (9.06 mm) and flatter (9.20 mm) corneal meridians. Corneal astigmatism (0. 61D ). Corneal shape factor in the steeper (0.33) and flatter (0.31) corneal meridians and the diameter of the corneal cap in the vertical (6.23 mm) and horizontal (7.08 mm) meridians. The results are discussed and compared with previous such estimates for corneal topography. Dimensions for an hydrophilic contact lens suitable for general therapeutic or research use in the cat are suggested. PMID- 6734264 TI - Nasopharyngeal recordings separate retinal from optic nerve potentials. AB - Electrical potentials in response to single flashes and to pattern-reversal stimuli presented in Maxwellian view were recorded from several intranasal locations by withdrawing a nasopharyngeal electrode from the epipharynx through the nose in steps of 1 cm. From the anterior parts of the nose a waveform could be obtained resembling the corneal electroretinogram. In the epipharynx an ERG was recorded which was inverted in polarity. This reversal in polarity was explained by assuming an electrical dipole of the retina oriented parallel to the electrode path. When the electrode was below and behind the posterior pole of the eye ball a high-frequency activity of increased amplitude was observed the origin of which could not be explained by the retinal dipole. It is suggested that these increased oscillations originate from the optic nerve. Their behavior is explained by a hypothetical electrical dipole of the optic nerve oriented vertical to the electrode path. PMID- 6734265 TI - Proteolipid and collagen calcification, in vitro. AB - Initiation of in vitro calcification with insoluble type I collagen appears to be a function of tightly-bound proteolipid. The collagen preparation calcified during incubation in a metastable calcium phosphate solution before but not after lipid extraction. Calcifiability of the extracted lipid, similarly incubated, was restricted to the proteolipid fraction. PMID- 6734263 TI - The effect of immunization route and sequence of stimulation on the induction of IgA antibodies in tears. AB - The capacity of ocular/topical (OT) or gastrointestinal (GI) immunization routes alone or sequentially to elicit and maintain tear IgA antibody responses was assessed in the rat model. Seven days after each biweekly immunization with dinitrophenylated type-III pneumococcal vaccine, the IgA antibody levels in serum, saliva and tears were measured. All groups generally lacked serum IgA responses and eventually possessed similar salivary response frequencies with OT, OT/GI and GI groups showing a tendency for increased salivary IgA antibody levels. Tear IgA antibody responses in all groups were comparable after the third immunization. Subsequently the OT group displayed a gradual reduction in response frequency with a significant drop in IgA levels after the sixth immunization. The OT/GI group maintained tear IgA response frequencies while displaying a significant increase in tear IgA antibody levels; the GI and GI/OT groups maintained tear IgA antibody responses. These data demonstrate that the immunization route and sequence of stimulation have a marked impact on the expression of IgA anti-DNP antibodies in tears. PMID- 6734266 TI - Interaction of brain megamodulin with nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide, phosphohistones and adenosine triphosphate. AB - In the presence of Mg2+ (or Mn2+), the interactions (or bindings) of brain megamodulin with nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide (NAD+/NADH), phosphohistones and adenine triphosphate (ATP) were greatly enhanced. Furthermore, the activity of brain phosphoprotein phosphatases ( PPase ) was augmented by brain [ megamodulin -Mn2+] complex. PMID- 6734268 TI - Protein secretion from rat mammary epithelial cells during pregnancy. AB - Aspects of the apparent origin, maturation, and secretion of proteins in mammary epithelial cells of the pregnant rat were investigated using standard transmission electron microscopy. Epithelial cells from prelactating animals, sacrificed at intervals up to 1 day ante partum, contained protein-filled vesicles which appeared to arise from two separate intracellular sources, (1) Golgi apparatus dictyosomes, and (2) dilated cisternae of rough endoplasmic reticulum. Vesicles which appeared to originate in the Golgi apparatus were small (means = 0.28 micron diameter), contained a single protein particle, and appeared to release their content exocytotically into the lumen. Vesicles which appeared to originate in the endoplasmic reticulum were larger (means = 3.2 micron diameter), contained numerous protein particles, and appeared to be released from cells with their outer membrane. Post-exocytotic endoplasmic reticulum-derived vesicles in alveolar lumina appeared to be the 'nuclei' of structures previously described as colostrum cells or corpuscles of Donn e. Results from quantitative ultrastructural analysis of mammary tissue from pregnant animals suggested that the intracellular disposal mechanism for turnover of secretory protein may not be of major importance. PMID- 6734267 TI - The effects of zinc gluconate, vitamin A and caesium salts on colon carcinoma in mice. AB - Tests have been conducted using caesium salts, zinc gluconate and vitamin A on colon carcinoma ( C38 ) implants in BDF1 mice. Preliminary work suggested a correlation between the repression of tumour growth and the use of these compounds. Present data show a high degree of tumour repression when selected amounts of these compounds are used together in a treatment protocol. PMID- 6734269 TI - The quality of medical care. An ACCP concern. PMID- 6734270 TI - Electrocardiogram of the month. Advanced atrioventricular block with long pauses following ventricular extrasystoles. PMID- 6734272 TI - Interpretation of spirometry. A graphic and computational approach. PMID- 6734271 TI - Clinical conference in pulmonary disease. Factors influencing upper airway closure. AB - The factors which produce closure of the upper airway (UAW) in patients with the sleep apnea syndrome are still poorly understood. A distinction should be made between the factors which induce closure and those which reopen the UAW. Neurologic factors include arousal phenomena, the magnitude and timing of various motor outputs, and postsynaptic inhibition. Mechanical factors include the anatomy of the UAW, especially that above the tongue, the position of the neck and jaw, and mucosal adherence once occlusion has occurred. Muscle factors include the type of myosin isozyme, the forces generated by the large number of UAW muscles and the diaphragm, and the possibility of high-frequency fatigue occurring during occlusion. Hypoxia and acidosis probably play a critical role in making the UAW less stable. Currently, the best method to prevent UAW closure is by nasal CPAP. Patients with life-threatening arrhythmias due to sleep apnea should have a tracheostomy. The role of drugs is controversial. Respiratory or muscle stimulants should probably be avoided; oxygen, medroxyprogesterone, and protriptyline may be useful adjuncts. PMID- 6734273 TI - Pulmonary artery-bronchial fistula complicating chronic lymphocytic leukemia. AB - A 52-year-old man with chronic lymphocytic leukemia (CLL) entered the hospital because of repetitive bouts of massive hemoptysis requiring a right pneumonectomy. A bronchus intermedius-pulmonary artery fistula was found and felt to be due to necrosis of a peribronchial lymph node which was infiltrated by chronic lymphocytic leukemia cells. This represents another pulmonary complication in the clinical course of advanced CLL. PMID- 6734274 TI - Cephalosporin-induced interstitial pneumonitis. AB - This report describes a patient who developed dyspnea and bilateral pulmonary infiltrates following exposure to cephradine. The role of cephradine was substantiated by rechallenge. PMID- 6734275 TI - Hemodynamic effects of nifedipine at rest and during exercise in primary pulmonary hypertension. AB - The potential short-term pulmonary vasodilator effect of a calcium-channel blocker, nifedipine, was tested in seven patients with primary pulmonary hypertension. Nifedipine (20 mg) produced a significant (p less than 0.01) and persistent decrease in mean pulmonary arterial pressure (58.1 +/- 14.3 to 48.6 +/ 16.3 mm Hg) and pulmonary vascular resistance (1,070 +/- 260 to 695 +/- 266 dynes X sec X cm-5). Cardiac index increased from 2.5 +/- 0.6 to 3.3 +/- 0.8 L/min/m2 (p less than 0.01), and heart rate was unchanged despite a fall in systemic pressure. In three patients tested during exercise on a bicycle, nifedipine resulted in an increase in the duration of exercise in two and a blunting of the exercise-induced increase in pulmonary pressure in all three. Long-term treatment was initiated in five of the seven patients and in two additional patients who did not receive nifedipine in the short-term study; all but one experienced symptomatic improvement. A persistent hemodynamic improvement was observed in three of the four patients restudied after long-term therapy. In conclusion, this study demonstrated the short-term beneficial hemodynamic effects of nifedipine, both at rest and during exercise. A more extensive long-term follow-up is necessary to establish the usefulness of this drug in the treatment of primary pulmonary hypertension. PMID- 6734277 TI - ECG changes in pneumothorax. A unique finding and proposed mechanism. AB - A patient with anterior myocardial infarction had bilateral pneumothoraces. Left pneumothorax was associated with reappearance of precordial R waves, while right pneumothorax caused no ECG change. This previously undescribed finding suggests the importance of air insulating the chest wall, rather than cardiac rotation, dilatation, or displacement as a mechanism of the ECG change. PMID- 6734278 TI - Mycobacterium xenopi infection in a patient with acquired immunodeficiency syndrome. AB - A case of Mycobacterium xenopi infection in a patient with acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS) is described and the clinical experience of others in the United States with this organism is reviewed. Disseminated infection by this organism appears to occur only in the immunocompromised host. Because M xenopi has been found in hot water systems by others and is an organism more susceptible to the traditional antituberculosis antibiotics, recognition and distinction of this organism from the more resistant and difficult to treat Mycobacterium avium-intracellulare in the patients with AIDS may be important. PMID- 6734276 TI - Aortic and mitral insufficiency complicating fulminant systemic lupus erythematosus. AB - The cardiac complications of systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) include a multitude of valvular, myocardial, and pericardial abnormalities resulting from acute and chronic inflammation involving the endocardium, myocardium, and/or pericardium. A case of acute, severe, aortic, and mitral insufficiency occurring as discrete complications of consecutive flares of SLE in the same patient is described with particular emphasis on the clinical and gross pathologic findings. The cardiac complications of SLE, both from a pathologic and clinical standpoint, are reviewed in the context of the uniqueness of this case. PMID- 6734279 TI - Upper airway obstruction in Guillain-Barre syndrome. AB - We report a patient with bilateral vocal cord paralysis and upper airway obstruction following Guillain-Barre syndrome (GBS). A permanent tracheostomy was necessary to maintain adequate ventilation and to prevent alveolar hypoventilation. Despite abduction paralysis, the patient talks normally. PMID- 6734280 TI - Esophageal cyst as a cause of chronic cough. AB - The previously unreported association of chronic persistent cough due to a duplication esophageal cyst is presented. The presence of a long history of atopy, bronchitis, and asthma resulted in a delay in diagnosis. When vigorous bronchodilator therapy was unsuccessful, close observation of the patient and review of her radiographs suggested the esophageal etiology of her cough. This case reinforces the observation that chronic persistent cough, although common, may present a very perplexing problem. A systematic approach considering the anatomy of the cough reflex, and an awareness of the esophageal and other nonpulmonary causes of cough, can aid in diagnosis and management of these patients. PMID- 6734281 TI - Gorlin's formula vs intraoperative measurement of the orifice area in mitral valve stenosis. PMID- 6734282 TI - Spasm of the retinal vessels in association with unstable primary angina. PMID- 6734285 TI - Screening for lung cancer. PMID- 6734284 TI - How to cheat with the miniature wright peak flow meter. PMID- 6734283 TI - Thoracoscopic lung biopsy using tissue adhesive material and/or deep ligator. PMID- 6734286 TI - Subclinical effects of smoking. Physiologic comparison of healthy middle-aged smokers and nonsmokers and interrelationships of lung function measurements. AB - Measurements of ventilatory function, distribution of ventilation, diffusing capacity, and lung mechanics were made on healthy middle-aged smokers and nonsmokers drawn from a randomly selected population in order to assess the effects of cigarette smoking and the interrelationships of the several indices of lung function. Although very few subjects had abnormal function, there were significant differences in most indices of function between smokers and nonsmokers. For the total group studied, there were significant correlations between various indices of function. A significant proportion of the variance in diffusing capacity and in diffusing capacity per liter of lung volume can be accounted for by an index of lung recoil which may, in turn, be related to size of terminal air spaces. PMID- 6734287 TI - Increased levels of airways responsiveness as a risk factor for development of chronic obstructive lung disease. What are the issues? PMID- 6734288 TI - Hemodynamic consequences of increasing mean airway pressure during high-frequency jet ventilation. AB - Six critically ill patients with acute respiratory failure were ventilated using high-frequency jet ventilation (HFJV)-frequency 100.min-1, driving pressure 35 psi, 1.8 mm inside diameter injector cannula. Hemodynamic measurements using radial artery and Swan-Ganz catheters, esophageal pressure (EP), and mean airway pressure (Paw) were measured at four different I:E ratios: 0.25, 0.43, 0.67 and 1.0. Static respiratory compliance, using the super syringe method, was measured during intermittent positive pressure ventilation (IPPV) and during HFJV. The results suggested that decreased venous return, increased right ventricular afterload, and decreased PaCO2 accounted for the decrease in cardiac index observed during HFJV using elevated I:E ratios. These variations, related to marked increases in intrathoracic pressures, are very similar to those observed during conventional ventilation with PEEP. PMID- 6734289 TI - Detection of active left ventricular thrombosis during acute myocardial infarction using indium-111 platelet scintigraphy. AB - Platelet scintigraphy with radioactive indium-111 may be used both to identify and to reflect the activity of thrombin in vivo in man. Forty-one patients with acute myocardial infarction were studied for active left ventricular thrombosis by platelet scintigraphy and followed until in-hospital death, discharge, or same admission cardiac surgery for evidence of systemic embolization. A total of 4.7 +/- 2.4 X 10(9) platelets (mean +/- 1 SD) labelled with 381 mu Ci +/- 51 mu Ci of indium-111 was injected intravenously at 91 +/- 88 hours following the onset of chest pain. Patients were imaged in multiple views on the day of and three to four days after injection of the platelet suspension. Group 1 (n = 29) had transmural myocardial infarctions, of which 21 were anterior (peak total level of creatine phosphokinase [CPK], 2,272 +/- 2,026 IU; mean +/- 1 SD) and eight were inferior (CPK level, 1,673 +/- 589 IU). Group 2 (n = 12) had subendocardial myocardial infarctions (CPK level 799 +/- 751 IU). Those with subendocardial and transmural inferior myocardial infarctions had neither left ventricular thrombosis nor emboli. Ten (48 percent) of 21 with anterior transmural myocardial infarctions had left ventricular thrombosis by platelet scintigraphy. Three with and one without such thrombosis by scintigraphy had acute neurologic episodes. In the group with anterior myocardial infarctions, seven of ten patients with and four of 11 without left ventricular thrombosis received heparin subcutaneously (chi 2 = 1.22 [Yates correction]; p greater than 0.30). We conclude that platelet scintigraphy may be used to monitor antiplatelet and anticoagulant therapy in patients with anterior transmural myocardial infarctions who are at risk for left ventricular thrombosis and systemic embolization. PMID- 6734290 TI - Infective endocarditis. Is cardiac catheterization usually needed before cardiac surgery? PMID- 6734291 TI - Screening for early lung cancer. Results of the Memorial Sloan-Kettering study in New York. AB - The Memorial Sloan-Kettering lung cancer screening program was begun in 1974 to evaluate sputum cytology as a supplement to the annual chest x-ray examination for early detection and diagnosis. The 10,040 adult, male cigarette smokers who enrolled were randomly assigned to receive annual chest x-ray examinations only or a dual screen with annual chest x-ray examination and four monthly sputum cytology evaluation. Over 40 percent of the 288 who developed lung cancer were diagnosed in stage I, and their survival was 76 percent at five years; overall survival was 35 percent. Nearly one third of the lung cancers detected on first examination on the dual screen, and 14 percent of those on subsequent examinations were found by cytologic examination. The same number of cancers developed in the x-ray screen only group, and were diagnosed at a later date. Despite the delay, survival and mortality were the same, suggesting that the squamous carcinomas detected by cytologic examination alone are very slow growing and tend to remain localized until detectable by x-ray examination. PMID- 6734294 TI - Application of clinical trials to clinical practice. PMID- 6734292 TI - The relationship between airways responsiveness and chronic airflow limitation. AB - In 84 subjects with varying degrees of chronic airflow limitation (CAL), airways responsiveness (AR) measured by the response to an inhaled bronchodilator was negatively correlated with pulmonary function. Correlation coefficients were AR and FEV1, r = -0.39, p less than .001; AR and FEV1 percent predicted, r = -0.41, p less than .001; and between AR and FVC percent predicted, r = -0.28, p less than .006. This confirms the findings of others who used bronchoprovocation techniques to measure AR. Previously reported associations between AR and annual rate of change (ARC) of the FVC and FEV1 were reevaluated to determine if they are independent of any relationship between AR and baseline pulmonary function. Baseline FVC and FEV1 were not significantly correlated with ARC, while AR retained its significant association when evaluated by Pearson correlation coefficients and partial correlation coefficients adjusting for baseline FVC and FEV1, and when baseline values were included in liner regression models. Thus, AR in these subjects is a predictor of ARC of the FVC and FEV1 independent of baseline pulmonary function values. PMID- 6734293 TI - Total respiratory pressure-volume curves in the adult respiratory distress syndrome. AB - To assess the value of measuring compliance in the adult respiratory distress syndrome, sequential pressure-volume curves were obtained in 19 patients with this syndrome. Analysis of the pressure-volume curves allowed separation of the patients into the following four groups: (1) group 1 (n = 6), normal compliance measured during deflation, little hysteresis, and no inflection in the ascending limb of the pressure-volume tracing; (2) group 2 (n = 8), normal compliance during deflation, increased hysteresis, and presence of an inflection; (3) group 3 (n = 10), decreased compliance during deflation, marked hysteresis, and presence of an inflection; and (4) group 4 (n = 10), reduced compliance during deflation, no increased hysteresis, and no inflection. These patterns were correlated with the stage of the adult respiratory distress syndrome and to the pattern of the chest x-ray film. Group 2 corresponds to the initial stage of the syndrome and to pure alveolar opacities on the chest x-ray film. Group 3 is seen later in the course of the syndrome and corresponds to mixed alveolar and interstitial opacities. Group 4 corresponds to patients with end-stage adult respiratory distress syndrome (two weeks) and a predominant interstitial pattern on the chest x-ray film. Group 1 corresponds to a nearly normal chest x-ray film and to recovery. PMID- 6734295 TI - Postoperative respiratory care after transsternal thymectomy in myasthenia gravis. A 3-year experience in 53 patients. AB - During a three-year period, 53 patients with myasthenia gravis underwent transsternal thymectomy by a partial sternum-splitting technique at our institution. This procedure was carried out (1) because an x-ray film or a computed tomography scan had suggested the presence of a thymoma or (2) to manage symptoms of myasthenia gravis. In 41 patients the endotracheal tube was removed in the post-anesthesia recovery room. The remaining 12 patients were extubated in the Respiratory Care Unit--in five, after prolonged mechanical ventilation. From our experience, the only factor useful for predicting the probable need for prolonged postoperative mechanical ventilation is the degree of bulbar involvement. Patients in Osserman classification groups 3 and 4 have an extremely high incidence of postoperative respiratory failure. Consideration should be given to the use of preoperative plasmapheresis in myasthenia gravis patients who have significant bulbar symptoms. PMID- 6734296 TI - The effect of nicotine on pulmonary epithelial permeability in man. AB - We examined the effect of nicotine on pulmonary epithelial permeability in man. Nicotine was administered from a chewing gum base given over a seven-day period. An index of pulmonary permeability was derived from the rate of clearance from the lung into the blood of 99mTcDTPA (diethylenetriamine pentacetate). In five nonsmoking volunteers there was no change in permeability for the seven-day study period. This lack of effect of nicotine alone was in striking contrast to the increase in epithelial permeability observed in five nonsmoking subjects who took up cigarette smoking. PMID- 6734297 TI - Amiodarone-digoxin interaction. Clinical and experimental observations. AB - Twenty-two patients were given amiodarone for refractory cardiac arrhythmias, and pre- and post-amiodarone serum digoxin levels were studied. The interval between pre- and post-amiodarone serum digoxin levels ranged from five days to nine months (mean interval, seven weeks). The mean (+/- SD) pre-amiodarone serum digoxin level was 1.0 +/- 0.4 ng/ml, and the post-amiodarone serum digoxin level was 1.9 +/- 0.8 ng/ml (p less than .001). To develop an animal model for study of the digoxin-amiodarone interaction, 18 pigs were given digoxin for a four-week period. Half of the animals were given amiodarone as well as digoxin for the last two weeks of the study. At the end of the initial two-week period, there was no difference in serum digoxin levels between the two groups. At the end of the second two-week period, the serum digoxin level in the group receiving digoxin alone was 0.6 +/- 0.2 ng/ml, and the serum digoxin level in the group receiving the digoxin and amiodarone was 1.2 +/- 0.6 ng/ml (p less than .01). These data confirm the presence of an amiodarone-digoxin interaction in man and show that the pig is an appropriate model for study of this clinical phenomenon in the animal laboratory. PMID- 6734298 TI - Hematoporphyrin derivative phototherapy in the treatment of bronchogenic carcinoma. AB - Nineteen patients with cancer involving the tracheobronchial tree (a total of 20 carcinomas) have completed at least one course of hematoporphyrin derivative phototherapy administered via the flexible fiberoptic bronchoscope. Seven patients (eight carcinomas) have shown a complete response. In six of these patients (seven carcinomas), there has been no recurrence of tumor at the site of treatment during follow-up ranging from 8 to 31 months. One patient had a complete response lasting 12 months, but subsequently had a local recurrence producing obstruction; this patient died 24 months after the initial hematoporphyrin derivative phototherapy. Eight other patients had less than a complete response and required alternative therapy. Three of these eight patients died, one of metastases and two of airway obstruction and metastases. The four remaining patients died before results of this local therapy could be assessed; two died of metastases and two of hemoptysis. The cancers in patients who had a complete response were less than 3 sq cm in surface area and appeared superficial at bronchoscopy. Therefore, hematoporphyrin derivative phototherapy does have the potential to become an alternative to surgical resection as the primary treatment in carefully selected patients. PMID- 6734300 TI - Factitious methemoglobinemia caused by hyperlipemia. AB - Hyperlipemia in an acyanotic patient with diabetic ketoacidosis, alcoholism, and pancreatitis produced a falsely elevated concentration of methemoglobin (19 percent) and a lower-than-expected oxygen saturation measured with an automated spectrophotometer (IL-282 CO-Oximeter). In addition, there was a "normal" hemoglobin level despite a low hematocrit reading. In vitro studies showed that hyperlipemia corresponding to triglyceride levels of 500 mg/100 ml and greater produced erroneously high values for methemoglobin and total hemoglobin and "negative" values for carboxyhemoglobin. These abnormalities disappeared when the excessive lipids were removed by washing the erythrocytes in physiologic saline solution. PMID- 6734301 TI - Variable tracheal stenosis related to body position. AB - We demonstrated a variable extrathoracic tracheal stenosis which developed after technically adequate tracheostomy and was worsened by changes in body position. When the patient's arms were above his head, minimal airway diameter was reduced 31 percent, and maximal inspiratory flow rate 37 percent below values measured with arms down, but expiratory flow rates were preserved. Tracheostomy may disrupt the integrity of tracheal support and allow airway collapse under circumstances of increased extratracheal or decreased intratracheal pressure. PMID- 6734299 TI - Comparison of lorcainide and quinidine in the treatment of ventricular ectopy. AB - Lorcainide, a new type I antiarrhythmic agent, was compared to quinidine in respect to antiarrhythmic efficacy and clinical safety. Thirteen subjects completed an open, randomized, crossover study with analysis of 24-hour ambulatory ECG monitoring and drug blood levels. The QRS and Q-T intervals increased with both lorcainide and quinidine. The mean reduction in total ventricular premature beats (VPBs) with quinidine was 16 percent compared to 68 percent with lorcainide (p less than .05). With lorcainide eight of 13 subjects had a significant (greater than 82 percent) reduction in VPBs compared to only three of 13 subjects taking quinidine (p less than .05). This same relationship was observed when mean VPB/1,000 heartbeats was analyzed. Ventricular tachycardia was no longer present in five of nine subjects taking lorcainide and in two of nine taking quinidine. No relationship could be established between drug level and arrhythmia suppression in this small population. Some CNS effects were reported in both groups, but no significant hematologic, chemical, or urinary adverse effects were seen with either drug. Thus, lorcainide compares favorably to quinidine in regard to arrhythmia suppression, but was limited in its clinical utility by CNS side effects. PMID- 6734302 TI - Marked paradoxical septal motion associated with an early diastolic heart sound. AB - The findings in four patients with marked paradoxical septal motion and an unusual early diastolic sound are presented. Each patient had markedly abnormal right ventricular function. Phonocardiograms, apexcardiograms, and echocardiograms showed the sound to precede the expected timing of a third heart sound and to coincide with the peak leftward displacement of the paradoxically moving septum in early diastole. In two patients the sound was also accompanied by third and fourth heart sounds, revealing a total of five heart sounds on phonocardiographic studies. The sound appeared to originate from the sudden deceleration of the septal mass as it moved leftward during ventricular relaxation. PMID- 6734303 TI - Roentgenogram of the month. Juxtacardiac mass and congestive heart failure. PMID- 6734304 TI - Rectal bioavailability of bacampicillin hydrochloride in man as determined by reversed-phase liquid chromatography. AB - The relative bioavailability of bacampicillin hydrochloride, a pro-drug of ampicillin, was compared after rectal and oral administration. Bacampicillin was administered rectally as a microenema . The oral formulation was an aqueous microcapsule suspension. They were given as single doses of 400 mg to 12 healthy volunteers after overnight fasting using a randomized cross-over design. Ampicillin and bacampicillin were determined in plasma and blood, respectively, using HPLC. Bacampicillin was rapidly absorbed from the rectum but to a much smaller degree compared to the oral dose. The median t-max was 0.5 and 0.75 h after the rectal and oral doses, respectively. The mean (SD) Cp-max was 1.2 (0.33) mg/l after rectal and 4.8 (0.98) mg/l after oral administration, respectively. Blood concentrations of bacampicillin were extremely low or undetectable with no indication of differences between the two modes of administration. The 95% confidence limits for the relative bioavailability of the microenema were 22.4-39.2 and 22.5-40.4% based on area under the plasma concentration time curve and urinary recovery, respectively. The rectal dose was followed by distress, diarrhea or pain, in 7 subjects. There were no adverse reactions after the oral dose. Bacampicillin was unaffected by beta-lactamases produced by intestinal bacteria. PMID- 6734305 TI - In vitro antibiotic susceptibility of Legionellaceae: search for alternative antimicrobial drugs. AB - Reference strains of Legionella pneumophila (serotypes 1-4, and 6), Legionella micdadei , and Legionella bozemanii proved susceptible (agar dilution test, buffered charcoal yeast extract agar) to erythromycin, rifampin, augmentin (amoxycillin plus clavulanic acid), cefotaxime, cefoxitin, enoxacin , fusidic acid, and norfloxacin; cefamandole was less active. The strains varied in susceptibility to fosfomycin. PMID- 6734306 TI - The short-term dynamics of social organization in preschool triads. AB - Sequential dependencies in solitary and interactive states of social organization were examined as a function of age, sex, and type of toy in 12 triads of 3 1/2- and 5-year-old children. Each triad was observed during 2 30-min sessions, one in which objects with highly specific functions (e.g., dolls, trucks) were available, and one in which objects with relatively ambiguous functions (e.g., pipe cleaners, cardboard cylinders) were present. The results indicated that, while old and young triads did not differ in the tendency to initiate triadic interaction when the preceding state was solitary, old triads were more likely than young triads to maintain the triadic state and to shift to that state from the dyadic state. Boy triads were more likely than girl triads to remain in a solitary state and less likely to shift to and remain in a dyadic state, though no sex difference was found in the transition probabilities when the preceding state was triadic. Triads were more likely to remain in a solitary state in the presence of high-specificity toys than in the presence of low-specificity toys. Verbal metacommunication was more frequent among old triads than young triads, and it facilitated maintenance, but not initiation, of interactive states. The distinction between initiation and maintenance tendencies was formalized in a Markov model of the dynamics of social organization, and the parameter estimates yielded by the model were used to provide a simplified description of the "main" effects of age, sex, and type of toy. It is argued that models such as this one are useful in circumventing certain restrictions on the possible interpretations of raw sequential statistics. PMID- 6734307 TI - Sex stereotype effects in children's picture recognition. AB - Children performed a 2-option forced-choice picture recognition task in which the 2 pictures presented varied the sex of the person performing an activity. During acquisition the children had been presented with pictures in which the match between the activity and the performer was consistent with or inconsistent with sex stereotypes. Additional pictures involving stereotype neutral activities also were presented during acquisition and recognition. Half of the children received verbal labels along with the pictures. The labels were expected to facilitate recognition when the picture was consistent with the stereotype, but inhibit performance when the portrayal was inconsistent, since the labels described sex stereotyped activities. There were equal numbers of female and male children in 2 age groups, and the children were selected based on a pretest to create 2 levels of adherence to sex stereotypes. The results indicated that the labels did inhibit performance on the sex stereotype inconsistent pictures, but produced no increases for stereotype consistent pictures. An interaction involving the sex of the person pictured, sex of child, and sex-stereotype consistency revealed that males responded differentially as a function of the sex of the person pictured, while females were unaffected by this variation. Overall, the results were taken as supportive of a gender schema view of sex-typing in children. PMID- 6734308 TI - Peer presence and the exploratory behavior of eighteen- and thirty-month-old children. AB - 20 18- and 20 30-month-old children were observed in a situation requiring separation from the mother in order to play with attractive toys. An agemate was present for half the children but not the others. Peer presence facilitated leaving the mother and entering the playroom at both ages. Among 18-month-olds, the presence of the peer also shortened play bouts, increased unoccupied/self solace behavior, and increased contact maintenance with the mother. Among 30 month-olds, however, the peer's presence did not have these effects. these children engaged in increased coordinate social interaction with the other child. Developmental changes occurring in the second and third year thus include the increased salience of agemates in supporting separation from the mother and exploration of the environment in the context of sustained social interaction. PMID- 6734309 TI - Overt versus covert assessment of observer reliability. AB - This study examined the tendency of observers to make less reliable recordings of behavioral events when a calibrating observer is absent. Experienced observers in 4 different research sites coded videotapes of family interaction using the multicategory system developed at each site. 60 tapes were coded simultaneously by randomly selected observer pairs (overt reliability assessment) and 40 tapes were coded independently by 2 observers who did not know that their entries could be compared (covert assessment). Within site, intraclass correlations (ICCs) were computed separately for both forms of reliability assessment and a variety of behaviors. Overt ICCs were very high for most behaviors in all 4 systems. The corresponding covert reliabilities were significantly lower. Covert decline was conspicuous in the first 10 min of a 1-hour coding session. Hence, observer fatigue was not its principal cause. Apparently, observers lapse into a less attentive "set" prior to coding without a partner. This tendency is most discernible when a highly complex system is employed. PMID- 6734310 TI - Behavioral and adjustment correlates of problem solving: validational analyses of interpersonal cognitive problem-solving measures. AB - The interpersonal cognitive problem-solving (ICPS) skills (i.e., means-ends thinking, identified obstacles, alternative solutions, consequential thinking) of 150 families (father, mother, and child 6-11 years old) were assessed via written tests and problem-solving behavioral performance. The interrelationships of ICPS written and behavioral problem-solving skills were examined, as were the relationships of each of these measures of problem solving to both parent and teacher indices of child adjustment. IQ, as measured by the age-appropriate Wechsler scale, was partialed out. Results indicated some ecological validity of written alternatives and consequential tests for children and means-ends tests for parents. Neither parents' nor children's written ICPS scores nor problem solving behavior were systematically related to either teacher or parent ratings of child adjustment. However, a behavioral index of parental facilitation of child problem solving was significantly related to all problem-solving behaviors and some written ICPS measures. Results are discussed in terms of the role of ICPS skills in child adjustment, the potential limits of ICPS measures in therapy outcome, and the manner in which children learn interpersonal cognitive problem solving. PMID- 6734311 TI - The Pennsylvania Infant and Family Development Project, I: Stability and change in mother-infant and father-infant interaction in a family setting at one, three, and nine months. AB - In order to further understanding of the development of the father-infant relationship, patterns of mothering and fathering in 72 families were observed longitudinally (at 1, 3, and 9 months) and from the perspective of the family system. Analyses of variance revealed comparable developmental change in maternal and paternal behaviors, but striking differences between parents, with mothers engaging in far more interaction at all ages studied. Analyses of individual differences in maternal and paternal behavior revealed consistent stability over time, especially from 3 to 9 months, thereby highlighting points of similarity in mothering and fathering. Within-age correlational analyses revealed consistent positive associations between measures of father-infant and husband-wife interaction, yet little relationship between measures of mother-infant and spousal interaction. These findings and others are discussed in terms of similarities and differences in mothering and fathering. PMID- 6734312 TI - The Pennsylvania Infant and Family Development Project, II: The development of reciprocal interaction in the mother-infant dyad. AB - In order to assess stability and change in mother-infant interaction, 74 mother infant dyads were observed at home under naturalistic conditions when infants were 1, 3, and 9 months. Both conceptually and empirically guided data-reduction procedures indicated that 4 summary constructs underlie 15 behavioral categories coded: reciprocal interaction, noninvolvement, distress, and basic care. Mean levels of reciprocal interaction remained unchanged over time, with individual differences being stable. Mean levels of noninvolvement increased from 1 to 3 months only, and remained stable across all time periods, while mean levels of distress and basic care declined linearly across the 9-month periods, with individual dyads displaying little stability. A final analysis assessed stability and change in the 9 component variables comprising the reciprocal interaction construct. Significant change was discerned with respect to several of these components, as well as a good deal of instability. These findings led to the conclusion that, in the face of sameness in mother-infant interaction across the first 9 months, there is also much change. PMID- 6734313 TI - The Pennsylvania Infant and Family Development Project, III: The origins of individual differences in infant-mother attachment: maternal and infant contributions. AB - In order to test 4 specific hypotheses regarding the interactional histories associated with variation in quality of infant-mother attachment, data gathered during naturalistic home observations at 1, 3, and 9 months on 60 babies seen in the Ainsworth and Wittig strange situation were examined. Planned comparisons revealed, as predicted, that securely attached infants had experienced intermediate levels of reciprocal interaction and maternal stimulation, considered to be reflective of sensitive care, and that resistant babies had experienced less responsive care than securely attached infants. No support was provided for the hypothesis that avoidant babies had experienced less physical contact with mothers than securely attached infants. Insecurely attached infants were observed to cry significantly more than securely attached infants at 3 and 9 months. A cross-lag panel analysis, designed to assess longitudinal processes of influence, revealed that fussiness was caused by mothering and did not serve to influence mothering. These results are discussed in terms of mothers' relatively greater influence in determining individual differences in attachment, with overstimulation leading to avoidance, understimulation leading to resistance, and intermediate levels of stimulation leading to security. PMID- 6734314 TI - Continuity of individual differences in the mother-infant relationship from six to thirteen months. AB - The current study searched for continuities in mother-infant interaction observed at home, maternally perceived infant difficultness, and infant developmental competency. Also assessed were the possible moderator variables of maternal report of satisfaction with adjustment to the infant and background characteristics, for example, SES, presence of other young children, and infant gender. 128 dyads were assessed at ages 6 and 13 months. Many of the variables used to evaluate continuity were composites based on factor analysis. Bivariate correlations between 6- and 13-month variables produced a complex picture. In broad overview, as predicted by the prior literature, they indicated some degree of stability for mother variables and markedly less for the infant variables. Canonical correlation analysis yielded 3 significant canonical variates, producing a more integrated picture. The dimensions of continuity revealed by these variates were (1) Affectionate, Intellectually Stimulating Mothering, which had modest-to-moderate links to the indexes of infant competence; (2) Infant Temperamental Difficultness, which was determined mainly by consistency in mother report on 2 age-adjusted versions of the Infant Characteristics Questionnaire but which also contained loadings for objectively observed infant fussing, crying, and social demandingness; and (3) an unnamed dimension which resembles a pattern of intense involvement, both positive and negative, seen in older, clinically referred families. PMID- 6734315 TI - Toddler development in the family: impact of father involvement and parenting characteristics. AB - The family context of toddler development was explored with 75 20-month-olds and their parents. To determine the impact of quantitative and qualitative aspects of fathering, relationships between father involvement in child rearing, parenting characteristics (attitudes and behavior), and child adaptation were investigated. Child characteristics included security of toddler-father and toddler-mother attachment assessed in the strange situation, and toddler affect and task orientation in a problem-solving task. Parental attitudes and father involvement were assessed with questionnaires. Analyses examining associations among father involvement, parenting characteristics, and toddler development demonstrated significant relationships. Extent of father involvement was related to toddler development with both fathers and mothers. However, results highlighted the salience of qualitative characteristics (attitudes, behavioral sensitivity) rather than quantitative characteristics (amount of father's time with child) of parenting for toddler development. PMID- 6734317 TI - The use and effectiveness of maternal scaffolding in mother-infant games. AB - Maternal behaviors within mother-infant games were examined to determine the amount, type, and functional value of maternal helping behaviors. 17 mother infant pairs were videotaped on monthly visits from 8 to 16 months as they played 5 separate games. 2 of these games, roll the ball and peekaboo, were analyzed in terms of "rounds" of each game. Results show that dyads play more rounds of both games in the first months that infants perform game-relevant behaviors (e.g., returning a ball, performing uncovering or covering-uncovering). Maternal attention-getting and physical "stage-setting" behaviors occur in the early rounds of both games. In roll the ball, maternal hands-out and reinforcement behaviors increase in the months after the child begins to return the ball, while the percentage of rounds in which dyads play nonreturn variants decreases. Infants are more likely to return a ball when mother holds out her hands than when she does not. Infants are also able to perform returning or uncovering in game contexts before they perform similar behaviors in cognitive tests. The general similarity of findings in the peekaboo and roll-the-ball games, in spite of differences in the amounts of scaffolding, attention-getting, stage-setting, and reinforcement behaviors between the 2 games, indicates that the types and functions of maternal helping behaviors may be generalizable to other contexts of mother-infant interactions. PMID- 6734316 TI - Infant-mother attachment: factors related to its development and changes over time. AB - As part of a large longitudinal study, assessments of attachment relationships in high-risk mother-infant pairs were conducted at 12 and 18 months. With data collected prenatally and during the infant's first 2 years of life, this study attempted to discriminate among 3 major attachment classifications and to account for qualitative changes in attachment relationships. The data included maternal and infant characteristics, mother-infant interactions, life-stress events, and family living arrangements. Several patterns seemed to emerge. Mothers of securely attached infants were consistently more cooperative and sensitive with their infants as observed in a feeding and play situation than mothers of anxiously attached infants. Anxious/resistant infants tended to lag behind their counterparts developmentally and were less likely to solicit responsive caretaking. Anxious/avoidant infants, although robust, tended to have mothers who had negative feelings about motherhood, were tense and irritable, and treated their infants in a perfunctory manner. Male babies were somewhat more vulnerable to qualitative differences in caretaking, while, for girls, maternal personality showed a stronger relationship to security of attachment. Changes from secure to anxious attachments were characterized by initially adequate caretaking skills but prolonged interaction with an aggressive and suspicious mother. Changes toward secure attachments tend to reflect growth and increasing competence among young mothers. PMID- 6734318 TI - A multimodal assessment of behavioral and cognitive deficits in abused and neglected preschoolers. AB - 42 preschool children who had a previous history of physical abuse, serious neglect, or no prior history of child maltreatment participated in a multimodal assessment of cognitive and behavioral functioning. In addition to standardized tests of cognitive ability and behavioral observations in the classrooms, both the parents and teachers rated the children on several measures. Results show that the abused and neglected children had lower scores on all the measures of cognitive functioning when compared to the matched comparison children. The behavioral observation data from the classrooms, however, were more complex. That is, differences among groups depended on the type of behavior observed. Neglected children engaged in the least number of interactions with other children, and the abused children demonstrated the most aggression. Both parents and teachers rated the maltreated children as more aggressive, less mature, and less ready to learn. In summary, differences between abused, neglected, and comparison children were present on a number of measures, indicating that maltreated children display significant cognitive and social deficits. PMID- 6734319 TI - The relation of infants' home environments to achievement test performance in first grade: a follow-up study. AB - In 2 earlier investigations, we found that scores on the HOME Inventory administered during the first 2 years of life were substantially correlated with intelligence test scores at ages 3 and 4 1/2. In the current investigation, HOME scores in first 2 years showed similar relations to SRA Achievement Test scores during the first grade. In general, findings from this study were like those from the earlier investigations except that the subscale, "maternal responsivity," showed a weaker relation to achievement than IQ; while the "variety of stimulation" scale showed a stronger relation. Of all the HOME subscales, "play materials" revealed the strongest correlation with first-grade achievement. When 12-month Bayley MDI scores were partialed out of the HOME/achievement relation, little reduction was noted in the magnitude of the correlation; however, when 3 year IQ or subsequent HOME scores were partialed out, little residual correlation was noted. PMID- 6734320 TI - Infants' perception of melodies: the role of melodic contour. AB - Infants 8-11 months of age were exposed to repetitions of a 6-tone sequence or melody, then tested for their discrimination of transpositions of that sequence as well as other melodic transformations previously used by Massaro, Kallman, and Kelly with adults. In experiment 1, infants showed evidence of discriminating all transformations from the original melody. In Experiment 2, the task was made more difficult, and infants failed to discriminate transpositions of the original melody as well as transformations that preserved the melodic contour and approximate frequency range of the original melody. By contrast, infants showed evidence of discriminating transformations that violated the contour of the original melody or that included changes in the octaves from which component tones were drawn. This global processing strategy parallels that used by adults with atonal or unfamiliar tonal melodies. PMID- 6734321 TI - Ontogeny of infantile oral reflexes and emerging chewing. AB - The ontogeny of rooting, lip, lateral tongue, mouth opening, biting, and Babkin reflexes and emerging chewing behaviors were observed in 2 normal infants from 1 week to 35 weeks of age. These behaviors were videotaped at 9 monthly test sessions, and their movement patterns analyzed during slow-motion playback. The reflex responses were elicited in both infants through 35 weeks of age. They consisted of those characteristic movements described in the literature plus additional movements that elaborated the characteristic pattern. The complexity of the reflexes and the quality of movement changed with age. Components of chewing, which emerged sequentially from 1 week of age, were cyclical mandibular elevation and depression, lateral tongue movements, transport of the bolus from lateral to medial oral position, mandible retrusion, lateralization and protrusion movements in association with mandibular elevation and depression, increase in speed of rhythmical chewing movements to the mature speed of 1 cycle per second, and mastication. Chewing and oral reflexes contained similar movements but differed in the relative frequency of certain characteristic movements and in the stimulus response relationship. PMID- 6734322 TI - The development of gait: a study in African children ages one to five. AB - The purpose of this study was to describe quantitatively the gait development of a group of African children to determine how the pattern changes would relate to growth and maturation. This work applies an established technology of gait analysis to field conditions. 65 children of the Gusii tribe from southwestern Kenya were selected for study with an age range from 13 months to 69 months. Gait evaluation was performed by film recording free-cadence walking of the children. Growth in stature and age both influence the gait patterns. Developmental patterns of alteration in velocity, stride length, and cadence quantitatively measured in this study closely parallel observations made on children in laboratory settings by other workers. PMID- 6734323 TI - Children's understanding of adoption. AB - 200 adopted and nonadopted children, ranging in age from 4 to 13 years, were interviewed about their understanding of adoption. Both open-ended interview and structured Q sort procedures were used. Results indicated clear developmental trends in children's knowledge of the nature of the adoptive family relationship, as well as the motivational basis underlying adoption. Relatively few differences were found, however, between adopted and nonadopted children's knowledge of adoption. Results are discussed within the general context of children's acquisition of social knowledge. Implications of the findings for adoption policy and practice also are discussed. PMID- 6734324 TI - Spooning and basketing: children's dealing with accidental gaps in the lexicon. AB - The abilities of 2-, 5-, and 7-year-old children to interpret, judge the acceptability of, and produce class extensions were assessed. Class extensions are linguistic constructions in which a word that normally functions as a member of one syntactic category is used as a member of another, as in the sentence He is pianoing Christmas songs. Subjects in each age group understood sentences containing class extensions to some extent. However, the 2-year-olds' performance was depressed relative to the near-maximal performance of the older subjects, because they were generally insensitive to word-order cues in the stimulus sentences. Only the 7-year-olds consistently judged sentences containing class extensions to be deviant; the 5-year-olds confused syntax and semantics in making their judgments. The 7-year-olds were also able to produce class-extension phrases "on demand" more frequently than the 5-year-olds. It is concluded that the increasing ability with age to deal appropriately with class extensions is primarily due to general advances in language acquisition rather than to any development unique to the class-extension word-formation process. It is noted that the pattern of results reported, as well as observations that children's use of class extensions in spontaneous speech declines with age, may both be accounted for if word-formation rules are assumed to be "nonproductive, general rules," with a generative component and a later-acquired inhibitory component. PMID- 6734325 TI - Infant speech recognition in multisyllabic contexts. AB - In 2 infant speech recognition experiments using trisyllabic sequences, the amount of redundancy within nontarget, context syllables was manipulated. Infants 6 1/2 months old were trained to discriminate the syllables [ba] versus [du] in contexts that were either redundant (e.g., [ko ba ko] or [ti ba ti]) or mixed (e.g., [ko ba ti] or [ti ba ko]) A visually reinforced head-turning procedure was employed. In Experiment 1, context was manipulated between subjects, but in Experiment 2 each subject received all 4 contexts (2 redundant, 2 mixed). Infants consistently recognized the familiar target in all contexts, but did so more successfully in redundant than in mixed trisyllablic contexts. These results suggest that amount of speech redundancy may be an important factor in infants' perceptual capabilities. PMID- 6734326 TI - Development of the ability to distinguish communicative intention and literal message meaning. AB - Children's ability to distinguish the literal meaning of a message and the speaker's communicative intent was investigated in 2 experiments. First- and second-grade children evaluated brief referential communication messages for ambiguity under 2 conditions. In an informed condition, the children knew which referent the speaker had intended. In an uninformed condition, they did not know the intended referent. 2 communication systems were used. In Experiment 1, the messages were written on cards and read to the child; in Experiment 2, a novel communication system was used. The developmental pattern of results was similar for both studies. The results showed that the first graders in the informed condition often claimed that an ambiguous message could not refer to a referent the speaker had not meant, whereas children in the uninformed condition were able to detect the referential ambiguity of the message. There were no condition differences for the second graders. The results suggest that young children's ability to analyze the literal meaning of a message is affected by the accessibility of the speaker's communicative intent and that children may develop a general ability to analyze representations of communicative intention. PMID- 6734327 TI - Why young listeners do not benefit from differentiating verbal redundancy. AB - Previous research has shown that young listeners, unlike older ones, do not benefit from verbal redundancy because of developmental differences in the decision criterion used when responding. Could some of the developmental differences in how listeners respond to redundant communications be due to their drawing age-related different conclusions about what the speaker meant to convey with the utterance? This study investigated whether young listeners make certain, perhaps unwarranted, assumptions about speaker authoritativeness. First and fourth graders heard stories in which a protagonist had to respond to what could be interpreted as redundant directions. They were asked to judge how the protagonist would respond. Stories varied in terms of both the age and the certainty of the speaker. Possible response options varied on how the protagonist utilized and hence responded to the "verbal redundancy." The results indicated that when there are no explicit markers indicating speaker certainty, young children make different inferences than older ones about speaker meaning. Thus, these data help to show the importance of determining how listeners in a communicative interaction judge and interpret what they hear. PMID- 6734328 TI - Expectancies and memory retrieval in three-month-old infants. AB - The ability of 3-month-olds to acquire generalized expectancies of reward and the role of these expectancies in memory retrieval was assessed in 2 experiments. In both, infants learned to activate the components of a crib mobile by kicking and were trained with mobiles containing either the same (invariant) or different (variable) components in successive daily sessions. In Experiment 1, infants exhibited positive transfer over both the invariant and variable stimulus series. However, there was a trend toward disruption of retrieval when infants were tested with a familiar set of components following training on a variable stimulus series. In Experiment 2, infants were trained for 2 sessions with mobile components that either did or did not change between sessions. In a 24-hour retention test, mobile components that either continued or violated the serial order established during the preceding sessions were presented as retrieval cues. Infants again exhibited positive transfer over both variable and invariant series when the test stimulus was predicted by the serial order of training stimuli, but violations of either expected order produced a retention deficit. These results were interpreted as suggesting that very young infants develop generalized expectancies of reward that are based on the serial pattern in which events occur. PMID- 6734329 TI - Unconstrained retrieval from semantic memory. AB - The present study was designed to examine developmental change in the processes used to retrieve lexical information from semantic memory. We asked 8-, 12-, and 21-year-olds to name as many animals and pieces of furniture as they could, in separate 7-min intervals. The principal results were the following: (1) the number of items retrieved increased with age, but at all ages retrieval declined hyperbolically over the 7-min interval; (2) analysis of the time between retrieval of successive items indicated that older individuals retrieved larger clusters of items, but that the number of clusters retrieved did not vary with age; and (3) at all ages prototypic category members were retrieved first, followed by typical (but not prototypic) and atypical category members. The results are explained in terms of a model in which the information in semantic memory changes with age, but the processes used to retrieve that information do not. PMID- 6734330 TI - Development of proportional response strategies. AB - An experimental task modeled after hypothesis-testing probes was devised to examine the hypotheses and strategies children (from grades K, 2, 4, and 6) used when making proportional judgments. Earlier studies of proportional reasoning have been limited by methodological inadequacies and by attempts to obtain a "static" measure of children's understanding of proportion concepts. The task used here was oriented toward determining the maximum level of performance a child was capable of without specific training. However, the children did not change or alter their hypotheses or strategies, even after negative feedback, probably because they did not actually receive a counter (square) of the designated color. Other results showed that choosing the set of elements with a greater proportion of, say, white squares in order to get a white square increased with age and increased when the stimulus squares were randomly displayed. In general, the hypotheses used by children at different grades conformed with a developmental sequence proposed by Piaget and Inhelder (even if the specific ages at which appropriate behaviors were observed did not so conform). Further attempts to describe how children acquire proportion concepts were discussed. PMID- 6734331 TI - Phases of transition in cognitive development: evidence from the domain of spatial representation. AB - Data on changes in children's map drawing ability are used to examine 3 hypotheses concerning the relationship of level mixture to developmental change as proposed by Damon in a recent study of social reasoning: (1) that high total mixture precedes change, (2) that low total mixture precedes change, and (3) that high positive mixture (i.e., that at stages above the mode) precedes change. Further predictions are derived from our 6-phase model of transition; these are compared and contrasted with conclusions reached by Damon. Using Damon's approach, we replicate his finding that high positive mixture precedes model advance. More detailed analyses of 2 separate groups as suggested by the transitions model, however, show that all 3 types of mixture precede developmental change, albeit different types of change within each group. PMID- 6734332 TI - The emergence and consolidation of self-control from eighteen to thirty months of age: normative trends and individual differences. AB - This study is a descriptive report of the capability to exercise self-control in very young children. 2 aspects of self-control were assessed (delay/response inhibition in the presence of an attractive stimulus and compliance with maternal directives in a cleanup task) for 72 children between the ages of 18 and 30 months. The results indicated that both aspects of self-control show age-related increases. However, a factor analysis of the behaviors observed in the cleanup task suggested that compliance could not be adequately described with a unitary, bipolar dimension (noncompliance vs. compliance). 2 patterns of non-compliance were observed, and 1 of these also increased with age. Cross-task consistency for the delay measures) and coherence across the 2 aspects of self-control showed a positive relationship with increasing age. Finally, correlational analyses of the self-control measures and developmental test data showed that individual differences in self-control were associated with differences in cognitive developmental status (DA). The results are interpreted as evidence that the achievement of self-control can be considered as a major developmental accomplishment and as evidence that individual differences in self-control emerge and are consolidated during the second and third years of life. PMID- 6734333 TI - [Emergency amputations]. PMID- 6734334 TI - [Amputation in vascular disorders]. PMID- 6734335 TI - [Prosthetic care following amputation]. PMID- 6734337 TI - [Secondary resection in primarily omitted thyroidectomy as a prerequisite for multimodal therapy of differentiated thyroid cancers]. AB - From 1.1. 1970 to 31.12. 1982 62 patients underwent secondary thyroidectomy. In 28.3% primary thyroidectomy was omitted due to false negative frozen section. The rate of lesions of the recurrens nerve amounted to 4.8%, the percentage of hypoparathyroidism was 3.2%. The postoperative uptake of radioiodine was 19.4 +/- 16.8%. Uptake of radioiodine and the time interval between the first and second operation were correlated. PMID- 6734336 TI - [Infected joint fracture. Diagnosis, treatment and results in 63 patients]. AB - For diagnosis, treatment and prognosis of infected articular fractures special attention should be paid to the following: When conventional treatment with puncture and irrigation of the joint after a maximum of 7 days is not successful, synovectomy in the early stage of infection, before extensive cartilage destruction particularly in the knee, elbow joint and hand, is the appropriate treatment. The progressive destruction of the cartilage and bone is interrupted. As a result of the early functional after-treatment good mobility of the joint and cartilage nutrition are achieved. In patients who were treated with synovectomy the time for healing was only 4 months, after arthrectomy 7 months and arthrodesis 20 months. Taking into consideration the complaints, mobility and shortening of the leg synovectomies had better results. The overall result demonstrates that despite enormous therapeutic effort, the infection in articular fractures is a serious complication which often leads to permanently functional deficiencies. Of 55 re-examined patients 34 were free of complaints, 5 amputations were necessary as a result of severe neurovascular damage and sepsis. The best results were achieved with early synovectomy. PMID- 6734338 TI - [Intraoperative sonography following endarterectomy of the carotid artery]. AB - The application of intraoperative sonography during carotid endarterectomy will give additional information in vascular diseases, in control of vascular anastomoses in localization of residual arterioma, intima flaps and instrumental damage. Intraoperative sonography is a new device for the vascular surgeon, and should be used to reduce the risk of early restenosis after carotid endarterectomy. PMID- 6734339 TI - [Pre- and postoperative fibronectin concentrations in the serum of patients with severe peritonitis in comparison with postoperative courses without complications]. AB - Fibronectin in serum was determined in surgical patients with and without severe peritonitis. It could be observed that the infection induced an intense reduction of fibronectin, which could not be found in patients without postoperative complications. Extremely low values were detected in patients not surviving the infection. They remain unchanged during the observation time. Patients with severe infections, which survived, did show higher fibronectin values which significantly increased during the observation time. Together with other parameters and clinical symptoms fibronectin could be used to indicate the prognosis of severe infections. PMID- 6734340 TI - [Isolated rupture of the common bile duct in blunt left-sided upper abdominal trauma]. PMID- 6734341 TI - [Autologous dermal implantation: a facultative carcinogen?]. PMID- 6734342 TI - [Legal requirements in the clinical use of assistant physicians in specialty education: a clarifying decision of the federal court]. PMID- 6734343 TI - [Small wounds of the fingers: the physician or the surgeon? An attempted arbitration]. PMID- 6734344 TI - [Ascariasis and surgery. Apropos of 130 Cambodian cases]. PMID- 6734345 TI - [Lithiasis of the main bile duct in southeastern Asia. Apropos of 171 Cambodian cases]. PMID- 6734346 TI - [Results of the Childs-Phillips mesenteriplication in the treatment of recurrent occlusions]. PMID- 6734347 TI - [Nontraumatic shock]. PMID- 6734348 TI - [Treatment of traumatic mutilations of the thumb. New aspects and contribution of microsurgery]. PMID- 6734349 TI - [Autotransfusion and erythrocyte washing. Technic and application in cardiac surgery]. PMID- 6734350 TI - [Surgical repair of the brachial plexus in obstetric paralysis]. PMID- 6734351 TI - An automated image analysis system for the detection of rare autoradiographically labelled cells in the human lymphocyte HGPRT variant assay. AB - This paper describes a fast and accurate method for the identification of autoradiographically labelled human hypoxanthine-guanine phosphoribosyl transferase (HGPRT) variant lymphocytes on slide preparations using a high-speed computer image analysis system--the Fast Interval Processor (FIP). The system has been developed primarily for the analysis of cultured human peripheral blood lymphocyte populations in which the frequency of labelled cells may vary from less than one to more than 2,000 in every 10,000 cells. Evaluation experiments have demonstrated the excellent performance of FIP in the counting of labelled and total cells over this frequency range. PMID- 6734352 TI - Nuclear DNA cytophotometry in prostate carcinoma. AB - Eighty patients with prostate carcinoma underwent fine-needle aspiration biopsy for cytologic grading and DNA-single-cell fluorescence photometry before and at 6 month intervals after endocrine treatment. The histograms of DNA values showed single peaks and bimodal and scattered distributions which correlated to the different tumor grades before therapy. The DNA values were significantly different from the controls with benign prostatic hypertrophy. After start of therapy, regressive changes of the DNA-histograms were increases of diploid and hypodiploid DNA values and disappearance of secondary peaks. Progressive changes were increased scattering of DNA values and appearance of secondary peaks. Progressive changes in the histograms were closely related to clinical remission and stable disease, but related poorly to clinical progression. The survival correlated with the pretherapeutic DNA-histograms and with the DNA-median, third quartile, and maximum parameters. PMID- 6734353 TI - Comparative flow DNA analysis of different cell suspensions in breast carcinoma. AB - This study compared three methods of dissociation of breast lesions for DNA flow cytometry. Eleven benign lesions and 66 cancers were dissociated using mechanical, Ficoll, or enzymatic methods. DNA flow analysis showed that the DNA index did not vary from one method of dissociation to another. All benign lesions were diploid and 67% of all cancers were aneuploid. Enzymatic dissociation gave a lower percentage of aneuploid cells with a diminution of the proportion of cells in the G2 + M phase (13.2% enzymatic against 17.6% Fi-coll); on the other hand, it provided cell populations of greater viability than the other methods (32.6% enzymatic, 17.2% Fi-coll; P less than 0.01). The mechanical and Ficoll suspensions did not differ significantly when they were analyzed on the basis of their DNA content and their cellular viability. When compared with mechanical preparation, Ficoll suspension showed a lower recovery of tumor cells, but this inconvenience was compensated for by a more homogeneous aspect where the contribution of aggregates and debris was clearly lessened. Therefore, this study led us to choose Ficoll suspension for subsequent flow analysis of breast tumors. PMID- 6734354 TI - "Cytomic" data system modules--modern electronic devices for flow cytometric data handling and presentation. AB - Flow cytometric investigations can be very complex when several parameters of cells are to be measured and cells must be sorted. On the other hand, many questions may be answered by a single-parameter analysis. The Cytomic modular data system can easily be adapted to such different needs of flow cytometry. It consists of four types of modules which can be used as stand-alone elements or can be combined into a larger data system: CYTOMIC 12, a one-and two-parameter analyzer; CYTOMIC 123, a module mainly provided for on-line three-parameter data uptake and processing; CYTOMIC SORT, a fully software-controlled sort module, where sort windows may be selected by a built-in light pen; and the CYTOMIC LIST list mode module, which is able to collect up to eight cell parameters unclassified on a 1.2-MB floppy disk. Each module built from Z80 microprocessor Eurocards has its own keyboard, display screen, power supply, analog-to-digital pulse height conversion equipment, and an intermodule data communication bus. Each module has a preprogrammed set of functions, which is specially tailored for flow cytometric applications. This kind of data system allows the user to start with a single module for one-and two-parameter analysis. When required, the system may successively be enlarged without losing the stand-alone feature of each module. PMID- 6734355 TI - The use of projections for dimensionality reduction of flow cytometric data. AB - In order to visualize multiparameter flow cytometric measurements it is desirable to reduce the dimensionality of the data to two while preserving important features of each data pattern. We describe a method that projects two-parameter data onto a straight line that forms an angle theta with one of the original parameter axis. The angle is selected interactively or by principal component analysis. The procedure is applied on-line or off-line to pairs of parameters of the original data set that has been collected in LIST mode. PMID- 6734357 TI - The endorectal ileal pouch-anal anastomosis. Current clinical results. AB - One hundred thirteen patients with either chronic ulcerative colitis (108 patients) or familial polyposis coli (five patients) received an ileal J pouch anal anastomosis after sphincter-saving proctocolectomy. There were no postoperative deaths. Leaks (radiologic and/or clinical) from the pouch or ileoanal anastomosis occurred in 14 per cent of patients. Small-bowel obstruction, requiring operative correction, occurred in 7 per cent and 3 per cent, respectively, of patients after either proctocolectomy or closure of the loop ileostomy. All 66 patients whose diverting ileostomy had been closed for at least three months could defecate spontaneously and their mean (+/- SE) stool frequency per 24 hours was 9.0 +/- 1 at one month and 5.9 +/- at 12 months. Major fecal incontinence was observed in 3 per cent of patients, and two patients eventually required a permanent ileostomy. The ileal J pouch-anal anastomosis has become our procedure of choice in selected patients who require proctocolectomy. PMID- 6734356 TI - A simple device for the collection of cells sorted by flow cytometry. AB - A simple device for the collection of cells sorted by flow cytometry under sterile and nonsterile conditions is described. Cells collected in this manner reflect a high recovery rate with superior preservation of viability and cytomorphology. Key terms: Cell sorting, cytomorphology, testing collection device. PMID- 6734358 TI - The Danish Polyposis Register. Description of the methods of detection and evaluation of completeness. AB - A manual Danish register of patients with familial polyposis coli and their family members was established in 1971. The methods of collection of propositi, preparation of pedigrees, collection of call-up cases, and the organization of the register are described. A country-wide prophylactic proctosigmoidoscopic examination of first-degree relatives, aged 10 to 59 years, resulted in the detection of 42 call-up cases and by December 1982, 319 cases of polyposis were registered in 94 families. An evaluation of the number of collected propositi and call-up cases shows almost complete registration. PMID- 6734360 TI - Influence of various prostaglandin synthesis inhibitors on DMH-induced rat colon cancer. AB - To evaluate the influence of inhibitors of prostaglandin synthesis on the incidence of DMH-induced colon cancer, 90 male Sprague-Dawley rats were randomly assigned to: indomethacin 20 mg per liter drinking water, meclofenamate 50 mg per liter drinking water, or normal drinking water (control group). Dimethylhydrazine was given by weekly subcutaneous injections (20 mg/kg body weight) during the first 20 weeks. Thirty-two weeks after the start of treatment and carcinogen exposure, the animals were killed and examined for the number, size, location, and spread of intestinal tumors. Colon cancer incidence was significantly lower in animals receiving indomethacin (56 per cent) compared with the control group (88 per cent) and with the meclofenamate group (90 per cent) (P less than 0.005). The corresponding figures for tumors in the small intestine were 31, 46, and 35 per cent, respectively. The tumors in indomethacin-treated animals did not differ in number, size, location, or spread from tumors of the other groups, suggesting that indomethacin might influence the carcinogenic process itself, rather than the natural course of the established disease. We conclude that indomethacin significantly reduces the incidence of large-bowel cancer in this animal model and that this observation may have some potential for future chemopreventive studies in human high-risk groups (e.g. ulcerative colitis, familial polyposis). PMID- 6734361 TI - Rectal lymphoscintigraphy. AB - Regional lymph nodes of the rectum are not demonstrable by pedal lymphoscintigraphy. We have evaluated the technique of rectal lymphoscintigraphy, using a technique similar to that which has been used in the assessment of lymph nodes in breast and prostatic cancer. Thirty-five patients were studied: ten normal subjects and 25 patients with rectal cancer. In normal subjects, the lymph nodes accompanying the superior hemorrhoidal artery and the inferior mesenteric artery are demonstrable in succession; after three hours the aortic lymph nodes are demonstrable. The 25 patients with rectal cancer underwent resection of their primary tumor and the stage was defined according to Dukes (1932). In five patients (stage A) no alteration was demonstrable. In 11 patients (stage B) the demonstration of regional lymph nodes was delayed vs. the control group. In nine cases (stage C) the demonstration of regional lymph nodes was delayed and defective versus the control group. PMID- 6734362 TI - Intussusception of the appendix. AB - Two cases of intussusception of the appendix are reported--one caused by adenocarcinoma and adenomatous polyp and the other by an endometrioma. Appendiceal intussusception and adenocarcinoma are both uncommon entities and this is the first report of the two occurring concomitantly. Due to variable symptoms, the correct diagnosis of appendiceal intussusception has rarely been made preoperatively. Classification, symptoms, radiographic appearance, and differential diagnosis are discussed, and the authors suggest a new classification for intussusception of the appendix. PMID- 6734359 TI - Intracolonic bypass by an intraluminal tube. An experimental study. AB - The most important cause of morbidity and mortality in colonic resection remains anastomotic leakage and, to this end, temporary stomas, with their own incidence of mortality or morbidity, are often created. Problems associated with both anastomosis and stoma can be prevented with the use of an internal bypass tube. This tube is implanted in the proximal colon above the proposed anastomotic site, then passed distally to the rectal ampulla, following which, the proximal and distal colonic segments are anastomosed. The fecal stream and gastrointestinal secretions are there by prevented from coming in contact with the anastomotic site. The tube is expelled spontaneously after a varying time. The anastomoses in the experimental animals were subjected to maximal stress. Additionally, large dehiscences and induced fecal peritonitis were purposefully created in some animals. Results demonstrated that the intracolonic bypass tube prevents leakage even from gross dehiscences and that these dehiscences progress to complete healing. The experimental study leading to its clinical adaptation is presented. PMID- 6734363 TI - Juvenile polyposis of the colon with atypical adenomatous changes and carcinoma in situ. Report of a case and review of the literature. AB - Juvenile polyps are thought to have no malignant potential; however, we report a case of diffuse juvenile polyposis coli in a 19-year-old man where mucosal dysplastic changes ranging from mild dysplasia to carcinoma in situ are present. The pathogenetic development of these polyps and their malignant potential are discussed. PMID- 6734365 TI - Large-bowel hemangiomas. AB - A case of large-bowel hemangioma is presented, and radiologic and histologic abnormalities are illustrated. Ultrasonographic features, not previously described, are reported. The literature is reviewed and the frequency of misdiagnosis is emphasized. Pathologic classification, epidemiologic factors, and etiology are considered. Clinical manifestations and current approaches to recognition and management are summarized. Vascular tumors are serious, albeit uncommon, intestinal lesions. Greater awareness of the condition and earlier consideration of the diagnosis are prerequisites to lessened morbidity and improved survival. PMID- 6734364 TI - Mobile cecum syndrome. AB - Five cases of mobile cecum syndrome are presented. These patients all presented with chronic right lower quadrant abdominal pain with associated abdominal distention and symptomatic relief after passing flatus or having a bowel movement. Three patients had preoperative barium enemas demonstrating abnormal mobility of the cecum. On exploration, all patients were found to have the cecum and ascending colon unattached to the lateral peritoneum for 15 to 18 cm. All patients were treated by cecopexy, using a lateral peritoneal flap for fixation, and all have had relief of their pain. This technique is described and illustrated. Cecopexy is an effective method of fixing the cecum and prevents subsequent cecal volvulus. The diagnosis of mobile cecum syndrome should be considered in patients with chronic right lower quadrant pain. PMID- 6734366 TI - Mesenteric hammock for retaining the small intestine after radical pelvic surgery. AB - The small bowel often partakes in complications seen after major colorectal and other pelvic operations. Trapped loops of small intestine within the pelvic basin may produce benign adhesive obstruction and are also exposed to recurrent malignancy. These problems may be compounded by the effects of radiotherapy. To reduce some of these complications, many methods have been devised to reconstruct the pelvic floor and thereby retain the small intestine within the abdominal cavity. Autogenous material such as omentum and peritoneal flaps have been employed as a substitute for the excised peritoneal pelvic lining. However, these methods may not be feasible in some reoperated patients, especially if prior irradiation has induced extensive peritoneal fibrosis, or if the omentum is absent or attenuated. We describe a technique in which the small-bowel mesentery is used as a hammock across the pelvic brim in order to support the small intestine out of the pelvic cavity. It has been used successfully in patients with complications after abdominoperineal resection for carcinoma of the rectum: one enterovaginal fistula associated with radiation injury and cancer, and three enteroperineal fistulas. PMID- 6734367 TI - Pancreatitis associated with alcoholic liver disease. A review of 1022 autopsy cases. AB - The prevalence with which alcoholic pancreatitis is associated with alcoholic liver disease is unclear. To investigate this association further, we have reviewed the autopsy findings of 1022 patients who died from alcoholic liver disease and compared these findings with those from 352 patients who died from cardiac or pulmonary disease. All patients who died from liver disease had a history of chronic alcoholism with clinical and biochemical evidence of severe liver damage. Death resulted from hepatic coma, gastrointestinal bleeding, or infection. Liver disease patients were classified into two groups: (1) those with cirrhosis (77%) and (2) those without cirrhosis but with acute and/or chronic sclerosing hyaline necrosis (23%). Anatomic and histopathologic changes characteristic of chronic pancreatitis were found in 203 patients in approximately the same frequency (20% and 18%, respectively) in both groups. Acute pancreatitis without chronic lesions was observed in 8% and 10% of both groups, respectively. In the control group of 352 autopsies (122 cardiac and 230 pulmonary patients), the overall prevalence of pancreatitis, at 2.6%, was significantly (P less than 0.001) lower than that observed in the alcoholic liver disease groups. A total of 22 cases (50%) dying from acute or chronic sclerosing hyaline necrosis had severe chronic calcifying pancreatitis compared to 29 patients (18%) (P less than 0.001) dying from cirrhosis. By contrast, dense fibrosis was significantly (P less than 0.001) more commonly observed in patients with cirrhosis. We conclude that pancreatitis occurs frequently in patients dying from alcoholic liver disease but is an uncommon finding in patients dying from other causes.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS) PMID- 6734368 TI - Circulating hepatocyte membrane-specific autoantibodies in chronic active hepatitis type B. Relation to virus replication activity and liver cell necrosis. AB - Sera from two groups of untreated HBsAG-positive patients with chronic active hepatitis on liver biopsy were tested for antibodies to liver cell membrane antigens (liver-specific protein, LSP; and liver membrane antigen, LM-Ag). Among the 14 HBeAg-positive cases, seven (50%) were positive for anti-LSP, whereas only two (13%) of 15 anti-HBe-positive cases circulated this antibody. Liver membrane autoantibody (LMA) was detected only in two sera from delta-positive patients (1 HBeAg positive and 1 anti-HBe positive). Anti-LSP-positive patients presented transaminase values significantly higher than those of the negative cases. Our data do not support the hypothesis that a liver-specific autoimmune mechanism plays a significant role in the immunopathogenesis of liver cell necrosis in anti HBe-positive chronic active hepatitis type B. The relationship between hepatocyte necrosis and anti-LSP antibody response is confirmed. PMID- 6734370 TI - Effects of oral calcium blocker, diltiazem, on esophageal contractions. Studies in volunteers and patients with nutcracker esophagus. AB - Animal studies have shown that calcium blocking drugs decrease lower esophageal sphincter pressure and inhibit peristaltic amplitude and duration. In a single dose acute study, we compared the effects of a new oral calcium blocker, diltiazem (90, 120, 150 mg) with placebo in five volunteers and 10 patients with chest pain/dysphagia and high amplitude peristaltic contractions in the distal esophagus--nutcracker esophagus. In volunteers, diltiazem had no effect on esophageal contractions when compared to baseline values or placebo. In contrast, most doses of diltiazem significantly (less than 0.05) decreased amplitude and duration of peristaltic contractions in patients with nutcracker esophagus. Despite adequate blood levels, interstudy analysis was not statistically significant because placebo also decreased these parameters. During an eight-week open-labeled study, diltiazem 90 mg QID significantly (P less than 0.01) improved symptoms of chest pain and dysphagia. Side effects were minimal. Although oral diltiazem has minimal effect on baseline esophageal contractions, our chronic study suggests it may modify transient increases in neuromuscular tone associated with esophageal chest pain. These observations warrant further placebo-controlled studies. PMID- 6734369 TI - Effect of ethanol on intestinal uptake of fatty acids, fatty alcohols, and cholesterol. AB - The effect of acute exposure of the rabbit jejunum to ethanol on the uptake of fatty acids, fatty alcohols, and cholesterol was examined using a previously validated in vitro technique. The effective resistance of the intestinal unstirred water layer was determined from the rate of uptake of a homologous series of fatty alcohols. The addition of ethanol to the incubation or preincubation solutions had no effect on the uptake of these probes when the bulk phase was stirred at 600 rpm, but uptake was higher in the ethanol-exposed samples when the bulk phase was unstirred. Increasing the concentration of ethanol in the bulk phase was associated with a progressive decline in the rate of uptake of acetic, lauric, myristic, and palmitic acids, whereas the uptake of hexanoic, octanoic, and decanoic acids was unaffected, and the uptake of cholesterol was increased. Acute exposure of the intestine to ethanol was associated with an increase in the electrical conductance of the tissue, with no associated change noted in the tight junctions on transmission electron microscopy or in the surface epithelium on scanning electron microscopy. The results suggest that acute exposure of the rabbit intestine to ethanol is associated with a selective decline in the passive permeability properties of the membrane towards only certain lipids and that the effective resistance of the unstirred layer is influenced by ethanol only when the bulk phase is unstirred and the resistance is high. PMID- 6734371 TI - One for the gripper? PMID- 6734372 TI - Mucus and barium workshop, New York, October 1983. PMID- 6734373 TI - Mediastinal pancreatic pseudocyst. AB - Among previous cases of mediastinal pseudocyst requiring surgical decompression, all but one had been found at surgery to occupy a position both in the mediastinum and in the upper abdomen. In the present case, although preoperative ultrasound and CT scans suggested that the pseudocyst was straddling the diaphragm, an abdominal portion could not be found at surgery, and the pseudocyst was drained successfully through the diaphragm by a Roux-en-Y loop of jejunum. Because ultrasound and CT scan may not be able to determine the precise relationship of a mediastinal pseudocyst to the diaphragm and the availability of the lower portion of the pseudocyst for surgical decompression, an endoscopic retrograde cholangiopancreatography is strongly recommended as part of the preoperative evaluation. PMID- 6734374 TI - Chronic portal-systemic encephalopathy with normal portal vein pressure possibly due to noncirrhotic portal fibrosis. AB - This is the report of a 50-year-old man with a more than 20-year history of chronic progressive portal-systemic encephalopathy. Liver tests were normal except for increased serum ammonia and indocyanine green plasma retention. The liver pathology was compatible with idiopathic portal hypertension or noncirrhotic portal fibrosis, demonstrating localized surface nodularity and portal fibrosis. Percutaneous transhepatic catheterization of the portal vein revealed near top normal portal vein pressure and a large shunt connecting the left gastric or superior mesenteric vein and the left renal vein. Presumably, the patient had portal hypertension in the past and formation of a short, large caliber shunt between the portal system and the renal vein effectively decompressed the portal circulation. PMID- 6734375 TI - Painless diarrhea secondary to intestinal ischemia. Diagnosis of atheromatous emboli by jejunal biopsy. PMID- 6734377 TI - Nodular duodenitis. PMID- 6734376 TI - Pancreatic arteriovenous malformation presenting as interesting findings on endoscopic retrograde pancreatography. PMID- 6734378 TI - Continuous basal insulin infusion: an effective means to achieve good glycemic control without premeal boluses. AB - In 11 insulin-dependent diabetic subjects, aged 12-32 yr, we evaluated the efficacy of dual, basal-rate pump delivery of insulin without preprandial boluses. Mean HbA1c fell from 11.6 +/- 3.1% to 7.7 +/- 1.8% at 30 days (P less than 0.005), and remained at 7.1 +/- 1.3% at the time of this evaluation (mean duration of therapy, 6.6 mo). These data suggest that dual-rate continuous basal insulin infusion is an effective means of achieving good diabetes control. Furthermore, it is simpler than the preprandial bolus approach currently used, which may make it suitable for more patients. PMID- 6734379 TI - Recurrent use of disposable syringe-needle units in diabetic children. AB - Fourteen insulin-dependent diabetic children reused their disposable syringe needle units an average of 6.3 times per needle. Between uses, the needle was wiped with alcohol and stored in the refrigerator. There were no infections reported during the study for an average duration of 94 days. Dullness of the needle was the major reason for changing to a new one. Recurrent use of disposable needles for insulin injections appears safe in children and may be advised. It will help decrease some of the high cost of the daily care of a person with diabetes. PMID- 6734380 TI - Personality and family profiles of chronic insulin-dependent diabetic patients using portable insulin infusion pump therapy: a preliminary investigation. AB - Thirty patients were studied before and after introduction of portable insulin infusion pump therapy to determine the psychological and family impact of this new technological intervention. No negative psychological impact or dysfunction appeared to be associated with introduction of the pump. On the contrary, the postpump group reported significantly less depression, significantly less anxiety, and significantly greater family cohesion than the prepump group. Other nonsignificant trends were in a direction indicating improved individual and family psychological status. PMID- 6734381 TI - Glycosylated hemoglobins and glycosylated plasma proteins in the diagnosis of diabetes mellitus and impaired glucose tolerance. AB - Total and stable glycosylated hemoglobins and glycosylated plasma proteins were determined on 53 patients referred for a glucose tolerance test. Significant correlations were found with fasting blood glucose (r greater than 0.89), 2-h glucose (r greater than 0.69), and area under the glucose tolerance curve (r greater than 0.75), but the correlations with labile glycosylated proteins were not significant. Thirty-one of the patients were normal, five had impaired glucose tolerance (IGT), and seventeen diabetes mellitus (DM) according to the WHO criteria. Comparison of the glycosylated protein values showed that, in all cases, the values for those with IGT and DM were significantly (P less than 0.001) greater than the values for normals. The range of values of stable glycosylated hemoglobins for those with DM (9.4-24.4%), those with IGT (8.6 10.0%), and normals (5.0-8.5%) shows that there was no overlap between overt diabetic subjects and normal subjects. This was also found for total glycosylated hemoglobins. The results for glycosylated plasma proteins, total and stable, were comparable, but one patient with overt DM and two with IGT had values within the normal range. The measurement of glycosylated hemoglobins and glycosylated plasma proteins by the simple, precise, affinity-chromatography method is potentially a quick, accurate, and simple screening test for patients with DM and IGT and deserves consideration as criteria for their diagnosis. PMID- 6734382 TI - Lipid abnormalities in insulin-dependent diabetic patients with albuminuria. AB - The relationship between serum lipid, lipoprotein, and apolipoprotein levels and abnormalities of renal function has been investigated in 112 insulin-dependent (type I) diabetic patients. They were subdivided into three matched groups according to the amount of albuminuria: group A (albuminuria less than 20 micrograms/min), group B (albuminuria between 20 and 150 micrograms/min; Albustix negative), and group C (albuminuria greater than 150 micrograms/min; Albustix positive). Twenty-one nondiabetic subjects with albuminuria above 150 micrograms/min but without nephrotic syndrome and/or renal failure and 77 healthy subjects were also studied. Mean total and LDL cholesterol, triglycerides, and apo B were higher, while HDL cholesterol and HDL/LDL cholesterol ratio were lower in group C than in groups A and B; the apo A/apo B ratio was lower in group C than in group A. Differences in apo B and in apo A/apo B ratio were found between groups A and B. No correlation between lipid parameters and amount of albuminuria was observed. Significant differences in lipid concentrations were also found in diabetic patients when compared with nondiabetic subjects with albuminuria and with healthy subjects. The present study confirmed previous reports of lipid disorders in insulin-dependent (type I) diabetes; however, the most important observation was the finding of albuminuria-related differences in lipid parameters in diabetic patients without renal failure. We think that the greater lipid abnormalities observed in diabetic patients with larger amounts of albuminuria might be the consequence both of impairment of glomerular permeability and of the diabetic state. PMID- 6734383 TI - Scleroderma-like changes in insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus: clinical and biochemical studies. AB - Children with insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus (IDDM) were examined for scleroderma-like changes of digital sclerosis and joint contractures. Of the 104 patients, 19 (18%) demonstrated these features; five patients had both multiple joint involvement and skin changes; three were studied in detail. All three had restrictive pulmonary disease. Histopathology of skin in these three patients demonstrated increased accumulation of collagen in the lower dermis. In two of the patients, the extractability of collagen in 0.5 N acetic acid was decreased by about 50% as compared with normal controls, which suggests increased cross linkage of collagen. In addition, the mean nonenzymatic glycosylation of collagen in these three patients was 13 times that of controls. The results indicate that distinct histopathologic and biochemical changes can be detected in the skin of these patients. The results further support the hypothesis that nonenzymatic glycosylation may alter the turnover of collagen, thus contributing to the development of a scleroderma-like syndrome with skin, joint, and pulmonary findings in patients with IDDM. PMID- 6734385 TI - Hyponatremia and sulfonylureas. PMID- 6734384 TI - Changes in blood protein glycosylation during a diabetes summer camp. AB - To evaluate changes in glycemic control during a 2-wk diabetes summer camp program, fasting plasma glucose (FPG), glycosylated hemoglobin (GHb), and glycosylated serum protein ( GSP ) levels were measured in a group of 36 children at the beginning and end of camp. Average FPG and GHb were unchanged during the 2 wk period, but the average decrease in GSP (7%) was significant (P less than 0.005). The results of this study indicate that a measurable improvement in diabetic control occurred in some children during the 2-wk summer camp program. PMID- 6734386 TI - The potential usefulness of postprandial urine C-peptide measurement in classifying diabetic patients. PMID- 6734387 TI - Relaxation-induced improvement in glucose tolerance is associated with decreased plasma cortisol. PMID- 6734388 TI - Outpatient monitoring of control in diabetic patients. PMID- 6734389 TI - The effect of cooking upon the blood glucose response to ingested carrots and potatoes. AB - Ten insulin-dependent diabetic subjects were given the following tests in randomized order: 50 g glucose dissolved in water, 250 g raw and cooked potato (equal to 50 g carbohydrate), 270 g raw and cooked carrot (equal to 25 g carbohydrate), and 4 h of fasting. Blood glucose was measured for 4 h following the tests. The postprandial blood glucose responses after pure glucose and cooked potato were almost similar (90-min values: glucose 8.8 mmol/L, cooked potato 8.0 mmol/L), while the response after raw potato was considerably slower and weaker (90-min value: 3.3 mmol/L). There were no differences between the postprandial blood glucose responses after raw and cooked carrot (90-min values: raw carrot 3.2 mmol/L, cooked carrot 2.8 mmol/L), but the responses were statistically different from blood glucose values during fasting alone (90-min value: 0.8 mmol/L). The study shows that cooking is responsible for the rapid increase in blood glucose after ingestion of cooked potato, while no such phenomenon is seen after cooking of carrots. PMID- 6734390 TI - Decreased skin wrinkling in diabetes mellitus. AB - Skin wrinkling, which may be dependent on peripheral autonomic innervation, was assessed in 100 normal and 42 diabetic subjects using a temperature-controlled water bath with immersion of the hands for 30 min. Markedly decreased skin wrinkling was observed in diabetic subjects and in manual workers, but did not correlate with cardiovascular tests of autonomic function, control, type or duration of diabetes, or diabetic complications. The cause of decreased skin wrinkling in people with diabetes is unexplained. PMID- 6734391 TI - Cognitive processes in insulin-dependent diabetes. AB - Cognitive processes in a group of neurologically asymptomatic patients with relatively severe but uncomplicated insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus (IDDM) were studied. In comparison with a homogeneous group of normoglycemic controls, the diabetic group performed significantly worse in global memory, abstract reasoning, and eye-hand coordination tests. The two groups scored similarly in intelligence, concentration and attention, spatial, visual, and psychomotor tests. The neuropsychological deficits did not correlate with the duration or the severity of the disease. Whether these mild neuropsychological deficits are transient or stable or whether they are caused by central nervous system vascular or metabolic dysfunctions or by the emotional influence of the chronic illness on the intellectual and educational development of patients remains unclear. Our findings need to be cautiously interpreted and perhaps could not be extended to diabetic patients with better metabolic control. PMID- 6734392 TI - Comprehension assessment of diabetes education program participants. AB - Diabetes education program participants were assessed to determine their reading and comprehension skill levels, and written and oral instructions were evaluated to determine the reading level of information presented in the education program. A significant mismatch was found between the reading and comprehension levels of program participants and the level of oral instruction and printed materials. More than half of the program participants could not fully comprehend educational materials at 5th-grade level, while nearly all written materials and oral instructions were presented at the 9th-grade level or above. PMID- 6734394 TI - Liver function tests in diabetic patients. AB - Nine different liver function tests (LFT) were assessed in 175 unselected diabetic outpatients stabilized on diet, insulin, or oral hypoglycemic drugs. In another group of 72 diabetic inpatients having diagnostic liver biopsy, relationships between LFT and histologic changes in the liver were investigated. Abnormalities in at least one of the tests were noted in 57% of the outpatients, and two tests gave pathologic results in 27%. The non-insulin-dependent diabetic patients more often had abnormal LFT results than did the insulin-dependent diabetic patients. Serum chenodeoxycholic acid concentrations were increased in 27%, gamma-glutamyl transpeptidase (gGT) activities in 19%, and alanine aminotransferase (Alt) activities in 17% of the outpatients, but the increases were rarely more than twice the upper limit of normal. In multivariate analysis, outpatients who were overweight, showed poor diabetes control during a short duration of diabetes controlled by treatment with diet or oral agents, and had a mature age at onset of diabetes displayed the most significant clinical explanatory variables associated with abnormal Alt. In the inpatients, the percentages of abnormal Alt and gGT results were augmented, along with increasing severity of histologic changes, but the mean values of Alt and gGT did not differ significantly between the various histologic groups. In addition, the diabetic patients with nonspecific inflammatory changes or increase in liver fibrosis often showed normal or only minor elevations in these test values. PMID- 6734393 TI - Rapid deterioration of diabetic retinopathy during treatment with continuous subcutaneous insulin infusion. AB - The effect of continuous subcutaneous insulin infusion (CSII) on diabetic retinopathy was studied in 19 patients with insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus (IDDM). All had diabetes before age 30. Three patients had no retinal abnormalities at the start of the study, 12 had minimal or mild background retinopathy, and 4 had a preproliferative retinopathy. The follow-up period was 12-14 mo. Fundus photography and fluorescein angiography was performed every 2-6 mo. Despite marked improvement of metabolic control, none of the patients with retinopathy showed reversal of the fundal abnormalities. In seven patients with background retinopathy the abnormalities remained unchanged; in five patients a slight worsening was noted. Four patients with moderate-to-severe background retinopathy showed a rapid and severe progression of the fundal abnormalities into a florid proliferative diabetic retinopathy 3-6 mo after initiation of CSII. A higher incidence of hypoglycemic episodes could not be demonstrated in this group. Two of these patients showed a marked reduction in glomerular filtration rate (GFR), 34% and 38%, respectively, during the course of their follow-up. This is compared with a decrease in GFR by only 5.6% for the group as a whole. The four patients with rapidly progressive retinopathy all had long-standing poorly controlled diabetes with preproliferative retinal changes, diabetic neuropathy, and, with the exception of one patient, signs of nephropathy at the start of CSII. The incidence of these features was nil or very low in the remaining 15 patients.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS) PMID- 6734395 TI - Bedside capillary glucose monitoring in the general hospital. AB - We assessed the accuracy and reliability of capillary glucose monitoring (CGM) for 20 hospitalized patients as an alternative to repeated venipunctures for laboratory blood glucose (LBG) determination. A total of 330 pairs of observations was obtained. Pearson correlation between patient estimates using Chemstrip bG and the laboratory glucose-oxidase method was 0.87. The mean LBG determination was 197 +/- 5 mg/dl compared with 176.4 +/- 4.3 mg/dl for patient CGM estimates. The mean deviation was 17.6 +/- 2.9 mg/dl or 8.9%, which is well within the 20% range that is generally accepted as sufficiently accurate. Certain individual patients may require relatively more instruction and supervision to reliably carry out these measurements. These patients may represent 10-25% of all diabetic patients. Neither age nor years of schooling is a useful index to identify these patients. Therefore, we suggest as a routine that 10 or more CGM be checked against simultaneous LBG to confirm accuracy before relying on bedside CGM estimates alone in managing the hospitalized patient. Patients who can carry out CGM accurately may be managed with CGM alone. PMID- 6734396 TI - Comparison of Chemstrip uG, Clinitest, and Diastix urine test methods in diabetic children. AB - The new urine test, Chemstrip uG, was compared with Clinitest and Diastix methods by pediatric diabetic patients and by health care professionals. With the children testing all urine samples (N = 108), accuracy for Chemstrip uG and Clinitest was similar and superior to that of Diastix. When the children tested specimens containing up to only 2.2% glucose (N = 75), all test methods were shown to have generally similar accuracies. The diabetic children, however, preferred Chemstrip uG (P less than 0.02). It is concluded that Chemstrip uG is a clinically useful and acceptable method for self-monitoring of urine glucose in diabetic children. PMID- 6734397 TI - The flashlight test lacks validity as a screen for nocturnal hypoglycemia. AB - Though never validated, the flashlight test is a commonly used screen for nocturnal hypoglycemia. Between 2 a.m. and 4 a.m., we applied the test to 107 children at Eagle's Nest Camp for Children with Diabetes. We validated the test against simultaneously determined capillary blood glucose values (Glucoscan). An eyelid squint in response to the flashlight was considered an intact test. No significant difference existed between mean glucoses for intact and nonintact responses. Both sensitivity and positive predictive value are too low for the flashlight test to be useful in screening for nocturnal hypoglycemia. PMID- 6734398 TI - Visual evoked potentials in diabetic children and adolescents. AB - Visual evoked potentials were studied in 30 insulin-dependent diabetic children and adolescents. Thirty percent of the subjects had evidence of significant abnormalities. No correlation was found between visual evoked potentials and age, duration of diabetes, metabolic control, and retinopathy. PMID- 6734400 TI - Abnormal blood glucose and coronary heart disease. PMID- 6734401 TI - Prevention and treatment of complications. PMID- 6734399 TI - Diet for insulin-dependent diabetic patients on continuous subcutaneous insulin infusion (CSII) treatment. PMID- 6734402 TI - Retinopathy. PMID- 6734403 TI - Continuous subcutaneous insulin infusion and propranolol-induced hypoglycemia in a brittle diabetic patient. PMID- 6734404 TI - Another prolactin-secreting pituitary tumor in an insulin-dependent diabetic patient. PMID- 6734406 TI - [Effect of the geroprotector 2-ethyl-6-methyl-3-hydroxypyridine chlorhydrate on the cell proliferation of Acholeplasma laidlawii]. PMID- 6734405 TI - Effects of biguanides and sulfonylureas on insulin receptors in cultured cells. AB - The effects of the two groups of oral agents on insulin receptors were studied in several types of cells in tissue culture: MCF-7 human breast cancer cells, IM-9 human lymphocytes, human fibroblasts, and H-35 rat hepatoma cells. In none of these cells did the four sulfonylureas tested, tolbutamide, glibenclamide (glyburide), gliclazide, and glisolamide, have any significant effects on insulin binding to its receptor. In contrast the two biguanides tested, phenformin and metformin, increased insulin binding in all cell types by 44 to 101%. These studies raise the possibility, therefore, that biguanides may have a direct effect on insulin receptors and this effect may account for the known effects of biguanides to lower elevated blood sugar levels in diabetic patients. PMID- 6734407 TI - [Division of a bilayer lipid tube]. PMID- 6734408 TI - [Action of the venom of the spider Latrodectus tredecimguttatus of rat liver mitochondria in vitro]. PMID- 6734409 TI - [Cholinesterase substrate specificity]. PMID- 6734411 TI - [Nature of the stacking interactions of nucleic acid bases in water: a study using the Monte Carlo method]. PMID- 6734410 TI - [Fast complementarily addressed alkylation of the poly(A)--sequences of mRNA by oligothymidylate derivatives in Krebs ascitic carcinoma cells]. PMID- 6734412 TI - [Age-related characteristics of the lipid fatty acid composition of the nuclear structures in the liver cells of white rats]. PMID- 6734413 TI - [Inhibitory action of adenylyl-[3'--5']-ribavirin on the RNA polymerase activity of influenza A viruses]. PMID- 6734414 TI - [Correlation between work and energy expenditure in isolated mammalian muscle]. PMID- 6734415 TI - [Specific inhibition of cleavage divisions in Xenopus laevis in propranolol microinjection]. PMID- 6734416 TI - [Radiosensitivity of vivarium-bred clawed jirds]. PMID- 6734417 TI - [New microbial cytokinin]. PMID- 6734418 TI - [Determination and identification of the nucleoside phosphate bound to bacteriophage T4 cap protein]. PMID- 6734419 TI - [Relative frequency of viable and lethal gene mutations induced by gamma rays in the silkworm]. PMID- 6734420 TI - Follow-up attrition in alcohol treatment studies: is 'no news' bad news, good news or no news? AB - It is generally thought that loss of data for a substantial portion of subjects in alcohol treatment follow-up studies positively biases outcome results. However, the data upon which this claim has been based relates to subjects who are initially difficult to locate but who were later found, and not subjects who were actually lost to follow-up. Similarly, data are lacking regarding the functioning of subjects who drop out of a study before the completion of follow up. In this paper some limited data are presented from an alcohol treatment outcome study which suggest that there may be an important difference between subjects who are lost to follow-up and those who voluntarily terminate their participation in follow-up. Specifically, those subjects lost to follow-up were functioning poorly prior to being lost, whereas at the time of termination, those who discontinued follow-up were functioning about as well as other subjects in the study. It is suggested that the use of multiple follow-up contacts can provide additional data on subjects who are eventually lost to or drop out of follow-up. PMID- 6734422 TI - Reinforcing properties of lorazepam in normal volunteers. AB - These experiments were designed to test the positive reinforcing property of a benzodiazepine in normal volunteer subjects. A choice procedure was used to measure preference for lorazepam, a benzodiazepine with a relatively short plasma half-life, over placebo. In separate experiments, subjects were given a choice between three doses of lorazepam (0.5, 1.0 and 2.0 mg, p.o.) and placebo, and in a fourth experiment subjects were given a choice between lorazepam (1.0 mg) and a therapeutically equipotent dose of diazepam (5 mg). Subjective effects of the drugs were monitored using an experimental version of the Profile of Mood States and a shortened version of the Addiction Research Center Inventory. Subjects showed no preference for 0.5 mg lorazepam over placebo (49% drug choice) or for 1.0 mg lorazepam over diazepam (46% lorazepam choice). However, subjects preferred placebo to both 1.0 and 2.0 mg lorazepam (32% and 16% drug choice for 1.0 and 2.0 mg, respectively). Subjective effects were consistent with the drug's known sedative and anxiolytic properties. Relative to diazepam, lorazepam had a longer duration of effect than might be expected from its plasma half-life. Differences in the pharmacokinetic properties of the two drugs account for the results. The results showed that lorazepam is not an effective positive reinforcer in these subjects, suggesting that it also does not have high dependence potential in this population. PMID- 6734423 TI - Differentials in the treatment of black female heroin addicts. AB - The National Institute on Drug Abuse has placed special emphasis on meeting the unique requirements of female and minority addicts. Yet, few attempts have been made to delineate the needs of Black female heroin addicts. Differentiation among Black female addicts on the basis of treatment needs remains even more limited. This study of Black men and women entering an inner-city methadone maintenance program attempts to fill that gap. Multiple discriminant analysis indicates that these women may not be one homogeneous group. The typology developed for female respondents is quite similar to that developed for male respondents. Conclusions suggest that each type of Black female addict has different treatment needs. Furthermore, the convergence in male and female typologies suggests that treatment might be based on needs stemming from lifestyle rather than gender. PMID- 6734421 TI - Depression during methadone withdrawal: no role for beta-phenylethylamine. AB - An atypical depression, resembling beta-phenylethylamine (PEA) deficiency states, frequently complicates methadone withdrawal. We undertook a study of 24-h urinary free PEA excretion in steady-dosed and withdrawing methadone patients, hypothesizing that abstinent patients would excrete less PEA than controls and that methadone would show a dose-dependent effect on PEA turnover. As hepatic dysfunction, frequent in methadone patients, might affect PEA turnover, we also evaluated liver chemistries, [13C]aminopyrine excretion, 2-hydroxylation of estradiol, and 'blind', global severity ratings in each subject. PEA excretion did not significantly differ between eight fully detoxified methadone patients (median 4.76 micrograms/24 h) and seven normal controls (median 5.80 micrograms/24 h). Moreover, PEA excretion bore no relation to methadone dosage among 24 steady-dosed subjects. PEA excretion in seven withdrawing subjects each receiving 4-8 different doses of methadone similarly showed no relation to dose. Despite significant liver disease, several measures of impairment did not correlate with PEA excretion. These findings argue against a role for PEA deficiency in withdrawal depression. PMID- 6734424 TI - Sports and clean living: a useful myth? AB - The effects of athletics upon participants' concern for physical health and community norms were investigated through a correlational analysis of sports participation and use of mood-altering drugs among high school seniors. Five hypotheses were tested: (1) the greater the number of sports participated in, the lower the rate of illegal substance use; (2) the greater the number of sports participated in, the lower the rate of alcohol use; (3) the greater the number of sports participated in, the lower the rate of cigarette use; (4) participation in out-of-school sports is associated with a greater diminishment of illegal substance use, alcohol use, and cigarette use than is participation in university sports or intramural sports; (5) the greater the number of sports participated in, the fewer the number of problems resulting from substance use. Only hypothesis 4 regarding diminished use of cigarettes was upheld but the correlations for hypothesis 4 are small, accounting for less than 3% of the variance. It is concluded that participation in all types of sports has very little effect on the use of mood-altering drugs. Athletics as a social institution, however, can continue to symbolize goodness, fun and fair play irrespective of the private behavior of the participants. PMID- 6734425 TI - Transdermal administration of nicotine. AB - The physiological response to nicotine topically applied to the skin was measured in an adult male volunteer. Nicotine base (9 mg) was applied in a 30% aqueous solution to intact skin on the underside of the forearm. Salivary nicotine, heart rate and blood pressure were monitored for 12 h after application of the nicotine. Within 30 min a significant level of nicotine was detected in the saliva (50 ng/ml), pulse had risen by 15 beats/min and systolic blood pressure had risen 10 mmHg. Nicotine levels remained elevated for 2 h and were comparable to levels of nicotine produced by cigarette smoking. Because previous research has shown nicotine to suppress smoking behavior, it may be fruitful to examine transdermal administration of nicotine as a smoking reduction and cessation aid. PMID- 6734426 TI - Relationship of family history of alcoholism to patterns of drinking and physical dependence in male alcoholics. AB - The occurrence of physical dependence, morning drinking and binge drinking was assessed in alcoholic men in relation to family history of problem drinking. The incidence of physical dependence, binge drinking and morning drinking was higher in men with a family history of problem drinking than in men without such a history. Physical dependence also developed earlier in family history positive subjects than in family history negative ones. The incidence of physical dependence was higher in subjects who reported binge drinking or morning drinking than in others. These results indicate that family history of problem drinking is associated with severe alcohol abuse resulting in early development of physical dependence. PMID- 6734427 TI - Tolerance following the repeated administration of high doses of phencyclidine: no relation to central catecholamine depletion. AB - The tolerance which develops following the repeated administration of phencyclidine has been attributed to both pharmacological and behavioral adaptations. In the present study, the possibility that neurochemical alterations induced by the repeated administration of phencyclidine might account for some portion of the observed tolerance was examined. Specifically, it was postulated that the repeated administration of high doses of phencyclidine might result in long lasting depletion of central catecholamine stores and that this neurochemical perturbation might result in tolerance to the drug's effects. It was observed that phencyclidine disrupted the performance of rats on a fixed interval schedule maintained by water presentation. The repeated administration of high doses of phencyclidine (but not of a comparable volume of saline) during a period when subjects were not engaged in the fixed-interval task resulted in the development of a long lasting tolerance, but this tolerance could not be accounted for in terms of a depletion of central catecholamine stores. PMID- 6734428 TI - MMPI subtypes and antisocial behaviors in adolescent alcohol and drug abusers. AB - Relationships between psychopathology and alcohol, drug abuse, and other deviant behaviors were studied in a sample of 60 adolescents with exaggerated drug use patterns. Modal Minnesota Multiphasic Personality Inventory (MMPI) profile subtypes were identified using multivariate analyses, and adolescents defined by profile type were compared on background and antisocial history variables derived from retrospective self-reports. Data were collected reflecting a variety of drug categories, including alcohol and opiates. Three distinct patterns were found, with 97% of adolescents meeting criteria for profile type assignment. Adolescent subtypes were characterized by significant differences in degree and type of psychopathology but not in antisocial features. Adolescent alcohol and illicit drug use were associated with marked antisocial features, but the more exclusively antisocial drug-using adolescents tended to be involved in earlier and more extensive types of alcohol and drug activities. PMID- 6734429 TI - Some personality characteristics of imprisoned heroin addicts. AB - A group of 20 imprisoned heroin addicts was compared on 4 personality dimensions with a group of non-addict fellow prisoners and a group of normal controls. The 4 personality measures examined were level of self-esteem, perceived locus of control, tendency to self-deception and tendency to project a flattering self image. The addict group was significantly lower in self-esteem and significantly less inclined to project a flattering self-image than the normal controls. However the addicts were similar to their fellow prisoners on all the psychological measures. The addict and non-addict prisoners were also similar in respect of various socioeconomic indices and criminal history. The belief that one could give up use of heroin without outside help was found to distinguish a subgroup of addicts who were at an earlier stage in the addiction process. However this subgroup did not differ from the more experienced addicts on the 4 psychological measures. PMID- 6734430 TI - A clinical sociology approach to treatment of deviants: the case of drug addicts. AB - This paper has three foci. First, it examines the developing area of clinical sociology. Second, it demonstrates how, in reality, deviants in general and drug addicts in particular should be treated using theories of deviance and symbolic interactionism. The treatment itself is based on group experiences and is geared towards coping with problems associated with social position and identity. Third, an evaluation of the treatment is provided. PMID- 6734431 TI - [Psychotherapy with the unwilling patient]. AB - By means of the residential motivation therapy of addicts we discuss ways of dealing with the specific problems, that arise in psychotherapy of character disordered, who are not suffering psychically. The - in the view of the addict patient - often unvoluntary referral to the hospital provokes the patient's refusal of cooperation. The greatest therapeutic challenge is the ego-syntonicity of the character disorder and the rigid defense structure of overcompensation, projection and denial, covered up by rationalizations. This defense system serves to avoid closeness and contact with the original emotions. In our group setting we use mini-contracts, reality-oriented confrontation of behavioral issues in order to make the addict aware of his desperation and lack of fullfilment in life, and offer attractive models of living and the experience of warmth and bondedness in the group. Our main techniques are non-verbal. Body experience and full-body-expression of emotions mediate self-experience which is then integrated verbally. The goal of this psychoanalytically based psychotherapy is to bring about by working through resistances, the attitudes which are a precondition for continuing with a personality-changing psychotherapy. PMID- 6734432 TI - Personality core dynamics and drug preference. AB - The aim of this study is to investigate the possible link between Shoham's personality-core theory [1] and addiction to hard drugs. Basing ourselves on Kleinean premises, that the oral stage is critical in the formation of behavioural patterns, which are influential throughout life, we hypothesize that in the oral stage two opposing vectors, 'separation' and 'participation' are initiated. By 'participation' we refer to the identification of ego with an external object or symbol, and continuous tendency to lose the personal identity by fusion with this object or symbol. 'Separation' is the opposite vector and expresses ego's tendency to incorporate the external object or symbol. These vectors form two multidimensional personality axes, on which the different personality types and behavioral patterns can be anchored. This study aims at investigating the connection between these two vectors and drug addiction. We view drug addiction as a functional behaviour pattern, which brings the individual to a state of internal balance. Shoham's personality theory hypothesizes the derivation of behavioural patterns of different personality 'types', according to the strength of the two vector - the 'separant' and 'participant' types. It is hypothesized that the drug use and the experience gained by using the specific drug by different personality types will vary according to the prominence of the core personality vector. The potency of these vectors is related to an early oral (participant) or a later oral (separant) fixation.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS) PMID- 6734433 TI - Single case study: panic disorder associated with opioid dependency and methadone maintenance treatment. PMID- 6734434 TI - Mitoxantrone: a replacement for doxorubicin? AB - Doxorubicin (Adriamycin) is an unquestionably effective anticancer agent for many types of tumors, including advanced breast cancer. However, cardiotoxic effects of the drug have limited its use. Methods of reducing or preventing doxorubicin induced cardiotoxicity have been suggested, including an investigational doxorubicin analog, mitoxantrone ( Novantrone ). Mitoxantrone was developed to reduce the cardiotoxicity associated with doxorubicin while maintaining effective antitumoral effects. Initial reports suggested that mitoxantrone might lack cardiotoxic potential; however, recent studies indicate that the drug can produce adverse cardiac effects (congestive heart failure), perhaps with similar frequency to that observed with doxorubicin. It is doubtful that mitoxantrone will be a significant advance over doxorubicin if direct comparative studies reveal a similar incidence of cardiomyopathy. PMID- 6734435 TI - Phenytoin-isoniazid interaction: a kinetic approach to management. AB - A case of phenytoin-isoniazid drug interaction is reported. Pharmacokinetic evaluation was performed on the basis of two different phenytoin serum concentrations obtained on two different dosage regimens. Whereas Vmax was found to be in the normal range, the patient's Km was increased five-fold. The literature regarding this interaction is reviewed. This case illustrates the usefulness of pharmacokinetic methods in the management of phenytoin-isoniazid interaction. PMID- 6734436 TI - A zomepirac reaction mimicking ectopic pregnancy. AB - A case is presented of a 29-year old woman who developed sudden onset of abdominal pain, vomiting, near syncope, abdominal tenderness, profound hypotension, and a late menstrual period. The patient was in good health and her only medication was zomepirac for musculoskeletal discomfort. An exploratory mini laparotomy was performed for the suspicion of a ruptured ectopic pregnancy, but no evidence of hemoperitoneum or of ectopic pregnancy was found. A subsequent pregnancy test was negative, and the episode was attributed to a zomepirac reaction. A review of zomepirac and zomepirac reactions is included. PMID- 6734437 TI - Rapid adjustment of theophylline: a kinetic model. AB - This study was designed to test the validity and applicability of basic kinetic equations to describe theophylline disposition. The method involves early determination of clearance from a nonsteady-state level, dosage adjustment on the basis of the estimated clearance, and measurement of serum theophylline concentration at a point very near steady state. To test the method, a 32-patient study group was examined. The results were encouraging, with the actual mean level 19-28 hours after dosage adjustment being 13.4 micrograms/ml (SD, 3.1) as compared with a projected level of 13.2 micrograms/ml (SD, 2.9). Although further investigation is necessary, these findings indicate that within the limitations of the population studied this approach is a reliable and rapid method to achieve therapeutic serum theophylline levels while at the same time avoiding toxicity and subtherapeutic responses. PMID- 6734438 TI - Hospital pharmacy practice in India. AB - The status of pharmacy practice was evaluated at six hospitals in India. Common drugs were available at private hospitals but the pharmacies at government hospitals had fewer than half of the needed drugs. Selection of the best generic drug appeared difficult because the bioavailability and pharmacokinetic data generally were not available. The hospitals did not have formularies. No unit dose and intravenous admixture services had been implemented. The patient profiles were not maintained. The pharmacists did not appear to provide any professional, educational, or clinical services to patients or physicians. Serum concentrations of drugs were not measured for monitoring therapy. A lack of clinical education and training of pharmacists, lower status and salaries in the hospital pharmacy compared with industry and government, and overall limited resources appear to be the important reasons for the present status of pharmacy practice. PMID- 6734439 TI - A study of pharmacists' involvement in drug use by the elderly. AB - Three hundred elderly persons in a single Mississippi county were interviewed to determine drug use patterns and relationships with pharmacists. Although three fourths had used the same pharmacy for longer than five years, only one in six used that pharmacy as their usual source for over-the-counter (OTC) drugs. More than eight percent incorrectly identified the use of their prescription drugs and 140 instances of potential drug interaction were identified. Communications with pharmacists were limited, as only one-fifth had talked with the pharmacist at the time their last prescription was filled and only one in six mentioned the pharmacist as someone they would ask about prescription drugs. PMID- 6734440 TI - Sensitivity testing and the inoculum effect. PMID- 6734441 TI - Monitoring pediatric iv drugs. PMID- 6734442 TI - Bioequivalency of sustained-release procainamide. PMID- 6734443 TI - Comment on intrathecal morphine. PMID- 6734444 TI - [Overview of the allergens from several feeder regions of Czechoslovakia. Incidence and prevalence of contact hypersensitivity caused by the allergens spread by the population of the feeder areas of Bratislava, Trnava and Banska Bystrica 1978-1980]. AB - With the aid of patch tests an investigation involving 3060 patients was carried out to register the incidence and prevalence of allergens of the standard and supplementary test series. The standard series with 16 allergens was selected in cooperation with the work group for curtailing contact dermatitis and occupational dermatoses in the socialist countries. The Czechoslovakian supplementary test series included three allergens: neomycin sulfate, extr . chamomillae and resorcinol. In 22.6% of the 693 patients the skin tests were positive for at least one allergen. The most frequent eczematogenic among men was potassium dichromate (resulting from contact with cement), among women nickel sulfate, and in the group as a whole Peruvian balm. The age groups most affected were between 41 and 50 years and between 51 and 60 years, respectively, for men, between 21 and 30 years for women, and between 21 and 30 years for the group as a whole. In registering the prevalence, chamomillae extract caused the highest occurrence among men, cobalt nitrate among the women, and also cobalt nitrate for the group as a whole. The age group affected most was between 51 and 60 years. In the complete investigative study of incidence and prevalence, Peruvian balm topped the list for the group as a whole, potassium dichromate for the men, and nickel sulfate for the women. Among the men and for the group as a whole the most affected age group was between 51 and 60 years, and among the women between 21 and 30 years.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS) PMID- 6734445 TI - [Socialized insurance in France]. PMID- 6734446 TI - [Metabolic parameters of CAPD and CCPD in diabetics with terminal renal insufficiency]. AB - The effects of continuous ambulant (CAPD) and continuous cyclic peritoneal dialysis (CCPD) on a series of laboratory parameters in the blood and dialysate were assessed in two groups of nine juvenile diabetics each, suffering from terminal renal failure. The CCPD patients showed higher urea and creatinine levels in serum and, as a result of lower protein loss via the dialysate, also higher total protein and transferrin concentrations than the CAPD patients. The glucose absorption of the CCPD patients was about 50% lower than of the CAPD patients. Control of diabetes was equally successful with both procedures, the HbA1 values were less than 10%. The triglycerides were lowered by both CAPD and CCPD on the condition that the absorbed glucose amounts were included in the calculation of the dietary adjustment. Cholesterol and HDL-cholesterol remained unchanged. Thus CCPD appears to have advantages over CAPD, especially with respect to the lowering of the glucose absorption and the protein loss. The wider application of both methods will be, however, less influenced by the metabolic parameters than by other factors such as reduction of the risk of peritonitis. PMID- 6734447 TI - [Doppler frequency spectrum analysis of extracranial carotid artery lesions]. AB - Signals registered from the extracranial carotid artery by direct Doppler ultrasound with a MHz transducer were subjected to real-time frequency spectrum analysis. A systolic maximal frequency over 3500 Hz was considered abnormal, together with a broadened spectrum. The study was made on 157 subsequently operated carotid arteries, not all of which had previous angiographic studies. Of 47 with a normal angiogram 45 were correctly classified non-invasively (specificity 96%). The non-invasive diagnosis was correct in 16 of 17 occlusions of the internal carotid artery demonstrated angiographically. An abnormal Doppler frequency analysis was present in only 7 of 14 stenoses with a decreased vessel lumen below 25%. An abnormal Doppler frequency analysis was present in 78 of 79 stenoses with more than 25% reduction in lumen diameter, diagnostic sensitivity for all stenoses being 91%. PMID- 6734448 TI - [Effect of low-molecular heparin on blood coagulation]. AB - The coagulation-inhibiting effect of subcutaneously administered commercial and a low-molecular heparin was compared in healthy volunteers. Global clotting activity, measured as activated partial thromboplastin time as well as thrombin activity were inhibited almost equally by commercial and low-molecular heparin. Low-molecular heparin caused a ten-fold stronger inhibition of factor Xa. The effect on factor Xa increased nearly logarithmically with the injected dose. Half life of heparin measured in terms of the inhibition of factor Xa was 5.5 hours for the low-molecular and 3.5 hours for the commercial preparation. These results indicate that low-molecular heparin has a high specificity in the inhibition of factor Xa. A lower dose of low-molecular heparin, administered once daily, may have an anti-thrombotic effect while reducing the risk of bleeding. PMID- 6734449 TI - [Needle biopsy of the iliac crest in the diagnosis of bone and bone marrow diseases. Indication, technic and value of evidence]. PMID- 6734450 TI - [Therapy of ascites by peritoneo-venous shunt]. PMID- 6734451 TI - [Hepatitis caused by lead poisoning]. PMID- 6734452 TI - [Can the determination of drug levels improve therapy?]. PMID- 6734453 TI - [Prospective randomized study in advanced stomach cancer. Comparison between combinations of 5-fluorouracil and carmustine without and with adriamycin]. AB - In a multi-center study of 77 patients with gastric carcinoma and metastases, the effects of combined 5-fluorouracil and carmustine with or without adriamycin (FB vs FAB) were compared. There was no significant difference between the two treatment groups as to rate of response or survival time, response to treatment was 20% (FB) and 24% (FAB), including "no change" 52% and 56%, respectively. But median survival time among the responders (partial remission and clinical improvement) and of the patients with unchanged findings was significantly longer (8.4 or 7.4 months, respectively) than that among patients with progression (4.5 months). Analysis of prognostic factors in terms of survival curves revealed no difference between patients with or without measurable tumor parameters, with or without local recurrences or liver metastases. However, there was a statistically significant worsening of prognosis for patients whose initial general state was reduced, who had lung metastases or increased WBC counts. Side effects were relatively mild with both therapy regimens, except for alopecia with FAB. After the second treatment cycle myelosuppression was more marked with FAB than FB. PMID- 6734454 TI - [Food allergy: the celery-mugwort-spice syndrome. Association with mango allergy?]. AB - Celery allergies are commonly observed in mugwort pollen-allergic patients. This situation is frequently associated with an allergy to spices of the umbelliferous family. Thus a "celery-mugwort-spice syndrome" has been established. In 31 patients (27 females, 4 males) allergy to celery was diagnosed between 1978 and 1982. They were followed up in 1983 and complementary tests (skin and RAST) with various raw vegetables, spices and mugwort pollen were done. For specific diagnosis of allergy to celery skin testing (scratch or prick) with fresh celery bulb was reliable. In contrast, RAST was not sufficiently sensitive, 87% of patients allergic to celery had pollinosis in the form of mugwort pollen sensitisation established by skin testing and RAST. Allergy to carrots was clinically and by testing currently associated in 52%. In contrast, a clinically relevant hypersensitivity to caraway (26%), parsley (16%), fennel (13%), green pepper (10%) and aniseed (3%) was found less frequently although these allergens showed a much larger positivity in skin testing. This signifies group sensitisation within the umbelliferous plants. The association of celery-mugwort allergy with allergy to mango fruit described here for the first time cannot be explained as group sensitisation within a botanic relation, as mango, and pistachio-nut, belong to the family of anacardiaceae. PMID- 6734455 TI - [Effects of oral memantine administration on Parkinson symptoms. Results of a placebo-controlled multicenter study]. AB - The effectiveness of memantine on the symptoms of Parkinson's disease was investigated in 67 patients (39 males, 28 females) mostly between 55 and 75 years. The study was multi-center placebo-controlled with four treatment groups, i. e. patients with and without pre- and after-treatment with other anti Parkinson medication receiving either placebo or memantine as sole or additional medication. The analysis of 61 evaluable cases showed a positive statistically significant influence on the single symptom tremor as well as on the neurological overall symptomatology (Webster-scale total score). Despite the inadequately ascertained mode of action memantine promises success particularly in milder and initial forms of the Parkinson syndrome either used as monotherapy or as an adjuvant. PMID- 6734456 TI - [Reflolux--a new test system for the self control of blood glucose for diabetics]. AB - Correctness and accuracy of Reflolux, a new microprocessor-controlled minireflectometer for measuring blood-glucose concentrations, were tested in ten instruments. There was good agreement between the Reflolux values and those obtained in the laboratory with the hexokinase method, over the entire range of 40-350 mg/dl with a relatively small margin of error. Thus the Reflolux provides even in the hypoglycaemic range values accurate enough for everyday use by a diabetic. An important advantage of this test system lies in the use of Haemo Glukotest 20-800 test strips which, in conjunction with the Reflolux, provide a visual color comparison for blood-glucose levels in the range of 20-800 mg/dl. PMID- 6734457 TI - [Heparin level and coagulation potential after subcutaneous injection of 7500 international units of heparin calcium]. AB - A dosage of 7500 IU heparin calcium (Calciparin) was administered subcutaneously twice daily in 15 probands. Prior to and after the 1st and 7th injection heparin levels were determined in plasma and coagulation studies were done. The highest heparin levels were found around 4 hours after the injection. They were significantly higher after the 7th injection than after the 1st. Values decreased markedly after 8 hours. After 10-12 hours they approached the initial values, however remained significantly increased. The appropriate changes were seen in activated partial thromboplastin time, thrombin time and reaction- and clotting time in the thrombelastogram. Activity and concentration of antithrombin III decreased by about 10%. Fibrinogen and platelets remained largely unaffected. The results show that twice daily subcutaneous injections of 7500 IU heparin calcium are able to close the anticoagulation gap in plasma which occurs with administration of twice 5000 IU between two injections. PMID- 6734458 TI - [Functional phlebology diagnosis using light-reflection rheography]. PMID- 6734459 TI - [Endoscopic extraction of gallbladder calculi]. AB - Endoscopic extraction of gallbladder stones were performed, as far as we know for the first time, in three patients with combined choledochocystolithiasis. Following endoscopic papillotomy (EPT) and subsequent mechanical lithotripsy of multiple choledochal concrements measuring up to 3 cm the gallbladder stones were successfully extracted with a Dormia basket through the cystic duct. The patients have remained free of complications after the endoscopic intervention. PMID- 6734460 TI - [Etiology of hyposiderinemia and anemia in Crohn's disease]. AB - In a prospective study the frequency of anaemia and serum iron deficiency was investigated in 373 patients with Crohn's disease. Anaemia was present in 52% of patients, hyposiderinaemia in 37%. Involvement of the colon resulted in more pronounced anaemia and hyposiderinaemia than in pure ileitis. For further assessment of iron metabolism serum ferritin or iron binding capacity as well as intestinal iron absorption were determined in 34 patients both anaemic and hyposiderinaemic. In 22 patients sideroachrestic anaemia due to inflammation was found, 5 patients showed iron deficiency due to bleeding. In 6 patients simultaneously lowered serum iron and ferritin or increased latent iron binding capacity with non-increased iron absorption indicated relative iron absorption defects. In one case also the absolute intestinal iron absorption was decreased. However, in only one of these 7 patients typical microscopic changes of Crohn's disease were demonstrable in the upper intestine. CONSEQUENCES: 1. Anaemia in Crohn's disease is most frequently caused by inflammation (sideroachrestic anaemia). 2. In colonic involvement the anaemia can be aggravated by iron deficiency due to bleeding. 3. In rare cases part of the anaemia can be due to iron absorption defects which need not necessarily be associated with macroscopic recognizable mucosal damage. PMID- 6734461 TI - [Indication for surgery of abdominal aortic aneurysms in the aged]. PMID- 6734462 TI - [Adjuvant chemotherapy in operable breast cancer]. PMID- 6734463 TI - [Evaluation of carbohydrates, especially sugar, in the diabetic diet. Opinion of the Committee on Nutrition of the German Diabetes Society]. PMID- 6734465 TI - [Brucelloses]. PMID- 6734464 TI - [Pseudomonas septicemia after endoscopic interventions in the bile duct system]. PMID- 6734466 TI - [Is there no value in the fractionation of serum bilirubin?]. PMID- 6734467 TI - Effects of drug and chemical pretreatments on biliary excretion of phenylcyclohexene in the rat. AB - The biliary excretion of 14C-phenylcyclohexene and its metabolites were studied in rats pretreated with an inducer or inhibitor of mixed-function oxidases or with an agent known to deplete liver glutathione. Pretreatment of rats with 3 methylcholanthrene or phenobarbital enhanced the biliary excretion of 14C phenylcyclohexene and/or its metabolites. Conversely, pretreatment of rats with SKF-525A or piperonyl butoxide decreased the biliary excretion of 14C phenylcyclohexene and/or its metabolites. In contrast, pretreatment of rats with diethylmaleate did not alter significantly the rate of biliary excretion of radioactivity. PMID- 6734468 TI - Tulobuterol: one-month intravenous safety studies in rats and dogs. AB - Tulobuterol was given intravenously to rats and dogs at dosages of 1, 5, or 25 mg/kg/day and 0.6, 2, or 6 mg/kg/day, respectively. The no-toxic-effect dosages were 5 mg/kg/day in rats and 6 mg/kg/day in dogs. Two rats died at 25 mg/kg/day. Convulsions, jerking movements, hyperactivity, tremors, hypoactivity and ptyalism were observed in rats given 25 mg/kg/day. Restlessness, ptyalism and hypoactivity were also observed in dogs at 2 and 6 mg/kg/day. Cutaneous and/or mucosal erythema were observed in rats and dogs at all dosages. Increased body weight gain occurred in drug-treated rats and in mid- and high-dose female dogs. Slight elevations in serum creatinine and BUN were seen in rats and dogs at the highest dosages. Heart weights were increased in rats at all dosages after 1 month of treatment and in rats given 25 mg/kg/day after 2 weeks of recovery. There were no treatment-related morphologic changes in either species. PMID- 6734469 TI - Chronic hepatitis. Aetiology and current management. AB - The entity of chronic hepatitis has long been an enigma, and its treatment confusing. Recent studies have indicated the importance of excluding causes such as drugs, Wilson's disease and alpha 1-antitrypsin deficiency. After excluding such causes, there are 3 major groups--'autoimmune', hepatitis B, and non-A, non B (NANB) in all of which an immunological basis for pathogenesis exists. The autoimmune group has been subdivided into a milder type (chronic persistent hepatitis) and a more severe type (chronic active hepatitis) on histological grounds. Corticosteroids are indicated in chronic active hepatitis if cirrhosis or bridging necrosis is present. However, corticosteroids are contraindicated in disease due to the hepatitis B virus where chronic active hepatitis correlates with the presence of replicating virus (serum positive for e antigen, DNA polymerase and HBV-DNA), and in such cases antiviral agents and immunomodulation are being studied. Very little is known about NANB hepatitis in the absence of an assay and there may be more than a single agent. In hepatitis B, the development of serological markers, molecular probes (HBV-DNA), natural animal hepatitis with near-identical viruses, and delta antigen (a virus requiring co-infection with hepatitis B) have all extended our knowledge so dramatically that it is hoped that the enigma of chronic hepatitis will be solved when an assay for NANB hepatitis becomes available. PMID- 6734470 TI - [Magnesium deficiency]. PMID- 6734471 TI - [School phobia, truancy and family interaction]. PMID- 6734472 TI - [Computed tomography diagnosis of bone tumors]. PMID- 6734473 TI - [Atlanto-axial dislocation in Yersinia arthritis]. PMID- 6734475 TI - [Chylothorax]. PMID- 6734474 TI - [Renal oncocytoma]. PMID- 6734476 TI - [Conjoined lumbosacral nerve roots]. PMID- 6734477 TI - [Treatment of strabismus]. PMID- 6734478 TI - Sleep and breathing: an overview. PMID- 6734479 TI - Pathophysiology and medical therapy of sleep apnea. PMID- 6734480 TI - Pediatric aspects of the sleep apnea syndrome. PMID- 6734481 TI - Tracheostomy in the sleep apnea syndrome. PMID- 6734482 TI - UPPP for sleep apnea and snoring. PMID- 6734483 TI - Expansion hyoidplasty for sleep apnea. PMID- 6734484 TI - Factors associated with delayed onset of regular respiration. AB - In a population of 16333 singleton births born in one week of April, 1970, 4.4% failed to establish regular respiration within 3 min of birth. A follow-up at 5 years of age collected medical, educational and sociological information on 79.6% of the survivors of the cohort identified by the birth survey. Data have been analysed to investigate the relationships between the delay in the onset of regular respiration and possible risk factors identifiable prior to or at the time of birth. Complex statistical analysis employing linear modelling techniques showed that the delay in the onset of respiration was primarily related to: null and high parity; antepartum haemorrhage (especially placenta praevia); pre eclampsia; breech delivery; Caesarian section and low birthweight. There was no association with maternal smoking during pregnancy or with social class. These conclusions are reasonably consistent with those drawn from other studies using alternative measures of asphyxia. PMID- 6734485 TI - Delayed onset of regular respiration and subsequent development. AB - A comprehensive survey carried out at birth, data on mortality and a 5 year follow-up covering medical, educational and sociological aspects of child development were available for singleton births born in one week of April 1970. The survey at 5 years of age included 12363 children, 79.6% of the surviving cohort. An assessment has been made of the extent to which delay in the onset of regular respiration at birth is associated with the subsequent development of the child. Using the results of our previous investigations, the relationships between this delay and other factors known at the time of birth have been taken into account. The distributions of a large number of development variables were not significantly different for groups of children determined by respiratory delay at birth, but there was an association with mortality and cerebral palsy. In addition, there was an unexpected relationship between delayed onset of respiration and subsequent bronchitis. This association remained significant after controlling for possible confounding effects using linear modelling techniques. PMID- 6734486 TI - Tympanic membrane temperature of term and preterm neonates. AB - Deep body temperatures of 70 term and 24 preterm newborn infants were measured at two sites: deep rectum (5 cm beyond the anus) and tympanic membrane. A significant correlation was found between deep rectal and tympanic membrane temperatures in both term and preterm infants. Mean deep rectal and tympanic membrane temperatures in term infants were 37.01 degrees C and 36.83 degrees C, respectively. Mean deep rectal and tympanic membrane temperatures in preterm infants were both 36.69 degrees C. PMID- 6734487 TI - Associations between size and development at four years among children who were small-for-dates and large-for-dates at birth. AB - Associations were sought between somatic measures and developmental status at 4 years among groups of children who had been small-for-dates (SFD), average-for dates (AFD) and large-for-dates (LFD) at birth. When the three groups were combined, and adjustment made for sex, social class and series, a significant correlation was found between head circumference and total scores. Within the SFD and AFD groups no correlations were found between any somatic measures and aspects of development; and the only significant finding in the LFD group was a negative correlation between weight-for-height and total developmental scores. The somatic measures were then divided into three subgroups comprising children who had small, average, and large values for that measure, and developmental scores for each subgroup were computed. Within all three birthweight groups significant differences were found for head circumference: those with relatively small heads having lower scores than the rest. PMID- 6734488 TI - The sensitivity of the developing tooth germ to systemic disturbances. AB - Deciduous tooth germs were removed from 76 babies who were either stillborn or had died in infancy. Lines in enamel or dentine were identified histologically. A chronological association was found between these lines and systemic illness in the child or pregnant mother in half the cases studied. Enamel was more sensitive to environmental factors than dentine, but causes of disturbance appeared to be non-specific. Teeth are a sensitive but non-specific index of environmental disturbance. PMID- 6734489 TI - Accuracy of single- and two-feed test weighing in assessing 24 h breast milk production. AB - The breast milk intake at a single feed (one-feed method) or the mean intake at two feeds (two-feed method) multiplied by the number of feeds per day was compared with the results of test weighing at every feed during a 24 h period. Six subjects were followed longitudinally from days 1-9 and 21-56 postpartum and the data analyzed by linear regression. There was a reasonable relationship between the mean values for milk intake obtained from the one- and two-feed methods and the 24 h test weights between days 3 and 9 of lactation. However, there was no relationship in full lactation (days 21-56). During both time periods, individual values for the one- and two-feed methods were associated with a large unsystematic error. The one- and two-feed methods may be useful only in situations where mean milk intake for a large population is desired and 24 h test weighing is not possible. PMID- 6734490 TI - Breastfeeding and eczema. AB - 198 infants were followed up from birth until 4 1/2-5 years to observe the development of eczema and asthma and its relation to infant feeding. Findings here refer only to eczema. Comparison between those initially breastfed, regardless of duration, and those fed on cows milk preparations showed little difference in the incidence of eczema, but there was a higher incidence of eczema in those with an immediate family history of atopy than in those with no such history. Comparison of infants breastfed for less than and more than 12 weeks showed: the incidence of eczema fell in infants with an immediate family history of atopy when exclusive breastfeeding was continued beyond 12 weeks, whereas the incidence of eczema rose in all breastfed infants, regardless of their atopic family history, when breastfeeding, combined with other foods, was continued beyond 12 weeks. PMID- 6734491 TI - Fate and effects of 4-chlorophenol and 2,4-dichlorophenol in marine plankton communities in experimental enclosures. AB - The fate and effects of 4-chlorophenol (4CP) and 2,4-dichlorophenol (DCP) added to North Sea coastal plankton communities enclosed by large plastic bags were studied in three experiments of 4 to 6 weeks duration. The biodegradation of the compounds was studied in laboratory experiments using water from the enclosed ecosystems. 4CP and DCP, added at initial concentrations of 0.1-1.0 mg X liter-1, disappeared from the water in the enclosures in 5 to 23 days, 4CP generally being the less persistent. Degradation rates were generally comparable to those found in laboratory tests with the same water. 4CP was removed by biodegradation, and DCP was probably removed by a combination of biodegradation, photodegradation, and/or chemical degradation. Results indicated that biodegradation rates could be limited by lack of inorganic nutrients, leading to much lower degradation rates than would be expected from routine laboratory tests. Faster degradation after repeated addition of 4CP showed adaption of the bacterial community. Addition of 0.3 mg liter-1 4CP or DCP inhibited the phytoplankton growth rate slightly. The 1 mg liter-1 4CP or DCP inhibited the phytoplankton, changed the species composition, and also influenced the zooplankton. In two of the three experiments 1 mg liter-1 DCP resulted in a temporary lowering of bacterial numbers following the addition. In one experiment inhibitory effects were found after 4CP and DCP had disappeared from the water, pointing to the formation of a more toxic intermediate during the degradation of these compounds. The laboratory tests also indicated the formation of relatively stable intermediates. The concentrations causing the effects in the different bag experiments were quite similar. This indicates that, although the development of the plankton communities during the different experiments was different, the concentrations resulting in ecological effects are quite reproducible. PMID- 6734492 TI - Fate and effects of 3,4-dichloroaniline (DCA) in marine plankton communities in experimental enclosures. AB - The fate and effects of single doses of 3,4-dichloroaniline (DCA) on North Sea coastal plankton communities enclosed by large plastic bags (contents 1.5 m3) were studied in two experiments lasting 5 and 6 weeks, respectively. The biodegradation of DCA was also studied in laboratory experiments, which were carried out simultaneously, using water from the enclosed model ecosystems. DCA was not degraded in the laboratory tests and probably also not degraded in the enclosed plankton communities, although concentrations in the water decreased during the experiments. This decrease appeared to be partly caused by diffusion of DCA through the walls of the enclosures. After the addition of single doses of 2, 10, and 25 microgram liter-1 DCA no effects on the enclosed plankton community could be detected. The addition of 0.1 mg liter-1 DCA had a clear influence on the species composition and the biomass development of the phytoplankton, changed the relative species composition of the zooplankton, and resulted in lower numbers of bacteria. In addition to these effects 1 mg liter-1 DCA limited the phytoplankton growth and resulted in mortality and inhibition of growth of the copepods. PMID- 6734493 TI - Platanna (Xenopus laevis) as a test organism for determining the embryotoxic effects of environmental chemicals. AB - It has been successfully demonstrated that platanna (Xenopus laevis) allows the artificial induction of spawning at any time during the year. The number of eggs collected from a female ranged between 500 and 2400, the fertilization rate varying between 10 and 85%. When unaffected by chemicals, the embryonic development of the larvae took between 8 and 30 weeks. Di(2-ethylhexyl) phthalate (DEHP), methylmercury chloride, and the thalidomide analog EM 12 were used for the experiments described. DEHP at a concentration of 2 ppm retarded the development of the larvae and caused reduced pigmentation of the tadpoles. Methylmercury chloride has been found to have teratogenic and embryolethal effects at a concentration as low as 0.01 ppm. The following teratogenic effects have been determined: bent tails of the larvae, retarded development of the filter system, disturbed osmotic regulation, deranged positional and spatial orientation. EM 12 has been proven to have embryolethal effects at concentrations around 100 ppm. At lower concentrations this substance has teratogenic effects, i.e., it interferes in various ways with the development of the limbs. PMID- 6734494 TI - Additional data on the mutagenic effect of dinitro-o-cresol-containing herbicides. AB - In in vivo experiments in mice it was studied, on the one hand, whether 1 year after treatment with dinitro-o-cresol (DNOC)-containing herbicide it was possible to detect any increase in chromosome aberrations in the bone marrow cells of the mouse, and on the other hand, to learn the frequency of chromosome aberrations in the subsequent generations when the treatment of the male animals with DNOC containing herbicide was continued in each generation and when it was discontinued before mating. The chromosome aberrations of the bone marrow cells of the treated mice were demonstrated even 1 year after the treatment. After the treatment of the male animals was continued in each subsequent generation, the chromosome aberrations in the embryos increased, whereas when it was discontinued, it decreased in the subsequent generations. PMID- 6734495 TI - Use of a mixed algal culture to characterize industrial wastewaters. AB - A mixture of five freshwater algae was cultivated with additions of wastewater samples from chemical, mining, polyvinylchloride, textile, paper mill, and oil refinery industries. Two water samples from chemical industries and one from an oil refinery stimulated the algal growth in a nutrient-poor medium, while growth in other samples, including a nutrient-rich medium, was inhibited in several different ways. For eight of the water samples a delayed growth of 2-4 days was noted. Decreased growth rate and lowered maximal biomass occurred in seven of the samples. The photosynthetic capacity of the algal cells was measured by using in vivo fluorescence of chlorophyll a. These quick measurements mostly agreed with those of the growth rates. When the species composition of the mixed algal culture was investigated, large differences in sensitivities between the different species were found. Stimulation or inhibition were observed in the same sample for different species but also for the same species at different concentrations. PMID- 6734496 TI - 45Ca uptake from water by snails (Lymnaea vulgaris) in control and detergent polluted samples. AB - A biostatic assay method involving 45Ca uptake into shells and tissues of snails (Lymnaea vulgaris) in 72 hr was developed to follow the effect of detergent polluted water on ecosystems. There was a marked decrease in the 45Ca uptake by shells and tissues of linear alkyl benzene sulfonate-exposed animals as compared to controls. No change in 45Ca uptake was observed in dead shells, thereby excluding the possibility of passive exchange. PMID- 6734497 TI - Alkylation of urinary guanine in mice by the organophosphorus insecticide tetrachlorvinphos. AB - The methylating capability of tetrachlorvinphos on urinary guanine in mice has been investigated using an insecticide labeled at both O-CH3 groups. Following intraperitoneal administration of the 14C-labeled insecticide to mice, about 0.57% of the radioactivity in the O- to 24-hr samples was associated with the purine fraction. The amount of [7-14C]methylguanine in 0- to 48-hr urine samples, estimated as fraction of applied dose, was 26-31 X 10(-5). The results obtained indicate possible chemical alkylation of urinary guanine. On the other hand, a considerable portion of radioactivity is probably incorporated via the C-1 pool. PMID- 6734498 TI - The effect of atmospheric pollution on Vitis vinifera L. pollen ultrastructure under natural conditions. AB - The ultrastructural modification of pollen grains in Vitis vinifera L. variety and hybrids in areas of SO2 atmospheric pollution (the main polluting SO2 usually reaches 2.72 mg/m3), nitrogen oxide, and other gases derived from noniron metal processing factories have been studied. Strains 1001 and 1002, resistant varieties, do not undergo ultrastructural modifications. Neuburger and Issabelle, medium resistant ones, have a heterogeneity in ultrastructural organization from normal forms to forms having both wall covers as well as the main organelles changed. PMID- 6734499 TI - Growth reduction in trout induced by naphthenic and isoprenoid hydrocarbons (Dodecylcyclohexane and pristane). AB - Rainbow trout were fed a diet containing 1% dodecylcyclohexane or pristane for 9 weeks. Feed intake was recorded daily and weight gain every 3 weeks. These animals were compared with fish receiving a hydrocarbon-free diet (groups fed ad libitum and pair-fed groups for which the ration provided was the amount of food consumed by the hydrocarbon-contaminated fish, the day before). The total food ingested by the pristane and dodecylcyclohexane groups amounted to 66 and 70%, respectively, of that eaten by the controls. The final mean weight of the controls was twofold their initial weight. The average weight gain of the dodecylcyclohexane and pristane groups was 37 and 25%. During the same period the fish of the pair-fed groups gained approximately 70% of their initial weight. Significant effects of hydrocarbon consumption on food conversion factors, viscerosomatic index, hepatosomatic index, and liver lipid concentration were observed. The results are discussed in relation to the possible causes of such changes. PMID- 6734500 TI - Toxicity and QSAR of chlorophenols on Lebistes reticulatus. AB - The 24-h toxicity of 20 substituted chlorophenols upon Lebistes reticulatus has been determined. The biological results have been tentatively connected with several of the following six parameters: logarithm of the octanol-water partition coefficient (log P); index of molecular connectivity (1 chi v); molecular refraction (RM); perimeter of the efficient section of the molecule (sigma D); constants of HAMMET (sigma); and melting point (F). A correlation is achieved using sigma D and sigma D2 with a correlation coefficient of 0.943. PMID- 6734501 TI - Accumulation and transport of (2,4-dichlorophenoxy)acetic acid in plant cuticles: I. Sorption in the cuticular membrane and its components. AB - Partition coefficients (K) of (2,4-dichlorophenoxy)acetic acid (2,4-D) have been determined for the system plant cuticle/aqueous buffer. Cuticles isolated enzymatically from leaves (Clivia miniata, Ficus elastica, Citrus aurantium, Hedera helix, Pyrus communis cv. Conference and cv. Williams, Olea europaea) and fruits (Lycopersicon esculentum, Capsicum annuum, Solanum melongena, Cucumis sativus) were utilized. Only the nondissociated species of 2,4-D was sorbed by cuticles and their lipophilic components. The average partition coefficient for leaf cuticles was 316 (range, 240-470) and for fruit cuticles 476 (range, 424 579). The dependence of sorption upon 2,4-D concentration was tested using tomato fruit cuticle. The sorption isotherm was linear from 2.0 to 5.0 X 10(-4) mol m-3. With increasing 2,4-D concentrations partition coefficients decreased slightly. Extraction of soluble cuticular lipids (SCL) increased the partition coefficients and these relative increases were correlated to relative amounts of SCL. In most species the hydrolytic removal of polar cuticular components resulted in a further increase of partition coefficients. No single cuticle was found to be representative for the sorption characteristics of all plant species investigated. The amounts of cuticle present in plant communities can be estimated from the data presented in conjunction with leaf area indices. PMID- 6734502 TI - Occurrence and distribution of n-alkanes in sucking-calf tissues. AB - Samples of subcutaneous and perirenal fat, muscle, heart, liver, kidney, and spleen from eleven 4-month-old sucking calves were analyzed for their hydrocarbon composition. Qualitative and quantitative determinations were carried out by gas chromatography. Ranges of total hydrocarbons and odd-even hydrocarbon distribution for each tissues are reported. In general, a predominance of odd numbered hydrocarbons in the high carbon number range was observed. As compared to adult bovines, calf tissues, with the exception of adipose tissues, show higher amounts of total hydrocarbons. PMID- 6734503 TI - On the dynamics of chemically stressed populations: the deduction of population consequences from effects on individuals. AB - A general, simple, and explicit model for the age-dependent growth and reproduction of individuals as a function of food supply is presented. The model assumes a Holling-type functional response coupled with a von Bertalanffy body growth law, a fixed ratio between the energy utilized for reproduction and respiration, and a juvenile stage that ends as soon as the animal attains a sufficient weight. This model is shown to fit the available data on the development of Daphnia magna quite well. The model is used as a basis for studying the effects of chemicals on population growth rate, given the effects on individuals. Effects on individual growth and reproduction are reflected in a concentration-dependent relative reduction of the population growth rate. Effects on feeding rate, digestion, basal metabolism, and survival work out much more dramatically at low natural population growth rates. This already follows from a much simpler model that assumes age-independent reproduction, as exemplified to a good approximation by the rotifer Brachionus rubens. The theoretical results are supplemented with experimental evidence, implying that the stress on a population at a certain concentration of a chemical may indeed be strongly dependent on the feeding state of that population. PMID- 6734504 TI - Comparison of methods for the biodegradability evaluation of soluble and insoluble organochemicals. AB - Pyridine and nitrilotriacetic acid sodium salt as models of soluble compounds and linear dodecylbenzene, branched dodecylbenzene, and stearic acid as models of insoluble compounds were compared for their biodegradability in three tests: the ODCE modified test and the Sturm and enrichment culture tests. The degradation of soluble compounds was measured as dissolved organic carbon removal and CO2 evolution, while for the insoluble compounds, which were tested only in the Sturm test, CO2 evolution was determined. The individual tests were characterized by comparing their results with those obtained in the others. Comparable biodegradation values higher than 90% were obtained for the soluble compounds. The Sturm test proved to be very suitable for the evaluation of biodegradability of either soluble or insoluble compounds. PMID- 6734506 TI - On the variation of toxic effects over species, its cause, and analysis by "structure-selectivity relations". AB - The intractable problems of how to select and to develop a toxicant against a particular target species while leaving most other species unaffected are analyzed. It is proposed to study the mean and variation over species in general, as tolerance is concerned, as a function of the structure in much the same way that tolerances of target species are analyzed by quantitative structure-activity relations (QSAR). This approach enables the dissection of the complex problem into three parts, which together provide rational information on how it may be solved or at least on how decisions should be made. It is argued that variation in tolerance over species, in general, must be due to variation in binding energy over macromolecular binding sites in general. The latter variation likely depends on the surface area or, better, on the "complexity" of the toxicant. It is however, not clear as to how to express complexity in an appropriate way. To illustrate the approach, it was applied to a limited series of toxicity data for seven species, from five taxonomic classes, to seven organophosphorus insecticides. A quantitative measure of the degree of variation over species correlates significantly with the connectivity index, as developed by Randic (1975, J. Amer. Chem. Soc. 97, 6609-6615), a known correlate of the surface area of the molecule. Due to several limitations, this finding mainly serves to stimulate further work on more extended data series. PMID- 6734505 TI - Effect of cupric chloride on oxidative metabolism in the freshwater teleost, Tilapia mossambica. AB - The freshwater teleost Tilapia mossambica was subjected to lethal (6.0 mg X liter 1 = LC50/48 hr) and sublethal (1.5 mg X liter-1 copper treatment for 1, 7, and 14 days. The whole animal oxygen consumption and the activity levels of succinate dehydrogenase and lactate dehydrogenase in liver and muscle were studied. The decrease in oxygen consumption and succinate dehydrogenase activity and significant increase in lactate dehydrogenase activity suggest that the stressed fish is meeting its energy requirements through anaerobic oxidation and these enzymes can be used as indicators in monitoring metal-induced toxicity in fish. PMID- 6734507 TI - Biochemical and hematological studies on perch, Perca fluviatilis, from the cadmium-contaminated river Eman. AB - In a field investigation, biochemical and hematological parameters were measured in perch, Perca fluviatilis, living in the cadmium-contaminated river Eman in the southeast of Sweden. The number of lymphocytes was 45-100% higher in perch from the contaminated area than in the reference perch, indicating a stimulated immune defense. In addition, the cadmium-loaded fish suffered from a slight anemia and a disturbed carbohydrate metabolism and blood plasma ion composition. The observed effects suggest that cadmium affects fish in the environment similar to what has been observed in laboratory studied. However, the weaker response may imply that the perch in the field stimulation have been adapted and thus acquired an increased resistance to cadmium. PMID- 6734508 TI - [Effects of time variables (time-blind, time gap) on quantitative evaluation of psychopathology]. AB - Are the objectivity and sensibility of quantitative psychopathology influenced by certain methodological conditions (time-blind evaluation or not, chronological order or random order, suppression of the time gap between two evaluations or not)? Different evaluations of AMDP videotaped interviews were not able to demonstrate systematic effects of these temporal conditions on the evaluation itself. Other variables (monotony, order of sequences, verbal inertia, contingencies) might well play a greater role. Within the methodological limits of the present study, the time-blind evaluation was the most sensitive. PMID- 6734509 TI - [Attitude of the chronically ill towards psychiatric hospitals]. AB - Three hundred chronic mental patients participated in a survey to evaluate their attitudes towards the 2,000 beds hospital where they were staying. The mean duration of the actual hospitalization was 12.1 years and most patients (77.9%) suffered from schizophrenia or other psychoses. On the whole, results show a relatively high level of patients' satisfaction. Single, non psychotic and self sufficient patients who have not been hospitalized many times and do not want to leave the institution are more inclined to be positive towards the psychiatric milieu. The authors report that participation of chronic mental patients in a survey can be reliable and give helpful suggestions in relation with the evaluation of psychiatric care and the improvement of the quality of life in state hospitals. They conclude that it will always be difficult to discharge satisfied patients without offering the same support and community services that they find in a state hospital. PMID- 6734510 TI - [Incidence of vitamin B 12 and folic acid deficiencies on old aged psychiatric patients]. AB - The authors have studied Vitamin B 12 and Folic-acid serum levels on 27 women admitted in geriatric psychiatry, aged 60 to 93. They have confirmed the high frequency of Vitamin B 12 deficiency and considered the quasi-constant deficiency of folic-acid. Then follow the implications of this study. PMID- 6734511 TI - Estrogen and androgen receptors in Sertoli, Leydig, myoid, and epithelial cells: effects of time in culture and cell density. AB - Estrogen and androgen receptors were measured in the cytosol prepared from established cell lines of Sertoli, Leydig, myoid, and endothelial cells as well as in primary Sertoli cell-enriched cultures. Estradiol-binding sites with characteristics of estrogen receptors were identified in established lines of Sertoli cells from rat [43 +/- 7 (mean +/- SEM) fmol/mg protein; Kd = 1.1 nM] and mouse (34 +/- 4 fmol/mg protein; Kd = 0.9 nM). The binding sites were estrogen specific, since only estradiol and diethylstilbestrol, but not testosterone, progesterone, or dexamethasone, competed with [3H]estradiol for binding sites in the cytosol prepared from the cell lines. Exposure of the cells to estradiol (10 nM) resulted in accumulation of estrogen receptors in nuclei, with maximal uptake by 30 min. The estrogen receptor concentration was very low or undetectable (less than 10 fmol/mg protein) in primary cultures of rat Sertoli cells that were cultured for 3 days. However, after 15 days in culture, the estrogen receptor concentration increased and reached levels similar to those in the established Sertoli cell lines. No estrogen receptors were measurable in myoid or endothelial cells. By contrast, androgen receptors were identified in all five cell lines and in primary Sertoli cells cultured for 3 and 15 days. The content of both estrogen and androgen receptors in the mouse Sertoli cell line increased as a function of cell density. We conclude from these studies that androgen receptors are present in all of the testicular somatic cell lines examined and in primary Sertoli cells; estrogen receptors are present in Sertoli cell and Leydig cell lines, but not in myoid and endothelial cell lines; the low estrogen receptor concentration in Sertoli cells cultured for 3 days increases 4-fold after 15 days in culture; and cell density is a major regulator of the concentrations of estrogen and androgen receptors in the Sertoli cell line. PMID- 6734512 TI - Characterization of the estrogen receptor and its dynamics in MCF-7 human breast cancer cells using a covalently attaching antiestrogen. AB - We have used a covalently attaching antiestrogen, tamoxifen aziridine [TA; (Z)-(1 [4-(2-[N-aziridinyl] ethoxy)phenyl])1,2-diphenyl-1-butene], to analyze the structure and dynamics of the estrogen receptor in MCF-7 human breast cancer cells. The labeling of receptor with [3H]TA is specific, being blocked only by estrogens and antiestrogens, and the labeling is very efficient in that TA labels covalently the same number of receptors that are labeled reversibly by estradiol. In cells exposed to [3H]TA for 1 h, most of the covalently associated radioactivity is found in the 0.6 M KCl extract of the nuclear fraction; this receptor has an apparent mol wt of 63,000 +/- 2000 by sodium dodecyl sulfate polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis and a pI of 5.7 by gel isoelectric focusing in the presence of 8 M urea. The mol wt and pI of cytosol receptor labeled with [3H] TA are identical. In cells labeled with [3H]TA (20 nM) for 1 h and then exposed to a chase of 10(-6) M estradiol, [3H]TA-labeled nuclear receptor disappears with a half-life of 4 h. Analysis of nuclear receptor by sodium dodecyl sulfate-gels during the chase period reveals that this loss reflects a decrease in the 63,000 mol wt species; no significant quantities of lower mol wt TA-labeled fragments are observed in the nuclear, cytosol, or membrane fractions. Affinity labeled receptor interacts with several monoclonal antibodies to MCF-7 estrogen receptor, and it can be purified extensively by immunoadsorbent chromatography. TA has a low affinity (8% that of tamoxifen) for microsomal antiestrogen-binding sites that are distinct from the estrogen receptor, but TA reacts reversibly, rather than covalently, with these sites. The findings of similar mol wt and isoelectric points for soluble cytosol and nuclear extracted receptors under strongly denaturing and disaggregating conditions reveal that nuclear localization of receptor after ligand binding is not associated with major structural alterations in the receptor component labeled by TA. In addition, the receptor, even when occupied by a covalently attached ligand, is rapidly turned over in these cells. PMID- 6734513 TI - The contribution of local thyroxine monodeiodination to intracellular 3,5, 3' triiodothyronine in several tissues of hyperthyroid rats at isotopic equilibrium. AB - The local conversion of T4 as a source of intracellular T3 in several organs of both hypothyroid and euthyroid rats has recently been recognized to be an important phenomenon. In the present study the source and quantity of T3 in various peripheral tissues of hyperthyroid rats were investigated. Athyreotic rats received a continuous iv infusion of 3.5 micrograms T4/100 g BW X day over a prolonged period in order to attain hyperthyroid conditions. At the same time, the animals also received a continuous iv infusion of [125I]T4 and [131I]T3 until isotopic equilibrium was achieved. After the animals were bled and perfused, the source and quantity of T3 in various tissue homogenates and subcellular preparations of liver, kidney, and the anterior pituitary gland were analyzed. In spite of the elevated plasma T3 and T4 levels, the concentration of T3 in the cerebral cortex and cerebellum was within the normal range. The contribution of T3 derived from local T4 to T3 conversion [Lc T3(T4)] was rather low in both parts of the brain (cerebral cortex, 26%; cerebellum, 15%) when compared with values previously determined for euthyroid rats (cerebral cortex, 67%; cerebellum, 50%). It is concluded that in the cerebral cortex and cerebellum of hyperthyroid rats normal T3 concentrations were maintained by a compensatory decrease in the degree of Lc T3(T4). Whereas previous studies revealed that Lc T3(T4) contributes significantly to the T3 in the pituitary glands of both hypothyroid and euthyroid rats, this was not the case for the hyperthyroid animals; virtually all T3 was derived from plasma. The elevated plasma T3 levels caused an increased T3 content in both the homogenate and the nuclear fraction, leading to plasma TSH levels which were below the detection limit. It was found that the T3 in muscle was derived exclusively from plasma. Both the liver and kidney showed high concentrations of T3. Whereas Lc T3(T4) was the main source of T3 in the liver, it contributed only a minor fraction of the total T3 content in the kidney. In the liver Lc T3(T4) accounted for 50-53% of the T3 content in the mitochondrial and cytosolic fractions and about 64% in the microsomal fraction. In the kidney there was a small, but significant, amount of Lc T3(T4) in these subcellular fractions. In contrast, in the hepatic nuclei only 13% of the T3 was attributable to Lc T3(T4), whereas no Lc T3(T4) could be detected in the renal nuclei. PMID- 6734514 TI - Endocrine aspects of early pregnancy in pony mares: a comparison of uterine luminal and peripheral plasma levels of steroids during the estrous cycle and early pregnancy. AB - Comparisons of estrone, 17 beta-estradiol, and plasma progestin concentrations were made in uterine fluid and peripheral blood of nonpregnant and pregnant pony mares. Concentrations of these steroids were also measured within yolk sac fluid from blastocysts on days 12, 14, 16, and 18 of pregnancy to obtain more complete analyses of the uterine environment (uterine fluid plus yolk sac fluid) of early pregnancy. Thirty mares were randomly assigned to six treatment groups (n = 5/group), and uterine fluid and peripheral blood samples were obtained on days 8, 12, 14, 16, 18, and 20 postovulation. After a recovery period of one estrous cycle, mares were bred at their next estrus. Animals were hysterectomized on the same treatment day to which they had previously been assigned in the nonpregnant phase of this study. Using this design, uterine fluid and peripheral blood samples were collected from each mare on equivalent days of the estrous cycle and pregnancy. Significant differences in day trends were found between nonpregnant and pregnant animals for estrogens and progestins in both uterine fluid and peripheral plasma. Furthermore, these data demonstrate that large increases in estrogens occur after day 12 of pregnancy in uterine and yolk sac fluids, with estrone becoming the predominant estrogen by days 18 and 20 in yolk sac and uterine fluids, respectively. These changes were not detected in peripheral plasma, which indicates that changes occurring within the uterine environment are not discernible in the systemic circulation during early pregnancy. These results indicate that the large amounts of estrogens appearing in uterine fluids during early pregnancy are of conceptus origin and may be an important factor in regulating the environment in which the conceptus develops. PMID- 6734515 TI - Developmental changes in luteinizing hormone secretion in the female guinea pig. II. Positive feedback effects of ovarian steroids. AB - Developmental changes in the positive feedback effects of ovarian steroids on LH release in female guinea pigs were studied. Administration of estradiol benzoate (EB; 10 micrograms) to intact females on day 30 of age (prepubertal) elicited a LH surge in only 1 of 14 instances. However, by day 46 of age (peripubertal), EB induced a sharp rise in serum LH concentrations in 9 of 12 females. The magnitude and timing of the LH surge in these peripubertal animals were similar to those in cycling adults given EB on day 13 of the estrous cycle. Progesterone (P; 1.0 mg) administration to intact females 30 h after a priming dose (1.5 microgram) of EB was also effective in eliciting a LH surge on day 46, but not on day 30, of age. The magnitude of the P-induced LH surge was significantly greater (P less than 0.001) than that of the EB-induced LH surge on day 46 of age. Pentobarbital anesthesia delayed, but did not prevent, the EB-induced LH surge in peripubertal females, while it completely abolished the P-induced LH surge. These results suggest that ovarian steroids can stimulate LH release in the immature female guinea pig, but not until an age approaching the normal time of the first ovulation. Those observations together with results presented in a preceding paper suggest that establishment of the positive feedback system between days 30 and 46 of age is associated with an increased capacity of the hypothalamic pituitary axis to stimulate LH release; such developmental changes may represent the major events leading to the onset of puberty in the female guinea pig. PMID- 6734516 TI - Cortisol augments synthesis of growth hormone, but does not alter synthesis of prolactin and proopiomelanocortin, in the 120- to 125-day fetal ovine pituitary. AB - In adult animal pituitaries or in cultured pituitary tumor cells, glucocorticoids are regulators of GH, PRL, and proopiomelancortin (POMC) synthesis. However, ovine fetal plasma cortisol concentrations are low until shortly before parturition, suggesting that cortisol may not normally regulate hormone synthesis in the fetal pituitary. To investigate whether cortisol could affect fetal synthesis of GH, PRL, and POMC, we obtained fetal pituitary tissue from normal fetuses and from fetuses which had received cortisol infusion for 48 h. Tissues were labeled in short term organ culture and the newly synthesized proteins were displayed by two-dimensional gel electrophoresis and autoradiography. Results were quantified by computerized integration of the area and density of the autoradiographic spots after high resolution television scanning. Cortisol infusion augmented synthesis of GH in comparison to controls (P = 0.01), but did not alter PRL synthesis. Cortisol also did not inhibit POMC synthesis in either the anterior pituitary or the neurointermediate lobe. These data suggest that the pituitary-adrenocortical slow feedback inhibition of POMC synthesis is not functional in the ovine fetus at 120 to 125-days gestation, but that pituitary somatotropes are responsive to glucocorticoids at this stage of fetal development. PMID- 6734517 TI - 5,5'-Diphenylhydantoin (dilantin) decreases cytosol and specific nuclear 3,5,3' triiodothyronine binding in rat anterior pituitary in vivo and in cultured GC cells. AB - To study the effect of 5,5'-diphenylhydantoin (DPH) on cellular and specific nuclear T3 binding, we have studied the effect of DPH on binding of T3 by rat anterior pituitary in vivo and in cultured GC cells, a rat pituitary tumor cell line that secretes GH. As determined by in vivo displacement techniques, DPH (10 mg/100 g BW daily for 3 days or as a single dose of 20 mg/100 g BW) resulted in a significant decrease in T3 binding by cytosol and specific nuclear sites in rat anterior pituitary. In cultured GC cells, the addition of 400 muM DPH resulted in a 70-80% decrease in specific nuclear T3 binding and a 40-50% decrease in cytosol T3 binding without affecting the rate of T3 equilibration. The effect of DPH was dose dependent between 10 and 400 muM. Similar effects, but of a smaller magnitude, were noted in studies of isolated GC cell nuclei. The maximum percent decrease in specific T3 binding in isolated nuclei was 22% at 400 muM DPH. Scatchard analysis suggested that the DPH-induced decrease in specific nuclear T3 binding was competitive when measured in intact cells; the interaction between DPH and T3 appeared noncompetitive in studies of isolated GC cell nuclei. Other experiments indicated that DPH did not affect the exit rate of T3 from either the cytosol or specific nuclear compartments. The present studies suggest that DPH may decrease the fractional rate of entry of T3 into cultured cells and also inhibit binding of T3 by nuclear receptors. The similarity of effects observed in cultured GC cells and in rat anterior pituitary in in vivo studies suggests that studies in GC cells should be useful for examination of biological changes that result from the interaction between DPH and T3 at nuclear binding sites. PMID- 6734518 TI - Estradiol-induced changes in progesterone secretion by rabbit corpora lutea are associated with quantitative ultrastructural changes in luteal cells. AB - In this study, we examined changes in luteal cell structure that accompany estradiol-altered progesterone production by the rabbit corpus luteum. To stimulate progesterone production, polydimethylsiloxane (Silastic) capsules containing 17 beta-estradiol were inserted sc into superovulated New Zealand White rabbits. Luteal progesterone production, assessed by measurement of progesterone in peripheral serum, was high after the estradiol-filled capsules were inserted, declined within 24 h after the capsules were removed, and increased within 32 h after reinsertion of the capsules. Stereological analyses at the light microscopic level revealed that the number of luteal cells and the volume of an average luteal cell did not differ significantly between estradiol stimulated and estradiol-deprived rabbits over the time period employed. In contrast, stereological analyses at the electron microscopic level demonstrated that the surface areas of smooth endoplasmic reticulum and inner mitochondrial membrane declined with estradiol deprivation, but were restored by reimposition of estradiol stimulation. These changes in the surface area per cell of smooth endoplasmic reticulum and inner mitochondrial membrane were strongly correlated (r = 0.94 and r = 0.88, respectively) with changes in progesterone concentrations in peripheral serum. Changes in the surface area of lipid droplets per luteal cell also occurred, but were inversely correlated (r = -0.87) with progesterone levels. No significant changes were seen in the surface areas per cell of outer mitochondrial membrane or rough endoplasmic reticulum. These results demonstrate that estradiol stimulation and deprivation cause reversible quantitative changes in the rabbit luteal cell organelles known to be directly involved in progesterone biosynthesis. This leads to the conclusion that the steroidogenic activity of the luteal cell is tightly coupled to its subcellular structure. PMID- 6734519 TI - Prolactin and the rat kidney: a clearance and micropuncture study. AB - PRL is a pituitary hormone with important osmoregulatory properties in lower vertebrates and has been reported to decrease renal water and electrolyte excretion in mammals. Although several studies have suggested that the proximal tubule is the major site of action of PRL, no direct examination of such an effect has been made. In the present study we used micropuncture and clearance techniques to examine the effect of ovine PRL (oPRL) infusion on single nephron and whole kidney function in anesthetized volume-expanded rats pretreated with bromocriptine to suppress endogenous PRL release. oPRL infusion was associated with a significant reduction in urinary sodium, potassium, and water excretion compared to changes seen in the control group. There was no significant effect of oPRL on whole kidney glomerular filtration rate, renal plasma flow, filtration fraction, renal blood flow, renal vascular resistance, or arterial pressure compared to those in control rats. Single nephron studies failed to detect any significant effect of oPRL on single nephron glomerular filtration rate and absolute or fractional reabsorption by the proximal convoluted tubule. Although arginine vasopressin was detected in the oPRL preparation, the quantity infused was negligible compared to the plasma levels found in anesthetized rats prepared for kidney micropuncture. Our results suggest that oPRL exerts a renal tubular action separate from arginine vasopressin to decrease water and electrolyte excretion which occurs beyond the last superficial convolution of the proximal convoluted tubule. PMID- 6734521 TI - Concentration increase of unbound testosterone in plasma of the mare throughout pregnancy. AB - Blood testosterone levels were measured by RIA and gas chromatography-mass spectrometry in the pregnant mare. They were found to increase from the very beginning of pregnancy, reaching peak values 10 times higher than the basal values at the seventh month and then to return to basal values by the week after parturition. Testosterone binding by plasma proteins was investigated in nonpregnant and pregnant mares throughout gestation. Equilibrium dialysis and gel equilibration methods did not reveal any blood specific testosterone-binding activity at any gestational stage. Hence, blood testosterone increase cannot result as in the pregnant woman or guinea pig, from an increase in blood specific binding activity but more probably results from an increased steroid production. It is suggested that the maternal gonads would be responsible for the testosterone increase in early pregnancy, during the period of PMSG production, and the fetoplacental unit for the subsequent increase. PMID- 6734520 TI - Development-associated changes in thyroxine kinetics in juvenile salmon. AB - Smoltification is a transformation that occurs in some species of salmon, during which solitary fish in fresh water become schooling fish and migrate to the sea. This process is accompanied by large increases in plasma T4. T4 secretion rate and other parameters of T4 metabolism in juvenile coho salmon were estimated by applying kinetic analyses to measurements of the disappearance of injected T4 radiotracer from plasma. Studies were performed at the beginning (March) and end (May) of the increase in T4 concentration in fresh water and seawater. Early and intensive sampling permitted characterization of a very fast initial component of the T4 disappearance curve when analyses included a zero time datum derived from an independent estimate of plasma volume. The plasma volume, equal to 1.77% of body weight, was obtained by measuring the disappearance of radiolabeled albumin from the plasma in two other groups of animals in fresh water and seawater. There were 3- to 7-fold changes in T4 production, distribution, and metabolism between March and May, whereas environment (fresh water vs. seawater) had relatively minor effects on T4 kinetics. In fresh water, the T4 secretion rate was 4.48 ng/h in March and 1.50 ng/h in May. The total T4 pool size was 37.8 ng in March and 12.2 ng in May. Plasma-tissue T4 fluxes were 3- to 7-fold greater in May. Relatively less T4 was distributed in tissue in May (63% vs. 83%), and T4 spent much less time in tissue in May than in March during each pass through the tissue space (11 min vs. 3.1 h). We propose that the difference in secretion rate and a redistribution of T4 between blood and tissues contribute to both the rise and fall in the plasma T4 concentration between March and May. Changes in T4 kinetics during salmonid smoltification resemble those occurring during amphibian metamorphosis and mammalian gestation and neonatal life, and may reflect an increased requirement and an important role for thyroid hormones during periods of rapid development in vertebrates in general. PMID- 6734522 TI - Triphenylethylene antiestrogen-binding sites in cockerel liver nuclei: evidence for an endogenous ligand. AB - Salt extracts of purified nuclei from cockerel liver contain a limited number of sites that bind triphenylethylene nonsteroidal antiestrogens with high affinity and specificity. The assay of the [3H]tamoxifen (3H-labeled 1-[4-(2 dimethylaminoethyoxy)phenyl] 1,2-diphenylbut-1-(Z)ene)-binding sites is optimally achieved by preincubation of the salt extracts with charcoal-dextran suspension; a 4- to 8-fold increase in activity over that obtained with nontreated extracts is found. This suggests that the binding sites are occupied in vivo by an unknown endogenous ligand. The equilibrium dissociation constant for [3H]tamoxifen binding is 4.76 +/- 1.8 nM, and the binding site concentration is 1.7 +/- 0.7 fmol/microgram DNA. The concentration of high affinity estrogen-binding sites in the same extracts is almost 30-fold less (0.06 +/- 0.01 fmol/micrograms DNA). The relative binding affinities of various antiestrogens for the nuclear antiestrogen binding sites (with tamoxifen arbitrarily set at 100%) are as follows: nafoxidine (1-[2-(p-[3,4-dihydro-6-methoxy-2-phenyl-1-naphthyl]phenoxy)ethyl] pyrrolidine hydrochloride); 126%) greater than tamoxifen (100%) greater than N-des methyltamoxifen (16%) greater than CI-628 (alpha-[p-[2-(1 pyrrolidine)ethyoxy]phenyl] 4-methoxy-alpha'-nitrostilbene; 14%) greater than 4 hydroxytamoxifen (7%). Estrogens (17 beta-estradiol, estriol, estrone, and diethylstilbestrol) and several other steroids (cholesterol, dihydrotestosterone, pregnenolone, progesterone, and hydrocortisone) show little or no affinity for binding to the nuclear sites (relative binding affinity, less than 0.5%). However, ether extracts of cockerel serum or liver nuclei contain a substance(s) that competitively inhibits [3H]tamoxifen binding to the nuclear antiestrogen binding sites. The ether-soluble material does not compete for [3H]estradiol binding to the salt-soluble nuclear estrogen receptor. These studies suggest that cockerel serum and liver nuclei contain a natural compound which competes with the triphenylethylenes at the antiestrogen-binding site and may occupy the nuclear binding sites in vivo. PMID- 6734523 TI - Inhibition of calcitonin secretion by exogenous calcitonin in the rat. AB - The effect of synthetic salmon calcitonin (CT) on calcium- and pentagastrin stimulated plasma CT was investigated in male Sprague-Dawley rats. Plasma samples were obtained before and 3 and 6 min after calcium (1 mg/100 g BW, iv) or pentagastrin (5 micrograms/100 g BW, iv) infusion. Although salmon CT at the dose of 0.4 MRC U/100 g BW administered 15 min before either the calcium or pentagastrin infusion did not influence circulating endogenous CT levels, salmon CT in doses of 4 and 20 U/100 g BW administered 15 min before the injection of secretogogues significantly reduced the response of CT to either calcium or pentagastrin without significantly changing plasma calcium levels from those of control animals. Salmon CT (20 U/100 g BW) given 5 min before pentagastrin infusion again significantly suppressed the response of plasma CT to this stimulus. Similarly, salmon CT administered chronically in a dose of 2 U/100 g BW for 28 days significantly reduced the response of CT to the calcium infusion. These data suggest that in the rat, at least pharmacological dosage of CT modulates the production and/or secretion of glandular CT itself. PMID- 6734524 TI - A case of tuberculous epididymitis associated with Addison's disease. AB - A 68-year-old man was admitted to the hospital because of loss of appetite, easy fatigability, and skin pigmentation. Physical examination revealed that the bilateral epididymides were enlarged and hard without tenderness. At 7 a.m., the basal cortisol level in the plasma was 22.4 ng/ml and ACTH 318 pg/ml. The clinical diagnosis was Addison's disease. Biopsy of the right epididymis revealed evidence of active tuberculosis. Hydrocortisone (18 mg/day) and anti-tuberculous drugs were administered, and the patient became well and regained his appetite in a week. In this case, laparotomy was not performed, but all clinical findings and the course indicated that adrenal tuberculosis was the most likely cause of Addison's disease. CT scanning of the adrenal region demonstrated large, bilateral, homogeneous, low density, and non-enhancing mass. This is the first report dealing with CT findings of Addison's disease with tuberculous epididymitis. PMID- 6734525 TI - An analysis of the variation of incidence of congenital dysgenetic hypothyroidism in various countries. AB - The seasonal and chronological distributions of birth dates of 820 patients with congenital hypothyroidism due to thyroid dysgenesis were analysed in eight areas in the world. The incidence had some seasonal variations in certain areas. These observations suggest that some environmental factors cause this disease. PMID- 6734526 TI - Hepatic dysfunction in primary hypothyroidism. AB - Twenty-seven patients with primary hypothyroidism were studied to evaluate the relationship between hepatic function and thyroid hormone deficiency in this disorder. In hypothyroidism, hypergammaglobulinemia was found in 71%, elevated glutamic oxaloacetic transaminase (GOT) in 48%, high lactic dehydrogenase (LDH) in 58%, hypercholesteremia in 52% and low elimination rate constant of indocyanin green (KICG) in 44%. In each criterion of liver function, these patients were divided into two groups, normal level and abnormal level group, respectively. T3 and T4 in patients with abnormal levels of GOT, glutamic pyruvic transaminase (GPT), gamma-glutamyl transpeptidase (gamma-GTP), leucine aminopeptidase (LAP), alkaline phosphatase (ALP) and 45 minutes retention rate of bromsulphalein (BSP) were not different from those in the normal level group. However, T3 and T4 in patients with abnormal levels of LDH, cholesterol, cholinesterase (ChE) and KICG were lower than those in the normal level group. The abnormal KICG group had a statistically higher cardio-thoracic ratio (CTR) than the normal group (65.7 +/- 18.8% vs 50.4 +/- 8.3%, p less than 0.05). In patients with pericardial effusion, CTR was 65.9 +/- 14.6%, while that in patients without pericardial effusion was 49.9 +/- 7.5% (p less than 0.05). These abnormalities of liver function were normalized in all cases after hormone replacement therapy. Liver biopsy in three cases disclosed normal liver in two cases and mild infiltration of monocyte into Glisson's capsule in one case.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS) PMID- 6734527 TI - Serum thyroglobulin (Tg) concentration in healthy subjects: absence of age- and sex-related differences. AB - Serum concentrations of thyroglobulin in healthy subjects were measured by a solid-phase immunoradiometric assay. The mean concentration of serum thyroglobulin in 53 healthy males was 5.0 ng/ml (1.0-25.9 ng/ml) and that of 57 healthy females was 5.2 ng/ml (1.0-27.7 ng/ml). Neither sex-related nor age related change in the serum thyroglobulin level was observed. PMID- 6734529 TI - [Effect of subchronic lead acetate and zinc chloride poisoning on the thyroid gland of rabbits maintained on adequate iodine supply]. PMID- 6734528 TI - [Androgens as factors of placental growth]. PMID- 6734530 TI - Changes in the metabolism and functions of peripheral blood neutrophils in patients with thyroid diseases. PMID- 6734533 TI - Clinical significance of duodenal erosions. AB - In 2436 duodenoscopies performed in 1979-1980, 142 cases of duodenal erosions were found. In 68% of the cases erosions were autonomous, while in the remaining 32% they were associated with peptic ulcer. Either autonomous or associated erosions were mainly present in males with prevalence of the 4th, 5th and 6th decades of life. Moreover, autumn and spring were the most common times of appearance. With respect to symptomatology, 125 cases complained of dyspepsia with a prevalence of ulcer-like symptoms in both autonomous and associated erosions: in the remaining 17 patients hematemesis and melena were the main symptoms. The intake of alcohol and of coffee, as well as the smoking habit did not reveal any particular pattern in these cases, while the association with recent consumption of potentially mucolytic drugs was frequent. In addition, the last 38 cases of autonomous duodenal erosions were studied from the anatomo functional point of view, revealing the presence of normochlorhydria in 42%, hyperchlorhydria in 47% and hypochlorhydria in 11%: in contrast, fasting gastrinemia was always within normal limits. The histological evaluation of the fundic mucosa showed normal patterns in 71% of the cases, superficial gastritis in 18%, and preatrophic gastritis in 11%. The parietal index was normal in 42% of the cases, high in 47% and low in 11%. The results would seem to suggest that duodenal erosions should be included in the wide spectrum of peptic pathology. PMID- 6734532 TI - Endoscopy in the diagnosis of gastritis. Diagnostic value of endoscopic criteria in relation to histological diagnosis. AB - Endoscopy of the stomach was performed in 152 consecutive patients alternately by two endoscopists, such that the non-examining endoscopist always followed the procedure via a teaching attachment. A fiberscope with a close-focusing optical system for magnification of the mucosa was used. The interobserver reliability of eleven predefined macroscopic criteria was analysed and these criteria were compared with the histological diagnosis for each gastric region (body, transitional zone, antrum). The percentage of agreement between the two observers ranged between 80% and 97% for all criteria except mucosal erythema (74, 68, 62%) and mucus covering (53, 61, 87%). A consideration of all three gastric regions reveals that only one macroscopic criterion (visibility of submucosal vessels) correlated significantly with the histological diagnosis (i.e. atrophic gastritis). Other macroscopic criteria that correlated significantly with the histological diagnosis were most often observed in the gastric body. Their positive predictive value, however, rarely exceeded 50 percent. Thus, even with the use of modern instruments, endoscopy is of limited value for the prediction of gastritis identified by histology. PMID- 6734531 TI - [Use of the standard slope method for determining serum somatomedin activity (SSA)]. PMID- 6734534 TI - Radiation exposure in endoscopic retrograde cholangiopancreatography. AB - Radiation exposure was studied on the basis of x-ray screening time and spotfilms taken in 3590 patients undergoing ERCP. Factors influencing radiation exposure in diagnostic procedures were the age of the patient, target duct system and gastroenteric anastomosis, while duodenal diverticula proved to be of no significance. In endoscopic sphincterotomy average fluoroscopic time was about one minute longer. In contrast to diagnostic ERC, there was an appreciable reduction of radiation exposure in endoscopic sphincterotomy with time, reflecting the growing experience of the endoscopic team. The data presented are within the acceptable range for conventional radiological Gl-examinations. PMID- 6734535 TI - Gastroduodenal metastases--an unusual initial manifestation of bronchogenic carcinoma. AB - A 75-year-old woman with multiple polypoid lesions in the gastroduodenum , and one large gastric ulceration all representing large-cell type carcinoma is described. Radiologic and fiberbronchoscopic , together with other clinical findings suggested bronchogenic carcinoma as the primary tumor. Metastatic gastric involvement is an uncommon feature of primary bronchogenic carcinoma, rarely attaining clinical significance. In our patient, gastric symptoms represented the initial clinical manifestation of hitherto undetected bronchogenic cancer disease. PMID- 6734536 TI - Endoscopic retrograde cholangiography (E.R.C.P.) and complicated hepatic hydatid cyst in the biliary tract. AB - A complicated hepatic hydatid cyst in the biliary tract is a cause of cholestasis that we must consider in an endemic geographical area. ERCP is a valuable technique for its diagnosis. In our experience, this eventuality represents 2.6% of the indications for ERCP in biliary diseases. PMID- 6734537 TI - Heterotopic gastric mucosa in the duodenum. PMID- 6734538 TI - Endoscopic features of suspected precancerous lesions in high-risk areas for esophageal cancer. AB - A high prevalence of a chronic form of esophagitis was found during two endoscopic surveys carried out in high-incidence areas of esophageal cancer in 430 subjects from Iran, and in 527 individuals from Linxian, Peoples Republic of China, selected from the general population. This high prevalence was present even in the younger age groups. The lesion does not seem to be related to gastro histological correlation, available for all cases examined, confirmed the chronic nature of the lesion. dysplasia was found in 3 to 8 per cent of the cases. Overall, 21 esophageal cancers were diagnosed, most in a very early phase, and some only at histology. A follow-up of 20 cases after one year, showed the progression of this chronic lesion to cancer in 4 cases. The data available suggest the precancerous nature of the lesion in these high-risk populations. PMID- 6734539 TI - Detecting early esophageal cancers, with special reference to the intraepithelial stage. AB - Early-stage esophageal cancers, particularly intraepithelial cancers, are extremely difficult to detect because patients have no particular complaints and x-ray is so often useless. Only panendoscopic examination has proved highly effective in discerning lesions. Lugol-combined panendoscopic examination is not only feasible, but also effective in spotting the presence and spread of lesions. PMID- 6734540 TI - Amiodarone-induced pulmonary fibrosis in hamsters. AB - Amiodarone, a cardiac antiarrhythmic agent, has been associated with the development of interstitial pulmonary fibrosis in patients receiving prolonged therapy with the drug. To further assess the toxic effects of amiodarone on lung tissue, Syrian hamsters were given a single intratracheal insufflation of the agent and evaluated for histologic evidence of lung injury. Control animals received intratracheal insufflations of the vehicle in which amiodarone was dissolved. After an initial, transient alveolitis in both experimental and control animals, the amiodarone-treated lungs developed increased interstitial thickening due to fibrinous exudates, alveolar epithelial hyperplasia, inflammatory cell infiltrates, and marked deposition of collagen manifested on trichrome staining. Controls, in contrast, showed nearly complete resolution of the initial alveolitis. An unusual feature of the amiodarone-induced lung injury was reemergence of the alveolitis between 5 and 14 days, which included a marked influx of eosinophils into the lung. Although the precise mechanism of the lung injury is not known, the persistence of the acute inflammatory cells as well as the presence of eosinophils suggests a hypersensitivity-type reaction. Furthermore, the progression of lung injury to fibrosis after a single insult with the drug suggests that mere discontinuation of amiodarone therapy in humans may not reverse the disease process, but that corticosteroid therapy may also be required. Amiodarone appears to be a useful agent to induce diffuse fibrotic reactions in the lung that morphologically resemble idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis in humans. PMID- 6734541 TI - Growth and differentiation of hamster tracheal epithelial cells in culture. AB - The purpose of these studies was to define culture conditions that support growth and differentiation of normal epithelial cells obtained from hamster tracheas. Epithelial cells from tracheas of adult hamsters were collected using enzymatic procedures and cultured under various conditions. The medium used consisted of a 1:1 mixture of medium 199 and Dulbecco's modified Eagle's medium with 2% fetal bovine serum, which was conditioned by mouse 3T3 cells before use. Insulin, transferrin, hydrocortisone, epidermal growth factor, and an extract from bovine hypothalamus were used as supplements. When seeded on uncoated or collagen-coated tissue culture dishes, the hamster cells grew only poorly. When the cells were seeded on collagen gels, however, rapid and prolonged growth ensued. The cultures had a population doubling time of 20 hr and a colony-forming efficiency of 7-10%, and they could be grown for up to three passages. Growth was dependent on the presence of transferrin, insulin, epidermal growth factor, and 3T3 conditioning factors in the medium. The latter could be omitted if the concentration of serum was increased. Less important for growth was the presence of hydrocortisone and bovine hypothalamus extract. In contrast to results with tracheal epithelial cells from adult rabbits, rats, and mice, differentiation into ciliated cells regularly occurred in cultures of cells derived from hamster tracheas. The appearance of ciliated cells in the cultures was dependent on the presence of collagen gel as a substratum and of 3T3 conditioning factors in the medium. In addition, there were numerous cells that contained electron-dense cytoplasmic granules. The granules were not stained by dialyzed iron, which stains acidic glycoproteins, but were stained positively by periodic acid-Schiff reagents and the periodic acid-thiocarbohydrazide-silver proteinate method, suggesting the presence of secretory granules containing neutral glycoproteins. A similar staining pattern was observed for the secretory granules of intact hamster tracheas. The culture system described supports growth and cellular differentiation of normal tracheal epithelial cells of hamsters. We believe therefore that it will be a useful model for studying the regulation of tracheal cell function on the cellular and biochemical level. PMID- 6734542 TI - Long-term survival of adult human lung growing subcutaneously in congenitally athymic nude mice. AB - Small airways and alveoli from normal adult human lung were implanted subcutaneously in nude mice. When the tissue was removed at 16 months the airway had formed into fluid-filled epithelium-lined cysts. The epithelial lining was typical of small and terminal airways, except where intracystic pressure had apparently flattened the epithelium. Ultrastructural examination of the columnar ciliated cells revealed supranuclear accumulations of granules, some irregular in outline and others lamellated. The nonciliated secretory cells closely resembled serous cells. The alveoli survived less well. Although partly expanded by secretion, probably from the type II pneumonocytes, the walls were frequently thickened by an increase in connective tissue, and there were few capillaries. The cells for which there was positive identification, or good presumptive evidence, for being of human type were columnar ciliated cells, serous cells, smooth muscle, cartilage, mast cells, type II pneumonocytes, and basal epithelial cells; the latter two cell types were apparently proliferating. The results show that human airway can be maintained long term as a xenograft. PMID- 6734543 TI - An assay to detect chemically induced DNA repair in rat spermatocytes. AB - An in vivo/in vitro DNA repair assay has been developed to quantitate chemically induced unscheduled DNA synthesis (UDS) in rat spermatocytes utilizing autoradiography. Male Fischer-344 rats were treated by i.p. injection or gavage with a variety of genotoxic agents dissolved in dimethyl sulfoxide, corn oil, or water. At selected times after treatment, spermatocytes were isolated by trypsin digestion of testes and cultured for 24 hr in the presence of 3H-thymidine. The direct-acting genotoxicants methyl methanesulfonate (MMS) and ethyl methanesulfonate and the chemotherapeutic agent cyclophosphamide (CPA) produced positive UDS responses in spermatocytes isolated 1 hr after i.p. injection. The UDS response evoked by either CPA or MMS was maximal within 1 hr after injection and declined rapidly thereafter to control levels. Other known genotoxicants- including dimethylnitrosamine, aflatoxin B1, 2-acetylaminofluorene, 2,6 dinitrotoluene, and 1,6-dinitropyrene--failed to induce UDS, even with routes of administration and at times of exposure known to produce a positive response in hepatocytes. This negative response is consistent with these genotoxicants lack of mutagenic effect in rodent germ cells. These results demonstrate that the in vivo/in vitro spermatocyte DNA repair assay may be useful as a predictive screen for germ cell mutagens. Moreover, by its compatibility with similar assays which utilize other tissues from the same treated animal, this assay permits assessment of the organ specificity of the genotoxic response. PMID- 6734544 TI - The role of science in environmental health policy: some examples. PMID- 6734545 TI - Hyperthermia increases gamma ray- and fission neutron-induced translocations in Drosophila. PMID- 6734546 TI - Abstracts of the fifteenth annual meeting of the Environmental Mutagen Society. Montreal, February 19-23, 1984. PMID- 6734548 TI - Metallothionein and cadmium nephrotoxicity conference. May 16-18,1983, Research Triangle Park, North Carolina. PMID- 6734547 TI - Cadmium and the kidney. AB - The paper is a review of certain aspects of importance of cadmium and the kidney regarding the assessment of risks and understanding of mechanisms of action. The review discusses the following topics: history and etiology of cadmium-induced kidney dysfunction and related disorders; cadmium metabolism, metallothionein and kidney dysfunction; cadmium in urine as indicator of body burden, exposure and kidney dysfunction; cadmium levels in kidney and liver as indicators of kidney dysfunction; characteristics of early kidney dysfunction; the critical concentration concept; critical concentrations of cadmium in kidney cortex; and prognosis. PMID- 6734549 TI - Crystals of cadmium, zinc metallothionein. AB - Single crystals have been grown of Cd,Zn metallothionein isoform II from rat liver. The space group is P41212(P43212) with unit cell dimensions a = b = 31.0 A and c = 120.0 A, and one molecule in the crystallographic asymmetric unit. The crystals are square bipyramids elongated on the tetragonal c-axis and are grown by repetitive seeding. The crystals are suitable for high resolution structure analysis. Assays of dissolved crystals show that the crystals have the same Cd and Zn content and amino acid composition as the native, as-isolated protein. PMID- 6734550 TI - The human metallothionein gene family: structure and expression. AB - Metallothioneins (MTs) are encoded by a multigene family in man. We have isolated those genes and analyzed the structure of some of them. The MT-II variant is encoded by a single functional gene: MT-IIA. The MT-IIB gene is a processed pseudogene derived from a reverse transcript of MT-II mRNA. On the other hand, the MT-I class of variants are encoded by a large number of genes, arranged in tandem. The MT-IIA and the MT-IA genes show a differential response to glucocorticoid hormones and heavy metals, yet they are both expressed in primary human fibroblasts and in HeLa cells. Expression of both of those genes, in high level after transfer on bovine papilloma virus vectors, leads to increased resistance of the host cells to cadmium-induced toxicity. PMID- 6734551 TI - Formation of the metal-thiolate clusters of rat liver metallothionein. AB - The isoforms of rat liver apo-metallothionein (MT) were reconstituted in vitro with Cd and Zn ions to study the order of binding of the seven metal sites. Reconstitution with seven Cd ions resulted in a metalloprotein similar to induced Cd,Zn-MT by the criteria of electrophoretic mobility, insensitivity to proteolysis by subtilisin and the pH-dependent release of Cd. Proteolytic digestion of MT reconstituted with sub-optimal quantities of Cd followed by separation of Cd-containing polypeptide fragments by electrophoresis and chromatography revealed metal ion binding initially occurs in cluster A. Upon saturation of the four sites in cluster A, binding occurs in the three metal center, cluster B. Samples reconstituted with one to four Cd or Zn ions per protein molecule, followed by digestion with subtilisin, yielded increasing amounts of a proteolytically stable polypeptide fragment identical with the alpha fragment domain encompassing the four metal center. Samples renatured with five to seven Cd ions per MT molecule showed decreasing quantities of alpha fragment and increasing amounts of nativelike MT. The binding process in each domain is cooperative. Reconstitution of apo-MT with two Cd ions followed by proteolysis yields a 50% recovery of saturated Cd4-alpha cluster. Likewise, when Cd5 renatured MT was digested with subtilisin, 30% of the molecules were identified as Cd7-MT with the remainder as Cd4-alpha fragment. PMID- 6734552 TI - General aspects of cadmium: transport, uptake and metabolism by the kidney. AB - Cadmium taken up from lung and gastrointestinal tract is transported via blood to liver and kidney. On long-term exposure to cadmium, renal tubular dysfunction develops in humans and experimental animals. Data from animal experiments demonstrate that initially after exposure cadmium in blood is bound to albumin and proteins with higher molecular weight. Such cadmium is mainly taken up in liver. For a few days after exposure cadmium exists as metallothionein in plasma and blood cells. After both single and long-term administration of cadmium bound to metallothionein, cadmium is taken up by the kidney. The concentration of metallothionein-bound cadmium in plasma is quite low due to continuous renal clearance. Cadmium from metallothionein is taken up in renal tubules by pinocytosis and subsequently degraded in lysosomes, thereby releasing cadmium which stimulates de novo synthesis of metallothionein but also binds to reabsorbed metallothionein. Catabolizing and rebinding are continuous and prevent excretion of cadmium. Because of differences in transport, renal metabolic handling forms of cadmium are also different for different forms of cadmium administered and rate of administration. A single dose of metallothionein-bound cadmium given intravenously is almost immediately and completely taken up in the renal tubule. Under such conditions, resynthesis and rebinding processes are insufficient to sequester cadmium from sensitive tissue receptors, and renal damage occurs at total tissue concentrations much lower than when renal cadmium concentrations rise slowly. This explains the wide range (10-200 micrograms Cd/g wet weight) of cadmium in the renal cortex that associated with renal tubular dysfunction in experimental animals. PMID- 6734553 TI - NMR analysis of the structure and metal sequestering properties of metallothioneins. AB - 113Cd-NMR studies have been used to elucidate the structure of the metal-binding sites in mammalian and invertebrate ( Scylla serrata) metallothioneins (MTs). Chemical shift data have shown that all Cd ions are tetrahedrally coordinated to four cysteine thiolate ligands with single cysteinyl sulfurs bridging adjacent metals. Homonuclear decoupling experiments have shown that the 7 g-atoms of metal bound per mole of mammalian protein are located in a three- and a four-metal cluster while the 6 g-atoms of metal in the invertebrate MT are located in two three-metal clusters. The different metal binding affinities of the two mammalian clusters have been determined by 113Cd-NMR. The three-metal cluster prefers Cu greater than Zn greater than Cd whereas exactly the reverse order applies in the four-metal cluster. Proteolytic cleavage of the protein produced a 32-residue fragment which contained the four-metal cluster and demonstrated the presence of two separate domains in the protein. 500 MHz 1H-NMR has been employed to elucidate the arrangement of these metal clusters in the tertiary structure of the protein. The 1H resonances were assigned from their scalar and dipolar connectivities obtained from extensive one and two-dimensional NMR experiments. A specific application of 2D correlation spectroscopy ( COSY ) to the assignment of the 1H resonances in crab MT-1 is discussed. A molecular model, representing the three-dimensional solution structure of this protein, has been constructed based on an analysis of all these data. Detailed structural features of this model are discussed, with particular emphasis on their relationship to the function and evolution of the protein. PMID- 6734554 TI - Histopathology of early effects of oral cadmium in the rat kidney. AB - Adult male Wistar rats were given 50 ppm Cd in drinking water over a period of 1 24 weeks. The rats were killed and the cadmium concentration of whole blood, blood plasma red cells, liver and kidneys estimated. The plasma metallothionein concentration was measured by radioimmunoassay. Kidney samples were taken for light, transmission and scanning electron microscopic examination. The accumulation of cadmium in the tissues was shown by a linear increase with time, after exposure for 12 weeks. Plasma Cd concentrations showed a clear increase after 3 weeks and preliminary investigation suggests that most is present as Cd thionein. Early pathological changes in the rat kidney were seen around the 4-6 week period which coincided with the distinct rise in plasma Cd. At 12 weeks, signs of tubular necrosis, interstitial fibrosis and glomerular epithelial cell hypertrophy were present in small areas of the cortex. By 24 weeks, the renal cortex showed clear evidence of tubulo-interstitial nephritis at a Cd concentration of 60 micrograms Cd/g wet weight. PMID- 6734555 TI - Renal function in relation to low levels of cadmium exposure in a group of smelter workers. AB - Blood and urine samples were obtained from 274 smelter workers and urine samples from 48 controls. Cadmium, beta 2-microglobulin, and creatinine were estimated in blood and urine, and total protein in urine. Concentrations of cadmium in urine (mean 2.0 nmole/mmole creatinine) and blood (mean 21.8 nmole/L) observed in the smelter workers confirmed that this group had absorbed more cadmium than the general population, but less than most other occupationally exposed groups studied. Mean beta 2-microglobulin in urine was not significantly different in the smelter workers and the controls. The mean total protein in urine was 20% higher in the smelter workers, a difference which was significant (p congruent to 0.01). There was no consistent picture within the smelter workers of a relationship between history of cadmium exposure and the effect measures of beta 2-microglobulin in urine and blood, total protein in urine, creatinine clearance and relative beta 2-microglobulin clearance. Small but significant positive correlation coefficients were observed between cadmium in urine and beta 2 microglobulin in urine (r = 0.13), total protein in urine (r = 0.23) and beta 2 microglobulin clearance (r = 0.15), although these may be artifactual. PMID- 6734556 TI - Reversibility of cadmium-induced health effects in rabbits. AB - Twenty-one male rabbits were divided into three groups: rabbits of two groups were given pelleted food containing cadmium chloride at a dose level of 300 micrograms Cd/g over periods of 44 or 19 weeks. Rabbits of the last group were given ordinary commercial pelleted food and served as controls. Cadmium increased urinary protein and amino acid by week 19 and increased it to a remarkably high level by week 44. After cessation of cadmium exposure, rabbits of the first group (44 weeks exposure group) showed only little recovery from cadmium health effects: proteinuria and aminoaciduria were slightly improved. Depressed hepatic functions were also slightly improved, but did not return to the control level in 24 weeks. Fat and bone metabolism also remained depressed below the control level. Anemia did not also readily recover. On the other hand, rabbits of the second group (19 weeks exposure) recovered from the effects of cadmium: proteinuria and aminoaciduria in most animals disappeared soon after the end of cadmium exposure, plasma GPT fell after 1 week, and hemoglobin and hematocrit returned to normal in 6-11 weeks. The above results show that after cessation of cadmium exposure, mild cadmium-induced health effects were reversible in a short period, while more severe effects were not readily reversible. High performance liquid chromatographic (HPLC) profiles of renal and hepatic cadmium-thionein (Cd MT) during and after exposure to cadmium showed no correlation to the degree of cadmium health effects, and therefore, did not help to elucidate mechanisms of the recovery from cadmium-induced health effects, probably because cadmium not bound with metallothionein (non-MT-Cd) is responsible for inducing renal effects. PMID- 6734557 TI - Studies of cadmium uptake and metabolism by the kidney. AB - Our investigation was centered on a possible relationship between the toxicity of cadmium and changes in its chemical forms in tissues. Two models have been studied: one is the renal damage induced by a single injection of cadmium containing metallothionein and the other is the renal damage induced by repeated injections of cadmium salt. Parenteral loading of cadmium-containing metallothionein caused acute and transitory necrotic damage of renal tubular lining cells. This was explained by the selective and rapid uptake of metallothionein at the proximal tubules and degradation of the protein, resulting in liberation of cadmium ions. Cadmium ions were injected repeatedly into rats, and the changes in the chemical forms of cadmium, zinc and copper in the liver and kidneys were correlated with the histological observations. The transitory necrotic damage of the proximal tubules caused during the repeated injections of cadmium was accompanied with a rapid decrease of the copper content in the kidney metallothionein. Further loading of cadmium ions induced increases in the amounts of cadmium not bound to metallothionein and its oxidation products as well as an increase of the Cd/Zn ratio in metallothionein. With these changes in the chemical forms of cadmium, persistent damage of the kidneys occurred. The transitory renal damage caused both by a single injection of cadmium-containing metallothionein and by repeated injections of cadmium salt can be explained by a limit of the native biosynthetic capacity of metallothionein in the kidney, while the persistent damage appears to be due to a limit of the induced capacity. PMID- 6734558 TI - Alteration of tissue disposition of cadmium by chelating agents. AB - The effect of several chelating agents (diethyldithiocarbamic acid, DDC; nitrilotriacetic acid, NTA; 2,3-dimercaptopropanol, BAL; d,l-penicillamine, PEN; 2,3-dimercaptosuccinic acid, DMSA; ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid, EDTA; and diethylenetriaminepentaacetic acid, DTPA) on the toxicity, distribution and excretion of cadmium (Cd) was determined in mice. When chelators were administered immediately after Cd, significant increases in survival were noted after treatment with DMSA, EDTA, and DTPA. DTPA, followed by EDTA and then DMSA, were consistently the most effective in decreasing the tissue concentrations of Cd and increasing the excretion of Cd. NTA, BAL, DDC and PEN had no beneficial effects. The effects of increasing the time interval between Cd administration and initiation of chelation therapy was determined by using a single administration of DTPA, EDTA, and DMSA. Mice treated immediately after Cd administration excreted approximately 50% of the administered dose of Cd compared to 0.2% in controls. Treatment with chelator at later times significantly increased Cd excretion but the magnitude of the effect was much less than that seen in mice treated immediately after Cd. To determine the role of MT in the acute decrease in chelator efficacy following Cd poisoning, rats were injected IV with Cd followed by DTPA at various times after Cd. Although DTPA reduced Cd content in the various organs when given immediately after Cd, the chelator was ineffective at all later times. Increases in hepatic and renal metallothionein (MT) did not occur until 2 hr after Cd, and did not coincide with the earlier drop in chelator efficacy. Blockade of MT synthesis by actinomycin D failed to eliminate this decreased DTPA effectiveness. Therefore, it appears that MT does not play an important role in the acute decrease in efficacy of chelation therapy for Cd poisoning. The effect of repeated daily administration of chelators on the distribution and excretion of Cd was studied by administering chelators daily for 5 days starting 48 hr after Cd. DTPA, EDTA, DMSA and BAL significantly increased the urinary elimination of Cd. Thus, mobilization of Cd into urine occurs with repeated chelation therapy, which may decrease tissue concentrations of Cd and reduce the toxicity of the metal. PMID- 6734559 TI - Chelation of cadmium without increased renal cadmium deposition. AB - Cadmium (Cd) is mainly accumulated in liver and kidney bound to metallothionein (MT) and excreted very slowly from the body. In chronic exposure, Cd is gradually transported from liver to kidney; the renal toxic effects appear when renal Cd concentration exceeds the critical concentration. In order to prevent the Cd induced renal disease, it is important to control the movement of Cd to the kidney and its renal deposition. However, the chelation of Cd from liver is difficult because of the high affinity of intracellular MT for Cd. A number of chelating agents containing both carboxyl and thiol groups were able to mobilize and excrete Cd more easily in a short time (1/2 hr) after Cd exposure than longer times (24 hr), after MT synthesis. The renal deposition of Cd increased on BAL (2,3-dimercaptopropanol) treatment a short time (1/2 hr) after Cd exposure. However, it was observed that if BAL was administered 24 hr after Cd exposure, it could mobilize Cd from hepatic MT and increase the biliary excretion of Cd without any increase in renal Cd concentration. Studies using a number of structurally related thiols (mono-, di- and trithiols) showed that the major structural requirement for in vivo chelation of Cd from intracellular MT were the vicinal thiol groups on an aliphatic chain, and lipophilicity. BAL was the most effective of all the compounds studied and it did not mobilize Cd to the kidney, when most of the intracellular Cd was bound to MT. Furthermore, a delayed treatment with BAL or DTPA (diethylenetriamine pentaacetic acid) after synthesis of MT resulted in an increase in fecal or urinary excretion of Cd in rat model experiment.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS) PMID- 6734560 TI - Chelation of cadmium. AB - The toxicity of cadmium is determined by chelation reactions: in vivo, Cd2+ exists exclusively in coordination complexes with biological ligands, or with administered chelating agents. The Cd2+ ion has some soft character, but it is not a typical soft ion. It has a high degree of polarizability, and its complexes with soft ligands have predominantly covalent bond characteristics. Cd2+ forms the most stable complexes with soft donor atoms (S much greater than N greater than 0). The coordination stereochemistry of Cd2+ is unusually varied, including coordination numbers from 2 to 8. Even though the Cd2+ ion is a d10 ion, disturbed coordination geometries are often seen. Generally, the stability of complexes increases with the number of coordination groups contributed by the ligand; consequently, complexes of Cd2+ with polydentate ligands containing SH groups are very stable. Cd2+ in metallothionein (MT) is coordinated with 4 thiolate groups, and the log stability constant is estimated to 25.5. Complexes between Cd2+ and low molecular weight monodentate or bidentate ligands, e.g., free amino acids (LMW-Cd), seem to exist very briefly, and Cd2+ is rapidly bound to high molecular weight proteins, mainly serum albumin. These complexes (HMW-Cd) are rapidly scavenged from blood, mainly by the liver, and Cd2+ is redistributed to MT. After about 1 day the Cd-MT complex (MT-Cd) almost exclusively accounts for the total retained dose of Cd2+, independent of the route of exposure. MT-Cd is slowly transferred to and accumulated in kidney cortex. The acute toxicity and interorgan distribution of parenterally administered Cd2+ are strongly influenced by preceding MT induction, or decreased capacity for MT synthesis; however, the gastrointestinal (GI) uptake of Cd2+ seems unaffected by preceding MT induction resulting in considerable capacity for Cd2+ chelation in intestinal mucosa, and this finding indicates that endogenous MT is not involved in Cd2+ absorption. The toxicity of parenterally administered Cd2+ is strongly enhanced when administered as complexes with NTA or STPP , but it is much decreased when administered as a complex with EDTA. In chronic oral exposure the toxicity and GI uptake of Cd2+ is not changed when Cd2+ is administered as a complex with the detergent formula chelating agents NTA, EDTA and STPP . The uptake of Cd2+ from ligated intestine in vivo was not affected by administration of Cd2+ as complexes with CYS or GSH, but significantly reduced by complexation with EDTA or BAL. The acute toxicity of orally administered Cd2+ is reduced when Cd2+ is administered as a complex with EDTA.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 400 WORDS) PMID- 6734562 TI - Physicochemical and metabolic properties of modified metallothioneins. AB - Attempts to crosslink metallothionein through lysine residues have resulted in trapping of octameric structures. Two such polymers have been characterized. They are of a critical size for glomerular filtration, and unique tissue distributions of cadmium arise when they are injected into rats. PMID- 6734561 TI - Interaction of chelating agents with cadmium in mice and rats. AB - The influence of several chelating agents (CaDTPA, ZnDTPA, CaEDTA, ZnEDTA, DMSA, D-penicillamine and DMPS, DMP and DDC) on the acute toxicity of CdCl2 and on the whole body retention and tissue distribution of cadmium after the IV application of 115mCdCl2 was compared in mice. The chelating agents were applied immediately after the application of cadmium. CaDTPA, ZnDTPA and DMSA appeared to be the most effective antidotes. However, DMSA increased the amount of cadmium retained in kidneys. The treatment of cadmium-poisoned mice with the combination of DMSA (IP) and ZnDTPA (SC) (all the compounds were injected in equimolar dose) decreased the toxicity of cadmium more than treatment with one chelating agents (given in a 2:1 dose). However, by studying the effect of these chelating agents and their combination of the retention and distribution of Cd in mice, it was demonstrated that the combined application of the antidotes showed little or no improvement over the results obtained with the most effective of the individual components. In the urine of rats injected with CdCl2 and treated with the chelating agents (CaDTPA, ZnDTPA, DMSA), the presence of cadmium complexes was demonstrated. The formation of mixed ligand chelates in vivo was not proved. Experiments in mice given a single injection of 115mCd-labeled Cd complexes of DMPS, DMSA and DTPA showed a high retention of cadmium in the organisms after the IV application of CdDMPS and CdDMSA complexes. PMID- 6734564 TI - Overview of a system for the computer-assisted operation of a small animal inhalation facility. AB - Automatic monitoring of the concentration of test gases and other environmental variables in small animal inhalation exposure chambers, coupled with computing capability and feedback control of the concentration of test gas, allows almost fully automatic operation of the chambers with a minimal amount of human intervention. Time-varying exposure profiles may be generated repeatedly with great accuracy, thus allowing a more realistic simulation of real-life exposures than is approached by operating chambers manually at ostensibly constant concentrations of test gases. Carefully conducted, pre-experimental calibration procedures are performed, and daily calibration checks allow statistical control of daily chamber operation and longer term quality control. At the conclusion of each experiment the investigator is supplied with records that document chamber conditions that have been monitored throughout the entire experiment, with estimates of the accuracy that was achieved in creating the specified exposure profile. A purpose of this report is to help to bridge the gap between the practicing inhalation toxicologist and the engineer in order to encourage their cooperation and mutual understanding of the technical problems involved in developing computer-assistance packages for inhalation facilities. PMID- 6734563 TI - Structure-activity relationships among dithiocarbamate antidotes for acute cadmium chloride intoxication. AB - Eight sodium dithiocarbamates (NaS2CNR1R2) have been examined as antidotes for acute cadmium intoxication. While all of them possess an ability to increase survival when given to mice 2 hr after a lethal (greater than 99%) intraperitoneal injection of 10 mg/kg of CdCl2 X 2.5H2O, their effects on the organ distribution of cadmium vary considerably. It has been possible to show that the accumulation of cadmium in the brain and kidney as well as the survival rates can be correlated with a numerical measure of the polarity of the groups R1 and R2. Each factor has a different dependence on the polarity, but it is possible to construct a composite factor for antidotal efficacy which incorporates survival rate, brain cadmium levels and kidney cadmium levels. The factor constructed here exhibits an optimal value approximately in the middle of the polarity range studied. Compounds which have R1 = -CH2CH1OH and R2 = CH2CH2OH, or -CH3 or -C2H5 appear to be the most effective antidotes of the compounds examined. PMID- 6734565 TI - Intracellular metabolism and effects of circulating cadmium-metallothionein in the kidney. AB - The mechanism of cadmium-metallothionein (CdMT)-mediated nephrotoxicity is being studied in rats using an acute dose regimen. Results of metabolism studies have shown that injected CdMT is rapidly degraded by the kidney with the release of Cd2+ into the cell cytoplasm. Ultrastructural studies indicate that an increase in the number of small lysosomes is the first measurable effect of CdMT in the kidney at 1 hr. This is followed by an increase in the number of small vesicles at 4 hr. It is proposed that these effects are the result of decreased primary lysosome formation and an inhibition of the fusion of pinocytotic vesicles with cell lysosomes by Cd. Functional alterations measured 8 hr after CdMT injection include an increase in urine volume and increased excretion of the low molecular weight protein, RNAase. Prior induction of renal MT by Zn pretreatment prevents the induction of polyuria and low molecular weight proteinuria by CdMT. These data provide further evidence that CdMT nephrotoxicity occurs as a result of Cd2+ toxicity within the cell. PMID- 6734566 TI - Calibration of a system for the computer-assisted operation of a small animal inhalation facility. AB - The initialization of chambers in the computer-assisted inhalation facility at the National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences (1) includes a series of operations that we call "characterization." Characterization consists of two parts, the first of which is one of the topics of this report. In the first part of the characterization the mathematical relationship between the concentration of the chemical of interest and the output of the analyzer is approximated. This amounts to establishing a standard against which subsequent, daily calibrations can be compared. The second part of the characterization represents a wholly automatic operation in which certain dynamic characteristics of the system are quantified. A daily calibration is performed at the beginning of each day of chamber operation after the system has been characterized. The daily calibration data are checked against the characterization standard. The conversion equation for the daily operation of the chamber is derived from the daily calibration data combined with the characterization data. An equation that converts the output of the analyzer to units of concentration of the chemical of interest is at the heart of the computer-assisted monitoring and control system for our inhalation facility. The equation is derived from a calibration procedure that is conducted prior to starting each day's chamber operation. Quality control requires that, in addition to having a daily calibration of the system, a standard of reference be available against which each day's calibration data can be checked. This practice provides protection against the introduction of spurious calibration data on a daily basis, as well as providing a means for the detection of longer term drift.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS) PMID- 6734567 TI - Statistical association between cancer incidence and major-cause mortality, and estimated residential exposure to air emissions from petroleum and chemical plants. AB - An ecologic study design was used to investigate the relationship between exposure to air emissions produced by the petroleum and chemical industries, and average annual cancer incidence and major cause mortality rates among whites in Contra Costa County, California. Estimates for the exposure to major industrial sources of sulfur dioxide, hydrocarbons and oxides of nitrogen were used to subdivide the county by level of exposure to petroleum refinery and chemical plant emissions. Cancer incidence and major cause mortality rates were then calculated for whites in each of the exposure areas. In both males and females, residential exposure to petroleum and chemical air emissions was associated with an increased incidence of cancer of the buccal cavity and pharynx. In males, age adjusted incidence rates for cancers of the stomach, lung, prostate and kidney and urinary organs were also associated with petroleum and chemical plant air emission exposures. In both sexes, we found a strong positive association between degree of residential exposure and death rates from cardiovascular disease and cancer, and a less strong positive association between exposure and death rates from cerebrovascular disease. There was also a positive association in men for deaths from cirrhosis of the liver. Although these observed associations occurred across areas of similar socioeconomic and broad occupational class, confounding variables and the "ecologic fallacy" must be considered as possible explanations. In particular, the stronger findings in men suggest an occupational explanation of the cancer incidence trends, and the effect observed in cirrhosis mortality suggests that lifestyle variables such as alcohol consumption were not adequately controlled for. While the public health implications of our findings remain unclear, the evidence presented is sufficient to warrant follow-up studies based on individual data in which possible biases can be more readily controlled. PMID- 6734568 TI - Ecologic regression analysis and the study of the influence of air quality on mortality. AB - This presentation focuses entirely on the use and evaluation of regression analysis applied to ecologic data as a method to study the effects of ambient air pollution on mortality rates. Using extensive national data on mortality, air quality and socio-economic status regression analyses are used to study the influence of air quality on mortality. The analytic methods and data are selected in such a way that direct comparisons can be made with other ecologic regression studies of mortality and air quality. Analyses are performed by use of two types of geographic areas, age-specific mortality of both males and females and three pollutants (total suspended particulates, sulfur dioxide and nitrogen dioxide). The overall results indicate no persuasive evidence exists of a link between air quality and general mortality levels. Additionally, a lack of consistency between the present results and previous published work is noted. Overall, it is concluded that linear regression analysis applied to nationally collected ecologic data cannot be used to usefully infer a causal relationship between air quality and mortality which is in direct contradiction to other major published studies. PMID- 6734569 TI - Cadmium uptake and metabolism in cultured cells. AB - Cultured cells have been made resistant to otherwise lethal concentrations of the toxic Cd ion, probably by induction of metallothionein (MT) synthesis and binding of Cd to the MT. One human epithelial cell line (HE) and two enzyme-deficient mutants of mouse fibroblasts (L-cells) (Cl 1D and A9) and their Cd-resistant substrains with a high content of MT, have been used to study cellular Cd uptake and metabolism. For cell survival of "wild type" cells, the critical level of intracellular Cd is determined to be around 6 nmole Cd/mg cell protein. Resistant cells can tolerate Cd levels several times above this concentration, if the major part of Cd is bound to MT. The technique of perturbed angular correlation spectroscopy (PAC) has been applied to living Cd-resistant cells. It was shown that greater than 66% of Cd in the resistant strains was bound to MT, and that MT is apparently freely suspended in the cell cytoplasm. Chelating agents differ in toxicity and Cd-releasing effect on the cells, but apparently remove the non-MT bound Cd pool. After various periods of Cd omission, either in vitro or in vivo, growing the cells as tumors in athymic nude mice, the stability of Cd resistance in these cells seems to be dependent on the capacity of cells for de novo synthesis of MT shortly after re-exposure to the metal. PMID- 6734570 TI - Effect of age and diet on renal cadmium retention in rats. AB - The results of our previous and recent work on cadmium metabolism in relation to age and diet are presented. Experiments were performed on albino rats aged 1-26 weeks. In some experiments rats were given different foods (milk, meat, bread) instead of standard rat diet. Some animals received trisodium calcium salt of diethylenetriaminepentaacetate (DTPA) intraperitoneally to decrease cadmium retention. Radioactive cadmium (115mCd) was administered orally and intraperitoneally. Whole body (WB), carcass (C) and organ (kidney, liver and brain) retentions were determined 1 and 2 weeks after a single radioisotope administration. The results are expressed as percentages of the administered dose (% D) and as percentages of whole body (% WB) and carcass (% C) radioactivities. After oral administration whole-body cadmium retention was higher in sucklings than in weaned animals, primarily due to increased gut retention. The kidney retention of orally administered cadmium was about 5-7 times higher in sucklings than in older rats. Cadmium distribution (% C) was similar after oral and intraperitoneal administration. In sucklings, kidney retention made a lower fraction of the carcass radioactivity one week after 115mCd administration but reached adult values a week later. Liver retention in sucklings was a slightly lower fraction of the carcass radioactivity than in older rats at both time intervals. Brain retention (% C) was about 10 times higher in sucklings than in older rats throughout the experiment. Preliminary data on the influence of dietary treatments and treatment with DTPA indicate that some treatments which influence cadmium retention also influence cadmium distribution.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS) PMID- 6734571 TI - Effects of zinc, iron and copper deficiencies on cadmium in tissues of Japanese quail. AB - Experiments with young Japanese quail were conducted to determine whether combined moderate deficiencies of zinc, iron and copper would cause greater uptake and tissue retention of cadmium than the single deficiencies. Birds were fed the experimental diets containing 62 ppb cadmium from hatching to 16 days of age. On day 9 each bird received a dose of 109CdCl2 in its diet. On day 10, the duodenal and jejunal-ileal tissues contained large amounts of cadmium, and there were many significant effects of treatment on cadmium-109 retention in the livers and kidneys. At day 16, zinc deficiency caused increased cadmium in the liver, whereas iron and copper deficiencies each caused increased cadmium in the kidneys. Combined deficiencies had little or no greater effect than single deficiencies and in some cases the combined effect was less than that of a single deficiency. PMID- 6734572 TI - Effects of cadmium and zinc on tissue levels of metallothionein. AB - Although the induced synthesis of metallothionein (MT) after exposure to certain metals has been known for some time, there is little information on the quantitation of MT in various tissues. In this study, tissue MT concentrations were measured by a modified Cd-saturation method in tissues of adult male rats after injection of different metal salts. There were differences in tissue levels of MT, depending on the injected metals. Of all the metals studied, Cd2+ was the most effective element in increasing MT concentrations in liver, kidney, pancreas and small intestine. The highest increase in tissue MT concentration after CdCl2 injection was found in the liver, while the pancreas contained the highest MT level after ZnSO4 injection. Co and Ni salts increased MT levels in both liver and kidney, while Mn and Ca increased MT levels only in liver. A direct correlation between tissue MT levels and Cd or Zn concentration was observed in most of the tissues after injection of CdCl2 or ZnSO4. Although there was no positive relationship between tissue levels of MT and tissue Mn and Ni concentrations, the increase in hepatic Zn after injection of these metals was related to hepatic MT levels. The tissue distribution of injected Cd2+ in control adult rats and Zn-deficient rats was similar. However, there was no increase in pancreatic MT levels in Zn-deficient rats after injection of CdCl2. The high concentration of MT in pancreas after ZnSO4 injection in adult rats and the inability of the pancreas to synthesize MT in Zn-deficient rats suggest that the induction of pancreatic MT synthesis is sensitive to Zn status.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS) PMID- 6734574 TI - Dietary protein effects on cadmium and metallothionein accumulation in the liver and kidney of rats. AB - The relationship of dietary protein to cadmium absorption and tissue deposition was studied in male Sprague-Dawley rats exposed to different levels of cadmium in the drinking water. In animals fed a high-protein or low-protein diet and drinking water containing 25 or 50 ppm cadmium, liver and kidney cadmium and metallothionein were both significantly higher in rats fed the high-protein diet for 2 to 4 months. These differences may possibly be explained by the concentration of cysteine observed between these two diets. When cysteine was added to the low-protein diet to the level observed in the high-protein diet and fed to rats receiving 25 ppm cadmium in the drinking water, significant dietary differences in liver and kidney cadmium and metallothionein were not observed. The importance of dietary protein to cadmium-induced toxicity was also assessed in these studies. The activity of catechol-o-methyltransferase was used as a measure of cadmium-induced toxicity. The activity of this enzyme in the lung, liver and heart was significantly lower in rats fed a low-protein diet than those fed the high-protein diet and 50 ppm cadmium. Metallothionein concentration in the lung and liver from low-protein-fed rats was approximately half the level observed in rats fed the high-protein diet, which suggests a relationship between cadmium-induced toxicity and metallothionein concentrations. These results illustrate the importance of considering dietary protein (and possibly cysteine) when studying cadmium metabolism in experimental animals. PMID- 6734573 TI - Metabolism of cadmium, zinc and copper in the rat kidney: the role of metallothionein and other binding sites. AB - Studies were undertaken to determine the effect of host zinc deficiency upon the distribution of Cd, Zn and Cu between and within male rat kidney cytosol and unfractionated cell pellet. In the first experiment male rates were fed stock diets supplemented with 100 micrograms Cd/mL in the drinking water for 30 days. Then Cd-treated rats and controls were segregated into groups, which received semipurified diets adequate or deficient in zinc for 14 days. After this regimen there were comparable concentrations of total Cd and metallothionein bound Cd in cytosol and the supernatant of sonicated, unfractionated pellet on a microgram Cd/g protein basis. Although less than 5% of cytosolic Cd is not bound to metallothionein (MT), 3-5 times as much non-MT Cd is present in the particulate fraction. The zinc-deficient (Zn-) dietary regime increases the non-MT Cd in the pellet. Quantitations were done of the Cu and Zn distribution in high molecular weight, superoxide dismutase, and metallothionein regions of the profiles of metals from Sephadex G-75 chromatography. In animals exposed to Cd and fed a zinc normal (Zn+) diet, supernatant and pellet metal contents only change in the MT fraction. Similarly, zinc deficiency affects primarily the complement of metals bound to metallothionein: zinc is markedly decreased and Cu is lowered to a smaller extent. Cadmium is unchanged. Control kidney, unexposed to Cd, normally contains a substantial amount of Zn,CuMT. Two-week zinc deficiency greatly reduces MT-Zn and -Cu content without altering the metal content of other cellular pools.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS) PMID- 6734575 TI - Response of the rat's hepatic drug-metabolizing enzyme system to chemotherapy of Trypanosoma b. brucei infections with Berenil and Suramin. AB - Berenil (4,4-diamidinodiazoaminobenzene-diacetamide acetate) or Suramin [sodium salt of 8-(3-benzamido-4-methylbenzamido)-naphthalene-1,3,5-trisulfonic acid] treatment of rats infected with Trypanosoma b. brucei enhanced hepatic microsomal aniline hydroxylase and p-aminopyrine N-demethylase activities. While Suramin inhibited significantly the activities of cytoplasmic glutamate dehydrogenase and lactate dehydrogenase, Berenil had no effect. The kinetic profiles of these enzymes consistently showed a Km value similar to that of controls. Both cytosolic and microsomal glutathione-S transferase and microsomal epoxide hydratase were unaffected by Suramin. However, a significant increase in cytosolic glutathione-S transferase was observed with Berenil. Microsomal phospholipids were not affected by any of the drugs. PMID- 6734576 TI - Intracellular distribution of AMP deaminase in the pig thyroid gland. AB - AMP deaminase and adenosine deaminase activities were assayed in the subcellular fractions of pig thyroid gland. AMP deaminase is localized in the cytosolic fraction; however, this enzyme showed remarkable tendency to bind with the subcellular particulate fractions. Adenosine deaminase is also localized in the cytosolic fraction but in contradistinction to AMP deaminase, adenosine deaminase under the same experimental conditions has no tendency of binding to subcellular particulate fractions. The significance of AMP deaminase binding to subcellular particulate fractions is discussed. PMID- 6734577 TI - Liver- and placenta-like alkaline phosphatases (EC 3.1.3.1) isoenzymes in normal human neutrophils. AB - Alkaline phosphatase (AP) has been characterized in the neutrophil polymorphonuclear leukocytes (PMN) from 14 healthy adults. The biochemical properties of the isoenzymes were analyzed by the following methods: enzyme assays, slab gel electrophoresis, thermostability, inhibition pattern using four chemical inhibitors, and immunological specificity. In normal PMNs, two types of AP have been found: a thermolabile isoenzyme identical to the liver/bone/kidney type and a thermostable isoenzyme with respect to its electrophoretic properties, its level of thermostability, its immunological specificity, the thermostable isoenzyme resembles the placental form more closely than the intestinal form. These results are consistent with the proposal that granulocyte AP is a heterogeneous enzyme. Two enzyme forms appear to be expressed in this blood cell. PMID- 6734578 TI - Human alpha-L-iduronidase. II. Comparative biochemical and immunologic properties of the purified low and high uptake forms. AB - The physicokinetic and immunologic properties of the purified low and high uptake forms of the human lysosomal hydrolase, alpha-L-iduronidase, have been determined and compared. The apparent Km and Vmax values for the low and high uptake forms were similar toward two artificial substrates, 4-methylumbelliferyl-alpha-L iduronide (0.07 and 0.06 mmol/l; 16.15 and 14.85 mumol/min/mg, respectively), and phenyl-alpha-L-iduronide (1.42 and 1.66 mmol/l; 0.83 and 1.05 mumol/min/mg, respectively), and one natural substrate, anhydro-[3H]-mannitol-iduronide (0.86 and 1.04 mmol/l; 2.50 and 2.79 mumol/min/mg, respectively). The pH optima for both purified forms also were similar for each of the three substrates ( approximately 3.50, approximately 3.50, and approximately 4.50, respectively). Heparin markedly inhibited the 4-methylumbelliferyl-alpha-L-iduronide activities of both the low and high uptake forms, while dermatan sulfate and heparan sulfate were more inhibitory toward the low uptake activity. EDTA was a potent inhibitor of both enzyme forms; the divalent cations, Mg2+ and Ca2+, could recover up to 30% of the enzymatic activities after EDTA treatment. p-Chloromercuribenzoate and maleate also were inhibitory, whereas dithiothreitol and 2-mercaptoethanol were stimulatory. Both enzyme forms had similar thermostabilities ; the half-lives at 45, 52, and 60 degrees C were about 38, 24 and 12 min, respectively. The low and high uptake forms were immunologically cross-reactive as demonstrated by Ouchterlony double immunodiffusion and immunotitration studies using anti-human low uptake antibodies. PMID- 6734579 TI - Exercise physiology in horses--lessons from human physiology. PMID- 6734580 TI - Mathematical modelling of the horse. PMID- 6734581 TI - Interpreting radiographs 4: The carpus. PMID- 6734582 TI - A field trial of ketamine anaesthesia in the horse. AB - Ketamine was used on 80 occasions to induce anaesthesia in 77 animals. Xylazine premedication was used alone on 75 occasions, in conjunction with methadone once, in conjunction with methadone and acepromazine once and, on three occasions, methadone and acepromazine only were used. Anaesthesia was maintained in seven cases with halothane and oxygen. Premedication with xylazine 5 mins previously or concurrently with ketamine gave similar results but an interval of more than 5 mins between the drugs produced less deep anaesthesia and this protocol is, therefore, not advised. Induction and recovery were judged to be good in 82 per cent and 78 per cent of cases, respectively, and analgesia and muscle relaxation were judged as adequate in 79 per cent of cases. PMID- 6734583 TI - Perilla ketone toxicity: a chemical model for the study of equine restrictive lung disease. AB - Perilla ketone was assessed for its usefulness as a model of equine restrictive pulmonary disease. Three ponies were given 18 mg/kg bodyweight synthetic perilla ketone in dimethyl-sulphoxide. Within 24 h of administration, respiratory rate, peak inspiratory and expiratory flow rates and minute volume were increased. By 48 h there was a significant decrease in tidal volume, and blood pH and base excess were also decreased but not outside normal limits. At necropsy there was congestion and oedema of the lungs. Histologically there was diffuse alveolar injury but no evidence of significant obstruction in bronchial or bronchiolar lumina. It is assumed that perilla ketone toxicity in ponies produces a restrictive disease without a significant obstructive component. PMID- 6734584 TI - A "standard horse" for use in physiologically based mathematical modelling. AB - Standard data for the horse which can be used in physiologically based mathematical computer modelling are presented. The data includes figures for tissue mass, density and perfusion, obtained by measurement mainly from horses weighing 200 to 300 kg. Other related parameters such as mean transit times and tissue blood volume have been calculated and included in the actual values listed for a 250 kg horse. PMID- 6734585 TI - Fibre types, enzyme activities and substrate utilisation in skeletal muscles of horses competing in endurance rides. AB - Venous blood samples and middle gluteal muscle biopsies were obtained from 21 horses taking part in 100 km or 50 km endurance rides. Group A consisted of seven horses competing over 100 km (four horses completed the ride). Group B consisted of the six horses that were among the 10 best over 50 km while the other eight horses of Group C completed 50 km at a slower speed. Blood lactate, glycerol and creatine kinase increased in all groups while aspartate aminotransferase levels were higher only in Group A. No changes was found in blood glucose in Groups B and C while horses in Group A had lower levels after the ride. Neither fibre composition, fibre areas nor enzyme activities differed between the groups. Intramuscular glycogen content was similar before the ride in all groups. After the ride glycogen had decreased only half as much in Group C as compared to Groups A and B. Group C had a higher intramuscular triglyceride content at rest than Group B. The greatest decrease in triglyceride content after the ride was found in Group C. In Group A and B many Type I, IIA and IIB fibres were glycogen depleted after the ride while in Group C mainly Type I and some Type IIA fibres were depleted. The results of this study show that intramuscular carbohydrate and lipid stores are both important fuels during endurance rides. PMID- 6734586 TI - Navicular bone disease: results of treatment using egg-bar shoeing technique. AB - Although the diagnostic criteria of navicular disease are generally accepted in practice, their limitations are recognised. However, the authors believe that navicular disease per se is reversible and that only secondary changes like adhesions to the deep flexor tendon or spur formations are irreversible. This hypothesis is supported by the results presented of the effect of the application of an egg-bar shoe, which caused permanent cessation of signs of navicular disease in more than 50 per cent of treated cases. The egg-bar shoeing technique can be usefully applied in practice. PMID- 6734587 TI - Leucocyte counts in the healthy English Thoroughbred in training. AB - Total and differential leucocyte counts have been determined by electronic counting techniques in 474, two-to-four-year-old healthy Thoroughbreds in training. The ranges of values observed (particular those for neutrophils and lymphocytes) were narrower than previously described. Absolute and percentage lymphocyte values were significantly decreased with advancing age causing a relative increase in percentage neutrophils. The fall in absolute lymphocyte numbers was the main cause for a significant decrease in total leucocytes with age. Frequency plots for each variable showed that, with the exception of the eosinophil count, data from other leucocyte cell types following either a normal or lognormal distribution. PMID- 6734588 TI - Experimental ischaemia of the ileum and concentrations of the intestinal isoenzyme of alkaline phosphatase in plasma and peritoneal fluid. PMID- 6734589 TI - Absence of cryptosporidium oocysts in faeces of neonatal foals. PMID- 6734590 TI - Pyloric stenosis in a yearling with an incidental finding of Capillaria hepatica in the liver. PMID- 6734591 TI - Performance and sensory aspects of work in cold environments: a review. PMID- 6734592 TI - The effect of backrest inclination, lumbar support and thoracic support on the intra-abdominal pressure while lifting. PMID- 6734593 TI - Effect of sleep deprivation on self-selected workload. PMID- 6734594 TI - The physiological cost of three different methods of lifting in sagittal and lateral planes. PMID- 6734595 TI - Effects of an endurance and strength training programme on lifting capability of males. PMID- 6734596 TI - Adenovirus E1A protein activation of an integrated viral gene. AB - Adenovirus early region 1A (E1A) protein stimulates transcription from five viral promoters during the early phase of infection. This protein also stimulates transcription from non-viral genes which are newly introduced into cells by infection or transfection, but not from the endogenous copies of these non-viral genes. Here we show that E1A protein induces expression of an early adenovirus gene integrated into the chromosomal DNA of stably transformed cells. This induction requires the continuous expression of the same E1A protein which stimulates transcription of newly introduced genes. Thus, although the activity of E1A protein is not highly sequence specific, since it can stimulate transcription from newly introduced non-viral genes, the results reported here indicate that it displays some degree of sequence specificity in that an endogenous adenovirus transcription unit responds differently from most cellular genes. PMID- 6734597 TI - Characterization of a novel killer toxin encoded by a double-stranded linear DNA plasmid of Kluyveromyces lactis. AB - A novel killer toxin, encoded by a double-stranded linear DNA plasmid pGK l-1 (5.4 MDa) in Kluyveromyces lactis IFO 1267 was purified 320 000-fold from the culture broth of yeast. The toxin was obtained in an electrophoretically homogeneous state with a yield of 24% by hydroxyapatite column chromatography, chromatofocusing and polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis. The purified toxin was dissociated into two subunits with molecular masses of 27 kDa and above 80 kDa, as estimated by Laemmli's sodium dodecylsulfate gel electrophoresis; the exact composition ratio of the two subunits remains unestablished. The isoelectric point was between 4.4 and 4.8. As compared with the reported narrow pH range of action and instability of k1 killer toxin encoded by a double-stranded RNA plasmid of Saccharomyces cerevisiae, the K. Lactis toxin was effective with sensitive strains of S. cerevisiae in a relatively wider pH range between 4 and 8; it was stable for several months at pH 6.0 when stored below -20 degrees C. In contrast to the simple protein nature of the k1 killer toxin with a molecular mass of 11.47 kDa, the K. lactis toxin maintained a mannoprotein nature, as it was absorbed by a ConA-Sepharose column and eluted by methyl alpha-D-mannoside. The growth inhibitory activity of K. lactis toxin was enhanced 2-35-fold by the presence of 4-60% glycerol. PMID- 6734598 TI - Cytoplasmic mRNA-protein complexes of chicken muscle cells and their role in protein synthesis. AB - Irradiation of chicken muscle cells with ultraviolet light (254 nm) to cross-link RNA and protein moieties was used to examine the polypeptide complements of cytoplasmic mRNA-protein complexes (mRNP). The polypeptides of translationally active mRNP complexes released from polysomes were compared to the repressed nonpolysomal cytoplasmic (free) mRNP complexes. In general, all of the polypeptides present in free mRNPs were also found in the polysomal mRNPs. In contrast to polysomal mRNPS, polypeptides of Mr 28 000, 32 000, 46 000, 65 000 and 150 000 were either absent or present in relatively smaller quantities in free mRNP complexes. On the other hand, the relative proportion of polypeptides of Mr 130 000 and 43 000 was higher in free mRNPs than in polysomal mRNP complexes. To examine the role of cytoplasmic mRNP complexes in protein synthesis or mRNA metabolism, the changes in these complexes were studied following (a) inhibition of mRNA synthesis and (b) heat-shock treatment to alter the pattern of protein synthesis. Actinomycin D was used to inhibit mRNA synthesis in chick myotubes. The possibility of newly synthesized polypeptides of cytoplasmic mRNP complexes being assembled into these complexes in the absence of mRNA synthesis was examined. These studies showed that the polypeptides of both free and polysomal mRNP complexes can bind to pre-existing mRNAs, therefore suggesting that polypeptides of mRNP complexes can be exchanged with a pool of RNA-binding proteins. In free mRNP complexes, this exchange of polypeptides is significantly slower than in the polysomal mRNP complexes. Heat-shock treatment of chicken myotubes induces the synthesis of three polypeptides of Mr = 81 000, 65 000 and 25 000 (heat-shock polypeptides). Whether this altered pattern of protein synthesis following heat-shock treatment could affect the polypeptide composition of translationally active polysomal mRNPs was examined. The results of these studies show that, compared to normal cells, more newly synthesized polypeptides were assembled into polysomal mRNPs following heat-shock treatment. A [35S]methionine-labeled polypeptide of Mr = 80 000 was detected in mRNPs of heat shocked cells, but not of normal cells. This polypeptide was, however, detected by AgNO3 staining of the unlabeled polypeptide of mRNP complexes of normal cells. These results, therefore, suggest that the assembly of newly synthesized 80 000 Mr polypeptide to polysomal mRNPs was enhanced following induction of new heat shock mRNAs. The results of these studies reported here have been discussed in relation to the concept that free mRNP complexes are inefficiently translated in vivo.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 400 WORDS) PMID- 6734599 TI - Purification and subunit structure of RNA polymerase II from different stages of Artemia development. AB - RNA polymerase II has been purified from different stages of Artemia development: cryptobiotic gastrulae, developing embryos and nauplii. RNA polymerase from dormant and developing embryos consists of 12 subunits of 205 000, 140 000, 32 500, 25 600, 22 000, 19 400, 18 000, 16 800, 147 000, 14 000, 12 700 and 11 500 daltons, as determined by dodecyl sulphate polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis. The enzyme from larvae contains the same polypeptides except for the higher molecular-mass component: the larval enzyme has a subunit of 172 kDa instead of the 205-kDa subunit present in the enzyme purified from embryos. Incubation of embryonic RNA polymerase II with larval extracts results in the conversion of the 205-kDa subunit into the 172-kDa one. This conversion is inhibited by soybean trypsin inhibitor, a compound which inhibits three proteases induced during Artemia early larval development. RNA polymerase II purified from a mixture of embryos and larvae contain only the 172-kDa subunit. Our results indicate that the 172-kDa subunit present in RNA polymerase II purified from larvae is produced by proteolysis of the 205-kDa subunit during the extraction and purification of the enzyme and therefore that Artemia has only one class of RNA polymerase II. PMID- 6734600 TI - The use of two-dimensional nuclear-magnetic-resonance spectroscopy and two dimensional difference spectra in the elucidation of the active center of Megasphaera elsdenii flavodoxin. AB - 1H-1H 'through bond' correlated (COSY) and 1H-1H 'through space' (NOESY) two dimensional NMR techniques were applied to study the structure of Megasphaera elsdenii flavodoxin in the oxidized and reduced state. It is shown that two dimensional NOESY difference spectra between spectra of flavodoxin in the reduced and semiquinone state are sensitive to the active center of the fully reduced state. The sphere of the active center observed in the difference spectra can be varied easily by changing the relative amount of flavodoxin semiquinone in the second sample. The difference NOESY spectra simplified the analysis of the complex spectra. Resonances could be assigned to Ala-56, Tyr-89 and Trp-91, which are located in the direct vicinity of the protein-bound flavin. The relative positions and side-chain dihedral angles of these residues are compared for the two redox states. Ala-56 and Tyr-89 show identical relative positions and dihedral angles in the two redox states, although the rotational motion of Tyr-89 is enhanced in the oxidized state. In both redox states Trp-91 is immobilized and extremely close to the prosthetic group. However, a small displacement of Trp-91 towards the (N(5) atom of the flavin occurs upon reduction. The results obtained for Trp-91 are in excellent agreement with crystallographic results of the related flavodoxin from Clostridium MP. However, the latter studies showed a somewhat different position of the tyrosine residue compared with our results. PMID- 6734601 TI - Depletion of blood plasma cytidine due to increased hepatocellular salvage in D galactosamine-treated rats. AB - Pyrimidine nucleosides in blood plasma of rats were identified by different procedures, including chemical peak shift methods, before their quantification by reversed-phase high-performance liquid chromatography. The concentrations of uridine, cytidine, and deoxycytidine were 1.0 +/- 0.2, 10.6 +/- 1.9, and 33.4 +/- 5.4 mumol/l, respectively. Six hours after the administration of D-galactosamine, the level of circulating cytidine was severely depressed to 25% of control values; uridine decreased to 54% while deoxycytidine remained unchanged. 24 h after the dose of the amino sugar, the levels of cytidine and uridine returned to control values in blood plasma. Total acid-soluble uridine, cytidine, guanosine, and adenosine was determined by reversed-phase HPLC after treatment of the neutralized acid-soluble supernatant of freeze-clamped rat livers with phosphodiesterase and alkaline phosphatase. Six hours after its administration, D galactosamine induced a 2.2-fold and a 1.6-fold rise in total acid-soluble uridine and cytidine, respectively. Co-administration of N-(phosphonoacetyl)-L aspartate, an inhibitor of de novo pyrimidine synthesis, suppressed the increase in total acid-soluble uridine observed after D-galactosamine alone, but was without effect on the enhancement of total cytidine. Three hours after D galactosamine and 15 min after [2-14C] cytidine, there was a rapid fall of the labeled nucleoside in blood plasma to 49% of control animals accompanied by a 2.8 fold rise in the total radioactivity of rat liver homogenates. From these results it can be concluded that the hepatocellular rise in total acid-soluble cytidine after D-galactosamine, in contrast to the increase in total acid-soluble uridine, originates from the phosphorylation of blood plasma cytidine via the salvage pathway. The depletion of circulating cytidine in the presence of hepatocellular UTP deficiency points to the importance of the liver and the hepatic UTP level for the clearance of blood plasma cytidine. PMID- 6734602 TI - Cobalt(II) as an NMR probe for the investigation of the coordination sites of conalbumin. AB - The bis and mono cobalt(II) derivatives of conalbumin in the presence of bicarbonate have been prepared. The 1H NMR spectra have been recorded at 60 MHz. Well-shaped isotropically shifted signals in the range -100 to +100ppm have been observed for both the mono and bis cobalt(II) derivatives; besides the intensity, all the isotropically shifted signals for the two derivatives are superimposable, indicating that the two sites are so similar as to be indistinguishable within the resolution of the technique. With the aid of T1 measurements, the signals have been assigned to the protons of two histidine and two tyrosinate ligands. The spectra are consistent with six-coordinated, high-spin cobalt(II) chromophores with two trans tyrosinate moieties at each site. PMID- 6734603 TI - Studies in bile salt solutions. The effect of pH on the cholate and taurocholate stimulation of human milk lipase catalyzed hydrolysis of p-nitrophenylacetate. AB - The pseudo-first-order rate constants of hydrolysis of p-nitrophenylacetate, catalyzed by human milk lipase, have been measured in solutions of 0.01 mol dm-3 Bistris(2-[bis(2-hydroxyethyl)amino]-2-(hydroxymethyl)-propane-1,3 -diol) buffer at 310.5 K, containing a range of concentrations of sodium taurocholate and sodium cholate, at pH 8.00 and of sodium cholate at pH 6.5. The effect of pH on the activity of the enzyme has been investigated and the stimulation factors of taurocholate and cholate ions and of cholic acid have been calculated to be equal to 5.3, 3.7 and 10.7, respectively. The essential residues for catalytic activity of the enzyme have ionization constants equal to 6.45-6.46 for pK1 and 8.33-8.40 for pK2. The former value is attributed to the presence of a histidine imidazolium group but the identity of the residue leading to pK2 is not proven. PMID- 6734604 TI - The efficiency of oxidative phosphorylation and the rapid control by thyroid hormone of nicotinamide nucleotide reduction and transhydrogenation in intact rat liver mitochondria. AB - In confirmation of previous work enhancement of the fluorescence emission of reduced nicotinamide nucleotides in intact rat liver mitochondria was found to depend on incubation conditions. Under standard conditions the enhancement is constant at 4.8-fold in states 3 and 4 and is not altered by thyroidectomy of the animal 6 weeks prior to experiment. The ADP-induced (state 4----state 3----state 4) fluorescence changes are significantly different in intact mitochondria from normal and hypothyroid animals and reflect the decreased rate and efficiency of oxidative phosphorylation after thyroidectomy. Incubation of liver homogenates in vitro for 15 min with 1 microM triiodothyronine before isolating mitochondria significantly restores their ADP response towards normal. Direct addition of hormone to isolated mitochondria was ineffective. Enzymatic measurement of mitochondrial extracts shows that thyroidectomy leads to increases in the contents of NAD(H) by 22% and NADP(H) by 33%. With glutamate as substrate ADP induced changes in the reduced/oxidized ratio of NAD+ are not significantly altered in hypothyroid preparations. By contrast the NADP+ ratio remains substantially more reduced in state 3 than it does in normal mitochondria. The hypothesis is advanced that the decreased efficiency of hypothyroid preparations in phosphorylating ADP may be the result of increased energy-linked transhydrogenase activity. This is needed to supply NADPH via the glutathione peroxidase for reducing endogenously formed peroxides. Direct reduction of mitochondrial glutathione with dithiothreitol had no substantial effect on ADP/O ratios or on ADP-induced redox cycles in either normal or thyroidectomised preparations. This decisively eliminates the possibility that lowered phosphorylation efficiency is the result of a leak of reducing equivalents via glutathione peroxidase. PMID- 6734606 TI - Massive lymphorrhoea after fine needle biopsy of the cystic haemolymphangioma of the liver. AB - Trauma to a hepatic haemangioma from a fine needle biopsy has not yet been reported and the theoretical high risk with 22-23 g needles in patients with this lesion tends to be minimised. Through misdiagnosis biopsy was ordered in one case of cystic haemolymphangioma of the liver in a patient being checked by ultrasonography for possible metastases. Aspiration was complicated by a massive peritoneal lymphorrhoea, which regressed completely in 15 days. The mechanics of the event and its possible effect on the pre-existing liver failure, held to be the direct cause of death three months later, is a matter of hypothesis. PMID- 6734605 TI - Dynamic topography of the contrast enhancement of the spleen. AB - Topographic variations of the contrast enhancement (CE) with time were studied in 74 dynamic CT scans of the spleen. After an 8-10 second bolus of urographic contrast medium containing 18.5 g. iodine, six scans per minute were done through the same section for two minutes, and single scan at 3, 4 and 5 minutes with a scanning time of 5.5 seconds. Early inhomogeneous CE of the normal spleen appearing 0-20 seconds after the peak CE of the aorta was found in 38 of 70 patients due to inhomogeneous parenchymal opacification (capillary phase) (19), delayed opacification of intrasplenic veins (8) or both (10) or due to other causes (1). Inhomogeneous CE in normal structures disappeared after 40 seconds from the aortic peak CE had elapsed, while all four pathological focal splenic lesions of different histology appeared as low density areas in postcontrast scans up to four minutes. PMID- 6734607 TI - Radiologic features of the solitary rectal ulcer syndrome. AB - A radiologic study of 4 biopsy-proven cases of the solitary rectal ulcer (S.R.U.) syndrome was undertaken. The radiologic findings of S.R.U. were rectal stenosis (one with ulcer), polypoid rectal mass, and multiple sub-mucosal defects with shallow ulcers. The S.R.U., which is benign and requires only dietetic treatment, must be differentiated from other more serious entities such as neoplastic and inflammatory bowel disease. PMID- 6734608 TI - CT assessment of operability in carcinoma of the oesophagogastric junction. AB - 25 patients with adenocarcinoma of the oesophagogastric junction were evaluated preoperatively with thoracoabdominal computed tomography (CT). Despite limitations mainly in differentiating intramural from early extramural tumour growth and in predicting peritoneal carcinomatosis, CT was useful in determining local and distant spread of the malignancy and in assessing surgical resectability. CT may identify candidates for palliative procedures such as oesophageal intubation, radiation therapy or chemotherapy by demonstrating inoperability thus avoiding unnecessary surgery. CT should be performed routinely in all patients with carcinoma of the oesophagogastric junction. PMID- 6734609 TI - Value of computed tomography and lymphography in staging carcinoma of the uterine cervix. AB - CT scanning was performed on 68 consecutive patients with newly diagnosed, untreated carcinoma of the uterine cervix (FIGO stage IB-IVA). Lymphography was performed in 61 cases. Surgical pathological correlation was obtained in 16 patients. CT and clinical stage accorded only in 68%, mainly because of CT errors in the determination of parametrial involvement. CT detected enlarged lymph nodes in 60.5%, compared to 39.5% of cases with lymphographically demonstrated nodal metastases; this discrepancy resulted mainly from the inability of CT to discriminate benign nodal changes. Our data suggest lymphography as radiological staging procedure in early stage (IB, IIA) carcinoma and the routine use of CT in advanced stage (IIB-IV) disease. PMID- 6734610 TI - Contrast enhancement versus vasculature of uterine tumors. AB - The relative contrast enhancement of normal myometrium and small or medium size uterine fibroids and clinical stage I endometrial carcinomas were correlated to their microangiographically demonstrable vascularity. In four cases small uterine fibroids showed contrast enhancement equal to normal myometrium, independent of their vascularity in microangiography. In five, endometrial carcinomas contrast enhancement was always below that of the surrounding myometrium in CT. Intratumour vasculature showed great variability in microangiography. No correlation between the topographic variations in the arrangement or density of tumour blood vessels and the degree of contrast enhancement was found. Contrast enhancement of small uterine fibroids was greater than that of small adenocarcinomas. More contrast material accumulates tissue of the fibroid than into the extravascular space of endometrial carcinoma. PMID- 6734611 TI - C. T. criteria of the differential diagnosis in primary retroperitoneal masses. AB - This personal series of 44 primary retroperitoneal masses (P.R.P.M.) studied by C. T. is analyzed. The reliability of C. T. in the identification (44/44), characterization (43/44) and origin evaluation (41/44) of P.R.P.M. has been absolutely satisfactory. In particular, those criteria of C. T. diagnosis which may be utilized in the evaluation of the origin of upper abdominal masses are thoroughly described. The evaluation of the involvement (non invasive; invasive) of adjacent viscera has been achieved in 22/38 P.R.P.M. verified at operation. The evaluation of tumour resectability has been less reliable due to the high incidence of under-diagnosis (60% in our personal experience). C. T. may be used in addition as an aid to different diagnostic techniques (percutaneous guided needle biopsy) or to therapy (drainage of retroperitoneal abscesses). C. T. is absolutely necessary in the follow-up of P.R.P.M. after surgery, radiotherapy or chemotherapy. PMID- 6734612 TI - Relative cerebral perfusion by rapid sequence tomography. AB - Rapid Sequence Tomography is shown to be a valid instrument to study the local distribution of more or less vascularized brain structures. Functional states as hypo- or hyperperfusion become clearly visible. RSCT permits a clear differentiation between intra- and extravascular contrast enhancement and offers an excellent insight into the angioarchitecture and quality of cerebral lesions. PMID- 6734613 TI - Cardiac metabolism of 15 (p-I-123 phenyl-) pentadecanoic acid after intracoronary tracer application. AB - Myocardial turnover of omega-(p123I-Phenyl-) pentadecanoic acid and release of its metabolites into the coronary sinus and peripheral blood has been studied in patients with coronary artery and valvular heart disease. After intracoronary tracer injection myocardial extraction fractions of 45-53% in control subjects were observed. In patients with coronary artery disease (CAD) normal to reduced values (34-61%) were established. Hydrophilic catabolites of I-PPA, probably p123I-benzoic and -hippuric acid as well as small amounts of the non-metabolized tracer were found in coronary sinus and peripheral blood. Myocardial tracer uptake and clearance patterns were clearly different in normal myocardium when compared to that obtained in patients with CAD. Thus, evaluation of myocardial I PPA metabolism might provide a new diagnostic tool for assessment of integrity of the heart's muscular metabolic function. PMID- 6734614 TI - The echogenicity of hypervascular areas in liver tumours. An in vivo study. AB - The ultrasound images of liver tumours of 28 patients were compared with their vascular images on arteriography. In addition, 17 of these patients underwent contrast computed tomography examinations, and a comparison was made between the markedly contrast-enhanced tumour areas and their ultrasound images. No clear correlation was found between the echogenicity of the tumours and the vascularity seen in arteriography and/or computed tomography. The hypervascular and hypo- or avascular tumour areas could be markedly or minimally echogenic or show only diffuse alteration in the echo architecture. PMID- 6734615 TI - The role of ultrasonography in the diagnosis of tumours of the renal pelvis. AB - The authors have evaluated 22 patients with renal pelvis tumour (RPT) by means of excretory urography and ultrasonography. Six patients also underwent arteriography. The value of the three investigations in the diagnosis of the lesion, the nature, the pyelic origin and the extension are presented. It is concluded that urography remains the method of choice for the evaluation of RPT while ultrasonography may be considered complementary to urography in cases of non-functioning kidney, when the urographic filling device defect is uncertain and in the differentiation between the pyelic or parenchymal origin of the tumour. PMID- 6734616 TI - A method for the characterization of the echostructures of normal and pathological breast tissues. AB - Since a valid macroscopic investigation fundamentally cannot exist without its basis in microscopy, we are seeking to identify characteristic echo structures by means of acoustical microscopy at frequencies of 600 MHZ and 1 GHZ in order to better understand ultrasonography in everyday practice and to determine reliable and specific imaging characteristics of the different components of breast tissues. We have studied slices of mammary tissue 5-10 microns thick which had been removed during surgery. Acoustical imaging has to be performed in transmission mode as well as reflection mode. The intrinsic acoustic contrast is more than sufficient to obtain good visualization of different tissue components of the mammary gland. We noted, however, that even if the microscopic acoustic images were of good quality--often as good as light microscopy--certain tissue components such as the epithelium are irregularly visualized. It appears that the effective visualization of a structure depends entirely upon this acoustical environment. PMID- 6734617 TI - Obstetric ultrasonography: recent observations in first trimester of pregnancy. AB - It is possible both to accurately measure foetal size and visualize the yolk sac and the amniotic membrane by ultrasound scanning in the first trimester of pregnancy. In threatened abortion an intrauterine haematoma or a foetal size smaller than normal are ominous signs. Likewise, too small a foetal size in early diabetic pregnancy indicates an increased risk of foetal malformation. PMID- 6734618 TI - Axial oblique projections--volumetric studies into left ventricular cast specimens of man. AB - Single-plane and biplane cineradiography was applied in various axial oblique projections to 15 cast specimens of the left ventricle. Their volumes were calculated by the area-length method. In these model studies, sufficiently accurate volume calculation proved to be practicable by sitting-up projection (SUP), hepatoclavicular representation (HCP), and long-axis representation with 40 degrees angulation in the anterior-posterior plane (SLP2C2). The latter representation gave the smallest deviations from true volume. PMID- 6734619 TI - Computed tomographic demonstration of a bileoma. AB - The authors present a case of a massive extrahepatic bile collection diagnosed by Computerized Tomography (CT). The appearance could not be differentiated from a subcapsular haematoma or hepatic cyst. Percutaneous aspiration not only confirmed the diagnosis but also cured the patient. Previous ultrasound examination had been misinterpreted as normal due to omission of A scale review. PMID- 6734620 TI - Monensin-induced swelling of Golgi apparatus cisternae mediated by a proton gradient. AB - Monensin, a monovalent ionophore, caused swelling of mature cisternae of plant Golgi apparatus. The appearance of swollen cisternae was time-dependent and linear over a period of 1 h with an estimated maximum rate of production of one swollen cisterna every 3 to 4 min. Implicit in these observations was a need for the uptake of osmotically active monovalent cations to have occurred accompanied by a concomitant efflux of H+ and the entry of water. Furthermore, to sustain the H+ efflux, a source of H+ influx also would be required. To test for the latter, cisternal swelling, as visualized by electron microscopy, was monitored by treatment of wild carrot cells in suspension culture with drugs and inhibitors known to interfere with proton gradients. Swelling was inhibited by the protonophore, FCCP, by the inhibitor of lysosomal acidification, quercetin, and by the lysosomotropic amines, chloroquine and ammonia. While antimycin A, an inhibitor of mitochondrial oxidative phosphorylation, was ineffective, cyanide dramatically decreased swelling. The numbers of swollen cisternae produced could be reduced by prolonged treatment with arsenate, such that an ATP requirement is indicated, at least, for cisternal formation. Swelling was promoted by citrate, representative of a permeant organic anion. Reductions in numbers of monensin induced swollen cisternae in the presence of quercetin, vanadate, and chloroquine could be compensated for by the addition of citrate. We conclude that the monensin-induced swelling of Golgi apparatus cisternae may involve a mechanism generating a proton gradient at or near the mature Golgi apparatus face. PMID- 6734621 TI - Intracellular pathways of native iron in the maternal part of the porcine placenta. AB - In the diffuse epitheliochorial porcine placenta iron is secreted as uteroferrin by the maternal epithelium of the areola-gland subunit of the placenta. To elucidate the intracellular pathways of physiological iron in uterine gland epithelium material from 10 sows at 15 to 111 days of gestation was processed for electron microscopy by different routine methods with or without postfixation in osmium tetroxide. Ferritin particles were identified by their size and shape and the content of iron was confirmed by X-ray energy dispersive microanalysis of accumulated ferritin particles. Distinct ferritin particles were not observed in the extracellular space either basal to or luminal to the epithelial cells. Intracellular ferritin was observed apparently free in the cytoplasm, but in variable amounts. Transfer tubules and dense bodies were located basally in the secretory cells. Both of these organelles contained ferritin particles, showed reaction sites for acid phosphatase and were stained by periodic acid thiocarbohydrazide-silver proteinate. The ciliated cells differed by having apically located dense bodies containing numerous ferritin particles. Our finding of native ferritin in cells with hormonally regulated iron transport supports the concept that transfer tubules as part of the lysosomal complex are part of the endocytic pathway in secretory cells and indicate that ferritin here is an intracellular transport or storage intermediate. PMID- 6734622 TI - Binding and degradation of proteoglycans by cultured arterial smooth muscle cells. I. Endocytosis and intracellular translocation of proteoglycan-gold conjugates. AB - Proteoglycans (Mr approximately 200 000) isolated from bovine arterial tissue were decorated with 17 nm diameter gold particles for tracing in electron microscopic thin sections and surface replicas. Lysine and arginine residues of their proteoglycan protein core are assumed to be essential for gold conjugation. The resulting proteoglycan-gold conjugates, which appear as pearl string-like gold strands of about 170 nm in length were used to visualize binding, endocytosis and intracellular translocation of proteoglycans by homologous cultured arterial smooth muscle cells. The proteoglycan-gold conjugates bind to coated as well as to non-coated cell surface membrane areas at 4 degrees C. This is followed by the formation of membrane invaginations. Postincubation at 37 degrees C leads to a time-dependent uptake of proteoglycan-gold conjugates via non-coated and coated vesicles which after fusion are translocated to multivesicular bodies and to large sized vesicles within 1 h. After conversion of these vesicles to lysosomal compartments the gold particles are uncoupled from the proteoglycans and are concentrated within residual vacuoles. From these vacuoles the gold particles are extruded. In contrast to the surface-bound proteoglycan-gold conjugates the released gold particles are condensed to bulky aggregates. The results, which include competition, inhibition and pulse chase experiments, extend biochemical data on endocytosis and degradation of proteoglycans. PMID- 6734623 TI - Lipid transport through the enterocytes of larval Aeshna cyanea (Insecta, Odonata). AB - The larval enterocytes of A. cyanea absorb lipid after luminal lipolysis in morphologically invisible form by direct membrane transport, presumably molecular diffusion. The lipolytic products are utilized for resynthesis of di- and triglyceride which become visible in the form of lipid droplets in the groundplasm. The putative site of lipid synthesis is the apical ER which locally forms highly ordered complexes. Lipid transport occurs in the form of matrix lipid so that the enterocytes of dragonfly larvae resemble in this respect the lipid-secreting mammocytes rather than the lipid-absorbing mammalian enterocytes. Lipid release involves partial lipolysis and direct membrane transport, possibly including membrane delamination, again in contrast to exocytosis in mammalian enterocytes and apocrine extrusion in mammocytes, which are both indirect membrane transport mechanisms. PMID- 6734624 TI - Presence and absence of the microsomal beta-glucuronidase in mice correlates with differences in the processing of the lysosomal enzyme. AB - In some tissues such as liver and kidney, beta-glucuronidase is present not only in the lysosomes but also in the microsomes. Both enzymes are coded by the same structural gene. The function of the microsomal enzyme is still unclear. We have observed in primary cultures of mouse hepatocytes that the microsomal enzyme disappeared to a trace within 5 days after plating cells. This change of intracellular localization coincided with a change of the isoelectric focusing pattern of the lysosomal beta-glucuronidase. Within the multiple banding pattern of the lysosomal enzyme, a faintly staining group of bands in the more acidic range (mean pI 5.4) became more pronounced while a major group (mean pI 5.9) faded slightly. The correlation between the presence or absence of the microsomal beta-glucuronidase and distinct proportions of the two lysosomal enzyme forms was confirmed in vivo. The less acidic form (pI 5.9) prevailed in the presence (kidney, liver), the more acidic form (pI 5.4) in the absence of the microsomal enzyme (spleen). The two lysosomal forms differed also in their apparent molecular weight by approx. 1500 (Mr 71 500 versus 73 000). In order to elucidate the biosynthetic relationship between the microsomal enzyme and the two lysosomal enzyme forms we interfered with their processing in cultured hepatocytes. The addition of the protease/esterase inhibitor phenyl-methyl-sulfonyl-fluoride caused the disappearance of the microsomal and the appearance of the acidic pI 5.4 lysosomal enzyme within 24 h; with chloroquine, the microsomal enzyme remained nd no lysosomal pI 5.4 enzyme appeared.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS) PMID- 6734625 TI - Heterogeneous distribution and replication activity of mitochondria in Xenopus laevis oocytes. AB - In early diplotene oocytes of Xenopus laevis mitochondria are not dispersed all over the cytoplasm but gathered in a well described mitochondrial mass [18]. When tracing these organelles during active vitellogenesis we observe that some of them are involved in the elaboration of a cortical layer at the vegetative hemisphere of the cell while others stay around the nucleus. The latter contribute to the transient formation of a mitochondrial crown throughout active mitochondriogenesis. Autoradiographic studies of thymidine incorporation into mtDNA suggest a differential participation of each organelle to the final population of a full-grown oocyte according to its position in the cytoplasm. PMID- 6734626 TI - Leucoplasts: a distinct kind of organelles lacking typical 70S ribosomes and free thylakoids. AB - Non-pigmented plastids were observed in fully differentiated cells from leaves and stem tissues of various species. Although showing important differences in size and shape, these plastids exhibit permanent structural features which allow to get them together as a distinct kind of organelles: the leucoplasts. Leucoplasts are distinct from the proplastids and every intermediate stage of plastid differentiation, from white chromoplasts and tuber amyloplasts. Mature leucoplasts do not contain an autonomous central system of thylakoids structurally independent from the envelope and, therefore, are never green. However, the envelope inner membrane invaginates within the plastid a cisternal or tubular stroma reticulum connected with the intermembrane space of the envelope. In addition, the leucoplast stroma is often less dense than chloroplasts stroma and contain several nucleoids with DNA fibrils. However, 70S ribosomes either scattered in the stroma or attached to the stroma reticulum or the envelope are not visible in ultrathin sections of leucoplasts stained with uranyl and lead. The existence of more discrete particles as dense as ribosomes is suggested. The relationship between the absence of ribosomes and thylakoids is discussed. Except for their specific role in C10 monoterpene synthesis in glandular cells, the functions of leucoplasts in plant cells remains largely up to now a matter of conjecture. PMID- 6734627 TI - On the fusion of nucleoli in interphase. AB - By comparing unstimulated and phytohaemagglutinine (PHA)-stimulated human lymphocytes from peripheral blood it was found that the fusion of nucleoli in interphase is not merely a passive phenomenon but is strongly correlated to the metabolic activity of cells. The fusion is independent of the cell cycle (DNA replication cycle). PMID- 6734628 TI - Transitory development of rough endoplasmic reticulum aggregates during embryo maturation in seeds of mustard (Sinapis alba L.). AB - During the final period of maturation of mustard (Sinapis alba L.) seeds conspicuous aggregates of rough endoplasmic reticulum are found specifically in some tissues of the differentiation zone of the radicle. The appearance of these structures is temporally correlated with the disappearance of single-stranded reticulum and the onset of seed dehydration. These aggregates can be demonstrated also in the dry, mature seed and during the first few hours after imbibition with water; they disappear however during germination. In germinated root tips reformation of the aggregates can be induced by severe water stress. It is concluded that the observed membrane aggregates represent a storage form of rough endoplasmic reticulum during periods of low protoplasmic hydration. PMID- 6734629 TI - The organization of microtubules during anaphase and telophase spindle elongation in the rust fungus Puccinia. AB - The entire framework of microtubules (MTs) in the meiotic spindle of the rust fungus Puccinia has been reconstructed during the later stages of meiosis I, by tracking MTs through transverse serial sections. This spindle is of special interest because it elongates considerably during anaphase spindle elongation, from 5 microns at metaphase to 15 microns at telophase. The spindle is composed mainly of MTs from opposite poles which interdigitate or overlap in the middle of the spindle. In the overlap region, MTs from one pole seek out as near neighbors, MTs from the opposite pole at a preferred spacing of 43 to 55 nm. During anaphase elongation three changes in spindle structure occur: 1) the region of overlap decreases, but this reduction in overlap cannot account for all the increase in spindle length; 2) interdigitated MTs (MTs from one pole that are within 80 nm of a MT from the opposite pole) dramatically increase in length by MT polymerization and; 3) kinetochore MTs, free MTs (those unattached to the poles) and non interdigitated polar MTs shorten and disappear. The mechanism of anaphase elongation and the control over MT polymerization and depolymerization during anaphase are discussed. PMID- 6734630 TI - Ultrastructural detection of fucosyl residues at the surface of axenically grown maize roots/sequential use of UeA lectin and fucosyl ferritin as the specific glycosylated marker. AB - This study reports the ultrastructural detection of fucosyl residues at the surface of axenically grown roots of Zea mays. The method used involved sequential binding of UeA lectin to the root and coupling of the bound UeA with fucosyl ferritin. Superficial dense ferritin labelling was found in the slime droplet ensheathing the root cap and in the external layer of the three-layered epidermal root surface. This pattern of binding of the fucose-specific lectin UeA suggests an overall distribution of the fucosyl residues on the root surface. Their localization within slime components of the root cap and the root epidermis is also assessed by the use of PATAg controls. Treatment of whole roots with alpha-L-fucosidase was ineffective in removing the fucosyl residues present at the root surface. The biological role of the fucosyl residues at the root-soil interface is discussed. PMID- 6734631 TI - The isolation of nuclei containing mitotic spindles from the plasmodium of the slime mould Physarum polycephalum. AB - We have developed a protocol which facilitates the isolation of nuclei containing mitotic spindles from the plasmodium of Physarum polycephalum. The nuclei are isolated in a spindle stabilization buffer (SSB) consisting of -4 M glycerol, 5 mM EGTA, 10 mM MgCl2, 10 mM PIPES and 0.1% (v/v) Triton X-100 at pH 6.5. Isolation at 20 degrees C, chelation of Ca2+ and the inclusion of the 4 M glycerol were found to be essential for stabilization of the spindle microtubules. The method allows the isolation of clean nuclei in a reasonable yield. Nuclei were isolated at each of the main stages of mitosis (prophase, metaphase and anaphase) and transmission electron microscopy of the isolated nuclei revealed well preserved arrangements of spindle microtubules which were characteristic of the particular stage of mitosis. PMID- 6734632 TI - Myosin heavy chain concentration, synthesis rate and degradation rate in normal and dystrophic chicken muscle cells in culture. AB - Myosin heavy chain concentrations, synthesis rates and degradation rates were studied in muscle cell cultures prepared from the breast muscle of 13-day normal (white leghorn) and dystrophic (line 307) chicken embryos. Muscle cells were studied after 7 days in culture, at which time they had reached a steady state with respect to myofibrillar protein synthesis and degradation. The quantity of myosin heavy chain was 10.5 +/- 0.9 micrograms/culture (n = 32) in normal cells and 8.10 +/- 1.2 micrograms/culture (n = 31) in dystrophic cells. However, the myosin heavy chain synthesis rate was 23 500 molecules/min/nucleus in normal cells and 39 900 molecules/min/nucleus in dystrophic cells, as determined by pulse labeling with [3H]leucine and measurement of the specific radioactivity of tRNA precursor pools. Myosin heavy chain half-lives rates were calculated to be 30.6 h in normal cells and 15.6 h in dystrophic cells when corrections were made for reutilization of [3H]leucine. Thus, dystrophic muscle cultures accumulate less myosin heavy chain, despite their faster synthesis rate, because of faster degradation of myosin heavy chain. PMID- 6734633 TI - Fc receptor-directed phagocytic stimuli induce transient actin assembly at an early stage of phagocytosis in neutrophil leukocytes. AB - The phagocytic pathway for the uptake of multivalent Fc complexes by neutrophil leukocytes can be partially dissected by using a pulse-chase protocol at different chase temperatures. Utilising a deoxyribonuclease I inhibition assay, we show that an early response to recognition of phagocytic substrate by neutrophils is a rapid (less than 10 sec) polymerization of actin. Net actin assembly is transient and is reversed at higher chase temperatures which appears to allow for further progress of the pulse of phagocytic substrate along the pathway. Assembly of actin monitored in whole cells is paralleled by an increase in total actin retained in the cortical filamentous network of detergent insoluble ghosts prepared from phagocytosing neutrophils. These data provide direct evidence for the reversible reorganisation of actin filaments in the cortical cytoplasm of phagocytic cells during phagocytosis. Furthermore, this experimental system provides an opportunity to study the characteristics of ligand-induced actin assembly, and subsequent disassembly in situ. PMID- 6734634 TI - Dictyosomes participate in the intracellular pathway of storage proteins in developing Vicia faba cotyledons. AB - The main storage globulins of Vicia faba seeds, vicilin and legumin, were localized in ultrathin sections of developing cotyledons employing the protein A/colloidal gold-technique. Double labelling experiments with monospecific immunoglobulins directed against vicilin or legumin using different size classes of protein A-colloidal gold showed that both globulins are associated with protein lumps in the vacuoles of early developmental stages of the seeds and with the rough endoplasmic reticulum, the site of storage protein biosynthesis. Furthermore, vicilin and legumin have been detected in protein-containing vesicles in the cytoplasm as well as in dictyosomes and the dictyosome-derived vesicles. The association of storage globulins with the dictyosomes was also indicated by cell fractionation and immunoblotting of organelle contents derived from microsome, enriched dictyosome and protein body preparations. Protein blotting analyses employing a Concanavalin A/peroxidase technique showed that certain vicilin polypeptides were already glycosylated in the rough endoplasmic reticulum. Another part of the vicilin fraction as well as legumin polypeptides did not show any affinity to Concanavalin A. These data provide a direct evidence for a transient involvement of dictyosomes in the intracellular pathway of legume storage globulins from the rough endoplasmic reticulum to their accumulation site in the protein bodies. PMID- 6734635 TI - Death outside hospital with special reference to heart disease. AB - For one year (1 September 1975-31 August 1976) an analysis was made of all deaths occurring outside hospital in the Gothenburg area (population 480 000). The total number of deaths was 1309. It was found that 675 (52%) of these deaths were caused by ischaemic heart disease (IHD), while 54 (4%) were caused by other heart diseases. The circumstances preceding death were analyzed in 363 cases representing all autopsied subjects under 75 years of age who died from IHD (autopsy rate 95%). Of these, 68% died at home, 4% during transport to hospital, and 4% at work. 214 (59%) of the deaths were witnessed, and in 189 (52%) cases, an ambulance had been called. 111 (52% died within 1 min of the onset of symptoms. 23 subject were in ventricular fibrillation on arrival at hospital. 11 of them were resuscitated, but only 3 were discharged alive. Additionally 12 of the non-autopsied subjects who died from IHD and 11 who died from other heart diseases had been witnessed and an ambulance had been called. In summary, 212 subjects who died outside hospital from heart disease in one year in Gothenburg died witnessed, and an ambulance was called. This should be the maximum annual number of cases of cardiac arrest outside hospital which it is possible to reach with a mobile coronary care organization within the time limit for effective resuscitation attempts. PMID- 6734636 TI - Ventricular performance and prognosis after primary ventricular fibrillation complicating acute myocardial infarction. AB - To examine the relationship between early arrhythmias, infarct size and prognosis, we compared 22 consecutive patients surviving acute myocardial infarction (AMI) and primary ventricular fibrillation (VF) with a control population after AMI uncomplicated by primary VF. Left ventricular ejection fraction (EF) was measured by radionuclide ventriculography before discharge from hospital. Mean EF was significantly reduced below normal following AMI with or without primary VF (normal 0.57 +/- 0.05, mean +/- SD; P less than 0.01). Mean EF was lower among patients who survived primary VF than among those with infarction uncomplicated by primary arrhythmia (0.33 +/- 0.12 v. 0.46 +/- 0.07; P less than 0.01). There were striking differences in EF between those patients with anterior and those with inferior infarction. Mean EF for those surviving primary VF after transmural anterior infarction (0.23 +/- 0.06) was lower than those who had primary VF after transmural inferior infarction (0.43 +/- 0.06; P less than 0.01). Normal left ventricular function was seen in four individuals who developed no further complications. Recurrent primary ventricular arrhythmia was seen only in those individuals subsequently shown to have reduced EF. Low EF (less than 0.35) was seen in 12 patients with primary VF in the context of anterior infarction, five developed breakthrough ventricular arrhythmias despite therapy and in a limited follow-up period, three have died. PMID- 6734638 TI - Quantitative evaluation of exercise-induced ST-segment depression for estimation of degree of coronary artery disease. AB - Comparative analysis of coronary arteriography and exercise ECG recordings of 33 patients with ischaemic heart disease is presented. Linear regression was found between the increase of heart rate (HR) as well as increase of systolic blood pressure-heart rate product (SBP X HR) and the level of ST-segment depression developing during exercise. A significant correlation was established between the slope of the regression line (i.e. 'm' coefficient of y = mx + b) expressing the rate of change of ST-segment depression and the degree of coronary artery disease confirmed by arteriography. The average value of 'm' coefficients differed significantly according to the number of diseased vessels (P less than 0.01 0.001). The ratio of maximal ST depression and maximal HR (STmax/HRmax) measured at the end of the exercise indicated reliably the severity of coronary artery disease and is suggested for everyday practice. PMID- 6734637 TI - Ventricular free wall rupture: sudden, subacute, slow, sealed and stabilized varieties. AB - Six cases of acute myocardial infarction with blood in the pericardial sac are described. In one case rapid death followed myocardial rupture leaving no time for the possibility of intervention. Of two other cases acute symptoms developing after myocardial rupture, one was operated on promptly and the other, whose condition improved on pericardiocentesis, after a delay of a few hours. Both are now long term survivors A fourth patient probably had two episodes of rupture which apparently sealed off. He underwent cardiac catheterization, but no epicardial leak was found. Subsequently at operation a sealed myocardial rupture was detected and sutured over. The fifth patient suffered a silent myocardial rupture. A false aneurysm was diagnosed four months later and he withstood successful surgery. In the sixth patient, the course was similar to that of case 1, namely rapid death with a clinical picture suggestive of tamponade. Postmortem examination showed a covert rupture with some evidence of attempts to plug the opening. The purpose of this report is to emphasize the varying course which myocardial rupture can take. PMID- 6734639 TI - Significance of supraventricular arrhythmias induced by electrophysiologic studies. AB - The clinical history and the findings on Holter monitoring of 767 patients (without evidence of ventricular pre-excitation on the ECG) were compared with the results of electrophysiological studies to assess the significance of supraventricular arrhythmias induced by intracardiac study. The studies were undertaken to determine the cause of syncope, conduction disturbances or tachycardia. In 570 patients (group 1) supraventricular arrhythmias were not induced. On Holter monitoring, 36 (6%) had evidence of supraventricular tachycardias, including atrial flutter, atrial fibrillation and paroxysmal junctional tachycardia. In 86 patients (group 2) one atrial extrastimulus induced a paroxysmal junctional tachycardia; 79 (82%) of these patients had had spontaneous supraventricular tachycardia (SVT). In 111 patients (group 3) another type of SVT was induced: The movement of the catheter induced atrial flutter or fibrillation in nine patients, eight (89%) of whom had spontaneous SVT. Atrial pacing at a rate less than 200 bpm induced atrial flutter or fibrillation in 14 patients of whom nine (64%) had SVT. Ventricular pacing induced SVT in 15 patients, of whom 14 (64%) had SVT. An atrial extrastimulus during sinus rhythm induced atrial echoes in 62 patients, 47 (76%) of whom had SVT. The atrial extrastimulus during sinus rhythm induced atrial tachycardia in 11 patients, nine (82%) of whom had SVT. PMID- 6734640 TI - Nonparoxysmal atrioventricular junctional rhythm. A clinical and electrophysiologic study. AB - The patient, a 74-year-old man, developed a persistent nonparoxysmal junctional accelerated rhythm at rate of 60-75 beats min-1 because of chronic depressed sinus node function. Intravenous atropine resulted in no change of junctional pacemaker rate but i.v. isoproterenol significantly accelerated it suggesting that autonomic neural imbalance might underlie the mechanism of nonparoxysmal junctional rhythm. Intravenous verapamil (10 mg) induced no change in the junctional pacemaker rate and postpacing pauses suggesting that the slow inward current did not play an important role in the nonparoxysmal junctional rhythm. PMID- 6734641 TI - Effects of felodipine on systemic and coronary haemodynamics in patients with angina pectoris. AB - In order to study the systemic and coronary haemodynamic effects of felodipine, a new dihydropyridine derivative, 10 patients with coronary artery disease were studied during cardiac catheterization. Measurements were performed at rest and during pacing-induced angina pectoris. At rest, the heart rate rose from 70 +/- 20 to 78 +/- 20 (P less than 0.05), the systemic arterial pressure decreased by about 20% (P less than 0.01) and the cardiac index rose from 2.9 +/- 1.2 to 4.0 +/- 1.0 (P less than 0.05). The coronary sinus flow (CSF) increased about 50% (P less than 0.01). During pacing to the same heart rate as in the control measurements, felodipine induced similar changes in systemic haemodynamic values as in the resting position. Myocardial lactate extraction and ST segment depression were not significantly altered. After felodipine, the pacing rate could be further increased in 7 patients as compared with the control value. Both systemic and coronary effects were then very similar compared with those during the lower pacing rate. In conclusion, felodipine is a very potent systemic and coronary vasodilator with potential value in the treatment of hypertension and cardiac failure. The drug may also be of value in the treatment of ischaemic heart disease, but further studies with titration of optimal doses are needed in that respect. PMID- 6734642 TI - Doppler echocardiography in adults with isolated ventricular septal defect. AB - Doppler echocardiography and cardiac catheterization were undertaken in 70 consecutive patients, 31-68 years of age (mean 39), who had isolated congenital ventricular septal defects (VSD), 28 of whom had been operated upon. In 50 patients with invasively proven VSD, 37 had a correct Doppler diagnosis of VSD (group 1) and in 13 a false negative result was obtained (group 2); i.e. a sensitivity of 74%. No false positive Doppler diagnosis was made in the 20 patients without evidence of shunt. Left to right ventricular systolic pressure difference (delta P) ranged between 55 and 142 mm Hg, with a mean value of 103 mm Hg in group 1 and 99 mm Hg in group 2. There was good correlation between delta P obtained by continuous wave Doppler and catheterisation in 17 group 1 patients with moderate and large shunts (r = 0.81, P less than 0.001). There was no correlation in the remaining 20 patients in group 1 with small shunts (r = 0.20, P greater than 0.1). Doppler echocardiography in the adult with isolated VSD has good sensitivity and excellent specificity. Doppler prediction of delta P is reasonably correct in patients with moderate and large shunts, but of no value in patients with small shunts. PMID- 6734643 TI - Effects of cardiac failure on the pharmacokinetics of the diuretic tizolemide. AB - Tizolemide, an alkaline sulphonamide diuretic, was given i.v. in one dose and orally during one week to eight patients with compensated cardiac failure. They had essentially normal glomerular filtration rate but reduced renal plasma flow. Tizolemide was almost completely absorbed from the gastrointestinal tract. The drug was mainly eliminated via tubular secretion. Renal clearance of the drug was much lower than in healthy subjects because of low renal plasma flow. As a consequence plasma half-life was prolonged considerably in some patients. It was concluded that drugs with mainly tubular renal elimination may have a reduced elimination rate in patients with cardiac diseases despite normal glomerular filtration rate. PMID- 6734644 TI - Torsade de pointes ventricular tachycardia associated with lidoflazine therapy. PMID- 6734645 TI - Prevalence of vasospastic ischaemia induced by the cold pressor test or hyperventilation in patients with severe angina. AB - We performed coronary artery spasm provocation, using the cold pressor test (CPT) and hyperventilation (HVT) in 105 patients (87 males, 18 females) with mean age 51.9 years (range 25-69) consecutively admitted for coronary angiography due to attacks of chest pain. A positive response to spasm provocation (ST segment elevation or depression greater than or equal to 0.1 mV or pseudonormalization of negative T-waves) was seen in 25 patients (23.9%) (group A), with 8 patients responding to CPT and 23 to HVT. In the remaining patients (group B) a negative response was found. Of 80 patients with coronary artery stenosis (diameter reduction greater than 50%), 22 (27.5%) showed a positive response. During CPT and HVT the rate pressure product increased 25% and 16%, respectively in group A versus an increase of 139% during exercise testing in the same patients. This suggests that ischaemia induced by CPT or HVT is not caused by increased myocardial oxygen demand. Repeat spasm provocation was performed during coronary angiography in 14 patients from group A and 14 from group B. The induced reduction in the diameters of the ischaemia related vessels was on average 48.3% in group A versus a 9.9% reduction of the left anterior descending artery in the patients from group B (P less than 0.01). In group A 88% had a history of nocturnal angina versus 38.8% in group B (P less than 0.001). A positive exercise test was found in 87% and 35.6% in group's A and B respectively (P less than 0.0005). PMID- 6734646 TI - Enhanced haemodynamic effects of propranolol in acute myocardial infarction. AB - To evaluate the possible influence of sympathetic activation on the haemodynamic response to intravenous beta-blockade, the dose-response characteristics of three boluses of propranolol were evaluated in 8 patients with uncomplicated infarction and compared in a similar number of patients with stable angina. Following a control period, when haemodynamic stability was confirmed, propranolol 2, 2 and 4 mg (cumulative dosage 2, 4 and 8 mg) was injected into the central circulation at 15 min intervals. Despite close matching in baseline control haemodynamic variables between the groups, in stable angina, propranolol resulted in dose related depression of cardiac output without change in systemic blood pressure, whereas following myocardial infarction the drug induced significantly greater falls in cardiac output (P less than 0.05) and a dose-related decrease in systemic blood pressure. Despite the greater effects of propranolol on cardiac output following myocardial infarction, the left ventricular filling pressure was increased to a lesser extent compared with stable angina. The explanation for this observation may reside in a greater susceptibility of the left ventricular wall to increase its compliance, under conditions of high sympathetic stimulation, following beta-blockade. These data support experimental and biochemical evidence of sympathetic activation in myocardial infarction; the hyperadrenergic state conditions an augmented haemodynamic response to competitive antagonism of sympathetic stimulation at cardiac beta-adrenoceptors. PMID- 6734647 TI - Sex differences in cardioangiographic findings after myocardial infarction. AB - The cardioangiographic findings in 50 women 40-54 years of age were compared with those of a series of 69 men with infarction recruited from the same catchment area and investigated according to the same principles. Women less often had left ventricular abnormalities than men; this difference was mainly confined to patients with non-Q wave infarctions. There was no difference in the prevalence of left ventricular abnormalities among women and men with Q wave infarctions. No major sex difference was found in the prevalence of coronary abnormalities. Collaterals were less common in women than in men. PMID- 6734648 TI - Effect of adenosine triphosphate on the accessory pathways. AB - To determine the site of the anterograde and retrograde conduction in the Wolff Parkinson-White syndrome (WPW), 40 mg of adenosine triphosphate (ATP) was injected during electrophysiological studies in 53 patients with ventricular preexcitation. In 40 cases, the accessory pathway was evident (group 1) and in 13 cases it was concealed (group 2). In 10 cases in group 1, anterograde conduction was abolished with disappearance of the features of preexcitation. In 7 patients of group 1 and in 4 patients of group 2, retrograde conduction in the accessory pathway was prolonged or abolished. These effects were unexpected because ATP is a parasympathomimetic drug. There was a correlation between the Kent effective refractory period (ERP) and the action of ATP. When the drug did not change the anterograde and retrograde conduction in the Kent bundle, the anterograde accessory pathway ERP was always less than 230 ms. When ATP only decreased retrograde conduction in the Kent bundle, anterograde accessory pathway ERP was always more than 280 ms. PMID- 6734650 TI - Sensitivity and specificity of pulsed Doppler echocardiography in detection of aortic and mitral regurgitation. AB - In order to assess the value of pulsed Doppler echocardiography in detection of valvular regurgitation, 63 patients were evaluated for aortic and/or mitral regurgitation using pulsed Doppler echocardiography and selective cineangiography. The Doppler study was considered as positive when a turbulent flow was detected below the aortic valve for aortic insufficiency and behind the mitral valve for mitral insufficiency on a graphic display (time interval histogram) when technically adequate and/or on an audiosignal. These results were compared with standard angiographic evaluation of the regurgitation: pulsed Doppler echocardiography had 94% sensitivity and the specificity rate was very high (87.5%) even for mild regurgitation. Thus, Doppler technique is highly specific and sensitive in detection of aortic and mitral regurgitation when both audiosignal and time-interval histogram are simultaneously performed. PMID- 6734649 TI - Value of purinic compounds in assessing sinus node dysfunction in man: a new diagnostic method. AB - The purpose of this paper is to investigate whether the inhibitory action of purinic compounds (striadyne: STR) on the sinus node is quantitatively different on a pathological sinus node in comparison to a normal one and thus whether it is possible, as suggested by other authors, to use STR as a pharmacological test in the diagnosis of sick sinus syndrome (SSS). With this aim we investigated 55 patients, divided into 3 groups according to ECG and sinus function evaluation tests: 1--normal; 2--SSS (2a: flagrant SSS; 2b: latent SSS); 3--excess vagotonia and/or abnormal response to vagal stimulation. In all patients after a prophylactic insertion of a temporary pacemaker, 30 mg of STR were rapidly injected i.v. and the surface and intracavitary ECG continuously recorded until the basal state was regained; the following parameters were evaluated: average baseline sinus cycle (SC), minimum and maximum SC after the drug. In all patients STR caused first a slowing, then an acceleration of the sinus rate. SC lengthening was moderate in groups 1 and 3 [max SC was respectively 740-1820 ms (1198 +/- 290.9 ms) and 720-1440 ms (1157.5 +/- 223.3 ms)], but it was severe in patients with SSS [max SC in group 2a 2500-11880 ms (5398.3 +/- 2687.4 ms) in group 2b 1620-11140 ms. (4470.7 +/- 3660.6 ms)]. The difference between the max post STR SC of SSS patients, and the control group was highly significant P less than 0.001). Assuming as upper limit of the normal a value of 2071 ms. (corresponding to the mean + 3 standard deviations of the response of the control group) we recorded abnormal responses in 100% in group 2a and in 85.7% in group 2b, whereas there were no abnormal responses in group 3. In addition, nodal atrioventricular block occurred frequently. The authors believe this test could be useful in the diagnosis of SSS, but it is essential to insert a ventricular pacing catheter prophylactically if this test is used. PMID- 6734652 TI - Left ventricular function in patients with ankylosing spondylitis and Reiter's disease. AB - We have studied left ventricular function by non-invasive methods in 28 patients with ankylosing spondylitis and 14 with Reiter's disease and compared them with 42 normal subjects. A dilated and poorly contracting left ventricle with abnormal systolic time intervals were found in five (18%) of those with ankylosing spondylitis and two (14%) with Reiter's disease. Our results suggest that the high cardiovascular morbidity and mortality in these diseases may be due to abnormality of the myocardium in the absence of valve disease. PMID- 6734651 TI - Reproducibility of M-mode echocardiographic assessment of left ventricular function. Significance of the temporal range of measurements. AB - The aim of this study was to evaluate the reproducibility of M-mode echocardiography in sequential studies on left ventricular (LV) function. To that end, 3 to 8 serial recordings were performed on 4 groups of healthy subjects (total number, 49) within dissimilar time periods: (1) within 3 h, (2) within 24 h, (3) within 1 to 2 weeks and (4) within 14 to 18 months. The examination technique was carefully standardized and the recordings were analysed by digitization and computer assistance; the data were averaged from 5 beats on each recording. The random variation of LV transverse dimensions and performance was roughly equal in the first 3 of these studies; the mean coefficients of variation ranged from 1.2 to 1.8% for end-diastolic dimension, from 1.7 to 2.3% for end systolic dimension, and from 2.5 to 3.6% for ejection fraction. In the long-term study the respective mean coefficients were larger: 3.2%, 3.7% and 5.5%. The coefficients of variation for estimates of stroke volume, cardiac output, and peripheral vascular resistance ranged from 4.1 to 8.4% in studies completed within 1 day or inside 1 or 2 weeks but increased to 10-15.5% in the long-term study. The beat-to-beat variability of LV dimensions and performance, as assessed in a subgroup of 11 subjects, was roughly equal in quantity to the variability observed in the long-term study.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS) PMID- 6734653 TI - Marked relief of acute exacerbation of congestive cardiomyopathy by intravenous practolol--report of a case. AB - This paper reports a case of severe low output cardiac failure due to congestive (alcoholic) cardiomyopathy which was unresponsive to dopamine infusion, but which improved rapidly on intravenous practolol therapy. The therapeutic range of beta blockade turned out to be quite narrow. PMID- 6734654 TI - Pindolol in the treatment of complicated myocardial infarction. PMID- 6734655 TI - IXth European Congress of Cardiology. Dusseldorf, 8th-12th July 1984. Abstracts. PMID- 6734656 TI - Management of advanced ovarian cancer. AB - Since the end of 1979 extensive pelvic lymphadenectomy has been performed at the Graz University Clinic of Obstetrics and Gynecology in the operative treatment of ovarian cancer in stages Ib to IV. In 27 of 48 patients (56.3%) positive nodes were found. The frequency of involved nodes in stage III only was 61.1% (N = 22). The incidence of positive paraaortic nodes in 16 evaluated cases was 31.2%, but these were only found when pelvic nodes were involved too. In 12 cases lymphadenectomy was done in second-look laparotomy. It became apparent that after operative and cytotoxic treatment with Adriamycin, Cis-Platinum and Cyclophosphamide (following the regimen of Ehrlich et al.) pelvic lymphnodes were still found positive in 8 of 12 cases (66.7%). The distribution of the nodes involved showed that the caudal lymphnodes were more often affected that than cranial ones. The results so far suggest that extensive pelvic lymphadenectomy may improve survival rates of patients with advanced ovarian cancer. PMID- 6734657 TI - Carcinoma of the vulva: 11 years of activity reviewed critically (1971-1981). AB - 17 cases of infiltrative squamous carcinoma of the vulva are reviewed: 5 cases stage I, 7 stage II and 5 cases with node involvement at different stages. 16 radical vulvectomies were performed, 2 with pelvic lymphadenectomy, 1 case was treated with radiotherapy. PMID- 6734658 TI - Interstitial radiotherapy with Ir192 in vulvar cancer. AB - Radical surgical intervention is not always possible in vulvar tumours, particularly in infiltrating forms of paraurethral locations. In our case-series, the supplementary performance of Curietherapy, particularly with Radium substitutes (Iridium 192) and following the afterloading method, has enabled us not only to obtain long disease-free periods but also, coupled with the "large volume" of External Radiotherapy, to master forms exceeding the surgical action scope. PMID- 6734659 TI - Determination of ribonuclease activity in the serum of ovarian carcinoma patients. AB - Increased serum ribonuclease activity represents a phenomenon of ovarian carcinoma. We have developed a convenient sensitive and reproducible assay system to determine the ribonuclease activity in human serum. The influence of various factors and conditions like storage, pH, salt, heparin, and the accuracy of the determination of HSRA was investigated. PMID- 6734660 TI - Transrectal ultrasonography and cervical neoplasia. A preliminary report. AB - Transrectal ultrasonography is a new diagnostic method recently introduced in the study of normal and pathologic pelvis. The Authors describe their preliminary experience with the use of a rectal linear probe in the evaluation of the carcinoma of the cervix. This ultrasonographic method has resulted very useful in providing an imaging of cervical cancer in evaluating its effective diffusion and in precising demeasurements of the neoplastic mass. The results are particularly encouraging and justify continued experimentation. PMID- 6734661 TI - Brenner's tumor. Observations on six cases. AB - Brenner's tumor is a rare fibroepithelial ovarian neoplasia, histologically characterized by an epithelial component similar to the transitional epithelium of the urinary tract. The histogenesis of neoplasm, which only rarely secretes estrogens, is still controversial. The Authors describe the clinical and anatomopathological features of six cases come to their observation. Only one of these was malignant; the woman died 18 months after diagnosis. There is no strict correlation between histological picture and biological behaviour. Only this one can give assurance on the benign or malignant nature of Brenner's tumor. PMID- 6734662 TI - The role of computerized tomography of the pelvis in the presurgical staging of carcinoma of the cervix and of the ovary. AB - Computerized Tomography (CT) has largely contributed to the diagnosis of the pathology of the female pelvis. After setting up a technique to outline the different viscera the authors have employed this method in the staging of neoplastic pathology of the cervix and ovary. They describe the successes obtained and the main cause of error in the interpretation of the images of CT. PMID- 6734663 TI - Nuclear medical determination of the left ventricular normalized velocity of contraction. AB - The normalized velocity of contraction (vn) and its maximal value (vnmax) are related to the normalized flow acceleration within the ventricle, to the subendocardial fiber shortening rate, strain rate, and stress. This paper presents the method of the nuclear medical determination of vn and analyzes a typical volume-velocity-time curve. In 60 patients with different stages of coronary artery disease, global vnmax showed good correlation with the minimal ventricular transit time (y = 6.18-1.36 x, P less than 0.001) and global ejection fraction (y = -(2.5 + 356/(x - 104], P less than 0.001). The segmental vnmax showed a highly significant correlation with the regional ejection fraction (y = (2.5 + 371/(x - 104], P less than 0.001). The mathematical relationships of vn with the mechanical properties of the ventricular wall are described in the appendix. PMID- 6734664 TI - Analysis of left ventricular regional motility: a comparison of different methods. AB - Multiple gated blood pool (MUGA) and contrast ventriculographic studies were performed within 24 h in 80 patients, 20 with 120 normokinetic wall segments and 60 with wall motion abnormalities in 239 of 360 wall segments. Three methods of evaluation of the radionuclide ventriculograms were compared with the results of the biplane contrast ventriculography which served as a standard: (1) qualitative analysis of the cine mode, (2) analysis of parametric scans (amplitude and phase images) and the phase histogram obtained by Fourier analysis, (3) quantitative determination of regional ejection fraction. Normal values were obtained from 20 patients with normal wall motion in the contrast angiogram. The overall sensitivity for the detection of wall motion abnormalities of high degree was 96% for method 1, 95% for method 2, and 90% for method 3, for those of low degree 72% for method 1, 63% for method 2, and 75% for method 3. Combining methods 2 and 3 the sensitivity was increased to 99% for high grade and to 81% for low grade wall motion abnormalities. The two methods showed a complementary effect because of different sensitivities in dependence of the localization of the wall motion abnormality. Although a high efficiency for the evaluation of left ventricular function was provided by the qualitative analysis of the cine mode the combination of Fourier analysis and the determination of regional ejection fraction should be preferred. It increases the sensitivity for the detection of wall motion abnormalities. Moreover, it offers quantitative data which improve the reproducibility and decrease the observer variability. PMID- 6734665 TI - Radiochemistry and biostability of autologous leucocytes labelled with 99mTc stannous colloid in whole blood. AB - Autologous leucocytes were labelled in whole blood by phagocytic uptake of 99mTc stannous colloid. This colloid has a mean particle size of 1.5 micron and labels leucocytes with 81% efficiency. Individual cell uptakes were: granulocytes 42%, monocytes 39%. Isotonic sodium citrate added after the labelling procedure did solubilise excess colloid but was not necessary for adequate removal of excess colloid. Labelled leucocytes were shown in vitro to be viable and maintain normal bactericidal and chemotactic capacity. Biodistribution, clearance rates and dosimetry are presented. These results indicate that autologous leucocytes can be efficiently labelled with 99mTc-stannous colloid with good residual cell function. PMID- 6734666 TI - Effect of scatter radiation on the planar source sensitivity of a collimated detector. AB - A theoretical model is proposed to describe the effect of a scattering medium on the plane-source sensitivity of a collimated detector. According to this model the scatter fraction fs(z) of the system is a linear function of the thickness z of the scattering medium and for any collimator geometry depends on the photopeak energy and the window settings as well as on the geometrical and physical characteristics of the scintillation detector. To calculate the parameters of the linear function fs(z), physical constants from the literature were used. The validity of the model was verified by experimental data. The computed parameters were found to differ slightly from the experimental ones and the differences were attributed to several approximations made during the theoretical analysis. The approach used for the determination of these parameters has contributed to a better understanding of the physical meaning of the factors affecting the generation of the scattered radiation and its detection by scintigraphic imaging systems. PMID- 6734668 TI - Radiation dose and risk of patients through nuclear medical procedures in the GDR. A comparison of 1978 and 1981. AB - For the years 1978 and 1981 we compared the radiation dose for the patients examined by in vivo methods after administration of radiopharmaceuticals (27 procedures). The somatic effective dose equivalent, the effective collective dose, the somatic radiation risk, and the number of induced malignancies were calculated according to ICRP publication No. 26. All the procedures give rise to a radiation-induced somatic risk from the 4th up the 7th order. In recent years we have seen an increase of the application of 99mTc compounds and a decrease in the use of 131I-sodium iodide. A comparison of the results for the two years shows the expected reduction of radiation dose and risk. PMID- 6734667 TI - The role of ferritin in the intracellular distribution of gallium 67. AB - The binding of gallium 67 or iron 59 to ferritin in vitro was investigated using equilibrium dialysis. Gallium 67 did not bind to apo-ferritin until the protein was transformed into ferritin in the presence of iron citrate. Apotransferrin inhibited the binding of 67Ga to ferritin, especially in the presence of sodium bicarbonate and citrate, thus indicating that 67Ga has not gained access to ferritin from its complex with transferrin. Similar inhibition was observed for ferritin-59Fe. The release of 59Fe from its transferrin complex was enhanced by ATP, citrate, or ascorbic acid, while these reagents did not stimulate the dissociation of 67Ga from its transferrin complex. On the other hand, 67Ga injected intravenously in vivo was not found in the ferritin fractions of rat liver, kidney, and tumor. The difference between experimental results in vivo and in vitro supports the hypothesis that 67Ga in the cytoplasm is not labile enough to be bound to ferritin. We have indicated a significant role of ferritin in distinguishing between 67Ga and 59Fe in the cell, and provided some clues to interpret the chemical forms of 67Ga in the cytoplasm. PMID- 6734669 TI - GTP cyclohydrolase I deficiency, a new enzyme defect causing hyperphenylalaninemia with neopterin, biopterin, dopamine, and serotonin deficiencies and muscular hypotonia. AB - A 4-year-old patient is described with hyperphenylalaninemia, severe retardation in development, severe muscular hypotonia of the trunk and hypertonia of the extremities, convulsions, and frequent episodes of hyperthermia without infections. Urinary excretion of neopterin, biopterin, pterin, isoxanthopterin, dopamine, and serotonin was very low, although the relative proportions of pterins were normal. In lumbar cerebrospinal fluid, homovanillic acid, 5 hydroxyindoleacetic acid, neopterin and biopterin were low. Oral administration of L-erythro tetrahydrobiopterin normalized the elevated serum phenylalanine within 4 h, serum tyrosine was increased briefly and serum alanine and glutamic acid for a longer time. Urinary dopamine and serotonin excretion were also increased. Administration of an equivalent dose of D-erythro tetrahydroneopterin was ineffective and demonstrated that this compound is not a cofactor in vivo and cannot be transformed into an active cofactor. GTP cyclohydrolase I activity was not detectable in liver biopsies from the patient. The presence of an endogenous inhibitor in the patient's liver was excluded. This is the first case of a new variant of hyperphenylalaninemia in which the formation of dihydroneopterin triphosphate and its pterin metabolites in liver is markedly diminished. Normal activities of xanthine oxidase and sulfite oxidase were apparent since uric acid levels were normal and no increase in hypoxanthine, xanthine, and S-sulfocysteine concentrations could be observed in urine. It is concluded that the molybdenum cofactor of these enzymes may not be derived from dihydroneopterin triphosphate in man. Also, since no gross abnormalities in the patient's immune system could be found, it seems unlikely that dihydroneopterin triphosphate metabolites, such as neopterin, participate actively in immunological processes, as postulated by others. See Note added in proof. PMID- 6734670 TI - Ornithine carbamoyl transferase deficiency: a neuropathological study. AB - A detailed autopsy study of three children with ornithine carbamoyl transferase (OCT) deficiency is presented. Although variable in extent, a basic pattern of neuropathological lesions is discernible. Case 1 shows gross cerebral atrophy, cases 2 and 3 milder lesions in the basal nuclei but also multiple cerebellar heterotopias and delayed myelination. We suggest that the findings may provide evidence that OCT deficiency can have a teratogenic effect in utero and suggest that there is a need to monitor the pregnancies of carriers of this disorder. PMID- 6734671 TI - New principle for estimation of hydrogen in expired air. AB - A new device for estimation of hydrogen in expired air is described. The measuring principle consists of a semi-conductive detector with a high affinity for hydrogen. Experiments on reliability and reproducibility are satisfactory. A good correlation has been obtained with the results of gas chromatographic analysis of hydrogen in reference gases as well as in samples of expired air. Discrimination between lactose absorbers and lactose malabsorbers in 50 consecutive patients is the same when using both methods simultaneously. This so called "Lactoscreen", supplied with separate collection systems for infants and for older children, provides a rapid estimation of breath hydrogen concentration. A built-in hydrogen generator produces hydrogen air mixtures of variable concentrations, thus obviating the need for external reference gases. The "Lactoscreen" appears to be reliable for routine screening for carbohydrate malabsorption in children and adults and is easy for medical assistants to handle. PMID- 6734672 TI - Plasma elimination of antithrombin III (heparin cofactor activity) is accelerated in term newborn infants. AB - Antithrombin III (AT III) levels are markedly increased in newborn infants following exchange transfusion with adult blood, and subsequently return to pre exchange values. This transient rise in AT III (heparin cofactor activity), was used to estimate its plasma elimination half-life. AT III activities were measured serially, before and after double-volume exchange transfusions with heparinised blood in newborn infants requiring therapy for severe hyperbilirubinaemia. The plasma elimination half-life of AT III activity was calculated to be 3.9 +/- 1.4 h (mean +/- SEM). Compared with published data on the kinetics of AT III infusions in adults, the neonate has a considerably accelerated turnover. This finding has important implications for the design of future therapeutic trials of AT III concentrates and provides further evidence that plasma proteins, including components of the coagulation system, appear to have different kinetics in the neonatal period. PMID- 6734673 TI - Myxomatous degeneration of the mitral valve in a child with Turner syndrome and partial anomalous pulmonary venous return. AB - This a report of myxomatous mitral valve degeneration in a child with Turner syndrome. The diagnosis was first suspected at 7 months of age. At 5 years of age, ultrasonic and angio-cardiographic confirmation prompted a successful mitral valve replacement with a Starr prosthesis. The child also had partial anomalous pulmonary venous return and a dysplastic right kidney. The child has remained well for 4 years after surgery. PMID- 6734674 TI - A new familial skeletal dysplasia with severely retarded ossification and abnormal modeling of bones especially of the epiphyses, the hands, and feet. AB - Three brothers with a constitutional skeletal dysplasia characterized by an excessively retarded ossification, principally of the epiphyses, the pelvis, the hands and the feet, are reported. In the hands and feet the retarded ossification is combined with an abnormal modeling of the bones. All the children appeared normal at birth. At the time of examination a moderate degree of dwarfism could be predicted. There was no mental retardation. All laboratory investigations including chromosomal analyses and examination for acid mucopolysaccharides in the urine were normal. Parental consanguinity suggest an autosomal recessive inheritance. There is no resemblance of this disorder to any of the hitherto described groups of constitutional diseases of bones. PMID- 6734675 TI - The renal effects of radiocontrast administration during cardioangiography in two different groups with congenital heart disease. AB - Renal effects of the administration of contrast media during cardiac catheterisation were compared in two groups of patients with congenital heart diseases. Group A consisted of 21 patients with cardiac malformations, characterised primarily by left ventricular volume overload and known to be associated occasionally with left heart failure, such as: left to right shunts and left ventricular valvular defects. Group B consisted of 23 patients with lesions affecting the right ventricle which are rarely associated with left heart failure, such as: Tetralogy of Fallot and Pulmonic stenosis. Patients in Group A showed a significant increment in both plasma creatinine and uric acid levels in the 24 h following heart catheterisation. This observation was significantly more prominent in the older age group (above the age of 5 years). In Group B no changes in these parameters were encountered. Plasma renin activity and fractional sodium excretion increased and decreased respectively, by a similar degree in both groups in the 24 h following contrast media administration. No difference in renal tubular handling of uric acid was observed between both groups, nor did any of the patients studied demonstrate any degree of proteinuria or abnormality in the urine sediment, prior to or following heart catheterisation. We suggest that chronic pre-existing left ventricular overload should be considered a risk factor among the other known risk factors which promote the incidence of acute renal failure after contrast media administration.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS) PMID- 6734676 TI - Methods for evaluating the taste of paediatric formulations in children: a comparison between the facial hedonic method and the patients' own spontaneous verbal judgement. AB - The aim of the study was to evaluate two essentially different methods of assessing differences in children's taste preferences with regard to five different paediatric penicillin formulations. The study was performed with a parallel group design comparing five groups. A taste evaluation was recorded in 103 children with upper respiratory tract infections after a single therapeutic test dose. First the patient's own spontaneous verbal judgement was recorded then a judgement was arrived at using a hedonic scale of facial expressions. Both judgements were passed immediately and also 3-4 minutes after the test dose. In the children who were 6 years of age or younger, a better discrimination of taste differences between formulations was achieved by using the patients' own spontaneous verbal judgements instead of the facial hedonic method. Both methods seem appropriate in older children, but the hedonic scale is preferable since its use implies a more standardised procedure. PMID- 6734678 TI - Cor pulmonale and acute liver necrosis, due to upper airway obstruction as part of pycnodysostosis. AB - A male patient with pycnodysostosis suffered from chronic respiratory insufficiency and pulmonary hypertension. This was caused by concomitant upper airway obstruction, resulting from a low implanted uvula and a long soft palate, in combination with glossoptosis and retrognathia due to the flattened mandibular angles. An inter-current respiratory infection gave rise to an acute deterioration, with right-sided heart failure, severe liver damage and coma. Surgical shortening of the soft palate was performed, after which the blood gas values returned to normal. PMID- 6734680 TI - Age changes in motor skills during childhood and adolescence. AB - Reports dating back to the 1920s have unequivocally established that efficiency of movement improves during infancy and childhood, and generally through adolescence. The inclination from 1940 to 1960 to record movement in quantitative values has given way during the last two decades to a reemphasis of qualitative assessment. Investigators commonly agree that movement skills change in an orderly manner, but controversy continues over the degree of accuracy obtainable with the various descriptive forms, and over the utility of products resulting from such assessments. Comparison of the quantitative changes in movement skills of children is difficult because standardized procedures of test administration have not been applied. When comparisons are possible because of similar or identical testing protocols, improvement in selected motor tests is evident in both boys and girls until adolescence. At approximately 13 years of age the performance of girls in some tests reaches a plateau, and may even decline thereafter, while boys continue to improve in skills requiring strength, power, and muscular endurance. Exceptions to these generalizations occurred in arm and shoulder girdle muscular endurance, as measured by the flexed-arm hang, where boys had superior performances beginning at age 7, and in flexibility, as measured by the sit and reach test, where girls excelled at age 5 and thereafter. Stability of motor performance was greater for tasks that required all-out effort than for those emphasizing accuracy or total body coordination. Relationships between successive measures taken during early and middle childhood are likely to decline more rapidly than those taken after adolescence. Girls generally were more stable in motor performance than boys, except in the Motor Performance Study, where the values for boys across a range of 5 to 6 years were clearly more stable. This review underscores the need for careful documentation of the conditions under which data on motor performance are obtained. Numerous reports were examined and excluded by the authors because information that would have qualified the data for comparative analysis was not available. Essential ingredients in such reports are descriptions of the sampling techniques and the manner of calculating chronological ages, socioeconomic status, ethnic and racial characteristics, evidence of secular changes, geographic and environmental characteristics, and a detailed account of the testing procedures. Differences in maturational age for a given chronological age, and accompanying assumptions about body size, may account for differences in motor skills that might otherwise be attributed to changes in p PMID- 6734679 TI - Transient renovascular hypertension in childhood. AB - Two children aged 18 and 30 months presented with severe renovascular hypertension. Initially, surgical intervention was postponed because of the patients' young age. Adequate control of the hypertension and reversal of its sequelae were achieved with aggressive medical management. At present, both patients, aged 9 and 12 years respectively, have discontinued all medication, have achieved normal growth, are normotensive and have normal renal function. PMID- 6734681 TI - Relationship of menopausal status and exercise level to HDL-cholesterol in women. AB - The relationship between exercise habits, menopausal status and HDL cholesterol (HDL-C) was studied in 44 long-distance runners, 47 joggers, and 45 relatively inactive females. In each group, some women were post-menopausal (Post-M) and some pre-menopausal (Pre-M). HDL-C level was higher in runners (77.6 mg/dl) and joggers (70.4 mg/dl) than in the inactive group (62.1 mg/dl), but was not different Pre-M vs Post-M. Total cholesterol (TC) and LDL-C were higher in Post-M than in Pre-M subjects, but did not differ among exercise groups. Body weight and % fat were lower in Pre-M vs Post-M groups and were lower in the runners vs inactive subjects. The HDL-C/TC ratio was higher in the runners vs inactive subjects and there was a significant exercise-menopausal interaction indicating a beneficial exercise effect. Adjustment of lipoprotein values for possible confounding variables did not alter these results. Endurance exercise by Post-M females may help prevent adverse lipid and lipoprotein changes which might predispose them to coronary heart disease. PMID- 6734682 TI - Does aging differentially reduce heart rate variability related to respiration? AB - Segments of resting heart rate were submitted to spectral analysis in order to assess changes in spectral power with age. Different frequencies of heart rate variability have been related to vagal and sympathetic cardiac control. Data were from 56 male volunteers ranging in age between 18 and 65 years of age. Spectral results revealed that respiratory sinus arrhythmia declined less with age than lower (vasomotor) frequencies. Assessment of total (rather than relative) power at respiratory frequencies revealed the expected drop in power with age. Thus, the decline in heart rate variability with age may not be due predominantly to a decline in frequencies related to respiration. PMID- 6734677 TI - Bilateral retinoblastoma with de novo constitutional balanced translocation t(2;9)(q11;p11). AB - The case of a 6-year-old boy with bilateral retinoblastoma (RB) and apparently de novo balanced translocation t(2;9)(q11;p11) is presented. The normality of 13q14 chromosome region has been confirmed using high resolution techniques and Esterase D assay. The hypothesis that this RB might be correlated to the translocation is discussed. PMID- 6734683 TI - Effects of aging on the recall of extended expository prose. AB - Groups of young and old adults read a 5 1/2 page passage of expository prose under one of two instructional treatments. Since previously observed deficits in older adults' memory may be due to the level of processing, one instructional treatment was intended to encourage deeper processing. Vocabulary and a measure of current reading activity were used as covariates. As with previous work, young adults recalled more than old adults and also had more intrusions in their recall protocols. There was no effect for instructional treatment but older adults showed the same sensitivity to the relative importance of information as younger adults. PMID- 6734684 TI - Age differences in the retrieval of information from semantic memory. AB - An experiment was conducted to determine the speed with which old and young individuals could either generate an example of a category or decide if two words were related. In one condition, generation and decision trials were blocked together, while in the other condition trials were mixed randomly. No interactions between age and the mixed/blocked variable were observed in the decision task. However, in the generation task young individuals showed differentially lower reaction times in the blocked trials condition. It was argued that the differences between the performance of the two age groups reflected age differences in the utilization of automatic and effortful processing strategies. A second experiment was performed to examine the activation of semantic memory in an automatized processing task. While there was an overall age decrement in reaction time, the amount of facilitation in the retrieval processes was equal for both age groups. PMID- 6734685 TI - Directional hearing in aging rats. AB - The loss of the ability to localize sounds was discovered to occur in rats as a consequence of aging. Subjects were trained in a two-alternative forced-choice paradigm to press the left bar if a sound was presented from the left side and to press the right bar if sound was presented from the right side. Testing was conducted with a brief 200 msec pink noise signal. The accuracy of sound localization was measured in rats from 10 to 21 months of age. By 21 months of age the accuracy of localization had declined from greater than 90% correct to less than 69% correct. The loss of the ability to localize sounds may be involved with the onset of spatial disorientation observed in some subjects at advanced ages. PMID- 6734686 TI - Long-term memory of a DRL task in mature and aged rats. AB - Mature (6 mo.) and aged (26 mo.) rats were trained on a DRL 6-sec schedule. In order to produce equivalent levels of task performance, the mature rats were trained for 16 sessions while the aged rats were trained for 20 sessions. After a 21-day interval, rats were tested for retention of the DRL task. No age-related differences in LTM of the DRL task were found. If the DRL schedule is considered an analog of a recall task, the present results do not agree with Campbell et al. (1980) who found age differences in retention of a FI schedule after 8 days of training. In the present experiment animals were more extensively trained on the task to be remembered. Thus, the present experiment suggests that an age-related difference in LTM, even on recall tasks, will not be significant if aged animals are overtrained on the task to be remembered. PMID- 6734687 TI - Effects of presentation format on adult's retention of television programs. AB - The possible effects of presentation format on the retention of television program content was examined. Younger and older adults viewed two different types of programs in one of four formats reflecting those used in commercial and public television, and in previous research. Results showed no effects due to the manipulation for either age group; free recall, probed recall, and recognition performances were equivalent for each presentation format. These findings indicate that researchers may have a choice of equivalent formats in television research. PMID- 6734688 TI - The effects of a face-name mnemonic in young, middle-aged, and elderly adults. AB - A mnemonic for learning name-to-face associations was taught to young, middle aged, and elderly adults. Recall of names was assessed initially, before participants were introduced to the mnemonic, and after it had been learned. The youngest group recalled the most names overall whereas the oldest group recalled the least; middle-aged participants performed at intermediate levels. Despite this decline in performance with age, all three groups showed significant gains in recall after learning the mnemonic, and the amount of improvement was comparable across groups. PMID- 6734689 TI - Younger and older adults' attention to relevant and irrelevant stimuli in free recall. PMID- 6734690 TI - Age differences in the oxidation of and neural response to ethanol in mice. AB - Male mice (C57BL/6J) from three age groups, 4, 14, and 26 months, were tested to determine their oxidation rate of intragastrically infused ethanol and the response of the centrally mediated jaw-jerk reflex to ethanol challenge. There were no age-related differences in the rate of oxidation of ethanol. However, age differences in ethanol-induced decrement of the jaw-jerk amplitude were significant. The 26 month animals were the most affected, followed by the 4 month group. The middle aged mice (14 month) showed the greatest resistance to the depression induced by ethanol. The results were evaluated with regard to the current hypotheses. PMID- 6734691 TI - Haemodynamic effects of intravenous cibenzoline in patients with coronary heart disease. AB - The effect of a single dose of cibenzoline ( (diphenyl 2,2 cyclopropyl)--2 imidazoline, Cipralan ), a new compound with antiarrhythmic properties was studied in 14 patients undergoing routine heart catheterization for suspected coronary artery disease. The effect of the drug on dP/dt, Vmax TP, Vce, negative dP/dt, heart rate (HR), left ventricular systolic pressure (LVSP), left ventricular end-diastolic pressure (LVEDP), cardiac index (CI) and systemic vascular resistance (SVR) was measured before and after drug administration. A significant decrease in left ventricular isometric contraction parameters was manifested immediately after injection, with its maximal effect 2 to 5 min after injection. An increase in HR, a decrease in LVSP, a decrease in CI and an increase in SVR were observed; LVEDP was not significantly altered, nor was negative dP/dt. The effect of the drug on Vmax TP and LVEDP was also examined during two atrial pacing stress tests ( APST ) done before and 10 to 20 min after drug administration. Although the negative inotropic action of the drug was apparent during the second APST , the effect was less pronounced at higher paced heart rates. No difference in the two tests was found between the maximal paced heart rate, nor was there a difference in the angina threshold. Finally the plasma level of the drug and the changes in certain parameters were compared. A positive correlation was found between the plasma level and dP/dt, Vmax TP and cardiac index. PMID- 6734692 TI - Relationship between the cardiovascular effects and steady-state kinetics of clonidine in hypertension. Demonstration of a therapeutic window in man. AB - Clonidine was given orally as monotherapy in increasing daily doses from 3.1 to 25.7 micrograms/kg to patients with essential hypertension (n = 6). When a steady state concentration in plasma was reached at each dose level, the blood pressure (BP) and heart rate were measured during a dosage interval. Effect time-plasma concentration data were submitted to nonlinear regression analysis, which showed that the observed BP effects could be dissociated into depressor and pressor components. A window for the anti-hypertensive effect was established. At a plasma clonidine concentration of 0.65 +/- 0.07 ng/ml 50% of the maximal depressor effect was found, and it was only separated by a factor of 2 from the half maximal pure pressor concentration in plasma. No relationship between the change in heart rate and the plasma clonidine was observed. The findings strengthen the importance of close monitoring of clonidine therapy. PMID- 6734693 TI - Reduced peripheral vascular symptoms in elderly patients treated with alpha methyldopa--a comparison with propranolol. AB - A multicentre study of 6-10 weeks duration was performed in 60 ambulant hypertensive patients aged over 60 years to compare the efficacy of methyldopa and propranolol with particular reference to the occurrence of cold extremities and sleep disturbances. Blood pressure was effectively controlled by both drugs being reduced from a mean of 180/108 mmHg to 161/93 with methyldopa and 180/108 to 162/94 with propranolol. More patients treated with methyldopa (74%) achieved the target diastolic blood pressure of 95 mmHg or below compared with those treated with propranolol (58%). Side effects were more frequent in the propranolol group necessitating the withdrawal of four patients from the study. Only one patient on methyldopa was withdrawn. The incidence of cold extremities was significantly greater with propranolol. The occurrence of sleep disturbances was similar in both groups. In this group of elderly patients methyldopa was better tolerated than propranolol. PMID- 6734694 TI - Effect of oxprenolol and metoprolol on serum lipid concentration. AB - The aim of the present study was to evaluate whether a reduction in HDL cholesterol is peculiar to non cardioselective beta blockers or whether it is also produced by cardioselective beta 1-blockers. 16 patients with primary arterial hypertension on a balanced isocaloric diet were given oxprenolol 120 to 240 mg/day or metoprolol 100 to 200 mg/day in a random cross-over study. No significant change was observed after either treatment in fasting blood glucose, serum total cholesterol and triglycerides. HDL-cholesterol concentration was significantly decreased on metoprolol, from 41 to 36 mg/dl (p less than 0.05), while oxprenolol did not affect it at all. The difference might depend on intrinsic sympathomimetic activity which is possessed by oxprenolol and which metoprolol lacks. PMID- 6734695 TI - Differential effects of cimetidine on theophylline metabolic pathways. AB - The effects of cimetidine (1 g/day) on theophylline disposition and metabolism were examined in smokers and non-smokers for single dose intravenous and chronic oral administration of theophylline. In the intravenous study the effect of cimetidine on plasma theophylline clearance was more marked in smokers (22.7% reduction) than in non-smokers (12.2% reduction). Similarly, in the multiple dose study the effect of cimetidine on theophylline clearance was greater in smokers (28.3% decrease) than in non-smokers (11.3% decrease). The reduction in clearance was largely due to a reduction in metabolic clearances by 3-demethylation ( Cl3DM ) and 1-demethylation ( Cl1DM ) with no significant effect on clearance by 8 oxidation ( Cl80X ). There was a strong correlation between Cl3DM and Cl1DM (r = 0.98, p less than 0.001) in both control and cimetidine study phases, whereas other correlations between partial clearances were less marked and were not apparent during the cimetidine phase. The results are consistent with the view that 1- and 3-demethylation of theophylline are carried out by a common form of cytochrome P-450 which is selectively induced by cigarette smoking and preferentially inhibited by cimetidine. PMID- 6734696 TI - Pharmacokinetics of cimetidine in critically ill patients. AB - Cimetidine disposition was studied after rapid (1 min) intravenous infusion in eight critically ill patients aged between 20 years and 77 years; one patient was studied on two occasions. Cimetidine dose was 300 mg in seven patients and 400 mg in the remaining patient. Arterial plasma cimetidine concentrations at the end of the infusion were very high and ranged from approximately 15-35 mg/l. Pharmacokinetic parameters displayed wide interpatient variability (coefficients of variation of 30-50%) and significant relationships emerged between some of these parameters and certain patient characteristics. Most notable, total systemic plasma clearance of cimetidine was directly related to estimated creatinine clearance (p less than 0.01). This relationship might prove to be a useful method of individualizing cimetidine dosage in critically ill patients. PMID- 6734697 TI - Pharmacokinetics of cimetidine in advanced cirrhosis. AB - The effect of impaired liver function on the pharmacokinetics of cimetidine was studied in 8 patients with advanced cirrhosis given single doses of 100 mg i.v. and 400 mg p.o. on separate days. Compared to a control group of 10 healthy volunteers, the total renal and nonrenal clearance was significantly reduced in the cirrhotic patients; (total plasma clearance mean +/- SD) 356 +/- 181 vs 789 +/- 262 ml/min (p less than 0.01); renal clearance (Clr) 296 +/- 100 vs 588 +/- 181 ml/min (p less than 0.01) and nonrenal clearance ( Clnr ) 97 +/- 111 vs 205 +/- 89 ml/min (p less than 0.05). Compared to published results for age-matched ulcer patients, both total and nonrenal clearance were lower whereas renal clearance was within the reported normal range. A significant reduction in volume of distribution (Vd beta) was found, from 2.1 +/- 0.1 l/kg in controls to 1.0 +/- 0.4 l/kg, and in the patient group there was a significant correlation between Vd beta and total plasma clearance (r = 0.72, p less than 0.05). Volume of distribution in steady state (Vdss) did not differ from published results in age matched controls. No significant change in half-life was found. Bioavailability, estimated by AUC-measurement, showed considerable patient variability (21-143%), with a mean of 70 +/- 39%. This was lower than in the controls. In contrast, measurement of urinary excretion showed higher bioavailability in the patients (66 +/- 23 vs 51 +/- 8%). No correlation was found between any of the kinetic parameters and the clinical and laboratory data.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS) PMID- 6734699 TI - Pharmacokinetics of midazolam in the aged. AB - The pharmacokinetics of midazolam, an imidazo-benzodiazepine derivative, have been studied in 13 subjects over the age of 60 years who received the drug intravenously (0.07 mg kg-1) as an induction agent for endoscopy. Two to three days later, 6 of these subjects received 5 mg of midazolam intramuscularly, and another 6 of the subjects received 10 mg of the drug orally. The plasma concentration-time curves were again studied pharmacokinetically. After intravenous dosing, the mean (+/- SD) elimination half-life (2.14 +/- 1.24 h) showed a statistically significant trend to increase with age in the subjects older than 60 years. While the mean (+/- SD) clearance value (0.30 +/- 0.19 l kg 1h-1) tended to fall with age in the elderly subjects, this trend was not statistically significant. Apparent volume of distribution did not appear to be related to advancing age beyond 60 years, and this parameter (mean +/- SD) did not differ to a statistically significant extent between the aged subjects (0.77 +/- 0.47 l kg-1) and the young subjects studied previously (1.09 +/- 0.58 l kg 1). Atropine premedication did not appear to alter the dispositional parameters of the intravenously administered drug. Intramuscularly administered midazolam was absorbed rapidly. Bioavailability appeared incomplete (F = 0.59 +/- 0.15, mean +/- SD), possibly due to saturable elimination of the drug at the higher plasma levels which were obtained after intravenous midazolam. Oral bioavailability, relative to intravenous, was 0.34 +/- 0.17, (mean +/- SD), with an appreciable but variable lag time (0.74 +/- 0.40 h, mean +/- SD).(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS) PMID- 6734698 TI - Rapid onset of an increase in caffeine residence time in young women due to oral contraceptive steroids. AB - Oral contraceptive steroids increased the residence time of caffeine in 9 young women by a factor of 2. The effect was already manifested during the first cycle 2 weeks after starting oral contraceptive steroids (OCS) and was slightly increased in the second cycle, after 6 weeks on OCS. Toxic effects attributed to oral contraceptive steroids may in part be indirect and due to prolonged retention of absorbed toxic agents to which women are exposed. PMID- 6734700 TI - Pharmacokinetics of cefoxitin administered by i.v. infusion to patients with a pleural effusion. AB - The pharmacokinetics of cefoxitin was studied in 6 healthy volunteers and in 5 patients with a pleural effusion after administration of a single dose of 30 mg/kg i.v. infusion. The serum and pleural fluid concentrations of cefoxitin were determined microbiologically. The elimination half-life of the antibiotic from pleural fluid in all cases was 2-3 fold longer than from serum, which shows a difference between the kinetic elimination processes of the antibiotic from the two fluids. The slow elimination of cefoxitin from pleural fluid facilitates its accumulation in this compartment during a multiple dosage regimen. PMID- 6734701 TI - Steady state pharmacokinetics of trimethoprim 300 mg once daily in healthy volunteers assessed by two independent methods. AB - The steady state pharmacokinetics of trimethoprim was determined after 300 mg orally once daily to 6 healthy volunteers for 9 days. The microbiological assay of plasma level was unreliable at trimethoprim concentrations greater than 4 micrograms/ml, so results from an HPLC-assay are given. Steady state was present after 3 days. The plasma concentration peaked 1 to 4 h (mean 2.0 h) after the dose at a mean of 6.0 micrograms/ml (range 3.1-9.5 micrograms/ml); the minimum value was 1.5 micrograms/ml (range 0.6-2.9 micrograms/ml). The mean AUCss was 77 micrograms/ml X h and the mean plasma clearances was 67 and 74 ml/min on Days 8 and 9. Renal clearance was about 60% of the plasma clearance. The average plasma half life was 10.6 h (range 8.7-15.3 h). Thus, there was considerable interindividual variation in all pharmacokinetic parameters. 72 h after the last dose trimethoprim was detectable in plasma in only 1 of the 6 subjects. The minimum urinary concentration of trimethoprim during treatment was always well above (range 22 to 220 micrograms/ml) the MIC values for most urinary tract pathogens. Therefore, a daily dose of 300 mg trimethoprim results in a therapeutic concentration in urine at steady state that lasts throughout the dosing interval and in most subjects probably lasts also for a further 24 h. Trimethoprim administration raised mean serum creatinine from 67 to 97 mumol/l, probably due to competitive inhibition of the tubular secretion of creatinine. PMID- 6734702 TI - Comparative pharmacokinetic analysis of a novel sustained-release dosage form of theophylline in humans. AB - The pharmacokinetics and relative bioavailability of theophylline from a new sustained-release formulation ( Theotard ) and from a standard sustained-release formulation (Theo-Dur) were compared in 6 healthy, adult, male volunteers. After a single oral dose of 300 mg Theotard , a mean maximal plasma concentration ( Cbmax of 3.49 +/- 1.05 mg/l was obtained after 8 h (tmax). After an identical dose of Theo-Dur, a peak plasma concentration of 4.68 +/- 1.33 mg/l was obtained after 6.33 h. The mean relative bioavailability of theophylline from Theotard was 1.02 +/- 0.16 relative to that of Theo-Dur. In 5 of the volunteers the Theotard formulation exhibited a more prolonged and uniform absorption rate and yielded more sustained plasma levels. PMID- 6734703 TI - Food does not effect in bioavailability of theophylline from Theolin Retard. AB - The absorption of theophylline from a sustained release tablet preparation ( Theolin Retard 300 mg) was studied in 10 subjects both when fasting and immediately after a standardized breakfast. Intravenous aminophylline was used as the reference material. Food did not influence the absorption from Theolin Retard. The bioavailability was complete (93% after 30 h) both with and without food, and no difference was found in the time to peak of the plasma concentration curve (7 h), or the mean residence time (14 h). The absorption characteristics, with predominantly zero order kinetics, did not change with concomitant intake of breakfast. PMID- 6734704 TI - Impairment of renal function in post-myocardial infarct patients treated with sulfinpyrazone. PMID- 6734705 TI - Comparison of the short-term effects of the loop diuretic piretanide and furosemide in patients with renal insufficiency. AB - The natriuretic effect of the new loop diuretic piretanide was investigated in patients with severe renal insufficiency and was compared with that of furosemide. In the first study 4 hospitalized patients (serum creatinine 407 to 1220 mumol/l) were examined after administration of piretanide (12, 24, 48 and 96 mg to two patients, and 24, 48, 96 and 192 mg to 2 other subjects, given every third day). In the second study 6 hospitalized patients (serum creatinine 194 to 698 mumol/l) were studied after receiving orally 2 different doses of piretanide and 2 different doses of furosemide orally, given every fourth day. The mean natriuretic effect of 48 mg and 96 mg piretanide was 250 and 340% of the control value for the entire group, and 311 to 480% in the subgroup of patients with serum creatinine below 530 mumol/l. For a given dose the natriuresis was inversely correlated with renal function, and at a given serum creatinine level the natriuretic response was dose-dependent. The drug had less effect on water and potassium diuresis than on natriuresis. No significant difference in natriuretic effect was found on comparison with furosemide given in the ratio furosemide:piretanide 3.33:1. The pharmacokinetic data showed a direct correlation between the dose and the mean plasma concentration and also between urinary recovery of the drug and the measured natriuretic response. PMID- 6734706 TI - Binding of piroxicam to synovial fluid and plasma proteins in patients with rheumatoid arthritis. AB - The protein binding of piroxicam in synovial fluid and plasma from patients with rheumatoid arthritis was studied in vitro by equilibrium dialysis. The binding parameters were calculated from the experimental data with the Scatchard model, assuming binding to two classes of sites. Each plasma sample was diluted to an albumin concentration equal to that of synovial fluid from the same patient. The association constants for primary and secondary binding sites in the concentration range of piroxicam 4.5-90 X 10(-5) mol/l were similar in synovial fluid and in plasma. For synovial fluid K1 = 2.38 X 10(5) l/mol and K2 = 2.29 X 10(3) l/mol; for plasma K1 = 1.93 X 10(5) l/mol and K2 = 2.08 X 10(3) l/mol. The number of binding sites was also the same in the two fluids. Although the concentration of piroxicam in synovial fluid was about half that in plasma, the binding of piroxicam to protein in synovial fluid was the same as in plasma. PMID- 6734707 TI - Lack of clinically important interaction between erythromycin and theophylline. AB - In 11 healthy volunteers the kinetics of theophylline and the plasma levels and the urinary excretion of its metabolites were studied before and after treatment with erythromycin for 10 days. Theophylline was administered as an intravenous bolus injection (280 mg) followed by a constant intravenous infusion (23.8 +/- 4.1 mg/h) for 6 hours. The total clearance of theophylline at steady-state (63.4 +/- 9.9 vs 63.8 +/- 14.4 ml/min, before vs after erythromycin treatment) and the elimination half-life after cessation of the infusion (6.7 +/- 2.6 vs 7.5 +/- 1.8 h, before vs after treatment) did not change during the treatment with erythromycin. No difference in the formation of metabolites before and after treatment with erythromycin was detected; the findings in urine were 40.4 +/- 5.0 vs 42.1 +/- 5.4% 1,3-dimethyluric acid, 29.6 +/- 4.6 vs 30.1 +/- 5.9% 1 methyluric acid and 13.4 +/- 3.5 vs 12.5 +/- 2.2% 3-methylxanthine before and after erythromycin treatment, respectively. It is concluded that a clinically relevant interaction between erythromycin and theophylline does not occur. PMID- 6734708 TI - Individualizing theophylline dosage: evaluation of a single-point maintenance dose prediction method. AB - A dosage prediction method to estimate theophylline clearance and dose requirement was evaluated in 22 outpatients with partly reversible obstructive airways disease. The steady state theophylline dose required to achieve a target concentration (Css) was predicted using a single serum theophylline determination 8 h after a single oral test dose. In 17 nonsmoking patients a mean absolute deviation of 8.2% (range 0.0-21.7%) between predicted and observed Css was found, and in 5 smoking patients the mean deviation was 34.0% (range 2.2-53.8%). In 17 healthy smokers the single-point method was found to predict theophylline clearance at a sampling time of 8 h with a prediction error of 11.3 (range 0.8 25.3%) compared to the clearance determination using the area under the curve. In addition, a numerical simulation program to assess the influence of absorption, elimination and sampling time on predictive accuracy showed that the method could be successfully applied to a patient population with elimination rate constants between 0.07 1/h and 0.25 1/h, allowing a mean prediction error of 15%. PMID- 6734709 TI - Pharmacokinetic interaction of contraceptive steroids with prednisone and prednisolone. AB - The oestrogenic component of oral contraceptives affects the activity of liver enzymes and the concentrations of plasma proteins implicated in steroid metabolism and transport. The present study was designed to determine these effects on the kinetics of prednisone and prednisolone. After an oral dose of prednisone, women on oral contraceptive steroids (n = 10) had higher mean (+/- SD) area under the plasma concentration versus time curves of total (428 +/- 67 micrograms/ml/min vs 188 +/- 28 micrograms/ml/min, p less than 0.001) and unbound prednisolone (64 +/- 10 micrograms/ml/min vs 41 +/- 10 micrograms/ml/min, p less than 0.001) than women not taking oral contraceptive steroids (n = 10). The differences were attributable to a lower non-renal clearance of prednisolone and to a higher apparent systemic availability of the drug in contraceptive users than in the controls. The affinity of albumin and transcortin for prednisolone was lower in women on oral contraceptives than in controls (p less than 0.001). Thus, altered kinetics and protein binding may account for the known increase in glucocorticoid efficacy by oestrogens. PMID- 6734710 TI - Pharmacodynamics and pharmacokinetics of xipamide in patients with normal and impaired kidney function. AB - The effect of a single oral dose of 40 mg xipamide on urinary excretion of Na+, K+, Cl-, Ca2+ and Mg2+ in healthy subjects and in patients with varying degrees of renal impairment was compared with various conventional diuretics. Xipamide caused marked excretion of Na+ and Cl-, whereas the diuretic produced only moderate kaliuresis; urinary excretion of Ca2+ was increased in proportion to Na+, like the loop diuretics. Xipamide affected electrolyte excretion even in patients with a creatinine clearance below 30 ml/min, as do the loop diuretics, too. Therefore, the pharmacodynamic characteristics of xipamide are more like those of a loop diuretic than of a thiazide. Xipamide was good bioavailable, its t 1/2 beta was 7 h and urinary recovery of the undegraded drug was 40% of the given dose. In renal insufficiency, t 1/2 beta increased from 7 to only 9h, yielding a moderate increase in the AUC. Urinary recovery of the drug was reduced in proportion to the reduction in the creatinine clearance of the patient. Therefore, significant extrarenal elimination of the diuretic must be postulated, which suffices to prevent significant drug accumulation in renal failure. PMID- 6734711 TI - Spurious digoxin concentrations. PMID- 6734712 TI - Bioavailability of amiodarone. PMID- 6734713 TI - Diclofenac sodium-chlormezanone poisoning. PMID- 6734714 TI - Monoclonal antibodies to stromal cell types of the mouse thymus. AB - Seven hybridoma cell lines secreting monoclonal antibodies (mAb) to nonlymphoid cells of the mouse thymus have been prepared. These mAb clearly demonstrate the heterogeneity of the thymic stroma. Based on their anatomical distribution patterns observed with the immunoperoxidase technique on frozen tissue sections, they were subdivided into four groups. The first group of mAb, ER-TR1, 2 and 3, detects antigens encoded for by the I region of the major histocompatibility complex. These antigens are expressed on both stromal and lymphoid cells in lymphoid organs. mAb of the second category, ER-TR4, react with epithelial cells in the thymic cortex. mAb of the third group detect stromal cells of the thymic medulla. One antibody of this group, ER-TR5, exclusively reacts with medullary epithelial cells. ER-TR6, the other antibody of this group, reacts with medullary interdigitating cells and macrophages. The fourth type of antibodies, ER-TR7, detects the reticular fibroblasts of the thymus. The possible role of the thymic cell types detected by the present antibodies in T cell differentiation is discussed. PMID- 6734715 TI - Cardiovascular responses to centrally administered serotonin in conscious normotensive and spontaneously hypertensive rats. AB - Serotonin (5-HT, 1-10 micrograms), injected into the lateral ventricle of the urethanized, and conscious normotensive and spontaneously hypertensive rats produced a dose-dependent increase in blood pressure. In conscious rats, there was mainly a decrease in heart rate while variable changes in heart rate were elicited by intraventricular (i.c.v.) administration of 5-HT in anesthetized animals. These pressor responses and bradycardia caused by 5-HT in conscious rats were reduced by pretreatment with i.c.v. methysergide (25 micrograms). Microinjection of 5-HT (2.5-5 micrograms) directly into the medial hypothalamus and the anterior hypothalamus/preoptic area of conscious normotensive rats caused a pressor response accompanied by variable changes in heart rate. The present results indicate that urethane can affect the HR response to 5-HT injected i.c.v. without having a marked influence on the pressor response. These findings, which show that 5-HT produced a rise in BP independent of the anesthetized or conscious state and of normotension or hypertension, further confirm the idea that 5-HT plays a pressor role in the central regulation of the cardiovascular system. PMID- 6734716 TI - Synaptosomal [3H]GABA uptake and [3H]nipecotic acid binding in audiogenic seizure susceptible (DBA/2) and resistant (C57 B1/6) mice. AB - The kinetics of [3H]GABA uptake into synaptosomes prepared from the cerebral cortex, cerebellum and pons-medulla of DBA/2 (audiogenic seizure susceptible) and C57 B1/6 (audiogenic seizure resistant) mice were determined at various ages. Vmax of uptake decreased with age in all regions of both strains, Km was unchanged. There were no regional differences in the Vmax between strains at any age but Km was lower in DBA/2 mice at 21-23 days in cerebellum and at 40-43 days in pons-medulla. There were no strain differences in the binding of [3H]nipecotic acid to crude cortical membrane fractions at any age. The age related audiogenic seizure susceptibility of DBA/2 mice is not related to an abnormality of neuronal GABA uptake. PMID- 6734717 TI - Differential inhibition of LTD4-mediated bronchopulmonary effects by salbutamol. AB - The effects of systemically administered salbutamol on LTD4-induced changes in pulmonary mechanics and tracheal microvascular permeability in the anesthetized guinea pig were compared. Salbutamol (50 micrograms/kg i.v.) virtually abolished the decreases in Cdyn and Gaw produced by i.v. LTD4, but did not alter the LTD4 induced increase in tracheal microvascular permeability. Thus, it appears that although the spasmolytic properties of salbutamol may profoundly inhibit LTD4 mediated bronchoconstriction, salbutamol might only be of limited value in reducing the airway inflammatory effects of LTD4. PMID- 6734718 TI - Presence of a paradoxical sleep (PS) factor in the cerebrospinal fluid of PS deprived rats. AB - The lack of paradoxical sleep (PS) observed in rats after pharmacological blockade of the noradrenergic beta-receptors was reversed by intraventricular infusion of cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) from PS-deprived donor rats. The PS restoration in recipient animals was proportional to the duration of the deprivation in donors. It is concluded that some PS-inducing factor progressively accumulates in the CSF during deprivation. This factor acts beyond the noradrenergic step in the regulation of PS. PMID- 6734719 TI - Antiarrhythmic actions of adenosine in the early stages of experimental myocardial ischaemia. PMID- 6734720 TI - Multiple affinity states for [3H]imipramine binding sites on human platelet membranes. PMID- 6734721 TI - Effects of guanine nucleotide and sulfhydryl reagent on subpopulations of muscarinic acetylcholine receptors in mammalian hearts: possible evidence for interconversion of super-high and low affinity agonist binding sites. AB - Multiple site models of muscarinic acetylcholine receptors (mAChR) for agonist binding were applied to curves for the inhibition of QNB binding by carbachol by using nonlinear least square regression analysis. The effects of a guanine nucleotide guanyl-5'-yl imidodiphosphate (Gpp(NH)p) and a sulfhydryl reagent 5,5' dithiobis(2-nitrobenzoic acid (DTNB) on the curves were also analyzed. The results suggested that mAChR of dog and guinea pig heart had three types of sites with different affinities for carbachol (super-high (SH), high (H) and low (L]. In the presence of Gpp(NH)p, SH sites were eliminated and L sites increased, indicating conversion of SH sites to L sites. On the contrary, in the presence of DTNB, L sites were converted to SH sites. These results were obtained at both 37 degrees C and 0 degrees C incubation although the affinity of each site was high at 0 degrees C than at 37 degrees C. These data suggest the interconversion of SH and L sites. The possible existence of two subtypes (GTP-regulated mAChR(SH-L type) and GTP-independent mAChR (H type] is discussed. PMID- 6734722 TI - Action of the Na+ ionophore monensin on vascular smooth muscle of guinea-pig aorta. AB - The effects of the Na+ ionophore monensin on contractile responses were investigated in guinea-pig aorta in normal and high K+ solutions. In normal K+ (5.4 mM) solution, monensin (2 X 10(-5) M) produced a rapid increase in tension followed by slow relaxation. This contraction was markedly inhibited by phentolamine (10(-5) M) or prazosin (10(-6) M) and was accompanied by an increase in tritium efflux from tissue preloaded with [3H]norepinephrine. In the presence of phentolamine, monensin (1-2 X 10(-5) M) or ouabain (1-2 X 10(-5) M) caused only a small and slowly developing contraction. Simultaneous application of these agents caused a more rapid and greater contraction. Either monensin or ouabain gradually increased cellular Na+ and decreased cellular K+ content. When monensin was applied simultaneously with ouabain, there was a rapid increase in cellular Na+ and loss of cellular K+. In high K+ (65.4 mM) solution, monensin (10(-6) M) slightly reduced the increased tension level but when external glucose was omitted monensin markedly inhibited the contraction. A significant decrease in tissue ATP content was observed only when monensin was applied in glucose-free solution. Similarly, hypoxia (N2 bubbling) markedly inhibited the high K+ contraction and decreased the tissue ATP content only in the absence of glucose. These results suggest that monensin produces a neurogenic contraction due to the release of endogenous catecholamines and also produces a myogenic contraction by a decrease in transmembrane Na+ and K+ gradients when the Na+-K+ pump is inhibited by ouabain, and that monensin inhibits aerobic energy metabolism of vascular smooth muscle. PMID- 6734723 TI - Comparative study of the effects of salinomycin and monensin on electrophysiologic and contractile properties of canine myocardium. AB - The effects of the monocarboxylic ionophore, salinomycin (K+-selective), on isometric twitches, high K+-induced contracture and transmembrane action potentials were compared with those of the monocarboxylic ionophore, monensin (Na+-selective), in isolated canine right ventricular muscle. In a concentration (5 X 10(-6) M) which did not produce changes in resting force, salinomycin increased peak active force (Po, + 170 +/- 36%, mean % change from control +/- S.D., P less than 0.01), and maximal rates of force development (dP/dt max, + 123 +/- 33%, P less than 0.01) and relaxation (-dP/dt max, + 180 +/- 40%, P less than 0.01) of the isometric twitch. A similar response pattern was found for 5 X 10( 6) M monensin (Po, + 90 +/- 24%, P less than 0.01; dP/dt max, + 137 +/- 19%, P less than 0.01; -dP/dt max, + 145 +/- 20%, P less than 0.01). In contrast to their effects on isometric twitches, salinomycin reduced peak K+ contracture force (Pc, -35 +/- 14%, P less than 0.01) whereas monensin increased it (Pc, + 30 +/- 12%, P less than 0.02). Ventricular muscle action potential duration was shortened similarly by the ionophores. beta-Adrenergic receptor blockade with nadolol diminished salinomycin's effects on the isometric twitch and K+ contracture, but not its effect to shorten the action potential. Monensin's actions were unaffected by nadolol. These results suggest that salinomycin's effects arise from both a direct modulation of K+ movement and the release of endogenous catecholamine. In contrast, monensin may act to alter intracellular Na+ which in turn leads to Na+-Ca2+ exchange and Ca2+-mediated modulation of K+ movement. PMID- 6734724 TI - Solubilization of serotonin S2-receptors from human brain. AB - Serotonin S2-receptors were solubilized from human brain by means of the mild detergent, lysolecithin. Previous studies have shown that the serotonin S2 receptors in human brain are mainly enriched in the cortex. A total particulate fraction from human cortex was treated with 0.25% lysolecithin. [3H]Ketanserin binding sites from the soluble extract showed the binding characteristics of S2 receptors: potent 5HT antagonists like pirenperone, methysergide and pipamperone competed for [3H]ketanserin binding at nanomolar concentrations. The agonists bufotenin and serotonin themselves were more active than the potent dopamine agonist tetraline. Binding was saturable with a low KD (1.07 nM) and reversible. There was a good correlation between the drug potencies in both soluble and membrane preparations and also with the IC50 values previously obtained in membrane preparations and soluble extract from rat brain. Therefore, lysolecithin allows serotonin S2-receptors from human brain to be obtained in a molecularly dispersed form with the same high affinity properties as in the original membranes. PMID- 6734725 TI - Chronic ventilatory effects of diazepam and barbiturates in conscious cats. AB - The chronic ventilatory effects of several hypnotics were investigated in six conscious cats recorded during control periods and during three consecutive days' administration of either diazepam (5 mg), pentobarbital (30 mg) or phenobarbital (60 mg). Ventilation was analyzed in terms of tidal volume (VT), breathing rate (BR) and minute ventilation (V = VT X BR). Minute ventilation was increased with diazepam owing to an increase in breathing rate in spite of a small decrease in tidal volume. With pentobarbital, minute ventilation was not changed because the decrease in breathing rate was compensated for by an increase in tidal volume. With phenobarbital, the results were more variable from one animal to another and on average, only tidal volume was increased. The animals were often excited following the administration of diazepam and sometimes drowsy with pentobarbital; with phenobarbital, behaviour varied among animals. Obviously, the present results cannot be extrapolated if different doses and perhaps different duration of drug administration are used. It is suggested that the ventilatory effects of the drugs cannot be explained only by a direct action on the brain stem respiratory network. Since the level of vigilance was altered by the various drugs, it is proposed that the ventilatory changes observed could be secondary to a supra-pontine action of the drugs which could modify both the level of alertness and respiratory activity. PMID- 6734726 TI - Maintained prolongation of AV conduction time by acetylcholine. AB - Although chronotropic responses to maintained cholinergic activation have been reported to fade during tonic vagal stimulation, discrepancy exists as to whether AV conduction behaves similarly. Since previous studies have examined only low grade AV block, we sought to more fully characterize the dromotropic responses to different degrees of maintained cholinergic activation. We used anesthetized mongrel dogs in which the nutrient artery supplying the AV node region was cannulated and perfused with either autologous blood or oxygenated Tyrode solution containing various concentrations of acetylcholine. Electrograms were recorded from the SA node, atrium, ventricle and His bundle. In ten of eleven animals, perfusion with high concentrations of acetylcholine for five min resulted in the production of complete heart block which was sustained for the duration of the infusion. Moderate concentrations of acetylcholine, perfused via the AV node artery, resulted in maintained second degree AV block in five of eight animals and oscillation between first and second degree block in the other three. Perfusion with lower concentrations of acetylcholine resulted in maintained prolongation of the AH interval, which appeared however, to be dependent upon continuous uninterrupted perfusion of the AV node artery with acetylcholine. These results suggest that, irrespective of the magnitude of the dromotropic response during acetylcholine perfusion, fading is not characteristic of AV conduction during maintained cholinergic activation. Thus acetylcholine affects chronotropic and dromotropic responses differently. PMID- 6734728 TI - Effect of propafenone on the membrane currents of rabbit sino-atrial node cells. AB - The effects of propafenone (1-50 micrograms/ml) on the membrane potential and currents of the rabbit sino-atrial node were studied using the voltage clamp technique. Propafenone decreased the heart rate, amplitude of the action potential and maximum rate of depolarization. It also depolarized the maximum diastolic potential and the resting potential and prolonged the action potential duration dose dependently. On the current systems of the sino-atrial node, propafenone reduced the outward current (ik), the inward current activated by hyperpolarization (ih) and the slow inward current (is) dose dependently. The decrease in is and ik by propafenone was due to the reductions in their conductance, not to the changes in the voltage dependence of the inactivation of is or activation of ik. The decrease in ik might be the ionic mechanism of the negative chronotropic effect of propafenone. PMID- 6734727 TI - [3H]spiperone binding, dopamine and HVA concentrations in Parkinson's disease and supranuclear palsy. AB - The density of D2-type dopamine receptors, measured by the binding of [3H]spiperone was normal in the substantia nigra, caudate nucleus and nucleus accumbens of Parkinsonian subjects and above control levels in the putamen, in spite of massive lesions of the dopaminergic neurons. Dopamine levels were reduced in the putamen, caudate nucleus, and nucleus accumbens by 97, 85 and 68%, respectively and by 78 and 93% in the pars compacta and pars reticulata of the substantia nigra. HVA levels were much less affected suggesting that increased activity of the remaining dopaminergic neurons compensated to some extent for the lesions. Neuroleptic treatment and the presence of dementia in the Parkinsonian subjects affected [3H]spiperone binding and dopamine concentrations. Dopamine and HVA levels in the striatum of subjects with supranuclear palsy indicate that the nigrostriatal system was lesioned to the same degree in this disease as in idiopathic Parkinsonism, but spiperone binding was reduced by half in all the structures studies. PMID- 6734729 TI - Sensitization of rat forebrain neurons to serotonin by adinazolam, an antidepressant triazolobenzodiazepine. AB - Adinazolam , a triazolobenzodiazepine , has been reported to be an effective antidepressant treatment in major depression. In the present study, a 14-day (but not a five-day) treatment with adinazolam enhanced the responsiveness of rat hippocampal pyramidal neurons to microiontophoretically applied 5-HT but not to NE. A 14-day treatment with diazepam failed to induce sensitization to either 5 HT or NE. Acute intravenous administration of adinazolam did not modify dorsal raphe 5-HT neuron firing rate. It is proposed that the antidepressant activity of adinazolam might be mediated by a heightened 5-HT neurotransmission. PMID- 6734730 TI - Behavioral effects of serotonergic and dopaminergic drugs in cats following chronic amphetamine administration. AB - Chronic administration of amphetamine to cats (twice daily, in doses increasing from 5 to 15 mg/kg over a 10-day period) elicited a number of behaviors e.g., limb flicking, abortive grooming, and excessive head shaking, which were originally proposed as an animal behavioral model for studying the actions of hallucinogens that depress central serotonergic neurotransmission. This drug treatment produced large decreases (approximately 50%) in central nervous system serotonin (5HT) and its major metabolite, 5-hydroxyindoleacetic acid, and even larger decreases (approximately 90%) in the levels of dopamine (DA) and norepinephrine. Administration of the 5HT precursors L-tryptophan (25 mg/kg i.p.) or L-5-hydroxytryptophan (12.5 mg/kg i.p.), a direct-acting 5HT agonist (quipazine, 1 mg/kg i.p.) or a monoamine oxidase inhibitor (tranylcypromine, 4 mg/kg i.p.) produced no significant changes in these behaviors in cats treated chronically with amphetamine. Administration of a 5HT reuptake blocker (fluoxetine, 5 mg/kg i.p.) produced a small, but significant, decrease in the frequency of occurrence of these behaviors in amphetamine-treated cats. L Dihydroxyphenylalanine (L-DOPA, 20 mg/kg i.p.) greatly potentiated these behaviors in cats chronically treated with amphetamine, but L-DOPA was totally ineffective in eliciting these behaviors in naive animals. The behavioral effects of apomorphine (2 mg/kg i.p.) were also significantly potentiated by chronic amphetamine pretreatment. The amino acid precursor of DA, L-tyrosine (25 mg/kg i.p.), and a DA reuptake blocker, bupropion (5 mg/kg i.p.) were without significant effect on these behaviors in amphetamine-treated cats. The data suggest that these cat behaviors are elicited by an action at central DA receptors and that these receptors become supersensitive following chronic amphetamine administration. Furthermore, there may be a qualitative change in DA receptors, since L-DOPA is very effective in potentiating these behaviors in cats treated chronically with amphetamine, but is totally ineffective in naive cats. PMID- 6734731 TI - Ketanserin and vascular contractions in response to cooling. AB - Rings of tibial arteries of the rabbit were suspended for isometric tension recording in organ chambers filled with oxygenated physiological salt solution. 5 Hydroxytryptamine caused contractions which were enhanced by cooling from 37 to 29 degrees C. Both the contractions induced by 5-hydroxytryptamine and their augmentation by cooling were inhibited by similar concentrations of the serotonergic 5-HT2 antagonist ketanserin. These experiments demonstrate that cooling augments the responsiveness of peripheral arteries to 5-hydroxytryptamine and that the augmentation is mediated by 5-HT2 serotonergic receptors. PMID- 6734732 TI - Cellular basis for arrhythmogenicity of ionophores with different cation selectivities. AB - In high concentrations, the ionophores salinomycin, monensin and X-537A cause cardiac arrhythmias in vivo. To determine if these arrhythmias result from a direct action of these ionophores on cardiac electrophysiology, we studied their effects on automaticity and transmembrane action potentials of isolated canine left ventricular Purkinje fibers. High concentrations of the ionophores suppressed automaticity and shortened action potential duration. These data suggest that high concentrations of the ionophores provoke cardiac arrhythmias in vivo by similar mechanisms despite their diverse cation transport selectivities. PMID- 6734733 TI - Centrosomes and mitotic poles. AB - The original theory of the centrosome as the 'reproductive organ' of the cell provides a logical explanation of the mitotic poles and the accuracy of cell division. No alternative explanation has replaced it. The historical problem was the failure to identify centrosomes as compact physical bodies in a great many kinds of cells. In this essay, I consider the evidence that centrosomes are flexible bodies; they may take on alternative forms and their forms determine the shapes of mitotic poles and other organizers of microtubular structures. Compact corpuscular centrosomes are not necessary and would not be expected in cases where microtubules clearly do not originate from point sources. A model of the flexible centrosome is introduced and the speculation that the centrosome is a bearer of morphological information is considered. PMID- 6734734 TI - Growth and differentiation of fetal rat small intestinal epithelium in tissue culture. Relationship to fetal age. AB - Explants of small intestinal tissue have been cultured from fetal and young rats (from 13-day fetuses to 3-week-old rats). Growth of morphologically typical epithelial cells was obtained from explants of tissue from 14-20 day fetuses. Optimal growth was obtained using tissue from 17-day fetuses with outgrowth from the explant being observed 1-day after explant. Eighty per cent of explants developed epithelial growth by 11 days in culture. Initially, the epithelial outgrowth showed no morphological evidence of differentiation but after 5-10 days in culture differentiation into goblet or elongated cells with alkaline phosphatase activity occurred. Cells with brush borders and goblet cells were identified using electron microscopy. No differentiation occurred if the explant was removed even though growth continued. It was very difficult to culture tissue from fetuses older than 20 days' gestation, and when small intestine of 18-20-day fetuses was divided into two parts (proximal and distal) and cultured separately, growth of epithelial cells from explants of the proximal segment was less successful than that of the distal segment, indicating that the growth ability of these epithelial cells in vitro was closely related to tissue maturation in vivo. In contrast to the apparent relationship between fetal age and successful growth of intestinal epithelial cells, squamous epithelial cells of the esophagus could be grown from explants of 14-day fetus through newborn and 3-week-old rats. PMID- 6734735 TI - G1 phase heterogeneity in exponentially growing Swiss 3T3 mouse fibroblasts. AB - The growth rate of normal cultured Swiss 3T3 fibroblasts is function of serum concentration and the fraction of G1 cells, and hence the average residence time in G1, increases with the generation time. Serum contains two sets of factors: competence factors, essentially platelet-derived growth factor (PDGF), which induces competence in quiescent fibroblasts and prevents replicating cells from entering G0, and plasma, which allows progression. The increase in the duplication time and the duration of G1 at low serum concentration could hence be due to the fact that competence factors become limiting. The fraction of non competent cells, operationally defined as those G1 cells unable to leave G1 in the presence of plasma alone, was determined in populations exponentially growing at serum concentrations between 5 and 20%. To do so exponentially growing cultures were shifted to plasma plus colcemid: one part of the cell population progressed through the cycle and accumulated with a G2 DNA content, whereas non competent cells remained in G1. Analysis of the DNA distributions performed 24 h after the shift showed that as serum concentration was lowered more cells were found in the non-competent state: they were less than 5% in 20% serum and almost 50% in 5% serum. The non-competent cells constitute a dynamic fraction of the population, since in the presence of serum they can leave G1 and progress in the cycle. These data indicate that one of the steps limiting exponential growth is the acquisition of competence and that this event gives rise to heterogeneity within the G1 population. PMID- 6734736 TI - Analysis of androgen-sensitivity in rat prostate X mouse kidney cell hybrids. AB - Variant androgen-sensitive cell lines were produced by fusing freshly isolated epithelial cells from the rat ventral prostate with a line of murine renal tumor (RAG) cells. The properties of the cloned lines of the prostate X RAG hybrids can be summarized as follows: (1) the modal chromosome number of the hybrid cell lines ranged from 68 to 176; (2) the cells had doubling times of 7.6-49.5 h; and (3) epitheloid, ameboid and intermediate morphologies were observed among the various lines. The proliferative response of various hybrid lines to treatment with 10 nM 5 alpha-dihydrotestosterone was used to classify the hybrids as either very sensitive (greater than 40% reduction in cell doubling time), sensitive (greater than 10% reduction in doubling time) to androgens, or insensitive (less than 10% reduction in doubling time) to androgens. There was no direct relationship between the androgen-sensitivity of the cells and their androgen receptor content, suggesting that these variant cell lines may be useful for the study of the genetic factors involved in cellular responses to androgens. PMID- 6734738 TI - Inhibition of DNA synthesis in senescent-proliferating human cybrids is mediated by endogenous proteins. AB - Cytoplasts were prepared from senescent human diploid fibroblasts. Brief treatments of the senescent cells with cycloheximide or puromycin prior to or after enucleation eliminated the ability of senescent cytoplasts to block initiation of DNA synthesis in senescent-young cybrids. Senescent cells treated with cycloheximide, enucleated and allowed to recover in complete medium without cycloheximide, regained the ability to block initiation of DNA synthesis in senescent-young cybrids. These results support the hypothesis that senescent cells synthesize an inhibitor of DNA synthesis which is either a protein(s) or its activity is mediated by a protein(s) found in the cytoplasm of the senescent cell. PMID- 6734739 TI - Tetrahymena. Adaptation to high iron. AB - Fe-starved ciliates Tetrahymena thermophila cease to multiply at Fe(III) concentrations above 10 microM in a synthetic nutrient medium lacking a good iron chelator such as citrate. If, however, the Fe(III) concentration is gradually increased over a series of subcultivations the cells will tolerate up to 300 microM Fe(III). Our experiments rule out the possibility of genetic selection of Fe-tolerant clones and suggest a physiological type of adaptation. PMID- 6734737 TI - Modulation of types I and III procollagen synthesis at various stages of arterial smooth muscle cell growth in vitro. AB - Collagen synthesis was monitored in cultures of rabbit arterial smooth muscle cells (SMC). Both the rate of collagen synthesis per cell and collagen synthesis as a percent of total protein synthesis were measured at specific intervals from 1 to 14 days after inoculation of smooth muscle cells. The proportions of types I and III collagen present in the conditioned incubation medium and in the cell layer were also examined. After inoculation the cells displayed population expansion typical of SMC in which growth slowed but did not cease after the cells attained confluence. Collagen synthesis rates, expressed as [14C]hydroxyproline per cell, were eight-fold higher in preconfluent cells. In these cultures collagen accounted for more than 20% of the newly synthesized, 14C-labeled protein present as trichloroacetic acid (TCA)-insoluble material in 24 h culture media. In post-confluent cultures, this percentage was reduced to about 7% of the total protein synthesized. Synthesis rates of both collagen and non-collagen protein decreased with increasing time after inoculation. However, the rate of decline of collagen synthesis was three times greater than that seen for non collagen protein. Early cultures synthesized relatively more type I than type III procollagen. The type I to type III ratio was highest at day 3 and declined after that time to day 14. While the synthesis of both types decreased with increasing age, type I declined at a greater rate resulting in a predominance of type III procollagen secretion by older cultures. We conclude that protein synthesis in general and collagen synthesis in particular are quantitatively and qualitatively dependent upon the growth stage of SMC in vitro. PMID- 6734740 TI - Effect of transferrin on alkaline phosphatase activity and collagen synthesis in osteoblastic cells derived from newborn mouse calvaria. AB - The effect of transferrin was tested on osteoblastic cells (clone MC3T3-E1) cultured in serum-free medium containing 1% bovine serum albumin (BSA). Transferrin (Tf) stimulated increases of protein content and protein synthesis, but not of DNA content and cell number, in the cells. This protein also increased alkaline phosphatase activity and collagen synthesis in combination with 1% BSA. Actinomycin D and cycloheximide inhibited alkaline phosphatase activity induced by Tf, suggesting that Tf may enhance de novo synthesis of the enzyme. These results indicate that Tf may be involved in differentiation of osteoblastic cells, but not in their proliferation, in vitro. PMID- 6734741 TI - The kinetics of myoblast fusion. AB - The kinetics of myoblast fusion were estimated using two complementary assays. Both utilized suspensions of fusion-competent cells, i.e. 48-52-h cultures of chick pectoral muscle grown in a low-calcium medium, thus minimizing contributions arising from cellular migration. One assay, designed to measure the onset of membrane contiguity, relies on the transfer of a lipid dye, diI-C18-[3], from labelled to unlabelled cells. The other assay, designed to estimate the kinetics of appearance of morphologically distinct multinucleate cells in suspension (myoballs), relies on enzymic dissociation of cellular aggregates followed by nuclear staining. The assays demonstrate significant membrane contiguity within 20-30 min after initiating the fusion process; however, the multinucleate myoball morphology does not appear for at least one additional hour. PMID- 6734742 TI - The differential expression of the actins and tubulins during spermatogenesis in the mouse. AB - Following intratesticular injection of [35S]methionine, the multiple isoforms of actin and tubulin from highly purified mouse testicular meiotic and post-meiotic cells have been analysed by high resolution two-dimensional gel electrophoresis. In pachytene spermatocytes both beta and gamma actin are synthesized, gamma actin being made in a significantly greater amount. The relative proportion of synthesis of beta and gamma actin changes during spermiogenesis, beta actin increasing and gamma actin decreasing in round spermatids, elongating spermatids, and residual bodies. Both alpha and beta tubulin are synthesized in approximately equal proportion in pachytene spermatocytes. In addition to the tubulin isoforms synthesized during meiosis, at least one new form of both alpha and beta tubulin first appears in post-meiotic (haploid) cells. In elongating spermatids and residual bodies, the synthesis of alpha tubulin is drastically reduced. PMID- 6734743 TI - Iron uptake by Chinese hamster fibroblasts from human transferrin. AB - The manner of uptake or iron by Chinese hamster fibroblasts, type DON, from human transferrin was investigated by means of replacement studies, in which the cells that were incubated with 125I-labelled human transferrin were chased with non radioactive transferrin for only a few minutes. The results did not support the reversible endocytosis hypothesis for the uptake of iron from transferrin. The uptake of iron measured as 59Fe during several cell divisions was found to be a function of time and cell number. It was found that the total uptake of iron in the harvests was directly proportional to the incubation, and that the uptake per 10(6) cells levelled off in the course of time. PMID- 6734744 TI - The spore cell induction activity of conditioned media and subcellular fractions of Dictyostelium discoideum. AB - While certain sporagenous mutants of Dictyostelium discoideum do not display a density dependence for spore cell formation under in vitro differentiating conditions, other sporagenous mutants (HM18, HM18-2 and FR17) do exhibit density dependence. In addition, pre-spore cell formation in the wild-type strain V12M2 is density-dependent. Spore cell formation in HM18 and HM18-2 is stimulated at low cell densities by a membrane fraction from pseudoplasmodial cells. Stimulation is also effected by extracts of these membranes or conditioned media from starving cells and these preparations also stimulate pre-spore cell formation in V12M2. The active factor in conditioned media is of low molecular weight, heat-stable and insensitive to treatment by pronase and glycosidase; the factor is not extractable by hexane. The available evidence suggests that the active factor in conditioned media and in membrane extracts is the same molecule and, although ammonia also stimulates spore cell formation under these conditions, the active factor is not ammonia. More activity is produced extracellularly by cells in shake suspension than by cells in monolayers, and some strains produce more activity than others. PMID- 6734745 TI - The synaptonemal complex as part of the nuclear matrix of the flour moth, Ephestia kuehniella. AB - A nuclear matrix fraction was prepared from ovaries of the achiasmatic flour moth, Ephestia kuehniella, by removal of the chromatin, using detergent treatment of homogenized ovaries or dissected ovary tips followed by DNase digestion and high salt extraction. Removal of DNA and histones from the nuclei was demonstrated by Feulgen staining and polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis (PAGE), respectively. By light microscopy, ribbon-like structures similar in dimension to the synaptonemal complex were observed in the oocyte after digestion of the chromosomes. Electron microscopic examination of matrix preparations of pachytene cells showed a defined synaptonemal complex structure with both lateral and central elements. Such structures were not found in either the fully differentiated nurse cells or in follicle cells which were exposed to the same preparative technique concurrently. However, in early post-pachytene nurse cells the typical polycomplex structures, formed in these cells from the synaptonemal complex, were found in nuclear matrix preparations. The results suggest an association of synaptonemal complexes with the nuclear matrix. PMID- 6734746 TI - Proteolytic processing of micronuclear H3 and histone phosphorylation during conjugation in Tetrahymena thermophila. AB - During vegetative growth, micronuclei of the ciliated protozoan Tetrahymena thermophila contain two electrophoretically distinct forms of H3, H3S and H3F [4, 5]. Of these two forms, H3F is unique to micronuclear chromatin and is derived from H3S by a physiologically regulated proteolytic processing event [5]. While the function of this processing event is not clear, several lines of evidence [2, 5] suggest that it may be related to chromatin condensation during mitosis. In this report pulse-chase experiments have been used to study the processing of H3S into H3F during the sexual phase of the life cycle, conjugation. Our results demonstrate that even though micronuclei divide mitotically (and meiotically) several times during the mating process, processing of H3S into H3F does not occur. Failure of H3S to be converted into H3F during these divisions causes a significant increase in the amount of H3S (relative to H3F) as conjugation proceeds. By 10 h of conjugation, essentially all of the micronuclear H3 is in the form of H3S (also see [3]). As long as mating cells are maintained under starvation conditions, processing of H3S into H3F does not occur. However, if exconjugants are returned to food and allowed to proceed through the first true cell division following exconjugation, processing of H3S into H3F occurs. Thus, the return of the processing of H3(3) into H3F following conjugation seems to be tightly coupled to a division which is part of a cell division cycle (as appears to be the case with vegetatively growing cells). The relevancy of these results to the differentiation of new macro- and micronuclei is discussed. H3F is specifically phosphorylated in growing cells, and it has been suggested that this phosphorylation event may be related to chromatin condensation during mitosis [2]. Since in mating cells H3S becomes the more predominant form of H3, the pattern of histone phosphorylation was examined during stages of conjugation where micronuclei are active in mitotic division (6-7 h). While a low level of phosphate label is observed over H3S in mating cells, more phosphate label is associated with the small amount of H3F which remains in micronuclei at this stage of conjugation. We also observe significant amounts of phosphate label associated with micronuclear H2A, H2B, and H4 and each of the micronuclear H1 like molecules, alpha, beta and gamma. PMID- 6734747 TI - Fate and structure of DNA microinjected into mouse TK-L cells. AB - Co-microinjection of single linearized molecules of plasmids containing the human beta-globin gene (pRK1) and the herpes simplex virus (HSV) type I thymidine kinase gene (pX1) into the mouse TK-L cell nucleus results in covalent linkage between these (or derived) molecules within the nucleus as revealed by Southern blotting, plasmid rescue, and recovery of plasmid-derived DNA from a Charon 4A phage library of cellular DNA. The microinjected DNA is predominantly found as high molecular weight DNA as determined by Hirt fractionation. Southern blotting data and recombinants from the Charon 4A library suggest that the plasmid DNA is in the form of a head-to-tail linear concatamer of up to 80 copies. Passage of these microinjected cells in selective medium (HAT) results in coordinate amplification of both plasmids, which are maintained in an approx. 3:1 molar ratio of pRK1 to pX1-derived molecules. Hybridization in situ shows the DNA to be integrated on a translocation chromosome, t(4;4). Integration does not appear to be site-specific, since plasmid DNA from another microinjected cell line, C2B, appears on a different translocation chromosome, t(8?;14). Plasmid rescue experiments confirm a previous finding that passage of pBR322 DNA through eukaryotic cells may result in deletions of normally stable plasmid DNA upon subsequent transformation of E. coli. These deletions appear to occur in the bacteria, and originate in a 128 bp region between the Sal I and Hae II sites of pBR322. PMID- 6734748 TI - Fucoidin inhibits attachment of guinea pig spermatozoa to the zona pellucida through binding to the inner acrosomal membrane and equatorial domains. AB - Our previous study has shown that fucoidin, an algal heteropolysaccharide, is a potent inhibitor of sperm-zona binding in the guinea pig, hamster and human. To visualize the surface site of fucoidin binding, a biotinated derivative (B-Fuc) of the native fucoidin was prepared. B-Fuc retained the inhibitory activity and was used in conjunction with FITC-avidin to localize its binding sites on guinea pig spermatozoa using fluorescence microscopy. In living acrosome-reacted spermatozoa. B-Fuc bound predominantly to the inner acrosomal membrane and equatorial segment domains. The binding was effectively competed by a 10-fold excess of native fucoidin, but not by a 10-fold excess of heparin or a 20-fold excess of biotinated normal rabbit serum IgG. B-Fuc binding patterns on dead spermatozoa were quite different from that of living spermatozoa. The post acrosomal region, rather than the inner acrosomal membrane and equatorial domains, was intensely labeled. This indicates the importance of using living cells in assessing true surface binding sites whenever possible. We conclude that the inner acrosomal membrane and/or equatorial domains are critical for zona binding in the guinea pig. PMID- 6734749 TI - Soluble age-related factors from skeletal muscle which influence muscle development. AB - Successful regeneration of damaged striated muscle in adult mice is dependent on the regeneration of newly differentiated myofibers from proliferating satellite cells and inhibition of scar tissue formation by fibroblasts. As with most tissues, the ability of skeletal muscle to regenerate decreases in older animals. In this study, we have analysed soluble extracts from intact and regenerating skeletal muscle from mice of different ages for their ability to affect avian myogenesis in tissue culture. We were interested in determining whether an age dependent difference could be detected with this tissue culture bioassay system. Total cell proliferation in the cultures, measured by [3H]thymidine incorporation was increased equally by muscle extracts from both young and older mice but the resulting cell populations differed in proportion of cell types. The ratio of myoblasts to fibroblasts was significantly greater in cultures exposed to extracts from younger mouse muscle as compared with cultures exposed to extracts from older animals. This age-related activity was found to reside in a low molecular weight (MW) (greater than 12 kD) component of the extract. This fraction had dissimilar effects on myoblasts and fibroblasts. Relative to saline controls, myoblast proliferation was increased and fibroblast proliferation decreased. The low MW fraction from younger mouse muscle extracts stimulated myogenic cell proliferation and myotube formation to a greater extent than the similar fraction prepared from older mouse muscle. Conversely, younger mouse muscle fractions had significantly greater inhibitory activity against fibroblast proliferation than did older mouse muscle fractions. PMID- 6734750 TI - Adhesion of human amnion epithelial cells to extracellular matrix. Evidence for multiple mechanisms. AB - Human amnion epithelial cells attach and flatten slowly (approximately 65 min) onto plastic in the presence of serum but much more rapidly (20-30 min) onto subcellular matrix (SCM) deposited by the same cells. This matrix contains both fibronectin and laminin, but neither molecule on its own can reproduce its adhesive properties. Cells attach on surfaces containing fibronectin and laminin and extend filopodial and lamellipodial areas of cytoplasm without extensive flattening in the perinuclear region. Matrix deposited onto plastic by amnion epithelial cells has trypsin-sensitive and trypsin-resistant, papain-sensitive adhesion-promoting components. Cell spreading triggered by the latter but not the former can be inhibited by pretreating the adhering cells with heparin. Other GAGs are without effect. The results are discussed in terms of multiple interactions between epithelial cells and basal laminae. PMID- 6734751 TI - Phosphorylation of non-histone proteins associated with mitosis in HeLa cells. AB - Our previous studies indicated that certain non-histone proteins (NHP) extractable with 0.2 M NaCl from mitotic HeLa cells induce germinal vesicle breakdown and chromosome condensation in Xenopus laevis oocytes. Since the maturation-promoting activity of the mitotic proteins is stabilized by phosphatase inhibitors, we decided to examine whether phosphorylation of NHP plays a role in the condensation of chromosomes during mitosis. HeLa cells, synchronized in S phase, were labeled with 32P at the end of S phase, and the cells subsequently collected while they were in G2, mitosis, or G1. Cytoplasmic, nuclear, or chromosomal proteins were extracted and separated by gel electrophoresis. The labeled protein bands were detected by radioautography. The results indicated an 8-10-fold increase in the phosphorylation of NHP from mid-G2 to mitosis, followed by a similar-size decrease as the cells divided and entered G1. The NHP phosphorylation rate increased progressively during G2 traverse and reached a peak in mitosis. Radioautography of the separated NHP revealed eight prominent, extensively phosphorylated protein bands with molecular masses ranging from 27.5 to 100 kD. These NHP were rapidly dephosphorylated during M-G1 transition. Phosphorylation-dephosphorylation of NHP appeared to be a dynamic process, with the equilibrium shifting to phosphorylation during G2-M and dephosphorylation during M-G1 transitions. These results suggest that besides histone H1 phosphorylation, phosphorylation of this subset of NHP may also play a part in mitosis. PMID- 6734752 TI - Coexpression of two thermosensitive defects in a Chinese hamster cell line. Manifestation of a G1 block associated with a mitosis defect. AB - Asynchronous cultures of ts12, an anchorage-dependent derivative of the thermosensitive Chinese hamster cell line ts111, show a rapid drop in [3H]thymidine incorporation with accumulation of the cells in the G1 and in the G2 phases of the cycle, when shifted from 34.5 to 39.4 degrees C. Shift-up experiments carried out after either isoleucine deprivation or synchronization at 39.4 degrees C, locate the execution point of a ts function in late G1 (2.5-3 h before S). However, stimulation of proliferation of a high density-arrested population allows a fraction of the cells to enter S. In addition to the G1 ts defect, ts12 expresses a slight cytokinesis defect at 39.4 degrees C (8-15% binucleate cells). The results suggest that altered processes are taking place at a post-metaphasic stage during the first hours after the shift-up. When populations are synchronized by a thymidine block and released at 39.4 degrees C, multinucleate cells in addition to binucleate cells are observed. Part of these multinucleate cells result from abnormal karyokinesis without inhibition of cytokinesis. Evidence is presented suggesting that excess thymidine allows the re expression of the multinucleation phenotype of ts111. PMID- 6734753 TI - Embryoid bodies cultured in in vivo diffusion chambers show reduced tumorigenicity while retaining expression of F9 antigens. AB - Embryoid bodies of the mouse teratocarcinoma OTT6050 were dissociated into single cells and cultured in diffusion chambers implanted into the peritoneal cavities of mice. The syngeneic host mice, into which the cells of embryoid bodies cultured in the diffusion chambers had been injected, survived much longer than those which received the original cells of embryoid body. But in the case of the F9 cells, obtained in the same culture conditions, only a slight decrease in tumorigenicity was observed. By contrast, the F9 antigenic expression was observed on both F9 and embryoid body cells cultured in diffusion chambers. Judging from the determination of adult-type antigenic expressions, the differentiation of the cells in chamber was negligible. These results suggest that the tumorigenic activity of the embryoid body cells cultured in vivo in a diffusion chamber is almost suppressed, but that they continue in an undifferentiated state. PMID- 6734754 TI - Heat shock proteins are induced by cadmium in Drosophila cells. AB - Drosophila cells were treated with increasing concentrations of CdCl2 (10 microM 1 mM). The toxicity of cadmium, as observed by cellular death and the ability of the cells to survive after removal of CdCl2, depended on concentration and duration of treatment. The overall synthesis of protein, measured by incorporation of [35S]methionine, decreased. It fell to 66% of the controls after 24 h of exposition to 50 microM CdCl2 and to 29% after 48 h. We showed that cadmium induced the synthesis of 'heat shock proteins' (hsps), which started after 6 h and was maximal after 24 h of 50-100 microM CdCl2 treatment. PMID- 6734755 TI - Phytohemagglutinin alters cell morphology and decreases prolactin production in GH cells. AB - Phytohemagglutinin (PHA) produced morphological and functional alterations in a clonal strain of rat pituitary tumor cells (GH4C1). Addition of PHA (2-5 micrograms/ml) results in a decrease in the proportion of elongated cells from 20% in control cell cultures to less than 10% in the presence of PHA. This effect can be observed after exposure of cells to PHA for 2-3 h and requires 4 days to be reversed after removing PHA from the culture medium. A specialized cell function, the production of the peptide hormone prolactin (PRL), is also affected by PHA treatment. Exposure of cells to 2 micrograms/ml PHA results in greater than 50% inhibition of PRL production. The above effects of PHA occur without any apparent alteration in total protein per culture dish, the rate of protein synthesis or the overall growth characteristics of the cells. PMID- 6734756 TI - The diurnal fluctuations in unincorporated radio-thymidine pool and its relation to the circadian rhythm of thymidine incorporation in mouse pinna skin. AB - The circadian variation in the labelling indices of epidermal basal and sebaceous gland cells in murine pinna is a well documented phenomenon. This, however, observes only the incorporated label and takes no account of any rhythmic changes in the precursor pool. It is reported here that, using a liquid scintillation counting method, there is a diurnal change in the level of unincorporated radio labelled thymidine, which is apparently not related to the rhythm of thymidine incorporation. The implications of this phenomenon and its relationship to DNA synthesis are discussed. PMID- 6734757 TI - Polarization of membrane glycoproteins during monocyte chemotaxis. AB - Distribution of membrane glycoproteins was studied in chemotactic monocytes using ferritin-conjugated lectins. The cells became polarized forming a pseudopodia at a leading head. Membrane glycoproteins were redistributed at the head. This phenomenon was not observed in chemokinetic or non-chemotactic cells suggesting that membrane glycoproteins may have a role in recognition of the chemoattractant. PMID- 6734758 TI - Detection of a pheromone-binding protein in the aquatic fungus Achlya ambisexualis. AB - Sexual reproduction among the eukaryotic fungi of the genus, Achlya, is controlled by two steroid pheromones. Antheridiol is the pheromone constitutively produced by female cells that induces male sexual differentiation and development. A biologically active tritium-labeled derivative of antheridiol, [1,2-3H]7-deoxy-7-dihydro-antheridiol ( [3H]7dA), has been synthesized. Radioligand-binding studies have revealed the presence of a specific binding protein in the cytosol of male cells that may represent the endogenous receptor for antheridiol. Binding to this macromolecule was characterized by an apparent equilibrium dissociation constant and maximum binding capacity of approx. 7 X 10( 10) M and 1 100-2 000 fmoles/mg protein, respectively. Sedimentation analysis in sucrose gradients revealed that the binding protein distributes in the 8S region under low ionic strength and sodium molybdate-stabilized conditions. Under conditions of high ionic strength, in the presence or absence of 10 mM sodium molybdate, the binding site distributes in the 3.6S region of the gradient. Analysis of radioligand binding in the presence of other steroids and steroid hormones revealed that the binding is specific for antheridiol and its analog. PMID- 6734759 TI - Surface activation of the cell adhesion fragment of fibronectin. AB - We have isolated a 105 kD chymotryptic cleavage fragment of fibronectin (termed F105) and have studied its interaction with cell surfaces. On a molar basis, F105 is as effective as intact fibronectin in promoting the adhesion of fibroblastic CHO cells to tissue culture dishes; however, F105 lacks the heparin- and gelatin binding domains of the intact molecule. When F105 is absorbed onto chemically modified latex beads bearing positive or negative charged groups, the F105 beads bind to CHO cell surfaces in a specific fashion. Unmodified latex beads coated with F105 do not bind to CHO cells, even though the same amount of F105 is absorbed to the bead as in the case of charged beads. These results suggest that F105 must undergo a bead surface-induced activation in order to acquire the ability to interact with cells. PMID- 6734760 TI - Cell-substrate interaction. A method for evaluating the possible correlation between metastatic phenotype and cell surface energy. AB - The interfacial energy of the non-attached to substrate cell surface was analysed in tumor cell variants of the K-1735 melanoma and UV-2237 fibrosarcoma series, which exhibit distinct metastatic phenotypes. The highly metastatic cell variants exhibited a two-fold increase in the ability to form rapid cell substrate interactions, as compared with their low-metastatic counterparts. These results further highlight the possible role of cell adhesiveness in the process of metastasis. PMID- 6734761 TI - Injected mitotic extracts induce condensation of interphase chromatin. AB - Although extracts from mitotic cells have been shown to induce chromosome condensation when injected into amphibian oocytes, they have not as yet been shown to induce this response in somatic interphase cells. In the experiments reported here, when mitotic extracts were injected into syncytial frog embryos, whose somatic nuclei were arrested in interphase, chromosome condensation was observed. The inability of interphase extracts, injected at similar concentrations, to induce this event demonstrates the cell cycle-specific accumulation of the factors responsible. PMID- 6734762 TI - Induction of polyploid nuclei in Physarum polycephalum by cycloheximide treatment in prophase. AB - Macroplasmodia of the acellular slime mold Physarum polycephalum were treated with pulses of cycloheximide (10 micrograms/ml medium, for 3 h), initiated 10-20 min before metaphase in the synchronous nuclear division cycle. This treatment interfered with normal division of the nuclei, but permitted DNA synthesis in the next S phase. This interpretation is supported by measurements of the DNA content per nucleus in cycloheximide-treated cultures as compared to control cultures, which show that some nuclei after cycloheximide treatment are polyploid. By this method we can produce polyploid strains of Physarum, but the elevated nuclear DNA content is not stable, and after several months the strains have reverted to the normal diploid DNA content. PMID- 6734763 TI - Extrusion of nuclei of murine suspension culture cells with microtubule poisons. AB - Microtubule poisons such as colchicine, colcemid and vinblastine caused extrusion of nuclei of murine suspension culture cells (mastocytoma p-815 cells, myeloma PU 3 cells, leukemia M1 cells). Enucleation did not follow spontaneously in most cells, but it did occur when the treated cells were centrifuged in Separate-L gradient. These poisons did not induce nuclear extrusion in cells growing in monolayer (L cells, BALB/c 3T3 cells, SV40-transformed BALB/c 3T3 cells, histiocytoma HC-11 cells). Cytochalasin B (CB) that had been reported to cause nuclear extrusion in the cells cultured in monolayer [1] did not induce the extrusion in the suspension culture cells but inhibited the colchicine-induced nuclear extrusion. PMID- 6734764 TI - Effect of age, starvation and circadian rhythm on the ascorbic acid content and succinic dehydrogenase activity of the kidney of male garden lizard, Calotes versicolor. AB - Both ascorbic acid content and SDH activity of kidney reached peak levels during sexual maturity and then declined. Starvation stress (21 days) induced low levels of ascorbic acid content and SDH activity of the kidney. Nocturnal levels of ascorbic acid content and SDH activity were significantly lower than the diurnal values. PMID- 6734765 TI - Age-related changes in the water and electrolyte metabolism in male rats of the Wistar/TW strain. AB - The changes of water intake, urinary volume, ratio of the water intake to the urinary output (water turnover rate) and urinary concentrations of sodium, potassium and chloride ions were investigated in male rats of the inbred Wistar/Tw strain during aging. Marked increase of the water intake, the urinary output and the water turnover rate as well as marked decrease of the urinary electrolyte concentrations were observed at the age of over 16 months. First signs of increase in the water intake and the water turnover rate were observed at the age of 12-13 months, but the initial reduction of urinary electrolyte concentrations was detected as early as at 7-9 months of age. PMID- 6734766 TI - Age influence on D-glucose absorption depending on sodium concentration in the lumen of rat small intestine. AB - The influence of decreased sodium concentration on D-Glucose jejunal and ileal absorption has been investigated in rats of three groups of different ages: 21-23 days, 2-3 months and 18 months old, using a perfusion system in vivo. In all the cases studied there was a decrease of D-Glucose absorption with reduced sodium concentrations. The ileum of 21-23 days old animals showed the greatest inhibition of D-Glucose absorption when sodium was substituted partially or totally by Tris-HCl. PMID- 6734767 TI - Hormonal, metabolic and morphologic studies of aged C57BL/6J obese mice. AB - Genetically obese mice (C57BL/6J-ob/ob), fed ad libitum, demonstrated a precipitous increase in the spontaneous death rate after 50 weeks. The first signs of morbidity were a ruffled hair coat and a progressive motor ataxia. Necropsy revealed that obese mice had pale and fatty livers, urolithiasis and grossly distended bladders. Microscopically, the hepatocellular changes observed in all aged obese mice included: a loss of orientation of hepatocytes, an enormous variability in the size of both hepatocytes and their nuclei, and an extensive deposition of both large and small lipid droplets, confirmed by an increase content of triacylglycerols. A subacute-to-chronic, multifocal, necrotizing hepatitis was also present. Kidneys from aged obese mice contained hypertrophied glomeruli and increased PAS-stained material. Tubular dilation with compaction of the tubular cells was also seen. There were no significant alterations in the microanatomy or mineralization of femurs from obese mice, yet there was a significant increase in plasma alkaline phosphatase activity. In obese mice at 62-63 weeks of age, hyperglycemia was present even in spite of hyperinsulinemia. Pituitary immunoreactive ACTH and its molar ratio to pituitary immunoreactive beta-endorphin were also increased in obese mice at this age. Even though the etiology of the decreased lifespan of genetically obese mice remains uncertain, the possibility is discussed that an overall defect in the central nervous system may be involved. PMID- 6734768 TI - Age dependent changes on jejunal sugar absorption by rat in vivo. AB - Jejunal absorption of D-Glucose, D-Galactose and L-Arabinose was studied in 21-23 day, 2-3 month and 18 month-old rats for 5 minute periods using a perfusion technique. Sugar concentrations were: 2.5, 5, 10, 20 and 40 mM at each age. In some experiments phlorizin was used to determine the diffusional component of absorption. The saturation for D-Glucose was at 10 mM and 5 mM for D-Galactose. A reduction in the rate of total sugar absorption was observed with aging. Moreover, the active transport/simple diffusion ratio also decreases with age, specially at low substrate concentrations. PMID- 6734769 TI - An improved cold stress test for aging mice. AB - Tolerance to cold stress is a simple and reliable test which can be used longitudinally to study age-related differences or changes in thermoregulation of C57BL/6J mice. Neither prior food deprivation nor permanently inserted thermoprobes are necessary conditions for eliciting reliable age differences. However, restraint during the test is important and does elicit reliable age differences. PMID- 6734770 TI - Effect of age and sex on the ascorbic acid content of kidney, skeletal muscle and pancreas of common Indian toad, Bufo melanostictus. AB - Ascorbic acid decreases from age-group I to II in Kidney, skeletal muscle, and increases in the Pancreas of female. There is no significant change in the Pancreas of male toad. There is an increase in the ascorbic acid content from age group II to III except in the Pancreas of females, where there is a decline of the content. Ascorbic acid remains constant in age-group IV except in the kidney of female, skeletal muscle of both sexes showing an increase and decrease of the value respectively. Sex difference shows a higher content in kidney of group IV, in skeletal muscle of group II and III and in pancreas of group II and is less in kidney of age-group II of females over their male counterparts. PMID- 6734772 TI - Some influences of tonic vibration reflexes on the position sense of the contralateral limb. AB - Mechanically vibrating a skeletal muscle elicits reflex activation of that muscle, a phenomenon which is known as the tonic vibration reflex. We explored in eight individuals how vibration of their right biceps brachii or triceps brachii muscle influenced their ability to point with their left arm to visual targets and to set that arm to particular apparent positions. The position sense of the pointing arm was affected systematically by contralateral vibration with the influence being considerably greater when the biceps brachii rather than the triceps brachii of the contralateral arm was stimulated. This asymmetric effect was related to the different densities of muscle spindle innervation of the biceps brachii and triceps brachii muscles and to their patterns of reflex organization within the spinal cord. The altered position sense of the pointing arm led to errors both for pointing movements with the arm to visual targets and for positioning movements of the arm into specified spatial configurations. PMID- 6734773 TI - Zinc metabolism in normal and zinc-deficient rat brain. AB - Zinc uptake and turnover was measured in nine brain regions, choroid plexus, arachnoid, and cerebrospinal fluid during a 28-day period following a single dose of 65Zn in rats fed Zn-adequate diets. Zinc entry into brain was slow with maximal 65Zn uptake (0.5% of administered dose) occurring between 5 and 14 days in contrast to its rapid metabolism in plasma and nonneural tissues. The brain stem, at the level of the caudal IV ventricle, had the highest rate of initial 65Zn uptake of any brain region. In general, turnover was most rapid in periventricular regions and least in the hippocampus. Relative to plasma, the choroid plexus concentrated 65Zn whereas 65Zn was undetectable in the cerebrospinal fluid after day 1. To determine if specific brain regions were particularly sensitive to changes in Zn status, 65Zn metabolism was measured in Zn-deficient rats and compared with ad libitum- and pair-fed controls. Zinc deficiency was associated with increased 65Zn retention by all brain regions; however, the effect was greatest in optic nerve and choroid plexus. The results of this study suggest that a formidable barrier to Zn entry into brain exists but is under homeostatic control, increasing net Zn uptake during dietary deficiency. Moreover, the choroid plexus may participate in cerebral Zn homeostasis, possibly by transporting Zn out of the cerebrospinal fluid compartment. PMID- 6734771 TI - Intranuclear aluminum accumulation in chronic animals with experimental neurofibrillary changes. AB - Young New Zealand white rabbits (1.5 kg body weight) subjected to daily subcutaneous injection of aluminum tartrate (7.7 mg/kg body weight) developed neurofibrillary tangles (NFTs) in specific areas of the central nervous system. The NFTs were initially observed in the spinal cord and brain stem. The hippocampus was the last region to show NFTs. Animals neither died nor showed any neurologic signs. Their growth pattern during and following the aluminum injection was comparable to that of controls. Energy-dispersive X-ray spectrometry detected aluminum within the nucleus of a high percentage of NFT bearing neurons in the spinal cord and hippocampus. Aluminum was not detected in NFT-free neurons. These findings suggest the association of intranuclear aluminum with NFTs induced experimentally in the chronic animals. PMID- 6734774 TI - Cholinergic denervation of the hippocampal formation does not produce long-term changes in glucose metabolism. AB - Decreased glucose metabolism is found in Alzheimer's disease associated with a loss of cholinergic neurons. The relationship between the chronic cholinergic denervation produced by medial septal lesions and glucose metabolism was studied using 2-deoxy-D-[3H]glucose in the rat hippocampal formation. Hippocampal glucose metabolism was increased 1 week after medial septal lesions. Three weeks after lesions, glucose metabolism was profoundly suppressed in all regions. By 3 months, intraregional hippocampal glucose metabolism had returned to control values. Our results demonstrate that chronic cholinergic denervation of the hippocampal formation does not result in permanent alterations of metabolic activity. PMID- 6734775 TI - Masticatory muscle activities during rhythmic jaw movement associated with tooth contact in lightly anesthetized rats. AB - Rhythmic jaw movements were observed in lightly anesthetized rats when a bitable object was placed between the maxillary and mandibular incisors. To elicit the jaw movements, an initiating stimulus was required. A successful stimulus was to push on the mandible at the incisors in both opening and posterior directions. This may be a suitable movement for studying mastication because of the following properties: (i) The rhythmic jaw movements could not continue without tooth contact. (ii) The timing pattern of the electromyographic activity of the masseter and digastric muscles and the tooth contact was similar to that of human mastication. (iii) Frequency of the movements was independent of hardness of the object placed between the incisors, though oral stimulation easily stopped the movement as did a noxious stimulus applied around the oral cavity. We conclude that peripheral activation, which may be generated by tooth contact, is as essential to the rhythmic jaw movement as central activation. PMID- 6734776 TI - Activity during active sleep of bulbar reticular neurons firing rhythmically during mastication in cats. AB - Unitary activity was recorded from 17 bulbar reticular neurons, which fired rhythmically during mastication, in unanesthetized, spontaneously respiring cats during sleep and wakefulness. All these neurons showed the highest mean firing rate during food ingestion, and none of them showed any tonic discharge during active sleep. The results are discussed in terms of a functional differentiation of bulbar reticular inhibitory neurons projecting to jaw-closer motoneurons in relation to phasic inhibition during mastication and tonic inhibition during active sleep of jaw-closer motoneurons. PMID- 6734777 TI - Fine structure of the synaptic endings between sympathetic axons and skeletal muscle cells and of the varicosities in the bundles of neurites in tissue culture. AB - In cocultures of skeletal muscle and sympathetic ganglia from chick embryos, synaptic boutons on skeletal muscle cells and varicosities in the neuritic bundles were observed electron microscopically. Synaptic endings on skeletal muscles were bulbous. Most synaptic boutons simply made contact with muscle fibers, but some boutons appeared as concave invaginations into the sarcolemma. In the neuritic bundles, numerous varicosities were observed. Close approximations were found between the synaptic boutons and skeletal muscles and between the varicosities and neurites (dendrites or axons), but no membrane thickening nor subsynaptic infolding was observed in either synapse; in our cultures the contacts were characteristic of the autonomic nervous system. In both synapses, three variations were demonstrated by KMnO4 fixation after 5 hydroxydopamine incubation: (i) containing predominantly small dense-core vesicles (noradrenergic type), (ii) predominantly small clear vesicles (cholinergic types), and (iii) a mixture of both small dense-core and small clear vesicles (mixed type). Cytochemically, the varicosities in the neuritic bundles were predominantly noradrenergic at 1 week in culture, and both the synaptic boutons on skeletal muscles and the varicosities in the neuritic bundles contained a mixed population of small dense-core and small clear vesicles at intermediate times, with a gradual shift to cholinergic characteristics. These findings strongly suggest that in this culture system some sympathetic neurons or fibers become cholinergic (neuronal plasticity). PMID- 6734778 TI - Lumbar dorsal root potentials elicited by stimulation of nucleus locus coeruleus. AB - Lumbar dorsal root potentials (DRP) were elicited by nucleus locus coeruleus (LC) stimulation in the cat. Inhibition, by LC stimulation, of dorsal horn cells responding to noxious inputs corresponded in time with the DRPs evoked by LC stimulation. Comparing cutaneous stimulation-evoked DRPs with LC stimulation evoked DRPs and their respective effects on dorsal horn single-unit activity suggested a shared segmental underlying mechanism and the possible involvement of the coeruleospinal system with that of a diffuse noxious inhibitory suprasegmental loop. PMID- 6734779 TI - Alterations in cerebellar glutamic acid decarboxylase (GAD) activity in a genetic model of torsion dystonia (rat). AB - Glutamic acid decarboxylase (GAD) activity was studied in specific brain regions of a newly identified genetic (rat) model of human torsion dystonia. GAD activity was found to be significantly increased in the deep cerebellar nuclei of dystonic rats at 16, 20, and 24 days of age. GAD activity in the other regions examined (vermis, cerebellar hemispheres, caudate nucleus, and globus pallidus) did not differ from that of age-matched normal littermate controls. Diazepam treatment significantly reduced the frequency of dystonic movements in the mutant. PMID- 6734780 TI - Effects of fasting during gestation on brain development in BALB/c mice. AB - The development of the corpus callosum (CC) was examined in BALB/cCF mice in relation to the effects of a 32-h period of maternal fasting. The treatment was imposed on days 15 and 16 during gestation, which immediately precedes the time when the initial callosal axons cross the midline. The BALB/c strain was used because it is prone to developing a corpus callosum which is either small in size or absent at the midline. A split-litter design was used where fetal brain development was assessed on days 22 and 50 postconception (birth and weaning). The treatment did not increase the incidence of absent CC. On day 22 the midsagittal cross-sectional area of the CC, as well as brain and body weight, were smaller in the experimental group. Covariance analysis showed the effect on brain weight to be related to the overall growth retardation seen in the low body weight. In the control group, CC area and the brain weight were positively correlated, but in the experimental group this was not the case, suggesting the effect on the CC was independent of growth retardation. By day 50 there were no significant differences between the groups on any measure, although the data did show a trend toward a smaller CC in the fasted animals. PMID- 6734781 TI - Parenteral penicillin epilepsy: tolerance to subsequent treatments. AB - We recorded spike activity induced by i.p. penicillin injections in eight rats, repeating the experiment five times per each rat, at 48-h intervals. Spike frequency was significantly reduced in all sessions subsequent to the first, without changes in penicillin blood concentrations. The penicillin model of epilepsy is therefore not advisable in studies on antiepileptic drugs with a crossover design. PMID- 6734782 TI - Cortical spike wave discharges during audiogenic convulsions in rats. AB - Audiogenic seizure-susceptible rats show high-amplitude spikes and waves in the electrocorticogram during the tonic phase of a maximal audiogenic convulsion. This observation establishes the validity of this seizure type as an animal model for human generalized epilepsy. PMID- 6734783 TI - Contrasting effects of suspension on hind limb muscles in the hamster. AB - The contractile properties of plantaris and soleus muscles were studied in 46-day old hamsters after 4 weeks of rear-end suspension; their controls were animals which had not been treated or else had been operated upon but not suspended. In the suspended hamsters the plantaris muscles, of which approximately 90% of fibers are normally type II, maintained the properties of fast-twitch muscles in terms of their contraction and half-relaxation times, maximum rates of rise of tetanic tension, and posttetanic potentiation of the twitch. The small reduction of mean tetanic tension, although not significant statistically, was compatible with relatively mild atrophy of the type II fibers; approximately half of the type I fibers appeared to have converted to type II. In contrast, the soleus muscles, normally slow-twitch with approximately 60% type I fibers, exhibited significant shortening of their contraction and half-relaxation times after suspension and the maximum rates of rise of tetanic tension were increased. These changes, and the greatly reduced twitch and tetanic tensions, were compatible with the finding of much greater atrophy of type I than type II fibers, together with the conversion of approximately 10% of fibers from type I to type II. Unlike other contractile variables, posttetanic depression of the soleus twitch was unaffected by suspension. Our findings have implications in relation to other models of disuse. PMID- 6734784 TI - Physiologic and histologic features of muscle development in the hamster. AB - This study determined to what extent the hind limb muscles of hamsters resemble those of other mammals in undergoing changes in physiologic, morphologic, and histochemical properties as a function of age. Maximal isometric twitch and tetanic responses were evoked in soleus and plantaris muscles of hamsters aged 13 days to 6 months; all experiments were conducted in vivo under sodium pentobarbital anesthesia. In keeping with findings in the cat and rat, both hamster muscles had relatively prolonged twitches in the youngest animals; the twitches became briefer during development, that of plantaris having a minimum mean contraction time of 15.4 +/- 2.4 ms at 20 days and that of soleus, 28.3 +/- 3.5 ms at 46 days. In both muscles there was a subsequent slight prolongation of the twitch. The two muscles had similar masses at 13 and 20 days; thereafter the plantaris became considerably larger and stronger than the soleus and developed more tetanic tension per unit cross-sectional area. In keeping with its briefer contraction, plantaris had a more rapid rate of rise of tetanic tension than soleus and was more susceptible to fatigue; whereas the soleus developed depression of the twitch after a tetanus, the plantaris exhibited potentiation. Histological and histochemical studies showed that the plantaris had significantly more muscle fibers than the soleus and a much greater proportion of type II fibers (91 and 39%, respectively, in 120- to 180-day-old animals). Whereas the type II fibers had similar cross-sectional areas in the two muscles, the type I fibers were significantly smaller in plantaris than in soleus. PMID- 6734785 TI - Does electrical stimulation of denervated muscle, continued after reinnervation, influence recovery of contractile function? AB - The study was conducted to determine if daily electrical stimulation of denervated muscle, initiated the day following crush denervation and continued for 8 weeks (i.e., 5 weeks after presumptive reinnervation), would influence denervation-associated alterations in muscle size and in situ contractile properties of rat gastrocnemius. A stimulation protocol of brief, strong, isometric contractions was designed to maximize the beneficial effects as described by previous authors. By 8 weeks after crush, unstimulated muscles were still significantly lighter in wet weight, were tetanically weaker, and showed slower isometric contractile responses in situ than controls. Denervated muscles which had been stimulated daily were heavier and tetanically stronger (the latter not different from controls) than those in the nonstimulated group. Muscle weights from groups of animals killed at 2 or 4 weeks after nerve crush indicated the major benefit of stimulation occurred during this initial 4-week period. In situ fatigue properties were unaffected by denervation or stimulation. A protocol of electrical stimulation-evoked strong contractions, initiated soon after denervation and continued after reinnervation, was effective in attenuating the strength-related, but not speed-related, changes in neuromuscular function resulting from denervation. These latter changes are presumably the result of loss of "neurotrophic influence" and/or continuous low-tension muscle activity lost as a result of denervation. PMID- 6734786 TI - Reversible motor paralysis in rats after repeated electroconvulsive shock. AB - Repeated electroconvulsive shocks (ECS) delivered at brief (10 to 15 min) intervals through earclip electrodes, induced a reversible motor paralysis in 35% of treated rats. Paralysis was characterized by loss of locomotor activity without apparent loss of sensory functions. It occurred after 10 to 13 shocks regardless of whether stimulation was of subthreshold (40 to 60 mA) or suprathreshold (65 mA) intensity. This phenomenon may provide a useful animal model for the investigation of reversible injury to the spinal cord. PMID- 6734787 TI - Influence of vision on vibration-induced illusions of limb movement. AB - Illusory motion of the unseen stationary forearm can be elicited by vibration of the biceps brachii or triceps brachii muscle. We have studied in 12 individuals how sight of part of the arm alone or in relation to other objects affects such vibration-induced, illusory motion of the forearm. Our findings indicate a complex but systematic influence of vision in attenuating apparent motion of the forearm. They show, too, that the seen and felt positions of the forearm can be dissociated and that physically impossible spatial configurations of the arm can be experienced. These findings have implications for physiological theories of position sense. PMID- 6734788 TI - Fusion, compression, diversion, and the workings of paradox: a theory of therapeutic/systemic change. AB - This paper describes a geodynamic balance theory of family process. It attempts to synthesize temporal/spatial patterning, movement, interpersonal structure, and the family developmental process. The family system is portrayed in terms of the pattern of interpersonal orbits among its members and the interface between these and "external" systems such as friendship networks, neighborhoods, and therapists. It is proposed that therapeutic/systemic change can be induced through either of two interventional mechanisms: diversion (e.g., behavioral techniques, restructuring, differentiating) or compression (e.g., paradoxical technique, returning home, grief work). Such processes share a number of similarities with analogues from the physical sciences. These formulations may assist clinicians in determining the most appropriate operations and directions for treatment. PMID- 6734789 TI - Interactional complexity and communication. AB - This paper draws attention to an oversimplification that we believe has been frequently made in the analysis of interpersonal communication. This happens when one uses interpersonal communication models that do not match the interactional complexity of the system under observation. The aim of the paper is to present some conceptual parameters (Territoriality, Temporality, Duality) of an N-adic model of communication in the effort to match the interactional complexity of the N-person games. In other words, if we accept the so-called "systems" approach, we need communication models that allow us to observe different levels of interactional complexity. The observer (the therapist) may decide on which level to take up his or her stance with reference to the particular case at hand and the goals in studying it. PMID- 6734790 TI - The concept of collusion: a combined systemic-psychodynamic approach to marital therapy. AB - The author presents some new theoretical aspects and therapeutic implications of the concept of Couples in Collusion, (22), first published in 1975. According to this concept, the emotional attraction in the selection of a mate is based on a fascinating, mutual, and alarming theme, shared by both partners in order to be mastered together. The partners unavowedly start colluding to compensate for former frustrations and to repress fears of intimacy. After some time of living together and in defense of repressed feelings, they may enter into an escalation of the dysfunctional interactional pattern. Experience shows that severely neurotic personalities don't necessarily start colluding, provided that their partners don't gratify regressive needs or reinforce their defenses but help to cope with the frustrations of these unfulfilled regressive wishes. Therapies based on the concept of collusion aim at the improvement of intradyadic and extradyadic boundaries and the depolarization of extreme progressive-regressive behavior. These goals can be reached by both systemic and psychodynamic techniques. The concept of collusion may serve as a guide for this therapeutic process. PMID- 6734791 TI - A framework and themes for social network intervention. AB - This paper is concerned with the development and application of social network concepts in clinical practice. A framework of network levels and sets for ordering data and observations is proposed; the phenomenon of truncated networks is considered and two emphases in network intervention (gathering and connecting forms) are proposed to conceptualize network characteristics and practice that follows from such characteristics. A number of current examples of network practice are placed within the framework, and several advantages of utilizing a network perspective as a complement to existing models of family therapy are noted. PMID- 6734792 TI - Family therapy with deaf persons: the systemic utilization of an interpreter. AB - This paper discusses the theory and practice of providing family therapy to families in which there are hearing parents and at least one Deaf child, particularly regarding the optimal utilization of an interpreter. The therapist must be knowledgeable about the psychosocial effects of deafness, the cultural aspects of deafness, and preferably be able to use American Sign Language and Signed English. The therapeutic benefit of utilizing an interpreter extends far beyond simply facilitating communication between each family member whose primary language is either spoken English or Sign Language. The presence of an interpreter helps the therapist to modify family rules that deny the implications of deafness and prohibit the use of Sign Language, to modify the balance of power in the family, and to encourage participants to exhibit the ego defense mechanisms of projection and transference. The family therapist can utilize those subtle yet profound influences to therapeutic advantage. PMID- 6734793 TI - Family theory and the scientific method. AB - The evolution of family interactional research reveals a transformation from the theoretical concerns of a novel cybernetic paradigm to methodological problems of a prior mechanistic one. This change can be understood, within a cybernetic perspective, as an example of the characteristic functioning of adaptive systems attempting to maintain themselves unchanged under changed circumstances. A turn to a focus on method results in theoretical self-correction and the implicit retention of a mechanistic paradigm. This eliminates those most novel aspects of family interactional research that suggested the beginning of a cybernetic paradigm. A mechanistic methodology for family interaction research can be understood as an analogue to ritual in social systems. A primary attribute of ritual, sanctity, self-reflexively defines certain basic premises as unquestionable. By this, it regulates the beliefs of those who act it out, and eliminates the most radial novelty that confronts these beliefs. The evolution of family interactional research and its changing relationship to its methodology is an example of this process, the introduction and rejection of novelty by self regulating systems. In this case, a challenge to the basic premises of a mechanistic paradigm is subverted, using its method as the arbitrator of validity in family interactional research. PMID- 6734794 TI - The bogeyman cometh: a strategic approach for difficult adolescents. AB - Unpredictable and threatening events can sometimes alter one's view of reality. The altered perception may in turn result in altered forms of behavior and interaction with others. Deliberate efforts to facilitate this altered perception is sometimes attempted by invoking mythical forces such as the Bogeyman, Death, Satan, a shaman, or a sorcerer. Anthropological observations of shamanic magic suggest a number of components that appear to be responsible for these reality altering experiences. These can be employed to create such experiences in the treatment of difficult adolescents for whom usual solutions have been ineffective. The experience results in systemic changes that render the adolescent accessible to more usual forms of treatment and more functional interactions with adults. The crafting of this kind of experience is illustrated in a case example. Parallels with other clinical practices as well as ethical considerations are discussed. PMID- 6734795 TI - A family/systems approach to illness-maintaining behaviors in chronically ill adolescents. AB - A distressingly significant number of chronic, seriously ill adolescents demonstrate poor medical management of their illnesses through "illness maintaining behaviors." These behaviors are defined in this article as any action that compromises chronically ill adolescents' care and prevents them from functioning optimally. Current conceptualizations of illness-maintaining behaviors offer explanations that view these behaviors as individually focused, using either psychodynamic or behavioral models. This article, however, presents a family systems model of illness-maintaining behaviors. A therapeutic framework leading to specific intervention strategies is also developed. PMID- 6734796 TI - Resource theory and power in families: life cycle considerations. AB - We begin our discussion by outlining the usefulness of "resource theory" as a theoretical framework for the study of family power. This framework is then used to analyze changes in the balance of power between elderly parents and their middle-age children. With respect to intergenerational power relationships, we argue that the autonomy of elderly parents has increased, but their power and influence over adult children has decreased. This trend is likely to continue in coming decades. Resource theory is then utilized to analyze changes in marital power relationships as couples age. Most studies of power relationships between elderly spouses have an important limitation--they tend to reflect yesterday's definitions of male and female roles. Recent changes in these roles may significantly alter the social meanings of aging for both men and women in coming years. PMID- 6734797 TI - The study of the furocoumarin-serum albumin complex by difference spectrophotometry and gel exclusion. PMID- 6734798 TI - [Detection of morphine in urine using hemagglutination]. PMID- 6734799 TI - [Sensitivity of yeasts and filamentous fungi to antifungal agents: comparative in vitro studies]. PMID- 6734800 TI - [Comparative studies of the dissolution kinetics of 2 pharmaceutical forms of isosorbide dinitrate for sublingual administration: capsules and tablets]. PMID- 6734801 TI - Therapeutic effectiveness of L 105, given in three pediatric formulations, as an intestinal antibacterial agent. PMID- 6734802 TI - [Effect of age on the pharmacokinetic parameters of digoxin]. AB - Digoxin pharmacokinetics was studied in 40 virtually healthy subjects aged 60-89 years and 10 subjects aged 20-29 years injected with a single dose (0.5 mg) of digoxin. The pharmacokinetic data were interpreted in terms of a two compartmental model. The constant of digoxin transfer rate from the peripheral compartment to the central one appreciably increased, whereas the elimination constant and the magnitude of the total clearance was decreased with aging. The values of the apparent volume of the drug distribution in the central compartment, as well as those of the stationary and kinetic volumes of distribution got reduced. In elderly and senile subjects, the pharmacokinetic curve area increased. The half-life of digoxin in young, elderly and senile subjects was equal to 51, 54 and 57 h, respectively. PMID- 6734804 TI - [Characteristics of the ischemic disorders of xenobiotic metabolism in the liver of rats in the early and late stages of recovery]. AB - It has been demonstrated in rat experiments that total ischemia of the liver leads to disorders of the metabolism of xenobiotics and endogenous substrates. Upset hexenal metabolism manifests in the prolongation of the hexenal-induced sleep and hexenal concentration elevation in blood plasma for 18 days of the postischemic period. Following exposure to ischemia liver microsomes show a decrease in the rate of amidopyrine, aniline and hydrocortisone hydroxylation. Hydrocortisone metabolism returns to normal by day 14, that of amidopyrine by day 21 of the postischemic period. Aniline metabolism gets disturbed to a greater degree, remaining 33.4% lower by day 21. It has been shown that the inducibility of microsomal monooxygenases is substantially restricted by days 7 and 14 of the postischemic period. PMID- 6734803 TI - [Pharmacokinetic characteristics of zixoryn used in single and multiple doses]. AB - Nine patients with normal live and renal functions were examined for the pharmacokinetics of zixorine after a single oral administration in a dose of 300 mg. In 7 of these patients given multiple doses of zixorine, its pharmacokinetics was reinvestigated. Six of the 7 patients manifested deceleration of drug biotransformation instead of expected self-induction of biotransformation. The reasons for such a phenomenon are discussed. Four patients were examined for the time course of zixorine biotransformation. PMID- 6734805 TI - [Mechanism of emetic action of adrenaline and histamine in the dog]. AB - It has been established in dog experiments that phentolamine prevents the emetic action of adrenaline whereas diphenhydramine the emetic effect of histamine. Both the drugs in the doses studied do not produce any effect on vomiting induced by L DOPA. The dopamine blockers, etaperazine, haloperidol and metoclopramide given in the doses suppressing the emetic action of L-DOPA do not prevent the adrenaline- and histamine-induced vomiting. It is assumed that the emetic action of adrenaline is effected in dogs via alpha-adrenoreceptors, whereas the histamine induced vomiting via H1-histamine receptors of the trigger zone of the vomiting center. PMID- 6734806 TI - [Age-related characteristics of the effect of adrenomimetics on the noradrenaline and adrenaline content in the myocardium of the rat]. AB - White random-bred rats aged 7-30 days and 3-5 months were given a single intraperitoneal injection of the adrenomimetics, noradrenaline (0.025 mg/kg), isadrin (0.1 mg/kg) and ephedrine (5 mg/kg). In the myocardium, the content of noradrenaline and adrenaline was measured by fluorometry. The sensitivity of catecholamines of the heart muscle to exogenous sympathomimetics was discovered to change depending on the degree of maturity of the mechanisms of sympathetic regulation and features of metabolism in an individual age period. Possible mechanisms of the action of adrenomimetics on the myocardium in early ontogenesis are discussed. PMID- 6734808 TI - [Effect of prolonged intracarotid infusion of euphylline on the brain blood supply and metabolism of cats with intracerebral hemorrhage]. AB - In cats with intracerebral hemorrhage, prolonged intracarotid infusion of euphylline led to unfavourable changes in brain blood supply and metabolism. An increase in the overall cerebral circulation seen during infusion was replaced by a long-term lowering after its completion. Activation of brain oxygen consumption in the presence of the decreased cerebral circulation led to dysproportion between oxygen supply and consumption enhancing cerebral tissue hypoxia. Euphylline-induced glucose consumption with predominance of glucose anaerobic metabolism over aerobic one was followed by lactate accumulation in the brain. Taking into consideration the data obtained it is necessary to be very cautious as regards the use of intracarotid euphylline infusions in patients with subarachnoidal and intracerebral hemorrhages. PMID- 6734807 TI - [Analysis of the mechanisms of the anti-arrhythmic action of marcaine and lidocaine]. AB - It has been demonstrated in experiments on anesthetized cats with heart rhythm abnormalities induced by the creation of an "ectopic focus" by high-frequency electric stimulation of the ventricles that lidocaine in a dose of 5.8 mg/kg is inferior to marcaine in a dose of 1.3 mg/kg as regards the ability to inhibit the sympathetic tone. Lidocaine and marcaine have been discovered to produce different effects: lidocaine produced a dose-dependent selective inhibition of C components of reflex discharges, whereas marcaine a more prolonged and uniform suppression of both A- and C-components of evoked responses, inhibiting both excitatory and inhibitory components of reflex responses. PMID- 6734809 TI - [Effect of no-spa on the level of liver glucocorticoid receptors and on the biochemical indices of homeostasis in adrenalectomized rats]. AB - It has been shown in experiments on adrenalectomized male rats that no-spa (0.2 ml of 2% solution per 100 g bw injected 3 times) increases significantly the level of type II and III glucocorticoid receptors in liver cytosol, the content of glucose and protein in the blood and liver. Animals receiving no-spa demonstrated a substantial increase in oxygen partial tension and saturation of venous blood hemoglobin with oxygen. PMID- 6734810 TI - [Effect of tetracycline hydrochloride on the development of the thymus structure in the rat]. AB - Histological, electron microscopy and morphological methods were used to study the structure of the thymus of Wistar rats in the antenatal and early postnatal ontogenesis after administering to their mothers of the therapeutic doses of tetracycline hydrochloride at varying times of pregnancy (days 1-6, 8-13, 14-19). A study was also made of the alterations in the thymus of one-month-old rats exposed to the antibiotic prenatally in response to the administration of bacterial antigen. PMID- 6734811 TI - [Prenatal action of tetracycline hydrochloride on lymph node development in the rat]. AB - Histological and morphological methods were used to study the ante- and postnatal development of tracheobronchial and mesenterial nodes of white rats exposed to tetracycline in the preimplantation period (days 1-6 of the embryogenesis), during placentation and early organogenesis (days 8-13), and in the late organogenesis (days 14-19). Administration of tetracycline on days 1-6 and 8-13 of the embryogenesis disturbs the formation of the morphofunctional structures of the node, inhibits the lympho- and plasmocytopoiesis associated with a dramatic increase in the number of granulocytes and mast cells. Exposure to the antibiotic on days 14-19 of the embryo-genesis does not impair the formation of the lymph nodes but leads to an increase in them of the number of lymphocytes, plasmocytes, macrophages, eosinophilic granulocytes and mast cells. PMID- 6734812 TI - [Characteristics of the effect of nicotine on the mother-fetus system in exposure over the course of the entire pregnancy]. AB - Experiments on Wistar rats were made to study the effects of nicotine administered in doses of 0.4, 1.5, and 5 mg/kg (1/70, 1/20 and 1/5 of the LD50) on the functional state of the mother's body and embryogenesis under exposure throughout the entire pregnancy. The mother demonstrated abnormalities of nervous and cardiovascular functions, which were dose-dependent. Nicotine was shown to have an adverse effect on the formation of the cardiovascular system in embryos and ossification in the bone skeleton. The cardiovascular system tended towards an "organ to organ" injury within the mother-embryo system. PMID- 6734813 TI - [Antitoxic action of cobamamide in experimental hepatitis]. AB - Antitoxic properties of cobamamide, a coenzymic form of vitamin B12, were studied in experimental toxic hepatitis induced by CCl4. The data obtained as a result of the assessment of the bromosulfalene test and activity of sorbitol dehydrogenase and alanine aminotransferase point to a demonstrable hepatoprotective action of cobamamide. Normalization of the indicators studied evidences that the drug intensifies the recovery processes occurring in the liver of rabbits with toxic hepatitis. PMID- 6734814 TI - [Clinical pharmacokinetics of mebikar]. AB - Twenty-two patients admitted to the narcological clinic of an industrial enterprise were examined for the clinical effect and pharmacokinetic parameters after intake of a single dose of a Soviet psychotropic drug mebicar. The clinical status was assessed by means of psychometric mapping and concurrent recording of the EEG. The correlation of the pharmacodynamic and pharmacokinetic data can be used for the choice of minimal effective concentrations applied in further calculations of individual dosage regimens. PMID- 6734815 TI - The 5-atom rule and the subclassification of peripheral postsynaptic muscarinic receptors. AB - The effects of five pairs of muscarinic compounds in homology relationship within each pair on peripheral postsynaptic muscarinic receptors of rat jejunum and guinea-pig atria and trachea were studied. The relative activities within each pair of compounds were similar for all the biological responses studied. It is reasoned that, at least in the tissues examined, the resemblance between the agonist receptors must be very close. PMID- 6734816 TI - N-Trifluoroacetyl derivatives as pharmacological agents. II. Trifluoroacetanilides: synthesis and antiinflammatory activity. AB - The analogy with the anti-inflammatory trifluoromethane-sulfonanilides prompted us to the synthesis of a series of trifluoroacetanilides which were found to maintain the pharmacological properties of the analog sulfonanilides. Many of the obtained compounds inhibited either the carrageenin-induced rat paw edema and the adjuvant-induced arthritis; some showed better anti-inflammatory properties than indomethacin and phenylbutazone. Acute toxicity and ulcerogenic effects were significantly lower than those of reference drugs. PMID- 6734818 TI - Recovery period after profound hypoglycemia. Influence of some metabolic modulators on the cerebral endogenous substrate utilization. AB - The content of "energy-rich" phosphates was markedly decreased in rat cerebral cortex after 20 min of severe hypoglycemia, followed by partial restitution during the recovery period. The adenine nucleotide pool remained reduced even if the energy charge returned to normal. During hypoglycemia the non-glucose endogenous substrates were provided by glycolytic intermediates, by Krebs' cycle intermediates and by related amino acids. Other substrates for brain oxidation were provided by the breakdown of phospholipids and fatty acids. After a 20 min period of post-hypoglycemic recovery, partial restoration of carbohydrates and amino acids occurred, the amino acid pool size being still reduced. The alterations in phospholipids and fatty acids persisted, while there was a tendency towards normalization of the free fatty acid cerebral content. During the post-hypoglycemic recovery, treatment with some specific metabolic modulators (i.e., uridine, L-acetylcarnitine, hopantenate, 6-amino-nicotinamide) suggests the possibility of an alternative cerebral substrate utilization due to the modulation of the cerebral biochemical machinery. Thus, increased carbohydrate utilization by hopantenate was consistent with decreased lipid breakdown, while increased carbohydrate utilization by uridine was concomitant with decreased amino acid degradation. On the other hand, decreased cerebral carbohydrate utilization by 6-aminonicotinamide was concomitant with increased lipid and amino acid breakdown. Furthermore, the increased loss of cerebral phospholipids and fatty acids by L-acetylcarnitine occurred in the presence of a large glucose availability and was concomitant with an extensive reduction on cerebral glycolytic flux. PMID- 6734817 TI - [2,5-diaryl-substituted 1,3,4-oxadiazoles: synthesis and preliminary pharmacological investigation]. AB - Seven 2,5-diarylalkyloxysubstituted 1,3,4-oxadiazoles were synthesized. They showed pronounced antiphlogistic action together with central activity (sedative, analgesic) that principally seems to be connected with the presence in the molecule of the 3,4-dioxymethylenephenyl radical. PMID- 6734819 TI - [Hexahydroimidazo[1,5-a]-pyrazine. II. Synthesis of 7-phenyl-1,5,6,7,8,8a hexahydroimidazo[,5-a]pyrazine-3(2H)-one and derivatives]. AB - The synthesis and activity on the central nervous system of a series of 2-aryl or 2-alkyl-7-phenylhexahydroimidazo[1,5-a] pyrazin-3(2H)-ones (II a-f) are reported. The intermediate 3-carbomethoxy-1-phenylpiperazine (X) was prepared in six steps from aniline and methyl-2-chloroacrylate. Compared with that of derivatives of Zetidoline, the depressant activity of (II a-f) is markedly reduced. PMID- 6734820 TI - Calmodulin binding to human spectrin. AB - Calmodulin is shown to interact with human spectrin dimer. The binding was highly calcium-dependent and observed in two different kinds of experiments. Firstly, affinity chromatography of calmodulin on a Sepharose 4B column with immobilized spectrin, and secondly, partition in aqueous two-phase polymer systems. In the column experiments stoichiometric amounts of calmodulin were retained on the spectrin-Sepharose column when micromolar concentrations of calcium were present. The calmodulin bound could be eluted with EGTA. The partition coefficient of calmodulin in an aqueous two-phase polymer system containing calcium was changed upon addition of spectrin, indicating an association between the two proteins. In the absence of calcium, spectrin did not cause any change in the partition behaviour of calmodulin, thus showing that the association requires calcium. PMID- 6734822 TI - Relaxation of chromatin structure upon removal of histones H2A and H2B. AB - Modification of chromatin from chicken erythrocytes with dimethylmaleic anhydride is accompanied by its solubilization and the dissociation of histones H1, H5, H2A and H2B. Histone H1 is the first to dissociate and H5 the last. After regeneration of the modified amino groups, residual chromatin preparations with different histone composition were studied by circular dichroism and thermal denaturation. In addition to the effects produced by the lack of histones H1 and H5, both techniques show a substantial relaxation of chromatin structure induced by the loss of histones H2A and H2B, which appear to play an important role in the superhelical folding of DNA. PMID- 6734821 TI - Monoclonal antibodies which prevent experimental lung metastases. Interference with the adhesion of tumour cells to laminin. AB - Cellular adhesion is important during metastasis, as metastatic cells must escape from the primary site into lymph and blood systems, there to adhere specifically to sites in distant organs. We have recently selected monoclonal antibodies which prevent adherence of B16 mouse melanoma cells to tissue culture dishes, and also markedly reduce experimental lung metastasis in mice when injected before or with the tumor cells. Here, we investigated which step in the metastatic process may be affected by the antibodies. The possible inhibitory effect of antibody on tumour cell adherence to vascular endothelial monolayers and to purified components of the underlying extracellular matrix - fibronectin, laminin and collagen type IV - was studied using in vitro assays. We found that the antibodies significantly blocked attachment to laminin, suggesting that specific basement membrane components play an important role in attracting or otherwise modifying the behaviour of metastatic tumour cells. PMID- 6734825 TI - [Energy metabolism in the smooth muscle of the gastrointestinal tract in experimental disorders of its neural regulation]. PMID- 6734823 TI - Ion transport processes in apical membranes of epithelia. PMID- 6734824 TI - Ion transport processes in basolateral membranes of epithelia. PMID- 6734826 TI - [Neuronal electrical activity and acetylcholine concentration in the cortical projection area of afferent nociceptive signals]. PMID- 6734827 TI - [Molecular physiology of aging]. PMID- 6734828 TI - [Pathogenesis of age-related changes in the development of experimental atherosclerosis]. PMID- 6734829 TI - [Integrative mechanisms of regulating hemodynamics]. PMID- 6734830 TI - [Various results of studies on the problem of hypoxia]. PMID- 6734832 TI - [Philosophical problems concerning the relation between structure and function in current membrane physiology]. PMID- 6734831 TI - [Antibodies and regulation of bodily functions]. PMID- 6734833 TI - [Characteristics of osmotic sensitivity of cells of the supraoptic nucleus of the rat hypothalamus]. AB - The supraoptic neurons were differentiated into different types by means of antidromic stimulation of the hypothalamo-hypophyseal tract and their responses to i. v. administration of 1 M NaCl solution. I. v. administration of hypertonic NaCl solution induced the activation response in all the neurons. The neurons responding with a single spike to the tract stimulation, reacted only to administration of 1 M NaCl. The neurons responding orthodromically with a high frequency burst as well as the neurons with no responses to the tract stimulation, revealed reactions of activation similar in time characteristics in administration of both the physiological and the hypertonic solutions. Besides, these neurons were responsive to stimulation of the ipsilateral femoral nerve as well. Possible role of these types of neurons in the functional organization of the rat hypothalamus' supraoptic nucleus, is discussed. PMID- 6734834 TI - [Resistance of cortical and hypothalamic neurons to recurrent asphyxia]. AB - Asphyxia produced by discontinuing of artificial respiration for 3-5 min in curarized cats, was well tolerated by some neurons of the cerebral and hypothalamus cortex even when repeated a few times with the interval between asphyxias from 40 to 60 min. In most cases neurons even increased their resistance against subsequent effect of acute oxygen insufficiency preserving for a longer time the spontaneous impulse activity during the second and the third asphyxia. PMID- 6734835 TI - [Effect of microwaves on work capacity and impedance of the brain structures of rats]. AB - Adaptive processes occurring in white rats in response to microwave irradiation with non-thermogenic density, were studied as well as the maximal working ability of the animals, the impedance of their sensomotor cortex, hypothalamic nuclei and cerebral tissues, skeletal muscles and liver. Probable physiological mechanism of the observed effects is discussed. PMID- 6734836 TI - [Regulation of snail heart contractions by neurons of the visceral ganglion]. AB - The system of neurons regulating the frequency and strength of heart beats was studied in the snail subesophageal ganglia. Three out of four neurons exerted a short-term phasic effect on the heart. Stimulation of the V6 neuron led to a prolonged increase in the frequency and strength of the heart beats. Activity of two inhibitory cells (about 1-3/sec) was observed whereas excitatory neurons were silent. All the efferent neurons were involved in parallel and did not affect each other. PMID- 6734837 TI - [Neuronal activity of microganglia of the vena cava orifice]. AB - Spontaneous activity of ganglionic neurons was studied in vitro in subserous plexus of the isolated preparations of inferior vena cava segments attached to the ventricle. Presence of the active neurons along with the "silent" those was shown. Mechanosensitive neurons with a single response to mechanical stimulation constituted a separate group. The neurons under study belong to the metasympathetic part of the nervous system and are supposed to affect the functional state regulation of the intracardiac sinus node. PMID- 6734838 TI - [Responses of enterometasympathetic neurons to transmural electric stimulation]. AB - Transmural electrical stimulation evokes a multicomponent response in the enterometasympathetic ganglion, the response consisting of early low-amplitude APs and late single AP or bursts of APs. Some of the neurons developed a high amplitude antidromic spike following the stimulation. Application of ganglio blocking agent hexonium (10(-6) g/ml), solutions with high magnesium concentration (up to 10 mM) and high-frequency stimulation (30 Hz) led to disappearance of single APs but not the bursts of APs. This suggests that some components of the response are synaptically evoked in ortho- and antidromic stimulations. The remaining spikes reflect conduction of excitation along continuous nerve fibers. Transmural electrical stimulation leads to either increase or decrease in the spontaneous firing rate of neurons except the cells generating stable burst-like firing. Reasons and significance of these changes are discussed. PMID- 6734839 TI - [Effect of methylene blue on spontaneous and evoked reactions in the autonomic neuromuscular junction]. AB - The action of a vital neurotropic dye methylene blue on spontaneous and posttetanic reactions in the autonomic neuromuscular junction was studied with the sucrose gap technique. Low concentrations of methylene blue (10(-5)-10(-6) g/ml) increased the frequency of APs in spontaneously active cells and induced APs in silent cells while high concentrations of methylene blue (10(-3)-10(-4) g/ml) showed the biphasic excitatory-inhibitory action. Similar changes occurred in the excitatory phase of posttetanic response of smooth muscle cells, although the amplitude and duration of synaptic potentials remained unchanged. The stability of reactions after injection of methylene blue simultaneously with ganglio-, adrenoblocking agents and atropine as well as elevated Mg2+, suggests unspecific action of the methylene blue molecule on the muscle cell membrane. The observed phenomena were of shortlasting type and disappeared after washing with normal nutrient medium. PMID- 6734840 TI - [Effect of isopropylnoradrenaline included in liposomes on cardiac hemodynamics during the adrenoreceptor blockade]. AB - Isopropylnoradrenaline (INA) included in liposomes caused positive inotropic and system depression effects in cats. Duration of the reaction increased by 3.5 times compared with the response to a free form of beta-adrenomimetic. It was shown that the liposome beta-adrenomimetic induced a cardiostimulating effect under blockade of adrenergic receptors and increased the arterial blood pressure in this condition. Administration of INA after liposomes increased the arterial blood pressure as well. The data obtained suggest that the specific character of adrenergic receptors can be altered with exogenous phospholipids. PMID- 6734841 TI - [Adrenergic mechanisms of the cystic plexus in the cat]. AB - Hypogastric and pelvic nerves were stimulated in experiments carried out on isolated vesical plexuses of the cat as well as intra-or extracellular recording of the activity of vesical ganglion neurons was conducted. Characteristics of evoked responses, ganglionic lability, rhythmic and posttetanic potentiation were studied. Homosynaptic presynaptic origin of posttetanic potentiation was noted. Suppression of ganglionic recording in stimulation of sympathetic fibres and in intraarterial injections of catecholamines is suggested to be connected with presynaptic adrenergic inhibition. This suggestion was confirmed in experiments with administration of reserpine and phenoxybenzidine . PMID- 6734842 TI - [The parasympathetic nervous system and regulation of blood flow in the gastric mucosa in albino rats and dogs]. AB - Chronic experiments on dogs and acute experiments on rats revealed that parasympathetic nervous system does not exert tonic influence on the blood flow in the resting gastric mucosa. PMID- 6734844 TI - [Dynamics of vegetative functions in dehydration]. AB - The organism vegetative responses of the cardio-vascular and respiratory systems were studied in dogs under conditions of absolute or relative dehydration. The dehydration process was shown to proceed in two stages: the first one only involved inner compensatory mechanisms with a decrease in the heart rate and irregular breathing; the second stage revealed a motivational excitation with respective increase in the heart rate and breathing. PMID- 6734843 TI - [Effect of bombesin, its various fragments and their analogs on thermoregulation in rabbits]. AB - Out of synthetic tetradecapeptide bombesin, its fragments C-terminal nonapeptide and N-terminal pentapeptide and their analogues ( Val7 , D- Ala11 ), ( Ala7 , D- Ala11 ), (Leu7, D- Ala11 ) and ( Pro6 , Gly7 , D- Ala11 ), the first two, being injected into the lateral ventricle of the brain in rabbits, affected the body temperature in cold environment (+ 10 degrees C). The analogues exerted a lesser effect on the body temperature. N-terminal pentapeptide was ineffective both in cold (+ 10 degrees C) and warm (+ 30 degrees C) environment. PMID- 6734845 TI - [Cholinergic aspects of the peripheral regulation of water and salt solution intake]. AB - Consumption of water and salt solutions in conditions of ordinary and increased thirst depends on the state of the organism's cholinergic system. Atropine and proserine disturb the balance of sodium and potassium ions in the blood. alter the drinking motivational excitation and the specialized salt appetite. In dehydration, the acetylcholine concentration decreases in the blood. PMID- 6734846 TI - [Tetramethylthionine (methylene blue). Aspects of interaction with the neural and muscle tissues at the membrane level]. PMID- 6734847 TI - [Effect of noradrenaline and adrenaline on gastric secretion in dogs after pentagastrin stimulation]. PMID- 6734849 TI - [The 57th congress of the Japan Endocrine Society. 18-20 May 1984, Tokyo, Japan. Abstracts]. PMID- 6734848 TI - [A method of studying the interrelation between extramural intestinal glands and various parts of the intestines]. PMID- 6734850 TI - Medical grand rounds: regional streptokinase therapy for arterial occlusion. PMID- 6734851 TI - Chairman is in middle of cost debate. PMID- 6734852 TI - Second year follow-up report of the screenees of the 1974-1980 Breast Cancer Detection Demonstration Project. PMID- 6734854 TI - Long-term economic consequences for women of delayed childbearing and reduced family size. AB - Using data from the Panel Study of Income Dynamics, this study explored the association among delayed childbearing, completed family size and several measures of the economic well-being of women age 60 and older in 1976. By retirement age women who bore their first child at age 30 or older are significantly better off economically than either average-age childbearers or the childless. Economic well-being also appears to be related to family size among late childbearers . At retirement age the delayed childbearer with only one or two children appears better off than all other women. Thus, late childbearing and small family size appear associated with the highest standard of living for these women. This study also relates the experience of this early cohort of women to that of more recent birth cohorts. PMID- 6734853 TI - Components of change in the number of households: 1970-1980. AB - There was an increase from 62.8 to 79.1 million households in the United States during the 1970s. The number of households increased much more rapidly than the population. This paper decomposes this growth in the number of households into components associated with changing age and martial status composition and changing age by marital status-specific propensities to form households. About one-third of the increase in the number of households was due to increased age by marital status propensity to form households, and two-thirds was due to shifts in the age by marital status distribution and population growth. The increased propensity to form households had its major impact at ages under 35, and primarily among never-married persons. The composition component had its primary impact at ages 25-44 as a result of the baby boom, and also because of the increased fractions never married and separated and divorced. PMID- 6734855 TI - Local labor markets, children and labor force participation of wives. AB - Most research on married women's labor force participation relates characteristics of individual women to their probability of labor force participation. Some studies relate characteristics of geographic areas to average labor force participation rates in those areas, although these aggregate level analyses are usually gross tests of ideas about individual-level processes. Here we take a quintessentially sociological perspective and seek to understand how characteristics of geographic areas structure the relationship between properties of individual women and their probabilities of labor force participation. Our analysis has two steps. In step one, we fit individual-level probit models of married women's probability of labor force participation. A separate model is fitted in each of 409 areas using 1970 Census data, and the relationship between individual characteristics and labor force participation is found to vary substantially across areas. In step two, we attempt to explain areal variation in the effects of women's children on their labor force participation. We hypothesize that the effect of children on their mothers' labor force participation is a function of the cost and availability of childcare , and of the "convenience" of jobs for working mothers in the places where the mothers live. Measures of childcare cost, childcare availability and job convenience are developed. Weighted least squares analyses of probit coefficients from the first stage are, in general, very consistent with our findings, and suggest that the approach taken in this paper is likely to be a fruitful one for future studies. PMID- 6734856 TI - A dynamic analysis of women's employment exits. AB - This research examines women's rates of leaving a job to become nonemployed (unemployed or out of the labor force) using a stochastic, continuous-time model. The data consist of employment histories of white women constructed from the National Longitudinal Survey of Young Women (1968-1973). The results demonstrate the importance of examining the underlying processes in women's employment. Several differences are found between the determinants of employment exits and what might be expected from the cross-sectional and panel literature on female labor force participation. The findings also provide evidence of the interdependence of fertility and employment, with young children increasing rates of employment exits and with high wages on a job decreasing rates of leaving a job because of a pregnancy. Finally, involuntary employment terminations are examined, and their transition rates are found to decrease with job wages and job tenure and to increase when a woman has children. PMID- 6734857 TI - Religion and fertility: a replication. AB - Jones and Westoff (1979) reported a study of fertility trends among white women in intact first marriages. They found that the fertility of white Catholic and non-Catholic wives was converging. The differential had all but disappeared, as had the differential by frequency of communion among Catholic wives. We replicated their study using data from the 1976 National Survey of Family Growth. We found that the fertility of the two religious groups was indeed converging, but the Catholic-non-Catholic differential was larger than that found by Jones and Westoff --how much larger depends on what measure is used. Moreover, we found that the differential by frequency of communion among Catholic wives was not converging. Possible explanations of the apparent differences in the findings are discussed. PMID- 6734858 TI - The negligible influence of premarital cohabitation on marital fertility in current Danish cohorts, 1975. AB - This paper studies the influence of premarital cohabitation on marital fertility by applying life table methods to data for cohorts of Danish women born in 1926 1955, collected in retrospective interviews made in 1975. For each five-year cohort, the data have been analyzed by duration of marriage or by duration since previous birth, for women who had no reported births before marriage. Our main empirical results are: (a) that women who married at age 15-19 had higher rates of marital first and second births than those married at ages 20-24, and (b) that premarital cohabitation had very little influence on births of these two first orders in our data. PMID- 6734859 TI - Social determinants of low birth weight in a high-risk population. AB - Over ninety low-weight infants were born per thousand live births in South Carolina, based on 96,000 birth records from 1975 and 1979. Higher incidence of low birth weight for black infants cannot be explained away as a result of black/white differences in age or education of mothers, prenatal care, parity or length of birth intervals. Though all these factors are important predictors of birth weight, an increasing propensity to have low-weight babies persists among black mothers even after all these factors are controlled. PMID- 6734860 TI - Mortality estimation from registered deaths in less developed countries. AB - Age-specific population growth rates were introduced to demographic analysis in earlier work by Bennett and Horiuchi (1981) and Preston and Coale (1982). In this paper, we derive a method which uses these growth rates to transform what may be a set of incompletely recorded deaths by age into a life table that accurately reflects the true mortality experience of the population under study. The method does not rely on the assumption of stability and, for example, in contrast to intercensal cohort survival techniques, is simple to implement when presented with nontraditional intercensal interval lengths. Thus we can obtain mortality estimates for less developed countries with defective data, despite departures from stability. Further, we assess the sensitivity of the method to violations in various assumptions underlying the procedure: error in estimated growth rates, existence of non-zero net intercensal migration, age dependence in the completeness of death registration, and misreporting of age at death and age in the population. We demonstrate the use of the method in an application to data referring to Argentine females during the period 1960 to 1970. PMID- 6734861 TI - Mismatch between occupation and schooling: a prevalence measure, recent trends and demographic analysis. AB - This paper deals with the mismatch between occupation and schooling attainment, the imbalance between occupation-specific demand for labor and schooling-level specific labor supply. A framework for measuring the prevalence of mismatch is given, and a simple index derived from it gives plausible results and robust inferences about differentials and time trend. This approach can be applied to existing data, yields comprehensive and current social indicators, and can be used with a minimum number of assumptions. Trends for the U.S. labor force over the 1969-1980 interval are examined. Results show that there has been a dramatic and general increase in mismatch prevalence. Various demographic explanations of mismatch trends are examined. PMID- 6734862 TI - Place, race and differential occupational opportunities. AB - A large body of literature investigating the link between black percentage in the community and occupational differentiation, has found disparities to be greater in places where blacks are in a higher proportion. The present paper discusses first, theoretical perspectives and methodological techniques employed in past research; second, examines the issue in terms of the relative odds of the races for incumbency in a series of occupational groupings; and third, analyzes the effect of percentage black on race-linked occupational differentiation across 124 major American cities. Using log-linear procedures, blacks, relative to whites, are much more likely to be in unskilled and semiskilled manual occupations, while whites, relative to blacks, are far more likely to be in white-collar and upper status positions. Moreover, blacks' denial of access to higher-status positions, their channeling to lower-status work, and their ability to overflow into specific intermediate-status occupations are found to be greatly influenced both by percentage black as well as other community characteristics. The findings are discussed in light of sociological theories suggesting that the issue cannot be understood solely by the competition hypothesis. One must also consider the overflow and queuing explanations. PMID- 6734863 TI - [Clinical aspects and therapy of peripheral lymph node tuberculosis today]. PMID- 6734864 TI - Werner's syndrome. Light and electron microscopic study of scleroderma-like changes. PMID- 6734865 TI - [Idiopathic calcinosis of scrotal skin]. PMID- 6734866 TI - [Pityriasis rubra pilaris in childhood]. PMID- 6734867 TI - [Photoconditioning in polymorphic light dermatosis]. PMID- 6734868 TI - [Local PUVA therapy with a modified 8-methoxypsoralen solution]. PMID- 6734869 TI - Identification of hemagglutinating protein and bactericidal activity in the hemolymph of adult Sarcophaga peregrina on injury of the body wall. AB - When the body wall of adult Sarcophaga peregrina (flesh-fly) was injured with a hypodermic needle, hemagglutinating activity and antibacterial activity were induced in the hemolymph simultaneously. The hemagglutinating activity was shown to be due to the same lectin that was found previously in the hemolymph of injured larvae. Thus, larval and adult Sarcophaga respond in the same way to injury of the body wall. PMID- 6734870 TI - Nonspecific cytotoxic cells in fish (Ictalurus punctatus). I. Optimum requirements for target cell lysis. AB - Nonspecific cytotoxic cells (NCC) obtained from the head (anterior) kidney of fish (Ictalurus punctatus) lyse human transformed B-cell targets. Lysis depended on direct cell-cell contact. Fish size, age, environmental holding temperatures, and lytic reaction conditions such as osmolality and optimum effector:target cell ratios were optimized. Experiments to characterize optimum kinetics demonstrated highly efficient killing after two hours incubation. This rapid cytolysis was further studied by determining NCC activity against appropriately labeled target cells after 30, 60, 90 and 120 minutes of cocultivation. At 160:1 (E:T) greater than 40% of the 5 hour percent specific release value was produced after 30 minutes. After 90 minutes, more than 90% of total percent specific release was observed. At least one mechanism of regulation of NCC killing was described. In the presence of normal (homologous or heterologous) catfish serum (CFS), essentially no NCC activity was observed. This suppression was reversible by preincubation in 10% fetal bovine serum (FBS). NCC "activation" by preincubation in 10% FBS was time-dependent (at least four hours was required to generate significant lysis). NCC activation could be reversed by treating potentially lytic cells with supernatants containing dissociated CFS. In addition, reversible activation could be demonstrated by treating potentially lytic effector cells with CFS to produce suppression. Regulation occurred at the effector cell level because treated target cells did not suppress NCC activity. These data demonstrate a population of nonspecific effector cytolytic cells that potentially represent a phylogenetic precursor to mammalian natural killer cells. PMID- 6734871 TI - Antigen distribution and humoral response in the lizard, Agama caudospinosum, after injection with Leishmania agamae. AB - The response of the spiny-tailed agamid lizard, Agama caudospinosum, to administration of Leishmania agamae promastigotes was investigated. Lizards given a single injection of promastigotes showed no signs of clinical infection. Neither promastigotes nor amastigotes were found in blood and tissue impression smears, nor in blood and selected body organ cultures. However, parasite antigens were demonstrated by an immunoenzyme method only in the liver, small intestine, stomach, spleen and kidney. Non-precipitating serum antibodies with gamma electrophoretic mobility were detected by enzyme-lined immunosorbent assay 1 week post-injection and a maximum titre was reached after 6 weeks. The mean immune serum protein concentration increased significantly (P less than 0.005) about two fold over the controls after injection. Decreases occurred in the beta-globulin region of anti-L. agamae sera (P less than 0.01) whilst the gamma-globulin fraction was increased (P less than 0.005) following electrophoresis on cellulose acetate membranes. C-reactive protein was not detected in any of the sera. These data show that although A. caudospinosum failed to become infected by L. agamae promastigotes, which had been isolated from agamids, it did exhibit antigen distribution and a humoral response similar to other reptiles. PMID- 6734872 TI - Turtle lymphocyte surface antigens in chelydra serpentina as characterized by rabbit anti-turtle thymocyte sera. AB - Spleen and thymus suspensions from the turtle, Chelydra serpentina were examined by indirect immunofluorescence with a rabbit anti-turtle thymocyte serum (RATT). After the species-specific antibodies had been absorbed out, the antisera labeled all lymphocytes in the thymus and spleen. The specificity of RATT for thymocytes was greater than the specificity for splenic lymphocytes. The presence of two antigens, one thymus specific, TS, and another shared by both thymocytes and splenic lymphocytes, LS, is suggested. The TS antigen was absent from a minor subpopulation of turtle thymocytes and may represent a mature population of T like cells in the thymus. PMID- 6734873 TI - Carrageenan-induced suppression of chicken lymphocyte proliferation. AB - Mitogenic responsiveness of peripheral blood lymphocytes (PBL) of chickens was suppressed by either pretreatment with or addition to the culture medium of various concentrations of carrageenan (CGN). Pretreatment for 1 hr significantly suppressed response to Concanavalin A (Con A) and Pokeweed mitogen (PWM) but did not affect Phytohemagglutinin (PHA) induced stimulation. Extension of the pretreatment period to 4 hrs suppressed response induced by all three mitogens. On the other hand, addition of carrageenan to the culture medium caused a dose dependent suppression of PHA and Con A mediated response, but the effect on stimulation due to PWM was equivocal. In addition, low concentrations of CGN were weakly mitogenic to PBL and splenic lymphocytes. PMID- 6734874 TI - Tumor growth rate varies with age in lethargic mutant BALB/cGnDu mice. AB - BALB/cGnDu lethargic mutant mice suffer from an age-related temporary defect in their cell-mediated immune response which is "spontaneously" corrected in animals 7 weeks of age or older. Thus, mutants of different ages (3 to 4 weeks old and 7 to 9 weeks old) were used to compare tumor incidence, tumor growth rate, and host survival time of Harding-Passey (HP) melanoma, mKSA, and GI110(BK)B6D2Tu tumors. Normal littermates were used as controls. Only the HP tumor was successfully transplanted in all recipients. In the 3- to 4-week-old lethargic mutants, the HP tumor had an increased growth rate and decreased the mean lifespan of the mice, when compared to normal littermates, but only one mKSA and no GI110(BK)B6D2Tu tumors proved transplantable. In contrast, lethargic mutants 7 to 9 weeks old injected with the HP tumor survived longer than their normal littermates, and they did not accept either of the other tumors tested. These results corroborate the notion that lethargic mutant mice have a partially impaired anti-tumor cell mediated immune response at 3 to 4 weeks of age, but that their anti-tumor response is enhanced at the time of their "spontaneous" correction of the immune deficiency. The need for future studies on the possible use of this model to study various human immunological and adrenal disorders is discussed. PMID- 6734875 TI - Rosette formation of the coelomocytes of the earthworm lumbricus terrestris L. with sheep erythrocytes. PMID- 6734876 TI - Involution of the thymus in marsupial mice. PMID- 6734877 TI - Recurrent spontaneous abortion. PMID- 6734878 TI - Cesarean section for the second twin. AB - Using a case presentation, we would like to discuss the indications for abdominal delivery of the second twin following the vaginal delivery of the first. We would also like to review the risks of a twin pregnancy and the management of the delivery. PMID- 6734879 TI - Placental lactogen, progesterone, total estriol and prolactin plasma levels in pregnant women with insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus. AB - Fifteen insulin-dependent diabetic (White's class B-C) and 10 healthy pregnant women were examined from the 12th to the 36th wk. Every 4 wk, a blood sample was drawn to determine total estriol, progesterone, placental lactogen and prolactin. Throughout the pregnancy, total estriol and progesterone in diabetic and non diabetic women are very similar. On the contrary, the PRL levels are constantly lower in diabetic pregnant women, even though the difference is statistically significant only for the 24th wk determination. The hPL level is instead significantly lower in diabetic pregnant women at the 12th, 20th, 24th, 32nd and 36th wk. A negative correlation exists between the hPL value and the mean blood glucose level, performed the same day as the hormonal test. This correlation is statistically significant at the 12th, 16th, 20th, 28th and 36th wk. No significant difference is found between the two groups examined for the delivery week, the placental weight, the birth weight and the fetal body weight index. To conclude, while estriol and progesterone are not affected by the higher variability of glucose levels during pregnancy in diabetics, compared to normals, hPL and perhaps also PRL may be influenced by the mild hyperglycemia consequent to diabetes. PMID- 6734880 TI - Semen parameters in 114 fertile men. AB - We studied the quality of semen in 114 fertile men (their wives were in the first trimester of pregnancy), aged 31.9 +/- 5.7 yr. The results (mean +/- S.D.) were as follows: number of spermatozoa, (72 +/- 61.6) X 10(6)/ml; motile spermatozoa, 56.6% +/- 13.5; spermatozoal velocity, 34.2 +/- 4.3 microns/s; motility index, 19.5 +/- 5.6 microns/s; normal forms, 51.7% +/- 13. It was found that the percentage of motile spermatozoa and the index of motility decrease progressively, at a rate of about 5-10% per hour. In contrast, in the majority of cases, sperm velocity increases during the first 4 h. Low significant correlations was found between percentage of motility and spermatozoal velocity the first hour after ejaculation. Furthermore, moderate significant correlations were found between number of spermatozoa/ml, percentage of motility and normal forms. Finally, low significant negative correlation was found between number of spermatozoa/ml and spermatozoal velocity. PMID- 6734881 TI - Ectopic pregnancy effects on the ipsilateral fallopian tube epithelium--an ultrastructural study. AB - Ectopic pregnancy specimens of 6 human Fallopian tube fimbrial epithelia were studied utilizing ultrastructural, cytochemical and morphometric methods. The observations were compared with those made on 12 intrauterine pregnancy specimens. The morphometric measurements indicate earlier onset of atrophic changes in ectopic pregnancy. Deciliation in Ectopic pregnancy preceded that observed in intrauterine pregnancy. Cell height also decreased earlier in ectopic pregnancy than in intrauterine pregnancy. In addition, during the 1st trimester, ultrastructural localization of calcium revealed that, in ectopic pregnancy, the mitochondrial calcium, which was observed in intrauterine specimens, was shifted into the cytoplasmic compartment of the ciliary cell. Consequently, cytoplasmic calcium was found in the ectopic specimens and was less evident in the intrauterine specimens. Thus, a local atrophic effect is evident in ectopic pregnancy, which appears earlier than the atrophic process found in intrauterine pregnancy. PMID- 6734882 TI - Applications of a human tumour clonogenic cell culture system in gynaecological oncology: review and personal experience. AB - Current and future clinical applications of the Human Tumour Clonogenic Cell Culture (HTC3) system are presented. Advanced gynaecological cancers, especially ovarian, endometrial and cervical carcinomas, require extensive systemic chemotherapy. The HTC3 system seems to be an adequate instrument for individualized chemosensitivity testing in order to choose proper cytostatic treatments; that is, maximum tumour cell kill with minimal side-effects. Furthermore, this system helps in assessing the response after treatment by detection of remaining clonogenic, and thus viable, tumour cells. Other clinical applications of the system include grading of the tumour and recognition of the histologic type. Thus the HTC3 provides a potential tool in diagnosis, treatment and follow-up of gynaecologic malignancies. PMID- 6734883 TI - Microglandular hyperplasia--a complicating factor in the diagnosis of cervical intraepithelial neoplasia. AB - Cervical microglandular hyperplasia is an unusual lesion that may confused with malignancy, by both macroscopic and colposcopic examinations. Even the cytologic and histologic characteristics may mimic an adenocarcinoma. When, in addition, the simultaneous occurrence of an area of cervical intraepithelial neoplasia is found, it could complicate the correct diagnosis. The clinical implications are discussed on the basis of a single case and the available literature survey. We suggest an in-depth colposcopic and histopathologic examination prior to making a definite diagnosis. PMID- 6734884 TI - Changes of the clinical presentation of abruptio placentae. AB - There is an increase of the diagnosis "a.p." during the last years, especially stage 0 + 1. Qualified US monitoring seems to be responsible for this fact. Abruptio placentae is reversible in some cases. Conservative management can be done under intensive care conditions if antenatal treatment is indicated. PMID- 6734885 TI - Inhibitors of platelet aggregation and blood coagulation isolated from the human placenta. AB - We identified 2 potent proteins with inhibiting activities of platelet aggregation and blood coagulation from the human placenta. Ultracentrifugation of placental homogenate showed that these proteins are incorporated in the microsomal membrane. These proteins were solubilized in Triton X-100 by means of sonication. The inhibitors were purified by several steps of chromatography and gel filtration in a single band on polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis, having molecular weights of 450 000 and 45 000. The aggregation inhibitor was different from inhibitors reported previously such as phosphatase and prostacyclin-like substance. The coagulation inhibitor was capable of inactivating tissue thromboplastin. PMID- 6734887 TI - Endocrine dependency of endometriosis: an ultrastructural study. AB - The comparison of the ultrastructural features of endometriotic implants in 96 patients before and after suppressive therapy by danazol showed that the glands of the ectopic endometrium had a wide range of morphologic development. In about one-third of the pretreatment biopsies significantly different ultrastructural patterns were observed in the same specimen, ranging from poorly to highly differentiated endometrial glands. Adequate morphological changes during the menstrual cycle were found in implants only in 14 patients during the proliferative phase, but adequate, homogeneously performed secretory changes were completely missing during the luteal phase. Besides incomplete or delayed secretory changes the majority was proliferative rather than secretory. After 6 months of endocrine suppression laparoscopic biopsies of endometriosis were repeated, and the ultrastructural findings lead to three conclusions. 1. Poorly differentiated endometriotic foci do not respond to danazol. 2. Endometriotic implants consisting of highly differentiated epithelium with adequate cyclic variations respond well to danazol and disappear in nearly 80% of cases. 3. In endometriosis with mixed areas consisting of various degrees of glandular differentiation the hormonal suppression can eliminate endometriotic implants or arrest them at a proliferative stage. If the morphological appearance of the ectopic implants depends not simply upon the endocrine stimulus, but primarily on the degree of differentiation and maturity of the cell, then perhaps cyclic modulation is only a secondary phenomenon, and hormones play only a secondary role in therapy. If this hypothesis is correct, only complete elimination of endocrine influence can cure endometriosis. Transient or incomplete suppression may lead only to partial regression. PMID- 6734886 TI - Relaxin in human decidua and term placenta. AB - Using both a homologous porcine RIA and 3 bioassays, we investigated the relaxin content of human decidua from first trimester and term gestations and of placentas at term. Aqueous extracts of these tissues yielded only between 211 and 1090 pg immunoreactive relaxin/g fresh tissue. Neither acetonehexane extraction, octadecylsilica cartridge elution nor molecular sieve chromatography increased these relaxin levels. Compared with term decidua, first trimester decidua contained significantly higher levels of immunoreactive relaxin. In vitro studies did not evidence significant relaxin production by either decidual or placental tissues, even in the presence of decidual prolactin production. These results are in direct contrast to earlier reports of high concentrations of relaxin in decidua and placenta. PMID- 6734888 TI - Simultaneous measurement of fetal tissue pH and transcutaneous pO2 during labor. AB - Simultaneous measurement of fetal heart rate (FHR), uterine contractions (UC), continuous fetal tissue pH (TpH) and transcutaneous pO2 (tcpO2) was attempted in 40 high-risk parturients monitored for an average duration of 117 +/- 74 min. There were only two failures (9%) in the last 23 cases, with satisfactory recording of all parameters in 78% of the total. At present, the feasibility of simultaneous biochemical monitoring is limited to the active phase of labor. Fetal scalp and umbilical arterial blood pH and pO2 were obtained as well. The biochemical data showed a good correlation between tcpO2, scalp capillary pO2 and umbilical artery pO2 (P less than 0.02). The correlation was not significant between similar pH comparisons, although an average difference of 0.04 pH units was observed between the final tpH and umbilical artery pH. Both fetal TpH and tcpO2 fell progressively during labor. Preliminary findings comparing TpH, tcpO2 and FHR suggest that changes in tcpO2 rapidly reflect changing maternal and fetal conditions, while TpH responds more slowly and less sensitively. PMID- 6734890 TI - A transparent chamber for the dorsal skin fold of athymic mice. AB - A transparent chamber designed for insertion in the dorsal skin fold of athymic mice is described. The chamber is based on ingrowth of a layer of granulation tissue from the surrounding subcutis of the animals. The thickness of the tissue layer in the chamber is accurately given by an exchangeable chamber component and the construction allows repetitive access to the tissue inside the chamber. A freely movable skin flap is prepared surgically on the back of the animals, and the chamber is inserted in this flap in a second operation about 2 weeks later. In the absence of air bubbles, infectious foci and excessive adipose tissue in the chamber, ingrowth of granulation tissue is completed 2-4 weeks after the insertion. When infections of the skin enclosing the chamber and atrophy of the skin flap are prevented, the functioning time of the transparent chamber is determined by the life span of the animals. In the present study the athymic mice remained healthy for 4-5 months after insertion of the chamber although they were kept under conventional conditions, but were given antimicrobial covering. Since athymic mice accept some human xenografts, both normal tissues and neoplasms, vital microscopical studies of such xenografts implanted into the chamber can be performed. Preliminary results of such studies on a human malignant melanoma are presented. PMID- 6734889 TI - Change from inhibition to stimulation by levan of AKR lymphoma following serial transfers. AB - A progressive increase in malignancy following serial passages of AKR lymphoma is often accompanied by loss in sensitivity to the antitumor agent, levan. In further transfers, stimulation of tumor growth, instead of inhibition, is sometimes observed. It is proposed that the shift from inhibition to stimulation of tumor growth by the immunomodulator levan may be due to a change during tumor progression in the sensitivity of the tumor cells to the reported dual effect of macrophages, inhibitory or stimulatory, on tumor growth. PMID- 6734891 TI - Effects of X-radiation on the retina of the albino rabbit as viewed with the transmission electron microscope. AB - The eyes of albino rabbits were exposed in vivo to 7,000 rad of X-radiation. The retinae were dissected and examined with a transmission electron microscope 24 and 72 h following irradiation. Damage after 24 h was minimal, but after 72 h it was very pronounced. In both cases the damage was restricted to the photoreceptors. PMID- 6734892 TI - A biochemical abnormality found in muscle from unstressed malignant-hyperpyrexia susceptible humans. PMID- 6734893 TI - Skeletal-muscle mitochondria and phospholipase A2 in malignant hyperthermia. PMID- 6734894 TI - Mitochondrial and plasma membrane changes in skeletal muscle in the malignant hyperthermia syndrome. PMID- 6734895 TI - Duchenne muscular dystrophy. PMID- 6734896 TI - X-chromosome-specific polymorphisms in Duchenne muscular dystrophy: clinical applications. PMID- 6734897 TI - Transport of nuclear-coded proteins into mitochondria. PMID- 6734898 TI - Large amplitude protein movement. What functions? PMID- 6734899 TI - Characteristics of the uncoupling protein from brown-fat mitochondria. PMID- 6734900 TI - Some implications of fixed-charge formation during electron-transport-chain activity. PMID- 6734901 TI - Lateral diffusion, collision and efficiency of oxidation-reduction components in mitochondrial electron transport. PMID- 6734902 TI - Effects of physical exercise and/or vitamin E on tissue oxidative metabolism. PMID- 6734903 TI - Bioenergetic problems of alkalophilic bacteria. PMID- 6734904 TI - On the catalytic factors involved in the mechanism of aspartate aminotransferase: Chairman's remarks. PMID- 6734905 TI - Primary structures of aspartate aminotransferases. PMID- 6734906 TI - Three-dimensional structure of mitochondrial aspartate aminotransferase and some functional derivatives: implications for its mode of action. PMID- 6734907 TI - Correlation of structure and catalysis by aspartate aminotransferase isoenzymes. PMID- 6734908 TI - Comparison of aspartate aminotransferase with other aminotransferases by absorption-spectrum analysis. PMID- 6734909 TI - The role of three-dimensional structure in the control of N-linked oligosaccharide biosynthesis. PMID- 6734910 TI - Exchange of lysosomal enzymes between cells. PMID- 6734911 TI - Non-specific adsorptive pinocytosis. PMID- 6734912 TI - Regulation of cell-surface structures in malignancy, differentiation and proliferation. PMID- 6734913 TI - Surface glycoproteins in chronic lymphocytic leukaemias. PMID- 6734914 TI - Cell interactions: some critical reappraisals. PMID- 6734915 TI - Proteoglycans in cellular differentiation and neoplasia. PMID- 6734916 TI - Monoclonal antibodies reveal saccharide structures of glycoproteins and glycolipids as differentiation and tumour-associated antigens. PMID- 6734917 TI - Effect of pindolol and nifedipine alone and in combination on haemodynamic parameters/variables in essential hypertension. AB - Thirteen patients with essential hypertension were started on pindolol 10-20 mg daily and twelve on nifedipine 20-60 mg daily. At the end of 6 weeks inadequate responders (B.P. greater than 140/90) were put onto combined treatment with both drugs, ten of the pindolol and six of the nifedipine patients being affected. Combined therapy then continued for a further 6-week period, while adequate responders (B.P. less than 140/90) continued with their initial drug. In addition to blood pressure, heart rate and cardiac index were also measured, and total peripheral resistance index was calculated. Where blood pressure decreased below 140/90 at the end of 12 weeks in patients on combined treatment, the original drug was withdrawn, leaving the patient on a single-drug regimen again, this time with the 'second compound'. This manoeuvre was followed by a rise in blood pressure in five out of eight patients in whom pindolol was withdrawn and in two out of six after nifedipine withdrawal. No definite conclusions can be drawn from these findings, and it may be that a better approach to the problem of poor responders would be to try each drug on its own before combining them, rather than combining first and then withdrawing the initial treatment. The increased peripheral resistance typical of essential hypertension was not adversely affected by either drug, while combined treatment had a beneficial effect on this parameter. PMID- 6734918 TI - Treatment of severe or resistant corticosteroid-responsive dermatoses with Diprolene cream. AB - In an open study Diprolene Cream was administered to fifty patients with severe or resistant psoriasis, atopic dermatitis or other corticosteroid-responsive dermatoses. For a period of 14 days, patients applied 3.5 grams of medication twice daily. Efficacy was evaluated in forty-six patients, while tolerance and safety were evaluated in fifty patients. Therapeutic response in forty-one of forty-six patients was noted by treatment Day 3. By Day 14, mean total severity score of signs and symptoms in twenty-one patients with psoriasis was reduced by 88%. Similarly, in twenty-five patients with other severe or resistant corticosteroid-responsive dermatoses, a 99% decrease in the mean total severity score of signs and symptoms was evident. Of the patients evaluable for tolerance and safety, twenty-four of fifty reported transient, mild to moderate burning that occurred most often upon application of the study preparation. Therapy was not discontinued in any of these patients, and none required additional treatment for the local reaction. Morning plasma cortisol levels in monitored patients remained within normal limits throughout the study. PMID- 6734919 TI - Comparison of topical treatment with desoxymethasone solution 0.25% with salicylic acid 1% and betamethasone valerate solution 0.1% in patients with psoriasis of the scalp. AB - A new preparation for treatment of psoriasis of the scalp, containing desoxymethasone 0.25%, salicylic acid 1% and polyol-fatty esters in ethanolic solution (Ibaril) was tested in patients with psoriasis of the scalp. In a double blind study comprising forty patients there was a significant difference in favour of this solution in comparison with betamethasone valerate solution, 0.1% (Betnovat) after 2 weeks of treatment. PMID- 6734920 TI - Comparison of dicyclomine with antacid and without antacid in dyspepsia. AB - In a study of forty-two patients with dyspepsia, hiatus hernia or duodenal ulcer, dicyclomine (Merbentyl) has been demonstrated to be effective in the control of the symptoms of this disorder. Under double-blind conditions an antacid or placebo supplement was provided and no significant difference in benefit was recorded. The antacid was given in a large tablet and this preparation was more conscientiously taken by patients, and this was equally true for large placebo tablets. Clearly patients like to take frequent treatment for dyspepsia, but symptom control is quite adequate if Merbentyl is given alone. PMID- 6734921 TI - Oral buflomedil in diabetic background retinopathy: results of a preliminary controlled study. AB - Twenty insulin-dependent diabetic patients with signs of background retinopathy were given Buflomedil 600 mg/day orally or placebo in a randomized double-blind trial for a 6-month period. A larger number of patients had their retinal condition deteriorating in the placebo group and this finding is an indication for pursuing investigations on a larger scale in this direction. PMID- 6734922 TI - Positive effect of oral buflomedil on exercise-induced haemorheological damage and on claudication distance in peripheral obliterative arterial disease patients. PMID- 6734923 TI - Broad spectrum oral amoxycillin in acute respiratory tract infections. AB - The clinical outcome of 143 patients presenting with acute respiratory tract infection and treated with oral amoxycillin is described. A clinical success rate of 92% was observed after 1 week's therapy with only one patient deteriorating whilst on treatment. Side-effects were mild and limited to 7% of patients. PMID- 6734924 TI - A clinical appraisal of flucloxacillin in the management of skin and soft tissue infections in Nigeria. AB - The resolution of skin and soft tissue infections following a single course of treatment with flucloxacillin was assessed in 235 patients recruited by nineteen physicians. In all, 88.5% of patients were completely cured or showed a highly satisfactory improvement after 3 to 12 days' treatment. Only three patients failed to show any improvement at all. Side-effects were limited to twelve patients (5.1%) all of whom were able to complete their course of treatment. PMID- 6734925 TI - A comparative study of benzydamine hydrochloride 0.15% w/v ('Difflam' Oral Rinse) and acetyl salicylic acid as analgesics following tonsillectomy. AB - The efficacy of 'Difflam' Oral Rinse and soluble aspirin in the post-operative management of tonsillectomy in adult patients has been compared. Whilst aspirin proved slightly more effective in relieving pain and discomfort of swallowing, 'Difflam' Oral Rinse was superior in the relief of earache, in promoting the healing of the tonsil bed and in the duration of necessity of treatment. It is therefore suggested that the two preparations might be taken concomitantly to provide quick, as well as long-lasting, pain relief. PMID- 6734926 TI - Regulation of pituitary DNA synthesis during different reproductive states in the female rat: role of estrogens and prolactin. AB - We studied DNA synthesis in the rat adenohypophysis during the estrous cycle, pregnancy and lactation. During the estrous cycle, DNA synthesis was 3 times higher on the morning of estrus than on the other days. This peak was abolished completely by ovariectomy or pentobarbital, which also blocked the preovulatory surges of LH and prolactin. Methallibure , which blocked the LH but not the prolaction surge, had a partial effect on DNA synthesis. An acute and significant decrease in pituitary DNA synthesis occurred between days 0 (estrus) and 1 of pregnancy, followed by a less pronounced diminution until parturition. After delivery, DNA synthesis increased steeply on day 1 of lactation, returning to low values by day 3, under normal suckling conditions. Thelectomy , which blocked suckling-induced prolactin release, or antiestrogen treatment, which did not decrease prolactin secretion, diminished pituitary DNA synthesis on day 1 of lactation. Estrogen administration to intact or ovariectomized rats on days 9-11 of lactation stimulated (100%) DNA synthesis. Ovariectomy had no effect. In conclusion, in the different reproductive states studied, pituitary DNA synthesis is related to prolactin release in the presence of estrogens. PMID- 6734927 TI - Regulation of steroidogenesis in rat adrenal gland: identification of the bifunctional, hormone-sensitive cholesterol esterase--triacylglycerol lipase enzyme protein and its discrimination from hormone-insensitive lipases. AB - The activities of hormone-sensitive cholesterol esterase and hormone-sensitive triacylglycerol lipase from rat adrenal glands were enhanced about 2-fold by means of ether stress and showed parallel elution profiles on a Sepharose CL-6B column. Both enzymatic activities were inhibited to a similar extent by DFP after separation from hormone-insensitive lipase on heparin-Sepharose. Fractions from the gel filtration column containing the two hormone-sensitive enzymes showed incorporation of tritium-labelled DFP into only one polypeptide of Mr 84 000. From these results we conclude that both hormone-sensitive activities reside on one polypeptide of Mr 84 000, thus providing further support to the concept that the different hormone-sensitive acylester hydrolase activities in steroid secreting tissues as well as in adipose tissue are performed by the same bifunctional enzyme. In addition to the hormone-sensitive enzyme, rat adrenals contained high amounts of neutral triacylglycerol lipase activity which was not affected by stress. The latter enzyme was resistant to high salt concentrations, was less susceptible to inhibition by DFP, but could be inhibited completely by the addition of antibodies raised against rat liver lipase, thus most probably representing the adrenal liver lipase-like triacylglycerol lipase. PMID- 6734928 TI - An immobilized antiestrogen binds a specific uterine protein in addition to estrogen receptor proteins. AB - An antiestrogen affinity resin was synthesized by conjugating LY117018, a benzothiophene -derived antiestrogen, to epoxy-activated agarose. This affinity resin bound the Mr = 50 000 and 65 000 estrogen receptor proteins of rabbit uterine cytosol; in addition, it retained a protein from the cytosols of both rat and rabbit uteri that exhibited an ability to interact specifically with LY117018. The possibility that the LY117018 binding protein, which is distinct from estrogen receptors, may play a role in the antiestrogenic actions of LY117018 is discussed. PMID- 6734929 TI - Acute responses of Leydig cells to hCG: evidence for early hypertrophy of Leydig cells. AB - The cross-sectional area of Leydig cells has been studied in rats following a single injection of 100 IU hCG. Leydig cell size was not changed within 2 h of injection (89.73 +/- 3.02 micron 2) but had increased significantly by 12 h (114.76 +/- 3.57 micron 2). Leydig cell size continued to increase until 24 h when a maximum cross-sectional area of 186.30 +/- 4.72 micron 2 was measured. This area was significantly greater than that recorded after 1 week of daily hCG treatment (143.18 +/- 6.25 micron 2, P less than 0.05). At 48 and 72 h Leydig cell size decreased slightly and was not significantly different from that seen after chronic hCG treatment. A single injection of 100 IU hCG induced a biphasic serum testosterone response with peaks in serum testosterone at 2 h and 72 h, the intervening nadir suggesting a period of in vivo refractoriness. A corresponding period of Leydig cell refractoriness in vitro was also demonstrated 12 h following a single injection of 100 IU hCG and persisted for 48 h. Further injections of hCG on day 2 or 3 did not induce a second biphasic serum testosterone pattern or the accompanying period of refractoriness, indicating that Leydig cell refractoriness is a temporary phenomenon which cannot be maintained during persistent stimulation with hCG. The absence of further refractory periods to hCG during recurrent stimulation may be related to the trophic action of the hormone on Leydig cells. PMID- 6734930 TI - The antiproliferative effect of tamoxifen in breast cancer cells: mediation by the estrogen receptor. AB - The effects of tamoxifen (Tam) and its 4-hydroxylated metabolite (OH-Tam) on the growth of two human breast cancer cell lines ( MCF7 and BT20 ) were evaluated by fluorometric DNA assay. The effects of the antiestrogens were dependent upon their concentrations and the nature of the cells. At concentrations below 4 microM, the degree of inhibition was related to their relative affinities for the estrogen receptor and was totally reversed by estradiol in MCF7 cells. No inhibition was observed in the estrogen receptor negative cell line BT20 . This supports and extends the idea that the antiproliferative effect of Tam at these concentrations is mediated by the estrogen receptor even in the absence of measurable estradiol concentration. At concentrations greater than 4 microM, Tam was cytotoxic on MCF7 and BT20 mammary cell lines within 2 days of treatment. The cytotoxic effect was irreversible and was not prevented by occupation of the estrogen receptor with estradiol, suggesting that it was not mediated by the estrogen receptor. The cytotoxicity of the triphenylethylene drugs, however, has some specificity since it was not observed in a fibroblast rat cell line ( 49F ) or in the two mammary cell lines with similar high concentrations of estradiol and diethylstilbestrol. PMID- 6734931 TI - Lectin-coated agarose beads in the investigation of sperm capacitation in the hamster. AB - Sperm surface changes during in vitro capacitation were examined with the help of an assay system using lectin-coated agarose beads. The nature and intensity of binding of epididymal spermatozoa to beads depended entirely on the particular stage of capacitation and the type of lectin attached to the bead surface. Fresh epididymal spermatozoa bound readily to beads coated with Con A, LCA, WGA, and PNA, but not with seven other lectins. During capacitation there was a constant decline in sperm binding to beads, and spermatozoa cultured for 4-5 hr bound only to those coated with Con A. A dramatic increase in sperm binding to Con A-coated agarose beads occurred between 4.5 and 5 hr, when large numbers of hyperactivated spermatozoa adhered, predominantly through their flagellae, to form large clumps on the beads. The clumping of spermatozoa on Con A-coated beads was enhanced in the presence of stimulators of capacitation (i.e., taurine, hypotaurine, and phosphodiesterase inhibitors) and was suppressed in the presence of various metabolic inhibitors (i.e., sodium azide and local anesthetics). The implications of these results are that the carbohydrate components of the entire surface of spermatozoa undergo striking changes during capacitation, and a close relationship may exist between the sperm surface and the metabolic changes occurring within capacitating spermatozoa. Sperm-bead binding assays are clearly able to recognize surface changes in asynchronous populations of motile spermatozoa and, due to their simplicity and speed, should prove to be valuable in gaining a greater understanding of the biochemistry of sperm capacitation. PMID- 6734932 TI - Cell lineage, cell-cell interaction, and segment formation in the ectoderm of a glossiphoniid leech embryo. AB - Cell division patterns and cell-cell interactions in the germinal bands of the glossiphoniid leech Helobdella triserialis were studied with the aid of a cell lineage tracer dye. Each germinal band of the Helobdella embryo consists of five columns, or bandlets, of primary blast cells, designated as the mesodermal m bandlet and ectodermal n, o, p, and q bandlets. Primary blast cells of each ectodermal bandlet appear to undergo stereotyped, lineage-specific cell divisions. The metameric segmentation pattern of the leech thus appears to arise through a series of segmentally iterated, stereotyped cell divisions of serially homologous primary blast cell clones. Cell-cell interactions were studied by means of cell ablations. With one exception, blast cells underwent their stereotyped divisions without regard to the presence or absence of their normal neighbors. In the one exceptional case, o blast cells underwent divisions normally characteristic of p blast cells when their normal neighboring p bandlet was deleted. However, both o and p blast cells underwent their normal stereotyped divisions when their neighboring m, n, and q bandlets were deleted. It is proposed that the differential choice of pathway by the o and p blast cells depends upon their relative position with respect to each other and to a polarity cue external to the germinal band. PMID- 6734933 TI - Growth regulation in Hydra: relationship between epithelial cell cycle length and growth rate. AB - The relationship between epithelial cell production and growth rate was investigated in Hydra attenuata under different feeding regimes. The increase of epithelial cell number was compared to the duration of the epithelial cell cycle using standard methods of cell cycle analysis. The results indicate that cell cycle changes accompanying changes in feeding regime are not sufficient to explain the altered growth rate. Under heavy feeding regimes, epithelial cell production equals tissue growth rate. At low feeding level or under starvation conditions the epithelial cell cycle lengthens and growth rate of epithelial cell population is slowed. However, the cell cycle changes are insufficient to account for the reduction in tissue growth and thus there is an effective overproduction of epithelial cells amounting to 10% per day. Evidence suggests that these excess cells are phagocytized by neighboring cells in the tissue. Thus phagocytosis is directly or indirectly involved in regulating the growth of hydra tissue. PMID- 6734935 TI - Stereotyped and variable growth of redirected Mauthner axons. AB - To assay the axon tract organizing capabilities of different regions of the vertebrate CNS, Mauthner axons were redirected by grafting supernumerary hindbrains in Xenopus embryos. The 63 redirected Mauthner axons thus produced included donor axons projecting into the host CNS and host axons that grew through the graft or that were redirected in the host CNS. Two major phenomena were observed. Caudal to the optic chiasm, the Mauthner axons followed a single ipsilateral stereotyped route--the basal substrate pathway--extending in the ventral and ventrolateral marginal zone from the diencephalon to the caudal spinal cord. In contrast, rostral to the optic chiasm, these same Mauthner axons followed variable ipsilateral and contralateral routes. Even pairs of Mauthner axons entering the optic chiasm side-by-side eventually followed different routes in normal forebrains. The contrasting behaviors of the Mauthner axons growing in the rostral diencephalon and telencephalon and of the same Mauthner axons growing elsewhere suggest that there are differences in the effective guidance cues between these two regions of the developing brain. This is consistent with other types of neuroanatomical and neuroembryological evidence indicating a fundamental division between the rostral and the caudal diencephalon. PMID- 6734934 TI - The effects of conditioned media on spinal neurites: substrate-associated changes in neurite direction and adherence. AB - The effects of conditioned media and other growth factors on spinal cord neurite adherence, growth rate, and direction were studied. Skeletal muscle-conditioned medium (SMCM) significantly increased neurite adherence and altered the direction of elongation. Lung- and skin-conditioned media, nerve growth factor, and polyornithine binding neurite promoting factor did not affect neurite adherence or direction. The positive effects of SMCM on neurite adherence and direction may be due to substrate-bound substances, since SMCM depleted of poly-L-lysine adsorbable materials decreased neurite adherence and direction, and the directional response was greatly diminished on SMCM-conditioned substrate. Haptotaxis may be the basis of the turning response, since it appears to involve substrate-bound molecules which slightly increase adherence. It was also observed that the measured length of neurite involved in a turn toward SMCM was much greater than the calculated length of neurite (based on neurite elongation rates). Therefore, it appears as if the growth cone has been displaced, dragging the attached neurite with it. These observations suggest that the growth cone may have extensive locomotive capabilities which affect growth cone migration. PMID- 6734936 TI - Lateral mobility of plasma membrane lipids in dividing Xenopus eggs. AB - The lateral mobility of plasma membrane lipids was analyzed during first cleavage of Xenopus laevis eggs by fluorescence photobleaching recovery (FPR) measurements, using the lipid analogs 5-(N-hexadecanoyl)aminofluorescein ("HEDAF") and 5-(N-tetradecanoyl)aminofluorescein ("TEDAF") as probes. The preexisting plasma membrane of the animal side showed an inhomogeneous, dotted fluorescence pattern after labeling and the lateral mobility of both probes used was below the detection limits of the FPR method (D much less than 10(-10) cm2/sec). In contrast, the preexisting plasma membrane of the vegetal side exhibited homogeneous fluorescence and the lateral diffusion coefficient of both probes used was relatively high (HEDAF, D = 2.8 X 10(-8) cm2/sec; TEDAF, D = 2.4 X 10(-8) cm2/sec). In the cleaving egg visible transfer of HEDAF or TEDAF from prelabeled plasma membrane to the new membrane in the furrow did not occur, even on the vegetal side. Upon labeling during cleavage, however, the new membrane was uniformly labeled and both probes were mobile, as in the vegetal preexisting plasma membrane. These data show that the membrane of the dividing Xenopus egg comprises three macrodomains: (i) the animal preexisting plasma membrane; (ii) the vegetal preexisting plasma membrane; (iii) the new furrow membrane. PMID- 6734937 TI - Clonal sublines of rat neurotumor RT4 and cell differentiation. VI. Chromosome analysis. AB - The RT4 neurotumor cell system consists of clonally derived cell lines where a stem cell type segregates in vitro into three biochemically and morphologically different cell types, one glial and two neuronal types. This process has been termed cell-type conversion (M. Imada and N. Sueoka, 1978, Dev. Biol. 66, 97 108). Detailed cytogenetic analysis of the RT4 cell lines are described. Giemsa banding analysis of 12 independent clonal isolates of the four different RT4 cell types showed a relatively stable karyotype. The stem cell line, RT4-AC, is diploid and most stable, and it has one 4q+ marker chromosome in place of a normal No. 4. This 4q+ marker was identified in all cell types of the RT4 system and was not observed in other cell lines of BDIX origin. The 4q+, therefore, is a chromosomal marker of the RT4 system. Consistent chromosome rearrangement was not found in any one of the cell-type conversions of the RT4-AC cells into the three derivative cell types. The relative stability of the karyotype of the different clonal isolates gives the RT4 system an advantage in studies of genetic regulation and expression of cell-type conversion in vitro. Also the 4q+ marker can be used to identify RT4 cells in coculture experiments or to distinguish RT4 cells in cases of suspected cell-line contamination. PMID- 6734938 TI - A flow cytometric analysis of the embryonic origin of lymphocytes in diploid/triploid chimeric Xenopus laevis. AB - Quantitative flow cytometry was used to examine the embryonic origin of lymphocytes in Xenopus laevis. Reciprocal head/body transplants were made between diploid (2N) and triploid (3N) embryos of the same developmental stages ranging from neural plate to tail bud stages. Thymuses and spleens were removed from postmetamorphic chimeras. Cell suspensions were stained with the fluorescent DNA stain, mithramycin, and the ploidy (relative fluorescence intensity) of the cells was then determined by flow cytometry. All lymphocytes in the chimeras were derived from the posterior portion of the embryo. In other experiments, various regions of the lateral plate or ventral mesoderm were grafted from triploid to diploid embryos. Only transplants that included middorsal mesoderm gave rise to lymphocytes. PMID- 6734939 TI - De novo gene expression detected by amelogenin gene transcript analysis. AB - Reciprocal epithelial-mesenchymal interactions are responsible for mouse molar tooth organogenesis. Only dental ectomesenchymal cells are capable of instructing adjacent epithelial cells to become determined to synthesize and secrete enamel specific proteins termed the amelogenins. To identify when inner enamel epithelial cells first express enamel specific gene products, cytoplasmic RNA has been analyzed from developing teeth by hybridization to a cloned cDNA probe to one of the amelogenins. It is reported that the de novo expression of amelogenin encoding RNA as well as immunoprecipitated amelogenin polypeptides are first detected at Theiler stage 27. These data indicate that ectomesenchymal-mediated induction of inner enamel organ epithelia results in both the nascent transcription of amelogenin RNA and subsequent translation of amelogenin polypeptides, which are first detected at birth. PMID- 6734941 TI - Embryonic origins of cells in the leech Helobdella triserialis. AB - To ascertain the embryonic origins of the cells in various tissues of the leech Helobdella triserialis, horseradish peroxidase (HRP) was injected as a cell lineage tracer into all identified blastomeres of the early embryo in turn, except for a few of the micromeres, and the resulting distribution of HRP-labeled cells was then examined in the late embryo. In this way it was found that in every body segment a topographically characteristic set of neurons in the ganglion and body wall and a characteristic territory of the epidermis is derived from each of the four paired ectodermal teloblasts N, O/P, O/P, and Q, whereas the muscles, nephridia, and connective tissue, as well as a few presumptive neurons in each segmental ganglion, are derived from the paired mesodermal teloblast, M. Each topographically characteristic, segmentally iterated set of neurons descended from a given teloblast is designated as a kinship group. However, the prostomial (nonsegmental) epidermis and the neurons of the supraesophageal ganglion were found to be derived from the a, b, c, and d micromere quartet to which the A, B, C, and D blastomeres give rise at the dorsal pole of the embryo. The superficial epithelium of the provisional integument, which covers the surface of the embryo midway through development and is sloughed off at the time of body closure, was found to be derived from the a, b, c, and d micromere quartet, as well as from other micromeres produced in the course of teloblast formation. The contractile fibers of the provisional integument were found to be derived from the paired M teloblast. These results demonstrate that development of the leech embryo proceeds according to a highly stereotyped pattern, in the sense that a particular identifiable blastomere of the early embryo regularly gives rise to a particular set of cells of the adult (or provisional embryonic) tissues. PMID- 6734940 TI - Similar growth pattern of mouse mammary epithelium cultivated in collagen matrix in vivo and in vitro. AB - Mouse mammary ductal cells cultured in type I collagen gels give rise to three dimensional multicellular outgrowths consisting of thin spikes which are often branched, and which may have pointed or blunt ends. The significance of these spikes to normal ductal morphogenesis has been unclear, since identical structures are not known to occur in vivo; conversely, it has not been possible to maintain in gel culture the highly structured end buds which are characteristic of ductal elongation in the animal. In order to evaluate whether the pattern of radiating spikes observed in collagen gel cultures results from chemical or physical peculiarities of the culture environment, a small volume of unpolymerized type I collagen solution was injected into mammary gland-free fat pads of young adult mice. After the bubble of collagen had polymerized, an implant of mammary ductal epithelium was introduced into the center of the gel. Histological examination of the implants after 3 to 6 days of growth revealed numerous small epithelial spikes, similar to those observed in gel culture, extending into the fibrous matrix. The early stages of regeneration of mammary implants placed in gland-free fat pads were then examined without the addition of exogenous collagen. In cases where the epithelium happened to contact a fibrous region of the fatty stroma, spikes were also seen to form in these natural collagenous substrates. Whether or not exogenous collagen was used, normal end buds were formed only when epithelial spikes contacted adipocytes. It was concluded that the three-dimensional pattern of radiating tubules in collagen gels in vitro is not merely an artifact of culture, but has a counterpart in vivo whereever regenerating mammary epithelium is surrounded by fibrous stroma. A model is presented in which the pattern of epithelial outgrowth is determined by the physical characteristics of the surrounding stroma; in collagen matrix a comparatively primitive and unspecialized type of morphogenesis occurs which may not require the participation of stromal cells. In contrast, epithelial-adipocyte interactions appear to be necessary for the formation of end buds and subsequent morphogenesis of fully structured mammary ducts. PMID- 6734942 TI - Recognition of extracellular matrix components by neonatal and adult cardiac myocytes. AB - Recognition of extracellular matrix (ECM) components by isolated cardiac myocytes from neonatal (4-5 days postpartum) and adult rats was determined by measuring cell attachment to substrates made of ECM components. The substrates were petri dishes coated with either fibronectin, laminin, native monomers of collagen types I, II, III, IV, and V, denatured collagen, or gels containing reconstituted collagen fibers. Adult myocytes attached efficiently to laminin and type IV collagen, weakly to fibronectin, but not at all to the other types of collagen. Neonatal myocytes attached well to all types of collagen and to fibronectin and laminin. Antibodies raised against surface membranes of neonatal myocytes, adult myocytes, or adult hepatocytes were assayed for their ability to inhibit cell attachment to the various ECM substrates. Antibodies against the surface of neonatal myocytes as well as antibodies against the hepatocyte cell surface inhibited the attachment of neonatal myocytes and hepatocytes to collagen but not to fibronectin. Antibodies against the adult myocyte cell surface did not inhibit the attachment of neonatal myocytes or hepatocytes to ECM components. These results indicate the presence of binding molecules on the surface of neonatal myocytes that are involved in the recognition of collagen at a time when collagen is being secreted and formed into a three-dimensional network that attaches to the cell surface of the myocytes. This recognition and adhesion to collagen occurs by a mechanism independent of fibronectin. The binding molecules for collagen could not be detected on normal adult myocytes isolated at a time when the formation of the collagen network has already been completed. PMID- 6734943 TI - Naloxone decreases centrally induced hyperglycemia in dogs. Evidence for an opioid role in glucose homeostasis. AB - Intracerebroventricular (ICV) instillation of morphine and beta-endorphin causes centrally induced hyperglycemia. Locally active, endogenous opioids in the central nervous system may, therefore, also be involved in the elevation of blood sugar. This possibility was tested by examining the glucoregulatory response to central glucoprivation induced by ICV administration of 2-deoxy-D-glucose (2DG) in dogs. Administration of 2DG resulted in a rise in plasma glucose and immunoreactive glucagon (IRG) of 108 +/- 19 mg/dl and 70 +/- 20 pg/ml, respectively. These changes were attenuated by the simultaneous central infusion of the opiate antagonist naloxone: plasma glucose levels increased by 77 +/- 14 mg/dl and IRG by 43 +/- 3 pg/ml, both significantly different from the effect of 2DG alone (P less than 0.05-0.01). These findings suggest that opiate receptors participate in the counterregulatory response to central glucoprivation. They also provide a mechanism by which endogenous opioid peptides may play a role in the central regulation of glucose homeostasis. PMID- 6734944 TI - Functional correlates of reduced central conduction velocity in diabetic subjects. AB - In a previous publication, we presented evidence of slowed conduction speed in the central nervous systems of insulin-dependent diabetic subjects, manifest in a delay in the latency of the brainstem auditory-evoked response (BAER). In this article, we present the results of a multivariate study conducted on a larger sample of 50 insulin-dependent, adult diabetic subjects. The purpose of the study was to determine some of the functional correlates of the BAER delay; each patient received an assessment of the BAER, the late auditory-evoked potential (EP), the conduction velocities of the sural, median, and common peroneal nerves, and intellectual and emotional function, in addition to neurologic and audiologic examinations. A nondiabetic control group was matched with the diabetic group as to age and sex. The results indicated a delay in the latency of wave V, and in interpeak latencies I-III and I-V, of the BAER. The most reliable effect was on interpeak latency I-V; this suggested that the locus of the delay was in the central auditory projections, rather than in the acoustic nerve. In addition, BAER waves I, II, III, IV, and V were reduced in amplitude, as was the N1 component of the late auditory EP; the most reliable reduction in amplitude was in wave V. The effect was similar in magnitude for males and females, relative to their counterparts in the control group. The slowed BAER response appeared early in the disease and was not related to the duration of insulin treatment. It was correlated with a chronic loss of energy and the presence of sexual dysfunction.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS) PMID- 6734945 TI - A classification of manipulative hand movements. AB - The nature of manual manipulation of objects is discussed. It is argued that a functional distinction should be made between palmar grips which immobilise an object in the hand, and digital patterns which permit manipulation. Such a distinction is separate from any anatomically defined power and precision configurations. Manipulative hand movements may be grouped into three classes, based on differences between sequenced patterns of movement and synergies, the latter being further subdivided into simple and reciprocal patterns. Within each of the three classes, a number of individual movement patterns are described. These differ mainly in the number of digits involved and the way in which the thumb is employed. The classification is concerned with movements of the digits directed at manipulating an object within the hand. It is not concerned with movements of the hand as a whole, using the wrist or more proximal joints, while holding an immobilised object. PMID- 6734946 TI - Clinical spectrum of congenital optic nerve hypoplasia: review of 51 patients. AB - Fifty-one patients with congenital optic nerve hypoplasia (CONH) were reviewed. It was found that the risk of having an affected child is higher in an adolescent mother, and that maternal alcohol or drug abuse may be important factors. Frequently the disorder is associated with other neuropsychiatric handicaps, and with neuro-endocrine abnormalities. The findings suggest that CONH probably is not a homogeneous group of disorders; some may be caused by primary failure of differentiation of the retinal ganglion cells, while others may be the product of an acquired transsynaptic degeneration of optic-nerve fibres. PMID- 6734947 TI - Single motor-unit control by normal and cerebral-palsied males. AB - Single motor-unit (SMU) control was compared for three ambulatory cerebral palsied and three neurologically unimpaired subjects. Both groups were similar in their abilities to produce a discrete whole muscle contraction, to isolate and maintain firing of a single motor unit, and to turn a unit on at a visual signal. Unit inter-spike intervals were very similar for both groups. However, the cerebral-palsied subjects showed a consistent inability to inhibit single motor unit (or whole muscle) activity if the isolated unit had been firing for some time; normal subjects did not show a similar inability. PMID- 6734948 TI - Longitudinal study of physical working capacity of young people with spastic cerebral palsy. AB - Nineteen adolescents with spastic diplegia and 12 able-bodied controls took part in a longitudinal study of aerobic capacity and physical working capacity during their teens. Absolute values for aerobic capacity and physical working capacity increased during the teens for both groups, which appears to contradict earlier descriptions of prematurely decreased physical working capacity among cerebral palsied adolescents. On the other hand, net mechanical efficiency during submaximal bicycle ergometer tests decreased significantly in the diplegic group during their teens, and especially among those with severe motor handicap. This is of interest because these children are at risk of insufficient physical activity at school, partly because of the unsatisfactory design of physical education programmes for motor-handicapped children. PMID- 6734949 TI - Treatment of valgus hindfoot in cerebral palsy by peroneus brevis lengthening. AB - Twenty cerebral-palsied patients (30 feet) with hindfoot valgus due to muscle imbalance were reviewed and it was shown that the deformity can be reduced by peroneus brevis lengthening. The method of choice is intramuscular lengthening, which reduces the power of peroneus brevis by one point on the MRC grading and corrects the hindfoot valgus by one grade of severity. For full correction by tendon lengthening, the deformity must be treated while it is still mild. Repeat lengthening may be necessary if there is a severe muscle imbalance. PMID- 6734950 TI - Early behavioural development of preterm infants. AB - In this study 17 male and 13 female infants with gestational ages between 27 and 34 weeks (mean 30.7) and birthweights between 750 and 2020g (mean 1545) were evaluated with the Brazelton Neonatal Behavioral Assessment Scale at 35, 38, 40 and 44 weeks postconceptional age. All were in room air at the time of observation and none was being treated with mechanical ventilation. In the motor performance cluster, all five items improved with advancing postconceptional age and in the orientation cluster four of six items improved with age: these show better behavioural evolution compared with other clusters. There was no change in auditory response, with good response from 35 weeks onward. Behavioural development did not proceed evenly in all areas, and within the same cluster certain features developed earlier than others. From 35 to 44 weeks, auditory responsiveness was similar to that of previously evaluated healthy term infants. PMID- 6734951 TI - Perinatal brain ischaemia: impact at four years of age. AB - A group of 15 children for whom cerebral blood flow (CBF) had been determined during the first few hours of life were examined between the ages of 3 years 9 months and four years. Clinical neurological and psychological (Stanford-Binet) tests were carried out and in three cases a computerised tomographic examination was made. Poor articulation, dysphasia, attention deficits and low IQ were found significantly more often among the five children with a documented episode of ischaemia (CBF less than 20 ml/100g/min) in the neonatal period. By summarizing the number of abnormal findings, the difference between the groups was found to be highly significant. It is concluded that ischaemia during the first hours of life is a critical determinant for the development of congitive disorders. PMID- 6734952 TI - Prognostic significance of polygraphic recordings in newborn infants on ventilation. AB - In a prospective study, 79 preterm and fullterm newborn infants who had been on assisted ventilation for at least five days were recorded polygraphically between the fifth and eighth day of life. 73 were still intubated and on assisted ventilation at the time of recording. 61 of the infants were again recorded polygraphically between 14 and 34 days after birth. The findings of both first and second recordings correlated with psychomotor development up to one year, or with postmortem examinations. The first recordings were highly significant to the prognosis, especially for infants whose gestations were more than 33 weeks. The second polygram showed a similar correlation with later development. Neurological examinations were performed on the same day as the first polygraphic recording: they were less significant prognostically for the preterm infants compared with polygraphic findings, and of no prognostic significance for the fullterm infants. PMID- 6734953 TI - Head-position training through biofeedback: prosthetic or cure? AB - This report investigates the effectiveness of biofeedback in the treatment of poor head-positioning in patients with cerebral palsy. Four patients were given feedback of head-position trainer: two were given 20 sessions, the other two were given 10 sessions followed by 10 sessions of social reinforcement. It was found that biofeedback produced significant changes in head control during therapy but that these did not transfer well to other situations, nor did it result in long term positive improvement. The use of social reinforcement produced excellent and long-term gains. These results are discussed in terms of stimulus properties and reinforcement conditions. General implications of this study in relation to the generalisation and maintenance of behaviour change are also discussed. PMID- 6734954 TI - Primitive reflex profile: a quantitation of primitive reflexes in infancy. AB - This report describes quantitative standardization data on nine primitive reflexes for a cohort of 381 normal infants evaluated longitudinally at each visit between birth and two years of age. Normality was confirmed by the use of the Bayley Scales of Infant Development at one year of age. The standardization of this new examination technique complements the traditional infant neurological examination and may allow primitive reflexes to become a useful adjunct to the prediction of motor disability in early infancy. PMID- 6734955 TI - Weight reduction in boys with muscular dystrophy. AB - Many children with muscular dystrophy are overweight, and although weight control is pursued in some centres it is unusual to encourage severe dietary restriction for fear that it might lead to accelerated loss of muscle. In this study, two overweight boys with muscular dystrophy were monitored by whole-body nitrogen balance, total body potassium, strength and functional measurements during calorie restriction. Both patients were found to have a transient loss of nitrogen on commencing the low calorie intake: thereafter, weight loss was not found to have any deleterious effect on muscle bulk or function in either patient. It is suggested that controlled weight-reduction in obese children with muscular dystrophy is a safe and practical way of losing excess fat, which can improve mobility and self-esteem, and may possibly effect longevity. PMID- 6734956 TI - Cognitive-perceptual abilities of a neurologically impaired infant: an alternative assessment strategy. AB - A 26-month-old boy with quadriplegia, untestable using traditional developmental tests, was assessed using a visual-discrimination paradigm (i.e. habituation dishabituation). The results were interpreted as evidence that this infant could visually attend to, and discriminate between photographic slides varying in shape and/or colour. It is suggested that this paradigm may eventually be used as an alternative clinical testing protocol for assessing the perceptual-cognitive abilities of CNS-damage infants. PMID- 6734957 TI - Specific spatial defect in a child with septo-optic dysplasia. AB - A blind girl with septo-optic dysplasia was compared with a blind, age-matched control on three spatial tests. Previous observations had suggested a specific spatial learning disorder. Results of the tests showed good verbal intelligence but severe impairment of topographical orientation, route-learning and kinaesthetic memory. It is argued that these dysfunctions were a direct consequence of the malformation syndrome, and could not be accounted for by factors such as sex or congenital blindness. PMID- 6734958 TI - Management of neuropathic bladder in childhood. PMID- 6734960 TI - Is the 14C-triolein breath test useful in the assessment of malabsorption in clinical practice? AB - A 14C-triolein breath test was carried out on 49 subjects suffering from chronic pancreatitis or from other digestive diseases, and its results were compared with the daily fecal fat excretion. The 14CO2 peak excretion was abnormal in all the subjects with a fecal fat excretion above 14 g/day, whereas individual values of 14CO2 peak excretion in subjects without steatorrhea and with a fecal fat excretion ranging from 7.1 to 14 g overlapped. The lowest value observed in patients not suffering from steatorrhea was chosen as the lower normal limit of 14CO2 peak excretion. A test sensitivity as high as 64% was attained. The correlation between fecal fat and 14CO2 peak excretion was highly significant (r = 0.802; p less than 0.0001), and it followed a negative exponential function. Therefore, small variations in the 14CO2 peak excretion can be associated with a wide range of fecal fat excretion. Well-compensated diabetes secondary to pancreatitis did not interfere with the results of the test. In conclusion, in our experience this test proved to be a qualitative diagnostic tool with a low sensitivity. PMID- 6734959 TI - Pattern of cell proliferation and enteroglucagon response following small bowel resection in the rat. AB - Gut resection triggers off a complex series of adaptive changes in the remaining bowel. There is evidence that these are partly mediated by hormonal factors and enteroglucagons have been proposed as candidates for this role. It is uncertain, however, whether plasma enteroglucagon concentrations rise quickly enough to be involved in the rapid initial response or are persistent enough for chronic maintenance. Plasma concentrations of enteroglucagon were therefore estimated at varying times following gut resection and related to crypt cell production rate (CCPR), which was used as an index of cellular proliferation. 96 male Wistar rats had either 75% proximal small bowel resection or jejunal transection (controls). Groups of animals were killed at 1.5, 3, 6, 12, 24 and 48 days following operation and the plasma enteroglucagon and CCPR in the terminal ileum were estimated. Both values were markedly elevated at 1.5 days and continued to rise in a very similar manner in the resected group of rats. Gel permeation chromatography on Sephadex G-50 of plasma samples showed that the increase in plasma enteroglucagon was mainly due to an increase in a component of Kav 0.25, of similar molecular size to that of porcine glicentin. Thus the principal form of enteroglucagon, as a possible trophic hormone, does respond sufficiently quickly, and the response is maintained for long enough, to be involved throughout the adaptive process. PMID- 6734961 TI - Changes of gastric mucus glycoproteins with aspirin administration in rats. AB - The qualitative changes of gastric mucus glycoproteins occurring after aspirin dosing in rats were further investigated. Mucus glycoprotein contents of test animals were 55 and 53% of the control value at 3 and 7 h after dosing, respectively. The glycoproteins were further fractionated by CM-Sepharose CL-6B chromatography. 5 fractions were separated, 1 unadsorbed (fraction 1) and 4 adsorbed (fractions 2-5). Ratios of the major fractions 1:2:4 were 36:47:17 for control, 40:35:25 3 h after aspirin dosing, and 47:33:20 7 h after aspirin administration. Fractions 1, 2, and 4 corresponded to sulfomucin and sialomucin (relatively high content of sialic acid), sialomucin, and neutral mucin, respectively. While the absolute amount of each mucus glycoprotein fraction decreased with aspirin administration, the diminution of fraction 2 was distinct. PMID- 6734962 TI - Application of clinical decision analysis to audiological tests. AB - This paper is the first in a series of three concerning audiological tests and test batteries designed to differentiate cochlear from retrocochlear site-of lesion. This paper concentrates on the techniques of clinical decision analysis with particular application to audiology. Those principles of clinical decision analysis which are most relevant for the audiologist are presented. Several techniques for measuring test performance are described and evaluated. In addition, this paper considers the problem of comparing test performance to determine the superior test. PMID- 6734963 TI - Comparison of speech perception skills in young and old listeners. AB - A companion paper (Yanz. 1984, Ear Hear. 5, 64-71) has described an approach to the quantification of speech perception using measures derived from the theory of signal detection (TSD). The present experiment uses this approach to compare speech perception in young and old listeners in terms of the traditional word recognition score (%C), the ability to assess the accuracy of one's own identifications [P(A)], and the decision criterion used in that assessment (B). Monosyllables were presented in a background of broadband noise at two signal-to noise ratios (S/N), 0 dB and 5 dB. Subjects recorded their identification of each test item and then rated their confidence in that identification on a six-point scale. Results indicated that in this particular task, neither %C nor B differed between the two age groups, but both quantities varied with S/N. P(A) was the same for the two groups at S/N = 0 dB but differed at S/N = 5 dB. The young group showed significant improvement in P(A) from the 0-dB to the 5-dB S/N condition, while old subjects showed no change. These results suggest that young subjects are more able than older subjects to adapt to and take advantage of an improvement in the acoustic environment. PMID- 6734964 TI - Group amplification in schools for the hearing impaired. AB - In the present field study, ambient noise levels and the status of group FM wireless amplification systems were examined in 19 classrooms for the hearing impaired. Classroom noise was judged to be unacceptably high thus justifying the need for group amplification devices. Physical inspection of the group systems revealed defects in approximately one-half of the 28 teacher and 89 student amplification units. The electroacoustic measurements showed wide variability in performance among systems. There also appeared to be no systematic relationship between the degree of hearing loss of the children and the amount of unit gain being employed by each specific amplification system. PMID- 6734965 TI - Normative characteristics of ipsilateral acoustic reflex adaptation. AB - Contralateral and ipsilateral acoustic reflex adaptation (decay) were examined using 500-, 1000-, and 2000-Hz tonal activators for stimulation periods of 30 seconds in 30 normal subjects. For these normal subjects, ipsilateral adaptation always exceeded contralateral adaptation, although differences between the two conditions were not significant. In addition, contralateral and ipsilateral acoustic reflex adaptation of four subjects with varying degrees of sensorineural hearing loss were compared to the normative data. Results for these impaired ears indicated that a longer period of activation may be necessary to distinguish between normal reflex adaptation and adaptation which may occur in cochlear pathology. Further, in three normal ears and two ears with cochlear pathology, ipsilateral adaptation equaled or exceeded 50% of the initial value within 10 seconds of activation. This finding suggests that the same criterion which is used for establishing abnormal contralateral adaptation cannot be used for abnormal ipsilateral adaptation. PMID- 6734966 TI - Comparison between AER and behavioral thresholds in normally and abnormally hearing chinchillas. AB - The present study compared the auditory evoked response (AER) and behavioral thresholds from the chinchilla before and after acoustic overstimulation. Bipolar electrodes were chronically implanted in the inferior colliculus of seven monauralized behaviorally conditioned animals (shock-avoidance). AER to 20-msec and behavioral thresholds to 20- and 500-msec tone bursts were determined for a range of frequencies before and after a 4-hour exposure to a 2000 Hz, 120dB SPL pure tone for six of the animals. One animal served as control and received no exposure. Results revealed a relatively close correspondence between AER and behavioral thresholds both before and after noise exposure in the same animal. Postexposure AER and behavioral thresholds displayed mild to moderate losses in sensitivity in the 1 to 4 kHz range. These findings justify further development of this particular AER as an indicator of hearing sensitivity in the chinchilla. PMID- 6734967 TI - Visual scoring of the middle latency response. AB - Interjudge validity and intrajudge reliability were studied in a task in which three sets of judges (scores) identified middle latency responses under varying conditions of intensity and number of stimuli per response. The results demonstrated that intensity level was the only factor that had a statistically significant effect on the scorers' judgments. As intensity decreased it became increasingly difficult to detect middle latency responses; however, silent controls were clearly identified as response absent. Definite trends were seen for the scorer groups as a function of experience; the experienced groups generally had slightly higher mean confidence levels and percent correct judgments than the naive scorers. Surprisingly, increasing the number of stimuli had no significant effect on the scorers' judgments. Last, intrajudge reliability was high across all scorers for all conditions except at 10 dB SL. Most of the unreliable judgments and difficulty in detection (interjudge validity) occurred at the 10 dB SL. PMID- 6734968 TI - A children's Spanish word discrimination test for non-Spanish-speaking clinicians. AB - A picture-pointing speech discrimination test which can be efficiently administered by English-speaking clinicians to Spanish-speaking children was developed. The test consists of four lists of 25 bisyllabic words. Two syllable words were chosen as stimuli instead of the traditional monosyllabic words because of the limited number of concrete monosyllabic words in Spanish. These words were recorded in Spanish on the first channel of an audio tape and in English on the second channel. The purpose of this dual recording was to present the Spanish stimuli to the subjects at the same time the clinicians monitored the appropriateness of responses in English. PMID- 6734969 TI - Four spondee threshold procedures: a comparison. AB - Two ascending and two descending procedures were used to obtain spondee thresholds from normally hearing and sensorineural hearing impaired subjects. Minimal differences were found when comparisons of threshold were made among all four procedures. Results indicated slightly more sensitive thresholds when the descending procedures were used and slightly poorer pure-tone average and spondee threshold agreement. Test-retest reliability was good for all four procedures, but large differences existed among the procedures in the amount of time and in the number of words required to establish threshold. Advantages and clinical implications are discussed. PMID- 6734970 TI - The measurement of performance asymmetries with dichotic stimulus presentation. AB - The failure to include only relevant observations in the assessment of laterality has resulted in a proliferation of post hoc attempts to "correct" laterality measures influenced by "overall performance level." The inclusion of information from trials in which both ears were either correct or in error contaminates the laterality measure (not overall performance per se). The use of single correct trial information obviates the need for adjusting laterality measures and lends itself to standard statistical procedures. PMID- 6734971 TI - Pastoral care in B.C. hospitals: an overview. PMID- 6734972 TI - Chaplain has versatile roles in pediatric setting. PMID- 6734973 TI - Launching an I.V. admixture program: Royal Vic has strategy. PMID- 6734974 TI - Standardizing care for catheter patients. PMID- 6734975 TI - New Brunswick's Extra-Mural Hospital: a system catalyst. PMID- 6734977 TI - Reusing "single use" items: new perspectives. PMID- 6734976 TI - Royal Vic's day care--going to work with mom or dad. PMID- 6734978 TI - Fundraising: as dollars shrink, campaigns grow. PMID- 6734979 TI - Gatekeeping: who's responsible? PMID- 6734980 TI - Prevalence of diabetes mellitus in north-western Tanzania. AB - The prevalence of diabetes mellitus in 3,145 Tanzanian Africans living in three different areas of the country was studied. Fasting capillary blood glucose concentrations were measured by Dextrometer and if the levels were greater than or equal to 5.5 mmol/l an oral glucose tolerance test was performed. When using the 1980 WHO criteria [8] for diagnosis, the overall diabetic prevalence was 0.7%. Prevalence increased with age, and in the population greater than or equal to 20 years of age it was 1.6%. In a rural area inhabitated by the Haya tribe, the prevalence in the population aged greater than or equal to 20 years was 2.5%, and in a similar area populated by the Sukuma tribe it was 0.5%. In the urban area of Mwanza town it was 1.9%. Obesity was seen in 3.7% of the population and in 9.1% of the diabetic subjects. Sixty-eight percent of the diabetic patients were female compared with 53% in the general population. None of the diabetic patients discovered had any symptoms. Thus, the overall prevalence of diabetes in Tanzania is rather low but shows geographical variability and is strongly associated with age. PMID- 6734982 TI - Renal changes in long-term type 1 (insulin-dependent) diabetic patients with and without clinical nephropathy: a light microscopic, morphometric study of autopsy material. AB - The relationship between clinical diabetic nephropathy and morphological renal changes was studied in autopsy material from 34 long-term Type 1 (insulin dependent) diabetic patients of juvenile onset. Seventeen had no clinical signs of nephropathy (defined by persistent proteinuria, hypertension, and elevated serum creatinine) while a further 17 age-matched diabetic patients with a similar duration of diabetes had severe clinical nephropathy. The renal tissue was examined by morphometric light microscopy, using a point counting technique and the results compared with renal tissue from subjects who died without diabetes. In the diabetic patients without clinical nephropathy, arteriolohyalinosis was much more pronounced compared with non-diabetic subjects (2p less than 0.001) and within the glomeruli the amount of subcapsular fibrosis and glomerular mesangium was increased (2p less than 0.05 and less than 0.001, respectively). The area of open capillaries was decreased compared with non-diabetic subjects (2p less than 0.025), and the percentage of occluded glomeruli was significantly increased (2p less than 0.05). The diabetic patients with clinical nephropathy had significantly more interstitial tissue and glomerular mesangium (2p less than 0.001) and less open glomerular capillaries (2p less than 0.001) than diabetic subjects without clinical nephropathy, but severe glomerulosclerosis could be seen in the diabetic patients without any sign of clinical nephropathy. Serum creatinine correlated with the mesangial area (r = 0.792, 2 a less than 0.001). No difference was observed between the two diabetic groups regarding the degree of arteriolohyalinosis, the number of Kimmelstiel-Wilson lesions or exudative lesions.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS) PMID- 6734983 TI - Erythrocyte 2,3-bisphosphoglycerate concentrations and haemoglobin glycosylation in normoxic Type 1 (insulin-dependent) diabetes mellitus. AB - Increased erythrocyte 2,3-bisphosphoglycerate concentrations are associated with increased haemoglobin glycosylation in patients with Type 1 diabetes mellitus who have no cause or symptoms of hypoxic stress. This change in 2,3 bisphosphoglycerate metabolism is additional to its response to changes in circulating haemoglobin concentration. Statistical analysis of data showed that erythrocyte 2,3-bisphosphoglycerate concentration did not correlate with the absolute concentration of circulating haemoglobin A1c, but with the proportion of haemoglobin glycosylated. This finding is consistent with the hypothesis that it is changes in the position of the erythrocyte oxygen dissociation curve which modulate the increase in 2,3-bisphosphoglycerate synthesis upon haemoglobin A1c formation. PMID- 6734984 TI - Hyperproinsulinaemia in cirrhosis. PMID- 6734981 TI - Retarded chylomicron apolipoprotein-B catabolism in type 2 (non-insulin dependent) diabetic subjects with lipaemia. AB - To define the kinetics of chylomicron apolipoprotein-B catabolism in diabetic subjects with lipaemia, autologous chylomicrons (Sf 400) harvested from plasma following an oral fat load were radioiodinated and re-injected. The radioactivity in the tetramethylurea-insoluble, non-lipid Sf greater than 400 lipoprotein fraction was followed in serial samples over 60-72 h on a fat-free, isocaloric diet in: (1) five normal subjects; (2) four hypertriglyceridaemic, non-diabetic subjects; and (3) five diabetic patients (one subject, No. 3, was studied twice). The plasma apolipoprotein-B decay curve for the Sf 400 fraction disclosed biphasic disappearance: a rapid first phase (residence time 0.8-1.9 h) accounting for the large majority of removal (60%-95%) and a slower second phase (residence time 3.6-47.6 h), accounting for the remainder. Total chylomicron apolipoprotein B residence times were similar in normolipidaemic (1.8-7.3 h) and hypertriglyceridaemic (2.3-10.3 h) non-diabetic subjects and the mildly hypertriglyceridaemic diabetic patients (5.6 and 5.8 h). In the untreated lipaemic diabetic subjects (Nos. 1 and 2), only a single, much slower phase was observed (total chylomicron apolipoprotein-B residence time 38.5-58 h). Adipose tissue biopsy in one of these subjects (No. 1) disclosed profoundly low lipoprotein lipase activity. The lipaemic diabetic subject (No. 3) studied early during treatment showed an intermediate pattern. These studies suggest a key role for insulin-dependent, lipoprotein lipase-mediated triglyceride hydrolysis in the removal of chylomicrons from plasma. PMID- 6734985 TI - BB creatine kinase and myogenic differentiation. Immunocytochemical identification of a distinct precursor compartment in the chicken skeletal myogenic lineage. AB - Antisera specific for the B monomer of creatine kinase (B-CK), the M monomer of creatine kinase (M-CK), and muscle-specific myosin heavy chain (MHC) were used to investigate the biochemical characteristics of individual cells in primary myogenic cultures. Through the use of immunocytochemical techniques, in conjunction with 3H-thymidine autoradiography, it was determined that (1) all of the terminally differentiated myoblasts contained B-CK in addition to M-CK and MHC, (2) none of the cycling cells contained M-CK or MHC, (3) a fraction (7.5%) of the cycling cells contained B-CK, and (4) the cycling, B-CK positive cells divided once, and only once, and produced two terminally differentiated myoblasts. These results indicate that myogenic precursors in vitro are a phenotypically heterogeneous cell population and that the appearance of B-CK in cycling myogenic cells is a biochemical manifestation of a distinct precursor compartment in the chicken skeletal myogenic lineage. PMID- 6734987 TI - A scanning electron microscope study of the extraembryonic endoderm of the 8th day mouse embryo. AB - Late primitive streak embryos were dissected to reveal the junction between the visceral (VE) and parietal (PE) extraembryonic endoderm. Scanning electron microscopy showed that the two cell types differ markedly in their surface morphology and intercellular organization: the VE cells have numerous apical microvilli and form part of a continuous epithelial layer, while the smoother PE cells are scattered individually over the surface of Reichert's membrane. One interpretation of the morphology of the junction between the two tissues is that visceral endoderm cells in this region are detaching from the epithelial layer, migrating on to Reichert's membrane and differentiating into parietal endoderm. Preparatory to this, the visceral endoderm cells in the junctional zone may undergo extensive reorganization of their surface membranes. PMID- 6734986 TI - Gene expression in flow sorted mouse teratocarcinoma X human fibroblast heterokaryons. AB - Mouse teratocarcinoma cells and primary human fibroblasts were fluorescently labelled with fluorescein isothiocyanate (FITC)- and trimethylrhodamine isothiocyanate (TRITC)-stearylamine respectively. After fusion populations highly enriched for red-green heterokaryons (around 80%) were isolated from the fusion mixture using a FACS II cell sorter. To study gene expression in the early hybrids [35S] methionine-labelled proteins synthesized by the sorted cells at two and three days after fusion were analysed by two-dimensional gel electrophoresis. Three spots were denser in gels of the fused cells than in those of 1:1 mixtures of parental cells. For one of these proteins it could be demonstrated that this reflects the enhanced synthesis of a mouse-specific protein present only in small amounts in teratocarcinoma cells. All three proteins were synthesized in relatively large amounts by differentiated mouse cells. Collagen (type I) synthesis by the sorted hybrid cells was studied by analysing the [3H] proline labelled material secreted into the medium. Analysis by sodium dodecyl sulphate (SDS)-gel electrophoresis and two-dimensional nonequilibrium pH gradient electrophoresis showed that the material secreted by the fused cells five days after fusion was the same as that secreted by the human fibroblasts. No evidence was obtained for synthesis of mouse alpha 2(I) collagen. The amount of collagen produced by the sorted cells five days after fusion was about half the amount produced by the human fibroblasts. Immunofluorescence studies also showed that collagen synthesis was not suppressed after fusion both in heterokaryons and synkaryons. In conclusion, we did not find evidence for activation of a previously completely silent mouse gene in the fused cells. The results show, however, that the fused cells do resemble the differentiated fibroblasts rather than the undifferentiated teratocarcinoma cells. PMID- 6734988 TI - Discovery and initial characterization of a new conditional (temperature sensitive) maternal effect mutation in the axolotl. AB - The discovery of a new temperature-sensitive maternal effect mutation in Ambystoma mexicanum is described. The new gene (ts-1) was recognized when 100% of the eggs spawned by homozygous females failed to develop past early gastrulation when reared at 25 degrees C. Eggs raised at 10 degrees C developed normally to sexual maturity. A temperature-sensitive period during blastulation was identified by a preliminary series of temperature shifts. Histologic examination revealed that nuclear abnormalities, especially chromosomal bridges, characterized ts-1 embryos reared beyond the ninth cleavage at the restrictive temperature (25 degrees C). PMID- 6734989 TI - Oral contraceptives and cancer. PMID- 6734990 TI - Theo-24 absorption with meals. PMID- 6734991 TI - Postpartum hypertension, seizures, strokes reported with bromocriptine. PMID- 6734992 TI - Thrombolytic agents in evolving MI. PMID- 6734993 TI - Serious adverse reactions with sulfonamides. PMID- 6734994 TI - Hyperthermia device approved for limited cancer treatment. PMID- 6734995 TI - Ultrasound in pregnancy. PMID- 6734996 TI - Video display terminals and pregnancy. PMID- 6734997 TI - Action level for nitrosamines in rubber nipples. PMID- 6734998 TI - Food asphyxiation in young children. PMID- 6734999 TI - Information about protection of research subjects. PMID- 6735000 TI - [Aminoacidoagram in acromegaly patients]. PMID- 6735001 TI - [Primary empty sella syndrome: clinical and diagnostic aspects. Report of 4 cases]. PMID- 6735002 TI - [Frequency and characteristics of dyspepsia in chronic pancreatitis]. PMID- 6735003 TI - [Rehabilitative therapy as prevention against demineralization caused by inactivity in aged hemiplegics]. PMID- 6735004 TI - [Use of transesophageal atrial stimulation in the treatment of atrial flutter. Clinical experience]. AB - Transesophageal atrial pacing with relatively low current output and wide pulse duration has been recently reported. With this method supraventricular tachycardias can be successfully induced and terminated. In this study 23 episodes of spontaneous common atrial flutter (21 patients) were treated by rapid transesophageal atrial pacing (output of 16 Volts and pulse duration of 10 msec). Sinus rhythm resumption was obtained in 18 episodes (78.2%), directly after interruption of stimulation in 7 and following brief periods of atrial fibrillation in 11. All patients tolerated the procedure well with moderate discomfort; no complications were observed. Esophageal pacing offers a useful, rapid, minimally invasive, well tolerated method of terminating atrial flutter in the clinical practice. PMID- 6735005 TI - [The alkalinization test in the diagnosis of spontaneous angina]. AB - The induction of alkalosis has been proposed as provocative test of coronary spasm in patients affected by vasospastic angina. We submitted to the test 43 patients, affected by angina with a previous documentation of spontaneous ischemia (19 patients with ST elevation and 24 patients with ST depression at the EKG registered during pain). Twelve patients had normal coronary arteries; in 14 patients a significant stenosis of a single vessel was present; in 15 patients 2 vessels were involved and in 2 a 3-vessel disease was demonstrated. The test induced ischemia in 17 patients (39.6%). The positivity of the test was strictly dependent on the period of time elapsed between the last documented crisis of angina and the provocative test: it induced ischemia in 75% of the patients who underwent the test in the acute phase: on the other hand it was constantly negative in patients who had not complained of anginal pain for more than 6 months. In the screening of patients with chest pain at rest, the test of alkalosis does not seem, therefore, useful as a diagnostic tool. PMID- 6735006 TI - [Relation between the QT interval and the severity of ventricular arrhythmias in the early phases of myocardial infarct]. AB - The purpose of our research was to evaluate the relationship between the severity of ventricular arrhythmias in the first hours of myocardial infarction and the duration of electrical systole (QT). Twelve-lead resting electrocardiograms (ECGs) of 66 non-consecutive patients admitted to our Coronary Care Unit for myocardial infarction were retrospectively evaluated. Criteria for retrospective selection of patients were the following: 1) admission to the coronary care unit within 12 hours from the onset of myocardial infarction symptoms; 2) appropriate ECG changes suggesting acute transmural infarction (pathologic Q waves, envolving ST changes) and diagnostic elevation of serum enzymes activity; 3) good-quality ECG recordings with sinus rhythm and no conduction defects, recorded before the beginning of therapy and within the first hours after the onset of symptoms. After this first selection, the following criteria of exclusion were applied: 1) abnormal values of serum Ca++ and K+; 2) historical and/or electrocardiographic findings of a previous myocardial infarction; 3) chronic treatment with antiarrhythmic or beta-blocking drugs, digitalis or other drugs affecting the QT interval; 4) administration of drugs affecting the QT interval before admission; 5) clinical signs of left ventricular failure or cardiogenic shock at admission or during the hospitalization; 6) development of severe ventricular arrhythmias after 24 hours from the onset of symptoms. Three subgroups were individuated : group A: 39 patients with non life-threatening ventricular arrhythmias; group B: 12 patients with episodes of ventricular tachycardia within the first 12 hours of myocardial infarction; group C: 15 patients with episodes of ventricular fibrillation within the first 12 hours of myocardial infarction.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS) PMID- 6735007 TI - [History of pre-existing angina and post-infarct myocardial ischemia (symptomatic and asymptomatic)]. AB - 353 patients enrolled in a cardiac rehabilitation program underwent a bicycle ergometric test 28-60 days after an acute myocardial infarction. Twenty-nine patients (8.2%) had a previous history of chronic angina pectoris (more than 6 months before an acute myocardial infarction): 3 of these subjects did not develop myocardial ischemia after infarction; 26 (89.6%) (Group A) had an ischemic response on effort with horizontal or downsloping S-T segment depression of 2 mV. Ninety-four of 324 Patients without history of chronic angina pectoris had an ischemic response at exercise test (Group B) (p less than 0.001). In Group A the association of ischemic electrocardiographic changes and pain during the test was more frequent than in Group B (42.3% vs. 16%) p less than 0.01). During rehabilitation and follow up period (27.2 +/- 14 months) we observed that only 11.5% of Group A Patients remained symptomatic compared to 69.1% Group B Patients (p less than 0.001). In conclusion, a history of chronic pre-infarction angina pectoris appears to be a predictor of symptomatic ischemia after myocardial infarction. PMID- 6735008 TI - Echocardiographic evaluation with hemodynamic correlation of the left ventricle in mitral stenosis. AB - The value of echocardiographic measurement of left ventricle volume and ejection fraction and of mitral valve area in patients with mitral stenosis has been assessed. All patients referred because of mitral stenosis have been studied by M mode and two-dimensional echocardiography, by right and left heart catheterization, ventriculography and selective coronary angiography. Patients with other congenital or acquired heart disease or with coronary artery disease were excluded from this study. The selection lead to a series of 39 pts, all with a typical history of Rheumatic Fever: all these pts were divided in three groups according to the degree of mitral stenosis, classified as "mild", if valvular area was greater than 1.8 cm2 (8 pts), "moderate" between 1-1.8 cm2 (15 pts) and "severe" if valvular areas was less than 1 cm2 (16 pts). In all groups echocardiography underestimated left ventricular volumes as well as stroke volumes. Statistical correlation has not been excellent: the best result was again obtained in the calculation of ejection fraction (r = 0.91, P less than 0.001), confirming our previous results in a group of patients with mitral regurgitation. Cross-sectional two-dimensional echocardiography has confirmed, furthermore, as a sensitive and suitable procedure in assessing the mitral valve area (r = 0,87 P less than 0.001); at our experience echocardiography under estimate mitral area in the cases of severe mitral stenosis. PMID- 6735009 TI - [Closed-chest interruption of abnormal bundles of His. Its use in a case of "incessant" tachycardia guided by an experimental model]. AB - The usefulness and safety of intracardiac discharge of a synchronized DC shock through a catheter-electrode to ablate the His bundle has led the Authors to evaluate the use of this technique to interrupt bypass tracts located near the coronary sinus. Acute experiments were performed in 10 open chest dogs. A tripolar 6F catheter-electrode was placed in the coronary sinus and 2 or 3 unipolar shocks of 80-120 joules were delivered to each electrode. After the procedure the coronary sulcus was inspected and a lesion 2-3 cm wide and 2-4 mm deep with edema and haemorrhage was found in all cases. On the basis of the data obtained in dogs, the technique was successfully used in a woman with "incessant" supraventricular tachycardia due to reentry through a concealed anomalous pathway located in the posterior septum. A careful mapping of the coronary sinus allowed the localization of the earliest retrograde atrial activation. Two shocks of 120 joules were delivered in the coronary sinus at the site suggested by the electrophysiologic mapping. The patient has remained free from tachycardia since the time of the discharge (follow-up: three weeks). PMID- 6735010 TI - [Analysis of variations in cardiac performance induced by tilt and hand-grip in athletes and in untrained subjects]. AB - The aim of the present study is to analyze variations of external cardiac work and of indices of myocardial oxygen consumption induced by upright tilting and hand-grip in volley-ball athletes (group A) in comparison with a group of normal subjects (group N). For this purpose we have used impedance cardiography, a simple, reproducible and non invasive technique, which is very reliable in evaluating both systolic time intervals and hemodynamic parameters such as stroke volume and cardiac output. No significant differences, of external cardiac work, double and triple product were observed between group A and N upon upright tilting. Hand-grip test, on the other hand, can differentiate the myocardial behaviour of trained people from that of the control group. The double product was significantly reduced in group A in comparison with group N (P less than 0.001 and the end of the test, P less than 0.05 after 30", P less than 0.001 after 1' and 3"). The triple product was significantly reduced in group A in comparison with group N at the end of the test (P less than 0.005). External cardiac work was always higher in group A in comparison with group N (P less than 0.02, at the stop P less than 0.05 after 30", P less than 0.01 after 1', P less than 0.0001 after 3'). Therefore in volleyball athletes the myocardium exhibits better mechanical performance than in normal subjects. PMID- 6735011 TI - [Abnormal intracavitary dynamic echoes. II. In vivo study]. AB - Dynamic intracavitary echoes (DIE's) suggesting regional stasis of blood, were detected in 17 patients (pts) (6 with mitral stenosis, 1 with mitral prosthesis, 5 with congestive cardiomyopathy, 5 with left ventricular aneurysm). DIE's were observed in the left atrium in all pts with mitral stenosis and in the patient with a prosthetic valve, in the left ventricle in the remaining pts. In 5 pts a thrombus was detected in the cardiac chamber in which DIE's were observed. In 4 pts direct inspection (at surgery or autopsy) of the cardiac chamber in which DIE's were detected revealed the presence of non-coagulated blood. All pts with DIE's in the left atrium were in atrial fibrillation. In one case with mitral stenosis DIE's disappeared after commissurotomy. IN CONCLUSION: DIE's suggesting regional stasis of blood may be detected in pts with clinical conditions characterized by slow cardiac flow; this phenomenon may be caused by red cell aggregation occurring in those conditions. PMID- 6735012 TI - [Introductory course on statistical methods in epidemiology]. PMID- 6735013 TI - [Trans-septal catheterization. Technic and indications]. AB - We report our experience with transseptal catheterization of the left side of the heart via the right femoral vein. This technique was attempted in 50 patients undergoing left heart catheterization for hemodynamic evaluation of aortic valve stenosis (15 patients) and prosthetic valves (35 patients). The importance of some manoeuvres, especially within the right atrium, to avoid some of the most usual complications, like cardiac or aortic perforations, intramyocardial injection of contrast medium, and embolization of left atrial masses, is underlined. PMID- 6735014 TI - [Spontaneous changes of ventricular ectopic beats in ischemic patients and subjects without other signs of cardiopathy]. AB - Spontaneous variability of premature ventricular complexes was evaluated by 72 hour continuous ambulatory electrocardiographic monitoring in 38 patients. Nineteen patients had coronary artery disease and 19 subjects had no documented signs of cardiac disease. Using multifactorial analysis of variance we determined the minimal percent reduction of premature ventricular complexes frequency that could not be ascribed to spontaneous variability alone in both single subject and in groups of 10 and 19 individuals and analyzed the difference between the two groups of ischemic and healthy patients. Our results show that in each subject with or without coronary artery disease the minimal reduction of premature ventricular complexes is similar: 71% and 72% respectively. On the other hand when the two groups were compared the percentage of reduction was 49% in healthy subjects and 40% in patients with coronary artery disease. Spontaneous variability of premature ventricular complexes decreases as the period of monitoring lengthens; however the improvement obtained with longer electrocardiographic monitoring doesn't justify the prolongation of the examination beyond 24 hours. PMID- 6735015 TI - Echocardiographic features of truncal abnormalities. Special emphasis to the evaluation of pulmonary arteries. AB - 9 patients with persistent truncus arteriosus, 11 patients with pseudotruncus and 2 patients with hemitruncus, ranging in age from 6 months to 29 years, have been studied by M-mode and two-dimensional echocardiography (2-D echo). In all patients the diagnosis was confirmed by cardiac catheterization and angiocardiography; in 10 of them surgical or autopsy documentation was available. Peripheral contrast echocardiography was performed in 13 patients. A variable degree of truncal or aortic override was observed in 7 of 9 patients with truncus arteriosus and in all patients with pseudotruncus by M-mode or two-dimensional echocardiography. By 2-D echo the truncal origin of the right and left pulmonary arteries was visualized in 7 of 9 of the patients with truncus arteriosus. Visualization of one aberrant pulmonary artery from the aortic wall was assessed retrospectively in 2 patients with hemitruncus. A pulmonary atretic valve region was recorded in 10 of 11 of the patients with pseudotruncus. Peripheral contrast echocardiography enabled to distinguish patients with complete obstruction to pulmonary flow from patients with unobstructed right ventricular outflow tract. By showing no direct connection between the pulmonary arteries and the ascending aorta or direct continuity between one or both pulmonary arteries and truncal or aortic root, differentiation of pseudotruncus arteriosus from truncus or hemitruncus may be achieved by 2-D echo. PMID- 6735016 TI - [Development of a method for the quantitative evaluation of the regional kinetics of the left ventricle]. AB - Segmental wall motion abnormalities of the left ventricle frequently occur in ischemic heart disease. An objective, quantitative method is required to ensure the reproducibility of the assessment of left ventricular regional function, especially in evaluating the changes induced by diagnostic and therapeutic interventions. In 32 normal subjects we obtained 30 degrees right anterior oblique left ventriculograms and developed a method based on the following observations. The method should reflect the symmetric uniform motion of the left ventricular silhouette. Only actual contractile motion should be taken into account; therefore, rotatory and translational motion should be compensated for. Passive systolic movement of aortic and mitral valves accounts for the contraction of neighbouring myocardial segments. Left ventricular wall excursion is most often measured by a coordinate system: since the cavity of the left ventricle becomes relatively longer during systole, left ventricular walls contract neither toward a single central point nor toward the long axis; therefore the appropriate origin of the coordinate system will be a segment. Furthermore, as more elongated left ventricular end-diastolic silhouettes appear to show a greater extent of systolic lengthening (we show evidence of this), the length of the segment must be related to the end-diastolic shape. The basic steps of the method are: 1) identification of a symmetry line, from the aortic mid point to the apex, by connecting the mid-point of 19 diameters perpendicular to the long axis; 2) roto-translation of the end-systolic silhouette so that the end systolic apex and aortic mid-point lie on the symmetry line.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS) PMID- 6735017 TI - [Smoking: a slow suicide!]. PMID- 6735018 TI - [Abnormal electrocardiographic changes induced by hypocalcemia secondary to extracorporeal circulation]. AB - We report hereby the case of a 20-year-old woman, whose electrocardiogram showed unusual repolarization abnormalities 36 hours after open heart surgery. They were due to pure hypocalcemia (7,1 mg/100 ml) secondary to extracorporeal circulation, were sudden in onset, transient, variable within a few minutes, and immediately suppressed by intravenous calcium chloride. Some of the changes were similar to those already reported in literature (lengthening of QT and ST segments, changes in T wave voltage but not duration) whereas other were quite unusual i.e. the extreme variability and transientness of these changes, the marked ST level alterations and the presence of wide and diphasic U waves. Intravenous administration of 2 g of calcium chloride was followed by immediate and complete normalization of the electrocardiographic tracing. PMID- 6735019 TI - [How and why treat supraventricular tachycardias]. AB - The present study deals with pathophysiological and clinical aspects of two major supraventricular tachyarrhythmias: atrial fibrillation and reciprocating tachycardia. The main hemodynamic effects and the most frequent complications are examined, and therapeutic indications are given concerning pharmacologic, surgical or electrical treatment. Twelve patients with supraventricular tachycardia (5 with intranodal reentry and 7 with A-V by-pass tract) were treated with Propafenone and evaluated by repeated electrophysiological testing. Acute infusion of Propafenone (2 mg/kg over 10 minutes) interrupted the induced tachycardia in 9 of 11 patients (81%); Propafenone prevented the induction of the arrhythmia in 60% of patients with nodal reentry and in none with A-V by-pass. Electrophysiological evaluation repeated after one week of oral treatment (300 mg three times daily) in 5 patients indicated complete protection in two patients; in three the arrhythmia was still inducible but had a significantly lower rate. Finally, with regard to electrical treatment, data are presented concerning 10 patients with supraventricular reentrant tachycardia (4 intranodal, 6 with A-V by pass tract) in whom an antiarrhythmic pacemaker was implanted (5 type Pasar Telectronics, 5 type Medtronic SP 500). The results were highly favourable in 9 patients with complete control of the arrhythmia. PMID- 6735020 TI - [How and why treat ventricular hyperkinetic arrhythmias]. AB - The Authors present their experience, based on 180 patients, concerning the treatment of chronic ventricular tachycardia. According to the underlying etiology, about 1/3 of the cases were considered idiopathic (most of all in form of salvos), 1/3 were ischemic with a prior myocardial infarction (ventricular tachycardias in the setting of acute myocardial infarction were not considered) and 1/3 had miscellaneous cardiac diseases. Prophylactic treatment of ventricular tachycardia recurrences was divided in three steps: classic antiarrhythmic drugs used in monotherapy (Quinidine or Quinidine-like, betablockers, Verapamil); Amiodarone or recent class I antiarrhythmics (Flecainide, Propafenone); drug combinations. The results of medical treatment were different according to the underlying etiology: the first two steps achieved control of the arrhythmia in 2/3 of patients with idiopathic ventricular tachycardia, in 45% of ventricular tachycardia due to miscellaneous cardiopathy and only in 35% of cases with post myocardial infarction ventricular tachycardia. Four patients were referred for antiarrhythmic surgery and 3 received a palliative electrical device. During a mean follow-up period of 5 years, there were no deaths in the group with idiopathic ventricular tachycardia, 10% of deaths in the group with miscellaneous cardiopathy and 17% in the group with post-myocardial infarction ventricular tachycardia. Idiopathic ventricular tachycardias seem to bear a minimal risk, and the need to treat them depends only on the severity of functional signs and on the frequency of arrhythmic episodes. In patients with severe underlying cardiopathy, particularly ischemic heart disease, active search for an effective treatment is mandatory, due to the high risk of death. PMID- 6735021 TI - [Clinical pharmacology of propafenone]. AB - Aim of our study is to examine some aspects of the relationship between pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics of Propafenon that are important as far as its current use is concerned. Orally administered Propafenon is largely absorbed and easily metabolized by the liver. Bioavailability is on the average 50%. Ninety per cent of the administered dose is eliminated in the feces and in the urine in about 60 hours. Because of the lack of a good correlation between chronically administered doses and plasmatic concentration, we tried to see whether the peak concentration after administration of a single dose could predict in some way the response of the patients arrhythmia. So far we do not have a clear cut answer to this question, which probably requires a different, more complex approach to the relations between pharmacokinetics, plasmatic levels and therapeutic range of an antiarrhythmic drug. PMID- 6735022 TI - [Electrophysiologic characterization of propafenone in man]. AB - We performed an electrophysiologic study in 10 subjects before and after administration of Propafenon in doses of 1,5 mg/Kg b.w. i.v. in 2-3 minutes. No symptoms and no significant reductions of arterial blood pressure were observed. The analysis of our data shows that Propafenon does not significantly influence the sinus node function and the sinoatrial conduction. As far the atrioventricular conduction, the drug caused a significant increase of the Wenckebach point, of St-Q interval duration and of the A-V node absolute refractory period. The H-V interval and the His-Purkinje refractory period were also increased. We conclude that P exerts a negative dromotropic effect by direct pharmacological action on the A-V node and on the intraventricular specific conduction pathways. PMID- 6735023 TI - [Electrophysiologic effects of propafenone in patients with sinus node dysfunction]. AB - The electrophysiologic effects of intravenously administered Propafenon (1,5 mg/kg) were evaluated in 16 patients (mean age: 62,1 +/- 11 years) with sinus node dysfunction, shown by sinus bradycardia or intermittent sino-atrial block. The variations of sinus cycle length were not statistically significant (NS), (1137,1 +/- 244,9 msec versus 1191,9 +/- 321,1 msec). In one patient sinus rate markedly decreased from 36 to 28 beats/min. In 2 patients the cycle length of a junctional rhythm was comparable before and after drug administration; in both patients the rate of the junctional rhythm decreased and in one markedly (from 39 to 32 beats/min). Sinoatrial conduction time increased in 4 patients and decreased in 6. The variations were not statistically significant (223,8 +/- 76 msec versus 230,6 +/- 75,9 msec). In one patient the sinoatrial conduction time which was normal during the control study, could not be evaluated after Propafenon due to the appearance of a retrograde block between the atrium and the sinus node. Maximum corrected sinus node recovery time was prolonged by the drug in 9 patients and shortened in 5. In 2 patients the sinus node recovery time was prolonged to about 10 sec. The mean value of corrected sinus node recovery time increased from 883,6 +/- 995,8 msec to 1820,5 +/- 2894 msec (NS). Propafenon significantly prolonged the effective refractory period and the functional refractory period of the atrium, as well as the A-H, H-V and QRS intervals, the A V node functional refractory period, the relative refractory period of His Purkinje system and the ventricular effective refractory period.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS) PMID- 6735024 TI - [Control of lactation]. PMID- 6735025 TI - [Paget's disease of bone. Study of 17 cases]. PMID- 6735026 TI - [The low-birth-weight newborn infant. III. Diseases at birth and during the hospital stay]. PMID- 6735027 TI - [The Master's degree in medical education. An attempt at professionalization]. PMID- 6735029 TI - Radioisotope-decay model of carcinogenesis: multistep process in the formation of original single tumor cells induced by 3-methylcholanthrene in mice. AB - The times of origin of fibrosarcomas induced with 3-methylcholanthrene in mice were analyzed mathematically. Histograms of the rates of formation of original single tumor cells plotted against the time after carcinogen treatment fitted a two-step exponential decay function. This model was named a radioisotope-decay model by analogy with the multistep decay of radioisotopes. The half-lives of the initial and intermediate transient states were determined for three tumor groups, and were found to be 23-29 days for both states. The present study indicates the involvement of at least two steps in the establishment of tumors, even with a complete carcinogen. PMID- 6735028 TI - Carcinogenicity of low doses of N-ethyl-N-nitrosourea in F344 rats; a dose response study. AB - The threshold level of minimum carcinogenic dose of N-ethyl-N-nitrosourea (ENU) and the effect of dose on organ specificity were examined by continuous oral administration to both sexes of F344 rats of low doses of ENU at four concentrations (0.3, 1, 3 and 10 ppm) in the drinking water. ENU at 10 ppm selectively induced neurogenic tumors and tumors of the digestive tract, including duodenal tumors. Even at lower doses it enhanced the spontaneous development of some other tumors. A high dose of ENU (400 ppm) was previously found to induce duodenal tumors selectively. These results indicate that the organ specificity of ENU is influenced by the dose and that ENU has multi-potent carcinogenic activity in many organs and/or tissues. In this study, some specific tumors, such as those of the nervous system and digestive tract, seemed to require a minimum carcinogenic level of ENU (10 ppm) for their appearance. However, it seems that ENU is carcinogenic at much lower dose levels than 10 ppm because ENU enhanced the spontaneous development of some other tumors in many experimental groups. The so-called virtually safe doses inducing these specific tumors at a risk level of 10(-6) were calculated. PMID- 6735030 TI - High concentrations of N-terminal peptide of type III procollagen in the sera of patients with various cancers, with special reference to liver cancer. AB - The concentrations of N-terminal peptide of type III procollagen in the sera of patients with various cancers were measured by radioimmunoassay. The mean value (with standard deviation) in the control group was 9.9 +/- 2.6 ng/ml. Serum levels exceeding 15 ng/ml were defined as positive, and it was found that 94% of 18 patients with primary liver cancer with cirrhosis, 88% of 8 patients with primary liver cancer without cirrhosis, 77% of 13 patients with metastatic liver cancer, 86% of 7 patients with recurrent breast cancer, 86% of 8 patients with colonic cancer, 75% of 8 patients with pancreatic cancer, 70% of 23 patients with stomach cancer, 51% of 35 patients with lung cancer, and 54% of 28 patients with uterine cancer showed positive levels. The concentrations showed great intersubject variations, probably reflecting the activity of tumor growth and/or invasion. The concentrations in the sera of patients with primary liver cancer with cirrhosis were generally higher than those in patients with liver cirrhosis alone or primary liver cancer without cirrhosis. This result suggested that the growth of primary liver cancer complicated by cirrhosis might be detected by serial measurements of this peptide in the serum of patients with liver cirrhosis. Present data suggested that this peptide is not cancer-specific, but assay of the peptide might be of value as an auxiliary means of detecting and monitoring various cancers, especially liver cancer. PMID- 6735032 TI - Lack of promotion effect of phenobarbital on pulmonary tumorigenesis in ddy mice initiated by transplacental exposure to 1-ethyl-1-nitrosourea. AB - The promoting effect of phenobarbital (PB) on lung tumorigenesis in mice was examined. Pregnant ddy female mice were injected ip with a single dose of 50 mg/kg 1-ethyl-1-nitrosourea at the 16th day of gestation. Offspring, 160 in total, were divided into two groups: one group of animals was fed a diet containing 0.05% PB continuously and the other was kept on the basal diet. All the animals were killed at 6 months of age and the number, size and histology of pulmonary tumors were examined. There were over 10 pulmonary tumors per animal on average, measuring from 0.5 to 10.2 mm in size, and the histology varied from grade I to III in atypism. A comparative study revealed no difference between PB treated and control mice in any aspect of the tumorigenesis. It was concluded that PB does not have promoting effect on pulmonary tumorigenesis in this system. PMID- 6735031 TI - Metastasis after intravenous inoculation of highly metastatic variants of mouse tumors and the effects of several antitumor drugs on the tumors. AB - Tumor metastasis was examined after iv inoculation of highly metastatic variants of mouse tumors. Highly metastatic variants, B16-F10 and B16-BL6, of B16 melanoma origin and colon 26 NL-17 of colon adenocarcinoma 26 origin were used in the experiments. Formation of pulmonary metastasis was influenced by the mouse strain and age. Based on the results, experimental metastasis systems of these tumors were established, and the effects of chemotherapeutic agents were examined. 5 Fluorouracil and adriamycin were significantly effective for the suppression of pulmonary metastasis. The degrees of suppression of metastasis by these drugs were different with different tumor variants, but the sensitivity of the metastasis to the drug was similar to that of the parent tumor. Several aspects of the chemotherapy of metastasis are discussed. PMID- 6735033 TI - Interaction between quercetin and Ca2+-calmodulin complex: possible mechanism for anti-tumor-promoting action of the flavonoid. AB - Quercetin was found to have similar inhibitory effects on tumor promoter-induced phenomena to those of N-(6-aminohexyl)-5-chloro-1-naphthalenesulfonamide, a calmodulin antagonist. Moreover, quercetin was shown to interact directly with the Ca2+-calmodulin complex. These results suggest that quercetin may act as a calmodulin antagonist, and that its antagonistic effect on calmodulin may be important in its anti-tumor-promoting action in vivo. PMID- 6735034 TI - The influence of gastro-jejunal anastomosis on gastric carcinogenesis in rats. AB - The effect of reflux of the duodenal contents on the development of gastric stump carcinoma induced in male rats was studied. Two gastro-jejunal anastomoses were made in the resected stomach of 28 rats and about half of the rats were also given a single dose of N-methyl-N'-nitro-N-nitrosoguanidine (MNNG). Well differentiated adenocarcinomas developed in the resected stomachs with and without MNNG administration at incidences of 40% in the former and 23% in the latter. All the carcinomas were localized in the vicinity of the gastro-jejunal anastomosis, at which the proximal jejunal segment was drained. Several mucosal changes were found predominantly in the fundic mucosa surrounding the anastomosis, i.e., ulcer, foveolar hyperplasia, intestinal metaplasia and atypical hyperplasia. On the other hand, there was little mucosal change surrounding the gastro-jejunal anastomosis of the distal jejunal segment. These findings suggest a direct correlation between the exposure of mucosa of the anastomotic region to the duodenal contents and the development of adenocarcinoma. PMID- 6735036 TI - [Medical treatment of human echinococcosis: current status]. PMID- 6735035 TI - Early cellular responses in the peritoneal cavity of mice to antitumor immunomodulators. AB - The early cellular responses to antitumor immunomodulators and conventional inducers, especially the polymorphonuclear leukocyte (PMN) responses, were examined in the peritoneal cavity of mice to investigate their effect on primary defense mechanisms. Immunomodulators were classified into 5 groups in terms of PMN response on the basis of its duration (declining or persistent) and extent (high or low induction): 1) TAK (beta-1,3-glucan)-type (high, persistent), 2) lentinan-type (high, declining), 3) yeast mannan-type (low, declining), 4) LPS (lipopolysaccharide)-type (low, persistent), 5) others (no effect). Since the general PMN response is of the declining type, the persistence of PMN with TAK- and LPS-type immunomodulators is a characteristic of the PMN-inducing activity. With respect to the extent, TAK- and lentinan-type immunomodulators induced larger numbers of PMN and macrophages than conventional inducers. These results suggest that some types of immunomodulators have effects on the early host defense mechanism. From the viewpoint of the general self-defense mechanism we also compared these PMN responses with those to bacteria and to tumor inoculation, and the properties of substances inducing high PMN response, i.e., those with the quality of "foreignness," are discussed. PMID- 6735037 TI - [Treatment of cholestasis caused by stenosis of the intrahepatic bile ducts in alveolar echinococcosis. Trial of biliary drainage by the percutaneous transhepatic approach]. AB - Six cases of hepatic alveolar echinococcosis with involvement of the hepatic hilum and cholestasis were treated by percutaneous biliary drainage. Clinical and morphological follow-up ranged from 18 to 34 months. A decrease of jaundice and bilirubinemia and the regression of the intrahepatic bile duct dilatation were observed in all cases. Biliary drainage was associated with percutaneous drainage of an hepatic necrotic cavity in four cases. Left hepatectomy was performed later in three cases. These results are encouraging and suggest that percutaneous biliary drainage is an effective and useful procedure for biliary drainage in hepatic alveolar echinococcosis with cholestasis due to obstruction of the intrahepatic bile ducts. PMID- 6735038 TI - [Treatment of human alveolar echinococcosis with flubendazole. Clinical, morphological and immunological study]. AB - Flubendazole has been given at a daily dosage of 50 mg/kg for 16 months (extremes 10 and 24 months) to 10 patients with hepatic alveolar echinococcosis. Clinical, morphological and immunological evaluations have been performed every 2 months during the treatment, and in 6 patients after discontinuation of the drug for 24 months. Jaundice persisted or occurred in 7 patients; infectious complications were observed in 4 patients; portal hypertension appeared in 5 patients; metastatic spread was suspected in 2 patients. Subjective improvement and weight gain were reported by 6 patients during the first 4 months of treatment. Severe complications occurring during the period of FZ therapy or within 2 months after withdrawal of the drug led to surgery in 6 patients, and death occurred in 3 cases. These observations demonstrate the inefficacy of FZ in this series of 10 patients with alveolar echinococcosis, possibly related to the extremely poor bioavailability of FZ. Higher plasma concentrations obtained with mebendazole and albendazole could explain the better efficacy of these two drugs despite their similar chemical structures and experimental toxicity upon larval cestodes. PMID- 6735039 TI - [Systemic circulatory hyperkinetic syndrome in patients with cirrhosis. Relation with hepatocellular failure and portal hypertension]. AB - Hyperkinetic circulatory state is common in patients with cirrhosis but the cause of this syndrome has not been clearly elucidated. Systemic hemodynamic changes and their relationship to liver failure and splanchnic hemodynamics were studied in 100 patients with cirrhosis and were compared to a group of 15 patients without portal hypertension. Cardiac output was significantly higher and systemic vascular resistance was significantly lower in cirrhotic patients than in control patients. Multivariate analysis revealed that among different clinical, biochemical and splanchnic hemodynamic data, serum albumin, serum bilirubin, plasma prothrombin, and gastrointestinal bleeding significantly and independently explained the variation of cardiac output and systemic vascular resistance. No relationship was found between hepatic venous pressures or the presence of ascites and the hyperkinetic syndrome. From these results, it is concluded that in patients with cirrhosis liver failure is partly responsible for the hyperkinetic state. PMID- 6735040 TI - [Stenosis of the left hepatic duct with intrahepatic lithiasis: treatment by the percutaneous transhepatic approach]. AB - The authors report the case of a 78-year-old woman suffering from cholangitis secondary to intrahepatic biliary stricture and intrahepatic lithiasis. Successful management consisted of successive percutaneous transhepatic internal external biliary drainage, balloon dilatation of the stricture and gallstone mobilisation and removal through the stricture. No complications were noted. PMID- 6735041 TI - [Dietary lipids and variations of fecal output and metabolic components in rats]. AB - The amount of feces (g/day) and the concentration of fecal secondary bile acids have been measured in ninety-six male Wistar rats C.P.B.: W.U. which received diets varying in their content both in linoleic acid and in total fat (5-10-20 p. 100). The fecal outflow, water excretion and fecal concentration of deoxycholic and lithocholic acids increased exponentially with time of feeding. As early as two weeks after beginning the diets, the increases were significantly greater for the diet with saturated fatty acids than for the diet with polyunsaturated fatty acids. The amount of ingested fat had only a slow influence on fecal metabolic factors. Indeed, the effect of the diet with the highest fat content became significantly different from that of the diet with the lowest fat content only after seven weeks of feeding. The existence of a linear relationship between secondary bile acid concentrations and both fecal water outflow and fresh fecal outflow would seem to indicate that the increase in bile salt fecal excretion was strictly physiological. The proposed experimental protocol can be applied to study the relationship between fat intake, bile acid fecal excretion and tumor yield in experimental colonic tumorigenesis initiated by 1,2-dimethyl-hydrazine. PMID- 6735042 TI - [Efficacy of a new antisecretory agent (40 749 RP) on human gastric secretion induced by a meal (intragastric titration)]. AB - An antisecretory drug of a new series, 40 749 RP, without anticholinergic or H2 receptor antagonist activities, was tested on meal-induced gastric acid secretion in 6 healthy volunteers. Gastric acid secretion and emptying of liquid were measured using intragastric titration. Oral dosages tested were 1, 2 and 4 mg/kg versus placebo. Inhibitions obtained were dose-related and expressed in percentage of the placebo values: 36 +/- 10 p. 100 for 1 mg/kg; 51 +/- 13 p. 100 for 2 mg/kg and 83 +/- 5 p. 100 for 4 mg/kg. Statistically significant correlation (p less than 0.001) was observed between maximal blood concentration of 40 749 RP and the percentage of secretory inhibition during the 90 min of the test. No change in gastrin response or in gastric emptying was observed whatever the dose. PMID- 6735044 TI - [Effects of a shielding antacid on changes in the gastric potential difference induced by aspirin in man]. AB - Acetyl salicylic acid (AAS) disrupts the gastric mucosal barrier, causing a drop in the transmural potential difference (PD) and mucosal injuries. The decrease of PD correlates with endoscopic assessment and mucosal damage. The gastric PD may be used as a sensitive model for the assessement of drug-induced damage to the gastric mucosa. We have studied the effects of a shielding antacid ( Gelox ) on PD modifications induced by 500 mg of AAS in 12 healthy volunteers. Measures were performed after administration of one unit of Gelox and after a 3 day treatment period (1 unit, three times daily). Gelox induced a significant decrease of maximal PD drop (10.7 +/- 3.1 mV and 7.5 +/- 2.8 mV respectively; p less than 0.001) and of PD recovery time (p less than 0.05). After the 3 day treatment period and 14 h after the last intake, there was an increase of basal PD values and a very significant decrease (p less than 0.001) of maximal PD drop induced by AAS alone and AAS + Gelox (5.33 +/- 2.42 mV and 3.66 +/- 2.18 mV, respectively). Since the antacid effect had disappeared 14 h after the last intake of Gelox ; these results suggest an increase of the gastric mucosal barrier and a real "shielding effect". PMID- 6735043 TI - [Recurrent acute pancreatitis, associated with pancreas divisum. Clinical study of 12 cases]. AB - Sixty-three cases of pancreas divisum were diagnosed in a series of 2,800 endoscopic retrograde cholangiopancreatographies performed between 1976 and 1982. This anomaly was significantly associated with recurrent pancreatitis. Based on 12 cases in which the only possible causative factor of acute pancreatitis was pancreas divisum, the symptoms of this association are described. There were seven males and five females. Average age at the onset of symptoms was 35.3 +/- 12.4 years. Heavy to moderate consumption of alcohol was never found; protein and fat intakes were within normal ranges. All patients presented with acute recurrent pancreatitis, half of them having suffered three to five attacks. The duration of troubles ranged from 6 months to 14 years. In half of the cases the attacks did not last more than twelve hours and were of moderate intensity. Even in case of frequent attacks, no loss of weight was observed. These features are different from that of chronic calcifying pancreatitis. Ultrasonography showed the intrapancreatic course of the mesenteric vein and/or the appearance of two areas of different tonality in the pancreatic head in 58 p. 100 of cases. Endoscopic retrograde cholangiopancreatography was always able to make the diagnosis of pancreas divisum. After 7 endoscopic and 2 surgical sections of the minor papilla symptoms regressed completely in 4 cases and improved in 3 cases (follow-up 2 to 36 months). PMID- 6735045 TI - [Acute renal failure caused by urinary tract obstruction after portocaval anastomosis in the rat]. PMID- 6735046 TI - [Circulating immune complexes in patients with chronic liver diseases]. PMID- 6735047 TI - [Subcutaneous abdominal emphysema and pneumoscrotum after endoscopic resection of rectal polyps]. PMID- 6735049 TI - [Ulcerated mycotic esophagitis following ingestion of Physiomycine]. PMID- 6735050 TI - Duodenal pH and chronic pancreatitis. PMID- 6735048 TI - [Anal incontinence caused by perineal injury. Value of rehabilitation by instrumental learning (biofeedback)]. PMID- 6735051 TI - [24-hour duodenal pH-recording in chronic pancreatitis]. AB - Decreased pancreatic bicarbonate secretion may be responsible for the low duodenal pH in chronic pancreatitis as compared to the normal. We have therefore performed a 24-hour continuous duodenal pH recording in 7 patients with chronic pancreatitis and in 7 controls. The comparison of results, expressed as the percent of the time with pH under 3, 4, 5 or 6, shows that in chronic pancreatitis, the duodenal pH was significantly lower than in normal subjects, particularly during the postprandial periods. The lower pH found in pancreatitis, causing an impairement of the catalytic activity of endogenous or exogenous pancreatic enzymes could both contribute to malabsorption and decrease the efficacy of substitutive pancreatic extracts. PMID- 6735052 TI - [Primary lymphomas of the digestive tract. Therapeutic results of a series of 35 cases]. AB - We report the results of a diagnosis and treatment scheme used in 35 patients with primary gastrointestinal lymphoma studied between 1972 and 1982. There were 17 lymphomas of the stomach, 13 of the small bowel, 6 of the colon and/or the rectum. According to the Kiel classification and/or the International Working Formulation, 10 were "good risk" lymphomas, 25 were "bad risk" lymphomas. According to the Musshoff modified Ann Arbor staging classification, 16 were localized lymphomas (stage IE and II1E), 19 were disseminated lymphomas (stages II2E, IIIE or IV). The treatment scheme included laparotomy for staging and resection, total abdominal irradiation (until 1977), and polychemotherapy with or without adriamycin depending on histologic grade. The median survival was greater than the median follow-up with a survival plateau at 0.53 after 47 months. Amongst the prognostic factors studied, the digestive initial localization had no prognostic significance; on the other hand, survival depended on abdominal extension, histologic grade according to the classifications used for lymph-nodes lymphomas, and resection possibilities, and especially on achievement of complete remission. These good results emphasize the importance of combining surgical resection with chemotherapy and early assessment of the treatment in order to rapidly obtain complete remission, the way of achieving prolonged survival. PMID- 6735053 TI - [Intestinal motility following jejunal resection: electromyography study in the rat]. AB - The influences of massive resections on motility of the small intestine remain poorly known. The aim of our study was to determine the effects of jejunal resection on the pattern of occurrence of the migrating myoelectric complex and its postprandial inhibition. The experiments were performed over a period of 1 month after surgery. Transections were done on the jejunum or on the ileum in sham-operated animals. Ten days after resection, the motility of the anastomosed jejunal and ileal segments was dissociated. After one month, a functional continuity appeared through the anastomosis: the whole intestine worked synchronously at the same rhythm as the ileum. Food intake induced an increase in the frequency of the migrating myoelectric complexes measured 10 days after surgery. An adaptative phenomenon appeared after 30 days, the postprandial motor activity returning to its control level. PMID- 6735054 TI - [Chronic alcoholic pancreatitis: relation of pain to withdrawal and pancreatic surgery]. AB - A group of 73 patients suffering from painful alcoholic, chronic pancreatitis, hospitalized from 1971 to 1981, has been analyzed retrospectively. The aim was to assess the effects of alcohol withdrawal and pancreatic surgery on the course of pancreatic pain. The mean number of years during which the patients complained of pain was 3.5 +/- 0.5 (m +/- SEM). At the end of follow-up, 70 p. 100 of the patients did no longer suffer, alcohol withdrawal was obtained in 45 p. 100 and surgery had been performed in 41 p. 100. Continued alcohol abuse did not prevent pain relief: 60 p. 100 of patients continuing to drink at the end of follow-up, did not suffer any longer. One year after pancreatic surgery, pain relief was more frequent, if alcohol abstinence had been obtained before surgery (p less than 0.01). Among the 53 patients followed up to 5 years after the start of pain: a) the cumulative actuarial probability of disappearance of pain was 17 p. 100 at 2 years, 52 p. 100 at 5 years, 62 p. 100 at 8 years after the start of pain. Alcohol abstinence and surgery were observed during the first five years of pain; b) the mean number of years of pain was lower among the patients who became abstinent early (less than 4 years after the beginning of pain) than among those who did not (p less than 0.01).(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS) PMID- 6735056 TI - [Prognosis and treatment of malignant digestive lymphomas. I. Primary lymphomas of the digestive tract should be treated like other malignant non-Hodgkin's lymphomas. Systematic laparotomy is not indispensable]. PMID- 6735055 TI - [Diffuse recto-colic malacoplakia: association with cryptogenic colitis and remission following long-term antibiotic therapy]. AB - Diffuse digestive malakoplakia appears exceptional. A case of rectocolic malakoplakia with multiple localisations is reported in a 22 year old man presenting with inflammatory bowel disease. The most prominent clinical features were deterioration of his general condition, fever, and rectal bleeding, with fistula. Endoscopy revealed pseudotumoral masses and multiple colorectal ulcerations. Diagnosis was based on histological examination of colorectal biopsies. Clinical and histological remission was obtained after colonic diversion associated with broad spectrum antibiotherapy. These findings raise the problem of the possible association between inflammatory bowel disease and malakoplakia. They also confirm that, as previously reported, favourable outcome in digestive malakoplakia is possible. PMID- 6735057 TI - [Prognosis and treatment of malignant digestive lymphomas. II. Primary malignant lymphomas of the digestive tract in adults have special characteristics. Laparotomy retains a place in the diagnosis and treatment]. PMID- 6735058 TI - [Gastrointestinal malacoplakia]. PMID- 6735059 TI - [Cholesterol crystals and biliary lithiasis. Importance of the study of bile collected by duodenal intubation]. AB - Cholesterol crystallization in a necessary step in the formation of cholesterol gallstones. Our purpose was to study the relationship between the presence of biliary cholesterol crystals and radiolucent gallstones. Bile was obtained by duodenal intubation from 60 subjects free of hepatic disease: 40 patients had radiolucent gallstones and in the remaining 20 subjects no gallstones could be found either by oral cholecystography or by ultrasound examination. In each patient a bile sample was used to search for cholesterol crystals; in another sample, biliary cholesterol, phospholipids and bile acids were measured to calculate the lithogenic index. Among the 44 subjects with lithogenic bile, 34 had radiolucent gallstones. Twenty-two out of the 60 patients had both cholesterol crystals and radiolucent gallstones; 21 subjects out of the 22 had lithogenic bile. In patients with frequent biliary colic or subacute pancreatitis without visible gallstones, finding cholesterol crystals in bile might suggest medical or surgical specific treatment. PMID- 6735061 TI - [Portacaval anastomosis in the rat: 20 years of experimental models]. PMID- 6735062 TI - [Effect of peritoneal dialysis on subcutaneous fat necrosis secondary to acute pancreatitis]. PMID- 6735060 TI - [Congenital intrahepatic portacaval anastomosis: analysis of manifested glucose abnormalities]. AB - The authors report a case of a high-flow intrahepatic portacaval shunt due to a congenital venous abnormality. Suspected by digestive echography, the abnormality was confirmed by angiography. A precise analysis of glycoregulation showed an "impaired glucose tolerance", followed by post-stimulative hypoglycemia with persistant hyperinsulinemia and lowering of the C peptide/insulin ratio. These abnormalities seem to be related to the shunt only. This observation appears as an experimental model permitting the appreciation of the disturbances in glucose metabolism related to an intrahepatic shunt without any hepatic cell disorder. PMID- 6735063 TI - [Abdominal pain caused by the passage of the current from electro- coagulation during endoscopic colonic polypectomy]. PMID- 6735064 TI - [Chronic inflammatory intestinal disease and Yersinia enterocolitica]. PMID- 6735065 TI - [Prostaglandins and reflux esophagitis]. PMID- 6735066 TI - [Thickening of the gallbladder wall in acute hepatitis]. PMID- 6735067 TI - [Effect of different types of portal derivation on the blood cholesterol level in the rat]. PMID- 6735068 TI - Urinary concentrations of bile acid glucuronides and sulfates in hepatobiliary diseases. AB - Urinary bile acids in normal subjects and patients with obstructive jaundice and liver cirrhosis were quantitated by mass fragmentography after separation into nonglucuronidated-nonsulfated, glucuronidated and sulfated fractions. Mean values of total bile acids in urine were as follows: Control subjects (n = 7), 1.90 +/- 0.67; obstructive jaundice (n = 9), 77.90 +/- 40.39; liver cirrhosis, compensated (n = 6), 15.14 +/- 8.97, and decompensated (n = 6), 11.84 +/- 9.32 (mean +/- SD, mg/day). The percentages of each conjugate was 19-29% in the non-glucuronidated nonsulfated fraction, 6-14% in the glucuronidated fraction and 60-74% in the sulfated fraction. Bile acids in urine and serum correlated well in each fraction (r = 0.82-0.84, p less than 0.001). The clearance of the three conjugates was the highest in the sulfates, and the clearance of glucuronides was higher than that of non-esterified bile acids. The glucuronidation and sulfation of bile acids play an important role in the detoxication of bile acids by excreting them into urine, especially in patients with elevated serum bile acids. PMID- 6735069 TI - The excretion of dimethadione in pure pancreatic juice and bile in postoperative patients. AB - The excretion of dimethadione (DMO) in pure pancreatic juice and bile was studied in postoperative patients undergoing external drainage of pancreatic juice and in those who had undergone percutaneous transhepatic cholangiodrainage. During and after oral administration of trimethadione, which is the precursor of DMO, pancreatic DMO concentration closely paralleled plasma DMO concentration. Pancreatic juice/plasma concentration ratio for DMO exceeded 1.0. In a patient with a large pancreatic cyst communicating with the main pancreatic duct, pancreatic DMO concentration after single rapid injection of secretin inversely correlated with the flow rate, while its output depended directly on the rate. Biliary DMO output after secretin injection was closely dependent on the flow rate, but was extremely low. The present results are essentially compatible with the findings previously observed in dogs. PMID- 6735070 TI - Jejunoscopic lactose provocation. AB - A new method for testing lactose intolerance was developed. The examination is performed by jejunoscopy using lactose dilution for provocation and sucrose for control. Macroscopic and microscopic changes in the jejunal mucosa are examined after administration of solutions. The results of this study demonstrated that lactose administration causes prompt change in the jejunal mucosa in cases of lactose intolerance but had no effect in cases of lactose tolerance. Administration of sucrose did not result in any change. This method is effective in proving lactose intolerance and may be useful to elucidate the pathogenesis of this disorder. PMID- 6735071 TI - Cancer in the gastric remnant in China--a review of 33 cases in China. AB - A review of 33 cases of cancer in the gastric remnant (CGR) including 6 cases in Xian is presented. The detection rate of CGR consisting of different interval groups was 3.16%. The average age was 52.4 years, and Male: female ratio was 10:1. The average interval from the previous operation to the detection was 13.9 years. The interval of the subgroup over 30 years of age at the first operation was shorter than that of the subgroup below 30 years. The highest incidence was found in anastomotic stoma (58.1%) and cardia (32.3%). Borrmann I was the most common pathological type. Confirmed diagnostic rate with fibergastroscope was 81.8%. It is imperative that physician should follow up the patients with stomach remnant. No matter what the results of gastrointestinal barium study may be, the patients should undergo fibergastroscopic examination. The pathogenesis of CGR is also discussed. PMID- 6735072 TI - Effects of histamine receptor stimulation on diseased gallbladder and cystic duct. AB - The effects of histamine receptor stimulation on the motility of diseased human gallbladder and cystic duct were studied on tissue strips in vitro. Histamine produced concentration-dependent contractions in normal tissues and in tissues from each disease group, but the sensitivity of the strips to histamine as measured by the median effective dose was dependent upon the grade of disease: normal, 90.0 microM; mild chronic cholecystitis, 32.4 microM; advanced chronic cholecystitis, 12.5 microM; and acute cholecystitis, 3.0 microM. There were no differences in histamine sensitivity among different regions (body, neck, and cystic duct) of the biliary system. Studies with receptor-selective agonists and antagonists indicated that the contractile effects were mediated via histamine H1 receptors. Histamine H2 receptor agonists caused only small relaxant responses in about 30% of strips from gallbladder body, but were without effect in gallbladder neck and cystic duct. We conclude that the effects of histamine on the motility of diseased human gallbladder may depend upon the severity of the cholecystitis. PMID- 6735073 TI - Transformation of 4-cholesten-3-one and 7 alpha-hydroxy-4-cholesten-3-one into cholestanol and bile acids in cerebrotendinous xanthomatosis. AB - In order to determine whether cholestanol and bile acids are derived from the same precursor, key intermediates of both biosynthetic pathways beyond cholesterol were administered intravenously to a patient with cerebrotendinous xanthomatosis and to a control subject. After pulse-labeling with [4-14C]4 cholesten-3-one and [G-3H]7 alpha-hydroxy-4-cholesten-3-one, cholestanol, cholesterol, and the two primary bile acids, cholic acid and chenodeoxycholic acid were isolated from specimens of bile. Each compound was purified by thin layer chromatography and conclusively identified by gas-liquid chromatography mass spectrometry. In other studies, the in vitro formation of 4-cholesten-3-one from cholesterol was measured in hepatic microsomal fractions prepared from a subject with cerebrotendinous xanthomatosis and from 3 control individuals. In all subjects, cholic acid and chenodeoxycholic acid were labeled with tritium, but neither cholesterol nor cholestanol contained this isotope. In contrast, 14C was detected in the cholestanol fraction with trace amounts in chenodeoxycholic acid, cholic acid, and cholesterol. Hepatic microsomes prepared from liver biopsy specimens obtained from a subject with cerebrotendinous xanthomatosis produced three times more 4-cholesten-3-one than the controls. The results indicate that 4 cholesten-3-one was converted primarily into cholestanol and 7 alpha-hydroxy-4 cholesten-3-one into cholic acid and chenodeoxycholic acid. Neither ketonic steroid was transformed into cholesterol. The increased production of cholestanol in cerebrotendinous xanthomatosis may be accounted for by enhanced hepatic formation of 4-cholesten-3-one. 7 alpha-Hydroxy-4-cholesten-3-one is a precursor of bile acids, but not of cholestanol. PMID- 6735074 TI - Modulation of the stimulatory effect of pregnenolone-16 alpha-carbonitrile on biliary cholesterol output in the rat by manipulation of the rate of hepatic cholesterol synthesis. AB - In female rats fed a plain ground diet containing pregnenolone-16 alpha carbonitrile, biliary cholesterol output increased twofold, whereas bile acid and phospholipid output either remained unchanged or decreased slightly. There was a 32% increase in liver weight, a 3.5-fold increase in cholesteryl esters, and a 45% decrease in the rate of hepatic sterol synthesis. When pregnenolone-16 alpha carbonitrile was fed with AOMA, an agent that blocks cholesterol absorption, there was less of an increase in cholesteryl esters, the inhibitory effect of pregnenolone-16 alpha-carbonitrile on hepatic sterol synthesis was abolished, and biliary cholesterol output was increased to an even greater extent. In contrast, when pregnenolone-16 alpha-carbonitrile was fed together with cholesterol, there was a 14-fold increase in the level of cholesteryl esters, an 85% decrease in the rate of hepatic sterol synthesis, and a marked reduction in biliary cholesterol output. The increase in biliary cholesterol saturation produced by either pregnenolone-16 alpha-carbonitrile alone or pregnenolone-16 alpha-carbonitrile with AOMA occurred with little or no change in plasma cholesterol levels and bile acid pool size. Because biliary cholesterol saturation in rats given pregnenolone 16 alpha-carbonitrile appears to correlate with the rate of hepatic cholesterol synthesis, the drug likely mediates its effect on biliary lipid composition at an intrahepatic level and may provide an important model for determining how overproduction of cholesterol by the body results in excessive transport of cholesterol into bile. PMID- 6735075 TI - Symptom complaints and health care seeking behavior in subjects with bowel dysfunction. AB - A significant proportion of the population (14%-22%) appears to have symptoms compatible with the irritable bowel syndrome, yet only a small number seek medical aid. To explore why some people with bowel dysfunction go to the doctor and others do not, we surveyed 566 healthy subjects. Eighty-six (15%) had bowel dysfunction compatible with irritable bowel syndrome, but the majority of those affected (53 subjects or 62%) had never been to a doctor for these complaints. Although those who consulted physicians for bowel symptoms were more likely to report abdominal pain than those who did not, pain was not sufficient to explain doctor visits. Subjects with bowel dysfunction also reported more nongastrointestinal symptoms, and those with bowel dysfunction who visited physicians were more likely to see physicians for their nongastrointestinal symptoms. The reported higher prevalence of psychopathology among the patient population with irritable bowel syndrome may be due to behavioral influences that lead to health care seeking. PMID- 6735076 TI - Fecal fat concentration in patients with steatorrhea. AB - We predicted that fecal fat concentration (grams of fat per gram of stool wet weight) would be higher in patients with pancreatic steatorrhea than in those with steatorrhea due to gastrointestinal disease. To evaluate this hypothesis, we examined fecal weight, fecal fat excretion, and fecal fat concentration in 19 patients with steatorrhea due to pancreatic insufficiency and in 31 patients whose steatorrhea was due to various gastrointestinal diseases. There was no consistent difference in the severity of steatorrhea or diarrhea between the two groups of patients. Fecal fat concentration, however, was usually higher in patients with pancreatic insufficiency. Fecal fat concentration may be a useful clue in distinguishing pancreatic steatorrhea from steatorrhea due to gastrointestinal disease. PMID- 6735077 TI - Effect of naloxone on feedback regulation of small bowel transit by fat. AB - Studies were carried out in 7 healthy male volunteers to investigate whether the delay in small bowel transit time, induced by the infusion of fat emulsions into the human ileum, was mediated by endogenous opioids. The effect of ileal infusion of intralipid on small bowel transit time of a 100-ml solution containing 13.3 g of lactulose was studied during intravenous infusion of either saline or naloxone (20 micrograms/kg X h) in saline. During intravenous infusion of saline, ileal infusion of fat significantly delayed small bowel transit time of the head of the lactulose infusion (ileal intralipid vs. saline; 249 +/- 46 vs. 44 +/- 8 min; mean +/- SEM; p less than 0.01). Intravenous infusion of naloxone, however, abolished the delay in small bowel transit time induced by ileal infusion of intralipid in 5 of 7 subjects (intravenous naloxone; ileal intralipid vs. saline; 89 +/- 26 vs. 46 +/- 8 min; p greater than 0.2). Intravenous naloxone had no effect on small bowel transit time when saline was infused into the ileum. This result suggests that endogenous opioids may be involved in the feedback regulation of small bowel transit by ileal intralipid. PMID- 6735078 TI - Bone histomorphometry and vitamin D status after biliopancreatic bypass for obesity. AB - Bone histomorphometry and vitamin D status were investigated in 41 patients studied 1-5 yr after partial or total biliopancreatic bypass. Metabolic bone disease, characterized by defective mineralization, decreased bone formation rate, and increased surface extent of resorption, was present in 30 patients (73%). Nine patients (22%) were hypocalcemic, but serum 25-hydroxyvitamin D concentrations were normal in all 41 patients. We conclude that metabolic bone disease is common after biliopancreatic bypass and usually occurs in the absence of simple vitamin D deficiency. The pathogenesis of the bone disease is unclear. PMID- 6735079 TI - Gastric emptying and small intestinal transit in the piebald mouse model for Hirschsprung's disease. AB - Gastric emptying and small intestinal transit were investigated in the piebald mouse model for Hirschsprung's disease. These mice exhibited aganglionosis of the terminal segment of the large intestine. This condition was accompanied by fecal stasis and megacolon. Gastric emptying of saline or milk meals was slower in the mice with aganglionic or induced megacolon than in the normal mice, but the rate of emptying was faster than after administration of morphine (10 mg/kg). In the small intestine, the distribution of the radiolabeled marker and the advancing edge of the marker profile were abnormal in the mice with megacolon. There were small differences between the megacolonic and normal mice in the distance traversed by the advancing edge of the intraluminal profile of the marker. These results are evidence for disturbances of gastric and small intestinal motor function that occur in mice secondary to development of megacolon. PMID- 6735080 TI - Radioimmunoassay, pharmacokinetics, and neuronal release of gastrin-releasing peptide in anesthetized pigs. AB - Using a newly developed radioimmunoassay for porcine gastrin-releasing peptide in plasma, we studied the pharmacokinetics of this peptide after infusing it into pigs at two dose levels. The disappearance of the peptide from plasma was characterized by two components, a fast one (t 1/2 1.4 min) and a slow one (t 1/2 6.6 min). With the same assay the release of gastrin releasing-peptide from the stomachs of 8 pigs that had been catheterized for selective sampling of fundic and antral blood was studied during vagal and splanchnic stimulation with or without acute adrenalectomy at neutral, acidic, and alkaline intragastric pH. Electrical stimulation of the vagal nerves resulted in a marked increase in both antral and fundic gastrin-releasing peptide release, whereas splanchnic stimulation was without effect. The effects of nerve stimulation were neither influenced by intragastric pH nor by adrenalectomy. Because of its presence in nerves in all layers of the gastric wall, its potent effect on gastrin release, and its release after vagal stimulation, gastrin-releasing peptide is likely to play a role in the vagal control of gastrin release, gastric motility, and acid secretion. PMID- 6735081 TI - Influence of coronavirus (transmissible gastroenteritis) infection on jejunal myoelectrical activity of the neonatal pig. AB - Four silver-silver chloride electrodes were surgically implanted at 5-cm intervals on the jejunal serosa of 7 neonatal pigs. Daily recordings, 7 h in duration, were made from each piglet beginning 3 days after surgery. Characteristic migrating motility complexes and short, distinct (2.5-5.0 s), rapidly aboral migrating bursts of intense spike activity ("migrating action potential complexes") were seen in all preinfection recordings. Piglets were inoculated with a 1-ml oral dose of a 0.1% gut suspension from coronavirus (transmissible gastroenteritis) infected pigs. This resulted in inappetence, vomiting, and diarrhea, most marked on the second day postinfection, but which had abated by the third day. When compared to recordings from both fed and fasted noninfected (control) animals, infection significantly altered jejunal myoelectrical activity by (a) shortening the duration of the migrating motility complex on day 1 postinfection and prolonging it on day 2, (b) increasing the number of abnormal activity fronts, and (c) decreasing the number of migrating action potential complexes. Slow wave frequency and the duration of phase 3 of the migrating motility complex were unaffected. When compared to fed control animals, infected piglets also showed a slight shortening of phase 1 of the migrating motility complex on day 1 postinfection and a prolongation on days 2 and 3, as well as a shortening of phase 2 on the second and third days postinfection. Changes in myoelectrical activity were not solely due to decreases in food intake, as abnormalities persisted when food intake returned to normal on postinfection day 3, and disruption of the activity front and migrating motility complex duration were purely transmissible-gastroenteritis-virus-induced phenomena. These findings suggest that infection with transmissible gastroenteritis virus disrupts organized propulsive activity in the jejunum of the neonatal pig. PMID- 6735082 TI - Decrease in alkaline secretion during duodenal ulceration induced by mepirizole in rats. AB - The mechanisms by which the potent antiinflammatory agent, mepirizole, causes duodenal ulceration were investigated in the rat. After subcutaneous administration of 200 mg/kg of mepirizole, basal gastric acid secretion remained unchanged for 5 h but duodenal alkaline output, reliably measured, decreased significantly (p less than 0.05) within 2 h. The decrease was maximal (-45%) at 3 h and persisted for a total of 6 h. The duodenal alkaline secretion returned to near normal by 24 h. A dose-response study showed that the threshold ulcerogenic dose of mepirizole (30 mg/kg) did not significantly reduce alkaline secretion, whereas higher doses did. Plasma levels of immunoreactivity of gastrin, pancreatic polypeptide, vasoactive intestinal polypeptide, and secretin were not changed at either 6 or 24 h after oral mepirizole. Vasoactive intestinal peptide levels in the duodenal mucosa were increased by 158% at 24 h after administration. Secretin levels in the duodenal mucosa were decreased by greater than 60% at both 6 and 24 h after drug treatment. Intravenous secretin (1 CU/kg X h) had no effect on duodenal alkaline secretion in either saline- (154 mM NaCl) or mepirizole-treated animals. Exogenous 16,16-dimethyl prostaglandin E2 (10 micrograms/kg X h, i.v.) reversed the action of mepirizole on duodenal alkaline secretion. These findings suggest that mepirizole causes a reduction in duodenal alkaline secretion that can be reversed by administration of an exogenous prostaglandin. PMID- 6735083 TI - Resting energy expenditure in malnourished patients with and without cancer. AB - Resting energy expenditure was measured in a heterogeneous group of weight-losing cancer patients (n = 28) in comparison with noncancer patients with (n = 26) and without (n = 17) weight loss. Energy expenditure was measured in a ventilated hood after an overnight fast. The results are presented in relationship to the nutritional state of the patients. Cancer patients had elevated energy expenditure compared to noncancer patients when compared on several different bases. The slopes of the regressions between the degree of malnutrition and energy expenditure differed between cancer and noncancer patients. Depleted cancer patients had similar resting energy expenditure as predicted for healthy well-nourished individuals, but significantly higher compared with hospitalized malnourished noncancer patients. However, the differences in resting energy expenditure seemed to be less pronounced when very severely depleted cancer and noncancer patients were compared. The results indicate that a small but statistically significantly elevated energy expenditure occurs in a considerable number of cancer patients. It may, therefore, add to weight loss due to anorexia, but anorexia is considered to be quantitatively the more important factor of the two. PMID- 6735084 TI - Disseminated gastrointestinal sarcoidosis. Case report and review of the literature. AB - A patient with long-standing sarcoidosis was found to have jejunal atrophy and nonnecrotizing granulomas of the stomach, small bowel, and colon when she presented with malabsorption. There were no radiologic abnormalities of the gastrointestinal tract. Symptoms of malabsorption rapidly abated with corticosteroid treatment given for severe pulmonary disease. Gastrointestinal sarcoidosis was clearly established, although coincident celiac sprue could not be excluded. A brief discussion and literature review of gastrointestinal sarcoidosis is included. PMID- 6735086 TI - Through the sigmoidoscope brightly. PMID- 6735085 TI - An unusual presentation of Wegener's granulomatosis mimicking inflammatory bowel disease. AB - An unusual presentation of Wegener's granulomatosis is described in a 16.67-yr old black woman with diarrhea, fever, weight loss, abdominal pain, arthralgias, and mouth ulcers, suggesting the diagnosis of inflammatory bowel disease. However, biopsy specimens of rectal mucosa, oro- and nasopharynx, and skin conclusively demonstrated the vasculitic lesion of Wegener's granulomatosis. Furthermore, cyclophosphamide therapy induced remission of clinical and histologic abnormalities. This case emphasizes the diagnostic value of taking biopsy specimens of oral lesions in patients with suspected inflammatory bowel disease and demonstrates that the presentation of Wegener's granulomatosis may mimic that of inflammatory bowel disease. PMID- 6735087 TI - How to measure cholecystokinin in plasma? PMID- 6735088 TI - Duodenal mucosal protection: the basic truth? PMID- 6735089 TI - No advances beyond motherhood. PMID- 6735090 TI - Crohn's disease and psychiatric illness. PMID- 6735091 TI - 5-Aminosalicylic acid for the treatment of inflammatory bowel disease. PMID- 6735092 TI - Endoscopic biopsies of the papilla of Vater at the time of endoscopic sphincterotomy: difficulties in interpretation. AB - The hypertrophic aspect of tissue after endoscopic papillotomy may suggest the diagnosis of a small periampullary tumor. In our experience of 55 periampullary carcinomas, the diagnosis was confirmed histologically in 50% of the cases before endoscopic papillotomy and in 100% of the cases when the biopsies were performed immediately after papillotomy. With this in mind, biopsies were performed in 22 cases of benign biliary tract disease after endoscopic papillotomy. Biopsies within the first 48 hours after endoscopic papillotomy showed cellular atypism. PMID- 6735093 TI - The value of ileoscopy with biopsy in the diagnosis of intestinal Crohn's disease. AB - Studies to determine the diagnostic value of ileoscopy and biopsy are not available. In an attempt to clarify the role of this technique in the diagnosis of intestinal Crohn's disease, 110 patients with a radiological diagnosis of inflammatory disease of the terminal ileum were examined in a prospective study. Suspicion of Crohn's disease was rejected in 28 patients. In 18 patients the terminal ileum was normal, while 10 patients had lymphoid nodular hyperplasia. Endoscopic lesions with a predictive value of 0.96 were found in 25 of 48 patients with the final diagnosis of Crohn's disease. Diagnostic granulomas were only found in 4 patients, but lesions consistent with Crohn's disease were present in the pathology sections of 17 patients. It was concluded that ileoscopy with biopsy is a valuable tool in the diagnosis of inflammatory ileal disease and can provide useful information about the nature and extent of the inflammation. PMID- 6735094 TI - The influence of 15(R)-15 methyl PGE2, methyl ester, on Nd:YAG laser-induced gastric ulcers. AB - The effect of 15(R)-15 methyl PGE2 on the evolution of gastric ulcers induced by endoscopic Nd:YAG laser photocoagulation was studied. By continuous application of 50 to 70 watt power for 4 sec at a distance of 15 mm from the gastric mucosa, reproducible ulcers can be induced. The effect of the drug in nonantisecretory doses (10 micrograms/kg) on the acute ulcer formation and on the healing rate was evaluated in mongrel dogs by light microscopy. Local administration or oral pretreatment did not influence the size or depth of acute ulcers (7.4 mm in diameter) as compared to a control series (7.2 mm). Pretreatment for several days, however, had a marked beneficial effect on the healing rate of the ulcers (1.71 mm after 7 days compared to 2.76 mm for the control series). From these data it may be concluded that 15(R)-15 methyl PGE2 has a beneficial effect on ulcer healing, even in nonantisecretory doses. PMID- 6735095 TI - The histologic pattern of bile gastritis. AB - Various nonspecific histologic findings have been described in gastric biopsies from patients with bile gastritis. In an attempt to identify any characteristic or specific histologic changes in such cases, we have blindly compared gastric biopsies from 23 symptomatic postgastrectomy patients with macroscopic gastritis with biopsies from 17 patients with macroscopic gastritis associated with peptic ulcer. It was shown that in bile gastritis the prominent histologic features were translucency of the surface epithelium, edema of the upper portion of the lamina propria, decrease of the parietal cells, and presence predominantly of neutral mucus in the cells of the surface epithelium and of the neck of the glands. PMID- 6735096 TI - A case of multiple esophageal webs and rings. PMID- 6735097 TI - Plasmacytoma of the stomach: endoscopic diagnosis. PMID- 6735098 TI - Postendoscopic perforation of normal colon in an area remote from instrumentation -with secondary tension pneumoperitoneum. PMID- 6735099 TI - Endoscopic confirmation of colonic endometriosis. PMID- 6735100 TI - The shark's fin papillotome. PMID- 6735101 TI - Endoscopic removal of a jejunal lipoma. PMID- 6735102 TI - Colonoscopic retrieval of an arrested long intestinal tube. PMID- 6735103 TI - Colonic Crohn's disease. PMID- 6735104 TI - The 1983 A/S/G/E membership survey. I. Member characteristics. PMID- 6735105 TI - Ileoscopy--if forgotten it will be forsaken. PMID- 6735106 TI - Devices and techniques for endoscopic sphincterotomy. PMID- 6735107 TI - Periappendicular granuloma. PMID- 6735108 TI - Colonoscopic diagnosis of colonic tuberculosis. PMID- 6735109 TI - Pneumatosis cystoides of the colon. PMID- 6735110 TI - Mucosal bridges of the distal esophagus related to reflux esophagitis. PMID- 6735111 TI - Percutaneous endoscopic gastrostomy--secure the mushroom head. PMID- 6735112 TI - Emergency management of the intra-abdominal percutaneous endoscopic gastrostomy tube. PMID- 6735114 TI - [Capacity for self-maintenance of hematopoietic stem cells (CFUs) from long-term bone marrow cultures]. PMID- 6735113 TI - [Colony-forming capacity of fibroblastic cells--bone marrow precursors--in patients with B12- and folic acid-deficiency anemias and liver cirrhosis with hypersplenism]. PMID- 6735115 TI - [Effect of an inhibitor of granulo- and monocytopoietic precursors on hematopoiesis in an organ culture of embryonic mouse liver]. PMID- 6735117 TI - [Colony-forming capacity of cadaver bone marrow]. PMID- 6735118 TI - [Chronic lympholeukemia in young ages]. PMID- 6735116 TI - [Effect of dexamethasone on the nature of the distribution of colonies produced by bone marrow and spleen CFUs in thymectomized mice]. PMID- 6735119 TI - [Erythropoiesis studied by a modified method of isolating bone marrow erythroblastic islands]. PMID- 6735120 TI - [Method for obtaining reagents for identifying HLA system antigens]. PMID- 6735121 TI - [Short-term mitogenic stimulation of rosette-forming lymphocytes]. PMID- 6735122 TI - [Cryopreserving solution for bone marrow cells]. PMID- 6735123 TI - [Phospholipid-phospholipid ratios in erythrocyte membranes in acute leukemias]. PMID- 6735124 TI - [Comparative characteristics of proteins synthesized de novo in lymphocytes of donors and patients with chronic lympholeukemias]. PMID- 6735125 TI - [Monocyte and macrophage lysosomes in leukemia]. PMID- 6735126 TI - [Clinico-cytologic diagnosis of hemoblastoses]. PMID- 6735127 TI - [Nature of the proteinuria in multiple myeloma]. PMID- 6735128 TI - [Diagnostic possibilities of indirect lymphoscintigraphy in patients with malignant lymphomas]. PMID- 6735129 TI - [High-altitude hypoxia as a factor in the treatment of radiation and cytostatic lymphopenia in oncological patients]. PMID- 6735131 TI - [Surface architectonics of peripheral blood thrombocytes in normal subjects]. PMID- 6735130 TI - [Kinetics of blood leukocytes in patients with myocardial infarct]. PMID- 6735132 TI - [Means for increasing the preparation of immune antistaphylococcal plasma for production of immunoglobulins]. PMID- 6735133 TI - [Determination of the concentration of ferritin in blood by a radioimmune method]. PMID- 6735135 TI - Behavioural effects of beta,beta'-iminodipropionitrile (IDPN) in the domestic fowl (Gallus domesticus). AB - The behavioural effects of beta,beta'-iminodipropionitrile (IDPN) were studied in chicks and adult fowls. Repeated administration of IDPN (75 mg/kg) for 5 days induced behavioural changes in chicks and adult fowls characterized by excitation, choreiform head and neck movements and circling (ECC-syndrome). Both acute and chronic administration of IDPN induced EEG desynchronization, EMG activation and enhancement of photic-evoked response (PER) in the hyperstriatum and pontine reticular formation while a decrease in PER was observed in the optic tectum. d-Amphetamine (2.5-5 mg/kg), apomorphine (0.1-0.25 mg/kg), piribedil (2.5 5 mg/kg), atropine (2.5-5 mg/kg), hyoscine (2.5-5 mg/kg) and cyproheptadine (0.5 mg/kg) potentiated the circling and choreiform head and neck movements. These activities were antagonized by pimozide (1 mg/kg), physostigmine (0.5 mg/kg) and quipazine (2.5-5 mg/kg). The results suggest that dopaminergic, serotoninergic and cholinergic mechanisms may be involved in IDPN-induced behavioural effects in chicks. PMID- 6735134 TI - Biochemical characteristics of rat superoxide dismutase and the effect caused by paraquat injection on the enzyme activity in various tissues. AB - Rat superoxide dismutase (SOD) prepared from the rat was not found by sedimentation in sucrose gradients or isoelectric focusing to consist of more than one molecular form. On polyacrylamide gels, however, one major and one minor activity form could be demonstrated. The sedimentation constant and corresponding molecular weight of the enzyme determined by sucrose gradient centrifugation were found to be 3.0 +/- 0.36 (34,300 +/- 4023) and the isoelectric point 4.75. These characteristics were not found to differ for SOD prepared from different rat tissues and were not affected by a single dose of 40 mg/kg paraquat given subcutaneously 48 hr prior to sacrifice. The protein contents of various tissues based on both wet and dry weight were not found to deviate from normal during 5 days following a single exposure of paraquat up to 40 mg/kg. Experiments based on SOD activity measurements in different tissues as a function of time following single exposures of paraquat, revealed the presence of a very high induction capability of the SOD protein in the rat. The results have been correlated to autoradiographic studies. A correlation between SOD induction and tissues showing high paraquat retention could be demonstrated. This was especially expressed for the lung. Due to difference in the induction pattern following exposure to 5 and 10 mg/kg paraquat, respectively, it has been suggested that the ability of the rat to bear paraquat loads might be related to the SOD induction capability in various tissues. PMID- 6735136 TI - Differentiation of microsomal and cytosolic carboxylesterases in the rat liver by in vivo and in vitro inhibition. AB - We studied inhibition of rat tissue esterases by organophosphates and disulfiram, with special reference to hepatic microsomal and cytosolic carboxylesterases in vivo and in vitro. Hepatic microsomal carboxylesterase was strongly inhibited by disulfiram and bis-p-nitrophenyl-phosphate both in vivo and in vitro and by diisopropyl fluorophosphate in vitro, while cytosolic esterase was only slightly impaired. Pretreatment with phenobarbital did not affect the inhibition profiles of hepatic esterases in vitro. Based on these results, we conclude that hepatic cytosol of Wistar rats contains a soluble carboxylesterase that does not originate in the endoplasmic reticulum. PMID- 6735137 TI - The underlying bases of pharmacological results in agreement or disagreement with the law of initial value. AB - Dose-response studies in vitro and in vivo revealed four types of alterations of dose-response curves along with changes in the baseline, two of them in accordance and two in disagreement with Wilder's law of initial value (LIV). The following conclusions have been drawn: The magnitude of drug-induced changes is in agreement with the LIV under conditions where the ED50 of a compound studied is not affected by changes in the baseline. Disagreement with the LIV is due to factors which potentiate the action of a compound at higher initial values. Not the initial value or activity by itself determines the response to drugs or stimuli; the response is dependent on the factor(s) changing the initial value. PMID- 6735138 TI - Relaxant effects of mercury and mercury uptake in the smooth muscle of guinea-pig taenia coli. AB - Hg2+ (0.005-0.5 mM) induced a concentration-dependent reduction on high-K+ induced contraction of taenia coli. The K+-induced increase in 45Ca uptake was significantly reduced in the presence of Hg2+ (0.05-0.5 mM). The contractions of the glycerinated taenia coli were inhibited by an increase in Hg2+ concentration. Mercury uptake increased along the duration of Hg2+ incubation. When muscles were rinsed with a medium containing 5 mM EDTA after 0.5 mM Hg2+ treatment for 90 min about 30% of the original level of tissue mercury was retained. Possible mechanism for the tension inhibitory action of Hg2+ include: (1) that Hg2+ bound to cell membrane initially interferes with the permeability of Ca2+ and that (2) the cellular mercury fraction that is not eliminated by EDTA subsequently correlates with the tension inhibitory action. PMID- 6735140 TI - Adsorption, distribution and elimination of chloroquine in the presence of aspirin when administered into rabbits. AB - The absorption, distribution and elimination of chloroquine were studied in rabbits upon oral administration of chloroquine with aspirin. The time-lag, half life of absorption and absorption rate constant obtained in both cases were significantly different (P less than 0.01) whereas the half-life of elimination and the elimination rate constant were not significantly different (P greater than 0.01). The results showed that absorption was delayed when aspirin was simultaneously administered with chloroquine but the distribution and elimination of chloroquine were not affected by the presence of aspirin. PMID- 6735139 TI - Further studies on the inhibition of adenosine uptake into rat brain synaptosomes by adenosine derivatives and methylxanthines. AB - Various adenosine derivatives, methylxanthines and other compounds were tested for their abilities to inhibit the rapid uptake of adenosine by rat cerebral cortical synaptosomes. Several pharmacologically potent derivatives of adenosine were weak inhibitors of uptake with IC20 values in excess of 10(-5) M. Derivatives in this category were adenosine-5'-N-ethylcarboxamide, adenosine-5' cyclopropylcarboxamide, N6-cyclohexyladenosine, L-N6-phenylisopropyladenosine, 1 methylisoguanosine, 2-phenylaminoadenosine and 5-iodotubercidin. Several methylxanthines were very weak inhibitors of adenosine uptake. These included pentoxifylline, n-hexyltheophylline, n-butyltheobromine, and isoamyltheobromine. HL 725, a pyrimido-isoquinoline with potent phosphodiesterase inhibitory activity, inhibited adenosine uptake with an IC20 of 2.0 X 10(-6) M. PK 11195, a putative ligand for the peripheral benzodiazepine binding site did not alter uptake at a concentration of 10(-4) M. PMID- 6735142 TI - Changes in glutathione and glutathione metabolizing enzymes in erythrocytes and lymphocytes of mice as a function of age. AB - Changes in reduced glutathione levels in liver, lung and whole blood of female Swiss-Webster mice with age were determined. In addition, glutathione content, and glutathione S-transferase and glutathione reductase activities of erythrocytes and lymphocytes of mice as a function of age were examined. Reduced glutathione content increased in liver, lung, whole blood, erythrocytes and lymphocytes with age from 3 to 9 months, reached a maximum level at 9 months of age and decreased thereafter with advanced age in all tissues. Glutathione S transferase and glutathione reductase activities in erythrocytes and lymphocytes increased with age from 3 to 9 months, reached maximum activities at 9 months and decreased thereafter with advanced age. The glutathione content of erythrocytes from animals 18 months of age decreased by 56% as compared to 9 month old mice, while the activities of glutathione S-transferase and glutathione reductase decreased by 56 and 48%, respectively, over the same age span. PMID- 6735141 TI - Cadmium induced hypothermia in mice: dose dependent tolerance development. AB - The i.p. injection of Cd in mice will produce a dose related hypothermic response. The Cd appears to make the animals poikilothermic and their body temperature will approach the ambient temperature at which they are housed. The cause for this hypothermic action of Cd is not known, but we have demonstrated in our experiments that the effect may be partially related to a direct effect within the brain. In addition, the repeated injection of a low Cd dose (0.62 mg/kg) i.p. once daily for 3 days results in a profound tolerance to the Cd. A high dose (1.25 mg/kg i.p. once daily X 3 days) of Cd did not result in a similar tolerance phenomenon and a single injection of the high Cd dose 120 hr prior to the repeated low Cd dose regimen resulted in an obtunded tolerance response to the low dose. We propose that the higher Cd dose may have damaged the blood-brain barrier and this could account for the results we have observed. PMID- 6735143 TI - Angiotensin and norepinephrine effects on isolated vascular strips from a reptile. AB - In order to better understand the vascular effects of angiotensin II (AII) in lower vertebrates, the contractile responses of aortic strips from the freshwater turtle Pseudemys scripta elegans were studied. Circumferential strips from the left aortic arch were suspended in a tissue bath in 25 degrees C reptilian Ringer's solution at pH 7.5. Both [Asn1,Val5] AII (10(-9)-10(-5) M) and norepinephrine (NE) (10(-8)-10(-4) M) produced dose-dependent contractions. The threshold dosage for AII was between 10(-9) and 10(-8) M and for NE between 10( 8) and 10(-7) M. Pretreatment with [Sar1,Ile8] AII (10(-6) M) significantly attenuated the response to [Asn1,Val5] AII at 10(-5) M and totally blocked the response at lower AII concentration (P less than 0.01 in each case). The response to AII was unaffected by phentolamine (10(-6) M). Phentolamine abolished the response to NE at concentrations of 10(-6) M or less (P less than 0.01) and attenuated the response by 48% at 10(-5) M (P less than 0.05) and 43% at 10(-4) M (P less than 0.05) NE. The response to NE was unaffected by [Sar1,Ile8] AII. The results demonstrate that [Asn1,Val5] AII has a direct contractile effect on turtle vasculature and that two functionally distinct vascular receptor populations for AII and NE are present in the turtle. Since phentolamine did not affect the responses to AII, it also appears that angiotensin-evoked norepinephrine release from the sympathetic nerve terminals in the vessel is not involved in the angiotensin-induced contractions in this preparation. PMID- 6735144 TI - Effects of hypophysectomy and prolactin on calcium regulation in the red-spotted newt, Notophthalmus viridescens. AB - Hypophysectomized male red-spotted newts exhibited hyponatremia but not hypocalcemia. Parathyroidectomy and a combination of hypophysectomy and parathyroidectomy caused plasma calcium levels to fall, but control levels were reestablished within 12 days. Injections of ovine prolactin had no effect on the plasma calcium or sodium levels of sham-operated and parathyroidectomized newts conditioned in tap water or in a 0.6% sodium chloride solution containing 10 meq calcium/liter. These data indicate that the pituitary gland is not involved in the hypercalcemic regulation of the red-spotted newt. PMID- 6735145 TI - The effect of 5 alpha-dihydrotestosterone and 5 beta-dihydrotestosterone on erythropoiesis of the newt, Triturus cristatus carnifex (Laur.). AB - The erythropoietic effects of 5 alpha-dihydrotestosterone (5 alpha-DHT) and 5 beta-dihydrotestosterone (5 beta-DHT) were compared in the newt, Triturus cristatus carnifex (Laur.). In normal animals, 5 beta-DHT was more active than 5 alpha-DHT in increasing the number of circulating erythrocytes. In animals rendered completely anemic, only 5 beta-DHT was effective. The biochemical parameters of delta-aminolevulinic acid synthase and delta-aminolevulinic acid dehydratase of new basophilic erythroblasts, and incorporation of labeled glycine into heme and globin of new polychromatic erythroblasts were enhanced by 5 beta DHT. The results are discussed with reference to a direct erythropoietin independent action of 5 beta-DHT on erythroid stem cells. PMID- 6735146 TI - Plasma antidiuretic hormone levels and kidney responsiveness to vasopressin in the jerboa, Jaculus orientalis. AB - The plasma antidiuretic hormone (ADH) concentration and the kidney medulla responsiveness to vasopressin were measured in adult jerboas ( Jaculus orientalis) in different states of hydration. In 15 jerboas adapted to 30 degrees and fed a dry diet, the average ADH concentration in blood plasma was 479 +/- 59 pg/ml, as measured by a radioimmunoassay. About 6 hr after receiving a 5% body wt water load by gavage, the plasma ADH concentration fell to 130 +/- 30 pg/ml in the 5 jerboas still producing hypertonic urine (1022 +/- 267 mosmol/liter) and to 41.5 +/- 8.4 pg/ml in the 6 jerboas producing hypoosmotic urine (157 +/- 6 mosmol/liter). In vitro biochemical experiments were performed on the kidney medullas from two groups of 5 jerboas fed a dry diet (group I) or a water enriched diet (group II), respectively, for 4 to 7 weeks. Compared to group II, group I animals exhibited (a) higher plasma ADH values, 372 +/- 86 versus 76 +/- 25 pg/ml; (b) higher urine osmolarities (3817 +/- 638 versus 647 +/- 90 mosmol/liter); (c) some decrease in [3H]lysine-vasopressin (LVP) binding capacity to kidney membrane fractions (maximal binding: 0.4 versus 0.6 pmol [3H]LVP bound/mg protein); d) decreased adenylate cyclase responses to arginine vasopressin, lysine-vasopressin, and oxytocin in kidney membrane fractions; and (e) weaker adenylate cyclase responses to arginine-vasopressin in microdissected pieces of the medullary thick ascending limb of Henle's loop. The values found for (a) the dissociation constant of [3H]lysine-vasopressin binding to membranes (KD); (b) adenylate cyclase sensitivity to the three neurohypophyseal hormones (KA); and (c) adenylate cyclase sensitivity to arginine-vasopressin (KA) in medullary collecting tubules and medullary thick ascending limbs are similar in the two groups of jerboas and roughly comparable to those previously reported for the rat kidney medulla. The reduced maximal adenylate cyclase responses to vasopressin in the jerboas fed a dry diet might indicate some physiological "down regulation" of the number of vasopressin-specific receptors in the kidney as a result of the huge ADH concentration present in blood plasma under these conditions. However, this desensitization is not sufficient to account for the production of hypoosmotic urine in spite of the relatively high ADH plasma levels which persisted after acute overhydration. PMID- 6735147 TI - [In vitro study of the influence of dorsal bodies on oogenesis in Helix aspersa Mull]. AB - Infantile gonads of Helix aspersa were cultured in vitro for 13 days, alone, associated with dorsal bodies, or with cerebral ganglia (surrounded by connective tissue containing the dorsal bodies). The results demonstrate the stimulatory effect of the dorsal bodies on oocyte growth and suggest that the cerebral ganglia have an inhibitory influence on dorsal body activity and/or on oocyte development. PMID- 6735148 TI - Prolactin's mitogenic action on the pigeon crop-sac mucosal epithelium involves direct and indirect mechanisms. AB - It has long been known that prolactin (PRL) induces proliferation of the mucosal epithelial lining of the pigeon crop-sac. This system was used to study possible interactions of other hormones with PRL's mitogenic effect directly on the crop sac cells. Injection of a sheep pituitary powder into the loose skin between the leg and abdomen of pigeons increased the responsiveness of the crop-sac to direct, local application of PRL. Similar systemic injections of anterior pituitary hormones, ACTH and TSH (alone or together), or a combination of LH and FSH, were without effect on the local response to PRL. However, systemically injected PRL and GH resulted in a dramatic augmentation of the response of the organ to local injection of PRL. PRL was more potent than GH in this regard. These results suggest that PRL has at least two modes of action as a mitogen on this epithelium--its well-known direct action on the cells and an indirect action as well that is possibly mediated by the secretion of another factor into the blood stream. Because it was previously found that somatomedin-like molecules, including proinsulin, act synergistically with PRL to promote proliferation of these cells when coinjected locally with PRL (T. R. Anderson, J. Rodriguez , D. S. Pitts , E. M. Spencer, and C. S. Nicoll , 1983, In "Insulin-like Growth Factors/Somatomedins," de Gruyter , Berlin), The effects of systemic injections of proinsulin were also tested. Proinsulin had a potentiating effect similar to that of the pituitary powder and of GH or PRL. These results are consistent with the following interpretations: When PRL promotes crop-sac proliferation to produce crop-milk in pigeons and doves, the hormone acts through at least two mechanisms. One of these is a direct effect on the crop-sac, which sensitizes the mucosal epithelium to the mitogenic action of a somatomedin-like growth factor. The second effect is an increase in the production and/or secretion of the factor, which then acts synergistically with PRL to promote proliferation of the crop-sac mucosal cells. More direct evidence for this proposal was provided by the finding that serum from saline- or PRL-treated pigeons did not stimulate crop sac mucosal growth when it was injected locally. However, the serum from PRL treated birds had a much higher level of an activity that augmented the effects of PRL when the sera were locally injected in combination with PRL.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 400 WORDS) PMID- 6735150 TI - Aldosterone and the control of secretion by the nasal salt gland of the north African desert lizard, Uromastix acanthinurus. AB - The secretory response of the nasal salt gland of the north African agamid lizard Uromastix acanthinurus to injections of 1 M KCl and NaCl is correlated with changes in circulating levels of the corticosteroids aldosterone and corticosterone. KCl loading led to a progressive rise in plasma aldosterone levels, and NaCl loading was associated with a fall. Neither treatment significantly altered plasma corticosterone concentrations which remained at levels characteristic of unstressed animals. Rates of potassium excretion were positively correlated with circulating levels of aldosterone whereas sodium excretion showed a negative correlation. As in previous studies, injections of exogenous aldosterone or dexamethasone into KCl-loaded animals failed to further stimulate potassium excretion, but did depress sodium excretion by the gland. Spironolactone, an aldosterone antagonist in mammals, was without effect on the rate of potassium excretion in KCl-injected animals. These data suggest that aldosterone functions as a mineralocorticoid on the nasal gland of U. acanthinurus (i.e., natriferic and kaliuretic) but direct evidence of this will require the use of adrenalectomized animals. PMID- 6735149 TI - Corticosteroids and control of nasal salt gland function in the lizard Tiliqua rugosa. AB - The scincid lizard Tiliqua rugosa possesses a well-developed nasal gland composed of both mucoserous and salt-secreting cells. Confusion over its secretory capacities (see H. Saint- Girons , M. Lemire , and S. D. Bradshaw, 1977, Zoomorphologie 88, 277-288) has been resolved and NaCl- and KCl-injected animals can secrete a hyperosmotic fluid with an F/P ratio of about 3.6. The concentration of Na+ in the secretion varied from a mean of 434 mmol/liter when sodium loaded to 167 mmol/liter when potassium loaded. Potassium concentrations varied from 226 to 433 mmol/liter, respectively. Na:K ratios thus vary from 1.98 with NaCl loading to 0.42 with KCl loading, demonstrating the gland's capacity to vary the nature of the secretion. Rates of fluid production did not differ significantly between NaCl- and KCl-loaded individuals and varied from 13.3 to 19.6 microliter (100 x g hr)-1. Adjacent studies on the north African agamid lizard Uromastix acanthinurus suggested that aldosterone may influence the rate and composition of the nasal gland secretions and this possibility was investigated in Tiliqua by hormone binding studies. High affinity binding for both corticosterone and aldosterone was demonstrated during the breeding season, with a Kd of 5.2 x 10(-9) and 12.9 x 10(-9) M, respectively. Binding of aldosterone to nasal gland receptors was not evident in nonbreeding animals and the binding of corticosterone was primarily nonspecific in these individuals. These data suggest that hormone receptor concentrations and affinity vary on a seasonal basis and in concert with reproductive activity. PMID- 6735151 TI - Onset of the response to chorionic gonadotropin in the chick embryo testis. AB - The stage of development of the chick embryo testis when it begins to respond to gonadotropin stimulation was investigated. The testosterone secretion in vitro, measured by radioimmunoassay, was employed to evaluate the response to hCG in testis from 8 to 16 days of incubation. At 8 to 10 days of the chick embryo development, the testis secreted testosterone, but no increment in the steroid production has been observed after hCG treatment. On the contrary, at 12, 14, and 16 days a clear increase in testosterone secretion has been demonstrated when hCG was added to the culture medium. The absence of hCG response before 12 days of incubation agrees with the hypothesis of an early independence period between testis and adenohypophysis during embryonic development. PMID- 6735152 TI - Catecholamine involvement in the control of growth hormone secretion in the domestic fowl. AB - A neuropharmacologic approach was utilized to investigate the catecholaminergic influence on the hypothalamic regulation of growth hormone (GH) secretion in young (6-week-old) male domestic fowl. The selective inhibition of norepinephrine (NE) and epinephrine (E) synthesis or activity by diethyldithiocarbamate (DDC), FLA63 (dopamine-beta-hydroxylase inhibitors), phenoxybenzamine (alpha 1 receptor blocker), and yohimbine (alpha 1 and alpha 2 receptor antagonist) was associated with a decline in circulating GH levels. Similarly inhibition of NE reuptake by imipramine or desmethylimipramine were followed by reduced GH secretion. In the presence of alpha-methyl-p-tyrosine (alpha Mpt, a tyrosine hydroxylase inhibitor), the administration of phenylephrine (alpha 1 agonist) was followed by increased plasma concentrations of GH. However, alone, it was without effect. Similarly plasma concentrations of GH were elevated by dihydroxyphenylserine (DOPS, a precursor of NE/E) in chicks pretreated with DDC or carbidopa. These data are consistent with the stimulatory hypothalamic control of GH involving NE/E which exert their effects via alpha (probably alpha 1) postsynaptic stimulatory receptors. Evidence that it is E rather than NE, which is the catecholamine involved or the hypothalamic control of GH, comes from the decrease in plasma GH concentration following the inhibition of central E synthesis by SKF64139 (an inhibitor of phenylethanolamine-N-methyltransferase). Some evidence for a limited inhibitory dopaminergic system was found. Inhibition of dopamine (DA) synthesis by alpha Mpt produced significant elevations in plasma GH concentration. In addition, apomorphine (DA agonist) consistently depressed GH release. However, blockade of DA receptors by pimozide had either no effect on plasma GH concentrations or at a very high dose decreased plasma GH concentrations. NE/E also appear to have a depressive effect on plasma concentrations of GH in young chicks, probably via a peripheral site of action. Plasma concentrations of GH were reduced by the peripheral administration of NE, which might be expected not to cross the blood-brain-barrier (BBB), alpha 1/alpha 2 agonists clonidine and p-amino clonidine (which does not cross BBB), NE/E precursors L-DOPA and DOPS, and the beta agonist, isoproterenol. Furthermore, the depression of peripheral E synthesis (by SKF29661 which inhibits phenylethanolamine-N-methyltransferase) elevated the plasma concentration of GH. PMID- 6735153 TI - Plasma 11-oxotestosterone and gonadotrophin in relation to the arrest of spermiation in rainbow trout (Salmo gairdneri). AB - Plasma gonadotrophin (GTH) and 11-oxotestosterone levels have been studied in relation to sperm production during the last weeks of the spermiation period. The level of 11-oxotestosterone decreased in parallel to sperm production (coefficient of correlation: p = 0.59; P less than 0.01) and reached its lowest values (mean +/- SE = 0.33 +/- 0.19 ng/ml; n = 11) when spermiation was over. No significant variations were found in GTH levels; however, there was a slight positive correlation between sperm production and GtH levels (p = 0.39; P less than 0.05). PMID- 6735154 TI - The changing effect of the ovary on rates of juvenile hormone synthesis in Diploptera punctata. AB - The ovary is necessary for the cycle of juvenile hormone (JH) synthesis by the corpora allata which normally accompanies oocyte development in mated adult Diploptera punctata (B. Stay and S. S. Tobe, Gen. Comp Endocrinol. 34, 276-286, 1978; B. Stay, S. S. Tobe, E. C. Mundall, and S. Rankin, Gen. Comp. Endocrinol. 52, 341-349, 1983). Implanting parts of the ovary into ovariectomized females showed that only the basal oocytes were capable of stimulating an increase in rates of JH synthesis (measured by an in vitro radiochemical assay) within 4 days of implantation; apical oocytes and the oviduct were ineffective. Ovariectomized 2-day-old, mated females were used to test the capacity of ovaries of various developmental stages to stimulate increases in rates of JH synthesis within 24 or 48 hr. Previtellogenic ovaries, with basal oocytes less than 0.8 mm long, and those near the end of vitellogenesis, with basal oocytes greater than 1.5 mm long, did not result in an increase in rates of JH synthesis above Ringer injected controls. Vitellogenic ovaries within this size range did elicit an increase in rates of JH synthesis. Furthermore the degree of increase was dependent upon the size of the oocytes; the ovaries with largest oocytes showed the greatest capacity to increase rates of JH synthesis. PMID- 6735155 TI - Gonadal hormone-dependent changes in the concentrations of sialic acid and fructose in the seminal glomus and of glycogen in the oviduct of the Indian pied myna. AB - Sialic acid and fructose contents of the seminal glomus and glycogen content of the oviduct were estimated in the normal, gonadectomized, and gonadectomized plus sex steroid (testosterone in male and estradiol in female birds)-treated Indian pied myra, Sturnus contra contra. The levels of these substances declined on the sixth day after gonadectomy; sex steroid administration increased the level of these substances in gonadectomized birds. The findings indicate that the concentration of these substances in the accessory reproductive organs in the Indian pied myna are influenced by the respective gonadal hormones. PMID- 6735157 TI - The development of photorefractoriness in castrated willow ptarmigan (Lagopus lagopus lagopus). AB - Changes in plasma LH levels were observed in castrated willow ptarmigan exposed to different lighting patterns to determine whether they become photorefractory. LH levels did not increase in long-term castrated birds exposed to a natural (70 degrees N) increase in daylength and did not fall abruptly in June when intact birds become photorefractory. Plasma LH levels in naturally photostimulated, long term castrates fell gradually during the summer and fall. Plasma LH levels increased steeply when these birds were transferred in winter from short days to continuous light. Thereafter the levels fell indicating that the birds became photorefractory. In a further experiment, photosensitive male willow ptarmigan were castrated 3 or 6 weeks after transfer from short days to continuous light. The postcastration increase in plasma LH levels was significantly greater in birds castrated after 3 weeks than in those castrated after 6 weeks of photostimulation. In both groups of castrates, LH levels began to fall when LH levels decreased in intact controls, indicating the development of photorefractoriness. These findings confirm that the development of photorefractoriness is progressive rather than abrupt and that it may be accelerated in castrated birds under natural increases in daylength but not after acute transfer from short days to continuous light. These observations support the view that the development of photorefractoriness in willow ptarmigan involves an interaction between the gonads and the neuroendocrine or circadian system. They are not entirely consistent with the simple concept that photorefractoriness is caused by a decrease in the sensitivity of the hypothalamus to inhibitory steroid feedback. PMID- 6735156 TI - Accumulation of winter flounder antifreeze messenger RNA after hypophysectomy. AB - The effect of hypophysectomy (hypex) on winter flounder antifreeze mRNA accumulation in the liver was examined. Hypophysectomy resulted in a significant decrease in serum freezing temperature, and increases in liver weights, total liver poly(A)+ RNA and antifreeze polypeptides (AFP) mRNA accumulation. The identity of the AFP mRNA in hypex animals was confirmed by gel electrophoresis, cell-free translation, and Northern blot hybridization techniques. Cytoplasmic dot hybridization analysis indicated that the AFP mRNA level in hypex fish approximated that observed in winter animals actively synthesizing AFP. An increase in AFP mRNA was detectable as early as the first day after hypophysectomy and by Day 7 reached 25% of the level found in fish actively synthesizing AFP mRNA during the winter months. Since AFP mRNA is found at very low levels in the control flounder, we suggest that its accumulation after hypophysectomy depends on accelerated transcription. The pituitary gland appears to regulate the liver AFP mRNA level by a negative transcriptional control mechanism. PMID- 6735159 TI - Bioconversion of steroids by the testes of the American lobster, Homarus americanus, in vitro. AB - Lobster testes have been demonstrated to contain steroid 20-ketone reductase by their capacity to convert [14C]progesterone to 20 alpha-dihydroprogesterone (20 alpha-DHP). The major product was isopolar and identical with 20 alpha-DHP during thin-layer chromatography, high-pressure liquid chromatography, mass spectrometry, and acetate derivative formation. The vas deferens from the lobster was also capable of the same conversions but to a lesser extent. Lobster testes converted [14C]pregnenolone to a major product identified as 20 dihydropregnenolone (20-DHPe) by mass spectrometry after purification by thin layer chromatography and high-pressure liquid chromatography. The presence of delta 5,3 beta-ol dehydrogenase and delta 5,delta 4-isomerase in the lobster were also indicated. [14C]Cholesterol was not transformed to steroid hormones by lobster testes under the same experimental conditions. PMID- 6735158 TI - [Effect of injection of a human gonadotropin on the synthesis and liberation of vitellogenin by adipose tissue of the marine crustacean isopod Idotea balthica basteri Audouin]. AB - Human chorionic gonadotrophin (HCG) stimulates the rate of vitellogenin synthesis and release by fat bodies in puberal females of the marine Crustacean isopods Idotea balthica basteri. Moreover this effect is specific for vitellogenin: since 48 hr after the treatment, the rate of total protein synthesis, in treated females, is not significantly different from that of females injected with physiological medium, or with denaturated gonadotrophin. PMID- 6735160 TI - Isolation and identification of testosterone from the serum and testes of the American lobster (Homarus americanus). AB - Testosterone was isolated and quantified from male lobster serum and testes by solvent extraction, sequential thin-layer chromatography, and high-performance liquid chromatography. The identity of the isolated steroid was established by its isopolarity and isomorphicity with authentic radiolabeled testosterone and its acetate derivative. The concentrations of testosterone were determined by high-performance liquid chromatography, by a double-isotope derivative assay, and by radioimmunoassay. The concentrations of testosterone as determined by the three methods were the same and were 0.3 ng/ml and 14.3 ng/g in lobster serum and testes, respectively. PMID- 6735161 TI - Clearance of corticosteroids in yearling coho salmon, Oncorhynchus kisutch, in fresh water and seawater and after stress. AB - The metabolic clearance rate of corticosteroids determined after a single injection of [3H]cortisol was higher in fish acclimated to seawater (SW) than in those acclimated to fresh water (FW). Uptake and retention of corticosteroids in liver, gill filaments, and gall bladder bile were greater in SW than in FW fish. The stress of long-term (5 days), but not short-term (12 hr), continuous confinement apparently increased the clearance rate of corticosteroids in both FW and SW fish. Chronic, but not acute, administration of exogenous cortisol, yielding cortisol titers close to the physiological range, appeared to increase the clearance rate of corticosteroids in FW fish. PMID- 6735162 TI - Plasma luteinizing hormone levels throughout development and relative to ovulation in pinealectomized hens (Gallus domesticus). AB - The role of the pineal gland in the reproductive endocrinology of the hen was examined. Chicks were pinealectomized or sham-operated at 2-3 days of age and the developmental LH profile, body weights, and age of lay of the first egg were compared to those of unoperated controls. There were no differences in any of the parameters measured throughout development. When the birds were mature, LH levels during the evening prior to a first ovulation of the sequence were also compared among the three groups of hens. No differences were found between the pinealectomized and unoperated-control hens. The sham-operated animals showed significant differences from the control hens at three time periods but differed from the pinealectomized group at only one time period. It is possible that the somewhat unusual LH profile exhibited by the sham-operated group is a result of the surgery. PMID- 6735163 TI - The binding of estrogen to liver nuclei from Japanese quail. AB - Specific binding sites for estrogen were characterized in liver nuclei from adult Japanese quail. A single class of high-affinity binding sites (KD = 2 X 10(-10) M) was revealed by saturation analysis using an exchange assay. Estradiol (E2), estrone, and estriol competed effectively with [3H]E2 for the nuclear binding sites but progesterone and testosterone were ineffective. The concentration of sites was 0.15 +/- 0.05 pmol/mg DNA (mean +/- 1 SD) in sexually immature females and 0.47 +/- 0.11 pmol/mg DNA in layers. Nuclear estrogen binding sites were not detected in liver nuclei from male Japanese quail. However, after treatment of male birds with E2 there was a dose-dependent accumulation of binding sites. The maximum number of occupied sites was obtained with 50 ng E2/g body wt and equaled that found in laying females. The estrogen binding sites were retained in nuclei of estrogen-treated male quail with a T1/2 of 2.5 hr. Thus, an estrogen binding component was characterized in quail liver nuclei that had features consistent with an estrogen receptor, including high affinity, limited capacity, structural specificity, tissue specificity, nuclear translocation, and nuclear retention. PMID- 6735164 TI - In vitro activity of dipteran ring glands and activation by the prothoracicotropic hormone. AB - The relationship between hemolymph ecdysteroid titer, ring gland (RG) activity, and prothoracicotropic hormone (PTTH) activation of RG in vitro has been examined during the postfeeding larval, prepupal, and pupal stages of Sarcophaga bullata. Using the ecdysteroid radioimmunoassay (RIA), two significant peaks were recorded during the red spiracular stage and during the first few hours after the formation of the white prepupa and a third large peak 9 hr later. It is postulated that these increases in ecdysteroid titer are involved in the processes of pupariation, puparial tanning, and pupation, respectively. Ring glands isolated from Sarcophaga of known ages were incubated in vitro and the secreted ecdysone was quantified by RIA. Ring glands from early red spiracular stage larvae proved to be the most active and subsequent secretory activity of the RG oscillated every 4 hr with the oscillations gradually decreasing in amplitude. RG activity returned to a basal level 24 hr after formation of the white prepupa, about the time that the hemolymph ecdysteroid titer fell to its basal level. To demonstrate PTTH activity in vitro, brains from 3- to 4-hr prepupae were chosen to activate ring glands from postfeeding larvae. Using a graded series of dilutions of PTTH extract it was shown that a dose-response relationship could be obtained for Sarcophaga similar to that demonstrated or the Manduca sexta PTTH-prothoracic gland system. In Sarcophaga maximal activation resulted in a 10-fold increase in ecdysone synthesis and secretion by ring glands stimulated with 0.5 brain eq. Half-maximal stimulation was attained with 0.2 brain eq of PTTH extract. PMID- 6735165 TI - Prostaglandin synthesis in goldfish heart, Carassius auratus. AB - Potential precursors for prostaglandin (PG) synthesis were measured in goldfish heart and skeletal muscle by gas chromatography. Heart tissue contained docosahexaenoic, arachidonic, eicosapentaenoic, and eicosatrienoic acids in concentrations of 3223 +/- 128, 1216 +/- 7.8, 260 +/- 72.8, and 250 +/- 14 ng/mg wet wt, respectively. 14C-Labeled substrates were examined for their ability to be converted to prostaglandins. Eicosatrienoic and docosahexaenoic acid were not synthesized into prostaglandins, with 66 and 72% of the substrate remaining as free fatty acids, respectively. In contrast, both arachidonic and eicosapentaenoic acids were converted predominantly to PGFs and PGIs. The conversion was time dependent and complete by 30 min. The conversion patterns with eicosapentaenoic acid and arachidonic acid were essentially the same. The data suggest that goldfish cyclooxygenase can utilize two of the four potential substrates for prostaglandin synthesis. As fatty acid levels in fish vary with environmental temperature, substrate availability rather than cyclooxygenase preference may dictate the types of prostaglandins which are produced. PMID- 6735166 TI - Changes in plasma estradiol and effects of triiodothyronine on plasma estradiol during smoltification of coho salmon, Oncorhynchus kisutch. AB - Plasma estradiol-17 beta levels were measured by radioimmunoassay in untreated coho salmon of both sexes or in fish fed triiodo-L-thyronine during the smoltification period. Mean plasma estradiol increased between February 25 and April 1 from 94 to 142 pg/ml, and then by May 13, it had decreased to 80 pg/ml. This hormonal cycle was followed by a second significant increase to 219 pg/ml on June 22. Plasma thyroxine level covaried with that of estradiol. Treatment with triiodothyronine had no effect on plasma estradiol or thyroxine levels. Plasma estradiol surges during the smoltification period must be considered along with other significant endocrine changes for a possible role in the developmental phenomena that characterize this period. PMID- 6735167 TI - Developmental functions in a chronic psychiatric population: diagnosis. AB - The research in psychopathology has revealed little interest in distinguishing between types of chronic mental patients. Chronics have usually been treated as a homogeneous group, and other possible subtypes have remained undefined because of the "melting-pot" effects of extensive hospitalization. Recently, there has been a renewed interest in the chronic patient, as well as in a differentiation of the largest group of such patients, the chronic schizophrenic. Ss were 129 inpatients at a state mental hospital in Maine. The present report begins the specification of a diagnostic system for chronic patients with the use of tasks that reflect developmental functions. Factor analysis of a set of developmental tasks, ranging from early reflex tests to later cognitive operations, resulted in a test battery which clearly defines specific developmental functions. Of most importance, the clusters of patients derived from these factors exhibited differential profiles indicating strengths and weaknesses on the developmental functions. The assumption of a developmental task sequence was not supported by the results, but the diagnosis of the chronic patient in terms of developmental functions appears promising. PMID- 6735169 TI - Healthy personality: toward a unified theory. AB - It is argued that healthy personality is potentially as identifiable a pattern as is any diagnostic category and is not equivalent simply to "normality." In moving toward a theory of psychological health one needs to examine structure and dynamics with respect to the functions of instigation, regulation, meaning, and style. Psychoanalytic theory is taken as a point-of-departure. Viewed as a theory of neurosis, psychoanalysis does not provide an adequate treatment of ego constructive functions, components of the superego (aside from conscience in a negative sense), or human motivation. Humanistic theory helps by focussing on health, although it falls short with regard to motivation. The essential properties of healthy humanness emerge as integration among the structures of personality and progression in the dynamics of personality functioning. Four major pathways in development are outlined to highlight how health differs from other patterns. PMID- 6735168 TI - Self-derogation and psychopathology. AB - To test empirically the oft-repeated clinical hypothesis of a relationship between the self-derogation component of low self-esteem and severity of psychopathology across the entire range of pathology, including nondepressive disorders, the present study examined this relationship in two samples of Ss. The first were 152 patients and expatients from two community mental health catchment areas followed up two years after their first functional-disorder psychiatric admission. The second group were 97 outpatients from the same catchment areas beginning therapy at a community mental health clinic. Within each sample self derogation was related significantly to severity of diagnosis, overall health sickness, numerous indices of symptomatology severity, and a measure of difficulty in social/employment functioning. These findings point to the need to recognize and treat self-derogation in psychopathological states other than depression. In addition, they raise the important question of direction of causality between self-derogation and observed psychopathology. PMID- 6735171 TI - Genotypic correlation and regression in social groups: multiple alleles, multiple loci and subdivided populations. AB - Genotypic correlations and regressions can be estimated from multiallelic data sets either by weighting the allelic effects additively or by specifically weighting the genotypic interactions. Both methods can be extended to multiple loci, but they do not fully take into account the joint segregation patterns at the loci. These genotypic statistics have a great importance in sociobiological contexts, as they can be used for genetic descriptions of social structures. In this paper I examine the two estimation methods and show how the genotypic correlation and regression coefficients from genotypic interactions are connected to other statistics of standard population genetics; special emphasis is given to the sample-size correction when intracolony correlations from small samples were estimated. I also show how genotypic correlation and regression can be estimated in subdivided populations, both in continuous populations with isolation by distance and in populations divided into separate subpopulations. The latter analysis is an example of a more general hierarchic correlation analysis. PMID- 6735170 TI - Autoregulatory functioning of a Drosophila gene product that establish es and maintains the sexually determined state. AB - Sxl appears to head a regulatory gene hierarchy that controls Drosophila sexual dimorphism in response to the X chromosome/autosome balance. Only XXAA cells normally have Sxl(+) activity. It maintains both the female morphogenetic sequence and a level of X-linked dosage-compensated gene expression compatible with diplo-X cell survival. In the absence of this activity, male sexual development and dosage-compensated gene hyperactivation ensure. Loss-of-function Sxl mutations generally have female-specific lethal effects caused by upsets in dosage compensation. New female-viable Sxl mutant alleles and combinations which lack Sxl's female sex determination function, yet still provide sufficient dosage compensation function for diplo-X survival, are described here. Consequently, such mutants cause genotypic females to develop as phenotypic males. Some of these sex-transforming Sxl mutants do not require the maternally produced da(+) activity that is normally essential for the functioning of zygotic Sxl alleles. In this paper, products of these unusual alleles are shown to act in trans to induce the expression of zygotic Sxl(+) alleles that would otherwise be unable to function due to a lack of maternal da(+) activity. This result indicates a third function for Sxl(+) product: a positive autoregulatory role. Controls for the autoregulation experiments demonstrated the sex-trans-forming epigenetic effect of the da mutation for the first time in diploids. In these experiments the female-specific zygotic lethal effects that normally would have accompanied loss of maternal da(+) activity were suppressed by mutations known to block dosage compensation gene hyperactivation-the autosomal, male-specific lethals. Three types of abnormal sexual phenotypes were produced in the experiments described here, each with important implications for the mechanism of sex determination: (1) a true intersex phenotype produced by one particular Sxl allele shows that Sxl(+) must be involved in the cellular response to the X/A balance rather than in its establishment; (2) a maternally induced, female-sterile phenotype indicates that either the process of autoregulation or the mutants used to demonstrate it are tissue specific and (3) a mosaic intersexual phenotype whose character implies that the Sxl(+ ) activity level is set early in development, both by the da( +)-mediated X/A balance signal and by autoregulation, and is maintained subsequently in a cell autonomous fashion, independent of the initiating X/A balance signal. Thus, this study supports the view that sex determination is truly determinative in the standard developmental sense, and that Sxl is the carrier of the sexually determined state. PMID- 6735172 TI - Pleiotropic overdominance and the maintenance of genetic variation in polygenic characters. AB - A model of selection is described in which optimizing phenotypic selection is combined with pleiotropic overdominance. Thus, the role that mutation commonly plays in models of phenotypic evolution is replaced by balancing selection. Expressions are provided for the equilibrium genetic variance in phenotype and for the heterozygosity. An approximate analysis of the transient properties of the model shows that, in certain circumstances, the behavior is quite similar to that of models based on the interaction of mutation and selection. PMID- 6735173 TI - Genetic evidence for physical interactions between enzymes of nucleotide synthesis and proteins involved in DNA replication in bacteriophage T4. AB - We have found that mutations in phage T4 genes 41 (five of five) and 61 (three of three) cause resistance to the folate analogue pyrimethamine that inhibits T4 dihydrofolate (FH2) reductase. These genes code for subunits of a T4 primase and are part of a putative T4 replication complex. In contrast to many previously isolated folate analogue-resistant (Far) T4 mutants, these T4 primase mutants do not overproduce FH2 reductase nor do they alter its primary structure. A new mutant with a single lesion in gene 41 was isolated which proved resistant to the folate analogue at 30 degrees and was lethal at 42 degrees. This mutant induced normal levels of FH2 reductase (encoded by the frd gene) and appeared to have normal expression of other T4 genes at 30 degrees. Like other mutations in gene 41, tsP129 reduced phage-induced DNA synthesis to about 15% that of wild-type T4 as measured by thymidine incorporation under restrictive conditions. Double mutants carrying mutations in genes 41 and 61, 41 and frd or 61 and frd showed allele-specific suppression suggesting that the products of these genes interact. We suggest that abnormal interactions between components of the replication complex and a DNA precursor synthesizing complex cause folate analog resistance by allosterically altering the T4 FH2 reductase. PMID- 6735174 TI - Conserved linkage within a 4-cM region of mouse chromosome 9 and human chromosome 11. AB - A six-point cross was carried out to determine the gene order and distances among loci on mouse chromosome 9. Our results are consistent with the following arrangement: centromere - Lap-1 - (1.2 +/- 0.8) - Es-17 - (3.0 +/- 1.0) - Ups - (1.3 +/- 0.7) - Alp-1 - (23.1 +/- 3.4) - Mod-1 - (10.9 +/- 2.6) - Acy-1. This study provides the first estimate of the distances between Es-17, Ups and Alp-1. Exceptions to the preferred association of alleles of Es-17 and Ups have been found in three feral populations and one inbred strain. Evidence is presented for the homology of this chromosome region with the ESA4 - UPS - APO-AI region on the long arm of human chromosome 11. PMID- 6735175 TI - Abstracts of papers presented at the 1984 joint meeting of the Genetics Society of America and the Genetics Society of Canada. Vancouver, British Columbia, August 12-15, 1984. PMID- 6735176 TI - A new and improved method for 3'-end labelling DNA using [alpha-32P]ddATP. AB - We have synthesised dideoxyadenosine-5'-[alpha-32P]triphosphate [( alpha-32P] ddATP ) at a specific activity of 3000 Ci/mmol and directly compared it with cordycepin-5'-[alpha-32P]triphosphate [( alpha-32P] KTP ) as a means to 3'-end label DNA. The [alpha-32P] ddATP was found to be three to five times more efficient than [alpha-32P] KTP . Blunt and 3'-protruding ends were labelled more efficiently with [alpha-32P] ddATP using terminal transferase than were the 5' ends with [gamma-32P]ATP using polynucleotide kinase by standard methods. This improvement in efficiency of labelling DNA and the simplicity of the method allows 3'-end labelling of DNA to become a realistic alternative to 5'-end labelling. We have also compared [alpha-32P] ddATP - and [alpha-32P] KTP labelled DNA in Maxam and Gilbert sequencing procedures and find that both give equally good results. PMID- 6735178 TI - Highly sensitive and rapid gene mapping using miniaturized blot hybridization: application to prenatal diagnosis. AB - We have developed a protocol for the preparation and analysis of amniocyte DNA which permits more sensitive and more rapid antenatal detection of sickle-cell anemia (SCA) than previously has been possible. After rapid extraction of DNA from amniotic cells, only 50 ng of MstII-digested DNA need be analyzed by mini gel electrophoresis and hybridization detection to determine reliably the fetal genotype. Under these conditions, the entire gene-mapping procedure can be performed within 5 days. When larger amounts of DNA (greater than 500 ng) are analyzed, the minimal diagnosis time is reduced to 2 days. The resolution of restriction fragments on mini-gels is comparable to that obtained with larger gels. The 1.15-kb betaA and 1.35-kb betaS MstII fragments are well separated. The technique is useful whenever rapid and sensitive analysis of genomic DNA is desired. PMID- 6735177 TI - Nucleotide sequence analysis of a zein genomic clone with a short open reading frame. AB - The nucleotide sequence of the zein genomic clone (W22)Z7 and its flanking sequences from the W22 inbred line of maize is reported. The sequence is 1587 bp long and contains 444 bp of 5' noncoding sequence and 342 bp of 3' noncoding sequence. The Z7 sequence belongs to a large complex multigene family and is a member of the B49 subfamily. It is 86% homologous to other known sequences from the same subfamily, but contains four in-frame termination codons caused by single base changes. Its flanking regions contain the usual eukaryotic transcriptional signals. PMID- 6735179 TI - Determination of probability of plasmid loss per generation. PMID- 6735180 TI - Nucleotide sequence of the dihydrofolate-reductase gene borne by the plasmid R67 and conferring methotrexate resistance. AB - The complete nucleotide sequence of the methotrexate-resistant dihydrofolate reductase (DHFR) gene borne by the plasmid R67 was determined. The gene is 234 bp long and codes for 78 amino acids. The polypeptide deduced from the DNA sequence is in perfect agreement with the previously published amino acid sequence. Comparison of the nucleotide sequence with the one determined for the R388 encoded DHFR indicates that 75% of the nucleotides are conserved in the two genes. The 3' end of the R67 gene can be modified without altering significantly the activity of the enzyme. PMID- 6735181 TI - Better antiobesity drugs: coming--but when? PMID- 6735182 TI - Septic shock in the elderly. AB - Antibiotic therapy should be directed toward any recognized or suspected pathogens. Multiple broad-spectrum antibiotics are most often successful. Ancillary measures ensure adequate oxygenation, maintenance of adequate urinary output, and support of the cardiovascular system. A team approach using an intensive care facility should result in an optimum outcome in the management of elderly septic patients. PMID- 6735183 TI - Managing diabetes: an updated look at diet. PMID- 6735184 TI - Cancer: special considerations in older patients. PMID- 6735186 TI - Knowledge of aging in the medical profession. PMID- 6735185 TI - Higher education and peer socialization: a promising partnership. PMID- 6735187 TI - "Ideology," change, and aging education. PMID- 6735188 TI - Multidisciplinary gerontological curriculum development: nursing perspective. PMID- 6735189 TI - The gerontology workshop series: a successful effort to educate gerontology professionals in Iowa. PMID- 6735190 TI - Curriculum content objectives for mental health service providers working with the aged. PMID- 6735191 TI - A model field practicum in gerontological counseling. PMID- 6735192 TI - Histology of aging: central nervous system. PMID- 6735193 TI - [Functional status of the bodies of animals during dynamic inhalation dosing of carbophos against a background of high temperatures and ultraviolet radiation]. PMID- 6735194 TI - [Biological equivalence of the action of nitrosodimethylamine in experimental models in vivo and in vitro]. PMID- 6735195 TI - [Potential hazardousness of the embryotoxic action of the herbicide betanal (experimental data)]. PMID- 6735196 TI - [Toxicology of the pesticide khostakvik and establishment of safe levels for using it]. PMID- 6735197 TI - [Sanitary-hygienic characteristics of new rural dwellings in the western regions of the Ukrainian SSR]. PMID- 6735198 TI - [Efficacy of using the interval-circular method of training in physical education]. PMID- 6735199 TI - [Devising a classification for terms in the area of health education]. PMID- 6735200 TI - [Increasing the effectiveness of the information resulting from scientific research]. PMID- 6735201 TI - [Determination of copper in atmospheric air by the inversion volt-amperometric method on a mercury-graphite electrode]. PMID- 6735202 TI - [Comparative characteristics of different methodologic approaches to evaluating air pollution in an industrial city]. PMID- 6735203 TI - [Determination of diethylamine in water by the gas-liquid chromatography technic]. PMID- 6735204 TI - [Theoretical and practical aspects of hygienic regulation of environmental factors based on immunologic criteria of hazardousness]. PMID- 6735205 TI - [Improvement in the method of determining ammonia-fixing bacteria in bodies of water]. PMID- 6735206 TI - [Possibility of using strophanthin during electrocardiography]. PMID- 6735207 TI - [Method of measuring microamounts of vapors of volatile substances]. PMID- 6735208 TI - [Gamma-spectrometer for in vivo measurement of the concentration of RaD in bone tissue of the skull]. PMID- 6735209 TI - [Use of the gas chromatography technic to determine carbon monoxide in air]. PMID- 6735210 TI - [Modeling lead metabolism in the human body]. PMID- 6735211 TI - [Analysis of hexachlorophene migration out of antimicrobial fabric]. PMID- 6735212 TI - [Methylmethacrylate in atmospheric air]. PMID- 6735213 TI - [Studies of SO2 adsorption using air sampling hoses made of different materials]. PMID- 6735214 TI - [Incidence of obesity among 15 and 16-year-old students]. PMID- 6735215 TI - [Various criteria for establishing group standards for hazardous substances in environmental objects (after the example of hygienic standardization of inorganic mercury compounds in the air of the work environment)]. PMID- 6735217 TI - [Various sanitary-hygienic approaches to organizing control of the condition of water resources on oil fields]. PMID- 6735216 TI - [Prospects for using the ana-telophase method for cytogenetic analysis rat of liver cells in hygienic research]. PMID- 6735219 TI - [Experience with the work of the Klaypeda Basin Sanitary-Epidemiologic Station in drawing up a naval passport using perforated cards]. PMID- 6735218 TI - [Migration patterns of chemical substances out of phenolformaldehyde foam]. PMID- 6735220 TI - [Basis for the maximum allowable concentration of bitoxibacillin in atmospheric air]. PMID- 6735221 TI - [Experimental data on the embryotoxic effects of barium ferrite]. PMID- 6735222 TI - [Evaluation of the danger to man of volatile products of thermo-oxidative destruction and burning of polymer materials]. PMID- 6735223 TI - [Hygienic evaluation of footwear made from a combination of polymeric and natural materials]. PMID- 6735224 TI - [Hygienic evaluation of the effect of mixtures of inorganic mercury compounds on reproductive function in animals]. PMID- 6735225 TI - [Predicting the cumulative properties of substances in toxicology studies]. PMID- 6735226 TI - [Hygienic significance of the initial distribution of pesticides in the environment]. PMID- 6735227 TI - [Metabolism of various vitamins in the bodies of rats with experimental anthracosis against a background of qualitatively dietary fats]. PMID- 6735229 TI - [The role of robots in improving working conditions]. PMID- 6735228 TI - [Effect of ordinary school work and examinations on various indices of the cardiovascular and central nervous system in students]. PMID- 6735230 TI - [Hygienic characteristics and the measures for improving working conditions of female workers engaged in the production of technical rubber articles]. PMID- 6735231 TI - [Characteristics of the regulation of physiological functions during adaptation to duties during expeditions]. PMID- 6735232 TI - [Clinical and hygienic parallels in respiratory pathology in workers in a cement plant]. PMID- 6735233 TI - [Effect of an artificial mountain climate on the development of pneumoconiosis and catecholamine content of the adrenal glands in albino rats]. PMID- 6735234 TI - [Hygienic characteristics of working conditions during the production and use of BMEA anticorrosive paper]. PMID- 6735235 TI - [Factors contributing to the development of occupational diseases in nurses]. PMID- 6735236 TI - [Physiological and hygienic evaluation of work clothes made of various fabrics and materials]. PMID- 6735237 TI - [Roentgenological evaluation of bone changes in the hand caused by local low frequency vibration in car body grinders]. PMID- 6735238 TI - [The use of indicators of immunological status of automobile drivers in personnel selection]. PMID- 6735240 TI - [Experimental study of the local and skin-resorptive effects of chemicals used in the manufacture of chloroprene rubber from butadiene]. PMID- 6735239 TI - [Determination of lead in the washings from the walls of industrial plants]. PMID- 6735241 TI - [Physico-hygienic evaluation of working conditions during the operation of a cold stumping press for metals]. PMID- 6735242 TI - [A device for the experimental modeling of the isolated and combined effects on the body of industrial toxic chemicals penetrating through the skin and respiratory organs]. PMID- 6735243 TI - [Hygienic standardization and normalization of the microclimate of cabins in power-operated agricultural machines and tractors]. PMID- 6735244 TI - [Hygienic evaluation of working conditions in a fluorophlogopite casting plant]. PMID- 6735245 TI - Early and late complications after endoscopic sphincterotomy for biliary lithiasis with and without the gall bladder 'in situ'. AB - Endoscopic sphincterotomy has gained wide acceptance in the treatment of biliary lithiasis. We attempted endoscopic sphincterotomy in 443 patients and were successful in 407 (92%). Sphincterotomy was carried out with the gall bladder in situ in 234 cases (57%) of advanced age or high surgical risk. Immediate complications occurred in 7%, of which haemorrhage was the most frequent. The mortality rate was 1.5%. Three hundred and sixteen endoscopic sphincterotomies were performed more than six months before writing and follow up was available for 226 (72%) from six to 78 months. Late complications were observed in 16 patients with gall bladder 'in situ' (12%); the most frequent was cholecystitis in 6%. In five patients of the group without gall bladder, four had cholangitis related to retained or recurrent stones, and one restenosed . No episodes of cholangitis were observed in patients without stones despite reflux of barium up the biliary tree as observed during a barium meal examination. PMID- 6735246 TI - Effect of extrinsic denervation on the rate of net water transport of the feline gall bladder. AB - The influence on the concentrating ability of the gall bladder after extrinsic denervation was studied in anaesthetised cats, previously subjected to truncal vagotomy and/or coeliacectomy , and compared with sham operated controls. Net water absorption was studied by perfusion techniques. Acute experiments were performed under basal conditions and alpha-adrenoceptor stimulation (intra arterial infusion of noradrenaline). Gall bladder biopsies were studied by fluorescence microscopy and cytofluorimetry to visualise and quantify catecholamines. Three weeks after coeliacectomy basal absorption had decreased significantly. In the short term vagotomy group no changes were shown. In the long term vagotomy group, however, there was a four-fold increase in absorptive capacity, which decreased to control levels after alpha-adrenoceptor blockade (phentolamine). Long term vagotomy with subsequent coeliacectomy caused no significant changes. Infusion of noradrenaline increased net water absorption by 60 +/- 11% in all experimental groups except in long term vagotomised animals, where the high basal absorption was not further augmented. One hour after noradrenaline infusion controls returned to basal absorption rate, while denervated cats remained at stimulated levels. In long term vagotomised gall bladders there were morphological signs of adrenergic proliferation (increased total number of nerve terminals, sprouting and raised levels of intraneuronal noradrenaline). These results suggest that the adrenergic nervous system is important for full absorptive capacity of the gall bladder. The increased absorption after long term vagotomy, abolished after alpha-adrenoceptor blockade, might well be explained by the parallel adrenergic proliferation. This hypothesis was further corroborated in animals with long term vagotomy, where subsequent surgical adrenergic denervation restored basal absorption to control levels. PMID- 6735247 TI - Plasma enteroglucagon related to malabsorption in coeliac disease. AB - Plasma enteroglucagon was measured before and during three hours after a standard meal in 21 untreated adult patients with suspected coeliac disease who all had villous atrophy of the small intestinal mucosa and malabsorption, and in nine control subjects. In 11 of these patients the diagnosis of coeliac disease was confirmed and 10 were again investigated on a gluten free diet. The coeliac patients had higher basal (37 +/- 9 pmol/l, mean +/- SE, p less than 0.05) and postprandial (70 +/- 9 pmol/l, p less than 0.005) mean plasma enteroglucagon concentrations than the control subjects (basal 14 +/- 4 pmol/l, postprandial 25 +/- 5 pmol/l). The 10 coeliac patients on gluten free diet for five to 20 months had a basal mean plasma enteroglucagon concentration not significantly lower than before treatment (25 +/- 5 pmol/l) but significantly lower postprandial enteroglucagon concentrations than before treatment (40 +/- 7 pmol/l, p less than 0.025). Postprandial plasma enteroglucagon concentration after 90 minutes in untreated patients correlated positively to the faecal fat excretion (r = 0.58, p less than 0.02). It correlated negatively to the urinary five hour D-xylose excretion after an oral load of 165 mmol D-xylose (r = -0.71, p less than 0.01). Thus, the postprandial plasma enteroglucagon concentrations in untreated coeliac disease were related to the degree of malabsorption and they normalised during treatment with a gluten free diet. PMID- 6735248 TI - In vitro immunoglobulin synthesis by human intestinal lamina propria lymphocytes. AB - The concentration of IgG and IgA was measured in the supernatants of peripheral blood mononuclear cells and of cells harvested from the intestinal lamina propria, which were cultured in vitro in the presence or absence of mitogens. The lamina propria mononuclear cells were harvested by collagenase digestion of macroscopically normal mucosa from 10 fresh surgical resections for carcinoma. Secretion of IgA in cultures of unstimulated lamina propria mononuclear cells greatly exceeded that of IgG. The addition of pokeweed mitogen increased Ig secretion by cultures of peripheral blood mononuclear cells but decreased Ig secretion by lamina propria mononuclear cells. The addition of concanavalin A suppressed Ig synthesis by pokeweed mitogen stimulated cells more in cultures of peripheral blood mononuclear cells than in lamina propria mononuclear cells. Cycloheximide inhibited Ig secretion by more than 90% in cultures of peripheral blood mononuclear cells, but there was less inhibition in cultures of lamina propria mononuclear cells. In the four unstimulated cultures of lamina propria mononuclear cells examined, over 75% of the Ig was secreted in the first three to four days of culture. The results indicate that lamina propria mononuclear cells are refractory to the inductive and suppressive signals of mitogens, and represent an activated cell population which is committed to Ig secretion before being cultured. PMID- 6735249 TI - Characterisation of a novel proteolytic enzyme localised to goblet cells in rat and man. AB - A proteolytic enzyme, ingobsin , purified from rat duodenal extracts is shown to be localised to intestinal goblet cells of both man and rat. Enzyme positive cells decrease in number from duodenum to colon. The enzyme is a 33 000 Mr protein with an isoelectric point of 5.1. The pH optimum for enzymatic activity is 7.4-8.0. Based on substrate specificity for arg-x, lys-x and to a lesser degree tyr-x, on the effect of diisopropylphosphorofluoride , Trasylol and phenylmethylsulfonylfluoride and on proteolytic activity towards intact proteins, ingobsin is classified as a serine proteinase with endoproteolytic activity. PMID- 6735251 TI - Inflammatory obstruction of oesophageal tubes. PMID- 6735250 TI - Natural history of recurrent Crohn's disease at the ileocolonic anastomosis after curative surgery. AB - An endoscopical and histological study was carried out in 114 patients, treated by 'curative' resection of the terminal ileum and part of the colon for Crohn's disease, in order to study the natural history of recurrent Crohn's disease. The recurrence rate of Crohn's disease in patients examined within one year of the operation was 72%. This figure did not differ significantly from that in patients examined one to three years or three to 10 years after surgery (79% and 77% respectively). Recurrence was located in the neoterminal ileum and at the anastomosis in 88% of the patients. Early endoscopic signs of recurrence were small aphthous ulcers in the neoterminal ileum. Ileal biopsies at this stage showed an important inflammatory cell infiltrate of the lamina propria with numerous eosinophils and fusion and blunting of the villi. More advanced lesions observed in patients examined one to three years after surgery, consisted of larger, often serpiginous ulcerations and nodular thickening of folds. In patients examined three to 10 years after the operation, the anastomosis was frequently stenosed and rigid, with large ulcers extending from the stenosis into the colon. Mucosal granulomas may be found in normal appearing mucosa as well as in the obviously inflamed mucosa surrounding the ulcers. These studies suggest that recurrence of Crohn's disease almost always develops in the first year after the operation. Significant endoscopic lesions may be present without clinical symptoms, particularly in the earlier stages of the disease. PMID- 6735252 TI - Effect of indomethacin on basal and histamine stimulated human gastric acid secretion. AB - The effect of acute administration of indomethacin over 24 hours on basal and histamine stimulated gastric acid secretion was evaluated in seven normal male volunteers. Augmented histamine tests (0.015 mg/kg/h) infused with the antihistamine diphenhydramine hydrochloride (25 mg/h) were performed before and after pretreatment with indomethacin or matching placebo capsules. The dose of indomethacin was 75 mg (sustained release capsules) taken 12 and 24 hours before and 50 mg taken one hour before a two hour histamine infusion test. Indomethacin enhanced basal gastric secretion from 3.5 +/- 0.5 to 6.4 +/- 0.6 mmol/h (p less than 0.01) and histamine stimulated secretion from 48 +/- 6 to 62 +/- 5 mmol/2 h (p less than 0.05). Indomethacin significantly inhibited systemic prostaglandin biosynthesis as measured by urinary excretion (87 +/- 12 vs 41 +/- 6 ng PGE/g creatinine/h) and the drug increased platelet aggregation time two, five, and six fold, respectively, induced by ADP, collagen, and adrenaline. The data indicate that therapeutic doses of indomethacin augmented basal and secretagogue stimulated gastric acid secretion in control subjects. The enhancement of gastric acid secretion by indomethacin may be because of reduced levels of endogenous prostaglandins. Diminished prostaglandin biosynthesis may play a role in indomethacin induced gastric mucosal damage observed in patients receiving the drug. PMID- 6735253 TI - Measurement of intestinal progression of a meal and its residues in normal subjects and patients with functional diarrhoea by a dual isotope technique. AB - A new double isotopic method was used to measure the gastrointestinal progression of a meal in nine healthy subjects and seven patients with functional diarrhoea. 51 Chromium chloride (colonic marker) was ingested eight hours before the beginning of the scintigraphic study so that it was by then located in the colon at that time. A second marker, 99m Technetium sulphur colloid labelled the meal. Scintigraphic images were taken before and after the meal for two hours, detecting simultaneously the two isotopes. In the 51 Cr window right colon was localised and intracolonic propulsion was studied; and in the 99m Tc window gastric emptying and colon filling of the meal marker was quantified. A propulsive gastrocolic reflex was evidenced in five of the seven patients with functional diarrhoea but in none of the normal subjects. Unabsorbed residues of the meal are propelled rapidly in the ileocaecal region. Small intestinal transit of the meal marker was twice as rapid in patients with functional diarrhoea as in normal subjects. PMID- 6735254 TI - Impact of preoperative weight loss and body composition changes on postoperative outcome in surgery for inflammatory bowel disease. AB - One hundred and twenty seven patients undergoing elective surgery for inflammatory bowel disease were divided into three groups according to their preoperative ideal body weight (less than 80%, 80-90%, and greater than 90%). The groups were well matched in respect of age, sex, corticosteroid therapy, pre existing sepsis, peroperative antimicrobial chemotherapy, and resection site. None received peroperative nutritional support. The postoperative outcome was similar in each of the three nutritional groups including the incidence of postoperative sepsis, duration of hospital stay, and mortality. Serial peroperative changes in weight, fat, and muscle bulk were assessed by anthropometric measurements in 21 of these patients. The deficits in weight, fat, and muscle bulk were similar at 10 and 21 days postoperatively in the three groups. At 84 days those malnourished preoperatively had recovered their nutritional status faster than the well nourished patients. We conclude that in these patients undergoing elective resection for inflammatory bowel disease preoperative weight loss did not adversely affect the postoperative outcome. PMID- 6735256 TI - Detection of early neoplastic changes in experimentally induced colorectal cancer using scanning electron microscopy and cell kinetic studies. AB - Colonic tumours were induced in Wistar rats using 12 consecutive subcutaneous injections of azoxymethane at a dose of 10 mg/kg/week. Pairs of rats were killed at five weekly intervals after initial injection until 25 weeks. Colonic mucosa was sampled from five standard areas along the length of the colon and examined by both scanning electron microscopy and conventional light microscopy. The crypt cell production rate was measured by stathmokinetic techniques. Scanning electron microscopy showed microadenomas as early as five weeks and consistently after 15 weeks. They were found predominantly in the distal colon and increased in size with time. The lesions showed a progressive increase in the number of crypts per adenoma and increasingly disorganised slit shaped crypt orifices. The presence of epithelial dysplasia in the microadenomas and of invasion of the colonic wall by carcinoma was confirmed histologically, although fewer lesions were identified in tissue sections than by scanning electron microscopy. Crypt cell production rate increased with time, particularly in the distal colon. This increase was significant between five and 25 weeks. The results of these observations suggest that there is an adenoma-carcinoma sequence in this animal model. The value of scanning electron microscopy in identifying and quantifying the mucosal changes during carcinogenesis is emphasised. PMID- 6735257 TI - Classification of pancreatitis. AB - An international group of doctors interested in pancreatic disease met in Cambridge in March 1983, under the auspices of the Pancreatic Society of Great Britain and Ireland, to discuss the classification of pancreatitis in the light of developments that have taken place in the 20 years since the crucial conference in Marseille. PMID- 6735255 TI - Subnormal activation of phagocytes by complement in chronic inflammatory bowel disease? Neutrophil chemotaxis to complement split product C5a. AB - The capacity of circulating phagocytes for activation by complement was investigated in consecutive, untreated cases of chronic inflammatory bowel disease. The major complement derived chemotactic factor, C5a, served as chemoattractant in dose response studies of neutrophil chemotaxis. A similar, significantly decreased sensitivity and peak response was revealed in patients with Crohn's disease and ulcerative colitis. This subnormal function of neutrophils could be shown even in cases of complete clinical remission. Chemotactic response to casein and spontaneous motility was within the normal range showing an unaffected basic cell function of neutrophils in the patients. The study shows a dysfunction of phagocytic cells, related to potentially important phlogistic mediators, in chronic inflammatory bowel disease. PMID- 6735258 TI - Familial juvenile polyposis coli; increased risk of colorectal cancer. AB - Six patients from one family and one solitary patient with juvenile polyposis coli are described. The histological changes in colonic polyps formed a spectrum from juvenile polyps, through focal to extensive adenomatous change, to adenocarcinomas. One patient aged 49 years had an adenocarcinoma of the colon and in another, aged 33, with rectal polyps and metastatic cancer this was suspected although the primary tumour was not located. Two additional patients, aged 19 and 41 years, had severe adenomatous dysplasia in a juvenile polyp. Four patients also had gastroduodenal polyps. The present findings clearly contradict the previous view that juvenile polyposis coli is not premalignant and only rarely needs surgical treatment. As other recent reports also describe frequent occurrence of neoplastic changes in juvenile polyps, colectomy, and ileorectostomy at the age of about 20 years is recommended as the treatment of choice for juvenile polyposis coli, as in patients with familial adenomatosis coli. Follow up should ideally include gastroduodenoscopy and inspection of the rectal remnant at regular intervals. PMID- 6735259 TI - Tumor cell kinetics-directed chemotherapy for advanced squamous carcinoma of the cervix. AB - Cell cycle phase specific chemotherapeutic agents may be less effective treatment for metastatic or recurrent cervical carcinoma because most solid tumors contain very low cell growth fractions. Maximum therapeutic advantage may be accomplished through the use of a multiple drug protocol whose schedule is based on phase specificity of drug action and tumor cell kinetics. Preliminary data indicate that administration of a synchronizing agent, followed by cell kinetics analysis using flow microfluorometry techniques, allows a second agent to be scheduled at a time in the cell cycle when it would be most effective. These observations are based on the clinical response of 11 patients treated with kinetics-directed regimens (derived from direct kinetics measurements) or kinetics-based protocols (derived from empirical or historical data). PMID- 6735260 TI - An ultrastructural comparison of grade I and II endometrial adenocarcinoma considering estrogen and progesterone receptor status. AB - Eighteen (18) previously untreated patients with grade I (9) and II (9) endometrial adenocarcinoma provided endometrial samples for biochemical analysis of estrogen and progesterone receptors. The same samples were evaluated by histology and ultrastructure. Progesterone receptor negative samples (PR less than 1000 fmole/g tissue) showed more ultrastructural characteristics of malignancy and a wider range of changes than the progesterone positive specimens (PR greater than 1000 fmole/g tissue). These findings appeared to be independent of estrogen receptor status. No significant ultrastructural changes were seen when grades I and II were compared. PMID- 6735261 TI - Residual carcinoma in the surgical specimen of patients with endometrial adenocarcinoma undergoing preoperative radiation therapy. A study of 80 patients and a literature review. AB - Controversy continues to surround the significance of residual endometrial adenocarcinoma in the uterus following radiation therapy. Eighty patients with FIGO stage IA, IB, and II endometrial adenocarcinoma treated by preoperative radiotherapy were studied. No correlation was noted between the histologic grade of the lesion and the stage of disease. The frequency and the site of residual carcinoma were not related to the stage of disease but less-differentiated tumors persisted more frequently than grade I lesions. The modality of preoperative radiotherapy did not affect the frequency of residual tumor. Residual carcinoma within the uterus had no effect on the site or frequency of recurrence nor on patient survival. PMID- 6735262 TI - Granulosa cell, Sertoli-Leydig cell, and unclassified sex cord-stromal tumors associated with pregnancy: a clinicopathological analysis of thirty-six cases. AB - Seventeen granulosa cell, thirteen Sertoli-Leydig cell and six unclassified sex cord-stromal tumors diagnosed during pregnancy or the puerperium were reviewed. Eleven patients presented with abdominal pain or swelling, five in shock, two with virilization, and one with vaginal bleeding. Three asymptomatic patients were explored because of a palpable mass and one because of an adnexal mass found on ultrasound examination. In thirteen patients the tumor was discovered during a cesarean section; five of them had had dystocia and in eight of them the tumor was an incidental finding. All the tumors were Stage I but 13 of them had ruptured; all but one were unilateral. Hemoperitoneum was present in seven cases. On microscopical examination many of the tumors differed from tumors in the same diagnostic categories occurring in the absence of pregnancy by having a disorderly arrangement of their cells, lacking recognizable differentiation in many areas, showing prominent edema, and containing unusually large numbers of lutein or Leydig cells. The last two features were most obtrusive in tumors removed at term. With one exception the patients were initially treated by conservative surgical procedures. Two of them received chemotherapy and two radiation therapy postoperatively. A hysterectomy and salpingo-oophorectomy was performed at a second operation in eight cases; no residual tumor was found in any of the specimens. Only one patient had a recurrence, which was treated surgically. Follow-up for an average of 4.7 years is available for 30 of the 36 patients; all of them were alive and free of disease at the time of the last examination. PMID- 6735263 TI - Radical surgery after preoperative intracavitary radiotherapy for Stage IB and IIA carcinoma of the uterine cervix. AB - During the years 1970-1978 one hundred nineteen patients with Stage IB and fifty eight patients with Stage IIA carcinoma of the cervix were treated by combined preoperative radium and Wertheim hysterectomy with lymphadenectomy at the State University Hospital in Groningen. The overall 5-year survival was 87% for Stage IB and 70% for Stage IIA. The incidence of pelvic lymph node metastases was 14.8 and 35.4% in Stage IB and IIA, respectively. The presence of lymph node metastases was significantly related to the presence of residual tumour in the cervix after preoperative radium treatment (P less than 0.01) and was the most significant prognostic factor. The 5-year survival was 37% for those patients with node involvement as compared to 94% for those without lymphatic extension. Complications particularly concerned the urinary tract. The incidence of these complications was greatly reduced as experience grew. PMID- 6735264 TI - Para-aortic nodal metastases in early cervical carcinoma: long-term survival following extended-field radiotherapy. AB - From 1960 to 1979 there were a total of 14 patients followed at the University of Pennsylvania with early cervical carcinoma who had histologically documented metastases to the para-aortic nodes and who were treated with extended-field radiotherapy. Thirteen of these patients were stage IB and one was stage IIA. All patients underwent exploratory laparotomy and lymph node dissection, followed by extended-field radiotherapy. Six patients are alive with NED for greater than 5 years; one patient is alive with NED at 3 years. An additional patient is now alive and well almost 3 years from a biopsy documented recurrence treated with chemotherapy, and 6 years from initial diagnosis. Thus 8 of 14 patients have enjoyed a long-term survival. Five patients experienced severe treatment-related morbidity. Two had long-term survival, two died of disease, and one died of radiation complications with NED on autopsy. Each of the six patients that died of disease had recurrences at distant sites. One also had a pelvic recurrence. These patients appear to have a prognosis quite different from that of patients with locally advanced cervical cancer metastatic to the para-aortic nodes and deserve aggressive treatment. The need for adjuvant systemic therapy is stressed. PMID- 6735265 TI - Carcinoma of the cervix, FIGO Stage IB: treatment failures. AB - All patients with carcinoma of the cervix, FIGO Stage IB, treated at the University of Minnesota Hospitals during a 10-year period were reviewed. Of the 220 patients 31 (14.0%) developed recurrent disease and did not survive. Thirteen patients had pelvic wall recurrences, with concurrent cervical involvement. No patient had a resectable pelvic recurrence. Hysterectomy was subsequently performed on 10 of the 172 patients who received radiation therapy. Carcinoma was not present in any of the operative specimens although two patients with adenocarcinoma later died of metastatic cancer. Median time of recurrence was 9 months, with median survival following recurrence of 6 months. Cervical cytology was not of value in the early diagnosis of recurrent disease. The 5-year adjusted actuarial survival rate for patients with adenosquamous carcinoma was significantly lower than that for patients with squamous cell carcinoma. The median age of patients not surviving with adenosquamous carcinoma was significantly lower than that for patients not surviving with squamous cell carcinoma. Patients with invasive carcinoma presumably confined to the cervix may have disseminated disease. It is essential such selected patients receive primary treatment that includes systemic therapy. PMID- 6735266 TI - Estradiol and progesterone receptors in two cases of endometrial stromal sarcoma. AB - The presence of estradiol and progesterone receptors in endometrial stromal sarcoma (ESS) has not been studied previously. Two cases of ESS are reported in which high concentrations of these receptors were found in the tumor tissue. One of these patients had retained the reactivity to hormone treatment for several years. It is suggested that the steroid receptors should be analyzed in all cases of ESS to find tumors with a high receptor content. Hormone treatment of these patients should be part of the primary adjuvant therapy. In cases of a good response the therapy should be prolonged and continued for the rest of the patient's life. PMID- 6735267 TI - Adenocarcinoma of the endometrium associated with intrauterine pregnancy. AB - A case of adenocarcinoma of the endometrium discovered during curettage of inevitable abortion is described and seven instances with the association of fundal cancer and intrauterine pregnancy are reviewed. In half of the eight patients including the present case, a complication of pregnancy led to the discovery of the tumor; in the remaining four instances, the gestation occurred incidentally in a patient known to have a fundal cancer. All the seven neoplasms previously reported were well-differentiated, minimally or noninvasive adenocarcinoma or adenoacanthoma, while the tumor of the present case was moderately differentiated adenocarcinoma which invaded into about one-half of the myometrium. Progesterone-induced histologic findings, such as secretory differentiation of glands, mitotic arrest, and decidual reaction of stromal cells, were not noted. Prognosis of the patients with this association seems to be good. Follow-up on five of the seven previously reported cases indicates that four are well more than 5 years. The present patient is also well more than 5 years after hysterectomy and pelvic irradiation therapy. There is only one patient who has died of recurrence 3 years after definitive therapy. PMID- 6735268 TI - Situs inversus totalis with embryonal cell carcinoma of ovaries. AB - A very rare association between situs inversus totalis and embryonal cell carcinoma of the ovary is presented in a 20-year-old Saudi female. Recurrence of the tumor in the form of metastases to the left lobe of the liver was successfully treated using a combination of bleomycin, vinblastine++ and cis platinum. Second-look laparotomy has confirmed the complete remission. PMID- 6735269 TI - [Serum lipoproteins in healthy pregnant females. Qualitative and quantitative studies]. PMID- 6735270 TI - [Effect of infection morbidity on 5-year healing in radically operated cervix uteri cancer. 1968-1978 results]. PMID- 6735271 TI - Hormonal profile of endometrial cancer. AB - Out of all the risk factors of endometrial carcinoma, the 'Oestrone Theory' is especially fascinating. This theory assumes that prolonged uninterrupted stimulation of the endometrial cell by oestrone, without the competition of oestradiol and oestriol, brings about neoplasia. There is also some evidence of a protective effect of androgens and progesterone. In order to verify this theory in vivo, oestrone (E1), oestradiol (E2), testosterone (T) and progestogen levels were examined from the serum of 36 post-menopausal women suffering from endometrial carcinoma, and compared with a healthy group of women. Oestrone levels were found to be significantly higher in patients with endometrial carcinoma. A correlation was also found between oestrone levels and previous infertility. With the intention of tracking the origin of oestrone in those suffering from endometrial cancer, hormone levels were checked before and after total hysterectomy and oophorectomy. The high oestrone values dropped to normal after the operation, except in those who had previously suffered from infertility. In those patients, high oestrone values were found a year after the operation. No significant differences of testosterone or progesterone were found between the cancer patients and the healthy women. The operation did not have any influence on these values. PMID- 6735272 TI - Amniotic fluid norepinephrine concentration as an indicator of fetal sympathetic nervous activity. Effect of pregnancy complications. AB - The concentrations of norepinephrine in amniotic fluid and maternal plasma were measured in 71 third trimester pregnancies, 31 of which were uncomplicated and 40 complicated. The amniotic fluid norepinephrine concentration (mean +/- SD) in cases of hypertension treated with clonidine (0.4 +/- 0.1 ng/ml, n = 12) and in insulin-dependent diabetes (0.5 +/- 0.2 ng/ml, n = 7) was lower, and in renal insufficiency (1.7 +/- 0.8 ng/ml, n = 8) higher than in control subjects (0.7 +/- 0.4 ng/ml, n = 31). In fetal-growth retardation (0.6 +/- 0.2 ng/ml, n = 8) and in latent diabetes (0.7 +/- 0.2 ng/ml, n = 5) the values were similar to those in the control subjects. There was a significant positive correlation between mature lecithin-sphingomyelin (L/S) ratio and norepinephrine concentration. Clonidine treated hypertension was associated with decreased (0.2 +/- 0.1 ng/ml) and renal insufficiency with increased (0.9 +/- 0.7 ng/ml) maternal plasma norepinephrine concentrations (control group, 0.3 +/- 0.1 ng/ml). The present results indicate that measurement of catecholamines in amniotic fluid can be useful in the evaluation of fetal sympathoadrenal function. PMID- 6735273 TI - The role of plasma fibronectin in platelet adhesion to collagen. AB - Human washed platelets were eluted from columns of Sepharose 4B linked to different preparations of collagen in order to evaluate cell adhesion. Collagen preparations characterized by low and high affinity toward platelets were identified. In our experiments, fibronectin purified from human plasma modified platelet adhesiveness, though not dramatically. When washed platelets, resuspended in a buffer containing fibronectin, were filtered on a low-affinity collagen-Sepharose, a significant increase in their adhesion occurred. A similar modification could be observed when platelets were allowed to adhere to the same collagen-Sepharose preconditioned with fibronectin. The effect of fibronectin was otherwise negligible when the high-affinity collagen was used for the experiments. PMID- 6735274 TI - Inhibition of the thrombin-platelet reaction by hirudin. AB - The influence of hirudin on the thrombin-platelet reaction was studied by determination of thrombin-induced serotonin release from blood platelets. The dissociation constant for the thrombin-hirudin complex calculated from data obtained by measuring the platelet reaction (Ki 50 pmol/1) was in accordance with the value obtained by determination of fibrinogen clotting. Prevention of the effect of thrombin on platelets required the addition of hirudin in at least 10 fold molar excess. The release of serotonin could be immediately stopped by hirudin at any time when the special conditions for the reaction of thrombin with the tight-binding inhibitor and the receptors on the platelet surface were taken into account. PMID- 6735275 TI - Gelation of fibrinogen in plasma. A kinetic study by turbidity measurement. AB - Studies of the turbidity profiles of diluted (1/55, v/v) normal plasma, thrombin activity free serum plus commercial fibrinogen, and 0.15 M NaCl, pH 7.4, plus commercial fibrinogen, activated by thrombin or reptilase and measured at 350 nm, have shown that the latency time (LT) hardly varies for the fibrinogen concentration within limits of 0.03-0.15 mg/ml; however, it does vary for the thrombin concentration. The rate of gelation (RG) varies linearly with the fibrinogen (FG) concentration, conforming to the equation RG = 0.027 (FG)1.8; it hardly varies for thrombin concentrations greater than 0.50 NIH U/ml. On the other hand, RG values obtained for 0.46 NIH U/ml of thrombin or 0.92 BU/ml of reptilase show no significant differences. The variation in LT for the thrombin or reptilase concentration allows the rate of activation to be estimated, giving values of 5.9 X 10(-12) and 3.2 X 10(-12) mol/U/s, respectively, for a fibrinogen concentration in plasma of 1.1 X 10(-10) mol/ml. The mean value estimated for the ratio LT/FG in normal plasma is 35.76 +/- 18.3 and 85.62 +/- 18.3 s mg-1 ml for activation by thrombin and reptilase, respectively. We have studied in normal plasma the parameters that define the gelation of fibrin as measured by turbidity curves and their variation according to the fibrinogen concentration. This permits us to establish the kinetics of fibrin gel formation and normal range values. PMID- 6735276 TI - Automated determination of heparin with chromogenic substrates. AB - Spectrophotometric heparin assays which are based on the catalytic effect of heparin on either the inactivation of thrombin or that of factor Xa by antithrombin III, were adapted for use in a laboratory batch analyzer. Optimal conditions were determined for assays using the chromogenic substrates Chromozym Th and S-2238 with thrombin, and S-2222 with factor Xa. Inactivation of the clotting enzyme by antithrombin III was stopped by addition of chromogenic substrate. Assays thus obtained appeared to be applicable in a wider range of heparin concentrations and were less dependent on plasma antithrombin III concentration that known manual spectrophotometric methods. The best results were obtained with the methods based on thrombin inactivation and applying a logarithmic reference curve. PMID- 6735277 TI - Automated spectrophotometric heparin assays. Comparison of methods. AB - Three automated spectrophotometric heparin assays were investigated. The day-to day reproducibilities in routine laboratory use were compared with two commercial manual kits for heparin determination. Regression analysis of the activated partial thromboplastin time (APTT) on results of any of the heparin assays shows that the heparin concentration cannot be deduced from the APTT values found in patients receiving heparin. The automated heparin assays that employ thrombin and Chromozym-Th or S-2238 were found to be most suitable for routine heparin determination. Heparin concentrations obtained from assays based on factor Xa inactivation were not significantly different from those employing thrombin (p less than 0.01), but revealed a wider standard deviation. The relationship between APTT and heparin level found was not related to the plasma antithrombin III concentration. The extra antithrombin III that is added in the assays had to be freed of heparin neutralising activity to obtain reliable estimates of the heparin concentration in the low range (0-200 U/l). PMID- 6735278 TI - Studies on precursor proteins PIVKA-II, -IX, and -X in the plasma of patients with 'hemorrhagic disease of the newborn'. AB - Factors II, IX, and X in the plasmas of 10 patients with 'hemorrhagic disease of the newborn' were investigated by means of electroimmunoassay and crossed immunoelectrophoresis (CIE). The biological activity was within 4.2-30 U/dl for factor II, 5.1-20 U/dl for factor IX, and 5.2-24 U/dl for factor X, whereas the immunological antigen was within 33-58, 25-50, and 35-60 U/dl, respectively. Thus, for all factors, 1.7 times more antigen than activity was present. The CIE pattern of factors II and IX in the presence of Ca++ ions clearly showed a biphasic precipitin arc, and in the absence of Ca++ ions, only one precipitin arc was observed. These results implied the presence of precursor proteins PIVKA-II and -IX in the plasma. However, even in the presence of Ca++ ions the CIE pattern of factor X antigen in the patient plasmas only showed a single precipitin arc with a slightly faster than normal electrophoretic mobility. PIVKA-II, -IX, and the abnormal factor X antigen (PIVKA-X) disappeared within 24 h after the patients were treated with vitamin K. PMID- 6735279 TI - Impairment of primary hemostasis and platelet function after alcohol ingestion in man. AB - The effect of alcohol ingestion on primary hemostasis was investigated in fasting healthy humans. Primary hemostasis was measured with the template bleeding time and platelet aggregation assayed with the turbidometric method. Blood was collected to study coagulation and fibrinolysis. 1 h after ingestion of 2 ml/kg body weight of 40% alcohol the plasma alcohol concentration was 19.3 +/- 1.6 mmol/l. At this time there was a significant prolongation of the bleeding time accompanied by an impairment of platelet responsiveness to both collagen and ADP. A prolongation of the bleeding time and impairment of platelet function was also found 2 h after alcohol ingestion. Ingestion of this amount of alcohol did not affect parameters of coagulation or fibrinolysis. The data indicate that primary hemostasis is impaired in man after ingestion of moderate amounts of alcohol. This may explain the favorable effect of moderate alcohol consumption on ischemic heart disease but indicates an increased risk for patients with bleeding. PMID- 6735280 TI - Calcium binding sites in the insect polytrophic egg vesicles as possible markers of the route of inflow of calcium. AB - Calcium binding sites were revealed in the polytropic egg vesicles of Galleria mellonella (Lepidoptera) by fixation of the ovariole with glutaraldehyde in the presence of excess of calcium. Calcium dependent deposits appeared in the mitochondrial matrix in cells of the epithelial sheath and of the follicular epithelium. The deposits were also seen in the extracellular space around the follicular epithelial cells and around the trophocytes , at the oolemma, and in the coated vesicles of the oocytes at the stage of vitellogenesis. On the other hand, the deposits were not detected in the mitochondria of the trophocytes and the oocytes. Considering the high content of calcium in the insect oocyte ( Przel ecka et al. [17]) the possible route of entry of calcium to the oocyte is discussed on the basis of distribution of the visualized calcium binding sites. PMID- 6735281 TI - Stereologic studies on mitochondrial configuration in mitochondria of immobilized mice muscle. AB - The effect of long-term (3 weeks) immobilization on mice skeletal (m. gastrocnemius) and heart muscles was investigated. Morphometric determinations were carried out for analysis surface and volume parameters in mitochondria. The ultrastructural visual evaluation of mitochondria showed that there are no difference between control and experimental groups. Morphometric data obtained from stereological analysis were shown that mitochondria in immobilized skeletal and heart muscles represent tendency of transformation to low-energy states (condensed state). Based upon data obtained in this study we recommend that these changes in mitochondria there are reversible. PMID- 6735282 TI - Number, size, and transcriptional activity of nucleoli during different periods of interphase in antheridial filaments of Chara vulgaris L. AB - In antheridial filaments of Chara vulgaris the number of nucleoli within a single cell nucleus ranges from 3 to 12. The sizes of nucleoli vary from 0.2 to 3.5 micron in diameter. Mean number of micronucleoli, i.e. the smallest nucleoli of 0.2-0.5 micron in diameter which are distinguished after silver staining is higher than that estimated with the use of toluidine blue method according to Smetana et al. [34], the latter procedure resulting in a less contrasting visualization. Throughout the course of the whole period of interphase the mean number of nucleoli was found unchanged in successive phases and it equals some 6.5 per nucleus. Concurrently, the total volume of nucleoli increases progressively reaching maximum value by the end of the G2 phase which is attributed to the increase in number of largest nucleoli. On the basis of the analysis of 3H uridine incorporation and an in situ determination of RNA polymerase activity using the method adopted by Moore and Ringertz [25] it was evidenced that the mean transcriptional activity of nucleoli larger than 0.5 micron in diameter is not dependent upon nucleolar number within a single nucleus. It is concluded that the diverse appearance of nucleoli in cells being located precisely at the same stage of interphase reflects temporal changes of their sizes consisting in an asynchronous pulsation of individual nucleoli. PMID- 6735283 TI - Effects of testosterone upon the chest-rubbing behavior of Galago crassicaudatus umbrosus. AB - The chest-rubbing behavior of 8 male greater galagos was studied. Castration of 4 males resulted in a sharp decrease in chest-marking, while testosterone replacement therapy resulted in an increased frequency. The 4 male controls generally maintained a stable relationship between chest-rubbing frequency and serum testosterone levels. Results of the study indicate that while chest-rubbing frequency may initially vary individually in relation to testosterone levels, drastic fluctuations in serum testosterone are accompanied by a corresponding fluctuation in chest-rubbing behavior. PMID- 6735284 TI - Geometric similarity and heart weight scaling: an application of White's criterion of similarity. AB - Heart weight scaling among members of the primate tribe Papionini is analyzed in relation to the proposal that evolutionary size change may sometimes come about in such a way that geometric similarity is maintained across species. The results indicate that in terms of relative heart weight, the six species examined can be divided into two groups of geometric variants. Although these groupings do not conform to any hypothesized phylogenetic relationships, there is some evidence to support the associations based on shared patterns of ontogenetic development. An account is proposed for the differences between the two groups in terms of derived versus primitive patterns of relative heart weight growth. PMID- 6735286 TI - Ankle joint load and leg muscle activity during lifting. AB - The load on the talocrural joint during three different ways of lifting was compared and discussed with biomechanical and ergonomical aspects. Healthy subjects lifted a 12.8-kg box from floor to table-level with bent and straight knees. The loading moment of force about the bilateral ankle axis was calculated by means of a computerized static sagittal plane model. Electromyography was recorded from the tibial anterior, gastrocnemius, and soleus muscles. The mean maximum loading moment was found to be 68 newton-meters with an estimated joint compressive force of 2.9 times body weight. The lowest loading moments obtained were associated with lifting the burden between bent knees and close to the pelvis. PMID- 6735287 TI - The role of the interosseous membrane on tibiofibular weightbearing. AB - Three in vitro, strain gauge instrumented lower legs were loaded in positions ranging from 10 degrees dorsiflexion to 10 degrees plantarflexion with loads corresponding to those seen in normal gait. The interosseous membrane was found to play a critical role in the load-sharing ability of the fibula. After incision of the membrane, fibular strains decreased to essentially zero, thus supporting the hypothesis that the interosseous membrane acts as a conduit for stress transmission to the fibula. An intact membrane keeps the fibula active during the loads and motions of normal gait. PMID- 6735285 TI - Dynamic assessment of the load distribution on the plantar surface of the foot using the University of Cape Town walkway and its clinical application. AB - The dynamic assessment of the plantar pressure profile is now possible, and an immediate visual display without the necessity for complicated computer-assisted analysis has been developed using a walkway designed at the University of Cape Town. Using the walkway, the author assessed the feet of 10 normal children and 10 normal adults. They showed consistently similar profiles with very minor variations. Using the walkway, the author also showed in four abnormal cases the effects of corrective surgical procedures and of an orthotic device. PMID- 6735288 TI - A study of the communicating branch between the medial and lateral plantar nerves. AB - A study of the communicating branch between the medial and lateral plantar nerves was carried out on the feet of 20 cadavers. The nerve was found to be present in all the feet examined, but in two women it was considerably enlarged bilaterally. It is suggested that this enlarged communicating branch may be a factor responsible for the frequent involvement of the nerve to the third interspace by Morton's neuroma. PMID- 6735289 TI - Occult injuries of the talus diagnosed by bone scan and tomography. AB - Five patients, four women and one man, were found to have an osteochondral lesion of one of the talar joints. All patients had normal plain radiographs of the ankle and foot and were referred to us as a second or third consultation for undiagnosed ankle and hindfoot pain. Bone scans of the tali demonstrated the specific talar joint that was injured, and tomography confirmed the presence of an osteochondral lesion. The average delay in the diagnosis between the onset of symptoms and the initiation of treatment was over 10 months. Bone scanning is an effective diagnostic tool in locating injuries of the talus not appreciated on routine x-ray. PMID- 6735291 TI - Floppy aortic valve presenting as sudden death. AB - A previously healthy 34-year-old Dutch immigrant to Australia died unexpectedly in his sleep. At autopsy the only significant finding was a floppy aortic valve (FAV). Histologic, histochemical and electron microscopic studies corroborated the macroscopic diagnosis. Previously described associations of the FAV include the floppy mitral valve, Marfan's syndrome, aortic root dilatation and aortic cystic medial necrosis. None of these features were found in the present case which is the first recorded example of isolated FAV presenting as sudden death. The mechanism of death is obscure, and while it is presumed to be dysrhythmic, a detailed histological examination of the cardiac conducting system revealed no anatomic abnormality. PMID- 6735292 TI - An experimental study of the identification of the person of origin of a bloodstain by crossed immunoelectrophoresis. AB - Crossed immunoelectrophoretic (CIEP) patterns were examined for the purpose of individualization of bloodstains. For comparison the areas of peaks were measured and ratios of the areas of corresponding peaks were calculated. To assess the dispersion of the ratios, the coefficient of variation (CV) was calculated as CV = 100 X standard deviation/mean of ratios. With 1-month-old bloodstains there were significant differences in the distributions of CV between the groups of the same and those of different origin. These results indicate that CIEP is useful as a means of identifying the origin of bloodstains. PMID- 6735293 TI - [Perforating injuries of the posterior portion of the eye with and without vitrectomy]. PMID- 6735290 TI - Deaths during recreational activity. AB - This study of recreational deaths in the "land of sun and fun" has pointed out several useful factors. Firstly, accidental deaths are more common than naturals. Secondly, the most common accidental death is drowning while swimming. The latter is not usually at public facilities, but rather at unsupervised uninstitutionalized surroundings. Finally, a younger population is involved with a frequent number of them with alcohol detected and/or drugs. PMID- 6735294 TI - Visual prognosis of eye penetrating injuries in childhood. PMID- 6735295 TI - [Endoscopic and echographic diagnosis of orbital fractures]. PMID- 6735296 TI - [Reconstruction of severed rectus muscles of the eye]. PMID- 6735298 TI - [Laser gonioplasty in chronic narrow-angle glaucoma]. PMID- 6735297 TI - [Motility disorders and asthenopia following perforating eye injuries]. PMID- 6735299 TI - [Comparison of pre- and postoperative endothelial cell count following intracapsulary cataract surgery with and without administration of alpha chymotrypsin]. PMID- 6735300 TI - [Determination of ethylene oxide in gas-sterilized lenses--a possible cause of inflammatory reactions following intraocular lens implantation?]. PMID- 6735301 TI - [Variability of refraction in human eyes and its significance for preoperative calculation of dioptric strength of intraocular lenses]. PMID- 6735302 TI - [A new method of ocular compression]. PMID- 6735303 TI - [Photic load of untreated retinal areas during photocoagulation]. PMID- 6735304 TI - [The significance of the corpus callosum in optokinetic nystagmus in man]. PMID- 6735305 TI - [Measuring blood pressure in the eye with the ocular-cerebral-vascular monitor of Langham]. PMID- 6735306 TI - [The fasciculus opticus as model for the study of regenerative processes of the central nervous system]. PMID- 6735307 TI - [Diagnosis of drusen of the optic papilla]. PMID- 6735309 TI - [The response of accommodative convergence during continuously changing target distance]. PMID- 6735308 TI - [Temporal transfer properties of the visual system]. PMID- 6735310 TI - [Reduced visual acuity in simulated corneal opacities using special contact lenses--initial results of a model experiment]. PMID- 6735311 TI - [Color vision disorders caused by yellow coloration of lenses]. PMID- 6735313 TI - [Visual field examination using the Delta program of the Octopus computer perimeter]. PMID- 6735312 TI - [The effect of weak magnetic field variations on the acuity of human night vision]. PMID- 6735314 TI - [Photo-stress test--standardizing the parameters]. PMID- 6735315 TI - [Studying astigmatism with lasers]. PMID- 6735316 TI - [Changes in tear film break-up time using a blocking filter]. PMID- 6735317 TI - [Transitory myopia and increased ocular pressure as side effects of drugs]. PMID- 6735318 TI - [Therapy of corneal amiodarone lesions caused by continuous, vital anti arrhythmia therapy]. PMID- 6735319 TI - [Computer tomography studies of patients with choroid melanomas irradiated with 106 ruthenium]. PMID- 6735320 TI - [Lung diseases in the elderly. Pathogenetic significance of pollutants and environmental factors]. AB - In the elderly pneumoconioses due to anorganic or organic dusts are not very common. The incidence of mesothelioma is increasing also in the elderly population. Mesothelioma has become the most frequent occupational malignancy. There is also evidence that mesothelioma can be produced by other fibers than asbestos particles. The paper discusses further the effect of passive smoking, where there is new evidence that passive-smokers are exposed to a higher risk for bronchial cancer than non-smokers. The interactions between smoking and air pollution and morbidity of chronic bronchitis are illustrated. New aspects of pathogenesis and pathophysiology of chronic obstructive lung disease and pulmonary emphysema due to smoking as the most frequent environmental lung disease in the elderly are further discussed. A brief overview of the therapeutical approach to chronic obstructive lung disease including new forms of treatment of cor pulmonale is finally given. PMID- 6735321 TI - [Contraceptive counseling following pregnancy]. AB - 20 patients selected at random were asked after an abortion if they could indicate an optimal point at which they ought to have received advice on contraceptive measures. 9 patients decided they would have preferred the advice before the operation, 10 patients opted for post operative instructions and one patient had no opinion. However, all the women felt in general that it was important to receive instructions. It is clear that there is no single point in time that is optimal for all women in general. PMID- 6735322 TI - [Strategy for the prevention of fungal infections. In immuno-suppressed patients no combination of azoles and polyenes]. PMID- 6735323 TI - [Non-steroid antirheumatic agents. Criteria for a rational selection]. AB - It becomes more and more difficult for the physician to inform himself, because the number of nonsteroidal antiinflammatory drugs will arise. Therefore some preponderant clinical parameters should be taken into mind as basis of a rational treatment before prescribing a special NSAID. With regard to pharmacological action and therapeutic efficacy there are mentioned strength of antiinflammatory action, corticosteroid sparing effect, protein binding and drug levels in inflamed tissue. Assessment of tolerance should include inhibition of prostaglandin synthesis, occult gastrointestinal blood loss, half-life, route of renal elimination, drug interactions, DNA-repair and DNA-synthesis. Drugs on which published results concerning these parameters are available should be preferably prescribed. PMID- 6735324 TI - [Alcoholics--the unloved patients]. PMID- 6735325 TI - [Indications for the inhalation provocation test]. AB - For proper performance of BPT certain medicaments must be set off. Kind and duration of inhalation, the time-frequency relation and the dosage of allergens are necessary parameters in evaluation of BPT-results. The BPT is necessary when the history is characteristic without positive skin reaction, when the skin reaction is positive without characteristic history and when several positive skin reactions have been obtained and cannot be excluded as specific for the complaints from the patient history. BPT is the main test in allergic airway diseases to prove an actual clinical allergy together with history and skin tests. RAST correlates differently with BPT with different allergens and does not help much in the house dust group--and mould allergies. PMID- 6735326 TI - [Acute myocardial infarct in the aged. Omissions in treatment]. AB - The pre-hospital phase of acute myocardial infarction may be of crucial importance for the further fate of the subject. Mortality of old people seems to be twice that of middle aged persons during the pre-hospital phase of acute infarction. This may be due partially to the longer duration of latency between onset of symptoms and arrival at the hospital of older patients causing waste of time especially for resuscitation from lethal arrhythmias. The delay of therapy is promoted by difficulties in diagnosis due to lack of typical pain often veiled by other symptoms and failure of the electrocardiogram in old patients. Need of urgent hospitalization for reduction of pre-hospital mortality seems not to have been generally accepted among general practitioners. Standard management of emergency care of patients with suspected myocardial infarction is reviewed. PMID- 6735327 TI - [Homes for the aged and health resorts. Reflections on the quality of life in old age homes]. AB - The quality of living in homes for the elderly and health resort institutions must be assessed in accordance with subjective and objective criteria. From the medical point of view, stress factors in the living area should be avoided, and health-promoting factors introduced. In this connection, consideration must be given to the biological, psychological and sociological aspects of ageing. Both in homes for the elderly and in health resort institutions, the particularly features of variability of interior design, compactness, clarity, safety, separation of functional rooms, furnishability and domestic comfort should be taken into account. The question of comfort (homeliness) in the health resort clinics, would appear to be an important factor, since it promotes patient contentment and willingness to cooperate, and thus also patient compliance. PMID- 6735328 TI - [Alcohol-induced organ damage. 11: Alcoholic myopathy]. PMID- 6735329 TI - [Complication of infusions: total responsibility for omissions rests with the treating physician]. PMID- 6735330 TI - [How dangerous are pain and rheumatism drugs?]. PMID- 6735331 TI - [Ultrasound-guided percutaneous one-step nephrostomy]. AB - The percutaneous nephrostomy-set described is a two-piece desposable set for temporary or permanent urine drainage. Under combined sonographic and radiologic control the thin but stabilised puncture needle, used alone, offers the advantage of permitting definitive establishment of the fistula in a fast and safe manner without changing of the guide instrument and without any troublesome bouginage. PMID- 6735332 TI - [Alcohol-induced organ damage. 12: skin changes]. PMID- 6735333 TI - [Abortion--the woman in conflict]. PMID- 6735334 TI - [Differences in the quality of human albumin solutions for clinical use]. AB - The differences in quality of 18 commercially available human albumine solutions (5%, 20%) are described. 12 of 20% albumine solutions and 5 of 5% albumine of different manufactures were testet. Results for albumine (mg/dl) vary between 82 89% under the declared value of 95% of total protein contents as far as 20% solution are concerned. All solutions have the declared minimal content of potassium as sodium is concerned they distinguish each other as semi or fully elektrolyt solutions. Values for monomer albumine which are measured by Sephadex Chromatography range between 80,2% to 92% in 20% solutions, as for the 5% albumine solutions the fraction of monomers lies between 80-91% of the declared value of total protein. The fraction of macroaggregates lies between 1-11,7% in the 20% solutions. In 25% albumine solutions the highest ratio of 22,2% of macroaggregates was found. The difference in quality of solutions even within the same manifacturer demonstrates that there will be even differences in human albumine solutions in the future. Interchange of commercially available albumine solution is not selfevident. PMID- 6735335 TI - [5 years' general drug prevention of thromboembolism in general surgery. Comparison of personal experiences with results from the literature]. AB - Despite wide use of physical methods the number of fatal postoperative pulmonary embolisms in surgical patients increased in Kiel until 1976. Because of these results, additional general prophylaxis with 2-3 X 5000 i U of heparin dihydroergotamine was introduced in 1978. The rate of fatal pulmonary embolism in general surgery proven by autopsy decreased to 0,3% between 1979 and 1983. It should be noted that six of the nine patients who died from pulmonary embolism had also suffered from an infaust disease. This is an excellent result since our study also includes high risk patients after emergency surgery, cases which Kakkar and Gruber did not include in their studies. Due to the extensive analysis of medical records and the pertinent post-mortem reports, the high effectivity of drug induced prophylaxis with 2-3 X 5000 i U of heparin-dihydroergotamine in order to reduce fatal pulmonary embolism in general surgery could be proven. PMID- 6735336 TI - [Juxtapapillary leiomyoma--a rare papillary tumor. Presentation of an unusual disease picture]. AB - On the basis of clinical observation the significance of the juxtapapillary leiomyoma is discussed. In spite of the potential malignancy of the leiomyoma the lesion has to be treated as malignoma. The leading clinical symptom is the history of occult bleeding. For ensuring the diagnosis the procedures are described. It is further discussed which surgical managements are necessary and indicated. PMID- 6735337 TI - [The concept of endoscopy-related therapy in gastroduodenal ulcer hemorrhage]. AB - In a prospective study a new therapeutic concept was tested on 76 patients with bleeding gastroduodenal ulcers. During emergency endoscopic an exact inspection of the ulcercrater helped to determine the possibility of recurrent bleeding of the ulcer. This possibility was expressed in a modified Forrest-classification. Endoscopic hemostasis has been performed in all cases of active bleeding. Ulcers with a big visible vessel stump should be operated early elective after an intervall of intensive care, because definitive endoscopic hemostasis seemed not to be sufficient with this bleeding type. The new concept decreased the operation frequency of bleeding gastroduodenal ulcers from 51% in 1981/82 to 34% in 1983. Mortality of bleeding duodenal ulcers decreased from 18% to 8,6%, in bleeding stomach ulcers from 24% to 18%. Endoscopic hemostasis with injection therapy has proved to be most successfull in the F1b bleeding type. PMID- 6735338 TI - [Changes in total body potassium and ion distribution compartments in general surgery and intensive care patients]. AB - Measurements of total body potassium in a whole body counter revealed significant total body potassium depletion in patients suffering from high output enteric fistulas, short bowel syndrome and Crohn's disease. The clinical importance of this finding is derived from the fact that the degree of potassium depletion was found to be related to mortality, and that the introduction of an infusional regimen for preparation for surgery in Crohn's disease which effected intracellular potassium refilling resulted in a decreased surgical mortality and complication rate. In conclusion specific nutritional support as an essential measure in preparing such patients for elective surgery is particularly recommended. Significant cellular potassium depletion was also found in critically ill patients dying from sepsis. In contrast to the aforementioned diseases with malnutrition, where an increased fecal loss of potassium is the most likely cause of potassium deficiency, a different mechanism for cellular potassium loss is suggested in this condition from additional indicator dilution studies. Rather here the finding of increased distribution volumes for ions physiologically predominantly restricted to the extracellular space (82Br and 24Na) indicates a change of cell membran permeability suggestive of so called sick cell syndrome. PMID- 6735339 TI - [Alcohol-induced organ damage. 13: Psychiatry]. PMID- 6735340 TI - [Higher therapeutic safety of Mono-Nitrate. Report on the 3rd Mono-Nitrate Workshop of the Pharma-Schwarz Company, Monheim]. PMID- 6735341 TI - [Effect of the neuroleptic fluphenazine dihydrochloride on the cardiovascular system of polytraumatized patients with an alcoholic anamnesis]. AB - Haemodynamic effects in 10 multi-injured patients were registered after a bolus injection of 20 mg fluphenazin-dihydrochloride (Dapotum acutum; Fa. Heyden). Favourable results were seen in pre- and afterload. Parameters such as TTI, TTIB, CE and TI, characterising myocardial oxygen consumption, were also influenced positively. A reduction of mean arterial pressure can be avoided by administering slowly increasing volume and, occasionally, catecholamines. By use of modern monitoring in ICV, thus drug seems to be free from risk. PMID- 6735342 TI - [Obstructive hydrocephalus in cerebellar infarcts]. AB - Large cerebellar ischaemic infarction may act as a space-occupying lesion and cause acute ventricular dilatation secondary to brain stem compression. 8 cases are regarded and the clinical course and therapy are discussed. After acute onset with vestibular and cerebellar symptoms, signs of progressive clouding of consciousness, accompanied often by signs of brain stem compression develop leading finally to decerebration syndrome. CT reveals an extensive hypodense area, usually in the lower part of the cerebellar hemisphere, compression and shift of the IVth ventricle and dilatation of 3rd and lateral ventricles. Drainage of ventricular fluid alone is not sufficient and the therapy of choice is the resection of infarcted tissue. Even in patients, who were operated in the early phase of decerebration excellent recovery was noted. PMID- 6735343 TI - [Studies on erythropoietin-independent erythropoiesis in polycythemia vera]. PMID- 6735344 TI - [Factors influencing the prognosis of postoperative patients with advanced gastric cancer]. PMID- 6735345 TI - [Univariate and multivariate analysis of the laboratory data reflecting the clinical severity of ulcerative colitis]. PMID- 6735346 TI - Effect of pantethine on post-heparin plasma lipolytic activities and adipose tissue lipoprotein lipase in rats. AB - The lipid-lowering effect of pantethine, a new drug affecting lipid metabolism, had been evaluated in carbohydrate-induced hyperlipidemic rats. Administration of the drug raised post-heparin lipolytic activities, the change being due to an increase in lipoprotein lipase activity, whereas hepatic lipase activity remained virtually unchanged. Total lipoprotein lipase activity per g of adipose tissue increased in pantethine-treated rats compared with controls. Furthermore, the soluble lipoprotein lipase of fat-pads was fractionated by heparin-Sepharose affinity chromatography. The first active peak, originated from the microsomal fractions, significantly increased after the drug treatment, while the second one, originated from the plasma membranes, remained unchanged. The increase in the microsomal lipoprotein lipase activity may be due to an increase in intracellular synthesis of lipoprotein lipase enzyme proteins. The heterogeneity of lipoprotein lipase of rat adipose tissues was ensured using affinity chromatography on heparin-Sepharose. PMID- 6735347 TI - Regulation of substrate oxidation in isolated myocardial cells by beta hydroxybutyrate. AB - The role of ketone bodies in myocardial substrate oxidation was examined using freshly isolated Ca2+-tolerant heart myocytes, beta-hydroxybutyrate (beta OHB) inhibited lactate oxidation by the myocytes by 30-60%, and the inhibition was concentration dependent. Palmitate oxidation was also markedly decreased, whereas octanoate oxidation was only minimally affected by the presence of beta OHB. Lactate, octanoate, or palmitate had little, if any, effect on beta OHB oxidation. beta OHB oxidation was reduced by 22-28% in myocytes isolated from chronically diabetic rats, whereas the oxidation of palmitate remained similar to the controls. However, beta OHB still inhibited palmitate oxidation to the same extent as in the control cells. Our data support the role of beta OHB as a physiologic regulator of myocardial substrate metabolism. PMID- 6735348 TI - Production of aldosterone in male rats with inherited diabetes insipidus (Brattleboro strain). AB - Plasma concentration, metabolic clearance rate and in vitro adrenal production of aldosterone were measured in Brattleboro male rats with inherited diabetes insipidus (DI) and in Long-Evans male rats (LE) as controls. Plasma concentration of aldosterone was significantly lower (-48.3%) in DI rats than in LE rats. Metabolic clearance rate of aldosterone was not statistically different between Brattleboro and Long-Evans rats, suggesting that the in vivo production rate of aldosterone was reduced by half in DI rats. Conversely, the basal in vitro production of aldosterone by adrenal tissue was similar in the two groups of rats. The reason for impairment of the in vivo production of aldosterone by Brattleboro rats congenitally lacking vasopressin is discussed. It is suggested that despite possibly indirect influence on the factors involved in the control of aldosterone secretion, mainly ACTH and potassium, vasopressin effects might occur in situ on the adrenal glomerulosa cells. PMID- 6735350 TI - Mediastinal Hodgkin's disease. PMID- 6735349 TI - Calcium phosphorus homeostasis during oral glucose load in man. PMID- 6735351 TI - Mediastinal involvement by Hodgkin's disease and the implications for management for those patients with local or loco-regional disease. PMID- 6735352 TI - Sialidase assay by luminescence in the low picomole-range of sialic acid. Its application to the measurement of this activity in influenza virus. AB - A new procedure for a sialidase assay, by bioluminescence, has been developed. The substrate, N- acetylneuraminyllactose (sialyllactose), hydrolysed by the sialidase activity, releases lactose. This lactose is hydrolysed with beta galactosidase. The released galactose is oxidized with galactose dehydrogenase and NAD. The NADH produced in the last step is measured by a luminescence system, coupling two enzymes, NAD(P)H dehydrogenase (FMN) and luciferase. This microassay, which is specific, rapid, simple and ultra-sensitive, is a measure for amounts as little as (at least) 5 pmol of N-acetylneuraminic acid (corresponding to 0.15 ng of the released sialic acid). It uses commercialized reagents (non-radioisotopic) and avoids interferences common in other procedures. This method has been used for measuring sialidase activity directly on intact virus, avoiding inconvenient modifications produced in the extraction of the enzyme. The specific activity of sialidase of influenza virus X31 (H3N2), determined by this procedure, is 0.65 U/mg of total virus protein. PMID- 6735353 TI - Isolation and characterization of an oligosaccharide- and glycoprotein-specific sialidase from human leucocytes. AB - A sialidase was solubilized with the aid of Triton X-100 from the insoluble material of a leucocyte homogenate. The enzyme was purified almost to homogeneity by chromatography on Sephadex G-75, equine submandibular gland mucin bound to Sepharose 4B and on Sephacryl S-200. The purification factor was 40 based on an increase of the specific enzyme activity from the Triton X-100 extract (pure enzyme: 40 mU/mg protein). Isolation of the active enzyme required the presence of a proteinase inhibitor. The sialidase is monomeric and has an average molecular mass of 48500 Da, a pH optimum of 4.6, hydrolyses preferably glycoprotein (fetuin) and sialyllactose, is activated by Ca2 and inhibited by N acetyl-2,3-dehydro-2- deoxyneuraminic acid ( Neu5Ac2en ), Hg2 and N-(4 nitrophenyl) oxamic acid. The relatively stable enzyme shows only low activity with gangliosides and no activity with 4-O-acetylated sialic acid bound glycosidically. PMID- 6735354 TI - On the mechanism of lactate dehydrogenase leakage from normal and D-galactosamine treated hepatocytes in monolayer culture. AB - Synthesis, degradation and leakage of lactate dehydrogenase and of total protein was measured using D-galactosamine-treated rat hepatocytes in monolayer culture. The kinetics of [3H]leucine incorporation into trichloroacetic acid-precipitable material and into isolated lactate dehydrogenase of cells and of the extra cellular space revealed a similar extent of inhibition of both synthesis and leakage following exposure to D-galactosamine. Hepatocyte cultures that had been labeled before D-galactosamine treatment lost intracellular protein-associated radioactivity almost as rapidly as control cells up to the time of measurable enzyme leakage; thereafter, the rate of 3H-loss increased in the treated cells. Lactate dehydrogenase present in the medium is degraded less rapidly than the enzyme in the intracellular space. This explains the apparent increase of total lactate dehydrogenase activity in D-galactosamine-treated as compared to control cultures. Following [3H]leucine addition to D-galactosamine-treated cultures, the specific radioactivity of the leaked lactate dehydrogenase in the medium was never greater than that of the enzyme in the cytosolic compartment. The data rule out a direct excretion of newly synthesized enzyme as a result of D-galactosamine action. PMID- 6735355 TI - The amino-acid sequence of alpha A- and beta-chains from the major hemoglobin component of American flamingo (Phoenicopterus ruber ruber). AB - The complete amino-acid sequence of alpha A- and beta-chains from the major hemoglobin component (HbA) of American Flamingo ( Phoenicopterus ruber ruber) is presented. The minor component (HbD) with alpha D-chains was detected in similar amounts (25%) as in chicken and pheasant hemoglobins. The comparison of American Flamingo and Greylag Goose (Anser anser) hemoglobins shows that alpha A-chains differ by 22 exchanges and beta-chains by only 4 exchanges. Two substitutions modify alpha 1 beta 1-contacts. Amino-acid replacements between American Flamingo and other bird hemoglobins are discussed. PMID- 6735356 TI - Characterization of proteoglycans synthesized by cultured arterial smooth muscle cells of the rat. AB - Arterial smooth muscle cells cultured from rat aorta were labelled with sodium [35S]-sulfate in combination with either [3H]glucosamine or [3H]mannose. The newly synthesized hyaluronate and sulfated proteoglycans obtained from the growth medium (M-PG) and extracted from the cell layer (C-PG) with 4M guanidinium chloride in the presence of proteinase inhibitors were purified by sequential fractionation on Sepharose 4B CL, equilibrium density gradient centrifugation and ion exchange chromatography under dissociative conditions. Gel filtration of M-PG resulted in the separation of free hyaluronate and two size classes of [35S] proteoglycan populations eluted at Kav 0.15 (fraction M-A) and 0.48 (fraction M B). On further fractionation M-A dissociated into hyaluronate (Mr 1.6 X 10(6)) and a proteoglycan monomer (M-PG A, Mr 180 000), which contained chondroitin 4 sulfate (Mr 21 000) as the main glycosaminoglycan moiety. The proteoglycan isolated from M-B (M-PG B) was identified as a proteoglycan monomer (Mr 200 000) containing mainly chondroitin sulfate/dermatan sulfate hybrid side chains (Mr 34 000). [3H]Mannose labelling and binding to ConA Sepharose of both M-PG A and B indicated the presence of oligosaccharides of the glycoprotein type. An analogous fractionation of proteoglycans associated with the cell layer yielded two hyaluronate-proteoglycan complexes (C- PreA and C-A). The proteoglycan monomers of these complexes (C-PG PreA and C-PG A) had Mr values of 420 000 and 130 000. A non-complexed proteoglycan monomer C-PG B (Mr 90 000) was also found. All cell layer bound proteoglycans had glycosaminoglycan side chains with Mr approximately 36 000 but the predominant glycosaminoglycan component was either heparan sulfate, chondroitin sulfate or dermatan sulfate. All cell layer bound proteoglycans contained [3H]mannose radioactivity, about 15% of which was bound to ConA Sepharose. PMID- 6735357 TI - Isozyme pattern of thymidine kinase during liver regeneration. AB - Liver regeneration after partial hepatectomy is characterized by an active phase of cell proliferation that is associated with a marked increase in thymidine kinase activity. Using non-denaturing gel electrophoresis and different substrate specificity, two isozymes could be detected. One was identified as the adult isozyme while the other was the fetal one. Both forms were present during liver regeneration. When the regenerative process was completed, the total enzymatic activity dropped to normal values and the fetal isozyme was displaced by the adult type. PMID- 6735358 TI - Metabolism of 2-oxo-acid analogues of leucine and valine in isolated rat hepatocytes. AB - Isolated hepatocytes were incubated with 1-14C-labelled 2-oxo-acid analogues of leucine and valine. Decarboxylation and transamination rates were determined by measuring 14CO2 release and the appearance of the corresponding 14C-labelled amino acid. Decarboxylation exceeded transamination with both substrates, the ratio of decarboxylation/transamination being 3.4 for 4-methyl-2- oxovalerate and 78 for 3-methyl-2-oxobutyrate. Urea synthesis and ammonia utilization were not significantly decreased by the 2-oxo-acids even under conditions of stimulated urea production. To see if dietary treatment can alter the decarboxylation/ transamination ratio in favour of transamination rats were fed diets low in nitrogen content. These diets caused a reduction of the branched-chain 2-oxo-acid dehydrogenase activity by 80% but did not alter the branched-chain amino-acid aminotransferase activity in liver cells. This change in enzyme activities resulted in a marked decrease of the uptake and decarboxylation rates of 4-methyl 2- oxovalerate but did not enhance the conversion to the corresponding amino acid. Reducing the uptake of branched-chain 2-oxo acids by liver might increase the amount of orally administered 2-oxo acids reaching the muscle for transamination thus improving the nitrogen-sparing effect of these compounds. PMID- 6735359 TI - Interaction of Vicia graminea anti-N lectin with cell surface glycoproteins from erythrocytes with rare blood group antigens. AB - The erythrocyte receptors for Vicia graminea (Vg) anti-N lectin have been investigated after 125I-labelling of the purified lectin and binding to membrane components separated by dodecyl sulphate polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis. GP alpha (synonym glycophorin A or MN glycoprotein) and GP delta (synonym glycophorin B or Ss glycoprotein) are the main Vg receptors of native human blood group NN and MN erythrocytes whereas Vg lectin only binds to GP delta from MM red cells. The glycoprotein of 28 kDa present in Mi III erythrocytes (a presumed variant of GP delta) carries Vg receptors. Both binding studies and agglutination experiments with this lectin suggest that the delta Mi III gene might produce more glycoprotein molecules than the normal delta gene. Binding of Vg lectin to hybrid glycoproteins [from Mi V, St(a+) and Dantu (+) donors] produced by unequal crossing-over between alpha and delta genes, may occur if the molecules exhibit N activity. The lectin does not bind to sialic acid- and galactose-deficient glycoproteins from Tn erythrocytes and no binding could be detected in the region of GP delta of erythrocytes from S-s-U-individuals. Addition of N acetylgalactosamine residues to the alkali-labile oligosaccharides attached to GP alpha and GP delta, as found in Cad erythrocytes, decrease the binding capacity for Vg lectin. Finally the absence of Vg lectin binding sites on native GP alpha molecule from MgMg and McM erythrocytes, which carry well defined variants of this glycoprotein, supports the view that the binding site of the lectin on native glycoproteins is located at the N-terminal end of glycoprotein (GP alpha and GP delta) with N specificity (N-terminus = Leu). PMID- 6735360 TI - The normal parathyroid and the borderline with early hyperplasia: a light microscopic study. AB - The light microscopical appearance of the normal parathyroid gland based on an autopsy study of 138 glands from 38 adults without evidence of hyperparathyroidism, is described. It differs from earlier descriptions in that we found less adipose tissue in the glands of many normal adults than had been reported. This observation is in keeping with several other recent reports. Other features of the normal gland are also described. This study suggests that at times, a distinction between normal and early hyperplasia cannot be made, especially if the distinction is based solely on the amount of stromal adipose tissue present. Histological features which appear to indicate abnormality are cytological atypia, chief cell nodularity and diminished intracytoplasmic lipid. A gland which is equivocally enlarged but which has minimal stromal adipose tissue and one or more of the above features is most likely to be abnormal. PMID- 6735361 TI - A monoclonal antibody, NCRC-11, raised to human breast carcinoma. 1. Production and immunohistological characterization. AB - The production of a mouse monoclonal IgM antibody, NCRC-11, raised against human breast carcinoma is described. It has been characterized immunohistologically. The antigen recognised has a wide but highly specific distribution in normal tissues, being virtually confined to the surface of certain epithelial cell types. It is found in some forms of epithelial metaplasia and most epithelial malignancies, particularly adenocarcinomas. The heterogeneity of staining in mammary carcinomas is outlined and is of particular interest. The immunohistological staining distribution of NCRC-11 is similar to other antibodies, including anti-epithelial membrane antigen, which were raised against human milk fat globule membrane. A competition experiment with some of these antibodies, using a flow cytofluorimeter, showed competition with one antibody, LICR LON/M8. PMID- 6735362 TI - Quantitation of pulmonary megakaryocytes and fibrin thrombi in patients dying from burns. AB - Pulmonary megakaryocytes and fibrin microthrombi were counted in lung sections from 22 patients dying from extensive burns. There was a significant correlation between numbers of megakaryocytes and fibrin microthrombi, supporting a relationship between disseminated intravascular coagulation (DIC) and numbers of pulmonary megakaryocytes. No correlation was found between antemortem platelet counts and either fibrin microthrombi or megakaryocytes. Possible explanations for this are forwarded and the nature of pulmonary megakaryocytes discussed. PMID- 6735364 TI - Magnifications and mitosis counts. PMID- 6735363 TI - Composite gastric carcinoid and adenocarcinoma. AB - The light microscopical, histochemical and ultrastructural features of an unusual gastric tumour are presented. Microscopically, the neoplasm showed the features of both a conventional carcinoid tumour and of a mucin-producing adenocarcinoma. The ultrastructural demonstration of individual cells containing both endocrine granules and mucin globules supports the view that gastric enterochromaffin cells are of endodermal origin. PMID- 6735365 TI - Variations in circulating thyroxine and triiodothyronine concentration in relation to spring migration in rosy pastor, Sturnus roseus. AB - In rosy pastor, Sturnus roseus, the spring premigratory fattening observed during April was preceded by a significant increase in circulating thyroxine (T4) and triiodothyronine (T3) concentrations. Plasma T4 and T3 both declined significantly by May when in nature the migrating conspecifics had departed for their breeding ground. A possible role of thyroid hormones in the migratory disposition of this bird is, therefore, suggested. PMID- 6735366 TI - Effects of ventricularly implanted sex steroids on calling and locomotor activity in castrated male Japanese quail. AB - To clarify the different actions of steroid hormones on calling and locomotor activity, minute pellets of steroid hormones were stereotaxically implanted into the third ventricle of castrated Japanese quail. Testosterone (T) pellets were effective in inducing calling to about 60% of that observed in castrated quail given subcutaneous implants of T. However, implants of 5 alpha dihydrotestosterone (5 alpha-DHT) were completely ineffective and effectiveness of estradiol-17 beta (E2) was very slight, if any. On the other hand, E2 and T pellets enhanced locomotor activity; E2 was more potent than T, whereas 5 alpha DHT was again ineffective. Cholesterol pellets had no effects on either behavior. Daily rhythms of calling and locomotor activity were also found in birds given ventricular T implants. These results indicate that T but not E2 is required for induction of calling and that aromatization occurs in the brain to exert enhanced locomotor activity. The results also indicate that changes in circulating T do not influence daily rhythms of calling and locomotor activity. PMID- 6735367 TI - The behavioral thresholds of testosterone in castrated male rhesus monkeys (Macaca mulatta). AB - To determine the lowest doses of testosterone propionate (TP) that cause clearcut behavioral changes in castrated male rhesus monkeys (behavioral thresholds), observations were made on eight males during successive 4-week treatment periods while they received daily doses of TP ranging from 25 micrograms to 12.8 mg subcutaneously. Males were tested with each of the same four ovariectomized females (32 pairs, 1408 one-hour behavior tests). Two females were untreated and the other two received either 5 or 15 micrograms estradiol benzoate sc per day. TP injections were given at 1600 hr, and plasma samples were obtained at 0800 hr (352 samples). Individual males had widely different behavioral thresholds from 50 micrograms up to 3.2 mg TP per day. Males showed two types of response: A, a graded increase in ejaculatory activity as plasma testosterone values increased, and B, an all-or-none type of response in which there were no further increases in ejaculation with increasing plasma levels once the behavioral threshold had been reached. At levels below the physiological range, small changes in plasma testosterone were associated with marked changes in behavior. The female partner exerted a pronounced effect upon the responses of males to TP treatment. PMID- 6735368 TI - Sexual behavior and serum hormone levels in aging rhesus males: effects of environmental change. AB - Old (N = 9) and middle-aged (N = 9) rhesus males (Macaca mulatta) that were housed in the same type of home cage and the same room for several years were moved to a new location in an adjacent building. Their sexual behavior and hormone levels in the weeks preceding the move were compared to those after the move. The hypothesis that the nonspecific sensory stimulation provided by the move would increase levels of sexual behavior was not supported by the data. To the contrary, the percentages of tests with contacts, mounts, and penile erections, and the rate of contacting the female, decreased significantly for both old and middle-aged males. The intromission rate of middle-aged, but not of old, males also decreased. In consonance with previous findings, middle-aged males displayed significantly higher levels of sexual activity than did old males. The differences were observed both before and after the move. Serum testosterone levels did not differ between middle-aged and old males, and the move did not produce significant changes in testosterone levels. Serum cortisol levels were significantly higher immediately after the move (1 hr) but returned to premove levels the following day. PMID- 6735370 TI - Keeping the mentally ill out of jail. PMID- 6735369 TI - Suppression of the lordosis reflex in female rats by chronic central melatonin implants. AB - Pellets with beeswax:melatonin concentrations of 1:0, 5:1, and 2:1 were implanted near the suprachiasmatic nucleus of ovariectomized female rats. In repeated standard measures of the lordosis reflex after estrogen replacement, females with pellets containing either melatonin concentration were consistently less sexually receptive than were females with pure beeswax implants. Suppression of behavioral receptivity by melatonin is consistent with other antireproductive effects of the hormone. Melatonergic action could account for certain pharmacological findings previously attributed to serotonergic action. PMID- 6735371 TI - The medicalization of society: is there a way to turn back? PMID- 6735372 TI - Resources for computer users. PMID- 6735373 TI - The concept of young adult chronic psychiatric patients: questions from a research perspective. AB - A recently labeled psychiatric service entity, young adult chronic patients ( YACPs ), is gaining widespread recognition in the professional and popular literature. This analytical overview of the literature demonstrates that the YACP concept has been useful as an ideal construct by which current deficits in the psychiatric service system may be assessed. As a research concept, however, it has serious conceptual and methodological limitations. Since the YACP concept is probably destined to remain with us, we must attempt to delineate rigorous demographic, diagnostic, and functional criteria for its use. PMID- 6735374 TI - Police involvement and influence in involuntary civil commitment. AB - Although observers agree that the police play an important role in involuntary civil commitment of mentally ill individuals, there are scant empirical data to document the importance of the police in swaying the commitment decision. The authors studied 3,570 randomly selected case records of individuals referred to two county offices of civil commitment in Washington State to determine the types of referrals police become involved in , the extent to which referral sources request police assistance, and the percentage of referrals resulting in commitment with and without police involvement. The authors conclude that police most often are asked to assist in cases involving violent behavior, but that under almost all circumstances police involvement is the primary factor in determining whether referral will result in commitment. PMID- 6735375 TI - The behavior of mentally disordered criminals in civil mental hospitals. AB - Because of changes in Ohio mental health legislation in 1978, mentally disordered criminal offenders can now be turned over to the civil probate court for civil commitment procedures. In part because many officials in the civil hospital system fear the admission of dangerous criminals into their hospitals, the authors conducted a statewide research project to compare civil and criminal patients on demographic, diagnostic, and behavioral variables. There were no differences between the two groups on some indices of dangerousness, but on other variables the two groups differed. Sometimes it was not the forensic but the civil patients who appeared more threatening. In all, the forensic patients did not constitute a unique class of patients who are clearly and categorically more dangerous than civil patients. The findings suggest a more open-door policy toward forensic clients in the civil mental health system. PMID- 6735376 TI - Assessing the operation of secure care programs in New York State facilities. AB - In 1980 New York State's Office of Mental Health began operation of a program designed to provide a secure treatment unit at each of the 23 state psychiatric centers. As part of a research project to assess the operation of the units, demographic and hospitalization data were gathered on all clients residing on, and admitted to, the 14 operational units over a five-month period in 1982. Clinical data and information on program operation were also obtained. Results indicated that the units were generally functioning as planned, primarily serving young male civil patients referred for assaultive behavior. The patients were significantly more likely to have been involved in incidents of dangerous behavior and to have been in restraint or seclusion than were patients on comparison wards. The study also found that the secure units had been effective in reducing the rate of such incidents for the patients served. However, some data suggested the presence of an inappropriate population on certain units. PMID- 6735377 TI - Young chronic patients and changes in the state hospital population. AB - The number of young adult chronic patients, particularly males, has risen not only in community mental health programs but also among the inpatient populations of state hospitals. To assess the chronicity of these young adult patients, the authors divided the state hospital inpatient census into three groups based on length of stay. They found a considerable increase in the proportion of male admissions age 21 to 44 who remained hospitalized for three months or more. The three groups also differed in patient characteristics and prognosis for release. The authors conclude that the increasing number and proportion of younger patients, with their markedly different service needs, will almost inevitably alter the nature of the state hospital program for decades to come. PMID- 6735378 TI - Treatment characteristics of effective psychiatric programs. AB - As part of a large cooperative study undertaken by the Veterans Administration (VA) to identify the ward characteristics of effective psychiatric programs, 123 treatment characteristics were analyzed using four measures of patient posthospital community adjustment derived from the Veterans Adjustment Scale and the Personal Adjustment and Role Skills Scale. The authors found that wards that performed best on the measures were characterized by staff who perceived less order and organization on the ward, nursing staffs with less shift rotations, a lower percentage of socially passive patients, a higher percentage of patients off the ward, a higher percentage of neurotic patients on no antipsychotic drugs at discharge, and lower dosages of the minor tranquilizers. These six treatment characteristics accounted for 29 percent of the variance in the outcome measures. After discussing the relationship of the findings from this study to the findings from a previous article on the VA study, which analyzed ward setting characteristics and program outcome, the authors conclude that ward programs differ in their effectiveness as measured by ratings of patient post-hospital community adjustment and that both setting and treatment characteristics make a difference in that adjustment. PMID- 6735380 TI - An examination of patients' understanding of information from health care providers. PMID- 6735379 TI - Continuing education as a link between urban and rural mental health professionals. PMID- 6735381 TI - Genetics of alcoholism. PMID- 6735382 TI - Disclosing diagnosis. PMID- 6735383 TI - HMOs contracting with FECs. PMID- 6735384 TI - System cuts operating room lost charges. PMID- 6735385 TI - Who's responsible for hospital equipment and product purchasing decisions? PMID- 6735387 TI - Hospital economic forecast. PMID- 6735386 TI - Purchasing decisions demand hospitalwide strategies. PMID- 6735388 TI - Why hospitals like--or dislike--their approaches to data processing. PMID- 6735389 TI - Child abuse reports: breach of medical confidentiality? PMID- 6735390 TI - The evolution of marketing in hospitals. PMID- 6735391 TI - Strategies for financial success. PMID- 6735392 TI - Hawaii's first private freestanding psychiatric hospital. PMID- 6735393 TI - Second-opinion programs come into their own. PMID- 6735395 TI - Employer liability grows for discharging at-will employees. PMID- 6735397 TI - Rural hospitals join search for organs. PMID- 6735394 TI - How competition is reshaping health care. PMID- 6735396 TI - Management strategies to increase cash flow. PMID- 6735398 TI - Growth in medical directors slow: survey. PMID- 6735399 TI - Nursing administrators to restructure. PMID- 6735400 TI - Checklist outlined for medical gas installations. PMID- 6735401 TI - First quarter trends: changing environment. PMID- 6735402 TI - Preadmission review cuts hospital use. PMID- 6735403 TI - Biomedical ethics committees confront prickly issues. PMID- 6735405 TI - Tax-exempt hospitals and electoral politics. PMID- 6735404 TI - 'Natural death acts' let patients refuse treatment. PMID- 6735406 TI - A comparison of hospital data processing costs. PMID- 6735407 TI - Hospital collections and gender neutrality. PMID- 6735408 TI - Incised grids: enhancing the readability of tangible graphs for the blind. PMID- 6735409 TI - Reading moving text on a CRT screen. PMID- 6735410 TI - Geographical variations in inborn errors of metabolism in Japan. AB - Using materials from a nationwide screening project on inborn errors of metabolism in Japan, the incidence of histidinemia, phenylketonuria, galactosemia and homocystinuria were found to be 140, 16, 14 and 7 in 1 million live births, respectively. Geographical variations were observed, especially in histidinemia, which are most likely due to chance. PMID- 6735411 TI - Distribution and sex variation of the a-b ridge count. AB - A study of the distribution of the summed (right plus left) a-b ridge count in 1,000 normal subjects showed a significant deficit of counts at the two ends of the range. In males the distribution was significantly different from a normal distribution, but in females a similar trend did not reach statistical significance. No significant sex difference was found, although it is known that abnormal sex chromosome complements may affect the a-b ridge count. The influence of the sex chromosome complement on the a-b ridge count appears to be smaller than the effect of the sex chromosome complement on the total finger ridge count. The a-b ridge count is probably also less genetically determined than the total finger ridge count. PMID- 6735412 TI - Multivariate study of birth weight and maternal heterozygosity for sickle cell anemia in Bahia, Brazil. AB - A series of 1,008 newborns of indigent mothers from a mixed Brazilian population was studied with respect to the effect on birth weight of heterozygosity for sickle cell anemia, fetal sex, maternal age, parity, smoking, alcohol consumption and black admixture. Maternal heterozygosity for sickle cell anemia had no measurable effect on birth weight. Significant effects were found for male sex (increase) and smoking (decrease). PMID- 6735413 TI - The distribution of the paternity index as a basis for evaluation of sequential testing in paternity analysis. AB - Several procedures for evaluation of paternity testing data have been suggested in the literature, the majority of them being based on the paternity index statistic (L) or some transform of it. A major problem has been that the true distribution of the paternity index has not been known, making it difficult to perform quantitative evaluations of different procedures. We present an algorithm for computation of the distribution of the paternity index within the limits of a completely controlled amount of approximation. Using this algorithm we evaluate the power and the rate of erroneous classifications of a standard routine test based on a fixed number of genetic marker systems. The efficiency of this standard test procedure is compared to a stepwise (sequential) procedure where in each step one or several marker systems are scored for the mother-child-putative father trio. We suggest that a sequential strategy for testing may be more efficient than one that is based on a fixed number of systems. A sequential procedure can provide information about the accused man's state of paternity in a considerably larger fraction of cases without a substantial increase of the frequency of incorrect classifications. In addition, the cost measured as the average number of marker systems that has to be tested for each trio may be lower in the case of sequential testing than with a fixed number of systems. PMID- 6735414 TI - Quantitative analysis of C bands in chromosomes 1, 9, 16 and Y in Caucasian and Japanese males. AB - A comparative analysis of the C bands of chromosomes 1, 9, 16 and Y of 27 Caucasian and 27 Japanese males is reported. The mean of the total centromeric heterochromatin of the three pairs (sigma h1, 9, 16) is larger in Caucasian than in Japanese subjects, but Caucasians showed a lower mean of C band size of chromosome Y. Heritability of the C band of the Y chromosome was studied in 26 families. PMID- 6735415 TI - An effective algorithm for extracting serial endocardial borders from 2 dimensional echocardiograms. PMID- 6735416 TI - Computation of the input impedances of a catheter for cardiac volumetry. PMID- 6735417 TI - Artifacts in Wiener kernels estimated using Gaussian white noise. PMID- 6735418 TI - High-resolution alignment of sampled waveforms. PMID- 6735419 TI - Time-delay for two-compartment models used for study of enterohepatic circulation of drugs. PMID- 6735420 TI - Comments on "Pole-zero modeling and classification of phonocardiograms". PMID- 6735421 TI - Corneal markers and reflections yield translation invariance--a theoretical analysis. PMID- 6735422 TI - The time-dependent equivalent dipole source for the response to median nerve stimulation. PMID- 6735423 TI - Comments on "Multichannel signal processing based on logic averaging". PMID- 6735424 TI - Construction and position verification of a thermocouple esophageal temperature probe. PMID- 6735425 TI - Muscle dynamics, size principle, and stability. PMID- 6735426 TI - Convective gas mixing in the airways of the human lung--comparison of laminar and turbulent dispersion. PMID- 6735427 TI - A fiber fizeau interferometer for measuring minute biological displacements. PMID- 6735429 TI - Implantable electric-field probes--some performance characteristics. PMID- 6735430 TI - A simple method of shaping titanium microelectrodes. PMID- 6735431 TI - Thermal properties of tissue equivalent phantom materials. PMID- 6735432 TI - Stress related involution of lymphoid tissues in Australian marsupial mice. AB - Involution of the thoracic thymus in two species of marsupial mouse, Antechinus swainsonii (Waterhouse) and Antechinus stuartii (Macleay) was shown to be unrelated to corticosteroid action and to be complete before puberty. A stress response in male marsupial mice is caused by an androgen related drop in the plasma corticosteroid binding globulin concentration which gives rise to an increase in the plasma free glucocorticoid concentration. The high concentrations of free glucocorticoids in the plasma just prior to the breeding season causes a rapid involution of the spleen and lymph nodes while the gut associated lymphoid tissues remain unaffected. The concentration of free glucocorticoids also rises in females, but it never attains the high concentrations observed in males. Nevertheless, the spleen and lymph nodes do involute to some extent in some females and the degree of involution appears to be related to the relative concentration of plasma free glucocorticoids. At the conclusion of the breeding season, there is a complete mortality in males of the population, due to a stress response in which the compromised immune system clearly plays a role. PMID- 6735428 TI - Studies on electroosmotic effects in glass microelectrodes--improvement of microelectrode selection. PMID- 6735433 TI - The effect of alpha 2HS glycoprotein on lymphocyte reactivity to phytohemagglutinin. AB - The effect of alpha 2HS glycoprotein on lymphocyte reactivity to phytohemagglutinin (PHA) was investigated. The results show that alpha 2HS glycoprotein, rather than enhancing lymphocyte reactivity to PHA as suggested by earlier correlation studies, inhibits such reactivity. Experiments suggest that this inhibition is unlikely to be the result of alpha 2HS glycoprotein binding either PHA or 3H-thymidine but is more likely to act at the cellular level. PMID- 6735434 TI - Presence of a specific immune complex in the cell-free ascites of a spontaneously metastasizing rat mammary adenocarcinoma, TMT-081. AB - We have previously reported that a mammary tissue-specific antigen (MTA) occurs in the circulation of rats bearing the metastatic mammary tumor, TMT-081. In this communication we present immunochemical evidence that MTA also exists in the form of a soluble immune complex in the sera and ascites of TMT-081-bearing rats. This immune complex, however, has no effect on the growth of TMT-081 in rats. Neither the MTA nor the immune complex could be detected in the circulation of lactating rats or rats bearing the nonmetastatic mammary tumor, MT-100. Thus, it appears that the spontaneously metastasizing tumor, TMT-100, considered previously to be nonimmunogenic or weakly immunogenic by conventional tests, does in fact elicit an apparently ineffective humoral response as manifested by the formation of an immune complex containing MTA. PMID- 6735435 TI - Liver as a tumor-cell-killing organ. AB - Lymphoma cells (Eb and ESb, the metastasizing variant) were injected via a mesenteric vein. 85% to 95% of these cells were trapped in the liver. Most of the Eb cells (81%) were destroyed within 18 hours, ESb cells prove to be more resistant: only 28% of these cells were destroyed within this time. 51-Chromium release assay (4 hours) revealed a similar sensitivity of these two tumor cell strains. PMID- 6735437 TI - Systemic suppression of contact hypersensitivity by UVB radiation is unrelated to the UVB-induced alterations in the morphology and number of Langerhans cells. AB - Exposure of mice to UVB (280-320 nm) ultraviolet radiation reduces contact hypersensitivity (CHS) reactions to chemicals that are applied subsequently to unirradiated skin. It also decreases the number and alters the morphology of Langerhans cells at the site of irradiation. We addressed the question of whether the systemic suppression of CHS was related to these modifications of Langerhans cells by UVB radiation. In mice treated on the dorsum with UVB radiation, the number and morphology of Langerhans cells in the unexposed areas of skin used for inducing and eliciting CHS appeared normal. Therefore, the depression of CHS could not be attributed to a depletion of Langerhans cells at the sites of application of the sensitizing agent. We also examined the correlation between alterations in Langerhans cells and systemic suppression of CHS after treatment with various types of nonionizing radiation. Treatment of mice with UVA (320-400 nm) radiation eliminated detectable Langerhans cells from the exposed skin, based on ATPase staining and electron microscopy, but did not reduce CHS; in fact, CHS was enhanced in these animals. Neither rose bengal nor eosin, in combination with visible (greater than 400 nm) radiation, affected the number or appearance of Langerhans cells, even though microscopic evidence of phototoxicity was present. However, rose bengal plus visible radiation depressed CHS reactions that were induced and elicited through unexposed skin. Depletion of Langerhans cells from dorsal skin by exposure to UVA radiation did not prevent suppression of CHS by subsequent exposure of the Langerhans cell-depleted skin to UVB radiation. We conclude that systemic suppression of CHS by UVB irradiation is not related to the numerical and morphological alterations in Langerhans cells that occur locally at the site of irradiation. PMID- 6735436 TI - Hormonal influence on the secretory immune system of the eye: androgen control of secretory component production by the rat exorbital gland. AB - Androgens are known to regulate the level of secretory component (SC) in tears of male rats. The purpose of the present study was to explore the underlying mechanism of this hormone action by (i) identifying the ocular tissue(s) involved in SC production; and (ii) determining whether androgens increase SC production by this tissue. We also examined whether androgen administration influenced the concentration of SC in tears of female rats. Ocular tissues from adult Sprague Dawley rats were cultured in the presence or absence of cycloheximide in the incubation medium. Secretory component in the culture media was measured by an RIA which detects primarily free SC. Analysis of media obtained after incubation of exorbital (lacrimal) glands, 'lid' tissues, globes, and Harderian glands revealed that only exorbital glands released substantial amounts of SC. This exorbital gland production of SC, which was significantly greater in tissues from male rats, as compared to those of female rats, was reduced by approximately 50% when cycloheximide was present in the culture medium. To determine whether SC production by exorbital glands was influenced by androgens, orchiectomized glands was influenced by androgens, orchiectomized rats were administered either saline or testosterone (2.0 mg/day for 4 days), and exorbital glands were cultured 24 hr after the last injection. Testosterone treatment in vivo induced a significant, cycloheximide-sensitive increase in SC production in vitro, compared to the glandular SC output of saline-injected controls. It is interesting that similar androgen treatment of ovariectomized females also resulted in elevated tear SC concentrations and enhanced output of SC by their exorbital glands in vitro. These findings indicate that the exorbital gland is primarily responsible for SC production in the rat eye and that androgens may modulate the synthesis of SC in this gland. PMID- 6735439 TI - [Clinical study of the anti-parasitic activity of BPH 3004 (Mitigal spray) in scabies and pubic pediculosis]. PMID- 6735438 TI - Ontogeny of 'macrophage' function. IV. Newborn mouse macrophages strongly suppress tumour cell growth and readily acquire cytolytic activity in comparison with adult macrophages. AB - Peritoneal macrophages (PM) were prepared as adherent peritoneal exudate cells from newborn and adult mice injected i.p. with thioglycollate medium 4 days previously. In comparison with adult PM, newborn PM exerted a high suppressive effect on the in vitro growth of syngeneic and allogeneic tumour cells, though they did not manifest cytolytic activity. The high suppressive activity of newborn PM was maintained until about 2 weeks of age, and then declined rapidly until about 3 weeks of age toward the level of adult PM. The treatment with a high dose of LPS enhanced the suppressive effect of both newborn and adult PM, while a low dose of LPS was effective only for newborn PM. Necessary minimum dose of LPS to make PM significantly cytolytic was lower for newborn PM than for adult PM. Addition of a low concentration of LK to the culture for activating adult PM with LPS resulted in the augmentation of cytolytic activity and the reduction of necessary minimum dose of LPS. Activation of newborn PM by LPS was not affected by the addition of such a low concentration of LK. On the other hand, newborn PM were rapidly activated by LPS as compared with adult PM. LK accelerated the activation of adult PM by LPS. The activity of newborn PM to bind to tumour cells was higher than that of adult PM. These results seem to indicate that newborn PM are activated to some extent inherently or by some intrinsic agents. PMID- 6735440 TI - [Halometasone, a new topical corticosteroid, in dermatological practice]. PMID- 6735441 TI - [Chronic urticaria. I]. PMID- 6735442 TI - [Chronic urticaria. II. Follow-up of 69 patients (etiological and therapeutic study)]. PMID- 6735443 TI - [Reticulated erythema with mucinosis. REM syndrome]. PMID- 6735444 TI - [The bromocriptine-cyproheptadine combination in the treatment of psoriasis. Preliminary note]. PMID- 6735445 TI - [Dinitrochlorobenzene in the therapy of alopecia areata. Our clinical experience]. PMID- 6735446 TI - [Antimalarial drugs in dermatology. Current situation and prospects]. PMID- 6735447 TI - Structural polymorphism of mouse complement C2 detected by microscale peptide mapping: linkage to H-2. AB - Complement C2 was isolated from 17 mouse strains by immunoprecipitation and sodium dodecyl sulfate-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis and examined for structural polymorphism by using micro-peptide mapping. By comparing the peptide maps of tryptic digest of C2 from various strains, two allotypic variations were detected. B10 and 14 other mouse strains demonstrated C2.1 type, while a wild mouse line (M.Mol-Ohm) and one B10 congenic strain, B10.MOL.OHM, which carries the H-2 derived from M.Mol-Ohm, demonstrated C2.2 type. (B10 X B10.MOL.OHM)F1 demonstrated codominantly expressed C2 type (C2.1.2). Desialation of mouse C2 did not abolish the observed variation of mouse C2. It is concluded that an H-2 linked codominant locus controls the structure of mouse complement C2, further confirming the extensive homology of the major histocompatibility complex among higher vertebrate species. PMID- 6735448 TI - Expression of macrophage functions in hybrids of a myeloma cell line with inflammatory macrophages: evidence for negative control mechanisms in the expression of macrophage functions. AB - Mouse inflammatory macrophages from C57BL/6N mice were fused with BALB/c mouse derived myeloma cells (the CANS series). The hybrids in the early period after cell fusion (8 weeks) showed no macrophage functions (chemotaxis, EA and EAC rosette-forming abilities, phagocytosis or lysozyme production). EA rosette forming ability was observed when these hybrids were treated with trypsin, whereas other macrophage functions were not. After prolonged culture, the hybrids (12 clones of 13 randomly selected) showed all the macrophage functions along with chromosome loss. Myeloma cell functions (kappa light chain production) were found in the young hybrids soon after cell fusion but were absent in the aged hybrids. These results indicated that reexpression of macrophage properties, except for EA rosette-forming abilities, takes place after the loss of chromosomes or genes repressing the expression of macrophage functions. PMID- 6735449 TI - Location of Ly-7 on mouse chromosome 12. PMID- 6735452 TI - Factors related to tracking of blood pressure in children. U.S. National Center for Health Statistics Health Examination Surveys Cycles II and III. AB - In this paper we examine the relationship of growth, obesity, and the degree of sexual and bone maturation to blood pressure in a U.S. national probability sample of 2165 children examined by the U.S. National Center for Health Statistics on two occasions, approximately 4 years apart. Subjects who maintained, increased, or decreased their peer rank order of blood pressure are described. Children who maintained their blood pressure in the upper quintile were taller, heavier, more obese, had greater bone age, greater numbers of permanent teeth, and were more sexually mature than their peers, while those maintaining their blood pressure in the lowest quintile of blood pressure were shorter, lighter, less obese, had lesser bone age, fewer permanent teeth, and were less sexually mature. Subjects whose blood pressures were initially in the lowest four quintiles and then rose to the top quintile were also taller, heavier, more obese, and had greater bone age, while those with blood pressures falling to the lowest quintile from the upper four quintiles were shorter, lighter, less obese, and had lesser bone age. Thus, the level at which blood pressure tracks during childhood is related to growth, obesity, and to the degree of maturation acquired. In addition, children whose blood pressures are rising or falling in relation to their peers have body growth and maturation characteristics similar to those who maintain their rank order high or low respectively. PMID- 6735451 TI - Cold pressor test as a predictor of hypertension. AB - To determine the usefulness of the cold pressor test as a predictor of hypertension, we compared the blood pressure recordings available from 142 patients in 1979 with readings obtained during performance of two cold pressor tests, the first in 1934 when these subjects were children, and the second in 1961. Forty-eight subjects were hyperreactors to the tests in either 1934 or 1961, and 94 were normoreactors. At last follow-up, blood pressures in 14 of the hyperreactors were between 140 and 160 mm Hg systolic or 90 and 100 mm Hg diastolic (Stratum 1) and in 20 exceeded 160 mm Hg systolic or 100 mm Hg diastolic (Stratum 2). Ten normoreactors had casual blood pressures in Stratum 1 and eight in Stratum 2. Hypertension had thus occurred in 71% of the hyperreactors and 19% of the normoreactors. Fifteen hyperreactors were receiving antihypertensive therapy, and this reduced the severity of the casual blood pressure elevation in most patients to Stratum 1. Antihypertensive therapy had been started in three normoreactors. The duration of follow-up, 45 years, and the mean age at follow-up, almost 57 years, were greater in this study than in any previously reported study. Early hyperreactivity was related to future hypertension in enough subjects to suggest that an abnormal response to an external cold stimulus may be useful as an indicator of future hypertension. PMID- 6735453 TI - Increased plasma norepinephrine in young patients with essential hypertension under three sodium intakes. AB - Increased sympathetic nerve activity may play an important role in the pathogenesis of essential hypertension. It is well known that both dietary sodium intake and age influence the plasma norepinephrine (NE) concentration. The present study was undertaken to evaluate the effects of age on sympathetic nerve activity in patients with essential hypertension and normal control subjects under low-, regular-, and high-sodium regimens (mean 24-hour sodium excretions: 30 +/- 4, 116 +/- 7,280 +/- 15 mEq, respectively). Plasma NE and epinephrine (E) were analyzed by trihydroxyindole methods after high-performance liquid chromatography separation. Subjects were categorized by age into young (less than or equal to 40 yrs), middle-aged (40-60 years), and old (greater than or equal to 60 years) subgroups. Mean plasma NE in hypertensive patients was significantly higher (p less than 0.01) than in normal subjects on each of the sodium regimens. In normal control subjects, there was a significant positive correlation between age and plasma NE with all three sodium intakes. However, no correlation was seen in hypertensive patients on any of the sodium regimens, because in the young subgroup of hypertensive patients the mean plasma NE was significantly higher than that of normal control subjects. These results suggest that the increased sympathetic nerve activity plays an important role in the pathogenesis of essential hypertension, especially in young patients. PMID- 6735450 TI - Ambulatory blood pressure recordings. Reproducibility and unpredictability. AB - The accuracy of blood pressure readings taken by the portable semiautomatic blood pressure recorder Remler M 2000 was investigated in 101 unselected, untreated volunteers. On the average, pressures recorded during usual daily activities were lower by approximately 10 mm Hg than pressures measured in the office. However, individual ambulatory pressures could not be predicted from office readings, and the difference varied among the volunteers from +14 to -43 mm Hg. The reproducibility of office and ambulatory pressures was investigated in 84 subjects. There was a highly significant correlation between pressure levels determined at a 3- to 4-month interval with both the conventional auscultatory method in the office and the Remler ambulatory recorder. These data demonstrate that the Remler M 2000 ambulatory blood pressure recorder, when used properly, provides reproducible blood pressure profiles during customary daily activities. The ambulatory pressure recorder seems particularly useful for a baseline evaluation of the usual daily blood pressure, which in the individual subject differs in a highly unpredictable manner from the blood pressure measured at the physician's office. PMID- 6735454 TI - Diastolic function of the heart in untreated primary hypertension. AB - To study left ventricular (LV) diastolic function of the heart in relation to blood pressure (BP) and other signs of hypertensive cardiac and peripheral vascular changes, isovolumic relaxation time and early diastolic filling were determined in four BP groups of untreated 49-year-old men: normotensive subjects (n = 20), men with borderline hypertension (n = 30), mild hypertension (n = 45), and moderate to severe hypertension (n = 24). Isovolumic relaxation time, measured as the distance between aortic closure (A2, phonocardiography) and mitral valve opening (echocardiography), and early diastolic filling, measured as the distance between mitral valve opening and the O point of the apexcardiogram, tended to increase with BP level, and the total interval from aortic closure to the O point (A2O interval) was significantly prolonged in the two groups with mild and moderate to severe hypertension. A prolonged A2O interval (greater than or equal to 117% of expected value at observed heart rate) was seen in several hypertensives, who had no obvious increase in LV wall thickness on M mode echocardiography. This suggests that a prolonged LV relaxation time may be an early sign of cardiac involvement in primary hypertension. In the group with moderate to severe hypertension, an increase in LV wall thickness was seen together with an increase in resistance at maximal dilation in the calf. This supports the theory that when changes in cardiac structure develop they occur in parallel with structural changes also in the periphery. PMID- 6735455 TI - Dietary effect on platelet aggregation in men with and without a family history of essential hypertension. AB - Platelet aggregation induced by 5 microM adenosine 5'-diphosphate (ADP) was significantly higher in men with a family history of essential hypertension than in men without such a history when they were fed a low fat-cholesterol diet with low salt. Platelet aggregation activity was remarkably increased in both groups when the diet was changed from low salt into high salt. Platelet aggregation activity was higher in the group with a positive family history of hypertension on the low fat-cholesterol plus high salt diet than in the group without a family history under the same conditions. The activity was slightly increased in both groups when fed a high fat-cholesterol diet with low salt. There was no significant difference in the platelet aggregation between the two groups. The activity was significantly increased in both groups on the high fat-cholesterol diet after the diet was changed from low salt to high salt. Under both the low and high fat-cholesterol diets, the mean blood pressure was significantly elevated in response to excessive salt intake in the group with a family history of essential hypertension, but it was not elevated in the group without such a family history. PMID- 6735456 TI - Red cell sodium countertransport and cotransport in normotensive and hypertensive blacks. AB - We have previously described elevated Lii -Nao countertransport (CT) and Na-K cotransport (CO) in red cells of Caucasian patients from Boston. In this study, we report both transport systems in black patients from Philadelphia. The maximal rate (Vmax) of CT was assayed by measuring the Nao-stimulated Li efflux from cells containing +/- 6 mmol Li/liter. The Vmax of outward cotransport was assayed by measuring the furosemide-sensitive component of Na and K efflux into Mg medium from cells containing 50 mmol/liter of both ions. The mean value of CT for 18 normotensive (NT) subjects with no family history of hypertension, (-) FHH , was 0.18 +/- 0.05 (mmol/liter cells X hour); and in 14 hypertensive (HT) patients, 0.18 +/- 0.07. The mean values of Na and K cotransport were, respectively (mmol/liter cells X hour), in 18 NT subjects with (-) FHH , 0.38 +/- 0.24 and 0.50 +/- 0.28 in 18 HT subjects, 0.25 +/- 0.17 and 0.24 +/- 0.14. We conclude that there is no difference in the Vmax for CT between the two groups of black subjects, but that the Vmax for Na-K CO was significantly reduced in the HT group. Notably, the offspring of HT patients (age 14 years, n = 17) also had a marked reduction in the Vmax of Na (0.15 +/- 0.17) K cotransport (0.19 +/- 14) in comparison with the mean value of Na (0.40 +/- 0.2) and K (0.60 +/- 0.3) cotransport measured in offspring (n = 10) of NT subjects (age 14 years).(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS) PMID- 6735457 TI - Interaction of internal Na+ and external K+ with the erythrocyte Na+, K+ cotransport system in essential hypertension. AB - External K+ inhibits the maximal rate of outward Na+, K+ cotransport in human red cells with no effect on the apparent affinity for internal Na+. The K+ concentration giving half-maximal inhibition (KIK) varied from 16 to 30 mM in 24 normotensive control subjects. Six of the 38 hypertensive patients showed a KIK above the upper limit of this normal range. Only three hypertensive patients showed a KIK below normal range. The internal Na+ content giving half-maximal stimulation of outward Na+, K+ cotransport (KSNa) was measured in the hypertensive patients (a normal range of KSNa = 9 to 16 mmol/liter cells was previously established in 50 normotensive control subjects). Eighteen hypertensive patients showed an abnormally high KSNa, as previously described in hypertensive patients whose Na+, K+ cotransport system had a low affinity for internal Na+ (Co -). Comparison of KSNa with KIK showed that all six hypertensive patients with high KIK and all three hypertensive patients with low KIK were Co - hypertensive. PMID- 6735458 TI - Erythrocyte cation cotransport and countertransport in essential hypertension. AB - We studied erythrocyte cation cotransport and countertransport systems in 21 and 27 patients with essential hypertension, respectively, all of whom were under 50 years of age, had a diastolic blood pressure level greater than 100 mm Hg, and had a family history of hypertension. The following parameters were normal in nearly all patients: total erythrocyte Na+ and K+ concentrations, the maximal rate (Vmax) of inward cotransport, the affinity of cotransport with Rb+ as the substrate, the net outward cotransport of Na+ ions, the passive "leak" influx of Rb,+ and the maximal rate of Li+-Na+ countertransport. Only four patients gave clearly abnormal results; in two the maximal rate of both cotransport and countertransport was double the normal values, while another two patients demonstrated a greater than twofold increase in passive "leak" influx to Rb+ ions. Most of the patients with moderate to severe essential hypertension in this Australian study were characterized by normal erythrocyte cation fluxes, but a few showed elevation of both cotransport and countertransport of cations. PMID- 6735459 TI - Cardiovascular hemodynamics and vasopressin blockade in DOCA-salt hypertensive rats. AB - In conscious rats with near-malignant phases of DOCA-salt (DS) hypertension, hemodynamics were studied with microspheres before and after administration of a vasopressin (VP) vasopressor antagonist in relation to plasma VP levels (pVP). Compared to the controls, the DS rats showed significant elevations in mean arterial pressure (MAP), total vascular resistance (TVR), and pVP, and a flow redistribution from kidney and spleen to skeletal muscles and heart, with increased vascular resistance in almost all organs. The antagonist elicited no significant systemic hemodynamic effects in DS rats as a whole; however, two subgroups, responders vs nonresponders, were identified according to the effects on MAP. In responders with a pVP of 29.2 +/- 2.7 (SE) pg/ml, the antagonist lowered MAP (-24.9 +/- 5.9 mm Hg) and TVR significantly, while in nonresponders with a pVP of 15.2 +/- 3.4 pg/ml, there were no effects. The major antagonist induced regional responses were increased flow and decreased vascular resistance in skeletal muscles and skin in whole DS rats, and additionally in the gastrointestinal tract, portal organs, and testes in the responders. Significant correlations were observed between pVP, MAP, TVR, and depressor responses to the antagonist only when all data for DS and control rats were pooled. Thus, the systemic hemodynamic effects of VP are important only in responders with exceedingly elevated pVP. VP contributes significantly to the regional hemodynamic abnormalities in skeletal muscles and skin in whole DS rats, and also in several other organs in the responders. PMID- 6735460 TI - Microvascular adaptation in the cerebral cortex of adult spontaneously hypertensive rats. AB - The purpose of this study was to determine the microvascular characteristics that cause cerebral cortical blood flow autoregulation to shift to a higher range of arterial pressures during established hypertension in spontaneously hypertensive rats (SHR). An open-skull technique with constant suffusion of artificial cerebrospinal fluid (PO2 = 40-45 mm Hg, PCO2 = 40-45 mm Hg, pH = 7.35-7.45) was used to view the parietal cortex of 18- to 21-week-old SHR and Wistar Kyoto (WKY) normotensive control rats. The resting inner diameters of first (1A)-, second (2A)-, and fourth (4a)-order arterioles were significantly (p less than 0.05) smaller, and the wall thickness/lumen diameter ratios were significantly (p less than 0.05) larger in SHR compared to WKY. Only 1A and 4A has significantly (p less than 0.05) increased vessel wall cross-sectional area in SHR. At the resting mean arterial pressures of WKY and SHR, the passive (10(-4) M adenosine, topical) diameters of comparable types of arterioles were not significantly different (p greater than 0.05). At reduced arterial pressures, however, the arterioles in SHR had smaller maximum diameters than in WKY. Cortical blood flow in WKY and SHR was constant at arterial pressures from 70-150 mm Hg and 100-200 mm Hg, respectively. Resting arteriolar pressures in 1A, 2A, and 3A of SHR were substantially and significantly (p less than 0.05) elevated, although pressures in the smallest arterioles and venules of WKY and SHR were similar. Therefore, it is possible that cerebral capillary pressure is only slightly elevated, if at all, in SHR as a result of the vasoconstriction. The number of arterioles per unit area of brain surface at rest was equal in WKY and SHR. In addition, the number of vessels was equal in WKY and SHR during maximal dilation, and neither type of rat demonstrated an opening of previously closed vessels upon maximum dilation. Therefore, the cerebral arteriolar constriction in SHR, which was probably potentiated by vessel wall hypertrophy of the largest and smallest arterioles, was the major contributor to an upward shift in the autoregulatory range, the protection of exchange vasculature pressures, and the increase in vascular resistance. PMID- 6735461 TI - Differential effect of salt loading on sodium and lithium excretion in Dahl salt resistant and -sensitive rats. AB - Fractional excretion of lithium, as a marker for proximal sodium reabsorption, was determined in normotensive Dahl S rats (susceptible to NaCl hypertension) and Dahl R rats (resistant to NaCl hypertension) before and following an acute sodium load. Baseline mean arterial pressures, inulin clearances, sodium excretion rates, and fractional lithium clearances were not different between the R and S rats. Following the salt loading and despite similar mean arterial pressures and degree of volume expansion, the glomerular filtration rate, urinary flow rates, and absolute sodium excretion rates were greater in R than S rats. The fractional excretion of lithium was also greater in R than S rats. These data demonstrate that, at equal mean arterial pressures, Dahl S rats have a reduced capacity for sodium excretion, and that this defect is present prior to the development of hypertension. Furthermore, the observation that these animals also have a lower fractional lithium excretion during volume expansion suggests that salt loading reduces proximal tubule reabsorption to a lesser extent in Dahl S than R rats. These data suggest that the subnormal sodium and water excretion observed after sodium loading in S rats may be partially due to an abnormality in proximal tubule sodium handling. PMID- 6735462 TI - Identification and preliminary characterization of saliva-interacting surface antigens of Streptococcus mutans by immunoblotting, ligand blotting, and immunoprecipitation. AB - The ability of surface protein antigens of Streptococcus mutans to interact with salivary components was examined by Western blot and immunoprecipitation methods. Immunoblotting of S. mutans OMZ175 wall-associated antigens revealed 10 major antigens, designated according to their estimated molecular weights. Four of them, with molecular weights of 135,000, 125,000, 120,000, and 115,000 in their denaturated form, bound salivary components. This property was further investigated by immunoprecipitation experiments: the reactivity with saliva was confirmed for antigens with molecular weights of 135,000, 125,000, and 120,000 in their native form, and their locations on the bacterial cell surface were established. These three antigens were characterized as glycoproteins; they directly bound concanavalin A, and pronase abolished their antigenicity, which was partly retained after treatment with NaIO4. Because of their distribution in several other stains of S. mutans, it will be of interest to study their possible implication in the mechanism of attachment of streptococcal strains to saliva coated tooth surfaces. PMID- 6735463 TI - Partially purified antigen preparations of Toxoplasma gondii protect against lethal infection in mice. AB - Antigens of Toxoplasma gondii eluted from polyacrylamide gels after electrophoresis under reducing conditions were examined for their capacity to react with antibodies from infected humans, to induce antibody formation, and to protect mice against T. gondii. Antigens with approximate molecular weights of 35,000 and 14,000 strongly reacted in an enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay of human immunoglobulin M (IgM) and IgG antibodies to T. gondii. Mice injected with the eluted antigen preparations formed antibodies that reacted differently in four serological tests for Toxoplasma antibodies. All mice formed antibodies that reacted in the IgG and IgM enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. Antibodies reacting in the conventional indirect immunofluorescent antibody test were detected in all mice except those injected with low-molecular-weight (14,000 or less) antigens. Sabin-Feldman dye test antibodies were not detected in any of the mice. Antibodies reacting in the latex agglutination test were detected mainly in mice injected with antigens with an approximate molecular weight of 66,000. Challenge of the injected mice with a lethal inoculum of T. gondii revealed that the highest survival rate was in animals that received antigens with approximate molecular weights of 35,000 and 14,000. PMID- 6735464 TI - Resistance to cutaneous leishmaniasis: acquired ability of the host to kill parasites at the site of infection. AB - The purpose of these studies was to follow the development of acquired resistance in experimental cutaneous leishmaniasis by measuring changes, against time, in the ability of mice infected with Leishmania tropica to inhibit the growth of a challenge inoculum of parasites. In addition, the development of T lymphocytes that mediate the acquired response was followed by adoptive immunization. It was found that acquired resistance developed rapidly and reached a maximum level at the time when the progressive multiplication of the parasites in the primary lesion stopped. Systemic immunity, however, as determined by the ability of splenic T cells to adoptively immunize normal recipients, did not develop fully until 4 weeks later. Acquired resistance is expressed systemically in the animal and probably nonspecifically, in that mice expressing resistance to a homologous challenge with L. tropica were also capable of destroying Listeria monocytogenes. These data, obtained from in vivo studies, are consistent with the hypothesis that the immunity which causes the destruction of L. tropica is mediated by T lymphocytes and expressed, nonspecifically, through macrophages. PMID- 6735465 TI - Purification and antibacterial activity of antimicrobial peptides of rabbit granulocytes. AB - Six antimicrobial peptides, corresponding to the family of "lysosomal cationic proteins" described previously by Zeya and Spitznagel (H. I. Zeya and J. K. Spitznagel, J. Bacteriol. 91:750-754, 1966; H. I. Zeya and J. K. Spitznagel, J. Bacteriol. 91:755-762, 1966), were purified from rabbit peritoneal granulocytes by preparative acrylamide gel electrophoresis and reversed-phase high-pressure liquid chromatography. Each of the peptides was of low molecular weight (ca. 4,000) as determined by sodium dodecyl sulfate-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis. The two most cationic peptides, NP-1 and NP-2, were active against a broad spectrum of gram-positive and gram-negative bacteria. The remaining four peptides, NP-3A, NP-3B, NP-4, and NP-5, had more selective antibacterial activity. None of the peptides was active against Bordetella bronchiseptica, a common pathogen of domestic rabbits. Antibacterial activity was best expressed at near neutral pH under conditions of low ionic strength. PMID- 6735466 TI - Suppression of fibroblast proliferation by oral spirochetes. AB - Soluble sonic extracts of several strains of Treponema denticola and Treponema vincentii were examined for their abilities to alter proliferation of both murine and human fibroblasts. We found that sonic extracts of all tested strains of T. denticola caused a dose-dependent inhibition of murine and human fibroblast proliferation when assessed by both DNA synthesis ([3H]thymidine incorporation) and direct cell counts. T. vincentii had only a minimal inhibitory effect at comparable doses. No inhibition was observed when sonic extracts were added simultaneously with [3H]thymidine, indicating that suppression was not due to the presence of excessive amounts of cold thymidine in the extract, nonspecific effects on thymidine utilization by the cells (transport and incorporation), or degradation of label. RNA ([3H]uridine incorporation) and protein ([3H]leucine incorporation) synthesis were similarly altered after exposure to the T. denticola sonic extracts. There was no effect on cell viability as measured by trypan blue exclusion. Inhibition could be reversed by extensive washing of the cells within the first few hours of exposure to sonic extracts. Preliminary characterization and purification indicated that the inhibitory factor(s) is not endotoxin since it is heat labile, and elutes in a single, well-defined peak on a Sephadex G-150 chromatography column corresponding to a molecular weight of approximately 50,000. Since oral spirochetes have been implicated in the pathogenesis of periodontal disorders, it is possible that they contribute to the disease process by inhibition of fibroblast growth and therefore may, at least in part, account for the loss of collagen seen in diseased tissue. PMID- 6735467 TI - Role of volatile fatty acids in colonization resistance to Clostridium difficile. AB - The in vitro inhibition of Clostridium difficile by volatile fatty acids was correlated with the pH and concentrations of volatile fatty acids in the ceca of hamsters of different ages. The concentrations of cecal volatile fatty acids increased with the age of the animals. Maximum concentrations of individual volatile fatty acids were attained when the animals were ca. 19 days old, with acetic, propionic, and butyric acids occurring in the highest concentrations (72, 16, and 32 microequivalents/g of cecum, respectively). The cecal pH was approximately the same in hamsters of all ages (pH 6.6 to 7.0). Only butyric acid reached a concentration in the ceca of hamsters which was inhibitory to the in vitro multiplication of C. difficile. This inhibitory concentration was attained when the animals were ca. 19 days of age. When mixtures of volatile fatty acids were prepared at concentrations equal to those present in the ceca of hamsters, there was a direct correlation between the in vitro inhibitory activity of the volatile fatty acids and the susceptibility of hamsters 4 days of age or older to C. difficile intestinal colonization. The resistance of hamsters less than 4 days of age to C. difficile intestinal colonization appears to be due to factors other than volatile fatty acids. PMID- 6735468 TI - Enhancement by murabutide of the immune response to natural and synthetic hepatitis B surface antigens. AB - Adjuvant-active murabutide (N-acetylmuramyl-L-alanyl-D-glutamine-alpha-n-butyl ester), devoid of the side effects of muramyl dipeptide (N-acetylmuramyl-L-alanyl D-isoglutamine), was administered in saline with natural and synthetic hepatitis B surface antigens (HBsAgs). This derivative enhanced the antibody responses against natural HBsAg. The persistence of high antibody titers was the same in the murabutide-treated group as in the alum-treated group. A synergistic enhancement of the antibody was obtained when both adjuvants were administered together. Cell-mediated immunity to HBsAg, tested by the proliferative response of lymph node cells to the antigen, was also shown to be induced in mice treated with alum-associated murabutide. When administered with natural HBsAg, murabutide produced titers of total antibodies as high as did alum but lower titers of specific immunoglobulin E. High levels of antipeptide antibodies were obtained when a synthetic fragment [HBsAg(99-121)] conjugated to a toxoid carrier was administered with murabutide in saline. PMID- 6735469 TI - Intestinal mucus trapping in the rapid expulsion of Trichinella spiralis by rats: induction and expression analyzed by quantitative worm recovery. AB - Rats were immunized with a Trichinella spiralis infection restricted by chemotherapy to the intestine (the T/M regime) or with a complete infection that resulted in the deposition of muscle larvae. After an oral challenge infection, rapid expulsion could be demonstrated in both groups within 20 min and with 100% recovery of the infectious dose from the stomachs and intestines of infected animals. Immune and nonimmune groups were distinguished by the large numbers of worms in the intestinal lumens of immune rats and large numbers of worms in the intestinal walls in nonimmune rats. Infectious larvae persisted in the stomach lumens for longer in the immune rats. There was no quantitative difference in worm distribution in the intestine during rapid expulsion in rats immunized with the T/M regime or those given a complete infection. However, in the complete infection group 69% of the luminal worms were trapped in mucus; this did not occur during rapid expulsion in rats immunized with the T/M regime. Mucus trapping was observed only when muscle larvae had matured to the infectious stage in muscle (28 days after the primary infection). Complete infection rats challenged at 14 or 21 days did not display significant mucus trapping of larvae in the intestinal lumen. We conclude that (i) mucus trapping is not essential for rapid expulsion and (ii) mucus trapping is produced by systemic exposure to target antigens of the infectious larvae. PMID- 6735470 TI - Immunobiologically active lipid A analogs synthesized according to a revised structural model of natural lipid A. AB - Synthetic lipid A analogs which have two amide-bound and two ester-bound (R)-3 hydroxytetradecanoyl groups at the C-2 and -2' and C-3 and -3' positions of beta(1-6)glucosamine disaccharide mono- or diphosphates showed high activities in most in vitro assays, and the lethality of a diphosphate derivative to galactosamine-treated mice was almost comparable to that of natural lipid A. The pyrogenicity and Shwartzman induction activity of the synthetic analogs, however, were much less than those of natural lipid A. PMID- 6735471 TI - Elementary body envelopes from Chlamydia psittaci can induce immediate cytotoxicity in resident mouse macrophages and L-cells. AB - Isolated, purified Chlamydia psittaci elementary body envelopes at a high multiplicity of infection (1,000:1) are capable of inducing immediate cytotoxicity in resident mouse macrophages and 929 L-cells. PMID- 6735472 TI - Oligosaccharide structures mediating agglutination of sheep erythrocytes by Staphylococcus saprophyticus. AB - Agglutination of sheep erythrocytes by Staphylococcus saprophyticus was used as a model system for adherence studies. Glycolipids were isolated from sheep erythrocyte membranes, and oligosaccharides were prepared by trifluoroacetolysis. The oligosaccharides were characterized by sugar analyses, methylation analyses, gas-liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry, and nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy. We showed that oligosaccharides containing terminal beta-D galactose-p-(1-4)-beta-D-2-acetamido-2-deoxyglucose-p-(1- were good inhibitors of the hemagglutination of sheep erythrocytes by S. saprophyticus. PMID- 6735473 TI - Immunoglobulin G response to subgingival gram-negative bacteria in human subjects. AB - Serum and gingival crevicular fluid from normal healthy adults and patients with periodontitis were screened for immunoglobulin G antibodies to antigens from Bacteroides gingivalis 381, Bacteroides intermedius 24, Bacteroides loescheii ATCC 15930, Fusobacterium nucleatum ATCC 25586, Eikenella corrodens 1073, Actinobacillus actinomycetemcomitans ATCC 29522, and Capnocytophaga sp. strain M 12. Immunoglobulin G antibody titers to the antigens were measured by an enzyme linked immunosorbent assay. The antibody levels to B. gingivalis in serum and gingival crevicular fluid were significantly higher in the samples from patients with periodontitis than in samples from healthy individuals. Although there were individual differences within patient groups, a positive correlation (P less than 0.01) was found between the serum immunoglobulin G levels to B. gingivalis and the development of periodontitis. The antibodies to F. nucleatum (P less than 0.05), E. corrodens (P less than 0.05), and A. actinomycetemcomitans were slightly higher in patients with periodontitis than in normal subjects. There were no remarkable differences between the two groups in titers to B. intermedius, B. loescheii, and Capnocytophaga sp. PMID- 6735474 TI - Variation in a major surface protein of Lyme disease spirochetes. AB - Two monoclonal antibodies (H6831 and H5TS) differed in their indirect immunofluorescence reactivity when tested against 14 strains of Lyme disease spirochetes. Strains were bound by both antibodies, by H6831 or H5TS alone, or by neither. Western blot and immunoprecipitation studies revealed that the determinants of both antibodies were associated with abundant proteins with apparent subunit molecular weights of ca. 34,000 (34K-range proteins). The following results indicated that the 34K-range proteins were exposed on the surface of the spirochetes. (i) Antibody H6831 agglutinated the spirochetes; (ii) immune electron microscopy showed that the H6831 determinant was associated with the outer membrane; (iii) radiolabeled H6831 bound to live organisms; and (iv) proteases effectively removed the 34K-range proteins from intact cells. With their demonstrated variability and exposure on the surface, the 34K-range proteins may contribute to the serotype specificity of Lyme disease spirochetes. PMID- 6735475 TI - Defence of mucous membranes by antibodies, receptor analogues and non-specific host factors. AB - Most infections reach man via the mucosal membranes, and more than half of the lymphoid system is found in connection with mucosae. The major antibodies found on mucous membranes are secretory IgA, which function primarily by binding microorganisms and thereby preventing their contact with the host tissues. The optimal mode of immunization to obtain a secretory IgA response is not well defined. Repeated mucosal exposure with antigen may result in oral tolerance, with decreasing circulating antibodies but a remaining secretory IgA response. The secretory IgA response is usually short-lived and can be difficult to boost. IgM as well as IgG antibodies may add to host defence at the mucosal level, but when engaged, they usually induce inflammation in host tissues. Analogues to bacterial receptors on mucosal epithelium may be present in exocrine secretions such as human milk. During an attack on the host, it is possible that such receptor analogues may aid in the prevention of attachment of bacteria to mucous membranes used as an initial site. A number of non-specific host factors support mucosal defence. One of them is lactoferrin. Lactoferrin deficiency seems to result in recurrent bacterial infections, suggesting its importance in normal host defence. PMID- 6735476 TI - Protection against facultative intracellular bacteria--role of macrophage activation and granuloma formation. PMID- 6735477 TI - Non-antibiotic prevention of urinary tract infection. AB - The identification of several glycoconjugates as receptors for attaching bacteria has resulted in optimism regarding the use of receptor analogues in preventing infection. The structure of receptor-active oligosaccharides and the patient groups which might benefit from such treatment are most thoroughly understood for urinary tract infections. Prevention of adhesion and delay or decrease of infection was achieved using oligosaccharides from the globoseries of glycolipids containing Gal alpha 1----4Gal. This minimal receptor structure as a free saccharide was, however, not sufficient. It was the intact P, P1 and pk determinants which showed optimal activity in vitro. In addition, protection against experimental UTI results from previous exposure to whole bacteria or isolated antigens. The mechanism(s) of protection and their relevance in clinical UTI remain to be defined. PMID- 6735478 TI - Current status of AIDS. PMID- 6735479 TI - In vitro comparison of fluid blood culture media. AB - Eight fluid blood culture media from different manufacturers were compared with regard to their ability to culture fastidious microorganisms. In turbidity measurements following inoculation with different bacteria, the media differed with respect to the duration of the lag phase and the log phase of bacterial growth. Similar differences were observed with small inocula in original blood culture bottles (commercially available). Fastidious microorganisms grew better in Supplemented Peptone Broth II (Becton-Dickinson), BHI Roche and BHI bioMerieux. Meningococci could only be cultured in four of the eight media tested, and pneumococci in seven of the eight media (with different velocities of growth). Haemophilus influenzae showed the best results after adding blood or IsoVitalex BBL. PMID- 6735480 TI - Prevalence of hepatitis B virus infection in out-patient alcoholics. AB - Sera from 192 out-patient alcoholics attending a clinic for the treatment of alcoholism were tested for hepatitis B surface antigen (HBsAg) and for antibodies to HBsAg and to hepatitis B core antigen (HBcAg). Three sera (1.5%) were positive for HBsAg. Of the remaining 189 alcoholics, 29 (15%) were positive for one or both antibodies. This prevalence is not significantly different from that found in 137 hospitalized HBsAg-negative patients with alcoholic liver disease (35/137 [26%] were positive for one or both antibodies). However, the prevalence of hepatitis B antibodies in out-patient alcoholics is significantly (p less than 0.01) higher when compared with the prevalence in healthy volunteer blood donors (5/114 [4%] were positive for one or both antibodies). A comparison of out patient alcoholics positive for one or both antibodies (n = 29) with patients negative for both antibodies (n = 160) revealed that the median age in the former group (46 years) was significantly (p less than 0.05) higher than that in the latter group (40 years). PMID- 6735481 TI - Penetration of cephalosporins into bone. AB - The penetration characteristics of cefazolin and cephradine in human bone were determined in 35 patients undergoing total knee replacement. The results were compared to previously reported data on patients undergoing total hip replacement. The time required to achieve peak bone levels in total knee replacement was less than in total hip replacement. Importantly, peak bone levels in total knee replacement (cefazolin: 11 mg/kg; cephradine: 7 mg/kg) were significantly less (less than or equal to 50%) than bone levels in total hip replacement (cefazolin: 30 mg/kg; cephradine: 23 mg/kg). The bone half-lives (t 1/2) of cephalosporins were prolonged in total knee replacement compared to total hip replacement because of the tourniquet effect. The reduction in peak bone levels and the bone t 1/2 of cephalosporins should be taken into account in patients receiving prophylaxis for total knee replacement. Therefore, patients undergoing total knee replacement should receive 2 g of a parenteral cephalosporin 30 min prior to surgery in order to achieve the same degree of protection, i. e., peak bone levels, as is achieved with 1 g of a cephalosporin administered prophylactically to patients undergoing total hip replacement. If the critical effect of the tourniquet is not taken into account in antibiotic prophylaxis for patients undergoing total knee replacement, then suboptimal bone cephalosporin levels may result. PMID- 6735483 TI - Campylobacter coli septicaemia associated with septic abortion. AB - A 19-year-old patient was 27 weeks pregnant when admitted to hospital with fever, chills and premature labours. The following day she aborted. Campylobacter coli was isolated from blood cultures, maternal placenta and amniotic fluid and from the ear, nose and pharynx of the stillbirth. Campylobacter could not be isolated from stool specimens after antimicrobial treatment had been started. PMID- 6735482 TI - Lung abscess caused by Streptococcus pneumoniae type 3. The importance of counterimmunoelectrophoresis in laboratory diagnosis. AB - We are reporting the case of an 18-month-old girl with a post-pneumonic lung abscess. The counterimmunoelectrophoresis (CIE) of the patient's urine during the bacteremic phase of the disease gave a precipitation line with pneumococcal antiserum. Later in the course of the disease, after the diagnosis of lung abscess had been established, the pus drained from the abscess gave positive reactions with pneumococcal omnivalent serum and type 3 pneumococcal antiserum. At this stage, the pus was sterile and blood cultures were negative. This case demonstrates that the CIE test is a simple procedure which gives a rapid and exact diagnosis up to the serotype level. PMID- 6735484 TI - Rubella embryopathy after previous maternal rubella vaccination. AB - This report concerns a boy with congenital rubella infection and features of the classical and expanded rubella syndrome who was born to a mother who had been successfully vaccinated with Cendehill vaccine seven years previously. The diagnosis of rubella embryopathy was confirmed by demonstrating rubella-specific serum IgM antibodies using four different methods, by the persistence of rubella HAI and IgG antibodies in serum taken between three and eight months of age and by the isolation of rubella virus from throat secretion, urine and blood mononuclear cells. The child died at eight-and-a-half months of age. This case is discussed in relation to the persistence of vaccine-induced immunity with particular respect to the protective quality of low levels of antibodies against intrauterine infection in the event of re-infection during pregnancy. PMID- 6735486 TI - Streptococcus suis type 2 in British pig herds. PMID- 6735485 TI - Single-dose treatment with netilmicin for different clinical forms of urinary tract infections. AB - A group of 44 patients with various clinical forms of urinary tract infections received a single dose of 300 mg netilmicin i.m. The treatment was efficacious in all patients with infections which were negative in the antibody-coated bacteria test and not complicated by anatomic and/or functional abnormalities of the kidneys and urinary tract. After three weeks the recurrence rate was only 19%. Single-dose treatment also proved very effective against urinary tract infections in renal transplant patients whose infection is almost always located in the lower urinary tract. In contrast, the short-term results of treatment were much poorer in complicated infections and particularly in urinary tract infections which were positive in the anti-body-coated bacteria test; here, the recurrence rate was 67%. PMID- 6735487 TI - Body condition scoring of sheep. PMID- 6735488 TI - Kinetics of intestinal lamina propria mast cells, globule leucocytes, intraepithelial lymphocytes, goblet cells and eosinophils in murine strongyloidiasis. AB - The changes in numbers of 6 cell populations in the intestine of mice at various intervals after primary and challenge infections with Strongyloides ratti have been quantified. The number of lamina propria mast cells increased 8 days after primary infection and reached a peak at 12 days. After secondary infection, there was a transient fall in mast cell numbers followed by a slow increase. Globule leucocytes showed a similar trend early in the primary infection and had reached normal levels after 28 days. After challenge infection, there was an early and rapid increase in their numbers. Granular intraepithelial lymphocytes did not alter significantly during the first 14 days, but were significantly greater 28 days after primary infection; they did not vary significantly after challenge infection. However, numbers of non-granular intraepithelial lymphocytes increased 10 days after infection, were elevated prior to the secondary infection at 28 days, then declined in numbers nearly 2 weeks after challenge infection. Goblet cells increased significantly 12 days after primary infection then declined rapidly. After challenge infection, there was an accelerated increase in numbers. Eosinophil numbers increased 4 days after infection, reached a peak at 12 days and then declined. After challenge infection, there was an augmented and accelerated increase in eosinophil numbers followed by rapid decline. The role of the various cells types in host defences against worms or in containment of the inflammatory responses evoked by these parasites are discussed. PMID- 6735489 TI - Identification and characterization of Parietaria judaica allergens. AB - Allergens of Parietaria judaica pollen extract have been identified and characterized biochemically. Two main allergenic components, A1 and A2, have been found by crossed-radioimmunoelectrophoresis and demonstrated to be spread in a wide range of pH. Immunoblotting studies revealed that at least eight SDS denatured polypeptides show IgE-binding activity. The one exhibiting the highest allergenic activity, named Pj10 (MW 10,000 daltons) was found in all the fractions when the pollen extract was fractionated by chromatofocusing. Bidimensional electrophoretic analysis suggested that Pj10 either can form homopolymeric proteins of different molecular weights or can be associated to a number of proteins by disulfide bridges. Furthermore, Pj10 is the main molecular structure with IgE-binding activity in the two allergenic components A1 and A2 defined by immunological criteria. PMID- 6735490 TI - Platelets and bronchospasm. AB - The intrathoracic accumulation of radiolabelled platelets and concomitant changes in airway resistance have been recorded continuously in anaesthetised guinea pigs. Platelet-activating factor (PAF-acether) and antigen (in sensitised animals) elicited dose-related intrathoracic accumulation of platelets that could be associated with an increase in airway resistance. Maximal increases in airway resistance preceded maximal increases in platelet accumulation. Low doses of antigen could elicit substantial platelet accumulation, without detectable changes in lung function. It is concluded that physical obstruction of the pulmonary vasculature is not the sole determinant of platelet-dependent bronchoconstriction. PMID- 6735491 TI - A new technique for formation of 99mTc-labelled blood leucocytes and platelets. AB - 99mTc -platelets and 99mTc -leucocytes have been formed at neutral pH in presence of gentistic acid using 99mTc pretreated with concentrated hydrochloric acid and vacuum evaporation. High radiochemical purities and specific radioactivities were obtained. The complexes between 99mTc and the blood cells were found remarkably stable, and further studies for nuclear medicine applications are recommended. PMID- 6735492 TI - Determination of P in bones and of Al and Si in pottery by activation with reactor neutrons. AB - This note describes the results obtained in activation analysis with reactor neutrons. Particular attention is devoted to the analysis of P in bones, and of Al and Si in pottery. Other applications are also discussed. PMID- 6735493 TI - Application of sodium stannite in the preparation of instant [99mTc]HIDA kit. AB - A rapid method for the production of freeze-dried kit containing 20 mg HIDA and 0.4 mg SnCl2 X 2H2O at pH 5.5-6.0 was developed using the stannite procedure. The Sn-HIDA ligand has been prepared successfully by dissolving HIDA in stannite solution without further pH adjustment. A gelchromatography column scanning (GCS) technique has been applied to study the chemical state of technetium in the preparation. The shelf-life of the freeze-dried powder of Sn-HIDA was found stable for at least 6 months as assessed by the GCS-technique. The hepatobiliary agent has a rapid blood clearance and is excreted predominantly by the hepatobiliary system. The biodistribution study in mice showed that more than 30% of the injected dose has been accumulated in liver at 5 min postinjection and at 30 min most of the injected activity has been passed to the intestine via the biliary system. PMID- 6735494 TI - Microautoradiography of gamma-emitters: interest of latensification process. AB - Two techniques of microautoradiography were compared in order to assess their respective values to detect gamma-emitters usually used in nuclear medicine. Grain density microautoradiography (GD MARG) and track microautoradiography (T MARG) were performed on lymphocytes labeled with 99mTc, whose conversion electrons are able to provide a signal in nuclear emulsion. Microautoradiographs are presented, that clearly demonstrate the higher sensitivity, specificity and resolution obtained by T MARG. This technique seems particularly adapted to assess the distribution of gamma-emitters in cells and tissues. PMID- 6735497 TI - Inhibitors of lymphocyte activity in peritoneal fluid of continuous ambulatory peritoneal dialysis (CAPD). PMID- 6735495 TI - PAC studies of 111In binding to transferrin, tropolone and acetylacetone in aqueous solutions. AB - Time integral and time-differential PAC measurements have been made over a wide temperature range in aqueous solutions of [111In]tropolonate and [111In]acetylacetonate. The quadrupole frequency in the latter is approximately 30% higher than that in the former and the molecular volumes derived from rotational correlation times show the expected differences. Apo-transferrin was separately added to the two 111In-chelates and the transfer of activity from chelate to transferrin followed as a function of relative molar concentrations. Very much larger molar ratios of transferrin to tropolone than of transferrin to acetylacetone were required before substantial transfer of 111In from chelate to transferrin took place. This difference in affinity for transferrin could be one significant factor in explaining the enhanced ability of [111In]tropolonate to label blood cells in the presence of plasma. The determination of PAC parameters in [111In]transferrin over a range of temperatures showed that the values of quadrupole frequency obtained depended on the number of binding sites assumed. For only one 111In site per molecule, the quadrupole frequency increases by over 50% as the temperature is reduced below the freezing point of the solution. If two 111In sites are assumed there appears to be a change in the percentage occupancy of the two sites on either side of the transition. PMID- 6735496 TI - Serum aluminum levels and peritoneal dialysis. AB - Serum aluminum levels, significantly higher in dialysis patients than in normal subjects, were also found to be significantly higher in patients on PD than in those on HD. This could be related to a higher AI transport rate across membrane during PD than during HD. The easier contamination of PD dialysates and their acidic pH could account for this trend to a positive AI balance in PD. On the basis of our observations, however, the significance of the serum aluminum level could be very low, since aluminemia does not seem to reflect the cumulative amount of AI ingested and might not readily help predict the risk of AI intoxication. PMID- 6735498 TI - Respiratory function in CAPD. PMID- 6735499 TI - Problems of CAPD: progress of the 4 years' experience. AB - Results of four years' experience of CAPD in our Centre are reported. The incidence of peritonitis in 13 patients dropped with the use of Y-set from 1/4 patient-months to 1/26 p-m). As experience was gained we reduced the use of hypertonic bags and improved diet suggestions. By these interventions during the past year, we obtained a good control of triglycerides and cholesterol concentration and a reduction in weight gain. PMID- 6735500 TI - Branched chain and aromatic free amino acids in plasma and skeletal muscle of uremic patients undergoing hemodialysis and CAPD. AB - Plasma and skeletal muscle free amino acids were measured in patients submitted to Hemodialysis (HD) or Continuous Ambulatory Peritoneal Dialysis (CAPD) in order to evaluate the effects of these different dialysis modalities on amino acid pools; the data were compared with those obtained in control subjects and in patients with advanced Chronic Renal Failure (CRF) not submitted to Regular Dialysis Treatment (RDT). Our findings show low intracellular concentrations of VAL, total Branched Chain Amino Acid (BCAA) and TYR in uremic patients treated with CAPD but not in those undergoing HD. The observed differences in muscle amino acid pattern could be well explained by a changed amino acid metabolism regulation in CAPD, possibly related to the sustained hyperinsulinism and to an increased rate of hepatic protein synthesis. PMID- 6735501 TI - Body fluid spaces in patients on CAPD. AB - Total body water (TBW) and extracellular water (ECW) were determined in 9 CAPD patients on treatment from 5 to 14 months (mean 8.6 months). The mean value of TBW was normal and directly correlated to body weight, but TBW was abnormally distributed between extracellular and intracellular space. ECW volume was significantly lower than the predicted value (12.1 +/- 1.4 l versus 16.8 +/- 1.9 l) and out of proportion to TBW (34.8 +/- 3.9% versus 47.8 +/- 1.5%). The calculated ICW, therefore, appeared clearly hyperexpanded. The data suggest that cell overhydration was the distinctive feature in our CAPD patients. PMID- 6735503 TI - Plasma exchange in patients with Guillain-Barre syndrome: clinical improvement in patients with serum IgG antibodies to peripheral nerve tissue. AB - The mixed hemagglutination technique was used to demonstrate IgG antibodies to peripheral nerve tissue in sera from patients with Guillain-Barre syndrome. The clinical effect and the effect on the antibodies of plasma exchange (PE) were examined in 24 patients, 16 patients with acute form and 8 patients with the chronic form of the disease. Neurological examination with muscle testing and neurophysiological examination of the patients were performed before and immediately after the PE. Before PE antibodies were detected in sera from 15 of the patients. These patients showed clinical improvement during the treatment, however in one of the patients only after a time interval of 2 weeks. After PE, antibodies were detected in sera from only 3 of the patients. The 9 patients without detectable antibodies showed no clinical improvement. PMID- 6735502 TI - Restoration of ultrafiltration capacity of peritoneal membrane in patients on CAPD. AB - Among 55 uremic patients who entered our CAPD program, 7 of them showed a reduction or loss of the ultrafiltration capacity (UF) of the peritoneal membrane (PM). They have been treated with high dose of Furosemide (F) to force residual urine output. Four appeared "responders" to drug administration with a significant increase in urine volume, Na excretion and, within a week period gained their dry body weight (BW). In the remaining 3 patients drug therapy resulted ineffective, and fluid removal was obtained by hemofiltration (HF). In both groups we noted an increase in the UF capacity of PM when their dry BW was obtained either by pharmacological or technical approach. These results support the assumption that the over-hydration status of the PM plays a major role in maintaining the UF process. PMID- 6735504 TI - Spontaneous plasma exchange by gravity. AB - Lysagth et al have reported a semplified model of spontaneous plasmapheresis by placing between an A-V shunt a conventional plasmafilter. On the basis of this experience we tried to make a further semplification of this apparatus using a single venous puncture, obtaining by gravity sufficient transmembrane pressure for plasma separation. By alternatively lowering and elevating the system, plasma is separated from the blood and packed red cells are reinfused after a new pass through the filter with FFP or plasma substitutes. PMID- 6735505 TI - A native whole blood test for the evaluation of blood-surface interaction: determination of thromboxane production. AB - The method developed to evaluate the hemocompatibility of artificial materials involves the determination of thromboxane production during the clotting of rabbit blood, in test tubes of different materials. The concentration of serum TXB2 obtained after incubation of whole blood in glass test tubes, for 40 min at 37 degrees C, averaged 416.8 +/- 23.3 ng/ml (mean +/- SE). Polymethylpentene, recognised as having a relatively poor blood compatibility, elicited 309.5 +/- 17.2 ng/ml of serum TXB2, while silicone and Avcothane, considered of better hemocompatibility, showed thromboxane levels of 276.2 +/- 28.2 and 222.9 +/- 31.5 ng/ml, respectively. These values validate the usefulness of the proposed method as a preliminary in vitro screening test of artificial materials intended for biomedical application. PMID- 6735506 TI - The heart prosthesis--biocompatibility with living tissue. PMID- 6735507 TI - Continuous arteriovenous ultrafiltration versus continuous arteriovenous hemofiltration. PMID- 6735508 TI - Peritoneal dialysis using bicarbonate-buffered dialysate. PMID- 6735509 TI - Mechanical biocompatibility in transplantation. PMID- 6735510 TI - Analysis of variance and Westlake's test of bioavailability data using a programmable minicalculator. AB - A program for the HP-41 CV calculator with adapted printer is described for the analysis of variance of bioavailability data based upon the areas under the curve measured during a two-way cross-over pharmacokinetic study of two different drug formulations. The program can also perform the test of Westlake to compute the 95% confidence interval and determine if both formulations are bioequivalent. PMID- 6735511 TI - Exchange of environmental health information between microcomputers. AB - Programs have been developed which permit the transfer of disk files (programs or data) from a TRS-80, Model-III microcomputer to a TRS-80, Model-I system via an RS-232-C serial interface. The programs allow researchers to effectively use both computers in the entry and processing of air pollution and epidemiological data, in addition to facilitating the exchange of programs, data, and word processor documents between users of the two machines. A detailed explanation is given of how the programs control the RS-232 hardware and use several of the file management routines in each computer's operating system to achieve successful information transfer. PMID- 6735513 TI - Area estimation in pharmacokinetic studies using a hand-held programmable calculator. AB - A short program for area analysis in pharmacokinetic studies using the Hewlett Packard HP41C hand-held programmable calculator is described. Area under the concentration-time curve is calculated firstly within defined time limits and then with extrapolation to infinite time using the slope constant of the terminal phase. Input of concentration-time data is simple and there is no limit on the number of time-concentration co-ordinates which can be entered for area calculation. PMID- 6735512 TI - Eye movement analysis: reading and moving target pursuit. AB - The design and application of an extensive and general software-based system for the study and analysis of eye movements in human subjects is described. The system can find application in a number of specialties in medicine, particularly clinical neurophysiology, as well as in studies of eye movement dynamics, including reading dynamics, in dyslexia. It is designed to run on the PDP 11 family of computers with standard peripherals and operating under the RT 11 executive. PMID- 6735514 TI - The effects of acetazolamide and spironolactone on the body water distribution of rabbits during acute exposure to simulated altitude. PMID- 6735515 TI - Certain responses in erythrocyte potassium, zinc, iron and copper in lactating buffaloes with seasonal changes in thermal environment. PMID- 6735516 TI - Physiological responses during continuous work in hot dry and hot humid environments in Indians. PMID- 6735517 TI - Weather and the incidence of urinary stone colics in the Province of Florence. PMID- 6735518 TI - Ozone produced by corona discharge in the presence of water. PMID- 6735519 TI - The effect of negative air ionization on the growth of four generations of laboratory rats. PMID- 6735520 TI - Heat tolerance of CCl4-treated animals and its modification by some agents. PMID- 6735521 TI - Cold tolerance in CCl4-treated rats and its modification by administration of garlic oil and glucose. PMID- 6735522 TI - Unequal forms of 140-110 kD glycoproteins in B16 melanoma cells with differing detachment properties and metastatic behavior: influence of bromodeoxyuridine. AB - Growth of B16 melanoma metastatic variants with 2.5 micrograms/ml of bromodeoxyuridine (BrdU) decreases cell detachment from the substratum, as measured by resistance to release by trypsin-EDTA treatment. Using an antiserum to intact melanoma cells and metabolic labelling of melanoma metastatic variants with 3H-glucosamine and subsequent electrophoretic analysis, we are now able to show that: (1) differential solubilization and immune precipitation permit the identification of hydrophilic glycoproteins of about 140 kD and 110 kD in melanoma cells with low colonizing ability; (2) the effects of BrdU on B16 melanoma appear to be exerted differentially on cells with differing metastatic behavior, since only poorly invasive melanoma cells show a stimulating effect of BrdU on the expression of the hydrophilic 140 kD glycoproteins; (3) cells with increased lung colonizing ability reveal hydrophobic 140 and 110 kD glycoprotein species with increased susceptibility to mild protease treatment, as compared with the corresponding components from poorly invasive cells. The possible relationship of the 140-110 kD glycoproteins to B16 melanoma biological behavior and cell-substratum interactions is suggested by the fact that such components undergo significant changes in cells with differing invasive behavior and detachment properties. PMID- 6735523 TI - Immunoglobulin A, G and E levels in Egyptians with cancer: influence of schistosomiasis. AB - The main patient series consisted of 415 Egyptians attending the Cairo Cancer Institute and comprising 286 bladder cancer, 97 breast cancer, 14 head and neck cancer and 18 gastrointestinal cancer cases. Also included in the study were 36 patients with active schistosomiasis and 89 health controls. Serum IgA, IgG, IgG subclasses, IgE, Schistosoma and Ascaris-specific IgE (RAST) and the acute-phase protein CRP were measured in all, or sub-sets, of the main patient group. The well-established increase in IgE and IgG levels, and the more recently reported increase in the levels of IgG3 and IgG4 subclasses in patients with schistosomiasis, were also found in bilharzial bladder cancer, indicating that humoral immunity persists in cancer-bearing patients. However, the plasma protein profile in bilharzial bladder cancer is further modified by significant increases in the levels of IgA, IgG, IgG1, IgG2 and CRP when compared to levels in patients with Bilharzia in the absence of neoplastic change. Patients with cancers not associated with parasitic infestation also had significant increases in their serum levels of IgG1, IgG2, IgG, IgE and CRP when compared to healthy Egyptian controls, but 41% of these non-bladder cancer patients showed IgE responses to previous parasitic infestations suggesting that any immunological response to cancer would be on the background of a variable non-specific increase of IgE. PMID- 6735525 TI - Group analysis: the problem of context. PMID- 6735524 TI - Target organ patterns of tumors in mice following the arterial dissemination of B16 melanoma cells. AB - The arrest of B16 melanoma cells and the subsequent development of tumors have been studied following left intraventricular injections (LVI) into mice of radiolabelled and unlabelled cells respectively; the proportions of cardiac output going to different target organs were also determined by LVI of radiolabelled microspheres. B16 cell arrest in the various target organs was as predicted by relative arterial blood supply, except in the lungs and liver where more radioactive counts were detected than could be accounted for in terms of initial arterial dissemination alone; and the numbers of counts remaining in all organs after 24 h were related to the numbers of counts initially obtained. When the incidence of tumor-bearing organs was related to the cell arrest patterns, the organs could be divided into two major distinct groups. Within both of these groups, the patterns of tumor incidence were correlated with cancer cell delivery. These results on a model system suggest that the two major hypotheses used to account for metastatic patterns are not mutually exclusive: the "soil" effect divides the target organs into the two major groups; however, within these groups the incidence of tumors is explicable in terms of the "mechanical" hypothesis. PMID- 6735526 TI - Bion's "containing" and Winnicott's "holding" in the context of the group matrix. PMID- 6735527 TI - Group analysis and family therapy. PMID- 6735528 TI - Symposium: application of modern British psychoanalytic theory to group psychotherapy. Discussion. PMID- 6735529 TI - The use of the group as selfobject. PMID- 6735530 TI - The narcissistic person in analytic group therapy. PMID- 6735531 TI - Countertransference in inpatient group psychotherapy: implications for technique. PMID- 6735532 TI - Handling the absence of group leaders: to meet or not to meet. PMID- 6735534 TI - The fate of nor-muramyl dipeptide (3H-labelled) after local administration in incomplete Freund's adjuvant in the guinea pig. AB - The fate of 3H-nor-muramyl dipeptide has been investigated after administration with bovine serum albumin (BSA) in Freund's incomplete adjuvant in the guinea pig footpad. Emulsions of two different stiffnesses , both of which were capable of inducing delayed-type hypersensitivity to BSA, were compared. Both emulsions produced stable depots of intact nor-MDP at the injection site. At early times retention of nor-MDP was greater with the stiffer emulsion and circulating levels of nor-MDP were greater with the looser emulsion; at 24 h there were no differences between the two. Distribution of nor-MDP to the draining lymph nodes was highly variable and no difference was apparent between the two emulsions. Levels of radioactivity in more distant lymph nodes were minimal, and in other tissues no radioactivity was detected. Thus it has not been possible to clarify the role of nor-MDP in this system in terms of its distribution through the local lymphatics, however, some information has emerged about the stability and integrity of nor-MDP in local adjuvant formulation. PMID- 6735535 TI - Pharmacokinetics and metabolism of muramyl dipeptide and nor-muramyl dipeptide [3H-labelled] in the mouse. AB - The fates of 3H-muramyl dipeptide (MDP) and 3H-nor-MDP have been investigated after intravenous (i.v.), intraperitoneal, and subcutaneous injection of a range of doses in the mouse. After i.v. injection both compounds were cleared rapidly from the circulation, distributed initially to the tissues, and finally excreted largely intact in the urine. Most of the tissues contained intact material at 2 min after injection, but the much lower levels of radioactivity persisting at 1 h had undergone considerable metabolism (except in intestine, where some intact material persisted for as long as 24 h). Some accumulation of radioactivity was observed in liver and kidney and there were quantitative and qualitative differences between the two compounds. Characterisation of some of the metabolites in these tissues was undertaken, and the deamidated muramyl dipeptide was tentatively identified which is known to have some biological activity. The mechanism of the biological effects, which may be expressed over a relatively long time period, remains to be explained in view of the rapid excretion of most of the dose. PMID- 6735536 TI - A critique of the ideological and political position of the Brandt Report and the Alma Ata Declaration. AB - This article analyzes the Willy Brandt Commission Report and the WHO Alma Ata Declaration within the socioeconomic and political context that determined them, and makes a critique of the ideological and political assumptions that both documents make. Through an assumedly apolitical and technological-administrative discourse, both documents reproduce the major positions upheld by the hegemonic development establishments of the Western world. Through a study of what is being said and not said, the article analyzes how these positions appear in the documents. It is indicated that 1) their understanding of the causes of underdevelopment and its major health and disease problems, and 2) their suggestions for change based on "moral calls for social justice" and "enlightened self-interest" are faulty and insufficient. Alternative explanations and solutions are presented. PMID- 6735533 TI - Personal observations of a therapist with a life-threatening illness. PMID- 6735537 TI - Nutribusiness: an aspect of the political economy of persistent hunger. AB - The failure of nutrition programs to significantly impact on the prevalent hunger in underdeveloped countries is attributed to nutribusiness. This term conceptually links the activities of profit-motivated capitalist enterprises to the continuous generation of poverty and hunger. The actors are all part of a hierarchy dominated by multinational corporate interests and including bilateral and multilateral aid agencies, nutrition institutes, and nutrition professionals at various levels. Although many lower-level nutrition workers are unwittingly caught up in the system, most of the higher-level professionals are conscious of their roles, which they selfishly perform for personal advancement. The Philippine nutrition system is examined as an example of nutribusiness, albeit in a very obvious and extreme form. On the available evidence, the conclusion is drawn that in countries dominated by capitalist production, nutrition activities amount to nutribusiness. Consequently, the elimination and prevention of persistent hunger in underdeveloped countries must start with their disengagement from the world capitalist system and their pursuit of socialist transformation. PMID- 6735538 TI - Technology policy and planning in the Third World pharmaceutical sector: the Cuban and Caribbean community approaches. AB - There has been growing international concern over many aspects of the use and flow of medicines in developing countries. This article briefly reviews factors which have contributed to problems in this area including marketing and promotional practices of the pharmaceutical companies, rising drug import costs, and the unsuitability or poor quality of available drugs. This analysis is primarily concerned with policies that have emerged from efforts to alleviate such problems, to increase control over multinational drug companies, and to bring about changes in the technology transaction processes and in the pharmaceutical sector. It focuses on two cases: the regional cooperation scheme of the Caribbean countries (CARICOM) and the national-level policy of Cuba. It is shown that the CARICOM strategy has significant limitations, primarily due to its voluntary nature and lack of enforcement mechanisms for member countries. On the other hand, the Cuban approach has brought about positive effects and progressive changes, made through political commitment to achieve social benefits, and in conjunction with integrated broad reforms of the entire health system within a socialist framework. Thus, the problems and promises of such strategies are viewed in a context which emphasizes the prevailing forces of the global political economy. The lessons from this study, applicable to other developing countries, not only reveal important measures for the pharmaceutical sector, but also stress the ultimate need for strong commitment to enforce policies at the national level and for major structural changes, in order to adequately meet the health and medical needs of the people. PMID- 6735539 TI - Marxism, social psychology, and the sociology of mental health. AB - The political activism of the 1960s brought with it activism in the mental health field, broadly defined as antipsychiatry. Included in this social phenomenon are R.D. Laing and his colleagues, mental patients' rights activists, movements against psycho-technological abuses such as psychosurgery, Marxist and radical critiques of mainstream psychiatric practices, and feminist therapy. Some aspects of this broad movement have been influenced or even directed by Marxist perspectives. When Marxist influences have not predominated, antipsychiatric points of view still have much affinity with Marxism. This broad-based criticism of mental health practices and ideologies not only influences the mental health field, but also affects general Marxist social theory, adding to traditional Marxism a concern with feminist issues and the politics of personal and family life. This article explores the progress made by these antipsychiatric perspectives, and examines their limitations as well. Four schools of thought in Marxist psychology--Freudo-Marxism, orthodox-economist Marxism, see Marxist medical model, and "ideology-critique"--are explored to see how they can contribute to the further production of Marxist psychological theory and practice. PMID- 6735541 TI - Occupational health and safety in the Federal Republic of Germany: a case study of co-determination and health politics. PMID- 6735540 TI - The interactive effect of health status on work patterns among urban Puerto Rican women. AB - This paper aims to integrate two existing bodies of literature on the sociology of work and health. Using data from a study conducted in New York City in 1980 of 40 Puerto Rican women, a conceptual model is proposed for additional research in the area. The findings are discussed within the context of the larger structural and socioeconomic status of this particular racial/ethnic group. The findings clearly indicate that health status is related to work patterns and economic as well as social resources. Of the respondents who reported a major health event in their lives, 80 percent had a discontinuous work history. Children's health was also a major determinant of work status. The results of this study clearly reveal the need for research that will take into account the interplay between economic conditions, structural work factors, and the process by which women evaluate their roles and fulfill their function as economic and health caretakers of the family. PMID- 6735543 TI - World Health Organization bottles up alcohol study. PMID- 6735544 TI - Health care in the Spanish social security system: public-private relationships. AB - The Spanish socialist regime is faced with the decision of whether to operate its own health facilities or to pay private entrepreneurs for this function. This paper analyzes four policy areas of the Spanish social security system: contracting arrangements, primary care, pharmaceuticals, and methods of financing. The implications of the public-private question in Spain for the United States are discussed. PMID- 6735542 TI - Rising death rates among Polish men. AB - All-causes mortality rates turned sharply upward for Polish men around 1972. Increases of 25 percent or greater were recorded for all five-year age groups between 40 and 59 years. Other indices, including infant mortality and death rates for women, either continued to improve or did not change. The primary causes accounting for this upturn appear to be cardiovascular diseases and cancer of the lung. The epidemiological pattern in Poland reflects in part the long-term trend for consumption of food, alcohol, and tobacco to approximate that found in Western industrialized countries. The role of more generalized social changes associated with Poland's rapid industrialization cannot be evaluated directly. Although it is still too early to see the effect of the social crisis of the last two years, economic disruption and shortages are not the main factors accounting for the upturn in Polish mortality through 1980. In fact, the success of the Polish economic strategy appears to be the underlying social cause. PMID- 6735546 TI - Work-therapy in psychiatric rehabilitation. AB - The programme in a rehabilitation unit is described, with special emphasis on the role of work for chronic patients. Features include the "ladder-principle" approach to the patients' activity, the reorganization of payments and the use of hostels in the community as a way to discharge for patients achieving the higher levels both in salaries and resocialization. Two basic rules with predictive value are tentatively established: 1) middle-aged patients have the best rehabilitative prospects, 2) results of the rehabilitation process are in inverse proportion to the length of previous unemployment. PMID- 6735545 TI - Changes in self-concept following severe head injury. AB - Twenty five severely head injured patients from two specialist neurological rehabilitation centres were interviewed on average seven months post-injury. Changes in self-concept were investigated through the completion of scales of anxiety and depression, an attitude questionnaire relating to physical disability and semantic differential ratings of Present Self, Past (pre-morbid) Self, Future Self, a Typical Person and a Typical Head Injured Person. Psychological distress in terms of anxiety and depressions was common. Patients viewed themselves as having changed substantially as a result of their head injury on a wide range of constructs, yet confidently anticipated a return to Past (pre-morbid) Self within a year, even though Past Self was rated more positively overall than a Typical Person. While differing dramatically from Past Self, Present Self was rated more positively in some respects than the concept of a Typical Head Injured Person, which was perceived as markedly different from that of a Typical Person. Whilst unrealistic expectations may initially serve to protect the profoundly disabled individual and even motivate him towards recovery, in the long run they are more likely to hamper rehabilitation and adjustment. Effective intervention calls for awareness of the patient's own perspective as well as the relatives' reactions to the overt disabilities. PMID- 6735547 TI - Evaluation of family stroke education. AB - To increase families' involvement in rehabilitation, a series of informational sessions called the Family Stroke Education Class was implemented at a 305 bed medical center serving disabled veterans and their families. Questionnaires completed by family and patients at the meetings showed that anxiety level decreased significantly. More than 90% of participants felt more comfortable about approaching team members with questions in the future, and 77% felt more informed as a result of taking the class. Knowledge scores improved significantly and sustained over a 3 month time period. The educational format was a practical way of including the needs and soliciting participation of the family as well as a means for providing basic information on stroke rehabilitation. PMID- 6735548 TI - Pathology of granulomatous diseases. Epithelioid granulomas, Part I. PMID- 6735549 TI - The Sjogren-Larsson syndrome. PMID- 6735550 TI - Steroid reference collection. PMID- 6735551 TI - Should dermatologists read their own slides? PMID- 6735552 TI - Blackfoot disease and chronic arsenism in southern Taiwan. PMID- 6735553 TI - Chlorella photosensitization. New phytophotodermatosis. AB - Swelling followed by erythematopurpuric lesions on sun-exposed areas of the body developed in five patients. All patients were found to have ingested chlorella. The histopathologic changes consisted of swelling of endothelial cells and thrombosis of small blood vessels in the dermis and the subcutaneous fatty tissue. The photosensitizing agent contained in chlorella tablets was proved to be pheophorbide -a and its ester. PMID- 6735554 TI - Dermatomycoses in Indonesia. AB - A review of mycologic surveys and case reports indicates the unique occurrence of deep and superficial fungus infections of the skin as encountered in Indonesia, confirming that each country has its own pathogenic mycologic flora. Such diseases as phycomycosis, histoplasmosis, mycetoma, chromomycosis, cryptococcosis, and dermatophytosis are common. PMID- 6735555 TI - Cutaneous T-cell lymphoma first presenting at the tumor stage. A clinicopathologic study. AB - Cutaneous T cell lymphoma first presenting at the tumor stage is described in three patients, including one with the rarely reported granulomatous mycosis fungoides. The rapid progression and resistance to the currently available treatment modalities seem to characterize this unique form of lymphoma. PMID- 6735556 TI - Surgical approach to the treatment of refractory lesions of pemphigus vulgaris. AB - A patient with pemphigus vulgaris had lesions on the lip that proved to be refractory to intralesional corticosteroid therapy and to treatment with azathioprine and later to daily administration of 250 mg of prednisone. The patient developed marked cushingoid features and deep vein thrombosis, rendering the continuation of the prednisone therapy unadvisable . Total vermilionectomy of the affected lip was performed and the prednisone was gradually tapered, taking care that oral lesions remained under control. Eighteen months after the operation, the patient is receiving a single alternate-daily dose of 20 mg prednisone, and both the lip and oral lesions are in remission. PMID- 6735557 TI - Unusual pigmentation resulting from the use of an intradermal air-propulsion apparatus. PMID- 6735558 TI - Erosive lichen planus involving the glans penis alone. PMID- 6735559 TI - Japanese cohort mortality from cancers of the upper digestive and respiratory tracts. AB - Cohort mortality between 1875 and 1975 in Japan from cancers of the oesophagus, tongue, and larynx were examined. Death rates were compared with per capita alcohol and tobacco use which are major aetiological agents for these tumours in Westernized countries. Cohort mortality from cancer of the oesophagus remains high for both sexes in a country with historically low alcohol consumption. More consistent with this low drinking pattern are the rates for cancers of the tongue which remain among the lowest in the world. Cancers of the larynx, which have been associated with tobacco and alcohol, declined among successive cohorts, which was in contrast to the sharp cohort increases for lung cancers and tobacco use in Japan during the same period. PMID- 6735560 TI - Biosocial correlates of colorectal cancer in Greece. AB - One hundred consecutive patients with histologically confirmed colorectal cancer and an equal number of age- and sex-matched orthopaedic patients as hospital controls were interviewed about demographic, socioeconomic, biometric and medical variables. Cholecystectomy was significantly more frequent among cases than controls, but there was no side-predilection of the post-cholecystectomy tumours. The frequency of bowel evacuation was significantly higher among cases, particularly those with rectal cancer, an observation which appears contradictory to the 'prolonged bowel transit time--high colorectal cancer risk' hypothesis. No significant differences were found between cases and controls with respect to socioeconomic status, height and weight, smoking habits, use of laxatives and (for females) parity, age at first pregnancy, and age at menopause; however, cases appeared to be younger at menarche. PMID- 6735561 TI - Trends in cardiovascular diseases mortality in the Philippines. AB - Cardiovascular disease mortality in the Philippines was studied from the existing vital statistics for 1963-76. Death rates from rheumatic fever and rheumatic heart disease remained unchanged, those for cerebrovascular diseases decreased, whereas mortality rates of ischaemic heart disease (IHD) and hypertensive disease (HPN) increased enormously both in men and women. This increase in IHD and HPN mortality was seen in all age groups. The age-standardized IHD mortality rate in men rose from 33.3 in 1964 to 78.0 in 1976, and that of women from 15.4 to 34.5. The age-standardized HPN mortality rate in men rose from 21.0 in 1964 to 45.6 in 1976, and that of women from 15.6 to 25.5. The male to female ratios in the age standardized death rates for IHD, HPN and also for all causes increased during this 12-year period. Age-standardized all causes mortality increased clearly in the male population but decreased in the female population of the Philippines. This excess mortality in males is mostly due to the increased cardiovascular disease death rate. This is a clear example of how chronic non-communicable diseases are becoming major health problems in countries where they previously have not been prevalent. Immediate preventive measures are needed in order to control cardiovascular diseases in these countries where disease rates are rapidly increasing. PMID- 6735563 TI - Mortality experience in relation to tobacco chewing and smoking habits from a 10 year follow-up study in Ernakulam District, Kerala. AB - Mortality experience of a cohort of 10 287 individuals age 15 years and over selected by random sampling in Ernakulam district of Kerala was recorded in house to-house surveys over a 10-year period. Mortality rates were analysed according to tobacco habits of chewing and smoking, taking-age and sex distribution into consideration. Tobacco chewing was practised most commonly by females and these females had significantly higher age-adjusted mortality rates than those who did not use tobacco (relative risk 1.3). Excess mortality among male bidi smokers (relative risk 1.5) was also significant and comparable to the excess mortality among cigarette smokers reported from Western countries. PMID- 6735562 TI - Smoking status and lipid levels in adults of different ethnic origins: the Jerusalem Lipid Research Clinic Program. AB - Jerusalem Lipid Research Clinic Program. International Journal of Epidermiology 1984; 13: 177-183. The relationship between cigarette smoking and plasma lipids and lipoproteins was examined in a random sample of 1115 male and 563 female adult participants in the Jerusalem Lipid Research Clinics Program. Differences in plasma lipids and lipoproteins, cigarette smoking, alcohol consumption, and body mass index were demonstrated between the four country of origin groups in both sexes. Using multiple linear regression analysis, an inverse association was shown between smoking and HDL cholesterol, significant only in females (p less than 0.001). Potential confounding variables-Quetelet's index of body mass, alcohol consumption, age, and country of origin groups-revealed only a weak effect on the smoking-HDL-cholesterol association. Examination of an interaction between origin group and smoking showed the same smoking-lipid level association in each of the four country of origin groups, and in both sexes. A strong association was found between smoking and LDL-cholesterol only in females (p less than 0.01). Triglycerides and VLDL-cholesterol showed a weak association with smoking in this study. PMID- 6735564 TI - Mortality of Chinese in New South Wales, 1969-1978. AB - A high proportion of adult Chinese living in New South Wales were born elsewhere, most commonly in China. Mortality among these males from 1969-78 was due mainly to ischaemic heart disease (IHD) cancer and cerbrovascular disease. Females showed a similar general pattern. Chinese males had double the risk of dying from cerebrovascular death, but death rates from IHD were similar to those of the Australian population, although the risk of IHD was significantly lower in Chinese females. Male Chinese had significantly higher rates for cancers of the nasopharynx, lung, intestines and rectum, and stomach and liver, whereas females had a significantly higher risk for cancers of the lung and stomach. Mortality patterns were similar to those for United States Chinese. Apart from cancer, relatively little is known about the causes of death in China. Crude death rates only are available for very broad categories of causes of death. Most of our information on Chinese general mortality comes from studies of migrants, or their descendants overseas, mainly in South-East Asia and the USA. In the latter more detailed studies have been made of cancer mortality and cancer incidence than of other causes. The purpose of our study was to describe mortality in Chinese, born in China, and dying in the state of New South Wales from 1969-78. PMID- 6735565 TI - The prevalence of psychiatric morbidity in solvent workers in Britain. AB - Using data originally collected in Britain as part of the study of morbidity in general practice in 1970-71, we have made an estimate of the prevalence of minor psychiatric illness amongst workers exposed to organic solvents. No differences were found between the rates of consultation for mental illness in any solvent exposed group either male or female. Nor was any difference found in the prevalence of mental illness found between workers exposed to solvents and non exposed referents when we examined data from two smaller studies. PMID- 6735566 TI - Measles epidemiology in Italy. AB - In preparation for a mass vaccination programme, the immune status with regard to measles was determined in over 8300 unvaccinated children aged 0-13 years, residing in eight Italian cities with different socioeconomic situations and geographical locations. The age corresponding to the 50% prevalence of immunes appeared to be intermediate (2.9-5.5 years) between that reported for industrialized (6-7 years) and developing countries (1-2 years). The 50% prevalence of natural immunity was reached at an earlier age in southern cities in which poorer socioeconomic and hygienic conditions prevailed; the earlier occurrence of measles in these areas was confirmed by a more detailed serological study of children in the first 24 months of life. For children aged 2-13 years, serological results showed that the history of measles reported by parents on questionnaires gave high positive predictive values (over 85%). Our seroepidemiological study shows that, on the basis of the ages of 25 and 75% prevalence of immunes, the target population for a mass immunization programme in Italy can be assumed to be aged from 12 months to 7 years. However, special attention should be given to the poorest areas, especially in southern Italy, where measles occurs earlier and can be particularly severe. PMID- 6735567 TI - A common source foodborne outbreak of cholera in Singapore. AB - An epidemiological investigation of an outbreak of Vibrio cholerae 01, biotype El Tor, serotype Ogawa, phage type 1, confined to a group of foreign construction workers in Singapore is described. A total of 22 workers were confirmed to have cholera and another 15 had asymptomatic Vibrio cholerae 01 infection between 3 November and 11 November 1982. The source of infection was traced to contaminated seafood prepared at the construction site canteen where two food handlers were found to be infected with V. cholerae 01 (one symptomatic and the other asymptomatic). The incubation period of cholera in this outbreak ranged from 4 to 203 hours with a median of 38 hours. Only two workers had moderate to severe dehydration and required intravenous therapy. Early recognition of the outbreak and prompt implementation of control measures prevented the outbreak from spreading to other parts of Singapore. PMID- 6735568 TI - Campylobacter jejuni infections in Haifa subdistrict, Israel, summer 1981. AB - A study investigating the clinical and epidemiological characteristics of Campylobacter jejuni infections in an urban community in Israel is presented. Most of the information was obtained by interviewing 76 patients who constituted a systematic sample out of a total of 215 patients suffering from acute Campylobacter jejuni diarrhoea during the summer of 1981. The crude annual incidence rate was 17 per 10 000. Age-specific incidence rate in infants up to one year of age was eight times higher than that in children 1-14 years of age. The median duration of infection until a negative culture was obtained in convalescent patients, was 10 days. No evidence of resistance to erythromycin was found. No statistically significant difference in keeping animals at home was found between the patients and a neighbourhood control group. The frequencies of the various complaints and clinical findings are described. PMID- 6735569 TI - Health problems and care in young families--an evaluation of survey procedures. AB - This report compares the value of a diary, and telephone interviews covering either the previous 24 hours or the previous week as methods of collecting data from young families on perceived health problems and the measures taken to deal with them. The population of 310 families was randomly divided into three groups. The study design allowed the evaluation of both qualitative and quantitative aspects of the different methods. For each individual a health problem was perceived every four days and care for health problems was reported every six days. The frequency of participation was highest in the 24-hour recall group. In the diary group a weekly telephone call elicited a higher compliance than a weekly letter of reminder. In spite of a higher reporting of symptoms in the diaries the relative number of measures taken was greater in the two recall groups. When comparing the information obtained by one-week recalls with that of 24-hour recalls it was found that the risk of forgetting a perceived symptom or measure taken was low but the risk of overreporting symptom days may increase with time. The distribution of symptoms in eight main categories was equal as reported by the different methods. The cost for the investigator per individual day covered was more expensive when using the 24-hour recall method compared to the diary method. PMID- 6735570 TI - Methodological issues in case-control studies: II. Test statistics as measures of efficiency. AB - The ratio of test statistics has been used to compare the efficiency of matched and unmatched designs, and stratified and pooled analyses for case-control studies. The index has been computed for a wide range of population conditions and it is concluded that (a) pooled analysis is always more efficient than stratified analysis when such pooling leads to a valid estimate of the relative risk, (b) the loss of efficiency by matching in the classic overmatching situation can be substantial, (c) in the confounding situation either design may be more efficient but generally the difference is small. These results add support to the contention that matching is rarely justified in case-control studies. PMID- 6735571 TI - Differences in risk estimations from a hospital and a population-based case control study. AB - A hospital-based and population-based case-control study of cervical cancer (in situ and invasive) was conducted in urban Utah to determine if methods of respondent selection affect estimates of risk for variables thought to be associated with the disease. Population cases (N = 409) and cases from two large hospitals (N = 124) were identified through the Utah Cancer Registry. Population based controls (N = 379) were identified through random-digit dialing; hospital based controls (N = 150) with gynaecological disorders other than cancers and elective abortions were chosen from the same hospitals as the cases for the hospital study. Both control groups were frequency matched to cases by age. Approximately 79% of the identified cases and 85% of the selected controls completed interviews conducted in their homes. Most risk estimates were lower in the hospital-based study because of the more case-like attributes of this group. Stratified analysis for social class led to adjusted risk estimates which were lower than the unadjusted risk estimates for the population-based study, but not for the hospital-based study. The close social class matching in the hospital based study seems to have led to concurrent overmatching on other risk factors since many of these are closely related to social class. Findings are discussed in terms of implications for case-control study design. PMID- 6735572 TI - The rise of suicide mortality in Belgium between 1968-72 and 1978-81: age, sex and geographical characteristics. AB - Using directly and indirectly standardized mortality indexes in selected sex- and age groups, this paper analyses the age and sex characteristics and the geographical distribution among the 43 Belgian districts of the striking increase in Belgian reported suicide mortality between 1968-72 and 1979-81. Suicide mortality is obviously increasing more in females and in younger age groups, although the increase is still considerable in older age groups. The geographical pattern of generally higher mortality in central and southern districts seem consistent over time and between sexes but differences grow smaller over time, especially in females. A particular epidemiological situation for younger age groups is further suggested by our data. PMID- 6735573 TI - Maternal mortality in developing countries: a note on the choice of denominator. PMID- 6735574 TI - The influence of salinity on the ova and miracidia of three species of Schistosoma. PMID- 6735575 TI - Uptake of thiabendazole and its effects on glucose uptake and carbohydrate levels in the thiabendazole-resistant and susceptible Trichostrongylus colubriformis. PMID- 6735576 TI - An ultrastructural study on ventricular encapsulation reactions in Biomphalaria glabrata exposed to irradiated echinostome parasites. PMID- 6735577 TI - Sequential morphologic changes in adult Echinococcus granulosus during complement mediated lysis in vitro. PMID- 6735578 TI - Respiratory metabolism and thiabendazole susceptibility in developing eggs of Haemonchus contortus. PMID- 6735579 TI - Isolation and partial characterization of a Taenia taeniaeformis metacestode proteinase inhibitor. PMID- 6735580 TI - Glutathione-S-transferase, a possible drug-metabolizing enzyme, in Haemonchus contortus: comparative activity of a cambendazole-resistant and a susceptible strain. PMID- 6735581 TI - The association between frequency of thiabendazole treatment and the development of resistance in field isolates of Ostertagia spp. of sheep. PMID- 6735582 TI - The morphology and reproductive status of female Schistosoma mansoni following separation from male worms. PMID- 6735583 TI - Isolation of Fasciola hepatica genus-specific antigens. PMID- 6735584 TI - Peripheral blood white cell responses during Angiostrongylus cantonensis infection in rats. PMID- 6735585 TI - Modified calmodulin calcium binding domain III. Solid phase synthesis, purification and 1H n.m.r. characterization. AB - The dodecapeptide Ac-Asp-Lys-Asp-Gly-Asn-Gly-Tyr-Ile-Ser-Ala-Ala-Gaba-OH is a modified calmodulin calcium binding domain III. The synthesis of the peptide by the solid phase method with a total protection scheme using PAM-resin is reported. The purified compound has been characterized by 1H n.m.r. spectroscopy, both in the presence and in the absence of calcium ions, at various pHs. No strong specific interaction seems to occur between the peptide and Ca++ ions in water solutions. PMID- 6735586 TI - 1H n.m.r. investigation of conformational features of cyclic enkephalinamide analogs. AB - The conformational basis for the differing opioid receptor selectivities of the cyclic cystine-containing analogs, [D-Cys2, D(or L)-Cys5] enkephalinamide and the related penicillamine-containing analogs, [D-Pen2, D(or L)-Cys5] enkephalinamide (penicillamine = beta, beta dimethylcysteine) was investigated by 1H n.m.r. in aqueous solution. Comparison of chemical shift, temperature dependence of amide proton chemical shift, and coupling constant data suggests similar overall conformations for corresponding penicillamine- and cystine-containing analogs. Differences in conformation and flexibility do appear in the carboxamide terminal region of the corresponding analogs, which may account for their selectivities for different classes of opioid receptors. PMID- 6735587 TI - Physicochemical properties of maltosyl and glucosaminyl derivatives of beta lactoglobulin. AB - Maltosyl and glucosaminyl derivatives of beta-lactoglobulin (b-LG) were analyzed for their physicochemical properties: reduced viscosity, ultraviolet difference spectra, intrinsic fluorescence, hydrophobicity and circular dichroism. The viscosity of these derivatives increased as the mass of the carbohydrates covalently linked to b-LG increased. The ultraviolet difference spectra and the intrinsic fluorescence of these proteins revealed that the microenvironments of aromatic amino acid residues of b-LG were increasingly exposed to the surface of the protein as the extent of modification increased; and the polarity of these residues also increased as modification increased. The hydrophobicities of M-b-LG derivatives decreased as the extent of modification increased while the hydrophobicities of G-b-LG derivatives were relatively unchanged. The circular dichroic analysis of these proteins indicated that the order secondary structures of the extensively modified derivatives of b-LG were partially unfolded. Thus, the carbohydrates covalently linked to b-LG altered many physiochemical properties. These physicochemical changes of b-LG apparently resulted from an alteration of forces stabilizing the structure of the protein. PMID- 6735588 TI - Synthetic analogues of the proteinase inhibitor: chymostatin. AB - Putative proteinase inhibitors with the general structure Z. Arg. X.Phe.H (where X = Leu, Ile or Val) were prepared by solution synthesis using semicarbazone protection for the aldehyde function. These inhibitors showed strong activity towards chymotrypsin whereas the semicarbazones and dipeptides aldehydes showed considerably reduced activity. The structural requirements for inhibition would seem to mimic those of the natural chymotrypsin inhibitor chymostatin. PMID- 6735589 TI - Lysolecithin:lysolecithin acyltransferase from rabbit lung. A conformational study. AB - The enzyme lysolecithin:lysolecithin acyltransferase from rabbit lung has been found to have a relatively disordered conformation in solutions of high ionic strength. The protein exhibited an ordering of structure when salt was suppressed. This conformational change was concomitant with the loss of transacylase activity, the hydrolytic reaction remaining unchanged. Addition of NaCl caused a progressive disordering of structure with a parallel increase of transacylase activity. The acid denaturation of the protein, at low and high ionic strengths, showed that the ionization of groups with pK in the range 5.9 6.4 was essential for denaturation. The structure was stable at basic pH. The addition of lipids resulted in a non-specific stabilization of the disordered conformation, in the same manner as the addition of NaCl. From these results, it is suggested that there are two conformations for this protein which differ in their ability to bind lysolecithin molecules in the enzyme deacylation step of the reaction. This hypothesis agrees with previously published properties of the enzyme, concerning aggregation with other proteins and kinetic data. From the amino acid composition and conformational properties, the authors suggest that this enzyme could be a peripheral membrane protein. PMID- 6735590 TI - Isolation and characterization of a genetic variant of bovine proinsulin. AB - A genetic variant of bovine proinsulin has been isolated using preparative reverse-phase HPLC. The new proinsulin (bovine proinsulin II) differs from the known proinsulin (bovine proinsulin I) by a single amino acid residue at position C-48 in the connecting peptide. The amino acid replacement is a leucine substitution for proline. The two proinsulins were found in a ratio of approximately 9:1, proinsulin I: proinsulin II. No chemical or biological differences were observed for the two proinsulins other than their different elution times on reverse-phase HPLC. PMID- 6735591 TI - Peptide synthesis catalyzed by papain at alkaline pH values. AB - The synthesis of peptides in the presence of papain at pH 8-9.5 is described. Starting substances are acylamino acid alkyl esters (the carboxyl component) and amides or tert.-butylesters of amino acids, as well as peptide (the amino component). Under such conditions secondary hydrolysis is not essential, making the synthesis of peptides soluble in aqueous medium. The yield of peptides is 50 94%. The effect of different factors (temperature, solvents, reagent concentrations) on the result of the reaction has been studied. It has been found that an excess of the carboxyl component is expedient to increase the yield of peptides. PMID- 6735592 TI - Thermodynamics of thermal unfolding of bovine apo-alpha-lactalbumin. AB - Thermal unfolding of bovine alpha-lactalbumin in 10 mM borate buffer at pH 8.0 in the presence of 0.01-1.0 M NaCl was studied in terms of CD ellipticity. The apoprotein changes the conformation from a native-like (N) to an unfolded (U) form, which has an appreciable amount of the secondary structure but no tertiary structure, in the two-state type. Various thermodynamic parameters of the transition were analyzed. The differences in enthalpy and heat capacity between the N and U states are similar to the corresponding differences of the holoprotein obtained with the calorimetric method by Pfeil. It is shown that one Na+ binds with a binding constant larger than 10(2)-10(3) M-1 to a specific site (probably to the Ca2+-binding site) in the molecule and the bound Na+ stabilizes the N form of the apoprotein. PMID- 6735593 TI - Analogs of viroidin. Synthesis of four virotoxin-like F-actin binding heptapeptides with one less hydroxyl group in the dihydroxy-proline ring. AB - The vitroxins, toxic cyclic heptapeptides from Amanita virosa fungi, contain a 3,4-dihydroxy-L-proline, an imino acid scarcely accessible in greater amounts. Therefore in the syntheses of the analogs described this imino acid was replaced by 4-cis-hydroxy-L-proline, a component of the analogously toxic phallotoxins. The following syntheses are described: 1a = cyclo (L-alanyl-D-threonyl-D-seryl-L 4-cis-hydroxy-L-prolyl-L-alanyl-2- methylthio-L-tryptophyl-L-leucyl), 1b = 1a but with 2-methylsulfonyl-L-tryptophan in position 6, 2a = cyclic (L-valyl-D-threonyl D-seryl-4-cis-hydroxy-L-prolyl-L-alanyl-2- methylthio-L-tryptophyl-hydroxyl-L leucyl), and 2b = 2a, but with 2-methylsulfonyl-L-tryptophan in position 6. In a test for binding strength to rabbit muscle F-actin 2b and 2a exhibited about 40% of that of demethylphalloin. Analogs 1a and 2b have not been tested. PMID- 6735594 TI - Sadness evoked by a film on grief: an experimental study. AB - "What Happened to Pity?," a BBC documentary on the grief responses to the Aberfan disaster in 1966, powerfully affects viewers and is an effective tool for the study of sadness. Observations in the classroom and in the laboratory demonstrate that the great majority of viewers experienced some degree of sadness along with anger and sympathy. Subjects classified as high loss/grief experienced more intense and extended sadness than did those who had not had significant losses. They also displayed more apprehension, anger, shame-guilt, giving-up, anxiety, and irritation. Subjects experiencing the most sadness, compared with those less affected, were more initiating and talkative and their relationships in the laboratory were closer, more gratifying, task-oriented, therapeutic, and trusting. With the film they displayed more sympathy, role-identification, personalization, and like, but felt more drained. With respect to stable personality features they were warm, sharing, introspective, dependent, and more personally (than monetarily) motivated to volunteer for the study. PMID- 6735595 TI - The Ganser syndrome: evidence suggesting its classification as a dissociative disorder. AB - The past and present nosology of Ganser's syndrome is discussed. The anomaly is defined as the presence of approximate answers with hallucinations, clouded sensorium, somatic conversion, and amnesia. The characteristic symptom of the syndrome, paralogia, is appreciated as an associated feature of Factitious Disorder with Psychological Symptoms. It is suggested that Ganser syndrome may be linked inappropriately with the concept of factitious illness. Two new cases of the Ganser syndrome are presented, and an additional forty-one case reports are reviewed. A high correlation between the presence of paralogia and amnesia is revealed, which suggests that paralogia and related psychological symptoms are better classified as associated features of Atypical Dissociative Disorder. PMID- 6735596 TI - The chronic illness problem inventory: problem-oriented psychosocial assessment of patients with chronic illness. AB - Two studies are presented which describe the development of a problem-oriented psychosocial screening instrument for use in health care settings. Reliability and validity data are presented on the Chronic Illness Problem Inventory (CIPI) which demonstrate its ability to document accurately patient's specific problems in areas of physical limitations, psychosocial functioning, health care behaviors and marital adjustment. A study is also presented which compares the problems of patients with three distinct chronic illnesses: pain, obesity, and respiratory ailments. Results indicate a significantly greater severity of problems for pain patients and especially patients with multiple pain complaints. Problem areas common to all three illness groups are discussed in the context of providing better comprehensive treatment for chronically ill patients. PMID- 6735597 TI - Social and structural factors affecting psychiatric consultation in the ambulatory medical setting. AB - The kinds of help primary care physicians requested from a psychiatric consultant in an ambulatory medical clinic are described. Based upon data from 173 encounters involving fifty-four physicians over a five and one-half month period, no single issue characterized a majority of encounters, and the nature of the help requested was diverse. Female physicians were more likely to initiate encounters that dealt with personal feelings about themselves or their patients. Male physicians were more likely to ask for assistance in evaluating patients. Whether or not a patient was seen as part of the consultation also significantly influenced the type of interaction that ensued as did the location of the interaction (hallway, room, or telephone) and whether or not the interaction was planned. Implications of these findings with regard to the training of primary care psychiatrists as well as the use of their services in ambulatory medical settings are explored. PMID- 6735598 TI - The analyst at work. The Madrid Congress. Synthesis and critique. PMID- 6735599 TI - Don Quixote: Freud and Cervantes. AB - We have focused this paper on an attempt to examine the process occurring in the transformations which Alonso Quijano undergoes when becoming Don Quixote as an expression of his disturbance, and the evolution at work during his travels to dissipate his grandiose narcissism by means of a cure of humiliation which makes him humble and able to recognize dependence and internal conflicts, finally culminating in the working through of the depressive position and the resolution of the prior schizo-paranoid phase just before his death. The disturbances of Alonso Quijano begin when he is faced with the anxieties provoked by approaching old age and death. The internal conflict over not-worked through mournings may lead to making reparations and to the stimulus of creativity and towards maturity. Badly resolved, it progresses to involutive psychosis which may result in psychotic destruction. Cervantes creates a 'hero' whom he treats in humorous and tragicomic ways, a hero who rises regressively from his unresolved Oedipus conflict, and with the traits of a grandiose self and with the need to 'repair' the projected image, deforming reality and at the same time being slowly obliged to take it into account. PMID- 6735600 TI - The femininity of the analyst in professional practice. AB - The author puts forward the hypothesis that the wishes concerning genitality are present from the beginning, and especially the wish to make or to have a child. From this follows that pregenital sexual satisfactions would be mainly substitutes for genital satisfactions, which are not available because of the human fundamental prematurity. Woman's maternal aptitude enables her to fulfil, in displacing it, her dual incestuous wish, i.e. to keep her father's penis inside her during pregnancy, to recover the stage of merging with her mother by means of the fusion with the foetus. This would explain why women are less often murderers than men: an archaic matrix of the Oedipus complex would exist which aims at finding an access to the mother's belly, which means to make it perfectly smooth after getting rid of all its contents, that is of all obstacles. This need leads to a destruction of reality. The disposition to maternity is common to both sexes (through identification to the mother). The author wants to describe the disposition to maternity of the analyst in the treatment. The analytic situation would correspond to the triangle schema of the Oedipus complex: it favours the regression to the foetal stage, but, at the same time, the psychoanalytic framework constitutes a limit which cuts the child from the mother. PMID- 6735601 TI - The dark continent and its enigmas. AB - The author quotes at length from Freud's lecture on femininity of 1933 as a starting point to his paper. The female, in his opinion, is not precisely the 'victim' of the imaginary encounter of the man with his wife or sister, but, on the contrary, she functions as the promoting 'lure'. This lure alludes to desire, and the desire to the object petit a of Lacan. The object petit a is present in the normal fetishes of human sexuality, and becomes a perversion only when it fixates on a particular fetish. The function of 'lure' defines the female, in addition to a double identification characteristic of each sex. The lack for the female must be recognized to be the otherness of the primitive love object. Both the masculine and the feminine models of the reaction to the discovery of this loss constitute the key subject of this paper--the sexualization process. PMID- 6735602 TI - Moods and the conservative process. AB - In summary, then, moods are ordinary psychic phenomenon which serve important unconscious functions. Like the dream, a mood has a kind of necessary autistic structure to it: people who are in a mood, like persons who are asleep, are inside a special state where a temporal element is at play. They will emerge, like the dreamer, after the spell is over. Some moods, particularly those that are a part of a person's character, are occasions for the expression of a conservative object, as a conservative object is that internal self state that has been preserved intact during childhood often upon some breakdown between the child in relation to his parents. When a person goes 'into' a mood he becomes that child self who was refused expression in relation to his parents for one reason or another. As such, moods are often the existential registers of the moment of a breakdown between a child and his parents, and partly notate the parent's own developmental arrest, in that the parent was unable to deal appropriately with the child's particular maturational needs. What was a self experience in the child, one that could have been integrated into the child's continuing self development, was rejected by the parents, who failed to perform adequately as ordinary 'transformational objects', thereby destining a self state to be frozen by the child into a conservative object that fated such a state of being to be subsequently represented only through moods. PMID- 6735603 TI - Pharmacokinetic study of digoxin-benzamide interaction in the rat. AB - Simultaneous oral administration of digoxin and three benzamides (Metoclopramide, Alizapride, Bromopride) to the rat, modify digoxin's pharmacokinetic parameters: peak plasma concentration, elimination phase half life and bioavailability (Bromopride, Alizapride in function with dose-level). Our conclusion, is that drug-monitoring is necessary for this drug association. PMID- 6735604 TI - Cancer treatment by methotrexate: rational use following pharmacokinetic study. AB - We used the test-dose method to calculate the dose of methotrexate to administer to the patients to reach the therapeutic but non-toxic blood concentration of 10( 5) mol/L. Methotrexate was tested with a radioimmunoassay technique and in 19 out of 20 patients we obtained the desired plateau during 24-h infusion. PMID- 6735605 TI - A radioiodinated quinoline DNA complex as a potential melanoma imaging agent. PMID- 6735606 TI - A comparison of the technetium-labeled myocardial agents DiArs and DMPE to 201Tl in experimental animals. AB - The biodistribution, kinetics, imaging characteristics and blood flow correlations of 99mTc labeled DiArs and DMPE were studied. The mice biodistribution were compared to 201Tl in mice and dogs, respectively. The myocardial kinetics of these agents were evaluated in normal and ischemic myocardium using miniaturized endocardial detectors. DiArs had a lower myocardial concentration (9.4 +/- 0.8% dose/g at 1 min), than DMPE (11.7 +/- 1.1% dose/g at 1 min) but both were considerably less than 201Tl (23-26% dose/g at 1 min). The kinetic characteristic of both technetium labeled agents suggested that redistribution into ischemic myocardium would not take place, since the clearance rate from normal and ischemic myocardium was similar for both the DiArs and DMPE . The clear visualization of the canine myocardium after i.v. injection demonstrated the superiority of DMPE over DiArs and the potential use of these agents, if proven, to behave the same in human trials. PMID- 6735607 TI - Distribution and pharmacology of intravenous 99mTc-labeled multilamellar liposomes in rats and mice. PMID- 6735608 TI - Prolonged retention of 77Br labelled bromphenol blue in tumor tissue. PMID- 6735609 TI - Synthesis and biodistribution of 99mTc chelates of acridinyl iminodiacetic acids. PMID- 6735610 TI - The hepatobiliary transport and short-term biodynamics of radioiodinated chenodeoxycholic acid. PMID- 6735611 TI - Immunoassay of ergotamine and dihydroergotamine using a common 3H-labelled ligand as tracer for specific antibody and means to overcome experienced pitfalls. AB - A highly sensitive radioimmunoassay for the determination of ergotamine and dihydroergotamine is described. The limit of detection is about 9 pg/mL blood plasma for both compounds. The specificity of the gamma-globulin, which was prepared from rabbit antiserum, was investigated in the presence of compounds synthesized as possible metabolites. It was found that the tricyclic peptide moiety common to both molecules is an essential structural feature for binding to the gamma-globulin. From dilution experiments with the radioactively labelled compound it followed that ergotamine and to a lesser extent also its dihydro derivative are adsorbed on various tube wall materials using known buffer solutions. A practically insuperable obstacle is rearrangement of ergotamine under the experimental conditions, forming a stereoisomer by inversion at the C-8 position. The equilibrium of ergotamine in equilibrium ergotaminine found in human plasma remains stable under the incubation conditions of the radioimmunoassay. PMID- 6735612 TI - A comparative study between animals and monoclonal anti-digitoxin antibodies. AB - Anti-digitoxin antibodies have been produced by immunizing rabbits and by monoclonal techniques using the same digitoxin-protein conjugate. Titres, inhibition curves, affinities, dissociation and association rate-constants have been investigated for the two antibodies. It appears that the animal immune serum gives better criteria (except specificity) than the monoclonal ones. However, both can be used for quantitative assays, with less sensitivity for the monoclonal antibody. The main advantage of monoclonal production is to conduct large amounts of specific immunoglobulins which are very useful for human administration after a digitalis overdose. PMID- 6735613 TI - Analysis of deuterated analogs of vitamin A by electron impact and chemical ionization modes in gas chromatography coupled to mass spectrometry. AB - To evaluate the total body reserves of vitamin A in humans, deuterated forms of vitamin A are potentially useful probes. In the present investigation, we have selected anhydroretinol as a useful indicator of retinol isolated from plasma during GC/MS analysis because of its relatively high volatility, its formation from retinol in good yield directly on GC columns, and the improbability of deuterium loss or exchange during its formation. The major drawback in its use is the extensive isomerization to cis-isomers which occurred on GC columns even under mild conditions of analysis. Favorable conditions for the GC/MS assay of anhydroretinol in the EI mode were defined. The mass spectral response is linear with the amount of retinol injected from 10 to 400 ng, and the observed sensitivity is adequate for the measurement of retinol in 1 ml of plasma. By using isobutane or methane, chemical ionization mass spectra of anhydroretinol and retinaldehyde are reported for the first time. Although both gave the expected [M + H]+ molecular ion, analysis of anhydroretinol in the EI mode was a more appropriate and sensitive measure of retinol under our assay conditions. PMID- 6735614 TI - High-performance liquid chromatographic determination of tocopherols and tocotrienols and its application to diets and plasma of Finnish men. I. Analytical method. AB - A HPLC Method is described for the determination of tocopherols and tocotrienols in human diets and plasma. After a room-temperature saponification diet samples were extracted with n-hexane. A direct hexane extraction was used for plasma samples. Using a normal-phase column at elevated temperature and a fluorescence detector complete separation of all four tocopherols, alpha-, beta-, gamma tocotrienols and BHA and good reproducibility and sensitivity were obtained. The recovery of tocopherols added to diet samples was 99% for alpha-tocopherol, 95% for beta-tocopherol, 99% for gamma-tocopherol and 80% for delta-tocopherol. The recovery of alpha-tocopherol added into plasma was 99%. PMID- 6735615 TI - High-performance liquid chromatographic determination of tocopherols and tocotrienols and its application to diets and plasma of Finnish men. II. Applications. AB - The composed one-day diets and plasma of 40 Finnish men screened for a selenium supplementation study were analyzed for tocopherols and tocotrienols. The men were divided into a low-Se group (in the screening phase plasma Se levels less than 70 micrograms/l and plasma alpha-tocopherol levels less than 1.2 mg/100 ml) and a high-Se group (plasma Se greater than 70 micrograms/l, plasma alpha tocopherol not determined before the study). In the low-Se group plasma levels of alpha-tocopherol averaged 0.97 +/- 0.18 mg/100 ml. The daily dietary intake of alpha-tocopherol was 6.1 +/- 2.7 mg and that of total vitamin E 7.3 +/- 3.1 mg of alpha-tocopherol equivalents. In the high-Se group the corresponding average values were 1.16 +/- 0.21 mg of alpha-tocopherol/100 ml of plasma, 8.8 +/- 4.3 mg of alpha-tocopherol/day and 10.3 +/- 5.1 mg of alpha-tocopherol equivalents/day. The overall average for the contribution of alpha-tocopherol to the total dietary tocopherols was 44.6 +/- 11.0%. In the plasma samples alpha-tocopherol accounted for 92.0 +/- 2.1%, beta-tocopherol for 2.7 +/- 0.7% and gamma-tocopherol for 5.3 +/- 2.1% of the total amount of tocopherols. PMID- 6735616 TI - Vitamin C status and physical working capacity in adolescents. AB - The effect of ascorbic acid supplementation on physical working capacity was studied in young adolescent boys in which the concomitant biochemical riboflavin and pyridoxin deficiencies were corrected by medicamentous prophylaxis. After daily administration for two months of 70 mg ascorbic acid, the mean plasma vitamin C in the experimental group (n = 49) rose from 0.33 to 1.49 mg/dl (p less than 0.001) and the prevalence of deficient plasma vitamin C values (less than 0.20 mg/dl) decreased from 52.3 percent to zero. The improvement in vitamin C biochemical status was also accompanied by a statistically significant increase in VO2 max. (p less than 0.01). There were no significant changes neither in the mean plasma vitamin C values nor in the mean VO2 max. in the control group subjects (n = 42). The increase in VO2 max. in the experimental group was primarily the result of an increase of VO2 max. in subjects with initially lower values. When data from both experimental and control groups were pooled together, a positive and significant association was found between VO2 max. and the increase of plasma vitamin C values below 1.0 mg/dl. No further increase in VO2 max. was observed when vitamin C plasma values reached 1.0 mg/dl or more. The two regression lines crossed at X = 0.86 mg/dl. This cut off point of plasma vitamin C level corresponds to a dietary intake of about 80 mg of ascorbic acid per day. The results of this study are in agreement with the suggested optimal ascorbic acid daily intake obtained by kinetic studies with (1-14C) ascorbic acid. PMID- 6735617 TI - The binding of ascorbate to bovine serum albumin. AB - Ultrafiltration has been used to investigate the interaction of ascorbate with bovine serum albumin in 0.1 M sodium phosphate buffer, pH 6.5. The results are interpreted in terms of the binding of ascorbate to four equivalent and independent protein sites, governed by an intrinsic association constant of 2 600 +/- 700 M-1 at 20 degrees C, thereby providing evidence for specificity of the interaction over a range of vitamin concentration (0.08-1.5 mM) pertinent to the physiological situation. PMID- 6735618 TI - Nutritional status of the elderly. II. Anthropometry, dietary and biochemical data of old pensioners in Perugia at the fifth year follow-up. AB - 206 aged pensioners of the city of Perugia have been examined in a longitudinal study, with emphasis on body composition, diet, life habits and clinical biochemical data. From the anthropometric data of the individuals examined in 1981 it is evident that both in men and women obesity is common especially among the women. The opposite is true for the arm muscle area. Comparing the same men examined in 1976 and 1981 body fatness decreased in the five years interval. Food and nutrient intakes are rather similar in the 1976 and 1981 surveys. Consumption of milk, eggs, fish and legumes is not high. The men, but not the women, tended to a high consumption of meat and alcoholic beverages. The intake in 1981 of thiamin, riboflavin and vitamin A seems in general to be inadequate according to our recommended values. The biochemical data show practically no difference in the two surveys. Serum cholesterol continued to be rather high for an Italian population. PMID- 6735619 TI - Food and nutrient consumption of two rural Italian population groups followed for twenty years. AB - The food and nutrient consumption was examined in two rural population groups of 22 middle age men of Italy in connection with a longitudinal study of coronary heart disease. Most of the data were collected with use of the individual weighing method. In the 20 year interval increases and decreases were observed in the consumption of various foods, reflecting the influence of economic and biological factors. In regard to nutrients, in Crevalcore (Bologna) the original high level of some macronutrients and vitamin A progressively decreased. In Montegiorgio (Marche) the original high level of fat intake - in relation to recommended intake - progressively increased, while energy was throughout close to recommended values. The endemic deficit in riboflavin intake progressively decreased, while that for vitamin A remained practically constant. PMID- 6735620 TI - [Thermogenesis from the breakdown of a ketogenic diet in an experimental model using swine]. AB - A respiration calorimetry experiment with 10 matures sows was conducted to study the effect of a ketogenic diet on heat production and energy utilization. The ketogenic diet contained no carbohydrates and 85% of its energy as fat. The control diet was a mixed diet with most of its energy as carbohydrates. Both diets provided the same daily protein intake, which was slightly below the calculated protein requirement. The level of energy intake was adjusted to a moderate positive energy balance. Both diets were allocated to the same animal for three weeks each according to a crossover design. Seven-day collection periods and 48-hours measurements of the gaseous exchange (carbon-nitrogen balance method) were conducted on individual sows per diet. The ketogenic diet substantially increased the energy losses in faeces, which resulted in a energy digestibility of 75% compared to 93% with the mixed diet. The methane production was also significantly depressed. In contrast, the urine energy excretion was not influenced by the extremely high fat diet. The nitrogen balance showed lower faecal nitrogen losses and a higher urine nitrogen excretion in the animals with the high fat diet. Because of this compensative response no difference in nitrogen retention was observed between the two dietary treatments. The ketogenic diet caused no detrimental effects on thermogenesis or energy utilization. The results of both criteria could be fully explained by the well accepted ideas of the efficiency of utilization of the energy from fat under balanced nutrition conditions. Overall the results demonstrate that a high fat diet has no regulatory effect on the usually diet-induced thermogenesis. PMID- 6735621 TI - Toxicological studies of deltamethrin. AB - Deltamethrin [( S]-alpha-cyano-3-phenoxybenzyl-cis-(1R,3R)-3-(2,2-dibromovinyl+ ++) (2,2-dimethyl-cyclopropane-carboxylate], is the most potent insecticide known at the present time. But it is also one of the most toxic pyrethroids for vertebrates. The toxicity study of deltamethrin was performed on mice and rats, and on anaesthetized dogs, the administration route being either oral or intravenous. The oral LD50 of deltamethrin suspended in 10% gum-arabic solution was 5.54 +/- 1.29 g/kg p.o. in male mice and 3.45 +/- 1.27 g/kg p.o. in female mice. In rats and anaesthetized dogs, deltamethrin at high concentrations by the oral route engendered neither mortality nor signs of intoxication. When dissolved in glycerol formal and given intravenously, the LD50 of deltamethrin was as low as 3.44 +/- 0.67 mg/kg in anaesthetized dogs. Values obtained for the toxicity of deltamethrin varied not only with the animal species and sex involved, but also with the administration routes and solvents used. Administered orally, it was 100 times less toxic when suspended in gum-arabic solution than dissolved in oil or organic solvent. Whatever the animal species, sex, administration routes and solvents employed, the poisoning symptoms of deltamethrin are identical, i.e. salivation, ataxia and choreoathetotic movements with rolling convulsions, appearing within 7 h after administration. No cellular alteration was detectable by means of optical microscopy of excised organs. PMID- 6735622 TI - Effects of carnitine and acetylcarnitine isomers on mitochondrial respiration. AB - Mitochondrial respiration was studied in the presence of carnitine or acetyl carnitine isomers. The results demonstrate that 15 mM L-acetylcarnitine stimulates oxygen consumption by approximately 25%. D-acetylcarnitine (15 mM) had a slight inhibitory effect whereas racemic DL-acetylcarnitine (15 mM) markedly inhibited mitochondrial respiration. Similarly racemic DL-carnitine showed approximately 60% inhibition of mitochondrial respiration. L-carnitine or D carnitine showed no significant effect on oxygen consumption. Further studies will be required to establish whether the carnitine or acetylcarnitine isomers competitively inhibit the acylcarnitine translocase systems of the mitochondrial membrane. PMID- 6735623 TI - Effect of met-enkephalin on acid secretion from gastric fistulas and Heidenhain pouches in dogs stimulated by pentagastrin, pentagastrin plus bethanechol, or a meal. AB - In dogs with denervated Heidenhain pouches and gastric cannulas the authors studied the action of met-enkephalin on acid secretion stimulated by a liquid meal, pentagastrin or pentagastrin + bethanechol. Serum gastrin levels were determined during the feeding experiments. Meal-stimulated and pentagastrin stimulated acid secretion from the gastric fistula were inhibited by met enkephalin. A rise in pentagastrin-induced acid secretion was observed in the denervated stomach. No significant changes were observed in the postprandial acid response from the pouch to the meal, nor from the main stomach or the pouch during stimulation with pentagastrin + bethanechol. Gastrin release was decreased by met-enkephalin during the first hour following feeding and increased during the second hour. Our data indicate that met-enkephalin can either inhibit or stimulate acid secretion in dogs. The inhibition occurs only in the innervated fundic mucosa, and might be explained by a decrease in gastrin release and by a decrease in vagal tone. PMID- 6735624 TI - Selective antibiotic prophylaxis in biliary surgery. AB - Wound infections and septic complications are among the most frequent complications of biliary surgery. Such complications frequently occur in patients with infected bile. The presence of infected bile is predictable and can be expected in patients defined as high-risk patients. Short-term perioperative antibiotic prophylaxis was shown to be effective on an unselective basis by several authors. In this study of 231 consecutive biliary procedures, antibiotic prophylaxis was used on a selective basis in high-risk patients only. The high risk patients were 55% of the entire group. Perioperative prophylaxis was given for 24 hours using four gentamicin injections starting two hours prior to anesthesia. Selective prophylaxis was shown to be highly effective reducing the wound infection rate to 3.5% in this group, compared to 12.5% in a similar group without prophylaxis. The selective use of prophylaxis was shown to be highly cost effective as compared to the group without prophylaxis as well as reported groups of unselective prophylaxis in biliary surgery. PMID- 6735625 TI - Systemic prophylaxis with gentamicin-metronidazole in appendicectomy and colorectal surgery: a prospective controlled clinical study. AB - A prospective, randomized, clinical study was carried out in 188 patients undergoing appendicectomy or colorectal surgery to test the efficacy of prophylactic, parenterally-administered antibiotics in the prevention of infection. The results show the effectiveness of the association gentamicin metronidazole (9.4% of infections), compared to the control group with no antibiotics (39.1% of infections), X2 = 14.1; P less than 0.001). PMID- 6735626 TI - Circulatory changes during and after surgical anesthesia in hypertensive patients treated with clonidine, methyldopa and reserpine. AB - The cardiovascular changes in 27 hypertensive patients belonging to WHO classes I II and treated with either clonidine, methyldopa or reserpine during thiopentone N2O-O2-relaxant-analgesic anesthesia were studied. The variations in systolic and diastolic blood pressure and heart rate during induction of anesthesia and surgery did not differ according to the antihypertensive drug with which the patient was treated. Hypokalemia was found to be the most common postoperative complication in all study groups. The results suggest that the selection of antihypertensive drug does not form a risk factor when hypertensive patients are being prepared for anesthesia and surgery. PMID- 6735627 TI - The importance of pulmonary complications as a cause of death in surgical patients. AB - The authors have retrospectively reviewed 390 autopsy reports from their surgical clinic, to establish the frequency of chronic and acute lung complications in surgical patients. The retrospective analysis revealed that pneumonia was the most frequent acute pulmonary complication among patients who died in the surgical department. In postoperative cases, pneumonia contributed to or was responsible for 65% of all deaths. PMID- 6735628 TI - Total pericardiectomy for chronic constrictive pericarditis using femoro-femoral bypass. AB - A technique of total pericardiectomy for chronic constrictive pericarditis is presented. The authors have used a femoro-femoral cardiopulmonary bypass in nine cases of constrictive pericarditis to prevent the complications of the traditional approach. The advantages of this technique in comparison to the performance of pericardiectomy without the use of extracorporeal circulation (ECC) or with standard ECC are discussed. PMID- 6735629 TI - Radiological aspects of cancer of the esophagus. AB - The role radiology plays in the study of cancer of the esophagus (CE) involves three different diagnostic steps: identification of CE; staging of CE and postoperative follow-up. This study comprises 117 cases of CE, all surgically confirmed: in 57/117 CE, resection of the neoplasm with subsequent reconstruction of the digestive tract proved possible; in the remaining 60/117 non-resectable CE, a Celestin prosthetic tube was positioned. The radiological diagnosis was correct in 92.3% of the cases, the diagnostic error (9/117: 7.7%) being mainly due to under-diagnoses (6/9) rather than false negatives (3/9). Conventional radiology provided satisfactory results in the staging of CE. Among the postoperative complications in the 57 resected patients, fistulae (13/57) and mediastinal abscesses (1/57) were early complications, whereas stenosis of the anastomosis (5/57) and neoplastic recurrences (3/57) were late complications. The possible role of diagnostic delay in the poor prognosis of CE, as well as its possible causes, are discussed in this paper. PMID- 6735630 TI - The control of postoperative infection in general surgery. AB - The results of a prospective study of infection control carried out in the Division of Abdominal Surgery of the Federal University of Pernambuco over a two year period are presented. A total of 760 patients operated on by the various teams of the Division were studied and rates of wound, respiratory and urinary infection were analyzed together with their relationship to the types of surgery performed. The etiology and antibiotic sensitivity of the main etiologic agents are also presented, plus a comparison of the results obtained with data found in the literature. PMID- 6735631 TI - The effects of gastric surgery on serum ferritin concentrations. AB - Changes in serum ferritin concentrations were monitored for three months after gastric operation, in 25 patients. In 23 patients, the serum ferritin concentration was seen to be increased, one week postoperatively, as compared with the preoperative level. Thereafter, in most patients, the serum ferritin concentration gradually decreased to the initial preoperative level. Preoperatively, 13 of the total 25 patients had low serum ferritin concentrations, indicating depleted iron stores. In eleven of these patients, the serum ferritin concentrations followed the above-mentioned course and normal values of serum ferritin concentration were seen postoperatively, indicating normal body iron stores. In six of the ten patients with normal preoperative serum ferritin concentrations, there was a temporary increase within the limits of the normal range. The temporary postoperative increase of serum ferritin concentration was more marked in the patients who underwent total or partial gastrectomy than highly selective vagotomy or fundoplication. We conclude that measurement of serum ferritin concentration may give a false impression of normal body iron stores in the postoperative state. PMID- 6735632 TI - New trends in the diagnosis and therapy of acute cholangitis. AB - For a long time, acute cholangitis has been a difficult therapeutic problem, mostly due to the limited information about the jaundiced patient available from diagnostic investigations. The diagnostic precision of percutaneous transhepatic cholangiography in association with the great therapeutic possibilities of percutaneous transhepatic biliary drainage has solved this problem. The successful results obtained in 37 patients with acute cholangitis prove the value of this approach. PMID- 6735633 TI - Determination of amputation level in ischemic legs by means of transcutaneous oxygen pressure measurement. AB - A new technique for the determination of the most appropriate amputation level in ischemic legs is described and the results obtained in 31 amputations are reported. This method takes the line joining the points with transcutaneous partial oxygen pressure (tcPO2) of 30 mmHg as the lower margin of the incision. A success rate of 90.3%, with primary healing, was obtained in the 31 amputations performed. PMID- 6735634 TI - The use of 15-methylated derivative of prostaglandin F2a for the therapeutic termination of pregnancy and management of late fetal death. AB - The administration of 15-me-PGF 2a for the therapeutic termination of pregnancy and management of intrauterine death of the embryo during the second and third trimester of pregnancy was studied in 92 patients. Of these, 52 came because of intrauterine death with an average gestational age of 28.7 weeks while the rest came for therapeutic termination of pregnancy with an average gestational age of 21 weeks. Successful abortion was achieved in 90 patients. The mean abortion induction time was 7.3 hours for patients with intrauterine death and 12.6 hours for the patients who came for therapeutic termination. The results and complications of the intramuscular administration of the 15-me-PFG2a are analysed in the present work. PMID- 6735635 TI - A simplified approach to endorectal pull-through: the feasibility of chemically destroying rectal mucosa. AB - In order to eliminate the mucosal dissection of the endorectal procedure, a puppy model was developed in which the rectal mucosa was treated with either 5% phenol or 1N sodium hydroxide prior to pulling the proximal colon through and performing an anal anastomosis. The phenol and sodium hydroxide were neutralized respectively with 70% isopropyl alcohol and 1% acetic acid to prevent injury to the pulled-through bowel. Six puppies were treated in each group. All dogs survived the study and were able to return to normal diets. The dogs were sacrificed at one, two and three-week intervals after operation. Microscopic examination of the rectum demonstrated that, in the group treated with sodium hydroxide, the mucosa was destroyed and was replaced with a granulating layer which was adherent to the pulled-through colonic serosa. The group treated with phenol did not show the same degree of mucosal destruction and, in these animals, the pulled-through bowel was not adherent to the rectum. This study suggests that, with refinement, chemical destruction of the rectal mucosa may be a further beneficial modification of the endorectal procedure. PMID- 6735636 TI - Gastric lesser curve superficial seromyotomy: an experimental study in dogs. AB - Lesser curve superficial myotomy has been investigated in the dog. The anatomical basis for the operation is discussed. The operation has the advantage of being easily performed and the risk of damage to the nerve of Latarjet or ischemic necrosis of the lesser curvature is obviated. Acid studies in the dogs confirmed that the operation was capable of producing secretory inhibition in keeping with vagotomy of the parietal cell area. The experiment needs further investigation in animals and in man, for assessment of the potential of the operation to replace other forms of vagotomy in patients with duodenal ulcer. PMID- 6735637 TI - Absence of metastatic sequelae during long-term treatment of malignant ascites by peritoneo-venous shunting. A clinico-pathological report. AB - This communication records a remarkable case illustrating both the clinical value of peritoneo-venous shunting in the management of malignant ascites, and the unique opportunity afforded by this procedure for investigation of factors which influence metastatic colony formation by disseminating human tumour cells. The study of patients treated with peritoneo-venous shunts for the purpose of obtaining information on metastasis is ethically sound because such treatment is used solely for relief of the patient's clinical condition, and investigative procedures involving the patient are limited to those necessary for good clinical management. The patient we present survived for 27 months following insertion of a peritoneo-venous shunt, and for most of this time had a functioning shunt judged by clinical criteria. At autopsy she was found to have no established metastases in any organ, although viable, clonogenic cancer cells clearly capable of forming large secondary growths in the abdominal cavity were delivered directly into the bloodstream. PMID- 6735638 TI - Metastatic patterns in patients with carcinomas of the lower esophagus and upper rectum. AB - The frequency of metastatic involvement of eight target organs was examined in people dying as a consequence of squamous cell carcinomas of the lower third of the esophagus or adenocarcinomas of the upper third of the rectum. In both groups, there was a stronger association of metastatic incidence in the target organs with organ blood flow per gram in patients with liver metastases than without. The results suggest that this association, which is consistent with the 'mechanical' hypothesis of metastatic pattern, is only seen in people with advanced disease and that in the others temporal limitations imposed by death or cure prevent full development of the pattern. The data suggest that in accord with the 'cascade' theory, cancer cells must first form metastases in the liver, that cells from these metastases not the primary cancer, then form metastases in the lungs; cancer cells from the lung metastases then subsequently disseminate with a trend towards an arterial pattern. Data from animal experiments suggest that owing to the inefficiency of the metastatic process in terms of cancer cells, this sequential process is slow relative to tumor development and that this time base affects expression of metastatic pattern. This proposed scheme for metastatic pattern development provides evidence in favor of Ewing's 'mechanical' hypothesis for two histologic types of cancer, each growing in one designated primary site. It does not exclude a role for 'seed and soil' effects in these and other cancers. PMID- 6735639 TI - Influence of ultrasound-induced hyperthermia and X-irradiation on the incidence of metastases from a solid tumor. AB - The KHT sarcoma transplanted into mouse legs was treated by X-irradiation, hyperthermia or a combination of X-irradiation plus hyperthermia. Neither 20 Gy of X-irradiation or hyperthermia for 60 min were effective in controlling the local tumors when used alone. Simultaneous treatments, however, resulted in 22% of the tumors being locally controlled corresponding to a TER of 2.0. Local control was increased when irradiation was given 1 h before or after hyperthermia, TER 2.8 and was maximum, TER 2.9, when the hyperthermia was 0.1 h after irradiation. When the local tumor was controlled by irradiation alone or by irradiation delivered 1 h before or after hyperthermia, all of the metastases that subsequently occurred arose before or during treatment. When tumors were locally controlled by radiation given during or immediately after hyperthermia, metastases developed that must have occurred as a consequence of the treatment. The treatment sequence that resulted in a maximum TER for tumor control did not correlate with the risk of metastatic spread. The timing of the irradiation in relation to hyperthermia may explain some contradictory findings regarding the influence of heat on the incidence of metastases. Hyperthermia did not affect the distribution of anatomic sites involved with metastases or the ratio of lymphatic to hematogenously spread metastases. PMID- 6735640 TI - Isolation and characterization of highly and rarely metastatic clones from murine colon adenocarcinoma 26. AB - Three typical metastatic clones, designated N-1, N-4, and N-5, were isolated in vitro from a murine colon adenocarcinoma 26 cell line (Colon 26). The incidence of spontaneous metastasis was highest in N-4 (85%), moderate in N-5 and Colon 26 (50 and 53%, respectively) and lowest in N-1 (0%). The major target organ of metastasis was the lung. Among the clones, N-4 showed higher lung colonizing potential after intravenous inoculation, higher tumorigenicity and higher saturation density in culture. Cell-surface analysis of cloned cells by 125I labeled lectins revealed significant reduction of the number of concanavalin A (Con A)-binding sites in highly metastatic N-4 cells. In sodium dodecyl sulfate slab gel analysis of cellular glycoproteins, a 94,000-dalton component, which is reactive to Con A, was more intensely observed in N-1 as compared with other clones and parental Colon 26. These clones could provide a new model for the study of metastasis of colon carcinoma. PMID- 6735641 TI - Stereoblind monkeys have few binocular neurons. AB - Infant monkeys wore prisms before their eyes, lost binocular neurons from their visual cortex, and were stereoblind to dynamic random dot stereograms. Three years later, the authors recorded from 880 neurons of the V1 and V2 visual cortex and found only 22% binocular neurons as compared with 81% for normal monkeys. These results demonstrate, for the first time in the same subjects, the strong association between cortical binocular neurons and primate stereopsis; show that congenital binocular neurons, once lost, do not recover even with extensive binocular visual experience; and stress the vulnerability of the primate binocular system to abnormal early visual experiences. PMID- 6735642 TI - Assessment of acuity in human infants using face and grating stimuli. AB - In a variety of ocular disorders, square-wave gratings yield more optimistic estimates of visual acuity than more complex stimuli such as letters. However, for clinical vision testing of preverbal patients, square-wave gratings are usually employed in conjunction with preferential looking procedures. We developed a complex stimulus--a schematic face--for use in preferential looking procedures. Using the method of constant stimuli, the acuities of 1-, 3-, and 5 month-old infants with normal eyes were estimated using schematic faces and square-wave gratings. Within each age group, thresholds for face and grating stimuli were not significantly different, but psychometric functions obtained with faces were significantly steeper than those obtained with square-wave gratings. This suggests that complex stimuli such as the schematic face could yield more precise acuity estimates than gratings in some pediatric eye patients. PMID- 6735643 TI - Visually evoked eye movements in mouse mutants and inbred strains. A screening report. AB - The authors screened various inbred strains and mutants of the mouse, Mus musculus, for qualitatively abnormal or reduced numbers of optokinetic nystagmus (OKN) eye movements. Thirteen hypopigmentation mutants and ten neuromuscular mutants were found to have abnormal or markedly reduced OKN, but none of these mutants had retinal degeneration. Ten other hypopigmentation mutants and nine other neuromuscular mutants had relatively normal OKN, thus showing that neither hypopigmentation nor neuromuscular abnormality per se are well-correlated with abnormal OKN. These findings show that many mutants with visual defects are available from existing holdings. These visual mutants may serve as a resource for the study of the function and development of the mammalian visual system. PMID- 6735644 TI - Natural history of experimental histoplasmic choroiditis in the primate. I. Clinical features. AB - The clinical features of the long-term (3-year) natural history of experimental histoplasmic choroiditis in primates are documented in this report. The acute choroiditis resolved into four types of lesions: chorioretinal adhesions (atrophic scars) (2%); retinal pigment epithelial window defects (21%); subclinical lesions (19%); and "disappearing" lesions (58%). It was noted that the most obvious, acute lesions tend to disappear by clinical examination with long-term follow up. No subretinal neovascularization or spontaneous "reactivation" was observed. PMID- 6735645 TI - Natural history of experimental histoplasmic choroiditis in the primate. II. Histopathologic features. AB - The histopathologic features of experimental multifocal histoplasmic choroiditis in the primate are presented. Eyes were studied at various time periods from 30 days to 3 years after intracarotid injection with live Histoplasma capsulatum organisms. The acute lesions produced resolved into four distinct resolution patterns (chorioretinal scars, retinal pigment epithelial defects, subclinical lesions, and "disappearing" lesions) whose histopathologic features were studied. Organisms could not be demonstrated by culture or special stains in lesions present more than 6 weeks. A feature common to all eyes studied, including those whose lesions were clinically inactive or had clinically "disappeared," was the persistence of small foci of lymphocytes in the choroid. Damage to Bruch's membrane was observed in some specimens. PMID- 6735646 TI - Onset of changes in glucose transport across ocular barriers in streptozotocin induced diabetes. AB - In a previous study, measurements were made of facilitated and passive transport of glucose, using [3H]-3-O-methyl-D-glucose and [14C]-L-glucose, respectively, across blood-aqueous and blood-vitreous barriers in long-term streptozotocin diabetic rats. It was found that passive transport was increased, while facilitated transport was decreased, possibly due to saturation of the transport system. The present study examines the appearance of these changes in glucose transport at various times following streptozotocin (STZ) injection. Passive transport, as indicated by the L-glucose rate constant, began to increase at about 10 days following induction of diabetes, stabilized at the elevated rates at 50-60 days and persisted during the 170-day period of observation. Rate constants for [3H]-3-O-methyl-D-glucose transport decreased within 1 day following induction of diabetes. Prevention of hyperglycemia by insulin treatment upon onset of diabetes prevented the latter changes ruling out a direct effect of STZ. Glucose infusion into normal rats produced a similar decrease in 3-O methylglucose transport constants suggesting that hyperglycemia was responsible for the early decrease in facilitated transport found in the diabetic rats. It is speculated that increased passive transport of glucose may reflect an early loss in ocular barrier integrity. The later decrease in carrier facilitated transport cannot be explained by hyperglycemia alone and, thus, a loss in carrier function is suggested. Despite a decrease in facilitated transport, absolute glucose entry rates are increased in the diabetic due to elevated plasma glucose, which serves as an inward driving force, due to the significantly increased entry of glucose by the passive route. PMID- 6735650 TI - Conjunctival epithelial wound healing. AB - In vivo conjunctival epithelial healing in albino rabbits was investigated by light microscopy following both n-heptanol and trephined conjunctival wounding. Reepithelialization occurred faster following n-heptanol treatment (3 days) versus trephination (6-7 days). No goblet cells were present in the migrating epithelium during reepithelialization. After 1 day of wounding, goblet cells disappeared several millimeters peripheral to the wound margin in both types of wounds. Goblet cells first reappeared peripherally 1 week after wounding before they appeared in the central wound area. These observations indicate that a large area of conjunctival epithelium surrounding a wound is involved with repair of that wound. Since the goblet cell content of conjunctival epithelium appears to change as a result of the stresses of epithelial repair, the goblet cell population may reflect the presence of reparative or proliferative processes in the ocular surface. PMID- 6735648 TI - Corneal response to rigid and hydrogel lenses during eye closure. AB - Corneal changes were monitored in 14 subjects following 3 hr of eye closure while wearing selected oxygen permeable rigid and hydrogel lenses. The mean increase in corneal thickness ranged from 82.5 to 29.5 microns for rigid lenses with oxygen transmissibilities (Dk/L) between 0.2 X 10(-9) and 57.0 X 10(-9) (cm/sec) (ml O2/ml X mmHg), respectively, and ranged from 82.5 to 23.5 microns for hydrogel lenses with Dk/L between 2.5 X 10(-9) and 70.0 X 10(-9) (cm/sec) (ml O2/ml X mmHg), respectively. No differences in the amount of swelling between rigid and hydrogel lenses of the same oxygen transmissibility were observed (t-test, P greater than 0.20). Combining the swelling data for both types of lenses shows that a minimum lens oxygen transmissibility of approximately 75 X 10(-9) (cm/sec) (ml O2/ml X mmHg) is necessary during eye closure to prevent contact lens induced edema. The estimated oxygen tension under a lens with this Dk/L value is 40 mmHg. Recovery of the cornea to baseline thickness follows a nonlinear time course, with the rate of dehydration decreasing as the cornea thins. For initial swelling of 40-54 microns, 55-69 microns, and 70 microns and above, the time to reach baseline thickness was 1.5, 2.0, and 2.5 hr, respectively. Effects on vision, corneal curvature, distortion, and epithelial integrity were not clinically significant during this short period of eye closure. PMID- 6735647 TI - Unidirectional transport mechanism of horseradish peroxidase in the vessels of the iris. AB - When horseradish peroxidase (HRP) is introduced into the blood stream it is retained in the lumen of the iridial vessels. In this paper, we report that when the same tracer is perfused into the anterior chamber of macaque monkeys, it permeates the stroma of the iris and penetrates the lumen of iridial vessels by transcellular vesicular transport. This unidirectional movement of HRP out of the eye is not inhibited by ouabain or fluoroacetate. PMID- 6735649 TI - Efficacy of antifungal agents in the cornea. IV. Amphotericin B methyl ester. AB - Quantitative mycologic techniques were used to evaluate the efficacy of topical amphotericin B methyl ester in two models of yeast infection in rabbit eyes. Doses of 1%, 0.5%, and 0.15% were used in a model of superficial Candida albicans infection. The 1% dose of drug was highly efficacious, abolishing the disease after 2 days of treatment. With doses of 0.5% and 0.15%, decreasing efficacy was observed. Antifungal activity did not deteriorate when 1% prednisolone acetate was administered concomitantly with the 1% dose. In a model of deep stromal infection, the administration of topical 1% amphotericin B methyl ester was highly efficacious when the corneal epithelium was absent. Even in corneas with intact epithelium, a reduced though still significant effect was noted. PMID- 6735651 TI - The response range of the blue-cone pathways: a source of vulnerability to disease. AB - Retinal disease preferentially affects the sensitivity of the "blue"-cone pathways. This vulnerability to disease may be due, in part, to a more limited response range. A psychophysical technique, the probe-flash paradigm, was used to test this hypothesis. The data suggest that the S-cone pathways have a more limited response range than the L-cone pathways. Explanations for blue-cone vulnerability are discessed in the context of this finding. PMID- 6735652 TI - Differences in natural and recombinant interferon for herpes keratitis in two animal models. AB - Natural human leukocyte interferon (natural HuIFN-alpha) and recombinant leukocyte A interferon (recombinant A HuIFN-alpha) were tested for prophylactic and/or therapeutic effects in reducing the severity of keratitis in rabbit and monkey eyes infected with McKrae strain herpesvirus. The results showed that the two interferons acted differently in the rabbit eye; combined prophylactic and therapeutic administration of natural interferon mitigated the disease, while recombinant interferon had no effect. In monkeys, the two interferons acted similarly. Combined prophylactic and therapeutic administration reduced disease findings, while therapeutic administration alone had no effect. Thus, studies in rabbits are not accurate predictors of primate study results; whether or not nonhuman primate results can be extrapolated to humans remains to be seen. PMID- 6735653 TI - A matter of pride. PMID- 6735654 TI - Too many doctors for Iowa? PMID- 6735655 TI - 'Great to be a Hawkeye,' Says Ronald McDonald. PMID- 6735656 TI - Teaching tomorrow's physicians. PMID- 6735658 TI - Assessment of 1983 immunization levels among urban and rural school children in Iowa. PMID- 6735657 TI - Scanlon loans bolster U. of I. student aid programs. PMID- 6735659 TI - Aspartame--a new low-calorie sweetener. PMID- 6735661 TI - Six groups of double-stranded RNA mycoviruses. AB - Six groups of double-stranded (ds) RNA mycoviruses have been proposed. The main characteristics which define a group are described, and the properties of members and probable members of each group are tabulated. Possibilities for organization of the groups into families, genera and species are discussed. The classification scheme could ultimately accommodate the majority of the well-characterized dsRNA mycoviruses. PMID- 6735660 TI - Specificity of the actinomycin-D-sensitive function of some RNA plant viruses. AB - The actinomycin-D(AMD)-sensitive step of replication of three plant viruses - cowpea chlorotic mottle virus (CCMV), cowpea mosaic virus, and the cowpea strain of tobacco mosaic virus - in cowpea was specific for each virus. Different combinations of the viruses were examined in which leaves were inoculated with one virus and incubated for 48 h until multiplication was almost resistant to AMD. At that time, the same leaves were inoculated with a different virus and the ability of AMD to inhibit multiplication of the second virus was determined at intervals afterwards. In all combinations tested, the first virus had no effect on the sensitivity of the second virus to AMD. Also, resistance to AMD, which appeared to spread from cell to cell in advance of the virus in mechanically inoculated leaves, did not spread appreciably faster than CCMV into systemically infected upper leaves. PMID- 6735662 TI - Influence of host cells on the infectivity and neutralizability echovirus type 4 (Pesascek). AB - The heterogeneity of echovirus type 4 (strain Pesascek) is documented. This strain had a higher EOP on RD cells than on GMK-AH1 or primary green monkey kidney cells. It was more effectively neutralized in tests on RD cells than on GMK-AH1 cells. The latter phenomenon was analyzed on materials of Pesascek virus after banding in density gradients. A minor fraction was found that resisted neutralization as tested on either RD or GMK-AH1 cells. Another fraction containing the main peak of infectivity was rendered almost harmless to RD cells by neutralizing antibody, while still infecting GMK-AH1 cells. Filtration diminished the non-neutralizable fraction of virus, as did treatment of virus with disrupted membranes. The validity of the theory which holds aggregation of virus responsible for the non-neutralizable fractions, as well as the role played by different host cells for neutralizability, are discussed. PMID- 6735664 TI - The use of routine blood counts. PMID- 6735663 TI - Characterization of the Palyam serogroup viruses (Reoviridae: Orbivirus). AB - 31 Palyam serogroup viruses were examined by complement-fixation and plaque reduction neutralization tests and by PAGE of the segmented, double-stranded (ds) RNA genome. Although the viruses were indistinguishable by complement-fixation tests, 10 distinct virus serotypes were identified by plaque-reduction neutralization methods. Palyam group viruses which were distinct by the neutralization test had unique dsRNA profiles, whereas those agents which were indistinct by the neutralization test had identical dsRNA profiles. 20 isolations of 3 Palyam serotypes were made from bovines and Culicoides midges in Australia over a 9-year period. When the genome of these isolates was examined electrophoretically, the dsRNA profiles of virus isolates within a given serotype were identical. PMID- 6735665 TI - Vaginal dilation in the treatment of dyspareunia. PMID- 6735666 TI - Multiple pulmonary leiomyomatous hamartomas. PMID- 6735667 TI - Traumatic dislocation of the testis. PMID- 6735668 TI - Oesophageal cutaneous fistula: a difficult problem made easy. PMID- 6735670 TI - Analysis of a general practitioner immunisation programme. PMID- 6735669 TI - A vaccination programme for Irish general practice. PMID- 6735671 TI - Iron supplementation during pregnancy: a survey of the current situation. PMID- 6735672 TI - What do we do with our elderly mentally infirm? PMID- 6735673 TI - Cataract surgery. PMID- 6735674 TI - Plasma potassium homeostasis. PMID- 6735675 TI - The reported mortality pattern in the countries of the EEC for six common cancers and ischaemic heart disease. PMID- 6735676 TI - "Alma Ata and us". PMID- 6735677 TI - Fractures of the femur in Ireland: a comparison with England and Wales and Scotland. PMID- 6735678 TI - In-hospital rehabilitation of amputees: a prospective study. PMID- 6735679 TI - Stillbirth: the mother's view. PMID- 6735680 TI - Intracranial aneurysm in association with Noonan's syndrome. PMID- 6735681 TI - Acute small bowel obstruction secondary to endometriosis: two case reports and a review of the literature. PMID- 6735682 TI - Exchange plasmapheresis. PMID- 6735683 TI - Psychotropic drug prescribing in Irish general practice: a study in peer-group continuing education. PMID- 6735684 TI - Hydroxylysine glycosides: preparation and analysis by reverse phase high performance liquid chromatography. AB - Hydroxylysine diglycoside was prepared from hydrolyzed sponge by a combination of ion-exchange chromatography and gel filtration. The product obtained was chemically pure on amino acid analyzer and was active as substrate of the enzyme alpha-(1----2)glucosidase. Hyl monoglycoside was prepared by mild acid hydrolysis from diglycoside. A reverse phase HPLC system was devised for Hyl glycosides, hydroxylysine and other basic amino acids. The separation was achieved using an octadecyl bonded silica column on the compounds derivatized with dabsyl chloride to produce di-dabsyl derivatives. Elution was followed in the visible region at 436 nm. In the conditions used no or very low amount of mono-dabsyl derivatives was observed. Hyl di- and monoglycoside resulted a mixture of two diastereoisomers, which form during the alkaline hydrolysis. The separation of the diastereoisomers of each compound depended on pH and ionic strength of the eluent in the HPLC column, whereas they were not separated by our short column on amino acid analyzer. The HPLC system was also used for the analysis of Hyl glycosides on two collagen preparations. PMID- 6735685 TI - Further studies on the physico-chemical properties of Rhizopus nodosus acid lipase. AB - The Km value of R. nodosus acid lipase was found to be 5 X 10(-2) M and 8 X 10( 3) M with olive oil and tricaprylin respectively. The lipase hydrolyzed triglycerides better than synthetic detergents and methyl esters. When synthetic triglycerides varying in fatty acid chain length were used, maximum hydrolysis was observed with tricaprylin as the substrate. Positional specificity studies indicated a preference for primary esters. The lipase was activated by albumin, NaCl and taurocholate whereas heparin had no effect. The lipase contains a single polypeptide chain with 298 amino acid residues. Glutamic acid and isoleucine were found to be the amino and carboxy-terminal residues, respectively. By gel filtration and SDS-PAGE the molecular weight was determined to be 40,000 +/- 500. The lipase was susceptible to photooxidation in the presence of methylene blue and Rose bengal whereas PMSF and thiol-group specific reagents had no appreciable effect on the lipase activity. NBS inactivated the lipase. Tryptophan residues were found to be essential for the lipase activity. PMID- 6735686 TI - High performance liquid chromatography separation of the intermediates of pyridine coenzymes metabolism in Ricinus communis L. seedlings. AB - The metabolism of pyridine coenzymes is not yet well clarified in vegetable cells. We propose a HPLC method to separate the compounds involved in the pyridine nucleotides cycle in less than 32 min. The method has been applied to Ricinus communis seedlings. On the basis of the results obtained, the well known "de novo" and "salvage" pathways, demonstrated in other biological tissues for NAD biosynthesis, are likely to occur in this vegetable system. PMID- 6735687 TI - Colpocephaly. PMID- 6735688 TI - The CSF transferrin pattern of paroxysmal kinesigenic choreoathetosis. PMID- 6735689 TI - Primary dementias: epidemiological and sociomedical aspects. AB - An epidemiological survey of primary dementia syndromes was conducted in the city of Bra (26287 residents) in the Piedmont region. All the patients for whom a diagnosis of senile dementia had already been recorded together with the cases coming to light as a result of a questionary circulated to general practitioners and neuropsychiatrists were subjected to a broad battery of neuropsychological tests. The prevalence rate proved to be 255 (+/- 61) per 100 000 of the population and 2028 (+/- 476) per 100 000 of the over 65s. Close attention was paid to dements living in nursing facilities. Factors favoring institutionalisation were: advanced age, severe motor impairment and female sex. No correlation between severity or dementia and institutionalisation was found. PMID- 6735690 TI - Acute heroin myelopathy--case report. AB - Description of a case of benign acute transverse myelopathy in a young woman who had taken heroin I.V. after a two-year free interval. Spinal angiography was negative but CT scanning of the cord showed a swelling at C3. PMID- 6735691 TI - Giant cell arteritis and normal pressure hydrocephalus. A case report. AB - The first known case of association of giant cell arteritis and normal pressure hydrocephalus is described. The arteritis was cured with corticosteroid therapy while hydrocephalus required ventriculo-peritoneal shunt. The high protein content of cerebrospinal fluid of this patient is probably the pathogenetic mechanism of cerebrospinal fluid block, leading to occult obstructive hydrocephalus. PMID- 6735692 TI - Speech suppression without aphasia after bilateral perisylvian softenings (bilateral rolandic operculum damage). AB - The authors describe a patient who suffered two successive, right and left, strokes that caused bilateral rolandic operculum damage. The clinical picture was characterized by selective impairment of volitional facio-pharyngo-glosso masticatory movements with sparing of automatic and reflex motor activity (Foix Chavany-Marie syndrome). Though completely speechless, the patient was not aphasic. This dissociation is discussed in the light of the peculiar localization of lesions evidenced by CT-scan. PMID- 6735693 TI - Posterior interosseous nerve palsy. Report of three unusual cases. AB - Three unusual cases of posterior interosseous nerve palsy involving an entrapment mechanism are described. The findings in these three cases seem to support the view that PIN entrapment usually results from interaction of exogenous factors (occupation, pregnancy, compression during sleep, etc.) with anatomical anomalies at the level of the supinator brevis muscle. PMID- 6735694 TI - Inferior altitudinal hemianopia associated with a tumor in the posterior fossa: report of a case. AB - Altitudinal hemianopias may be related to chiasmatic involvement. A case in which horizontal inferior hemianopia is associated with a tumor in the posterior fossa producing a triventricular hydrocephalus is described. The visual field defect is interpreted as a consequence of the pressure by a dilated third ventricle upon the chiasmatic area. PMID- 6735697 TI - Medical lessons from the Lebanon War, 1982. PMID- 6735696 TI - Protocol for improving the morphology of frozen sections of nervous and muscular tissue. PMID- 6735695 TI - Behcet syndrome: report of two early-onset cases treated with transfer factor. AB - Report of two cases of Behcet syndrome in children, one with the features of a neuro-Behcet syndrome and the other with chiefly severe ocular changes. Both children were treated with transfer factor when previous treatment had proved ineffective. Some years after the beginning of treatment, which is still continuing, transfer factor may be said to be of value in Behcet syndrome. PMID- 6735698 TI - Medical services in the Lebanon War, 1982: an overview. AB - To medicine every war is a challenge. The armed conflict creates an emergency which calls for large numbers of personnel and presents many new problems. Modern wars are fought not between armies alone but between nations. The shortage must be compensated by improved organization that will eliminate every source of waste and inefficiency. Thus, war becomes a testing ground for a nation's ability to organize all its health services, and it may become a rich source of experience for the organization of services after the war. PMID- 6735699 TI - Primary treatment of battle casualties in the Lebanon War, 1982. AB - The experience of the Israel Defense Forces in the early management of battle casualties in the Lebanon War, 1982, is discussed. This report deals with 1,561 battle casualties evacuated to hospitals over a 15-week period. PMID- 6735700 TI - Medical air evacuation during the Lebanon War, 1982. AB - During the Lebanon War, 1982, 85% of the Israel Defence Forces casualties were airlifted from the battle zone by means of the aeromedical evacuation (AME) network of the Air Force. The rescue helicopter was the first point of medical contact for 4.4% of the casualties. A summary is presented of the types of aircraft used in AME and the number of casualties carried in the various flights. A brief description is also given of a new addition to the intensive care capabilities of AME helicopters: the air mobile life support unit used in combat for the first time during this war. PMID- 6735701 TI - Crush syndrome: experience from the Lebanon War, 1982. AB - Eight patients with crush syndrome were treated in our department during the Lebanon War, 1982. They arrived after having been trapped under fallen masonry for 4 to 28 h. They all had injuries of the lower limbs, with neurological deficiency and myoglobinuria. The local and general aspects of the syndrome are presented and discussed and a successful treatment protocol outlined. PMID- 6735702 TI - External fixation in wartime limb surgery. AB - During the Lebanon War, 1982, limb stability was achieved by the use of external fixation in 45 severe limb injuries. The indications, advantages, techniques and results are reviewed. At follow-up after 1 year there were no cases of chronic bone infection. Two limbs had to be amputated for vascular insufficiency. The skillful, judicious use of external fixation in the treatment of war injuries is an important technical advance in the treatment of severe limb injuries. PMID- 6735703 TI - Burn injury and prevention in the Lebanon War, 1982. AB - Measures taken during the Lebanon War, 1982, to prevent and minimize the extent and severity of tank-crew combat burns proved to be of value. Since 98% of tank crewmen who were burned were wearing fireproof suits at the time, only 12% sustained abdominal burns; 77% had facial burns, as none of them were wearing fireproof masks. Only 9% of the burned soldiers who wore fireproof gloves sustained hand burns, compared with 75% who did not wear the gloves. A comparison of the extent of tank-crew burns in the Lebanon War and the October 1973 War revealed that 51% of the burns in 1982 were minor, compared with 21% in 1973. Of the burns sustained in 1973, 29% covered greater than 40% of the body surface area, compared with 18% in 1982. PMID- 6735704 TI - Pressure garments in the control of hypertrophic scarring and rehabilitation of the burn patient: an occupational therapy approach. AB - During the first 2 years of its existence, the Jobst Service of the Soroka Medical Center treated 150 patients, including 29 casualties of the Lebanon War, 1982, for postburn hypertrophic scarring. The Jobst pressure-gradient burn garments were successful in the control of hypertrophic scars, and in shortening the patient's rehabilitation time. The discussion stems from the perspective of the occupational therapist for treatment planning, paying special attention to the physical and psychosocial problems that confront the thermally injured patient, and to the need for total patient care. PMID- 6735705 TI - Hyperbaric oxygen therapy for gas gangrene casualties in the Lebanon War, 1982. AB - Four gas gangrene casualties from the Lebanon War, 1982, were treated with hyperbaric oxygen (HBO). Myonecrosis was diagnosed in three and intraabdominal spread of clostridial infection in one. In all four cases, HBO treatment, in combination with meticulous but conservative surgical debridements and proper antibiotic coverage, was begun within 24 h of diagnosis. HBO therapy was terminated when bacteriostasis was attained, as evidenced by no further spread of myonecrosis and the alleviation of systemic toxic symptoms. All four patients recovered from the clostridial infection, but one died later from other causes. HBO therapy enhances the survival rate of patients with gas gangrene, lowers the anesthetic risk, allows for maximal tissue preservation and helps avoid radical mutilating surgery. PMID- 6735706 TI - Treatment of liver trauma in the Lebanon War, 1982. AB - During the Lebanon War, 1982, 37 laparotomies were performed in our ward, mostly for penetrating abdominal trauma. The liver was injured in 11 of these patients and was bleeding at the time of laparotomy in all cases. Liver sutures were restricted to superficial wounds only. In deep lacerations, all devitalized liver tissue was removed by anatomic segmentectomy or lobectomy. Patients who had segmentectomies had a rapid and uneventful recovery, with the exception of one who developed jaundice but later recovered. In one case, the intrahepatic left main branch of the portal vein was repaired. Two soldiers died during surgery. We report our experience in liver surgery during the Lebanon War. PMID- 6735707 TI - Diagnostic radiology in wartime. AB - During the Lebanon War, 1982, over 80% of the wounded were sent from the triage area of the hospital directly to the radiology department. This article reports changes in the working pattern and organization of the department that were instituted for emergency treatment in wartime, and describes radiological examination methods for different organs. Computerized tomography is emerging as the most important diagnostic tool in addition to conventional radiological examinations. PMID- 6735708 TI - Eye injuries and ocular protection in the Lebanon War, 1982. AB - There was a high incidence of ocular trauma (6.8% of all casualties) in the Lebanon War, 1982, which is similar to the rates in previous Arab-Israeli wars. Combat in the Lebanon War consisted of both armored warfare and infantry operations, with much of the fighting taking place in built-up areas. Consequently, there were two main types of ocular injuries: perforating eye injuries caused by the small high-velocity missiles that characterize armored combat, and a wide range of injuries to the eye caused by ricochets during combat in built-up areas. The latter injuries varied in severity from complete destruction of the eye to minor corneal erosions. Not a single eye was injured in soldiers who had ballistic protective goggles properly placed over the eyes at the time of injury. Most of the ocular trauma could have been prevented had the goggles been in universal use. A considerable degree of eye protection is also afforded by ordinary ophthalmic eyeglasses. PMID- 6735709 TI - Severe combat eye injuries in the Lebanon War, 1982. AB - The findings, treatment and follow-up of 21 severe, blunt and perforating ocular injuries that occurred during combat in the Lebanon War, 1982, are presented. The diagnostic and therapeutic approaches to complex and severe ocular injuries are discussed. The patients were followed up for 1 year and the long-term effects of the injuries on their eyesight are described. PMID- 6735710 TI - Acute spinal cord injuries in the Lebanon War, 1982. AB - Our experience with 17 patients with spinal cord injuries (SCI) acquired in the Lebanon War, 1982, is described. The SCI were due to gunshot wounds in 12 patients and to other causes in 5. Two laparotomies and one thoracotomy were performed. Corticosteroids were not seen to influence recovery, nor was laminectomy, which was performed in three cases. Complications such as pressure sores, hydronephrosis, ileus and deep vein thrombosis were rare or did not occur. Three high quadriplegics died. Based on our experience, we recommend conservative treatment and rehabilitation in acute SCI. PMID- 6735711 TI - Surgery in the field during the Lebanon War, 1982: doctrine, experience and prospects for future changes. AB - During the Lebanon War, 1982, the Medical Corps of the Israel Defense Forces provided its mobile surgical units with sophisticated equipment, enabling them to perform advanced resuscitation and lifesaving surgical procedures, as well as pre and postoperative intensive care, under conditions similar to those in rear hospitals. The surgical theaters and the intensive care units were deployed in spacious, mobile, expandable, environmentally controlled shelters. Primary medical treatment was provided to the wounded, followed by prompt evacuation to rear hospitals whenever possible. In addition, the best possible medical equipment was provided to competent medical personnel located in close proximity to the combat zone. This combination proved to be highly efficient in saving lives as well as cost effective. The lessons learned from deploying the surgical units in Lebanon have been evaluated and analyzed, resulting in updated concepts and doctrines that will optimize the medical support to combat units in the future. PMID- 6735712 TI - Primary health care for a civilian population: the experience of the Israel Defense Forces in southern Lebanon. AB - Since May 1976, the Medical Corps of the Israel Defense Forces has provided primary medical care for a population of more than 100,000 in southern Lebanon. The project of the "Good Fence" clinics is discussed in relation to primary health care problems encountered in rural southern Lebanon during the period of the Lebanese civil war and the Litani Operation. PMID- 6735713 TI - Mental health care in the Lebanon War, 1982. AB - Lessons in mental health care learned from the October 1973 War were applied in the Lebanon War 1982. A three-echelon system of management was followed according to the practices prevalent in Western armies. The clinical pictures were essentially similar to those observed in other wars. Combat stress reactions (CSR) comprised 15 to 20% of the total casualties during the active phase of the war; the rate of late reactions was 30 to 40% of the total CSR. Treatment on the battlefield was more effective than treatment following airlift to the rear, in returning soldiers to their units. The role of stress in causing CSR, and the importance of leadership and cohesion in its prevention were evident. The important lessons learned from the Lebanon War are discussed and include: 1) the need for a broad definition of CSR; 2) the importance of forward unit intervention; 3) the necessity of mobility and divisibility of mental health treatment units; 4) fighting units should not be dispersed immediately after combat; and 5) the management of stress reactions to be the responsibility not only of the mental health services, but of all sections of the medical corps, both in treatment and prevention. PMID- 6735714 TI - Causes of diarrheal disease in soldiers stationed in Lebanon and in northern Israel. AB - A study of acute gastroenteritis in soldiers was carried out during a 1-year period. Causes of diarrhea were compared between 33 soldiers stationed in southern Lebanon and 174 soldiers stationed in northern Israel. Shigella sp. caused 42.4% of diarrheal disease in Lebanon, compared with only 19.0% of cases in Israel. Sh. flexneri was a more common cause of bacillary dysentery in Lebanon than in Israel (71.4 vs. 18.2%, respectively), and caused a more severe illness. PMID- 6735715 TI - A new type of mobile dental clinic developed following the Lebanon War, 1982. AB - A two-tier emergency dental services delivery system was developed following the October 1973 War, based on large mobile dental clinics (definitive restorations) and portable field units (emergency treatments). The increased demand for definitive restorations at the front lines, the mountainous terrain, and the extreme climatic conditions encountered during the Lebanon War, 1982, necessitated the development of a third alternative. A standard, compact module, either truck-mounted or helicopter-lifted, was outfitted as a fully equipped dental clinic according to Dental Corps specifications. PMID- 6735716 TI - Pathological evaluation of trauma in fatal casualties of the Lebanon War, 1982. AB - From 6 June to 20 September 1982, 271 of 376 fatal casualties sustained by the Israel Defense Forces (IDF) during the Lebanon War, 1982, were examined by pathologists of the IDF Medical Corps at a central examination center. An attempt was made to determine the nature of the weapons that caused the injuries. The examination was almost always restricted to external inspection of the body, and a complete autopsy was performed in only a few instances. X-ray facilities were used to detect foreign metallic fragments in the tissues and, where possible, these fragments were subjected to ballistic evaluation. It was found that explosions of various types were the most frequent cause of injury and death; gunshot injuries were second in frequency. Other causes, such as aircraft or traffic accidents and stab wounds, were responsible for very few of the deaths. PMID- 6735717 TI - Post-traumatic valgus deformity of the knee in proximal tibial metaphyseal fractures in children. AB - Fractures of the proximal metaphysis of the tibia in children, not involving the growth cartilage and even if there is no significant displacement between the fragments, may give rise to post-traumatic valgus deformity of the knee. This deformity generally tends to be self-correcting if less than 15 degrees but if it is beyond this it does not have the same tendency to spontaneous correction. In such circumstances the normal alignment should be re-established by osteotomy and epiphysiodesis. PMID- 6735718 TI - Evaluation of double contrast arthrography in pigmented villonodular synovitis of the knee. AB - The authors report the arthrographic findings in 9 cases of diffuse villonodular pigmented synovitis of the knee in various phases of development before and after synovectomy. Arthrography was negative in only one case, while in the other cases the findings were significant but not pathognomonic. PMID- 6735719 TI - Contribution to the diagnostic study of pulmonary embolism occurring as a complication of operations for the insertion of hip prostheses. AB - The authors report the clinical, electrocardiographic and radiological aspects of pulmonary embolism as a post-operative complication which occurred in 46 patients after total hip replacement. They discuss the relative value of their findings in relation to arriving at a correct diagnosis, which they believe should be possible without recourse to more complicated procedures such as the use of contrast media radiography. PMID- 6735720 TI - A survey of 240 cases of fractures of the tibia treated by AO compression plating. AB - A study of the recent literature on the primary plating of fractures of the tibia induced us to make a retrospective survey of the cases treated in this way at the Toscano Orthopaedic Institute of Florence. We reviewed 240 cases treated by the AO compression plating technique. The results were entirely satisfactory. PMID- 6735721 TI - Rupture of the acetabular cup in total arthroprosthesis of the hip (case report). AB - A case is reported of bilateral osteoarthritis of the hips treated in successive years by total prosthetic replacement of the Muller type. Six years after the second replacement, having been completely free from symptoms, she developed pain in the left hip due to rupture of the acetabular cup - a very rare complication. PMID- 6735722 TI - "Open door" operation to raise the vertebral arch in myelopathy due to cervical spondylosis. AB - The authors discuss the various operations used in the treatment of myelopathy caused by cervical spondylosis. Recently they have used the so-called "open door" operation, which raises the posterior vertebral arch, in place of laminectomy, hemilaminectomy and anterior interbody fusion. The "open door" operation is less radical, less traumatizing and safer, and ensures considerable enlargement of the vertebral canal. This enlargement can be clearly demonstrated by tomography as well as by the traditional radiological methods. PMID- 6735723 TI - Intertrochanteric osteotomy in the treatment of idiopathic osteonecrosis of the head of the femur in adults. A study of 76 cases with a follow-up of 3-16 years. AB - This study is an evaluation of intertrochanteric osteotomy in cases of idiopathic osteonecrosis of the femoral head (I.O.F.H.) in patients too young to be suitable for prosthetic replacement. The variety of material, the length of follow-up, and the detailed evaluation on a points system, are sufficient for valid comparison with more recently introduced methods of treatment. PMID- 6735724 TI - Femoral metastases from carcinoma of the breast. Pathological and clinical aspects. AB - In long bone metastases from breast carcinoma, the femur is the bone most frequently involved. Osteolysis is brought about by the osteoclasts, by the neoplastic cells themselves, and to some extent by autolysis of the osseous tissue adjacent to the metastasis. When the metastases are asymptomatic, radiotherapy and antiblastic chemotherapy are indicated, but with symptomatic metastases and spontaneous fractures surgical intervention is indicated. This consists either of prosthetic replacement or of intramedullary fixation complemented by chemotherapy and radiotherapy. PMID- 6735725 TI - Monocompartmental epiphyseal distract. AB - The author presents 2 cases of genu varum due to Blount's disease, one in an infant and the other in an adolescent. Both were successfully corrected by monolateral medial epiphyseal distraction using Hoffmann's external fixator. PMID- 6735726 TI - Intramedullary compression osteosynthesis for fractures of the femur. AB - There are obvious advantages in intramedullary osteosynthesis by closed reduction as compared with open reduction and osteosynthesis using a plate and screws in non-articular fractures of the long bones. This has led to a modification of Kuntscher's nail with a view to improving its effectiveness and enlarging the indications. PMID- 6735727 TI - Transposition of the great trochanter in the treatment of congenital dysplasia of the hip and Perthes disease. AB - The authors report their results in 17 hips treated by distal transposition of the great trochanter in patients suffering from coxa vara resulting either from congenital dislocation of the hip or Perthes disease. The results, evaluated both clinically and radiologically, were excellent. We would emphasize that distal transposition inevitably implies lateralization, which restores the normal musculo-skeletal relationship. The "hyperlordosis" sign is described and its mechanism explained. This simple physical sign is a useful test in evaluating the indications for this type of operation. PMID- 6735728 TI - Arthrodesis of the wrist with mini-fixators in infantile cerebral palsy. AB - The authors report the methods used and results obtained in the treatment of 12 cases of severe flexion deformity of the wrist in infantile cerebral palsy. They discuss the various surgical methods that have been proposed and describe an original method of wrist arthrodesis and its attendant advantages. PMID- 6735729 TI - The treatment of fractures of the capitulum of the humerus. AB - Fractures of the capitulum of the humerus are difficult to reduce and fix. It is possible, however, to obtain good fixation with a pin introduced from the posterior aspect. The method is described and illustrated by 8 personal cases. PMID- 6735730 TI - Metabolic and nutritional factors in the pathogenesis of idiopathic osteonecrosis of the head of the femur (preliminary results of a long-term follow-up investigation). AB - A double statistical study of a group of 56 patients affected by idiopathic osteonecrosis of the head of the femur is presented. A comparative investigation was undertaken into this group, taking into consideration the principal biochemical parameters, clinical findings, dietary and living habits. The statistical data that were analysed confirmed the role of some of the aetiological factors concerned. A long-term study was also undertaken, with a preliminary follow-up at 22 months, on the progress of the patients with monolateral idiopathic osteonecrosis of the femoral head who were subjected to a therapeutic programme of dietary correction and the administration of medicaments. PMID- 6735731 TI - Psychophysiological characteristics of migraine and tension headache patients. Differential effects of sex and pain state. PMID- 6735732 TI - Personality and headache type: a controlled study. PMID- 6735733 TI - Case report: chronic cluster headache with unusual high frequency of attacks. Differential diagnosis with CPH. PMID- 6735734 TI - HLA-B14 antigen in cluster headache. PMID- 6735735 TI - The cyclical behavior of hospital utilization and staffing. AB - Aggregate monthly data on hospital utilization and staffing are examined to assess the hospital industry's ability to adjust staffing levels to regular monthly cycles in demand. Graphical analysis and linear regression are used to assess the relationship between monthly trends in utilization and full-time equivalent hospital personnel. We show that although regular seasonal patterns exist in both utilization and staffing levels, these series are largely independent of each other. The staffing level response to cycles in admissions and patient-days is, in fact, small relative to those observed for other industries that face predictable and regular fluctuations in product demand. Staffing levels appear to be more closely related to bed levels than to actual utilization levels. For a typical hospital which does not face effective incentives to control costs, smoother patterns of seasonal utilization probably will not result in lower staffing levels and reduced costs unless accompanied by a slowdown in the rate of increase in hospital bed size. PMID- 6735736 TI - Method of evaluating and improving ambulatory medical care. AB - The usefulness of an action-research model is demonstrated in the evaluation and improvement of ambulatory medical care in a variety of settings: solo office practice, prepaid capitation multiple-specialty group practice, and medical school hospital-based outpatient clinic practice. Improvements in the process of medical care are found to relate directly to the intensity and duration of planned interventions by the study group and are demonstrated to follow organizational changes in the participating sites--primarily managerial and support services initiated by policy decisions in each study site. Improvement in performance approaching one standard deviation results from the most intense intervention, about one-half standard deviation at the next level of intervention, and virtually no change from a simple feedback of performance measures. On the basis of these findings and other operational and research efforts to improve physician performance, it is unlikely that simple feedback of performance measures will elicit a change in behavior. However, noncoercive methods involving health care providers in problem identification, problem solving, and solution implementation are demonstrated to be effective. PMID- 6735737 TI - Peripheral location of the Y chromosome: relationship to race and length heteromorphism. AB - In the present report we examined the position of the Y chromosome with respect to its size and race to determine their relationship to its peripheral location. Peripheral blood lymphocytes were cultured from 172 normal male individuals (70 Asian Indians; 49 American Blacks; and 53 Caucasians) and 2770 QFQ cells were photographed. The length of the Y chromosome was classified into four groups i.e., small, average, large and very large as described earlier (Verma et al., J. Med. Genet., 15, 227-281, 1978). The average incidence of peripheral location of all races for small, average, large and very large was 3.64, 5.84, 10.51 and 11.17 per cent respectively. For blacks and caucasians, the peripheral location was influenced by its size while the incidence remained the same for Indians for all sizes. Consequently, it is presumed that the position of the Y chromosome in somatic metaphases depends upon race as well as its size. Furthermore, we have provided a method for determining the position of the Y chromosome which should suffice for most situations. PMID- 6735738 TI - Histochemical demonstration of guanase in human liver with guanine in bicine buffer as substrate. AB - Histochemical studies of human guanase (guanine deaminase) have seldom been undertaken, in part because of technical difficulties which result in heavy background staining. In this report, we describe a modified procedure in which the methodological inadequacies have been overcome. The modified technique has been applied to determine the intracellular and lobular distribution of guanase in normal human liver and in cases of primary biliary cirrhosis and alcoholic cirrhosis. Guanase was present within the cytoplasm of hepatocytes throughout the entire lobule. Enzyme activity was stronger on the sinusoidal side of the hepatocytes and in the periportal area. The reaction was weaker in perivenular hepatocytes. Portal components (bile ducts and veins), fibrous tissue and inflammatory cells were non-reactive, and the enzyme was absent from hepatocyte nuclei and membranes. Sections of skeletal muscle contained no guanase. The specificity of the reaction was confirmed by control tests on liver tissue and by the use of a specific inhibitor of guanase. It is concluded that the modified procedure overcomes the disadvantages inherent in the original method for guanase demonstration, allows the examination of fine cellular detail and should become a valuable histochemical tool with which to study diseases of the liver. PMID- 6735739 TI - Further evidence for the DNA base specificity of light-induced banding. AB - Experiments have been carried out to investigate the DNA base specificity of light-induced banding (LIB) produced by photo-oxidation of chromosomes followed by Acridine Orange staining to detect denatured DNA. Nuclei of different base composition, human and onion, and fluorochromes of different base specificities and modes of binding to DNA were used. Our results indicate that specific destruction of guanine residues is the main effect of photo-oxidation under the conditions used, and that LIB is a base-specific phenomenon. In addition, photo oxidation may also cause DNA-protein cross-linking which affects the binding of some dyes, while prolonged photo-oxidation appears to cause more general damage to DNA. PMID- 6735740 TI - Studies of the degraded carrageenan-induced colitis of rabbits. I. Changes in the epithelial glycoprotein O-acylated sialic acids associated with ulceration. AB - Ulceration of the large intestine, induced in New Zealand white rabbits by the administration of 1% w/v degraded carrageenan for periods of up to nine weeks, was studied by a combination of histochemical and chemical procedures for the identification of O-acylated sialic acid. The onset of the disease was rapid, visible faecal blood being observed within five days. Caecal ulceration was diffuse throughout the mucosa being more prominent and frequent on the transverse folds. In some cases large, discrete ulcers were observed in the rectal portion of the lower colon, while in a small number of cases there were ulcers at the caecal end of the upper colon. The ulceration was characterized by oedema, congestion, haemorrhage, inflammation and mucosal ulceration. The inflammatory exudate consisted of macrophages, lymphocytes, a few plasma cells and, in animals treated for a long period, aggregates of eosinophils. The ulceration was associated with a marked reduction in the proportion of the caecal epithelial glycoprotein sialic acids which were neuraminidase-resistant and/or substituted in the side chain. Histochemical studies indicated that changes in side chain substitution were more marked at the margins of the ulcers and could be observed in sections of colon that showed no evidence of ulceration. PMID- 6735741 TI - Studies of the degraded carrageenan-induced colitis of rabbits. II. Changes in the epithelial glycoprotein O-acylated sialic acids associated with the induction and healing phases. AB - Rabbits fed freely with a 1% aqueous solution of degraded carrageenan developed a progressive colitis characterized after five days by severe inflammation and mucosal ulceration of the caecum. Histochemical and chemical studies indicated that there was a marked reduction in intracellular mucin and in the proportion of the epithelial glycoprotein sialic acids with substituents in the side chain and at position C4. Changes in the O-acylated sialic acids occurred rapidly and, apparently, prior to either mucosal ulceration or a significant inflammatory response. Following the removal of carrageenan from the diet, there was evidence of progressive healing characterized by re- epitheliazation and a reduction in the inflammatory response until, at 12 days, the mucosa was comparatively normal. Healing was accompanied by an apparent increase in intracellular mucin and in the proportion of the epithelial glycoprotein sialic acids with substituents in the side chain and at position C4. Animals sacrificed 20 days after withdrawal of the carrageenan showed a renewal of ulceration characterized by an active inflammatory process, congestion, haemorrhage, and an inflammatory exudate consisting of a massive aggregation of eosinophils together with lymphocytes and plasma cells. This was accompanied by a reduction in the proportion of side chain and C4 substituted sialic acids. PMID- 6735742 TI - Specific granules of rat eosinophils contain peroxisomal acyl-CoA oxidase: possible involvement in production of H2O2. PMID- 6735743 TI - SITS: an unavailable reagent? PMID- 6735744 TI - Histochemical investigations of Rotifera Bdelloidea. I. Localization of cholinesterase activity. AB - Cholinesterase activity has been investigated in Rotifera Bdelloidea (Philodina roseola, Philodina tubercolata, Rotaria rotatoria and other unidentified species) by histochemical methods and in vivo observations. Parallel histological studies have been carried out. The enzyme specificity was tested by employing different substrates and inhibitors. The effects in vivo of tubocurarin, bungarotoxin and acetylcholine were also observed. Acetylcholinesterase activity is localized in the nervous and muscular tissues, in sensory organs and in all the ciliated cells. Secretory cells (subcerebral, salivary and pedal glands) and gonad cells (nuclei of the syncytial vitellarium and follicular layer, oocytes and eggs) show both acetyl- and butyrylcholinesterase activities. The effects in vivo of cholinesterase inhibitors, as well as those of tubocurarin, bungarotoxin and acetylcholine, are consistent with the histochemical results, indicating a cholinergic system of transmission and acetylcholinesterase, as well as butyrylcholinesterase, activity. PMID- 6735745 TI - Histochemical studies of the mechanism of the periodic acid-phenylhydrazine Schiff (PAPS) procedure. AB - Histochemical investigations of the periodic acid-phenylhydrazine-Schiff (PAPS) procedure were carried out on tissues containing carbohydrate macromolecules known to produce on periodate oxidation, only sialic acid monoaldehydes or hexosedialdehydes or mixtures of the two. The results indicated that the PAPS reaction is a generalized phenomenon independent of the hydrazine or hydrazide used, the nature of the Schiff reagent or the presence of anionic groups. It is proposed that phenylhydrazine condenses with periodate-engendered sialic acid monoaldehydes to yield the corresponding phenylhydrazone and with periodate engendered dialdehydes to yield the corresponding morpholine or azido derivatives. Subsequent Schiff treatment results in the reversal of the blockade of sialic acid monoaldehydes but not of the dialdehydes, thus leading to selective Schiff staining of sialic acid residues. PMID- 6735746 TI - The element distribution in ultrathin cryosections of cultivated fibroblast cells. AB - A preparation method for measurements of the intracellular distribution of elements in tissue culture cells is described which is based on cryofixation, cryoultramicrotomy, cryotransfer and X-ray microanalysis in a scanning transmission electron microscope. Dry weight concentrations of phosphorus, sulfur, chlorine and potassium in the nucleus, the cytoplasm and the mitochondria of L929 fibroblast cells of the mouse are reported. The preparation and quantitation procedures are discussed with respect to present limitations and possible improvements of the method. PMID- 6735747 TI - On the topology of the catalase biosynthesis and -degradation in the guinea pig liver. A cytochemical study. AB - The biosynthesis, transport and degradation of catalase have been studied in the guinea pig liver parenchymal cell using 2-allyl-2-isopropylacetamide (AIA) as an inhibitor of de novo formation of catalase. Total catalase activity was assayed biochemically; cytoplasmic catalase was measured microspectrophotometrically after quantitative diaminobenzidine staining of the liver. By morphometry, number and size of peroxisomes in catalase stained sections were determined. From our data we conclude that (1) the final step in the catalase formation takes place inside peroxisomes, (2) catalase is transported from the peroxisomes into the cytoplasm, (3) in the cytoplasm catalase is degraded. These conclusions in part confirm the topological model on the intracellular catalase biosynthesis pathway of Lazarow and de Duve (1973) except for the presence of cytoplasmic catalase which is released from the peroxisomes as proposed earlier by Jones and Masters (1975). PMID- 6735748 TI - Microfluorimetric quantitation of catecholamine turnover in the sympathetic neurons of rat. AB - The quantitative aspects of the formaldehyde-induced fluorescence and the turnover of catecholamines in the sympathetic neuronal perikaryon of different sympathetic ganglia were studied after a blockade of the amine synthesis with alpha-methyltyrosine. The concentration of catecholamines was determined by microfluorimetric quantitation method. The half-life of catecholamines in sympathetic neuronal perikarya was short and depended on the ganglion studied. The turnover rate of catecholamines in sympathetic neurons was highest in superior cervical and lowest in coeliac ganglion. Brightly fluorescent fibers were still seen five hours after the amine synthesis blockade, whereas almost all cell bodies had lost their fluorescence. Also small intensely fluorescent cells were still brightly fluorescent after the follow-up period. Microfluorimetrically determined turnover of catecholamines gave more detailed information about the turnover of catecholamines in sympathetic nervous system when compared to the biochemical methods used earlier. PMID- 6735749 TI - Rapid uptake of calcium in maturing enamel of the rat incisor. AB - Six rats were given intravascular injections containing 45Ca, killed by perfusion with fixative and the incisor teeth removed within 2 min. Direct autoradiography of the maturing enamel surface showed bands of 45Ca uptake at this short interval. PMID- 6735750 TI - The influence of fraction size in radiotherapy on the late normal tissue reaction -I: Comparison of the effects of daily and once-a-week fractionation on human skin. AB - A comparison of the normal tissue reactions to daily and once-a-week fractionation was performed on postoperatively irradiated bilateral parasternal fields in patients with breast cancer. Both schedules resulted in identical acute skin erythema and pigmentation. However, the development of telangiectasia was significantly more pronounced after once-a-week fractionation. These findings imply that the Cumulative Radiation Effect (CRE) formula has to be modified. The slope of the iso-effect dose versus number of fractions was 0.24 for acute skin reactions and estimated to be about 0.34 for late skin reactions at a dose level equivalent to 46 Gy in 2 Gy fractions with conventional fractionation. The beta/alpha ratio was 0.12 Gy-1 for acute and about 0.31 Gy-1 for late effects, for 200 kV X rays. PMID- 6735751 TI - Carcinoma of the floor of the mouth: a 20-year experience. AB - From 1955 to 1975, 116 patients with squamous cell carcinoma of the floor of the mouth were primarily treated by irradiation in the Department of Radiation Oncology, University of Maryland at Baltimore. Of these, 93 evaluable patients yielded loco-regional control rates of 83, 85, 42 and 21% for Stages I-IV, respectively. A palisading technique of radium needle implants was used, either alone or combined with external beam therapy, for early tumors (Stages I-II). Similar control rates were achieved by these two techniques: 13/14 for interstitial irradiation alone and 16/24 for combined interstitial and external irradiation. In selected early cases (Stages I-II), errors in staging were minimized by the systematic use of a needle biopsy of the submaxillary triangle for suspicious submaxillary swellings. Patients with early lesions and truly negative nodes (N0) only received irradiation to the primary tumor bed. No subsequent nodal neck failures have occurred in 13 of such patients. The overall complication rate for the entire series was 17% with only 8 patients requiring surgery. No differences in complication rates were found among the treatment modalities employed. The distribution of lymph nodal involvement by anatomical level, correlation of histological differentiation or tumor aggressiveness at presentation, the dosimetric analysis of the palisading interstitial technique, the spread and failure patterns and other observations are discussed. PMID- 6735752 TI - Analysis of time-dose factors in clinically positive neck nodes treated with irradiation alone in squamous cell carcinoma of the head and neck. AB - This is a retrospective analysis of time-dose factors in 139 patients with 238 evaluable clinically positive lymph nodes treated with external beam radiation therapy alone to the primary lesion and neck for squamous cell carcinoma of the head and neck at the University of Florida from October 1964 through April 1980. Lymph node control by lymph node size was 8/8 (100%) for less than 1.0 cm, 51/62 (82%) for 1.0 cm, 68/82 (83%) for 1.5-2.0 cm, 24/40 (60%) for 2.5-3.0 cm, 24/38 (63%) for 3.5-6.0 cm, and 0/8 (0%) for greater than or equal to 7.0 cm. Lymph node control was also influenced by dose, overall treatment time, and fractionation schedule; these factors were interrelated and appeared to increase in importance as the size of the lymph node increased. PMID- 6735753 TI - Local failure following curative resection of colonic adenocarcinoma. AB - A retrospective review of the medical records of 533 patients undergoing resection with curative intent of large bowel above the peritoneal reflection was undertaken to identify subsets of patients at high risk for local failure. The overall local failure rate was 102/533 (19%) with 32/102 patients having local failure only and 70/102 patients having concurrent local failure and distant metastases. Pathological confirmation of local failure was obtained in 79% of the cases and by surgical exploration in 75%. Overall local failure rates increased with advancing stage of disease. Tumors staged B3, C2 and C3 all had local failure rates in excess of 30%, whereas for Stage A, B1, B2 and C1 lesions, the incidence of local failure was less than 4%. Stage B2 tumors arising in high and low sigmoid and splenic and hepatic flexure had a moderate incidence of local failure (21%) compared to low incidence (5%) at all other sites. The majority of local and regional failures 84/102 (82%) occurred in tumor bed and adjacent soft tissues whereas only 18/102 (18%) local failures occurred in regional nodal groups. The overall local failure rate increased from 27% with one lymph node involved to 50% with greater than 5 lymph nodes involved. Patients with Stage B3, C2 and C3 colon tumors at all sites and selected B2 tumors have a high rate of local failure after surgical resection. The value of postoperative radiotherapy should be formally studied in these patients. PMID- 6735754 TI - Investigation of changes in CT-number in the prostate after radiotherapy. AB - From October 1980 until September 1982, 60 patients with a prostatic carcinoma were studied with computed tomography (CT). Evaluation of the CT numbers was one of the purposes. Patients were scanned before, directly after, 3 months after and 6 months after radiotherapy. Complete data were available for 41 patients. The mean CT number in the prostate from the first 32 patients without reference measurements showed no systematic changes. For the last 9 patients, reference measurements were carried out to eliminate a possible effect of machine fluctuations. For all patients the conclusion remained the same: no significant changes occur in the mean CT number in the prostate before and after radiation of the pelvis. PMID- 6735755 TI - Intra-operative iodine-125 prostatic implant following bilateral pelvic lymphadenectomy. AB - Sixty-five patients with prostatic adenocarcinoma Stages B and C were treated with intraoperative Iodine-125 prostatic implantation following bilateral pelvic lymphadenectomy. Pelvic nodal metastases were found in 31% of the patients: 23% (7/31) in clinical Stage B1 disease, 29% (8/28) in clinical Stage B2, and 83% (5/6) in clinical Stage C. All the patients have been followed for a period of 1 1/2 to 6 years. Serial digital rectal examination revealed complete regression of the palpable disease in 15% of the patients at 6 months, 47% at 1 year, and 87% at 2 years. Post-operative complications were also evaluated: 13% of the patients became sexually impotent, 11% had impaired potency after the procedure, and 16% of patients complained of dry ejaculation; and 17% developed scrotal and/or penile swelling, which persisted up to 14 months, but usually subsided within 5 months. Two patients developed local recurrence. Both patients responded to subsequent external radiation therapy of 7000 rad in 11 to 14 weeks with clinical regression of palpable disease. PMID- 6735756 TI - Intestinal uptake of bile acids: effect of external abdominal irradiation. AB - Abdominal irradiation has recently been shown to influence the uptake of hexoses, amino acids, fatty acids and cholesterol into the jejunum of rats. The present studies were undertaken with a previously validated in vitro technique to determine the effect of abdominal irradiation from a cesium 137 source on the rates of uptake of six bile acids into the jejunum, ileum, and colon. In the ileum of control rats, there were marked differences in the value of the apparent Michaelis constant (Km*), maximal transport rate (Jdm), and apparent passive permeability coefficient (Pd*) between cholic (C), glycocholic (GC), taurocholic (TC), chenodeoxycholic (CDC), and glycochenodeoxycholic (GCDC), and deoxycholic (DC) acid. The Km* for each bile acid except DC was lower three and 14 days after 600 rad, whereas the Jdm for GC fell, but rose for TC, CDC, GCDC and DC and was unchanged for C. The Pd* rose for C, GC, and DC, fell for TC and CDC, but remained unchanged for GCDC 14 days after irradiation. After 600 rad the value of Pd* in the colon was increased at day 3 and 14 for CDC and GCDC, but was unchanged for GC and TC and was decreased for C. The uptake of bile acids was also affected by 300 rad and by 900 rad, but the direction and magnitude of the change was influenced by the intestinal site, the dose of irradiation, and the type of bile acid. The results show that: 1) there likely are multiple ileal carriers for bile acids; 2) abdominal irradiation has a variable effect on these carriers; 3) the passive permeability to bile acids varies with the bile acid and with the site along the intestine; and 4) abdominal irradiation is associated with a rise in the colonic permeability to only some bile acids. PMID- 6735757 TI - Reoxygenation in the RIF-1 tumor. AB - The proportion of hypoxic cells in the RIF-1 tumor was examined for 13 days following a 15 Gy conditioning dose. The paired survival curve technique indicated that 100% of the surviving cells were hypoxic immediately following this treatment. However, within 1 hour, only about 50% remained hypoxic; this proportion continued to drop to about 10% but did not reach the pretreatment level of 1.1% for the duration of the study. PMID- 6735758 TI - Hypoxic fractions of solid tumors: experimental techniques, methods of analysis, and a survey of existing data. AB - Hypoxic fractions are measured by indirect techniques, which compare the response of tumors to large single doses of radiation given under normal aeration and artificial hypoxia. This paper reviews hypoxic fraction measurements and measurement techniques, giving particular attention to the biological, technical, and statistical aspects of the assays; the implicit assumptions underlying the analyses; and the dependence of the determinations on the assay conditions and the tumor and host characteristics. The three major hypoxic fraction assay techniques (paired survival curve, clamped tumor control, and clamped growth delay) share common biological assumptions. They require that the survival curves of naturally and artificially hypoxic cells have the same slope and intercept. They assume that the majority of the cells are either fully oxic or fully hypoxic. They assume that the methods used to induce artificial hypoxia leave no oxygenated regions and that tumor cells rendered artificially hypoxic are no less viable than cells in normally-aerated tumors. The universal validity of these assumptions is questionable. Each technique uses additional special assumptions and each may measure a different population of hypoxic cells. This paper reviews 92 hypoxic fraction determinations in 42 tumor systems. Radiobiologically hypoxic cells appear to be present in the majority of macroscopic solid rodent tumors. The hypoxic fraction was found to increase as the tumor size increased from microscopic to macroscopic; the dependence of hypoxic fraction on tumor size at macroscopic sizes was less clear. The site of tumor implantation, the use of anesthesia, and certain host characteristics may influence the hypoxic fraction. The hypoxic fraction generally did not depend on the tumor growth rate, transplantation history, or histology. These findings indicate that hypoxic cells are a common feature of solid tumors in rodents and provide no evidence that hypoxic cells should not be present in human tumors. PMID- 6735759 TI - Time-temperature relationship for hyperthermia induced stoppage of the microcirculation in tumors. AB - The time-temperature dependence for microcirculation stoppage was investigated for the Rhabdomyosarcoma BA1112 growing in observation chambers ("sandwich chambers"). The tumor microcirculation could be observed continuously during the treatment, and the condition of the microcirculation was recorded every 15 minutes as "flowing" or "stoppage". By using large numbers of tumors, the 50% stoppage time (ST50) could be derived for the four temperatures investigated: 42 degrees, 42.5 degrees, 43 degrees and 43.5 degrees C. The respective ST50 values were 226, 152, 101 and 70 minutes. The results can be expressed as a log-linear relationship with a slope value of 0.4551 +/- 0.03 (SD) per degree centigrade. This value probably does not differ significantly from the "t 1/2 for every degree C" rule that has been found for the thermal response of many biological systems. PMID- 6735760 TI - Optimization of radiation therapy II: the critical-voxel model. AB - The Complication Factor (CF) is an objective function recently introduced for use in the optimization of radiation therapy X treatment planning. Unlike earlier objective functions based upon physical/geometrical criteria, such as tumor dose uniformity, minimal integral-dose, etc., the CF stems from a simple biological/probabilistic model of radiation damage in living organisms. The CF defines the integral-response of an organ as that fraction of it rendered non functional by irradiation; this parameter is significant if the net amount of damage to the organ is of importance but details of its spatial distribution are not as, for example, might be nearly the case with liver. This approach does not work, however, if complications in any one individual volume-element are critical, as with spinal cord or tumor recurrence. Several authors have addressed the latter problem, and we find that the probabilistic argument common to their methods fits comfortably within the CF framework. Drawing attention to the distinct differences between the integral-response and critical-voxel cases hopefully will be of value in the further development of biological modelling, for application in radiotherapy and elsewhere. PMID- 6735761 TI - A versatile permanent planar implant technique utilizing iodine-125 seeds imbedded in gelfoam. AB - Tumors attached or adjacent to critical structures can often not be completely resected or resected with adequate surgical margins. Sites involving major blood vessels, the vertebral column or the brain with small residual tumors or suspicious margins often present technical difficulties for standard I-125 or Ir 192 implants. A relatively simple, accurate and inexpensive implant method is described using I-125 seeds imbedded in gelfoam to implant permanently into small residual tumors or suspicious margins where standard implant techniques may be unsatisfactory. A method for planning the treatment dose for such an implant is described. Cases involving paraspinal and brain tumors are reported to illustrate the technique. PMID- 6735762 TI - Verification timer for AECL 780 Cobalt unit. AB - To obtain verification of the proper time setting of the motorized run down timer for a AECL 780 Cobalt Unit, a digital timer is described, which can be added to the system for under $300. PMID- 6735763 TI - Brachytherapy of carcinomas of the nasal vestibule. PMID- 6735764 TI - Regional hyperthermia in the treatment of clinically advanced, deep seated malignancy: results of a pilot study employing an annular array applicator. AB - From October 1980 through December 1982, 46 patients were entered into a pilot study at the University of Utah Medical Center to assess the feasibility and safety of heating deep-seated, advanced, pelvic and abdominal malignancies with an annular array of electromagnetic wave (EMW) applicators. The patients, most of whom were heavily pretreated, were treated on a protocol in which most of the patients received combined hyperthermia and low dose X ray therapy. Discomforting local symptoms were the predominant treatment related acute side effects in 28 patients with pelvic disease, while systemic hyperthermia and associated symptoms were the predominant side effects in 18 patients with abdominal disease. Minor subacute toxicity was minimal and no serious treatment related, chronic toxicity was observed. The treatments of 22 patients with sufficiently detailed thermometry were analyzed at arbitrary index temperatures of 41 degrees C and 43 degrees C. Objective response rates in 22 evaluable patients were 67% and 9% for pelvic and abdominal sites respectively. PMID- 6735765 TI - Combined radiation and hyperthermia: comparison of two treatment schedules based on data from a registry established by the Radiation Therapy Oncology Group (RTOG). AB - A registry established by the Radiation Therapy Oncology Group provides data for assessing the impact of clinical heating in a set of non-randomized patients treated with hyperthermia in participating member institutions from 1/77 to 6/81. This analysis focuses on tumor response when localized hyperthermia is produced by microwave and applied pursuant to two distinctly different treatment schedules. Hyperthermia treatments were biweekly and combined with daily radiation treatments in one patient group, and combined with biweekly radiation treatment in another. Sample X consists of 65 patients who received a course of therapy using combined hyperthermia and radiation in consecutive treatment sessions each separated by at least 48 hours, but no more than 96 hours. Sample Y consists of 34 patients who received further radiation after the start of a course of combined therapy--either between or at the end of a series of combined treatment sessions. The average length of heat treatment was 72 minutes for Sample X and 32 minutes for Sample Y patients. None of the patients received concurrent chemotherapy; all received between 3 and 13 hyperthermia treatments; all had superficial, measurable tumors. On the average, Sample X patients received 704 total minutes of heat compared to Sample Y patients who received 233 total minutes of heat. Total tumor radiation doses ranged from 17.0 Gy to 44.0 Gy among Sample X patients with 92.3% receiving radiation at either 3 Gy or 4 Gy per fraction. In Sample Y the range for total tumor dose was 16.0 Gy to 70.2 Gy with 73.4% of the patients receiving radiation at 2.5 Gy or less per fraction. Generally, the two treatment schedules achieved similar levels of tumor response. Among treated tumors in Sample X and Sample Y, complete regression rates were 52.4 and 61.8%, respectively, and partial regression rates were 16.9 and 14.7%. Adenocarcinoma and squamous cell carcinoma in both samples responded well to these combined treatments. Only in Sample X was there a statistically significant trend of decreasing complete regression rate when the treated tumor sizes increased. Best responses to treatment generally occurred between 28 and 84 days after completion of the combined therapy course. There were no differences between the two samples with respect to median days to best response or response duration. Blister, ulcer or wet desquamation were reported in 47.7% of Sample X as the maximum skin reaction. In contrast, only 20.6% of Sample Y had these complications.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 400 WORDS) PMID- 6735767 TI - Twice-daily fractionation schemes for advanced head and neck cancer. AB - Eighty-five patients with advanced squamous cell carcinoma of the head and neck were treated with twice-a-day fractionation schedules between April 1972 and December 1980. Two types of treatment were distinguished: hyperfractionation, by which 65 patients (Group I) were treated at a weekly dose rate of 1100 to 1200 rad (10 fractions of 110 to 120 rad) in 5 to 6 1/2 weeks for either advanced primary disease (Group 1A) and/or advanced neck metastases (Group IB); and accelerated treatment, used to treat 20 patients (Group 2) who had fast-growing and usually massive neck nodes, at a weekly dose rate of 1300 to 1500 rad in 7 to 10 fractions, to a total dose of 6100 to 8000 rad in 4 to 6 weeks. The radiation portals for patients in Group 2 excluded the mucosa of mouth and throat for part of the treatment. The local control rate at 1 year in Groups 1A and 1B was 41 and 54%, respectively; the incidence of complications was 17%, 5% of them fatal. The local control rate in Group 2 was 80%. Seven patients in this group underwent a neck dissection 6 to 8 weeks following irradiation. Four specimens were negative for tumor. In two, only necrotic tumor cells were identified, and in one specimen morphologically intact tumor cells were seen. There were no fatal complications. PMID- 6735766 TI - Radiation therapy of retroperitoneal soft tissue sarcomas. AB - Between 1971 and 1982, 23 patients have been treated with radiation therapy at the Massachusetts General Hospital (MGH) for retroperitoneal soft tissue sarcomas. Seventeen patients were treated with curative intent and six with palliative intent. Of the patients treated with curative intent, the 5 year actuarial survival rate was 54% and the 5 year actuarial local control rate was also 54%. With a complete surgical resection local tumor control was obtained in 5 of 7 patients (71%), 4 of 7 (57%) with incomplete resection and 1/3 (33%) with no resection having local control. The radiation dose appeared to influence tumor control with 2 of 6 patients (33%) having local control with less than 5,000 cGy compared to 0 of 5 patients with doses of 5,000 to 6,000 cGy and 5 of 6 (83%) with doses greater than 6,000 cGy. An effect of tumor grade on either local control or on rate of metastasis formation could not be demonstrated in this series. Long-term local control and survival appears to be associated with maximal surgical resection and high dose radiation therapy. PMID- 6735768 TI - Pregnancy and nasopharyngeal carcinoma: a prognostic evaluation of 27 patients. AB - In order to study the influence of pregnancy on the prognosis of nasopharyngeal carcinoma (NPC), we have retrospectively studied 27 patients who either were discovered to be pregnant during radiotherapy (9 patients, herein abbreviated as concurrent group) or became pregnant after treatment (18 patients, herein abbreviated as subsequent group). This material was collected from the 811 NPC patients treated in our hospital from March 1958 to 1972. The results obtained are presented as follows: Concurrent pregnancy had a disastrous effect on the prognosis of NPC patients giving a five year survival of only 11% (1/9). Of the eight patients who died, six did so within one year of the treatment, five of whom died of distant metastases. This fatal outcome was not altered by any measure we instituted. This adverse influence was not observed in the subsequent group, yet the time of gestation seemed to be relevant to the prognosis. Two of the three patients who became pregnant within one year of the treatment died of disease, those who became pregnant beyond the second year after irradiation had the best prognosis. All seven patients who became pregnant after the second year of treatment survived. The frequency of pregnancy did not influence the prognosis of patients if the conception occurred beyond the second year in the subsequent group. All the five patients who gave birth to two, three or even four children survived for more than five years without any evidence of tumor. A total of 21 children were born to the patients of these two groups. They have been followed regularly for 10 to 20 years. No deformity, or retardation in growth or mentality was discovered, nor was there any evidence of radiation tumor or leukemia observed. PMID- 6735769 TI - Differential responses to radiation and hyperthermia of cloned cell lines derived from a single human melanoma xenograft. AB - One uncloned and five cloned cell lines were derived from a single human melanoma xenograft. Cells from passages 7-12 were exposed to either radiation or hyperthermia (42.5 degrees C, pH = 7.4) under aerobic conditions and the colony forming ability of the cells was assayed in soft agar. The five cloned lines showed individual and characteristic responses to radiation as well as to hyperthermia. The variation in the response to radiation was mainly reflected in the size of the shoulders of the survival curves rather than in the D0-values. The variation in the response to hyperthermia was mainly reflected in the terminal slopes of the survival curves. The survival curve of cells from the uncloned line, both when exposed to radiation and hyperthermia, was positioned in the midst of those of the cloned lines. The response of the cloned lines to radiation did not correlate with the response to hyperthermia, indicating that tumor cell subpopulations which are resistant to radiation may respond well to hyperthermia. PMID- 6735770 TI - The induction of thermotolerance in the ear of the mouse by fractionated hyperthermia. AB - The development of thermotolerance in ears of mice was investigated after fractionated hyperthermia. Ears were heated at 43.5 degrees C by immersion in a water bath and the response was measured in terms of the heating time required to cause thermal necrosis in 50% of the ears (NT50). Three types of treatment were given: (1) single treatments, for which the NT50 was 42 minutes; (2) priming treatments, which caused little visible effect but induced thermotolerance. These treatments were given as 1-10 daily fractions, the total heating time ranging from 20-630 minutes; (3) test treatments which were given at various times after priming and were varied to estimate the NT50. Thermotolerance was defined as an increase in the test NT50 for preheated ears relative to the single treatment NT50. It has been suggested that thermotolerance induced by a single priming treatment may be increased by giving additional heat treatments which would not be tolerated by normal cells. In the mouse ear, the maximum thermotolerance induced by a single priming treatment of 20 min at 43.5 degrees C was seen after 24 hr when the test NT50 was about 2.5 times the single NT50. The effect of giving up to nine additional daily treatments of 70 min, each of which would cause necrosis in ears that had not received prior hyperthermia, was measured. The maximum thermotolerance observed was equal to that after a single 20 minute priming treatment but thermotolerance decreased as the number of 70 min treatments was increased from four to nine. The effects of repeating a treatment (20 min or 5 min) which was tolerated by normal ears and induced maximal or less than maximal resistance were compared. The interval between each fraction (24 hr or 12 hr respectively) was equal to the time at which maximal thermotolerance was observed after one treatment. For each regimen, the degree of resistance seen after 2 to 10 exposures was similar to that after the appropriate single treatment. This resistance was maintained throughout the course of priming treatment and decayed after the last fraction. Thus for this regimen, thermotolerance depended on the duration of each treatment rather than on the number of treatments given. PMID- 6735771 TI - Thermal marrow expansion: effect of temperature on bone marrow distribution. AB - The distribution of bone marrow in adult mammals is limited mainly to those bones deeply embedded in the body and subject to the higher core body temperature. Active marrow is much less prevalent in the limbs. In the past this was attributed to the lower temperature of the peripheral bone marrow. We have studied the possibility of stimulating hematopoiesis in the limbs (and tails) by increasing the limb temperature. This has been done by elevating the ambient temperature of mice and by tail implantation techniques. Mice incubated at ambient temperature of 22 degrees C can be "expanded" to have markedly enhanced marrow activity in the limbs by either incubation for seven days or more at 34 degrees C, or by implantation of the bone into core temperature areas (peritoneal implantation). The increase in marrow activity is shown both histologically and by 59Fe uptake techniques. Anemia does not enhance this effect, indicating a local phenomenon. A variety of experiments suggest that temperature per se and not temperature-induced increase in blood flow is involved. The increase in marrow activity is accompanied by a modest local increase in clonogenic marrow stem cells but it cannot be shown for certainty whether the phenomenon of Thermal Marrow Expansion (TME) is due to the local effect of elevated temperature on stem or stromal cells. The erythrocytes produced by TME appear normal by in vivo fragility testing. TME may have clinical usefulness in man if the phenomenon occurs in the same fashion as rodents. PMID- 6735773 TI - RBE of CF-252 neutrons by mouse testes weight loss. AB - Mouse testes weight decreased with increasing radiation dose following exposure to Cf-252 and its mixed neutron plus gamma radiation. The dose response for low dose rate (LDR) Cf-252 followed two components on an exponential plot of log percent weight loss vs. dose. Similar dose-response relationships were observed for acute 60Co or LDR Cs-137 radiations, but these required much larger doses to produce the same effect. The RBE was calculated against acute 60Co and Cs-137. There were no differences between acute 60Co and LDR Cs-137 effects. Cf-252 neutron RBE (n + gamma) was 3.7 for testes weight loss. RBEn for the neutrons only was 5.1 RBE for the radiosensitive portion was 4.0. PMID- 6735772 TI - Survival of parenchymal hepatocytes irradiated with 14.3 MeV neutrons. AB - The purpose of these experiments was to estimate the RBE of neutrons for parenchymal hepatocytes as a function of neutron dose and to determine the ability of liver cells to repair potentially lethal damage (PLD) after neutron exposure. Hepatocyte reproductive survival was used as the biological end point in these studies and hepatocyte survival was determined with an in vivo transplantation clonogenic assay system. The 14.3 MeV neutrons were generated by a D-T reaction at the University of Wisconsin's gas target neutron source. The average neutron dose rate was 20 cGy/min. The estimated survival data for neutron exposed hepatocytes were best described by a single hit-single target model (i.e., n = 1.0) with a D0 = 170 cGy. In contrast to the results obtained with 60Co, hepatocytes exposed to neutrons are unable to repair PLD. The RBE value, when the reproductive survival was estimated 30 min after radiation exposure, is independent of neutron dose and equal to 1.6 +/- 0.1. In contrast, when the reproductive survival was estimated 24 hrs after radiation exposure, the RBE was found to increase with decreasing neutron dose and equal 4.2 +/- 0.5 at 50 cGy. PMID- 6735774 TI - Chronic damage after radiation therapy: challenge to radiation biology. AB - After local irradiation of the heart or the recto-sigmoid of rats, chronic radiation damage develops after several months, leading to well-defined clinical syndromes of fatal pericarditis and myocardial necrosis or fatal ileus. In both organs, the LD-50 is below 20 Gy, and a pronounced split dose recovery has been measured with fractionated irradiation. In both organs, the primary radiation damage appears to be to the capillaries, which then leads to secondary parenchymal atrophy. Damage to structured vessels and fibrosis was only seen in areas of necrosis, which in the gut might be precipitated by secondary trauma to the atrophic mucosa. PMID- 6735775 TI - Interstitial high dose-rate brachytherapy: principle, practice and first clinical experiences with a new remote-controlled afterloading system using Ir-192. AB - In our newly developed remote-controlled afterloading system, a single Ir-192 source is moved within hollow stainless steel needles, which are arranged strictly parallel and are uniformly spaced. Dose calculation is performed by an especially designed computer program using geometrical bodies (ellipsoid, cylinder and plane parallel body) as idealized tumor shapes. Reference points for calculation are defined on the surface of the chosen geometrical body. Theoretical base, principles of dosage, handling and first clinical experiences after treatment of 28 patients are presented. PMID- 6735777 TI - Breast phantom for ion chamber dosimetry. AB - For studies of breast treatment techniques, a water phantom has been developed which allows high accuracy dose measurements using an ion chamber. The phantom is made from the torso of a female mannequin, which is supported so that it can be positioned either supine or prone. The back of the mannequin has been cut away to allow the phantom to be filled with water when positioned prone. The phantom can be simulated, planned, and treated in the manner of a patient. During "treatment" (prone rather than supine), ion chamber measurements can be made at any desired point within (or outside) the treatment volume. The ion chamber support system accurately assigns an (x, y, z) coordinate to each detector position within the phantom. PMID- 6735776 TI - Single and double plane implants: a comparison of the Manchester System with the Paris System. AB - A comparison between the Manchester System and the Paris System of interstitial dosimetry has been made in the case of single and double plane implants. The rules of both systems are reviewed. A brief description of the Paris System is presented in an appendix. Dose distributions for two different examples are presented in two orthogonal planes. The Paris System uses considerably fewer sources than the Manchester System. It results in a larger volume of high dose than the Manchester System. The use of Iridium-192 sources strength and source length can be adjusted represents a significant advantage. The Paris System attempts to adapt the implant configuration to the clinical situation as the target thickness is used to define the source separation and the target length is used to define the source length. The differences in the dose definition are discussed. PMID- 6735778 TI - Clinical hyperthermia: mirage or reality? PMID- 6735779 TI - Irradiation of subclinical disease in the draining lymphatics. PMID- 6735780 TI - Adjuvant chemotherapy in breast cancer. PMID- 6735781 TI - The use of non-randomized data in clinical hyperthermia research. PMID- 6735782 TI - Response to clinical hyperthermia: mirage or reality? PMID- 6735783 TI - Quality assurance in radiation therapy: clinical and physical aspects. Proceedings of the First International Symposium on Quality Assessment in Radiation Oncology. Washington, D.C., 8-10 June 1983. PMID- 6735784 TI - Quality assurance in radiation therapy: clinical and physical aspects. Quality assurance in dosimetry and treatment planning. AB - The considerations of tissue response to radiation absorbed dose suggest a need for an accuracy of +/- 5% in its delivery. This is very demanding and its regular achievement requires careful quality control. There are three distinct phases to the delivery of the planned treatment: calibration of the radiation beam in a reference situation, calculation of the dose distribution for a patient relative to the reference dose and the delivery of the radiation to the patient as planned. Each has distinctly different quality assurance requirements and must be diligently observed if the desired accuracy is to be achieved. PMID- 6735785 TI - Guidelines for comprehensive quality assurance in brachytherapy. AB - Brachytherapy treatment techniques can provide significant improvement in local control and overall survival, but only when quality assurance can be guaranteed. In the absence of well-trained personnel and inadequate equipment undesirable results usually follow. To establish brachytherapy quality assurance, basic requirements for three predetermined subdivisions of clinical institutions will be forwarded. These are: (1) centers having minimum requirements to provide brachytherapy, (2) intermediate centers such as regional or community hospitals, and (3) optimal centers such as university hospitals and cancer centers. A minimum center would have no board certified radiation personnel, would make use of services of a gynecologist or surgeon, be limited to afterloading or remote afterloading techniques for uterus cancer, and quality control would be guaranteed by using simple treatment protocols with fixed intrauterine applicators. Additional quality assurance such as leak testing, etc. would be provided by a parent organization (W.H.O. or Optimal Center). An intermediate center would have at least one certified radiation personnel with expansion of brachytherapy techniques to interstitial implants with several isotopes. Like the minimum center, no teaching would be provided but some quality assurance policies would be performed at the center (e.g., autoradiographs). The optimal center would have a full complement of personnel, have total brachytherapy capabilities, have teaching programs for its staff and possibly the minimum and intermediate centers and be able to provide its own quality assurance. This presentation will highlight personnel needs, equipment requirements, academic activities, clinical experience with these systems and proposed quality assurance guidelines. PMID- 6735786 TI - Quality assurance in radiation therapy: clinical and physical aspects. Radiation protection. AB - One usually thinks of radiation safety as keeping patient and personnel exposure as low as reasonably achievable; however, radiation protection activities play an important role in quality assurance for both the clinical and physical aspects. Radiation protection has several aspects: The first step is the design of the irradiation device and its shielding. While this step is out of the hands of the user, the location and level of leakage radiation must be verified by the user. Periodic leak testing of sealed sources is required. Room shielding design is based on the leakage levels specified by the manufacturer and on levels of scatter and primary radiation impinging on the radiation barriers. The addition of shielding for photoneutrons should be planned for accelerators producing photons above 10 MeV. Integrity and adequacy of shielding should be verified by survey after unit installation. Installation and periodic testing of interlocks are necessary to assure that nonirradiation conditions can be restored as soon as necessary. Personnel monitoring serves two purposes; to provide a record of personnel exposures and to alert one to unsuspected changes that may have taken place in procedure, shielding integrity, or source location. Area monitoring and survey on a periodic basis also provides knowledge of unsuspected changes in procedure, shielding integrity, or source location. Brachytherapy and the transport of small radiation sources require additional precautionary actions. Protection of patient anatomy not being treated reduces the chance of normal tissue damage and the possibility of carcinogenic effects. PMID- 6735787 TI - Radiotherapy quality assurance in clinical trials. AB - The goal of radiation therapy is to yield the greatest possible uncomplicated local and regional tumor control. An acceptable quality of life with few severe complications, anatomical defects or psychological disturbances should be an integral objective of excellent radiation therapy. Inasmuch as higher doses of irradiation and adequacy of treatment portals (volume irradiated) appear to correlate with greater probability of tumor control and major complications, there is a critical need to optimize treatment planning and quality assurance in radiation therapy. Along with this, techniques must be developed for reliable patient reposition and immobilization so that the optimized treatment plan can be translated into precise delivery of the irradiation. It is obvious that in clinical trials the basic parameters of therapy need to be optimally observed, in order to make comparison of experimental arms more reliable. It is easier to achieve uniformity of technical factors in a study at a single institution than in multi-institutional cooperative groups. Thus, stringent criteria must be incorporated into the protocol describing the requirements and techniques for planning and delivery of the radiation therapy. Furthermore, the dosimetry checks carried out by the Radiological Physics Center should be an integral part of this program. In some studies it is necessary to do an initial review of dosimetry factors and portal films. This alerts the radiation oncologist to variations from the protocol and, with prompt feedback and correction of the potential error, will ensure the complete evaluability of the case. Since an increasing number of reports point out that the doses of irradiation delivered and the volume treated may affect therapeutic results, a completed case review should always be carried out. Some cooperative group studies strongly suggest a correlation between the compliance with the protocol and the results of the trial. Costs of these programs in clinical trials should be justified since, for a small investment, the evaluability rate in a protocol can be increased by 10%. The increase of patient evaluability significantly decreases the cost per evaluable patient. Furthermore, the reliability of the data of the trial will be greatly enhanced by a strong quality assurance program. PMID- 6735789 TI - Quality assurance in radiation therapy: clinical considerations. AB - Efforts to develop a Quality Assurance Program at the Joint Center for Radiation Therapy will be described. This will include defining the clinically relevant considerations, describing acceptable goals and allowable variation, developing mechanisms for determining compliance with these goals, and educational approaches toward common understanding. Consideration toward the development of regional and national Quality Assessment Programs will also be discussed concerning auditing techniques, developing a satisfactory reporting format, and creating a worthwhile learning experience for all involved. PMID- 6735788 TI - Quality assurance in radiation therapy: clinical and physical aspects. Manpower requirements in training and certification of technologists and dosimetrists. AB - The rapid expansion of radiation oncology has created a shortage in the number of personnel adequately trained in radiation therapy technology. An estimate of present needs for graduate radiation therapy technologists is on the order of 2000 to 2500 additional individuals. This shortage of technologists and the highly technical nature of radiation oncology not only makes apparent the need for increased activity in training individuals in radiation therapy but also points out the need for continuing education of individuals currently employed in the field. A team of highly trained individuals is required to obtain the optimal results with radiation therapy treatment. The minimum number of health care professionals for any center administering radiation therapy should include a radiation oncologist, a radiation therapy technologist, a nurse and a radiation therapy physicist or dosimetrist under the supervision of a consulting radiation therapy physicist. There is no consensus as to the number of individuals required in each position as the patient load is increased. A discussion of manpower needs in radiation therapy technology and dosimetry, and the role of radiation therapy technologists and dosimetrists in quality assurance will be discussed. The discussion will also include recommendations for minimum or basic staffing requirements for any center administering radiation therapy, regional or community hospitals and optimal standards now in effect at an advanced facility. PMID- 6735790 TI - Quality assurance in radiation therapy: clinical and physical aspects. Quality assurance: past and present in Canada. AB - Quality assurance in any clinical field must involve the three components of clinical care: (a) diagnosis and evaluation of patients; (b) medical decision making and treatment; and (c) outcome analysis. Nationally, there have been five annual reviews of outcome from all cancer centers following radiation therapy for cancer at various sites. These reviews are voluntary and organized through the Canadian Association of Radiologists. The objective is to determine if there are any major differences in outcome across the country, and if so, can such differences be related to the population treated or technique used. So far no major differences have been noted, although the reviews have led to improved communication between centers and constructive discussions of dose and technique. There is a National Tumour Reference Centre funded by the National Cancer Institute of Canada (NCIC) to provide assistance in establishing diagnostic criteria in pathology. Ontario has been active through the Ontario Cancer Treatment & Research Foundation and the Ontario Cancer Institute in establishing UICC TNM staging and reporting, together with an evaluative program for this staging system. All other quality assurance programs take place at the level of local centers. PMID- 6735791 TI - Quality assurance in radiation therapy: physics efforts. AB - During the last two years, several important documents on quality assurance in radiation therapy have been published. In 1981 the Committee on Radiation Oncology Studies, in a report to the Director of the National Cancer Institute, outlined criteria for multidisciplinary cancer management, including technical standards in radiation therapy. In March 1983, a task group of the American Association of Physicists in Medicine (AAPM) submitted a document for review and publication on "The Physical Aspects of Quality Assurance in Radiation Therapy". This document addresses quality assurance problems related to: 1. treatment machines; 2. measurement equipment; 3. treatment planning; 4. treatment verification; 5. brachytherapy; and 6. radiation safety. One chapter in this latter document discusses the problem of estimating the uncertainty in dose delivered to a patient. The contributions to this uncertainty are analyzed and separated into dosimetric and spatial uncertainties. The dosimetric uncertainties resulting from the central axis calibration and treatment planning amount to about 5% at the 95% confidence level in an optimal situation. The spatial uncertainties resulting from machine alignment problems combined with patient set up and organ motion may be about 8 mm to 10 mm, corresponding to two standard deviations. An example of how the spatial uncertainty translates into a dose uncertainty for a three-field esophageal plan is discussed. PMID- 6735792 TI - Multidisciplinary considerations in cancer treatment: origin and scope. AB - The Tumor Board constitutes the control area where multidisciplinary protocols are created and where each patient's circumstance is thoroughly reviewed from the perspective of all pertinent clinical disciplines. Such input is an essential component of quality control at all levels of management of the cancer patient. This pertains whether in a community hospital or in a specialized cancer center. Cooperative groups and other research organizations have recognized the essential nature of this input, especially for the integration of new measures with those therapeutic modalities that are already established. Thus treatment may show a logical evolution by continuously updating standard approaches through clinical trials posing the most relevant question from the point of view of all modalities, while maintaining stringent quality control. Examples of questions being posed by therapeutic advances in testicular and ovarian cancer are described. The key element in accomplishing these advances is multidisciplinary participation. PMID- 6735793 TI - Future plans for quality assurance in radiation oncology in the United States. AB - The Patterns of Care Study (PCS) is conducting continuing surveys in key disease sites that will monitor changes in processes and outcome of care from 1973 to 1985. The PCS will conduct a process survey in 1984 that will provide the baseline data for the quality assessment survey program available to individual facilities in the United States in 1985. This program will be conducted through the American College of Radiology and operated by the joint ACR-ASTR Quality Assessment Committee which includes representatives from the American Association of Physicists in Medicine. It will be a voluntary program that will be paid for by the facility requesting assessment. The feedback will be confidential and constructed in a manner as to maximally help the facility recognize areas where improvements can be made. We are continuing to work with licensing accrediting groups such as the Joint Commission on Accreditation of Hospitals (JCAH) and the American College of Surgeons' cancer accreditation program to advise them of the service we will be providing, and to obtain their recognition and recommendation of this service. This program will provide a means of meaningful quality assessment for the individual facility, and the opportunity for each facility to improve the quality of their care. In addition, through these surveys we will continue to monitor changes in the national benchmarks for processes and outcomes of care of key disease sites in which radiation therapy plays an important interventional role. PMID- 6735794 TI - Quality assurance in radiation therapy: clinical and physical aspects. Future plans: clinical. AB - On a national scale in Canada, the members of the Canadian Association of Radiologists, Section of Radiation Oncology, plan to continue their outcome analyses. Nevertheless, there is considerable activity within many of the cancer centers in establishing quality assurance for all aspects of clinical practice, not just related to the technique of radiation therapy. Studies from the Princess Margaret Hospital will be used as examples to illustrate the need for quality assurance in: (a) diagnosis and evaluation of patients; (b) decision making with respect to treatment; (c) technical components of radiation therapy; and (d) outcome analysis, particularly an analysis of failures. For the future, there are two major objectives related to quality assurance. One is related to those patients with cancers who have a high probability of being cured. In this situation, achieving optimal treatment must be the objective and quality assurance must be directed at determining what is optimal treatment. For those patients in whom cure is still not commonly reached, the objective will be to determine why failures are occurring and whether radiation therapy technique can decrease the relapse rate. PMID- 6735795 TI - Quality assurance in radiation therapy: future plans in physics. AB - Modern day radiation therapy has seen the impact of high technology resulting in more sophisticated computer augmented treatment delivery systems, treatment planning procedures and diagnostic imaging techniques. Much work has already been reported in the area of physics efforts related to quality assurance in radiation therapy. Future efforts in physics will have to address the new developments in each component of the whole radiation treatment process. Certain new developments, using both computer and imaging technologies, show promise in providing tools to verify the accuracy of the delivered radiation treatment. Areas receiving careful attention are: integration and registration of information from multiple sources of diagnostic studies; validation of the accuracy of treatment planning systems; assessment of relative merits of alternate dose distributions; improvement of portal and verification film image quality; real time monitoring using light emitting screens and coupled with TV systems; monitoring of treatment and machine parameters using "record and verify" computer systems. The medical physics community, primarily through the American Association of Physicists in Medicine (AAPM), will continue the development of methodologies for technology transfer in the area of quality assurance. Committees and task groups within the AAPM will address the new developments impacting on quality assurance and prepare appropriate protocols and documents to assist the practicing physicist. By necessity, the national Radiological Physics Center (RPC) and the regional Centers for Radiological Physics (CRP) will have to take a major role in the development of new quality assurance programs. PMID- 6735796 TI - The pathologist as a consultant in cancer patient management: a patterns of care study in pathology. AB - The Committee on the Pathologist as a Consultant in Cancer Patient Management, a committee of the Cancer Committee of the College of American Pathologists, was formed in response to the demands made on pathologists by other medical specialists to function as consultants. The Committee on the Pathologist as a Consultant in Cancer Patient Management has evolved from the Patterns of Care Steering Committee (1979) which in turn was spawned by the Patterns of Care Study initiated by The American College of Radiology (ACR) in 1973. The objective of the ACR was to improve the quality of care by establishing guidelines for the best current management in radiation oncology through a consensus by peers. Pathology is concerned with establishing a diagnosis, providing a rationale for treatment, estimating prognosis, and evaluating outcome. Consequently, the CAP Patterns of Care Study assumed a different form from that of the ACR, adapting itself to the role of the pathologist as a consultant. Its objective, however, remained the same - to improve the quality of care by providing quality assurance of pathology reports dealing with cancer patients. Three task forces, one for each site, have been established. Each is composed of pathologists and other medical specialists from small and large community hospitals, universities, and private office practice. The primary function of each task force is to develop guidelines for data to be included in routine pathology consultation reports. These guidelines include parameters that document adequate examination of the specimen, and those essential elements which can be used to guide selection of therapy, estimate prognosis, and evaluate outcome, such as the pathologic factors required for staging. Data to help establish these guidelines have been obtained in consultation with medical specialists who are members of the task forces, as well as from the medical literature. This entire process will be discussed. Currently there is great concern about improving the quality of medical care, particularly in a cost effective manner. Assuring the quality of consultation reports is yet another way in which pathology can contribute. PMID- 6735797 TI - The patterns of clinical care in radiation therapy in the United States. PMID- 6735798 TI - Quality assurance in radiation therapy: European experience--present and future clinical efforts. AB - A high standard of radiotherapeutic practice must be sought in all phases of management of a patient with malignant disease. Radiation therapy must be appropriately chosen and integrated with surgery, cytotoxic chemotherapy and all other modes of treatment. The most suitable technique with a dose, fractionation and time regime must be devised and executed with technical and personal care. Follow-up to truly assess tumor control and morbidity is essential so as to guide the management of future patients. To achieve this in Europe great reliance is placed upon the training and qualification of the therapist and staff. In England a Fellowship of the Royal College of Radiologists in radiation therapy is regarded as essential for appointment as a permanent consultant within the Health Service. A high examination standard is set with pass rates ranging from 10 to 30%. High standards are applied to the professional qualifications for radiation physicists, nurses and technical staff. Most radiotherapy centers and departments have been visited by the Royal College in order to determine if the standard of staffing and equipment justifies inclusion in the list of training departments. There is, unfortunately, no control of continuing education of the consultant once appointed. In the countries belonging to the European economic union, a new Diploma in Radiation Therapy has been established to be a standard for consultant practice through all the countries included. In a few multi-center trials in the United Kingdom members of the central organization visit centers to look at the case notes and compare them with the material submitted from the trial center. This effort at monitoring clinical trials is only just beginning in the United Kingdom. The European Organization for Research and Treatment of Cancer has recently initiated a quality control study in some of the centers included in the Radiotherapy Group. A preliminary report has just appeared on the results of the clinical and dosimetric studies in 8 centers placed in 5 European countries. This first European effort appears to have been successful and further details will become available. These initiatives through research may well lead to wider studies of quality assurance in radiation therapy within Europe. PMID- 6735799 TI - Quality assurance in radiation therapy: multidisciplinary considerations- European experience. AB - The organization of a multidisciplinary cancer treatment center is very heterogeneous in Europe. In Eastern Europe, there are written concepts of cancer treatment with advanced plans and an acceptable position for radiotherapy. In the future, there will be no principal differences between Eastern and Western Europe. In the development of radiotherapy in Europe, a determining factor seems to be that radiotherapy has been an independent clinical speciality. The problem in Germany can be explained on the basis that only now is radiotherapy separate from diagnostic radiology. In other countries radiotherapy has long been a strong independent speciality, often working with other cancer specialties. Great Britain, France, Belgium, The Netherlands and Italy are the leading countries in the development of radiotherapy. In the Scandanavian countries, radiotherapy has always had a strong position and has been able to develop further by integration with medical oncology. Cooperation between radiotherapists, radiophysicists, surgeons, pathologists, cytologists, etc., has given the cancer patient an opportunity for better overall treatment. The quality assurance in cancer therapy is the teamwork between different specialists before the treatment plan for the patient is decided. PMID- 6735800 TI - Quality assurance in radiation therapy: clinical aspects. AB - A survey was conducted in Latin America to evaluate the clinical aspects of quality assurance in radiotherapy. A questionnaire was prepared and sent to 46 institutions. Twenty-seven centers (58.5%), from nine countries, answered the questionnaire. The study was divided into three topics: a) patient-related statistics; b) staffing and education; and c) equipment and facilities. Fifty-two percent of the radiotherapists and 44% of the physicists work on a part-time basis. One third of the institutions are understaffed. Radiotherapy training programs are available in only 37% of the centers studied. A large number of megavoltage units are old, operating at a shorter than optimum distance with sources of very low activity. The number of high energy linear accelerators is unsatisfactory. Problems in treatment planning facilities were also identified. Regionalization of radiation therapy services is recommended as a possible way to improve quality at a reasonable cost. PMID- 6735801 TI - Activities in connection with quality assurance in radiation therapy performed in Argentina: physical aspects. AB - Quality assurance in radiotherapy is performed in different ways in Argentina than in other countries. A part of this program is carried out by the Secondary Standard Dosimetry Laboratory (SSDL-WHO/IAEA), which is a part of the Atomic Energy Commission. This laboratory organizes TLD postal intercomparison; calibrates and checks radiotherapy units and dosimeters; gives education in the physics of radiotherapy; has collaborated in the production of rules for the operation of radiation therapy units and maintains the application of these rules. Other activities in connection with quality assurance, such as personnel, dosimetry, radiation surveys or those related to treatment planning are performed by other groups of the Atomic Energy Commission, by other institutions or by people working in radiotherapy centers. A description of the activities of the SSDL and a brief explanation about the other activities, the present situation and future plans are discussed. PMID- 6735802 TI - Multidisciplinary consideration of cancer therapy in Latin America. AB - A multidisciplinary approach to cancer control, diagnosis, pretreatment evaluation and particularly treatment requires cooperation among surgeons, internists, chemotherapists and radiotherapists. The best sequence of radiotherapy and chemotherapy in patients who need both treatments is essential to avoid interference between treatments or potentiation of the adverse toxic effects. Several features may interfere in the detection and delivery of the best treatment combination in patients with cancer in Latin American countries, compared to patients in more developed countries: (1) There are differences among countries in the percentages for certain cancer sites and stages of disease. (2) Most of the cancer incidence figures are originated in hospital-based registries and not population-based registries. (3) On many occasions the modality of treatment of an individual patient depends on which doctor the patient sees first -the physician, the surgeon, or the radiotherapist. (4) In many radiotherapy services the treatment capacity is outweighed by the great amount of cancer patients, and radiotherapy is used primarily for curative purposes. (5) A higher percentage of patients arrive with advanced incurable disease because of lack of the awareness of the significance of early signs and symptoms on the part of patients, relatives and even doctors. (6) Another frequent problem is the lack of communication, transportation and accommodations near the treatment center. Many patients come from long distances; these factors make adequate follow-up of patients difficult. (7) There is a lack of radiotherapy services and there are numerous non-functioning units due to break-downs. A collaborative cancer treatment research program was initiated in 1977 between Latin American cancer centers and U.S. centers. This program is coordinated by the Pan American Health Organization and U.S. National Cancer Institute. Most of the protocols include multiple modality treatment (surgery, radiotherapy, chemotherapy and immunotherapy). This program has shown that, good control clinical trials can be performed in multiple cancer centers in Latin America in spite of the problems mentioned above. PMID- 6735804 TI - Effects of hypoxia on ventilation during postnatal development in conscious kittens. AB - Effects of steady-state hypoxia (inspired O2 fraction = 0.11) on ventilation and breathing pattern were studied during postnatal development in unanesthetized kittens. Studies were done from 2 days to 8 mo of age, every week during the first month and every month thereafter. During the first 2 months, states of consciousness were determined. In the first month, minute ventilation (VE) was depressed in hypoxia compared with control values in air, whereas in the older kittens VE was increased in hypoxia, as in adult cats. The inhibitory effect of hypoxia was observed in all three states of consciousness in 7- and 14-day-old kittens. In the 21- and 28-day-old kittens, VE could not be reliably related to the state of consciousness. In the 2-mo-old kittens, VE increased in all states. Tidal volume (VT) was markedly decreased in kittens up to 14 days of age, and respiratory frequency increased. In the 21- and 28-day-old kittens, changes in breathing pattern were variable. In the oldest, the increase of VE was mainly due to an increase of VT. We conclude that in unanesthetized kittens, the ventilatory response to hypoxia is mature at 2 mo of age. The hypoxic tachypnea observed at 7 and 14 days resembles that previously seen in adult carotid-denervated cats, and may be due to a low level of carotid chemoreceptor drive and to a central excitatory effect of hypoxia on respiratory frequency. The complex response observed during the first month of life must reflect the development of peripheral and central mechanisms and their interactions. PMID- 6735803 TI - Endurance training effects on plasma hormonal responsiveness and sex hormone excretion. AB - A prospective study of the hormonal effects of a moderate exercise training program (4-wk control, 8-wk training) was conducted in seven young women. Sixty minutes continuous bicycle ergometer tests of fixed relative intensity were performed at the beginning, middle, and end of the training period. The capacity of these acute bouts of exercise to affect circulating levels of stress markers, reproductive hormones, and hormones with possible antireproductive potential was measured. In addition, the urinary excretion of reproductive hormones was monitored continuously via serial overnight urine collections. Within testing sessions, plasma concentrations of all stress markers and antireproductive hormones rose significantly. Across testing sessions, only beta-endorphin + beta lipotropin and cortisol exhibited an increment in peak responses as training progressed. Plasma reproductive hormone levels showed insignificant acute changes, and cyclic menstruation and preovulatory gonadotropin surges continued in all subjects. However, ovarian function was disturbed in four subjects as evidenced by a decreased excretion of estriol, free progesterone, or both. Transient infertility is a known clinical accompaniment of hormonal changes of comparable subtlety. PMID- 6735805 TI - Ten years of "civilization": fitness of Canadian Inuit. AB - Data on the cardiorespiratory fitness of the Canadian Inuit has been obtained before and after 10 yr exposure to "white civilization." The population tested comprises 201 males (aged 9-76 yr) and 143 females (aged 10-69 yr), about 70% of the eligible population of Igloolik (69 degrees 40'N). During direct maximum tests to exhaustion, a higher maximum heart rate was attained in 1980-81 (194.4 beats X min-1) than in 1970-71 (184.5 beats X min-1); this probably reflects a closer approach to a centrally limited maximum as the Inuit have become familiar with white investigators. The Astrand nomogram currently underestimates the directly measured maximum O2 intake (VO2max) by some 3% in subjects making a good maximum effort. Comparing the 1980-81 data with results for 1970-71, there has been a 15% decrease of predicted VO2max, accompanied by a 2- to 4-kg increase of body mass, accumulation of subcutaneous fat, and a decrease of leg extension strength, these changes affecting all subjects except boys aged 9-15 yr. It is suggested that the loss of personal fitness is related to adoption of a more sedentary lifestyle, particularly the use of tracked vehicles in place of walking through deep snow. PMID- 6735806 TI - Relationship of hypoxic ventilatory response to exercise performance on Mount Everest. AB - At very high altitude, exercise performance in the human sojourner may depend on a sufficient hypoxic ventilatory response (HVR). To study the relationship of HVR to exercise performance at high altitude, we studied HVR at sea level and 5,400 m and exercise ventilation at sea level, 5,400 m, and 6,300 m in nine members of the American Medical Research Expedition to Everest. The relationship of HVR between individuals was maintained when HVR was repeated after acclimatization to 5,400 m (P less than 0.05). There was a significant correlation in all subjects between HVR and ventilatory equivalent during exercise at sea level (r = 0.704, P less than 0.05). Subjects were then grouped into high (H) and low (L) HVR responders (ventilation increase to end-tidal PO2 of 40 Torr = 21.2 +/- 5.4 and 5.6 +/- 0.9 1 X min-1, respectively. At low and moderate levels of exercise, ventilation at sea level and after acclimatization to 6,300 m was higher in the high HVR group. At 6,300 m blood O2 saturation (Sao2%) decreased from rest to maximum exercise: H = 8.3 +/- 1.8%, L = 20.0 +/- 2.5% (P less than 0.01). HVR correlated inversely in all subjects with the decrease in Sao2 from rest to maximum exercise (P less than 0.05). Climbers with the highest HVR values reached and slept at higher altitudes. We conclude that the relative value of HVR in our group of climbers was not significantly altered after acclimatization; HVR predicts exercise ventilation at sea level and high altitude; the drop in Sao2% that occurs with exercise is inversely related to HVR; and sojourners with high HVR may perform better at extreme altitude. PMID- 6735807 TI - Mechanical arrangement of costal and crural diaphragms in dogs. AB - To assess the mechanical arrangement of the costal and crural parts of the diaphragm, we studied changes in diaphragmatic length with piezoelectric crystals in 17 supine anesthetized dogs. During control resting inspiration, the crural part usually shortened more and earlier than the costal part. After phrenicotomy, the crural part always lengthened during inspiration, whereas the costal part shortened or lengthened. These interanimal differences disappeared after opening of the abdomen; the costal part then always lengthened during inspiration. During stimulation of one part, the relaxed nonstimulated part always lengthened. However, when compared with the relationship between length and transdiaphragmatic pressure (Pdi) obtained during passive deflation, the lengthening of the relaxed part during stimulation of either part was small. This difference between predicted and measured Pdi-length relationship decreased in magnitude as lung volume increased above functional residual capacity (FRC) and increased as residual volume was approached. These results indicate that 1) even during quiet breathing the diaphragm in the dog is not a single functional entity; 2) at FRC the costal and crural portions of the diaphragm behave as if they were mechanically arranged partly in parallel and partly in series; and 3) they gradually move into a pure mechanical series arrangement as lung volume increases. PMID- 6735808 TI - Gas concentration profiles along airways of dog lungs during high-frequency ventilation. AB - Following equilibration with inert gases (He and SF6), dog lungs were partially washed out, either by high-frequency ventilation (HFV) or by conventional mechanical ventilation (CMV), to varied inert gas clearance levels, at which expirograms were recorded by mass spectrometry. Relative alveolar slopes were distinctly positive for HFV and tended to increase with lung clearance; they were, however, smaller than those of CMV and were smaller for He than for SF6 during both ventilatory modes. Fowler dead space was smaller for HFV than for CMV, with significant differences between test gases only during CMV. Plots of concentration against linear distance between measuring site and alveolar region showed that most of the total concentration drop during HFV occurred, with nearly linear slope, along the endotracheal tube and the upper airways, with no difference between He and SF6. In the alveolar region, on the other hand, relative concentration gradients were similar for HFV and CMV, both showing separation of He and SF6. The data suggest that gas transport in the upper airways during HFV is not diffusion limited. Gas mixing in alveolar regions, although more complete for HFV than for CMV, is limited by diffusion; however, this incomplete gas mixing does not appreciably limit overall gas transport during HFV. PMID- 6735809 TI - Role of collateral ventilation in ventilation-perfusion balance. AB - Species with collateral ventilation have an auxiliary respiratory mechanism that could protect them, under certain circumstances, from regional alveolar hypoxia. Species without collateral ventilation may have a greater potential for routinely experiencing regional hypoxia; to maintain ventilation-perfusion balance they would have to rely on pulmonary vasoconstriction. We tested these ideas by ventilating a sublobar region of pig lung (no collateral ventilation) with 13% O2 while the rest of the lung was ventilated with 30% O2. Blood flow, as measured by radioactive microsphere distribution to the sublobar region, was reduced 50% during hypoxia. The hypoxia-induced vasoconstriction effectively defended arterial PO2. When a vasodilator was infused, regional blood flow increased to control levels; shunt fraction rose, and arterial PO2 fell. In dogs (collateral ventilation present) the same experimental maneuvers had no significant effect on regional end-tidal gases or on microsphere distribution, indicating that collateral ventilation was able to maintain ventilation-perfusion balance. When regional hypoxia was created in dogs by overcoming collateral ventilation with slightly positive airway pressure in the sublobar region, the dog acted like the pig and used hypoxic vasoconstriction to shift approximately 30% of the blood flow away from the hypoxic alveoli. PMID- 6735811 TI - Performance of hypothermic isolated rat heart at various levels of blood acid base status. AB - The effects of respiratory-induced pH variation on mechanical function and myocardial oxygenation of isolated, blood-perfused working rat hearts were studied in hypothermia (26 degrees C) and compared with control values (37 degrees C). In these experiments, the change of plasma pH during hypothermia was parallel to the change in pH of neutral water. At 37 degrees C, pH was varied from 7.15 to 7.62; heart rate increased with pH, both cardiac output and external work remaining unaltered. An increase in pH induced a decrease in coronary flow and an increase in the O2 arteriovenous difference. In hypothermia, hemodynamic performance and myocardial O2 consumption decreased proportionately with no change in cardiac efficiency. At 26 degrees C, the cardiac capacity to react to acid-base variations (pH from 7.34 to 7.86) was preserved, i.e., heart rate increased with pH. As at 37 degrees C, regulation of both coronary flow and myocardial oxygenation was maintained. The present data suggest that the myocardial function of a working isolated rat heart undergoing hypothermia was also preserved. Moderate variations in extracellular acid-base status during hypothermia did not impair either myocardial function or the O2 supply-to-demand ratio. PMID- 6735810 TI - Naloxone reduces decrease in ventilation induced by hypoxia in newborn infants. AB - The mechanism responsible for the decrease in ventilation during breathing of low fractional concentration of inspired O2 in the newborn infant is poorly understood. The present study tested the hypothesis that endogenous opiates account for this ventilatory decrease. Eleven healthy newborn infants breathed 15% O2, balance N2 for 5 min following an injection of saline and following an injection of naloxone. Neither injection caused a change in minute ventilation (VE) or ventilatory pattern when the infants were breathing room air. However, the decreased ventilation during hypoxia following naloxone was significantly less than that following saline. VE dropped about 14% following saline but only about 4% following naloxone. However, the adult ventilatory response to hypoxemia, i.e., a relatively sustained increase in VE, was not attained. Naloxone had no influence on the occurrence of periodic breathing during hypoxemia. Thus in the healthy full-term newborn infant, endogenous opiates account only for a part of the decreased ventilation during hypoxemia. PMID- 6735812 TI - Breathing pattern in newborns. AB - Newborn mammals have a high O2 consumption (per unit body weight), which implies a high ventilation. The choice between an increase in volume, frequency, or both is probably dictated by energetic factors, including the likelihood of chest distortion with large inspirations. Data on ventilatory pattern of unanesthetized newborns of eight mammalian species, ranging in size from mice to infants, have been collected. Minute ventilation was linked to the O2 consumption and increased progressively less with the body weight of the species (BW0.86) due to a drop in frequency with size (BW-0.15), whereas tidal volume varied in proportion with body weight (BW1.01). Mean inspiratory flow per unit body weight was more than twice as large in newborn mice and rats than in piglets or infants, whereas the inspiratory time-to-total breath duration ratio was approximately constant among species, averaging 37%. During expiration occasional interruptions of the flow were observed in most newborns; measurements of esophageal pressure and diaphragmatic electromyogram pointed toward upper airways closure and not active breath holding as the explanation of this phenomenon. PMID- 6735813 TI - Central-peripheral chemoreceptor interaction in awake cerebrospinal fluid perfused goats. AB - We assessed the ventilatory interaction between central [central nervous system (CNS)] and peripheral chemoreceptor stimuli in five awake goats. CNS extracellular fluid (ECF) [H+] was altered with cisterna magna perfusion of mock CSF. Peripheral chemoreceptors were stimulated with three doses of NaCN given intravenously. The resulting dose-response curves were used to assess interaction of the central and peripheral stimuli. The observed interaction was hypoadditive; i.e., the average slope of the NaCN-inspired minute ventilation dose-response line was significantly greater during alkaline perfusion than during acidic perfusion. This correlation can be described by slope = -0.24 (CSF [H+]) + 30.7; r = 0.67 (P less than 0.01). Increased ventilatory responses were accompanied by increases in mean inspiratory flow, tidal volume, and breathing frequency and decreases in expiratory time in response to peripheral chemoreceptor stimulation. Unlike previous reports in anesthetized and denervated animals, in our awake intact goats the ventilatory and tidal volume responses showed no significant dependence on the level of control (pre-NaCN stimulus) inspired minute ventilation. We conclude that the level of [H+] in cerebral ECF exerts a significant reflex-mediated hypoadditive effect on the ventilatory responses to peripheral chemoreceptor stimulation. PMID- 6735814 TI - Role of vagal C-fiber afferents in respiratory response to hypercapnia. AB - The respiratory response to hypercapnia has been investigated in 10 anesthetized rabbits by use of a rebreathing technique. The responses were obtained in three situations: with one intact vagus nerve (control), during differential block of conduction, and after vagotomy. Differential block was achieved using anodal hyperpolarization by application of a direct current to the cervical vagus nerve. Great care was taken during the differential block to establish that all impulse conduction in myelinated fibers of the cervical vagus nerve was abolished but that the nonmyelinated fibers conducted normally. Additionally, in five more rabbits the nature of the differential block was confirmed from single-fiber recordings of activity in both myelinated and nonmyelinated fibers. The same increase in tidal volume in response to hypercapnia was present in all three experimental situations, indicating that it was not vagally mediated. The increase in frequency in response to hypercapnia in the control state was abolished by vagotomy but preserved when only the nonmyelinated fibers were functioning during the differential block. This increased frequency response, attributable to decreases in both inspiratory and expiratory durations, was usually enhanced during the differential block, despite the slower deeper pattern of breathing attributed to loss of activity in myelinated fibers. The implications of this reflex increase in frequency in response to hypercapnia, mediated by nonmyelinated vagal endings in the lung, are discussed. PMID- 6735815 TI - Thermal adjustment to cold-water exposure in resting men and women. AB - Thermoregulatory responses were studied in 10 men and 8 women at rest in air and during 1-h immersion in water at 20, 24, and 28 degrees C. For men of high body fat (27.6%), rectal temperature (Tre) and oxygen consumption (VO2) were maintained at air values at all water temperatures (Tw). For men of average (16.8%) and low (9.2%) fat the change in Tre (delta Tre) was inversely related to body fat at all Tw with VO2 increasing to 1.07 l X min-1 for a -1.6 degrees C delta Tre for lean men. For women of average (25.2%) and low (18.5%) fat Tre decreased steadily during immersion at all Tw. The greatest changes occurred at 20 degrees C with little differences in delta Tre and VO2 noted between these groups of women. In comparison with males of similar percent fat, Tre dropped to a greater extent (P less than 0.05) in females at 20 and 24 degrees C. Stated somewhat differently, lean women with twice the percentage of fat have similar delta Tre as lean men at all Tw. For delta Tre greater than -1.0 degree C men showed significantly greater (P less than 0.05) thermogenesis compared with women. The differences in thermoregulation between men and women during cold stress at rest may be due partly to the sensitivity of the thermogenic response as well as the significant differences in lean body weight and surface area-to mass ratio between the sexes. PMID- 6735816 TI - Thermal adjustment to cold-water exposure in exercising men and women. AB - Thermoregulatory responses were studied in 10 men and 8 women during 36-W exercise for 1 h in air and water at 20, 24, and 28 degrees C. Men were classified as high (27.6%; n = 2), average (16.8%; n = 4), and low (9.2%; n = 4) percent body fat, whereas women were classified as average (25.2%; n = 4) and low (18.5%; n = 4) fat. For both men and women, exercise of about 1.7 l O2 X min-1 was beneficial in either preventing or retarding the fall in rectal temperature (Tre) observed in a previous study for the same subjects at rest. The greatest thermal strain was noted for the leanest subjects. However, in no instance did exercise facilitate a drop in Tre compared with resting conditions. Despite a larger surface area-to-mass ratio (P less than 0.05) and less effective thermoregulation for women at rest compared with men, essentially similar thermoregulatory responses were observed for both sexes during exercise at each water temperature. For both the men and women, the thermoregulatory benefits of exercise were due largely to the added heat production from physical activity. For the female, an additional benefit of exercise may in part be derived from a more favorable distribution of subcutaneous fat over the active musculature. PMID- 6735818 TI - No effect of sex steroids on compensatory muscle hypertrophy. AB - We studied the effects of sex steroids on muscle weight and oxidative capacity of rat plantaris muscles subjected to functional overload by removal of synergistic muscles. Eight weeks after bilateral synergist removal, plantaris muscles were strikingly hypertrophic compared with unoperated controls. After this period, there were selective alterations in the ability of the muscles to oxidize three substrates of oxidative metabolism. Thus 14CO2 production from [6-14C]glucose and [2-14C]pyruvate was significantly reduced, whereas there was no alteration in 14CO2 production from beta-[3-14C]hydroxybutyrate. Succinate dehydrogenase specific activity was decreased in overloaded muscle. There was no effect of sex hormone status on any of these parameters. Finally, 30 days of functional overload did not influence cytosolic androgen receptor binding. These results are not consistent with the idea that sex steroids and functional overload act synergistically. PMID- 6735817 TI - Respiratory response to partial paralysis in anesthetized dogs. AB - The ability to maintain alveolar ventilation is compromised by respiratory muscle weakness. To examine the independent role of reflexly mediated neural mechanisms to decreases in the strength of contraction of respiratory muscles, we studied the effects of partial paralysis on the level and pattern of phrenic motor activity in 22 anesthetized spontaneously breathing dogs. Graded weakness induced with succinylcholine decreased tidal volume and prolonged both inspiratory and expiratory time causing hypoventilation and hypercapnia. Phrenic peak activity as well as the rate of rise of the integrated phrenic neurogram increased. However, when studied under isocapnic conditions, increases in the severity of paralysis, as assessed from the ratio of peak diaphragm electromyogram to peak phrenic activity, produced progressive increases in inspiratory time and phrenic peak activity but did not affect its rate of rise. After vagotomy, partial paralysis induced in 11 dogs with succinylcholine also prolonged the inspiratory burst of phrenic activity, indicating that vagal reflexes were not solely responsible for the alterations in respiratory timing. Muscle paresis was also induced with gallamine or dantrolene, causing similar responses of phrenic activity and respiratory timing. Thus, at constant levels of arterial CO2 in anesthetized dogs, respiratory muscle partial paralysis results in a decrease in breathing rate without changing the rate of rise of respiratory motor activity. This is not dependent solely on vagally mediated reflexes and occurs regardless of the pharmacological agent used. These observations in the anesthetized state are qualitatively different from the response to respiratory muscle paralysis or weakness observed in awake subjects.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS) PMID- 6735819 TI - Relative independence of metabolic enzymes and neuromuscular activity. AB - Effects of spinal cord transection in 2-wk-old cats on the metabolic, histochemical, and fatigue properties of a fast- and a slow-twitch muscle were determined. Chronic (6-12 mo) spinalization (Sp) resulted in an increased ratio of fast-twitch, oxidative-glycolytic (FOG) to slow-twitch, oxidative (SO) fibers in soleus (SOL). In medial gastrocnemius (MG), Sp produced a histochemical profile suggesting that fast fibers were increased at the expense of slow fibers. Changes in biochemical markers for oxidative (citrate synthase) and glycolytic (GPD) potential were consistent with the histochemical findings. The fatigue index of Sp MG and SOL remained normal and was consistent with the type and degree of fiber type change. Daily treadmill exercise did not markedly alter any of the adaptations. The metabolic and fatigue properties of skeletal muscle of Sp cats are consistent with the view that as some fibers develop "faster-like" characteristics, the oxidative and the glycolytic potential is also enhanced. As was true of the contractile properties and related biochemical data, the changes observed suggest that significant changes occurred within as well as across fiber types. These data, in conjunction with that of chronic EMG recordings, provide evidence that there is a relative independence of both the oxidative potential and the fatigability of a muscle relative to its quantity of activation. PMID- 6735820 TI - EMG activity of slow and fast ankle extensors following spinal cord transection. AB - Transformations of slow-twitch fibers to the fast-twitch type following spinal cord transection are thought to be related to a substantial decrease or virtual absence of neuromuscular activity. In this experiment, spontaneous activity levels in spinalized and normal cats, raised under similar conditions, were assessed by integrated electromyography (I-EMG) recorded for 240 min over 24 h from the slow-contracting soleus (SOL) and the fast-contracting lateral gastrocnemius (LG). In the SOL of the spinalized cats, there was a 75% reduction in total I-EMG and a 66% reduction in the total duration of muscle activity. Conversely, the LG showed no significant change in total I-EMG, but there was a 66% reduction in the total duration of muscle activity. Based on muscle property data published in companion studies, there was no significant correlation between the SOL total I-EMG and the reduction in contraction times or the decrease in the percentage of slow-twitch fibers determined histochemically. We conclude that transformations of slow-twitch fibers following spinal transection may be regulated by several factors, among which is the total level of spontaneous daily activity. PMID- 6735821 TI - Central neural respiratory response to carotid sinus nerve stimulation in newborns. AB - During exposure to hypoxia newborns hypoventilate following a brief period of hyperventilation. Failure of integration of the afferent signals from peripheral O2 chemoreceptors due to immaturity of the central respiratory centers could explain this paradoxical respiratory response. To test this hypothesis we have utilized anesthetized, paralyzed, mechanically ventilated newborn piglets and lambs (less than 11 days) and old piglets (19-35 days). The vagus nerves were cut in each animal. Respiratory activity was quantified by integration of phrenic neural activity. A carotid sinus nerve (CSN) was isolated and electrically stimulated for periods of 1-6 min. In all three groups of animals respiratory activity was continuously elevated throughout the period of CSN stimulation. After CSN stimulation respiratory activity immediately declined about 25% from the stimulated value. Thereafter respiratory activity declined in an exponential fashion toward the initial control level of respiratory activity. The time constant of this latter decay was 84.2 s in the young piglets, 83.2 s in the old piglets, and 63.0 s in the lambs. These results indicate that the respiratory centers of newborn piglets and lambs can maintain integration of continuous afferent CSN activity. Further, the respiratory afterdischarge that follows CSN stimulus cessation is similar to that of adults. These studies indicate that, during periods of O2 sufficiency, the central respiratory centers of newborns respond in a qualitatively similar manner to CSN stimulation as do adult cats. PMID- 6735822 TI - Ventilatory response to chronic metabolic acidosis and alkalosis in the dog. AB - Systematic data are not available with regard to the anticipated appropriate responses of arterial PCO2 to primary alterations in plasma bicarbonate concentration. In the present study, we attempted to rigorously characterize the ventilatory response to chronic metabolic acid-base disturbances of graded severity in the dog. Animals with metabolic acidosis produced by prolonged HCl feeding and metabolic alkalosis of three different modes of generation, i.e., diuretics (ethacrynic acid or chlorothiazide), gastric drainage, and administration of deoxycorticosterone acetate (alone or in conjunction with oral sodium bicarbonate), were examined. The results indicate the existence of a significant and highly predictable ventilatory response to chronic metabolic acid base disturbances. Moreover, the magnitude of the ventilatory response appears to be uniform throughout a wide spectrum of chronic metabolic acid-base disorders extending from severe metabolic acidosis to severe metabolic alkalosis; on average, arterial PCO2 is expected to change by 0.74 Torr for a 1-meq/l chronic change in plasma bicarbonate concentration of metabolic origin. Furthermore, the data suggest that the ventilatory response to chronic metabolic alkalosis is independent of the particular mode of generation. PMID- 6735823 TI - Density of lean body mass is greater in blacks than in whites. AB - Previous studies have reported that Blacks have 10-20% more bone mineral than Whites of the same height. Theoretically, this should mean that the lean body mass of Blacks is denser than that of Whites, such that formulas for calculating lean body mass from density in Whites will overestimate the lean body mass (and thus underestimate fatness) in Blacks. To determine if the lean body mass of Blacks is indeed denser than that of Whites, we measured density, total body water, and anthropometric dimensions in 19 white and 15 black male college students. The black and white cohorts were nearly identical in height, weight, and total body water. Among the Whites there was no significant difference between the observed density and that predicted from anthropometry, nor were there any significant differences between the dimensions of body composition calculated from total body water and from observed density. Among the Blacks, however, the observed density was significantly greater than that predicted from anthropometry, and the lean body mass calculated from observed density was significantly greater than that calculated from total body water. These results are consistent with the hypothesis that the lean body mass of the Blacks is denser than that of the Whites. Separate formulas should therefore be used for converting density to body composition. Based on our data, the correct formula for Blacks is: %fat = 100 X [(4.374/density) - 3.928]. This formula indicates a lean body density of 1.113 g/cm3 in Blacks compared with 1.100 in Whites. PMID- 6735824 TI - Relationship of ventilatory capacity to hyperbaric exposure in divers. AB - The results of divers' annual medical examinations were used to assess the effects of diving exposure independent of age, stature, and smoking on forced vital capacity (FVC) and forced expiratory volume in 1 s (FEV1). Cross-sectional analysis of records for 858 men showed a significant positive association between the maximal depth that subjects had experienced and FVC but not FEV1. There was a significant negative association for FEV1/FVC%, and this index was also positively correlated with years of diving exposure. Among a subsample of 81 men the forced expiratory flow rate at low lung volume was reduced relative to that of control subjects similarly assessed; the extent of the reduction from the reference value was significantly correlated with the diving exposure. Longitudinal analysis of results for 255 men over a minimum of 5 yr showed that the change in FVC per annum (positive or negative) was correlated with the change in maximal depth; there were no similar associations for FEV1 or FEV1/FVC%. Thus diving exposure affects the vital capacity and the forced expiratory flow rate at small lung volumes. The latter is evidence for narrowing of airways that might be secondary to diving-induced loss of lung elastic tissue; this hypothesis merits further investigation. PMID- 6735825 TI - Accuracy of tidal volume, lung volume, and flow measurements by inductance vest in COPD patients. AB - We analyzed the accuracy of the inductance vest in measuring several ventilatory parameters in five patients with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD). We assessed tidal volume (VT) accuracy at different respiratory frequencies in different lying body positions with different thoracic and abdominal contributions to breathing and the accuracy over a 4-h time span. Mean percent error was calculated without regard to direction of error. The mean error of vest VT estimation was 7.6% for all body positions studied and 5.6% for right and left lateral positions combined. Vest VT accuracy was unchanged after 4 h and with changes in thoracic and abdominal contributions to VT. The mean errors for inspiratory and expiratory times were 3.3 and 2.0%, respectively. Volume was differentiated to flow. For respiratory rates ranging from 12 to 30 breaths/min, the mean error of the vest and our differentiation circuit in duplicating peak flows measured at the mouth was 3.5%. The ability of the vest to estimate changes in end-expiratory position or functional residual capacity was not as good as with VT; the mean error was 30.7%. For estimation of VT, ventilatory timing, and airflow in COPD patients, the inductance vest performs well. For measurement of changes in lung volume, improvements in vest design need to be made. PMID- 6735826 TI - Noninvasive detection of airway constriction in awake guinea pigs. AB - Tidal volume measured by the barometric method is very sensitive to increases in compression and expansion of alveolar gas, such as would be expected to occur during airway narrowing or closure. By comparing a barometric method tidal volume signal (VT') with a reference tidal volume (VT) obtained with a head-out pressure plethysmograph, a simple index related to gas compressibility effects was calculated (VT/VT'). Changes in this index were compared with decreases in dynamic compliance (Cdyn) during histamine aerosol challenge of 15 Charles River Hartley guinea pigs. Decreases in VT/VT' occurred during all aerosol challenges and were correlated with decreases in Cdyn (r = 0.84, P less than 0.001). Decreases in VT/VT' were most marked at Cdyn values of less than 50% of base line. At Cdyn of less than 15% of base line, VT' was 3.1-4.8 times the VT reference signal. No increase in total pulmonary resistance was noted, and Cdyn and VT/VT' returned to base line after histamine exposure was stopped. We conclude that gas compressibility effects become substantial during histamine induced airway constriction in the guinea pig and that the VT/VT' ratio appears to provide a simple noninvasive method of detecting these changes. PMID- 6735827 TI - Dynamic water vapor and temperature calibration system. AB - The objective evaluation of thermal and humidification processes in the pulmonary system requires accurate dynamic measurements of temperature and water vapor concentration of a flowing gas mixture. The adequacy of instruments used for such measurements can only be determined by dynamic calibration techniques. We have developed a method of producing step changes in temperature and water vapor content of a gas mixture undergoing controlled steady flow. The system consists of two reservoirs and a slide valve that switches a test section between them. The inlet (usually a probe or catheter tip) of the device to be calibrated is positioned in the test section. The flow rate through the test section is minimally changed during the transition between gas from one reservoir to that of the other. The system has been used to analyze the response of a thermistor and a respiratory mass spectrometer to changes in gas temperature and water vapor. PMID- 6735829 TI - Normal human airway response to exercise. PMID- 6735828 TI - Measurement system for respiratory water vapor and temperature dynamics. AB - An instrumentation system has been developed to simultaneously measure water vapor and temperature at the same point within respiratory airways during breathing. A mass spectrometer was used to analyze gas continuously sampled through a modified inlet catheter. At the tip of the catheter, gas temperature is sensed by a microbead thermistor. Adequate water vapor dynamics is achieved by a two-step procedure. First, the tip of the sampling catheter is constricted to reduce the catheter's internal pressure and thereby prevent condensation and evaporation. Second, the water vapor signal from the mass spectrometer is compensated electronically to improve its transient response. As part of the evaluation of the system, water vapor and gas temperature were measured in the oropharynx of human subjects. PMID- 6735830 TI - The effect of prophylactic antibiotics on risk factors for endomyometritis in adolescent patients undergoing cesarean section. AB - The efficacy of ticarcillin and its effect on the known risk factors for endomyometritis and the prevention of postcesarean infection was studied in adolescents. Patients were randomly given the antibiotic or a placebo. The patients who received prophylactic ticarcillin had one-half the endomyometritis rate as the placebo group. Four or more vaginal examinations during labor were associated with a high incidence of endomyometritis. This was reduced by 35% with prophylaxis. When membranes were ruptured for more than 8 hours before cesarean section, the endomyometritis rate was 86% in the placebo group, as compared to 28% in the prophylactic-treated group. A similar effect occurred in the high-risk length of labor group. Ticarcillin appears to be effective in reducing the incidence of postcesarean endomyometritis in adolescent patients. The critical risk factors, in order of importance, were the number of pelvic examinations performed during labor, the length of time between rupture of membranes and cesarean section, and the length of labor before cesarean section. PMID- 6735832 TI - Suicide methods in British Columbian adolescents. AB - All suicides or suspect suicides involving persons under 20 years of age in the Province of British Columbia in 1978 and 1979 were studied. Coroner's files were used to identify 122 cases, of which 11% involved persons under the age of 15 years. Males 15-19 years of age accounted for 80 cases and 52% used a rifle as the means of death; females 15-19 years of age used alcohol and drugs in 54% of all cases. Suicides involving adolescents 15-19 years of age were analyzed by sex, ethnicity, and residence. Native Indians and nonmetropolitan residents were disproportionately represented and were more likely to use a rifle. Females and metropolitan residents were more likely to use methods other than firearms. Alcohol consumption was a feature in 45% of cases, but there was no significant difference between groups based on sex, ethnicity, or residence. Antecedent problems were not identified or recorded in 39% of the male and 31% of the female cases. PMID- 6735831 TI - Early adolescent pregnancy: a comparative study of pregnancy outcome in young adolescents and mature women. AB - Thirty-two adolescents were matched to mature controls for a study of variables known to influence the course and outcome of pregnancy. These included: ethnicity; clinic payment status; year of delivery; parity; and presence or absence of alcohol and tobacco use. The comparative factors examined included: age of menarche; gynecologic age; admission hemoglobin; prepregnant weight and height; weight gain during pregnancy; complications of pregnancy; length of gestation; birth weight; 1- and 5-minute apgar scores; and the presence or absence of congenital defects. There was no significant difference between young adolescents and matched controls in infant birth weight or apgar scores when the above confounding factors were controlled. Young gravidae, however, had significantly shorter gestations, earlier menarche, lower hemoglobin levels, and poorer weight gain during pregnancy than mature women. Multiple-regression analysis suggests that 1) pregnancy weight gain was associated with the trimester the gravida enrolled in the Supplemental Food Program for Women, Infants, and Children (WIC) (p = 0.008) and maternal stature (p = 0.012); 2) length of gestation was associated with maternal stature (p = 0.022) and prepregnant weight (p = 0.011); and 3) maternal hemoglobin was associated with birth weight (p = 0.087). Alternative interpretations are discussed. PMID- 6735833 TI - Behavioral intervention for reducing chemotherapy-related nausea and vomiting in adolescents with cancer. AB - Eight adolescents (10-17 years, mean 12.1) with cancer received behavioral intervention for chemotherapy-related nausea and vomiting. Within 3-5 days after the administration of each course of chemotherapy, patients rated (1-10 scale; 1 = none, 10 = maximum) their nausea and vomiting and the extent to which chemotherapy bothered them and disrupted their daily routine. After a baseline (preintervention) assessment of 2-3 courses of chemotherapy, patients received intervention during another 2-3 courses. While no significant reduction of symptoms were found prior to intervention, with intervention there were reductions in nausea (Z = 2.37, p less than 0.02), vomiting (Z = 2.52, p less than 0.01), bother (Z = 2.24, p less than 0.02), and disruption of activities (Z = 2.38, p less than 0.02). This preliminary study suggests that chemotherapy side effects in adolescents can be reduced with behavioral intervention. PMID- 6735834 TI - Urban black adolescents who obtain contraceptive services before or after their first pregnancy. Psychosocial factors and contraceptive use. AB - This paper compares three groups of urban black teenagers at their enrollment in a contraceptive program and at a one-year follow-up. The groups comprise 263 never-pregnant, postabortion, and postpartum teens ages less than or equal to 17 years at their initial family planning visit. Self-report questionnaires examined attitudes and information about pregnancy and contraceptive use, sources of contraceptive information, sexual and contraceptive experience, family and partner support for contraceptive use, and demographic background factors. Emotional, personality, and psychosocial factors were assessed with standard measures. Age, partner relationships, and items relating to the mother's communication about contraception and pregnancy were significant variables in the outcome of never-pregnant and delivery of pregnancy. Self-esteem was highest in the never-pregnant group. Personality factors, emotional distress, and social adjustment scores were in the normal ranges and did not differ between the groups. Contraceptive use at follow-up was most consistent in the never-pregnant group. These data suggest the need for earlier family involvement in educating and guiding teens together with access to contraceptive services in preventing unwanted adolescent pregnancies. PMID- 6735835 TI - Subcultural differences in alcohol use among youth. AB - A specifically designed anonymous questionnaire concerning the use of alcoholic beverages was given to all young people in residence at the San Diego Job Corps Center. Corpsmembers (n = 335), age 16-22 years (mean 18.7 years) completed the questionnaire. There were 67 Caucasians, 65 Blacks, 111 Hispanics, 69 Indochinese, and 23 others. Eighty-five percent of the corpsmembers reported drinking alcohol 1-5 times weekly during the previous six months, and 14% reported average weekend binges of more than 20 drinks. Sixty percent of the adolescent drinkers reported medical, legal, or vocational problems as a result of their drinking. Some striking differences were noted in the drinking habits of the four major subcultural groups represented: 1) Caucasian males began serious drinking at an earlier age than Black, Hispanic or Indochinese youth; 2) more Hispanic youth than others used multiple drugs in addition to marijuana, which was commonly used by all adolescent drinkers; and 3) recently immigrated Indochinese youth indicated that they had turned to alcohol as a means of forgetting past experiences. PMID- 6735836 TI - Satisfaction with health care. A predictor of adolescents' appointment keeping. AB - Adolescents are assuming greater responsibility for their own health care, yet have a high rate of broken appointments. The importance of satisfaction with their health care in determining appointment compliance has been demonstrated for adult patients. The purpose of the present study was to explore patient satisfaction among teenagers and its relationship to appointment keeping. A short, reliable instrument was developed to assess adolescent patients' satisfaction with their clinic care. The patient's satisfaction was highly correlated with subsequent compliance in coming for appointments. Satisfaction, hence, appointment keeping, was higher in females, older adolescents, those making their own initial clinic appointment, those with a positive body image, and those scoring high on a test of personal freedom. PMID- 6735837 TI - Epiglottitis in the adolescent. AB - Acute epiglottitis is rare in adolescents. Respiratory compromise may not occur early. Physicians should consider this diagnosis in their adolescent patients who complain of pain and dysphagia, with or without visible pharyngitis. Airway maintenance is paramount. The antibiotic used should include coverage for Hemophilus influenzae, type B. The case presented here illustrates these points. PMID- 6735838 TI - Safety of citrus insecticides on cats. PMID- 6735840 TI - Whither veterinary education's urban constituency? PMID- 6735839 TI - Thyroid hormone therapy for anemia. PMID- 6735841 TI - Cardiac arrhythmia. PMID- 6735842 TI - Vitamin K3-induced renal toxicosis in the horse. AB - Renal toxicosis attributable to vitamin K3 (menadione sodium bisulfite) was suspected in 5 young adult horses in which acute renal failure developed following parenteral administration of vitamin K3 at the manufacturers' recommended dosages. Renal disease was subsequently induced experimentally in 5 of 6 horses by administration of vitamin K3 at manufacturers' recommended dosages. Signs of renal disease in the clinical patients as well as in the horses treated experimentally included renal colic, hematuria, azotemia, and electrolyte abnormalities consistent with acute renal failure. Two clinical patients and 3 experimental horses were subsequently necropsied and found to have lesions of renal tubular nephrosis. PMID- 6735843 TI - Lacerations of the equine eye: a review of 48 cases. AB - Perforating corneal wounds in horses have a better prognosis than wounds that involve both cornea and sclera. Sharp objects tend to produce more isolated corneal wounds and have a better prognosis than do wounds produced by blunt objects. The records of 43 horses that sustained penetrating wounds of the cornea were reviewed. In addition, the surgical approach and postoperative wound management is described. The report attempts to provide more information regarding the management of ocular trauma in horses. PMID- 6735844 TI - Modified intramedullary pin technique for repair of distal femoral physeal fractures in the dog and cat. AB - A modified intramedullary pin technique for surgical repair of distal femoral physeal fractures in dogs and cats provided stability at the fracture site and allowed early range of motion. The fixation and stability of this technique was compared with that achieved with a multiple pin technique. Fixation failure did not occur in 11 animals treated by the modified intramedullary pin technique, whereas there were 2 failures in 13 patients treated by a multiple pin technique. PMID- 6735845 TI - Disseminated protothecosis causing acute blindness and deafness in a dog. AB - A 3-year-old Collie bitch was euthanatized two weeks after the onset of blindness and deafness. The hearing deficit had been localized by clinical signs, brain stem auditory evoked responses, and impedance audiometry. Protothecosis was diagnosed by cytologic and histologic examinations. The organism was identified as Prototheca zopfii . Organisms and granulomatous lesions were found in kidney, heart, liver, skeletal muscle, thyroid gland, colon, bronchial lymph node, brain, and cochlea. PMID- 6735846 TI - Accidental monensin sodium intoxication of feedlot cattle. AB - Of 1,994 yearling and 2-year-old cattle in a winter feeding program, 117 died within 42 days of being fed toxic amounts of monensin sodium in a liquid protein supplement. Death losses commenced on the third day after ingestion of a toxic amount in the feed. Clinical signs in cattle that died in less than 9 days included anorexia, pica, diarrhea, depression, mild hindlimb ataxia, and dyspnea. Gross necropsy findings in cattle dying in the acute phase of the illness included hydrothorax, ascites, and pulmonary edema, as well as petechial hemorrhages, edema, and yellow streaking in skeletal and cardiac muscle. Cattle dying after 9 days had gray streaks in heart and skeletal muscle, generalized ventral edema, enlarged, firm, bluish discolored liver, and enlarged heart. Microscopic changes in cattle dying in the acute phase (less than 9 days) consisted of pulmonary edema, congestion, and hemorrhage. Cardiac and skeletal muscle had localized areas of edema, hemorrhage, and coagulative necrosis. In cattle dying after 9 days of illness, the changes included lymphocytic infiltration, sarcolemmal nuclear proliferation, and fibrosis in skeletal and cardiac muscle. Lungs contained increased alveolar macrophages and a few neutrophils. Centrilobular necrosis and mild fibrosis were found in the liver. Changes varied somewhat according to the area of heart or skeletal muscle that was affected. Active muscles, eg, those in the heart ventricles and diaphragm, were altered most severely. Intoxication appeared to be a result of sedimentation of monensin in the molasses carrier to give remarkable concentrations of the substance at the bottom of the holding tank. PMID- 6735847 TI - Nonsecretory multiple myeloma in two dogs. PMID- 6735848 TI - Fatal intracarotid artery injection of chloramphenicol in a cow. PMID- 6735849 TI - Abdominal mass outside the intestinal lumen and subluxation of T12-13. PMID- 6735850 TI - Premature ventricular contractions. PMID- 6735851 TI - Treatment of human leptospirosis. PMID- 6735852 TI - GI foreign bodies in the cat. PMID- 6735854 TI - A perspective on animal rights and domestic animals . PMID- 6735853 TI - Collecting and distributing price and cost information. PMID- 6735855 TI - Value of milk cell counts. PMID- 6735856 TI - Clinical and pathologic features of thymoma in 15 dogs. AB - Thymoma was diagnosed in 15 dogs at Angell Memorial Animal Hospital between 1972 and 1983. All thymomas developed in the cranial portion of the mediastinum. An autoimmune paraneoplastic syndrome was observed in 10 (67%) of the dogs and included myasthenia gravis, nonthymic neoplasms, and polymyositis. Clinical signs were variable and inconsistent, depending on whether they were attributable to the cranial mediastinal mass or to the paraneoplastic syndrome. Eleven dogs were necropsied. Two thymomas had gross characteristics of malignancy. In 3 cases, a cell consistent with a subclass of mast cell was found and in 1 thymoma, melanocytes were observed. PMID- 6735857 TI - Congenital nuclear cataracts in the Morgan horse. AB - Nuclear cataracts were found in 2 groups of related Morgan horses. The cataracts were finely reticulated central spherical translucencies that sometimes extended to the region of the posterior "Y" suture. The cataracts were not associated with other ocular defects and did not impair vision. In 1 group of 8 horses, 5 were affected; in the other group, 6 of 8 were affected. Although a pattern of inheritance could not be determined, the familial distribution of the cataracts supported the conclusion that the defect was a heritable disorder. PMID- 6735858 TI - Treatment of cardiac arrhythmias in dogs with gastric distention-volvulus. AB - Lidocaine, procainamide, quinidine, or a combination of these drugs was used to treat a variety of cardiac arrhythmias in 70 dogs with gastric distention volvulus. Antiarrhythmic drugs were administered by constant infusion, the double infusion technique, or intramuscular injection. Most cardiac arrhythmias were ventricular in origin, although supraventricular arrhythmias including atrial fibrillation also were included. Normal sinus rhythm was reestablished in greater than 85% of the dogs treated. Restoration to normal rhythm was improved by combination drug therapy, normalization of acid-base balance, and appropriate electrolyte therapy. PMID- 6735859 TI - Epidemiologic and laboratory observations of Chlamydia psittaci infection in pet birds. AB - Psittacosis was diagnosed in 13 (24%) of 55 pet bird submissions in the first 3 months of 1983, compared with 18 (17%) of 103 in 1982, 4 (4.6%) of 87 in 1981, and 3 (8%) of 36 in 1980. The numbers and types of birds in which psittacosis was diagnosed were 2 of 47 budgerigars, 8 of 45 cockatiels , 3 of 11 small parrots ( lovebirds , conures ), 20 of 116 medium-sized parrots (African Grays, Amazons ), 2 of 21 macaws , and 3 of 21 cockatoos . Thirty-nine percent of psittacosis positive birds were received from pet bird owners, compared with 21% from pet shops, 18% from pet bird breeders and fanciers, and 13% from pet bird jobbers and retailers . Most frequently observed clinical signs were anorexia, weight loss, and diarrhea or yellowish droppings. Major gross lesions were splenohepatomegaly (77%), followed by enteritis (53%), sinusitis (47%), airsacculitis (37%), pneumonitis (23%), and pericarditis (10%). Regarding the 38 cases of confirmed psittacosis in pet birds since 1980, transmission of the disease to human beings was confirmed in 2 cases and suspected in 4 cases. PMID- 6735860 TI - Blood pressures obtained by indirect measurement in conscious dogs. AB - Heart rate and arterial systolic, mean, and diastolic blood pressures were measured indirectly in apparently healthy dogs in clinical situations (examination rooms, cages, or runs) and in 3 groups of abnormal dogs. An electronic automatic sphygmomanometer measured and analyzed arterial pulses (oscillometric method). Apparently healthy dogs had a mean +/- SD heart rate of 134 +/- 32 beats/min and systolic, mean, and diastolic pressures of 144 +/- 27, 110 +/- 21, and 91 +/- 20 mm of Hg, respectively. The mean systolic pressure was significantly higher in hospitalized dogs than in nonhospitalized dogs. When compared with relaxed dogs, playful dogs had a higher mean heart rate. Apprehensive dogs had a higher mean diastolic pressure than did relaxed dogs. The mean heart rate and blood pressures of panting dogs were not significantly different from the mean values from relaxed dogs. Heavier (greater than 18 kg) and older (greater than 2 years) dogs had lower mean heart rates and higher pressures, compared with lighter (less than or equal to 18 kg) and younger (less than or equal to 2 years) dogs. Infection with Dirofilaria immitis had no effect on heart rate and blood pressures when compared with apparently healthy dogs. Dogs with renal failure had a significantly higher mean diastolic pressure and dogs with mitral regurgitation had a significantly lower mean diastolic pressure, compared with apparently healthy dogs. PMID- 6735861 TI - Isoflurane anesthesia as an adjunct to hypothermia for surgery in a dog. PMID- 6735862 TI - Preleukemic syndrome in a dog. PMID- 6735863 TI - Unilateral nephrectomy for treatment of a renal abscess in a foal. PMID- 6735864 TI - Bilateral ectopic ureters in a female cat without urinary incontinence. PMID- 6735866 TI - Exostosis on the medial border of the calcaneus. PMID- 6735865 TI - Extramedullary plasmacytoma of the gastrointestinal tract in two dogs. PMID- 6735867 TI - AAEP position on racehorse medication. PMID- 6735868 TI - Right bundle branch block in a dog with sinus tachycardia. PMID- 6735869 TI - Iatrogenic preputial stenosis for preparation of teaser bulls. PMID- 6735870 TI - Pelvic bladder in dogs without urinary incontinence. AB - Double-contrast cystography was performed simultaneously with cystometrography in 6 male and 6 female dogs. All dogs were continent, and results of urinalyses were normal. Initial radiographs were made following intravesical infusion of 0.88 ml of positive contrast medium/kg of body weight. Additional radiographs were made during infusion of CO2. The last radiographs were made at the time of detrusor reflex (11 dogs) or when intravesical pressure reached 50 cm H2O (1 female). An average of 34% (range, 11% to 67%) of bladder length was within the pelvic canal when only the positive contrast medium was infused into the bladders. By the end of CO2 infusion, the bladder neck was more cranially located in 5 of 6 males and in 5 of 6 females. On the last radiographs made, an average of 19% (range, 10% to 35%) of bladder length was within the pelvic canal in 3 of 6 males and in 4 of 6 females. The bladder neck was rounded in 10 of 12 dogs. Thus, it was concluded that previous reports associating pelvic urinary bladder with urinary incontinence and other urologic abnormalities are questionable. PMID- 6735871 TI - Zinc deficiency in sheep and goats: three field cases. AB - Zinc deficiency was diagnosed in 2 flocks of sheep and a herd of goats. Alopecia and eating of wool were observed. Skin lesions were hyperkeratosis and parakeratosis. Abnormal hoof growth and a closed stance with arched back and bowed hindlimbs were seen. Anorexia, depression, and foot soreness diminished quickly after zinc supplementation. Skin lesions healed and hair and wool growth resumed. A cause for the deficiency could not be established. PMID- 6735872 TI - Central tarsal bone fractures in the racing Greyhound: a review of 114 cases. AB - A total of 114 central tarsal bone (Tc) fractures, including associated secondary fractures, were identified in 114 racing Greyhounds. The fractures were classified according to a previously described scheme. The type IV Tc fracture, dorsal and medial slab fractures, was most common. A Tc fracture alone, or a Tc fracture with associated fractures of the 4th tarsal bone (T4), calcaneus, or T4 and lateral base of the 5th metatarsal bone were the most commonly observed. The prevalence of secondary fractures increased with the severity of the Tc fracture. Management of Tc fractures involved 3 methods: coaptation, single-screw fixation, and 2-screw fixation. Additional repair was performed as indicated by the presence of concurrent secondary fractures. A total of 71% of the dogs returned to competitive racing. PMID- 6735873 TI - Treatment of central tarsal bone fractures in the racing Greyhound. AB - Methods of repair of central tarsal bone (Tc) fractures in the racing greyhound can involve coaptation, single-screw fixation, or 2-screw fixation. Successful management, defined as a return to competitive racing, was obtained in 71% of 114 affected dogs treated by these methods. Both 1- and 2-screw fixation, with interfragmentary compression, was used to repair Tc fractures in 81 dogs. It was concluded that satisfactory results can be expected by use of open reduction and screw fixation in all types of Tc fractures except those that are severely comminuted. PMID- 6735874 TI - Hyperosmotic oral replacement fluid for diarrheic calves. AB - Twenty-five diarrheic neonatal calves, none of which was recumbent, were used to determine oral efficacy of a commercial product for fluid replacement, either by suckle or intubation. Changes in plasma protein, glucose, sodium, potassium, and osmolality as well as blood lactate and PCV were measured. Core body temperature and surface temperature at the hock and fetlock were monitored. Data were analyzed for interaction with time and response according to clinical condition. Significant differences (P less than 0.05) following therapy were restricted to glucose and potassium changes. Beneficial posttreatment trends were observed in cutaneous temperature, blood lactate, plasma protein, and PCV values. PMID- 6735875 TI - Duodenal leimyosarcoma with multiple hepatic metastases in a dog. PMID- 6735876 TI - Chronic suppurative orchiepididymitis associated with Haemophilus somnus in a calf. PMID- 6735877 TI - Dorsal laminectomy in a calf. PMID- 6735878 TI - Umbilical hernia with abomasal-umbilical fistula in a calf. PMID- 6735879 TI - Tinea versicolor dermatomycosis in the goat. PMID- 6735881 TI - Timolol and postoperative intraocular pressure. AB - We studied the effect of timolol instillation at surgery on the acute postoperative pressure rise following extracapsular cataract extraction (ECCE) and posterior chamber lens implantation. The intraocular pressure (IOP) was measured daily during the first week following surgery in 85 eyes. Timolol was instilled immediately following surgery in 34 eyes; the remaining 51 served as controls. The mean preoperative IOP was 18.7 mm Hg in the treated and control groups. The mean IOP on the first day following surgery was 20.0 mm Hg in the timolol group and 20.7 mm Hg in the control group. Twenty-six percent of the timolol group had a pressure greater than 23.0 mm Hg (mean 35.6 mm Hg); 33% of the control group had a pressure greater than 23.0 mm Hg (mean 31.0 mm Hg). The IOP in all treated and untreated patients with ocular hypertension on the first day following surgery returned to normal within three days. Timolol, therefore, had no effect on acute postoperative pressure elevation following ECCE and posterior chamber lens implantation. PMID- 6735880 TI - Diaphragmatic hernia with the stomach in the thoracic cavity. PMID- 6735882 TI - A review of 1,147 cases of Sheets lens implantations. AB - A review of 1,147 Sheets Style 30 intraocular lens implantations is presented. The incidence of complications is similar to or less than that of J-loop lenses. In-the-bag placement appears to eliminate some of the problems associated with J loop lenses placed in the ciliary sulcus. PMID- 6735883 TI - A review of 100 cases of flexible anterior chamber lens implantation. AB - We report the results of 100 cases of flexible anterior chamber lens (Stableflex) implantation following intracapsular cataract extraction. Follow-up ranged from 12 to 22 months. Ninety-six percent of patients attained a visual acuity of 20/40 or better. The complication rate was low. PMID- 6735885 TI - Pretercapsular cataract extraction with capsular enclosed implant. PMID- 6735884 TI - BSS warning. PMID- 6735886 TI - Scleral laceration caused by a posterior chamber IOL. PMID- 6735887 TI - Dissimilar IOLS for bilateral implantation. PMID- 6735888 TI - Lifetime of polypropylene. PMID- 6735889 TI - Bradycardia and the Honan pressure cuff. PMID- 6735890 TI - Anterior megalophthalmos and intraocular lens implantation. AB - The problems associated with intraocular lens (IOL) implantation in two patients with megalophthalmic eyes are discussed. One patient initially received a posterior chamber IOL that proved to be too small for the internal diameter of the ciliary sulcus. It was removed and replaced with an iris-supported lens. The second patient received an iris-supported IOL that appears to be a satisfactory pseudophakic alternative for anterior megalophthalmic eyes. PMID- 6735891 TI - Five cases of severe anterior chamber lens implant complications. AB - Anterior chamber implant-induced complications resulted in loss of useful vision in five cases--two from uveitis-glaucoma-hyphema syndrome, two from pupillary block glaucoma, and one from neovascular glaucoma. PMID- 6735892 TI - An insertion technique for the double-closed-loop posterior chamber lens. AB - We have developed a technique for inserting double-closed-loop posterior chamber implants that minimizes zonular stress with both ciliary sulcus and capsular bag insertion and facilitates in-the-bag placement if desired. PMID- 6735893 TI - Simplified primary posterior capsulotomy technique. AB - A technique for performing a primary capsulotomy before inserting a posterior chamber lens is reported. The technique enables the surgeon to create a central posterior capsulotomy without the presentation of vitreous at the operative site. PMID- 6735894 TI - Nitrous oxide analgesia for outpatient surgery. AB - Nitrous oxide analgesia was used prior to local anesthesia in over 200 outpatient implants and was very effective in reducing anxiety and pain of injections. Sedation by nitrous oxide is characterized by unique absorption, distribution, and elimination, which result in rapid onset and rapid recovery. The drug is widely accepted as a nontoxic conscious sedation modality, and simple machines permit easy and safe administration. The drug is particularly desirable in the elderly who may have respiratory or cardiovascular disease, and seems ideally suited to ambulatory surgicenters. PMID- 6735895 TI - A round ruby knife for ophthalmic surgery. PMID- 6735896 TI - Development of professional competence via self-instructional units. AB - In recent years, self-instructional teaching methods have come under criticism from educators, much of it warranted. But when self-instructional materials are written by experienced educators who teach the topic and are developed within a versatile process using a proven format, they are extremely valuable teaching aids. We discuss here the results of a grant project funded by W. K. Kellogg Foundation and describe the process used at Kettering Medical Center's School of Medical Technology to develop and produce over 100 self-instructional units. We also discuss potential uses of self-instructional units in professional continuing education programs and suggest ways self-instructional units might be used to promote interdisciplinary health care and expansion of professional knowledge banks. This project confirmed that professions can create their own educational materials through the independent efforts of their members. PMID- 6735897 TI - The potential for using cognitive styles as selection predictors for allied health education administration programs. AB - Institutions of higher education appear to be using inappropriate measures to select students who aspire to become allied health education administrators. Therefore, new selection predictors need to be developed and validated. This article reports the results of a survey investigation conducted to determine the feasibility of using two cognitive styles, dogmatism and integrative complexity, as selection predictors for allied health graduate leadership programs. The findings indicate that current allied health education administrators are similar in cognitive style, low in dogmatism and high in integrative complexity. The findings support the premise that cognitive styles are related to both occupational choice and performance and, thus, provide a potentially powerful basis for selecting appropriate individuals for allied health graduate leadership programs. PMID- 6735898 TI - A research approach to simplifying the accrediting process of allied health programs. AB - The operationalization and quantification of selected measures of effectiveness and their application to 25 allied health departments in junior and community colleges is described. Principal results are that the 34 measures of effectiveness suggested by experts' opinions could be reduced to 14 criteria. These could be combined into two indices of effectiveness, one of instructional effectiveness and one of administrative effectiveness. The results hold promise for simplification of the accrediting process. Part I of this article appeared in the February 1984 issue of JAH. PMID- 6735899 TI - The process and evaluation of clinical facility contracting. AB - Clinical experience is an integral part of the education of health profession students and requires collaboration between educational and clinical institutions. In an effort to facilitate this collaboration, contracting with clinical agencies is conceptualized as the process of system entry. A model has been developed to help analyze this process, and appraisal criteria, written from the perspective of the educational institution, have been generated to allow for system self-evaluation of the entry process. PMID- 6735900 TI - Cooperative learning in interdisciplinary education for the allied health professions. AB - The need for interdisciplinary education in allied health has often been cited, but few studies have been made concerning appropriate learning strategies in such courses. This study examines the concept of cooperative goal structuring and assesses the effect of one cooperative learning technique (group consensus examinations) on the perceptions and achievement of allied health students in an interdisciplinary course. The results indicated that when compared with the traditional (individual) mode of testing, group consensus examinations had a significant positive effect on the perceptions of students regarding the clarity and importance of course topics. Achievement on the unit quizzes was higher, and although no difference was found between the two treatment groups on final examination scores, student performance was superior to that of previous years. A large majority of students indicated they preferred group consensus examinations in this type of course. PMID- 6735901 TI - An interdisciplinary team approach to development of health professions education. AB - In this article, the authors provide a practical approach to developing interdisciplinary educational programs for health professions students from different colleges. A three-stage model that enables interdisciplinary teams of faculty members to collaborate during planning and implementing programs is described. These three stages are identifying interdependence, exploring roles and sources of influence, and developing work methods. Common problems occurring during each stage and suggested solution alternatives are cited. The value of this model is the translation of philosophical perspectives into workable methods. PMID- 6735902 TI - The coronary circulation of the heart of the ostrich (Struthio camelus). AB - The distribution of the coronary arteries of the ostrich is described and compared with existing accounts of other species of birds. The blood supply to the ventricular walls, part of the interventricular septum and atria comes from the superficial branches of the left and right coronary arteries. The deep branches are small, supplying most of the interventricular septum and part of the right atrioventricular valve. The left and right coronary arteries are of equal size, forming a balanced circulation. Numerous homocoronary and intercoronary anastomoses are present. The venous drainage of the ostrich heart corresponds in the main to that of the fowl. Four major systems of veins are seen with multiple anastomoses between them. The major trunks are located underneath the epicardium and apart from some of the ventral cardiac veins, are concomitant veins of the arteries. The intra-atrial openings of the left cardiac, left cardiac circumflex and dorsal cardiac veins lie near to but separate from each other in a sinus below the intra-atrial opening of the left cranial vena cava. The dorsal cardiac vein consists of two branches. In some hearts the two branches do not unite, in which case the right branch opens separately into the right atrium, dorsal to the sinus, while the left branch opens into the sinus. Many luminal cardiac veins are seen, draining the interventricular septum, right atrioventricular valve and to a lesser extent the right atrium. The right atrioventricular valve is drained mainly by a subendocardial vein, opening directly into the right atrium or into a ventral cardiac vein. PMID- 6735903 TI - Ultrastructure of the pineal gland in the adult rat. AB - The ultrastructure of the rat pineal gland was studied from 75 days until 10 months of age. Type I pinealocytes of young adults showed nuclei with dispersed chromatin, numerous infoldings of the nuclear envelope and well developed nucleoli. The cytoplasm displayed many mitochondria and clusters of smooth endoplasmic reticulum. With increasing age, there was a clear increase in the number of dense bodies or lysosomes in the Type I pinealocyte. The changes in the Type II pinealocytes with age were mainly in nuclear shape and in the appearance of lipofuscin granules. PMID- 6735904 TI - An ultrastructural study of the non-neuronal cells in the cardiac ganglia of the monkey (Macaca fascicularis) following unilateral vagotomy. AB - Non-neuronal cells in the intracardiac ganglia of the monkey (Macaca fascicularis) showed rapid responses to neuronal damage following unilateral vagotomy. Most of the satellite cells appeared normal at one day after operation. However, from three to seven days after operation they were transformed into phagocytic cells, thereby engulfing the transneuronally affected dendrites of the neurons. By seven days after operation, most of the affected dendrites from the neuronal soma were engulfed by the satellite cells. Few macrophages were seen amongst the neurons of the intracardiac ganglia at one day. In monkeys at three to seven days after operation there was a massive infiltration of macrophages into the vicinity of the affected neurons. Several of these macrophages were filled with numerous phagosomes containing partially digested debris. Macrophages also accumulated perivascularly and some intravascular monocytes lay in conformations suggesting that they were undergoing diapedesis. Therefore, perivascular macrophages are probably derived from the circulating monocytes, though the possibility of them being transformed fibroblasts should not be excluded. Schwann cells appeared to be the main scavengers in removing the degenerating myelinated and unmyelinated axons in the intracardiac ganglia after unilateral vagotomy. PMID- 6735905 TI - Internodal length in ventral roots of bovine spinal nerves varies independently of fibre calibre. AB - The length of internodes in bovine ventral spinal nerve root fibres varies in an irregular pattern along the spinal cord with short internodes for the cervicothoracic and lumbosacral segments, and long internodes for the high cervical, thoracic and sacral segments. This pattern of variation is independent of axon calibre, which is fairly constant between roots. The data show that internode length and fibre calibre vary independently of each other, resulting in internodes of different proportions (length/diameter quotient) for different roots. Maximum internode length was determined at approximately 2400 microns; the longest internode found measured 2847 microns. The segmental variance in ventral root internode length in the cow differs from that in man or rat, which show a craniocaudal increase in internode length. These species-dependent differences relate to differences in the degree of the 'developmental ascensus' of the spinal cord. PMID- 6735906 TI - Temporary immobilisation facilitates repair of chemically induced articular cartilage injury. AB - Recent studies have indicated that immobilisation of the lower limb may prevent surface fibrillation and osteophyte formation, and reduce cell depletion, following injection of iodoacetate into the ipsilateral knee of the guinea-pig. The present study shows that temporary immobilisation also facilitates repair of the damaged cartilage during a subsequent period of remobilisation in which the animal is permitted to move 'on all fours'. Thus, in animals killed six weeks after a single intra-articular injection of iodoacetate (0.3 mg in 0.1 ml saline), and in which the injected knee had been immobilised for three weeks, Safranin-O staining of the articular cartilage was more intense, chondrocyte density greater, and osteophytosis much less marked than in animals injected with iodoacetate but killed immediately after the three weeks immobilisation period. By contrast, immobilisation for only one week failed to protect against degenerative changes and osteophytes caused by iodoacetate injection. Immobilisation alone produced no apparent pathological changes in animals which did not receive iodoacetate. PMID- 6735907 TI - The effects of environmental diversity on well fed and previously undernourished rats: neuronal and glial cell measurements in the visual cortex (area 17). AB - Black and white hooded Lister rats were undernourished from the sixteenth day of gestation until 25 postnatal days of age. Around 85 days of age, 12 previously undernourished male rats were assigned to an 'enriched environmental condition' and 12 to an 'isolated environmental condition'. Well fed controls were similarly assigned. After 30 days in these environmental conditions all rats were killed by perfusion with 2% buffered glutaraldehyde. Body and forebrain weights and forebrain lengths and widths were determined for each animal. Cortical depths were measured from sections through the left occipital cortical region. Neuronal and glial cell nuclear diameters and numerical densities as well as neuronal perikaryal volumes were determined from sections through the right visual cortex. In both well fed and previously undernourished groups, the environmentally enriched rats had heavier forebrains and greater forebrain lengths compared to isolated rats. There were no significant differences between enriched and isolated rats in forebrain width or cortical depth measurements in either nutritional group. In both the well fed and previously undernourished groups there were no consistently significant differences between enriched and isolated rats in any of the measurements on neurons and glial cells. Two-way analysis of variance tests on combined data from both nutritional groups indicated significant effects of environment on forebrain weight, forebrain length and on cortical depth in one of the three sections studied (section 10). Nutrition had a significant effect on body weight, forebrain weight and forebrain width. The interaction between nutrition and environment was not statistically significant for any of the measurements carried out. PMID- 6735908 TI - The ultrastructure of mandibular condylar and rib cartilage from mice carrying the spondylo-metaphyseal chondrodysplasia (smc) gene. AB - The ultrastructural appearance of cartilage from a new mutant spondylo metaphyseal chondrodysplasia (smc) is described. The matrix is abnormally rich in collagen fibres which often form a sheath around the chondrocytes. Collagen balls - spherical inclusions of collagen fibres - are a unique and characteristic feature of the matrix, and the chondrocytes contain large amounts of lipid. PMID- 6735909 TI - Light and electron microscopic features of the structure and innervation of the gastro-oesophageal junction of the monkey (Macaca fascicularis). AB - This study describes the light and electron microscopical features of the gastrooesophageal junction of the monkey (Macaca fascicularis). In longitudinal histological sections, the circular muscle layer at the junction is greatly thickened. This thickening is further demonstrated in a reconstructed model of the whole circular muscle coat and is therefore referred to as a 'sphincter'. Quantitative ultrastructural studies on the circular muscle at the gastro oesophageal junction or 'sphincter' show denser nerves when compared with the body of the stomach or the pyloro-duodenal junction. Two types of vesiculated axonal profiles are recognised in the circular muscle layer of the stomach in normal animals: round agranular vesicles which measure between 40 and 60 nm and large granular vesicles measuring 80-120 nm. Animals which received 5 hydroxydopamine treatment show, however, in addition, small dense-cored vesicles measuring 30-60 nm. The gastro-oesophageal and the pyloro-duodenal junctions contain more vesiculated axonal profiles than the body of the stomach. Moreover, both junctions show a predominance of axons with granular vesicles when compared with the body of the stomach. PMID- 6735910 TI - Endocytotic activity of kitten odontoblasts in early dentinogenesis. 1. Thin section and freeze-fracture study. AB - The morphological features of odontoblast processes in young kitten odontoblasts were studied by thin section and freeze-fracture electron microscopy. Freeze fracture replication revealed depressions with particles on the plasma membranes of the proximal parts of odontoblast processes. Comparison with thin sections suggested that these depressions represented sites of endocytosis. Frequent depressions with particles (corresponding to coated pits in thin sections) indicate the high absorptive activity of young odontoblasts. The results indicate that odontoblasts, especially in the proximal parts of their processes, play a significant functional role in the modification of the predentine matrix during early dentinogenesis. PMID- 6735911 TI - The aminergic innervation of the human bronchus: a light and electron microscopic study. AB - Portions of bronchial wall, free of neoplasm, were obtained from human lung resected for nearby tumour. The bronchial tissue was freeze dried, fixed in formaldehyde vapour and sections examined by fluorescence microscopy. Wispy green fibres with the appearance of amine-containing nerves were seen associated with the gland acini. Fluorescent cells were also found at this location and infrequently in the epithelium. Fluorescence was blocked by pretreatment of the sections with sodium borohydride; it faded in ultraviolet light and was enhanced by incubation of the tissue with L-dopa. All these features are characteristic of specific formaldehyde-induced fluorescence of biogenic amines. Fluorescent fibres were not identified either in the smooth muscle of the airway or associated with the epithelium, although background fluorescence may have masked them at these sites. Observations by electron microscopy of human bronchial wall showed that, close to gland acini, there were nerves containing large dense-cored vesicles suggesting that they were sympathetic. After incubation of the tissue with 5 hydroxydopamine, nerves containing labelled vesicles were seen as close as 1 micron to the gland acini, though none were seen to run between the acinar cells. It is argued that these were sympathetic nerves and were close enough to the gland acini to influence their secretions. Nerves containing vesicles labelled with 5-hydroxydopamine were also seen in close association with smooth muscle cells indicating a direct sympathetic innervation of the bronchial smooth muscle. These observations are contrary to recent suggestions that the sympathetic nervous system acts only indirectly in the lungs. PMID- 6735912 TI - The adrenal chromaffin cells of Salmo gairdneri Richardson (Teleostei, Salmonidae). AB - The chromaffin cells of the adrenal homologue of Salmo gairdneri R. have been studied by light and electron microscopy. The chromaffin tissue was localised in the head kidney adjacent to the wall of the proximal part of the cardinal veins and their main branches. Specific histochemical techniques failed to demonstrate different types of chromaffin cells. With the electron microscope two different types of chromaffin cells were observed. The first type, characterised by numerous dense cytoplasmic granules of average diameter 90 nm, was interpreted as a noradrenalin cell; the second type was characterised by the presence of moderately electron-dense granules of average diameter of 85 nm, and was interpreted as an adrenalin cell. The reaction for acetylcholinesterase activity was present on nerve terminals and sometimes in the vacuolar membrane systems of both chromaffin cells. PMID- 6735913 TI - Response of ependyma of the rat third ventricle to operative loss of cerebrospinal fluid: a transmission electron microscopical study. AB - The ependyma of the cerebral ventricles has been implicated in absorption and secretion of cerebrospinal fluid under resting and experimental conditions by various workers. To investigate the response of the ventricular ependyma to experimental leakage of the fluid, spinal transection was carried out in young adult Wistar rats in the lumbar region. The ependyma of the third ventricle was processed for transmission electron microscopy on the 7th post-operative day. The ependymal cells in the sham-operated control animal exhibited regional variations in respect of cilia, microvilli and in their relationship to the subjacent subependymal zone. However, most cells showed apical mitochondria and Golgi cisternae with few profiles of granular and smooth endoplasmic reticulum. Pinocytotic and dense-coated vesicles were not prominent features. In the operated rat, a few ultrastructural changes were noted. A profusion of microvilli and blebs with secondary surface modifications was characteristically seen on the ventricular face. Pinocytotic and dense-coated vesicles appeared to be consistent features. Proliferation of mitochondria, Golgi cisternae, polyribosomes and of smooth and granular endoplasmic reticulum was evident throughout the cytoplasm. The mitochondria, in many cases, presented a pleomorphic appearance with increased electron density. The above modifications in the fine structure, considered collectively, point to an increased ependymal activity. The evidences of both absorptive (presence of microvilli, pinocytotic and dense-coated vesicles) and secretory features (presence of blebs, proliferation in membrane components and in polyribosomes) within the same cell suggest its simultaneous involvement in both absorption and secretion. The observed changes may be interpreted as a compensatory attempt by the ependymal cell toward conservation and replenishment of cerebrospinal fluid. PMID- 6735914 TI - Growth of the cartilages of the mid-line cranial base: an autoradiographic study using tritium labelled thymidine. AB - Proliferative and kinetic activity of chondrocytes in five sites of endochondral growth in the mid-line cranial base of the rat have been studied using a single injection of 3H-thymidine in animals aged 4-80 days. The marked caudorostral gradient and temporal gradient of the labelling index and labelling profiles is indicative of a proliferative activity specific to each endochondral growth site. Measurements of the growth rate indicate that each growth site in the cranial base bones has a specific growth rate. PMID- 6735915 TI - Histogenesis of the mesocortical area of the mouse telencephalon. AB - The histogenesis of the mesocortex of the mouse telencephalon was studied by plotting the progress of neuron release on reconstructions of the medial pallial wall. Histological changes were correlated with cell birth date using data obtained from autoradiographs of mice pulse-labelled with tritiated thymidine during the prenatal period of neuron birth. It was found that neuron release for this area began rostrally at about E12-E13 and spread rapidly from this origin in a caudal direction across the medial wall. Neurons accumulating in the intermediate layer were at first more or less equally spaced. About E14, neurons in the outer intermediate layer began to line up to form a 'mesocortical plate'. This plate was formed from older nuclei and therefore overlay a deeper intermediate layer composed of younger cells. The mesocortex continued to develop by progressive withdrawal of younger cells from the deep intermediate layer into more superficial layers of the definitive cortex. In most of the mesocortical area, however, this original pattern was superseded by release of neuron generations which migrated directly to the outer intermediate layer to form a plate of densely packed immature neurons. This population was continuous with a similar population forming the isocortical plate of the lateral telencephalic wall. It was postulated that the wave of neuron birth and release which gave rise to the isocortical plate was propagated beyond the isocortical boundary into mesocortical territory as far as the boundaries of the subiculum, indusium griseum and anterior hippocampal rudiment. PMID- 6735916 TI - Electron microscope study on neurons occurring in the common peroneal nerve of rat and pigeon. AB - During an electron microscopical study of the common peroneal nerve of albino rats and pigeons, neurons were found along the course of the nerve. Their ultrastructural morphology was studied. On the basis of observed features, such as the occurrence of bare areas of the neurilemma, of thick processes of the perikarya (dendrites), and of synapses on the soma, it appears that these cells are aberrant sympathetic neurons which have migrated to a more distal position than usual. PMID- 6735917 TI - Amplification: the dance. PMID- 6735918 TI - Amplification: reflections and queries. PMID- 6735919 TI - Analysis: a space for separation. PMID- 6735920 TI - Reflections on infant observation and its applications. PMID- 6735921 TI - Contrasts between Jung and Freud: the intertwining of life and theory. PMID- 6735922 TI - Terrecyclic acid A, a new antibiotic from Aspergillus terreus. III. 13C NMR spectrum of terrecyclic acid A. AB - Assignment of the fifteen carbons of terrecyclic acid A, C15H20O3, a new sesquiterpene antibiotic, in the 13C NMR spectrum was performed by 13C-[1H] selective proton decoupling experiments, comparison with spectra of its derivatives and chemical shifts. PMID- 6735924 TI - Pock-forming plasmids isolated from streptomyces roseochromogenus. AB - A series of high copy number plasmids designated pSRC were isolated from Streptomyces roseochromogenus S264. The pSRC series were found to be self transmissible by conjugation and to elicit lethal zygosis (Ltz). Using the Ltz phenotype to detect plasmid transformants, the pSRC plasmids were shown to have a wide host range. Among them pSRC1 consisted of two different plasmids with the same molecular weight, pSRC1a and 1b. Information regarding restriction sites suitable for the insertion of DNA was obtained by cloning the thiostrepton resistance gene from pIJ702 into pSRC1b. The single Bgl II site of pSRC1b was nonessential for replication and pock-formation. The pSRC plasmids may be suitable as cloning vectors in Streptomyces. PMID- 6735923 TI - Effect of ammonium ion, inorganic phosphate and amino acids on the biosynthesis of protylonolide, a precursor of tylosin aglycone. AB - The production of tylosin by Streptomyces fradiae KA-427 in a defined medium was inhibited by ammonium ions and by inorganic phosphate. The production of protylonolide, an early lactonic intermediate of tylosin biosynthesis with the same carbon skeleton as tylosin aglycone, by a mutant of strain KA-427 was also reduced by these two kinds of ions. In contrast, the bioconversion of protylonolide to tylosin by another mutant was less susceptible to ammonium ions but was sensitive to inorganic phosphate. The addition of protylonolide to a culture of S. fradiae KA-427 increased the tylosin yield, suggesting that aglycone synthesis is limiting under the conditions used. When L-valine, L leucine, L-isoleucine, L-threonine, or the corresponding 2-keto acid was added to the culture medium, the protylonolide titer increased. The addition of [14C]valine gave rise to [14C]protylonolide. 13C NMR spectroscopic analysis revealed that iso-butyrate, which is a valine metabolite, was incorporated into protylonolide at the carbons known to originate from propionate and n-butyrate. Taking account of these findings, the regulation of tylosin biosynthesis in S. fradiae by ammonium ion is discussed in relation to amino acid metabolism. PMID- 6735926 TI - Studies of 7 beta-[2-(aminoaryl)acetamido]-cephalosporin derivatives. I. Synthesis and structure-activity relationships in the aminopyridine series. AB - The synthesis and in vitro activity of 7 beta-(2-aminopyridyl-2 alkoxyiminoacetamido)cephalosporins with various substituents at the 3-position are described. The effects of substitution pattern on the pyridine ring, oxime substituent and 3-substituent were studied as a function of the MIC values. Of these various kinds of derivatives, 7 beta-[2-(2-aminopyridin-6-yl)-2 alkoxyiminoacetamido]cephalo sporins exhibited significantly higher activity against most of micro-organisms. PMID- 6735925 TI - Biosynthetic studies of arphamenines A and B. AB - The biosynthetic pathways of arphamenines A and B were studied. Arphamenine A was derived from acetic acid, L-arginine and L-phenylalanine, and arphamenine B from acetic acid, L-arginine and L-tyrosine. PMID- 6735927 TI - Studies of 7 beta-[2-(aminoaryl)acetamido]-cephalosporin derivatives. II. Synthesis and structure-activity relationships in the aminopyrimidine series. AB - The synthesis and the antibacterial activity of 7 beta-[2-(aminopyrimidinyl)-2 oxyiminoacetamido]cephalosporin s with various substituents at the 3-position in the cephem nucleus are described. The 7 beta-[2-(4-aminopyrimidin-2-yl)-2 methoxyiminoacetamido]cephalosporin derivative (1) showed significantly higher activity than the corresponding 2-aminopyrimidin-4-yl derivative (2) against Gram negative bacteria. It was also higher in potency against Escherichia coli and Serratia marcescens than the aminopyridyl compound (4). PMID- 6735928 TI - Studies of 7 beta-[2-(aminoaryl)acetamido]-cephalosporin derivatives. III. Synthesis and structure-activity relationships in the aminothiadiazole series. AB - The synthesis and in vitro antibacterial activity of 7 beta-[2-(5-amino-1,2,4 thiadiazol-3-yl)-2-oxyiminoacetamido] cephalosporins with various substituents at the 3-position in the cephem nucleus are described. Aminothiadiazolyl cephalosporins having pyridiniomethyl groups at the 3-position exhibited excellent activity against all organisms, particularly against Pseudomonas aeruginosa. PMID- 6735929 TI - Binaural masking-level difference as a function of masker and test-signal duration. AB - The binaural masking-level difference (BMLD) is measured as a function of duration of the masker (uniform masking noise) and of the test tone (400 and 800 Hz). Four observers used a Bekesy tracking method which proved to be a time saving procedure for BMLD measurements. Although the masked threshold depends on the test-tone duration, the BMLD does not. The latter, however, increases from about 5 to 10 dB as the masker duration increases from 10 to 200 ms. PMID- 6735930 TI - Binaural masking-level differences in non-simultaneous masking. AB - Masking and binaural masking-level differences (BMLDs) were measured using short 400 and 800 Hz test tones masked by uniform masking noise in both pre- and post masking conditions. The BMLD shows the same dependence on the temporal position of the test signal as masking itself. Additional data produced with interrupted broad-band masker and with low-frequency tonal masker lead to the conclusion that more information about temporal structure is transmitted towards higher levels of processing than can be seen in simple post-masking experiments. PMID- 6735931 TI - Anatomical correlates of impulse noise-induced mechanical damage in the cochlea. AB - Changes in the surface morphology of the organ of Corti in the chinchilla were studied following exposure to blast waves at 160 dB peak SPL. The generation and development of a mechanically induced lesion on the organ of Corti was followed over a period of 30 days using scanning electron microscopy. The most prominent feature of the lesion was the complete separation of a 5-7 mm strip of the sensory epithelia consisting of outer hair cells, Deiter cells and Hensen cells from the reticular lamina and the basilar membrane. The inner hair cells in this same area survived for several days in a remarkably normal condition. A spectrum of ciliary changes was observed on the inner and outer hair cells that differ somewhat from those commonly reported following continuous noise exposure. Some of the observed changes in morphology can be related to a variety of inferred mechanical events on the basilar membrane. PMID- 6735932 TI - Hypersensitivity to electrical stimulation of auditory nuclei follows hearing loss in cats. AB - The purpose of the study was to determine if permanent, sound-induced hearing loss altered behaviorally measured thresholds for the detection of electrical stimulation applied to auditory nuclei. Electrodes were placed in cochlear nucleus and inferior colliculus in four cats. Behaviorally measured thresholds for the detection of brief trains of electrical pulses were determined before and after a 48 h exposure to a 1 kHz tone of approximately 110 dB SPL. The mean decrease in electrical stimulation threshold as a result of the sound exposure was 10.4 dB. The ongoing electrical activity (in microV, rms) recorded from the electrodes showed a mean 2.2 dB decrease after the sound exposure. In some electrodes, there was partial recovery towards pre-exposure levels for stimulation threshold and for ongoing activity, but typically, the changes persisted until the animals were terminated 30 days later. The magnitudes of the decreases in stimulation threshold and background activity proved not to be highly correlated. The permanent auditory threshold shift across all cats and all frequencies was 19 dB. This mild hearing loss produced a marked alteration in certain characteristics of the central auditory mechanisms. PMID- 6735933 TI - Profile analysis and level variation. AB - This study examines the effects of random level variation, a method used in studies of profile analysis [3-6,14,15]. Presentation levels for a complex of sinusoids are varied randomly on each interval of a two-interval, forced-choice detection task in which subjects are required to detect an increment on one of the sinusoidal components of the complex. Three experiments are reported. The first experiment examines the effect of the range of level variation. The second is concerned with the effects of the median level about which the presentation levels vary. The third experiment is designed to provide a within-trial analysis of the effect of the differences in presentation levels. As the range of level variation is increased, ability to detect the increment decreases. The results indicate that detection performance is best at moderate intensity levels and decreases at lower and higher levels. Finally, the difference in levels within a single trial has little if any effect. PMID- 6735934 TI - The development of auditory function in the cochlea of the mongolian gerbil. AB - Cochlear microphonic (CM) potentials were recorded throughout the development of auditory function in the Mongolian gerbil. CM responses were first recorded at 12 days after birth (DAB), with thresholds exceeding 103 dB SPL. CM thresholds subsequently improved rapidly in a parallel fashion across the responsive frequency range, achieving adult levels by 18 DAB. There was no evidence from CM thresholds of a preferential rate of maturation for either the high or low frequency ranges. CM responses to suptrathreshold stimulation were also studied throughout development. At all responsive ages, CM input-output functions increased logarithmically to a saturating maximum value and then declined. Maximum CM responses increased continuously throughout development in a parallel fashion across all frequencies. The dynamic range of the CM input-output functions (the intensity interval from CM threshold to maximum CM value) also developed in a parallel manner across frequencies, but reached mature assymptotic values by 16 DAB. The results suggest that throughout the adult CM frequency range cochlear hair cell function develops simultaneously. PMID- 6735935 TI - Correlates of tone-on-tone masked thresholds in the chinchilla auditory nerve. AB - In an attempt to determine neural correlates of tone-on-tone masking, discharge patterns of chinchilla auditory-nerve fibers were obtained in response to a set of two-tone stimuli for which behavioral masking had been previously measured (Long, G.L. and Miller, J.D. (1981): Hearing Res. 4, 279-285). The lowest masked thresholds in a sample of fibers were quantitatively similar to the chinchilla's behavioral masked thresholds. In addition, the neural data were in qualitative agreement with other previously-described characteristics of tone-on-tone masking, such as the contribution of cochlear distortion products and the upward spread of masking. It thus appears that the limitations imposed by peripheral frequency analysis determine the tone-on-tone masking pattern. PMID- 6735936 TI - Spontaneous otoacoustic emissions in a dog. AB - Intense (up to 59 dB SPL) spontaneous otoacoustic emissions are produced by both ears of a young dog. The right ear produces a single, very narrow-band (less than 4 Hz) emission at about 9100 Hz. Brainstem evoked-response audiometry suggests that this emission is generated near the transition between normal and abnormal regions of the cochlea. PMID- 6735937 TI - Summer fescue toxicity in dairy steers fed tall fescue seed. AB - Seeds of the tall fescue ( Festuca arundinacea Schreb .) cultivars Kentucky 31 and an experimental ryegrass X tall fescue hybrid derivative strain (G1-307), and orchard grass (OG) seed were fed in a carrier diet to calves in controlled environmental rooms (31 to 32 C). Both tall fescue varieties produced symptoms of summer toxicosis in dairy steers. Total feed intake (P less than .01) and water intake (P less than .01) of calves were reduced by the tall fescue seed diets when compared with orchard grass. Steers fed G1-307 and Kentucky 31 tall fescue lost (NS) 17.5 and 7.8 kg of body weight, respectively, while those consuming orchard grass gained (P less than .01) 6.2 kg during the experiment. Rectal temperatures were lower (P less than .05) in the calves fed OG (39.4 C) when compared with those fed G1-307 (40.6 C) and Kentucky 31 (40.8 C) tall fescue seed, respectively. In a second trial Kentucky 31 seed was fed in a carrier diet to Holstein steers at graded levels of 0, 350, 700 and 1,050 g seed/d. Consumption of 700 and 1,050 g seed/d adversely affected performance of steers. Total feed intake was lower and water intake was reduced (P less than .05), with rectal temperatures being elevated (P less than .01) in these two groups when compared with 0- or 350-g treatments. No significant differences were detected in body weight changes in this trial. Respiration rates were not significantly affected in either trial. Results of these trials with the young bovine indicate that a toxic substance(s) is present in tall fescue seed. PMID- 6735938 TI - Effect of monensin, estradiol controlled release implants and supplement on performance in grazing steers. AB - Five trials in five locations in the United States involving 512 steers were conducted to evaluate the effect of monensin [200 mg/d in .9 kg of supplement (Ru mensin )] and estradiol-controlled release implants ( Compudose ) administered alone and in combination on average daily gain (ADG) in steers on pasture. The effect of energy supplementation on rate of gain was also evaluated in these same trials. The initial weight of steers averaged 250 kg and the average duration of the five trials was 124 d. Estradiol-controlled release implants increased ADG by 15.6% (.095 kg/d; P less than .0001) and monensin increased ADG by 8.1% (.054 kg/d; P less than .05). The combination of estradiol-controlled release implant and monensin increased ADG by 27.4% (.168 kg/d). Treatment responses were additive relative to ADG response, with no interaction observed between the treatments. Nine-tenths kilograms of an energy supplement/d increased ADG by 12.4% (.073 kg/d; P less than .01). PMID- 6735939 TI - Effect of energy intake on the postpartum interval in beef cows and the adequacy of the cow's milk production for calf growth. AB - Lactating Hereford and Hereford X Angus cows, 2 to 6 yr old, and their calves were used in two trials to study the effects of energy intake on the postpartum interval (PPI) and the adequacy of the cow's milk production for calf growth. In trial 1, 23 cows were fed either 120 (high energy, HE) or 100% (adequate energy, AE) of National Research Council energy recommendations. Cow weights, calf weights and milk production were determined 1 wk after calving and every 2 wk until 17 wk postcalving . One-half of the calves received creep feed from the start of the study, whereas the other half did not receive creep feed until their average daily gain was below .23 kg/d. In trail 2, 19 cows were fed energy levels of 100 (AE) or 85% (low energy, LE). Estimated percentage body fat ( EPBF ) was estimated twice during the study; other variables were determined as in trial 1. In trial 1, the HE cows gained more weight (P less than .01) and produced more milk (P less than .01). In trial 2, the AE cows gained more weight (P less than .01) and produced calves 17 kg heavier (P less than .01) at the end of the study than did the LE cows. Milk production was not influenced by energy treatment (P greater than .2). It required 7.5 kg of milk and 2.3 kg of creep feed to produce 1 kg of calf gain in trial 1.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS) PMID- 6735940 TI - Behavior of ewes and lambs subjected to restraint fostering. AB - The objective of this study was to investigate the development of maternal-filial social attachments between ewes and alien lambs using the technique of "restraint fostering." Forty-eight to 72 h after parturition, 22 Targhee -type ewes were separated from their natural lambs, placed in restraining devices ( stanchions ) and each exposed to a single alien lamb. After a period of 1 or 4 d of restraint, the ewes were subjected to five 10-min lamb acceptance tests over a 48-h period. The observer recorded butts and butt attempts by the ewe and successful and unsuccessful suckle attempts by the lamb. The ewe-lamb pairs were then housed in pens with other groups of ewes and lambs and observed intermittently for acceptance behaviors. Six of the 14 ewes restrained for 4 d and none of the eight ewes restrained for 24 h met the criterion for successful adoption within 48 h. After being housed in group pens, adoptions were achieved by three ewes in the 1 d group and an additional four ewes in the group restrained for 4 d. Ewes restrained for 24 h were significantly more aggressive toward fostered young than ewes restrained for 4 d. In addition, the proportion of successful suckling attempts was significantly lower for lambs fostered on ewes in the 1-d group. Both groups showed a decline in butts and butt attempts over successive acceptance tests, but while the proportion of successful suckling attempts declined for lambs housed with 1-d ewes, they increased over time for lambs fostered on ewes restrained for 4 d.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS) PMID- 6735941 TI - Transmitted effect of purebred versus crossbred rams on rate and variability of lamb growth. AB - The performance of 457 fall-, 510 winter-and 640 summer-born lambs from several years was examined to compare the progeny of purebred Hampshire (H) or Suffolk (S) and crossbred (S X H or H X S) rams for mean and variability of growth rate. Eight rams (four crossbred and four purebred) were mated to white-faced crossbred ewes each season with a total of 37 rams represented in the study. Individual rams were exposed to approximately 30 ewes each season. Purebred-sired lambs were slightly heavier at birth than crossbred-sired lambs averaged over seasons (P = .10). The differences in birth weight between purebred- and crossbred-sired lambs were .08 kg (P = .28); .15 kg (P = .20) and .13 kg (P = .03) for fall, winter and summer seasons, respectively. For 70-d weight and average daily gain from weaning to market weight (ADG), the differences between purebred- and crossbred-sired lambs were not consistent over seasons. Purebred-sired lambs were 1.62 kg heavier (P = .02) at 70 d of age for the winter season, but were .26 (P = .44) and .27 kg (P = .48) lighter than crossbred-sired lambs for the fall and summer lambing seasons, respectively. Differences in ADG between lambs sired by purebred and crossbred rams were -27 (P = .01), 35 (P = .01) and 5 g/d (P = .28) for fall, winter and summer seasons, respectively.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS) PMID- 6735943 TI - Genetic correlations among sex-limited traits in beef cattle. AB - Data from a comprehensive germ plasm evaluation program were used to estimate genetic correlations of reproductive and maternal traits of beef females with growth and carcass traits of their steer paternal half-sibs. The data set consisted of 187 sires with approximately four female and five male progeny each. Heritability estimates for age at puberty, weight at puberty, conceptions/service, gestation length, calving difficulty, progeny birth weight, progeny preweaning daily gain and mature weight measured on females were .613 +/- .177, .700 +/- .114, .026 +/- .126, .298 +/- .175, .217 +/- .175, .374 +/- .174, .094 +/- .161, and .540 +/- .150, respectively. Postweaning daily gain, carcass weight, fat trim weight and retail product weight measured on male half-sibs had estimated heritabilities of .363 +/- .090, .441 +/- .093, .502 +/- .093 and .451 +/- .093, respectively. The estimated genetic correlations suggest that selection for postweaning daily gain would result in increased age and weight at puberty, increased mature weight, improved fertility, reduced maternal gestation length, reduced maternal calving difficulty, increased maternal birth weight and reduced maternal preweaning gain. Predicted correlated responses to selection for reduced fat trim at a constant age were increased age and weight at puberty, increased mature weight, reduced maternal fertility, reduced maternal preweaning gain and increased maternal gestation length, birth weight and calving difficulty. Consequences of selection for increased age constant retail product weight or carcass weight appear to be increased age and weight at puberty, increased mature weight, improved fertility, increased maternal gestation length and maternal birth weight but reduced maternal difficulty and reduced maternal preweaning gain. PMID- 6735942 TI - A comparison of crossbred and straightbred cow-calf pairs. I. Heterosis effects on total feed efficiency. AB - Records of 104 crossbred and 33 straightbred individually fed cow-calf units were used to study the effects of heterosis on total cow-calf feed efficiency in the production of weight of calf at weaning, 168 d postweaning, slaughter and in the carcass. The cows were Angus, Hereford, Charolais and reciprocal crosses of these breeds. The calves were straightbred and all possible two-breed backcrosses and three-breed crosses produced from first cross cows. The efficiency of the cow calf unit was defined as kg of calf produced per kg of total TDN (total digestible nutrients) consumed by the cow-calf pair. Total feed consumed by the cows was for an average period of 315 d, from approximately November 21 to October 2. Total calf TDN consisted of creep to weaning and feed during the postweaning fattening period to slaughter. For all measures of cow-calf unit efficiency studied, the heterosis estimates were small but generally positive, ranging from -.8 to 2.1%. The average advantage of all crosses over the straightbred parents for the conversion of total feed consumed by cow-calf pair to calf weight at weaning was 2%. Heterosis effects, individual and maternal combined, on the average, among two-breed backcrosses and the three-breed crosses were essentially the same. Among the three groups of first-cross cows compared, the study indicated that a slight advantage in total cow-calf efficiency was exhibited by the Angus X Hereford cross.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS) PMID- 6735944 TI - Effect of inorganic selenium supplementation on selenosis in postweaning swine. AB - A total of 72 pigs weaned at 4 wk of age were allotted by litter and weight to nine treatment groups and fed 20% protein cornsoybean meal diets supplemented with various levels of inorganic Se during a 37-d postweaning period. Eight groups were fed diets with 0, 2.5, 5.0, 7.5, 10, 15, 20 or 40 ppm Se provided as sodium selenite, while a ninth was offered the 0- and 40-ppm Se diets in separate feeders. Gains and feed intakes were similar during the trial for the 0- and 2.5 ppm Se diets. Both gain and feed intake declined as dietary Se levels above 5.0 ppm increased. At a dietary Se concentration of 40 ppm, feed consumption ceased within a few days of feeding and subsequent gains were negative. Pigs offered both the 0- and 40-ppm Se diets preferentially selected the basal as compared with the 40-ppm Se diet. When the feeders were switched at 28 d they refused the 40-ppm Se diet within a few hours. After a 17-d period, pigs fed the 20- or 40 ppm Se diet were not able to coordinate their walk, with many exhibiting an inability to stand. Alopecia was demonstrated in pigs fed 15 ppm Se or higher at 17 d, but was evident in the 5.0-ppm group at 37 d. At the termination of the trial, abnormal hoof formation at the coronary band was evident in pigs fed diets containing Se greater than or equal to 5 ppm.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS) PMID- 6735945 TI - Influence of an experimental infection of Strongyloides ransomi on performance of pigs. AB - Sixty-four pigs (average 21.8 kg live weight) were divided into 16 comparable groups of four, each based on sex and body weight, to study the effects of a single infection of Strongyloides ransomi (either 0, 5,000, 10,000 or 20,000 S. ransomi larvae/kg body weight) on performance during a 91-d trial. Final weight, weight gain and average daily gain of pigs not infected were greater (P less than .01) than those of pigs given either 5,000 or 10,000 S. ransomi larvae/kg body weight, which in turn were greater (P less than .01) than those of pigs given 20,000 S. ransomi larvae/kg body weight. Average daily gain for pigs not infected was 40% greater (P less than .01) than that of pigs given 20,000 S. ransomi larvae/kg body weight. Feed required per unit of weight gain was 44% greater for pigs given 20,000 S. ransomi larvae/kg body weight than for pigs not infected, but this difference was not significantly greater due to extreme variation within the group of infected pigs. In each of two trials, eight crossbred barrows (average 20.0 kg in trial 1 and 22.7 kg body weight in trial 2) were examined for the effects of two levels of S. ransomi infections (0 and 10,000 larvae/kg body weight) on digestion and absorption of nutrients and on N balance. Digestion coefficients for dry matter, crude protein and gross energy for pigs not infected were greater (P less than .05) than for those experimentally infected.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS) PMID- 6735946 TI - Relationship of lactation energy intake and occurrence of postweaning estrus to body and backfat composition in sows. AB - Forty-five crossbred primiparous sows were used to determine the relationship of lactation energy intake and the occurrence of postweaning estrus to (1) body fat (percentage), (2) lean body mass (LBM) and (3) qualitative and quantitative characteristics of adipose tissue. Sows received 8 (Lo) or 16 (Hi) Mcal of metabolizable energy (ME)/d during lactation and 5.4 Mcal of ME/d postweaning. Serum samples were obtained 1 d before weaning (d 0) and analyzed for creatinine and urea-N (indices of muscle and amino acid catabolism, respectively). Subcutaneous adipose tissue samples were obtained and analyzed for total lipid and myristic, palmitic, palmitoleic, stearic, oleic and linoleic acids. Last rib backfat thickness determined at weaning was used to estimate body fat (percentage). Lean body mass was estimated from 48-h creatinine excretion rates determined on d 15 and 16 postweaning. Sows fed the Lo diet that returned (Lo-R) and did not return (Lo-NR) to estrus by d 14 postweaning lost more (P less than .01) weight during lactation, gained more (P less than .01) weight postweaning, had higher (P less than .07) body fat (percentage) and a slight trend toward lower creatinine excretion rate than sows fed the Hi diet that returned to estrus (Hi-R). Adipose tissue from sows in the Lo-R and Lo-NR groups had less (P less than .05) lipid than that from sows in the Hi-R group. Concentrations of oleic and stearic acids were lower and higher (P less than .01), respectively, in adipose tissue from sows in the Lo-R and Lo-NR vs Hi-R groups.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS) PMID- 6735947 TI - Relation of feedlot performance and certain physiological responses to the metabolizable protein and urea content of cattle diets. AB - An experiment was conducted to test the accuracy of the metabolizable protein system in predicting the amount of urea that would be useful in a corn-based cattle diet. Treatment diets included a basal, low-protein (7.8% CP) negative control (NC) with no supplemental N and a positive control (PC) that contained soybean meal. Urea was added to the NC diet in quantities calculated to be either 25% deficient (LU), equal to (MU) or 25% in excess (HU) of the urea fermentation potential ( UFP ). In vitro rumen fermentation studies were used to determine sequential ammonia production and digestible dry matter content of the diets. In a growth trial, 12 individually-fed Angus, Hereford and Angus X Hereford steers weighing an average of 213 kg were assigned randomly to each treatment diet. At the conclusion of the 112-d trial, rumen ammonia and jugular blood urea N (BUN) concentrations were determined on two steers from each treatment before feeding and at 1, 2, 3, 4 and 5 h postfeeding. In vitro ammonia concentrations of the NC and PC treatments were lower (P less than .05) than that of urea containing diets. In vivo rumen ammonia concentrations at 1 h postfeeding and BUN levels at 3 h postfeeding were low for both the NC and PC diets compared with urea containing diets. Both of these values increased with each successive increase of added urea to the NC diet. During the initial 70 d of the growth trial, daily gains were improved (P less than .05) by addition of urea up to the MU level, which fulfilled the calculated UFP .(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS) PMID- 6735948 TI - Decreasing burned children's pain behavior: impacting the trauma of hydrotherapy. AB - We evaluated the effects of cartoon viewing with the use of a star feedback chart on two burned children's pain behavior during their physical therapy sessions. In addition, the degree to which the observational data corresponded with physical therapists' and mothers' ratings of the children's pain, fear, and cooperativeness was examined. Using a reversal single-subject design, the results showed that the children's pain behavior substantially decreased during experimental treatment sessions compared to their baseline levels. The rating scale data indicated that the physical therapist's and mother's rating of pain, anxiety, and cooperativeness were all correlated significantly with the observational data (p less than .05). The contributions of respondent and operant conditioning to the occurrence and treatment of pain behavior in burned children are discussed. PMID- 6735949 TI - Home safety: development and validation of one component of an ecobehavioral treatment program for abused and neglected children. AB - Parents may be charged with child abuse or neglect or both on the basis of a variety of circumstances. Child neglect, for example, is often documented when caseworkers observe that the family's home itself is so poorly kept that it presents an environment in which young children have ready access to lethal hazards such as poisons, uncovered wall outlets, and firearms. In this study, we describe the development of a Home Accident Prevention Inventory (HAPI) which was validated and used to assess hazards in the homes of several families under state protective service for child abuse and neglect. The HAPI included five categories of hazards: fire and electrical, mechanical-suffocation, ingested object suffocation, firearms, and solid/liquid poisons. Following the collection of baseline data, parents were presented with a treatment package that included instructions and demonstrations on making hazards inaccessible to children, plus feedback regarding the number and location of hazards in the home. The multiple baseline design across hazardous categories in each family's home showed that the package resulted in decreases in the number of these accessible hazards. These improvements were maintained over an extended period of unannounced follow-up checks. This research provides a model for the development and assessment of an area previously unexamined in the child abuse and neglect literature. PMID- 6735950 TI - Errorless learning: reinforcement contingencies and stimulus control transfer in delayed prompting. AB - Delayed prompting can produce errorless discrimination learning. There is inherent in the procedure a disparity in reinforcement density which favors unprompted over prompted responses. We used three schedules of reinforcement to investigate the impact of reinforcement probability on transfer of stimulus control. One schedule of reinforcement was equal prior to and following a prompt (CRF/CRF), the second favored unprompted responses (CRF/FR3), and the third favored responses following the prompt (FR3/CRF). Experimental questions concerned the probability of errors, the probability of transfer, and the rate of transfer in the context of delayed prompting. Transfer was accelerated when reinforcement probability favored anticipatory responding. The schedule that favored prompted responses did not prevent a shift to unprompted responding. Errors were infrequent across procedures. Reinforcement probability contributes to but does not entirely determine transfer of stimulus control from a delayed prompt. PMID- 6735951 TI - Normalization of institutional mealtimes for profoundly retarded persons: effects and noneffects of teaching family-style dining. AB - Benefits have been reported for certain institutionalized populations when mealtimes are arranged under normal, family-style conditions. In this study, we evaluated a program for teaching family-style mealtime skills to institutionalized persons with skill deficits greater than those targeted in previous research--the profoundly retarded. Results showed that the program, involving forward chaining with a less-to-more intrusive prompting sequence and contingent reinforcement, successfully taught four profoundly retarded persons several family-style skills. Also, systematic measures supported the durability of the skills, social validity of the behavior changes, acceptance of the program by staff trainers, and no detrimental changes in health-related variables associated with food consumption. However, results also indicated that beneficial corollary changes (e.g., increased peer communication) previously reported with higher skilled populations did not occur. These results suggest that with more seriously handicapped populations, multiple changes should not be assumed when normalizing institutional conditions; rather, specific skill training will probably be necessary. PMID- 6735952 TI - Application of the "generalization map" to a self-control intervention with school-aged children. AB - The assessment of generalization has become a priority of applied behavior analysis. This study provided a thorough assessment of the generality of a comprehensive self-control intervention. This intervention incorporated a number of self-management skills and was designed to increase the math performance of an underachieving student in a regular elementary school classroom. All possible classes of generalization as outlined by Drabman, Hammer, and Rosenbaum (1979) were assessed. An ABAB design with follow-up was used to determine the effectiveness of the intervention for the treated student's math performance in the school setting as well as the degree of generalization across the following untreated dimensions: behavior (disruptiveness); setting (home); subject (classmate); and time period (follow-up). The effective intervention produced: subject, behavior, subject-behavior, setting, subject-setting, behavior-setting, subject-behavior-setting, time, subject-time, setting-time, subject-setting-time, and subject-behavior-setting-time generalization. Generalization was not obtained for behavior-time, subject-behavior-time, and behavior-setting-time generalization. Features of this intervention which may have promoted generalization are discussed. PMID- 6735953 TI - Positive peer pressure: the effects of peer monitoring on children's disruptive behavior. AB - Classroom peers can serve as powerful sources of reinforcement in increasing or maintaining both the positive and negative behaviors of their classmates. In two experiments, we examined the effectiveness of a peer-monitored token system on reducing disruption and nonparticipation during a transition period of a kindergarten class for behaviorally impaired children. Additionally, the effect of providing and subsequently withholding corrective feedback to peer mediators on the accuracy of their point awards was evaluated. Results in Experiment 1 suggest that both teacher- and peer-monitored interventions were successful in decreasing disruption and increasing participation of monitored peers. Experiment 2 further demonstrated that peer monitors could successfully initiate the token system without prior adult implementation. Analysis of the point awards in both experiments indicates that peer monitors consistently awarded points that were earned. However, when corrective feedback was withdrawn the peer monitors frequently awarded points that were not earned, i.e., they rarely withheld points for undesirable behavior. Even so, the monitored peers' disruptive behavior was maintained at low rates. PMID- 6735954 TI - The training and generalization of social interaction skills with autistic youth. AB - Two experiments were conducted to increase the initiations and duration of social interactions between autistic and nonhandicapped youths. Experiment 1 taught two autistic youths to initiate and elaborate social interactions with three age appropriate and commonly used leisure objects; a radio, a video game, and gum. The students were first taught to use the objects and subsequently instructed in the related social skills. The youths generalized these social responses to other non-handicapped peers in the same leisure setting. A second experiment trained a third autistic youth to emit similar social leisure skills. The use of the leisure objects and the related social skills were taught at the same time. The autistic youth learned these skills and generalized them to other handicapped peers in the same leisure setting. The importance of teaching generalized social responding in particular subenvironments was emphasized. PMID- 6735955 TI - A supervision program for increasing functional activities for severely handicapped students in a residential setting. AB - This study was designed to increase the amount of time severely handicapped students living in a residential facility engaged in age-appropriate and functional activities. After a brief in-service training, a program involving instructions to supervisors and staff feedback was implemented in a multiple baseline design across settings. Results showed that after the supervision program was implemented, the students' participation in activities increased. Further, these increases maintained when feedback was reduced from an average of 3 days a week during treatment, to once a month for a 5-month period. PMID- 6735957 TI - The effects of single instance, multiple instance, and general case training on generalized vending machine use by moderately and severely handicapped students. AB - This report provides an experimental analysis of generalized vending machine use by six moderately or severely retarded high school students. Dependent variables were training trials to criterion and performance on 10 nontrained "generalization" vending machines. A multiple-baseline design across subjects was used to compare three strategies for teaching generalized vending machine use. Training occurred with (a) a single vending machine, (b) three similar machines, or (c) three machines that sampled the range of stimulus and response variation in a defined class of vending machines. Results indicated that the third approach was the most effective method of obtaining generalized responding. Methodological implications for the experimental analysis of generalization and programmatic implications for teaching generalized behaviors are discussed. PMID- 6735956 TI - An evaluation of the electronic fetal monitor as a feedback device during labor. AB - We describe new methodology for the evaluation of the labor experience and preliminary findings using these methods. The effects of feedback from an Electronic Fetal Monitor on report of contraction onset were evaluated during the labors of eight primiparous women, four of whom had attended childbirth preparation classes. Using a within-subject reversal design, data were gathered across four phases for each woman: no feedback (monitor turned away from mother and coach), feedback, no feedback, and feedback again. The women were observed in early labor without medication. Six women were able to note the onset of contractions earlier with the availability of feedback; two women (who had not attended childbirth preparation classes) were more variable in their response. Threshold for recognition of pain onset did not change reliably. Seven of the eight women chose to continue monitoring when offered the chance to discontinue it. These results suggest that the technological advance of fetal monitoring can be used in cooperation with prepared childbirth techniques to facilitate earlier recognition of contraction onset, allowing increased preparation for contractions. Further experimental evaluations during labor are suggested. PMID- 6735958 TI - Potentiation of phagocytosis of pathogenic bacteria by exposure to low concentrations of antibiotics. PMID- 6735959 TI - Empirical antifungal therapy in neutropenic patients. PMID- 6735960 TI - Treatment of peritonitis complicating continuous ambulatory peritoneal dialysis. PMID- 6735961 TI - Effects of antimicrobials on host defence mechanism. PMID- 6735962 TI - Effectiveness of cefamandole against methicillin-resistant strains of Staphylococcus aureus in vitro and in experimental infections. AB - An investigation was carried out into the effectiveness of cefamandole as compared to that of cephalothin against methicillin-sensitive and methicillin resistant strains of Staphylococcus aureus both in vitro and in mice with the experimental peritonitis-induced septicaemia as a model for a generalized infection. In the agar-diffusion test 95% of 118 and in the broth-dilution test 80% of 30 methicillin-resistant strains were sensitive to cefamandole. In experimental infections the ED50 with methicillin-resistant strains was 20 times greater than that required for the methicillin-sensitive strain although the MIC was only twice that for the latter. Doses of cephalothin required for treatment of infections due to methicillin-resistant strains were also twenty times greater than for those due to the methicillin-sensitive strain. But these differences were consistent with those in MIC (by factors of 16-32). Thus, the results of in vitro testing of cefamandole are not predictive for its therapeutic efficacy in staphylococcal infections with methicillin-resistant strains. Therefore, rather than relying on inhibition zone diameter and MIC, the information that a staphylococcal strain is methicillin-resistant should be used as an indication not to choose cefamandole for chemotherapy. PMID- 6735963 TI - Diet-controlled blood levels of oltipraz in healthy male subjects. AB - The bioavailability of the new antischistosomal agent, oltipraz, was examined under three different dietary conditions in seven healthy males. Oltipraz tablets (500 mg) were administered in single doses (25 mg/kg) under fasting conditions, with a low fat meal (less than 5% fat) and a high fat meal (24% fat). The extent and rate of oltipraz bioavailability were significantly increased by concurrent administration of the drug with food, as demonstrated by the increase in the plasma peak concentration, the area under the plasma concentration vs. time curve and the absorption rate constant. The plasma peak concentration was also reached earlier. Oltipraz plasma concentrations, following its administration under fasting conditions, were almost negligible. The likely mechanisms underlining oltipraz-food interaction are discussed. PMID- 6735964 TI - Low dose oral tobramycin treatment for selective decontamination of the digestive tract: a study in human volunteers. AB - Tobramycin has been given orally to eight human volunteers for four successive days, to investigate its effect on the Gram-negative enterobacilli as well as on the endogenous anaerobic microflora. The effect was investigated in three treatment legs; i.e. in daily doses of 300 mg, in daily doses of 500 mg and thirdly in daily doses of 200 mg in combination with 1000 mg of neomycin. With 300 mg tobramycin daily, seven of eight volunteers had no Gram-negative bacilli in their faecal cultures by about four days after the onset of treatment. Their anaerobic micro-flora was slightly affected during treatment as evidenced by the appearance of low concentrations of beta-aspartylglycine in their stools. The other dose regimens were not significantly more effective in eliminating Gram negative bacilli from the intestines; the anaerobic flora however, was more severely affected. Because evidence of induction of resistance was noticed it is recommended that if tobramycin is used for selective decontamination of the intestinal tract it should be given in combination with another antimicrobial drug such as polymyxin. PMID- 6735965 TI - Effect of therapy with latamoxef (moxalactam) on carriage of Clostridium difficile. AB - Twenty-seven patients receiving latamoxef (moxalactam) as a single antimicrobial agent were studied prospectively for Clostridium difficile carriage and development of diarrhoea or colitis. Stools were available prior to therapy from only seven patients, one of whom (14.3%) was an asymptomatic carrier. None of twelve patients studied during therapy were carriers. Seven of 27 patients (25.9%) were colonized with Cl. difficile after completion of latamoxef therapy, and three patients had cytotoxin positive stools. Two patients with cytotoxin grew Cl difficile from stools and one patient was culture negative. Only one patient, who had both culture and cytotoxin positive stools, had profuse diarrhoea. Cl. difficile clinical isolates were only moderately susceptible to latamoxef in vitro. Hamsters given moxalactam developed caecitis. Patients receiving latamoxef, or third generation cephalosporins, may be at increased risk of development of Cl. difficile associated diarrhoea and should be followed closely for this complication, especially after therapy has been discontinued. PMID- 6735966 TI - The activity of piperacillin against anaerobic bacilli. PMID- 6735967 TI - Stress and strain from family roles and work-role expectations. PMID- 6735968 TI - Reducing organizational conflict: an incompatible response approach. PMID- 6735969 TI - Effects of diazepam and methylphenidate on the electrodermal detection of guilty knowledge. PMID- 6735970 TI - Water and electrolyte status in children with acute asthma. AB - The water and electrolyte status was studied in 26 children with acute asthma, 8 of whom required hospital admission. Patients were evaluated before therapy, during hospital management, and at least 10 days after symptoms had subsided. Laboratory evaluation included serum electrolytes, BUN, sOsmo, urinalysis, and uOsmo. Data were analyzed for the manifestations of SI-ADH. Mild serum hyposmolarity was noted initially in only two patients and during the hospital stay in one patient for a short time, but none of the patients fulfilled the criteria of SIADH. At the time of presentation at the emergency room, none of the 26 patients had clinical signs of dehydration, yet some degree of hypertonicity seemed to be present in most patients. This study shows that children with acute asthma are ordinarily not at high risk of SIADH and fluid therapy should be included in the management. Nevertheless, because such patients may be at risk of pulmonary edema, vigorous fluid administration should be discouraged, except to correct dehydration. PMID- 6735971 TI - Influence of ketotifen on the airway responsiveness in asthmatics. PMID- 6735972 TI - Atopic disposition and bronchial reactivity to inhaled acetylcholine in young adults with a history of asthma in childhood. AB - The atopic disposition, indicated by positive skin reactions and IgE antibody titers etc., and the bronchial reactivity to inhaled acetylcholine were examined on the following three groups: (1) 20 young adults with a history of childhood asthma who have been symptom-free for more than 4 yr; (2) 20 current asthmatics, and (3) 20 healthy young adults. Young adults with a history of childhood asthma remained atopic in their disposition even after complete clinical remissions of their childhood asthma. However, they had a lower bronchial reactivity as compared with current asthmatics, although the bronchial reactivities of both groups were apparently higher than the control group. PMID- 6735974 TI - Cutaneous and mucosal diagnostic tests for allergy. PMID- 6735973 TI - Crying-induced bronchospasm in childhood asthma. PMID- 6735975 TI - Allergy allusions, health illusions, and elusive illnesses. PMID- 6735977 TI - Enhancement of chemotaxis in Spirochaeta aurantia grown under conditions of nutrient limitation. AB - Spirochaeta aurantia M1 cells were grown in a chemostat under conditions of energy and carbon source limitation. The chemotactic responses of the chemostat grown cells were compared with those of S. aurantia cells grown in batch culture in the presence of excess energy and carbon source. Chemotactic responses were measured by determining the number of cells that entered a capillary tube containing a solution of attractant. S. aurantia cells grown in the chemostat under energy and carbon source limitation exhibited enhanced chemotactic responses and detected lower concentrations of attractant, as compared with cells grown in batch culture. The chemotactic response toward an attractant was specifically enhanced when that attractant was the growth-limiting energy and carbon source. The medium used contained either D-glucose or D-xylose as the sole energy and carbon source. Cells had the greatest chemotactic response toward glucose when grown at a dilution rate (D) of 0.045 h-1 under glucose limitation and toward xylose when grown at D = 0.06 h-1 under xylose limitation. When cells were grown under glucose limitation (D = 0.045 h-1), they sensed concentrations of attractant (glucose) ca. 1,000 times lower than those sensed by batch-grown cells. A similar enhancement of sensing ability (toward xylose) was observed in cells grown under xylose limitation. The results indicated that S. aurantia cells are able to regulate their chemosensory system in response to nutrient limitation. Maximum enhancement of chemotaxis occurs in cells growing at very low concentrations of energy and carbon source. Most likely, this property provides the spirochetes with competitive advantages when the availability of nutrients becomes severely limited in their habitats. PMID- 6735976 TI - Isolation and characterization of the Legionella pneumophila outer membrane. AB - A whole cell lysate of Legionella pneumophila was fractionated into five membrane fractions by sucrose gradient centrifugation. Membranes were characterized by enzymatic, chemical, and sodium dodecyl sulfate-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis analysis. Two forms of cytoplasmic membrane (CM-1, CM-2), a band of intermediate density (IM), and two forms of outer membrane (OM-1, OM-2) were detected. The CM-1 fraction was the purest form of cytoplasmic membrane, and fraction CM-2 was primarily cytoplasmic membrane associated with small amounts of peptidoglycan. The IM, CM-1, and CM-2 fractions were enriched in peptidoglycan, and the amount of carbohydrate and 2-keto-3-deoxyoctonic acid was not appreciably greater in outer membrane relative to cytoplasmic membrane. Phosphatidylethanolamine and phosphatidylcholine were found to be the major phospholipids in the membrane fractions. The major outer membrane proteins had molecular sizes of 29,000 and 33,000 daltons and were both modified by heating. The 29,000-dalton protein was tightly associated with the peptidoglycan and was equally distributed in the IM, OM-1, and OM-2. PMID- 6735978 TI - Purification and properties of the myo-inositol-binding protein from a Pseudomonas sp. AB - A myo-inositol-binding protein was isolated from a Pseudomonas sp. soil isolate and was purified to homogeneity. Its molecular weight is 30,000, and it has a single binding site. The amino acid analysis showed that the protein contains three tryptophan residues and no cysteine. Tryptophan residues seem to be involved in the binding of the ligand, as shown by the modification of the fluorescence spectra and by the fact that oxidation of tryptophan residues with N bromosuccinimide abolished the binding of myo-inositol. Sequence analysis of the N-terminal segment of 37 amino acids showed that 13 are conserved when compared with the galactose-binding protein of Escherichia coli. PMID- 6735980 TI - Isolation of pigmentation mutants of the green filamentous photosynthetic bacterium Chloroflexus aurantiacus. AB - Mutants deficient in the production of bacteriochlorophyll c (Bchl c) and one mutant lacking colored carotenoids were isolated from the filamentous gliding bacterium Chloroflexus aurantiacus. Mutagenesis was achieved by using UV radiation or N-methyl-N'-nitro-N-nitrosoguanidine. Several clones were isolated that were deficient in Bchl c synthesis. All reverted. One double mutant deficient both in Bchl c synthesis and in the synthesis of colored carotenoids under anaerobic conditions was isolated. Isolation of a revertant in Bchl c synthesis from this double mutant produced a mutant strain of Chloroflexus that grew photosynthetically under anaerobic conditions and lacked colored carotenoids. Analysis of pigment contents and growth rates of the mutants revealed a positive association between growth rate and content of Bchl c under light-limiting conditions. PMID- 6735979 TI - Characterization of the cell wall and outer membrane of Rhodopseudomonas capsulata. AB - Sucrose density gradient centrifugation of cell envelopes of chemotrophically grown cells of Rhodopseudomonas capsulata St. Louis (= ATCC 23782) resulted in the separation of a cytoplasmic membrane from a cell wall fraction (buoyant densities, 1.139 and 1.215 g/cm3, respectively). The cell wall fractions (untreated or Triton extracted) contained peptidoglycan- and lipopolysaccharide specific components. Their neutral sugar content, mainly rhamnose and galactose, was high (250 and 100 micrograms/mg [dry weight] of material) due to a non lipopolysaccharide polymer. The fatty acid content was low (less than or equal to 60 micrograms/mg [dry weight] of material), and half of it was contributed by lipopolysaccharide (3-OH-C10:0, C12:1, and 3-oxo-C14:0). The predominant other fatty acid was C18:1. An outer membrane fraction, obtained by lysozyme treatment of the Triton-extracted cell wall, showed essentially the same chemical composition except for almost complete removal of peptidoglycan. Saline extraction (0.9% NaCl, 37 degrees C, 2 h) removed a lipopolysaccharide-protein( phospholipid?) complex from whole cells of R. capsulata St. Louis. The polypeptide patterns of the cell wall and outer membrane as revealed by sodium dodecyl sulfate-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis comprised 20 to 25 different polypeptides (most of them very faint) and were dominated by a single, heat modifiable major protein (Mr 69,000 after solubilization below 60 degrees C; Mr 33,000 at temperatures above 70 degrees C). PMID- 6735981 TI - Secondary structure and phylogeny of Staphylococcus and Micrococcus 5S rRNAs. AB - Nucleotide sequences of 5S rRNAs from four bacteria, Staphylococcus aureus Smith (diffuse), Staphylococcus epidermidis ATCC 14990, Micrococcus luteus ATCC 9341 and Micrococcus luteus ATCC 4698, were determined. The secondary structural models of S. aureus and S. epidermidis sequences showed characteristics of the gram-positive bacterial 5S rRNA (116-N type [H. Hori and S. Osawa, Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A. 76:381-385, 1979]). Those of M. luteus ATCC 9341 and M. luteus ATCC 4698 together with that of Streptomyces griseus (A. Simoncsits, Nucleic Acids Res. 8:4111-4124, 1980) showed intermediary characteristics between the gram-positive and gram-negative (120-N type [H. Hori and S. Osawa, 1979]) 5S rRNAs. This and previous studies revealed that there exist at least three major groups of eubacteria having distinct 5S rRNA and belonging to different stems in the 5S rRNA phylogenic tree. PMID- 6735982 TI - Regular surface layer of Azotobacter vinelandii. AB - Washing Azotobacter vinelandii UW1 with Burk buffer or heating cells at 42 degrees C exposed a regular surface layer which was effectively visualized by freeze-etch electron microscopy. This layer was composed of tetragonally arranged subunits separated by a center-to-center spacing of approximately 10 nm. Cells washed with distilled water to remove an acidic major outer membrane protein with a molecular weight of 65,000 did not possess the regular surface layer. This protein, designated the S protein, specifically reattached to the surface of distilled-water-washed cells in the presence of the divalent calcium, magnesium, strontium, or beryllium cations. All of these cations except beryllium supported reassembly of the S protein into a regular tetragonal array. Although the surface localization of the S protein has been demonstrated, radioiodination of exposed envelope proteins in whole cells did not confirm this. The labeling behavior of the S protein could be explained on the basis of varying accessibilities of different tyrosine residues to iodination. PMID- 6735983 TI - Isolation and characterization of nonspreading mutants of the gliding bacterium Cytophaga johnsonae. AB - Three approaches were taken to isolate a total of 153 nonspreading mutants derived from our laboratory strain of Cytophaga johnsonae, UW101, or from its auxotrophic derivative, UW10538. Characterization of 109 of these mutants led to their placement in five general categories: (i) motile, nonspreading (MNS) mutants whose cells are motile to various degrees but whose colonies fail to spread on agar gels under any conditions of incubation; (ii) conditional nonspreading (CNS) mutants with motile cells whose colonies require more moisture to spread on agar gels than do those of wild-type cells; (iii) filamentous conditional motility (FCM) mutants whose cells grow as nonmotile filaments or as motile cells with wild-type morphology, depending on conditions of incubation; (iv) short, tumbling, nonspreading (STN) mutants with short cells that tumble constantly; and (v) truly nonmotile (TNM) mutants whose cells never move and whose colonies never spread under any conditions tested. All TNM mutants exhibited a remarkable pleiotropy not seen in the other four classes of mutants: all were resistant to 39 phages to which wild-type cells are sensitive, and all were unable to digest chitin, which is digested by wild-type cells. The correlation between ability to move and phage sensitivity was strengthened further by showing that 150 additional TNM mutants derived from UW101 and 43 TNM mutants derived from 29 independent isolates of C. johnsonae were resistant to all phages to which their parents were sensitive. Furthermore, motile revertants of TNM mutants became phage sensitive, and temperature-sensitive mutants were motile and phage sensitive at 25 degrees C and nonmotile and phage resistant at 32 degrees C. Evidence supports the conclusion that any mutation rendering cells truly nonmotile invariably alters cell surface-associated properties such as phage sensitivity and chitin digestion merely as a consequence of changing a moving cell surface to a static surface. PMID- 6735984 TI - Hydrogen-oxidizing electron transport components in nitrogen-fixing Azotobacter vinelandii. AB - Membranes from N2-fixing Azotobacter vinelandii were isolated to identify electron transport components involved in H2 oxidation. We found direct evidence for the involvement of cytochromes b, c, and d in H2 oxidation by the use of H2 reduced minus O2-oxidized absorption difference spectra. Carbon monoxide spectra showed that H2 reduced cytochrome d but not cytochrome o. Inhibition of H2 oxidation by cyanide was monophasic with a high Ki (135 microM); this was attributed to cytochrome d. Cyanide inhibition of malate oxidation showed the presence of an additional, low Ki (0.1 microM cyanide) component in the membranes; this was attributed to cytochrome o. However, H2 oxidation was not sensitive to this cyanide concentration. Chlorpromazine (at 160 microM) markedly inhibited malate oxidation, but it did not greatly inhibit H2 oxidation. Irradiation of membranes with UV light inhibited H2 oxidation. Adding A. vinelandii Q8 to the UV-damaged membranes partially restored H2 oxidation activity, whereas addition of UV-treated Q8 did not increase the activity. 2-n Heptyl-4-hydroxyquinoline-N-oxide inhibited both H2 and malate oxidation. PMID- 6735985 TI - Uptake of D-xylose and D-glucose by Spirochaeta aurantia. AB - Uptake of D-[14C]glucose and D-[14C]xylose by Spirochaeta aurantia was demonstrated to be osmotic shock sensitive and to require a high-energy phosphorylated compound rather than a proton motive force. These features are similar to those of binding protein-mediated transport systems in other gram negative bacteria. PMID- 6735987 TI - Depressive psychopathology in male sleep apneics. AB - Depression has been reported to be frequent in sleep apnea syndromes. In a sample of 25 consecutive male sleep apneics, 40% met Research Diagnostic Criteria for an affective disorder or for alcohol abuse. A multiple regression analysis indicated that 61% of the variance in depression ratings could be explained by four variables: age, REM activity, REM latency (square root), and presence or absence of antihypertensive medications (multiple R = 0.78). The use of these variables in a discriminant function analysis correctly predicted the membership of 68% of the sample in either a low or high depression group (kappa = 0.44; p less than .01). These findings are reviewed in relation to other research on age-related sleep changes and vulnerability to depression. PMID- 6735986 TI - Fructose catabolism in Azospirillum brasilense and Azospirillum lipoferum. AB - The pathways for catabolism of fructose were investigated in the type strains of Azospirillum lipoferum and Azospirillum brasilense grown aerobically with (NH4)2SO4 as the nitrogen source. When grown on fructose, the former species possessed a complete Entner-Doudoroff pathway, whereas the latter species lacked activity for glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase. Both species possessed a complete catabolic Embden-Meyerhof-Parnas pathway. Neither species possessed the key enzyme of the hexose monophosphate pathway, 6-phosphogluconate dehydrogenase. Both species could phosphorylate fructose to fructose-1-phosphate by means of a phosphoenolpyruvate-phosphotransferase system, and high activities of 1 phosphofructokinase occurred. Both species possessed glucokinase activity, but only A. lipoferum had hexokinase activity; moreover, the cells of A. brasilense were nearly impermeable to glucose, accounting for the inability of this species to grow on glucose. Both species possessed pyruvate dehydrogenase, a complete tricarboxylic acid cycle, a glyoxylate shunt, and malic enzyme. Analysis of the acidic end products for both species indicated the formation of only small amounts of various organic acids, and most of the titratable acidity was due to utilization of the ammonium ions of the medium. Gluconic acid was not formed during growth of either species on fructose but was detected during growth of A. lipoferum on glucose; this species also possessed an NADP-linked glucose dehydrogenase and gluconokinase. PMID- 6735988 TI - Race, violence, and psychopathology. AB - The frequency of violent behavior among inpatients on an acute psychiatric unit for veterans was examined. Violent behavior was assessed using a modified Lion scale in 93 white and 24 black consecutively admitted inpatients receiving a fixed dose of neuroleptic. Blacks were significantly less violent according to the Lion scale. Item analysis revealed that whites made more violent threats, committed more violent acts against self, and were more likely to be secluded or restrained. Blacks were less likely to commit multiple acts against others, although the actual numbers of violent episodes were not significantly different. No racial differences were seen in serum neuroleptic level, psychopathology as measured by the BPRS, or admission status. The same racial differences in violence were seen when either schizophrenics alone or paranoid schizophrenics were considered. PMID- 6735989 TI - Diagnostic validation of conjoint schizophrenia and alcoholism. AB - The Renard Diagnostic Interview and the Feighner criteria were used to obtain research diagnoses for VA psychiatric inpatients with hospital diagnoses of both schizophrenia and alcoholism, schizophrenia without alcoholism, and alcoholism without schizophrenia. Hospital diagnoses were confirmed in 69% of patients with schizophrenia and alcoholism and in 65% and 100% of designated schizophrenic and alcoholic patients, respectively. Differences in order of onset, additional psychiatric diagnoses and number and nature of schizophrenic symptoms in the three groups are described. The results of this study support earlier findings that alcoholism is a significant problem in the schizophrenic patient population; implications for treatment and future research are discussed. PMID- 6735990 TI - Funeral mania in recurrent bipolar affective disorders: reports of three cases. AB - Anniversary reactions as precipitants of manic episodes are reported to be relatively common, while manic onset within a week of bereavement ("funeral mania") has been considered rare. Three cases of funeral mania are described to illustrate that this phenomenon may be more frequent than has been thought. PMID- 6735991 TI - Thrombocytopenia associated with carbamazepine: case report and review. AB - A case of thrombocytopenia associated with carbamazepine use is reported, and previous reports of adverse hematologic effects in patients taking carbamazepine are discussed. With increasing use of carbamazepine in the treatment of affective disorders, psychiatrists will need to be aware of the drug's hematologic side effects, and institute appropriate monitoring procedures. PMID- 6735992 TI - Drug-induced hyponatremia? PMID- 6735993 TI - Symptom perception by nonpsychiatric physicians in evaluating for depression. AB - A questionnaire was constructed and used to assess the perception of symptoms of a depressive disorder by nonpsychiatric physicians in patient evaluations. Results showed that respondents consistently perceived depression as resulting from psychological rather than biological factors. It is suggested that such perception on the part of physicians may hinder consolidation of a patient's symptom complex with the degree of certainty necessary for a diagnostic consideration of depressive disorder. PMID- 6735994 TI - New contributions from basic science to understanding the effects of monoamine oxidase inhibiting antidepressants. AB - Recent studies have provided almost conclusive evidence for the existence of the two separate MAO isozymes previously postulated to exist on the basis of indirect evidence. Important differences in the proportions and distribution of these two enzyme forms across species and in various tissues are responsible for some puzzling anomalies in earlier studies and contribute to differences in behavioral responses, blood pressure changes, and toxic responses to tyramine and other sympathomimetic agents. Substrate-selective, irreversible inhibitors, as well as several new classes of reversible MAO-A and MAO-B selective inhibitors, may provide a spectrum of clinical effects different from the nonselective irreversible MAO inhibitors. PMID- 6735995 TI - The importance of dose in isocarboxazid therapy. AB - Little information is available on the effectiveness and safety of particular doses of isocarboxazid. In a study using isocarboxazid doses of 30 and 50 mg/day in depressed inpatients, the higher dose was well tolerated and did not result in any greater toxicity than the 30 mg dose. Significantly greater elevation of plasma serotonin (Week 2) and platelet MAO inhibition were seen with 50 mg/day. In nonmelancholic depressions, 50 mg proved to be more effective than 30 mg in symptoms of depression and anxiety. However, this did not apply to the vegetative physiologic symptoms of depression. PMID- 6735996 TI - Classification of depressive disorders: a multiaxial approach. AB - Classification of depressive disorders can be performed following the Linnaean binomial nomenclature model by defining depression as a genus and the subtypes as species. A medical classification of depressive disorders would need to be jointly inclusive and mutually exclusive between subtypes, and to provide time of onset, severity of illness, pathological process, prognosis, and treatment indications. Etiologic, phenomenologic (clinical, descriptive), statistical, and biological approaches have been used to classify depression. A convergence of these various systems in different combinations has evolved, and a consensus approach using the multiaxial system, such as DSM-III, has advanced psychiatric nomenclature to provide clinical relevance and heuristic possibilities. PMID- 6735997 TI - Tyramine studies and the safety of MAOI drugs. AB - A major source of concern in using MAOIs is the risk of hypertensive crises, often called the "cheese effect" and thought to represent a drug-induced enhancement of the tyramine pressor effect. Several approaches to reduction of this risk are being explored, including use of inhibitors specific for the B vs. the A type of the enzyme, coadministration of tricyclic with MAOI, and development of reversible inhibitors which might be competitively displaced by tyramine. Such approaches require assessment of sensitivity to tyramine, usually given by the intravenous route. The oral tyramine pressor test, while cumbersome and in need of technical refinement, represents a significantly closer laboratory analogue to the clinical situation. PMID- 6735998 TI - Patient compliance with MAO inhibitor therapy. AB - Exaggerated fears of monoamine oxidase inhibitors (MAOIs) and of their interactions with foods often restrict their use. A review of the literature reveals seven food items most likely to produce a hypertensive crisis in combination with MAOI administration: aged cheeses, smoked or pickled fish, beef or chicken liver, dry fermented sausage, pods of broad beans, brewer's yeast products, and certain alcoholic beverages. Improved understanding of the dietary restrictions, benefits, and mechanism of action of the MAOIs can enhance cooperation with the prescribed treatment program. PMID- 6735999 TI - Practical aspects of MAO inhibitor therapy. AB - Instructions for patients regarding the observation of dietary and medication restrictions during MAOI therapy are presented. Principles of physician management of MAOI therapy, including avoidance and management of hypertensive crises and the potential for drug-drug interactions, are briefly reviewed. PMID- 6736000 TI - Management of computergraphics in a Medical Graphics Department. AB - Having a computer that can produce a color slide in a matter of minutes sounds terrific! But in actuality, this capability is only the tip of the iceberg. Attention must be paid to preparing the physical site, hiring appropriate personnel, preparing to meet clients, and being able to track jobs from intake through delivery of finished slides and prints. It is also important that charges for the computer artwork be simple and appropriate. An organized, coordinated effort is required for successful management of this seemingly unwieldy tool for artists. PMID- 6736001 TI - Computergraphics in a full-service department: a three-year experience. AB - A three-year experience in computergraphics has proven to be cost-effective in a full-service, totally self-supporting biocommunications department. Workload has continued to increase in art and photography, and the departmental staff has increased by 1.5 full-time equivalents. A satellite computergraphics production unit with a staff of three illustrators has emerged as a viable service of the department. PMID- 6736002 TI - Use of computergraphics to meet researchers' needs. AB - Services provided by a biocommunication department must be geared to support the objectives of the parent institution. This paper presents approaches used to enable a computergraphics service to meet faculty needs in an institution with a strong commitment to research. PMID- 6736003 TI - Computergraphics: a scientific tool and an aid to the medical illustrator. AB - This article discusses some of the many ways that computergraphics technology is used in the medical and scientific communities to accurately quantify, record, and image natural structures and phenomena. What becomes obvious from the information presented is that computer-generated graphics have become routine for the constituency that the biocommunicator serves. To ignore the significance of these developments would be to put one's head in the sand. PMID- 6736004 TI - A gallery of computer-generated images. PMID- 6736005 TI - Medium resolution computergraphics: another approach. AB - This paper discusses the rationale leading to the purchase of a medium resolution computergraphics system and modification of existing computer software for the production of scientific publication graphs and presentation color slides. Capabilities of the system and components are reported. PMID- 6736006 TI - Computergraphics and biocommunication: a report on the impact. AB - This report is based on a survey conducted to determine the impact of computergraphics on biocommunication departments. Data and comments were received from 24 departmental directors and 45 computergraphics artists/operators. Reported are: impacts on productivity, turnaround times, staffing, and workloads; comments related to implementation of the technology; and advice concerning factors that affect job satisfaction for artists/operators. From the report emerges a picture of technology that, if properly implemented, can provide an exciting cost-effective tool for the biocommunicator. PMID- 6736007 TI - Computergraphics: a challenge for biocommunicators. PMID- 6736008 TI - Selecting a computergraphics system and justifying its purchase. AB - In this article computergraphics performance parameters are defined and their relationships to cost-effectiveness are examined. Variables in the quality of the output, the speed of the system, and the range of capabilities are described. Factors in projecting productivity, costs, and cost-effectiveness are discussed. PMID- 6736009 TI - Stoichiometry of actin X S-1 cross-linked complex. AB - Mornet et al. ( Mornet , D., Bertrand , R., Pantel , P., Audemard , E., Kassab , R. (1981) Nature (Lond.) 292, 301-306) have shown that myosin subfragment 1 (S-1) can be covalently linked to F-actin by the zero-length cross-linker 1-ethyl-3-[3 (dimethylamino)-propyl]carbodiimide. Their results indicated that the stoichiometry of the cross-linked complex is one S-1 to two actin monomers. However, Sutoh ( Sutoh , K. (1983) Biochemistry 22, 1579-1585) reported that S-1 is cross-linked to only one actin monomer. In both of these measurements, the stoichiometry was determined by separating the cross-linked complex from free actin on sodium dodecyl sulfate-polyacrylamide gels and then determining the concentration of actin and S-1 in the complex. In this study, a new approach was used to determine the stoichiometry of actin to S-1 in the cross-linked complex. The cross-linked actin X S-1 preparation, which was composed of [14C]iodoacetamide-modified S-1 and [3H]N-ethylmaleimide-modified actin, was passed through several cycles of actin depolymerization and centrifugation. This had no effect on the ATPase activity of the cross-linked S-1, but it preferentially removed noncross-linked actin which in turn increased the ratio of S-1 to total actin from 1:5 to 1:2 in the recycled cross-linked preparation. The stoichiometry of the cross-linked complex could then be determined by measuring the amount of free actin in the 42-kDa band on sodium dodecyl sulfate polyacrylamide gels. The amount of free actin in the 42-kDa band was equal to the amount of cross-linked S-1. This establishes that the stoichiometry of the cross linked complex is one S-1/one F-actin monomer, in agreement with the results of Sutoh . PMID- 6736010 TI - Binding to tubulin of the colchicine analog 2-methoxy-5-(2', 3', 4' trimethoxyphenyl)tropone. Thermodynamic and kinetic aspects. AB - The thermodynamics and kinetics of the binding to tubulin of the colchicine analog 2-methoxy-5-(2', 3', 4'-trimethoxyphenyl) tropone (termed AC because it lacks the B-ring of colchicine) have been characterized by fluorescence techniques. The fluorescence of AC is weak in aqueous solution and is enhanced 250-fold upon binding to tubulin. The following thermodynamic values were obtained for the interaction at 37 degrees C: K = 3.5 X 10(5) M-1; delta G0 = 7.9 kcal/mol; delta H0 = -6.8 kcal/mol; delta S0 = 3.6 entropy units. The AC tubulin complex is 1-2 kcal/mol less stable than the colchicine-tubulin complex. The change in fluorescence of AC was employed to measure the kinetics of the association process, and quenching of protein fluorescence was used to measure both association and dissociation. The association process, like that of colchicine, could be resolved into a major fast phase and a minor slow phase. The apparent second order rate constant for the fast phase was found to be 5.2 X 10(4) M-1 S-1 at 37 degrees C, and the activation energy was 13 kcal/mol. This activation energy is 7-11 kcal/mol less than that for the binding of colchicine to tubulin. The difference in activation energies can most easily be rationalized by a mechanism involving a tubulin-induced conformational change in the ligand ( Detrich , H. W., III, Williams, R. C., Jr., Macdonald, T. L., Wilson, L., and Puett , D. (1981) Biochemistry 20, 5999-6005). Such a change would be expected to have a small activation energy in AC because it possesses a freely rotating single bond in place of the B-ring of colchicine. PMID- 6736011 TI - Effects of promoter strengths and growth conditions on copy number of transcription-fusion vectors. AB - Promoters with widely different transcriptional activities have been fused to the galactokinase gene contained in a multicopy plasmid ( McKenny , K., Shimatake , H., Court, D., Schmeissner , U., Brady, C., and Rosenberg, M. (1982) in Gene Amplification and Analysis: Analysis of Nucleic Acids ( Chirkjian , J. G., and Papas , T., eds) pp. 383-415, Elsevier /North-Holland Biomedical Press, Netherlands). Assay methods which allow determination of galactokinase-specific activity (nanomoles of galactose 1-phosphate/min/mg of protein) and plasmid specific number (femtomoles of plasmid/mg of protein) in the same sonicated cellular extract are described. These methods provide a way to accurately measure and compare the promoter activities (nanomoles of galactose 1-phosphate/min/fmol of plasmid) of different plasmid constructions which exhibit different in vivo plasmid copy numbers. It is demonstrated that in vivo, copy number fluctuations are correlated with such parameters as promoter strength and cellular growth conditions. The ability to account for these uncontrolled in vivo copy number variations when comparing the transcriptional activities of different DNA inserts in multicopy transcription-fusion plasmids greatly facilitates the utility of these systems. PMID- 6736012 TI - Laser-induced lanthanide luminescence as a probe of metal ion-binding sites of human Factor Xa. AB - 7F0 ---- 5D0 excitation spectroscopy of Eu(III) has shown that human Factor Xa has two high affinity lanthanide ion-binding sites. The deuterium isotope effect on the reciprocal lifetime (tau-1) of excited Eu(III) in human Factor Xa has indicated that 2 to 3 water molecules remain on Eu(III) after being complexed by Factor Xa, suggesting that 3-6 ligand atoms are provided by the protein, probably through two or three gamma-carboxyglutamic acids (GLA). F orster -type interlanthanide energy transfer has been utilized to measure the distance between the high affinity metal ion-binding sites of human Factor Xa using Tb(III) as an energy donor and Nd(III), Ho(III), or Er(III) as energy acceptors. Tau-1 values of Tb(III) in the presence of the acceptor ions Nd(III), Ho(III), and Er(III) were 1.90, 1.66, and 1.76 ms-1, respectively, which compared to 1.31 ms-1 in the presence of the nonacceptor ion Gd(III), yield energy transfer efficiencies of 0.29, 0.20, and 0.24, respectively. From these efficiencies and published critical distances (R0) ( Horrocks , W. DeW ., Jr., Rhee , M-J., Snyder, A. P., and Sudnick , D. R. (1980) J. Am. Chem. Soc. 102, 3650-3652), the distance between two high affinity sites is estimated to be 10.7 A. Based on these data, we propose that the two high affinity sites of human Factor Xa consist of two paired GLA residues; GLA-19, GLA-20 and GLA-25, GLA-26 together with one of the remaining single GLA residues for each site. PMID- 6736013 TI - 2-Propylthiouracil does not replace glutathione for the glutathione transferases. AB - 2-Propylthiouracil has been reported as replacing glutathione as a substrate for the glutathione transferases of rat liver. This observation has been examined with several homogeneous glutathione transferases that were prepared from human and rat liver by different methods in three laboratories. No evidence was obtained for 2-propylthiouracil as a substrate for glutathione transferase in the several reactions tested. PMID- 6736014 TI - Free energy relationships for thiol-disulfide interchange reactions between charged molecules in 50% methanol. AB - Acid dissociation equilibrium constants and rate constants for disulfide interchange reactions have been measured in 50% methanol at low ionic strength for peptides containing cysteines with local ionic neighboring groups. These physical constants may be correlated by separation of free energy contributions into solvent-independent and solvent-dependent factors. The former represent inductive effects which may be evaluated by extrapolation of pKa values to the limit of infinite ionic strength. These solvent-independent contributions give Br onsted coefficients consistent with previously reported values for disulfides with neutral constituents. The solvent-dependent contributions represent thru solvent electrostatic effects and are consistent with the form of the Bjerrum relationship correlating molecular charges, intergroup distances, and the dielectric constant of the solvent. These results provide a quantitative framework for developing strategies for employing coulombic interactions to direct disulfide pairing in synthetic polypeptides. PMID- 6736015 TI - Monoamine oxidase, an intracellular probe of oxygen pressure in isolated cardiac myocytes. AB - The activity of monamine oxidase, an enzyme located almost exclusively at the outer mitochondrial membrane, toward the substrate phenylethylamine is used to report the oxygen pressure at the outer mitochondrial membrane of intact cardiac myocytes isolated from hearts of adult rats. The rate of substrate oxidation, under the conditions used, follows the Michaelis-Menten relation, and accordingly can be used as a measure of the local chemical activity of dissolved oxygen. The oxygen pressure at the outer mitochondrial membrane of myocytes, at rest and after 2- to 3-fold stimulation of respiratory oxygen consumption, differs from the extracellular oxygen pressure by at most 2 torr. This implies that most of the large, about 20 torr, difference in oxygen pressure between capillary lumen and mitochondria of the working heart must be extracellular. At physiologically relevant concentrations of the substrates phenylethylamine and norepinephrine, monoamine oxidase activity is relatively insensitive to extracellular oxygen pressure in the range 155 to 8 torr, suggesting a limited role for regulation of biogenic amine oxidation by oxygen availability. PMID- 6736016 TI - Purification and characterization of delta 4-3-ketosteroid 5 beta-reductase. AB - delta 4-3-Ketosteroid 5 beta-reductase was purified about 230-fold from 100,000 X g supernatant of rat liver homogenate using 7 alpha-hydroxy-4-cholesten-3-one as substrate throughout. The purified enzyme was electrophoretically homogeneous, and its molecular weight determined by sodium dodecyl sulfate-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis was 37,000 and that determined by gel filtration chromatography on calibrated Sephadex G-100 column was 37,200. The absorption spectrum of the purified enzyme showed only a peak at 276 nm due to aromatic amino acids, precluding the presence of a prosthetic group such as flavine in the molecule. The enzyme is highly labile in a low buffer concentration, but is markedly stabilized in the presence of 20% glycerol in 10 mM phosphate buffer. Higher buffer concentration such as 300 mM potassium phosphate buffer was also effective to prevent deterioration in the absence of glycerol, but the effect was somewhat lower compared to glycerol. The purified enzyme showed the activity toward a variety of substrates including testosterone, cortisol, cortisone, progesterone, 4-androstene-3,17-dione, 7 alpha-hydroxy-4-cholesten-3-one, and 7 alpha,12 alpha dihydroxy-4-cholesten-3-one. The optimal pH for the 5 beta-reduction of 7 alpha hydroxy-4-cholesten-3-one was 7.4, and the cofactor required for the reaction was NADPH, while NADH revealed no effect. The enzyme activity was inhibited by p chloromercuribenzoate, but its inhibition was prevented by the presence of a reduced form of glutathione. PMID- 6736018 TI - Calcium-induced calcium release from purified cardiac sarcoplasmic reticulum vesicles. General characteristics. AB - Isolated canine cardiac sarcoplasmic reticulum exhibits Ca2+-induced Ca2+ release from both actively and passively loaded vesicles. The rate and extent of Ca2+ release depend on the extravesicular ionized Ca2+ concentration ( [Ca2+]o) at the onset of release. Maximal release following ATP-dependent, phosphate-facilitated Ca2+ loading (up to 360 nmol of Ca2+/mg of protein/min at 37 degrees C) occurs at 1.5-2 microM [Ca2+]o, with reduced release at both lower and higher Ca2+ concentrations (half-maximal Ca2+ release at approximately 0.8 and 5.5 microM [Ca2+]o). Only a portion of the accumulated Ca2+ is released and the release is followed by reuptake of Ca2+. A similar Ca2+ dependence is obtained in the absence of ATP and Pi by measuring unidirectional Ca2+ efflux from passively loaded vesicles (maximal Ca2+ efflux at 1 microM [Ca2+]o; half-maximal Ca2+ dependent efflux at approximately 0.15 and 13 microM [Ca2+]o). Although the Ca2+ release rates observed in this study are several orders of magnitude lower than the rate of Ca2+ release which occurs in muscle cells in vivo, this Ca2+ release phenomenon may be related to the Ca2+-induced Ca2+ release which has been described for skinned cardiac cells ( Fabiato , A. (1983) Am. J. Physiol. 245, C1 C14). Ca2+ release occurs in the presence of an ATP-regenerating system and is not accompanied by a reduction in ATP hydrolysis. Also, since unidirectional Ca2+ efflux (as high as 860 nmol of Ca2+/mg of protein/min at 37 degrees C) exceeds net Ca2+ release under similar conditions, Ca2+ influx proceeds during the period of net Ca2+ release. Therefore, Ca2+ release does not involve reversal or cessation of inward Ca2+ pumping. Other data indicate that Ca2+ release is not mediated through the Ca2+ pump protein, but occurs through a separate Ca2+ dependent efflux pathway, possibly a channel. PMID- 6736017 TI - The stimulation of hepatic gluconeogenesis by acetoacetate precursors. A role for the monocarboxylate translocator. AB - The regulation of the gluconeogenic pathway from the 3-carbon precursors pyruvate, lactate, and alanine was investigated in the isolated perfused rat liver. Using pyruvate (less than 1 mM), lactate, or alanine as the gluconeogenic precursor, infusion of the acetoacetate precursors oleate, acetate, or beta hydroxybutyrate stimulated the rate of glucose production and, in the case of pyruvate (less than 1 mM), the rate of pyruvate decarboxylation. alpha Cyanocinnamate, an inhibitor of the monocarboxylate transporter, prevented the stimulation of pyruvate decarboxylation and glucose production due to acetate infusion. With lactate as the gluconeogenic precursor, acetate infusion in the presence of L-carnitine stimulated the rate of gluconeogenesis (100%) and ketogenesis (60%) without altering the tissue acetyl-CoA level usually considered a requisite for the stimulation of gluconeogenesis by fatty acids. Hence, our studies suggest that gluconeogenesis from pyruvate or other substrates which are converted to pyruvate prior to glucose synthesis may be limited or controlled by the rate of entry of pyruvate into the mitochondrial compartment on the monocarboxylate translocator. PMID- 6736019 TI - Inhibition of calcium-induced calcium release from purified cardiac sarcoplasmic reticulum vesicles. AB - A variety of reagents (local anesthetics, phenothiazines, ruthenium red, ryanodine, dicyclohexylcarbodiimide, R 24571) inhibit Ca2+-induced Ca2+ release from purified canine cardiac sarcoplasmic reticulum (SR). Most of these compounds also increase the rate of net Ca2+ uptake by cardiac SR while moderately inhibiting Ca2+-dependent ATP hydrolysis, and together these two effects produce increased coupling ratios for ATP-dependent Ca2+ transport (Ca2+/ATP approximately equal to 2) compared to controls (Ca2+/ATP approximately equal to 1). We conclude that Ca2+ efflux normally occurs during net Ca2+ uptake by isolated cardiac SR vesicles and that this phenomenon is responsible for the low coupling ratios generally observed for cardiac SR preparations. Blockers of sarcolemmal Ca2+ channels (nitrendipine, diltiazem, methoxyverapamil, dantrolene), at concentrations much greater than those effective for sarcolemmal Ca2+ fluxes, do not affect either Ca2+ uptake or Ca2+ release by cardiac SR. Furthermore, the effects of local anesthetics and phenothiazines on Ca2+ release from cardiac SR are different from those previously reported for skeletal muscle SR. These results indicate that the Ca2+ release "channels" in cardiac SR are distinct from Ca2+ channels present in cardiac sarcolemma or in skeletal muscle SR. The common hydrophobic nature but structural dissimilarity of various inhibitors of Ca2+ release from cardiac SR suggest that in some cases a hydrophobic interaction with the membrane might be involved in blocking Ca2+ efflux. On the other hand, half-maximal inhibition by 80 nM ruthenium red is suggestive of a specific ionic interaction with some component of the Ca2+ efflux pathway. PMID- 6736020 TI - 1L-myo-inositol 1-phosphate synthase from pollen of Lilium longiflorum. An ordered sequential mechanism. AB - 1L-Inositol 1-phosphate synthase (EC 5.5.1.4) devoid of bound NAD+ was isolated from mature pollen of Lilium longiflorum ( Easter lily ). The enzyme has a molecular weight of 157,000 +/- 15,000 and a subunit weight of 61,000 +/- 5,000. Kinetic studies of the uninhibited reaction and of inhibition by 2-deoxy-D glucose 6-phosphate and NADH show the reaction to be ordered sequential with NAD+ adding first. The Michaelis constants for NAD+ and D-glucose 6-phosphate are 2.4 and 65 microM, respectively. The Ki for 2-deoxy-D-glucose 6-phosphate was 8.7 and 2.0 microM, respectively, when D-glucose 6-phosphate or NAD+ was varied. The Ki for NADH and variable NAD+ was 4.7 microM and, for NADH and variable D-glucose 6 phosphate, 3.9 microM. PMID- 6736021 TI - Immunochemistry of I/i-active oligo- and polyglycosylceramides from rabbit erythrocyte membranes. Determination of branching patterns of a ceramide pentadecasaccharide by 1H nuclear magnetic resonance. AB - 1H NMR spectra of the ceramide hexasaccharide obtained after the removal of the terminal alpha-Gal and subterminal beta-Gal residues from the ceramide decasaccharide, Gal(alpha 1-3)Gal(beta 1-4)GlcNAc(beta 1-3)[Gal(alpha 1 3)Gal(beta 1-4)GlcNAc (beta 1-6)]Gal(beta 1-4)GlcNAc(beta 1-3)Gal(beta 1 4)Glc(beta 1-1)Cer, showed that terminal and internal GlcNAc residues are differentiated by their chemical shifts. This finding enabled us to determine the primary structure of the title compound as Gal(alpha 1-3)Gal(beta 1-4)GlcNAc (beta 1-3)[Gal(alpha 1-3)Gal(beta 1-4)GlcNAc(beta 1-6)]Gal(beta 1-4)GlcNAc (beta 1-3)[Gal(alpha 1-3)Gal(beta 1-4)GlcNAc(beta 1-6)]Gal(beta 1-4)GlcNAc (beta 1 3)Gal(beta 1-4)Glc(beta 1-1)Cer. Alternative branching of this oligosaccharide chain was excluded since the removal of all terminal alpha-Gal and penultimate beta-Gal residues yielded a ceramide nonasaccharide containing one terminal and two internal 1----3-linked GlcNAc residues, as well as two terminal 1----6-linked GlcNAc units. The intermediate degradation products of the ceramide deca- and pentadecasaccharides , viz. the ceramide octa- and dodecasaccharide , obtained by the removal of alpha-Gal residues only, as well as the linear ceramide heptasaccharide, Gal(alpha 1-3)Gal(beta 1-4)GlcNAc(beta 1-3) Gal(beta 1 4)GlcNAc(beta 1-3)Gal(beta 1-4)Glc(beta 1-1)Cer, and ceramide hexasaccharide, Gal(beta 1-4)GlcNAc(beta 1-3)Gal(beta 1-4)GlcNAc (beta 1-3)Gal(beta 1-4)Glc(beta 1-1)Cer, were also investigated. The usefulness of the glycosylation-induced chemical shifts is discussed. PMID- 6736023 TI - Subcellular localization of hexokinase in pea leaves. Evidence for the predominance of a mitochondrially bound form. AB - Hexokinase (ATP: D-hexose-6-phosphotransferase, EC 2.7.1.1) activity was determined in subcellular fractions prepared from pea (Pisum sativum) leaf homogenates. About 60% of the total detectable activity of hexokinase was found associated with a particulate fraction consisting essentially of mitochondria and chloroplasts and free of cytosol contamination. The hexokinase specific activity of the particulate fraction was 2-fold higher than that of the homogenate and about 4-fold higher than that of the cytosol. Using a specially designed isokinetic-isopycnic sucrose density gradient centrifugation method, the distribution of hexokinase activity correlated with that of the mitochondrial marker (cytochrome oxidase) and not with that of the chloroplast membrane marker ( chlorophyll ) or that of the cytosol marker (phosphoenolpyruvate carboxylase). Thus, the hexokinase/mitochondria ratio was close to 1.0 along the entire gradient, while the hexokinase/chloroplast ratio varied over a 10-fold range. The results strongly suggest that hexokinase is predominantly bound to mitochondria of pea leaves, and that pea leaf chloroplasts are essentially devoid of any specifically associated hexokinase activity. This work provides the first demonstration of a specific association of hexokinase with mitochondria from photosynthetic tissues of higher plants. PMID- 6736022 TI - Dependence of the conformation of a colicin E1 channel-forming peptide on acidic pH and solvent polarity. AB - The secondary structure content of the COOH-terminal tryptic peptide of colicin E1 has been measured by analysis of UV circular dichroism spectra as a function of pH in aqueous medium and in the presence of the nonionic detergents octyl glucoside and Triton X-100. The alpha-helical content of the peptide increased by approximately 10%, from 45-47% to 56-57%, in the presence of the nonionic detergents, but not in aqueous medium, as the pH was decreased from 4.5 to 3.5. This pH dependence of conformation is similar to that reported elsewhere for the in vitro activity and binding of this peptide. A smaller increase in helical content was observed for the peptide in aqueous medium or in Triton X-100 as the pH was decreased from 6.5 to 4.5. The letter change in helical content was not seen in octyl glucoside which was present at a detergent:peptide stoichiometry 100 times that of Triton. The mean residue ellipticity measured at 222 nm for peptide added to asolectin vesicles by a freeze-thaw treatment was slightly larger at pH 3.5, and substantially larger at pH 4.5, than found at these pH values in the detergent solutions. Changes in helical content at the former, but not the latter pH, could be attributed to peptide insertion. It appears that protonation of one or more acidic amino acid residues in the COOH-terminal region of the molecule causes a conformational change that can be attributed to an extra helical domain that is stabilized in a nonpolar environment. From the similar pH dependence of the conformational change and in vitro binding and activity, it is inferred that interaction of this domain with the membrane is essential for binding and insertion. PMID- 6736024 TI - The stoichiometry of the cardiac sodium-calcium exchange system. AB - A thermodynamic approach was adopted for determining the stoichiometry of the cardiac Na-Ca exchange system. Vesicles were equilibrated with 0.1 mM 45CaCl2 in a medium containing 30 mM NaCl, 20 mM KCl, and 110 mM LiCl. The vesicles were then treated with valinomycin and diluted into media containing the same 45CaCl2 and NaCl concentrations as in the equilibration medium but with the external KCl concentration adjusted so as to impose either positive or negative membrane potentials (delta psi). 45Ca2+ uptake ensued upon establishing a positive (inside) potential whereas 45Ca2+ efflux was observed for a negative delta psi. These delta psi-dependent Ca2+ movements did not occur if NaCl was omitted from the media, indicating that they were mediated by the Na-Ca exchanger. High concentrations of either NaCl or CaCl2 inhibited the delta psi-dependent Ca2+ movements. To determine the exchange stoichiometry, a series of Na+ gradients were established across the vesicle membrane so as to oppose the effects of a constant delta psi (either positive or negative) on Ca2+ movements. The stoichiometry n could be determined from the magnitude of the Na+ gradient that exactly compensated for delta psi such that no net Ca2+ movement occurred. This point is defined by the relation (n - 2)delta psi = nENa where ENa is the equilibrium potential for Na+ under these conditions. The value of n (+/- S.E.) determined in this way was 2.97 +/- 0.03 (n = 9). PMID- 6736025 TI - Regulation of 3-hydroxy-3-methylglutaryl coenzyme A reductase by oxysterol by products of cholesterol biosynthesis. Possible mediators of low density lipoprotein action. AB - Regulation of 3-hydroxy-3-methylglutaryl coenzyme A reductase (EC 1.1.1.34, reductase) activity was studied in cultured rat intestinal epithelial cells using 3-beta-[2-(diethylamino)ethoxy]androst-5-en-17-one ( U18666A ), an inhibitor of 2,3- oxidosqualene cyclase (EC 5.4.99.7, cyclase) that causes cellular accumulation of squalene 2,3:22,23-dioxide ( Sexton , R. C., Panini , S.R., Azran , F., and Rudney , H. (1983) Biochemistry 22, 5687-5692). Treatment of cells with U18666A (5-50 ng/ml) caused a progressive inhibition of reductase activity. Further increases in the level of the drug paradoxically lessened the inhibition such that at a level of 1 microgram/ml, no inhibition of enzyme activity was observed. Cellular metabolism of squalene 2,3:22,23-dioxide to compounds with the chromatographic properties of polar sterols led to an inhibition of reductase activity that could be prevented by U18666A (1 microgram/ml). The drug was unable to prevent the inhibition of enzyme activity by 25-hydroxycholesterol or mevalonolactone, but totally abolished the inhibitory action of low density lipoproteins. Pretreatment with U18666A did not affect the ability of cells to degrade either the apoprotein or the cholesteryl ester component of low density lipoproteins. These results suggest that oxysterols derived from squalene 2,3:22,23-dioxide may act as physiological regulators of reductase and raise the possibility that the suppressive action of low density lipoproteins on reductase may be partially or wholly mediated by such endogenous oxysterols generated through incomplete inhibition of the cyclase. PMID- 6736026 TI - Na+ is translocated at NADH:quinone oxidoreductase segment in the respiratory chain of Vibrio alginolyticus. AB - The coupling site of the Na+ pump to the respiratory chain of Vibrio alginolyticus was examined using membrane fractions prepared from the wild type, Na+ pump-deficient mutants, and spontaneous revertant. NADH oxidase of the wild type and revertant specifically required NA+ for maximum activity, whereas Na+ was not essential for the NADH oxidase of mutants. Similar to the Na+ pump in whole cells, the Na+-dependent NADH oxidase in membranes had a pH optimum in the alkaline region. A respiratory inhibitor, 2-heptyl-4-hydroxyquinoline-N-oxide (HQNO), inhibited the Na+-dependent NADH oxidase but had little effect on the NA+ independent activity of mutant membranes. NADH:quinone oxidoreductase was found to be the Na+-dependent HQNO-sensitive site of the NADH oxidase. In the wild type cells, HQNO was also found to cause a strong inhibition of the Na+ pump with little effect on the overall H+ extrusion by respiration. The inhibition of the Na+ pump by HQNO was overcome by oxidized, but not reduced, N,N,N',N'-tetra methyl-p-phenylenediamine (TMPD). In the presence of oxidised TMPD, the electron flow NADH to oxygen seemed to bypass the HQNO-sensitive site and energize the Na+ pump. From these results, it was concluded that the Na+ pump is coupled to the respiratory chain at the step of NADH:quinone oxidoreductase. PMID- 6736027 TI - Ultrastructure of the membrane attack complex of complement. Heterogeneity of the complex caused by different degree of C9 polymerization. AB - The membrane attack complex (MAC) of complement and its precursors, i.e. C5b-7 and C5b-8, were examined by electron microscopy. C5b-7 bound to lipid vesicles exhibits an extended structure of 25 nm connected to the lipid membrane via a 10 nm long, 3-nm wide stalk. Binding of C8 to vesicle-bound C5b-7 results in the disappearance of this stalk, whereas the overall length remains unchanged. Addition of 12 C9 molecules per C5b-8 induces C9 polymerization which is accompanied by the formation of C9 tubules and membrane lesions. By using biotinyl precursors and streptavidin -coated colloidal gold particles, C5b-6, C7, and C8 was found to be in the club-like part of the MAC; C9 was identified in the tubular moiety. Only one C5b-8 moiety was detected in an individual MAC complex thus excluding the proposed "dimeric" structure of the MAC. A membrane channel of 10 nm was formed by the MAC at a C9 to C5b-8 ratio equal or larger than 12 to 1, as suggested by the penetration of negative stain into the vesicle. In contrast, binding of an average of three C9 per C5b-8 caused formation of incomplete C9 tubules with apparent membrane channels of less than 10 nm diameter. The MAC isolated from red blood cells was ultrastructurally heterogenous . Although an excess of serum was used for the formation of the complexes, mostly incomplete poly C9 tubules were formed. It is proposed that the MAC is an ultrastructurally heterogenous complex that induces the formation of membrane channels of different sizes. PMID- 6736028 TI - The complete nucleotide sequence of a beta-globin-like structure, beta h2, from the [Hbb]d mouse BALB/c. AB - We have determined the complete nucleotide sequence of beta h2, a pseudogene in the mouse beta-globin gene complex. The structure of beta h2 is analogous to that of a normal beta-globin gene, and its nucleotide sequence shares 72% homology with the coding regions of a reference mouse adult beta-globin gene. A frame shift occurs in the first coding region for which a compensatory splicing scheme can be devised. The reading frame is not otherwise disrupted. All of the recognized transcription, translation, and splicing signals in beta h2 are intact, with the exception of the " CCAAT box," which has been altered to GTAAC . We compared the predicted amino acid sequence of beta h2 with other beta-globin sequences. Evidence for a period of divergence without selection in the history of beta h2 was found in a set of codons that are usually highly conserved in productive beta-globin genes. An evolutionary tree constructed from nucleotide sequence suggests that beta h2 originated from the adult genes at least 60 million years ago. After some period as a productive gene, beta h2 was inactivated and has subsequently diverged without selection. Hybridization experiments demonstrated that beta h2 and the surrounding region occur without major alteration in other rodent species. The sequence ( AGCCA - 4n - GTGT ) occurs 5' of the CCAAT box in beta h2 and in many productive globin genes. PMID- 6736030 TI - Thymidine kinase. A novel affinity chromatography of the enzyme and its regulation by phosphorylation in Physarum polycephalum. AB - dThd bound to epoxy-activated Sepharose results in a high specific affinity adsorbent, which was used to purify Physarum dThd kinase 8000-fold. With this purified enzyme, it was proved that dThd kinase exists in five enzyme variants in Physarum polycephalum, the acidic forms being phosphorylated. This protein modification is discussed under the aspect of the regulation of this enzyme. PMID- 6736031 TI - Evidence for the existence of a thylakoid intrinsic protein that binds ferredoxin NADP+ oxidoreductase. AB - The ferredoxin-NADP+ oxidoreductase of spinach chloroplasts was purified from a Triton X-100 thylakoid extract closely associated with an intrinsic polypeptide of 17.5 kDa. The 17.5-kDa polypeptide-reductase complex differs from soluble ferredoxin-NADP+ reductase in (a) its elution profile in an Affi-Gel blue column; (b) its behavior in isoelectric focusing electrophoresis; and (c) giving different immunoelectrophoretic arcs. The diaphorase activity of the purified complex showed the same pH profile of thylakoid-bound reductase. The curve changed to a form similar to that of soluble reductase after dissociation of the complex. Dissociation allowed separation of the components and was reversible. It is suggested that the 17.5-kDa intrinsic polypeptide is the reductase-binding protein and that it may play an important role in the physiological regulation of the reductase and of photosynthetic electron transport. PMID- 6736029 TI - The mechanism of histone H1 cross-linking by poly(ADP-ribosylation). Reconstitution with peptide domains. AB - One of the major products of the poly(ADP-Rib) polymerase reaction is the H1 dimer, formed by cross-linking two H1 molecules with a 15-unit poly(ADP-Rib) chain. In the present study we have attempted to characterize those regions of H1 molecules which participate in cross-linking, and in particular, to determine whether the reaction involves two NH2-terminal domains, two COOH-terminal domains, or a combination of these two. When we used reconstituted chromatin, formed by the addition of various H1 peptides to H1-depleted chromatin, we observed poly(ADP-ribosylation) in those complexes containing fragments of the NG H1 domain (i.e. NH2-terminal tail plus the globular (G) region). Furthermore, with this material, increasing NAD concentration and incubation time led to a progressive elongation of poly(ADP-Rib) on the peptide approaching a chain length of 11-12 units. Reconstituted chromatin that contained other H1-derived peptides, such as C-H1 and G-H1 (i.e. only carboxyl or only globular domains respectively), were not poly(ADP-ribosylated). CG-H1 was noted to be a substrate in the reconstituted system. However, in contrast to NG-H1, where extensive chain elongation was observed, only very short chain, probably mono(ADP-ribosylation) occurred on this H1 peptide. In a complementary approach, the H1 dimer complex or its precursors were cleaved with N-bromosuccinimide, and peptide fragments isolated. This analysis confirmed that both the NH2- and COOH-terminal domains of H1 are poly(ADP-ribosylated) and that elongation of the ADP-ribose chain occurred primarily at the NH2 terminus during H1 dimer synthesis. PMID- 6736032 TI - The reaction of anthramycin with DNA. Proton and carbon nuclear magnetic resonance studies on the structure of the anthramycin-DNA adduct. AB - Nuclear magnetic resonance techniques are used to confirm the points of attachment of anthramycin to DNA. Using 13C NMR spectroscopy, the C-11 resonance of anthramycin is shown to undergo a 16-ppm upfield shift upon formation of a covalent bond with DNA, indicative of an aminal linkage at that position. The site of attachment on the DNA is determined using the self-complementary oligodeoxyribonucleotide d-(ApTpGpCpApT) as a DNA model. Proton NMR, both in H2O and D2O solutions, provides a direct characterization of the anthramycin oligonucleotide adduct. Upon covalent attachment to the duplex, a loss in the helical symmetry is observed, resulting in a doubling of several of the oligonucleotide resonances. Examination of the data confirms that the point of attachment of the anthramycin to the d-(ApTpGpCpApT) is at the guanine-NH2 position, consistent with the model proposed by Hurley and Petrusek (Hurley, L. H., and Petrusek, R. L. (1979) Nature (Lond.) 282, 529-531) and Petrusek et al. (Petrusek, R. L., Anderson, G. L., Garner, T. F., Fannin, Q. L., Kaplan, D. J., Zimmer, S. G., and Hurley, L. H. (1981) Biochemistry 20, 1111-1119). PMID- 6736033 TI - Monoclonal antibodies against rat brain hexokinase. Effects on catalytic function and binding to the outer mitochondrial membrane. AB - A library of seven monoclonal antibodies has been prepared against rat brain hexokinase (ATP:D-hexose 6-phosphotransferase, EC 2.7.1.1). Four of these antibodies, all of the IgG class, react with both native hexokinase and, to a more limited extent, with a ureadenatured S-carboxymethylated form of the enzyme. The other three antibodies, all of the IgM class, react readily with the denatured enzyme but are quite ineffective at binding native hexokinase. The monoclonal IgGs were further characterized with respect to their effects on certain functional properties of hexokinase. None had any detectable effect on catalytic properties, including inhibition by glucose 6-phosphate. One of the antibodies, designated 3C, totally blocked binding of the enzyme to the mitochondrial membrane, and significantly enhanced the release of the mitochondrially bound enzyme in either the absence or presence of glucose 6 phosphate, a ligand which promotes solubilization of mitochondrial hexokinase. It was concluded that the epitope recognized by 3C lies in, or immediately adjacent to, the region of the hexokinase molecule directly involved in interaction with the mitochondrial membrane. Two other IgGs, designated 1B and 2B, had only marginal effects on the binding of hexokinase to mitochondria, but were highly effective in preventing solubilization of the mitochondrially bound hexokinase by glucose 6-phosphate. Since these antibodies did not prevent binding of this ligand, as evidenced by the lack of an effect on inhibition, it is suggested that the effect of 1B and 2B on glucose 6-phosphate-induced solubilization is due to selective modification of the conformational changes that result from binding of glucose 6-phosphate. The monoclonal IgG designated 13 had no appreciable effect on either binding or glucose 6-phosphate-induced solubilization. The epitope for 13 is thought to lie in a "neutral" region of the hexokinase molecule, not involved in either catalytic or membrane-binding functions of the enzyme. PMID- 6736034 TI - Structure of branched lactosaminoglycan, the carbohydrate moiety of band 3 isolated from adult human erythrocytes. AB - The structure of branched lactosaminoglycan isolated from Band 3 glycoprotein of adult human erythrocytes was elucidated. The glycopeptides were digested by endo beta-galactosidase under various conditions and oligosaccharides and core glycopeptides thus obtained and intact glycopeptides were analyzed by methylation, exoglycosidase digestion, and fast atom bombardment mass spectrometry. Based on these experiments, the structure of adult lactosaminoglycan was found to have the following unique features: 1) two (as major components) or three (as minor components) polylactosaminyl side chains composed of (Gal beta 1----4 GlcNAc beta 1----3) repeating units are attached to the core portion, the structure of which is Man alpha 1----6(Man alpha 1----3) [+/- GlcNAc beta 1----4]Man beta 1----4GlcNAc beta 1----4(Fuc alpha 1----6)GlcNAc ---Asn, 2) the polylactosaminyl side chain arising from the mannose C-6 side is composed of 10-12 N-acetyllactosaminyl units and three branches; the lactosaminyl side chain arising from the mannose C-3 side is composed of 5-6 lactosaminyl units and contains one or two branches, 3) each branch is short and is composed of the Gal beta 1----4GlcNAc beta 1----6 structure, 4) fucose and sialic acid are preferentially linked to nonreducing terminal regions but not on the branches in the internal portion of the polylactosaminyl chain. PMID- 6736035 TI - Acyl chain organization and protein secondary structure in cholesterol-modified erythrocyte membranes. AB - Fourier transform infrared and Raman spectroscopies are used to study the effects of cholesterol on human erythrocyte membrane acyl chain organization (mobility and conformation) and protein secondary structure. Compared to normal red cell membranes (approximately equal to 0.8 mol of cholesterol/mol of phospholipid) (C/P), acyl chain mobility is greater for the depleted (C/P approximately equal to 0.6) and less for the enriched (C/P approximately equal to 1.2) membranes as monitored by shifts of the IR symmetric methylene C-H stretching band (2852 wave numbers, cm-1) over the temperature range 5 to 40 degrees C. There is a continuous first order trend to the IR shifts, but no evidence of a phase change for any of the three cholesterol contents. Raman scattering of C-C stretching vibrations (1065-1130 cm-1) revealed that acyl chain conformation in the three membrane preparations is in a similar state of high disorder; however, compared to depleted and control membranes, the enriched membrane acyl chains display higher order lattice packing. The alpha-helical content of membrane proteins is correlated with the relative intensity of the Raman peptide backbone C-C stretching band (940 cm-1). Spectra of cholesterol-enriched erythrocyte membranes indicate a substantial increase in protein helical structure compared to those of the cholesterol-depleted membranes. PMID- 6736036 TI - Identification of the nucleoside transporter in cultured mouse lymphoma cells. Photoaffinity labeling of plasma membrane-enriched fractions from nucleoside transport-competent (S49) and nucleoside transport-deficient (AE1) cells with [3H]nitrobenzylthioinosine. AB - Plasma membrane-enriched fractions from disrupted S49 lymphoma cells contained high affinity sites for [3H]nitrobenzylthioinosine, a potent and specific inhibitor of nucleoside transport. These sites were absent from similar preparations from AE1 cells, a nucleoside-transport deficient clone derived from the S49 cell line. Reversible binding of [3H]nitrobenzylthioinosine to the S49 membrane preparations was inhibited by adenosine, nitrobenzylthioguanosine, and dipyridamole. Exposure of S49 membrane preparations to UV light in the presence of [3H]nitrobenzylthioinosine resulted in the covalent radiolabeling of a membrane protein(s) which migrated on sodium dodecyl sulfate-polyacrylamide gels with an apparent Mr of 45,000 to 66,000. Labeling of this protein was abolished in the presence of nitrobenzylthioguanosine and markedly reduced in the presence of adenosine and dipyridamole. AE1 membrane proteins were not covalently labeled under these conditions. PMID- 6736037 TI - Two species of histone acetyltransferase in rat liver nuclei. AB - Subcellular localization of histone acetyltransferase was studied in rat liver cells. Two histone acetyltransferases, designated NI and NII, were identified in the nuclear fraction, and an additional two acetyltransferases, termed CI and CII, were separated from the cytoplasmic fraction. These acetyltransferases exhibited different substrate specificities toward free and nucleosomal histones. The enzymes NI and NII represented major histone acetyltransferase activities in rat liver nuclei, and they were further differentiated by DNA-binding properties, subnuclear localization, and reaction kinetics. While the NI enzyme exhibited an intersecting initial velocity kinetic, the NII enzyme followed a ping-pong initial velocity pattern. These results show the multiple occurrence of histone acetyltransferases in nuclear and cytoplasmic fractions, events which may reflect the complexities of histone acetylation. PMID- 6736038 TI - Long chain oxoaldehydes and oxoalcohols from esters as major constituents of the surface lipids of Manduca sexta pupae in diapause. AB - Lipid constitutents of diapausing pupae of the tobacco hornworm, Manduca sexta (L), were identified by thin layer and gas-liquid chromatography, IR spectroscopy, and gas-liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry. Surface wax was a mixture of long chain polar compounds: oxoalcohol esters, oxoaldehydes, primary alcohol esters, and oxoalcohols, as listed in descending order of abundance. The distribution of the alcohols and aldehydes was C28 (75-85%), C27 (5%), and C26 (10-15%). The C26 compounds were largely 11-oxo isomers, but the C28 compounds consisted of similar amounts of 11- and 12-oxo isomers. The identities of the oxoaldehydes were confirmed by selective and complete NaBH4 reductions to yield oxoalcohols and diols, respectively. Mass spectral interpretations were verified with mass spectra of the oxoaldehyde, oxoalcohol, and diol synthesized from 12 hydroxystearic acid. Reduction of the total lipids with NaBH4 and hydrolysis of the product with ethanolic KOH gave oxoalcohols (85%), primary alcohols (8%), and oxoacids (5%); 30-40% of the oxoalcohols were derived from NaBH4-reduced oxoaldehydes, 5-10% were from free oxoalcohols, and 50% were from esters. Primary alcohols only existed as esters. Large quantities of fatty oxoalcohols relative to fatty oxoacids in the saponified mixture suggested the presence of esters other than those composed of long chain acids and alcohols. Oxoacids appeared to be mainly oxidation products of the oxoaldehydes. PMID- 6736039 TI - Novel surface lipids of diapausing Manduca sexta pupae. Long chain oxoalcohol esters of acetoacetic, hydroxybutyric, and acetic acids. AB - Ester components in the surface wax from diapausing tobacco hornworm pupae, Manduca sexta L., were separated by thin layer chromatography and gas-liquid chromatography, and characterized by infrared spectroscopy and gas-liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry. Three groups of esters were identified as natural derivatives of acetic acid, acetoacetic acid, and 3-hydroxybutyric acid. The major ester fraction was identified as a mixture of C26 (10%), C27 (5%), and C28 (85%) oxoalcohol esters of acetoacetic acid. The major homolog consisted of equal amounts of 11-oxooctacosanyl 3-oxobutanoate and 12-oxooctacosanyl 3 oxobutanoate. Lesser amounts of 11- and 12-oxooctacosanyl and n-octacosanyl esters of acetic and 3-hydroxybutyric acids were also identified. The chain length distributions of these C26, C27, and C28 oxoalcohol and n-primary alcohol ester moieties, as well as the isomeric ratios for the 11- and 12-oxoalcohol isomers, were similar to the oxoaldehydes and unesterified oxoalcohols previously identified by Buckner et al (Buckner, J. S., Nelson, D. R., Haak, H., and Pomonis, J. G. (1984) J. Biol. Chem. 259, 8452-8470) as lipid components of the surface wax of M. sexta pupae. PMID- 6736040 TI - In vitro transcription from the adenovirus 2 major late promoter utilizing templates truncated at promoter-proximal sites. AB - We report that adenovirus 2 DNA sequences located between positions-66 and -51 upstream of the major late cap site (position +1) enhance transcription initiation from this promoter by up to 5- to 10-fold in HeLa whole cell lysates. This enhancing effect is template concentration-dependent and is abolished by truncation of the template immediately upstream of -66. Additionally, specific transcripts are not detected from templates truncated at +33 downstream of the cap site. These results define a minimum region of approximately 100 base pairs encompassing the transcription start site that appears to interact with the RNA polymerase II transcription complex during initiation. Analysis of the shortest runoff transcripts that can be synthesized in vitro revealed that RNAs as short as 50 nucleotides are quantitatively modified by guanylylation and methylation to cap 1 structures. In contrast, short RNAs containing guanylylated but unmethylated cap structures are not efficiently utilized as substrates by endogenous cap-methylating enzymes in the HeLa lysate. These findings, together with the observation that the synthesis of short transcripts is sensitive to the presence of the methyltransferase inhibitor S-adenosylhomocysteine, suggest that cap formation is a promoter-proximal event that occurs concomitantly with the synthesis of a nascent RNA polymerase II transcript. PMID- 6736041 TI - Effects of glucose 6-phosphate and hemin on activation of heme-regulated eIF-2 alpha kinase in gel-filtered reticulocyte lysates. AB - In heme-deficient reticulocyte lysates, protein synthesis initiation is inhibited due to the activation of a heme-regulated protein kinase which blocks protein synthesis by the specific phosphorylation of the alpha-sub-unit of eukaryotic initiation factor 2 (eIF-2 alpha). The restoration of synthesis requires both hemin and glucose-6-P (Ernst, V., Levin, D. H., and London, I. M. (1978) J. Biol. Chem. 253, 7163-7172). The sugar phosphate fulfills two functions in initiation: (i) the generation of NADPH, and (ii) an effector function in some step in initiation. This latter effect is readily demonstrated in lysates depleted of low molecular weight components by filtration in dextran gels. In gel-filtered lysates, linear protein synthesis is sustained only by the addition of both hemin (20 microM) and glucose-6-P (or 2-deoxyglucose-6-P) (50-500 microM). The omission of either component gives rise to inhibitions which are characterized by the activation of heme-regulated eIF-2 alpha kinase and the concomitant phosphorylation of both endogenous heme-regulated eIF-2 alpha kinase and endogenous eIF-2 alpha, indicating that glucose-6-P is involved in the regulation of heme-regulated eIF-2 alpha kinase. In support of this, we find (a) that gel filtered lysates incubated with hemin but depleted of glucose-6-P produce sufficient heme-regulated eIF-2 alpha kinase to inhibit protein synthesis when mixed with normal hemin-supplemented lysates; (b) the inhibitions of protein synthesis produced by heme-regulated eIF-2 alpha kinase generated either in glucose-6-P-depleted lysates or heme-deficient lysates are reversed by added eIF 2; and (c) the eIF-2 alpha kinase activities formed in the absence of either hemin or glucose-6-P are both neutralized by an anti-heme-regulated eIF-2 alpha kinase antiserum. We conclude that the physiological activation of heme-regulated eIF-2 alpha kinase is controlled by both hemin and glucose-6-P. PMID- 6736042 TI - Differential salt fractionation of active and inactive genomic domains in chicken erythrocyte. AB - We have utilized the Sanders salt fractionation technique (Sanders, M. M. (1978) J. Cell Biol. 79, 97-109) to analyze the products of micrococcal nuclease digestion of adult chicken erythrocyte nuclei. By dot-blot hybridization with specific gene probes, it is found that nucleosomes from the globin gene domain, including a region extending to about 10 kilobase pairs 5' to the beta p gene are selectively enriched in the fractions eluted at low salt. In contrast, a single copy sequence located at about 10 kilobase pairs 5' to the beta p gene was concentrated in the less salt-soluble fractions. The vitellogenin and ovalbumin genes, which are never expressed in erythroid tissues, are also concentrated in the less salt-soluble fractions. Some more generally expressed genes (histone H4, thymidine kinase) appear to be more uniformly distributed. The low salt fractions are depleted in H1/H5, enriched in high mobility group 14 and 17, and contain somewhat more highly acetylated histones. PMID- 6736043 TI - Molecular composition of the tubular structure of the membrane attack complex of complement. AB - The composition of the tubular structure of the membrane attack complex of complement (MAC) which migrates as a high molecular weight band (Mr approximately 1.2- 1.3 X 10(6) upon sodium dodecyl sulfate, polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis under reducing conditions was analyzed and compared to the high molecular weight band (Mr approximately 1.1 X 10(6] of tubular poly(C9). The sodium dodecyl sulfate-resistant band of the MAC, designated MAC-poly(C9), is composed of C6, C7, C8 alpha-gamma, and poly(C9), in approximate molar ratios of the protomers of 1:1:1:10-18. This conclusion is based 1) on the results of the incorporation of labeled proteins into MAC-poly(C9); 2) on the immunostaining of MAC-poly(C9) with anti-C6, anti-C7, anti-C8 alpha-gamma, and anti-C9 and its lack of immunostaining with anti-C5 and anti-C8 beta; and 3) on the dissociation of MAC-poly(C9) to 1 mol of C6, C7, C8 alpha-gamma and 10 to 18 mol of C9 upon treatment with 8 M guanidine isothiocyanate. Ultrastructurally the sodium dodecyl sulfate-resistant poly(C9) tubule and MAC-poly(C9) tubule are indistinguishable, suggesting a similar ultrastructure of the C6, C7, C8 alpha-gamma, and C9 subunits in the MAC poly(C9) tubule. Further analogies among these four proteins are their tendency to form disulfide-linked dimers. It is concluded that the transmembrane channel of the MAC is formed by a tubule in which C6, C7, C8 alpha-gamma are copolymerized with poly(C9), whereas the C5b and C8 beta subunits are not part of the tubule structure and may form the 170-A long appendage of the MAC. This appendage is dissociated upon boiling in sodium dodecyl sulfate whereas the tubule remains stable. PMID- 6736044 TI - Discriminatory processing of the precursor forms of cytochrome P-450scc and adrenodoxin by adrenocortical and heart mitochondria. AB - The mitochondrial proteins involved in adrenocortical steroidogenesis are synthesized as higher molecular weight precursors which require processing by the mitochondria to their mature sizes. The post-translational maturation of two of these proteins has been examined: the cholesterol side chain cleavage cytochrome P-450 (P-450scc) and the iron-sulfur protein, adrenodoxin. Total translation products synthesized in a cell-free system programmed by bovine adrenocortical poly(A+) RNA were incubated with isolated bovine adrenocortical or heart mitochondria followed by immunoisolation of radiolabeled P-450scc or adrenodoxin. In the presence of adrenocortical mitochondria, the precursor form of P-450scc was converted into a trypsin-resistant form that had the same molecular weight as mature P-450scc. Unlike adrenocortical mitochondria, heart mitochondria were unable to process the P-450scc precursor which remained unaltered and trypsin sensitive. In addition, a matrix fraction of heart mitochondria did not cleave the P-450scc precursor. In contrast, the adrenodoxin precursor did not exhibit similar specificity as it was processed to the mature form by both adrenocortical and heart mitochondria. Also, the adrenocortical mitochondria were not restricted to processing endogenous proteins as they imported and cleaved the precursor to ornithine transcarbamylase. The results indicate that some mitochondrial precursor proteins have tertiary structures which allow them to be recognized by all mitochondria while other mitochondrial precursor proteins have structures recognizable by only specialized mitochondria. PMID- 6736045 TI - The titration of tetanus antitoxin III. A comparative evaluation of indirect haemagglutination and toxin neutralization titres of human sera. AB - The tetanus antitoxin titres of 174 serum samples from healthy adults were determined by a standardization indirect haemagglutination test (IHA) and the conventional toxin neutralization (TN) test. The serum samples were titrated by the IHA test using glutaraldehyde-fixed and toxoid sensitized sheep erythrocytes before and after the treatment of the sera with 2-mercaptoethanol (2-ME). The IHA method has been found to be very sensitive and specific for the estimation of tetanus antitoxin in human sera. The IHA titres before the treatment of the sera with 2-ME were generally about four times higher than the TN titres and the correlation coefficient between these titres was 0.94. The IHA titres after the treatment of the sera with 2-ME were in good agreement with the TN titres and there was no statistically significant differences between the titres by the two methods. The tetanus antitoxin titres of 50% of the sera were below the minimum protective titres of tetanus antitoxin (0.01 IU/ml). In 19.5% of the sera the antitoxin level (IU/ml) ranged from 0.01 to 0.1, in 20.1% from 0.1 to 1.0 and in 10.4% from 1.0 to 10.0. PMID- 6736046 TI - A biphasic serum glucose response in mice to inoculation with pertussis vaccine. AB - The effect of B. pertussis vaccine on the serum glucose level of mice was investigated. The results show that at least two components in the vaccine interfere with glucose metabolism. A heat-stable component which is assumed to be LPS induced hypoglycemia 3-5.5 h after inoculation, especially in LPS-sensitized mice. A heat-labile component which is possibly equivalent with the LPF/HSF/IAP complex, is responsible for persistence of the hypoglycaemia for at least 6 days. If hypoglycaemia contributes to the neurological side effects after pertussis vaccination both components have to be considered as being responsible for these effects. PMID- 6736047 TI - The determination of the potency of human tetanus immunoglobulins by an enzyme linked immunosorbent assay. AB - A micro enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay has been adapted to the quantitation of specific tetanus antibodies in commercial preparations of human immunoglobulins. The results of the assay are compared with those obtained from the same samples tested by seroneutralization tests in vivo. Statistical analysis of the data shows good correlation between the titres obtained with the two tests. Results obtained by indirect haemagglutination are also reported. It is proposed that all interested laboratories perform the described immunoenzymatic method in vitro for a given period in parallel with the in vivo test to gain sufficient experience of this technique with a view to its use as an alternative to the in vivo test. PMID- 6736049 TI - Design and analysis of accelerated degradation tests for the stability of biological standards I. Properties of maximum likelihood estimators. AB - The accelerated degradation test is commonly used to predict the stability of a biological standard during long-term storage at low temperatures. The analysis of complicated by the fact that the standard generally defines its own unit of activity, so only relative rates of degradation at different temperatures can be observed. A series of Monte Carlo simulation studies is described which has been carried out to investigate the accuracy and precision of estimates based on the statistical method and are of use in assessing the extent to which the size and design of the accelerated degradation test influence the precision of the estimate of the low temperature degradation rate. PMID- 6736048 TI - The aluminum content of biological products containing aluminum adjuvants: determination by atomic absorption spectrometry. AB - Aluminum compounds are used as adjuvants in certain types of vaccines, toxoids and allergenic extracts for human use. The most common Al compounds used in biological products to enhance the immune response are aluminum potassium sulphate (alum), aluminum hydroxide and aluminum phosphate. This study describes an atomic absorption spectrometric method for the determination of the Al content of Al adsorbed toxoid preparations and allergenic extracts at levels of less than 0.85 mg of Al per half millilitre human dose. Aliquots of the samples which contained Al suspensions were acid digested with nitric and sulphuric acid and analysed in the nitrous oxide-acetylene flame of an atomic absorption spectrometer. The 396.2 nm Al line was used for analysis. The Al content of the National Bureau of Standards (NBS) Standard Reference Material No. 1075a aluminum 2- ethylhexanoate was determined to within 1% of the NBS certificate value by this method. Atomic absorption results for the Al content of tetanus toxoids containing aluminum potassium sulphate and aluminum phosphate were compared with polarographic and inductively coupled argon plasma (ICP) emission spectrometry results. Reproducibility and recovery data for Al are tabulated for a variety of biological products containing aluminum phosphate, aluminum potassium sulphate and aluminum hydroxide adjuvants. In addition, ICP has been used to characterize the Al and P compositions of the precipitates and supernatant solutions which resulted from centrifuging toxoid suspensions that contained the three different Al adjuvants. PMID- 6736050 TI - Design and analysis of accelerated degradation tests for the stability of biological standards III. Principles of design. AB - The principles of designing an accelerated degradation test for a biological standard are considered, with special emphasis on ensuring accuracy and precision of the predicted low temperature degradation rate. A three-stage design is proposed which initially monitors samples at the highest of the elevated temperatures, but which switches attention progressively to the lower temperatures as degradation begins to be detected. The advantages of this design over one where testing is carried out after a predetermined period are that it is (i) more efficient, (ii) more reliable and (iii) better suited to test the assumptions which underly the analysis of the results. Consideration is also given to additional checks which can be made on the stability of biological standards and to methods of monitoring long-term stability after the standard has been set up. PMID- 6736051 TI - Modifications in the preparation of pyrogen-free foetal calf serum. PMID- 6736052 TI - Influence of ionic environment of the stress relaxation behavior of an invertebrate connective tissue. AB - The rheological properties of an invertebrate connective tissue were measured in three different ionic environments. Short-term stress relaxation tests were conducted on sections of holothurian (Echinodermata) body wall immersed in isotonic monovalent and divalent salt solutions and deionized water. Using a reduced modulus format, the viscoelastic behavior over the experimental time scale was described by a two term Maxwell equation with empirically determined spring constants and relaxation times. In addition, equilibrium relaxation moduli (Ge) were estimated from the empirical relationship of Chasset and Thirion (1965, in Physics of Non Crystalline Solids, ed. Prins, North Holland). The experiments indicated that both relaxation times and equilibrium moduli decreased in the presence of monovalent and divalent inorganic ions whereby the effect of the Na+ was greater than that of the Ca++. The present findings are compared with those reported for vertebrate connective tissue. PMID- 6736053 TI - Biomechanics of optimal flight in ski-jumping. AB - The flight in a vertical plane of a ski-jumper after take-off was studied with the purpose of maximising flight distance. To solve the problem of optimal flight (how a jumper must change his angle of attack to obtain the longest jump) the basic theorem of the optimal control theory--Pontriagin's maximum principle--was applied. The calculations were based on data from wind tunnel experiments. It was shown that the maximum flight distance is achieved when the angle of attack is gradually increased according to a convex function the form of which depends on the individual aerodynamic parameters. PMID- 6736054 TI - The dynamics of the coronary venous system in the dog. AB - The coronary vascular system is characterised by a small blood-volume, high resistance arterial system, in which flow is primarily diastolic, a capillary venule exchange system and a large blood volume, low resistance venous system with predominantly systolic flow. In order to understand the venous component we measured intramyocardial pressure (IMP), peripheral (PVP) and central (CVP) coronary venous pressure, as well as phasic coronary sinus outflow. Based on the experimental data, a model is proposed to describe the hemodynamics of the coronary venous system. This model consists of an intramyocardial vascular storage region into which the arterial blood flows during diastole. During systole, the pressure in the storage vessels increases, pushing the peripheral and epicardial venous system. Blocking the inflow tends to empty the 'storage' and the peripheral regions, reducing venous pressures. Occlusion of the outflow increases the blood volume in these regions, elevating venous pressures. The observations of peak (IMP-PVP) vs peak venous flow during vagal, right abd left stellate stimulation conform satisfactorily with the model. PMID- 6736055 TI - Alterations in the mechanical properties of peripheral nerve following crush injury. AB - The mechanical properties of injured nerves have been studied. At specific times following unilateral nerve crush, the sciatic nerves of mice were tested mechanically. Photographs and longitudinal force measurements were obtained as nerve segments were elongated to mechanical failure. Stress and strain at the proportional limit and apparent elastic modulus were used as indicators of strength, elasticity and stiffness. Injury led to time-dependent increases in strength and stiffness and decreases in elasticity. These changes were apparent in both damaged and contralateral, undamaged nerves. Many of the changes appear to be related to the epineurium. Some mechanical changes in nerve could have important consequences for the integrity and function of nerves and mechanically interfaced structures. PMID- 6736057 TI - Fracture of human femoral bone. AB - The work-of-fracture of human femoral bone was determined using the technique of Tattersal and Tappin (1966). The work required to fracture a specimen in three point bending by slow crack propagation through a triangular cross-section is obtained from the load-deflection curve. The area of the resulting fracture surface is measured by macrophotographic techniques, and the work-of-fracture is calculated as work per unit area. The work-of-fracture values measured in this way ranged from 3.8 to 11.8 (x 10(3)) J m-2 in the samples tested with a mean of 7.8 x 10(3) J m-2 and a standard deviation of 2.1 x 10(-3) J m-2. The work-of fracture was found to be independent of the degree of mineralization within the range of 60-80 weight %, and to not vary with transverse variation in location in the femoral shaft. The work-of-fracture was also seen to increase with increasing osteon fractional area. Scanning electron microscope photographs of the fracture surfaces indicate that the nature of the failure is similar to that of fiber reinforced composite materials. PMID- 6736056 TI - Non-invasive measurement of long bone cross-sectional moment of inertia by photon absorptiometry. AB - The use of the Norland-Cameron Bone Mineral Analyzer (BMA) to measure the cross sectional moment of inertia of the mineral in a long bone is described and data regarding the usefulness and precision of the method are presented. The correlation coefficients between BMA-measured CSMI and that obtained from cross sectional geometry were 0.99 both for a series of aluminum tubes and five bones of different sizes. The BMA-measured CSMI was linearly correlated with the CSMI digitized from cross-sections of a series of human ulnas at the r = 0.92 and 0.95 level in the AP and ML directions, respectively. The BMA-measured CSMI also correlated well with the torsional and bending behavior of ulnar specimens. Finally, a method for estimation the CSMI of a long bone section from BMA readings of mineral content and bone width is described. A linear correlation of r = 0.98 with the CSMI digitized from sections of human radii is demonstrated. PMID- 6736058 TI - Phasic relations in 90 degree abduction-adduction of the arm: the ARIMA representation. AB - Myoelectric signals (MES's) from the medial deltoid, posterior deltoid and medial trapezius were analyzed during 90 degree abduction-adduction cycles of arm movement. Two healthy males were utilized as subjects. The MES's records were divided into sub-sections of 50 ms of duration, and each segment was described by a suitable model. The models were based on autoregressive integrated moving average (ARIMA) processes. Several distinct phases were discerned within a given movement cycle, each phase being associated with a distinct type of ARIMA process. Phasic relations among the three muscles were then revealed. A simple test was suggested to detect the onset of muscle activity in real-time situations. PMID- 6736059 TI - A new clamping and stretching procedure for determination of collagen fiber stiffness and strength relations upon maturation. AB - Clamping of tendon fibers is a major concern in connective tissue biomechanics. We present here a new clamping method. Also the stretching procedure is different from the conventional extension until the point of failure. Thus we have used a procedure of interval stretches, where 0.01 extensions during 2.5 s are succeeded by periods of relaxation. This procedure reduces the stress on clamps and transducers which causes serious problems in conventional extensions of some older specimen. The influence of stretching rate and periods of relaxation on the observed values of stiffness has been tested and discussed. The fibers from rat tail tendons only show a minor increase in stiffness between 40 day and 90 day old animals, and do not show significant changes from the age of 90 to 240 days. The values of stiffness expressed as Young's modulus of elasticity, had maximal values of 1.2, 1.8 and 1.9 kNmm-2 at the three ages investigated. The fiber strength, however, increases dramatically, thus the ultimate value was 18 Nmm-2 for 40 day old fibers, while at 90 days and 240 days it had increased to 102 Nmm 2 and to 106 Nmm-2, respectively. PMID- 6736064 TI - Model for static lifting: relationship of loads on the spine and the knee. AB - An experimental study based on a trigonometric, anthropometric model, was conducted on thirty-five healthy subjects to determine the relationship between knee and back forces during symmetric sagittal plane lifting. Total joint reaction forces for the knee and the back, along with their compressive and shear components, were calculated for each subject, as a function of the knee, back and ankle angles. The shear component was significantly higher in females than in males; the compressive component was significantly higher in males. Strong inverse correlations were found between the back and the knee forces on all subjects. Strong correlations were also found between subject anthropometry and minimum and maximum joint reaction forces. The magnitudes of both back and knee joint reaction forces should be considered in recommending the lift type and position, based upon individual worker anthropometry, and size and weight of the load to be lifted. PMID- 6736060 TI - The relationship between elastic properties and microstructure of bovine cortical bone. AB - The relationship between the structure of bone on the microscopic level and its mechanical properties was investigated by comparing bovine cortical bone of two microstructural types. Measurements of elastic properties were made in three orthogonal directions on specimens of plexiform and Haversian bone, taken from the same level of the same bone, using extensional wave ultrasonic techniques. Differences in Young's modulus of elasticity measured in the three directions correspond to observed structural differences; plexiform bone is anisotropic, while Haversian bone appears to be transversely isotropic. The pattern of distribution of the two structural types within different aspects of the same bovine femur suggests that the level of osteonal remodeling is related to the pattern of mechanical stress, especially due to muscular activity, in the bone. This may occur because Haversian remodeling is stimulated by microcracks in regions of high stress and/or repeated stress cycles, thus replacing fatigue damaged bone and preventing failure. PMID- 6736062 TI - A dynamic biomechanical evaluation of lifting maximum acceptable loads. AB - A biomechanical evaluation of the job-related stresses imposed upon a worker is a potential means of reducing the high incidence rates of manual material handling injuries in industry. A biomechanical model consisting of seven rigid links joined at six articulations has been developed for this purpose. Using data from cinematographic analysis of lifting motions the model calculates: (1) body position from articulation angles, (2) angular velocities and accelerations, (3) inertial moments and forces, and (4) reactive moments and forces at each articulation, including the L5/S1 joint. Results indicated effects of the common task variables. Larger load and box sizes increased the rise times and peak values of both vertical ground reaction forces and predicted L5/S1 compressive forces. However, boxes with handles resulted in higher L5/S1 compressive forces than for boxes without handles. Also, in lifting the larger boxes the subjects did not sufficiently compensate with reduced box weights in order to maintain uniform L5/S1 compressive forces. Smoothed and rectified EMG of erector spinae muscles correlated significantly with L5/S1 compressive forces, while predicted and measured vertical ground reaction forces also correlated significantly, indicating the validity of the model as a tool for predicting job physical stresses. PMID- 6736063 TI - In-vitro wall shear measurements at aortic valve prostheses. AB - Wall shear distributions during the cardiac cycle at the valve rings of Starr Edwards, Bjork-Shiley and Lillehei-Kaster aortic valves are measured and compared with thresholds reported for shear-induced trauma of blood components. Further, for the disk valves, the influence of pulse rate on wall shear stresses is evaluated. Hot film anemometry with flush-mounted wall shear probes is used as measurement technique in a pulsatile flow mock circuit. The experimental systolic data support the better hemodynamic characteristics of the disk valves over the ball valve also with respect to the threshold shear stresses of flow induced blood trauma. These results are confirmed by postoperative clinical studies, where lower LDH-values are found with the disk than with the ball valves. During diastole, however, high shear stresses are measured and calculated at the valve ring of the Bjork-Shiley prosthesis, which can be referred to the non-overlapping closing mechanism. This result is discussed with respect to the often observed thrombus formation at the disk downstream of the smaller orifice of the Bjork Shiley valve. PMID- 6736061 TI - Architectural changes in the proximal femur following prosthetic insertion: preliminary observations of an animal model. AB - A study was made of the changes occurring in the proximal femur following unilateral total hip replacement in fourteen sheep. Implants were observed 0-12 months post-operatively. Contralateral implants inserted at sacrifice served as controls. The paired specimens were cut into five transverse sections and stereologically analyzed. The following phenomena were seen during the post operative year: (a) calcar resorption; (b) encapsulation of the prosthetic cement in fibrous sheath; (c) interruption of the trabecular network between the cement stem system and the cortex; (d) increase in the cross-sectional moment of inertia of the cortical shell. These changes form a consistent pattern of biological responses to the implant, the details of which are important because they suggest failure mechanisms and demonstrate the inadequacy of simple analytical models based on static pictures of the bone-implant composite structure. Failure modes may depend on the initial degree of bone-cement interdigitation. Concentric layers of fibrous tissue surrounded by layers of dense bone were formed where interdigitation was not extensive. Where interdigitation was maximal, a band of bony resorption separated the cement-bone complex from the endosteal trabecular bone. Increased levels of bone-cement interdigitation would not appear to influence the ultimate outcome, but, rather, only the mode of failure of the prosthetic attachment. PMID- 6736065 TI - The hemodynamic forces acting on thrombi, from incipient attachment of single cells to maturity and embolization. AB - We consider the steady fluid forces acting on a thrombus from the time of first contact of a single cell with a natural or artificial surface, through the attachment process and growth to embolization. For a hemi-spherical or cylindrical attached cell of height less than 1/100-1/20th of the channel width, shear and tensile stresses are solely dependent on viscosity and on the ratio of average fluid velocity to channel width vt/Dt (shear rate). Large values of this ratio reduce adhesion and increase embolization. The average shear stress on such cells is approximately 1-10 Pa (10-100 dyn cm2), the average tensile stress about three times higher. For other shapes and larger protrusions, stress varies with protrusion height as well. Maturing thrombi composed of cell aggregates embedded in a fibrin mesh do not appear to allow significant fluid flow through their porous structure. The interior forces are then due solely to hydrostatic pressure and initially vary directly with vt/Dt and inversely with thrombus height Hp, thus favouring embolization at an early stage and in arterial systems. Rough surfaces are identified as causing an increase in dwell-time and possibly immobilizing an unattached cell due to 'negative lift'. PMID- 6736067 TI - One parameter model for error in instantaneous centre of rotation measurements. AB - Many statistical distributions have a single parameter which describes its spread. In the kinematic study of the instantaneous centre of rotation, error in data cause a non-symmetrical distribution for the centre. As an aid in describing its spread, the analytical form of the probability density function was reduced to a single-parameter model. This results in a convenient way of analysing experimental data through the use of an 'ICR Error Chart'. PMID- 6736066 TI - The effect of unsteadiness on the flow through stenoses and bifurcations. AB - This paper is concerned with the influence of a stenosis or a bifurcation on the flow through a tube. In particular the effect of unsteadiness is investigated using simple pulsatile and physiological type flows (Fig. 1). The experimental investigations reported herein are concerned with velocity measurements and flow visualizations. (see formula in text) These measurements, performed in a 60 degrees bifurcation, have permitted the reconstruction of the three-dimensional velocity profiles. The importance of the secondary flow in the branching is analyzed for various values of the flow parameters. Results of tests show a strong influence of unsteadiness on flow characteristics and then on hemodynamic factors. One conclusion is the following: if hemodynamic factors play an important role in the problems of atherosclerosis, then, for macrocirculation studies, it is necessary to take into account unsteadiness and, in particular, the actual shape of the flow-time forcing function. PMID- 6736068 TI - Viscoelastic properties of proteoglycan subunits and aggregates in varying solution concentrations. AB - Using a cone-on-plate mechanical spectrometer, we have measured the linear and non-linear rheological properties of cartilage proteoglycan solutions at concentrations similar to those found in situ. Solutions of bovine nasal cartilage proteoglycan subunits (22S) and aggregates (79S) were studied at concentrations ranging from 10 to 50 mg ml-1. We determined: (1) the complex viscoelastic shear modulus G (omega) under small amplitude (0.02 radians) oscillatory excitation at frequencies (omega) ranging from 1.0 to 20.0 Hz, (2) the non-linear shear rate (gamma) dependent apparent viscosity napp (gamma) in continuous shear, and (3) the non-linear shear rate dependent primary normal stress difference sigma 1 (gamma) in continuous shear. Both the apparent viscosity and normal stress difference were measured over four decades of shear rates ranging from 0.25 to 250 s-1. Analysis of the experimental results were performed using a variety of materially objective non-linear viscoelastic constitutive laws. We found that the non-linear, four-coefficient Oldroyd rate type model was most effective for describing the measured flow characteristics of proteoglycan subunit and aggregate solutions. Values of the relaxation time lambda 1, retardation time lambda 2, zero shear viscosity no, and nonlinear viscosity parameter muo were computed for the aggregate and subunit solutions at all of the solute concentrations used. The four independent material coefficients showed marked dependence on the two different molecular conformations, i.e. aggregate or subunit, of proteoglycans in solution. PMID- 6736069 TI - Air resistance and its influence on the biomechanics and energetics of sprinting at sea level and at altitude. AB - Following an examination of the processes by which chemical energy is converted into useful work during running, a mathematical model of the energetics of sprinting is constructed. This is used in conjunction with a careful analysis of Olympic records, in particular those obtained in the 1968 Games at Mexico City, to determine the magnitude of the rate of working against air resistance during running. It is established that times in the 100 m, 200 m and 400 m events at the Mexico Olympics were approximately 1.7% lower than they would otherwise have been if the races had been run at sea level. This information is used to deduce that the external work done per unit time against air resistance is about 7.5-9% of the total power output of a sprinter, running at maximum speed at sea level. These figures compare well with the value of 7.8% obtained independently by Davies (J. appl. Physiol 48, 702-709, 1980). The analysis provides evidence that a linear relation exists between running speed and the rate of degradation of mechanical energy into thermal energy up to the highest sprinting speeds attainable. The maximum power generated by a sprinter is approximately 3 kW. PMID- 6736070 TI - A continuous wave technique for the measurement of the elastic properties of cortical bone. AB - A continuous wave technique is described for measuring the nine independent orthotropic elastic coefficients from a single cubic specimen. The side dimensions of this cubic specimen are on the order of 5 mm. Because of the small size of the specimen, the spatial resolution of material inhomogeneity using this technique is quite good. Although it is possible to apply this technique to any elastic material such as woods or metals, the elastic properties of human and canine cortical femora are presented here. The orthotropic elastic coefficients and the variation of these coefficients are presented as a function of anatomical position. PMID- 6736071 TI - An in-vitro study of the kinematics of the normal, injured and stabilized cervical spine. AB - The relative motion between various vertebrae of multi-level cervical ligamentous spinal segments (C2-T2), using Bryant angles, is described. A three-dimensional sonic digitizer was utilized to study the motion in flexion, extension, right lateral bending and right axial rotation. Effects of a number of injuries and stabilization (interspinous wiring and acrylic cement, PMMA) on the motion behavior of C5-C6 (injured) and C4-C5 (superior to injured) levels were investigated. The data were normalized with respect to intact specimens. The injury to capsular ligaments at C5-C6 produced a significant increase in the relative motion at C4-C5. Although the interspinous wiring reduced the motion at C5-C6 the C4-C5 motion was still higher. The application of PMMA made the motion at C4-C5 comparable to the intact specimen. PMID- 6736072 TI - Surface properties determine bioadhesive outcomes: methods and results. AB - This investigation developed experimental evidence for the influence of different surface energy states on tissue incorporation of biomedical materials. Implants of two smooth metals, each with three different surface energy states, were placed in the subdermal fascial plane of the backs of New Zealand White rabbits and were allowed healing times of 10 and 20 days. The implant surfaces were thoroughly characterized by physical-chemical criteria prior to surgical placement and again following removal from the tissue capsules generated by the host animals. Quantitative histopathologic analysis, using standard morphometric criteria, of the adjacent tissues revealed up to a threefold increase of fibroblastic-fibrocytic cells against the initially scrupulously cleaned, high surface-energy materials. The cells were flattened and active, producing tenacious bonds through a thin pre-adsorbed protein-dominated "conditioning" film, that could be broken only by cohesive failure in the tissue itself. In contrast, the lower-surface-energy materials typical of standard dental implants were "walled off" by a cell-poor, nonadhesive capsule with a fibrous interface separated from a thicker "conditioning" film by a lipid-rich mucus zone. The advantages of proper surface treatment to favor the desired degree of biological adhesion are apparent. PMID- 6736073 TI - Design criteria for percutaneous devices. AB - A theoretical model of a percutaneous device is described. The model is split into several components, each with its own function. Special structures such as horns, hair, feathers, fingernails, hoofs , teeth, and antlers are taken as examples where nature has solved the problems of "percutaneous devices." These structures have been regarded in relation to dimensional and structural differences of epidermis, dermis, and subcutis. Theoretical guidelines are described for the design of a prosthetic percutaneous device. PMID- 6736074 TI - Some factors that influence prolonged interfacial continuity. AB - Bringing a percutaneous implant through the integument with the intentions of leaving it as a functional device for prolonged periods of time has not yet become a reality. If we are ever to achieve prolonged uninfected implants, attention must be directed toward a variety of failure mechanisms. Some of these mechanisms have defied our scrutiny, and our awareness of others are poorly understood. Some of the causes for failure of a percutaneous implant are the forces, either extrinsic or intrinsic, that cause shearing and tearing at the skin-implant interface. Extrinsic forces are defined as those forces applied either to the skin or the implant by the external environment. Intrinsic forces are those that have to do directly or indirectly with the body's growth and cell maturation, such as the retraction of maturing scar tissue and the surface migration of squamous epithelium. An intact skin-implant interface is important to attain in order to close the portal which might allow microbial invasion. The integument must remain intact, since a suppurative wound makes the implant's removal mandatory. PMID- 6736075 TI - Infection of percutaneous devices: prevention, monitoring, and treatment. AB - Infection continues to pose the major obstacle to long-term percutaneous access. Development of methods to prevent infection or techniques to determine early onset of infection at a time when antibiotic therapy may prove successful would be of enormous value. Our laboratory has been working toward developing and testing a noninvasive semiquantitative swab culture technique (SQ) to monitor percutaneous leads for infection. This technique was found to have a 76% sensitivity having identified 47 of 62 organisms detected by a quantitative tissue culture technique (Q) at the time of system explant. Furthermore, 47 of 61 organisms identified by the SQ technique accurately detected those isolated by the Q techniques. Accordingly, the SQ technique has a 77% specificity. This technique was capable of detecting organisms a median of 14 days prior to overt clinical infection. Prompt initiation of oral antibiotic treatment based on SQ results has doubled system survival compared with untreated systems. Clearly, the SQ technique has proven useful to monitoring percutaneous devices. PMID- 6736076 TI - The mechanical strength of maxillary complete dentures. AB - A complete study of the static and dynamic strength of complete maxillary dentures was undertaken. First, the denture base material was investigated in its various forms from the point of view of tension, creep, relaxation, fatigue, and the effect of a corrosive environment. Complete dentures were tested under static compression, and the distribution of stresses along the midline of the upper dentures was determined by means of strain rosettes and by reciprocating compression, the determination of their fatigue strength. The results were found to conform with experience as far as lifetime of complete dentures is concerned. PMID- 6736077 TI - Casting properties of Ni-Ti shape memory alloy. AB - A Ni-45 wt% Ti (Ni-50 at % Ti) alloy was cast into molds of magnesia and silica investments by use of a dental argon-arc pressure casting machine with a copper crucible . The castings exhibited shape memory properties. The shape recovery process was sharper in the specimens cast in magnesia investment molds than in those cast in silica (phosphate-bonded) investment molds. The latter casting had a hard region of the periphery, suggesting that shape recovery process may be affected by reaction of molten metal with silica. Furthermore, the alloy possessed the adequate mechanical properties for consideration as crown-and bridge prostheses. PMID- 6736078 TI - Electron microprobe analysis of metal ion transport in cortical bone. PMID- 6736079 TI - A canine ex vivo series shunt for evaluating thrombus deposition on polymer surfaces. AB - A new acute canine ex vivo femoral A-V series shunt experiment is described. Platelet and fibrinogen deposition on a series of up to ten different polymers may be tested in the same nonanticoagulated animal. The method reduces the time and expense associated with animal testing, and also allows for the simultaneous monitoring of platelet and fibrinogen deposition on a number of polymer surfaces. The series shunt technique was used to examine platelet and fibrinogen deposition on polyethylene, Silastic, polyvinylchloride, and oxidized polyethylene surfaces. Following an initial period of minimal deposition, platelet deposition increased dramatically to a peak by about 15-20 min of blood contact on all surfaces studied. The amount of adsorbed fibrinogen fell from initial levels to a minimum at about 5-10 min of blood contact and then increased to a peak at about the same time as observed for the platelet response. Oxidized polyethylene was the most thrombogenic surface studied, followed by polyethylene, polyvinylchloride, and Silastic. Peak platelet and fibrinogen levels were found to be inversely related to flow rate over the range studied. In this experiment it appears that the interaction of blood components with a foreign surface in vivo or ex vivo is localized to the interface with the flowing blood. Within experimental errors, no effect of segment position or any downstream effects were observed. These results suggest that a series shunt may be used to investigate the short-term interactions of blood with a number of test surfaces. PMID- 6736080 TI - Fatigue properties of carbon- and porous-coated Ti-6Al-4V alloy. AB - A porous metal coating applied to a solid substrate implant has been shown, in vivo, to offer advantages over current polymethylmethacrylate cement fixation in orthopedic devices. These advantages may be lost, however, in devices requiring a sintering heat treatment to apply the coating since these treatments may have a detrimental effect on the substrate material mechanical properties. In addition, more biocompatible interface coating materials have come of interest with recent literature reports of metal ion release. These coatings may be of particular use in porous-coated systems since the surface area of implant in contact with the surrounding tissues is greatly increased. This study investigated the effects that both a porous Ti- 6Al -4V alloy coating and a ULTI carbon coating have on the fatigue properties of a Ti- 6Al -4V alloy substrate system. The fatigue properties of uncoated as-received, uncoated sinter heat treated and notched Ti- 6Al -4V material were also investigated. The results of this study revealed endurance limits for Ti- 6Al -4V alloy tested with a rotating beam system of 617 MN/m2 (uncoated as-received), 624 MN/m2 ( ULTI carbon-coated), 377 MN/m2 ( sinter heat treated), 220 MN/m2 (notched) and 138 MN/m2 (porous-coated). No effects on fatigue properties were observed when testing the material in saline compared with air. The slight increase in fatigue strength for the carbon-coated material is thought to be due to the increase in surface hardness resulting from the formation of titanium carbides on the surface. The low-endurance limit of the porous-coated material is due to both the transition from the as-received equiaxed microstructure to a lamellar microstructure upon sintering and to the notch effect created by the porous coating. PMID- 6736081 TI - Release of corrosion products by F-75 cobalt base alloy in the rat. I: Acute serum elevations. AB - The release of corrosion products by implants has become a matter of concern. Using a microsphere model, the release of chromium, cobalt, and nickel, secondary to implantation of various surface area exposures of F-75, a cast cobalt-chromium alloy, was studied over a 30 day period in the rat. Dose related elevations were observed in the serum concentration of chromium and cobalt but not of nickel, with the maxima being achieved at 3 days after metal implantation followed by declines in concentration. The chromium elevation, approximately twelvefold for a surface area to body weight (SA/BW) ratio of 300 X is similar to that previously reported in patients receiving total hip replacement arthoplasties . However, the cobalt elevation, twentyfold for a SA/BW ratio of 300 X, has not been previously observed. These serum concentration changes are as yet unexplained, but are probably not due to fibrous capsule maturation or alloy repassivation . PMID- 6736082 TI - Characterization of plasma polymerized silicone coatings useful as biomaterials. AB - Plasma polymerization techniques were used to deposit a layer of filler-free silicone rubber on a variety of substrate materials. The thickness of the deposited film was 0.5-0.8 micron. As it is the surface of the biomaterial that comes in direct contact with the body fluids, the surface of the biomaterial is of paramount importance. In this study, the plasma polymerized biomaterials were characterized. Thus, the scanning electron microscope (SEM) showed the surfaces to be smooth. To study the surface layer of the deposited polymer, Fourier transform infrared spectrometry in the attenuated total reflection (ATR) mode was used. The deposited material was indeed silicone polymer with adsorption bands at 1262, 1020, and 802 cm-1 for the Si-CH3 bending, Si-0-Si stretching, and Si-CH3 bending, respectively. To find the bonding nature of the polymer, electron spectrometry for chemical analysis (ESCA) was used. The silicone polymer was shown to be highly cross-linked. To find the molecular weight between cross links, swelling studies were done. Thus the results of the study show that the plasma polymerization could produce a filler-free silicone layer on a variety of substrate materials. PMID- 6736083 TI - In situ immunoradiometric assay of fibrinogen adsorbed to artificial surfaces. AB - An in situ immunoradiometric assay was devised to quantitate human fibrinogen deposited on hemodialysis membrane, Cuprophane, from in vitro exposure to fibrinogen solution and from ex vivo extracorporally clinical use. The method requires a monospecific 125I-labeled antifibrinogen -IgG purified by DEAE chromatography and immunoadsorption. The labeled antifibrinogen IgG was shown to react specifically with fibrinogen adsorbed and immobilized (by glutaraldehyde) on Cuprophane. Other plasma proteins such as human albumin, IgG, or alpha thrombin, adsorbed singly or coadsorbed with fibrinogen on the surface did not seem to affect the fibrinogen- antifibrinogen reaction. The presence of blood cells such as platelets and granulocytes with fibrinogen on Cuprophane reduced only slightly the uptake of 125I- antifibrinogen -IgG. The examination of fibrinogen-fibrin deposition on clinically used Cuprophane by this technique and by autoradiography of the same material following 125I- antifibrinogen -IgG conjugation indicated that the deposition of fibrinogen was heavy and heterogeneous. We concluded that this in situ method may be useful to monitor fibrinogen-fibrin deposition and adsorption of other plasma proteins that occur under in vitro, ex vivo, and in vivo conditions. PMID- 6736085 TI - Fractures of the femoral neck in patients between the ages of twelve and forty nine years. AB - Femoral neck fractures in young adults have a poor prognosis because the incidence of non-union and aseptic necrosis is high. We reviewed the results in twenty-seven consecutive patients with a femoral neck fracture who were younger than fifty years and who were treated with a standard protocol at Harborview Medical Center from 1975 to 1981. There were twenty-two male and five female patients, and they ranged in age from twelve to forty-nine years (mean, 32.4 years). Twenty patients were involved in high-velocity trauma and twelve of them had significant injuries to other organ systems. One of the remaining seven patients had sustained the fracture while running, and in the other six the fracture was associated with a metabolic disorder. Eight patients had a Garden Stage-II fracture; twelve, Stage-III; and seven, Stage-IV. The fractures were fixed with multiple 6.5-millimeter cancellous screws after adequate closed reduction, which was usually performed within eight hours after injury. All of the fractures united and there were no wound infections. Aseptic necrosis of the femoral head developed in five patients (20 per cent), three of whom had symptoms at the time of writing and will require surgical revision of the hip. PMID- 6736084 TI - The quantitation of cultured cellular surface coverage: applications for transparent and opaque surfaces. AB - A planimetric technique is described for the analysis of cellular linings cultured on vascular prostheses and tissue culture plates. The method is not destructive of the cells and uses a calibrated eyepiece grid and an inverted microscope. The technique allows a rapid assessment of the percent of the prosthetic surface covered by cells, the average size of the cellular islands, and their distribution. In addition, the cells may be counted, their average surface area computed, and growth curves constructed for cells grown on tissue culture plates without the need for multiple concurrent cultures. Different cell types may be counted on the same surface. The method is more accurate than methods that require the resuspension of cells for counting, and it saves time and cells. PMID- 6736086 TI - The effect of early weight-bearing on the stability of femoral neck fractures treated with Knowles pins. AB - I compared the effects of early weight-bearing on the stability of femoral neck fractures following Knowles-pin fixation with data on a similar group of patients who were studied ten years previously, in which weight-bearing had been delayed until radiographic evidence of fracture-healing was apparent. The results concerning stability were essentially comparable, indicating that early weight bearing did not adversely affect the stability of a properly reduced and pinned displaced fracture of the femoral neck. Factors that did adversely affect stability following fixation with Knowles pins included the degree of initial displacement of the fracture (Garden Type IV), failure to adequately reduce or fix the fracture, and severe demineralizing bone disease as measured in an iliac crest biopsy specimen obtained at the time of surgery. PMID- 6736087 TI - A long-term follow-up of Legg-Calve-Perthes disease. AB - In an effort to define the impairment in hips affected by Legg-Calve-Perthes disease, we attempted to contact 112 patients whose disease had been diagnosed between 1920 and 1940. Data were available on thirty-five patients with thirty seven affected hips. The average period of follow-up was 47.7 years. Statistically significant correlations were found between clinical outcome (as measured by the Iowa hip rating and by the incidence of arthroplasty) and Catterall head-at-risk signs, femoral head-size ratio, and age at onset of the disease. The measurements of deformity, both femoral and acetabular, and the congruity of the articular surfaces did not change significantly with time. The Catterall classification alone did not correlate well with the clinical outcome. Fifteen affected hips in fourteen patients had undergone hip arthroplasty because of pain and dysfunction. Eleven arthroplasties had been done in the fifth or sixth decade of life and four (three patients), in the third or fourth decade. PMID- 6736089 TI - Medial-displacement intertrochanteric osteotomy in the treatment of osteoarthritis of the hip. A long-term follow-up study. AB - Of seventy-three adults who were treated for osteoarthritis of the hip by medial displacement intertrochanteric osteotomy done by one of us, sixty-one (with sixty seven treated hips) could be evaluated twelve to fifteen years after osteotomy or at the time when they had an arthroplasty for recurrent symptoms. Specific criteria based on preoperative data were used prospectively to categorize the hips as to their suitability for medial-displacement osteotomy. In addition, at the conclusion of the study, an osteotomy suitability score (maximum score, 12 points) was assessed retrospectively as a determinant of suitability for medial displacement osteotomy. Ten years after the osteotomy, thirty-four (51 per cent) of the sixty-seven hips had been treated with a cup arthroplasty or total hip arthroplasty. At the conclusion of the study (between twelve and fifteen years after osteotomy), forty-four (66 per cent) of the sixty-seven hips had had an arthroplasty. Among the sixteen hips that had been considered excellent candidates according to the prospective criteria, 85 per cent had not yet required hip arthroplasty five years after osteotomy and two-thirds had not had an arthroplasty ten years after surgery. Of the thirty hips with a suitability score of 7 points or more, 85 per cent had not required arthroplasty at five years and 67 per cent had not done so at ten years. The numerical scoring therefore appeared to be a more reliable determinant of suitability. PMID- 6736088 TI - Coxa plana--the fate of the physis. AB - Eighty patients who had unilateral coxa plana and who had been treated conservatively were followed to a mean age of sixteen and one-quarter years, and their cases were reviewed for radiographic evidence of a disturbance of the femoral capital growth plate. This physeal involvement was inferred by the presence of one or more of five findings: premature physeal closure, overgrowth of the greater trochanter, change in physeal shape, lateral protrusion of the capital nucleus, and medial bowing of the femoral neck. Premature physeal closure, which was more common in the girls than in the boys, occurred in 25 per cent of the affected femoral heads, and 90 per cent of the patients showed some interference with normal physeal growth in the affected femoral head. A direct correlation was found between the severity of the physeal involvement and the ultimate deformity of the femoral head. The possible causes of interference with physeal growth and damage are discussed. PMID- 6736090 TI - Total shoulder arthroplasty with the Neer prosthesis. AB - Of seventy-seven total shoulder-replacement arthroplasties with a Neer prosthesis, I evaluated seventy-three replacements in sixty-five patients at two to six and one-half years after the operation. The operations were performed for the treatment of osteoarthritis, rheumatoid arthritis, and old fractures or fracture-dislocations with traumatic arthritis. Postoperatively there was little or no pain even with vigorous activities in most shoulders, and active abduction improved by an average of 44 degrees, to an average of 120 degrees. The amount of abduction that was regained was related to the original diagnosis and to the amount of rotator cuff disease. Complications developed in thirteen shoulders, and five reoperations were necessary. Eight glenoid components showed radiographic evidence of loosening. Fifty-two of the remaining sixty-five shoulders had some radiolucency at the glenoid bone-cement junction. PMID- 6736091 TI - An epidemiological study of acute prolapsed cervical intervertebral disc. AB - In this epidemiological study of acute prolapsed cervical intervertebral disc, we found that people in the fourth decade of life were affected somewhat more frequently than individuals in other age groups, and men with a prolapsed cervical disc outnumbered women by a ratio of 1.4 to one. Factors that were associated relatively strongly with this diagnosis were frequent lifting of heavy objects on the job that was held around the time of the onset of symptoms, cigarette-smoking, and frequent diving from a board. Positive associations that were of borderline statistical significance or were not statistically significant were found with operating or driving vibrating equipment and time spent in motor vehicles. Variables that did not appear to affect the risk for a prolapsed cervical disc included participation in certain sports other than diving, frequent wearing of shoes with high heels, the number of pregnancies or live births, frequent twisting of the neck on the job, time spent sitting on the job, and smoking cigars or a pipe. PMID- 6736092 TI - Untreated posterior dislocation of the elbow in children. AB - Fifteen children with an untreated posterior dislocation of the elbow were seen between 1965 and 1980. Three had a useful range of painless flexion and were not treated by operation. Twelve had a stiff elbow and had an open reduction between three weeks and three years after injury. The triceps was lengthened when it prevented reduction and Kirschner wires were used when necessary to stabilize the elbow. Complications included a transient paralysis of the hand in one patient and myositis ossificans with a rigid elbow in another. The length of follow-up ranged from one to six years. In eleven patients the average range of flexion was increased fourfold, and in all children the elbow had a useful range through 90 degrees of flexion. Eleven children said that the function of the arm was improved. However, four of them had been operated on within six weeks of the accident and might have regained a functional range of movement with a short trial of conservative therapy. We now recommend an interval of conservative treatment for children who are seen three weeks to two months after injury. PMID- 6736093 TI - Long-term sequelae of simple dislocation of the elbow. AB - Fifty-two patients with a radiographically verified dislocation of the elbow were re-examined at an average of twenty-four years after injury. Half of the patients had no residual symptoms or signs whatsoever and more than one-third had a slight or moderate decrease in the range of extension, which was associated with slight degenerative change in the joint or with periarticular calcification. No reduction in joint space was evident. Even when the examination revealed some instability in a few patients they did not register complaints. Among the patients who had sustained the injury when they were less than sixteen years old, there were few with residual symptoms, signs, or radiographic changes. PMID- 6736094 TI - Medial restraints to anterior-posterior motion of the knee. AB - : We investigated the motion of cadaver knees before and after section of the medial structures and anterior cruciate ligament. The knees were tested using a 5 degrees-of-freedom in vitro knee-testing apparatus that measured anterior posterior, medial-hateral, and axial displacement as well as internal-external and valgus-varus rotation. The fiexion angle could be varied but was fixed for each individual test. A 125-newton anterior-posterior force was applied perpendicular to the tibial shaft and the resulting motion of the knee was measured. In five knees the anterior cruciate ligament was cut first, followed by progressive cuts of the structures on the medial side (superficial medial collateral ligament, deep medial ligament, oblique fibers of the superficial medial ligament, and the posteromedial part of the capsule). Conversely, in five knees the medial structures were progressively cut first, followed by section of the anterior cruciate ligament. Tests were performed after each cut. With an intact anterior cruciate ligament, progressive cutting of the medial side had no effect on anterior and posterior displacements. When section of the medial structures followed cutting of the anterior cruciate ligament, anterior displacement exceeded that seen after isolated section of the anterior cruciate ligament. The anterior and posterior load-tests were repeated with the tibia fixed in 5 degrees of internal and 5 degrees of external rotation. Fixed external notation had no effect on anterior and posterior displacements. Fixed internal rotation significantly decreased anterior displacement only when both the anterior cruciate ligament and the medial structures were cut. The amounts of tibial rotation and tibial torque resulting from the applied anterior and posterior forces were low compared with our previous results, and we attributed this to decreased constraints on motion of the knee in the current testing apparatus. CLINICAL RELEVANCE: Athletic injuries of the knee frequently involve both the anterior cruciate ligament and the medial side of the knee. Clinical studies have demonstrated that combined injuries of the anterior cruciate and medial collateral ligaments often cannot be successfully managed conservatively. Our in vitro findings support the clinical data and suggest that injuries to the medial structures further compromise anterior stability when they accompany anterior cruciate injuries. PMID- 6736095 TI - Neurovascular complications of the modified Bristow procedure. A case report. PMID- 6736096 TI - Fatal toxic shock syndrome as a complication of orthopaedic surgery. A case report. PMID- 6736097 TI - Postoperative toxic shock syndrome following osteoplasty of the hip. A case report. PMID- 6736098 TI - Radial-nerve laceration twenty-six years after screw fixation of a humeral fracture. A case report. PMID- 6736100 TI - Late complications due to wire breakage in segmental spinal instrumentation. Report of two cases. PMID- 6736099 TI - The present status of surgical treatment for Legg-Perthes disease. PMID- 6736101 TI - Carcinogenicity study of trichloroethylene, with and without epoxide stabilizers, in mice. AB - Previous analytical studies of industrial samples of trichloroethylene (TRI) have revealed the presence of mutagenic and carcinogenic epoxides which, it was proposed, might be responsible for the carcinogenicity of such samples, as demonstrated with mice in other laboratories. To test this hypothesis, Swiss mice (ICR/HA) of both sexes, bred and kept in SPF conditions, were dosed daily with TRI in corn oil by gavage (males: 2.4 g/kg, females: 1.8 g/kg) with or without the addition of epichlorohydrin (EPC, 0.8%, w/w), 1,2-epoxybutane (BO, 0,8%), or EPC + BO (0.25% + 0,25%) for 18 months. The ensuing observation period terminated at 106 weeks (from start of experiment). Gross and microscopic examination of all organs revealed a statistically significant increase in the incidence of forestomach papillomas and carcinomas after EPC-, BO-, and (EPC + BO)-stabilized samples of TRI, but not after pure, amine base-stabilized TRI. This type of tumor is believed to be induced by the direct alkylating epoxides epichlorohydrin and epoxybutane, whose industrial use in stabilizing chlorinated aliphatic hydrocarbons should be discontinued. No other significant increase in tumor incidences was found. Again, this study does not support the suggestion that trichloroethylene itself is carcinogenic under realistic exposure conditions. PMID- 6736102 TI - Analysis of metastatic spread and growth of tumor cells in mice with depressed natural killer activity by anti-asialo GM1 antibody or anticancer agents. AB - The mechanism of artificial and spontaneous metastases of tumor was analyzed in B16 melanoma cells and C57BL/6 mice by using anti-asialo GM1 antibody and anticancer agents. Single administrations of 500 micrograms anti-asialo GM1 antibody resulted in significantly decreased NK activity in spleen cells of C57BL/6 mice, lasting 10 days from the day following administration. Treatment with anti-asialo GM1 antibody never decreased the function of T lymphocytes measured by blastogenesis with phytohemagglutinin or T cell growth factor. The tumoricidal functions of activated macrophages but not of resident macrophages were decreased by in vivo treatment with anti-asialo GM1 antibody. The anti asialo GM1 antibody was evaluated in terms of the enhancing effect on pulmonary metastases with regard to the timing of administration. Treatment with anti asialo GM1 antibody 1 day before or on the day of tumor inoculation resulted in a substantial increase in the number of artificial pulmonary metastases. In the experimental system of spontaneous metastases, anti-asialo GM1 antibody most effectively increased the number of pulmonary metastases when administered 1-2 weeks before the removal of primary tumor, when the tumor cells are thought to be released into blood circulation from the primary site. In addition, accelerated growth of transplanted tumors at the primary site was observed in mice treated with anti-asialo GM1 antibody. These results strongly suggest that anti-asialo GM1 antibody enhances the incidence of in vivo tumor metastases and the growth of transplanted tumor mainly by suppressing the function of NK cells. The maximum effective dose (MED) of mitomycin C or its derivative (M-83) suppressed NK activity significantly, and pretreatment with these anticancer agents enhanced the growth of the artificial pulmonary and liver metastases. In contrast, the MED of cDDP showed no effect on the NK activity or the numbers of pulmonary and liver metastases. These results indicate that the depression of NK activity induced by chemotherapy results in the promotion of metastatic disease. From these studies it can be concluded that NK cells have a key role in the control of metastases of malignant disease, and that support of NK activity is very important for the prevention of metastases. PMID- 6736103 TI - The influence of a solid tumor of the mouse on the proliferation kinetics of haemopoietic bone marrow cells. AB - It is generally accepted that cancer has strong effects on bone marrow cells (e.g. tumor-associated anaemia). The present investigation studies the proliferation kinetics of haemopoietic cells and the topographic differences in proliferation patterns in the bone marrow of tumor-bearing animals and controls. It was demonstrated that the differences in the cell cycle times, whether between peripheral and central parts of the bone marrow or between the experimental group and the control group, were slight or nonexistent. However, the growth fraction showed an increased proliferation rate in tumor-bearing as compared with normal animals (57% and 37%, respectively). PMID- 6736104 TI - Arecoline tumorigenicity in Swiss strain mice on normal and vitamin B deficient diet. AB - Arecoline, a major alkaloid present in betel nut, was administered daily by gavage feeding to Swiss male and female mice at a dose of 1 mg/day/mouse five times a week, either alone or in combination with KNO3 or KNO3 + lime. Swiss mice of both sexes kept on a vitamin B complex-deficient diet were tested in a similar manner and compared with those receiving a normal diet. In the mice receiving a normal diet it was observed that arecoline induced tumors in 40% of males but failed to produce tumors in any of the females. Arecoline tumorigenicity in females was evident only when they received a vitamin B-deficient diet. Arecoline tumorigenicity was not evident in males when they were treated simultaneously with KNO3 + lime and kept on a normal diet. However, the same treatment administered to male mice kept on a vitamin B complex-deficient diet induced tumors in 39%. PMID- 6736105 TI - Chromosome analysis of two rat tumor cell lines. Possible role of DMs and HSR in metastasis. AB - The rat tumor cell lines BSp73AS (AS, non-metastasizing with pronounced adherent capacities) and BSp73ASML (ASML, highly metastasizing with reduced adherent capacities) were cytogenetically investigated. The ASML cell line is reportedly derived from the AS cell line. Both lines exhibited abnormal numerical and structural chromosomal characteristics. The metastasizing ASML cells showed a higher chromosome number (modal number: 62-63) than the nonmetastasizing AS cells (modal number:48). The AS karyotype was characterized by the presence of a large metacentric marker chromosome resulting from a Robertsonian translocation (Rb 6.7). This chromosome is as such absent in ASML cells but perhaps it may be present in these cells with a major part of chromosome 7 being deleted. The most interesting feature of the ASML karyotype was the presence of double minutes (DMs) and a homogeneously staining region (HSR) at the telomeric end of chromosome 6. These were peculiar to the ASML cells, being absent in the AS cells. DMs and HSR are reported to be correlated with the resistance to various drugs and with the acquired virulence of tumor cells through gene amplification. Therefore, we assume that in the metastasizing ASML cell line the DMs and HSR were established through genetic selection and that they are probably related to the acquired metastasizing capacity of these cells. PMID- 6736106 TI - Carcinogenesis in F-344 rats by nitrosobis(2-oxopropyl)amine and related compounds administered in drinking water. AB - Three asymmetric nitrosamines related to nitrosobis-(2-oxopropyl)-amine (BOP) were given to female F344 rats in drinking water to assess the significance of other alkyl groups on the carcinogenic expression by the 2-oxopropyl group. Nitroso-oxopropylethanolamine (OPE) was weakly carcinogenic, leading to little life-shortening and to induction of tumors (most of them liver neoplasms) in less than half of the treated animals. BOP under these conditions induced a high incidence of hepatocellular carcinomas and hemangiosarcomas of the liver together with lung adenomas in most animals. At the same dose rate nitrosohydroxypropyl oxopropylamine (HPOP) induced hepatocellular carcinomas, lung carcinomas, and carcinomas of the esophagus with a high incidence; life-shortening was greater with HPOP than with BOP. At a higher dose rate HPOP again induced a high incidence of esophageal carcinomas, and of liver neoplasms, but more animals had hemangiosarcomas than hepatocellular carcinomas. Nitrosodihydroxypropyl oxopropylamine (DHPOP) increased the mortality rate due to tumors by much more than the other three compounds, but induced mainly tumors of the upper gastrointestinal tract and no neoplasms in the liver. These results do not support the concept that BOP acts through reduction to HPOP, but suggest rather that the nature of the substituents other than 2-oxopropyl in the analogs of BOP has a profound influence on the potency and organ-specificity of the carcinogen. It is probable that pharmacokinetics and the specificity of activation of the particular molecular structures play an important role. PMID- 6736107 TI - Activated cyclophosphamide: an enzyme-mechanism-based suicide inactivator of DNA polymerase/3'-5' exonuclease. AB - DNA polymerase I from E. coli can toxify activated cyclophosphamide (CP) by means of the 3'-5' exonuclease activity associated with the enzyme. Acrolein and an alkylating moiety are released in the process. Preincubation of DNA polymerase I with activated CP for 15-60 min leads to an increasing inhibition of DNA polymerase activity, which can be prevented when preincubation of DNA polymerase I with activated CP is carried out in the presence of 5' AMP, a competitive inhibitor of the 3'-5' exonuclease subsite of the enzyme. This demonstrates that toxification of activated CP by the 3'-5' exonuclease subsite of DNA polymerase is a prerequisite for the inhibition of DNA polymerase activity. The kinetics and the degree of DNA polymerase inhibition suggest that the alkylating moiety rather than acrolein released from activated CP during toxification is responsible for the inhibition of DNA polymerase. DNA polymerase with associated 3'-5' exonuclease activity has also been isolated from eukaryotic cells, and toxification of activated CP by such an enzyme (DNA polymerase delta from rabbit bone marrow) has been shown previously. Thus we suggest that toxification of activated CP by DNA polymerases/3'-5' exonucleases present mainly in proliferating cells might lead to the specific alkylation of macromolecules involved in the cell proliferation process, such as the DNA polymerase subsite of these enzymes and probably also the DNA bound to the enzymes. The relatively high cancerotoxic selectivity and cytotoxic specificity of activated CP could be based on this specific enzyme-mediated alkylation. PMID- 6736108 TI - A comparative study on proliferation, macromolecular synthesis and energy metabolism of in vitro-grown Ehrlich ascites tumor cells in the presence of glucosone, galactosone and methylglyoxal. AB - Proliferation of in vitro grown Ehrlich ascites tumor cells is completely inhibited by 0.2-0.4 mM methylglyoxal and 1-2 mM glucosone or galactosone without severely affecting viability (dye exclusion test); no phase-specific arrest of cell growth is observed. Incorporation of [14C] thymidine into the acid-insoluble fraction of the cells decreases within a few minutes to less than 50% of that in controls in the presence of 0.4 mM methylglyoxal, and 2 mM glucosone or galactosone causes a comparable inhibition of DNA synthesis after 2 h or 4 h, respectively. The action of 0.4 mM methylglyoxal inhibits incorporation of [14C] leucine within a few minutes by more than 70%, while 2 mM glucosone and galactosone are significantly less effective (50%-60% inhibition after 12 h). While methylglyoxal and galactosone do not severely affect lactate production of the cells, 2 mM glucosone reduces glycolysis by 60%-70%; ATP/ADP ratios did not fall below 3.5 in the presence of the inhibitors (controls 4-6). It is suggested that the reaction potentialities of the oxaldehyde function of the inhibitors play an important role in their growth-inhibitory activity, besides exerting a specific effect on hexokinase (glucosone) and UTP-trapping activity. PMID- 6736110 TI - Estrogen receptors in mammary cancer: correlation with age, menopausal status, and response to therapy. AB - The concentration of estrogen receptor protein (ER) in 113 primary or metastatic breast cancers was studied. ER was found to be correlated with the age of the patient. The ER values were generally lower in premenopausal patients (5.6 fmol/mg cytosol protein) than in postmenopausal patients (32.8 fmol/mg cytosol protein). The ER values of perimenopausal patients (0-5 years since the last menstrual period) were heterogeneous but generally closer to those of the premenopausal patients. Use of the ER determination for allocation of the patients either to hormonal (tamoxifen or nandrolonedecanoate) or to cytostatic (adriamycin-cyclophosphamide or Cooper's regimen) therapy was shown to result in highly satisfactory clinical response rates (including complete and partial remissions and stabilized disease) of 68% and 67%, respectively. The practical limit of ER concentration for selection is between 3 and 10 fmol/mg cytosol protein in breast cancer. PMID- 6736109 TI - Clinical and biochemical studies of high-dose thymidine treatment in patients with solid tumors. AB - In a clinical study of high-dose thymidine (TdR) treatment, toxic effects, TdR metabolism, and the influence of TdR on pyrimidine and purine metabolism were examined. Ten patients with solid tumors were treated with continuous infusion of TdR at 34-75 g/m2/day for 3 to 5 days. Hematologic toxicity occurred with 5-day TdR infusion at 75 g/m2/day but not when plasma TdR concentration failed to reach millimolar levels. In three patients who received similar TdR doses, plasma TdR levels were related to elimination rates of TdR and its metabolites from plasma. In one patient in whom urinary excretion was studied, 100% of the TdR dose given was recovered in the form of TdR, thymine (Thy), beta-aminoisobutyrate, and 5 hydroxymethyluracil (5-HMUra). The latter metabolite, which had not been previously described in high-dose TdR treatment, was also found in plasma at levels from 5% to 10% of those of TdR. No effects of high-dose TdR infusion on purine levels in plasma were observed, while a substantial increase in uracil levels was noted both in plasma and urine. These data provide further information on high-dose TdR treatment with regard to clinical, pharmacokinetic, and biochemical effects. PMID- 6736111 TI - Clinical features of superficial spreading melanomas with zones of regression. AB - To assess the significance of spontaneous regression in superficial spreading melanoma (SSM), 36 patients with clinical signs of regression in their primary tumor were compared to 200 patients with regular SSMs (controls). SSMs with regression were found to have the following, distinctive clinical features, which were significantly different from controls (P less than 0.05): (1) male predominance (69%), (2) preferential localization on the trunk (80.6%), (3) lower tumor thickness (Breslow), (4) clustering in Clark levels II and III, and (5) a larger surface area. The incidence of metastases was lower in patients with regressing SSMs (13.9%) compared to controls (20.5%) although the time until relapse was slightly shorter (20.6 months versus 28.1 months for controls). These prognostic parameters were not significantly different. However, of the patients who died, 2 of 4 with zones of regression had thin melanomas (less than or equal to 1.5 mm), compared to only 1 of 27 without regression zones (P less than 0.05). SSMs with regression therefore have unique clinical features, which may be related to their pathogenesis, and they may have some prognostic significance. PMID- 6736114 TI - Aortic valve replacement in elderly patients. AB - The results for 62 consecutive patients aged 70 or more given aortic valve replacement (A.V.R.) between 1970 and 1982 are reported. All the patients were in the New York Heart Association (N.Y.H.A.) functional class III (29%) or IV (71%); 54.8% had angina and 30.6% had experienced syncope. Forty patients had aortic stenosis (A.S.), 10 had aortic regurgitation and 12 had mixed aortic valve disease. The operative myocardial infarction rate was 6.4%. Tilting disk valves were used. Eighty percent of the patients were anticoagulated with Warfarin whilst twenty percent received only antiplatelet drugs. All the patients were followed up for a mean period of 26 months; late mortality was 22.6% with 4.8% cardiac deaths. The thromboembolic rate was 1.6% and the disinsertion rate was 3.2%. Cerebral stroke was fatal in 3 cases in anticoagulated patients but the mechanism of the accident was not known. At the termination of the study 93% of surviving patients were in N.Y.H.A. class I or II. No patient was in class IV. The probability of five year survival is 71% for the entire group. PMID- 6736113 TI - The Ionescu-Shiley pericardial bioprostheses in the aortic position. A 5-year perspective. AB - From August 1977 to August 1982, aortic valve replacement (AVR) with the Ionescu Shiley pericardial valve was carried out on 172 patients. Hospital mortality was 4.3% for solitary AVR and 15% for patients with additional surgery. The expected 5 year survival rate was 96.7% for patients with isolated AVR and 81.8% for associated AVR. Cumulative duration of follow-up was 3,892 patient-months (mean 26.8 months per patient). The actuarial projection of freedom from thromboembolic episodes was 98.6% for isolated AVR and 91.6% for associated AVR. Seven patients underwent reoperation: 4 for infective endocarditis, 1 for massive perivalvular leak, 2 for primary tissue failure. Although the actuarial rate of freedom from valve failure for isolated AVR with Ionescu-Shiley valve was 93.7% at 5 years after surgery, the next few years of follow-up will be critical in determining the superiority of this valve over the porcine bioprostheses. PMID- 6736112 TI - Estrogen receptor status and adjuvant polychemotherapy or antiestrogen therapy in patients with high-risk breast cancer. AB - This pilot study includes 115 consecutive patients admitted in the period from 1978 to 1981. Patients eligible for this study were at high risk according to the TNM classification with stages pT1-pT3 and pN+, MO. Primary therapy included modified radical mastectomy and axillary-node clearance, one or more ipsilateral nodes being involved in routine histology. All tumors were assayed for estrogen and progesterone receptors. According to the result of the estrogen receptor assay, estrogen-receptor-positive patients were treated with Tamoxifen 30 mg/day for a period of 2 years. Estrogen-receptor-negative patients were treated with cytoxan, methotrexate, and 5-fluorouracil or adriblastin, cytoxan. After a median observation time of 36 months, overall there have been 31 recurrences: 9 = 17.3% in the estrogen-receptor-positive group and 22 = 34.9% in the estrogen-receptor negative group. The analysis of different subgroups showed no significant differences, either in relation to axillary lymph-node status or in relation to menopausal status in the endocrine-treated compared with the polychemotherapy group. This result suggests, especially in the subgroup of patients with involvement of one to three axillary nodes, that estrogen-receptor-positive and estrogen-receptor-negative patients should be considered as separate groups when adjuvant therapy is indicated. Possibly hormone-receptor-positive patients may benefit from endocrine therapy and do not need polychemotherapy. PMID- 6736115 TI - A radical operation for the Budd-Chiari syndrome associated with obstruction of the inferior vena cava. A report of six patients. AB - The Budd-Chiari syndrome is caused by an occlusion of the hepatic veins and is often associated with an obstruction in the hepatic portion of the inferior vena cava (IVC). Therefore, the various shunt operations done in an attempt to relieve the portal hypertension are often not effective. By using a radical surgical technique on six patients with Budd-Chiari syndrome, the liver was freed and a wide longitudinal incision was made in the hepatic portion of the IVC. The obstructed hepatic vein was reopened using a Fogarty catheter, and a pericardial patch reinforced with a Teflon prosthesis was secured over the incision. Two patients were still asymptomatic 3 and 4 years after operation. Two patients died postoperatively of pneumonia and hepatic insufficiency. The two other patients were discharged in fair condition, and one died 6 months postoperatively following hepatic failure. PMID- 6736117 TI - Femoral-femoral bypass. Non-invasive hemodynamic evaluation. AB - Seven patients who underwent femoral-femoral by pass between June 1980 and September 1982 underwent pre-operative angiography and pre and post-operative non invasive evaluation to determine: (1) the hemodynamic effects created by the crossover graft, and (2) if angiographic findings would be predicative of post operative results. The mean ankle/arm (a/a) index in the donor extremity changed from 0.82 +/- 0.20 to 0.70 +/- 0.27 (NS). The a/a index in the recipient extremity increased from 0.39 +/- 0.30 to 0.74 +/- (p less than 0.02). One patient developed a "steal" syndrome. There was no correlation between angiographic findings and post-operative changes. This study demonstrated a significant increase in recipient extremity ankle pressure and a clinically insignificant decrease in donor limb pressure. PMID- 6736116 TI - Late results with Dardik-biograft in peripheral arterial surgery. AB - A total of 117 vascular reconstructions below the inguinal ligament were performed using Dardik's human umbilical vein. The indication for surgery was limb salvage in 91.5%. In 61.5% a previous reconstruction had failed. The distal anastomosis was done with the popliteal artery above the knee in 9 cases, below the knee in 41, and with a tibial or the peroneal artery in 60 cases. The umbilical vein was combined with a prosthesis or the autologous saphenous vein in 20 cases. The cumulative patency rates of all reconstructions were 59.6% after 3, and 46.7% after 6 years. Crural reconstructions had a cumulative patency rate of 52% 3 years after surgery. The main factors influencing patency were the preoperative grade of ischemia, the site of the distal anastomosis and the angiographic run-off. It is concluded that the human umbilical vein is the graft material of choice in long length revascularization whenever the saphenous vein is not available. PMID- 6736118 TI - Arterial emboli of the upper extremity: a persisting problem. AB - From 1969 to 1980, 154 emboli of the upper extremities (UEE) were managed in our institution. They occurred in 151 patients, 66 males (44%) and 85 females (56%) aged ranged from 23 to 87 years (mean 68.9). Obstruction level was in the subclavian artery (12 cases), the axillary artery (46), the brachial artery (74 cases), the radial or ulnar artery (22 cases). Cardiac disease was present in 119 cases. Ischemia was severe in 47 cases (30%), and partial in 104 (67%). Peripheral gangrene was already present in 2 cases. 106 patients were operated on within 10 hours after the occurrence of UEE (69%). Associated systemic emboli was noted in 10 cases. The treatment consisted in 140 primary embolectomies and in 11 cases of conservative therapy (heparin 10, thrombolysis 1). Reoperation was done in 11 patients (7%) because of recurrence of UEE and in 4 cases (2%) for post operative thrombosis. Results were good in 128 patients with clinical improvement and arterial patency. PMID- 6736119 TI - Course of the post-catheterization pulseless arm. AB - With the purpose of determining the course of the non-operated post catheterization brachial artery thrombosis, 45 patients in this condition were followed during a one month period of survey. A gradual increase in Doppler derived pressure index of the ischemic arm was observed. This index averaged 0.51 on the day of occlusion, increased to an average of 0.66 in the immediate following day and on the 30th day averaged 0.82. All but 10 patients were asymptomatic after 30 days, although a similar increase in pressure index was observed among these patients, being thus indistinguishable from the whole group. Since it was not possible to predict in which patients symptoms of arm ischemia would remain present, it seems advisable to consider surgical restoration of flow in all cases of brachial artery thrombosis after cardiac catheterization. PMID- 6736121 TI - Aortic thrombosis in the newborn infant. AB - Two cases are reported in which thrombus was found in the aorta at postmortem. In one case the thrombus had originated within the ductus arteriosus. In the other case, the thrombus was associated with congenital heart disease and polycythaemia. PMID- 6736120 TI - Therapeutic considerations in congenital absence of the right pulmonary artery. Use of internal mammary artery as a preparatory shunt. AB - Congenital unilateral absence of a pulmonary artery is rare. When present, it is usually associated with other cardiac malformations. In this communication an infant with coarctation of the aorta, ventricular septal defect and absent right pulmonary artery is reported. After correction of the first two defects, due to persistent respiratory difficulty, the infant had exploration of the right pulmonary hilum in hopes of finding a pulmonary artery remnant and re establishing blood flow to that lung. A small hilar vessel supplying all three lobes of the right lung was found and as a first stage, to enhance pulmonary arterial growth, a palliative systemic to pulmonary artery shunt was performed utilizing a large internal mammary artery. This is the first report of a case in which the internal mammary artery is used in an infant to establish systemic to pulmonary arterial flow in congenital unilateral absence of a pulmonary artery. PMID- 6736122 TI - Quadricuspid aortic valve. AB - A case of quadricuspid aortic valve is described. The anomaly was unexpectedly found during operation for aortic valve replacement in a 70-year-old woman. Macroscopic and histological examinations of the valve showed no sign of previous inflammatory disease. Quadricuspid aortic valve must be considered, therefore, a malformation capable of leading to severe valve failure in later life. PMID- 6736123 TI - The role of intermolecular disulfide bonding in deposition of GP140 in the extracellular matrix. AB - Human WI-38 fibroblasts in cultures synthesized at least three molecular forms of the major, extracellular matrix glycoprotein (GP), GP140: (a) cytoplasmic GP140 (1.2 ng of GP140/micrograms of cell protein) was detergent-soluble, underglycosylated, and possessed detectable levels of intermolecular disulfide bonding; (b) matrix GP140 (3.6 ng of GP140/micrograms of cell protein) was detergent-insoluble, more highly glycosylated and polymerized by intermolecular disulfide bonding, and co-distributed in the extracellular matrix with fibronectin; and (c) released GP140 (2 ng of GP140/micrograms of cell protein per 24 h) was recovered in the conditioned culture media and lacked intermolecular disulfide bonding. Cytoplasmic GP140 was the immediate biosynthetic precursor of the matrix form of GP140. In addition, various human adult and fetal tissues contained a form of GP140 that resembled the fibroblast matrix GP140 in the degree of intermolecular disulfide bonding, relative molecular mass, and immunological reactivity. Analysis of the sequence of events in assembly of GP140 and fibronectin in the extracellular matrix detected the following: (a) fibronectin was first to appear in the extracellular matrix; (b) GP140 accumulated in the cytoplasm, then deposited in the extracellular matrix and co aligned with the established fibronectin; and (c) maturation of the extracellular matrix proceeded by continued intermolecular disulfide bonding. To evaluate possible roles for intermolecular disulfide bonding in cell interactions, a unique assay system was utilized based on the ability of labeled cells to incorporate radioactive matrix components into a biotinylated exogenous matrix. Precipitation of the biotinylated matrix from extracts of the cultures using avidin indicated: (a) disulfide bonding of radioactive GP140 and fibronectin into the exogenous biotinylated matrix required cell contact with the matrix. The newly deposited GP140 and fibronectin derived from the cells and not from GP140 and fibronectin present in the conditioned culture media. (b) Pro-alpha 1 and Pro alpha 2 procollagens, present in the culture media, bound to the exogenous matrix in a noncovalent manner and were independent of cell contact. (c) SV40 transformed cells (WI-38 VA13) synthesized released form GP140 but did not deposit GP140 into the biotinylated matrix. PMID- 6736125 TI - Substituted benzyl acetates: a new class of compounds that reduce gap junctional conductance by cytoplasmic acidification. AB - Conductance of gap junctions in many preparations has been shown to be sensitive to cytoplasmic pH, decreasing as pH decreases below 7.5 in fish and amphibian embryos and below 7.1 in crayfish septate axon. We have found a new class of compounds, benzyl acetate derivatives, that reversibly decrease junctional conductance, gj, when applied in low concentration (approximately 1 mM). Simultaneous intracellular pH (pHi) measurements show that the ester effects are attributable to reduction in pHi. The sensitivity of gj to these compounds and the relative lack of side effects make these agents attractive for studies of the role played by gap junctions in normal tissue function. In addition, the finding of cytoplasmic acidification in response to cell exposure to esters suggests caution in interpretation of results obtained using esterified compounds for intracellular loading. PMID- 6736124 TI - Phosphorylation of microtubule-associated proteins by a Ca2+/calmodulin-dependent protein kinase. AB - In an earlier study I demonstrated that rat brain cytosol contains a Ca2+/calmodulin-dependent protein kinase activity that phosphorylates microtubule associated protein 2 (MAP-2) but not MAP-1. Comparison of sites of phosphate incorporated in MAP-2 catalyzed by the Ca2+/calmodulin-dependent kinase activity and the cyclic AMP-dependent protein kinase activity in cytosolic extracts revealed distinct sites of phosphorylation (Schulman, H., 1984, Mol. Cell. Biol., 4:1175-1178; abstract by me and J.A. Kuret and K.H. Spitzer [1983, Fed. Proc., 42:2250]. I have now used MAP-2 as a substrate to purify the Ca2+/calmodulin dependent protein kinase responsible for MAP-2 phosphorylation. The brain appears to contain a single predominant Ca2+/calmodulin-dependent protein kinase that phosphorylates MAP-2. The enzyme was purified to apparent homogeneity by column chromatography using DEAE-cellulose, phosphocellulose, hydroxylapatite, Sepharose 6B, and a calmodulin-Sepharose affinity column. The 580,000-dalton holoenzyme consists of 51,000- and 60,000-dalton subunits. The purified enzyme phosphorylates MAP-2 at the same "sites" that are phosphorylated in cytosolic extracts and thus has the same specificity as the activity present in cytosol. Analysis of phosphorylated MAP-2.1 and MAP-2.2, the two components of MAP-2, suggests considerable homology in their phosphorylated domains. PMID- 6736126 TI - Dihydrofolate reductase gene expression in cultured mouse cells is regulated by transcript stabilization in the nucleus. AB - Methotrexate-resistant cells, which contain a 500-fold amplification of dihydrofolate reductase (DHFR) genes, were used as a model system for studying the regulation of DHFR gene expression during growth stimulation. We have shown that a threefold increase in DHFR mRNA levels following growth stimulation results from a corresponding increase in DHFR mRNA production (i.e., delivery to the cytoplasm) and is not the result of a change in DHFR mRNA half-life. We previously showed that the increase in DHFR mRNA production during growth stimulation is not accompanied by an increase in the relative rate of transcription of the DHFR gene. This suggested that changes in DHFR mRNA production during growth stimulation are due to changes in the stability of DHFR transcripts in the nucleus. Using continuous labeling experiments in vivo comparing the stability of DHFR RNA with specific reference sequences, we show that in growing cells most DHFR transcripts were converted to mRNA, whereas in resting cells the majority of DHFR transcripts were rapidly degraded in the nucleus. There was no significant difference in the rate of processing and transport of stable DHFR transcripts. Therefore, changes in the stability of DHFR RNA in the nucleus control the amount of mRNA available for translation in the cytoplasm. PMID- 6736128 TI - Synthesis of a low molecular weight collagen by chondrocytes from the presumptive calcification region of the embryonic chick sterna: the influence of culture with collagen gels. AB - The mature chick sternum is divisible almost equally into cephalic calcified and caudal cartilagenous regions. Isolation and culture of cells derived from embryonic precursors of these regions has revealed two discrete populations of cells with distinct morphological features and synthetic capabilities. Both cell populations grew well in culture within or upon collagen gels or upon plastic and maintained morphologies similar to those observed in the parent tissue. Polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis of radiolabeled proteins synthesized by the cells in culture demonstrated large differences in the types of collagens synthesized. Both chondrocyte populations synthesized type II and minor cartilage collagens but only chondrocytes isolated from the presumptive calcification region synthesized the previously identified, low molecular weight collagen, termed G collagen. Synthesis of G collagen was stimulated by culture within or upon collagen gels such that it represented an average of 65% of the total collagen synthesized by presumptive calcification region chondrocytes after 7 d of culture within collagen gels. Light and scanning electron microscopy demonstrated that the two chondrocyte types exhibited distinct morphological features and accumulated different extracellular matrices in culture. PMID- 6736127 TI - A reevaluation of the structure of purified tubulin in solution: evidence for the prevalence of oligomers over dimers at room temperature. AB - We studied the molecular form of tubulin in solution by ultrafiltration, nondenaturing electrophoresis, and chemical cross-linking. Our results are not consistent with the generally-held belief that tubulin in solution is a 110,000 mol-wt dimer. Rather, tubulin in solution consists of small oligomers; dimers are a minority species. The small proportion of dimers was readily apparent from ultrafiltration experiments. We first compared the filterability (defined as the ratio of protein concentration in filtrate to that applied to the filter) of phosphocellulose-purified tubulin (PC-tubulin) with aldolase (142,000 mol wt). Using an Amicon XM 300 filter, the filterability of PC-tubulin at room temperature and at a concentration of 0.5 mg/ml was only 0.12, whereas under the same conditions the filterability of aldolase was 0.60. We determined the average effective molecular weight of tubulin from its filterability on XM 300 filters calibrated with standard proteins. At room temperature, PC-tubulin at 0.5 mg/ml had an effective molecular weight of approximately 300,000. This molecular weight was significantly reduced at 10 degrees C, indicating that oligomers dissociated at low temperatures. Oligomers were also demonstrated by chemical cross-linking using glutaraldehyde, dimethyl suberimidate, and bis[2 (succinimidooxycarbonyoxy)ethyl] sulfone. In addition, PC-tubulin ran as a series of discrete bands in a nondenaturing PAGE system at alkaline pH. Quantitative examination of the mobilities of these bands and of standard proteins revealed that the bands represented a series of oligomeric forms. Similar electrophoretic patterns were observed in solutions of tubulin containing microtubule-associated proteins (MAPs) but with a shift to a greater proportion of higher oligomers. Nondenaturing PAGE at pH 8.3 showed that a shift towards higher oligomers also occurred in the absence of MAPs as the concentration of tubulin was increased. This concentration-dependence of oligomerization at room temperature was further demonstrated by ultrafiltration. When solutions of PC-tubulin at concentrations less than 0.25 mg/ml were ultrafiltered, filterability increased as concentration decreased. Quantitative studies of filterability following progressive dilution or concentration showed that this process was completely and rapidly reversible. A diffuse pattern of PC-tubulin on nondenaturing PAGE at pH 7 was observed and is consistent with a mixture of oligomers in rapid equilibrium.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 400 WORDS) PMID- 6736129 TI - Differences of supranucleosomal organization in different kinds of chromatin: cell type-specific globular subunits containing different numbers of nucleosomes. AB - Fractions of homogeneously-sized supranucleosomal particles can be obtained in high yield and purity from various types of cells by brief micrococcal nuclease digestion (10 or 20 s) of condensed chromatin in 100 mM NaCl followed by sucrose gradient centrifugation and agarose gel electrophoresis. These chromatin particles, which contain only DNA and histones, differed according to cell type. Sea urchin spermatozoa (Paracentrotus lividus) gave rise to heavy particles (ca. 260 S) with a mean diameter (48 nm). These resembled the unit chromatin fibrils fixed in situ, which contain an average of 48 nucleosomes, as determined both by electron microscopy after unraveling in low salt buffer and gel electrophoresis. In contrast, higher order particles from chicken erythrocyte chromatin were smaller (105 S; 36-nm diam) and contained approximately 20 nucleosomes. The smallest type of supranucleosomal particle was obtained from chicken and rat liver (39 S; 32-nm diam; eight nucleosomes). Oligomeric chains of such granular particles could be recognized in regions of higher sucrose density, indicating that distinct supranucleosomal particles of globular shape are not an artifact of exposure to low salt concentrations but can be obtained at near-physiological ionic strength. The demonstration of different particle sizes in chromatin from different types of nuclei is contrary to the view that such granular particles are produced by artificial breakdown into "detached turns" from a uniform and general solenoid structure of approximately six nucleosomes per turn. Our observations indicate that the higher order packing of the nucleosomal chain can differ greatly in different types of nuclei and the supranucleosomal organization of chromatin differs between cell types and is related to the specific state of cell differentiation. PMID- 6736130 TI - Dualistic nature of adhesive protein function: fibronectin and its biologically active peptide fragments can autoinhibit fibronectin function. AB - Fibronectin and certain polypeptide regions of this adhesive glycoprotein mediate cell attachment and spreading on various substrates. We explored the theoretical prediction that this adhesive protein could become a competitive inhibitor of fibronectin-mediated processes if present in solution at appropriately high concentrations. Fibronectin function was inhibited by purified plasma fibronectin at 5-10 mg/ml, by a 75,000-dalton cell-interaction fragment of the protein at 0.5 1 mg/ml, and even by two synthetic peptides containing a conserved, hydrophilic amino acid sequence at 0.1-0.5 mg/ml. Inhibition of fibronectin-dependent cell spreading was dose dependent, noncytotoxic, and reversible. It was competitive in nature, since increased quantities of substrate-adsorbed fibronectin or longer incubation periods decreased the inhibition. A peptide inhibitory for fibronectin mediated cell spreading also inhibited fibronectin-mediated attachment of cells to type I collagen, but it did not affect concanavalin A-mediated spreading. These results demonstrate the potential of a cell adhesion molecule and its biologically active peptide fragments to act as competitive inhibitors, and they suggest that fibronectin may act by binding to a saturable cell surface receptor. PMID- 6736131 TI - Comparison of the protein content of three different bovine secretory granule membrane types: a search for exocytosis-specific shared proteins. AB - A two-dimensional polyacrylamide gel analysis of three types of bovine exocytotic granule membranes has been undertaken. Great care was taken to purify the membranes of biochemical homogeneity with minimal contamination from other membrane sources. The goal was to identify proteins that were present in all three membrane types. Although a number of minor components were observed that co migrated for two membrane types, no proteins were detected that were present in all three granule membranes. We therefore conclude that such exocytosis-specific proteins do not exist or that they represent less than 0.1% of the total membrane protein present in a given isolated membrane preparation. PMID- 6736134 TI - Hydrocortisone stimulates fibronectin synthesis in cultured fibroblasts. AB - The effect of hydrocortisone on fibronectin synthesis was investigated in cultured skin fibroblasts. Confluent cells were treated with hydrocortisone (10( 7) M to 10(-5) M) for 2 days and labeled with [3H]proline for 24 h. Fibronectin levels in both the culture medium and the cell layer were studied by gelatin Sepharose affinity chromatography and SDS-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis. In control cultures of human fetal skin fibroblasts, fibronectin constituted 8% of the total labeled proteins in the medium. The proportion of fibronectin increased to 13.1% at 10(-7) M hydrocortisone, 15.5% at 10(-6) M and to 19.4% at 10(-5) M. The proportion of fibronectin associated with the cell layer remained at 2-3% of total [3H]proline-labeled proteins and did not increase with hydrocortisone exposure. The stimulating effect of hydrocortisone on medium fibronectin was also demonstrated in cultured human newborn foreskin fibroblasts and in rabbit skin fibroblasts. PMID- 6736133 TI - Analysis of pure and mixed murine mast cell colonies. AB - Mast cells have been proposed to originate from diverse sources, including connective tissues, macrophages, T lymphocytes, and hemopoietic cells. Evidence for a hemopoietic origin of mast cells includes the presence of mast cell precursors in spleen colonies and the presence of mast cells in hemopoietic colonies in culture. Here we report a detailed analysis of mouse spleen mixed hemopoietic colonies containing mast cells. All of the colonies in cultures plated at low cell densities were individually removed for analysis by May Grunwald-Giemsa staining on day 15 of culture. Examination of five dishes which contained a total of 82 colonies showed 16 pure mast cell colonies and 36 mixed mast cell colonies. Sixteen different combinations of cell types were seen and were not distinguishable from each other in situ. The most diverse type of mixed colony contained macrophages (m), neutrophils (n), eosinophils (e), mast cells (Mast), megakaryocytes (M), erythroid cells (E), and blast cells. The clonal origin of mixed mast cell colonies was established by the replating of single cells obtained from blast cell colonies. Individual cells were removed with a micromanipulator, replated, and allowed to grow for 15 days. Cytospin preparations of 10 such colonies showed diverse combinations of cell lineages which were seen in the different types of mixed mast cell colonies described above. Replating studies of mixed mast cell colonies were carried out and a high incidence of replating was seen. Approximately one half of these colonies formed only mast cell colonies upon replating. Further studies showed that pure mast cell colonies could be serially replated four to five times. The replating efficiency of cells in the primary mast cell colonies varied over a wide range (2.5-44%) with an average replating efficiency of 13%. The data also revealed that cells containing metachromatic granules possess significant proliferative capacity. From these studies of pure and mixed mast cell colonies, we concluded that mast cells are in wide variety of types of mixed colonies and that the in situ identification of mixed colonies is unreliable, that mast cells are derived from pluripotent hemopoietic stem cells, and that mast cells with metachromatic granules can have a high proliferating ability. PMID- 6736135 TI - Clonal generation of multipotent and unipotent hemopoietic blast cell colonies in vitro. AB - Colonies with a unique compact morphology and displaying high replating potential develop in methycellulose cultures when bone marrow cells from hydroxyurea- or 5 fluorouracil-treated mice are cultured in the presence of syngeneic thymocytes. These compact colonies are clonal, originating from a single unit, the compact colony-forming unit (CFU). Based on replating analysis, at least three groups of compact colonies exist: (1) those that do not replate, (2) those that replate and give only GM colonies, and (3) those that give rise to granulocyte-macrophage (GM), erythroid (E), and mixed-erythroid (MIX/E) colonies. Colonies in the last group have a mean size of 2,060 cells and generate an average of 244 colonies in secondary cultures. Velocity sedimentation studies showed the compact-CFU to be similar in size to the MIX/E-CFU, sedimenting at rates between 3.5 and 7 mm/hour. In addition to giving rise to large numbers of in vitro CFU, compact-CFU are also able to generate day 8 spleen colony-forming units (CFU-S). PMID- 6736132 TI - The higher-order structure of chromatin: evidence for a helical ribbon arrangement. AB - Both intact and nuclease-isolated chromatin fibers have been examined at different degrees of salt-induced compaction, using a variety of preparation techniques. The results suggest that the initial folding step in nucleosome packing involves the formation of a zig-zag ribbon as has been proposed by others (Thoma F., T. Koller, and A. Klug, 1979, J. Cell Biol., 83:403-427; Worcel A., S. Strogartz, and D. Riley, 1981, Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA, 78:1461-1465), and that subsequent compaction occurs by coiling of the ribbon to form a double helical structure. This type of folding generates a fiber in which the nucleosome nucleosome contacts established in the zig-zag ribbon are maintained and in which the histone H1 molecules occupy equivalent sites. The diameter of the fiber is not dependent upon the nucleosome repeat length. Direct mass values for individual isolated fibers obtained from electron scattering measurements showed that the mass per length was dependent on ionic strength, and ranged from 6.0 X 10(4) daltons/nm at 10 mM NaCl to 27 X 10(4) daltons/nm at 150 mM salt. These values are equivalent to 2.5 nucleosomes/11 nm at 10 mM NaCl and to 11.6 nucleosomes/11 nm at 150 mM salt and are consistent with the range of packing ratios for the proposed helical ribbon. PMID- 6736136 TI - Furosemide-sensitive potassium efflux in cultured mouse fibroblasts. AB - Transfer of LM(TK-) cells from normal growth medium to medium lacking K+ leads to a rapid loss of intracellular K+, which is 50-70% inhibited by furosemide or bumetanide. The diuretic-sensitive component of K+ efflux requires both Na+ and Cl-, and is presumably mediated by a K+, Na+, Cl- cotransport system of the kind described in avian erythrocytes and Ehrlich ascites cells. It can be calculated that such a system should be near equilibrium under normal growth conditions but should mediate net efflux (as observed) when the driving force is altered by reducing extracellular K+. The diuretic-sensitive component of net K+ efflux is also sensitive to amiloride. This effect is probably indirect, however, with amiloride acting to block the Na+ influx that supplies Na+ to the cotransport system. At the low extracellular K+ concentrations employed in these studies, the diuretic-sensitive system is a physiologically important pathway of K+ loss. The rate of growth in low-K+ medium can be increased (or the rate of cell lysis decreased) by adding diuretic or by reducing external Na+ or Cl-. PMID- 6736137 TI - Receptors for pea and lentil lectins on human lymphoid cells: demonstration of distinct lectin-defined cell subclasses. AB - Lectins are useful probes for studying cell surface glycoconjugates. Pea (PL) and lentil (LL) lectin each requires for binding a fucosyl- and two alpha-mannosyl residues in core regions of glycopeptides, but differences in outer chain carbohydrates may alter their relative binding affinities. We used binding studies with [125I]-PL and LL and flow cytometry with fluorescein-conjugated (FITC)-PL and -LL to study their interactions with peripheral lymphocytes. Binding of both lectins to lymphocytes was saturable, reversible, and inhibited by alpha-methyl mannose. Scatchard analyses were consistent with two classes of receptors for each lectin. Flow cytometric analyses demonstrated that cell to cell receptor densities varied. Sixty-five percent of lymphocytes bound PL (mean 2 X 10(6) receptors/cell) and 45% bound LL (mean 3 X 10(6) receptors/cell). Competition studies demonstrated mutual inhibition, but flow cytometry revealed persistent FITC-PL or -LL binding depsite 20-fold molar excess of the other lectin. Distributions of receptors for PL and LL on lymphocytes were as follows: 45% of lymphocytes bound both PL and LL; 20% of lymphocytes bound PL alone; 35% of lymphocytes bound neither PL nor LL. Despite similar binding requirements for PL and LL and overlap between their receptors on lymphocytes, there appear to be subsets of receptors specific for each lectin. These results may reflect abilities of PL and LL to discriminate subtle carbohydrate differences on lymphocyte surfaces. PMID- 6736138 TI - Effect of retinoic acid on the proliferation and phagocytic capability of murine macrophage-like cell lines. AB - Retinoic acid (RA) exerted a variable degree of growth inhibitory activity on the macrophage-like cell lines P388D1, J774.2, WEHI-265, WEHI-3, and PU-5. Comparison of cell proliferation and clonal growth suggests that at concentrations of 10(-9) 10(-6) M the inhibitory activity stems from processes leading to elongation of cell cycle time and not from terminal differentiation processes. RA was shown to be a potent inducer of the development of high-phagocytic phenotypes (assessed by phagocytosis of heat-killed yeast cells) in the P388D1, J774.2, and WEHI-265 cell lines which differ substantially in their proliferative and adherence characteristics. The PU-5 and WEHI-3 cell lines were not induced by RA to express an enhanced phagocytic activity toward heat-killed yeast cells. The augmented phagocytic capability was dose dependent over a wide range of RA concentrations. In P388D1 cells, 2 X 10(-12) M RA already exerted significant phagocytosis augmentation effects, which progressively increased up to 2 X 10(-5) M RA, the highest concentration tested. Retinal, retinyl acetate, and retinol had similar effects to those of RA on both cell adherence and phagocytosis in P388D1 cells, albeit at concentrations four to six orders of magnitude higher. Optimal development of the high-phagocytic phenotype in P388D1, J774.2, and WEHI-265 cells required at least 96 hr of culture in the presence of RA; at 48 hr and 23 hr the effects were already substantial, whereas at 4 hr of exposure to RA no significant enhancement of phagocytosis could be detected. Thus both extended periods of culture in the presence of RA (more than two to three cell cycles) and high concentrations were needed for induction, in more than 90% of the cells, of the expression of a high-phagocytic phenotype. The reversion to a low-phagocytic phenotype upon removal of RA was also rather slow and required several cell cycles. In P388D1 cells RA also enhanced the phagocytosis of latex beads but had no effect on the phagocytosis of starch particles, or the extent of binding of immunoglobulin G-coated sheep red blood cells (SRBC). The expression of receptors for concanavalin A and for nonopsonized SRBC remarkably increased in RA-treated cells, as was the ability to perform Fc-receptor mediated erythrophagocytosis. Both P388D1 cells and WEHI-265 cells were induced by RA to express nitroblue tetrazolium reducing activity. The data suggest that RA induces profound changes in the functional capabilities of macrophage-like cell lines which are apparently not dependent on cessation of growth and terminal differentiation processes. PMID- 6736139 TI - The role of duplication in the expression of a variable surface glycoprotein gene of Trypanosoma brucei. AB - The variable surface glycoprotein (VSG) genes of Trypanosoma brucei have been classified into two groups depending upon whether or not duplication of the genes is observed when they are expressed. We report here the observation of duplication apparently linked to expression of the ILTaT 1.3 gene in the ETaR 1 trypanosome stock. In the ILTaR 1 stock, expression of the ILTaT 1.3 VSG did not involve a new duplication, but instead activation of a preexisting gene copy that had been apparently generated earlier by a duplication event analogous to that directly observed in the ETaR 1 trypanosomes. The results suggest that the well characterised gene duplications found with other VSG genes are common to all VSG genes but are not directly responsible for controlling expression. All currently available data can be accommodated by a model that assumes that gene duplication and replacement occurs independently of antigenic switching. PMID- 6736140 TI - The detergent solubility properties of a malarial (Plasmodium knowlesi) variant antigen expressed on the surface of infected erythrocytes. AB - Four detergents have been compared for identification of the Plasmodium knowlesi variant antigen on infected erythrocytes by immunoprecipitation analysis. Erythrocytes infected with late trophozoite and schizont forms of cloned asexual parasites were labeled by lactoperoxidase-catalyzed radioiodination and extracted either with the anionic detergents sodium dodecyl sulfate (SDS) or cholate, the neutral detergent Triton X-100, or the zwitterion 3-[(3 cholamidopropyl)dimethylammonio]-1-propane sulfonate (CHAPS). After addition of Triton X-100 to SDS and cholate extracts, parallel immunoprecipitations of the four extracts were performed using rhesus monkey antisera of defined agglutinability. Identical results were obtained with clone Pk1(A+), which has 125I-variant antigens of Mr 210,000 and 190,000, and with clone Pk1(B+)1+, which has variant antigens of Mr 200,000-205,000. SDS yielded maximal levels of immunoprecipitated 125I-variant antigens. Variant-specific immunoprecipitation was detected in some experiments with Triton X-100 and cholic acid but with significantly lower recovery than with SDS. CHAPS extraction did not yield the variant antigens on immunoprecipitation. The variant antigens could also be identified in Triton X-100-insoluble material by subsequent extraction with SDS, indicating that failure to recover these proteins in the Triton X-100-soluble fraction is due to failure of this detergent to extract the variant antigens rather than to degradation during extraction. We suggest that the 125I-variant antigens either have a structure that renders them intrinsically insoluble in Triton X-100, cholate, or CHAPS, or that they are associated in some way with host cell membrane components that also resist solubilization by these detergents. PMID- 6736141 TI - On-line searching: costly or cost effective? A marketing perspective. AB - The value of acquiring and using information is not well understood. Decisions to purchase information are made on the basis of the perceived need for the information, the anticipated benefit of using it, and the price. The current pricing of on-line information services, which emphasizes the connect hour as the unit of price, does not relate the price of a search to the value of a search, and the education programs of on-line vendors and database suppliers concentrate on the mechanics of information retrieval rather than on the application of information to the customer's problem. The on-line information industry needs to adopt a strong marketing orientation that focuses on the needs of customers rather than the needs of suppliers or vendors. PMID- 6736142 TI - Cost effectiveness of on-line searching of chemical information: an industrial viewpoint. AB - Cost comparisons and the cost effectiveness of on-line searching of information are reviewed. Topics discussed include on-line vs. manual searching, charge-out of search costs, efficacy of on-line searching, on-line vs. batch computer searching, vendor system comparisons, networking, searcher productivity, telecommunications, role of the intermediary, search transmission rates and on line charges, editing of recorded searches, and increasing cost of on-line searching of chemical information. PMID- 6736143 TI - Chromatographic investigations of the configurational and geometrical isomerism of allylic N-terpenyl-N-hydroxyethyl-nitrosamines. AB - A preparative adsorption column chromatographic method is reported for the separation of cis and trans geometrical isomers of two types of N-nitrosamines derived from allylic terpenyl ethanolamines (experimental fish toxicants). Column eluates were monitored by gas chromatography in which a Carbowax 20M stationary phase was used. Further separation of E and Z configurational isomers was achieved by reversed-phase and normal-phase high-performance liquid chromatography. In the reversed-phase high-performance liquid chromatography system (acetonitrile-water), the 6',7'-acetylenic nitrosamines ( NMOA ) were efficiently resolved by using an argentous (AgNO3) mobile phase, whereas the presence of sodium alkanesulfonate in the aqueous acetonitrile mobile phase favored the base-line resolution of the 6',7'-olefinic nitrosamines ( NDOA ). For normal-phase separation on a silica column, addition of tetrahydrofuran to the mobile phase (methylene chloride-2-propanol) resulted in a varying degree of improvement in peak resolution (R) and column selectivity (alpha). Effects of temperature on the chromatographic behavior of the nitrosamine components are described. The high-performance liquid chromatographic separation method has proved to be applicable for the trace analysis of the title nitrosamines in organic tissues by way of thermal energy analysis. PMID- 6736144 TI - Reversed-phase high-performance liquid chromatography: preparative purification of synthetic peptides. AB - Biologically active peptides synthesized by the solid phase methodology of Merrifield were purified by reversed-phase high-performance liquid chromatography using newly developed preparative radially compressed cartridges fitting Waters Assoc . Prep LC 500 liquid chromatograph. Cartridges were handpacked with Vydac C18, C4 or diphenyl derivatized silicas (pore size 300 A) of different particle sizes (10-20 micron). Large scale purification of gram amounts of gonadotropin releasing hormone analogs (agonist and antagonist) as well as amidated human pancreatic tumor growth hormone releasing factor (a 40-peptide) illustrate the resolutive power of this technique applied to the isolation of more than 300 synthetic peptides in our laboratory over the last two years. Difficult separations were achieved by changing supports (C18, C4, diphenyl) as well as mobile phase composition: (triethylammonium phosphate pH 2.25 or 6.5, 0.1% trifluoroacetic acid, ammonium acetate pH 6.5 and acetonitrile). Protected amino acids and peptides amenable to normal-phase chromatography on Vydac spherical underivatized silica were purified economically by the reversed-phase mode. It is understood that this general, convenient and versatile strategy may be applicable to the preparative scale isolation of any other class of compounds usually separated on reversed-phase high-performance liquid chromatography. PMID- 6736145 TI - Routine determination of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in carbon black by chromatographic techniques. AB - A method is proposed for the determination of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) in carbon blacks. The PAHs are extracted from the carbon black with benzene in a Soxhlet apparatus, purified by silica gel thin-layer chromatography, weighed and analysed by gas and/or high-performance liquid chromatography. The total PAH and benzo[a]pyrene (BaP) concentrations in different types of carbon blacks and in different batches of the same carbon black were determined. It is shown that the distribution of the PAH fraction in different types of carbon blacks is almost the same but there are considerable differences in the total amount of the PAH fraction and the BaP concentration. PMID- 6736147 TI - Influence of urea on the high-performance cation-exchange chromatography of hen egg white lysozyme. AB - The effects of urea on the high-performance cation-exchange chromatography of hen egg lysozyme are reported. The capacity factor, k', has been determined as a function of cation concentration with a polyaspartate column using the acetates of Na+, K+, Ca2+ and Mg2+. Urea decreases lysozyme retention. Plots of log k' vs. log ionic strength show linear relationships. The slope of the plot describing the Ca2+ elution of lysozyme was the same in the presence of 5 M urea as in its absence. In strong urea solutions and at elevated temperatures, lysozyme denaturation is evidenced by a marked decrease in k'. The temperature range for denaturation corresponded closely to that observed in intrinsic fluorescence and circular dichroism measurements. The potential utility and limitations of high performance ion-exchange chromatography for studying protein denaturation are discussed. PMID- 6736146 TI - Study of binding of warfarin to serum albumins by high-performance liquid chromatography. AB - The binding of warfarin to human serum albumin and bovine serum albumin, respectively, was studied by high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC). Based upon the Hummel - Dreyer method, two techniques were developed: the internal calibration and the external calibration. The results obtained by the HPLC method and those obtained by the classical method (equilibrium dialysis) were compared. The external calibration method seems to be superior to others for its simplicity, speed and convenience. PMID- 6736150 TI - Isolation, partial identification and quantitative determination of four guaiphenesin glucuronides in plasma and urine of the horse by high-performance liquid chromatography. AB - The isolation, partial identification and quantitative determination of four guaiphenesin glucuronides in plasma and urine of the horse is described. The identity of the glucuronides was checked by UV and fluorescence spectrophotometry, by NMR spectrometry and by mass spectrometry after permethylation. The applicability of the procedure to pharmacokinetic studies is demonstrated. PMID- 6736152 TI - Characterization of haemoglobinous blood substitutes by chromatography and isoelectric focusing with stabilized oxyhaemoglobin as a pI marker. PMID- 6736151 TI - Reversed-phase high-performance thin-layer chromatography of free and conjugated bile acids. PMID- 6736148 TI - Capillary gas chromatography-mass spectrometry of carbohydrate components of legionellae and other bacteria. AB - Capillary gas chromatography using fused-silica columns followed by electron impact or chemical ionization mass spectrometry was used to profile and identify neutral and amino sugars present in several legionellae and other bacteria. A modified alditol acetate derivatization method was employed to produce volatile carbohydrate derivatives. Muramic acid, a component of bacterial peptidoglycan, was detected in all legionellae examined. Heptose, a component of bacterial lipopolysaccharide, was identified in Escherichia coli organisms and in several purified Gram-negative bacterial lipopolysaccharides but not in the legionellae examined. Two amino dideoxyhexoses were found to be present in several of the Legionellae examined. The potential of gas chromatography-mass spectrometry for the direct chemical characterization of microorganisms is discussed. PMID- 6736149 TI - Determination of nicotine in allergenic extracts of tobacco leaf by high performance liquid chromatography. AB - A high-performance liquid chromatographic (HPLC) system has been developed for the determination of nicotine and cotinine in allergenic extracts of tobacco leaf. This analysis showed eight allergenic extracts of tobacco (leaf and Mix) to have markedly different nicotine patterns. Cotinine, a photodegradation product of nicotine, was not detected. PMID- 6736153 TI - Preparation of enol-tert.-butyldimethylsilyl and mixed tert.-butyldimethylsilyl trimethylsilyl ethers for gas chromatography--mass spectrometry of steroids and bile acids. AB - Conditions are described for conversion of testosterone into the 3-enol, 17-bis tert.-butyldimethylsilyl ether derivative without formation of side products. The steroid is treated with tert.- butyldimethylsilylimidazole in heptane at 100 degrees C using sodium formate as catalyst. Derivatives are also formed at different rates of 3-keto-5 alpha, 3 alpha/beta-hydroxy-, 6 alpha/beta-hydroxy-, 7 beta-hydroxy-, 16 alpha-hydroxy-, 17 beta-hydroxy(sec.)- and 20 alpha/beta hydroxysteroids, whereas hydroxyl groups in 1 beta, 7 alpha, 12 alpha/beta, 15 beta and 17 alpha(tert.) positions do not react to a significant extent. These positions are derivatized by subsequent addition of trimethylsilylimidazole , yielding mixed derivatives which are suitable for gas chromatography--mass spectrometry with selected ion monitoring. Conditions are given for conversion of some biologically important androgens, progestins and bile acids into a single form of derivative. The use of the method is illustrated by an analysis of steroids in a rat testis. PMID- 6736154 TI - Capillary column gas-liquid chromatography selected ion monitoring assay for [13C, 15N]N-methyltryptamine in human urine: failure to detect conversion of [13C,15N]tryptamine in schizophrenia patients. AB - A capillary column gas-liquid chromatography selected ion monitoring-based method was developed for the measurement of [13C,15N]N-methyltryptamine ( NMT ) in human urine. The method was employed to establish the extent of conversion of [13C,15N]tryptamine to the correspondingly labeled NMT in schizophrenic patients in an attempt to demonstrate whether methylation of tryptamine plays a role in schizophrenia. Mass spectrometric detection in the assay procedure is via chemical ionization (Isobutane) with monitoring of the MH+ ions of the trimethylsilyl derivatives of [13C,15N] NMT and the internal standard, [2H3,13C,15N] NMT . The assay possesses a sensitivity limit (using 200 ml of urine) of ca. 0.1 ng/ml, corresponding to substrate conversion of ca. 0.00005% with a 75 mg dose (i.v.) of labeled tryptamine. Evidence for methylation was found with only one of seven patients studied; the extent of substrate conversion for the one individual was only 0.0001%. These results do not support the indoleamine--methylation hypothesis of schizophrenia. PMID- 6736155 TI - Microdetermination of prostaglandins and thromboxane B2 by capillary gas chromatography and negative ion chemical ionization mass spectrometry. AB - Application of dimethyl-n- propylsilyl ( DMnPS ) ether derivatives of prostaglandins (PGs) and thromboxane (TX) B2 pentafluorobenzul ( PFB ) esters of negative ion chemical ionization mass spectrometry ( NICIMS ) was investigated. These derivatives were separated completely within 10 min by the use of a fused silica capillary column coated with methyl silicone. In NICIMS , all of the DMnPS ether derivatives of PGs and TXB2 PFB esters yielded the characteristic negative ion [M - 181]- which was produced by elimination of PFB from the molecule. The detection limit of the DMnPS ether derivative of PGF2 alpha PFB ester was found to be 200 fg with a signal-to-noise ratio of 5 when monitoring the ion of m/z 653 ([M - 181]-) in the high-resolution mode (R = 2500) using ammonia as a reagent gas. The method was applied to the quantitation of PGE2 and PGF2 alpha in an extract obtained from the plasma of a lung-heart preparation from a dog. PMID- 6736156 TI - Evaluation of enzyme activities by gas chromatography-mass spectrometry: HMGCoA reductase and cholesterol 7 alpha-hydroxylase. AB - Methods are described for the evaluation of HMGCoA reductase and cholesterol 7 alpha-hydroxylase activities. The methods are based on the measurement by selected-ion monitoring of mevalonate, formed from HMGCoA and of 7 alpha hydroxycholesterol formed from cholesterol, respectively. The methods are as sensitive as those based on the use of radioisotopes but less time-consuming because quantitation is carried out on total lipid extracts. In the case of cholesterol 7 alpha-hydroxylase, the procedure does not require the use of exogenous cholesterol as the substrate, so problems related to its equilibration with endogenous microsomal cholesterol are avoided. PMID- 6736157 TI - Origin and characterization of departures from the statistical model of component peak overlap in chromatography. AB - A statistical model of component-peak overlap in complex chromatograms is reviewed. Procedures for the estimation of the number of components in an analyte from its chromatograms by means of this model are restated. We note that the statistical model does not account for the effects of certain realistic chromatographic attributes. The influences of component-peak density, amplitude range, asymmetry, and noise levels on the estimation of the average component number are determined empirically with computer-generated chromatograms and are quantified by analyses of variance. We find that small departures from the model arise from variations in the magnitude of the amplitude range, density and the noise level. A large departure from theory arises from an application of the model to chromatograms containing highly asymmetric component-peaks. In spite of these departures, the estimation of the component number from chromatograms containing randomly distributed Gaussian component-peaks is uniformly more accurate with the use of the model than from a counting of peak maximum in chromatograms of extraordinarily high resolving power. PMID- 6736159 TI - Improved method for the determination of vitamin K1 epoxide in human plasma with electrofluorimetric reaction detection. AB - The use of the previously described electrofluorimetric reaction detection method for phylloquinone (vitamin K1) was extended to the determination of vitamins K1 epoxide in human plasma. The limit of detection for vitamin K1 epoxide is 60 pg, corresponding to plasma concentrations of about 120 pg/ml. The isolation method involves a liquid-liquid extraction of the lipids from the plasma, followed by a clean-up with silica. Synthesized 2',3'- dihydrovitamin K1 is used as an internal standard. The method was applied to the study of the presence of vitamin K1 epoxide and phylloquinone in plasma samples from healthy volunteers and from patients undergoing anticoagulant therapy. PMID- 6736158 TI - Stereoselective D- and L-amino acid analysis by high-performance liquid chromatography. AB - This paper describes a gradient system for separating D- and L-isomers of Dns amino acids by mixed chelate complexation through the addition of histidine methyl ester and copper sulfate to the mobile phase. Most of the biologically important amino acids were separated in a single analysis. With a simple solvent gradient consisting of increasing concentrations of acetonitrile in L-histidine methyl ester buffer all the common amino acids were resolved except cysteine and all optical isomers were resolved except those of threonine, alanine and proline. Analysis time was 90 min. Use of this system for determining non-protein amino acids in human cerebrospinal fluid showed the amino acids to be L-isomers, as expected. The pattern in fluid from a patient with bacterial meningitis was different from that of most of the others. PMID- 6736160 TI - High-performance liquid chromatographic comparison of in vivo and in vitro drug metabolism. AB - Using 2-ethyl-3-(4- hydroxybenzoyl )benzofuran ( EHBB ) as an example, biotransformation in rabbits and rats and by rat hepatocyte suspensions was studied by high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) and mass spectrometry. The biotransformation of N-alkyl-substituted piperidines by rat hepatocytes gives valuable information about the pharmacodynamics of this series of compounds. It is demonstrated that a simple reversed-phase HPLC pre-column technique is much superior to the classical sample purification via extraction. The utility of hepatocytes for the investigation of drug metabolism is demonstrated. PMID- 6736161 TI - Improved separation and detection of free porphyrins by high-performance liquid chromatography. AB - Porphyrins were separated using ion-pair reversed-phase high-performance liquid chromatography. The eluents were aqueous potassium phosphate buffer and tetrabutylammonium phosphate in methanol. The influences of pH value and ionic strength of the phosphate buffer and molarity of the ion-pair reagent in methanol were investigated to improve separation and detection. A linear response curve was obtained from 0.38 to 7.64 pmol for coproporphyrin I. The detection limits were determined to be 0.12 pmol for coproporphyrin I and 0.22 pmol for uroporphyrin I. PMID- 6736163 TI - High-performance liquid chromatography with column switching for the analysis of biogenic amine metabolites and pterins. AB - An automatic high-performance liquid chromatographic system with facilities for column switching is described which involves minimal pre-treatment of biological samples, separates complex mixtures of compounds in a short period of time and uses fluorimetric or amperometric detection. The system has been applied to the analysis of oxidized pterins in urine and reduced pterins in cerebrospinal fluid and rat brain fractions (R- and S-enantiomers of tetrahydrobiopterin resolved). The system can also be used for the analysis of most of the dopamine and serotonin metabolites in cerebrospinal fluid and brain fractions from norepinephrine to serotonin. PMID- 6736162 TI - Determination of cadralazine in human plasma and urine by high-performance liquid chromatography. AB - A high-performance liquid chromatographic method is described for the determination of cadralazine in human plasma and urine. To 1 g of plasma (pH 7) or urine (adjusted to pH 11), internal standard was added and the samples were extracted with chloroform-ethanol (95:5, v/v). The substances were then back extracted into acid (pH 2) and 100 microliter of the aqueous phase were injected. Chromatography was performed on a 10-micron LiChrosorb RP-8 column with acetonitrile-phosphate buffer pH 6 (15:85, v/v) as eluent at a flow-rate of 2.7 ml/min. The substances were detected by UV spectrophotometry at 254 nm. Concentrations down to 0.141 nmol/g in plasma or 10.59 nmol/g in urine could be measured with very good precision. This method was applied to samples from two healthy volunteers given a single oral dose of 10 mg or 20 mg of cadralazine . PMID- 6736164 TI - High-performance liquid chromatographic analysis of S-adenosylmethionine and its metabolites in rat tissues: interrelationship with changes in biogenic catechol levels following treatment with L-dopa. AB - A method is described for the simultaneous analysis of S-adenosylmethionine (SAM) and its metabolites, S-adenosylhomocysteine (SAH) and decarboxylated S adenosylmethionine along with the natural polyamines, putrescine, spermidine and spermine. The separation is obtained by a reversed-phase ion-pair liquid chromatographic procedure with gradient elution followed by dual detection. The UV absorbance at 254 nm is used for the analysis of SAM and of the SAM metabolites, whereas the polyamines and some major amino acids, e.g., methionine, tyrosine and tryptophan, are analyzed by fluorescence detection after UV-cell derivatization with o-phthalaldehyde. A separate ion-pair reversed-phase high performance liquid chromatographic (HPLC) procedure using isocratic elution and electrochemical detection is employed to analyse in the same tissue extracts the catechols and 5-hydroxyindoles, 3,4-dihydroxyphenylalanine (DOPA), dopamine, norepinephrine, 3,4-dihydroxyphenylacetic acid, homovanillic acid, 4-hydroxy-3- methoxyphenylalanine , tryptophan, 5-hydroxytryptophan, serotonin and 5- hydroxyindolacetic acid. The sample preparation for the two HPLC procedures requires only homogenization of the tissues in perchloric acid and centrifugation before injection onto the column. The two chromatographic procedures have been applied to study the interrelationship, in various tissues of rats, between the SAM and SAH levels and the biogenic catechols after different treatments with L DOPA alone or in combination with alpha- monofluoromethyl -DOPA, a potent enzyme activated irreversible inhibitor of aromatic L-amino acid decarboxylase. PMID- 6736167 TI - Fast reversed-phase high-performance liquid chromatographic determination of nucleotides in red blood cells. AB - A method for the accurate determination of ATP, ADP, AMP, NADP and NAD in 20 min in red blood cell extracts by reversed-phase high-performance liquid chromatography is described. Experimental parameters affecting the separation are discussed. PMID- 6736165 TI - Determination of pirprofen in biological material by gas-liquid chromatography with nitrogen-specific and electron-capture detection. AB - Pirprofen, 2-[3-chloro-4-(3- pyrrolin -1-yl)phenyl]propionic acid, is an analgesic and anti-inflammatory agent. Most of the pirprofen is present in plasma in the unchanged form (80-90%), the remainder in the form of the pyrrole derivative. However, pyrrole is also formed during sample manipulation by oxidation of pirprofen. Thus, a method based on conversion of pirprofen to pyrrole by oxidation with 2,3- dicyano -5,6- dichlorobenzoquinone and subsequent measurement of the total pyrrole concentration was developed. The method is based on the introduction of an internal standard, extraction and esterification followed by oxidation. The methyl ester of the pyrrole is then determined by gas liquid chromatography. A nitrogen-specific detector is generally used. However, for small sample sizes (0.1 ml of plasma), an electron-capture detector may be utilized. With this detector measurements of concentrations as low as 0.02 nmol/g (5 ng/g) are still possible. The kinetics of the degradation of pirprofen to its pyrrole derivative were investigated. Plasma levels of pirprofen after a single oral dose of 400 mg in a healthy volunteer were measured by a method described previously as well as by the new method. PMID- 6736166 TI - Sensitive mass fragmentographic determination of acidic catecholamine metabolites in human body fluids. AB - A sensitive and simple method for the simultaneous quantitation of homovanillic acid and vanilmandelic acid in small samples (0.1-1.0 ml) of urine, serum, plasma and cerebrospinal fluid is described. The stable dimethylthiophosphinyl methyl ester derivatives are detected specifically by mass fragmentography using the respective deuterated compounds as internal standards. Gas chromatographic separation is performed on a fused-silica DB-1 capillary column combined with a cold injection system for large sample volumes. Linear response curves and a detection limit of 1 ng/ml are obtained. The method has been applied to the localization of pheochromocytoma by selective determination of venous vanilmandelic acid. PMID- 6736172 TI - High-performance liquid chromatographic determination of theobromine, theophylline and caffeine in food products. PMID- 6736170 TI - Rapid high-performance liquid chromatographic determination of pramoxine hydrochloride in topical cream and suppositories. PMID- 6736168 TI - Determination of nafazatrom in body fluids by high-performance thin-layer chromatography with post-chromatographic derivatization. AB - A sensitive, accurate and specific high-performance thin-layer chromatographic method has been developed for determination of nafazatrom, a pyrazolinone derivative with antithrombotic and antimetastatic activity. Because of the instability of the drug during clean-up procedures, nafazatrom is recovered from plasma and urine with a single extraction and the extract is spotted directly onto the chromatographic plate. The specificity of the assay was increased by post-chromatographic derivatization with 4-dimethylaminobenzaldehyde. Up to eight primary metabolites with an unchanged position 4 in the heterocyclic ring were also detected and separated chromatographically. The detection limit for nafazatrom is 0.5 ng per spot and 5 ng/ml. The analytical error in the nanogram per millilitre range is less than 10%, low enough for pharmacokinetic studies and for plasma level monitoring in patients. PMID- 6736171 TI - Analysis of zinc pyrithione in shampoos by reversed-phase high-performance liquid chromatography. PMID- 6736169 TI - Assay of mixtures of padimate-O and oxybenzone in sunscreen formulations by high performance liquid chromatography. AB - A simple assay method for the quality control of some sunscreen products containing padimate-O and oxybenzone has been developed. A methanolic extract of the product containing sulfathiazole internal standard was subjected to reversed phase high-performance liquid chromatography on a 10-micron Partisil ODS-2 column with methanol-acetonitrile (90:10, v/v) mobile phase. The drug-sulfathiazole peak height ratio was linear between 0.04-2.68 micrograms of padimate-O (r = 1.0003) and 0.02-1.05 micrograms of oxybenzone (r = 0.9997) injected. All peaks were well resolved. Approximate retention times for sulfathiazole, oxybenzone and padimate O were 3.9, 5.7 and 7.4 min., respectively. The height equivalent to a theoretical plate (+/- S.D.) were (n = 10) 0.79 +/- 0.07, 0.53 +/- 0.06 and 0.26 +/- 0.04 mm, for sulfathiazole, oxybenzone and padimate-O, respectively. Average percent recoveries (+/- S.D.) (n = 3) from simulated lotions containing 7% padimate-O and 3% oxybenzone were: padimate-O, 101.4 +/- 1.5%; oxybenzone 99.9 +/ 1.9%; from simulated lipsticks containing (a) 7% padimate-O and 3% oxybenzone: 103.8 +/- 1.2% and 100.1 +/- 0.9%, respectively; and (b) 7% padimate-O and 0.5% oxybenzone: 99.4 +/- 0.6% and 99.3 +/- 2.4%, respectively. The method was successfully applied to marketed products. PMID- 6736173 TI - Determination of some doping agents by overpressured thin-layer chromatography. PMID- 6736174 TI - Statistical solvent optimization for the separation of geometric isomers of retinol by high-performance liquid chromatography. AB - A systematic approach to the optimization of solvents for separation of isomers of retinol by straight-phase high-performance liquid chromatography is described. The optimum resolution of the 11-cis isomer from the 13-cis isomer required solvent characteristics different from those for the optimum resolution of the 9 cis isomer from the all-trans isomer. A compromise solvent composition produced good resolution of all four isomers in less than 12 min when used with an Excalibar column packed with 5-micron spherical silica. PMID- 6736175 TI - Quantification of a number of biogenic amines and their metabolites in brain homogenates by gas chromatography--mass spectrometry. AB - A sensitive method is described for the assay of various biogenic amines and their metabolites from brain tissue homogenates. Based on gas chromatography-mass spectrometry and selected ion monitoring, the method allows reliable low-level quantification of the compounds of interest. By careful study of reaction conditions both in the preparation of derivatives for gas chromatography and in the synthesis of deuterated analogues for internal standard use, relatively simple procedures could be applied with good analytical efficiency. Correlation of the results with those obtained by a high-performance liquid chromatographic procedure was also investigated, and a neurologic application of the method is briefly discussed. PMID- 6736178 TI - Isothermal gas chromatographic analysis of diphenhydramine after direct injection onto a fused-silica capillary column. AB - The packed column injector of a gas chromatograph was modified to accommodate direct injection by syringe onto a wide-bore fused-silica capillary column. No changes were made to the nitrogen-phosphorus detector. The resultant configuration combines fast separations with precise quantitations. The analysis of diphenhydramine in serum is presented as an application. Chromatographic separation of diphenhydramine and orphenadrine (internal standard) from caffeine and other endogenous material takes 2 min. Serum diphenhydramine concentrations are presented for six volunteers following a 50-mg oral dose. PMID- 6736176 TI - High-performance liquid chromatography of phospholipids using deuterated solvents for infrared detection. AB - Infrared detection of chromatographic effluents offers the advantage of direct on line quantitation of lipid fractions. However, infrared detection imposes limitations on the solvent systems that can be used for chromatography. Methanol and water, which are essential ingredients in the mobile phase for the successful chromatography of phospholipids, do not have spectral transmittance windows in the infrared region. Substituting deuterated methanol and deuterium oxide for methanol and water allowed infrared detection because they had lower infrared absorbance than their hydrogenated counterparts. We report a method that is suitable for the quantitative analysis of phosphatidylethanolamine, phosphatidylcholine and sphingomyelin in the tissue extracts. The lipid separation was accomplished on a micropraticulate silica gel column. Phosphatidylethanolamine and phosphatidylcholine were eluted isocratically with chloroform-acetonitrile-methanol-deuterium oxide (136:25:34:5.9) and detected at a wavelength of 5.75 microns. For the analysis of sphingomyelin, chloroform acetonitrile-deuterated methanol-deuterium oxide (130:24:37.6:7.0) was used as the mobile phase, and the detection was at a wavelength of 6.15 microns. PMID- 6736177 TI - Determination of thiamine and thiamine phosphates in excitable tissues as thiochrome derivatives by reversed-phase high-performance liquid chromatography on octadecyl silica. AB - The analysis of thiamine and thiamine phosphates by high-performance liquid chromatography owes its high sensitivity to the fluorescent derivatives or thiochromes obtained by chemical oxidation in alkaline medium. The possibility of performing precolumn oxidation with potassium ferricyanide instead of using the hazardous cyanogen bromide has been investigated. The derivatization step has been optimized with respect to the following parameters: concentration of alkali and oxidant, presence of methanol and stability of the thiochromes . A gradient separation with 25 mM phosphate buffer (pH 8.4) and methanol as mobile phase components and an octadecyl silica column as stationary phase has been set up. The analytical run takes 14 min with the following elution order: thiochrome triphosphate, thiochrome pyrophosphate, thiochrome monophosphate and thiochrome. The minimum detectable amount is 0.05 pmol. The method was found suitable for the determination of thiamine compounds in excitable tissues such as nerves and electric organs as well as in proteins extracted from membranes of these organs. It may be useful to study the role of thiamine in the electrical activity of these tissues at the molecular level. PMID- 6736179 TI - Simultaneous quantitation of disopyramide and its mono-dealkylated metabolite in human plasma by fused-silica capillary gas chromatography using nitrogen phosphorus specific detection. AB - A nitrogen-specific detector gas-liquid chromatographic assay method is reported which provides improved selectivity and sensitivity for disopyramide and its mono N-dealkylated metabolite using a crosslinked fused-silica capillary column. The quantitation of disopyramide and mono-N-dealkylated disopyramide was accomplished by injecting trifluoroacetic anhydride-treated samples containing derivatized internal standard p- chlorodisopyramide , into a gas chromatograph equipped with a nitrogen--phosphorus detector and an automatic liquid sampler. A 25 m X 0.31 mm crosslinked, 5% phenylmethyl silicone-coated fused-silica column was utilized and samples were injected using the splitless injection mode. Linearity was observed in the range 0.05-5.00 micrograms/ml for disopyramide and 0.02-3.00 micrograms/ml for the mono-N-dealkylated metabolite. The coefficient of variation was found to be within 10% for both compounds in the concentration range studied. PMID- 6736181 TI - High-performance liquid chromatographic analysis of amiloride in plasma and urine. AB - A high-performance liquid chromatographic method has been developed for amiloride in rabbit plasma and urine which uses a reversed-phase C18 column, a mobile phase (flow-rate 2 ml/min) consisting of 32% acetonitrile in 0.15 M perchloric acid, pH 2.2, and spectrofluorometric detection via excitation at 286 nm. A simple extraction step with ethyl acetate eliminates interfering peaks. Short retention times of about 2.3 and 3.8 min are observed for amiloride and the internal standard, triamterene, respectively. The method can measure 4 ng/ml amiloride in plasma. This assay has been used to explore the pharmacokinetics of amiloride in rabbits. The plasma disposition profile is biexponential after a 50-mg intravenous bolus dose and there is no evidence for saturable elimination at zero order infusion rates of 1.8, 3.6 and 7.2 mg/h. PMID- 6736182 TI - Liquid chromatographic assay of heptaminol in serum and its oral pharmacokinetics in the dog. AB - In order to investigate the pharmacokinetics of heptaminol in dogs, a high performance liquid chromatographic assay of the drug was devised and it was evaluated in a general purpose validation design through analysis of variance. Heptaminol and its internal standard n-propylamine were salted out from plasma together with acetonitrile, the previously proposed "solvent demixing " extraction procedure. Both amines were derivatised in acetonitrile with the o phthaldialdehyde, 2-mercaptoethanol procedure of Roth. The adducts were quantitated by reversed-phase high-performance liquid chromatography on Radial Pak cartridges with ultraviolet detection. Peak height ratios were linearly related to concentrations up to 250 mumol l-1 with a 2% coefficient of variation. Sensitivity was 3.5 mumol l-1 (signal-to-noise ratio of 5). Means of the usual pharmacokinetic parameters in four dogs were: elimination half-life 3.75 h, apparent distribution volume 2.18 l kg-1 and total clearance 0.402 l kg-1 h-1, similar to the results obtained in humans by other authors using radiolabelled heptaminol . PMID- 6736183 TI - Quantification of tiazofurin in plasma by high-performance liquid chromatography. AB - A simple and sensitive method was developed for the separation and quantification of tiazofurin ( TCAR ) in plasma using 2-beta-D- ribofuranosylthiazole -5 carboxamide (iso- TCAR ) or [5-3H] TCAR as an internal standard. The procedure uses C18 extraction columns to clean-up the plasma samples for measurement by high-performance liquid chromatography. A sensitivity of 0.33 microM (0.08 microgram/ml) was easily achieved for 0.5-ml plasma samples. When human whole blood was incubated in vitro with TCAR for 2 h, the plasma concentrations were decreased by 10% (4 degrees C) and 25% (23 degrees C). TCAR could still be measured 22 h after injection of 220 mg/kg into mice. For a two-compartment pharmacokinetic model, the half-lives of TCAR were 18.8 and 412 min. PMID- 6736184 TI - High-performance liquid chromatographic determination of plasma lactate specific radioactivity. PMID- 6736186 TI - Determination of creatinine in human, dog and rat urine by high-performance liquid chromatography on a column of hydroxymethylated porous polystyrene. PMID- 6736187 TI - Measurement of adenosine, inosine, and hypoxanthine in human plasma. PMID- 6736188 TI - Electrophoresis of thiols in cellulose gels. III. Group analysis of urinary thiols. PMID- 6736185 TI - Separation and determination of diacylglycerols as their naphthylurethanes by high-performance liquid chromatography. PMID- 6736190 TI - Quantification of antimalarial drugs. II. Simultaneous measurement of dapsone, monoacetyldapsone and pyrimethamine in human plasma. PMID- 6736189 TI - Determination of germicidal phenols in blood by capillary column gas chromatography. PMID- 6736191 TI - High-performance liquid chromatographic method for the measurement of mexiletine and flecainide in blood plasma or serum. PMID- 6736180 TI - High-performance liquid chromatographic resolution of enantiomers of 1-phenyl-2 aminopropanes (amphetamines) with four chiral reagents. AB - High-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) was employed for resolution of enantiomers of chiral ring-substituted 1-phenyl-2- aminopropanes (amphetamines) and 1-phenylethylamine following derivatization with four chiral reagents: (R) (+)-1-phenylethyl isocyanate ( PEIC ), (-)-alpha-methoxy-alpha (trifluoromethyl)phenylacetyl chloride ( MTPA X Cl), 2,3,4,6-tetra-O-acetyl-beta D-glucopyranosyl isothiocyanate ( GITC ), and 2,3,4-tri-O-acetyl-alpha-D- arabinopyranosyl isothiocyanate ( AITC ). Reactions were accomplished under mild conditions (25-70 degrees C) and were complete for all substrates within 60 min. Derivatization with the sugar isothiocyanates ( GITC and AITC ) and the acyl chloride ( MTPA . Cl) was carried out in methylene chloride or acetonitrile in the presence of a base catalyst while derivatization with the isocyanate ( PEIC ) was performed in methylene chloride. The diastereomeric derivatives were separated by reversed-phase HPLC (C18) with a methanol-water mobile phase. In general, HPLC resolution of the diastereomeric reaction products of GITC or AITC , and MTPA .Cl with the amine substrates was more complete (usually greater than 98% baseline separation) than HPLC resolution of the diastereomeric reaction products of PEIC . PMID- 6736192 TI - High-performance liquid chromatographic determination of hydrochlorothiazide in plasma and urine. PMID- 6736193 TI - High-performance liquid chromatographic--electrochemical assay method for primaquine in plasma and urine. PMID- 6736196 TI - Simultaneous determination of allopurinol, oxipurinol, hypoxanthine and xanthine in biological fluids by high-performance liquid chromatography. PMID- 6736194 TI - Assay of plasma thioridazine and metabolites by high-performance liquid chromatography with amperometric detection. PMID- 6736199 TI - Quantitative analysis of the metabolites of saikosaponin a using high-performance liquid chromatography. PMID- 6736198 TI - A high-performance liquid chromatographic method for methohexital and thiopental in plasma or whole blood. PMID- 6736197 TI - Simple reversed-phase high-performance liquid chromatographic determination of antipyrine in rabbit plasma for pharmacokinetic studies. PMID- 6736201 TI - Somatomedin activity in tracheal fluid from the newborn infant. AB - Somatomedin activity was determined by porcine cartilage bioassay and somatomedin C RIA in matched samples of tracheal fluid (TF), amniotic fluid (AF), and cord (CP) and maternal plasma collected during the delivery of normal infants of 36-40 weeks gestation. Somatomedin levels determined by both assay systems were significantly greater in TF than in AF [TF, 0.40 +/- 0.04 (+/- SE) U/ml; AF, 0.20 +/- 0.02 U/ml by bioassay in 11 infants; TF, 0.25 +/- 0.04 U/ml; AF, 0.18 +/- 0.03 U/ml, by RIA in 6 infants; P less than 0.005]. When chromatographed on Bio Gel P10 at pH 3.5, the major part of the somatomedin immunoreactivity from both TF and CP eluted in the same position as iodinated somatomedin-C (mol wt, 7600). Somatomedin activity recovered after chromatography of TF and CP increased the incorporation of radiothymidine by growth-restricted human fetal fibroblasts in vitro. Maternal plasma contained 2.49 U/ml radioimmunoassayable somatomedin-C, a value higher than that in the nonpregnant adult. The results suggest that the human fetal lung contributes somatomedin to TF and raises the possibility that these peptides are involved in lung growth or maturation. PMID- 6736195 TI - Separation of 5-fluorouracil and uracil by ion-pair reversed-phase high performance liquid chromatography on a column with porous polymeric packing. PMID- 6736202 TI - Norepinephrine secretion and production in diabetic autonomic neuropathy. AB - Orthostatic hypotension (OH) in patients with diabetic autonomic neuropathy may result from sympathetic neuronal dysfunction and inadequate norepinephrine (NE) release as patients shift from the supine to an upright posture. The biochemical basis for this physiological abnormality is not understood. We measured basal supine NE secretion and production in 10 diabetic patients with OH, 9 diabetic patients without OH, and in 13 age-matched normal subjects. Apparent NE secretion, the rate at which NE enters the bloodstream, was 1.22 +/- 0.24 (SEM) nmol/m2 X min in the diabetic patients with OH, significantly lower than in the diabetic patients without OH and normal subjects in whom apparent NE secretion rates were 2.27 +/- 0.48 and 1.86 +/- 0.12 nmol/m2 X min, respectively. NE production, estimated from integrated NE metabolite excretion, was 10.2 +/- 0.85 nmol/mg creatinine in the diabetic patients with OH, which was significantly lower (P less than 0.01) than that in the diabetic patients without OH and normal subjects in whom NE production was 14.8 +/- 1.8 and 16.9 +/- 1.2 nmol/mg creatinine, respectively. These data demonstrate that supine basal apparent NE secretion and NE production are decreased in patients with OH secondary to diabetic autonomic neuropathy. PMID- 6736203 TI - Type II iodothyronine 5'-deiodination by human and rat placenta in vitro. AB - T4 and rT3 5'-deiodination were measured in human and rat placental homogenates. rT3 5'-deiodination rates were reduced 5-40% by 1 mM 6-n-propylthiouracil (PTU), but T4 5'-deiodination was not affected by 1 mM PTU. In human tissue, homogenates of the chorionic membrane decidua had greater PTU-insensitive activity than homogenates of trophoblastic tissue or amnion. In the rat placenta, basal zone homogenates had greater activity than homogenates of placental labyrinth or amnion. The distribution of 5'-deiodinating activity in placental structures differed from that of T3 tyrosyl ring deiodinating activity in both species. PTU insensitive rT3 5'-deiodinating activity was enriched in particulate subcellular fractions, but not in cytosol. Kinetic studies of T4 5'-deiodination using particulate fractions from human chorionic membrane decidua and rat basal zone showed a sequential kinetic pattern when the dithiothreitol concentration was varied, with apparent Michaelis constants (Km) and 50% inhibitory concentrations for T4 of 2.1-3.2 nM, and for rT3 of 9-15 nM. Thus, PTU-insensitive iodothyronine 5'-deiodination in rat and human placenta is very similar to, or the same as, that termed type II activity in rat anterior pituitary, central nervous system, and brown adipose tissue. These results extend the range of tissues in which type II iodothyronine 5'-deiodination has been identified, and strengthen the applicability to man of studies of iodothyronine deiodination in the rat. PMID- 6736204 TI - Influence of hyper- and hypothyroidism on subcutaneous adipose tissue blood flow in man. AB - Subcutaneous adipose tissue (AT) blood flow (BF) in the abdomen, thigh, and arm was determined by measuring the local clearance of [133]Xe in patients with untreated hyper- or hypothyroidism (n = 10, n = 7); six patients in each group were reexamined after treatment when they were euthyroid. Abdominal ATBF before treatment was 5.5 +/- 0.8 (SE) ml/min X 100 g AT in the hyperthyroid patients and 1.3 +/- 0.3 ml/min X 100 g AT in those who were hypothyroid. After therapy abdominal ATBF was 60% lower (P less than 0.05) in the hyperthyroid group and 80% higher (P less than 0.05) in the hypothyroid group. Similarly, ATBF in the thigh and arm was significantly reduced and increased, respectively, after treatment in the two groups. The blood glycerol level in the hyperthyroid group was 128 +/- 24 mumol/liter initially and was 50% lower (P less than 0.05) after therapy, whereas in the hypothyroid group blood glycerol levels were similar before (46 +/- 4 mumol/liter) and after therapy. Body fat, expressed as a percentage of body weight, was similar in the two groups before and after treatment. There was a positive correlation (P less than 0.001) between ATBF and serum T3 and T4 levels and an inverse correlation (P less than 0.01) between ATBF and plasma norepinephrine levels. Mean arterial blood pressure was similar in the two groups indicating that the alterations in ATBF were due to changes in vascular resistance. The results of this study suggest that thyroid hormones regulate sc ATBF in man. PMID- 6736205 TI - Gastrin-releasing peptide: pharmacokinetics and effects on gastro-entero pancreatic hormones and gastric secretion in normal men. AB - Gastrin-releasing peptide (GRP) was infused at two dose levels [GRP I (0-30 min): bolus dose of 1.41 pmol kg-1, followed by 0.12 pmol kg-1 min-1; GRP II (30-60 min): bolus dose of 5.67 pmol kg-1, followed by 1.50 pmol kg-1 min-1] to six normal men to study the pharmacokinetics of GRP using a newly developed RIA and the effect of GRP on gastro-entero-pancreatic hormones and gastric acid secretion. The half-life of disappearance of GRP was 2.8 +/- 0.4 min (+/- SEM). The MCR and the apparent space of distribution were 33.0 +/- 4.0 ml kg-1 min-1 and 133 +/- 31 ml kg-1, respectively. GRP stimulated the secretion of gastrin, pancreatic polypeptide, insulin, glucagon, and glucose-dependent insulinotropic polypeptide in a dose-dependent manner. Gastric acid secretion was stimulated 15 min after the increase in gastrin secretion, suggesting that GRP stimulated gastric acid secretion via release of gastrin. GRP had no significant effect on the secretion of enteroglucagon or neurotensin. In the mammalian gastrointestinal tract, GRP is localized exclusively to nerve tissue. This fact and its potent effects demonstrated here make it a likely candidate for peptidergic nervous control of gastrointestinal function. PMID- 6736200 TI - Properties of gonadotropin-stimulable adenylyl cyclase of the human corpus luteum: regulation of hormonal responsiveness by guanyl nucleotide and magnesium ion. AB - We studied the properties of a gonadotropin-responsive adenylyl cyclase in membrane preparations obtained from human corpus luteum and explored the nature of guanyl nucleotide and Mg ion involvement in activation of the enzyme. Maximal adenylyl cyclase activity required ATP concentrations of 1-2.5 mM, total MgCl2 concentrations of 8-10 mM, and 1 mM EDTA. Optimal hCG responsiveness, however, required lower (approximately 5 mM) MgCl2 concentrations. Both GTP and its hydrolysis-resistant analog guanyl 5'-yl imidodiphosphate [GMP-P(NH)P] increased enzyme activity, but the response to each nucleotide had distinct characteristics. The rate and the extent of activation were greater in the presence of GMP-P(NH)P than in that of GTP. Moreover, enzyme activation by GMP P(NH)P was hysteretic in nature, requiring about 8 min to reach steady state velocity in the absence of hormonal stimuli. The slow rate of activation by GMP P(NH)P was accelerated by either hCG or increases (3-10 mM) in the concentration of MgCl2. Thus, both gonadotropin and Mg ion are inherently antihysteretic in the human luteal adenylyl cyclase system. Basal and hCG stimulation were under the control of guanine nucleotides. Dose-response curves showed that the apparent activation constants for GTP and GMP-P(NH)P were 0.30 and 0.51 microM, respectively; these values did not shift after the addition of hCG. At a higher concentration of guanyl nucleotides (1000 microM), basal and hCG-stimulated activities were markedly reduced, suggesting bimodal regulation of the enzyme by the nucleotides. We also found that enzyme responsiveness to prostaglandin E2 was small and that, in contrast to a number of other nonprimate species, adenylyl cyclase from the human corpus luteum was not stimulated by isoproterenol. Taken together, these data support the usefulness of the cell-free model for studying the role of adenylyl cyclase in the regulation of luteal function in the human. PMID- 6736206 TI - Relationship between plasma aldosterone and angiotensin II before and after noradrenergic inhibition in normal subjects and patients with mild essential hypertension. AB - The responsiveness of plasma aldosterone to the infusion of angiotensin II at dose rates of 2, 4, and 10 ng/kg X min was assessed in 11 normal subjects and 13 patients with mild essential hypertension before and after 4 weeks of treatment with the sympatholytic agent debrisoquine. Debrisoquine treatment caused a significant (P less than 0.01) decrease in circulating norepinephrine (-45%), but did not modify plasma levels of angiotensin II, renin, aldosterone, or epinephrine or the metabolism of sodium or potassium. In normal subjects, debrisoquine caused a significant shift to the left (P less than 0.05) of the correlation relating plasma aldosterone to plasma angiotensin II levels. In patients with essential hypertension, the aldosterone-angiotensin II interrelationship was not modified. These findings suggest that the sympathetic nervous system exerts an inhibitory influence on aldosterone responsiveness to angiotensin II in normal man, and that this physiological interaction is impaired in patients with essential hypertension. PMID- 6736208 TI - A human myeloma immunoglobulin G binding four moles of calcium associated with asymptomatic hypercalcemia. AB - A calcium-binding immunoglobulin G (IgG1 lambda RUP) was identified in the serum of a patient with multiple myeloma, asymptomatic hypercalcemia, and a normal ionized serum calcium. Calcium binding by IgGRUP was confirmed by two-dimensional electrophoresis with calcium-45 and equilibrium dialysis. Amino acid analyses indicated an unusually high number of glutamic (or glutamine) residues in the L chain and Fab fragment but no detectable gamma-carboxyglutamic acid. As determined by equilibrium dialysis with 45Ca, the intact IgGRUP and its Fab fragments bound calcium at an optimum pH of 7.4. There was minimal binding of calcium to H chains and no binding by L chains or the Fc fragment. Recombination of H and L chains partially restored the binding activity. By Scatchard analysis, the binding affinity (Kd) of IgGRUP was 1.7 X 10(-3) M and the binding capacity was 4 mol of calcium/mol of IgG. The binding of 4 mol of calcium/mol of IgG is twice that reported previously for two other calcium-binding myeloma proteins and suggests unique properties of IgGRUP. PMID- 6736209 TI - [Histopathological studies on etiology of acute myocardial infarction]. PMID- 6736207 TI - Human medullary thyroid carcinoma in culture provides a model relating growth dynamics, endocrine cell differentiation, and tumor progression. AB - We used an unique model, human medullary thyroid carcinoma (MTC) in culture (the TT line), to study features of neuroendocrine-related biochemistry in relationship to growth, differentiation, and tumor progression. Tumor tissues from patients with virulent MTC contain a very heterogeneous distribution of cells staining for calcitonin (CT) and have a high ratio of intracellular L-dopa decarboxylase activity (DDC) to CT. We found, in a culture line of MTC derived from a patient with virulent disease, that the degree of the inverse relationship between DDC and CT and the heterogeneous cellular distribution of CT probably relate to the rate of cellular growth and the biochemical set of individual cell clones. During exponential growth of the parent TT cell line, intracellular DDC and CT varied. DDC increased by 70% and CT decreased by 40%. Single time-point measurements in 54 cell clones or highly enriched cell populations revealed a more dramatic variability for CT (15-fold) than for DDC (5-fold). During growth of the clones having the highest and lowest CT measurements, respectively, inverse dynamics between DDC and CT were again found. However, each clone maintained a distinct range of CT during the entire growth curve, with a 2- to 4 fold difference in CT between the two clones throughout. In the low producing CT clone, ratios between DDC and CT rose to greater than 1.0 during growth, a very high value found before this study only in MTC tissues from patients with virulent disease. Immunohistochemical staining for CT of parent cells and clones grown on embryonic chick skin revealed increased cellular heterogeneity for CT distribution during growth. The TT line provides a powerful tool to study neuroendocrine related biochemical events in relationship to growth, differentiation, and tumor progression in MTC. Our in vitro findings in the TT line well explain observations made previously in patients. We conclude that: (1) DDC, a neural property of MTC, is an early differentiation marker as compared to CT and that the differentiation status of MTC cells varies inversely with cell growth rate; and (2) in patients with MTC, the virulence of the tumor probably varies inversely with differentiation status. The inverse ratio of DDC to CT is probably determined in MTC by the proportion of rapidly growing cells and numbers of cell clones which have a poor ability for maturation. PMID- 6736214 TI - [Apoplexy in Hachijo island. I. Statistical analysis of death rate and its risk factors]. PMID- 6736218 TI - Craniofacial genetics and developmental biology: research implications for the near future. PMID- 6736215 TI - A study of potassium canrenoate on the raised intracranial pressure. PMID- 6736210 TI - [Histopathological studies of peripheral arteries in the brain associated with subarachnoid hemorrhage]. PMID- 6736216 TI - Postoperative intracranial pressure monitoring in patients with cerebral aneurysms. PMID- 6736211 TI - [Distribution of arteries to caput pancreatis in Japanese fetuses]. PMID- 6736213 TI - [Human and experimental studies of the changes of exocrine pancreatic tissue in hemorrhagic shock]. PMID- 6736217 TI - Craniofacial changes in unilateral microtia: II. An X-ray study. AB - Roentgenocephalometry was used for studies into the extent and character of craniofacial changes in 45 adult males with unilateral (right-sided) microtia. Out of the whole complex of changes associated with this malformation the mandibular ramus showed the most marked involvement and represented the main cause of the accompanying deviations and asymmetries. On the average, the affected half of the face was compressed toward the level of the external auditory meatus both from above and below, but there was a marked variability in individual patients examined. No signs of asymmetry were disclosed in one third of the patients while severe asymmetry was present in one fifth of the patients. Facial hemihypoplasia exerted no substantial influence on the facial profile (when no retrusion of the lower jaw was present) on the sagittal maxillomandibular relations or on the occlusion of incisors, while in transverse direction a laterosuperior deviation of the mandible towards the affected side was clearly visible. A branchiogenic malformation affected the neighboring structures, the cranial base (a more marked curving), frontonasal segment (septum and premaxillar deviation), and the neurocranium (posterior rotation of the cranial vault). The inner ear structures (semicircular canals) were affected only rarely (in 4% of patients). These findings complemented the results obtained in the first part of our study and confirmed the complex character of this inborn anomaly. PMID- 6736219 TI - Studies on facial growth and arch size in cleft lip and palate. AB - A study of facial growth and palatal dimensions was done on 32 patients with unilateral cleft lip and palate. The study population, treated by a single surgeon, was separated into two groups: those whose palates were closed before age 4 years, and those whose palates were closed after 4 years. Maxillary growth was better in patients who had late surgery than in those who had early surgery. In addition, palatal dimensions were more nearly normal in the late group than in the early group. PMID- 6736212 TI - Immunomodulatory treatment of HBsAg positive chronic hepatitis with specific substance Maruyama (SSM). PMID- 6736221 TI - Identification of inner and outer cell proliferation centers during fetal tooth morphogenesis. AB - Patterns of cell division have been examined in the proliferative cervical loop tissues of fetal rabbit incisor tooth organs. Evaluation of the distribution patterns of silver grains, resulting from the incorporation of [3H]-thymidine into newly synthesized DNA within tooth organs in vitro, resulted in identification of two proliferation centers: (1) an inner center consisting of inner enamel epithelial cells (i.e., preameloblasts) and predontoblasts ; and (2) an outer center consisting of outer enamel epithelium and adjacent mesenchyme. In contrast to the classically held description of epithelial cell differentiation during tooth morphogenesis, our data suggest that outer enamel epithelial cells do not migrate around the cervical loop and do not provide progenitor cells for subsequent ameloblast cytodifferentiation. During tooth development, epithelial and mesenchymal cells, which arise from either an inner or outer proliferative center, migrate in distal directions relative to the proliferative sites. Therefore, the progenitor cells for ameloblasts and odontoblasts were found to be localized in the inner proliferation zone. The implications of these findings regarding the development of continuously erupting rabbit and rodent incisor tooth organs are discussed in the context of a model. PMID- 6736222 TI - An SEM analysis of the epithelial--mesenchymal interface in the mandible of the embryonic chick. AB - In this paper the ultrastructural features of the epithelial-mesenchymal interface in mandibular processes of embryonic chicks have been examined using scanning electron microscopy. Mandibular epithelium is required for the mesenchyme to differentiate as osteoblasts and to deposit the membrane bones of the mandible. The surface morphology of the epithelium changes from the lateral to the medial face of the mandible from rounded cells, each with a central cilium to flattened cells with numerous microvilli. Treatment with trypsin and pancreatin was used to digest the basal lamina so as to separate epithelium from mesenchyme. This exposed a thick, fibrillar basement membrane (reticular lamina), which was thicker underlying the caudal epithelium than under the cephalad epithelium. Addition of collagenase to the trypsin/pancreatin solution degraded some of the basement lamella, especially that underlying epithelium on the caudal portion of each mandibular process. Selective degradation of basement lamella is postulated as one means of regulating inductive epithelial-mesenchymal interactions. EDTA was used to isolate basal laminae on mandibular mesenchyme. SEM was used to confirm the integrity of the basal lamina, its structure, and its association with overlying epithelial cells and underlying basement lamella. PMID- 6736220 TI - Craniofacial morphology in the velo-cardio-facial syndrome. AB - The velo -cardio-facial syndrome is a recently delineated congenital malformation syndrome, probably of autosomal dominant inheritance. Previous reports have concentrated on facial, oropharyngeal, cardiac, speech, language, and psychological features of this fairly common syndrome. To date, no radiographic data have been presented which might help to further delineate the syndrome, nor has there been an explanation of the characteristic facial appearance seen in this syndrome. This current study reports on cephalometric evidence of platybasia (obtuse angulation of the cranial base) in the velo -cardio-facial syndrome. The finding of platybasia adds one more phenotypic feature to the syndrome and also may help to explain the facial features of retrognathia, malar flatness, and prominence of the nasal root. PMID- 6736227 TI - Determination of plasmid-associated hydrophobicity of Yersinia enterocolitica by a latex particle agglutination test. AB - A quick and simple method was developed to distinguish hydrophobic from hydrophilic cells. The latex particle agglutination test is based on the hydrophobic interactions between cells and latex particles which result in the agglutination of the suspension mixture. There was a direct correlation between the expression of plasmid-associated cell surface properties and latex particle agglutination by Yersinia enterocolitica. Multivalent cation-induced agglutination of suspensions of washed cells of virulent Y. enterocolitica and latex particles is indicative of their amphipathic character. Electrostatic interaction may also play a role in the latex particle agglutination reaction. PMID- 6736226 TI - Detection of pneumococci in blood cultures by latex agglutination. AB - Latex agglutination by use of the Pneumoslide test on clinical blood cultures detected 22 Streptococcus pneumoniae strains as the etiological agents in 47 streptococcal septic episodes. The other 25 isolates were identified as viridans streptococci or streptococci of groups A, B, D, or G. The test demonstrated 100% sensitivity, 92% specificity, and predictive values for positive and negative reactions of 91 and 92%, respectively. Two false-positive reactions were caused by strains of viridans streptococci. The two strains continued to give positive reactions when colonies from blood agar plates were tested according to the instructions of the manufacturer. This latex agglutination test is an effective tool for the rapid diagnosis of pneumococci in blood cultures. PMID- 6736228 TI - Outbreak of JK diphtheroid infections associated with environmental contamination. AB - The group JK diphtheroid organism is a multiply resistant opportunistic pathogen which infects immunocompromised patients sporadically. We describe the first reported outbreak of JK diphtheroid infections, in which four cases of bacteremia and one Hickman catheter site infection occurred during 4 weeks on a hematology ward. On this ward, JK diphtheroid was recovered from 17 of 39 patients, 10 of 17 30-ft3 (0.840-m3) air samples, surfaces in 9 of 13 patient rooms, and hands of 4 of 22 personnel. Previously identified risk factors for JK diphtheroid sepsis (male gender, broad-spectrum antibiotic therapy, granulocytopenia, and prolonged hospital stay) were present in infected patients but did not distinguish them from patients who were only colonized. Emphasis on aseptic practices was associated with termination of the outbreak and negative hand cultures from personnel, despite continued patient colonization and environmental contamination. PMID- 6736225 TI - Serological identification of oral Bacteroides spp. by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. AB - A rapid method for identifying black-pigmented oral Bacteroides spp. is described. Species-specific rabbit antisera to Bacteroides gingivalis, B. intermedius, and B. melaninogenicus were used in an enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay to identify clinical isolates of black-pigmented Bacteroides spp. from humans. The results showed excellent agreement with biochemical identification of B. gingivalis and B. intermedius. Only 36% of the B. melaninogenicus isolates were identified with the enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay, suggesting that this group of black-pigmented Bacteroides spp. is made up of more than one serotype. The serological enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay should enable rapid identification of black-pigmented Bacteroides spp. isolated from sites of oral diseases and may also be used to identify the presence of these organisms in complex bacterial mixtures from oral sites. PMID- 6736224 TI - Prospective systematic study of Yersinia spp. in dogs. AB - A total of 93 Yersinia spp. were isolated from 68 of 252 dogs in Shimane Prefecture, Japan. The Yersinia spp. were 70 Yersinia enterocolitica isolates from 50 dogs, 2 Yersinia frederiksenii isolates from 2 dogs, 5 Yersinia intermedia isolates from 5 dogs, and 16 Yersinia pseudotuberculosis isolates from 16 dogs. Fifteen of 70 Y. enterocolitica isolates belonged to biotype 4 serotype O3 phagotype 8 (6 isolates), biotype 4 (maltose negative) serotype O3 phagotype 8 (4 isolates), biotype 3 (Voges-Proskauer and sorbose negative) serotype O3 phagotype 9 (2 isolates), and biotype 2 serotype O5.27 (3 isolates). The other 55 Y. enterocolitica isolates belonged to biotype 1 and were classified into serotypes O4, O5, O7 .8, O9, O10 , O12 , O13 .7, O14 , O15 , and untypable. Sixteen Y. pseudotuberculosis isolates belonged to serotypes IB (two), IIB (two), IVA (two), IVB (three), VA (five), and untypable (two). These isolates were mostly detected in cold months. Y. enterocolitica serotype O3 and Y. pseudotuberculosis were isolated more frequently from puppies. Y. enterocolitica serotype O3 was recovered at less than 10(7.0) cells per g of the jejunal-to rectal contents and at less than 10(2) cells per g of mesenteric lymph nodes. Y. pseudotuberculosis was recovered at less than 10(4.3) cells per g of the cecal-to rectal contents and at less than 10(2.9) cells per g of mesenteric lymph nodes. Almost all strains of Y. enterocolitica biotype 1, Y. intermedia, and Y. frederiksenii were recovered at less than 10(2) cells per g of gastric-to-rectal contents. PMID- 6736223 TI - Craniofacial changes in unilateral microtia: I. An anthropometric study. AB - Anthropological studies were carried out in 100 adult males with microtia. Craniofacial changes were assessed in 45 selected males ranging in age from 20 to 42 years and affected by right-sided microtia of the third degree. The results showed the extent of facial involvement in unilateral severe microtia, as well as the type of the changes. They were expressed quantitatively in terms of metrical values. The defect was a typically lateral anomaly with decreased height-depth dimensions of the affected side of the face, while the facial width dimensions and the height dimensions in the median plane were unchanged. The hemihypoplasia was most marked in the distal part of the face and increased towards the otocephalic center. The dimensions of the reconstructed earlobe corresponded on the average to the contralateral lobe, though there were some individual differences and the lobe was inclined anteriorly. Anomalies of the normal earlobe occurred in 27% of individuals examined, and consisted most frequently of lobe protrusion (16%). Associated anomalies of cervical vertebrae were recorded in 13% and a familial occurrence of microtia in 4%. The body growth was not affected in our patients. PMID- 6736229 TI - Rapid screening of fecal samples for Vibrio cholerae by a coagglutination technique. AB - A coagglutination procedure for detecting Vibrio cholerae was applied directly to 125 watery fecal samples received in the laboratory for bacteriological culture: many of these were from suspected cases of cholera. Of 47 bacteriologically proved cases of cholera, 44 (93.6%) gave positive results by the coagglutination method. There was a good correlation between the coagglutination method, dark field microscopy, and culture. PMID- 6736230 TI - Birth palsy: natural recovery course and combined root avulsion. AB - Seventy-six patients with birth palsy were reviewed for type of palsy and mode of delivery. High incidences of root avulsion associated with lesser birth weight were identified in patients of breech deliveries. In 15 patients with serial neurological assessment for more than 5 years, the natural recovery course was evaluated, based on the assessment of particular key muscle and dermatomes mainly innervated by single nerve roots. Rapid and useful motor recovery was observed in upper-type palsy and the upper root levels (C5 and C6) of whole-type palsy, while poor prognosis of motor function was demonstrated in the lower root levels (C8 and D1) of whole-type palsy. Recovery of sensory function was far more predominant than recovery of motor function. Of 12 patients with root avulsion, 10 patients (27 avulsed roots) over 5 years of age were neurologically assessed. Of avulsed roots, 70.4% had useful sensory recovery and 33.3% had useful motor recovery. The patho-mechanism of those with a good prognosis in root avulsion of birth palsy is discussed, based on the findings of this series. PMID- 6736231 TI - Proximal femoral epiphysiolysis in the neonate. AB - Seven neonates with eight proximal femoral epiphysiolyses were reviewed. Pain elicited by leg motion was the common diagnostic finding in all. Radiography showed lateralization of the shaft similar to congenital hip dysplasia. However, the acetabular index was normal in all but one child. Arthrography confirmed the diagnosis, showing a located proximal femoral epiphysis and a laterally displaced, externally rotated proximal metaphysis. Treatment usually consisted of traction followed by abduction splinting. The long-term results were excellent in six fractures. Growth complications included angular deformation (bowing) in one patient and coxa vara due to localized premature epiphysiodesis in one patient. Duplication of the lesion in stillborn cadavers showed that the fracture was usually a type 1 physeal injury traversing the entire physis beneath both the capital femur and the greater trochanter. The periosteal sleeve was intact posteriorly and still attached to the proximal physis. However, in two instances there was comminution (rather than crushing) of the epiphysis, physis, and metaphysis medially, which might explain the residual varus deformation and premature growth arrest seen infrequently as complications of this particular proximal femoral injury. An experimental animal model also duplicated these morphologic observations. PMID- 6736233 TI - The problem of evaluating in situ pinning of slipped capital femoral epiphysis: an experimental model and a review of 63 consecutive cases. AB - Over a 3-year follow-up period, 63 hips (in 49 patients) that were pinned as treatment for slipped capital femoral epiphysis were examined and evaluated. A 36.8% incidence of unsuspected pin penetration was discovered. Four types of experimental models representing different degrees of severity of slipped capital femoral epiphysis were designed and manufactured in the bioengineering laboratory. In situ pinning was performed on each model. An extensive series of controlled test films on the models indicated the difficulty of accurately determining the true position of the pins with conventional roentgenographic views. Subsequent fluoroscopic analysis revealed a verifiable correlation between the limited visualization of conventional X-ray analysis following the pinning of a slipped capital femoral epiphysis and unrecognized pin penetration. PMID- 6736232 TI - Idiopathic or primary windswept deformity: the etiological significance of the radiological findings. AB - The radiographs of 16 knees in eight children who had a valgus deformity of one knee in association with a varus deformity in the other knee were studied. The condition, idiopathic or primary windswept deformity, occurs in 1- to 3-year-old healthy children with normal developmental milestones. The onset of radiological and clinical deformity is abrupt. The disease is a physeal osteochondrosis, and two varieties of it are identical to Blount's tibia vara and to tibia valga, respectively. PMID- 6736234 TI - The reciprocating gait orthosis in myelomeningocele. AB - Seventeen patients with myelomeningocele were fitted with a device that reciprocally controls hip flexion and extension in an attempt to improve ambulatory ability. To evaluate the function of the reciprocating mechanism, the orthosis was tested in three configurations. With the reciprocating mechanism functioning at the hips, five of eight patients ambulated faster than in other configurations. With the mechanism released for free hip joint motion, five of eight patients ambulated slower or not at all. With the hip joints locked, six of eight patients ambulated more slowly than with the reciprocating mechanism functioning. Two were faster with a swing-through gait. However, 11 of 12 independent ambulators spontaneously chose the reciprocating gait pattern over the swing-through pattern. The reciprocating gait orthosis was used by patients with meningomyelocele from 18 months to 15 years of age. The device was most successful if strong hip flexors were present, although ambulation in a reciprocal pattern was possible for some with no active hip musculature. We believe that this orthosis is the most effective ambulatory aid for children handicapped by hip extensor weakness. PMID- 6736236 TI - Congenital vertical talus: classification with 69 cases and new measurement system. AB - Sixty-nine cases of congenital vertical talus (CVT) were classified into five groups in association with (1) neural tube defects or spinal anomalies, (2) neuromuscular disorders, (3) malformation syndromes, (4) chromosomal aberrations, and (5) idiopathic CVT unassociated with any of the systemic conditions described above. Forty-four cases of idiopathic CVT were subclassified into four groups: (5A) intrauterine molded or deformed cases, (5B) cases of digitotalar dysmorphism associated with contractile finger abnormalities and genetic inheritance, (5C) patients whose close relatives had CVT or oblique talus (OT) deformity, and (5D) cases unassociated with any skeletal deformity or genetic inheritance. The talar and Calcaneal axis--first metatarsal base angles (TAMBA and CAMBA) are introduced, which enable us to describe not only the obliquity of the talus and calcaneus but also the severity of the dislocation of the talonavicular joint and the contracture of the tendo Achilli. The changing point from flexible OT to rigid CVT is TAMBA of about 60 degrees and CAMBA of 20 degrees, and there are many borderline cases of CVT that could be treated conservatively. For the typical CVT, open reduction should be carried out as promptly as possible if 3 months of corrective casting in extreme equinovarus fails to reduce the TAMBA to 50 degrees. PMID- 6736235 TI - The results of neonatal treatment of congenital hip dislocation: a personal series. AB - Of 103 neonates with congenital dislocation of the hip in a consecutive personal series, 100 were treated with a standard divaricator splintage regimen; of these, the result is known in 97. In three babies with irreducible dislocation no treatment was attempted. In 90 babies the hips became normal. In one hip dislocation persisted; in three osteochondritis with femoral growth plate damage developed without obvious cause; and in two hip dysplasia responded to surgical correction of femoral anteversion. In one baby attempted treatment of irreducible hips produced a poor result. The practice of treating all hips found to be unstable at orthopaedic examination but not those previously suspected but later unconfirmed is defended. PMID- 6736237 TI - Contributory etiologic factor for talipes equinovarus in congenital myotonic dystrophy: comparative biopsy study of intrinsic foot musculature and vastus lateralis in two cases. AB - Biopsy specimens from the feet and proximal thigh musculature of two patients with congenital myotonic dystrophy with talipes equinovarus were compared. The findings were also compared with those reported in muscle biopsy of idiopathic clubfoot. It was concluded that structural change in intrinsic foot muscle can contribute to the force imbalance that produces clubfoot in this disease. PMID- 6736238 TI - The history of treatment of congenital clubfoot at the Royal Liverpool Children's Hospital: improvement of results by early extensive posteromedial release. AB - The results of treatment in 77 clubfeet were assessed after an average follow-up of 8 years. In those patients with surgical treatment it was found that the Turco posteromedial release within the first 3 months of life resulted in 13 of 16 satisfactory feet. In comparison, only five of 21 feet had satisfactory results when the average age of operation was delayed to 3.7 years and a less extensive release performed. At follow-up, abnormal radiological findings were not found in the early operated cases. The average talocalcaneal index was 47 degrees. The late operated feet showed major abnormal X-ray film findings, and their average index was 38 degrees. Good functional results, however, often coexisted with abnormal radiological findings in the midfoot. Abnormal findings of the hindfoot were always associated with unsatisfactory results. We conclude that the use of early (3 months) Turco posteromedial release can offer excellent results in treating severe resistant clubfeet. PMID- 6736239 TI - Traumatic ligamentous instability of the cervical spine in children. AB - Sixteen cases of dislocation and ligamentous disruptions of the cervical spine in children are reported. In five cases resulting from injury to the upper cervical spine, the roentgenographical features of the instability at the C1-C2 level are documented and their therapeutic orientation is defined. Eleven injuries were of the lower cervical spine: three dislocations, two of which were old cases, and eight serious ligamentous disruptions. Diagnosis of serious ligamentous disruptions was based on precise radiographic criteria: increase of the interspinous distance, loss of parallelism between the articular processes, and posterior widening of the disc space. The indications for surgical fixations in serious ligamentous disruptions depend on persistence of the clinical and radiological signs after a long orthopedic immobilization. PMID- 6736241 TI - Osteochondritis dissecans of the talus: case report on two family members. AB - Historically the investigators studying the etiology of osteochondritis dissecans can be grouped into two schools: (a) those considering trauma to previously normal bone as the chief cause; and (b) those noting causes other than trauma as being the primary reason for the lesion's development. In the case studies presented here, three medial lesions in two siblings are discussed. In neither case could trauma be substantiated. PMID- 6736240 TI - Roentgenographical study of the stability of the cervical spine in children. AB - A roentgenographical study of the supposedly normal cervical spine in 40 children is reported. At the upper cervical level, the validity of the criteria in the literature (especially the atlantodental distance on the lateral view) was confirmed, and an upper limit was determined for children. A study of the atlantoaxial relationship on the anteroposterior view in neutral position and in lateral position was performed. At the lower cervical level, measurements according to Penning (Am J Roentgenol 1978;30:317-26) and Cattel and Filtzer (J Bone Joint Surg [Am] 1965;47:1295-308) were applied to children and compared level by level at each age. This study allows a better comprehension of the mobility of the cervical spine in children and offers an explanation for suspicious roentgenographical features after trauma. PMID- 6736242 TI - Hyperplastic callus formation in osteogenesis imperfecta following intramedullary rodding. AB - Hyperplastic callus formation has been reported in patients with osteogenesis imperfecta following fractures but not following intramedullary rodding. The present case is that of a child who developed massive hyperplastic callus following osteotomy and intramedullary rodding of all lower extremity bones. Noted complications of intramedullary rodding include refracture, delayed union, nonunion, and pin migration, and it is our belief that hyperplastic callus formation should be considered another potential complication. PMID- 6736243 TI - Evaluation of tarsal coalition by computed tomography. AB - Three cases of talocalcaneal and two calcaneonavicular tarsal coalitions were evaluated with plain radiography and computed tomography (CT). Four of five of the patients' plain films were read as normal. Two of three patients had a Harris view performed for the talocalcaneal middle facet coalitions. One was read as negative, the second as positive after five attempts at obtaining the correct angle. In addition, two of three patients with talocalcaneal middle facet coalition had conventional tomography. One was read as positive, the other as negative. Arthrography was done in one case of calcaneonavicular coalition and was suspicious for the coalition. CT was diagnostic in all five cases. It provided an accurate depiction of the coalition site. In addition, the width of the bony bar at the coalition site could be determined to help plan surgical treatment. In patients presenting with painful feet, in whom tarsal coalition is suspected, plain radiographs should be the initial screening procedure. If secondary signs are present, CT is recommended as the best imaging modality to investigate further for tarsal coalition. Also, if plain films are normal but the index of suspicion is high, CT is thought to be the next most valuable test for diagnosing tarsal coalition. PMID- 6736244 TI - Amyloid fibril protein in familial amyloidotic polyneuropathy, Portuguese type. Definition of molecular abnormality in transthyretin (prealbumin). AB - Amyloid fibril protein in patients with familial amyloidotic polyneuropathy is known to be chemically related to transthyretin (TTR), the plasma protein that is usually referred to as prealbumin. A genetically abnormal TTR may be involved in this disease. Studies were conducted on amyloid fibril protein (AFp) isolated from tissues of two Portuguese patients who died with familial amyloidosis, and on TTR isolated from sera of patients with this disease. AFp, purified by affinity chromatography on retinol-binding protein linked to Sepharose, resembled plasma TTR in forming a stable tetrameric structure, and in its binding affinities for both thyroxine and retinol-binding protein. The structural studies included: (a) comparative peptide mappings by reverse-phase high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) after trypsin digestion; (b) cyanogen bromide cleavage studies; and (c) amino acid microsequence analysis of selected tryptic and CNBr peptides. On the basis of the known amino acid sequence of TTR, comparative tryptic peptide maps showed the presence of a single aberrant tryptic peptide (peptide 4, residues 22-34) in AFp as compared with TTR. This aberrant peptide contained a methionine residue, not present in normal tryptic peptide 4. CNBr cleavage of AFp produced two extra peptide fragments, which were demonstrated, respectively, by HPLC analysis and by sodium dodecyl sulfate-gel electrophoresis. Sequence analyses indicated the presence of a methionine-for valine substitution at position 30 in AFp as compared with TTR. Thus, the purified amyloid fibril protein comprised a TTR variant with a methionine forvaline substitution at position 30. A single nucleotide change in a possible codon for valine 30 could explain the substitution. The variant TTR was also present in the TTR isolated from the pooled sera of amyloidoses patients, together with larger (four- to six-fold) amounts of the normal TTR. Thus, in these patients, the variant TTR was circulating in plasma, along with larger amounts of normal TTR. We suggest that the variant TTR represents the specific biochemical cause of the disease, and that this abnormal form of TTR selectively deposits in tissues as the amyloid characteristic of the disease. PMID- 6736246 TI - Specific susceptibility to mucormycosis in murine diabetes and bronchoalveolar macrophage defense against Rhizopus. AB - To assess the influence of diabetes mellitus in predisposing to pulmonary mucormycosis, a murine model of streptozotocin-induced diabetes was used. Intranasal inoculation of Rhizopus oryzae into diabetic mice resulted in mucormycotic infection with histopathology resembling pulmonary mucormycosis observed in humans. There was no mortality nor infection in inoculated normal mice. Diabetic mice had fatal infections caused by R. oryzae but significantly reduced mortality following inoculation with Aspergillus fumigatus. These findings reflect the specific enhanced susceptibility to mucormycosis observed in human diabetics. Normal bronchoalveolar macrophages formed part of an efficient defense against R. oryzae by inhibiting germination, the critical step in the conversion of R. oryzae to its tissue invasive phase. Bronchoalveolar macrophages inhibited spore germination in vitro and appeared to help prevent germination in vivo. In contrast, spore germination occurred in diabetic mice following intranasal inoculation. Diabetic bronchoalveolar macrophages had a decreased ability to attach to hyphae. In diabetic mice, bronchoalveolar macrophages could damage spores or hyphae of R. oryzae, but serum factors appeared to both promote spore germination and impair attachment of macrophages to spores. This murine model of diabetes mellitus provides an opportunity for evaluation of the relative importance of cell and serum-mediated host factors in the pathogenesis of mucormycosis. PMID- 6736245 TI - Effects of exercise on lung lymph flow in sheep and goats during normoxia and hypoxia. AB - Vigorous exercise causes a marked increase in cardiac output with only a minimal increase in measureable pulmonary vascular pressures. These changes in pulmonary hemodynamics should affect lung water and solute movement. On nine occasions, we measured the effect of normoxic exercise on lung lymph flow in four sheep and two goats with chronic lymph fistulas (wt = 15-25 kg). In addition, lymph flow was also measured on five occasions in sheep during exercise at reduced barometric pressures (430 and 380 mmHg). During normobaria, the animals ran at 3-5 km/h with 0-10% elevation of the treadmill for 15 to 85 min. Exercise on average caused a 100% increase in cardiac output, a 140% increase in lung lymph flow, and a slight but significant reduction in lymph to plasma concentration ratio (l/p) for total protein and albumin (mol wt = 70,000). There was a significant linear correlation between lymph flow and cardiac output (r = 0.87, P less than 0.01). There was no change in l/p for IgG (mol wt = 150,000) or IgM (mol wt = 900,000) and no significant change in mean pulmonary arterial (Ppa) or mean left atrial (Pla) pressures. Transition from normobaria to hypobaria caused an increase in Ppa but no change in Pla, cardiac output, or lymph flow. Exercise during hypobaria caused increases in lymph flow that were qualitatively similar to changes observed during normobaric exercise: there was a 60% increase in cardiac output, a 90% increase in lymph flow, and an 11% reduction in l/p for total protein. There was no change in l/p for albumin, IgG, or IgM, and no further change in Ppa. The increased lymph flow during normoxic and hypobaric exercise is best explained by an increase in pulmonary vascular surface area for fluid and protein exchange. Our results suggest that the normal ovine lung has the potential to nearly triple the amount of perfused microvascular surface area. This speculation is relevant to the interpretation of lymph flow data from other experiments. PMID- 6736247 TI - Iron supply for erythropoiesis in the rabbit. AB - Marrow radioiron uptake and marrow blood flow were measured in order to evaluate iron supply for erythropoiesis. Normal, phenylhydrazine-treated and bled animals were studied. The plasma iron turnover of seven normal rabbits was 1.49 +/- 0.22 mg/dl whole blood per d, of 11 rabbits treated 4 d before with phenylhydrazine was 5.16 +/- 1.81, and of four bled animals the plasma iron turnover was 3.75 +/- 1.61. The cardiac output and the percentage of blood flow to the marrow was increased in phenylhydrazine-treated and bled animals. Marrow iron flow in phenylhydrazine-treated animals was 38.3 +/- 32.6 micrograms/min per kg as compared with control values of 7.0 +/- 1.3 (P less than 0.01). This was due to an increase in marrow flow, an increase in plasma iron, and an increase in plasmatocrit. In bled animals, in spite of an increased marrow blood flow, marrow iron flow of 7.3 +/- 2.2 was similar to that of control animals due to a lower plasma iron concentration. The calculated marrow iron extraction of 3.7 +/- 2.4% in phenylhydrazine-treated animals was not different from that of control animals of 4.3 +/- 1.1, whereas extraction was increased in bled animals to 7.9 +/- 1.3 (P less than 0.01). In additional studies of transfused animals, acutely induced anemia was associated with an increased cardiac output, but also with a relative decrease in marrow flow, which left marrow iron supply unaffected. It would appear from these studies that an important mechanism for meeting the increased iron requirement of the hyperplastic erythroid marrow is an increase in marrow blood flow. PMID- 6736248 TI - Evidence for neutral transcellular NaCl transport and neutral basolateral chloride exit in the rabbit proximal convoluted tubule. AB - The electrical nature of active NaCl transport and the significance of a basolateral membrane chloride conductance were examined in isolated perfused rabbit proximal convoluted tubules (PCT). PCT were perfused with a high chloride solution that simulated late proximal tubular fluid and were bathed in an albumin solution that simulated rabbit serum in the control and recovery periods. The electrical nature of NaCl transport was examined by bathing the tubules in a high chloride albumin solution where there were no anion gradients. Volume reabsorption (Jv) during the control and recovery period was 0.56 and 0.51 nl/mm X min, respectively, and 0.45 nl/mm X min when the tubules were bathed in a high chloride bath. The transepithelial potential difference (PD) during the control and recovery periods averaged 2.3 mV, but decreased to 0.0 mV in the absence of anion gradients, which indicated that NaCl transport is electroneutral. Further evidence that NaCl transport is electroneutral was obtained by examining the effect of addition of 0.01 mM ouabain in PCT perfused and bathed with high chloride solutions. The Jv was 0.54 nl/mm X min in the control period and not statistically different from zero after inhibition of active transport. The PD was not different from zero in both periods. Two groups of studies examined the role of basolateral membrane Cl- conductance in NaCl transport. First, depolarizing the basolateral membrane with 2 mM bath Ba++ did not significantly affect Jv or PD. Second, the effect of the presumptive Cl- conductance inhibitor anthracene-9-CO2H was examined. Anthracene-9-CO2H did not significantly affect Jv or PD. In conclusion, these data show that NaCl transport in the PCT is electroneutral and transcellular and provide evidence against a significant role for basolateral membrane chloride conductance in the rabbit PCT. PMID- 6736249 TI - Pyruvate kinase and the "high ATP syndrome". AB - The erythrocytes of a patient with the so-called "high ATP syndrome" were characterized by a high ATP content and low 2,3-diphosphoglycerate level. The pyruvate kinase activity was specifically increased (about twice the normal level). After separation of the erythrocytes according to age by discontinuous Percoll density centrifugation, the pyruvate kinase activity was found to be increased in all Percoll fractions. Pyruvate kinase of the patient's cells was characterized by a decreased K0.5 for the substrate phosphoenolpyruvate and no inhibition by ATP. The Michaelis constant (Km) value for ADP, the nucleotide specificity, the thermostability, pH optimum, and immunological specific activity were normal. It is concluded that the high pyruvate kinase activity is due to a shift in the R(elaxed) in equilibrium T(ight) equilibrium to the R(elaxed) form. PMID- 6736251 TI - Elevated n-alkanes in congenital ichthyosiform erythroderma. Phenotypic differentiation of two types of autosomal recessive ichthyosis. AB - Previously considered to represent a single genetic disorder, autosomal recessive ichthyosis was examined in clinical and lipid biochemical studies of 18 patients with this condition and instead disclosed to be two distinct diseases. Six patients displayed clinical features of classical lamellar ichthyosis (LI), which is characterized by monomorphous features, including large, dark, platelike scales, severe ectropion, and a uniformly severe, unremitting course. 11 patients displayed clinical features of nonbullous congenital ichthyosiform erythroderma (CIE) characterized by fine white scales, prominent erythroderma, a milder course, and a variable prognosis. CIE could be separated biochemically from LI by the invariable presence of elevated quantities of n-alkanes in scale (CIE, 24.8 +/- 1.9% vs. LI, 7.2 +/- 1.6%, and normal, 6.5 +/- 0.9%), which suggested a primary disorder in neutral lipid metabolism. In light of the distinctive clinical features of each, these biochemical studies indicate that autosomal recessive ichthyosis comprises two distinct disorders. PMID- 6736250 TI - Energetics of chloride secretion in canine tracheal epithelium. Comparison of the metabolic cost of chloride transport with the metabolic cost of sodium transport. AB - Canine tracheal epithelium secretes Cl and absorbs Na; the energy for both is derived from the activity of the basolateral membrane Na-K-ATPase. These properties allowed us to examine the energetics of Cl secretion by directly comparing the metabolic cost of Cl transport with the metabolic cost of Na transport. We measured the change in short-circuit current and O2 consumption rate that was produced by a variety of maneuvers that alter Na and/or Cl transport rate. The experimental interventions included the use of the secretagogue epinephrine, the Cl transport inhibitor bumetanide, the Na transport inhibitor amiloride, the Na-K-ATPase inhibitor ouabain, and ion substitutions. The O2 consumption rates required for Na and Cl transport were compared in each individual tissue. The results indicate that the oxygen cost of Cl transport is significantly less than the oxygen cost of Na transport: two to four Cl ions are transported for the same metabolic cost that is required to transport one Na ion. These findings suggest that the basolateral membrane Na-dependent Cl entry step couples the entry of more than one Cl ion to each Na ion. PMID- 6736252 TI - Sodium chloride absorption by the urinary bladder of the winter flounder. A thiazide-sensitive, electrically neutral transport system. AB - The urinary bladder of the winter flounder absorbs NaCl by a process independent of the transepithelial voltage. In contrast to most other epithelia which have a neutral NaCl-absorptive system, the flounder bladder has a high transepithelial resistance. This feature simplifies analysis of the cellular transport system because the rate of ion transfer through the paracellular pathway is rather low. Experiments were designed to distinguish among three possible mechanisms of neutral NaCl absorption: (a) Na/K/2Cl cotransport; (b) parallel Na/H and Cl/OH exchange; (c) and simple NaCl cotransport. A clear interdependency of Na and Cl for net absorption was demonstrated. NaCl absorption was not dependent on mucosal K and was minimally sensitive to loop diuretics. Thus a Na/K/2Cl transport system was unlikely. The mechanism was not parallel exchange as evidenced by insensitivity to amiloride and to 4,4'-diisothiocyano-2,2'-disulfonic stilbene, an inhibitor of anion exchange. In addition, inhibitors of carbonic anhydrase had no effect. Net absorption was almost completely abolished by hydrochlorothiazide (0.1 mM). Its action was rapid, reversible, and effective only from the mucosal surface. Metolazone, a structurally dissimilar diuretic in the benzothiadiazide class had qualitatively similar actions. The mechanism of NaCl absorption in this tissue appears to be a simple interdependent process. Its inhibition by thiazide diuretics appears to be a unique feature. The flounder bladder may be a model for NaCl absorption in the distal renal tubule. PMID- 6736253 TI - Bovine aortic endothelial cells elaborate an inhibitor of the generation of lipopolysaccharide-stimulated human blood monocyte procoagulant activity. AB - We examined the effect of bovine aortic endothelial cell culture supernatants upon the generation of procoagulant activity by human blood monocytes. Confluent endothelial monolayers were cultured for up to 96 h. At timed intervals, culture supernatants were collected and incubated for 5 h with lipopolysaccharide stimulated human peripheral blood mononuclear cells. The procoagulant activity of mononuclear cell lysates was determined in a one-stage clotting assay. In five experiments, procoagulant activity with culture supernatant (time 0) was 2,294 +/ 761 U/ml (mean +/- SEM). Culture supernatants from endothelial cells incubated for 24-96 h strongly inhibited mononuclear cell generation of procoagulant activity. Indomethacin (10 microM) added to endothelial cells delayed the appearance of procoagulant inhibitor for 72 h. Bovine aortic smooth muscle cell culture supernatants did not inhibit procoagulant activity. The inhibitor was heat stable, effective at 1:50 dilution, soluble, and acid sensitive, with a molecular weight of less than 1,500. Further studies on subpopulations of mononuclear cells demonstrated that endothelial inhibitor selectively decreased the generation of monocyte procoagulant activity and interfered with T lymphocyte amplification of monocyte production of procoagulant activity. Thus, we have demonstrated that endothelial cells elaborate a potent inhibitor of monocyte procoagulant activity. PMID- 6736254 TI - Suppression by diets rich in fish oil of very low density lipoprotein production in man. AB - The highly polyunsaturated fatty acids in fish oils lower the plasma triglyceride concentration. We have studied the effect of a diet rich in fish oil on the rate of production of the triglyceride-transporting very low density lipoprotein (VLDL). Seven subjects, five normal and two with hypertriglyceridemia received up to 30% of daily energy needs from a fish oil preparation that was rich in eicosapentaenoic acid and docosahexaenoic acid, omega-3 fatty acids with five and six double bonds, respectively. Compared with a diet similarly enriched with safflower oil (in which the predominant fatty acid is the omega-6 linoleic acid, with two double bonds), the fish oil diet lowered VLDL lipids and B apoprotein concentrations profoundly. High density lipoprotein lipids and A1 apoprotein were also lowered, but the effect on low density lipoprotein (LDL) concentration was inconsistent. The daily production or flux of VLDL apoprotein B, calculated from reinjected autologous 125I-labeled lipoprotein, was substantially less in six subjects studied after 3 wk of fish oil, compared with after safflower oil. This effect on flux was more consistent than that on the irreversible fractional removal rate, which was increased in the four normolipidemic but inconsistent in the hypertriglyceridemic subjects. This suggests that fish oil reduced primarily the production of VLDL. The daily production of VLDL triglyceride, calculated from the kinetics of the triglyceride specific radioactivity-time curves after [3H]glycerol was injected, also showed very substantial reductions in five subjects studied. The marked suppression in VLDL apoprotein B and VLDL triglyceride formation was found not to be due to diminished plasma total free fatty acid or plasma eicosapentaenoic flux, calculated during constant infusions of [14C]eicosapentaenoic acid and [3H]oleic acid in four subjects. In two subjects there was presumptive evidence for substantial independent influx of LDL during the fish oil diet, based on the precursor-product relationship between the intermediate density lipoprotein and LDL apoprotein B specific radioactivity-time curves. PMID- 6736255 TI - Neurodevelopmental functioning of good and poor readers in urban schools. AB - This study investigated specific aspects of neurodevelopmental functioning in good and poor readers entering second grade and followed their neurodevelopmental course and reading progress over a three-year period. Poor readers at age seven performed significantly worse than good readers on assessment of gross and fine motor coordination and corticosensory functioning. Furthermore, the presence of soft signs at age seven was significantly predictive of reading achievement at age ten. Group differences in neurodevelopmental functioning disappeared by age ten, and the presence of soft signs at ages eight and nine no longer was predictive of reading achievement. These findings have implications for pediatricians, educators, and researchers exploring brain-behavior relationships. PMID- 6736256 TI - Sleep duration, temperament, and Conners' ratings of three-year-old children. AB - Parental reports of sleep patterns, ratings on the Behavioral Style Questionnaire, and Conners' Abbreviated Parents' Questionnaire were obtained for 60 three-year-old children. Children who were more adaptable, mild, and positive in mood, or children with an easy temperament, had longer total sleep durations and lower Conners' ratings than children with opposite traits. Adaptability was the temperament characteristic most highly correlated with total sleep duration and the only characteristic which correlated with the number of night wakings. In addition, children with low activity ratings had long total sleep durations, low Conners' ratings, and were described as having a quiet sleep pattern. Long sleep durations and low Conners' ratings appear to be features of children with an easy temperament or low motor activity when awake and asleep. PMID- 6736257 TI - Retention of primitive reflexes and delayed motor development in very low birth weight infants. AB - Primitive reflexes and motor development were evaluated in 127 very low birth weight (VLBW) infants (birth weight less than 1501 grams) at four months corrected age. The asymmetrical tonic neck reflex, tonic labyrinth reflex, and Moro reflex were assessed for each child. The ability of each child to reach (obtain a red ring) and roll were observed. The child's performance on the gross motor scale of the Denver Development Screening Test was recorded. Thirty-seven term infants were administered identical evaluations at four months of age. The VLBW infants retained stronger primitive reflexes and exhibited a significantly higher incidence of motor delays than term infants. Significant correlations existed between the strength of the primitive reflexes and early motor development for VLBW infants. This study confirms a high incidence of motor delays among VLBW infants and demonstrates a clear association between retained primitive reflexes and delayed motor development in VLBW infants. PMID- 6736258 TI - Growth development and its relationship to intellectual functioning of children with phenylketonuria. AB - Growth measurements, including weight, height, and head circumference, of 67 early treated children with phenylketonuria (PKU) were compared to normal standards from infancy up to six years of age. Children with PKU, both girls and boys, achieved growth parameters that were similar to those of normals. Head circumference of the boys at six years of age and of the girls at three and four years of age correlated positively with IQ scores. Weight/height (W/H) ratios at one year of age correlated positively with IQ scores for boys. Similar correlations between IQs and weight/height ratios were found for girls at one, two, and three years of age. PMID- 6736259 TI - Emotional, behavioral, and cognitive status of children with cerebral gigantism. AB - Eleven children with cerebral gigantism or Sotos' syndrome were assessed regarding their cognitive, emotional, and behavioral status. The children demonstrated high rates of emotional and behavioral disorders, but no specific pattern or personality style was detected. On the cognitive assessments, all of the children presented with cognitive impairment or mental retardation, the range of which was variable. As with other syndromes associated with developmental delay, there was a wide range of expression of problems. PMID- 6736260 TI - The role of the consultant pediatrician in community pediatrics--an Australian perspective. AB - The consultant pediatrician plays an important role within the community. The task includes assessing the child in all parameters, appropriately treating organic disease, and making efforts to understand and manage the emotional difficulties that may be present. This paper reviews the work of a consultant pediatrician within the community, emphasizing the importance of preventing disease and emotional ill-health in the child and family. PMID- 6736261 TI - Judicial failure to thrive. AB - The case of a toddler who developed nonorganic failure to thrive during the course of a custody determination is reported. The child demonstrated physical, emotional, and developmental aspects of failure to thrive. These signs correlated with custody ordered by the judge, during which time the child's care was alternated between parents. The symptoms resolved when the child was in the hospital and when provided stable care by his grandmother. With the increasing frequency of divorce, failure to thrive resulting from judicial decisions will probably increase. Physicians should monitor these children carefully in order to prevent serious psychosocial complications. The judicial system should expedite custody decisions, availing itself of information in child development. PMID- 6736262 TI - Use of tricyclics. PMID- 6736263 TI - Memory failures in everyday life following severe head injury. AB - Questionnaires concerning the incidence of memory failures in everyday life were used in a postal survey of the aftereffects of severe head injury. Several years after a severe injury, 50 patients were compared to 33 patients a similar period after a very mild injury. A questionnaire completed on behalf of each patient by someone living in daily contact with him appeared to have some validity as a memory measure. The pattern of memory failures reported was similar to that found in a previous study and this may primarily reflect the ease with which certain forms of memory failure can be observed. A questionnaire completed by the patients themselves had little validity, possibly because severely injured patients could not recall their own memory failures. Only a minority of severely injured patients were reported to be significantly handicapped by memory failures at this stage in their recovery. PMID- 6736264 TI - Relationships between language skills as assessed by the Halstead-Reitan battery and the Luria-Nebraska language-related factor scales in a nonaphasic patient population. AB - The study involved a comparison between language tests derived from the Halstead Reitan and Luria-Nebraska neuropsychological test batteries. Language-related measures from each battery were entered into a factor analysis based on a sample of 150 nonaphasic neuropsychiatric patients. Five factors were extracted and were named Academic Achievement, Basic Skills, Verbal Intelligence, Auditory Discrimination, and Comprehension of Syntactical Relations. Measures from both the Halstead-Reitan and Luria-Nebraska loaded on most of these factors. A canonical correlation analysis revealed a strong relationship between the Halstead-Reitan and Luria-Nebraska measures. However, it was noted that interpretation of this relationship must be qualified by the association found between the measures used and educational achievement. PMID- 6736265 TI - Phonological error patterns in developmental verbal dyspraxia. AB - Phonological error patterns are analyzed in a group of 10 children presenting symptoms consistent with Developmental Verbal Dyspraxia. Results indicate a dominance of "sequentially constrained" errors primarily involving sound and syllable omissions and timing errors. Rank-order correlations among the phonological errors and between phonological errors and developmental indices suggest that these children have a specific expressive language problem dominated by phonological errors of sequential reduction. Interpretation of the data points to a central motor planning deficit. Comparisons are made with other studies depicting neuropsychological deficits in similar children. PMID- 6736266 TI - Dichotic listening and tactual mental rotation in females as a function of familial sinistrality and strength of handedness. AB - In this study the effects of familial sinistrality and strength of handedness on dichotic listening and tactual mental rotation were investigated. Nonfamilial left-handers were inferior to familial left-handers, particularly in right-ear performance. The decrement in right-ear performance is interpreted as indicative of a pathologically functioning left hemisphere in nonfamilial left-handers. The direction of ear asymmetry tends to be more predictable in strong left-handers than in weak left-handers, with nonfamilial strong left-handers showing a significant left-ear superiority and familial strong left-handers a nonsignificant right-ear superiority. In the tactual mental rotation task, the results suggest a preference of left-handers for a verbal encoding strategy, especially in the right hemisphere. This preferential strategy is particularly manifest in familial weak left-handers and nonfamilial strong left-handers. The results are discussed in terms of their implications for underlying patterns of cerebral organization in the left-handers. PMID- 6736267 TI - Aphasic performance on a battery of constructional, visuo-spatial, and quantitative tasks: factorial structure and CT scan localization. AB - This study examined the performance of aphasics on those functions associated with the parietal lobe of the left hemisphere. Data from the Parietal Lobe Battery (PLB) (Goodglass & Kaplan, 1972) were analyzed in 163 right-handed male aphasics with unilateral left-hemisphere lesions. Factor analysis on the 18 subtests of the PLB yielded a substantial general factor before rotation and four meaningful factors following rotation, involving construction, visual schemata, verbal components of the Gerstmann Syndrome, and visual finger recognition. Diverse aphasia subtypes were relatively homogeneous in their performance on the PLB. Upon examination of the influence of linguistic, demographic, and neurological factors, writing and auditory comprehension were found to make significant contributions to overall PLB performance. When considering lesion localization, as verified by CT scans in 36% of our sample, a lesion involving both parietal and frontal structures was the strongest predictor of impairment on the PLB. PMID- 6736268 TI - Item analysis of Halstead's Speech-Sounds Perception Test: quantitative and qualitative analysis of errors. AB - The pattern and type of errors on the Speech-Sounds Perception Test was examined in a sample of 513 patients referred for neuropsychological evaluation. There was considerable variability in the rate of correct response. Groups of patients with independently documented lesions were compared in regard to number and type of errors. It was found that patients with left-hemisphere lesions made a higher percentage of ending errors and a lower percentage of beginning errors than patients with right-hemisphere or bilateral lesions. These differences were maintained when the total error score was included as a covariate. It was also found that a cutoff score based on the percentage of ending errors correctly classified the unilateral-lesion patients at a statistically significant level. The potential clinical utility of these results were discussed. PMID- 6736269 TI - Equivalence of alternate subtests for the Russell Revision of the Wechsler Memory Scale. AB - Two studies were conducted to examine the adequacy of the Visual Reproduction and Logical Memory Subtests of Form II of the Wechsler Memory Scale (WMS-II) as an alternate form for Russell's Revision of the WMS (RWMS). An archival data study on 46 inpatient alcoholics revealed greater pre-/post-treatment differences on Immediate Figural Recall scores for participants tested first on the RWMS, compared with participants tested first on the alternate subtests. In a second study, both forms were administered to 60 noninstitutionalized examinees. Immediate Figural Recall was again higher for subtests from WMS-II; Immediate and Delayed Semantic Recall were higher for RWMS. Data indicate apparent problems in the use of subtests of WMS-II as an alternate form for RWMS. PMID- 6736270 TI - Limitations in equivalence of alternate subtests for Russell's Revision of the Wechsler Memory Scale: causes and solutions. AB - Reasons for limited equivalence of Form II of the Wechsler Memory Scale (WMS-II) Figural Memory Subtest as an alternate form for the Russell's Revision of the Wechsler Memory Scale (RWMS) Figural Memory Subtest were investigated. Thirty college students rated figural stimuli from RWMS and WMS-II on dimensions related to memory. Raters judged figural stimuli from RWMS to be less memorable, more complex, and more difficult to label verbally. Forms can be made more equivalent by either changes in scoring or the interchanging of stimuli across forms. PMID- 6736271 TI - MMPI diagnosis of psychosis in epilepsy. AB - Clinical experience suggests that the diagnosis of psychosis in epilepsy with the MMPI is problematic, perhaps because the symptomatology of epilepsy and psychosis overlap. This study attempted to differentiate psychotic and nonpsychotic epileptics using the MMPI clinical and content scales, code-type categories, and modified Goldberg rule. A comparison group of schizophrenics was employed to explore differences between epileptic and schizophrenic psychoses. The failure of clinical scales and profile classification systems to differentiate the two epileptic groups implies that the MMPI might be insensitive to differential psychopathology in seizure-type subgroups. PMID- 6736272 TI - Haloperidol plasma and red blood cell levels and clinical antipsychotic response. AB - Two investigators have recently suggested therapeutic ranges for plasma haloperidol in the treatment of schizophrenia. An apparent optimal therapeutic range of red blood cell haloperidol as early as day 7 of the drug trial is described in this article. With continued treatment, an optimal plasma haloperidol range for response could be observed by day 14 of treatment. The previously described correlation between response at day 7 and plasma/red blood cell haloperidol ratio was confirmed but was found not to predict response at day 14 of drug treatment in this cohort of DSM-III schizophrenic patients. PMID- 6736273 TI - Haloperidol and reduced haloperidol plasma levels in selected schizophrenic patients. AB - The first measurements of haloperidol (HL) and its reduced metabolite hydroxyhaloperidol (RH) in plasma versus clinical response in five chronic schizophrenic patients are reported. HL and RH were measured by a radioimmunoassay with a low coefficient of variation. Patients were selected based on poor response or the need for high dosage and were rated with the Clinical Global Impression Scale. Daily HL dosage range was 0.5 to 1.5 mg/kg. HL plasma concentrations ranged from 14 to 98 ng/ml. RH plasma concentrations ranged from 10 to 319 ng/ml. Four patients did not respond to HL therapy; two of these improved dramatically when switched to fluphenazine. The four nonresponding patients had higher RH than HL concentrations. RH seems to be present in plasma in significant concentrations, and further investigation of the relationships of RH and HL plasma levels versus response is needed. PMID- 6736274 TI - Lithium and the nephrotic syndrome. AB - The authors report the occurrence of the nephrotic syndrome in association with the use of lithium carbonate in a 41-year-old man, review other reports of this adverse effect, and discuss implications for the clinician. PMID- 6736275 TI - Trazodone-digoxin interaction in an animal model. AB - Serum digoxin concentrations have been reported to increase in two patients taking daily doses of trazodone. However, in a canine model, no elevation in serum digoxin concentration was found with combined trazodone-digoxin administration. The authors suggest that serum digoxin concentrations should be monitored in patients receiving trazodone and digoxin concomitantly. PMID- 6736276 TI - Clinical relevance of thiothixene plasma levels. AB - The authors examined plasma levels of thiothixene and clinical response in 19 DSM III diagnosed inpatient schizophrenics, using an improved methodology. A significant curvilinear correlation was demonstrated between clinical response and plasma levels for thiothixene (p less than 0.02). Optimal clinical response to thiothixene appears to be associated with plasma levels from 2.0 to 15.0 ng/ml (p less than 0.05). These findings suggest that laboratory measurement of thiothixene levels may assist in determining the minimum effective dose for individual patients. PMID- 6736277 TI - Clinical and pharmacological considerations in elimination of tricyclic antidepressants and metabolites after overdose. AB - Elimination of amitriptyline and/or metabolite after overdoses may be delayed because of impaired metabolism. A case is described where this was possibly related to hepatotoxicity. Metabolite concentrations, including 10-OH derivatives, were highly elevated. The biological properties and clinical significance of these metabolites merit further study. PMID- 6736279 TI - Nortriptyline kinetics in Japanese and Americans. PMID- 6736278 TI - Treatment of tricyclic antidepressant-induced orgasmic inhibition with cyproheptadine. PMID- 6736280 TI - Tranylcypromine and inhibition of MAO activity. PMID- 6736281 TI - Red wine and reactions. PMID- 6736282 TI - Antidepressant withdrawal-induced activation (hypomania and mania): is withdrawal induced cholinergic overdrive causally significant? PMID- 6736283 TI - Directional perturbation factors for jitter and for shimmer. AB - Directional perturbation factors for jitter and shimmer were calculated from the sustained production of the vowels /i/, /a/, and /u/ by 20 adult male and 20 adult female speakers. Directional factors for jitter were less than directional factors for shimmer. Shimmer directional factors for females had greater values than for the male speakers. Speculations on the relationship of directional factors and magnitude factors are made with reference to the laryngeal reflexogenic system. The usefulness of directional factors to early diagnosis of laryngeal disease are discussed. PMID- 6736284 TI - Consistency of laryngeal airway resistance in adult women. AB - Fifteen young adult women performed a noninvasive clinical technique for measurement of laryngeal airway resistance (Rlaw) during syllable (consonant plus vowel) production. The data were recorded from oscillographic records of translaryngeal air pressure (Ptr - Pph) and translaryngeal airflow (Vt1) over 2 days, during two time periods on each day. The overall mean Rlaw for the experimental sessions was 38.3 cmH2O/LPS (SD = 9.24). No significant differences were found within or between days or time of day for the subjects. The obtained values were similar to mean values obtained for men in a previous study (Smitheran and Hixon, 1981). Single subject phonation data were also gathered during a controlled intensity condition. The Rlaw range and standard deviation figures decreased significantly from the uncontrolled condition during syllable productions to the midrange intensity (75 dB SPL). This finding suggests that control of intensity is an important variable to consider during clinical sampling. The measurement procedure shows promise clinically as an index of actual laryngeal resistance under selected control conditions and in relation to simultaneous comparison of patient strategies used to regulate translaryngeal pressure and airflow. PMID- 6736285 TI - Child variables influencing maternal speech style. Deaf and hearing children. AB - This study investigated maternal speech to age-matched and linguistically matched deaf and hearing 2-yr-old and 5-yr-old infants. Maternal speech features that were examined included complexity, selected utterance, and sentence types, repetitions, expansions, utterance acceptability, and fluency. Results revealed more significant differences in maternal speech to age-matched hearing and deaf children than to linguistically matched child groups. In addition, child deafness itself seemed to account for other characteristics of maternal speech, and their possible effects on the communicative development of the deaf child were discussed. PMID- 6736286 TI - Factors influencing service utilization by older individuals. Perceptions of communication disorders professionals and older respondents. AB - This project investigated the extent to which communication disorders professionals feel their services are being utilized by older persons and possible factors they believe may influence inadequate service utilization. Older respondents were also queried with respect to the same service utilization concerns as they pertained to health services in general. Survey data are reported for the two groups in terms of both perceived levels of and factors restricting service utilization. In addition, subgroup response patterns within both professional and older sampling groups are identified, and the lack of congruence between perceptions of professional and older respondents is discussed. PMID- 6736287 TI - The organization of retinal maps within the dorsal and ventral lateral geniculate nuclei of the rabbit. AB - The cytoarchitectonic subdivisions in the rabbit's dorsal and ventral lateral geniculate nuclei have been related to the several retinal maps that can be defined in terms of the distribution of retinal axons within these nuclei. Destruction of different retinal sectors was combined with intravitreal injections of 3H-proline, so that the distribution of fiber degeneration and autoradiographic label in the geniculate nuclei could be used to define the retinal maps in each nucleus, and to compare the two nuclei with each other. The two nuclei show surprisingly similar patterns of organization. Each is made up of a laminated alpha sector that curves around a relatively cell-sparse beta sector. Two morphologically distinct layers of each alpha sector receive contralateral retinal afferents and between these there is a small region in receipt of ipsilateral afferents. In each nucleus, the lines of projection that represent single points in visual space pass perpendicular to the layers of the alpha sector and continue an almost straight course into the beta sector. Quantitative comparisons of the retinal maps show that the relative volumes devoted to the representation of segments of the visual field are approximately the same in the two nuclei. PMID- 6736288 TI - Asymmetry of the olfactory system in the brain of the winter flounder, Pseudopleuronectes americanus. AB - Adult flatfishes exhibit grossly asymmetric external morphology. Even the olfactory apparatus is asymmetric, being larger on the upward-facing side. We undertook the present study on the winter flounder, Pseudopleuronectes americanus, to examine whether the asymmetry of the peripheral olfactory system is maintained in its central organization. In winter flounder, the right olfactory organ, nerve, and bulb are larger than the contralateral counterparts. In addition, the right telencephalon is about 8% larger than the left. Horseradish peroxidase (HRP) and degeneration techniques were used to trace the central connections of the olfactory bulbs. Neurons afferent to the olfactory bulb occur bilaterally in the telencephalon and mesencephalic tegmentum. Afferent neurons are also present at the junction between the posterodorsal bulb and telencephalon, in the basal preoptic region, nucleus of the posterior tuber, locus coeruleus, raphe nucleus, and the contralateral bulb. Each olfactory bulb projects bilaterally to several restricted areas of the telencephalon, the posterodorsal neurons of the nucleus preopticus and the tuberal region, with ipsilateral connections being heavier in all areas. Corresponding to the differences in the peripheral olfactory apparatus, the central olfactory projections were also asymmetric. The right olfactory bulb projects to 2.6% of the ipsilateral telencephalon and 1.99% of the contralateral telencephalon. The left bulb projects to 1.8% of the ipsilateral and 0.6% of the contralateral telencephalic hemisphere. Thus the left telencephalon receives roughly equal olfactory input from the two sides, while the right telencephalon receives vastly more input from the right olfactory system. The asymmetry in the projections of the right and left bulbs may be due to differential postmetamorphic growth of the olfactory system on the two sides. PMID- 6736289 TI - Ipsilateral cortical connections from the second and fourth somatic sensory areas in the cat. AB - The ipsilateral corticocortical connections of the second and fourth somatic sensory areas (SII and SIV) were traced with the aid of anterograde or retrograde axonal transport techniques involving horseradish peroxidase conjugated to wheat germ agglutinin (HRP-WGA) or tritiated amino acids. The injections were placed into physiological defined components of the body representation in SII or SIV. The results from cases with localized injections into SII showed precise topographically organized, reciprocal connections with SI and motor cortex area 4. The distribution of connections in SI included areas 3a, 3b, and 1-2. A uniform pattern of cell and fiber labeling was seen across area 3b and 1 within the zones that were homotypical to the injection site in SII as though only a single representation of the cutaneous surface of the body existed in SI. Intrinsic connections within SII were also topographically arranged. Additional areas found to be interconnected with SII included, in decreasing order of density: area 5, insula, perirhinal cortex (area 36), and ventrolateral orbital cortex. SII connections with area 6 were seen only in the region of the lateral bank of the presylvian sulcus. There may be interconnections between SII and SIV but these were from possible local intrinsic connections in the AEG. The results from injections involving SIV showed reciprocal connections with area 5, the suprasylvian fringe, insula, dorsolateral orbital area, and area 6. The densest connections for SIV were with area 5. No topography was noted in the connections for SIV. PMID- 6736290 TI - Somatotopy within the medullary electrosensory nucleus of the little skate, Raja erinacea. AB - The dorsal octavolateral nucleus is the primary electrosensory nucleus in the elasmobranch medulla. We have studied the topographic organization of electrosensory afferent projections within the dorsal nucleus of the little skate, Raja erinacea, by anatomical (HRP) and physiological experiments. The electrosensory organs (ampullae of Lorenzini) in skates are located in four groups on each side of the body, and each group is innervated by a separate ramus of the anterior lateral line nerve (ALLN). Transganglionic transport of HRP in individual rami demonstrated that electroreceptor afferents in each ramus project to a separate, nonoverlapping division of the central zone of the ipsilateral dorsal nucleus. These divisions, which are distinct areas separated by compact cell plates, are somatopically arranged. The volume of each division of the dorsal nucleus that is related to a single ramus is proportional to the number of ampullae innervated by the ramus, but not to the body surface area on which the receptors are distributed. Nearly one-half of the nucleus is devoted to electrosensory inputs from the buccal and superficial ophthalmic ampullae concentrated in a small area on the ventral surface of the head rostral to the mouth. Multiple and single unit recordings demonstrated that adjacent cells in the nucleus have similar receptive fields on the body surface and revealed a detailed point-to-point somatotopy within the nucleus. With threshold stimuli most single units have ipsilateral receptive fields made up by excitatory inputs from 2-5 ampullary organs. The somatotopy within the mechanosensory medial nucleus, also revealed by the HRP fills of individual ALLN rami, appears less rigid than that in the dorsal nucleus, as extensive overlap is present in the terminal fields of separate ALLN rami. PMID- 6736291 TI - An EM-autoradiographic analysis of the projection from cortical areas 17, 18, and 19 to the superior colliculus in the cat. AB - The electron microscopic autoradiographic method was used to identify terminals of axons from cortical areas 17, 18, and 19 in the superficial layers of the superior colliculus. The results show that terminals of area 17 neurons contain round vesicles and made asymmetrical synaptic contacts predominantly onto one or more dendrites or dendritic appendages. Some profiles postsynaptic to labeled terminals contain vesicles and presumably are involved in serial synaptic arrangements. Terminals of area 18 and 19 neurons in the superficial collicular layers appear to comprise two populations, one similar in most respects to area 17 terminals, containing round vesicles and making asymmetrical contacts. The other contains pleomorphic vesicles and makes symmetrical contacts upon dendrites and dendritic appendages. These terminals rarely contact more than one postsynaptic profile, and rarely do the postsynaptic profiles contain vesicles. The two populations of area 18 and 19 terminals containing round and pleomorphic vesicles, respectively, are present in the ratio of approximately 3:1, although this ratio varies throughout the sublaminae of the superficial collicular layers. The presence of two distinct types of cortical terminals in the colliculus suggests that cortical modulation of collicular processing is more complex than was previously conceived. PMID- 6736292 TI - The somatotopic organization of the ventroposterior thalamus of the squirrel monkey, Saimiri sciureus. AB - Multiunit microelectrode mapping techniques were used to investigate the organization of the somatosensory thalamus in squirrel monkeys. Receptive fields and response characteristics were determined for closely spaced recording sites along arrays of electrode penetrations that passed through the ventral thalamus dorsoventrally, rostrocaudally, or lateromedially. The results were related to thalamic architecture and led to the following conclusions: (1) A large, single, systematic representation of the body surface occupied most or all of the ventroposterior nucleus, VP. The nucleus was further defined by a distinct cytoarchitectonic appearance, produced by densely packed, deeply stained neurons. (2) Recording sequences in VP were characterized by (a) abrupt shifts in receptive field locations over short recording distances indicating that the electrode had crossed discontinuities or folds in the representation, (b) long sequences of overlapping receptive fields indicating regions of continuous representation and the maintenance of adjacency in the map, and (c) similar receptive field locations for sites along the trajectory of a penetration indicating regions of isorepresentation. Major somatotopic discontinuities were associated with crossing narrow cell-poor laminae that partially divided VP into subnuclei related to the hand, foot, trunk, and tail in lateral VP and the face in medial VP. Somatotopic discontinuities occurred for electrode penetrations in all three planes, but discontinuities were greater and more frequent for lateromedial electrode penetrations. Lines of isorepresentation and gradual change were most extensive in the rostrocaudal and dorsoventral planes. We hypothesize that the disruptions, regions of isorepresentation, and regions of gradual change result from the thickening, splitting, and folding of a two dimensional representation of the skin surface to occupy a three-dimensional volume. (3) The magnifications of various skin surfaces in VP were variable so that some skin surfaces, especially the tips of the digits, occupied relatively large portions of the nucleus, while other skin surfaces such as the trunk activated little tissue. It appeared that regions of isorepresentation varied in extent according to magnification factor and position in the map. (4) Within VP, neurons could be classified as slowly adapting or rapidly adapting to maintained skin indentation. Each type of neuron formed small groups or clusters in the nucleus so that several successive recording sites typically encountered one type before a sequence of the other type was observed.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 400 WORDS) PMID- 6736293 TI - Effects of permeability of midtectal barriers in goldfish on compression of the visuotectal projection rostrally and regenerative escape caudally. AB - Physiological mapping and anatomical methods were used to evaluate changes in the retinotectal projection of goldfish 16-200 days after insertion of permeable or impermeable barriers that bisected the tectum into rostral and caudal halves. The projection to rostral tectum was left intact. Barriers composed of Gelfilm or impermeable Nucleopore material induced within 2-3 months an orderly compression of the visual field representation in rostral tectum only slightly less complete than that observed in animals with caudal half-tectal ablation. In contrast, Nucleopore filter barriers with 0.1-micron or 8-micron holes did not cause significant compression. According to both mapping and autoradiographic tracing, reinnervation of tectum behind the barriers occurred among all groups within 1-2 months. Physiologically, the projection caudal to permeable barriers was typically complete and appropriate, whereas the caudal projection in fish with impermeable barriers eventually consisted of a greatly expanded representation of the extreme temporal visual field. Autoradiography, normal fiber impregnations, and the orthograde horseradish peroxidase method revealed that regeneration past the barriers involved the formation of large bundles passing vertically along the cut tectal margin and through the underlying valvula cerebelli or lateral tegmentum. The simultaneous rostral compression and caudal expansion in the visual representation formed when more impermeable barriers were used provides evidence that, in addition to the influence of position-dependent properties, axonal competition for target territory contributes to the control of the distribution of optic arbors. Further research is required to determine why reinnervation of tectum caudal to the more permeable barriers was more complete with respect to visual representation. PMID- 6736294 TI - Topographic organization of the olivocochlear projections from the lateral and medial zones of the superior olivary complex. AB - By anterograde tracing using autoradiography, we have found topographic organizations in the projections of both medial and lateral olivocochlear (OC) systems in the cat. Lateral-zone injections show an ipsilateral cochleotopic projection pattern with more medial injections projecting more basally in the cochlea. In the contralateral cochlea, in contrast, the projections from all of the lateral-zone injections were predominantly to the apex. However, detailed analysis suggests the possibility that the contralateral lateral-zone projections may have the same cochleotopic organization as the ipsilateral projections but with a heavy bias toward the apex. Medial-zone injections show a pattern in which more dorsal regions project more basally in both cochleas. The ipsilateral projections of lateral OC neurons appear to connect regions with similar best frequencies but the projections of medial OC neurons do not. Summation of data from all of the injections in each zone indicates that lateral OC projections are relatively evenly distributed throughout the ipsilateral cochlea but are predominantly to the apex in the contralateral cochlea. Medial OC projections are predominantly to the middle and basal parts of the cochlea on both sides with contralateral projections somewhat more basal than ipsilateral projections. PMID- 6736295 TI - Efferent connections of the caudate nucleus, including cortical projections of the striatum and other basal ganglia: an autoradiographic and horseradish peroxidase investigation in the cat. AB - Tritiated tracer was injected into the head of the caudate nucleus in cats. Following such injections, labeling is present within extensive regions of both the globus pallidus and entopeduncular nucleus, where it presents a mottled or meshlike appearance. These projections are topographically organized in that there is simple correspondence between the mediolateral, dorsoventral, and rostrocaudal origin of the caudate projection and its input to the globus pallidus and entopeduncular nucleus. Transported tracer is also present within the substantia nigra, where it is most abundant within the pars reticularis. However, distinct labeling also overlies cells of the pars compacta, and lesser amounts of labeling are present within the pars lateralis and within the retrorubral area. Following injections of horseradish peroxidase into the caudate nucleus, and subsequent tissue processing by the tetramethylbenzidine (TMB) method of Mesulam ('78), labeled anterograde fibers are present in abundance within the globus pallidus, entopeduncular nucleus, and all subdivisions of the substantia nigra, thus confirming the autoradiographic findings. Also, it is especially obvious in this HRP material that, contrary to previous degeneration studies, both the rostromedial and caudolateral parts of the pars lateralis of the substantia nigra contain numerous anterogradely labeled fibers. Retrogradely labeled neurons are also present within the substantia nigra of these same tissue sections, where they are most abundant within the pars compacta, but lesser numbers of labeled neurons are also present within the pars reticularis, pars lateralis, retrorubral area, and ventral tegmental area on the ipsilateral side, and all of these same subdivisions of the substantia nigra on the contralateral side. Also, within the subthalamic nucleus in these experiments, there are anterogradely labeled fibers, as well as retrogradely labeled neurons, which are interpreted to represent a reciprocal connection between the subthalamic nucleus and the striatum. In a separate series of experiments, horseradish peroxidase was injected into the motor cortex-specifically into the anterior sigmoidal gyrus. Following such injections, labeled neurons representing afferents to the motor cortex are found in all subcortical nuclei commonly known as the "basal ganglia," including the caudate nucleus, putamen, globus pallidus, entopeduncular nucleus, substantia innominata, nucleus of the diagonal band of Broca, medial septal nucleus, claustrum, and basolateral amygdaloid nucleus. PMID- 6736297 TI - Sexual differentiation in the terminal ganglion of the moth Manduca sexta: role of sex-specific neuronal death. AB - In the insect Manduca sexta the genitalia on the terminal abdominal segments are sexually dimorphic structures but they arise during metamorphosis from segments that are monomorphic in the larva. The motoneurons in the terminal ganglion that innervate these structures were examined by cobalt backfills of peripheral nerves. In the larval stage the population of motoneurons innervating the terminal segments was identical in both sexes. By contrast, the motoneuron populations in the terminal ganglia of adult males and females were strikingly different. No new motoneurons were produced during metamorphosis. Rather, this difference was the result of sex-specific cell death which occurred primarily during the early stages of adult differentiation. Possible mechanisms underlying this sex-specific degeneration of neurons are discussed. PMID- 6736296 TI - A sympathetic projection from sacral paravertebral ganglia to the pelvic nerve and to postganglionic nerves on the surface of the urinary bladder and large intestine of the cat. AB - Anatomical and electrophysiological experiments have demonstrated a prominent projection from the sacral sympathetic chain via the pelvic nerve to postganglionic nerves on the surface of the urinary bladder and the large intestine of the cat. Retrograde labeling studies revealed that the pelvic nerve, which is generally believed to carry primarily parasympathetic axons, has a considerable population of sympathetic fibers originating mainly from the S1-S3 paravertebral ganglia. The number of sympathetic neurons projecting to the pelvic nerve (2,100) was about 75% of that projecting to the pudendal nerve (2,900), a somatic nerve which would be expected to carry a large sympathetic fiber constituent. Sympathetic neurons projecting to the pudendal nerve were located primarily in the L6-S2 ganglia. Electrophysiological studies confirmed the presence of a sympathetic pathway from the paravertebral ganglia to the pelvic viscera. Electrical stimulation (thresholds 1.5-3 V) of the lumbar sympathetic chain evoked firing in the pelvic nerve and in postganglionic nerves on the surface of the colon and bladder at latencies of 60-150 msec. The responses were unaffected by cutting the chain one segment rostral to the site of stimulation, but were abolished by the administration of a ganglionic-blocking agent (tetraethylammonium). The responses on the colon and bladder postganglionic nerves were also abolished by transection of the pelvic nerve. The conduction velocity in the sympathetic postganglionic axons was approximately 1 m/second. In summary, these studies indicate that the pelvic nerve, like somatic nerves, receives a prominent projection from the sympathetic chain ganglia. The function of this sympathetic paravertebral pathway and its relationship with prevertebral innervation of the pelvic organs remains to be established. PMID- 6736298 TI - Dendritic distribution of motoneurons innervating the three heads of the trapezius muscle in the cat. AB - The organization of the nuclei and dendritic architecture of motoneurons innervating the three heads of the trapezius muscle, clavotrapezius (CT), acromiotrapezius (AT), and spinotrapezius (ST), have been examined by using intracellular staining techniques. CT, AT, and ST motoneurons were found in the spinal accessory nucleus and were arranged in three overlapping subnuclei. CT motoneurons were primarily found in C2 and C3. In contrast, most AT motoneurons were found in C3, C4, and C5 and ST motoneurons were found in C4, C5, and the rostral parts of C6. Most dendrites of CT motoneurons, located in rostral C2, extended dorsally and many of these dendrites spread medially and laterally to encompass all of lamina VIII and the dorsolateral part of lamina VII. When viewed in the horizontal plane these motoneurons had a stellate appearance. The dendritic tree structure of CT motoneurons changed abruptly between rostral C2 and mid-C2. The majority of dendrites of CT motoneurons located in the central and caudal parts of C2 projected rostrally and caudally to form a complex bundle of dendrites in the motoneuron nucleus. Small numbers of dendrites were also found ventromedial and dorsal to the soma. The dendritic trees of CT motoneurons in C3 and C4 and AT and ST motoneurons located in C4 and the rostral parts of C5 also followed this fusiform distribution pattern. The dendritic trees of AT and ST motoneurons in caudal C5 were not fusiform but instead had a complex distribution pattern which consisted of dendrites projecting in several directions. Many dendrites projected rostrally and caudally, and in addition, there were major dendritic projections ventrolateral and dorsolateral to the soma. These results indicate that each head of the trapezius muscle is innervated by two structurally dissimilar groups of motoneurons which occupy different spinal segments. Trapezius motoneurons at the same segmental level, regardless of which head of the trapezius muscle they innervated, have similar dendritic trees whose structure differs from those of neighbouring dorsal neck muscle motoneurons in C2, C3, and C4. Thus, the organization of motoneuron dendritic trees appears to be governed by several factors including the muscle innervated by the motoneuron and the transverse and segmental position of the motoneuron's soma. PMID- 6736299 TI - Direct connections of rat visual cortex with sensory, motor, and association cortices. AB - Each division of rat visual cortex, areas 17, 18a, and 18b, has connections with sensory, motor, and association cortices. These corticocortical connections were sampled using anterograde autoradiographic and retrograde horseradish peroxidase labeling techniques. Area 17 is connected via reciprocal pathways with each division of visual cortex, the posterior one-third of motor area 8, association area 7, and posteroventral area 36 of temporal cortex. It also receives projections from perirhinal areas 13 and 35. Area 18a has reciprocal connections with areas 17 and 18b, a patch in posterior somatosensory area 3, and dorsal auditory area 41. Like area 17, area 18a receives afferents from and projects to the posterior one-third of motor area 8. The connections of area 18a with association cortices are extensive; these regions include parietal areas 7, 39, 40, and 14, posteroventral and dorsal area 36, and perirhinal cortex. Area 18b is connected with areas 17 and 18a, a patch in medial area 3, and dorsal area 41. There are reciprocal projections between area 18b and posterior area 8. As for association cortex, area 18b projects to frontal area 11, area 7, posteroventral and dorsal area 36, and perirhinal cortex. In addition, area 18b receives input from and projects efferents to the dorsal claustrum. Most of the interconnections among areas 17, 18a, and 18b originate from neurons in layers II, III, and V and end in terminal fields in layers I-III and V. In contrast, projections of other sensory, motor, and association cortices to visual cortex originate mainly from neurons in layer V and to a lesser extent from layer II. The reciprocal pathways from visual cortex terminate predominantly in the supragranular layers. In conclusion, these corticocortical pathways provide the basis for cortical visuosensory and visuomotor integration that may aid the rat in the coordination of visually guided behaviors. PMID- 6736300 TI - Light and electron microscopic studies of the distribution of microtubule associated protein 2 in rat brain: a difference between dendritic and axonal cytoskeletons. AB - A specific antiserum was used to ascertain the distribution of microtubule associated protein 2 (MAP2) in the rat brain at the light and electron microscope levels. Light microscopy showed MAP2 to be present only in neurons, and only in the dendrites and the perikaryon of each cell. This same polarized distribution pattern was found in the Purkinje, Golgi, basket, stellate, and granule cells of the cerebellum, and also in neurons of the hippocampus, the olfactory bulb, and the midbrain. While labelling of the dendritic arborization was extensive and intense, MAP2 density tended to decrease in the proximal dendritic trunk. Particularly in large neurons (e.g., Purkinje, Golgi, and pyramidal cells), staining was reproducibly weaker in the cell body than in the main dendrites. Dendritic contours generally appeared smooth, without any evidence of staining of dendritic spines. An electron microscope examination of the cerebellum confirmed the presence of MAP2 reactivity in neurons and its absence from axons and non neuronal cells. MAP2 in dendrites was associated with microtubules, while MAP2 in neuronal perikarya was associated with polyribosomes. There was no evidence of specific staining in dendritic spines and in postsynaptic densities. MAP2 is a novel dendritic marker and labels part of a specific dendritic cytoskeleton, different from that in axons and non-neuronal cells. PMID- 6736301 TI - The location and morphology of preganglionic neurons and the distribution of visceral afferents from the rat pelvic nerve: a horseradish peroxidase study. AB - Preganglionic neurons of the sacral parasympathetic nucleus (SPN) were located almost exclusively (98%) within the L6-S1 spinal cord segments. The SPN contained approximately 550 neurons of medium size (10 X 20 micron). These were mainly located in the intermediolateral gray matter and had dendrites that extended into the dorsolateral funiculus, along the lateral marginal zone of the dorsal horn, and medially into the dorsal gray commissure. Labeled dorsal root ganglion cells were almost all located (95%) in the L6 and S1 ganglia. An average of approximately 1,500 sensory neurons were found. These were small cells (17 X 25 micron) whose central processes entered Lissauer's tract from which two groups of collaterals emerged: 1) a prominent lateral pathway along the lateral margin of the dorsal horn that extended into the region of the SPN and also into the dorsal gray commissure, 2) a less prominent medial pathway extending around the dorsal margin of the dorsal horn to terminate in the dorsal gray commissure. These two collateral groups formed fiber bundles that were spaced by approximately 100 micron between centers when observed in the horizontal plane. A third afferent bundle, composed of rostrocaudally oriented fibers, was located in the sagittal plane immediately ventral to the central canal. Comparisons are made between the results in rats and the results of similar experiments performed in cats and monkeys. PMID- 6736302 TI - Axonal projections of mechanosensory neurons in the connectives and peripheral nerves of the leech, Haemopis marmorata. AB - The axonal projections of the seven mechanosensory neurons in the connectives and peripheral nerves were examined by horseradish peroxidase (HRP) injections. In the connective the closely functionally related mechanosensory neurons travel in two bilaterally symmetrical regions, which comprise less than 10% of the connective's cross-sectional area. This grouping may reflect the similar functional properties and synaptic connections of the cells. Serial sections through the neuropil-connective junction zone showed that the organization of the axons is independent of glial fasciculation. Fascicles are not rigid structures; they were found to part and fuse in a seemingly random manner. The glial cell seems therefore to have only a supportive structural function and not to play any role in axonal guidance or to define any specific nerve fascicles in the leech. The projections of the mechanosensory cells in the peripheral roots were not as stereotyped as in the connective. However, examination of the branching of the medial and lateral P cells in the posterior root showed that the roots are highly structured and that some axons may be confined to tracts which have specific positions related to the branching of the root. The possible role of the P cells in pioneering these tracts is discussed. PMID- 6736303 TI - Neurohemal contact in the internal zone of the rabbit median eminence. AB - The concept of neurosecretion as the mechanism by which neural control of adenohypophyseal function is accomplished was based on the observation that long capillary loops penetrate deeply into the supraopticohypophyseal tract as it passes through the median eminence internal zone. However, neural contact upon these capillary loops has not been demonstrated in the mammalian median eminence. The present transmission electron microscopic investigation of the rabbit median eminence demonstrates neurohemal contact in the median eminence internal zone. Axons containing small lucent vesicles 53.3 +/- 3.28 nm in diameter (mean +/- SEM) or small lucent and large granular vesicles with a mean diameter of 122.4 (+/- 3.28 nm) in their terminals make neurohemal contact with capillary loops in the internal zone and form a cuff about them. These terminals resemble terminals found in the external zone. Intravenous injection of the false neurotransmitter 5 hydroxydopamine (5-OH-DA) renders small lucent vesicles granular in both the external and internal zone. The effect of 5-OH-DA injection is abolished by concurrent reserpine administration. Whereas large granular vesicles in many terminals become lucent after reserpine administration, in others they remained electron dense. Viewed in the light of previous studies our findings suggest that the internal plexus arises from the external plexus and invaginates the neuropil carrying connective tissue and parvicellular axon terminals of aminergic and peptidergic systems from the external zone into the internal zone, that some elements making neurohemal contact with long capillary loops are terminals of the noradrenergic reticular infundibular tract arising outside the hypothalamus in the brainstem, and that long capillary loops form a system of repeating microvascular modules which markedly increase the surface available for neurohemal contact. PMID- 6736304 TI - Projections from the superior olivary complex to the cochlear nucleus in the tree shrew. AB - The origins and targets of projections from the superior olivary complex to the cochlear nuclei were studied in the tree shrew by placing small injections of horseradish peroxidase (HRP) in the cochlear nucleus and small injections of 3H leucine in the superior olivary complex. The results show that the descending pathways originate in periolivary cell groups surrounding the medial and lateral superior olives and that periolivary nuclei differ from one another in their patterns of projections to the cochlear nucleus. For example, cell groups may project either ipsilaterally or bilaterally. Cells in the lateral nucleus of the trapezoid body project only to the ipsilateral cochlear nucleus. Other periolivary cell groups project bilaterally, although some of these may project more heavily to one side than the other. Some pathways have widespread targets in the cochlear nucleus whereas others have relatively specific targets. Diffuse projections to all divisions of the cochlear nucleus arise from the lateral nucleus of the trapezoid body ipsilaterally and from the medial perioliviary nucleus bilaterally. The targets of other descending pathways are more restricted. The anterolateral, dorsal, and dorsolateral periolivary nuclei project mainly to the anteroventral cochlear nucleus; the ventral nucleus of the trapezoid body and the posterior periolivary nucleus project mainly to the dorsal and posteroventral cochlear nuclei. All of these specific projections are bilateral. These results suggest that projections from the periolivary cell groups to the cochlear nucleus consist of multiple components with different degrees of specificity. PMID- 6736305 TI - The prevalence and pathogenesis of naturally-occurring Haemonchus longistipes infection in Sudanese camels. AB - Camel haemonchosis is prevalent in the Sudan, especially during the rainy season, with a decrease in prevalence in the dry season possibly due to delayed maturation of the worms. The naturally occurring disease in Sudanese camels is characterized by emaciation, anaemia, oedema of the lower parts of the limbs, eosinophilia, hypoproteinaemia, hypoalbuminaemia, hyperglobulinaemia and eosinophilia, as well as elevated blood urea concentrations. PMID- 6736306 TI - Bacterial infection of the common bile duct in chronic fascioliasis in the rat. AB - Bile taken from rats infected with the liver fluke, Fasciola hepatica contained spiral bacteria whereas bile from uninfected rats was free from spiral bacteria. The bacterium and its relationship to the bile duct epithelium and the liver fluke was studied with a combination of light microscopy, scanning and transmission electron microscopy. Its morphological characteristics suggest that the bacterium belongs to the genus Spirillum. In contrast to many other co infections of bacteria and helminths, the present one seems to be a fairly passive relationship so that neither the helminth nor the rat suffers from the presence of bacteria. The presence of the bacteria is thought to be due to changes in the biliary environment, produced as a result of the fluke infection; these changes subsequently allow a multiplication of bacteria normally present in the uninfected animal. PMID- 6736307 TI - Patterns of thymic regeneration in rats after single or divided doses of cyclophosphamide. AB - Fractional doses of cyclophosphamide (Cy; 5 X 60 mg per kg) given to rats caused more severe initial destruction of thymic cortex and medulla, with a corresponding decrease of thymic mass, than did a single dose of the same amount (300 mg per kg). After the fractional dose, regeneration was retarded and repopulation was suppressed, so that on day 15 the thymus was almost totally alymphoid, in contrast to the initial regeneration seen after the single dose. On day 20 after the fractional dose of Cy an initial degree of regeneration corresponding to that seen on day 15 after the single dose, was found. The delayed restriction of regenerative capacity was more marked after the divided dose than after the single dose of Cy. PMID- 6736308 TI - The pathogenesis of atrophic rhinitis in pigs induced by toxigenic Pasteurella multocida. AB - The pathogenesis of atrophic rhinitis was studied in an experiment in which piglets were infected with a toxigenic type D Pasteurella multocida strain in the right half of the nasal cavity. Two days before inoculation the nasal mucosa on the right side had been subjected to mild irritation by intranasal instillation of a weak solution of acetic acid. The untreated (left) half of the nasal cavity served as an intrinsic control. Macroscopically, changes in the turbinates were already appreciable at 3 days p.i., and pronounced turbinate atrophy was noted at 7 days p.i. At 14 days p.i. deviation of the snout and almost complete turbinate atrophy was observed. The turbinates in the untreated half of the nasal cavity developed normally. Histologically, the changes were initially characterized by bone resorption mediated by an increased number of osteoclasts. Later osteoclasts were sparse, and there was an apparent disruption of osteoid synthesis. Ultrastructurally, the osteoblasts showed nuclear indentations and dilatation of the endoplasmic reticulum. Since no inflammatory reaction was observed, the hypothesis is advanced that atrophic rhinitis in pigs is caused by a P. multocida produced factor which will stimulate bone resorption and suppress osteoid synthesis. PMID- 6736309 TI - Neuropathological lesions in experimental lead toxicosis of dogs. AB - Light microscopical examinations were carried out on the central and peripheral nervous systems of 9 dogs maintained on a high-fat-low-calcium diet and dosed orally with a mixture of lead chloride, lead bromide and lead sulphate. Microscopic lesions were present in 7 (78 per cent) of the lead-treated dogs. Cerebrocortical lesions comprising spongiosis, vascular hypertrophy and gliosis predominated. These lesions were bilateral, had a predilection for gyri and were located mainly in the parietal and frontal cortex. There were bilaterally symmetrical spongiform changes in the brain stem. The cerebellum had spongiform changes in the roof nuclei and in the lingula there was spongiosis of the Purkinje cell layer and vacuolation of Purkinje cells. Axonal degeneration was evident in a sciatic nerve of one dog. In a second experiment, designed to study the early ultrastructural changes in the brains of dogs with lead intoxication, 2 groups of dogs, one on a commercial balanced diet and the other fed a high-fat low-calcium diet, were given similar amounts of lead. Cytoplasmic accumulation of lipid was found in the cerebrovascular pericytes of all dogs treated with lead but vascular changes were otherwise not obvious. Quantitative evaluation of numbers of blood vessels by light microscopy revealed an apparent increase in all dogs receiving lead. This increase in vascularity was greatest in the dogs fed the high-fat-low-calcium diet. PMID- 6736310 TI - Pathology of equine granulomatous enteritis. AB - A morphological study on equine granulomatous enteritis (EGE) in 13 horses is presented. All horses were young (1 to 5 years old) standardbreds. Based on gross pathology, cases were classified into those with diffuse (11 cases) and those with localized (2 cases) small bowel lesions. The granulomatous reaction in the gut was marked by diffuse and patchy infiltrates and distinct granulomas, composed of epithelioid cells, macrophages and lymphoid cells, and was devoid of necrosis. Salient accompanying features of the small bowel included lymphoid hyperplasia, peri-lymphatic and transmural inflammation, lymphangiectasia, villous atrophy, mucosal ulcerations and crypt abscesses. Granulomatous changes were often demonstrated in alimentary tract tissues beyond the small bowel and its lymph nodes and were in some cases shown to occur multi-systemically. The morphology and epidemiological features of the condition suggest a specific aetiology. The histology indicated that an immune reaction was operative and that inflammation of the lamina propria was an early event in the pathogenesis of the gut lesion. No conclusive evidence of a specific infectious cause was found. It is suggested that the disease might be associated with intrinsic disturbances of inflammatory defence mechanisms. PMID- 6736311 TI - Erythrokinetics and albumin metabolism in primary experimental Schistosoma bovis infections in Zebu calves. AB - Red cell kinetics and albumin metabolism were studied in calves infected with either 100 or 200 Schistosoma bovis cercariae per kg body weight, by the use of 59Fe-labelled transferrin, 51Cr-labelled erythrocytes and 125I-labelled albumin; a third group of worm-free animals acted as controls. The anaemia which developed in the infected calves was shown to be due basically to an accelerated rate of red cell loss from the circulation, and became evident around the seventh week of infection, increased in severity during the following two months, and subsequently subsided. In view of its close similarity to the pattern of faecal egg excretion, it was concluded that haemorrhage into the intestine caused by the exit of eggs was the principal aetiological factor: haemolysis was excluded by the absence of both splenomegaly and hyperferraemia . Erythropoiesis was also accelerated in infected animals, but could not keep pace with the rate of red cell breakdown to which the animals were concurrently subjected. Haemodilution was involved, but not to a significant extent. The hypoalbuminaemia associated with infection was caused by an increased rate of albumin catabolism, and a plasma volume expansion, and was accompanied by marked depletion of all albumin pools, but particularly the extravascular pool. The pattern of albumin catabolism closely followed that of red cell loss, suggesting that passage of plasma as whole blood into the intestine was the basic cause of hypoalbuminaemia. Red cell losses and albumin hypercatabolism were more severe in the more heavily infected group, and although both subsided as egg counts fell, they remained evident even 1 year after infection. This may partly explain the failure of infected animals to regain the weight lost during earlier stages of disease. PMID- 6736312 TI - Spontaneous lesions of the mouse biliary tract. AB - During the routine histological examination of 2400 aged mice from lifespan carcinogenicity studies a low prevalence of glandular metaplasia of the gall bladder and of the intra-hepatic bile ducts (all associated with cholelithiasis), cholecystitis, cholangitis, papillomatous hyperplasia, papilloma, intra-mural cysts, and focal epithelial ulceration was found. The lesions were found predominantly in female mice and were not treatment related. PMID- 6736313 TI - Dental disease in hill sheep: an abattoir survey. AB - Heads from 478 aged sheep of a predominantly hill breed population were examined in detail for evidence of dental disease, using both soft and hard tissue measurements around incisor and cheek teeth. Almost 60 per cent of this population (all over 2 1/2 years of age and with a mean age between 7 and 8 years) had either loose or missing teeth. Malalignment of cheek teeth and/or incisors was also common. Pocketing was seen in 87 per cent of the population, and was significantly correlated with tooth looseness. There was also a significant relationship between incisor and specific cheek tooth pocket depths. Whilst local alveolar bone loss was found, it was not a reflection of more general skeletal deterioration. The survey confirms the high incidence of broken mouth in the national flock and shows that wherever incisor problems occur there is a likelihood that cheek tooth disease is also present, a relationship not readily appreciated clinically. PMID- 6736314 TI - Malignant thymoma in a cat. AB - A malignant spindle cell thymoma in a 14-year-old cat is described. The tumour showed mucoid differentiation and multiple lung metastases. PMID- 6736315 TI - Clear cell thymoma in a dog. AB - The light and electron microscopical structure of an invasive clear cell thymoma in a 10-year-old female German shepherd suffering from myasthenia gravis is described. PMID- 6736316 TI - Immunization of pigs against the boar taint steroid androstenone. AB - Tissue concentrations of androstenone were measured in untreated control pigs and pigs immunized against 5 alpha-androst-16-en-3-one. Results confirmed that active immunization of male pigs against androstenone is unlikely to prevent the problem of "boar taint" in the carcass meat. PMID- 6736317 TI - The treatment of Sezary syndrome. AB - The results of treatment programs were studied in forty patients with Sezary syndrome. Thirty-three patients died. The principal treatment was a low-dose chlorambucil and prednisone regimen. Patients so treated lived longer from diagnosis of erythroderma (median survival, 6.2 yr) than did patients on other regimens (median survival, 3.05 yr). The addition of x-ray or chemotherapeutic programs did not increase significant long-term benefit. Seven patients receiving chlorambucil and prednisone had remission (1 yr or more); most patients had partial remission, but two patients did not have a response to this program. The complications of sepsis, progressive disease, and lymphoma occurred both in patients who were and in those who were not treated with chlorambucil and prednisone. We believe that a regimen of low-dose chlorambucil and prednisone is satisfactory treatment that can be the basis for comparison of new therapeutic approaches to Sezary syndrome. PMID- 6736318 TI - Electron microscopy, histochemistry, and microbiology of bacterial adhesion in trichomycosis axillaris. AB - Study of a case of trichomycosis axillaris by electron microscopy revealed a specific encapsulated Corynebacterium adhering to but not penetrating the hair shaft. External to this were two other biochemically distinctive pleomorphic Corynebacteria shown to be incapable of direct adherence to the hair. All three types were entrapped in a virtually insoluble cement substance, which they elaborate and which is responsible for the grossly visible colonization that is so characteristic of this disease. PMID- 6736319 TI - Health effects associated with exposure to radioactively contaminated gold rings. AB - This study was designed to assess the health risks associated with exposure to radioactively contaminated gold rings. A group of 135 exposed individuals, who were identified through a statewide jewelry screening program, were studied to determine the frequency of carcinoma and other skin problems on the ring finger. Severity of skin problems increased with increasing length of wear. Forty-one of the exposures were associated with mild to severe skin problems. Nine of the individuals studied were diagnosed as having histologically confirmed squamous cell carcinomas at the site of exposure. The incidence of skin cancer on the ring finger was eleven times that expected for men and forty-five times that expected for women. These data indicate that physicians who have patients with skin lesions of the ring finger should be aware of the possibility of exposure to a radioactive gold ring. PMID- 6736320 TI - Pathogenesis of papular urticaria. AB - The presence of immunoglobulin and complement deposits in the skin of three patients with papular urticaria suggests that these lesions may be due to a cutaneous vasculitis. These deposits were most frequently found in biopsy specimens taken from lesions within 24 hours of their development. The presence of granular deposits of Clq, C3, and IgM in the walls of the superficial dermal blood vessels suggests that immune complexes (IgM aggregates) may be primarily involved in the pathogenesis of these lesions, with complement activation initiated by Clq through the classical pathway. PMID- 6736321 TI - Multiple persistent keratoacanthomas: treatment with oral etretinate. AB - Multiple keratoacanthomas (KAs) of the Ferguson-Smith type represent a rare and distinctive disease for which treatment is difficult and often unrewarding. Two patients with multiple KAs of this variety, who were successfully treated with oral etretinate, are described. Our cases support the conclusion that oral retinoids have to be added to the treatment modalities for this entity. Use of oral retinoids is particularly recommended when the number of lesions is very high or when the development of new lesions is severely disabling. PMID- 6736322 TI - Treatment of lichen sclerosus with potassium para-aminobenzoate. AB - In five patients with symptomatic lichen sclerosus, significant clinical improvement was obtained following the administration of potassium para aminobenzoate. Improvement was characterized by a marked decrease or absence of symptoms and a flattening of skin lesions. PMID- 6736323 TI - Metastatic basal cell carcinoma. Report of five cases and review of 170 cases in the literature. AB - We report five cases of metastasizing basal cell carcinoma. The incidence of metastases in all patients with basal cell carcinomas who had surgery in the same period was 0.1%. There was no squamous differentiation in the histology of any of the primary lesions, but we found some squamous differentiation in a late recurrence in one patient and in the metastases in two patients. All other histologic features were identical in both the primary tumor and in the metastases. Perineural spread and blood vessel invasion were evident in the primary tumor and/or recurrence of three of the five patients and may be important pointers to possible recurrence and metastasis. Of 205 cases of metastasizing basal cell carcinomas mentioned in the literature, we accepted and evaluated 170 cases of tumors of the skin with histologic proof of metastasis. The male-to-female ratio was 2:1, median age at onset of primary tumor, 45 years, median interval between onset of tumor and first sign of metastasis, 9 years, median age at first sign of metastasis, 59 years, and median survival after first sign of metastasis, only 8 months. The site of the primary tumors is similar to that in nonmetastasizing basal cell carcinoma. Metastatic spread is most often to lymph nodes, lungs, and bones with lymphogenic and hematogenic spread equally frequent. Age or sex of the patient seemed to have no influence on survival or way of metastatic spread. As metastasis of basal cell carcinoma is extremely rare (1 in 1,000 to 35,000), many authors sought or postulated histologic "degeneration" into a squamous cell carcinoma, but no such unequivocal evidence has ever been found. Areas of squamous differentiation were reported in less than 15% of both primary and metastatic lesions of metastasizing basal cell carcinoma. The mode of metastatic spread and the characteristics of the histology make it rather unlikely that metastasis of a basal cell carcinoma is due to a change toward squamous cell carcinoma. PMID- 6736324 TI - Buffy coats do not cause inflammation. PMID- 6736325 TI - The Koebner response with eruptive xanthomas. PMID- 6736327 TI - Recurrent cutaneous leishmaniasis. PMID- 6736326 TI - Effectiveness and contamination of iodophors. PMID- 6736329 TI - Localized granuloma annulare (in an 88-year-old woman) PMID- 6736328 TI - Treatment of hyperkeratotic conditions of the legs with etretinate. PMID- 6736331 TI - Application technics of topical preparations. PMID- 6736330 TI - Use of dinitrochlorobenzene (DNCB) in therapy of warts. PMID- 6736332 TI - Ochronosis caused by bleaching creams. PMID- 6736333 TI - Leprosy in armadillo handlers. PMID- 6736334 TI - Cimetidine and herpes zoster. PMID- 6736336 TI - Pityriasis rubra pilaris. Etiologic considerations. PMID- 6736335 TI - Squamous cell carcinoma of the skin associated with radioactive gold rings. PMID- 6736337 TI - Actinic reticuloid. Response to combination treatment with azathioprine, hydroxychloroquine, and prednisone. AB - We treated an intractable case of actinic reticuloid with azathioprine, hydroxychloroquine, prednisone, and solar protection with E-Z film and obtained a clinically worthwhile effect. The patient was initially sensitive to less than 2 mjoules/cm2 ultraviolet B (UVB) and less than 1 joule/cm UVA, which caused erythematous and infiltrated scaly plaques that persisted for more than 6 weeks after testing. The case is also instructive in the difficulty presented in differentiating it from mycosis fungoides, and for the presence of Sezary-type cells in skin, blood, and lymph nodes. PMID- 6736338 TI - Argon laser treatment of lentigo maligna. AB - A 64-year-old man had an irregularly pigmented lentigo maligna over the bridge of his nose. Melanin readily absorbs argon light, and the superficial location of this pool of epidermal and appendageal chromophore suggested that laser therapy might permit relatively selective lesion destruction. Argon laser surgery was performed on Nov. 9, 1981, and the treated site had remained clear to the time of writing. Selected patients with pigmented lesions may respond well to argon laser radiation, but close posttreatment clinical and histologic assessment is essential. PMID- 6736339 TI - Bilateral comparison of generalized lichen planus treated with psoralens and ultraviolet A. AB - Ten patients with generalized lichen planus were treated with oral 8 methoxypsoralen photochemotherapy (PUVA) in a bilateral comparison study. Five patients (50%) cleared completely on both sides and required no maintenance treatment after a follow-up of up to 4 years. Three other patients (30%) improved at least 50% of their previous involvement. Most of the patients experienced symptomatic improvement of the treated side by the second week of the treatment. Two patients reacted adversely and exacerbated while receiving treatment to one side of the body. While preliminary, this bilateral comparison study demonstrates that PUVA is an effective therapy for generalized, symptomatic lichen planus and suggests that maintenance therapy might not be required once complete clearance is attained. Caution should be exercised, however, since some patients might develop an exacerbation of their disease with PUVA. PMID- 6736340 TI - Acquired, bilateral nevus of Ota-like macules. AB - Blue-brown macules of the face occurring on both sides of the forehead, temple, eyelids, malar area, alae of the nose, and root of the nose are often observed in middle-aged Japanese women. These lesions histologically are a form of dermal melanocytosis as shown by electron microscopic examination. They differ clinically from nevus of Ota. The differential diagnosis includes nevus of Ota, Riehl's melanosis (female facial melanosis), and melasma. The differences between them are discussed. PMID- 6736341 TI - The prevalence of psoriasis in the Mongoloid race. AB - Statistics for psoriatic patients from the skin clinics of the Hong Kong Government and those from Sendai, Japan, are compared with statistics from five major cities in mainland China. These statistics were compiled since 1949, following the establishment of the People's Republic of China. Additional statistics from seven other surveys among the general population conducted in recent years (1974 to 1981), for a total of 670,000 persons examined, all showed a remarkably constant and uniformly low prevalence of psoriasis at around 0.3% in five of seven surveys. The overall statistics present the evidence of the prevalence of psoriasis to be well under 1% in the Mongoloid races of the Far East. PMID- 6736342 TI - Cross infestivity of Sarcoptes scabiei. AB - Sarcoptes scabiei var. canis was successfully transferred from the dog to New Zealand White Rabbits, Oryctologus cuniculus. Natural and experimental transfers were accomplished between rabbits. The dog strain transferred to rabbits showed no morphologic changes and was readily transferred back to dogs. Experimental transfer of var. canis to guinea pigs and pigs resulted in only temporary infestation. Attempts to infest haired and hairless mice, thymus-deficient (nude) mice, and rats were unsuccessful. The unsuccessful or transient nature of cross infestations between some host species and complete cross-infestation in others leads to the conclusion that all S. scabiei varieties are not host-specific but that they do possess some degree of host preference and that physiologic differences between varieties exist. PMID- 6736343 TI - Multiple cell origin of traumatically induced keloids. AB - Six keloids from five patients heterozygous for the X-linked glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase (G6PD) locus were studied. Both the B and A enzymes were found in the keloids in similar proportions to the normal tissues. This finding indicates that keloids have a multicellular origin and that they do not develop clonally as do most neoplasms. PMID- 6736344 TI - Cutaneous metastasis from papillary carcinoma of the thyroid gland. Report of two cases. AB - Two cases of metastatic skin tumors on the scalp appearing several years after thyroidectomy for thyroid papillary carcinoma are reported. Histologic examination of biopsy specimens from both patients revealed glandular-forming masses with intricate papillary folds in the dermis. The tumor epithelium was composed of single-layered cylindrical and cuboidal cells without atypia. Using the immunoperoxidase technic, many of the proliferating cells were shown to produce triiodothyronine (T3) and thyroglobulin (Tg). PMID- 6736345 TI - Comparison of suberythemogenic and maximally aggressive ultraviolet B therapy for psoriasis. AB - We prospectively compared the maximally aggressive erythemogenic ultraviolet B (UVB) schedule (Le Vine et al, 1979) and a suberythemogenic UVB schedule (Frost et al, 1979) in the treatment of psoriasis. Patients were treated with either the maximally aggressive erythemogenic UVB (MAEUVB) schedule or the suberythemogenic UVB (SEUVB) schedule. Each patient received daily topical treatment with 2% crude coal tar ointment on half of the body and the ointment vehicle on the other half of the body. All patients were hospitalized and treated 7 days a week. The treatment results were determined daily be grading preselected reference lesions for erythema, scaling, and thickness. With both UV schedules, no difference in response could be detected between the ointment vehicle side and the tar ointment side. In a comparison of the two UV schedules, patients treated with MAEUVB had no statistically significant difference in the resolution of their psoriasis, and the length of remission was similar. The average energy needed for the SEUVB treated patients was 984 mjoules/cm2, whereas the average for the MAEUVB-treated patients was 984 mjoules/cm2. Our findings suggest that neither crude coal tar nor MAEUVB is needed for the optimal UVB treatment of psoriasis in the hospital. PMID- 6736347 TI - Clinicopathologic correlations in leukemia cutis. AB - This clinicopathologic study involved 42 cases of leukemia cutis: 3 of acute lymphocytic leukemia (ALL), 16 of chronic lymphocytic leukemia (CLL), 12 of acute granulocytic leukemia (AGL), 3 of chronic granulocytic leukemia (CGL), 5 of acute monocytic leukemia (AML), and 3 of acute myelomonocytic leukemia (AMML). The clinical appearance of leukemia cutis included papules, macules, plaques, nodules, ecchymoses, palpable purpura, and ulcerative lesions, and these were seen in all types of leukemias. Gingival hypertrophy was seen only in AML or AMML, and erythroderma and bullous lesions of leukemic infiltration were observed only in CLL. Cutaneous leukemic lesions may be concomitant with or preceding the diagnosis of systemic leukemia. Therefore, skin biopsy may be helpful in detecting the leukemia and may facilitate the work-up. Leukemia cutis probably is a dissemination of systemic leukemia to the skin, and the demonstration of leukemia in skin is associated with a very poor prognosis. PMID- 6736346 TI - Absence of crystalline retinopathy after long-term therapy with beta-carotene. AB - The retinas of twenty-six patients with protoporphyria who had received treatment with beta-carotene for periods ranging from 1 to 10 years were examined for the presence of yellow crystalline deposits, similar to those recently reported in and around the maculae of individuals ingesting the related carotenoid compound canthaxanthin. No crystalline deposits were observed in any of our patients. PMID- 6736349 TI - Basal cell carcinoma in a man with acquired immunodeficiency syndrome. PMID- 6736348 TI - Scleredema: a review of thirty-three cases. AB - A review of thirty-three cases of scleredema, with particular reference to clinical and histologic findings, revealed that the disease was often of insidious onset and the course was usually prolonged. A preceding respiratory tract infection was uncommon and usually did not indicate a short course. The patients were divided into two groups according to the presence or absence of diabetes. Diabetes, when present, was typically the late-onset, insulin-dependent type and difficult to control. In many of these patients, the onset of scleredema was so subtle that it went unnoticed by the patient until pointed out by an examining physician. PMID- 6736350 TI - Miners' itch--report of an unusual case of poison oak dermatitis. PMID- 6736351 TI - Melanoma and psoralens and ultraviolet A. PMID- 6736352 TI - Dermatologic prescriptions requiring compounding. AB - Dermatologists responding to a mail survey supplied 520 prescriptions as examples of prescriptions requiring compounding. A total of 195 different ingredients were used, with an average of 2.5 ingredients per prescription. Anti-inflammatory agents were most frequently used. Brand-name medications were frequently incorporated with other ingredients. PMID- 6736353 TI - Pseudocyst of the auricle. AB - Pseudocyst of the auricle is an intracartilaginous collection of serous or serosanguineous fluid resulting in a noninflammatory cystic swelling of the upper ear. The histology is distinctive, consisting of an intracartilaginous cavity due to cartilaginous degeneration and replacement by fibrous tissue. The condition is likely due to ischemic necrosis of auricular cartilage. Inappropriate therapy may result in a permanent deformity of the auricle. PMID- 6736354 TI - Anetoderma: biochemical and ultrastructural demonstration of an elastin defect in the skin of three patients. AB - Three patients with localized cutaneous lesions characteristic of anetoderma were studied. Clinically, the onset of the disease was between the ages of 17 and 25, and numerous flaccid, saclike skin lesions developed over several subsequent years. Histologically, the lesions were characterized by paucity and fragmentation of the elastic fibers. Electron microscopy demonstrated that the elastic fibers, both in papillary and deep reticular dermis in the lesional skin, were fragmented and irregular in appearance. The concentration of elastin, determined by a radioimmunoassay of desmosine, an elastin-specific cross-link compound, was markedly reduced in the lesions, as compared with unaffected skin from the same patients or with normal skin from unrelated control subjects. In contrast, the concentrations of hydroxyproline, an index of collagen, or deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA), a measure of cellularity, were not changed in the lesions. Thus, the results indicate that in the three patients studied, the elastic fibers are defective and reduced in quantity. These observations suggest that the deficiency of elastin in the dermis may lead to development of the cutaneous lesions of anetoderma. PMID- 6736355 TI - Nevoid basal cell carcinoma syndrome. Profile of genetic and environmental factors in oncogenesis. AB - Nevoid basal cell carcinomas (NBCCs) are a prototype of a genetic form of basal cell carcinoma. These basal cell cancers, rather than being caused by genetic factors alone, are most likely the product of genetic and environmental factors. The NBCC syndrome provides a model for studying tumors induced by ionizing radiation and for viewing carcinogenesis as a multistage process explainable by a minimum of two steps. The interaction of genetic and environmental factors in producing tumors to which an individual is predisposed can be studied in patients with the NBCC syndrome and childhood medulloblastoma that was treated by radiation therapy. Individuals with the NBCC syndrome represent a special subgroup with a hereditary predisposition to basal cell carcinoma in whom ionizing radiation may supply the subsequent mutation necessary for tumor development. The genetically altered epidermis underlying the palm and sole pits found in patients with the syndrome represents basal cell carcinoma in situ from which basal cell carcinomas develop, albeit infrequently. The restrained biologic behavior of most of these tumors contrasts with the usual destructive behavior of the NBCCs of the head and neck in the same patient. PMID- 6736356 TI - Measurement of flow with NMR imaging using a gradient pulse and phase difference technique. AB - A method for determining flow by nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) imaging is described. A conventional spin-echo imaging sequence is employed with the addition of balanced gradient pulses on either side of the pi radiofrequency pulse. Flow velocities in the direction orthogonal to the image plane are determined by the phase shifts in the NMR image. Experimental validation of the technique in vitro was achieved with a phantom designed to give a continuous flow of water. The flow rate measured by NMR agreed well with the volume flow rate through the phantom. In vivo, NMR flow measurements on the carotid and femoral arteries of two volunteers were compared with Doppler ultrasound results. Velocity measurements were in general agreement. Rapid changes in flow are difficult to follow with the NMR method unless particular care is taken in gradient profile design. The technique can readily be used in existing NMR imaging machines and may have a useful clinical role. PMID- 6736357 TI - NMR imaging of intracranial hemorrhage. AB - Twenty-one intracranial hemorrhagic lesions were imaged at 0.15 and 0.6 T using inversion recovery (IR), spin echo (SE), and multiple SE (Carr-Purcell-Meiboom Gill, CPMG) pulse sequences. Two subarachnoid hemorrhages (SAH), nine acute intraparenchymal hemorrhages (IPH), ten chronic IPH, and one subdural hematoma were studied. Acute SAH could not be identified on the T1-weighted, IR images but was clearly seen on a T2-weighted, CPMG image. Acute (7 days or less) intraparenchymal hematoma showed signal intensity on IR and CPMG images similar to white matter. The T1 and T2 times of acute intraparenchymal hematoma were also similar to white matter. Some small acute hematomas could not be distinguished from white matter on IR and CPMG images. Acute hemorrhagic tissue showed image intensities and relaxation times similar to gray matter. All acute hemorrhages were identified on CT. Chronic IPH lesions (14 days or more) showed high signal intensity, greater than white matter, on IR, SE, and CPMG images. The T1 of the chronic lesions was similar to the acute lesions but T2 was significantly longer (p less than 0.05). Available evidence suggests that the nonspecificity of acute IPH signal and relaxation times may not be restricted to our pulse sequences or magnetic field strengths. PMID- 6736358 TI - Cerebral NMR and CT imaging in dementia. AB - Thirteen patients with different types of dementia were studied with nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) and CT imaging of the brain. The overall correlation between CT and NMR findings was good. Areas of hypodensity in cerebral white matter on CT were especially well visualized in the T2-weighted NMR images. Hypodense areas were seen in the white matter of patients with vascular dementias but not in those with primary degenerative dementias. Thus, the presence or absence of white matter changes may be an important factor in the differential diagnosis of vascular dementia and primary degenerative dementia. On the basis of NMR and CT findings, it was difficult to distinguish between the lacunar state type and Binswanger type of vascular dementia. It is suggested, therefore, that these two subgroups of vascular dementia be commonly named angiopathic dementia. PMID- 6736359 TI - Regional cerebral blood flow measurements using stable xenon enhanced computed tomography: a theoretical and experimental evaluation. AB - Several theoretical and practical aspects of regional cerebral blood flow measurements using stable xenon gas and CT are discussed. It is shown that by comparing the enhancement at any time T1 with that at saturation or any other time T2, the need to use arbitrary means to bring the arterial concentration data and the CT enhancement data to the same system of measurement units can be eliminated. If CT is performed continuously during the washin phase, say at intervals of 1 min, least squares analysis of the enhancement data can be used to obtain the best possible estimates for the flow rate constant kappa and the saturation enhancement. However, if only a limited number of scans can be performed, as may be the case in human studies, it is also possible to get a good estimate of kappa from a knowledge of the ratio of the enhancement at any time T1 with that at any other time T2. Combinations of T1 = 2.0 min and T2 = 4.0 min, T1 = 1.0 min and T2 = 6.0 min, or T1 = 2.0 min and T2 = 5.0 min were found to be the most convenient. It is also shown that the end-tidal xenon concentration in the exhaled air can be accurately assessed indirectly by measuring the oxygen, CO2, and water vapor concentrations, thereby eliminating the need for more expensive methods involving the use of a mass spectrometer or a thermal conductivity gas analyzer. PMID- 6736360 TI - Multicystic encephalomalacia: CT appearance and pathological correlation. AB - Perinatal insults, including anoxia, may lead to a form of cerebral necrosis designated multicystic encephalomalacia. This common condition is characterized by (a) moderate atrophic ventricular dilatation, (b) intact ventricular walls with thickened subependymal glial layer, (c) multiple cysts of irregular size and shape distributed throughout the cerebral white matter and the inner layers of the cortex bilaterally, and (d) relative sparing of the orbital surfaces of the frontal lobes, the temporal lobes below the superior temporal gyri, the basal ganglia, the cerebellar hemispheres, and the spinal cord (except for secondary degeneration of corticospinal tracts). PMID- 6736361 TI - Third ventricular lymphoma: CT findings. AB - Apparent intrathird ventricular masses were the only CT manifestations in four patients with central nervous system lymphoma. Involvement of the third ventricular region by lymphoma may not be as unusual as previously described in the literature. When lymphoma involves the third ventricle, its CT appearance may mimic other more common third ventricular masses. PMID- 6736362 TI - Revisited old and new CT findings in unruptured larger arteriovenous malformations of the brain. AB - Several papers have already described the computed tomographic (CT) findings in arteriovenous malformations (AVMs) of the brain. In a population of larger and unruptured AVMs, however, improved resolution CT has made it possible to demonstrate findings not previously appreciated: (a) major and minor mass effects in the absence of rupture of an AVM (33 of 60 cases); (b) cisternal enlargement secondary to vessel ectasia and tortuosity; (c) extensive edema of white matter; (d) the detailed features of finer and coarser calcifications of the malformation; (e) gray matter changes, disturbances in the gray-white matter interface, and intrinsic hypodense regions within the AVM; and (f) visualization of small vessels on intravenous enhancement. PMID- 6736363 TI - Nonspecificity of intraparenchymal blood-fluid levels in cerebral computed tomography. AB - In previous reports statements have been made that blood-fluid levels seen on cerebral CT were indicative of preexisting tumor or arteriovenous malformations. Three cases are presented which indicate that an intraparenchymal blood-fluid level is a nonspecific finding that may be encountered in other lesions than those previously reported. PMID- 6736364 TI - Computed tomography of macroglossia secondary to amyloidosis. AB - Computed tomography of the tongue base and floor of the mouth is an effective means for evaluating and characterizing deep lingual masses. We report two cases of macroglossia secondary to amyloidosis. The findings at CT and differential diagnosis are discussed. PMID- 6736366 TI - MR imaging of the mediastinum: a retrospective comparison with computed tomography. AB - Magnetic resonance (MR) imaging of the mediastinum was performed with a 0.12 T resistive magnet and compared with the results of CT. On T1 weighted images with partial saturation technique, soft tissue masses, lymphadenopathy, lipomatosis, and vascular anatomy were comparable with MR and CT imaging in 19 of 30 patients (63.3%). In the remaining 11 patients only slight differences between the two modalities were observed. Our experience suggests that MR imaging at low field strength is equivalent to CT in the morphologic assessment of the mediastinum without the need for administration of intravenous contrast medium or exposure to ionizing radiation. PMID- 6736365 TI - Computed tomography of intrinsic laryngeal and tracheal abnormalities in children. AB - The use of CT in the evaluation of intrinsic laryngeal and tracheal lesions in 42 children is reported. Computed tomography accurately defined the caliber of the airway and documented the site and extent of narrowed segments as well as revealed detailed information about tissues adjacent to the airway. Documentation of a normal or slightly narrowed airway on CT may obviate the need for more invasive endoscopic procedures. Computed tomography may reveal valuable anatomical information prior to endoscopy and can delineate the length of narrowed segments when endoscopy fails to do so. PMID- 6736367 TI - Computed tomography in congenital heart disease. AB - The CT results in defining anatomic and certain physiologic features in patients with congenital heart and great vessel anomalies were reviewed in 32 patients with a variety of congenital cardiac and aortic arch anomalies. Most of these cases (18 patients) were selected on the basis of angiocardiographic or echocardiographic studies performed prior to the CT evaluation. In 14 patients CT was performed as the initial study. All examinations were contrast enhanced and performed on a third generation CT scanner with scan time of 2 or 4 s. The CT demonstration of abnormalities of the great vessels such as positional anomalies, atresias, and hypoplasias was equivalent to angiocardiography and usually superior to two-dimensional echocardiography. The CT results in 14 patients were sufficient to obviate catheterization and angiography; most of these cases were abnormalities of the thoracic aorta. The CT evaluation of intracardiac anatomy was inconsistent. It adequately defined septal defects and configurational (Ebstein anomaly) and bulboventricular loop abnormalities of the ventricles. However, valve anomalies were not adequately demonstrated by CT. The three dimensional representation of cardiac and mediastinal vascular anatomy provided by this relatively noninvasive technique gives unique information in some cardiovascular anomalies. When faster scanning times are introduced, more definition of the cardiac structures should be possible, further increasing the diagnostic potential of CT. PMID- 6736368 TI - Streak artefacts of the thoracic aorta: pseudodissection. AB - Streak artefacts running across images of the aorta can mimic aortic dissection on CT. We have compared 12 patients suffering from dissection with 45 others. Some artefacts were found in every patient. Such misleading appearances were more obtrusive in dissectors. However, we have found several pointers that help distinguish true intimal flaps from artefacts. Flaps are usually thin structures showing mild curvature. Artefacts are generally linear and vary in thickness. Their orientation may change markedly from one CT section to the next; they frequently extend beyond the confines of the aorta. In the ascending aorta, artefacts usually run at an angle of approximately 66 degrees to the coronal plane; especial care should be taken before diagnosing a straight intimal flap in that orientation. Careful study of images on the monitor rather than on film is a further help in the important distinction between artefact and intimal flap. PMID- 6736369 TI - Hiatal hernia causing a cardia pseudomass on computed tomography. AB - Two cases are reported in which gastric cardia pseudomasses associated with sliding hiatal hernias were seen on computed tomography done for evaluation of esophageal carcinoma. PMID- 6736370 TI - Changes of the hepatic CT absorption value in hemodialysis patients. AB - The effect of hemodialysis on the CT absorption value of the liver was examined in 14 hemodialysis patients. In the high ultrafiltration group [10 patients with a weight loss of -1.7 to -3.5 (2.9 +/- 0.6) kg], the hepatic CT absorption value increased from 49.6 +/- 7.0 to 58.7 +/- 8.7 Hounsfield units (p less than 0.001) during hemodialysis. The increase in hepatic CT absorption value during dialysis correlated with the weight loss (p less than 0.001, r = 0.798). A 5.3% body weight loss by ultrafiltration resulted in an 18.5% increase in the CT absorption value of the liver. This study suggests that one should be careful in making an early diagnosis of hepatic disease, especially hemosiderosis, in hemodialysis patients based on the hepatic CT absorption value because it is affected by hemodialysis. PMID- 6736371 TI - Computed tomography in recurrent or metastatic colon cancer: relation to rising serum carcinoembryonic antigen. AB - Twenty patients with Stage Duke B or C adenocarcinoma of the colon or rectum who have undergone radical surgical resection and demonstrated rising serum carcinoembryonic antigen (CEA) during follow-up are the subject of this study. In all cases, while there was a continuous and progressive elevation of serum CEA, CT examination of the abdomen and pelvis was performed. Abnormal CT findings were demonstrated in 19 patients and included pelvic mass, liver metastases, and periaortic or mesenteric lymphadenopathy. There was one normal CT scan in a patient who subsequently developed metastases in the sacrum. Based on the observations in these patients, it is concluded that in routine follow-up after colorectal surgery, rising serum CEA should be considered a warning sign and warrants additional investigation by CT. PMID- 6736372 TI - Computed tomography of adult neuroblastoma. AB - The computed tomographic (CT) findings in five adult patients with neuroblastoma and in one with ganglioneuroblastoma are presented. Four patients had abdominal and thoracic disease, one had abdominal disease only, and one had isolated chest involvement. The CT findings are nonspecific and may be confused with lymphoma. Nevertheless, multifocal presentation, particularly if it includes the posterior mediastinum and association with diffuse or focal bone involvement, when present, should suggest the diagnosis and lead to appropriate laboratory and histopathologic workup. PMID- 6736373 TI - Computed tomography of renal metastases. AB - The CT manifestations of renal metastases from nonurinary tract carcinomas were evaluated in five autopsy-proven cases. Three cases resembled renal inflammatory disease or renal cysts. The wide variety of CT manifestations of renal metastases underscores the need to bear renal metastases in mind when renal abnormalities are observed in any case of advanced malignancy. PMID- 6736374 TI - Traumatic renal artery occlusion: CT diagnosis with angiographic correlation. AB - Traumatic renal artery occlusion is a rare injury and may be clinically silent or vague in its presentation. In the appropriate clinical setting CT findings are diagnostic, enabling prompt arteriographic evaluation and early surgical intervention. PMID- 6736375 TI - CT evaluation of the pelvic cavity after cystectomy: observation in 40 cases. AB - This study reports our experience with CT in 40 patients who underwent total cystectomies. This technique permits careful monitoring of post-operative recovery and defects and identifies complications, local recurrences, or diffuse neoplastic spread. In complete cystectomies with or without neobladder, the possibility of recognizing abnormalities depends on the operator's ability to recognize normal postoperative modifications and asymmetry in the muscle masses along the lateral walls and to identify any unusual masses. Local recurrence in the pelvic cavity can show up as alterations in the thickness of the soft structures that cover the pelvic walls or as new masses. A postoperative abscess is suggested by the demonstration of gas in a nonintestinal mass. A urinoma generally presents as a low density mass with a thin wall even if some urinomas communicate with the genitourinary tract and therefore opacify with the use of intravenous contrast medium administration. Despite these limitations, CT remains the best investigative technique for exploring the pelvic cavity after cystectomy, making it an indispensable examination in well-programmed patient follow-up. PMID- 6736376 TI - Perfluoroctylbromide as a blood pool contrast agent for liver, spleen, and vascular imaging in computed tomography. AB - Perfluoroctylbromide (PFOB) in emulsion form was tested as a blood pool imaging agent for computed tomography (CT) in five animals (three dogs and two pigs). Computed tomography of the kidneys, liver, spleen, and mediastinum was performed in the control state and at various time intervals after the end of PFOB infusion. The attenuation coefficient of the vascular space increased by 117 Hounsfield units (HU) (range 105-128 HU), the liver by 54 HU (range 43-70 HU), and the spleen by 77 HU (range 69-86 HU) 30 to 50 min after the end of PFOB infusion, 5 ml/kg. The vascular space enhanced by 25 HU for every g of PFOB/100 ml of blood and remained at almost a constant level for hours after the end of infusion. In conclusion, PFOB emulsion, in addition to hepatosplenic enhancement, produces prolonged and substantial opacification of the vascular space, allowing CT imaging of the heart and vascular structures minutes to hours after the end of infusion. PMID- 6736377 TI - An implementation of dual energy CT scanning. AB - We have described a prereconstruction method for dual energy (PREDECT) analysis of CT scans. In theory, this method can (a) eliminate beam hardening and produce an accuracy comparable with monoenergetic scans and (b) provide the effective atomic number and electron density of any voxel scanned. Our implementation proves these statements and eliminates some of the objectionable noise. We constructed a phantom with a cylindrical sleeve-like compartment containing known amounts of high atomic number material simulating a removable skull. Conventional scans, with and without this beam hardener, were done of a water bath containing tubes of high electron and high atomic number material. Dual energy scans were then done for PREDECT. To increase the effective separation of the low and high energy beams by using more appropriate tube filtration, we fabricated a beam filter changer containing erbium, tungsten, aluminum, and steel. We used erbium, tungsten, and steel at high energy and aluminum, steel, and erbium at low energy for data acquisition. The reconstructions were compared visually and numerically for noise levels with the original steel only filtration. We found a decrease in noise down to approximately one-half the prior level when erbium/aluminum or tungsten/aluminum replaced the steel/steel filter. Erbium and tungsten were equally effective. Steel/erbium and steel/aluminum also significantly reduced image noise. The noise in the photoelectric (P) and Compton (C) images is negatively correlated. At any pixel, if the noise is positive in the P image, it is most probably negative in the C. Using this fact, the noise was reduced by postreconstruction processing. PMID- 6736378 TI - NMR imaging of pulmonary arteriovenous fistulae . AB - The nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) imaging of pulmonary arteriovenous fistulae is reported, and the value of NMR in separating vascular from nonvascular lesions in the lung and mediastinum is discussed. PMID- 6736379 TI - CT demonstration of congenital pulmonary venolobar syndrome. AB - The congenital pulmonary venolobar syndrome comprises a spectrum of thoracic anomalies that are discussed. Computed tomography demonstrated findings not readily apparent on conventional posteroanterior and lateral views of the chest and offered an explanation different from that usually given for the retrosternal opacity that may be seen on the lateral chest radiographs of patients with this syndrome. PMID- 6736380 TI - CT findings in pulmonary venoocclusive disease. AB - We report a case of pulmonary venoocclusive disease in which chest radiography, when supplemented with computed tomography after contrast medium administration, was specific enough to make the diagnosis without resorting to more invasive, potentially dangerous procedures. A brief review of the literature, with emphasis on etiology, pathogenesis, and possible therapeutic approaches, emphasizes the importance of early diagnosis of this rare and usually fatal disease. PMID- 6736381 TI - CT diagnosis of segmental pulmonary artery embolus. AB - A patient with pathologically proven pulmonary embolism that was diagnosed on computed tomography (CT) is presented. The clot in an artery with a diameter less than 1 cm was clearly demonstrated as was an associated pulmonary infarct, which appeared hyperdense on contrast enhanced scan. The potential of CT to noninvasively demonstrate pulmonary embolism, particularly in smaller arteries, is discussed. PMID- 6736382 TI - Computed tomography of mediastinal abscess secondary to post-traumatic esophageal laceration. AB - Esophageal laceration resulting in mediastinitis or mediastinal abscess is an uncommon, but clinically significant, complication of chest trauma. Following a normal arch aortogram, CT demonstrated bilateral upper mediastinal air fluid collections in a post-trauma patient with mediastinal widening. Suspected mediastinal abscesses secondary to esophageal laceration were subsequently confirmed by esophagography and at thoracotomy. PMID- 6736383 TI - Computed tomography of fatal hepatic rupture due to peliosis hepatis. AB - Hepatic rupture with subcapsular hematoma and hemoperitoneum is shown by CT in a patient with peliosis hepatis. Peliosis hepatis is pathologically characterized by blood-filled cystic spaces in the liver associated with the administration of anabolic androgenic steroids or oral contraceptive agents, particularly those with large components of estrogen. We report a fatal case in a patient receiving diethylstilbestrol for 3 years. In patients receiving these medications, peliosis hepatis should be considered in the differential diagnosis of low attenuation areas in the liver by CT. These patients are subject to increased risk of spontaneous hepatic rupture. PMID- 6736384 TI - Combined use of ultrasound and computed tomography in evaluation of intraabdominal pregnancy and fetal demise. AB - The ultrasonographic and CT findings in a case of intraabdominal pregnancy with fetal demise are presented. To our knowledge, this is the first published report of CT evaluation of intraabdominal fetal demise. The complementary role of CT and ultrasound in diagnosing intraabdominal fetal demise are discussed. PMID- 6736385 TI - Computed tomography of testicular feminization. AB - Testicular feminization is a rare genetic disease characterized by an XY karyotype, bilateral functional testes, female external genitalia, blind vagina, and absence of mullerian derivatives. The presurgical localization of the testes is critical and is particularly well suited to the cross-sectional imaging capability of CT. PMID- 6736386 TI - Azygos continuation of the inferior vena cava: demonstration by NMR imaging. AB - Azygos continuation of the inferior vena cava was diagnosed by magnetic resonance (MR) imaging in a patient with a right tracheobronchial angle mass. The characteristic findings included a dilated azygos vein and absence of the hepatic segment of the inferior vena cava. Advantages of MR imaging in evaluation of anomalies of the cava are discussed. PMID- 6736387 TI - Accessory hemiazygos continuation of left inferior vena cava: CT demonstration. AB - The first CT description of accessory hemiazygos continuation of a left-sided inferior vena cava is presented. This venous anomaly appears as a mediastinal mass on plain chest films and may simulate an aortic dissection on CT or angiography. Careful attention to the various abnormal vascular pathways will obviate the need for further invasive testing. PMID- 6736388 TI - Prominent internal occipital protuberance misdiagnosed as fourth ventricular mass. AB - A prominent internal occipital protuberance was misdiagnosed as a fourth ventricular mass. The primary error was inattention to head positioning. The case is presented both to call attention to the need for careful topographic overlap and to discuss the interesting but normal variant. PMID- 6736389 TI - Computed tomography of intracranial extramedullary hematopoiesis. AB - Patients with extramedullary hematopoiesis may be divided into two main groups. The first group shows paraosseous foci that may result from "herniation" of medullary tissue from the underlying bone. This is seen in hemolytic disorders where the marrow has tremendous activity. The second group shows extraosseous soft tissue foci, which may arise from multipotential stem cells. This occurs when the marrow activity is ineffectual, as in the myeloproliferative disorders or, rarely, with toxic or tumoral marrow destruction. We present a patient with myelosclerosis and four intracranial masses of hematopoietic tissue in the subdural space. We believe this is the first description of the cranial CT findings in this condition. PMID- 6736390 TI - CT demonstration of a spinal subarachnoid haematoma following lumbar puncture. PMID- 6736391 TI - CT diagnosis of actinomycosis of the neck. AB - Actinomycosis is an unusual bacterial infection that most often affects the head and neck region. Abscesses occasionally associated with a draining sinus may result secondary to extensive tissue destruction. We report the CT appearance in a case of actinomycosis of the neck. A thick walled enhancing mass with a low attenuation center was identified between the sternocleidomastoid muscle and the strap muscles of the neck. Enhancement of the adjacent muscles was present. Surgery confirmed an abscess with inflammation of the adjacent muscle. Histologic examination of the specimen showed the presence of multiple yellow (sulfur) granules containing Actinomyces. Computed tomography correctly determined the extent of the mass and lack of involvement of the deep structures of the neck. PMID- 6736392 TI - Lipoma of corpus callosum associated with frontoethmoidal lipomeningocele: CT findings. PMID- 6736393 TI - Air insufflation of the colon as an adjunct to computed tomography of the pelvis. AB - Air insufflation of the colon as an adjunct to pelvic CT examinations was performed in 49 patients for evaluation of a known or suspected pelvic mass or in follow-up of treated pelvic tumors. This safe, simple method of colonic visualization clearly outlines the rectosigmoid colon and permits a reliable assessment of the mucosa, wall thickness, and extrinsic abnormalities, thereby improving diagnostic accuracy in staging pelvic malignancy and evaluating pelvic pathology. PMID- 6736394 TI - Scanning electron microscopy of skin replicas showing demodectic infestation of the pilosebaceous follicle. AB - Demodex folliculorum infestation of human pilosebaceous follicles was revealed by scanning electron microscopy of skin replicas. This is presented as a non invasive alternative to biopsies in studying superficial dermatological conditions. PMID- 6736395 TI - Lymphocytic vasculitis: is it a specific clinicopathologic entity? AB - Seventy-one biopsy specimens taken at the Mayo Clinic from June 1977 through May 1981 demonstrated lymphocytic vasculitis. All specimens met the criteria for lymphocytic vasculitis, defined as (1) a predominantly lymphocytic infiltrate that involves and surrounds blood vessel walls, (2) fibrinoid necrosis of blood vessel walls, and (3) endothelial cell hyperplasia. Other histologic findings such as thrombosis, extravasation of erythrocytes, ulceration, epidermal infarction, and evidence of nuclear dust were seen only occasionally. Hypocomplementemia and other serologic abnormalities were very rare, even when lymphocytic vasculitis was extensive. The clinical diagnoses varied, with drug reaction (12 patients) and chronic urticaria (10 patients) being most frequent. In 32 cases, no specific diagnosis could be made at the time of dermatologic dismissal. In the remaining 39 cases, the diagnoses were varied and no definite clinical categories can be applied to them. We also observed typical lymphocytic vasculitis in some cases of other clinical entities, such as nodular scabies, erythema multiforme, and urticarial vasculitis, and so forth. We conclude that lymphocytic vasculitis is probably not a specific clinicopathologic entity but is more likely a reactive process, secondary to severe lymphocytic inflammation in the skin. PMID- 6736396 TI - Lead toxicity and metabolism from lead sulfate fed to Holstein calves. AB - Sixteen Holstein intact male calves averaging 85 kg and 74 days of age were assigned randomly to four dietary lead treatments according to body weight. They were fed for ad libitum consumption a control diet containing no added lead or the control diet supplemented with 500, 1500, or 4500 ppm lead as lead sulfate. One calf fed 1500 ppm lead and all four calves fed 4500 ppm lead died within 6 to 10 days after initiation of treatments. Death was sudden with few or no clinical signs prior to death. Those clinical signs that did appear included muscular tremors, gnashing of teeth, bellowing, and convulsions. Four control, four 500 ppm lead, and two 1500 ppm lead-fed calves survived the 7-wk experimental period. Feed consumption, body weight changes, glutamic oxaloacetic transminase and alkaline phosphatase activity in blood plasma, and hemoglobin were not affected significantly by lead treatments. Packed cell volume in calves fed 500 and 1500 ppm added lead was reduced. Lead concentrations in blood, kidney, liver, bone, brain, and muscle were elevated in lead supplemented calves above those of controls. The highest concentrations of lead were in kidney and liver. PMID- 6736397 TI - Circadian and ultradian temperature rhythms of lactating dairy cows. AB - Thermistors were implanted in the right front quarter of udder and peritoneal cavity of six lactating Holstein cows to investigate whether udder temperature is regulated independently of deep body temperature. Sequential measurements of udder, body, chamber, and outdoor temperatures were every 1.4 min (1024 readings/probe per 24 h) by digital computer. Cows were housed (except for short exercise periods) in a chamber at 16.7 +/- .3 degrees C, lights on 0730 to 1630 and 2100 to 0200 h. Temperature was monitored continuously for 5 days in three cows in early lactation and in three cows in late lactation. Udder temperature was closely correlated with body temperature (body and udder temperatures were 38.8 +/- .1 degree C). Five of six cows showed two patterns of temperature variation: a 24-h pattern with two troughs each day--minimum at 0930 to 1100 h, increase 1.0 degree C by 1200 to 1300 h, decline 1 degree C from 2000 to 2200 h, second minimum by 2100 to 2200 h, and constant elevation from 2300 to 0800 h (peak to trough, 1.23 +/- .09 degrees C); and superimposed upon the 24-h rhythm was an ultradian rhythm with an approximate 90 min period (peak to trough, .5 +/- .03 degrees C). Rhythmicity of udder and body temperatures should be considered in research on the chronobiology of milk secretion and mastitis. PMID- 6736398 TI - Influence of ration form and nitrogen availability on ruminal fermentation patterns and plasma of growing bull calves. AB - Nine rations containing three forms (ground hay, .2 to 2 cm; chopped hay, 6 to 10 cm; or all concentrate) and three percents (30, 45, and 60%) of rumen degradable nitrogen were fed to 54 Holstein calves (3 X 3 factorial) between 8 and 20 wk of age. Rumen fluid samples were obtained at 8, 11, 14, 17, and 20 wk of age and plasma at 14 and 20 wk of age. Rumen fluid acetate concentration was greatest for ground hay and lowest for concentrate; propionate was greatest for concentrate and lowest for calves fed ground hay. Calves fed concentrate had highest valerate and total volatile fatty acid concentration, whereas lactate concentration and pH were least for concentrate. Ruminal ammonia nitrogen increased with increasing ruminally degradable protein feedstuffs in the ration. Plasma acetate was highest for chopped hay and lowest for concentrate, whereas calves fed concentrate and ground hay were comparable with higher propionate and glucose concentrations than calves fed chopped hay. Plasma urea nitrogen was highest for calves fed 60% ruminally degradable protein. PMID- 6736399 TI - Relationship between N-acetyl-beta-D-glucosaminidase activity and cell count, lactose, chloride, or lactoferrin in cow milk. AB - Activity of N-acetyl-beta-D-glucosaminidase was measured in foremilk samples collected from cows. A total of 64 samples were collected from these cows, some of which were affected by mastitis. They were examined for N-acetyl-beta-D glucosaminidase activity, cell count in whole milk, and milk chloride, lactose, and lactoferrin. The correlation coefficient was .72 between activity and cell count, -.80 between activity and lactose, and .88 between activity and chloride. Therefore, the correlations between N-acetyl-beta-D-glucosaminidase activity and milk components, chloride and lactose, were larger than that between N-acetyl beta-D-glucosaminidase activity and cell count. The correlation coefficient was high (.91) between N-acetyl-beta-D-glucosaminidase and lactoferrin. The N-acetyl beta-D-glucosaminidase activity in cow's milk has potential for diagnosis of mastitis. PMID- 6736400 TI - Genetic trend for milk yield from doe evaluations in the northeast United States. AB - Milk production records of 306 Alpine, 72 LaMancha, 170 Nubian, 84 Saanen, and 235 Toggenburg does born in the Northeast from 1972 through 1979 were used to estimate trends of additive genetic value. Estimated transmitting abilities were doubled and averaged for all does born in each year to obtain yearly estimates of genetic value. Genetic trends from regression of yearly mean genetic value on year of birth for Alpine, LaMancha, Nubian, Saanen, and Toggenburg averaged 11.4, -7.9, 1.9, 14.6, and 11.7 kg per year. Genetic trends were less than theoretically possible, indicating that more effective selection schemes are needed, although because of the limited number of does, the trends may not represent actual trends. PMID- 6736401 TI - Seventy-ninth annual meeting of the American Dairy Science Association. June 24 27, 1984. Abstracts. PMID- 6736402 TI - Perineural invasion by SCC. PMID- 6736403 TI - Salabrasion. PMID- 6736404 TI - Skin refrigerants. PMID- 6736405 TI - Injectable collagen update. AB - Injectable collagen (Zyderm Collagen Implant) has proved to be an effective means of treating certain soft tissue contour defects. A highly concentrated form of the material (65 mg/ml) is now available, and several contraindications to the use of injectable collagen have been removed or changed. This article reviews these changes and provides updated information regarding the safety of this material, the treatment of adverse reactions, and injection techniques that enhance correction. PMID- 6736406 TI - Facelift surgery update: suction-assisted rhytidectomy and other improvements. AB - The steady development of facelift techniques and modifications has continued to make the rhytidectomy procedure safer and better. The remarkably rapid acceptance of lipo-suction-assisted rhytidectomy has significantly altered this form of cosmetic surgery, resulting in more pleasing results for patients and surgeons alike. PMID- 6736407 TI - Chemical peeling with trichloroacetic acid. AB - Trichloracetic acid for deep and superficial chemical peeling can be effectively utilized by experienced physicians. It is an excellent alternative if phenol chemical peel is contraindicated. PMID- 6736408 TI - The postauricular vertical hair-bearing transposition flap. PMID- 6736409 TI - Update on chemical peel. PMID- 6736410 TI - Education and training for intensive therapy in the United Kingdom. PMID- 6736411 TI - Metabolic and hemodynamic response to hyperventilation in patients with head injuries. AB - The effects of controlled moderate hyperventilation (paCo2 approximately 31 mmHg) on cardiovascular parameters and whole-body-oxygen-uptake (VO2) was studied in 10 patients with head injuries, who were unconscious and artificially ventilated at the time of the investigation. VO2 was measured with the Beckmann Metabolic Measurement Cart and also calculated from cardiac output and arterio-mixed venous oxygen content difference. A mean increase in VO2 (+ 19.6% of control) was observed after 2 h of hyperventilation. Cardiac output remained unchanged. This resulted in a decrease of venous oxygen content and impaired full oxygenation of the blood. Our results indicate that hyperventilation should not be a routine procedure. Close monitoring of arterial and venous blood gases is recommended, when hyperventilation is applied. PMID- 6736412 TI - Evaluation of I.V. labetalol for treatment of posttraumatic hyperdynamic state. AB - A hyperdynamic state, characterized by an elevated blood pressure and tachycardia is frequently seen during the first few days following severe multiple trauma. We examined the cardiovascular effects of the alpha and beta adrenoceptor blocking agent labetalol in patients presenting a hyperdynamic cardiovascular state some days after major trauma. Ten patients with a heart rate-systolic blood pressure product (RPP) of more than 2000 during 6 consecutive hours, despite normovolaemia, adequate ventilation, analgesia and sedation were investigated. After a mean dose of 2.1 +/- 1.2 mg X kg-1 (mean +/- SD) of labetalol injected intravenously over a 10-min period, heart rate decreased from 117 +/- 28 to 102 +/- 19 beats X min-1, systolic arterial pressure from 25 +/- 3.5 to 18.5 +/- 2.7 kPa, diastolic pressure from 11 +/- 1.7 to 9.5 +/- 1.7 kPa, mean arterial blood pressure from 15.5 +/- 2.1 to 12.4 +/- 2.1 kPa, and the RPP from 2880 +/- 867 to 1853 +/- 373. The beneficial effect of this dose lasted 24 h in 8 of 10 patients without additional administration. No important side effects such as cardiac arrhythmias, hypotension, or bronchospasm were noted. We conclude that labetalol used in fractional intravenous doses permits an adequate treatment of a "hypertension-tachycardia syndrome" in severely injured patients. PMID- 6736413 TI - Primary pneumococcal pericarditis complicated by acute constriction. AB - We report a case of a 31-year-old male with primary pneumococcal pericarditis. Severe acute constrictive pericarditis developed within a month of the onset of the illness in spite of adequate antibiotic therapy and pericardial drainage. PMID- 6736414 TI - Mediastinal emphysema simulating acute pericarditis. AB - A case of extensive subcutaneous emphysema, retropneumoperitoneum and mediastinal emphysema is described. The mediastinal emphysema was associated with signs and symptoms of pericardial tamponade, and previously undocumented ECG changes, consistent with acute pericarditis, were noted. PMID- 6736415 TI - Is thermal balance important in critical illness? PMID- 6736416 TI - Recovering from long-term and short-term adaptation of the whole nerve action potential. AB - Properties of adaptation and recovery from adaptation are measured in response to adapter tones of short duration (100 ms), intermediate duration (1 m), and long duration (2-15 m). The decrease in N1 potential in response to a probe tone burst was used to assess the magnitude of adaptation. By measuring the response at different times after adapter offset the time course of recovery was assessed. By measuring the response to different probe frequencies, the spread of adaptation across place in the cochlea was assessed. Adapters of different duration showed quite different spread of adaptation across probe frequency. Short-duration adapters resulted in decrements of probe response greatest at and above probe frequency. Intermediate- and long-duration adapters showed progressively greater shifts in peak decrement to higher probe frequencies as adapter level was increased. PMID- 6736417 TI - Postnatal functional development of the dorsal and posteroventral cochlear nuclei of the cat. AB - The postnatal development of firing patterns and response areas was determined for single neurons in the dorsal (DCN) and posteroventral ( PVCN ) cochlear nuclei of the kitten. Extracellular, single-unit responses to pure-tone stimulation were recorded in ketamine and sodium pentobarbital anesthetized kittens between the ages of 5 and 52 days. Within the first two weeks of postnatal life threshold is high, first-spike latency is long, and maximal discharge rate is low as compared to older kittens and adult cats. Prior to the end of the second postnatal week the tone-evoked temporal discharge patterns that characterize neurons of the DCN and PVCN in the adult cat are routinely recorded. These patterns, which appear within the first 50 ms of tonal stimulation, include the so-called " primarylike ," "chopper," " pauser ," "buildup," and "onset" types and their variants. In animals younger than about 10-12 days of age, the driven activity that occurs later than about 50 ms after stimulus onset often is not sustained, but breaks up during the stimulus into bursts that are separated by intervals of about 100-150 ms. Also within the first two weeks of postnatal life, many of the response-area properties of DCN and PVCN neurons are similar to those recorded in adult cats. The excitation and inhibition found within the so called type II/III, type IV, and type V response areas of the adult occur in this early postnatal period. We conclude that many of the cellular mechanisms that underlie the temporal firing patterns and the organization of the response areas of DCN and PVCN neurons are active in the growing, differentiating cochlear nuclei and that the emergence of these mechanisms does not depend on afferent activity generated in the cochlear and auditory nerve by the animal's acoustic environment. Furthermore, if temporal firing patterns and response-area profiles remain relatively constant over the life span of the animal, then so must the spatial and temporal relationships of the inputs that produce and maintain them as these neurons, and the circuits of which they are a part, grow in size and complexity. PMID- 6736418 TI - Combined effect of two suppressors. AB - Threshold for a 10-ms sinusoidal signal was measured as a function of signal frequency (0.65 to 1.40 kHz) in several forward-masking conditions. For signal frequencies near 1.0 kHz, the forward masking produced by a 395-ms, 100-Hz-wide noise centered at 1.0 kHz (total power 60 dB) could be reduced by the addition of a sinusoid to the noise. The effects of four sinusoidal suppressors (frequencies of 0.70, 0.85, 1.15, and 1.40 kHz, all at 75 dB SPL) were examined individually and in the six possible pairwise combinations. In general, the threshold reduction produced by two suppressors together was no greater than the larger of the reductions produced by the suppressors individually. It appears that suppression produced by different stimuli does not combine to yield significantly larger effects. Instead, the amount of suppression appears to be restricted to a specific range and it is not possible to exceed this limit. PMID- 6736419 TI - Broadened forward-masked tuning curves from intense masking tones: delay-time and probe-level manipulations. AB - Forward-masked psychophysical tuning curves were obtained from normal-hearing listeners under two conditions: lengthened delay time between masker and probe, and increased probe level. Both conditions required higher-level masking tones and both conditions resulted in broader tuning curves. Comparisons were made of tuning curves obtained with different probe-level and delay-time combinations that were chosen to require equivalent masker levels at the probe frequency. Nearly identical tuning-curve shapes were obtained when masker level at the probe frequency was the same. The results are predicted by a two-process model, consisting of a nonlinear filter followed by an exponential decay. Tuning-curve shapes in forward masking appear to be largely dependent upon the masker level (filter output level) at which one attempts to measure them. PMID- 6736420 TI - The influence of temporal cues on the strength of periodicity pitches. AB - Three different waveforms were generated from the same component frequencies by setting the phase of the components so they were either homophasic (all component sinusoids start at 0 degree), diphasic (sinusoids alternate between -45 degrees and + 45 degrees), or heterophasic (starting phase randomly selected). Listeners were asked to rate the saliency of all periodicity pitches they could detect in stimuli which contained 12 or more components at frequencies above the region where pitches were perceived . A major finding was that the highest ratings of fundamental frequency (f1) pitch "strength" were always obtained for homophasic waveforms, which among the test stimuli have the most abrupt envelope fluctuations. In contrast, diphasic and heterophasic waveforms, which have smoother envelopes, yielded lower pitch strength estimates at f1 and higher ratings two octaves above the fundamental. These data indicate that information concerning the stimulus waveform envelope influences the relative prominence of competing pitches evoked by periodicity pitch stimuli. However, no one-to-one correspondence between pitch and waveform periodicity is apparent. PMID- 6736421 TI - Selective adaptation to linear frequency-modulated sweeps: evidence for direction specific FM channels? AB - Psychometric functions were obtained for detection of linear frequency-modulated pure tones which were preceded by either a pure tone or a linear FM pure-tone adaptor. The results of Gardner and Wilson [J. Acoust. Soc. Am. 66, 704 709(1979)] were generally confirmed: Thresholds were larger by about a factor of 1.7 when the adaptor and test sweeps rose in frequency. This increase in threshold corresponds to a change in performance from 75% to 65% correct. As an alternative to feature-selective channels, we propose that this small effect is due to nonsensory factors, specifically, the use of an adaptor-like reference in the "adapted" condition. Performance similar to that obtained in humans is shown by an ideal receiver that uses an inappropriate reference to match the signal in the detection task. PMID- 6736422 TI - The effects of intensity on the detection of interaural differences of time in high-frequency trains of clicks. AB - Threshold values of interaural differences of time (delta IDTs ) were measured for trains of dichotic clicks whose levels were 20, 40, or 60 dB SPL. All clicks were bandpass filtered at 4 kHz, and the number of clicks in the train (n) was 1, 2, 4, 8, 16, or 32. The interclick interval (ICI) was 5, 2, or 1 ms. Performance was compared to that of an ideal integrator of information, which produces slopes of - 0.5 when log delta IDT versus log n is plotted. The results showed that increases in level had no effect on the slopes of the log-log functions regardless of the ICI but did decrease the intercepts. Shortening the ICI caused the slopes to go from nearly - 0.5 towards 0.0. The improvement with level could be explained by either a decrease in the temporal variability of neural discharges, or by an increase in the number of samples of IDT at higher intensities brought on by increased firing rates or the activation of more auditory units. A review of the physiological literature found the most parsimonious explanation to be that the decline in threshold IDT was mediated by an increase in the number of active units, each possessing the same degree of adaptation. PMID- 6736423 TI - Initial observations concerning developmental characteristics of labio-mandibular kinematics. AB - Acoustic measurements have shown that children's segment durations are often longer than those of adults. It is unclear from previous research, however, why this occurs. One possibility is that children's less mature peripheral speech mechanisms limit the rate at which they can perform articulatory movements and that this results in longer acoustic segment durations. Another possible cause of children's longer segment durations is that "higher-order," organizational factors might affect their ability to plan and sequence phonetic strings. This too could limit the rate at which they produce speech gestures, thus resulting in longer segment durations. The present study attempted to clarify such issues by obtaining articulatory movement data from four children and three adults using strain gage instrumentation to monitor superior-inferior lip and jaw displacement and velocity. Results indicate that the children tended to move their articulators more slowly than the adults, despite the fact that both groups exhibited comparable articulatory displacements. Differences observed between the adults and children concerning vocal tract size and movement variability indicate that "lower-level," physical factors may be partially involved in children's slower articulatory movements. However, differences between the two groups regarding anticipation of certain articulatory sequences suggest that "higher order," organizational effects may also be associated with children's slower movements and, therefore, their longer segment durations. PMID- 6736424 TI - An evaluation of some assumptions underlying the articulation index. AB - The purposes of this investigation were to derive measurement and calculation procedures for the articulation index (AI) that were as precise and accurate as possible, and to evaluate the significance of the differences in assumptions made by early investigators. A nonsense syllable test specifically designed for this application was recorded. The implications of various assumptions utilized in different approaches to predicting speech sound identification were tested using 13 different conditions which differed with respect to filtering, level of interfering noise, or level of the speech signal. The listeners were three normal hearing individuals. A set of preferred assumptions was chosen based on a post hoc evaluation of the data. Predictions of speech sound identification were good, both for the average listener and for individual listeners. PMID- 6736425 TI - Speech perception by infants: categorization based on nasal consonant place of articulation. AB - This study examined the ability of six-month-old infants to recognize the perceptual similarity of syllables sharing a phonetic segment when variations were introduced in phonetic environment and talker. Infants in a "phonetic" group were visually reinforced for head turns when a change occurred from a background category of labial nasals to a comparison category of alveolar nasals . The infants were initially trained on a [ma]-[na] contrast produced by a male talker. Novel tokens differing in vowel environment and talker were introduced over several stages of increasing complexity. In the most complex stage infants were required to make a head turn when a change occurred from [ma,mi,mu] to [na,ni,nu], with the tokens in each category produced by both male and female talkers. A " nonphonetic " control group was tested using the same pool of stimuli as the phonetic condition. The only difference was that the stimuli in the background and comparison categories were chosen in such a way that the sounds could not be organized by acoustic or phonetic characteristics. Infants in the phonetic group transferred training to novel tokens produced by different talkers and in different vowel contexts. However, infants in the nonphonetic control group had difficulty learning the phonetically unrelated tokens that were introduced as the experiment progressed. These findings suggest that infants recognize the similarity of nasal consonants sharing place of articulation independent of variation in talker and vowel context. PMID- 6736426 TI - The acoustic features of vervet monkey grunts. AB - East African vervet monkeys give short (125 ms), harsh-sounding grunts to each other in a variety of social situations: when approaching a dominant or subordinate member of their group, when moving into a new area of their range, or upon seeing another group. Although all these vocalizations sound similar to humans, field playback experiments have shown that the monkeys distinguish at least four different calls. Acoustic analysis reveals that grunts have an aperiodic F0, at roughly 240 Hz. Most grunts exhibit a spectral peak close to this irregular F0. Grunts may also contain a second, rising or falling frequency peak, between 550 and 900 Hz. The location and changes in these two frequency peaks are the cues most likely to be used by vervets when distinguishing different grunt types. PMID- 6736427 TI - Time relations between cricothyroid muscle activity and the voice fundamental frequency (F0) during sinusoidal modulations of F0. PMID- 6736428 TI - The college student psychiatric emergency: a descriptive study. PMID- 6736429 TI - Phencyclidine hydrochloride (PCP) use among college students: subjective and clinical effects, toxicity, diagnosis, and treatment. PMID- 6736430 TI - Measles (rubeola): the control of an outbreak at a large university. PMID- 6736431 TI - Smoking behavior of prospective teachers: a Nigerian case. PMID- 6736432 TI - Homosexuality in the college years: developmental differences between men and women. PMID- 6736433 TI - Pharyngitis in the university population. PMID- 6736434 TI - Abortion, limited medical resources, and the meaning of health care. PMID- 6736435 TI - Pulsus alternans: its influence on systolic and diastolic function in aortic valve disease. AB - Left ventricular high fidelity pressure measurements and simultaneous biplane cineangiocardiography were performed in 12 patients with severe aortic valve disease (aortic stenosis in 10, aortic insufficiency in 1 and combined valve lesion in 1). Left ventricular contractility was estimated from maximal rate of left ventricular pressure rise (max dP/dt), peak measured velocity of contractile element shortening (Vpm) and mean circumferential fiber shortening velocity. Left ventricular relaxation was assessed in 12 patients from the time constant (T) of the decline in left ventricular pressure; this constant was calculated from a nonlinear regression analysis of pressure and time (method 1) and a linear regression analysis of pressure and negative dP/dt (method 2). Left ventricular diastolic function was evaluated in nine patients from simultaneous diastolic pressure-volume relations during the strong and weak beats. During pulsus alternans, heart rate and left ventricular end-diastolic pressure remained unchanged, whereas peak systolic pressure (220 versus 204 mm Hg, p less than 0.01) and end-systolic pressure (101 versus 95 mm Hg, p less than 0.01) were significantly higher during the strong beat than during the weak beat. Max dP/dt was alternating (2,162 versus 1,964 mm Hg, p less than 0.05), whereas the peak velocity of contractile element shortening remained unchanged (1.21 versus 1.18 ML/s). Systolic shortening of the left ventricular minor axis was significantly (p less than 0.02) greater during the strong (24%) than during the weak (19%) beat, but that of the left ventricular major axis remained essentially unchanged (8 versus 7%).(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS) PMID- 6736436 TI - Effect of amiodarone on conduction and refractoriness of the His-Purkinje system in the human heart. AB - Although the antiarrhythmic aspect of amiodarone has been extensively studied, its effects on His-Purkinje system conduction and refractoriness have not been systematically investigated in human beings. In 24 patients, anterograde His Purkinje system conduction (HV intervals) and variables of His-Purkinje system refractoriness using the ventricular extrastimulus (V2) technique were analyzed before and after long-term therapy with amiodarone. The mean duration of amiodarone therapy at the time of repeat study was 16.2 +/- 7.7 weeks (range 11 to 42). The anterograde His-Purkinje system conduction time (HV interval) measured 49.6 +/- 9.5 ms (range 40 to 80) before and 60.6 +/- 10.7 ms (range 45 to 90) after amiodarone (p less than 0.005). During retrograde refractory period studies, the longest V1V2 interval at which a retrograde His bundle potential (H2) emerged from the V2 electrogram (relative refractory period of the His Purkinje system) was consistently longer after amiodarone as compared with the control period (376.4 +/- 46.6 versus 318.8 +/- 33.1 ms, p less than 0.005). Similarly, the shortest and longest His-Purkinje system conduction times ( V2H2 interval) at comparable V1V2 intervals were uniformly and significantly prolonged after administration of the drug. Amiodarone also abolished macroreentry in the His-Purkinje system in six of the nine patients who showed such reentry during the control period. The effective refractory period of the ventricular myocardium was also increased from a mean of 227.1 +/- 13.9 to 259.2 +/- 20.2 ms (p less than 0.005) in this series of patients.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS) PMID- 6736437 TI - Amiodarone-digoxin interaction: clinical significance, time course of development, potential pharmacokinetic mechanisms and therapeutic implications. AB - Administration of amiodarone (600 to 1,600 mg/day) to 28 patients during long term digoxin therapy (0.25 +/- 0.05 mg/day) increased serum digoxin level from 0.97 +/- 0.45 to 1.98 +/- 0.84 ng/ml (p less than 0.001). Gastrointestinal side effects occurred in nine patients, central nervous system reactions occurred in five and cardiovascular reactions occurred in four. Pharmacokinetic studies in six patients with a 1 mg intravenous digoxin dose before and during amiodarone therapy increased serum digoxin level at 30 minutes from 8.59 +/- 1.68 to 10.07 +/- 1.70 ng/ml (p less than 0.05). Amiodarone caused a 31% prolongation of digoxin elimination half-life from 49.5 +/- 8.8 to 65.0 +/- 28.8 hours, but the increase in half-life was not statistically significant. Total body clearance was reduced significantly (29%, p less than 0.05) from 2.05 +/- 0.76 to 1.46 +/- 0.64 ml/min per kg. Nonrenal clearance also showed a significant decrease (33%, p less than 0.05) from 1.20 +/- 0.46 to 0.80 +/- 0.30 ml/min per kg. The renal clearance decreased by 22% and the volume of distribution decreased by 11% after amiodarone therapy, but these changes were not significant. The data show that the mechanism of digoxin-amiodarone interaction is multifactorial and emphasize the need for close monitoring of serum digoxin levels and clinical features during concurrent digoxin-amiodarone therapy. PMID- 6736438 TI - Ventricular arrhythmias and biventricular dysfunction after repair of tetralogy of Fallot. AB - To test the hypothesis that subclinical levels of ventricular dysfunction contribute to the development of ventricular arrhythmias after repair of tetralogy of Fallot, 38 postoperative patients were studied by radionuclide ventriculography and M-mode echocardiography. Eighteen patients (group I) had Lown grade 2 or greater ventricular arrhythmias on ambulatory electrocardiography or treadmill exercise, or both; 20 patients (group II) had no documented ventricular arrhythmias. Radionuclide ventriculograms were performed using technetium -99m-labeled red cells; ejection fractions were derived by computer from multigated images, with normal values being 45% for the right ventricle and 55% for the left ventricle. From M-mode echocardiography, right and left ventricular end-diastolic dimensions were expressed as a ratio, the highest normal value being 0.45. By radionuclide ventriculography, right ventricular ejection fraction was lower for group I (28 +/- 3%) than for group II (31 +/- 2%), but the difference was not significant (p less than 0.10). Left ventricular ejection fraction was significantly lower for group I than for group II (45 +/- 5% versus 55 +/- 3%, p less than 0.05). The echocardiographic right and left ventricular diastolic dimension ratio was elevated in all patients except two in group II; it was significantly greater in group I than in group II (0.84 +/- 0.06 versus 0.63 +/- 0.04, p less than 0.005). This study provides evidence for right ventricular dilation by M-mode echocardiography and for biventricular dysfunction by radionuclide ventriculography in patients who have undergone repair of tetralogy of Fallot.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS) PMID- 6736439 TI - Percutaneous balloon valvuloplasty of the pulmonary valve: role of right to left shunting through a patent foramen ovale. AB - Percutaneous balloon valvuloplasty was performed on a patient with pulmonary stenosis. Right to left shunting through a patent foramen ovale during balloon inflation was documented by contrast two-dimensional echocardiography. Right and left ventricular pressures recorded during balloon inflation showed a decrease in left ventricular end-diastolic pressure and equilibration with right ventricular end-diastolic pressure. Systemic hypotension was minimal during balloon inflation, possibly due to persistent filling of the left ventricle via the patent foramen ovale. Persistent right ventricular systolic hypertension immediately after valvuloplasty may have been due to infundibular narrowing and resolved on restudy 2 weeks later. PMID- 6736440 TI - Ventricular inversion with normal ventriculoarterial connection and left atrial isomerism: correction by the Mustard operation. AB - A 2 year old boy with ventricular inversion and normal ventriculoarterial connection is described. Associated cardiac lesions included single atrium, absence of the coronary sinus, bilateral superior venae cavae, absence of the hepatic segment of the inferior vena cava with azygos and hemiazygos continuation, right aortic arch, levocardia and left atrial isomerism. At 5 days of age, the patient underwent a Waterston (aortopulmonary) anastomosis because of suspected pulmonary atresia. The correct diagnosis was established at 2 years of age and the patient had a successful Mustard operation (interatrial baffle procedure) and closure of the Waterston anastomosis. Accurate preoperative diagnosis is difficult in this rare cardiac anomaly and the reported mortality rate is high. PMID- 6736441 TI - Physical factors influencing quantitation of two-dimensional contrast echo amplitudes. AB - Measurement errors that may interfere with quantitation by the new myocardial contrast two-dimensional echocardiographic technique were examined in a simplified in vitro model consisting of a 50 cc blood-filled balloon with supplemental controlled injection of 0.2 to 2.6 cc of sonicated dextrose 70%. The blood-contrast mixture in the balloon volume was imaged with two-dimensional echocardiography and discrete regions were studied for both magnitude and time course of echo intensities. Preliminary evidence indicates that a regional contrast echo intensity measurement is significantly modified by contrast-related ultrasound attenuation in intervening regions and by the amount and mode of contrast material injection. Thus, injection of 1.2 cc contrast material resulted in substantially higher peak echo intensity and a more rapid decay than injection of 0.8 or 0.6 cc. These measurements were also found to be influenced by the echographic system signal processing and time-gain compensation which contribute to nonlinear and unevenly compensated image distribution of echo amplitudes. Other factors are discussed, including transducer-related image resolution and image texture, contrast agent bubble size and persistence and computer methods for standardized selection of region of interest and analysis of the regional contrast intensity decay curve. PMID- 6736442 TI - Spontaneous contrast in the inferior vena cava in a patient with constrictive pericarditis. AB - A 66 year old black man was examined because of fatigue and progressive right heart failure. A striking finding on his echocardiogram was intense and slow moving contrast in the inferior vena cava. Cardiac catheterization revealed constrictive pericarditis, and pericardiectomy was performed. Postoperatively, spontaneous contrast was no longer present. This case helps explain the origin of spontaneous inferior vena cava contrast. PMID- 6736443 TI - Multiple circus movement tachycardias with multiple accessory pathways. AB - A patient with the Wolff-Parkinson-White syndrome manifesting four types of tachycardia is described. The location and the participation during tachycardia of two different types of accessory atrioventricular pathways were documented during a programmed stimulation study. Unusual modes of initiation of tachycardias were observed, such as the initiation of an orthodromic circus movement tachycardia by an atrial premature beat that conducted in anterograde direction down the accessory pathway. PMID- 6736444 TI - Prognostic value of Q waves, R/S ratio, loss of R wave voltage, ST-T segment abnormalities, electrical axis, low voltage and notching: correlation of electrocardiogram and left ventriculogram. AB - Data on the correlation of left ventricular segmental wall motion and electrocardiographic findings are, except for Q waves and ST segment elevation, still controversial. Therefore, in addition to Q waves and ST segment elevation, eight features of the electrocardiogram were studied in 265 patients, 61 with normal coronary arteries and 204 with coronary artery disease. Patients with a QRS duration of 0.12 second or greater were excluded. Left ventricular wall motion was assessed in the 30 degrees right anterior oblique and the 60 degrees left anterior oblique projections and analyzed by the Stanford method and a modification of that method, respectively. Asynergy of a particular segment correlated well with the presence of Q waves in the corresponding electrocardiographic lead or leads, but was also found in other segments. There was a significant (p less than 0.001) correlation between the number of leads with Q waves and the degree of extension of asynergy. The R/S ratio in lead V1 and Q waves in lead V6 appeared to be the most informative about the posterior wall. Loss of R wave voltage had a lower predictive value for segmental asynergy than did Q waves in the same lead. Among patients with electrocardiographic findings of an infarct, asynergy was found in 83 to 94%. Patients having Q waves in combination with ST segment elevation manifested more severe asynergy than did patients whose Q waves were not associated with ST elevation. New data are presented for lateral and posterior infarction. Patients having left-axis deviation, low voltage and QRS notching had severe asynergy.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS) PMID- 6736445 TI - Value of the 12 lead electrocardiogram in diagnosing type and mechanism of a tachycardia: a survey among 22 cardiologists. AB - Information from programmed electrical stimulation of the heart has improved our ability to diagnose the site of origin and mechanism of a tachycardia from the 12 lead electrocardiogram. To test this hypothesis, the 12 lead electrocardiograms of a 12 year old girl with the Wolff-Parkinson-White syndrome showing four different types of tachycardia were sent for interpretation to 30 leading electrocardiologists , 22 of whom responded. A correct diagnosis of all four tachycardias was made by 13. Three or two of the tachycardias were correctly diagnosed by four and five cardiologists, respectively. The outcome of our study indicates that the pathway and mechanism of tachycardia can frequently be predicted from the 12 lead electrocardiogram alone. PMID- 6736446 TI - Two-dimensional echocardiographic recognition of an aortic intimal flap prolapsing into the left ventricular outflow tract. AB - A 59 year old man presented with dyspnea and a new murmur of aortic regurgitation. Two-dimensional echocardiography demonstrated a to and fro motion of the intimal flap as it prolapsed into the left ventricle and was thrust into the aorta during diastole and systole, respectively. At surgery, the echocardiographic and angiographic findings were confirmed and a proximal aortic dissection was identified. Prolapse of an intimal flap from the aorta into the left ventricular outflow tract represents a new two-dimensional echocardiographic sign of aortic dissection. PMID- 6736447 TI - Clinical failure of streptokinase due to an unsuspected high titer of antistreptokinase antibody. AB - Neutralization of streptokinase by an unsuspected high titer of antistreptokinase antibody prevented activation of the fibrinolytic system and induction of a lytic state in a 62 year old man with an acute inferior myocardial infarction. There was no decrease in serum fibrinogen, minimal decrease in serum plasminogen and only a small increase in serum fibrin degradation products after intravenous administration of 1.5 million units of streptokinase. A high titer of antistreptokinase antibody, sufficient to neutralize 1.5 million units of streptokinase, was demonstrated by semiquantitative counterelectrophoresis . There was no clinical evidence of coronary artery reperfusion, and coronary angiography confirmed complete occlusion of the left circumflex artery. PMID- 6736448 TI - Blocking effect of verapamil on conduction over a catecholamine-sensitive bypass tract in exercise-induced Wolff-Parkinson-White syndrome. AB - By intravenous administration of isoproterenol, 0.5 micrograms/min, a catecholamine-sensitive bypass tract was confirmed in two patients with exercise induced Wolff-Parkinson-White syndrome. In a 24 year old woman, an intravenous bolus injection of 5 mg of verapamil suddenly blocked conduction over a catecholamine-sensitive bypass tract. In a 62 year old man, the exercise-induced Wolff-Parkinson-White syndrome disappeared after 3 days of oral administration of verapamil (120 mg/day). These observations suggest that a slow inward calcium current plays an important role in conduction over a catecholamine-sensitive bypass tract in exercise-induced Wolff-Parkinson-White syndrome. PMID- 6736449 TI - Amiodarone-induced intra-His block. AB - Two patients, one with and one without preexisting conduction system abnormalities, were treated with amiodarone for refractory ventricular arrhythmias. Electrophysiologic testing before and during amiodarone therapy revealed amiodarone-induced HV interval prolongation and second degree intra-His Wenckebach block with no change in QRS configuration during atrial pacing at relatively long cycle lengths. The mechanism responsible for this phenomenon is unclear. These cases illustrate that amiodarone can induce distal conduction system block even in the absence of clinical conduction system disease in a pattern that mimics atrioventricular nodal block. PMID- 6736450 TI - Simulation of acute myopericarditis by constrictive pericardial disease with endomyocardial fibrosis due to methysergide therapy. AB - Methysergide ( Sansert ) has been associated with numerous fibrotic disorders. In particular, multiple cardiac lesions have been described in cases where methysergide was thought to have played a causative role. A patient is described who presented with cardiac findings suggestive of acute myopericarditis . An inflammatory myocarditis was subsequently excluded by endomyocardial biopsy. Hemodynamic findings suggested the presence of constrictive pericarditis or restrictive cardiomyopathy, or both. Radiographic evidence of constrictive pericarditis and biopsy evidence of endocardial fibrosis were documented in this patient with a long history of interrupted methysergide therapy. PMID- 6736451 TI - Early and late atrioventricular block in acute inferior myocardial infarction. AB - In a group of 288 patients with acute inferior (diaphragmatic) myocardial infarction, second and third degree atrioventricular (AV) block was diagnosed in 37 (14%). Three of the 37 died. The AV block in the 34 survivors could be differentiated into two distinct types, namely, early and late AV block. In 15 patients, second and third degree AV block developed within 6 hours of the first signs of infarction. In these 15 patients, all signs of AV block disappeared within 24 hours after infarction. Second and third degree AV block appeared suddenly in the vast majority, and first degree AV block could be detected in only a few patients and for a very short time before normalization of conduction. Atropine either abolished AV block completely or caused a marked acceleration of ventricular escape rhythm. In 14 patients, second and third degree AV block developed later than 6 hours (in 12 later than 24 hours) after infarction. It was heralded and followed by relatively long periods of first degree AV block in all cases (except in two patients who were admitted 72 hours after infarction). The total duration of AV block was longer than 40 hours in all of these patients, and the ventricular rate was relatively high. In no patient was abolishment of AV block achieved by atropine, and ventricular acceleration was relatively slight in all. In five patients, early and late AV block could be recognized consecutively. The two types of AV block seem to have different causes. Increased vagal tone is probably operative in the first type, and metabolic changes due to ischemia in the second. Response to atropine and sympathomimetic drugs is much better, and cardiac pacing only rarely indicated, in patients with early than in those with late AV block. PMID- 6736452 TI - Clinical features and prognosis of patients with out of hospital cardiac arrest and a normal electrophysiologic study. AB - Nineteen patients survived a cardiac arrest not associated with an acute myocardial infarction, and had a normal electrophysiologic study with no inducible ventricular tachycardia despite programmed stimulation with one to three extrastimuli at two or more ventricular sites. Among 14 patients who had obstructive coronary artery disease, cardiac arrest occurred during exertion or an episode of angina pectoris in 11; 24 hour ambulatory electrocardiographic recordings demonstrated infrequent or no premature ventricular complexes in 10 and an ischemic response occurred during stage I or II (Bruce protocol) in 6 of 9 patients who underwent exercise testing. Treatment of these patients consisted of myocardial revascularization (eight patients) or antianginal medications (six patients). Only three patients were also treated with an antiarrhythmic drug. Over a follow-up period of 26 +/- 15 months (mean +/- standard deviation), only one patient died suddenly. Two patients who had coronary artery spasm were treated with coronary vasodilator medications and had no recurrence of cardiac arrest over 7 and 36 months of follow-up, respectively. Three patients who had cardiomyopathy or no identifiable structural heart disease were treated with nadolol or amiodarone and had no recurrence of cardiac arrest over 3 to 27 months of follow-up. Among patients who survive a cardiac arrest and have a normal electrophysiologic study, those with obstructive coronary artery disease or coronary artery spasm generally have an excellent prognosis with treatment directed primarily at the underlying heart disease. The clinical features of these patients suggest that cardiac arrest was related to ischemia rather than a primary arrhythmia.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS) PMID- 6736453 TI - Regional left ventricular systolic function in patients with segmental early relaxation and normal coronary arteries. AB - The purpose of the study was to determine whether regional differences of left ventricular systolic function exist in patients with normal coronary arteries who manifest segmental early relaxation. The presence or absence of segmental early relaxation was determined angiographically in 16 patients with normal coronary arteries who underwent diagnostic cardiac catheterization because of chest pain. Seven patients had early relaxation localized to the left ventricular anterior wall and nine patients had no evidence of segmental early relaxation. Regional function was assessed from ventriculograms obtained in the right anterior oblique projection using the area method to calculate the regional fractional area of shortening. The fractional area of shortening of the anterolateral region was greater in patients with than in those without segmental early relaxation (69 +/- 4 versus 55 +/- 11%; p less than 0.01). In addition, in patients with segmental early relaxation, this variable exceeded the fractional area of shortening of the diaphragmatic region (69 +/- 4 versus 53 +/- 9%; p less than 0.01). There was no difference in the fractional area of shortening between these two regions in patients who did not manifest segmental early relaxation. These results suggest that regional differences in systolic function are present in patients with but not in those without segmental early relaxation. Augmented regional systolic function was observed in patients with segmental early relaxation and was limited to regions that manifested early relaxation. PMID- 6736454 TI - Thrombosis of mechanical cardiac valves: a qualitative comparison of the silastic ball valve and the tilting disc valve. AB - A review of 817 mitral and aortic Silastic ball valve implantations with a follow up of 3,554 total patient-years yielded only seven cases of valve thrombosis. Time-related risk was 0.4% per patient-year in the mitral position and 0.1% per patient-year in the aortic position. Four of five mitral and one of two aortic ball valve thromboses were successfully managed by valve rereplacement . At least five of the seven patients presented with a prodrome (lasting at least 3 months) of symptoms of progressive heart failure and, occasionally, embolic episodes due to gradually increasing prosthetic stenosis by thrombus. This lengthy time course is in contrast to the more frequent rapid catastrophic thrombosis that occurs with the Bjork-Shiley tilting disc valve. Recognition of the prodrome of Silastic ball valve thrombosis provides an opportunity for life-saving surgical intervention. PMID- 6736455 TI - Diffuse slow washout of myocardial thallium-201: a new scintigraphic indicator of extensive coronary artery disease. AB - When coronary artery disease is extensive and of relatively uniform severity, regional myocardial hypoperfusion may be balanced during stress, precluding development of spatially relative perfusion defects. Assessment of the washout of thallium-201 from myocardial regions may provide diagnostic assistance in these cases because washout analysis is spatially nonrelative and hypoperfused myocardial regions manifest a slow thallium-201 washout rate. In 1,265 consecutive patients having quantitatively analyzed stress-redistribution scintigraphy, 46 had a diffuse slow washout pattern with no or a maximum of one regional perfusion defect. Thirty-two underwent clinically indicated coronary angiography, and 23 (72%) of these were found to have three vessel or left main disease. Of 30 similar patients without a diffuse slow washout pattern and with no or a maximum of one perfusion defect, only 5 (17%) had extensive coronary disease. An independent relation between diffuse slow washout and extensive coronary disease was demonstrated by a Mantel- Haentzel chi-square analysis of a wide variety of other indexes of extensive disease. A diffuse washout abnormality, even in the absence of other scintigraphic, clinical or electrocardiographic indicators, carries a high predictive value for three vessel or left main coronary artery disease. The predictive value is maintained when the exercise level achieved is submaximal. Although an infrequent occurrence (3.6% of tested patients), a diffuse slow washout pattern without other scintigraphic indications of extensive coronary disease should lead to further diagnostic testing. PMID- 6736456 TI - Electrophysiologic testing in the upright position: improved evaluation of patients with rhythm disturbances using a tilt table. AB - Patients are traditionally evaluated in the supine position in the electrophysiology laboratory, although symptoms due to a cardiac rhythm disturbance are often maximal clinically during standing. The assumption of the upright position results in dependent displacement of blood, followed by prompt vasoconstriction to maintain arterial pressure. This normal response may aggravate tachyarrhythmias by increasing catecholamine levels or may precipitate vasodepressor syncope if the vasoconstrictor response is absent. The use of a tilt table during electrophysiologic testing was evaluated over a 12 month period in 104 patients having a mean age of 60 years (range 37 to 81): 59 with supraventricular tachycardia, 6 with vasovagal syncope and 39 with carotid sinus hypersensitivity. Twenty-three patients (22%) had significant abnormalities when upright that were not present when supine: eight patients with supraventricular tachycardia who had their clinical syndromes of palpitation and syncope reproduced when upright, but only minimal symptoms when supine; two patients with supraventricular tachycardia who had sustained atrioventricular reentry when upright, but only two to eight beats of tachycardia when supine; six patients with syncope and a normal cardiac evaluation before electrophysiologic testing who had their typical spells only after being placed upright during a vasovagal event and seven patients with carotid sinus hypersensitivity who had their clinical syndromes reproduced with carotid sinus massage only when upright, developing hypotension despite maintaining their heart rate with sinus rhythm or pacing (vasodepressor response). In 22% of patients, electrophysiologic testing in the upright position provided clinically important information that was not evident during standard testing in the supine position. PMID- 6736457 TI - Scintigraphic quantification of asynchronous myocardial motion during the left ventricular isovolumic relaxation period: a study in the dog during acute ischemia. AB - Asynchronous motion of left ventricular myocardium during the period of left ventricular isovolumic relaxation has often been observed in patients with coronary artery disease. Detection and quantitation of this abnormality with noninvasive nuclear tracer methods, however, have not yet been reported. Thus, functional images of regional left ventricular time to minimum counts (or volume), computed from gated blood pool image sequences, were analyzed to detect and quantitate myocardial asynchrony during this interval. The method was tested by comparing regional with global time to minimum counts before and after coronary artery occlusion in the awake dog. After occlusion, minimum counts in the ischemic region occurred later in the cardiac cycle than did global minimum counts (average difference 69 +/- 37 ms, p less than 0.001). Before occlusion, however, minimum counts in the same region occurred at the same moment as global minimum counts (average difference 4 +/- 12 ms, NS). Thus, acute ischemia in dogs produces a pronounced asynchrony in myocardial motion during the earliest moments of diastole. The magnitude of this asynchrony (69 ms) probably corresponds to the length of the global isovolumic relaxation period in these animals after occlusion. This method might be useful in detecting and quantitating isovolumic asynchrony in ischemia and changes in this asynchrony with therapy (verapamil therapy, for example). PMID- 6736458 TI - Noninvasive diagnostic test choices for the evaluation of coronary artery disease in women: a multivariate comparison of cardiac fluoroscopy, exercise electrocardiography and exercise thallium myocardial perfusion scintigraphy. AB - Several diagnostic noninvasive tests to detect coronary and multivessel coronary disease are available for women. However, all are imperfect and it is not yet clear whether one particular test provides substantially more information than others. The aim of this study was to evaluate clinical findings, exercise electrocardiography, exercise thallium myocardial scintigraphy and cardiac fluoroscopy in 92 symptomatic women without previous infarction and determine which tests were most useful in determining the presence of coronary disease and its severity. Univariate analysis revealed two clinical, eight exercise electrocardiographic, seven myocardial scintigraphic and seven fluoroscopic variables predictive of coronary or multivessel disease with 70% or greater stenosis. The multivariate discriminant function analysis selected a reversible thallium defect, coronary calcification and character of chest pain syndrome (p less than 0.05) as the variables most predictive of presence or absence of coronary disease. The ranked order of variables most predictive of multivessel disease were cardiac fluoroscopy score, thallium score and extent of ST segment depression in 14 electrocardiographic leads. Each provided statistically significant information to the model. The estimate of predictive accuracy was 89% for coronary disease and 97% for multivessel coronary disease. The results suggest that cardiac fluoroscopy or thallium scintigraphy provide significantly more diagnostic information than exercise electrocardiography in women over a wide range of clinical patient subsets. PMID- 6736459 TI - Accumulation of radioiodinated 15-(p-iodophenyl)-6-tellurapentadecanoic acid in ischemic myocardium during acute coronary occlusion and reperfusion. AB - The myocardial uptake of 15-(p-iodophenyl)-6- tellurapentadecanoic acid ( TPDA ) was studied in dogs during coronary occlusion and after reperfusion. In eight dogs with a 3 hour occlusion (Group A) with (n = 5) and without (n = 3) 30 minutes of reperfusion, iodine-125 TPDA uptake correlated well with microsphere myocardial blood flow over a wide range of flow levels (n = 111, r = 0.94). In six dogs with a 20 minute occlusion of the left anterior descending coronary artery and 1 hour of reperfusion (Group B), iodine-125 TPDA uptake correlated equally well with myocardial blood flow (n = 37, r = 0.90). There was no difference between the slopes of regression lines for Groups A and B, indicating no release from the myocardium of radioiodinated TPDA . Dual radiolabeling of TPDA was employed in five Group A animals by intravenous injection of iodine-125 TPDA during coronary occlusion and iodine-131 TPDA after reperfusion. In 63 myocardial samples, microsphere reperfusion flow and iodine-131 TPDA uptake were closely correlated (r = 0.91). As with monovalent cations, at myocardial flows higher than control flows, iodine-131 TPDA uptake was flow-limited. It is concluded that: 1) radioiodinated TPDA accurately reveals severely ischemic areas of myocardium without myocardial release of the radionuclide in coronary occlusions lasting 20 to 180 minutes and followed by reperfusion, and 2) double radiolabeled TPDA allows assessment of both occlusion and reperfusion flows. This compound may find an application in the measurement of infarct size and the evaluation of interventional therapies in acute myocardial infarction. PMID- 6736460 TI - Applicability of ultrasonic tissue characterization for longitudinal assessment and differentiation of calcification and fibrosis in cardiomyopathy. AB - Progress in tissue characterization of myocardium with ultrasound suggests that quantitative recognition of ischemic or scarred tissue will be achieved. Despite the increasing recognition and importance of cardiomyopathy, its diagnosis generally requires invasive procedures such as cardiac catheterization and biopsy. To investigate methods that permit the characterization of longitudinal cardiomyopathic changes that might ultimately be extended for noninvasive studies in patients, quantitative ultrasonic methods were utilized for in vitro tissue characterization of hearts from Syrian hamsters of selected age of either 2 to 3 or 5 to 7 months. Normal hamsters were used as controls. Myocardial sites (n = 600) from the young Syrian hamsters exhibited values (+/- standard error) of integrated ultrasonic backscatter averaging -53.87 +/- 0.26 dB, which were significantly different from values (n = 500) in age-matched control hamsters ( 58.07 +/- 0.08 dB; p less than 0.001). Cardiomyopathic hearts from older animals exhibited backscatter values (n = 500 sites) averaging -50.87 +/- 0.22 dB, again significantly different from values (n = 300 sites) in age-matched control hamsters (-55.91 +/- 0.11 dB; p less than 0.001). In addition, ultrasonic attenuation was significantly different for hearts from the control and cardiomyopathic hamsters of both age ranges. The results correlated with sequential calcification and fibrosis characteristics assessed histopathologically. This study indicates that quantitative characterization of myocardium with ultrasound may permit longitudinal assessment of cardiomyopathic changes in diverse disease entities and their response to therapy. PMID- 6736461 TI - Amiodarone: intravenous loading for rapid suppression of complex ventricular arrhythmias. AB - A major disadvantage of conventional amiodarone therapy is the long delay between initiation of therapy and arrhythmia suppression. In this study, the hypothesis was tested that complex ventricular arrhythmias would be suppressed rapidly by an intravenous amiodarone infusion designed to achieve and maintain a therapeutic serum concentration. Eleven patients were studied. Each underwent a single intravenous dose kinetic study, followed by a two stage infusion of amiodarone that achieved and maintained a serum concentration of 2 to 3 micrograms/ml. In seven patients, arrhythmias during hours 24 to 48 after the infusion were compared with arrhythmias without therapy. Amiodarone therapy reduced episodes of ventricular tachycardia by 85% (p less than 0.01), paired premature ventricular complexes by 74% (p less than 0.01) and premature ventricular complexes by 60% (p less than 0.05). Four patients could not tolerate a control period without therapy because of symptomatic arrhythmias. In three patients, symptomatic arrhythmias were abolished during the 24 hour evaluation period. Two of 11 patients, both with severe left ventricular dysfunction, developed significant hypotension during the loading phase of the infusion. It is concluded that the achievement and maintenance of a therapeutic serum concentration of intravenous amiodarone are effective in the rapid suppression of life-threatening ventricular arrhythmias. Caution should be employed when using large intravenous doses in patients with severely impaired left ventricular function. PMID- 6736462 TI - Left ventricular asynergy in electrocardiographic "posterior" myocardial infarction. AB - P2 300 selected patients, scalar electrocardiograms and contemporaneous radionuclide angiograms were analyzed retrospectively to assess the association between prominent right precordial R waves (duration greater than or equal to 0.04 second, R greater than or equal to S in lead V1 or V2), traditionally considered diagnostic of "posterior" infarction, and asynergy in various left ventricular segments. Mathematical methods for analysis of association between nonparametric variables clearly demonstrated that prominent right precordial R waves were strongly associated with asynergy of the basal lateral left ventricular wall, although asynergy of adjacent inferior and lateral segments was common. With the exclusion of right ventricular hypertrophy and bundle branch block, a prominent R wave in lead V1 exhibited a high specificity (greater than to 99%), a high positive predictive value (91%) and a low sensitivity (36%) for diagnosing basal lateral myocardial infarction. A prominent R wave in lead V2 exhibited a higher sensitivity (61%), a somewhat lower specificity (95%) and a significantly lower positive predictive value (76%). A newly developed criterion for such infarction--a prominent R wave in lead V2 and a Q wave inferior infarction--had intermediate characteristics and may be more clinically useful. The most common reasons for the decreased sensitivities of all three criteria were left ventricular hypertrophy or associated anterior myocardial infarction. These data demonstrate that prominent right precordial R waves are clinically useful in identifying inferior and lateral wall infarctions that involve the basal lateral left ventricular segment. Confusion results primarily from inappropriate use of the electrocardiographic term "posterior" for such infarctions. PMID- 6736463 TI - Analysis of adults with and without complex ventricular arrhythmias after repair of tetralogy of Fallot. AB - Forty-four adult patients with tetralogy of Fallot were studied while clinically well at a mean of 14 years (range 5 to 27) after intracardiac repair to examine the association of postoperative ventricular arrhythmias with historical and postoperative hemodynamic data. Twenty-two patients who demonstrated during 24 hour ambulatory monitoring or maximal graded treadmill exercise testing, or both, ventricular premature beats that were multiform, repetitive or increased in frequency during exercise or recovery after exercise were found to differ from patients without such ventricular premature beats in four respects. The patients with complex or exercise-induced ventricular premature beats had a higher right ventricular systolic blood pressure, a higher incidence of residual left to right intracardiac shunt, lower cardiac index and more frequently abnormal left ventricular ejection fraction measured by rest and exercise-gated radionuclide ventriculography. Adults with complex or exercise-induced ventricular premature beats after intracardiac repair of tetralogy of Fallot are characterized by suboptimal hemodynamic repair and preclinical left ventricular dysfunction. PMID- 6736464 TI - Clinically unrecognized ventricular dysfunction in young diabetic patients. AB - Left ventricular function at rest and during supine bicycle exercise was assessed by gated radionuclide angiography in 20 diabetic patients and 18 normal control subjects without clinical evidence of heart disease. The diabetic patients were aged 21 to 44 years and all except one used insulin. No subject developed chest pain or electrocardiographic changes during exercise. Both groups had a similar rest and exercise heart rate and blood pressure, and both achieved similar work loads. The control group had an ejection fraction at rest of 65.4 +/- 6.2% (mean +/- SD) and only 1 of 18 showed a decrease with exercise; peak exercise ejection fraction averaged 77.1 +/- 7.8%. The diabetic group had a mean ejection fraction at rest of 63.7 +/- 6.5%, similar to that of the control group, but 7 of 20 showed a decrease during exercise; the exercise ejection fraction averaged 67.7 +/- 9.7%, significantly lower than that of the control group (p less than 0.01). The diabetic patients varied widely in ejection fraction response to exercise, ranging from an increase of 25% to a decrease of 21%. This response did not correlate with age, sex, duration of diabetes, smoking, retinopathy, exercise heart rate, blood pressure or rate-pressure product, work load attained or ejection fraction at rest. These data suggest that approximately one-third of patients with diabetes have subclinical left ventricular dysfunction without correlation to risk factors for atherosclerosis or other diabetic complications. Whether this is due to unrecognized coronary artery disease or primary myocardial disease remains unknown. PMID- 6736465 TI - Evaluation of a new defibrillation pathway: tongue-epigastric/tongue-apex route. II. Impedance characteristics in human subjects. AB - An automated device for defibrillation using a vertical shock pathway (tongue epigastric or tongue-apex) has been developed. The energy requirements for defibrillation using vertical pathways are uncertain and will be determined largely by the impedance of the pathway. The purpose of this study was to determine the impedance characteristics of vertical defibrillation pathways in human subjects. Twenty patients undergoing elective cardioversion of atrial fibrillation or atrial flutter, or both, were studied. Patients received shocks from electrodes placed in tongue-epigastric or tongue-cardiac apex positions. The tongue electrode was a 12 cm2 metal plate fixed to a standard plastic oropharyngeal airway. The epigastric or cardiac apex electrode was a 40 cm2 self adhesive pad. The electrodes were connected to a standard damped-sinusoidal waveform defibrillator. It was found that the two vertical shock pathways had substantially higher impedance than the standard transthoracic pathway: tongue epigastric pathway 130 +/- 11 omega (SD), tongue-apex pathway 115 +/- 12 omega, transthoracic pathway 68 +/- 11 omega (p less than 0.05). The higher impedance is probably due to the longer interelectrode distances of vertical pathways: tongue epigastric 33 +/- 3 cm, tongue-apex 28 +/- 3 cm, transthoracic 23 +/- 3 cm (p less than 0.05). Vertical pathway shocks were successful in the cardioversion of 15 of 20 patients. Four of the five patients in whom vertical shocks were unsuccessful subsequently underwent successful cardioversion by transthoracic shocks; the transthoracic shocks achieved a higher current because of lower impedance of the transthoracic route.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS) PMID- 6736466 TI - Analysis of asynchronous wall motion by regional pressure-length loops in patients with coronary artery disease. AB - The progression of regional dysfunction during angina pectoris was studied in eight patients with coronary artery disease. Single plane left ventriculograms were obtained using a high fidelity micromanometer-tipped catheter both at rest and immediately after rapid cardiac pacing. Each image of the left ventriculogram was digitized and transferred to a computer. The boundary of the ventricular cavity was automatically determined and sequentially superimposed. Regional shortening was quantified by a radial coordinate system originating at the center of gravity of the end-diastolic silhouette. Thirty-two radial grids were drawn around the center of gravity, and the length of each radial grid was measured to characterize the centripetal motion of a given surface point. Each radial length was then plotted simultaneously and continuously against left ventricular pressure to generate a pressure-length loop. The area of the pressure-length loop provided an index of regional myocardial work. In the ischemic ventricle, the loops exhibited a striking deformity in configuration. Prolonged relaxation of ischemic segments was associated with outward motion of the normal segments. Shortening of the normal segment occurred earlier than that of the ischemic segment associated with its stretch. Thus, the loops of the two areas inclined in opposite directions. Pacing stress increased the magnitude of hypofunction in the potentially ischemic area, the average extent of shortening being reduced by 30% and the segmental work by 25% (p less than 0.005). In the normal area, contrary to the significant increase in segmental shortening (20% above control values [p less than 0.005]), the average segmental work remained at 7% below control values because of an augmented deformation of the loop.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS) PMID- 6736467 TI - Doppler echocardiographic comparison of flows distal to the four cardiac valves. AB - Cardiac flows measured by the Doppler technique and invasive methods correlate well, but no prior study has correlated Doppler flows obtained distal to the four cardiac valves in the same individual. The purpose of this investigation was to measure the four flows in normal subjects using the range-gated pulsed Doppler echocardiographic technique. Velocities were obtained from 22 subjects aged 4 to 29 years at a beam-flow intercept angle close to 0 degree in the ascending aorta, distal main pulmonary artery and the tricuspid and mitral valve outflow areas. Vessel and orifice sizes of the ascending aorta, main pulmonary artery and tricuspid valve orifice were measured directly from two-dimensional echocardiographic images. The mitral valve orifice was measured by a previously described method. Results show that flow values for the ascending aorta, main pulmonary artery and tricuspid valve inflow area were similar in absolute magnitude and correlated strongly (r = 0.93 to 0.98). Slopes for these relations were approximated at 1.0. The absolute magnitude of mitral valve flows was highly variable and showed the poorest correlation with flows from the other areas (r = 0.59 to 0.67). The high correlation of ascending aorta, main pulmonary artery and tricuspid valve outflow areas was considerably assisted by recording of velocity at a verified angle near 0 degree and obtaining accurate vessel and valve diameters. Improved angle accuracy was possible in the ascending aorta with the use of a new transducer designed to image anteroinferiorly from the suprasternal notch. A relatively simple method for measuring tricuspid flow was developed.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS) PMID- 6736468 TI - Effect of atrioventricular sequential pacing in patients with no ventriculoatrial conduction. AB - Candidates for the dual chamber "universal" (DDD) pacemaker are frequently tested for the presence of intact ventriculoatrial (VA) conduction to identify those at risk for developing endless loop tachycardia. However, recent reports have cited instances where clinical endless loop tachycardia has occurred even when no VA conduction could be demonstrated during ventricular pacing. A pacing protocol was designed to assess the effect of atrioventricular (AV) sequential pacing on VA conduction in 13 patients who showed no evidence of VA conduction during routine electrophysiologic testing. The absence of VA conduction was inferred by pacing the ventricle at several cycle lengths without obtaining a retrograde atrial capture. With the AV sequential method, which consisted of an AV sequential drive with a programmed AV interval of 100 to 160 ms, the presence or absence of VA conduction was tested utilizing a premature ventricular stimulus (V2) over a wide range of coupling intervals. During the AV sequential method, the V2 effectively propagated to the atria in 5 of 13 patients with V2A2 intervals ranging from 200 to 460 ms (mean 304 +/- 97). It is concluded that in patients showing absent VA conduction during routine testing, the ability of a paced ventricular impulse to propagate retrogradely can be demonstrated in a significant number of cases with AV sequential pacing. Although the exact mechanism could not be determined, it is postulated that as compared with ventricular pacing alone, a longer input into the AV node (first anterogradely during the AV sequential drive and then retrogradely with V2) may be partly responsible for the facilitative effect of the AV sequential method. PMID- 6736469 TI - Diagnostic methods in the assessment of the patient with chest pain. PMID- 6736470 TI - Reentrant ventricular arrhythmias in the late myocardial infarction period. II. Burst pacing versus multiple premature stimulation in the induction of reentry. AB - Isochronal maps of ventricular activation were analyzed in dogs 1 to 5 days after infarction utilizing a 64 channel multiplexer. Only dogs in which circus movement reentry could not be induced by a single premature stimulus were analyzed. Reentrant rhythms could be successfully induced equally by multiple (double or triple) premature stimuli and by burst pacing. Successive premature stimuli as well as successive beats during burst pacing resulted in progressively longer arcs of functional conduction block or slower circulating wave fronts, or both, that succeeded in reexciting myocardial zones on the proximal side of the arc of block to initiate reentry. However, for manifest reentry to be induced by burst pacing, the paced run had to be terminated after the beat that resulted in a critical degree of conduction delay. Otherwise, reentrant activation could be confined (concealed) by the subsequent paced wave front, which could also arrive earlier to the reentrant circuit zone of slow conduction resulting in block and interruption of reentry. Termination of a paced run after this beat would not result in reentry. If the paced run was extended past this beat, a new sequence of ventricular activation patterns characterized by progressively longer arcs of block or slower conduction, or both, developed again. The number of beats in a paced run that could initiate reentry varied with the cycle length of pacing, as well as in different experiments, and was difficult to standardize. It is therefore concluded that random burst pacing as a technique for induction of reentrant rhythms should probably be abandoned in favor of multiple premature stimulation. PMID- 6736471 TI - Clinical application of rapid ventricular burst pacing versus extrastimulation for induction of ventricular tachycardia. PMID- 6736472 TI - Nonrandom ventricular rhythm in horses with atrial fibrillation and its significance for patients. AB - RR interval sequences during spontaneous atrial fibrillation in eight horses were analyzed as in previous studies in patients and dogs using histograms and serial auto-correlograms. In patients and dogs with spontaneous atrial fibrillation, ventricular rhythms were always random. In the horses, the histograms were skewed with median RR intervals of approximately 1,000 ms. A striking finding in these animals was the presence of long RR intervals up to 5,000 ms in duration. The shortest RR intervals lasted 400 to 600 ms. In contrast to findings in dogs and patients, the serial autocorrelograms showed periodicity that was reenforced by digitalis (n = 3), but eliminated by quinidine (n = 2) and atropine (n = 2). Quinidine and atropine eliminated the longer RR intervals, whereas digitalis increased the number of long RR intervals. In one horse, it was possible to measure intraarterial pressure, and large fluctuations in pressure were observed as the RR intervals varied from over 3,000 to less than 500 ms. It is postulated that these changes in blood pressure are associated with baroreceptor responses that may alter the electrophysiologic behavior of the atria and atrioventricular node. These changes cause the nonrandom patterns of ventricular rhythm in the horse. Because such very long RR intervals do not occur in human beings or dogs during atrial fibrillation, the random ventricular rhythm in these groups is maintained even during digitalis treatment. PMID- 6736473 TI - Normally and abnormally functioning left-sided porcine bioprosthetic valves after long-term implantation in patients: distinct spectra of histologic and histochemical changes. AB - This morphologic study (X-ray examination of gross specimens, histologic study and histochemical staining) compares two groups of explanted left-sided bioprosthetic valves: group I, 6 valves with normal cusp function and group II, 10 valves with significant dysfunction. Implantation periods ranged from 26 to 79 months. A computerized descriptive statistical method (principal component analysis) is used to analyze the qualitative results. Although qualitatively identical alterations are observed in both groups, the findings in the deep layers of the cusps of severe collagen breakdown, intensive fibrin penetration and various degrees of calcification are restricted to group II. Other findings of interest in both groups include amyloid deposits (four cases) and layering of fusiform host cells on the cusp surface (three cases). The computerized study shows that individuals of one clinical group are morphologically different from those of the other. Mechanical stress may contribute to surface alterations early after implantation, while further collagen breakdown and macrophagic activity result in deep penetration of plasma components and fibrin. Subsequent calcification is likely to be dystrophic rather than metabolic. Colonization of the cuspal surface by endothelial cells after long-term implantation of bioprosthetic valves expresses a new type of relation between host and bioprosthesis. PMID- 6736474 TI - Is routine preoperative cardiac catheterization necessary before repair of secundum and sinus venosus atrial septal defects? AB - Between January 1976 and July 1983, 217 patients with atrial septal defect underwent surgical repair at Children's Hospital. Thirty with a primum atrial septal defect and 26 who underwent cardiac catheterization elsewhere before being seen were excluded from analysis. Of the 161 remaining patients, 52 (31%) underwent preoperative cardiac catheterization, 38 because the physical examination was considered atypical for a secundum atrial septal defect and 14 because of a preexisting routine indication. One hundred nine (69%) underwent surgery without catheterization, with the attending cardiologist relying on clinical examination alone in 5, additional technetium radionuclide angiocardiography in 5, M-mode echocardiography in 13 and two-dimensional echocardiography in 43; both M-mode echocardiography and radionuclide angiography were performed in 24 and two-dimensional echocardiography and radionuclide angiography in 19. Since 1976, there has been a trend toward a reduction in the use of catheterization and use of one rather than two noninvasive or semiinvasive techniques for the detection of atrial defects. Of the 52 patients who underwent catheterization, the correct anatomic diagnosis was made before catheterization in 47 (90%). Two patients with a sinus venosus defect and one each with a sinus venosus defect plus partial anomalous pulmonary venous connection, partial anomalous pulmonary venous connection without an atrial septal defect and a sinoseptal defect were missed. Of 109 patients without catheterization, a correct morphologic diagnosis was made before surgery in 92 (84%). Nine patients with a sinus venosus defect, three with sinus venous defect and partial anomolous pulmonary venous connection, four with partial anomalous pulmonary venous return without an atrial septal defect and one with a secundum defect were incorrectly diagnosed.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS) PMID- 6736475 TI - Functional single ventricle: cardiorespiratory response to exercise. AB - The cardiorespiratory response to exercise was measured in 27 children with functional single ventricle. All 27 patients had a significant reduction in exercise time, work performed, maximal exercise heart rate, maximal oxygen uptake and systemic arterial blood oxygen saturation. The reduction in exercise performance increased with increasing age of the patients. All patients ventilated excessively at rest and during exercise. This study documented the precise level of exercise intolerance in patients with functional single ventricle. The progressive deterioration in exercise performance with increasing patient age may lend credence to the concept that operation for physiologic correction of functional single ventricle should be considered during or before adolescence. PMID- 6736476 TI - Normal intracardiac and great vessel Doppler flow velocities in infants and children. AB - Normal two-dimensional pulsed Doppler echocardiographic velocity profiles for sites within the heart and great vessels in a group of 102 normal infants and children are presented. Qualitatively, waveforms mimic expected hemodynamic events at the various sites. All waveforms had a rapid initial deflection followed by spectral broadening after attainment of peak velocity. Quantitative angle-corrected peak velocities were generally lower on the right side than on the left side of the heart. Differences in tricuspid (mean 61.8 cm/s) versus mitral (mean 81.1 cm/s) outflow and pulmonary (mean 76.1 cm/s) versus aortic (mean 88.5 cm/s) outflow were significant (p less than 0.01). The only significant age-related differences were in the pulmonary artery (mean for newborns 67.7 cm/s versus 79.6 cm/s for older children, p less than 0.01). Aortic data obtained from interrogation sites in which flow was close to 0 or 180 degrees were similar, whereas aortic peak velocity data obtained from apical long axis or subcostal views were greater. These differences were probably induced from inaccuracies in azimuthal (elevational) angles that cannot be measured. These normal Doppler data should be useful for comparisons with data obtained for children with various forms of congenital heart disease that affect flow dynamics. PMID- 6736477 TI - Two-dimensional echocardiographic diagnosis of anomalous origin of the right pulmonary artery from the aorta: differentiation from aortopulmonary window. AB - Utilizing two-dimensional echocardiography, the diagnosis of anomalous origin of the right pulmonary artery from the aorta was made prospectively in a neonate who presented with signs of congestive heart failure. A complete echocardiographic evaluation, including both right parasternal short-axis and suprasternal long axis scans, permitted differentiation from other defects in aortopulmonary septation. PMID- 6736478 TI - Hemodynamic effects of a new inotropic agent, piroximone (MDL 19205), in patients with chronic heart failure. AB - The hemodynamic and neurohumoral effects of cummulative intravenous doses of piroximone (MDL 19205), a noncatecholamine, nonglycoside, imidazole derivative with positive inotropic and vasodilating properties, were studied in eight patients with severe congestive heart failure. A dose of 1.25 mg/kg in seven patients and 1.75 mg/kg in one patient increased cardiac index by 75% from 1.96 to 3.41 liters/min per m2 and decreased systemic vascular resistance (-41%), right atrial (-66%) and pulmonary wedge pressure (-35%) (all p less than 0.005). Mean arterial pressure was slightly reduced from 78 to 71 mm Hg (p less than 0.05) and forearm blood flow increased by 42%. Plasma norepinephrine decreased from 830 to 542 pg/ml (p less than 0.05) and plasma renin activity tended to increase. In four patients, dobutamine (15 micrograms/kg per min) produced a comparable increase in cardiac index (+100%), but less decrease in pulmonary wedge pressure (-21 versus -41%, p less than 0.05 versus piroximone) and, unlike piroximone, significantly increased heart rate (+22%, p less than 0.05 versus piroximone) and heart rate-blood pressure product (+30%, p less than 0.01 versus piroximone). In four other patients, a single intravenous dose of piroximone (1 mg/kg) resulted in a 35% increase in the first derivative of left ventricular pressure (dP/dt) from 796 to 1,068 mm Hg/s (p less than 0.01). Thus, piroximone is a potent inotropic agent with an acute hemodynamic profile that may be more favorable than that of dobutamine. Because the drug is orally absorbed, clinical trials of chronic efficacy are indicated. PMID- 6736479 TI - Limited role of intravenous propafenone hydrochloride in the treatment of sustained ventricular tachycardia: electrophysiologic effects and results of programmed ventricular stimulation. AB - The electrophysiologic effects and response to programmed ventricular stimulation of intravenous propafenone, an experimental antiarrhythmic agent, were studied in a group of 14 patients with both clinical and induced sustained ventricular tachycardia. Twelve of the 14 patients had not responded to conventional antiarrhythmic drug therapy. Propafenone had no significant effect on sinus cycle length (836 +/- 170 ms before and 750 +/- 124 ms after propafenone), P wave duration (108 +/- 24 ms before and 106 +/- 23 ms after propafenone) or PR interval (181 +/- 45 ms before and 194 +/- 53 ms after propafenone). QRS duration and ventricular effective refractory periods increased significantly (109 +/- 20 to 130 +/- 21 ms and 235 +/- 24 to 256 +/- 19 ms, respectively). Ventricular tachycardia remained inducible or occurred spontaneously in 13 of 14 patients after propafenone administration. Neither mode of initiation nor mode of termination of ventricular tachycardia was predictably altered. Additional forms of ventricular tachycardia were seen in six patients. Cycle length of ventricular tachycardia was 303 +/- 73 ms before and 346 +/- 143 ms after propafenone (p = NS). In conclusion, intravenous propafenone does not significantly affect sinus rate, intraatrial conduction or atrioventricular conduction. Ventricular refractoriness and intraventricular conduction are prolonged. The mode of initiation, mode of termination and ventricular tachycardia cycle length are not predictably altered, but ventricular tachycardia occasionally occurs spontaneously after propafenone. Intravenous propafenone rarely prevents induction of ventricular tachycardia in patients with sustained ventricular tachycardia refractory to conventional antiarrhythmic agents. PMID- 6736480 TI - Use of two-dimensional echocardiography during transseptal cardiac catheterization. AB - Inadvertent puncture of the intrapericardial aorta is a serious complication of transseptal catheterization. Two-dimensional echocardiography allows delineation and spatial resolution of the aorta and interatrial septum. Thirteen patients underwent transseptal catheterization with simultaneous monitoring of needle and catheter position using fluoroscopy and two-dimensional echocardiography. The interatrial septum was demonstrated in the short-axis and four chamber views, and clearly separated from the ascending aorta. The transseptal needle and catheter were visualized by echocardiography while the needle tip was manipulated into the fossa ovalis avoiding puncture of the aortic root. In some cases, under pressure from the needle tip just before puncture, the interatrial septum appears to bulge toward the left atrium. Saline solution contrast echocardiography helped to confirm the needle position in the right atrium, and in the left atrium after puncture. These data suggest that two-dimensional echocardiography is a useful adjunct to fluoroscopy during transseptal catheterization that may improve its safety and prevent complications. PMID- 6736481 TI - Two-dimensional echocardiography in double orifice mitral valve. AB - In a patient with endocarditis and significant aortic insufficiency, two dimensional echocardiography revealed an abnormal mitral valve configuration with division of the valve into two separate orifices. At autopsy, a double orifice mitral valve with two sets of valve leaflets was observed. Appreciation of this echocardiographic abnormality is important because double orifice mitral valve is associated with other congenital anomalies and this echocardiographic configuration may be confused with other cardiac abnormalities. PMID- 6736482 TI - 1984--Big brother, big government, big business, big problems. PMID- 6736483 TI - Immunologic studies in allergen-induced late-phase asthmatic reactions. AB - We have measured plasma histamine, serum neutrophil chemotactic activity (NCA) and complement (C3 and C4) over a 24-hour period in patients experiencing either early- and late-phase (dual) or single early asthmatic reactions to inhaled allergens. There was a significant biphasic elevation in plasma histamine, which paralleled the fall in forced expiratory volume in 1 sec in 10 patients with dual responses, whereas in seven subjects with single early reactions, only a single early increase in histamine concentrations was observed. In general, in the individual subjects, the changes in plasma histamine paralleled both the elevations in serum NCA and the decreases in forced expiratory volume in 1 sec. By gel filtration on Sephacryl S-400, anion exchange chromatography on DEAE Sephacel, and chromatofocusing with Polybuffer Exchanger 94, the major NCA of both the early and the late reactions was associated with proteins having an estimated molecular size of 600,000 daltons, an elution from DEAE Sephacel at 0.15M to 0.30M of NaCl (pH 8.1), and a pI of approximately 6.5. There were no appreciable changes in serum C3 and C4 up to 24 hr after challenge in subjects with late-phase responses. The patterns of asthmatic response were not related to either the total or allergen-specific serum IgE or IgG4 concentrations. These results support the view that mediators of hypersensitivity participate in late phase as well as early asthmatic reactions. PMID- 6736484 TI - Nasal polyposis in a chimpanzee. AB - A 15-year-old female chimpanzee with nasal polyposis sustained respiratory compromise when she was sedated and expired despite resuscitative efforts. Postmortem examination revealed very large fibromyxomatous nasal polyps completely obstructing the upper airway. Gross examination and histopathologic findings were indistinguishable from those of human polyps. The chimpanzee is a potential animal model for nasal polyposis that could provide basic information concerning the relationship of polyps to type I hypersensitivity and to three severe respiratory tract disorders in humans: cystic fibrosis, bronchial asthma, and the immotile cilia syndrome. PMID- 6736485 TI - Anaphylaxis following psyllium ingestion. AB - Psyllium is a hydrophilic agent found in many bulk laxative preparations. We report the occurrence of an anaphylactic reaction in a patient after ingestion of a psyllium-containing laxative. IgE mediation of the reaction was suggested by a positive immediate skin test to psyllium, positive passive transfer skin test, lack of skin response during passive transfer with heat treated serum, and an elevated IgE (RAST) to psyllium seed. PMID- 6736486 TI - A genetic basis for heterogeneity of asthma syndrome in pediatric ages: adenosine deaminase phenotypes. AB - Wheezing in children is characterized by at least two major syndromes: "wheezing associated with respiratory infections" and "atopic asthma." The distinction between these two forms is not easy as similarities exist between them. The purpose of this study was to try to differentiate between them. We determined the phenotype of adenosine deaminase (ADA) in 291 children ages 1 mo to 15 yr who had been affected by attacks of wheezing recently requiring clinical attention. The results demonstrated that the frequency of 2-1 ADA phenotype was significantly reduced in wheezers compared to control subjects. Among wheezers, the 2-1 ADA phenotype was normally represented under 5 yr of age but was particularly rare among asthmatic children 5 to 15 yr old. Thus ADA phenotypes may represent a genetic basis for some of the heterogeneity of the asthma syndromes in children. PMID- 6736487 TI - Allergens in Hymenoptera venom XI. Isolation of protein allergens from Vespula maculifrons (yellow jacket) venom. AB - Pure Vespula maculifrons venom was demonstrated to contain five major allergenic proteins, which were all isolated from commercial venom sac extract. The five proteins: Vmacl, MW 97,000; hyaluronidase, MW 46,000; Vmac3, MW 39,000; phospholipase A and B, MW 34,000; and antigen 5, MW 22,000 were all demonstrated to be biochemically and immunologically distinct. All five proteins had significant allergenic activity, with phospholipase and hyaluronidase demonstrating the most IgE binding with 39 sera from allergic patients. Sera from honeybee-reactive patients, who had weak cross-reactions with yellow jacket venom, demonstrated strong IgE binding to purified V. maculifrons hyaluronidase and Vmacl. Dose-dependent inhibition of RAST was observed by use of honeybee hyaluronidase and high-molecular-weight fraction to inhibit the binding to the corresponding yellow jacket allergen. PMID- 6736488 TI - A one-year follow-up study of parent-referred hyperactive preschool children. PMID- 6736489 TI - Hyperactives as young adults: initial predictors of adult outcome. PMID- 6736490 TI - Young adult outcome of hyperactive children who received long-term stimulant treatment. PMID- 6736491 TI - Behavioral and developmental characteristics of aggressive, hyperactive and aggressive-hyperactive boys. PMID- 6736492 TI - Background characteristics of aggressive, hyperactive, and aggressive-hyperactive boys. PMID- 6736493 TI - Empirical corroboration of attention deficit disorder. PMID- 6736494 TI - Aggression in hyperactive boys: response to d-amphetamine. PMID- 6736495 TI - Are attention deficit disorders with and without hyperactivity similar or dissimilar disorders? PMID- 6736496 TI - Phenylethylamine excretion in attention deficit disorder. PMID- 6736497 TI - An intervention program for mothers of low-birthweight infants: preliminary results. PMID- 6736498 TI - Children's perceptions of the causes and consequences of divorce. PMID- 6736499 TI - Correlates of depression in mothers of young children. PMID- 6736500 TI - Factors affecting urinary excretion of 3-methoxy-4-hydroxyphenylglycol in children and its clinical significance. PMID- 6736501 TI - Amitriptyline in children with major depressive disorder: a double-blind crossover pilot study. PMID- 6736502 TI - Transsexualism in the adolescent girl. PMID- 6736503 TI - Foods and nutrients. PMID- 6736504 TI - Selected minerals in foods surveys, 1974 to 1981/82. AB - The levels of 11 essential minerals in food commodity groups and total diets of adult males, infants, and toddlers were summarized from the Selected Minerals in Foods Survey, Fiscal Years (FY) 1974 through mid-1982, of the Food and Drug Administration (FDA) to evaluate the sources and adequacy of those minerals in the diets. The three diets were adequate in calcium, phosphorus, magnesium, potassium, manganese, and selenium; low in copper; and elevated in sodium and iodine. Iron was adequate in adult male but not in infant or toddler diets, and zinc was adequate in infant but somewhat low in adult male and toddler diets. Dairy products; meat, fish, and poultry; grain and cereal products; and fruits and vegetables were the major sources of the 11 minerals. Some statistically significant differences in mineral levels were found among years for total diets and food commodity groups. Regression analysis indicated several linear trends in the mineral content of food commodity groups but no linear trends in the mineral levels of total diets. FDA continues to monitor the levels of minerals in food and diets through the revised Total Diet Study program, which began in mid-FY82. PMID- 6736505 TI - Estimates of available iron in diets of individuals 1 year old and older in the Nationwide Food Consumption Survey. AB - Levels of total iron and available iron were estimated in the diets of individuals 1 year and older. The source of data was 1-day dietary recall records from the U.S. Department of Agriculture's 1977-78 Nationwide Food Consumption Survey. Total iron intakes of 1- to 2- and 3- to 5-year-old children were 51% and 77% of their respective RDAs. Total iron intakes of 12- to 50-year-old girls and women averaged only 55% to 61% of their RDA. Total iron intakes of other groups came close to or exceeded their respective RDAs. The proportion of total iron calculated to be available ranged from 6.5% to 8.7%, which is less than the 10% assumption of availability used as a basis for setting the iron RDA. When compared with the RDAs, total iron presented a more favorable picture of dietary iron intake than available iron. In relation to the RDAs, proportions of available iron were consistently lower than proportions of total iron. Available iron was lower than total iron in relation to recommended allowances because less than 10% of total dietary iron was available. PMID- 6736506 TI - Comparison of dietary energy intakes and sources by race, sex, and age for adults in Mississippi. AB - Energy intake and sources and alcohol and caffeine consumption of 384 Mississippians older than 34 were studied by 24-hour recall. The data were compared by race, sex, and age. Whites consumed more energy and had more adequate energy intake than blacks. Energy intake was more adequate in women than in men. The mean protein intake for all groups, except black men, was in excess of the Recommended Dietary Allowance (RDA). Protein represented 12% of the calories consumed daily by whites and 14% by blacks. Both figures are slightly more than the RDA for this age group. Whites consumed 66 gm fat and blacks 56 gm, representing 33% of total energy for whites and 38% for blacks. The mean cholesterol consumption was 339 mg for blacks and 310 mg for whites. Men consumed slightly more cholesterol than women. Whites consumed 334 gm total carbohydrates and blacks 202 gm. Starch and sugar provided 59% of total energy for whites and 52% for blacks. Whites drank 4 times more alcohol than blacks, with alcohol representing 3% of energy for whites and 1% for blacks. Whites consumed 2.5 times more caffeine than blacks. Young individuals consumed more caffeine than older ones. This study clearly shows a significant racial difference in energy content and sources in the diet of adults in Mississippi. PMID- 6736507 TI - Supplementation patterns of Washington State dietitians. AB - More than 900 dietitians in the state of Washington were surveyed to determine their personal patterns of dietary supplementation. Seventy-five percent of the population responded; of the respondents, nearly 60% reported the use of some nutritional supplement. The most commonly used supplements were multivitamins plus minerals and vitamin C only, with 21% and 19% of the population choosing these supplementation patterns, respectively. Multivitamins (no minerals) and iron only or with vitamin C were each chosen by 6.9% of the population. Other supplement categories were used less often: calcium with or without vitamin D (2.7%), protein only (3%), and extra calories (0%). The most commonly used "miscellaneous" supplement was potassium. Among subgroups of the population, supplement use was most common among pregnant and lactating women and underweight individuals. The few individuals using iron supplements were women, and most of them were under 30 years of age. The majority of users of calcium supplements were women over 50. Although the bases for the observed supplementation patterns were not determined in the present study, speculations can be put forth. In the meantime, it is clear that many dietitians have chosen to utilize some nutritional supplement for personal health. PMID- 6736508 TI - Food frequency related to folacin status in adolescents. AB - Food frequency data for 372 adolescents from urban and rural low-income households were evaluated. The urban group consisted of blacks (N = 161) and Hispanics (N = 32); blacks (N = 58) and whites (N = 121) composed the rural group. A food frequency questionnaire with 24 food groups categorized according to nutrient contribution was completed for each subject by a trained interviewer. Urban blacks selected folacin-dense foods more frequently than urban Hispanics or rural blacks. This difference corresponded with a higher prevalence of poor folacin status in urban Hispanics vs. urban blacks and in rural blacks vs. urban blacks. Rural whites also consumed a higher frequency of folacin-dense food groups than rural blacks, which, again, corresponded with differences in folacin status. The infrequent consumption of vegetables and fruits, particularly by rural black and urban Hispanic adolescents, provides an explanation for the poor folacin status of the adolescents. PMID- 6736509 TI - Team management of failure to thrive. AB - A multidisciplinary team approach to treatment of failure to thrive in infancy and early childhood permits the simultaneous consideration of nutritional, medical, and psychosocial risk factors associated with this complex syndrome. The registered dietitian works with the physician, nurse, and social worker to provide an integrated evaluation of nutrition history, feeding patterns, medical status, social situation, developmental level, and interactional qualities of the child with failure to thrive. Nutritional management of failure to thrive emphasizes: (a) ongoing assessment of nutritional status and rate of catch-up growth, including regular collection of anthropometric measurements; (b) provision of energy and protein in amounts sufficient to meet requirements for catch-up growth; and (c) concrete, individualized nutrition instruction. Long term follow-up at regular intervals in coordination with other members of the failure-to-thrive team provides the opportunity to reinforce nutrition instruction and to reassess and adapt meal plans to meet the growing child's changing nutritional needs. PMID- 6736511 TI - Comparison of dietary intake by 2 computerized analysis systems. AB - It is unknown how different calculation procedures for quantitating foods can influence variation in nutrient values. Precision of calculation and transcription, plus a double-checking procedure, is standard Bogalusa Heart Study protocol. These procedures likely would minimize human error. Nevertheless, converting gram weight values for food (BHS) into the closest household measure (NCC) could influence analysis. If calculation procedures are similar, different nutrient values in 2 food composition tables would then account for most variation in results. Consistently lower values for sucrose by the NCC likely reflect the program's carbohydrate rationale, i.e., the classification of total carbohydrate into 3 categories--sucrose, starch, and other. Sucrose may then be underestimated, as the other carbohydrate value "indicates combinations of sugars and/or sugars and starch," such as those found in commercial products. The ETNV total sucrose value is a sum of the naturally occurring sucrose and sucrose added in commercial preparations. For this small sample, the group means of selected nutrients by 2 dietary computer analyses systems are quite similar, with the exception of sucrose. With fairly large standard errors for most components, a large sample might create a statistically significant difference. Periodic comparability checks are essential to document quality and similarity of data bases. Quality control procedures in dietary methodology should be analogous to techniques for physiological and biochemical measures, e.g., the Centers for Disease Control and LRC methods and standards. Low-level correlations observed between dietary intakes and risk factor variables imply no association. Comparison and improvements of data bases are timely and should increase the probability of identifying associations between dietary components and indicators of diseases. PMID- 6736510 TI - Dietary adjustment during self-blood-glucose monitoring in pregnant women with insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus. AB - The interaction between the daily distribution of carbohydrates and frequent self blood-glucose monitoring (SBGM) was studied in 13 pregnant women who had had diabetes for 4 to 19 years. Before and during SBGM, data were obtained on dietary history, daily blood glucose levels, and HbA1C. Optimal control was found with 3 main meals and 5 snacks. The total daily caloric intake decreased without change in the proportions of protein, fat, and carbohydrate. Consumption of starch increased, and that of simple sugars decreased. Although no changes were made in the daily amount of insulin, the women's diabetic control improved significantly. PMID- 6736512 TI - Quality of life: treatment decisions and the third alternative. PMID- 6736513 TI - Atypical presentations of dementia of the Alzheimer type. AB - Seven patients who eventually met established criteria for dementia of the Alzheimer type are described to illustrate the variety of atypical clinical presentations of this disorder. The value of a careful history, examination, and follow up in reaching the earliest possible diagnosis is emphasized. In the event of the development of adequate therapy this information will become essential in proper management of these patients. PMID- 6736514 TI - A prospective study of nosocomial infections in a chronic care facility. AB - To elucidate the epidemiology of nosocomial infections occurring in nursing homes and chronic care facilities, the authors undertook a prospective study of patients requiring two different levels of nursing care. The overall rate of infection was higher on the intermediate care ward than on the nursing home ward (1.35 versus 0.67 infections/100 patient care days). Pneumonias and symptomatic urinary tract infections accounted for 49 per cent of all infections. Eight of ten cases of pneumonia occurring on the nursing home ward were diagnosed in the winter months, and no case was diagnosed in the summer months. Resistance to gentamicin, tobramycin, ampicillin, and trimethoprim-sulfa was common among organisms causing symptomatic urinary tract infections. PMID- 6736515 TI - The Sepulveda VA Geriatric Evaluation Unit: data on four-year outcomes and predictors of improved patient outcomes. AB - Data from its first four operating years indicate that the Sepulveda VA Geriatric Evaluation Unit is having consistent beneficial effects on patient care. These benefits include improved diagnostic accuracy, reduced use of drugs, improved functional status, and improved placement location. However, not all patients benefit equally, and differences between patient responses highlight the need to select those who will benefit most from relatively costly Geriatric Evaluation Unit services. Discriminant and regression analyses were performed on 98 consecutive patients to determine which patients admitted to the Geriatric Evaluation Unit would show greatest improvement in terms of placement, functional status, one-year survival, and living location, and which patients would be treated most efficiently in terms of length of stay. Patient characteristics on admission significantly associated with discharge home included a relatively high functional and cognitive status, the absence of an unstable medical problem, and not being expected to need nursing home placement by the referring physician. The latter two factors alone predicted actual placement location on the next 101 patients admitted to the Geriatric Evaluation Unit with high predictive accuracy (88.5 per cent). Factors predictive of patients whose functional status would improve on the Geriatric Evaluation Unit included absence of an unstable medical problem and being over 75 years old (predictive accuracy was 82.5 per cent). Two major factors associated with long patient stays on the Geriatric Evaluation Unit were low functional status scores and not living in own home or with family. These analyses indicate criteria that may be useful in selecting patients for inpatient geriatric evaluation and rehabilitation programs. PMID- 6736516 TI - Twelve-month surveillance of infections in institutionalized elderly men. AB - Surveillance of infectious episodes in institutionalized elderly men permanently resident on two wards of a veterans' hospital was undertaken for a 12-month period. One-hundred eleven episodes were identified in 50 residents (74 per cent). The most frequent infections included lower respiratory tract infections (incidence 59/100 patient-years), febrile episodes with no source (43.4), skin and soft tissue infections (36.5), and gastroenteritis (33). Only pneumonia was associated with significant mortality. A specific etiologic agent was seldom identified other than for skin and soft tissue infections. Antimicrobial therapy was prescribed for 87 per cent of all infections. Ward staff absenteeism was associated with peak occurrences of infections in residents. Resident characteristics that correlated with infection were incontinence of bladder and of bowel. Mental status or degree of mobility did not correlate. While infections occur frequently in this population, mortality is common only with pneumonia. Infections occur more frequently in residents who have greater functional impairment. PMID- 6736517 TI - Brain atrophy during aging: a quantitative study using computed tomography. AB - Using computed tomography, the authors studied brain atrophy during aging in 483 males and 497 females with no neurologic disturbances, ranging in age from 10 to 88 years. They measured cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) space volume and cranial cavity volume above the level of the tentorium cerebelli and calculated a brain atrophy index (BAI):BAI (%) = 100% X (CSF space volume/cranial cavity volume). Both CSF space volume and the BAI started to increase significantly after the thirties in both men and women (P less than 0.001). While the rate with which the brain atrophied accelerated constantly during aging in females, the rate of atrophy in men in their thirties and forties was more than twice that of women of the same age; the rate then declined in men in their forties and fifties. Both CSF space volume and the BAI increased exponentially with increasing age after the thirties, continuing to increase until the eighties in both men and women. PMID- 6736518 TI - Ethical judgments of quality of life in the care of the aged. PMID- 6736519 TI - Withholding treatment: a legal perspective. PMID- 6736521 TI - Development of a preclinical geriatrics examination for medical students. PMID- 6736520 TI - Clinical research in senile dementia of the Alzheimer type: suggested guidelines addressing the ethical and legal issues. PMID- 6736522 TI - An assessment form for falls. PMID- 6736523 TI - The value of annual medical examinations in the nursing home. AB - Although annual medical examinations are required in many nursing homes for all residents, little is known about the value of these examinations. To investigate this, 732 annual examinations were evaluated for frequency of positive findings and clinical importance of the findings. Although 51 per cent of examinations yielded a finding that was new or related to a known chronic disease process, only 3 per cent of findings were judged by primary care physicians to be of major importance. Approximately a fourth of findings were considered to be of intermediate importance. These results provide only modest support for endorsing annual medical examinations for nursing home residents. PMID- 6736524 TI - Reversible long-standing dementia with normocalcemic hyperparathyroidism. PMID- 6736525 TI - Hearing impairment in elderly persons. AB - Hearing impairment is a common problem in elderly people that produces significant personal morbidity and isolation. Hearing impairment in elderly people often has a treatable cause. Presbycusis is only one cause of hearing loss, and may coexist with other causes. The clinical examination, if performed correctly and corroborated by caregivers, is probably adequate screening for hearing loss. However, formal testing should be administered if doubt remains. Hearing aids, although expensive, are helpful for most patients, but they are only part of a total program of aural rehabilitation. Patients, family, and health care provides can all benefit from improvement of communication skills. PMID- 6736526 TI - Drug prescribing for very elderly ambulatory patients. PMID- 6736527 TI - Women and coronary heart disease. PMID- 6736528 TI - New partners in student branch development. PMID- 6736529 TI - Women in medicine: making a difference. Third Regional Conference. New York City, April 8-10, 1983. PMID- 6736530 TI - Making a difference in health policy. PMID- 6736531 TI - Making a difference in practice. PMID- 6736532 TI - Making a difference in academia. PMID- 6736533 TI - Research in women's health: problems and prospects. PMID- 6736534 TI - Women and mental health. PMID- 6736535 TI - Women and aging. PMID- 6736536 TI - Discrediting the basis of the AAO policy. Learning disabilities, dyslexia, and vision. PMID- 6736537 TI - Orthokeratology. Part II: Evaluating the Tabb method. AB - This summary of the experimental design and methodology of a study evaluating ocular response to orthokeratology presents a method of orthokeratology that involves modifying the optic zone diameter, intermediate, and peripheral curve zones of a PMMA contact lens. An evaluation of the Tabb method of orthokeratology to determine the ocular tissue changes most responsible for observed refractive and acuity changes found that noncorneal parameters measured did not change, whereas two corneal parameters measured did change as orthokeratology occurred. The corneal parameters that appeared most involved in refractive and acuity changes were corneal thickness and shape factor. The Tabb method of orthokeratology did not cause an increase in corneal with-the-rule astigmatism. PMID- 6736538 TI - Vision symptoms with asteroid bodies in the vitreous. AB - Asteroid bodies in the vitreous present the doctor of optometry with a spectacular ophthalmoscopic view of numerous, minute yellow-white spheres in an otherwise normal vitreous. They have little or no association with systemic disease, and they are not often thought of as a cause for vision symptoms. We report four cases of vision symptoms that we believe were caused by asteroid bodies in the vitreous. The symptoms varied from minor impairments in visual acuity to floaters. PMID- 6736539 TI - Congenital homonymous hemianopia. PMID- 6736540 TI - Optometric responsibility in patient education. PMID- 6736541 TI - Eyewitness testimony. PMID- 6736542 TI - Optometry's newest school: its founding, its operation, its future. Interview by Lois Benson Rosenfeld. PMID- 6736543 TI - On neutrality. PMID- 6736544 TI - On the analyst's neutrality. AB - It is by the application of the principle of neutrality, born of his respect for the essential otherness of the patient, that the analyst focuses the dyadic analytic work in the service of the patient's growing self-analytic capacity. Thus, the general principle of neutrality is distinguished from the technical tactic of abstinence, the latter being a specific function utilized to facilitate and foster analytic regression. Neutrality can be defined as it applies to the major subfunctions of the analyst's work ego. Perception of the patient's intrapsychic processes (both empathically and cognitively) requires a neutrality of appearance on the analyst's part in order to minimize the distortion of the unfolding transference neurosis. Integration and understanding of the patient's communications require mastery and neutralization of the analyst's own internal processes in order to minimize countertransferential distortions. Appropriate interpretive intervention requires neutrality of action, i.e., mastery of impulses related to power, neutralizing them into the service of the analytic work; tact is defined as a specific psychoanalytic function in this regard. Collaborative ignorance is examined as a specific instance of false neutrality. In this an analytic guise serves to mask a countertransferential conflict. Neutrality serves as an overriding technical principle, not an imperative for perfectionism . Factors intrinsic to the analytic process also influence the application of this principle. PMID- 6736545 TI - Son and father. AB - I have traced in my deliberations the mutual influence of drive and ego development throughout the male child's dyadic and triadic father relatedness as it proceeds within a changing soma and social surround during the first two decades of life. I have made the effort to conceptualize the normal developmental progression in male personality formation with explicit reference to the fate of the boy's dyadic father relationship as well as his negative Oedipus complex in general. These considerations, restricted as they are in scope and gender, assign to the dyadic father complex a nuclear role in neurosogenesis as well as recognize in it an etiological factor in relation to specific forms of psychopathology throughout the male life cycle. PMID- 6736546 TI - The multiple meanings of masochism in psychoanalytic discourse. AB - The term masochism was originally used in a narrow, specifically sexual sense (referring to perversions ), but has come to encompass for many analysts an exceedingly broad and variably determined range of clinical phenomena that bear no consistent relation to sexual excitement. In addition, these expanding clinical perspectives have long been entangled with Freud's shifting metapsychological constructions designed to ground masochism in instinctual theory. As a result, the term is used with little consistency and at varied levels of abstraction: loosely descriptive, dynamic, theoretical. It is not always explicit which meaning is intended or what inferences, if any, are meant to be drawn from the term. When used in its broadest sense, masochism may falsely suggest dynamic similarity between diverse phenomena, and is often ambiguous with respect to the presence or absence of underlying erotic or perverse excitement. In the clinical situation, the categorization of material as masochistic may evoke an associated set of genetic, dynamic, or theoretical ideas which may alter the perception, ordering, and interpretation of clinical data. Particularly conducive to this subtle steering process are the enduring influence of the early concept of feminine masochism and the related concept of sadistic and masochistic paired opposite component sexual instincts--a theoretical, physicalistic , linear concept incompatible with the clinical model of overdetermination and multiple function. This paper includes a review of the terminological and conceptual history of masochism, briefly touches on the parallel history of sadism , and offers some provisional definitional solutions. PMID- 6736547 TI - Psychic trauma and masochism. AB - Three analyses are presented in which acute trauma (overwhelming internal or external stimulation so great as to preclude the patient's utilizing his usual defenses adequately) in childhood contributed to the development of masochism. The patients later attempted mastery through repetition, reversal, and erotization , and employed regression as a defense against feared oedipal wishes. PMID- 6736548 TI - Psychoanalytic perspectives on emptiness. AB - A clinical example illustrates the thesis that the experience of feeling empty, like any other mental event, can be understood in terms of the conflicting wishes, prohibitions , compromises, and gratifications that color any experience in ways that clarify its meaning. Theoretical hypotheses which explain mental events and experiences as the result of deficiencies of structures are difficult to translate into therapeutic practices. This is especially true in the case of the experience of emptiness which, in and of itself and often vigorously, asserts an absence of content. The equating of deficiencies of structures, however formulated, with deficiencies in mental content or activity can result in unconsciously joining the empty patient in repudiating important aspects of internal life, maintaining ultimately pathological gratifications , and often contributing to treatment stalemates in which the "absence of content" is often preferred to the presence of frightening wishes, fantasies, and memories. PMID- 6736549 TI - Deconstructing the manifest dream. AB - A major part of the analyst's task is to discover the basis for the patient's misidentification of his present life situation with significant but threatening events of his earlier life, now repressed and inaccessible to conscious recall. Reconstructing the patient's history is a crucial step in this process of discovery, but the dynamic relation between the present and the past must be reconstructed as well. The structure of the manifest dream contains the key to this relation. The imagery of the dream is a composite of experimental materials drawn from important drive-related events of the present and the past. The complex formed by the manifest dream and the patient's associations provides the analyst with data about both of these distinct sets of drive-related experiences. As Freud's discussion of his M elusine dream illustrates, one associative thread can be traced to an experience that incorporates a conflicted current wish. Another thread will lead to an experience in which a repressed wish of childhood has been expressed. Where the two associative threads converge, in the composite imagery of the dream, the basis for the identification between the wishes of the present and the past will be exposed. An understanding of the structure of the manifest dream helps to clarify some of the important theoretical issues left unresolved in Freud's writings. These include: the function of the day residue and the mechanism through which it is formed, the relation of the screen memory to the associative process, and the differing roles of condensation and displacement in dream construction and free association. A simple procedure is described for enhancing the recovery of the significant childhood memories whose details have been incorporated into the composite imagery of the manifest dream. PMID- 6736550 TI - Application of a radioactivity detector to the analysis of 14C-carmoisine metabolites by ion-pair high-pressure liquid chromatography. AB - 14C-Carmoisine was incubated under anaerobic conditions with a suspension of human faeces. Analyses of the incubation medium by high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) attached to a radioactivity monitor (RAM) showed the same radioactivity profile as the urine and faeces of rats dosed with the same azodye (200 mg kg-1; 25 microCi). The analyses were carried out with a 5 micron RP-C18 chromatographic column, using a linear gradient profile of different concentrations of water, methanol and an ion-pair reagent. Five radioactive peaks were present in the radiochromatogram , in addition to unmodified Carmoisine. The major peak retained half of the specific activity of Carmoisine, and exhibited the retention time and the u.v. spectrum of authentic naphthionic acid. The results demonstrate the value and the advantage of using the in vitro preparation as a model to detect and to identify the metabolites of similar synthetic azodyes used as food additives. PMID- 6736551 TI - Differentation of rat embryo cells in culture: response following acute maternal exposure to teratogens and non-teratogens. AB - An in vivo-in vitro test system with high sensitivity to teratogens has been developed and validated. A single acute intra-peritoneal injection of teratogens (18) and non-teratogens (13) was administered to pregnant rats on the 12th day after fertilisation, and uteri were removed after 16 h by laparotomy. 34-36 Embryos somites were selected, and mid-brain (CNS) and fore-limb buds (LB) were dissected free and dispersed as single-cell suspensions in Ham's F12 culture medium. The cells were cultured as micromass cell islands for 5 days, and discrete foci of neuronal cells differentiated in CNS cultures and chondrocytes in LB cultures. After 5 days, differentiation as determined by number of stainable foci of differentiated cells and 3H-GABA incorporation in CNS or 35SO4 incorporation in LB and growth (as determined by total protein) were measured. Both differentiation and growth of CNS and LB cultures were markedly reduced following exposure of the dam to teratogens, whereas no significant effect was observed with non-teratogens. One teratogen (amaranth) and one non-teratogen (nitrilotriacetic acid) were classified as false negative and positive, respectively; the sensitivity of the test (proportion of teratogens correct) was therefore 92% and the specificity (proportion of non-teratogens correct) was 94%. Inhibition of growth and differentiation in the rat embryo cell cultures following maternal exposure forms the basis of a short-term in vitro test for teratogens. PMID- 6736552 TI - Lead in cerebrospinal fluid and its relationship to plasma lead in humans. AB - Lead levels in whole blood, plasma and cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) were determined in 18 patients suffering from Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis (ALS) and in 21 subjects hospitalized for neurological investigations. No significant differences were found for blood, plasma and CSF lead concentration between the ALS group and the other patient group. The plasma lead-CSF lead mean ratio was greater than 1 in both groups, while in subjects with a slight degree of blood-CSF barrier impairment a significant decrease of the ratio was demonstrated. A significant relationship between plasma lead and CSF lead levels (r = 0.405; p less than 0.01), but not between whole blood lead and CSF lead levels, was established. Lead levels in CSF were also age-related (r = 0.485; p less than 0.05) in the group of patients not suffering from ALS. In subjects with normal blood-brain barrier permeability, lead in plasma is a good indicator of CSF lead concentration. PMID- 6736553 TI - A survey of genetic toxicology testing in industry, contract laboratories and government. AB - Genetic Toxicology Association members from governmental, contract and industrial laboratories were surveyed to determine the status of 28 recognized genetic toxicology assays in their laboratories. Compiled results of the 1982 questionnaire indicate that the Ames test, in vitro cytogenetics, in vitro sister chromatid exchange, unscheduled DNA synthesis, mutation in Chinese hamster ovary cells at the HGPRT locus, and in vivo bone marrow assays were the most frequently performed routine tests by the majority of laboratory affiliations. Investigation of the number of transformation assays performed indicated a high routine use. However, their use was largely confined to contract laboratories. Volume analysis of chemicals tested for 1982 indicated: (i) contract laboratories studied the largest number of compounds over the broadest spectrum of assays; (ii) industrial laboratories processed more compounds in the Ames test than any other laboratory group; and (iii) governmental laboratories ranked lowest in numbers of compounds evaluated both in-house and/or subcontracted . PMID- 6736555 TI - Pharmacodynamics and toxicity of chlorine in drinking water in the rat. AB - Chlorine interacts with organic materials in surface water, leading to the formation of trihalomethanes, that may be carcinogenic. Studies were conducted to investigate the pharmacodynamics and toxicity of chlorine (0, 1, 10, 100 mg 1(-1] in drinking water in rats. Blood glutathione (GSH) was significantly decreased after 6 months of treatment and this effect persisted after 1 year treatment in the 10 and 100 mg 1(-1) groups. Treatment groups showed an increase in blood osmotic fragility. The acute study revealed that GSH was significantly decreased as early as 30 min after the administration of 30 and 120 micrograms chlorine. The effect was maintained up to 1 h. However, the GSH level returned to control value by 2 h. Blood osmotic fragility of the acute exposure was incresed after 15 min and was without change after 30 min. Of the hematological parameters only the red blood cell count and hematocrit were significantly decreased in the 100 mg 1( 1) group after 3 months of treatment. An examination of blood chloroform content in all the groups after 4, 6, 9 and 12 months showed no significant difference compared with the control. Chlorine administered chronically in drinking water for 3 months increased the incorporation of 3H-thymidine into nuclei of rat kidney and testes in the 100 mg 1(-1) group. PMID- 6736556 TI - Pulmonary biochemical response to slate dust in rats. AB - The biochemical changes in rat lungs due to intratracheal instillation of 50 mg of slate dust have been studied up to 150 days of dust exposure. The remarkable feature of lung changes was the turnover of collagen in experimental animals after 90 days, reaching substantially higher values at 150 days. A concurrent increase in hexosamine and sialic acid contents was also observed. The phospholipid content in the whole lung tissue, as well as in the mitochondria, was generally higher in the dust-treated rats, particularly at the later stages. The mitochondrial cytochrome c oxidase and glutamate dehydrogenase activities increased, whereas monoamine oxidase was marginally affected. Mitochondria from experimental animals appeared to be in a swollen state, particularly at 120 days of exposure. The above results suggest that slate dust exerts its toxic effects by causing alterations in the tissue make-up as well as in the mitochondrial functioning of the lung. PMID- 6736554 TI - Toxicity of hexachlorocyclopentadiene: subchronic (13-week) administration by gavage to F344 rats and B6C3F1 mice. AB - A 13-week subchronic study was conducted by administering hexachlorocyclopentadiene ( HCCP ) in corn oil by gavage to groups of ten male and ten female F344 rats at doses of 150, 75, 38, 19, 10 or 0 mg kg-1, and to groups of ten male and ten female B6C3F1 mice at doses of 300, 150, 75, 38, 19 or 0 mg kg-1. The doses were administered once a day, five days per week for 13 weeks. Chemically induced deaths occurred at 150 and 300 mg kg-1 in rats and at 300 mg kg-1 in mice. A significant (P less than 0.05) depression in mean body weight change relative to controls was observed in male and female rats receiving greater than or equal to 38 and greater than or equal to 75 mg kg-1, respectively, and in male and female mice receiving 150 and 300 mg kg-1, respectively. There was a significant (P less than 0.05) increase in liver and kidney weight: brain weight ratios in the high-dose female rats (75 and 150 mg kg 1) and female mice at all doses (19-300 mg kg-1). HCCP caused proliferative and inflammatory changes of the epithelia in the forestomach of male rats, and male and female mice receiving greater than or equal to 38 mg kg-1 and in female rats receiving greater than or equal to 19 mg kg dose level. Nephrosis characterized by proximal tubular dilation, cytoplasmic vacuolization, cytomegaly, karyomegaly and anisokaryosis occurred in male and female rats and female mice receiving greater than or equal to 38 mg kg-1. PMID- 6736557 TI - Immobilized pH gradients for isoelectric focusing. III. Preparative separations in highly diluted gels. AB - A further improvement on the preparative aspects of immobilized pH gradients (IPG) (J. Biochem. Biophys. Methods (1983) 8, 135-155, 157-172) is described, based on the use of soft (highly diluted) polyacrylamide gels. While in conventional IPGs in 5%T gels an upper load limit of 40-45 mg protein/ml gel volume is found, in 2.5%T gels, containing the same amount of Immobiline, as much as 90 mg protein/ml gel can be applied, without overloading effects. This is an extraordinary amount of material to be carried by a gel phase, and renders IPG by far the leading technique in any electrophoretic fractionation. A new, two-step casting technique, based on the formation of a %T step and a pH plateau around the application trench, is described. A new method for electrophoretic protein recovery from IPG gel strips, based on embedding on low-gelling agarose (37 degrees C), is reported. The physico-chemical properties of highly diluted gels, in relation to their protein loading ability, are evaluated and discussed. It is recommended that diluted gels (e.g. 3.5%T) be used also in analytical runs, since sharper protein zones are obtained, due to the increased charge density on the polymer coil. PMID- 6736558 TI - Calorimetric determination of the partition coefficient for chlorpromazine hydrochloride in aqueous suspensions of dimyristoylphosphatidylcholine vesicles. AB - Lipid suspensions containing from 0.1 to 0.2% by weight dimyristoylphosphatidylcholine were mixed in a flow calorimeter with equal volumes of chlorpromazine hydrochloride at concentrations ranging from 6 X 10(-5) to 1.2 X 10(-4) M. The vesicle bilayer volume fraction of the suspension was determined by density measurements. Linear relationships were obtained between heat production per ml suspension and chlorpromazine concentration at each level of lipid volume. Using phase partitioning as a model, the values of the partition coefficient and the enthalpy change were found to be K'c = 1300 and delta H = -30 kJ X mol-1 at 25 degrees C. Heat outputs at slightly higher concentrations of chlorpromazine increased less than linearly because of repulsive forces between neighboring chlorpromazine cations absorbed in the bilayer phase. At still higher concentrations the slope increased again but partition coefficients became variable, which indicated a change in the nature of the interaction. In batch calorimeter titrations at higher concentrations a sharp increase in heat output was observed at the critical micelle concentration of chlorpromazine (4 mM) and a final leveling off at 6 mM. Enthalpies of dilution of chlorpromazine obtained in separate experiments were large and endothermic, but no break in the curve could be detected at the critical micelle concentration. PMID- 6736559 TI - An apparatus for counter-current distribution in a centrifugal acceleration field. AB - An apparatus is described that reduces the time required for counter-current distribution in aqueous polymer two-phase systems by a factor of more than five. Phase settling, which has been the time consuming step, is here facilitated by centrifugation. The crucial point in the construction, that allows automatization, is that the transfer step in the counter-current distribution cycle is performed during centrifugation. PMID- 6736560 TI - Radioisotopic assay of femtomole quantities of total adenine nucleotides, ATP plus ADP, and AMP. AB - AMP is converted to ATP by incubating overnight with pyruvate kinase, phosphoenolpyruvate and adenylate kinase in the presence of endogenous ATP (ADP) as primer. In a subsequent incubation in the presence of pyruvate kinase, phosphoenolpyruvate, radioactive glucose and hexokinase, ATP and ADP are estimated together by coupling their recycling to the formation of glucose 6 phosphate. The latter is separated by precipitation using 76% (v/v) acetone for radioactivity measurement in the same Eppendorf tube. The sensitivity of these simple procedures matches or exceeds those of luciferase methods of nucleotide determination. PMID- 6736561 TI - A study of an infected bone tissue (osteomyelitis) by small-angle X-ray scattering. AB - The small-angle X-ray scattering method has been applied to evaluate various macromolecular parameters such as the specific inner surface, the transversal lengths, the length of crystallinity, the range of amorphous zone and the percentage of porosity in pure human bone and osteomyelitis, an infection of bone tissue. The hydroxyapatite crystals of bone being uniformly dispersed throughout the hydrated collagenous matrix creating a large mineral matrix interface, we found the bone samples to behave as a densely packed two phase system. The theories of Kratky and Porod have been utilized to evaluate the macromolecular parameters. These findings may shed light on tertiary structural deformation of human bone when it is infected. PMID- 6736562 TI - Toxicity of trichlorotoluene isomers: a 28-day feeding study in the rat. AB - Groups of 10 male and 10 female rats were fed alpha,alpha,alpha-, alpha,2,6- or 2,3,6- trichlorotoluene (TCT) in their diet at 0, 0.5, 5.0, 50 or 500 ppm for 28 days. Growth rate and food consumption were not affected by treatment. No deaths occurred. Significant increases in liver weights were observed in male rats fed 5.0 and 500 ppm 2,3,6-TCT. Mild serum biochemical changes occurred in male rats. These included increased SDH activities in the groups fed 5.0 and 50 ppm alpha, alpha, alpha-TCT, and 5.0 ppm 2,3,6-TCT. Alpha, alpha, alpha-TCT at 500 ppm caused elevated LDH activities in male rats. Hepatic microsomal aminopyrine N demethylase activities were increased in male rats fed 500 ppm alpha,2,6-TCT. Hematological parameters were not affected by treatment. Mild histological changes were seen in the liver, kidney and thyroid of treated rats. Data presented here suggest that alpha, alpha, alpha-, alpha,2,6- and 2,3,6-TCT possess a low order of oral toxicity in the rat. PMID- 6736563 TI - Furazolidone residues in chicken and swine tissues after feeding trials. AB - Broiler chickens and swine fed furazolidone in their diet were sacrificed, and samples of liver, kidney, skin/fat and muscle were harvested and analyzed for furazolidone residue. Chickens fed 200 g of furazolidone/ton of feed were withdrawn from treatment 21, 14, 7, 5, 3, or 0 days before slaughter. Birds withdrawn from medication more than 5 days prior to slaughter had no residues in any of the tissues sampled. One of the 12 birds in each of the 5 day and 3 day withdrawal groups had detectable residues in the skin/fat. Seven of the 12 birds in the 0 day withdrawal group had residues of less than 2 ppb in skin/fat samples. Chickens fed 400 g furazolidone/ton of feed were withdrawn from treatment 0 days before slaughter. Residues of 0.7 to 3.5 ppb were found in the skin of these birds; residues were not found in other tissues. Swine were fed 300 g furazolidone/ton of feed for 2 weeks or 150 g/ton for 5 weeks. They were withdrawn from treatment 10, 7, 5, 3, or 0 days before slaughter. Tissue samples taken from these swine did not contain detectable furazolidone residues. PMID- 6736564 TI - Disappearance of dimethoate, methamidophos and pirimicarb in lettuce. AB - Foliar sprays of dimethoate at 150 or 300 g a.i./ha, methamidophos at 450 or 900 g a.i./ha and pirimicarb at 140 or 280 g a.i./ha were applied for control of the green peach aphid, Myzus pericae (Sulzer), and the lettuce aphid, Nasonovia ribisnigri ( Mosley ), about 2 weeks before the lettuce started heading, and again about 1 week from harvest. In lettuce, dimethoate partially oxidized to its oxon and pirimicarb converted to its methylamino- and/or formyl methylamino analogues. Most residues were present in the outer leaves which were exposed directly to the sprays; only traces of residues were detected in samples of the inner head leaves. Total residues disappeared rapidly. Pirimicarb was the least persistent and only traces of residues (less than 0.01 ppm) were detected in marketable heads. Concentrations of dimethoate, including the oxon and of methamidophos were well below their respective tolerances of 2 and 1 ppm respectively. PMID- 6736565 TI - A permanent internal fixation technique for the Austin osteotomy. AB - A new method of permanent internal fixation is described with a discussion of applicability to the Austin procedure for the surgical correction of hallux abducto valgus deformity. The contention of this article is that an easily performed wire fixation method provides superior stabilization of the Austin osteotomy site. Preliminary investigation of this method shows consistently fewer complications secondary to instability of the Austin osteotomy, with union of the osseous fragments proceeding more rapidly as compared to nonfixated osteotomies. PMID- 6736566 TI - Total joint replacement in digits of the foot. AB - Digital deformities present one of the most common entities seen by the podiatric physician today. Surgical correction of these deformities has historically centered upon the "arthroplasty" or phalangeal head resection, but the advent of Silastic implants that replace the interphalangeal joints of the lesser digits may improve the results of revision arthroplasties or severely arthritic joints. This paper will present two types of lesser digital implants that have successfully been used when the proper indications are met. PMID- 6736567 TI - Surgical approach to polydactyly. AB - Polydactyly of the foot most often affects the first or fifth rays although any digit may be involved. In order to make possible the restoration of normal foot structure and function, it is essential to make a thorough clinical and radiographic examination. PMID- 6736568 TI - Tibial sesamoid planing procedure: an appraisal of 26 feet. AB - The authors present their findings upon evaluation of 26 feet that had undergone a tibial sesamoid planing procedure. A preoperative method of radiographic evaluation is also presented. The subjective success rate was determined to be 88.8%, whereas the objective success rate was 76.9%, and a successful procedure was performed on feet with a first metatarsal declination angle not exceeding 8 degrees. It was also determined that the apparent postoperative changes in the hallux abductus and intermetatarsal angles were 0.73 degrees and 0.6 degrees, respectively. The authors believe this procedure does not significantly alter the biomechanics of the first metatarsophalangeal joint postoperatively. PMID- 6736569 TI - A two-stage delayed surgical approach to salvaging Essex-Lopresti tongue type calcaneal fractures. AB - Fractures of the calcaneus are one of the most challenging problems facing the podiatric physician today. Many attempts have been made to simplify this complex entity by categorizing calcaneal fractures and dictating treatment according to the fracture classification. However, it is now known that each calcaneal fracture injury must be given individual patient consideration for diagnosis and treatment. Included is a case presentation of a severe calcaneal fracture classified as an Essex-Lopresti tongue type with a discussion of the surgical management. PMID- 6736570 TI - Nosocomial postoperative tetanus infection. AB - In light of the fact that tetanus spores are present throughout the environment, this article presents a case of nosocomial postoperative tetanus. A review of the immunization schedule is included to familiarize the surgeon with the active and passive methods of immunization. The authors recognize that tetanus infections are uncommon in our society, but all doctors should become aware of the appropriate treatment program as presented in this article. PMID- 6736571 TI - New instrumentation for removal of the fibular sesamoid. AB - An alternate method for removal of the fibular sesamoid is described. The author utilizes a cartilage knife to facilitate excision of the sesamoid with minimal surgical trauma. PMID- 6736572 TI - Italian Society of Endocrinology: XX National Congress. Modena, May 9-12, 1984. Abstracts. PMID- 6736573 TI - Protein synthesis studies in skeletal muscle of aging rats. I. Alterations in nitrogen composition and protein synthesis using a crude polyribosome and pH 5 enzyme system. AB - The effect of aging on rat skeletal muscle protein synthesis was studied using a cell-free system. The activity of crude polyribosomes from hind-limb skeletal muscle was reduced by 40% in aged animals (22 to 24 months) and by 20% in the mature (12 months) animal compared with young (2 month) rats. In a poly Uridylic acid-directed incorporation system the ribosomes from aged and mature animals showed a decrease in activity. Sucrose density gradient analysis also demonstrated a loss of heavy polyribosomes in aged and mature animals. The pH 5 enzyme fraction from aged and mature animals was less efficient than that from young rats in support of protein synthesis, suggesting a decreased activity of soluble factors. In conclusion, aging leads to a progressive decline in the efficiency of protein synthesis, associated with both the ribosome and soluble fractions of the cell. PMID- 6736574 TI - Protein synthesis studies in skeletal muscle of aging rats. II. In vitro studies with 0.5M potassium chloride washed polyribosomes. AB - To investigate further the age-related reduction in muscle protein synthesis activity found previously using a crude polyribosome/pH 5 system (Pluskal et al., 1984), a 0.5M KCl washing procedure was utilized to remove the nonribosomal factors from polyribosomes isolated from male Sprague-Dawley rats in the following age groups: young (1 to 2 months), mature (12 months), and aged (22 to 24 months). Using a common source of enriched elongation factor fraction from young animals, it was not possible to demonstrate any significant difference (p greater than .05) in protein synthesis between the 0.5M KCl-washed polyribosomes isolated from the various age groups. Using a cell-free system containing young salt washed polyribosomes stimulated by the addition of 0.5M KCl-wash fractions, however, it was shown that the mature and aged salt-wash fractions were less (p less than .05) active than material from young animals. Thus, the observed decline in protein synthesis efficiency during aging may be attributed to a reduced capacity to promote initiation/elongation by the nonribosomal salt wash fractions of muscle polyribosomes. PMID- 6736575 TI - The effect of age on the accumulation of labile triosephosphate isomerase and thymidine incorporation in pokeweed mitogen stimulated human lymphocytes. AB - Peripheral lymphocytes from young persons were found to increase the content of labile triosephosphate isomerase (TPI) following pokeweed mitogen stimulation in vitro. The labile form appears to have the same thermal inactivation pattern as a tetradeamidated form of the enzyme previously shown to accumulate in fibroblasts and lymphoblasts. Human lymphocytes from an elderly sample were also subjected to mitogen stimulation under identical conditions. There was a greater accumulation of labile TPI during lymphoblast transformation in the aged sample. Cellular studies revealed that the absolute level of tritiated thymidine incorporated into DNA was significantly decreased with age in both resting and stimulated lymphocytes, but the blastogenic index showed no significant age-dependent changes. The ratio of the accumulation of labile enzyme during mitogen stimulation to the cellular blastogenic index was increased with age. The accumulation of labile forms of this enzyme may relate to the impairment of the energy-supplying glycolytic pathway that occurs in elderly human lymphocytes subjected to mitogenic stress. PMID- 6736576 TI - Thermoregulatory responses to desert heat: age, race and sex. AB - Sixty-nine whites (38 men and 31 women) aged 17 to 88 years and 48 blacks (19 men and 29 women) aged 17 to 61 years were studied. Each person walked in desert heat for 1 hour at a rate requiring 40% of aerobic capacity. Observations were recorded on their rectal temperature (Tre), skin temperature (Tsk), heart rate (HR), blood pressure, and sweat rate (SR). Older men and women of both races were able to complete their walks without any ill effects. Age, per se, did not significantly reduce elderly individuals' ability to tolerate the combined stress of dry heat and exercise. Men of both races had higher sweat rate and lower heart rate and rectal and skin temperature than women working at the same percentage of aerobic capacity. Success of thermoregulation at 40% of aerobic capacity of blacks and whites was equal, but in both races men thermoregulated more successful than women. Our data suggest that thermoregulatory capacity of humans under desert conditions differs between sexes and is not influenced significantly by age or race except for differences in aerobic capacity. PMID- 6736577 TI - Xenon contrast CT-CBF scanning of the brain differentiates normal age-related changes from multi-infarct dementia and senile dementia of Alzheimer type. AB - Local cerebral blood flow (LCBF) and partition coefficients (L lambda) were measured during inhalation of stable xenon gas with serial CT scanning among normal volunteers (N = 15), individuals with multi-infarct dementia (MID, N = 10), and persons with senile dementia of Alzheimer type (SDAT, N = 8). Mean gray matter flow values were reduced in both MID and SDAT. Age-related declines in LCBF values in normals were marked in frontal cortex and basal ganglia. LCBF values were decreased beyond normals in frontal and temporal cortices and thalamus in MID and SDAT, in basal ganglia only in MID. Unlike SDAT and age matched normals, L lambda values were reduced in fronto-temporal cortex and thalamus in MID. Multifocal nature of lesions in MID was apparent. Coefficients of variation for LCBFs were greater in MID compared with SDAT and/or age-matched normals. PMID- 6736578 TI - The potential role of psychosocial stress on levels of hemoglobin A1c (HbA1c) and fasting plasma glucose in elderly people. AB - Hemoglobin A1c (HbA1c) mainly reflects the average blood glucose levels during the 8 to 12 weeks preceding the sampling. It is elevated in diabetic patients. The HbA1c level has also been reported to rise with age. In this experiment the influence of aging as well as social understimulation on HbA1c and fasting blood glucose has been studied. Sixty elderly people (M = 78 years) were selected at random from two different floors at a senior citizen apartment building. Half of the group was introduced to a psychosocial activation program, whereas the other was followed as a control group. Psychophysiological evaluations were performed before and after 3 and 6 months of experimental time. Social activities increased three-fold in the experimental group. There was also an increased interaction among the tenants and the staff in the experimental group. Over the 6-month period, significantly improved HbA1c levels were observed in the experimental group compared with the control group (p less than .02, two-way analysis of variance). There was no effect on levels of fasting blood glucose. PMID- 6736579 TI - Speed of recall in aging. AB - This experiment investigated age differences in the speed of verbal recall under experimentally controlled processing conditions. Twelve normal aged and 12 young adults learned a set of items by a procedure that required them to search a list to identify instances of common conceptual categories. This search procedure was used to control for age differences in initial processing. Memory for the target items was tested by free recall and cued recall in which each item was cued by its category label. There were no age differences in either rate of free recall or speed of cued recall under these conditions. This result appears to be inconsistent with the Birren hypothesis, which predicts age differences in the speed of verbal recall. This experiment illustrates the importance of experimentally controlled processing conditions for evaluating of age-related changes in cognitive speed. PMID- 6736580 TI - Effects of semantically related and unrelated contexts on recognition memory of different-aged adults. AB - Two experiments were conducted to examine adult age differences in the use of context information. In Experiment 1, the encoding of contextually influenced semantic features was examined, and the encodings of target words by both young and old adults were observed to be influenced by semantic information provided by the context. Older adults did make more semantic confusion errors, however, suggesting less distinctive encoding. Verbal ability also influenced performance, with the difference between ability groups being similar to that between age groups. In Experiment 2, target words were presented in semantically unrelated contexts, and older adults were found not to encode contextual information in this situation. It is hypothesized that the older adults' context effects in Experiment 1 were due to automatic activation of nonspecific word meaning features due to the relation between target and context. When no such familiar context existed, the older adults were less likely to use context information. PMID- 6736581 TI - Cognitive mapping and elderly adults: verbal and location memory for urban landmarks. AB - This study provides a real-world memory task that extends the ecological validity of previous research on aging and spatial memory. Elderly individuals were found to have less accurate verbal recall of urban landmarks and location memory for landmarks than younger adults. In addition to these quantitative differences in environmental cognition, qualitative aspects of the data were explored. In order to explain the poorer memory performance of elderly adults, participants' use of a geographically based, organizational mnemonic was examined. Furthermore, discriminant analysis revealed that the elderly relied more than younger adults on certain building attributes for memory of urban landmarks. These building attributes include: high public use, high symbolic significance, naturalness of surroundings, direct access to streets, and unique architectural style. PMID- 6736582 TI - A lifespan study of classification preference. AB - Individuals between the ages of 4 and 70 were presented with a revised version of the Conceptual Styles Test. The number of similarity classifications was found to increase from the 4- to the 45- to 50-year-old group and to decrease thereafter; the number of complementary responses was found to decrease and then increase. The 20- to 25-year-old group used more perceptual similarity classifications, whereas the 35- to 40- and 45- to 50-year-old groups used more functional similarity classifications. One purpose of the study was to determine whether, as Kogan has suggested, elderly adults are more creative and free-wheeling in their classification responses than younger individuals. Two measures of creativity were employed; one was based on the experimenter's judgements and one based on the frequency with which the same response was given by other subjects. Neither measure indicated that the elderly individuals were more creative than the other age groups. PMID- 6736583 TI - Social stressors as antecedents of change. AB - The potential importance of social stressors as shapers of long-term change in adult functioning has been recognized in recent theoretical work. This paper evaluated the impact of several types of stressors, including life events, transitions, hassles, and societal problems such as war or economic depression on happiness and symptoms. The role of selected social and psychological characteristics also was explored. Respondents included 62 men and 72 women who were interviewed four times over an 11-year period. Life stage, symptoms, and self-criticism at baseline were found to predict subsequent stress history, and the stress measures themselves were intercorrelated over time. In the prediction phase of the study, the stress measures made the greatest contribution to the prediction of happiness for both men and women, whereas both initial symptom level and social stressors contributed to the prediction of symptoms manifest at the 11-year follow up. PMID- 6736584 TI - Work ethic, daily activities, and retirement satisfaction. AB - Relationships among satisfaction in retirement, strength of the work ethic, and daily activities were examined. Seventy-six retired men and women aged 53 to 88 years (M = 69.6) completed two measures of retirement satisfaction (the Life Satisfaction Index-A and the Retirement Description Index), the Protestant Ethic scale, and kept activity diaries for 1 week, in which activities were rated for usefulness and pleasantness. Retirement satisfaction, work values, and usefulness ratings were related complexly such that the least satisfied retirees, as measured by the RDI, were those with high work values who did not perceive their activities as being useful and those with low work values who perceived their activities as being highly useful. Greater satisfaction, as measured by the LSI A, was associated with higher usefulness ratings. The mean number of activities listed correlated negatively with Protestant Ethic scores, but positively with both measures of retirement satisfaction, suggesting that retirees with strong work values are not as active or as satisfied in retirement. PMID- 6736585 TI - Factors influencing the nighttime activity of old persons in their community. AB - Individual characteristics and environmental constraints were assessed as influences of the variable frequency of old people's nighttime activity. Data were obtained from structured interviews given to a random sample of 400 persons aged 60 and older living in a middle-class community. Multiple regression analyses revealed that old people who went out more frequently at night had stronger urban and stimulus-seeking environment dispositions, felt more in control of their lives (perceived internal locus of control), were better educated, and were more likely to be employed. They also were less likely to fear going out at night because of crime and had available to them more flexible (automobile) transportation. It is concluded that variability in individual competence or vulnerability alone is not a sufficient basis to explain the variable frequency of old people's nighttime activity. PMID- 6736586 TI - Determinants of the community living arrangements of older unmarried women. AB - Data from the nationally representative 1976 Survey of Income and Education provide the opportunity to examine the joint effects of age, marital status, personal income, and the need for functional assistance on living arrangements of older unmarried white women. A particular interest in this research is testing the hypothesis that the effects of income and functional health are interactive. This hypothesis implies that the effect of functional disability on living arrangements is contingent on level of personal income. Log-linear model analyses indicate that, although the main effects of all independent variables except marital status are significant, none of the interaction effects are significant. Odds calculated under the best-fitting model show that an unimpaired older woman has seven times the chance of living alone as one who requires frequent assistance, whereas those in the lowest income group have only a quarter of the likelihood of living alone as someone in the highest income group. PMID- 6736587 TI - Filial expectations, association, and helping as a function of number of children among older rural-transitional parents. AB - Older adults with an only child (n = 57) were compared with parents with two or three children (n = 139) and parents with four or more children (n = 83) with regard to filial expectations and frequency of parent-child association and assistance. The results showed no differences between groups with regard to filial expectations. Parents of only children, however, were less likely to receive assistance and to have seen a child in the last day or two. Only a minimal amount of variance could be explained in parent-child association and helping except for parents of only children. Factors influencing association and helping patterns were observed to vary according to number of children. Whereas income, geographical proximity, and health of older parents were central to the assistance received by parents of only children, sex-linked factors, health of parents, and geographical proximity were found to contribute to the amount of help received by parents with more than one child. The research suggests the importance of controlling for number of children in future studies of intergenerational relationships and raises important questions regarding the adequacy of limited family networks as certain subgroups of the current "young old" cohort move further into the dependencies of old age. PMID- 6736589 TI - [Reaction of the newborn infant less than 2 hours after birth to the maternal voice]. AB - Our group provided in 1981 evidence of a transmission of external voices, particularly the mother's voice, into the pregnant uterus in the human. The present study was carried out in order to investigate the actual perception and memorisation of this particular feature of the fetal environment. 25 infant newborns, 20 within the first hour of life and 5 during the second hour, with no post-natal experience of the mother's voice, were submitted to five females voices. The mother's voice rank was determined by randomization. The stimulus consisted in the first name of the newborn, repeated three times, with no associated visual or tactile perception. The behavior of the newborn was studied on videotapes by three of the investigators, without knowledge of the rank of the mother. Three levels of response were determined: no reaction, weak response (segmental movement) and complete response (orienting movement). The behavioral responses to the mother's voice were significantly different (p less than 0.01). The mother induced 36% of complete responses, when the unknown voices induced only 12% (p less than 0.001). Because the intonation of the mother was found, as expected, significantly warmer, this factor had to be controlled. After exclusion of cold voices, a significant difference persisted (45% of complete responses to the mother versus 16% to the other women, p less than 0.02). A fetal perception of external sounds in demonstrated. Moreover, evidence of a prenatal experience of the mother's voice, possibly involved in the process of attachment, is provided. PMID- 6736588 TI - [Basement membranes of epithelial tumors of the ovary. Histochemical and immunohistochemical study using antibodies to collagen IV, III, I and to laminin]. AB - Thirteen ovarian tumours were the subject of a histochemical and immunohistochemical study using antibodies to collagen IV, III, I, and to laminin. Our study shows that it is not possible to assess the integrity of the basement membrane using simple histochemical methods (P.A.S., Gordon Sweets staining). In contrast, in benign epithelial tumours, a continuous basement membrane may be visualized beneath the epithelium of the cysts using antibodies to collagen IV and to laminin, collagen IV and laminin being two of the constituents of basement membranes. In malignant epithelial tumours, the immunoreactive material of collagen IV type or of laminin type, is arranged in a distinctly discontinuous manner, and is of unequal thickness around the edge of the cysts or of the neoplastic clusters. In three cases of borderline epithelial tumours, the discontinuity of the immunoreactive material (collagen IV or laminin) lying beneath the epithelium of the cysts, is not so pronounced. In comparison with studies carried out on the cervix uteri, this latter type of tumor, because of the constitution of its basement membranes, would appear to occur at a particular moment in their evolution, i.e. when they pass from the intra-epithelial stage and become infiltrative. PMID- 6736590 TI - [Swyer syndrome. Apropos of a new case of pure gonadal dysgenesis with Karyotype 46 XY]. AB - The authors describe a case they have personally seen of pure gonadal dysgenesis with caryotype 46 XY (Swyers' syndrome) in which they found absence of HY antigen. They analysed the descriptions in the literature about this syndrome and show how this antigen is responsible for testicular differentiation. They show the place this syndrome has in the group of syndromes of bands and once again draw attention that there is a great risk of gonadoblastoma development when the Y chromosome is present and especially when the HY antigen is present. This means that these dysgenetic gonads should be removed surgically. PMID- 6736591 TI - [Hormone dependence of cancers of the breast and endometrium. Reflections. Attempt at synthesis. Proposing a therapeutic plan]. AB - It has long been known, because of the epidemiological criteria and because of the results of treating with hormones, that certain cancers of the breast and of the endometrium are hormone-dependent. This has been confirmed by the discovery of hormone receptors in these tumours. These are oestradiol receptors and progesterone receptors. The concentrations of these are variable so that some of these tumours can be classified as hormone-dependent and others as not hormone dependent. Using these characteristics, we have attempted to select which cases will benefit from hormone therapy. All the same, the treatments that are suggested are mainly empirical, consisting in suppressing oestrogens by removal of the ovaries and the use of anti-oestrogens (progestogens) and also using drugs that compete for oestrogens such as Tamoxifen. The results, although they have not been negligible, have not fulfilled all hopes and a finer and more detailed analysis of the mechanism by which hormone therapy works should perhaps be considered, since there are so many failed treatments. We have tried to show that: suppressing oestrogens is not logical and may be damaging; for preference, progestogens should be prescribed in a sequential manner; doses of progestogens do not have to be very high, so that they are better tolerated; the classification of receptor values is perhaps less necessary, because that at first does not seem to be able to help to decide whether to give hormones or not. it may be it that is possible to avoid transforming a hormone-dependent tumour into a non-hormone dependent tumour by boosting the synthesis of receptors. These thoughts on the physiopathology lead to a suggestion that therapy should take much more account of the age of the woman, her hormone status and whether she has or does not have her ovaries. At the same time different types of hormone therapy can be combined with other therapies that have been proved useful, and in particular chemotherapy with which hormone therapy may be in competition. Properly worked out, these treatments need not oppose one another but could complement and potentiate one another. PMID- 6736592 TI - [Surgical treatment of congenital transverse septum below the cervix of the vagina]. AB - Transverse septa underneath the cervix are thick and have above them a funnel shaped vault covered by pathological mucous membranes. The surgical procedures that are normally used to try to treat the condition and to avoid soft tissue dystocia by carrying out V-Y plasties using Garcia's technique or Z-plasties, or even radial incisions followed by the insertion of a pack, are all somewhat unsatisfactory. The authors, confronted with a similar case, decided to cut out the dome of the vagina and the diaphragm and followed that by a small amputation of the cervix, with anastomosis of the uterus and the remaining vagina. PMID- 6736593 TI - [Surgery in utero on a two-headed monster. The value of echography]. AB - A binovular triplet pregnancy with a normal fetus and bicephalic monster was diagnosed by ultrasound after 19 weeks of amenorrhoea. After selective amniocentesis and genetic studies the diagnosis led us to kill the double monster in utero by injecting hypertonic saline into its aorta. The healthy twin went on growing normally in the following weeks. Premature vaginal delivery resulted in the expulsion of a macerated double monster and the birth of a baby weighing 1,650 g in blood health. This case history leads us to discuss the value of ultrasound in multiple pregnancies and the ability to carry out intra-uterine procedures in these special cases. PMID- 6736594 TI - Origins of the "Third psychiatric revolution": the Community Mental Health Centers Act of 1963. AB - In recent decades the community mental health movement has achieved a dramatic reduction in the census of state and county mental hospitals in the United States, and hundreds of federally-funded community mental health centers have been established nationwide. At the same time, national controversy has arisen in response to what in places has seemed the haphazard process of implementing "deinstitutionalization" and the fate of many chronically mentally ill persons who are without needed social services and psychological care. Despite the widespread attention that this contemporary program has received, theoretical analysis of the complex social, scientific, intellectual, and political origins of America's community mental health policy remains deficient. This article examines the background and development of the Community Mental Health Centers Act of 1963, tracing how an important shift in national policy toward the mentally ill grew out of changing perceptions--among policymakers, professional groups, and the general citizenry in the post-World War II era--of the nature of the problem of mental illness. PMID- 6736595 TI - Evaluating health planning: empirical evidence on HSA regulation of prepaid group practices. AB - The regulation of HMOs by health planning agencies serves as a "tracer" to aid in evaluating HSAs, and as a source of empirical evidence for the heretofore largely theoretical health policy debate between market reformers and regulators. Two complementary studies (the authors' 1979 survey investigating the hospitalization policies of prepaid group practices, and AMPI 's study of all HMO applications submitted to HSAs from 1975 through mid-1978) provide information about the extent of HMO applications to planning agencies, the rate of rejections, the burden of the planning process of HMOs, and the possibility that negative perceptions of regulation may have led HMOs to refrain from activities requiring planning approval. Both studies reveal that health planning review was detrimental to 20 to 30 percent of HMOs. Thus data collected during the period of extensive HSA regulation of HMOs seem to justify the current policy that gives HSAs only very limited authority over HMOs. PMID- 6736596 TI - Citizen participation on regulatory boards. AB - This article examines the relationship between regulatory board function and citizen participation. The research indicates that public members generally prefer advisory boards, while provider members prefer quasi-judicial bodies. Implications of these findings for structuring citizen participation in the regulatory process are examined. PMID- 6736597 TI - The determinants of health policy, a case study: regulating safety and health at the workplace in Sweden. AB - This article analyzes and criticizes the " technocratic " view of occupational health and safety policies, which sees the values of the personnel in "post industrial" regulatory agencies as the most important determinant of those policies. It takes an alternate position, which explains occupational health and safety policies as primarily resulting from the different degrees of political power of the two major classes (capital and labor), and from the set of influences exerted on the regulatory agencies by the instruments (e.g., parties, unions, trade organizations) of those classes. It shows how an analysis of the historical evolution of those classes in Sweden and their conflict in both civil and political societies explains Swedish occupational health and safety policies better than a mere analysis of the regulators' views. And it concludes that the occupational health and safety policies in Sweden are not identical to those in the U.S.--as the " technocratic " theorists assume--but rather offer more protection to the workers than U.S. policies do. This situation is a result of labor having more power in Sweden than it has in the U.S. The different class formations and class behavior in the two societies are compared, and the implications of this comparison for occupational health and safety policies are discussed. PMID- 6736598 TI - The clinical context of technology assessment. AB - One important aspect of the evaluation of a new medical technology is the clinical context in which the technology will be used. This context includes the disease to be diagnosed or treated, alternative methods of diagnosis or treatment, and the epidemiology of both the illness itself and health services. This paper presents a simple clinical paradigm of use in assessing new technologies. PMID- 6736599 TI - Setting the federal agenda for health research: the case of the National Institute on Aging. AB - This article describes the creation of the National Institute on Aging at the National Institutes of Health, as a case study in "agenda-building" (a theoretical concept used to explain why some issues receive official attention from the public and its leaders, while others, often equally critical, do not). The issue of federal support for research on aging, which led to a specific demand for a separate institute, was initiated by a small group of biomedical scientists. But it reached agenda status only after an effective coalition of lay and professional groups gave support to the issue. This coalition was interested not only in biomedical, behavioral, and social aspects of aging, but also in socioeconomic concerns related to the rapidly increasing elderly population. The nature and purpose of the institute was greatly influenced by the political forces and social conditions which brought it into existence. This case study illustrates how biomedical research policy evolves when the federal government fails to take the lead in developing an overall strategy, not only for research on aging, but also for all areas of biomedical research. PMID- 6736600 TI - Trace metals and otolith defects in mocha mice. AB - Mocha mice with pigment anomalies of the coat, eyes, and inner ears also have congenital otolith defects, and they exhibit progressive cochlear degeneration. Mocha mice were first reported to exhibit otolith defects comparable to those of pallid mice. Since manganese supplementation is effective in preventing the otolith defects in pallid mice and in pastel mink, we sought to establish whether or not manganese also might be effective in mocha mice. The otolith defects of mocha mice were prevented or reduced by supplementing the pregnant dams with manganese and/or zinc. The mocha mice also exhibited high perinatal mortality that was not reduced by the supplementary metals. Surviving mocha mice have behavioral anomalies associated with their inner ear defects. Preliminary observations of auditory-evoked brainstem responses and of cochlear degeneration in the mocha mice are discussed. PMID- 6736601 TI - Inheritance of congenital myasthenia gravis in smooth fox terrier dogs. AB - The phenotypes with respect to congenital myasthenia gravis of 132 smooth fox terrier dogs from 25 matings were analyzed. These included both prospective and retrospective matings. It was determined that congenital myasthenia gravis in the smooth fox terrier dog breed is inherited in an autosomal recessive manner with complete penetrance. We propose the symbol mg for the gene for congenital myasthenia gravis in the smooth fox terrier. Attempts to maintain live affected dogs to adulthood were unsuccessful and it is concluded that this is a lethal trait. PMID- 6736602 TI - Electrophoretic, skeletal, and behavioral divergence of two C3H substrains of mice. AB - Two C3H substrains of mice, one Australian and one English, were reared under identical conditions in the same laboratory. Electrophoretic and morphometric studies indicated there were genetic differences between the substrains. There were skeletal differences for both metrical and nonmetrical traits of the skeleton scored, and the substrains differed for two of 29 biochemical markers screened electrophoretically. In combination, these results indicate that the two substrains have diverged genetically. A comparison of nest-building behavior indicated that the substrains also differed from one another for the weight of material used to build a nest and the shape of the nest built. The demonstration of genetic divergence in biochemical and morphological traits makes it plausible that these behavioral differences also are due to genetic differences. The implications of these findings for animal studies, especially behavior-genetic studies, are discussed. PMID- 6736603 TI - Inbreeding and reproductive performance in standardbred horses. AB - The relationship between inbreeding and both conception and foaling rates in Standardbred horses (trotters and pacers) was examined for 1194 breeding years. There was a statistically significant (P less than 0.05) trend for conception and foaling rates to decrease with increased inbreeding; however, this relationship accounted for less than 2 percent of the variation. Additionally, the relationship between reproductive performance and inbreeding was not consistent between trotters and pacers. For trotters (F = 0.103) there was a trend for an increase in conception and foaling rates with increased inbreeding, while for pacers (F = 0.074), reproductive performance decreased with increased inbreeding. Overall, inbreeding does not appear to be a significant factor influencing reproductive performance of Standardbred horses. PMID- 6736605 TI - Emergency airway management: Part 1. Critical care medicine. PMID- 6736606 TI - Duplex carotid ultrasound. Preliminary experience with a new method of screening for extracranial carotid artery disease. PMID- 6736604 TI - Acute respiratory failure. PMID- 6736607 TI - Angiolymphoid hyperplasia with eosinophilia. PMID- 6736608 TI - A salty response form the Salt Institute. PMID- 6736609 TI - Parents right to decide. PMID- 6736610 TI - Health care survey. PMID- 6736611 TI - Why Indiana physicians should own PICI. PMID- 6736613 TI - Principles of medical ethics. A United Nations resolution. PMID- 6736612 TI - Claims-made versus occurrence. Choosing the best form of malpractice protection. PMID- 6736614 TI - Union leaders don't lead. PMID- 6736616 TI - Brain death is legal death. PMID- 6736615 TI - The Ever Normal Mammary. PMID- 6736617 TI - An update on the hyperlipidemias and atherosclerosis. PMID- 6736619 TI - Experimental medical devices, drugs and techniques. Their future social, medical and political implications (Part 1). PMID- 6736618 TI - Duchenne's muscular dystrophy: a tissue culture perspective. PMID- 6736620 TI - Skin biopsy techniques: Part 2. PMID- 6736621 TI - Management of a patient after partial chest wall resection and excision of hemidiaphragm. PMID- 6736623 TI - Immunolabeling of adenohypophysial cells with protein A-colloidal gold--antibody complex for electron microscopy: use of the freeze-substitution technique in tissue preparation. AB - The value of the freeze-substitution (FS) method for preparing tissues for electron microscopic immunohistochemistry was studied by comparing anterior pituitary cells prepared by this method and by a conventional method. Ultrathin sections of tissues embedded in Epon were subjected to immunostaining. The antigens adrenocorticotropin (ACTH) and prolactin (PRL) in a single ultrathin section were demonstrated by a simple double-labeling technique using a protein A colloidal gold-antibody (pAG-Ab) complex. The preservation of cellular ultrastructure was superior in preparations obtained by FS. Gold-labeling was seen over secretory granules, and in ACTH cells also over the cytoplasmic matrix. The labeling was more intense in preparations obtained by FS, judging from the numbers of gold particles. In the double-labeling procedure, in which the pA small colloidal gold-anti-PRL complex and pA-large colloidal gold-anti-ACTH complex were applied sequentially to sections, no cross-labeling with small and large gold particles was observed. It is concluded that if the antisera are sufficiently specific, the use of FS and the pAG-Ab complex is very effective in peptide immunohistochemistry. However, in the double-labeling procedure it is essential that the Fc-binding sites of pAG are saturated by the use of excess amounts of antibodies. PMID- 6736622 TI - Gastric polyps of epithelial origin: implications for treatment. PMID- 6736624 TI - Ultrastructural cytochemical identification of the siderophilic enterocyte. AB - Specific iron-binding sites in the gut were visualized by the sequential incubation of glutaraldehyde-fixed specimens in iron nitrilotriacetate (FeNTA) and acid ferro-cyanide (AF). In rat duodenum, jejunum, and ileum, approximately half of the enterocytes from the crypt to the distal villus contained FeNTA-AF reactive material. The staining intensity of individual enterocytes appeared to decrease progressively in more distal locations in the gut. Maximal FeNTA-AF staining was observed in cells in the upper half of the villus, and was localized primarily in microvilli, apical cytoplasm, and lateral membranes. In duodenal crypt cells, stain deposits were present primarily in the microvilli. FeNTA-AF stained sites in the cytoplasmic and microvillus matrix were approximately 100 fold greater in number than were sites of intrinsic iron stained with AF alone. FeNTA-AF and AF staining in human duodenal enterocytes was similar to that observed in rat duodena, demonstrating the applicability of this methodology to human samples. In rat duodena, the distribution of AF staining alone in specimens taken 10 min after the in vivo intraduodenal administration of FeCl2 was similar to that of FeNTA-AF staining in tissue from fasted animals not given iron. The distribution and frequency of iron-binding sites stainable with the FeNTA-AF method which occur in a subpopulation of enterocytes can be correlated closely with physiologic, histologic, and ultrastructural parameters of inorganic iron absorption previously reported. PMID- 6736625 TI - Quantification of the intestinal peptide-containing innervation: length density of nerve fibers and total length of nerve supply to the single villus/crypt unit. AB - The application of a morphometric method to the quantification of peptide containing nerves in the gut is described. It allows a simple estimation of the nerve fiber supply per unit volume of tissue (length density) and the calculation of the total nerve fiber supply per unit of intestinal mucosa (villus/crypt unit). PMID- 6736626 TI - Measurement of fluorescence using digital integration of video images. AB - The authors describe a system for the quantitation of fluorescence light output by individual cells using the signal obtained from a silicon intensifier target video camera. The video image is digitized to 4 bits (16 levels), and a 512 X 512 matrix is constructed and stored in 128K of video memory. Areas to be measured are user-specified by means of a light pen entry system. Recorded intensities are integrated under microprocessor control to provide a measure of total fluorescence in the selected areas. The distribution of light intensities per pixel over the 16-level gray scale as well as morphometric data are also obtainable. Linear response to transmission and fluorescence standards was verified. Reproducibility of the system was evaluated using fluorescent beads and glutaraldehyde-fixed chick red blood cells, which gave coefficients of variation comparable to those obtainable from other systems. Measurements of DNA per nucleus of human diploid fibroblasts using Hoechst dye 33258 yielded the two sharp peaks corresponding to the 2C and 4C values of DNA expected from such cells. We conclude that digital video measurement of fluorescence provides meaningful data and has considerable promise as a sensitive tool for the quantitation of fluorescence at the cellular level. PMID- 6736627 TI - Identification of calcium in the retina by the combined use of ultrastructural cytochemistry and laser microprobe mass analysis. AB - The specificity of the combined oxalate-pyroantimonate (OPA) technique for subcellular localization of calcium was examined by laser microprobe mass analysis (LAMMA) of the same tissue sections. The recorded spectra strongly suggest that the cytochemically detected precipitates contained calcium. This could be confirmed by LAMMA analysis of ethylene glycol tetraacetic acid-treated sections. The detected calcium was localized mainly in the rod outer segments, more particularly in the middle part. The validity of the OPA and LAMMA methods is discussed. A combination of both techniques is found to be a valuable tool to elucidate the role of calcium in physiological mechanisms. PMID- 6736628 TI - The light side of horseradish peroxidase histochemistry. PMID- 6736629 TI - Preliminary report on macroscopic age changes in the human prosencephalon. A stereologic investigation. AB - The studies here reported were performed on the prosencephalons of 12 human brains between 37 and 86 years of age having no signs of neuropathological alteration. The evaluation was carried out on serial frontal sections with a mean thickness of 5 mm with stereological point counting procedures for volume and surface area. The results were mainly given in relative values since the range of variation is very high and the sample small. The aging process was evaluated with the aid of a linear regression function. The stereological investigation regarding the absolute values of volume and surface area (border face) of the macroscopical brain parts show a high interindividual variability. However, the relative volume of brain parts shows only small variations. Changes during aging could consequently only be revealed with the help of the relative values. The relative volumes and surface areas of the frontal lobe and the prosencephalic ganglia decrease with aging, while the parieto-occipital lobe and the striate cortex increase. However, if we refer these relative increases to the absolute decrease of brain volume, corresponding changes cannot be found in the parieto occipital lobe until old age. The shrinkage of the frontal lobe, of the centrum semiovale and of the prosencephalic ganglia exceeds 10%. In the grays it is probably accompanied by a loss of neurons. The relative sizes of the surface area do not change significantly during aging with exception of the frontal cortex. The thickness of the cortex remains probably constant. The size of lateral ventricles increases with aging. PMID- 6736630 TI - Observations on the ultrastructure of the axon hillock and initial axon segments of vestibular ganglion cells in the cat. AB - The axon hillock and initial axon segments of the vestibular ganglion cells in the cat were studied electron microscopically. The results revealed that the two cell processes are not completely comparable from morphological point of view. One of them is larger, with a more straight course, the axoplasm of the initia segment contains mainly longitudinally arranged neurotubules. The second cell process appears smaller in size, the initial segment have a curved course. PMID- 6736631 TI - The ultrastructural organization of lamina VI of the spinal cord of the cat. Morphological characterization of the synaptic population. AB - The synaptic population of lamina VI of the cervical enlargement of the cat spinal cord has been studied analysing 9 different morphological features and determining the incidence of possible combinations. The most important factors to characterize the synaptic boutons were the shape and size of pre-synaptic vesicles and the size of the synaptic boutons. The incidence of features like the density of the synaptic vesicles, the characteristics of the synaptic junction, the occurrence of post-synaptic specializations, the fibrillar or glycogen content of the pre-synaptic bag and the presence of dense-core vesicles, was unimportant. Most of the boutons (69%) contain pleomorphic vesicles (P boutons), 22% round vesicles (R boutons) and 9% flattened vesicles (F boutons). These synaptic types were further subdivided on the basis of the size of their synaptic vesicles. Most of the synapses (84%) were symmetrical, without relation to the shape of the pre-synaptic vesicles. Dense-core vesicles were found in 15% of the synaptic boutons and occurred most frequently in R boutons. On the basis of the analysis performed, we propose to classify synaptic boutons of lamina VI in 13 different types. PMID- 6736632 TI - On the variability of the human flocculus and paraflocculus accessorius. AB - 42 human cerebelli were examined macroscopically in order to ascertain the general morphological, conformation of the flocculus and accessory paraflocculus, as well as their variability. The flocculus had a mean number of 14.2 +/- 0.3 (s.e.) folia and 7.0 +/- 0.4 (s.e.) subfolia arranged in a rosette-like cluster of relatively constant shape. The coefficient of variability of the number of folia and subfolia was respectively 22.1% and 47.4%. The accessory paraflocculus had a mean number of 4.2 +/- 0.2 (s.e.) folia and 2.0 +/- 0.2 (s.e.) subfolia, with a variability coefficient of respectively 50.2% and 102.8% which was more than double that of the flocculus. In fact the conformation of the accessory paraflocculus varied from a single small flattened lamella to a rosette-like cluster of folia similar in shape and size to those of the flocculus. There was no correlation between the variability of the flocculus and accessory paraflocculus. The possible reason for this marked variability is discussed in the light of the phylogenetic evolution of the structures examined. PMID- 6736633 TI - Diencephalic projections from rostral brain in cat. An autoradiographic study. AB - Following isotope injections in gyrus proreus (cases CT-600 and CT-601), the following nuclei were labelled: reticularis anterior, ventralis anterior, medialis dorsalis, ventralis medialis, medial portions of lateralis posterior, paratenialis and parafascicularis. Following an injection which included the medial precruciate and caudal genualis cortices (CT-625) the projection included: reticularis anterior, anterior medialis, ventralis anterior, ventralis anteromedialis, ventralis medialis, medialis dorsalis (pars paralamellaris), lateralis posterior, and parafascicularis. Thus, the medial precruciate cortex and the gyrus proreus share a number of projections. The most important differences are as follows: medialis dorsali principalis (both its medial magnocellular portion and its lateral parvicellular portion) receives afferents from gyrus proreus, whereas its paralamellar portion receives them from the medial precruciate and genualis cortices; the nucleus anterior medialis receives fibers from the medial precruciate cortex but not from gyrus proreus; a dorsolateral extension of VM, coined here as nucleus ventralis anteromedialis (VAM) receives fibers from medial precruciate but not from proreus cortex. No labelling was found in the hypothalamus, septum, and amygdala following injections in either proreus or medial precruciate cortices. PMID- 6736634 TI - Ultrastructure of neuronal cell bodies in the medial cortex of Lacerta galloti. AB - According to ultrastructure, size, and location within the medial cortex of Lacerta galloti, seven basic kinds of neuronal somata are described in this study. In the outer plexiform layer of the medial cortex only a few somata can be detected. There, moreover some oligodendroglia and microglia cells a few neuronal somata showing conspicuous nuclear invaginations and spongious chromatin (A) can be seen. The granular layer of the medial cortex is formed by up to seven strata of tightly packed neuronal somata in a pattern which resembles that of the profound stratum of the fascia dentata of the mammalian hippocampus. In this layer four neuronal somata can be seen: somata with nuclear invaginations, generally located aside the outer plexiform layer (in the upper stratum) (B); very abundant little neuronal somata with chromatin clumps (C); vertically fusiform shaped neuronal somata with numerous polyribosomes (D); and big neuronal somata with spongious chromatin (E). In the inner plexiform layer, there are a variety of scarce neuronal somata intermingled with ependymal sprouts and fiber tracts running from other cortical areas; two main types are described: big horizontal somata which are almost covered by axonic endings making synapses (F) and somata with dense cytoplasmic matrix and some small nuclear invaginations (G). Location of soma, frequency, and biometric data of them have been used to make a comparison with neuronal types of the medial cortex of Lacerta galloti defined by Golgi impregnations. PMID- 6736635 TI - Ultrastructure of neuronal cell bodies in the lateral cortex of Lacerta galloti. AB - According to ultrastructure, size, and location within the lateral region of the cerebral cortex of Lacerta galloti, four basic types of neuronal somata are described: a) large neuronal somata of the granular stratum, b) neuronal somata having large nuclear invaginations, c) medium size somata of the granular layer with abundant lipofuscine granules, and d) somata with chromatin clumps usually associated with others forming groups of "nests" or neuronal somata very frequent in the ventral subregion (L2). Large neuronal somata of the granular layer can be correlated with the large spiny neurons of the lateral cortex demonstrated by Golgi impregnations in this species (Regidor 1977). Somata with nuclear invaginations can be correlated with the outer star-shaped neurons, which appear to be distributed throughout the outer plexiform cortical areas (Regidor 1977). Considering the nuclear chromatin morphology, two great subpopulations of neuronal somata can be considered: with chromatin in clumps and with spongious chromatin. The later is preferentially distributed on the ventral subregion (L2) of the lateral cortex, next to the striatum domains and close related to the dorso-ventricular ridge and to the activity of the ependymarian lateral ventricular sulcus. PMID- 6736636 TI - The ventral lateral geniculate nucleus of the albino rat morphological and histochemical observations. AB - The ventral lateral geniculate nucleus (vLGN) of albino rats (Wistar strain) has been described histologically and histochemically. Special attention was paid to the identification of cell classes in Nissl and Golgi preparations, the afferent and efferent connections of vLGN cells and the demonstration of enzymes of energy and transmitter metabolism. Topographical aspects were taken into consideration, too. The main results can be summarized as follows: In the rat vLGN, three subnuclei can be distinguished: the lateral and medial subnucleus and the intergeniculate leaflet. In the rostral vLGN, the lateral and medial subnucleus is separated by a vertical fibre bundle which contains retinal axons. Our own experiments and findings of other groups revealed that the rat vLGN is connected with numerous brain structures. There is no efferent projection to cortical regions. Afferent fibres reach the vLGN from retina, visual cortex, superior colliculus, pretectal region, zona incerta, contralateral vLGN, dorsal raphe nucleus, locus coeruleus, mesencephalic reticular formation, vestibular and dorsal tegmental nuclei. An efferent projection has been found to superior colliculus, pretectal region, dorsal lateral geniculate nucleus, contralateral vLGN, zona incerta, pontine nuclei, suprachiasmatic nucleus, lateral terminal nucleus of the accessory optic system and intralaminar nucleus of thalamus. Comparative findings suggest that the lateral subnucleus is involved in "specific projections", whereas the medial subnucleus projects to "unspecific zones". For detailed information see text. Five classes of neurons can be distinguished in Golgi and Nissl preparations. Class 1 cells are medium-sized to large with smooth thick proximal but branched spiny distal dendrites. They are confined to the lateral subnucleus and the intergeniculate leaflet. In the lateral subnucleus, class 1 cells could be identified as geniculo-tectal relay neurons (Brauer and Schober, 1982). All other classes of neurons are spineless or sparsely spined. Class 2 cells (giant neurons) of unknown function could be found in the lateral and medial subnucleus. Class 3 cells (medium-sized multipolar neurons) can mainly be found in the medial subnucleus. They are good candidates for neurons projecting to the contralateral vLGN. Class 4 cells (bipolar neurons) occupy the ventromedial part of the medial subnucleus and are very similar to cells localized in the adjacent zona incerta. Cells belonging to this type could found to be labelled by the HRP reaction product after injection of this enzyme in the pontine region.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 400 WORDS) PMID- 6736637 TI - The development of genetic resistance to myxomatosis in wild rabbits in Britain. AB - The presence of genetic resistance to myxomatosis in a sample of wild rabbits from one area in England was reported in 1977. Rabbits from three other areas in Great Britain have been tested subsequently, and all cases showed similar resistance to a moderately virulent strain of myxoma virus. Rabbits from one area also showed a significant degree of resistance to a fully virulent strain of virus. It is concluded that genetic resistance to myxomatosis is widespread in wild rabbit populations in Britain. The implications of the results are discussed in relation to the co-evolution of the disease and its host. PMID- 6736638 TI - A one-year study of trivalent influenza vaccines in primed and unprimed volunteers: immunogenicity, clinical reactions and protection. AB - Three hundred volunteers were divided into two age groups, 14-30 years and 31-60 years. Each participant was immunized intramuscularly with a subunit, whole virus or absorbed whole virus vaccine, containing A/Bangkok/1/79 (H3N2), A/Brazil/11/78 (H1N1) and B/Singapore/222/79 influenza virus. Serum haemagglutination-inhibition (HI) antibody response, protection, and reactogenicity were studied after one and two doses of the vaccines. Primary immunization induced much higher percentages of HI antibody titres greater than or equal to 100 against all three vaccine viruses and much higher geometric mean titres (GMT) in volunteers with pre immunization titres greater than or equal to 18 as compared to those with pre immunization titres less than 18. Secondary immunization did not result in an increase of GMTs or antibody titres greater than or equal to 100 in volunteers with pre-immunization titres less than 18. On the whole, the response to the subunit vaccine was similar to that to the other two vaccines. To influenza B/Singapore/222/79 virus the response was lowest after administration of the whole virus vaccine in the age group 31-60 years. Over 50% of the HI titres greater than or equal to 100 found after immunization in the different vaccine and age groups were still present after one year. Serologically established infections during the winter months following immunization amounted to 15% in the subunit vaccine group, 6% in the whole virus vaccine group, and 10% in the adsorbed whole virus vaccine group. Local and systemic reactions to all three vaccines were mild in nature. Local reactions after primary immunization were much less frequent following administration of the subunit vaccine as compared to the other two vaccines, especially in the younger age group. In comparison to primary immunization, after booster immunization the incidence of local reactions was higher for the subunit vaccine and lower for the adsorbed whole virus vaccine. In the age group 14-30 years the incidence of local reactions after primary as well as booster immunization was much greater in females than in males, especially when the adsorbed whole virus vaccine was used. PMID- 6736639 TI - The duration of immunity in cattle following inoculation of rinderpest cell culture vaccine. AB - The duration of immunity following a single administration of rinderpest cell culture vaccine, of 90 or more monolayer passages, was studied in E. African zebu (Boran) and grade (cross-bred European) cattle. All animals were kept for periods of 6-11 years in rinderpest-free environments; groups of them (in all 23 Borans and 10 grades) were then challenged by parenteral or intranasal inoculation of virulent virus or by contact exposure to reacting cattle. Nasal excretion of virus was studied daily over the 10-to 14-day period following challenge, and simultaneous attempts were made to detect viraemia. The neutralizing antibody response was followed at 6-month intervals over the whole post-vaccination period and then daily for 10 days and at longer intervals to 3 weeks after challenge. All 33 animals which were exposed by various routes failed to react clinically and a rinderpest viraemia was never detected. No transmission of virus from the vaccinates to susceptible in-contact controls occurred within 14 or more days, from the 20 animals which could be so tested. Clearcut serological responses to challenge were seen in six cattle (four Borans and two grades) which were challenged after 7 years or more; these reactions were all delayed to the 9th or 10th days, i.e. they were not typically 'anamnestic'. These results are discussed in relation to mass vaccination campaigns for the control of rinderpest and from the comparative viewpoint of measles vaccination in man. PMID- 6736640 TI - Antibody against viruses in maternal and cord sera: non-specific inhibitors are found to higher titre on the maternal side of the circulation. AB - Pregnancies were identified in which maternal IgG antibodies against rubella virus were not detectable by single radial haemolysis. Twenty paired maternal/cord sera were then tested for haemagglutination-inhibiting (HI) activity against rubella virus without kaolin pretreatment of the sera. In the absence of specific antibody, the HI activity observed could thus be ascribed to the effect of non-specific inhibitors. The HI activity in maternal sera was significantly (P less than 0.001) higher than that in cord sera. The 20 pairs of sera were similarly tested against a bunyavirus, an alphavirus and a flavivirus, both with and without kaolin pretreatment. The results showed non-specific inhibitors were found to higher titre in maternal sera, with the difference being statistically significant (P less than 0.001) for each of the three viruses. PMID- 6736641 TI - Age and secular distributions of virus-proven influenza patients in successive epidemics 1961-1976 in Cirencester: epidemiological significance discussed. AB - A general practice population of around 3900, under continuous clinical and laboratory surveillance, experienced 20 outbreaks of influenza between March 1960 and March 1976. Four epidemics were caused by subtype H2N2 type A viruses, seven by subtype H3N2 type A viruses and nine outbreaks by type B viruses. The age of every person proved virologically to have influenza is related to the age structure of the community and to the phase of the epidemic in which the virus positive specimens were collected. Children 0-15 years old suffered a higher incidence rate than adults 16-90+. Pre-school children 0-4 suffered the highest rate of infection by viruses of both influenza A subtypes, whereas older schoolchildren 10-15 suffered the highest rate of type B infections. Despite these high incidence rates neither pre-school nor schoolchildren appear to have been the major disseminators of any of these influenza viruses in the community. Adults of all ages suffered a high rate of infection even into extreme old age, and the indiscriminate age distribution among adults was sustained in the successive epidemics. Such age-patterns are not those caused by a highly infectious immunizing virus surviving by means of direct transmissions from the sick, whose prompt development of the disease continues endless chains of transmissions. An alternative epidemic mechanism--whereby the virus does not spread from the sick but becomes latent in them, reactivating seasonally so that they later infect their companions--would produce age patterns similar to those recorded here for influenza patients. The suggested mechanism is illustrated by a simple conceptual model and the influenzal age patterns are discussed in relation to the recycling of influenza A subtypes. PMID- 6736642 TI - An outbreak of psittacosis in a boys' boarding school. AB - In 1980, an outbreak of a mild illness involving twenty pupils and four adults in a boys' boarding school was identified serologically as psittacosis. Intensive epidemiological investigations did not uncover the source. It is suggested either that sources of chlamydia other than avian exist, which may produce a milder illness than the avian type, or that human-to-human spread of a mild form of chlamydiosis occurs. PMID- 6736643 TI - A study of the spread of Campylobacter jejuni in four large kitchens. AB - Campylobacters were sought in swabs taken from work surfaces, sinks and floors of four kitchens-i.e. hospital, university, cook-freeze and commercial, processing frozen or fresh chickens. Each kitchen was visited on four occasions. In the large commercial kitchen environmental contamination was found on each visit, whereas campylobacters were isolated on six of the twelve visits to the other kitchens. The hands of operatives were contaminated with campylobacters on only two of the 45 swabs taken during processing. Cleaning with detergent and hot water (or steam) and drying appears to be sufficient to remove the organism from the environment. Evidence of carriage of campylobacters by the birds was obtained on all 16 visits. In the three kitchens where only frozen birds were used the organism was isolated from 30% and 9.8% of swabs taken from the internal and external surfaces respectively, while 41% of giblets and 22.2% of thawed juices yielded campylobacters. The external surface of 30 (88%) of 34 fresh birds grew campylobacters. PMID- 6736645 TI - Immune serum against Anaplasma marginale initial bodies neutralizes infectivity for cattle. AB - The first demonstration of immune serum-mediated neutralization of Anaplasma marginale and identification of the involved surface antigens is presented. Anaplasma marginale initial bodies were purified from parasitized erythrocytes by using ultrasonic disruption and differential centrifugation. The initial bodies were morphologically intact, as determined by electron microscopy, were not agglutinated by anti-bovine erythrocyte sera, and were infective. Sodium dodecyl sulfate polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis (SDS-PAGE) demonstrated minimal erythrocytic contamination in the purified initial bodies. Rabbit antisera against initial bodies completely neutralized the infectivity of purified initial bodies for splenectomized calves, whereas normal rabbit serum did not alter infectivity. Nine initial body proteins were surface radioiodinated by using lactoperoxidase, and five of these were precipitated by the neutralizing antibody (105,000, 86,000, 61,000, 36,000, and 31,000 apparent m.w.). The results demonstrate that initial body determinants capable of inducing neutralizing antibody are present. The identification of surface radiolabeled proteins immunoprecipitated by the neutralizing antibody provides candidates to be tested as protective immunogens in cattle. PMID- 6736644 TI - Aeromonas hydrophila in livestock: incidence, biochemical characteristics and antibiotic susceptibility. AB - Faecal samples from 110 horses, 115 pigs, 111 sheep and 123 cows were examined for the presence of Aeromonas hydrophila, which was also sought in the available drinking water. The overall faecal rate was 11.8%, but significantly more bovine than other samples were found to be positive. There was significant association between the isolation of A. hydrophila from all animal faeces and its presence in drinking water, but this was not found when individual animal groups were analysed separately. An enrichment technique increased the total number of isolates by 77.1%. Strains of differing origins could not be differentiated by biotyping, although fermentation of sorbitol was associated with bovine isolates. There was a strong positive correlation between positive reactions for V--P, gluconate oxidase and haemolysis of rabbit erythrocytes, tests which had previously been shown to correlate with production of enterotoxin and cytotoxin. Biotypes giving positive reactions for these tests were most frequently isolated from cows, sheep and untreated water, and less frequently from pigs and horses. Most strains of A. hydrophila were resistant to amoxycillin, carbenicillin and cephradine, and sensitive to gentamicin, chloramphenicol and neomycin. PMID- 6736646 TI - Placenta as a selective barrier to cellular traffic. AB - Transplacental passage of cells from mother to fetus during murine pregnancy was examined by using glucose phosphate isomerase (GPI) or fluorescein tagging as markers. Female mice of strains (BALB/cCr X C3H/HeJ)/F1 or (A/J X C57BL/6J)F1 (both Gpi-1a/b) were mated to the corresponding Gpi-la males (BALB/cCr or A/J, respectively). Cells of the liver, blood, and/or spleen in the offspring were typed at days 15, 16, 17, or 18 of gestation, the day of delivery, or 1 day postpartum. Only two of 172 Gpi-1a/a mice obtained from these matings showed evidence of maternal cell trafficking. Sensitivity of the assay was 1% Gpi-1a/a population. Fluorescein-labeled BALB/cCr peripheral red blood cells (RBC) or white blood cells (WBC) were injected i.v. into syngeneically mated BALB/cCr mothers on day 18. After 24 hr, the blood or liver of the neonates was formalin fixed and examined in the fluorescence-activated cell sorter (FACS). Some RBC crossed the placenta, but WBC were usually not detected in fetal liver in significant numbers. This technique was very sensitive, and we estimated that no more than 225 WBC could enter the fetus via this route. Thus, we conclude that passage of significant numbers of maternal WBC into the fetus is rare, and perhaps this passage is related to a placental abnormality. PMID- 6736647 TI - Preparation, isolation, and immunochemical studies of the cyanogen bromide peptides from a retinal photoreceptor cell autoantigen, S-antigen. AB - Purified bovine retinal S-antigen (50,000 m.w.) was treated with cyanogen bromide, producing seven major and several minor fragments. Six of the major and one of the minor components were isolated by reverse phase high performance liquid chromatography. The peptides were characterized with respect to size by urea-SDS-gel electrophoresis, by amino acid composition, and by their ability to bind antibodies, raised in rabbits immunized with purified bovine S-antigen, in both competition and direct enzyme-linked immunosorbent assays. Four of the purified peptides were found, by the direct assay, to bind antibodies in immune sera raised to the intact antigen. Peptides that were negative, or only weakly bound, in the direct enzyme immunoassay were subsequently conjugated to a carrier, poly-L-Glu-Ala-Tyr, and were retested in the enzyme immunoassay in which a peptide of about 25 residues was also found to contain an antigenic determinant. The same five peptides were positive in the competition assays. Isolation of the peptides and gel electrophoresis under reducing and nonreducing conditions revealed that two of the peptides in the reaction mixture were joined by a disulfide linkage. PMID- 6736648 TI - The blockade of Fc receptor-mediated clearance of immune complexes in vivo by a monoclonal antibody (2.4G2) directed against Fc receptors on murine leukocytes. AB - To evaluate the feasibility of using a monoclonal anti-Fc receptor antibody to alter Fc receptor function in vivo, the disappearance of radiolabeled human serum albumin-rabbit anti-human serum albumin (HSA-anti-HSA) complexes was studied in mice before and after the infusion of 2.4G2, a monoclonal antibody (developed by J. Unkeless). 2.4G2 specifically binds to Fc receptors on mouse macrophages. Under standardized conditions, 6.1% of an i.v. administered dose of anti-HSA was sequestered in the liver of B6/D2J mice. When HSA-anti-HSA complexes were administered, 53.4% were sequestered. If 8 micrograms/g body weight of 2.4G2 was infused i.p. 1.5 hr before HSA-anti-HSA, only 13.7% of the infused complexes were sequestered in the liver. The inhibition in Fc receptor-mediated sequestration produced by this dose of antibody persisted for at least 24 hr. A dose of 1 to 2 micrograms/g was sufficient to inhibit sequestration by 50%. Animals receiving daily injections of 2.4G2 cleared immune complexes from their blood much more slowly than untreated animals. Because 2.4G2 was not cytotoxic to peritoneal macrophages in vitro in the presence of serum, and because comparable inhibition of Fc receptor function was observed in vivo in C5-deficient mice, blockade of function does not depend upon complement-mediated lysis of macrophages. The maximal degree of inhibition of Fc receptor function obtained by using intact 2.4G2 was about twice that observed by using Fab fragments of 2.4G2 to block receptors. In addition to its effect on Fc receptor function, 2.4G2 also had a small but significant inhibitory effect upon the clearance of 125I-labeled heat aggregated HSA by the mononuclear phagocyte system both in intact and C5 deficient mice. We conclude that 2.4G2 is a potent inhibitor of IgG Fc receptor mediated immune clearance in vivo. PMID- 6736649 TI - Biosynthesis of Paf-acether (platelet-activating factor). VII. Precursors of Paf acether and acetyl-transferase activity in human leukocytes. AB - Human polymorphonuclear neutrophils, monocytes, and lymphocytes were studied for their ability to synthesize Paf-acether when stimulated with the ionophore A 23187 (Io) or with specific secretagogues. When stimulated with Io, neutrophils produced 100 +/- 8.5 pmol Paf-acether 1 X 10(6) cells (mean +/- 1 SD, n = 5); monocytes were less efficient (44 +/- 3.3 pmol Paf-acether/1 X 10(6) cells), whereas lymphocytes were practically unable to form this mediator (1.0 +/- 0.4 pmol Paf-acether/1 X 10(6) cells). Neutrophils and monocytes released in the extracellular medium 49 and 37% of Paf-acether that they formed, respectively. We attempted to correlate the amount of Paf-acether produced by the various cell types with that of its precursors, 1-O-alkyl-2-acyl-sn-glycero-3-phosphocholine and 1-O-alkyl-sn-glycero-3-phosphocholine (2-lyso Paf-acether). In the three cell types, the amount of 1-O-alkyl-2-acyl-sn-glycero-3-phosphocholine was sufficient to ensure the formation of 2-lyso Paf-acether and consequently that of Paf acether. The quantity of 2-lyso Paf-acether formed appeared to be the limiting factor only in the case of the neutrophils. These cells increased their synthesis of Paf-acether in the presence of exogenous 2-lyso Paf-acether. To investigate the failure of lymphocytes to produce the mediator, the acetylating step of Paf acether formation was studied, and we found a very weak activity (0.5 +/- 0.1 nmol Paf-acether/10 min/mg protein) in this cell type as opposed to monocytes (4.0 +/- 2.3 nmol Paf-acether/10 min/mg protein) and neutrophils (17.8 +/- 5.3 nmol Paf-acether/10 min/mg protein). These activities were doubled in Io stimulated cells. Thus, the modulation of acetyl-transferase activity appears to be a key step in the regulation of Paf-acether biosynthesis. Also, the availability of 2-lyso Paf-acether could regulate Paf-acether synthesis in human neutrophils. PMID- 6736650 TI - Modification of cellular protein sulfhydryl groups by activated soluble immune response suppressor. AB - Soluble immune response suppressor (SIRS), a product of murine Ly-2+ T lymphocytes, is activated to SIRSox by H2O2 produced by macrophages: SIRSox directly inhibits cell division by normal and neoplastic cells and antibody secretion by B lymphocytes. To examine the mechanism of SIRSox-mediated inhibition, a variety of cellular functions were measured after treatment of cells with SIRSox. These included respiration, glucose transport, microtubule content, glutathione content, production of H2O2 or superoxide anion, and the activities of a variety of different enzymes. Several cellular activities or measurements were inhibited or lowered after SIRSox-treatment, including cell division, microtubule content, glutathione reductase activity, and thioredoxin reductase activity; inhibition was partially reversed by the sulfhydryl reducing agent dithiothreitol. Protein sulfhydryl content of P815 mastocytoma cells and several other cell types was lowered by 35 to 45% after exposure to SIRSox. Protein sulfhydryl loss was also partially restored after incubation with dithiothreitol. Sulfhydryl loss was not due to cell lysis. In addition, treatment of crude cellular particulate fractions with SIRSox resulted in protein sulfhydryl loss and formation of protein sulfenyl derivatives. A comparison of the amount of SIRS and H2O2 present to the number of protein sulfhydryls lost or sulfenyl derivatives formed suggests that SIRSox acts catalytically, serves as a co-factor in protein sulfhydryl oxidation, or that it activates a second pathway that is directly responsible for sulfhydryl oxidation. PMID- 6736651 TI - Stimulation of phagocytosis in bone marrow-derived mouse macrophages by bacterial lipopolysaccharide: correlation with biochemical and functional parameters. AB - It has been shown that low concentrations of E. coli lipopolysaccharides (LPS) greatly and selectively stimulate phagocytosis and related functions in mouse bone marrow-derived macrophages. Culture in the presence of 50 ng/ml LPS induced on average a 10-fold enhancement of phagocytosis of IgG-coated sheep erythrocytes. Activation was in two stages--a small increase observed during the first 8 to 12 hr, and the major increase noted between 16 and 24 hr. Phagocytic activity remained at the maximal level for 24 hr and then declined progressively. Stimulation by LPS was dose-dependent; significant effects could be observed at 0.8 ng/ml and the maximum was reached at 10 ng/ml. LPS-treated cells also showed a markedly increased tendency to form colonies. All these effects could be prevented by the addition of 100 ng/ml polymyxin B together with LPS, indicating that the active principle is lipid A. The LPS-dependent increase in phagocytic activity is probably mediated by increased Fc receptor capacity because both parameters were influenced in parallel by the stimulus. Phagocytosis-related events, such as enhanced hexose monophosphate shunt activity, H2O2 formation, and nitroblue tetrazolium reduction were also stimulated by LPS. By contrast, pinocytosis was unaffected. Measurements of cell-associated enzyme activities showed that lactate dehydrogenase, acid phosphatase, and cathepsin D were significantly increased. Beta-glucuronidase, beta-galactosidase, alkaline phosphodiesterase, and aminopeptidase were unchanged and NAD nucleosidase was markedly decreased after LPS treatment. 5'-Nucleotidase and glucosamine uptake were undetectable both in control and LPS-stimulated cells. LPS treatment induced a significant increase in cell-associated protein, but did not result in cell proliferation or increased cell loss as shown by the DNA content that remained constant. LPS-induced changes were dependent on de novo protein synthesis; cycloheximide prevented enhancement of phagocytosis, Fc receptor capacity, and colony formation. PMID- 6736652 TI - Regulatory role for the immune complex in modulation of phagocytosis by 3 deazaadenosine. AB - The S-adenosyl-L-homocysteine hydrolase inhibitor 3-deazaadenosine (3-DAA) modulates antibody-dependent cellular cytotoxicity (ADCC) and antibody-dependent phagocytosis (AD phi) by mouse spleen effector cells and antibody-coated erythrocyte target cells. Concentrations of this compound inhibiting ADCC caused augmentation of phagocytosis. In a modified version of these assays referred to as complement-independent cellular cytotoxicity (CICC) and complement-independent phagocytosis (CI phi), specifically immune spleen cells were the source of effector cells and antitarget antibodies. CICC and CI phi were assayed with antiserum-untreated erythrocyte target cells. Although CICC was inhibited, 3-DAA failed to induce augmentation of phagocytosis in CI phi assays. Augmentation was restored by the presence of antibody-coated targets. If 3-DAA was present before the initiation of the assay by the addition of antibody-coated targets, it also failed to augment conventional AD phi. Varying dilutions of the antiserum, used for the preparation of antibody-coated target cells, induced differential effects of 3-DAA on phagocytosis. A regulatory interaction between the target cell antigen-antibody complex and the action of 3-DAA on phagocytosis has been suggested. PMID- 6736653 TI - Homologous and distinctive antigens of Onchocerca volvulus and Dirofilaria immitis: detection by an enzyme-linked immuno-inhibition assay. AB - The limited accessibility of specimens of Onchocerca volvulus has hampered investigations of factors that determine the clinical course of infection of man by this filarial nematode. Parasites antigenically related to O. volvulus have been variously proposed as alternative sources of test antigens. The present study has utilized serologic methods to probe the degree of identity of the antigenic constituents of O. volvulus and Dirofilaria immitis, the dog heartworm. 35S-methionine-labeled proteins of dog heartworm microfilariae (mf) were analyzed in immunoprecipitation assays by using a panel of sera drawn from humans diagnosed for onchocerciasis and from canines infected with D. immitis. Unique and common antigens detected by these sera were resolved in polyacrylamide gels. The majority of high-titered human and infected dog sera reacted with antigenic molecules estimated at 15, 16, 28, 42, 54, 66, and 100 kilodaltons. In addition, a subset of these sera detected large amounts of a 75 kilodalton antigen. Human anti-O. volvulus antibodies were found to bind to intact glutaraldehyde-fixed mf of D. immitis in immunoperoxidase assays. In enzyme-linked immunosorbent assays, the same sera reacted with extracts of three distinct developmental stages of the canine pathogen--namely, the mf, embryonated eggs, and adult worms. Preincubation of dirofilarial antigens with human anti-O. volvulus sera inhibited the binding of dog anti-heartworm serum by as much as 70%. Sera of guinea pigs hyperimmunized with mf of O. volvulus inhibited the binding of the immune dog serum to the same extent. These results represent evidence for extensive homology in the antigenic composition of O. volvulus and D. immitis. PMID- 6736654 TI - Blocking activity of rat monoclonal antibodies in experimental schistosomiasis. AB - Rat IgG2c monoclonal antibodies have been produced after fusion of spleen cells from LOU/C rats infected with Schistosoma mansoni for 5 wk and IRF983F nonsecreting rat myeloma. The cell supernatant of an IgG2c-producing clone (IPLSm3), as well as ascitic fluids induced by this clone, revealed anti-S. mansoni activity detected by immunofluorescence on schistosomula sections. Antigenic analysis performed with IPLSm3 IgG2c antibody allowed to isolate onto the S. mansoni schistosomula surface a 38,000 dalton antigen previously characterized with the protective IPLSm1 IgG2a monoclonal antibody. Although IPLSm3 IgG2c did not exhibit any killing activity in vitro against schistosomula in the presence of complement, macrophages, or eosinophils, it was shown to strongly inhibit the eosinophil-dependent cytotoxicity mediated by IPLSm1 IgG2a antibodies. The blocking activity of IgG2c antibody was further demonstrated in vitro by the use of F(ab')2 fragments and in vivo by the inhibition of passively transferred immunity conferred by the IgG2a protective monoclonal antibody. These results indicate that blocking antibodies could play an important role in the expression of protective immunity during schistosome infection. PMID- 6736655 TI - Combination of solid-phase second antibody and internal sample attenuator counting techniques. Radioimmunoassay of thyroid-stimulating hormone. AB - A method is described for the quantitation of free and bound antigen in a new radioimmunoassay which does not require centrifugation or decantation steps. The method involves coupling a second antibody to agarose spheres which also contain entrapped crystals of bismuth oxide (Bi2O3) in order to attenuate the gamma radiation from the bound fraction of the 125I-labelled antigen. The system is designed so that the samples may be measured in a gamma counter 15 min after the spheres have been added. This new method was compared to a conventional radioimmunoassay for the analysis of the thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH). Data were obtained with the modified radioimmunoassay which showed both high sensitivity and precision and also had a good correlation (r = 0.951) with data obtained using a conventional method. PMID- 6736656 TI - Turbidimetric latex immunoassay for serum ferritin. AB - A sensitive immunoassay based on latex particle agglutination (latex immunoassay) has been developed for the determination of serum ferritin. Polystyrene particles (0.8 micron) to which anti-ferritin antibody is adsorbed are incubated with serum for 30 min with shaking or 60 min without shaking. The resulting agglutination is quantified by measuring the decrease of absorbance of the latex suspension at 360 nm. Pretreatment of the serum is required to prevent interference from complement, rheumatoid factor and chylomicrons. The lowest detectable concentration of ferritin in serum is about 5 micrograms/l. Within-runs and between-runs coefficients of variation, based on analysis of samples containing 14-820 micrograms/l ferritin, ranged from 3.6 to 13.8%. A correlation coefficient of 0.95 between latex immunoassay and radioimmunoassay was obtained for the determination of ferritin in 46 sera. PMID- 6736657 TI - Complement factor adsorption on solid surfaces--an ellipsometric method for investigation of quantitative aspects. AB - An optical method, ellipsometry, has been used for quantification of organic material adsorbed from complement sufficient sera on antibody coated solid surfaces. Maximal adsorption of organic material from complement sufficient human sera occurred at about 0.5 micrograms/cm2 of IgG. C3 but not C5, C8 or C9 was detected on the antibody surface incubated with complement sufficient sera. This may indicate that IgG adsorbed on methylized silicon surfaces lack binding sites for complement factors beyond C3. A modification of the method was also used for quantification of migration inhibition of human polymorphonuclear leucocytes (PMNL). Locomotion inhibition fell in a sharp interval from 0.2 to 0.5 micrograms/cm2 of IgG on the surface. We believe that the suggested type of measurements is important for understanding the quantitative relationships between humoral effects such as antibody dependent complement activation and cellular effects such as migration of PMNL. PMID- 6736658 TI - Preparation of 125I-protein A usable for up to 10 months in immunoassays. AB - Chloramine-T iodination of protein A from Staphylococcus aureus and gel electrophoretic purification of the iodination mixture results in a stable tracer of high specific and functional activity. Following repeated gel electrophoresis of the tracer only a single component was observed. The specific activity of the 125I-protein A was between 30 and 55 muCi/micrograms. The binding of 125I-protein A to rabbit immunoglobulin exceeded 90% and the tracer competed effectively with unlabelled protein A in binding to cells incubated with sera containing surface antibodies. Storage of the tracer for up to 46 weeks resulted in a moderate decrease in maximal binding to immunoglobulin (from 91% to 64%), in TCA precipitable radioactivity (from 97% to 80%) and an approx. 30% decrease in the ability to detect cell bound immunoglobulin. It is concluded that gel electrophoretic purification of 125I-protein A produces a tracer with a very long shelf life. PMID- 6736661 TI - Parameters affecting ascites tumour formation in mice and monoclonal antibody production. AB - Hybridoma cells injected intraperitoneally into mice induce formation of ascites tumours and production of ascites fluid containing high levels of monoclonal antibody. Several parameters affecting the growth of the immunoglobulin-producing tumours have been studied in order to define optimal conditions for ascitic fluid formation and monoclonal antibody production. Using hybridomas produced by fusing SP2/0 myeloma cells with immunized mouse spleen cells we have shown: (1) that the optimal number of hybridoma cells required to induce an ascites tumour was between 6 and 32 X 10(5) cells; (2) that each mouse should be treated with a maximum of 0.5 ml of pristane; (3) that the priming period for pristane should be 14 days prior to the injection of cells; (4) that ascites formation and monoclonal antibody production is significantly better in males; and finally (5) that the age of mice used should range between 43 and 78 days. Under these conditions each mouse produces on average 7-10 ml of ascites fluid, containing a high level of antibody, over a maximum period of 6 days. The animals should start producing between the 5th and 9th day and usually survive 11-16 days after being injected with the tumour cells. PMID- 6736663 TI - Materno-foetal transmission of hepatitis B in Saudi Arabia. AB - Carriage of hepatitis B among pregnant women in Saudi Arabia and their new born infants has been studied over a period of three years. The hepatitis B surface antigen (HBsAg) carrier rate among 5000 women screened antenatally was 2 X 8 per cent. Hepatitis B subtype ayw was found more often than subtype adw. A study of 50 persistent HBsAg carriers and their newborn infants followed serologically over a period of at least two years did not reveal any evidence of materno-foetal transmission either vertically, perinatally or postnatally. Twelve per cent of mothers shown to be carrying hepatitis B 'e' antigen (HBeAg) during pregnancy did not apparently transmit the virus to their newborn infants. Materno-foetal transmission of hepatitis B virus in utero or during the perinatal period does not seem to be important in maintaining the carrier state in Saudi Arabia, horizontal rather than vertical being the main route of transmission of the virus in this country. PMID- 6736662 TI - Antimicrobial effect of chlorhexidine and povidone-iodine on vaginal bacteria. AB - The antimicrobial potency of 4 per cent chlorhexidine gluconate was compared with that of 10 per cent povidone-iodine (1 per cent free iodine) on the vaginal bacteria of 150 premenopausal, non-pregnant women. From 30 of the women blood samples were taken before and at either 15, 30 or 60 minutes after vaginal cleansing with chlorhexidine for chlorhexidine analysis. Five minutes after applying either chlorhexidine or povidone-iodine almost 99 per cent of bacteria present on the lateral wall of the vagina were killed. Chlorhexidine was significantly more effective than povidone-iodine. Serosanguineous , mucoid or white-yellowish vaginal discharge did not alter the effectiveness of either antimicrobial agent. In contrast to povidone-iodine, vaginally applied chlorhexidine was not absorbed in measurable amounts (sensitivity of detection method: 0 X 1 mg/l) into the bloodstream. Chlorhexidine may therefore prove of value for treating vaginitis especially during pregnancy and also for combating microbes such as Group B streptococci which are potentially harmful to the newly born child. PMID- 6736659 TI - Hybridoma preservation at -70 degrees C: a simple and economical procedure for the short-term storage and individual recovery of hybridomas. AB - A simple, economical, and time-saving procedure for freezing freshly prepared hybridomas at--70 degrees C is described. The procedure allows for supernatant fluid collection and storage of hybridomas in 96-well flexible polyvinyl microtiter plates. As the plates are sealed, and the plate is relatively soft, individual wells can be removed and cells recovered at the investigator's discretion. Consequently, this procedure allows significant latitude with regard to the time-consuming steps usually associated with hybridoma screening, expansion, and sub-cloning techniques. PMID- 6736664 TI - Functional defects in phagocytic cells from patients with iron overload. AB - Phagocytic functions were studied in patients with iron overload. Phagocytosis of radiolabelled opsonised Staphylococcus aureus by mononuclear (MN) leucocytes and polymorphonuclear (PMN) leucocytes was measured in 15 and 16 patients, respectively. The intracellular killing capacity of MN and PMN leucocytes of seven and nine patients, respectively, and chemotaxis of PMN leucocytes of eight patients, were assessed also. These cellular functions were compared with phagocytic functions of controls tested on the same day, and with the normal ranges of phagocytic cell functions obtained with MN and PMN leucocytes from 48 and 59 healthy donors, respectively. One or more phagocytic functions were impaired in 62.5 per cent of the patients. Comparison of the various phagocytic functions in patients and simultaneously tested controls showed a significant decrease of the mean phagocytic capacity of the patients' MN and PMN leucocytes (P less than 0.015 and P less than 0.03, respectively), as well as the mean bactericidal activity of the MN leucocytes (P less than 0.05) and the mean chemotactic responsiveness of the PMN leucocytes (P less than 0.025). Patients with excess iron must be regarded as compromised hosts, not only because of the increased availability of iron for bacterial growth, but also because of the associated functional impairment of monocytes and granulocytes. PMID- 6736660 TI - Identification of the SS-A/Ro intracellular antigen with autoimmune sera. AB - Autoantibodies to SS-A/Ro antigen have been described in the sera of certain patients with Sjogren's syndrome, systemic lupus erythematosus and in neonates with lupus and/or congenital heart block. SS-A/Ro is a trypsin-sensitive intracellular antigen which appears to be associated with another intracellular antigen SS-B/La in tissue extracts. This study describes a simple method of separation of SS-A/Ro and SS-B/La antigenic activity by differential salt elution in polybuffer ion exchange chromatography. The partially purified SS-A/Ro antigen was separated by polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis under non-denaturing conditions and identified by Western blot analysis as a single polypeptide of 61,000 Da. The pI of SS-A/Ro antigen was 4.67. The partially purified SS-A/Ro antigen derived from gel electrophoresis could be adapted to an enzyme linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) for the detection of antibody. PMID- 6736666 TI - Adult listeriosis presenting as acute hepatitis. PMID- 6736667 TI - An outbreak of respiratory syncytial virus infection in an old people's home. AB - At least 20 of the 50 residents of an old people's home suffered from an acute respiratory infection and four of them died. Respiratory syncytial virus was isolated from two of the patients. The importance of this virus in the elderly is probably underestimated. PMID- 6736668 TI - Infection in an immunocompromised patient caused by 'group JK' Corynebacterium. PMID- 6736665 TI - Pneumonia due to Legionella bozemanii: first report of a case in Europe. AB - Pneumonia caused by Legionella bozemanii and acquired by a 75-year-old man while on holiday in Majorca is described. This appears to be the first report of such a case from Europe. Despite artificial ventilation and intravenous erythromycin the patient died. The causative organism was isolated from part of the lung obtained post mortem. Examination of a single sample of serum by means of an indirect immunofluorescence test gave a titre of 32 in respect of L. bozemanii antigen. PMID- 6736669 TI - Mortality in meningococcal disease in Belgium. AB - A survey of children admitted with meningococcal disease to 53 paediatric units in Belgium between 1975 and 1979 was made in order to assess the case mortality rate (CMR) and to identify risk factors associated with death. A total of 309 cases (226 bacteriologically confirmed and 83 unconfirmed) was recorded. The overall CMR was 6.1 per cent. It was 4.4 for bacteriologically confirmed cases and 10.8 for unconfirmed cases. The CMR was higher for septicaemia without meningitis (22.2 per cent) than for meningitis with or without signs of septicaemia (3.4 per cent). The risk of death was not related to the sex or nationality of the patients. Age was a major determinant of the CMR, independently of the clinical picture. The highest risk of death was in children under one year of age. Poor socio-economic conditions were a significant risk factor. Failure to recognise the severity of the disease by some poorly educated mothers, and the admission of the patient to a hospital lacking adequate facilities for managing severely affected children, were the two significant causes of delay of adequate treatment. PMID- 6736670 TI - Varicella-induced thrombocytopenia. PMID- 6736671 TI - Effects of extracellular calmodulin and calmodulin antagonists on B16 melanoma cell growth. AB - Two drugs known to inhibit the action of calmodulin, prochlorperazine offP) and N (6-aminohexyl)-5-chloro-1-napthalene sulfonamide (W7), were investigated for their ability to control cell proliferation in murine B16 melanoma cells in culture. PCP and W7 inhibited [3H]thymidine uptake in these cells, 50% inhibition occurring with 13 microM PCP and 40 microM W7. In the presence of relatively high concentrations of fetal calf serum (FCS), cells withstood high concentrations of both drugs (100 microM PCP and 200 microM W7) and showed increased pigment production. Drug-inhibited DNA synthesis could be reversed by the addition of fresh medium containing FCS or by the addition of exogenous pure calmodulin. Extracellular calmodulin itself stimulated DNA synthesis. FCS was found to contain calmodulin-like activity at concentrations that may be relevant to the stimulation of [3H]thymidine uptake by cells in culture. PMID- 6736672 TI - Experimental systemic dermatophytosis. AB - Albino guinea pigs with abraded skin were inoculated cutaneously with 27 strains of dermatophytes from animals and humans. The same strains were inoculated i.v. in guinea pigs with intact skin. Zoophilic dermatophytes and human isolates of Trichophyton mentagrophytes var. granulare produced ringworm after cutaneous application. After i.v. inoculation, the fungus was reisolated from skin samples from a considerable number of animals with and without clinical ringworm lesions, and also from lungs, liver, and kidneys. In the lungs, hyphal aggregates were noted. Some strains produced generalized dermatophytosis affecting all parts of the skin and internal organs. T. mentagrophytes B32663, selected for further study, was inoculated i.v. in the guinea pig, rabbit, rat, mouse, and chicken. Ringworm lesions occurred in the guinea pig and rabbit; in the mouse, rat, and chicken other organs were involved. Administration by other routes did not produce a generalized infection. The infection was not self-limited and the deep seated lesions may be responsible for the recurrence of infection. PMID- 6736674 TI - Quantitation of epidermal dendritic cells. PMID- 6736673 TI - Electrophoretic and immunoelectrophoretic analysis of pig epidermal plasma membrane glycoproteins. AB - he glycoprotein components of a plasma membrane-enriched fraction from pig epidermis were isolated by deoxycholate extraction and affinity chromatography on concanavalin A (ConA)-Sepharose 4B. Reduction with 5% 2-mercaptoethanol, electrophoresis on 10% polyacrylamide slab gels, and periodic acid-Schiff (PAS) staining resolved the major glycoproteins into at least 5 components of Mr 180K, 150K, 130K, 100K and 85K. Neuraminidase removed essentially all the sialic acid whether or not the glycoproteins were solubilized with detergents. Neuraminidase treatment increased the electrophoretic mobility of most components on one dimension polyacrylamide gels, indicating their sialoglycoprotein nature. An antiserum was raised in rabbits against isolated epidermal plasma membrane glycoproteins. Isolated immunoglobulins were used in crossed immunoelectrophoretic analysis of the glycoproteins and produced 5 major immunoprecipitates. The glycoprotein nature of the immunoprecipitates was shown by their susceptibility to neuraminidase. Crossed immunoelectrophoresis was used to examine the lectin binding specificity of isolated epidermal plasma membrane glycoproteins. The immunoprecipitation patterns were affected strongly by Ricinus communis agglutinin (RCA), moderately by wheatgerm agglutinin (WGA), and weakly by soybean agglutinin (SBA). Peanut agglutinin (PNA), Dolichos biflorus agglutinin (DBA), and Ulex europaeus agglutinin (UEA) had little effect on the immunoprecipitation patterns, indicating little interaction between epidermal plasma membrane glycoprotein and these lectins. Other glycoproteins and/or glycolipids must therefore be responsible for the binding of these lectins by epidermal cells. PMID- 6736675 TI - Enhanced susceptibility of cyclophosphamide-treated mice to infection with Legionella pneumophila. PMID- 6736676 TI - Acquired immune deficiency syndrome possibly related to transfusion in an adult without known disease-risk factors. PMID- 6736677 TI - Myocarditis in tick-borne relapsing fever. PMID- 6736678 TI - Vascular permeability in boutonneuse fever. PMID- 6736679 TI - Campylobacter enterocolitis in a neonatal nursery. AB - During a five-day period, four neonates in a neonatal nursery developed Campylobacter entercolitis. Investigations suggested that cross-infection or common-source infection were unlikely and that the neonates acquired their infection during delivery from their respective mothers, three of whom were also found to harbour Campylobacter jejuni in their stools. This suggestion was confirmed with use of the Lior serotyping system in a blind fashion. Each neonate was infected with a different serotype, and each of the three culture-positive mothers had the same serotype as her neonate. Examination of multiple colonies from the stools of five individuals showed that each was likely to have been infected by only one serotype. The presenting clinical features in the four neonates provides further evidence that neonatal Campylobacter entercolitis typically manifests as a benign, self-limited, nonfebrile, diarrheal illness with bloody stools. PMID- 6736680 TI - Mucosal antitoxic and antibacterial immunity after cholera disease and after immunization with a combined B subunit-whole cell vaccine. AB - Mucosal and systemic immune responses to a new oral cholera vaccine, consisting of the B subunit plus killed vibrios, were studied in Bangladeshi volunteers and compared with those to clinical cholera. A single peroral dose of vaccine induced a local IgA antitoxin response in intestinal-lavage fluid of seven of eight vaccinees; the response closely mimicked that of patients convalescing from cholera, and evidence of the induction of local immunologic memory was found as well. Two peroral doses were needed for stimulation of an intestinal IgA immune response to the lipopolysaccharide of Vibrio cholerae that was comparable to the response obtained after clinical cholera. This response to peroral immunization was considerably stronger than that to parenteral vaccination, although the intramuscular route gave rise to the strongest IgG antitoxin and antilipolysaccharide responses in serum. The results suggest that B subunit-whole cell vaccine, when given in at least two oral doses, may be a good candidate for use in cholera prophylaxis. PMID- 6736681 TI - Laboratory tests for defining bactericidal activity as predictors of antibiotic efficacy in the treatment of endocarditis due to Staphylococcus aureus in rabbits. AB - The validity of laboratory tests that define bactericidal activity to predict antimicrobial efficacy was studied in rabbits with endocarditis due to Staphylococcus aureus, both nafcillin-nontolerant (NT) and nafcillin-tolerant (T). Infected rabbits were treated with nafcillin, clindamycin, chloramphenicol, or no drug (control) for up to 11 days; dosage was designed so that peak antibiotic serum concentration/minimal inhibitory concentration ratios were approximately 50. During treatment, peak and trough serum concentration/minimal bactericidal concentration ratios and peak and trough titers of serum bactericidal antibacterial activity were determined. The rank order of efficacy, as defined by survival, eradication of bacteremia, and sterilization of cardiac vegetations, was nafcillin = clindamycin greater than chloramphenicol greater than control, both adjusted and unadjusted for the challenge strain of S. aureus. Bactericidal activity (observed only with nafcillin plus S. aureus NT) was associated with lower bacterial counts in vegetations at four days but was otherwise unrelated to therapeutic outcome. PMID- 6736682 TI - Plasmid-pattern analysis for the differentiation of infecting from noninfecting Staphylococcus epidermidis. AB - Isolation of Staphylococcus epidermidis from cultures of blood was differentiated from culture contamination by the detection of identical isolates in two or more consecutive cultures from an infected patient. We used plasmid-pattern analysis as a tool for establishing the identity of individual isolates. In a control study of 15 patients with two or more cultures of blood contaminated with S. epidermidis, analysis revealed that none of the isolates had identical plasmid patterns. This reflected the variety of plasmid patterns among colonizing coagulase-negative staphylococci cultured from skin sites of uninfected patients. In contrast, plasmid-pattern identity was seen among sequential or paired S. epidermidis isolates from a given patient in 32 of 36 patients with documented S. epidermidis infection. The plasmid pattern of each set of isolates from patients was unique. Infections included prosthetic-valve endocarditis in 26 patients, cerebrospinal fluid-shunt or ventriculostomy infections in six patients, intravenous-catheter sepsis in two patients, urinary tract infection in one patient, and osteomyelitis in one patient. Plasmid-pattern analysis may therefore be useful in the diagnosis of S. epidermidis infections. PMID- 6736683 TI - Detection of specific bacterial antigen in urine of patients infected with Bacteroides fragilis. AB - An indirect enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay was developed to detect specific Bacteroides fragilis antigen(s) in human urine. Specimens collected within 72 hr of a positive culture were centrifuged, dialyzed, and treated with Tween 20, polyethylene glycol, and bovine serum albumin. Goat hyperimmune gamma-globulin to B. fragilis strain ATCC 23745 was added and incubated, and supernatants were tested for antibody activity to polysaccharide-protein antigen of the same organism. Mean +/- SD results, reported as percentage inhibition of control values and interpreted blindly, were as follows: 29 normal subjects, 9.8% +/- 6.0%; 22 patients with Enterobacteriaceae bacteremia, 6.0% +/- 5.1%; six patients with nonbacteremic infections due to B. fragilis, 22.3% +/- 10.3%; and nine patients with B. fragilis bacteremia, 28.7% +/- 10.2%. Three of six nonbacteremic patients and eight of nine bacteremic patients yielded values greater than 2 SD of control values. None of 22 patients with Enterobacteriaceae bacteremia was falsely positive (specificity, 100%). PMID- 6736684 TI - Influenza virus infection of human alveolar and blood-derived macrophages: differences in accessory cell function and interferon production. AB - Influenza virus infection in vitro depresses accessory cell function of human peripheral blood-derived macrophages (PBM phi) for lymphocyte proliferative responses, but effects on such functions of alveolar macrophages (AlvM phi) have not been described. AlvM phi were obtained by bronchoalveolar lavage from normal young volunteers, and the effects of influenza virus infection of AlvM phi and autologous PBM phi were compared by measuring the accessory support provided by these cells for phytohemagglutinin-induced proliferation of purified autologous lymphocytes. Accessory cell function of AlvM phi was not altered by viral infection; in contrast, this function was significantly depressed with autologous virus-infected PBM phi. Virus-infected PBM phi produced greater amounts of interferon than did autologous AlvM phi. However, synthesis of interferon or prostaglandins by virus-infected cells could not account, per se, for depression of lymphocyte responses in the presence of PBM phi. These studies detail functional heterogeneity of autologous PBM phi and AlvM phi in response to a common respiratory-tract pathogen, influenza virus. PMID- 6736685 TI - Clinical characteristics and response to therapy in Egyptian children infected with Schistosoma haematobium. AB - Forty-one Egyptian students with infections due to Schistosoma haematobium, who were selected by results of a urine screening examination, were evaluated for morbidity and response to chemotherapy. Symptoms associated with infection were hematuria, dysuria, and swimmer's itch. A positive correlation existed between the intensity of infection and frequency of exposure to water. Laboratory abnormalities included eosinophilia (41), anemia (9), hematuria (38), pyuria (33), and proteinuria (8). Three of 26 subjects had abnormalities intravenous pyelograms: hydroureter, bladder polyp , and bladder calcification. The bladder polyp was noted also by sonography. Cure rates were 66.7% in 18 subjects treated with two 10-mg/kg doses of trichlorfon and were 89.5% in 19 subjects given three doses. Those not cured had an average reduction in ova excretion of 96%. Follow up at 12 months of 33 subjects showed that nine had S. haematobium ova in urine, although 75% admitted to exposure to canal or irrigation water in the interim. PMID- 6736686 TI - Evaluation of an automated image analysis system for counting human tumor colonies. AB - The Omnicon FAS II image analysis system was applied to counting tumor colonies grown in a soft agar human tumor clonogenic assay with a detailed protocol designed to assess the instrument's sensitivity, specificity, precision, and accuracy. Comparisons of technician and instrument counts were done on a blinded basis. Sensitivity studies (which used metal microspheres) yielded a correlation coefficient (r) of 0.999 between technicians and the counter. A field-by-field analysis of the instrument's specificity for identifying individual objects correctly as tumor colonies rather than artifacts (as identified by the technician) was excellent (r = 0.95). In the precision studies (determined with repeated automated counting of the same samples for five days), the median coefficient of variation was less than 7%. Accuracy was evaluated on cultures of fresh biopsies from 30 human cancers obtained for drug sensitivity testing as well as on a series of tumor cell lines. The correlation between the mean number of colonies counted by the technicians and by the colony counter was greater than 0.91. Similar comparisons of mean percent survival of tumor colony-forming cells after drug exposure between technician and machine were also quite acceptable (r = 0.85). We conclude that the colony counter provided sufficient reliability to be applied to counting human tumor colonies grown in vitro. In addition, the colony counter performed the Petri dish counts ten times faster than experienced technicians and without associated operator fatigue. PMID- 6736687 TI - Correlation between in vitro and in vivo response to androgens in patients with aplastic anemia. AB - In an attempt to predict the clinical response to androgens, the effects of added fluoxymesterone (FMT) on the in vitro growth of marrow erythroid progenitors (CFU E) were examined in 15 patients with aplastic anemia and 6 control subjects with normal marrow morphology. In the control group, the addition of FMT enhanced the growth of CFU-E in vitro, the maximum absolute increase being dependent on the basal number of CFU-E. In 10 out of the 11 aplastic anemia patients who responded to androgens in vivo. FMT enhanced the growth of CFU-E in vitro. In this group, there was a positive correlation between the basal number of CFU-E and the maximum absolute increase of CFU-E induced by FMT. In patients who did not respond to androgens in vivo, all except one showed no increase in the growth of CFU-E in vitro by the addition of FMT. Furthermore, in four out of seven patients examined prior to androgen therapy, the addition of FMT enhanced the in vitro growth of CFU-E. Androgen therapy in vivo resulted in marked hematological improvements in all of these four patients. Two out of the remaining three patients in whom FMT did not enhance the in vitro growh of CFU-E failed to respond in androgen therapy. These results indicate that an in vitro CFU-E culture system to the presence of FMT may be helpful in predicting the response to androgens in vivo in patients with aplastic anemia. PMID- 6736688 TI - Ecology of Anopheles (Cellia) Sergent II Theobald in the eastern desert, Red Sea Governorate, Egypt. PMID- 6736689 TI - Significance of symbionts in Hippobosca equina L. (Diptera: Hippoboscidae). PMID- 6736690 TI - Counterimmunoelectrophoresis, a rapid diagnostic test for extra-intestinal amoebiasis. PMID- 6736692 TI - Respiratory metabolism and morphogenesis of Hyalomma (H.) dromedarii nymph during metamorphosis. PMID- 6736691 TI - The effect of temperature on inter-relationship between Schistosoma haematobium and Bulinus truncatus in Egypt. PMID- 6736694 TI - Mass culturing of Tyrophagus putrescentiae, the allergenically important mite for preparation of testing antigen and desensitizing vaccine. PMID- 6736693 TI - Juvenoid-interruption to molting of Hyalomma dromedarii nymph. PMID- 6736695 TI - Therapeutic effect of Oxfendazole on the intestinal phase of Trichinella spiralis larvae. PMID- 6736696 TI - Relationship between Giardia lamblia infection and blood grouping among children. PMID- 6736697 TI - Serum IgE levels in cutaneous leishmaniasis by ELISA. PMID- 6736698 TI - Counterimmunoelectrophoresis and circumoval precipitin tests in serodiagnosis of schistosomiasis mansoni. PMID- 6736699 TI - Trace elements in some parasitic diseases. PMID- 6736700 TI - Evaluation of rectal biopsy, circumoval precipitin and urine precipitin tests in closed bilharzial colitis. PMID- 6736701 TI - Giardia lamblia as a cause of malabsorption and hypovitaminosis "A" in children. PMID- 6736702 TI - The pathogenicity of a free living Amoeba in Assiut, Egypt. PMID- 6736703 TI - A comparative study on some anti-amoebic drugs in cyst-passers. PMID- 6736704 TI - Pirenella conica and heterophyiasis in one of the beaches of Matrouh, Egypt. PMID- 6736705 TI - Evaluation of faecal culture as a method of diagnosis of strongyloides stercoralis and experimental infection of albino rats by filariform larvae. PMID- 6736706 TI - Ecological studies on Bulinus truncatus and Biomphalaria alexandrina in Zagazig, Egypt. PMID- 6736707 TI - Prevalence of microfilaria versus intradermal test in El-Koren, Sharkia G., Egypt. PMID- 6736708 TI - Cutaneous leishmaniasis in Jordan. PMID- 6736709 TI - The molluscicidal properties of Agave decepiens and Agave americana (var. marginata). PMID- 6736710 TI - Effect of Nephrostomum ranosum and Apharyngostrigea ibis on serum, proteins and uric acid of the Egyptian heron. PMID- 6736711 TI - Prevalence of Giardia lamblia in Egyptian children suffering from diarrhoea. PMID- 6736712 TI - Serological demonstration of toxoplasmosis among sheep in Sudan. PMID- 6736713 TI - Some biological studies on two different geographical strains of Xenopsylla cheopis. PMID- 6736714 TI - Reproductive history of Anopheles ooustani var. tenebrosus (Doniz.) in the laboratory. PMID- 6736715 TI - Duration of the different development stages of house dust mites D. farinae and D. pteronyssinus under controlled condition, to pave the way in front of the workers in the field of house dust mite asthmatic bronchitis. 4) Nymphal duration. PMID- 6736716 TI - Prevalence of hepatitis (B) surface antigen among urinary schistosomal patients receiving frequent parenteral antischistosomal therapy. PMID- 6736717 TI - Cutaneous leishmaniasis in Ismailiya Governorate, Egypt. PMID- 6736718 TI - A review of the cestode genus Rhinebothrium Linton, 1889 (Tetraphyllidae), with a description of two new species of the sting ray Taeniura lymma from the Red Sea. PMID- 6736719 TI - Maintenance of Hippobosca equina L. fed through parafilm membrane on defibrinated blood. PMID- 6736721 TI - [A syringe-type buffer reservoir with a sliding separator for high performance liquid chromatography and its applications]. PMID- 6736720 TI - Studies on the biology of Anopheles pharoensis Theo. in Egypt. PMID- 6736722 TI - [Origin of low molecular weight protein in amniotic fluid]. AB - This study was designed to clarify the origin of some low molecular weight (M.W.) proteins in amniotic fluid. Fragments of amniotic membrane were incubated in Krebs solution for six hours. During the incubation period, 2 ml samples of solution were collected at 5, 15, 30, 60, 120, 180, 360 minutes. The protein concentration of samples was measured with a LASER"NEPHELOMETER. The protein concentration increased significantly from 1.25 +/- 0.21 mg/g.w.w. at 60 minutes to 2.33 +/- 0.67 mg/g.w.w. of amniotic membrane at 360 minutes (p less than 0.001). Samples were also analyzed by sodium dodecyl sulfate polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis (SDS-PAGE). Proteins of M.W. less than 56 X 10(3) formed several bands, including band 15 (M.W. = 38 X 10(3)), bands 18-19 (M.W. = 23-25 X 10(3)) and band 21-23 (M.W. = 13-19 X 10(3)). Neonatal saliva and urine were also analyzed by SDS-PAGE. The saliva contained proteins of bands 15 and 20 (M.W. = 22 X 10(3)), and the urine a protein of band 14-15 (M.W. = 38-45 X 10(3)). Although the protein of band 20 was the greatest percentage of total protein in saliva samples, it could not be detected in amniotic fluid. Therefore, saliva was probably not a source of low M.W. proteins in amniotic fluid. Amniotic fluid proteins of band 15 probably originated from fetal urine. And proteins of band 21 23 were probably synthesized by the amniotic membrane. PMID- 6736723 TI - [The influence of weight changes in pregnancy and postpartum on serum total cholesterol and triglyceride]. AB - We measured total cholesterol (TC) and triglyceride (TG) in 78 pregnant women with obvious hypercholesterolemia (TC greater than or equal to 300 mg/dl) in pregnancy, measuring the concomitant effects of age, grade of obesity prior to pregnancy, total weight gain and degree of weight gain during pregnancy. After delivery the body weight was measured until TC was below 250 mg/dl, and then the average weekly weight loss was calculated. Age, the grade of obesity prior to pregnancy, total weight gain or degree of weight gain during pregnancy did not influence TC or TG in pregnancy. TC or TG in pregnancy had no effects on the birth weight of the newborn. There was significantly positive correlation between TC or TG at the 13th-16th week of pregnancy and the maximal level of TC or TG in pregnancy. In 22 of the 25 subjects, whose average weekly weight loss was 1.0 kg or over, TC was below 250 mg/dl by the 8th week postpartum. In pregnancy many factors including weight changes might influence TC or TG; however, the effects of weight changes postpartum on TC or TG such as weight reduction in obesity might appear. PMID- 6736724 TI - [Kinetics of protein synthesis in the human granulosa lutein cell during pregnancy as revealed by electron microscopic autoradiography of 3H-leucine]. AB - Kinetics of protein synthesis in the human granulosa lutein cell during pregnancy were investigated using the electron microscopic autoradiography of 3H-leucine. The corpus luteum of early pregnancy was chased at 10 and 30 min, 1, 3, 6, 12, 24 and 48 h after pulse labelling (10 min) with 100 microCi of 3H-leucine. Although the whole silver grains were very few at 10 min postpulse, silver grains were localized mainly over the rough endoplasmic reticulum (r-ER, 34.3%) and there were no silver grains over the smooth endoplasmic reticulum (s-ER). At 30 min postpulse, the ratio of the grain number to r-ER is decreased (18.7%) and silver grains begin to appear over the s-ER (5.4%). The total number of silver grains over the cell increases with the lapse of time, the ratio of the grain number over the r-ER slightly increases and then decreases afterwards, while that over the s-ER continues to increase gradually. From these facts, it is felt that some protein synthesized on the r-ER might be transported to the s-ER in the human granulosa lutein cell during pregnancy showing steroidogenic activity. PMID- 6736725 TI - [The clinical significance of tissue polypeptide antigen (TPA) in the patients with gynecologic tumor]. AB - In order to estimate the clinical significance of tissue polypeptide antigen (TPA), TPA was measured by radioimmunoassay in sera from patients with various gynecological tumors. They were 40 uterine myomas, 94 cervical cancers, 21 endometrial cancers, 3 vulval cancers, 51 benign ovarian tumors and 78 malignant ovarian tumors including 18 low potential malignant tumors (LPM). The mean TPA values in patients with benign as well as malignant tumors were significantly higher than that of 97 healthy volunteers (68 +/- 17 U/l; Upper limit; 107 U/l). Among the cervical cancer patients, serum TPA level and positive ratio became higher as the disease progressed. In the advanced cases, the mean serum TPA value and positive ratio were 149 +/- 64 U/l and 75%, respectively. The mean TPA value in the endometrial cancer patients was significantly higher than that of myoma patients. Among the patients with ovarian tumor, serum TPA was elevated in 14% of benign cases, 28% of LPM cases, 47% of stage I cases and 82% of the advanced cases. Serum TPA values varied directly with the stage and malignancy of disease. The present study revealed that TPA is a useful markers in the diagnosis of gynecological tumors, especially for ovarian cancers. PMID- 6736726 TI - [Studies on maternal hemodynamics during normal pregnancy: correlation between maternal hemodynamics and fetal growth]. AB - The cardiac output (CO) and cardiac index (CI) were examined by echocardiography throughout pregnancy and 1 month of puerperium and the results were compared with fetal growth as determined by birth weight. The results are as follows. The changes in CO and CI during the pregnancy and puerperium of normal pregnant women (n = 48) were similar in all subjects, and reached the maximum at the 24th-31st week's of gestation. On the 5th day of puerperium, the CO and CI values were almost the same as those obtained at the 32nd-40th weeks of gestation, and after 1 month of puerperium the values were same as those obtained in the non-pregnant period. The CO and CI of HFD child-bearing group (n = 8), AFD child-bearing group (n = 30) and LFD child-bearing group (n = 10) were compared. The CO and CI values for the LFD group were lower than those for AFD group; particularly, significant differences (p less than 0.05) were observed in 24th-31st weeks and 32nd-40th weeks of gestation. The CO and CI values of HFD group tend to be higher than those for AFD group, but there is no statistical significance between the two groups. The birth weight correlated to the rate of increase in CO and CI during pregnancy with coefficients of correlation of 0.56 (p less than 0.05) and 0.54 (p less than 0.05), respectively. The rate indicates the ratio of maximum values of CO and CI obtained during pregnancy to the values after 1 month of puerperium, which have been shown to be consistent with those during the non-pregnant period. A significant correlation (r = 0.54, p less than 0.05) was found between placenta weight and birth weight. The correlations between placental weight and the rate of increase in CO and CI were also significant with coefficients of correlation of 0.40 (p less than 0.05), and 0.38 (p less than 0.05), respectively. PMID- 6736727 TI - [The dynamics of corticosteroids levels in maternal and fetal plasma]. AB - In order to elucidate the clinical implications of cortisol levels in pregnancy, maternal and fetal serum levels of cortisol during pregnancy were determined. The maternal serum level of cortisol gradually increased with advancing gestational age, and it reached a 3 to 4 times higher level in the late stage of pregnancy than that in non-pregnant state. The maternal serum level of cortisol during delivery increased with the length of the period of labor, and immediately after the delivery it reached the peak value of 60-80 micrograms/dl. According to the mode of delivery, the cortisol level increased with the accumulation of stress on the maternal side. The value was highest in the case of vacuum extraction and lowest in elective cesarean section. The cortisol level in umbilical arterial blood in normal delivery was not significantly elevated in comparison with that in vacuum extraction, oxytocin induced delivery and elective cesarean section. The cortisol level in umbilical blood of anencephaly did not differ from that of normal neonate, indicating that cortisol in umbilical blood may originate mainly on the maternal side. In the postpartum period, the serum cortisol concentration declined to the level observed in the late stage of pregnancy after 2 days, and further decreased to the level in the non-pregnant state after 6 days. The present studies suggest that the increase in the serum concentration of cortisol at delivery is a result of maternal stresses in labor, and that direct involvement of cortisol in the controlling mechanism of puerperium is unlikely. The increased function of the adrenal cortex in the late stage of pregnancy and at delivery may stimulate fetal pulmonary maturity and provide maternal and fetal adaptability to stresses in intrapartum bleeding and shock during labor. It is essential to understand pituitary-adrenal cortex functions in prenatal and fetal care in pregnancy. PMID- 6736729 TI - [A case of pregnancy complicated with ovarian endometrioid carcinoma]. PMID- 6736728 TI - [Gynecologic examinations in puberty and adolescence]. PMID- 6736730 TI - [Mortality in the third trimester of pregnancy during 1983 in Japan]. PMID- 6736731 TI - [Determination of urine thiocyanate in patients with amyotrophic lateral sclerosis]. PMID- 6736732 TI - [Studies on discrimination between ischemic and postural ST-T changes in ambulatory electrocardiographic monitoring]. PMID- 6736733 TI - [Effects and limitation of intra-aortic balloon pumping in patients with acute myocardial infarction complicated with cardiogenic shock, ventricular septal perforation, and mitral regurgitation]. PMID- 6736734 TI - [Renovascular hypertension due to fibromuscular dysplasia associated with cerebral aneurysm: two cases occurred in a sibling]. PMID- 6736735 TI - [An autopsy case of restrictive cardiomyopathy associated with pituitary diabetes insipidus and cerebral embolism]. PMID- 6736736 TI - [A case of polymyositis associated with hypertriglyceridemia due to decline of lipoprotein lipase activity]. PMID- 6736737 TI - [A case of Lambert-Eaton syndrome associated with hyperthyroidism and hypercalcemia]. PMID- 6736738 TI - [A case of cor triatriatum; an echocardiographic recognition of abnormal membrane in the left atrium]. PMID- 6736740 TI - Advice to travelers. PMID- 6736741 TI - Physiological cardiac pacing. PMID- 6736739 TI - [A case report of aorto-iliac aneurysms with huge left internal iliac artery aneurysm]. PMID- 6736742 TI - Ventricular septal defect. PMID- 6736743 TI - Stable red cell mass despite contracted plasma volume in men with essential hypertension. AB - Red blood cell mass, plasma volume, and renal and systemic hemodynamic measurements were evaluated in 24 normotensive men (group 1), 45 men with mild essential hypertension (group 2), and 43 men with moderate to severe essential hypertension (group 3). Despite significant hemodynamic differences between the groups and although plasma volume was contracted, the increased hematocrit in the third group of patients was not explained by an increase in red blood cell mass. Because this was the case in all groups, it demonstrates that the increased hematocrit in patients with more severe essential hypertension is solely attributable to the contracted plasma volume. PMID- 6736744 TI - Lymphocyte subsets in human peripheral blood after splenectomy and autotransplantation of splenic tissue. AB - Leucocyte and lymphocyte subpopulations and serum immunoglobulins were studied in 14 patients who underwent splenectomy for trauma, nine patients with an autologous replant of splenic tissue after traumatic rupture of the spleen, and 23 age- and sex-matched healthy individuals. Buffy coat cells were stained by direct or indirect immunofluorescence with goat antihuman F(ab')2 immunoglobulin (B cells), Leu-1 (T cells), Leu-2a (T suppressor cells), and Leu-3a (T helper cells). Leucocytes and lymphocyte subsets were analyzed in a cytofluorograf . After splenectomy, patients showed a marked increase in both monocytes (135%) and lymphocytes (137%), with a fourfold rise in B cells, a nearly twofold rise in T cells, a reduced T/B cell ratio, and an unchanged T helper/T suppressor cell ratio. The number of B cells was significantly related to the serum immunoglobulin M level (r = 0.807, p less than 0.001). Patients with an autologous replant had moderate monocytosis (35%) and lymphocytosis (42%), with a selective rise of B cells (60%) and T suppressor cells (75%), which led to a 50% reduction of the T helper/T suppressor cell ratio. The changes observed after splenectomy indicate the major role of the spleen in cellular homing. In patients with an autologous replant , there is a tendency for normal storage of most cells, but an altered contribution of T suppressor cells to the circulating pool. PMID- 6736745 TI - Ascorbic acid content and accumulation by alveolar macrophages from cigarette smokers and nonsmokers. AB - The lung is at risk for injury from inhaled oxidants, including components of cigarette smoke; therefore, maintaining a chemical antioxidant defense would be advantageous. The potential for ascorbic acid to assume this protective role was investigated by comparing the total ascorbate content of alveolar macrophages obtained from human smokers and nonsmokers, from hamsters that were exposed to cigarette smoke for 4 to 6 weeks, and from a control group of unexposed hamsters. The abilities of alveolar macrophages from these four sources to accumulate 14C labeled ascorbic acid and dehydroascorbate were also compared. The total ascorbate content in hamster macrophages was 19.5 +/- 1.7 and 44.3 +/- 2.8 nmol/10(7) cells for nonsmokers and smokers, (n = 5) and 73.8 +/- 13.1 nmol/10(7) cells (n = 13, p less than 0.1) for nonsmokers and smokers, respectively. In both humans and hamsters, the rates of accumulation of ascorbic acid and dehydroascorbate were significantly greater (p less than 0.05) for alveolar macrophages from smokers compared with nonsmokers of the same species. After internalization, greater than or equal to 70% of the dehydroascorbate was reduced to ascorbic acid by alveolar macrophages from nonsmokers and smokers of both species. An aqueous extract of cigarette smoke oxidized significantly more ascorbic acid to dehydroascorbate in vitro than a comparable volume of phosphate buffered saline solution without smoke. The increased content of total ascorbate in alveolar macrophages from smokers and their enhanced ability to accumulate ascorbic acid and dehydroascorbate in vitro may reflect protective utilization of ascorbic acid under conditions of increased oxidant stress, compared with nonsmokers. In addition, alveolar macrophages may internalize dehydroascorbate that has been generated by oxidants in the alveolar space and reduce it to ascorbic acid so it can be reused as an antioxidant. PMID- 6736746 TI - Comment on application of affinity chromatography for separation and quantitation of glycosylated hemoglobins. PMID- 6736747 TI - Comment on mechanisms of splenectomy protection in epinephrine-induced renal and cardiac necrosis. PMID- 6736748 TI - Hypochloremia as a consequence of anion gap metabolic acidosis. AB - Anion gap acidosis is generally regarded as featuring a rather precise balance between the decrement in plasma HCO-3 and the increment in anion gap plasma Cl- remaining normal. In theory, therefore, the finding of hypochloremia in conjunction with an anion gap acidosis should evidence a coexisting metabolic alkalosis. In the clinical setting, however, hypochloremia is occasionally found in patients with anion gap acidosis but without exposure to a recognized alkalosis-inducing process. To examine the possibility that an element of hypochloremia might, under certain circumstances, be an integral part of the underlying acidosis, we studied three forms of anion gap acidosis in unanesthetized, nephrectomized rats. In protocol I, 7 mEq/kg H+ as H2SO4 was infused over 1 hour. In protocol II, 24 mEq/kg H+ as D,L-lactic acid was infused over 3 hours. In protocol III, rats were maintained in the anephric state for approximately 28 hours to permit uremic acidosis to develop. In each protocol, plasma C1- fell significantly (-8.0, -12.0, and -7.0 mEq/L in protocols I, II, and III, respectively) and contributed substantially to the observed increment in anion gap. A possible explanation for this acidosis-induced hypochloremia is expansion of the extracellular compartment secondary to the extrusion of cellular cation that occurs in the process of buffering. PMID- 6736749 TI - Urea excretion, galactose elimination, and aminopyrine disappearance during normal liver regeneration after partial hepatectomy. Comparison with other function tests reported. AB - After removal of 70% of normal rat liver, liver weight was 37% of control at 3 1/2 hours and 49% at 24 hours. Urea formation per gram liver after an NH4+ load and galactose elimination per gram liver were well-preserved during this early posthepatectomy period. At 46 hours after removal, galactose elimination was transiently less than would be expected from liver weight. The aminopyrine disappearance rate fell to 50% to 63% of control values until 72 hours, when it decreased further to 43%, disproportionately less than liver weight. The disappearance rate per gram liver at this time was 63% of control. Serum bile acid concentration increased 17-fold by 24 hours, and was five times that of control concentration at 72 hours. Comparisons of these four measures and six other in vivo measures of function previously reported permitted a segregation of the livers into two groups according to liver function after hepatectomy: those that were disproportionately preserved or were proportional to the amount of liver present, and those that were disproportionately reduced in relation to liver weight. Four additional measurements reported in isolated perfused livers after hepatectomy were similarly segregated. It appears that those liver functions that most closely reflect cellular growth or associated changes in liver blood flow are preserved, whereas those that are possibly more specialized and differentiated are depressed during regeneration. PMID- 6736750 TI - Rebound and overshoot after plasma exchange in humans. AB - On the basis of animal experiments, some authors recommend a routine combination of therapeutic plasma exchange in patients with immunologically mediated disorders, such as autoimmune and immune complex diseases, with administration of cytotoxic drugs to prevent overshoot in plasma levels of pathogenic components after plasma exchange. We examined one healthy volunteer, seven patients with nonimmunologic diseases, and seven patients with immunologically mediated disorders (six with non-organ specific and one with organ-specific autoantibodies) to test whether plasma exchange is succeeded by an overshoot in levels of immunoglobulins, isohemagglutinins, autoantibodies, and antibodies after booster immunization with diphtheria and tetanus toxoid combined with poliomyelitis vaccine. Our data indicate that overshoot is not a generally occurring phenomenon in humans. We also confirmed the capability of corticosteroids, administered immediately after a period of plasma exchange, to reduce autoantibody levels. We found no arguments to support the suggestions in the literature that plasma exchange be combined with cytotoxic drugs in treatment of immunologically mediated diseases to prevent stimulation of potentially pathogenic components such as autoantibodies. PMID- 6736751 TI - Effects of increased biliary resistance on bile secretion in the rat. AB - The effects of increased biliary resistance on bile secretion and biliary permeability properties were studied in rats. High biliary resistance produced significant reductions in bile flow and the secretion rate of cholesterol, but did not modify bile salt and phospholipid secretory rates. Decreased bile flow appeared to be secondary to a marked reduction in bile salt-independent fractions of bile flow, and bile salt-dependent flow was simultaneously increased. 14C erythritol and 3H-inulin clearance studies suggest that decreased net canalicular secretion of water rather than increased water reabsorption at the biliary ducts is the mechanism involved in decreased bile flow. In addition, a marked increase in canalicular permeability to inulin was evident when rats were secreting against increased biliary resistance as well as during recovery. PMID- 6736752 TI - Increased conjugated dopamine in plasma after exercise training. AB - To evaluate the effect of endurance exercise on plasma catecholamines, we exercise trained eight dogs (group T) by treadmill running for 8 weeks. Six sedentary dogs constituted a nontrained control group (group NT). Heart rate response to a graded submaximal stress test was reduced in group T dogs (p less than 0.05), but mean resting aortic blood pressure (NT, 84 +/- 5 mm Hg; T, 82 +/- 4 mm Hg) and heart rate (NT, 87 +/- 1 bpm; T, 84 +/- 2 bpm) were unchanged by exercise, and no cardiac hypertrophy occurred after exercise. Plasma norepinephrine and epinephrine levels were reduced in group T at rest and during a fixed exercise workload. Plasma conjugated dopamine showed a marked increase in group T dogs (NT, 1398 +/- 130 pg/ml; T, 11346 +/- 1291 pg/ml; p less than 0.01) at rest, and no change in conjugated dopamine occurred in either group after short-term exercise stress. No intergroup differences were noted in resting coronary flow or coronary arteriovenous oxygen, or in myocardial oxygen consumption. The data verify previous findings of lower plasma levels of norepinephrine and epinephrine after training, and indicate that a marked rise in conjugated dopamine occurs after training. These findings suggest that norepinephrine and epinephrine metabolism is shifted toward conjugated dopamine by exercise training, thereby reducing active catecholamines in plasma, but retaining a large pool of usable metabolite. PMID- 6736753 TI - Multi modal hearing, the fundamental importance of the kinociliary servo system and the folly of psychoacoustics. Part I. The struggle for power and the anthropocentric obsession. PMID- 6736754 TI - Auditory function in early syphilis. A follow up study. AB - Twenty-six patients with secondary or early latent syphilis were examined by auditory brainstem response (ABR) audiometry and by pure tone audiometry before and after treatment. Normalization was registered in four of seven patients with pathological ABR before treatment. while in three patients the ABR abnormalities remained after treatment. Thirteen patients exhibited a sensorineural hearing loss before treatment. In two patients this hearing-loss improved after treatment and a syphilitic etiology seems plausible. The reversible lesions in the auditory system may be related to asymptomatic syphilitic meningitis. Permanent ABR abnormalities might reflect syphilitic vascular involvement in the brainstem. PMID- 6736755 TI - Rate of progression of hearing loss in Paget's disease. PMID- 6736756 TI - Cartilage regeneration following septal surgery in young rabbits. PMID- 6736757 TI - Effects of vidian nerve stimulation on the nasal and maxillary sinus mucosa. A light and electron microscopic study. PMID- 6736758 TI - 'Candida infection in the tongue and pharynx'. AB - 60 patients with chronic pharyngitis were investigated. In all cases the tongue was coated, fissured or hairy. Scrapings from the tongue and swabs from the posteriors pharyngeal wall were examined for the presence of Candida albicans. In the tongue cultures were positive in all cases, and in the pharynx they were positive in 42 cases. After treatment with 'Canasten' solution, the condition was cured in 53 cases. This directs attention to the role of Candida albicans as a cause of chronic pharyngitis, and to the relationship between candidiasis of the tongue and that of the throat. PMID- 6736759 TI - Cystic hygroma of the head and neck. A review of 37 cases. AB - 37 children with cystic hygroma of the head and neck are reviewed. 92 per cent of the children required surgical excision of the cystic hygroma and one-third of these children suffered a permanent nerve palsy. Spontaneous resolution of the cystic hygroma occurred in 8 per cent of the children over a period of follow-up lasting on average 7 years 2 months (range 3 months-20 years). 41 per cent of the children suffered significant upper airway and feeding problems. PMID- 6736760 TI - Pseudopyogenic granuloma of the external ear. PMID- 6736761 TI - Nasal septal chondrosarcoma (a long-term follow-up report). AB - A case of nasal septal chondrosarcoma is presented which, after radical surgery, recurred after seven and a half years. The post-mortem findings showed gross local spread and dural seedlings. The clinical implications are discussed and the literature reviewed. PMID- 6736762 TI - Cementifying fibroma of the ethmoidal sinus. AB - An interesting case of cementifying fibroma of the ethmoidal sinus is presented. This benign tumour, in this unusual site, tends to behave in an aggressive manner and radical surgery is necessary. Recurrence is frequent. PMID- 6736763 TI - Oesophageal adenocarcinoma in a boy of fifteen years. PMID- 6736764 TI - Subcutaneous emphysema: pathological and anaesthetic, but not surgical. PMID- 6736765 TI - Feuerstein's instrumental enrichment: a new approach for activating intellectual potential in learning disabled youth. PMID- 6736766 TI - Standardized grade equivalents: really! No. Well, sort of, but they are more confusing than helpful. PMID- 6736767 TI - Improving spelling performance by imitating a child's errors. PMID- 6736768 TI - Negative effects of illustrations as word cues. PMID- 6736769 TI - Developmental placement: does it prevent future learning problems? PMID- 6736770 TI - Short-term memory encoding and memory search in the word recognition of learning disabled children. PMID- 6736771 TI - Cognitive profile of children referred to a clinic for reading disabilities. PMID- 6736772 TI - Diagnosis of word-finding disorders in children with learning disabilities. PMID- 6736773 TI - Self-recording of attention by learning disabled students in the regular classroom. PMID- 6736774 TI - Basic responsibility training and the LD student: wanting what you get and getting what you want. PMID- 6736775 TI - Emotional and behavioral aspects of hyperactivity. PMID- 6736776 TI - Education's annus mirabilis. PMID- 6736777 TI - The economy of the enterohepatic circulation of bile acids in the baboon. 1. Studies of controlled enterohepatic circulation of bile acids. AB - A primate model with controlled enterohepatic circulation has been developed which allowed short-term evaluation of bile salt pool size, cycling frequency, and fecal losses. We found that when bile salt secretion into the small bowel was increased above 700 mumol/hr bile acid pool cycling frequency was also increased. The latter allowed short-term regulation of bile salt pool size by affecting increased fecal losses. These compensatory mechanisms were associated with a return of bile acid secretion and cycling frequency to normal usually within 12 24 hours. Conversely, during decreased bile salt secretion, regulation of bile salt pool size was accomplished by decreased pool cycling, which decreased fecal losses. Bile acid secretion into the intestine was therefore a major determinant of bile salt cycling frequency. The latter affected bile salt fecal loss to provide short-term regulation of bile salt pool when feedback regulation of bile salt synthesis was nonoperative. PMID- 6736778 TI - The economy of the enterohepatic circulation of bile acids in the baboon. 2. Regulation of bile acid synthesis by enterohepatic circulation of bile acids. AB - Isotope dilution within bile acid pools and radiochemical assessment of cholesterol oxidation to bile acids were methods used to measure short-term feedback regulation of bile acid synthesis in baboons with controlled enterohepatic circulations. Intraduodenal infusion of labeled endogenous bile acid pools into bile acid-depleted animals with enhanced bile acid synthesis showed that the rate of bile acid returned to the liver affected the degree of inhibition of bile acid synthesis. Infusion of prepared bile acid pools of varying composition resulted in a specific pattern of feedback inhibition of bile salt synthesis related to pool composition and mass. Individual bile salts inhibited their own synthesis more than that of other bile salts, and chenodeoxycholic and deoxycholic acids were found to have greater inhibitory effects than cholic acid. Glycine-conjugated cholic and chenodeoxycholic acids had greater inhibitory effects than did the respective free bile salts. Infusion of mixed bile acid pools showed that dihydroxy bile acids (chenodeoxycholic or deoxycholic) enhanced feedback inhibition of cholic acid. In all studies, inhibition of bile acid synthesis occurred twice as fast as its derepression. PMID- 6736779 TI - Effects of four taurine-conjugated bile acids on mucosal uptake and lymphatic absorption of cholesterol in the rat. AB - The importance of the bile acid structure on mucosal uptake and lymphatic absorption of cholesterol was investigated using four different taurine conjugated bile acids. Pure synthetic conjugates of a trihydroxy bile acid, taurocholate, and three dihydroxy bile acids, tauroursodeoxycholate, taurochenodeoxycholate, and taurodeoxycholate were used to completely solubilize [14C]cholesterol and polar lipids for steady rate intraduodenal infusion for 8 hr in bile fistula rats. Lymph output and esterification of [14C]cholesterol and endogenous cholesterol were measured in hourly samples. A second group of bile fistula rats was given the same bile acids as the first group but without added cholesterol or other lipid, i.e., fasting lymph fistula group. Mucosal uptake of [14C]cholesterol was studied using recovery of [14C]cholesterol from lumen and mucosa after 1-hr infusions in conscious bile fistula rats. Lymph output of [14C]cholesterol was promoted more rapidly with taurocholate than with the dihydroxy conjugates and [14C]cholesterol output differed for the three groups given dihydroxy bile acids. The mass of cholesterol in lymph, measured chemically, varied in parallel with [14C]cholesterol absorption. For fasting lymph, infusion of dihydroxy bile acids failed to produce a significant change in endogenous cholesterol output when compared with rats given saline only. Taurocholate infusion markedly increased endogenous cholesterol in lymph of fasted rats. Under all conditions where cholesterol output was stimulated, the increase could be accounted for mainly as esterified cholesterol. Mucosal uptake of [14C]cholesterol during 1-hr infusions in conscious bile fistula rats was slower with the dihydroxy bile acids than with taurocholate. The results indicate the marked effect of the number and configuration of the hydroxyl groups on the solubilizing bile acid for cholesterol absorption. PMID- 6736780 TI - Modification in the composition and metabolic properties of human low density and high density lipoproteins by different dietary fats. AB - The chemical composition and metabolism of lipoproteins in a population of Benedictine nuns were studied after 5-month periods during which the predominant dietary fats were sunflower oil, peanut oil, palm oil, or milk fats (butter and cream). The population was divided into three groups. The control group (C) included twelve subjects selected at random by taking two subjects per age pool among those with plasma cholesterol less than 230 mg/dl. Groups H1 and H2 were selected at random in the same way, among those with plasma cholesterol greater than 230 mg/dl. Each group comprised six subjects and differed from each other in the amount of plasma cholesteryl esters, i.e., below and above the mean value of group C, for H1 and H2, respectively. Changes in the degree of saturation of the predominant fat of the diet were associated with changes in both the chemical composition of lipoproteins and their cellular metabolism studied in fibroblast cultures. No significant difference between the normocholesterolemic subjects of group C and the "high risk" subjects of groups H1 and H2 was found. PMID- 6736781 TI - Relationship of high density lipoprotein cholesterol to cholesterol metabolism in the baboon (Papio sp.). AB - Genetic effects on serum high density lipoprotein (HDL) cholesterol concentration and several parameters of a two-pool model of cholesterol metabolism were investigated in 79 baboons, the progeny of 6 sires. Significant differences (P less than 0.05) were observed among the sire progeny groups for HDL cholesterol (HDL-C), cholesterol production rate, cholesterol mass of pool A, and the rate constants KA and KAB. Rank correlations (rs) revealed that the sire progeny group means for HDL-C are closely correlated with those for the cholesterol mass of pool A (rs = 0.89), KA (rs = -0.78), and KAB (rs = -0.94). These strong correlations suggest that pool A, KA, and KAB are influenced to a large degree by the same genes that regulate HDL-C concentration. The strong inverse relationship (rs = -0.78) between HDL-C and KA suggests that the differences among these sire progeny groups for HDL-C are due chiefly to those metabolic processes which regulate cholesterol excretion from pool A. This conclusion is consistent with reports that HDL-C is a preferred precursor for bile acid synthesis. PMID- 6736782 TI - Cholesterol dynamics in rats fed cis- and trans-octadecenoate in the form of triglyceride. AB - The cholesterol dynamics were compared in rats fed diets containing either camellia oil or partially hydrogenated corn oil as a source of cis- and trans octadecenoate, respectively. The diets contained approximately the same amount of octadecenoic acid, and an equivalent amount of linoleic acid. In rats fed the trans-fat for about 30 days, liver cholesterol levels were clearly low relative to levels in rats fed the cis-fat, while the concentration of serum cholesterol and the distribution of cholesterol in serum lipoproteins were comparable. The activity of hepatic microsomal 3-hydroxy-3-methylglutaryl coenzyme A reductase and the incorporation of [I-14C]acetate into digitonin-precipitable sterols in the liver homogenate tended to increase in rats fed the trans-fat diet. Cholesterol 7 alpha-hydroxylase activity increased significantly. Cholesterol absorption measured by the dual isotope serum ratio method was markedly lower, and much more radioactivity both from orally and intravenously administered cholesterol was excreted quickly into feces in the trans-fat group, with relatively more excretion in the neutral than in the acidic steroids. Apparent absorption of dietary fat was slightly lower in the trans-fat group. Cholesterol turnover as analyzed according to the two-pool model was much faster in rats fed trans-fat and the pool A size was reduced mainly as a consequence of stimulation of the removal rate from this pool. The intestinal epithelial cells contained relatively more trans-octadecenoate compared to the serum and liver and trans-fat modified the lipid composition specifically. These observations suggest that the changes in cholesterol metabolism due to the ingestion of trans-fat, compared to cis-fat, are as a result of metabolic events in the intestine. PMID- 6736783 TI - Effects of alcohol on plasma lipoproteins and cholesterol and triglyceride metabolism in man. AB - To define the effects of moderate alcohol intake on cholesterol and triglyceride metabolism in man, twelve patients were hospitalized on a metabolic ward and were fed defined diets for 10 weeks. Each patient underwent testing of plasma lipid and lipoprotein levels, of cholesterol metabolism (absorption, fecal excretion, bile saturation), and of triglyceride metabolism [turnover of triglycerides in chylomicrons and very low density lipoproteins (VLDL)]. This testing was done twice, first during a 4-week control period and then during a 4-week period in which 630 calories of alcohol were either added to or substituted for baseline calories. This increased the average baseline caloric intake by only 24% (range 20% to 30% depending on the initial caloric intake). Addition of alcohol to the baseline diet did not cause weight gain in lean individuals. Obese individuals' responses were more variable, and 3/6 definitely gained weight when the diet was supplemented with alcohol. In addition, obese subjects appeared to be more susceptible to the hyperlipidemic effects of alcohol; whereas 4/6 obese patients developed increased total triglyceride and VLDL-triglyceride concentrations when alcohol was administered, concentrations increased with alcohol administration in only 1/6 lean individuals. High density lipoprotein (HDL) cholesterol increased in all volunteers. Low density lipoprotein (LDL) levels did not change. Metabolic studies showed increased transport of VLDL-triglycerides in overweight patients but not in normal weight individuals; increased transport of VLDL-triglycerides in the former was associated with delayed clearance of chylomicron triglycerides. Alcohol consumption did not affect lipoprotein lipase or hepatic triglyceride lipase in six patients in whom these enzyme activities were measured. In the amounts of alcohol taken in this study, no changes were observed in absorption, synthesis, or excretion of bile acids, or percent saturation of gallbladder bile with cholesterol. PMID- 6736784 TI - Phospholipid molecular species quantitation from mass spectra of underivatized lipids. AB - Isobutane chemical ionization of 0.05 to 5 micrograms of phospholipid volatilized from a direct exposure probe provides, in less than a minute, mass spectra from which the component molecular species can be quantitated. Molecular response factors are determined from a stable external standard mixture containing saturated molecular species; a simple series of linear equations is used to correct for isotope effect and hydrogen abstraction. An internal standard allows absolute quantitation of the sample. In cases where different molecular species have the same molecular weight, the species can be quantified by tandem mass spectrometry daughter ion analysis. PMID- 6736786 TI - Steroid balance studies after cholesterol feeding. PMID- 6736785 TI - A method for measurement of nanogram quantities of 3-methylcholanthrene in stool samples. AB - The carcinogen 3-methylcholanthrene can be produced from deoxycholic acid and is postulated by some investigators to play a role in the pathogenesis of colon carcinoma. The small quantities of this compound which could be carcinogenic have been difficult to measure in feces because of many potentially interfering compounds. Using 3-[6-14C]methylcholanthrene as an internal standard, petroleum ether extraction, C-18 SepPak separation, preparative high performance liquid chromatography, and gas-liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry with selected ion monitoring, we developed an assay capable of detecting less than 35 ng of 3 methylcholanthrene per gram of stool. Application of this technique to stools of five patients with colon carcinoma and two normal controls revealed no detectable 3-methylcholanthrene in any stool sample. This negative result was confirmed by incubating radiolabeled cholic acid in fecal homogenates. Although greater than 90% of this radiolabeled bile acid was converted to deoxycholic acid, none of the radioactivity was found in the thin-layer chromatography fraction corresponding to 3-methylcholanthrene. These observations provide evidence against a role for 3 methylcholanthrene in pathogenesis of human colon carcinoma. Similar assays could be used for analysis of other carcinogens in stool samples. PMID- 6736787 TI - [Value of phlebography in venous pathology]. PMID- 6736788 TI - [Serial angioscintigraphy in deep venous thrombosis of the upper limb]. PMID- 6736789 TI - [Thrombosis of the superior vena cava]. PMID- 6736790 TI - [Septic venous thrombosis of the upper limbs. Reflections apropos of 20 cases]. PMID- 6736791 TI - [So-called primary or exertion-induced axillosubclavian phlebitis. Anatomico functional conditions of appearance and bases of surgical treatment]. PMID- 6736792 TI - [Diagnosis and treatment of so-called exertion-induced thrombophlebitis of the upper limb]. PMID- 6736793 TI - [Long-term follow-up of patients operated on for lesions of the internal carotid artery]. PMID- 6736794 TI - [Pseudovascular painful feet]. PMID- 6736795 TI - [Acral manifestations and latent tetany]. PMID- 6736796 TI - [Venous heavy legs]. PMID- 6736797 TI - [Lymphatic heavy legs]. PMID- 6736799 TI - [Apropos of heavy legs in children. New concept of tissue dysplasia]. PMID- 6736798 TI - [Arteritic heavy legs]. PMID- 6736800 TI - [Anatomico-pathological causes of cellulite]. PMID- 6736801 TI - [So-called cellulitic heavy legs]. PMID- 6736802 TI - [Radiological aspects of thrombosis of the deep veins of the upper limbs and the mediastinum]. PMID- 6736803 TI - On the survival probability of a slightly advantageous mutant gene in a multitype population: a multidimensional branching process model. AB - The estimated survival probability of a slightly supercritical Galton-Watson process is generalized to a multitype branching process. The result is used to estimate the probability of initial success of a mutant gene whose effect on the individual carrier depends on the carrier's sex, class, etc. The probability of initial success is also estimated in a case where the effect of the mutation is manifested in terms of the distribution of types within one's progeny, e.g. in a case of a change in the sex ratio. PMID- 6736804 TI - The Community Care for the Elderly Act of 1982--how will it affect the private practice of medicine? PMID- 6736805 TI - Mortality in rural Georgia. PMID- 6736806 TI - Successful treatment of Pseudomonas pneumonia complicated by bacteremia and empyema. PMID- 6736807 TI - Forecast for change: health care organizations and the new medical leadership. PMID- 6736808 TI - Hospital physician dynamics. PMID- 6736810 TI - Giving life to a "Living Will": what should it look like? What does it mean? What should be done with it? PMID- 6736809 TI - The physician's view of contracts. PMID- 6736812 TI - The role of adjuvant radiation therapy in adenocarcinoma of the rectum and rectosigmoid. PMID- 6736811 TI - Evaluation of the cardiac patient for non-cardiac surgery. PMID- 6736813 TI - First annual conference of the American Association for Medical Systems and Informatics. October 1982, Washington, D.C. PMID- 6736814 TI - Experience with microcomputer management of a personal medical literature collection. AB - Microcomputers may be conveniently and effectively used to manage personal medical literature collections. A bibliographic data base consisting of the author, title, and source for each reference is entered and stored on magnetic tapes or disks. Document categorization and keyword assignment prior to entry is optional, thus allowing clerical personnel to maintain both the literature collection and the bibliographic data base. Subject searches using an array of search terms formulated by the medical user permit retrieval of relevant bibliographic citations. Current alphabetical and keyword-in-context listings of the documents in the the collection may also be produced. The programming approach uses string processing and is within the capability of programmers with limited experience. PMID- 6736815 TI - An automated medical record system, 10 years later. AB - An automated medical record system (AMRS) at the Harvard Community Health Plan supports medical records membership and the management needs of the 146,000 member health maintenance organization. The ARMS is fully integrated into the operation of HCHP's health centers and into the clinical practice of the medical staff. User interviews conducted as part of a systems planning effort revealed a high level of satisfaction with the system. The acceptance of and enthusiasm for the AMRS was coupled with a variety of ideas for improvement and enhancements to the system. Most of these suggestions were not uniquely related to the automated technology supporting the system but rather addressed medical records issues familiar to conventional paper systems. While this distinction is subtle, it further confirms the viability of an automated system and suggests directions for future growth. PMID- 6736816 TI - A hospital patient and laboratory machine-readable identification system (MRIS) revisited. AB - Many machine-readable identification systems (MRIS) that can automatically identify patients and their laboratory specimens are described in this paper. It is recommended that greater use be made of bar-code, optical character, or magnetic ink label printers and readers, to permit MRIS of X-ray films, EKGs, EEGs, and other tracings, drugs, and blood-products, as well as for requisitions, forms, charges, reports, and medical records. This technology will contribute greatly to eliminate a major source of error in health care, as well as accelerate the performance of many procedures, control cost by reducing personnel levels, and improve medical care substantially. PMID- 6736817 TI - An on-line interactive interviewing program for epidemiological studies. AB - An on-line interactive verification and entry system (OLIVES) has been developed for conducting telephone interviews in large-scale epidemiological studies. Responses are automatically coded into a computer legible form suitable for analysis. Use of a question stack to control question flow allows on-line response modification, restart from any termination point, and minimal reprogramming in order to change question order. Numerical, coded, and text string data types are permitted. A multilevel hierarchical data structure reflects interview content. The advantages and disadvantages of the on-line approach are discussed. OLIVES is generalizable and is applicable to other on line or off-line interview situations. PMID- 6736818 TI - Creation of personnel at the medical/computer science interface: should it be a specialty? AB - The development of minicomputers and microprocessors allows the paper and pencil records to be replaced by electronic records. Data from medical practice stored in paper form disappear in the jaws of office files and hospital record rooms. Only a fraction are retrieved for retrospective studies. Records kept in electronic form are immediately available and over time give the doctor a data base from which he can construct a computerized textbook describing his own practice in terms of diagnosis, treatment and outcomes. Data from the practice can even be available as a basis for clinical trials of drugs and procedures. The doctor now has a potential data base for biostatistical and epidemiologic studies relating to his practice on an ongoing basis. PMID- 6736819 TI - Networking and medical information systems. AB - A local area communications network (LACN) has been implemented successfully at the University of California, San Francisco (UCSF) Hospital. This technology, developed by the Applied Physics Laboratory of the Johns Hopkins University, facilitates communication among systems previously considered "incompatible". The implication of this experiment is that a modular, evolutionary approach to medical systems will soon be a viable alternative to the "total" single-vendor approach now commonly used. Substantial preparation by a medical center, however, will be required in order to use an LACN properly. This will probably be done in many cases with the assistance of a new type of medical systems vendor, i.e., one having no systems of its own to sell. PMID- 6736820 TI - Data management of a case-control study with a large number of variables. AB - The description is presented of the system design and implementation experience obtained while providing the data management for a case-control study involving a large number of variables. Topics concerning questionnaire design, data collection, data coding, data entry, data edit, and data storage and retrieval are discussed. Designing and implementing the data-processing system for such a study provides diversified data management experience. This experience results in the investigation of existing and the development of new procedures and documents that can be applied to other studies in medical research. Emphasis is placed on the presentation of system details that can be tailored to specifications for a variety of studies. PMID- 6736821 TI - The current systems assessment and the clinical care process. A tool for clinical supervision and the design of clinical information systems. AB - A side benefit of a current systems assessment carried out prior to automation was the development of a systematic picture of the clinical care system as captured in the system flow chart. The results of this assessment provided clinical administrators with a blueprint identifying the current system's strengths and weaknesses, which could be used both to introduce improvements and to measure the effect of such changes totally apart from the initial question of automation. PMID- 6736822 TI - A sequential protocol for the optimization of diagnostic procedures in hepatology. AB - The aim of this paper is to present a sequential protocol to be used in clinical practice for the detection of liver diseases, based on clinical history, physical examination, and laboratory investigation. The evaluation of the protocol efficacy was carried out on a sample of 288 subjects (92 normal, and 196 affected by various liver alterations) by comparing the obtained results with reference classifications independently performed on the basis of all available subject records (including many more laboratory tests than the ones used in the protocol). A cost-benefit analysis was also carried out, based on the resident population of Regione Piemonte, comparing the protocol with two other simpler ones. Results show that the proposed protocol allows a considerable reduction of costs, showing a high estimated efficacy for clinical use. PMID- 6736823 TI - An outbreak of M. pneumoniae infection at a secondary school in Bangkok. PMID- 6736824 TI - Septicemia due to Aeromonas hydrophila. PMID- 6736825 TI - Giant bullous emphysema in childhood tuberculosis. A case report. PMID- 6736826 TI - Aortic aneurysm masquerading as acquired pulmonic stenosis. PMID- 6736827 TI - Lymphomatoid papulosis: report of a case in a Thai patient. PMID- 6736828 TI - Evaporative water loss in the normal adult Thai. PMID- 6736829 TI - Penile and testicular size in Thai male neonates. PMID- 6736830 TI - The simple rubber band technic for slow subcutaneous infusion of desferrioxamine. PMID- 6736831 TI - Chronic cutaneous arsenism treated with aromatic retinoid. PMID- 6736832 TI - Year-to-year variation of the orthogonal electrocardiogram and vectorcardiogram among 243 normal white males. AB - When assessing patients' serial ECG changes, the clinician implicitly compares those changes to the limits of change expected in a healthy population. Prospective epidemiological studies, too, develop their criteria from the limits of normal serial ECG changes. Surprisingly then, few studies have reported normal limits for changes between serial ECGs taken six months or longer apart, and all are based on small samples. The present study has a large sample size: 243 white middle-aged and older males, after exclusions for heart disease. Each had at least four consecutive annual examinations with ECGs. Limits of serial variability were computed for 52 measurements. The ECG measurements included durations, amplitudes, ratios, angles and spatial magnitudes. Clinical measurements included blood pressure, cholesterol relative weight and hemoglobin. Year-to-year ECG variabilities were compared to day-to-day variabilities of the same measurements reported earlier. Year-to-year variation was virtually identical to the reported day-to-day variation in most measurements. In only two measurements was year-to-year variation over 25% greater than the reported day-to day variation. PMID- 6736833 TI - Pericardial effusion: relation of clinical echocardiographic and electrocardiographic findings. AB - To evaluate the effects of pericardial effusion on the ECG, we compared clinical, echocardiographic and ECG findings in 459 patients. The prevalence of echocardiographic effusion ranged from 1% (1/79) among normal subjects, to 28% (32/114) among patients with valvular disease, 30% (27/90) in patients with hypertension, and 86% (18/21) in patients with pericardial disease. No relationship existed between left ventricular function and the prevalence of effusion, but a strong inverse relationship was found between LV function and effusion size (r = -0.63, p less than 0.01). Small and moderate sized effusions had a progressive damping effect on ECG voltage, displacing the regression lines between Sokolow -Lyon voltage and left ventricular mass downward by 1.2 and 4.4 mm respectively. Standard ECG criteria for low voltage (leads I, II, III each less than 0.5 mV, or V1 to V6 each less than 1.0 mV) were extremely insensitive for detection of effusions (12%), although highly specific (94%). Other ECG criteria which improved sensitivity resulted in an unacceptably high prevalence of false-positive diagnoses of pericardial effusion. Thus, echocardiographic effusions occur in only 1% of normal subjects but in more than 25% of patients with hemodynamic loading conditions, with a strong relationship between worsening left ventricular function and increasing effusion size. In contrast to the close relationship between echocardiographic pericardial effusions and clinical findings, low electrocardiographic QRS voltage is a weak predictor of the presence of pericardial effusion. PMID- 6736834 TI - The cardiac rhythm in accidental hypothermia. AB - An analysis of the ECGs from 60 patients with accidental hypothermia reveals several facts concerning rhythmicity. Echocardiograms were useful to determine the precise rhythm in cases without discernible P waves. Atrial fibrillation (AF) was unusual in mild hypothermia (greater than 32.0 degrees C). AF was often observed in moderate (32.0-26.0 degrees C) and moderately deep (less than 26.0 degrees C) hypothermia. However, about half of the cases with moderately deep hypothermia remained in sinus, atrial, or junctional rhythm. AF was usually converted to sinus rhythm without any antiarrhythmic agents soon after normothermia was restored. There was no significant difference in the mortality rate between the AF and non-AF groups. Therefore, no aggressive treatment for this arrhythmia seems to be necessary. PMID- 6736835 TI - Electrocardiographic tall R waves in the right precordial leads: vectorcardiographic and electrocardiographic distinction of posterior myocardial infarction from prominent anterior forces in normal subjects. AB - Electrocardiographic tall R waves in the right precordial leads may be present in patients with posterior wall myocardial infarction, right ventricular hypertrophy, various conduction disturbances, some forms of cardiomyopathy, and in clinically otherwise normal subjects with prominent anterior forces. Since clinical uncertainty most often arises in distinguishing possible prior posterior myocardial infarction from the unusual normal variant, we compared VCGs and ECGs in 19 subjects with posterior infarction with tracings from 11 subjects with no evidence of cardiac disease who had prominent anterior forces on routine examination. By VCG, the infarction group was characterized by smaller maximum posterior voltage in the horizontal plane, more anteriorly oriented T loop direction, more prolonged anterior QRS forces, more leftward frontal plane QRS maximum vector, and associated evidence of diaphragmatic infarction. By standard ECG, the infarction group was characterized by isoelectric or upright T waves in precordial lead V1, a more leftward frontal plane axis, and associated diaphragmatic infarction. Criteria for distinguishing between posterior wall myocardial infarction and prominent anterior forces in otherwise clinically normal subjects are suggested. These require prospective validation in an independent test population. PMID- 6736836 TI - The relationship between electrocardiographic changes and early mortality rate in acute myocardial infarction. AB - In 587 patients with acute myocardial infarction (AMI) and no previous MI, electrocardiographically estimated infarct size was related to three-month mortality. Mortality was found to be higher in patients with transmural MI (Q or R-wave changes in standard ECG) than in patients with subendocardial infarction (ST-T wave changes in standard ECG). In patients with anterior MI, precordial mapping with 24 chest electrodes was analyzed four days after arrival in hospital (n = 197). Neither the sum of R-waves, the sum of Q-waves, nor the number of Q waves correlated significantly with early mortality, although there was a trend towards higher mortality among patients with more pronounced ECG changes. Finally, in patients with inferior AMI (n = 230), neither the sum of R-waves nor the sum of Q-waves in leads II, III and aVF on the fourth day influenced three month mortality. However, when subtracting the sum of Q-waves from the sum of R waves, there was a significant correlation between the estimated infarct size and the early mortality. PMID- 6736837 TI - Electrophysiologic effects of Tween 80 in the myocardium and specialized conduction system of the canine heart. AB - Amiodarone, a wide spectrum antiarrhythmic agent, has been associated with hypotensive reactions in man as well as in dogs after intravenous use. This hypotensive effect has been attributed to Tween 80, the diluent in the commercially available form of amiodarone. We studied the electrophysiologic effects of Tween 80 in the cardiac conduction system of the dog. Electrophysiologic studies were conducted in anesthetized adult dogs before and after the administration of 10 and 20 mg/kg of Tween 80, equivalent to the amount of diluent in 5 and 10 mg/kg respectively of commercial intravenous amiodarone. In addition to a drop of 60% in systolic blood pressure and 66% in diastolic blood pressure (p less than 0.005), 10 mg/kg of Tween 80 induced a decrease in heart rate (sinus cycle length increased from 523 +/- 57 msec to 662 +/- 27 msec, p less than 0.025), prolongation of sinus node recovery time (652 +/- 77 msec to 804 +/- 45 msec, p less than 0.05), depression of AV nodal function manifested by induction of Wenckebach at longer cycle length (from 208 +/- 18 msec to 266 +/- 14 msec, p less than 0.005), and increase in atrial ERP (from 138 +/- 7 msec to 176 +/- 14 msec, p less than 0.025) and FRP (from 180 +/- 14 msec to 209 +/- 12 msec, p less than 0.025). No further significant changes were observed after the second Tween 80 dose. The ventricular ERP increased significantly (from 168 +/- 18 msec to 20 +/- 16 msec, p less than 0.025) following the 20 mg/kg dose. It is demonstrated that Tween 80 is a potent depressant of the cardiac conduction system in the dog, capable of causing electrophysiologic changes similar to those produced by amiodarone in humans and dogs. PMID- 6736838 TI - Atrial fibrillation: minimal sampling interval to estimate average rate. AB - The average heart rate and maximal heart rate (average R-R and shortest R-R intervals) in atrial fibrillation are frequently calculated to assess drug effect. The minimum recording sample to obtain accurate estimates of "instantaneous" average and maximum heart rate has not been established. We analyzed the R-R intervals after a 4 minute ECG recording in 40 supine patients with chronic atrial fibrillation. A "life table" analysis revealed that the average heart rate derived from a 20 second sample of atrial fibrillation approximates (+/- 5%) the true value in an estimated 92.5% of patients. On the other hand, a two minute sample is required to approximate the shortest R-R interval within 5% of the true value in 90% of patients. Studies utilizing average R-R interval and shortest R-R interval as an index of drug response should use electrocardiographic sampling intervals of at least 30 seconds and two minutes respectively. PMID- 6736839 TI - Vector U loop in normal and hypertensive subjects. AB - The U loops of vectorcardiograms (VCG) were recorded in 100 normal subjects and 123 subjects with hypertension, using a direct-writing vectorcardiograph with memory function. These U loops were examined qualitatively and quantitatively. Subjects with hypertension were classified into four groups on the basis of electrocardiographic findings, and the correlation between findings on the U loop and the severity of hypertension was studied. The U loop of normal subjects was directed similarly to the T loop, showing either an arc or semilunar shape in the horizontal plane. In hypertensive subjects the U loop tended to be displaced anteroinferiorly and to the right with an increase in severity of hypertension. In these subjects the U loop was of slightly greater amplitude than in normal subjects, and was long and slender in shape. Anterior and rightward displacement of the U loop was also observed in hypertensive cases who showed no abnormality in the T wave of standard lead ECGs or in the T loop of the VCG. These findings seem useful as clinical parameters of the hemodynamic state in the early stage of hypertension. Based on these results, it was hypothesized that mechanical factors, such as stretch of the ventricular muscles induced by pressure loading of the left ventricle, may contribute greatly to genesis of the U loop. PMID- 6736840 TI - Diagnostic value of electrocardiogram and vectorcardiogram in postinfarction ventricular asynergy. AB - The ability of ECG-VCG to predict the severity of postinfarction LV asynergy was evaluated in 152 patients with previous myocardial infarction who underwent left cineventriculography in the right anterior oblique view. Various ECG and VCG signs were examined in order to predict the existence of severe asynergy in general (dyskinesia or akinesia or severe hypokinesia) and of dyskinesia in particular. In patients with inferior myocardial infarction (Group A) persistent ST segment elevation was the only specific ECG sign (100%) of severe asynergy; it had a poor sensitivity (6.2%). Four frontal VCG signs (presence of terminal bite, y- greater than 0.18 mV, maximum early superior vector along x axis = MESV greater than or equal to 1.3 mV, duration of initial superior forces = DISF greater than 50 msec) increased the sensitivity of the ECG-VCG method to 75.8% while maintaining a 100% specificity. Regarding the diagnosis of dyskinesia, only the ECG sign of persistent ST segment elevation and the VCG sign of y- greater than or equal to 0.3 mV had a 100% specificity. The sensitivity of the ECG-VCG method was 33.3% (16.6% ECG and 16.6% VCG). In patients with anterior myocardial infarction (Group B), concerning the diagnosis of severe asynergy, the ECG signs of sigma ST greater than 3 mm in anterior leads; pathologic Q wave in four or more anterior leads (including D1 and aVL); and the presence of LAH or LAH + RBBB, had a 100% specificity and a good sensitivity (60.5%). The VCG sign of a narrow horizontal QRS loop increased the sensitivity of the ECG-VCG method to 71% while maintaining a 100% specificity. As for the diagnosis of dyskinesia, the ECG signs with a 100% specificity were sigma ST greater than or equal to 5 mm in anterior leads, a pathologic Q wave in more than five anterior leads (including I and a VL) and RBBB + LAH; these variables had a sensitivity of 48.3%. The VCG sign of a narrow horizontal QRS loop increased the sensitivity of the ECG-VCG method to 79.3% while maintaining a 100% specificity. In patients with inferior plus anterior myocardial infarction (Group A + B) the signs mentioned above for each group were evaluated, confirming a 100% specificity. Regarding the diagnosis of severe asynergy, the ECG signs had a sensitivity of 61.3%, while VCG increased the sensitivity of the ECG-VCG method to 90.3%.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 400 WORDS) PMID- 6736842 TI - The ECGD: a derivation of the ECG from VCG leads. PMID- 6736841 TI - QT interval variability on the body surface. AB - To assess the effects of measurement methodology on QT determinations and to define the spectrum of QT values, including interlead variability, on the body surface, we measured QT in each of 120 simultaneously-recorded, signal-averaged ECG leads in 10 normal subjects and 14 patients with QT prolongation (lead II QTc greater than 440). Two separate, but related, methods of QT measurement were utilized. Method A was a relatively conventional technique in which ST-T offset was defined as the time instant of return of the T wave to a P-P baseline, or as the point of U-on-T intersection. Method B was a more rigorous method, which defined ST-T offset in a similar manner, and in addition discarded from analysis all QT values from leads with monophasic ST-T waveform in which the QT values were greater than the longest QT from leads with definite U waves. Method B was utilized to minimize factitious prolongation of QT by inapparent U-on-T. By both methods the mean body surface QTc values were significantly greater (p less than 0.001) in the patient group (482 +/- 65 [S.D.] msec, method A; 447 +/- 43 msec, method B), than in the normal subject group (399 +/- 14 msec, method A; 396 +/- 12, method B). Interlead QTc variability (difference between the longest and shortest QT) was considerable with both methods and in both study groups. Expressed as percent of average body surface values, the mean interlead QTc variability in normal subjects averaged 22 percent with method A and 19 percent with method B; in the patient group, however, it averaged 32 percent with method A and only 18 percent with method B. In absolute terms, the mean variability in the patient group with method A (155 +/- 62 msec) was significantly greater (p less than 0.001) than that of the normal group (89 +/- 33 msec); with method B, interlead variability was the same (p = NS) in the normal (76 +/0 27 msec) and patient groups (80 +/- 44 msec). This latter finding suggests the possibility that the repolarization abnormality in patients with QT prolongation may occur relatively uniformly throughout the ventricular myocardium. Thus, measurement techniques are important in multiple-lead QT determinations. Although reduced by techniques designed to minimize factitious QT prolongation, interlead QT variation is considerable over the torso surface, in both normal subjects and patients with repolarization abnormalities.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 400 WORDS) PMID- 6736843 TI - ECG aximeter. PMID- 6736844 TI - Modulation of ventricular parasystole by extraneous depolarizations. AB - The ectopic cycle length of a ventricular parasystole was influenced in a predictable fashion (modulated) by nonparasystolic beats. Although the interectopic intervals were not multiples of the ectopic cycle length (as in "classical" parasystole), the diagnosis could be established because: a) nonparasystolic beats falling during the first half of the cycle produced an 8 12% shortening of the ectopic cycle length; and b) nonparasystolic beats occurring during the second half of the cycle decreased the ectopic cycle length by 9-14%. The events occurring in this case are further proof that the classical criteria for the diagnosis of parasystole have to be reevaluated. PMID- 6736845 TI - Second degree entrance block with supernormal conduction in intermittent ventricular parasystole. AB - A patient with intermittent ventricular parasystole is reported in whom the presence of second degree entrance block with supernormal conduction was suggested for the first time. In this patient, ventricular extrasystoles with variable coupling frequently occurred. The QRS configuration of the extrasystoles was different from that of the parasystolic beats. When extrasystoles did not occur, the parasystolic beat was never seen because the conducted sinus impulse always reset the parasystolic rhythm. When an extrasystole occurred 0.52 sec or more after the preceding sinus beat, this extrasystolic impulse also reset the parasystolic rhythm. On the other hand, when an extrasystole occurred between 0.47 and 0.51 sec after the sinus beat, the parasystolic focus was protected from this extrasystolic impulse. When, however, an extrasystole occurred in a short terminal portion of the T wave of the preceding sinus beat, this extrasystolic impulse reset the parasystolic rhythm again, suggesting entrance block failure during the supernormal phase. PMID- 6736846 TI - Pseudo failure of sensing in patients with universal pacemakers and junctional rhythms. AB - Ventricular fibrillation has been only rarely observed as a complication of cardiac pacing after the advent of demand pacemakers. Automatic AV sequential pacing (DDD) may provide the setting for ventricular fibrillation in patients with junctional rhythms. In this report we present two patients with implanted DDD pacemakers in whom ventricular pacemaker spikes were seen occurring on top of the T wave during episodes of junctional rhythm. This apparent lack of sensing of QRS complexes does not represent pacemaker malfunction, but rather, is the result of physiologic lack of sensing (blanking) which occurs 56 to 100 msec. following the output of the atrial and ventricular channels. During junctional rhythm when the atrial spike occurs at the beginning of a QRS complex the ventricular channel is blanked and does not sense the intrinsic ventricular activity and thus, ventricular output occurs during repolarization. Increasing the maximum pacemaker rate and decreasing the AV delay will reduce the chance occurrence of this phenomenon. PMID- 6736847 TI - Hyperprolactinaemia abolishes sensitivity of stria terminalis neurones to testosterone. AB - Hyperprolactinaemia was induced in castrated, testosterone-treated male rats using ectopic pituitary grafts under the kidney capsules. After 6 weeks the absolute refractory period of stria terminalis neurones in these animals did not differ significantly from long-term castrated rats (mean = 1.72 vs 1.69 ms) in spite of the presence of normal testosterone concentrations. Gonadally intact animals, and sham-operated castrated animals treated with testosterone, showed by comparison the characteristic significantly shorter absolute refractory period normally associated with testosterone stimulation (mean = 1.15 and 1.08 ms respectively). These results provide the first demonstration that hyperprolactinaemia can abolish central sensitivity to testosterone. PMID- 6736848 TI - Effects of exposure to pups on maternal behaviour, sexual behaviour and serum prolactin concentrations in male rats. AB - Male rats showed maternal behaviour within 72 h after the onset of continuous exposure to newborn rat pups. The latency of the behavioural response could be reduced by daily treatment with the dopamine receptor antagonist domperidone (2 X 2.5 mg/rat), which increased serum prolactin concentrations (241.4 +/- 26.5 (S.E.M.) micrograms/l) above those of vehicle-treated males exposed to pups (25.3 +/- 11.7 micrograms/l). Male rats did not respond to exposure to pups by secreting prolactin; keeping endogenous prolactin concentrations at a minimum (2.8 +/- 0.1 micrograms/l) by daily treatment with the dopamine receptor agonist bromocriptine (0.5 mg/rat) did not affect the behavioural response of male rats to newborn pups. Neither exposure to pups nor the modest hyperprolactinaemia induced by daily domperidone treatment affected the display of male sexual behaviour by male rats. PMID- 6736849 TI - The role of steroid hormones, prolactin and placental lactogen on mammary gland development in ewes and heifers. AB - In the first part of the investigations the interaction between oestradiol-17 beta, progesterone and prolactin on the formation of the lobuloalveolar structure of the mammary gland was studied in 21 nulliparous intact postpubertal ewes. Tissue specimens of the mammary gland were evaluated by light microscopical examination and prolactin was measured in blood samples. Combined treatment with oestradiol and progesterone induced physiological development of the lobuloalveolar structure of the mammary gland in the presence of prolactin. Suppression of prolactin by bromocriptine prevented this effect. Treatment with progesterone alone was not effective and revealed histological structures comparable to the controls. The interaction of oestradiol-17 beta with prolactin appears to be a main trigger for mammary gland development. In the second part of the investigations the effect of bromocriptine treatment during pregnancy on mammary gland development was studied in primigravid ewes and heifers. Mammary gland specimens were obtained for light and electron microscopical evaluation in ewes and heifers 5 and 10 days respectively before the expected date of parturition. Concentrations of prolactin and ovine placental lactogen were determined by radioimmunoassay. Bromocriptine treatment suppressed prolactin concentrations in ewes to minimal values but did not affect ovine placental lactogen concentrations. The histological evaluation revealed almost comparable stages of mammogenesis in both ewes and heifers. This effect can be attributed, at least in ewes, to the action of placental lactogen on mammogenesis. Placental lactogen might therefore be of physiological relevance during mammogenesis. PMID- 6736850 TI - Correlation between LH secretion in castrated rats with cellular proliferation and synthesis of DNA in the anterior pituitary gland. AB - The relationship between the release of LH and the synthesis of DNA was studied in the anterior pituitary gland of castrated rats. Cell types were characterized immunocytochemically. Castration significantly (P less than 0.01) increased the concentration of LH in serum (1326%) and the incorporation of [3H]thymidine into pituitary DNA (72%). This was accompanied by an increment in the activity of the enzyme DNA polymerase-alpha (58%) and in the number of mitoses (from 2 +/- 0.1/mm2 in intact rats to 21 +/- 0.8/mm2 15 days after castration). Only 20% of the mitoses found in the pituitary gland of castrated rats were positively stained with the antiserum against the beta-subunit of LH. The other 80% did not stain either with LH antiserum or with antisera against the other pituitary hormones. There was a significant (P less than 0.01) increase in the number of LH cells in castrated rats (48%). All the changes produced in the anterior pituitary gland after castration were prevented by the administration of dihydrotestosterone. The results demonstrate that a stimulation of LH release is followed by an increase of DNA synthesis and cell proliferation of gonadotrophs in the anterior pituitary gland. PMID- 6736851 TI - Anaesthesia with alphaxalone plus alphadolone acetate blocks the oestrogen stimulated LH surge and impairs pulsatile LH secretion in ovariectomized female rats. AB - Two experiments were undertaken to assess further the action of the steroid anaesthetic alphaxalone upon LH secretion in chronically ovariectomized female rats. For the first experiment, 31 rats were given two injections of oestradiol benzoate (20 micrograms/100 g body weight), each 72 h apart, to stimulate an LH surge 6 h after the second injection. However, one group of seven rats was anaesthetized with alphaxalone throughout the 6-h period and a second group of eight was similarly anaesthetized only for the last 2 h of the 6-h period. The steroid-stimulated LH surge was blocked in both groups of rats anaesthetized with alphaxalone. The second experiment involved a comparison of pulsatile LH secretion in animals which were either unanaesthetized (n = 8) or anaesthetized with alpha xalone (n = 9). In six out of nine rats the anaesthetic did not affect the maximum or minimum plasma LH concentrations but significantly slowed the frequency at which LH pulses were measured. In the remaining three anaesthetized rats the drug blocked pulsatile LH secretion. The experiments confirm that some secretion of LH continues during alphaxalone anaesthesia but indicate also that the drug has a more deleterious action upon the oestrogen-stimulated LH surge than believed hitherto. PMID- 6736853 TI - 5 Beta-reductase activity in the brain and cloacal gland of male and female embryos in the Japanese quail (Coturnix coturnix japonica). AB - Testosterone metabolism was studied by an in-vitro technique in the brain and cloacal gland of young male and female quail at different ages ranging from 7 days of incubation to 2 days after hatching. Very active metabolism, leading almost exclusively to the production of 5 beta-reduced compounds, was observed. 5 beta-Reductase activity remained high throughout the incubation period in the hypothalamus, decreased around the time of hatching in the cerebellum and decreased progressively between days 7 and 15 of incubation in the cloacal gland. These changes could be involved in the control of sexual differentiation: the high 5 beta-reductase in the brain possibly protects males from being behaviourally demasculinized by their endogenous testosterone while the decreasing 5 beta-reductase in the cloacal gland would progressively permit the masculinization of that structure. PMID- 6736852 TI - Use of the perifusion technique on rat thyroid fragments in the study of thyroid hormone secretion: short-term effects of thyrotrophin, theophylline and glucagon. AB - Perifusion of rat thyroid fragments was performed to study short-term effects of TSH, theophylline and glucagon on thyroid hormone secretion. This technique proved to be relatively convenient and sensitive, and gave reproducible results for at least 3 h, permitting precise kinetic studies of response to hormonal and pharmacological agents without any interference. There was a significant (P less than 0.001) linear correlation between the log TSH concentrations over the range 20-150 mu./ml and thyroid response. A second stimulation, using the same concentration of TSH, did not differ from the first stimulation if they were separated by an active 'washing' period of only 15 min. Theophylline also had a stimulating effect and like TSH induced an early release of the hormone fraction with a peak between 2 and 4 min, but it did not potentiate the TSH effect. Perifusion of rat thyroid fragments was found to be a useful tool for analysing dynamic effects of various substances. These effects were significant for periods of time as short as 20 min. Each thyroid preparation could be used a second time for another pharmacological or hormonal test. Our preliminary results also suggested that there was a direct glucagon effect on thyroid hormone secretion with a dose-response correlation. PMID- 6736854 TI - A novel oestrogen-binding species in rat granulosa cells. AB - The dissociation constants (Kd) and steroid specificities of oestrogen-binding species in rat granulosa cell cytosol and nuclei have been studied. Preliminary work, where diethylstilboestrol was employed as competitor in binding assays, identified the oestrogen receptor in whole ovarian tissue nuclei (Kd 0.35 +/- 0.09 nmol/l) and cytosol (Kd 0.39 +/- 0.03 nmol/l). Isolation of granulosa cells revealed that the majority of this receptor (75-96%) was present in these cells. Specificity studies on the binding of [3H]oestradiol in granulosa cell cytosol indicated the presence of an additional class of oestrogen-binding sites which were, however, not present in nuclei. Saturation analysis over an extended range of [3H]oestradiol concentrations and using unlabelled oestradiol as competitor revealed a binding species of Kd 45.8 +/- 6.9 nmol/l (capacity 16.7 pmol/mg cytosol protein) for oestradiol in addition to the cytosol oestrogen receptor of Kd 0.58 +/- 0.22 nmol/l (capacity 2.8 pmol/mg cytosol protein). The low affinity of this novel species implies that the dextran-coated charcoal techniques used in previous studies on ovarian oestrogen-binding species would cause dissociation of ligand and not allow it to be measured. The second oestrogen-binding species displayed affinity for oestradiol-17 beta, oestriol, oestrone, testosterone, 5 alpha-dihydrotestosterone, methyltrienolone, progesterone and the antioestrogens tamoxifen, nafoxidine and clomiphene citrate. The species, however, did not bind diethylstilboestrol, a characteristic shared with other low affinity cytosol oestrogen-binding species which have been reported in dog prostate, chick oviduct and male rat liver but not shared with uterine type II oestrogen receptors.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS) PMID- 6736855 TI - Further characterization of the second oestrogen-binding species of the rat granulosa cell. AB - Rat granulosa cell cytosol contains a second oestrogen-binding species (SOB) distinguished from the classical oestrogen receptor by its lower dissociation constant (approx. 45 nmol/l) and the ability to bind oestrogens, antioestrogens, androgens and progesterone but not diethylstilboestrol. The SOB and the oestrogen receptor can be further distinguished by their differential adsorption to spheroidal hydroxylapatite and Concanavalin A-Sepharose. Addition of chaotropic salts or molybdate to granulosa cell cytosol did not alter the concentration of SOB or oestrogen receptor measured, indicating that there are no 'masked' binding sites in the two species caused by aggregation phenomena. The association rate of oestradiol with SOB at 4 degrees C (1.72 +/- 0.27(S.E.M.) X 10(8) mol/h) and 25 degrees C (4.50 +/- 0.36 X 10(8) mol/h) was faster than with the oestrogen receptor (7.20 +/- 0.15 X 10(7) mol/h and 1.23 +/- 0.15 X 10(8) mol/h respectively). The biphasic dissociation kinetics of [3H]oestradiol from the oestrogen receptor at 25 degrees C (rate constants k-1 = 0.30 +/- 0.07/min and k 2 = 3.73 +/- 0.57 X 10(-3)/min) were similar to those reported in other target tissues but the dissociation of [3H]oestradiol from SOB appeared to be much more rapid and could not be measured by the Sephadex LH-20 separation method employed for determining receptor kinetics. Using sucrose density-gradient (SDG) analysis and Sephacryl S-200 gel chromatography the oestrogen receptor fractionated in an aggregated form (10.3S, Stokes radius greater than 5.2 nm) in low ionic strength buffers and as a small species (4.4S, Stokes radius 3.5 nm) in buffers containing 0.4 M-KCl. However, the SOB fractionated as 2-3S, Stokes radius 3.7-4.0 nm at low ionic strength and as 5.8S, Stokes radius 3.5 nm in 0.4 M-KCl. In contrast to the receptor from other target tissues the granulosa cell oestrogen receptor did not bind to the artificial acceptor matrix oligo(dT)-cellulose and heat activation did not promote a 4S to 5S conversion when analysed on SDG. The salt-extracted form of nuclear receptor sedimented at 4.6S, mol. wt 69-72000 on SDG. PMID- 6736856 TI - The formation of visual stimulus equivalences in children. AB - Four normal children were presented a series of matching-to-sample tasks, using five sets of visual stimuli designated A, B, C, D, and E. Stimulus equivalences were established by matching stimuli from one set to those from another set. Each set consisted of three stimuli, so matching set A to set D meant that each stimulus in set A served as a sample with all three stimuli in set D as comparisons. Subjects were first taught AD and DC matching and were then able to perform AC/CA matching without additional training. After ED was taught directly, CE/EC and AE/EA performances emerged. Following CB training, three new equivalences were demonstrated: AB/BA, EB/BE, and DB/BD. Oral naming of each stimulus showed that subjects had not assigned a common label to stimuli in the same class, indicating that naming is not necessary for the formation of stimulus equivalences. The absence of response mediation suggests that matching to sample can form direct stimulus-stimulus associations. The data also provide support for the notion that generative performances are outcomes of existing stimulus-control relationships. PMID- 6736857 TI - Responding during reinforcement delay in a self-control paradigm. AB - Eight pigeons chose between a small, immediate reinforcer and a large, increasingly delayed reinforcer. Responding during the large-reinforcer delays was examined. During large-reinforcer delays, pecks on one key produced the small, immediate reinforcer; pecks on the other key had no effect. Thus, a pigeon could reverse its initial choice of the large, delayed reinforcer, or it could maintain its original choice. Pigeons that made a relatively high number of initial large-reinforcer choices tended to maintain these choices, and those pigeons that actually received a relatively high number of large reinforcers, tended to respond more frequently on the ineffective key during the delay periods. The findings suggest that some previous studies of self-control training in pigeons may have resulted in increased self-control partially due to a lack of opportunity for the pigeons to change their choices. PMID- 6736858 TI - Interresponse-time punishment: a basis for shock-maintained behavior. AB - Lever pressing of squirrel monkeys postponed brief electric shock according to a free-operant shock-postponement procedure. Pressing also produced shock with a probability proportional to the duration of the current interresponse time in some conditions, or to the fifth ordinally-preceding interresponse time in others. These conditions provided equal frequencies and temporal distributions of response-produced shocks either contingent on or independent of the current interresponse-time duration, respectively. Shock delivered contingent on the current interresponse-time duration resulted in shorter mean interresponse times and higher overall response rates that shock delivered independent of the current interresponse time. In subsequent conditions, response-produced shocks were sufficient to maintain responding following suspension of the postponement procedure only when those shocks were contingent on the current interresponse time. Presenting shock independent of the current interresponse time, conversely, suppressed response rate and ultimately led to cessation of responding in the absence of a conjoint shock-postponement procedure. These results demonstrate interresponse-time punishment in the absence of any indirect avoidance contingencies based on overall shock-frequency reduction, and strongly support similar interpretation at the more local level of shock-frequency reduction correlated with particular interresponse times. Differential punishment of long interresponse times also provides both an a priori basis for predicting whether a schedule of shock presentation will maintain or suppress responding and a framework for interpreting many of the functional relations between overall response rate and parameters of consequent shock presentation. Finally, these results and others indicate the importance of response-consequence contiguity above and beyong any notion of noncontiguous contingency in the control of behavior. PMID- 6736859 TI - Effects of morphine, clonidine, and intensity change on electric-shock discrimination. AB - The effects of morphine, clonidine, and changes in stimulus intensity were examined in squirrel monkeys responding on one of two levers following brief presentations of one of two electric-shock intensities (0.1 and 0.5 mA). Responses were designated as correct or incorrect depending on which shock intensity had been presented and which lever was pressed. Morphine (0.42 to 1.80 mg/kg) and clonidine (0.075 to 0.18 mg/kg) decreased percentage correct responding. Morphine and clonidine also increased response latency and the number of shock presentations that were not followed by responses. Changes in shock intensity also decreased percentage correct responding but had no effect on response latency or on the number of shock presentations not followed by responses. PMID- 6736860 TI - Knowing before doing: discrimination by rats of a brief interruption of a tone. AB - Eight rats' lever presses were reinforced after an interruption in a tone, provided the lever had not been pressed before the tone interruption. After a few sessions, long before the animals reliably refrained from lever pressing before the interruption, the latencies of postinterruption presses (time from the termination of the interruption to the moment of the lever press) dissociated into two classes: short ones for to-be-rewarded presses, and long ones for presses in the other trials, which contained no reward because one or more lever presses had occurred before the interruption. Thus discrimination of impending reinforcement in the current trial occurred before there was evidence of sensitivity to reinforcement in the reinforcement-producing aspect of behavior. This finding is related to Shimp's (1981) contention that the temporal properties of recent behavior are reinforceable, if remembered. The present finding shows that learning to discriminate whether one's behavior has met a contingency, and learning to carry out this behavior, need not go together, implying that memory of temporal properties is probably a necessary but not a sufficient condition for learning the latter. PMID- 6736862 TI - Reduced aerobic capacity and locomotory endurance in thyroid-deficient lizards. AB - This study was undertaken to examine the effects of thyroid hormonal deficiency on (1) standard (SMR) and maximal (VO2max) rates of O2 consumption, (2) tissue glycolytic and oxidative capacities and (3) submaximal locomotory endurance in a lizard (Dipsosaurus dorsalis). Surgical thyroidectomy induced hypothyroidism in all animals as determined by levels of plasma thyroxine. Hypothyroid lizards had lower levels of SMR (-48%), VO2max (-16%) and citrate synthase activity in liver, heart and skeletal muscle compared to controls. There was a correlated decrease in locomotory endurance in thyroid-deficient animals. Pyruvate kinase activity (an index of glycolytic capacity) in all tissues, and myofibrillar ATPase activity (an index of contractile velocity) in white iliofibularis muscle, showed no significant changes in thyroid-deficient animals. Thyroid hormones appear to be important in ultimately establishing an animal's capacity for locomotory endurance. These findings suggest a new selective context for understanding the evolution of thyroid function. PMID- 6736861 TI - Localization of tones and noise in the horizontal plane by unrestrained house mice (Mus musculus). AB - House mice (Mus musculus, outbred strain NMRI) were trained to locate loudspeakers at the margin of a wire-mesh covered circular platform. Sound signals were tone bursts of 1, 15, 50 and 80 kHz and noise bursts (bandwidth 15 80 kHz). Localization acuity as represented by orientation angles (alpha) toward the speaker was determined at 5 radial distances from the centre of the platform. If the animals could localize under closed-loop conditions (with repetitive stimulation), the distributions of (alpha) showed a significant peak at the speaker position (0 degrees) and mean orientation angles (alpha) for the different stimuli all varied around 0 degrees. Distributions of (alpha) from open loop tests were not peaked, i.e. mice did not localize the sound source. We calculated the median angle (beta) of the distributions of orientated runs and used (beta) as a measure for the accuracy of localization. Smallest values of beta were 12 degrees for 1 kHz, 15 degrees for 15 kHz, 9.5 degrees for 50 kHz, 8.5 degrees for 80 kHz tone bursts and 7 degrees for the noise bursts. The results are discussed in relation to possible localization mechanisms in mice. PMID- 6736863 TI - Contractility and 45Ca fluxes in heart muscle of flounder at a lowered extracellular NaCl concentration. AB - The twitch force of isolated electrically paced ventricular strips of flounder, Platichthys flesus L., increased after lowering the extracellular sodium chloride concentration by 50 mmol l-1. This response was markedly reduced by replacing the sodium chloride with either Tris-HCl or sucrose, so that osmolarity was unchanged. The 45Ca efflux decreased and the 45Ca influx increased when the extracellular sodium concentration Nao+ was lowered. In contrast, changing only the osmolarity had no observable effect on these fluxes. An increased resting tension appeared in strips exposed to a Na+-, Ca2+-free solution. This was transient at an unchanged osmolarity but became permanent at an osmolarity lowered by 100 mosmol l-1. These results suggest that both a lowered Nao and a lowered osmolarity have a positive inotropic effect, due respectively to an increased cellular uptake of Ca2+ and a redistribution of cellular Ca2+. PMID- 6736864 TI - Crayfish extraretinal photoreception. I. Behavioral and motorneuronal responses to abdominal illumination. AB - Stimulation of blinded and sighted crayfish with ventrally directed light evokes a slow tail flexion response or a tail flexion accompanied by backward walking. The response latencies and durations of sighted animals are shorter than those of blinded animals, which indicates that visual inputs can speed a response which can be released by extraretinal photoreceptors alone. Recordings from electrodes implanted in intact, freely behaving animals demonstrate that ventral illumination tonically excites abdominal postural flexor motoneurones. The motoneurone discharge occurs first in caudal segments and then spreads rostrally, as does abdominal flexion around each segmental joint. Illumination of individual abdominal ganglia (A2-A5) tonically excites a similar flexor motoneurone response in cells of the stimulated ganglion and more caudal ganglia. Swimmeret motoneurones are also tonically excited by this stimulus. These responses can be evoked in isolated abdominal nerve cords, indicating that extraretinal photoreceptors present in these ganglia activate motor circuits that are local to the abdomen. Stimulation of A6 excites the caudal photoreceptor neurones, but only excites flexor motoneurones if the abdominal ventral nerve cord is connected to the rostral part of the CNS. The motoneurones respond with repeated bursts of activity that long outlast the stimulus or the initial high-frequency burst of the caudal photoreceptor neurones. These motoneurone responses are similar to those evoked by stimulation of command fibres that also evoke backward walking (Kovac, 1974a). PMID- 6736865 TI - Oxygen consumption and luminescence of Porichthys photophores stimulated by potassium cyanide. AB - Isolated photophores of Porichthys notatus, maintained in saline at 20 degrees C, do not luminesce and show an oxygen consumption rate of 0.07 +/- 0.01 nmol min-1 photophore-1. In the presence of 10(-6) M-KCN, the photophores do not luminesce but the resting respiration decreases by about 50%. In the presence of 10(-5) M KCN, some photophores do not luminesce and their respiration rate decreases by about 75%. Others show a response and resting oxygen consumption slowly increases. At high concentration (10(-4) and 10(-3)M), KCN induces a large light emission and increase in oxygen consumption. The stimulatory effect of KCN on the photophore oxygen consumption is tentatively explained by an activation of the luciferin-luciferase system by calcium ions. PMID- 6736866 TI - Chloride transport in toad skin (Bufo viridis). The effect of salt adaptation. AB - The steady-state Cl- current across the skin of Bufo viridis adapted to tap water was found to be rectified. In skins bathed with NaCl Ringer on both sides, a large outward current, carried by influx of Cl-, was observed at a clamping voltage (V) of less than -50 mV (outside of the skin negative). for V = -50 mV the transepithelial Cl- conductance calculated from isotope flux measurements was 2.5 +/- 0.3 mS cm-2, N = 10. When the skin was clamped at + 50 mV the net flux of Cl- was reversed, but Cl- conductance was only 0.3 +/- 0.1 mScm-2. Flux ratio analysis indicated that the potential-activated Cl- conductance carries Cl- ions by way of passive transport. With NaCl Ringer bathing the outer surface of the skin the spontaneous potential was about -30 mV. At this potential the Cl- conductance of the skin was about half of its maximum value. The time course of Cl- current activation following a fast, stepwise change of V from 50 mV to a potential below O mV showed an initial delay of a few seconds, and proceeded with a halftime (T 1/2) which varied as a bell-shaped function of V. The maximum T 1/2 was about 100 s for V = -10 mV in skins exposed to KCl Ringer on the outside. Following adaptation of the toads to a 250 mM-NaCl solution, the fully activated Cl- conductance of the skin was greatly reduced, and the conductance-voltage curve was shifted to the left along the voltage-axis. With NaCl Ringer on the outside the spontaneous potential was about -20 mV, and Cl- conductance activation was possible only outside the physiological range of potentials. The time constant of Cl- conductance activation from closed to fully activated state was more than doubled following salt adaptation of the toads. The active inward Cl- flux disappeared in skins of toads adapted to a 250 mM-NaCl solution, and apparent leakage conductance was reduced. Application of the phosphodiesterase inhibitor 3-isobutyl-1-methyl-xanthine to skin of fully salt-adapted toads increased the transepithelial Cl- conductance, and the time courses of voltage clamp currents became more like those of water-adapted toads. Apparent leakage conductance was increased.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 400 WORDS) PMID- 6736867 TI - A possible role of the kidney and urinary bladder in urea conservation of Bufo viridis under high salt acclimation. PMID- 6736868 TI - Clearance of circulating IgA immune complexes is mediated by a specific receptor on Kupffer cells in mice. AB - To characterize the physiology of circulating IgA immune complexes (IgA-IC), the dynamics of IgA-IC removal by the liver were examined. After intravenous injection, covalently cross-linked IgA antibodies to the dinitrophenyl determinant were rapidly removed from the circulation by the liver. Immunofluorescence microscopy and light and electron microscope autoradiography showed that the IgA-IC were associated with Kupffer cells. With increasing doses of injected IgA-IC the clearance velocity approached a maximum, thus prolonging the circulation of IgA-IC. All these observations indicated a receptor-mediated process. Saturating doses of various potential receptor-blocking agents, heat aggregated mouse IgG, microaggregated human serum albumin, and purified dimeric IgA did not influence the clearance pattern and hepatic uptake of radiolabeled IgA-IC. Mouse livers were also perfused via the portal vein with 1 microgram of IgA-IC. In the presence or absence of serum proteins, 43% of the perfused IgA-IC were removed in a single passage. This liver uptake was not reduced with simultaneous perfusion of large doses of aggregated mouse IgG, aggregated human serum albumin, or purified free dimeric mouse IgA. In contrast, the liver uptake of radiolabeled IgA-IC was decreased by 88% with the addition of 1 mg unlabeled IgA-IC. These observations support the conclusion that removal of IgA-IC from circulation is mediated by a specific IgA receptor on Kupffer cells. PMID- 6736869 TI - Oxygen modulates growth of human cells at physiologic partial pressures. AB - We have examined the growth of human diploid fibroblasts (WI-38 and IMR90) as a function of initial seeding density and oxygen tension. Cells at young and mid passage levels were subcultivated in Dulbecco's modified Eagle's medium with 10% fetal bovine serum at 0.005, 0.01, 0.03, 0.1, 0.3, 1, and 2 X 10(4) cells/cm2. Flasks were equilibrated before and after seeding with 1 of 10 gas mixtures containing the desired oxygen tension (9-591 mm Hg) and placed in incubators that measure and maintain a preset oxygen tension. The partial pressure of oxygen (PO2) in media of all flasks was determined at harvest. Cells were shielded from light of wavelength less than 500 nm. Cell growth varied inversely with oxygen tension and seeding density. At 50 cells/cm2, growth was maximal at PO2 9 and 16 mm Hg. Growth was progressively inhibited as the oxygen tension was increased. The population doubling increase at 14 d was 8.6 for PO2 9 and 16 mm Hg, 5.8 for PO2 42 mm Hg, 3.8 for PO2 78 mm Hg, 3.8 for PO2 104 mm Hg, and 3 for PO2 138 mm Hg. As the seeding density was increased, the differences in growth at PO2 less than 140 mm Hg were progressively minimized, such that at seeding densities of 10(4) cells/cm2 there was little difference in the rate of exponential growth or the final saturation density of cells cultivated between PO2 9 and 96 mm Hg. At all seeding densities tested, growth was progressively inhibited when the PO2 was increased greater than 140 mm Hg. The seeding density dependence of oxygen's influence on cellular growth is not explained by oxygen consumption of higher density cultures. Oxygen acts directly on the cells and not by destroying some essential medium component. We have found that oxygen regulates the growth of human cells under pressures of oxygen physiologic to humans, and that oxygen toxicity contributes to the seeding density dependence of cellular growth commonly seen in cell culture. PMID- 6736870 TI - Accumulation of diabetic rat peripheral nerve myelin by macrophages increases with the presence of advanced glycosylation endproducts. AB - We have previously shown that increased nonenzymatic glycosylation occurs in peripheral nervous tissue of diabetic humans and animals, primarily on the PO protein of peripheral nerve myelin. The pathophysiologic mechanism by which this biochemical alteration leads to myelin breakdown and removal is not as yet understood. In the present study we show that advanced glycosylation end-product (AGE) adducts that form during long-term exposure of peripheral nerve myelin proteins to glucose in vitro and in vivo markedly alter the way in which myelin interacts with elicited macrophages. In this interaction, macrophages appear to specifically recognize AGEs on myelin, since AGE-BSA competes nearly as effectively as AGE-myelin, while neither unmodified BSA nor unmodified myelin compete. The failure of yeast mannan to interfere with macrophage recognition of AGE-myelin suggests that the mannose/fucose receptor does not mediate this process. Recognition of AGE-protein by macrophages is associated with endocytosis, as demonstrated by resistance of cell-associated radioactivity to removal by trypsin action, and by low temperature inhibition of ligand accumulation in the cellular fraction. 125I-labeled myelin that had been incubated in vitro with 50 mM glucose for 8 wk reached a steady state accumulation within thioglycolate-elicited macrophages that was five times greater than that of myelin incubated without glucose. Similarly, myelin isolated from rats having diabetes for 1.5-2.0 years duration had a steady state level that was 9 times greater than that of myelin from young rats, and 3.5 times greater than that of myelin from age-matched controls. In contrast, myelin isolated from rats having diabetes for 4-5 wk had the same degree of accumulation observed with myelin of age-matched normal rats. These data suggest that the amount of increased nonenzymatic glycosylation observed in the myelin of short term diabetic rats had not yet resulted in the significant accumulation of AGE myelin present both in vitro and in the long-term diabetic rats. The disappearance of acid-insoluble radioactivity from within the cells and the appearance of acid-soluble radioactivity released into the medium were very similar for the two groups, suggesting that the striking difference in accumulation seen between normal myelin and AGE-myelin is due primarily to increased uptake. Formation of irreversible AGE-adducts on myelin appears to promote the recognition and uptake of the modified myelin by macrophages. This interaction between AGE-myelin and macrophages may initiate or contribute to the segmental demyelination associated with diabetes and the normal aging of peripheral nerve. PMID- 6736872 TI - Cytolytic activity of purified cytoplasmic granules from cytotoxic rat large granular lymphocyte tumors. AB - Purified cytoplasmic granules from cytotoxic rat large granular lymphocytes (LGL) tumors were cytolytic to erythrocytes, splenocytes, and a number of different lymphoid tumor cells. Granule concentrations of approximately 1 microgram/ml granule protein were adequate to lyse 100% of the erythrocytes, while the nucleated cells required up to 100 micrograms/ml granule protein to achieve complete lysis. Cytoplasmic granules purified from noncytotoxic lymphoid cells did not contain detectable cytolytic activity; purified granules from rat mast cells and rat liver lysosomes likewise failed to display cytolytic activity. However, granules prepared from normal rat peripheral blood LGL were cytolytic. Granule-mediated lysis of erythrocytes and nucleated cells was complete within 3 min at room temperature. The lytic activity required calcium at concentrations of 10(-4)-10(-2) M; magnesium or barium failed to replace calcium, while strontium could replace calcium at 10(-3)-10(-2) M when nucleated cells were the target. Exposure of LGL tumor granules to calcium before the addition of target cells resulted in an inactivation of granule cytolytic activity over the course of 20 min at room temperature. Granule cytolytic activity was heat and Pronase sensitive, and could be solubilized by 2 M salt. Examination of granules exposed to calcium in the electron microscope using negative staining showed that calcium treatment of granules results in the formation of ring-shaped structures previously described to be associated with LGL-mediated cytotoxicity. These results provide support for the hypothesis that the cytotoxic processes mediated by LGL are a secretory event characterized by the release of cytolytic material from the cytoplasmic granules after triggering by a surface receptor. The results further suggest that the ring structures visible in the electron microscope are associated with the lytic event. PMID- 6736871 TI - Cytotoxicity of a cell-reactive immunotoxin containing ricin A chain is potentiated by an anti-immunotoxin containing ricin B chain. AB - In vitro killing of the human Daudi cell line by either univalent [F(ab')] or divalent (IgG) forms of rabbit anti-human Ig (RAHIg) coupled to ricin A chain can be specifically potentiated by a "piggyback" treatment with ricin B chain coupled to goat anti-rabbit Ig (GARIg). When cells are treated with univalent immunotoxin (IT) [F(ab') RAHIg-A] and then cultured, IT can be detected on the cell surface for at least 5 h, since GARIg-B can still enhance killing at this time. These results provide a strategy for in vivo use of A chain- and B chain-containing IT. PMID- 6736874 TI - Reference values of various blood constituents in young minipigs. AB - In the Gottinger minipig, the reference values of 18 parameters in whole blood or plasma were determined. The results are expressed both as the mean value and +/- 2 SD presuming a symmetrical normal distribution and as the median value with the corresponding range. For most blood constituents, the results of the two modes of calculation were similar. Comparison of the values from young minipigs with those from children shows that these animals are well suited in this respect for experimental work related to human medicine. PMID- 6736873 TI - Bacillus Calmette-Guerin-activated murine macrophages kill syngeneic melanoma cells under strict anaerobic conditions. AB - We have studied the spontaneous killing of B5(59) melanoma cells by Bacillus Calmette-Guerin (BCG)-elicited macrophages under strictly anaerobic conditions to investigate the role of oxygen in macrophage-mediated cytotoxicity. The number of melanoma cells capable of forming colonies after aerobic or anaerobic incubation with BCG-macrophages was used as the index of cytotoxicity. The BCG-macrophages killed melanoma cells regardless of the amount of oxygen present. The killing observed was proportional to the ratio of effector cells added; a ratio of 25:1 effector to target cells was required to achieve nearly 90% cytotoxicity both aerobically and anaerobically. This cytotoxicity was not dependent on a diffusible macrophage product nor on alteration of the medium by macrophages, since tumor cells incubated in the same culture medium, but not in contact with a mixed population of tumor cells and macrophages, were not killed. These results also indicated that macrophage-mediated cytotoxicity was dependent on macrophage tumor cell contact. The mechanism responsible for the oxygen-independent cytotoxicity is unknown at present. PMID- 6736875 TI - Analyte and matrix problems in the calibration and quality assessment of the bromocresol green method for albumin in serum. AB - Different batches of bromocresol green were used in a study of several modifications of the bromocresol green method for serum albumin. No major batch variation was observed. Lyophilized animal sera and a certain batch of lyophilized human sera, however, responded differently from a pool of fresh human sera when the method was modified. These phenomena should be taken into account in calibration procedures and in quality assessment. PMID- 6736876 TI - [Quasi-distribution-free multivariate assessment of clinico-chemical patient data using of van der Waerden's X-transformation]. AB - A reference group (252 males, 436 females) and a group of patients with primary hyperparathyroidism (34 males, 67 females) and cirrhosis of the liver (33 males) were subjected to a multivariate data assessment; the analyses were performed on the Technicon autoanalyzer SMA 12/60 (sodium, potassium, chloride, total protein, albumin, inorganic phosphorus, cholesterol, urea nitrogen, calcium, creatinine, bilirubin, uric acid) and the SMA 6 plus (iron, copper, magnesium, alkaline phosphatase, acid phosphatase, glucose). A multivariate test statistic containing age as a regressor variable was used, thus correcting for age. Derivation of the test statistic required multivariate normality of the distributions of the clinical-chemical values, a condition which is generally not fulfilled in the data of patients. In order to arrive at the multivariate normality of the distributions, we applied the X-transformation of van der Waerden [1965) Mathematische Statistik, Springer Verlag, Berlin--Gottingen-Heidelberg) to the marginal values. We introduced the concept of group-conformity behaviour of the patient data. According to our definition, a patient behaves in conformity with a given group of patients with respect to a clinical-chemical value, if the patients' value deviates from the estimated age-specific expected value of the reference group and the deviation lies in the same direction as that of the mean value of the respective group of patients. Using this procedure, disease-specific deviation patterns were determined from the data, thus enabling us to make clear separations of the patient groups from the reference group and from each other. Furthermore, the computed deviation patterns throw light upon the pathobiochemical modifications of the parameters in the examined diseases. PMID- 6736877 TI - Acid phosphatase in serum. PMID- 6736878 TI - Danazol in the treatment of vesical endometriosis. PMID- 6736879 TI - Endocrine effects of alcoholism. PMID- 6736880 TI - Computers in family practice. PMID- 6736881 TI - Clinical applications of computers in office practice. AB - The power to store and integrate vast amounts of information and to extract selected data rapidly makes the computer an obvious tool for physicians, particularly for family physicians, who attend to a large number of patients, deal with a great variety of problems, and provide comprehensive and long-term continuity of care. The ideal office computer system should be designed to permit each practice to select the business and clinical modules appropriate to that practice. The clinical modules would need to be sufficiently flexible to allow every physician to define the parameters he or she would wish to monitor for surveillance or health maintenance programs. There is an urgent need to arrive at some national consensus regarding the integration of clinical and business functions for office computers, particularly in family practice. Some pioneering physicians have shown the way. It now remains to translate the concepts into a generalizable system that would be suitable for a variety of settings. PMID- 6736882 TI - The evolution of medical practice network computer systems: lessons from two regional projects. PMID- 6736883 TI - Administrative applications of computers in family practice. PMID- 6736884 TI - Evaluating feasibility and selection of computers in family medicine. PMID- 6736885 TI - Cell cycle and histological effects of reinnervation in denervated forelimb stumps of larval Ambystoma. AB - Although nerves are a requirement for regeneration of a salamander limb, denervation of an amputated larval Ambystoma forelimb does not permanently prevent the limb from regenerating. When nerves grow back into the distal stump in sufficient numbers, regeneration occurs. In this study we examined histological and cell cycle events in denervated limb stumps of Ambystoma as they became reinnervated and began to regenerate. Prior to reinnervation and regeneration, dedifferentiated cells are present in the distal stump but are rarely synthesizing DNA or undergoing mitosis and are densely packed. About 2 days after the distal tip of the stump becomes reinnervated, the limb tip appears to "expand" as cells become less densely packed, and cell cycle activity begins. Mitotic index (MI) and labeling index (LI) increase slowly compared to MI and LI in control amputated limbs. Evidence for the localization of cycling activity is presented. In reinnervated stumps, the increase in LI precedes the increase in MI, suggesting that most of the cells are initiating cycling from the G1 phase. PMID- 6736886 TI - Appearance of a Purkinje shift in the developing retina of the chick. AB - The development of rod and cone function was studied in late embryonic and posthatch chicks by measuring the spectral sensitivity of the electroretinogram (ERG) of opened eyecups to 100-msec flashes and 25-Hz stimuli. At the time of hatching the ERG is dominated by cone activity: the response-energy curves for different wavelengths are parallel, and the spectral sensitivity of the dark adapted eye is maximal near 580 nm. During the first week after hatching, rods make a progressively greater contribution to the ERG: the response-energy functions cease to be parallel, and the spectral sensitivity maximum to dim flashes moves to about 510 nm while the maximum for brighter lights remains at 580 nm. Only the cones are able to follow the 25-Hz stimulus. Spectral sensitivity of the eye to 25-Hz stimuli, measured on red- or orange-adapting backgrounds, reveals the presence at the time of hatching of two photopic processes with lambda max at 415 nm and 580 nm, with evidence for a third in the region 470-510 nm. PMID- 6736887 TI - The synchronisation of hatching in quail embryos: aspects of development affected by a retarding stimulus. AB - One hundred twenty-eight quail embryos were tested in 33 groups. In each group one egg was stimulated with sounds at a rate known to delay hatching (0.9 clicks/second). In groups of bobwhite quail, stimulation began three days or two days before hatching, and three days before hatching in groups of Japanese quail. All eggs were incubated separately and respiration was monitored to indicate 1) the onset of lung ventilation, 2) the time when the egg began to click, and 3) the hatching time. In one set of bobwhite quail heart rate was also monitored. Stimulated bobwhite quail hatched later than controls, but only when stimulated from three days before hatching. In the Japanese quail fewer embryos were retarded. In retarded bobwhites the duration of breathing, but not the duration of clicking, was lengthened. Respiration rates in stimulated bobwhites were higher throughout stimulation than those of controls. One factor contributing to this increase appeared to be the pacing of breathing in stimulated embryos: breathing tended to stabilise at the level of the stimulation rate. The heart rate of stimulated embryos was higher than that of controls, significantly so around the time of the onset of breathing. In bobwhite, but not in Japanese quail, the increase in respiration rate was found to be associated with retardation and not with stimulation alone; it did not occur in those embryos which were stimulated but not retarded. PMID- 6736888 TI - The modifications of cortical endoplasmic reticulum during in vitro maturation of Xenopus laevis oocytes and its involvement in cortical granule exocytosis. AB - In Xenopus laevis eggs, cisternae shells which surround cortical granules (CG) are part of a cortical endoplasmic reticulum (ER) network. In this paper the origin of such ER shells has been studied in full-grown, progesterone-exposed Xenopus oocytes. Furthermore, the possible role of the cortical ER in the activation process has been investigated by pricking maturing oocytes. It has been shown that in full-grown ovarian oocytes ER CG shells are absent and ER cisternae are extensively and randomly distributed throughout the peripheral cytoplasm, where they appear to be continuous with annulate lamellae (AL). Following hormone treatment, the AL completely disaggregate and the ER cisternae gradually migrate to the cortex where they surround the CG constituting the typical cortical network described in uterine eggs. Furthermore, it has been found that 8 h after progesterone treatment (before the first polar body extrusion) the response to pricking (CG exocytosis) occurs only at the animal half; there is no observable response in the vegetal half. At this time ER shells surround CG only in the animal hemisphere. A complete CG exocytosis occurs following the first polar body emission, when the cortical ER is well organized in the whole oocyte cortex. The correlation between the differentiation of the cortical ER and the arousal in the oocyte of the ability to respond to a pricking stimulus is discussed in the light of an involvement of the cortical ER in the propagation of CG exocytosis. PMID- 6736889 TI - Hyaluronidase dissolves a component in the hamster zona pellucida. AB - Mammalian sperm must pass between cumulus cells and corona radiata cells before reaching the surface of the zona pellucida which surrounds the oocyte. The cumulus and corona radiata cells are separated from each other by an extracellular matrix (ECM) containing hyaluronic acid. The structure of this ECM and of the zona pellucida was investigated in the hamster oocyte-cumulus complex (OCC) using transmission electron microscopy (TEM) following processing in ruthenium red. When fixed in the presence of ruthenium red, the ECM of the OCC and the zona pellucida were well preserved and highly structured. The ECM between corona radiata cells was comprised of a network of granules and filaments which resembled hyaluronic acid containing matrices described in other systems. The outer one-third to one-half of the zona pellucida was porous; the ECM of the corona radiata extended into these pores. Bovine testicular hyaluronidase, Streptomyces hyaluronidase, and hamster sperm extracts containing hyaluronidase each dispersed the cumulus cells and most of the corona radiata cells. TEM examination revealed that brief (5-10 min) hyaluronidase treatment of OCCs removed the matrix filaments and caused clumping of the granules in both the corona radiata and zona pellucida. Longer hyaluronidase treatments (15-30 min) removed both filaments and granules. Our observations are consistent with the ideas that: 1) the ECM between corona radiata cells contains hyaluronic acid, and 2) hyaluronic acid is present in the outer one-third to one-half of the zona pellucida.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS) PMID- 6736890 TI - Regulation of mouse oocyte growth: probable nutritional role for intercellular communication between follicle cells and oocytes in oocyte growth. AB - Intercellular communication, as determined by two different assay procedures, was established in vitro between mouse oocytes free of adhering follicle cells and monolayers of either follicle or 3T3 cells. Both of these cell types are known to be able to form homologous gap junctions, and follicle cells naturally form heterologous gap junctions with oocytes in vivo. Monolayers of L cells that are communication deficient did not establish intercellular communication with oocytes as determined by the two different assays for intercellular communication. The diameter of oocytes cultured for 4 days in medium or on monolayers of L cells decreased markedly, 9.7 and 13.1 micron, respectively. In contrast, oocytes cultured for 4 days on follicle cell monolayers increased on the average about 4.7 micron in diameter. Oocytes cultured for 4 days on monolayers of 3T3 cells decreased slightly in diameter, i.e., 2.1 micron. Results from these experiments support a nutritional role for intercellular communication between follicle cells and oocytes in oocyte growth. PMID- 6736891 TI - Mitochondria from the hepatopancreas of the marine clam Mercenaria mercenaria: substrate preferences and salt and pH effects on the oxidation of palmitoyl-L carnitine and succinate. AB - A method is presented for the isolation of mitochondria with good respiratory control from the hepatopancreas of the marine clam Mercenaria mercenaria. Palmitoyl-L-carnitine is the preferred substrate of the mitochondria of the hepatopancreas based on state 3 rates of oxidation (in the presence of ADP). Rates of oxidation of pyruvate and glutamate were about one-half that of the lipid substrate in state 3. alpha-Glycerophosphate was oxidized at a rate about one-third that of palmitoyl-L-carnitine. All Krebs cycle intermediates were oxidized to some extent. Proline was not oxidized at detectable levels. The optimal range of KCl concentrations for the oxidation of palmitoyl-L-carnitine is between 250 and 500 mM whereas the optimal range of KCl concentration for the oxidation of succinate is between 200 and 350 mM. The optimal range of pH for the oxidation of succinate and for the oxidation of palmitoyl-L-carnitine lies between pH 6.5 and 7.5 based on the respiratory control ratio. PMID- 6736892 TI - Conspecific odor detection by the male broad-headed skink, Eumeces laticeps: effects of sex and site of odor source and of male reproductive condition. AB - Olfactory stimuli are sufficient for detection and discrimination of sex of conspecific lizards by the male broad-headed skink, Eumeces laticeps, a member of a large group of lizards with pronounced chemosensory abilities, the Autarchoglossa. The capacity of male broad-headed skinks to detect conspecific odors was assessed by measuring tongue extrusion rates in response to odor stimuli presented on moist cotton applicators. Tongue-flick rates of postreproductive males were significantly higher for cloacal odors of postreproductive conspecifics of both sexes than to distilled water and higher to female than male odors over the initial 20- and 60-sec intervals. In a second experiment using testosterone-treated males and estrogen-injected females, testosterone-treated males emitted significantly more tongue flicks to female cloacal odors than to the other stimuli, and two males bit applicators bearing male odors. Testosterone did not affect reaction to male cloacal odors, but markedly increased tongue-flick rates in response to cloacal odors of estrogen treated females. Postreproductive males also responded to female, but not male, skin odors at a significantly higher rate than to water. Possible sources and presumed adaptive significance of conspecific odors are discussed. PMID- 6736894 TI - Effects of light-deprivation on development of photopositive behavior in Xenopus laevis tadpoles. AB - The development of amphibian sensory systems and behavior is generally considered to proceed normally without reference to sensory experience during embryonic or larval stages. Most of the supporting research, however, has concentrated on the retinotectal (visual) systems of anurans and has ignored behaviors directed by other sensory systems. We demonstrate that early exposure to light is necessary for the development of photopositive behavior in Xenopus laevis tadpoles, a behavior probably directed by the pineal complex. Light-deprivation during the tadpoles' first 10 days of development results in a long-lasting reduction in the tadpoles' light preference. The development of a strong light preference is not influenced by light-deprivation before the tadpoles are 2 days old or after the tadpoles are 10 days old, but light-deprived tadpoles recover a weak light preference after subsequent days of rearing in the light. Lengthening the tadpoles' exposure to light during the first 10 days of development produces increasingly strong light preferences. Considering the important role of the pineal complex in guiding phototactic behaviors in anurans, we suggest that light deprivation alters photopositive behavior in Xenopus tadpoles by altering the development of the pineal complex. PMID- 6736893 TI - ATP and the autonomy of the contractile vacuole in Amoeba proteus. AB - Contractile vacuole function in amoebae treated with immobilizing (5 mM) and nonimmobilizing (0.125 mM) concentrations of ATP has been studied. In ATP immobilized amoebae, most vacuolar parameters are accelerated, especially the rate of output which passes from 30 to 70 micron3/sec. This favors the concept of an autonomous vacuole, fully functional in the absence of any bulk contribution to it from remote points of the cell. A lower concentration of ATP (0.125 mM), which does not inhibit movement, causes a still greater acceleration of vacuolar function. Work is in progress to elucidate the site and mode of action of exogenous ATP on Amoeba. PMID- 6736895 TI - Quail melanoblast migration in two breeds of fowl and in their hybrids: evidence for a dominant genic control of the mesodermal pigment cell pattern through the tissue environment. AB - In the Silkie fowl large numbers of melanocytes invade most internal tissues and organs. The factors involved in this internal pigment cell pattern were studied by grafting quail neural tube segments into White Leghorn, White Silkie, and F1 hybrids (White Silkie male X White Leghorn female). Sections of quail neural tube five somites long, excised at the level of the last formed somites, were grafted isotopically and ischoronically. Various tissues and organs (mesenteries, muscles, testis, ovary, mesonephros, metanephros, and adrenals) excised from the internal region corresponding to the peripheral transverse strip of quail melanocytes, were studied after staining by the Feulgen-Rossenbeck technique. Despite some variations in pigment cell density, Silkie and hybrid grafted embryos exhibited an extensive quail internal pigmentation similar to the melanocyte distribution in the Silkie breed. In white Leghorn host embryos, the internal pigmentation remained limited. These results show the part played by tissular factors in the expression of the Silkie pigment phenotype and that this genetic tissular character is dominant. On the contrary, White Leghorn embryos, grafted with Silkie neural tube segments, never exhibited any internal pigmentation; the melanocytes deriving from the grafted Silkie neural tube were only localized at the dermoepidermal level. Thus, the migrating and/or differentiating capabilities of the Silkie premelanoblasts are different from those of quail premelanoblasts. The sex-linked inhibitor of the White Leghorn tissue interferes at the level of the pigment cells of chickens but not of quails. PMID- 6736896 TI - Relationship between muscle size and motoneurone survival in temporarily paralyzed embryos. AB - Neuronal cell death has been postulated to occur as a consequence of there being a limited availability of target. This hypothesis was examined by delaying the onset of motoneurone cell death, by temporary paralysis of chick embryos, until the size of the target had increased. Despite the availability of this enlarged periphery, the extent of cell death was unaltered, although the rate of cell death was retarded. It is argued that the extent of cell death is not simply related to target size and may instead be governed by differences in the capacity of particular motoneurones to compete successfully for target cells. PMID- 6736897 TI - The culture of 12- and 13-day rat embryos using continuous and noncontinuous gassing of rotating bottles. AB - A technique for the culture of 12- and 13-day rat embryos is presented. The culture method described utilizes the opening of the extraembryonic membranes together with a simple bottle rotator during incubation to facilitate tissue oxygenation. This method was compared with a more elaborate device that enabled constant gassing during incubation. Best results were obtained with 12-day embryos cultured for 24 hr in closed bottles. Thereafter, there was a marked falloff in embryonic development in culture. Optimal medium conditions were 25% rat serum in tissue culture medium with a gas phase of 60% O2, 5% CO2, 35% N2. The culture method described allows for larger numbers of embryos to be cultured more simply than previous methods and should be valuable to workers wishing to study embryos in the more advanced stages of organogenesis. PMID- 6736898 TI - Photoperiodic control of antler cycles in deer. VI. Circannual rhythms on altered day lengths. AB - Groups of sika deer were exposed to light and dark periods of equal lengths but different from 12 hr. Light cycles were 4.94L/4.94D, 6L/6D, 8L/8D, and 21L/21D. In all experiments, deer underwent circannual cycles of antler replacement, testis size, molting, and coat color. The results indicate that the previously reported abolition of circannual cycles on 12L/12D was due to the 12-hr duration of the light or dark periods, not their equivalence. They also eliminate the possibility that the circannual cycle might be the sum of 365 circadian cycles. Circannual antler cycles appear to be expressed under artificial light cycles to which the deer cannot entrain. PMID- 6736900 TI - Transepithelial potential measurements in the isolated, perfused head of a marine teleost. AB - The transepithelial potential (TEP) across the gills of a seawater teleost, the long-horned sculpin (Myoxocephalus octodecimspinosus), was measured both in vivo and utilizing an isolated, perfused head preparation (IPHP). The TEP of the IPHP was compared to that of the whole animal while in normal seawater and Na- or Cl free seawater. The TEP or the IPHP in seawater was similar to that measured in vivo (+7.7 versus +7.2 mV, respectively). Na-free seawater induced a depolarization of both the IPHP and the intact fish, while Cl-free seawater hyperpolarized the TEP in vivo. The positive TEP of the sculpin, measured both in vivo and in vitro, is indicative of a transbranchial Na+ to Cl- permeability ratio greater than unity. The IPHP of the sculpin exhibits differential ion permeabilities similar to that of the whole animal. TEP comparisons described here should be applied to other IPHP systems now in use. PMID- 6736899 TI - Inhibitory effect of acetylcholine on muscular tonus of the small intestine of a lizard. AB - The present report concerns the effects of cholinergic agonists on the isometric tension of "in vitro" preparations of the esophagus and distal part of the small intestine of the lizard Liolaemus gravenhorsti. Acetylcholine (Ach) and carbachol elicited a dose-related increase of isometric tension in the esophagus, whereas the small intestine was slowly relaxed by these drugs. Eserine induced a synergistic action on the cholinergic responses of both organs, and atropine completely antagonized the respective effects. The esophagus and the intestine showed different thresholds for the cholinergic evoked responses, the former being about 30 times more sensitive than the intestine. Assessment of cholinesterase activity revealed that Ach is hydrolyzed at a significant lesser speed in the intestine than in the esophagus. The results do not provide information about the nature of the chemical mediator causing the inhibitory effect observed in the intestine. The eventual role of an adrenergic mechanism mediated by muscarinic receptors is under study in our laboratory. PMID- 6736901 TI - Bright light flashes of 0.5 milliseconds reset the circadian clock of a microchiropteran bat. AB - A phase response curve for the circadian rhythm in the flight activity of the cave dwelling bat, Hipposideros speoris, constructed with 0.5-msec light flashes of very high intensity reported here is the first of its kind for any mammalian system and is unlike any other phase response curves constructed for other nocturnal mammals. PMID- 6736902 TI - Environmental salinity and the thyroidal response to thyrotropin in juvenile coho salmon (Oncorhynchus kisutch). AB - The effect of environmental salinity on the thyroidal response, measured by plasma concentrations of thyroxine (T4), to exogenous bovine thyrotropin (bTSH) was assessed early and late in the smoltification of coho salmon (Oncorhynchus kisutch). A single injection of 100 mIU bTSH significantly increased plasma T4 concentrations in fish in both fresh water and seawater, and both early (March 19) and late (May 24) in smoltification. In fish transferred to seawater, the increase in T4 titers was somewhat earlier and its duration shorter, suggesting an environmentally induced change in the kinetics of T4 entry and exit from the blood stream. The overall response to TSH was greater near the beginning (March 19) of the smoltification-associated T4 increase than near the end (May 24), suggesting a development-related change in thyroid function. PMID- 6736903 TI - The drug abuse epidemic. PMID- 6736904 TI - The adolescent visit: an opportunity for anticipatory guidance. PMID- 6736905 TI - Parent power and prevention: the national movement for drug-free youth. PMID- 6736906 TI - A model school-based comprehensive alcohol/drug abuse prevention program. PMID- 6736907 TI - Cocaine: today's drug. PMID- 6736908 TI - AMA's response to the problem of prescription drug abuse. PMID- 6736909 TI - Drug abuse prevention: what the AMA Auxiliary has to offer. PMID- 6736910 TI - Addiction and the other illness. PMID- 6736911 TI - Medical professionals helping with the drunk driving problem. PMID- 6736913 TI - Treatment of late-life onset alcohol abuse. PMID- 6736912 TI - Prevalence and risk of medication mismanagement by the elderly. PMID- 6736914 TI - Observations on drug dependency. PMID- 6736915 TI - Transmembrane effects of intracellular chloride on the inhibitory potency of extracellular H2DIDS. Evidence for two conformations of the transport site of the human erythrocyte anion exchange protein. AB - The ping-pong model for the red cell anion exchange system postulates that the transport protein band 3 can exist in two different conformations, one in which the transport site faces the cytoplasm (Ei) and another in which it faces the outside medium (Eo). This model predicts that an increase in intracellular chloride should increase the fraction of sites in the outward-facing, unloaded form (Eo). Since external H2DIDS is a competitive inhibitor of chloride exchange that does not cross the membrane, it must bind only to the Eo form. Thus, an increase in Eo should cause an increase in H2DIDS inhibition. When intracellular chloride was increased at constant extracellular chloride, the inhibitory potency of H2DIDS rose, as predicted by the ping-pong model. This increase was not due to the concomitant changes in intracellular pH or membrane potential. When the chloride gradient was reversed, the inhibitory potency of H2DIDS decreased, again in qualitative agreement with the ping-pong model. These data provide support for the ping-pong model and also demonstrate that chloride gradients can be used to change the orientation of the transport protein. PMID- 6736916 TI - Effects of the transport site conformation on the binding of external NAP-taurine to the human erythrocyte anion exchange system. Evidence for intrinsic asymmetry. AB - External N-(4-azido-2-nitrophenyl)-2-aminoethylsulfonate (NAP-taurine) inhibits human red cell chloride exchange by binding to a site that is distinct from the chloride transport site. Increases in the intracellular chloride concentration (at constant external chloride) cause an increase in the inhibitory potency of external NAP-taurine. This effect is not due to the changes in pH or membrane potential that usually accompany a chloride gradient, since even when these changes are reversed or eliminated the inhibitory potency remains high. According to the ping-pong model for anion exchange, such transmembrane effects of intracellular chloride on external NAP-taurine can be explained if NAP-taurine only binds to its site when the transport site is in the outward-facing (Eo or EClo ) form. Since NAP-taurine prevents the conformational change from EClo to ECli , it must lock the system in the outward-facing form. NAP-taurine can therefore be used just like the competitive inhibitor H2DIDS (4,4'-diisothiocyano 1,2- diphenylethane -2,2'-disulfonic acid) to monitor the fraction of transport sites that face outward. A quantitative analysis of the effects of chloride gradients on the inhibitory potency of NAP-taurine and H2DIDS reveals that the transport system is intrinsically asymmetric, such that when Cli = Clo, most of the unloaded transport sites face the cytoplasmic side of the membrane. PMID- 6736917 TI - Use of niflumic acid to determine the nature of the asymmetry of the human erythrocyte anion exchange system. AB - Niflumic acid is a noncompetitive inhibitor of chloride exchange, which binds to a site different from the transport or modifier sites. When the internal Cl- concentration is raised, at constant extracellular Cl-, the inhibitory potency of niflumic acid increases. This effect cannot be attributed to changes in membrane potential, but rather it suggests that niflumic acid binds to the anion exchange protein band 3 only when the transport site faces outward. When the chloride gradient is reversed, with Clo greater than Cli , the inhibitory potency of niflumic acid decreases greatly, which indicates that the affinity of niflumic acid for band 3 with the transport site facing inward is almost 50 times less than when the transport site faces outward. Experiments in which Cli = Clo show no significant change in the inhibition by niflumic acid when Cl- is lowered from 150 to 10 mM. These data suggest that the intrinsic dissociation constants for Cl at the two sides of the membrane are nearly equal. Thus, the chloride-loaded transport sites have an asymmetric orientation like that of the unloaded transport sites, with approximately 15 times more sites facing the inside than the outside. The asymmetry reflects an approximately 1.5 kcal/mol free energy difference between the inward-facing and outward-facing chloride-loaded forms of band 3. High concentrations of chloride (with Cli = Clo), which partially saturate the modifier site, have no effect on niflumic acid inhibition, which indicates that chloride binds equally well to the modifier site regardless of the orientation of the transport site. PMID- 6736919 TI - Effect of UV irradiation on macromolecular synthesis and colony formation in Bacteroides fragilis. AB - Irradiation of Bacteroides fragilis cells with far-UV light resulted in the immediate, rapid and extensive degradation of DNA which continued for 40 to 60 min after irradiation. During the degradation phase, DNA synthesis was decreased but was never totally inhibited. DNA degradation after irradiation was inhibited by chloramphenicol and caffeine. DNA synthesis in irradiated cells was reduced by chloramphenicol but resumed after 100 min at the same exponential rate as in irradiated cells without chloramphenicol. Irradiated cells continued to synthesize DNA for 40 min in the presence of caffeine but after this time DNA synthesis was completely inhibited and never recovered. RNA and protein synthesis were decreased by UV irradiation and the degree of inhibition was proportional to the UV dose. Colony formation was not affected immediately by UV irradiation and continued for a dose-dependent period before inhibition. There was an inverse relationship between UV dose and inhibition of colony formation which occurred sooner in cells irradiated with lower doses of UV light. The characteristics of DNA synthesis in B. fragilis cells after UV irradiation differ from those in wild type Escherichia coli cells, where DNA synthesis is stopped immediately by UV irradiation, but resemble those in E. coli recA mutant cells where extensive degradation occurs following UV irradiation. PMID- 6736918 TI - Cl-/HCO3- exchange at the apical membrane of Necturus gallbladder. AB - The hypothesis of Cl-/HCO3- exchange across the apical membrane of the epithelial cells of Necturus gallbladder was tested by means of measurements of extracellular pH (pHo), intracellular pH (pHi), and Cl- activity (alpha Cli) with ion-sensitive microelectrodes. Luminal pH changes were measured after stopping mucosal superfusion with a solution of low buffering power. Under control conditions, the luminal solution acidifies when superfusion is stopped. Shortly after addition of the Na+/H+ exchange inhibitor amiloride (10(-3) M) to the superfusate, alkalinization was observed. During prolonged (10 min) exposure to amiloride, no significant pHo change occurred. Shortly after amiloride removal, luminal acidification increased, returning to control rates in 10 min. The absence of Na+ in the superfusate (TMA+ substitution) caused changes in the same direction, but they were larger than those observed with amiloride. Removal of Cl (cyclamate or sulfate substitution) caused a short-lived increase in the rate of luminal acidification, followed by a return to control values (10-30 min). Upon re-exposure to Cl-, there was a transient reduction of luminal acidification. The initial increase in acidification produced by Cl- removal was partially inhibited by SITS (0.5 mM). The pHi increased rapidly and reversibly when the Cl- concentration of the mucosal bathing solution was reduced to nominally 0 mM. The pHi changes were larger in 10 mM HCO3-Ringer's than in 1 mM HEPES-Ringer's, which suggests that HCO3- is transported in exchange for Cl-. In both HEPES- and HCO3 Ringer's, SITS inhibited the pHi changes. Finally, intracellular acidification or alkalinization (partial replacement of NaCl with sodium propionate or ammonium chloride, respectively) caused a reversible decrease or increase of alpha Cli. These results support the hypothesis of apical membrane Cl-/HCO3- exchange, which can be dissociated from Na+/H+ exchange and operates under control conditions. The coexistence at the apical membrane of Na+/H+ and Cl-/HCO3- antiports suggests that NaCl entry can occur through these transporters. PMID- 6736920 TI - The conditioning role of saliva in streptococcal attachment to hydroxyapatite surfaces. AB - The solution properties of saliva and its role in conditioning both the substrate and the bacterial surface have been investigated with regard to the attachment of oral streptococci to hydroxyapatite surfaces. Saliva from eight subjects was used and the attachment of three organisms, Streptococcus mutans strains FA-1 (serotype b) and KPSK2 (serotype c) and S. sanguis T175-1, was studied. An adsorbed salivary layer on a hydroxyapatite surface substantially reduced the affinity of the organisms for the surface. Adsorbed saliva on the bacterial surfaces, however, tended to increase the organisms' affinity for saliva-coated apatite. The source of saliva was important in determining the extent of inhibition of attachment. The data indicated that the negatively charged and hydrophilic nature of salivary conditioning films was important in controlling bacterial adsorption to hydroxyapatite. The results also suggested that hydrophobic salivas could promote binding of the more hydrophobic bacteria known to be early colonizers of the teeth. PMID- 6736921 TI - Sporulation of Bacillus sphaericus 2297: an electron microscope study of crystal like inclusion biogenesis and toxicity to mosquito larvae. AB - Sporulation of Bacillus sphaericus strain 2297 in a synchronous liquid culture was studied by electron microscopy. The t0 of sporulation occurred 7 h after the beginning of the lag phase. Crystal-like inclusions first appeared at t2 and reached their final size between t5 and t6. The release of the spore/inclusion complex occurred at about t15 (22 h after inoculation). Toxicity against Culex pipiens larvae was related to sporulation and appeared during the early stages of sporulation. The LC50 (24 h) decreased about 10(5)-fold between t0-2 and t7, in correlation with the formation of crystalline inclusions. Heat resistance of spores appeared later than toxicity. PMID- 6736922 TI - Antibiotic susceptibility of Legionella pneumophia Philadelphia-1 in cultured guinea-pig peritoneal macrophages. AB - The effect of antimicrobial agents on the intracellular multiplication of Legionella pneumophila in cultured guinea-pig peritoneal macrophages was measured. Beta-lactam antibiotics at concentrations 5 to 400 times the MIC in vitro did not inhibit the intracellular growth of the organism. Gentamicin inhibited the growth considerably but failed to eliminate the organism from the phagocytic mixture. Chloramphenicol or tetracycline at 10 micrograms ml-1 (40 or 5 times the MIC in vitro respectively) did not eliminate the organism. At a higher concentration (30 micrograms ml-1), however, these drugs eliminated the bacterium from the mixture. Only erythromycin and rifampin were effective in killing the organism at very low concentration (1 microgram ml-1). Intracellular multiplication of L. pneumophila was observed clearly by light microscopy using Wright-Giemsa staining. PMID- 6736924 TI - [Diagnosis, treatment and prognosis of malformative uropathies]. PMID- 6736923 TI - Polycationic polypeptides: a possible model for the penetration-enhancing factor in the invasion of host cells by Toxoplasma gondii. AB - The effect of polycationic polypeptides (polylysine, polyarginine and polyhistidine) on the invasion of mammalian cells and plant protoplasts by Toxoplasma gondii was studied. In JM cells, a human lymphoblastoid cell line with T cell characteristics, all polycationic polypeptides used increased the invasion rate in a concentration-dependent manner. This effect and the morphological changes revealed by electron microscopy resembled the action of the penetration enhancing factor previously described by E. Lycke and co-workers. Plant protoplasts of Catharanthus roseus, which are resistant to T. gondii invasion, showed the same morphological changes in the presence of polycationic polypeptides as observed for JM cells, but were not invaded. PMID- 6736925 TI - [Attitude of the pediatric surgeon to antenatal diagnosis of a malformation]. AB - To have found by prenatal ultrasonography a fetal severe malformation implies a complete collaboration between paediatric surgery who must take a decision and the echographist , the obstetrician, the geneticist. The information they give to the parents is a delicate and necessary step. Four kinds of decisions are discussed (termination, provoked delivery, in utero surgery, secondary neo-natal surgery) at the light of medical, psychological, ethical and juridical data. PMID- 6736926 TI - The genetics of urinary tract malformations. AB - In this discussion I have excluded consideration of the genetics of purely renal malformations, such as polycystic kidneys, and of functional disorders of the kidney. Systematic family studies are available for renal agenesis, duplication of the ureters, vesico-ureteric reflux (each probably due to maldevelopment of the ureteric bud), bladder exstrophy and hypospadias as isolated malformations. Renal agenesis has a birth frequency of about 1.2 in 10 000 and the proportion affected of sibs is about 3 per cent. Duplication of the ureter has a birth frequency of about 1 per cent and the proportion affected of sibs and parents of probands is about 12 per cent. Vesico-ureteral reflux also has a prevalence in early childhood of about 1 per cent and the proportion of sibs affected is about 10 per cent. Bladder exstrophy has a birth frequency of about 1 in 20 000 and perhaps about 1 per cent of sibs are affected. Hypospadias has a birth frequency in boys of about 1 in 300 and the proportion affected of brothers is about 10 per cent. Further family studies are needed of these malformations when they occur in isolation. Either the multifactorial threshold model or dominant inheritance with reduced penetrance and varied expressivity would fit the data available. PMID- 6736928 TI - Echography in the post-natal diagnosis of congenital urinary tract disorders. AB - The lecture concerns itself specifically with post-natal diagnosis of urinary tract disorders in a child, investigation of the siblings and parents and monitoring of children "at risk". The author describes the advantages of ultrasonography compared with other imaging techniques and gives a description of the appearance of major congenital conditions (infantile type polycystic disease, adult type polycystic disease, medullary cystic disease, nephrocalcinosis and lucent crystal deposits). The author hints at the necessity to screen the parents of children presenting with infantile polycystic disease, as this research was done for the relatives of cases of adult polycystic disease. PMID- 6736927 TI - [Antenatal ultrasonic diagnosis of nephro-urologic malformations]. AB - The authors expose their results in the field of prenatal diagnosis of renal and urinary tract malformations. They describe normal and abnormal ultrasonographic aspects of kidneys, ureters and bladder with special reference to prognosis and therapeutic decisions. PMID- 6736929 TI - [Limits of ultrasonics in the study of urinary tract malformations]. AB - Ultrasound is limited by the fact it gives no direct information about kidney function. Ultrasound does not allow fine structural analysis of minor calyces. It shows only secondary signs of important vesico-ureteric reflux. Normal ureters are not usually pictured by ultrasound. Bowel gas can impede good visualization of ectopic kidneys. Nevertheless ultrasound is the first test to do when searching for kidney malformations and it is important as a follow-up examination. PMID- 6736930 TI - [Impact of reflux on the kidney]. AB - Description of the reflux nephropathy. Pyelonephritis lesions are undoubtedly linked to the vesico-ureteric reflux. The role of the intra-renal reflux ( Hodson ) and the Big Bang Theory ( Ransley ) are discussed as the data from animal experiments. The role of the sterile reflux and of the segmental hypoplasia is relatively less important. The actual management of vesico-ureteric reflux treatment is questioned. PMID- 6736931 TI - [Computerized retrospective study of 141 children operated on for vesico-ureteral reflux]. AB - Follow-up study of 141 cases of vesico-ureteric reflux (less than 10 years old) treated by Cohen's method. Computerized study, 5 years after treatment, with analysis of the influence of different parameters (type of VUR, age, sex, urinary infection or not, space of time between diagnosis and treatment) on the renal parenchymal radiographic measurements ( Hodson 's method). The youngest is the child when he is treated, the best is the functional result. PMID- 6736932 TI - [Incidence of associated malformations in 141 children operated on for vesico ureteral reflux]. AB - A 141 children study: Clinical study of 141 children less than 10 years old with vesico-ureteric reflux. No specific associated birth defects was noted. PMID- 6736933 TI - [Long-term prognosis of renal function in severe urologic diseases in children]. AB - Long-term functional renal study of 41 patients with severe congenital urinary tract malformations. The main factor for prognosis is the stage of renal lesions when a surgical treatment is applied. PMID- 6736934 TI - [Fatal urinary tract malformations: their place and incidence in a series of 450 neonatal autopsies]. AB - In our serie of 450 neonatal necropsies, 26 cases presenting with urinary tract anomalies have been observed (5,7% of the total and 15,5% in those with malformations). From an etiological point of view, two groups could be distinguished: one (17 cases) with severe oligoamnios sequence and the second (9 cases) with hereditary malformations. In this second heterogeneous group thourough pathological examination seems to be the essential for diagnosis and efficient genetic counselling. PMID- 6736935 TI - [Incidence of malformations of the urinary tract in the Rhone-Alps area. Apropos 1357 cases of affected infants identified over a 7-year period (1976-1982)]. AB - The authors use a regional birth defect registry computerized since 1976 January 1st. They describe the incidence of urinary tract defects, excluding renal dysplasias. Their classification shares this group of malformations in 3 parts: those included in a multiple defects association, identified or not, those associated with renal defects, and the isolated urinary tract defects. PMID- 6736936 TI - [Severe urinary tract malformation in the course of a twin pregnancy. Apropos of its management]. AB - What do we do when one of two monozygotic twins is affected with a severe urinary malformation? - termination of the affected zygote? - termination of the two zygotes as wanted by the parents? - not any intervention? About a personal case, the authors described their experience. PMID- 6736937 TI - [Case of megadolichoureter due to an anomaly of the ureterovesical junction in 2 brothers]. AB - Interest of family study. The first boy deceased after some hours of life. Necropsy. The second boy was clinically normal with severe bilateral vesico ureteric reflux detected by IVU only. Surgical treatment. This boy is actually in good health. PMID- 6736938 TI - [Kaufmann syndrome or VACTERL association? Discussion of a differential diagnosis]. AB - The authors describe a dysmature female newborn, with multiple birth defects, who died soon after birth. At first polydactyly and hydrometrocolpos let think of a Kaufman syndrome, with autosomal recessive inheritance. But due to the presence of other malformations and since polydactyly is preaxial, the whole clinical and anatomical picture may be put into the frame of VACTERL association, mainly sporadic. Thus seemingly hydrometrocolpos and urogenital sinus have to be added, although rarely, to the other known defects of the VACTERL association. PMID- 6736939 TI - [Malformation uropathies and multiple malformation syndromes]. AB - The authors, from their experience emphasize the associated malformations' frequency in major congenital urinary tract malformations (26,9%). It is essential to recognize in these multiple defects some certified syndromes - inherited or not. The most associations are still unknown, nevertheless the genetic counselling require an accurate diagnosis. PMID- 6736940 TI - [Familial study of vesico-ureteral reflux]. AB - We report our results of a retrospective study of vesico-ureteral reflux based on the families of 66 index patients. The recurrence risk for sibs is 9,3%. With a prospective approach (ultrasound and uroradiology), the proportion of affected sibs is 26,6%. Our results are discussed with reference to the data of the literature. PMID- 6736941 TI - Immune responses to live attenuated and inactivated mumps virus vaccines in seronegative and seropositive young adult males. AB - Live attenuated mumps virus vaccine and Formalin-inactivated mumps vaccine were compared for their ability to induce antibody responses and cell-mediated immune responses as measured by a lymphocyte blast transformation test (LBT). The subjects studied were conscripts of the Finnish Defense Forces. In seronegative subjects antibody levels induced by attenuated virus were more variable than those induced by inactivated virus, including one failure with the live vaccine out of a total of nine subjects. IgM antibody class response was seen only in four of nine subjects vaccinated with live virus--in those subjects with the highest post-vaccination antibody levels and strongest LBT responses. Increases of antibody levels in originally seropositive subjects were higher in subjects vaccinated with inactivated virus. Cell-mediated immunity induced by both vaccines was relatively poor when measured by the LBT test. At a time of 6-8 months after vaccination, LBT responses in originally seronegative subjects were not observed. PMID- 6736942 TI - Delta agent infection in Melbourne. AB - Evidence of infection with delta agent was sought in 284 patients with acute hepatitis B referred to Fairfield Hospital, Melbourne, between July 1, 1981, and June 30, 1982 and in 127 hepatitis B surface antigen (HBsAg) carriers. Acute and convalescent serum samples from the patients with acute hepatitis B and single or multiple sera from the HBsAg carriers were tested for delta antigen (delta ag) and/or antibody (anti-delta) by solid-phase radioimmunoassay (SPRIA). Evidence of infection was detected in 14.4% of patients with acute hepatitis B and 7.1% of chronic HBsAg carriers. Eighty-eight percent of those in whom delta agent infection was demonstrated were intravenous drug users. PMID- 6736943 TI - A developmental analysis of mothers' reports of normal children's fears. AB - Factor analyses of mothers' ratings of children's fears yielded five oblique primary factors and a higher-order general fearfulness factor at each of three age levels between 6 and 16 years. The primary factors were labeled Physical Injury, Animals, School-Related, Night Fears, and Fear of Public Places. Congruence Coefficients, computed between similarly-named factors, ranged from .77 to .95, thus suggesting stability in the content of children's fears across this age range. Regression analyses indicated age-related decreases in the frequency of fears of Animals, Night, and Public Places, as well as an increase in School-Related fears. Low social class children had more Physical Injury but fewer School-Related fears than high social class children. Girls were reported to have more fears of Physical Injury, Animals, Night Fears, and Public Places. PMID- 6736944 TI - Mock trial jury decisions as a function of adolescent juror guilt and hostility. AB - A fictitious court case involving child abuse was presented to 277 male adolescent jurors (138 college freshmen, means age = 19.25 years, 139 junior high school males, means age = 13.47 years) in an effort to determine if the tendency to deal harshly with alleged criminals is dependent upon certain personality characteristics of adolescent jurors. The Mosher Hostility Guilt Scale and the Siegel Manifest Hostility Scale were used to detect the presence of such trends. The results indicate that older adolescents attributed more of the responsibility for the crime to the defendant and administered less severe sentences than younger adolescent jurors. Hostility guilt and manifest hostility levels were not significantly related to attribution of responsibility for a criminal act; however, Ss scoring high in hostility guilt tended to give significantly shorter sentences, while Ss scoring high in manifest hostility tended to give longer sentences. Implications for adolescent peer practices are discussed. PMID- 6736945 TI - Short- and long-term stability of habituation rate and looking time in four-month old infants. PMID- 6736946 TI - Moral reasoning in offender and nonoffender youth. PMID- 6736947 TI - Pain and a hyperactive adult. PMID- 6736948 TI - Blood component therapy: a surgeon's rationale. PMID- 6736949 TI - Induction of prolactin release by H1- or H2-histamine agonists in maturing male and female rats. AB - Previous evidence has shown that histamine (HA) increases prolactin (PRL) release in adult male and female rats. This response is depending on the age of the animals and some differences were appreciated between male and female rats. In addition, at 20 days of age the PRL response was greater than earlier ages. The purpose of the present communication was to study further this response and to define the type of HA receptor that may be involved in the mediation of this PRL response. Animals of both sexes, at 5 or 20 days of age, were injected into the lateral brain ventricles with three log-doses of histamine (HA), 2,2, pyridilethylamine (2 PEA, and H1-histamine agonist), 4 methyl-histamine (4 MHA, an H2-histamine agonist) or saline as control. Fifteen minutes later a sample of blood was taken from the jugular vein and plasma PRL levels were determined by RIA. In complete agreement with previous work, results obtained indicate that HA is able to induce an increased PRL release in 20-day-old animals. This response was not identical in rats of both sexes. Female rats appeared to be more sensitive to HA than male rats. 2 PEA, was not able to reproduce the response in male rats but it was effective in female animals. 4 MHA induced the response in both sexes in a similar way than HA. At 5 days of age in male rats HA had no effect on PRL release. In female rats, instead, only the greater dose was able to induce a small but statistically significant response. In general, nor 2 PEA or 4 MHA were able to stimulate the PRL release at this age. The present results suggest that H2-histamine receptors are present in male rats and in female animals both types of receptors may be involved in the control of PRL release. PMID- 6736950 TI - Autoradiographic localization of dopamine receptors in the spinal cord of the rat using [3H]-N-propylnorapomorphine. AB - Dopamine receptors were localized autoradiographically in the rat spinal cord after in vitro labelling using 3H-N-propylnorapomorphine (NPA). The highest densities of 3H-NPA binding sites were found in the substantia gelatinosa and in a zone of the grey matter immediately ventral to the dorsal corticospinal tract. Other areas of the grey matter presented only moderate or low receptor densities while no 3H-NPA binding sites could be found in the white matter. The localization of 3H-NPA binding sites is compatible with a role for spinal cord dopamine in the processing of sensory information. PMID- 6736951 TI - Extracellular calcium dependence of contracture and modulation by serotonin in buccal muscle E1 of Aplysia. AB - Serotonin [5-hydroxytryptamine (5-HT)] enhances acetyl choline (ACh)-elicited contractures of Aplysia buccal muscles E1 and I5 . The possible role of external calcium in regulating the magnitude of ACh contracture in the presence and absence of 5-HT was investigated. Superfusion of E1 with zero calcium medium caused ACh contractures to fail within one to two minutes. Recovery of ACh contracture upon restoring normal medium occurred within two to four minutes. In the absence of 5-HT, ACh contracture decreased proportionally to external [Ca++] in the concentration range of 0-10 mM; however, the amount of enhancement of ACh contracture following 5-HT treatment did not decrease with external [Ca++] as long as [Ca++] was above a threshold concentration that varied from preparation to preparation. For most preparations, the enhancement of ACh contracture by 5-HT was dependent on the presence of external calcium during 5-HT treatment. Calcium influx into muscles E1 and I5 increased approximately two and a half fold in the presence of 10(-6) M 5-HT. A model in which 5-HT brings about calcium "loading" of an ACh releasable intracellular storage site is discussed. PMID- 6736952 TI - Leg position learning by an insect: II. Motor strategies underlying learned leg extension. AB - The patterns of myographic activity in the flexor and extensor tibiae muscles of the locust which accompany learned tibial extension were examined. Three distinct motor strategies were identified: (1) repeated flexion-extension movements, each of which resulted in a momentary excursion beyond the required, pre-set joint angle (demand angle) and in sum met the criterion for learning; (2) changes in basic muscle tonus, which resulted in maintained shifts in tibial position without discernible myographic activity; (3) tonic activity in the single slow excitatory motoneuron of the extensor tibiae ( SETi ) which produced maintained tibial extension. These strategies were selectively employed depending on the particular range of joint angle required. These strategies were compared and their effectiveness evaluated using a variety of behavioral criteria. Neuronal mechanisms which might underlie each of these strategies are discussed. PMID- 6736953 TI - Retina maturation following administration of thyroxine in developing rats: effects on polyamine metabolism and glutamate decarboxylase. AB - The effects of subcutaneous daily treatment with thyroxine on cell proliferation, differentiation, polyamines, and gamma-aminobutyric acid metabolism in the rat retina were studied during the first 20 postnatal days. The retinal layers of the treated rats displayed an enhanced cell differentiation which reached its maximum 9-12 days from birth; but this effect stopped very quickly and was finished by the 20th postnatal day. Primarily there was an increase in ornithine decarboxylase activity which was accompanied by an increase in putrescine, spermidine, and spermine levels. S-Adenosylmethionine decarboxylase was induced later than ODC; corresponding with the enhanced synaptogenesis, glutamate decarboxylase increased 15-fold between the fourth and 15th days. Our data are consistent with the hypothesis that thyroxine may exert some of its effects by inducing the enzymes which regulate polyamine metabolism and synaptogenesis. PMID- 6736954 TI - Biosynthesis of long-chain alcohols by developing and regenerating rat sciatic nerve. AB - Cell-free preparations of rat sciatic nerve were found to catalyze the reduction of fatty acid to alcohol in the presence of NADPH as reducing cofactor. The reductase was membrane-bound and associated primarily with the microsomal fraction. When fatty acid was the substrate, ATP, coenzyme A (CoA), and Mg2+ were required, indicating the formation of acyl CoA prior to reduction. When acyl CoA was used as substrate, the presence of albumin was required to inhibit acyl CoA hydrolase activity. Fatty acid reductase activity was highest with palmitic and stearic acids, and somewhat lower with lauric and myristic acids. It was inhibited by sulfhydryl reagents, indicating the participation of thiol groups in the reduction. Only traces of long-chain aldehyde could be detected or trapped as semicarbazone. Fatty acid reductase activity in rat sciatic nerve was highest between the second and tenth days after birth and decreased substantially thereafter. Microsomal preparations of sciatic nerve from 10-day-old rats exhibited about four times higher fatty acid reductase activity than brain or spinal cord microsomes from the same animals. Wallerian degeneration and regeneration of adult rat sciatic nerve resulted in enhanced fatty acid reductase activity, which reached a maximum at about 12 days after crush injury. PMID- 6736956 TI - Neopterin retards loss of serotonin N-acetyltransferase activity from cultured chick pineal glands. AB - D-Neopterin at 10 microM delayed start of the decline of serotonin N acetyltransferase (NAT) activity from the peak level in the cycle exhibited by chick pineal glands cultured under standard conditions in the dark. A less marked retardation of decline of NAT activity was found with glands cultured under diurnal illumination or those exposed prematurely to light. There were no significant effects of neopterin on the increases of NAT activity or peak levels of activity developed. The pteridine also retarded loss of NAT activity from the peak level developed in the dark when the time of explanting into culture was later in the (solar) day, but not when it was earlier. Neopterin had no effect on the cycle in cyclic GMP content of cultured chick pineal glands. PMID- 6736957 TI - Age-related responses of skeletal muscle after ectopic innervation, with particular reference to 16S acetylcholinesterase, in adult rats. AB - The formation of ectopic junctions between the foreign fibular nerve and the soleus muscle of young (35-day-old) and mature (200-day-old) adult rats was induced by severing the normal nerve 4 weeks after implanting the foreign nerve. The various molecular forms of acetylcholinesterase (AChE) were studied both at the implanted region and at the original denervated endplates. The velocity of contraction was also studied. In young rats the 16S form was first detected in the ectopic junctions around day 5 after reinnervation; this form rapidly increased during the following weeks, reaching a plateau by day 20. By contrast, in mature rats the appearance of the 16S AChE was dramatically delayed; in fact, it could not be observed before day 80 after reinnervation. (The 16S AChE form appeared at day 20 after reinnervation in the original denervated endplates of young rats; however, at the same time, no effect was observed in mature animals.) The original, slow muscle fibers of the soleus became faster upon reinnervation; this change occurred also much earlier in younger than in mature rats. Our results indicate a loss of plasticity in the skeletal muscle of mature rats. We suggest caution in the use of the ectopic innervation model to study development in mature adult rats. PMID- 6736955 TI - Alterations in the fatty acid composition of rat brain cells (neurons, astrocytes, and oligodendrocytes) and of subcellular fractions (myelin and synaptosomes) induced by a diet devoid of n-3 fatty acids. AB - Rats were fed through four generations with a semisynthetic diet containing 1.0% sunflower oil (6.7 mg/g n-6 fatty acids, 0.04 mg/g n-3 fatty acids). Ten days before mating, half of the animals received a diet in which sunflower was replaced by soya oil (6.6 mg/g n-6 fatty acids, 0.8 mg/g n-3 fatty acids) and analyses were performed on their pups. Fatty acid analysis in isolated cellular and subcellular material from sunflower-fed animals showed that the total amount of unsaturated fatty acids was not reduced in any cellular or subcellular fraction (except in 60-day-old rat neurons). All material from animals fed with sunflower oil showed an important reduction in the docosahexaenoic acid content, compensated (except in 60-day-old rat neurons) by an increase in the n-6 fatty acids (mainly C22:5 n-6). When comparing 60-day-old animals fed with soya oil or sunflower oil, the n-3/n-6 fatty acid ratio was reduced 16-fold in oligodendrocytes, 12-fold in myelin, twofold in neurons, sixfold in synaptosomes, and threefold in astrocytes. No trienes were detected. Saturated and monounsaturated fatty acids were hardly affected. This study provides data on the fatty acid composition of isolated brain cells. PMID- 6736958 TI - Effect of age on vitamin E concentrations in various regions of the brain and a few selected peripheral tissues of the rat, and on the uptake of radioactive vitamin E by various regions of rat brain. AB - The concentrations of tocopherols in selected areas of the brains and a few peripheral tissues of 3-, 14-, and 30-month-old male Fischer 344 rats were determined by a high-performance liquid chromatographic method. Throughout the time period studied, alpha-tocopherol was the only tocopherol detected in the brain. Concentrations of alpha-tocopherol increased significantly with age in medulla and spinal cord whereas no such change was seen in other brain areas. Among the peripheral tissues, total tocopherol concentrations increased with age in the liver and adipose tissue while no significant changes were observed in the heart. The pattern of uptake of radioactive alpha-tocopherol from the serum by the various areas of the brain was similar for the 3- and 14-month-old animals even though the brains from the 14-month-old animals took up less of the radioactive compound. Measurable amounts of tocopherol esters were not present in the tissues of the 30-month-old animals. PMID- 6736960 TI - MDL 72145, an enzyme-activated irreversible inhibitor with selectivity for monoamine oxidase type B. AB - MDL 72145, (E)-2-(3',4'-dimethoxyphenyl)-3-fluoroallylamine hydrochloride, was designed and synthesised as a potential enzyme-activated irreversible inhibitor of monoamine oxidase (MAO). In vitro, the compound displayed time-dependent pseudo-first-order irreversible inhibitory characteristics with high selectivity for the B form of rat brain mitochondrial MAO. At 10 degrees C the Ki and tau 50 values for the B enzyme were 40 microM and 1.7 min, respectively, while these same kinetic constants for the A enzyme were 131 microM and 14.5 min, respectively. Selective protection against inactivation of the two forms of MAO by MDL 72145 was obtained by preincubating the enzyme with suitable concentrations of the selective A and B substrates, 5-hydroxytryptamine and benzylamine. PMID- 6736959 TI - Regional thymidine transport and incorporation in experimental brain and subcutaneous tumors. AB - The regional distribution and local incorporation of [14C]thymidine into a nonextractable tissue fraction, probably DNA, was measured in normal and neoplastic tissues. We studied brain tumors induced by avian sarcoma virus and ethylnitrosourea, and transplanted RG-2 intracerebral and subcutaneous gliomas. An incorporation quotient, Q, was calculated for different tumor regions and brain from the methanol nonextractable radioactivity in the tissue and the plasma concentration-time integral of thymidine. The incorporation quotient represents the rate of clearance of thymidine from blood and its incorporation into macromolecules (probably DNA). The values of Q were compared with a labeling index measured in the same tissue regions with conventional autoradiography. The following observations were made: (1) the mean plasma half-life of thymidine was 6.5 min; (2) the regional incorporation quotient in tumors varied from values comparable to normal brain to more than 100 times higher; (3) RG-2 tumors had significantly higher Qs than the other tumor models; (4) Q in subcutaneous tumors varied most widely (greater than 500-fold range); (5) the labeling index reflected the values of Q in some tumor regions but not in others; differences between the two were most frequently related to tumor cell density and the intensity of individual tumor cell labeling. A comparison of these data with previous studies of capillary permeability and blood flow in these tumor models indicates that the incorporation of [14C]thymidine into a nonextractable tissue fraction can be limited by transcapillary transport in brain tumors and by blood flow in systemic tumors, and that thymidine disposition in these tumors is not always indicative of the rate of DNA synthesis. PMID- 6736961 TI - Effect of phospholipase digestion and lysophosphatidylcholine on dopamine receptor binding. AB - [3H]Spiperone specific binding by microsomal membranes isolated from sheep caudate nucleus is decreased by trypsin and phospholipase A2 (Vipera russeli), but is insensitive to neuraminidase. The inhibitory effect of phospholipase A2 is correlated with phospholipid hydrolysis. After 15 min of phospholipase (5 micrograms/mg protein) treatment, a maximal effect is observed; the maximal lipid hydrolysis is about 56% and produces 82% reduction in [3H]spiperone binding. Equilibrium binding studies in nontreated and treated membranes showed a reduction in Bmax from a value of 388 +/- 9.2 fmol/mg protein before phospholipase treatment to a value of 52 +/- 7.8 fmol/mg protein after treatment, but no change in affinity (KD = 0.24 +/- 0.042 nM) was observed. Albumin washing of treated membranes removes 47% of lysophosphatidylcholine produced by phospholipid hydrolysis without recovering [3H]spiperone binding activity. However, the presence of 2.5% albumin during phospholipase A2 action (1.5 micrograms/mg protein) prevents the inhibitory effect of phospholipase on [3H]spiperone binding to the membranes, although 28% of the total membrane phospholipid is hydrolysed. Lysophosphatidylcholine, a product of phospholipid hydrolysis, mimics the phospholipase A2 effect on receptor activity, but the [3H]spiperone binding inhibition can be reversed by washing with 2.5% defatted serum albumin. Addition of microsomal lipids to microsomal membranes pretreated with phospholipase does not restore [3H]spiperone stereospecific binding. It is concluded that the phospholipase-mediated inhibition of [3H]spiperone binding activity results not only from hydrolysis of membrane phospholipids, but also from an alteration of the lipid environment by the end products of phospholipid hydrolysis. PMID- 6736962 TI - Accumulation of pantothenic acid by the isolated choroid plexus and brain slices in vitro. AB - In vitro, the transport of [14C]pantothenic acid into and from the isolated rabbit choroid plexus, an anatomical locus of the blood-CSF barrier, and brain slices was studied. The choroid plexus accumulated [14C]pantothenic acid from the medium against a concentration gradient, although at low concentrations (less than 1 microM) there was substantial intracellular phosphorylation and binding of the [14C]pantothenic acid. The saturable accumulation process in choroid plexus was inhibited by probenecid and caproic acid but not by nicotinic acid or by weak bases. The accumulation process was markedly inhibited by N-ethylmaleimide, poly L-lysine (which blocks sodium transport), and low temperatures. [14C]Pantothenic acid was readily released from choroid plexus by a temperature-dependent process. Brain slices also accumulated and, at low concentrations, phosphorylated [14C]pantothenic acid from the medium by a temperature-, probenecid-, and N ethylmaleimide-sensitive saturable process. However, unlike choroid plexus, brain slices did not concentrate free pantothenic acid and [14C]pantothenic acid accumulation was not sensitive to poly-L-lysine. [14C]Pantothenic acid was readily released from brain slices by a temperature-sensitive process. These results are consistent with the view that [14C]pantothenic acid enters the isolated choroid plexus and brain slices by active transport and facilitated diffusion, respectively. PMID- 6736963 TI - Regulation of myelin basic protein (arginine) methyltransferase by thyroid hormone in myelinogenic cultures of cells dissociated from embryonic mouse brain. AB - The ontogenetic expression of myelin basic protein (arginine) methyltransferase in myelinogenic cultures of cells dissociated from embryonic mouse brain is highly dependent on the presence of thyroid hormone. Restoration of myelin basic protein methyltransferase to normal activities occurred 16 h after the addition of 100 nM L-3,5,3'-triiodothyronine to hypothyroid medium. These data demonstrate that thyroid hormone can regulate a posttranslational event. On the other hand, histone (arginine) methyltransferase has a different temporal activity pattern, which is not coordinated with myelination, and is not influenced by the lack of thyroid hormone. These data, which suggest the existence of two methyltransferases, were substantiated by demonstrating that the total amount of methylation of added myelin basic protein and histone is the same whether they are incubated together or separately. The requirement of thyroid hormone for the expression of the myelin basic protein methyltransferase and not for histone methyltransferase suggests that thyroid hormone preferentially regulates myelin associated events in these cultures. PMID- 6736964 TI - Developmental changes in lactate dehydrogenase and aldolase activity of the A2G adr mouse with abnormal muscle function: further comparison with the 129Re-dy mutant. AB - Lactate dehydrogenase and aldolase activity were reduced in lateral gastrocnemius muscle from two mouse mutants, A2G-adr and 129Re-dy, with abnormal muscle function. The activities of both of these enzymes were significantly reduced in the lateral gastrocnemius muscle from the A2G-adr mice at ages varying from 2 weeks to 32 weeks, whereas the activities in the soleus, heart, liver, and brain were the same as in the control animals. The lactate dehydrogenase isoenzymes in the lateral gastrocnemius and soleus muscles from the A2G mice were quantified, and although those of the soleus were comparable in mutant and control muscle, the lateral gastrocnemius from the adr mutant had reduced activity of LDH 5 and increased activities of the other four isoenzymes. The findings suggest that the adr mutation is expressed in the white (Type II) muscle fibres and not in the red (Type I) fibres or in any of the organs studied. It is suggested that the initiation of differentiation into Type II fibres from the embryonic form is absent or delayed in the A2G mutant. The reduced activities of lactate dehydrogenase and aldolase in 129Re-dy muscle confirm the findings of other workers. PMID- 6736965 TI - Monitoring the stimulated release of dopamine with in vivo voltammetry. I: Characterization of the response observed in the caudate nucleus of the rat. AB - Microvoltammetric electrodes were employed in the brain of an anesthetized rat to monitor chemical substances in extracellular fluid following electrical stimulation of the medial forebrain bundle. An increase in concentration of an easily oxidized substance is observed in the caudate nucleus and in the nucleus accumbens. A large amount of evidence suggests that the substance that is observed following stimulation is dopamine. (1) The location of the stimulating electrode must be in known dopaminergic tracts to induce release. (2) Release is most easily observed in brain regions that contain significant numbers of dopamine-containing neurons. (3) Two voltammetric electrodes with very different electrochemical responses provide voltammograms of the released species that are unique for catechols in one case and catecholamines in another case. (4) The amount of 3,4-dihydroxyphenylacetic acid found in striatal tissue by postmortem analysis correlates with the calculated amount of dopamine released. (5) Inhibition of tyrosine hydroxylase, and thus dopamine synthesis, decreases the observed release while inhibition of monoamine oxidase, and thus formation of dopamine metabolites, does not. (6) The dependence of release on stimulation parameters agrees with results obtained with perfusion techniques. Thus, a new method has been developed to characterize endogenous dopamine release in the rat brain and can be used on a time scale of seconds. PMID- 6736966 TI - Monitoring the stimulated release of dopamine with in vivo voltammetry. II: Clearance of released dopamine from extracellular fluid. AB - Microvoltammetric electrodes implanted in the caudate nucleus of the anesthetized rat have been used to monitor dopamine released following electrical stimulation of the medial forebrain bundle. These electrodes are fabricated from unmodified carbon fibers and have been used with normal pulse voltammetry. Dopamine appears in the vicinity of the electrode when the stimulation is initiated, and disappears almost immediately when the stimulation is terminated. The data suggest that the effective diffusion distance is less than 100 micron. Postmortem analysis using liquid chromatography with electrochemical detection shows that dopamine released in this manner is metabolized to 3,4-dihydroxyphenylacetic acid (DOPAC); however, neither substance is observed electrochemically in the extracellular fluid within seconds after the stimulation. In addition, inhibitors of neuronal uptake of dopamine, amphetamine (1.8 or 15 mg X kg-1) or benztropine (25 mg X kg-1), or of dopamine metabolism, pargyline (150 mg X kg-1) or tropolone (100 mg X kg-1), do not significantly affect the rate at which dopamine disappears from extracellular fluid, although they can affect the amount released. These results suggest that dopamine cannot freely diffuse in the extracellular fluid because an extraneuronal uptake mechanism exists that clears dopamine from extracellular fluid into an extraneuronal pool where metabolism to 3,4-dihydroxyphenylacetic acid occurs. Dopamine can be observed during electrical stimulation of the ascending fibers because neuronal and extraneuronal uptake systems are unable to remove dopamine on these short time scales. PMID- 6736967 TI - Temperature dependence of catecholamine secretion from cultured bovine chromaffin cells. AB - Secretion of both epinephrine and norepinephrine by cultured chromaffin cells was studied at temperatures ranging from 0 degrees C to 37 degrees C. The percentage of epinephrine secreted was always lower than that of norepinephrine when the cells were stimulated with either acetylcholine or high K+ at any temperature. When the cells were stimulated with acetylcholine or carbachol the percentage of catecholamine secreted at 10 min increased with temperature from 4 degrees C to 24 degrees C and then decreased from 24 degrees C to 37 degrees C. Potassium stimulated cells secreted increasing amounts of catecholamine as the temperature was increased to 37 degrees C. We found, however, that the initial rates of secretion increased continuously as temperature increased throughout the range for both carbachol- and K+-stimulated cells. The temperature maximum of acetylcholine-stimulated secretion is caused by a faster shut-off of secretion at higher temperature. The Arrhenius plots of initial rates show an inflection point at approximately 17 degrees C for carbachol-stimulated cells. The plot for K+ stimulated cells is a straight line over the entire temperature range. The transition could be caused by a conformational change in the cholinergic receptor/ion channel molecule. PMID- 6736968 TI - Studies of the Thymelaeaceae II. Antineoplastic principles of Gnidia kraussiana. AB - The acetone and methanol extracts of Gnidia kraussiana roots displayed activity against the P-388 lymphocytic leukemia. Bioactivity-directed fractionation led to the isolation of five daphnane orthoesters , all possessing potent antineoplastic activity. Four of these isolates, gnidilatin (1), gnidilatidin (2), Excoecaria toxin (3), and Pimelea factor P2 (4) have been isolated previously from plants in the Thymelaeaceae and Euphorbiaceae. The fifth compound, kraussianin (5), is a new member of the macrocyclic daphnane orthoester series of compounds. PMID- 6736969 TI - Chemistry of acronycine IV. Minor constituents of acronine and the phytochemistry of the genus Acronychia. AB - In the course of isolating acronycine (1) from an alkaloid fraction of the bark of Acronychia baueri (Rutaceae), five alkaloids, 1,2,3-trimethoxy-10-methyl acridone (9), 1,3,4-trimethoxy-10-methyl-acridone (10), des-N-methyl acronycine (14), normelicopine (5), and noracronycine (2), were isolated. Four of the isolates are new to the genus, and phytochemical analysis of the genus Acronychia is presented. PMID- 6736970 TI - Plant anticancer agents XXIX. Cleomiscosin A from Simaba multiflora, Soulamea soulameoides, and Matayba arborescens. AB - Cleomiscosin A (1) has been isolated from Simaba multiflora and Soulamea soulameoides in the Simaroubaceae through bioactivity-directed fractionation and from Matayba arborescens in the Sapindaceae . The structure of cleomiscosin A (1) was established through spectroscopic studies and chemical reactions. PMID- 6736971 TI - Use of potato disc and brine shrimp bioassays to detect activity and isolate piceatannol as the antileukemic principle from the seeds of Euphorbia lagascae. AB - EtOH extracts of the seeds of Euphorbia lagascae inhibited crown gall tumors on potato discs, were active against 3PS (in vivo) and 9PS (in vitro) mouse leukemia, and were toxic to brine shrimp. Using the potato disc and brine shrimp bioassays to monitor fractionation, piceatannol (3,4,3',5'- tetrahydroxystilbene ) was isolated as the 3PS active principle. Aesculetin (6,7-dihydroxycoumarin) was isolated in large quantity, was weakly cytotoxic in 9KB , but was inactive in the other bioassay systems. Sucrose was also isolated. A combination of the simple crown gall and brine shrimp bioassays can thus be used both to detect and to isolate plant antitumor substances, minimizing the need for extensive antitumor testing in vivo. PMID- 6736972 TI - Antimicrobial principles from in vitro tissue culture of Peganum harmala. PMID- 6736973 TI - Potential anticancer agents XXXII. Hydroquinone from Ipomopsis aggregata. PMID- 6736974 TI - Cognitive and motor shifting aptitude disorder in Parkinson's disease. AB - Eighteen patients suffering from Parkinson's disease and nineteen control subjects, who were matched for age and intelligence, were compared in tests measuring "shifting aptitude" at cognitive and motor levels (word production, sorting blocks or animals, and finger pushing sequences). It was found that Parkinson patients produced fewer different names of animals and professions in one minute than control subjects, needed more trials for detecting a shift in a sorting criterion, and produced fewer finger responses in a change of pushing sequence than control subjects. These results are interpreted as reflecting a central programming deficit that manifests itself in verbal, figural and motor modalities, that is, a diminished "shifting aptitude" characteristic of patients with dysfunctioning basal ganglia. The results are discussed in relation to changes of behaviour organisations in animals with dysfunctioning basal ganglia. PMID- 6736976 TI - Essential tremor in Rochester, Minnesota: a 45-year study. AB - A 45-year (1935-79) retrospective study of essential tremor based on original medical records on residents of Rochester, Minnesota, is presented. The age and sex adjusted incidence for the most recent 15 year period was 23.7 per 100 000 for US white population. The prevalence rate, age and sex adjusted to 1970 US white population on January 1, 1979 was estimated at 305.6 per 100 000. Survival after diagnosis of essential tremor is comparable to age and sex matched population of West North Central United States. Mean age at diagnosis was 58 (range 2-96) years. Age adjusted annual incidence rate was not different in males (18.3/100 000) and females (17.1/100 000). Functional handicap was reported by four (1.5%) of the 266 incidence cases in school, 13 (5%) cases at work and five cases (2%) retired prematurely. Excessive use of alcohol was noted in 16% and 6% were diagnosed as alcoholic. Torticollis was diagnosed in 3% cases and an additional diagnosis of Parkinson's disease after the index date was made in 2% of incidence cases. Subsequent emergence of Parkinsonism was regarded as incidental. Diagnosis of hypertension was made at some time in 30% of incidence cases during the period (mean 37 years) for which the medical records were available. Risk of hypertension after onset of essential tremor in the cases was not different from that in a control group. PMID- 6736975 TI - Alterations in cognitive performance and affect-arousal state during fluctuations in motor function in Parkinson's disease. AB - Sixteen patients with idiopathic Parkinson's disease were selected who were all showing severe fluctuations in motor function ("on-off" phenomenon). Measures of cognitive function and of subjective affect/arousal state were taken on two occasions, once when "on" and once when "off". Twenty-five matched normal controls were also assessed on the same measures. Results revealed, on the average, a drop in cognitive function plus an adverse swing in affect/arousal state, in the patient group in the "off" condition, compared to the levels when "on". Analysis of the data suggested that the main factor associated with cognitive function when "off" was not the severity of disability but the level of affect/arousal. The fluctuations in cognitive function found tended to be mild relative to the severe changes in motor ability, and were present in only a proportion of patients. PMID- 6736977 TI - Benign familial chorea: an association with intellectual impairment. AB - Twenty-four members of a family with benign familial chorea underwent testing for evidence of intellectual impairment. Lower verbal intelligence was found in affected individuals compared to unaffected family members, as were deficits in verbal abstract concept formation. These results challenge the notion that benign familial chorea uniformly spares the intellect in all kindreds. PMID- 6736978 TI - Predicting the outcome of acute stroke: a prognostic score. AB - A prognostic score was derived from a prospective study of 148 consecutively admitted patients, aged less than 76 years, who survived the first 24 hours after an acute stroke. Multivariate analysis was used to compare the presenting clinical features of 137 (93%) of these patients with their outcome after two months. Little change in the level of residual disability was detected in 128 of these patients after a further four months. The features which were found to predict functional dependence or death included older age, complete limb paralysis, depression of conscious level and the combination of hemiplegia and hemianopia with higher cerebral dysfunction. Hemiparesis uncomplicated by hemianopia or higher cerebral dysfunction predicted a return to functional independence. A discriminant function derived from this analysis can be used to calculate the likelihood of recovery to independent function for an individual patient following an acute stroke. PMID- 6736979 TI - Cholinergic system and constructional praxis: a further study of physostigmine in Alzheimer's disease. AB - Subcutaneous or intravenous administration of physostigmine improved the copying of geometric figures in three out of six patients with presumed Alzheimer's disease who showed a remarkable constructional disturbance. This improvement reached its maximum 30 to 60 minutes after the physostigmine administration. These results not only provide further evidence supporting the hypothesis that central cholinergic potentiation ameliorates some of the impairments of Alzheimer's disease, but implicate a possible important role of the cholinergic system in the integration of constructional praxis. PMID- 6736980 TI - Neuropathological findings in Miller Fisher syndrome. AB - The neuropathological findings in a fatal case of Miller Fisher syndrome are described. The demyelinating peripheral neuropathy and normal appearance of the central nervous system that were observed support the inclusion of the syndrome within the spectrum of acute inflammatory polyneuropathy. PMID- 6736982 TI - EEG findings in tick-borne encephalitis. AB - EEG findings of epidemiologically and serologically confirmed tick-borne encephalitis patients were compared with findings of patients having acute encephalitis of viral or undetermined origins. Tick-borne encephalitis patients had more bilaterally synchronous bursts of slow waves and more focal abnormalities than did controls. Moreover, their EEGs remained mildly pathological, with increased slow and beta activity and intermittent focal abnormalities in some patients, whereas, EEGs in the controls became normal or borderline, usually within two months. EEG can thus reveal differences between individuals' responses to encephalitis and between different types of encephalitis, even though the clinical pictures are rather similar. Finally, the study shows that tick-borne encephalitis causes changes in the EEG that persist long after the clinical disease appears to have resolved. PMID- 6736981 TI - Mini-mental state examination in neurological patients. AB - The Mini-Mental State examination has been found to be a quick and valuable test for simple bedside screening, and for serial assessment of cognitive function in a population of 126 neurological patients. Amongst those with cognitive impairment, there was a close relation between the Mini-Mental State examination and the conventional Weschler Adult Intelligence Scale (WAIS). However, the Mini Mental test was not a sensitive indicator of focal versus diffuse hemisphere disease. Further refinement in the areas of language and visuo-spatial function may improve its value. PMID- 6736983 TI - Neuropsychological rehabilitation after closed head injury in young adults. AB - Cognitive and personality disturbances following severe closed head injury in young adults are associated with poor rehabilitation outcome. Yet systematic programmes for dealing with these disturbances have generally not appeared. The present report briefly describes the Neuropsychological Rehabilitation Program (NRP) at Presbyterian Hospital in Oklahoma City and the initial outcome data on eighteen closed head injury patients and seventeen untreated controls. Greater improvement in neuropsychological functioning occurred in the NRP patient group on selected variables, but generally the effects were modest. Emotional distress, however, substantially decreased in treated patients. Fifty percent of the NRP patients maintained productivity 75% of the time or more following rehabilitation, compared to 36% of the controls. Treatment successes showed less personality disturbances than treatment failures and better learning and memory scores post-treatment. PMID- 6736984 TI - Deliberate alteration of the visual evoked potential. AB - Seven out of 12 normal subjects could deliberately produce abnormal pattern reversal visual evoked potentials (VEPs) which simulated disorders of the anterior visual pathways without detection. In six the mechanism was near-point accommodation and in one eccentric fixation. If voluntary suppression of the VEPs is suspected various modifications to the recording technique may be of value. These include the use of a large check size and stimulus field and binocular stimulation. PMID- 6736987 TI - Pneumonitis, pleural effusion and pericarditis following treatment with dantrolene. AB - A patient developed pulmonary infiltration, pleural effusions and pericarditis three months after starting dantrolene sodium. Peripheral blood eosinophilia and a raised ESR were present. Symptoms and signs resolved after the drug was discontinued. Dantrolene toxicity should be considered in the differential diagnosis of pneumonitis and pleuro-pericarditis. PMID- 6736985 TI - Short-latency somatosensory evoked potentials in dystrophia myotonica. AB - Somatosensory evoked potentials (SEPs) were recorded in a group of 21 patients with dystrophia myotonica and in a group of controls. Those with dystrophia myotonica had longer absolute peak latencies due to slower peripheral conduction. SEP abnormalities revealed peripheral and/or central conduction delays in 33% of the dystrophia myotonica subjects. There was no apparent relationship between the clinical severity of the disease and SEP abnormality. PMID- 6736988 TI - Psychological distress after stroke. PMID- 6736986 TI - Delayed neuropathy after organophosphorus insecticide (Dipterex) poisoning: a clinical, electrophysiological and nerve biopsy study. AB - Clinical, electrophysiological and histological findings in four patients accidentally poisoned with the organophosphorus insecticide Dipterex are reported. Three to five weeks after insecticide ingestion signs of a distal sensorimotor (preponderantly motor) neuropathy occurred. The patients complained of paraesthesia in the lower limbs, and two of them of very disagreeable pricking sensation in the soles of the feet, responsive to carbamazepine. They showed distal weakness mainly of the legs, footdrop , difficult gait and muscle hypotonia. Ankle jerk was abolished while other tendon reflexes persisted. Two months or even later after poisoning, knee jerks in all the patients were very brisk and more and less accompanied by other pyramidal signs (patellar clonus, abolishment of abdominal cutaneous reflexes, Babinski's sign). Clinical, electrophysiological and nerve biopsy data revealed a "dying-back" neuropathy in our patients. Distal muscle fatigue was confirmed by failure of neuromuscular transmission on repetitive nerve stimulation. PMID- 6736989 TI - Toxic shock syndrome presenting as cerebral infarct. PMID- 6736990 TI - Creatine kinase BB isoenzyme in rugby football players. PMID- 6736991 TI - CT scan evidence of postero-latero thalamic infarction in pure sensory stroke. PMID- 6736992 TI - Aqueduct stenosis and schizophrenia. PMID- 6736993 TI - CT scan in severe diffuse head injury: physiological and clinical correlations. AB - CT scan findings, clinical features and intracranial pressure were studied in patients with severe diffuse head injury. Compression of the 3rd ventricle and basal cisterns closely correlated with an intracranial pressure greater than 20 mmHg, with clinical signs of midbrain dysfunctions and worse prognosis. These CT scan findings can indicate whether intracranial pressure monitoring is appropriate. PMID- 6736994 TI - Evolution and resolution of oedema following severe temporary cerebral ischaemia in the gerbil. AB - Regional cerebral blood flow (rCBF) and oedema following profound temporary ischaemia were studied in the gerbil. Ninety-four per cent of animals died within 24 hours of reperfusion; 50% by 4 hours. Regional differences in oedema (specific gravity method), Evans blue (EB) staining and rCBF (hydrogen clearance technique) occurred. Oedema developed during arterial occlusion, being inversely proportional to residual flow and was markedly exacerbated during reperfusion. Reperfusion hyperaemia was maximal in the parietal and hippocampal regions (ischaemic rCBF 4 ml 100 g-1 min-1). Oedema was disappearing in all areas by 3 hours of reperfusion and autoregulation returned in the occipital region (mean ischaemia rCBF 8 ml 100 g-1 min-1). EB staining and haemorrhage appeared in the thalamus (rCBF 10 ml 100 g-1 min-1) as oedema was decreasing. It is suggested that the amount of oedema and hyperaemia during reperfusion are dependent on the severity of the ischaemia. Areas of moderate ischaemia (8-10 ml 100 g-1 min-1) show little hyperaemia and greater oedema resolution during reperfusion as compared to areas of severe ischaemia (circa 4 ml 100 g-1 min-1) where there is marked hyperaemia with less oedema resolution. Early in the reperfusion period, oedema is not associated with EB staining and indicates a cytotoxic mechanism. The vasogenic component, with macroscopic haemorrhages and leakage of EB occurs later. In this model it is concluded that the early cytotoxic oedema formation and hyperaemia are phenomena with little bearing on mortality, which correlates better with later vasogenic changes. PMID- 6736995 TI - Postural adjustments associated with rapid voluntary arm movements 1. Electromyographic data. AB - Normal subjects made bilaterally symmetric rapid elbow flexions or extensions ("focal movement") while free standing or when supported by being strapped to a firm wall behind them (different "postural set"). In some trials a load opposed the movement two thirds of the way into its course. Electromyographic activity in leg and trunk muscles ("associated postural adjustments") demonstrated specific patterns for each type of movement. Activity in these muscles began prior to activity in the arm muscles and demonstrated a distal-to-proximal order of activation. The EMG patterns were characterised by alternating activity in the antagonist pairs similar to the triphasic pattern seen in the arm muscles. When the movement type was changed change of the pattern of the postural muscles occurred over several trials. It is concluded that the associated postural adjustments are pre-programmed motor activity linked to the focal movement, specific for the focal movement including anticipated events and the postural set. PMID- 6736996 TI - Reproducibility of the visual evoked potential using a light-emitting diode stimulator. AB - The intersubject and intrasubject reproducibility of the VEP was evaluated using two different methods of producing pattern reversal--a mirror/projector system and a light-emitting diode (LED) system. Intersubject reproducibility was determined in 100 normal subjects (50 males, 50 females). Ten subjects were studied on ten different occasions over 11 months to establish intrasubject reproducibility. The two methods gave comparable results. It is concluded that the mirror/projector system has no advantages over the LED system, which is cheaper, more robust and more convenient. Most of the intersubject variability was found to be due to subject variables and it is concluded that technical improvements are unlikely to reduce further the variability of the test. A variability in the latency of P100 of up to 7.7 ms was recorded in the serial studies on the ten subjects, indicating that in longitudinal studies on patients, changes in latency must exceed 9-10 ms to be significant. With both stimulus systems, there were significant sex-related differences in latency (P50 and P100 but not N70) and amplitude (N70-P100). The extent of the difference was such that the upper limit of normal latency for P100 (2.5-3 SD from the mean) was 4.2-4.7 ms longer for males than females-a value which exceeds 1 SD. Separate control values for males and females are advisable whichever method is used to produce pattern reversal. PMID- 6736999 TI - Reduction in muscarinic receptor binding in limbic areas of Alzheimer brain. PMID- 6736998 TI - Individual motor unit analysis in the diagnosis of disorders of urethral sphincter innervation. AB - A technique is described for recording the electromyographic activity of striated muscle in the urethral sphincter. Using a concentric needle electrode and an oscilloscope with a delay line and trigger, individual motor units were isolated and measured. To validate the method as a means of detecting pathology, the results are presented of analysis of the motor units of a group of patients with disturbances of micturition, known to have either cauda equina lesions or pelvic nerve injury. These results are compared with those from a group of controls. In the control group 93% of the motor units were less than 6 ms in duration and 2.0 mv in amplitude. Of motor units recorded from patients with cauda equina or pelvic nerve injury 59% exceeded the control ranges for amplitude or duration. It is concluded that quantitative analysis of individual motor units may be a helpful technique in the investigation of patients with disorders of micturition. PMID- 6736997 TI - Conduction studies along the accessory nerve and follow-up of patients with trapezius palsy. AB - The accessory nerve was stimulated at the posterior triangle of the neck and responses were evoked simultaneously from the upper, middle and lower part of the trapezius muscle. Sixteen patients were investigated, 10 with trapezius palsy following surgical procedures at the posterior cervical triangle, three with a history suggestive of neuralgic amyotrophy and three of unknown origin. On the unaffected side the latency increases 0.16 ms per 10 mm increase in conduction distance corresponding to a conduction velocity of 63 m/s. Evidence is presented that the upper, middle and lower part of the trapezius muscle receive innervation from the accessory nerve. Follow-up of patients showed spontaneous nerve regeneration after complete axonal degeneration. These findings suggest that surgical intervention should be delayed to allow for spontaneous reinnervation. Clinical recovery was incomplete in cases of iatrogenic origin. PMID- 6737000 TI - Metastatic carcinoid tumour compressing the cauda equina. PMID- 6737001 TI - A study of platelet protein phosphorylation in Duchenne muscular dystrophy. Further evidence against the generalised membrane defect theory. AB - As a test of the generalised defect theory for Duchenne muscular dystrophy (DMD), basal and calcium-dependent platelet protein phosphorylation was examined in order to determine if the increased concentration of calcium in DMD skeletal muscle is reflected in DMD platelets. Protein phosphorylation was quantitated by gradient slab gel electrophoresis and autoradiography. The number of phosphoproteins in each phosphoprotein peak was determined by comparison with two dimensional gel electrophoresis. Many phosphoprotein peaks were present in unstimulated platelet preparations both in whole platelet homogenates and in intact platelets. Two of these phosphoprotein peaks were calcium-dependent, one was a single phosphoprotein, the other consisted of 4 phosphoproteins. No disease related differences were observed in either basal or calcium-stimulated phosphoproteins. These results do not support previous reports of platelet abnormalities in DMD, and provide further evidence that the biochemical defect in Duchenne muscular dystrophy is neither generalised nor a membrane defect. The biochemical defect in DMD should be regarded as a skeletal muscle abnormality until proved otherwise. PMID- 6737002 TI - "Rimmed vacuole myopathy" sparing the quadriceps. A unique disorder in Iranian Jews. AB - Nine cases from 4 different Iranian-Jewish families presented with generalized muscular weakness. Quadriceps muscle was the only leg muscle which retained its normal power and function even in advanced cases. Biopsies from severely involved muscles revealed a typical "rimmed vacuole myopathy" while the quadriceps and deltoid showed minimal changes. CK levels were normal or moderately elevated and the EMG pattern suggested an underlining neurogenic disorder. The possible neurogenic character of this autosomal recessive disorder is discussed with relevance to the rimmed vacuoles. PMID- 6737003 TI - Multiple innervation of human muscle fibers. AB - A combination of electrophysiological techniques, including stimulus threshold measurements, coaxial needle recordings of voluntary EMG, and evoked response analysis, has been used to show that the motor innervation of the human biceps brachii has an extensive distribution in the long axis of the muscle. Impulse collision experiments, involving either excitation at two sites or the use of stimuli of graded intensity, have demonstrated that the diffuse muscle innervation is partly a consequence of individual muscle fibers having more than one end-plate. PMID- 6737004 TI - Management of motor neurone disease. PMID- 6737005 TI - Lipid myopathy. Case report and review. AB - The past decade has seen an increasing number of reports of patients suffering from disorders of lipid with major abnormalities of the neuromuscular system. On the basis of these reports it has been suggested that carnitine deficiency can be subdivided into a myopathic form where the deficiency is confined to muscle and a systemic form where there is more wide-spread carnitine depletion. Recent evidence based on clinical and experimental material casts doubt on this rigid subdivision. It is suggested that patients with carnitine deficiency should not be rigorously subdivided until further clarification of the underlying biochemical abnormalities have been undertaken. PMID- 6737007 TI - Nucleus raphe dorsalis in dementia of the Alzheimer type: neurofibrillary changes and neuronal packing density. AB - Within the reticulate core of the brain the nucleus raphe dorsalis (NRD) is a major site of predilection for the neurofibrillary tangle (NFT) in dementia of the Alzheimer type (DAT) and, according to some studies, its primary brain stem site. In a quantitative study we have shown in six aged control brains an average of 5.2 NFT per histological section or 25.8 per mm3 and in seven age-matched brains with DAT a highly significant six-fold increase, respectively 35.3 NFT per histological section or 188.5 per mm3. There was no significant difference between the two groups in overall neuronal cell packing density. There was, however, a significant decrease in a subpopulation of neurons in DAT, a large polygonal neuron. Despite the prominence of the NRD as a target for NFT, the actual proportion of affected NRD cells was small, 0.35% in controls and 2.25% in DAT. PMID- 6737006 TI - Severe muscular dystrophy in girls. AB - Twelve girls and 2 boys with severe but not congenital muscular dystrophy were found in a national survey. An autosomal recessive gene is likely to account for most if not all of these cases. The condition differs slightly from X-linked Duchenne muscular dystrophy in showing prominent early toe-walking, a milder course, relatively more weakness of the deltoid muscles, normal intelligence, a normal ECG and a more focal pattern of muscle pathology. PMID- 6737008 TI - The evolution of cellular degeneration in dorsal root ganglia exposed to doxorubicin in tissue culture. AB - Doxorubicin (Adriamycin) is a drug having both antibiotic and antimitotic properties. It intercalates between base pairs of DNA causing breaks in the helical strands. It is widely used as a cancer chemotherapeutic agent but is limited in use by a dose-related cardiomyopathy and necrosis of peripheral ganglia. This study of cultured mouse spinal cord and dorsal root ganglia examined the sequential pathological changes of living tissue by light and fluorescence microscopy and of fixed tissue by electron microscopy. Fluorescence microscopy showed that doxorubicin has rapid access to ganglia cells and preferentially binds to the nucleus and nucleolus. Pathological changes of the peripheral neurons include clumping of nuclear chromatin, relocation of the indented nucleus to an eccentric position, occasional loss of the nuclear envelope, dissociation of the nucleolus into the pars granulosa and the pars fibrosa, accumulation of inclusion bodies in the cytoplasm, swollen cisternae and a loss of Nissl substance. Axons display changes in localization of organelles prior to undergoing proximal Wallerian-like degeneration. Schwann cells occasionally display clumped nuclear chromatin. Some satellite cells undergo necrosis. These findings are dose- and time-related and essentially duplicate those previously reported in animal studies. Thus, the in vitro model may provide a useful tool for ascertaining the sequence of events occurring in sensory neuronopathy. PMID- 6737009 TI - Cortical dysplasia in congenital muscular dystrophy with central nervous system involvement (Fukuyama type). AB - We report five cases of congenital muscular dystrophy with central nervous system involvement of the Fukuyama type (FCMD) in which cerebral cortical dysplasia was not uniform even in the same brain. We have categorized the dysplasia into three major patterns, each with a predictable topography despite individual variations. Cerebellar micropolygyria was localized to the dorsal halves of each hemisphere. Aberrant fascicles of myelinated nerve fibers, closely associated with micropolygyria, were found in the subarachnoid space of the dorsal cerebellar surface in all but one case. We discuss the characteristics of the cortical dysplasia of FCMD, particularly in relation to that of Walker's lissencephaly, pathogenesis, and the relationship between lesions of the central nervous system and skeletal muscle. PMID- 6737010 TI - Primary rhabdomyosarcoma of the cerebellum--a light, electron microscopic, and immunohistochemical study. AB - A primary cerebellar rhabdomyosarcoma (RMS) in a six and a half year old boy is reported. Microscopy of the surgical material revealed lobules of closely packed cells with a high mitotic rate, pleomorphic hyperchromatic nuclei and scant cytoplasm. At their periphery, the lobules merged with rounded cells with similar nuclei but more abundant cytoplasm. These areas were surrounded by interlacing fascicles of strap cells, which were occasionally multinucleated and showed cross striations. Electron microscopy (EM) revealed the primitive nature of the closely packed cells; however, occasional intermediate size filaments were present within their cytoplasm and focal basement membrane accumulation was observed. Cells with more abundant cytoplasm had large accumulations of thick and thin filaments while strap cells showed well-developed cross striations. Immunohistochemical studies (peroxidase-antiperoxidase technique) showed vimentin in the primitive cells and desmin, myoglobin and adenosine triphosphatase as the tumor cells appeared more differentiated. Immunoreaction with antibodies against glial fibrillary acidic protein, S-100 protein and neurofilament protein were negative. Electron microscopic and immunohistochemical studies in this case demonstrated that this was an exclusively mesenchymal tumor with rhabdomyoblastic differentiation and that the pattern of differentiation follows that seen in normal myogenesis. PMID- 6737011 TI - Cerebrospinal fluid lactate and pyruvate concentrations in patients with malignant hypertension. AB - Lactate and pyruvate concentrations and acid-base parameters in cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) and arterial blood were measured in 21 patients with malignant hypertension ( MHT ), 19 with benign hypertension (BHT) and 21 normotensive subjects (NT). Average values for CSF lactate and lactate/pyruvate (L/P) ratio were significantly higher in MHT (1.90 +/- 10 mM/1, 19.2 +/- 1.0) than in either BHT (1.50 +/- 0.05 mM/l, 15.7 +/- 0.7) or NT (1.44 +/- 0.04 mM/1, 15.7 +/- 0.4). There was a linear correlation between CSF lactate and CSF pressure (r = 0.565, P less than 0.01), and the latter was also related to mean arterial pressure exceeding 150 mm Hg (r = 0.553, P less than 0.01). Such increases in the acid metabolites in CSF indicate that brain metabolism becomes anaerobic in MHT , probably due to increased intracranial pressure. Increased cerebrovascular permeability is also discussed as participating in causal mechanisms. PMID- 6737012 TI - Cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) findings in amyotrophic lateral sclerosis. AB - The cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) was examined in 90 amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS) patients and in 50 age-matched normal controls. Total protein concentration was significantly higher in ALS patients than in normal controls. CSF IgG and albumin, quantitatively determined by single radial immunodiffusion, were significantly increased in ALS. No difference in serum concentrations was observed between ALS patients and normal controls. On isoelectric focusing a clearcut "fingerprint" pattern was observed in 11 of 12 cases. These findings support the hypothesis that blood-brain barrier damage occurs in ALS. The finding of a higher mononuclear cell count in young ALS patients is briefly discussed in the light of the hypothesis that an exogenous agent might be of some relevance in pathogenesis. An alteration of at least one of the CSF parameters considered was found in 45.5% of ALS cases. PMID- 6737013 TI - Gangliosides in rabbit and human skeletal muscle with denervation atrophy. AB - In experimental denervation of rabbit skeletal muscle, an increase of gangliosides has been reported. Ganglioside, DNA, total lipid and protein levels were studied in experimental denervation of rabbit gastrocnemius muscle and in human skeletal muscle with denervation atrophy. In severe human denervation atrophy total ganglioside, DNA and total lipid levels were increased, and protein levels decreased as compared with controls. The ganglioside pattern was changed in severe human denervation atrophy and showed a significant increase of a GT1b like and moderate decrease of a GM1-like compound. Findings in experimentally denervated rabbit muscle resembled results obtained in human denervation atrophy, showing a significant increase of total ganglioside levels as well as a moderate increase of GT1b-like and decrease of GM1-like compounds. PMID- 6737014 TI - Carpal tunnel syndrome--course and prognosis. AB - In a retrospective study 157 patients with electrophysiologically proven carpal tunnel syndrome (CTS) were followed up. Of the 85 operatively treated patients, 86% showed clear improvement or cure, as did 32% of the patients not operated upon. Multivariate analysis of variance (MANOVA) and linear discriminant analyses indicated atrophy and length of history as effective predictors of clear improvement. The optimized discriminant point was ascertained in the receiver operator characteristics (ROC) curve. A predictive value of positive test of 0.89 was found for the course form "not cured" and a predictive value of negative test of 0.75 for the course form "cured" with a prevalence of one-third for the good course form. The prognosis was bad if atrophy occurred or the history exceeded 7 months. The determination of distal motor latency is indispensable for diagnosing CTS. For prognosis, however, length of history and clinical findings have been more helpful. PMID- 6737015 TI - A biometric analysis of brain size in micrencephalics. AB - Brain weight and head circumference in micrencephalic patients were analysed as a function of age, height and sex in relation to normal human standards. A quantitative definition of micrencephaly is proposed, which is based on these analyses. Evidence is presented, furthermore, that micrencephalics have a significantly lower brain weight in adolescence than in early childhood, and that this cerebral dystrophy continues throughout adulthood, leading to death in more than 85% of the males and 78% of the females before they reach the age of 30 years. Since this decline in brain weight after approximately 3-5 years of age is not accompanied by a similar reduction in head circumference, the brains of elderly micrencephalic patients no longer occupy the entire cranial cavity. It is evident, therefore, that head circumference in the case of micrencephaly is an unsuitable parameter for estimating brain size. PMID- 6737017 TI - The treatment of neuroblastoma. PMID- 6737016 TI - A case of myasthenia gravis associated with optic neuritis. AB - A case of myasthenia gravis is described in association with optic neuritis in which brain-stem auditory and somatosensory evoked potentials were normal. CSF contained alkaline oligoclonal IgG bands. Blood lymphocyte subpopulations showed a decreased number of T-suppressor cells. PMID- 6737018 TI - Neuroblastoma: the Joint Center for Radiation Therapy/Dana-Farber Cancer Institute/Children's Hospital experience. AB - The treatment results for 118 patients with neuroblastoma seen at the Joint Center for Radiation Therapy/Dana-Farber Cancer Institute/Children's Hospital from 1970 to 1980 were analyzed. Patients were treated with a combination of surgery, radiation therapy, and chemotherapy depending on stage and age. Disease free survival was excellent in all patient groups except those over one year of age with stage IV disease, a group for which currently available therapy cures only a small proportion of patients. Patients with stage III disease and older patients with stage II disease did extremely well (survival of 81% and 89%, respectively) and may have benefited from intensive treatment with all three modalities. Survival for infants (under one year) with stage IV neuroblastoma (90%) has clearly improved with intensive combination chemotherapy. With combination approaches and newer, more effective systemic regimens, a real impact on survival appears to have been made in the last decade. Better approaches will be necessary to cure more than an occasional older patient with stage IV disease. PMID- 6737019 TI - The relevance of internal mammary lymphoscintigraphy in the management of breast carcinoma. AB - The incidence, implications, and significance of an abnormal internal mammary lymphoscintigram (IML) in 981 breast carcinoma patients without histologic or clinical evidence of axillary metastases is reported. A 13%-16% incidence of parasternal abnormality in patients with early, operable disease correlates well with clinical data. The statistically significant increase, with P consistently less than or equal to 0.005, in incidence of local or distant relapse associated with an abnormal IML when compared to the normal IML emphasizes the value of the procedure as a marker. These results indicate that patients with negative axillae but an abnormal IML should be considered to have stage II disease and should be offered adjuvant therapy. The significance of the IML in determining the true extent of disease in patients with apparent local relapse as well as the prognostic implications of an abnormal IML in 311 patients seen initially with recurrent breast carcinoma is also reported. PMID- 6737020 TI - Improved prognosis for infants with stage IV neuroblastoma. AB - From 1970 to 1982 11 infants with Evans stage IV neuroblastoma who were 11 months of age or less at diagnosis were treated. All but one were treated with intensive multiagent chemotherapy; eight had attempted surgical resection; only one received radiotherapy to the primary tumor. Ten of the 11 infants remain free of disease from 2 1/2 to 13 years (median, four years). Multiagent chemotherapy has clearly improved the outcome for infants with stage IV neuroblastoma. PMID- 6737021 TI - Combined therapy for stage III-IV head and neck cancer: preliminary results. AB - As part of a combined modality treatment program using chemotherapy, surgery, and/or radiotherapy, 25 patients with previously untreated stage III or IV head and neck cancer received initial combination chemotherapy. Pathologically confirmed complete remission was noted in nine patients (36%). The overall objective major response rate (with all patients included in analysis) was 68%. The chemotherapy regimen included bleomycin, cisplatin, vinblastine, methotrexate, and 5-fluorouracil. A novel concept of drug scheduling was used, based on chemotherapy-induced improvement in RBC deformability. The underlying concept is that improved RBC deformability results in improved capillary blood flow and thereby, increased drug delivery to tumor cells. Treatment resulted in moderate hematologic and renal toxicity with no treatment-related deaths. This exceptionally high, pathologically confirmed complete response rate will hopefully provide a mechanism by which combined modality therapy can adequately be tested for its ability to prolong survival of patients with advanced head and neck cancer. PMID- 6737022 TI - Prognostic value of blood glucose in Hodgkin's disease. AB - Subjects with Hodgkin's disease and an initial blood glucose greater than 115 mg/dL had an impressively shorter survival than those with a glucose below that level. The same is true if the groups are formed from those having glucose above or below 100. The correlation between glucose and survival persisted after allowing for the survival effects of histology, stage, symptom class, and age. PMID- 6737023 TI - Informed consent for investigational chemotherapy: patients' and physicians' perceptions. AB - One hundred forty-four patients and 68 physicians at three cancer centers were studied for their perceptions of the consent procedure, in which they participated one to three weeks earlier, for chemotherapy by one of 65 investigational protocols. Patients recalled the procedure positively and relied heavily on physician's advice. They felt most physicians wanted them to accept; 29% felt their participation in the decision was not encouraged. Primary reasons for accepting were trust in the physician, belief the treatment would help, and fear the disease (viewed as highly serious) would get worse without it. Nearly a fourth did not recall the information given that treatment was investigational. The consent form played no role in decision-making for 69%. Physicians believed therapeutic benefits would exceed potential problems for most patients; they viewed 41% of the patients as less than eager for details of treatment, a third as avoiding the seriousness of the discussion, and a third as passive in decision making. The perceptual set of both parties places inadvertent constraint on patients' autonomy in decision making. PMID- 6737024 TI - Signals in vestibular nucleus mediating vertical eye movements in the monkey. AB - The action potentials of single neurons were recorded extracellularly throughout the rostral vestibular nuclei and subadjacent reticular formation in three alert, juvenile, rhesus monkeys. Neuronal responses were tested during a) sinusoidal pitch oscillations in darkness, b) cancellation of the vestibuloocular reflex (VOR) during similar oscillations by fixation of a target moving with the head, c) sinusoidal vertical smooth pursuit, d) vertical saccades, and e) fixation with the head stationary. Eye movements were measured using the magnetic field-search coil technique. Of the 527 neurons isolated, 318 responded to pitch oscillation and/or vertical eye movements. The latter cells could be classified into six categories. Of this group, 273 cells were recorded from for sufficient time to allow them to be fully tested and form the basis of this report. Cells were classified as follows: pure-vestibular cells with firing rates modulated only by head velocity (15%), vestibular-pause cells that were similar to the pure vestibular cells but paused for saccades in all directions (10%), gaze-velocity cells that modulated their rates in proportion to vertical eye velocity in space (7%), position cells with rates modulated by changes in eye position in the head but that did not burst or pause during saccades (33%), position-burst cells that also carried an eye-position signal but did burst during saccades in one direction and paused in the opposite direction (15%), and position-vestibular pause cells that carried signals proportional to eye position in the head and head velocity and paused during all saccades (20%). Most cells that carried an eye-position signal also carried an eye-velocity signal during pursuit. Position and position-burst cells could be divided into two subcategories. Position cells that also reported head velocity represented 20% of the total sample, while those without head-velocity signals made up the remaining 13%. Position-burst cells were divided into two subcategories based on their behavior during pitch oscillation in darkness. Both carried eye-velocity signals during pursuit, but only one type (8% of the total sample) also carried an eye-velocity signal during vestibular eye movements in the dark, while the other (7%) did not. Some cells in all six categories except the pure-vestibular cells responded antidromically to stimulation of the medial longitudinal fasciculus (MLF). Only the position vestibular-pause, position-burst, and gaze-velocity cells, however, were judged to be commonly antidromically activated, suggesting that these three cell types are the major contributors to the MLF from the rostral vestibular nuclei.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 400 WORDS) PMID- 6737025 TI - Loss of set in muscle responses to limb perturbations during cerebellar dysfunction. AB - The properties of electromyograph (EMG) responses that enabled the arm to return accurately to target following limb perturbations were investigated in five Cebus monkeys. In particular, factors that affected the timing and magnitude of an early antagonist response that occurred prior to stretch of the antagonist muscle were examined. The early antagonist response was large and early (latency, 60 ms) when the perturbation was brief and a constant force assisted the return movement. In this situation, early contraction of the antagonist muscle was required to prevent the return movement from overshooting the target. To determine whether this early antagonist response was influenced by prior instruction (which in this case was the type of perturbation the monkey had previously received), two types of perturbations requiring different EMG responses were studied. When torque steps (duration, 2,000 ms) were expected and were applied, monkeys generated M1, M2, and M3 responses and later activity only in the agonist (the initially stretched) muscle. When torque pulses (duration, 40 ms) were expected and were applied, monkeys generated M1 and M2 responses in the agonist and an early antagonist response. EMG responses to torque pulses and steps were then compared when the type of perturbation was expected and when it was unexpected. These comparisons revealed that the early antagonist response only occurred when the monkey expected a torque pulse. Therefore, this response was dependent on set. Expectation of a torque step caused enhancement of the agonist M2 and M3 responses. These agonist and antagonist EMG responses that were dependent on set were also influenced by changes in afferent drive. Cerebellar nuclear cooling through probes implanted lateral and medial to the dentate abolished that component of EMG responses attributed to set. The residual EMG responses in agonists and antagonists appeared to be driven by stretch of their respective muscles. The results suggest that when the nature of an arm perturbation is correctly predicted, the cerebellum provides accuracy in repositioning the limb a) by adjusting the magnitude of the M2 agonist response and b) by enabling activity after a latency of 60 ms (e.g., the M3 and early antagonist response) to be switched to the agonist or antagonist as appropriate, irrespective of which muscle is being stretched. This latter mechanism provides the motor system with predictive ability. PMID- 6737026 TI - Visuomotor functions of central thalamus in monkey. I. Unit activity related to spontaneous eye movements. AB - The region in and around the thalamic internal medullary lamina (IML) in the cat recently has been shown to contain neurons active with ocular saccades and responding to visual stimuli. In the present study, single-unit microelectrode recordings were made in the corresponding thalamic region of the alert monkey in order to determine whether neurons with similar properties existed. Our objective was to specify the functional characteristics of these thalamic cells in the monkey, since 1) cell populations in the central thalamus form an important link between brain stem structures, such as superior colliculus and paramedian pontine reticular formation, and cortical areas, such as frontal eye field and inferior parietal lobule; and 2) most neurophysiological information on these structures with regard to gaze mechanisms has been obtained in primates. In this first part of the study we report observations on 164 thalamic units whose activity was related to the performance of spontaneous eye movements, head fixed. The animals had been trained on a visual discrimination task but photic stimuli were used only for calibrating the eye-position recording and for inducing small saccades and smooth pursuit. The experiments were performed in dim red light and in total darkness. Three types of units were found: 67 saccadic burst units, 58 saccade pause-rebound units, and 39 eye-position units. Sixty-two of the burst units had a directional preference. Most of the on-directions were contraversive, and it was in such units that the lead time of firing before saccades was the longest (up to at least 400 ms). Some of the burst units had a movement field, others fired more intensively and with a longer lead time, depending on the eccentricity of the eye position reached in orbit. The five units with no directional preference were the ones showing the best relation of burst duration with saccade duration. Three types of pause-rebound units were distinguished, depending on whether the saccadic pause or the postsaccadic burst was the most conspicuous event or the pause occurred after saccade offset. The three types were called, respectively, omnipausers, omnirebound cells, and late pausers. Omnipausers and omnirebound cells had no directional preference but their typical firing patterns occurred very consistently with all saccades, even less than 2 degrees. In a few units, the rebound progressively faded away in total darkness. The relation of firing rate of eye-position units with eccentricity of the eyes in orbit was analyzed. Fluctuations in time and a hysteresis effect were found to affect this relation.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 400 WORDS) PMID- 6737027 TI - Visuomotor functions of central thalamus in monkey. II. Unit activity related to visual events, targeting, and fixation. AB - In alert monkeys, single-unit responses to visual stimuli were recorded in the central thalamic region where eye movement-related activity has been observed (33). Usually, the stimuli were 1 degree annulus patterns of dim light presented at unpredictable locations on a tangent screen. The animals were trained on two tasks: one in which they delivered the stimulus themselves by pressing a panel that they had to release immediately when the stimulus shape changed to a square, and another one in which the stimulus was turned on by the experimenter and the monkeys were rewarded for fixating this target for a predetermined length of time. In both tasks, continuous stimulus fixation was required. Receptive fields were tested with and without a fixation point. Retinal coordinates of stimuli were obtained by subtracting eye-position coordinates from stimulus coordinates in space, the monkey's head being fixed. Unit responses in the cases where targeting occurred or did not occur were analyzed separately. Transient responses were observed in 63 units and sustained responses in 44 units. Among the 63 units responding transiently, 42 did so irrespective of targeting. Their receptive fields were very large, generally including the fovea, and predominantly contralateral when the fields were asymmetric. The responses of the other 21 units depended on the occurrence of targeting. They were called visually triggered eye movement-related responses (VTEM). VTEM units were further subdivided in 9 units active only with targeting and 12 units showing the classical phenomenon of "response enhancement" under this condition. VTEM units were contrasted to six units that were both passively visually responsive and bursting with saccades, either spontaneous or visually triggered. The latencies of passive visual and VTEM responses to stimulus onset were comprised between 77 and 135 ms in 80% of the units. VTEM units also fired prior to retargeting saccades. Presaccadic units active with spontaneous saccades also discharged with visually elicited saccades. The earliest sign of activation after stimulus onset eliciting a saccade appeared between 80 and 100 ms, that is, in the same range of latencies as passive visual and VTEM units. Sustained visual responses consisted of activation in 18 units and inactivation in 26 units. The occurrence of these patterns of firing was related to stimulus fixation. In the majority of cases, the changes in discharge frequency started before fixation was achieved by a targeting saccade. They terminated before fixation was broken by a saccade away from the stimulus.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 400 WORDS) PMID- 6737028 TI - Electrophysiology of neurons of lateral thalamic nuclei in cat: resting properties and burst discharges. AB - Intracellular and extracellular recordings were performed in lateral thalamic nuclei (ventroanterior-ventrolateral, ventroposterolateral, centralis, lateralis, and reticularis) of cats under barbiturate anesthesia. Neurons were driven antidromically and/or synaptically by stimulating cortical projection areas and prethalamic afferent pathways. Three neuronal populations were identified on the basis of electrophysiological and anatomical criteria: thalamic relay neurons, local interneurons, and reticularis thalami neurons. At rest, two coexistent rhythms were observed in thalamic neurons. Brief episodes (1-2 s) of membrane potential oscillations at frequencies of 8-12 Hz appeared with a periodicity of about 10 s. In relay neurons, each episode was characterized by a sequence of hyperpolarizations and burst discharges. These rhythmic episodes of hyperpolarization recurring about every 10 s could be reversed in sign by hyperpolarizing currents or by Cl injection, hence suggesting that they were mainly composed of rhythmic inhibitory postsynaptic potentials (IPSPs). This result also indicated that the slow 0.1-Hz rhythm was imposed on relay neurons by other neuronal pools. Following a complete isolation of the thalamus by cortical and high brain stem lesions, the slow 0.1-Hz rhythm was still present, and it was concluded that this rhythm was generated within the thalamus by inhibitory elements. In thalamic interneurons (identified by electrophysiological criteria) brief episodes (1-2 s) of repetitive depolarizations (8-12 Hz) and burst discharges recurred every 10 s. In the interval, the membrane potential of interneurons slowly hyperpolarized, contrasting with the rhythmic phasic hyperpolarizations observed in relay neurons. Electrophysiological properties shared by most relay neurons included a) afterspike hyperpolarizing potentials of long duration, which were blocked by injections of a Ca chelator; b) a pacemaker potential in the vicinity of the spike trigger level; and c) a low-threshold somatic Ca conductance that underlies burst discharges. As a general rule, prethalamic volleys induced faster rising and shorter lasting EPSPs than cortical volleys. Moreover prethalamic afferent-evoked responses could be associated with production of fast prepotentials, some of which appeared to result from dendritic spiking. It appears that synaptic and intrinsic membrane properties of thalamic neurons allow them to function under two modes: a relay mode and an oscillatory mode; the oscillatory mode being intrinsic to the thalamus and the relay mode being commanded and maintained by cortical and brain stem structures. PMID- 6737029 TI - Relation between discharge regularity and responses to externally applied galvanic currents in vestibular nerve afferents of the squirrel monkey. AB - Most vestibular nerve afferents can be classified as regularly or irregularly discharging. Two factors are theoretically identified as being potentially responsible for differences in discharge regularity. The first, ascribable to synaptic noise, is the variance (sigma v2) characterizing the transmembrane voltage fluctuations of the axon's spike trigger site, i.e., the place where impulses normally arise. The second factor is the slope (dmuv/dt) of the trigger site's postspike recovery function. Were (dmuv/dt) a major determinant of discharge regularity, the theory predicts that the more irregular the discharge of a unit, the greater should be its sensitivity to externally applied galvanic currents and the faster should be the postspike recovery of its electrical excitability. The predictions would not hold if differences in the discharge regularity between units largely reflected variations in sigma v. To test these predictions, the responses of vestibular nerve afferents to externally applied galvanic currents were studied in the barbiturate-anesthetized squirrel monkey. Current steps of 5-s duration and short (50 microsecond) shocks were delivered by way of the perilymphatic space of the vestibule. Results were similar regardless of which end organ an afferent innervated. The regularity of discharge of each unit was expressed by a normalized coefficient of variation (CV*). The galvanic sensitivity (beta p) of a unit, measured from its response to current steps, was linearly related to discharge regularity (CV*), there being approximately 20-fold variations in both variables across the afferent population. Various geometric factors--including fiber diameter, position of individual axons within the various nerve branches, and the configuration of unmyelinated processes within the sensory epithelium--are unlikely to have made a major contribution to the positive relation between beta P and CV*. The postspike recovery of electrical excitability was measured as response thresholds to shocks, synchronized to follow naturally occurring impulses at several different delays. Recovery in irregular units was more rapid than in regular units. Evidence is presented that externally applied currents acted at the spike trigger site rather than elsewhere in the sensory transduction process. We argue that the irregular discharge of some vestibular afferents offers no functional advantage in the encoding and transmission of sensory information. Rather, the irregularity of discharge is better viewed as a consequence of the enhanced sensitivity of these units to depolarizing influences, including afferent and efferent synaptic inputs. PMID- 6737030 TI - Activity of commissural interneurons in spinal cord of Xenopus embryos. AB - Horseradish peroxidase- (HRP) filled microelectrodes have been used to examine the anatomy and physiology of "commissural interneurons," a morphologically defined class of spinal cord interneuron in Xenopus laevis embryos. Commissural interneurons have unipolar cell bodies in the dorsal half of the spinal cord. Their dendrites lie in the mid to ventral parts of the lateral tracts and their axons cross the cord ventrally, T branch, and ascend and descend on the opposite side of the cord. Recordings were made from animals immobilized in tubocurarine and responding to natural stimulation with three patterns of fictive motor activity. During episodes of fictive swimming, commissural interneurons are phasically excited to fire 1 spike/cycle in phase with motor discharge on the same side and receive a midcycle inhibitory postsynaptic potential (IPSP) in phase with motor discharge on the opposite side. Rhythmic activity is superimposed on a background depolarization. During periods of synchrony, phasic excitatory input doubles in frequency so that cells fire with half the swimming cycle period. The background depolarization is generally stronger than during swimming. During periods of fictive struggling, evoked by electrical stimulation of the skin, commissural interneurons fire a burst of spikes per cycle, cells being relatively hyperpolarized when motoneurons on the opposite side are active. In response to ipsilateral skin stimulation, some cells receive an IPSP at a latency of 12-20 ms. This precedes the onset of fictive locomotion. We discuss how anatomy and activity of commissural interneurons is suitable for a reciprocal inhibitory role. PMID- 6737031 TI - Basic functional organization of second auditory cortical field (AII) of the cat. AB - The spatial representations of response characteristics to acoustic stimuli within the ventral primary auditory cortex (AI) and the second auditory cortical field (AII) were mapped in the left hemispheres of 14 anesthetized adult cats using closely spaced (200-500 micron) microelectrode penetrations to record cortical responses from small cell clusters. Responses were activated by 200-ms tone bursts (1/s). The obtained response characteristics were l) frequency selectivity, i.e., characteristic frequency (CF) for narrowly tuned responses and center frequency (arithmetic mean of bandwidth 10-15 dB above threshold) for broadly tuned responses; 2) threshold at CF; 3) bandwidth 10 dB above threshold (Q10); 4) binaural interaction class. CF maps. In AI a strictly tonotopically organized CF map was observed with a frequency gradient from high to low along a rostral/caudal axis. At the dorsal end of AII a 0.5- to 1-mm-wide stripe with clear but not strict tonotopic organization was seen, paralleling the organization of AI. In the ventral part of AII a tonotopic organization concordant with AI was found to be still present. However, it was significantly blurred by the strong variability of the CFs, local low-frequency islands, and increasing bandwidth of receptive fields. Q10 maps. In general, narrowly tuned responses were obtained in AI with increasing bandwidth toward the AI/AII border. In AII, broadly tuned responses were usually obtained with a further decrease of the Q10 value along a dorsal/ventral axis. The Q10 at the transition from AI to AII can be described by Q10 = 1.6 X CF0.36 X Q10 in AI is usually higher and Q10 in AII is usually lower than this transition value. Threshold. The sensitivity of AI responses to tonal stimuli was slightly greater than in AII. Across the AI/AII border, a drop in the sensitivity of 10-15 dB was usually observed. The variability in the thresholds of adjacent locations was much higher in AII than in AI. Binaural interaction. Aggregates of neurons with similar binaural properties in ventral AI were "band" shaped and ran roughly orthogonal to isofrequency contours. The course of the binaural bands showed major variations with possible interruptions. The most ventral AI band was EI (contralateral excitation, ipsilateral inhibition) in about 70% of the investigated cortices. In AII binaural aggregates had polymorphic shapes. The sizes and principal orientations of these binaural patches varied widely in different cortices.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 400 WORDS) PMID- 6737032 TI - Binaural interaction in low-frequency neurons in inferior colliculus of the cat. IV. Comparison of monaural and binaural response properties. AB - We studied the monaural and binaural response properties of 82 low-frequency inferior colliculus (IC) neurons that display a clear sensitivity to changes in interaural phase. Most cells (60%) are excited by sound delivered to either ear, the remainder being excited only by stimulation of one ear; 70% of the neurons receive their stronger or sole excitatory input from the contralateral ear. A monotonic relation between spike discharge and sound pressure level (SPL) is seen in 65% of the monaural response areas, i.e., the range of stimulus frequencies and intensities effective in eliciting a response, while 30% show a nonmonotonic response pattern. In 33% of the cases there is a significant shift in the most effective frequency as a function of SPL. Most discharge patterns are classified as sustained (69%) and the remainder as onset. However, there is considerable variability within these patterns and often two types of discharges are present at different points in the same response area of a single cell. The sustained responses show a broad range of latencies, while onset patterns show a tighter distribution and shorter first spike latencies. Thus, IC neurons showing sensitivity to changes in interaural phase can differ in laterality preferences, response area characteristics, discharge patterns, and latency parameters. Given the diversity of inputs to the IC from lower brain stem structures, this heterogeneity is not surprising. For most neurons excited by stimulation to either ear, the characteristic frequencies, discharge patterns, and first spike latencies are similar, suggesting that the monaural inputs to a binaural cell are of the same type. A neuron's most effective frequencies at a particular SPL for monaural and binaural stimulation are, in general, the same. In some cases a neuron's monaural and binaural response areas can show remarkable similarities, suggesting that certain monaural features are intimately related to the binaural response. In 18% of the IC cells, phase locking to the monaural stimulating frequency is seen. When both inputs are phase locked, a simple coincidence model can predict the interaural phase or delay at which the maximal binaural discharge occurs. PMID- 6737033 TI - Effects of continuous noise backgrounds on rate response of auditory nerve fibers in cat. AB - This study describes the effects of broadband background noise on the average discharge rate to best-frequency (BF) tones of auditory nerve fibers in the cat. The effects of exposure to long-term continuous noise are compared to the effects of noise gated on and off simultaneously with test tones. Addition of background noise causes a shift of the dynamic portion of tone-evoked rate versus level functions to higher tone intensities. The shift occurs at a mean rate of 0.61 dB of shift for each 1-dB increment in noise level. The rate of shift is independent of best frequency and spontaneous discharge rate. The noise level at which the shift begins is frequency dependent and is consistent with the frequency dependent bandwidths of auditory nerve fiber tuning curves. The adjustment of the dynamic range shows many similarities to two-tone suppression. Therefore, it is most likely that it is caused by suppression of the response to the BF test tone by energy present in the noise at surrounding frequencies. At high noise levels, the ability of auditory nerve fibers to respond to test tones is limited by the rate response to the noise. As noise level increases, the discharge rate it evokes approaches a fiber's saturation rate and ultimately eliminates the fiber's ability to respond to test tones. Low spontaneous rate fibers, which have been shown to have higher thresholds and wider dynamic range (17,29), are significantly more resistant to saturation by high noise levels. Exposure to broadband noise prior to onset of test tones produces an overall decrement in response rate. This phenomenon is similar to the effects of short-term adaptation (32) and seems to develop independently of the shift of dynamic range. At high noise levels, previous exposure to the noise produces a small dynamic range shift. This effect is similar to that produced by suppression but is smaller. The effect is occluded in continuous noise backgrounds by the adjustment of sensitivity produced by suppression. PMID- 6737034 TI - Response of cerebellum to stimulation of telencephalon in the catfish (Ictalurus nebulosus). AB - In the siluroid teleost Ictalurus nebulosus, averaged evoked potentials and unit responses were recorded from various parts of the cerebellum following electrical stimulation applied to the telencephalon. Responses are most readily evoked in the cerebellum when area dorsalis pars centralis (Dc), a group of scattered large cells in the middle of the telencephalon, is stimulated. The configuration of the evoked field potentials differs according to the rate of stimulation. At a relatively low repetition rate, 0.5/s or lower, the response takes the shape of a positive wave, Pmol2, peaking at about 58 ms in the molecular layer. In the granular layer, the response is primarily a negative wave, Ngr1, followed by a slow positive deflection, Pgr3, with peak latencies of 52 and 130 ms, respectively. Ngr1 appears to be the result of summed mossy fiber-granule cell synaptic activations, with Pmol2 its concomitant passive source. No neuronal basis can be proposed for Pgr3. At higher rates of stimulation (greater than 2/S), the response to each shock is of longer latency and more complex. The stabilized waveform (i.e., after 5-9 cycles) is dominated by a surface-negative wave, Nmol, peaking at about 80 ms. The negative wave disappears at about 300 micron below the surface (slightly above the level where Purkinje cells are located) where it is replaced by a positive and negative sequence, P-Npur, peaking at about 80 and 160 ms, respectively. Both responses are bilaterally distributed but the ipsilateral responses are usually larger in amplitude and shorter in latency. Rostrocaudally, a latency gradient with longer rostral latencies is also found in both responses. To facilitate further comparative studies, the changes of peak latency and amplitude with stimulus strength of these two patterns of response were examined. Other dynamic characteristics of these two patterns of response were also examined and compared by stimulating with pairs and short trains of electric shocks. In discussing the functional implications of these findings, this telencephalocerebellar pathway appears to be a striocerebellar pathway. PMID- 6737035 TI - Time-intensity profiles of cutaneous pain in normal and hyperalgesic skin: a comparison with C-fiber nociceptor activities in monkey and human. AB - Contributions of evoked discharge in nociceptors with C-fibers to the temporal profiles of magnitude judgments of pain by humans were determined for heat stimulations of the skin before and after the development of hyperalgesia (increased sensitivity to pain) produced by a mild heat injury. Human subjects continuously rated the magnitude of pain evoked by short-duration heat stimuli of 39-51 degrees C delivered to the hairy skin of the arm or leg (calf or foot) before and after the development of hyperalgesia produced by a conditioning stimulus (CS) of either 50 degrees C for 100 s or 48 degrees C for 360 s. During heat stimulations of the leg in humans, magnitude judgments of pain were obtained simultaneously with recordings of evoked discharges in single C-fiber mechanoheat (CMH) nociceptive afferent fibers. Seven fibers were studied before and after the CS. In other experiments, magnitude ratings of pain evoked by heat stimulations of the arm were compared with heat-evoked discharges in 21 CMH nociceptive afferent fibers innervating the hairy skin of the wrist or hand in anesthetized monkeys. From CMH responses obtained in each species, median response latencies were calculated as well as poststimulus time (PST) histograms--the latter plotting mean frequency of discharge versus time during each stimulus. In these analyses, the times of action potentials in CMHs were calculated as they would occur at entry to the lumbar or cervical spinal cord in humans, taking into account the temporal dispersion that should occur because of differing conduction velocities. These results were then compared with response latencies for pain and the temporal profiles of pain ratings made by individual subjects. Comparisons were made for data obtained before the CS (normal skin) and those obtained 10 min after the CS in heat-sensitized (hyperalgesic) skin. For normal skin, PST histograms of mean frequencies of discharge were similar for CMHs with similar heat thresholds (41-43 degrees) in the anesthetized monkey and the awake human. Despite minor discrepancies, there were similarities in the changes in these histograms for monkey and human CMHs following heat sensitization after the CS. It was concluded that CMHs in monkeys and humans have similar response magnitudes and temporal profiles of response to heat. The major differences in the temporal profiles of CMH responses and human pain ratings were the latencies at which CMH responses and pain ratings began, reached maximum, and ended.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 400 WORDS) PMID- 6737036 TI - The suprachiasmatic nuclei of the fetal rat: characterization of a functional circadian clock using 14C-labeled deoxyglucose. AB - The circadian clock located in the suprachiasmatic nuclei (SCN) was characterized in the fetal rat by using 14C-labeled deoxyglucose to monitor glucose utilization (metabolic activity) of the nuclei. A clear day-night oscillation of metabolic activity was detectable in the fetal SCN from the 19th through the 21st days of gestation; the nuclei were metabolically active during the subjective day and metabolically inactive during the subjective night. During the subjective day on gestational day 21, the fetal SCN were found to manifest high metabolic activity for most of the subjective day. We were able to acutely dissociate SCN metabolic activity in the mother rat from that in the fetus by exposing the pregnant animals to light during the normal dark period of diurnal lighting on gestational day 20. The results show the utility of the deoxyglucose method for directly investigating prenatally the function of the biological clock located in the SCN. PMID- 6737037 TI - Uptake of nerve growth factor along peripheral and spinal axons of primary sensory neurons. AB - To investigate the distribution of nerve growth factor (NGF) receptors on peripheral and central axons, [125I]NGF was injected into the sciatic nerve or spinal cord of adult rats. Accumulation of [125I]NGF in lumbar dorsal root ganglia was monitored by gamma emission counting and radioautography. [125I]NGF, injected endoneurially in small quantities, was taken into sensory axons by a saturable process and was transported retrogradely to their cell bodies at a maximal rate of 2.5 to 7.5 mm/hr. Because very little [125I]NGF reached peripheral terminals, the results were interpreted to indicate that receptors for NGF are present on nonterminal segments of sensory axons. The specificity and high affinity of NGF uptake were illustrated by observations that negligible amounts of gamma activity accumulated in lumbar dorsal root ganglia after comparable intraneural injection of [125I] cytochrome C or [125I]oxidized NGF. Similar techniques were used to demonstrate avid internalization and retrograde transport of [125I]NGF by intraspinal axons arising from dorsal root ganglia. Following injection of [125I]NGF into lumbar or cervical regions of the spinal cord, neuronal perikarya were clearly labeled in radioautographs of lumbar dorsal root ganglia. Sites for NGF uptake on primary sensory neurons in the adult rat are not restricted to peripheral axon terminals but are extensively distributed along both peripheral and central axons. Receptors on axons provide a mechanism whereby NGF supplied by glia could influence neuronal maintenance or axonal regeneration. PMID- 6737038 TI - Visuotopic organization of the prelunate gyrus in rhesus monkey. AB - We have examined topographic organization of the prelunate gyrus and adjacent cortex buried in the lunate and superior temporal sulci. We recorded from cortex of awake rhesus monkeys performing a fixation task. Multiunit receptive fields were mapped with small, stationary spots of light to determine borders and points of strongest driving or "activity centers" of the fields. We found evidence for several distinct subdivisions of this cortex. A representation of the vertical meridian runs across the gyrus, and two crude topographic representations of the central 30 degrees of the lower quadrant, the posteromedial and anterolateral areas (area PM and area AL), share this representation of the meridian. Area AL extends from the prelunate gyrus into the posterior bank of the superior temporal sulcus; it is separated from the MT area by a narrow strip of cortex. Area PM occupies part of the prelunate gyrus and extends into the anterior bank of the lunate sulcus. Receptive field size in both AL and PM is an increasing function of eccentricity and is similar for the two areas. Medial to areas PM and AL on the prelunate gyrus is another cortical region with qualitatively different topographic organization. PMID- 6737039 TI - Postnatal maturation of cerebellar mossy and climbing fibers: transient expression of dual features on single axons. AB - We have studied the form and fine structure of developing afferent axons in postnatal mouse cerebellum, before and during the formation of synaptic connections. In slices of fresh brain, bundles of axons were injected with horseradish peroxidase (HRP), and individual axons were examined in the light and electron microscopes. At birth, before formation of cortical layers, axons with growing tips are rare in the peduncular tracts but instead ramify throughout the cerebellar anlage. All axons have similar structures; they branch infrequently and terminate in bud-like tips and/or small growth cones. Growth cones contain small and large vesicles in the flank and small vesicles in filopodia. Typical mossy and climbing fiber branching patterns and bouton shapes are recognizable after postnatal day (P) 5, even though fibers are still intermingled in a plexus beneath the newly formed Purkinje cell layer. Climbing fiber-like axon arbors are highly branched and covered with small foliate growing tips that contact Purkinje cells. Mossy fiber-like branches have large irregular expansions that give rise to long filopodia and resemble growth cones seen in vitro. The flanks of these growth cones contact granule cell dendrites and form glomeruli typical of mossy fibers, whereas the filopodia make primitive contacts or are associated with coated vesicles in adjacent profiles. A novel finding is the occurrence during the second postnatal week of many single axons that simultaneously have the morphology and synaptic connections of both climbing and mossy fibers. These "combination" axons have some branches that extend into the granule cell layer and others that enter the Purkinje cell layer, with the shape and synaptic connections of terminals on each branch type corresponding to the respective layer. Climbing fiber-like branches, including those on combination fibers, extend over several adjacent Purkinje cells. Combination fibers are rare in late postnatal or adult stages. These results suggest that long after arrival in the cerebellum, afferent axons have similar elementary forms and overlap in their projections. Mature axonal forms are not exhibited until cellular layers develop. During a limited period of postnatal maturation, some axons have dual morphologies and synaptic relations with appropriate and inappropriate partners. These aspects of cerebellar axonal development, particularly the transient exuberant branching onto two types of target cells, offer a valuable opportunity to examine, in developing cerebellum, the sorting out of afferents and the formation of specific synaptic connections. PMID- 6737040 TI - Time and intensity cues are processed independently in the auditory system of the owl. AB - Space-specific neurons, found in the barn owl's inferior colliculus, respond selectively to a narrow range of interaural time and intensity differences. We show that injecting a local anesthetic into one cochlear nucleus, nucleus magnocellularis, alters the space-specific cell's selectivity for interaural time difference, leaving its selectivity for interaural intensity difference intact. Anesthetizing the other cochlear nucleus, nucleus angularis, has the converse effects. We show also that the space-specific neuron's selectivity for one interaural cue is the same for all effective values of the other cue. We conclude that time and intensity cues are processed in separate neural channels of the barn owl's auditory system and that the two cues operate independently. PMID- 6737041 TI - Segregation of stimulus phase and intensity coding in the cochlear nucleus of the barn owl. AB - The cochlear nucleus of the barn owl is composed of two anatomically distinct subnuclei, n. magnocellularis (the magnocellular nucleus) and n. angularis (the angular nucleus). In the magnocellular nucleus, neurons tend to respond at a particular phase of a stimulus sine wave. Phase locking was observed for frequencies up to 9.0 kHz. The intensity-spike count functions of magnocellular units are characterized by high rates of spontaneous activity, a narrow range of intensities over which spike counts changed from spontaneous to saturation levels, and a small increase in spike counts with intensity over that range. In the angular nucleus, neurons showed little or no tendency to respond at a certain sinusoidal phase, although some showed weak phase locking for frequencies below 3.5 kHz. Angular units typically had low spontaneous rates, large dynamic ranges, and large increases in spike counts with intensity, resulting in high saturation levels. The clear difference between the two nuclei in sensitivity to both phase and intensity and the reciprocity in response properties support the hypothesis that each nucleus is specialized to process one parameter (phase or intensity) and not the other. PMID- 6737042 TI - Conditioned taste aversions modify neural responses in the rat nucleus tractus solitarius. AB - Explorations of the neural substrates of conditioned taste aversions (CTAs) have focused principally on diencephalic and telencephalic structures. The nucleus tractus solitarius (NTS) is the initial gustatory relay in the rat's hindbrain. It is worthy of investigation for its part in mediating CTAs in that it is sensitive to several physiological conditions which affect feeding while also being a site of anatomical convergence for vagal afferents from the viscera and centrifugal projections from areas (hypothalamus, amygdala) implicated in emotions and hedonics. We compared single neuron responses from NTS to several taste stimuli in three groups of rats: (1) those receiving exposure to 0.0025 M sodium saccharin without physiological consequences; (2) those made ill through intraperitoneal injections of LiCl but having no obvious gustatory referent for their malaise (sensitization-pseudoconditioning controls); (3) those in which exposure to 0.0025 M sodium saccharin (the CS) was paired with LiCl-induced poisoning (the US), creating a pronounced aversion to the saccharin. According to response profiles, NTS neurons in all three groups could be divided into subsets of about 30%, which showed a sweet-sensitive profile, and 70%, which were primarily sensitive to nonsweet qualities. The major effect of the conditioning procedure was to increase responsiveness to the saccharin CS only among the sweet sensitive subset. Moreover, the peak of activity which largely accounted for the increase occurred with a latency of 900 msec, perhaps implicating a secondary input to NTS from diencephalic or telencephalic sites. The significance of the results is that: (1) CTAs affect sensory activity at a lower order level than had heretofore been demonstrated; (2) NTS shows sensitivity to yet another physiological condition, reinforcing the involvement of the hindbrain in hedonics and sophisticated taste-related processes; (3) there is a subset of taste neurons, rather distinct according to its sensitivity profile, which is also functionally unique in its response to conditioning by a sweet CS. PMID- 6737043 TI - Effects of parietal injury on covert orienting of attention. AB - The cognitive act of shifting attention from one place in the visual field to another can be accomplished covertly without muscular changes. The act can be viewed in terms of three internal mental operations: disengagement of attention from its current focus, moving attention to the target, and engagement of the target. Our results show that damage to the parietal lobe produces a deficit in the disengage operation when the target is contralateral to the lesion. Effects may also be found on engagement with the target. The effects of brain injury on disengagement of attention seem to be unique to the parietal lobe and do not appear to occur with our frontal, midbrain, and temporal control series. These results confirm the close connection between parietal lobes and selective attention suggested by single cell recording. They indicate more specifically the role that parietal function has on attention and suggest one mechanism of the effects of parietal lesions reported in clinical neurology. PMID- 6737044 TI - Synaptic release of excitatory amino acid neurotransmitter mediates anoxic neuronal death. AB - The pathophysiology of hypoxic neuronal death, which is difficult to study in vivo, was further defined in vitro by placing dispersed cultures of rat hippocampal neurons into an anoxic atmosphere. Previous experiments had demonstrated that the addition of high concentrations of magnesium, which blocks transmitter release, protected anoxic neurons. These more recent experiments have shown that gamma-D-glutamylglycine (DGG), a postsynaptic blocker of excitatory amino acids, was highly effective in preventing anoxic neuronal death. DGG also completely protected the cultured neurons from the toxicity of exogenous glutamate (GLU) and aspartate (ASP). In parallel physiology experiments, DGG blocked the depolarization produced by GLU and ASP, and dramatically reduced EPSPs in synaptically coupled pairs of neurons. These results provide convincing evidence that the synaptic release of excitatory transmitter, most likely GLU or ASP, mediates the death of anoxic neurons. This result has far-reaching implications regarding the interpretation of the existing literature on cerebral hypoxia. Furthermore, it suggests new strategies that may be effective in preventing the devastating insults produced by cerebral hypoxia and ischemia in man. PMID- 6737045 TI - Glia are a unique substrate for the in vitro growth of central nervous system neurons. AB - We have examined the consequences of surface interactions with glial and nonglial cells on the in vitro growth of CNS neurons. When cerebellar or spinal cord cells were plated onto monolayers highly enriched in cortical astrocytes or sciatic nerve Schwann cells, neurons generally grew as single cells and showed relatively little tendency to aggregate. Similarly, neurites showed little tendency to fasciculate. In contrast, when plated onto fibroblast, heart muscle-fibroblast, or astrocyte-free meningeal monolayers, neurons rapidly aggregated, and neurite outgrowth was primarily in large fascicles. There were no glia detectable in the majority of aggregates or fascicles, suggesting that aggregation and fasciculation were due to interactions between neurons. Neurite outgrowth over 24 hr was also greater on astrocytes than on nonglia. Whether or not aggregation and fasciculation occurred was due to surface properties of the glial and nonglial cells. When neurons were added to astrocyte and nonglial monolayers growing in medium conditioned by a large excess of co-cultured nonglia or astrocytes, respectively, the pattern of neuronal growth was determined by the type of monolayer with which the neurons were in contact. Moreover, the initial growth of neurons on heat-killed astrocytes was indistinguishable from growth on living astrocytes. The pattern of neuronal growth on these different monolayers suggests that neurons are more adherent to glia than to other neurons but are more adherent to other neurons than to nonglia. Such an adherence hierarchy could explain the consistent finding of an apposition of neurons to glial surfaces during neuronal migration and axon outgrowth. Our findings also suggest that the interaction of axons with the non-neuronal milieu through which they grow may play an important role in regulating fasciculation, a process which has generally been treated as due primarily to axon-axon interactions. PMID- 6737046 TI - Antifibrinolytic therapy in the acute period following aneurysmal subarachnoid hemorrhage. Preliminary observations from the Cooperative Aneurysm Study. AB - Antifibrinolytic therapy remains a controversial issue in the management of subarachnoid hemorrhage (SAH). The relationship of antifibrinolytic therapy with mortality, rebleeding, ischemia, hydrocephalus, and clotting abnormalities was studied in 672 patients in the International Cooperative Study on the Timing of Aneurysm Surgery. The patients with antifibrinolytic therapy had a significantly lower rebleeding rate, but higher rates of ischemic deficits and hydrocephalus. The net result was no difference in mortality in the 1st month following the initial SAH. Further clinical trials are needed to determine the overall effects of antifibrinolytic therapy. PMID- 6737047 TI - Intracarotid slow bolus injection of nimodipine during angiography for treatment of cerebral vasospasm after SAH. A preliminary report. AB - Nimodipine was given as an intracarotid slow bolus injection in six patients with subarachnoid hemorrhage (SAH) due to rupture of a cerebral aneurysm, with angiographically demonstrated vasospasm. The patients were followed by serial angiograms for demonstration of the effect of nimodipine on vasospasm. After angiography, all patients were treated with a constant venous infusion of this new calcium antagonist. Although the therapeutic regimen was started only a few hours after onset of vasospasm, there was no change in cerebral vessel caliber detectable on angiograms following the intracarotid injection. Three patients died, two patients finally recovered with neurological deficits due to cerebral ischemia, and one patient with asymptomatic vasospasm remained symptom-free. Although nimodipine may act to prevent cerebral vasospasm after SAH, the authors believe that the intracarotid application is not effective after vasospasm has occurred. PMID- 6737048 TI - Cerebral blood flow and metabolism in comatose patients with acute head injury. Relationship to intracranial hypertension. AB - Cerebral blood flow (CBF) measurements were made in 75 adult patients with closed head injuries (mean Glasgow Coma Scale score 6.2) using the xenon-133 intravenous injection method with eight detectors over each hemisphere. All patients were studied acutely within 96 hours of trauma, and repeatedly observed until death or recovery (total of 361 examinations). Arteriojugular venous oxygen differences (AVDO2) were obtained in 55 of the patients, which permitted assessment of the balance between metabolism and blood flow, and provided estimates of cerebral metabolic rate for oxygen (CMRO2). Based on mean regional CBF, the patients were classified into two groups: those who exhibited hyperemia on one or more examinations, and those who had a consistently reduced flow during their acute illness. "Hyperemia" was defined as a normal or supernormal CBF in the presence of coma, a definition that was independently confirmed by narrow AVDO2's indicative of "luxury perfusion". During coma, all patients showed a significant depression in CMRO2. Forty-one patients (55%) developed an acute hyperemia with an average duration of 3 days, while 34 patients (45%) consistently had subnormal flows. Although more prevalent in younger patients, hyperemia was found at all age levels (15 to 85 years). There was a highly significant association between hyperemia and the occurrence of intracranial hypertension, defined as an intracranial pressure above 20 mm Hg. Patients with reduced flow showed little or no evidence of global cerebral ischemia, but instead revealed the expected coupling of CBF and metabolism. The CBF responses to hyperventilation were generally preserved, with the hyperemic patients being slightly more reactive. In 10 patients with reduced flow, hyperventilation resulted in wide AVDO2's suggestive of ischemia. PMID- 6737050 TI - Chronic subdural hematoma: surgical management in 133 patients. AB - One hundred and thirty-three patients with chronic subdural hematoma were treated surgically between 1943 and 1980. The patients, aged 5 to 84 years, were graded retrospectively according to the Bender scale; 28% were in Grades 3 and 4. There were 107 unilateral and 26 bilateral hematomas. The clots were removed mostly via burr-holes without drainage. The treatment of 121 patients included an active policy of brain expansion at operation and the postoperative management of intracranial hypotension by lumbar injection. Two patients died, for a mortality rate of 1.5%. The patients who died were 54 and 59 years old, both from among the 26 cases with bilateral lesions; 107 unilateral lesions were treated, with no deaths. None of 51 patients who were aged 61 years and over died. The mean postoperative stay was 17.2 days, and at 3 weeks 77% had been discharged home. Fifteen percent of survivors had permanent disabilities. The common residual deficits were personality and memory disorders, and there was hemiparesis in Grade 4 cases. The high-risk groups of chronic subdural hematoma were those in Grades 3 and 4, bilateral hematomas, and the elderly. These seemed to be benefited by brain inflation and lumbar injections for intracranial hypotension. PMID- 6737049 TI - Assessing the influence of non-treatment variables in a study of outcome from severe head injuries. AB - An evaluation was made of the impact of non-treatment variables on severely injured head trauma patients. The principal findings were: 1) severity of injury was the best predictor of outcome; 2) patient's age had a statistically significant but marginally useful impact on outcome; 3) a regression analysis showed that duration of transport, up to 4 hours, had no impact on outcome; 4) time from accident to intubation had a marginal impact on outcome; and 5) one-way analysis of variance showed that mode of transportation, whether helicopter, ambulance, or other means had no impact on outcome. PMID- 6737051 TI - Trial of a new operative method for recurrent chronic subdural hematoma. AB - A new operative method for treating recurrent chronic subdural hematoma is presented. This method consists of complete obliteration of the subdural hematoma cavity and conversion of the hematoma cavity into epidural space. The procedure was carried out in three patients with recurrent chronic subdural hematoma, all of whom made a complete recovery. PMID- 6737052 TI - Infantile acute subdural hematoma. Clinical analysis of 26 cases. AB - Twenty-six cases of infantile acute subdural hematoma treated between 1972 and 1983 were reviewed. The series was limited to infants with acute subdural hematoma apparently due to minor head trauma without loss of consciousness, and not associated with cerebral contusion. Twenty-three of the patients were boys, and three were girls, showing a clear male predominance. The patients ranged in age between 3 and 13 months, with an average age of 8.1 months, the majority of patients being between 7 and 10 months old. Most of the patients were brought to the hospital because of generalized tonic convulsion which developed soon after minor head trauma, and all patients had retinal and preretinal hemorrhage. The cases were graded into mild, intermediate, and fulminant types, mainly on the basis of the level of consciousness and motor weakness. Treatment for fulminant cases was emergency craniotomy, and that for mild cases was subdural tapping alone. For intermediate cases, craniotomy or subdural tapping was selected according to the contents of the hematoma. The follow-up results included death in two cases, mild physical retardation in one case, and epilepsy in one case. The remaining 23 patients showed normal development. The relationship between computerized tomography (CT) findings and clinical grading was analyzed. Because some mild and intermediate cases could be missed on CT, the importance of noting the characteristic clinical course and of funduscopic examination is stressed. PMID- 6737053 TI - Evaluation of cervical spinal cord injuries with metrizamide myelography-CT scanning. AB - In the past, patients with injuries of the cervical spine and spinal cord have been diagnosed by means of myelography and polytomography. In an attempt to improve the radiographic evaluation of patients with cervical spinal cord injuries the authors performed computerized tomography (CT) scanning of the cervical spine following injection of metrizamide into the spinal subarachnoid space. In 23 patients with cervical spinal cord injuries, metrizamide myelography was performed via a C1-2 puncture. Myelography was used only for localization of the lesion and to determine the site of CT scanning. After myelography, CT scanning of the cervical spine in the transaxial plane was effective in determining the exact nature of compressive lesions and distinguishing the etiology among hematoma, disc, bone fragments, osteophytes, or ossification of the posterior longitudinal ligament. In several patients, metrizamide could be seen entering the spinal cord and was indicative of anatomical spinal cord disruption. In patients with fractures, CT scanning identified the site and nature of the injury without the need for turning the patient to the lateral position. In several patients with an apparently stable cervical spine, the CT scan showed apophyseal joint widening indicative of instability. The authors conclude that CT scanning of the cervical spine after the introduction of metrizamide into the subarachnoid space provides a definitive evaluation of the cervical spinal cord, the bone structures of the cervical spine, and their relationship to each other. PMID- 6737054 TI - Prognostic importance of cellular differentiation in medulloblastoma of childhood. AB - Medulloblastoma is the most common intracranial primitive neuroectodermal malignancy of childhood. Certain parameters are predictive of survival in children with medulloblastoma; however, tumor histology is of unclear prognostic value. A classification system, proposed by Rorke for all central nervous system (CNS) neoplasms composed of primitive neuroepithelial cells, was utilized in a review of 38 consecutive patients with newly diagnosed medulloblastoma. The classification is based on the concept that medulloblastoma is not unique to the cerebellum but is similar to tumors that may arise elsewhere in the CNS consequent to neoplastic transformation of primitive neuroepithelial cells. Cells forming the tumors may remain in the undifferentiated state or they may exhibit differentiation along glial, and/or ependymal, and/or neuronal lines. For purposes of simplification, the cases were divided into two major groups: those primitive neuroectodermal tumors (PNET's) which showed no evidence of cellular differentiation (PNET-U) and those that were differentiated (PNET-D). There were 20 cases in the PNET-U group and 18 in the PNET-D group. The 4-year survival rate was 70% for PNET-U, compared to 32% for PNET-D (p = 0.004). Only one of 10 children with PNET-D with differentiation along more than one cell line survived. Other factors, including age at diagnosis, tumor metastasis (TM) stage, and extent of surgical resection, were analyzed and were of prognostic importance; but histological features remained statistically significant within each subgroup. PMID- 6737055 TI - Decreased carotid arterial resistance in cats in response to trigeminal stimulation. AB - Stimulation of the trigeminal nerve or ganglion in the cat caused a frequency dependent reduction in carotid vascular resistance. Systemic arterial blood pressure (SABP) decreased at low frequencies (0.2 to 5 sec-1) and increased at higher frequencies, thus increasing carotid blood flow at the higher frequencies. The effect on resistance was predominantly ipsilateral and was unaltered by cervical sympathectomy, but was abolished or substantially reduced by section of the trigeminal root proximal to the ganglion. Diminution of carotid vascular resistance was replicated by stimulation of the greater superficial petrosal (GSP) nerve without any change in SABP. Section of the seventh cranial nerve reduced or abolished the response to stimulation of the trigeminal nerve but not that from the GSP nerve. The trigeminal response was prevented by ganglion blocking drugs in seven out of eight cats. The resistance response was unaffected by noradrenergic, cholinergic, serotonergic, and histamine-2 blocking agents. No neural connection could be demonstrated between the GSP and the trigeminal ganglion, and the vascular response to GSP stimulation persisted after trigeminal section. It is concluded that activation of the trigeminal system increases carotid blood flow by a pathway involving the seventh cranial nerve, the GSP and Vidian nerves, and a parasympathetic synapse employing an unconventional transmitter. A varying proportion of the response (greatest in the third division) may be mediated by antidromic activation of trigeminal nerves. These findings may have clinical implications for the vascular changes of migraine and other facial pain. PMID- 6737057 TI - Shunt fluid examination: risks and benefits in the evaluation of shunt malfunction and infection. AB - A combined retrospective and prospective study was designed to assess the efficacy of shunt fluid examination in the evaluation of shunt malfunction and/or infection, and to ascertain the complication rate associated with this procedure. Ninety-one patients with shunts for the treatment of hydrocephalus underwent a total of 209 diagnostic shunt "taps." Of 72 instances of mechanical obstruction documented at surgery, 70 were correctly identified by abnormal shunt fluid dynamics, either an opening cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) pressure in excess of the expected valve pressure or absent flow of fluid. The organisms responsible for 12 of 13 shunt-related infections were correctly isolated on initial and all subsequent shunt fluid cultures obtained prior to the institution of appropriate antibiotics. With one infection, a bacterial pathogen was not identified until the third tap. In all instances in which lumbar or ventricular CSF, blood, or wound cultures disclosed an organism, shunt fluid cultures also identified the agent. In addition, these procedures were less reliable. No complications occurred during or immediately following any of the shunt taps. Long-term consequences were assessed in 53 patients with an average follow-up period of 26 months. Some shunt systems subsequently required revision and two infections were documented. The uniformly long interval between the shunt fluid examination and these complications makes it unlikely that the taps contributed to the development of malfunction or infection. Shunt fluid examination appears to be a simple, benign, and yet accurate means of diagnosing shunt malfunction and/or shunt-related infection. PMID- 6737056 TI - Experimental normal-pressure hydrocephalus is accompanied by increased transmantle pressure. AB - This research was directed at the pathophysiology of normal-pressure hydrocephalus. The experimental method consisted of accurate and simultaneous measurement of the pressure within the ventricle and over the cerebral convexity in cats with hydrocephalus but normal ventricular pressure. Hydrocephalus was induced by the intracisternal injection of kaolin. Prior to the induction of hydrocephalus, the difference between the ventricular pressure and the pressure over the convexity (the transmantle pressure) was small (0.27 +/- 0.31 cm saline, mean +/- standard deviation). After the induction of normal-pressure hydrocephalus in seven animals, there was a statistically significant elevation of the transmantle pressure to 3.4 +/- 3.9 cm saline (p less than 0.05, Student's paired t-test). There was no similar increase in animals injected with lactated Ringer's solution. This finding supports the theory that it is the transmantle pressure, and not the ventricular pressure, that is the physiological determinant of ventricular dilatation. The theory explains why hydrocephalus can develop and persist despite normal ventricular pressure. PMID- 6737058 TI - Lambdoid synostosis. Part 1. The lambdoid suture: normal development and pathology of "synostosis". AB - The microscopic development of the normal lambdoid suture was studied in autopsy specimens from 19 normal subjects ranging in age from 20 weeks' gestation to 60 years. The cellular activity at the suture varied considerably with age; however, maximal activity was seen in specimens approximately 3 months of age. There were several unusual features, including a high incidence of cartilaginous differentiation and the presence of intrasutural Wormian bones. Forty-one specimens from 37 patients with isolated lambdoid synostosis were also studied pathologically. Only three cases showed bone union across the suture, which appears to be a result of closure rather than fusion as in other synostoses. The remainder of the cases showed varying degrees of increased cellular proliferation at the suture line, resulting in exaggerated and prolonged sutural activity. Morphologically, this produced increased interdigitation and fibrous adhesion between the suture margins. PMID- 6737059 TI - Lambdoid synostosis. Part 2: Review of cases managed at The Hospital for Sick Children, 1972-1982. AB - Seventy-four patients with premature union of the lambdoid suture were treated at The Hospital for Sick Children during the years 1972 through 1982. Lambdoid synostosis is considered to be a rare form of craniosynostosis, but this is more likely due to lack of recognition rather than to infrequent occurrence. The skull deformity resulting from lambdoid synostosis is often mistakenly attributed to positional molding rather than to actual synostosis. When the lambdoid suture closes, the occiput on the involved side is flat, the forehead on the same side tends to bulge forward, and the ear on this side adopts a low and forward position. Skull x-ray films may demonstrate obliteration of the lambdoid suture, but more frequently one sees sclerosis along one edge of the closing suture. Radionuclide bone scanning will show increased activity during the active phase of union and decreased or absent activity once union has occurred. Craniectomy performed during the neonatal period will correct the deformity and provide for normal cranial growth. Delay in surgery beyond 6 months will frequently necessitate a more extensive cranial repair. PMID- 6737060 TI - Use of porcine dermis as a dural substitute in 72 patients. AB - Experience over a 2-year period with the use of porcine dermis as a dural substitute is reported. In this series, porcine dermis was used for dural repair in a total of 72 patients. In a further 28 patients, one of the authors (A.E.B.) used porcine dermis to wrap lumbar nerve roots at the time of surgery for either prolapsed intervertebral disc or extradural lumbar nerve root adhesions. The authors report the advantages of this material which include ready availability and low cost. It is extremely pliable, easy to handle, and can be applied to relatively inaccessible areas. It appears to become rapidly adherent so that suture fixation is frequently not required. No evidence of a foreign-body inflammatory response has been found. No untoward result has been encountered in the 28 patients in whom porcine dermis was used to wrap lumbar nerve roots but it remains too early to show whether this will reduce the incidence of postoperative extradural adhesions. PMID- 6737063 TI - Surgical treatment for spontaneous carotid dissection with impending stroke. Case report. AB - A case of spontaneous carotid artery dissection is presented. In the case described, superficial temporal artery-middle cerebral artery anastomosis was performed because of impending stroke. Surgical revascularization is indicated in a case that shows such a rapid evolution of stroke that spontaneous resolution of the dissection cannot be awaited. PMID- 6737061 TI - Experimental transcerebral fistula. Perineural olfactory CSF flow in the normal, hydrocephalic, and postoperative hydrocephalic dog shown by radionuclide ventriculography. AB - Cerebrospinal fluid dynamics were studied in eight dogs during normal, hydrocephalic, and postoperative phases. Radionuclide-labeled substances introduced into the normal ventricular system flow out of the exits from the fourth ventricle to the convexity subarachnoid spaces superiorly to be absorbed in the sagittal sinus, and basorostrally to the exits from the perineural olfactory sheath into the nose to produce physiological cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) rhinorrhea. Serial radionuclide ventriculography of the head following intraventricular isotope injection of labeled proteins and chelate into the kaolin-induced hydrocephalic system shows a high degree of ventricular stasis with no perineural olfactory nerve flow (rhinorrhea). An operative transcerebral fistula, fashioned from a dilated lateral ventricle to the convexity subarachnoid space, reestablishes perineural olfactory flow of CSF into the nose, as demonstrated by the radionuclide ventriculography studies. This suggests a potential method for treatment of hydrocephalus. Serial imaging studies in this surgically modified system clearly demonstrate radionuclide flow through the patent fistula to distal absorption sites, thereby bypassing the basal obstruction. Moreover, augmented CSF pressures associated with obstructive hydrocephalus can be controlled by such treatment. The application of this method in treating clinical hydrocephalus is discussed with emphasis on fistula arachnoid closure to assure fistula patency. PMID- 6737064 TI - Rupture of a giant basilar aneurysm after saphenous vein interposition graft to the posterior cerebral artery. Case report. AB - A patient with a giant aneurysm of the top of the basilar artery presented with severe progressive symptoms of brain-stem compression. There was inadequate collateral circulation to the upper basilar system. She underwent exploration of the aneurysm and, after it was found to be impossible to clip, a tourniquet was placed on the basilar artery for future occlusion with the patient awake. A saphenous vein graft was interposed between the left external carotid and the left posterior cerebral arteries. The previously unruptured aneurysm bled fatally 36 hours after surgery, just before intended occlusion of the basilar artery. PMID- 6737062 TI - Melanosis and hydrocephalus. Report of four cases. AB - Four cases are presented in which hydrocephalus and extensive pigmented lesions of the body coexisted. A related developmental defect is suggested. PMID- 6737066 TI - Acoustic neuroma in a child treated with the aid of preoperative arterial embolization. Case report. AB - A child is described who presented with a large right vascular acoustic neuroma causing raised intracranial pressure and brain-stem compression. Ventriculoperitoneal shunting and arterial embolization were performed prior to total tumor excision. Acoustic neuromas are a rarity in childhood, and preoperative arterial embolization has infrequently been described as an adjunct to acoustic neuroma surgery. PMID- 6737065 TI - Cavernous sinus fistula caused by intracavernous rupture of a persistent primitive trigeminal artery. Case report. AB - A persistent carotid-basilar anastomosis (primitive trigeminal artery), identified by four-vessel vertebral angiography, was shown to be the cause of a cavernous sinus fistula in a 51-year-old woman. The fistula, but not the primitive artery, was identified on a carotid arteriogram. Because of the flow contribution from the posterior circulation, balloon embolization via the carotid system failed, and the fistula was repaired through a direct surgical approach. The operative technique is described and the hemodynamic aspects of a cavernous sinus fistula that is related to this primitive anastomosis are reviewed. PMID- 6737067 TI - Intracranial solitary chondroma. Case report. AB - A patient is described who had a solitary left frontal intracranial chondroma originating from the falx cerebri. The tumor was totally removed. The diagnostic value of computerized tomography and the surgical findings in this rare pathological condition are discussed. PMID- 6737068 TI - Transarterial closure of persistent carotid-cavernous fistula after carotid ligation. Case report. AB - A carotid-cavernous fistula which had recurred after trapping, embolization, intracranial packing with muscle, and excision of the cervical carotid bifurcation was successfully closed with a Fogarty catheter introduced through the fibrous remnant of the cervical internal carotid artery. PMID- 6737069 TI - Alternative to tarsorrhaphy in peripheral facial nerve palsy with expectation of functional recovery. Technical note. AB - A simple technique is described for protecting the cornea in patients with peripheral facial nerve palsy while waiting for recovery of nerve function. The application of an adhesive strip to the superior eyelid permits opening and closing of the eye, and provides good protection of the cornea. PMID- 6737070 TI - Spinal arteriovenous malformations. PMID- 6737071 TI - Lidocaine in cord injury. PMID- 6737072 TI - Involvement of the CNS by Candida species. PMID- 6737073 TI - Disproportionate effects of regional hypokinesis on radionuclide ejection fraction: compensation using attenuation-corrected ventricular volumes. AB - This study evaluates the potential effects of regional hypokinesis on measurements of global ejection fraction (EF) as determined by radionuclide angiographic techniques. Studies were performed in a two-compartment left ventricular (LV) model that allowed stimulation of global, anterior-region, or posterior-region hypokinesis in a torso chamber with heart-to-background activity similar to that in clinical studies. Radionuclide techniques accurately measured changes in EF during global hypokinesis but progressively underestimated true EF during increasing anterior-region hypokinesis, and progressively overestimated true EF during increasing posterior hypokinesis. When EF (y-axis) was plotted against true EF (x-axis) for a 240-ml model, from linear regression equations, the slopes and intercepts were significantly different for anterior and posterior hypokinesis. The disproportionate effects of regional hypokinesis increased with LV size. Accurate EF was computed during regional hypokinesis by determining absolute LV volumes from count rates corrected for attenuation, depth, background activity and blood-pool activity. Thus, the disproportionate effects of regional hypokinesis on EF were corrected by considering differential count attenuation. PMID- 6737074 TI - Sialadenitis following I-131 therapy for thyroid carcinoma: concise communication. AB - During a 4-yr period, ten of 87 patients (11.5%) who received therapeutic doses of radioactive iodine (I-131) for thyroid carcinoma developed acute and/or chronic sialadenitis involving the parotid (five patients) or submandibular (four patients) glands, or both (one patient). Nine of the 10 patients had received prior I-131 therapy; the precipitating I-131 dose varied between 10 and 164 mCi. Onset of symptoms occurred between 1 day and 6 mo following therapy and the duration varied from 3 wk to 21/2 yr. This complication occurs more often than has been appreciated. PMID- 6737075 TI - Radioimmunoassay of leukocyte (alpha) interferon and its application to some clinical conditions. AB - A radioimmunoassay for human leukocyte interferon alpha (alpha IFN) has been developed, using tracer produced by recombinant DNA (IFLrA) and polyclonal rabbit antiserum against partially purified leukocyte IFN (PP alpha IFN). Sensitivity was 4 units/ml using sequential saturation. Only lymphoblastoid IFN showed complete cross reactivity. Serum alpha IFN concentrations were measured in normal subjects and in patients with acute viral infections, bone and joint diseases, and malignancies. Some cases in the first two groups of patients had significantly elevated serum levels compared with controls. The pharmacokinetics of alpha IFN were studied in treated cancerous patients. Radioimmunoassay and biological assay gave similar and closely correlated results. Radioimmunoassay is thus a useful method for the routine assay of alpha IFN, especially in biological fluids containing low concentrations. PMID- 6737076 TI - Scintigraphy of a neuroblastoma with I-131 meta-iodobenzylguanidine. AB - Radioiodinated m-iodobenzylguanidine has been applied mainly for the diagnosis of pheochromocytoma and blastoma. In this paper we show that an ontogenetically related tumor, the neuroblastoma, is also scintigraphically visualized by its high uptake of I-131 MIBG. Because of the kinetic findings and the high uptake of more than 30% of the injected activity, it is likely that the neuroblastoma, by analogy with pheochromocytoma, is susceptible to specific radionuclide therapy. PMID- 6737077 TI - Tc-99m galactosyl-neoglycoalbumin: in vitro characterization of receptor-mediated binding. AB - Hepatic binding protein (HBP) is a membrane receptor that binds and transports plasma glycoproteins from hepatic blood to hepatocellular lysosomes. We have characterized the in vitro binding of Tc-99m galactosyl-neoglycoalbumin (Tc-NGA), a synthetic HBP ligand, to liver membrane. Structural modifications of NGA resulted in the alteration of the equilibrium constant, KA, and the forward binding rate constant, kb. Binding was second-order; the relative amount of membrane-bound NGA depended on the initial concentrations of ligand and membrane. Membrane displacement studies, using carrier ligands in contrast to previously bound Tc-NGA or I-NGA, correlated with the binding characteristics of a native HBP ligand, asialo-orosomucoid. We used computer simulation to study the detectability of the changes in HBP concentration at different values of kb. The simulations indicated that radiopharmacokinetic sensitivity to alterations in [HBP] should be possible using a neoglycoalbumin preparation with a carbohydrate density within the range of 15 to 25 galactose units per albumin molecule. PMID- 6737078 TI - Potential of palladium-109-labeled antimelanoma monoclonal antibody for tumor therapy. AB - Palladium-109, a beta-emitting radionuclide, was chelated to the monoclonal antibody 225.28S to the high molecular weight antigen associated with human melanoma. The radiolabeled antibody maintained its specific in vitro reactivity with cultured human melanoma cells. Injection of the radiolabeled monoclonal antibody into nude mice bearing human melanoma resulted in significant accumulation of the radiolabel in the tumors: 19% injected dose/g; 38:1 and 61:1 tumor-to-blood ratios at 24 and 48 hr, respectively. The localization of the radiolabeled antibody in liver and kidney also was high, but appreciably lower than that achieved in tumor. These results suggest that Pd-109-labeled monoclonal antibody to tumor-associated antigens may have potential applications in tumor immunotherapy. PMID- 6737079 TI - Detection of ocular melanoma with 4-(3-dimethylaminopropylamino)-7-[123I] iodoquinoline. AB - Iodine-123-labeled 4-(3-dimethylpropylamino)-7-iodoquinoline was evaluated in nine patients. By using a specially designed dual-pinhole ocular collimator, it was possible to obtain positive images at 2-6 hr for only 70% of the cases with subsequently proven ocular melanomas. PMID- 6737080 TI - Suggested revision of NEMA standards. AB - The purpose of the NEMA Standards is to "eliminate misunderstandings between the manufacturer and the purchaser and to assist the purchaser in selecting the proper product for its particular need" (NEMA Bylaw Art. V, Sec. 1). The sections on count-rate performance, however, have caused considerable misunderstanding of NEMA specifications by salespersons and users, many of whom fail to distinguish between input and observed count rates and between intrinsic and system (extrinsic) performance. The "maximum count rate" is shown to be an unreliable index of camera performance at useful count rates, and is misconstrued by some users to mean the maximum clinically useful count rate. The sections on count rate performance can be made more meaningful to users by substituting "observed count rate" for "input count rate," by deleting the section on "maximum count rate," and by adding a section on system count-rate performance. PMID- 6737081 TI - Detrimental effect of indium-111 on human lymphocytes. PMID- 6737082 TI - Re: First-pass measurements of regional blood flow with external detectors. PMID- 6737083 TI - Energetic efficiency and mitochondrial function in rats fed trans fatty acids. AB - Nutritional experiments with growing rats were conducted to study the effect of dietary t18:1 and t,t18:2 in mixtures with safflower oil (77.1% linoleate) on oxidative phosphorylation of isolated liver mitochondria and on energetic efficiency as measured in energy balance experiments. Partially hydrogenated soybean oil (PHSO) with 45% t18:1 and an ethyl ester concentrate of trans fatty acids (TRANS) containing 52% t,t18:2 were used. Six groups of male rats were fed diets with 10% (wt/wt) fat supplements: 1, safflower oil (SAF); 2, 8% PHSO + 2% SAF; 3, 0.5% TRANS + 9.5% SAF; 4, 1% TRANS + 9% SAF; 5, 2% TRANS + 8% SAF; and 6, 5% TRANS + 5% SAF. These fat supplements contained 77.1, 17.1, 73.3, 69.4, 61.7 and 38% linoleate for groups 1-6, respectively. The basal metabolic rate was not affected by dietary treatments, neither were the metabolizable energy values. As compared to the SAF group, rats receiving the 8% PHSO + 2% SAF showed no different effect on energy utilization or mitochondrial respiratory function. TRANS was found to reduce the efficiency of metabolizable energy utilization at the 5% level (group 6), while mitochondrial ATP synthesis was significantly depressed in both the 2% and the 5% TRANS groups. A parallelism was observed between t,t18:2 incorporation in liver mitochondria, reduced mitochondrial oxidative function and depressed energetic efficiency. The experiments indicated that t,t18:2 exerted a significantly negative effect on energy utilization at 1.0 and 2.5% levels in the diet even when fed with relatively high concentrations of linoleate. PMID- 6737084 TI - Effects of phytate on mineral bioavailability in mice. AB - Phytic acid (inositolhexaphosphoric acid) constitutes 1-3% by weight of all plant seeds and is present in numerous food commodities. Excessive dietary intake of phytate is thought to suppress the bioavailability of important polycations, such as Fe3+ and Zn2+, through the formation of insoluble metal phytate complexes. However, multiple factors may affect intestinal mineral absorption, and direct interference by phytate is still controversial. Therefore, we decided to investigate the chemical interactions between phytate and Fe3+, Zn2+ and Ca2+ in vitro and to measure the uptake of 59Fe3+ and 45Ca2+ administered to mice by intraduodenal instillation and by gavage, respectively. The results demonstrate that: 1) di- and trivalent cations studied form soluble complexes with phytate at high phytate-to-metal ratios, independent of pH and 2) phytic acid has no substantial effect on the absorption of either Ca2+ or Fe3+. These results may prompt reevaluation of the supposedly adverse effects of dietary phytate on the bioavailability of metallophytate complexes. PMID- 6737085 TI - Effects of leucine on in vitro protein synthesis and degradation in rat skeletal muscles. AB - Weanling rats were used to examine the role of leucine in in vitro protein turnover in skeletal muscles. In three experiments, rats were subjected to 24 or 72 hours of food deprivation or 5 days of consuming a protein-free diet or injection of streptozotocin. The soleus and extensor digitorum longus muscles were removed and utilized for measures of protein synthesis or degradation by using the isolated, incubated muscle technique of Li et al. These experiments demonstrate that supplementation of the incubation media with 0.5 mM leucine stimulates protein synthesis in these catabolic muscles and that during total starvation the stimulation decreases as the severity of the condition increases. Leucine supplementation failed to affect protein degradation in these skeletal muscles. This study demonstrates that the branched-chain amino acid leucine has the potential to stimulate protein synthesis in skeletal muscles, at least under specific catabolic conditions, but does not affect protein degradation in skeletal muscles under the conditions studied. PMID- 6737086 TI - Effects of branched-chain alpha-keto acids on plasma amino acid concentrations in carbon tetrachloride-intoxicated rats. AB - Plasma branched-chain amino acid levels during continuous intravenous infusion of sodium salts of branched-chain alpha-keto acid were much higher in CCl4 intoxicated rats than in control rats. However, increases after intragastric administration were diminished in both groups. Increased plasma alloisoleucine levels following administration of R,S-alpha-keto-beta-methylvaleric acid were reduced greatly by using only S-alpha-keto-beta-methylvaleric acid. PMID- 6737087 TI - An evaluation of the parenteral magnesium load test in weanling rats. AB - The parenteral magnesium (Mg) load test has reliably identified rats fed two extremes of dietary Mg, but tests of intermediate levels have not been found. The present study was designed to learn: 1) whether the parenteral Mg load test reflects a series of different dietary levels of Mg, rather than just the extremes; 2) what relationship exists between Mg retention and Mg in plasma and in bone at the different dietary levels of Mg; and 3) how the different dietary levels of Mg affect weight gain. Weanling rats were fed six levels of dietary Mg ranging from 0 to 150 mg/100 g purified diet. A negative relationship was found between retention of the Mg load and the level of dietary Mg. Mg retention decreased linearly with increases in plasma Mg and bone Mg. Weight gain was an insensitive index of dietary Mg. The parenteral Mg load test appears to be an acceptable means of indirectly assessing Mg stores in weanling rats with normal renal and cardiovascular status and normal water balance. PMID- 6737088 TI - Zinc-copper interactions in the pregnant rat: fetal outcome and maternal and fetal zinc, copper and iron. AB - The interaction between zinc and copper in the pregnant rat was investigated by feeding Sprague-Dawley rats, from mating to term, diets that varied in zinc and copper concentrations. A factorial design was used with diets containing 1, 10, 100 or 1000 micrograms zinc/gram and 0.5, 5, 10 or 100 micrograms copper/gram. Malformations were found only in fetuses from rats fed the zinc-deficient diets (1 microgram/g), and the frequency of malformed fetuses increased as concentration of dietary copper increased. Maternal and fetal tissues of rats fed diets deficient in either zinc or copper were significantly lower in these elements than were those of rats fed a control diet. An antagonistic effect of dietary zinc on maternal and fetal tissue copper concentration was observed. The concentration of fetal liver zinc from rats fed a copper-deficient diet was significantly higher than controls. The concentration of iron in maternal and fetal tissues was significantly affected by the level of dietary zinc, with values highest in the zinc-deficient groups. Maternal plasma cholesterol and triglyceride levels were significantly lower than normal in the zinc-deficient animals. These data show that when the concentration of zinc in the diet is deficient an interaction can occur between dietary zinc and copper such that high levels of copper potentiate the teratogenicity of zinc deficiency. PMID- 6737089 TI - Nickel influences iron metabolism through physiologic, pharmacologic and toxicologic mechanisms in the rat. AB - A study involving three experiments was done to ascertain whether the beneficial effect of nickel on hematopoiesis in moderately iron-deficient rats was due to physiologic and/or pharmacologic mechanisms. Female Sprague-Dawley rats were fed nickel supplements ranging from 0 to 100 micrograms/g in iron-low (15 micrograms Fe3+/g), iron-adequate (65 micrograms Fe3+/g), or iron-luxuriant (100 micrograms Fe3+/g) diets. The basal diet contained from 2 ng (experiment 3) to 36 ng (experiment 1) of nickel/g. At 10 weeks, both nickel deficiency and toxicity (100 micrograms/g diet) tended to depress hematopoiesis and markedly altered femur and liver trace element content in marginally iron-deficient rats. The alterations included elevated copper, iron and nickel, and depressed calcium and manganese in femurs. The pharmacologic action of nickel was indicated by the finding that high dietary nickel (5, 10, 20 or 50 micrograms/g) apparently stimulated hematopoiesis in marginally iron-deprived rats to a greater extent than dietary levels of nickel (0.1, 0.5 or 1.0 microgram/g) considered adequate for nutritional needs. High dietary nickel also elevated the iron content in liver of marginally iron adequate rats. The findings indicate that nickel influences iron metabolism at physiologic, pharmacologic and toxic levels of intake. They also indicate that many previously reported signs of nickel deprivation, including effects on hematopoiesis, may have been misinterpreted and might be manifestations of pharmacologic actions of nickel. PMID- 6737090 TI - Effects of a low selenium status on the distribution and retention of selenium in the rat. AB - In the tissues of rats fed a selenium-deficient diet the changes in the selenium content and the retention of the element after administration of a small amount of selenium to the depleted animals were determined. In the liver and in the erythrocytes, which are the main glutathione peroxidase pools, the decrease in the selenium content was great and the retention in the depleted rats only slightly increased in comparison with the control animals fed sufficient amounts of the element. In the testes and in the adrenals the decreases in the selenium content were the smallest, and here retention was about 15 times greater than in the control animals. Also in other tissues, such as the thymus, spleen, bone and kidney, retention was considerably increased in the depleted rats. The results indicate that regulation mechanisms exist, which in nutritional selenium deficiency cause reduced excretion of the element and priority of supply to certain tissues. This, in turn, leads to a redistribution of selenium in the organism and, as the glutathione peroxidase decreases to a greater extent than the selenium, also to a redistribution of the element among its different binding forms. As the selenium content is most probably kept up in particular in sites in which the element is most needed, the findings suggest important functions of selenium in these tissues. PMID- 6737092 TI - Metabolism, plasma transport and biliary excretion of radioactive vitamin A and its metabolites as a function of liver reserves of vitamin A in the rat. AB - Groups of 7-12 weanling Sprague-Dawley male rats were fed graded daily doses of vitamin A (5-176 micrograms retinol) for 7 or 12 weeks. Final mean liver concentrations of vitamin A, which ranged from 0.4 to 331 micrograms retinol per gram, depended both on the daily dose given and on the length of the feeding period. The mean serum retinol concentration was 24 micrograms/dl at the lowest liver vitamin A concentration, approached a plateau of 40 micrograms/dl at a liver concentration of 5-10 micrograms/g, and then very slowly increased with higher levels of vitamin A in the liver. Seven days after the oral administration of a standard dose (4.6 microCi) of 11,12-[3H2]retinyl acetate, during which period rats were fed the customary vitamin A-containing diet, bile was collected via bile duct cannulae for 1-4 hours, and then the livers and serum were extracted and analyzed. The key relationships defined were: 1) that the mean ratio of specific activities of retinol in serum to that in liver was 0.65 +/- 0.05 (SEM) (range: 0.46-0.81) at daily retinol intakes of 8-176 micrograms/day, 2) that the ratio did not vary systematically with vitamin A intake or liver reserves and 3) that the mean excretion rate of vitamin A metabolites in the bile was invariant at 0.28 microgram retinol metabolites per milliliter of bile up to a liver vitamin A concentration of 32 micrograms retinol per gram, but then increased rapidly by eightfold to a maximal rate of 2.4 micrograms retinol metabolites per milliliter of bile at a liver vitamin A value of 140 micrograms retinol per gram.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS) PMID- 6737091 TI - The iron-zinc interrelationship in the chick as influenced by Eimeria acervulina infection. AB - Two 14-day growth trials were performed to assess the effects of Eimeria acervulina infection (duodenal coccidiosis) on the Fe-Zn interrelationship in growing chicks. In the first assay, two levels of Fe (0 and 2000 mg/kg) were added to diets that contained either 0 or 52 mg supplemental Zn (from ZnCO3) per kilogram to establish whether excess Fe would affect Zn status of healthy and coccidial-infected chicks. In the second trial, either 0 or 2000 mg Zn/kg was added to diets containing 0 or 500 mg Fe/kg to determine whether Zn could modify Fe utilization. Based on chick performance as well as plasma Zn concentration, excess dietary Fe did not antagonize Zn in either healthy or E. acervulina infected chicks. Coccidial infection, however, increased liver Fe and decreased intestinal Fe and hemoglobin concentration. Excess dietary Zn reduced performance and Fe content of tissues in both healthy and infected chicks. Coccidial infection ameliorated the adverse effects of excess Zn on performance and tissue Zn concentration and consequently enhanced Fe status of birds fed 2000 mg Zn/kg. These data suggest that the Fe-Zn interaction is a one-directional phenomenon in the chick, i.e., excess Zn reduces Fe utilization but excess Fe does not antagonize Zn. PMID- 6737093 TI - Changes in plasma, red blood cell and cerebrospinal fluid mineral concentrations in calves during magnesium depletion followed by repletion with rectally infused magnesium chloride. AB - Hypomagnesemic and normomagnesemic calves were infused rectally with MgCl2 X 6H2O to determine effects on magnesium (Mg), calcium (Ca) and potassium (K) concentrations in plasma, red blood cells (RBC) and cerebrospinal fluid (CSF). Sixteen Holstein bull calves were fed one of four semipurified diets containing low or adequate Mg and normal or excess K in a 2 X 2 factorial arrangement. When CSF Mg concentration began to decrease in calves fed low Mg diets, each calf was given a rectal infusion of 50 ml of 30% MgCl2 X 6H2O solution while under general anesthesia. Blood and CSF were then sampled periodically for 3 hours and plasma, RBC and CSF were analyzed for Mg, Ca and K concentration. Plasma Mg increased (P less than 0.001) within 5 minutes after rectal infusion in all calves regardless of diet. An increase (P less than 0.01) in CSF Mg was also observed within 30 minutes in hypomagnesemic calves with CSF Mg levels less than 1.8 mg/dl. Rectal infusions had no effect on K in plasma, Ca or K in CSF, Mg, Ca or K in RBC, or packed cell volume but plasma Ca had increased (P less than 0.05) within 120 minutes in calves fed low Mg and high K and within 60 minutes in those fed adequate Mg, normal K diets. PMID- 6737094 TI - Glycosaminoglycans in fluorotic bone. PMID- 6737095 TI - Purification and some properties of thiamine-binding protein from rice bran. AB - A thiamine-binding protein was purified from the extract of rice bran acetone powder by conventional procedures of acid precipitation, a series of column chromatography on DEAE-Sephadex A-50 and DEAE-cellulose, and gel filtration of Sephadex G-200. The purified thiamine-binding protein was nearly homogeneous as judged by disc gel electrophoresis and the molecular weight was estimated to be 94,000 by gel filtration on Sephadex Gn-200 and 50,000 by sodium dodecylsulfate (SDS) gel electrophoresis, suggesting that the protein is composed of two identical subunits. The apparent Kd and Bmax of the binding for [14C]thiamine was 0.44 +/- 0.05 microM and 17.2 +/- 0.7 nmol/mg of protein, respectively. The optimal pH for the binding is between 8.0 and 9.0. From the competition experiment using several thiamine derivatives, high binding specificity of the protein for thiamine was presumed. PMID- 6737096 TI - Antioxidative components of sweet potatoes. AB - The antioxidative activity of a 70% methanol extract of sweet potatoes was estimated in a linoleic acid-aqueous system. The extract had a markedly strong antioxidative activity. Major phenolic components contained in the 70% methanol extract were identified as chlorogenic acid and isochlorogenic acid-1, -2 and -3 by using high-performance liquid chromatography. The other minor free phenolics were identified, or tentatively identified, as caffeic acid and 4-o caffeoylquinic acid. Chlorogenic acid and/or isochlorogenic acids, however, had only slight antioxidative activity. From the results of the addition of chlorogenic acid, isochlorogenic acids and the other coexisting components contained in the sweet potato extract, the effective antioxidant activity of the sweet potato extract was proposed to be mainly based on the synergistic effect of phenolic compounds with amino acids. PMID- 6737097 TI - Ultrasonic measurement of the lumbar spinal canal. PMID- 6737098 TI - Work and pregnancy. AB - Pregnancy outcomes of 7,155 women who worked between one and nine months of pregnancy were compared with outcomes of 4,018 women who were not employed. There were no differences in rates of prematurity, Apgar score, birthweight, perinatal death rate, or malformation prevalence. Working women were divided into those who left employment during the first eight months and those who worked all nine months. The latter had a lower rate of adverse outcome than the other working group and the nonworking group. This indicates that working to term in the absence of contraindications does not impose an added risk on mother or infant. After control of confounding by parity and other relevant factors, an increased risk of prolonged gestational age was seen among primiparous working women. There was an increased risk of fetal distress among those women leaving work prior to nine months who were having their third or subsequent child. A small decrease in birth weight was seen among women who left work prior to term but not among those who worked all nine months. Overall the results are reassuring that working during pregnancy is not in itself a risk factor for adverse outcome. PMID- 6737099 TI - Declining relative risks for lung cancer after cessation of asbestos exposure. AB - All studies that provide follow-up information for workers more than 35 years after initial exposure to asbestos show a declining ratio of observed to expected lung cancer deaths at the end of follow-up. The most parsimonious explanation of this finding is that relative risk for lung cancer begins to decline sometime after cessation of asbestos exposure. PMID- 6737100 TI - Stress management in highway maintenance workers. AB - The efficacy of a work-based stress management training program was assessed in highway maintenance workers. Volunteers received training in electromyogram (EMG) biofeedback (n = 17) or muscle relaxation (n = 12) or served as wait-list controls (n = 9). Daily one-hour training sessions were conducted at the workplace for two consecutive workweeks. The biofeedback group showed significant posttraining decreases in forehead EMG levels compared with controls, while decreases found in the muscle relaxation group were not significant. All groups reported significant increases in quality of sleep and in feeling refreshed at work and decreases in subjective tension levels. A three-month follow-up study revealed regression of EMG levels toward baseline in all groups although the percentages of EMG reductions at follow-up were larger for the trained groups than for controls. All groups showed significant improvement on measures of anxiety, somatic complaints, sleep behavior, job satisfaction, and alcohol use. The results support other recent studies indicating the usefulness of work-site stress management programs, although the specificity of training effects and the durability of physiological effects over time remain questionable. PMID- 6737101 TI - Preterm birth: an issue for every physician and politician. PMID- 6737102 TI - Nutrition for the practitioner II. Current concepts in nutrition: vitamin A. PMID- 6737103 TI - The emotional separation syndrome among recent Oklahoma migrants: description, explanation, and clinical implications. PMID- 6737104 TI - Diet and hyperactivity. PMID- 6737105 TI - Current concepts in nutrition: vitamin C. PMID- 6737106 TI - Effect of vitamin C on blood parameters of hypertensive subjects. PMID- 6737107 TI - Oklahoma Indians have lower cardiovascular and cancer mortality rates than Oklahoma whites. PMID- 6737108 TI - [Studies of basophilic cells in nasal allergy. Part VI. Relationship between basophil and mast cell]. PMID- 6737109 TI - [Changes of electrocochleography in regional difference of labyrinthine lesion by argon laser irradiation]. PMID- 6737110 TI - [Quantitative nasal provocation test with rhinography]. PMID- 6737111 TI - [Cineradiographic analysis of laryngeal movement during deglutition--with special reference to aging]. PMID- 6737112 TI - [Studies on auditory disturbance of cerebral apoplectic disease]. PMID- 6737113 TI - Post-mortem prevalence of lymphocytic infiltration of the lacrymal gland: a comparative study in autoimmune and non-autoimmune diseases. AB - The prevalence of focal lymphocytic infiltration of the lacrymal gland was investigated in 131 autopsy cases, 115 without and 16 with autoimmune diseases (nine cases of systemic lupus erythematosus, three of rheumatoid arthritis and four of Sjogren's syndrome). Focal lymphocytic infiltration was observed in 63.5 per cent of patients without autoimmune diseases and in all of those with autoimmune diseases. In those without autoimmune diseases, the frequency of lymphocytic infiltration was higher among those older than 40 years, and there was no sex difference in prevalence. The incidence of moderate or severe infiltration (grade III or IV) was 7.8 per cent in patients without autoimmune diseases; 55.6 per cent in systemic lupus erythematosus; 66.7 per cent in rheumatoid arthritis; and 100 per cent in Sjogren's syndrome. The present observation suggests that focal lymphocytic infiltration is indicative of an immunological disorder of the lacrymal gland in systemic lupus erythematosus and rheumatoid arthritis. Epimyoepithelial island formation was observed in only one patient with Sjogren's syndrome. PMID- 6737114 TI - Histometrical investigation of the pulmonary artery in severe hepatic disease. AB - Histological changes of the pulmonary vasculature in comparison with that of the portal vein in necropsy cases of severe hepatic injury that had not been associated with clinical pulmonary hypertension were analysed qualitatively and quantitatively. The main changes of the intra-hepatic portal vein were dilatation (88.3 per cent), thickening of the wall (58.5 per cent) and thrombi (22.3 per cent). The changes of the pulmonary vasculature were limited to muscular type arteries, which showed dilatation (31.9 per cent), thickening of the wall (30.9 per cent) and thrombi (10.6 per cent). Association of wall thickening of the portal vein and the small pulmonary artery was observed in 30.9 per cent, these associations being statistically significant. Coincidence of thrombus formation in the portal vein and pulmonary vasculature was observed only in 4.3 per cent, which was not statistically significant. After the circumferences of the internal and external elastic laminae of small pulmonary arteries and the cross-sectional area of the media were measured, the anatomical radius and wall thickness of each artery were calculated according to Furuyama 's method. The relations between the anatomical radii and wall thickness of small pulmonary arteries in controls and hepatic cirrhosis groups were investigated by analysis of covariance to compare the equality of the two corresponding regression lines. The wall thickness and the ratio of wall thickness to the anatomical radius of small pulmonary arteries were significantly larger in the cirrhotic group than in the control group.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS) PMID- 6737115 TI - On the possible origin of extra-epithelial enterochromaffin cells by budding from the crypts of Lieberkuhn. AB - This study was undertaken to test Pierre Masson's still unconfirmed theory that extra-epithelial enterochromaffin cells in the gut arise in adult life by budding from the crypts of Lieberkuhn under conditions of low grade inflammation. Appendices (900) were reviewed and 19 were selected for serial section study because in random sections they showed lateral fusion of the crypts, one of the key features described by Masson. Ten specimens without crypt fusion served as controls. Sixteen of the 19 study specimens and one of the control specimens showed budding, averaging one bud in every 88 sections. Most buds were in direct contact with Schwann cells in the adjacent lamina propria and 45 per cent of them contained enterochromaffin cells. There was also histologic evidence linking buds and lateral crypt fusion to low grade inflammation. Masson's ideas are, therefore, confirmed insofar as the existence of buds and their relationship to enterochromaffin cells, Schwann cells, and inflammation is concerned. The actual separation of buds from the crypts to form extra-epithelial enterochromaffin cells has yet to be proved. PMID- 6737116 TI - Ultrastructural localization of anionic and cationic ferritin in the rat glomerular basement membrane in protein-overload proteinuria. AB - The penetration into the glomerular basement membrane of anionic and cationic ferritin has been studied in rats made proteinuric by intraperitoneal administration of bovine serum albumin. In comparison with control animals anionic ferritin penetrated the glomerular basement membrane to a much greater extent in proteinuric rats. Some ferritin particles were observed in small invaginations of the epithelial cell membrane adjacent to the glomerular basement membrane and incorporated in pinocytotic vesicles within the epithelial cell cytoplasm. This was not seen in control animals. Cationic ferritin distribution in the glomerular basement membrane was similar in control and proteinuric rats suggesting that the increased anionic ferritin penetration observed occurs without any reduction in fixed anionic charge. PMID- 6737117 TI - The subcellular basis of damage to the human urinary bladder induced by irradiation. AB - The effects of x-irradiation on the subcellular structure of the human urinary bladder were investigated by electron microscopic examination of biopsies taken during check cystoscopies from 25 patients between 1 month and 22 years after completion of a course of therapeutic radiation. All tissues of the bladder wall were damaged to some extent by the treatment. In the urothelium this was reflected by the development of more than the usual numbers of lysosomes and autophagic vacuoles in all cell layers. In the bladder wall, large often binucleate or multinucleate fibroblasts were prominent and persistent in all specimens and were associated with the development of progressive fibrosis. The vasculature and the muscle coats of the bladder wall were also damaged. In the blood vessels many endothelial cells were oedematous or necrotic and some intravascular coagulation was also observed. Smooth muscle cells became oedematous soon after irradiation, and after longer time intervals there was focal death and loss of individual muscle cells. The observed degeneration and extensive necrosis of the bladder wall, which involved severe destruction and disorganization of the muscular layers, is sufficient to explain the clinical sequelae of bladder irradiation, namely loss of elasticity, reduced capacity and incomplete micturition with residual urine. PMID- 6737118 TI - Pathways of cellular efflux and particulate clearance after carbon instillation to the lung. AB - The pulmonary response to the deposition of carbon particles was investigated to determine the routes of cellular efflux and the mechanisms of particulate clearance. At intervals to 6 months after the intratracheal instillation of 4 mg carbon, the lungs of mice were fixed in situ by perfusion without lavage. Within a few hours, migration of granulocytes into the bronchioles was observed; large numbers of PMNs were not seen in alveoli until 24 h. Associated with the PMN efflux there was transient oedema with no evidence of pulmonary cell necrosis. The number of free macrophages increased in response to the carbon and mononuclear cell migration into alveoli and bronchioles was also observed. The bronchiolar component of the cellular efflux indicates that PMNs and macrophages recovered from the lung by lavage are not entirely of alveolar origin. Whereas most particles, either free or in phagocytic cells, were cleared by the bronchial tree, some transepithelial passage of free particles to the interstitium was observed. Some carbon was found in hilar lymph nodes but overall lymphatic clearance was low. PMID- 6737119 TI - Sequential and dose-dependent alterations in rat bronchiolar epithelium during O,O,S-trimethyl phosphorothioate induced delayed toxicity. AB - The sequential and dose-dependent effects of O,O,S-trimethyl phosphorothioate (OOS-Me) on rat lung bronchiolar epithelium were investigated using scanning electron microscopy. At 12 h after oral treatment (20 mg/kg), there was a small increase in debris in the bronchioles and, by 24 h, there was much debris as well as phagocytic cells in the bronchioles. After 3 days, there was a decrease in the number of bronchiolar Clara cells as determined by the loss of their characteristic apical bulges. Concomitantly, there was a significant increase in lactate dehydrogenase activity in bronchopulmonary lavage fluid. By day 7, the Clara cells appeared to be reforming and, by day 14, the morphology of bronchiolar epithelium had returned to normal. Dose-dependent studies revealed a threshold dose level of OOS-Me between 10 and 20 mg/kg which produced the observed effects in Clara cells. Both sequential and dose-dependent effects of OOS-Me on Clara cells were correlated with changes in bronchopulmonary lavage lactate dehydrogenase activity. PMID- 6737120 TI - Pathological aspects of diffuse nodular hyperplasia of the liver. AB - The microscopical features in specimens of liver tissue from 14 patients considered to be suffering from Diffuse Nodular Hyperplasia (DNH) were compared with the changes found in livers from five other groups of patients. The diagnoses in these groups were macronodular cirrhosis, hepatic venous occlusion, congestive cardiac failure, compensatory hyperplasia after destruction of part of the liver and chronic biliary disease respectively. In all these groups the formation of thick hepatocyte plates, thought to represent cell proliferation, was a constant and striking feature. Such plate thickening in the periportal regions was associated with congestive cardiac failure and with hepatic venous occlusion. The diffuse involvement of almost all plates formed part of the changes in DNH, cirrhosis, compensatory hyperplasia and chronic biliary disease. Normal vascular relations were retained in the patients with compensatory hyperplasia and chronic biliary disease and lost in cirrhosis and, in some parts, in DNH. The nodules were small in DNH and larger in cirrhosis, where they were surrounded by fibrous tissue. DNH appeared to be recognizable in needle biopsy specimens. PMID- 6737122 TI - Electroencephalographic/polygraphic/video monitoring in childhood epilepsy. PMID- 6737121 TI - Damage and healing in the conducting tissue of the heart (an experimental study in dogs infected with Trypanosoma cruzi). AB - The consequences of acute inflammatory damage and chronic repair in the conducting system of the canine heart were observed after experimental Trypanosoma cruzi infection of young dogs. Acute infection lasted for 18-25 days and caused hyaline and lytic necrosis of the atrio-ventricular conducting fibres, the sinus node and the neurons in the cardiac para-sympathetic ganglia. Dogs that survived acute disease were examined after periods from 8 months to 3 years. Three main types of healing were found in the conducting system: fibrosis (diffuse and/or focal), sclero-atrophy and fatty infiltration. No signs of active chronic inflammation were present, although small focal residual accumulations of mononuclear cells were present in some animals. No evident electrocardiographic alterations were elicited by the presence of such cicatricial lesions. The animal model appears worthwhile for the study of the healing process in conducting tissue of the heart and for the better understanding of the asymptomatic phase of T. cruzi infection in man. PMID- 6737123 TI - A diagnostic approach to suspected obstructive sleep apnea in children. AB - Most children with obstructive sleep apnea will benefit from tonsillectomy and adenoidectomy. Although polygraphic monitoring remains the definitive diagnostic technique, we wondered if all children suspected of having OSA require such evaluation. We therefore administered a standardized questionnaire to the parents of 23 children with polygraphically proved OSA related to adenotonsillar hypertrophy, 46 age- and sex-matched normal children, and 23 children subsequently referred because of possible OSA. Significantly increased frequencies of the following symptoms were found in the OSA group compared with the control group: difficulty breathing during sleep, 96% vs 2%; apnea observed by the parents, 78% vs 5%; snoring, 96% vs 9%; restless sleep, 78% vs 23%; chronic rhinorrhea, 61% vs 11%; and mouth breathing when awake, 87% vs 18%. Using discriminant analysis, an OSA score was derived that correctly classified all control subjects and 22 of 23 patients with OSA. Considering the data from all groups, we found that (1) OSA scores greater than 3.5 were highly predictive of OSA requiring adenotonsillectomy; (2) no child with an OSA score less than -1 had OSA; and (3) in children with OSA scores between -1 and 3.5, polygraphic monitoring was required to determine the severity of sleep-related airway obstruction and the need for surgical treatment. Use of the OSA score should decrease the need for polygraphic monitoring and facilitate selection of children for tonsillectomy and adenoidectomy. PMID- 6737124 TI - Periventricular infarction diagnosed by ultrasound: a postmortem correlation. AB - Ultrasound brain scans sometimes demonstrate increased echogenicity or cysts, or both, in the periventricular white matter, superolateral to the ventricle, in the most common site of periventricular infarction. Over 33 months, 23 preterm infants dying after 20 or more days of life were entered into this study. Superolateral echogenicity or cysts were found in 13 (57%) cases. Periventricular infarction was present at autopsy in 12 (52%) cases. Ultrasound accurately diagnosed the size, site, and extent of periventricular infarction in 78% of scans. Interpretive errors were made with poor-quality scans and with early and late studies. We conclude that sector ultrasound brain scans accurately diagnose major periventricular infarction. Hemorrhage into the site of infarction is not a prerequisite for diagnosis of periventricular infarction by ultrasound. PMID- 6737125 TI - Cardiovascular effects of mydriatics in low-birth-weight infants. PMID- 6737126 TI - Use of chloramphenicol palmitate in neonates. AB - The absorption and disposition of orally administered chloramphenicol palmitate (chloramphenicol-P) was studied in seven neonates (four preterm, three term). The highest measured chloramphenicol serum concentrations occurred greater than or equal to 4 hours after the dose, and ranged from 5.5 to 23 micrograms/ml after doses of chloramphenicol-P 50 mg/kg/day orally. The dosage had to be increased in all preterm neonates from 25 mg/kg/day to 50 mg/kg/day to obtain adequate serum levels during therapy. In four neonates the apparent half-life could not be estimated, because there was no decline in serum concentrations. The apparent half-life was 3 and 6 hours, respectively, in two neonates in whom the serum concentration declined during the dosing interval. Urinary excretion of chloramphenicol and the glucoronide ester in three neonates varied from 24% to 55% of the total dose administered. These preliminary data suggest considerable variability in serum chloramphenicol levels when chloramphenicol-P is administered orally in neonates. The delay in achieving the maximum serum concentration, nondeclining serum curve, and low renal recovery is indicative of incomplete, prolonged, and erratic absorption, possibly related to delayed gastric emptying or decreased intraluminal hydrolysis of the palmitate ester. PMID- 6737127 TI - Metabolism and pharmacokinetics of acetaminophen in a severely poisoned young child. AB - A 1-year-old child with severe acetaminophen (APAP) poisoning after ingestion of 10 gm APAP demonstrated central nervous system depression, shock, hypothermia, and metabolic acidosis. There was dramatic improvement during treatment with intravenously administered N-acetylcysteine (NAC) and hemodialysis, and the patient recovered without sequelae. A detailed study of APAP metabolism was carried out during the initial 72 hours after ingestion. APAP-sulfate and APAP glucuronide accounted for 29% and 33%, respectively, of total drug in urine, whereas cysteine and NAC conjugates accounted for only 12%. The low incidence of severe toxicity in children after overdoses of APAP may be related to greater capacity to metabolize APAP via a nontoxic pathway. PMID- 6737128 TI - Upper respiratory tract infection in a 3-year-old girl. PMID- 6737129 TI - Recurrence of symptomatic patent ductus arteriosus in extremely premature infants, treated with indomethacin. AB - The administration of a single intravenous injection of indomethacin was followed by a major constrictive effect on the ductus in 36 of 42 very-low-birth-weight (less than or equal to 1000 gm) infants with symptomatic patent ductus arteriosus (PDA). In 26 of the 36 responders, the effect was sustained; symptomatic PDA recurred in the remaining 10. Infants who experienced a recurrence of symptomatic PDA had lower birth weights and had received indomethacin at an earlier postnatal age than did infants with a sustained effect. These results may be explained by differences in the production and clearance of prostaglandins or in the sensitivity of the ductus to prostaglandin effects between infants with a recurrence and infants with sustained constriction of PDA. PMID- 6737130 TI - Sympathoadrenal activity and peripheral blood flow after birth: comparison in infants delivered vaginally and by cesarean section. AB - The possible influence of sympathoadrenal activity on peripheral blood flow was studied. Limb blood flow was measured with venous occlusion plethysmography at 30 minutes, 2 hours, and 24 hours after birth in 24 healthy, full-term infants, of whom 14 were delivered by elective cesarean section. Mean arterial pressure was simultaneously measured noninvasively, and peripheral vascular resistance calculated. Umbilical artery blood at birth and peripheral venous blood at 2 and 24 hours were analyzed for concentrations of catecholamines and hematocrit. The limb blood flow was significantly lower at 30 minutes in the vaginally delivered infants compared with those delivered by cesarean section. There was a gradual increase in limb blood flow over the 24 hours in those delivered vaginally, whereas in the section group only small changes were observed. The peripheral vascular resistance was higher both at 30 minutes and at 2 hours in those delivered vaginally, which corresponded to the higher catecholamine concentrations at birth and at 2 hours in this group. Two hours after birth there was a significant correlation between noradrenaline levels and peripheral vascular resistance. The results indicate that the sympathoadrenal system influences peripheral circulation at birth and is important in the circulatory adaptation of the newborn infant. PMID- 6737131 TI - Incidence of neonatal hypoglycemia: a matter of definition. PMID- 6737132 TI - Inadequate erythroid response to hypoxia in cystic fibrosis. AB - An increase in hemoglobin concentration characterizes the normal compensatory response to chronic tissue hypoxia. We observed no such increase in 42 chronically hypoxic patients with cystic fibrosis, in whom the mean concentration was 12.6 gm/dl; one third of the patients were anemic. Compared with patients with cyanotic heart disease, patients with cystic fibrosis did not have a compensatory increase in P50 or 2,3-diphosphoglycerate. Despite anemia, erythropoietin levels in patients with cystic fibrosis were not significantly different from normal control values. The growth of colony-forming units erythroid in patients with cystic fibrosis was similar to that in control subjects, and there was no inhibition of growth with the addition of autologous serum. Erythropoietin sensitivity, determined by measuring the CFUe dose response curve, was normal in both patients and controls. Results of iron studies were consistent with iron deficiency in the majority of patients. Impaired absorption of iron was observed in six of 13 iron-deficient patients with cystic fibrosis. An inverse correlation between erythrocyte sedimentation rate and peak serum iron was obtained during the iron absorption study. Eight patients who underwent a therapeutic trial of iron demonstrated a 1.8 gm/dl rise in hemoglobin concentration. Two patients with previously documented iron malabsorption responded to parenteral iron therapy after failure to respond to oral supplementation. These studies demonstrate that patients with cystic fibrosis not only have an impaired erythroid response to hypoxia, but are frequently anemic. Their inadequate erythroid response to hypoxia results in part from disturbances in erythropoietin regulation and iron availability. PMID- 6737133 TI - Pulmonary air leak associated with neonatal hyponatremia in premature infants. PMID- 6737134 TI - Increased extracellular water volume associated with hyponatremia at birth in premature infants. PMID- 6737136 TI - Cardiac function and acute chloramphenicol toxicity. PMID- 6737135 TI - Newborn intensive care: Success or failure? PMID- 6737137 TI - Premature thelarche in preterm infants. PMID- 6737138 TI - Bone trauma caused by passive exercise. PMID- 6737139 TI - Serum triglyceride concentrations in neonates receiving fat emulsions intravenously. PMID- 6737140 TI - Influence of glucose infusion on serum bilirubin and bilirubin binding to albumin. PMID- 6737141 TI - Platelets and pulmonary hypertension. PMID- 6737142 TI - Penicillin prophylaxis in sickle cell disease. PMID- 6737143 TI - Steroid therapy of dermatomyositis. PMID- 6737144 TI - Smith-Lemli-Opitz syndrome and Hirschsprung disease. PMID- 6737145 TI - Growth patterns by age and sex in children with sickle cell disease. AB - We examined growth patterns by age and sex in 133 children and adolescents with sickle cell disease. These patients are estimated to be representative of the total population aged 1 to 18 years with sickle cell disease in a large metropolitan area. Median height and weight curves constructed from serial growth data available for all 133 children demonstrated impairment in height and weight at all ages and in both sexes. Analysis of growth trends by age reveals a pattern of increasing deficit with increasing age; boys are more severely affected than girls. Growth velocity curves constructed for a series of 13 adolescents with sickle cell disease illustrate the marked delay in the onset of the normal pubertal growth spurt in these patients. PMID- 6737146 TI - Altered exercise performance and abnormal sympathetic responses to exercise in patients with anorexia nervosa. AB - We evaluated the cardiovascular and sympathetic responses to exercise in patients with anorexia nervosa to determine whether their bradycardia results from a high level of physical fitness. Twenty adolescent patients with anorexia nervosa underwent maximal exercise tests, and the results were compared with those in 15 age-matched adolescent girls. In the patients with anorexia, maximal values were heart rate 174 +/- 2.8 bpm, systolic blood pressure 127 +/- 3.4 mm Hg, oxygen consumption 31 +/- 1.1 ml/kg/min, and plasma norepinephrine concentration 1581 +/ 238 pg/ml (n = 16). In the controls, corresponding values were significantly higher (P less than 0.025): heart rate 193 +/- 2.1 bpm, systolic blood pressure 163 +/- 4.4 mm Hg, oxygen consumption 39.3 +/- 1.6 ml/kg/min, and plasma norepinephrine 2695 +/- 413 (n = 10). Anaerobic threshold occurred at the same percent of maximal work in patients and controls. Results of exercise ECGs in all controls were normal, but five patients with anorexia nervosa developed significant ST segment depression. Thus, in patients with anorexia nervosa there is abnormal working capacity and cardiovascular responses to exercise and abnormal sympathetic responses to the stimulus of exercise, and a myocardial abnormality manifested as ST segment depression during exercise in some. PMID- 6737147 TI - Acute renal failure as the initial manifestation of systemic lupus erythematosus in children. AB - In two patients with systemic lupus erythematosus, acute renal failure was the initial manifestation. The diagnosis was eventually established on the basis of serologic tests and characteristic renal histopathologic findings. We emphasize the need to consider systemic lupus erythematosus as a cause of acute renal failure of glomerular origin, because appropriate therapy may alter the outcome of the disease. PMID- 6737148 TI - Familial third-fourth pharyngeal pouch syndrome with apparent autosomal dominant transmission. AB - A family is presented in which both siblings and their father had evidence of third-fourth pharyngeal pouch syndrome (DiGeorge syndrome). All three individuals had hypocalcemia and unusual facies. Both infants had truncus arteriosus. One infant had evidence of impaired cell-mediated immunity; the father had a relatively decreased number of T-lymphocytes. The syndrome is uncommon, most cases being isolated, and familial presentations are even rarer. Two recent reports described several affected individuals who also had partial deletions of chromosome 22. Chromosome banding studies in our family were normal. Thus our family demonstrates an autosomal dominant pattern of inheritance, although it cannot be proved that this is a single gene defect. We propose that inasmuch as the presentation of the syndrome is quite varied, thorough family investigation including high-resolution cytogenetic analysis is necessary. Familial cases may be more common and require genetic counseling. PMID- 6737149 TI - Bacterial croup: a historical perspective. PMID- 6737150 TI - Cutaneous lesions in cryofibrinogenemia. PMID- 6737151 TI - Oligomeganephronic renal hypoplasia in two siblings. PMID- 6737152 TI - Nutrient balance, energy utilization, and composition of weight gain in very-low birth-weight infants fed pooled human milk or a preterm formula. AB - Growth, protein, and energy balances were studied in two groups of very-low-birth weight premature infants fed pooled pasteurized human milk (HM) or a preterm formula (PF). Each infant was studied at 33 and 36 weeks gestational age with a combined technique of nutrient balance and indirect calorimetry measurement. Weight and length gains were higher with PF than with HM, but head circumference growth was similar with both milks. Although the volume of milk given was lower, energy intake was higher with PF than with HM in both studies (126 to 130 vs 103 to 109 kcal/kg/day). Percentage of energy absorbed was better with PF than with HM (94% vs 84%) at 33 weeks, and similar (95%) with both milks at 36 weeks. Energy expenditure, which had increased from 33 weeks to 36 weeks, was higher with PF than with HM (57 to 63 vs 46 to 52 kcal/kg/day) during both studies. Energy retention accounted for about 50% of energy absorbed with both milks, but was higher with PF than with HM (60 vs 40 to 50 kcal/kg/day) in both studies, and resulted in fat accretion well above that seen during intrauterine growth for both milks in both studies. Protein intake was higher with PF than with HM (3.1 vs 2.4 gm/kg/day) in both studies, giving a protein accretion similar to the intrauterine accretion with PF (2.2 gm/kg/day), but lower with HM. Our results suggest that the nutritional value of pooled pasteurized human milk for VLBW infants should be reconsidered, especially because of its low protein content, and that energy density of preterm formulas must be questioned in view of elevated fat deposition. PMID- 6737154 TI - Occlusive vascular disease in asphyxiated newborn infants. AB - Six full-term severely asphyxiated newborn infants underwent evaluation with digital intravenous angiography. All infants were comatose and flaccid and had seizures, depressed brainstem function, and signs of intracranial hypertension. An initial brain CT scan revealed diffuse hypodensities and compressed ventricles. Follow-up noncontrast CT scans showed areas of increased attenuation. Digital intravenous angiography demonstrated venous sinus thrombosis in five infants, two of whom also had arterial thrombosis, and hypervascularity in the sixth infant. Our data document that occlusive vascular disease is a prominent feature of severe perinatal asphyxia. PMID- 6737153 TI - Arginine-responsive asymptomatic hyperammonemia in the premature infant. AB - We found that more than 50% of premature infants have elevated plasma ammonium levels during the first 2 months of life. Ammonium levels were twice normal and were unaccompanied by clinical symptoms of vomiting or lethargy. Ten of these infants were given supplements of arginine (1 to 2 mmol/kg/day PO) for 1 to 2 weeks preceded and followed by control periods. In each infant, plasma ammonium levels fell significantly within 2 days of start of arginine supplementation, and increased once arginine was discontinued. We studied 59 additional premature infants, of whom 26 had normal ammonium levels and 33 were hyperammonemic. Plasma arginine and ornithine levels were significantly lower in the hyperammonemic group, but there was no difference in urinary excretion of arginine or ornithine between groups. Half of the hyperammonemic infants received arginine supplementation between 2 and 8 weeks of age. Plasma ammonium levels in the arginine group was 33 + 1 mumol/L., compared to 45 + 2 mumol/L in the untreated group. Follow-up at 18 months of age showed similar IQ scores in all groups, suggesting that significant neurologic deficits do not result from this transient metabolic defect. The mechanism of the hyperammonemia is unclear. PMID- 6737155 TI - Management of ventriculomegaly in the fetus. AB - We studied 24 human fetuses with cerebral ventriculomegaly by serial obstetric ultrasound to define the natural history of fetal ventricular enlargement and to develop a management strategy. In 10 fetuses, ventriculomegaly was associated with other severe anomalies; nine of these families chose to terminate the pregnancy. In three other severely affected fetuses in whom ventriculomegaly was detected serendipitously late in gestation, routine obstetrical management was performed; none survived. Eleven fetuses had ventriculomegaly without associated severe anomalies. Ventriculomegaly remained stable or of moderate severity throughout gestation in nine, resolved gradually in one, and progressed in one who did not have signs of increased intracranial pressure at birth. All of these fetuses were viable; three patients required shunting in the neonatal period, and two others by 5 months of age. Although obstetric ultrasound usually can detect anomalies associated with fetal ventriculomegaly, three fetuses with isolated ventriculomegaly had midline brain malformations that could not be distinguished in utero from hydrocephalus, even in retrospect. Prenatal diagnosis improves perinatal management by allowing counseling, and selective pregnancy termination, or selection of the timing, mode, and place of delivery to optimize outcome. Most fetuses with ventriculomegaly do not require intervention before birth. PMID- 6737156 TI - Proliferative sparganosis in a cat. AB - Aberrant, proliferative sparganosis was diagnosed in a 6-yr-old male domestic long-haired cat from Gainesville, Florida. The cat spent all of its life in Florida. Postmortem examination revealed lesions and spargana in the stomach, spleen, and liver. By light and electron microscopy, unusual mononuclear cells, interpreted as host-derived monocytes, were evident in the stroma of the spargana. Retrovirus-like particles were present in the cytoplasm of some of these cells. PMID- 6737157 TI - Primitive nervous systems: electrical activity in the nerve cords of the parasitic flatworm, Gyrocotyle fimbriata. AB - A large compound potential (LCP) could be evoked in the longitudinal nerve cords of Gyrocotyle fimbriata. This potential was graded and showed decremental conduction. Decrement was more pronounced in the posterior direction and was exponential with distance, dropping to 50% of its initial value in less than 5 mm. Conduction velocities in the anterior to posterior direction were greater than the reverse direction (means = 37.3 cm sec-1 vs. means = 30.3 cm sec-1). Single suprathreshold stimuli evoked long-lasting trains of spikes. Frequency of spiking varied linearly with stimulus intensity and averaged 0.7 spikes per volt stimulus. Mechanical stimulation of the acetabulum produced a short-lasting (10 sec) facilitatory effect to the second of a pair of electrical stimuli, whereas mechanical stimulation of the holdfast resulted in facilitation lasting several minutes. PMID- 6737158 TI - Increased susceptibility to Leishmania tropica infection in autoimmune MRL/Mpj Ipr mice. PMID- 6737159 TI - A scanning electron microscopic study of third-stage larvae of Dirofilaria immitis. PMID- 6737160 TI - Lysophospholipase activation with Ascaris suum extract. PMID- 6737161 TI - Vinblastine-induced crystals in Toxoplasma. PMID- 6737162 TI - Malaria survey in Anolis lizards of Puerto Rico. PMID- 6737163 TI - Reticulocytopenia in trichinellosis. PMID- 6737164 TI - Praziquantel-induced vesicle formation in the tegument of male Schistosoma mansoni is calcium dependent. PMID- 6737165 TI - Growth of Trypanosoma brucei gambiense, T. b. rhodesiense, and T. congolense in bone marrow cultures of genetically anemic Sl/Sld mice. PMID- 6737166 TI - Absence of Echinococcus granulosus in dogs from Central Sulawesi (Celebes) Indonesia. PMID- 6737167 TI - Transfer of immunity against Strongyloides ratti (Nematoda) using immune spleen cells. PMID- 6737168 TI - Chemoprophylactic activity of flubendazole against Brugia pahangi in jirds. PMID- 6737169 TI - Effects of amoscanate on the utilization of glucose by Brugia pahangi and Litomosoides carinii. PMID- 6737170 TI - Presidential address. Development and disease: a dual dilemma. PMID- 6737171 TI - Arrested development in Eimeria nieschulzi (Apicomplexa: Eimeriina): results of single infections. AB - Arrested development of Eimeria nieschulzi in the rat was investigated by feeding tissues of infected rats to coccidia-free rats. Intestinal tissue of 33 infected rats was fed on days 9, 10, 11, 14, 17, 21, and 28 PI to 43 uninfected recipients. Eight recipients, which represent 24.2% of the donors, later showed infection. Infections were retained for as long as 21 days after the initial infection. A prepatent period of 6 to 7 days in the recipients allowed the inference that the retained stage was the sporozoite. No infections were observed in 14 recipients fed spleen, lymph nodes, liver, or lung of infected animals. PMID- 6737172 TI - Equations for describing growth of the schistosome host snail Biomphalaria glabrata. AB - Biomphalaria glabrata and Stagnicola palustris were raised in aquaria under crowded and uncrowded conditions. Measurements of greatest shell diameter were taken at regular intervals. Von Bertalanffy and logistic growth curves were fitted by least squares and maximum likelihood methods. The resulting parameter estimates produced better fits for the logistic equation than for the von Bertalanffy equation. PMID- 6737173 TI - The lymphatic pathology of Brugia pahangi in nude (athymic) and thymic mice C3H/HeN. AB - The nude (congenitally athymic) mouse, C3H/HeN is highly susceptible to infection with Brugia pahangi (Nematoda: Filarioidea). Normal, hairy mice show a strong thymus-dependent resistance and usually terminate the infection in the larval stages. The present study examined chronological histopathologic changes in the lumbar lymph nodes and adjacent lymphatic vessels of both hosts. In thymic mice, lymphangitis and perilymphangitis reached a maximum 14 to 17 days PI, about the time of disappearance of live worms. The infiltrate showed characteristics of both acute and chronic inflammation: eosinophils, neutrophils, eosinophilic precipitates, and sometimes necrotizing lymphangitis, as well as macrophages and plasma cells. The cellular infiltrate in nude mice was weaker and developed more slowly. Inflammatory responses to identifiable dead worms were seen in both types of hosts but appeared more frequently in thymic mice. Although variable in both models, the granulomas of thymic mice generally showed more tendency to cavitation, greater macrophage or epithelioid cell infiltration, more granulocytes, and appeared to be more destructive than the foreign body responses of nude mice. Whereas lymphangiectasis was generally progressive in nude mice, it was arrested before the end of the third week in thymic mice. In thymic mice, at maximum lumbar lymph node size (17 days), there were large areas of lymphocyte hyperplasia and heavy infiltration of plasma cells. Most nodes returned to normal mean size by the end of the second month. Little or no reactivity was seen in athymic mouse nodes. Our results suggest that some lesions of lymphatic filariasis are potentially thymus-independent: lymphatic fibrosis, lymphangiectasis, accumulations of macrophages and giant cells around disintegrating worms, calcification of worms, intralymphatic thrombosis, and moderate vascular infiltrates including eosinophils. PMID- 6737174 TI - An experimental model for Naegleria fowleri-induced primary amebic meningoencephalitis in rabbits. AB - A new model was developed in rabbits for primary amebic meningoencephalitis, a rare disease caused by the free-living ameba, Naegleria fowleri. Naegleria fowleri was cultured in a liquid axenic medium, and then injected intracisternally into New Zealand White rabbits. Inocula of 10(3) or 10(5) trophozoites consistently produced a sanguinopurulent meningitis; duration of survival of rabbits was 57 or 45 hr, respectively. Counts of cells in cerebrospinal fluid were proportional to the size of inoculum used; white blood cell counts ranged from 30 to 1,055 cells/mm3, and red blood cell counts from five to 8,640 cells/mm3. Necropsies revealed severe basilar meningoencephalitis with extensive hemorrhagic necrosis and polymorphonuclear cell infiltration. Trophozoites of N. fowleri were seen within the meningeal exudate and the brain parenchyma. Potential applications of this model include studies of the host response to amebae in the CSF, evaluation of the optimal route of administration of amphotericin B, and in vivo studies of other chemotherapeutic agents that show in vitro efficacy. PMID- 6737175 TI - Early cellular responses in the Malpighian tubules of the mosquito Aedes taeniorhynchus to infection with Dirofilaria immitis (Nematoda). AB - Early ultrastructural changes in the Malpighian tubules of the mosquito, Aedes taeniorhynchus, were examined following infection with the nematode, Dirofilaria immitis. After ingestion by the mosquito, the microfilariae enter the cells of the Malpighian tubules, becoming intracellular. During early development, the filarial prelarvae reside in the cell cytoplasm surrounded by a clear zone without a delimiting membrane. Cells infected with prelarvae differed from uninfected cells and from cells in uninfected mosquitoes in that the volume of the apical microvilli was reduced and mitochondria were retracted from these microvilli. Morphometric analysis was used to quantify the ultrastructural consequences of infection. In infected cells, microvillar volume, the percent of microvillar volume occupied by mitochondria, and volume of mitochondria within the microvilli were significantly reduced. PMID- 6737176 TI - Chronic constipation in children: the need for hard data about normal stools. PMID- 6737177 TI - Studies of nutritional metabolism in the premature infant. PMID- 6737178 TI - Quantitative analysis of small intestinal mucosa in cow's milk-sensitive enteropathy. AB - The appearance of the small intestinal mucosa in cow's milk protein intolerance (CMPI) was studied using quantitative morphometry. The parameters under study were the numbers of eosinophil cells in the lamina propria and epithelium, villous height, crypt zone depth, villous height/crypt zone depth ratio, and total mucosal thickness. Tracings of whole sections were analysed using a suitably programmed minicomputer linked to a digitising table. Small bowel biopsy specimens from children with untreated CMPI, from children before and after clinical relapse on cow's milk challenges, and from children with resolved CMPI were compared to each other, to those from control infants, and to those from children with coeliac disease. No change of diagnostic significance could be found in the number of lamina propria eosinophil cells, but levels of intraepithelial eosinophils were significantly increased following cow's milk challenge. Quantification of mucosal dimensions confirmed the presence of a cow's milk-sensitive enteropathy and established the finding of a thin mucosa in CMPI regardless of clinical disease activity. Mucosal thickness was not different from control values following resolution of the disease. In coeliac disease mucosal thickness was significantly greater than in CMPI (apart from young children with untreated coeliac disease whose mucosa was not thicker than that of children with untreated CMPI) but not different from control values. It is suggested that in CMPI there is a limitation in the capacity of crypt cells to compensate for the loss of villous epithelium. PMID- 6737180 TI - Breath hydrogen test in infants and children with blind loop syndrome. AB - Breath hydrogen production after oral lactose loading was examined in infants and children with stagnant loop syndrome, blind loop syndrome, or both. All six infants under 3 years of age had bacteriological evidence of small intestinal colonization. The characteristics of the breath hydrogen test in this syndrome are: (a) extremely high basal excretion of breath hydrogen (after overnight fasting); (b) an earlier and greater breath hydrogen value (0.293 +/- 0.201 ml/min/m2: mean +/- SD) after oral lactose administration than formed in lactose malabsorption alone (0.050 +/- 0.041 ml/min/m2); and (c) the observation of a sustained hydrogen rise over several hours. This investigation demonstrated that the breath hydrogen test is a promising and noninvasive tool for diagnosing blind (or stagnant) loop syndrome. PMID- 6737179 TI - Macromolecular transport in jejunal mucosa of children with severe malnutrition: a quantitative study. AB - Small intestinal permeability to horseradish peroxidase (HRP) was assessed in jejunal biopsies of malnourished children. Clinical examination, intestinal function (D-Xylose test), and the histological appearance of the mucosa were assessed in 14 children during the malnutrition phase and in eight children after 3 months of nutritional rehabilitation. Macromolecular permeability was evaluated by measuring transepithelial HRP fluxes from mucosa to serosa (JHRPms) using Ussing chambers. Intact HRP transport, i.e., nondegraded protein transport, was measured by enzyme assay, and tritiated HRP was concomitantly used to measure intact and degraded HRP fluxes (J[3H]HRPms). Electrical parameters (short-circuit current, potential difference, and ionic conductance) were also recorded. Transepithelial HRP fluxes were significantly higher during malnutrition (JHRPms = 8.85 +/- 1.44; J[3H]HRPms = 77.11 +/- 10.66 pmol X h-1 X cm-2) than in the same children after 3 months of nutritional rehabilitation (JHRPms = 2.94 +/- 1.10; J[3H]HRPms = 22.93 +/- 8.15 pmol X h-1 X cm-2). The total ionic conductance, which is an index of paracellular permeability, did not change significantly. Calculated intratissue degradation of the protein did not appear to alter during malnutrition. These results point to a clinical situation in which malnutrition with diarrhea in children is associated with increased intestinal permeability to macromolecules by a mechanism not related to any paracellular leak of the protein, but rather to increased transcellular absorption. PMID- 6737181 TI - Mast cells and eosinophils in the jejunal mucosa of patients with intestinal cow's milk allergy and celiac disease of childhood. AB - We counted the number of granulated mast cells with high iron diamine staining, and the number of eosinophils with hematoxyline-eosin staining, in the lamina propria of the jejunum in 12 untreated patients with intestinal cow's milk allergy (CMA), 47 with celiac disease (CD), and 14 controls. A decreased number of mast cells and an increased number of eosinophils were found in 58% of patients with CMA, and in 60% of those with CD. The number of mast cells showed a significant positive correlation with the villous height, and the number of eosinophils a negative correlation with both the villous height, and the number of mast cells. Appropriate dietary treatment resulted in a rise in the number of granulated mast cells and a decrease in the number of eosinophils in both patient groups. PMID- 6737182 TI - Fecal and biliary bile acid patterns in children with bile acid malabsorption. AB - Bile acid metabolism was examined in two children with bile acid malabsorption, who were being treated with intravenous hyperalimentation. Fecal bile acid excretion was 1,261 mumol/m2/day in a child with bile acid malabsorption of unknown origin, and 1,877 mumol/m2/day in a child with secondary bile acid malabsorption after an operation for long-segment aganglionosis. These values were approximately 10 times higher than those in diarrheal or nondiarrheal children without apparent abnormalities in bile acid metabolism. Fecal bile acids in these patients with bile acid malabsorption were almost completely conjugated, with little unconjugated bile acid present. It is possible that the disturbed bile acid deconjugation in the intestine might be caused by a rapid intestinal transit time, which was found in our patients with bile acid malabsorption. In the analysis of biliary lipid composition, children with bile acid malabsorption were shown to have a chenodeoxycholate-dominant pattern, an increased glycine- to taurine-conjugated bile acid ratio, and markedly supersaturated cholesterol. Such profiles may be related not only to bile acid malabsorption but also to cholestasis, presumably due to intravenous hyperalimentation. PMID- 6737183 TI - Familial intrahepatic cholestasis associated with progressive neuromuscular disease and vitamin E deficiency. AB - Three Japanese patients with familial progressive intrahepatic cholestasis developed complications involving neurologic abnormalities characterized by ataxia and pigmentary retinopathy. Serum vitamin E concentrations were extremely low in all patients, suggesting a long-term vitamin E deficiency. High dose oral supplementation of alpha-tocopherol produced normal serum vitamin E levels in two patients. Parenteral administration of vitamin E resulted in no clinical improvement in one patient who first received the treatment at 14 years of age. In the other two patients, the progression of neurological abnormalities was slowed by vitamin E supplementation. Cholestyramine treatment resulted in an apparent decrease in serum vitamin E levels despite oral alpha-tocopherol supplementation. PMID- 6737184 TI - Plasma vitamin E levels in children with cholestasis. AB - Plasma vitamin levels were assayed in 58 children presenting with chronic cholestasis. In the infants who developed cholestasis during the first weeks of life, vitamin E levels dropped below normal values after the age of 4 months. In the older children, vitamin E levels were not correlated with the etiology of cholestasis but with the degree of cholestasis, as expressed by serum bilirubin, serum bile acids, and fat absorption coefficient. We did not find any relationship between vitamin E levels and other biological parameters such as alkaline phosphatases, triglycerides, phospholipids, and cholesterol. These results further support the importance of vitamin E deficiency in chronic cholestasis of infants and children. PMID- 6737185 TI - Coproporphyrin excretion in healthy newborn babies. AB - The urinary and fecal coproporphyrins (CP) undergo significant changes in cholestatic diseases of both adults and infants and their determination may provide a diagnostic tool. Little is known about CP excretion in the first days of life. The authors have studied the daily urinary and fecal excretion of CP as well as the I and III isomer distribution in 10 healthy newborn babies from 1 to 10 days old. CP were determined by the solvent partition method and the isomer distribution by thin-layer chromatographic technique. Preliminary studies on urinary porphyrin pattern were performed using a personal high-performance liquid chromatographic method. CP excretion was almost 10 times higher on the 1st day than on the 10th, when expressed by adult standards. The isomer I accounted for almost 80% of the total amount on the first days, whereas at the end of the study, both the CP total amount and isomer distribution overlapped the infant and adult pattern. The authors propose a personal interpretation based on a possible transient enzymatic defect in the metabolic chain of heme synthesis. PMID- 6737186 TI - Fatty liver and its fibrous changes found in simple obesity of children. AB - Of 299 obese children who visited our obesity clinics, 36 were found to have elevated levels of serum transaminases by routine laboratory examination. Liver biopsy was carried out in 11 children. Based on the criteria of Adler and Schaffner (1979), the biopsy specimens were studied histologically. As a result, fatty liver (Group I) was observed in three patients, fatty hepatitis (Group II) in two, fatty fibrosis (Group III) in five, and fatty cirrhosis (Group IV) in one. The duration of obesity, but not its degree, was considered to be related to the extent of fibrosis. Accordingly, we concluded that the fatty liver of simple obesity in children may progress to liver cirrhosis and that childhood obesity should be treated as early as possible. PMID- 6737187 TI - Effects of zinc and copper content of formulas on growth and on the concentration of zinc and copper in serum and hair. AB - We studied the effect of dietary zinc (Zn) and copper (Cu) on the levels of these elements in serum (at 1, 3, and 5 months of age) and in hair (at 5 months of age) of breast- and formula-fed infants. Three different formulas were used: (a) Commercially available standard infant formula containing 1.0 mg/L of Zn and 30 micrograms/L of Cu; (b) Zn supplemented formula, containing 3.2 mg/L of Zn and 30 micrograms/L of Cu; and (c) Zn- and Cu-supplemented formula, containing 3.2 mg/L of Zn and 400 micrograms/L of Cu. The median Zn content of breast milk was 4.8 mg/L at 1 week, 2.9 mg/L at 1 month, 1.1 mg/L at 3 months and 1.1 mg/L at 5 months. Breast milk Cu content was 510 micrograms/L at 1 week, 440 micrograms/L at 1 month, 270 micrograms/L at 3 months, and 200 micrograms/L at 5 months after delivery. All infants were healthy and full term, and weight and length velocities were similar in each of the four groups studied. Serum Zn levels were significantly higher both in the infants fed the Zn-supplemented formula and those fed the Zn-and-Cu-supplemented formula compared with the other two groups of infants at 3 and 5 months of age. Zn levels in hair were significantly elevated (invariably greater than 80 micrograms/g) only in infants fed Zn supplemented formula.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS) PMID- 6737188 TI - Plasma selenium concentration in healthy Japanese children and adults determined by flameless atomic absorption spectrophotometry. AB - This study showed a rapid and direct method for determining selenium concentration in plasma by flameless atomic absorption spectrophotometry, and differences in plasma selenium concentration in healthy children and adults. A direct method is possible, since selenium is heat stable in the presence of nickel. With this method, the recovery of selenium added to plasma was 100.3 +/- 5.7%, and the relative standard deviation in repeated determinations of pooled plasma selenium was 3.0% and 6.8%. The plasma selenium concentration in adults was 99.4 +/- 12.5 ng/ml, lower than reported concentrations from the United States and Canada, and higher than those from New Zealand. These variations may reflect dietary habits, bioavailability of selenium compounds in diet, racial difference, or different analytical methods. The mean concentration of plasma selenium at 1 to 6 months of age (51.0 +/- 13.1 ng/ml) was significantly lower than in adults (p less than 0.001); it increased gradually and steadily to the adult level with age. This age-related difference of plasma selenium level is similar to that reported previously. PMID- 6737190 TI - Acarboxy prothrombin in cord plasma from normal neonates. AB - Acarboxy prothrombin was detected in the plasma of 48 of 128 umbilical cord plasma samples and in all of 65 patients receiving coumadin. None was found in 20 normal adults. Although the prevalence was the same in blacks, whites, and neonates of mixed origin, levels were significantly higher in blacks. There was a negative correlation between the level of acarboxy prothrombin and the prothrombin index. There was no correlation between maternal age, birth weight, gestational age, obstetrical complications, race, socioeconomic status, albumen, or alpha-foetoprotein and the incidence of cord plasma acarboxy prothrombin. PMID- 6737189 TI - Free amino acid concentrations in plasma, erythrocytes, granulocytes, and lymphocytes in umbilical cord blood, children, and adults. AB - Concentrations of free amino acids were measured concurrently in plasma, erythrocytes, granulocytes, and lymphocytes in umbilical cord blood, neonates, children, and adults. In each age group, the patterns of free amino acids were fairly similar in plasma and erythrocytes except for aspartic acid which was more abundant in erythrocytes. Of the amino acids in granulocytes, 71-77% was taurine; in lymphocytes taurine, aspartic acid, and glutamic acid comprised 35-44%, 18 24%, and 20-28%, respectively, of the total in all age groups. Leukocytes may contribute to the interorgan transport of amino acids to about 10% of the erythrocytes' contribution. Postnatally, the levels of glutamic acid and tyrosine in plasma; threonine plus glutamine, serine plus asparagine, and tyrosine in erythrocytes; histidine in granulocytes; and glutamic acid in lymphocytes were significantly increased (p less than 0.001); while the levels of phenylalanine and lysine in plasma; taurine in erythrocytes; valine and phenylalanine in granulocytes; and threonine plus glutamine, tyrosine, and phenylalanine in lymphocytes were significantly decreased (p less than 0.001). After the neonatal period concentrations of taurine and aspartic acid in erythrocytes, taurine and valine in granulocytes, and tyrosine and phenylalanine in lymphocytes increased gradually with age; while concentrations aspartic acid in plasma, histidine in granulocytes, and glycine in lymphocytes decreased gradually with age. The levels of glycine and valine in plasma, alanine and valine in erythrocytes, serine plus asparagine, glycine, alanine, and tyrosine in granulocytes, and aspartic acid, serine plus asparagine, and alanine in lymphocytes remained constant in all age groups.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS) PMID- 6737191 TI - Sensitivity of the sigmoid colon and rectum in children treated for chronic constipation. AB - Sensations in the sigmoid and rectum and the response of the anal canal to balloon distension were measured with a latex balloon and pressure transducer in 15 chronically constipated and 15 healthy control children. The constipated children received milk of magnesia and bowel training. Thirteen constipated children were restudied 7-12 months later and 11 were restudied 3 years later. Although thresholds of transient sensation and of the rectosphincteric reflex were not different in constipated and control children, the threshold of fullness, the critical volume, and the volume for constant relaxation were significantly higher in constipated than in control children (p less than 0.05), and remained higher 1 year and 3 years later, even in the children who recovered. The initial data support the concept of a sigmoid and rectum so enlarged that a normal fecal bolus may not cause a sensation of fullness or a sensory stimulus for defecation. Despite improvement in clinical manifestations and normal rectal size, the abnormalities in sensitivity of the sigmoid and rectum persisted in five of eight recovered children. This may explain why these children are so vulnerable to recurrence of constipation and fecal soiling. PMID- 6737192 TI - Chronic constipation in childhood: a longitudinal study of 186 patients. AB - One hundred eighty-six patients with chronic constipation and soiling were seen between 1975 and 1982. On follow-up, 47% had resolution of symptoms, with another 36% having their soiling controlled with either continuous or intermittent laxatives. Thirteen clinical features were analyzed in relation to outcome. The only predictor of poor outcome was the presence of soiling (p = 0.003), while the presence of abdominal pain correlated well with cure (p = 0.007). Fifty-five percent of patients had a positive family history for constipation. Significant psychological problems were present in 20% of patients; however, these did not appear to affect the outcome. Constipation was uncommon over the age of 12 years, and there was no evidence of the development of laxative dependence. These findings suggest that chronic idiopathic constipation of childhood may be a constitutional condition which tends to resolve with age. PMID- 6737193 TI - Use of Golytely in children and adolescents. AB - Proper cleansing of the bowel is essential to ensure an adequate colonoscopic examination. The experience of 24 children and adolescents with Golytely, a new colonic lavage solution, is presented. Oral Golytely was found to be less inconvenient for patients, safe, and more cost-effective because it decreased hospitalization time. PMID- 6737194 TI - Crohn's disease presenting as chronic purulent tonsillitis. PMID- 6737195 TI - Personal control and stress and coping processes: a theoretical analysis. AB - Laboratory and field research indicates that the relationships between personal control and stress, coping, and adaptational outcomes are more complex than was once assumed. Believing that an event is controllable does not always lead to a reduction in stress or to a positive outcome, and believing that an event is uncontrollable does not always lead to an increase in stress or to a negative outcome. These complex relationships involving control are examined in the context of Lazarus's cognitive theory of stress and coping. The first part of the article elaborates this theory and shows how two forms of control, generalized beliefs about control and situational appraisals of control, fit into the overall model. Situational appraisals of control are explored in this section, including the question, Control over what? which must be addressed in order to explain some of the perplexing findings. The second part of the article draws on the theoretical formulation of stress and coping to examine three important issues: (a) how believing one has control in a stressful transaction can heighten threat, (b) the relationship between control and coping, and (c) pathways through which control can affect the adaptational outcomes of stressful encounters. PMID- 6737196 TI - Influence of life event stress on physical illness: substantive effects or methodological flaws? AB - This study tests the hypothesis that the reported relationship between life event stress and physical illness is primarily a function of criterion and other content contamination in the stress measure. In particular, conventional life event measures include events related to physical health, which overlap with the criterion; events related to neuroticism, which influences the criterion; and events that are vague or subjective and could be affected by individual differences in psychological distress, response sets, and retrospective bias. In this study 386 adult males and females completed standard measures of life events and physical illness. Illness was significantly related to event subscales containing, respectively, health-related events, neuroticism-related events, and subjective events, but not to an "uncontaminated" event subscale. These results support the hypothesis of contamination and suggest that alternative approaches to the conceptualization and measurement of stress may need to be developed. PMID- 6737197 TI - Coping with job stress and burnout in the human services. AB - A mail survey of 141 human service workers investigated the effects of coping on psychological strain and "burnout" produced by job stress. The survey assessed job stressors and coping strategies with open-ended questions and measured strain using closed-ended alienation, satisfaction, and symptom scales. Because previous research suggested that individual coping responses do not alleviate strain produced by job stress, the survey elicited information on group coping (social support) and on coping strategies initiated by agencies. Job stress was associated with high levels of strain, and group coping with low levels, but individual responses had little effect. Although workers identified many strategies that agencies could use to reduce stress and strain, actual use of such strategies was slight. Because men and women worked in the same jobs, no sex differences in individual coping were predicted and none were found; women, however, reported more social support than men. There was no evidence for moderating (interaction) effects of stress and coping on strain. PMID- 6737198 TI - Coping, stress, and social resources among adults with unipolar depression. AB - We used a stress and coping paradigm to guide the development of indices of coping responses and to explore the roles of stress, social resources, and coping among 424 men and women entering treatment for depression. We also used an expanded concept of multiple domains of life stress to develop several indices of ongoing life strains. Although most prior studies have focused on acute life events, we found that chronic strains were somewhat more strongly and consistently related to the severity of dysfunction. The coping indices generally showed acceptable conceptual and psychometric characteristics and only moderate relationships to respondents' sociodemographic characteristics or to the severity of the stressful event for which coping was sampled. Coping responses directed toward problem solving and affective regulation were associated with less severe dysfunction, whereas emotional-discharge responses, more frequently used by women, were linked to greater dysfunction. Stressors, social resources, and coping were additively predictive of patient's functioning, but coping and social resources did not have stress-attenuation or buffering effects. PMID- 6737199 TI - Impact of chronic and acute stressors on daily reports of mood. AB - This research compares the relative impact of major life events, chronic stressors, and minor daily stressors on daily reports of mood. Analyses are based on daily diary data combined with interview data derived from a longitudinal study of 96 women sampled from the population of persons using the services of a neighborhood health center in Boston. The most important direct determinants of mood were found to be concurrent daily stressors and physical symptoms, and previous levels of psychological well-being. Life events and chronic stressors had indirect effects on mood through these other variables. The results serve to confirm and extend previous studies on the determinants of short-term changes in mood. The advantages and disadvantages of the temporal aggregation of time-series data are discussed. PMID- 6737200 TI - Situational determinants of coping responses: loss, threat, and challenge. PMID- 6737201 TI - Stress, anxiety, and cognitive interference: reactions to tests. AB - The nature of test anxiety and its relationships to performance and cognitive interference are analyzed from the standpoint of attentional processes. A new instrument to assess dimensions of reactions to tests is presented, and its psychometric properties are described. The scales of the Reactions to Tests questionnaire (Worry, Tension, Test-Irrelevant Thinking, Bodily Symptoms) were compared with regard to intellective performance and cognitive interference. The results were consistent with the idea that the problem of anxiety is, to a significant extent, a problem of intrusive thoughts that interfere with task focused thinking. In the last of the three studies reported, it was shown that self- preoccupying intrusive thinking can be reduced by means of a task-focusing experimental condition. The studies suggest that the Reactions to Tests questionnaire may be useful in defining anxiety more sharply and improving understanding of how it relates to performance. PMID- 6737203 TI - Determining perceived meaning during impression formation: another look at the meaning change hypothesis. AB - The meaning change hypothesis says that the individual items of information from which an impression of someone is formed tend to be perceived in a way consistent with the overall impression. It is argued here that the evidence usually considered as the principal experimental support for this hypothesis is artifactual, the product of a spurious method of determining perceived meaning. We describe a new method in which, following a series of person descriptions, subjects try to recall from each description a critical trait with the aid of a roughly synonymous cue word that is evaluatively either consistent or inconsistent with the description as a whole. The meaning change hypothesis predicts a higher level of recall when the cue word and the overall description are evaluatively consistent. We show that although this prediction holds with at least one kind of person description (Experiments 1 and 2), it does not hold with the kind most often used in impression formation research (Experiments 3, 4, and 5). PMID- 6737202 TI - Toward an integrative approach to the study of stress. AB - Stress and coping are considered as part of a process involving environmental events, psychosocial processes, and physiological response. The concept of stress as well as approaches to its study are discussed. Links between coping and perceived control are described, and measurement approaches are evaluated. The usefulness of integrated approaches to the study of stress, emphasizing expansion of both conceptual and methodological perspectives, is discussed. PMID- 6737204 TI - Language and person cognition: effects of communicative set on trait attribution. AB - People may be especially prone to construe an individual's behavior in terms of global traits when they anticipate verbal communication about that person. In a first experiment, subjects expecting to communicate their impressions of a target person generated a greater number of global trait descriptions and made a greater number of unqualified, mutually consistent trait attributions than did control subjects. Three further experiments tested the hypotheses that (a) the specifically verbal nature of the anticipated communication at least partly accounts for this effect and (b) expecting to receive a verbal communication may suffice to produce the effect as well. Both hypotheses received support: Subjects expecting either to transmit or to receive verbal impressions ascribed more traits to the target person, and were more influenced by their implicit personality theory in rating the target's dispositions, than subjects expecting to transmit impressions nonverbally . PMID- 6737205 TI - Effects of group identity on resource use in a simulated commons dilemma. AB - In a review of research on in-group categorization and group identity, Brewer (1979) proposed that cooperative solutions to social dilemmas, such as Hardin 's (1968) "tragedy of the commons ", may be achieved by exploiting the positive consequences arising from a common social-group identity. Three laboratory experiments were conducted to assess the effects of making salient either a superordinate (collective) or subordinate (differentiating) group identity in heterogeneous groups. In the first two experiments, naturally occurring social categories were used as a basis for group differentiation. In the third, the level of social-group identity was manipulated by varying the common fate of the group members. It was predicted that individual restraint would be most likely when a superordinate group identity was made salient and under conditions in which feedback indicated that the common resource was being depleted. Results from all three experiments provide support for this general hypothesis, indicating that cooperative responding is enhanced even when the basis for superordinate group identity is minimal. PMID- 6737206 TI - The negative side of social interaction: impact on psychological well-being. AB - Social exchange theory has long emphasized that social interaction entails both rewards and costs. Research on the effects of social relations on psychological well-being, however, has generally ignored the negative side of social interaction. This study examined the relative impact of positive and negative social outcomes on older women's well-being. The sample consisted of 120 widowed women between the ages of 60 and 89. Multiple regression analyses revealed that negative social outcomes were more consistently and more strongly related to well being than were positive social outcomes. This effect of negative social involvement did not appear to be due to major differences among women with high versus moderate or low levels of problematic social ties. Analyses of variance indicated that these three groups of women differed neither in important background characteristics nor in indices of social competence. The results demonstrate the importance of assessing the specific content of social relations. Implications for the design of social network interventions are discussed. PMID- 6737207 TI - "A ubiquitous sex difference in dreams" revisited. AB - Males dream more often of males than females do. This sex difference was found in 29 comparisons of male and female dreams. It holds for children, adolescents, college students, and adults in all parts of the world; and for dreams collected in the laboratory, as well as dreams reported under nonlaboratory conditions. Various explanations for this ubiquitous sex difference are discussed. PMID- 6737208 TI - Influence of aerobic exercise on depression. AB - Forty-three depressed women were randomly assigned to either (a) an aerobic exercise treatment condition in which they participated in strenuous exercise, (b) a placebo treatment condition in which they practiced relaxation exercises, or (c) a no-treatment condition. Aerobic capacity was assessed before and after the 10-week treatment period. Self-reported depression was assessed before, during, and after the treatment period. The results indicated that subjects in the aerobic exercise condition evidenced reliably greater improvements in aerobic capacity than did the subjects in either of the other conditions (p less than .002 in both cases) and that the subjects in the aerobic exercise condition evidenced reliably greater decreases in depression than did subjects in the placebo condition (p = .05) or subjects in the no-treatment condition (p = .001). These results provide the first controlled evidence concerning the effects of strenuous exercise on depression. PMID- 6737209 TI - Motivation to control one's environment in individuals with obsessive-compulsive, depressive, and normal personality traits. AB - This study investigated whether people are motivated for control and considered both the dispositional and situational factors that affect this motivation. Thirty male and 30 female undergraduates, divided equally among individuals with obsessive-compulsive, depressive, and normal personality styles, were given different levels of information about how to exercise control in an effective manner. Motivation for control was assessed by performance on a task in which the level of performance determined whether a subject obtained control over an outcome. In addition, feelings of self-efficacy were measured. The hypothesis that people are motivated to have personal control was confirmed. Furthermore, this motivation for control could not be accounted for by the variance attributable to feelings of self-efficacy, that is, the expectancy of gaining a good outcome by having personal control. Although feelings of self-efficacy were influenced by the level of information provided to subjects, for most subjects, the motivation for control, per se, was not affected. In contrast, obsessive compulsive males seemed to respond differently to the information manipulation from other subjects, being motivated for control only when a higher level of information was provided. The effects of depressive and obsessive-compulsive personality styles on the motivation for control were reconsidered. PMID- 6737210 TI - Suffering for science: the effects of implicit social demands on response to experimentally induced pain. AB - In two experiments subjects rated their pain during baseline trials of cold pressor and finger pressure pain. After various instructional treatments, they were posttested with these same stimuli. As in previous studies, we found in both experiments that coping suggestions significantly reduced reported pain. Experiment 1, however, demonstrated that subjects often refrained from using available cognitive coping strategies to reduce pain unless they had been given explicit permission to do so. Experiment 2 replicated this finding and also showed that explicit permission to "do whatever you can to reduce pain" was as effective as a coping suggestion in decreasing reported pain. These findings indicate that subjects' interpretation of what is appropriate responding in the test situation determines how they choose to cope with the painful stimulation. Thus standard experimental procedures for assessing baseline levels of pain implicitly lead subjects to refrain from coping and thereby tend to underestimate their ability to control pain. Moreover, suggestions and other instructional techniques for coping with pain may produce much of their effect not by teaching subjects new coping skills but instead by giving them permission to use already available coping strategies. PMID- 6737211 TI - Culture and development of everyday social explanation. AB - The impact of cultural meaning systems on the development of everyday social explanation is explored in a cross-cultural investigation undertaken among Indian and American adults and children (ages 8, 11, and 15 year). It is demonstrated that at older ages Americans make greater reference to general dispositions and less reference to contextual factors in explanation than do Hindus . References to general dispositions also undergo a much greater developmental increase among Americans than among Hindus , whereas references to contextual factors show the opposite pattern of developmental change. Evidence suggests that these cross cultural and developmental differences result from contrasting cultural conceptions of the person acquired over development in the two cultures rather than from cognitive., experiential, or informational differences between attributors . Discussion focuses on theoretical implications of such a demonstration for understanding: (a) the importance of integrating semantic with structural considerations in theories of social attribution, (b) the need to develop nonteleological frameworks for interpreting age and cultural diversity in conceptualization, and (c) the role of cultural communication in the acquisition of everyday social knowledge. PMID- 6737212 TI - Attitude prototypes as determinants of attitude-behavior consistency. AB - This article addresses the questions of when we can predict from an individual's attitude toward a social group to the individual's behavior toward a specific member of that group. One possibility is that individuals determine their attitudes toward a social group by assessing their reactions to an imagined group representative who embodies the defining or central group characteristics--the prototypical group member. When they encounter a specific group member whose characteristics match well those of the "attitude prototype", individuals display attitude-behavior consistency; when the match is poor, they display attitude behavior inconsistency. This proposition was tested in two experiments, and in each the attitude-behavior relationship was greater in relation to prototypical than to unprototypical group members. In addition, knowledge of an unprototypical group member had little or no effect on attitude prototypes. Rather, the unprototypical group member was dismissed as atypical, leaving the prototype intact to influence future social behavior. The implications for attitude change, and possible applications to more abstract attitudes, are discussed. PMID- 6737213 TI - A battle of wills: self-verification versus behavioral confirmation. AB - When a perceiver forms an expectancy about a target individual that is discrepant with that target's self-conception, whose viewpoint will triumph? Although research on behavioral confirmation argues that perceivers will "win" by causing targets to confirm the expectancy, research on self-verification argues that targets will "win" by bringing perceivers to treat them in a manner that confirms their self-conceptions. The research reported here sought to reconcile these competing viewpoints by considering the certainty of perceivers' expectancies and targets' self-conceptions. Perceivers first formed relatively certain or uncertain expectancies about targets that were inconsistent with targets' self conceptions. They then interacted with targets, who possessed relatively certain or uncertain self-conceptions, in a series of three successive interview sessions. Analyses of the behavior or targets indicated that self-verification always occurred when targets were certain of their self-conceptions. Self verification also tended to occur when both perceivers and targets were uncertain of their beliefs. Behavioral confirmation tended to occur only when perceivers were certain of their expectancies and targets were uncertain of their self conceptions. At the end of the experiment, perceivers had generally abandoned their expectancies, but targets revealed no self-rating change. The conditions under which self-verification versus behavioral confirmation occur are discussed. PMID- 6737214 TI - Social and emotional loneliness: an examination of Weiss's typology of loneliness. AB - This study examined Weiss' conceptualization of social and emotional loneliness. Using data from an extensive survey of undergraduate and graduate students at the University of Iowa, we measured social and emotional loneliness, students' affective and behavioral reactions to loneliness, students' social relationships, and their judgments of the degree to which their relationships supply the six social provisions described by Weiss. As expected, we found differences in the subjective experiences of social and emotional loneliness, although both forms of loneliness were also characterized by a common core of experiences. The results generally supported Weiss's ideas concerning the determinants of social and emotional loneliness. Predictions concerning the affective and behavioral consequences associated with each type of loneliness, however, were only partly supported, although the two forms of loneliness were associated with different affective reactions and coping behaviors. The implications of these findings for Weiss's typology of loneliness are discussed. PMID- 6737215 TI - Task-related arousal of type A and type B persons: level of challenge and response specificity. AB - To determine whether different levels of challenge had differential effects on the arousal levels of Type A and Type B persons, 30 Type A and 30 Type B male subjects worked on an intelligence test task (digits backwards recall) that was easy, moderately difficult, or extremely difficult. Arousal was measured in terms of systolic blood pressure, diastolic blood pressure, pulse rate, pulse volume, skin resistance, and subjective arousal. Results indicated that while working on the extremely difficult task, the Type A subjects evidenced reliably higher systolic blood pressure than did the Type B subjects (p = 0.1; difference = 7.52 mm of Hg) and that there were not reliable differences between the subjects in systolic blood pressure at other levels of challenge or on other measures of arousal. PMID- 6737216 TI - Challenge seeking and the type A coronary-prone behavior pattern. AB - The present investigation sought to further delineate the Type A coronary-prone behavior pattern and to elucidate the psychophysiological process through which this behavioral disposition is translated into heart disease. Type A and Type B male subjects engaged in tasks that required varying degrees of activity before an assessment of challenge-seeking tendencies. Type A participants sought greater degrees of challenge than did their Type B counterparts. In addition, the more active the person with Pattern A had been immediately before the challenge seeking opportunity, the greater the degree of challenge sought. Precedent activity level did not significantly influence challenge seeking in the Type B population. The Type A subjects also had significantly faster heart rates during performance of a challenging task. Pattern A behavior may be translated into heart disease through the cumulative deleterious effects of chronic and excessive challenge-induced cardiovascular excitation. PMID- 6737217 TI - Revision of the self-monitoring scale. AB - Snyder's (1974) Self-Monitoring Scale exhibits a stable factor structure that does not correspond to the five-component theoretical structure he presents. Sets of face-valid items that better approximate the theoretical structure are described. Correlations between these sets of items and measures of other constructs reveal that four of the five components are positively related to social anxiety. Effective social interaction is supposedly the high self monitor's forte, and social anxiety appears to be incompatible with this. The correlational results therefore question the entire theory and indicate the need for a narrower definition of the construct. Adopting such a definition from Snyder's review article (1979), we present a 13-item Revised Self-Monitoring scale which measures only sensitivity to the expressive behavior of others and ability to modify self-presentation. A 20-item Concern for Appropriateness scale is also described. This scale measures 2 variables that are directly associated with social anxiety--cross-situational variability and attention to social comparison information. Both scales have acceptable internal consistency, and both yield 2 subscale scores as well as a total score. Prospective users of either scale are advised to treat the 3 scores separately. PMID- 6737218 TI - Motivation, anxiety, and the difficulty of avoidant control. AB - The present research addresses the question of whether avoidant control that is difficult to exercise induces greater physiologic arousal and unpleasant affect than easy-avoidant control or no-avoidant control. Two types of control difficulty were distinguished and factorially varied: (a) control difficulty due to the effortfulness of a controlling activity and (b) control difficulty due to uncertainty about how to exercise control over an unpleasant outcome. To examine responses under conditions where avoiding an unpleasant event is impossible, a cell was included in which subjects were not given the means by which to exercise control. In all but one condition (the high-effort-exercise/high-response uncertainty condition), when avoidance was expected to be easy or impossible (a) pulse rates were lower, (b) digital pulse volumes were higher (indicating reduced physiologic activity), (c) self-reported anxiety was lower, and (d) ratings of the stressor's unpleasantness were lower than they were when avoidance was expected to be difficult. In the high-effort-exercise/high-response-uncertainty condition, cardiovascular arousal, self-reported anxiety, and shock unpleasantness scores were relatively low, suggesting that control was sufficiently difficult in that condition to cause subjects to "give up." Results are discussed in terms of a recently proposed model of motivation, conceptions of anxiety, and the relation between stress and control. PMID- 6737219 TI - Test-retest reliability and differential patterns of score change on the group embedded figures test. AB - Retest reliability of the Group Embedded Figures Test (GEFT) was examined under three different intervals between test and retest, all with an interpolated cognitive task. Despite a significant increase in the group mean score from test to retest in all three experiments, retest reliability coefficients were high, .78-.92. There was also a suggestion that reliability increased with duration of delay. Examination of individual patterns of test-retest score change revealed four patterns: consistent field dependent (FD), consistent field independent (FI), unclassifiable (UNCL), and latent field independent (FIL), whose retest scores took them from the FD range to the FI range. The latter two patterns accounted for the significant retest improvement. Relative frequencies of subjects in each pattern were relatively constant over the three experiments. Subjects in the pattern categories also differed with respect to score on number series completion tests, suggesting that the four patterns reflect more general individual differences in analytic ability. It was concluded that the GEFT is a reliable test, but suggestions for a more error-free classification procedure based on a test-retest score pattern is proposed. Implications of the findings for intervention studies of cognitive style are also noted. PMID- 6737220 TI - [Studies on Galeola septentrionalis Reichb. fil. I. Isolation and structures of the constituents of "Dotuusoo"]. PMID- 6737221 TI - [Studies on physical and chemical quality evaluation of crude drug preparations. I. Analysis of Pueraria Radix and species Puerariae]. PMID- 6737222 TI - [Multiplicity of DL-glyceraldehyde reductase activity in rabbit lens]. PMID- 6737223 TI - [Lysosomal changes in the liver from rats with acute extrahepatic biliary obstruction]. PMID- 6737224 TI - [Bioavailability and dissolution test of commercial carbamazepine tablets]. PMID- 6737225 TI - [Studies on development of the ultrafine size reduction method of slightly soluble medicinal crystals. V. Size reduction of phenytoin and phenobarbital]. PMID- 6737226 TI - [Synthesis of 5-(3-aryloxypropyl)-1-cyclohexyltetrazoles and their inhibition of blood platelet aggregation]. PMID- 6737227 TI - [Studies on the constituents of the flower of Camellia japonica (2)]. PMID- 6737228 TI - [Power of test in bioequivalence analysis. The comparison of tests in beagle dogs and humans]. PMID- 6737229 TI - [Hygroscopicity of carbamazepine crystalline powders]. PMID- 6737230 TI - [Determination of scopolamine hydrobromide in seasick remedies by high performance liquid chromatography]. PMID- 6737231 TI - Application of dynamic mechanical testing to characterize the viscoelastic properties of powder-filled semisolids. AB - A nondestructive technique, dynamic mechanical testing, was used to characterize the viscoelastic properties of dispersions of powdered starch in anhydrous lanolin. The elastic shear modulus (G'), viscous shear modulus (G"), and loss tangent (damping; tan delta) were determined as a function of shear frequency, temperature, and the volume fraction of starch. The results of these studies show that constitutive mathematical models, derived to predict the mechanical behavior of solid-filled polymeric materials, can be applied to solid-filled semisolid pharmaceuticals. In particular, the Kerner equation was useful in describing the influence of starch on the G' of the dispersions. Even though the Kerner equation was unable to predict viscoelastic behavior at all shear frequencies, temperatures, and starch volume fractions, it proved beneficial in postulating mechanisms for starch-starch and starch-anhydrous lanolin interactions within the dispersions. In addition, damping was able to differentiate the influence of temperature. Data obtained from three temperature ranges, where anhydrous lanolin exists in three different structural states, shows that the influence of starch on damping is dictated by the structural state of anhydrous lanolin. PMID- 6737232 TI - Urinary excretion of chlorpheniramine and its metabolites in children. AB - The pharmacokinetics and urinary excretion of chlorpheniramine were studied in 11 patients, aged 6-16 years, with allergic rhinitis. In these children, chlorpheniramine had a mean elimination half-life of 13.1 +/- 6.6 h, a mean clearance rate of 7.23 +/- 3.16 mL/min/kg, and a mean apparent volume of distribution of 7.0 +/- 2.8 L/kg. Over 48 h, the recovery in urine was as follows: chlorpheniramine, 11.3 +/- 6.7%; demethylchlorpheniramine , 23.3 +/- 11.1%; and didemethylchlorpheniramine , 9.6 +/- 9.4%. Urine flow rate and urine pH were uncontrolled and ranged from 2.2 to 113.3 mL/h and 5.1-7.9, respectively, over the 48-h period. In some children urine flow rate and pH were constant, while in others there was great variability. When drug and metabolite excretion rates versus both urine flow rates and pH values were analyzed by multiple linear regression, the results were significantly better (p less than or equal to 0.05) than when each factor was analyzed independently. The excretion rate of chlorpheniramine and its two demethylated metabolites decreased as urine pH increased and urine flow rate decreased. This information must be considered in future pharmacokinetic studies of this drug. PMID- 6737233 TI - Physical model approach to taste studies of drugs and pharmaceutical formulations. AB - This paper explores the physical model approach in studying the taste of drugs and assessing physical formulation factors for improving the undesirable taste of drugs. Various aspects of physiology relevant to the taste phenomenon have been reviewed to provide the biophysical basis for mathematical modeling. The model involves non-steady-state mass transport across the aqueous boundary layer and buildup of solute concentration at the essentially impermeable tongue surface. The theoretical predictions are consistent with experimental studies on the lag time to taste perception by the electrophysiological method and also with "instantaneous" psychophysical taste perception when solute concentrations much greater than the taste threshold are applied on the tongue. Within the framework of the non-steady-state model, novel experimental studies involving the use of a porous half-diffusion cell placed on the surface of an extended human tongue and the recording of the times for psychophysical taste response are proposed to quantify and provide mechanistic understanding of the taste of drugs and also physical formulation factors in overcoming undesirable taste properties. PMID- 6737234 TI - Ocular delivery of pilocarpine from erodible matrices. AB - The present study examined the feasibility of sustaining the release of a water soluble drug, pilocarpine, to the tear film. Both gels and dried films were utilized as drug delivery systems. In vitro studies demonstrated significant prolongation of drug release from these systems as compared with simple aqueous or viscous solutions. The in vitro results were supported by in vivo miosis studies in albino rabbits. PMID- 6737236 TI - Liquid chromatographic determination of lipophilicity with application to a homologous series of barbiturates. AB - A graphical method for determining the lipophilicity of the members of a homologous series of barbituric acids, from a consideration of their reverse phase HPLC retention data, is described. The HPLC parameter used as the index of lipophilicity, RQ, is shown not only to form excellent correlations with the more commonly employed indices of lipophilicity, Rm and log P, but also to have a predictive capability for those log P values that had not previously been determined experimentally. PMID- 6737235 TI - Electrochemical chromatographic determinations of morphine antagonists in biological fluids, with applications. AB - The morphine antagonists naltrexone and naloxone were extracted from plasma and urine, separated on a chromatographic column, and assayed by electrochemical detection. Optimum oxidation potentials were 0.65 V for morphine and 0.75 V for naloxone and naltrexone. Assay sensitivities were 2-5 ng/mL for plasma and 10 ng/mL for urine. The assays were applied to determine red blood cell partition coefficients of 1.83 +/- 0.15 (SD) for naltrexone and 1.49 +/- 0.27 (SD) for naloxone in a concentration range of 10-3500 ng/mL. No significant time dependence for the partitioning could be observed. Plasma protein binding in the same concentration range, determined by ultracentrifugation, was 27.7% +/- 2.5% (SD) for naltrexone and 30.1% +/- 5.1% (SD) for naloxone. The degree of protein binding did not change in the presence of morphine for morphine-antagonist ratios between 1:10 and 10:1. No concentration dependencies of red blood cell partitioning or protein binding were observed. PMID- 6737237 TI - Effect of sulfaphenazole on tolbutamide distribution in rabbits: analysis of interspecies differences in tissue distribution of tolbutamide. AB - The effect of sulfaphenazole on the distribution of tolbutamide was examined by comparing the change in the steady-state volume of distribution (Vdss) determined from in vivo plasma elimination with the tissue-to-plasma concentration ratio of various tissues (Kp) in rabbits; this effect was compared with that previously reported in rats. In rabbits, the Kp values of six tissues studied (i.e., brain, heart, spleen, small intestine, muscle, and skin) increased in the presence of sulfaphenazole ; except for brain, lung, and adipose tissue, the tissue-to-plasma unbound concentration ratio (Kp,f) of other tissues did show a significant decrease. This suggested that both the tissue and plasma protein binding of tolbutamide were affected by sulfaphenazole and that the increase in Kp was due mainly to the displacement of plasma protein binding of tolbutamide by sulfaphenazole , which was greater than that of tissue binding, while no change in Kp was due to a parallel change in both the plasma protein binding and tissue binding of tolbutamide. In both rabbits and rats, the Vdss calculated from plasma concentration versus time curve was very close to that calculated from the Kp values and volumes of various tissues in the presence and absence of sulfaphenazole , respectively. The interspecies difference of the effect of sulfaphenazole on the tissue distribution of tolbutamide between rabbits and rats was elucidated from both in vivo tissue distribution and in vitro plasma protein binding studies. PMID- 6737239 TI - Quantitative microradiography for studying dental enamel demineralization and remineralization. AB - A method for quantitative determination of mineral density changes in dental enamel has been developed. It utilizes the quantitative microscopy capabilities of image analysis or photometer systems. Characteristic demineralization of bovine enamel in acetate buffers containing calcium and phosphate has been used to demonstrate the results. The method together with chemical kinetic data obtained from spectrophotometric and ion-selective electrode measurements of the bulk solution for calcium, phosphate, and fluoride permit important basic studies to be conducted on demineralization and remineralization of dental enamel. PMID- 6737238 TI - Bioanalyses and pharmacokinetics of nafronyl in the dog. AB - Improved specific and sensitive reverse-phase HPLC assays of nafronyl (I) and its acidic metabolite and hydrolysis product (II) in biological fluids were developed with sensitivities of 3-6 ng/mL using fluorometric detection with 225 nm excitation and 330 nm emission wavelengths. There were no significant differences in the stabilities and assays of I and II in plasma obtained using heparin, citrate phosphate dextrose solution, EDTA, citrate, or oxalate as anticoagulant. Inordinately high membrane binding did not permit the quantification of the high plasma protein binding of I by ultrafiltration; its instability precluded the use of equilibrium dialysis. Plasma protein binding of II by ultrafiltration was 76.4% and was not concentration dependent. The apparent red blood cell-plasma partition coefficients for I and II were 2.00 and 0.49, respectively, with almost all anticoagulants; the red blood cell-plasma water partition coefficient for II was 2.08 when corrected for plasma protein binding. Thus, both I and II had erythrocyte binding sites in addition to simple volume partitioning. Only heparin treated blood gave anomalously low erythrocyte-plasma partition coefficients, indicating that heparin inhibited the partitioning of I and II into red blood cells from plasma water. The total body clearance of nafronyl (I) referenced to total plasma concentration [1295 +/- 65 (SEM) mL/min] was dose independent (35-70 mg range) and showed biphasic plasma half-lives (intravenous) of 12 and 100 min. Only 34% of the nafronyl appears as systemically circulating II in the plasma. Apparent volumes of distribution similarly referenced were 39.8 and 163 L for the central compartment and total body, respectively. Renal clearances referenced to total plasma concentration were 8.3 and 0.18 mL/m for I and II, respectively. The respective total urinary excretions of I, II, and the glucuronide of II (III) were 0.48, 0.021, and 0.32% of the administered intravenous doses. The respective total urinary excretions of I, II, and III for a bile-cannulated dog were 0.005, 0.16, and 0.40%. The total body clearance of intravenously administered II was 225 mL/min, with a renal clearance of 0.057 mL/min referenced to total plasma concentration. The respective total urinary excretions of II and III were 0.027 and 0.44% of the intravenous dose of II. Respective plasma half-lives of II (intravenous) were 2.5, 10.9, and 225 min. The apparent volume of distribution referenced to total plasma concentration was 2.2 L (9.1 L referenced to plasma water concentration). The apparent overall volume of distribution referenced to plasma concentration was 73 L.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 400 WORDS) PMID- 6737240 TI - Quantitative microradiographic study of simultaneous demineralization/remineralization of dental enamel in weak acid buffers. AB - The remineralization behavior of weak acid-treated bovine tooth enamel has been investigated using a recently developed quantitative microradiographic method. Acetate buffer solutions at pH 4.5 containing calcium, phosphate, and 10 ppm fluoride were used in this study. When the solution ion activity product ( KFAP = a10CA a6PO4 a2F ) was 1 X 10(-108), the remineralization of the demineralized region was relatively uniform and complete. On the other hand, when the KFAP was approximately less than or equal to 1 X 10(-112), remineralization of the outer 10-20 micron was incomplete. In addition, for the smaller KFAP solutions there was significant demineralization in the deeper recesses of the originally demineralized region. These results agree with a recent chemical kinetics study in which it was proposed that KFAP = 1 X 10(-112) demarcated the region of solution conditions in which remineralization only occurs from that in which simultaneous demineralization/remineralization takes place. A model consistent with all of the data is proposed. PMID- 6737241 TI - Statistical prediction of drug stability based on nonlinear parameter estimation. AB - The classical approach in Arrhenius prediction of drug stability uses two sequential steps of linear regression involving (a) a function of drug content versus time to obtain the rate constants (k) at several elevated temperatures and (b) the relationship of logarithm of mean k versus reciprocal temperature to predict the room temperature rate constant and hence the shelf-life of the drug. Uncertainties in drug content determinations are often neglected in the second regression. The classical approach also provides a wide and unsymmetrical 95% confidence interval for the predicted shelf-life. We have developed equations which allow for direct statistical prediction of shelf-life using observed values of drug content, time, and temperature. Nonlinear regression analysis was employed to provide parameter estimates of drug shelf-life and the energy of activation. The developed approach was shown to provide good estimates of shelf life with meaningful statistics of reactions over a wide range of stability and energetics, with various kinetic orders, with different levels of noise in the data, and with different types of data structure. Comparison between the nonlinear approach and the classical approach showed that the nonlinear approach provided better mean estimates of shelf-life with much smaller and more symmetrical 95% confidence intervals than the classical approach. The method appears sufficiently robust and wide-ranging as to be potentially applicable for the prediction of the drug stability of pharmaceutical products. PMID- 6737242 TI - Collaborative study of the USP dissolution test for prednisone tablets with Apparatus 2. AB - Five lots of prednisone tablets that disintegrate within 5 min were collaboratively studied by 11 laboratories using USP Apparatus 2 under carefully controlled conditions. One lot gave complete dissolution. The reproducibility and repeatability of Apparatus 2 for the four lots still dissolving at the end of the test were 2.6 and 1.6% of label claim, respectively, for the 11 laboratories. PMID- 6737243 TI - Physicopharmaceutical characteristics of an oil-in-water emulsion-type ointment containing diclofenac sodium. AB - The oil-in-water (o/w) emulsion-type ointment was prepared with food additives containing diclofenac sodium. The oil phase and the emulsifier used were 1,2,3- propanetriyl trioctanoate (caprylic acid glyceryl ester) and sugar wax, and sugar ester, respectively. The emulsion stability of the o/w emulsion-type ointment as well as the diclofenac sodium release profile were investigated and compared with those from conventional ointments. The emulsion stability was evaluated in terms of the viscosity of the emulsion product, the particle size distribution of oil droplets, and the zeta potential of the droplets. It was found that sugar esters have excellent properties as emulsifiers, based on the results of viscosity and zeta potential measurements. The in vitro release test revealed that the amount of diclofenac sodium released from o/w emulsion-type ointment was greater than from the hydrophilic and absorptive ointment. Accordingly, it was concluded that o/w emulsion-type bases are suitable for pharmaceutical use in ointment products. PMID- 6737244 TI - Quantitation of diltiazem and desacetyldiltiazem in dog plasma by high performance liquid chromatography. AB - A high-performance liquid chromatographic procedure was developed for the determination of diltiazem and desacetyldiltiazem in dog plasma. Two milliliters of plasma is extracted with a hexane-2-propanol mixture. The assay uses a reverse phase column maintained at 55 degrees C with a silica saturation column and a pellicular precolumn. The mobile phase is acetonitrile-water (50:50) at pH 6.6 with 1.5-g/L heptanesulfonic acid added as the ion-pair reagent. The procedure is sensitive to 5 ng/mL for both compounds in dog plasma and is linear up to 2000 ng/mL for diltiazem and 1000 ng/mL for desacetyldiltiazem . Preliminary dog mean plasma profiles of diltiazem and desacetyldiltiazem are presented. PMID- 6737245 TI - Analysis of 4-methylpyrazole in plasma and urine by gas chromatography with nitrogen-selective detection. AB - A simple, sensitive, and specific gas chromatographic method for the quantitation of 4-methylpyrazole in plasma and urine is described. Samples containing 4 methylpyrazole, with 3-methylpyrazole as the internal standard, are extracted into ether and the concentrated ethereal extracts are chromatographed on a Carbowax 20M column using nitrogen-selective detection. Standard curves are linear and reproducible over the range of 25-1000 ng/mL for plasma and 0.5-5 micrograms/mL for urine. Recovery of 4-methylpyrazole is complete from plasma and urine, and the overall between-day coefficient of variation is within 6.0%. No interference is observed from the extractive constituents of plasma and urine. The assay method is suitable for an examination of 4-methylpyrazole disposition in animals and humans. PMID- 6737246 TI - [14C]normacromerine fate in the rat. AB - The biological fate of [14C] normacromerine , a dimethoxylated phenethylamine derivative with putative hallucinogenic properties, was evaluated in male Sprague Dawley rats at 100 mg/kg po. Urine was the primary elimination route accounting for 50% of administered carbon-14 after 24 h. Of this urine radioactivity, normacromerine comprised 30% at 8 h decreasing to nondetectable levels at 24h. Carbon-14 in feces represented less than 10% of the administered dose at 24 h, and 14CO2 expiration was not detected. Studies of normacromerine fate in comparison with previously studied phenethylamines may enhance evaluation of hallucinogenic potential of normacromerine . PMID- 6737247 TI - Investigation of the antitumor activity of podocarpic acid derivatives. AB - As a class, octahydrophenanthrene lactones, podolactones , and related podocarpic acid derivatives have been reported to possess a wide variety of biological activities, including antileukemic activity, inhibition of plant cell growth, and hormonal and anti-inflammatory properties. In the present study, a series of synthetic intermediates derived from podocarpic acid have been prepared and evaluated with respect to their ability to inhibit human epidermoid carcinoma of the nasopharynx in vitro. The significant cytotoxicity demonstrated by methyl 6 alpha-bromo-7-oxo-O- methylpodocarpate (50% inhibition of cells at 8.85 X 10(-9) M) was markedly higher than that of the other derivatives examined. Further evaluation against L1210 and P388 lymphoid leukemias in mice failed to demonstrate significant antitumor activity. PMID- 6737248 TI - Isocratic liquid chromatographic method for the determination of amoxapine and its metabolites. AB - An isocratic reverse-phase liquid chromatographic method for the determination of amoxapine and its major metabolites in human plasma utilizing UV detection is described. Plasma samples were extracted with ethyl acetate after pH adjustment. The reconstituted extracts were injected onto a cyanopropylsilane column and eluted with a mobile phase consisting of 65% acetonitrile and 35% sodium acetate buffer, 0.03 M and pH 6. The minimum detectable limit was less than 10 ng/mL of plasma. Possible interferences from other drugs which might be administered concurrently were studied. The reproducibility and precision of the method are demonstrated by the analysis of samples containing 25-600 ng/mL of plasma. The method is being applied successfully in our laboratory for the analysis of plasma from patients receiving amoxapine. PMID- 6737249 TI - Isosorbide dinitrate plasma concentrations and bioavailability in human subjects after administration of standard oral and sublingual formulations. AB - The bioavailability of isosorbide dinitrate from formulations containing 5, 10, and 20 mg in tablets and 10 mg in solution for oral use and 5 mg in tablets for sublingual use, has been compared. When adjusted for dose, the peak mean plasma drug concentrations after oral administration were similar (e.g., 9.2 ng/mL after a 10-mg tablet) and about one-half that obtained after sublingual administration. Drug concentrations declined monoexponentially with mean half-lives ranging from 25-36 min. The relative bioavailability of isosorbide dinitrate from the oral formulations was not significantly different (p greater than 0.05) over the dose range studied, whereas the relative bioavailability after sublingual administration was about twice as great (p less than 0.01) as that after oral administration. The plasma drug concentration-time profile after administering the 5-mg sublingual tablet was similar to that obtained after administering orally a solution containing 10 mg, indicating that the latter should be as clinically effective as the former. PMID- 6737250 TI - Disintegrating force as a new formulation parameter. AB - Some coated aspirin tablet formulations were evaluated by relating their properties to disintegrating force development patterns. The treatment of disintegrating force-time curves was effected using the Weibull distribution as proposed for dissolution. Such parameters as the maximum disintegrating force developed, the time needed to reach 63.2% maximum disintegrating force (tau d) the shape parameter, the lag time, and the input value were used for evaluating the formulas examined. It was concluded that the input values, the integrating force development rate at tau d, can be employed as a new formulation parameter since, when correlated with the crushing strength, it allows an overall evaluation of the formula examined. PMID- 6737251 TI - Disposition of ibuprofen in nephrectomized dogs. AB - The pharmacokinetics of ibuprofen were studied in four nephrectomized and three normal dogs after administration of 214.3-227.6 mg iv of ibuprofen. Blood samples were collected at various time intervals for up to 10 h and serum concentrations of ibuprofen were assayed by an HPLC method. The elimination of serum ibuprofen followed first-order kinetics, with mean half-lives of 2.51 +/- 1.10 and 2.81 +/- 0.72 h in normal and nephrectomized dogs, respectively. Mean serum clearance of ibuprofen in nephrectomized dogs, 31.0 +/- 5.2 mL/h/kg, was higher than that in normal dogs, 12.2 +/- 8.6 mL/h/kg, (p less than 0.02). The difference may be attributed to the greater volume of distribution for ibuprofen in nephrectomized dogs, 125.2 +/- 39.0 (88.8-160.4) mL/kg as compared with 53.4 +/- 57.8 (26.0 119.9) mL/kg in the normal group (p less than 0.2). PMID- 6737252 TI - Dynamic method for estimating the extent of plasma protein binding in a dialysis experiment. PMID- 6737253 TI - Influence of protein binding on the accumulation and depletion of drug from the skin. PMID- 6737254 TI - Theoretical basis for the detection of general-base catalysis in the presence of predominating hydroxide catalysis. AB - The detection of general-base catalysis in the presence of predominating specific base catalysis in aqueous buffer solutions is examined for various relationships between k0cat and k0OH, the bimolecular rate constants for general-base and hydroxide-ion attack. The three experimental variables that affect the detection of buffer-base catalysis are the type of buffer, conjugate-acid concentration, and ionic strength. Various buffers used in pharmaceutical kinetic studies are considered, and it is concluded that buffers with high Ka values favor detection. Additionally, high conjugate-acid concentrations and ionic strengths appear to optimize the detection of general-base catalysis. PMID- 6737255 TI - Discriminative structural analysis using pattern recognition techniques in the structure-taste problem of perillartines. AB - Pattern recognition techniques have been applied to the study of structure-taste correlations for perillartine derivatives. The structure of each compound was described by hydrophobicity (log P), logarithm of water solubility (log S), and topological descriptors relating to some positions which were assigned by superposing each compound on a "template" structure. The fragment molecular connectivities were calculated as the topological descriptors. The discriminant functions between the sweet and bitter taste classes were computed by the use of the simplex optimization technique, which correctly recognized most of the compounds under investigation. It was found that the hydrophobicity and one or two topological descriptors concerned with a specific part of the molecules contributed significantly to the discrimination. The discriminant function obtained correctly classified seven of nine compounds (which were not involved in the data set for developing the function) into the taste class to which they belonged. PMID- 6737256 TI - Membrane solubility parameter and in situ release of theophylline. AB - The solubility of theophylline in polyethylene glycol 400-water binary mixtures was analyzed in terms of solute-solvent interaction using the solubility parameter principle of Hildebrand. Preliminary in situ (rat gut permeation) studies with the solvent mixtures having varying polarity as expressed by the solubility parameter showed that (a) the more alike the solubility parameter of theophylline (delta 2 = 14, as obtained from solubility studies) and the solubility parameter of the solvent mixture, the greater was the attraction of solvent for the drug (b) sufficient similarity must exist between the solubility parameter of theophylline and that of the intestinal mucosa to promote bioabsorption, and (c) from the above, it follows that there exists a competition between solvent and rat gut membrane for the drug. The solubility parameter of the solvent vehicle must be such that it does not impede absorption of the molecules into the intestinal mucosa. PMID- 6737258 TI - Improved liquid chromatographic assay for the analysis of pirmenol in plasma and urine. AB - A sensitive, specific, and rapid high-performance liquid chromatographic procedure was developed for the determination of pirmenol in human biological fluids. Plasma or urine samples were alkalinized and extracted with cyclohexane. The organic extract was evaporated to dryness, reconstituted with the mobile phase, and then chromatographed on a microparticulate spherical trimethylsilane stationary phase with UV detection at 254 nm. The procedure for the assay of pirmenol in plasma was linear from 0.125 to 5.0 micrograms/mL. The reproducibility of the peak area ratios of the standard curves had relative standard deviations between 7.7 and 1.8% and a relative error of 0-4.6% over the linear range. The accuracy for the determination of pirmenol in human plasma containing 0.5, 2.5, and 4.0 micrograms/mL had relative errors of 9.0, 3.8, and 3.6%, respectively. Thirty compounds were tested and found not to interfere in the assay of the drug in plasma, and the method was found to be suitable for clinical samples. The urine procedure was linear between 1.0 and 30.0 micrograms/mL. The reproducibility of the peak areas of the standard curves had relative standard deviations that ranged from 1.9 to 6.2% over the linear range. The accuracy for the determination of pirmenol in human urine containing 5.0, 17.5, and 25.0 micrograms/mL had relative errors of 1.4, 0.5, and 2.8%, respectively. PMID- 6737257 TI - Synthesis and properties of some 13-cis- and all-trans-retinamides. AB - Several 13-cis-retinamides were synthesized from 13-cis-retinoic acid via either 13-cis-retinoyl chloride or 13-cis-1-retinoylimidazole. All-trans-retinoylglycine was prepared from all-trans-retinoyl chloride and ethyl glycinate. Detailed procedures were developed for the preparation of other all-trans-retinamides on a large scale for studies of the chemoprevention of cancer. PMID- 6737259 TI - Characteristics of drug-phospholipid coprecipitates I: Physical properties and dissolution behavior of griseofulvin-dimyristoylphosphatidylcholine systems. AB - Solid dispersions of griseofulvin and dimyristoylphosphatidylcholine (lecithin) have been prepared as both coprecipitates and physical mixtures, and their physical characteristics and dissolution behavior compared with pure griseofulvin. The dissolution of the physical mixtures was similar to pure drug, but the coprecipitates yielded a 3.5-fold greater initial dissolution rate and a limiting concentration after 60 min which was 72% greater at a griseofulvin lecithin weight ratio of 19:1. Increasing the lecithin content to 1.5:1 compositions resulted in only a further 50% increase in the initial dissolution rate and a further 12% increase in the limiting concentration. The effect of the pH of the medium on dissolution was slight, but varied with the composition of the system. The phase diagram indicated that these systems have no significant eutectic or solid solution formation. X-ray diffraction spectra further showed that freshly prepared or aged coprecipitates contained griseofulvin crystals, and photomicrographs showed that the crystals essentially retained their characteristic shapes and sizes in all systems. Differential thermal analysis yielded heats of fusion that gave a good linear correlation with the percent of griseofulvin dissolved from coprecipitates at all time intervals, but not with physical mixtures. Furthermore, aged coprecipitates underwent a slower rate of dissolution compared with fresh samples. The results are interpreted to suggest that griseofulvin undergoes improved dissolution from coprecipitates due to the formation of crystals of lower stability. In addition, the rapid dispersion of lecithin in the aqueous medium (as seen microscopically) entraps griseofulvin in myelinic structures and liposomes and effectively increases the saturation concentration of drug in the diffusion layer during the dissolution process. PMID- 6737260 TI - Model-independent steady-state plasma level predictions in autonomic nonlinear pharmacokinetics I: Derivation and theoretical analysis. AB - Current drug level predictions in nonlinear pharmacokinetics are based on specific pharmacokinetic models in contrast to the model-independent (structureless), dose-linearity, and superposition principles used in linear pharmacokinetics. Such model-dependent methods may not provide reliable predictions due to their inherent nonuniqueness, computational complexity, and often unrealistic kinetic assumptions. Some novel model-independent methods for predicting the steady-state drug levels of extravascular, intravenous bolus, and intravenous infusion administrations are presented that should overcome such disadvantages. The methods only assume an autonomic nonlinear kinetic behavior, which implies that following an intravenous bolus administration the derivatives of the drug concentration-time profile at arbitrary drug levels are independent of the dose given. Such a kinetic behavior is found for any nonlinear pharmacokinetic system when the rate of change of the drug level following an intravenous bolus administrations depends only on the drug level, i.e., dC/dt = q(C), where q can be any function dependent only on C and time-invariant kinetic parameters. The basic approach presented represents a novel alternative which avoids the very difficult and often impractical task of identifying and incorporating the numerous kinetic parameters and processes responsible for the observed drug concentration data into a useful pharmacokinetic model. The focus in the kinetic analysis is instead on two much simpler processes: (a) fitting empirical functions to estimate the mean drug disposition behavior of the subject or population and (b) testing the validity of the assumptions involved. PMID- 6737261 TI - High-performance liquid chromatographic determination of diltiazem and six of its metabolites in human urine. AB - The use of the calcium antagonist diltiazem (I) is increasing, particularly in treating unstable angina. This study describes a simple and specific high performance liquid chromatographic method for the determination of I and six of its metabolites in urine. Diltiazem and its conjugated and unconjugated metabolites were assayed in the urine of patients treated with a dose of 120 mg po of diltiazem tid. Sensitivity of the method was 100 ng/mL for I and the metabolites desacetyldiltiazem (II), N-desmethyldesacetyldiltiazem (IV), O desmethyldesacetyldiltiazem (V), O-desmethyl-N-desmethyldesacetyldiltiazem (VII), N-oxide desacetyldiltiazem (III), and O-desmethyl-N-oxide desacetyldiltiazem (VI). In the urine of patients, the extent of conjugation of six metabolites was greater than 80%. PMID- 6737262 TI - Effect of compressional force on tablets containing cellulosic disintegrators I: Dimensionless disintegration values. AB - Spray-dried lactose tablets containing cellulosic disintegrators or microcrystalline cellulose were compressed at different compressional forces. USP disintegration times were measured as a function of pH and compressional force. Two dimensionless quantities were derived from the experimentally determined disintegration times, and their utility in the study of tablet formulations was demonstrated. These dimensionless quantities were used to assess the effect of compressional force and pH on disintegration behavior as well as to compare disintegrator efficiency. Two internally cross-linked sodium carboxymethylcellulose disintegrators were found to be the most efficient; their efficiency increased with increasing compressional force at all pH values. PMID- 6737263 TI - Disposition kinetics of ethambutol in nephrectomized dogs. AB - The effect of nephrectomy on the disposition of ethambutol was investigated in seven adult mongrel dogs: five were nephrectomized and two served as the control. Each dog was intravenously administered 500 mg ethambutol, followed by blood sample collection for 12 h. Total urine was collected over 24 h from the normal control dogs. Ethambutol contents in plasma and urine were assayed by a GC method. The nephrectomized group and the control group exhibited differences in the following pharmacokinetic parameters: half-life, 5.0 versus 4.1 h (significant at p less than 0.1); total body clearance, 8.4 versus 13.2 mL/min/kg (significant at p less than 0.1); and volume of distribution, 2.7 versus 3.8 L/kg (significant at p less than 0.1). Comparison of pharmacokinetic parameters among rabbits, dogs, and humans revealed distinct interspecies differences with regard to total body clearance, renal clearance, volume of distribution, and fractional renal excretion. One comparable parameter shared by all species is the beta-phase half-life. PMID- 6737264 TI - Solubility parameter and hydrophilic-lipophilic balance of nonionic surfactants. AB - The solubility parameters of various polyoxyethylated nonionic surfactants were compared with their hydrophilic-lipophilic balance (HLB) numbers. The compounds included three homologous surfactant series based on dodecanol, octylphenol, and fatty acid esters of sorbitan, respectively, a polyoxyethylated sorbitol ester, and a polyethylene glycol. Solubility parameters were calculated from measured heats of vaporization for the polyoxyethylated dodecanol series and from molar attraction constants for all three surfactant series. The values remained nearly constant and independent of the degree of polyoxyethylation, increasing at most by 1 (cal/cm3) 1/2 while the HLB increased from 0 to 10. This discrepancy arose because HLB values are based on emulsification experiments, in which the polyoxyethylene or polyol moiety of the surfactants is hydrated, while the solubility parameter was calculated for anhydrous conditions. When the solubility parameter was corrected for hydration by including a hydrogen-bonding component, plots of HLB versus this new solubility parameter were nearly linear and parallel for the three series of surfactants, with slopes of 5.0 +/- 0.2. The three lines were spaced apart only approximately 1.2 (cal/cm3) 1/2 despite structural differences among the surfactants, indicating that the chemical nature of the hydrocarbon moiety exerts only a limited effect on the solubility parameter. The HLB, which considers only the weight percent of the hydrocarbon moieties of nonionic surfactants and completely disregards differences in structural features, is, therefore, not as bad an approximation as had previously been thought. PMID- 6737265 TI - Effect of inorganic additives on solutions of nonionic surfactants VI: Further cloud point relations. AB - Disperse dosage forms stabilized with nonionic surfactants frequently contain electrolytes as active ingredients or adjuvants. Salting out of the surfactants by these electrolytes may cause breakdown of the dosage forms. The cloud point of an aqueous solution of octoxynol 9 was used to measure the salt effects. Electrolytes which salt octoxynol 9 out lower its cloud point, while salting-in electrolytes raise it. The observed cloud point effects are discussed according to the mechanisms involved. Salting out by dehydration in competition with octoxynol 9 for the available water was observed with sulfate and phosphate anions, sodium, potassium, and ammonium tribasications, and the nonelectrolyte sorbitol. The extensive self-association of water by hydrogen bonds at and below room temperature weakens its solvent power. Ions which reduce this self association, breaking the structure of water, increased the cloud point of octoxynol 9. Among them were the iodide, thiocyanate, and nitroprusside anions. Ions which tighten the structure of water and enhance its self-association salted the surfactant out, lowering its cloud point. Among these were the fluoride and hydroxide anions. Complex formation between the ether linkages of octoxynol 9 and the following cations increased its cloud point: hydrogen (from strong acids), silver, magnesium, and zinc. Including published data, the only cations which do not form complexes with polyoxyethylated surfactants (and are, therefore, unable to salt them in) were the alkali metal ions sodium, potassium, and cesium and the ammonium ion.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS) PMID- 6737266 TI - Dissolution profile determination of a multicomponent product using a rapid liquid chromatographic analysis. AB - A system was developed which is capable of monitoring the dissolution profiles of each of the active components in a two-component combination product. The UV spectra of the two drugs (metoprolol and hydrochlorothiazide) overlap considerably, making conventional UV analysis of either component unrealistic. By resolving the two drugs on a high-performance liquid chromatographic (HPLC) system both can be quantitated after separation. The analysis is sufficiently short to allow for the use of a six-station dissolution tester in tandem with an HPLC for determination of dissolution profiles. The HPLC system and equipment, can monitor six samples of this product at 5-min intervals in real analysis time. PMID- 6737267 TI - Determination of amphetamine, norephedrine, and their phenolic metabolites in rat brain by gas chromatography. AB - A specific analytical procedure for the quantitation of amphetamine (I), norephedrine (III), and their amphoteric metabolites, p-hydroxy-amphetamine (II) and p-hydroxynorephedrine (IV), in biological samples using electron-capture gas chromatography (GC-EC) is described. The procedure utilizes the ion-pairing reagent, bis(2-ethylhexyl)phosphoric acid, which frees the amines from most contaminants and permits the efficient extraction of the amphoteric compounds (as acetates) from the aqueous solution. Amines I and III and acetylated amines II and IV were perfluoroacetylated prior to GC-EC analysis. Metabolism of I, II, and III in the rat brain was studied. Results indicate that both in vivo and in vitro amines I and III are p-hydroxylated to II and IV, respectively, and II is beta hydroxylated to give IV. Norephedrine (III) was not detected as a rat brain metabolite of amphetamine (I). PMID- 6737269 TI - Novel device for quantitatively collecting small volumes of urine from laboratory rats. AB - A reusable urinary collection device suitable for quantitative collection of uncontaminated urinary samples from rats without using a metabolism cage has been designed. The device can be attached to the pelvic skin within 5 min with minimum handling and discomfort to the unanesthetized rat using an adhesive. The suitability of this device was investigated by collecting and analyzing urine over a 48-h period following the intraperitoneal injection of [14C]inulin. A two way crossover study was done with samples from one of the two experiments being collected while the animal was housed in a commercially available metabolism cage equipped to separate urine and feces. The percent of the dose excreted, food and water consumption, and the urinary output were not statistically different for rats housed in the metabolism cages or with the collection device attached. Histopathological examination of the rats revealed no pathology after a 24-h period except minor skin inflammation which occurred both in controls and animals to which the device was attached. These studies demonstrate the comparability of the new urine collection device to a commercially available metabolism cage in the quantitative collection of small (0-7 mL) urine samples with less contamination of the samples from the environment. PMID- 6737268 TI - Hypolipidemic activity of 4-phenyl-5,5-dicarbethoxy-2-pyrrolidinone in rodents. AB - A series of pyrrolidinones have been reported to possess hypolipidemic activity in mice. The most active agent, 4-phenyl-5-5-dicarbethoxy-2-pyrrolidinone, effectively lowered both serum cholesterol and triglyceride levels at 20-30 mg/kg/d. The agent suppressed liver mitochondrial citrate exchange, phosphatidate phosphohydrolase, and sn-glycerol-3-phosphate acyl transferase activities. Lipid content of the liver, small intestine, and serum lipoprotein fractions was reduced by drug treatment, but lipid levels increased in the bile and fecal samples, suggesting the drug accelerated lipid excretion. The mode of action of the pyrrolidinone appears similar to that of the cyclic imides. PMID- 6737270 TI - Liquid chromatographic analysis of dichlorophen and its major impurity. AB - A rapid and simple high-performance liquid chromatographic (HPLC) method for the analysis of dichlorophen in raw material and in dichlorophen-toluene soft gelatin capsules for veterinary use was developed using a reverse-phase technique. This HPLC system was shown to isolate dichlorophen from its major impurity (the trimer). Three formulations were assayed and were found to contain 7.14, 7.90, and 8.4% of the trimer. A C-18 column was used with a mobile phase of methanol water (75:25). The flow rate was 1.5 mL/min, and the effluent was monitored at 290 nm for both dichlorophen and the trimer. Dichlorophen and the trimer had retention times of 6.5 and 9.0 min, respectively. PMID- 6737271 TI - Binding of disopyramide to alpha 1-acid glycoprotein in plasma measured by competitive equilibrium dialysis. AB - A modification of equilibrium dialysis in which alpha 1-acid glycoprotein and plasma compete directly for disopyramide has been used in conjunction with binding curves to measure the extent of the alpha 1-acid glycoprotein disopyramide interaction. At concentrations in the therapeutic range, 80-90% of disopyramide was bound to alpha 1-acid glycoprotein for plasma from each of six healthy adults. Also, equilibrium dialysis data are presented, indicating that pH does not influence the binding of disopyramide within the therapeutic range. PMID- 6737272 TI - In vitro and in vivo assessment of hepatic and extrahepatic metabolism of diazepam in the rat. AB - Since diazepam is metabolized by many organs in the rat, the microsomal fractions of the liver, kidney, and lung from male Wistar rats were assayed for NADPH dependent metabolism of diazepam and enzymatic parameters. The predicted extraction ratios were obtained from this in vitro experimental system. The organ clearances of the liver, kidney, and lung were then calculated for the determination of the relative contribution of each eliminating organ to the total body clearance (CLtot) of diazepam in the rat. The liver was the most effective eliminating organ, followed by the kidney and the lung, in that order. The hepatic extraction ratio of diazepam was determined in vivo after portal and femoral vein administrations of diazepam. The validity of the in vitro experimental system for the liver was demonstrated by a good agreement between the calculated hepatic extraction ratio of diazepam from in vitro enzymatic parameters (0.616) and that derived in vivo (0.648). However, the sum of organ clearances of the liver, kidney, and lung did not account for CLtot of diazepam in the rat, suggesting the possible contribution of the metabolism in the other organs or tissues, or an underestimation of the pulmonary and renal metabolism. PMID- 6737273 TI - Physicochemical and analytical characteristics of amiodarone. AB - Data are reported on the analytical and physicochemical characteristics of amiodarone, for use in identifying and/or assaying this antiarrhythmic agent. The drug is highly soluble in chloroform and poorly soluble in water. Its acid-base constant (pKa) is 6.56, and its maximal lipid solubility range is from pH 3.5 to 5.5. PMID- 6737274 TI - Liquid chromatographic analysis of triamterene and its major metabolite, hydroxytriamterene sulfate, in blood, plasma, and urine. AB - The first rapid and highly sensitive high-performance liquid chromatographic (HPLC) assay for triamterene, hydroxytriamterene, and hydroxytriamterene sulfate is reported. Plasma samples were processed by protein precipitation, while urine was used untreated. Three different solvent systems were used to analyze (a) triamterene in plasma (30% acetonitrile, pH 4.0; internal standard: furosemide; sensitivity limit: 1 ng/mL); (b) hydroxytriamterene and hydroxytriamterene sulfate in plasma (12% acetonitrile, pH 5.5; internal standard: cefamandole; sensitivity limits: 20 and 2 ng/mL, respectively) and (c) triamterene, hydroxytriamterene, and hydroxytriamterene sulfate in urine (13% acetonitrile, pH 5.3; internal standard: hydroflumethiazide; sensitivity limits: 0.04 microgram/mL, 0.5 microgram/mL, and 0.1 microgram/mL, respectively). Fluorescence detection of compounds was performed at 365-nm excitation and 440-nm emission wavelengths. Recovery of triamterene and its metabolites from plasma was complete, and calibration curves were linear. Intraday variation was less than 6% except for the lowest plasma concentration. The assay procedure has already been used in several pharmacokinetic studies. PMID- 6737275 TI - Quantitation of amphotericins by reverse-phase high-performance liquid chromatography. AB - A reverse-phase high-performance liquid chromatographic (HPLC) method was developed for simultaneous potency determination of amphotericin A and amphotericin B in bulk amphotericin B preparations. This single, rapid, specific, and simple method can be used for qualitative and quantitative analyses and is proposed to replace a combination of cumbersome official tests presently in use. This new HPLC method employs an isocratic acidic phosphate bufhotericin A and amphotericin B in bulk amphotericin B preparations. This single, rapid, specific, and simple method can be used for qualitative and quantitative analyses and is proposed to replace a combination of cumbersome official tests presently in use. This new HPLC method employs an isocratic acidic phosphate buffer-methanol mixture in a reverse mode on an octade-cylsilane-bonded silica column at ambient temperature, using UV detection at 313 nm. Results obtained by HPLC compare favorably with the official assay results. During these studies, an apparent heptaenic component, not previously described, was detected in commercial amphotericin B preparations at concentrations ranging from approximately 6 to 14%. PMID- 6737276 TI - In vitro stability of sodium nitroprusside solutions for intravenous administration. AB - A sensitive high-performance liquid chromatographic assay for nitroprusside using an ion-exchange column and UV detection was developed to evaluate the stability of aqueous solutions of sodium nitroprusside in light-protected glass and plastic containers and during simulated infusions. The results showed that sodium nitroprusside is stable in 5% dextrose, normal saline, and lactated Ringer's solutions in light-protected glass or plastic containers. In addition, there was no decrease in the delivered potency of sodium nitroprusside solutions during simulated infusions lasting up to 24 h. PMID- 6737277 TI - Structural determination of nootkatol, a new sesquiterpene isolated from Alpinia oxyphylla Miquel possessing calcium-antagonistic activity. PMID- 6737278 TI - Nuclear magnetic resonance spectrometry and liquid chromatography of two bile acid epimers: ursodeoxycholic and chenodeoxycholic acid. AB - A specific reverse-phase high-performance liquid chromatographic (HPLC) technique is described for the analysis of bile acids and their conjugates in human serum. Precise quantitation is obtained using UV detection. 13C-NMR spectrometry suggests a structural explanation for the different HPLC retention times of chenodeoxycholic acid, its epimer (ursodeoxycholic acid), and their methyl esters. PMID- 6737279 TI - Triazolines XIII: delta 2-1,2,3-triazolines, a new class of anticonvulsants. AB - A series of 1,5-diaryl-delta 2-1,2,3-triazolines has been synthesized and evaluated for the first time as potential anticonvulsant agents using the standard subcutaneous pentylenetetrazol seizure threshold and maximal electroshock seizure tests. Out of the 31 triazolines that were screened, 11 exhibited moderate anticonvulsant activity; 9 of the compounds afforded protection against pentylenetetrazol-induced seizures, while two antagonized electrically induced convulsions. PMID- 6737280 TI - Organ perfusion studies: a rebuttal. PMID- 6737281 TI - Estimation of mean residence time from data obtained when multiple-dosing steady state has been reached. PMID- 6737282 TI - Alterations of alpha-lactose during differential scanning calorimetry. PMID- 6737283 TI - Transitions of lactoses by mechanical and thermal treatment. PMID- 6737284 TI - Concentration ratio method to determine the rate constant for the special case when ka = ke. PMID- 6737285 TI - Some effects of removal of external calcium on pig striated muscle. AB - Bundles of about 800 cells from the m. thyreopharyngicus of pigs were used to measure activation and inactivation during contracture by K+ depolarization. When [Ca2+] in the medium was lowered to less than 5 X 10(-10) M for 3 min (replacing Ca2+ by Mg2+) the activation occurred at the same [K+] in the medium as in normal solution (3 mM-Ca2+) but inactivation was shifted to lower external [K+]. The absolute value of this shift in terms of membrane potential is uncertain, because [K+] at the cell surface is unknown. Exposure for 4 min to Ca2+-free medium (Ca2+ being replaced by Mg2+) had no effect on contractility tested after a subsequent rest of 22-25 min in normal solution ( [Ca2+] = 2 mM). However, if the muscle underwent one maximal K+ contracture in Ca2+-free medium the response (tetanus or K+ contracture) after the same interval in normal solution was strongly reduced, although the membrane potential recovered fully. K+ contractures in normal solution could be repeated without loss of contractile force. A K+ contracture in Ca2+-free medium had very little effect on the response to caffeine, tested after 25 min in normal solution. It seems that Ca2+ is lost into Ca2+-free medium only during depolarization, from a site which is not accessible to Ca2+ from outside at the resting membrane potential, or from inside at any membrane potential. This site might be located inside the transverse-tubular membrane and, when loaded with Ca2+, might represent the positive group of the model of Chandler, Rakowski & Schneider ( 1976b ), the movement of which during depolarization activates and inactivates the Ca2+ release from the sarcoplasmic reticulum. PMID- 6737286 TI - Post-natal development of ganglia in the lower lumbar sympathetic chain of the rat. AB - The initial stages in the development of functional synapses have been examined in ganglia of the lower lumbar sympathetic chain of the rat using intracellular recording techniques. In animals of age up to 7 days post-natal, many impaled cells were inexcitable and possessed no synaptic input. The proportion of excitable cells impaled increased with the age of the animal. Two types of action potential could be identified. Initially the synaptic input consisted of one or a few subthreshold synaptic potentials. The number of preganglionic inputs to each cell increased over the first 1-2 weeks after birth. The quantal content of each input was initially very low. At least some inputs showed an increase in quantal content during development; eventually one or occasionally two inputs became suprathreshold. Voltage-clamp studies indicated that the time course of excitatory synaptic currents did not change during development. The amplitudes of miniature excitatory synaptic currents in animals aged less than 10 days were some three to five times the size of those recorded from mature animals. PMID- 6737287 TI - Effects of medium acetate on cellular volume in rabbit renal cortical slices. AB - Slices of rabbit renal cortex were incubated at 25 degrees C in media in which acetate replaced chloride. There was gross cellular swelling in isosmotic 132 mM acetate medium, and this swelling was unique in that, with a normal medium potassium concentration, it was accompanied by a substantial increase in cellular potassium content. This accumulation of potassium, but not the cellular swelling, was dependent upon metabolism and inhibited by ouabain. This accumulation of potassium was not dependent upon the cellular swelling. It also occurred in a hyperosmotic acetate medium in which swelling was minimized. In isosmotic media, the cellular swelling was proportional to medium acetate concentration and was also affected markedly by medium pH, being greatest at an initial medium pH of 7.1 and least at pH 7.7. The swelling was reversed and cellular composition restored when tissue was re-incubated in NaCl medium. Ouabain (10(-3)M) largely prevented this recovery in volume. The results are consistent with plasma membrane-based theories, on the assumption that membranes are much more permeable to undissociated acetic acid than they are to the acetate ion. They are inconsistent with the expectations of an alternative hypothesis (the association- induction hypothesis) which ascribes the maintenance of cellular composition to properties of cellular proteins and cellular water rather than to those of the plasma membrane. The results do not favour the suggestion that cellular swelling itself results in irreversible cellular damage. The results are consistent with the hypothesis that the ouabain-inhibitable Na-K-ATPase plays a major role in the regulation of cellular volume. No alternative metabolically dependent volume regulating mechanism need be postulated to explain them. PMID- 6737289 TI - Circulatory and osmoregulatory effects of angiotensin II perfusion of the third ventricle in a bird with salt glands. AB - In Pekin ducks adapted to salt water, 1Asp - 5Val -angiotensin II, 1Asp - 5Ile angiotensin II and 1Asp - 5Ile -tetradecapeptide were applied intracerebroventricularly (I.C.V.) during steady-state conditions evoked by continuous intravenous loading with 200 mosmol kg-1 saline. Each of the angiotensin II (AII) analogues caused a dose-dependent antidiuresis with a concomitant rise in urine osmolality and electrolyte concentration. Antidiuresis was linearly correlated with plasma arginine vasotocin (AVT). The elevation of plasma AVT occurred rapidly during I.C.V. stimulation with AII and declined exponentially to the pre-stimulation level. Under conditions of salt loading with 1000 mosmol kg-1 saline in which the ducks excreted the salt and water by their supraorbital salt glands, AII applied I.C.V. in a concentration of 1 nmol ml-1, inhibited the NaCl excretion via the salt glands. Arterial blood pressure and heart rate increased after I.C.V. microperfusion with 1 nmol ml-1 AII. This was not due to leakage of I.C.V. AII into the circulation because systemic application of AII required a 100-fold higher dose to elicit similar effects. Respiration rate remained constant. Systemically applied AVT which produced plasma levels similar to, or greater than, those caused by centrally acting AII resulted in the same antidiuretic responses but did not mimic the circulatory effects of I.C.V. AII. Specific AVT antiserum, injected intravenously, totally suppressed the renal response to I.C.V. AII and reduced the rise in blood pressure and heart rate by more than 50%. The anterior part of the third ventricle was more sensitive than the posterior part in eliciting the antidiuretic responses to I.C.V. applied AII. The particular combination of effects on renal excretion, salt gland secretion and cardiovascular function of centrally applied AII in the duck supports the idea that AII plays a major role as a central modulator of volume homeostasis. PMID- 6737288 TI - Nature of the anticholinesterase-induced repetitive response of rat and mouse striated muscle to single nerve stimuli. AB - The action of the anticholinesterase Paraoxon on neuromuscular transmission in rat diaphragm and mouse omohyoideus preparations was investigated. In both preparations, when Paraoxon potentiated the twitch in response to a single nerve stimulus, repetitive muscle action potentials were recorded with an intracellular electrode placed at the motor end-plate region. At end-plates of Paraoxon-treated rat diaphragm preparations where the membrane potential was not sufficiently negative to support muscle action potentials, repetitive end-plate potentials were recorded in response to a single nerve stimulus. No repetitive end-plate potentials could be recorded under such conditions in preparations which had been exposed to dithiothreitol before being treated with Paraoxon, although twitch potentiation and repetitive muscle action potentials were still observed in these preparations. In Paraoxon-treated mouse omohyoideus preparations only single end plate potentials were recorded from end-plates where the membrane potential was not sufficiently negative to support muscle action potentials. This applied whether or not the preparation had been treated with dithiothreitol before being exposed to Paraoxon. In voltage-clamped rat diaphragm preparations which had been treated with Paraoxon, repetitive end-plate currents were frequently recorded in response to a single nerve stimulus. Under the same conditions mouse omohyoideus preparations responded with a single end-plate current. It is concluded that Paraoxon-induced twitch potentiation in rat diaphragm and mouse omohyoideus preparations is caused by repetitive muscle action potentials being triggered by a single nerve stimulus. Under the conditions stated, the repetitive muscle action potentials in rat diaphragm preparations arose from a prolonged end-plate potential or repetitive end-plate potentials or a combination of both. In mouse omohyoideus preparations the repetitive muscle potentials were the consequence of a single prolonged end-plate potential. PMID- 6737290 TI - Inhibition by papaverine of calcium movements and tension in the smooth muscles of rat vas deferens and urinary bladder. AB - Papaverine, up to 150 micron, was without effect on resting tension of vas deferens and urinary bladder smooth muscle strips, but caused a dose-dependent inhibition of the phasic component of the 100 mM-K contracture. At 150 micron, papaverine caused an 80 and 60% inhibition of phasic tension in vas deferens and urinary bladder muscle respectively. Papaverine caused a marked dose-dependent reduction in the tonic component of 100 mM-K contractures in both preparations. At 150 micron, papaverine often relaxed preparations below initial starting tension. Addition of 150 micron-papaverine to incubation media caused a fall of 25-30% in 45Ca uptake by both preparations. Papaverine at 150 micron caused a small fall in resting 45Ca efflux from vas deferens and a larger fall in efflux from bladder muscle. However, this papaverine concentration caused a large inhibition of the 45Ca uptake by and 45Ca efflux from both preparations when stimulated by high-K depolarization. Papaverine at 150 micron was without significant effect on Ca binding by either microsomes or mitochondria isolated from both vas deferens and urinary bladder smooth muscle. The main site of papaverine action appears to be on the Ca-influx mechanism responsible for regulating Ca entry during prolonged K depolarization. PMID- 6737291 TI - Braking of fast and accurate elbow flexions in the monkey. AB - The processes responsible for braking fast and accurate elbow movements were studied in the monkey. The movements studied were made over different amplitudes and against different inertias . All were made to the same end position. Only fast movements that showed the typical biphasic or triphasic pattern of activity in agonists and antagonists were analysed in detail. For movements made over different amplitudes and at different velocities there was symmetry between the acceleration and deceleration phases of the movements. For movements of the same amplitude performed at different velocities there was a direct linear relation between peak velocity and both the peak acceleration (and integrated agonist burst) and peak deceleration (and integrated antagonist burst). The slopes of these relations and their intercept with the peak velocity axis were a function of movement amplitude. This was such that for large and small movements of the same peak velocity and the same end position (i) peak acceleration and phasic agonist activity were larger for the small movements and (ii) peak deceleration and phasic antagonist activity were larger for the small movements. The slope of these relations and the symmetry between acceleration and deceleration were not affected by the addition of an inertial load to the handle held by the monkey. The results indicate that fast and accurate elbow movements in the monkey are braked by antagonist activity that is centrally programmed. As all movements were made to the same end position, the larger antagonist burst in small movements, made at the same peak velocity as large movements, cannot be due to differences in the viscoelastic contribution to braking (cf. Marsden, Obeso & Rothwell , 1983).(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS) PMID- 6737292 TI - Electrophysiological properties of guinea-pig thalamic neurones: an in vitro study. AB - The electroresponsive properties of guinea-pig thalamic neurones were studied using an in vitro slice preparation. A total of 650 cells were recorded intracellularly comprising all regions of the thalamus; of these 229 fulfilled our criterion for recording stability and were used as the data base for this report. The resting membrane potential for thirty-four representative neurones which were analysed in detail was -64 +/- 5 mV (mean +/- S.D.), input resistance 42 +/- 18 M omega, and action potential amplitude 80 +/- 7 mV. Intracellular staining with horseradish peroxidase and Lucifer Yellow revealed that the recorded cells had different morphology. In some their axonal trajectory characterized them as thalamo-cortical relay cells. Two main types of neuronal firing were observed. From a membrane potential negative to -60 mV, anti- or orthodromic and direct activation generated a single burst of spikes, consisting of a low-threshold spike (l.t.s.) of low amplitude and a set of fast superimposed spikes. Tonic repetitive firing was observed if the neurones were activated from a more positive membrane potential; this was a constant finding in all but two of the cells which fulfilled the stability criteria. The l.t.s. response was totally inactivated at membrane potentials positive to -55 mV. As the membrane was hyperpolarized from this level the amplitude of the l.t.s. increased and became fully developed at potentials negative to -70 mV. This increase is due to a de inactivation of the ionic conductance generating this response. After activation the l.t.s. showed refractoriness for approximately 170 ms. Deinactivation of l.t.s. is a voltage- and time-dependent process; full de-inactivation after a step hyperpolarization to maximal l.t.s. amplitude (-75 to -80 mV) requires 150 180 ms. Membrane depolarization positive to -55 mV generated sudden sustained depolarizing 'plateau potentials', capable of supporting repetitive firing (each action potential being followed by a marked after-hyperpolarization, a.h.p.). The a.h.p. and the plateau potential controlled the voltage trajectory during the interspike interval and, with the fast spike, constitute a functional state where the thalamic neurone displayed oscillatory properties. Frequency-current (f-I) plots from different initial levels of membrane potential were obtained by the application of square current pulses of long duration (2s). From resting membrane potential and from hyperpolarized levels a rather stereotyped onset firing rate was observed due to the presence of the l.t.s.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 400 WORDS) PMID- 6737294 TI - Corticomotoneuronal cells contribute to long-latency stretch reflexes in the rhesus monkey. AB - To test the hypothesis that a transcortical reflex contributes to the stretch evoked long-latency electromyographic (e.m.g.) response we documented the responses of identified corticomotoneuronal (c.m.) cells and their target muscles to perturbations of active wrist movements. Macaque monkeys performed ramp-and hold wrist movements against elastic loads, alternating between flexion and extension zones; brief (25 ms) torque pulses were intermittently applied during the hold period. C.m. cells were identified by a clear post-spike facilitation in spike-triggered averages of forelimb muscle e.m.g. activity. Activity of c.m. cells and twelve wrist and digit flexor and extensor muscles was recorded during: (a) active ramp-and-hold wrist movements, (b) passive ramp-and-hold wrist movements, and (c) torque perturbations applied during the hold phase of active flexion and extension which either lengthened or shortened the c.m. cell's target muscles. Muscle-lengthening perturbations evoked a reproducible pattern of average e.m.g. activity in the stretched muscles, consisting of two peaks: the first response (M1) had an onset latency of 11.2 +/- 2.1 ms (mean +/- S.D.), and the second (M2) began at 27.9 +/- 5.1 ms. Torque perturbations which shortened the active muscles also evoked a characteristic e.m.g. response consisting of an initial cessation of activity at 13.5 +/- 3.4 ms followed by a peak beginning at 33.9 +/- 3.0 ms. The responses of twenty-one c.m. cells which facilitated wrist muscles were documented with torque pulse perturbations applied during active muscle contraction. Twenty of twenty-one c.m. cells responded at short latency (23.4 +/- 8.8 ms) to torque perturbations which stretched their target muscles. For each c.m. cell-target muscle pair, transcortical loop time was calculated as the sum of the onset latency of the c.m. cell's response to lengthening perturbations (afferent time) and the onset latency of post-spike facilitation (efferent time). The mean transcortical loop time was 30.4 +/- 10.2 ms, comparable to the mean onset latency of the M2 peak (27.9 +/- 5.1). The duration of a c.m. cell's response to torque perturbations provides a further measure of the extent of its potential contribution to the M2 muscle response. In all cases but two, the c.m. cell response, delayed by the latency of the post-spike facilitation, overlapped the M2 e.m.g. peak. PMID- 6737293 TI - Ionic basis for the electro-responsiveness and oscillatory properties of guinea pig thalamic neurones in vitro. AB - The ionic requirements for electro-responsiveness in thalamic neurones were studied using in vitro slice preparations of the guinea-pig diencephalon. Analysis of the current-voltage relationship in these neurones revealed delayed and anomalous rectification. Substitution of Na+ with choline in the bath or addition of tetrodotoxin (TTX) abolished the fast spikes and the plateau potentials, described in the accompanying paper. Ca2+ conductance blockage with Co2+, Cd2+ or Mn2+, or replacement of Ca2+ by Mg2+ abolished the low-threshold spikes (l.t.s.). Substitution with Ba2+ did not significantly increase the duration of the l.t.s., suggesting that under normal conditions the falling phase of this response is brought about by inactivation of the Ca2+ conductance. The after-hyperpolarization (a.h.p.) following fast spikes was markedly reduced in amplitude and duration by bath application of Cd2+, Co2+ or Mn2+, indicating that a large component of this response is generated by a Ca2+-dependent K+ conductance (gK[Ca]). Following hyperpolarizing current pulses, the membrane potential showed a delayed return to base line. This delay is produced by a transient K+ conductance as it can be modified by changing the drive force for K+. Presumptive intra-dendritic recording demonstrated high-threshold Ca2+ spikes (h.t.s.s.) which activate a gK[Ca]. Such h.t.s.s. were also seen at the somatic level when K+ conductance was blocked with 4-aminopyridine. It is proposed that the intrinsic biophysical properties of thalamic neurones allow them to serve as relay systems and as single cell oscillators at two distinct frequencies, 9-10 and 5-6 Hz. These frequencies coincide with the alpha and theta rhythms of the e.e.g. and, in the latter case, with the frequency of Parkinson's tremor. PMID- 6737295 TI - The influence of blood pressure on trans-synovial flow in the rabbit. AB - Fluid exchange across the synovium lining the cavity of extended knees was studied in twenty rabbit hindquarters. The isolated hindquarters were perfused with blood from an extracorporeal pump-oxygenator system at controlled arterial pressure (PA) and venous pressure (PV). Intra-articular pressure (PJ) was set at 18 cmH2O in most experiments. The rate of trans-synovial absorption of Krebs solution (QS), measured by a drop-counter, was a negative linear function of PA (70-160 mmHg) and of PV (2-42 cmH2O). The sensitivity of exchange to venous pressure ( dQS / dPV , mean -0.25 +/- 0.03 microliter min-1 mmHg-1) was greater than its sensitivity to arterial pressure ( dQS /dPA, mean -0.17 +/- 0.02 microliter min-1 mmHg-1). The ratio of the slopes, ( dQS / dPV )/( dQS /dPA), indicated the pre- to post-capillary vascular resistance ratio. From this ratio and PA, PV, synovial capillary pressures PC were calculated by the equation of Pappenheimer & Soto - Rivera (1948). Trans-synovial absorption rate was a negative linear function of PC. This observation supports the application to the synovial cavity of Starling's hypothesis for fluid exchange between interstitial spaces and plasma (Starling, 1896). The slope dQS /dPC equalled the net hydraulic conductance of the blood-joint barrier (synovium plus capillary endothelium), and averaged -0.425 +/- 0.025 microliter min-1 mmHg-1 at PJ = 18 cmH2O. When PJ was subatmospheric, as is common in extended normal joints, fluid exchange (measured indirectly as dPJ /dt) was only approximately 1/4 as sensitive to blood pressure as at PJ = 18 cmH2O. This observation supported the view that the conductance of the blood-joint barrier depends on PJ. PMID- 6737297 TI - Evidence that two sizes of ventromedial hypothalamic neurones project to the mesencephalic central grey matter in rats. AB - The spatial spread of the extracellular antidromic action potentials was measured in eighty-three neurones in the ventromedial nucleus region of the female rat hypothalamus following electrical stimulation of the mesencephalic central grey matter. The positive-negative configuration of the antidromic action potentials across the extracellular field suggested that the potentials were generated predominantly by neuronal soma with simple geometries. When represented by the distance travelled by the electrode, at which peak-to-peak spike amplitude exceeded the half maximum value, the spatial spread of the extracellular field ranged from 25 to 174 micron. The frequency distribution for the field size was distinctively bimodal and could be divided into large and small groups at 85 micron. Antidromic action potentials with larger extracellular fields had significantly larger maximum spike amplitude and shorter duration, indicating that differences in field size were associated with neuronal size. At least 55% of the central grey projection of the ventromedial nucleus originated from small neurones. Taking into account the sampling bias, a much greater proportion of the central grey projection may arise from small neurones. The lack of a systematic difference in the antidromic spike latencies between large and small cells indicated that axonal thickness is not the major factor in determining the latency of the responses of the ventromedial hypothalamic neurones to stimulation of the central grey matter. PMID- 6737296 TI - Influences of neonatal gonadectomy or androgen exposure on the sexual differentiation of the rat ventromedial hypothalamus. AB - Antidromic action potentials were recorded extracellularly from 830 neurones in the ventromedial hypothalamus of 137 urethane-anaesthetized rats following electrical stimulation of the central grey matter of the mesencephalon. Antidromic spike latency (range: 1.4-45.0 ms) and stimulus threshold (85-1800 microA) were determined for each response in twenty-five normal males (n = 157) and thirty females ovariectomized as adults (n = 167) as well as in thirty-six neonatally castrated males (n = 223) and forty-six females neonatally treated with testosterone propionate (n = 283). Frequency distribution of the antidromic spike latency was multimodal in each group of animals, and was different between the groups. Significantly more of the cells had antidromic spike latencies within two ranges of 6.0-11.0 ms and 14.0-20.0 ms, respectively, in the ovariectomized females than in the normal males. The proportion of cells with longer latencies was modified by testosterone administration to females or castration of males during the early post-natal period. Neuronal populations with shorter latencies withstood endocrine manipulations. Oestrogen administration to adults significantly decreased antidromic activation thresholds in ovariectomized females and neonatally castrated males. High threshold values in the testosterone treated, constant oestrous females did not change after ovariectomy as adults or oestrogen supplementation. It is concluded that sexual dimorphism exists in the hypothalamic neurones shown to project to the central grey and that difference depends at least partially on neonatal endocrine treatments. PMID- 6737298 TI - Role of right atrial receptors in the control of drinking in the rat. AB - Balloons were implanted at the junction of the superior vena cava and right atrium of the rat. Inflation of the balloon stretched the vein-atrial junction but did not cause a change in either arterial or central venous blood pressure. Inflating the balloon attenuated spontaneous night-time water intake and the drinking responses to 24 h water deprivation and subcutaneous (s.c.) isoprenaline (10 micrograms/kg body wt.). Water intake after I.P. hyperoncotic colloid (polyethylene glycol 20 M) was virtually abolished when the balloon was inflated immediately before giving access to water (4 h after injection). Inflating the balloon had no effect on drinking following I.V. hypertonic saline (5 ml 2M NaCl/kg body wt.). These results support the hypothesis that volume receptors on the right side of the heart are involved in controlling water intake. PMID- 6737299 TI - Different pattern of recovery of fast and slow muscles following nerve injury in the rat. AB - The sciatic nerve was crushed in 5-6-day-old rats and the time course of recovery and changes in physiological and morphological properties of reinnervated fast and slow muscles was compared. The maximal tetanic tension developed by the reinnervated muscles was recorded at different times from about 18 days of age, when functional recovery was first seen, until 2 months. The maximal indirectly elicited tetanic tension of the reinnervated slow soleus muscle gradually increased from 55% of normal at 18 days to 75% of normal at 2 months. In contrast, the tension of the reinnervated fast muscle extensor digitorum longus (e.d.l.) fell sharply from 70% of normal at 18 days to 40% at 21 days and remained at that level till the end of the study. The total number of muscle fibres in control, reinnervated and denervated e.d.l. muscles was counted. At 18 days the number of fibres in the reinnervated e.d.l. was similar to normal but by 1 month it had fallen to one-third. This decrease did not take place in permanently denervated muscles until at least 35 days. Loss of fibres in the reinnervated soleus was small. During the early stages of reinnervation the contraction and relaxation of the fast muscles was very prolonged. By 1 month the time taken to reach peak twitch tension had decreased to normal values but the relaxation was still slower and remained so for several months. The study of fatigue resistance showed that at 18 days the reinnervated fast muscles were as fatigable as normal muscles from animals of the same age. The fatigability of normal muscles increased with age to adult levels, but the reinnervated muscles became more fatigue resistant and remained so. Our findings suggest that fast muscles become selectively impaired after nerve injury at 6 days because they lose a large number of fibres after reinnervation. PMID- 6737300 TI - Effect of dietary carbohydrate on monosaccharide uptake by mouse small intestine in vitro. AB - Using intestinal sleeves in vitro, we studied the effect of dietary carbohydrate on active monosaccharide uptake in mice. Dietary carbohydrate did not affect numerous parameters of intestinal structure, such as length, circumference, weight, protein content, villus dimensions and density, and area at the villus level. Mice on a carbohydrate-free diet had active D-glucose uptake relatively independent of position along the small intestine. A carbohydrate-containing diet reversibly and within 1 day stimulated uptake except in the ileum, restoring the proximal-to-distal gradient in glucose uptake normally observed. This stimulation involved a 81-116% increase in the Michaelis- Menton constant Vmax, and also an apparent increase in the Michaelis- Menton constant Km, that may however be an artifact arising from unstirred-layer effects. Active uptake of 3-O-methyl-D glucose also increased, permeability to glucose remained unchanged, and proline uptake reversibly decreased (probably due to the lower protein content of the carbohydrate-containing diets). The effect of fasting on active monosaccharide uptake seemed largely due to withdrawal of dietary carbohydrate, rather than of calories per se. It is concluded that dietary carbohydrate causes induction of monosaccharide carriers in the intestine, along with its more familiar induction of pancreatic amylase and intestinal disaccharidases. Substrate-dependent carrier induction may be physiologically significant in maintaining the proximal-to distal gradient of glucose transport. An appendix presents measurements of villus area as a function of position along the intestine. PMID- 6737302 TI - Reciprocal inhibition between the muscles of the human forearm. AB - Peripheral and central mechanisms of reciprocal inhibition between antagonist muscles in the forearm have been studied in ten human subjects. H reflexes were evoked in flexor muscles by stimulating the median nerve with single shocks at around motor threshold intensity. Peripheral inhibition of the flexor H reflex was produced by motor threshold stimulation with a single shock of the radial nerve supplying the extensor muscles. The conditioning radial nerve stimulus produced inhibition of the flexor H reflex consisting of three phases. In some individuals, an H reflex could be evoked in extensor muscles of the forearm. Stimulation of the median nerve produced inhibition of the extensor H reflex with a similar time course to that from extensors to flexors. The first phase of inhibition was apparent when the test median nerve shock was given from 1 ms before to 3 ms after the conditioning radial nerve shock. It was abrupt in onset and short in duration and could be evoked with a conditioning stimulus intensity as low as 0.75 X motor threshold. The second and third phases of inhibition were evident when the conditioning radial nerve stimulus preceded the median nerve test shock by 5 to 50, and 50 to 500 ms respectively. The characteristics of these later phases of inhibition are to be the subject of a separate report. The difference in timing of the peak initial short-latency inhibition from extensor to flexor and from flexor to extensor muscles enabled an estimate to be made of the central synaptic delay of the inhibitory process. This method yielded a central delay of 0.95 ms in excess of that of the H reflex. We conclude that the first phase of inhibition is mediated via large group I afferents acting through a single inhibitory interneurone . Central inhibition of the flexor H reflex was demonstrated with the radial nerve anaesthetized by injection of local anaesthetic at the elbow. Subjects were asked to try to contract the paralysed extensor muscles. Under this condition, attempted voluntary wrist extension inhibited the flexor H reflex even though no movement occurred. A shock was delivered to the radial nerve at a site proximal to the anaesthetic block. When the shock was applied in conjunction with an attempted voluntary contraction of the paralysed extensor muscles, the depth of inhibition was greater than that predicted from the effect of either a shock or a willed contraction acting independently.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 400 WORDS) PMID- 6737301 TI - Tracing of frog sensory-motor synapses by intracellular injection of horseradish peroxidase. AB - Monosynaptically connected primary afferent fibres and motoneurones of the isolated spinal cord of the frog were injected with horseradish peroxidase (HRP). Six labelled afferent fibre-motoneurone pairs were reconstructed and subjected to detailed analysis. Frog motoneurones possess eight to twelve dendritic arrays displaying some dorso-ventral asymmetry. Dorsal dendrites exhibit a rostro-caudal extent of 1.7-2.6 mm (average 2.2 mm). Primary afferent fibres bifurcate in the dorsal funiculus. First-order collaterals emanate from the main ascending and descending branches, at an average distance of 407 micron. The average number of boutons per collateral is 670. To reach a contacting bouton the presynaptic spike must pass on average five bifurcations and then zero to twelve boutons en passant, attached to a single terminal collateral branch. The structural equivalent of the axon cylinder of the collateral tree roughly preserves cross sectional area. The branch power ranged between 1.15 and 3.35 (average 2.06). Primary afferent fibres usually form clusters of contacting boutons (contact regions). Connexions between an afferent fibre and a motoneurone comprise from five to twenty-three contact regions (average 12.5). Each contact region contains one to twelve contacting boutons (average 3.3). In two of three experiments contacting boutons were found to be significantly larger than non-contacting boutons. The average diameter of the former was 2.6 micron (range 1.2-4.0). In five out of six cases more than one collateral belonging to the same fibre participated in the connexion with a given motoneurone. The average number of contacting boutons per motoneurone and collateral is 19.1. It was estimated that each collateral could supply not more than thirty-five motoneurones. This would be less than 8.5% of the motoneurones with their dendrites which cross the termination space of a single collateral. The average number of contacting boutons forming one primary motoneurone connexion was 41.5 (range 21-72). PMID- 6737303 TI - The anionic basis of fluid secretion by the rabbit mandibular salivary gland. AB - The role played by anions in salivary secretion has been studied in experiments on the isolated, perfused mandibular gland of the rabbit, in which perfusate Cl- and/or HCO3- were replaced by other anions. Replacement of Cl- with Br- had no significant effect on salivary secretion rate, but replacement with the other anions tested caused secretory rate to fall, by 38% (I-), 50% (NO3-), 61% (isethionate, ise -), and 66% ( CH3SO4 -), respectively. Replacement of perfusate Cl- with ise - or CH3SO4 - caused the salivary HCO3- concentration to rise up to 4-fold. Replacement with Br- or I- seemed to have little effect on salivary HCO3- concentration but, in contrast to ise -, Br- and I- entered the saliva in concentrations comparable to those of Cl- during control perfusion. In glands perfused with HCO3- and ise -, the addition of methazolamide, an inhibitor of carbonic anhydrase, caused a further 60% drop in secretory rate, but the saliva remained rich in HCO3-. Replacement of perfusate HCO3- with Cl- or ise - had no effect on salivary secretion or composition. Replacement of both HCO3- and Cl- in the perfusate with ise - reduced salivary secretion to less than 2% of control levels. In control glands (i.e. perfused with both HCO3- and Cl-), administration of furosemide, an inhibitor of Na+/Cl- co-transport, reduced the secretion rate and increased salivary HCO3- in a manner indistinguishable from that seen when perfusate Cl- was replaced with ise -. In control perfused glands, administration of SITS (4-acetamido-4'- isothio cyano-2,2'-disulphonic acid stilbene), an inhibitor of Cl-/HCO3- antiports , did not cause any change in salivary HCO3- concentration. Unexpectedly, it induced a significant increase in salivary secretory rate. The results show that salivary secretion depends on two independent transport systems. One is a Cl- -dependent, furosemide-sensitive system, probably a Na+/Cl- symport. The other is an HCO3- -dependent, methazolamide-sensitive system, and is probably an Na+/H+ antiport. PMID- 6737304 TI - Activity patterns and osmosensitivity of rat supraoptic neurones in perfused hypothalamic explants. AB - Extracellular recordings were obtained in vitro from supraoptic neurones in an explant of rat hypothalamus maintained viable through intravascular perfusion with artificial media. The spontaneous activity observed from 64% of cells included continuously active neurones (mean frequency 3.2 +/- 0.8 Hz) located throughout the nucleus, and phasically active neurones (8.6 +/- 0.6 Hz) located predominantly in the caudal half of the nucleus. Supraoptic neurones displayed antidromic activation (latency range 6.5-18.2 ms) following stimulation of the pituitary stalk and orthodromic excitatory or inhibitory responses following stimulation in the anteroventral third ventricular (AV3V) region. Synaptic responses were reversibly abolished during perfusion with media containing 12 mM Mg2+. A 15-40 mosmol/l increase in the osmotic pressure of the perfusion media, through addition of NaCl, sucrose or mannitol, prompted nineteen of twenty-three cells to increase their discharge frequency. The patterns of response included the induction or simple increase in continuous firing frequency, the induction or enhancement of phasic or bursting activity and a change from continuous to phasic activity. Similar responses to an osmotic stimulus were obtained from thirteen of twenty-one supraoptic neurones, including two phasic neurones, where synaptic activity had been abolished during perfusion with 12 mM-Mg2+. Osmosensitivity appeared to be selective for supraoptic cells; no significant change in firing frequency was observed from any of six cells recorded in the lateral hypothalamus or thirteen cells recorded in the medial hypothalamus during exposure to a change in osmotic pressure of +20 to +40 mosmol/l, using either control media (seven cells) or media containing 12 mM-Mg2+ (twelve cells). These observations indicate that supraoptic neurones maintained in vitro can display spontaneous, antidromie , orthodromic and osmotically induced activity patterns identical to those observed with in vivo recordings. The persistence of a reduced osmosensitivity among supraoptic neurones in the absence of synaptic transmission indicates that although these cells can function as osmoreceptors, their osmosensitivity may be enhanced through synaptic input from adjacent neurones, possibly located in the AV3V area. The presence of phasic activity among supraoptic neurones maintained in media where synaptic transmission has been abolished suggests that the mechanisms responsible for such activity patterns are endogenous membrane properties of a subpopulation of supraoptic neurones. PMID- 6737305 TI - Single cardiac Purkinje cells: general electrophysiology and voltage-clamp analysis of the pace-maker current. AB - Single Purkinje cells from dog, sheep and cow hearts were isolated by injecting a Ca-free collagenase containing Tyrode solution in the space between the connective tissue sheath and the Purkinje cells. A small proportion of these cells survived the isolation procedure and these cells were used for further investigation. The cells showed electrophysiological properties similar to intact Purkinje fibres as indicated by the following results. Maximum diastolic potentials between -70 and -85 mV and specific membrane resistances of 21-32 k omega cm2 indicated that the single cells were not leaky or hyperpermeable . The action potential showed a rapid upstroke, with a maximum rate of rise, Vmax' between 150 and 750 V/s, and two phases of fast repolarization separated by a plateau phase with a duration of about 200 ms. Each action potential was followed by a spontaneous depolarization with an amplitude between 1 and 10 mV. The upstroke of the action potential could be blocked by tetrodotoxin (TTX) in a dose dependent manner. The rate of depolarization of the action potential was sensitive to changes in membrane potential; the resulting S-shaped curve showed a half-maximum potential of -65 mV and a steepness of 0.46 mV-1. The duration of the action potential was sensitive to external K concentrations, catecholamines and TTX in a way similar to intact Purkinje fibres. Both application of catecholamines and lowering the external K concentration induced spontaneous activity. The cells were used to study the ionic nature of the pace-maker current under voltage-clamp conditions using the two-micro-electrode technique. This pace maker current was blocked in a voltage-dependent manner by 1 mM-Cs, and was not affected by 1 mM-Ba. The steady-state activation curve was shifted in the depolarizing direction by application of adrenaline. In contrast to voltage-clamp data obtained on the pace-maker current of intact Purkinje fibres, the pace-maker current in a single cell did not reverse near the presumed equilibrium potential for K ions; no reversal could be seen in the voltage range negative to -50 mV. These observations together with preliminary results on the Na and K dependence of the pace-maker current are strong arguments in favour of the hypothesis that the pace-maker current in cardiac Purkinje fibres is an inward current carried by Na and K ions and activates upon hyperpolarization. PMID- 6737306 TI - Thoracoabdominal motion during progressive isocapnic hypoxia in conscious man. AB - Respiratory frequency and separate rib-cage and abdomen-diaphragm compartmental tidal volume (VT) responses to progressive isocapnic hypoxia to a level of 75% O2 saturation (PO2 approximately 40 torr) were measured in eight healthy subjects in both seated and supine postures. Hypoxia was induced by a rebreathing technique and compartmental contributions to VT were measured by inductive plethysmography. The ventilatory, frequency and spirometric VT responses to hypoxia did not differ significantly between sitting and supine trials. The range of VT responsiveness to hypoxia among sitting individuals (0.71 +/- S.D. = 0.56% VC X % fall in Sa,O2( 1), where VC is vital capacity and Sa,O2 is arterial O2 saturation) was determined by both rib-cage (0.507 +/- S.D. = 0.378% VC X % fall in Sa,O2(-1) ) and abdomen-diaphragm (0.194 +/- S.D. = 0.178% VC X % fall fall in Sa,O2(-1) ) compartments. Among supine individuals the range of VT responsiveness to hypoxia (0.49 +/- S.D. = 0.45% VC X % fall in Sa,O2(-1) was determined equally by both rib-cage (0.27 +/- S.D. = 0.31% VC X % fall in SA,O2(-1) ) and abdomen-diaphragm (0.23 +/- S.D. = 0.29% VC X % fall in Sa,O2(-1) ) compartments. Thus, the VT response to progressive isocapnic hypoxia in conscious man is determined by both rib-cage and abdomen-diaphragm compartments regardless of posture. PMID- 6737308 TI - A developmental study of the relationship between handedness and eyedness as applied to disappearing visual targets. AB - This study investigated differences between adult and children's perception of a disappearing, lateralized stimulus. In 20 trials, 23 first graders and 22 college students viewed a luminous target of parallel lines subtending a visual angle of 11 degrees 30' and reported whether a stimulus disappeared on either side of fixation or all at once. Both groups, regardless of handedness and eye dominance, had stronger right-field stability, therefore more left-field fragmentation. PMID- 6737307 TI - [The slow components of photically evoked lid potential changes in rabbit, with special reference to EEG responses]. PMID- 6737310 TI - Psychological tension and closeness to others: stress and interpersonal distance preference. AB - The prediction that increased tension would lead to a preference for greater distance from others was tested on 40 male and 40 female Ss approached in eight natural settings of high or low tension and their distance preference measured. Ss in the four higher-tension situations indicated a preference for significantly more distance. Self-reported tension was correlated significantly and positively with the distance preferred across all eight situations. There was no effect of sex. PMID- 6737309 TI - Children's and adults' assignment of blame for personal injury. AB - The present study examined the effect of outcome foreseeability on blame attributions. While most previous studies on assignment of blame for negative outcomes in interpersonal events have focused solely on blame attributed to the perpetrator of the misdeed, the present study examined assignment of blame to the victim as well. Preschoolers (n = 18) were exposed to stories in which an actor with positive or negative motives brought about a foreseeable or unforeseeable injury to another child. Responses to these stories were also obtained from an adult sample (n = 21) to provide a basis for comparison. The analyses of the results indicated, as expected, that children's blame attributions were influenced less by outcome foreseeability than were adults'. Furthermore, children were more likely to assign blame to single, personal sources for unforeseeable outcomes than were adults. PMID- 6737311 TI - Burnout and self-actualization in public school teachers. AB - Public school teachers (N = 211) in six northwestern Ohio school districts completed the Maslach Burnout Inventory (MBI), Shostrom's Personal Orientation Inventory (POI), and a brief, biographic questionnaire. The responses to the MBI produced the three factors previously named by Maslach as Emotional Exhaustion, Depersonalization, and Personal Accomplishment. Each of the three scales correlated with the summed POI score (r = -.28, -.22, and .35, respectively) and produced high to moderate levels of internal consistency (alphas of .92, .85, and .88, respectively). Teachers with more students tended to produce higher scores on the Depersonalization scale. PMID- 6737312 TI - Aggression in professional ice hockey: a strategy for success or a reaction to failure? AB - Results of previous examinations of aggression-performance relationships in sport may have been spurious since they have been based on entire games and seasons. The present paper argues that the injury or intimidation caused by aggression would be most likely to have a positive effect on performance if it occurred early in a contest or season. This early aggression might be offset by aggression later in the game or season committed by frustrated and/or revenge-seeking teams that were losing. Aggression-performance relationships for 32 professional hockey teams were examined at various times during 1176 games over four seasons. The correlation between aggression and performance was nonsignificant regardless of the segment of the season. A significant positive relationship (r = .48) was found between aggression committed in the first period and overall performance. It was concluded that, provided it takes place early in a contest, aggression is an effective strategy for success in ice hockey. The evidence implied but did not statistically support the conclusion that aggression is also employed by hockey teams as a reaction to failure. PMID- 6737313 TI - Australian attitudes towards homosexuality: a comparison with college students. AB - The Heterosexual Attitudes Towards Homosexuality scale, previously undertaken by college students in an Australian provincial city, Toowoomba, was administered to 689 members of the general public in the same city. As in the college student sample, two factors were identified, Acceptance and Normality. Sex, age, church attendance, and education variables were found to be significant on the Acceptance factor only; the female, younger, more educated, and less frequent church attenders held more accepting attitudes. For all categories of analysis, prevailing attitudes on Acceptance were less conservative, while attitudes towards Normality of homosexuality remained uniformly restrictive. When compared with college students, the results revealed far more conservative attitudes. Attitudes towards homosexuality, therefore, involve multidimensional concepts; the effects of personal characteristics on these dimensions and with different populations should be discussed separately. PMID- 6737314 TI - Membrane protein differences correlated with the development of mating competence in Tetrahymena thermophila. AB - Initiation is the contact-independent phase of sexual conjugation which occurs when mature cells of Tetrahymena thermophila are shifted from growth medium to a low-salt starvation buffer. Immaturity, like high-salt starvation, restricts the ability of cells to conjugate; immature cells do not conjugate in either low- or high-salt buffers. Comparisons between sexually mature cells starved in initiation-restrictive and initiation-permissive buffers, and between immature and mature cells starved in an initiation-permissive buffer permitted the analysis of membrane protein expression correlated with mating competence. No polypeptides identified by lactoperoxidase-catalyzed iodination were found to be specific to mating-competent cells; however, several polypeptides not present in initiated cells were found to be common to the cell surfaces of immature and non initiated cells which suggests that (1) initiation involves the removal of specific proteins from the cell surface, and (2) immaturity may be due to an inability to initiate. PMID- 6737316 TI - Complete development of Isopora suis of swine in chicken embryos. AB - Development of the swine coccidium , Isospora suis, in embryonated chicken eggs is described. The allantoic cavities of eight-to-ten-day-old white Leghorn embryos were inoculated with either 100,000 or 200,000 sporozoites. Developmental stages morphologically similar to those found in the intestines of piglets were present in the endodermal layer of the chorioallantoic membrane (CAM), beginning three days post inoculation (PI). No stages were found in the mesodermal or ectodermal layers of the CAM and none were observed in heart, lung, liver, or spleen. Type I meronts and merozoites were found on days 3 through 10 PI. Type II meronts and merozoites were found days 4 through 10 PI. Mature microgamonts , macrogamonts, and oocysts were found on days 7 through 10 PI. Oocysts appeared to be retained in the endodermal cells and in ovo sporulation did not occur. Attempts to sporulate CAM-derived oocysts were not successful. Isospora suis was not pathogenic for embryos under the conditions of this study. This study represents the first fully documented report of complete development of a mammalian coccidium in chicken embryos. PMID- 6737315 TI - Effects of cationized ferritin and neuraminidase on invasion of cultured cells by Eimeria meleagrimitis sporozoites. AB - Primary turkey kidney cells and Eimeria meleagrimitis sporozoites were treated with cationized ferritin (CF) or neuraminidase ( NANase ), and the effects on the invasion of the cells by the sporozoites were measured. Cultures of host cells pretreated with either compound contained significantly fewer intracellular sporozoites than did control cultures. There was little additive effect if cultures were first treated with NANase and then with CF. In contrast, pretreatment of sporozoites with CF or low concentrations of NANase had no effect on invasion. The inhibition of invasion was apparently due to an interaction between treatment substances and host cell surface rather than to direct effect on the sporozoites. The CF bound to the randomly distributed anionic sites on the surfaces of both host cells and sporozoites and then rapidly aggregated. Sporozoites, probably in the process of invading cells, were invariably found with the conoid in close association with aggregates of CF on the host cell membrane. The CF on the sporozoites was apparently shed before or during invasion because all intracellular sporozoites were completely devoid of the label. PMID- 6737317 TI - Enzymes of carbohydrate metabolism in Leishmania donovani amastigotes. AB - A method for the isolation of Leishmania donovani amastigotes from infected hamster spleen and liver tissues is described. Over 85% of the isolated amastigotes were viable as judged by acridine orange-ethidium bromide staining and in vitro transformation to the promastigote form. A comprehensive survey of the enzymes of carbohydrate metabolism in L. donovani amastigotes and promastigotes was conducted. Amastigotes and promastigotes possess all of the enzymes of the Embden-Meyerhof pathway, hexose monophosphate shunt, and tricarboxylic acid cycle. Cell-free extracts of both forms demonstrate an active glutamate dehydrogenase, thus linking activity which permits entry of pyruvate into the tricarboxylic acid cycle. Both forms demonstrate an active glutamate dehydrogenase, thus linking amino acid metabolism with carbohydrate metabolism. Pyruvate carboxylase, the enzyme responsible for replenishment of C4 acids by heterotrophic CO2 fixation into pyruvate, was also demonstrable in the tissue and insect forms. In general, activities of promastigote enzymes are higher than the amastigote enzymes. Differences between the vertebrate (amastigote) and invertebrate (promastigote) forms in their potential to utilize carbohydrates as substrates would appear to be quantitative rather than qualitative. PMID- 6737318 TI - Purification and properties of the membrane form of variant surface glycoproteins (VSGs) from Trypanosoma brucei. AB - Variant surface glycoproteins (VSG) of Trypanosoma brucei are released in a water soluble form on impairment of membrane integrity. We have previously shown that this release is the result of an enzyme-mediated event which converts the hydrophobic membrane form VSG into the hydrophilic water-soluble form. We now present further details of the methods by which membrane form VSG ( mfVSG ) may be isolated, uncontaminated by water-soluble VSG ( sVSG ). The sensitivity to different metal ions of the enzyme that mediated the conversion event is discussed, and some biochemical characteristics of different mfVSG preparations are presented. PMID- 6737319 TI - DNA rearrangements of the variable surface antigen genes of the trypanosomes. AB - The trypanosome genome contains several hundred (and perhaps several thousand) genes for the trypanosome variable surface glycoproteins (VSGs). In an individual trypanosome only one of these genes is expressed at a given instant; the others are transcriptionally silent. This differential gene expression is responsible for the sequential antigenic variation displayed by trypanosomes. It is mediated by two types of genomic rearrangements of these VSG genes. The best understood rearrangement type is the formation of a transcriptionally-active expression linked extra copy (ELC) of a transcriptionally-silent basic copy (BC) gene. This duplication and translocation event places the ELC near a chromosomal end (a telomere) where it is apparently located downstream from a strong promotor. Some VSG genes are not expressed via this ELC mechanism. These genes, which seem to already be near telomeres, are activated by a different non-duplication associated ( NDA ) type of mechanism. We have used recombinant DNA techniques to clone and determine the sequences of genes expressed by both the ELC and NDA mechanisms. Comparison of these sequences reveals that sequences flanking the VSG coding regions are similar. This indicates that there is a sequence correlation between the two mechanisms of expression. We have also shown that when bloodstream trypanosomes expressing a specific VSG via the ELC mechanism are established in culture, the resultant procyclic trypanosomes rapidly stop synthesizing the VSG mRNA (and the VSG) but retain the ELC of the VSG gene. This demonstrates that transcription of an ELC can cease without the loss of that ELC and may indicate the presence of other factors regulating VSG gene transcription. PMID- 6737320 TI - The generation of ciliary motion. PMID- 6737322 TI - The morphology of ovine Trypanosoma melophagium (zoomastigophorea: kinetoplastida). AB - Morphologic and biometric data on bloodstream stages of Trypanosoma melophagium are presented. An increasing parasitemia with 111 trypomastigote stages of T. melophagium were found in Giemsa-stained thin blood smears taken from a splenectomized, cortisone-treated sheep recently infested with Melophagus ovinus infected with T. melophagium . The arithmetic mean and standard deviation in micron of the distances between posterior end and kinetoplast were 14.7 and 2.9, from the kinetoplastic to the center of the nucleus 5.1 and 1.1, and from there to the anterior end 19.5 and 1.9. The free flagellum measured 6.0 microns +/- 1.6 microns. The median and the range of the central 70% of values (median +/- 35%) of the nuclear index were 1.1 and 0.9-1.2 and of the kinetoplastic index 3.8 and 3.3-4.9. The same data in microns for the maximal width were 3.1 and 2.1-4.6, and for the width at the level of the nucleus 2.9 and 2.2-4.6. The larger and smaller diameters of the nucleus measured 2.6 (2.2-3.7) micron and 1.7 (1.3-1.7) micron, respectively. The corresponding kinetoplast diameters were 1.1 (0.9-1.3) microns and 0.9 (0.6-0.9) micron, respectively. PMID- 6737321 TI - Two new species of Myxozoa, Myxobolus inaequus sp. n. and Henneguya theca sp. n. from the brain of a South American knife fish, Eigemannia virescens (V.). AB - Two new species of Myxozoa from the brain of the green knife fish Eigemannia virescens are described: Myxobolus inaequus sp. n. has an unusually large spore body and extremely unequal polar capsules, and Henneguya theca sp. n. has an attenuated spore encased in a sheath not previously described in other Myxozoa . Only spores of the two species were observed, and infections caused no obvious pathological changes in the brain. PMID- 6737323 TI - Subjective health assessments and the perceived outcome of minor surgery. AB - A simple and standardised measure of perceived health status, the Nottingham Health Profile, was used to assess the effect on perceived health status of surgical intervention in a variety of non-acute medical disorders. Patients were assessed a few days before their operation and again two months later and were compared with a control group who had not undergone surgery. Results showed very little change in subjective health from before to after surgical intervention. The experimental group had similar perceived health scores to the control group on the pre- and post-tests. It is suggested that the period allowed to elapse after surgical intervention was too short, or that the level of problems experienced by patients prior to surgery was too low to show significant change. It is also possible that the particular presenting disorders were only one possible somatic representation of general feelings of minor ill-health in the group. The findings of this study point to the need to look at the differences between doctors and patients expectations of the outcome of surgery, the decision to seek care and the factors that govern wellbeing. PMID- 6737324 TI - Cancer-related pain--II. Assessment with visual analogue scales. AB - As an attempt to develop an assessment methodology which is practical for use with severely ill cancer patients, Visual Analogue Scales (VAS) of pain, depression and anxiety were compared to standard measures of these variables in 29 outpatients and 11 inpatients suffering from cancer-related pain. Support for the validity of the VAS-Pain and VAS-Depression but not the VAS-Anxiety was found. These results demonstrate that the VAS-Pain and VAS-Depression provide a practical, valid method for assessing the sensory and affective components of cancer-related pain. PMID- 6737325 TI - Pain language: affect. AB - Pain language was examined by performing a principal components factor analysis on pain descriptors selected from the McGill Pain Questionnaire by 126 chronic pain patients. Six factors emerged with the greatest variance accounted for by an affective dimension (Factor I). Location of patients in space defined by these factors failed to differentiate medical diagnostic categories or pain intensity but revealed good differentiation on affective distress secondary to pain. Results demonstrate that affective distress is a potent variable in pain language and likely confounds efforts to relate language to medical diagnostic categories. PMID- 6737326 TI - Extracranial vascular changes during headache, exercise and stress. AB - Changes in pulse amplitude from the frontal branch of the superficial temporal artery were monitored during and after mental arithmetic and exercise tests in 30 patients seen previously during unilateral migraine headache. During mental arithmetic and after exercise, increases in temporal pulse amplitude were greatest in patients who had shown one or more signs of extracranial vascular involvement in headache (increased heat loss from the affected frontotemporal region, or headache relief during compression of the superficial temporal artery). It was concluded that scalp arteries dilate readily in a subgroup of patients during stress, exercise and headache but this is not essential for migraine. PMID- 6737327 TI - Health beliefs and rehabilitation after lumbar disc surgery. AB - Thirty per cent of patients fail to rehabilitate after back surgery. Pre operative physical assessment cannot reliably identify these patients. A questionnaire assesses the health beliefs and extent of rehabilitation in 200 patients who have undergone a laminectomy. Objective medical data and ten subjective scales are analyzed, which correlate very highly with quality of rehabilitation. The questionnaire identifies 'at risk' individuals far better than objective physical findings, and it makes specific pathological attitudes clear. These attitudes can be used to direct existing post-operative care resources in an efficient way. PMID- 6737328 TI - Repressive coping reactions in patients with malignant melanoma as compared to cardiovascular disease patients. AB - Previous research has indicated that repressive styles of coping with stressful emotions may be associated with higher cancer incidence and poorer prognosis. Other studies have suggested that coronary-prone and cancer-prone individuals may be at opposite poles on the distributions of several coping and personality variables. In order to investigate whether these differences could be reflected in a measure that integrated psychological and physiological processes, the present study compared the repressive coping reactions of malignant melanoma patients to matched cardiovascular disease patients and disease-free controls (N of 20 in each group). Repressive coping reactions were operationally defined as the discrepancy between reported anxiety and that shown physiologically (electrodermal activity) in response to anxiety-provoking statements in an experimental procedure. The concurrent validity of this procedure was established through correlations with other indices of repressive tendencies which were administered to all subjects. Analysis of variance showed that the melanoma group was significantly more 'repressed' on these measures, while the cardiovascular disease patients were the least repressed or most sensitized. These differences in defensive posture were independent of disease severity, which suggested that they were not merely artifacts of differences in disease-related anxiety. PMID- 6737329 TI - Emotional impact of diagnosis and early treatment of lymphomas. AB - Psychiatric morbidity, relevant symptoms and satisfaction with communication were assessed in patients suffering from malignant lymphoma. Before treatment started 15 of 40 patients had clinically significant psychiatric morbidity. Treatment, in its early stages, was not associated with a significant change in mean psychiatric morbidity scores but there was a decrease in ratings of concern about illness and an increase in ratings of nausea. Eleven of 31 patients seen for a second interview reported dissatisfaction with some aspect of communication with the medical staff. The findings suggest that emotional distress can be contained with a policy of frank communication; nevertheless dissatisfaction is common, being associated with initial less concern, good general health and neurotic personality traits. Personality assessment should be incorporated in future studies of doctor-patient communication. PMID- 6737330 TI - Use of hierarchical multiple regression analysis. PMID- 6737331 TI - Ileosigmoid knot. PMID- 6737332 TI - Colonoscopy preparation with Picolax. PMID- 6737333 TI - Intermittent torsion of the testis. PMID- 6737335 TI - Surgeon's workshop. A stone-catching basket for arthroscopic removal of loose bodies. PMID- 6737334 TI - Colles' fracture. Immobilisation in pronation or supination? PMID- 6737336 TI - Inlay fascial graft for the treatment of multiple benign urethral fistulas. PMID- 6737337 TI - Pyloroplasty. A modification. PMID- 6737338 TI - Intradiaphragmatic abscess. PMID- 6737339 TI - Acute arteriovenous fistula complicating left iliac artery aneurysm. PMID- 6737340 TI - Polycystic pancreas: Lindau's disease. PMID- 6737341 TI - Missed orthopaedic injuries in the resuscitation room. PMID- 6737342 TI - Perforated peptic ulcer in North-East Scotland 1972-1981. Part 1: epidemiology. PMID- 6737343 TI - Primary duodenal carcinoma. Problems of diagnosis and management in 14 cases. PMID- 6737344 TI - Exploration of the common bile duct. Effect of a change in policy in one surgical unit. PMID- 6737345 TI - Common bile duct exploration by a balloon catheter. PMID- 6737346 TI - Liver metastases: the role of preoperative ultrasound. PMID- 6737347 TI - Hydatid disease of the liver in Kuwait. PMID- 6737348 TI - The split ileostomy. An alternative method of enteric diversion. PMID- 6737349 TI - An interim report on highly selective vagotomy in the Royal Navy: early return to duty. PMID- 6737350 TI - Osteitis pubis as a mimic of prostatic pain. PMID- 6737352 TI - Functional imaging in nuclear medicine--mathematical and physical aspects. PMID- 6737351 TI - Dermatofibrosarcoma protuberans: an unusual tumour. PMID- 6737353 TI - Functional imaging in nuclear medicine--clinical aspects. PMID- 6737354 TI - Pilgrimage to the Falkland Islands 1983. PMID- 6737355 TI - The Royal Naval Medical Staff School. PMID- 6737356 TI - LPS induces migration of bone marrow cells in LPS-nonresponsive C3H/HeJ mice. PMID- 6737357 TI - Effect of misonidazole on radiation-induced reduction of DNA bases in deaerated aqueous solution. PMID- 6737358 TI - Deaths in early childhood in west Cumbria. AB - Investigation of deaths in early childhood is one method of assessing the quality of child care in a district. This paper describes a study carried out in one health district, on children in the age group one week to five years: 28 deaths occurred over a two-year period, 25 of these in the first year of life. The deaths are classified according to potential preventable factors. The study gave a more detailed picture of mortality patterns in the district than was previously available. Parents found the home interview in the study helpful in allowing them to explore their worries about the child's death. PMID- 6737359 TI - Breast cancer: views of general practitioners on its detection and treatment. AB - A considerable proportion of women with breast cancer in this country present for treatment in late stages of the disease; Britain's primary health-care system means that in most cases the possible diagnosis of breast cancer is first made in general practice. This offers ample opportunity for early diagnosis and a better understanding about the way the general practitioners perceive the problems associated with the disease. With that specific aim, the present article reports on a survey conducted simultaneously in Oxford and in Edinburgh. Results show that general practitioners in the survey are deeply concerned about breast cancer and see a definite role for themselves in its early detection and long-term management. They also see a need for more health education that includes the encourgement of breast self-examination programmes. Most are in favour of open access breast clinics for women and, in general, they feel positive about self education programmes. PMID- 6737360 TI - Nasal carriage and antibiotic susceptibility of Staphylococcus aureus in general practice. AB - The incidence of nasal carriage of Staphylococcus aureus and the in vitro susceptibility of isolates to fusidic acid, penicillin, erythromycin, methicillin and tetracycline was determined in 204 patients who had been treated previously with a short course of a topical preparation of Fucidin for acute skin sepsis, and in an equal number of control subjects. Staphylococcus aureus was isolated from 36 per cent and 34 per cent of patients in the Fucidin and control groups respectively. Only one of the 144 isolates was resistant to fusidic acid. Short, single courses of topical therapy in general practice are unlikely to be epidemiologically hazardous in the long term. Evidence of possible cross infection in general practice was obtained. PMID- 6737362 TI - General practitioners' use of a mobile coronary care unit in a non-urban setting. AB - The use that general practitioners made of the mobile coronary care unit operating from a district general hospital was monitored. Over half of the patients referred by their general practitioners to hospital with suspected acute myocardial infarction were removed by the mobile unit rather than by an ordinary ambulance. However, general practitioner selection of the more compromised patient for admission via the mobile unit indicated that the chance of this category of patient being admitted by the proven best means could be improved. Of the definite cases of infarcts removed to hospital by whatever means, the high proportion which were uncomplicated raises the question whether the general practitioner is attempting to select such patients for home rather than hospital care. The figures for the use of the mobile coronary care unit also indicate that education of the public remains an important task. PMID- 6737363 TI - The working relationship between the general practitioner and the health visitor. AB - The views of 40 health visitors from the Cambridge health district on their working relationship with general practitioners are presented. Patterns of attachment and facilities at the work base are described. The health visitors gave ratings for the frequency and facility of their contact with the general practitioners, the types of patients referred to them and their overall relationship with the doctors. The health visitors' own suggestions for improvement in the relationship are discussed. PMID- 6737361 TI - Skills not pills: learning to cope with anxiety symptoms. AB - A pilot project to assess the benefit of a psychology service in general practice for patients with anxiety is described. A course of lessons in ;anxiety management skills' was provided at two practices. At a follow-up appointment one year later two thirds of the 35 patients studied had stopped taking anxiolytic medication and two thirds reported an elimination of their anxiety symptoms. It is proposed that a psychology service be provided for general practitioners, in health centres and health clinics, as a possible alternative to repeat prescribing of anxiolytic medication. PMID- 6737364 TI - The accuracy of age-sex registers in general practice. AB - A ;point-prevalent evaluation' of the accuracy of the age-sex register (ASR) was undertaken in 10 general practices. The average ASR inflation rate was 4 per cent when compared with the Family Practitioner Committee (FPC) register (range 2.2 8.3 per cent) and 7.2 per cent when compared with the patients themselves (range 2.6-19.4 per cent). List deflation was no more than 2 per cent overall. There was a wide interpractice variation in the accuracy of the ASR, and two of the factors that may be associated with this are the situation in an inner city renewal area and a large proportion of patients in the 20-40 years age group. When the patients were asked to verify the information contained on the ASR it was found that the address was incorrect for 10 per cent of patients (range 5.0-20.0 per cent) and the date of birth was incorrect for 5 per cent.Before using it for research purposes, the ASR should be checked against the FPC register, and in view of our findings it should also be checked with a sample of the patients themselves to ensure a sufficiently accurate population denominator. PMID- 6737365 TI - Do patients cash prescriptions? An audit in one practice. AB - It has been suggested that up to 20 per cent of patients do not cash their prescriptions. To investigate this possibility, the rate of uncashed prescriptions in a group practice was measured. Out of 1,395 prescriptions studied, 89 (6.4 per cent) were uncashed. An association between having to pay prescription charges and prescriptions being uncashed was shown. Measurement of the rate of uncashed prescriptions deserves to be more widely used as a means of self-audit. PMID- 6737366 TI - Patients and radiation--an assessment of the risks. PMID- 6737367 TI - Tablets and capsules that stick in the oesophagus. PMID- 6737369 TI - Lymphatic vessels in the uterine endometrium of virgin rats. AB - Uteri from four diestrous rats fixed by perfusion were examined histologically for the presence of lymphatic vessels in the endometrium, using 1 micron epoxy sections stained with toluidine blue. For each animal, multiple random sections were prepared from 3 tissue samples. In all sections, lymphatics were readily apparent in the myometrium, being identified by their irregular shape and contents of stained lymph proteins, which contrasted with the clear, empty blood vessels. While similar lymphatics were not seen in the endometrium of most tissue samples, one sample from each of three females revealed a small lymphatic vessel near the bases of the uterine glands, clearly in the endometrium. One of these was followed in serial alternating light and electron microscopic sections. The vessel maintained its relative position to the endometrial glands for a considerable distance, and also joined with two separate branches that appeared along its course. Ultrastructural observations, including a thin endothelium without a continuous basal lamina, the presence of anchoring filaments, and only mononuclear cells and cellular debris in the lumen, confirmed the vessel's identification as a lymphatic. The vessel's size was normally large enough to be followed by light microscopy; however, at some places along its course, the lumen narrowed to such a degree that it was only identifiable ultramicroscopically . These observations refute claims that there are no lymphatic vessels in rodent uterine endometrium, but indicate that they are small and sparsely distributed. PMID- 6737368 TI - Circulating immune complexes in hypertensive disorders of pregnancy. AB - Circulating immune complexes (CICs) were measured in sera of pregnant women with pre-eclampsia and other hypertensive disorders of pregnancy and pregnant women with renal disease, using four different CIC assays: platelet 125I-labelled staphylococcal protein A test ( PIPA ), conglutinin-binding ELISA, C1q-binding ELISA and rheumatoid factor binding inhibition ELISA. CICs were shown to be present in the sera of 47% of women with severe pre-eclampsia, in 20% with mild pre-eclampsia and in 18% of women with normal pregnancy using the PIPA test. The PIPA test was capable of discriminating between patients with renal disease, which were all positive, and women with uncomplicated hypertension, which were all negative. All patients positive in the PIPA test, and most patients with a positive RFbI -ELISA test, had various amounts of proteinuria. Although half of the women with severe pre-eclampsia showed the presence of CICs in the PIPA test, the amount of these complexes was low and not constant in serial samples from the same patient. PMID- 6737370 TI - Allogeneic reactivity of maternal lymphoid cells during the course of gestation. Modifications and sex differences in a local GVH assay. AB - The immune reactivity of lymphoid cells from pregnant mice was studied during the course of pregnancy in primiparous and multiparous animals either " isopregnant " (male and female of same strain) or " allopregnant " (male and female differing at H-2), using a local GVH assay (CBA lymphoid cells injected into (CBA X A/J)F1 recipients). The findings were as follows: The lymphoid cell number in the para aortic lymph nodes ( PALN ) was increased at all stages of gestation. The peak occurred in the 2nd week in primiparity and as early as 60 h after fertilization in multiparity. PALN cell alloreactivity was weak at the beginning and higher than normal in the third week of pregnancy. Spleen cell alloreactivity was increased in the second week and decreased in the third week in primiparous compared with multiparous animals. Anti-paternal alloreactivity exhibited by spleen cells of allogestation was decreased (as compared to cells of isogestation ) especially in primiparous mice, particularly in the third week. At this time, the anti-paternal alloreactivity of PALN cells was increased. The influence of the recipient's sex on GVHR intensity was reversed when the cells were obtained from a pregnant donor, becoming stronger in male compared with female hybrids. PMID- 6737371 TI - Effects of benoxaprofen on human neutrophil function. AB - In vitro assays of human neutrophil phagocytosis, adherence, enzyme release, and response to chemotactic factors were utilized to determine the effects of benoxaprofen on these cells. At concentrations of 30 and 300 micrograms/ml benoxaprofen partially inhibited phagocytosis without affecting adherence. High concentrations (300 micrograms/ml) of benoxaprofen, but not aspirin or gold, enhanced the release of the granular enzymes beta-glucuronidase and lysozyme, but not the release of the cytoplasmic enzyme lactic dehydrogenase from both resting and phagocytosing neutrophils. High concentrations (300 micrograms/ml) of benoxaprofen also inhibited the response of neutrophils to chemotactic factors as determined by both the leading front and leukotactic index methods. These unique in vitro effects of this antiinflammatory agent are compatible with recent clinical reports concerning its efficacy and toxicity. PMID- 6737372 TI - Persistence of pneumococcal antibodies after immunization in patients with systemic lupus erythematosus. AB - Antibody levels to 12 different pneumococcal capsular polysaccharides as well as the combined mean antibody level were measured in 19 patients with systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) at 1, 2 and 3 years after immunization with a polyvalent pneumococcal vaccine and compared to 5 normal control subjects immunized at the same time. The mean levels in the 19 SLE patients were lower in all 3 years but the difference reached significance only in Year 1. At 3 years, 8 of the 19 SLE patients had levels below that considered to be protective and one such patient developed a pneumococcal pneumonia. PMID- 6737373 TI - Toxic epidemic syndrome: musculoskeletal manifestations. AB - The musculoskeletal manifestations of a new systemic disease that developed after toxic oil consumption are described. Clinically, it was characterized by the presence of arthralgias, sometimes arthritis, extensive muscle atrophy, severe neuropathy and a scleroderma-like skin involvement. Radiologically, different types of osteopenia could be seen in the absence of joint space narrowing or erosions. Neither hypertrophy, nor hyperplasia of synoviocytes were seen on microscopic examination. A non-necrotizing vasculitis and increase in fibrous tissue were observed at different levels. PMID- 6737374 TI - Immunoglobulins on the surface of monosodium urate crystals: an immunoelectron microscopic study. AB - The ability of monosodium urate (MSU) crystals to bind immunoglobulins from human serum was investigated by immunoelectron microscopy. Synthetic MSU crystals were incubated with serum and then processed with an indirect immunoperoxidase technique which used primary antibodies directed against human IgG, IgA or IgM, respectively specific for Fc fragments, alpha chains, and mu chains. Results were analyzed by transmission electron microscopy on intact crystals dried on formvar coated grids, and in thin sections. Both techniques demonstrated the binding of IgG, IgA and IgM to MSU crystals and the availability of the Fc fragment of the crystal bound IgG for immunologic reactions. PMID- 6737375 TI - Lichenoid lesions of the oral mucosa in rheumatoid arthritis patients treated with penicillamine. AB - Seven of 56 consecutive patients taking penicillamine for rheumatoid arthritis developed oral lesions that clinically and histologically resembled lichen planus. All 7 patients had rashes with prior gold therapy and 4 had rashes with penicillamine therapy. Lesions appeared between 3 and 12 months of therapy at an average dose of 400 mg/day and disappeared within 3 months of stopping the medication. Discontinuation of the drug for oral lichenoid lesions is not necessary. Topical steroids can be used for symptomatic relief. PMID- 6737376 TI - Retroperitoneal fibrosis associated with systemic lupus erythematosus: a case report and brief review. AB - We present a case of retroperitoneal fibrosis associated with systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) and review the etiology of retroperitoneal fibrosis. The HLA antigens found were A2, AW33, B8, B17, DR3, and DR6. The HLA antigens associated with retroperitoneal fibrosis and SLE are discussed. PMID- 6737377 TI - Legionnaires disease complicating steroid therapy in systemic lupus erythematosus. AB - A fatal hospital-acquired pneumonia due to Legionella pneumophilia occurred in a 32-year-old woman with systemic lupus erythematosus being treated with high dose corticosteroids. The relevance of the direct immunofluorescent test and immune status in Legionnaires disease are discussed. PMID- 6737378 TI - Cutaneous mucinosis associated with lupus erythematosus. AB - A 48-year-old woman with a 17-year history of systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) presented with an exacerbation of cutaneous lupus manifested as discoid LE (DLE). In addition to the typical DLE lesions, she had multiple flesh colored nodules scattered over the trunk and extremities on both exposed and nonexposed surfaces. The association of mucinous deposits and SLE has been reported within lesions of SLE and occasionally in other cutaneous lesions. This case represents a distinct variant of cutaneous mucinosis which was associated with SLE. PMID- 6737379 TI - Aortic regurgitation in scleroderma. AB - Two cases of scleroderma with isolated aortic regurgitation are described. Other known causes of aortic regurgitation were not apparent. None of the patients gave a history of rheumatic fever. It appears likely that aortic regurgitation is related to scleroderma in these two patients. Aortic regurgitation in scleroderma is, however, rare. PMID- 6737381 TI - Fish Fancier's Finger. AB - Infection of the flexor tendon sheath and proximal interphalangeal joint by Mycobacterium marinum is described. The characteristic features of this unusual infection are delineated. PMID- 6737380 TI - Arthritis and autoimmune pancytopenia. AB - We report a patient who developed arthritis and pancytopenia without an underlying systemic disease. Autoantibodies to all lines were demonstrated using an 125I-anti human IgG assay. Elution studies documented cross reactivity of an antibody between erythrocytes and platelets, a pathogenetic variation not previously reported. PMID- 6737382 TI - Polymyositis associated with high titer antibody to cytoplasmic ribosomes. PMID- 6737383 TI - Dermatomyositis associated with treated testicular carcinoma. PMID- 6737384 TI - Erosive arthritis of the temporomandibular joint in Reiter's syndrome. PMID- 6737385 TI - Cyclophosphamide in the treatment of the ocular manifestations of Behcet's disease. PMID- 6737386 TI - The use of longterm nifedipine in a patient with Raynaud's syndrome secondary to mixed connective tissue disease. PMID- 6737387 TI - Intravenous colchicine in acute sarcoid arthropathy. PMID- 6737388 TI - Relapsing eosinophilic myositis. PMID- 6737389 TI - Conservative surgery for vesicocolic fistula. AB - Vesicocolic fistula due to diverticular disease of the colon is conventionally treated by resection of the diseased bowel and closure of the vesical defect. Three cases are described in which separation of the viscera and simple suture of the vesical and colonic defects was carried out. A greater omental graft was interposed between the rectum and bladder. Two of the patients are well 12 and 26 months postoperatively. The third patient died a year postoperatively from a complication of her diverticular disease. PMID- 6737390 TI - Late results of optical urethrotomy. AB - Of 46 patients who underwent optical urethrotomy for differing strictures of the urethra, 41 (89.1%) remained free of stricture symptoms at follow up 6 years later. The initial effectiveness of this procedure in improving stricture symptoms is sustained in the long term. PMID- 6737391 TI - Constipation: what does the patient mean? AB - Constipation is a very common complaint but, in the absence of a universally accepted definition, misunderstandings may result between doctor and patient. Two hundred and eighty-seven patients attending this hospital completed a questionnaire which attempted to establish what patients themselves mean by the term. Almost half considered constipation purely in terms of frequency of bowel action, without considering difficulty or pain on defaecation. Women were more likely to have infrequent bowel actions than men, and men more likely to consider such infrequency harmful. A quarter of respondents believed in the benefits of regular purgation, surprisingly with no difference in attitude between age groups, but men were much less likely to have heeded their own advice. PMID- 6737392 TI - Cryosurgery for the urethral syndrome. AB - A technique is described for treating the urethral syndrome in ambulant women by cryosurgery under local anaesthesia using a specially devised guard or applicator. This follows a trial study (Parkes & Boreham 1980) in which a modified guard was used. Experience with over 350 cases and detailed follow up of 111 of them has confirmed improvement in 95% (93 of 111). No patient was made worse, only 10 required second treatments and the majority, when asked, said they thought the treatment was of value and that they would be prepared to have the same treatment again if necessary. This is a simple, safe and harmless technique for the treatment of the female urethral syndrome. It can be carried out under local anaesthesia as an outpatient or under general anaesthesia following cystoscopy. It causes few complications and relieves the symptoms in the majority of such patients. PMID- 6737394 TI - Scientific procedures on animals: discussion paper. PMID- 6737395 TI - Dermatomyositis with urticated lesions. PMID- 6737393 TI - Gastrointestinal complications of mycosis fungoides. AB - Mycosis fungoides (MF) is an uncommon T-cell lymphoma which characteristically involves the skin. Two patients with MF are described who developed fatal complications secondary to involvement of the gastrointestinal tract. One developed malabsorption due to small intestinal involvement; the other had a massive haemorrhage from an ulcerated nodule of tumour in the stomach. The potential for extracutaneous spread is discussed, and it is emphasized that bowel infiltration should be considered in any patient with MF who develops gastrointestinal symptoms or complications. PMID- 6737396 TI - Progressive hemifacial atrophy with scleroderma and ipsilateral limb wasting (Parry-Romberg syndrome). PMID- 6737397 TI - Benign intracranial hypertension treated by optic nerve sheath decompression. PMID- 6737398 TI - Fatal herpes simplex infection during chlorambucil therapy for sarcoidosis. PMID- 6737399 TI - Severe opisthotonus and trismus associated with water intoxication. PMID- 6737400 TI - Long-term assessment of drug safety and efficacy. PMID- 6737401 TI - Laser trabeculoplasty and decay effects in glaucoma patients. AB - Forty patients (47 eyes) with open-angle glaucoma who had been treated by laser trabeculoplasty to help reduce intraocular pressure were reviewed. The majority of patients had been followed for at least one year. Eighty-nine percent responded satisfactorily, with an average pressure decrease of 5 mmHg. There was no evidence of decay (pressure reversal) after one year. Seventy-six percent of patients who had been on carbonic anhydrase inhibitor medication were able to discontinue this therapy after laser treatment. Blacks, aphakic and diabetic patients responded satisfactorily, but hypertensive patients and those with narrow-angle glaucoma less so. Re-lasering was successful in only one of 6 patients. PMID- 6737403 TI - Mast cells in rheumatoid arthritis. PMID- 6737402 TI - Adjuvant therapy in colorectal cancer. PMID- 6737404 TI - Paediatric neurosurgery: a review of the last thirty years. PMID- 6737405 TI - Management of severe acute colitis in district hospitals. AB - Among 10 hospitals of the North East Thames Region, 84 patients were operated on for inflammatory bowel disease in the years 1977-81. There was one death in the 51 patients treated electively. The postoperative mortality was 24% in 33 patients coming to urgent surgery. The factors leading to this continuing high mortality are analysed as a contribution to an improvement in management. PMID- 6737406 TI - Bacteriological and crystallographical analysis of urinary calculi: aid to patient management. AB - In an analysis, by both crystallographic and microbiological methods, of 50 urinary calculi recently removed by surgical operation, 33 proved to be of metabolic origin (mostly calcium oxalate and some uric acid or urate) and 17 of 'infective' origin (struvite, apatite or a mixture of the two). Metabolic stones were usually bacteriologically sterile or contained only small numbers (less than 10(3)/g of stone) of bacteria which did not produce urease, while infective stones always contained urease-producing organisms, usually Proteus mirabilis, in large numbers (greater than 10(5)/g). The combined approach of stone analysis by crystallography and microbiological culture yields more information than conventional techniques on which to base the treatment of urinary calculi and the prevention of their recurrence. PMID- 6737407 TI - Controlled study of self-exposure treatment for phobics: preliminary communication. AB - Patients with phobic disorder (mainly agoraphobics ) of minimum one year duration were treated by self-administered exposure in vivo treatment. Seventy-one patients were randomly assigned to one of three groups: (A) book-instructed, (B) computer-instructed, or (C) therapist-instructed. All three groups improved significantly to a similar extent on various phobic measures at the end of the treatment and maintained their treatment gains at 6-month follow up. Mean clinicians' time spent with each patient was 40 minutes, 4.2 hours and 3.2 hours in group A, B and C respectively. Similar small numbers of patients defaulted from each group. PMID- 6737408 TI - Controlled comparison of three interventions for mother and toddler problems: preliminary communication. AB - This paper summarizes the preliminary thinking, the hypotheses and design and some preliminary results of a large community-based intervention project which is currently underway in the North East of England. PMID- 6737409 TI - Intraperitoneal rupture of a phaeochromocytoma. PMID- 6737410 TI - Retroperitoneal plasmocytic giant lymph node hyperplasia. PMID- 6737411 TI - Rectosigmoid obstruction due to compression between calcified ovarian tumours and the lip of an advanced spondylolisthesis. PMID- 6737412 TI - Hereditary angioedema with easy bruising. PMID- 6737413 TI - 3-Hydroxy-alpha-methyltyrosine progenitors: synthesis and evaluation of some (2 oxo-1,3-dioxol-4-yl)methyl esters. AB - The (5-methyl-2-oxo-1,3- dioxol -4-yl)methyl and (5-tert-butyl-2-oxo-1, 3- dioxol -4-yl)methyl esters of 3-hydroxy-alpha-methyltyrosine (methyldopa) were prepared and evaluated as progenitors of the amino acid. 1H NMR experiments reveal that the esters are converted cleanly to methyldopa and the corresponding alpha diketone at pH 7.4, with the 5-methyl derivative undergoing hydrolysis faster than the 5-tert-butyl analogue. Bioavailability studies in dogs show that the esters, particularly the 5-methyl derivative, yield significant plasma levels of methyldopa. Both esters are orally effective antihypertensive agents in spontaneously hypertensive (SH) rats. These studies indicate that (2-oxo-1,3- dioxol -4-yl)methyl esters are viable prodrugs for the latentiation of methyldopa. PMID- 6737414 TI - Oligonucleotide structural parameters that influence binding of 5'-O triphosphoadenylyl-(2'----5')-adenylyl-(2'----5')-adenosine to the 5'-O triphosphoadenylyl-(2'----5')-adenylyl-(2'----5')-adenosine dependent endoribonuclease: chain length, phosphorylation state, and heterocyclic base. AB - A number of 2',5'-linked oligoadenylates and their analogues were prepared and evaluated for their ability to interact with the 5'-O- triphosphoadenylyl -(2'--- 5')-adenylyl-(2'----5')-adenosine (2-5A) dependent endoribonuclease of mouse L cells. The oligonucleotides were assayed for their ability to antagonize the action of 2-5A, to displace a radiolabeled probe from the 2-5A-dependent nuclease, or to inhibit translation in a cell-free system. These experiments demonstrated the following: (1) Three AMP residues in a 5'-phosphorylated oligonucleotide were needed for maximum interaction with the endonuclease, and higher oligomers (greater than or equal to 4 AMP residues) did not show significantly higher binding. (2) The third (2'-terminal) adenosine residue was required for optimal binding activity. (3) 5'-Phosphorylation of the oligonucleotide was necessary for maximum binding to the endonuclease, but the first (from the 5' terminus) internucleotide phosphate of higher unphosphorylated or core oligomers, such as A2'p5'A2'p5'A2'p5'A, may partly replace the requirement for a 5'-monophosphate moiety; in agreement with this, the 5'-methyl ester of 5'pA2'p5'A2'p5'A, i.e., Me-p5'A2'p5'A2'p5'A, was bound to the endonuclease as well as or better than the higher core oligomers but approximately 100 times more effectively than the trimer core, A2'p5'A2'p5'A. (4) Base-modified analogues, such as p5'C2'p5'C2'p5'C, p5'U2'p5'U2'p5'U, or p5'I2'p5'I2'p5'I, were at least 2000 times less effectively bound to the endonuclease than p5'A2'p5'A2'p5'A. (5) The triphosphate ppp5 'I2'p5'I2'p5'I was 10 000 times less active than 2-5A as an inhibitor of translation. These latter two points implied the critical role of the adenine N1-nitrogen and/or exocyclic amino group in the binding of 2-5A to the endonuclease. PMID- 6737415 TI - Bile acids with a cyclopropyl-containing side chain. 1. Preparation and properties of 3 alpha, 7 beta-dihydroxy-22,23-methylene-5 beta-cholan-24-oic acid. AB - 3 alpha, 7 beta-Dihydroxy-22, 23-methylene-5 beta-cholan-24-oic acid (5), a side chain cyclopropyl analogue of ursodeoxycholic acid (1b), has been prepared by the cyclopropanation of 3 alpha, 7 beta-diacetoxy-24-nor-5 beta-chol-22-ene (2) with ethyl diazoacetate , followed by saponification of the resulting cyclopropyl ester (3). The new bile acid presents similar properties to 1b in water. The sodium salt self-aggregates to form micelles at a concentration of 15.5 mM. The cyclopropane ring does not modify the pKa with respect to compound 1b. Cyclopropyl acid 5 is taken up efficiently by rat liver and promptly secreted into bile. It is partially (70%) conjugated with taurine. The bile flow and bile acids and phospholipids secretion are stimulated by 5, while the cholesterol secretion is stimulated by 5 to a lesser extent. PMID- 6737417 TI - Acetylation of some novel hemicholinium compounds by soluble choline acetyltransferase: structure-activity relationships. AB - Four bisquaternary nitrogen analogues of 2,2'-[1,1'-biphenyl]-4, 4'- diylbis [2 hydroxy-4,4- dimethylmorpholinium ] bromide (hemicholinium 3, HC-3) have been synthesized. These analogues differ from HC-3 in that they have a number of methylene groups inserted between the two phenyl rings. This study examines the significance of the internitrogen distance in these compounds with regard to their acetylation by soluble choline acetyltransferase (ChAc) in vitro. The hemicholinium compounds were incubated with [14C] acetylcoenzyme A and any acetylated products were isolated by liquid ion exchange. Only HC-3 and the analogue with three methylene groups between the two phenyl rings, that is, 2,2' (1,3- propanediyldi -1,4-phenylene)bis[2-hydroxy-4, 4- dimethylmorpholinium ] ( 3CHC ), were found to be significantly acetylated. The acetylation rate of both these two compounds was 28% that of choline. It is concluded that an internitrogen distance of 14 A in bisquaternary nitrogen choline analogues provides the optimum distance for acetylation by ChAc in vitro. PMID- 6737416 TI - Formation of a reactive iminium derivative by enzymatic and chemical oxidations of 16-O-acetylvindoline. AB - 16-O- Acetylvindoline (1a) was oxidatively transformed into an iminium derivative (2a) by copper oxidases (laccase and human ceruloplasmin), an unknown enzyme system(s) of Streptomyces griseus, and the chemical oxidizing agent 2,3-dichloro 5,6- dicyano -1,4-benzoquinone ( DDQ ). The iminium derivative (2a) was isolated from enzymatic and chemical oxidation mixtures and was identified by spectral and chemical techniques. Reduction of the iminium compound with sodium borodeuteride provided monodeuterated 16-O- acetylvindoline (1b) as the sole product. Mass spectral analysis indicated that the deuterium atom was introduced into position C-3 of the piperidine portion of the alkaloid structure. The location and stereochemistry of the deuterium atom were confirmed by high-field 1H and 2H NMR analyses of the deuterated product to be in the 2H alpha orientation. Hydrolysis of the 16-O-acetyl functional group from the iminium derivative (2a) resulted in the production of a previously identified dimer (5), which forms by intramolecular etherification through the reactive enamine (3). The iminium derivative (2a) reacts with cyanide to provide complex mixtures of products, one of which was identified by mass spectrometry as a cyanide addition product. The results confirm the existence of a reactive iminium intermediate formed by all of the biochemical and chemical systems examined. PMID- 6737418 TI - Synthesis, conformational analysis, and antiarrhythmic properties of 7-benzyl-3 thia-7-azabicyclo[3.3.1]nonan-9-one, 7-benzyl-3-thia-7-azabicyclo[3.3.1]nonane hydroperchlorate, and 7-benzyl-9-phenyl-3-thia-7-azabicyclo[3.3.1]nonan-9-ol hydroperchlorate and derivatives: single-crystal X-ray diffraction analysis and evidence for chair-chair and chair-boat conformers in the solid state. AB - The synthesis of the title ketone has been completed via a type of Mannich reaction starting from 4- thianone . An X-ray diffraction analysis has revealed that the solid system is a chair-boat conformer with the sulfur atom in the boat portion of the bicyclic ring compound. Wolff- Kishner reduction of the ketone group gave 7-benzyl-3-thia-7-azabicyclo [3.3.1]nonane, which was isolated as the hydroperchlorate . However, X-ray diffraction analysis of the salt showed this solid to be a chair-chair conformer. Addition of phenylmagnesium bromide to the ketone gave a tertiary alcohol with the C-C6H5 bond being equatorial with respect to the thiane ring and axial with respect to the piperidine ring. The reaction of the Grignard reagent with the ketone to give this alcohol seems to be very stereospecific. An X-ray analysis of the hydroperchlorate of the alcohol confirmed the system to be a chair-chair form in the solid. The title compounds were screened for antiarrhythmic activity in anesthetized mongrel dogs in which myocardial infarctions had been created when the left anterior descending coronary artery was ligated. Vagal-induced slowing of the sinus mode firing rate was used to determine the underlying ventricular automaticity in the dogs, which averaged 164 +/- 27 beats/min. Ventricular pacing was initiated to rates between 240 and 390/min. This technique resulted in the induction of rapid and sustained ventricular tachycardia. At doses of 3 and 6 mg/kg of body weight, 7-benzyl-3 thia-7-azabicyclo [3.3.1]nonane hydroperchlorate in alcohol (the solution was administered intravenously) was able to suppress markedly the induced ventricular tachycardia in five of six dogs. The compound also caused a 10-15% increase in blood pressure within a few minutes. The antiarrhythmic properties of this compound and others of related structure are discussed, and some comparison is made with the action of lidocaine in similar dog preparations. PMID- 6737419 TI - Hypolipidemic activity of phthalimide derivatives. 7. Structure-activity studies of indazolone analogues. AB - The apparent benefit of limiting serum cholesterol and triglyceride levels either by dietary restriction or drug therapy has prompted work in our laboratories toward development of a suitable antihyperlipidemic agent. We have demonstrated the antihyperlipidemic activity of a series of phthalimide derivatives in rodents to be significantly greater than that of clofibrate at a dose of 20 mg/(kg day), intraperitoneally. Here we report the synthesis and biological evaluation of a series of indazolone derivatives, which are heterocycles that are structurally related to the phthalimides . In general, structure-activity relationships within the phthalimide series may be extended to the indazolones . While indazolone itself is only moderately active, N1-carbethoxy substitution produced a more active compound. Substitution of the N2 position with an n-butyl group afforded the most active compound, as also seen in the phthalimide series. Aromatic substitution with electron-releasing and -withdrawing groups lessened the antihyperlipidemic activity. PMID- 6737420 TI - Anticonvulsant activity of some 4-aminobenzamides. AB - A series of 4- aminobenzamides of some simple primary and secondary amines were prepared and evaluated for anticonvulsant effects. The compounds were tested in mice against seizures induced by electroshock and pentylenetetrazole ( metrazole ) and in the rotorod assay for neurologic deficit. For those N-alkyl amides tested, 4-amino-N- amylbenzamide (6) was the most potent against maximal electroshock seizures (MES): ED50 = 42.98 mg/kg; however, the N- cyclohexylbenzamide (8) showed the greatest protective index (PI = TD50/ED50), 2.8. The introduction of a second aromatic ring produced more potent compounds, with d,l-4-amino-N-(alpha-methylbenzyl)-benzamide (12) showing the highest level of activity. This compound has an anti-MES ED50 of 18.02 mg/kg in mice when administered intraperitoneally (ip) and a TD50 of 170.78 mg/kg (PI = 9.5) in the same species. These data compare quite favorably with those for phenobarbital and phenytoin in the same assays. PMID- 6737421 TI - Substituent branching in phenethylamine-type hallucinogens: a comparison of 1 [2,5-dimethoxy-4-(2-butyl)phenyl]-2-aminopropane and 1-[2,5-dimethoxy-4-(2 methylpropyl)phenyl]-2-aminopropane. AB - Two novel hallucinogen analogues related to 1-(2,5-dimethoxy-4-methylphenyl)-2 aminopropane (DOM, STP) were synthesized and evaluated in the two-lever drug discrimination paradigm by using 0.08 mg/kg of LSD as the training drug stimulus. The two compounds differ from each other only with respect to the point of branching in the 4-alkyl group. However, pharmacological evaluation revealed a clear difference in difference in potency and degree of LSD generalization for the two isomers. Branching adjacent to the ring, as in the 4-(2-butyl) analogue, may provide steric interference to the formation of the drug-receptor complex, while branching one methylene unit removed from the ring, as in the 4-(2 methylpropyl) analogue, poses less of a steric problem for the drug-receptor interaction. This is consistent with the idea that formation of a charge-transfer complex between the hallucinogen molecule and the receptor may be one of the features of this drug-receptor interaction. PMID- 6737422 TI - Synthesis and biological evaluation of radiolabeled beta-ruthenocenylalanine. AB - Carrier-free beta-[103,106Ru] ruthenocenylalanine was prepared from 103, 106RuCl3 by utilizing ( ruthenocenylmethyl )trimethylammonium iodide as the key synthetic intermediate. The amino acid analogue was evaluated as a pancreatic imaging agent, but no selective uptake in the pancreas was observed in either rats or mice. PMID- 6737423 TI - Aporphines. 58. N-(2-chloroethyl) [8,9-2H]norapomorphine, an irreversible ligand for dopamine receptors: synthesis and application. AB - The synthesis of the title compounds (1c and its 2H isomer 1b) from N-(2 hydroxyethyl)norapomorphine was carried out by ring bromination, followed by chlorination to the 2-chloroethyl compound 6. Further reduction with 2H2 or 3H2 and Pd/C gave 1b or 1c. Radiochemically pure (97%) 1c was obtained with a specific activity of 16.3 Ci/mmol. The purity of 1c was determined by LC, HPLC, UV, and NMR. [3H]NCA was shown to label the D2 receptor; however, the D2 signal appears to be only a small portion of the total signal, which may include binding to other dopamine receptor subtypes (D1 and D3). PMID- 6737424 TI - Topical carbonic anhydrase inhibitors. AB - Ethoxzolamide and several derivatives (1-6) were synthesized and evaluated for carbonic anhydrase inhibition (CAI), solubility, pKa, distribution, and corneal permeability. The 6-hydroxy (5) and, particularly, the 6-chloro (6) analogues have the best combination of properties for penetrating the site of action and reducing intraocular pressure. Both 5 and 6 exhibited topical effectiveness in the normal rabbit, with 6 showing greater potency. PMID- 6737425 TI - 2,3-Dimethyl-1,4-naphthoquinone derivatives as bioreductive alkylating agents with cross-linking potential. AB - Bioreducible 2,3-disubstituted 1,4-naphthoquinones have been synthesized and evaluated for anticancer activity by measuring their capacity to prolong the life span of Sarcoma 180 tumor bearing mice. The leaving group in the 2- and 3 positions of these agents significantly influenced the degree of antineoplastic activity, with the most active agents being the methyl sulfonate (5), the methyl carbamate (9), and the 2-chloroethyl carbamate (10) derivatives; when these quinones were administered daily for 6 consecutive days, they produced maximum T/C X 100 values of 232, 266, and 230, respectively. PMID- 6737426 TI - Structural correlations of choline acetyltransferase inhibitors: trans-N (carboxymethyl)-4-(beta-1-naphthylvinyl)pyridinium bromide and cis-N-(2 aminoethyl)-4-(beta-1-naphthylvinyl)-3-methylpyridinium bromide hydrobromide. AB - This paper correlates the X-ray structures of two 4-(beta-1 naphthylvinyl)pyridine analogues (one cis and one trans) with chemical and biological activity data for this class of cholineacetylase inhibitors. Our results suggest that one of the two proposed mechanisms for inhibition by this class of compounds better describes their efficacy. Previous arguments about coplanarity of the aromatic rings and nucleophilicty across the vinyl linkage need to be modified. Quantum calculations are also included and substantiate previous suggestions about the charge distribution across the vinyl linkages. An alternate new mechanism of inhibition is proposed to encompass the published data and more recent results discussed in this paper. PMID- 6737427 TI - (Acylaryloxy)acetic acid diuretics. 5. [(2-Alkyl- and 2,2-disubstituted-1,3-dioxo 5-indanyl)oxy]acetic acids. AB - Investigation of the chemistry of the potent uricosuric diuretic indacrinone (MK 196) prompted the synthesis of a series of 3-oxo derivatives, i.e., the indan-1,3 diones. In general, both pharmacological parameters (uricosuria and diuresis) were significantly less pronounced with the 1,3-diones than with the parent 1-oxo compounds. PMID- 6737428 TI - Synthesis of potent heptapeptide analogues of cholecystokinin. AB - Nine new analogues of acetyl-CCK-heptapeptide (Ac-Tyr(SO3H)2-Met3-Gly4-Trp5-Met6 Asp7-Phe8-NH2 ) were synthesized by solid-phase methodology. In a first series, the Asp7 residue was replaced by hydroxy amino acid sulfate esters. In another series, Gly4 was substituted by D-Ala, while Trp5 and Met6 were replaced by their D enantiomer. The introduction of the sulfate ester was performed with a new, mild, crystalline, and stable reagent, pyridinium acetyl sulfate. Each analogue that contained Tyr(SO3H)2 and a hydroxy amino acid sulfate ester [Ser(SO3H), Thr(SO3H), or Hyp(SO3H)] in position 7 proved to be more potent (1.9, 1.7, and 3.0 times, respectively) than CCK-8 in vitro (isolated gallbladder strips). While devoid of gastrin-like activity in vivo, these analogues had potent anticonvulsive activity. The analogues containing a D-amino acid residue were less potent than the parent compound in vitro. The D-Ala4 replacement, however, yielded a compound that was 40% as potent as CCK-8 in the in vitro test but showed prolonged duration of action on sphincter Oddi. While the 7-substituted Ac CCK heptapeptides are among the most potent CCK analogues reported so far, the D Ala4 replacement resulted, for the first time, in prolonged activity in vivo. PMID- 6737429 TI - Identification of an acridine photoaffinity probe for trypanocidal action. AB - Twenty-four acridine derivatives were screened for trypanocidal activity in Trypanosoma brucei in order to determine which structural features of the acridine molecule confer maximal antiparasitic activity. The synthesis of several new azidoacridine derivatives are also reported as well as an assessment of their value as possible photoaffinity probes for the study of acridine trypanocidal action. The most effective and selective acridine trypanocides, with and without irradiation, were the 3-amino-10-methylacridinium salt derivatives. With brief irradiation, one azidoacridine, 3-amino-6-azido-10-methylacridinium chloride, showed considerable trypanocidal activity at very limiting drug concentrations (10(-7)M) and warrants consideration as a possible photoaffinity probe. PMID- 6737430 TI - Tumor inhibitory triazenes. 3. Dealkylation within an homologous series and its relation to antitumor activity. AB - The in vivo antitumor activity and in vitro metabolic dealkylation have been measured for an homologous series of 3-alkyl-1-(4-carbamoylphenyl)-3 methyltriazenes and have been compared with their partition coefficients. This investigation has shown that the extent of oxidative metabolism in vitro and the antitumor activity in vivo of these compounds are dependent upon hydrophobicity. These findings provide confirmation for the relationship between metabolism and antitumor activity for aryldialkyltriazenes. PMID- 6737431 TI - Sulfur analogues of psychotomimetic agents. 3. Ethyl homologues of mescaline and their monothio analogues. AB - All possible monothio analogues of the mono-, di-, and triethoxy homologues of mescaline have been synthesized and pharmacologically evaluated in man. Modifications at the ring position para to the ethylamine chain, either with a sulfur atom, a longer alkyl chain, or both, lead to compounds of high central nervous system activity. The 4-n-propoxy and 4-n-butoxy homologues and their corresponding 4-thio analogues were also synthesized and pharmacologically evaluated. The propyl homologues retain high potency, but a butyl group (either with or without a sulfur atom) leads to a decrease in activity. The m-ethyl or m thio analogues retain some central action but the diethoxy and especially the triethoxy homologues are relatively inactive as psychotomimetic drugs. PMID- 6737432 TI - Methotrexate analogues. 23. Synthesis, dihydrofolate reductase affinity, cytotoxicity, and in vivo antitumor activity of some putative degradation products of methotrexate-poly(L-lysine) conjugates. AB - Derivatives of methotrexate (MTX) in which the gamma-carboxyl group is joined to the epsilon-amino group of L-lysine, L-lysyl-L-lysine, or L-lysyl-L-lysyl-L lysine, respectively, were prepared for evaluation of their dihydrofolate reductase (DHFR) affinity, their ability to retard cell growth in culture, and their antitumor activity in vivo. These small lysine derivatives of MTX are of interest as putative breakdown products of MTX-poly(L-lysine). Inhibition of DHFR in a cell-free assay was decreased only 3-fold relative to MTX, indicating that gamma-substitution by up to three lysines is well tolerated for binding. On the other hand, toxicity toward L1210 murine leukemia cells in culture decreased up to 120-fold relative to MTX as the lysines increased in number from one to three, suggesting that uptake across the cell membrane becomes difficult when positively charged lysines are at the gamma-position. Growth inhibition of H35 rat hepatoma cells was decreased 40- to 60-fold relative to MTX, but in H35R0.3 cells, which have normal DHFR content but are 180-fold MTX resistant by virtue of a transport defect, the lysine derivatives were only 3- to 7-fold less toxic than MTX. When the adducts were given to L1210 leukemic mice by twice-daily injection for 10 days, an increase in life span (ILS) of 80-100% was observed at 40 mg/kg (equivalent to 20-30 mg/kg of MTX). MTX itself, on the same schedule, gave a 100% ILS at 0.5 mg/kg. The low in vivo activity of the mono-, di-, and trilysine adducts suggests minimal systemic hydrolysis to free MTX. PMID- 6737433 TI - General distance geometry three-dimensional receptor model for diverse dihydrofolate reductase inhibitors. AB - A common three-dimensional receptor model has been formulated for six different classes of rat liver dihydrofolate reductase inhibits using the distance geometry approach. Altogether, 62 molecules of five different classes were used to generate the receptor model, which has 11 attractive site points and 5 repulsive ones. It gave a fit having a correlation coefficient of 0.949 and root mean square (rms) deviation of 0.527. The attractive site points of the model closely correspond to the one we reported earlier. The model successfully predicted the biological data of 33 molecules of 5 different classes, one molecule of which was a member of a new class not included in the original data set. Guidelines are put forth for the synthesis of improved inhibitors. PMID- 6737434 TI - Synthesis of potential antifilarial agents. 1-(5-Benzoylbenzimidazol-2-yl)-3 alkyl- and -arylureas. AB - A series of 1-(5-benzoylbenzimidazol-2-yl)-3-substituted ureas have been synthesized by reacting an appropriate isocyanate with 2-amino-5 benzoylbenzimidazole or by reacting methyl (5-benzoylbenzimidazol-2-yl)carbamate with various amines. Several of the compounds have demonstrated antifilarial activity against Brugia pahangi and Litomosoides carinii. PMID- 6737436 TI - Biological activity and a modified synthesis of 8-amino-3-beta-D-ribofuranosyl 1,2,4-triazolo[4,3-a]pyrazine, an isomer of formycin. AB - A two-step synthesis of 8-amino-3-beta-D-ribofuranosyl-1,2,4-triazolo[4,3 a]pyrazine (3), which is an isomer of formycin that resembles 3-deazaadenosine, is reported. Compound 3 is also described as as being a very poor substrate for adenosine deaminase and to be both a competitive and an irreversible inhibitor of S-adenosylhomocysteinase in the synthesis direction. L1210 cell growth in culture was inhibited by 3. Compound 3 was not converted to the nucleotide level in erythrocytes but was found to inhibit both the cellular uptake of nucleic acid precursors and their incorporation into the nucleic acids of L1210 cells. Finally, 3 was found to be a weak antiviral agent and coronary vasodilator. PMID- 6737437 TI - In vitro fertilisation and moral equivalence. PMID- 6737435 TI - Catechol derivatives of 6-aminobenzocycloheptene: assessment of dopaminergic effects. AB - The title compounds were prepared as congeners of the dopaminergically potent 2 amino-5,6-dihydroxytetralin series ("A-5,6-DTN"). None of the variously nitrogen substituted benzocycloheptenes demonstrated any dopamine-like effects in a variety of assays. The primary amine had alpha 1-adrenoceptor stimulant effects. This lack of dopaminergic effect parallels the inactivity found in 6 aminobenzocycloheptenes bearing no oxygen substitutents, those bearing a single phenolic group, and those bearing a resorcinol 1,3-diphenolic substitution pattern. PMID- 6737439 TI - Breast-milk substitutes. PMID- 6737438 TI - Brain death. PMID- 6737440 TI - Acts and omissions: killing and letting die. PMID- 6737441 TI - Ethics and the severely malformed infant: report on a multidisciplinary workshop. PMID- 6737442 TI - Ethics and surveys. PMID- 6737443 TI - The moral status of embryos. AB - In a recent discussion of human in vitro fertilisation, Kuhse and Singer argue that it is legitimate to destroy unwanted embryos. Their argument fails: it involves at least two and possibly three logical fallacies. If the destruction of embryos is to be justified an alternative argument will have to be found. PMID- 6737444 TI - The treatability requirement in psychopathy: a new ethical dilemma? PMID- 6737445 TI - Gonorrhoea in a toddler: sexual abuse or accidental infection? PMID- 6737446 TI - Impact of the evolution in health care delivery on the academic medical center. AB - The academic medical center is currently being affected by major changes in the national health care delivery system. These changes include the rapid growth in prepaid health plans, the emerging surplus of physicians, and the continued escalation of health care costs. The potential effects of these changes are only now becoming appreciated and may have significant ramifications for the entire medical education system. In this article, the author traces the impact of these changes on one major academic medical center. He presents a methodology for pinpointing other centers that may soon be affected and discusses ways to minimize the undesirable consequences of these changes. PMID- 6737447 TI - The effect on academic health centers of tertiary care in community hospitals. AB - Increased competition among hospitals is a potential threat to teaching hospitals. The growing cost of medical education and the provision of care to the indigent can be endangered by the dilution of revenue sources which traditionally have been available to the academic health centers but which now are being taken over by suburban hospitals. As an example of such a threat, the authors in this paper relate a case study regarding the expansion of open heart surgery programs in St. Louis, Missouri. PMID- 6737448 TI - Program relationships of community hospitals and medical schools in CME. AB - In this paper, the authors report on a nationwide study that examined continuing medical education (CME) "programmatic linkages" between medical schools and community hospitals. Data were gathered to answer two major questions. To what extent are U.S. medical schools currently involved with community hospitals in providing cosponsored, accredited CME programs on an ongoing basis for hospital staffs? How do such programs differ one from the other? Data obtained indicated that a majority (70 percent) of the medical schools have CME programmatic linkages with community hospitals and that these relationships were viewed as very positive and beneficial. PMID- 6737449 TI - Professionalization of the older medical student. AB - While older applicants have traditionally had difficulty being admitted to medical schools, they slowly are gaining easier acceptance at some institutions. Little is known, however, about whether or not older medical students experience the same professionalization process as younger ones and whether or not the extensive literature developed over the past 40 years is useful in understanding older students' developmental processes. Structured interviews were conducted with 26 University of Cincinnati students who were 28 or older when they matriculated as freshmen in medical school. The findings indicated not only that these students experienced different stresses from their younger classmates but also that they cope with problems and view the professionalization process differently. These results are discussed in relation to the literature. Some suggestions for educational and counseling policies are offered. PMID- 6737450 TI - Maximizing patient care services to improve funding in a family medicine residency. AB - The authors discuss ways to increase the funding base of a family medicine residency program through the appropriate use of procedures related to patient care and the provisions of service. Following a commitment of cooperation by residents and faculty members, certain principles of a business practice management curriculum were expanded and applied to a residency program. A written procedure manual describing the intricacies of the fee-for-service system was prepared for interns. Mechanisms for the review of patient care productivity and educationally productive incentives were developed. All of these steps were helpful in achieving improvement in the funding base for the residency. Areas for potential expansion in training programs and financial and staffing strategies to increase revenues are discussed. Although administrative decisions regarding fees and collection mechanisms are mentioned, this discussion focuses on educational and patient care activities that also produce revenue. PMID- 6737451 TI - Medical student counseling: the Rush Medical College Adviser Program. AB - An adviser program has been instituted at Rush Medical College which utilizes specially selected and trained faculty members and provides comprehensive counseling with continuity of contact between adviser and student through the four years of medical school. In this paper, the authors describe the development of the program and the evaluations used to determine its efficacy. The authors conclude that the personal characteristics and time commitment of the advisers are of primary importance rather than their training discipline, that continuity of contact between student and adviser fosters the development of the most beneficial relationships, that advisers require special training during the entire time of their service as advisers, and that the program and the advisers require continual monitoring so that deficient performance and changing needs can be promptly identified. PMID- 6737452 TI - Teaching interviewing skills to medical students: the issue of 'countertransference'. AB - The study reported here revealed a very high incidence of unrecognized feelings toward the patient ("countertransference") and potentially harmful associated behaviors in a group of medical students at the midpoint of their training. Fifteen students were studied individually by the author during a clinical interview each student conducted with a patient. Typically, unrecognized feelings were fear of harming the patient, fear of loss of control, performance anxiety, and fears unique to the individual student (such as fear of cancer in self). One or more of these feelings were present in 14 of the students. Interview behaviors that were potentially deleterious were present in 13 students; avoidance and/or overcontrol of the psychosocial aspects of the interview accounted for 11 of these instances, while two students exhibited behaviors unique to the student. Although these students all had demonstrated adequate interviewing skills previously, the unrecognized feelings were, in each of the 13 instances, related to impaired interview performance. These data suggest the need for interviewing instructors to teach medical students about the concept of counter-transference in addition to interviewing techniques. PMID- 6737453 TI - Six-year documentation of the easy grader in the medical clerkship setting. PMID- 6737454 TI - Understanding the clinical performance of physicians: a factor analysis approach. PMID- 6737456 TI - A regular physical exercise program for medical students: learning about prevention through participation. PMID- 6737455 TI - A model for interschool teaching of humanities during clinical training. PMID- 6737457 TI - Severity of patient's illness: an important factor contributing to laboratory costs in a teaching hospital. PMID- 6737458 TI - Analysis of practice interviews of medical students with elderly persons. PMID- 6737460 TI - Emergency medicine education. PMID- 6737459 TI - The influence of medical practice competition on the academic medical center's educational mission. PMID- 6737461 TI - Evaluation of library skills. PMID- 6737462 TI - Kinetic properties of the ATP-dependent Ca2+ pump and the Na+/Ca2+ exchange system in basolateral membranes from rat kidney cortex. AB - Basolateral plasma membranes from rat kidney cortex have been purified 40-fold by a combination of differential centrifugation, centrifugation in a discontinuous sucrose gradient followed by centrifugation in 8% percoll. The ratio of leaky membrane vesicles (L) versus right-side-out (RO) and inside-out (IO) resealed vesicles appeared to be L:RO:IO = 4:3:1. High-affinity Ca2+-ATPase, ATP-dependent Ca2+ transport and Na+/Ca2+ exchange have been studied with special emphasis on the relative transport capacities of the two Ca2+ transport systems. The kinetic parameters of Ca2+-ATPase activity in digitonin-treated membranes are: Km = 0.11 microM Ca2+ and Vmax = 81 +/- 4 nmol Pi/min X mg protein at 37 degrees C. ATP dependent Ca2+ transport amounts to 4.3 +/- 0.2 and 7.4 +/- 0.3 nmol Ca2+/min X mg protein at 25 and 37 degrees C, respectively, with an affinity for Ca2+ of 0.13 and 0.07 microM at 25 and 37 degrees C. After correction for the percentage of IO-resealed vesicles involved in ATP-dependent Ca2+ transport, a stoichiometry of 0.7 mol Ca2+ transported per mol ATP is found for the Ca2+-ATPase. In the presence of 75 mM Na+ in the incubation medium ATP-dependent Ca2+ uptake is inhibited 22%. When Na+ is present at 5 mM an extra Ca2+ accumulation is observed which amounts to 15% of the ATP-dependent Ca2+ transport rate. This extra Ca2+ accumulation induced by low Na+ is fully inhibited by preincubation of the vesicles with 1 mM ouabain, which indicates that (Na+-K+)-ATPase generates a Na+ gradient favorable for Ca2+ accumulation via the Na+/Ca2+ exchanger. In the absence of ATP, a Na+ gradient-dependent Ca2+ uptake is measured which rate amounts to 5% of the ATP-dependent Ca2+ transport capacity. The Na+ gradient dependent Ca2+ uptake is abolished by the ionophore monensin but not influenced by the presence of valinomycin. The affinity of the Na+/Ca2+ exchange system for Ca2+ is between 0.1 and 0.2 microM Ca2+, in the presence as well as in the absence of ATP. This affinity is surprisingly close to the affinity measured for the ATP-dependent Ca2+ pump. Based on these observations it is concluded that in isolated basolateral membranes from rat kidney cortex the Ca2+-ATPase system exceeds the capacity of the Na+/Ca2+ exchanger four- to fivefold and it is therefore unlikely that the latter system plays a primary role in the Ca2+ homeostasis of rat kidney cortex cells. PMID- 6737463 TI - Kinetics of sodium D-glucose cotransport in bovine intestinal brush border vesicles. AB - Brush border membrane vesicles ( BBMV ) purified from steer jejunum were used to study the kinetics of sodium D-glucose cotransport under voltage clamped, zero trans conditions. When the initial rate of glucose transport ( Jgluc ) was measured over a wide range of glucose concentrations ([S] = 0.01-20 mM), curvature of the Woolf - Augustinsson -Hofstee plots was seen, compatible with a diffusional and one major, high capacity (maximal transport rate Jmax = 5.8-8.8 nmol/mg X min) saturable system. Further studies indicated that changes in cis [Na] altered the Kt, but not the Jmax, suggesting the presence of a rapid equilibrium, ordered bireactant system with sodium adding first. Trans sodium inhibited Jgluc hyperbolically, KCl-valinomycin diffusion potentials, inner membrane face positive, lowered Jgluc , while potentials of the opposite polarity raise Jgluc . At low glucose concentrations ([S] less than 0.05 mM), a second, minor, high affinity transport system was indicated. Further evidence for this second saturable system was provided by sodium activation curves, which were hyperbolic when [S] = 0.5 mM, but were sigmoidal when [S] = 0.01 mM. Simultaneous fluxes of 22Na and [3H]glucose at 1 mM glucose and 30 mM NaCl yielded a cotransport-dependent flux ratio of 2:1 sodium/glucose, suggestive of 1:1 (Na/glucose) high capacity, low affinity system and a approximately 3:1 (Na/glucose) high affinity, low capacity system. Kinetic experiments with rabbit jejunal brush borders revealed two major Na-dependent saturable systems. Extravesicular (cis) Na changed the Kt, but not the Jmax of the major system. PMID- 6737464 TI - Morphologic response of the rabbit cortical collecting tubule to peritubular hypotonicity: quantitative examination with differential interference contrast microscopy. AB - The isolated and perfused cortical collecting tubule of the rabbit was examined by differential interference contrast microscopy in order to characterize the morphologic response of this nephron segment to peritubular hypotonicity. Computer-assisted, morphometric procedures were developed to obtain measurements of cell volume and lateral intercellular space geometry from interference contrast images of perfused nephron segments. Following dilution of the bath from 290 to 190 mOsm in the absence of antidiuretic hormone (T = 25 degrees C), the cells swelled rapidly to a new steady-state volume which was maintained for at least 20 to 30 min and which was about 90% of that predicted for ideal osmometric behavior. The increase in cell volume was accomplished entirely by bulging of the cells into the lumen; lateral space width and outside tubule diameter were unaffected by peritubular hypotonicity. In addition, the swelling of the cells was associated with an apparent swelling of intracellular organelles, e.g., nuclei and mitochondria. Our results indicate that cells of the mammalian collecting tubule swell without the capacity for significant volume regulation at 25 degrees C and without the cytoplasmic vacuolation and dilation of the lateral intercellular spaces observed following the onset of antidiuretic hormone dependent volume reabsorption (E. Ganote , J. Grantham , H. Moses, M. Burg and J. Orloff , J. Cell Biol. 36:355, 1968). PMID- 6737465 TI - Quantitative analysis of the structural events associated with antidiuretic hormone-induced volume reabsorption in the rabbit cortical collecting tubule. AB - We quantitatively examined the influence of antidiuretic hormone (ADH)-dependent volume reabsorption on the morphology of the rabbit cortical collecting tubule. Estimates of cell volume and the geometry of the lateral intercellular spaces were extracted from differential interference contrast images of perfused nephron segments using the morphometric procedures described in the preceding paper (K.L. Kirk , D.R. DiBona and J.A. Schafer, J. Membrane Biol. 79:53-64, 1984). The results indicate that ADH addition in the presence, but not absence, of a lumen to-bath osmotic gradient (130 to 290 mOsm) stimulated transepithelial volume flow and simultaneously increased the volumes of both the cells (+28%) and the lateral intercellular spaces (+78%). In addition, the formation of cytoplasmic vacuoles could be observed during the latter stages of the swelling response, and vacuole formation continued well after new steady-state values for transepithelial water flow and cell volume had been reached. Two main conclusions can be drawn from these results. First, the cytoplasmic vacuoles comprise a slowly filling compartment that lies in parallel to the transepithelial pathway for ADH stimulated volume reabsorption. Second, from the magnitude of the cell volume increase, we estimate that the hydraulic conductivities of the opposing cell membranes are nearly equal during maximal ADH stimulation. PMID- 6737466 TI - H+ transport and the regulation of intracellular pH in Ehrlich ascites tumor cells. AB - The intracellular pH (pHi) of Ehrlich ascites tumor cells, both in the steady state and under conditions of acid loading or recovery from acid loading, was investigated by measuring the transmembrane flux of H+ equivalents and correlating this with changes in the distribution ratio of dimethyloxazolidine 2,4-dione (DMO). The pHi of cells placed in an acidic medium (pHo below 7.15) decreases and reaches a steady-state value that is more alkaline than the outside. For example when pHo is acutely reduced to 5.5, pHi falls exponentially from 7.20 +/- 0.06 to 6.29 +/- 0.04 with a halftime of 5.92 +/- 1.37 min, suggesting a rapid influx of H+. The unidirectional influx of H+ exhibits saturation kinetics with respect to extracellular [H+]; the maximal flux is 15.8 +/- 0.05 mmol/(kg dry wt X min) and Km is 0.74 +/- 0.09 X 10(-6) M. Steady-state cells with pHi above 6.8 continuously extrude H+ by a process that is not dependent on ATP but is inhibited by anaerobiosis. Acid-loaded cells (pHi 6.3) when returned to pHo 7.3 medium respond by transporting H+, resulting in a rapid rise in pHi. The halftime for this process is 1.09 +/- 0.22 min. The H+ efflux measured under similar conditions increases as the intracellular acid load increases. An ATP-independent as well as an ATP-dependent efflux contributes to the restoration of pHi to its steady-state value. PMID- 6737467 TI - Effects of alcohols on ADP-induced aggregation and membrane fluidity of gel filtered bovine blood platelets. AB - The effects of four alcohols--n-propyl, n-butyl, n-amyl and n-hexyl alcohol--on the ADP-induced aggregation of gel-filtered bovine platelets were examined. All four alcohols inhibited the aggregation, the order of their effects being n propyl less than n-butyl less than n-amyl less than n-hexyl. Comparison of the inhibitory effects of the alcohols with their physico-chemical properties showed that their degrees of inhibition depended on their hydrophobicities. Moreover, it was suggested that their interaction with the lipid layer of the membrane was important for the inhibition. Studies on the effects of alcohols on the fluorescence polarization of 1,6-diphenyl-1,3,5-hexatriene-labeled platelets showed that the membrane fluidity of the platelets increased in the same concentration range in which aggregation inhibition was observed. Since the alcohols inhibited aggregation without affecting Ca2+ mobilization in the platelets, as revealed in this study, it was concluded that inhibition of platelet aggregation was due to perturbation of membrane lipids by the alcohols. This hypothesis is supported by several recent studies on the effects of cholesterol and cations, which suggest that a relatively rigid membrane favors platelet aggregation. PMID- 6737468 TI - The unbiased estimation of number and sizes of arbitrary particles using the disector. AB - A three-dimensional counting rule and its integral test system, the disector, for obtaining unbiased estimates of the number of arbitrary particles in a specimen is presented. Used in combination with ordinary and recently developed stereological methods unbiased estimates of various mean particle sizes and the variance of particle volume are obtainable on sets of two parallel sections with a known separation. The same principle allows the unbiased estimation of the distribution of individual particle volumes in sets of serial sections. PMID- 6737469 TI - An automatic pulsed laser microfluorometer with high spatial and temporal resolution. AB - The paper describes an automatic pulsed laser microfluorometer with high spatial and temporal resolution, developed in our laboratories. The instrument consists of: (i) a nitrogen-laser-pumped dye-laser for the excitation of the fluorescence, (ii) a microscope with additional optics to focus the excitation beam on the sample and to collect the fluorescence, (iii) filters or monochromators to select the output wavelength, (iv) a fast photomultiplier tube to detect the signal, and (v) a dual time-scale microprocessor-controlled signal averager for the acquisition and processing of the signal. Examples are given that show the potential of the time-resolved fluorescence microscopy in studying, quantitatively and qualitatively, the properties of fluorescent molecules. PMID- 6737470 TI - Pitting and bubbling artefacts in surface replicas made with silicone elastomers. AB - Pitting or bubbling on the surface of epoxy resin replicas is a frequently encountered artefact associated with the use of silicone rubber impression materials. Several variants of this type of artefact are illustrated. It is suggested that bubbles or pits form at the mould:epoxy interface during curing of the epoxy, and that they are caused by gas escaping from the mould material itself. Duration of silicone rubber polymerization, base-catalyst ratios, and surface porosity of the object may all influence the occurrence of mould degassing. PMID- 6737471 TI - Internal medulla of hair revealed by scanning electron microscopy. PMID- 6737472 TI - Blue molybdenum oxides: a stain for light and electron microscopy. AB - Blue molybdenum oxides (molybdenum blues) have been prepared from aqueous phosphomolybdic acid solutions and applied to thin and semi-thin sections of glutaraldehyde-fixed, epoxy-embedded tissues. A light blue colour and high electron opacity were found in mast cell granules, the secretion content of goblet cells, and cytoplasmic granules in Drosophila salivary glands. The possibility that binding of blue molybdenum oxides to polyhydroxylic components accounts for the staining and contrasting reactions in some cell structures is briefly discussed. PMID- 6737473 TI - James Grant Thompson Memorial Lecture. Current concepts and treatment of pancreatic cancer. PMID- 6737474 TI - The changing dynamics of hospital-medical staff relationships. PMID- 6737475 TI - Shut-off of actin biosynthesis in adenovirus serotype-2-infected cells. AB - Adenovirus produces a dramatic shut-off of host protein synthesis after infection of HeLa cells. The level of actin messenger RNAs remained relatively unchanged after viral infection, when assayed by in vitro translation and two-dimensional gel electrophoresis analysis of the proteins or hybridization of the total cytoplasmic RNAs to the human actin gene. The distribution of actin mRNA in the polyribosomes is altered after adenovirus infection, with small polyribosomes and monoribosomes of the infected cells occupied by actin messages untranslatable in a rabbit reticulocyte lysate. The large polyribosomes still retain enough functional mRNAs to provide significant levels of actin protein in a rabbit reticulocyte in vitro translation system. In contrast, in homologous infected cell lysates, the translation of exogenous actin mRNA is greatly reduced when compared to uninfected HeLa cell lysates. In nuclease-treated uninfected or infected HeLa cell-free extracts, translation of viral mRNA is equally efficient and higher than that of actin mRNA. Thus, translational regulatory mechanisms which include inactivation of a part of the actin mRNA population accompanied by displacement to small polysomes and/or virus-induced modification of the cellular translational machinery to discriminate against cellular actin mRNA seem to account for the sharp reduction in actin protein synthesis of adenovirus-infected cells. PMID- 6737476 TI - Replication of adenovirus mini-chromosomes. AB - We have isolated adenovirus origins of DNA replication from both the right and left ends of the genome, which are functional on linear autonomously replicating mini-chromosomes. The mini-chromosomes contain two cloned inverted adenovirus termini and require non-defective adenovirus as a helper. Replicated molecules are covalently attached to protein, and DNA synthesis is initiated at the correct nucleotide even when the origins are not located at molecular ends. The activity of embedded origins leads to the generation of linear mini-chromosomes from circular or linear molecules. These observations therefore suggest that sequences within the adenovirus origin of replication position the protein priming event at the adenovirus terminus. Experiments investigating the regeneration of deleted viral inverted terminal repeat sequences show a sequence-independent requirement for inverted sequences in this process. This result strongly suggests that repair results from the formation of a panhandle structure by a displaced single strand. On the basis of these observations we propose a model for the generation of adenovirus mini-chromosomes from larger molecules. PMID- 6737477 TI - Involvement of the globular domain of histone H1 in the higher order structures of chromatin. AB - We have attacked H1-containing soluble chromatin by alpha-chymotrypsin under conditions where chromatin adopts different structures. Soluble rat liver chromatin fragments depleted of non-histone components were digested with alpha chymotrypsin in NaCl concentrations between 0 mM and 500 mM, at pH 7, or at pH 10, or at pH 7 in the presence of 4 M-urea. alpha-Chymotrypsin cleaves purified rat liver histone H1 at a specific initial site (CT) located in the globular domain and produces an N-terminal half (CT-N) which contains most of the globular domain and the N-terminal tail, and a C-terminal half (CT-C) which contains the C terminal tail and a small part of the globular domain. Since in sodium dodecyl sulfate/polyacrylamide-gel electrophoresis CT-C migrates between the core histones and H1, cleavage of chromatin-bound H1 by alpha-chymotrypsin can be easily monitored. The CT-C fragment was detected under conditions where chromatin fibers were unfolded or distorted: under conditions of H1 dissociation at 400 mM and 500 mM-NaCl (pH 7 and 10); at very low ionic strength where chromatin is unfolded into a filament with well-separated nucleosomes; at pH 10 independent of the ionic strength where chromatin never assumes higher order structures; in the presence of 4 M-urea (pH 7), again independent of the ionic strength. However, hardly any CT-C fragment was detected under conditions where fibers are observed in the electron microscope at pH 7 between 20 mM and 300 mM-NaCl. Under these conditions H1 is degraded by alpha-chymotrypsin into unstable fragments with a molecular weight higher than that of CT-C. Thus, the data show that there are at least two different modes of interaction of H1 in chromatin which correlate with the physical state of the chromatin. Since the condensation of chromatin into structurally organized fibers upon raising the ionic strength starts by internucleosomal contacts in the fiber axis (zig-zag-shaped fiber), where H1 appears to be localized, it is likely that in chromatin fibers the preferential cleavage site for alpha-chymotrypsin is protected because of H1-H1 contacts. The data suggest that the globular part of H1 is involved in these contacts close to the fiber axis. They appear to be hydrophobic and to be essential for the structural organization of the chromatin fibers.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 400 WORDS) PMID- 6737478 TI - Determination of the structure of ovalbumin glycopeptide AC-B by 1H nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy at 500 MHz. AB - Three unique, unmodified ovalbumin glycopeptides were separated to homogeneity by high-pressure liquid chromatography. The nuclear magnetic resonance data, at 500 MHz, confirmed the structure of two of the three species and for the first time established the presence of a Man8GlcNAc2Asn glycopeptide in ovalbumin. This compound was a single homogeneous isomeric form out of three possible compounds expected as processing intermediates. PMID- 6737479 TI - Crystal structure of the nucleosome core particle at 16 A resolution. AB - The crystal structure of the nucleosome core particle has been studied by neutron diffraction to a resolution of 16 A. By using H2O/D2O solvent contrast variation, the structures of the DNA and histone core were analysed separately. The DNA, as seen at this resolution, forms a super-helix of pitch 25.8 A, radius 42.1 A and 1.8 turns in length. The histone core itself is approximately helical and follows the DNA along the inside of the super-helix, giving the nucleosome core particle an overall 2-fold axis of symmetry. Four regions can be distinguished in the protein density, which we interpret as dimers of histones within the octameric core. The dimers have been assigned on the basis of other evidence as being of two kinds, (H2A-H2B) and (H3-H4). Because solvent contrast variation can distinguish between hydrophobic and hydrophilic regions in the protein density, our results suggest that the interface between the monomers of each dimer is probably quite hydrophobic in character, while the interaction between dimers is weaker and/or more hydrophilic. The protein is in contact with most of the DNA and there are some regions where it may penetrate between the turns of the super helix. In particular, the tetramer (H4-H3)-(H3-H4) is in close contact with the central part of the DNA, but significant contacts are seen also between the histones H3 and the extremities of the super-helix, thus explaining the stability of a nucleosome-like particle depleted of H2A and H2B. Significant departures from the molecular 2-fold axis of symmetry occur in the relative arrangements of the two (H2A-H2B) dimers. PMID- 6737480 TI - Nucleosome core particle stability and conformational change. Effect of temperature, particle and NaCl concentrations, and crosslinking of histone H3 sulfhydryl groups. AB - We have studied the reversible dissociation of core size DNA from chicken erythrocyte nucleosome core particles in solutions containing 0 X 1 M to 0 X 6 M NaCl. Dissociation increases with increasing NaCl concentration, increasing temperature and decreasing particle concentration. At high particle concentrations, no free DNA is observed below 0 X 3 M-NaCl, whereas above 0 X 3 M NaCl a lower limit of dissociation is reached. A theoretical analysis based on the migrating-octamer mechanism of Stein is in disagreement with his conclusions concerning dependence of core particle dissociation on particle concentration, but provides a good explanation for our observations, and those of others, using salt concentrations up to 1 M-NaCl. It appears that the core particle is not stabilized primarily by electrostatic interactions. DNA length is not critical for core particle stabilization. The conformation of remaining intact nucleosome core particles changes only moderately within the range of NaCl concentrations studied. Crosslinking by copper phenanthroline of the Cys110 histone H3 single sulfhydryl groups in the intact nucleosome core particle leads to a decrease in stability, yet essentially unchanged hydrodynamic properties are maintained at 0 X 6 M-NaCl, confirming conclusions derived from the behavior of the native core particles. Values for density increments of nucleosome core particles over a range of NaCl concentrations are also given. A method is described for studying binding of histones to nucleosome core particles in the ultracentrifuge by scanning at 230 and 260 nm. PMID- 6737481 TI - Extracellular potassium accumulation in acute myocardial ischemia. AB - In acute reversible myocardial ischemia extracellular potassium activity rises 4 to 5 fold within 10 to 15 min after interruption of coronary perfusion. The underlying net cellular K+ loss is likely to be caused by an increased K+ efflux in the presence of maintained Na+/K+ pumping (i.e. active K+ influx). A hypothesis is discussed which relates increased K+ efflux to the formation of weak acids in the cells during anaerobic metabolism. However, the exact mechanism remains to be determined by further experimental investigations. PMID- 6737482 TI - Effect of calcium paradox on spontaneous sarcomere motions in isolated rat cardiac muscle. AB - Spontaneous sarcomere motions in isolated rat cardiac muscle were measured by recording the light intensity at a point of magnified muscle image. The spontaneous sarcomere motions were located near the cut end, and not evenly distributed along the muscle. Calcium depletion markedly decreased the amplitude of the light intensity fluctuations. In all cases, calcium readmission after 5 min calcium depletion (calcium paradox), which has been known to injure myocardium, increased the amplitude of the light intensity fluctuation than that under control conditions. Thus, cell injury enhances spontaneous sarcomere motions. While it remains unclear whether or not cell injury is a prerequisite for spontaneous sarcomere motions, under certain conditions the area of myocardial damage can be detected by the existence of spontaneous sarcomere motions. PMID- 6737483 TI - Prevention of reperfusion damage in working rat hearts by calcium antagonists and calmodulin antagonists. AB - The direct myocardial protection afforded by three structurally distinct calcium antagonists (0.1 micron nifedipine, 0.1 micron verapamil and 0.4 micron diltiazem), and a calmodulin antagonist (20 micron W-7) was assessed in isolated working rat hearts subjected to 30 min global ischaemia followed by 30 min reperfusion. At these concentrations, no drug-induced cardiac depression nor coronary vasodilatation was observed prior to ischaemia. All four agents improved recovery of cardiac function (assessed as total cardiac output) on reperfusion (by 49%, 29%, 64% and 72% respectively, compared to controls), attenuated the release of lactate dehydrogenase (by 52%, 55%, 65% and 66% respectively) and inhibited intracellular 45Ca accumulation (by 42%, 35%, 49% and 45% respectively). Despite the increased tissue calcium and enzyme leakage in reperfused hearts, the [3H]inulin-impermeable space was not decreased, suggesting specific changes in membrane permeability rather than partial sarcolemmal rupture. Drug treatment did not alter the rate nor extent of high-energy phosphate depletion during ischaemia, thus eliminating ATP preservation and negative inotropy as mechanisms for the protective effects observed in this system. Improved restoration of coronary flow was obtained in treated hearts but we believe this was more likely to be a consequence of myocardial protection rather than direct coronary vasodilatation. Thus, the beneficial effects observed probably resulted from direct preservation of cellular viability. When given only during the reperfusion phase, nifedipine and W-7 were almost as effective as when given before ischaemia, whereas verapamil and diltiazem were inactive. This highlights differences between the various structural subclasses of calcium antagonists. Furthermore, the efficacy of the calmodulin antagonist, W-7, in this system suggests a possible key role for calmodulin-activated enzymes in the progression of reperfusion damage. PMID- 6737484 TI - Myocardial ischemia: correlation of mitochondrial adenine nucleotide and respiratory function. AB - State 3 respiration of rat heart mitochondria decreased approximately 60% after 20 min normothermic in vitro ischemia. After 20 min ischemia, the levels of intramitochondrial adenine nucleotides (ATP + ADP + AMP) decreased to approximately 20% of control values, with a rapid loss between 10 and 20 min. Also, the exchangeable adenine pool of the mitochondria decreased 60% after 20 min ischemia. State 4 respiration was not affected by the ischemic insult. The adenine nucleotide translocase activities of mitochondria from control and ischemic hearts were too high to measure accurately. Therefore, the effects of ischemia on adenine nucleotide translocase activity could not be established. However, 1 microM carboxyatractyloside did not impair state 3 respiration of control mitochondria, but did inhibit the adenine translocase activity by at least 80%. Moreover, titration of state 3 respiration with carboxyatractyloside produced sigmoidal curves for mitochondria from control and ischemic tissue. State 3 respiration correlated well with the total mitochondrial adenine nucleotides and the exchangeable adenine pool (r = 0.63 and 0.78, respectively). Data collected from isolated perfused rat hearts also showed a good correlation between state 3 respiration and the exchangeable adenine nucleotides (r = 0.92). In this study, mitochondria were isolated from hearts that were either perfused, made ischemic for 30 min by aortic cross-clamp, or reperfused for 10 min after the aortic cross-clamp. The slopes and y-intercepts of the regression lines were similar for the in vitro ischemic and the perfusion studies. There was no significant difference between the effects of ischemia on the state 3 and uncoupled respiratory rates.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS) PMID- 6737485 TI - Ergometrine-induced arterial dilatation: an endothelium-mediated effect. AB - Ergometrine has generally been regarded as a vasoconstrictor and is used clinically to provoke coronary vasospasm in susceptible patients [3, 8, 9]. The ergometrine response appears however to be complex in that it can be biphasic, the constrictor response being preceded by an initial dilator response in experimental models [4]. The explanation for this is unknown, as is the underlying mechanism responsible for the clinical condition of coronary vasospasm. We have investigated this biphasic response in isolated artery preparations and shown that the dilator component is due to ergometrine-induced release of endothelium-derived relaxant factor (EDRF). PMID- 6737486 TI - Thoracostomy in the ICU nursery. PMID- 6737487 TI - Sickle cell screening. PMID- 6737488 TI - "Rolls Royce residencies": the ophthalmology experience with minority medical students. PMID- 6737489 TI - Ruptured spleen as a differential diagnosis in ruptured tubal pregnancy. AB - Two cases of traumatic biphasic or secondary splenic rupture are presented to demonstrate the clinical picture of an entity the obstetrician-gynecologist will be encountering more commonly in the future. The signs and symptoms of this condition figured prominently in the differential diagnosis of ruptured tubal pregnancy. PMID- 6737490 TI - Duffy (white) genes in a black Baltimore population. AB - Testing of 722 black hospital patients in Baltimore for the Duffy antigens found in whites demonstrated that 36.28 percent of the patients possessed these blood proteins. This group is the largest cluster of black individuals so examined in the United States. The results may provide a genetic benchmark for the Baltimore black population and offer a comparison with blacks in other areas. PMID- 6737491 TI - Injuries to the profunda femoris artery and its branches. AB - Six cases of uncommon profunda femoris artery injury are analyzed. One half of the cases were not treated surgically at the time of injury and resulted in chronic arteriovenous fistulas. Even after operative correction, residual symptoms persisted in two of these three cases. The generous use of arteriography is recommended in cases of proximal thigh penetrating injuries to avoid this problem. Either repair or ligation of the injured vessel yielded the same good results. The postoperative hospital stay was short in all instances, ranging from four to eight days, and there were no deaths. PMID- 6737492 TI - Acute cervical lymphadenitis in hospitalized pediatric patients: predominance of Staphylococcus aureus in infancy. AB - Sixty-one cases of acute cervical lymphadenitis in Kings County Hospital Center were reviewed. Staphylococcus aureus accounted for 50 percent of the cases and Group A beta-hemolytic streptococcus accounted for 15 percent; 35 percent had no growth on culture. Of the variables considered (age, sex, temperature, leukocytosis, previous antibiotic treatment, duration of symptoms, lymph node consistency) only age appeared to be a predictor of the causative organisms. Children under 1 year of age had a higher incidence of S aureus (65 percent) than children above 3 years of age (25 percent); the difference was statistically significant (P <.01). Therapeutic antimicrobial regimens should include coverage for S aureus in this age group. PMID- 6737493 TI - Carcinoma of the prostate: indigenous patterns. AB - Thirty-two cases of prostatic carcinoma were collected from a 13-year series containing approximately 15,000 surgical specimens removed from Igbo patients in Nigeria, West Africa. The growths were generally well-differentiated adenocarcinomas; latent carcinoma was found in a 72-year-old man. The peak incidence was in the seventh decade. The symptom that compelled admission was usually acute urine retention. Clinical diagnosis was often possible because of an advanced state of disease, indicating the need for health education. Prospective research in Igboland may help to explain the high incidence of prostatic carcinoma in American blacks whose forefathers were from this area and neighboring localities. PMID- 6737494 TI - Antiracism and the level of health services: a sociomedical hypothesis. AB - Little attention has been paid to the validity of the "reverse discrimination" position that antiracist initiatives in the health sector would be associated with reduced services for whites. This paper advances the sociomedical hypothesis that antiracism leads to an increase in the level of health services and opportunities available to both minority and white populations.FOUR TYPES OF US HEALTH CARE UTILIZATION AND TRAINING DATA ARE EXPLORED: annual rates of discharge from short-stay hospitals, percent of population seeing a physician during the year, rates of hypertension treatment and control, and admissions to the first year class of US medical schools. These data are examined according to race for years prior and subsequent to the upsurge of antiracist activity that characterized the Civil Rights Movement era.From the early or mid-1960s to the mid- or late 1970s, hospital discharges, physician visits, and hypertension treatment and control for minorities and whites increased substantially. Generally these increases were proportionally greater for minorities. Although the percentage of increase in minority medical school admissions was necessarily accompanied by a decline in percentage of admissions of whites, the absolute number of whites admitted rose substantially as overall class size grew.These data do not support the "reverse discrimination" notion of one racial group benefiting at the expense of another. The data are consistent with the hypothesis that antiracist efforts in the health sector lead to an expansion of services and opportunities for minority and majority populations. PMID- 6737495 TI - A dangerous folk therapy. AB - Folk therapy (often simply old wives' tales put into practice) is usually innocuous and may be effective for some patients because of either its content or its placebo effect. However, some household medications may be deadly. Reported is the use of Azarcon for "empacho" among Hispanic families. Azarcon has been linked to cases of severe lead poisoning. Screening among children for increased erythrocyte protoporphyrin and blood lead is recommended. PMID- 6737496 TI - Race, color, and essential hypertension: a proposal for an international symposium. PMID- 6737497 TI - Intralipid causing adult respiratory distress syndrome. AB - Adult respiratory distress syndrome developed in a patient after he was administered intralipid. Intralipid was implicated as the causal agent after careful assessment of the complete clinical picture. To the authors' knowledge this is the first documented case of intralipid-induced adult respiratory distress syndrome. Clinicians should be aware of the possibility of its occurrence. PMID- 6737498 TI - Pertussis in nonimmunized postsurgical biliary atresia. AB - A case of pertussis in a patient who had undergone hepatic portocholecystostomy for biliary atresia is described. It has been recommended that infants with postsurgical biliary atresia forgo immunizations because of the high incidence of "ascending cholangitis." The patient in this study, however, had two characteristics that decreased her susceptibility to ascending cholangitis. This report suggests that patients with postsurgical biliary atresia who undergo hepatic portocholecystostomy rather than hepatic portoenterostomy or do not achieve bile drainage should be immunized according to schedule. PMID- 6737499 TI - Demonstration by computed tomography of delayed thyroid metastasis. PMID- 6737500 TI - Blunt trauma to the chest. AB - Pulmonary contusions following blunt trauma often are visible roentgenographically immediately after injury. The case presented illustrates the need for prompt x-ray studies of the chest following blunt injury. PMID- 6737501 TI - Interview with the honorable Louis Stokes, Congressman, 21st Congressional District of Ohio. Interview by Lucius C. Earles 3d. PMID- 6737502 TI - Utilization of mental health services by the aging. AB - A descriptive study of persons 55 years of age and older who were newly admitted (60 cases) or in ongoing treatment (30 cases) in a mental health center was done as an outgrowth of a utilization review study. The total population of 461 was studied from July 1, 1977, to June 30, 1978. A chart review of 90 cases was performed. The newly admitted subsample was married, was diagnosed as depressed, and had a broad range of dispositions into various treatment modalities. The chronic subsample was single, diagnosed as schizophrenic, and in treatment in a single community-support unit. These differences were statistically significant at the P<.01, P<.001, and P<.001 levels, respectively. Although the newly admitted subsample had no previous contact with psychiatric services, 44 of the 60 patients (73 percent) were on psychoactive medication prescribed by nonpsychiatric physicians. Implications for the training of general medical practitioners and mental health center staff, and the need for ongoing assessment of patients in community support units are discussed, as well as the significant risk to patients from potentially harmful drug interactions. PMID- 6737503 TI - Incidence of lymph node involvement in localized carcinoma of the prostate. AB - Bilateral pelvic lymphadenectomy was performed in 100 patients as a staging procedure. Sixty-one patients received iodine 125 radioisotope implant and 39 patients received external radiation therapy. The overall incidence of lymph node metastases was 27 percent. The incidence of lymph node involvement was 14 percent with clinical stage A2 disease, 3 percent with stage B1, 44 percent with stage B2, and 40 percent with stage C disease. The grade of the tumor influenced the incidence of lymph node metastases. Only 6 percent of grade I tumors had lymph node metastases, whereas 26 percent of grade II tumors and 71 percent of grade III tumors showed lymph node metastases. PMID- 6737504 TI - Systemic mastocytosis: case report and literature review. AB - A case of systemic mastocytosis is reported and the literature reviewed. Although the dermatological manifestation of this rare disease, in the form of urticaria pigmentosa, is well recognized and goes along with the osteosclerotic changes that can be seen with systemic mastocytosis, it is imperative to rule out malignancy as a cause for a new onset of ascites and newly discovered sclerotic osseous changes. PMID- 6737505 TI - The role of the black church in community medicine. AB - Historically, the black church has been the preserver and the perpetuator of the black ethos, the radix from which its defining values and norms have been generated, and the autonomous social institution that has provided order and meaning to the black experience in the United States. The traditional ethic of community-oriented service in the black ethos is highly compatible with the communitarian ethic of community medicine. Given this congruence and the much documented fact that black Americans are an at-risk and under-served group regarding health status indicators and the provision of preventive health care, respectively, the black church is an extremely relevant locus for the practice of community medicine. A number of health programs based in or affiliated with the black church have operated throughout the United States, and these programs, along with the corpus of literature comprising conceptual articles favorable toward such a role for the black church, are reviewed within four areas of community medicine: primary care delivery, community mental health, health promotion and disease prevention, and health policy. PMID- 6737506 TI - Prevalence of isolated sleep paralysis in black subjects. AB - Sleep paralysis is a state of consciousness experienced while waking from sleep or falling asleep. It is characterized by an experience of being unable to move for several seconds or minutes. This study represents the first survey to measure the incidence of this disorder in a black population of healthy subjects and psychiatric patients. PMID- 6737507 TI - Posterior cerebral artery occlusion without hemianopia. AB - A 42-year-old man had ischemic infarction from an occlusion of the left posterior cerebral artery (PCA), but had no visual field defect by examination or Goldmann perimetry. Arteriograms showed distal filling of the occluded PCA, but no collateral blood flow from the carotid circulation, suggesting collateral flow from leptomeningeal anastomoses. Visual field sparing may occur in surgical occlusion of the PCA, but rarely occurs in stroke. An infarction from PCA occlusion is not excluded by complete visual field sparing, and studies looking for other causes of the neurologic deficit may not be necessary. PMID- 6737508 TI - Retinal hemorrhages as a disease parameter in Wegener's granulomatosis. AB - The association of Wegener's granulomatosis with retinal hemorrhages has not been described. The authors present a patient with this heretofore undescribed characteristic. PMID- 6737509 TI - Fetal supraventricular tachycardia: a case of (intermittent) atrial flutter. AB - Fetal tachycardia of "supraventricular" origin is uncommon. The authors present a patient with fetal ascites and atrial flutter. A review of the pertinent literature is included. PMID- 6737511 TI - Respiratory tract structure and function. AB - The relationship between structure and function of the pulmonary gas-exchange apparatus and its comparative aspects is demonstrated in four sections: (1) the lung as gas exchanger, (2) the gas-exchange structures of the human lung, (3) comparative aspects of structure-function correlation, and (4) analysis of structure-function discordancy. Physical activity and body size are described to influence the structural dimensions of the pulmonary gas exchange apparatus in different ways. As far as the inhalation of toxic substances is concerned, different kinds of effects must therefore be taken into consideration, depending on an animal's size and metabolism; hence, experiments of comparative anatomy and physiology are desirable in order to find an appropriate animal model that permits extrapolation to humans. PMID- 6737510 TI - Status epilepticus after baclofen withdrawal. AB - Baclofen is widely used in the treatment of spasticity of spinal origin. It is relatively free of side effects or toxic actions on the nervous system or other organs. Agitation, personality change, and auditory and visual hallucinations have been described following its abrupt withdrawal. One patient with generalized seizures and one with complex partial seizures after baclofen withdrawal have been reported. This paper presents a patient who developed status epilepticus after baclofen withdrawal, and who sustained hypoxic cerebral injury. This observation further emphasizes the possibility of infrequent complications of baclofen therapy, and the advisability of gradual changes in baclofen dosage. PMID- 6737512 TI - Mass transport in mammalian lungs: comparative physiology. AB - Comparative physiology of mass transport of gases in mammalian lungs is surveyed in terms of the use of experimental mammals in inhalation toxicology. Principles of similarity, scaling, and the relationship of metabolism to body size are touched on, with reference to the wide variability among mammals of similar size. Mechanisms that influence the magnitude and distribution of pulmonary ventilation are reviewed, including mechanical differences associated with variation in body size. More systematic and complete descriptions and understanding are needed. Recent advances in the understanding of gas mixing and transport in airways and in the pulmonary acinus have applications in comparative physiology and inhalation toxicology that are worth exploring. PMID- 6737513 TI - Physicochemical processes and the formulation of dosimetry models. AB - The major physical and chemical processes involved in the transport and absorption of O3 or NO2 in the lower respiratory tract are discussed. This includes the development of respiratory tract models, flow patterns, and transport in tube networks, the mucous, surfactant, and tissue layers, and chemical reactions and transport of O3 or NO2 within these layers. Descriptions of the individual processes are simplified and integrated to illustrate the formulation of dosimetry models. Data from a dosimetry model, formulated from the concepts discussed, are used to illustrate the types of information obtained by modeling. PMID- 6737514 TI - Alterations in lung structure caused by inhalation of oxidants. AB - Morphometric and morphologic methods have been used to evaluate changes in rat lungs caused by the inhalation of a variety of oxidants. Exposure to 100% oxygen causes diffuse pulmonary injury and leads to death after 66-72 h of exposure. The primary insult leading to death in rats exposed to hyperoxia is injury to pulmonary capillary endothelium. Sublethal exposure to hyperoxia was found to cause diffuse injury to all major components of the alveolar septum and was associated with destruction of approximately 50% of the pulmonary capillary endothelial cells. A corresponding decrease in pulmonary capillary surface area and capillary lumen volume also occurred. Exposure to ozone and to nitrogen dioxide in low concentrations did not cause a diffuse injury throughout the alveolar region of the lung, but rather led predominantly to structural alterations in terminal bronchioles and in their adjacent alveoli. Morphometric evaluation of animals exposed to 0.25 ppm ozone and to 2 ppm NO2 demonstrated quantitatively and qualitatively similar lesions. These lesions primarily involve injury and remodelling of the alveolar epithelium. These changes in the alveolar epithelium were also associated with the recruitment of increased numbers of alveolar macrophages to the proximal alveolar region. The different types of lung injury caused by various oxidants are most likely to be related to differences in their reactivity with tissue components and to differences in concentration, distribution, and diffusion characteristics of the oxidant gases. PMID- 6737515 TI - The pathobiology and epidemiology of human emphysema. AB - Emphysema is defined in anatomical terms as enlargement of the gas-exchanging part of the lung (the acinus) accompanied by destruction of respiratory tissue. Emphysema is classified by the way that the acinus is dominantly involved. In proximal acinar emphysema, the proximal part of the acinus-respiratory bronchioles-is dominantly involved and two forms of proximal acinar emphysema are usually recognized: centrilobular emphysema and simple pneumoconiosis of coalworkers. The acinus is more or less uniformly involved in panacinar emphysema, and several clinical associations have been described with this lesion. In distal acinar emphysema, alveolar ducts and sacs are particularly involved, and spontaneous pneumothorax of young adults is associated with this form of emphysema. Scarring is usually associated with irregular involvement of the acinus (irregular emphysema) and is usually asymptomatic. No uniform agreement exists as to the application of this classification and there is widespread discrepancy of classification of emphysematous lungs between experts, especially when emphysema is severe. The precise definition of destruction of respiratory tissue in emphysema has not been agreed on, and this had led to wide variations in the assessment of prevalence of emphysema in autopsy series. Tobacco smoking is the most important cause of emphysema and is thought to bring it about by imbalance between the protease-antiproteinase mechanisms in the lung. Increasing severity of emphysema is accompanied by increasing frequency of symptoms, but a substantial proportion of subjects with severe emphysema will be apparently free from symptoms. The major functional characteristics of severe emphysema are reduction in expiratory flow, increase in lung volumes, and diminished diffusing capacity. Diminished expiratory flow in emphysema is determined in part by loss of elastic recoil and in part by associated airway disease. Loss of recoil in emphysematous lungs may be brought about by functional changes in the apparently normal intervening lung between the emphysematous spaces. PMID- 6737516 TI - Sodium transport in astrocytes. AB - Sodium transport in astrocytes in homogeneous primary cultures from mouse brain cortex were investigated with radiotracer (22Na) and electrophysiological methods. The equilibrated Na+ content was 190 nmol X mg-1 protein and the influx and efflux rates were identical at about 560 nmol X mg-1 X min-1. No significant change was observed in Na+ efflux or influx when external K+ was raised from 5.4 to 12 or 54 mM, but the Na+ content decreased. Intracellular Na+ loading, evoked by previous exposure to ice-cold K+-free medium, double the Na+ efflux. Ouabain, a Na+-K+ exchange inhibitor, exerted a small, nonsignificant inhibition of Na+ efflux at both 5.4 and 12 mM K+ and caused a large increase in Na+ content. At 5.4 mM K+, amiloride, a Na+-H+ exchange inhibitor, decreased both influx and efflux of Na+ and caused an increase in Na+ content. Furosemide, an inhibitor of a cation-Cl- carrier, decreased both content and influx of Na+ slightly but had no significant effect on Na+ efflux. The effects of amiloride or furosemide on Na+ influx were abolished at elevated (12 and 54 mM) K+. Attempts to stimulate the Na+-K+ pump with elevated external K+ or internal Na+ produced no electrogenic component of the membrane potential, probably owing to the high K+ permeability. Based on the present results and earlier experiments on K+ influx, it is concluded that 1) the Na+-K+ pump of astrocytes under normal conditions transports more K+ than Na+; 2) intracellular Na+ loading increases Na+ efflux; 3) some Na+-H+ exchange and cotransport of Na+ and Cl- seem to occur at 5.4 mM K+; and 4) neither of the latter two transport mechanisms is enhanced at elevated K+ concentrations. PMID- 6737517 TI - Neurons cultured from developing rat brain attach and spread preferentially to laminin. AB - Neurons, mechanically dissociated from newborn rat brain and identified by immunostaining for neurofilaments, attached preferentially to laminin-coated coverslips without need of an underlying glial monolayer. The most extensive neurite outgrowth was seen when 20-30 micrograms/ml of laminin was used to coat the coverslips. Higher concentrations of laminin (greater than 30 micrograms/ml) supported single neurons to spread on the coverslips. Fibronectin coating of the coverslips allowed glial cells to attach more rapidly than on uncoated surfaces, but it did not support neuronal spreading or neurite outgrowth. Spreading of neurons and neurite outgrowth were completely inhibited by preincubation of laminin-coated coverslips with laminin antibodies but were unaffected by fibronectin antibodies. These results indicate that laminin is an attachment and spreading factor for central neurons in culture and suggest the presence of a laminin receptor on the neuronal cell surfaces. PMID- 6737518 TI - Antagonistic effects of taurine and 4-aminopyridine on guinea pig ileum. AB - The effects of 4-aminopyridine (4-AP) and of taurine on the guinea pig ileum were examined. Four-AP increases the basal activity from 1.3 to 6.45 cm2/min. This effect is atropine-sensitive and calcium-dependent. Taurine counteracts the effects of 4-AP on muscle contracture in a concentration-dependent manner. In muscles preincubated with 20 mM taurine, the effect of 4-AP decreased about 65%. Taurine added at the time of maximal effect of 4-AP reduced the muscle contracture induced by the drug to the basal levels. Glycine and beta-alanine did not influence the contracture induced by 4-AP, whereas 25 mM gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA) reduced it by 30%. Taurine reduced the basal muscle activity by 50% but did not affect the contracture induced by exogenously applied acetylcholine. PMID- 6737519 TI - Protective effect of taurine and zinc on peroxidation-induced damage in photoreceptor outer segments. AB - Exposure of isolated frog rod outer segments (ROS) to ferrous sulfate in a Krebs bicarbonate medium causes a time-dependent disruption of the membrane organization of the discs. Ferrous sulfate also causes ROS swelling and aggregation. Addition of taurine (5-20 mM) and zinc sulfate (250 microM) to the incubation medium markedly protected ROS from the disrupting effect of ferrous sulfate. Of other amino acids tested, only beta-alanine had a protective effect on ROS structure. Ferrous sulfate caused an increase in lipid peroxidation, measured by malonaldehyde formation. The protective effect of taurine and zinc is not accompanied by a reduction of lipid peroxidation. Water accumulation occurs as a consequence of the peroxidative action of ferrous sulfate, and this effect was counteracted by taurine and zinc. Ferrous sulfate did not cause damage to ROS structure when incubation was carried out in sucrose-HEPES. Sodium, chloride, and bicarbonate ions caused ferrous sulfate to disrupt ROS structure. It is concluded that taurine and zinc protect ROS membranes from ion and/or water entry occurring as a consequence of membrane lipid peroxidation. PMID- 6737521 TI - Forces and factors influencing trauma care: 1983 A.A.S.T.(American Association for the Surgery of Trauma) Presidential address. PMID- 6737520 TI - Formation of desTyr dynorphins 5-17 by a purified cytosolic aminopeptidase of rat brain. AB - An aminopeptidase purified to homogeneity from cytosol of rat brain cleaved dynorphins having 5-17 residues and selected proenkephalins at the Tyr-Gly bond only to release Tyr and the desTyr fragments. The enzyme protein consisted of a single polypeptide chain of Mr 103,000 and was inhibited by puromycin, bestatin, and chelating reagents to yield Ki in the micromolar range. Hydrolysis of Leu-2 naphthylamide was inhibited by Dyn 1-5 competitively (Ki, 18 microM); the Km for Dyn 1-5, the best substrate of the series, was 63.8 microM (Kcat/Km ratio 580 mM 1 min-1). Rates of N-tyrosyl release decreased with peptide size; the presence of Arg in position 6 led to 50% loss for Dyn 1-6, and the C-terminal extensions of Dyn 1-13 or 1-17 to a 98% loss in activity as compared to the pentapeptide. Rapid degradation of small peptides is consistent with a paracrine (neurotransmitter) role as compared to the postulated precursor or exocrine roles for the dynorphins with 13 residues or more. PMID- 6737522 TI - Duodenal trauma: experience of a trauma center. AB - In the past decade 93 patients with duodenal injury were treated at a trauma center. By chart review, the age, sex, mechanism of injury, time to initial exploration (and the reason for delay), laboratory results, associated injury, extent of duodenal injury, operative repair, use of drains and tube decompression, morbidity, and cause of death were tabulated in order to improve management of these injuries. Of 87 patients surviving until the time of operative repair 73% required no repair (four) or primary closure (59). The remainder had either resection with primary anastomosis (ten), diverticulization (12), or pancreaticoduodenectomy (two). All patients with penetrating trauma were immediately explored. Patients with blunt trauma were explored on the basis of the judgment of house staff and faculty. Overall mortality was 18%. Significant morbidity occurred in 49% of survivors. This urban experience was heavily weighted toward penetrating injury. In this group early death usually resulted from associated vascular injuries. Blunt duodenal injury was less frequently associated with immediate exsanguination. Mortality associated with blunt duodenal injury was usually the result of delayed diagnosis. In blunt duodenal trauma peritoneal lavage is not diagnostic and may often be misleading; in this series 50% of lavages were false negatives. Blunt duodenal trauma, particularly when combined with pancreatic injury or delayed repair, was a lethal combination. A high index of suspicion and aggressive diagnostic evaluation (CT contrast study/amylase) in the emergency department is required in equivocal cases to avoid morbidity and mortality. PMID- 6737523 TI - A.A.S.T. panel: controversies in management of duodenal injuries. PMID- 6737524 TI - The effect of advanced life support and sophisticated hospital systems on motor vehicle mortality. AB - A mileage population death index (MPDI) was devised to compare the death rate from motor vehicle trauma in Florida counties. The MPDI was defined as the average death rate per one hundred million miles driven divided by the population of the particular county X 10(5). The resultant MPDI was correlated with the presence in a county of basic life support only and advanced life support. In addition, counties with large metropolitan hospitals which might possibly classify as Level I institutions were compared with other counties. A low MPDI was found to be highly correlated with the presence of an ALS system (p = 0.001). Counties with hospitals which might qualify as Level I also had a significantly lower MPDI (p = 0.04). We conclude that the presence of advanced life support and a sophisticated hospital is correlated with a significantly lower motor vehicle mortality. PMID- 6737525 TI - Penetrating colon trauma. AB - Of 56 patients with penetrating colon injuries over 6 years, 15% underwent exteriorized repair, 21% received a colostomy, and 64% were treated with primary repair. Of the eight exteriorized repairs, four required conversion to colostomies. In the entire group of 12 colostomies, there were two deaths, four abscesses, and one empyema. Thirty-six patients (64%) underwent primary repair. In this group there was one superficial wound infection, one empyema, but no intra-abdominal abscesses. Eighty per cent had associated injuries. All laparotomy incisions in the primary repair group except two were closed primarily. Large amounts of saline irrigant were used in all cases. All patients received broad spectrum antibiotics pre- and postoperatively. Primary repair of colon injuries can be done safely in many cases. Proper attention must be given to the associated injuries, the patient's general condition, and the time interval between injury and repair. We now find few indications for exteriorization of injured colons. Colostomies are done if our criteria for safe primary repair are not fulfilled. PMID- 6737527 TI - Computed tomography of thoracic and lumbar spine injuries. AB - CT scans of 73 patients with acute thoracic/lumbar spine injuries from T3 to L5 were reviewed. Injuries were classified as burst fractures (48), fracture dislocations (ten), wedge compression fractures (11), and seatbelt-type injuries (four). Thirty-one (42%) had motor deficits due to spinal cord or nerve root damage. Such neurologic deficits were present in all patients with fracture dislocations, and 60% of those with burst fractures. Seven patients, four initially normal, developed progressive neurologic impairment early after injury. Burst fractures, one with dislocation, were the spinal injury associated with each progressive deficit. Burst fractures at T12 or L1 with 50% or more decrease of the mid-sagittal neural canal diameter had a significant risk of neurologic involvement, and of progressive deficit. CT scans demonstrate vertebral column damage well, and help identify those patients at risk of acute neurologic compromise. PMID- 6737526 TI - Aggressive definitive management of penetrating colon injuries: 136 cases with 3.7 per cent mortality. AB - One hundred thirty six patients with penetrating colon injuries (gunshot wounds, 95; stab wounds, 41) were retrospectively analyzed. A scoring system, the Penetrating Abdominal Trauma Index (P.A.T.I.), was employed to quantitatively assess the severity of injuries in each patient. Of 67 patients with right colon injuries, 48 (72%) were treated definitively by primary repair (32) and by resection and ileocolic anastomosis (16), with minimal morbidity. In 69 patients with left colon injuries, 47 (68%) were treated by colostomy (28) and by exteriorized repair (19). Overall, exteriorized repair was successful in 74% of patients. All five mortalities (3.7%) were related to associated injuries. It is concluded that the majority of the right colon injuries can be treated definitively. Exteriorized repair should be the preferred method whenever colostomy is considered, except in severe left colon injuries requiring resection. PMID- 6737528 TI - Post-traumatic creatinuria. AB - The creatinuria after musculoskeletal injuries was studied in 31 patients. In addition to creatine the urinary outputs of creatinine, total nitrogen, and 3 methylhistidine were studied. Plasma creatine, creatinine, and guanidinoacetate concentrations were measured in some patients. In rats the effect of bilateral hind-limb ischemia was observed on the urine outputs of creatine and creatinine, and on the creatine, protein, and DNA contents of the hind limbs and carcass. In man the creatinuria was positively related to the severity of the injury and this relationship was stronger than with the urinary output of either creatinine or total nitrogen. In the rat creatinuria was related to the duration of the limb ischemia. The mechanism of the creatinuria is not known but the experiments on rats showed part of the excess creatine to be derived from the damaged muscle and excreted shortly after the injury, and part from the undamaged muscle of the carcass which provided the delayed excretion. It is suggested that creatinuria could be used as an indicator of the post-traumatic 'flow' phase. PMID- 6737529 TI - Treatment of invasive Enterobacter cloacae burn wound sepsis with topical nitrofurazone. AB - Nine patients with invasive Enterobacter cloacae burn wound sepsis were identified in a series of 400 admissions to our Burn Center. In vitro antibacterial testing of topical agents revealed sensitivity to nitrofurazone cream. Treatment of this series of patients with nitrofurazone resulted in an overall 66% survival compared with an 86% mortality reported in the literature. We recommend that topical antibacterial sensitivity testing be routinely performed in the microbiology laboratory for isolates from burn patients, and that nitrofurazone cream be included among the agents tested for effectiveness. PMID- 6737530 TI - Review of patients with multiple injuries treated at University Hospital, Kuala Lumpur. AB - This study has analyzed 260 patients with multiple injuries sustained in road accidents admitted to the University Hospital during the period July 1967 to July 1976, in relation to age, sex, and ethnic distribution. The types of injuries sustained have been discussed to highlight their effects on the community in a developing country. The extremities have been most frequently involved, while head injuries followed closely. The causative factors of multiple injury producing accidents have been evaluated. The categories of victims most liable to multiple injuries have been discussed. The significance of understanding the mechanism of these accidents and the effect of such knowledge in minimizing diagnostic errors, thus enabling management and the urgent need for regional accident services in developing countries, have been stressed. PMID- 6737531 TI - Acute post-traumatic diabetes insipidus: treatment with continuous intravenous vasopressin. AB - A young male presented within hours after closed head injury with hypotension, tachycardia, and polyuria. A diagnosis of post-traumatic diabetes insipidus was made. Although a rare entity, the rapid diagnosis of diabetes insipidus and early treatment with vasopressin may have been life-saving in this case. A detailed approach for treatment with continuous intravenous vasopressin may be the most accurate and efficient method of managing acute onset diabetes insipidus, especially in the hemodynamically compromised patient. This will allow for a controlled fluid management in order to achieve hemodynamic stability and prevent aggravation of cerebral edema. PMID- 6737533 TI - The gastrocnemius myocutaneous flap in lower-extremity injuries. AB - Coverage of full-thickness lower extremity wounds has been the bane of surgeons who care for patients with skin and soft-tissue losses. A prolonged period of convalescence may be avoided by immediate coverage with a gastrocnemius myocutaneous flap. Case reports demonstrating the successful use of medial and lateral gastrocnemius myocutaneous flaps are presented. Advantages are that large amounts of tissue can be moved in one step, shortening hospitalization, and most are reliable because of their excellent blood supply. Care must be taken to preserve deep fascia and to dissect the fascia from the Achilles tendon. Fluorescein examination is recommended. PMID- 6737532 TI - Diagnosis of right hemidiaphragmatic rupture by liver scintigraphy. AB - We report two cases of traumatic rupture of the right hemidiaphragm with liver herniation following blunt abdominal trauma. In both, the diagnosis was not immediately suspected, and liver scintigraphy was later diagnostic. Focal elevation of the central portion of the right lobe of the liver was present in both cases. In one case the herniated liver was surrounded by a band-like photon deficient collar. Liver scintigraphy can be quickly performed by portable technique and may allow for early diagnosis. PMID- 6737534 TI - Traumatic cholecystectomy. AB - Injury to the gallbladder following blunt abdominal trauma is an unusual finding at laparotomy, with a reported incidence of less than 2%. Avulsion from the liver and detachment from both the cystic duct and artery is an extremely rare finding. The condition of the patient and the extent of injuries will dictate the procedure performed. In the case presented, total avulsion of the gallbladder was successfully treated with identification and ligation of the cystic duct, and coagulation of small bleeding points, followed by placement of a Penrose drain. PMID- 6737535 TI - Neuropraxis secondary to hemorrhage in a traumatic dislocation of the shoulder. AB - A case of traumatic shoulder dislocation associated with a tear of the subscapular artery is presented. The main clinical feature was a dramatic neurologic loss of the brachial plexus, reversed by exploration, evacuation of hematoma, and ligation of the bleeding vessel. Early surgical decompression to achieve neurologic recovery is emphasized. PMID- 6737536 TI - Re: Myocardial contusion following nonfatal blunt chest trauma. PMID- 6737537 TI - Current breast-feeding and weaning practices in Haiti. PMID- 6737538 TI - A method of reporting and identifying high risk infants for traditional birth attendants. PMID- 6737539 TI - Nutrition surveillance--nutrition education. PMID- 6737540 TI - Impact of a community-based intervention of health and nutrition status in the Central Amazon of Brazil. PMID- 6737541 TI - Acute renal failure in Ghanaian children. PMID- 6737542 TI - Factors affecting breastfeeding: the influence of caesarean section. PMID- 6737543 TI - Assessment of food and nutrient intake of rural children. PMID- 6737544 TI - Health care facilities in day-care centres and nurseries in Nigeria. PMID- 6737545 TI - Method of child delivery in Benin City and its environs. PMID- 6737546 TI - The preventable antecedents of childhood malnutrition. PMID- 6737547 TI - Aspects of the health situation and rehabilitation in a mountainous district of Uganda. PMID- 6737548 TI - Infectious diseases in Basrah--epidemiological perspective of a hospital based enquiry. PMID- 6737549 TI - Classifications of undernutrition--their limitations and fallacies. PMID- 6737550 TI - Human rotavirus infection in Malaysia. I. A hospital-based study of rotavirus in children with acute gastroenteritis. PMID- 6737551 TI - Cerebral cysticercosis in children. PMID- 6737552 TI - Influence of dietary supplementation during lactation on lactation performance. PMID- 6737553 TI - Strategies for the control of neonatal tetanus. PMID- 6737554 TI - Bottle-feeding and malnutrition in a developing country: the 'bottle-starved' baby. PMID- 6737555 TI - Determinants of measles mortality in a rural area of Guinea-Bissau: crowding, age, and malnutrition. PMID- 6737556 TI - Infant undernutrition in a Nepali village: behaviors and beliefs. PMID- 6737557 TI - The short-term effects of a measles vaccination programme on a rural Nigerian community. PMID- 6737558 TI - The relationship between selected maternal factors and the nutritional status of two and three year old children in rural Bangladesh. PMID- 6737559 TI - Effect of concanavalin A on lymph node macrophages: stimulation of endocytic cisternae. AB - Incubation of isolated lymph node macrophages with concanavalin A (Con A) resulted in a dense and continuous labeling of the plasmalemma and filopodia which were closely adherent to each other and the cell surface. Within a short time period (3-5 min), membranes of the closely apposed filopodia became invaginated into the cytoplasm to form numerous interconnecting cisternae. After 10 min the system of internalized membranes had migrated into the deeper cytoplasm and was closely associated with numerous actin filaments and other components of the cytoskeleton. The internalized plasmalemma remained in the cytoplasm up to 24 hr without fusing with lysosomes. Concomitant with plasmalemmal invagination and the formation of cisternae there were also changes in the Golgi apparatus. These appeared in the form of hypertrophied Golgi saccules and the accumulation of numerous vesicles around the Golgi. Treatment of isolated lymph node macrophages with either succinylated Con A, alpha-methyl-D mannoside, or ferritin particles alone failed to produce the cisternal structures. The results suggested that the tetravalency of Con A may be responsible for the binding of adjacent Con A-labeled membranes to each other and for maintaining a crosslinking of membranes during invagination and internalization. It is suggested that this process of extensive membrane internalization represents a specialized form of endocytosis. At 24 hr after incubation with Con A, cisternal structures in close proximity to the Golgi vesicles showed signs of degradation. By 48 hr there was a breakdown of cisternal membranes with a release of Con A marker particles into large phagocytic vesicles, which also showed reaction product for acid phosphatase, suggesting a fusion with lysosomes. PMID- 6737560 TI - Methylation of nucleolar RNA in HeLa cells studied by autoradiography. AB - Methylation of nucleolar RNA was studied by autoradiography in HeLa cells using L [methyl-3H]methionine and S-adenosyl-L-[methyl-3H]methionine as radioactive precursors. Pulse-labeling experiments show that nucleolar RNA methylation occurs on the newly synthesized RNA at the nucleolar fibrillar RNP component and mostly on the fibrillar ring of fibrillar centers, where pre-rRNA is being synthesized. Pulse-chase experiments show a shift of silver grains from the nucleolar fibrillar RNP component to the nucleolar granular component first and then to the cytoplasm. Labeling of nucleolar RNA via specific methylation permits the study of intranucleolar processing of pre-rRNA and confirms the sequence of labeling of the two nucleolar RNP components observed with radioactive uridine. PMID- 6737561 TI - Asymmetrical microtubule capping structures in frog palate cilia. AB - Capping structures at the distal tips of frog palate cilia are attached to the A- and central pair microtubules by electron-dense plug structures similar to those found in protozoan cilia and flagella and in epithelial cilia from invertebrates and vertebrates (W.L. Dentler, 1980, J. Cell Sci. 42, 207-220; W.L. Dentler and E.L. LeCluyse, 1982, Cell Motil. 2, 549-573). The caps in frog palate cilia are composed of a proximal shelf, to which doublets Nos. 1-3, 8, 9 and the central microtubules are attached and a larger distal cap to which doublets Nos. 4-7 are bound. The smaller proximal shelf is positioned to one side of the cilium and gives the cap an asymmetrical appearance. Striated ciliary rootlets attached to the basal bodies are also described. The smaller cap is placed on the same side of all cilia on the palate relative to both the direction of the effective stroke and the position of the rootlets. These results confirm that capping structures are common to most, if not all, cilia and provide direct evidence that they are precisely positioned on specific microtubules. PMID- 6737562 TI - Failure to detect crystalline brushite in embryonic chick and bovine bone by X ray diffraction. AB - We have reexamined the question of whether brushite (CaHPO4 X 2H2O) occurs in embryonic bone. On the basis of the experiments reported here, and a reexamination of data previously obtained in this laboratory, we have concluded that crystalline brushite as a separate phase identifiable by X-ray diffraction does not occur in embryonic chick or bovine bone. Crystalline brushite previously identified in this laboratory in the less-mineralized fractions of embryonic chick bone was apparently formed artifactually during the fractionation process, possibly from preexisting domains of HPO4(-2) groups in a noncrystalline brushite like configuration. PMID- 6737563 TI - Glycogen-membrane complexes in denervated human skeletal muscle. AB - We describe an unusual intracellular complex of glycogen with smooth, cisternal, cytoplasmic membranes (glycogen-membrane complexes, GMC) in denervated human skeletal muscle. Glycogen particles were always intimately associated with these structures, although the staining intensity varied markedly with different fixation conditions. This may account for previous investigations of similar structures in which an association with glycogen was not recognized. Electron micrographs of tannic acid-enhanced specimens, and of freeze-fracture replicas, showed similarities between the GMCs and the terminal cisternae of the sarcoplasmic reticulum: (i) GMCs resembled the terminal cisternae of the sarcoplasmic reticulum in the size and asymmetric distribution of intramembranous particles seen in freeze-fracture replicas; (ii) tannic acid-enhanced thin sections of GMCs showed intense staining of the cisternal contents and irregular staining of the cytoplasmic leaflet, similar to the appearance of the sarcoplasmic reticulum terminal cisternae; and (iii) triad-like junctions were seen between the glycogen-membrane complexes and elements of the transverse tubule system. PMID- 6737564 TI - Arrest of pigment granule motion in erythrophores by quick-freezing. AB - We report the use of quick-freezing, as an alternative to conventional chemical fixation, to arrest the movement of pigment granules at various stages of the dispersion-aggregation cycle in Holocentrus erythrophores. During pigment aggregation, the granules in these cells move at up to 20 microns/sec, hence the structural changes underlying the movement are likely to be too fleeting to be captured faithfully by conventional aldehyde fixation. On the other hand, quick frozen cells, when examined by freeze-etch electron microscopy, provide novel views of certain cytoplasmic components which appear to be involved in pigment granule movement, namely, fine (2- to 6-nm diameter) fibrils which link the granules to each other and to the radial array of microtubules. These fine crosslinking fibrils can be distinguished from thicker (8- to 15-nm diameter) strands of coherent granular material which pervade the cytoplasm of pigment dispersed as well as pigment-aggregated cells. This granular matrix is removed by detergent permeabilization, after which it becomes apparent that the fine fibrils are insoluble and are distributed both within and distal to the aggregated pigment mass. The diameter of the specific fibrils does not change during pigment motion, which indicates that they are not contractile. PMID- 6737565 TI - Molecular structure of short-chain (SC) cartilage collagen by electron microscopy. AB - We have recently observed that aged and/or hypertrophying chondrocytes in culture synthesize a small collagen molecule termed short-chain (SC) collagen. Our previous biochemical studies have suggested that this molecule is slightly less than half the length of "typical" interstitial collagens and should have both a helical, collagenous domain and a nonhelical, globular one. In the present study we have examined the structure of this molecule by electron microscopy of rotary shadowed preparations and segment-long-spacing crystallites. Rotary-shadowed SC collagen molecules appear as rods with a length of 132 nm and a knob at one end. Preparations of native molecules that have been treated by limited pepsin digestion show only the rod-like domain. These results are consistent with the rod-like domain having the molecular structure of a collagen helix, which is refractory to pepsin digestion, and the knob representing a globular, nonhelical domain. Segment-long-spacing crystallites of pepsin-digested molecules confirm the length of the helical domain to be 132 nm. Positively stained crystallites show a banding pattern different from other collagens. PMID- 6737566 TI - The gastric mucosal barrier: structure of intercellular junctions in the dog. AB - The canine gastric mucosa consists of two regions, the surface mucous cells and gland area cells including parietal, chief, and mucous-containing cells. We have used quantitative freeze-fracture methods in conjunction with thin-section extracellular tracers to document and correlate tight junction morphology with epithelial permeability. The number of strands in the tight junction complexes of the surface cells and gland cells is the same, but differences in strand arrangement exist. The surface cells have an interwoven tight junction configuration which is impermeable to extracellular tracers. The gland cell junctions are regularly arranged and often permeable to extracellular lanthanum. The possibility that the observed difference in permeability between the tight junctions of the surface mucous cells and those of the gland cells is related to their structural configuration is discussed. PMID- 6737567 TI - Unilateral nonvisualization on excretory urography after external trauma. AB - Unilateral nonvisualization on excretory urography after external trauma indicates serious consequences for the kidney, since traumatic main renal artery occlusion has been the most common cause of this finding. We evaluated 53 patients with unilateral nonvisualization on excretory urography following blunt (47) and penetrating (6) trauma. All but 1 patient had multiple injuries from severe external trauma. The renal injury causing the nonvisualization was contusion in 8 patients, laceration in 12, rupture in 12 and renal pedicle in 21. Further investigations required to diagnose the type of renal injury consisted of repeat excretory urography in 2 patients, renal arteriography in 14, renal exploration in 36 and autopsy in 1. Early diagnosis was mandatory if the kidney was to be salvaged by surgical repair of the main artery occlusion or if the appropriate management was to be used for the lesser degrees of renal injury, such as rupture, laceration and contusion. PMID- 6737568 TI - Renal vascular complications associated with the percutaneous removal of renal calculi. AB - Significant immediate and delayed vascular complications occurred in 4 of 140 patients (3 per cent) undergoing percutaneous removal of renal and ureteral calculi. An understanding of renovascular anatomy, use of a safety guide wire and intraoperative availability of an angiographic balloon catheter may help to prevent and to treat bleeding problems. PMID- 6737569 TI - Late results after surgical correction of pyeloplasty failure in idiopathic hydronephrosis. AB - Late results after a secondary pyeloplasty because of failure of the initial procedure were evaluated by glomerular filtration rate and drainage function studies in 15 patients. Total and separate glomerular filtration rates were measured using the 51chromium-ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid clearance technique and isotope renography. The drainage function of the renal pelvis was evaluated from the isotope renogram. Secondary pyeloplasty was performed 1 to 15 years (mean 8.0 years) after the first procedure because of obstruction, which was verified by diuretic urography and isotope renography. Our results show that a secondary pyeloplasty can be performed after failure of the primary procedure. Functional results 3 to 15 years after reoperation were equally good as after uncomplicated primary pyeloplasty. PMID- 6737570 TI - Tumor cell deoxyribonucleic acid content and prognosis in human renal cell carcinoma. AB - Flow cytometry was used to study tumor tissue from 68 patients with stages I to III renal cell carcinoma who were followed for 1 to 4 years. Results of flow cytometry correlated extremely well with the clinical course of the patients: 21 per cent of those with diploid tumor cells had metastases during the interval of observation, compared to 89 per cent of those with aneuploid tumor cells. We concluded that flow cytometry helps to identify at the time of radical nephrectomy patients who are most likely to suffer recurrent tumor and, therefore, are candidates for early chemotherapy. If nuclear grading is applied in addition to flow cytometry the rates of false positive and false negative results in respect to prediction of prognosis are reduced to 3 and 14 per cent, respectively. PMID- 6737571 TI - Ureteroscopy with rigid instruments in the management of distal ureteral disease. AB - The ureter is accessible to direct vision for diagnosis and treatment because it is pliable and attached firmly to the bladder. Instrumentation is in the process of development. A generally applicable technique for rigid ureteroscopy within the distal ureter and examples of use in patients with stricture, transitional cell carcinoma and calculi are reported. PMID- 6737572 TI - Major bladder trauma: mechanisms of injury and a unified method of diagnosis and repair. AB - We reviewed 51 cases of bladder trauma seen at our hospital between 1976 and 1981. There were 32 nonpenetrating, 13 penetrating, 1 spontaneous and 5 iatrogenic injuries. Rupture of the bladder was confirmed at operation in all but 1 case. Extraperitoneal rupture was noted in 32 patients (62 per cent), intraperitoneal rupture in 13 (25 per cent), and combined intraperitoneal and extraperitoneal rupture in 6 (12 per cent). The most frequent clinical features were gross hematuria, abdominal tenderness and shock. Associated pelvic fractures were present in 30 of the 31 nonpenetrating ruptures. The most common area of bladder rupture was the dome in nonpenetrating injuries (35 per cent) and the lateral wall in penetrating injuries (42 per cent). Associated organ injuries were common (62 per cent of penetrating injuries and 93 per cent of nonpenetrating injuries). Cystography, including the use of drainage films, was accurate in all cases for which it was used. Mortality in this series was 22 per cent and reflects the severity of associated organ injury. Risk factors include older age status, pedestrian injuries and extensive associated organ injury rather than type of bladder rupture. To minimize mortality and morbidity in this high risk group of patients strict attention should be directed to rapid resuscitation, early diagnosis including cystography with drainage films and anticipation of associated organ injury at operation. PMID- 6737573 TI - Mesonephric adenocarcinoma of the bladder. AB - Mesonephric adenocarcinoma of the bladder may be the malignant counterpart of nephrogenic adenoma. We report the third known case of this invasive, well differentiated, tubular neoplasm resembling nephrogenic adenoma. The invasive potential of nephrogenic neoplasms has altered our approach to the management of these lesions. Nephrogenic adenoma and mesonephric adenocarcinoma appear cytologically similar on a superficial bladder biopsy. The latter is excluded by deeper bladder biopsies. Muscular invasion may indicate a more aggressive behavior and may require radical cystectomy for cure. PMID- 6737574 TI - Incontinence, intermittent self-catheterization and the artificial genitourinary sphincter. AB - Although the artificial genitourinary sphincter is ideally suited for incontinent patients who can empty the bladder completely, we have observed 22 patients with artificial sphincters who also perform intermittent self-catheterization to augment bladder emptying. No cuff erosions have occurred to date, with 11 patients on intermittent catheterization for more than 30 months. In patients who will require intermittent self-catheterization after sphincter implantation the cuff should be placed around the bladder neck. We believe that patients with sphincteric incontinence and decreased bladder contractility resulting in excessive residual urine volume are reasonable candidates for use of the artificial sphincter with intermittent self-catheterization. PMID- 6737575 TI - Long-term followup in patients with an inflatable penile prosthesis. AB - An inflatable penile prosthesis was implanted in 95 patients between 1977 and 1983. The patients were divided into 3 groups with roughly equal numbers studied during 2-year intervals. Of the prostheses 48 per cent have been revised or removed, or have failed during followup. The complication rate increased with the duration of followup. PMID- 6737576 TI - Transurethral prostatic resection with suprapubic trocar technique. AB - The use of a suprapubic trocar in transurethral prostatic resection was evaluated between 1975 and 1982. Of 884 transurethral prostatic resections performed 577 were done using the trocar, and 307 using the conventional filling and emptying technique. There was no difference in operative time when resecting small glands. All large glands (more than 30 gm.) were resected using the trocar technique. Severe cases of the so-called transurethral resection syndrome have been eliminated completely by this procedure. The blood loss was slightly higher when the trocar technique was used, probably because of the low pressure in the prostatic fossa during resection. We recommend the trocar in transurethral prostatic resection, since it facilitates the procedure by allowing uninterrupted resection, keeps the bladder pressure low and, thereby, minimizing the amount of absorbed irrigating fluid, and has practically no complications. PMID- 6737577 TI - Laser in the treatment of localized prostatic carcinoma. AB - Laser treatment associated with transurethral resection of the prostate is a new and promising approach for curative treatment of stages T1 and T2 prostatic cancer. The neodymium-YAG laser beam can be conducted down a flexible quartz fiber cable, which permits its use through a cystoscope. The laser provides an area of tissue destruction to a depth of 4 to 6 mm. Followup in 16 patients revealed no serious complications and the functional results have been good. Currently, 15 patients have no sign of disease, while treatment failed in 1 with stage T3 cancer. The value of laser treatment is confined to the control of local disease. PMID- 6737578 TI - Correlation of symptoms and results of direct bacterial localization in patients with urinary tract infections. AB - During the last 8 years we localized 725 urinary tract infections in 213 patients via the bladder washout test. With this test the infections were located in the upper urinary tract in 11.9 per cent of the patients without vesicoureteral reflux, 27.1 per cent with reflux and 25.3 per cent without reflux after a successful antireflux operation. Of all supravesical and vesical bacteriuric episodes 57.6 and 67.1 per cent, respectively, were asymptomatic. The presence of symptoms differed only slightly among patients with and without reflux, and with and without pyelonephritic scars. Vesical symptoms, such as dysuria and frequency, were seen in 18.8 per cent of the patients with supravesical and 26.2 per cent with vesical infections, while fever and/or loin pain occurred in 23.6 and 6.7 per cent, respectively. However, urinary tract infections with loin pain and/or fever were localized evenly between the bladder and upper urinary tract. We conclude that factors other than the site of infection determine the presence or absence of symptoms. PMID- 6737579 TI - Hematuria and the use of nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs. AB - We reviewed 116 consecutive adults hospitalized for hematuria (92 with gross and 24 with microscopic hematuria). The cause of hematuria (that is neoplasia, stones, infection and inflammation) was recognized in approximately 79 per cent of the 116 patients (group 1), while 21 per cent (group 2) had idiopathic hematuria. Review of drug history in these 2 groups revealed that nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs were used in 1 per cent of the patients in group 1 compared to 54 per cent in group 2. To confirm these findings we reviewed a control group of 60 patients without hematuria hospitalized for benign prostatic hyperplasia and followup of bladder tumors, and found a 3.3 per cent prevalence of nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs. These findings implicate nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drug use as a potential cause of idiopathic hematuria. PMID- 6737580 TI - Use of nerve stimulator for simple and accurate obturator nerve block before transurethral resection. AB - Adductor contraction from obturator nerve stimulation occurs frequently in certain situations during transurethral operations. Bladder perforation is a common result. A simple and safe technique involving use of a nerve stimulator for accurate obturator blockade is described. There have been no adductor contractions in more than 275 transurethral resections during a 2-year interval. There were no complications from the block itself or use of the nerve stimulator. PMID- 6737581 TI - Urodynamic studies in enuresis and the nonneurogenic neurogenic bladder. AB - We studied urodynamically 55 patients with enuresis. The severity of urinary incontinence ranged from occasional nocturnal episodes to daytime and nighttime wetting associated with radiographic abnormalities of the bladder and upper urinary tract. Despite differences in symptoms, urodynamic findings of poor cerebral appreciation of the degree of bladder filling and sudden unanticipated detrusor contractility were common in 50 of the 55 patients. Volitional detrusor sphincter discoordination also was common and appeared to be related to uncontrolled bladder contractility rather than a primary problem. PMID- 6737582 TI - Prenatal diagnosis of unilateral hydronephrosis with early postnatal reconstruction. AB - Real-time ultrasound systems, being used extensively now in obstetrical practice for fetal monitoring, are providing the urologist with more opportunities for early recognition and intervention of congenital hydronephrosis. Thorough postnatal investigation to confirm a diagnosis is advocated. An early postnatal surgical repair can be performed successfully. PMID- 6737583 TI - The inheritance of the exstrophy-epispadias complex. AB - The inheritance pattern of the exstrophy-epispadias complex was investigated by a combined literature review and a survey of the personal experience of pediatric urologists in North and South America, and Europe. Bladder exstrophy recurred in only 9 of approximately 2,500 families (1 in 275) with bladder exstrophy or complete epispadias. The recurrence of the exstrophy-epispadias complex in offspring of parents with bladder exstrophy or complete epispadias has never been described previously. We identified 215 offspring produced by parents with bladder exstrophy or epispadias, and bladder exstrophy was inherited in 3 of the offspring (1 in 70 live births). The recurrence of bladder exstrophy in offspring of parents with the exstrophy-epispadias complex is greater than previously assumed. PMID- 6737584 TI - One-stage membranous urethroplasty in childhood. AB - Seven boys with short membranous urethral strictures were treated with a single stage perineal urethroplasty. Anterior urethral mobilization lengthened the urethra sufficiently for a bulboprostatic anastomosis free of tension and in no case was transpubic surgery required. The result was ultimately satisfactory for all children. Although the perineum is proportionately narrower in children than in adults, the depth of the membranous urethra from the skin level is reduced to an even greater degree. As a result exposure of the membranous urethra in children, particularly young children, often is easier than might be anticipated on the basis of imagined miniaturization of adult dimensions. We recommend an initial perineal approach for all short membranous urethral strictures in children with conversion to the transpubic approach if complications or a longer stricture is encountered. PMID- 6737585 TI - Treatment of genitourinary rhabdomyosarcoma in children. AB - We report on 27 children with rhabdomyosarcoma of the bladder, prostate, uterus, cervix and vagina treated with combined therapy of surgery, radiotherapy and multiple drug chemotherapy. Of the 27 patients 18 are alive for 13 to 147 months (median 86 months) and 9 have retained a functional bladder. Extirpative surgery followed by adjuvant chemotherapy and occasionally radiation therapy was most effective for local tumor control and 7 of 10 patients survived, including 5 with an intact functional bladder. Primary use of chemotherapy in 13 patients with extensive disease resulted in complete tumor control in only 3 but 7 survived, including 4 with an intact bladder. Radiation therapy used concomitantly with chemotherapy failed to control the local tumor but with subsequent extirpative surgery all 4 patients survived. PMID- 6737586 TI - Intellect, inquiry, integrity. PMID- 6737587 TI - Left suprarenal mass following splenectomy: case reports. AB - The presence of a left suprarenal mass after splenectomy should strongly suggest the diagnosis of splenosis or a hypertrophied accessory spleen. Radionuclide imaging provides a specific diagnosis. PMID- 6737588 TI - Intraoperative balloon catheter control of renal arteriovenous fistula. AB - Renal arteriovenous fistulas have been managed with embolic therapy or surgical excision. In the case of a large, hemodynamically significant shunt sudden occlusion of the renal artery may result in profound circulatory decompensation. We managed such a case with a combined approach. An intra-arterial balloon catheter was inserted into the renal artery under fluoroscopic guidance, with constant monitoring of the central cardiac indexes via a Swan-Ganz line. The balloon was inflated and then released as circulatory changes were corrected. Once the patient was stable we performed a simple nephrectomy. We recommend this combined, controlled approach for the management of large arteriovenous fistulas. PMID- 6737589 TI - Cutaneous pancreatic fistula as a complication of left nephrectomy. AB - Cutaneous pancreatic fistula is a rare but potential complication of left renal surgery. Two cases form the basis of this report. PMID- 6737590 TI - Renal infarction: computerized tomographic appearance with angiographic correlation. AB - The clinical diagnosis of renal infarction can be difficult to make and the computerized tomographic appearance can be misleading at times. The different computerized tomographic images can be explained angiographically by the arrangement of the vascular planes of the kidney and by the particular branches that are occluded. We report 2 cases with different angiographic and computerized tomographic appearance to document this correlation. PMID- 6737591 TI - Irreversible renal failure following right nephrectomy and left renal vein ligation. AB - Ligation of the left renal vein has been advocated in certain clinical situations and venous outflow then is dependent on an adequate collateral venous system. We report on a child who suffered complete renal failure after ligation of the left renal vein in association with right nephrectomy and, subsequently, died. The left renal vein should be repaired in the presence of a solitary left kidney to prevent renal vein thrombosis and subsequent renal failure. This is particularly true in children in whom venous collateral circulation of the left kidney may not be well developed. PMID- 6737592 TI - Renal hemangiopericytoma: surgical, radiological and pathological implications. AB - The first case of renal hemangiopericytoma presenting radiologically as a hypovascular mass is described. Preoperative diagnostic evaluation included ultrasonography, retrograde pyeloureterography, computerized tomography and angiography. Electron microscopy is helpful to distinguish this lesion from histologically similar juxtaglomerular cell tumors. Although renal hemangiopericytoma may appear benign on pathological examination it should be treated as a low grade malignancy and followed carefully. PMID- 6737593 TI - Cancer-to-cancer metastasis. AB - The development of another separate primary cancer in a patient with 1 malignant tumor is not uncommon but metastasis of a malignant donor tumor to a different host tumor is extremely rare. Most recipient tumors have been primary renal cell carcinomas. We report a case of metastasis of a malignant melanoma to a renal cell carcinoma. PMID- 6737594 TI - Fibroepithelial polyps of the ureter. AB - We report a case of fibroepithelial polyps of the ureter, which are rare, benign mesodermal tumors. The advantage of ureteroscopic confirmation of this benign tumor is emphasized. PMID- 6737595 TI - Ventriculo-peritoneal shunt pseudocyst causing ureteropelvic junction obstruction in a child with myelomeningocele and retrocaval ureter. AB - We report on a boy with myelomeningocele and a ventriculo-peritoneal shunt, who presented with progressive ureteropelvic junction obstruction and an enlarging right upper quadrant mass. Exploration revealed a large pseudocyst around the distal portion of the shunt, causing obstruction of an unsuspected retrocaval ureter. To our knowledge this is the first reported case of an upper urinary tract complication due to a ventriculo-peritoneal shunt as well as the first case of a retrocaval ureter associated with myelomeningocele. PMID- 6737596 TI - Posterior urethral valves causing urinary retention in an infant with duplication of the urethra. AB - We report the early management of an infant with partial urethral duplication and posterior urethral valves who presented in urinary retention. PMID- 6737597 TI - Leiomyosarcoma of the penis. AB - A case is reported of leiomyosarcoma of the penis. The patient with this rare entity was treated aggressively with surgery, radiotherapy and chemotherapy. PMID- 6737598 TI - Simple eosinophilic granulomatous prostatitis. AB - A case of simple eosinophilic granulomatous prostatitis is presented. The simple variety shows an abundant eosinophilic infiltrate of the prostate without peripheral eosinophilia, allergic history or vasculitis. No treatment has been recommended to date. The use of a low-dose steroid provided symptomatic relief in our patient. PMID- 6737600 TI - Effect of skeletal muscle relaxants on bladder smooth muscle. AB - The present study was conducted to determine the effects of skeletal muscle relaxants on contractions of bladder smooth muscle. Rat, rabbit and human bladder muscle strips were incubated in a 50 ml. organ bath filled with physiological salt solution, aerated with 95 per cent O2, 5 per cent CO2 and maintained at 37C. Contractions were induced both electrically and with acetylcholine. Contractile strength was measured before and after 30 to 70 minute incubations with diazepam (0.25 to 1.0 microgram./ml.), dantrolene sodium (4 micrograms./ml.) or baclofen (4 micrograms./ml.). Neither baclofen nor dantrolene sodium had any effect (p greater than 0.3) on electrically or acetylcholine-induced contractions in any of the 3 species tested but diazepam potentiated both electrically induced (115 per cent of predrug contractile strength, p less than 0.05) and acetylcholine-induced (122 per cent of predrug contractile strength, p less than 0.01) contractions of rat, but not rabbit or human, bladder muscle. In rabbits diazepam significantly reduced maximal bladder pressures in vivo (p less than 0.05) but had no effect on bladder capacity. Dantrolene sodium had no effect on rabbit bladder pressure or capacity in vivo. While diazepam is thought to exert its effects on skeletal muscle through CNS inhibition, these results suggest that diazepam may affect rat but not rabbit or human bladder smooth muscle directly. PMID- 6737599 TI - Renal handling and lymph concentration of tetroxoprim and metioprim: an experimental study in dogs. AB - The renal handling and renal lymph concentrations of tetroxoprim and metioprim, 2 trimethoprim analogs, were investigated during constant intravenous infusion in 8 dogs. The mean ratios of tetroxoprim and metioprim clearance to creatinine clearance were 0.40 and 0.16 respectively. After compensation for protein binding, both antimicrobials were found to undergo a renal tubular net reabsorption of 55 to 60 per cent of the filtered amount. Renal lymph was obtained by direct cannulation of capsular lymphatics, and the mean lymph-to arterial plasma concentration ratios were 0.93 and 0.74 for tetroxoprim and metioprim, respectively. Renal tissue concentrations of the 2 microbials were many times higher than the simultaneous concentrations in plasma, suggesting that lymph concentrations do not represent the entire interstitial compartment or that significant amounts of antimicrobial are located intracellularly. Tetroxoprim and metioprim concentrated well in the kidney, but their potential use in the treatment of pyelonephritis awaits verification in clinical trials. PMID- 6737601 TI - Paradoxical tubular obstruction after release of ureteral obstruction in rat kidney. AB - The healing process of hydronephrosis was studied using rat kidney. Following release of 2 weeks' unilateral hydronephrosis, renal papilla and cortex were examined by scanning electron microscopy. Shortly after the release of obstruction, massive loss of brush border and ballooning of epithelial cells were noted in proximal tubules. Distal tubules and collecting tubules also showed severe ballooning of epithelial cells. Actually most of them were completely or nearly obliterated in spite of the release of ureteral obstruction. Two weeks later, on the other hand, the many tubular components became patent with normal epithelial lining. Some of them, however, deteriorated further in spite of the release of obstruction. Thus there was a marked tubular heterogenicity in recovery. The sudden decrease of the pelvic pressure and chronic ischemic state during ureteral obstruction may cause the tubular changes which were observed in this study. PMID- 6737603 TI - Alteration of lipid metabolism associated with renal adenocarcinoma in the Wistar Lewis rat. AB - Tumor bearing has been associated with a number of metabolic and biochemical alterations in man and animals. Recent studies have shown that Fischer rats bearing methylcholanthrene-induced sarcomas display elevations of plasma cholesterol and triglyceride levels. We investigated Wistar-Lewis rats bearing a transplantable, spontaneously arising renal adenocarcinoma histologically similar to human clear cell carcinoma of the kidney to determine whether similar metabolic derangements could be demonstrated. Baseline fasting levels of triglyceride and cholesterol were established in nontumor-bearing control rats. The presence of tumor implanted either subcutaneously in the flank or grown subcapsularly within the kidney resulted in a 20 to 25-fold elevation in circulating triglyceride. Following complete excision of implanted tumor, triglyceride levels returned to baseline. PMID- 6737602 TI - Characterization of muscarinic cholinergic receptor binding in the vas deferens, bladder, prostate and penis of the rabbit. AB - Radioligand receptor binding techniques were used to characterize the muscarinic cholinergic receptor in the vas deferens, bladder, prostate and penis of the rabbit. This study represents the first comparative investigation of a neurotransmitter receptor in the genitourinary tract using radioligand receptor binding methods. A single high affinity muscarinic binding site was identified in the vas deferens (Kd = 0.16 nM), bladder (Kd = 0.15 nM) and prostate (Kd = 0.17 nM), using [3H]N-methylscopolamine ([3H]NMS), a muscarinic antagonist. Two high affinity [3H]NMS binding sites (Kd1 = 0.08 nM; Kd2 = 1.39 nM) were found in the penis. The pharmacology of the NMS binding sites in the vas deferens, bladder and prostate was characterized by competitive binding experiments with [3H]NMS and several unlabelled muscarinic and nonmuscarinic drugs. Noncholinergic drugs, as expected, were weak inhibitors of [3H]NMS binding. The values of the IC50's for the muscarinic drugs atropine, pirenzepine and oxotremorine in the genitourinary tissues of the rabbit were similar to values reported in nongenitourinary tissues demonstrating homogeneity of muscarinic receptors. The mean Hill coefficients for the muscarinic antagonist (atropine 0.81 to 0.878) were significantly different than for the muscarinic agonist (oxotremorine 0.39 to 0.44) in all genitourinary tissues, a binding property of muscarinic receptors identified in other tissues. The requirements for the characterization of cholinergic muscarinic receptors have been fulfilled for several genitourinary tissues of the rabbit. Radioligand receptor binding methods can now be applied to investigating the relationship between genitourinary dysfunction and alterations in the muscarinic cholinergic receptors. PMID- 6737604 TI - Endogenous development and pathogenicity of Eimeria angusta in the ruffed grouse, Bonasa umbellus. AB - Oocysts of Eimeria angusta were recovered from the cecum of a captive ruffed grouse which died of coccidial typhlitis. Five experimental passages were made in grouse over a 2-yr period. Prepatent period was 6.5-7.0 days; sporulation time at 22 C was 54-60 hr. Endogenous stages were not found in grouse killed 1 and 2 days after inoculation (DAI). A few immature schizonts were in cecal epithelium 4 DAI. Developing and mature schizonts, and undifferentiated gamonts were in cecal epithelium 5 DAI. Developing micro- and macrogamonts, but no oocysts, were present 6.5 DAI. Fibrinohemorrhagic typhlitis, associated with large numbers of gamonts and oocysts in the epithelium, was found 9 DAI. Cecal glands were hypertrophic and there was a heavy mixed inflammatory cell reaction. Diarrhea, depression and reduced feed intake occurred 7-10 DAI with most severe signs and greatest oocyst passage 8 or 9 DAI. Most infected birds lost weight 5-8 or 9 DAI, but none died. PMID- 6737605 TI - Ixodid ticks on feral swine in Florida. AB - More than 99% of the 645 feral swine (Sus scrofa L.) in southern Florida harbored ixodid ticks. Dermacentor variabilis (American dog tick) was present on 99.6% of the swine and comprised 82.5% of the ticks collected. Amblyomma maculatum (Gulf Coast tick) occurred on 85.9% of the hosts and 17.4% of the collections were of this species. Amblyomma americanum (Lone Star tick) and Ixodes scapularis (Black legged tick) were found infrequently and together constituted less than 0.1% of the ticks. Pigs were infested by 7-22 days of age and 95% carried ticks by 6 wk of age. Only adult ticks were found on swine from southern Florida, but immature stages of A. americanum were present from a small sample of swine from northern Florida. Each species had a different pattern of distribution on the feral swine. No Ornithodoros species were found among the 36,616 ticks collected from feral swine during this survey. PMID- 6737606 TI - Beak and feather dystrophy in wild sulphur-crested cockatoos (Cacatua galerita). AB - Three flocks of wild sulphur-crested cockatoos in southeastern Australia had a 10 20% prevalence of feather and beak deformities. In affected birds, the crest, tail, contour and down feathers were lost or reduced in length owing to a "pinching off" 0.5-1 cm above the skin. The underlying skin was discolored brown. Flight feathers appeared normal and could sustain flight. In mildly affected birds, only the crest and down feathers were involved. Histological examination of affected feathers showed necrosis of developing cells in their epidermal collars. The epidermis was moderately hyperplastic and contained numerous large macrophages, with large intracytoplasmic granules. Electron microscopic examination showed these granules to consist of regular lattices of 17-20-nm diameter particles, resembling parvovirus particles. In some birds the upper beak was enlarged and had longitudinal cracks. Histological examination of the beak showed necrosis of its epidermis. It was concluded that a viral infection may have caused feather and beak dystrophy in these birds. PMID- 6737607 TI - Further studies on horn aberrations in Dall's sheep (Ovis dalli dalli) from Yukon Territory, Canada. AB - The prevalence of horn aberrations in Dall's sheep from the Kluane Lake area of Yukon Territory observed during July 1982 represented 1% of the total population and 7% of rams 6 yr or older. Ewes were not considered in these percentages because they were too difficult to inspect by aerial survey. When these data were combined with other data collected from 1977 through 1981, the prevalence equalled 2.4% of the total population and slightly exceeded 16% in mature rams (greater than or equal to 6 yr). The anomaly followed necrosis of the terminal region of the horn core and the sequestering of portions of the core within the sheath as the sheath continued to grow. Sheath that was produced after the core was anatomically altered resulted in abnormal growth patterns of the horn. Rams with aberrant horns could not maintain homeostatic temperatures within horn cores when horns were experimentally exposed to -80 C for 30 min. Histologic examination of superficial and cornual vascular systems did not reveal any structural alterations that would restrict blood flow within cores of affected horns. Examination of museum specimens consisting of 130 skulls from rams and 81 from ewes collected from Alaska, USA, Yukon Territory, Canada, and Northwest Territories, Canada, established only one ewe and no rams with the horn aberration. The skull was from a ewe and had both horns affected and was collected from the Joe River Drainage, Yukon Territory in 1912. PMID- 6737608 TI - Serum chemistry of the collared peccary (Tayassu tajacu). AB - Values of serum biochemistry were obtained for 33 adult (16 male and 17 female) and six juvenile (four male and two female) collared peccaries collected by trapping and drugging animals from southern Texas during the period July through September 1982. Only cholesterol and aspartate aminotransferase concentrations differed significantly with respect to sex. Juvenile peccaries had significantly lower concentrations of total protein and globulins, but had higher concentrations of glucose, triglycerides, alkaline phosphatase, alanine aminotransferase, and calcium, and a higher albumin/globulin ratio than did adults. Effects of method of capture on biochemical attributes of serum from five gunshot and nine trapped adult peccaries collected from a single herd during March 1983 also were examined. Trapped peccaries had significantly higher levels of serum urea nitrogen, urea nitrogen/creatinine ratio, glucose, and chloride concentrations. Levels of uric acid, calcium, and potassium were significantly lower among the trapped animals. PMID- 6737609 TI - Immobilization and tagging of muskoxen (Ovibos moschatus) in Jameson Land, northeastern Greenland. AB - In July 1982 and 1983, 491 muskoxen were handled in a tagging project in Jameson Land, northeastern Greenland. Groups of muskoxen as well as single individuals were rounded up effectively by Greenland huskies and kept in an accessible position suitable for injection of immobilizing drugs. Standard doses of drugs were developed for each age class. For adults the dose used was 2 mg etorphine, 30 mg xylazine and 200 IU hyaluronidase. For yearlings the xylazine was reduced to 20 mg while the etorphine and hyaluronidase remained at 2 and 200, respectively. For calves the doses were 0.5 mg etorphine with 200 IU hyaluronidase. The narcotic antagonist used was deprenorphine (used with hyaluronidase) administered via the intramuscular route so that all animals in any group would recover more or less simultaneously. PMID- 6737610 TI - Microbiological observations on two stranded live whales. PMID- 6737611 TI - Dirofilaria immitis in red foxes (Vulpes vulpes) in an endemic area near Sydney, Australia. PMID- 6737612 TI - Rate of digestion of blowfly maggots by ducks. PMID- 6737613 TI - Upper canines in Dall's sheep (Ovis dalli dalli). PMID- 6737614 TI - Dental abnormalities in free-ranging Cape mountain zebras (Equus zebra zebra). PMID- 6737615 TI - Recuperation of a severely debilitated wolf. PMID- 6737617 TI - Persistence of Pasteurella multocida in Nebraska wetlands under epizootic conditions. AB - Gleason Basin, a marsh located in the western part of the Rainwater Basin in Nebraska, was selected during the 1980 spring waterfowl migration as a study site to determine the presence and persistence of virulent Pasteurella multocida. Avian cholera mortality in migratory waterfowl using the Basin increased during a 2-wk period of a die-off beginning the first week of March when 2,409 carcasses were collected from the marsh. Study sites within the marsh were established for sampling water associated with and not associated with intact and scavenged carcasses. Isolations of virulent P. multocida were made from five of six study sites associated with either intact or scavenged carcasses for 3 days and from three of five non-carcass-associated study sites for 2 days. Recovery of these bacteria from this environment suggested a possible source of infection for susceptible waterfowl using the contaminated site. PMID- 6737616 TI - An outbreak of botulism in waterfowl and fly larvae in New York State. AB - In October 1982 the death of approximately 1,500 wild ducks, mostly mallards (Anas platyrhynchos), and about 100 shore birds including greater yellowlegs (Tringa melanoleuca) was observed in the New York State Oak Orchard Wildlife Management Area. The lack of gross pathology, the signs exhibited by the moribund ducks, and the ecologic conditions indicated possible botulinal intoxication. Clostridium botulinum toxin type C was demonstrated in duck serum (approximately 5 X 10(4) mouse intraperitoneal LD50 of toxin per ml of serum) and in an extract from fly larvae (Lucilia spp.) taken from the same area (approximately 1 X 10(6) mouse intraperitoneal LD50 of toxin per gram of larvae). PMID- 6737618 TI - Hippocrates meets the data banks: patient privacy in computer age. PMID- 6737619 TI - Giving visibility to accidentally swallowed toy. PMID- 6737620 TI - Leads from the MMWR. Oral contraceptive use and the risk of breast cancer in young women. PMID- 6737621 TI - Leads from the MMWR. Declining rates of rectal and pharyngeal gonorrhea among men -New York City. PMID- 6737622 TI - Fibronectin and toxic shock syndrome. PMID- 6737623 TI - Reference values for plasma lipids and lipoproteins. PMID- 6737624 TI - Screening for Cushing's syndrome. PMID- 6737625 TI - Medical ethics. PMID- 6737626 TI - Trends in postneonatal mortality in the United States. 1962 through 1978. AB - Trends in postneonatal mortality (PNM) rates in the United States were analyzed for the period 1962 through 1978 using National Center for Health Statistics birth and death certificate data. The PNM rates declined from 5.5 to 3.6 per 1,000 live births for whites and from 15.6 to 7.6 per 1,000 live births for blacks. Most of the decline in PNM rates could be accounted for by a drop in mortality from infectious diseases. A dramatic increase occurred in the reported rates of unexplained sudden infant death (SID), which emerged as the leading reported cause of PNM. The second leading cause of PNM was birth defects among whites and infectious diseases among blacks. Gaps in PNM continued to exist between whites and blacks, and between metropolitan and nonmetropolitan areas. These gaps suggest that further improvement in PNM may be possible by improving access to health care. The massive increase in the rates of SID, although partially explained by coding or reporting phenomena, warrants active pursuit for a better pathophysiologic and etiologic delineation of the entity. PMID- 6737627 TI - Western European responses to physician oversupply. Lessons for the United States. AB - The supply and specialty distribution of physicians in Belgium, West Germany, the Netherlands, and the United Kingdom were compared with those in the United States. The numbers of physicians per 10,000 population in 1980 was 24 (Belgium), 22.9 (West Germany), 19.1 (United States), 19.0 (the Netherlands), and 16.2 (United Kingdom). Projections for 1990 were 34 (Belgium), 32.6 (West Germany), 24.3 (United States), and 17.1 (United Kingdom). The United States and the United Kingdom produce about half as many physicians per population but have a much higher proportion (26%) of foreign physicians. The United States has a much higher ratio of specialists to generalists. Official recognition of physician oversupply exists in Belgium, which is restricting specialty training, and the Netherlands, which is reducing both medical school intake and specialty training, but not yet in West Germany. The European experience suggests that the United States' most pressing health manpower problem is an oversupply of specialists. PMID- 6737628 TI - US abundance of physicians and international health. AB - American clinicians with careers encompassing both Third World and underserved American populations would benefit both regions and bring new perspectives to foreign policy and domestic health care problems. Application of the parallel concepts of Community-Oriented Primary Care and Health for All should help contain costs and extend access to appropriate clinical care both in the United States and abroad. As American physicians weigh their short- or long-term career options in the post-Graduate Medical Education National Advisory Council era, there is an urgent need both for a specific US policy on international health and for new partnerships to facilitate careers spanning domestic and Third World areas of need. PMID- 6737629 TI - Hyponatremia induced by a combination of amiloride and hydrochlorothiazide. PMID- 6737630 TI - The Archives of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine and the autopsy. PMID- 6737631 TI - Women doctors are here to stay. Practice management, the kindergarten carpool, and other experiences of two women in family practice. An interview with Cynthia B. Johnson, MD, PhD, and Nancy K. White, MD, PhD. PMID- 6737632 TI - Olympics drug testing: basis for future study. PMID- 6737633 TI - Postexercise peril. PMID- 6737634 TI - Iron deficiency anemia in a vegetarian runner. PMID- 6737635 TI - Use of androgenic anabolic steroids by athletes. PMID- 6737636 TI - Vastus lateralis muscle biopsy. PMID- 6737637 TI - Hazards of restrictive diets. PMID- 6737638 TI - Physical fitness and incidence of hypertension in healthy normotensive men and women. AB - We measured physical fitness, assessed by maximal treadmill testing in 4,820 men and 1,219 women aged 20 to 65 years. Participants had no history of cardiovascular disease and were normotensive at baseline. We followed up these persons for one to 12 years (median, four years) for the development of hypertension. Multiple logistic risk analysis was used to estimate the independent contribution of physical fitness to risk of becoming hypertensive. After adjustment for sex, age, follow-up interval, baseline blood pressure, and baseline body-mass index, persons with low levels of physical fitness (72% of the group) had a relative risk of 1.52 for the development of hypertension when compared with highly fit persons. Risk of hypertension developing also increased substantially with increased baseline blood pressure. PMID- 6737639 TI - A natural history of athleticism and cardiovascular health. AB - Epidemiologic studies in Olympic year 1984 suggest that personal athleticism alters trends in life-style and coronary heart disease. Analysis of 572 first attacks among 16,936 Harvard alumni, 1962 to 1972, and 1,413 total deaths, 1962 to 1978, shows that habitual postcollege exercise, not student sports play, predicts low coronary heart disease risk. Sedentary alumni, even ex-varsity athletes, have high risk. Sedentary students becoming physically active alumni acquire low risk. Exercise benefit is independent of contrary life-style elements -smoking, obesity, weight gain, hypertension, and adverse parental disease history--in affecting coronary heart disease incidence. Hypertension is clinically the strongest predictor of coronary attack, but inadequate exercise is strongest on a community basis. Exercise level is inversely related to total, cardiovascular, and respiratory mortality but less related to cancer or unnatural deaths. The current exercise revolution may improve life-style, cardiovascular health, and longevity. PMID- 6737640 TI - Mechanical and physiological evaluation of exercise performance in elite national rowers. AB - We describe the scientific basis for evaluating the biomechanics and associated physiological requirements of exercise performance in elite national rowers. Computer-assisted analysis of high-speed cinematography has demonstrated that efficiency in rowing is related to the relative proximity between peak force and the perpendicular position of the oar. Physiological testing has indicated that near maximal levels of oxygen consumption are required during "all out" rowing, involving both aerobic and anaerobic metabolism. Serial testing has been performed on elite oarsmen throughout the year in order to evaluate the individual benefits of a training program and to establish guidelines for future training. Successful application of the scientific analysis of rowing performance requires that the athlete, coach, and investigator work closely together in an effort to increase the average velocity of the boat. PMID- 6737641 TI - Physiological profile of national-class National Collegiate Athletic Association fencers. AB - Selected physiological characteristics of seven national-class fencers (1983 National Collegiate Athletic Association Division I champions) were studied and the results compared with those for normal persons and athletes of similar age. Evaluation included maximal oxygen uptake during arm and leg ergometry, serum lipids, body composition, and standard spirometry. Maximal oxygen uptake during arm work (34.2 mL X kg-1 X min-1) was 68% of that observed during leg work (50.2 mL X kg-1 X min-1). Mean serum triglyceride, total cholesterol, and high-density lipoprotein cholesterol levels were 68.5, 187, and 54.5 mg/dL, respectively. Hydrostatically determined percent body fat averaged 12.2%. Results of pulmonary function studies were normal. The aerobic capacity of National Collegiate Athletic Association fencers is only slightly higher than active men of comparable age, and substantially lower than world-class endurance athletes. These data suggest that success in fencing may depend more on technique, speed, and agility as opposed to a high aerobic capacity and low percent body fatness. PMID- 6737642 TI - Changes in lipid and lipoprotein levels after weight training. AB - Lipid and lipoprotein levels were prospectively studied in previously sedentary men (mean age, 33 years) and women (mean age, 27 years) undergoing 16 weeks of weight-training exercise. Women demonstrated a 9.5% reduction of cholesterol, 17.9% decrease in low-density lipoprotein (LDL) cholesterol and 28.3% lowering of triglycerides. The ratios of total cholesterol-high-density lipoprotein (HDL) cholesterol and LDL cholesterol-HDL cholesterol were reduced 14.3% and 20.3%, respectively. Among men, LDL cholesterol was reduced 16.2%, while the ratios of total cholesterol-HDL cholesterol and LDL cholesterol-HDL cholesterol were lowered 21.6% and 28.9%, respectively. Weight-training exercise appears to result in favorable changes in lipid and lipoprotein levels in previously sedentary men and women. PMID- 6737643 TI - High-density-lipoprotein cholesterol in bodybuilders v powerlifters. Negative effects of androgen use. AB - To determine the relationship between lipid profiles and the type of weight training and to assess the effects of anabolic-androgenic steroids on lipids, bodybuilders and powerlifters of similar age, body fat, and testosterone levels were studied before and after androgen use. Before androgen administration powerlifters had lower levels of plasma high-density-lipoprotein cholesterol (HDL C) and HDL2-C (38 +/- 2; 6 +/- 1 mg/dL; means +/- SE, n = 8) than bodybuilders (55 +/- 2; 12 +/- 1 mg/dL; n = 8) and runners of comparable age and body fat (47 +/- 2; 14 +/- 2 mg/dL; n = 8), while levels of low-density-lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL-C) were higher in powerlifters (138 +/- 10 mg/dL) than in bodybuilders (104 +/- 7 mg/dL) and runners (110 +/- 6 mg/dL). Therefore, powerlifters had higher LDL-C/HDL-C ratios (3.7 +/- 0.3) than bodybuilders (2.0 +/- 0.2) and runners (2.4 +/- 0.2). Androgen use by eight bodybuilders and four powerlifters lowered values of both HDL-C and HDL2-C by 55% and raised values of LDL-C (61% +/- 10%) and LDL-C/HDL-C ratios (280% +/- 40%). Therefore, the training regimen of bodybuilders is associated with a more favorable lipid profile than the training used by powerlifters. Androgen use by strength-trained athletes may increase their risk for coronary heart disease. PMID- 6737644 TI - Causes and remedies for drug misuse and abuse by athletes. PMID- 6737646 TI - Citius, Altius, Fortius. PMID- 6737645 TI - Is running an analogue of anorexia nervosa? An empirical study of obligatory running and anorexia nervosa. AB - A recent report suggested that compulsive runners share a common set of psychological traits and behavioral dispositions with patients with anorexia nervosa. In an effort to objectively assess the similarity between anorexia nervosa and obligatory running, 43 runners and 24 patients with anorexia nervosa completed the Minnesota Multiphasic Personality Inventory (MMPI). Results indicated that the obligatory runners generally scored within the normal range, while the anorectic patients did not. The anorectic patients obtained more pathological scores than the runners on eight of the ten clinical subscales of the MMPI. Fifty percent of the anorectic patients obtained elevations on three or more of the MMPI subscales, while no runners obtained more than two scale elevations. Depression (scale 2) and psychopathy (scale 4) were particularly prevalent in the anorectic group. We conclude that obligatory runners do not suffer from the same degree of psychopathology as do patients with anorexia nervosa. PMID- 6737647 TI - Joggers may live longer... PMID- 6737648 TI - Physicians and the Olympics. PMID- 6737649 TI - The diagnosis of stress fractures in athletes. AB - Eighteen patients with shin pain that was clinically considered to be caused by a stress fracture of the tibia or fibula underwent radiological, thermographic, and scintigraphic studies and a test of ultrasound-induced pain. When initially seen, 15 had stress fractures confirmed by scintigraphy. Of these, 12 had abnormal thermograms, eight had positive test results for ultrasound-induced pain, and seven had abnormal radiographs. Thermography used alone seemed to be a safe, rapid means of diagnosis for stress fractures in the tibia or fibula and was not found to be related to symptom duration. In the radiologically normal group of stress fractures, four (50%) had positive test results for ultrasound stress tests and normal thermograms. The combination of these two tests should provide an early method of detecting stress fractures in the tibia and fibula, thereby avoiding scintiscans in some athletes. PMID- 6737650 TI - Transmission of herpes simplex virus type 1 infection in rugby players. AB - Skin infections, both bacterial and viral, are endemic in contact sports such as wrestling and rugby football. In this report, we describe four cases of extensive cutaneous herpes simplex virus in players on a rugby team. All players had a prodrome of fever, malaise, and anorexia with a weight loss of 3.6 to 9.0 kg. Two players experienced ocular lesions associated with cutaneous vesicular lesions of the face. A third player, who had herpetic lesions on his lower extremity, experienced paresthesias, weakness, and intermittent urinary retention and constipation. All infected players on the team were forwards or members of the "scrum," which suggests a field-acquired infection analogous to the herpetic infections seen in wrestlers (herpes gladiatorum). Considering the serious sequelae of recurrent herpes simplex keratitis, the traumatic skin lesions in rugby football players should be cultured for herpes virus, and infected individuals should be restricted from playing until crusted lesions have disappeared. PMID- 6737651 TI - Physique of female swimmers and divers from the 1976 Montreal Olympics. AB - Appreciable differences in heights and adjusted weights were observed between women finalists and nonfinalists in four swimming and two diving events at Montreal in 1976. The finalists in swimming events were both taller (3.5 cm) and heavier (2.8 kg) than nonfinalists. Substantial differences were observed between the physical characteristics of finalists in swimming and diving events. The divers were older (2.9 years), shorter (6.7 cm), and lighter for their height (5 kg) than swimmers. Of the 60 medalists from ten swimming events at Munich and Montreal, only two (3%) had heights below the mean height for women (162 cm) in the United States, compared with three (25%) of 12 medalists in diving. PMID- 6737652 TI - The second impact in catastrophic contact-sports head trauma. PMID- 6737653 TI - Traumatic disorders of the shoulder. PMID- 6737654 TI - Exercise programs for the elderly. Council on Scientific Affairs. PMID- 6737655 TI - Ultrasound shows carotid stenosis in just half of cervical bruit cases. PMID- 6737656 TI - Stroke mortality declines; still major health problem. PMID- 6737657 TI - Antifibrinolytics: ischemia may offset control. PMID- 6737658 TI - Possible platelet syndrome suggested in early stroke. PMID- 6737659 TI - Leads from the MMWR. Salmonellosis associated with cheese consumption--Canada. PMID- 6737660 TI - Physicians should contribute to preventing nuclear war. PMID- 6737661 TI - Failure to diagnose myocardial infarction. PMID- 6737662 TI - Do video games affect blood pressure? PMID- 6737663 TI - Serum and muscle alanine aminotransferase activities in marathon runners. PMID- 6737664 TI - Jamshedpur fever and Reye's syndrome. PMID- 6737665 TI - Mortality and cancer frequency among military nuclear test (Smoky) participants. PMID- 6737666 TI - Precipitation of hyperosmolar nonketotic diabetes on alternate-day corticosteroid therapy. PMID- 6737667 TI - The final epidemic. Prescriptions for prevention. PMID- 6737668 TI - Predictive value of urodynamic evaluation in newborns with myelodysplasia. AB - We examined 36 infants with myelodysplasia, using excretory urography, voiding cystourethrography, and urodynamic assessment in the newborn period and periodically thereafter to determine those at risk for decompensation of the urinary tract. Urodynamic evaluation showed 18 with dyssynergia of the detrusor and external sphincter, nine with synergic activity of the sphincter, and nine with no activity of the sphincter. Thirteen (72%) of the group with dyssynergia had or later were found to have hydroureteronephrosis, while this was the case in only two (22%) with synergy and one (11%) with absent activity. The conditions of these 16 patients improved after decompression by cutaneous vesicostomy or intermittent catheterization. Infants with dyssynergia of the detrusor-external sphincter are at high risk for deterioration of the urinary tract; they should be followed up closely, and intermittent catheterization should be started early. PMID- 6737669 TI - Medical resources after nuclear war. Availability v need. AB - In defining capacity to "survive" a massive nuclear exchange, it is important to assess the medical resources that will be available in the post-nuclear war world. Approximately 80% of these resources--hospital beds and personnel, blood, drugs, and medical supplies--will have been destroyed, since they are located in or near the densely populated areas that constitute primary targets of attack. Casualty estimates published by federal agencies, together with data from the Hiroshima-Nagasaki experience, suggest the numbers and types of injuries that will afflict the US population. With a probable 48,000 surviving physicians to treat 32 million casualties, there will be one physician for every 663 patients. Of the trauma and burn victims, approximately 55% will require hospitalization; this will mean 64 patients for each available hospital bed. Data from recent wars have been utilized to determine the trauma-related blood requirements in the post nuclear war world. Of the 64 million units of whole blood needed, only 14,000 will be available. Other medical resources will be in equally short supply. This disparity between need and availability indicates the difficulty of developing a meaningful medical response for the surviving injured. PMID- 6737671 TI - Polycythemia vera among participants of a nuclear weapons test. AB - Two cases of polycythemia vera and two cases of suspected polycythemia vera were found among 3,217 nuclear test participants present during the detonation of the nuclear device, "Smoky," on Aug 31, 1957, and traced through December 1981. The observed occurrence of four cases of polycythemia vera in a group this size significantly exceeds that expected. However, the small individual whole-body doses of radiation reported for these four participants makes the association with ionizing radiation tenuous, although this was the only known unusual risk factor. PMID- 6737670 TI - The use of iodine as a thyroidal blocking agent in the event of a reactor accident. Report of the Environmental Hazards Committee of the American Thyroid Association. AB - In the event of a nuclear reactor accident, radioactive materials could be released into the environment: radioisotopes of iodine could constitute a major component of such a release. Upon such exposure, radioiodines could enter the body and accumulate in an unprotected thyroid gland where they would remain for varying periods of time. A number of methods have been proposed to protect those at risk of exposure. Administration of thyroid-blocking agents (such as potassium iodide) to exposed populations could be effective, but their use has raised a number of questions since there are considerable gaps in the scientific information available about the possible effects of low-level radiation from radioiodine. In addition, there are only limited data available about potential toxic side effects of potassium iodide distributed widely to large, unsupervised populations. Concern about these issues led the American Thyroid Association to appoint a committee of its members with special interest and competence in these areas to review the problems in detail and develop an advisory statement on the questions at issue for those to whom this matter might be of concern. PMID- 6737672 TI - Pituitary tumors following fallout radiation exposure. AB - Two pituitary tumors were diagnosed in a small population of Marshallese accidentally exposed to radioactive fallout in 1954. PMID- 6737673 TI - Consensus Conference: The use of diagnostic ultrasound imaging during pregnancy. PMID- 6737674 TI - Premature ventricular complexes. Diagnosis and indications for therapy. PMID- 6737676 TI - Sequential changes of left ventricular function after cineangiography in normal heart and coronary artery disease. AB - To evaluate the effect of contrast material on left ventricular (LV) function, LV pressure and its first derivative were continuously monitored during and after LV cineangiography with Mikro-tip angiocatheters in 15 normal subjects (Group 1) and patients with coronary artery disease (CAD) without LV asynergy (Group 2, n = 10), with mild asynergy (Group 3, n = 12) and severe asynergy (Group 4, n = 13). In all 4 groups, systolic hypotension, decrease of negative dP/dt, and prolonged time constant of LV pressure fall (T) were observed in 30 seconds after dye injection, and all these parameters returned to the control value in 2 minutes. LV end-diastolic pressure (EDP) began to elevate at one minute, reached its peak at 2 minutes, and stayed elevated for 7 minutes. Although significant decrease in LV systolic pressure was seen, indexes of LV contractility, peak positive dP/dt and (dP/dt)/DP40, showed increase in all groups. No different directional changes of these parameters were observed among 4 groups. The degree of LVEDP elevation was parallel to the diastolic elastic stiffness constant (K) in Group 1 (r = 0.64, (p less than 0.05). It is concluded that systolic hypotension and prolonged relaxation are only transient, and elevation of LVEDP after the contrast material injection seems to be the effect of only acute volume overload. PMID- 6737675 TI - The effects of reperfusion of infarct-related coronary artery on serum creatine phosphokinase and left ventricular function. AB - In 31 patients with transmural myocardial infarction in whom coronary arteriography was performed within 8 hours after the onset of symptoms, we examined (1) the effect of restoration of coronary blood flow on serum CPK time activity curve and (2) the relationship between cumulative CPKr and the left ventricular function in the chronic phase. We divided 31 patients into 2 groups: Group A consists of 19 patients in whom coronary reperfusion was established. Group B consists of 12 patients whose coronary artery remained occluded. In group A, the time required to reach peak serum CPK activity was significantly shorter than in group B. When comparing CPKr with percent abnormally contracting segment (%ACS) in 2 groups, correlation between CPKr and %ACS was not good, but it revealed linear relation in both group A and B. CPKr divided by %ACS (CPKr/%ACS) was significantly higher in group A than in group B. We conclude that reperfusion of infarct-related coronary artery changes serum CPK time-activity curve resulting in earlier appearance of peak serum CPK and that infarct size cannot be estimated by serum CPK level alone. PMID- 6737677 TI - [The effects of low concentration nifedipine on the cardiac function of isolated ischemic rat heart muscles under 2MAC halothane anesthesia]. PMID- 6737678 TI - [Effect of coenzyme Q10 on the ischemic rat heart during halothane anesthesia in vitro]. PMID- 6737679 TI - [The effect of coronary vasodilator on cardiac function in hemorrhagic shock]. PMID- 6737680 TI - [Position of the needle tip in celiac plexus block. 2. Clinical application]. PMID- 6737681 TI - [Gastric pH and secretion volume in patients on cimetidine as preoperative medication]. PMID- 6737682 TI - [Study on metabolic effects of lactated Ringer's solution-L-lactate vs DL-lactate sodium]. PMID- 6737683 TI - [A versatile vaporizer convenient for low flow and closed system anesthesia]. PMID- 6737684 TI - [Cardiac arrest secondary to anaphylactic shock caused by blood transfusion]. PMID- 6737685 TI - [Amniotic fluid embolism during caesarean section]. PMID- 6737686 TI - [Two cases of neurogenic pulmonary edema (NPE) following rupture of cerebral aneurysm]. PMID- 6737687 TI - [Disseminated intravascular coagulation (DIC) during cervical laminectomy]. PMID- 6737688 TI - [Educational training of anesthesiologists and pilots of airlines--a suggestion for better training of anesthesiologists]. PMID- 6737689 TI - [Fundamental and clinical studies on forphenicinol, a small-molecular immunomodulator]. AB - Forphenicinol , a small-molecular immunomodulator, was orally administered to 10 long-term hospitalized patients with decreased pulmonary function, mainly, due to obsolete tuberculosis. The patients were grouped equally into 2, the first group received 50 mg of forphenicinol /day for 4 weeks and the second group received forphenicinol for a total period of 1 year, according to the following dose schedule; 100 mg/day for the first 2 months, 400 mg/day for the next 6 months and 200 mg/day for the last 4 months. Investigations were made on the serum levels and safety of forphenicinol in all of these patients. The results of the investigations were as follows. Peak levels of forphenicinol were attained, in most cases, 2 hours after the administration and the average peak levels on the 14th day were 1.37 micrograms/ml for the dose of 50 mg/day, 5.02 micrograms/ml for 100 mg/day, 7.49 micrograms/ml for 200 mg/day and 15.02 micrograms/ml for 400 mg/day. There was no difference between the serum peak levels on the 1st and 14th days, in the patients who received forphenicinol at the dose of 50 or 100 mg/day. This finding led us to conclude that forphenicinol may not be accumulated in the body when it is administered repeatedly. Neither any side effects nor any abnormal values in the laboratory analysis of samples were observed for forphenicinol . The following improvement were observed, in the patients who received forphenicinol on a long-term basis (1 year); diminution of thick-walled cavity in 1 patient with atypical mycobacteriosis and in another patient with drug-resistant Mycobacterium tuberculosis, negative sputum culture for bacteria was observed during this whole period of forphenicinol treatment. PMID- 6737690 TI - [A clinical study on cefoperazone in serious infections associated with hematological malignancy]. AB - Clinical and bacteriological efficiencies of cefoperazone (CPZ) in 19 serious infections associated with hematological malignancy were studied. CPZ was clinically effective in 13 cases (68.4%). Excellent effects were obtained in 3 cases (15.8%), good effects in 7 cases (36.8%) and fairly good effects in 3 cases (15.8%). The rate of clinical effectiveness by CPZ was not dependent on neutrophils number in peripheral blood. Bacteriological effectiveness to isolated organisms in 15 cases was obtained in 9 cases (60%). Clinically significant serum concentrations of CPZ persisted over 6 hours after injection (1 g/l hour, d.i.v.). In comparative study of MIC against clinically isolated P. aeruginosa, CPZ was superior to other cephalosporins. Adverse reactions were not significant except for 3 cases with abnormalities of hepatic function. PMID- 6737691 TI - [Penetration of cefbuperazone, a new cephamycin antibiotic, into human peritoneal exudate]. AB - Pharmacokinetic studies were carried out on cefbuperazone ( CBPZ ) in 9 patients undergoing postoperative drainage. The concentration of CBPZ in serum and peritoneal exudate after one shot intravenous administration of 1 g was measured by bioassay and calculated respectively by two- and one-compartment open model. The results obtained were as follows: The pharmacokinetic parameters calculated from the serum levels were compared to those reported previously; T1/2 = 101 min., Vd = 4.06 L and Cl = 76 ml/min. The simulation curve of the peritoneal exudate level fit fairly with the mean values of 6 patients. It appeared that CBPZ penetrated somewhat slowly into peritoneal exudate with the peak value of 27.05 micrograms/ml at about 1 hour after the administration. The exudate levels thereafter declined more slowly than the serum ones (T1/2 = 134 min.). IT was 6.2 micrograms/ml even at 6 hours after the administration. PMID- 6737692 TI - [Concentration of piperacillin in bone]. AB - Eighteen patients received 2.0 grams of piperacillin sodium (PIPC) intravenously. The concentrations of PIPC in serum, cancellous bone, and cortical bone were measured approximately 30 minutes after injection. Serum concentrations ranged from 9.10 to 167.0 micrograms/ml (mean 95.61 +/- 10.03 micrograms/ml). Cortical bone concentrations varied between 0 and 17.5 micrograms/g (mean 4.58 +/- 1.03 micrograms/g). The levels measured in cancellous bone ranged from 0.62-13.1 micrograms/g (mean 8.07 +/- 1.43 micrograms/g). PIPC achieved high concentrations in bone. PMID- 6737693 TI - [Therapeutic effect of miconazole on fungal infection in patients with hematological malignancies]. AB - The effectiveness of miconazole was evaluated in 9 documented fungal infections, 4 of which were candidal sepsis. All patients were receiving therapy for hematological malignancies. Miconazole revealed the excellent effect in 3 patients with candidal esophagitis and 1 patient with candidal sepsis and esophagitis. Twelve patients who received miconazole for presumed or documented fungal infection were evaluated for toxicity. No particular side effects, except for only 1 case of mild hepatic dysfunction, were observed. Miconazole is apparently an effective antifungal agents for treatment of systemic fungal infection in patients with hematological malignancies. PMID- 6737695 TI - Normal limits of pediatric Frank lead electrocardiograms. Differences in data obtained in 4th or 5th intercostal spaces. AB - Frank lead electrocardiograms (VCGs) were recorded from 970 young subjects in order to establish normal limits for pediatric VCGs. In 245 children and 231 adolescents, the thoracic electrodes were located at the levels of the 4th and of the 5th intercostal space with subjects in supine position. Pairwise comparisons of 211 linear and angular parameters were made, using the 4th interspace as the reference. In children, there were 155 parameters with statistically significant differences and 56 parameters without significant differences between levels 4 and 5. In adolescents, corresponding figures were 158 parameters with significant differences and 53 without. Results for selected measurements showed an increase of the amplitude of Q and R waves in leads X and Y, a decrease of Q and R waves in lead Z and an increase of maximal spatial and planar QRS vectors, with the QRS loop being more anteriorly oriented by shifting the electrodes from level 4 to level 5. The mean differences in amplitude and orientation were generally small and of little practical value. However, the percentile distribution of the differences indicated that substantial changes in either direction can occur in some subjects. Thus, quantitative analysis of the pediatric Frank VCGs can be critically affected by modification of electrode placement. It is suggested that normal limits should be determined for each recording level and that criteria for analysis should be applied only to VCGs recorded at the same specified level. PMID- 6737694 TI - [Clinical results of cefaclor treatment of infections of oral regions]. AB - Cefaclor (CCL) is a cephem antibiotic for oral use. Thirty cases of infection of oral regions, in the First Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, School of Dentistry, the University of Tokushima, were treated with CCL at 750 mg/day. The results were as follows: The efficacy rate for all kinds of diseases was 80.0% in 3 days and 96.7% in 5 days and 86.7% as an overall assessment by the patients' doctors. With regard to the degree of symptoms, the efficacy rate for cases with moderate symptoms was less than that for mild cases in 3 days and according to the assessment by the patients' doctors. Some moderate cases required increased medication because no beneficial effect was observed. In sensitivity tests, CCL was shown to be effective on all 27 isolated clones of bacteria tested. CCL caused no detectable changes in laboratory data. No side effects were observed in any case. From these results, it is concluded that CCL is a highly effective antibiotic for use on infections of the oral regions. PMID- 6737697 TI - Recordings of the local pacing-induced myocardial activation and repolarization. AB - We have studied the endocardial ventricular evoked response which follows delivery of a unipolar stimulus down the sensing electrode. The system uses the same lead for both pacing and sensing and permits recordings of the evoked T wave representing a dominantly local repolarization which follows a pacing-induced depolarization at the same site. In 12 animal experiments and in the course of electrophysiological investigations in 19 patients, we evaluated changes in the morphology and duration of the paced evoked response following drug interventions which alter myocardial refractoriness and repolarization time. These changes paralleled results obtained by simultaneous, paced monophasic action potential recordings, and suggest that myocardial repolarization can be accurately assessed by this new technique, which could overcome some of the difficulties in comparing 'in vivo' experiments with the clinical effects of drugs in man. PMID- 6737696 TI - A protective action of coenzyme Q10 on chlorpromazine-induced cell damage in the cultured rat myocardial cells. AB - The interactions between coenzyme Q10 (CoQ) and chlorpromazine (CPZ) were studied after CPZ-induced injury of cultured myocardial cells of new-born Wistar rats. Administration of 7.5 X 10(-6) M of CPZ caused decreases in adenosine triphosphate (ATP) contents and beating rates by 77.4% and 54.2%, respectively. These changes were dependent on the dosage of CPZ. Histologically, many lamellated granules appeared in the cytoplasm and seemed to originate from mitochondria. The decreased density of the mitochondrial matrix and an irregular arrangement of cristae were also observed. Coincubation of the cultures with CPZ and CoQ led to a dose-dependent increase in ATP contents and beating rates. The appearance of increased number of granules in the cytoplasm was suppressed. Indomethacin, an inhibitor of prostaglandin synthesis, interfered with the effects of CoQ on the CPZ-induced myocardial cell injury. These findings suggest that CoQ may protect myocardial cells from CPZ-induced injury, and that prostaglandins may play an important role in the action of CoQ. PMID- 6737698 TI - Computerized processing of two-dimensional echocardiograms for the quantification of left ventricular regional contractility. AB - A new practical method of computer digital image processing of two-dimensional echocardiograms was developed for the quantification of the left ventricular regional contractility. Short axis, cross-sectional images of the left ventricle at the levels of the mitral valve, papillary muscle and apex were recorded by a phased array sector scanner. The echo data recorded on video tape were transfered to a minicomputer through the interface circuits and digitized and processed automatically. Automatic edge detection of the endocardial and epicardial walls was performed by applying sequential steps, including smoothing, dynamic thresholding, region growing and filling small holes. The rationale for edge detection depended upon the assumptions that the abrupt changes of the gray levels occurred at the boundaries and that the points with the maximum gradient values are boundaries of the left ventricular wall. Best-fit contours of endocardial and epicardial edges were drawn by fitting a spline. The short axis cross-sectional left ventricular wall at each level was divided into eight segments, with the center of gravity of enddiastolic left ventricular cavity and the axis connecting this with the posterior end of the right side of the septum being used as the reference point and line. The segmental hemiaxis, area and wall thickness were measured every 33 msec from end-diastole during the cardiac cycle and the systolic percent changes were calculated automatically by a computer. Regional contractility of the left ventricle was evaluated by systolic percent changes of the segmental hemiaxis, area and wall thickness. The measured values in a patient with dilated cardiomyopathy were lower than those of a normal subject, probably reflecting myocardial damage of the left ventricle. Although there are some points to be improved, including a better system for transferring echo data to the computer and the evaluation of the validity of this fixed reference system, it is likely that computer analysis of the short axis cross sectional echocardiogram of the left ventricle will be useful in a clinical setting. PMID- 6737699 TI - Identification and quantification of the left-to-right shunt in adults with atrial septal defect by two-dimensional negative contrast echocardiography. AB - Negative contrast echocardiograms of two-dimensional long axis view of the right ventricle and the atrium were compared with the results of cardiac catheterization and surgical findings in 33 adults with atrial septal defects. Contrast echocardiographic evidence of atrial communication was noted in 30 cases (91%), and, in 28 cases, the negative contrast during one cardiac cycle could be measured. This could be applied even in cases with a small left-to-right shunt or with Eisenmenger's syndrome. No obvious difference in the behavior of negative contrast was documented among the cases with distinct types of septal defects. The maximum negative contrast area and the duration of appearance in one cardiac cycle were related to the pulmonary-to-systemic flow ratio. However, a significant overlap and considerable effects of transducer angulation on measurements were documented. Thus, negative contrast echocardiography may be widely used for the noninvasive identification of a left-to-right shunt in atrial septal defects. However, the method is not appropriate for a precise quantification of three-dimensional shunt flow. PMID- 6737700 TI - Elementary echographic estimation of cardiac output independent of the symmetry and kinetic state of the left ventricle in mitral stenosis. Potential application to the determination of the circulation of pregnancy. AB - An orifice equation is demonstrated which is independent of the symmetry and kinetic state of the left ventricle. The expression allows calculation of the cardiac output in conditions of mitral stenosis when the mitral valve area is known. This equation is Q = (1/21) R A T2, where Q = cardiac output in ml/min, R = heart rate, A = mitral valve area and T = diastolic filling period in sec/min. Ten patients whose gynecologic or obstetric exam suggested a diagnosis of mitral stenosis were evaluated by conventional cardiac catheterization and M-mode echocardiography. Cardiac output computed using the new equation and the Fick principle corresponded at r = 0.95, SE = 340 ml, N = 10. These results suggest that cardiac output may be conveniently estimated for serial studies by the readily measurable echographic variables of heart rate and diastolic filling period once the mitral valve area has been measured by conventional catheterization or bi-dimensional echographic methods. PMID- 6737701 TI - Epidemiology of hypertension in a north Indian population. Based on rural-urban community surveys. AB - The epidemiology of hypertension was studied on the basis of total community surveys in defined urban (mostly non-agricultural) and rural (agricultural) populations of Haryana, using WHO criteria. A total of 4,068 subjects, comprising 95% of the eligible populations, were examined. Hypertension was found to be almost twice as common in the urban (64.3/1,000) as in the rural group (35.7/1,000). The prevalence of hypertension as well as the mean pressures were greater in men than in women in the 3rd and 4th decades, after which the pattern was reversed in all the subsequent age groups. The regression lines intersected at approximately 45 years of age. However, there was no appreciable sex difference in either group in the overall prevalence of hypertension. The mean systolic and diastolic pressures rose significantly with increasing age. These were generally lower in rural than in urban subjects and there was a difference of almost one decade group. Only one out of every four hypertensives detected during the survey was aware of his disease, and even among these three-fourths were either untreated or inadequately controlled. The lower prevalence of hypertension was associated with lesser mean pressures in the rural community, and both these observations are ascribed to a much larger proportion of rural people (compared to city dwellers) being thinner in size, engaging in hard physical activity, and belonging to a lower socio-economic group. The data have also been compared with other studies from India and abroad and the possible reasons for the observed differences discussed. PMID- 6737702 TI - Contractile responses of canine coronary collateral vessels. AB - This study examines the responses of coronary collateral vessels to various vasoconstrictors and compares them with responses of 3 different divisions of the native coronary arterial trees in dogs. Only high concentrations of phenylephrine induced contractions in collateral vessels and medium coronary arteries, whereas even a high concentration of this agent did not affect small coronary arteries. Lower concentrations of serotonin or ergonovine elicited contractions in collateral vessels, and medium and large coronary arteries, but even a high concentration of these agents did not affect small coronary arteries. Angiotensin II (10(-7) M) elicited prominent contractions in the following order: small vessels, collateral vessels, medium and large coronary arteries. These results indicate that well-developed collateral vessels behave like native medium diameter coronary artery, and that the tonus of collateral vessels is possibly influenced by various vasoactive substances. PMID- 6737703 TI - [Handbook of clinical immunology]. PMID- 6737704 TI - Symposium on early gastric cancer--epidemiology, diagnosis and treatment. PMID- 6737705 TI - Progress in studies on early gastric cancer in Japan. AB - The incidence of gastric cancer in Japan is among the highest in the world. Unremitting efforts have been devoted by many Japanese researchers to improving the situation. They defined and classified early gastric cancer. With the development of diagnostic methods and the prevalence of gastric mass surveys, the rate of diagnosis of early gastric cancer has increased markedly. The five-year survival rate for early gastric cancer at present lies between 90 and 100%. These excellent results have been obtained by the collaboration of radiologists, endoscopists, surgeons and pathologists. PMID- 6737706 TI - Epidemiology of stomach cancer in Japan. With special reference to the strategy for the primary prevention. AB - Characteristics of both descriptive and analytic epidemiology of stomach cancer were summarised. Dietary changes, especially reduced intake of salted food mainly due to the wider use of electric refrigerator, were considered as the major reasons of recent decline in mortality. Other features of descriptive epidemiology such as socio-economic variation, lower risk in Okinawa residents and Japanese migrants to the U.S.A. were also described. In analytic epidemiology, daily cigarette smoking was found as a risk-enhancing factor in addition to frequent intake of salted food. Daily intake of green-yellow vegetables, soybean paste soup and milk were considered as risk reducing factors. Possibilities of primary prevention of stomach cancer was discussed based on these findings. PMID- 6737707 TI - Analysis of early gastric cancer cases collected from major hospitals and institutes in Japan. AB - An analysis of 17,212 lesions from 15,933 patients with early gastric cancer collected from 110 major hospitals and institutes in Japan is presented. The percentage of patients with early gastric cancer was high among persons in their 60s and 50s. The sex ratio (F/M) was 0.5 but it was higher for younger people than for old people. Regarding distribution of the types of early gastric cancer, the depressed group (Types IIc, III) accounted for 73.9% and the elevated group (Types I, IIa) accounted for 15.3%. The elevated group was more frequent in the older age group. In regard to the type and invasion, slight invasion was prominent in types IIb and IIa, while deep invasion was prominent in IIa + IIc. The metastatic rate was 18.4% for IIa + IIc, 11.8% for I and 11% for IIc. The frequency of lymph node metastasis was 4% in intramucosal cancer, 18.9% in submucosal cancer and 11.4% in total. The type in which multiple cancers were most frequent was IIb, followed by IIa. The percentage of differentiated adenocarcinoma was 91.9% in the elevated group and was found more often among the aged. Undifferentiated adenocarcinoma occurred more often among the young. The relationship between site and histology, location and invasion, location and lymph node metastasis etc. were also investigated. We believe that these results should be very useful for detection and treatment of early gastric cancer. The rate of detection of small cancer is increasing year by year. This increase can be explained by the progress and widespread application of endoscopy, which will continue to play a large role in diagnosis and treatment of gastric cancer. PMID- 6737708 TI - Chronological changes in the morphological features of early gastric cancer, especially recent changes in macroscopic findings. AB - At the National Cancer Center, 1,300 patients with early gastric cancer were operated on during a period of 21 years, from 1962 to the end of May 1983, and the chronological sequence of the pathological features was analyzed by dividing the 21 years into five periods (I approximately V). The number of elderly patients, especially those above the age of 70 years increased with time, reaching about 20% of all patients in the later period. As to the CMA classification, lesions in A region (antral region) tended to increase, reaching 32.8% in the last period. Lesions on the anterior and posterior wall increased, reaching 20.2% and 30.5%, respectively. Lesions on the greater curvature side were almost unchanged in frequency. The depressed type of carcinoma tended to increase in frequency in the later period, accounting for 75.3% of the total. The depressed type lesions, especially those consisting mainly of IIc element, were therefore subdivided into deep IIc and shallow IIc. In the later period, shallow IIc or not readily detected indistinct IIc increased markedly, reaching 83.3% in Period V. In the initial period, 40% of the lesions were larger than 5 cm. In the later period, lesions larger than 5 cm decreased to 10%, and more than 40% were 2 cm or smaller. Histologically, differentiated and undifferentiated types were found at almost the same frequency. In the later period, the differentiated type became more frequent, reaching as much as 58.2%. Ulcerative lesions (presence of ulcers or ulcer scars in the cancerous lesions) comprised more than 90% of depressed type early gastric cancer, but gradually decreased to 71.9% in the later period. From these findings, early gastric cancer may be said to be changing. Factors contributing to such changes were studied with reference to the progress and multiplication of diagnostic techniques, changes in age composition of the population and changes in environmental factors. PMID- 6737709 TI - X-ray diagnosis of flat type mucosal carcinoma of the stomach. AB - The mucosal pattern of the associated IIb on double contrast images was analyzed in order to define the characteristics of minimal cancer invasion. The mucosal surface of the IIb lesion presents an irregular outlined, uneven sized nodular pattern frequently associated with tiny erosions or superficial destructive changes. These minute and delicate abnormalities are demonstrated only on high quality double contrast images. Three typical cases are presented. PMID- 6737710 TI - Mass screening for gastric cancer by X-ray examination. AB - The characteristics of early gastric cancer detected by gastric mass survey were examined. The progress of the screening test using the indirect X-ray examination and the tendency toward reduction in mortality from stomach cancer were evaluated. In 1981 the number of examinees in the gastric mass surveys amounted to over four millions in all Japan. From the data of the gastric mass survey in Miyagi Prefecture the rate of detection of gastric cancer was approximately 0.18% and the ratio of early cancer to surgically treated gastric cancer was 59.4% for 1980-1982. Furthermore, the number of m cancer, small cancer and minute cancer cases detected by the survey has increased year by year. These results are due to various advanced screening tests or close examination techniques. From our long term follow-up study it is clearly indicated that the rate of deaths from stomach cancer in the screened individuals was half of the rate in the unscreened individuals. PMID- 6737711 TI - Diagnosis of early gastric cancer seen as less malignant endoscopically. AB - In order to make the endoscopic diagnosis of early gastric cancer more accurate, we determined the endoscopic and clinicopathological characteristics of the 129 cases of early gastric cancer with less malignant appearance among the 978 cases of the disease with a solitary lesion detected at the National Cancer Center Hospital during the period between 1962 and 1981. According to findings required to make a differential diagnosis, the endoscopic appearance of the 978 cases were divided into the following four groups: 170 cases of polypoid, 587 of ulcerative, 119 of gastritis-like and 102 of advanced cancer-like. Among the four groups, the frequency of cases with less malignant appearance was quite high in the gastritis like group. The lesion in this group was defined as the cancerous lesion which shows only superficial mucosal abnormality, not associated with any polypoid or ulcerative components. Chronologically, it has been rapidly increasing in recent years. These two paradoxical phenomena in the gastritis-like group, that is, "high frequency of less malignant appearance" and "increase in number of cases" not only indicate the inadequacy of the conventional criteria for the recent cases but also show that the gastritis-like malignancy is detectable. New additional endoscopic criteria for the gastritis-like malignancy, for example, irregular margin of the shallow mucosal depression, disproportion of the mucosal granularity, irregularity on the erythematous change and discoloration are essential in order to detect much more cases with less malignant appearance. PMID- 6737712 TI - Detection of early gastric cancer by panendoscopy. AB - With the implementation of a small-caliber panendoscope which was made according to our suggestion, we gradually replaced the conventional barium meal as the first line of the upper gastrointestinal tract examination by panendoscopy after 1976. The efficacy of panendoscopy for the early detection of gastric cancer in our 8-yr experience was investigated. In 910 matched pairs of patients subjected to "screening" fluoroscopy or panendoscopy two and six cases of early gastric cancer were detected respectively. Panendoscopy was superior to fluoroscopy in its sensitivity for detection of gastric cancer (86.4% vs. 80.0%), in its specificity (99.5% vs. 97.0%) and in its low false-positive rate (17.4% vs. 69.2%). After 1976, the detection of early gastric cancer increased year by year. The frequency of early gastric cancer detected by panendoscopy was about three times that of early gastric cancer detected by fluoroscopy (61.5% vs. 21.7% of all cancer). Early cancer located in the proximal third of the stomach and superficial esophageal cancer were detected only by panendoscopy. All gastric cancers that were overlooked by panendoscopy were in the gastric body. How to prevent such overlooking is discussed. In 24,000 panendoscopies we have encountered six complications (0.03%). The cost of panendoscopy and fluoroscopy is 6,500 yen and 11,000 yen respectively. PMID- 6737713 TI - The role of the biopsy in diagnosis of early gastric cancer. AB - In order to determine the reliability of endoscopic biopsy in diagnosis of early gastric cancer, and to clarify the problems with biopsies, preoperative endoscopic biopsies from 771 early gastric cancer cases were reviewed and analyzed clinicopathologically in comparison with surgically resected specimens. The 771 cancers were surgically resected at the National Cancer Center Hospital during the period from 1972 to 1982. Definite histological diagnosis was obtained in 87.4% of the carcinomas at the initial biopsies. Repeated biopsy raised the percentage of correct definite diagnoses to 96.1%. False-negative (including suspicion of cancer) diagnosis was most frequent in the case of depressed lesions (50 lesions). Half of the false negatives were found to be due to sampling errors by the endoscopists. The other half of these 50 lesions were diagnosed as "suspicious of malignancy" because of the histological difficulty in differentiating early gastric cancer from regenerative atypia with intestinal metaplasia, or because there was not enough information, or for the other reasons. Most of the 31 false-negative diagnoses at the initial biopsy from elevated lesions were reported as adenoma (group III) or suspicious of carcinoma (group IV), indicating that differential diagnosis between well-differentiated adenocarcinoma and adenoma is very difficult. The result of the present study suggests that repeated biopsy from correct sites and discussion of the lesions between clinicians and pathologists are very important. PMID- 6737714 TI - Endoscopic treatment of early gastric cancer: polypectomy and laser treatment. AB - With the tremendous development of gastroenterological endoscopy, it has become possible to treat some types of early gastric cancer by endoscopy. There are two principal methods for this purpose, endoscopic polypectomy using a high frequency electric current and laser endoscopy. We developed the technic and instruments of endoscopic polypectomy, in 1972. Since then, we have experienced 358 cases of gastric polypoid lesions treated by endoscopic polypectomy. Nineteen patients with the elevated type of early gastric cancer were treated by endoscopic polypectomy. Seven patients were operated on after polypectomy and 12 were followed without surgery. Out of the 12 patients, nine are alive after more than five years. On the other hand, we started research to apply lasers for treating early gastric cancer in 1978. Since then, 18 patients have been treated by laser endoscopy, with Nd-YAG laser, argon dye laser or a combination of both lasers. We have established criteria for these treatments for early gastric cancer. PMID- 6737715 TI - Surgical treatment of early gastric cancer. AB - In Japan, R2-gastric resection which consists of gastrectomy, omentectomy and complete removal of Group 1 and 2 regional lymph nodes has been generally accepted as the procedure of choice in the treatment of early gastric cancer during the past 20 years. As a result, surgical treatment for early gastric cancer patients has achieved a very good survival rate, 97.7% and 96.2% 5 and 10 years, respectively, after surgery. To determine a new rationale for surgical treatment for early gastric cancer, the relationship between various prognostic factors and postoperative prognosis in 1,200 patients with early gastric cancer was studied. The survival rate for patients with a single focus of cancer in the stomach was significantly higher than that for patients with multiple foci. The incidence of recurrence was very low (2.8%) as a whole and most recurrence was found in patients who have had invasion into the submucosa with regional lymph node metastasis. The characteristic mode of recurrence was hematogenous metastasis to the liver and lung. The majority of causes of death were non malignant disease and multiple primary malignant neoplasms. As to the survival rate in relation to the extent of lymph node dissection, no significant difference in survival rate was observed among the three procedures R0-, R1- and R2-resection in single cancer regardless of cancer invasion through the gastric wall. The survival rate for intramucosal carcinoma without lymph node metastases and with Group 1 lymph node metastases in both single and multiple cancer was 100%. In addition, 125 patients with intramucosal polypoid cancer (types I and IIa according to the macroscopic classification of early gastric cancer) showed no lymph node metastasis and had 100% survival. Therefore, from the present study a new rationale for surgical treatment for early gastric cancer is recommended as follows: 1) In general, R1-resection is indicated for intramucosal carcinoma and R2-resection for submucosal carcinoma. 2) Local resection of the tumor or R0 resection with preservation of the regional lymph nodes is thought to be sufficient for an intramucosal polypoid carcinoma less than 2.0 cm in diameter. PMID- 6737716 TI - [Medical care in clinical and laboratory medicine]. PMID- 6737717 TI - [Progress in clinical laboratory-particularly automation and health care]. PMID- 6737718 TI - [Epidemiological and clinical preventive medicine]. PMID- 6737719 TI - [Aging and health control]. PMID- 6737720 TI - [Present and future in clinical pathology]. PMID- 6737721 TI - [Pathophysiology of gastrointestinal hormones, with special reference to diagnosis and treatment]. PMID- 6737722 TI - [Clinical and laboratory medicine in relation to medical education]. PMID- 6737723 TI - [Current changes in human parasitic infections in Japan]. PMID- 6737724 TI - [Technics for detection of the larval forms of Metagonimus yokogawai, Paragonimus miyazakii and Anisakis spp. in the second intermediate hosts]. PMID- 6737725 TI - [Creatine kinase and its isoenzyme patterns in various human tissues]. PMID- 6737726 TI - [Clinical evaluation of creatine kinase isoenzyme MB in acute myocardial infarction]. PMID- 6737727 TI - [Observations of disease indicating the test results by using the standard deviation index (SDI) expression]. PMID- 6737728 TI - [Completed automatic clinical laboratory system by sample transportation. The belt line system]. PMID- 6737729 TI - [Total quality control (TQC) in the clinical laboratory]. PMID- 6737730 TI - [Laboratory data analysis system]. PMID- 6737731 TI - [Determination of human natural killer activity by chemiluminescence assay and its clinical significance]. PMID- 6737732 TI - [Basic studies and evaluation of glucagon test as a diagnostic procedure]. PMID- 6737733 TI - [Therapeutic drug monitoring in the postoperative digitalization for patients with open heart surgery]. PMID- 6737734 TI - [Evaluation of serum creatine kinase and non-M subunit activity in various diseases]. PMID- 6737735 TI - [A case of septicemia by Campylobacter fetus subsp. fetus]. PMID- 6737736 TI - [Cytology of the nipple discharge]. PMID- 6737737 TI - [Studies on body surface area, alveolar volume and pulmonary diffusing surface area concerning diffusing capacity]. PMID- 6737738 TI - [Nerve conduction velocity in six peripheral nerves of diabetic patients]. PMID- 6737739 TI - [Linear regression analysis of the T3-radioimmunoassay data]. PMID- 6737740 TI - [R-PHA and PHA methods for the detection of HBeAg and anti-HBe]. PMID- 6737741 TI - [Ultrasonographic studies of the gallbladder function in gastrectomized patients]. PMID- 6737742 TI - [Studies on tissue thromboplastic activity assay method with chromogenic substrates (S-2222)]. PMID- 6737743 TI - [A comparison of the original method and an air bolus-oxygen method in a single breath nitrogen inhalation]. PMID- 6737744 TI - [A study of vectorcardiographic QRS loop in infants with ventricular septal defect]. PMID- 6737745 TI - [Comparative study of blood gas values measured by three types of automatic analysis system]. PMID- 6737746 TI - [Primary malignant lymphoma of the brain]. PMID- 6737747 TI - [Orbital varix]. PMID- 6737748 TI - [Three cases of primary tracheal carcinoma]. PMID- 6737749 TI - [A case report of hemangioma of the liver, suspected submucosal tumor of the stomach]. PMID- 6737750 TI - [Computed tomography of cystadenocarcinoma of the pancreas]. PMID- 6737751 TI - [Two cases of chronic pancreatitis in children]. PMID- 6737752 TI - [Computed tomography of gastro-renal venous shunt: case report]. PMID- 6737753 TI - [A case of primary cystadenocarcinoma of the appendix forming a huge mucocele]. PMID- 6737754 TI - [Renal arterial embolization with epinephrine enhanced technic]. PMID- 6737755 TI - [A case report of retroperitoneal Castleman's tumor]. PMID- 6737756 TI - [A study on the efficiency of the serial radiography of the distal esophagus]. PMID- 6737757 TI - [The efficacy of small bowel follow-through radiography as a routine examination following the upper G.I. series]. PMID- 6737758 TI - [Clinical application of a rapid flow-cytometric immunofluorescence method for studying lymphocyte subsets--changes during radiotherapy of cancer patients]. PMID- 6737759 TI - [Thymoma]. PMID- 6737760 TI - [Accessory spleen demonstrated by splenic scintigraphy]. PMID- 6737761 TI - [Consequence of dose response curves on errors and uncertainties in radiation therapy]. PMID- 6737762 TI - [Cholecystosonographic differentiation of ascites]. PMID- 6737763 TI - [Imaging diagnosis of gallbladder carcinoma]. PMID- 6737764 TI - [The value of CT in the detection of mural invasion in colon cancer]. PMID- 6737765 TI - [Diverticular disease of the colon]. PMID- 6737766 TI - [Computed tomography scan of ovarian tumor]. PMID- 6737767 TI - [Sialography (the fourth report)--Sjogren syndrome and Mikulicz disease]. PMID- 6737768 TI - [Electron microscopic studies of eruptive xanthomas with type V hyperlipoproteinemia, in regressing stage of xanthoma by clofibrate therapy]. PMID- 6737769 TI - [The matrix proteins in the stratum corneum cells. I. The biochemical changes of the matrix proteins in the outermost cells layers of the normal stratum corneum]. PMID- 6737770 TI - [The 83rd annual meeting of the Japanese Dermatological Association. 8-10 June 1984, Sapporo, Japan. Abstracts]. PMID- 6737771 TI - [Proceedings of the fifty-fourth annual meeting of the Japanese Society for Hygiene. April 2-4, 1984, Yonago, Japan. Abstracts]. PMID- 6737772 TI - [What is Aging?]. PMID- 6737773 TI - [Studies on hematological diseases in elderly patients. Part 3: Chemotherapeutic effect on acute nonlymphocytic leukemia in elderly patients]. PMID- 6737774 TI - [Effect of aging on the bone mineral content. Part III. The difference in the loss of bone mineral with aging between male and female]. PMID- 6737775 TI - Effects of prolonged poisoning by Russell's viper venom on blood coagulation, platelets and fibrinolysis. AB - The effects of Russell's viper venom on blood coagulation, platelets and the fibrinolytic enzyme system were studied in rabbits after injecting repeated doses of 0.05 MLD of the venom. Thrombocytopenia was the earliest change to appear. It was followed by rise in serum fibrinogen degradation products and prolongation of prothrombin time, activated partial thromboplastin time and thrombin time indicating a progressive consumption coagulopathy and activation of fibrinolysis. Red blood cell morphology was unchanged during the first three weeks; whereas the fragmentation appeared after the fourth week and it increased in severity with further envenomations, i.e. when chronic DIC was established. PMID- 6737776 TI - Phylogeny and geographical distribution of the genus Boettcherisca Rohdendorf (Diptera: Sarcophagidae). AB - The phylogeny of the genus Boettcherisca Rohdendorf was investigated by numerical techniques. The phenetic and phyletic dendrograms were obtained by mean character difference (MCD) and Russell and Rao's coefficient (SRR) proximity analyses and unweighted pair-group (UPGA) cluster analysis, and then related to the classification of the species group and the geographical distribution of the group. Two monophyletic and one paraphyletic groups were recognized: peregrina group, septentrionalis-group and karnyi-group, respectively. A biological evolution was postulated commencing with a hypothetical ancestor having occurred in Sundaland and involving two lines of specialization, the peregrina-group found in and around Sundaland and the septentrionalis-group in Far East, Walacea and Papualand. On the basis of the cladogram and the present geographical distribution, a Sundaland origin was postulated for the genus. PMID- 6737777 TI - [Immunodynamics of minimal change nephrotic syndrome in adults]. PMID- 6737778 TI - [Purification of brush border membrane vesicles from rat renal cortices by porous glass-bead column chromatography]. PMID- 6737779 TI - [Safely carried out hemodialysis in a case of chronic renal failure complicated with aortic insufficiency]. PMID- 6737780 TI - [A case of nephrotic syndrome associated with acquired syphilis]. PMID- 6737781 TI - [Solubilization and the behavior of solubilized IC in vivo]. PMID- 6737782 TI - [Serum and urinary sialic acids in children with idiopathic nephrotic syndrome]. PMID- 6737783 TI - [Effect of dietary phosphorus on phosphate, calcium and magnesium homeostasis. Possible role of renal adaptation mechanism]. PMID- 6737784 TI - [Studies on the factors contributing to uremic dyslipoproteinemia]. PMID- 6737785 TI - [Clinical effects of sodium lactate dialysate on acetate intolerance]. PMID- 6737786 TI - [Effect of renal ischemia on function of obstructed kidney]. PMID- 6737787 TI - [Gastric emptying time (GET) with Tc-99m-labeled semisolid meal in diabetic patients]. PMID- 6737788 TI - [Quantitative analysis by digital computer with Tc-99m PMT hepatogram in diffuse parenchymal liver diseases]. PMID- 6737789 TI - [Fundamental and clinical studies on CEA kit "daiichi"]. PMID- 6737790 TI - [Basic and clinical evaluation of a amerlex FT3 RIA kit]. PMID- 6737791 TI - [Evaluation of thyroid function study with the ARIA II automated RIA system]. PMID- 6737792 TI - [Clinical evaluation of free T3 measurement by amarlex free T3 RIA kit: comparison to equilibrium dialysis and calculated index]. PMID- 6737793 TI - [Evaluation of the portal circulation by per-rectal portal scintigraphy with in vivo labeled 99mTc-RBC]. PMID- 6737794 TI - [Fundamental studies of measurement of serum tissue polypeptide antigen (TPA) using TPA RIA kit Prolifigen]. PMID- 6737795 TI - [Clinical evaluation of serum tissue polypeptide antigen (TPA) concentrations in patients with malignancy of the digestive system using TPA RIA kit Prolifigen]. PMID- 6737796 TI - [Fundamental and clinical evaluation of radioimmunoassay for tissue polypeptide antigen (TPA)]. PMID- 6737797 TI - A case report of communication of the coronary sinus with both atria associated with persistent left superior vena cava. AB - A 16-year-old Japanese girl with a persistent left superior vena cava draining into the coronary sinus was surgically treated. Both coronary sinus and left superior vena cava were totally unroofed in the posterior wall of the left atrium, but the routes were recognized as a deep ditch. Both preoperative diagnosis and the ensuing successful correction were performed only after the third cardiac catheterization and the third operation, respectively. The importance of preoperative diagnosis and the surgical procedures to correct this anomaly were discussed. PMID- 6737798 TI - Seromuscular laceration of the stomach associated with infantile hypertrophic pyloric stenosis in the newborn. AB - Two cases of seromuscular laceration of the stomach associated with infantile hypertrophic pyloric stenosis are reported. The diagnosis and treatment of this lesion is uncertain due to a paucity of clinical experience. The first patient was treated by mucosal resection. Early decompression therapy of the stomach is essential for the neonate with upper gastrointestinal obstruction or stenosis. PMID- 6737799 TI - A rare case of early carcinoma of the gallbladder. AB - A 38-year-old woman was diagnosed preoperatively to have a benign polyp of the gallbladder with a delineated polypoid mass, as demonstrated with drip infusion cholangiography and ultrasonography. Cholecystectomy was performed. Postoperatively, however, this tumor proved to be an early stage carcinoma of the gallbladder. In the neck of the gallbladder, there was a protruded polypoid elastic tumor of 1.1 X 0.9 cm in width and 2.5 cm in height. The tumor was supported by a stem of 0.1 cm in diameter and 0.2 cm in height. Histopathological examination revealed a well differentiated papillotubular adenocarcinoma, which exhibited no invasion of the stem itself or its basal region. This is a rare case of early carcinoma of the gallbladder (Stage I) which grew only towards the lumen of the gallbladder cavity, and did not invade the wall. Postoperatively, cholecystectomy alone was thought to be sufficient for cure. PMID- 6737800 TI - Relationship of deranged energy metabolism in liver and kidney to arterial ketone body ratio following liver ischemia in rats. AB - Changes in energy metabolism in the liver and kidney in liver ischemia induced in rats were simultaneously studied, in terms of energy charge (EC) and mitochondrial oxidoreduction state. Mean arterial blood pressure, glucose and lactate, total ketone bodies (acetoacetate + beta-hydroxybutyrate) and the ketone body ratio in arterial blood (KBR) were also investigated. During and after liver ischemia, both organs showed similar patterns of reversibility, and KBR, which reflects the mitochondrial oxidoreduction state, correlated well with EC, in both organs. Referring to the mortality and changes in substrates above mentioned, KBR is a pertinent parameter for detection of viability following induced liver ischemia. It was also suggested that KBR may indicate a regulating role by the liver, in kidney energy metabolism. PMID- 6737801 TI - Acute renal failure in patients with malnutrition following mitral valve replacement. AB - A retrospective study of 161 consecutive patients undergoing mitral valve replacement with or without other valve surgery was undertaken to examine the relation between cardiac cachexia and postoperative acute renal failure. The preoperative nutritional state was assessed according to percent of the ideal body weight (W/IW). There were 37 malnourished patients (W/IW less than 0.80) and 124 normally nourished patients (W/IW greater than or equal to 0.80). In nineteen in the malnourished group (51 per cent) and 37 of normal-nourished (28 per cent), postoperative acute renal failure developed. Malnourished patients showed a severe clinical picture preoperatively and complicated operative procedures had to be carried out. To match these clinical factors between the two groups, the observation was limited to the high risk patients who showed severe New York Heart Association Functional Class (III or IV) large cardiothoracic ratio (more than 65 per cent), and long cardio-pulmonary bypass time (exceeding 120 minutes). Even in this subgroup, malnourished patients were susceptible to renal failure (64 per cent versus 20 per cent, malnourished versus normal-nourished respectively). Thus, when malnutrition is superimposed on diminished cardiac performance, acute renal failure may ensue. PMID- 6737802 TI - The role of the spleen in tumor bearing host: I. Characterization of spleen cells in tumor-bearing mice. AB - Morphologic changes of the spleen and dynamic changes of biologic activity of spleen cells from C3H/HeJ mice bearing methylcholanthrene induced fibrosarcoma (MCA-F) were investigated in different stages of tumor growth, using local adoptive transfer assay (LATA). The spleen size, weight and the number of spleen cells increased with the tumor growth. In early and late stages of tumor growth, tumor-bearing mice possessed non-specific tumor-enhancing cells which were radioresistant (700 rads), phagocytic and adherent, suggesting that they were macrophages. On the other hand, in middle stages of tumorgenesis, tumor-bearing mice possessed specific cytotoxic cells which were radiosensitive (700 rads) and anti-Thy 1.2 serum positive, suggesting that they were T-cells. Thus, the appearance of tumor-enhancing cells was earlier than cytotoxic cells in MCA-F bearing host, and the balance of tumor-enhancing and cytotoxic cells may influence the tumor outgrowth in different stages of tumorgenesis. The spleen serves as a reservoir of factors which either abrogate cell mediated resistance or stimulate neoplastic growth, or as the source of cytotoxic cells, at certain times of tumor burden. PMID- 6737803 TI - The role of the spleen in tumor bearing host: II. The influence of splenectomy in mice. AB - The effect of splenectomy on neoplastic outgrowth was examined prior to and after implantation of methylcholanthrene-induced C3H/He murine tumors. Splenectomy performed 12 days before tumor inoculation did not affect the tumor outgrowth, however, both splenectomy and sham operation performed shortly before tumor inoculation resulted in significant tumor facilitation compared with the non operated group, suggesting that this accelerated tumor was not related to the presence or absence of splenic tissue, but rather to systemically-induced immunosuppression. While splenectomy performed 6, 9, 12 days after tumor inoculation did not alter the tumor growth, splenectomy performed early (3 days) or late stage (20 days) after tumor cell challenge revealed a retarded neoplastic outgrowth, compared with the sham operated group. These results suggest that splenectomy in very early and late stages of tumor-bearing host may be effective for tumor treatment. PMID- 6737804 TI - Effects of anti-shock agents on the re-opened superior mesenteric artery flow. AB - We investigated intestinal blood circulation after re-opening of a fixed-time occlusion of the superior mesenteric artery (SMA) in rabbits. The SMA root was occluded for 60 minutes, after which blood pressure and SMA flow were monitored for one hundred minutes under the administration with fluid infusion of three anti-shock agents; dopamine, phenoxybenzamine and dexamethasone. The intestinal wall tissue circulation in parallel with SMA flow was also studied. Blood pressure and SMA flow decreased after release of the SMA occlusion (SMAO), as compared those during pre-occlusive time in the control group. Fluid infusion alone did not improve blood pressure and SMA flow. Pre-administration of dexamethasone with fluid infusion improved blood pressure, SMA flow and the survival rate. Phenoxybenzamine with fluid infusion improved SMA flow, despite the low blood pressure. Circulatory damage to the intestinal wall was more extensive than that to SMA flow. These findings suggest that the severity and mortality of SMAO shock was not caused by plasma loss but rather by toxic metabolites and endotoxin from the ischemic intestine. PMID- 6737805 TI - Transparent box enables three dimensional viewing of CT imaging of the liver. AB - We designed a transparent box to reconstruct cross sectional computed tomography (CT) imagings of the liver into a three dimensional form. The objective was to clearly visualize the area of lesion and to facilitate clinical teaching. This box (31.5 X 22.0 X 18.5 cm) is made of acrylic board containing 16 demountable panels layered horizontally at 10-mm intervals. The transparency of the CT film is projected onto these panels at each height of the liver, and findings including location of the tumor, main vessels and adjacent organs are outlined with an erasable marker. After completion of each tracing, the panels are replaced in the box and the total layer forms a completed picture of the CT findings. Since 1981, we have used this tool to assess resectability and/or to select adequate procedures for treating 54 patients with liver tumor. The solid picture gives an definite location of the tumor and its extension. In the clinical work-up, indication for surgery and a procedure of choice can be discussed by the team, using this visual aid. PMID- 6737806 TI - [Clinical investigation of tracheobronchial lesions in Wegener's granulomatosis]. PMID- 6737807 TI - [Analysis of adventitious sounds in patients with diffuse panbronchiolitis by a phonopneumogram]. PMID- 6737808 TI - [A case of bronchial atresia]. PMID- 6737809 TI - [A case of malignant lymphoma with formation of a tumor in the bronchial lumen]. PMID- 6737810 TI - [A case of pulmonary eosinophilic granuloma--ultrastructural examination of cells obtained from bronchoalveolar lavage fluid]. PMID- 6737811 TI - [Pulmonary vascular input impedance analysis in experimental miliary pulmonary embolism]. PMID- 6737812 TI - [The 24th meeting of the Japan Society of Chest Diseases. April 5-7, 1984, Tokyo. Abstracts]. PMID- 6737813 TI - [Studies of rice-bran therapy for calcium urolithiasis with idiopathic hypercalciuria. I. Clinical studies of rice-bran therapy]. PMID- 6737814 TI - [Studies of rice-bran therapy for calcium urolithiasis with idiopathic hypercalciuria. II. In vitro experiments on binding of calcium and rice-bran]. PMID- 6737815 TI - [A follow-up study of renal cell carcinoma: the evaluation of long-term survival]. PMID- 6737816 TI - [Microvascular architecture of the normal urinary bladder and the bladder tumor]. PMID- 6737817 TI - [Studies on human natural killer (NK) cell activity against cell lines derived from malignant urinary tract tumors. Part 1. Effects of human interferon-beta on augmentation of NK cell activity and its mechanism]. PMID- 6737818 TI - [Serial observation of recovery from obstructive nephropathy after relief of ureteral obstruction, with special reference to post-obstructive diuresis]. PMID- 6737819 TI - [Chemotherapy of epididymitis]. PMID- 6737820 TI - Expression of major histocompatibility antigens on Marek's disease lymphoma derived cell lines. PMID- 6737821 TI - Morphological and hematological studies on the experimental saphenous vein thrombosis in beagle dogs. PMID- 6737822 TI - Morphogenesis of cleft palate induced by cortisone in hamster. PMID- 6737824 TI - Hemagglutinin of Haemophilus paragallinarum serotype 1 organisms. PMID- 6737825 TI - Parathyroid hormone secretion rate in magnesium deficient calves. PMID- 6737823 TI - Further isolation of mycoplasmas from zoo-animals. PMID- 6737826 TI - Head-to-head type auto-sperm agglutination with IgA antibody to acrosome induced by Brucella canis infection. PMID- 6737827 TI - Immunologic properties of variants dissociated from serotype 1 Haemophilus paragallinarum strains. PMID- 6737828 TI - Distribution of bone crystallites in mineralized collagen fiber. PMID- 6737829 TI - Antagonistic effect of DL-penicillamine of chromium toxicity in HeLa cells. PMID- 6737830 TI - Morphological studies of the mandible of the Indonesian native pigs and seven types of Asian wild boars. PMID- 6737831 TI - [Atrial hyperexcitability provoked by stimulation--electrophysiological aspects]. PMID- 6737832 TI - [Atrial hyperexcitability provoked by stimulation--clinical aspects]. PMID- 6737833 TI - [Functional activity of the sinoatrial node in coronary disease in patients after recent myocardial infarction and chronic coronary insufficiency]. PMID- 6737834 TI - [Electrophysiological studies on the effect of cordarone]. PMID- 6737835 TI - [Effect of Wenckebach's period on the magnitude of the potential amplitude of the bundle of His]. PMID- 6737836 TI - [Effect of construction of the endocavitary electrode on the increase of the stimulation threshold observed in the early postoperative period]. PMID- 6737837 TI - [A case of congenital aneurysm of the left atrium]. PMID- 6737838 TI - [Functioning of a patient with a denial type defense mechanism in the intensive cardiologic care unit. Psychotherapeutic implications]. PMID- 6737839 TI - Protein loss induced by complement activation during peritoneal dialysis. AB - A variable loss of macromolecules during peritoneal dialysis has been noted in both humans and experimental animals. We investigated the potential role of the complement system for inducing protein loss during peritoneal dialysis, both to shed light on clinical variability of protein loss and to develop a model for quantitatively studying complement-induced microvascular protein leakage. Rats received intra-arterial injections of a fluorescent dye conjugated to rat serum albumin and underwent a 3.5-hr series of 15-min peritoneal dialysis exchanges. After the control exchanges, rats received either intra-arterial zymosan activated rat serum, saline, unactivated rat serum, or endotoxin; other rats received an intraperitoneal injection of endotoxin, histamine, phenylephrine, or nitroprusside. The drainage volume from each exchange was measured, and the concentrations of labeled albumin, total protein, and urea were determined by spectroscopy. Zymosan-activated rat serum and endotoxin injections (both intraperitoneal and intra-arterial), each of which may activate the alternative pathway of complement, produced a dramatic increase in dialysate protein concentrations. In addition, histamine, which is a vasodilator but which may also be involved as a mediator of the activated complement system and/or endotoxemia, also produced an increase in dialysate protein concentrations. On the other hand, drugs which may alter peritoneal blood flow such as the vasodilator nitroprusside or the vasoconstrictor phenylephrine, did not affect dialysate protein concentrations. These data suggest that activation of the alternative pathway of complement may cause variation in protein loss during peritoneal dialysis and that in some situations, pharmacological control of this system could be an important therapeutic consideration. PMID- 6737840 TI - Evaluation of the micropuncture determination of single nephron filtration fraction. AB - Spontaneous and aspirated blood samples were collected from the welling points of surface efferent arterioles in the rat kidney. The amount of tubular reabsorbate in each sample was calculated from measurements of the inulin concentration in the sample and systemic arterial plasma. Both spontaneous and aspirated samples contained substantial amounts of tubular reabsorbate (4% +/- 1% and 11% +/- 1%, respectively). Accordingly, the single nephron filtration fraction values derived from measurements of albumin concentrations alone were significantly lower than those calculated considering the addition of the amount of tubular reabsorbate in each sample (0.26 +/- 0.01 vs. 0.30 +/- 0.01 and 0.25 +/- 0.01 vs. 0.34 +/- 0.01 for the spontaneous and aspirated samples, respectively). Increasing the rate of blood collection from the welling point by aspiration was associated with a significant decrease in the hydraulic pressure in the same vessel. The efferent arteriolar blood samples were therefore probably contaminated with tubular reabsorbate as a result of retrograde flow from the peritubular capillaries. It was confirmed that single nephron filtration fractions derived from hematocrit measurements were significantly higher than those based on albumin concentration measurements, supporting that the hematocrit of afferent arteriolar blood of the superficial nephrons is higher than that of systemic arterial blood. PMID- 6737841 TI - Effects of acute, angiotensin-induced hypertension on intrarenal arteries in the rat. AB - A perfusion-fixation and vascular casting technique was used to assess the effects of acute, angiotensin-induced hypertension on the intrarenal arteries and, for comparison, the small arteries of the intestine. The first objective was to establish that the technique accurately preserves postmortem the vascular changes induced by acute hypertension. To do this, the easily accessible intestinal arteries were examined and photographed both in vivo and after fixation and injection of Batson's no. 17 casting resin in a group of angiotensin treated rats and controls. The second objective was to apply the technique to observe and compare acute hypertensive changes in the intrarenal and intestinal arteries; studies included scanning electron microscopy of vascular casts and transmission electron microscopy of vessel walls using ferritin as a tracer to assess permeability. In the angiotensin-treated rats, casts of both intrarenal and intestinal arteries showed many well-defined zones of constriction and nonconstriction. Transmission electron microscopy of both the smaller intrarenal (interlobular) arteries and intestinal vessels revealed focal smooth muscle rarefaction and abnormal permeability to ferritin, found only in the nonconstricted zones. This study provides new evidence that in the kidney, as in the intestine, acute hypertension produces a characteristic pattern of arterial constriction and nonconstriction, and that hypertensive vascular lesions with accompanying increased permeability occur exclusively in the nonconstricted zones. PMID- 6737842 TI - Influence of ADH on renal potassium handling: a micropuncture and microperfusion study. AB - To study the effects of ADH on the transport of potassium by the distal tubule and collecting duct system, we performed simultaneous clearance and micropuncture experiments in homozygous Brattleboro rats (with hereditary hypothalamic diabetes insipidus), before and after intravenous infusion of the hormone. Final urinary flow rate was reduced by a factor of 7 after ADH, but fractional potassium excretion increased by 77% for the group as a whole. During free-flow micropuncture, there was no significant difference in fractional delivery of potassium up to the late distal tubule between control (water diuresis) and ADH conditions; thus, the increase in final urinary potassium excretion was mediated beyond this tubular site. However, flow rate of tubular fluid was decreased significantly after ADH in late distal tubular segments, where potassium secretion is a flow-dependent process. To evaluate the possibility of a direct effect of ADH on distal tubular potassium secretion, independent of changes in flow rate, we studied another group of animals by continuous microperfusion, in vivo, of single distal tubules, using an isotonic perfusion fluid so that water reabsorption would be minimal after as well as before the addition of ADH. Under these conditions, a significant stimulation of distal tubular potassium secretion by ADH could be demonstrated. We suggest that this property of ADH may serve to prevent potassium retention during periods of antidiuresis. PMID- 6737843 TI - Mitochondrial calcium accumulation and respiration in ischemic acute renal failure in the rat. AB - Changes in mitochondrial (Mito) calcium (Ca++) and Mito respiration have been demonstrated 24 hr after a renal ischemic insult. The Ca++ accumulation has been suggested to contribute to impaired Mito function; alternatively, the Mito Ca++ accumulation could be a late event resulting from cell death. The present aim was, therefore, to determine the sequence of changes in Mito function in ischemic acute renal failure (ARF) induced by 45 min of bilateral renal pedicle clamping in the rat. Animals were studied at the end of clamping, 1, 4, and 24 hr after reflow. By 24 hr, the serum creatinine level had risen progressively to almost ten times control values and fractional excretion of sodium and water were increased. Mito respiration (state 3, adenosine diphosphate-stimulated; acceptor control ratio, state 3/state 4; and uncoupled, FCCP) was severely depressed immediately after 45 min of clamping but improved significantly at 1 and 4 hr after reflow although remaining below sham-operated controls. At 24 hr, when ischemic ARF was established, Mito respiration was again severely depressed. Mito Ca++ was increased slightly but significantly at the end of clamping and increased progressively at 1, 4, and 24 hr after reflow. The Mito Ca++ accumulation was not only demonstrated to occur very early after the ischemic insult, but was relatively selective since it was not associated with Mito Mg++ accumulation. Moreover, the increased Mito Ca++ during reperfusion (1, 4, and 24 hr) demonstrated a significant correlation with the decreased state 3 respiration and the rising serum creatinine level (P less than 0.001).(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS) PMID- 6737844 TI - A solid phase fluorescent immunoassay for the measurement of human urinary albumin. PMID- 6737845 TI - [Therapy of virus-induced hepatic coma in childhood]. PMID- 6737846 TI - [Is there a relation between resistance to endogenous infection in the child and virus-induced nosocomial infections in pediatric clinics?]. PMID- 6737848 TI - [Hallermann-Streiffschen syndrome]. PMID- 6737847 TI - [Rett syndrome]. PMID- 6737849 TI - [Clinico-immunologic evaluation of the complex treatment of patients with melanoblastoma of the skin]. PMID- 6737850 TI - [Combined treatment of stomach cancer patients]. PMID- 6737851 TI - [Treatment of solitary metastases of malignant tumors to the liver]. PMID- 6737852 TI - [Adaptive reactions of the body and changes in them after surgical treatment of cancer of the lung]. PMID- 6737853 TI - [Late results of supraduodenal choledochoduodenostomy]. PMID- 6737854 TI - [Results of combined treatment of cancer of the stomach taking into consideration tumor sensitivity to 5-fluorouracil]. PMID- 6737855 TI - [Possibilities for fibrocolonoscopy in the early diagnosis of recurrences of cancer of the large intestine]. PMID- 6737856 TI - [Alloprosthesis of the renal veins and inferior vena cava after resecting them from patients with neoplasms of the retroperitoneal space]. PMID- 6737857 TI - [Analysis of the causes of inguinal hernia recurrence]. PMID- 6737858 TI - [Optimizing the educational process and features of the teaching of combustiology at a college for the advanced training of physicians]. PMID- 6737859 TI - [Training students in practical skills during their instruction in surgery]. PMID- 6737860 TI - [Computer tomography in the diagnosis of intrapelvic soft tissue tumors]. PMID- 6737861 TI - [Diagnostic errors in cancer of the duodenum]. PMID- 6737862 TI - [Method of focused analysis and reduction of late hospitalization of patients with acute surgical diseases]. PMID- 6737863 TI - [Analysis and planning of emergency hospital stomatologic services in a large regional center]. PMID- 6737864 TI - [Cancer of the esophagus as a complication of post-burn strictures]. PMID- 6737865 TI - [Endobronchial hamartoma simulating a bronchial adenoma]. PMID- 6737866 TI - [Mesothelioma of the greater omentum]. PMID- 6737867 TI - [Cancer of the gallbladder after cholecystostomy]. PMID- 6737868 TI - [Giant cyst of the liver]. PMID- 6737869 TI - [Malignant corticosteroma of a dystopic adrenal gland]. PMID- 6737870 TI - [Recurrent giant paraosseous lipoma with breakdown and suppuration]. PMID- 6737871 TI - [Malignant papillary cystadenoma of the thymus in a 13-year-old boy]. PMID- 6737872 TI - [Surgical tactics for removal of cranio-orbital meningiomas]. PMID- 6737873 TI - [Carcinoid of the jejunum]. PMID- 6737874 TI - [Surgical treatment of epithelial coccygeal passages and cysts]. PMID- 6737875 TI - [Method of creating an anastomosis between the colon and rectum]. PMID- 6737876 TI - [Method of jejunogastroplasty after proximal resection of the stomach]. PMID- 6737877 TI - [Method treating duodenostasis caused by an additional loop of duodenum]. PMID- 6737878 TI - [Method of forming end-to-end interintestinal anastomoses]. PMID- 6737879 TI - [Aseptic method of anastomosing hollow viscera of the digestive system]. PMID- 6737880 TI - [Device for monitoring the emitter of helium-neon laser LG-75 in proctologic practice]. PMID- 6737881 TI - [Surgical tactics in acute diseases of the scrotal organs]. PMID- 6737882 TI - [Surgical treatment of Peyronie's disease]. PMID- 6737883 TI - ["Spontaneous" gangrene of the scrotum]. PMID- 6737884 TI - [Evaluation of reparative processes in wounds]. PMID- 6737886 TI - [Treatment of Lyell's syndrome in children]. PMID- 6737885 TI - [Surgical tactics in gangrene of the limb caused by acute arterial obstruction]. PMID- 6737887 TI - [Use of low temperatures in pediatric surgery]. PMID- 6737888 TI - [Various indicators of protein metabolism and their prognostic significance in wound healing]. PMID- 6737889 TI - [External vacuum-aspiration in the treatment of diseases of soft tissues]. PMID- 6737890 TI - [Treatment of skin hemangiomas in children by cryogenic surgery]. PMID- 6737891 TI - [Use of nichrome wire thread as a suture material]. PMID- 6737892 TI - [Echinococcosis of the sternum, clavicle and neck muscles]. PMID- 6737893 TI - [Treatment of septicemia]. PMID- 6737894 TI - [Dimexide in the treatment of surgical wound infection]. PMID- 6737895 TI - [Ultrasonics in the treatment of suppurative wounds]. PMID- 6737896 TI - [Use of SISpur-derm in aseptic and infected wounds]. PMID- 6737897 TI - [Exchange plasmapheresis in the complex treatment of patients with suppurative lung diseases]. PMID- 6737898 TI - [Treatment of suppurative anterior mediastinitis after surgical treatment with artificial circulation in patients with rheumatic heart disease]. PMID- 6737899 TI - [Treatment of recurrent forms of acute paraproctitis]. PMID- 6737900 TI - [Hemosorption in burns]. PMID- 6737901 TI - [Bleeding from the digestive tract of patients with burns]. PMID- 6737902 TI - [Current diagnosis of recurrent echinococcosis of the abdominal organs]. PMID- 6737903 TI - [Interpretation of the concept of "recurrent echinococcosis"]. PMID- 6737904 TI - [Selection of the method of treating the cavity of the fibrous capsule during echinococcectomy]. PMID- 6737905 TI - [Indications for blood transfusion in surgical blood loss]. PMID- 6737906 TI - [Diagnosis and surgical treatment of intrathoracic goiter]. PMID- 6737907 TI - [Surgical treatment of duodenal obstruction associated with duodenal ulcer]. PMID- 6737908 TI - [The hemostasis system in acute normovolemic preoperative hemodilution]. PMID- 6737909 TI - [Surgical treatment of pectus excavatum]. PMID- 6737910 TI - [Pharmacologic and cytomorphologic characteristics of a drug which stimulates the healing of traumatic and surgical wounds]. PMID- 6737911 TI - [Hemostatic problems during open heart surgery]. PMID- 6737912 TI - [Diagnosis and treatment of adrenal carcinoma (apropos of a case)]. PMID- 6737913 TI - [Our experience in the treatment of acute cholecystitis]. PMID- 6737914 TI - [Late results of surgical treatment of cancer of the thyroid gland in children and adolescents]. PMID- 6737915 TI - [Association of 2 congenital diseases--cervical rib and aberrant pancreas simulating cancer of the stomach with Virchow's metastasis]. PMID- 6737916 TI - [Traumatic epidermal pseudocancer as a surgical problem]. PMID- 6737917 TI - [Surgical treatment of chronic suppurative hidradenitis]. PMID- 6737918 TI - [Vascular anomalies of the lungs and their surgical correction]. PMID- 6737919 TI - [3 cases of successful surgical treatment of penetrating-cutting wounds of the heart]. PMID- 6737920 TI - [Mucocele of the appendix--apropos of a case]. PMID- 6737921 TI - [Caroli's disease--apropos of a case with localization in the left lobe of the liver]. PMID- 6737922 TI - [Giant retroperitoneal cyst]. PMID- 6737923 TI - [Combination of rare pathologo-anatomic complications after resection of the stomach for duodenal ulcer]. PMID- 6737924 TI - [Echinococcosis of the kidney]. PMID- 6737925 TI - [Case of isolated echinococcosis of the spleen]. PMID- 6737926 TI - [Preoperative evaluation of operability and resectability in patients with cancer of the stomach]. PMID- 6737927 TI - [Exclusion of the exocrine pancreas during pancreaticoduodenal resection for cancer of the pancreas]. PMID- 6737928 TI - [Combined forms of cancer of the thyroid gland]. PMID- 6737929 TI - [Several new features of the treatment of tumors of the urinary bladder]. PMID- 6737930 TI - [Intraoperative choledochoscopy. I]. PMID- 6737931 TI - [Case of the afferent loop syndrome with an acute course and iatrogenic duodenal fistula]. PMID- 6737932 TI - [Gaucher's disease with report of a case]. PMID- 6737933 TI - [Case of malignant peritoneal mesothelioma]. PMID- 6737934 TI - [Patient with a large foreign body of the appendix]. PMID- 6737935 TI - [Strangulating ileus of Meckel's diverticulum with a report of 3 cases]. PMID- 6737936 TI - [Crohn's disease in the cecal area. Apropos of a case with a course like ileus]. PMID- 6737937 TI - [3 cases of ileus caused by cholelithiasis]. PMID- 6737938 TI - [New method of vessel access in patients on intermittent hemodialysis]. PMID- 6737939 TI - [Abdomino-anal resection in carcinoma of the rectum with transanal colo-anal anastomosis without everting the anal canal]. PMID- 6737940 TI - [ Experience with the use of a Bulgarian antimicrobial polyamide sheet in the surgical treatment of postoperative and recurrent hernias of the anterior abdominal wall]. PMID- 6737941 TI - [Adequacy of alveolar ventilation calculated from P. Herzog and C. G. Engstrom's nomogram during ventilation under general anesthesia]. PMID- 6737942 TI - [Malignant hyperthermia with report of a case]. PMID- 6737943 TI - [Surgical tactics in patients acute cholecystitis and high surgical risk]. PMID- 6737944 TI - [Frequent occurrence of contrast medium reactions in urograms following accidents in childhood]. AB - Between 30.8.1973 and 30.11.1982 3.200 intravenous urograms were performed with Urografin 76% in patients aged from 0 to 16 years. With regard to the incidence of contrast medium reactions, there was a distinct difference between children who had suffered accidents previously and those who had not: among the former it was 4.24%, in the latter 13.51%. The number of cases appears large enough to rule out randomness. Lalli 's neurodysregulation theory offers the best basis for explaining this highly significant difference: the increased permeability of the blood-brain barrier as a result of microlesions in secondary brain trauma and the increased response of the autonomic nervous system to contrast media which occurs as a result could be a significant factor. However, it does not fully explain the incidents observed. It would be desirable to carry out checks at other clinics and in adults. PMID- 6737945 TI - Hypopharyngeal or esophageal perforation in neonates. AB - In spite of the many manipulations that are done in the upper airways of neonates, esophageal perforations are rare. But they may be life-threatening if not recognized and treated immediately. Along with a case history we present clinical and radiologic symptoms of a right sided pneumothorax and the feeding tube in the posterior phrenic recess. The principles of treatment are conservative with antibiotics and intravenous gavage feeding. Only with complications intensive radiography with contrast agents and surgery become necessary. PMID- 6737946 TI - [Propionic acidemia with myelination disorders of the CNS]. AB - Clinical course and special diagnostic procedures in a 7 1/2 weeks old dystrophic infant with propionic acidemia are described. The disorder manifested with vomiting and diarrhea within the first week of life when the child was on a cow milk formula. Parenteral nutrition with glucose and electrolytes led to improvement. When oral nutrition with a cow milk formula was implemented again, an acute deterioration with diarrhoea and vomiting occurred. Thus, a diagnosis of cow milk allergy was suggested. There was also a severe muscular hypotony. Oral nutrition with a soybean formula did not prevent further clinical deterioration. At 7 1/2 weeks of age the patient died with symptoms of cardiogenic shock. The correct diagnosis was considered too late and confirmed post mortem. Clinical symptoms in the neonatal period like vomiting, muscular hypotony and failure to thrive should alert the physician to a possible diagnosis of a hereditary organic aciduria. Gas chromatography-mass spectrometry of urinary organics acids, in the present case, established the diagnosis. On autopsy, spongy degenerations were found in CNS. PMID- 6737947 TI - [van Bogaert-Bertrand spongy cerebral dystrophy]. AB - We report on a male infant with spongy degeneration of the central nervous system (van Bogaert and Bertrand type), who died at the age of 7 months. The clinic as well as the diagnostic procedure are described, especially the importance of cranial computerized tomography for the diagnosis. PMID- 6737948 TI - [Multifocal atrial tachycardia in infancy]. AB - Four infants with multifocal atrial tachycardia are presented. They all displayed the typical ECG-findings of this particular form of supraventricular tachycardia: at least 3 different P-waves; varying atrial rate over 100 beats per minute; an isoelectric baseline between P-waves and a permanent variation of PP-, PR- and RR intervals. One baby had a truncus arteriosus communis, the other 3 were healthy except for their rhythm disorder. In 2 of our patients, the multifocal atrial tachycardia was already present at birth, in the other 2 infants it became apparent at age 2 and 4 months respectively. Two children were asymptomatic, the other 2 had a slightly enlarged heart and some evidence of pulmonary venous congestion on chest roentgenogram. All 4 patients received digoxin. The tachycardia disappeared in 2 cases under but without definite causal relation to that treatment. In the 2 other cases the tachycardia persists in spite of treatment. Multifocal atrial tachycardia is a rare form of rhythm disturbance in infancy; it is difficult to treat but frequently resolves spontaneously within the first year of life. PMID- 6737949 TI - 9p-syndrome: two new observations. AB - Our patients with 9p-syndrome show typical stigmata when compared with the 28 know cases described in the literature . In Table 1 we compared our 4 cases with those previously described. Only A.K. lacks two features present in all the others: flat occiput and micrognathia. PMID- 6737950 TI - [Delay of constitutional development--studies on therapy with growth hormone]. AB - Human growth hormone was given to 6 boys with constitutional delay of growth and development. Three patients had normal growth hormone responses following exercise or insulin-induced hypoglycemia. Subnormal growth rate (less than 2 SD below normal for bone age) was found in 4 patients. The mean growth rate of the patients treated with 12 U hGH/m2 per week increased from 4.6 to 5.1 cm/year which is not significant. Only 2 boys responded with an increment of the growth rate of more than 1 cm/year. In an age-matched control group with the same growth variation the growth rate was 4.9 and 5.0 cm/year during the same time periods. It can not be recommended to treat patients with constitutional delay of growth and development with hGH except those with severely depressed growth rate and subnormal spontaneous growth hormone secretion during sleep. PMID- 6737951 TI - [Transitory neurologic findings in risk children in the first year of life]. AB - During the first year of life many infants born "at risk" present neurological findings, which vanish by the end of the first year. These neurological symptoms are found by using a neurological examination, which employs the principles of Prechtl 's neurological examination of the newborn. Using this kind of neurological examination, the neurology of transitory findings was studied in 40 infants "at risk" during their first year of life. Only infants "at risk" were selected, who presented finally normal psychomotor development at the end of the first year of life. PMID- 6737953 TI - [Significance of hypo-osmolar diets for oral nutrition build-up in very severe malabsorption--clinical observations exemplified by infants with subtotal small intestine resection]. AB - Regenerative and adaptive processes of the gut are apparently analogous to the absorption rate in small bowel diseases. These processes can be enhanced by the prolongation of passage time which, in turn, is influenced by the osmolality of the formula diet. Since infants who have undergone a subtotal bowel resection, like other children with serious diseases of the small bowel, are extraordinarily sensitive to hyperosmolar food, any preparation with special indications should be balanced and rendered hypoosmolar in full caloric concentration. Such formulas may well facilitate food supply to infants and, in case of short bowel syndrome, encourage more pronounced morphologic adaptation. PMID- 6737952 TI - The influence of methylphenidate on the sympathoadrenal reactivity in children diagnosed as hyperactive. AB - In order to investigate whether catecholamines play a role in the hyperkinetic child syndrome, we determined noradrenaline and adrenaline plasma levels before and after treatment with methylphenidate. The children were separated into drug responders and non-responders according to the efficacy of methylphenidate on behavioral symptoms. 21 children, 6-13 years of age, participated in this double blind placebo controlled cross-over study. Conners' questionnaire was used to estimate the extent of the hyperactivity and to assess the drug response. Blood samples were drawn under resting and exercise conditions and plasma catecholamine concentrations determined as an indication of the amine release rate and the reactivity of the sympathoadrenal system. The results may be summarized: The postexercise noradrenaline levels of untreated hyperkinetic children were slightly, but not significantly higher than those of an age-matched control group. After 3-4 weeks of stimulant medication the noradrenaline release induced by physical exercise was significantly lower than after placebo. 12 out of 21 children showed an alleviation of their symptoms during methyl- phenidate therapy and thus could be assumed as drug-responders. When children were separated into drug-responders and non-responders according to the degree of the clinical improvement, both groups showed the same catecholamine release in response to exercise. Methylphenidate reduced the noradrenaline release in 9 out of 11 children in the responder group and in 7 out of 9 children in the non-responder group. In conclusion, catecholamines may be involved in the hyperkinetic child syndrome, but because of the heterogenity of this syndrome the depression of the plasma catecholamines as observed under methylphenidate could not differentiate between drug-responders and non-responders. PMID- 6737954 TI - [Successful surgical treatment of ischemia of the digestive organs caused by lesions of visceral vessels]. PMID- 6737955 TI - [Errors and complications in the treatment of strangulated ventral hernias]. PMID- 6737957 TI - [Clinical course of chronic cerebrovascular disorders]. PMID- 6737956 TI - [Clinical picture of Jaccoud's chronic postrheumatic arthritis]. PMID- 6737958 TI - [Treatment of patients with vascular parkinsonism with the preparations nakom and madopar]. PMID- 6737959 TI - [Role of intracranial hypertension in the development of hydrocephalus in chronic alcoholics]. PMID- 6737960 TI - [Malabsorption syndrome in patients with general variable acquired hypogammaglobulinemia with late onset]. PMID- 6737961 TI - [Acute renal failure after infusion of lipofundin S]. PMID- 6737962 TI - [Xanthomatosis as one of the manifestations of lipidoses]. PMID- 6737963 TI - [Hereditary pigmented hepatoses (diagnosis, treatment)]. PMID- 6737964 TI - [Physician training in well-grounded deontologic tactics]. PMID- 6737965 TI - [Evaluation of various methods of determining bronchial patency]. PMID- 6737966 TI - [Use of delagil to prevent recurrences in patients with chronic bronchitis]. PMID- 6737967 TI - [Diagnosis of sarcoidosis of the respiratory organs]. PMID- 6737968 TI - [Systemic arterial hypertension in chronic nonspecific diseases of the lungs]. PMID- 6737969 TI - [Electrocardiographic and morphometric changes in the heart in chronic pneumonia]. PMID- 6737970 TI - [Breathing in chronic renal failure]. PMID- 6737971 TI - [Glucocorticoid receptors and predicting the efficacy of glucocorticoid therapy of nephritis]. PMID- 6737972 TI - [Isoelectric point of Bence Jones protein and kidney failure in Bence Jones myeloma]. PMID- 6737973 TI - [Lymphographic diagnosis of posttraumatic edema]. PMID- 6737974 TI - [Clinico-morphologic characteristics of lateral cysts and fistulas of the neck]. PMID- 6737975 TI - [Late complications of vagotomy and their surgical treatment]. PMID- 6737976 TI - [Upright walking as a factor in the development of arterial hypertension in primates]. AB - Time-course changes in the cardiovascular function of rhesus monkeys were investigated during forced orthograde statics and upright walking. Arterial pressure by Korotkoff sounds (in certain cases by a direct method in the femoral artery) and major parameters of central hemodynamics by tetrapolar thoracic rheography were measured. The monkeys developed stable arterial hypertension 3 months after the onset of the upright study. Hemodynamic parameters reflected circulation centralization, formation of the hyperkinetic type of the orthostatic reaction and development of arterial hypertension of the resistive type. It is suggested that orthostatics may contribute to the development of arterial hypertension. PMID- 6737977 TI - [Effect of dihydroergotamine on blood circulation in man in conditions of orthostasis]. AB - The physiological effects of zero-g were simulated by 6-hour antiorthostatic hypokinesia at -15 degrees, using eight healthy volunteers. They took part in two experimental runs at a 2 week interval. During the first study the test subjects received a placebo and during the second study they got 6 mg dihydroergotamine methane sulfonate per os. Radiometric examinations of the whole body and its compartments (head, chest, abdomen, legs) showed that the drug increased blood pooling in the upper body and decreased it in the lower body at every position of the long axis of the body relative to the gravity vector. PMID- 6737978 TI - [Change in blood circulation in the orthostatic posture during hyperthermia]. AB - It has been shown that orthostatic tolerance does not deteriorate if the level of hyperthermia and weight losses are controlled. Orthostatic intolerance develops at a critical level of hyperthermia and water losses. The mechanisms of this effect are described. The results obtained can be used to improve the aerospace expertise quality. PMID- 6737979 TI - [Free amino acids in blood plasma during hypokinesia]. AB - The study (in a Hitachi KLA-3B analyzer) of 17 free amino acids in plasma of six healthy men under ambulatory and hypokinetic conditions demonstrated the following trend: by day 15 of clinostatic hypokinesia the content of most amino acids increased and by day 30 decreased, reaching the pretest level of falling below it. These variations in the amino acid concentration are viewed as a consequence of the modified relations between anabolic and catabolic processes induced by adaptation to hypokinesia. It is emphasized that the nutrition pattern was different in the hypokinetic study. PMID- 6737980 TI - [Motor and evacuatory functions of the human stomach during antiorthostatic hypokinesia]. AB - After overnight fasting test subjects exposed to head-down tilt showed an increase in the amplitude of stomach biopotentials, thus suggesting an increase in its contractile force. A provocative food test demonstrated an increase in the excitability of the stomach neuromuscular apparatus due to 30-day head-down tilt, which included an increment of contraction amplitudes and rates. The amplitude increase occurred both before and after food intake. However, an analysis of the wave amplitude composition showed a shift to the right which was most distinct in the fasting state. This indicated that the stomach motor activity in the digestive period showed greater resistance to head-down tilt. An increase in the asymmetry coefficient before and after food intake proportional to the head-down tilt duration suggests that the stomach evacuatory activity was inhibited. PMID- 6737981 TI - [Diurnal dynamics of the indices of the functional state of monkeys during hypokinesia and readaptation]. AB - Seven male rhesus monkeys, aged 3.5-4 years, were examined during clinostatic hypokinesia for 20-40 days and after exposure for 16 days. Parameters of the cardiovascular function, external respiration and body temperature were measured. During and after hypokinesia the amplitude of diurnal variations of heart rate tended to decrease. The position of heart rate acrophases shifted most during the first 3 weeks of hypokinesia and during recovery. Changes in the amplitude of diurnal variations of arterial pressure were different. The position of acrophases on the time axis was unstable and tended to recover by hypokinesia days 30-40 and then shifted again on the 1st recovery day. The amplitude of diurnal variations of the respiration rate increased, the position of acrophases on the time axis shifted and their width changed. By the 14th day of readaptation the diurnal dynamics of this parameter tended to recover. During hypokinesia the amplitude of diurnal variations of body temperature increased or decreased and the position of acrophases on the time axis remained stable. PMID- 6737982 TI - [Ultrasonic studies and calcium content of the bones in experimental animals during limited mobility and weightlessness]. AB - The velocity of ultrasonic propagation, calcium content, and femur size of rats exposed to actual and simulated weightlessness were investigated. The exposure slowed down the ultrasonic velocity in bones. The effect of the calcium content on the ultrasonic velocity in various bone sites was different: as a rule, there was a positive correlation in diaphyses and a negative correlation in epiphyses. These specific features should be taken into consideration when new methods of bone ultrasonic diagnostics will be developed. PMID- 6737983 TI - [Ultrasonic echolocation of soft tissues in dogs during decompression]. AB - Ultrasonic location of femoral soft tissues of anesthetized dogs was performed using a modified unit UZKAP-3. The animals were exposed to 0.5 mPa for 2 hours and then to decompression to sea level pressure. The concomitant echographic changes pointed to the formation of extra- and intravascular gas bubbles in the above tissues. The bubbles could be identified visually in the nearest echographic band because the instrumentation used made it possible to eliminate the background image of structural inhomogeneities of the tissue layer. PMID- 6737984 TI - [Gas exchange and physical work capacity of natives of different geographical regions]. AB - A study was carried out to investigate exercise tolerance, gas exchange and external respiration of Latin-American students who lived in Moscow for a year. As controls Soviet students residing in and around Moscow were used. The above parameters were measured at a different time of the day in response to a hypercapnic exposure. Exercise tolerance was determined using the test PWC170. External respiration and gas exchange were investigated at rest and during 5 min exercises with a load of 1 and 2 Wt/kg body weight. CO2 sensitivity was determined by means of the rebreathing method. In the evening the Latin-American students showed a trend towards an increase of the cardiorespiratory activity and exercise tolerance. The Soviet students did not display changes in exercise tolerance. The Latin-American students showed an increase in the morning and a decrease in the evening of external respiration reactions. The Soviet students exhibited opposite variations. Direct alveolar measurements demonstrated an increase of pCO2 in the alveolar air in the Latin-American students in the evening and a decrease of the parameter in the Soviet students. It is suggested that cyclic changes in external respiration in response to hypercapnia are associated with exercise tolerance. PMID- 6737985 TI - [Tactical behavior of rats when choosing among negative stimuli: pain or exposure to an electromagnetic field]. AB - A new experimental model of two conflicting motives has been developed and tested on rats. The motives are to escape painful stimulation and subsequent microwave irradiation at a dose rate of 500 mWt/cm2 under normal conditions and disturbed thermal regulation due to gamma irradiation of the head. It is found that microwave effects cannot be entirely attributed to the body temperature gradient. PMID- 6737986 TI - [Effect of a constant magnetic field on the bioelectric activity of epileptogenic foci in the rabbit brain]. AB - The effect of a constant magnetic field (CMF) on the hypersynchronic activity foci produced by penicillin microinjections to the rabbit hippocampus or sensorimotor cortex was investigated. The control animals showed a higher epileptiform activity in the left than in the right hemisphere. The CMF exposure enhanced the difference between the hemispheres, increased drastically the number of epileptiform discharges between attacks and the number of electrographic correlates of attacks in hippocampal foci. The epileptiform activity of cortical foci was practically independent of the CMF exposure. It is assumed that the CMF influences oxidative processes in neurocytes and facilitates their epileptization. This also induces a hyperactivity focus in the hippocampus whose threshold of convulsive attacks is the lowest among the central nervous system structures, the cortex including. PMID- 6737987 TI - [Nutritional status during different regimens of consuming an emergency carbohydrate ration]. AB - Healthy male test subjects were allowed to consume a small-size contingency diet (300 g caramel) during 5 days of survival in a moderate climate in two modes: 1) unifrom intake during 5 days or 2) consumption during the first 3 days and fasting during the remaining 2 days. The first mode proved more advantageous. This conclusion was drawn from evaluations of the general health status, body weight losses, carbohydrate, nitrogen, and mineral metabolism, ECG, and dynamometry. PMID- 6737988 TI - [Nomogram for determining changes in central venous pressure and pulmonary artery pressure during decompression of different parts of the body]. PMID- 6737989 TI - [Reliability and effectiveness of monitoring the stroke and minute volume of the heart by Kubicek's rheographic method]. AB - Simultaneous measurements by the Fick direct method and the Kubicek rheographic method of cardiac output of 20 men with ischemic heart disease have shown that both methods are well correlated (r = 0.76, k = 0.92, n = 41). The reproducibility of the Kubicek data was slightly better than the Fick data (on the average +/- 6% instead of +/- 9-10%). An attempt of increasing the correlation of the Kubicek data with the Fick data by correcting the specific resistance with respect to the hematocrit data and the chest perimeter failed. In order to provide the necessary accuracy of the Kubicek method, it is required that the procedure be stringent and the five variables in the formula for calculating cardiac output be precisely measured. The cardiac output values determined simultaneously by the Kubicek method and by x-ray contrast ventriculography showed a better correlation (r = 0.88, k = 0.97, n = 15). PMID- 6737990 TI - [Relation of the blood coagulation and fibrinolysis systems to the functional state of the lysosomal apparatus of neutrophilic leukocytes during exposure to lowered barometric pressure]. PMID- 6737992 TI - [Individual characteristics of human respiration during sleep at a height of 4200 m]. PMID- 6737993 TI - [Artificial mineralization of melted glacial water intended for drinking during mountaineering expeditions]. PMID- 6737991 TI - [Modeling the physiological effects of exposure of the human body to negative pressure]. PMID- 6737994 TI - Morphometry of right and left ventricular myocardium after strenuous exercise in preconditioned rats. AB - Young male rats were exposed to a biphasic training program in which a 7-week preconditioning period of moderate treadmill exercise was followed by 8 weeks of strenuous endurance running. In comparison with sedentary control animals, the trained rats at 20 weeks of age had developed myocardial hypertrophy of the right ventricle (20%) and interventricular septum (23%), but there was no difference in the weight of the left ventricular free wall. Myocyte hypertrophy (26%) in the right ventricle was achieved through an increase in mean cell length (24%) and the addition of new sarcomere units in series. Exercise induced no acceleration of capillary growth in either ventricle, leading to significant decreases in the capillary luminal volume density (-21%) and surface density (-16%) in the right ventricle. Such alterations in the structural properties of the microvasculature implicated in oxygen availability and diffusion suggest that vigorous exercise, even after a preconditioning period, may still be detrimental to the myocardium. The techniques of myocardial morphometry were examined with respect to potential errors associated with oblique tissue sections and the use of light versus electron microscopy for cell counting. It was shown that the practical effects of obliquity are negligible and that electron microscopic resolution is essential. PMID- 6737995 TI - Calcitonin as a marker for diethylnitrosamine-induced pulmonary endocrine cell hyperplasia in hamsters. AB - Immunoreactive calcitonin (iCT) has been localized in solitary endocrine cells and in clusters of these cells, called neuroepithelial bodies, in human and hamster lungs. It has been demonstrated that hyperplasia of hamster lung endocrine cells occurs following exposure to diethylnitrosamine (DEN), a systemic carcinogen. In the present study we have investigated iCT as a hormonal correlate of DEN-induced pulmonary endocrine cell hyperplasia in hamsters. Hamsters were given 3 mg of DEN per animal, subcutaneously, twice a week and then serially sacrificed at 2, 4, 8, and 12 weeks. By immunocytochemistry, iCT-containing cells could be demonstrated in thyroids, tracheal glands, and throughout the airway epithelium. At 8 or 12 weeks of DEN exposure, one to eight neuroepithelial bodies with iCT-containing cells were identified per square centimeter of lung sections, in contrast to zero to one neuroepithelial bodies/cm2 in control hamsters. By radioimmunoassay, pulmonary iCT increased significantly at 8 weeks of DEN exposure, amounting to 3.5-fold the control values at 12 weeks. Serum iCT increased at 4 weeks of exposure and by 12 weeks had tripled (183 +/- 62 pg/ml, mean +/- SD, p less than 0.001), as compared with control animals. Subsequently, DEN was stopped for 4 weeks, and the levels of both serum and lung iCT decreased, although they remained higher than those of controls. The serum and lung iCT of control hamsters was constant throughout the experiment (49 +/- 26 pg/ml and 1754 +/- 489 pg/gm of wet weight, mean +/- SD, respectively). Thyroidal iCT levels of exposed hamsters did not differ from those of the controls; both increased progressively. The DEN-exposed animals had retarded growth as compared with the controls. Column chromatography using superfine Sephadex G-75 demonstrated that both DEN-exposed and control lungs contained iCT with a predominant molecular size corresponding to the dimer of synthetic human calcitonin; whereas thyroidal iCT was mostly monomeric (approximately 3,500 daltons). The increase of pulmonary iCT correlates well with the 4-fold increase of pulmonary endocrine cells, reported earlier following similar DEN exposure. We conclude that iCT levels of hamster sera and lungs can be used as a biochemical parameter to monitor hyperplasia of the pulmonary endocrine cells in these animals. PMID- 6737996 TI - Invading squamous cell carcinoma can retain a basal lamina. An immunohistochemical study using a monoclonal antibody to type IV collagen. AB - A monoclonal antibody to human glomerular type IV collagen has been characterized and used in an immunohistochemical study of the distribution of this basement membrane protein in dysplasias, intraepithelial carcinomas, and infiltrating squamous cell carcinomas. Four squamous carcinoma cell lines established as xenografts in nude mice were also examined. In normal epidermis and mucosae, the basement membrane was clearly defined and intact. In areas of intraepidermal carcinoma, the basal lamina as defined by the antibody was usually continuous, and defects were only present in areas associated with an inflammatory infiltrate. Invasive squamous cell carcinomas, regardless of the degree of differentiation had a clearly delineated basement membrane at the epithelial stromal interphase. In areas of invasion, far removed from the in situ component, there were protrusions of tumor cells through the basement membrane into the stroma. Other abnormalities of basement membrane production such as aggregation of basement membrane and reduplication of the basal lamina were also associated with the carcinomas. There was a similar distribution of basal lamina material in involved lymph nodes and in squamous cell carcinomas that were growing as xenografts in nude mice. Our studies suggest that the loss of basement membrane type IV collagen is not generally associated with invasive squamous cell carcinomas and is not likely to be useful in the assessment of early invasion in this tumor. The similar distribution of type IV collagen in the xenografts and in the infiltrating tumors suggests that this system, in conjunction with the use of the same cell lines in vitro, will provide a model with which to study the control of deposition of type IV collagen. PMID- 6737997 TI - The determination of 4,4'-methylenebis (2-chloroaniline) in urine by electron capture gas chromatography. AB - The development and use of a gas chromatographic method for monitoring workers who are occupationally exposed to 4,4'-methylenebis(2-chloroaniline) (MBOCA) is reported. The increase in ether-extractable MBOCA on mild hydrolysis is determined. The analytical conditions for a specific and sensitive electron capture gas chromatographic method that will measure both "free" MBOCA and "total" MBOCA are established. It is suggested that workers should be monitored by the measurement of "total" urinary MBOCA. PMID- 6737998 TI - Detection of organophosphorous pesticides with an immobilized cholinesterase electrode. AB - A simple and reliable method based on cholinesterase inhibition is proposed to detect organophosphate pesticides in water. The potentiometric method to measure enzymatic activity was applied to an immobilized cholinesterase film coupled directly to a flat glass pH electrode. Under controlled laboratory conditions, it was possible to correlate inhibition of cholinesterase activity with intramembranal pH shifts induced by substrate hydrolysis. Measurements can be performed with such an enzyme electrode system in real time by monitoring the inhibition process, or after incubation of the enzymatic film. Technical grade compounds of methylparathion, azinphosethyl , and mevinphos were used as examples, and detected from ppm to several ppb after oxidative treatment. The sensitivity of the enzyme sensor depends on the inhibitory power of the pesticide molecules, and therefore determines additional toxicity information unavailable from other physico-chemical methods. This type of sensor could be used for screening purposes in the detection of pesticides in water pollution control and is intended to be complementary to existing analytical methods. PMID- 6737999 TI - An improved wet digestion procedure for the analysis of total arsenic in biological samples by direct hydride atomic absorption spectrophotometry. AB - The presence of dimethylarsinic acid (DMAA) in biological samples can cause an underestimation of total arsenic content when analyzed relative to an inorganic arsenic standard by direct hydride flame atomic absorption spectrophotometry. An acid digestion procedure is described that quantitatively recovers DMAA as well as monomethylarsonic acid, inorganic arsenic(III), and arsenic(V) from aqueous and biological samples. Methylated arsenicals are converted to inorganic arsenic by wet digestion with HNO3, H2SO4, and K2Cr2O7 and subsequently reduced to arsenic(III) with Nal. Arsine is generated with NaBH4 and converted to atomic arsenic following immediate introduction into a nitrogen-entrained air-hydrogen flame. This method produces a linear relationship to absorbance within a mass range of 50 to 300 ng arsenic/arsine reaction. A sensitivity of 2 ng arsenic and a detection limit of 7 ng arsenic/arsine reaction were also obtained. Recovery of DMAA from water, urine, feces, or whole blood ranged from 92 to 105% with a coefficient of variation of 5 to 10%. PMID- 6738000 TI - Amoxapine in human overdose. AB - Amoxapine, a tricyclic antidepressant, is metabolized to 8-hydroxyamoxapine and 7 hydroxyamoxapine. There are few reports on the metabolism of this drug and correlation of clinical symptoms in overdose patients. Five such patients admitted to the Emergency Unit of the University of Cincinnati Hospital were studied. Clinically, all had seizures and evidence of altered cardiac function. The amounts of the parent drug and the 7- and 8-hydroxy metabolites were measured and, in all cases, the parent and 8-hydroxy metabolite were present in both urine and serum. In contrast, the 7-hydroxyamoxapine was found in trace amounts in the serum of only two patients, but in the urine of all the patients observed. These observations were confirmed by gas chromatographic/mass spectroscopic analysis. The pattern of metabolism was analogous to that found in patients on maintenance doses of the drug. In two overdose patients, it was possible to monitor the levels as a function of time. The elimination curve of parent and metabolite was first order with a half-life of 8.5 to 15.0 and 48 hr, respectively. PMID- 6738001 TI - Retention indices and dual capillary gas chromatography for rapid identification of sedative hypnotic drugs in emergency toxicology. AB - Recent advances in capillary column technology and gas chromatographic instrumentation allow the reproducible qualitative and semiquantitative determination of drugs in biological samples. A simple, cost-effective, and time saving method is described that utilizes a retention index library for drug identification in emergency toxicology. Samples need not be derivatized because of the inertness of the fused silica capillary system. Dual columns of different polarity are utilized to identify and simultaneously confirm results of biological drug extracts. A summary of the BASIC program used for retention index calculation and library search is included. Results from twenty double blind split specimen analyses are reported. PMID- 6738002 TI - Rapid and sensitive analysis of morphine in serum by reversed-phase high performance liquid chromatography with electrochemical detection. AB - A method is described for the determination of morphine in serum. Separation and quantitation are performed by reversed-phase high performance liquid chromatography with electrochemical detection. A sample size of 100 microL or less is required for detection of concentrations as low as 1 to 2 ng/mL. In trials with standard solutions, recovery was 75%. The between-run and within-run coefficients of variation were 7.3% (over the range of 5 to 200 ng/mL) and 9.1% (at 5 ng/mL), respectively. PMID- 6738003 TI - A separation and purification procedure for [14C] di-2-ethylhexyl phthalate in fish. AB - A procedure utilizing the reverse isotope dilution analysis is presented for the determination of di-2-ethylhexyl phthalate (DEHP) and total metabolites in tissues of fish and water samples. This procedure offers several advantages: it eliminates laborious and expensive use of column chromatography and identification by gas chromatography/mass spectrometry analysis; it does not require quantitative separation; it selectively removes fish lipids by partitioning across a hexane/acetonitrile system; it uses an internal standard, di-pentylphthalate, for the gas-liquid chromatographic analysis; and it overcomes interference from background DEHP. PMID- 6738004 TI - Tissue analysis of N-methylformamide: organ distribution. AB - This report describes a gas chromatographic procedure, utilizing a packed column and flame ionization detector, suitable for the quantitative measurement of N methylformamide (N-MF) in tissue samples. N-MF is a polar solvent that induces the maturation of cancer cells in vitro and, in vivo, exhibits antitumor activity with human tumors xenografted in nude (athymic) mice. Therapeutic monitoring is essential as toxicology studies have shown this compound to be hepatotoxic. N-MF is currently undergoing phase 1 clinical trials as an anticancer drug. This method of tissue analysis was developed to aid in the understanding of N-MF disposition and distribution in a murine model. The data thus generated may help predict the clinical behavior of this drug. PMID- 6738005 TI - The necessary skills of the occupational physician. PMID- 6738006 TI - Occupational medicine and medical ethics. PMID- 6738007 TI - Rehabilitation after illness and injury--a study of temporary alternative work arrangements. PMID- 6738008 TI - Training in occupational medicine. PMID- 6738009 TI - The trainee's view of the faculty of occupational medicine's training scheme. PMID- 6738010 TI - The regional specialty adviser. PMID- 6738011 TI - The role of the trainer in occupational medicine. PMID- 6738012 TI - Screening for intestinal helminthiasis at pre-employment medical examinations in Nigeria--the economic rationale. PMID- 6738013 TI - Incremental formulations in vascular mechanics. AB - The pulsatile deformations of the large arteries can be viewed as small time varying deformations superposed on large deformations. This motivates the study of the incremental deformations of the vascular tissue. Unfortunately, because of the variety of possible choices of definitions of stresses and strains, the choice of the characterizing incremental moduli is not unique, which has led to much ambiguity and confusion in the literature. This communication systematically presents some of the options available for characterization of orthotropic incremental deformations of the vascular tissue, and provides explicit formulas for interconversions of incremental elastic moduli for uniaxial tests on strips of incompressible tissue. Relative merits of various choices are discussed. PMID- 6738014 TI - A note on the blood analog for in-vitro testing of heart valve bioprostheses. AB - Glycerol solution with the viscosity coefficient similar to that of blood is used in evaluating the performance characteristics of prosthetic heart valves in the laboratory. However, physiological saline solution is used as a test fluid in testing tissue heart valves even though the viscosity coefficient does not match that of human blood. It is commonly believed that glycerol is absorbed by the tissue valves and hence the leaflets become stiff, making the test results invalid. However, in our laboratory a comparison of tissue valves exposed to glycerine solution at various times does not indicate any difference in the leaflet opening characteristics. Hence, it is suggested that glycerine solution be used as a test fluid for the evaluation of tissue valves also. PMID- 6738015 TI - On the propagation of a wave front in viscoelastic arteries. AB - In formulating a mathematical model of the arterial system, the one-dimensional flow approximation yields realistic pressure and flow pulses in the proximal as well as in the distal regions of a simulated arterial conduit, provided that the viscoelastic damping induced by the vessel wall is properly taken into account. Models which are based on a purely elastic formulation of the arterial wall properties are known to produce shocklike transitions in the propagating pulses which are not observed in man under physiological conditions. The viscoelastic damping characteristics are such that they are expected to reduce the tendency of shock formation in the model. In order to analyze this phenomenon, the propagation of first and second-order pressure waves is calculated with the aid of a wave front expansion, and criteria for the formation of shocks are derived. The application of the results to the human arterial system show that shock waves are not to be expected under normal conditions, while in case of a pathologically increased pressure rise at the root of the aorta, shocklike transitions may develop in the periphery. In particular, it is shown that second-order waves never lead to shock formation in finite time for the class of initial conditions and mechanical wave guides which are of interest in the mammalian circulation. PMID- 6738016 TI - Thermal modeling of the normal woman's breast. AB - A comprehensive thermal model of the normal woman's breast is presented. The model is developed taking into consideration metabolic heat production, tissue perfusion with capillary blood, arterial and venous blood thermal interaction and change of arterial blood temperature with position. A series of computer programs are written using a 3-dimensional finite-element technique to evaluate the surface temperature distribution of the breast. Comparison between the results obtained for the model and those from thermograms of a woman's breast are in good agreement. PMID- 6738017 TI - Morphometry of cat's pulmonary arterial tree. AB - Morphometic data of the pulmonary artery in the cat's right lung are presented. Silicone elastomer casts of cat's right lung were made, and measured, counted and analyzed. The Strahler system is used to describe the branching pattern of the arterial vascular tree. These data are needed for any quantitative approach to the study of the pulmonary circulation. For all the pulmonary blood vessels of the cat lying between the main pulmonary artery and the capillary beds, there are a total of 10 orders of vessels in the right upper lobe, 9 orders of vessels in the right middle lobe and 11 orders of vessels in the right lower lobe. The ratio of the number of branches in successive orders of vessels or the branching ratio, is 3.58. The corresponding average diameter ratio is 1.72, whereas the average length ratio is 1.81. PMID- 6738018 TI - Linear approximations for swing leg motion during gait. AB - The applicability of a linear systems analysis of two-dimensional swing leg motion was investigated. Two different linear systems were developed. A linear time-varying system was developed by linearizing the nonlinear equations describing swing leg motion about a set of nominal system and control trajectories. Linear time invariant systems were developed by linearizing about three different fixed limb positions. Simulations of swing leg motion were performed with each of these linear systems. These simulations were compared to previously performed nonlinear simulations of two-dimensional swing leg motion and the actual subject motion. Additionally, a linear system analysis was used to gain some insight into the interdependency of the state variables and controls. It was shown that the linear time varying approximation yielded an accurate representation of limb motion for the thigh and shank but with diminished accuracy for the foot. In contrast, all the linear time invariant systems, if used to simulate more than a quarter of the swing phase, yielded generally inaccurate results for thigh shank and foot motion. PMID- 6738019 TI - Mechanical properties of human tendon and their age dependence. AB - There are no previously published data on changes in the mechanical behaviors of human tendon from maturation in the second decade to senectitude in the seventh decade or thereafter. In this study, 44 tendons from individuals ranging in age from 16 to 88 yr were subjected to an extensive series of mechanical tests which included preconditioning, extensions at strain rates of 100 percent/s, 1 percent/s, and 0.01 percent/s, and stress relaxation with cyclic and constant extensions. Pairs of extensions at 1 percent/s were run throughout the protocol to evaluate the repeatability of tissue response. It was found that these responses changed little for any single sample within a pair of such tests; however, throughout the protocol, the peak stresses and moduli decreased. Extensions at different rates revealed a definite rate dependency of tendon responses with sample modulus being directly related to extension rate and slightly less hysteresis at 1 percent/s than at 100 percent/s or 0.01 percent/s. The load relaxation in samples subjected to either cyclic or constant extensions was generally best described by a linear function of the logarithm of time. The rate of relaxation with constant extension varied little with extension magnitude. The rate of relaxation in the cyclic tests was greater at 10 Hz than at 0.1 Hz. The results indicate that subject age has no effect on tendon modulus and a very small effect on hysteresis and relaxation. Extensive information on subject history was not available in this study for correlation with mechanical responses so that an age effect may have been masked by other variables, possibly health, diet, disease, or exercise. PMID- 6738020 TI - A continuum theory and an experiment for the ion-induced swelling behavior of articular cartilage. AB - Swelling of normal bovine articular cartilage equilibrated in NaCl solutions was dimensionally measured in thin strips of tissue. The ion-induced strains show that free swelling of articular cartilage is anisotropic and inhomogeneous. For the molar concentrations used, contraction increased linearly with concentration, defining a "coefficient of chemical contraction" (alpha c). Isometrically constrained specimens registered a rise in tensile force followed by stress relaxation. An extension of the biphasic theory incorporating this ion-induced strain is proposed. This theory can describe the equilibrium anisotropic swelling behavior of cartilage and explain the transient force history observed in the isometric experiment. PMID- 6738021 TI - Relaxation and creep quasilinear viscoelastic models for normal articular cartilage. AB - A quasilinear viscoelastic model was used to develop relaxation and creep forms for a constitutive law for soft tissues. Combined relaxation and cyclic test data as well as preconditioned and nonpreconditioned creep data were used to demonstrate the approach for normal bovine articular cartilage. Values for mechanical parameters in the analytical models were determined using a generalized least squares method. PMID- 6738022 TI - An analysis of the unconfined compression of articular cartilage. AB - Analytical solutions have been obtained for the internal deformation and fluid flow fields and the externally observable creep, stress relaxation, and constant strain-rate behaviors which occur during the unconfined compression of a cylindrical specimen of a fluid-filled, porous, elastic solid, such as articular cartilage, between smooth, impermeable plates. Instantaneously, the "biphasic" continuum deforms without change in volume and behaves like an incompressible elastic solid of the same shear modulus. Radial fluid flow then allows the internal fluid pressure to equilibrate with the external environment. The equilibrium response is controlled by the Young's modulus and Poisson's ratio of the solid matrix. PMID- 6738023 TI - Strain topography of human tendon and fascia. AB - Discretized surface strains for human tendon and fascia were photogrammetrically determined with high-speed cinematography and were displayed topographically using three-dimensional computer graphics. Substantial differences were found between estimates of tissue strain measured from grip motion versus discretized strain estimates from high-speed films. The computer-generated contour maps also provide a useful technique for analyzing the nonhomogeneity of tendon and fascial strains during high rate tests. PMID- 6738024 TI - Effect of aortic valve orientation on arterial flow distribution. AB - This short note presents the results from experiments performed on an artificial heart valve, in particular, the aortic valve located at the exit of the left ventricle of the heart. The valve was tested in a full-scale elastic model of the arterial system, with a cam-piston unit duplicating the pumping action of the heart. The dependence of the arterial flow distribution on the angular orientation of the valve was investigated and it was found that there was no discernible influence of valve orientation on the arterial flow distribution. PMID- 6738025 TI - Elastic properties of arteries and their influence on the cardiovascular system. AB - Pressure-volume relations of aorta and arteries are considered using a fiber fluid continuum analysis. A Windkessel model is revised to investigate the effects of the exponential pressure-volume relation of the present study on the cardiovascular system. It is shown that the elastic properties of the fibers in large blood vessels play an important role in the circulation of blood in health and in disease. PMID- 6738026 TI - Visual evoked-response components related to speechreading and spatial skills in hearing and hearing-impaired adults. AB - Averaged visual evoked responses (VER) to light flashes which varied systematically in brightness and predictability were collected from 24 hearing and 24 hearing-impaired adults. In addition, speechreading, abstract reasoning, and spatial relations tests were administered. Separate principal components analyses of the VERs were conducted on each group to replicate and extend our previous report of an early VER component (VF16) which reflected individual differences in the speechreading skills of hearing subjects. VF16 appeared in both analyses, confirming its replicability as a latent VER component. VF16 correlated with speechreading skill in hearing-impaired males (r = -.73), under stimulus conditions identical to those in our previous study. However, its correlations with speechreading skills in hearing subjects were not significant. VF16 also varied systematically with stimulus predictability and correlated with spatial ability in both groups only when the time of occurrence of the light flashes was predictable. These data tentatively suggest that VF16 is a VER correlate of individual differences in a psychologically dynamic process, perhaps involving expectancy, which may relate to the performance of hearing-impaired and hearing people in visually based communication or cognitive processing situations. PMID- 6738027 TI - Laryngograph as a measure of vocal fold contact area. AB - The present investigation sought to provide additional information concerning the laryngograph as a means to study vocal fold contact area. Subglottal pressures were sensed simultaneously with the laryngographic signal while the speaker produced a variety of speech tasks. The onset and cessation of the subglottal pressure waveform was studied relative to the laryngographic and speech waveforms. Differences were noted for voiced-voiceless contrasts for bilabial stop consonant production and vocal effort changes during the three vowels studied. Also a high-resistance polymer strip was placed between the vocal folds and gradually removed while simultaneous laryngographic recordings were obtained during sustained productions of the vowel /a/. An increase in the amplitude of the laryngographic waveform upon withdrawal of the polymer strip strongly supported the concept that the laryngographic signal is generated directly by the change in conductance due to alterations in the area of vocal fold contact. PMID- 6738028 TI - Analysis of functions of delayed echolalia in autistic children. AB - This study was a preliminary attempt to determine how autistic children used delayed echolalia in naturalistic interactions with familiar people. Fourteen functional categories of delayed echolalia were derived based on videotape analyses of linguistic, extralinguistic, and paralinguistic features. Individual differences in functional usage were apparent across the three subjects. Delayed echolalia was found to vary along the dimensions of interactiveness, comprehension of the utterance produced, and relevance to linguistic or situational context. The diversity of delayed echolalic behavior is discussed in reference to its conventionality, the presence or absence of communicative intent, and its status as symbolic communicative activity. PMID- 6738029 TI - Vocal and finger reaction times in stutterers and nonstutterers: differences and correlations. AB - The purposes of this study were (a) to assess whether the slower reaction times of stutterers are related to the etiology of the disorder or whether they are a by-product of it, and (b) to see if previously reported correlations between vocal and manual reaction times resulted from large numbers of trials. Fourteen adult stutterers and matched controls said "uh" or pressed a button in response to the offset of tones varying randomly in duration. Ten trials were used. The stutterers were significantly slower in both speech and nonspeech tasks, but the correlations between voice and manual reaction times were not significant. This suggested that stutterers' slower reaction times may be obtained without using large numbers of trials and that the correlation between the two tasks may depend on the number of trials used. The stutterers showed a significantly larger difference between vocal and manual reaction times than the nonstutterers. This suggested that the slower reaction times of stutterers are not entirely a by product of the disorder. PMID- 6738030 TI - Syntactic and conceptual factors in children's understanding of metaphors. AB - A multiple-choice listening task was designed in which 7- and 9-year-old children (n = 30 per group) were presented with nine instances of four different types of metaphoric sentences: perceptual-predicative, psychological-predicative, perceptual-proportional, and psychological-proportional. When factors of memory and attention, sentence length, semantics, and novelty were controlled for, proportional metaphors proved to be significantly more difficult than predicative, but perceptual did not differ from psychological in ease of understanding. No interactions were significant. Nine-year-olds demonstrated metaphoric understanding superior to that of 7-year-olds, despite the fact that children of both ages were familiar with the underlying semantic features of the metaphors and understood all key words at a literal level. Implications for future research are discussed. PMID- 6738031 TI - Validity of hearing thresholds obtained from the rising portion of the audiogram in sensorineural hearing loss. AB - Two experiments were performed for this study. The purpose of both experiments was to examine the validity of pure-tone hearing thresholds obtained near the rising portion of a sensorineural hearing loss. Recent work by other investigators has suggested that thresholds obtained near the rising portion of the audiogram may not correspond to the severity of damage at the cochlear place associated with the test frequency. In the first experiment this issue was addressed in 11 subjects having low-frequency sensorineural hearing loss, whereas 12 subjects (19 ears) having notch-shaped high-frequency sensorineural hearing losses were examined in the second experiment. The results indicated that thresholds obtained from the rising portion of the audiometric configuration were, in most instances, determined by sensitivity at test frequency. An exception to this generalization involved low-frequency sensorineural hearing loss with a slope for the rising portion of the audiogram exceeding -25 dB/octave. In these cases the severity of the loss may be underestimated for test frequencies immediately adjacent to the rising portion of the audiogram. PMID- 6738032 TI - Elasticity of canine vocal fold tissue. AB - Stress-strain curves were obtained from vocalis muscle tissue that was kept viable in an aerated Krebs-Ringer solution after excision of the larynx from live dogs. Results are compared to similar curves obtained from dead tissue and suggest that vocal fold elasticity depends on the level of strain, the elapsed time after elongation, the condition of the tissue, and the choice of rest length for strain computation. Tables of Young's moduli for various conditions are given. PMID- 6738033 TI - Analysis of stutterers' voice onset times and fundamental frequency contours during fluency. AB - The purpose of this study was to examine stutterers' and nonstutterers' fluent voice onset time (VOT) and fundamental frequency (Fo) contour measures from target syllables located at the beginning of a carrier phrase. Ten adult male stutterers were matched within one year of age with 10 adult male nonstutterers. Oscillographic and spectrographic analyses of subjects' VOT and Fo at vowel onset, average vowel Fo, and speed and range of Fo change were obtained from fluent productions of 18 stop consonant-vowel syllables. Results showed that VOTs for voiced stops and the range of Fo change for voiceless stops were associated with significant between-group differences. All other dependent measures were not significantly different between the two groups. When compared with past research, these findings indicate that greater differences emerge between stutterers and nonstutterers when measures of fluency are taken at the beginning than in the middle of a carrier phrase. Implications for future research are discussed. PMID- 6738034 TI - Comparisons among three articulation sampling procedures with preschool children. AB - The purpose of this study was to compare the articulatory responses of normally developing preschool children during three sampling procedures which were controlled for phonetic context. Thirty normally developing children (15 boys, 15 girls) aged 4:4 to 4:8 (years:months) served as subjects. The three test conditions were word test (stimuli consisting of multisyllabic meaningful words and word-strings), nonsense test (items consisting of multisyllabic nonsense utterances), and story-retell. Eight phonemes /t k l s f r tf f/ were tested in each of the three sampling conditions. The stimuli, elicited with pictures, were also controlled for syllable structure, canonical form, and semantic difficulty. Results showed no difference among the three sampling procedures for type and number of errors. Consistency of errors was presented and discussed. A significant sex difference, with boys making significantly more errors than girls, supported separation of articulation data by sex for 4-year-old children. PMID- 6738035 TI - Preschoolers with language disorders: 10 years later. AB - Language, intelligence, academic achievement, and behavioral adjustment were assessed in a group of 20 adolescents originally studied 10 years earlier as preschoolers with language disorders. At follow-up, 20% had WISC-R IQ scores in the mentally deficient range and were being educated in EMR classrooms. Of the remaining 16, 11 (69%) had required special tutoring, grade retention, or LD class placement. The majority of non-EMR subjects continued to evidence persistent deficits in language and academic achievement and were rated by their parents as being less socially competent and having more behavioral problems than their peers. Of the initial preschool measures available, the Leiter was found to be the best single predictor of intelligence, language, class placement, and reading achievement in adolescence, although the NSST: Expressive subtest also was a strong predictor of adolescent language. PMID- 6738036 TI - Formant-frequency differences between isolated whispered and phonated vowel samples produced by adult female subjects. AB - This study was designed to investigate the formant frequencies of phonated and whispered productions of five test vowels (/i/, /u/, /ae/, /a/). Each test vowel was sustained twice in isolation--once phonated, one whispered--by 20 adult female subjects. The phoneme represented by each recorded production was identified independently by 11 listeners. Only those samples identified by 6 or more of the listeners as the vowel intended were retained for a further (acoustic) analysis. An acoustic spectrum of each retained sample was obtained to permit formant measurements. To provide the clearest formant delineation possible in our lab, the phonated samples were analyzed by broadband spectrography and the whispered samples by very narrow-band spectrography. This report presents the formant frequencies (F1-F3) of the test productions as measured from the acoustic vowel spectra and the formant-frequency differences between the phonated and whispered productions. In general, the results showed a trend for whispered vowel formants to be higher in frequency than phonated vowel formants, but that trend was only strongly evident for F1. PMID- 6738037 TI - Stimulus duration and frequency discrimination for normal-hearing and hearing impaired subjects. AB - Frequency discrimination for 500- and 2000-Hz pure tones at durations of 5, 10, 20, 50, and 200 ms was determined for 10 normal-hearing and 10 cochlear-impaired listeners. Listeners from both groups demonstrated monotonic increases in frequency difference limens as stimulus duration decreased. The functions of the hearing-impaired listeners were parallel to those of the normal-hearing listeners for stimulus durations between 10 and 200 ms, but the overall performance of the hearing-impaired group was poorer than that of the normal-hearing group. The functions of many of the cochlear-impaired subjects were less steep than normal for the shortest durations tested (between 5 and 10 ms). There appeared to be no relation between temporal integration for frequency discrimination and temporal integration for detection threshold. The results are discussed in terms of processes of temporal integration and frequency selectivity. PMID- 6738038 TI - Tympanometric changes at 226 Hz and 678 Hz across 10 trials and for two directions of ear canal pressure change. AB - The influence that repeated tympanometric trials have on the aural-acoustic admittance characteristics of the middle-ear transmission system was studied in 24 young adults. The 226-Hz and 678-Hz data were generated by concurrently digitizing the conductance and admittance tympanograms at 25 daPa/s for both ascending and descending pressure directions. Ten successive trials for each frequency and direction of pressure change were made. Changes in admittance corrected for ear canal volume across the 10 tympanometric trials were computed. The results demonstrated that generally admittance increases as the number of trials increases. For many subjects, the complexity of the tympanometric configuration also increases across trials. The results from eight subjects with single-peaked 678-Hz tympanograms were compared with the results from eight subjects with notched 678-Hz tympanograms to explain the mean decrease in susceptance across tympanometric trials. Finally, the pressure peak locations of the conductance, susceptance, and admittance tympanograms were evaluated and are discussed. The effects that differences in peak pressure location have on the computed static admittance values are presented. PMID- 6738039 TI - Masking-level difference in filtered-random and amplitude-modulated noise. AB - The masking characteristics of filtered-random noise and amplitude-modulated noise (40-dB pressure-spectrum level) were studied in a series of four experiments using a masking-level difference paradigm, that is, 500-Hz thresholds in S0N0 and SpiN0 binaural conditions. In Experiment 1 a filtered noise (200-800 Hz) and an amplitude-modulated noise (425-575 Hz) produced equal thresholds in S0N0; for SpiN0, however, the thresholds in amplitude-modulated noise were 1.6 dB lower than were the thresholds in filtered noise. In Experiment 2 S0N0 and SpiN0 thresholds were established in three filtered noise bandwidths (200-800 Hz, 335 685 Hz, and 410-600 Hz) and in the amplitude-modulated noise (425-575 Hz). When the bandwidths of the filtered-random and amplitude-modulated noises were similar, the SpiN0 thresholds were the same but the S0N0 thresholds were different. Experiments 3 and 4 indicated that with amplitude-modulated noise when the zero amplitude crossings of the tone and the noise coincided, the S0N0, SpiN0, and SmNm thresholds were 1.2-2.0 dB higher than were the thresholds when the zero crossings of the tone and noise did not coincide. The data indicate that the masking characteristics of filtered-random noise and amplitude-modulated noise are different. The findings are interpreted as an indication that perceptual phenomena depend on the temporal characteristics as well as the power spectrum of the signal and masker. PMID- 6738040 TI - Equal-loudness contours using subjective tinnitus as the standard. AB - For six patients with sensorineural hearing loss and tinnitus, we determined the level of comparison tones (Co) of various frequencies that were judged to be as loud as the tinnitus (i.e., an equal-loudness contour was obtained). To prevent interactions of the Co and the tinnitus, the Co was chosen to lie outside of the region of pitch matches made to the tinnitus. If the loudness of the tinnitus is assumed to be fixed at L sones, then the level, P, of the Co is nearly predicted from the equation, L = K(P - p0).6 where p0 is the absolute threshold of the Co used for the match. The rate of increase of loudness therefore depends on the threshold of the Co: For constant loudness, the larger the absolute threshold of the Co, the smaller is its sensation level. For persons with high-frequency sensorineural hearing loss, therefore, the sensation level of the Co is always smaller in the region of loss than in the normal region. It follows that the sensation level of the Co does not reflect the loudness of the tinnitus; thus, tinnitus cannot be viewed as a weak tone simply because it is matched to a tone at low sensation level. PMID- 6738041 TI - Answers to wh-questions: a developmental study. AB - Forty children aged 3-6 years responded to items representing nine wh-question forms. Questions referred to three types of referential sources (conditions) based on immediacy and visual availability. The hierarchies of wh-question forms based on degree of difficulty were similar to those described in previous investigations. However, a significant interaction between referential conditions and wh-form was found to influence the relative complexity of the stimulus questions. The children were significantly less successful in giving appropriate and accurate responses when the question referred to objects, persons, or events not represented in the immediate setting. Recognition and delivery of the general category or kind of information required by a wh-form (functional appropriateness) appeared to predate substantially the ability to respond with fact, accuracy, logic, and credibility (functional accuracy). The results suggest consideration and control of referential source as well as appropriateness/accuracy response criteria in the evaluation and treatment of language-disordered children. PMID- 6738042 TI - Relation between reaction time and loudness. AB - The loudness of one-third octave bands of noise centered at either 1, 2, or kHz was measured in 10 normal-hearing young adults for sound levels of 50-90 dB SPL. Reaction times (RT) in response to these same stimuli were also measured in the same subjects. A moderate-to-strong correspondence was observed between the slopes for functions depicting the growth of loudness with sound level and comparable slopes for the reaction-time data. The correlation between slopes for the RT-intensity function and the loudness-growth function was comparable in magnitude to the test-retest correlation for the loudness-growth function except at 1 kHz. PMID- 6738043 TI - Microprocessor-based speech processing system. AB - Durational measurements of frication, aspiration, prevoicing, and voice onset are often difficult to perform from the spectrogram, and the resolution is limited to about 5 ms. In many instances, a higher resolution can be obtained from a study of waveforms than from a study of spectrum. We present a microprocessor-based speech acquisition and processing system which uses waveform analysis techniques to extract measurements from the acoustic signal. The system is low cost and portable; it operates in "real time" and employs noninvasive data-capturing techniques. The usefulness of the system is demonstrated in the VOT measurement of CV clusters and in the measurement of fundamental frequency. PMID- 6738044 TI - Comments on the interaction of syntactic and phonological disorders. PMID- 6738045 TI - Serum creatine kinase and alkaline phosphatase in experimental small bowel infarction. AB - Serum creatine phosphokinase (CK) and alkaline phosphatase (ALP) rise after mesenteric infarction; it is not known which one rises earlier or which one has the greater elevation. This experiment compared and contrasted the elevations in both these enzyme systems after acute small bowel infarction. Isoenzymes of both systems were analyzed to determine if any qualitative changes occurred. After baseline blood samples had been drawn, 10 dogs had midline laparotomies under general anesthesia. Each was assigned to one of two groups according to a randomized block design. Controls (CON) were closed after exploration (N = 5). The infarction (INF) group had ligation and division of the arteries to the jejunum and ileum (N = 5). Blood samples were obtained from both groups at 3, 6, 9, 12, 24, and 27 hr after surgery. Sera were analyzed for total CK and ALP activity by automated spectrophotometry. Isoenzymes were determined by agarose gel electrophoresis. Serum CK rose faster and to a higher level than ALP after small bowel infarction (470 +/- 181 vs 196 + 28 IU/liter). CK-BB was a better marker of small bowel necrosis than was intestinal ALP. The elevation of both CK and ALP by 12 hr after infarction may be a diagnostic aid if similar changes occur in humans. PMID- 6738046 TI - Effects of ethanol infusion on serum hemoglobin and bile pigments. AB - Efforts to explain the apparent association between alcoholic liver disease and pigment gallstones have, to date, resulted in conflicting conclusions. While some clinical studies suggest hemolysis as the major pathogenetic factor other human and laboratory investigations describe increases in biliary pigment occurring in the absence of detectable hemolysis. In the present acute experiments various ethanol solutions ranging from 25 to 50% (v/v) were infused into miniswine to determine their effects on free hemoglobin in serum and total and unconjugated bilirubin in bile. Rapid and parallel increases in serum ethanol and serum hemoglobin levels were noted. Gradual and reversible increases in unconjugated and total bilirubin were observed after 1 hr. For unconjugated bilirubin the peak levels ranged from two times baseline levels at 25% (v/v) to 12 times baseline levels at 50%. When maximum values of hemoglobin and unconjugated bilirubin were compared in all experiments a strong positive correlation was confirmed. These findings suggest that the acute intravenous administration of ethanol causes intravascular hemolysis over a wide range of concentrations and results in the secretion of significant levels of bilirubin into bile. The role of this mechanism in pigment cholelithiasis remains to be determined. PMID- 6738048 TI - Comparison of blood flow and cell function in ischemic skin flaps. AB - Cellular function and blood flow in acute, steroid-treated, and surgically delayed random skin flaps have been examined. In these studies, the period following flap elevation could be divided into early (0-2 hr), intermediate (4-6 hr), and late (12 hr) periods of ischemia, based on the cutaneous blood flow and cellular function measured by thallium-201 uptake. There was a close correlation (r = 0.98, 2 hr) between blood flow and cellular function during the early period of ischemia which became worse with time (r = 0.78, 12 hr). Blood flow studies demonstrated a significant difference (P less than 0.05) between the early and intermediate periods of ischemia which was abolished by surgical delay. Improvement in cellular function was accomplished by improved blood flow in the surgically delayed flaps, while steroid-treated flaps enhanced cellular metabolism by another mechanism. Cellular function approximated blood flow during the early and immediate period of ischemia. Steroids may augment cellular function without improving blood flow, while surgical delay improves cellular function by improving blood flow. PMID- 6738047 TI - Evidence for aerobic glycolysis in lambda-carrageenan-wounded skeletal muscle. AB - Classically, increased lactate production in wounded tissue is ascribed to anaerobic glycolysis although its oxygen consumption has been found to be similar to normal tissue. This apparent inconsistency was studied in a standardized isolated perfused wound model. Male Sprague-Dawley rats were wounded (group W) with intramuscular injections of lambda-carrageenan and fed ad lib.; not wounded and pair fed to the decreased food intake of the wounded animals (group PFC); or not wounded and fed ad lib. (group ALC). After 5 days, the hindlimbs of animals from each group were either perfused using a standard perfusate with added [U 14C]glucose or [1-14C]pyruvate or assayed for the tissue content of lactate and pyruvate. In addition, the effect of a 30% hemorrhage on the tissue lactate and pyruvate concentration was examined. Wounding increased glucose uptake and lactate production by 100 and 96%, respectively, above that seen in ALC animals. Oxygen consumption was unchanged by wounding (5.74, 5.14, and 5.83 mumole/min/100 g in W, PFC, and ALC, respectively). Glucose and pyruvate oxidation were also unaltered among the groups. Hemorrhage resulted in a comparable increase in lactate and pyruvate in tissue from wounded and pair-fed control animals (above those concentrations found in tissue harvested without preexisting hemorrhage). As a consequence, the same relationship in L/P ratio was maintained after hemorrhage. Taken together, these results confirm the presence of aerobic glycolysis in wounded tissue (unchanged oxygen consumption, glucose, and pyruvate oxidation). In addition, pyruvate dehydrogenase activity in the wound was apparently the same as that found in muscle from pair-fed control animals. PMID- 6738049 TI - Quantitative assessment of outflow resistance in lower extremity arterial reconstructions. AB - Graft patency is thought to correlate with resistance in the runoff bed or outflow resistance. However, accurate measurement of this parameter has been difficult. A simple and reproducible method for direct measurement of outflow resistance following completion of the distal anastomosis of a bypass graft has been developed. This method employs injection of a fixed amount of normal saline through the proximal end of the graft and measurement of the resulting integrated pressure increment by an analog computer. Division of this pressure integral by the volume injected is a measure of the outflow resistance expressed in resistance units (mm Hg/ml/min). The median outflow resistance in 31 femoropopliteal bypasses was 0.29 units with a range of 0.08-1.38 units. The median outflow resistance in 33 femorodistal bypasses was 0.7 units with a range of 0.18-2.34 units. All bypasses with an outflow resistance of 1.1 units or less remained patent for 3 months. There were 51 grafts in this group (30 femoropopliteal; 21 femorodistal) and their outflow resistance ranged from 0.08 to 1.1 units. All bypasses with an outflow resistance of 1.2 units or higher thrombosed within the first postoperative month. There were 13 grafts in this group (1 femoropopliteal; 12 femorodistal) and their outflow resistance ranged from 1.2 to 2.38 units. Eight of the 13 grafts that failed originally were subjected to thrombectomy, which was uniformly unsuccessful. Although this method does not yet allow bypass surgery to be denied to any patient, it does define a group of patients in whom thrombectomy will not be effective and should not be attempted.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS) PMID- 6738051 TI - EKG of the month. Artifacts. PMID- 6738050 TI - 16,16-Dimethyl prostaglandin E2 reverses focal mucosal ischemia associated with stress ulcers. AB - Focal ischemia is postulated to contribute to gastric mucosal stress ulceration. This study evaluated directly whether or not mucosal ulceration during hemorrhagic shock is preceded by focal gastric mucosal blood flow changes, and whether or not topical Dm-PGE2 (16,16-dimethyl prostaglandin E2) affects focal gastric mucosal blood flow during hemorrhagic shock. Twelve anesthetized miniature swine had pyloric ligation and intragastric infusion of 5 ml/kg autogenous bile in 140 mM HCl. Gastric mucosal blood flow was documented by radiolabeled microspheres during normotension, initial hemorrhagic shock (50 mm Hg), and hemorrhagic shock + 50 micrograms topical Dm-PGE2. Stable shock was then maintained for 3 hr. During this time ulceration developed, shedding radiolabeled microsphere-bearing mucosa into the lumen. Intact gastric mucosa and luminal contents were collected, weighed, and gamma counted. Blood flow to intact mucosa was calculated by standard techniques. The weight of shed tissue, as well as the blood flow to shed tissue, was calculated from luminal microspheres. RESULTS: gastric mucosal blood flow was decreased 35% with hemorrhagic shock (28.8 +/- 4.0 vs 18.7 +/- 2.7 ml/100 g/min, P less than 0.05). Blood flow to tissue which was subsequently shed averaged 6.4 +/- 3.1 ml/100 g/min at the same time period (P less than 0.05 vs surrounding tissue). Addition of Dm-PGE2 increased blood flow to shed tissue from 29 +/- 8% to 48 +/- 10% of blood flow to intact tissue (P less than 0.05). CONCLUSIONS: (1) gastric mucosal ulceration is preceded by focal decreases in gastric mucosal blood flow, and (2) topical Dm-PGE2 reverses focal mucosal ischemia during hemorrhagic shock. Dm-PGE2's ability to reverse focal ischemia suggests a mechanism for prostaglandin-mediated cytoprotection. PMID- 6738053 TI - Immunization levels and disease incidence. PMID- 6738052 TI - Loss prevention case of the month. System failure. PMID- 6738054 TI - One physician's view of the role of the hospice in patient care. PMID- 6738055 TI - Satellite symposia of the 7th International Congress of Endocrinology (July 1 7th, 1984). Abstracts of papers. PMID- 6738056 TI - Oral administration of BCG as a local immunotherapy of gastrointestinal cancer. AB - Antitumor effect of oral bacille Calmette Guerin (BCG) administration was investigated by both animal experimentation and clinical trials. In animal experiments, orally administered BCG inhibited metastasis of syngeneic tumor from the initial site in caecum to mesenteric lymph nodes. Measurement of chemiluminescent intensity of adherent cells obtained from mesenteric lymph nodes of treated hosts revealed elevated activities of these cells. In the clinical trials it was found that marked histiocytosis occurred in mesenteric lymph nodes of stomach and colorectal cancer patients treated by the oral BCG. The 2-year survival rate of treated patients with stage IV stomach cancer (44.4%) was significantly higher than that of the untreated patients (6.3%). The results of the present study indicate that the oral BCG administration would be an effective local adjuvant therapy following radical surgery to treat patients with gastrointestinal cancer. PMID- 6738057 TI - Primary lymphoma of the brain: a case report and review of the literature. AB - A case of primary lymphoma of the brain is presented. The disease is rare and thus firm guidelines for therapy are lacking. Whole-brain irradiation therapy, the accepted treatment of choice, when given to a dose of 5000 rads, is associated with improved survival. However, the overall prognosis is poor due to local recurrence in the central nervous system and the tumor's ability to diffusely infiltrate the meninges. Twenty-six percent of the cases may have positive cerebrospinal fluid cytology. Whether the addition of intrathecal chemotherapy with agents such as methotrexate will improve upon the results obtained with irradiation therapy alone would be an appropriate subject for a cooperative prospective randomized study. PMID- 6738058 TI - Tubular adenoma with squamous metaplasia of the sigmoid colon: a case report. AB - A case of tubular adenoma with squamous metaplasia of the sigmoid colon in a 44 year-old female is reported. The tumor was a pedunculated polyp with a size of 1.2 X 1.7 X 1.7 cm. Histologically, the tumor showed tubular adenoma with focal squamous metaplasia. Borderline atypia was noted in a part of adenoma without squamous metaplasia and squamous component. It is supposed that squamous epithelial polyp, squamous cell carcinoma, adenosquamous carcinoma, and mucoepidermoid carcinoma may be derived from colonic adenoma with squamous metaplasia. Only six cases of the adenoma with squamous metaplasia of the large intestine have been reported previously in the literature. PMID- 6738059 TI - Results and complications of staging laparotomy in Hodgkin's disease. AB - Between 1969 and 1983, 123 patients with Hodgkin's disease underwent a staging laparotomy. The stages of 34 (27%) patients were changed by laparatomy. Twenty nine patients (23%) were upstaged , five (4%) downstaged . The most considerable change was found in stage III. The accuracy of preoperative lymphangiography was 85%. The postoperative complication rate was 15%. There were no operative deaths. The staging laparotomy for Hodgkin's disease is a reliable procedure, and allows less aggressive therapy in selective groups. PMID- 6738060 TI - The role and value of surgery in metastatic renal adenocarcinoma: a retrospective clinical study of 106 nephrectomized cases. AB - The results of treatment of 106 consecutive nephrectomized cases with metastatic renal adenocarcinoma were analyzed. Over 50% of the patients were dead at 1 year and more than 80% at 2 years from the first metastases. The corresponding 5-year survival rate was 7.3%. Fourteen patients demonstrated a response to radiotherapy, hormonal therapy, cytotoxic drugs, or active specific immunotherapy. The 5-year survival rate of the responders was 14.3% from the first metastases. The 5-year survival rate for 22 patients presenting with only one metastasis was 32%. The corresponding figure for patients presenting with multiple metastases was 1%. Complete excision of metastases was possible in 12 patients, whose 5-year survival rate was 58.3%. All patients with solitary metachronous metastases completely excised lived 5 years or more. It seems that a small number of metastatic renal adenocarcinomas are slow-growing tumors that may simulate a favorable effect of a therapy, but at the same time such disease with nephrectomy, usually with minor tumor burden, in fact may also react better to the treatment, and this feature can cause difficulties in judging the value of any therapy in metastatic renal adenocarcinoma. PMID- 6738061 TI - Kidney fibroxanthoma (malignant fibrous xanthoma): a rare tumor and an unusual cause of retroperitoneal hemorrhage. AB - A case of kidney fibroxanthoma (malignant fibrous xanthoma, malignant variant of xanthogranuloma), a rare malignant neoplasm of kidney, is described. In addition to the typical histologic features of retroperitoneal xanthogranuloma, this tumor showed obvious pleomorphism and mitotic activity of the histiocytes. We present this case in view of the rarity of this neoplasm and the unusual presentation as massive retroperitoneal hemorrhage. PMID- 6738062 TI - Gastric pull-up for cancers of the hypopharynx and cervical esophagus: our experience. AB - Twenty-five cases of squamous cancer of the hypopharynx and cervical esophagus treated with laryngopharyngoesophagectomy and pharyngogastric anastomosis are presented. In all cases the lesion was such that a complete circumferential pharyngectomy was necessitated. Twelve patients had received full radiation therapy and surgery was undertaken for residual and recurrent disease. Eleven patients had a concurrent unilateral radical neck dissection and two patients a concurrent bilateral neck dissection. Five patients died within 1 month following surgery. The causes of death are discussed. The most notable features of this method of pharyngeal and cervical esophageal reconstruction is the early restoration of swallowing (20 patients were on oral feed in less than 10 days following surgery), a very low incidence of anastomatic leak and subsequent hazards of a carotid hemorrhage (only one patient had a major leak leading to carotid hemorrhage), and absence of subsequent anastomotic stenosis as is seen after reconstruction with skin tubes. PMID- 6738063 TI - Hemicorporectomy--perioperative management: a case presentation and review of literature. AB - Hemicorporectomy , or translumbar amputation, is a dramatically drastic surgical salvage procedure for patients with uncontrolled locally extensive pelvic perineal malignancies. Several successful cases have been reported in the world literature [3-6] and careful perioperative management has been crucial. The case presented is that of a massive recurrent chondrosarcoma of the pelvis with special emphasis on close monitoring and finely tuned supportive care; unusual manifestations of neuroleptic malignant syndrome and of narcotic withdrawal are discussed. PMID- 6738064 TI - Advanced leiomyosarcoma of the stomach. AB - Retrospective studies of twelve patients with advanced gastric leiomyosarcomas were undertaken to evaluate radical surgical resection and combined modality treatment with regard to the patient survival and symptom palliation. All but one patient were found to have metastases or involvement of adjacent organs at the initial operation. Despite radical resection, multidrug chemotherapy, and radiation therapy, no patient survived beyond the third year. Patients with objective response to chemotherapy and radiation and chemotherapy had a mean survival of 27 months, while those who did not respond survived only 7 months. The longest survival among untreated group was 8 months. Successful palliation of advanced gastric leiomyosarcoma requires early diagnosis, surgical resection and multimodal therapy. PMID- 6738065 TI - Surgical treatment of cavernous hemangioma of the liver. AB - This report describes our experiences with 12 cases of cavernous hemangioma of the liver. Eight patients were submitted to surgical procedures. Five out of eight underwent liver resections that ranged from simple excision to hepatic lobectomy. Three patients underwent hepatic artery ligation. There were no surgical deaths or any late deaths. Four more asymptomatic patients have been observed for up to 11 years (mean 4.0 years). None of the patients in this group has evidenced intensification of symptoms or any remarkable change of the size of lesions. PMID- 6738066 TI - Neuromuscular hamartoma. AB - A rare case of neuromuscular hamartoma, a benign tumor composed of well differentiated skeletal muscle and nerve fibers, is described and compared with four previously reported cases. The tumor arose in the major peripheral nerves. Three of the five tumors were congenital tumors. A biopsy is essential in establishing the diagnosis. However, the tumor may be left alone if it cannot be separated from the nerve with ease, since spontaneous regression has been documented. PMID- 6738067 TI - A unique surgical approach for massive retroperitoneal tumors. AB - A unique approach to retroperitoneal tumors is described, utilizing an inverted U shaped incision that allows exposure of the retroperitoneum, great vessels, and intraperitoneal organs. PMID- 6738068 TI - The polymorphic apocrine nevus: a study of a unique tumor including carcinoembryonic antigen staining. AB - The apocrine nevus is a rare tumor. We report a 32-year-old man with a neck nodule, histologically an apocrine nevus displaying mature and immature apocrine structures in a distinctive pattern. The carcinoembryonic antigen staining was positive intracellularly only in the smaller luminal structures. We have named this unique tumor a polymorphic apocrine nevus. PMID- 6738069 TI - Hepatic artery catheterization via the superior pancreaticoduodenal artery. AB - The superior pancreaticoduodenal artery is a continuation of the gastroduodenal artery. Besides being a good-sized artery, it is easily accessible. It is a reasonable vascular access for hepatic artery cannulation. PMID- 6738070 TI - Bilateral malignant Brenner tumor of the ovary. AB - The clinicopathologic features of a case of malignant Brenner tumor with bilateral ovarian involvement are described. The tumor was apparently confined within the ovaries at initial laparotomy. However, multiple skeletal metastases developed 4 months later and the patient died of the disease 6 months after diagnosis. PMID- 6738071 TI - Dysgerminoma of the ovary. AB - Dysgerminomas of the ovary are rare germ cell tumors. They are more common at puberty. Surgery followed by irradiation has resulted in excellent cure rates in early stages of this disease. This paper is a review of six patients with a diagnosis of dysgerminoma who were treated at the Department of Radiation Oncology, University of Louisville. The controversy on the use of irradiation in Stage Ia tumor is discussed in detail. A review of the literature is also done in this paper. PMID- 6738072 TI - Evaluation of the results of three different methods of postmastectomy lymphedema treatment. AB - The aim of this study was to evaluate the following methods of postmastectomy lymphedema treatment: pneumatic massage with uniform pressure, pneumatic massage with differentiated pressure, and manual lymphatic massage. The study concerned three groups of 20 mastectomized patients with secondary early developed arm lymphedema. The measurement of circumference on seven points of both arms, the self-scoring mood questionnaire, and the visual analogue scale (VAS) were evaluated before, at the end, and 3 months after the treatment. We observed a permanent edema reduction, which was statistically significant, with uniform pressure pneumatic massage and with manual lymphatic massage, but not with differentiated pneumatic massage. The VAS and the self-scoring mood questionnaire made from measuring the subjective ratings of the patients confirmed the objective evaluations. PMID- 6738073 TI - [Proton nuclear magnetic resonance in the pharmacologic study of cerebral edema]. AB - Wistar male rats have been orally administered 2 mg X kg-1j-1 of triethyltin (TET) chloride for 5 consecutive days. The result was a cerebral edema which constituted a reproducible and useful experimental model for pharmacological screening of drugs used in ageing. Water content modifications and clinical behaviour for 11 days from the beginning of experiment have been linked to T1 and T2 proton relaxation times measured by nuclear magnetic resonance (1H-NMR). The observation of 3 central nervous system structures, which differ in white matter content, has lead to the conclusion that NMR is a more sensitive technique to follow up the edema evolution than the water content measurement alone; it has also allowed to discriminate intra from extra-cellular edema (osmotic and TET edema), and has proved the action of two drugs which are used in aging process treatment on the TET edema (dihydroergotoxine 2 X 10 mg X kg-1j-1 and (--) eburnamonine 2 X 50 mg X kg-1j-1). In the future the mastery of this technology will be used to study other nuclei (Na, K, P) which will bring more physiopathological informations and to pharmacological investigations of the brain by NMR tomography or focalised NMR. PMID- 6738074 TI - [Nicardipine: vascular compliance and development of genetic hypertension in the SHR rat]. AB - The potential preventive effects of nicardipine (100 mg/kg q.d., orally, for 6 weeks, starting at the 6th week of age) on genetic hypertension development (GHD) have been investigated in young SHRs. Furthermore, at the end of the treatment period, segments of mesenteric arteries were isolated in order to determine their vascular compliance and reactivity to noradrenaline and the total proteins content and the amount of DNA in the vascular wall. At the end of the treatment period and 20 hours after the last drug administration, nicardipine exhibited no preventive effects against GHD but heart rate was lower in treated than in control animals. Mesenteric vascular compliance was not treatment-affected but the maximal contractile response of the vessels to noradrenaline was slightly decreased. Finally, total proteins and DNA contents of the vascular wall were unchanged. It thus appears that there is a striking parallelism between nicardipine's lack of effects on resistance vessels' compliance and vascular total proteins and DNA contents on the one hand and the drug's inability to oppose GHD in young SHRs on the other. PMID- 6738076 TI - Bromocriptine and genetic hypertension development in young spontaneously hypertensive rats. AB - The effects of bromocriptine (BRC; 20 mg X kg-1, b.i.d., orally) on genetic hypertension development (GHD), cardiovascular hemodynamics, regional vascular reactivity to vasopressor agents and biological parameters have been investigated in spontaneously hypertensive rats (SHRs) treated from their 4th to 20th weeks of age. BRC only partially opposed GHD and this was due to a limitation of the progressive increase in peripheral resistance which normally develops in SHRs with ageing since simultaneously cardiac index was not modified. Renal blood flow was increased and renal and mesenteric vascular responsiveness to norepinephrine was reduced. BRC almost completely suppressed prolactin plasma levels and slightly reduced epinephrine and norepinephrine plasma levels. Plasma Na+ and urinary volume and ADH values were not modified. The discrepancy between the favourable antihypertensive profile of BRC and its limited preventive effects against GHD remains to be elucidated. PMID- 6738075 TI - Influence of bromocriptine on the pressor responses to afferent nervous stimulation. AB - The effects of intravenous bromocriptine were studied on the systolic pressor responses elicited by stimulation of afferent nerves (vagus, saphenous and superior laryngeal nerves) in urethane anaesthetized dogs. Bromocriptine alone decreased these pressor responses. Pretreatment with sulpiride failed to modify the depressor action of bromocriptine on the pressor responses to vagal stimulation. In contrast, sulpiride prevented bromocriptine-induced decrease in the pressor responses elicited by saphenous or laryngeal activation. These data confirm the potential antihypertensive properties of bromocriptine and show that this effect is only partly due to an activation of prejunctional dopaminergic receptors. They suggest that the mechanism of the antihypertensive action of bromocriptine may vary according to the level of blood pressure, the kind of arterial hypertension and the species. PMID- 6738077 TI - Importance of the urinary excretion in the total elimination of SC4453 in the guinea-pig. AB - Administration of SC4453 (30 micrograms/kg) in the guinea-pig increases the rate of urinary excretion from 35 ml/kg/24 h to 55 ml/kg/24 h. Ligature of ureters modifies parameters of SC4453 ; t 1/2 beta increases from 4.2 h to 5.6 h and the body clearance diminishes from 622 ml/h/kg (normal guinea-pig) to 530 ml/h/kg in the ligatured ureters guinea-pig. Analysis of the radioactive material excreted in the urine after administration of tritiated SC4453 shows that 58.4% is dichloromethane (DCM) soluble and 41.6% is water soluble. Thin layer chromatography (TLC) of the DCM soluble fraction shows that 74.0% is unchanged SC4453 . After enzymatic hydrolysis of the water soluble fraction, it is shown that 28% is again extractable by DCM of which 57% consists of unchanged SC4453 which is therefore the main partner of conjugated products. Following an i.v. injection of tritiated SC4453 , only 17% of the dose was recovered in urine, against 14% after an intragastric administration. Gastro-intestinal absorption of SC4453 was estimated to be 82.2%. PMID- 6738078 TI - [Comparative biochemical and ultrastructural study of the hepatic response induced in the rat by 2 hypolipemic agents: clofibrate and itanoxone]. AB - A comparative biochemical and ultrastructural investigation o hepatic response induced in rats by clofibrate and itanoxone, a new hypolipemic agent, was performed. Normocholesterolemic Sprague-Dawley male rats were distributed into homogeneous groups and orally treated on 10 successive days either by the vehicle alone (1%--carboxymethylcellulose), or by clofibrate (300 mg/kg/day) or by itanoxone (100 and 300 mg/kg/day). On the eleventh day, a last dose was applied after about 16 hours fasting, one hour before sacrificing the animals. Biochemical parameters (total serum cholesterol, hepatic catalase activity) and morphological ones (liver weight, ultrastructural analysis of the hepatic cell with especially cytochemical evaluation and counting of peroxisomes) were studied. The treatment with clofibrate gave the following results: fall in total serum cholesterol (-25%), increase in liver weight (+89%) and hepatic catalase activity (+69%), high proliferation of hepatic peroxisomes (+246%). These data are in agreement with literature. The following observations were noted with itanoxone: a decrease in total serum cholesterol proportional to the dose applied and of higher intensity as compared to clofibrate (-36,5% at 100 mg/kg; -54% at 300 mg/kg), a moderate increase in liver weight (+25% at 100 mg/kg; +41% at 300 mg/kg) and hepatic peroxisomes (+12% at 100 mg/kg; +85% at 300 mg/kg), no effect on hepatic catalase activity. The moderate feature of the hepatic response induced by itanoxone in spite of a marked hypocholesterolemic activity was discussed: first in connection with the hypothesis about a relation between the proliferation of hepatic peroxisomes induced by many hypolipemic agents and the advent of tumors in rats, then, in connection with the association sometimes assumed between the increased number of hepatic peroxisomes and the effect on lipids of several hypolipemic substances related or not to clofibrate. PMID- 6738079 TI - [Methods for evaluating the neurologic deficit induced by transient cerebral ischemia in the unanesthetized rat]. PMID- 6738081 TI - Radioreceptor assay for ergot derivatives, transdihydrolisuride and lisuride, in biological fluids. AB - The development of a sensitive radioreceptor assay (RRA) for transdihydrolisuride (TDHL) and lisuride, as well as the synthesis of tritiated TDHL, is described. The method is based upon the competition between 3H TDHL and TDHL or lisuride for rat brain dopaminergic receptors. Linear calibration graphs were obtained in the range of 0.2-9 pmol for an ergot derivative. Relative affinities of the main metabolites, deethylated and dideethylated on the urea part of the molecule are 3.6% and 1.5%, respectively, as compared to the parent drug. To verify the method, plasma levels of TDHL were determined in rats after oral administration. PMID- 6738080 TI - Tracheal phenol red secretion, a new method for screening mucosecretolytic compounds. AB - A simple method for screening drugs that influence tracheobronchial secretion has been described. After i.p. application of a phenol red solution, part of the dye is secreted into the tracheal lumen. This basal secretion is increased by both parasympathomimetics and sympathomimetics. In addition, expectorants are also capable of increasing tracheal phenol red output. Therefore this method is suitable for the study of drugs that may be capable of influencing tracheobronchial secretion. PMID- 6738082 TI - Pharmacological study of cantharidin-induced ear inflammation in mice. AB - Cantharidin applied to the Swiss mouse ear induced a clearly observable inflammatory reaction after 6 hr, maximal after 24 hr, and persisting several days. Desonide and hydrocortisone strongly inhibited the acute (6 hr) and delayed (24 hr) phases after their local application, while, after oral treatment, a reduction in the acute edema was obtained only when using high doses. The cutaneous application of high doses of mepyramine, disodium cromoglycate, methysergide, and (at a quite lower level) cimetidine reduced the 6-hr inflammation. Phenylbutazone and acetylsalicylic acid showed little activity on the same phase after their cutaneous administration. All the nonsteroid compounds produced little or no effect on the 24-hr inflammation after their cutaneous application and were quite inactive on both phases after their systemic treatment. The cantharidin-induced inflammatory reaction in Swiss mouse seems thus to be characterized by two phases. The chronic delayed phase is an example of chronic inflammation without the involvement of immunological processes. Histamine and serotonin might be involved in the acute inflammation. PMID- 6738083 TI - The effect of changes in sound pressure level and frequency on the seizure response of audiogenic seizure susceptible rats. AB - An apparatus for pure tone stimulation of audiogenic seizure (AGS)-susceptible rats is described, and the effect of change in sound pressure level and frequency on AGS response in Uaz:AGS (SD) rats is shown. By use of pure tone stimulation, the prevalence of AGS response in rats of this strain, which have been bred for seizure-susceptibility, is 77%. With increasing frequency, the intensity-response curves show a shift to lower sound pressure levels, the ED50 for 20 kHz (83.8 dB) being significantly lower than the ED50 for 5 (110.5 dB) and 10 kHz (97.5 dB). Repeated exposure to seizure-inducing sound at weekly intervals leads to more severe seizures in individual rats. This should be taken into consideration as one possible confounding factor when using this method for assaying the efficacy of anticonvulsant drugs. PMID- 6738084 TI - A simple and convenient method for quantitation of corticosterone by high performance liquid chromatography-ultraviolet detection. AB - This paper describes the quantitation of corticosterone in the rat serum and adrenal gland by high-performance liquid chromatography-Ultraviolet detection. The extraction and separation were optimized, resulting in an 80% recovery of corticosterone with a detection limit of 10 ng/ml serum. The separation was achieved in less than 5 min on a micro silica gel column using isocratic elution with hexane: chloroform: methanol (7:1:1, v/v) as the mobile phase. The levels of corticosterone in rat serum in the morning and the afternoon were 105.6 +/- 11.96 ng/ml (10:00 a.m., n = 28) and 174.8 +/- 17.60 ng/ml (17:00 p.m., n = 20), respectively. Because of its simplicity, this method provides a new promising analysis for determining hypothalamus-pituitary-adrenal function. PMID- 6738085 TI - Phenol red as volume marker in rat stomach with mucosal damage. AB - Phenol red, long considered an acceptable volume marker in gastrointestinal experiments, has been tested in rat stomach damaged by exposure to aspirin. Significantly more phenol red was lost from stomachs damaged by aspirin than from control stomachs. Phenol red, therefore, should not be used as a volume marker in damaged stomachs. Volumes of fluid in the stomachs, which increased during the experiment, were calculated from inulin concentrations. Changes in volume of stomach fluid in experimental animals were not significantly different from those in controls. PMID- 6738086 TI - A statistical method for biological shape comparisons. AB - Biological shape data combine two sorts of information: genometric location and biological homology. The link between these two is the landmark, a set of biologically corresponding points located in all the forms of a series. Analysis of shapes as configurations of landmarks proceeds most effectively by D' Arcy Thompson's (1917, 1942) method of transformations. In this tradition, shape change is not the arithmetical difference of distances, angles, and ratios measured on shapes separately; rather, it is a mensurand in its own right, the geometrical deformation taking the Cartesian coordinate space of one form onto that of another in accord with biological homology. Such a deformation may be displayed, continuously or discretely, as a symmetric tensor field of principal crosses, pairs of directions which start and finish at 90 degrees. At any point, along one of these directions the dilatation, or dimensionless rate of change of length, is largest; along the other, smallest. These are the principal dilatations. All conventional scalar descriptions of the shape change may be deduced from the tensor presentation. This article reviews the statistical description of mean biological form-changes viewed in this way, and introduces linearized significance tests for mean shape change and mean size change. The tests, which make no reference to any set of size or shape variables, are based in a convenient parametric distribution for shape changes in triangles of landmarks. On a suitable null hypothesis, the ratio of the difference of the principal dilatations of the mean deformation to the sum of their standard errors goes as square root of pi/2 approximately 0.88 times an approximate t-ratio for shape change; the sum of the deviations of those dilatations from unity, divided by the sum of their standard errors, goes as square root of 2/2 approximately 0.71 times an approximate t-ratio for size change. The difference between these two constants reflects the divergent selection bias of the pair of principal dilatations. In matched studies, the difference of the principal dilatations of the mean change, divided by the mean difference of the principal dilatations case by case, is square root of 2/pi N times an approximate X2 for shape difference. Examples are presented that test cephalometric data in three scientific contexts: comparison of groups of biological shapes observed once each; characterization of mean difference in a matched design (namely, mean growth in one group observed twice); and description of mean differences in growth between groups of shapes each observed twice. PMID- 6738087 TI - Evolutionary theory and teleology. AB - The order within and among living systems can be explained rationally by postulating a process of descent with modification, effected by factors which are extrinsic or intrinsic to the organisms. Because at the time Darwin proposed his theory of evolution there was no concept of intrinsic factors which could evolve, he postulated a process of extrinsic effects--natural selection. Biological order was thus seen as an imposed, rather than an emergent, property. Evolutionary change was seen as being determined by the functional efficiency (adaptedness) of the organism in its environment, rather than by spontaneous changes in intrinsically generated organizing factors. The initial incompleteness of Darwin's explanatory model, and the axiomatization of its postulates in neo Darwinism, has resulted in a theory of functionalism, rather than structuralism. As such, it introduces an unnecessary teleology which confounds evolutionary studies and reduces the usefulness of the theory. This problem cannot be detected from within the neo-Darwinian paradigm because the different levels of end directed activity--teleomatic, teleonomic, and teleological--are not recognized. They are, in fact, considered to influence one another. The theory of nonequilibrium evolution avoids these problems by returning to the basic principles of biological order and developing a structuralist explanation of intrinsically generated change. Extrinsic factors may affect the resultant evolutionary pattern, but they are neither necessary nor sufficient for evolution to occur. PMID- 6738088 TI - On approximations of Stein's neuronal model. AB - Stein's model represents a commonly-used description of spontaneous neuronal activity. Substituting Stein's model by the Ornstein-Uhlenbeck diffusion process increases the model tractability. A diffusion approximation of Stein's model is summarized in the present paper. It is proved that the cumulative distribution functions of interspike intervals under Stein's model converge to the cumulative distribution function of interspike intervals which are generated in accordance with the limiting Ornstein-Uhlenbeck diffusion model. The approach used allows us to determine to what extent Stein's model modifications and generalizations affect the possibility of diffusion approximation. It can be seen that non diffusion approximations exist and they are also studied here. The results achieved can be considered as complementary to the numerical study published recently. PMID- 6738089 TI - Conserved regions in mammalian beta-globins: could they arise by cross-species gene exchange? AB - Comparison of the nucleotide sequences from the coding regions of the four mammalian beta-globin genes shows that different parts of these genes have evolved at two different rates. Those codons designating amino acids 1-20, 41-91 and 109-146 have accumulated substitutions in a random fashion as the molecular clock hypothesis would predict. The codons at positions 21-40 and 91 to 108 behave as if they evolved at a much slower rate. Each of the slowly evolved regions contains an intron. Conservation of the coding sequences flanking the introns are hypothesized to be the result of corss-species gene exchange. PMID- 6738090 TI - Is the information content of DNA evolutionarily significant? PMID- 6738091 TI - The arteria radicularis magna anterior as a decisive factor influencing spinal cord damage during aortic occlusion. AB - Cross-clamping of the descending aorta immediately below the subclavian artery may result in damage to the spinal cord. Despite various protective procedures, the risk of such damage cannot be entirely eliminated. In an experimental study with 47 pigs, the influence of various factors on the genesis of spinal cord damage was examined. The pigs were divided into five groups: Groups I to IV- occlusion of the descending aorta for 45 minutes; Group I--no reduction in arterial blood pressure proximal to the site of occlusion; Group II--like Group I, plus drainage of the cerebrospinal fluid; Group III--reduction in arterial blood pressure; Group IV--like Group III, plus drainage of the cerebrospinal fluid; Group V--permanent ligation of the artery of Adamkiewicz. The degree of permanent spinal cord damage was 85.7% (Groups I to IV, six animals) and 71.4% (Group V, five animals). Thus there were no significant differences among the various groups. The frequency of spinal cord damage was independent of arterial blood pressure, intracranial pressure, and intraspinal pressure. The intracranial pressure and the intraspinal pressure were significantly dependent upon the central venous pressure but were independent of the arterial blood pressure. PMID- 6738092 TI - Comparison of porcine valve xenografts with mechanical prostheses. A 7 1/2 year experience. AB - A total of 479 valve replacements were performed in 469 patients for aortic, mitral, and tricuspid disease. A total of 529 valves were implanted (311 Carpentier-Edwards, 118 Hancock, 94 Bjork-Shiley, and six other mechanical valves). Of the 479 operations, 51.1% (245) were carried out in male patients and 48.9% (234) were carried out in female patients. The mean age was 57.6 years; however, 28.6% (137) of the operations were performed in patients over 65 years of age. One hundred five patients (21.9%) had had previous cardiac operations of one type or another. Follow-up was 99.6% and the average length of follow-up was 36.2 months. The overall operative mortality was 5.6%. The operative mortality in the isolated aortic valve replacement group was 2.0% and that in the mitral valve replacement group, 4.4%. There was a 5.9% valve explant rate in the Hancock series; however, no valve explants were required because of valve dysfunction in either the Carpentier-Edwards or the Bjork-Shiley groups. The thromboembolic rate in the aortic valve position was 2.4, 1.1, and 2.1 emboli per 100 patient-years in the Hancock, Carpentier-Edwards, and Bjork-Shiley groups, respectively. The thromboembolic rate in the mitral valve position was 2.8, 2.2, and 1.0 emboli per 100 patient-years in the Hancock, Carpentier-Edwards, and Bjork-Shiley groups, respectively. PMID- 6738093 TI - Investigations with an implantable, electrically actuated ventricular assist device. AB - A permanent, implantable, circulatory support system for patients with irreversible cardiomyopathy is gradually becoming a reality. Progress has been achieved toward formation of a stable, nonthrombogenic, blood-prosthesis interface, and an electrically actuated ventricular assist device has reached an advanced stage of fabrication. The two most important components of the system, an electromechanical energy converter and a contiguous, pusher-plate, blood pump (stroke volume 85 ml) were employed in these studies. The energy converter consisted of a 50 volt, low-speed, brushless, torque motor and a mechanism to convert rotary motion into a pulsatile output. An electronic controller and variable-volume compliance chamber were not evaluated. Left ventricular bypass experiments were conducted in 13 calves for periods of 30 to 149 days. Preoperatively, four devices were inoculated with bovine, fetal fibroblasts to accelerate formation of a collagenous lining, and nine nonseeded pumps served as controls. The collagen-lined devices functioned for longer periods of time with unrestricted blood flow and no thromboembolic complications when compared to the control devices. Additional studies are contemplated employing a complete VAD system prior to undertaking preclinical trials. PMID- 6738094 TI - Open-position fixation of bioprostheses for more physiological performance. Fluoroscopic observations of leaflet movements in vivo. AB - A new model of the stent-mounted porcine aortic bioprosthesis was prepared with 0.625% glutaraldehyde while the valve was partially open. A radiopaque marker was attached to the center of the free margin of each leaflet so that the leaflet movements could be observed in an in vivo testing unit by fluoroscopic cinematography. This valve was compared with a porcine xenograft that currently is available commercially. While the heart was beating, the specially prepared leaflets showed some characteristics that contrasted with those of the currently used bioprosthesis. These features included (1) uniformity versus asymmetry of leaflet excursions under low flow conditions, (2) slower and more gradual closing (actual closing time averaging 536 msec versus 81 msec), and (3) more prolonged period of valve opening, the duration of opening averaging 60% versus 49% of the cardiac cycle. These features support the validity of open-position fixation as a means of further improving xenograft durability. PMID- 6738095 TI - Left ventricular performance after mitral reconstruction for mitral regurgitation. AB - Depressed left ventricular performance is often observed after mitral valve replacement for mitral regurgitation and is generally attributed to increased impedance to left ventricular ejection. We analyzed preoperative and postoperative catheterization data in 10 of 18 patients who underwent mitral reconstruction with preservation of the native valves and found a significant (p less than 0.05) fall in left ventricular end-diastolic volume index (from 143 +/- 39 to 84 +/- 21 ml/m2) and end-systolic volume index (from 50 +/- 24 to 32 +/- 12 ml/m2), with no significant change in ejection fraction (0.66 +/- 0.1 versus 0.62 +/- 0.1). These findings contrast with studies reported by others in comparable patients who had mitral valve replacement with no improvement in volume indices and a decline in ejection fraction postoperatively. We suggest that some of the left ventricular dysfunction observed after mitral replacement may be due simply to excision of the native valve. Mitral repair retains the tethering effect of chordal attachments and may thus prevent postoperative left ventricular dilatation and moderate the increase in wall stress that results from increased impedance to left ventricular ejection. PMID- 6738096 TI - Effect of the positioning of a balloon valve in the aorta on coronary flow during aortic regurgitation. AB - The coronary artery flow changes relative to the function of a catheter-mounted balloon valve used for relief of aortic regurgitation were studied in 10 mongrel dogs. Acute aortic regurgitation was produced by severing the aortic cusps with a long needle. Coronary flow was recorded from the left anterior descending coronary artery through an electromagnetic flowmeter. When the balloon was functioning within the cavity of the left ventricle there were no significant changes in the coronary flow and aortic pressure, except for a slight decrease in the aortic end-diastolic pressure. When it was functioning in the aortic ring the coronary flow increased 6.52 +/- 1.65 ml/min/100 gm of myocardium (p less than 0.001) and became predominantly diastolic. When it was functioning in the ascending aorta the coronary flow decreased 6.22 +/- 1.16 ml/min/100 gm of myocardium (p less than 0.001) and remained predominantly systolic. Finally, when the balloon was functioning in the thoracic aorta the coronary flow did not change significantly. With the balloon functioning in the aortic ring, ascending aorta, or thoracic aorta, there was a significant increase in the aortic end diastolic pressure and decrease in the pulse pressure distal to the location of the balloon. It is concluded that the location of the balloon valve inserted for relief of aortic regurgitation influences the effect on coronary arterial flow. PMID- 6738098 TI - Combined intracardiac and extracardiac repair of scimitar syndrome with anomalous pulmonary veins to both cavae. AB - Anomalous pulmonary venous drainage from the right lung to the inferior vena cava (scimitar syndrome) is a rare finding. This paper briefly discusses this syndrome and presents a case of anomalous pulmonary venous return to both the superior and the inferior cavae, which was corrected with a combined extracardiac and intracardiac approach. Polytetrafluoroethylene was utilized for reconstruction of pathways to the left atrium. To our knowledge, this is the first time this technique has been used to correct this anomaly. PMID- 6738097 TI - Laceration of a mitral papillary muscle and the aortic root as a result of blunt trauma to the chest. Case report and review of the literature. AB - A case is presented of a steering wheel injury to the chest, in which the initial clue to significant cardiac injury was a new murmur and abnormal electrocardiogram. Precise preoperative echocardiographic evaluation revealed a combination of injuries consisting of (1) mitral incompetence secondary to partial laceration of a papillary muscle, (2) circumferential laceration of the aortic root contained by the adventitia, and (3) rupture of the pericardium. Operative correction of the mitral and aortic root lesions was performed 9 days after the injury. Twelve other cases of successful surgical correction of traumatic mitral incompetence are reviewed and compared. PMID- 6738099 TI - Resection of cancer of the thoracic esophagus without thoracotomy. AB - We developed a new surgical technique to manually resect the thoracic esophagus without thoracotomy and employed it in 31 patients with cancer of the esophagus who were considered poor risks for resection by traditional thoracotomy. Postoperative complications consisted of left hemothorax in seven patients, hoarseness in five, sternal osteomyelitis in three, a perforated trachea in one, and cardiorenal failure in three patients. No severe pulmonary complications occurred, and there were no hospital deaths. The long-term results of this surgical treatment have not been assessed. PMID- 6738100 TI - Pericardial constriction resulting from silicone rubber patches. PMID- 6738101 TI - Transcutaneous monitoring of oxygen tension during one-lung anesthesia. AB - Twenty adult patients were monitored with a transcutaneous oxygen tension sensor during one-lung ventilation. Anesthesia was maintained with enflurane-oxygen or isoflurane-oxygen. The transcutaneous oxygen tension values accurately followed the trend of arterial oxygen tension (r = 0.94, n = 96, transcutaneous oxygen tension = 4.8 + 0.78 X arterial oxygen tension). The transcutaneous oxygen tension values averaged 80% of the arterial oxygen tension values (transcutaneous oxygen tension index = transcutaneous oxygen tension/arterial oxygen tension = 0.80 +/- 0.18) (mean +/- standard deviation). When one-lung ventilation was initiated, there was a progressive drop in transcutaneous oxygen tension which reached a minimum of 19 +/- 10 minutes. The mean of the minimum transcutaneous oxygen tension and arterial oxygen tension values was 66 +/- 44 torr and 83 +/- 43 respectively. This resulted in a mean alveolar-arterial oxygen gradient of 515 +/- 152 torr during one-lung ventilation. In eight patients, the arterial oxygen tension fell below 60 torr, 45 +/- 9 torr. When two-lung ventilation was resumed, the transcutaneous oxygen tension and arterial oxygen tension values promptly rose to mean values of 342 +/- 121 torr and 411 +/- 103 torr, respectively in 9 +/- 3 minutes. The transcutaneous oxygen tension monitor provided a continuous assessment of the patient's oxygenation, gave early warning of potentially hazardous hypoxia, and permitted nearly real-time assessment of the efficacy of corrective therapies. PMID- 6738102 TI - Reperfusion of inflow-limited myocardium following hypothermic potassium-induced cardioplegia. AB - Previous studies have shown that transmural reperfusion patterns may be markedly abnormal following periods of ischemia. The present study was done to elucidate the effects of hypothermic potassium cardioplegia on pressure-flow characteristics during reperfusion of myocardial regions with chronically compromised arterial inflow. Prior to cardiopulmonary bypass studies. Ameroid constrictors were placed on the circumflex coronary artery of 10 adult dogs to create a myocardial region subserved by inflow-restricting collaterals. Subsequently, during cardiopulmonary bypass at 80 mm Hg, 10 minutes of ischemic arrest was induced with hypothermic potassium cardioplegia (15 degrees C, pH 7.4, potassium chloride 25 mEq/L). Transmural myocardial flow was measured in normal and collateral-dependent regions during control conditions and at 1, 5, and 10 minutes of reperfusion. Also, retrograde circumflex pressures were monitored as an additional index of perfusion of the collateral regions. A normal endocardial/epicardial flow ratio was maintained in the normal regions at 1, 5, and 10 minutes of reperfusion. In contrast, a marked decrease in endocardial/epicardial flow ratio occurred transiently in the collateral regions at 1 minute of reperfusion (0.28 +/- 0.05). Simultaneously, retrograde circumflex pressures fell from 55 +/- 3.5 mm Hg to 42 +/- 3.0 mm Hg (p less than 0.001). By 5 minutes of reperfusion, retrograde circumflex pressure, mean flow, and transmural endocardial/epicardial ratios returned to normal in collateral regions. These data suggest that, even with optimal myocardial protection, changes in transmural flow occur very early during reperfusion and are exaggerated in inflow-restricted myocardial regions. Mechanisms responsible for these changes may include refilling of epicardial vessels emptied during the cross-clamp period or an early epicardial hyperemic response. Despite these alterations, normal transmural flow patterns are reestablished rapidly. Thus, when detailed attention is paid to adequate myocardial protection, abnormal reperfusion characteristics are obviated, and this is particularly important in myocardium supplied by inflow-compromised coronary vessels. PMID- 6738103 TI - Verapamil cardioplegia: improved myocardial preservation during global ischemia. AB - To determine whether the calcium antagonist verapamil can produce satisfactory myocardial preservation during global ischemia, we studied three groups of eight dogs. Serial left ventricular biopsy specimens were taken for adenosine triphosphate and creatine phosphate content. Arterial and coronary sinus blood samples were obtained for lactate and oxygen content determination prior to ischemia, immediately after the ischemic interval, and after a 30 minute reperfusion period. Starling and isovolumetric ventricular function curves were determined prior to ischemic arrest and after 45 minutes of reperfusion. All animals were systemically cooled to 25 degrees C, and the aorta was clamped for 120 minutes. Group I had a potassium cardioplegic solution (30 mEq/L) chilled to 4 degrees C and injected into the aortic root. The initial dose was 200 ml and an additional 100 ml was infused at 20 minute intervals. Group II had a solution containing verapamil (0.15 mg/kg/L), diluted in Ringer's solution (4 degrees C), injected into the aortic root. The initial and subsequent doses were as in Group I. Group III received the same solution as Group II, but at room temperature. Alterations in lactate metabolism were not significantly different in any of the three treatment groups. A reduction in oxygen consumption was seen in Group III, but was not found to be statistically significant. However, the reduction in coronary flow at the end of reperfusion was statistically significant in Group III (p less than 0.05). Verapamil given at room temperature resulted in poor preservation of left ventricular function and high-energy stores. Verapamil combined with extreme hypothermia (Group II) provided excellent preservation of left ventricular compliance and contractility. Cold verapamil cardioplegia was superior to potassium cardioplegia for the preservation of adenosine triphosphate. PMID- 6738104 TI - Alteration of antegrade atrioventricular conduction by cryoablation of peri atrioventricular nodal tissue. Implications for the surgical treatment of atrioventricular nodal reentry tachycardia. AB - Paroxysmal supraventricular tachycardia due to atrioventricular nodal reentry is a common arrhythmia that usually responds to medical therapy. When atrioventricular nodal reentry tachycardia is refractory to medical therapy, surgical cryoablation or endocardial catheter ablation of the His bundle has been employed to protect the ventricles from the tachycardia. However, these techniques necessitate implantation of a permanent ventricular pacemaker. The purpose of the present study was to develop a cryosurgical procedure capable of ablating the anatomic-electrophysiological substrate of atrioventricular nodal reentry by modifying, rather than ablating, atrioventricular conduction. Thirty three adult mongrel dogs underwent either the cryosurgical procedure (n = 23) or a sham operation (n = 10). All animals were restudied immediately postoperatively (acute cryosurgery group [n = 12) and sham group [n = 10]), and 11 animals (chronic cryosurgery group) subjected to cryosurgery were studied 14 weeks postoperatively. Decremental atrial pacing and programmed premature atrial stimulation protocols were utilized to determine atrioventricular nodal conduction time, atrioventricular nodal refractory period, and the Wenckebach point before and after operation in all animals. No electrophysiological alterations were noted in the sham-operated group. In the cryosurgery groups, atrioventricular nodal conduction time, functional refractory period of the atrioventricular node, and the Wenckebach point were all significantly prolonged in the immediate postoperative period, but only atrioventricular nodal conduction time remained prolonged 14 weeks postoperatively. The potential application of the new cryosurgical procedure for the treatment of atrioventricular nodal reentry tachycardia was demonstrated in three animals that exhibited dual atrioventricular nodal conduction preoperatively but had monophasic atrioventricular conduction curves postoperatively. The results in these animals documented that the cryosurgical procedure is capable of ablating the anatomic electrophysiological substrate necessary for atrioventricular nodal reentry tachycardia. PMID- 6738105 TI - Left ventricle-aortic conduits in pediatric patients. AB - From August, 1974, to January, 1982, left ventricle-aortic porcine valved conduits were inserted in three patients less than 2 years old (Group 1) and in 10 patients between 2 and 14 years of age (Group 2) for relief of severe left ventricular outflow tract obstruction. The distal anastomosis was made to the ascending aorta in seven patients and to the supraceliac abdominal aorta in six patients. In six patients, the conduit was sutured directly to the left ventricle, and in seven a stented right-angle connector was employed. The left ventricle-aortic gradients were relieved in all cases (mean residual gradient = 4.3 mm Hg). All three patients in Group 1 had associated endocardial fibroelastosis and all died. There was one early death in Group 2 (10% mortality). Reoperation was required in seven of nine survivors (78%) 2.7 to 5.2 years postoperatively for conduit valve failure (five patients), progression of mild native aortic valve insufficiency (one patient), or both (one patient). One of the seven required another reoperation for re-replacement of the conduit valve. There was one late death associated with reoperation. At follow-up 3.4 to 7.5 years postoperatively, four patients are in Functional Class I, two are in Class II, and two are convalescing from reoperation. Left ventricle-aortic conduits provide excellent relief of left ventricular outflow tract obstruction. However, the high incidence of late complications suggests better results might be anticipated with aortoventriculoplasty (Konno). PMID- 6738106 TI - Successful aortic valvotomy for severe congenital valvular aortic stenosis in the newborn infant. AB - The preoperative evaluation, surgical course, and early follow-up results of 11 newborn infants less than 30 days of age who underwent aortic valvotomy for severe valvular aortic stenosis between 1976 and 1983 were reviewed to determine our current surgical mortality and the early prognosis of these neonates. Ten of the 11 patients had severe congestive heart failure and dyspnea. Preoperative cardiac catheterization and angiography detected features characteristic of congenital aortic valvular stenosis in newborn infants. Emergency aortic valvotomy was performed in all during cardiopulmonary bypass, for which a cold (4 degrees C) blood prime and moderate systemic hypothermia were used. An effort was made to achieve maximal relief of the stenosis without causing aortic insufficiency. Mean cardiopulmonary bypass time was 21 minutes and mean cross clamp time was 6.4 minutes. There was a single operative death, and there have been no late deaths during a mean follow-up period of 2.2 years. All patients are currently free of heart failure. Four patients underwent postoperative cardiac catheterization for clinical suspicion of severe residual stenosis. However, three had only mild or moderate residual stenosis. The fourth had a large gradient, 70 mm Hg, and has since undergone successful repeat valvotomy. These results indicate that neonates with severe valvular aortic stenosis can undergo valvotomy safely and have a favorable early prognosis. The factors responsible for the low mortality appear to include prompt recognition and diagnosis followed by emergency operation, use of a 4 degree C cold pump prime, brief cross-clamp times, and conservative valvotomy to avoid the development of significant aortic insufficiency. PMID- 6738107 TI - Computer-assisted video analysis of [3H]spiroperidol binding autoradiographs. AB - A computer-based video image processing system is described that quantifies the binding of the neuroleptic drug, [3H]spiroperidol, to rat forebrain sections. Adjacent sections were incubated in buffer containing [3H]spiroperidol or [3H]spiroperidol plus 1 microM (+)-butaclamol and exposed to tritium-sensitive film to produce autoradiographs of total binding or non-butaclamol-displaced ('non-specific') binding. The image processing system digitized each autoradiograph, attenuated geometric distortion and unevenness of background illumination, and reassigned the digitized image intensities (gray values) to be a linear function of fmol [3H]spiroperidol bound per mg protein by using a calibration curve generated from 3H-containing tissue standards. An image of butaclamol-displaced ('specific') [3H]spiroperidol binding was produced by subtracting the linearized image of non-specific binding from the superimposed image of total binding. An image of percent specific [3H]spiroperidol binding was obtained by dividing the image of specific binding by the superimposed image of total binding. The computer-derived images, which could be displayed in gray tones or pseudocolor-coded, revealed that the greatest amounts of specific [3H]spiroperidol binding (1000-3000 fmol/mg protein; 60-80% specifically bound) were located in layers 5A and 5C of the neocortex, the claustrum, and in the caudate-putamen, where a lateral-to-medial binding gradient occurred. [3H]Spiroperidol was bound to a lesser extent (400-1000 fmol/mg protein; 31-51% specifically bound) to the medial nucleus accumbens septi or olfactory tubercle and without measurable specificity to the lateral septum, anterior commissure, corpus callosum, or superficial neocortex. These procedures are particularly useful for the quantitative and visual analysis of autoradiographs in which [3H]ligand binding is associated with more than a single site. PMID- 6738108 TI - Computer-assisted three-dimensional and two-dimensional reconstructions of autoradiographic images of the cerebral cortex. AB - This report describes a computer system that generates reconstructions of film autoradiographs of the cerebral cortex. The reconstructions preserve 4 dimensions of the data including the (1) rostro-caudal and (2) medio-lateral cortical dimensions, (3) cortical thickness and (4) optical density value. This system is especially useful as it removes the subjectivity in analyzing the autoradiographs and provides a method for objectively reconstructing large amounts of data. PMID- 6738109 TI - What is the meaningful measure of neuronal spike train activity? AB - Neuronal spike train activity is conventionally viewed in terms of certain measures of central tendency (mean or median of intervals between discrete events or mean rate of such events) and their associated measures of variability (S.D., skew, etc.). Less commonly, investigators will compute the probabilities of occurrence in an Information Theory context. Another rarely considered measure of spike trains is serial ordering. Seldom is more than one of these approaches applied to the same spike train, and we are unaware of any case where all 3 have been applied to the same train. In order to test the inter-relationships among these approaches, we examined the same spike trains with all 3 analytic methods. Measures of central tendency were taken from the original absolute interval values, whereas entropy and serial order (Markov order) were computed from the sequences of patterns of adjacent intervals, expressed in the same non-parametric format. We found that entropy (measure of uncertainty) did not correlate well with the degree of serial ordering (Markov order). Entropy also did not correlate well with measures of central tendency (median or mean interval, or impulses/s) nor with the variability of such measures. An inverse correlation was seen between Markov order and several measures of central tendency (mean interval and rate) as well as with several measures of variability. The implications of these analyses extend beyond the analysis of spike trains to most all biological and physical time series. For neurophysiologists, these analyses may challenge our common assumptions about the most appropriate way to describe and interpret neuronal spike train activity.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS) PMID- 6738110 TI - In vitro comparison of the selectivity of electrodes for in vivo electrochemistry. AB - The properties of 4 types of carbon electrodes designed for use as in vivo sensors of easily oxidized species in the mammalian brain have been evaluated in aqueous solutions at physiological pH. The electrodes are formed from a graphite epoxy mixture, carbon paste, or carbon fibers, and have the geometries of a disk or a cylinder. The voltammetric properties of several catecholamines, some of their metabolites and precursors, uric acid, and ascorbic acid are reported at unmodified carbon surfaces. The problem of overlap of the voltammetric waves of ascorbate and catechols is addressed, and two different methods which minimize this problem are examined. These are the use of disk-shaped electrodes fabricated from carbon fibers, which facilitate the use of subtracted voltammograms to determine small changes in the concentration of catecholamines in the presence of ascorbic acid, and the use of electrochemically modified, cylindrically-shaped electrodes also fabricated from carbon fibers. Voltammetry at the modified electrodes gives evidence the catechols can be resolved from ascorbate, and that catechols, but not ascorbic acid, adsorb to the electrode surface. PMID- 6738111 TI - Automated quantitative analysis of coordinated locomotor behaviour in rats. AB - Disturbances of motor coordination are usually difficult to quantify. Therefore, a method was developed for the automated quantitative analysis of the movements of the dyed paws of stepping rats, registered by a colour TV camera. The signals from the TV-video system were converted by an electronic interface into voltages proportional to the X- and Y-coordinates of the paws, from which a desktop computer calculated the movements of these paws in time and distance. Application 1 analysed the steps of a rat walking in a hollow rotating wheel. The results showed low variability of the walking pattern, the method was insensitive to low doses of alcohol, but was suitable to quantify overt, e.g. neurotoxic, locomotor disturbances or recovery thereof. In application 2 hurdles were placed in a similar hollow wheel and the rats were trained to step from the top of one hurdle to another. Physostigmine-induced disturbances of this acquired complex motor task could be detected at doses far below those that cause overt symptoms. PMID- 6738112 TI - A modification of the instantaneous frequency meter for low frequency signals. PMID- 6738113 TI - Roentgenographically occult lung cancer: pathologic findings and frequency of multicentricity during a 10-year period. AB - During the first 10 years of the Mayo Lung Project, 68 roentgenographically inapparent ("occult") lung cancers were localized and apparently completely resected. A pathologic classification was developed based on depth of tumor infiltration. The five categories were (1) in situ carcinoma confined to surface epithelium or ducts of mucous glands or acini (23 cancers), (2) intramucosal invasion not greater than 0.1 cm from mucosal surface (12 cancers), (3) invasion to bronchial cartilages (11 cancers), (4) invasion to full thickness of bronchial wall (10 cancers), and (5) extrabronchial invasion (12 cancers). Multicentricity of lung cancer was studied in 54 patients, none of whom had a history of cancer of the respiratory tract, and all of whom had had "complete" surgical resection of the initial occult lung cancer (or cancers). Neoplasms that were initially multicentric occurred in 4 patients, and a subsequent primary lung cancer developed in 11. The rate of detection of second primary lesions was 42 per 1,000 person-years of observation. A high incidence of unresectable cancers and a low survival rate were noted among patients who had a subsequent primary tumor. These findings were primarily attributable to invasiveness of the subsequent primary cancer or to respiratory insufficiency that resulted from obstructive lung disease or previous pulmonary resection. Because of the high risk of development of a second primary cancer after initial surgical resection, it is important to treat the initial occult cancer as conservatively as possible consistent with "cure." PMID- 6738115 TI - Torsion of the gallbladder. AB - Herein we report two cases of acute torsion of the gallbladder, including an extremely rare instance of torsion of the fundus of the organ. Because symptoms of torsion of the gallbladder are similar to those of other diseases and because of its rarity, preoperative diagnosis is difficult. The cause of this disorder had not been determined. Torsion of the gallbladder may occur as an acute event or be subtle and recurrent. Because of the potentially catastrophic consequences of delayed surgical intervention, an abdominal operation should be performed early in patients with symptoms suggestive of acute cholecystitis, especially if a mass is palpable. The recommended treatment is cholecystectomy. PMID- 6738114 TI - Noninvasive measurement of cardiac output by continuous-wave Doppler echocardiography: initial experience and review of the literature. AB - Doppler echocardiographic measurement of the velocity of blood flow in the ascending aorta is a noninvasive method for determining cardiac output in the critically ill patient. Fifty-four patients in the medical intensive care unit (35 men and 19 women, age range 41 to 91 years) in whom a Swan-Ganz catheter had been inserted underwent measurement of cardiac output with use of a commercially available continuous-wave Doppler echocardiographic instrument. The aortic root diameter was measured by A-mode echocardiography. An additional 26 patients (17 men and 9 women, age range 20 to 83 years) who had undergone an open-heart surgical procedure and had hemodynamic monitoring in the postoperative period also underwent Doppler measurement of cardiac output. In these patients, the aortic root diameter was measured directly intraoperatively. Cardiac output was also determined by thermodilution in both groups. An adequate A-mode study was possible in 83% of the medical patients but only 27% of the surgical patients. Doppler signals were adequate in 84% of the medical patients and 92% of the surgical patients. The correlation between thermodilution and Doppler-derived cardiac output was good in both the medical (r = 0.94, SEE = 0.78, P less than 0.001) and the surgical (r = 0.85, SEE = 0.78, P less than 0.001) group. Doppler echocardiography is a promising noninvasive method for determining cardiac output in critically ill patients. PMID- 6738116 TI - Is measurement of erythrocyte Na+ influx useful for ascertainment of essential hypertension? PMID- 6738117 TI - Mitral stenosis associated with valvular tophi. AB - Chronic tophaceous gout has become less common since the introduction of allopurinol and probenecid. Cardiac tophi have rarely been reported. In this article, we report a case of severe mitral stenosis in which valvular tophi played a major role in the pathogenesis. The case was well substantiated by echocardiography, surgical pathology, and chemical analysis. PMID- 6738118 TI - Importance of precise pathologic characterization of roentgenographically occult lung cancer. PMID- 6738119 TI - Child abuse and neglect: the investigative process. PMID- 6738120 TI - Regional sharing of CT scanners: experience in a community hospital. PMID- 6738121 TI - Tularemia: atypical presentation. PMID- 6738122 TI - Altered brain phosphoglycerate kinase from aging rats. AB - Pure phosphoglycerate kinase from old rat brain differs from the "young" enzyme as judged by its greater stability to heat and storage and its resistance to inactivation by protease. Moreover, inactivation of young compared to old brain phosphoglycerate kinase requires different amounts of monospecific antiserum raised against either the young form of muscle or liver phosphoglycerate kinase. Both young and old brain phosphoglycerate kinase are similar with respect to Vmax in the forward and backward directions, Km for different substrates, electrophoretic mobility and average molecular weight. Thus, the properties of young and old brain phosphoglycerate kinase that are similar and those that differ share a common pattern with their young and old counterparts from rat muscle and liver. Kinetic data and immunological response indicate that brain phosphoglycerate kinase is similar if not identical to the muscle enzyme rather than the liver enzyme. PMID- 6738123 TI - Increased unscheduled DNA synthesis in aged human diploid fibroblasts. AB - Using Hayflick's model, ultraviolet (UV)-induced unscheduled DNA synthesis was compared in cells at a low, middle and high population doubling level (PDL). Concomitant DNA replication was prevented by arresting all cultures in the G1 phase by lowering the serum concentration. After UV-irradiation cells at a high PDL incorporated 1.5-2 times more [3H]thymidine into DNA than cells at a low and middle PDL. These findings seem to indicate that the repair capacity of cells at a high PDL is more than those of cells at low and middle PDL. Alternatively, the higher incorporation might be explained by a difference in the pool sizes of precursors of cells at different PDL. These possibilities were examined by adding fluorodeoxyuridine to the system to reduce de novo synthesis of deoxythymidine triphosphate (dTTP), and measuring the pool size of dTTP and the specific activity of [3H] dTTP in cells at different PDL. The results indicated that the increased incorporation in fact reflects increased unscheduled DNA synthesis in cells at a high PDL. PMID- 6738124 TI - Effect of age on peptide chain initiation and elongation in preparations from brain, liver, kidney and skeletal muscle of the C57B1/6J mouse. AB - The effects of age on the initiation and elongation stages of protein synthesis were measured in cell-free preparations from brain, liver, kidney and skeletal muscle of young (3-5 months) and senescent (23-27 months) female C57B1/6J mice. The ability to form initiation complexes from isolated 40 S and 60 S ribosomal subunits decreased only slightly with age. In contrast, the rate of peptide chain elongation decreased by 67% in brain preparations, 80% in liver, 81% in kidney and 85% in skeletal muscle of the senescent mice when compared with the young mice. PMID- 6738125 TI - Role of spontaneous interstitial cell testicular tumors on the mitogen reactivity of spleen cells from aged male Fischer-344 rats. AB - Virtually all aged, male, Fischer-344 rats have testicular tumors. The influence of this tumor on lymphocyte reactivity from aged Fischer-344 rats is unknown. In this report we demonstrate that neither the presence of this tumor nor the serum concentration of luteinizing hormone has an effect on the splenic mitogen reactivity of old animals. PMID- 6738126 TI - Pulsed multifrequency photoplethysmograph. PMID- 6738127 TI - Flow in a curved tube with constriction--an application to the arterial system. PMID- 6738128 TI - Effects of short-duration transients on cardiac rhythm. PMID- 6738129 TI - Spectral analysis of second heart sound in normal children by selective linear prediction coding. PMID- 6738130 TI - Single-fibre electromyography with a personal computer. PMID- 6738131 TI - Effect of deformation rate on the flexural fracture behaviour of long bones. PMID- 6738133 TI - Biological effects of X-band microwave radiation on the eye of the crayfish. PMID- 6738132 TI - Effects of whole blood interfacial interactions on potassium ion transport through poly(2-hydroxyethylmethacrylate) membranes. PMID- 6738134 TI - Ultrasonically marked catheter--a method for positive echographic catheter position identification. PMID- 6738135 TI - Low-power, low-noise instrumentation amplifier for physiological signals. PMID- 6738136 TI - Measurement of the maximum rate of rise of the cardiac action potential Vmax. PMID- 6738137 TI - Digitally controlled system for reproducing blood flow waveforms in vitro. PMID- 6738138 TI - Pole-zero extraction by nonlinear regression of discrete-time arterial blood-flow waveforms. PMID- 6738139 TI - Normalisation of body impedance data: a theoretical study. PMID- 6738140 TI - Optical end-tidal air-point detector built in a nonrebreathing valve. PMID- 6738141 TI - Insurance effects on employer group dental expenditures. AB - As the number of dental insureds and the amount of insured expenditures have increased over the past decade, so has interest in determining insurance effects on dental demand among employer groups and their insureds. Using Pennsylvania Blue Shield (PBS) employer group data representing 50-65% of all PBS insureds, the authors estimate the own-effect of basic insurance rates (diagnostic, preventive, restorative, endodontic, extraction services) and the cross-effects of riders A (crowns and oral surgery), B (prosthodontics), C (periodontics), and D (orthodontics) insurance rates on annual basic expenditures for 1975-1979. Results indicate a consistently positive relationship between basic insurance rates and expenditures. Orthodontic insurance rates have positive cross-effects on basic expenditures, suggesting basic-orthodontic complementarities. Although not statistically significant, potential substitution relationships may exist between basic and oral surgery, prosthodontic, and periodontic services. The implications of these findings for plan design and public oral health are discussed. PMID- 6738142 TI - Projecting chronic disease prevalence. AB - Health and long-term care planning for an aging population is an important and necessary function for both the public and private sector. Unfortunately, efforts at planning have often been limited by difficulties in making estimates and forecasts of chronic disease prevalence in the population. These difficulties are a direct result of the natural history of chronic diseases that normally have long presymptomatic stages. Because of this characteristic, predictions of the magnitude of chronic disease prevalence in the United States often fail to reflect an important dimension of the health state of the population: that there is a sizeable proportion of chronic disease prevalence and risk existing in the population in a preclinical phase. The authors present a strategy for obtaining more complete estimates of chronic disease prevalence. This approach entails the creation of an illness--death model representing the natural history of individual chronic diseases and the application of the model to infer morbidity incidence and prevalence patterns from national mortality statistics. They illustrate the approach with an example of lung cancer and discuss the applications of the outputs of the modeling strategy for health care resource planning. PMID- 6738143 TI - Improving physician performance through peer comparison feedback. AB - A project to improve physician performance in colorectal cancer screening was evaluated as part of an ambulatory quality assurance program. A minimum standard was adopted requiring a digital examination and stool test for occult blood at annual check-ups of patients aged 40 years and older. During a 31/2-year period, three different intervention strategies for improved compliance with the standard were sequentially implemented and assessed: educational meeting, retrospective feedback of group compliance rate, and retrospective feedback of individual compliance rate compared with that of peers. A pretest/posttest design was employed in evaluating the first two intervention strategies. Neither strategy resulted in significant improvement in compliance. Monthly feedback of individual performance ranked with that of peers was then implemented in a randomized clinical trial utilizing a crossover design. During the first 6-month period, the physicians receiving feedback (group 1) improved from 66.0% to 79.9% (P less than 0.001), while the control group (group 2) also improved, from 67.5% to 76.6% (P less than 0.001), suggesting a spillover effect. During the second 6-month period, group 2 received feedback and group 1 did not. Group 1 stabilized at approximately 80% while group 2 continued to improve from 76.6% to 84.0% (P less than 0.001). Behavior changes persisted at 6 and 12 months after intervention. PMID- 6738144 TI - Describing health states. Methodologic issues in obtaining values for health states. AB - In health status index construction quantitative values for different states of health are frequently obtained by presenting written descriptions to raters whose values are elicited using one or more methods. In this study the authors examined the influence of several aspects of this measurement process upon the quantitative results obtained. They prepared a set of written descriptions of health states, each state being described in both a standard point-form and a narrative format. The narrative format was written in the first person singular, and listed all symptoms or problems associated with the state, whereas the point form description included only the most severe symptom or problem. Values for these states were elicited from a group of 64 patients using two commonly employed methods, the standard gamble of Von Neumann and Morgenstern and category rating. The results indicate that the type of scenario presented to the rater and the sequence in which the methods of assessment were used had a major influence on the results. This work indicates that there is a need to examine systematically the process of obtaining quantitative values before reliance can be placed upon the results. PMID- 6738145 TI - Relating satisfaction with access to utilization of services. AB - Underlying the continuing emphasis on access by health services researchers and policymakers is the assumption that patients having poorer access will receive less than appropriate health care, other things being equal. However, recent research results typically have not supported this assumption, and the nature and importance of relationships between access and use still remain unclear. Most published studies have sought to define general relationships that are descriptive of the behavior of all patients in a population facing access problems. The authors use interview data to show that significant relationships between satisfaction with access and use of services can be found if segments of the population, homogeneous in terms of age, sex, or other characteristics, are considered separately. This approach is based on the assumption that dissatisfaction with a particular dimension of access may be salient for some groups of patients but not others, and it is consistent with the view that patients' beliefs and perceptions are important determinants of health behavior. PMID- 6738146 TI - Administrative change and diagnostic test use. The effect of eliminating standing orders. PMID- 6738147 TI - Temporary nursing services. Size, scope, significance. PMID- 6738148 TI - Satisfaction with dental care. Its relationship to utilization and allegiance. PMID- 6738149 TI - Surgical rates and mortality. A correlational analysis. PMID- 6738150 TI - [Value of the determination of anti-HAV IgM in the diagnosis of hepatitis A]. PMID- 6738151 TI - [Antibodies against hepatitis B virus in chronic non-alcoholic HBsAg-negative hepatopathies]. PMID- 6738152 TI - [Vaccination against hepatitis B in a hematology-hemotherapy service: analysis of its immunogenous capacity]. PMID- 6738153 TI - [Prevalence of serum markers of hepatitis B virus (HBV) in high-risk groups with different immune response capacities]. PMID- 6738154 TI - [How and who should be vaccinated against hepatitis B in Spain?]. PMID- 6738155 TI - [Hepatitis B virus and chronic HBsAg-negative hepatopathies]. PMID- 6738156 TI - [Behavior of serum CA 125 in hepatopathy patients]. PMID- 6738157 TI - [Active pulmonary tuberculosis. Current clinicoradiologic presentation]. PMID- 6738158 TI - [Bacteremia in patients with hepatic cirrhosis. Etiopathogenic analysis and prognosis of 92 cases]. PMID- 6738159 TI - [Seroepidemiologic study of hydatidosis in Badajoz province. Results of a preliminary survey]. PMID- 6738160 TI - [Peripheral tuberculous adenitis]. PMID- 6738162 TI - [Ministerial order for the regulation of treatment with methadone]. PMID- 6738163 TI - [Computerized axial tomography (CAT) and giant lymph node hyperplasia]. PMID- 6738161 TI - [Radioiodine or surgery in the treatment of thyrotoxicosis]. PMID- 6738164 TI - [Yersinia enterocolitica sepsis: presentation of 2 cases]. PMID- 6738165 TI - [Chronic lead poisoning and development of changes in heme metabolism during treatment]. PMID- 6738166 TI - [Typhoid fever and myocarditis]. PMID- 6738167 TI - [Acute poisoning and allergic reactions to drugs. A study of 532 cases]. PMID- 6738168 TI - [Myocardial gammagraphy with 201-thallium: sensitivity, specificity and predictive value]. PMID- 6738169 TI - [Pseudotumor cerebri: study of 20 cases with cranial computerized tomography]. PMID- 6738170 TI - [Endoscopic retrograde cholangiopancreatography in the postcholecystectomy syndrome]. PMID- 6738171 TI - [Acute drug poisoning]. PMID- 6738172 TI - [Pleural effusion]. PMID- 6738173 TI - [Pontiac fever]. PMID- 6738174 TI - [Rounded atelectasis: an infrequent cause of pulmonary pseudotumor]. PMID- 6738175 TI - [Meningococcal meningitis without inflammatory reaction of the cerebrospinal fluid]. PMID- 6738176 TI - [A sign of diagnostic usefulness in carotidodynia]. PMID- 6738177 TI - [Intestinal infarct and death secondary to ergotamine treatment]. PMID- 6738178 TI - [Non-tropical pyomyositis in hemodialysis]. PMID- 6738179 TI - [Respiratory morbidity and atmospheric pollution]. PMID- 6738180 TI - [Arterial hypertension in the hospital. The experience of the Hypertension Section of the Bellvitge-Princeps d'Espanya Hospital]. PMID- 6738181 TI - [Results of the administration of sodium phosphate cellulose as medical treatment of primary hyperparathyroidism]. PMID- 6738182 TI - [Leukocyte kinetics during hemodialysis: increase of leukocyte aggregation and chemotactic activity of the serum as etiologic factors in intradialytic leukopenia]. PMID- 6738183 TI - [Hemorrhagic cerebral infarct. Clinical characteristics and cranial computerized tomography]. PMID- 6738184 TI - [Atmospheric pollution and bronchial asthma]. PMID- 6738185 TI - [Does PPD have a clinical usefulness?]. PMID- 6738186 TI - [Hepatitis caused by diphenylhydantoin]. PMID- 6738187 TI - [Carbon tetrachloride poisoning: a new case]. PMID- 6738188 TI - [Usefulness of bronchial aspiration in the diagnosis of pulmonary tuberculosis]. PMID- 6738189 TI - [Work status after extracorporeal surgery: importance of the socioeconomic environment]. PMID- 6738190 TI - [Plasmapheresis in Amanita phalloides poisoning]. PMID- 6738192 TI - [Fasciola hepatica]. PMID- 6738191 TI - [Usefulness of a non-steroid anti-inflammatory, sodium diclofenac, in the treatment of renal colic. Comparative study with a spasmolytic and an opiate analgesic]. PMID- 6738193 TI - [Eosinophilic pulmonary disease caused by Fasciola hepatica. Description of a case and review of the literature]. PMID- 6738194 TI - [Gallbladder fascioliasis in a patient with liver cirrhosis]. PMID- 6738195 TI - [Bronchospasm as an initial form of fascioliasis hepatica]. PMID- 6738196 TI - [Familial lead poisoning]. PMID- 6738197 TI - [Neutropenia caused by penicillin]. PMID- 6738198 TI - [Mediastinal abscess secondary to esophageal perforation caused by a foreign body]. PMID- 6738199 TI - [Primary sclerosing cholangitis: presentation of 2 cases]. PMID- 6738200 TI - [Prevalence of arterial hypertension in the Llobregat Hospital (Barcelona)]. PMID- 6738201 TI - [Normocalcemic tetany in celiac disease]. PMID- 6738202 TI - [Oral contraceptives and acute viral hepatitis]. PMID- 6738203 TI - [Asthma: the "3 R's" disease (reactivity, reversibility and rhythmicity)]. PMID- 6738204 TI - [Spontaneous pneumomediastinum in the adult. Presentation of 13 cases and review of the literature]. PMID- 6738205 TI - [When should hyperuricemia be treated?]. PMID- 6738206 TI - [Is calcitonin, either by deficiency of secretion or by inadequate function, the cause of involutional osteoporosis?]. PMID- 6738207 TI - [Streptococcus viridans pneumonias]. PMID- 6738208 TI - [Idiopathic myelofibrosis with osteolytic lesions]. PMID- 6738210 TI - [Acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS) in Spain]. PMID- 6738209 TI - [Cryoagglutinins and the Coulter Counter S autoanalyzer]. PMID- 6738211 TI - [Cancer in Madrid. A geographical study of mortality]. PMID- 6738212 TI - [Plafibride treatment of hyperlipidemias type II and IV]. PMID- 6738213 TI - [Ejaculation and its disorders]. PMID- 6738214 TI - [Intravenous catheters and infections]. PMID- 6738215 TI - [Idiopathic retrograde ejaculation and anejaculation in the same patient, associated with dysergia of the external detrusor sphincter]. PMID- 6738216 TI - [Staphylococcus aureus endocarditis related to the use of intravenous catheters]. PMID- 6738217 TI - [Interpretation of laboratory tests in idiopathic orthostatic hypotension]. PMID- 6738218 TI - [Posterior fossa syndrome in Hand-Schuller-Christian disease]. PMID- 6738219 TI - [One-and-a-half syndrome: demonstration of a cerebellar ischemic infarction using cerebral computerized tomography]. PMID- 6738220 TI - [A recurrent case of psychotic withdrawal syndrome caused by monoamine oxidase inhibitors?]. PMID- 6738221 TI - [Agranulocytosis caused by aprindine. Apropos of a new case]. PMID- 6738222 TI - [Hyperthyroidism induced by amiodarone. Clinical observations in the extra hospital environment]. PMID- 6738223 TI - [Acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS) in hemophiliacs. Clinical course and post-mortem examination of the first cases described in Spain]. PMID- 6738224 TI - [Ulcerative colitis versus Campylobacter jejuni colitis]. PMID- 6738225 TI - [Drug-induced fever caused by pyrazolones]. PMID- 6738226 TI - [The exanthema of Mediterranean boutonneuse fever]. PMID- 6738227 TI - [Comparative analysis of influenza virus strains isolated in Poland during the epidemic season 1981-1982]. PMID- 6738228 TI - [Etiopathogenesis and sequelae of viral neuroinfections in children. III. Serodiagnosis of mumps neuroinfections]. PMID- 6738229 TI - [Gallstone surgery in 1983 compared with 1973--a questionnaire study. Early operation in acute cholecystitis is more usual now]. PMID- 6738230 TI - [Muscular pain after physical training]. PMID- 6738232 TI - [Cryptococcal infections--clinical aspects, diagnosis and treatment]. PMID- 6738231 TI - [5 case reports: Headache and brain tumor in children]. PMID- 6738233 TI - [Unconsciousness after intracranial hypertension as an unexpected side-effect of nalidixic acid]. PMID- 6738234 TI - [Perihepatitis in Chlamydia salpingitis has given a differential diagnostic picture of the disease]. PMID- 6738235 TI - [Pertussis in Sweden 1977-1983--an epidemiologic analysis. There is need for a vaccine against pertussis]. PMID- 6738236 TI - [Epidemiology and economics of motorcycle accidents]. PMID- 6738237 TI - [Computer-based routines as follow-up studies of gynecologic health control in the county of Vasternorrland]. PMID- 6738238 TI - [Thrombocytosis--an usual finding with clinical relevance]. PMID- 6738239 TI - [Bacterial infection of the sacroiliac joint]. PMID- 6738240 TI - [Staging and differentiated grading are the factors influencing mortality in ovarian cancer]. PMID- 6738241 TI - [An overview for general practitioners: The possibilities of radiology in common clinical symptoms]. PMID- 6738242 TI - [Patient reactions in long-term follow-up studies after treatment with jawbone anchored bridge]. PMID- 6738243 TI - [Meralgia paresthetica is an unusual cause of loading pain after total arthroplasty]. PMID- 6738244 TI - [Large amounts of concretion in a patient with tonsillar calculi]. PMID- 6738245 TI - [Medical illustration--a qualified job. Drawing has its place both in theoretical and practical health care]. PMID- 6738246 TI - [The utilization of resources in health care--many pitfalls found in a comparative survey]. PMID- 6738247 TI - [Emergency department in the city]. PMID- 6738248 TI - ["Cancer family syndrome"--description of a family with a hereditary incidence of malignant tumors of the colon and other organs]. PMID- 6738249 TI - [Cancer epidemiology research in the Soviet Union]. PMID- 6738250 TI - [Inheritance and environment in alcohol abuse--an overview of current Swedish research]. PMID- 6738251 TI - [Screening for cervical cancer is effective. Reduced incidence and mortality 1958 1980]. PMID- 6738252 TI - [Spinal hematoma as a complication of lumbar puncture with subsequent heparin treatment]. PMID- 6738253 TI - [Update on AIDS--virology, immunology, epidemiology]. PMID- 6738254 TI - [Intravenous streptokinase in acute myocardial infarct]. PMID- 6738255 TI - [An unusual case of madura foot]. PMID- 6738256 TI - [Erythema nodosum and tuberculid as the only symptoms in primary pulmonary tuberculosis]. PMID- 6738257 TI - [Value of computers in health care--a clinical consideration. Risk to the majority of consumers of being left behind]. PMID- 6738258 TI - [Causes of pilonidal sinus and pyoderma fistulans sinifica]. AB - Pilonidal sinus is of the same origin as the Pyodermia fistulans sinifica . Both diseases are retention dermatopathies . These sinuses are not of congenital origin. Our observations have made an acquired origin seem more likely. Deep skin folds in the rima ani, the stiffness of the body hairs, the rolling movement of naturally separated hairs push the hair through the skin like a pin. If a hair is rubbed, it moves in the direction of its root with the peripherally directed hair scales. Excision of the sinus area and transplantation of an epithelial flap is the best therapy. PMID- 6738259 TI - [Stroma-free hemoglobin solution and perfusion of isolated extremities]. AB - Pyridoxylated stroma-free hemoglobin solution was compared to hemodiluted blood in extremity perfusion of mongrel dogs. pH-values in tissue and in perfusate as well as oxygen tension showed no significant difference, and oxygen supply to the periphery was sufficient. Measurement of lactate, pyruvate, ATP and CP demonstrated domination of aerobic metabolism. We proved that stroma-free hemoglobin solution ( SFHb -PLP) can substitute hemodiluted blood (Hk 18) in isolated extremity perfusion. Metabolic results were confirmed by histological examination where no tissue alterations could be found in the perfused extremity or the whole body system. PMID- 6738260 TI - [Gastrectomy in the aged]. AB - Between 1969 and 1983 a total of 152 patients underwent total gastrectomy. 58 patients were older than 70 years. Surgical lethality was 14.47% with only minor differences between those patients younger than 70 and the older ones: 13.8 and 15.5%, respectively. Moreover, it did not make any major difference whether surgery was curative or merely palliative. Of 27 patients with the tumor stage TNM IV, only one patient died. Of the 66, who were operated upon during the recent 5 years period between 1979 and 1983, only one patient died. These results suggest that this remarkable decline of lethality is due to a precise standardisation of surgical technique, improvements in preoperative management of the patient and aftercare. 5 years survival rate was 17.3%; again there was no major difference between the group of patients older than 70 and those being younger than 70 years (16.5% and 19.4% respectively). It is of interest that the patients having additional splenectomy presented with an essentially worse prognosis as opposed to those without splenectomy although there were no differences between the TNM-stages. Even if the small numbers of patients can not yet be definitely conclusive, these preliminary results indicate that the indication for splenectomy in the course of total gastrectomy should be critically evaluated. PMID- 6738261 TI - [Anastomotic aneurysms as a late complication of reconstructive vascular surgery of the lower extremity]. AB - 29 operations were performed because of an anastomotic aneurysm in 25 patients. The incidence of false aneurysm was 0.7% (4079 reconstructive operations from 1964 to 1979). Arterial reconstructions previous to the formation of aneurysm were: aorto-femoral bifurcation graft 9, ileo-femoral bypass 9, femoro-popliteal reconstructions 11 (4 of them were Sparks' prostheses). 31% of the cases had complications (rupture, thrombosis) when operated, 73% were located in the groin. At the primary operation mostly Dacron had been used. In all instances non absorbable synthetic suture material has been applied. If the interval between the first operation and the formation of the aneurysms is short infection is to be suspected. The diagnosis of aneurysms distal to the inguinal ligament is easy, aneurysms of the iliac region were found after complications (rupture, thrombosis) had occurred. The most frequent reconstructive procedure was graft interposition, but aneurysmorrhaphy was successful in certain cases. Two patients died postoperatively. Follow-up showed one recurrence (in the groin). We suggest that 1) insufficiency of the suture line because of tension 2) dilation of prosthetic dacron material have great importance for formation of anastomotic aneurysm, whereas local endarterectomy or end-side anastomosis do not seem to be significant. PMID- 6738262 TI - [Importance of x-ray examinations in the diagnosis of ileus]. AB - From 1972-1982 350 operations were performed on 327 patients suffering from ileus. In 315 cases (90%) preoperatively the following X-ray examinations were performed. 315 plain abdominal X-rays (92.7% correct radiological findings), 21 oral gastrografin-passages (95.2%), 52 barium enemas (98.1%). If by all radiological means an exact preoperative diagnosis was possible, the lethality was significantly lower (22%) than in the overall group (33%). PMID- 6738263 TI - Clinical aspects of osseous hemangiomas of the skull base. AB - Osseous hemangiomas are distinctly unusual tumors of the skull base. They clinically mimic other, more common lesions in this region, and their diagnosis is rarely made preoperatively with currently available techniques. Three cases of osseous hemangiomata, 2 involving the geniculate region and 1 arising from the jugular bulb, are described in relation to the perioperative assessment and management of these lesions. A review of 21 previously reported skull base hemangiomas is included. PMID- 6738264 TI - Comparison of electrode sites in electrical stimulation of the cochlea. AB - There is considerable controversy about the "best" location for single channel cochlear implant electrodes. We measured the electrically induced auditory brain stem response (EABR) in a series of normal to totally denervated cat ears in response to promontory (P), round window (RW) and scala tympani (ST) stimulation. The status of the ganglion cell population was then assessed by light microscopy. In ears with light to medium ganglion cell loss the ST EABR yielded the most definitive input-output functions. RW responses were present at increased thresholds and smaller peak amplitudes. P responses were worse or even missing completely. In severely damaged ears, including some with no detectable ganglion cells, ST and RW EABRs were both markedly reduced with considerable overlap between the two sites. P responses, when present, were almost buried in the electrical noise near threshold. Extrapolating these results to humans suggests that when ganglion cell loss is very severe the RW or ST is an acceptable stimulation site. When ganglion cell loss is moderate or better, ST electrodes are superior. PMID- 6738265 TI - Neuro-otologic applications of simultaneous multi-channel auditory evoked response recordings. AB - Multichannel auditory brain stem response (ABR) recordings were obtained in 75 acute, severely brain injured patients. The purpose of the study was to assess, in patients with varied neuro-otologic pathology, the clinical feasibility and value of measuring the ABR simultaneously with more than one electrode array. The use of alternative electrode arrays, in addition to the conventional (vertex to stimulus ipsilateral ear) array, augmented confident identification of wave components I through VI, and was particularly useful in patients with marked middle ear pathology which confounded ABR interpretation. The ABR recorded with an indifferent (noncephalic) reference electrode, e.g., was characterized by increased Wave V amplitude, and improved definition of Wave IV vs. V. Case studies are presented to illustrate neuro-otologic applications of the multichannel recording technique. PMID- 6738266 TI - Role of air contrast computed tomography in diagnosis of small acoustic neuromas. AB - Small acoustic tumors occasionally cannot be diagnosed on standard radiologic studies. Over a 2-year period, air contrast computed tomography (CT) has been used to study 22 patients in whom audiologic and vestibular tests suggested a tumor but no radiologic abnormality could be demonstrated; 8 air contrast scans were positive and subsequent exploration revealed tumors in 7 of these patients. In one patient an aneurysmally dilated anterior inferior cerebellar artery was found on exploration. Thirteen scans showed air filling the internal auditory canal with no evidence of tumor. One scan was nondiagnostic and upon exploration, a vascular loop in the internal auditory canal was found. Air contrast high resolution CT is the most accurate method available for detecting small acoustic neuromas. Indications for this technique are discussed along with general approaches to these patients. PMID- 6738267 TI - False positive stapedial reflexes and brain stem evoked response findings in patients with suspected retrocochlear lesions. AB - Patients with suspected retrocochlear disease are usually evaluated with stapedial reflex studies and BSER. Positive responses on these tests usually indicate the need for CT scans with air contrast myelogram. We have been impressed with the lack of sensitivity of these audiometric tests in separating tumor from non-tumorous causes. Although we have never found an acoustic neuroma or cerebellopontine angle tumor without stapedial reflex and BSER abnormalities, we have encountered 20 patients who have strong evidence to support a retrocochlear tumor on audiometric testing but with negative CT with air contrast scans. This report will deal with our experience with these cases and indicate the necessity for obtaining air contrast CT scans before alarming the patient about a retrocochlear disorder or possible surgery. There appear to be many non tumorous disorders associated with stapedial reflex decay and positive BSER. PMID- 6738268 TI - Changing concepts in the management of otitic intracranial infection: use of computerized axial tomography in early detection and monitoring of cerebritis. AB - The pathogenesis and course of intracranial inflammatory disorders of otitic origin have been studied extensively in the past by clinical, surgical, and morbid means. The recent contribution by CT scanning cannot be overestimated as a modality for identification of the pathologic process. Its use for early detection and monitoring of a clinically suspected intracranial complication of otitic suppurative disease is documented for the first time in this report. Cerebritis or encephalitis as the early manifestation of impending brain dissolution can be identified and followed during specific antibiotic therapy. The proper timing for surgery to remove the otitic focus is enhanced. A review of the literature and a case report illustrate this contribution. PMID- 6738269 TI - Partial vs. total footplate removal in stapedectomy: a comparative study. AB - A comparative study of the postoperative stapedectomy results for 264 ears with partial footplate removal (PFR) and for 106 ears with total footplate removal (TFR) was performed with reference to decibel gain in three specific frequency ranges, air-bone gap closure, speech threshold and speech discrimination and incidence of postoperative complications. The data confirm a small but consistently greater decibel gain for PFR cases in the 2000-8000 Hz range; the decibel gain in the 250-1000 Hz range is virtually identical for PFR and TFR cases. Air-bone gap closure and speech results also indicate a somewhat better average result in PFR as compared TFR cases. The permanency of speech discrimination results is examined. PMID- 6738270 TI - Type I tympanoplasty: influencing factors. AB - Type I tympanoplasties utilizing an underlay technique with temporalis fascia performed at the Medical University associated hospitals over a 5-year period were reviewed. Cases were excluded if follow-up was less than 18 months or if a previous tympanoplasty had been performed. The remaining 71 cases, 40 adults and 25 children, were analyzed for influencing factors. The overall success rate was 89%. The age of the patient, the length of time the ear had been dry, and the presence of infection at the time of surgery had no influence on the success rate. The two factors which adversely influenced the success rate were the presence of a near total or total perforation and the presence of bilateral perforations. PMID- 6738271 TI - Homologous dura use in problem pocket repair. AB - Recently the author has noted that the use of dura results in a neo-drum, seemingly more resistant to posterior-superior quadrant retraction than autologous temporalis fascia. This presentation, 25 ears representing 22 patients with follow-up between 26 and 41 months, reflects the particular use now assigned to homologous dura in drum and adjacent area repair; namely, the posterior superior quadrant and attic. The present use follows disappointment with previous drum repair attempts which in time seemed to be fruitless because progressive retraction with adhesions redeveloped. In a substantial way the use of dura as discussed in this paper is very similar to the use of autologous cartilage as reported by Glasscock with regard to recurrent retraction tendencies. PMID- 6738272 TI - Documentation of upper airway obstruction in unilateral vocal cord paralysis: flow-volume loop studies in 43 subjects. AB - Upper airway impairment of variable severity occurs in unilateral vocal cord paralysis (UVCP). Among 43 subjects with UVCP all had voice disturbance, 22 had symptoms of airway impairment, and 27 had some disturbance of swallowing. The severity of the airway impairment was evaluated by flow-volume loop spirogram which demonstrated reduced inspiratory flow rates (maximal and midvital capacity). Clinical recovery from paralysis or intracordal Teflon injection was accompanied by improvement in inspiratory flow rates. Airway impairment is most severe in subjects having UVCP due to intrathoracic disorder or intraoperative nerve interruption. Vocal cord position did not correlate with the severity of airway disturbance. The FVC and FEV1 determinations were normal in 33 and 29 cases, respectively, whereas the VI-50 and VE-50/VI-50 were normal in only 11 and 7 instances. This selective restriction of inspiratory flow rates and the abnormally low VE-50/VI-50 ratio was observed regularly. The sensitivity and reproducibility of the flow-volume loop examination support the utilization of this test to evaluate the nature and severity of upper airway impairment; consecutive examinations can be utilized to monitor the clinical course or outcome from treatment. PMID- 6738273 TI - Facial nerve neurinoma: two cases located in the horizontal portion. AB - Two small facial neurinomas located in the horizontal portion were presented to demonstrate the clinical features, diagnostic evaluation, and surgical treatment. These two cases show the early state of facial neurinoma and suggest the mechanism of facial paralysis by facial neurinoma. Facial nerve decompression is recommended for Bell's palsy unresponsive to the conservative therapy and recurrent facial palsy. PMID- 6738274 TI - Functional neck dissection: an evaluation and review of 843 cases. AB - After briefly reviewing the principles, indications, and merits of functional neck dissection, the results of 1200 neck dissections performed on 843 patients in the period 1961-1979 are presented. They compare very favorably with those reported for classic (radical) neck dissection by other leading authors; however, a retrospective analysis of data derived from material of different origin is hardly possible and has a disputable value. Therefore, we decided to compare our data on functional neck dissections (FND) with those of classic neck dissections (CND) performed by the same surgical team at the same clinic in the period 1948 1960. The clinical material was largely the same in both cases, and the data were collected and analyzed using the same criteria. In both series, neck dissections were divided into elective and curative. It could be demonstrated that the number of neck recurrences observed in the dissected necks is the same for FND and CND in curative dissections, while it is considerably lower for FND in elective neck dissections. This of course does not prove improved radicality in FND, but only proves that a systematic bilateral elective neck dissection in N0 cases affords improved cancerological safety. This radical bilateral approach to regional lymph nodes is made possible routinely by FND which avoids the problems of unnecessary mutilation. The figures produced speak in favor of a wider adoption of FND especially for expanding the indications to elective treatment of regional lymph nodes in cancer of the head and neck. Elective neck dissection is made practically harmless by this newer technique and averts the dreadful appearance of late metastases in N0 cases. PMID- 6738275 TI - Neurilemmoma of the vagus nerve. A case report and brief literature review. AB - A case of neurilemmoma of the vagus nerve is reported. The patient is alive and well 8 years following resection. The term "neurilemmoma" is the preferred nomenclature. The disease presentation, differential diagnosis, and the surgical approach is discussed. The proper treatment for this tumor is surgical removal with preservation of the vagus nerve if possible and reanastomosis and/or nerve grafting if that is not possible. PMID- 6738276 TI - A simple operation for bilateral vocal cord paralysis. AB - To reduce the laryngeal obstruction in bilateral vocal cord paralysis, a new method of laterofixation was developed. The method is technically simple and less traumatic than previously published methods. No peroperative tracheostomy is needed. During surgery two needles are inserted through the thyroid cartilage. A nylon thread is passed through the needles and the needles are then withdrawn. The thread thus forms a permanent loop around the vocal cord. The effects of the laterofixation on breathing and on the voice are documented by assessment of upper airway resistance and by two listening panels respectively. Thirteen patients have been operated upon so far. In most cases the breathing was improved and the influence on the voice was moderate and adjustable. If needed the possibility to perform a more extensive surgical procedure still remains. We suggest our method of laterofixation to be the first treatment of choice in patients suffering from bilateral vocal cord paralysis. PMID- 6738277 TI - Composite nasal septal cartilage graft for reconstruction after extended frontolateral hemilaryngectomy. AB - With the advent of extended partial laryngectomy for T2 and selected T3 true vocal cord carcinomas, the head and neck surgeon has had to deal not only with the rehabilitation of voice, but with the problem of laryngeal stenosis with obstruction of laryngeal airflow. To manage this difficult problem, it is necessary to restore the cartilagenous superstructure to prevent collapse of the laryngeal soft tissues. This is best done at the time of initial cancer resection. At the time of extended frontal lateral hemilaryngectomy, an exact template of the resected cartilage is made. From this, a composite nasal septal cartilage graft is utilized to restore the laryngeal superstructure. The anterior commissure is reconstructed by scoring the septal cartilage. It has been our experience with this procedure that the neoglottis remains both competent and functional. PMID- 6738278 TI - Changes in the bacterial flora of the external ear canal from the wearing of occlusive equipment. AB - External otitis has been associated with wearing obstructive gear covering the earlobe and external ear canal. In this study we investigated the changes in the bacterial flora of the external ear canal after wearing rubber hoods. The bacterial flora of external ear canals surfaces was investigated in a group of 19 volunteers who wore rubber hoods for a period of 25 to 30 minutes while doing manual work. The protective effect of 2% acetic acid was tested by instilling it in the left ear of all participants. Staphylococcus epidermidis, Propionibacterium acnes, and alpha-hemolytic streptococci were the predominant isolates from the ear samples. After hoods were worn, there was a substantial increase in the number of these organisms in 7 (36.8%) of the external ears. However, an increase in the bacterial counts in the external ear canals occurred in only 2 (10.5%) of the individuals treated prophylactically with acetic acid drops (P less than 0.02). PMID- 6738279 TI - Cervical ankylosing hyperostosis and airway obstruction. AB - Forestier's disease, or ankylosing hyperostosis of the cervical spine, has been described to cause dysphagia, foreign body sensation, and aspiration. We report two patients with ankylosing hyperostosis producing ulceration of the posterior plate of the cricoid cartilage, inflammatory edema, and secondary bilateral vocal cord paralysis with airway obstruction. This disease initially produces minimal dysphagia when the primary location of the osteophyte is just above and posterior to the cricoid, then, progressive airway obstruction. The pathogenesis is infection superimposed on ulceration of the cricoid produced by laryngeal movement over a large, sharp osteophyte. Management included tracheostomy for airway management, endoscopy to rule out malignancy, intravenous antibiotic therapy, and surgical excision of the osteophyte. PMID- 6738280 TI - Superior based trapezius flap. AB - The most revolutionary innovation in reconstructive surgery of the past decade is the development of the musculocutaneous flaps. These flaps permit the reconstruction of large head and neck defects in one stage. They carry an excellent reliable blood supply and the inclusion of the underlying muscle adds sorely needed bulk to the resected area. The trapezius musculocutaneous flap is one of the most versatile. Its color and texture match for facial reconstruction is excellent. Moreover, the pliability of the cutaneous component lends itself well to lining the oral cavity and the oropharynx. The trapezius musculocutaneous flap is an outstanding advance in head and neck reconstructive surgery. The discovery that it can be successfully pedicled superiorly greatly enhances its versatility. PMID- 6738281 TI - Nasal tip surgery--a simple technique to aid in symmetry. PMID- 6738282 TI - A simple and advantageous system for continuous lavage of the maxillary sinus. PMID- 6738283 TI - Correction of tracheal stomal stenosis. PMID- 6738284 TI - New device for foreign body removal. PMID- 6738285 TI - [Liver damage caused by chronic cadmium poisoning]. AB - A case report is given of a 46 year old person concerned professionally with melting gold, who exhibited bioptically and histologically verified lesions of the liver after chronic intoxication with cadmium. This patient was exposed throughout 8 years during his job activities to cadmium vapors. He exhibited during the time of investigation decreased renal function with tubular proteinuria as well as a polyneuropathy. In addition, hepatic lesions could be found, as small focal necrosis, fatty degeneration and fibrosis. Cadmium content of the liver was increased 13 times above normal. PMID- 6738286 TI - [Decreased diameter of the hepatic arteries following closing of a portacaval shunt]. AB - A portacaval shunt was closed in a 30 year old female patient. Angiography showed a distinct decrease in diameter of the hepatic arteries during the first 6 months after surgery, and a lesser further decrease in the following time. PMID- 6738287 TI - [Duodenal hematoma in acute alcoholic hepatitis]. AB - Hematoma of the duodenal wall usually occurs after traumata. A case report is given of such a patient who suffered in addition from acute alcoholic hepatitis. The hematoma had led to complete obstruction of the duodenum and compression of the common bile duct. After endoscopy surgery was done and the hematoma removed. PMID- 6738288 TI - [Amebic liver abscess--diagnostic and therapeutic advances]. AB - Liver abscess is the most frequent complication of intestinal disease caused by entamoeba histolytica. Noninvasive procedures are nowaday most important in establishing the diagnosis: sonography, scintigraphy and computer tomography (CT). Sonography is rather precise and should be used in the first place. Recently it became possible to demonstrate specific antigens to amoeba in the pus of the abscess or in liver biopsy material; this procedure has been proven to be dependable and fast in establishing a diagnosis. Serological methods like indirect hemagglutination tests usually show positive results in high titers. The clinical picture, serological and immunological diagnostic procedures as well as demonstration of intrahepatic defects by sonography and/or scintigraphy usually help to establish a diagnosis fastly; only in a few cases will it be necessary to do computer tomography additionally. Metronidazole, tinidazole and other nitroimidazoles have led to a considerable decrease of lethality, which used to be rather high before. Treatment of the intestinal disease caused by amoebae should not be forgotten. Cortisone is contraindicated. PMID- 6738289 TI - [Clinical studies using a photometric method for determining serum lipase activity]. AB - Results of measurement of serum lipase activity as determined by a UV-test described by Myrick and a titrimetric assay as described by Rick were compared as far as sensitivity and specificity in diagnosis of pancreatitis is concerned. Sensitivity of the UV assay is low (45% falsely normal values), and specificity as well (falsely pathological values in 55.5% of patients with liver disease and 9% of normal persons). In the UV assay lipoproteinlipases are measured as well as hepatic esterases: in 17 samples from persons having received heparin lipase activity was increased 3-8 fold. In a total of 99 samples no correlation was found between the results of the 2 assays. As a consequence it can be stated that the UV-test as described by Myrick has no relevance in diagnosis of pancreatitis; the commercially available assay kit is withdrawn in the meantime. PMID- 6738291 TI - [Liver biopsy in surgery of the gallbladder]. AB - Biopsy of the liver with the menghini needle was done as a routine diagnostic procedure during surgery in 581 cases. During earlier decades morphological changes of the liver could be demonstrated by that procedure in 80-100% of the patients. In contrast such changes could be found only in 55% of our cases; in 5,5% these changes were severe. From these numbers it should be concluded that liver biopsy during gall bladder surgery is not necessary as a routine procedure. If patients are selected for biopsy on the basis of history, ultrasonography, laboratory data and intraoperative microscopical liver findings this procedure is necessary only in 14% of the cases, complication rate being 0,09%. In this particularly selected group changes of the liver can be found in 90,4%, severe changes in 33% of the cases. Pathological changes of the liver are likely to occur in 65-91% of patients with complicated gall stone disease and/or accompanying diseases like diabetes, obesitas, alcoholism, or a history of hepatitis. In this particular group biopsy and histological examination during surgery seem to be indicated as it was the case before. PMID- 6738290 TI - [Diagnosis of chronic pancreatitis based on the determination of lactoferrin and calcium in the duodenal juice?]. AB - The diagnostic relevance of measuring calcium and lactoferrin in duodenal juice collected after stimulation is unclear. Concentration and output of these compounds were therefore analyzed after maximal stimulation of the pancreas according to Ribet, the duodenal juice being collected during an endoscopic procedure as described earlier. Kinetics of secretion showed a maximum within the first 10 minutes. Values of calcium and lactoferrin were not statistically different in normal persons (n = 32) and patients with chronic pancreatitis (n = 11). There was a good correlation to concentration of bilirubin (p less than 0.001), however no correlation to concentrations of immunoreactive trypsin and lipase. It must be assumed, that calcium and lactoferrin in duodenal juice are not only of pancreatic origin. These measurements are therefore useless in the diagnosis of pancreatitis. PMID- 6738292 TI - Influence of sex of antecedent siblings on the human sex ratio. AB - Analysis of family configurations in a population of 649,366 American secondary school students confirmed that sex of later-born children is influenced by the sex of antecedent siblings. Antecedent brothers decrease the probability of subsequent male births. This observation, a confirmation of an earlier report in a substantially smaller sample, is consistent with an immunologic influence on human sex determination. PMID- 6738293 TI - Enkephalin heptapeptide (Tyr-Gly-Gly-Phe-Met-Arg-Phe)-induced bronchospasm in guinea pigs: a non-naloxone reversible phenomenon. AB - Enkephalin heptapeptide (Tyr-Gly-Gly-Phe-Met-Arg-Phe; MEAP ), is an enkephalin related peptide derived from pre-pro-enkephalin A. Distribution studies have shown that MEAP is localized in the lung; in this organ there is very little Met enkephalin (ME). To test the direct actions of MEAP in a tissue where it is differentially distributed from ME, MEAP was given intratracheally to anesthetized guinea pigs. MEAP produced a dose-related bronchospasm characterized by a slow onset (30-90 sec) and a duration exceeding 5 min. No significant effects on heart rate or blood pressure were observed concomitant with the pulmonary effects. ME or ethylketocyclazocine, tested at the same doses as MEAP , did not produce a bronchospasm. Moreover, naloxone failed to block MEAP 's effects. Therefore, it appears as if the MEAP -induced bronchospasm does not have an opioid-related mechanism of action. The bronchospasm produced by MEAP was not blocked by an anti-histamine (chlorpheniramine) or by vagotomy. However, inhibition of cyclo-oxygenase by ibuprofen blocked the MEAP -induced bronchospasm, suggesting that an arachidonic acid metabolite was involved in the effect. Blockade of MEAP 's pulmonary effects by an inhibitor of thromboxane synthetase (SQ 80338) and not by a leukotriene antagonist (FPL 55712) implied that MEAP 's mechanism of action may be via bronchospastic thromboxanes. These data are the first to demonstrate a non-opioid, thromboxane-mediated action of an enkephalin-related peptide. PMID- 6738294 TI - Plasma and erythrocyte choline concentrations in rats following chronic treatment with lithium or choline. AB - Rats were given daily injections of choline, lithium or lithium plus choline for either 11 or 18 days and red cell choline, glycine and glutathione levels were measured using proton nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy. In addition, plasma choline, plasma lithium and red cell lithium levels were measured 4 hr after the last dosage. Choline (1 mmol/kg) alone increased plasma but not red cell choline concentrations. Lithium (0.94 mmol/kg) elevated red cell choline levels but did not affect plasma choline concentrations. In contrast, red cell choline levels were not elevated in rats treated with a higher dose of lithium (1.88 mmol/kg). When choline was given in addition to the lower dose of lithium, a similar accumulation of red cell choline was observed suggesting that the lithium-induced choline accumulation was not enhanced by a greater availability of free choline. No differences were detected in red cell glycine or glutathione levels between any of the treatment groups. Therefore, lithium produced a specific (dose-dependent) accumulation of choline in rat erythrocytes. However, the 100% increase observed in rats was not as marked as the increased red cell choline levels reported in patients maintained on lithium (8 to 10-fold). This discrepancy supports the concept that species differences exist in red cell choline transport or metabolism. PMID- 6738295 TI - Alteration of GABA levels in ovary and fallopian tube of the pregnant rat. AB - The concentration and the total quantity of gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA) were determined in ovary and Fallopian tube of the rat on day 3, 7, 14 and 21 of pregnancy and the values were compared with a diestrous control group. In ovary, both GABA concentration and total GABA content gradually elevated up to day 14 of gestation but, thereafter, the diminution of the two parameters was observed. The GABA concentrations in Fallopian tube were found to be strongly reduced during pregnancy, and the total amount of the amino acid in this organ also decreased markedly. The significant alterations of GABA levels in both organs suggest a possible correlation between the functional status and GABA content of ovary and Fallopian tube of the pregnant rat. PMID- 6738296 TI - Sympathetic hyperreactivity in offspring of essential hypertensive patients. AB - A multistage exercise test was carried out in normotensive subjects with normotensive parents (controls; n = 12), and 32 offspring of essential hypertensive patients that were normotensive (NTO; n = 20) or borderline hypertensive (BHO; n = 12) The groups were comparable as to age, weight and working capacity. Changes in sympathetic nervous activity were determined by measurements of plasma noradrenaline. The initial rise in noradrenaline levels during the exercise test was proportional to the increase in work load until the noradrenaline concentration rose sharply to levels more than 1000 pg/ml above baseline levels. The work load immediately prior to the steep rise in plasma noradrenaline (sympathetic threshold level: STL) is considered to represent the point from which anaerobic energy-yielding processes play an increasingly greater role as the work load increases. The initial increase in plasma noradrenaline until STL was significantly higher in both the NTO (p less than 0.02) and BHO (p less than 0.005) compared to the control group. The absolute noradrenaline level at STL and the increase in noradrenaline from baseline to STL were significantly higher in the BHO group (p less than 0.02, p less than 0.005). No significant differences between the groups were found when comparing noradrenaline levels at rest or at absolute or relative work loads. The systolic blood pressure response during the exercise test was significantly more pronounced in the BHO group (p less than 0.05) compared to the controls and the NTO group. PMID- 6738297 TI - The effect of the calcium antagonist nimodipine upon local cerebral glucose utilization in the rat brain. AB - The new calcium antagonist Nimodipine has been shown to have more powerful dilator action on cerebral than peripheral vessels. The effect of the drug on cerebral metabolism was studied in conscious rats using the /14C/-2-deoxyglucose quantitative autoradiographic technique. Intravenous injection of Nimodipine, 2 mcg/Kg, determined significant increases in local cerebral glucose utilization that appeared to be homogeneous in magnitude and anatomic distribution throughout the brain. This study raises the question whether Nimodipine affects brain functions by other mechanisms than an increase in cerebral blood flow. PMID- 6738298 TI - CGS8216 noncompetitively antagonizes the discriminative effects of diazepam in rats. AB - The benzodiazepine antagonist properties of CGS8216 were evaluated in rats trained to discriminate between saline and 1.0 mg/kg of diazepam in a two-choice, stimulus-shock termination procedure. CGS8216 (0.3 to 100 mg/kg) administered alone, either s.c., p.o. or i.p., occasioned only saline-appropriate responding. When administered concomitantly with a constant 1.0 mg/kg dose of diazepam, CGS8216 produced dose-related decreases in drug-appropriate responding. CGS8216 was most potent by the i.p. route, and approximately tenfold less potent by the oral route. CGS8216 was dermatotoxic after s.c. administration. CGS8216 i.p. had a long duration of action. A dose of 30 mg/kg completely antagonized the discriminative effects of the 1.0 mg/kg training dose of diazepam when the antagonist was administered 8 hr before the start of the test session. In order to determine the type of antagonism by CGS8216, the dose-effect curve for diazepam was redetermined in the presence of varying doses of CGS8216 (0.3 to 3.0 mg/kg, i.p.). CGS8216 produced a dose-related rightward shift in the diazepam dose-effect curve, but also decreased the slope and appeared to decrease the maximal effect. These results are consistent with the interpretation that CGS8216 antagonizes diazepam in a noncompetitive manner. It may do so because either it interacts with a subpopulation of benzodiazepine receptors, it functions as a pseudo-irreversible antagonist due to its high affinity, or because it is an antagonist with agonist properties. PMID- 6738299 TI - Determination of 4-hydroxyanisole in serum using liquid chromatography with electrochemical detection. AB - 4-Hydroxyanisole (p-methoxyphenol) has been used in the treatment of malignant melanomas. A simple, sensitive, and specific, method for its determination by liquid chromatography with electrochemical detection (LCEC) is described. Vanillin (4-hydroxy-3-methoxybenzaldehyde) was used as an internal standard. PMID- 6738300 TI - Learning and cross drug effects: thermic effects of pentobarbital and amphetamine. AB - The effects of environmental cues explicitly paired or unpaired with pentobarbital on the thermic effects of pentobarbital and amphetamine were investigated. Rats received 19 injections of pentobarbital in a distinctive environment and were subsequently tested for the thermic effects of pentobarbital and amphetamine in the distinctive environment, another environment previously associated only with saline, or in the colony room not previously associated with injections. Rats tested in the context of the environmental cues previously associated with pentobarbital were tolerant to the hypothermic effect of pentobarbital, but rats tested in the environment previously associated only with saline or in the colony room were not tolerant. Pentobarbital-experienced rats administered amphetamine in the context of the usual pentobarbital cues exhibited an exaggerated hyperthermic reaction compared to previously drug-naive rats administered amphetamine. Pentobarbital-experienced rats injected with amphetamine in the homeroom exhibited a smaller hyperthermic response than previously drug-naive rats administered amphetamine in the home room. These results demonstrate that an animal's response to a drug can be affected by cues paired and unpaired with drug administration. PMID- 6738301 TI - Canine postradiation plasma glucose variations. AB - One of the observations of endotoxic or septic shock in canines is the report of concurrent hypoglycemia. Canines exposed to supralethal gamma radiation also develop acute systemic hypotension. This study was performed in order to determine if hypoglycemia develops in the canine concurrent with radiation induced hypotension. Systemic arterial mean blood pressure (MBP) was measured via femoral arterial catheter. Blood for plasma glucose determinations was obtained from the systemic arterial circulation at the level of the abdominal aorta and from the hepatic portal vein. Plasma glucose levels were determined on a Beckman Glucose Analyzer which employs the enzymatic reaction of beta-D-glucose and oxygen. Glucose levels and MBP were monitored for one hour before and for one hour after exposure to 100 Gy, whole-body, gamma radiation or sham radiation for the control animals. Concurrent with postradiation hypotension, we measured a significant decrease in plasma glucose levels in both the systemic arterial circulation and in the hepatic portal vein. Arterial glucose levels in the sham radiated animals showed a slight rise two minutes after sham radiation, falling back to pretreatment, base line levels four minutes later and remaining at that level for the remainder of the hour. Arterial levels in the radiated animals showed a sharp decline two minutes postradiation, falling even further to twenty percent below preradiation levels by one hour postradiation. Venous blood glucose levels in sham radiated animals showed an initial increase and a gradual decrease to five percent below pretreatment base line levels; while glucose levels in radiated animals showed an immediate postradiation decrease continuing to twenty percent below preradiation levels by one hour postradiation. These findings suggest impaired hepatic gluconeogenesis, resulting in postradiation hypoglycemia. PMID- 6738302 TI - Selective affinity of 1-N-trifluoroethyl benzodiazepines for cerebellar type 1 receptor sites. AB - In binding studies with rat brain membranes, 1,4-benzodiazepines containing a trifluoroethyl moeity at the 1-N position, including halazepam and quazepam, had significantly higher affinities for binding sites in cerebellum than in cortex. This selectivity for cerebellar sites is not a property of benzodiazepines without the trifluoroethyl moiety, but is similar to that seen with the triazolopyridazines. Since halazepam and quazepam, like the triazolopyridazines, have behavioral effects in animals at doses much lower than those that cause ataxia, it is tempting to attribute this separation of pharmacologic activities to differential activity at subpopulations of benzodiazepine receptors. Further work is necessary to clarify this possibility. PMID- 6738303 TI - Lowering of blood pressure in chronic aortic coarctate hypertensive rats with anti-digoxin antiserum. AB - A marked lowering of arterial blood pressure was observed in chronic aortic coarctate (CAC) hypertensive rats after intravenous administration of anti digoxin antiserum. The hypotensive effect lasted for about 30 min after dosing. In contrast to the pronounced changes observed following treatment with anti digoxin antiserum in CAC rats, only a transient pressor effect was observed in both water- and saline-drinking CAC rats following injection of normal goat serum. In addition, a transient depressor effect was observed in normotensive rats after injection of anti-digoxin antiserum. The results of this study provide additional evidence indicating that an endogenous digoxin-like substance may play an important role in the maintenance of chronic low-renin hypertension induced by aortic coarctation. PMID- 6738304 TI - Neurotoxicity of colchicine and other tubulin-binding agents: a selective vulnerability of certain neurons to the disruption of microtubules. AB - Colchicine and certain other agents which disrupt microtubules and interfere with axonal and dendritic transport are highly toxic to certain CNS neurons. The present chapter summarizes our knowledge about this selective neurotoxicity. Injections of colchicine into several bran regions lead to the death of selected populations of neurons within those regions. Intra-hippocampal injections selectively destroy granule cells of the dentate gyrus; hippocampal pyramidal cells are essentially unaffected. Injections into the cerebellum, olfactory bulb, and caudate nucleus also destroy resident neurons. In these areas several cell types are vulnerable. Neurons of the cerebral cortex appear to be much less affected by colchicine, although some neurons of paleocortical regions are vulnerable. Colchicine does not appear to be an excitotoxin like kainic acid. The neurotoxicity of colchicine appears to be related to the destruction of microtubules, since other agents which disrupt microtubules have similar toxic effects, and since analogs of colchicine which do not disrupt microtubules are non-toxic. Colchicine may induce an autotoxic response which leads to neuronal death in certain populations due to the accumulation of some toxic cellular product which is normally transported by a microtubule-dependent process. The selective vulnerability of neurons to the neurotoxic effects of colchicine may be a model for system degenerations of the central nervous system in which certain subpopulations of neurons are selectively vulnerable to abnormal accumulations of metabolic products. PMID- 6738305 TI - 5HT2 receptors in the rat portal vein: desensitization following cumulative serotonin addition. AB - Contractile responses to serotonin were examined in vitro in the longitudinal portal vein to determine whether such responses were mediated by the interaction of serotonin with 5HT1 receptors (those that preferentially bind [3H]serotonin) or 5HT2 receptors (those that preferentially bind [3H]spiperone). Using eight serotonin receptor antagonists (spiperone, metergoline, LY53857, ketanserin, trazodone, benzoctamine, 1-(1-naphthyl)piperazine, and 1-meta methoxyphenylpiperazine), we found a significant correlation between the affinity for serotonin receptors in the rat portal vein and the ability to bind to 5HT2, but not 5HT1 receptors in rat frontal cortical membranes. Thus, the receptors mediating vascular contraction to serotonin in the rat portal vein were similar to those receptors defined in other vascular beds from the rat (aorta, jugular vein,and caudal artery). Furthermore, contraction resulting from the cumulative addition of serotonin in the rat portal vein was associated with desensitization (higher ED50 value) relative to contractions produced by the non-cumulative addition of serotonin. Affinities of serotonin receptor antagonists were also lower when determined by antagonism of cumulative serotonin concentration response curves compared to affinities obtained by antagonism of non-cumulative concentration-response curves. Thus, 5HT2 receptor affinities of antagonists in the rat portal vein are best determined by the shift of non-cumulative responses to serotonin. PMID- 6738306 TI - Relation between enzyme release and metabolic changes in reversible anoxic injury of myocardial cells. AB - Cultured adult cardiac myocytes were exposed to anoxia under substrate-free conditions. When compared to the metabolic changes in the oxygen deficient organ, those in the anoxic cell culture proceed in a similar, yet prolonged manner. Release of cytosolic enzymes starts with minor energetic disturbances and proceeds in close correlation to the actual ATP decay. Below 2 mumol ATP/gww, an increasing number of cells becomes irreversibly damaged, but above, 30 min reoxygenation leads to extensive recovery of the whole preparation. The results indicate that leakage of cytosolic enzymes during the early stage of anoxia is due to a gradual protein release from the individual cells, related to reversible membrane alterations. PMID- 6738308 TI - Lipid metabolism in rabbits exposed to paraquat aerosol. AB - In order to examine the effects of paraquat on pulmonary lipid metabolism rabbits were exposed to double distilled water by aerosol, or 250 mg paraquat in double distilled water. One hour prior to sacrifice, a group of rabbits were injected with [2-14C]-acetate. The levels of phospholipids, fatty acids, cholesterol, and triglycerides were determined as were their 14C-contents in the lung, bronchoalveolar lavage fluid, serum, and liver. The serum of paraquat-exposed animals contained significantly increased levels of phospholipids, cholesterol, and triglycerides. Liver, lung, and bronchoalveolar lavage contained less than or equal to control levels of phospholipids, cholesterol, and triglycerides. Percent of palmitate in the hepatic fatty acid profile was slightly increased in liver but not in lung. The source of the increased lipids in the serum is unknown. PMID- 6738307 TI - The effects of caffeine on plasma MHPG, subjective anxiety, autonomic symptoms and blood pressure in healthy humans. AB - The effects of oral administration of caffeine (10 mg/kg) on plasma free 3 methoxy-4-hydroxyphenylethyleneglycol (MHPG) levels, behavioral ratings, blood pressure, and autonomic symptoms was determined in eleven healthy subjects. Caffeine produced robust increases in subject rated anxiety and nervousness and small elevations in blood pressure and a decrease in heart rate. Caffeine did not alter plasma MHPG in a consistent fashion and there was no correlation between changes in plasma MHPG and changes in anxiety or other ratings. Caffeine may produce symptoms of anxiety-nervousness without increasing central norepinephrine turnover. PMID- 6738309 TI - Role of noradrenergic neurons in ethanol-induced elevation of free fatty acids and corticosterone. AB - The effects of ethanol (2 or 3 g/kg) on plasma corticosterone and free fatty acids were examined in rats with bilateral electrolytic lesions of locus coeruleus or pretreated with the noradrenergic neurotoxin DSP 4 (50 mg/kg). Both lesions and DSP 4 significantly attenuated ethanol induced elevation of free fatty acids. No changes in basal levels of free fatty acids or corticosterone were observed nor did either treatment alter the elevating effect of ethanol on corticosterone. The results indicate that ethanol alters plasma free fatty acids through mechanisms involving noradrenergic neurons in the central nervous system. PMID- 6738310 TI - Effect of ingestion of thermally oxidized frying oil on peroxidative criteria in rats. AB - Thermally oxidized rapeseed oils (4 levels of deterioration; used by a manufacturer of fried fish paste in a conventional manner) were fed to rats at a practical level of concentration. Rats were fed a diet ad libitum for 13 weeks that contained 15% of a test oil. The effects of the diet on several biochemical criteria related to peroxidative alterations were investigated. In groups given thermally oxidized oils relative liver weight, relative kidney weight, thiobarbituric acid-reactive substances (TBA-RS) in the liver and reduced glutathione content were increased significantly in proportion to the degree of deterioration of the oil, compared with the group given fresh oil. Tocopherol contents in both serum and liver were decreased considerably in proportion to the deterioration level of the supplied oils. The above criteria correlated well with various deterioration indices of the oil. For instance, TBA-RS was well correlated (p less than 0.001) with petroleum ether-insoluble oxidized fatty acid (r = 0.9191), column chromatographically separated polar fraction (r = 0.9056), glyceride dimer fraction (r = 0.9023) and carbonyl value (r = 0.8647). PMID- 6738311 TI - Distribution of the molecular species of phospholipids in human umbilical cord blood. AB - The composition of phosphatidylcholine (PC) and sphingomyelin (SM) was studied in cord blood lipoproteins to determine whether equilibration of the molecular species of phospholipids among lipoproteins was comparable with that reported for adults. The molecular species distributions of PC in low density lipoprotein (LDL) differed from that of high density lipoprotein (HDL). Whereas LDL PC was richer in combinations of fatty acids with 16 and 18 carbon atoms than HDL, the HDL was markedly enriched in combinations of fatty acids with 18 and 20 carbon atoms. Sphingomyelins in LDL were richer in palmitic acid than HDL while HDL had a greater proportion of long chain sphingomyelin than LDL. The molecular species of PC and SM do not equilibrate in cord blood. The results for the SM distributions were similar to other reports for adult human lipoprotein. However, the marked differential distribution of PC among lipoproteins appears unique to cord blood. The mechanisms responsible for equilibrating PC among lipoproteins are less well developed in the neonate when compared with the adult. PMID- 6738312 TI - HPLC of plasmalogen-containing phosphatidylcholine under reverse-phase or argentation conditions. AB - Two approaches to the high pressure liquid chromatography (HPLC) isolation of intact plasmalogens were investigated. The first used reversed-phase HPLC and sought to take advantage of subtle differences in the hydrophobicity of the alk-1 enyl chain from the acyl counterpart. On a C-18 column, bovine heart phosphatidylcholine (PC), which was 47% plasmalogen, was separated into a number of fractions that differed in their molecular species composition. One combination of fractions amounted to a 26% yield of PC enriched to 82% plasmalogen. The second approach sought to take advantage of the uniquely electron-rich functionality of the plasmalogens, the alk-1-enyl ether double bond, and its potential to coordinate with heavy metal ions. Specifically, bovine heart PC was applied to a cation-exchange type HPLC column in the silver ion mode. Although complete exchange of all the active sites of the column with silver ion led to complete retention of PC, partial activation with silver ion resulted in the separation of the PC into fractions, according to the degree of unsaturation. Plasmalogen-rich fractions eluted last and remained intact during the process. One combination of these fractions amounted to a 49% yield of PC enriched to 72% plasmalogen. Use of a cation-exchange system in the mercuric ion mode led to on-column hydrolysis of the plasmalogen; with palladium ion, the metallic species was stripped from the column by the eluting lipid. PMID- 6738313 TI - Acyl-acyl carrier protein as substrate of the acyltransferase of rat liver microsomes. AB - Acyl-acyl carrier protein (acyl-ACP) can serve as well as acyl-CoA as substrate of the 1-acyl-sn-glycero-3-phosphocholine (1-acyl-GPC) acyltransferase of rat liver microsomes. The product of the acylation with either thioester substrate is predominantly phosphatidylcholine (PC) (92-95%). The acyl-group transferred from either myristoyl-CoA or myristoyl-ACP is located at the C-2 position of the phospholipid (PL). The apparent Km values for the myristoyl-CoA and myristoyl-ACP were 46 microM and 63 microM, and the corresponding apparent Vmax values were 1.0 and 1.6 nmol/min/mg. The rate of acylation with the acyl-ACP was unaffected by the addition of free CoA-SH. These data suggest that acyl-CoA and acyl-ACP are transferred to 1-acyl-GPC by the same or similar enzyme systems. PMID- 6738314 TI - Distribution of antithrombin III and glucosylceramide in human plasma lipoproteins and lipoprotein deficient plasma. AB - We have investigated the distribution of antithrombin-III and glucosylceramide (Glc-Cer) in human plasma, plasma lipoproteins and lipoprotein-deficient plasma. Antithrombin III activity was measured employing immunochemical and biological assays. Glc-Cer was quantified by gas liquid chromatography (GLC). Whole plasma contained 145 micrograms antithrombin III/ml plasma, all of which was associated with the lipoprotein-deficient plasma (d greater than 1.25 g/ml). Whereas, most if not all the plasma GlcCer was associated with plasma low density lipoproteins (LDL) (d-1.022-1.055 g/ml) and high density lipoproteins (HDL) (d-1.063-1.25). GlcCer was not found in the lipoprotein-deficient plasma. We conclude that GlcCer on lipoproteins does not contribute to antithrombin III activity. Moreover, the absence of GlcCer in lipoprotein-deficient plasma does not impair antithrombin III activity. PMID- 6738315 TI - Tissue phospholipid fatty acid composition in the diabetic rat. AB - Tissue phospholipid fatty acid compositions in streptozotocin-induced diabetic rats were studied. The major changes in liver, plasma, erythrocyte and heart were increased proportions of linoleic and dihomo-gamma-linolenic acids and a decreased proportion of arachidonic acid. The latter was not significantly changed in phospholipids of kidney, adrenal gland and testis. Skin fatty acids in diabetic rats showed an increase in the proportion of arachidonic acid and a reduction in the proportion of linoleic acid. The fatty acid desaturating activity in diabetes may be regulated differently in different tissues. PMID- 6738316 TI - Inhibition of human lecithin cholesterol acyltransferase by monoterpenes. AB - The lecithin-cholesterol acyltransferase activity of human plasma was found to be inhibited by Rowachol, a proprietary mixture of pure monoterpenes. Menthol, the major ingredient in Rowachol (32%), and a number of other monoterpenes were found to inhibit the enzyme independently. Concentrations of monoterpenes required to achieve 50% inhibition were of the same order of magnitude as the cholesterol concentration present in the reaction mixture. PMID- 6738317 TI - Effect of external abdominal irradiation on the dimensions and characteristics of the barriers to passive transport in the rat intestine. AB - Limited information is available on the effect of irradiation on the intestinal absorption of passively transported nutrients. In this study a previously validated in vitro technique was used to measure the uptake of fatty acids (FA), fatty alcohols and cholesterol into the jejunum, ileum and colon of control rats and animals exposed to cesium-137 source irradiation applied to the abdomen. The effective resistance of the intestinal unstirred water layer was measured with lauryl alcohol, and in control rats this resistance was lowest in the ileum, highest in the colon, and of intermediate value in the jejunum. Fourteen days after 600 rads, unstirred layer resistance was reduced by half in the colon when the bulk phase was stirred at 600 rpm, and in the jejunum, ileum and colon when the bulk phase was unstirred (0 rpm). The incremental change in the free energy of transfer (integral of delta Fw----l) was measured with a homologous series of saturated medium-chain length fatty acids; 14 days after 600 and 900 rads the value of integral of delta Fw----l in the jejunum rose significantly, and occurred when light and electron microscopic changes were minimal. Fourteen days after 300 rads, the uptake of FA 6:0-12:0 was reduced, but this decline in uptake appeared to be caused by a fall in the functional surface area of the membrane rather than a change in integral of delta Fw----l. The uptake of cholesterol into the jejunum, ileum and colon was unaffected by irradiation, suggesting that cholesterol and fatty acids may have different diffusion pathways through the membrane. Thus, external abdominal irradiation influences the dimensions and characteristics of the barriers to passive transport in the intestine of the rat, and thereby modifies the uptake of some but not all passively absorbed nutrients. These functional changes are not closely associated with morphological alterations. PMID- 6738318 TI - Hepatic origin of triglycerides in fatty livers produced by the continuous intragastric infusion of an ethanol diet. AB - Male Wistar rats were maintained for 30 days on an independent and continuous intragastric infusion of ethanol and nutritionally defined liquid diet containing only a small amount of corn oil (CO-4.9% calories). Ethanol intake was progressively increased from 32% to 40.4% of the total calories to maintain a high degree of intoxication during this period. Rats in the control group were infused with an isocaloric diet in which alcohol was replaced by dextrose. The liver triglyceride (TG) content of rats given alcohol (61.5 +/- 16.4 mg/g) was ca. 10-fold greater than that of controls (5.9 +/- 2.1 mg/g) and similar to that observed previously in rats fed an ethanol diet containing high levels of fat (35% and 43% calories). In TG of fatty liver, the level of 18:2 was small (3%), even though CO in the diet contained a high level of this acid. Furthermore, 16:1 and 16:0 contents were markedly elevated (16% and 40%, respectively) despite the fact that CO did not contain 16:1 and had only a small amount of 16:0. Liver TG having a fatty acid (FA) composition markedly different from that of CO and the presence of high levels of 16:1 and 16:0 indicate that the TG accumulated in the fatty liver originated from hepatic lipogenesis rather than from dietary fat. PMID- 6738319 TI - Composition and metabolism of fatty acids in phospholipids of density-separated red cells of rats. AB - Fatty acid compositions of phosphatidylcholine (PC) and phosphatidylethanolamine (PE) and the rates of fatty acid esterification to these phospholipids (PL) were measured in intact rat red cell populations of different ages separated by density gradient centrifugation in order to clarify changes in membrane lipids of red blood cells during in vivo aging. Fatty acid compositions of PC and PE altered progressively as red cells became denser. Changes in unsaturated fatty acids occurred predominantly at the 2-position of PC and PE and those in saturated fatty acids at both positions. The esterification rates of 5 major fatty acids decreased as red cells became denser and those of oleic acid, linoleic acid and arachidonic acid to both PC and PE of fraction I cells (oldest cells) were 37-51% those of fraction IV cells (youngest cells). Reduction in the rates of fatty acid esterification appeared to occur in the course of red cell maturation because reticulocyte-enriched cell fractions showed 4.5-14.5 times higher rates of linoleic acid and arachidonic acid esterifications to PC and PE. PMID- 6738320 TI - Effect of essential fatty acid deficiency on myelin proteins. AB - The effect of essential fatty acid (EFA) deficiency on rat-brain myelin proteins was studied. Rats were maintained on a lipid-free diet and compared with control rats fed the same diet supplemented with 3% corn oil. At 17 days of age, each pup was injected with [3H]leucine and rats from each group were killed over a period of 163 days. Although a large decrease occurred in the total amount of myelin protein per brain, the proportions of constituent myelin proteins remained relatively unchanged. Metabolic studies showed a decrease in the net turnover of myelin proteins analogous to that previously demonstrated for myelin phospholipid (PL). PMID- 6738321 TI - [Radiosensitivity of stromal mechanocytes in human bone marrow and spleen]. AB - The monolayer cultivation of the bone marrow and spleen from patients with Hodgkin's disease was done. The content of stromal precursor cells (CFU-F) varies significantly in the human spleen (1.2-26.4 per each 10(6) incubated in the culture of nucleated cells) and is approximately one order lower than in the bone marrow (2.1-53.8 per 10(5) myelokaryocytes). During exposure to 60Co gamma-rays the values of a mean lethal cell dose (D0) for splenic CFU-F proved to be higher (2.03 +/- 0.17 Gy) than those for CFU-F from the bone marrow (1.49 +/- 0.12 Gy). PMID- 6738322 TI - [Dose distribution in combined radiotherapy of endometrial cancer using an "Agat B" apparatus]. AB - The paper is devoted to a comparative analysis of dose distributions occurring during combined radiation therapy of patients with endometrial cancer. A dosimetric analysis has shown that the level of absorbed doses in a primary tumor focus is most adequately evaluated with taking due account of dose exposures in points M but not in points A. Besides it was established that the level of radiation exposure in the irradiated organ can be changed by the individual selection of schemes for the intracavitary placement of 60Co sources of higher activity. A comparative analysis of dose distributions occurring in different methods of gamma-beam irradiation of patients was made. It has been shown that the use of the shaped fields of matrix formation provides optimum dose distribution in pathological foci and organs neighbouring with the uterus. PMID- 6738323 TI - [The results of combined radiotherapy of cancer of the corpus uteri]. AB - The results of combined radiotherapy of corpus uteri cancer in 54 patients with Stages I-III of the disease using an Agat-B remote afterloading apparatus were analysed. The therapeutic efficacy, frequency and severity of radiation complications were assessed. Direct clinical cure was achieved in 52 (96.3%) women. Of the 52 followed-up patients 43 (82.7%) have been alive for 1 year, after 3 yrs. 20 (70.4%) out of the 27 followed-up patients. It is possible to infer from the above data that the results of this therapeutic method are quite satisfactory. PMID- 6738324 TI - [Pharmacokinetics and the effects of metronidazole during its use as a radiosensitizer]. AB - During gamma-beam therapy (40-60 Gy) a study was made of the content of metronidazole (MZ) in the blood of 20 patients with oral mucosa cancer and 12 patients with esophageal cancer depending on a mode of its administration. A MZ effect on liver and renal function was studied. MZ was administered to the patients with cancer of both sites on the first 3 days of radiation therapy 3 h before an enlarged fraction of 4 Gy, estimated at 145 mg per 1 kg body mass (8-10 g) per os or via a gastrostoma and 15 g in rectal administration. In the patients with oral mucosa cancer after the administration of MZ per os its level which was sufficient for radiosensitization, was achieved after 2 h and remained for subsequent 4 h with maximum accumulation of 262 +/- 22 micrograms/ml in the blood serum 3-4 h after administration. In 24 h there remained 84 +/- 9 micrograms/ml of MZ in the blood (32% of its maximum level). In the patients with esophageal cancer after MZ administration via the gastrostoma, the nature and time course of drug accumulation in the blood was identical, however accumulation maximum was lower and reached 219 +/- 25 micrograms/ml. In the patients with esophageal cancer after MZ rectal administration, its level in the blood was 118 micrograms/ml only and did not achieve a therapeutically effective level. In repeated administration of MZ per os or via the gastrostoma its accumulation by 25-30% was observed. MZ caused a transient increase in the permeability of the cell membranes of the liver and the suppression of its protein-forming function. It is assumed that the lowering of MZ repeated dose by 20% will cause a decrease in the drug accumulation in the body and the degree of a toxic effect with maintaining its therapeutically effective level in the blood and tumor. PMID- 6738325 TI - [Age characteristics of central hemodynamics from radiocardiography data]. AB - A study was made of the central hemodynamics in practically healthy persons aged 20 to 90 using radiocardiography. The results have shown that cardiac discharge decreases regularly with age, the time of the greater circulation and general peripheral resistance increase, the volume of the circulating pulmonary blood decreases in the presence of its practically unchanged general volume. The authors present data on the main indices of the central hemodynamics in men and women of various age groups. PMID- 6738326 TI - [Inventions and research management in roentgenology and radiology]. PMID- 6738327 TI - [A method of telegamma therapy]. PMID- 6738328 TI - [Interstitial neutron therapy using flexible 252Cf sources]. AB - The authors describe the technique of interstitial neutron therapy using 252Cf flexible sources developed at the clinic of the Research Institute of Medical Radiology, USSR AMS. Altogether 75 patients with head and neck tumors of different site and spread were treated. The characteristics of the 252Cf flexible sources and the neutron radiation dose field distribution are provided. This technique is based upon the utilization of the afterloading principle. Clinical observations are illustrated by different uses of flexible sources (loop-shaped, planar, radiosurgical). Dosimetry methods are described, general problems of radiation safety are considered. A conclusion has been made of a possibility to extend indications to interstitial therapy using 252Cf flexible sources. PMID- 6738329 TI - [Determination of the field size for a telegamma therapy apparatus]. AB - Proceeding from an analysis of radiation field sizes (by a 50% dose) measured on gamma-beam units under various conditions of irradiation by means of the LSC-2 precision linear dosimetric scanner (Terados production, Sweden), the author recommends verifying the conformity of the sizes of these fields at a preset distance from a source with the readings of digital indication on the unit but not with the sizes of light fields. The divergence of the sizes of radiation fields measured at a preset distance from a source has been shown in the air, in the water at the depth of maximum ionization and in the water at 15 cm depth. In calibration of the diaphragm scale by the geometric field, i.e. by opening up its fringes , unavoidable non-correspondence of the actual sizes of radiation fields to the readings of digital indication is marked; the bigger the field and a source-surface distance the greater this non-correspondence. When measuring in the water at 15 cm depth, this divergence is greater than that in the water at the depth of maximum ionization, and the latter is greater than that measured in the air. It is found more appropriate to calibrate the diaphragm scale by the sizes of radiation fields measured in the air. The author assesses a maximum error in the determination of a field size by the manual shifting of a detector and an error of a dose meter. Basing on the above assessment it is found appropriate to use the precision automatic shifting of a detector in measuring a dose distribution pattern in the beam cross-section. PMID- 6738330 TI - [Radionuclide studies of congenital kidney abnormalities]. AB - Using the potentialities of isotope nephrograms as a screening test a total of 4746 patients suspected of renal abnormalities were examined. The author established pathological deviations in 561 cases (11.8%). During further verification using scintigraphy unsuspected congenital renal abnormalities (aplasia, hypoplasia, dystopia, double kidney, horseshoe kidney, solitary cyst and polycystic renal disease) were found in 46 patients (8.2%). The diagnosis was confirmed at subsequent venous x-ray urography. A conclusion has been made as to the role of comprehensive nephrographic-scintigraphic examination in the diagnosis of congenital renal abnormalities. PMID- 6738331 TI - [Nostalgia]. PMID- 6738332 TI - [Psychopathologic aspects of the nonspecific syncope syndromes]. PMID- 6738333 TI - [Apropos of the use of trazodone in antidepressive therapy. Personal clinical contribution]. PMID- 6738334 TI - [Immunologic survey on leptospirosis in the Marquesas Islands]. AB - Marquesas Islands, within the French Polynesian territory, are situated in the south hemisphere, near the Equator. They are volcanic islands, with a humid and hot climate, and high hygrometry . These islands are relatively isolated. Our sera were collected at the occasion of a blood test campaign: in Taiohae , 104 people, and Atuona , 149 people; they were between 17 and 57 years old. The results show that 45 people have antibodies against L. biflexa Patoc (17,8%). Among them, 24 have antibodies against icterohaemorrhagiae (9,5%). This is the evidence of the presence of leptospires in these islands. PMID- 6738335 TI - [Infantile diarrhea in Senegal: epidemiologic survey in a suburb of Dakar]. AB - Before the launching of a national program against diarrhoea in Senegal it was interesting to survey the exact impact of this disease on the under 5 children and the way the mothers and the community are dealing with it. We investigated a very crowded suburb of Dakar where we found that diarrhoea was the first cause of death among under five children. This investigation showed us that Oral Rehydration Therapy (ORT) is widely known by the approximately 1000 mothers interviewed, thanks to the gambian and senegalese broadcasts . However, only 1% of the mothers consider it as a useful and efficient treatment of diarrhoea. Expansive and inefficient medical treatments as well as traditional therapy are systematically preferred to ORT. We analyzed the reasons of that failure and we proposed a new strategy to generalize the use of ORT. PMID- 6738336 TI - [Interepidemic surveillance of a cutaneous leishmaniasis focus in Senegal]. AB - The cutaneous leishmaniasis is rampant in an endemo -epidemic way in the region of Thies, Senegal. At the occasion of an epidemic observed between 1975 and 1978, the ecological study of the focus of Keur Moussa , led by Dedet and al., permitted to discover, for the first time in West Africa, the structure of a cutaneous leishmaniasis focus. The most important part of the present laboratory work consists in the observation of that wild anthropozoonosis due to Leishmania tropica major, having as vector Phlebotomus duboscqi and the rodents Mastomys erythroleucus , Tatera gambiana and Arvicanthis niloticus as reservoir. The close study of the reservoir populations and of the vectors should enable us to avoid a new epidemic outburst. PMID- 6738337 TI - [Comparison of 3 metrifonate dosages in mass chemotherapy of Schistosoma haematobium]. AB - The metrifonate standard cure consisted of three doses of 7.5 to 10 mg/kg at a fortnight interval. These repeated doses increase the total cost of the treatment and the number of incomplete cures. We wanted to verify whether a reduced cure gets still a good efficacy. 286 people from three villages situated near Niamey (Niger) where treated at random with either 1, 2 or 3 doses of 10 mg/kg metrifonate. Before treatment the mean egg-output was 40 eggs/10 ml; 4 months later the cure rate was different only between the 1 dose trial and the 3 doses one. Moreover, this rate is low (35.3%) and the mean egg-output is also low (40.3%) for one dose. These results are more significant according to the first mean egg-output level. Below 5 eggs/10 ml, the cure rate is good with 2 or 3 doses (62% and 70%, 4 months later treatment), between 6 and 50 eggs/10 ml the results are still acceptable (55 and 53%). On the other hand, above 50 eggs these results are insufficient even with 3 doses. The single dose does not give sufficient result even in low egg-output. PMID- 6738338 TI - [Experience with spinal anesthesia using pethidine in the surgery of vesicovaginal fistula in African women (30 cases)]. AB - We report our experience of spinal anesthesia using pethidine at doses of 1 ml/5 kg applied to the surgery of the vesico-vaginal fistulas in the african woman. The sensitive block lasts 80.5 +/- 15.5 min. at its maximal block stage and its recovery lasts 25.6 +/- 12.6 min. The complete block of the motor nerves, obtained in 83.3% of cases, lasts 60.5 +/- 12.4 min. The hemodynamic tolerance has always proved to be excellent. The only noticeable after effect is pruritus (13.3% of cases). This kind of anesthesia of still unknown mode of action (local anesthetic action or/and action on the morphinic receptors) seems to be a valuable alternative both to the expensive general anesthesia and to the spinal anesthesia performed with the standard local anesthetics which are allergenic and toxic . Its very low cost must be a good reason for an infra-umbilical surgery in the African countries. PMID- 6738339 TI - [Account of a macular hemorrhage in a 25-year-old Congolese man with homozygous sickle cell anemia]. AB - The author reports a case of right macula hemorrhage that has brought a sudden impairment of the vision in a 25 years old African. Homozygous sickle-cell anemia has been diagnosed thanks to etiological investigations with a special mention of hemoglobinophoresis . Generally, the sickle lesions in the eye are delimited all around the retina. Macula localisation, like the case reported by the author, has rarely ever been described. PMID- 6738340 TI - [2 cases of sarcoidosis in Yaounde (Cameroon)]. AB - Two new cases of sarcoidosis are reported from Cameroon. The first one concerned a man, 53 years old, who presented multiple dermal nodules of the face, polyadenopathy , splenomegaly, exertional dyspnea, reticular and micronodular aspect of lungs X-ray. Diagnosis was confirmed by histology of skin, ganglions and bronchus biopsies. Patient was treated by corticotherapy. The other one concerned a woman, 28 years old, who presented successively mediastinal adenopathies, then, 9 months later, reticular and micronodular aspect of lungs X ray. During this period, a treatment against tuberculosis had been established. Bronchus biopsies confirmed the diagnosis. The patient was also treated by corticosteroids. The authors wonder whether sarcoidosis is actually or apparently rare in Negro-Africans, owing to the fact of frequent failure to recognize this affection, or confusion with tuberculosis. Correct incidence of sarcoidosis in Negro-Africans should be defined. PMID- 6738341 TI - [Acute hyperkalemia disclosing an intraperitoneal rupture of an amebic liver abscess. Value of preoperative peritoneal dialysis]. AB - In a patient with shock and hyperkalemia , a peritoneal dialysis, started to treat an hyperkalemia , showed the presence of chocolate-like pus in the peritoneal cavity, and confirmed the intraperitoneal rupture of an amoebic liver abscess . Peritoneal dialysis led to the correction of the metabolic disorders and of the shock and restored the diuresis, ensuring favourable conditions to surgical intervention. Surgical drainage of the abscesses and ornidazole treatment led to complete recovery. PMID- 6738342 TI - Cavitary histoplasmosis occurring during two large urban outbreaks. Analysis of clinical, epidemiologic, roentgenographic, and laboratory features. AB - We have compared risk factors for cavitary histoplasmosis in 62 patients with that manifestation of the infection and in 679 patients with other forms of histoplasmosis, and we have evaluated the clinical and laboratory findings in 45 patients with cavitary histoplasmosis who were cared for at the Indiana University Medical Center hospitals during two large histoplasmosis outbreaks. Chronic obstructive lung disease and old age were the strongest risk factors for cavitary histoplasmosis but male sex, white race and immunosuppression were also important in certain patient groups. Fever, sweats, weight loss, productive cough, anemia, lymphopenia, and alkaline phosphatase elevation were common findings. The patients were occasionally incorrectly treated for presumed class 3 tuberculosis. Cultures were positive in 58% of patients, with sputum samples providing the highest yield (61%). Histoplasmal serologic tests provided useful clues to the diagnosis, positive in over 90% of cases. About one-third of patients recovered spontaneously while another 35% improved following treatment. About 4% developed chronic untreated cavitary histoplasmosis characterized by clinical and roentgenographic exacerbations and remissions. Of the deaths in four patients with untreated disease, one was caused by disseminated histoplasmosis while three died of other causes. Ketoconazole appeared effective in three of seven patients while its effect in three additional patients was uncertain. Toxicity precluded completion of ketoconazole therapy in one patient. Only amphotericin B has been proven to be effective therapy for cavitary histoplasmosis. PMID- 6738343 TI - Clinical and demographic predictors of loss of pulmonary function in systemic sclerosis. AB - The course of functional pulmonary involvement in systemic sclerosis remains controversial; and it is not known if specific clinical or demographic features are predictive of subsequent changes in pulmonary function. To address these questions, we conducted a non-concurrent prospective study of serial pulmonary function in 24 patients with systemic sclerosis unselected for pulmonary involvement over a mean follow-up interval of 59.7 months. Initial values for the entire group demonstrated a mild restrictive defect with a mild reduction in gas exchange. Although a restrictive pattern was most common, normal and obstructed pulmonary function were seen. Mean rates of change of FVC, TLC, FEV1/FVC, and Dco for the entire group were not different from normal, but substantial variability in the course of pulmonary functional involvement was seen among individuals. Changes in gas transfer, lung volumes, and airflow can occur independent of each other. Rates of change in pulmonary function were not predicted by initial pulmonary function, race, sex, duration of disease, cardiac involvement, roentgenographic fibrosis, or regression of skin disease. Patients with severe Raynaud' phenomenon exhibited the greatest fall in Dco over time, suggesting an association between peripheral and pulmonary vascular involvement. A correlation between exertional dyspnea and rapid loss of Dco was noted. Former smokers had significantly greater rates of loss of FVC and Dco than either non-smokers or current smokers, suggesting that cessation of smoking was a response to rapidly declining function in a subgroup of susceptible smokers. We detected a wide spectrum of severity of pulmonary prognosis in systemic sclerosis, ranging from normal pulmonary function to rapidly progressive disease leading to death. This study indicates that patients with prolonged survival do not necessarily have a rapidly progressive pulmonary component, but those with severe Raynaud's phenomenon and susceptible smokers are at very high risk for rapid deterioration of pulmonary function. PMID- 6738344 TI - Sebaceous gland tumors and systemic disease: a clinicopathologic analysis. AB - The association of sebaceous gland neoplasms with visceral carcinomas, first described by Muir and Torre, has become widely recognized. The purpose of our study was to determine the prevalence of malignancy, other associated diseases, and familial carcinoma in patients who had one or more cutaneous lesions within the spectrum of sebaceous adenoma, epithelioma, or carcinoma. Our histopathology files contained tissue from 59 such cases. Overlap between the categories was common, often precluding precise histologic classification. Of the 59 patients, 25 (42%) had one or more primary visceral malignancies. These totaled at least 49, of which 25 were colonic, 9 urogenital, 5 hematologic, 4 breast, and 6 miscellaneous. Fifteen patients (25%) had colonic polyps, most often multiple; and at least one primary carcinoma of the colon appeared in 10 of these, initially or later. Other less common findings included uterine fibroids, thyroid adenomas, and benign renal cysts. A family history of carcinoma was found in 72% of cases with visceral malignancy, most often of the colon and stomach. We conclude that sebaceous neoplasms form a histologic continuum, and strong associations with colonic polyps, internal malignancy, and a family history of carcinoma are apparent. PMID- 6738345 TI - [Toxicodynamic properties of liquids used for the cooling of high-power turbines. III. Neurotoxic effects]. AB - Results of neurotoxicity studies indicate that preparations IWiOL -3-n, IWiOL -3 e and OMTI administered intragastrically or intraperitoneally induce neurotoxic effects in hens. Those effects are, however, weaker than those of the standard substance, i.e. triorthocresyl . Yet, they get increased in result of IWiOL -3-e, as compared to IWiOL -3-n administration. PMID- 6738346 TI - [Immunoelectrophoretic evaluation of blood proteins in persons chronically exposed to manganese]. AB - Studies involved 69 men occupationally exposed--on average for 9-4 years--to manganese dusts and vapours at 0.00013 mg/l-0.00449 mg/l concentrations and trace amounts of ferrum and titanium. The control group consisted of 41 men unexposed to toxic substances. Those chronically exposed to manganese exhibited changes in serum albumins immunoelectrophoretic picture in form of much weaker saturation of IgA and IgM arches, transferrin and ceruloplasmin, and markedly increased saturation of IgG arches. Those changes may result from toxic effects of manganese upon liver cells. PMID- 6738347 TI - [Microclimatic conditions in medium-power plants and their effect on the human body]. AB - The paper presents microclimatic conditions in a room of one of the power stations in the Upper-Silesian Industrial Region. Particularly strenuous, especially during summer, appeared to be the high air and radiant temperatures near ( boilers and furnaces), accompanied by considerable noise intensity. In addition, measurements and chemical analyses of airborne dust have been taken, and those did not demonstrate any significant risk to workers. Yet, the content of tar substances in dusts, including aromatic polycyclic hydrocarbons, potentially exposes workers to mutagenic and carcinogenic effects. Experimental studies on animals showed also coniogenic effects of airborne-ashes. Permanent exposure to toxic metals found in dusts as well as in workers blood and urine may induce metabolic disorders. PMID- 6738348 TI - [Effect of furfural on the respiratory system]. AB - Fifty-one workers of Butadien Plant, exposed to furfurol , had their respiratory system examined. Questionnaire studies demonstrated chronic bronchitis in 23.5% of subjects. Spirometric tests do not show subjective complaints. This seems to be related to hypercortisolemia, as experiments on animals indicate that furfurol inhalations increase corticosteroids concentrations in blood serum. PMID- 6738349 TI - [Occupational damage of the sense of smell]. AB - Workers occupationally exposed to synthetic lacquers vapours and wood dust underwent olfactometric and laryngological examinations. The findings indicated that the synthetic lacquers vapours induced neurotoxic lesions of the smell sense. The wood dust causes only nasal cavity mucous membrane lesions inhibiting smell stimuli access to the smelling area. It was suggested olfactometric tests should be included into the preemployment examinations. PMID- 6738350 TI - [The state of the organ of vision in workers in the petrochemical industry. I. Results of ophthalmological examinations]. AB - The ophthalmological examinations of petrochemical plant workers that have been carried out so far did not enable working out a simple method of rapid ophthalmological evaluation of subclinical aromatic hydrocarbons poisonings. Neither the results of our own studies nor the experience of other authors explained fully the pathogenesis of the described spot lesions. Further observations are advisable to account for that issue. PMID- 6738351 TI - State operated residential facilities for people with mental retardation. July 1, 1978-June 30, 1982. PMID- 6738352 TI - Programming for persons with profound mental retardation: a three year retrospective study. PMID- 6738353 TI - Increasing direct care staff compliance to individualized physical therapy body positioning prescriptions: prescriptive checklists. PMID- 6738354 TI - Osteoporosis associated with pregnancy and lactation: bone biopsy and skeletal features in three patients. AB - Case reports of three young patients who developed vertebral fractures and skeletal complications during pregnancy and/or lactation are presented. Radiologic features are described. All three had severe disease with three to nine vertebral fractures at presentation postpartum. In two patients, follow-up for 5-7.8 yr (including further pregnancy in each) revealed no further fractures. In general, serum and urine features were normal, the exceptions being a low serum 25-hydroxyvitamin D level (plus intermittent elevation of serum parathyroid hormone) in one, a tendency to low plasma alkaline phosphatase in another, and in the third (the most severely affected patient) a transient rise in urinary hydroxyproline and plasma alkaline phosphatase during a phase of bone loss following her second and third pregnancies. Bone biopsies performed 1 to 6-1/2 yr after parturition showed quantitative bone histologic features and bone formation rates that, as a group, were not significantly different from either normal or postmenopausal osteoporotic subjects. These patients did not have osteomalacia and did not show high turnover osteoporotic features. It is possible that this type of osteoporosis may be somewhat self-limiting, although this hypothesis is subject to great influence by any adaptive lifestyle changes introduced by the patient. The severe fracture history of these patients emphasizes the gravity of their bone disease and stresses the need for further study on the etiology and treatment of this form of osteoporosis. PMID- 6738355 TI - Increased trabecular bone mass in rats treated with human synthetic parathyroid hormone. AB - Although PTH inhibits bone collagen synthesis acutely, prolonged administration of PTH increases trabecular bone mass. The objectives of this study were to develop a simple method to quantitate the anabolic response of cortical and trabecular bone, to determine if the trabecular bone response is at the expense of cortical bone, and to correlate the bone response with changes in serum calcium or phosphate. Subcutaneous injections of 2 to 16 micrograms/100 g body weight hPTH(1-34) were given daily to weanling rats for 12 days. The trabecular and cortical bone were manually separated from the distal femur, and calcium, hydroxyproline, and extracted dry weight were measured. Growth and renal function were not impaired. Serum calcium (range: 8.9-9.5 mg%) and serum phosphate (range: 7.7-8.5 mg%) did not differ significantly from control serum calcium, 9.1 mg%, or serum phosphate, 8.1 mg%. A dose-related anabolic response was observed in calcium, hydroxyproline, and dry weight of trabecular bone. At the highest dose of hPTH for 12 days, these values were increased above control by 26%, 33%, and 26%, respectively (P less than .01). While cortical bone values increased over 12 days, only the dry weight increase was significant (P less than .01). Our method showed an increase in trabecular bone mass after daily subcutaneous injections of hPTH (1-34) at doses that were neither toxic nor hypercalcemic. Although the absolute change of cortical bone mass was greater than that of trabecular bone, it was more variable and not statistically significant. Nevertheless, these results indicate that trabecular bone mass did not increase at the expense of cortical bone. PMID- 6738356 TI - Effects of phosphate on calcium release, lysosomal enzyme activity in the medium, and osteoclast morphometry in cultured fetal rat bones. AB - The relationship between changes in medium phosphate concentration and three indices of cell-mediated resorption in fetal rat bone cultures--calcium release, the activity of the lysosomal enzyme beta-glucuronidase in the medium, and the morphology of osteoclasts--has been investigated. Bones treated with either 1 mM or 4 mM phosphate, with or without parathyroid hormone, were examined. After 2 h of culture we found the predominant effect of changes in medium phosphate to be on non-cell-mediated resorption. However, after 24 h changes in medium phosphate affected both cell-mediated and non-cell-mediated resorptive mechanisms. The 24 h effects of phosphate were not associated with either a change in the activity of beta-glucuronidase in the medium or in the area of the ruffled border of osteoclasts, but 4 mM phosphate did prevent parathyroid hormone from increasing the area of the clear zone of osteoclasts. These results imply that changes in medium phosphate alter cell-mediated resorption by affecting mechanisms that are independent of increases in beta-glucuronidase activity or changes in the ruffled border of osteoclasts but that may involve effects on the clear zone of osteoclasts. PMID- 6738357 TI - Changes in activity of chicken medullary bone cell populations in relation to the egg-laying cycle. AB - Osteoblastic and osteoclastic activity was studied in avian medullary bone in vivo. During the active period of eggshell calcification, medullary bone active resorption surface increased ninefold. This correlated with a sevenfold increase in the percentage of active osteoclasts. Osteoblast activity is also increased during the active period, as demonstrated by a twofold increase in the active osteoblastic surface. These findings and our observation that the medullary bone volume remains the same (+/- 13%) whether the eggshell is being formed (active period) or not (inactive period) led to the conclusion that the activities of osteoblasts and osteoclasts rapidly return to balance. PMID- 6738359 TI - Cigarette smoking, physical activity, and alcohol consumption: relationship to blood lipids and lipoproteins in premenopausal females. AB - A total of 164 premenopausal female subjects were randomly selected for evaluation from a much larger pool of volunteers. The relationships between blood lipid and lipoprotein levels as dependent variables and cigarette smoking, physical activity, and alcohol consumption were determined from partial regression coefficients. A lower HDL-C level (10.1 mg/dL) was seen in smokers v nonsmokers. For each ounce of alcohol consumed, HDL-C level was higher by 2.8 mg/dL, and greater physical activity was associated with a higher HDL-C level of 8.6 mg/dL. An analysis of covariance with covariance adjustments for age and body fat revealed that smokers who regularly exercise or consume alcohol had significantly lower HDL-C levels than nonsmokers with similar habits. Subjects who both exercise and consume alcohol demonstrated higher HDL-C levels than those who indulge in one or the other separately. Results suggest that cigarette smoking may attenuate the effects of chronic exercise or alcohol consumption, or of both, to raise HDL-C levels. Also, chronic exercise and alcohol consumption may exert an additive effect, raising HDL-C level. PMID- 6738358 TI - The amount of proteoglycans in cartilage matrix and the onset of mineralization. AB - An electron microscopic investigation of the relationship between proteoglycans and cartilage mineralization has been carried out. On the basis of the number of matrix granules and the affinity of the matrix for colloidal ThO2, we found that in embryonic mouse radii: The amount of proteoglycans does not decline before the onset of mineralization. In the calcified portions of the cartilage matrix the concentration of proteoglycans remains constant during and after mineralization. There is a degradation of proteoglycans in the uncalcified portions of the matrix near the marrow cavity. This last finding explains why chemical analyses of epiphyseal disks so often show a decline in the amount of proteoglycans in the mineralizing zones. It was concluded that degradation of proteoglycans is not a first, necessary step in cartilage mineralization. The loss of proteoglycans in the uncalcified matrix in the lower zones of the epiphyseal disks is probably devoid of any particular significance for calcification but is rather a preparation for the formation of the marrow cavity. PMID- 6738360 TI - Effects of castration on adipose tissue growth and regrowth in the male rat. AB - Adipose tissue has been found to regrow in the male rat following surgical removal (lipectomy) of inguinal subcutaneous depots, but the degree of regrowth has varied widely across experiments. It is possible that at least part of the disparity of previous findings occurred because of differences among the experiments in the testicular integrity of experimental animals. To address this possibility, the present study examined effects of castration on adipose tissue regrowth in rats treated either as weanlings or as young adults. Male Sprague Dawley rats, at either 4 or 15 weeks of age, were subjected to one of four surgical procedures: bilateral lipectomy of the inguinal subcutaneous depots; castration; lipectomy and weight gain, but castrated rats achieved a higher ratio of adipose weight to body weight than noncastrated rats. In rats lipectomized but not castrated at 15 weeks of age, partial regeneration and a small increase in growth of noninguinal subcutaneous adipose tissue combined to produce substantial restoration of adipose mass. The same surgery in 4-week-old rats did not result in significant restoration because growth of noninguinal subcutaneous adipose tissue was reduced. In rats that were both castrated and lipectomized, regrowth of adipose tissue was substantial regardless of age at time of surgery. Thus, castration is seen to impede body weight gain while sparing ordinary growth of adipose tissue and facilitating regrowth of adipose tissue following lipectomy. Since adipose tissue regrowth varied with age only in noncastrated rats, it appears to be facilitated as well by testicular maturation. PMID- 6738361 TI - Oral triiodothyronine administration lowers plasma fibronectin levels in humans. AB - It has been shown that both serum triiodothyronine (T3) and plasma fibronectin values decline with fasting and increase with treatment of diabetic ketoacidosis in a paralles manner. To evaluate the mechanism responsible for these changes, we examined the effects of both oral T3 administration and fasting in six healthy, adult subjects. Initial plasma fibronectin values were normal in four subjects (group 1) and decreased in two subjects (group 2). Initial serum T3 and thyroxine (T4) values were normal in both groups. Despite a substantial rise in serum T3 values with oral T3 administration, plasma fibronectin fell in group 1 subjects. Fasting caused a significant decline in serum T3 levels, but only a small further decline of plasma fibronectin concentrations. Serum T3 levels rose after 1 week of refeeding, whereas plasma fibronectin levels in group 1 did not return toward normal. Plasma fibronectin values did not change in group 2 subjects with oral T3, fasting, or refeeding. In conclusion, there is no simple cause-and-effect relationship between previously observed changes in plasma fibronectin and serum T3 concentrations. High doses of oral T3 will lower plasma fibronectin levels in subjects with initially normal plasma fibronectin values and a normal caloric intake. PMID- 6738362 TI - Thyromimetic effects of 3,5-dimethyl,3'-isopropyl thyronine (DIMIT) and 3,5 diethyl,3'-isopropyl thyronine (DIET) in various tissues of the rat. AB - We have examined the effects of treatment of the rat with 3,5-dimethyl-3' isopropyl thyronine (DIMIT) and 3,5-diethyl-3'-isopropyl thyronine (DIET) on serum thyrotropin (TSH) concentration, heart weight, hepatic outer ring (5'-) monodeiodination of T4 to T3, cardiac outer ring monodeiodination of 3'-5' diiodothyronine (3',5'-T2) to 3'-monoiodothyronine (3'-T1), and cerebral cortical monodeiodination of 3,5-T2 in the inner ring to 3-T1. Groups of four to seven rats were injected intraperitoneally either once a day or at eight-hour intervals for three days with saline or thyronines. Serum TSH was measured by radioimmunoassay. The various monodeiodinations were studied in homogenates of the tissues at optimal pH (7.35 for outer ring monodeiodinations and 8.0 for inner ring monodeiodination) and temperature (37 degrees C) in the presence of an excess of dithiothreitol. DIMIT was clearly active in all thyromimetic effects studied. It was about 10% as active as T4 in suppression of TSH. It stimulated hepatic monodeiodination of T4 to T3 in a similar manner to T4. DIMIT was also more comparable to T4 than to T3 in effect on heart weight and cardiac metabolism of 3',5'-T2 to 3'-T1. It was highly active, apparently more so than either T4 or T3, in cerebral cortical stimulation of metabolism of 3,5-T2 to 3-T1. In distinction to DIMIT, DIET had very little thyromimetic activity.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS) PMID- 6738363 TI - A pedigree of homozygous familial hyperalphalipoproteinemia. AB - A new form of familial lipoprotein disorder, homozygous hyperalphalipoproteinemia (HALP) was studied in one pedigree through three generations. The proband was a healthy male, 50 years old, who was checked for a distinctive elevation of plasma high-density lipoprotein cholesterol (HDL-C) in a routine screening examination. An intensive family study revealed that the proband and one of his sisters were homozygotic carriers of familial HALP judging by their extremely high concentration of HDL-C (181 mg/dL and 163 mg/dL, respectively). In the homozygotes, the lipid composition of HDL was found to be normal while the ratio of HDL lipids to apoproteins A-I and A-II tended to be increased. All five children of the two homozygous individuals and two additional first degree relatives were considered to be heterozygous, since their HDL-C values were moderately elevated, with other lipid levels being normal. The family study thus substantiated the hypothesis, as Glueck et al insisted in 1975, that this lipoprotein disorder is inherited by autosomal dominant transmission. Longevity analysis revealed that the decreased family members showed life prolongation of 9.8 years on an average compared with the appropriate control population of the same district. Our report might be the first to demonstrate the homozygous form of this longevity syndrome. PMID- 6738364 TI - Enhanced galactose metabolism in isolated perfused livers of folate-treated suckling rats. AB - Folic acid (1 mg/day) was administered intraperitoneally to seven-day-old suckling rats for a period of seven days. Livers of folate-treated animals took up galactose rapidly during the first 35 minutes of perfusion, whereas uptake was delayed in the controls (sham-injected and untreated). More glucose was released by all groups when galactose was perfused than when other substrates were used. With each hexose tested, livers of the folate group consistently released less glucose but more lactate than the controls. The specific activity of galactose-1 phosphate uridyltransferase was elevated in livers of the folate group compared to the controls perfused with either galactose or glucose. A similar finding was made for ATP levels in perfused livers of this group. The differences in transferase and ATP levels in perfused livers of folate-treated over the control groups may explain the enhanced galactose uptake pattern. PMID- 6738365 TI - Relationships between squalene and cholesterol in bile: effect of ursodeoxycholic acid administration in patients with radiolucent gallstones. AB - Squalene is an obligate intermediate of cholesterol synthesis and plasma squalene to cholesterol ratio correlates significantly with cholesterol synthesis rate in the liver. Sixteen nonobese patients with radiolucent gallstones were randomly allocated into two treatment groups receiving 15 mg/kg/day ursodeoxycholic acid (group A) or 15 mg/kg/day lactose (group B) administered three times daily for 30 days. In group A, biliary squalene to cholesterol ratio was significantly lowered (from 1.19 to 0.86, P less than 0.02), as was cholesterol saturation (from 1.39 to 0.95, P less than 0.001); levels of plasma very-low-density lipoprotein cholesterol (VLDL-C) (from 30 to 26 mg/dL) and plasma VLDL-triglyceride (VLDL-TG) (from 81 to 68 mg/dL) decreased significantly only in the group taking ursodeoxycholic acid. No variations of squalene concentrations and squalene to cholesterol ratio were observed in the plasma of both groups. Biliary cholesterol saturation during ursodeoxycholic acid administration correlated directly with squalene to cholesterol ratio in bile; reduction of these two parameters is accompanied by decreased VLDL-C levels. PMID- 6738366 TI - Total and individual free fatty acid concentrations in liver cirrhosis. AB - The finding of high plasma free fatty acid (FFA) levels in cirrhotic patients has been attributed either to decreased hepatic clearance or to enhanced fat mobilization. To better clarify these hypotheses, total and individual FFA and glycerol levels were determined in 21 cirrhotic patients with different degrees of hepatocellular damage (evaluated by liver function tests), portal hypertension (evaluated by endoscopy and clinical signs), and nutritional status (evaluated by anthropometric and biohumoral parameters) and in 10 age- and sex-matched healthy subjects. Glucose tolerance and insulin and glucagon levels were determined in all individuals. Well-nourished and malnourished patients were identified within the cirrhotic group. Plasma FFA and glycerol concentrations were well correlated (r = 0.47, P less than 0.05), levels being significantly higher in cirrhotic individuals than in controls (746.6 +/- 46.29 SE v 359.22 +/- 40.82 mumol/L, P less than 0.001 for plasma FFA; 150.1 +/- 3.12 v 82.5 +/- 9.2 mumol/L, P less than 0.01 for glycerol). Plasma FFA and glycerol showed no correlation with the liver function test results or portal hypertension parameters. Interestingly, plasma levels of FFA and glycerol were influenced by the nutritional status, significantly higher FFA levels being observed in the well-nourished than in the malnourished patients (842.5 +/- 47.5 v 563.4 +/- 78 mumol/L, P less than 0.005). Furthermore, a positive correlation was found between plasma glycerol level and percentage of triceps skinfold (r = 0.45, P less than 0.05). No correlation was found between plasma levels of FFA or glycerol and glucose tolerance, insulin and glucagon.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS) PMID- 6738367 TI - Renal and systemic magnesium metabolism during chronic continuous PTH infusion in normal subjects. AB - Renal and systemic magnesium metabolism has not been adequately characterized in states of prolonged PTH excess in humans. Whereas acute experimental PTH administration uniformly results in enhanced renal magnesium reabsorption in many species, including humans, numerous clinical reports have documented renal magnesium wasting in human primary hyperparathyroidism. The possibility has been raised, therefore, that secondary consequences of sustained hyperparathyroidism (eg, hypercalcemia, nephrocalcinosis) might override the direct renal effects of PTH. Accordingly, the present studies assessed the effects of chronic (12 days) continuous intravenous (IV) b-(1-34)-PTH infusion in four normal human subjects on plasma, urinary, and intestinal magnesium and calcium homeostasis under metabolic balance conditions. Chronic PTH infusion resulted in a steady-state of hypercalcemia, hypercalciuria, and persistent negative calcium balance, which returned to baseline values in a recovery period. In contrast to plasma calcium concentration, plasma magnesium concentration was not altered by PTH infusion. Significant hypermagnesuria was observed during the period of PTH administration (control, 8.21 +/- 0.43 mEq/24 hours; PTH days 7-12, 10.75 +/- 0.74 mEq/24 hours, P less than 0.05) resulting in an initial, but transient, negative magnesium balance. During days 7-12 of PTH administration, net intestinal magnesium absorption increased sufficiently to result in a return to control magnesium balance. These findings suggest that hypermagnesuria associated with clinical primary hyperparathyroidism results from either direct or indirect effects of PTH excess, per se, and does not require the long-term consequences or complications of the clinical disorder (eg, nephrocalcinosis, renal insufficiency, acidosis). PMID- 6738368 TI - Ethanol feeding and thyroid hormone monodeiodination. AB - Adult male rats were placed on a 3 week regimen of ethanol (as 20% of total calories) in a nutritionally adequate diet, and controls were matched equicalorically without ethanol. Serum measurements of T4, T3, FT4, rT3, and TSH were performed in both the fed and the fasted state (18 hours). In the fed state, serum hormone measurements did not differ between control and ethanol-treated rats. Overnight fasting had a significant effect in decreasing serum T3 level in both experimental and control rats and in decreasing serum T4 level in ethanol treated animals; FT4 and rT3 levels were not affected. Fasting also decreased in vitro hepatic T4 to T3 production to an equivalent degree in control and ethanol treated rats, but did not alter hepatic T4 to rT3 production rates in control animals. In the fed state, hepatic rT3 neogenesis in animals given ethanol declined relative to the levels observed in control fed rats; fasting restored the depressed rT3 neogenesis to the levels noted in the fed state. Because decreased rT3 production in ethanol-treated rats in the fed state could not be explained on the basis of a change in 5'-deiodinase activity, it is suggested that ethanol administered with a nutritionally adequate diet may inhibit hepatic rT3 generation by inhibiting T4(5)-deiodinase. PMID- 6738369 TI - Decrease in luteinizing hormone biological activity/immunoreactivity ratio in elderly men. AB - Basal serum concentrations of biologically active luteinizing hormone (BIO-LH), immunoreactive LH (RIA-LH) and testosterone (T), as well as the LH bioactivity/immunoreactivity (B/I) ratios were measured in 57 healthy, elderly male volunteers aged 60-94 yr. As a reference group, 53 healthy young men aged 18 49 yr were also studied. LH biological activity was assessed by an in vitro bioassay method based on testosterone production by mechanically dispersed mouse Leydig cell preparations in response to graded doses of LH. The mean BIO-LH and RIA-LH serum concentrations in the elderly men showed a significant increase (two and three-fold, respectively, P less than 0.001, as compared with the values in the young men, whereas the mean LH B/I ratio and T values were significantly decreased (-22% and -43%, respectively, P less than 0.001). The decrease in the LH B/I ratio in elderly men led us to hypothesize that the ageing pituitary may secrete molecules of LH possessing a reduced bioactivity in relation to their immunoreactivity. PMID- 6738370 TI - Plasma androstenedione and oestrone levels in the climacteric syndrome. AB - Plasma androstenedione (A) and oestrone (E1) levels were measured by radioimmunoassay in a group of 78 healthy women who had undergone a natural menopause. Of this total, 23 were symptomless (Group 1), 39 presented with a moderate climacteric syndrome (Group 2) and 16 had a severe climacteric syndrome (Group 3). The average body weight was found to be significantly higher in Groups 2 (P less than 0.01) and 3 (P less than 0.05), than in Group 1, but the age distribution and number of years since the menopause were similar in all three groups. Nevertheless, significantly lower levels of A (0.75 +/- 0.06 ng/ml, P less than 0.01, in Group 2; 0.24 +/- 0.05 ng/ml, P less than 0.001, in Group 3) and E1 (20.80 +/- 2.18 pg/ml, P less than 0.05, in Group 2; 12.22 +/- 1.65 pg/ml, P less than 0.001, in Group 3) were observed in the women with climacteric symptoms than in those with no symptoms (A = 1.08 +/- 0.08 ng/ml, E1 = 27.73 +/- 2.22 pg/ml in Group 1). Since, after the menopause, the concentrations of A and E1 in the plasma represent the most important source of oestrogens, these results suggest that climacteric symptoms are related to oestrogen deficiency which is secondary to low A production. PMID- 6738371 TI - Metabolic clearance rate of oestrone sulphate in post-menopausal women. AB - The feasibility of using constant infusions of unlabelled oestrone sulphate (E1S) for the purposes of calculating its metabolic clearance rate (MCRE1S) and its conversion ratios to oestrone (E1) and oestradiol (E2) in post-menopausal women was exploited in this study. The results obtained by the infusion of unlabelled E1S were similar to those obtained by the infusion of labelled steroid. The MCRE1S values seen in our group of post-menopausal women fell within the range previously reported for fertile women. The contribution of E1S to circulating E1 averaged 18% (range 14-24%), indicating that the E1S-E1 equilibrium should be taken into account during studies on oestrogen balance in post-menopausal women. PMID- 6738372 TI - Skinfold thickness and long-term post-menopausal hormone therapy. AB - Skinfold thickness was measured in 130 post-menopausal women treated with long term hormone therapy. One group of 50 women took oestradiol valerate 2 mg/day for 3 wk out of 7, a second group comprising 19 women received oestriol succinate 2 mg/day and the remaining group of 61 women used oestradiol valerate 2 mg/day combined sequentially with norgestrel 0.5 mg/day. The duration of treatment in these groups was 6.3 +/- 0.4, 6.4 +/- 0.4 and 3.3 +/- 0.3 yr, respectively. The control group was made up of a further 89 post-menopausal women. The skinfold thickness in all the treated groups was significantly greater than that in the controls. PMID- 6738373 TI - Ten years post-menopausal hormone replacement therapy--effect on lipoproteins. AB - Serum lipoproteins were measured in 72 post-menopausal women, 40 of whom had been taking the synthetic oestrogen, mestranol, for a period of 10 yr and 32 of whom had been taking identical placebo tablets. Mestranol therapy was found to increase serum triglycerides, decrease low density lipoprotein (LDL) cholesterol and increase high density lipoprotein (HDL) cholesterol. The increase in HDL cholesterol was due principally to a marked increase in the cardioprotective HDL2 fraction. It is concluded that long-term mestranol therapy has a beneficial effect on serum lipoproteins which may help to protect post-menopausal women against fatal ischaemic heart disease. PMID- 6738374 TI - Endometrial changes after long-term use of continuous oestrogen and cyclic progestogen. AB - Eight women with primary failure of ovarian function and twelve women undergoing the climacteric were treated sequentially with oestradiol-oestriol and norethisterone acetate (Trisequens and Trisequens Forte, Novo). After a mean treatment period of 5 yr (range 3-8 yr) endometrial biopsies were taken on day 11 or 12 at the end of an oestrogen-only phase. All biopsies showed the presence of a proliferative endometrium without any signs of hyperplasia or carcinoma in situ. Although cyclic oestrogen therapy can cause hyperplasia, a small dose of a progestogen (norethisterone acetate 1 mg) for 10 days in a 28-day cycle can prevent hyperplasia of the endometrium during long-term treatment. PMID- 6738375 TI - Multicentre study of effects of Org OD 14 on endometrium, vaginal cytology and cervical mucus in post-menopausal and oophorectomized women. AB - A multicentre study covering 69 post-menopausal or oophorectomized women was performed to determine whether Org OD 14 [7 alpha, 17 alpha)-17-hydroxy-7-methyl 19-norpregn-5(10)-en-20-yn-3-one) administered orally in a daily dose of 2.5 mg for 90 consecutive days induces endometrial proliferation. The treatment with Org OD 14 was continued in combination with 1 mg/day of lynestrenol from day 91 for 10 days to ascertain whether secretory transformation of the endometrium and subsequent withdrawal bleeding would occur. Endometrial biopsies were obtained before treatment and on day 91. The effects of Org OD 14 on vaginal mucosa and cervical mucus were also evaluated. Org OD 14 did not display any effect on the endometrium in 56 of the study subjects (83.5%). Weak stimulation (initial proliferation) was seen in 11 of the subjects (16.4%) and withdrawal bleeding occurred in only 5 of these after cessation of the combined treatment with lynestrenol. However, moderate 'oestrogenic' effects on vaginal mucosa and cervical mucus were induced in all study subjects. PMID- 6738377 TI - How the accreditation process works. PMID- 6738378 TI - How to cosponsor a course with MSMS CME Committee. PMID- 6738376 TI - The oral ecology of patients with severe Sjogren's syndrome. AB - An investigation of the commensal microflora, salivary flow rate, pH, and the degree of atrophy of the oral mucosa in ten patients with severe Sjogren's syndrome and ten control subjects, revealed a number of differences. The numbers of Streptococcus salivarius, Neisseria pharyngis, Veillonella species and Micrococcus mucilagenosus isolated from patients with Sjogren's syndrome were significantly reduced, while the numbers of Candida spp. and Staphylococcus aureus were significantly increased when compared with control subjects. In addition the salivary pH of the Sjogren's group was significantly reduced and the degree of mucosal atrophy increased compared with controls. PMID- 6738379 TI - Acquired immune deficiency syndrome (AIDS). PMID- 6738380 TI - The dynamics of municipal bonds. PMID- 6738381 TI - Characterization of inhibitor to leptospiral hemolysin present in bovine serum. AB - Hemolysis by leptospiral hemolysin was strongly inhibited by bovine serum. The inhibitory activity was observed in the chloroform-methanol-soluble fraction of bovine serum. The inhibitor was eluted in a complex lipid fraction and was separated into two fractions (Fr. I and II) by silicic acid column chromatography. Fractions I and II inhibited approximately 75% and 95%, respectively, of hemolysis by leptospiral hemolysin. Fraction I was identified as phosphatidylethanolamine (PdE) by silica gel thin-layer chromatography (TLC). Two kinds of phospholipids (PLs) were detected in Fr. II by TLC. One was resistant to alkaline treatment and was identified as sphingomyelin (Spm), and the other was sensitive to such treatment and was identified as phosphatidylcholine (PdC). PLs, such as Spm, PdC, phosphatidylglycerol, PdE, phosphatidylserine and cardiolipin, inhibited hemolysis by leptospiral hemolysin, but phosphatidylinositol did not show any inhibitory activity. PLs lacking the amino group in the polar backbone of the molecules were more effective. From experiments using erythrocytes of various kinds of animals, it was revealed that the hemolytic sensitivity of mammalian erythrocytes to leptospiral hemolysin depended on the Spm content in the erythrocyte membrane. On the other hand, phospholipase C (PLase C) activity with Spm and PdC as substrates was detected in the culture supernatant of Leptospira. Therefore, leptospiral hemolysin was presumed to be PLase C, perhaps sphingomyelinase. The inhibitors of leptospiral hemolysin present in bovine serum were identified as PLs. PLs in bovine serum were suggested to function as inhibitors of the interaction between leptospiral hemolysin and the surface of the erythrocyte membrane. PMID- 6738382 TI - Ecology of non-O 1 Vibrio cholerae in Toyama Prefecture. AB - The ecology of non-O 1 Vibrio cholerae and Vibrio mimicus as causes of cholera like diarrhea or seafood-associated gastroenteritis has been investigated in Toyama Prefecture since 1980. The relationship between biological or serological characteristics of the isolates and their enteropathogenicity is discussed. Overall isolation rates from river water, sea water, and fish were 24.0, 59.5, and 33.7%, respectively, the isolation frequency being, in general, extremely high in the summer season, although the organisms were detected all year around in the case of sea water. Most isolates from river water were unable to grow on plates of TCBS agar to which colistin was added at a concentration of 1 microgram/ml (CL-TCBS). These strains quickly fermented cellobiose. O-51 and O-70 were the two most frequently detected serogroups among them and they did not show enteropathogenicity in the rabbit ileal loop ( RIL ) test. On the other hand, almost all isolates from sea water and fish as well as those from human diarrhea cases were able to grow on CL-TCBS, but were unable to ferment cellobiose quickly. O-36, O-10, O-6, O-8, O-39, and O-26 were the dominant serogroups of these isolates, and some of them showed enteropathogenicity in the RIL test. Six out of 98 isolates from river water, 14 out of 116 from sea water, and 19 out of 112 from fish were classified as Vibrio mimicus . All of these strains were able to grow on CL-TCBS and quickly fermented mannose but not cellobiose. O-41 was the most common serogroup among them and some of these strains showed enteropathogenicity in the RIL test. Production of a cholera-like enterotoxin among the isolates in Toyama Prefecture, if any, seemed to be poor. PMID- 6738383 TI - Isolation and characterization of a filamentous phage, Vf33, specific for Vibrio parahaemolyticus. AB - Phage Vf33, a filamentous phage about 1,400 nm long and 7 nm wide, specific for Vibrio parahaemolyticus, was isolated and characterized. The buoyant density of Vf33 in CsCl was 1.292 g/cm3. As with other filamentous phages, the lytic activity of Vf33 was resistant to heating below 80 C and to treatment with diethylether, acetone or methanol but sensitive to chloroform. The nucleic acid of this phage is single-stranded circular DNA 8.4 kb in size. The viral genome was converted to a double-stranded replicative form in the host-cell. Among the strains tested, only V. parahaemolyticus strains possessing K38 antigen was sensitive to the phage. PMID- 6738384 TI - Characterization of monoclonal antibodies against etiological agents of Weil's disease. AB - Monoclonal antibodies against etiological agents of Weil's disease were produced by cell fusion technology. Twenty hybridomas were produced through the fusion of P3X63Ag8 .653 cells with spleen cells from BALB/c mice immunized against Leptospira interrogans serovar icterohaemorrhagiae RGA strain and serovar copenhageni Shiromizu and M20 strains. Reactivities of the antibodies produced by the hybridomas were determined by the microscopic agglutination test. Among the five hybridoma antibodies to the RGA strain, two reacted specifically to serovar icterohaemorrhagiae, two reacted to serovar icterohaemorrhagiae at a high titer and serovar copenhageni at a low titer, and one reacted to serovars icterohaemorrhagiae, copenhageni, pyrogens, and canicola. Of the ten hybridoma antibodies to the Shiromizu strain, one reacted specifically to serovar copenhageni, seven reacted to both serovars copenhageni and icterohaemorrhagiae at almost the same titer, and two exhibited intermediate properties. Of the five hybridoma antibodies to the M20 strain, three reacted to both serovars copenhageni and icterohaemorrhagiae at almost the same titer, one reacted to serovar copenhageni at a low titer and serovar icterohaemorrhagiae at a high titer, and one reacted to serovars copenhageni, icterohaemorrhagiae, and pyrogens. The results revealed that each serovar has its own antigen(s) and their common antigens. In addition, 20 strains of leptospires were recently isolated and tested with three monoclonal antibodies characterized by different reactivities. Twenty strains were clearly identified by their antibodies, i.e., 16 strains were identified as serovar icterohaemorrhagiae and three strains were identified as serovar copenhageni. The remaining strain, which was not agglutinated by three antibodies, was identified as serovar autumnalis by an agglutination test with immune rabbit sera. PMID- 6738385 TI - Electron microscopic studies on the attachment of Mycoplasma pulmonis to mouse synovial cells cultured in vitro. PMID- 6738386 TI - [Extracellular polysaccharides of saprotrophic mycobacteria and patterns of their formation]. AB - Exocellular polysaccharides were synthesized by ten strains of 7 saprotrophic mycobacterial species in parallel with their growth. The cultures grew and produced polysaccharides more rapidly in a medium with glucose than in a medium with n-hexadecane. The polymers are homogeneous acid heteroglycans of the regular structure. All of them contain glucose and some of them contain hexuronic acid. Galactose, fucose, mannose, ramnose and pyruvic acid are found in some of the polysaccharides. The exoglycans of two mycobacterial species contain mannolactylic acid. Beta-glycosidic linkages prevail in most of the polysaccharides. PMID- 6738387 TI - [Sporulation and crystal formation in Bacillus thuringiensis during growth limitation via nutrient sources]. AB - The object of the work was to study the effect of limiting concentrations of glucose, yeast extract, phosphorus, magnesium and potassium on the growth, spore formation and crystal formation in Bacillus thuringiensis subsp. galleriae. The deficiency of the above components was shown to interfere in no way with the processes of spore and crystal formation. However, the type of limiting substrate influenced the character of spore formation, the duration of different phases in the culture growth, the yield of spores and crystals, and their quality. PMID- 6738388 TI - [Structural organization of the cell walls in yeasts of the genus Candida]. AB - The structural organization of the outer layer of cell walls was studied in three species of the Candida genus using a proteolytic digestion followed by an analysis of the resultant cell wall fragments by the techniques of gel filtration and PMR. Differences were found in the thickness of the outer cell wall layer removed by proteases as well as in the structural arrangement of polysaccharide molecules in this layer. PMID- 6738389 TI - Predictors of success in a cohort of medical students. AB - Secondary school results were compared with personality test scores as predictors of achievement in medical school in a study of a cohort of students, using simple correlation and multiple linear regression. The cohort of 151 students completed 28 courses in the 6 years. We have previously reported that the scores obtained could be reduced to five independent factors: 'physical science'; 'biological science'; 'paraclinical science'; 'basic clinical science'; and 'clinical science'. Both secondary school scores and personality test scores correlated with medical school achievement factors, but school scores correlated best with 'physical' and 'biological' science. Considering secondary school scores, English was the best predictor of 'clinical science', physics was the best predictor of 'basic clinical science' and scores obtained in physics and languages were better predictors of medical school 'biological science' than was school biology. Personality factors were better predictors of 'biological', 'paraclinical' and 'clinical science' than secondary school scores and the combined secondary school score (CSS) was the best predictor of 'physical science' and of 'overall achievement'. We conclude that incorporation of personality measurement with school academic achievement could be of value in selection procedures for applicants for medical school. PMID- 6738390 TI - Project work in the medical curriculum. AB - This paper outlines one component, the project, which in 4 years became an integral part of the Human Ecology course at the Department of Community Medicine at the University of Glasgow. Although it is to be retained in some form, it would seem that the full potential of the device for medical undergraduates has not been realized; instead of retaining it in a token or contracted form, it could have served as the basis for cementing the learning and experience gained in the two halves of the division between the pre-clinical and the clinical years. PMID- 6738391 TI - An approach to the question of relevance of medical physiology courses. AB - One of the problems of designing basic science courses is to define objectives relevant to the future needs of the graduates. A simple approach is described whereby a series of clinical problems were identified by physiologists and practising physicians. Priority areas were then identified to provide a basis for defining objectives for the medical physiology courses and for the selection of materials and methods. It is argued that the question of relevance, emotional involvement and effective facilitation of learning will be served by the approach described. Finally, the usefulness of this exercise to the selection and orientation of appropriate evaluation tools is discussed. PMID- 6738392 TI - Validity of patient management problems re-examined. AB - Newble et al. (1982) examined the construct validity of one Patient Management Problem (PMP) with groups of subjects with varied levels of medical competence, ranging from fourth-year medical students to post-intern medical registrars and consultant physicians. The present study reanalysed their data using analysis of variance followed by Scheffe a postiori comparisons of the mean scores for each group. Results suggest virtually no difference among the various groups' performances on this particular PMP, in contrast to the assertion of Newble et al. (1982) that 'the most competent groups (the post-interns) generally scored less well on the calculated indices than the senior students and interns'. While Newble et al. (1982) maintained that their findings do not show the PMP to be a valid test of competence, the present analysis suggests that their study was not an adequate test of the construct validity of PMPs due to lack of power and insufficient sample size. An alternative interpretation of this data is presented, along with implications for medical education and future research. PMID- 6738393 TI - Development of self-assessment skills in medical students. AB - The purpose of this study was to examine the ability of third-year medical students to evaluate accurately their own level of knowledge and performance of skills associated with anaesthesia. A total of 130 students participated in the project by completing a self-assessment form which was later matched with the corresponding instructors' evaluation. Analysis of the data identified only 4.6% of the students' self-assessments to be in general agreement with those evaluations prepared by their instructors. When the data was divided according to the placement of the anaesthesia clerkship within the third-year curriculum no significant trends of any type were shown. Students did not improve in the course of the year in their ability to evaluate themselves accurately according to the objectives established by their clinical instructors. The nature of the evaluations prepared by the clinical instructors remained fairly constant, indicating that their objectives and criteria for acceptable performance remained unchanged throughout the year. PMID- 6738394 TI - Continuous assessment of students during clinical clerkship--experiments at Maastricht. AB - A method of continuous assessment of students in a clinical setting (paediatrics) was adopted at the Medical Faculty of the Rijksuniversiteit Limburg, Maastricht, the Netherlands. One out-patient department student/patient encounter per week was written up by the student, and assessed and commented upon by the clinical tutor. Criteria for assessment were predetermined, and a 4-point scale was used for rating. Score consistency was improved by asking one clinician to observe and mark the same students throughout the attachment. The co-ordinator's task was to establish the learning profile for each student on a chart, to give assistance to clinical tutors and to provide remedial education for students. Acceptability to all the parties involved was established. If this method were used with more than one student/patient encounter per week and if student/patient encounters were rated on the ward, in the emergency room, etc., continuous assessment and monitoring of students' learning would be achieved. This approach, therefore, warrants development and application in all clinical disciplines. PMID- 6738395 TI - Prediction of clinical performance of medical students: an integrative approach to evaluation. AB - Prediction of clinical performance of medical students in the clerkship phase was made possible in the earliest phase of medical education by a comprehensive and integrative evaluation instrument entitled 'Integrative Examination' (INTEX). A proportional sample of the content learned throughout the year is integrated for measuring knowledge, attitudes and skills on various cognitive levels within the clinical context of patient problems. INTEX was found to be a reliable instrument. Also it scores highly correlated with all the constituents of later clinical assessment, creating a valid multitrait-multimethod matrix. The educational implication of an integrative approach to evaluation is discussed. PMID- 6738396 TI - Return to basic sciences after clinical experience in undergraduate medical training. AB - As part of the restructured undergraduate medical curriculum at McGill Medical School, a return to basic sciences was introduced in the students' final year. This follows the completion of the formal portion of their undergraduate clinical education. This paper describes this unique return to the basic science programme including the rationale behind the change and the effects of this programme on student learning, and student attitudes towards the programme. Final-year medical students in 1978 and 1981 were tested on educational and attitudinal variables. Data were collected using achievement tests, questionnaires and interviews. The findings of the study indicated that the major objectives of the programme, which were to facilitate student learning in greater depth and to integrate basic sciences with clinical knowledge, were achieved. The programme was enthusiastically received by the students in 1978 and also in 1981, indicating the outcome of the return to the basic science programme to be more than a 'Hawthorne effect' as suspected in 1978. The concept of a return to basic science is recommended for consideration by medical faculties. PMID- 6738397 TI - An initial explanatory model of a medical students' preferences for patient types. AB - Previous studies suggest that medical students and doctors may express a range of positive and negative attitudes and behaviours towards patients. As an initial attempt to understand how attitudes toward patients are formed, first-year medical students were asked to describe their feelings about six categories of patients. These reactions were then correlated with the students' social background, social values and perception of these conditions. PMID- 6738398 TI - Teaching interviewing skills to paediatric junior clerks using simulated mothers. AB - In this article a training programme is described for improving interviewing skills of students in the fifth year (junior clerkship) of the medical curriculum. Two interviews with a 'simulated mother' form the core of the programme. The interviews are immediately followed by a feedback session in which the simulated mother discusses the strong and the weak points of the interview. In the feedback she makes use of a checklist with relevant points concerning the content and the process of the interview. Where required the comments are substantiated with fragments of the videotaped interview. In a 2-hour theoretical session, students are told how to prepare themselves for the interview. The learning effects of the training programme using simulated mothers were evaluated in order to determine: (1) the subsequent improvement in interviewing skills; and (2) the effect of the feedback session. It was found that students' interviewing skills improved significantly on the content and the process aspects after one or two interviews. In addition the feedback sessions proved very helpful, although no significant differences were revealed, when comparing the mean group scores for students who had had feedback sessions with the scores for those who had not. The results also revealed that two interviews were insufficient and that the training should include at least three interviews. This was borne out by the large number of students who asked for more interviews with simulated mothers. In the training programme the simulated mothers perform two functions: (1) playing the role of the mother of a sick child; and (2) giving feedback to students regarding their interviewing skills.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS) PMID- 6738399 TI - The role of actors in teaching communication. AB - This paper describes a series of communication workshops designed to improve the consultation skills of third-year clinical medical students during their period of attachment in general practice, and to enable them to understand the differences in perspective and attitude existing between doctor and patient and their effect on the process and outcome of the clinical interview. The workshops involve a group of professional actors as simulated patients. The advantages of this method are discussed in terms of increased lay participation in the teaching. PMID- 6738400 TI - Improving communication: a practical programme for teaching trainees about communication issues in the general practice consultation. AB - This paper describes a teaching programme, for use in general practice vocational training, which provides a theoretical and practical framework for exploring key aspects of the consultation with trainees. A particular emphasis is on the educational or 'cognitive' outcomes of the consultation and skills for improving them. The five stages of the programme are described and an example of experience of each stage is given. The paper concludes with an evaluation of the programme by the trainers, trainees and social scientist involved. PMID- 6738401 TI - Self-assessment of need, relevance and motivation to learn as indicators of participation in continuing medical education. AB - This study examined the validity of using physicians' self-assessed needs, relevance and motivation to learn about clinical topics as a means for setting objectives and priorities for continuing medical education (CME) programmes. In an initial survey family doctors were asked to rate their need, relevance and motivation to learn about 120 different clinical topics. Eight months later, the same population was sent a second mail survey asking respondents to indicate if they had learned about a set of sixteen topics taken from the initial survey and, if so, in what kind of learning activities. Eight of the sixteen topics were highly rated and eight were low rated in the initial survey. In terms of actual participation of family doctors, self-assessed motivation to learn exhibited a strong positive relationship with actual participation. Both self-assessed need and relevance were negative to only moderately positive in their association with actual participation. This evidence contributed to the value of using self assessed motivation as an indicator of future participation of family doctors in CME and questioned the value of using self-assessed need and relevance as indicators of future patterns of participation. PMID- 6738402 TI - Educational strategies in curriculum development: the SPICES model. AB - Six education strategies have been identified relating to the curriculum in a medical school. Each issue can be represented as a spectrum or continuum: student centred/teacher-centred, problem-based/information-gathering, integrated/discipline-based, community-based/hospital-based, elective/uniform and systematic/apprenticeship-based. The factors supporting a more towards each end of the continuum are presented for each strategy. Newer schools tend to be more to the left on the continuum, established schools more to the right. Each school, however, has to decide where it stands on each issue and to establish its own profile. This SPICES model of curriculum strategy analysis can be used in curriculum planning or review, in tackling problems relating to the curriculum and in providing guidance relating to teaching methods and assessment. PMID- 6738403 TI - Head injuries in country and city. A study of hospital separations in South Australia. AB - The incidence of head injury in South Australia was estimated from hospital separation (discharges, transfers and deaths) data for 1980 and 1981. The rate of hospital separation of patients with head injury in these years was high by international standards, and was 33% greater for country residents than for residents of the Adelaide metropolitan area. Marked differences in separation rates were observed between different age, sex and occupational groups. On the basis of indirect measures of injury severity, the injury severity threshold for admission to hospital with head injury appeared to be similar in country and city hospitals. An attempt was made to estimate the number of people seriously disabled by head injury each year. The findings raise questions about the concentration of acute surgical and long-term rehabilitation services in the city, at the expense of country areas; they also provide a starting point for further, analytical studies of head injury. PMID- 6738404 TI - Surgery for cerebral aneurysms. An eight-year experience. AB - The results of operation have been analysed in 182 patients with 219 intracranial arterial aneurysms. One hundred and sixty of the aneurysms had ruptured; for 150 "typical" supratentorial aneurysms, the operative case fatality rate was 10%, and a satisfactory outcome was obtained in 85%. There were no deaths and little morbidity in 108 operations on grade 0 or 1 patients. Among a number of factors influencing outcome, the most obvious were age, hypertension, cerebral arterial spasm, and the clinical condition of the patient at the time of operation. The timing of surgery had no effect on results. PMID- 6738405 TI - Alcohol and accidental drowning. A 25-year study. AB - During the 25-year period 1959 to 1983, autopsies were performed and blood alcohol concentrations were measured in 122 men and 13 women aged 15 years and older who died in the Geelong coroner's district after accidental submersion. Postmortem blood alcohol concentrations higher than 17 mmol/L (0.08 g/100 mL) were observed in none of the female victims, but were present in 37% of all male victims and in 51% of those in the 30-64 age group. Forty-two per cent of the latter group had blood alcohol concentrations higher than 33 mmol/L (0.15 g/100 mL). The direct and indirect roles played by alcohol in the accidental drownings of adults are discussed. PMID- 6738406 TI - Pathogens detected in the faeces of children with diarrhoea in a Sydney hospital. AB - During a 54-week period, faecal samples taken from 350 children under 5 years of age, who were admitted with acute diarrhoea to the infectious diseases ward of a Sydney hospital, were examined for pathogens. Rotavirus was detected as the sole agent in the specimens of 58 patients (16.6%), enteroviruses in those of 26 patients (7.4%), salmonellae in those of 19 patients (5.4%) and Campylobacter jejuni in those of 15 patients (4.3%). Shigellae were not detected. The results are discussed and, in view of the changing patterns of infection, it is suggested that there is a continuing need for research into the causes of enteritis in Australia. PMID- 6738407 TI - A touching piece. PMID- 6738408 TI - Therapeutics of hyperuricaemia and gout. AB - Environmental factors, including diet, fluid intake and alcohol consumption, often contribute significantly to the development of hyperuricaemia. The contribution of these factors, together with body size and the renal excretory capacity for urate, can be assessed on the basis of the clinical history and examination, together with simple investigations. These include the measurement of both serum levels of urate and the urinary excretion of urate, and the effect of purine restriction on these measurements. Recognition of causative factors provides the potential for their correction. Should gout develop, serum urate levels must be reduced to normal. This usually, but not invariably, necessitates prolonged drug treatment. The major problem in maintaining serum urate levels within the normal range is that this depends upon the cooperation of the patient. Acute gout needs to be managed on its own merits, irrespective of the use of drugs which alter the serum urate concentration. Prophylactic therapy with colchicine reduces the frequency of acute attacks of gout, whether the serum urate level is normal or elevated. PMID- 6738409 TI - Hazards of peripheral intravenous lines. PMID- 6738410 TI - Blood pressure in children. PMID- 6738411 TI - Topical carbenoxolone therapy for acute stomatitis. PMID- 6738412 TI - Sea snake envenomation at Bondi. AB - A rare occurrence of serious envenomation by a sea snake in the waters of a popular Sydney beach is reported. A 19-year-old man was bitten while swimming, then quickly developed major proximal neuromuscular complications. Prompt, effective first aid (firm limb bandaging and splinting), transport to hospital, and administration of antivenom led to the rapid, full recovery of the patient who was discharged from hospital on the following day. PMID- 6738413 TI - Understanding the epidemic of neurotrauma. PMID- 6738414 TI - Drowning and alcohol. PMID- 6738415 TI - Alcohol abuse in prisoners. PMID- 6738416 TI - Abortion. PMID- 6738417 TI - Where there's smoke. PMID- 6738418 TI - Cardiac pacing in early infancy. PMID- 6738419 TI - Medical manpower--a modest proposal. PMID- 6738420 TI - The range of blood pressures in Australian children. AB - Blood pressure, height and weight were measured in 9851 Australian schoolchildren selected at random in three age groups - 5-7, 8-10 and 11-13 years. It was found that the median values of systolic and of diastolic blood pressures rose with age. However, the effect of age virtually disappeared when pressures were corrected for the effect of weight and Quetelet index (weight/height) which suggested that blood pressure is related to size rather than to age; obesity also seemed to have an individual effect. These data do not determine the level of blood pressure in a child at which treatment is indicated, but provide standard ranges to be used in clinical assessment and as the basis for further epidemiological studies. PMID- 6738421 TI - Use of computed tomography in the percutaneous drainage of abdominal abscesses. AB - The technique of computed tomographic guided drainage of abdominal abscesses is simple, and is becoming increasingly available. Obvious advantages include the avoidance of general anaesthesia and major surgery. Three illustrative cases of the drainage of abscesses in different locations are presented together with a description of the technique. PMID- 6738422 TI - Knee-joint rupture with giant antefemoral cyst formation. AB - A case of a patient with Reiter's disease, whose ruptured knee-joint effusion extended proximally along the femur to just below the inguinal ligament, and simulated an iliofemoral thrombosis, is reported. The mechanisms of joint rupture, and the need to differentiate it from thrombophlebitis, are discussed. PMID- 6738423 TI - Fulminant hepatic failure and fatal encephalopathy associated with Epstein-Barr virus infection. AB - A case of fulminant hepatic failure, associated with infectious mononucleosis, in a previously healthy 14-year-old girl is reported. Despite intensive therapy, which included the use of acyclovir, charcoal haemoperfusion, and measures to control her raised intracranial pressure (guided by serial EEG and auditory brainstem-evoked response recordings), the outcome was fatal. PMID- 6738425 TI - "Brain death": statutory definition. PMID- 6738424 TI - Abuse of a fire-extinguishing agent and sudden death in adolescents. AB - Two cases of abuse of bromochlorodifluoromethane (BCF - a fire-extinguishing agent) by inhalation are reported. In the first case, a 15-year-old youth presented in ventricular fibrillation; the second youth was dead on arrival at hospital. Port-mortem toxicological investigations confirmed BCF inhalation in the latter patient. Management of the surviving patient included cardioversion, controlled mandatory hyperventilation, intravenous infusions of mannitol, and barbiturate protection against cerebral ischaemia. He had completely recovered after eight days. Community agencies report that BCF inhalation occurs frequently on the Gold Coast, Queensland. This behaviour can be associated with sudden death from ventricular arrhythmias after cardiac sensitization to endogenous adrenaline. The "lone sniffer" is at greatest risk, and identification of such individuals may prevent a fatal outcome. PMID- 6738426 TI - The economics of general practice. PMID- 6738427 TI - Aboriginal health. PMID- 6738428 TI - Abortion. PMID- 6738429 TI - Smoke gets in your eyes. PMID- 6738430 TI - Acute epiglottitis. PMID- 6738431 TI - Entamoeba polecki in Tasmania. PMID- 6738432 TI - Chlamydial infection in pregnancy. PMID- 6738433 TI - Acupuncture: short courses. PMID- 6738434 TI - VDUs and bank clerks. PMID- 6738435 TI - "Vaxigrip" influenza vaccine. PMID- 6738436 TI - New DTP vaccine. PMID- 6738437 TI - New South Wales--the ulcer state. PMID- 6738438 TI - Antibiotic agents and coagulation. PMID- 6738439 TI - Influenza. Epidemiology and prevention. PMID- 6738440 TI - Mesothelioma. PMID- 6738441 TI - Epidemiology of peptic ulcer in Australia. A study based on government statistics in four states. AB - A study of Pharmaceutical Benefits Scheme cimetidine prescriptions, hospital admissions, and deaths due to peptic ulcer in 13 million Australians in 1981 indicated that the annual ulcer incidence per 1000 population was 3.8 for duodenal ulcer and 0.7 for gastric ulcer. Approximately 70 000 Australians appear to receive initial treatment for a peptic ulcer each year. Two-thirds of patients were managed outside hospital. Patients with gastric ulcers were more likely to be admitted to hospital or to die from their ulcer than were patients with duodenal ulcers. Significant regional differences in ulcer frequency were found; in particular, the risk of gastric ulcer in NSW was four times that in Victoria. Gastric and duodenal ulcers were more common in New South Wales than in Victoria, Queensland or Western Australia. These differences, and other regional variations, indicate appropriate localities for further studies of the aetiology of peptic ulcer. PMID- 6738442 TI - Evolution of obesity in young people in Busselton, Western Australia. AB - The height and weight measurement of 928 young people of Busselton were collected over a period of up to 11 years. The prevalence of obesity was low in early childhood and increased progressively through adolescence and adulthood, so that 9% of male subjects and 16% of female subjects aged 21 years or over, were obese. The prevalence and degree of obesity were both greater in female subjects than in male subjects. Although most obese young adults were not obese in childhood, 50% of those who were obese between the ages of 9 and 14 years were still obese when examined in young adult life, and were at greater risk of becoming obese adults than were their non-obese peers. Most subjects who subsequently became obese young adults were significantly heavier than their non-obese peers at all ages from the age of 6 years. PMID- 6738443 TI - [Particle deposition in the respiratory tract]. PMID- 6738444 TI - [Granulometric characterization of dust for the evaluation of risk]. PMID- 6738445 TI - [Sampling technics: granulometric separators]. PMID- 6738446 TI - [Characteristics of filtration methods in industrial hygiene]. PMID- 6738448 TI - Legislative report: 1984 Virginia General Assembly. Prepared and published by Virginia State Health Department, Office of the Chief Medical Examiner in conjunction with the Department of Legal Medicine, Medical College of Virginia. PMID- 6738447 TI - [Respiratory tract and the process of removing dust]. PMID- 6738449 TI - Ibuprofen without a prescription. PMID- 6738450 TI - An improved electron energy-loss straggling algorithm for Monte Carlo transport codes. AB - The commonly used Blunck and Leisegang electron energy-loss distribution falls off too rapidly with increasing energy loss. Also, for large thicknesses and/or low-Z media, where their distribution should approach Landau's, it normalizes to 0.92 rather than 1.0, it overestimates the number of very small energy-loss events, and its peak is shifted from lambda = -0.225 to 0.1. Because of these shortcomings, calculations made using this distribution yield a mean straggled energy loss which is lower than the value predicted by the continuous slowing down approximation (CSDA). An improved version of the Blunck-Leisegang distribution, which exhibits better normalization and falloff, has been developed. Further, an algorithm was created which (depending on the CSDA energy loss, Z,A, electron energy, and transport step size) samples the electron's straggled energy loss from the more accurate of the available distribution functions. PMID- 6738451 TI - On-line characterization of heavy-ion beams with semiconductor detectors. AB - Heavy-ion beams used in biomedical studies suffer a substantial amount of nuclear reactions (fragmentation) as they traverse matter. Since it has been demonstrated that dose and linear energy transfer (LET) are not a sufficient description of a beam for the purpose of understanding its biological effects, it is necessary to be able to separate the components of a complex beam so that their individual effects can be analyzed. A simple and small assembly consisting of a thin silicon LET detector, in time coincidence with a thick germanium residual energy detector has been used in measurements of the components of Ne-20 and Si-28 high-energy ion beams. The detector system can be placed at any experimental area without difficulty and it can carry out a beam analysis in a few minutes, making it very appropriate for fast on-line measurements and verification of beam characteristics. LET values measured by the silicon detector agree well with results of the Bethe stopping-power calculations, and the dose measured for the beam components can be used to obtain Bragg curves that are in good agreement with those obtained by ionization chamber measurements on the same beams. The numbers and LET distribution of primaries and fragments at different positions of the Bragg curves, as well as fractional dose contributed by the different components are determined directly from the experimental data. Particle velocity distributions can be obtained for the higher Z fragments. Limitations and advantages of the simple measurement technique are discussed. PMID- 6738452 TI - Investigation of basic imaging properties in digital radiography. I. Modulation transfer function. AB - The effect of various digital parameters, such as the sampling aperture, sampling distance, and display aperture, on the modulation transfer function (MTF) of digital radiographic imaging systems was investigated by means of theoretical simulation studies. The MTFs were also determined experimentally to confirm the relationship used in the simulation studies. The results indicate that the overall MTF of a digital system cannot specify the resolution properties in the same way as can the MTFs of analog systems. The MTF of a digital system may include a "false" response due to aliasing, which could lead to an incorrect interpretation of the resolution properties. The magnitude of aliasing that will occur in a digitized signal depends on the sampling parameters chosen and on the frequency content of the radiologic object being imaged. Thus, the type of object to be detected as well as various digital parameters must be considered in the design and evaluation of digital imaging systems. PMID- 6738453 TI - The effect of counting system deadtime on thyroid uptake measurements. AB - Equations are derived and the results of numerical calculations shown that illustrate the effect of counting system deadtime on measured thyroid uptake of radioiodine. It is predicted that the observed uptake is higher than the true uptake due to system deadtime. This is shown for both paralyzing and nonparalyzing deadtime. The effect of increasing the administered activity is shown to increase the measured uptake, in a manner predicted by the paralyzable and nonparalyzable deadtime models. PMID- 6738454 TI - The use of lead-lined cones to improve the beam characteristics of a 50-kVp contact therapy x-ray beam. AB - Measurements were made to calibrate a Philips RT-50 contact therapy unit using an EG&G extrapolation chamber. The measured half-value layer of 0.27 mm in aluminum agrees closely with published data. Exposure rates in air for 4-cm source-to surface distance (SSD) cones fall off faster than can be explained by the inverse square law alone. Lining the cone with lead results in exposure rates that follow the inverse square law at all distances from the cone end. Depth dose measurements made for 2- and 4-cm SSD cones produced the anomalous result of greater depth dose for the shorter SSD. This is due to a low-energy component arising from the end of the 4-cm SSD cone, producing an artificially high surface dose. Lining the cone with lead reduces the component and significantly increases the depth dose. The low-energy component is believed to be 6-8 keV characteristic x rays that arise from the stainless-steel cone. Lining the cone with lead either absorbs these x rays or prevents their production. PMID- 6738455 TI - Flywheel energy storage for x-ray machines. AB - X-ray image quality for stop-motion exposures is greatly affected by the system power capability. High power levels are required for adequate resolution, which often precludes the use of mobile x-ray systems for stop-motion exposures. Currently available mobile systems use (1) 90-V nickel-cadmium batteries capable of 120 A, (2) a power line of 220 V ac, 60 Hz capable of about 100 A, or (3) a capacitor discharge unit using 1.0-microF capacitors and limited to 17-mAs equivalent output (compared to three-phase systems at 100 kVp). In each case, instantaneous power is usually limited to 10 kW. An alternative means which now appears to be a practical power source for mobile x-ray systems is the flywheel energy storage system. A 5-kg flywheel has been constructed which runs at 10 000 rpm and stores 25 000 J while drawing only a few hundred watts to bring the system up to speed. When coupled to an aircraft alternator, pulsed power levels of 25 kW have been achieved. The aircraft alternator also has the advantage of high-frequency output which has permitted the use of smaller high-voltage transformers. This system permits the generation of powerful x rays using low power sources, such as single automobile batteries, common 115-V outlets, or electrical sources of poor regulation such as found in Third World countries. PMID- 6738456 TI - Image quality and dose in computerized tomography: evaluation of four CT scanners. AB - Spatial resolution, statistical noise, and patient dose are important parameters for the evaluation of the performances of computerized tomography (CT) scanners. These parameters are combined to develop some "synthetic indices," and to be able to describe intrinsic properties of a CT scanner (the maximum obtainable spatial resolution and dose efficiency). This type of analysis has been applied to the evaluation of four CT scanners, three of third, and one of fourth generation. PMID- 6738457 TI - Measurement of dose distribution around Fletcher-Suit-Delcos colpostats using a Therados radiation field analyzer (RFA-3). AB - Using a small silicon diode and the Therados RFA-3 automated dosimetry system, the relative dose distribution around Fletcher-Suit-Delcos colpostats was measured. Thermoluminescent dosimeters (LiF) were used for absorbed dose measurements. These data provide the basis for computerized dose calculations which will account for the attenuation effects of the rectal and bladder shieldings. The stainless-steel housing attenuated the radiation of a Cs-137 source by 6%. The tungsten shields caused a further dose reduction of 15%-25%. PMID- 6738459 TI - On technical specifications of radiotherapy simulators. PMID- 6738458 TI - Improvements in the equation for calculating the contribution to osmotic potential of the separate solutes of water solutions. AB - A minor conceptual improvement, the elimination of an approximation and its revision in relativistic terms, has resulted in a twofold increase in the predictability of the equation for calculating the contribution to osmotic potential of the separate solutes of water solutions. The molecular model inherent to its formulation would provide unifying principles for visualizing water movements associated with solute concentration gradients in tissues. PMID- 6738461 TI - A new radioimmunoassay for the midregion of canine parathyroid hormone. AB - A new radioimmunoassay for canine PTH employs a goat antiserum against native bovine and human PTHs, with either [125I]bPTH-(41-84) or [125I] [tyr43]-hPTH-(43 68) as Tracer. The assay is monospecific for the midregion (44-68) of PTH. Assay of 40-microliters aliquots allowed detection of PTH in 20 of 22 sera from normal dogs, with these normal iPTH levels inhibiting tracer binding by 19-68%. iPTH levels rose markedly after a decrease in serum calcium ion activity induced by intravenous injection of disodium EDTA; the rise could be detected at 3 min and showed two peaks, one at 3-6 min and one at 10-15 min. After parathyroidectomy, PTH immunoreactivity disappeared rapidly from serum. After nephrectomy, iPTH increased many-fold within 12 h. The assay has a similar specificity and sensitivity to our recently described midregion assay for human PTH and should prove useful in studies of normal parathyroid physiology. PMID- 6738460 TI - Abnormal trace mineral metabolism in adult X-linked hypophosphatemic mice: a possible role of increased food intake. AB - X-linked hypophosphatemia is a human and mouse disease characterized by reduced renal tubular reabsorption of phosphate, hypophosphatemia, and dwarfism. The gene is X-linked and dominant. There have been conflicting reports in the literature regarding possible malabsorption of minerals by the intestine as well. In this study we examined the mineral status in adult X-linked hypophosphatemic (Hyp) mice by measuring trace minerals in blood, bone, muscle, liver and hair and by performing a balance study for Ca, P, Mg, Na and K. The results indicate that Hyp mice have higher than normal levels of plasma iron, bone manganese and zinc, liver iron, and muscle zinc. The trace minerals in hair were not significantly affected. The balance study showed that the content of Ca, P, Mg, Na and K of the urine and feces of normal and Hyp mice were nonsignificantly different. Hyp mice did consume more diet per gram body weight. We conclude that there is no deficiency in intestinal mineral absorption in adult Hyp mice. No tissues studied were found to have reduced trace mineral levels. In fact, where differences occurred, Hyp mice had elevated trace mineral levels in various tissues and blood. This was probably the result of the increased dietary intake per gram body weight in the Hyp mice. PMID- 6738462 TI - Rapid progression of oxalosis-induced cardiomyopathy despite adequate haemodialysis. AB - Crystals of calcium oxalate (CaC2O4) were found at autopsy in the heart of a patient who, over a period of 11 months, appeared to receive adequate haemodialysis and yet died of rapidly progressive heart failure. Calcium oxalate crystals were not present in the kidneys which had been removed at the time of commencing haemodialysis. No secondary cause of oxalosis was evident. X-ray fluorescence analysis of the heart tissue revealed, as well as large amounts of calcium, excess strontium and markedly reduced amounts of potassium and rubidium. PMID- 6738463 TI - Function of the arachidonate-deficient spontaneously hypertensive rat kidney. AB - In order to assess the effect of renal prostaglandins on the glomerular filtration rate (GFR) and electrolyte excretion in the spontaneously hypertensive rat (SHR), we perfused isolated SHR and normotensive Wistar-Kyoto (WKY) kidneys after pretreatment with either a control diet or a diet deficient in arachidonate, the precursor of prostaglandins. When perfusion pressures were increased from 100 to 160 mm Hg, renal vascular resistances (RVR) increased by 32 41%. RVR of SHR kidneys always exceeded that of WKY kidneys by a nearly constant amount, and arachidonate deficiency had little effect on this relationship. In contrast to RVR, the GFR increased severalfold. GFR and urine flow were greater in WKY than in SHR kidneys, a relationship unaffected by arachidonate deficiency. Changes in sodium and chloride excretion occurred in parallel with GFR. Although arachidonate-deficient SHR and WKY kidneys manifested potassium wastage compared to controls, arachidonate deficiency did not result in altered sodium or chloride excretion. The results suggest that direct actions of arachidonate or renal prostaglandins are not responsible for most functional differences between SHR and WKY kidneys. PMID- 6738464 TI - Effects of oral loads of sodium chloride on bone composition in growing rats consuming ample dietary calcium. AB - High dietary intakes of sodium chloride and protein are known to promote urinary calcium excretion. The aim of this work was to study the effects of bone composition, calcium balance and phosphorus balance, of administering oral salt supplements (8 g/100 g diet) to growing rats consuming moderate or high dietary levels of protein (25 and 60% casein) with ample calcium (0.6% Ca) and adequate vitamin D. Animals given salt supplements excreted more calcium and phosphate in their urine and had less calcium and phosphate in their bones than controls which did not receive supplementary salt. However, salt-loaded rats did not increase their intestinal absorption of calcium to compensate for urinary losses of calcium. Calciuria was greater at the high, than at the moderate, protein intake. Salt supplements raised urinary cyclic AMP and urinary hydroxyproline in rats consuming 25% casein but not in those receiving 60% casein. It is concluded that high dietary intakes of sodium chloride depress the accumulation of mineral in bone; the effect is attributed to increased excretion of calcium and phosphate. These findings raise the possibility that a high salt intake may adversely affect bone mass in man. PMID- 6738465 TI - Reduced renal phosphate threshold concentration in alcoholic cirrhosis. AB - Hypophosphatemia is frequently found in patients with alcoholic cirrhosis, and its postulated causes include inadequate phosphorus (PO4) intake, reduced gastrointestinal absorption, and inappropriate PO4 loss in the urine. Of these, the first two would be expected to be associated with a high threshold concentration (Tm/GFR) and the last with a low Tm/GFR. 24 patients with alcoholic cirrhosis were studied. All had normal renal function. Simultaneous mid-morning serum and urine samples were obtained and analyzed for creatinine, Ca, PO4, and Mg. Median serum PO4 was 2.75 mg/dl, including 8 patients who were hypophosphatemic (serum PO4 less than 2.5 mg/dl). The median Tm/GFR was 2.3 mg/dl; 13 of the patients had values below 2.5 mg/dl. There was a significant correlation between serum PO4 and Tm/GFR (p less than 0.001). The median serum Ca was 8.5 mg/dl and did not correlate with Tm/GFR. The median serum Mg was 2.0 mg/dl. Serum magnesium was significantly correlated with Tm/GFR (p less than 0.05). We conclude that hypophosphatemia in alcoholic cirrhosis is associated with a low Tm/GFR and that this may be related to hypomagnesemia. PMID- 6738466 TI - Effects of head-out water immersion on the urinary excretion of phosphate, calcium and magnesium in the awake dog. AB - The present study was undertaken to define the effects of heat-out water immersion on the urinary excretion of phosphate (UPO4V), calcium (UCaV), and magnesium (UMgV) in the awake dog. 53 dogs were divided into three groups: group I, time-control, from 10 a.m. to 4 p.m.; group II, immersion for 2 h, studied from 10 a.m. to 4 p.m., and group III, immersion for 2 h, studied from 4 p.m. to 10 p.m. Our results show that head-out water immersion did not alter the spontaneous pattern of UPO4V. When immersion was performed from 1 p.m. to 3. p.m. (group II), it had no effect on UCaV but induced a significant increase in UMgV although fractional excretion of Mg (FEMg) remained unchanged. When immersion was performed from 7 p.m. to 9 p.m. (group III), however, both UCaV and UMgV increased significantly. FECa also increased significantly in this group but FEMg again remained unchanged. The changes in UCaV were dissociated with UNaV. Changes in plasma PO4 (PPO4) and arterial pH were unrelated to changes in UCaV or UPO4V. Our findings show that head-out water immersion induces significant increases in UCaV and UMgV by mechanisms which are independent of parathyroid hormone (PTH) or acid base changes. The rise in UMgV seems to be related to an increase in the filtered load, while the increases in UCaV are secondary to changes in the renal tubular handling of calcium. Thus, under these experimental circumstances, Ca and Mg reabsorption seem to occur via different distal tubular pathways.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS) PMID- 6738467 TI - [Hematic hypereosinophilia caused by visceral larva migrans in children]. PMID- 6738468 TI - [Pulmonitis in childhood. Preliminary multicenter study 1980-1981]. PMID- 6738469 TI - [Bronchopulmonary dysplasia in the newborn infant. Occurrence of bronchopulmonary dysplasia in the severe neonatal respiratory syndrome complicated by patent ductus arteriosus treated with mechanical ventilation, in newborn infants of gestational age under 36 weeks]. PMID- 6738470 TI - [IgE of the umbilical cord. Evaluation of our results]. PMID- 6738471 TI - [The myopathy of congenital fiber type disproportion]. PMID- 6738472 TI - [Multilocular renal cysts. Anatomo-clinical study]. PMID- 6738473 TI - [A case of nephropathic cystinosis associated with hyperlipidemia]. PMID- 6738474 TI - [Embryonal rhabdomyosarcoma of the testis]. PMID- 6738475 TI - [Considerations on cefadroxil, a cefalosporinic antibiotic recently introduced on the market]. PMID- 6738476 TI - [Immunochemical evaluation of salivary secretions in children with selective (partial or total) IgA deficiency]. PMID- 6738477 TI - [Pulmonary perfusion scintigraphy in children]. PMID- 6738478 TI - [Changes in plasma lipids in acute hepatitis]. PMID- 6738479 TI - [A rare case of cerebellar tuberculoma]. PMID- 6738480 TI - Broncholithiasis. PMID- 6738481 TI - Moxalactam-induced hypoprothrombinemia with intrahepatic bleeding. PMID- 6738483 TI - Cafeteria plan. Ideally suited for the physician's office. PMID- 6738482 TI - Intestinal parasites identified in persons in Minnesota, 1961-1980. PMID- 6738484 TI - Improved prognosis of malignant external otitis. Case report. PMID- 6738485 TI - Health Maintenance Organizations. Part II--An excerpt from a study of Missouri Health Maintenance Organizations, preferred provider organizations, hospital satellite clinics and freestanding emergency care centers. PMID- 6738486 TI - Missouri's medical examiner-coroner system. PMID- 6738487 TI - [The mode of recurrence of esophageal cancer after surgical treatment--autopsy study]. AB - The results of clinical examinations, operative findings and autopsy findings of 113 patients submitted to esophagectomy were evaluated in terms of their correlations. Tumor was absent in 45 patients at autopsy. Of the remaining 68 cases, lymphnode metastases were present in 56 cases, metastases to the distant organs in 39, pleural and/or peritoneal disseminations in 15, direct extensions into the adjacent structures in 31, involvement of anastomotic site in 11 and intramural metastases to the esophagus and/or stomach in 9 cases. Lymphnode metastases were noted in autopsied cases even though death occurred shortly after surgery. Sixteen of these 51 patients had lymphnode metastases, 9 in the paratracheal or parabronchial , 6 in the abdominal, 5 in the supraclavicular and 4 in the posterior mediastinal nodes. Tracheobronchial tree and thoracic aorta were the commonest neighboring organs affected by direct extension. Local recurrences were noticed most frequently in cases where carcinoma extended to the deep border of the surgically resected specimens. Local recurrences were suppressed in those who received preoperative irradiation. The results suggested a possibility of improving the survival rate by 4% by combined resection, 10% by extended radical lymphnode dissection and 19% by both procedures. PMID- 6738489 TI - [Studies on the prediction of intestinal recovery from ischemic injury by fluorescein fluorescence patterns]. AB - Methods for the prediction of intestinal recovery from ischemic injury were evaluated in highly reproducible model of segmental intestinal strangulation in the rat. Systemic variables were minimized and survival was maximized by parenteral administration of antibiotics and nutrient solution, so that necrosis or recovery of the segment itself, not the rat, could be used as an endpoint of experiments. Recovery of ischemic intestine was assessed by two methods: Standard clinical criteria (color, peristalsis, pulsation.) Fluorescence after intravenous fluorescein injection. Findings were compared with ultimate viability assayed by histologic examination of each segment removed 48 hours after release of strangulation. Five distinctive patterns of fluorescein fluorescence were identified, two of which (normal pattern and fine granular pattern) reliably predicted survival of the segment, and two of which (perivascular pattern and no fluorescence) predicted subsequent necrosis. A fifth, coarse granular pattern usually, but not always, predicted non-recovery. Standard clinical criteria were relatively insensitive and could not be relied upon to detect nonviable segments. The fluorescein fluorescence method correctly identified all nonviable segments at the expense of an acceptably low overall false positive rate. This study suggests that the fluorescein methods is the method of choice for the prediction of small intestinal recovery following ischemic injury. PMID- 6738488 TI - [Experimental studies on the rat-model for partial splenectomy and on spleen regeneration]. AB - Partial splenectomy is often preferred to total splenectomy as a method to prevent serious post-operative sepsis. However, most of the previous researches on spleen function following partial splenectomy have failed to provide accurate data on the minimum increase of residual spleen in weight necessary for protection against postoperative sepsis. This is not only to the lack of appropriate model but also to the negligence of the effects of spleen regeneration after partial splenectomy. To produce an accurate model for partial splenectomies, and to know how the spleen regenerates following partial resection, about 500 rats underwent partial splenectomies. From these experiments, the following results were obtained. These partial splenectomies based on length of the spleen were satisfactory models as partial splenectomy. Absolute volume of regenerated spleen was finally almost the same in every model. However, the less the remnant spleen was the longer period was necessary until the spleen regeneration completed. PMID- 6738490 TI - [Experimental study on lymphatic spread in subcutaneously inoculated cancer with special reference to surgery and nutrition]. AB - Two strains of ascitic tumor (AH109A, AH272 ) were subcutaneously injected into the foot of normally feed and protein deficient rats to study lymphatic spread of cancer. Survival and incidence of lymphatic metastases were determined following surgery for tumor-inoculated rats. In the normally fed rats, tumor cells were always demonstrated in popliteal lymph nodes 2 hours after AH109A inoculation. Sixty-seven percent survival was obtained in the control rats with amputation of the foot 2 hours after AH109A inoculation whereas 100% survival was obtained in the protein deficient rats with the similar treatment. Moreover 100% survival was achieved in both groups when foot amputation with popliteal lymphadenectomy was performed. On the other hand, no survival was obtained, and obvious distant lymph nodes metastases were observed in the rats in which the popliteal lymph node was excised prior to AH109A inoculation. Similar results were obtained after surgery in the AH272 inoculated rats. These findings suggest that the regional lymph nodes serve as a mechanical and functional barrier against the early spread of cancer cells within the lymphatic systems. PMID- 6738491 TI - Some respiratory and enteric diseases of cattle: an update. AB - Fibrinous pneumonia caused 40-45% of death losses in cattle shipped into Bruce County, Ontario. Feeding corn silage within the first 2 weeks of arrival increased mortality. Commingling cattle from different sources and keeping more than 110 cattle in a pen were detrimental. While use of antimicrobials in the starter ration was beneficial, prophylactic use of antimicrobials in the water was not. Mortality was directly proportional to morbidity and treatment costs. Vaccinating against any respiratory disease in the first 2 weeks after arrival was detrimental. Delaying vaccination for at least 2 weeks after arrival prevented the negative effects of vaccination in calves fed corn silage. Morbidity in cattle transported by train or truck did not differ. Bovine respiratory syncytial virus causes severe pulmonary edema-emphysema, with high morbidity and variable mortality, in confined calves in the fall and early winter. Death is usually from secondary bacterial pneumonia. Treatment involves use of pyrilamine maleate, dexamethasone and sulfamethazine. Salmonella muenster causes bloody diarrhea, abortion and death in cattle of any age. Treatment is with antibiotics selected by sensitivity tests. Cryptosporidium causes watery diarrhea in 1- to 2-week-old calves; infection is often fatal despite symptomatic treatment. Diagnosis is by identification of oocysts in fecal sugar flotation solution or May-Grunwald-Giemsa-stained fecal smears. Oral sulfamethazine has been used as a prophylactic. PMID- 6738493 TI - Atrial septal defect in a kitten. PMID- 6738492 TI - Improved detection of intestinal parasites. AB - Three decades of accumulated data by the Center for Disease Control indicate that formalin-ether extraction is the method of choice for routine screening of stool samples. This technic detects operculated eggs, nematode larvae and 20% more ova and cysts than the flotation method. PMID- 6738494 TI - Suspected dimethoate toxicity in cattle. AB - Dimethoate, an organophosphorus insecticide, was the suspected cause of toxicosis in a group of young cattle grazing on pasture that had been sprayed 6 weeks before the onset of clinical signs. Affected animals had primarily nicotinic signs, such as muscle twitching, stiffness, weakness and paralysis, though muscarinic signs, such as diarrhea, salivation and pollakiuria, were also observed. Whole blood acetylcholinesterase activity was depressed in 3 animals. The atypical clinical syndrome and poor response to treatment with atropine and other anticholinergics may have been due to coexistent hypomagnesemia. PMID- 6738495 TI - Congenital cardiac disease in dogs. AB - Thoracic conformation, age, amount of body fat, and stage of respiration and cardiac contraction affect the cardiac silhouette. Deep-chested dogs have an upright, narrow cardiac silhouette about 2 1/2 intercostal spaces wide, while barrel-chested dogs have a round, wide silhouette about 3 1/2 intercostal spaces wide. On LAT films the vessels to a lung lobe should be of equal size and 0.25 1.2 times the diameter of the upper third of the 4th rib at the 4th intercostal space. On DV projections, vessels to the caudal lung lobe should be no larger than the diameter of the 9th rib. Signs of right ventricular enlargement include loss of the cranial waist, increased width of the cardiac silhouette, increased sternal contact of the heart, and an elevated cardiac apex. Signs of left ventricular enlargement include an elevated carina, loss of the caudal waist, and a more perpendicular caudal cardiac border. Signs of left atrial enlargement include separation of mainstem bronchi, compression of the bronchus to the left caudal lung lobe, and an increased distance from the carina to the dorsal border of the caudal vena cava. Enlargement of the aorta and main pulmonary artery segment on a LAT view appears as a soft tissue density obscuring the cranial waist. Pulmonary vascular fields are usually hypervascular in patent ductus arteriosus and interventricular septal defects, normal in uncomplicated aortic or pulmonic stenosis, and hypovascular in tetralogy of Fallot. PMID- 6738496 TI - Examination of body fluids. AB - In dogs, the pericardial sac contains about 0.3 ml, and the pleural and peritoneal cavities 0-15 ml of clear, straw-colored fluid of pH 7.4, specific gravity 1.016, protein content less than 3.0 g/dl and cell count less than 3000/microliter. Fat can be cleared from chylous fluid with NaOH and ether. Inflammation is indicated by a cell count greater than 3000/microliter. Amylase levels in peritoneal fluid are elevated in necrotizing pancreatitis. The percentage of polymorphonuclear WBC exceeds 50% in bacterial inflammations. Normal joints contain less than 1 ml highly viscid, clear or straw-colored synovial fluid with less than 1000 nucleated cells/microliter. Synovial fluid becomes flocculent and less viscid in septic and occasionally in immune-mediated arthritis, often with cell counts greater than 75,000/microliter, with 75-90% polymorphonuclear WBC. Cerebrospinal fluid is normally acellular, clear and colorless but may be red, yellow or brown with intracranial hematomas. Viral or aseptic meningitis is characterized by mononuclear cell counts of less than 500/microliter. In acute bacterial meningitis, nucleated cell counts are greater than 1000/microliter, with most being polymorphonuclear WBC. Gram staining of cerebrospinal fluid is not useful. PMID- 6738498 TI - Choanal atresia in foals. PMID- 6738497 TI - Thyroid adenocarcinoma in a dog. AB - A 13-year-old male German Shepherd had polydipsia, polyuria, polyphagia, weight loss, listlessness, elevated serum T, and gamma globulin levels, and a palpable thyroid mass. Examination of the resected mass revealed an adenocarcinoma. The dog recovered without further treatment. PMID- 6738499 TI - Nebulization for avian respiratory disease. AB - Nebulization produces water droplets less than 5 micron in diameter that carry drugs into the lungs and air sacs. Addition of acetylcysteine to the saline vehicle aids penetration of mucous exudates. Effective dosages of drugs for nebulization in birds have not been established. Gentamicin has been used at 50 200 mg in 5-15 ml saline and kanamycin at 15-250 mg in 5-15 ml saline. PMID- 6738500 TI - Maternity leave, and how to handle it. PMID- 6738501 TI - Transtracheal aspiration in the horse: a photo essay. AB - Transtracheal aspiration is used to obtain samples for culture and cytologic examination of respiratory tract secretions and exudates. A 15-cm-long area of the ventral midcervical region is surgically prepared, a small site infiltrated SC with 2-3 ml lidocaine, and a stab incision made in the skin. A trocar with cannula is inserted through the incision and annular ligament into the trachea and the trocar removed. An 8-Fr polypropylene catheter is inserted about 35-40 cm down the trachea and attached to a 30-ml syringe, containing 20 ml sterile saline, with a 3-way stopcock . The saline is rapidly injected and a 3- to 4-ml sample is aspirated after the horse coughs and as the catheter is slowly withdrawn. The catheter and cannula are withdrawn, the area covered with antibacterial ointment and gauze sponges, and elastic tape applied. Complications are rare but include SC emphysema or infection, pneumomediastinum and cartilage ring damage. PMID- 6738502 TI - Renal disease associated with colic in horses. AB - Renal dysfunction secondary to GI disorders may be relatively common in horses. Persistent dehydration of 8-10% of body weight can lead to prerenal azotemia, which may result in renal ischemia and renal disease if uncorrected. Dehydrated azotemic horses with a urine specific gravity less than 1.018 may have renal disease. Urine specific gravity readings greater than 1.025 usually indicate normal kidney function. A urine Na level less than 20 mEq/L and a urine/plasma creatinine ratio greater than or equal to 20:1 indicate prerenal problems. Use of nephrotoxic drugs should be avoided in septicemic or dehydrated horses. Salmonellosis and proximal enteritis often lead to renal complications. Renal disease associated with DIC warrants a poor prognosis. Treatment of acute renal failure is aimed at eliminating the underlying cause and correcting metabolic abnormalities. Use of IV fluids, dopamine, prostaglandin inhibitors, fresh and electrolyte-spiked water ad libitum, water-soluble vitamins and high-P diets is beneficial. Success of therapy should be judged by laboratory results rather than clinical impressions. PMID- 6738503 TI - Some nutritional aspects of colic in horses. AB - Consistency of exercise and diet are important in colic prevention. Water should be offered before and after feeding. Fast-growing foals suckling heavily lactating mares may overeat grain at weaning. Creep feeding to accustom the foal to eating grain and gradually increasing the grain intake after weaning are helpful in preventing colic in foals. Stallions may overeat grain when taken off pasture in hot weather. Feeding hay initially and grain later helps avoid colic in these stallions. Type-D Clostridium perfringens may cause enterotoxemia in foals. Corn should be fed in moderation. High-Mg diets, ingestion of sand, and pelleted feed have been associated with colic. Endoparasitism is the most important cause of colic in horses. PMID- 6738504 TI - Preconditioning programs for feeder cattle. AB - Over two-thirds of American feeder cattle originate in herds of less than 50 cows, and over 40% are finished in fewer than 200 feedlots . Preconditioning programs first originated in the late 1960's but did not become popular for another 10 years. A dozen states now have fairly uniform programs, with requirements involving certificates and ear tags, prior ownership, preweaning, dehorning, castration, grub/lice treatment, deworming and various vaccinations. Preconditioning programs have been criticized as not cost-effective, but proponents cite superior postweaning weight gains, enhanced sales, improved management, more uniform calves, and decreased morbidity and mortality. PMID- 6738505 TI - Causes and control of sow losses. AB - Pigs weaned/sow/year increases after the first litter to a maximum at about the third litter, after which it declines such that the sixth litter size is the same as the first, with a gradual decline thereafter. The cost of producing a weaned pig decreases with increasing numbers of litters weaned up to the third, then gradually increases. Average sow culling rates on commercial farms are 24-40% annually. The average time from weaning of pigs to culling of sows is 50-60 days. Sow mortality ranges between 2% and 14%, with a 6-8% average. PMID- 6738506 TI - Congenital cardiac disease in dogs. AB - Nonselective angiocardiography is used to delineate certain congenital cardiac defects. It is useful in demonstrating lesions causing a right-to-left shunt, as in tetralogy of Fallot and a reverse right-to-left patent ductus arteriosus, but not for lesions causing a left-to-right shunt, as in ventricular septal defect. Positive-contrast medium, injected IV as a bolus at 0.5 ml/lb, opacifies the heart chambers and great vessels. Using a rapid film-changing device, 3 films are made in 6 seconds. A rapid film changer can be constructed from plywood, wooden slats and plexiglass. Three cassettes are loaded into the device, the first beneath the x-ray beam and overlying plexiglass window and patient. The first film is exposed just after injection of the contrast medium, and the second and third 2 and 4 seconds later, respectively. PMID- 6738507 TI - Management of acute illness in cats. Feline urologic syndrome. AB - Lethargy, anorexia and vomiting suggest azotemia in cats with FUS. Clinicopathologic findings may include azotemia, hyperphosphatemia, hyperglycemia, hyperkalemia, and signs of urinary tract inflammation on urinalysis. Treatment of FUS depends on the degree of illness but generally includes removal of the urethral obstruction, bladder lavage, fluid and antibiotic therapy, and subsequent feeding of a canned, low-Mg diet with added table salt. PMID- 6738508 TI - Why should veterinarians study animal behavior? PMID- 6738509 TI - Perineal hernia repair in dogs. AB - Old male Collies, Pekingese , Boxers and Boston Terriers are predisposed to perineal hernia. Recurrence is often related to poor surgical technic in the initial repair. With the anesthetized dog in sternal recumbency and the tail tied forward, a curvilinear skin incision is made over the hernia, from the tail base to the midline, ventral to the anus. The hernial sac is opened and its contents reduced. Five stainless-steel sutures are preplaced in the muscles and ligaments of the perineal diaphragm and tied from top to bottom. In cases of failure of the ventral aspect of the repair, the internal obturator muscle can be elevated from the ischial table and used to cover the ventral aspect of the hernia. Postoperative complications are related to infection, self-trauma and straining. PMID- 6738510 TI - Safety of fenbendazole use in cattle. AB - Fenbendazole (Panacur: Hoechst) has a low degree of toxicity, teratogenicity and adverse effects on the reproductive tract, and a high degree of safety in experimental animals. Acute, subacute and long-term toxicity trials in cattle given fenbendazole at dosages of up to 2 g/kg revealed no adverse effects. Studies of teratogenicity, effects on fertility, compatibility with other drugs, and safety for animal handlers had similarly negative results. PMID- 6738511 TI - Canine urolithiasis: diagnosis and treatment. AB - Over 97% of all uroliths in males less than a year of age and in females are phosphate, excluding males with portosystemic shunts and male Dalmatians . Uroliths in male Dalmatians usually are composed of urate. Uroliths associated with Staphylococcus aureus urinary tract infection are phosphate. About 60% of uroliths in adult male Basset Hounds , Bulldogs , Chihuahuas , Irish Terriers and Yorkshire Terriers are cystine. In males of other breeds, as high as 60% of uroliths are phosphate. Feeding a calculolytic diet (s/d: Hill's) results in phosphate urolith dissolution in 2-20 weeks. Long-term feeding of the calculolytic diet is not recommended, nor is use after surgery and in pregnant, lactating or growing dogs and in those with heart failure, edema, ascites or pleural effusions. Uroliths recur in 20-50% of affected dogs without subsequent dietary alteration. Use of a urolith-prevention diet (u/d: Hill's) is recommended if urolithiasis recurs. PMID- 6738512 TI - Retinal degeneration relating to taurine deficiency in a cat. AB - A 13-year-old spayed Siamese had normal pupillary light reflexes and visual acuity, a dull haircoat , and a history of eating dog food. Binocular indirect ophthalmoscopy of the left fundus revealed an ellipsoid, hyperreflective lesion in the area centralis and a second lesion medial and adjacent to the optic disk. The right fundus had a hyperreflective band from the temporal to nasal quadrants. The plasma taurine level was 10 nmol/g (normal greater than 100 nmol/g). Central retinal degeneration secondary to taurine deficiency was diagnosed. Inclusion of fresh meat and fish in the cat's diet halted progression of the lesions. PMID- 6738514 TI - Illness associated with abdominal adhesions in a cow. AB - A mature Holstein cow became inappetent , dehydrated and weak, with a marked drop in milk production, 17 days after a dead calf was removed by cesarean section. Laparotomy revealed adhesions among the cecum, jejunum, colon, bladder and uterus. Transection of the adhesions resulted in recovery; however, the cow was sent to slaughter a month later because of apparent recurrence of the abdominal adhesions. PMID- 6738513 TI - Alimentary foreign body in an Amazon parrot. AB - An Amazon Parrot regurgitated and drooled and had blood in its droppings. Abdominal palpation revealed several small, spherical masses. Positive-contrast radiographs clearly delineated the objects. With the bird under halothane anesthesia and the beak held open, a sponge forceps was used to extract a string of 25 beads from the alimentary tract. Gentamicin and dexamethasone were given IM and recovery was uneventful. PMID- 6738515 TI - Constructing an inexpensive small animal stretcher. PMID- 6738516 TI - A procedure for descenting ferrets. PMID- 6738517 TI - Chloramphenicol use in food-producing animals. PMID- 6738518 TI - Egg binding in caged and aviary birds. AB - Egg binding most often affects budgerigars, cockatiels, finches and canaries. Causes include oversized or malpositioned eggs, lack of exercise, nesting too early or late, excessive egg laying, uterine damage or infection, obesity, malnutrition, sudden drops in ambient temperature and genetic factors. Clinical signs are perching unsteadily with ruffled feathers and half-closed eyelids, frequent tail-wagging or straining, swelling over the tail base, and sitting on the cage bottom. Diagnosis is by physical examination and radiography. Treatment may involve increasing the ambient temperature to 85-90 F, lubricating the vent, IM injections of Ca solution and/or oxytocin, egg aspiration and laparotomy. PMID- 6738519 TI - A practical approach to colic surgery in horses. AB - Initial treatment of colic is aimed at maintaining hydration and acid-base balance, controlling pain and reestablishing peristalsis. A poor response to medical treatment in the first 12-18 hours suggests the need for laparotomy. Other indications for surgery include: rising pulse rate, exceeding 60/minute for several hours; congested mucosae; delayed capillary refill; silent abdomen; gastric reflux; distended or displaced loops of bowel on rectal examination; intractable pain; and adverse laboratory findings. Postoperative care should consist of hand-walking for 30 days, followed by confinement in a small paddock for another 60 days, and reduced grain intake. PMID- 6738520 TI - Interpreting absolute WBC counts. AB - The absolute count for a particular type of blood cell is the total white blood cell count multiplied by the differential percentage for that cell type. Neutrophilia is caused by increased marrow proliferation, redistribution among body neutrophil pools, stress and corticosteroids. Neutropenia is caused by decreased marrow proliferation, ineffective marrow production, reduced neutrophil survival and redistribution of neutrophils. Lymphocytosis is caused by chronic infections and allergic reactions, while lymphopenia is caused by increased lymphocyte destruction, neoplasia and lymphocyte loss. Monocytosis is associated with stress, infections, hematologic disorders, GI disease, necrosis and hemolysis. Eosinophilia is caused by allergic reactions, parasitism, skin diseases, neoplasia and adrenocortical insufficiency. PMID- 6738521 TI - Congenital cardiac disease in dogs. AB - Patent ductus arteriosus (PDA) is thought to be inherited and occurs twice as often in females as in males, most commonly in Poodles, Collies, Cocker Spaniels and Shetland Sheepdogs. About half of untreated dogs develop left-sided heart failure by 8 months of age. Clinical signs include coughing, decreased exercise tolerance, pulmonary edema, a "machinery" murmur in the pulmonic-aortic region, and a bounding pulse. An ECG may reveal an increased amplitude of the R wave and a lengthened P wave. Plain LAT films reveal loss of the cranial and caudal cardiac waists, increased sternal contact of the heart, increased width and straightened caudal border of the cardiac silhouette, elevated carina, and an enlarged left atrium. Changes on plain DV films include an elongated cardiac silhouette, enlarged right ventricle, and 3 bulges on the left side of the cardiac silhouette. Nonselective angiocardiography can be used for a definitive diagnosis and to demonstrate a reverse right-to-left PDA, in which the ascending aorta, brachiocephalic trunk and left subclavian artery are not opacified by contrast medium. Animals with a right-to-left shunt PDA are cyanotic in caudal body parts. Treatment of left-to-right shunt PDA involves ligation with 2 nonabsorbable sutures. A right-to-left shunt PDA should not be ligated but is treated by restricted exercise and periodic phlebotomy. PMID- 6738522 TI - Management of acute illness in cats. AB - Pleural effusions can cause dyspnea and cyanosis, and are caused by cardiomyopathy, pyothorax, FIP, FeLV-related disease and trauma. Thoracentesis is used to obtain fluid samples for cytologic examination and culture. Radiographs made after thoracentesis may reveal the cause. Lymphosarcoma causes a sterile exudate containing neoplastic cells. Congestive cardiomyopathy causes a transudate or modified transudate. The sterile exudate of FIP has a proteinaceous background on cytologic examination. The exudate of pyothorax is septic. Treatment depends on the cause but generally includes thoracentesis and supportive care. Cardiomyopathy causes dyspnea, cyanosis, murmurs, gallop rhythms and other arrhythmias. Radiography reveals a globoid heart in the congestive form and a "valentine-shaped" heart in the hypertrophic form. Treatment of congestive cardiomyopathy involves use of furosemide, but is usually unrewarding. Hypertrophic cardiomyopathy is treated with propranolol. Fever may be caused by infection, immune-mediated disease, neoplasia and unknown causes. Treatment is aimed at removal of the underlying cause. PMID- 6738523 TI - Dairy herd health management. AB - Estrual cows are more likely to be recognized if penned with other open cows. Cycling cows fresh less than 100 days, without signs of heat or a follicle but with good uterine tone and signs of ovarian activity, are closely observed for heat 15-20 days after examination. Those fresh at least 150 days are given prostaglandin. Lugol's iodine solution is infused into the uterus of cows without signs of ovarian activity but with normal uterine tone. Cows with retained fetal membranes are given an intrauterine infusion of oxytetracycline with the membranes being removed only if it will not damage the uterus. Oxytetracycline or chlorhexidine solution is infused into the uterus of cows with a purulent vulvar discharge 2 or more weeks postpartum. Prostaglandins may benefit cows not showing signs of heat by 21 days postpartum. Procaine penicillin G solution is infused if the uterus is abnormal at 60 days postpartum. Heifers are vaccinated against brucellosis, blackleg, leptospirosis, IBR-PI3 and BVD at 4-11 months of age, with an optional Vibrio vaccination if a bull is used in the herd. Cows are given IBR PI3, BVD and Leptospira vaccines a few days post-partum, with a Leptospira booster at pregnancy examination. Cows with Streptococcus mastitis in late lactation may best be treated by drying off. Control of coliform mastitis necessitates a clean barn and milking parlor environment. Staphylococcus mastitis may require segregation of affected cows and installation of a low-line milker to prevent spread. PMID- 6738524 TI - Abdominal liposarcoma in a dog. PMID- 6738525 TI - Midsagittal intraarticular fracture of the third phalanx in a colt. AB - A 6-month-old Quarter Horse colt, with severe left foreleg lameness of 6 weeks' duration, had swelling of the distal interphalangeal joint and a smaller-than normal left front foot. Radiographs revealed a nondisplaced, midsagittal, intraarticular fracture of P3, which was treated with an eggbar shoe with 2 quarter clips, and stall rest for 10 weeks. The colt was sound after 10 weeks. PMID- 6738526 TI - Postural atelectasis in a dog. PMID- 6738527 TI - Renal disease in a cat. PMID- 6738528 TI - (2'-5') Oligoadenylate synthetase in the maturation of rabbit reticulocytes. AB - The (2'-5') oligoadenylate synthetase normally found in interferon-treated cells has also been detected in considerable amounts in normal rabbit reticulocytes not exposed to interferon. The activity of this enzyme has been followed during the development of the reticulocytes to erythrocytes. A high level was found just after the formation of reticulocytes and this activity decayed with a half-life of about 3 days. In lymphocytes the (2'-5') oligoadenylate synthetase was found to stay at a constant level, which indicates the absence of interferon in the plasma. PMID- 6738529 TI - Overproduction of discoidin I by a temperature-sensitive motility mutant of Dictyostelium discoideum. AB - Dictyostelium discoideum MC2 is a temperature-sensitive motility mutant of AX3. Mutant cells are incapable of growth, phagocytosis, and migration under restrictive conditions (Kayman et al., J. Cell Biol. 92:705-711, 1982). We show here that at the restrictive temperature MC2 cells grown axenically or on bacteria synthesized excessive quantities of the lectin discoidin I. By two dimensional gel electrophoresis and peptide mapping, the proteins overproduced by MC2 cells were indistinguishable from discoidin I synthesized at lower levels in AX3 cells. At least two of the three species of discoidin I were overproduced. This protein family constituted 9% of the total protein in cells that were incubated overnight at 27 degrees C in axenic medium. Although MC2 cells are defective in nutrient uptake under restrictive conditions, the overproduction of discoidin I did not appear to be part of a pleiotropic response to starvation. We propose that transcription of the coordinately regulated discoidin I genes is altered in mutant cells. This alteration may be related to the motility defects manifested by MC2. PMID- 6738530 TI - UV radiation facilitates methotrexate resistance and amplification of the dihydrofolate reductase gene in cultured 3T6 mouse cells. AB - Pretreatment of 3T6 murine cells with the carcinogen UV radiation or N-acetoxy-N acetylaminofluorene increased the number of methotrexate-resistant colonies. This carcinogen-induced enhancement was seen only at low toxicities. The enhancement was transient and was observed at its maximum when cells were subjected to methotrexate selection 12 to 24 h after treatment. The addition of a tumor promoting agent, 12-O-tetradecanoylphorbol-13-acetate, during or after carcinogen treatment further enhanced this effect. A large proportion of the resistant colonies had an increase in the dihydrofolate reductase gene copy number and the relative proportions of colonies with amplified genes were similar, regardless of whether selected cells were untreated, treated with carcinogen, or treated with carcinogen plus promoter. We discuss some of the variables which both enhance the generation and improve the detection of methotrexate-resistant colonies, as well as certain implications of our results for the generation and mechanism of gene amplification. PMID- 6738531 TI - Analysis of BHK cell growth kinetics after microinjection of catalytic subunit of cyclic AMP-dependent protein kinase. AB - The effect of catalytic subunit (C) of cyclic AMP-dependent protein kinase on cell growth kinetics of BHK cells was assessed by microinjection with chicken erythrocyte ghosts as vehicles for introduction of the protein into the cytosol of large populations of cells. The advantage in using chicken erythrocytes for microinjection is that the inactive erythrocyte nuclei serve as a probe for identifying and analyzing microinjection events. By utilizing this procedure, BHK cells were microinjected with an amount of C that was 5- to 10-fold greater than their endogenous levels. Growth kinetics were analyzed by [3H]thymidine incorporation and autoradiography. Cells were stained after autoradiography to more clearly reveal the chicken nuclei, and at each time point, cells were categorized into four groups: (i) not microinjected, not in S phase, (ii) not microinjected, in S phase, (iii) microinjected, not in S phase, (iv) microinjected, in S phase. Those cells not microinjected served as internal controls. Two experimental protocols were used to test the notion that C is involved in blocking cell progression through G1 phase of the cell cycle. First, cells were arrested in G0 phase by serum deprivation, microinjected with C or control proteins, and stimulated to proceed to S phase by the addition of serum or purified growth factors. Second, cells were collected in mitosis, microinjected with C or control proteins, and stimulated to proceed to S phase by the addition of serum. The results of these studies indicate that a 5- to 10-fold increase in the intracellular concentration of C is not a sufficient signal to arrest cell growth in G1 phase. Thus, growth-inhibitory effects of cyclic AMP on BHK cells are unlikely to be the result of activation of cyclic AMP-dependent protein kinase. PMID- 6738532 TI - Fine-structure mapping of charge-shift mutations in regulatory subunit of type I cyclic AMP-dependent protein kinase. AB - A variety of structural mutations that alter functional properties of regulatory subunit (R) of type I cyclic AMP-dependent protein kinase are available in the cultured S49 mouse lymphoma cell system. Many of these mutations also alter the electrostatic charge of R by about 1 or 2 units. By a novel peptide mapping procedure, a number of these "charge-shift" structural mutations were localized to small regions within the R polypeptide. The procedure employed two-dimensional polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis to separate large overlapping fragments generated from denatured, affinity-purified R by limited digestion with papain. Mutations were mapped to intervals between the endpoints of these fragments. The position of one mutation was confirmed by mapping a new site for cleavage by Staphylococcus aureus V8 protease. Six different Ka mutations, which increase the concentrations of cyclic AMP required for kinase activation, mapped to three clusters in the carboxy-terminal half of R. Second-site mutations that cause phenotypic reversion of a single Ka mutant strain mapped to either side of the original mutation. By using charge-shift mutations for calibration, a map of charge density distribution was constructed for the R polypeptide. This map allowed tentative assignment of mutational lesions to portions of the R amino acid sequence implicated in cyclic AMP binding. PMID- 6738533 TI - Repeated consensus sequence and pseudopromoters in the four coordinately regulated tubulin genes of Chlamydomonas reinhardi. AB - The 5' coding and promoter regions of the four coordinately regulated tubulin genes of Chlamydomonas reinhardi have been mapped and sequenced. DNA sequencing data shows that the predicted N-terminal amino acid sequences of Chlamydomonas alpha- and beta-tubulins closely match that of tubulins of other eucaryotes. Within the alpha 1- and alpha 2-tubulin gene set and the beta 1- and beta 2 tubulin gene set, both nucleotide sequence and intron placement are highly conserved. Transcription initiation sites have been located by primer extension analysis at 140, 141, 159, and 132 base pairs upstream of the translation initiator codon for the alpha 1-, alpha 2-, beta 1-, and beta 2-tubulin genes, respectively. Among the structures with potential regulatory significance, the most striking is a 16-base-pair consensus sequence [GCTC(G/C)AAGGC(G/T)(G/C)- (C/A)(C/A)G] which is found in multiple copies immediately upstream of the TATA box in each of the four genes. An unexpected discovery is the presence of pseudopromoter regions in two of the transcribed tubulin genes. One pseudopromoter region is located 400 base pairs upstream of the authentic alpha 2 tubulin gene promoter, whereas the other is located within the transcribed 5' noncoding region of the beta 1-tubulin gene. PMID- 6738534 TI - La antigen recognizes and binds to the 3'-oligouridylate tail of a small RNA. AB - The La antigen is a cellular protein which interacts with many RNA species that are products of RNA polymerase III, including the adenovirus virus-associated (VA) RNAs. We demonstrate that the efficiency of antigen binding in vitro is determined by the number of U residues at the RNA 3' terminus. Forms of VA RNAI with more than two terminal U residues are fully bound, forms with two U residues are partially bound, and forms with fewer than two U residues are not bound at all. The antigen can be covalently linked to VA RNA by UV irradiation, and the site of cross-linking is shown to contain the 3' terminus of the RNA. We conclude that the antigen recognizes the U-rich 3' tail of VA RNA, and presumably that of other polymerase III products, and that it binds at or close to this site. PMID- 6738535 TI - DNA-mediated cotransfer of excision repair capacity and drug resistance into chinese hamster ovary mutant cell line UV-135. AB - We have investigated DNA-mediated transfer of aminopterin resistance conferred by plasmid and UV resistance conferred by genomic DNA to the Chinese hamster ovary (CHO) cell line UV-135, a UV-sensitive mutant defective in nucleotide excision repair. Plasmid pSV2gpt-CaPO4 coprecipitates induced aminopterin resistance with equal efficiency in the 6-thioguanine-resistant, aminopterin-sensitive, repair proficient parental line AA8-4(tg-1) and in UV-135(tg-2). Genetic and molecular evidence for genomic DNA-mediated transformation of UV-135(tg-2) cells with a putative excision repair gene were obtained by demonstrating that: (i) UV resistance transformation is dependent upon and specific for genomic DNA from excision repair-competent CHO cells: (ii) UV and drug coresistant colonies are bona fide transferants as verified by hybridization and Southern blotting analysis of pSV2gpt sequences in their genomic DNAs: (iii) confirmed transferants exhibit partial to near normal UV resistances for colony formation: and (iv) UVr transferants have near normal levels of excision repair capacity. The overall frequency of drug and UV resistance cotransformation was 8 X 10(8) per cell plated. This frequency was ca. 200- to 500-fold greater than that expected from coincident but independent UVr reversion and plasmid gene transfer events. DNA transfer techniques with this CHO system will be useful for further analysis of the essential structural DNA sequences, gene cloning, and expression of functional excision repair genes. PMID- 6738536 TI - Location of 64K collagen producer chondrocytes in developing chicken embryo tibiae. AB - The synthesis of a new low-molecular-weight collagen by cultured chicken embryo chondrocytes has been recently demonstrated (Capasso et al., Exp. Cell Res. 142:197-206, 1982; Gibson et al., J. Cell Biol. 93:767-774, 1982; Schmid and Conrad, J. Biol. Chem. 257:12444-12450, 1982). In this paper we report results on the location of chondrocytes synthesizing this new collagen (64K collagen) in the developing chicken embryo. The 64K collagen is synthesized in very large amounts by cells concentrated at the diaphysis of 9-day-old and at the epiphysis of 17 day-old embryo tibiae. These regions are characterized by a remodeling of the cartilage matrix leading to the replacement of the cartilage with bone tissue; therefore, this collagen appears to be a marker of a specific developmental stage of chondrocytes. The origin of cells competent for the synthesis of the 64K collagen is also discussed. PMID- 6738539 TI - Effects of aging on regulation of cerebral blood flow and metabolism. 2nd satellite symposium, San Remo, June 30-July 1, 1983. PMID- 6738540 TI - Brain cell death in ischemia and aging: are free radicals involved? PMID- 6738538 TI - Restriction of C1 hemolytic function by human proline-rich salivary proteins. AB - Acidic proline-rich salivary proteins, PRPI, PRPII, PRPIII, PRPIV, upper Db and Statherin, were isolated from parotid saliva and tested for interaction with complement. It was determined that each of the isolated proline-rich proteins blocked C1 hemolytic activity in assay systems where C1 was rate-limiting. Further studies comparing the specific activity of the proline-rich proteins to unfractionated parotid saliva indicated that other salivary substances (sensitive to urea treatment of parotid saliva) were also interacting with the first complement component but in a time-dependent manner. Based on a series of experiments examining the effect of the sequence of addition of the proline-rich proteins in the complement assay systems, it is postulated that these salivary proteins are able to block the proper interaction of C1 with EAC4 cells (sheep erythrocytes coated with antibody and C4gp). The proline-rich salivary proteins had no effect on C1 once C1 was bound to the immune complexes on the EAC4 cells. The C1 macromolecular complex undergoes conformational changes upon interaction with immune complexes resulting in a more avid binding of the C1q-Clr-Cls subunits with one another. Thus it is speculated that the EAC4-bound C1 becomes resistant to disruption by the proline-rich salivary proteins. Although the urea sensitive factors had the highest specific C1-fixing activity, the activity of the acidic proline-rich proteins on C1 is important because of their relatively high concern in salivary secretions. Since complement-containing serous exudates and transudates are present on inflamed mucosal tissues, salivary substances which interact with C1 may play a role in regulating the initiation of the classical complement pathway, particularly at those mucosal sites where there is a high ratio of salivary secretion to serous exudate. PMID- 6738542 TI - Rapid rate of decline in cerebral blood flow in progressive dementias. PMID- 6738537 TI - Phosphorylation of histones in cells treated with hypertonic and acidic media. AB - Factors in the extracellular environment, specifically hypertonic or acidic growth media, are shown to alter the modification of histones in several cell lines. For histone 2A, changes in modification were visible in the mass pattern and were found to be primarily changes in phosphorylation. The increased modification of the core histones was quickly reversed when cells were returned to normal medium. PMID- 6738541 TI - Diagnosis of Alzheimer's disease and multi-infarct dementia by rCBF compared to clinical classification. PMID- 6738543 TI - Evaluation of organic dementia by regional cerebral blood flow measurements and clinical and psychometric methods. PMID- 6738544 TI - Oxygen extraction in the aging brain. PMID- 6738545 TI - Reduction in regional cerebral blood flow during normal aging is not limited to elderly subjects. PMID- 6738546 TI - White matter disease (Binswanger's encephalopathy) in chronic cerebrovascular disorders. PMID- 6738547 TI - Cerebrospinal fluid dynamics, white matter degeneration, and mental deterioration in subcortical arteriosclerotic encephalopathy of Binswanger type. PMID- 6738548 TI - Influence of social environmental factors on cerebral circulation and mental function in the normal aged. PMID- 6738549 TI - Central processing in the aged. PMID- 6738550 TI - Depression in old age and its relation to primary dementia: variations in brain blood flow and oxidative metabolism. PMID- 6738551 TI - Effect of aging on CBF and autoregulation in normal subjects and CVD patients. PMID- 6738552 TI - Brain stem auditory-evoked potentials in the assessment of the transient ischemic attacks of the arterial vertebrobasilar system. PMID- 6738553 TI - Relationship between regional calcium content and energy metabolism during recovery from prolonged cerebral ischemia. PMID- 6738554 TI - Blink reflex and trigeminal nerve somatosensory evoked potentials: essentials in vascular brainstem diseases. PMID- 6738555 TI - Cerebral biochemical changes and deficit in brain function over the subchronic phase following a transient cerebral oligemia: a model of chronic cerebrovascular disease. PMID- 6738556 TI - Italian multicenter study on reversible cerebral ischemic attacks: angiographic index of atherosclerosis related to age. PMID- 6738557 TI - Platelet in vivo aggregation and aging. PMID- 6738558 TI - Effects of aging and hypoxia on energy transduction at synaptosomal level. PMID- 6738559 TI - Effect of aging on reactive hyperemia following reopening of occluded middle cerebral artery in cats. PMID- 6738560 TI - The effects of aging on local rates of cerebral protein synthesis in rats. PMID- 6738561 TI - Aging and cholinergic system: a 2-deoxyglucose study in the rat brain. PMID- 6738562 TI - Simultaneous study of learning, cerebral hemodynamics, and metabolism in aged rats: effects of a dopaminergic agonist. PMID- 6738563 TI - Effect of aging on the heterosaccharide moiety of glycoproteins: study of concanavalin A-bound glycoproteins and glycosidases. PMID- 6738564 TI - Critique on the analysis of photorepair in chick-embryo fibroblasts. AB - It is shown that the data by Van de Merwe and Bronk on photoreactivation of chick embryo fibroblasts do not support the particular application of the Rupert -Harm model used in the paper by Pendrys [6]. Further, it is shown that for blacklight intensities greater than 17 W/m2 at 365 nm, there is approximate reciprocity (i.e. the extent of photoreactivation of available dimers is determined primarily by total blacklight fluence). PMID- 6738565 TI - DNA-ligase activities appear normal in the CHO mutant EM9. AB - The Chinese hamster ovary (CHO) mutant strain EM9 was previously shown to be hypersensitive to killing by ethyl methanesulfonate (EMS) and methyl methanesulfonate (MMS), to have a 12-fold increased baseline incidence of sister chromatid exchanges (SCE), and to be defective in rejoining DNA strand breaks after treatment with EMS, MMS, or X-rays. A study was performed to determine if the primary biochemical defect might be a DNA ligase. DNA-ligase activities were assayed and compared after separation of the multiple forms of ligase by AcA 34 gel-filtration chromatography of total cellular extracts. In EM9 cells the levels of the presumptive replicative forms, DNA ligase Ia (480 kd) and ligase Ib (240 kd) were about 50% and 60%, respectively, of those in the parental AA8 cells, whereas DNA ligase II (80 kd) was unaltered in EM9 . In a phenotypic revertant line ( 9R1 ) ligases Ia, Ib and II levels were 35%, 37% and 100%, respectively, of those in AA8 . The reduced levels of ligases Ia and Ib in EM9 and 9R1 cells are apparently not related directly to the mutant phenotype and may be attributable to the somewhat slower growth rates of these strains compared with those of AA8 . To determine if the repair defect in EM9 might reside in the ability to induce DNA-ligase activity after treatment with a DNA-damaging agent, AA8 and EM9 cells were treated with MMS at 30 micrograms/ml for 60 min before preparing fractions for ligase assays. Under these conditions the activities of ligases Ia and Ib decreases 70-80% in both cell lines, but ligase II increased 2.0- and 2.6-fold, respectively, in AA8 and EM9 . As a further test of defective ligase activities in EM9 , assays were performed in the presence of 0.1 M NaCl or after heating the fractions for 10 min at 50 degrees C. Although all 3 forms of ligase showed altered activity under both of these conditions, there were no significant differences between EM9 and AA8 cells. These data combined with the above results provide strong evidence that the site of the primary defect in EM9 is not in either of the DNA ligases . PMID- 6738566 TI - Influence of the culture time on DNA damage and repair in isolated rat hepatocytes exposed to nitrochlorobenzene derivatives. AB - The induction of DNA damage on 1.5- and 24-h cultured hepatocytes was tested after a 3-h exposure to 5 and 50 microM mono-, di-, and trinitrochlorobenzene (100-00-5; 97-00-7; 88-88-0). DNA-repair synthesis, elicited by nitrochlorobenzene treatment, was also estimated 24 and 48 h after the withdrawal of the nitro-aryl halides. DNA damage and repair were evaluated by determining the DNA elution rate in alkali. A dose-related rate of DNA damage was obtained by exposure of 1.5-h-cultured hepatocytes to 5 and 50 microM nitrochlorobenzenes . DNA of 24-h-cultured cells was not affected by nitrochlorobenzene treatment. The data obtained by exposure to 5 microM methyl methanesulfonate (66-27-3) and nitrosodimethylamine (62-75-9), direct and indirect methylating agents, suggest that 24-h-cultured liver cells are still able to transform nitrosodimethylamine but not nitrochlorobenzenes . Isolated hepatocytes maintain their capability of repairing the induced DNA damage when cultured for 24 and 48 h in fresh medium. The system offers an interesting model to investigate the perturbations related to the metabolism of xenobiotics. PMID- 6738567 TI - Age-related variation in the DNA-repair synthesis after UV-C irradiation in unstimulated lymphocytes of healthy blood donors. AB - UV-C light-induced DNA-repair synthesis was studied in unstimulated lymphocytes of 51 healthy blood donors aged between 17 and 74 years. Repair synthesis was measured by the incorporation of [3H]thymidine after a 2-h incubation period in the presence of 2 mM hydroxyurea. The evaluation included (1) the spontaneous DNA synthesis in unirradiated lymphocytes with and without hydroxyurea, (2) the DNA repair synthesis in lymphocytes irradiated with UV-light. The interindividual variation was significantly higher than the methodological variation ascertained in 24 persons in whom 2 determinations were carried out. In blood donors aged between 17 and 39 years, the spontaneous DNA synthesis, both with and without hydroxyurea, was significantly lower than in older individuals. The DNA-repair synthesis was dependent on the dose of UV-C light between 2 and 16 J/m2. There were no significant differences in DNA-repair synthesis in the age range 17-74 years. The variations in rate of DNA-repair synthesis (greater or lesser degree of [3H]thymidine incorporation beyond the 99% confidence range) were wider in older (44-74 years), than in younger individuals. PMID- 6738568 TI - Comparison of 7 azo dyes and their azo reduction products in the rat and hamster hepatocyte primary culture/DNA-repair assays. AB - Pursuant to the characterization of species differences in the effects of chemical carcinogens, several studies have demonstrated that hamster hepatocytes are more effective than rat hepatocytes in mediating the metabolic activation of certain chemicals to their genotoxic (i.e., mutagenic) derivatives. In the present investigation, a comparison of the amount of DNA repair induced in rat and hamster hepatocytes by 7 azo dyes and 7 aromatic amine azo reduction products of the dyes was performed using the primary hepatocyte culture/DNA repair (HPC/DR) assay. Congo Red and its azo reduction product, benzidine, were more potent inducers of DNA repair in hamster than in rat hepatocytes, whereas Trypan Blue and its reduction product, o-tolidine, were equipotent in the 2 hepatocyte systems. Evans Blue, another o-tolidine-based dye, elicited a greater DNA-repair response in hamster hepatocytes. The absolute potency of these dyes, however, was much less than their reduction products. o-Aminoazotoluene was the most potent of the dyes tested, and its DNA repair-inducing activity was much greater than that of its azo reduction products, o-toluidine and 2,5-diaminotoluene. Ponceau SX, which is carcinogenic in hamsters, but not in rats, was inactive in both hepatocyte systems. Dimethylaminobenzeneazo-1-naphthalene and its 2-naphthalene congener, as well as the 1- and 2-naphthylamine azo reduction products of these dyes, were more potent in hamster than in rat hepatocytes. However, the DNA repair-inducing activities of the parent dyes could not be entirely accounted for by the potencies of their respective naphthylamine derivatives. Taken together, these findings extend previous observations of the superior metabolic activation capabilities of hamster, relative to rat hepatocytes, and further demonstrate the utility of testing chemicals in both the hamster and rat HPC/DR assays. PMID- 6738569 TI - Quantification of the induction of SCE due to the replication of unsubstituted and BrdU- or CldU-substituted DNA in CHO cells. PMID- 6738570 TI - SCEs are induced by replication of BrdU-substituted DNA templates, but not by incorporation of BrdU into nascent DNA. AB - After 3 rounds of DNA replication in the presence of BrdU, third-division metaphase cells can be scored for the frequencies of SCEs that occurred during cycles 1 and 2, and also for the frequency of SCE during cycle 3. This procedure was used to resolve the issue of SCE induction by replication of BrdU-substituted DNA templates versus induction by BrdU incorporation into nascent DNA. It was observed that third-cycle SCE frequencies in CHO are dependent upon the amount of BrdU that was present during cycles 1 and 2 and are independent of the BrdU concentration during the third cycle. It is therefore BrdU serving as a template, rather than BrdU being incorporated, that initiates the SCE event. A model is proposed that produces reasonable fits to the observed data. It also predicts a true background or spontaneous SCE frequency of 3 per cell per cycle as previously reported by Heartlein et al. (Mutation Res., 107 (1983) (103-109). The predicted single twin ratio is higher than that reported by Wolff and Perry (Exp. Cell Res., 93 (1975) 23-30), and possible explanations for this discrepancy are discussed. PMID- 6738571 TI - Induction of unscheduled DNA synthesis in cultured human oral keratinocytes by sodium fluoride. AB - The effect of treatment of cultured human oral keratinocytes with sodium fluoride (NaF) has been investigated with respect to induction of unscheduled DNA synthesis (UDS). Oral keratinocytes were isolated from excised buccal mucosa of normal individuals by trypsinization at 4 degrees C overnight, followed by separation of the epithelium of mucosa from lamina propria mucosae with forceps. Isolated cells were cultured in vitro and all experiments were performed with secondary cultures. For detection of UDS, the keratinocytes were cultivated with medium containing 1% fetal calf serum (FCS) for 2 days and then treated with 100 300 micrograms/ml NaF for 4 h in medium containing 1% FCS and 10 mM hydroxyurea (1% FCS-HU medium). Following treatment with NaF, UDS was measured by direct scintillation counting of [3H]thymidine incorporated into DNA of the cells in 1% FCS-HU medium. Significant levels of UDS were induced in a dose-related fashion by NaF treatment. The results suggest that NaF causes DNA damage in cultured human oral keratinocytes. PMID- 6738572 TI - Metabolism of acridine by rat-liver enzymes. AB - Metabolism of acridine by S10 fractions from control adult male Sprague-Dawley rats produces mainly 9- acridone , apparently catalyzed by aldehyde oxidase ( ED1 .2.3.1). In contrast, the predominant metabolic product produced by the corresponding S10 fraction of PCB-induced liver enzymes is a dihydrodiol (either the 2,3- or 3,4-isomer) presumably derived from an epoxide. Several minor metabolites of unknown structure are also formed. During in vitro reactions aldehyde oxidase requires neither atmospheric oxygen nor NADPH. Acridine has been reported to be mutagenic to Salmonella typhimurium, but only in the absence of PCB-induced activating enzymes. It also has been reported to produce chromosomal aberrations in cultured Chinese hamster cells both with and without enzymatic activation. While a connection between aldehyde oxidase catalysis and mutagenic action of acridine has not been established, the extensive metabolic potential of this compound implies that complete description of mutagenicity will be difficult. PMID- 6738573 TI - Changes in terminal sprout formation in rat sternocostalis muscle during chronic intoxication with 2,5 hexanedione. AB - Qualitative and quantitative morphological studies of the sternocostalis muscle innervation were made on rats chronically intoxicated with 2,5 hexanedione (2,5 HD) using the zinc iodide-osmium (ZIO) technique. Two distinct phases were seen in the events at the motor endplate. First, the number of motor endplates forming spontaneous terminal sprouts was found to increase linearly with time and, from the third week onward, the sprouts appeared to become progressively elongated. This latter change was associated with the appearance of swollen axons within intramuscular nerve bundles. Second, from the sixth week onward, wallerian degeneration of nerve fibers was seen and terminal sprouts began to make new arborizations on muscle fibers. By the eighth week, this occurred in as many as 66% of the rats, and collateral sprouting was also observed at this time. The occurrence of increased spontaneous terminal sprouting due to altered neuromuscular function is discussed in the light of axonal changes resulting from neurofilament accumulation following 2,5 HD intoxication. PMID- 6738574 TI - Membrane protein phosphorylation in the intact erythrocytes of genetically dystrophic hamsters. AB - Membrane protein phosphorylation has been measured in both normal and dystrophic (BIO 53.58) hamsters. After radiolabeling intact erythrocytes with exogenous 32Pi, band 3 polypeptides from dystrophic hamsters had increased incorporation of 32P, compared to age-matched controls. This was verified by membrane protein fractionation. The use of intact cell phosphorylation avoids many of the sources of experimental variability noted in experiments with isolated membranes. This work, using an animal model for the disease, supports the hypothesis of a generalized membrane defect in the muscular dystrophies. PMID- 6738575 TI - Excretion of total and muscular N tau-methylhistidine and creatinine in muscle diseases. AB - The daily urinary excretions of N tau-methylhistidine and creatinine from 52 adult patients were measured under standardized conditions. The ratio of N tau methylhistidine to creatinine excretion was calculated on the basis of the total and muscle-specific excretion rates and correlated to the clinical status of the patients. In patients with muscular diseases and in those with diseases of the central nervous system, the total daily excretion of both metabolites was about 30% lower than in controls. The muscle-specific ratio in patients with diseases of the central nervous system and patients with muscular diseases was not different from that observed in controls. Only in patients with neurogenic atrophies was the ratio elevated, so that it was more than twice the control value. The ratio of excreted N tau-methylhistidine/creatinine is only valid as an indicator of myofibrillar protein breakdown after correction for the contribution of nonskeletal muscle tissues to the urinary excretion. PMID- 6738576 TI - Heterogeneity of type 1 skeletal muscle fibers revealed by monoclonal antibody to slow myosin. AB - Monoclonal antibodies (McAbs) were generated against slow myosin from the chicken anterior latissimus dorsi (ALD) muscle and their reactivity was checked against fast (pectoralis), slow (ALD), cardiac (ventricular), and smooth (gizzard) myosins by radioimmunoassay (RIA), immunoautoradiography (immunoblots), and indirect immunofluorescence techniques. In RIAs, the McAb (ALD-58) described in this article reacted specifically with slow myosin, with only a weak cross reactivity to cardiac myosin. In immunoblots against whole muscle homogenates and purified myosins, it bound selectively to the 200 Kd myosin heavy chain band. The ALD-58 antibody stained the fibers of the ALD muscle uniformly but gave three grades of reactions (strong, weak, and negative), with histochemically identified type 1 fibers of sartorius and gastrocnemius muscles demonstrating the immunological heterogeneity of myosins in type 1 skeletal muscle fibers. PMID- 6738577 TI - Increased myofibrillar protein catabolism in duchenne muscular dystrophy measured by 3-methylhistidine excretion in the urine. AB - Myofibrillar protein catabolic rate was calculated in 50 young patients with Duchenne muscular dystrophy from the amount of 3-methylhistidine excreted in the urine, and was found to be about seven times that of a control series, expressed as the percentage of myofibrillar protein catabolized per day. This wastage of myofibrillar protein is a consequence of Duchenne muscular dystrophy and inhibition of protein degradation appears to be one possible approach in the treatment of this disease. PMID- 6738579 TI - Regenerative capability of skeletal muscle in chicken muscular dystrophy. AB - To examine the morphological sequence of regenerating fibers after myonecrosis in dystrophic muscles, 0.5 ml of 0.5% bupivacaine hydrochloride (BPVC) (Marcaine) solution, a local anesthetic with a cytotoxic effect on the muscle fibers, was injected directly into the dystrophic (line 413) and nondystrophic (line 412) posterior latissimus dorsi (PLD) muscles of young and adult chickens. Although the dystrophic muscles after BPVC injection showed a rapid recovery with a similar tempo to that of nondystrophic ones, they showed different morphological behavior in the early phase of regeneration, including marked variability in the size of fibers and in the intracytoplasmic enzyme activities of nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide, reduced-tetrazolium reductase (NADH-TR), acetylcholinesterase (AChE), and nonspecific esterase (NSE). PMID- 6738578 TI - Is the F wave elicited in a select group of motoneurons? AB - The F wave represents only a small percentage of the motoneuron pool invaded antidromically by any single impulse. We studied 22 median nerves from 11 healthy subjects to determine whether the recurrent discharges are preferentially generated in a select group of motoneurons with certain physiologic characteristics. Partial excitation of the nerve elicited the F wave with no consistent bias toward either the lower or higher threshold motor fibers. When the fast conducting axons were progressively blocked using a collision technique, the F wave continued to appear in the remaining slow conducting axons which escaped the collision. We conclude that the recurrent discharges occur in approximately 1% of antidromically activated motoneurons irrespective of their peripheral excitability or conduction characteristics. PMID- 6738580 TI - Escape from boredom: the meaning of eventfulness in the lives of clients at a sheltered workshop. PMID- 6738581 TI - Black "six-hour retarded children" as young adults. PMID- 6738582 TI - The social structures of mildly mentally retarded Afro-Americans: gender comparisons. PMID- 6738583 TI - Getting there: directions given by mildly retarded and nonretarded adults. AB - We found, not surprisingly, that most nonretarded adults can either give accurate and adequate sets of directions to their places of residence or recognize their inability to do so and refuse to attempt to give any--86% of those in our sample. We found also that this is the case for many mentally retarded adults who reside in the community--45% of those in our sample. These individuals responded in perfectly appropriate ways to a request for directions. However, 55% of the mentally retarded sample gave inaccurate or ineffective directions. Of these, 64% made errors that differed in quantity--both in terms of total number of errors and number of errors per set of directions--but not in kind from the errors made by the nonretarded sample. This leaves 13 mildly mentally retarded individuals- 20% of our total sample, 36% of those who gave inaccurate directions--who made errors that were unlike those made by nonretarded adults: errors of communicative competence that involved a lack of knowledge of the structure and function of directions or a lack of ability in communicative design. In our studies of other everyday speech events such as narratives, we have suggested that one of the reasons for the impression interlocutors have that something is different or wrong with the way that mildly mentally retarded persons speak is that although they make the same sorts of errors that nonretarded speakers make, they make them more frequently. Because of the nature of the speech events we have studied, we have been unable to demonstrate this conclusively. However, as we pointed out at the beginning of this paper, the nature of directions is such that one can make objective judgements of accuracy and of type and number of errors. For this speech event at least, our suggestion that mildly mentally retarded speakers make errors that are like those made by nonretarded speakers but make them more frequently, is confirmed. Furthermore, we have found that difficulties with communicative design that are not usually exhibited in the speech of nonretarded persons are present not only in the narratives of mentally retarded speakers but in the directions that they give as well. Traditionally, studies of language and mental retardation have concentrated on subjects' phonological, morphological, lexical, and syntactic deficits. But for the mildly retarded, such deficits are relatively insignificant.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 400 WORDS) PMID- 6738584 TI - Speech etiquette in a sheltered workshop. PMID- 6738585 TI - Friendship, coping systems and community adjustment of mildly retarded adults. PMID- 6738588 TI - Detection of metastatic tumor in normal-sized retroperitoneal lymph nodes by monoclonal-antibody imaging. PMID- 6738586 TI - Employment experiences of community-based mildly retarded adults. PMID- 6738589 TI - Are there markers for the risk of colorectal cancer? PMID- 6738587 TI - Self-perspectives on being handicapped: stigma and adjustment. PMID- 6738590 TI - The risk of cancer and serum vitamin A and E and carotenoids. PMID- 6738591 TI - Cytogenetic abnormalities in chronic lymphocytic leukemia. PMID- 6738592 TI - Groups at high risk for AIDS. PMID- 6738593 TI - Treatment for Neisseria gonorrhoeae and Chlamydia trachomatis. PMID- 6738594 TI - Cyclophosphamide for minimal-change nephropathy in children. PMID- 6738595 TI - Microalbuminuria and early mortality in maturity-onset diabetes. PMID- 6738596 TI - Very-low-calorie protein diets. PMID- 6738597 TI - Medicolegalingo. PMID- 6738598 TI - Ornithine decarboxylase as a biologic marker in familial colonic polyposis. AB - We investigated whether the activity of ornithine decarboxylase might serve as a diagnostic test for detecting the presence of the genotype for familial polyposis. This rate-limiting enzyme in the polyamine biosynthetic pathway is essential for intestinal mucosal proliferation. In colonic mucosa from 16 normal controls, ornithine decarboxylase activity was less than 2.5 nmol per milligram per hour. In contrast, it was higher than 2.5 nmol per milligram per hour in the normal-appearing areas of colonic mucosa from 11 of 13 patients with familial polyposis and in all polyps biopsied from these same subjects (P less than 0.05 for specimens from both sites, as compared with controls). Mucosa from dysplastic polyps showed higher mean ornithine decarboxylase activity than mucosa from polyps that were not dysplastic (P less than 0.05). In colonic mucosa from clinically unaffected, first-degree relatives of patients with familial polyposis, there was a bimodal distribution of ornithine decarboxylase activity, with one peak at the mean for normal controls and the other near the mean for normal-appearing mucosa from affected patients. Our study suggests that ornithine decarboxylase activity in colonic mucosa may reflect the abnormal proliferative state in familial polyposis and identify clinically normal family members who carry the genotype. PMID- 6738599 TI - Predicting diabetic nephropathy in insulin-dependent patients. AB - We studied whether microalbuminuria (urinary albumin excretion rates of 15 to 150 micrograms per minute) would predict the development of increased proteinuria in Type I diabetes. We also studied the influence of glomerular filtration rate, renal blood flow, and blood pressure on the later development of proteinuria. Forty-four patients who had had Type I diabetes for at least seven years and who had albumin excretion rates below 150 micrograms per minute were studied from 1969 to 1976, and 43 were restudied in 1983. Of the 14 who initially had albumin excretion rates at or above 15 micrograms per minute, 12 had clinically detectable proteinuria (over 500 mg of protein per 24 hours) or an albumin excretion rate above 150 micrograms per minute at the later examination. Of the 29 who initially had albumin excretion rates below 15 micrograms per minute, none had clinically detectable proteinuria at the later examination, although four had microalbuminuria. Those whose condition progressed to clinically overt proteinuria had elevated glomerular filtration rates and higher blood pressures at the initial examination than did those in whom proteinuria did not develop. Renal blood flow was not elevated in these patients. We conclude that microalbuminuria predicts the development of diabetic nephropathy and that elevated glomerular filtration rates and increased blood pressure may also contribute to this progression. PMID- 6738600 TI - Differences in risk of insulin-dependent diabetes in offspring of diabetic mothers and diabetic fathers. AB - To examine the role of heritable factors in insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus (IDDM), we studied the incidence of IDDM in the offspring of patients with the disease who were identified by the medical records of the Joslin Diabetes Center from 1928 to 1939. We found 187 survivors who, after the diagnosis of IDDM, had produced 419 offspring for whom information about diabetes status was available. By the age of 20, 6.1 per cent of the offspring of the 88 men had diabetes; in contrast, only 1.3 per cent of the offspring of the 99 women had the disease by the age of 20 (P less than 0.05). Daughters and sons of the men with IDDM were affected equally (there were insufficient numbers of affected offspring of diabetic women to permit determination of whether the sexes were equally affected). We conclude that IDDM is transmitted less frequently to the offspring of diabetic women than to those of diabetic men. More study is required to determine whether this difference reflects a genetic mechanism or, instead, selective perinatal loss of the affected offspring of diabetic mothers. PMID- 6738601 TI - Progressive neurologic deterioration and renal failure due to storage of glutamyl ribose-5-phosphate. AB - A six-year-old boy presented with a history of seizures, progressive neurologic deterioration, and proteinuria. Physical examination revealed mildly coarse facies, failure to thrive, generalized hypotonia with muscle wasting, and optic atrophy; there was no organomegaly. The family history suggested an X-linked recessive inheritance. The electroencephalogram, electroretinogram, evoked potentials, and computed axial tomography of the brain were abnormal. Urine oligosaccharide chromatography, urine amino acids and organic acids, and results of leukocyte and fibroblast lysosomal-enzyme assays for the known storage diseases were normal; however, conjunctival and renal biopsy specimens contained enlarged lysosomes on electron microscopy. The patient had progressive neurologic deterioration and died of renal failure at eight years of age. A compound identified as glutamyl ribose-5-phosphate was purified from the brain (0.96 mumol per gram, wet weight) and kidney (0.60 mumol per gram, wet weight). This compound is the linkage group in ADP-ribosylation of proteins, an important regulatory process in gene expression and DNA repair. We believe this new disorder represents a glycoproteinosis that results in the cytoplasmic storage of glutamyl ribose-5-phosphate. PMID- 6738602 TI - Amiodarone hepatotoxicity simulating alcoholic liver disease. PMID- 6738603 TI - Case records of the Massachusetts General Hospital. Weekly clinicopathological exercises. Case 29-1984. A 21-year-old man with headache, fever, and facial diplegia. PMID- 6738604 TI - Other factors to consider in infantile AIDS. PMID- 6738605 TI - Familial nature of Alzheimer's disease. PMID- 6738606 TI - "On-off" phenomenon in Parkinson's disease. PMID- 6738607 TI - Renal syndromes and nonsteroidal antiinflammatory drugs. PMID- 6738608 TI - Relapsing pure red-cell aplasia during pregnancy. PMID- 6738609 TI - Predicting relapse in acute asthma. PMID- 6738610 TI - Is sepsis the only possible harmful consequence of splenectomy? PMID- 6738612 TI - False-positive Hemoccult reaction caused by Betadine. PMID- 6738611 TI - Vasoactive effects of platelet aggregates. PMID- 6738613 TI - Martial-arts thyroiditis. PMID- 6738614 TI - Is the Unsuit unsuitable? PMID- 6738615 TI - Report of the ninth Duke University Medical Center Private Sector Conference. PMID- 6738616 TI - Muscarinic cholinergic receptors on skin fibroblasts in familial affective disorder. AB - Cultured human skin fibroblasts possess muscarinic receptors with the properties of specific binding, saturability, pharmacologic specificity, inhibition of norepinephrine-stimulated adenylate cyclase, and increased binding after incubation with an antagonist. The number of binding sites appears to be a stable characteristic of each cell line. We studied fibroblasts from 18 patients with a major affective disorder and found that they had a higher density of binding sites than cells from 12 normal controls. Fibroblasts from 18 relatives who had histories of major or minor affective disorder also had a higher density, and those from five normal relatives were similar to controls. These results, although still preliminary, suggest that increased cholinergic-receptor density may be associated with vulnerability to affective disorders in some familial cases. PMID- 6738617 TI - Cellular DNA content as a predictor of response to chemotherapy in infants with unresectable neuroblastoma. AB - We studied the relation between the DNA content of neuroblastoma cells and the response to therapy in 35 infants under one year of age with a diagnosis of neuroblastoma. Using flow cytometric techniques, we found that in 27 cases the primary malignant stem line consisted of neuroblasts with hyperdiploid DNA content, ranging from 1.07 to 2.42 times the finding in normal diploid cells. All remaining cases had diploid stem lines. Diploidy was more common in infants with clinical Stage D neuroblastoma (metastases beyond regional lymph nodes) than in those with other, less advanced stages: 6 of 10 as compared with 2 of 25 (P = 0.003). Of 17 evaluable patients with unresectable hyperdiploid tumors, 15 had complete responses and two had partial responses to cyclophosphamide and doxorubicin; six others with diploid tumors did not respond (P = 0.00001). We also found that each of the four infants with Evans' Stage IV-S neuroblastoma, an unusual form of disseminated neuroblastoma with a relatively good prognosis, had hyperdiploid tumor cells of clonal origin. We conclude that in neuroblastoma of infants, hyperdiploidy of tumor cells is associated with a better response to chemotherapy than is diploidy. PMID- 6738618 TI - Law-medicine notes. Exclusive hospital-medical service arrangements for anesthesiology: antitrust consequences. PMID- 6738619 TI - Case records of the Massachusetts General Hospital. Weekly clinicopathological exercises. Case 30-1984. A 79-year-old woman with gallstones and dilated biliary and pancreatic ducts. PMID- 6738620 TI - Cholinergic mechanisms in affective disorders. PMID- 6738621 TI - Association of alcohol consumption and cancer. PMID- 6738622 TI - Caffeine for bronchial asthma. PMID- 6738623 TI - Potential secondary toxicity from anticoagulant pesticides contaminating human food sources. PMID- 6738624 TI - Genital mycoplasma infection and perinatal morbidity. PMID- 6738626 TI - Smoking, weight change, and lipoprotein lipase. PMID- 6738625 TI - Dysmorphism, dysplasia, and anomaly in sudden infant death. PMID- 6738627 TI - Smoking and public policy. PMID- 6738628 TI - Pneumococcal vaccine. PMID- 6738630 TI - Clubbing of the fingers in heroin addiction. PMID- 6738629 TI - More on leptospirosis. PMID- 6738631 TI - Inappropriate antidiuretic hormone secretion with infectious mononucleosis. PMID- 6738632 TI - Case 10-1984: orbital rhabdomyosarcoma. PMID- 6738633 TI - Danger on the Los Angeles freeway. PMID- 6738634 TI - Employment in Saudi Arabia. PMID- 6738635 TI - Public involvement in medical ethics. PMID- 6738636 TI - Termination of pregnancy during the third trimester. PMID- 6738637 TI - Philosophy of science. PMID- 6738638 TI - Doing what "needs" to be done. PMID- 6738639 TI - Food, nutrition, and nuclear war. PMID- 6738640 TI - Bone mineral content of amenorrheic and eumenorrheic athletes. AB - This study was designed to determine whether the hypoestrogenic status of 14 amenorrheic athletes was associated with a decrease in regional bone mass relative to that of 14 of their eumenorrheic peers. The two groups of athletes were matched for age, height, weight, sport, and training regimens. Bone mass was measured by dual-photon and single-photon absorptiometry at the lumbar vertebrae (L1 to L4) and at two sites on the radius. Vertebral mineral density was significantly lower in the amenorrheic group (mean, 1.12 g per square centimeter) than in the eumenorrheic group (mean, 1.30 g per square centimeter). There was no significant difference at either radial site. Radioimmunoassay confirmed a lower mean estradiol concentration (amenorrheic group, 38.58 pg per milliliter; eumenorrheic group, 106.99 pg per milliliter) and progesterone peak (amenorrheic group, 1.25 ng per milliliter; eumenorrheic group, 12.75 ng per milliliter) in the amenorrheic women, in four venous samples drawn at seven-day intervals. A three-day dietary history showed no significant differences in nutritional intake, including calcium with and without supplements. The two groups were similar in percentage of body fat, age at menarche, years of athletic participation, and frequency and duration of training but differed in number of miles run per week (amenorrheic group, 41.8 miles [67.3 km]; eumenorrheic group, 24.9 miles [40.1 km]). We conclude that the amenorrhea that is observed in female athletes may be accompanied by a decrease in mineral density of the lumbar vertebrae. PMID- 6738641 TI - C5a-inhibitor deficiency in peritoneal fluids from patients with familial Mediterranean fever. AB - Normal peritoneal fluid contains an inhibitor of neutrophil chemotaxis that acts by antagonizing the complement-derived chemotactic anaphyllatoxin C5a. The inhibitor resembles a substance previously described in synovial fluids and is a protein with a molecular weight of approximately 40,000 as determined by gel filtration. In contrast, levels of inhibitory activity in peritoneal fluids from five patients with familial Mediterranean fever were decreased to less than 10 per cent of those found in normal subjects. Gel filtration of peritoneal and synovial fluids from these patients did not yield any fraction with inhibitory activity. We suggest that C5a-inhibitor deficiency in joint and peritoneal fluids from patients with familial Mediterranean fever may have a role in the pathogenesis of the inflammatory attacks characteristic of this disease. PMID- 6738642 TI - Effects of oxygen inhalation on endogenous erythropoietin kinetics, erythropoiesis, and properties of blood cells in sickle-cell anemia. AB - The role of oxygen therapy in sickle-cell anemia is not established, and its effects on erythropoiesis and on the rheologic properties of sickled erythrocytes are controversial. When three patients with sickle-cell anemia who were not in crisis or infected breathed oxygen at a rate of 5 liters per minute continuously through nasal prongs for five days, there was a rapid decline in erythropoietin levels that had initially been elevated, a delayed fall in the number of reticulocytes, and a fall in the number of irreversibly sickled cells, which, in two of the subjects, preceded the suppression of reticulocytosis. After cessation of oxygen therapy, erythropoietin levels and the number of irreversibly sickled cells increased promptly, followed by an increase in the number of reticulocytes. Calculated erythropoietin half-lives were 1.51 to 2.92 hours, and clearances were 43 to 84 ml per minute during oxygen administration. These are normal values. In two subjects, the number of irreversibly sickled cells rose to exceed base-line values after oxygen therapy was discontinued, and both subjects had acute painful episodes at this time. We conclude that in patients with sickle-cell anemia, substantial changes in erythropoiesis and in the rheologic properties of blood occur in association with oxygen inhalation and that when oxygen therapy is administered to such patients, it should be given intermittently rather than continuously. PMID- 6738643 TI - C5a-inhibitor deficiency--a role in familial Mediterranean fever? PMID- 6738644 TI - Varicella and herpes zoster. PMID- 6738645 TI - Measles encephalitis. PMID- 6738646 TI - Primary sclerosing cholangitis. PMID- 6738648 TI - Physician's responsibility toward the hopelessly ill. PMID- 6738649 TI - Medical practice in 1984. PMID- 6738647 TI - Long-term follow-up of an untreated patient with probable prolactinoma. PMID- 6738650 TI - Law-medicine notes: the use of animals in research. PMID- 6738651 TI - The Twin Cities' medical marketplace. PMID- 6738652 TI - Effects of theophylline on diaphragmatic strength and fatigue in patients with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. AB - We studied the effects of theophylline on diaphragmatic strength and fatigue in 15 patients with severe chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. Diaphragmatic strength was assessed by measurement of the transdiaphragmatic pressure generated at functional residual capacity during a maximal inspiratory effort against closed airways. Diaphragmatic fatigue was induced by resistive loaded breathing. The electrical activity of the diaphragm was recorded with an esophageal electrode during the fatigue runs, and the high-low ratio of the electrical signal was analyzed to assess diaphragmatic fatigue. Studies were performed before and after 7 and 30 days of theophylline administration (mean plasma level, 13 +/- 2 mg per liter). A control group received a placebo instead of theophylline. Theophylline increased maximal transdiaphragmatic pressure by 16 per cent after 7 days of administration (P less than 0.01), and this increase persisted after 30 days. No significant change in maximal transdiaphragmatic pressure was observed in the group given the placebo. Theophylline also suppressed diaphragmatic fatigue in all patients who received it. We conclude that theophylline has a potent and long-lasting effect on diaphragmatic strength and fatigue in patients with fixed airway obstruction. PMID- 6738653 TI - Oral candidiasis in high-risk patients as the initial manifestation of the acquired immunodeficiency syndrome. AB - We studied the frequency with which unexplained oral candidiasis led to unequivocal acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS) in patients at risk. Twenty two previously healthy adults with unexplained oral candidiasis, of whom the 19 tested had a reversed T4/T8 ratio and 20 had generalized lymphadenopathy, were compared with 20 similar patients with a reversed T4/T8 ratio and generalized lymphadenopathy who did not have oral candidiasis. All were intravenous-drug abusers, homosexual or bisexual men, or both. Thirteen of the 22 patients with oral candidiasis (59 per cent) acquired a major opportunistic infection or Kaposi's sarcoma at a median of three months (range, 1 to 23) as compared with none of 20 patients with generalized lymphadenopathy and immunodeficiency but without candidiasis who were followed for a median of 12 months (range, 5 to 21) (P less than 0.001). AIDS developed in 12 of 15 patients with candidiasis and T4/T8 ratios less than or equal to 0.51, as compared with none of four with ratios equal to or greater than 0.60 (P less than 0.01). We conclude that in patients at high risk for AIDS, the presence of unexplained oral candidiasis predicts the development of serious opportunistic infections more than 50 per cent of the time. Whether the remainder will have AIDS is not yet known. PMID- 6738654 TI - What is food to one ... PMID- 6738655 TI - Dealing with conflicts of interest. PMID- 6738657 TI - Breast imaging. PMID- 6738656 TI - Nonprescription sales of metaproterenol aerosols. PMID- 6738658 TI - Tonsillectomy for recurrent throat infections in children. PMID- 6738659 TI - Estimating the severity of coronary-artery stenosis. PMID- 6738661 TI - Treatment of hairy-cell leukemia. PMID- 6738660 TI - Adjuvant therapy for colon cancer. PMID- 6738662 TI - Treatment of parasitic infections. PMID- 6738663 TI - Clearance of acid from the esophagus. PMID- 6738665 TI - Placebo controls. PMID- 6738664 TI - Treatment for flash burns of the conjunctiva. PMID- 6738666 TI - Experimental pulmonary candidiasis in modified rabbits. Histopathological, ultrastructural and enzyme cytochemical studies of tissue reactions. AB - The present experiment was performed in order to analyze and compare the histopathological features of Candida infection in various states of host defense capacity. The pulmonary lesions were induced by an intratracheal inoculation of 10(8) live cells of Candida albicans into each of the rabbits in the following 4 groups: 1) untreated controls, 2) animals sensitized non-specifically to bovine serum albumin (BSA), 3) those sensitized specifically to formalin-killed C. albicans cells, and 4) those treated with cyclophosphamide and mitomycin C. The animals were sacrificed at appropriate intervals up to 16 days after inoculation. At autopsy, the lungs were cultured and then subjected to histopathological, electron microscopic and enzyme cytochemical examinations. In the healthy control animals, the fungal lesions consisted of polymorphonuclear leukocytes (PMN) at the initial stage, gradually changing to granulomatous inflammation, which contained no peroxidase-positive macrophages. In the animals sensitized non specifically to BSA exudative macrophages appeared in the lesions, the nature of which did not differ from that of the control animals. In the animals sensitized specifically to Candida cells, more extensive infiltration of PMN was observed at the initial stage, a fact which may suggest the participation of the Arthus phenomenon in the development of the lesions. Furthermore, an epithelioid cell transformation of the macrophages in the granulomatous lesions may also suggest that immune complexes contributed to their formation. In the drug-treated animals, the lesions consisted of necrotic or less prominent cellular foci which correspond to the features of human candidiasis in debilitated states, and the inoculated fungi grew progressively to form pseudohyphae. An asteroid structure protruding radially from the surface of the fungal cells and attaching to primary lysosomes in the phagocytes was observed occasionally. This structure seems to be formed when the function of the phagocytes in the defense mechanisms against the fungi is suppressed to some extent. From the results of the present experiment, we would emphasize that PMN play an initial role in the elimination of C. albicans cells in the lung, and that macrophages then contribute to the formation of the lesions immunologically or non-immunologically. PMID- 6738667 TI - Pathogenicity of the basidiospores of Filobasidiella neoformans. AB - The pathogenicity of the purified basidiospores of Filosbasidiella neoformans was determined. The basidiospores were purified by successive filtration and inoculated into white Swiss female mice via the intracranial and intravenous route. At autopsy, infection was seen with as few as fifty inoculated cells. The brain, liver and spleen were examined culturally and histologically to prove the pathogenicity of the purified basidiospores . PMID- 6738668 TI - Vaginal candidosis. Opportunistic factors and clinical correlation in 600 patients. AB - Vaginal exudates were taken from 600 new patients of the gyneco -obstetrics outpatient clinic. Candida was isolated from 261 patients, 134 (22.3%) of which had this yeast as a component of the normal flora, and in 127 (21.2%) it was considered as a pathogen. The most frequent symptoms in the last group were vaginal discharge, erythema and pruritus. Pregnancy was the most frequent opportunistic factor, followed by the association of pregnancy and malnutrition, and anemia. Vaginal candidosis was more frequent in patients of the medium socio economical stratum. The species of Candida isolated were C. albicans (67.7%), C. tropicalis (18.8%), C. stellatoidea (8.7%), C. pseudotropicalis (2.4%), C. parakrusei (1.6%) and C. guillermondi (0.8%). PMID- 6738669 TI - Keratinomyces ceretanicus sp. nov., a psychrophilic dermatophyte from soil. AB - Keratinomyces ceretanicus , a new species with psychrophilic properties, is described. The macroconidia are narrowly fusiform, usually 11-14-celled and thin walled. No microconidia are produced. Two separate collections of this fungus have been made from forest soils of Catalunya (Spain). PMID- 6738671 TI - Studies on relationship between cysts and granulomas in murine cryptococcosis. AB - The histopathology of murine cryptococcosis was observed until the 55th day and particular attention was paid to whether or not cysts, which had been formed in the brain, could change to granulomas. Cryptococcus neoformans RIB-12M was used in this experiment. As experimental animals, five-week-old male BALB/c mice, weighing 20-22 g, were used. An infective inoculum was prepared by adjusting the number of cryptococci to 10(6) or 5 X 10(6)/0.2 ml. Each mouse was inoculated intravenously with 0.2 ml of the cell suspension, and the colony forming unit of the brain and liver, and the histopathological findings in various visceral organs were investigated. 40 X 10(4) colonies grew from 100 mg of the brain tissue of the eighth day. Thereafter, the number increased gradually. It reached 500 X 10(4) on the 20th day. The colony forming unit from the liver reached a peak on the 12th day (250 X 10(4] and thereafter the number decreased gradually. Histopathologically, the brain and liver were severely affected with the fungus. In the brain cysts with cryptococci continued to increase until the end of the experiment. On the other hand, in the liver several purulent foci appeared on the second day. On the eighth day numerous mononuclear cells accumulated at the foci and their lesions changed to granulomatous ones with cryptococci. The number of granulomatous lesions reached a peak on the 16th day in the mice inoculated with 5 X 10(6) cryptococci, and thereafter showed a tendency to decrease gradually. PMID- 6738670 TI - Phialophora richardsiae isolated from infected human bone: morphological, physiological and antifungal susceptibility studies. AB - A dematiaceous fungus, Phialophora richardsiae (Nannf.) Conant, was isolated from human bone. In culture the fungus produced no yeast forms and was less pigmented than two other P. richardsiae isolates. While growth rates were similar, colonial forms differed. Phialides were of two kinds. While both had broad bases and tapered at the tips, only one terminated with a cupulate or rarely a saucer shaped collarette. Most phialides were hyaline with a few lightly pigmented ones in older cultures. Broth dilution susceptibility testing of the isolates against amphotericin B, miconazole, ketoconazole, clotrimazole, and 5-fluorocytosine showed the fungus was susceptible to miconazole, ketoconazole and amphotericin B at achievable serum levels and resistant to 5-fluorocytosine and clotrimazole. The other isolates were reported to differ in their resistance to miconazole and amphotericin B. Enzyme and salinity studies showed minor difference among the isolates. PMID- 6738672 TI - [DNA-DNA hybridization in several species of Hansenula]. AB - The genus Hansenula was considered a long time ago as a good pattern for phylogenetic research. In 1969, Wickerham proposed an evolutive scheme based upon morphological, physiological and ecological criteria. Recently, relatedness among yeasts were analysed by DNA-DNA hybridization in liquid medium. H. anomala var. anomala (G + C content: 37.1%) was compared with H. anomala var. schneggii (37.6%), H. subpelliculosa (33.8%) line 3, H. sydowiorum (40.1%) and H. muscicola (37.1%). These results showed little relatedness between H. anomala var. anomala/H. ciferrii and H. anomala var. anomala/H. subpelliculosa. On the other hand, H. anomala var. schneggii shared 89.5% of its nucleotide sequences with H. anomala var. anomala. These 2 strains were considered to represent the same species. H. holstii showed 67.1% complementarity with H. anomala var. anomala: this strain is considered to represent valid species, different from H. anomala var. anomala, but H. muscicola with 72.5% relatedness to H. anomala var. anomala could be considered as a 'limit species'. An unexpected finding was that H. beckii was closely related to H. anomala var. anomala (84.8%). These data suggested the inadequacy of current criteria used to establish the phylogenetic lines in genus Hansenula. PMID- 6738673 TI - Aflatoxin contamination of maize kernels before harvest. Interaction of Aspergillus flavus spores, corn earworm larvae and fungicide applications. AB - Two maize (Zea mays L.) hybrids with varying degrees of resistance to damage by corn earworm (CEW) (Heliothis zea Boddie) were grown in Iowa, Georgia, and Missouri. Treatments included: introduction of Aspergillus flavus Link ex. Fr. spores onto newly-emerged silks, application of a fungicide as an aqueous spray onto test ears during the first three weeks after flowering, infestation of ears with CEW eggs, and combinations of these variables. CEW larvae were collected from developing ears and examined for the presence of internal A. flavus group propagules. Aflatoxin levels were determined in mature kernels. Toxin concentrations exhibited a distinct regional variation with relatively high levels in Georgia samples, intermediate concentrations in Missouri kernels and low levels in Iowa samples. No treatment effects were noted in Georgia samples but introduction of A. flavus and CEW increased toxin accumulation in Missouri kernels. Although the CEW-susceptible hybrid exhibited a trend towards increased damage by the insect, no treatment-related differences were observed in the presence of the fungus in larvae or in aflatoxin contamination. Fungicide applications did not significantly reduce aflatoxin levels in mature kernels. PMID- 6738674 TI - Distribution of moulds on stored grains in households in an area affected by endemic nephropathy in Yugoslavia. AB - The distribution of moulds on stored maize, wheat and beans in families affected and unaffected by nephropathy in the endemic area (Endemic nephrophaty - Balkan kidney disease) of middle Posavinain Yugoslavia was studied. Among 3 700 samples of stored grains, no significant difference was noted in the contamination by moulds of samples taken from affected and unaffected families. The predominant moulds on all the samples were 'storage moulds' from the genera Penicillium and Aspergillus, 'field moulds' among which Alternaria and Fusarium were encountered most frequently, and the 'spoilage moulds' Absidia, Mucor, Rhizopus, Trichoderma and Trichothecium. PMID- 6738675 TI - Tinea capitis due to Microsporum canis in infants. AB - Three cases of scalp involvement by M. canis in infants are briefly reported. The first was a 2-month-old female with a few erythematous spots on the scalp, the second an 8-month-old male with lesions resembling seborrhoeic dermatitis and the third an 11-month-old male having areas of folliculitis of a kerion type. The father of the second case was found to have a tinea barbae infection due to the same fungus. Stray kittens were the most probable source of infection in all these cases. PMID- 6738676 TI - Unusual aspects of granulomatous dermatophytosis. AB - Described are three male patients showing bizarre manifestations of granulomatous dermatophytosis, all in the hand region. One had a small infiltrated nodular lesion near the thumb which was mistaken for a common insect bite. The second had a violaceous-yellowish plaque, also on the thumb, composed of 2-3 small subcutaneous nodules. The third case had five reddish intracutaneous nodules on the dorsum of the hand. Puncture of these nodules revealed the presence of fungal elements and culture yielded T. rubrum in all cases. Each patient was also found to have a fingernail affected by the same agent. Histologic sections in each case showed granulation tissue in the dermis and hypodermis, mainly in the vicinity of hair fragments with spores. These lesions appeared to be variants of Majocchi's granuloma trichophyticum. PMID- 6738677 TI - Two components in L1210 cells and their growth characterization. PMID- 6738678 TI - The present status of an early infantile autism first reported in Japan thirty years ago. PMID- 6738679 TI - [Prevention of viral hepatitis B in early infancy--specific anti-HBs immunoglobulins (HBIG)]. PMID- 6738680 TI - Analysis of human motion in rehabilitation by micro-computer. PMID- 6738681 TI - Studies on the blood-retinal barrier after cryoretinopexy with vitreous fluorophotometry. PMID- 6738682 TI - Ultrasonograms and histological findings of the postmortem pancreas. PMID- 6738683 TI - [Nutrient density as a quality criterion for dietetic regimens]. AB - Nutrient density is a very informative criterion for the evaluation of a diet from the viewpoint of nutritional physiology. One means by nutrient density the physiologically necessary nutrient proportion in an energetic unit (e. g., 4200 kJ = 1000 kcal). The lower the energy requirement, the higher is in general the nutrient density for different nutrients. Dietetic regimens make special demands on nutrient density. As compared to the normal diet for adults, the nutrient density of a dietetic regimen is in part considerably higher, e. g., for protein, calcium, iron, vitamin B1 and vitamin C. The specific demands on energy and nutrient requirements must be met by a food selection and diet composition keyed to nutrient density. PMID- 6738684 TI - [The formation of eating behavior]. AB - Food behaviour involves the totality of the actions of man which aim at satisfying his nutritional need. It is based on psychical reflection, decision and assessment processes. Food behaviour has social and historical determinants and forms accordingly to the dialectic relation of biological, social and economic conditions. Hunger, thirst and appetite are perceived as nutritional need which results from the requirements of energy, nutrients and liquid, and is satisfied by the food behaviour in conformity with the actual material potential, situational influences, subjective ideas, interests, attitudes and knowledge as well as other psychical properties. Consequently, food behaviour is rich in variations with dynamic and conservative features. Motives as well as will components are essential constituent conditions of food behaviour. For this reason, empirical studies arteo provide psychological cognition concerning the subjective reflection of the nutritional requirements, the requirement-standard integration, the sensation of stimulation and the decision-making in food behaviour, the ultimate goal being to deduce measures for food behaviour guidance. PMID- 6738685 TI - Serum triglycerides, cholesterol, low density lipoprotein-apo B and high density lipoprotein cholesterol subfractions after moderate body weight loss. AB - Low calorie diet (4.18 MJ daily) was given to 48 (35 female, 13 male) obese patients during 24 days followed by 7 days of normal diet (9.61 MJ daily). Patients were treated in sanatorium under steady medical control. The average body weight decrease in women was 5.3 kg and in men 6.2 kg. A significant decrease in serum triglycerides, total cholesterol and apolipoprotein B in low density lipoproteins (LDL-apo B) was observed after low calorie diet. No influence on high density lipoprotein cholesterol (HDL-chol), HDL2-chol and HDL3 chol in men and on HDL3-chol in women was observed. The HDL2-chol decreased in women. The LDL-apo B/HDL-chol ratio decreased in both sexes, however, it was significant only in women. After 7 days of normal diet no further significant changes in serum lipids and lipoproteins were observed. PMID- 6738686 TI - Australian IVF: orphan embryos. PMID- 6738688 TI - Cost of impure mice. PMID- 6738687 TI - Karl Illmensee: NIH withdraws research grant. PMID- 6738689 TI - Acid rain: UK in minority of one. PMID- 6738691 TI - Fisheries. Genetics, dynamics and politics. PMID- 6738690 TI - Pesticides: new chemicals under fire. PMID- 6738692 TI - Blood cell development. The message in the medium. PMID- 6738693 TI - Evidence of two temperate episodes in late Pleistocene deposits at Marsworth, UK. AB - In the British Quaternary, two post-Cromerian interglacials, the Hoxnian and the Ipswichian, are recognized. Evidence of additional interglacials in this interval is widely accepted in the oceanic record of Quaternary events, and the possibility that at least one additional interglacial of this age is represented in Britain has been discussed. However, in the absence of datable interglacial deposits which are seen to overlie one another, the issue has remained controversial. We describe here deposits at Marsworth, UK (Fig. 1) where there is evidence of two temperate episodes, and of intervening periglacial conditions. Stratigraphical superposition is established beyond any reasonable doubt. The later deposit relates to the temperate woodland stage of the Ipswichian Interglacial. Dating of the earlier temperate material by the 230Th/234U disequilibrium method indicates an interglacial episode not previously established in the British Quaternary. PMID- 6738694 TI - Recurrent patterns of natural selection in a population of Darwin's finches. AB - The adaptive significance of morphological traits can be assessed by measuring and identifying the forces of selection acting on them. Boag and Grant documented directional selection in a small population of Darwin's medium ground finches, Geospiza fortis, on I. Daphne Major, Galapagos, in 1977. Large beak and body size were favoured at a time of diminishing food supply and high adult mortality. We show here that in two subsequent periods of moderate to high adult mortality (1980 and 1982), the population was subject to the same selection. We have used a recently developed technique to ascertain the targets of direct selection. Beak depth and body weight were commonly under direct selection to increase but, surprisingly, beak width was directly selected to decrease, over all three periods of mortality. The results have implications for our understanding of evolutionary change in morphological traits of Darwin's finches. PMID- 6738695 TI - Vitamin E protects against retinopathy of prematurity through action on spindle cells. AB - In the premature infant, exposure of the incompletely vascularized retina to increased oxygen tension can result in the development of a blinding disease, retinopathy of prematurity (ROP). Despite the judicious curtailment of oxygen, the incidence of ROP is on the increase due to the technological advances that have improved the survival of the very young preterm infant. Six clinical trials have documented the efficacy of vitamin E supplementation in suppressing the development of severe ROP, but the mechanism of this protection has remained unknown. This report proposes that spindle cells, mesenchymal precursors of the inner retinal capillaries, are the primary inducers of the neovascularization associated with ROP. Exposure of spindle cells to elevated oxygen tension increases their gap junction area. This early morphologic event immediately halts the normal vasoformative process and eventually triggers the neovascularization that is observed clinically 8-12 weeks later. Vitamin E supplementation above the deficient plasma levels of these infants suppresses gap junction formation and clinically reduces the severity without altering the total incidence of ROP. PMID- 6738696 TI - H-2-linked low-molecular weight polypeptide antigens assemble into an unusual macromolecular complex. AB - The major histocompatibility complex (MHC) is a cluster of tightly linked genes whose products are of central importance in the functioning of the immune system. Class I and II MHC antigens are integral membrane proteins which regulate cell surface interactions between T cells and their targets, while class III antigens are components of the complement system of serum proteins. All available evidence indicates that the structure and function of the MHC and its gene products are highly conserved among species (for review, see ref.5). We recently reported the existence in murine cells of a fourth class of MHC-linked polypeptides which are biochemically and genetically distinct from previously identified MHC gene products: BALB.B anti-BALB/c (anti-H-2d) antiserum immunoprecipitates a set of 16 cytoplasmic low-molecular weight polypeptides (LMP) from BALB/c spleen cells and from the WEHI-3 cell line. The production of these peptides is coordinately regulated (by immune interferon) with the production of the class I and II MHC antigens, suggesting that they too are functionally relevant to the immune system. We demonstrate here that these 16 polypeptides are associated with one another in vivo as a very large (580,000-molecular weight, Mr) noncovalent complex. The unusual nature of this complex has allowed the non-immunochemical identification of similar complexes from (serologically negative) H-2b murine cells and from a human cell line. Thus, LMP antigens display two properties in common with other MHC antigens: they are both polymorphic and genetically conserved across species. PMID- 6738697 TI - A universal genetic key to body plan? PMID- 6738698 TI - What controls the transcription of immunoglobulin genes? PMID- 6738699 TI - Vasopressin, tissue-specific defects and the Brattleboro rat. PMID- 6738700 TI - Fungi in culture. PMID- 6738701 TI - Homocysteine and arteriosclerosis. PMID- 6738703 TI - AIDS: test companies chosen. PMID- 6738702 TI - Two-dimensional chiral crystals of phospholipid. AB - Epifluorescence optical microscopy has been used to show the formation of solid phase domains from fluid phase domains on compression of dipalmitoylphosphatidylcholine (DPPC) monolayers at the air-water interface. These monolayers can be transferred to solid substrates, and in certain conditions exhibit X-ray diffraction characteristic of highly ordered two dimensional crystals. In previous work, the crystal domains, visualized by the exclusion of fluorescent lipid probes, were often round and arrayed within a continuous fluid phase domain in a hexagonal pattern. We report here that when DPPC monolayers are more rapidly compressed, at a rate of the order of a 2% decrease in area per second, chiral solid domains of lipid are formed. The handedness of the solid domains is directly related to the enantiomorphic configuration of the lipids composing the monolayer. The shape of these domains provides direct visual evidence for long range orientational order in two dimensional crystals. PMID- 6738704 TI - Inviability of parthenogenones is determined by pronuclei, not egg cytoplasm. AB - Parthenogenetic mouse embryos pose an interesting problem in the study of early mammalian development. Haploid or diploid parthenogenones, resulting from spontaneous or experimental activation of unfertilized eggs, will undergo apparently normal preimplantation development but die in the early post implantation stages. However, in aggregation chimaeras with fertilized embryos, parthenogenetic embryos have the ability to differentiate into many tissue types, including gametes which can give rise to normal offspring. Furthermore, it has been reported that viable young were obtained from the transfer of inner cell mass nuclei of parthenogenetic blastocysts to enucleated fertilized eggs. These observations suggest that sperm have some additional role, apart from restoring a complete genome, that is necessary for normal development. To investigate whether sperm-related modifications to the egg cytoplasm are important, we have used an efficient nuclear transfer technique in which a complete karyoplast, comprised of pronuclei, surrounding cytoplasm and a portion of the egg plasma membrane, is transferred utilizing Sendai virus membrane fusion. Embryos produced by the transfer of pronuclei from diploid parthenogenetic eggs to enucleated fertilized eggs died very soon after implantation, whereas viable young were obtained from the transfer of fertilized egg pronuclei into enucleated parthenogenetic eggs. This shows that the death of parthenogenones is not due to a lack of cytoplasmic factors from the sperm. PMID- 6738705 TI - Patterns of developing embryos. PMID- 6738707 TI - Semen polyamines in AIDS pathogenesis. PMID- 6738706 TI - New twist to DNA methylation. PMID- 6738708 TI - Somatic gene mutation and breast carcinoma. PMID- 6738709 TI - A microchemical facility for the analysis and synthesis of genes and proteins. AB - A series of automated instruments that use state-of-the-art chemical methods has been developed for high-sensitivity protein sequencing, DNA synthesis and peptide synthesis. These instruments have been integrated into a centralized microchemical facility in order to promote their use for the study of a variety of biologically interesting problems. This facility has as one of its major functions the development of new chemistries and instrumentation for the structural analysis and synthesis of genes and proteins. PMID- 6738710 TI - Greater contribution to blood lead from water than from air. AB - Concern about the levels of lead in blood is widespread. There is uncertainty, however, about the relative importance of the various environmental sources. Lead in petrol is widely assumed to be one of the most important sources and air and dust have been identified as the main routes to man. Water is regarded as an important source in areas with a plumbosolvent water supply, but of little or no importance in other areas. In order to evaluate the contribution to blood lead by various environmental sources, we have conducted surveys of random samples of women in areas of Wales chosen to represent very different levels of exposure to traffic. We report here that lead in air makes a small, but significant, contribution to blood lead but there is no evidence of any contribution from dust. Although in none of the areas were high levels of lead detected in water, water emerges as an important contributor to blood lead. PMID- 6738711 TI - Role of soluble myosin in cortical contractions of Xenopus eggs. AB - The layer of cytoplasm underlying the plasmalemma of Xenopus eggs has contractile activity which is of vital importance in fertilization and early development, being involved in such processes as sperm engulfment, cortical granule exocytosis, development of the axes of embryonic symmetry and cleavage. In amphibian eggs this layer is also involved in wound healing and changes of cellular shape at gastrulation. Two kinds of contractile structures can be distinguished near the surface of Xenopus eggs. To characterize the mechanism and regulation of this contractile activity, we have experimentally induced cortical contractions in bisected living Xenopus eggs. We have shown previously that cortical contractions are induced by calcium ions in the bisected egg. Here we show that extraction of soluble cytoplasmic components prevents the calcium induced contractions, but that addition of exogenous soluble myosin restores them. In oocytes, both soluble and insoluble components of the cortical cytoplasm are unable to support contraction. Thus, during meiotic maturation of oocytes into eggs, both of the components of the cortical cytoplasm must change so as to become competent for contraction. PMID- 6738712 TI - Quantification of the close association between DNA haplotypes and specific beta thalassaemia mutations in Mediterraneans. AB - It has been suggested that there is a close linkage between specific restriction fragment polymorphism patterns, defined as haplotypes, in the beta-globin gene cluster and specific mutations in Mediterranean people with thalassaemia. This association formed the basis of a strategy for the efficient characterization of beta-thalassaemia mutations from the DNA sequence of one or two beta-thalassaemia genes derived from each haplotype in each ethnic group. Subsequently, Robertson and Hill argued that this strategy greatly underestimates the number of mutations on haplotypes which are frequent among normal chromosomes. We have therefore now analysed the proposed association and strategy quantitatively by the use of oligonucleotide hybridization and direct restriction analysis. Our results suggest that: (1) the association of specific haplotypes with specific mutations is high, but not invariant; (2) a different beta-thalassaemia mutation has arisen within each haplotype in Mediterraneans; and (3) mutation spread from one haplotype to another occurs mainly through meiotic recombination within a 9 kilobase region 5' to the beta-globin gene. PMID- 6738713 TI - Triple-point behavior of human haemoglobin. AB - The recent crystallographic observation of Brzozowski et al. demonstrates the existence of half-oxygenated haemoglobin crystals. At first sight this seems to imply the discovery of a unique molecule, defined by exactly two bound oxygens. However, the formation of crystals with a specific degree of ligation is predicted to occur when two distinct crystalline phases coexist, namely at the triple point. It seems likely that the crystals studied by Brzozowski et al. were selected from a mixture of T and R crystalline forms obtained in conditions where the triple point existed. In general, the equilibria between haemoglobin solid and liquid phases are governed by the chemical potential of a control ligand and the ligand-binding properties of each phase. We report here that a unique situation arises when there are two different crystalline phases, each with characteristic oxygen-binding properties. One can then predict the existence of a triple point, defined by a specific oxygen partial pressure, where both solid phases coexist. At this point the degree of oxygen saturation in each solid phase is uniquely specified. These considerations could explain the specifically ligated crystals found by Brzozowski et al. PMID- 6738715 TI - Ageing in Japan: riches make for longevity. PMID- 6738716 TI - Abstract policy. PMID- 6738718 TI - Basically musical. PMID- 6738714 TI - US research budget: spending plan remains intact. PMID- 6738717 TI - All Greek to me. PMID- 6738719 TI - [Traumatic hemopericardium: unknown and unrecognized]. PMID- 6738720 TI - [Morbidity and subjective wellbeing in young adults with obesity]. PMID- 6738721 TI - [Cost-saving alternatives for fractionated curettage; potential application in the early screening for endometrial carcinoma]. PMID- 6738723 TI - [Prophetic medicine]. PMID- 6738722 TI - [Anticipatory medicine]. PMID- 6738724 TI - [Clinical, biochemical and immunological aspects of skin diseases connected with pregnancy]. PMID- 6738725 TI - [The short foot; Volkmann contracture following fracture of the lower leg]. PMID- 6738726 TI - [Clinical significance of noninvasive hemodynamic studies in patients with arterial diseases of the leg]. PMID- 6738727 TI - [Airway infections and CARA. II. Bacterial infections]. PMID- 6738728 TI - [Osteotomy of the femur in Perthes' disease]. PMID- 6738729 TI - [Milkers' fever, the leptospirosis of cattlemen]. PMID- 6738730 TI - [The CHARGE association; a combination of congenital abnormalities]. PMID- 6738731 TI - [Sleep disorders in children]. PMID- 6738732 TI - [AIDS; the need for an integrated approach]. PMID- 6738733 TI - [Can puerperal mastitis still be estimated? Morbidity data from family practice]. PMID- 6738734 TI - ["Milk" in the abdomen (chyloperitoneum)]. PMID- 6738735 TI - [Hyperextension treatment in breech presentation]. PMID- 6738737 TI - [Is there still room for BCG vaccination in tuberculosis control?]. PMID- 6738736 TI - [Echo diagnosis in vitreous hemorrhages]. PMID- 6738738 TI - [Definition and treatment of hypercholesterolemia; consequences of the Lipid Research Clinics study]. PMID- 6738739 TI - [BCG vaccination]. PMID- 6738740 TI - [Refugees and physicians]. PMID- 6738741 TI - [Is the field delimitation between urology and gynecology desirable?]. PMID- 6738742 TI - A survey of ambulatory surgery in Nebraska. PMID- 6738743 TI - Mental health boards in Nebraska. PMID- 6738744 TI - [Morphophysiologic study of the afferent projections of the posterolateral nucleus of the thalamus in the rat]. AB - Afferent connections of the posterolateral nucleus of the thalamus were studied in rat using retrograde axonal transport of horseradish peroxidase. It was shown that the posterolateral nucleus receives ascending projections from SC, GL, PT, VP, VL, zona incerta and hypothalamus as well as descending projections from cortical areas 18A, 20, 18, 7, 29c , 17 and 36 and from fascia dentata of rippocampus as well. In electrophysiological experiments 134 from 229 investigated neurons of the posterolateral nucleus responded to isolated or simultaneous visual, auditory and cutaneous stimulations. 53 neurons were monosensory units; they responded only to visual (41/53) or cutaneous (12/53) stimulation. Cells responding only to auditory stimulation were not found. Polysensory neurons (81/134) showed convergence of signals from two-three sensory systems and received preferential inputs from visual and somatosensory systems. The polysensory cells showed nonlinear interaction between responses during heterosensory stimulations. PMID- 6738745 TI - [Study of the surface properties of spinal ganglion neurons in the rat by the microelectrophoresis technic]. AB - Surface charges of isolated neurons of rat dorsal root ganglion were studied by the microelectrophoresis. It was shown that the surface potential of these neurons is produced by anion groups which form complexes with calcium ions and a binding constant ranging from 10 to 50 1/mole; they can be titrated by hydrogen ions according to pK = 3.8. Under trypsin treatment the surface loses most of these groups. Tosylchloride (reagent for aminogroups ) slightly increases the surface charge and N- bromsuccinimide (reagent for carboxylic groups) partially neutralizes it. It is suggested that the surface charge of rat dorsal root ganglion neurons measured by the microelectrophoresis is mainly determined by carboxylic groups of periphery proteins. These groups seem to be located in the glycoprotein sheath which covers the outer surface of the membrane. According to our estimates the average distance between these groups is about 2 nm and the thickness of the sheath is about 10 nm. PMID- 6738746 TI - [Responses of limbic cortex neurons in the cat during performance of an instrumental conditioned reflex]. AB - Neuronal impulse activity in areas 24 and 32 was studied in cats during conditional placing. Activity of different neurons in the limbic cortex of trained cats correlated with acoustic stimuli, movement reactions and in some cases with reinforcement. Only 16% neurons of untrained animals responded to acoustic stimulations. After training the number of neurons responding to sound increased in area 32 to 51.3%. 34.6% of neurons responded by initial excitation and 26.7% by inhibition of impulse activity. Latencies of these responses were about 50 ms, their duration--up to 200 ms. Similar, but less noticeable responses were found in neurons of area 24. Short latency activation responses to conditional and differentional stimulations did not differ essentially. It is assumed that limbic cortex after conditioning can facilitate acceptability of both conditional and differential signals irrespective of their functional role. PMID- 6738747 TI - [Neuronal populations in the posterior group of thalamic nuclei projecting into the amygdaloid complex and auditory cortex in the cat]. AB - Location of neurons in posterior thalamic nuclei and neighbouring structures of the midbrain regions projecting to the amygdaloid complex and auditory cortex of cat was studied by the method of horseradish peroxidase. The main sources of these brain region projections to amygdaloid complex are peripeduncular , subparafascicular and suprageniculate nuclei and caudal division of the medial geniculate body. The cells of origin of projections to the auditory cortex are located in all medial geniculate nuclei and wide regions of the posterior thalamic group. Neuron pools projecting to the auditory cortex and amygdala exist in medial parts of the posterior thalamic nuclei. The role of posterior thalamic nuclei in transmission of auditory signals to amygdala is discussed. PMID- 6738748 TI - [Efferent connections of the centrum medianum of the cat thalamus demonstrated by the autoradiographic technic]. AB - Efferent connections of the centrum medianum and parafascicular nucleus (CM-Pf complex) were investigated by the anterograde autoradiographic method in cat. Projections from CM-Pf complex ascend to the ventral nuclear complex and non specific thalamic nuclei, preoptic, dorsal, lateral and posterior fields of the hypothalamus and to the subthalamic region. The descending pathways arise only from the caudomedial parts of the CM-Pf complex. They are projected to the pretectum, superior colliculus, pontine reticular formation, locus coeruleus, nucleus parabrachialis and periaqueductal grey of the midbrain and pons, as well as to the raphe nuclei, magnocellular reticular field and the inferior olive of the medulla. Previous studies suggest that the caudomedial CM-Pf part is not projected directly to the cortex and striatum. PMID- 6738749 TI - [Comparative dimensions of propriospinal neurons of different structuro functional groups in the cat]. AB - Profile areas of somata and proximal dendrites and conventional diameters (c.d.- diameter of a circle equiareal to this profile) of descending propriospinal interneurons labelled by horseradish peroxidase were measured in cat spinal cord. C.d. of different units varied approximately from 12 to 80 micron. Mean values of c.d. for neurons located in cervical, thoracic and lumbar segments and sending axons to L6-7 level were 39.9, 30.8 and 36.9 micron; therefore, direct correlation of the dimensions of a neuron and the length of its axon was not observed. C. d. distribution at cervical level was bimodal indicating the existence of two populations of long-axon propriospinal neurons; large units concentrated only at cervical level and small ones distributed throughout cervical and thoracic segments. Mean c. d. of neurons in cervical segments labelled by peroxidase injection at lower cervical levels was 44.2 micron indicating larger dimensions of short-axon cervical propriospinal units. The smallest (mean c.d. 20-22 micron) propriospinal neurons were located in the dorsal layers of dorsal horn, the largest ones--in the ventral horns. No substantial difference between dimensions of neurons with uncrossed and crossed axons was found. PMID- 6738750 TI - [Conduction pathways of the lumbar ganglia of the paravertebral sympathetic trunk in the rabbit]. AB - The conducting pathways of the lumbar (L3-L5) sympathetic ganglia were studied in rabbits by recording action potentials evoked in the nerves of the ganglia by stimuli applied to their other nerves and intracellular recording. It is established that some presynaptic fibres enter the sympathetic chain via grey rami and then pass upward and downward making synaptic contacts with ganglionic neurons. Other fibres enter the sympathetic chain through white communicating rami and pass in descending direction giving collaterals to the neurons of the ganglia. Descending preganglionic fibres with different conduction velocity converge on ganglionic neurons. PMID- 6738751 TI - [Activity of neurons of the somatosensory and visual cortex in the rabbit during visual field testing and performance of food-getting behavior]. AB - The activity of somatosensory and visual cortex neurons was compared in experiments on freely moving rabbits during testing of their receptive field and during natural "stimulation" of the receptive areas by environmental objects in food-acquisition behaviour. It was found that the neuronal activity during the receptive field testing may correspond completely, partly or not at all to that in food-acquisition behaviour, i.e. units displaying a certain relation to a receptive field area during the testing may keep it unaltered, alter it or lose it in food-acquisition behaviour. The different activity in the behaviour was observed even in neurons having identical receptive fields during testing. A conclusion is made that the picture of unit activity in the active goal-directed behaviour being modelled on the basis of receptive field testing may be rather vague. The results of experiments with the receptive field testing may help to develop the concept of processing of information about environment in the behaviour but with some limitations whose formulation demands special investigations. PMID- 6738752 TI - [Changes in spino-bulbo-spinal reflexes during activation and inactivation of the locus coeruleus in the cat]. AB - In cats anesthetized with chloralose the long lasting depression of spino-bulbo spinal (SBS) discharges following short repetitive stimulation of the locus coeruleus (LC) was revealed. Inactivation of LC by procaine microinjections resulted in remarkable enhancement of SBS discharges. These data evidence for prominent inhibitory modulatory influences from locus coeruleus on SBS reflexes which are presumably performed mainly on supraspinal level. PMID- 6738753 TI - Enhancement of leukemia and mammary tumor development in ICRC mice with subcapsular graft of neonatal thymus. AB - Weanling ICRC mice were given a syngeneic graft of neonatal thymus. The control (C) and experimental mice (IT) were observed for their natural death. Neoplasms of the reticular tissue developed in 80% (19/23) mice of IT group and 21% (5/23) in control. Mammary tumors developed in 52% (12/23) in IT group and 35% (8/23) in controls. Cell of origin of the leukemia was reticular in 9/23, lymphocytic in 7/23 and mixed lesion in 3/23 in IT group; while in controls it was 2/23 and 3/23, respectively and mixed lesion was absent. All mammary tumors were of adenocarcinoma series. PMID- 6738754 TI - Differences in the blast cells sensitivity to cytostatic drugs in various acute leukemia types and their clinical implications. AB - In 80 patients with AML, ALL, BC-CML and other proliferative blood diseases, the sensitivity of blast cells to cytostatics (vincristine, cytosine arabinoside, daunorubicin, l-asparaginase, hydrocortisone) was determined. The studies were made with the use of liquid scintillation measuring the inhibition of 3HTdR incorporation induced by the cytostatics tested. It has been shown that the method makes it possible to demonstrate individual reactivity of acute leukemia blasts to cytostatics. Variations in the individual sensitivity to cytostatics were mostly seen in acute myeloblastic leukemia, blastic crisis of chronic myelocytic leukemia, less often in acute lymphocytic leukemia. PMID- 6738755 TI - Lactate dehydrogenase isoenzymes in human malignant tumors. AB - For estimation of the value of Chemetron method for LD isoenzyme separation on cellulose-acetate membranes in cancer tissues taken from corpses, malignant tumors revealed by autopsy were investigated. Overall stability of LD, as well as the maintenance of various forms of isoenzymes in the extracts with regard to post-mortem autolysis in corpse and long periods of freezing, have been demonstrated. No correlation was found between the degree of isoenzyme changes and the histologic grading of tumors. LD isoenzyme pattern in cancer metastasis has been considered with respect to vascular and metabolic role of the environmental normal tissue. In order to point out the possible role of LD isoenzyme pattern in cancer diagnosis a lot of preliminary studies has been reviewed. The clarification of the specific distribution of LD activities in different tissues has been considered. PMID- 6738756 TI - Local eosinophilia in stroma of tumors related to prognosis. AB - The stromal reactions of oral, gastric, breast, and cervical carcinomas were uniformly examined for the presence of eosinophilic granulocytes. Their numbers were expressed in terms of a three-grade scale. While in the carcinomas of the uterine cervix a positive correlation between the quantity of the reaction and survival rate was found, in the other groups of patients eosinophilic granulocytes occurred only as a small admixture in a limited number of cases. PMID- 6738757 TI - Comparability of cancer mortality data in different regions of Yugoslavia. AB - The standardized cancer mortality ratio based on well-defined causes of death (MSMR) was analysed. It was shown how the use of MSMR gave wrong results just because differences related to the age structure of compared populations were not eliminated. In this paper, the presented calculation pointed out that, actually, MSMR only standardizes age distribution of well-defined causes of death. The age standardization can be obtained with MSMR only if compared populations have the same age specific rates from all causes of death. At the same time standard population must also have the same age specific rates from all causes of death or have the same or similar ratios of age specific rates from all causes of death as populations under comparison. PMID- 6738758 TI - Tumor promoting activity of Euphorbia striatella (Boiss) and skin irritant activity of some Euphorbia species. AB - Out of seven plants selected due to their use in folk medicine, five possessing ingenol as diterpene parent, exhibited mild skin irritancy where as E. striatella latex was highly skin irritant and produced papilloma, in initiation-promotion experiment on mouse back skin. This tumor promoting activity has been demonstrated due to the presence of ingenol-3-O-decanoate. PMID- 6738759 TI - The interrelationship between sodium intake, membrane sodium transport and high blood pressure. PMID- 6738760 TI - Intracellular concentration and transmembrane fluxes of sodium and potassium in erythrocytes of normal male subjects. Effect of family history of hypertension and race. PMID- 6738761 TI - Fluid volumes and the kidney in essential hypertension. PMID- 6738762 TI - The significance of sulphate-conjugated catecholamines in man. PMID- 6738763 TI - Spontaneous and induced variations in adrenergic activity. PMID- 6738764 TI - Cation consumption and blood pressure. PMID- 6738765 TI - Jaundice, the circulation and the kidney. AB - (Fig. 1) Cholemia per se (i.e. independent of parenchymal liver damage) causes a profound disturbance of systemic hemodynamics. This includes decrease in total peripheral vascular resistance, and possible impairment of left ventricular performance. These, in turn, lead to a decrease in effective blood volume, a tendency to hemorrhagic shock and prerenal failure. Early in the course of cholemia , the natriuretic effects of bile salts in the circulation may aggravate the hypovolemia. In marked contrast to the decrease in total peripheral vascular resistance, the regional vascular beds of the kidney and the brain constrict during cholemia . The combined effect of cholemia may thus lead to redistribution of cardiac output away from the kidney and the brain. When parenchymal liver damage complicates obstructive jaundice, the tendency to arterial hypotension is aggravated. The overall interrelationship between jaundice and circulatory homeostasis is depicted in figure 1. PMID- 6738766 TI - Bone histology and calcium metabolism in patients with nephrotic syndrome and normal or reduced renal function. AB - Bone histology and its relationship with calcium metabolism was evaluated in adult patients with nephrotic syndrome: 29 had normal renal function (GFR 103 +/- 4 ml/min/1.73 m2) (group 1) and 20 had renal insufficiency (GFR 31 +/- 4 ml/min/1.73 m2) (group 2). In group 1, serum PTH, 1.25-HCC and 24.25-HCC levels were normal, while 25-HCC values were reduced. Bone histology was normal in 76% of the patients, while 17% had isolated osteomalacia and 7% an associated bone resorption. Group 2 showed a higher incidence of bone resorption when compared with a matched group of patients with renal failure and no proteinuria (40% vs. 13%) and a comparable frequency of isolated mineralization defect (25% vs. 34%). PTH levels were definitely increased and serum total calcium and all the vitamin D metabolites were reduced. A significant correlation between the apparent duration of the disease and the severity of osteodystrophy was found only in group 2. In conclusion, no constant derangement of calcium metabolism and bone histology is evident in patients with nephrotic syndrome and normal renal function, while patients with persistent proteinuria are at high risk of osteodystrophy even in the early phases of renal failure. PMID- 6738767 TI - Cortisol binding in uremic plasma. I. Absence of abnormal cortisol binding to cortisol binding to corticosteroid-binding globulin. AB - Increased morning plasma free cortisol levels have been reported previously in chronic renal failure (CRF) patients. To see whether binding abnormalities of plasma proteins contributed to the increase in morning free cortisol, binding characteristics of corticosteroid-binding globulin (CBG) were studied in pooled plasma from CRF patients and normal subjects. Using an isocolloidosmolar equilibrium dialysis method the unbound, albumin-bound, and CBG-bound fractions of plasma cortisol were measured within the physiologic range of plasma cortisol levels. Cortisol binding to CBG was equal in uremic and nonuremic plasma as determined by the affinity constants and the binding capacities of CBG for cortisol. In addition, the distribution of cortisol binding was identical in uremic and in nonuremic plasma samples at equal total cortisol concentrations. By confirming that cortisol binding properties of CBG are unaltered in CRF patients, these data support the assertion that elevated morning free cortisol levels in CRF patients are probably due to increases of plasma total cortisol. PMID- 6738768 TI - Nephrotic syndrome associated with use of the nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs. Case report and review of the literature. AB - Although acute interstitial nephritis associated with the use of nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs has long been recognized, only recently has its association with 'minimal change' nephrotic syndrome been reported. We report here a case of this pattern of nephrotic syndrome without concurrent interstitial nephritis associated with the use of tolmetin. The clinical picture, laboratory data, course, and relevant histopathologic findings of previous cases in the literature of nephrotic syndrome related to the use of the nonsteroidal anti inflammatory drugs are reviewed and discussed. PMID- 6738769 TI - Rising serum digoxin without further dosage in acute renal failure. AB - A 73-year-old man was given a total of 1 mg of digoxin intravenously over 3 days, close to the time that he developed acute renal failure with oligo-anuria. He received no cardiac glycosides before or after this 3-day period. 2 days after the last dose, the serum digoxin concentration (SDC) was 2.9 ng/ml, yet a peak value of 4.2 ng/ml was reached only 11 days later. The SDC remained above 2 ng/ml for another week, until urine output began to increase appreciably. As renal function improved, the SDC gradually fell to become undetectable 32 days after the last dose. Values for apparent volume of distribution calculated from the total dose, and also determined after injection of tritiated digoxin, suggest that the rise in SDC in the absence of additional doses was due in large part to a decrease in the apparent volume of distribution. Dosage and parameters of toxicity should be carefully monitored in patients receiving digoxin who develop acute renal failure. PMID- 6738770 TI - Hyperprolactinemia and sexual disturbances among uremic women on hemodialysis. AB - The investigation of a sample of 99 women on maintenance hemodialysis has shown the presence of sexual disturbances to a great extent: the rate of sexual intercourse and the ability to reach orgasm were significantly lower than in age matched control women. 80% declared a reduction in their sexual desire and the frequency of intercourse was also lower as compared to the period prior to dialysis. Ageing decreased the sexual activity in both the ill and healthy population, but in uremic patients the sexual activity ended at an earlier age. The patients with hyperprolactinemia reported lower frequencies of intercourse and lower percentages of orgasm than normoprolactinemic ones. The incidence of sexual dysfunction and the role of hyperprolactinemia in this respect were similar to those which are found among male patients on hemodialysis. PMID- 6738771 TI - Insufficient documentation of the hemodialysis prescription: delaying the definition of adequate dialysis. AB - We analyzed 953 articles published in three established nephrology journals to select those pertaining to treatment with hemodialysis. A total of 152 papers were selected on the criteria that the reported results might have been affected by variation in the dialysis prescription. Only a small proportion of the papers studied (11.8%) detailed the complete dialysis prescription including type of dialyzer, blood flow rate, and duration and frequency of dialysis. A surprising 29% of papers provided no details of the dialyzer employed. Other potentially important variables such as the type of blood tubing or method of water treatment used were rarely mentioned. Comparative studies of the course and outcome of hemodialysis regimens require specification of exactly how dialysis was performed. It is suggested that manuscripts provide this information as a condition of suitability for publication. PMID- 6738772 TI - Acute renal failure secondary to sulfinpyrazone treatment after myocardial infarction. PMID- 6738773 TI - Enzymatic reversibility of nonenzymatic glycosylation? PMID- 6738774 TI - [Tension pneumocephalus. A frequently misconstrued complication following neurosurgical operations]. AB - Two cases of pneumocephalus are presented, complicating posterior fossa surgery in the sitting position and following craniotomy in the supine position. Intraoperative loss of cerebrospinal fluid, reduced cerebral volume and unnatural communications like fistulas and cerebrospinal fluid drainage are predisposing factors. Time and nitrous oxide tension affect the formation of the subdural air collection and its clinical symptoms, which are marked by a delay in the expected return to consciousness after operation or by postoperative deterioration of the neurosurgical status. CT scan or lateral skull X-ray lead to prompt diagnosis. Use of nitrous oxide is contraindicated in anaesthesia for surgical relief of tension pneumocephalus. PMID- 6738775 TI - [Computer tomographic and neurologic observations in the acute phase of closed craniocerebral injuries]. AB - Repeated CT-scans and neurological examinations in 59 patients with severe closed head injuries showed that in the acute post-traumatic phase the CT gives no reliable evidence of the degree of brain damage and that during the following period an increase of pathological CT-findings is to be expected, some of which have to be operated on. Prognosis about the course of illness can hardly be given on the basis of the CT in the early stage, but worsening of the findings in controls later on indicates a bad prognosis especially in patients with multifocal or bilateral lesions in the initial CT. PMID- 6738776 TI - [Development of acute epidural hematoma]. AB - This study covers the evolution of 21 cases of pure acute epidural hematomas which have been classified as benign, semi-benign and malignant. For the authors immediate surgical treatment is only necessary for the cases of malignant evolution. For cases of semi-benign evolution surgical treatment can be delayed. No treatment is required for haematomas with a benign evolution. PMID- 6738777 TI - [Treatment of fresh fractures of the dens axis by compression screw osteosynthesis]. AB - Today most fractures of the odontoid process are treated conservatively. In 32% a bony stabilization is not achieved. Therefore each third has to have a secondary operation, because the only life-threatening psuedoarthrosis is one in the odontoid process of the axis. For this reason the question is repeatedly raised, whether better results will be achieved by on early primary operation. The advantages of the compression-screw osteosynthesis are compared with the well known operative procedures. The operative management is described. An illustrative case in regard to diagnostic operation and follow up study is described. PMID- 6738778 TI - [Pseudomeningoceles--a rare complication following lumbar intervertebral disk operations]. AB - Pseudomeningoceles arising in connexion with an intervertebral disc operation are a very rare complication in our own material, with an incidence of less than 0.1%. The patients complaints resemble very closely those of an intervertebral disc prolapse, with symptoms of lumbago and lumbo-ischial pain, with, at times, definite root irritation. The diagnosis is usually made, on average 2-3 years after the preceding operation. The myelographic findings confirm the diagnosis, but the introduction of spinal CT is promising for the future. After removal of the meningocele and closure of the dura, complete freedom from symptoms is usually achieved. PMID- 6738779 TI - Persistent hydrocephalus following removal of choroid plexus papilloma of the lateral ventricle. AB - We report a case of choroid plexus papilloma of the left lateral ventricle, which illustrates the difficulties of diagnosis of these tumours with air studies in advanced hydrocephalus. The hydrocephalus was apparent at the age of three months, but ventriculography failed to reveal the true nature of the communicating hydrocephalus. A ventriculocaval shunt was inserted, but the hydrocephalus progressed, in spite of the fact that the shunt was functioning well. The diagnosis of a papilloma of the choroid plexus was made after performing a CT examination at the age of 3 1/2 years. In spite of radical tumour removal, three years after the operation the axial computer tomography revealed a persistent hydrocephalus, but no recurrence of tumour. To control the hydrocephalus, a bilateral shunt with low pressure valve was necessary. With reference to the literature we discuss the possible causes of persistent hydrocephalus after surgical removal of these tumours. The majority of authors concluded, that because of repeated subarachnoid bleeding by these tumours, it must be a form of aresorptive hydrocephalus. The persisting hydrocephalus is probably caused by an increase of the CSF outflow resistance because of a distal CSF-pathway obstruction. PMID- 6738780 TI - Orbital, sphenoidal ridge and spinal meningiomas occurring in one patient. AB - From the more than 1500 intracranial meningiomas, 600 spinal meningiomas and 400 orbital tumours operated on in our clinic between 1935-1980 we are reporting the case of a patient with multiple meningiomas which gradually developed in three different regions - right orbital, the left sphenoidal ridge and the upper thoracic region. We have not found any comparable case with these features in the medical literature. From the clinical, radiological and scintigraphic findings we established the coexistence and the gradual development of these multiple meningiomas in three different regions. The correlation of the clinical and paraclinical findings offered us the presumptive diagnosis of multiple orbito cranial and spinal meningiomas before the last two operations. PMID- 6738781 TI - Regional decline of cerebral blood flow with age in cognitively intact subjects. AB - Cerebral blood flow was measured by the 133Xenon washout method in 44 cognitively intact subjects. Regression analysis of cerebral blood flow with age was performed on data from 33 subjects without arteriosclerotic cardiovascular disease, hypertension, or chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, factors which have been previously shown to lower cerebral blood flow. Changes with normal aging were significant in the left and right hemispheres with bilateral changes in temporal, parietal, and occipital regions. An additional group of 11 cognitively intact subjects with arteriosclerotic cardiovascular disease but no accompanying dementing disease had lower mean flow values at each detector position than did age- and sex-matched controls, although the differences did not always reach statistical significance. Decreased flows in temporal regions seem to be a concomitant of normal aging, and are not related to the presence of vascular disease. PMID- 6738782 TI - Brain trace element concentrations in aging. AB - Trace element concentrations were determined in various human brain regions over the complete life span using instrumental neutron activation analysis. Several different patterns of trace element alteration were observed with age. Brain Al, Cl and Na concentrations increase with advancing age, while K, P and Rb decline. Ag, Co, Fe, Sb and Sc concentrations increase up to the 40 to 79 age range then decline. Br, Se and Zn remain relatively constant throughout adult life. Hg, Mn and Cs show no consistent trend with age. In infant brains Br and Cl increase and Al, Cr, Cs, Fe, Mn, P, Rb, Sc, Se and Zn decrease compared to adults. The essential elements that remain within narrow concentration limits throughout adult life suggest the presence of an efficient homeostatic mechanism for their regulation in the brain, while those that are altered with age suggest modifications in control mechanisms or altered relationships with other elements. Increased concentrations of non-essential elements may reflect accumulation from our environment, impaired removal or altered balance with other elements. PMID- 6738783 TI - Effects of chronic manipulations of dietary choline on locomotor activity, discrimination learning and cortical acetylcholine release in aging adult Fisher 344 rats. AB - Dietary levels of choline have been shown to influence central cholinergic neurotransmission. To further examine the behavioral and neurochemical effects of dietary choline, adult Fisher 344 rats were maintained on choline deficient (n = 6), enriched (n = 6) or usual lab chow (n = 6) diets for 38 weeks. During 14 weeks of free access to these diets, controls gained little weight whereas the deficient group increased and the enriched group decreased. For the remaining 24 weeks the weights of all groups were maintained at 90% of their original level. Locomotor activity did not differ significantly in a 90 min session but during a 20 hr session controls were most active, deficient rats least with the enriched group in between. The groups showed no significant differences in the acquisition or reversal of a discrimination. Spontaneous and evoked cortical release of acetylcholine was enhanced in the enriched group and decreased in the deficient group relative to controls. These data suggest that chronic manipulations of dietary choline may significantly influence locomotor and neurochemical activity but not discrimination learning. PMID- 6738785 TI - Spatial learning and motor deficits in aged rats. AB - Young (3 months) and aged (24 months) rats were compared on a range of behavioural tests. The aged animals were impaired in their acquisition of a spatial learning task in the Morris water maze, as well as showing deficits in motor coordination, swimming efficiency, and spontaneous locomotion and exploration in an open field. Qualitative observation and correlation analyses indicated that the aged group was heterogeneous in the degree of impairments manifested by the individual animals, and suggested that the development of impairments may progress with aging at different rates in the various tasks and possibly in different underlying neuroanatomical systems. PMID- 6738784 TI - Aerobic exercise training and improved neuropsychological function of older individuals. AB - The effects of a four month aerobic exercise conditioning program on neuropsychological test performance, depression indices, sensory thresholds, and visual acuity of 55-70 year old sedentary individuals were evaluated. Aerobically trained subjects were compared with two age-matched control groups of subjects: those who trained with strength and flexibility exercises and others who were not engaged in a supervised exercise program. The aerobically trained subjects demonstrated significantly greater improvement on the neuropsychological test battery than did either control group. Depression scores, sensory thresholds, and visual acuity were not changed by aerobic exercise. The pattern of results suggests that the effect of aerobic exercise training was on central rather than on peripheral function. We speculate that aerobic exercise promoted increased cerebral metabolic activity with a resultant improvement in neuropsychological test scores. PMID- 6738786 TI - Age-related changes in brain catecholamine responses to a single footshock. AB - The responses of forebrain and brainstem catecholamine levels to a single footshock were studied in 70-day, one-year, and two-year-old Fischer-344 rats. Brain catecholamine concentrations were assessed 10 minutes after a single 2 second footshock (0, 0.3, or 2.0 mA). In samples taken from non-footshocked rats, only forebrain dopamine concentrations showed a significant age-related decline. However, because the net weights of both the forebrain and the brainstem samples increased significantly with age, the content of forebrain dopamine did not exhibit a significant decline. Both norepinephrine and dopamine levels showed age related changes in responsiveness to footshock. Norepinephrine concentrations were reduced in both the forebrain and brainstem samples obtained 10 minutes after the high footshock in both the 70-day and one-year-old animals. In two-year old rats, however, neither forebrain nor brainstem norepinephrine concentrations were altered in response to footshock. Seventy-day-old rats demonstrated significant footshock-induced increases in brainstem dopamine levels, one-year olds showed no appreciable change, and two-year olds demonstrated a non significant footshock-induced decrease. Thus, both noradrenergic and dopaminergic systems demonstrated age-related changes in their responsiveness to a single brief footshock. These alterations may contribute to the declining ability of the senescent animals to adapt to stressful situations. PMID- 6738787 TI - Temporal matching of sensory-motor behavior and limbic theta rhythm deteriorates in aging rats. AB - The correlations between investigatory sniffing and rhythmic slow-wave activity (RSA) in the dorsal hippocampal formation were studied during free behavior in Fischer 344 rats aged 3, 18, 30, and 36 months. The amount and vigor of spontaneous exploratory behavior was reduced in older animals, and the frequency distributions of investigatory sniffing and hippocampal RSA both shifted with age toward the lower end of their normal ranges. In the youngest animals, the dominant frequency of sniffing matched that of hippocampal RSA (frequency entrainment) more often than would be predicted by chance; preferred phase differences between sniffing and hippocampal RSA were reliably observed in the 5 9 Hz range; and these preferred phase differences varied linearly as a function of frequency, implying an underlying latency relationship. These correlations changed progressively with age as follows: the incidence of frequency entrainments decreased; the frequency range within which preferred phase differences were observed became lower and narrower; and the incidence of preferred phase differences decreased. However, animals of all ages exhibited similar preferred phase differences for those frequencies at which significant preferences were expressed. These findings are discussed in relation to the hypothesis that alterations of forebrain theta rhythms may accompany aberrations of the medial septum-diagonal band-nucleus basalis complex and may be importantly involved in aging-related impairments of cognitive and learning abilities. PMID- 6738788 TI - Brain protein synthesis rates are not sensitive to elevated GABA, taurine, or glycine. AB - The effects of elevated levels of GABA, glycine, or taurine on the rate of protein synthesis in plasma, brain, liver, and muscle of adult mice were measured in in vivo experiments after a flooding dose of labeled valine. Elevation of these amino acids caused hypothermia; keeping the animals in an incubator maintained physiological body temperature. The increase in GABA or glycine did not affect the rate of protein synthesis in these tissues to a significant degree. The increase in taurine levels caused inhibition of valine incorporation in plasma, liver, and muscle, while brain protein synthesis was unaffected. When glycine was increased in brain, the uptake of labeled free valine in the brain was greater. PMID- 6738789 TI - Alpha-hydroxylation and oxidation of lignoceric acid in brain: the role of heat stable and heat-labile factors. AB - Our previous investigations disclosed that the heat-stable and heat-labile factors obtained from brain cytosol are required for alpha-hydroxylation and oxidation of lignoceric acid by rat brain particulate fraction. The heat-stable factor was recently found to contain glucose-6-phosphate, N- acetylaspartate , glutamate, aspartate, glutamine, inorganic phosphate and low levels of adenosine nucleotide as active components. A combination of these compounds was as effective as the crude heat-stable factor for enzymic activity. Using these compounds, we reinvestigated the requirement for the heat-labile factor. With crude heat-stable factor there was an absolute requirement for the heat-labile factor; however, with various combinations of the individual components of the heat-stable factor, some degree of activity was obtained without the heat-labile factor. When aspartate or one of its derivatives, N- acetylaspartate or oxaloacetate, was used in place of the heat-stable factor, the activity was relatively low but highly stimulated by the addition of heat-labile factor. On the other hand, higher activity was obtained when glutamate or one of its derivatives, glutamine or alpha-ketoglutarate, was used without heat-labile factor. The addition of heat-labile factor to this system did not stimulate the activity. When studying the aspartate family, we discovered that the requirement for the heat-labile factor varied in a descending order: N- acetylaspartate greater than aspartate greater than oxaloacetate. Lignoceric acid oxidation was further characterized with rat brain particulate fraction, NADPH, Mg2+, glutamate, inorganic phosphate, and AMP without heat-stable and heat-labile factors. It was found that the requirement for NADPH was also partially eliminated with glutamate but not aspartate. The effects of various inhibitors, such as inhibitors of the electron transfer system, oxidative phosphorylation, the enzymes involved in citric acid cycle, and glycolysis, suggest that the heat stable factor is involved in producing ATP or other high energy compounds to be used for the activation of lignoceric acid. ATP added to the system in place of heat-stable factor resulted in less than one-half of the lignoceric acid oxidation. PMID- 6738791 TI - Effects of chick brain extract on the proliferation of chick neuroblasts cultured in media supplemented with low and high serum concentrations. AB - The proliferative activity of chick neuroblasts cultured in a medium containing a low (5%) or a high (20%) concentration of fetal calf serum (FCS) was analyzed and the influence of a chick brain extract was investigated. Morphological observations and tritiated thymidine incorporation measurements have shown that neuroblasts from 6 day-old chick embryo cerebral hemispheres proliferate more actively in the medium with 5% FCS compared to the medium with 20% FCS. The medium containing 5% FCS favoured the maintenance of neuronal cells in a neuroblast stage as shown by electron microscopy. The stimulatory effect of brain extract on the proliferation of neuroblasts is stronger in the low serum culture condition. These findings indicate that a low serum-containing medium is an adequate condition to study neuronal proliferation and effects of growth factors on these cells. PMID- 6738790 TI - Naltrexone effects on pituitary neurointermediate lobe and median eminence. AB - The long-acting opiate antagonist naltrexone hydrochloride was administered by intraperitoneal injection, in a dose response protocol, to adult rats. The drug was used to observe effects of opiate receptor blockade on cells of the pituitary gland and adjacent hypothalamus. At higher drug doses (5 mg/kg or 10 mg/kg), neurites directly innervating pars intermedia cells contained swollen vesicles and disrupted membranous elements. Fibers within the median eminence of the hypothalamus appeared swollen, and contained myelin figures. Despite the consistent degenerative changes appearing in neurites, measurements of levels of dopamine, norepinephrine, and epinephrine in striatum, and hypothalamus did not differ significantly between naltrexone-treated or control animals, although there was a significant elevation of norepinephrine in the pituitary after drug treatment. At all drug dose levels administered, supraependymal neuron-like cells appeared atop the ependyma of the third ventricle above the median eminence. These observations suggest that naltrexone produces specific "neurotoxic" effects on neurites of the tuberoinfundibular system, and may induce changes in the ventricular environment which stimulate the appearance of supraependymal neurons. PMID- 6738792 TI - Kinetic analyses of activation-induced changes in the hydrodynamic and surface properties of the glucocorticoid-receptor complex in mouse brain. AB - Unactivated, molybdate-stabilized, [3H]triamcinolone acetonide-labeled, glucocorticoid receptors from mouse whole brain were activated by removal of the molybdate and incubation at 22 degrees C for 1.5 to 24 min and then rapidly quenched at 0 degrees C with molybdate. The loss of the 9.2 S (unactivated) form of the [3H]TA-receptor complex and the concomitant formation of the 3.8 S (activated) form displayed first-order kinetics with a half-time of less than two min. The increase in the 3.8 S form correlated nearly perfectly with an increased binding to DNA-cellulose, and with a decreased and increased adsorption to DEAE cellulose and glass fiber filters, respectively. The changes in adsorption to these filters, which occurred at a faster rate than did the changes in binding to DNA-C, are thought to reflect an increase in the relative number of positive charges and hydrophobic groups on the surface of the activated complex. PMID- 6738793 TI - Lesion-induced catecholaminergic sprouting in the interpeduncular nucleus. AB - This work examined the capacity of intact catecholaminergic axon terminals to sprout in the partially deafferented interpeduncular nucleus (IPN). The results show that norepinephrine and dopamine levels were markedly increased in the IPN 6 weeks after bilateral habenula (Hb) lesions. These changes were accompanied by intensified fluorescence of sprouting axon terminals, as demonstrated by fluorescent histochemistry. The results suggest that both noradrenergic (NA) and dopaminergic neuronal systems respond concomitantly to removal of converging but heterogeneous input to the IPN. PMID- 6738796 TI - [Meningioma following irradiation for vascular nevus. A case report]. AB - A case of meningioma that developed 37 years after irradiation therapy for vascular nevus of the scalp over the right frontoparietal region was reported. A 49-year-old male was admitted to the hospital of Gifu University on October 26, 1979, because of a generalized seizure. He had been born with a vascular nevus affecting the right frontoparietal scalp, for which he began receiving local irradiation at the age of 12. The total dose was not known because the only source of information regarding this treatment was the patient's memory. From the age of 17, the suffered from occasional attacks of dysesthesia in the left side of his body without consciousness disorder. He otherwise remained well for the intervening 37 years. Upon admission, he had a vascular nevus remaining with post irradiation skin changes over the right frontoparietal region. General and neurological examination were not remarkable. Right carotid angiogram and CT scan disclosed the presence of a right frontal tumor. A right frontotemporal craniotomy was performed on December 4, 1979 and a hard tumor was found firmly attached to the dura and bone at the right site. All visible tumor and involved bone were completely removed without difficulty. Histological examination of the surgical specimen showed the characteristic features of a transitional meningioma. There was no evidence of malignancy in the sections examined. Since Mann et al reported a malignant meningioma following irradiation therapy for optic nerve glioma, there have been many reports, over seventy cases of so-called radiation-induced meningioma. However, a meningioma following irradiation therapy for vascular nevus of scalp or face is exceedingly rare.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS) PMID- 6738794 TI - [Some considerations on surgical approaches to the anterior communicating artery aneurysms--radiological study of 122 cases]. AB - We studied the operative approaches to anterior communicating artery aneurysms by means of reviewing preoperative angiogram and operation records. During the past 5 years, 117 patients with anterior communicating artery aneurysms were operated on in our hospital. Among these, we examined 112 cases of which preoperative angiogram and operation records were satisfactory for this study. We checked the next points on the preoperative angiograms. Neck of aneurysm-planum sphenoidal distance. Direction of the anterior communicating artery. It means which A2 is anterior to the other A2 in the lateral view of angiogram. Size of aneurysm. We checked the next points on the operation records. Operative approach and the side of craniotomy. When the pterional approach was taken, the rectal gyrus was aspirated or not. This analysis derived these two conclusions as below. 1. In the literature, as the operative approach to anterior communicating artery aneurysm, the pterional approach has a lot of advantages. For example, the pterional approach was accomplished without extensive frontal lobe retraction, without mobilization of the temporal lobe, without sacrificing the olfactory tract, and so on. Moreover, in early stage after onset of SAH, it is possible to remove the subarachnoid blood extensively without obvious brain damage by the pterional approach. In this study, we paid attention to the correlation between the neck planum sphenoidal distance and the fact of aspiration of the rectal gyrus in the pterional approach. The result is that the higher aneurysmal neck was, the more frequently the rectal gyrus was aspirated. So, if the neck-planum sphenoidal distance is under 12 mm, which includes the majority of the cases (94% of cases), we think the pterional approach is the best approach for anterior communicating artery aneurysm.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS) PMID- 6738795 TI - [Trochlear neurinoma: case report]. AB - A case of solitary neurinoma of the trochlear nerve was reported. The patient was a 37-year-old female, who had a sudden attack of right-sided temporal headache with nausea and vomiting on August 1, 1982. Headache was subsided in a few days but she had complained of diplopia since the episode. Ophthalmological examination revealed right superior oblique muscle palsy. She was neurologically free otherwise. CT scan, taken about three weeks after the onset, showed a solitary enhancing mass in the region of tentorial incisura on the right side. She was admitted to our clinic on August 24, 1982. Extensive work-up including polytomography, cerebral angiography, lumbar puncture, and so forth, revealed no abnormality. There were no cutaneous manifestations of von Recklinghausen's disease. Craniotomy was performed on October 28, 1982 and the tumor was totally removed by way of right subtemporal-transtentorial route. The tumor, size of which was 1.0 X 0.9 X 0.7 cm, was located just underneath the tentorial edge, and was adherent to it. The trochlear nerve was found incorporated in the tumor. Histological diagnosis was neurinoma of Antoni A type. Postoperatively, she was well and fully active, except for diplopia due to the sacrificed trochlear nerve. PMID- 6738797 TI - [Gangliocytoma of the pineal body. A case report and general review]. AB - A case of pineal gangliocytoma in a 51 year-old man is presented. He was admitted to the hospital on February 2, 1982, with complaints of headache, nuchal pain, blurred vision, nausea and vomiting of three years' duration. Neurological examination did not show any neurological deficits but bilateral choked disc. Preoperative CT scan disclosed a sharp by circumscribed high density lesion in the pineal region with moderate hydrocephalus. Preoperative 99m Tc-DTPA brain scan revealed a warm activity in the pineal region, and changes of its activity were only little in the course of time. Preoperative Amipaque ventriculogram showed dilation of the lateral ventricles and a shadow of the tumor bulging into the posterior half of the distended third ventricle. A diagnosis of tumor of the pineal region was made and removal of the tumor was performed by biparieto occipital interhemispheric approach in "sea lion" position. The tumor was a dark reddish solid mass which replaced the pineal body and extended under the cerebellar tentorium. The patient made an uneventful recovery without any neurological deficits. By light microscopy, the neoplasm was composed mostly of mature and immature ganglion cells and small round cells with moderate cellularity and multiform cytologic features. Ganglion cells with large nuclei and prominent nucleoli had characteristic Nissl substance in various amounts. Oligodendrocytes and astrocytes appeared around the tumor but did not show neoplastic growth. GFAP stain did not show glial component in the tumor. According these findings, the tumor was diagnosed as gangliocytoma originated from the pineal body, and this was the first case in Japan. PMID- 6738799 TI - [Intramedullary holocord tumor. Report of an autopsy case and review of literature]. AB - This report describes a case of cystic astrocytoma that extended from C4 to the conus, and reviews intramedullary holocord tumors. A two-year-old body was admitted because of gait disturbance. He had suffered from rigidity of his left upper and lower limbs and thoracic scoliosis for six months prior to admission. On admission, neurologic examination revealed spastic paraparesis with muscle atrophy of the left lower extremity, sphincter disturbances and neck rigidity. All deep tendon reflexes were bilaterally hyperactive. Spine roentgenography demonstrated widening of the interpedicular distance from the midthoracic to the upper lumbar segments. A lumbar myelography disclosed a block at the L2 level, and a suboccipital myelography revealed a block with tapering of contrast medium at the level of the C2 vertebra. A laminectomy was performed from C1 to L3, and a myelotomy was performed from C4 to L2. Grossly total removal of solid tumor which extended from Th3 to Th8 was carried out. There were large intramedullary cysts extending from C4 to Th3, and from Th9 to L2. Eight hours after surgery, high fever, tachycardia and anuria developed, and he died next day. Cross section of the spinal cord revealed the tumor cells infiltrated diffusely in the midthoracic region, and histologically the tumor was diagnosed to be astrocytoma. The cystic portion was separate from the central canal, and the lining of the cyst was a band of fibroglial tissue without infiltration of tumor cells. A tumor of this kind extending throughout the almost whole spinal cord is extremely rate. For such a holocord tumor complete removal is the ideal treatment, but the possibilities for removal must be evaluated in terms of the tumor's relationship to the spinal cord, the histological nature and the general condition of the patient. PMID- 6738798 TI - [A total removal case of cavernous angioma at the lateral wall of the third ventricle with interhemispheric trans-lamina terminalis approach]. AB - A case of cavernous angioma at the lateral wall of the third ventricle which was totally removed with interhemispheric trans-lamina terminalis approach is reported. A 40-year-old male had a slowly progressive onset of partial diabetes insipidus and headache with no neurological deficit . CT scan revealed a high density area at anterior third ventricle. The tumor was diagnosed ectopic pinealoma because of CT findings and clinical symptoms. Irradiation and chemotherapy ( RAFP therapy) was performed to this lesion. After two months, his clinical symptoms disappeared. CT scan showed decrease of the density of the region at this point. He was discharged with no symptom. After a half year, he suddenly complained of right homonymous hemianopsia with headache. CT scan showed that the high density area became larger to left posterior than that of half year before. Left carotid angiogram showed no mass lesion and no abnormal vessel. Operation was performed with interhemispheric trans-lamina terminalis approach using bifrontal craniotomy. Operative findings revealed that the tumor situated at the lateral wall of the third ventricle, had rough surface with reddish colour, and old and fresh blood clots inside the tumor. The tumor was carefully dissected without brain damage and was totally removed. The histological findings was compatible with cavernous angioma. Post-operative CT scan showed no high density area. He was discharged with no neurological deficit without right homonymous hemianopsia. Cavernous angioma of anterior third ventricle is very rare.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS) PMID- 6738800 TI - [Multiple anomalies of cerebral vessels. A case of multiple aneurysms associated with fenestration of the middle cerebral artery and persistent primitive trigeminal artery]. AB - A case of multiple intracranial anomalies was reported. They consisted of fenestration of the middle cerebral artery (MCA), persistent primitive trigeminal artery and four intracranial aneurysms. The patient, 45-year-old male, had an attack of subarachnoid hemorrhage on July 15, 1982. He was transferred and admitted to our Dept. of Neurosurgery on July 27. On admission neurological examinations revealed retinal hemorrhage, bilateral papilledema and abducens nerve paresis on the left. Cerebral angiography demonstrated multiple aneurysms, one in the left vertebral artery, one in the left MCA, one in the right IC-PC junction and one in the fenestrated right MCA and persistent primitive trigeminal artery. Computed tomography (CT) demonstrated high density areas in the basal cistern and bilateral sylvian fissures, and cavum septi pellucidi and cavum Vergae as well. Surgical intervention was done and all aneurysms were clipped or coated successfully. The aneurysm in the fenestrated right MCA had originated from the proximal end of the fenestration of the MCA. The cavum septi pellucidi and cavum Vergae were asymptomatic. The postoperative course was uneventful. The authors discussed the pathogenesis and clinical meanings of fenestration of the MCA and persistent primitive trigeminal artery, and inferred that the genetic abnormality at the stage of development of cerebral vessels could play one part of the formation of intracranial aneurysms, because of the fact that the cerebrovascular anomalies showed high incidence of coexistence of intracranial aneurysms. PMID- 6738801 TI - [A case of cervical intramedullary neurenteric cyst]. AB - A case of cervical intramedullary neurenteric cyst was reported. A 12-year-old girl was admitted with severe pain over the nape and shoulders, and weakness of all extremities. At the age of 4 years, she had suffered from the nape pain and paraparesis which, however, cleared later spontaneously. Neurological examination revealed evidences of presumptive cervical intramedullary lesion, and myelography showed a complete block at the third cervical level accordingly. Surgical exploration through C3-C5 laminectomy disclosed an intramedullary cyst situated within the right half of the cord. The cyst was removed except for its upper and lower apices. Excellent clinical results followed the operation. The cyst was composed of collagen fibers with an inner epithelial lining, which consisted of single or pseudostratified layer of columnar, cuboidal or squamous cells. Cells were ciliated at some parts. The base of the epithelial cells rested upon the basement membrane. Nuclei were positioned near the base of the cells, to present a row. The cytoplasm in the majority of cells contained abundant mucin positive to PAS staining. Pathological diagnosis of neurenteric cyst was made on the basis of these histological findings. Usually intraspinal neurenteric cyst is located in the subarachnoid space and ventrally to the spinal cord. Neurenteric cyst appears histologically similar to ependymal cyst, though, in the latter the epithelial cells seldom contain mucin, and only in scanty amount, if any present. Embryogenesis during the third week of embryonic life was discussed in relation to the development of neurenteric cyst. PMID- 6738802 TI - Tullidora (Karwinskia humboldtiana) toxin mainly affects fast conducting axons. AB - Cats were given a single oral dose of ether extracts from tullidora (Karwinskia humboldtiana) fruit which contains an identified neurotoxin. Acute experiments were performed 4-7 weeks after toxin administration when flaccid limb paralysis was evident. Normal cats were used as controls. The medial gastrocnemius, the soleus and the sural nerves were electrically stimulated and the unitary potentials evoked by the stimuli were extracellularly recorded from spinal root filaments to measure the conduction velocity of single fibres. In control cats, the average conduction velocity (CV) was greater in medial gastrocnemius motor fibres than in the afferent ones of the same nerve and the soleus motor axons, whereas in the sural nerve CV was less than in the aforementioned cases. The CV values and the proportion of fast conducting fibres (greater than 80 m/s) in each nerve were directly related (r = 0.99). In treated cats, CV diminished in all the nerves studied, but the conduction velocity was further reduced in the faster fibres. Consequently, the motor division of the medial gastrocnemius nerve, normally composed of a high proportion (57%) of fast fibres, was more affected by tullidora and the sural nerve, which has the lowest proportion (0.7%) of these type of fibres, was the less affected. Our findings suggest that the preferential involvement of motor nerves in the experimental tullidora (buckthorn) neuropathy, as well as the preservation of somatic sensation in quadriplegic children accidentally poisoned with tullidora, are related to the distribution of axonal diameters in peripheral nerves. PMID- 6738803 TI - Intracranial cavity volumes: a new method and its potential applications. AB - Variations of brain weights and volumes often reflect pathological states. However, these parameters are more meaningful when related to intracranial volume. The most useful derived parameter is the difference between intracranial volume and brain volume expressed as a percentage (potential intracranial space). In patients with cerebral atrophy the potential intracranial space will be large, whereas in patients with space occupying lesions or brain swelling the potential intracranial space will shift towards 0%. Previously described techniques to determine intracranial volume have been unsatisfactory for routine application in the autopsy room. The technique described herein is based on the production of a permanent polyurethane cast of the cranial cavity. The casts can be formed in about 20 min with little modification of standard autopsy technique. Duplicate casts were made in twenty-seven unselected cases and in all cases there was less than 2% error in duplicate cast volumes. The cast provides a permanent record of the size and shape of the cranial cavity and can be used to determine intracranial volume or other intracranial dimension. The usefulness of the derived parameter, potential intracranial space, is evident in some of the cases studied. PMID- 6738804 TI - Significance of fluid flow for morphology of acute hypoxic-ischaemic brain cell injury. AB - It has been suggested that the presence or absence of hypoxic fluid flow during ischaemia determines the structural character of the ischaemic nerve cell injury. It is hypothesised that if a flow of fluid irrigates the injured neurons, there will be major shifts of ions and water, with consequent volumetric changes in the tissue and the 'dark' type of neuronal injury will result; otherwise, the structural changes are less striking and are designated as the 'pale' type. To test this hypothesis, rats were subjected to a global cerebral insult by filling the vasculature with a plasma substitute, which was either left stagnant or was flowing, and was either oxygenated (hypoxic flow) or nitrogenated (anoxic flow). Light and electron microscopy of the brain following 10 to 60 min of hypoxic or anoxic ischaemia disclosed that, under all three circumstances, the predominant nerve cell injury was of the pale type. The results indicate that some additional factors present in whole blood (but not in the plasma substitute) are needed during or after the insult to induce in quantity the dark type of ischaemic nerve cell injury. PMID- 6738805 TI - Observations on the nature of subependymoma: an electron microscopic study. AB - Surgical biopsy material from four cases of symptomatic fourth ventricle subependymoma, all with typical light microscopic features, was studied by electron microscopy. The ultrastructural appearance of each case was similar, with small groups of tumour cell perikarya widely separated by a meshwork of cell processes containing glial filaments. Large cells lacking specialised features were prominent in all cases and showed similarities with ependymoglial precursor cells described in the adult subependymal layer of animals. Other cells showed either astrocytic or poorly developed ependymal features, and transitional forms between these two appearances were common, suggesting the tumour to be of a single cell type. Pockets of microvilli were present, but they differed from ependymal-type microrosettes in lacking tight junctional complexes. Unlike low grade astrocytomas, the extracellular space was small and there was no close association of tumour cell processes with blood vessels. These observations suggest that the subependymoma may be regarded as a separate entity from other fourth ventricle neoplasms and possibly takes origin from ependymoglial cells normally present in the adult subependymal layer. PMID- 6738807 TI - Multiple intraspinal and intracranial epidermoids and lipomata following gunshot injury. AB - This case report describes the presence of numerous intradural spinal and cranial epidermoids and lipomata, as an incidental finding, 14 years after a spinal gunshot injury. The aetiological factors operating in the development of such tumours are discussed with reference to the general literature and to this case. PMID- 6738806 TI - Acrylamide-induced remodelling of perikarya in rat superior cervical ganglia. AB - To extend investigations on how acrylamide affects neuronal perikarya, we studied post-ganglionic cell bodies in the superior cervical ganglia of control and intoxicated rats (50 mg/kg/day for 9-10 days) with light and electron microscopy and with stereology. By light microscopy, perikarya of intoxicated rats showed peripheral Nissl bodies and nuclear eccentricity. Ultrastructurally, many experimental neurons showed augmented Nissl bodies, often extending from nucleus to plasma membrane; cisternae of granula endoplasmic bodies often appeared in orderly stacked configurations. Intoxicated neurons had increased numbers of normal-appearing mitochondria; some mitochondrial profiles appeared in clumps and others were hypertrophied. Compared to control neurons where Golgi complex most often aligned in a circumnuclear position, experimentals showed reductions in amount and loss of orientation. In some perikarya the pattern of eccentricity of nucleus, peripheral mantle of Nissl, and increased mitochondria gave a distinctive chromatolysis-like appearance. Ultrastructural stereologic analysis showed significantly increased volume fractions of Nissl (P less than 0.001) and mitochondria (P less than 0.002), a trend towards decreased Golgi, and no change in lysosomes, confirming the ultrastructural findings. These data indicate that cell body remodelling is a widespread phenomenon, specific for different neuronal types, and that it probably acts importantly in the pathogenesis of disease. PMID- 6738808 TI - Impairments in analgesic, hypothermic, and glucoprivic stress responses following neonatal monosodium glutamate. AB - Neonatal administration of monosodium glutamate (MSG) produces in rats neurotoxic degeneration of the circumventricular system, including the medial-basal hypothalamus, depleting several neuropeptides and neurotransmitters in this area. In addition, a number of behavioral and neuroendocrine responses are impaired, including a significant decrease in the analgesic response to cold-water swims (CWS). The present study examined whether the alterations in the analgesic responses following CWS and 2-deoxy-D-glucose (2-DG) induced by neonatal MSG treatment were due either to direct alterations in a pain-inhibitory system, or alternatively, to alterations in a system that processes the stressful consequences or properties of a stimulus. To accomplish this, the analgesic, hypothermic, and locomotor responses following CWS and the analgesic, hyperphagic, and locomotor responses following 2-DG were assessed in rats treated neonatally (days 2, 4, 6, 8, and 10) with either MSG or a vehicle solution. MSG treated rats displayed significant reductions in both their analgesic and hypothermic responses following CWS, suggesting that MSG treatment impairs an animal's ability to process sufficiently the stimulus properties of the swim as stressful. While MSG treatment potentiated 2-DG analgesia, it reduced 2-DG hyperphagia, suggesting that MSG treatment also impairs coping responses to glucoprivation. These data indicate the importance of the circumventricular system in the coding of stimuli as potential stressors and in the subsequent activation of requisite systems necessary to provide a sustained, coordinated, and synchronous coping response. PMID- 6738809 TI - The effect of adrenergic and cholinergic antagonists on central histaminergic stimulation of pituitary-adrenocortical response under stress in rats. AB - A possible interaction of central histaminergic receptors with adrenergic and cholinergic muscarinic neurons in increasing the pituitary-adrenocortical response under stress, assessed indirectly from the corticosterone concentration in blood serum, was investigated in conscious rats. All the drugs were administered intracerebroventriculary, the antagonists 15 to 30 min prior to the agonists. The histamine-induced increase in serum corticosterone levels of stressed rats was considerably antagonized by prazosin, phenoxybenzamine, phentolamine and yohimbine, alpha 1 and alpha 2-adrenergic antagonists. These antagonists abolished or significantly attenuated the corticosterone response to 2-pyridylethylamine (PEA), an H1-receptor agonist, and to dimaprit and 4 methylhistamine(4-MeHA), H2-receptor agonists. Propranolol, a beta-adrenergic blocker, did not substantially change the corticosterone response induced by histamine or histamine H1- and H2-receptor agonists. Similarly, atropine was ineffective in blocking the increase in serum corticosterone responses induced by either histamine or PEA and dimaprit in stressed rats. These results suggest that both alpha 1- and alpha 2-adrenergic receptors, but not beta-adrenergic and cholinergic muscarinic receptors interact with central H1 and H2 histaminergic stimulation of the increased pituitary-adrenocortical response in stressed rats. PMID- 6738810 TI - Effects of hypoxia on vasopressin concentrations in cerebrospinal fluid and plasma of sheep. AB - The relationship between concentrations of vasopressin in plasma and cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) was examined under basal and hypoxic conditions in unanesthetized and unrestrained adult female sheep. Under basal conditions mean (+/- SE) concentration of vasopressin (4.1 +/- 0.3 pg/ml) in CSF was significantly (p less than 0.001) higher than the concentration in arterial plasma (2.4 +/- 0.2 pg/ml). There was a significant positive correlation between CSF and plasma vasopressin concentrations (r = 0.66, p less than 0.01). The introduction of severe hypoxia by exposure of the sheep to an inspired gas mixture of 5% O2 in N2, a known stimulus to systemic release of vasopressin, was associated with an increase in the concentration of vasopressin in plasma to 339 +/- 65 pg/ml and CSF to 19 +/- 3.9 pg/ml. This increase of vasopressin in CSF was delayed in time with respect to the increases in the plasma and of a lesser magnitude. With moderate hypoxia (10% O2 in N2 exposure) no increase in CSF or plasma vasopressin concentration was observed, suggesting a threshold response. Intravenous infusion of vasopressin to achieve plasma values comparable to those seen with hypoxia was not accompanied by a significant increase in CSF vasopressin concentration. Thus, severe hypoxia is a potent stimulus for release of vasopressin into both CSF and plasma. Furthermore, data suggest that vasopressin may be released into CSF via a separate route from that released into plasma. PMID- 6738811 TI - Prolactin-induced activation of tuberoinfundibular dopaminergic neurons: evidence for both a rapid 'tonic' and a delayed 'induction' component. AB - Results of previous studies have revealed that prolactin causes a delayed (12-16 h) increase in the rate of synthesis and turnover of dopamine (DA) in terminals of tuberoinfundibular (TI) neurons in the median eminence. Attempts to demonstrate a rapid in vivo action of prolactin on these neurons has been frustrated because pharmacological manipulations needed to make the biochemical measurements of TIDA neuronal activity (i.e., administration of alpha methyltyrosine or NSD 1015) inhibit DA synthesis and thereby remove the tonic inhibitory control of DA on prolactin secretion. Thus, 'control' rates of synthesis and turnover of DA in terminals of TIDA neurons are actually values obtained in the presence of high circulating concentrations of prolactin. Results of the present in vivo studies demonstrate that there are two components to the activation of TIDA neurons by prolactin: a rapid 'tonic' component, which is responsive to acute changes in prolactin concentrations, and a delayed 'induction' component, which is activated by long-term changes in prolactin concentrations. Experimental observations which support this proposal are described below. Hypophysectomy or treatment with bromocriptine (a DA agonist) reduce circulating levels of prolactin and reduce the rate of DA synthesis in the median eminence. Intracerebroventricular (i.c.v.) administration of prolactin to these animals increases the rate of DA synthesis in the median eminence within 4 h (rapid 'tonic' component) and then causes a further increase after 12 h (delayed 'induction' component); only the latter component is blocked by treatment with cycloheximide, indicating the involvement in protein synthesis.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS) PMID- 6738812 TI - Involvement of catecholamines and glutamate in GABAergic mechanism regulatory to luteinizing hormone and prolactin secretion. AB - There is some evidence that a population of estrogen-receptive neurons exists in the preoptic/anterior hypothalamic area which uses gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA) as neurotransmitter and which is involved in mediating the negative feedback of estrogens on pituitary luteinizing hormone (LH) secretion. These neurons are proposed to be presynaptic inhibitors to norepinephrine (NE) release thereby inhibiting the stimulatory effect of NE on LHRH neurons. Muscimol, a potent GABA agonist, inhibits pituitary LH release in ovariectomized rats after intraventricular injection of 5 nmol. This treatment significantly increased prolactin levels. Catecholamine turnover rates in micropunches of various hypothalamic and mesolimbic structures following intraventricular treatment with muscimol were determined using the method of blocking the activity of tyrosine hydroxylase by alpha-methyl-p-tyrosine. Muscimol did not affect catecholamine, GABA and glutamate concentrations. Turnover rates of NE were significantly reduced in the medial preoptic/anterior hypothalamic area. In this structure as well as in the nucleus accumbens and in the anterior mediobasal hypothalamus turnover rates of dopamine (DA) were also reduced whereas DA turnover in mediocortical amygdalae was increased by muscimol. The selective reduction of NE turnover following muscimol may be explained by a direct or indirect action of the GABA-eric drug on NE axon terminals. The reduced NE and DA turnover in the medial preoptic area may be causally related to reduced serum LH levels whereas the reduced hypothalamic DA turnover may explain increased blood prolactin levels. PMID- 6738813 TI - Reduced tuberoinfundibular dopaminergic neuronal function in rats with in situ prolactin-secreting pituitary tumors. AB - Tuberoinfundibular dopaminergic (TIDA) neuronal function in rats with spontaneous or estrogen-induced prolactin- (PRL-)secreting pituitary tumors (prolactinomas) was studied by assaying dopamine (DA) concentration in pituitary stalk blood and electrically induced release of 3H-DA from the median eminence in vitro. Old rats with spontaneous prolactinomas showed enlarged and hemorrhagic pituitaries and elevated serum PRL levels. These rats had reduced DA in pituitary stalk blood, showed significantly lower response to the DA-releasing drug, nomifensine, and exhibited reduced electrically induced 3H-DA release from the median eminence in vitro, when compared to corresponding values in young and old rats without prolactinomas. The dopamine agonist piribedil failed to reduce electrically induced 3H-DA release by the superfused median eminence from old rats with prolactinomas, but not from old and young rats without prolactinomas. Old rats without prolactinomas also showed higher serum PRL values and pituitary weight than young rats without prolactinomas. However, stalk blood DA values before and after nomifensine, electrically induced 3H-DA release by the median eminence in vitro, and inhibition by piribedil of 3H-DA release in vitro were significantly lower in old rats without prolactinomas than in young rats without prolactinomas. Estrogen treatment of young ovariectomized rats for 5 months produced enlarged and hemorrhagic pituitaries and elevated serum PRL values, but reduced the content of stalk blood DA and electrically induced release of 3H-DA by the median eminence in vitro as compared with values in untreated young ovariectomized control rats. Estrogen-treated rats also showed no response to piribedil on in vitro 3H-DA release.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS) PMID- 6738814 TI - The relationship between calcium uptake and hormone release in the isolated neurohypophysis. A reassessment. AB - The release of peptide hormones and uptake of radiolabelled calcium were measured in isolated rat neurohypophyses incubated in vitro. Neuropeptide release was provoked either by depolarising the tissue with raised extracellular potassium, or by application of biphasic electrical stimulus pulses. Potassium stimulation increased uptake of radiolabelled calcium, but electrical stimulation caused no measurable change, suggesting that non-neuronal elements unresponsive to electrical stimulation were responsible for the uptake. This possibility is supported by the results of 2 further series of experiments, in which the neurohypophyses were manipulated in vivo before incubation in vitro. First, the experimental animals were given a 2% solution of sodium chloride in place of drinking water for 3 days, to deplete the neuropeptide content of the incubated tissue. After such treatment, potassium-stimulated neuropeptide release was greatly reduced, but calcium uptake was increased relative to that of normal tissue. Secondly, the pituitary stalk was lesioned electrolytically 14 days before the incubation, thus completely eliminating the neural elements of the neurohypophysis. Potassium stimulation then released no neuropeptide, but calcium uptake increased as in normal tissue. It thus appears that calcium uptake does not always closely parallel neuropeptide release, in contrast with previous results, and that depolarisation of the non-neuronal elements is responsible for the measurable uptake of calcium. The results do not contradict existing concepts of the central role of calcium influx in stimulus-secretion coupling in neurohypophyseal terminals, but serve to emphasise the need for care in the interpretation of calcium uptake data in tissues which are not homogeneous. The neurohypophyseal glial cells (pituicytes) are a likely site for the calcium uptake caused by potassium depolarisation. PMID- 6738815 TI - Differential effects of pancreatic polypeptide on luteinizing hormone release in female rats. AB - Observations that a pancreatic polypeptide-like substance is present in hypothalamus and may coexist with catecholamines prompted evaluation of its possible role in control of luteinizing hormone (LH) secretion. Intracerebroventricular administration of 0.5 or 2 micrograms of human pancreatic polypeptide to ovariectomized, hormonally untreated rats significantly decreased LH levels. However, when administered to ovariectomized rats pretreated with estradiol benzoate and progesterone, the neuropeptide significantly increased circulating LH in a dose-related manner. These results, which are similar to those reported for centrally administered norepinephrine, raise the possibility that pancreatic polypeptide, or a similar peptide, may participate in the physiologic regulation of LH release, either independently or perhaps as a neuromodulator or a cotransmitter with catecholamines. PMID- 6738817 TI - Sonographic demonstration of contusional white matter clefts in an infant. AB - In abused children cerebral contusion can lead to neurologic sequelae or mental retardation. Cerebral injury has been found with and without external evidence of head injury. We report the sonographic findings in a case of battered-child syndrome. Cerebral sonography could demonstrate cerebral contusion at the time of admission. On repeated examination white matter clefts developed in both frontal lobes. The sonographic findings were confirmed by CCT. PMID- 6738816 TI - Cerebral calcifications and cerebellar hypoplasia in two children: clinical, radiologic and neuropathological studies--a separate neurodevelopmental entity. AB - Two siblings with cerebral calcifications are described, clinically characterized by the early onset of general regression and epileptic seizures, followed by cerebral blindness and spastic tetraplegia. No remarkable biochemical abnormalities were found. Death ensued before the age of seven years. Radiology of the skull in the second case showed widespread calcifications, situated periventricularly, in the basal nuclei and in the cerebellum. In both cases postmortem examination revealed widespread calcifications, corpus callosum hypoplasia and hydrocephalus "a vacuo". Moreover retrocerebellar leptomeningeal "cysts" and hypoplasia of the cerebellum were found. A diffuse lack of axons appeared to be the main cause of the poor staining of the white matter. The diagnostic criteria are neurological regression, progressive calcification, hydrocephalus and hypoplasia of the corpus callosum and cerebellum. Five similar cases were found in the literature. Our cases and those from the literature probably belong to a separate entity, originally published by Laubenthal et al (1940). PMID- 6738818 TI - Familial agenesis of the corpus callosum with hypothermia and apneic spells. AB - Two siblings, a boy and a girl, with agenesis of the corpus callosum, apneic spells, attacks of apnea, cyanosis and spontaneous hypothermia, are reported about. Both children died after a few months of life. Postmortem examination revealed a severe spongiosis of the white matter in addition to the agenesis of the corpus callosum and septum pellucidum, in both cases. PMID- 6738819 TI - Effect of neurointensive care upon outcome following severe head injuries in childhood--a preliminary report. AB - From March 1978 till August 1981 neurointensive care was applied to 24 children with severe head injuries (Glasgow Coma Scale less than or equal to 7, mean 5 +/- 1) corresponding to 7% of a population with head injuries observed during the same period. The neurointensive care included continuous intracranial and arterial pressure monitoring and normalization of intracranial and cerebral perfusion pressure with intubation, hyperventilation, control of body temperature, dexamethason, barbiturates and osmotic agents. The follow-up time is 1.5 to 4.4 years (mean 2.5 years). The results obtained by check-ups every 3-6 months were analyzed as proposed by Lange-Cosack and Tepfer (1973) and used to group the children according to Jennett and Bond (1975). At the end of the follow up four children were 1-5, twelve 6-14 years old and 3 older. Five patients (= 21%) died during the acute stage of head injury. Residual neurological signs were present in 42% of the children depending on the specific topics (cranial nerve deficits, hemiparesis, speech disorders, ataxic syndromes) at most in 1/4 of the cases. Minimal to distinct residual psychoorganic signs were found in 58%, an altered personality being somewhat more frequent than intelligence deficit or psychomotor retardation. Eleven of the twelve school children are back in school of whom are eight in regular and three in special schools. At a mean time of 1.5 years after the accident the EEG was normal in nine cases and displayed a slightly altered background activity and/or slow wave foci in eight and epileptiform foci in two cases.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS) PMID- 6738820 TI - Cerebellar atrophy following diphenylhydantoin intoxication. AB - Seven epileptic patients with permanent ataxic dysfunction following DPH treatment are described. The ataxia correlates with cerebellar atrophy, though the extents of clinical and structural lesions are not necessarily proportional. Cerebellar atrophy is demonstrated by CT scans, the vermal region seems to be predominantly affected.--The tentatively increased susceptibility of female patients and of patients with pre-existing brain lesions, as well as the possible consequences pertaining to the course of the epilepsy are discussed. PMID- 6738821 TI - Histochemical changes of the developing human cerebral neocortex. Studies on two enzymes of energy metabolism in three cortical areas. AB - Developmental changes of two mitochondrial enzymes, succinate- and menadione dependent alpha-glycerophosphate dehydrogenases (SDH, M alpha GPDH) have been studied by histochemical techniques in early autopsy material in the following areas of human neocortex: area 4 (motor cortex), area 17 (visual cortex) and area 40 (associative cortex). Each area studied revealed a special enzymatic architecture. SDH - a marker of oxidative activity - develops for several years after birth and in some areas (4 and 40) reaches its adult pattern only after 11 years. Considerable modifications occur during development in the relative activities of the different cortical layers. SDH activity initially appears in layers which send projections to subcortical relays or receive specific thalamocortical afferents. Layers which receive cortico-cortical projections mature later on. In contrast to SDH activity that of M alpha GPDH is elevated already before birth, increases until one month of age and decreases afterwards. This enzyme present in neuroblasts disappears from mature cortical neurons, except from those of the VIth layer. The distribution of this enzyme in cortical layers of the child is opposite to that of SDH. The developmental evolution of these two enzymes has been confirmed by biochemical assays. PMID- 6738822 TI - Sturge-Weber disease--neurophysiological evaluation of a case with secondary epileptogenesis, successfully treated with lobe-ectomy. AB - A case of Sturge-Weber's disease with a generalized seizure at 7 months of age is described, followed 7 months later by the development of very frequent and therapy resistent myoclonic astatic fits. The neurophysiological evaluation indicated a primary lesion in the right occipital area followed by signs of secondary epileptogenesis. The patient was cured by a right-sided occipital lobe ectomy including an area of leptomeningeal angiomatosis. PMID- 6738823 TI - Primary brainstem hemorrhage in a child: usefulness of auditory brainstem response (ABR). AB - We treated a child with primary brainstem hemorrhage who recovered fairly well. The Auditory Brainstem Response (ABR) correlated well with the clinical course and CAT findings. Primary brainstem hemorrhage leads to neurological abnormalities which may be fatal (Silverstein 1972). As there is apparently no documentation on the correlation between CAT scan and ABR findings in such patients, we report our experience with primary brainstem hemorrhage in a child who recovered. PMID- 6738824 TI - Effects of naloxone and naltrexone on drug-induced hypothermia in mice. AB - The hypothermia produced by injecting apomorphine into mice was potentiated by morphine; it was antagonized by haloperidol, by naloxone and by naltrexone. The hypothermic responses to morphine, chlorpromazine and ethanol were also blocked by naltrexone. However, naltrexone potentiated the hypothermic response to pentobarbital. Tolerance to morphine, produced by subcutaneous implantation of a morphine pellet, was accompanied by cross-tolerance to apomorphine-induced hypothermia. Animals made tolerant to apomorphine were not tolerant to morphine induced hypothermia. The dopamine supersensitivity resulting from chronic treatment with haloperidol potentiated the hypothermic response to apomorphine but not to morphine. These results suggest that endogenous opioids may serve as mediators in the control of thermoregulation by dopamine. PMID- 6738825 TI - Task-specific tolerance to d-amphetamine. AB - Rats were trained concurrently on sweetened-milk drinking and bar-press responding behavior, which alternated on a daily basis. Dose-response functions for d-amphetamine were determined before and after conditions of chronic treatment. When given before chronic treatment, d-amphetamine decreased both milk consumption and reinforcement received for lever-pressing in a dose-dependent manner. Subsequently, three conditions of chronic injection were established in which one group received saline, prior to both tasks, another group received d amphetamine prior to drinking milk and saline prior to lever-pressing and the third group received d-amphetamine prior to lever-pressing and saline before drinking milk. The rats became tolerant to d-amphetamine in the task in which the drug had been administered chronically; however, the same rats showed no tolerance in the other task in which saline had been administered chronically. Tolerance to d-amphetamine was thus shown to be behaviorally specific. PMID- 6738826 TI - Transient seizure activity induced by acetylcarnitine. AB - Intracerebral injection of L-acetylcarnitine in rats induced interictal and ictal epileptic phenomena with immediate onset, lasting up to 4 h. Pretreatment with systemic atropine prevents all epileptiform phenomena. Local injection of muscimol and THIP abolish ictal events, but not single spikes. L-carnitine induced only ictal discharges with a latency of 40-90 min. Acetylcarnitine epileptogenic properties are probably related to muscarinic agonism. The transition from interictal to ictal events may involve failure of GABAergic mechanisms. PMID- 6738827 TI - Sulpiride isomers exhibit reversed stereospecificity for D-1 and D-2 dopamine receptors in the CNS. AB - We have investigated the stereospecificity of the interaction of (-) and (+)sulpiride with [3H]cis-flupentixol and [3H]spiperone binding to D-1 and D-2 dopamine receptors respectively in rat striatum. Both isomers of sulpiride compete more potently at D-2 vs. D-1 dopamine receptors. (-)Sulpiride is 50-fold more potent than (+)sulpiride in blocking D-2 receptors, while (+)sulpiride is 3 fold more potent than (-)sulpiride at D-1 receptors. This reversed stereospecificity of sulpiride interactions with CNS D-1 and D-2 dopamine receptors is similar to the stereospecificity of sulpiride interactions at DA1 and DA2 dopamine receptors in peripheral vascular beds. PMID- 6738828 TI - Hypothalamic neuronal responses to iontophoretic application of morphine in rats. AB - Effects of thermal stimulation of the scrotum and of iontophoretic application of morphine on the activity of neurones in the preoptic anterior hypothalamic area were observed in 30 urethane-anaesthetised rats. The proportions of cold responsive, warm-responsive and thermally unresponsive units were 20.7, 28.3 and 51%, respectively, of the total number of neurones tested. Iontophoretic application of morphine to neurones in the preoptic anterior hypothalamic area in rats resulted in excitation of the majority of cold-responsive cells and inhibition of the majority of warm-responsive cells tested. However, most of the thermally unresponsive cells were unaffected by application of morphine. These results provide a neuronal basis for the hypothesis that morphine, when administered directly into the hypothalamus, facilitates heat production and inhibits heat loss, which leads to hyperthermia. PMID- 6738830 TI - Unique behavioral change with cinepazide in parkinsonism. A case report. AB - A 56-year-old male parkinsonian patient developed a unique behavioral change following the oral administration of cinepazide, a cerebral vasodilator. This behavior consisted of an apparent infatuation with a ward nurse, which ceased after medication was discontinued. PMID- 6738829 TI - In vivo effects of nipecotic acid on levels of extracellular GABA and taurine, and hippocampal excitability. AB - The effect of nipecotic acid on the extracellular levels of the putative hippocampal inhibitory transmitters, gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA) and taurine, and also excitability in the dentate gyrus, were studied in anaesthetised rats using the dialytrode technique. The dentate gyrus was perfused by means of a dialytrode , using Krebs-Ringer bicarbonate or nipecotic acid solutions. Dentate field potentials, evoked by electrical stimulation of the perforant pathway, were recorded. Nipecotic acid drastically elevated the levels of extracellular GABA and taurine and the amplitude of population spikes in the dentate was concomitantly decreased. These results indicate that changes in extracellular levels of endogenous GABA and/or taurine influence the excitability of the hippocampus. PMID- 6738831 TI - Effect of treatment and withdrawal from chronic lithium in rats on stimulant induced responses. AB - Chronic lithium (Li) administration to rats was found to inhibit the hyperactivity induced by 0.5 mg/kg d-amphetamine but not that induced by 1.0 mg/kg d-amphetamine. Contradictory results on the ability of Li to inhibit amphetamine-induced hyperactivity may be due to the different dosages of amphetamine employed. 2 days after withdrawal from 3 weeks of chronic Li administration, rats showed no rebound supersensitivity of the hyperactivity response to 0.5 mg/kg d-amphetamine. Surprisingly, Li-withdrawn rats showed a marked subsensitivity of the stereotypy response to apomorphine. Such subsensitivity to apomorphine in Li withdrawal may relate to recent reports of homovanillic acid increases in rat brain in Li withdrawal, and to clinical reports of Li withdrawal inducing psychosis. PMID- 6738832 TI - Right hemispheric activation on chronognosia: a preliminary study by rheoencephalography. AB - Using an impedance plethysmography technique, we measured the regional cerebral blood flow variation at rest and during time period estimation in 21 normal volunteers. A significant increase was observed in the right hemisphere. The overestimators without internal counting show a significant increase in the right frontal region. The underestimators without internal counting display no right frontal modification but their right temporo-occipital regions show a significant increase. PMID- 6738833 TI - Long-term lithium treatment and renal functions. A prospective study. AB - Renal functions were examined in 53 patients before the start of long-term lithium treatment (I) and then after 4 months (II) and 12 months (III) on lithium treatment. The tubular function was studied by means of the DDAVP (Minirin) test and the glomerular filtration rate was measured by creatinine clearance. The mean maximum urine osmolality (+/- SE) on the first occasion (I) was 800 +/- 20 mosm/kg H2O, 702 +/- 20 on the second (II), and on the third (III) 723 +/- 17 mosm/kg H2O. The mean creatinine clearance before the start of lithium treatment (I) was 128 +/- 5 ml/min, after 4 months (II) 106 +/- 4 and after 12 months (III) 114 +/- 5 ml/min. The results of the present study suggest that lithium treatment with serum levels of approximately 0.6 mmol/l causes a decrease in renal concentrating ability and the glomerular filtration rate in the early stages after the start of therapy. This decrease in the renal functions does not seem to progress during the first year of lithium treatment. PMID- 6738834 TI - Lithium therapy and thyroid function tests. A prospective study. AB - Thyroid function tests including thyroxine (T4), T3 test, thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH), free T4 index and antithyroid antibodies were studied in 51 patients before the start of long-term lithium therapy and after 4 and 12 months on lithium. After 4 months on lithium, changes occurred in all laboratory parameters - T4 and T3 test levels decreased and TSH increased. After 12 months T4 and T3 test increased to pretreatment levels and TSH remained higher than before the start of lithium. During 1 year of lithium treatment only 1 patient developed clinical signs of hypothyroidism and started levo-thyroxine substitution therapy. PMID- 6738835 TI - Behavioral effects of vasopressin. AB - A single case study was executed to generate hypotheses concerning the role of vasopressin in human behavior. Classic tasks of experimental psychology, introspective and electrophysiological measures were applied in twelve sessions after randomized intake of vasopressin or a placebo. Results indicate that earlier stages of information processing in terms of attentional and arousal processes could be affected by the neuropeptide. Therefore the often claimed enhancement of memory processing seems to be an indirect effect of vasopressin. PMID- 6738836 TI - Electroencephalographic findings in children treated with cytotoxic agents. AB - 106 EEG investigations were carried out in 17 children with various types of neoplastic disease without cerebral involvement during one or more courses of treatment with cytotoxic agents. EEGs were recorded before and 24 h after administration of the drugs. A transient slowing of the dominant frequency in the alpha-band by about 1 c/s and a decrease in the relative power of alpha-activity by 20-30% was observed in only 4 patients. These children did not receive the same antineoplastic treatment. 1 patient received very high dose methotrexate, 2 patients received vincristine combined with other cytotoxic agents, and the other patient received L-asparaginase. It is suggested that EEG changes in patients receiving intravenous cytotoxic treatment usually occur only where there is a preexisting impairment of the blood-cerebrospinal fluid barrier or the blood brain barrier. PMID- 6738837 TI - Pitfalls in the computed tomographic evaluation of the lumbar spine in disc disease. AB - Computed tomography (CT) is an effective non-invasive method of evaluating the lumbar spine in cases of suspected disc disease. In over a 3-year period in a high volume neuroradiologic practice we have observed a number of pitfalls in the diagnosis of herniated nucleus pulposus which may lead to erroneous conclusions and therefore, decrease the overall accuracy of the examination. These pitfalls, and their implications are presented and discussed. PMID- 6738838 TI - The assessment of changes in brain volume using combined linear measurements. A CT-scan study. AB - All linear measurements employed for evaluation of brain atrophy, were performed on 148 computed tomograms of patients aged 28 to 84 without evidence of any nervous system disorder. These included size of lateral, third and fourth ventricles, width of the Sylvian and frontal interhemispheric fissures and cortical sulci and size of the pre-pontine cistern. Various parameters indicated decrease in brain mass with age. Since the atrophic process is a diffuse phenomenon, integration of several measurements evaluating separate brain regions was made. The bicaudate ratio and the Sylvian fissure ratio (representing both central and cortical atrophy) were combined arithmetically, resulting in a correlation of 0.6390 with age (P less than 0.0005). With a computed canonical correlation analysis; a formula was obtained which combined measurements of the lateral and third ventricles, the Sylvian fissure and the pre-pontine cistern. This formula yielded a correlation of 0.67795 (P less than 0.0005). These linear measurements will allow simple and reliable assessement of reduction in brain volume during the normal aging process and in disorders accompanied by brain atrophy. PMID- 6738839 TI - Clinical and CT parameters in degenerative cerebellar atrophy in aged patients. AB - Fifteen cases of degenerative cerebellar atrophy are presented together with the criteria used to assess the diagnosis of cerebellar atrophy by computed tomography. PMID- 6738840 TI - Is contrast-enhanced CT indicated in acute head injury? AB - The authors discuss the value of intravenous contrast enhancement in CT scanning in acute head injury. In a series of seventy consecutive patients they conclude that no incremental information was obtained by performing contrast-enhanced CT scans in the acute phase of the head injury. PMID- 6738841 TI - Computed tomography in late-onset metachromatic leucodystrophy. AB - In late-onset metachromatic leucodystrophy (MLD), early clinical diagnosis is difficult since initial symptoms frequently consist of misleading nonspecific psychopathological alterations. On cranial computed tomography (CT), however, symmetrical attenuation decrease of the white matter and mild cerebral atrophy can already be found in an early stage of the disease, and may even precede clinical symptoms. On the basis of observations in four patients with late-onset MLD who were followed between 1 and 5 years, characteristic CT appearances in different stages of the disease are outlined and compared with the literature. PMID- 6738842 TI - Spontaneous vertebro-vertebral arterio-venous fistula associated with fibro muscular dysplasia. Report of two cases. AB - Extracranial vertebral arteriovenous fistulae of non traumatic origin are extremely rare. The authors report two cases of spontaneous vertebro-vertebral arteriovenous fistulae associated with fibromuscular dysplasia. They discuss the relation-ship between arteriovenous fistulae and fibro-muscular dysplasia, and the specific problems of treatment in these two cases. PMID- 6738843 TI - Atypical CT findings in bacterial meningoencephalitis. AB - Computed tomography has become a valuable imaging modality in the evaluation and management of most intracerebral infections. We report two cases of intracranial infections with atypical CT findings, and attempt to correlate these findings with the pathophysiology. PMID- 6738844 TI - A femocerebral catheter for middle-aged patients of relatively small stature. AB - The authors describe a catheter for multi-artery studies in middle aged patients of relatively small stature. Experience in more than a thousand cases proved its special usefulness in selecting the left common carotid artery with tortuous aortic arch. PMID- 6738845 TI - Intraoperative and outpatient echoencephalography through a burr hole. AB - Ultrasound images of the brain were obtained intraoperatively and on an outpatient basis through a burr hole. The patient's tumor was well visualized, prior to biopsy, after biopsy, and during radiation therapy treatment. The ultrasound images correlated closely to the CT scan findings. PMID- 6738847 TI - Pseudotumour of the corpus callosum due to subarachnoid haemorrhage from pericallosal aneurysm. AB - Two patients were scanned 2-5 weeks following onset of subarachnoid haemorrhage. A similar CT appearance was seen in each case. A ring enhancing mass lesion was present within the corpus callosum, suggesting an underlying tumour. However subsequent angiography showed that each case was in fact due to rupture of a pericallosal artery aneurysm. The enhancing membrane of the haematoma gave the false impression of a corpus callosum tumour. PMID- 6738846 TI - Exacerbation of systemic lupus erythematosus, aseptic meningitis and acute mental symptoms, following metrizamide lumbar myelography. AB - A clinical constellation of exacerbation of systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE), together with aseptic meningitis, and acute mental symptoms occurred following lumbar myelography with metrizamide. Exacerbation of SLE has not been previously described following myelography with any contrast agent. Meningeal reactions and acute mental symptoms have been reported earlier, but this clinical constellation is new. PMID- 6738848 TI - Computed tomography of rhinocerebral mucormycosis. AB - Rhinocerebral mucormycosis is a rare fungal infection which is frequently fatal. Survival depends on early diagnosis and immediate aggressive treatment. Previously described radiological changes have been non-specific. The CT features of two cases are described. Non-enhancement of the superior ophthalmic vein and ophthalmic artery appears to be a CT sign specific to this disease. PMID- 6738849 TI - Flattened sella turcica and CT appearance of normal pituitary gland. AB - A flattened sella turcica, not previously reported, was found incidentally in a 21-year-old male. Various neuroradiological and hormonal examinations have proved it to be a normal varient. Subsequently a normal pituitary gland was shown by CT. PMID- 6738850 TI - Role of stenosis of spinal canal in L4-L5 nerve root compression assessed by flexion-extension myelography. AB - Myelographic flexion-extension studies were performed in four groups of 10 patients each, with (A) normal myelogram; (B) bilateral nerve root compression at L4-L5; (C) unilateral nerve root compression at L4-L5 and (D) nerve root compression at L5-S1. The aim of the investigation was to assess the role of spinal stenosis in contributing to nerve root compression. The results indicate that a form of stenosis of the spinal canal plays an important role in bilateral nerve root compression at L4-L5, and to a lesser extent in unilateral nerve root compression at L4-L5. It does not appear to play a role in L5-S1 nerve root compression (stenosis of the lateral recess left aside). It is advocated that in myelographic L4-L5 nerve root compression additional flexion-extension studies should be performed in order to evaluate the possible role of stenosis of the spinal canal contributing to this compression. Even in nerve root compression by disc extrusion, concomitant spinal stenosis may necessitate additional decompressive laminectomy. PMID- 6738851 TI - Real-time ultrasonography of the spinal cord: intraoperative and postoperative imaging. AB - Fourteen subjects with spinal cord pathology were studied with 10 MHz linear array or 5 MHz mechanical sector ultrasound scanners. Twelve patients were studied intraoperatively. The examinations were rapid, aiding the surgeon at the time of exploration. Sonography defined cysts, outlined the extent of neoplasia and aided in the localization of bone fragments. Guidance for placement of syringo -subarachnoid shunts reduced the amount of surgical manipulation. Four patients were examined postoperatively through laminectomy defects, three confirming adequate position and function of shunts and in one case demonstrating tumor recurrence. PMID- 6738852 TI - Doppler-sonographic examination of the arterial flow in the carotid and supratrochlear arteries during carotid angiography. AB - In 55 patients, the blood flow in the carotid and supratrochlear arteries was examined by Doppler sonography during cerebral angiography. In general, a threefold response was observed: an initial phase of turbulence during the injection was followed by a phase of depressed and then of increased arterial flow. The second phase of reduced perfusion which probably is caused by the increased viscosity of the mixture of contrast medium and blood, is more pronounced in the internal carotid artery, whereas the third phase of accelerated flow is more marked in the external carotid artery. In patients with an occlusion of the internal carotid artery, the cerebral blood supply often depends on the collateral pathway via the ophthalmic artery. In these cases, the reduction of the blood flow is specially marked and long-lasting, as we could show. This may contribute to a higher angiographic risk of those cases with an important ophthalmic collateral flow. PMID- 6738853 TI - Clinical-angiographic correlations in 132 patients with megadolichovertebrobasilar anomaly. AB - We have found numerous case reports, but no systematic study of the megadolichovertebrobasilar anomaly ( MDVBA ). The purpose of this paper is to evaluate the relationships between arterial shifts of the vertebro-basilar system and neurological findings in the posterior fossa in our series of 132 cases. We found a high percentage (77.3%) of angiographic-clinical correlations having evaluated the arterial shifts, measured in mm, of the vertebro-basilar system in a frontal and a sagittal plane and concluded that the greater the degree of dislocation, the greater the number of positive cases. Nevertheless it is not possible to predetermine the presence of particular neurosymptomatology related to arterial dislocation degrees. PMID- 6738854 TI - Radiological features of subependymoma with emphasis on computed tomography. AB - The features of 17 symptomatic subependymomas on X-ray computed tomography are described. Thirteen were reviewed from isolated case reports and 4 were original material. Over half were entirely intraventricular, 6 extended into brain substance and 2 into subarachnoidal cisterns. Twelve were isodense, 15 showed diffuse but irregular enhancement, and 5 contained nodular calcification. Large low density cysts, intratumoural haemorrhage and brain oedema were found almost exclusively in lesions extending into brain substance. It is concluded that subependymomas resemble ependymomas too closely on CT to be distinguished radiographically from them as a separate group. However subependymomas contain calcification slightly less frequently, and usually appear as mainly intraventricular lesions even when they occur above the tentorium. PMID- 6738855 TI - Psychopathometric demonstration and quantification of mental disturbances following myelography with metrizamide and iopamidol. AB - Groups each consisting of ten patients underwent lumbar and cervical myelography with metrizamide and iopamidol, together with a control group of ten patients who underwent lumbar punctures only. These groups were studied with a psychopathometric test procedure in order to demonstrate and quantify mental disturbances. It was shown that in contrast to myelography with iopamidol, mild mental disturbances are common after myelography with metrizamide. The severity of the mental disturbances after myelography with metrizamide was dependent on the quantity of contrast medium which diffused into the intracranial space after myelography, suggesting a dose-related neurotoxic effect of this substance. Such a correlation was not found with iopamidol. PMID- 6738856 TI - CT of posterior ocular staphyloma in axial myopia. AB - We present two cases of posterior ocular staphylomas in axial myopia. CT findings of an enlarged globe with focal posterior bulging and scleral-uveal rim thinning appear to be specific for this diagnosis. PMID- 6738859 TI - Neurotensin microinjection into the nucleus accumbens antagonizes dopamine induced increase in locomotion and rearing. AB - Neurotensin is an endogenous neuropeptide with neuronal perikarya or fibers distributed in the vicinity of the mesolimbic dopamine system. This observation, plus behavioral data showing that neurotensin injection into the nucleus accumbens blocks some behavioral effects of amphetamine, indicates that neurotensin may modulate the mesolimbic dopamine system. In this study it was shown that neurotensin given into the nucleus accumbens produces a dose-dependent blockade of locomotion and rearing initiated by dopamine injection into the nucleus accumbens. This effect is not mimicked by inactive neurotensin analogue nor some other endogenous neuropeptides. Since dopamine acts on postsynaptic dopamine receptors in the nucleus accumbens, neurotensin is acting, not on dopamine terminals, but on neurons or neuronal systems which are modulated by the mesolimbic dopamine system. This conclusion is supported by the facts that intra accumbens injection of neurotensin does not alter accumbens levels of dopamine or its metabolites, nor does it affect the increase in dopamine metabolites produced by injection of neurotensin into the ventral tegmental area. Further, neurotensin was also found to block the dopamine-independent increase in locomotion and rearing produced by the injection of D-Ala2-Met- 5enkephalinamide into the nucleus accumbens. These data indicate that neurotensin acts on neurons in the nucleus accumbens to counteract the motor stimulant effects of dopamine or enkephalin. Therefore, in the nucleus accumbens, neurotensin is not acting to modulate the mesolimbic dopamine system, but rather appears to antagonize behavioral hyperactivity, regardless of the neurochemical initiation. PMID- 6738857 TI - Computed tomographic evolution of post-traumatic subdural hygroma in young adults. AB - The authors report on two cases of post-traumatic subdural hygroma that were encountered in young adults. Serial computed tomograms were taken immediately following trauma and for more than 4 weeks thereafter. In the case of a 28-year old man with a skull fracture, an initial CT scan revealed a thin crescentic subdural collection in the right frontal area. A successive CT scan on the 36th postoperative day revealed developed subdural hygroma, and the CSF-like fluid was surgically evacuated. In the second case, involving an 18-year-old man, a very thin bifrontal subdural collection was found on the initial CT scan, and on the 15th post-traumatic day CT scan demonstrated a bifrontal subdural hygroma. No surgical treatment was carried out, and the follow-up CT scan on the 29th post traumatic day demonstrated no change in size. The two young patients were slightly symptomatic during the period involved, and the repeat unenhanced CT scans showed subdural lesions of less than brain density, even in the chronic stage. PMID- 6738858 TI - Hemangioma calcificans with circumscribed brain atrophy. AB - A case of hemangioma calcificans is presented. On CT scan, the tumor shows no mass effect but is accompanied by circumscribed low density which is deemed to indicate brain atrophy and an enlarged subarachnoid space. A case of this tumor surrounded by peritumoral brain atrophy has not been reported before. PMID- 6738860 TI - Organization and efferent projections of nucleus tegmenti pedunculopontinus pars compacta with special reference to its cholinergic aspects. AB - In an attempt to evaluate the cellular organization and efferent projections of the nucleus tegmenti pedunculopontinus pars compacta, several experiments were performed in the rat. From measurements of neurons in the nucleus tegmenti pedunculopontinus pars compacta in Nissl-stained sections, the nucleus was observed to contain many large neurons which made it possible to demarcate this nucleus from surrounding pontomesencephalic reticular formation. Two other neuronal populations, medium and small neurons, were also seen in the nucleus tegmenti pedunculopontinus pars compacta. Detailed measurements showed that 90% by volume of all neurons in the nucleus tegmenti pedunculopontinus pars compacta were large and medium-sized neurons. After injections of [3]leucine into the nucleus tegmenti pedunculopontinus pars compacta, transported label was observed in dorsally and ventrally coursing ascending fibers. The dorsally coursing fibers entered the centrolateral nucleus and centre median-parafascicular complex of the thalamus. The ventrally coursing fibers produced accumulation of silver grains in the ventral tegmental area, substantia nigra pars compacta, subthalamic nucleus, zona incerta and lateral hypothalamus. Crossed fibers of the nucleus tegmenti pedunculopontinus pars compacta were observed sparsely at the levels of the thalamus and posterior commissure, and to a greater degree through the supraoptic commissure of Meynert. Much less anterograde labeling was seen in the equivalent terminal sites on the contralateral side of the brain. By electron microscopic autoradiography major terminal sites of axons of the nucleus tegmenti pedunculopontinus pars compacta were examined in rats injected with [3H]leucine in the nucleus tegmenti pedunculopontinus pars compacta and later injected with horseradish peroxidase in the striatum and pallidum. Statistical data showed preferential radiolabeling of terminals forming asymmetrical synaptic contact with dendrites in the centrolateral nucleus, centre median-parafascicular complex and subthalamic nucleus. Apparent terminations in the substantia nigra pars compacta proposed in earlier studies and shown in the present light microscopic autoradiograms were not supported by this ultrastructural analysis. Several radiolabeled terminals of the asymmetrical type contacting horseradish peroxidase labeled dendrites in the thalamus confirmed direct input from the nucleus tegmenti pedunculopontinus pars compacta to the thalamostriate projection neurons. [3H]choline injections into the thalamus and subthalamic nucleus produced retrograde perikaryal labeling of large neurons in the nucleus tegmenti pedunculopontinus pars compacta. PMID- 6738862 TI - Endplate topography of denervated and disused rat neuromuscular junctions: comparison by scanning and light microscopy. AB - The effect of denervation and tetrodotoxin-induced muscle disuse on endplate structure was investigated in rat hind-limb muscles. The endplate was visualized by light microscopic cholinesterase staining and by scanning electron microscopy. Denervation resulted in a reduction in histochemically determined endplate dimensions proportionate to the decrease in muscle fiber circumference. Scanning electron microscopy, on the other hand, revealed a flattening or more often collapse of primary grooves with a reduction in the width of the endplate but no longitudinal shrinkage. Primary groove area per se was not measurable due to the loss of primary groove structural integrity. Thus, the apparent histochemical diminution of endplate length after denervation was artefactual, probably due to loss of cholinesterase activity and impeded access of substrate. In disuse, cholinesterase staining revealed a similar reduction in endplate girth with fiber atrophy but with a corresponding increase in endplate length. Scanning electron microscopy of disused muscle fibers confirmed these histochemical findings and the overall preservation of primary groove area. Disuse also resulted in an increase in the number of intrasynaptic primary groove branches as visualized by scanning electron microscopy. Finally, a specialized endplate "raised area", prominent in soleus muscle, was greatly reduced after disuse but much less so after denervation. Thus, after denervation, primary groove structural integrity is lost and the shape of the endplate passively follows that dictated by circumferential loss of surface membrane. In disused muscle, presence of an intact axon preserves the structure and area but not the orientation of the primary grooves which are distorted by fiber atrophy. Disuse also strongly affects other endplate surface structures visualized by scanning electron microscopy. PMID- 6738863 TI - Blood-brain barrier in young rabbit brain after dichlorvos intoxication. PMID- 6738861 TI - Regional cerebral glucose utilization rates in rats during asymptomatic period of exposure to 1, 2 and 3 atmospheres absolute of oxygen. AB - A previous study has shown an increase in regional cerebral metabolic rate for glucose prior to the onset of central nervous system oxygen toxicity in rats exposed to 5 atmospheres absolute of oxygen. The present study was designed to measure regional cerebral glucose utilization rates at pressures used for oxygen therapy and prolonged exposures during which rats are known to be asymptomatic. The regional metabolic rate for glucose in 26 brain structures and in gray and white matter of the thoracic and lumbar spinal cord was autoradiographically measured in awake unrestrained rats using the autoradiographic [14C]2 deoxyglucose technique. Femoral artery and vein cannulae were inserted 3 days before the experiment. Rats were divided into four groups of 15: (a) air control; (b) 6 h at 1 atmosphere absolute oxygen; (c) 4 h at 2 atmospheres oxygen; and (d) 2 h at 3 atmospheres oxygen. Statistically significant increases in glucose utilization (p less than 0.05) are seen only in lateral thalamus at 3 atmospheres oxygen, in superior olivary nucleus and inferior colliculus at 2 atmospheres oxygen and in superior olivary nucleus at 1 atmosphere oxygen. The combination of our previous data at 5 atmospheres oxygen and the present results at prolonged and safe exposures to lower pressures indicated that increased glucose utilization in some neuronal structures precedes the onset of the central nervous system manifestations of oxygen toxicity. PMID- 6738864 TI - Influence of the method of sacrificing experimental animals on the motor cortex synapses pattern. Morphometric evaluation. PMID- 6738866 TI - Capillary blood vessels of the brain. II. Axon terminals of capillary vessels in different parts of the cat and rat cerebral cortex. PMID- 6738867 TI - [Effect of high temperature on the ultrastructure of the cerebral cortex and subcortical substantia alba in rabbits]. PMID- 6738865 TI - Capillary blood vessels of the brain. I. Vascularisation density in various parts of the cat and rat cerebral cortex. PMID- 6738868 TI - [Observations on a case of frostbite]. PMID- 6738870 TI - [A peculiar case of esophagotracheal fistula formation]. PMID- 6738869 TI - [Diagnostic significance of echography in the intensive care of closed abdominal injuries]. PMID- 6738871 TI - [Anesthesia in a Field Hospital during the Lebanese conflict]. PMID- 6738872 TI - [General anesthesia in thermocoagulation interventions on the cranial nerves]. PMID- 6738873 TI - [Combined block of the cervical-brachial plexus in the surgery of the scapula humeral girdle]. PMID- 6738874 TI - [Computerized tomography in the study of cancer of the esophagus and cardia]. PMID- 6738875 TI - [The EEA circular mechanical stapler in digestive surgery. Analysis of 76 cases]. PMID- 6738876 TI - [Endoscopic control of esophageal anastomosis]. PMID- 6738877 TI - [Right upper tracheal sleeve lobectomy for cancer of the lung. Reconstruction of the tracheal bifurcation after right upper lobectomy extending to the main bronchus and trachea]. PMID- 6738878 TI - [Reconstruction of the chest wall after wide thoracectomy for neoplasma. Description of a personal technic]. PMID- 6738879 TI - [Aneurysms of the popliteal artery]. PMID- 6738880 TI - [Papillosphincterostomy in non-neoplastic pathology of the biliary tract. Evaluation of 112 operations]. PMID- 6738882 TI - [Long-term results of 115 anterior resections for cancer of the sigmoid and rectum]. PMID- 6738881 TI - [Progress in the treatment of biliary lithiasis]. PMID- 6738883 TI - [Angiofollicular lymphoid hamartoma (so-called Castleman's tumor)]. PMID- 6738884 TI - [Traumatic rupture of the pericardium]. PMID- 6738885 TI - [A rare case of J.L. Petit's phlegmon caused by combined lithiasis and gallbladder neoplasm]. PMID- 6738886 TI - [Venous diseases of childhood. II. Acquired diseases]. PMID- 6738887 TI - Local low dose streptokinase in the treatment of acute peripheral arterial occlusion. AB - Case report of local low dose streptokinase therapy in a patient with acute occlusion of the left branch of an aortobifurcation graft. Objective evidence of complete thrombolysis was demonstrated both by arteriography and hemodynamic parameters. In carefully selected cases this thrombolytic therapy is a promising alternative to surgery. PMID- 6738888 TI - Fractures of the intercondylar eminence of the tibia in childhood. AB - Fracture of the intercondylar eminence of the tibia occurs more frequently in children than in adults. This fracture may occur as an isolated injury without damage to the other structures of the knee joint. X-ray examination of the painful swollen knee of the child is necessary to determine the exact diagnosis. Type I and type II fractures of the intercondylar eminence of the tibia require only immobilisation in a plaster cast after anatomical reposition. Open reduction is often necessary following type III fractures and almost invariably following type IV fractures. Following anatomical reposition of the avulsed fragment the prognosis for complete recovery is excellent. PMID- 6738889 TI - The treatment of complete rectal prolapse by transabdominal posterior rectopexy. AB - Fourteen patients with complete rectal prolapse underwent transabdominal posterior rectopexy using a double peritoneal sling fixation technique. Symptoms, sphincter function assessment and a description of the operative technique are reported. Except for one small mucosal prolapse there were no recurrences. The results of our technique are encouraging. PMID- 6738890 TI - Partial splenectomy for a splenic cyst. AB - Partial splenectomy for a large splenic cyst was performed in a seven-year-old girl referred for splenomegaly. The increased risk of sepsis in splenectomized patients induced the successful attempt at partial splenectomy. The surgical procedure described involved removal of the cyst while preserving as much of the spleen as possible. In view of the planocellular epithelial lining, the pathological diagnosis was of a rare congenital, intrasplenic cyst. PMID- 6738891 TI - Abdominal actinomycosis--a late complication of gastrectomy. AB - A patient with abdominal actinomycosis, two years after gastrectomy, is reported. First suspicion of this diagnosis was aroused by fistula formation in the abdominal wall. The correct diagnosis was only established by Gram-staining. Treatment with high doses of penicillin resulted in rapid and complete recovery. This is one of the most misdiagnosed diseases because of its variety of clinical presentation. This case is reported to emphasize the rare occurrence and the difficulty in making an early diagnosis. The diagnosis of abdominal actinomycosis should be considered in any patient in whom persistent or unusual cutaneous fistulas develop after surgical procedures on the gastrointestinal tract. PMID- 6738892 TI - The transsphincteric approach for removal of a huge foreign body from the rectum. AB - The case is reported of a patient with a huge foreign body of the rectum. A transsphincteric approach (Mason's approach) was used to remove this foreign body when other methods failed. PMID- 6738893 TI - Massive hemoperitoneum from rupture of richly vascularized benign liver tumours in women on oral contraceptives. PMID- 6738894 TI - Salmonella infection of the abdominal aorta. PMID- 6738895 TI - [Clinical course of brain tumors in childhood]. AB - Brain tumors are, after leukemias, the most frequent fatal neoplasms of infancy. The clinical features and symptoms are often markedly different from those observed in the adult forms, according to the peculiar anatomy and behaviour of the child. Persistent headache, vomiting, astenia , behavioral alterations may be the precocious findings. Later, some more specific and suggestive signs such as strabismus, dyplopia , fast head size increase, funduscopic alterations, ataxia, paresis and nystagmus may be observed. On their appearance a prompt diagnostic work-up should be performed. The tumors of the posterior fossa (cerebellar astrocytoma and medulloblastoma, brainstem glyoma , hependimoma in decreasing order of frequency) generally cause precocious symptoms because of the small dimension of the subtentorial space; the presence in this region of several fundamental nuclei and pathways may explain how also small tumors may cause severe deficits. Supratentorial tumors (astrocytoma, malignant glyoma , hependimoma , craniofaringioma ) often show a more prolonged latency and may begin with signs of endocranial hypertension, seizures, or sometimes with hormonal troubles according to the involved anatomic structures. Hypothalamic astrocytoma is responsible of an extreme weight loss as far as to a cachetic status, due to the hyperincretion of GH. Finally, plexus papilloma, dermoid, optic nerve glyoma , oligodendroglyoma , germinoma, teratoma are responsible of a small number of child brain tumors, with different localization and symptomatology. PMID- 6738896 TI - [Surgery of brain tumors in childhood]. AB - The Author analyze incidence, localizations and the great variety of hystopathological specimen of brain tumors in infancy and childhood. Clinical and surgical problems expecially derive from growth and development of infant. Medulloblastoma is the most common tumor of posterior fossa. Between supratentorial tumors gliomas and intraventricular neoplasms are the most commonly found at the operation; more rare tumors of the skull and cranial basis. The importance of pre-operative ventricular shunt in case of posterior fossa tumors and the cases of high- dimensioned supratentorial tumors with little symptoms are discussed. PMID- 6738897 TI - [Radiotherapy of brain tumors in childhood]. AB - External radiotherapy with high energy photons in children's brain tumors improves results of surgical treatment according to their histology. Radiotherapy treatment is a decisive factor in survival time and quality of life. Undifferentiated tumors with high radiosensitivity are treated when radiotherapy is the only means for recovery; tumors presenting histologically low malignancy in which effective radiotherapy treatment is uncertain and the risk of radiotherapy damage is the predominant factor. Radiotherapists who treat children's brains which in many cases are not yet totally myelinized , must have good technical ability. Literature and personal experience show that in medulloblastomas irradiation of the entire central nervous system associated with chemotherapy gives a survival time of 5 years in 50% of the cases; in glioblastomas and anaplastic astrocytomas, fortunately rare in children, results are poor; in brainstem tumors the association of the extracranial shunt to radiotherapy has improved results of survival time at 5 years to 50%. A good quality of life is frequent and radiological effects are rare. It is clear that radiotherapy has reached its maximum. Progress is still to be made thanks to discoveries of more effective radiosensitizer or radioprotector compounds. PMID- 6738898 TI - [Chemotherapy of malignant brain tumors in childhood]. AB - The best conventional care for medulloblastoma and malignant ependymoma in children consists of surgery and radiotherapy. The preliminary observations of some authors suggested that chemotherapy could be useful in treating these tumors. The two major experiences in this field are those from SIOP and CCSG RTOG trials which used chemotherapy as adjuvant to surgery and radiotherapy. In such studies chemotherapy appears to be effective mostly in high-risk patients. A study performed by Italian Child's Neurooncology Group ( ICNG ) confirms the preceding results. PMID- 6738899 TI - [Supportive therapy in brain tumors in children]. AB - Recent advances in brain tumors therapy in infancy may be attributed not only to surgical, chemical and physical therapies improvement, but also to a more complete and accurated assistance to the neoplastic child. The constant support of an up-to-date and specialized laboratory and nursing staff may reduce the most common compliances of the neoplastic disease course and therapy. Neoplastic child with his family is facing a terrible stress, often with incumbent death risks. So a psychologic help is advisable for the whole family, and the best feeling is requested for the physicians. Supportive therapy must provide prevention and correction of the most common compliances of tumoral conditions, i.e. infections and hemorrhages . A correct and specific antibiotic therapy is absolutely necessary, but sometime is not sufficient. The introduction of hemoderivatives let us to spare the side effects of excessive whole blood transfusions, while the defective component may be selectively provided. Granulocyte transfusion recently introduced, may be the clue to the resolution of an overcoming infection. PMID- 6738900 TI - [Current diagnosis of venous diseases of the lower limbs]. AB - The haemodynamic of venous circulation of lower limbs seems to be not yet fully understood and different methods are available to study clinical patterns of venous insufficiency, deep venous incompetence or venous occlusion. Simple and common methods as venography, venous doppler and plethysmography are frequently used but other method as impedance plethysmography, ambulatory venous pressure, photoplethysmography, isotopes and thermography can be used for research or clinical investigation. The techniques and the indications of these tests are reviewed and critically analyzed to evaluate the best approach to the patients with venous pathology. PMID- 6738901 TI - [Platelet hyperfunction in prethrombotic vascular disease]. AB - In 3 groups of patients with high thrombotic risk (diabetes mellitus, hyperbetalipoproteinemia, hypertension) the platelet aggregation and the level of circulating platelet aggregates were found statistically higher than in normal controls. In addition, platelet aggregation in diabetic patients was found statistically higher than in the other 2 groups of patients. Therefore these 2 parameters of platelet function are useful for the screening of patients with potential risk for thrombosis allowing a more selective and defined prophylaxis, both of thrombosis and atherosclerotic complications. PMID- 6738902 TI - [Determination of glycemia with a new reflex photometer (glucometer)]. AB - The introduction on the market of small sized (easy to use) reflectance photometers for determination of blood glucose levels offers a new possibility in the monitoring homeostasis of glucose in diabetic patients. An evaluation of the system has been performed comparing the results with those obtained by spectrophotometer methods. Results by the two methods are quite comparable. A wide use of this system for blood monitoring should be encouraged especially among the diabetic patients in order to allow them to achieve a higher autonomy, particularly in emergency situations. PMID- 6738903 TI - [Analysis of the clinical experience with 136 patients with headache treated with lisuride]. AB - Data on the treatment of 136 patients with essential headache using Lisuride are reported and discussed. The excellent tolerability of the drug and its considerable efficacy even after suspension of treatment are emphasised. PMID- 6738904 TI - [The daily activities of a family physician]. PMID- 6738905 TI - [The role of transcutaneous fine-needle aspiration biopsy of the regional lymph nodes in the management of cancer of the penis]. AB - Knowledge of the status of the regional lymph-nodes is essential for establishing the stage and the optimal treatment of carcinoma of the penis. Lymphadenectomy cannot be performed routinely because of its morbidity (30-50%) and mortality. Various noninvasive procedures such as lymphography, T.A.C. and echography have been proposed but are of limited diagnostic value because of the unacceptable frequency of the false positive and false negative findings. The transcutaneous fine-needle aspiration biopsy of the draining nodes visualized by lymphography is an innocuous, non invasive, excellent procedure, alternative to staging surgery in determining or excluding the presence of the nodal metastases. The positive cytology is conclusive of stage III and implies early, sometime, curative lymphadenectom. If the aspirate is abundant and largely representative the negative findings may also be considered to indicate the reactive nature of the lymphadenopathy. PMID- 6738906 TI - [Diagnosis and therapy of acute pancreatitis]. AB - A retrospective analysis of 83 cases of acute pancreatitis treated in the General Surgery Division of the G. Fornaroli Hospital in Magenta (Milan) is presented. It is emphasised that acute pancreatitis should be suspected in all hospitalised acute abdominal cases and the need for prompt medical and surgical treatment is also underlined, during acute pancreatitis are analysed and discussed with a review of the most appropriate therapeutic measures. PMID- 6738907 TI - [Double contrast studies of the small intestine. How, when, why]. AB - The double contrast radiological technique involving duodenal intubation for the examination of the small intestine is described. The technical difficulties involved are discussed with ample illustration. This forms the basis for suggestions on the main indications for the technique in a correct diagnostic protocol. PMID- 6738908 TI - [Determination of the composition of renal calculi by x-ray spectrometry]. AB - X-ray spectrophotometry shows undoubtful advantages versus conventional chemical methods employed in the analysis of kidney stones. In fact, it is possible to detect little crystals that are very important in the genesis and treatment of urinary calculosis. PMID- 6738909 TI - [Primary empty sella syndrome. Clinical and radiological study, and evaluation of pituitary function]. AB - Empty sella syndrome is an anatomoclinical condition in which the herniation of the chiasmatic cavities inside the sella turcica causes deformation of the bone and compression of the hypophysis and its peduncle, often in association with neurological and endocrine symptoms. Over the past four years 22 patients with primary empty sella syndrome were studied at Pisa University's Department of Neurosurgery with particular emphasis on clinical and radiological pictures and hypophyseal function. Pneumocisternography and computerised tomography of the cranium and cavities were used to verify the diagnosis. Radiology showed alterations to the sella turcica in all cases, principally sellar enlargement, doubled sellar floor and erosion of the clinoid processes. Many patients were obese hypertensives with a long history of headaches. Most of the women revealed amenorrhoea, oligomenorrhoea or early menopause. The study of hypothalamus and hypophysis function shows endocrine alterations in almost all cases. PMID- 6738910 TI - [Neurohypophyseal diabetes insipidus. Anatomo-clinical correlations]. AB - Eighteen patients aged between 14 and 60 years suffering from diabetes insipidus were studied. Diabetes insipidus was diagnosed by means of Robertson's test. All patients underwent C.T. scanning and evaluation of PRL basally and after TRH (200 mcg e.v.). Twelve patients (66%) showed neurological lesions (secondary central diabetes insipidus). Six of these patients had hyperprolactinaemia. Our data suggest that most of central diabetes insipidus are associated with central system nervous (S.N.C.) damage. In same cases the presence of hyperprolactinaemia suggests a brain damage. Therefore neuroradiological study is very important in all cases of neurohypophyseal diabetes insipidus. PMID- 6738911 TI - [Microcirculatory changes in infancy and old age]. AB - An account of the microcirculatory unit according to Zweifach is followed by an explanation of the marked differences in capillary and tissue perfusion in children and aged. Prolonged hypertonia of the metarteriolar smooth muscle cells of the precapillary sphincters depresses capillary perfusion, even though the preferential circulation remains, resulting in marked changes in cellular metabolism in the tissues. If the capillary circulation is excluded for a sufficiently long period, less oxygen and substrates will be transported to the tissues concerned, intravasal red cell clumping will exacerbate hypoxia, and drainage of metabolic residues will be reduced. Microcirculatory vasoconstriction may be the result of heat, touch, noise, hormonal factors, medicaments, toxic, nervous, psychic factors, etc. Whit time, continuous damage to the microcirculation leads to involution of the microcirculation in favour of the preferential circulation, creation of an increasingly large number of arteriovenous short-circuits, and hyperstomia of arteriovenous anastomoses. Depressed capillary circulation leads to a reduced flow of liquids through the vessel walls owing to a diminished diffusion surface with consequent progressive lessening of tissue metabolic activity. Involution of the microcirculation is thus one of the main steps in the ageing process. A cell's metabolic pattern is dependent on the environment in which it lives, as well as its stock of enzymes and differentiation stage. This environment is greatly changed by alterations of the microcirculation. The gradual depression of the microcirculation during ageing, coupled with the consequent diminution of perfusion of tissues and interstitial liquids are thus of significance in ageing itself, in the slowing down of tissue change, and increased entropy to the energy levelling coincident with death. PMID- 6738912 TI - The origin of centrifugal inner ear fibers of gymnophions (amphibia). A horseradish peroxidase study. AB - The cells of origin of the centrifugal innervation to the inner ear were investigated in the amphibian order gymnophiona. After applying HRP to the VIIIth nerve inside the otic capsul a Golgi-like labeling was obtained only in a small number of cells in the ipsilateral rhombencephalic basal plate and in the VIIIth nerve afferents. The axons of these cells course after entrance to the raphe and then turn back to the efferent cells in the reticular formation. With respect to the exclusively ipsilateral distribution, the efferent cells of gymnophions resemble those of anurans. With respect to the axon course they resemble those of urodeles, and may thus be regarded as intermediate between the two orders of amphibians. The phylogenetic significance of these findings is discussed. PMID- 6738913 TI - Functional activity of the suprachiasmatic nuclei in the fetal primate. AB - The [14C]labeled deoxyglucose method was used to monitor the daily pattern of glucose utilization in the suprachiasmatic nuclei of the squirrel monkey during late fetal development. The findings suggest that a circadian clock is functioning prenatally in the primate suprachiasmatic nuclei and that the maternal circadian system coordinates the timing of the fetal clock to ambient lighting. PMID- 6738914 TI - The 'presynaptic' blocking potency of sulpiride and haloperidol in the rat is age dependent. AB - A low dose of pergolide (0.01 mg/kg) caused a marked inhibition of locomotor activity in male rats. Sulpiride significantly blocked the locomotor inhibition in young (6 weeks of age) rats already in low (2.5 mumol/kg) doses, while in adult (15 weeks of age) rats a blockade was achieved first with high 'postsynaptic' doses (50 mumol/kg). Haloperidol slightly blocked the effect of pergolide in both young and adult rats. However, the blocking action of haloperidol was only found in a narrow pharmacological 'window' (0.05 mumol/kg). This study illustrates the importance of considering age-related variations when using behavioural models of 'presynaptic' dopaminergic agonistic activity. It is suggested that 'presynaptic' dopaminergic events are modulated by hormonal changes during growth. PMID- 6738915 TI - Convergence of hepatoportal glucose-sensitive afferent signals to glucose sensitive units within the nucleus of the solitary tract. AB - Units which are activated by ascending impulses from the liver within the nucleus of the solitary tract (NTS) were identified by electrical stimulation delivered to the hepatic branch of the vagus. Responses of descending units were eliminated by a collision test. The units which showed decreased firing rates during portal infusion of isotonic glucose solution were also glucose-sensitive so that they showed decreased firing rates during topical application of glucose by means of micro-electro-osmotic techniques. It is concluded that glucose-sensitive neurons exist within the NTS and also that they are functionally linked with hepatoportal glucose-sensitive afferent units. PMID- 6738916 TI - Evidence for different patterns of post-translational processing of pro enkephalin in the bovine adrenal, colon and striatum indicated by radioimmunoassay using region-specific antisera to Met-Enk-Arg6-Phe7 and Met-Enk Arg6-Gly7-Leu8. AB - Specific antisera to two opioid peptides, Met-Enk-Arg6-Phe7 and Met-Enk-Arg6-Gly7 Leu8, were used in radioimmunoassay to study molecular forms in extracts of bovine adrenal, striatum and colon. The antisera to Met-Enk-Arg6-Phe7 and Met-Enk Arg6-Gly7-Leu8 were each highly specific for the C-terminus of their respective haptens and showed less than 1% cross-reactivity with related enkephalins and their variants. In adrenal extracts, gel filtration on Sephadex G-50 indicated N terminally extended forms of Met-Enk-Arg6-Phe7 and Met-Enk-Arg6-Gly7-Leu8 as the predominating immunoreactive species, whereas in the striatum and colon the main immunoreactive forms were compatible with the hepta- and octapeptides. The results suggest different patterns of post-translational processing of precursors in the adrenal medulla compared with striatal and colonic neurones. PMID- 6738918 TI - Spinal and supraspinal reflex pathways of cardio-cardiac sympathetic reflexes. AB - In anaesthetized cats recordings were made of reflex responses recorded in the inferior cardiac nerves of one side while stimulating the inferior cardiac nerves of the opposite side. Three reflex potentials were observed: an early (about 25 ms) reflex and a later (about 60 ms) reflex due to A afferent fibre excitation and a reflex with a much longer latency (about 180 ms) due to C afferent fibre excitation. Following spinal transection at C2 only the early A reflex remained and this was augmented. PMID- 6738917 TI - Contributions of the motor cortex and the cerebellum to a simple learned movement in the monkey. AB - Monkeys were trained to perform isometric plantar flexions of the foot in a simple reaction time situation. In test sessions, the contralateral hindlimb area of the motor cortex was cooled by a cryode placed on the dura until somatosensory evoked potentials disappeared. Movement amplitude decreased to about 70% of initial size; reaction time which was measured on the EMG, and torque signals increased slightly; and the evoked response in the dentate nucleus of the cerebellum remained unchanged. An extensive lesion in the motor cortex by coagulation reduced the movement amplitude to 10% of its preoperational size, but again, did not change reaction time significantly. It is concluded that the motor cortex is not essential for the execution of this overtrained simple movement. PMID- 6738919 TI - Periaqueductal gray neuronal activity associated with laryngeal EMG and vocalization in the awake monkey. AB - Extracellular recordings were made from 73 periaqueductal gray (PAG) neurons in an awake, vocalizing monkey (Macaca fascicularis). About 50% of the neurons were inactive and only began discharging prior to laryngeal EMG activity and vocalization; they reached their peak firing rate near the onset of vocalization and then became inactive again. Spike-triggered averaging of laryngeal EMG from the PAG unit discharge revealed in most cases an increase in laryngeal EMG immediately following the unit spike. Other cells appeared to be related to other oral-facial behaviors. The role of the PAG in vocalization is discussed. PMID- 6738920 TI - Corticosterone secretion in the rat after DSP-4 treatment. AB - Functioning of the hypothalamo-pituitary-adrenocortical axis was assessed in rats treated with DSP-4 (N-(2-chloroethyl)-N-ethyl-2-bromobenzylamine), a selective noradrenergic neurotoxin. Although adrenal weights were slightly increased 10 days after DSP-4 injection, basal plasma corticosterone levels were unaltered compared to those of control animals. Moreover, the elevation of corticosterone levels induced by the stress of ether inhalation did not appreciably differ from that in control rats. These various results suggest that DSP-4 treatment has no marked effect on the normal functioning of the hypothalamo-pituitary adrenocortical axis. PMID- 6738921 TI - Molecular forms of acetylcholinesterase in synaptic and extrasynaptic regions of avian tonic muscle. AB - Molecular forms of acetylcholinesterase and pseudocholinesterase were analyzed directly in the micro-dissected individual endplates of a slow-tonic chicken muscle. The major form in the endplate is the L2(6.5 S) form, while the collagen tailed H2c (20 S) form, normally considered to be the synaptic form, is a very minor component, in contrast to its predominance at the chicken fast-twitch fibre endplate. The same is true for pseudocholinesterase at these endplates. Outside the tonic fibre endplates the same forms occur as at the endplates, but at a very much lower concentration. The enzyme at the tonic fibre endplate cannot be attached to the basal lamina by a collagen tail, but appears to have a hydrophobic attachment. Acetylcholinesterase is functional at tonic fibre endplates, but the absence of the collagen-tailed form may account for the lower efficiency of the enzymic removal of acetylcholine there. PMID- 6738922 TI - Ipsiversive rotation in awake rats following chronic electrical stimulation of one caudate nucleus. AB - Rats were chronically implanted with stimulating electrodes in one caudate nucleus. Under light anaesthesia they received daily electrical stimulation (100 400 microA/HZ) for 30 min on 4 consecutive days. During this period, and for up to 3 subsequent days, tests for possible circling behaviour in response to administration of apomorphine i.p. were performed daily. Turning occurred towards the treated side and was reversible. The possibility is discussed that high levels of dopamine are released into the striatum during electrical stimulation, inducing transient subsensitivity of striatal dopamine receptors. PMID- 6738923 TI - Anticonvulsant effects of adenosine analogues on amygdaloid-kindled seizures in rats. AB - Male Long-Evans rats were stereotaxically implanted with a bipolar electrode in the central amygdala and with a stainless-steel cannula in the lateral cerebral ventricle. Rats were then kindled once daily until 3 consecutive Stage 5 kindled seizures were elicited. Adenosine analogues were injected into the lateral cerebral ventricle to examine their effects on behavioral seizures and afterdischarge duration following a kindling stimulus. 5'-N ethylcarboxamidoadenosine (NECA) and (-)-N-(1-methyl-2-phenylethyl)-adenosine(L phenylisopropyladenosine) (L-PIA) produced dose-related reductions of amygdaloid kindled seizures with NECA exhibiting slightly more potent anticonvulsant activity than L-PIA. Parenteral injections of caffeine, at a dose which had no effect on seizure parameters, antagonized the anticonvulsant effects of NECA. These results are consistent with the notion that adenosine is a modulator of synaptic activity in the CNS and methylxanthines exert a specific antagonism of central adenosine receptors. PMID- 6738924 TI - Isolation of a putative nicotinic acetylcholine receptor from the central nervous system of Locusta migratoria. AB - The alpha-bungarotoxin binding component from locust central nervous tissue was solubilized and purified by affinity chromatography on alpha-bungarotoxin Sepharose 4B. On sucrose density gradients containing Triton X-100, the toxin binding site sedimented with an apparent sedimentation coefficient of about 10 S. As revealed by sodium dodecylsulfate polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis, the purified receptor protein was composed predominantly of 65,000 molecular weight polypeptides. PMID- 6738925 TI - Sumithion induced neurotoxicity in pigeons: effect on lipid metabolism of spinal cord. AB - Sumithion, a well known organophosphorus pesticide, produces hind leg paralysis and ataxia in pigeons at a dose of 5 mg/kg for 5 days. Histochemical changes in the spinal cord showed demyelination in the anterior portion of the thoracic region. Decreases in cholesterol, cerebroside and sulphatide and increases in cholesterol ester suggest demyelination in pigeons as a consequence of the neurotoxic effect of sumithion. PMID- 6738926 TI - A biphasic effect of chlordiazepoxide on animal locomotor activity. AB - Centrally acting drugs often act 'biphasically', especially on animal locomotor activities: the same drug stimulates and depresses, depending either on dose or on time since administration. We propose a third, hitherto neglected, type of biphasic effect, well illustrated by chlordiazepoxide, which depends, instead, on the length of time an animal is exposed to a test environment: in an unfamiliar Y maze, rats' spontaneous locomotion (number of entries into the arms of the Y) was stimulated to begin with, but switched to depression in a few minutes. The stimulant phase appeared to be independent of dose, while the depressant phase showed log linear dose dependence. PMID- 6738928 TI - Factors affecting metabolic control in childhood diabetes mellitus. PMID- 6738927 TI - Activity changes with reduced food intake in man. PMID- 6738929 TI - Bioavailability of milk zinc in infants. PMID- 6738930 TI - Dietary calcium as an antihypertensive agent. PMID- 6738931 TI - Detection of endometrial carcinoma and hyperplasia in asymptomatic women. AB - Occult endometrial carcinoma is a detectable disease using commercially available sampling devices and cytohistologic techniques. A cohort of 2586 asymptomatic women (98% past the age of 45, 78% caucasian) was screened. Of these women, 1567 were screened twice, and 187 were screened three times. The prevalence and incidence rates of endometrial carcinoma, as defined in the present study, including four missed cases, were 6.96 per 1000 and 1.71 per 1000 women years, respectively. The prevalence rate was 7.38 per 1000 for caucasian women and 5.40 per 1000 for women of other races. An epidemiologic evaluation suggested that the onset of menopause past the age of 49 was the only statistically significant risk factor, whereas race, parity, estrogen intake, and obesity, as calculated by the Quetelet index, were not statistically significant. The present study strongly suggests that in asymptomatic women past the age of 50, endometrial hyperplasia does not necessarily precede or accompany the development of endometrial carcinoma. Two distinct mechanisms may be responsible for the onset of endometrial cancer: endometrial hyperplasia occurring in the symptomatic and younger woman; and endometrial adenocarcinoma occurring ab initio in the older patient. PMID- 6738932 TI - Routine ultrasound for detection and management of the small-for-gestational-age fetus. AB - Serial ultrasound scanning was used routinely in 1687 private patients to detect small-for-gestational-age infants, twins, congenital anomalies, placenta previa, and errors in gestational age estimates. A control population of 8350 private patients was scanned only when indicated. Twenty-three percent of the small-for gestational-age infants were detected in the control subjects, while routine scanning increased the detection rate to 57% (P = .0007). A high rate of false positive results were found. Seventeen percent of the routinely scanned population were found to be at risk for small-for-gestational age, but only 6% of those actually were small. Despite the increased detection of small-for gestational-age infants in the routinely scanned population, no significant difference between the routinely scanned and the selectively scanned small-for gestational-age patients could be shown in the areas of stillborns (6%), neonatal deaths (4%), perinatal mortality (10%), low one-minute (27%) or five-minute (7%) Apgar scores, cesarean section rate (22%), mean gestational age at birth (38.8 weeks), or weight (257 g below the tenth percentile). This occurred despite the aggressive use of maternal bedrest, correction of risk factors, serial scans, nonstress testing, and early delivery when indicated. PMID- 6738933 TI - Outcome of induced labor in 931 term pregnancies. AB - An analysis of 931 consecutive inductions of labor over an eight-year period is presented. The success rate was 90.4%. Spontaneous vaginal delivery was achieved in 83.5% of cases and the induction-delivery interval was less than 12 hours in 82.6% of cases. The preinduction state of the cervix most significantly influenced the outcome of labor, followed by maternal age and parity. Provided induction of labor was by synchronous use of forewater amniotomy and oxytocin titration, labor outcome was regularly predictable two hours after induction using the concept of latent period of labor and the cervical dilatation at eight hours from the induction. When the latent period was two hours or less, 64.2% of the patients delivered within eight hours, and vaginal delivery was achieved in all women in whom the cervical dilatation was 8 cm or more at eight hours from the induction of labor. The maternal complication rate was 12.1%, the early neonatal morbidity was 11.6%, and the stillbirth rate was 2.3%. PMID- 6738934 TI - Effect of labor on the postpartum bladder. AB - Urodynamic investigations were performed on 20 patients at 48 hours and at four weeks after delivery to assess the effect of modern obstetric practice on the postpartum bladder. Although there were significant differences in some values over this period, the mean urodynamic measurements on both occasions were within normal limits. It is concluded that the current management of labor does not predispose women to bladder hypotonia, the chief factors responsible being avoidance of prolonged labor and early catheterization after delivery. PMID- 6738935 TI - Grieving characteristics after spontaneous abortion: a management approach. AB - Twenty-two women who experienced a spontaneous abortion were treated during a 15 month period. All patients were seen for counseling sessions immediately after the spontaneous abortion. The initial counseling was followed by patient contacts and by a second counseling session four to six weeks later. All 22 women demonstrated intense emotional reactions to their pregnancy loss, characterized by the seven stages of grief. Guilt was the state that appeared to be the most difficult for the women and their spouses to resolve without help. Counseling sessions are considered an essential part of the total obstetric care for patients who experience a pregnancy loss. PMID- 6738936 TI - Comparison of estrogen-induced hyperplasia to endometrial carcinoma. AB - Use of exogenous estrogens has been associated with endometrial cancer in a number of case-control studies. This observed association could be biased as a result of frequent misclassification of estrogen-induced hyperplasia as endometrial cancer. To evaluate this possibility, pathology slides from 233 patients with a hospital diagnosis of endometrial cancer were reviewed independently by two pathologists. The hospital diagnosis was confirmed by both pathologists in 86% of the cases, indicating that the misclassification of hyperplasia as carcinoma is uncommon. PMID- 6738938 TI - Hereditary angioedema and pregnancy. AB - Hereditary angioedema is a relatively uncommon disease that may affect women during their reproductive years. A case report of a pregnancy complicated by hereditary angioedema, followed by a review of the literature, is presented. Although the disease usually follows a benign course, maternal mortality has been noted. Features unique to pregnancy are discussed. Knowledge of the pathophysiology and possible complications is essential for the proper management of the pregnancy. PMID- 6738937 TI - Effects of prostaglandin E2 analogue suppository on blood loss in suction abortion. AB - The purpose of the present clinical investigation was to determine the effect of preoperative treatment with a long-acting prostaglandin suppository containing 9 deoxo-16,16-dimethyl-9-methylene prostaglandin E2 on uterine blood loss in patients undergoing preoperative cervical dilatation before transcervical abortion. Ninety-five young women in the ninth to 14th week of gestation were randomly assigned to one of two groups. Patients in group 1 were treated with a long-acting prostaglandin suppository and group 2 patients acted as control subjects. At the end of three hours, patients in both groups underwent abortion with careful intraoperative measurement of blood loss in both groups. The blood loss in the prostaglandin-treated group was significantly lower than that in the control group (69.0 +/- 14.1 mL versus 151.1 +/- 26.6 mL). The difference in intraoperative blood loss was observed at all gestations between nine and 14 weeks. There was significantly greater dilation of the cervix after prostaglandin treatment (mean difference, 4.58 mm; P less than .005). PMID- 6738939 TI - Negative sonographic findings followed by rapid cervical dilatation due to cervical incompetence. AB - A case of rapid cervical dilatation due to cervical incompetence within 20 minutes of a negative sonogram is presented. Patients with a history of cervical incompetence should not be followed by sonography to determine which ones require therapy. PMID- 6738940 TI - Impact of psychodynamic factors on the course and management of patients with pseudocyesis. AB - Comparing and contrasting two patients with pseudocyesis made it clear that differing psychodynamic factors specific to each patient resulted in divergent ways in which they sought out and used medical care. The propensity of these patients to distort reality was observed to interfere with the usefulness of sonography in convincing them that they were not pregnant. Management recommendations are suggested to aid the obstetrician in designing a treatment approach to assist the patient in accepting the diagnosis, giving up the symptom, and preventing future recurrences. PMID- 6738941 TI - Severe preeclampsia with pharyngolaryngeal edema. PMID- 6738942 TI - Parturient with spinal cord transection: complications of autonomic hyperreflexia. PMID- 6738943 TI - Cytoreductive surgery. PMID- 6738944 TI - Incidence of ectopic pregnancy in Rochester, Minnesota, 1950-1981. AB - Trends in the occurrence of ectopic pregnancy from 1950 through 1981 were evaluated in the defined population of Rochester, Minnesota. The average ratio of ectopic pregnancies to live births was 1:171. The ratio declined from 1:141 to 1:217 from 1955-1959 to 1970-1974 and increased sharply to 1:122 by 1975-1980. Similarly, the average age-adjusted incidence rate of ectopic pregnancies per 100,000 women of childbearing age was 49 over the period studied. A peak rate of 79 per 100,000 was reached in 1955 to 1959, and a trough of 30 per 100,000 occurred in 1970 to 1974; this was followed by a sharp increase to 49 per 100,000 in 1975 to 1981. Methods of measuring ectopic pregnancy are contrasted, and possible risk factors are suggested. PMID- 6738945 TI - Placental site, parity, and date of quickening. AB - The influence of placental site and parity on the date of quickening was studied in 112 gravidas. With placental site on the anterior uterine wall, quickening occurred at a mean gestational age of 19 weeks in primigravidas, and 17 weeks, five days in multiparas. With placental site on the posterior uterine wall, quickening occurred at a mean gestational age of 18 weeks in primigravidas, and 16 weeks, one day in multiparas. It is concluded that placental site influences quickening independent of parity and that it is a major factor in determining the stage at which fetal movements are first felt. PMID- 6738946 TI - Fibrin generation in normal pregnancy. AB - Both clinical and laboratory findings suggest that pregnancy constitutes a hypercoagulable condition; yet none of the observed laboratory changes are specific for thrombosis. An essential step involves thrombin-mediated fibrin generation. In the process, fibrinopeptide A (FPA) is cleaved from fibrinogen. Using a radioimmune assay, FPA was determined prospectively in a longitudinal and cross-sectional fashion. Fibrinopeptide A increased significantly over control by the end of the first trimester, from 1.3 ng/ml to 2.8 ng/ml. It continued to increase until 30 to 32 weeks' gestation and then plateaued at 4.3 to 4.7 ng/ml. In the immediate postpartum period, FPA remains elevated. In conclusion, thrombin generation as reflected in FPA production is increased throughout pregnancy, thus confirming a hypercoagulable milieu. PMID- 6738947 TI - Maternal and fetal factors in breech presentation. AB - The authors used ultrasound examination in an attempt to identify fetal and environmental differences between breech and vertex presentations. During a period of 13 months, 228 pregnancies with the fetus in breech position were found by routine ultrasound screening in the 33rd gestational week. Before delivery, 132 fetuses (58%) turned to vertex presentation and 96 (42%) remained in breech presentation. Fetal growth, posture, position, placental site, and amniotic fluid volume in the 33rd, 35th, and 38th gestational weeks were studied. In contrast to earlier proposed theories, no difference between the two groups (breech and vertex) was found regarding the frequency of extended fetal legs and cornual fundal placental implantation. However, the neonates born in breech presentation had a shorter gestational age by ten days at delivery, and preterm delivery was more common. At birth, the breech neonates weighed 4.9% less than their vertex controls in relation to gestational age. In the breech group, there was an increased frequency of oligohydramnios, contracted pelvis, and uterine and fetal malformations. These conditions occurred only in 15% of the breech pregnancies; in the remaining 85%, no single cause of the breech presentation could be identified. PMID- 6738948 TI - Fetal heart rate patterns and fetal distress in patients with preterm premature rupture of membranes. AB - Two hundred sixty-seven consecutive patients with preterm premature rupture of membranes (PROM) and 130 consecutive patients with idiopathic premature labor and intact membranes between 28 and 35 weeks' gestation were compared. A significantly higher incidence of cesarean section for fetal distress was found in patients with PROM (7.9%) compared with patients with premature labor (1.5%) (P less than .05). Fetal distress occurred with similar frequency in patients with and without chorioamnionitis. Analysis of electronic fetal heart rate patterns in patients with fetal distress revealed that 16 of 21 patients (76%) with PROM had patterns consistent with umbilical cord compression. A significant difference was found in neonatal mortality rates between the PROM group (4.5%) and the premature labor group (0) (P less than .05). The neonatal death rate in patients with fetal distress (three of 12) was significantly higher than in patients without distress (nine of 385) (P less than .01). It is suggested that the increased incidence of fetal distress in patients with preterm PROM may represent the loss of the protection of the umbilical cord that amniotic fluid normally provides. PMID- 6738949 TI - Diagnosis and management of fetal cephalocele. AB - During a two-year period, nine cases of cephalocele were evaluated at the authors' perinatal ultrasound unit. There was one false positive and one false negative diagnosis. In five cases, multiple anomalies were present; three as part of the amnion rupture sequence. The obstetric management consisted of elective termination of pregnancy in five cases and cesarean section in four. The value of sonography in the diagnosis of cephalocele and associated syndromes and malformations is discussed. A plan of management and counseling based upon current understanding of prognosis is presented. PMID- 6738950 TI - Effect of prolactin and relaxin on in vitro rat uterine contractions and prolactin interaction with relaxin. AB - The balance between relaxin and prolactin has been suggested to be significant in the control of uterine activity during pregnancy. The current study was designed to determine the effect of rat prolactin on rat uterine horn segment contractility and its interaction with relaxin. Rat uterine segments mounted on a smooth muscle transducer were treated sequentially with prolactin and relaxin, and stimulated electrically. No stimulatory effect of prolactin was noted. Relaxin-inhibited uterine horn segment activity was not altered by prolactin. The reported stimulatory effect of prolactin may have been a pharmacologic effect of human prolactin on rat uterine horn segments, or may have resulted from contaminants in the preparations used. PMID- 6738951 TI - Bacteremia in obstetrics and gynecology. AB - Surveillance of all episodes of bacteremia in the four major hospitals of a metropolitan area of 400,000 population between 1977 and 1981 revealed that bacteremia was documented in only 92 patients on obstetrics and gynecology services. Death was attributed to bacteremia in only four of these patients, three of whom had severe underlying diseases. These data confirm that death due to bacteremia in present-day obstetric and gynecology practice is extremely uncommon. PMID- 6738952 TI - Uterine endolymphatic stromal myosis: a collaborative study. AB - Fifty-two cases of the rare entity, uterine endolymphatic stromal myosis, were evaluated in a collaborative study by gynecologic oncologists trained at the M. D. Anderson Tumor Institute. Fifty percent developed recurrent disease subsequent to initial surgical therapy. Of the surgical stage I cases, 47% developed pelvic recurrences, and 9% developed distant recurrences only after initial therapy. The five- and ten-year life-table survival of surgical stages I to IV were 88% for stage I, 66% for stage II, 100% for stage III, and 75% for stage IV. These long term survival rates were due in part to the hormonal sensitivity of the recurrent tumors. Because of the high recurrence rate after initial therapy, a suggested plan of therapy is presented for patients with uterine endolymphatic stromal myosis. PMID- 6738953 TI - Familial Ovarian Cancer Registry. AB - Ninety-four families totaling 201 cases are reported in this first report of the Familial Ovarian Cancer Registry. The results of the Registry and future studies are presented. PMID- 6738954 TI - Sex ratio of human conceptuses. AB - The sex ratio in each developmental week was analyzed in 551 conceptuses from induced abortions for medical or social reasons in Southwest Finland. The ovulation age of the conceptuses varied from five to 24 weeks. There was a clear decrease in the sex ratios with increasing duration of pregnancy. The embryonic sex ratio was 164, the fetal ratio was 111, and the total ratio was 117. According to the regression analysis, the sex ratios at the ages of eight and 14 weeks were 119 and 105, respectively. The results suggest that higher mortality of male versus female conceptuses is restricted to the period of organogenesis. Seasonal or monthly variation in the sex ratio was not found in the present study. PMID- 6738955 TI - Diagnostic procedures in threatened abortion. AB - In a prospective study of 177 women admitted consecutively to the hospital because of vaginal bleeding in the first half of pregnancy, the predictive values of seven hormonal parameters and ultrasound examination were evaluated. Generally, the prediction of abortion proved to be more accurate than that of successful outcome. A single low value for human chorionic gonadotropin (hCG) or progesterone at admission, regardless of gestational age, or an ultrasound examination without signs of fetal life after the ninth week, was unavoidably followed by abortion. Normal hormone values or fetal life detected at ultrasound scan signified successful outcome correctly in 64 to 88% and 79%, respectively. However, in weeks six to nine, a single normal reading of hCG, pregnancy-specific beta 1-glycoprotein, or estriol, or ultrasound scan showing fetal life signs, was followed by successful outcome in every case. The combination of ultrasound scan without fetal life and a low estradiol or human placental lactogen value was inevitably followed by abortion from the sixth and ninth weeks onward, respectively. If paired values of hCG + estradiol or hCG + estriol were low, abortion followed in every case from the sixth and eighth weeks on, respectively. PMID- 6738956 TI - A multifactorial pregnancy outcome index. AB - In the present study pregnancy outcome is defined as a combination of seven relatively independent factors. Outcome scores were assigned to each subject on the basis of the number of pregnancy and labor-related factors that were satisfied. An outcome index of seven indicated an excellent outcome, and an index value of zero indicated the poorest outcome. Clinical data for 821 subjects, including a selected sample of 102 high-risk patients, were recorded using the Hollister Record System forms. The contribution of each of these factors to the overall outcome was estimated by statistical analysis of all data from the 821 subjects. Validation of this multifactor index of pregnancy outcome was obtained by correlation analysis with established factors such as the number of previous term pregnancies, live births, abortions, and present preexisting risk factors. In addition, retrospective analyses relating pregnancy outcome index with maternal serum unconjugated estriol, zinc, and copper obtained from 102 high-risk patients, revealed that copper level at all third trimester gestations was systematically and significantly related to outcome level while no such relationship emerged from comparisons with estriol and zinc. Good and poor outcomes were related to low and high copper values, respectively. The results of this exploratory study suggest that maternal serum copper levels may be an alternative predictor of pregnancy outcome. PMID- 6738957 TI - Diminished biparietal diameter and abdominal circumference growth in twins. AB - Forty-three women with uncomplicated twin pregnancies and reliable menstrual dates had serial ultrasonic measurements of the fetal biparietal diameter (BPD) and abdominal circumference. The 25th, 50th, and 75th fetal BPD and abdominal circumference growth percentiles were generated from this normal twin population and compared with those for singletons. A slowing of both BPD and abdominal circumference growth in twins was noted in the third trimester. However, newborn anthropometric data were collected that suggest that the head circumference of twins is comparable to that of singletons. This discrepancy between ultrasonic BPD and neonatal head circumference in predicting head size may possibly be explained by dolichocephaly attributed to uterine crowding. For the antenatal assessment of growth in twins the authors recommend the use of BPD and abdominal circumference charts derived specifically from such uncomplicated twin pregnancies. When the BPD growth is abnormal, the head circumference and abdominal circumference should be measured to assess whether or not fetal growth is normal. PMID- 6738958 TI - Effects of postcesarean section febrile morbidity on subsequent fertility. AB - The records of 1319 patients undergoing cesarean section were evaluated to determine the relationship between postoperative febrile morbidity and fertility during the five years after the operation. Infection was significantly more common among patients undergoing primary as compared with repeat cesarean section and was three times more frequent among patients with membranes ruptured for 12 hours or more compared with those with membranes ruptured less than 12 hours. After correction of the data for voluntary infertility, neither postcesarean section endometritis nor pelvic cellulitis had a demonstrable effect on the rate of pregnancy during the five years after cesarean delivery, but pelvic abscess was associated with an apparent reduction in fertility as reflected by the frequency of pregnancy among these individuals, which was approximately half the rate observed in other infected and noninfected individuals in this study. PMID- 6738959 TI - Effect of magnesium sulfate on electroencephalographic findings in preeclampsia eclampsia. AB - Electroencephalograms (EEGs) were recorded in 36 eclamptic, 14 preeclamptic, and 13 normotensive control patients. In the eclamptic group, EEGs were recorded while patients were receiving intravenous magnesium sulfate (MgSO4) with serum magnesium (Mg) levels of 4.5 to 11 mg/dL, and recorded again after MgSO4 was discontinued (serum Mg levels 1.8 to 2.5 mg/dL). In preeclamptic patients, EEGs were recorded before starting MgSO4, during administration of the loading dose (serum Mg levels 6 to 10 mg/dL), and eight hours through the maintenance dose (serum Mg levels 3.6 to 6.2 mg/dL). Twenty-seven (75%) eclamptic patients had abnormal EEGs, four patients showed paroxysmal spike activity, and the others showed focal or diffuse slowing (delta waves). Seven (50%) preeclamptic women had abnormal EEGs (all had generalized slowing). In preeclamptic-eclamptic patients who had serial EEG recordings, the gross EEG findings obtained during MgSO4 infusion and in the absence of MgSO4 were similar. In addition, the abnormal EEG findings were frequent despite the serum Mg levels considered therapeutic in the clinical management of these patients. Two eclamptic patients had seizure activity at serum Mg levels of 9.6 and 11 mg/dL. These findings suggested that abnormal EEGs are frequent in preeclamptic-eclamptic patients. Abnormal EEG findings in such patients are not altered by serum Mg levels achieved in the clinical management of these patients. PMID- 6738961 TI - Pulmonary venoocclusive disease in pregnancy. AB - A 23-year-old woman in her 27th week of gestation presented with clinical findings of progressive pulmonary hypertension. After cardiac catheterization she went into labor and was delivered by cesarean section. She died shortly thereafter from right heart failure. Pulmonary venoocclusive disease was found at autopsy. Hemodynamic changes during pregnancy, labor, delivery, and the postpartum period may have contributed to her deterioration and death. This is the first description of pulmonary venoocclusive disease in pregnancy. PMID- 6738960 TI - Cesarean birth and neonatal mortality in very low birth weight infants. AB - The authors attempted to relate neonatal mortality to method of delivery in a series of 345 infants, weighing 700 to 1500 g, who were born in King County, Washington, from 1977 to 1979. Overall, 38% of infants delivered vaginally died as opposed to 32% of those with cesarean births. However, after adjustment for birth weight, presentation, and place of delivery, cesarean birth was not associated with reduction in mortality. Even among those infants with a breech presentation, a group believed (on the basis of previous studies) to particularly benefit from cesarean birth, the data failed to show any mortality reduction. Based on the results of this study of very low birth weight singleton infants, it appears that the reduced neonatal mortality associated with cesarean birth, if present at all, is small in magnitude. PMID- 6738962 TI - Consolidation of hospital obstetric services. PMID- 6738963 TI - Ectopic pregnancy. PMID- 6738964 TI - Pelvic inflammatory disease and the Dalkon Shield. PMID- 6738966 TI - Nurses most important for occupational health. PMID- 6738965 TI - Therapeutic studies in perinatal medicine. PMID- 6738967 TI - Auchter expresses satisfaction with performance, state of OSHA. PMID- 6738968 TI - Getting to the very fiber of industrial asbestos removal. PMID- 6738969 TI - Guidelines to a fitness program for previously sedentary employees. PMID- 6738970 TI - Acute illness among workers connected to solvent exposure. PMID- 6738971 TI - Multiple skills required to meet corporate nurse's role. PMID- 6738972 TI - Awareness of people principles helps in motivating compliance. PMID- 6738973 TI - Shaping up health promotion for introduction into a workplace. PMID- 6738975 TI - Proper care minimizes risk of developing foot problems. PMID- 6738974 TI - Fitness program should blend prevention with medical care. PMID- 6738976 TI - Motivating employees to comply with hearing conservation policy. PMID- 6738977 TI - Safety and health consultants: avoiding the element of chance. PMID- 6738978 TI - Attenuation of earplugs worn in combination with earmuffs. PMID- 6738979 TI - 15 cardinal principles to ensure effectiveness of warning system. PMID- 6738981 TI - EPSSb: a new M-mode echocardiographic index for evaluating left ventricular function in patients with myocardial infarction. PMID- 6738980 TI - Relation of phosphate to formation of calcium oxalate urinary calculi. PMID- 6738982 TI - Two-dimensional echocardiographic diagnosis of postinfarction ventricular aneurysms. PMID- 6738983 TI - Immunological investigation on hepatitis B virus infection. PMID- 6738984 TI - Hemoglobin J Bangkok in three families and its structural analysis. PMID- 6738985 TI - An investigative analysis of plasma lipid in 535 healthy children. PMID- 6738986 TI - Studies on the calcium antagonistic action of tetrandrine: VI. Comparison of effects of tetrandrine, verapamil and propranolol on myocardial blood flow. PMID- 6738987 TI - Studies on the calcium antagonistic action of tetrandrine: VII. Effects of tetrandrine on contractility of isolated rat uterus. PMID- 6738988 TI - An experimental pathological study of acute Lei Gong Teng (Tripterygium wilfordii Hook) intoxication in rats. PMID- 6738989 TI - Effects of dauricine on the physiologic properties of myocardium. PMID- 6738990 TI - Effects of dauricine on the dose-response relationship of isoproterenol and calcium and on the electro-mechanical activity in cat papillary muscles. PMID- 6738992 TI - [Bases of the need for tissue therapy in the complex treatment of microcirculatory disorders of the eye in lead poisoning]. PMID- 6738991 TI - The stimulating effect of tissue extracts on hypothalamo-pituitary-thyroid axis in rats. PMID- 6738993 TI - [Retinal visual acuity of normal eyes--use of a retinometer with a widened range of measurement]. PMID- 6738994 TI - [Functional state of the retina in myopia of low and moderate degree]. PMID- 6738995 TI - [Role of age-related hemodynamic changes in the development of open-angle glaucoma]. PMID- 6738996 TI - [Significance of bivariable quantitative perimetry in the assessment of the stabilization of the glaucomatous process]. PMID- 6738997 TI - [Dynamics of the ocular pulse in the surgical treatment of glaucoma]. PMID- 6738998 TI - [Comparative significance of the method of conjunctival biomicroscopy in the early diagnosis of diabetic angiopathies]. PMID- 6738999 TI - [Characteristics of the course and outcome of cryoextraction of senile cataracts in various age groups]. PMID- 6739000 TI - [Convergent-symmetrical role of the oblique muscles of the eye during work at short-distance]. PMID- 6739001 TI - [Modeling of the correction process in astigmatism of the human eye]. PMID- 6739002 TI - [Effects of tissue preparations on the functional activity of somatic cells]. PMID- 6739003 TI - [Ultrastructure of the blood vessels of the iris and the drainage zone of the sclera in open-angle glaucoma]. PMID- 6739004 TI - [Dehydrogenase activity of the anterior epithelium of the cornea in alkali burns]. PMID- 6739005 TI - [Surgical complications in the operative treatment of strabismus in children]. PMID- 6739006 TI - [Spontaneous fistulas of the cornea following Lyell's syndrome]. PMID- 6739007 TI - [A case of corneal lesion caused by vaccinia virus]. PMID- 6739008 TI - [Therapeutic action of torfot in corneal opacities]. PMID- 6739009 TI - [Simple ectopy of the lens]. PMID- 6739010 TI - [Use of tissue therapy in the treatment of chorioretinitis]. PMID- 6739011 TI - [Clinico-fluorometric characteristics of experimental thermal burns of the cornea]. PMID- 6739012 TI - [Experimental effect of radiation from different types of lasers on ophthalmotonus and ocular hydrodynamics]. PMID- 6739013 TI - [Accommodation and myopia]. PMID- 6739014 TI - [Optimizing the vocational activity of the visually handicapped in the manufacture of electrotechnical products from phenoplasts in enterprises of the Ukrainian Work Association of the Blind]. PMID- 6739015 TI - [Characteristics of industrial eye injuries among manganese miners and ways of reducing it]. PMID- 6739016 TI - [Preparations of copper and propolis in the complex treatment of diseases of the cornea]. PMID- 6739017 TI - [Functional mechanisms of pathologic changes in the retina in incipient open angle glaucoma]. PMID- 6739018 TI - [Characteristics of the functional state of the retina by the magnitude of its lability as determined by chromatic stimulation]. PMID- 6739019 TI - [Clinico-functional evaluation of the retina, pigment epithelium and optic nerve in sympathetic ophthalmia]. PMID- 6739020 TI - [Electrophysiologic studies in diseases of the retina and optic nerve and in traumatic injuries of the eye]. PMID- 6739021 TI - [Role of complex electrophysiologic studies in posttraumatic subatrophy of the eye]. PMID- 6739022 TI - [Vector analysis of crystalline astigmatism]. PMID- 6739023 TI - [Diagnostic value of quantitative photostress in amblyopia]. PMID- 6739024 TI - [Effectiveness of using contact lenses in limited non-intensive corneal opacities]. PMID- 6739025 TI - [Comparative data from the long-term follow up of P. F. Arkhangel'skii's sclerotomoiridectomy procedure and a modification of it]. PMID- 6739026 TI - [Use of superlow temperature in the treatment of intraocular cysts of the anterior division of the eye (immediate and late observations)]. PMID- 6739027 TI - [Relation between the postoperative effect of surgical correction of moderate and severe myopia and the initial corneal refraction]. PMID- 6739028 TI - [Primary intraorbital meningiomas growing through the wall of the orbit]. PMID- 6739029 TI - Morphological and architectural aspects of the Abductor digiti minimi. PMID- 6739030 TI - Variation of the long plantar ligament in Japanese. PMID- 6739031 TI - Modified technique of Mesulam's tetramethylbenzidine method to prevent fading of the color of the reaction product. PMID- 6739032 TI - Common hepatic artery ascending on the anterior surface of the pancreas and left renal vein running beneath the diaphragm. PMID- 6739033 TI - [Ultrastructure of DNA-synthesizing cells in an enchondral focus and osteogenic precursor cells]. AB - It was shown by light and electron 3H-thymidine autoradiography that in the zones of endochondral osteogenesis in a tubular bone the little-differentiated perivascular cells are characterized by the most intensive proliferation among the DNA-synthesizing cells of the stroma. A comparison of the ultrastructural features and the distribution of labelled cells, their topographic interrelations at different times following the isotope injection suggests that during histogenesis in the endochondral centres the little-differentiated perivascular cells become spatially separated and are involved in the formation of the stromal cellular elements (in particular, fibroblasts, reticular cells, osteoblasts). In the developing and mature stroma, as well as in the endost, the little differentiated forms of the population are preserved; the number of DNA synthesizing cells among them decreases with age. It is suggested that the population includes stromal stem cells. PMID- 6739034 TI - [Characteristics of cardiac growth and energy metabolism in the development of the clawed toad]. AB - The relative content of the actomyosin complex proteins increases with respect to the total heart protein during the heart growth in Xenopus laevis. The intensity of the heart sections respiration was shown to depend on the heart weight. Constants were determined in an equation describing this dependence. The decrease in the intensity of the heart sections respiration is determined mainly by the decrease of the mitochondrial protein content. PMID- 6739035 TI - [Effect of noradrenaline on the functional development of the hippocampal neurons in rats in tissue culture]. AB - The influence of noradrenaline (NA) on the functional development and chemical sensitivity of neurons of the newborn rat hippocamp was studied in organotypic cultures during the period of up to 38 days. NA was shown to inhibit the formation of spontaneous activity and lessen the number of active neurons in the explants. In these cultures, like in hippocamp in situ, the neurons with periodical activity markedly predominated. The cultivation in the medium with NA increased the sensitivity of neurons to NA: the number of cells responding to NA by the inhibition of impulsation increased up to 82%. The data obtained, as well as the previous results (Chubakov et al., 1983), suggest the diverse influence of NA and serotonin on the functional development of hippocampal neurons during postnatal ontogenesis. PMID- 6739036 TI - [Relative characteristics of the duration of embryonic development in Triturus vulgaris]. AB - The data of Valouch et al. (1971) on tau 0 values in the smooth newt at different temperatures are presented as a curve. Using this curve, the absolute (in hours and days) duration of successive developmental stages provided by Glaesner (1925) is transformed in a relative one, expressed in the number of tau 0 (tau n/tau 0). PMID- 6739037 TI - [Axonal growth characteristics of nerve cells of the chick embryo spinal cord in tissue culture]. AB - Numerous axons of associated cells were found in the cultures of 13-day old chick embryo spinal cord. These axons formed loops, while leaving the explants, and returned into the cultivated piece. This phenomenon can be due to pronounced specific influence of the explant on the growth of axons of the associated cells via the motoneurons which play the role of target cells. PMID- 6739039 TI - Congenital horizontal gaze paralysis and ear dysplasia in a boy with Duane's retraction syndrome and seventh nerve palsy. AB - Study of a case exhibiting an association of a right Stilling retraction syndrome with left auricle dysplasia, left 7th nerve paralysis and left lung dysplasia. This case supports an assertion by others that association of horizontal gaze paralysis and ear dysplasia is a clinical entity. PMID- 6739040 TI - Retinal pigment epithelial fine structure in the nighthawk (Chordeiles minor). AB - The retinal pigment epithelial (RPE) layer of a nocturnally active bird, the nighthawk (Chordeiles minor), has been investigated by electron microscopy. This layer is composed of a single layer of low cuboidal cells joined laterally by tight junctions. Basally (sclerally), the epithelial cells display deep infoldings while apically (vitreally) numerous processes enclose photoreceptor outer segments. Internally, the nucleus is large, vesicular and basally located. Smooth endoplasmic reticulum and mitochondria are abundant. Rough endoplasmic reticulum (RER) is scarce but numerous polysomes are present. Myeloid bodies are widespread and often appear to be continuous with the RER membranes. Phagosomes of outer segment material are present but not numerous in the light-adapted condition. Large spindle-shaped melanosomes as well as numerous rounded tapetal spheres are present in the apical region and apical processes of the epithelial cells. The composition of the reflective tapetal spheres is unknown. Bruch's membrane (complexus basalis) in most locations displays a pentalaminate appearance while in some regions it is trilaminate. The endothelium of the choriocapillaris facing Bruch's membrane is extremely thin but only sparsely fenestrated. PMID- 6739041 TI - Area-luminance relationship for a constant light peak of the standing potential in the human eye. AB - The area-luminance relationship of the light peak of the slow oscillation of the standing potential was investigated in man by determining luminance response curves for field sizes between 5 degrees and Ganzfeld after dark adaptation and at two levels of adaptive illumination. The luminance necessary for a low constant light peak was read therefrom and related to the area stimulated. With foveally and extrafoveally centered test lights a straight line with gradient -1 was found if the logarithm of the threshold luminance was plotted against the log area of the field. This indicates that the threshold of the light peak of the standing potential is inversely proportional to its area. PMID- 6739038 TI - [Disorder of catecholamine synthesis in early ontogeny and hypophyseal-adrenal cortical function in adult rats]. AB - The effects of daily intraperitoneal (150 mg/kg of body weight) injections of alpha-methyl-dl-tyrosine (MT), an inhibitor of tyrosine hydroxylase, on the 2nd to 4th, 5th to 7th or 10th to 12th days of life on the pituitary-adrenal function and brain adrenaline level in 3 to 4-month old rats were studied. MT treatment on the 5th to 7th days resulted in a decrease of noradrenaline content in hypothalamus and midbrain and chronic decrease of basal corticosterone level in blood, its diurnal fluctuations being preserved. MT injections on the 10th to 12th days were accompanied by a decrease of the basal corticosterone level, but the brain noradrenaline level remained unchanged. A study of pituitary-adrenal stress reactivity of adult rats has revealed no specific MT effect. A conclusion was drawn that the MT treatment applied exerted a long-term effect, predominantly, on the regulation of tonic corticosterone secretion. PMID- 6739042 TI - Experimental investigations on the penetration into the eyeball of iron administered intraorbitally. AB - In order to elucidate the still controversial question whether iron foreign bodies located in the orbit can produce siderosis bulbi, the authors studied the concentration of iron in the aqueous of rabbits in which the metal was placed outside the eyeball, close to the exposed sclera. It was found that iron penetrates into the eye, its concentration in the aqueous increasing with the lapse of time. It was also found that this concentration was distinctly higher in animals which had received higher amounts of iron. PMID- 6739043 TI - Inhibition of experimental intraocular proliferation with intravitreous 5 fluouracil. A transmission electron-microscopic study in rabbits. AB - 5-Fluouracil, administered at concentrations of 1 and 5 mg to inhibit experimental intraocular proliferation produced by intravitreously implanted fibroblasts in rabbits, produced tissue alterations revealed by TEM. The degranulation and migration of pigment epithelial cells, the incipient degradation of axons and myelin sheets, the migration of glial cells and the prominent edema of the inner layers indicated a non-negligible damage to the retina, suggesting to abstain from its use in human eyes and to search for less neurotoxic drugs, possessing the same inhibitory effect on intraocular proliferation. PMID- 6739044 TI - [Atrophic macular degeneration in a patient with olivopontocerebellar atrophy]. AB - Description of a man with heredoataxia, presenting with an isolated primary atrophic maculopathy in which the participation of the posterior pole was disclosed by photopic and scotopic ERG irrespective of the localized appearance of this condition. Ophthalmoscopically, the patient's sister showed only fine pigment migrations at the macula, whereas local ERG revealed a macular lesion. PMID- 6739045 TI - Acquired nystagmus in early childhood: a presenting sign of intracranial tumor. AB - This study is a multicenter, retrospective report of 10 infants in whom acquired nystagmus was the initial sign of chiasmal/ parachiasmal glioma. Nine patients presented before the age of 10 months. The nystagmus, primarily described as pendular and asymmetric, was difficult to differentiate from and therefore most often diagnosed as spasmus nutans . On average in the ten patients, the intracranial glioma was not recognized for 8.6 months after the onset of nystagmus. In the five diagnosed as spasmus nutans , the mean delay in recognizing the tumor was 14.5 months. Three associated clinical findings were present or developed in these patients to distinguish this entity from spasmus nutans : optic atrophy in all ten patients, poor feeding due to diencephalic syndrome in 5 of 10, and increased intracranial pressure with hydrocephalus in 3 of 10. The acquired nystagmus in these infants was evidence of a life-threatening chiasmal/ parachiasmal glioma. PMID- 6739046 TI - Clinical significance of transient visual phenomena in the elderly. AB - To evaluate the significance of transient visual phenomena in the elderly patient, a retrospective study of 43 patients over 40 years of age (mean, 58) presenting between 1971 and 1982 was conducted. Historical, clinical and diagnostic features were collated and analyzed by computer. The study revealed that 31 patients were diagnosed as migraine and 12 as vertebrobasilar insufficiency based on features identified in this review. Follow-up was obtained in 90% of the patients with a mean follow-up of 2.4 years. In general, prognosis proved to be excellent, with two deaths of cardiac origin and an 81% incidence of remission or symptomatic improvement of the visual events. No retinal or cerebral strokes were observed and TIAs occurred in only 9% of the population. This study suggests that transient visual phenomena in the elderly are benign. PMID- 6739047 TI - Deferoxamine (Desferal)-induced toxic retinal pigmentary degeneration and presumed optic neuropathy. AB - Eight patients (16 eyes) developed ocular toxicity while undergoing intravenous deferoxamine mesylate (Desferal) chelation therapy for transfusional hemosiderosis. Presenting symptoms included decreased visual acuity, color vision abnormalities, and night blindness. Six patients presented as presumed retrobulbar optic neuropathy demonstrating central scotomas and color vision abnormalities. The remaining two patients presented with pigmentary changes confined either to the macula or equator. Following cessation of therapy, vision improved in all but four eyes, which did not attain their pretreatment visual acuity. Optic neuropathy resolved in all cases. However, follow-up revealed development of retinal pigmentary degeneration in seven patients, involving the macula in six and the equatorial retina in one. Fluorescein angiography and electrophysiological tests suggested toxicity at the level of retinal pigment epithelium and photoreceptors. PMID- 6739048 TI - Vitreous in lattice degeneration of retina. AB - A localized pocket of missing vitreous invariably overlies lattice degeneration of the retina. Subjects with lattice also have a higher rate of rhegmatogenous retinal detachment, which is usually a complication of retinal tears. The latter are in turn a result of alterations in the central vitreous--that is, synchysis senilis leading to posterior vitreous detachment. In order to determine if there is either an association or a deleterious interaction between the local and central lesions of the vitreous in eyes with lattice, a comparison was made in autopsy eyes with and without lattice the degree of synchysis and rate of vitreous detachment. Results show no association between the local and central vitreous lesions, indicating that a higher rate of vitreous detachment is not the basis for the higher rate of retinal detachment in eyes with lattice. Also, there was no suggestion of deleterious interaction between the local and central vitreous lesions, either through vitreodonesis as a basis for precocious vitreous detachment, or through a greater degree of synchysis as a basis for interconnection of local and central lacunae (which could extend the localized retinal detachment in eyes with holes in lattice degeneration). PMID- 6739049 TI - Low-vision aids for patients with suboptimal vision after closed vitrectomy for diabetic vitreous hemorrhage. AB - The use of low-vision aids to improve postoperative vision after successful closed vitrectomy for vitreous hemorrhage was evaluated in 30 diabetic patients. The distance vision improved with telescopic systems in 28 of 30 patients, whereas the near vision improved with microscopic systems in all cases. Patient acceptance of these low-vision aids was 50% for telescopic systems and 83% for microscopic systems. PMID- 6739050 TI - Radial keratotomy: an overview of the Kansas City study. AB - The first 290 consecutive eyes (192 patients) to undergo radial keratotomy by one surgeon were evaluated prospectively. All had had complete preoperative evaluation and 269 (93%) were examined one or more years after surgery. Preoperatively, all patients except one had worse than 20/100 uncorrected visual acuity, 65% had less than 20/400, and mean spherical equivalent (SE) was -4.8 diopters. One year postoperatively, 40% of the patients had uncorrected visual acuity of 20/20 or better and 83% had 20/40 or better. The mean change in SE after 1 year was 5.0 diopters, and 60% of eyes were within 1 diopter of emmetropia. Keratometric changes paralleled refractive changes, and both appeared stable within 1 to 3 months. Complications were few and most were transient or well-tolerated. One case of presumably viral disciform keratitis occurring 8 months postoperatively had a three Snellen line decrease in best-corrected acuity 1 year postoperatively. Factors affecting refractive outcome were studied using stepwise multiple regression analysis. Size of the optical zone, depth of incision, patient age, patient sex, intraocular pressure, number of incisions, preoperative average keratometry, and corneal diameter were each found to affect clinical outcome significantly. PMID- 6739051 TI - A new posterior chamber intraocular lens formula for axial myopes. AB - The accuracy of prediction of postoperative refractive error was evaluated in 175 patients with extracapsular cataract extraction and a Shearing-style posterior chamber intraocular lens. The Binkhorst, Colenbrander - Hoffer and SRK formulas were all less accurate in patients with an axial length greater than or equal to 24.5 mm. The standard error of the estimates of the Binkhorst formula was 1.2 diopters, the Colenbrander - Hoffer formula 1.18 diopters and the SRK formula 0.90 diopters. A new intraocular-lens formula for axial myopes was derived by polynomial regression analysis with a standard error of the estimate of 0.85 diopters. This new formula was accurate within 1 diopter in 79% of axial myopes compared to 71% for the SRK , 66% for the Colenbrander - Hoffer and 64% for the Binkhorst formulas. Regression analysis of a surgeon's own patient data can further improve the accuracy of prediction of the post-operative refraction. PMID- 6739052 TI - Enucleation with implantation of a proplast sphere. AB - Proplast, an inert carbon-Teflon alloplastic material, was tested as a primary spherical implant after unilateral enucleation in albino rabbits. The implants were removed at 3 months in three rabbits and at 6 months in the remaining three rabbits. Clinical observation confirmed a high degree of soft tissue fixation and no implant migration. The implant material submitted for light and electronmicroscopy showed extensive fibrovascular ingrowth throughout its matrix without encapsulation of the implant. Subsequent human use has shown good results in four patients followed for 2 years and an additional six patients followed for 1 year. PMID- 6739053 TI - Orbital malignant melanoma and oculodermal melanocytosis: report of two cases and review of the literature. AB - Oculodermal melanocytosis is a congenital melanoblastic hamartoma affecting ocular tissues and facial skin. It is seen more commonly in oriental and black patients. Malignant degeneration, once believed to be rare in this syndrome, occurs in 4.6% of all reported cases, and is more frequent in whites. The actual incidence of malignant melanoma in this syndrome is difficult to determine as many uncomplicated cases go unreported. The most common site of malignant melanoma associated with this entity is in the choroid. Four previously described orbital tumors represent the second most frequent area of presentation. A review of the literature in this disease is discussed as well as a new case of orbital malignant melanoma associated with it. A second case of presumed orbital melanoma associated with oculodermal melanocytosis is also discussed. PMID- 6739054 TI - Bilateral and extensive xanthelasma palpebrarum in a young man. AB - A 25-year-old white man had been aware since childhood of yellow discolorations of the medial aspects of his upper lids. The skin changes progressively spread to involve all four eyelids, the inferior skin of the brow, and the lateral and medial canthal skin. The clinical diagnosis was extensive bilateral xanthelasmas . The patient had no manifest abnormality of lipid metabolism, although his father and grandfather had both developed xanthelasmas early in childhood. A snip biopsy of upper lid skin was performed and studied by both light and electron microscopy. The light microscopic appearance confirmed the diagnosis of xanthelasma, in that the upper dermis contained mono- and multinucleated foamy xanthoma cells beset with myriad cytoplasmic vacuoles. Cells displaced outwardly into the interstitium evidenced degradation phenomena within the vacuoles, consisting of lamellar bodies or fingerprint-like inclusions, presumably the result of fusion of lysosomes with the lipidic inclusions. Scattered non- lipidized mononuclear histiocytes with abundant profiles of smooth-surfaced endoplasmic reticulum possibly represented a reserve population of monocytes for conversion into xanthoma cells. PMID- 6739055 TI - [Clinical and roentgenological characteristics of funnel chest]. PMID- 6739056 TI - [Evaluation of the outcome of Legg-Calve-Perthes disease]. PMID- 6739057 TI - [Comparative evaluation of the various methods of early diagnosis and treatment of Legg-Perthes disease]. PMID- 6739058 TI - [Prevention of aseptic femur head necrosis in the conservative treatment of congenital hip dislocation in children]. PMID- 6739059 TI - [Correction of the proximal end of the femur with estimation of the biomechanics of the hip joint]. PMID- 6739060 TI - [Experimental substantiation of the treatment of Blount's disease]. PMID- 6739061 TI - [Surgical treatment of contractures and deformities of the upper limb of children with cerebral palsy]. PMID- 6739062 TI - [Method of instrumental correction in the orthopedic treatment of children with spastic cerebral palsy]. PMID- 6739063 TI - [Subclinical disorders of motor function of the muscles in children with developmental dysplasia]. PMID- 6739064 TI - [Changes in the phospholipase activity in burns]. PMID- 6739065 TI - [Reoperations in hip reluxation in children]. PMID- 6739066 TI - [Changes in the echographic picture during healing of fractures of the bones of the upper limbs in children]. PMID- 6739067 TI - [Treatment of arthrogrypotic deformities of the limbs]. PMID- 6739068 TI - [Eosinophilic bone granuloma in infancy]. PMID- 6739069 TI - [Triple osteotomy of the pelvis]. PMID- 6739070 TI - [Method of transposition of the acetabular vault in children]. PMID- 6739072 TI - [Functional apparatus for the closed reposition of congenital hip dislocation in children]. PMID- 6739071 TI - [Use of the pneumatic prosthesis in hand deformities]. PMID- 6739073 TI - [Developmental anomalies of the chest]. PMID- 6739074 TI - [New international anatomical nomenclature and the orthopedico-traumatological terminology]. PMID- 6739075 TI - [Problems of orthopedics and traumatology in old age]. PMID- 6739078 TI - [State of central hemodynamics and hemostasis in elderly patients with closed fractures of the tubular bones]. PMID- 6739077 TI - [Valgus osteotomy in the treatment of coxarthrosis]. PMID- 6739076 TI - [Intertrochanteric osteotomy as a method of treatment of coxarthrosis]. PMID- 6739079 TI - [Stable functional osteosynthesis of the forearm bones]. PMID- 6739080 TI - [Mistakes of the Occupational Medicine Expert Commission in determining the degree of disability of patients and invalids with sequelae of injuries and diseases of the musculoskeletal system]. PMID- 6739081 TI - [Methodological aspects of the evaluation of the outcome of fractures]. PMID- 6739082 TI - [Properties of clothing in thermal burns]. PMID- 6739083 TI - [Stable osteosynthesis in patellar fractures]. PMID- 6739084 TI - [Method of clinical measurement of torsion of the femur]. PMID- 6739085 TI - [Method of dissecting the femur on the side of the medullary canal]. PMID- 6739086 TI - [Artificial dismountable multipositional hip joint]. PMID- 6739087 TI - [Effectiveness of the combined action of laser irradiation in the treatment of degenerative-dystrophic diseases]. PMID- 6739088 TI - [Disputable problems of the treatment of injuries of the musculoskeletal system in multiple and combined trauma]. PMID- 6739089 TI - [Disputable problems of anesthesiological and resuscitation tactics in multiple and combined injuries]. PMID- 6739090 TI - [Primary surgical debridement--is it performed?]. PMID- 6739091 TI - [Substantiation of prognostic criteria of the course of aseptic femur head necrosis]. PMID- 6739092 TI - [Clinico-epidemiological aspects of acute cerebrovascular diseases]. PMID- 6739093 TI - [Breast asymmetry in adolescent girls]. PMID- 6739094 TI - [Angiolymphoid hyperplasia associated with membranous nephropathy]. PMID- 6739095 TI - [When the patient is a physician...]. PMID- 6739096 TI - [The tradition of pediatric hospitals in Hungary. Past, present and future (are our pediatric departments sufficiently child-centered?)]. PMID- 6739097 TI - [Incidence of various neuroleukemia types in a 5-year record of autopsy cases]. PMID- 6739099 TI - [Metastasizing basal cell carcinoma]. PMID- 6739098 TI - [Yersinia enterocolitica infection and problems of differential diagnosis]. PMID- 6739100 TI - [Gastro-colonic fistula of tumor origin]. PMID- 6739101 TI - [Possible role and significance of the department head and his coworkers in the results of scientific research]. PMID- 6739102 TI - Symposium on wound healing. PMID- 6739103 TI - Musculocutaneous and free flaps: physiology and practical considerations. PMID- 6739104 TI - [Some ethical problems in neonatology]. PMID- 6739105 TI - [Ethical and moral aspects in the activities of the neonatologist]. PMID- 6739106 TI - [The Marxist theory of the ethical concept of value]. PMID- 6739107 TI - [Ethical problems in neonatology and obstetrics from the viewpoint of the psychologist]. PMID- 6739108 TI - [Problems of neonatology from the viewpoint of jurisprudence]. PMID- 6739109 TI - [Effect of child rearing on child socialization]. PMID- 6739110 TI - [The chronically ill child and disability]. PMID- 6739112 TI - Aging and right-left asymmetry in experimental pain measurement. AB - Verbal psychophysical measurements were performed on 100 subjects, both male and female, aged from 20 to 82 years, to ascertain whether different responses to pain exist between the right and left sides of the body in relation to aging and to different capacities of the cerebral hemispheres to process emotions. A single phase step current applied to the forearm provided a standard noxious stimulus. Sensory threshold (S), pain threshold (P), and tolerance threshold (T) were measured. The sample set was divided into 2 comparable groups either older or younger than 60 years of age. A common trend was found in both groups: right-side scores were consistently lower than the homologous left-side scores. This difference was significant for all thresholds in elderly subjects but only for the pain threshold in the younger subject group. Two-way ANOVA test of the two group scores did not reveal differences due to sex, but age was an influencing factor for sensory and pain thresholds, higher scores being found in the older subject group. An interpretation of the results embodies hemispheric capacities to process verbal and emotional stimuli. PMID- 6739111 TI - An electrophysiological study of canine, premolar and molar tooth pulp afferents and their convergence on medullary trigeminal neurons. AB - The two main aims of this study were (1) to compare the conduction velocities of tooth pulp (TP) afferents innervating the cat canine, premolar and molar teeth and (2) to determine the degree of convergence of afferent input originating in these different teeth on medullary dorsal horn (MDH) neurons. Experiments were conducted on 10 cats anesthetized with chloralose. Single unit extracellular recordings were obtained from the tooth pulp or the MDH. The distribution of conduction velocities of afferents originating in the mandibular and maxillary canines, premolars and mandibular molar were all found to be similar except that the mean conduction velocity of canine afferents was slightly higher than the means for the other teeth. A total of 48 MDH neurons excited by TP stimulation was studied. Most MDH neurons activated by electrical stimulation of one of the TPs could also be activated by stimulation of one or more of the other TPs. In addition to the marked convergence from different teeth, most of the TP-activated neurons also had convergent inputs from facial skin and/or intraoral mucosa. PMID- 6739113 TI - Applicability of the McGill Pain Questionnaire to the differentiation of 'toothache' pain. AB - The McGill Pain Questionnaire (MPQ) was administered to 102 'toothache' patients to determine whether it was sufficiently sensitive to distinguish between dental patients whose pain was clinically diagnosed as originating from a reversibly inflamed tooth pulp (group I) and those whose pain was diagnosed as originating from an irreversibly inflamed or necrotic pulp (group II). Scores for Total Pain Rank Index (PRI(T)), Sensory Pain Rank Index (PRI(S)), Evaluative Pain Rank Index (PRI(E)), Miscellaneous Pain Rank Index (PRI(M)), and Number of Words Chosen (NWC) were significantly higher (p less than 0.05) for group II patients. The PRI differences between both groups were attributed mainly to the more frequent selection by group II patients of 8 of the 20 subclasses of words and/or of words with higher rank values within the 8 subclasses. A significantly greater degree of sleep disturbance, nausea, headache, drowsiness and/or dizziness was also found in group II patients. Discriminant analysis using the 20 subclasses and 4 supplementary questions related to sleep disturbance, changes in food intake or activity levels, and accompanying symptoms, indicated that the MPQ, when used alone, correctly predicted diagnosis and treatment outcome in 73% of patients. Therefore, our findings indicate that the MPQ can distinguish between the two types of toothache and suggest that, especially when used along with other standard diagnostic tests, it may be a useful clinical adjunct in the diagnosis of dental pain. PMID- 6739114 TI - The Dartmouth Pain Questionnaire: an adjunct to the McGill Pain Questionnaire. AB - The Dartmouth Pain Questionnaire is presented as an adjunct to the McGill Pain Questionnaire. It adds assessment of 4 objective measurements (pain complaints, somatic interventions, impaired functioning, and remaining positive aspects of function) and 1 subjective measure (changes in self-esteem since onset of pain). The entire device fits on one piece of paper and patients easily learn to self administer it. Standardization results show acceptable levels of reliability and validity. PMID- 6739115 TI - The importance of type of question, psychological climate and subject set in interviewing children about pain. AB - The child's view of pain is a sparse area in the field of pediatric pain, with interviews providing a major investigative tool. A flurry of interview studies has appeared but their contribution in terms of increasing the pool of information is limited by the indiscriminate use of the supplied-response item format. This paper describes the advantages of the generate-response format as well as the importance of psychological climate and subject set. Data obtained from a large-scale interview project (n = 994) on children's views of their ongoing and past pain experiences provide some support for the interview methodology advocated here. PMID- 6739116 TI - Drug abuse in migraine patients. AB - Records of all patients discharged with a diagnosis of migraine from 2 Danish neurological departments were examined to determine the incidence of drug abuse. These departments had fixed uptake areas with a population of approximately 500,000 during the 5 year study period (1-1-1976--31-12-1980). Patients were selected for detailed analysis if (1) they used morphinomimetic drugs once a month or more, (2) took 7 or more tablets of weak analgesics a day or (3) consumed more than 60 mg ergotamine a month. A total of 92 patients fulfilled these criteria, 27 only because of ergotamine overuse. Injections of morphinomimetic drugs were given once a week or more frequently to 32 patients. These patients also usually had an escalating consumption and were usually regarded as abusers by their doctors. During admission morphinomimetics were discontinued. None deteriorated, 1/3 remained unchanged whereas 2/3 improved. Thus 32 patients can be regarded as abusers of morphinomimetics which represents an annual incidence of 13 per million inhabitants. We caution against the use of morphinomimetics in migraine. PMID- 6739117 TI - Non-organic chronic intractable pain: a comparative study. AB - This report compares patients with non-organic chronic intractable (NOCI) pain with those having chronic pain associated with diagnosed physical illness though it was insufficient to explain the severity and nature of pain. Samples were selected after strict screening procedures. The results reveal that NOCI pain is more often seen in those who are younger, unmarried, with higher education and belonging to a professional group of occupation. Chronic pain associated with physical illness is reported more by elderly, married, those with lesser education and housewives. However, only slight differences were noticeable in the clinical characteristics of pain. Thus there are two distinct groups of chronic pain patients. These differences, along with less predominance of low back pain and high number of whole body pain in the samples suggest cultural differences in localisation and presentation of chronic pain. PMID- 6739118 TI - Broncho-alveolar leucocyte responses during primary and secondary Nippostrongylus brasiliensis infection in the rat. AB - Using broncho-alveolar lavage, we have studied the cellular responses in the rat lung following primary and secondary infection with Nippostrongylus brasiliensis. During the primary infection, there was a biphasic increase in total broncho alveolar leucocytes and in the absolute numbers of macrophages, neutrophils, eosinophils and lymphocytes. The first peak occurred on days 4-6, and the second peak occurred around day 16, after infection. During the secondary infection there was an anamnestic-like response by all cell types. These data suggest that the broncho-alveolar leucocyte responses to infection have an immunological basis and that in addition to the alveolar macrophage, neutrophils, eosinophils and lymphocytes may play a significant role in lung resistance against migrating helminth larvae. PMID- 6739119 TI - Leishmania major: identification of stage-specific antigens and antigens shared by promastigotes and amastigotes. AB - A battery of antisera to Leishmania major was used to identify stage-specific antigens, or antigens expressed predominantly in amastigotes or promastigotes. At least 30 protein antigens common to amastigotes and promastigotes could be detected in 35S-methionine labelled preparations. They ranged in molecular weight from 25 000 to 165 000. Two amastigote specific antigens and five antigens expressed predominantly in the amastigote were detected in biosynthetically labelled preparations. Five promastigote specific antigens were also identified. Antibodies from hyperimmunized mice that were resistant to reinfection with L. major recognized mainly antigens shared by the two life-cycle stages of the parasite. Analysis of parasite antigens on 'western blots' provided a different picture from that obtained by immunoprecipitation and gel electrophoresis of 35S methionine labelled polypeptides. Only 19 antigens were detected and they were all shared by the two parasite forms. However, the abundance and immunogenicity of some of these antigens may be different in the two life-cycle stages of the parasite. Using the various sera, seven shared membrane antigens were identified in radio-iodinated preparations. Antibodies from hyperimmunized resistant mice that recognized shared antigens in 35S-methionine labelled preparations, detected four amastigote membrane antigens not detected by other sera. The function of the stage-specific antigens remains to be established. It is expected that individual antigens produced by recombinant DNA technology will allow these studies to proceed. PMID- 6739120 TI - Chemiluminescence response of peritoneal exudate cells from mice infected with virulent and avirulent strains of Toxoplasma gondii. AB - The zymosan-triggered chemiluminescence response of peritoneal exudate cells from mice infected with relatively virulent or avirulent Toxoplasma gondii strains was examined at various intervals after infection. Toxoplasma infections increased the background chemiluminescence compared with controls, but higher values were attained earlier in virulent than avirulent infection. A phase of transient unresponsiveness to zymosan was observed with both types of toxoplasma strains. Chemiluminescence continued to decline even after the addition of zymosan on day 3 of infection with the virulent strain but only on day 10 with the avirulent strain. Generation of chemiluminescence was enhanced in mice which had been infected with either strain for 1 month. PMID- 6739121 TI - A histocompatibility barrier to immunization against East Coast fever using Theileria parva-infected lymphoblastoid cell lines. AB - Histocompatibility may be a barrier to the infection of cattle when Theileria parva parva-infected tissues or in vitro cultured macroschizont-infected lymphoblastoid cell lines are used for immunization. By inoculating 10(3) and 10(5) infected cells into autologous recipients infection was achieved and immunity engendered. Cell lines inoculated into BoLA matched recipients did not produce patent infections but some recipients developed antibodies to the parasite and 3/5 were immune to challenge. No evidence of infection or immunity was found in BoLA half matched or mismatched cattle. This result suggests that there is an histocompatibility barrier to infection using T. p. parva-infected lymphoblastoid cells. PMID- 6739122 TI - Immunogenic proteins of Leishmania major during mouse infection. AB - Mice of different strains (C3H/He, A/Jax, DBA/2, BALB/c and CBA/Ca) were infected intracutaneously with Leishmania major. Antibody production was analysed on the antigens of the promastigote form of the parasite which had previously been separated by SDS-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis and transferred to nitrocellulose sheets. The kinetics of IgG antibody production were determined and the major immunogenic proteins of the parasite were identified for each strain of mouse. It was found that: 1 Antibody directed against parasite proteins appeared in the blood in all mouse strains tested soon after the first week of infection and rose steadily for 5 to 12 weeks. 2 Qualitative individual variation within a given strain was commonly observed in the response to the various antigens. Each mouse strain synthesized IgG directed against a somewhat different spectrum of parasite proteins. Homologies in antigen recognition by pooled sera of five mice ranged from 54% to 79% from one mouse strain to another. Hybrid mice from a BALB/c X CBA cross (F1 generation) recognized essentially all antigens recognized by the two parents. Proteins of L. major with apparent molecular weights of 19 kD, 60 kD, 65 kD, 70 kD and greater than 100 kD were immunogenic in all strains of mice tested. PMID- 6739123 TI - [Piscicultural losses due to weight decrease in yearly coregonids in lake fisheries infected with Diplostomum metacercaria]. AB - 1181 yearlings of pelyad (Coregonus peled) and its hybrids with Siberian (Coregonus lavaretus pidschian) powan were dissected. A calculation of loss in mass per 100 kg of catch at different levels of fish infection with metacercariae of diplostoms was made. Losses increased in direct proportion to the average number of metacercariae per 1 g of mass of fishes. With 1.5 metacercariae per 1 g of mass of fish population losses amounted to 1/2 of potentially possible production. PMID- 6739124 TI - [Enzyme activity of metacercariae in the genus Diplostomum (Trematoda, Diplostomidae)]. AB - Studies were conducted of the content of ferments with which metacercariae of trematodes of the genus Diplostomum affect the tissues of the host's crystalline lens. The following ferments were found in exudates of metacercariae: pepsin, cathepsin, hyaluronidase and lipase. Their activity depends to a great extent on temperature. Considerable changes in the biochemical content of crystalline lens infected with the parasites were found. The character and force of pathogenic effect of diplostomatids on fishes depend on the factors associated with activation and inhibition of ferments of metacercariae, temperature and the presence of ions-inhibitors in particular. PMID- 6739125 TI - [Sergentomyia gobica sp. n. (Diptera, Phlebotominae)--a new species of sandfly from the Mongolian People's Republic]. AB - 17 males and 7 females of Sergentomyia (Parrotomyia) gobica sp. n. were collected in Tsubulur-Khara-Nuru mountains (Bayan-Khongor region) of the Mongolian People's Republic in August of 1980 and in July of 1982. The new species is similar to S. (Parr.) sumbarica (Perfiliew), 1933. PMID- 6739126 TI - Fecundity-reducing pheromone in Argas (Persicargas) arboreus (Ixodoidea: Argasidae). AB - Fed adult Argas (Persicargas) arboreus produce a fecundity-reducing pheromone which affects all or most females in crowded conditions. Unfed adults and unfed and fed nymphs do not produce this pheromone. The effect of this pheromone is probably additive, increasing with additional crowding of adults. Mechanical disturbance is excluded as the cause of fecundity reduction. Fed females separated by a perforated barrier from crowded adults also exhibit very low fecundity. Adult excretory materials used 31 days post-feeding do not contain the fecundity-reducing pheromone. Preliminary experiments suggest that this pheromone is spatially limited in action, does not affect gonadotropic hormone synthesis and/or release, and does not induce oviposition deterrence behaviour. This may be considered to be a primer pheromone, causing alteration in normal vitellogenin synthesis and/or uptake and deposition in oocytes. The source and chemical nature of this pheromone should be investigated. PMID- 6739127 TI - Borrelia crocidurae localization and transmission in Ornithodoros erraticus and O. savignyi. AB - Borrelia crocidurae infection rates in different organs of adult Ornithodoros (Pavlovskyella) erraticus and O. (Ornithodoros) savignyi were studied at intervals during a 60-day period following an infective meal. The spirochaetes persisted in tick guts for 1 month, were first observed in other organs 1-7 days post-feeding, and persisted for 20-60 days in different organs. The ovaries, Gene's organ, testes and male accessory glands of only O. erraticus were infected. The infection rates in adult and immature O. erraticus and O. savignyi post-feeding on infected hamsters were 26.7-60 X 0% and 26.7-80.0%, respectively. Spirochaete trans-stadial transfer from originally infected larval O. erraticus to first-instar nymphs (N1) was 33.3%; to subsequent N2-N5 it was 40.0-60.0%. Infection rates in the resulting adults were 26.7% (males) and 46.7% (females). In O. savignyi, trans-stadial transfer from originally infected N1 to N2 was 26.7% and to subsequent N3-N7 13.3-33.3%; of the resulting males and females, 20.0% were infected. Transovarial transmission from female O. erraticus infected as adults occurred after the second gonotrophic cycle to 33.3-53.3% of the F1 larvae, and to 26.7 and 46.7% of the F1 males and females, respectively. All infected F1 females transmitted the spirochaetes to 26.7-73.3% of the F2 larval progeny after the first gonotrophic cycle. Transovarial transmission was not observed in O. savignyi. PMID- 6739128 TI - The open-field behaviour of mice infected with Trichinella pseudospiralis. AB - The behaviour of mice exposed to graded doses of Trichinella pseudospiralis larvae was monitored in an open-field situation. Ambulatory activity declined briefly during the acute phase of the infection (day 11) but regained pre infection levels 1 week later. Animals receiving heavy doses of T. pseudospiralis exhibited a mild increase in the level of ambulatory activity during the chronic phase of the infection. The infections did not affect the level of exploratory activity. The effects of the T. pseudospiralis infections on the behaviour of the mouse host were much less pronounced than those induced by T. spiralis. It is suggested that these differences may be associated with the small size of T. pseudospiralis and the lack of capsule formation. PMID- 6739129 TI - Migrational responses of Hymenolepis diminuta to surgical alteration of gastro intestinal secretions. AB - The effects of the direction of gut flow, of injections of glucose and saline into different regions of the small intestine and of surgical re-routing or ligature of gastric, biliary and pancreatic secretions into the small intestine have been correlated with changes in the migratory response of the rat tapeworm Hymenolepis diminuta. Reversing the normal anterior to distal flow of luminal contents in the small intestine did not affect worm migration following feeding. Injections of a glucose-saline solution into the duodenum did not initiate a migratory response; similar injections into the mid- and posterior regions of the small intestine resulted in migrational responses similar to those following intragastric glucose feeding. Re-routing gastric secretions to the distal duodenum inhibited anterior migration of the worms beyond the new point of entry of gastric juices. Results following re-routing and ligation of the biliary and pancreatic secretions suggest that there is a potent cue to anteriad migration in the pancreatic secretions. Biliary secretions also appear to contain an additional migratory cue to worm migration. In order of importance the factors stimulating/inhibiting worm migration are pancreatic greater than gastric greater than biliary greater than glucose. The results support the hypothesis that the factors affecting worm distribution in the small intestine are interactive and synergistic, involve other luminal factors, such as 5-hydroxytryptamine and the physico-chemical gradients, and are of a regional nature such that the migratory response of a particular worm is directly related to its position in the small intestine when the cues to relocation are received. PMID- 6739130 TI - Thymus-independent crypt hyperplasia and villous atrophy in the small intestine of mice infected with the trematode Echinostoma revolutum. AB - Conventional mice and congenitally athymic, nude mice were infected with 20 metacercariae of the intestinal trematode Echinostoma revolutum. The sequential events in the pathological changes in the intestine were studied at different intervals post-infection. By day 11 onwards the conventional mice displayed dilatation of the region of the intestine which harboured the parasites. The mucosa in the dilated region showed marked crypt hyperplasia, villous atrophy and subepithelial fibrosis as the most conspicuous features which, together with a hypertrophy of the muscular layers, made the wall of the gut in the dilated region thicker than normal. The changes were thymus-independent as they were found to be as severe in the athymic, nude mice as in the conventional mice. The main histological features observed in the mice are discussed in relation to other conditions with similar changes, such as coeliac disease, nippostrongyliasis and trichinellosis. It is concluded that the present results support the view that there may be more than one effector mechanism of the change. PMID- 6739131 TI - Density-dependent mechanisms in the regulation of Fasciola hepatica populations in sheep. AB - Populations of Fasciola hepatica infecting sheep are regulated by at least 3 density-dependent processes. Parasite deaths due to parasite-induced primary host mortality, fluke fecundity and asexual multiplication in the intermediate snail host, Lymnaea truncatula, vary according to the intensity of infection. Empirical and theoretical evidence is used to assess the extent to which each of these processes in turn affects parasite population numbers. PMID- 6739132 TI - Schistosoma mansoni: DNA synthesis in males and females from mixed and single-sex infections. AB - The pattern of DNA synthesis in male and female Schistosoma mansoni from mixed and single-sex infections in mice has been determined biochemically and autoradiographically using the incorporation of [3H]-thymidine as a specific marker of DNA synthesis. During early development (up to 35 days post-infection (p.i.] adult males and females from mixed infections had a comparable specific activity of DNA. In males, from 35 days p.i. onwards, the specific activity of DNA decreased rapidly to become significantly different from that observed in females. In single-sex infections DNA synthesis in females was depressed compared to that observed in males from single-sex infections and was also significantly different (P less than or equal to 0.01) from DNA synthesis in females from mixed infections. There was no significant difference in DNA synthesis between males from single or mixed infections. DNA synthesis in both sexes was found to be sensitive to hydroxyurea treatment, the inhibition in sexually mature females being approximately 75% and in males approximately 45%. Autoradiography using both light microscope and electron microscope techniques revealed that the testes and ovary had labelled cells. In male schistosomes the only other labelled cells were small undifferentiated cells found scattered through the tissues. In females the vitelline gland had large numbers of densely labelled nuclei within Stage 1 vitelline cells, as well as numerous small undifferentiated cells. PMID- 6739133 TI - Schistosoma mansoni: a comparative study of schistosomula transformed mechanically and by skin penetration. Electrophysiological responses to a wide range of substances. AB - Volume conducted potentials were recorded from schistosomula of Schistosoma mansoni transformed mechanically (MS) and by skin penetration (SS). The spontaneous electrical activity recorded consisted of bi- and triphasic transients ranging from 20 to 200 microV in amplitude and 10 to 300 msec in duration. Low amplitude potentials occurred at a much greater frequency than large amplitude potentials, which appeared to correlate with peristaltic-like contractions of the schistosomulum's musculature. Electrical activity in the schistosomulum was highly sensitive to a number of agents believed to affect metabolic pathways, the neuromuscular system or the host/parasite interface of adult schistosomes. Among the most reactive substances were potassium antimony tartrate, eserine, poly-L-arginine and potassium cyanide. Over a wide range of experimental treatments, electrophysiological responses in schistosomula transformed from cercariae by mechanical decaudation and skin penetration were remarkably similar, supporting the notion that MS are suitable material for in vitro immunochemical, biochemical and physiological study. Some treatments, however, were more or less effective in altering electrophysiological activity and motility in the schistosomulum than in adult S. mansoni. This suggests that significant physiological alterations may occur during development from skin stage to adult parasites concomitant with immunochemical and morphological changes already known to occur. PMID- 6739134 TI - Schistosoma mansoni: further studies of the interaction between schistosomula and granulocyte-derived cationic proteins in vitro. AB - Purified eosinophil and neutrophil cationic proteins isolated from the lysosomal secretion granules of human leucocytes have been tested for cytotoxic capacity against lung-stage schistosomula of Schistosoma mansoni in vitro. Eosinophil cationic protein (ECP) caused paralysis but not death at high concentration; this effect was reversible and involved no gross pathological manifestations. Eosinophil protein X (EPX) and neutrophil cationic protein (NCP) were highly toxic at concentrations of 10(-5) mol/l, and induced paralysis at sublethal concentrations. These two proteins exerted their cidal effect principally against the subtegumental musculature and internal tissues of the parasite rather than against the surface syncytium and tegumental outer membrane. ECP and NCP were shown to bind to lung worms at paralysing concentrations, but this binding occurred independently of the charge on the parasite surface. Of several control proteins tested, only protamine was capable of destroying lung-stage parasites; the manifestations of damage were different, however, from those induced by the granulocyte-derived proteins. Parallel assays demonstrated that EPX also possessed cytotoxic capacity against newly transformed schistosomula, but it was less efficient than ECP in this respect. The data are discussed in relation to potential post-skin mechanisms of challenge attrition in the immunized host. PMID- 6739135 TI - Observations on the ability of repeated, light exposures to Schistosoma mansoni cercariae to induce resistance to reinfection in Kenyan baboons (Papio anubis). AB - Using groups of 4 baboons (Papio anubis), 21.0% of a trickle exposure of 480 Schistosoma mansoni cercariae/baboon (10/week for 48 weeks) were recovered as adult worms (Group A) compared with 72.6% from a single massive exposure of 2500 cercariae/baboon (Group C). Group B, exposed first to the trickle and then to the massive exposure simultaneously with Groups A and C, yielded a worm recovery of 54% which was slightly but significantly less than Group C. The trickle infection apparently induced a substantial resistance to light re-exposure but only a partial, although significant, resistance to a massive re-exposure. In Group B, however, there was a marked reduction in the degree of gross pathology, despite high tissue egg production by the mature challenge worms. The parasitological results, in terms of resistance to reinfection by and development of pathology to a trickle infection, are not materially different from those obtained in studies using conventional heavy primary and challenge exposures with S. mansoni. The significance of these findings is discussed in relation to the epidemiology of human schistosomiasis mansoni in which heavy exposures are believed to be the exception rather than the rule. PMID- 6739136 TI - The large-scale preparation of purified sporozoites of Eimeria spp. by metrizamide density-gradient centrifugation. AB - A method is described for the reproducible purification of greater than 1.0 X 10(8) sporozoites of Eimeria spp. by centrifugation on metrizamide density gradients. The mean contamination of the purified sporozoite fraction by sporocysts and sporocyst debris was less than 6% and the recovered sporozoites were fully viable, infective and ultrastructurally intact. PMID- 6739137 TI - Eimeria tenella: in vitro development in irradiated bovine kidney cells. AB - The initial infection and first-generation development of Eimeria tenella was quantified using a cloned MDBK (Madin-Darby Bovine Kidney) cell line, irradiated with gamma radiation prior to infection, as the host cell. Irradiated cell cultures were found to be more susceptible to infection and had a greater capacity to support parasite development than non-irradiated cultures. It was suggested that the larger proportion of cells in the G2 phase of the cell cycle, the larger individual cell size and the inhibition of cell division in the irradiated cultures were all factors contributing to the increased susceptibility to infection and capacity to support parasite growth and development. The application of this technique (host cell irradiation) to the cultivation of other intracellular, protozoan parasites is discussed. PMID- 6739138 TI - [Statement of the Antibiogram Committee of the French Society of Microbiology]. PMID- 6739139 TI - [Pharmacokinetics of apalcillin. Study of linearity]. AB - Apalcillin is a new semi-synthetic penicillin active on the positive Gram bacteria, and on the enterobacteria, with a particular activity on Pseudomonas and Acinetobacter. The linearity study of the pharmacokinetic was carried out on 26 subjects who were given increasing doses (500, 1 000, 2 000, 3 000 mg) of apalcillin by the venous route. The dosages carried out by the HPLC and bacteriological methods, show a good correlation between the two methods. The serum concentrations, 5 mn. after injection, were respectively 72 micrograms/ml (500 mg); 145 micrograms/ml (1 g) ; 221 micrograms/ml (2 g) ; 290 micrograms/ml (3 g). Urinary excretion is around 20 %, and this, regardless of the dose. The dose increase seems to have no effect on the pharmacokinetic parameters, calculated on the basis of a bi- compartmental model. The areas under the time serum concentrations, increase proportionally, to the dose : 61 (500 mg) ; 146 (1 g) ; 285 (2 g) ; 367 (3 g) - micrograms/ml X h. the linear regression between the AUC (y) and the applied doses (X) is : y = 0,12 X + 14,27 ; r = 0,9046 ; n = 69. The correlation between the AUC and the doses is significant (p less than 0,001). The results obtained show that increasing the dosage has no effect on apalcillin pharmacokinetics, which appear linear. PMID- 6739141 TI - [Comparative effects of 4 cephalosporins on the incorporation of tritiated diaminopimelic acid during bacterial growth]. AB - When comparing antibiotic activities, it might be of interest to study parameters other than minimal inhibitory concentrations (MIC's). Specific activity of beta lactams on bacterial cell wall makes it possible to determine radiolabelled diaminopimelic acid (DAP) incorporation in growing cultures. We have studied the effects of various concentrations of cefalotin , cefotaxime, latamoxef (moxalactam) and ceftiolene (42 980 RP) on DAP incorporation in 6 strains of E. coli, E. cloacae and S. aureus. Drug concentration which inhibits 90 % of radioactivity incorporation (CII 90) was found to vary from 0.1 X MIC to 3 X MIC. This fact suggests that beta-lactam action on cell wall synthesis and/or structure and MIC's are not always strictly correlated. PMID- 6739140 TI - [HPLC study of the pharmacokinetics of mezlocillin administered by 30-minute infusion and comparison with the direct intravenous route]. AB - Mezlocillin pharmacokinetics were investigated in eighteen patients from a surgical service after a 30 minutes infusion with the purpose, on one hand, to compare this way of administration with a bolus intravenous infusion, and on the other hand to confirm or invalidate capacity-limited dose-dependent pharmacokinetics. Dosages were 2 g (n = 8) and 5 g (n = 10). Mezlocillin levels were measured by high performance liquid chromatography. Calculated data obtained with the 30 minutes infusion are different from those resulting from a bolus infusion. Peak levels, alpha and beta are lower ; T 1/2 beta, areas under the curve, and distribution volumes are higher. Most of the calculated data were not in agreement with a capacity-limited kinetic at the two studied dosages. The two regression-lines (2 g and 5 g) of mezlocillin body clearance versus creatinine clearance superimpose exactly. The 30 minutes infusion, and important hemodynamic variations between our 18 patients may partly explain the differences between our data and those published in the literature. PMID- 6739143 TI - [Bone levels of dibekacin]. AB - Levels of an aminoglycoside, dibekacin, are studied in bone. Fifteen specimens were obtained by Tanzer trocar biopsy three hours after the ninth injection of dibekacin (1 mg/kg). Separation of cortical and spongy bone was not feasible owing to the small weight of specimens. Dibekacin concentrations were determined by microbiological assay. These concentrations were evaluated using a reference range in bone tissue determined with the same method and must be corrected according to blood levels. Dibekacin levels were 0.22 +/- 0.10 mg/l in healthy, non- contaminated specimens, and 1.70 and 1.80 mg/l in infected bone tissue. PMID- 6739142 TI - [Can fosfomycin reduce the nephrotoxicity of aminoglycosides?]. AB - Fosfomycin is an active antibiotic on Gram positive and Gram negative bacteria with a low toxicity in animals. To treat severe infections, it is recommended to associate fosfomycin with gentamicin. Wistar rats were given one of the following regimens for eight days : 100, 500 or 1 000 mg/kg fosfomycin, 50 mg/kg gentamicin or dibekacin, association of 100, 500, or 1 000 mg/kg fosfomycin and 50 mg/kg gentamicin or dibekacin. Control rats were given a saline solution. No renal histological alterations were identified with fosfomycin 100 mg/kg. Tubular dilatation and brush border rarefaction were observed with fosfomycin 500 and 1 000 mg/kg. These abnormalities did not seem related to fosfomycin itself but rather to the sodium load induced by fosfomycin treatment. A decrease in alanine aminopeptidase activity was noted for all doses of fosfomycin. Renal concentrations of gentamicin and dibekacin were not decreased by concomitant administration of fosfomycin. Fosfomycin, 100 mg/kg, did not change the nephrotoxic potential of gentamicin or dibekacin. Fosfomycin, 500 mg/kg, protected the kidney from the action of gentamicin or dibekacin. This effect seemed to be more pronounced for dibekacin than for gentamicin. Fosfomycin, 1 000 mg/kg, did not induce a more protective effect against the nephrotoxicity of these two aminoglycosides. Thus, we observed that fosfomycin combined with gentamicin or dibekacin reduced the degree of proximal tubular cell alterations, induced less modifications in alanine aminopeptidase, less lysosomal alterations, and a minor modification in sphingomyelinase activity. PMID- 6739144 TI - [Determination of the minimum bactericidal concentration. Influence of various technical factors]. AB - Measurement of minimal bactericidal concentrations of antibiotics is requisite to select the most appropriate drugs in severe infections. However, MBC assays are reliable only if the various technical modalities are well-standardized. We determined MBCs of ampicillin (E. coli), gentamicin (E. coli, P. aeruginosa, S. aureus), cefazolin (E. coli), ticarcillin (P. aeruginosa), and oxacillin (S. aureus), for different values of a number of parameters : inoculum from a 4 h and 18 h culture, measurement of MBC for 99.9% and 99.99% of bacteria, plate microdilution and macrodilution in plastic or glass test tubes, inoculation under a 1 ml or 0.1 ml volume, determination of MIC and subculture at the 24th hour, with or without Vortex agitation at the 20th hour. Most MBCs were identical for 99.9% and 99.99% of bacteria. Conversely, results were significantly modified by changes in other factors. Very high MBCs were consistently found in plastic tubes. MBCs were higher after inoculation under a 1 ml volume than under a 0.1 ml volume. MBC was usually similar to MIC with the microdilution technique, or with glass tubes, inoculation under a 0.1 ml volume and subculture at the 24th hour following Vortex agitation at the 20th hour. PMID- 6739145 TI - [Distribution of chloroquine and desethylchloroquine in blood, plasma and erythrocytes of healthy subjects and malaria patients. Assay using HPLC]. AB - Chloroquine (Cq) and desethyl-chloroquine ( CqM ) levels were measured by HPLC in the blood, plasma, and erythrocytes of 9 healthy subjects under standard prophylactic treatment (100 mg/day for 10 days) and 8 malarial patients given a therapeutic regimen (10 or 25 mg/kg). Chloroquine levels in various fractions of the healthy subjects were as follows: whole blood: 1 265 +/- 598 nmol/l; plasma: 145 +/- 63 nmol/l of whole blood; erythrocytes: 827 +/- 460 nmol/l of whole blood. The CqM /Cq ratio in malarial patients varied from 0.4 to 0.8. These results show that Cq levels and Cq metabolization varied significantly from one individual to the next. Above all, they demonstrate the presence of Cq in other types of blood cells. This underlines the practical importance of the conditions of chloroquine assay in blood. PMID- 6739146 TI - [Use of josamycin in the eradication of meningococcus]. AB - Because of their in vitro and in vivo activity on Neisseria meningitidis, good salivary and tonsillar tissue levels, high safety and non-penetration through the meningeal barrier, macrolides are agents of choice for treating Meningococcus carriers. To assess the value of josamycin for eliminating Meningococci in carriers, we carried out a 14-month study with bacteriological control. 27 carriers identified (throat specimens) among contacts of 28 children with meningococcal meningitis hospitalized in Pediatrics at the Amiens and Toulouse CHU (teaching hospitals) were treated. Josamycin was given in a dosage of 50 mg/kg/day in children and 2 g/day in adults, in two divided doses daily, for six days. Bacteriologic control at the end of treatment showed that every study patient was free of Meningococci. In vitro, strains recovered from carriers were inhibited by josamycin at concentrations of 0.25 to 1 microgram/l. Given its safety and efficacy, josamycin is well suited to prophylaxis of meningococcal infections. PMID- 6739147 TI - [Antibiotic sensitivity of strains of Brucella]. AB - The susceptibility of 31 strains of Brucella to various antibiotics was investigated by agar dilution technique. When tested with inocula ranging from 10(4) to 10(6) bacteria/ml, all strains were susceptible to tetracycline, chloramphenicol, streptomycin and gentamicin. More than 25% were resistant to the combination trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole. With this combination, the maximal antibacterial effect was obtained at a trimethoprim/sulfamethoxazole ratio of 1:19. In 90% of the strains, stable mutants, highly resistant to rifampicin (CMI greater than or equal to 1024 micrograms/ml) were detected. The mutation rate was about 10-7. PMID- 6739148 TI - [Enterobacter cloacae. In vivo emergence of a variant resistant to new beta lactams during treatment with lamoxactam-gentamicin]. AB - In a patient recently operated for an abdominal gun wound, and given gentamicin cephalosporin (cefoxitin for one day, then moxalactam) for 11 days, treatment failed as a result of emergence of a E. cloacae variant resistant to beta-lactams only, i.e. carbenicillin, mezlocillin, cefamandole (CFM), cefoperazone (CPZ), cefotaxim (CTX) and moxalactam ( MOX ). The initial susceptible strains isolated from blood cultures (SH1, SH2) and the resistant ones isolated 11 days later from pancreatic pus (RP) and blood cultures ( RH1 , RH2 ) shared the same chemotype. MICs of CFM, CPZ, CTX, and MOX were much higher (1 000 to 4 000 fold) for RH1 than for SH1. The biochemical mechanism of resistance showed the six following features: loss of antimicrobial activity of CFM, CTX and MOX added to RH1 cultures; much higher (1 500 fold) beta-lactamase activity for RH1 than for SH1 (iodometric and microacidimetric methods); beta-lactamases focusing at the same pl (greater than 8) produced by RH1 , RP and also, but only after induction, SH1 and SH2; cephalosporinase-type beta-lactamase according to the enzymatic activity profile; restoration of RH1 's susceptibility to CFM, CTX and MOX merely by adding cloxacillin; apparently unchanged crypticity for RH1 . The enzymatic mechanism (cephalosporinase hyperproducing variant) seems very likely. PMID- 6739149 TI - [Bronchial diffusion of new anti-pseudomonal beta-lactams. Clinical significance]. AB - In treating severe respiratory infections due to Pseudomonas aeruginosa and in patients with cystic fibrosis, new anti-pseudomonal beta-lactams constitute a good alternative to the traditional aminoglycoside antibiotic therapy. Among several criteria for the choice of an antibiotic, estimation of intrabronchial levels is to be taken into account. The authors report the results of the study of a new semi-synthetic penicillin, apalcillin, and two cephalosporins (cefsulodin, ceftazidime), active in vitro against Pseudomonas; their penetration into respiratory secretions was evaluated in 48 patients, intubated, tracheostomized, or undergoing fiberoptic bronchoscopy. Antibiotic concentrations were measured by the microbiological procedure. Bronchial penetration of apalcillin was early and noticeable, reaching a bronchial peak representing 20% of the simultaneous seric concentration. The local levels of cefsulodin and of ceftazidime did not differ from those achieved with cephalosporins studied previously; the bronchial peak reached 5,6 micrograms/ml for both drugs 2 hours after administration; this bronchial level corresponded to 15 to 20% of the serum concentration. The clinical response could not be evaluated due to the severe underlying pathology which compromised the outcome of the disease in the patients of this study. However, at least for apalcillin, a significant correlation was noted between bronchial levels, susceptibility of bacteria isolated in patients, and eradication of susceptible organisms. PMID- 6739150 TI - [In vitro sensitivity of strict anaerobic Gram-negative bacilli to thienamycin NF and various cephalosporins]. AB - Minimal inhibitory concentrations of 105 anaerobic Gram negative bacilli were determined by two-fold dilution in Wilkins - Chalgren agar following the reference method proposed by Sutter et al. No resistance was observed with thienamycin, which is especially active against the Bacteroides fragilis group (MIC 50 = 0.125 mg/l). Among the beta-lactams investigated, cefoxitin and moxalactam proved more active than ceftizoxime and ceftriaxone, while cefotiam exhibited poor activity. While most Fusobacteria were susceptible to studied beta lactams, some Fusobacterium varium demonstrated resistance to cephalosporins and cephamycins . PMID- 6739151 TI - [Comparative bacteriostatic activity of ticarcillin, alone and combined with clavulanic acid, 5 cephalosporins and metronidazole against 100 strains of Bacteroides fragilis]. AB - In vitro activity against 100 strains of Bacteroides fragilis of ticarcillin alone and combined with 4 or 8 mg of clavulanic acid was compared with those of cefoxitin, cefotaxime, ceftazidime, lamoxactam , ceftriaxone and metronidazole. The Cl 90 was 29.7 mg/l for ticarcillin alone, and 1.3 and 0.5 mg/l for ticarcillin combined with 4 and 8 mg of clavulanic acid respectively. Every strain was susceptible to ticarcillin combined with clavulanic acid (CMI less than or equal to 16 mg/l) and metronidazole (CMI less than or equal to 4 mg/l). Among the cephalosporins tested, lamoxactam (Cl 90 : 1 mg/l) was the most active, followed by cefotaxime (22.7 mg/l), cefoxitin (23 mg/l), ceftriaxone (51.2 mg/l) and ceftazidime (347 mg/l). PMID- 6739152 TI - [Influence of amoxicillin combined with clavulanic acid on the fecal flora in children]. AB - The effect of an amoxycillin-clavulanic acid combination on the intestinal bacterial ecosystem was studied by differential quantitative analysis of the fecal flora in 11 hospitalized pediatric patients aged 8 months to 4 years. The antibiotic combination was given orally to 7 patients and intravenously to 4. The modifications in the intestinal flora are more important with oral route than intravenous route. After treatment, an increase in ampicillin-resistant E. coli with overgrowth of Klebsiella were found. Our previous studies have shown that this microbial overgrowth carries a risk of secondary septicemia. A strain of amoxycillin-resistant Serratia marcescens emerged but did not pullulate . The other aerobic or anaerobic bacteria were not significantly modified. Most strains which emerged after therapy remained susceptible to the combination. Yeasts emerged in two patients. Thus, the amoxycillin-clavulanic acid combination results in intestinal Klebsiella overgrowth, requiring monitoring of the intestinal bacterial ecosystem. PMID- 6739153 TI - [Influence of cefoperazone on the fecal flora in children]. AB - A differential quantitative study was used to evaluate the effects of parenteral cefoperazone upon children's fecal flora. Fecal specimens were obtained from 16 patients, before, during and after therapy. Cefoperazone therapy was associated with major changes in fecal flora. There was marked reduction or suppression to undetectable levels of Enterobacteria, Staphylococci and Streptococci in 13 patients. During therapy, yeasts were selected or acquired in 7 cases. 5 to 10 days after cefoperazone was discontinued, the fecal flora was virtually the same as before treatment. Thus, cefoperazone should prove very useful in the treatment of septicemia due to intestinal overgrowth. PMID- 6739154 TI - [Acute experimental pyelonephritis. Treatment with tobramycin. Influence of the rhythm of administration on efficacy and renal tolerability]. AB - Acute experimental pyelonephritis was produced in rabbits by injecting E. coli (tobramycin MIC 1 mg/l) into the left kidney and temporarily obstructing the ureter. Animals were given 10 mg/kg tobramycin intramuscularly 48 h after surgery and subsequently every day for 7, 10 or 15 days, either in a single daily dose or in three divided doses at 8 h intervals. Animals were killed 24 h after the last injection. Comparison of results shows that kidneys were sterilized by a single daily dose but not by three divided daily doses. In rabbits given the single daily dose regimen, kidneys recovered a normal macroscopical and histological aspect, serum anti-E. coli antibodies rose more slowly and less significantly, serum creatinine increased less, and renal enzymatic activities were restored (alanine aminopeptidase and N-acetyl-beta-D-glucosaminidase). These findings suggest better efficacy and renal tolerance of the single daily dose regimen as compared to the three daily divided dose regimen in the treatment of acute experimental pyelonephritis. PMID- 6739155 TI - [Treatment of bone infections with gentamicin-containing acrylic cement beads. Prognostic value of the study of the suction drainage fluid]. AB - Treatment of bone infections with gentamicin-PMMA beads is an adjunct to conventional surgery. Early failures occurred in a number of cases, due to technical problems, such as incomplete debridement, residual alloplastic material, or gentamicin-resistant pathogens. To evaluate short term results of the method, clinical and bacteriological pre-therapy data were compared with results obtained two and six weeks after surgery, in 25 patients. Gentamicin concentrations, gentamicin levels/MBC for gentamicin, and bactericidal activity in secretions collected from suction drainage were not correlated with outcome. Cultures from the drains were the best parameters: cultures remained positive throughout follow-up in patient with poor clinical results. PMID- 6739156 TI - [Atypical mycobacteria and mycobacteriosis]. AB - Atypical mycobacteria were isolated from 16 patients admitted to the Versailles Hospital Center over a two-years period (1981-1982). Two cases of pulmonary disease due to M. avium-intracellulare and one case of skin disease due to M. marinum were diagnosed. Pulmonary infection remained doubtful in two patients despite repeated recovery of M. Kansasii and M. chelonei. PMID- 6739157 TI - [Mechanisms of the adaptive reorganization of erythrocyte energy metabolism in acute blood loss]. PMID- 6739158 TI - [Multiple forms of alkaline phosphatase and lactate dehydrogenase in the tissue of the brain gray matter in dogs during clinical death and after resuscitation]. PMID- 6739159 TI - [Characteristics of the intravascular coagulation syndrome in burns]. PMID- 6739160 TI - [Myocardial metabolism in the early periods after soft-tissue injury]. PMID- 6739161 TI - [Phasic structure of left ventricular systole after electric injury]. PMID- 6739162 TI - [Physicians of the world for the prevention of nuclear war]. PMID- 6739163 TI - [Morphofunctional characteristics of the adrenergic innervation of the microvessels and terminal blood flow in stress]. PMID- 6739164 TI - [Role of the prostaglandin system in the pathogenesis of spontaneous hypertension in the rat]. PMID- 6739165 TI - [Mast cell function in experimental arterial hypertension]. PMID- 6739167 TI - [Effect of a reduced gastric blood circulation on energy metabolism indices in tissues of the rat stomach]. PMID- 6739168 TI - [Effect of thymectomy on gastrin levels in the rat]. PMID- 6739166 TI - [Experimental dystrophy of the stomach in rats of different ages]. PMID- 6739169 TI - [The arteriovenous differential in the hemostatic indices in an experimental spleen transplant]. PMID- 6739171 TI - [Microcirculation in the serous coat of the uterus in the intact rat]. PMID- 6739170 TI - [Energy and gas exchange in tetanus intoxication]. PMID- 6739172 TI - [Characteristics of the etiological factor in injuries from nuclear weapons]. PMID- 6739173 TI - [Methodological problems in clinical pathophysiology]. PMID- 6739174 TI - [Apropos the incorrect use of the terms "pathogenetic therapy" and "agents of pathogenetic therapy"]. PMID- 6739175 TI - Otitis media: a perennial problem. PMID- 6739176 TI - Indication and duration of antimicrobial agents for acute otitis media. PMID- 6739177 TI - Inadequate resolution of acute otitis media following antimicrobial therapy. PMID- 6739178 TI - The role of myringotomy in acute otitis media. PMID- 6739179 TI - Antibiotic ear drop use in the nonintact tympanic membrane. PMID- 6739180 TI - Chronic suppurative otitis media: antimicrobial therapy or surgery? PMID- 6739181 TI - Guanabenz for adolescent hypertension. AB - Guanabenz, a centrally acting antihypertensive agent that acts through stimulation of central alpha-adrenergic receptors, appears to produce neither sodium retention nor clinically significant renal, cardiac, hepatic, or metabolic abnormalities. This 2-month open, uncontrolled dose-finding and short-term safety and efficacy trial was conducted in 11 male outpatients (12 to 21 years old) to establish the potential use of guanabenz in treating children with hypertension. Doses of 3 to 12 mg/day (0.07 to 0.17 mg/kg/day) given twice daily effectively lowered blood pressure in all patients. Mean supine blood pressure was significantly (P less than 0.05) reduced from 135/91/81 mmHg (phase I/IV/V) at baseline to 124/80/66 mmHg after approximately 2 months of treatment. Mean supine pulse rate also was significantly (P less than 0.05) reduced (10 beats/minute), while standing pulse rate and body weight were unaffected by guanabenz therapy. Adverse effects, the most common being headache, dry mouth, and drowsiness, were generally mild and did not interfere with continued therapy. No abnormal findings were noted in laboratory test results or physical examinations. These preliminary results suggest that guanabenz is safe and effective for the treatment of childhood hypertension. PMID- 6739182 TI - Intravenous indomethacin and changes of renal function in premature infants with patent ductus arteriosus. AB - Selected parameters of renal function were studied in premature infants with a significant patent ductus arteriosus who were treated with intravenous indomethacin according to a specific protocol. Urine volume, glomerular filtration rate, urine sodium, and the fractional excretion of sodium were analyzed in 17; osmolar, sodium, and free water clearances in 8; and indomethacin pharmacokinetics in 7 premature infants. All renal function parameters analyzed decreased during indomethacin therapy: urine volume and glomerular filtration rate returned to normal, while urine sodium, fractional excretion of sodium, and the osmolar, sodium, and free water clearances remained low 24 hours after cessation of therapy. The water retention, shown by the reduced free water clearance, had no apparent deleterious effects, probably because of the infants' low fluid intake. Indomethacin pharmacokinetic parameters (clearance, area under the curve) may account in part for the variability of the fractional excretion of sodium, glomerular filtration, and urine flow rate. PMID- 6739183 TI - The prevention of respiratory distress syndrome in premature infants: efficacy of antenatal aminophylline treatment versus prenatal glucocorticoid administration. AB - Antepartum administration of aminophylline (AF) to pregnant animals resulted in accelerated and increased pulmonary maturation as well as in decreased morbidity and mortality from RDS in premature offspring. The present study was undertaken to evaluate the effect of antenatal AF treatment on the frequency of RDS among premature infants born of women who were treated (18) and to compare this group with betamethasone (GC) treated group (16 women). No statistical significant differences were noted between the AF and GC groups in the incidence of RDS (AF = 11.0%; GC = 0%) and in the frequency of perinatal deaths (AF and GC = 0%). Only a significant difference was noted between the AF group and the GC group in the incidence of neonatal signs of infection (AF = 0%; GC = 50%). The authors conclude that antenatal AF treatment may be as effective as GC in the prevention of RDS in premature infants with, for the moment, no side effects. PMID- 6739184 TI - Effects of indomethacin on digoxin pharmacokinetics in preterm infants. AB - Indomethacin is commonly coadministered with digoxin for the treatment of patent ductus arteriosus (PDA) in preterm infants. The combination of digoxin that is eliminated almost exclusively by the kidney and indomethacin, which tends to reduce renal function, has potential hazards. We report 11 preterm infants (gestational age 25-33 week) treated with digoxin for PDA in whom a standard indomethacin therapy (mean of total dose = 0.32 mg/kg) resulted in a significant elevation of serum digoxin to potentially toxic levels (from 2.2 +/- 0.7 ng/ml to 3.2 +/- 0.7) (P less than 0.001). This phenomenon correlated well with decreased urine output (from 86 +/- 34 ml to 43 +/- 24 per 24 hour) (P less than 0.001) following indomethacin. No significant change was found in serum creatinine concentration pre- and post-indomethacin. Digoxin half-life was significantly prolonged (mean 97 +/- 17 hour) following indomethacin therapy as compared with an age matched control group (mean half-life 43 +/- 19 hour) (P less than 0.05). Our data suggest that when indomethacin is added to digoxin therapy, the digoxin dosage should be reduced by 50% until urine output and digoxin serum levels can be better assessed. PMID- 6739185 TI - Kinetics of intravenous phenytoin in children. AB - Single-dose intravenous phenytoin (9.4-21.3 mg/kg) effectively eradicated seizures within 3 minutes in 12 out of 13 patients in status epilepticus. Eleven additional patients were treated prophylactically. No adverse effects were observed and neurological status was unaltered in all 24 cases. Phenytoin volume of distribution was found to decline significantly with age from 1.6 L/kg at 1 year to 0.6 at 10 years (P less than 0.01). Estimates of Vmax, the maximal rate of phenytoin metabolism, were obtainable in 8/24 patients and were in the expected range (10.6 +/- 4.2 mg/kg/day) for their age (6.6 +/- 2.8 years). Therapeutic serum concentrations (initial post distribution values 17.9 +/- 9.0 micrograms/ml) were maintained for more than 10 hours in 15/24 patients. Single dose intravenous phenytoin is both effective and safe in the treatment and prevention of epileptic seizures in pediatric patients. PMID- 6739186 TI - Effect of tobramycin on fractional sodium excretion in neonates. AB - Fractional sodium excretion (FENa) was measured in 25 neonates during and after treatment with tobramycin. Mean birthweight of infants was 1.83 kg and mean gestational age was 34.3 weeks. Tobramycin therapy was initiated within 48 hours of birth and levels were maintained within the therapeutic range. Mean FENa values were persistently elevated during treatment and decreased to the normal range within 2 days of stopping antibiotics. Blood urea and creatinine concentrations were normal throughout the period of study. Exposure to the aminoglycoside appears to delay the previously described postnatal decline in FENa, most likely reflecting subtle renal tubular dysfunction. PMID- 6739187 TI - Anticholinergic premedication in infants: a comparison of atropine and glycopyrrolate on heart rate, demeanor, and facial flushing. AB - Heart rate, demeanor, and facial flushing following intramuscular injection of atropine or glycopyrrolate were compared in 80 paediatric patients under 1 year of age. No significant differences occurred between the two drugs in the doses used. Neither was there any difference in drug response between those children aged under 2 months and the other patients in the study. PMID- 6739188 TI - Iron deficiency in the rat: effects on oxidative metabolism in distinct types of skeletal muscle. AB - Studies performed on iron-deficient and control rats demonstrated that oxidative energy production (phosphorylation) by mitochondria from iron-deficient red and intermediate skeletal muscles was greatly reduced with pyruvate-malate, succinate, and alpha-glycerophosphate as substrates. Although phosphorylation was also decreased in iron-deficient white skeletal muscle with succinate and pyruvate-malate as substrates, no change was found with alpha-glycerophosphate as substrate. PMID- 6739189 TI - Colostrum-induced enteric mucosal growth in beagle puppies. AB - To evaluate the role of artificial feeding and natural feeding in early growth of enteric mucosa, we determined enteric mucosal mass, protein and DNA content, and disaccharidase activities in beagle puppies at birth, and after 24 h of either natural or artificial feeding. Despite similar increases in body weight over the first 24 h of life, neither mucosal mass, DNA content, nor protein content of the artificially fed animals was different from that of newborn animals. In contrast, mucosal mass of the suckled animals was 75% greater, DNA content was 56% greater, and protein content was 93% greater than that of newborn animals. The mucosal protein/DNA ratio of the suckled animals was greater than that of newborn, but not artificially fed animals. The greater DNA, protein, and protein/DNA ratio in this group suggest that the greater mucosal mass is a result of both cellular hyperplasia and hypertrophy. Sucrase specific activity of the suckled animals was less than that of the artificially fed but not the newborn animals. Other disaccharidase activities were not different among the three groups. These data extend the findings of Widdowson et al.(25) to another species and demonstrate that this rapid enteric growth over the first day of life results only from natural feeding. They strongly suggest, therefore, that rapid early enteric growth, mediated perhaps by a factor in natural milk that stimulates enteric mucosal growth, is an important heretofore unappreciated phase of intestinal development. PMID- 6739190 TI - The effect of chloral hydrate on genioglossus and diaphragmatic activity. AB - A child presented with obstructive sleep apnea (OSA) and a near-fatal airway obstruction and respiratory arrest shortly after receiving chloral hydrate (CH). We, therefore, hypothesize that CH might selectively depress upper airway maintaining muscles such as the genioglossus and so predispose to airway obstruction. Genioglossus (GG) and diaphragmatic (DIA) integrated electromyograms (I EMGs) were recorded in four cats and four rabbits before and after hypnotic doses of CH ranging from 200-1000 mg/kg. Results were similar in both species. Peak GG I EMG decreased within 10-20 min after CH in seven of eight animals. Average peak GG I EMGs were decreased from 100% before CH to as low as 37.0 +/- 27.2% (SD) after CH (P less than 0.001). Minimum GG I EMGs fell from 47.2 +/- 27.2% of peak values before CH to as low as 16.0 +/- 9.7% after CH (P less than 0.01). Phasic GG I EMGs decreased from 53.8 +/- 25.1% of peak control activity to as low as 20.6 +/- 24.6% after CH (P less than 0.05). By contrast, peak and phasic DIA I EMGs after CH were not significantly different from those before CH administration. We conclude that hypnotic doses of CH may preferentially depress GG activity as compared with DIA activity. Selective depression of airway maintaining muscular contraction by CH may place susceptible patients at risk for life-threatening airway obstruction and may preclude the use of CH to facilitate sleep for polygraphic evaluations in patients suspected of having OSA. PMID- 6739191 TI - Body water measurements in premature and older infants using H218O isotopic determinations. AB - Total body water was measured by H218O stable isotope dilution in two groups: in premature infants without complications, who were studied from 8 d of age until discharge; and in Peruvian subjects aged 6-36 mo, who were in the long-term convalescent stage of recovery from malnutrition. Results indicated that reliable total body water estimates can be obtained from sample volumes as small as 50 microliters of urine or plasma using a gas-isotope-ratio mass spectrometer equipped with an automated purification inlet system. Results from 21 studies in 10 Peruvian infants indicated substantially completed isotope equilibration in plasma by 2 h after the dose; total body water estimates from the 2-h samples averaged 98.7% (+/- 4.1) of 6-h values. Samples obtained at 4-h postdose gave total body water estimates that averaged 99.0% (+/- 2.9) of the 6-h value, showing essentially complete equilibration and reduced variability. Total body water estimates from urine samples collected 3-5 h postdose were closely correlated with 6-h, plasma-based total body water values in both premature and older infants; however, some reduction in variability was observed when urine collection was extended to 5-7 h, at which time urine-based estimates averaged 98.8% (+/- 2.0) and 100.7% (+/- 3.1) of plasma-based values for prematures and older Peruvian infants, respectively. The correlation between 5-7 h urine-based estimates of total body water with plasma-based values was r = 0.96 for 30 studies in prematures and r = 0.99 for 57 studies in older Peruvian infants.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS) PMID- 6739192 TI - Contraplacental hypogastrinemic effect of gastrin infusion in sheep. AB - Infusion of gastrin, G-17I, at 0.4 microgram/min into either the maternal or fetal venous circulation of six late gestation sheep was associated with increases in serum gastrin concentration in the infused circulation and reciprocal decreases in the serum gastrin concentration in the other circulation (contraplacental) that perfused the placenta. Pentagastrin infusion at 0.4 microgram/min was associated with an increase in C-terminal specific gastrin immunoreactivity in both the infused and the contraplacental circulations. These observations suggest that biologically active fragments of gastrin, but not the intact molecule, may cross the ovine placenta. An alternative explanation for our results is that gastrin infusion into either the maternal or fetal circulation which perfuses the placenta may result in the release of an inhibitor (i.e., somatostatin) into the other circulation. Of broad importance, these observations indicate that although intact polypeptide hormones may not traverse the placenta, their concentrations in maternal and fetal sera may not be as independent as previously believed. Serum gastrin half-life values in late gestation sheep fetuses, lambs, and ewes were determined to be 13.7 +/- 1.9, 16.7 +/- 2.6, and 15.2 +/- 2.8 min, respectively. These similar values indicate that the relatively high serum gastrin concentrations observed in near-term sheep fetuses are not the result of prolonged half-life in the fetus. PMID- 6739194 TI - A purified serum glycopeptide from controls and cystic fibrosis patients. III. The association of the ciliary dyskinetic activity with the oligosaccharide component. AB - We have previously described the purification and partial characterization of a serum glycopeptide with mucociliary activity from cystic fibrosis patients and a normal counterpart from sera of controls (3, 4). After removal of its oligosaccharide component by beta-elimination, the peptide portion of the glycopeptide from cystic fibrosis patients did not reveal any mucociliary activity on rabbit tracheal explants. This mucociliary activity was shown to be inhibited by mannose, glucose, and N-acetyl-galactosamine as well as by the glycopeptide purified from controls. It was not affected by xylose, fucose, galactose, or N-acetyl-glucosamine. PMID- 6739193 TI - Vitamin E attenuates the effects of FMLP on rabbit circulating granulocytes. AB - Exposure of circulating rabbit granulocytes to the chemoattractant N-formyl methionyl-leucyl-phenylalanine (FMLP) in vivo results in transient granulocytopenia, hypotension, and cardiorespiratory distress. The effectiveness of vitamin E in attenuating these responses was tested. Vitamin E accelerated the rate of return of granulocytes to the peripheral circulation after FMLP-induced granulocytopenia and mitigated the hypotension. The reversible adherence of FMLP stimulated granulocytes to endothelium offers a plausible mechanism to explain the transient granulocytopenia. From in vitro studies it was found that FMLP activated granulocytes from animals treated with vitamin E showed decreased adherence to cultivated aortic endothelial monolayers when compared with FMLP activated granulocytes from control animals. PMID- 6739196 TI - Mineral levels in sudden infant death syndrome. PMID- 6739195 TI - Vasopressin concentration in amniotic fluid as an index of fetal hypoxia: mechanism of release in sheep. AB - Hypoxia is a potent stimulus to the release of vasopressin in fetal sheep and, in turn, plasma concentrations of the hormone correlate inversely with fetal oxygenation. Because the fetal kidney contributes to vasopressin clearance, we propose that measurement of increased amounts of vasopressin in amniotic fluid would be indicative of fetal hypoxia. We therefore measured concentrations of vasopressin in amniotic fluid under resting conditions, during and after fetal hypoxia, and with intravenous and intra-amniotic administration of vasopressin in 15 chronically instrumented fetal lambs 111-141 d gestation. In the resting state mean (+/- SE) vasopressin concentrations in amniotic fluid (1.6 +/- 0.3 pg . ml 1) did not differ from those in maternal (1.4 +/- 0.4 pg . ml-1) or fetal (1.8 +/ 0.2 pg . ml-1) plasma. After exposure of the ewe to 10% O2 or partial occlusion of the umbilical cord, vasopressin concentrations in fetal plasma increased significantly (P less than 0.001) to 200 +/- 59 pg . ml-1 with a delayed increase in amniotic fluid concentrations (P less than 0.03) to 15.8 +/- 4.5 pg . ml-1. This rise in concentration of vasopressin in amniotic fluid was sustained for at least 24 h and levels at that time were highly correlated with peak plasma concentrations (r = 0.83, P less than 0.001). Intravenous infusion of vasopressin into the fetus was accompanied by an equally significant (P less than 0.02) and sustained increase of vasopressin in amniotic fluid. After intraamniotic injection of vasopressin, levels remained increased for at least 24 h.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS) PMID- 6739197 TI - Autoregulation of cerebral blood flow. PMID- 6739198 TI - [Diuresis and urinary excretion of electrolytes in children with lipoid nephrosis after administration of furosemide]. PMID- 6739200 TI - [Effect of low-calorie diet and exercise therapy on selected anthropometric parameters in obese children]. PMID- 6739199 TI - [Plasma lipids and lipoproteins in children whose parents had myocardia infarction]. PMID- 6739201 TI - [Unusual complication of aspiration biopsy of the small intestine (intramural duodenal hematoma causing acute pancreatitis, mechanical jaundice and high intestinal obstruction)]. PMID- 6739202 TI - Bronchiolitis as a possible cause of wheezing in childhood: new evidence. AB - A historical cohort study was performed in order to assess the hypothesis that even mild bronchiolitis in infancy in a predictor of wheezing later in childhood. Subjects who had experienced bronchiolitis and a matched control group were compared in terms of reported wheezing 8 years later. A highly significant difference was found between the bronchiolitis group and the control group in terms of current wheezing (P less than .0001, relative risk 3.24). This difference was maintained after adjusting for many potentially confounding variables including family history of allergy and other allergic manifestations in the child. Results suggested that 13.6% of a normal practice population in the age range 6 to 9 years currently wheeze, but that 44.1% of children who experienced bronchiolitis currently wheeze. Based on the incidence of bronchiolitis (4.27/100 children in their first 2 years of life) and the relative odds for wheezing derived from a logistic regression model including variables that measured passive smoking, genetic tendency to wheeze, and bronchiolitis, calculations of attributable risk suggested that wheezing in 9.4% of the population of children who currently wheeze was attributable to bronchiolitis. PMID- 6739203 TI - The cough and the bedsheet. AB - Of 33 patients with psychogenic cough tic, 31 were successfully treated using an unusual reinforced suggestion technique. The cough usually follows an incidental upper respiratory tract infection and persists as a loud paroxysmal barking or honking sound for weeks to months. Paroxysms occur all day but cease with sleep. The diagnosis is often delayed for weeks to months while the patient is exposed to an increasing intensity of diagnostic procedures and therapy. Thirty percent of some 20 patients previously reported in the literature had been hospitalized. The reinforced suggestion technique depends upon the physician's convincing the patient that the persistent cough has weakened the chest muscles, which are now unable to contain the cough, and that a bedsheet tightly wrapped around the chest will provide the necessary support to stop the cough within 24 to 48 hours. The typical patient can produce the cough on command, has an ambivalent response to the prospect of care, is unconcerned about his symptoms, submits willingly to the examination and procedures, and is kept out of school for the duration of the cough. Findings on physical examination are normal except for abnormal gag and corneal reflexes. The gag reflex was depressed in six and absent in 20 of the 31 patients. The corneal reflex was depressed in 16 and absent in 5 of the 31 patients. These abnormal responses help to corroborate the psychogenic etiology. Early recognition of the nonorganic nature of this syndrome will reduce parental anxiety, loss of school time, risk of iatrogenic complications, and unnecessary medical and hospital expense. PMID- 6739204 TI - Toxic shock syndrome in children aged 10 years or less. AB - Eight children aged 10 years or less had toxic shock syndrome, and medical records were reviewed for seven of them. There were four boys and three girls, ranging in age from 5 5/12 to 10 8/12 years; all seven met the Centers for Disease Control case definition of toxic shock syndrome. One boy died. The illness was generally characterized by fever, followed by erythroderma, gastrointestinal complaints, and mucous membrane hyperemia. Based on the need for supplemental oxygen or mechanical ventilation, the girls tended to have milder courses than the boys. In four of four cultures performed prior to the institution of antibiotic therapy. Staphylococcus aureus grew from one or more sites. One boy also met the case definition of Kawasaki syndrome and has had multiple coronary artery aneurysms demonstrated in early and late follow-up. Toxic shock syndrome in these children was similar to published descriptions of toxic shock syndrome in series of adult patients, except that, as a group, the children had a greater incidence of respiratory embarrassment. PMID- 6739206 TI - American Academy of Pediatrics. Committee on Accident and Poison Prevention. Automatic passenger protection systems. PMID- 6739205 TI - Unreliability of radiographic diagnosis of septic hip in children. AB - The radiographs of 19 pediatric patients with aspiration-proven bacterial infections of the hip were analyzed. The hip radiograph was abnormal in all neonates showing lateral subluxation. The radiograph was negative in eight of ten children more than 1 year of age. It is emphasized that children with suspected septic hip require immediate joint aspiration regardless of radiographic findings. PMID- 6739207 TI - American Academy of Pediatrics. Committee on School Health. Guidelines for urgent care in school. PMID- 6739208 TI - American Academy of Pediatrics. Committee on Children with Disabilities of the AAP, and Ad Hoc Working Group of the American Association for Pediatric Ophthalmology and Strabismus and American Academy of Ophthalmology. Learning disabilities, dyslexia, and vision. PMID- 6739209 TI - American Academy of Pediatrics. Committee on Children with Disabilities and Committee on Sports Medicine. The asthmatic child's participation in sports and physical education. PMID- 6739210 TI - American Academy of Pediatrics. Committee on Early Childhood, Adoption, and Dependent Care. The Pediatrician's role in promoting the health of a patient in day care. PMID- 6739211 TI - Promoting the use of car safety devices for infants: an intensive health education approach. AB - Efforts to promote the use of infant car seats through health education techniques have been disappointing when strict criteria for evaluation are used. Low-income families were targeted and were provided with educational sessions in the prenatal, postdelivery , and infant follow-up periods. Free car seats were given to 179 clients. Base-line and follow-up observations were performed at 4 months after delivery. The proportion of correctly restrained infants increased from 9% to 38%. The number of infants who were lap held decreased from 38% to 18%. The proportion of clients who had an approved car seat but who were using it incorrectly increased from 11% to 23%. PMID- 6739212 TI - Care of infants with myelomeningocele. PMID- 6739213 TI - Neonatal mortality statistics. PMID- 6739214 TI - Cystic fibrosis study questioned. PMID- 6739215 TI - Equation error. PMID- 6739216 TI - Role of coagulopathy in newborn intracranial hemorrhage. AB - Fifty newborn infants of less than 33 weeks' gestation were followed prospectively from birth with serial coagulation and real-time ultrasound studies. A significant association of hypocoagulability in the first four hours of life with subsequent onset or progression of intraventricular or other clinical hemorrhages was documented. Abnormalities included lower values for fibrinogen, platelet count, antithrombin III, and factor VIII with higher values for fibrin monomer and longer Laidlaw whole blood clotting times. These abnormalities tended to correct spontaneously in surviving infants. An association between gestational complications and incidence of hypocoagulability and intracranial hemorrhage (ICH) was noted. Babies of preeclamptic mothers had fewer abnormalities and babies born to mothers with premature rupture of membranes and suspected amnionitis manifested more hypocoagulability and more severe intracranial hemorrhages. PMID- 6739218 TI - Job satisfaction and stress among neonatologists. AB - Neonatology is reputed to be a stressful pediatric subspecialty. To quantify objectively this stress and to assess the factors involved, a questionnaire was mailed to neonatologists in the northeastern United States. Ninety-six (70%) replied. A five-point scale was used to determine the level of satisfaction with neonatology as a career and the level and type of stress experienced at work. Almost all neonatologists experienced stress at work: 34% moderately severe and 16% very severe stress. Open-ended questions indicated that the major causes of stress were excessive work load, eg, on call too often or calls at night; problems in patient care, especially dealing with infant death; and staff disagreements, especially nurse or housestaff conflicts. Twenty percent of those surveyed suffered a stress-related illness in the previous 5 years. One sixth of the neonatologists were either moderately or very dissatisfied with their career. Major dissatisfactions were: too much work, especially managing many sick patients; lack of resources, including inadequate salary; too much stress at work; and administrative demands. Job satisfaction was derived from patient care, teaching, intellectual stimulation, and research. Altering subspecialty had been considered at some time by 58% (15% very seriously). This study confirms that neonatology, in the eyes of those who practice it, is a highly stressful career. It also suggests that job stress is a greater problem than job dissatisfaction. PMID- 6739217 TI - Timing and antecedents of intracranial hemorrhage in the newborn. AB - Fifty newborn infants of less than 33 weeks' gestation were followed prospectively from birth to evaluate the temporal relationships of various clinical factors to the onset and progression of intracranial hemorrhage (ICH) in an inborn population given maximal support. ICH was diagnosed and followed with bedside ultrasound every eight hours. The incidence of intraventricular hemorrhage was 30% and of any ICH was 40% with onset from less than 2 hours to 8 days of age. Grades 2, 3, and 4 ICH correlated with Apgar scores of less than 5 at five minutes, vaginal delivery, longer labors, and intrapartum hemorrhage. There was a significant correlation between ICH and both blood pressure fluctuations of greater than 100% and rapid colloid infusions. Slow transfusions of packed red cells did not appear to precipitate episodes of ICH. In a setting of optimal care, ICH appears to be more related to prenatal stresses than to specific postnatal complications. PMID- 6739219 TI - Apnea of prematurity: II. Respiratory reflexes. AB - Airway obstruction is a cause of apnea in preterm infants. The activity of protective respiratory reflexes was determined in 18 preterm infants with apnea (mean of 32 episodes of more than 20 seconds duration per day) and in 18 neonates without apnea used as control subjects. This was done in order to elucidate the role of respiratory reflexes in apnea of prematurity. The infants were matched for birth weight (1,068 g v 1,065 g), gestational age (30.2 weeks v 30.2 weeks), and postnatal age (8.6 days v 8.3 days). The airway occlusion technique was used to determine the inspiratory prolongation of the occluded breath and the effective elastance of the respiratory system. Inspiratory prolongation is a measure for the reflex influence on inspiratory duration, and effective elastance reflects load compensating ability. Inspiratory prolongation was 7.3% +/- 33.5% in infants with apnea and 30.6% +/- 22.7% in the control group (P less than .025). Effective elastance was 1.1 +/- 0.5 cm H2O/mL in the apneic group and 1.5 +/- 0.5 cm H2O/mL in the infants without apnea (P less than .025). The results indicate that during exposure to respiratory loads, the infants with apnea maintained inspiratory effort poorly and had a decreased ability for load compensation. Their respiratory reflexes were significantly more immature than the reflex activity of the infants without apnea. This functional immaturity of respiratory reflexes may be a contributing factor in the etiology of apnea of prematurity. PMID- 6739220 TI - Septic dermatitis of the neonatal scalp and maternal endomyometritis with intrapartum internal fetal monitoring. AB - During a 3-month period, 1,062 mother-infant pairs were studied for infections following internal fetal monitoring during labor. Six infants (0.56%) developed septic scalp dermatitis at the site of the spiral electrode application. Factors associated with septic scalp dermatitis included the number of vaginal examinations, the use of an intrauterine pressure catheter or of more than one spiral electrode, and fetal scalp blood sampling. Maternal diabetes and endomyometritis were also associated with an increased risk of scalp infection. The duration of spiral electrode use and duration of ruptured membranes were not significant risk factors. Endomyometritis was documented in 41 mothers, an overall incidence of 3.9%. In women whose babies were delivered by cesarean section, the incidence of endomyometritis was 28/117 (23.9%). Using multivariate analysis by logistic regression, endomyometritis was associated with the number of vaginal examinations during labor but not with the duration of internal monitoring, duration of labor, or duration of ruptured membranes. PMID- 6739221 TI - Effect of early immunization on antibody response to reimmunization with measles vaccine as demonstrated by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA). AB - A measles epidemic in San Antonio, Texas provided a population of children who were immunized at less than or equal to 10 months of age and reimmunized at greater than or equal to 15 months of age. Of these children, 302 were evaluated for measles antibody by the sensitive enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA), and their responses were compared with those of 300 children who had been immunized at the customary time (greater than or equal to 15 months) with a single immunization. There were only five seronegative findings in each group. The children immunized at the customary time did have significantly higher (P less than .001) antibody titers than the children immunized at less than or equal to 10 months and reimmunized at greater than or equal to 15 months. These results indicate that early immunization followed by reimmunization may be indicated when young infants are at significant risk of measles exposure. This approach should not create an increased number of serologically nonresponsive children when reimmunized at greater than or equal to 15 months. PMID- 6739222 TI - Pineal region tumors of childhood. AB - The incidence, response to treatment, and outcome of children with pineal region neoplasms is poorly characterized. Since 1975, in one institution, 25 consecutive patients with pineal tumors have undergone biopsy prior to further treatment. This constituted 11% (25/234) of all brain neoplasms seen over this time period. Specific tumors diagnosed included pineal parenchymal tumors ( pineoblastomas , pineocytomas ) in eight patients (32%); germ cell tumors (embryonal cell carcinomas, teratomas, germinomas) in eight patients (32%); glial tumors (astrocytoma, ganglioglioma ) in eight patients (32%); and ganglioneuroblastoma in one patient (4%). Clinical parameters, computed tomographic findings and CSF markers (alphafetoprotein and human chorionic gonadotropin) were unreliable in discriminating between specific tumor types. Response to treatment and patterns of disease relapse were dependent on the type of tumor present. Five of eight children with pineal parenchymal tumors had disease recurrence, and in all leptomeningeal dissemination occurred prior to or concurrent with local relapse. Three of eight children with germ cell tumors and two of eight patients with glial tumors suffered a relapse; in all five children recurrence was initially local. Findings suggest that pineal region neoplasms are not infrequent in childhood; that these tumors vary greatly in histologic type; that contrary to other reports germinomas do not constitute the majority of pineal tumors; and that histologic confirmation is necessary prior to treatment for appropriate management. PMID- 6739223 TI - Tritiation of vasopressin analogues and their metabolic fate after intravenous injection in the rat. AB - Tritiated vasopressin analogues (LVP, AVP, dDAVP) of high specific activity were produced. The labelled peptides were purified by RP-HPLC. The biological half life, organ distribution and in vivo metabolism of the hormones were studied in the rat. The half-life of dDAVP was longer than that of LVP or AVP. The half-life calculated from [3H]AVP isolated from bloods was shorter than the value based on total radioactivity. The hormones were degraded in the kidney, the liver and small intestine, the main metabolic product being [3H]Tyr. Large radioactivity accumulations were detected in the neurohypophysis and the adenohypophysis. PMID- 6739224 TI - Effect of the vasopressin antagonist d(CH2)5 Tyr(Et)VAVP on diuresis in rat. AB - The effect of [1-(beta-mercapto-beta,beta- cyclopentamethylene -propionic acid)2 0- ethyltyrosine ,4-valine] arginine vasopressin on the water metabolism was studied in rat. The compound was found to be able to block the antidiuretic action of both exogenous and endogenous vasopressin. A rat model of the Schwartz Bartter syndrome was created by the administration of a high dose of a posterior pituitary preparation (Pitressin tannate ) together with a forced water intake. The antagonist prevented water retention and averted the enhanced natriuresis and hyponatraemia, and cerebral oedema did not develop. The observations suggest that this vasopressin antagonist might be of use in the future as an effective drug against the Schwartz-Bartter syndrome. PMID- 6739225 TI - [Retrospective analysis of the social occupational prospects of insulin-dependent diabetics in the Rhone-Alpes region]. AB - Among our 1 000 diabetics patients observed between 1951 and 1983. We followed up 394 diabetic patients, whose disease started before 18 years of age and who at time of study were older than 18 years. Their social-professional status, classified into 6 categories, was compared with that of the active population of the Rhone-Alpes region (France). The CHi2 statistical test was used. 41,9% of diabetic population are in the highest social professional groups (4, 5, 6) against (26%) in the reference population; which is highly significant different (p much less than 0.001) independently of the age at onset of IDDM. The comparison of the social professional status of diabetic population of masculine sex with that of their father and nondiabetic brothers shows a greater number of diabetic persons in the highest categories: 49,75% against 39,63% and 49,75% against 41,95% respectively. There is a special attraction for medical and para medical professions among diabetic people. Finally there is no more absenteeism among diabetic population than among reference population but unemployed percentage is discretely higher. PMID- 6739226 TI - [Tetanus. Apropos a case]. AB - The authors report a case of tetanus in a 19 months infant who has only received BCG. After a four days period during which two laryngeal spasms occurred, the infant presents a generalized tetanus. The outcome was favorable with specific serotherapy myorelaxants and assisted ventilation of four weeks duration. PMID- 6739229 TI - [What is your diagnosis? (Hematocolpos)]. PMID- 6739227 TI - [A new case of Menkes syndrome. Prenatal exclusion diagnosis in a subsequent pregnancy]. AB - Authors report the cases of a boy with a Menkes' disease which began by a convulsive encephalopathy at the age of two months with growth failure and metaphysical abnormalities. An oldest brother died at 2 years of age in an analogous scene. The diagnosis proved to be founded by the low serum copper and coeruleo-plasmia levels and by the increased uptake of copper in the cultured skin-fibroblasts. The hair was thin and kinky; microscopical study showed pili torti and trichorrhexis nodosa. For the following pregnancy of the mother, a prenatal diagnosis by precocious amniocentesis (amniotic fluid punction) allowed to say that the boy she was expecting for was clear of the disease because of the normal uptake of copper 64 Cu in cultured amniotic fluid cells of the foetus. Authors recall that Menkes' disease is a X linked recessive disorder beginning by epileptic seizure in the early months of life. The basic biochemical lesion of copper metabolism is unknown; there are abnormalities in copper and his binding protein (metallothionein) distribution with increased level is the kidney and decreased level in brain and liver. The copper therapy does not lead to clinical improvement. There is now a prenatal diagnosis: the study of copper uptake in cultured amniotic fluid cells of male fetus. It is abnormally increased in Menkes' disease. PMID- 6739228 TI - [Williams-Beuren facies with mental retardation and tetralogy of Fallot]. AB - The "elfin facies", described by Williams and Beuren, is usually associated, beside mental retardation, with a supravalvular aortic stenosis and, more broadly, with multiple arterial stenoses. Other types of cardiac defects were described in this context, but the case reported by the authors is the first one with a tetralogy of Fallot. The hypothesis of widerspread histodysplastic lesions is discussed: the process may be early enough to alter the morphogenesis of the cardiac conus and to produce, more lately, the classical stenotic lesions of the arterial wall. PMID- 6739230 TI - [Chronic respiratory manifestations and gastroesophageal reflux. Value of the study of nocturnal pH measurement]. AB - We have undertaken a study on continuous pH oesophageal monitoring on children with chronic respiratory symptoms and a gastro intestinal reflux proved by at least one positive test (baryum esophagogram, GE scintiscan, endoscopy). We have compared the data from 16 children with digestive symptoms and 9 controls with no sign of reflux. While all the parameters differs significantly between controls and patients with digestive symptoms, controls and respiratory symptoms, the only difference between "digestive" and "respiratory" patients occurs in the duration of the mean of the nocturnal reflux. Moreover the respiratory patients improved by the reflux symptomatic treatment had a mean duration of nocturnal reflux greater than un improved patients. A mean duration of nocturnal reflux over 4 minutes could have some predictive value. PMID- 6739231 TI - Anxiety, pain experience, and pain report: a signal-detection study. AB - The effect of experimentally induced anxiety on pain perception was examined using a signal detection discrimination experiment. The experimental condition consisted in unsignalled application of very painful stimuli which substantially raised state anxiety. The discrimination task included the total range of painful stimuli. The results indicated a range-specific effect of anxiety on pain, particularly on increased sensitivity in the upper range of intensities. The importance of testing the effect of anxiety over the whole range of intensities is stressed. That prior work considered only one intensity level may be the main reason why previous signal detection studies about pain and anxiety showed contradictory results. PMID- 6739232 TI - Perceptual defense, a replication. AB - McGinnies ' (1949) study on perceptual defense was replicated. No significant results were noted for galvanic skin responses. Threshold differences were significant; taboo words had higher thresholds than neutral words. Possibly "emotionality" and "threat" may require separate operational definitions if the effect, "perceptual defense," is to be clearly demonstrated. PMID- 6739233 TI - Negative aftereffect arising from prolonged viewing of induced movement-in-depth. AB - Prolonged induced movement-in-depth in a static circle was elicited by a spiral stimulus. Afterwards an aftereffect was observed in the circle. The aftereffect was towards the subject after induced movement away from the subject, and away from the subject after induced movement towards the subject. Longer aftereffect was observed with a circle central to the inducing stimulus than with a circle peripheral to the inducing stimulus. In contrast to some other psychophysical effects, no clear-cut directional asymmetry was observed. PMID- 6739234 TI - Modality effect on text processing as a function of ability to comprehend. AB - The present study had two purposes. One was to examine the prediction that the modality effect on processing text is influenced by subjects' comprehension. The other was to confirm the assumption that this effect arises not only in the processing of each work in texts but also in the processing of the relations between words (comprehension). The same text was presented to 28 good and 28 poor comprehenders at a fixed pace, auditorily or visually. After presentation of the text, subjects answered two kinds of tests, Memory Test and Comprehension Test. The performance on both tests showed superiority of auditory over visual presentation. These results were discussed in terms of a visual disadvantage: visually presented texts are translated into an auditory form and this extra process leads to insufficient processing of a text when the text is difficult for a processor. PMID- 6739235 TI - Hormonal influences on psychomotor reminiscence. AB - Psychomotor reminiscence was measured in contraceptively medicated and non medicated subjects on Days 2, 8, and 14 of their menstrual cycles. As previously reported, mean reminiscence in non-medicated subjects was relatively low on Days 2 and 8, but significantly higher on Day 14. By contrast, reminiscence means in medicated subjects were relatively low and essentially alike across all testing days. These results are discussed within the context of reactive inhibition theory, wherein the adrenergic properties of mid-cycle concentrations of estrogenic hormones are thought responsible for more vigorous responding, hence more reactive inhibition and higher reminiscence. Such concentrations were, of course, precluded by contraceptive medication. PMID- 6739236 TI - Touching with a wand. PMID- 6739237 TI - Lingual vibrotactile perception: lingual pressure effects on neuro-sensory response. AB - A calibrated pressure transducer, embedded within a lower tongue clamp disk, enabled the application of specific tongue pressures during lingual threshold measurement. Thresholds were obtained for five tongue pressures (2, 5, 8, 11, and 14 PSIA ) at three frequencies (125, 250, and 500 Hz). Thresholds varied as a function of tongue pressure. As pressure increased from 2 to 8 PSIA thresholds decreased. As pressure increased above 8 PSIA thresholds increased. Tongue pressure did not influence frequency function. PMID- 6739238 TI - Contingency management of exercise by chronic schizophrenics. AB - Research on the control and maintenance of exercise by chronic schizophrenics has been relatively neglected, despite widespread knowledge of the adverse consequences of sedentary living. The present study evaluated the effects of simple contingency-management procedures designed to encourage exercising by two psychotic residents living in a sheltered group home. For both subjects, the ABAB experimental analysis demonstrated the effectiveness of the intervention. Improved levels of exercise were maintained at follow-up and the contingency management system was implemented as a regular part of the group home's rehabilitation program for all residents. PMID- 6739239 TI - Effects of locus of control and strategy instructions on acquisition of cardiac control. PMID- 6739240 TI - Correlates of sensation seeking by heavy, chronic drug users. AB - Product-moment correlations among number of drugs used and several measures of constructs related to sensation seeking were examined for four matched groups of chronic drug users and two supplementary groups of nine persons each. Number of drugs used correlated positively with all scores on the Sensation Seeking Scales, the Extraversion and Neuroticism Scales of the Eysenck Personality Inventory, and the Change Seeker Index. The pattern is consistent with the proposition that a need for stimulation or change underlies experimentation with a large number of chemical substances. The general pattern of correlations among tests resembled that reported by other investigators. The construct validity of the General Score from the Sensation Seeking Scales is enhanced by these findings. The data suggest that this score measures much the same construct as the Change Seeker Index. PMID- 6739241 TI - Polydipsia's contribution to temporal discrimination of rats on a fixed interval schedule. AB - This experiment concerned the contribution of polydipsia on the temporal discrimination of rats during a fixed-interval 60-sec. schedule. In this study, the timing accuracy of 12 rats which had access to water during training was compared to that of 12 rats which had no water during training. The rats were trained for 25 sessions on an FI 60-sec. schedule. In early sessions before polydipsia was fully developed, no differences existed between the timing accuracy of the water group and no-water group. As the amount of water drunk by the water group increased as the number of sessions increased, a parallel increase was noted in the timing accuracy of the water group. In the final sessions, a significant difference was found between the timing accuracy of rats in the water group and that of those in the no-water group. It was concluded that polydipsia facilitated the development of the temporal discrimination which is characteristic of a fixed-interval 60-sec. schedule. PMID- 6739242 TI - Listeners' discrimination of real and human-imitated animal sounds. AB - To determine if listeners can accurately distinguish between real and human imitated animal sounds, a total of 165 recorded sounds (55 real and 110 human imitated) of cats, cows, dogs, pigs, and sheep were randomly arranged on a master tape and presented to 30 listeners for discriminative judgments. Results indicate that, in general, listeners can accurately discriminate real from human-imitated animal sounds. Suggestions for future research are discussed. PMID- 6739243 TI - Time perception and affective disorders. AB - The estimation of short-time intervals by 60 control subjects and 56 patients with affective disorders was investigated using the three different methods of metronome adjustment, verbal estimation, and operative estimation (production). The patients were diagnosed according to DSM-III criteria. A group with major depression with melancholia (9), and another group with bipolar depression (8), tended to under-estimate time to about the same extent. A group with manic or hypomanic disorders (11) tended to over-estimate. Patients with major depression without melancholia (9), bipolar disorders in remission (9), and dysthymic disorders (10), had no decided tendencies to under- or over-estimate short time intervals. The estimation of longer intervals (5-10 min.) was not significantly altered in the patient groups. The results are discussed in the context of earlier investigations, which mainly have yielded no changes in ability to estimate time intervals despite a subjective feeling that time is passing slowly or quickly in affective disorders. PMID- 6739244 TI - Note on Gibson's direct visual perception. AB - Gibson's 'ecological approach to visual perception' is shown to be compatible with traditional memory-assisted perception, viz., if it is applied to automatic behavior. PMID- 6739245 TI - Cognitive, perceptual, and personal-social development of prematurely born preschoolers. AB - This study was designed to determine possible differences in the cognitive, perceptual, and personal-social development of prematurely and maturely born 3 yr.-olds which might foreshadow later learning problems. The subjects were 40 prematurely born graduates of a neonatal intensive care unit (birth weight less than 2,500 gm, less than 37 wk. gestation) matched on the pair-level with full term controls on sex, race, post-conceptual age, and socioeconomic background. All subjects were singletons and parity was matched at the group level. No differences were found between the groups on tests of higher mental processes including the General Cognitive, Verbal, Quantitative, and Memory Scales of the McCarthy Scales of Children's Abilities, and researcher-devised measures of problem-solving competence. No differences in parental reports of personal-social development were noted. Prematures did not perform as well as controls on perceptual performance tasks, and this difference was interpreted as reflecting relatively impaired visual-motor coordination. PMID- 6739246 TI - IES arrow-dot performance of Nigerian professionals, medical students, and psychiatric in-patients. PMID- 6739247 TI - Anticipatory stress and vigilance. PMID- 6739248 TI - Symbol reversals, reading achievement, and handedness of first grade students. AB - 60 boys and 55 girls in Grade 1 (and 6 to 7 yr. old) showed similar symbol reversal errors on the Jordan Left-Right Reversal Test Level 1 and reading achievement on the Gates- MacGinitie tests by handedness. These data confirm prior work. PMID- 6739249 TI - Decisional processing in paranoid and non-paranoid schizophrenics. AB - 40 schizophrenic subjects, divided into paranoid/non-paranoid categories and 14 normal controls were presented a task which involved making "same-different" judgments during random presentations of a series of visual comparison stimuli with a standard which represented the midpoint of the stimulus continuum. Using Sternberg's Choice RT paradigm for studying the locus of cognitive deficit, difficulty at the response-selection stage was manipulated while holding other stages constant. It was predicted that paranoids would have shorter RTs at easy decision points and longer RTs at difficult decision points relative to non paranoids. The directions of the differences were as predicted but did not attain statistical significance. Both schizophrenic groups, compared to normals, made significantly fewer "same" responses on those trials where the comparison and standard were most similar. PMID- 6739250 TI - Suppression of visual dominance in bimodal reaction time. PMID- 6739251 TI - Multiple-phoneme-misarticulating children's perception and production of voice onset time. AB - 6 language-impaired misarticulating and 6 normal kindergarten children produced and perceived differences in word-initial stop consonant voicing. Individuals' productive and perceptual phonemic boundaries were similar. No statistically reliable differences were noted between the groups' mean productive or perceptual boundaries. Individual exceptions suggest that some misarticulating , language impaired children may be inordinately challenged by synthetic speech stimuli or may pass through a developmental stage in which perceptual ability outstrips productive ability. PMID- 6739252 TI - Effects of skill level and sensory information on golf putting. AB - To determine the role of sensory information in golf putting 22 subjects were classified as either high or low in skill. Subjects from both groups putted from two distances (5 and 15 ft.) under three different conditions: relevant visual cues (look at ball), no visual cues (blindfolded), and irrelevant visual cues (look at offset marker). The 2 X 2 X 3 analysis of variance with radial error as the dependent variable indicated significant main effects for each factor but no significant interactions. Relevant visual cues provided greater accuracy than did no visual cues or irrelevant visual cues. PMID- 6739253 TI - Comparative study of static, dynamic, and proprioceptive neuromuscular facilitation stretching techniques on flexibility. AB - 63 college women served as subjects in this 7-wk. study examining the effects of static, dynamic, and proprioceptive neuromuscular facilitating stretching techniques on the flexibility of the hamstring-gastrocnemius muscles. Subjects were assigned to one of the 3 treatment groups and received treatment 3 days a week. A pretest, a midtest (after 11 treatment days), and a posttest (after 21 treatment days) were administered. Analysis of group and test effects was accomplished by using a 3 X 3 factorial design with the group factor nested and the test factor crossed. Post hoc analysis indicated that all scores significantly improved from pretest to posttest. The findings indicated all 3 methods of flexibility training produced significant improvements when pretest and posttest mean scores were compared. PMID- 6739254 TI - Toward a central-peripheralist model of work decrement. AB - Payne and others, within a Hullian framework, have analytically defined reactive inhibition in terms of a negative drive occurring within the effector system. In strong support, they have demonstrated that the maintenance of work decrement is dependent upon limb, but not task, specificity. However, equally creditable research by Adams allows interpretations of inhibition based on the processing of information. These contrasting arguments are evaluated, and an initial model integrating the two is proposed. PMID- 6739255 TI - Australian aboriginal spatial cognition and dyslexia: a criticism of Pontius (1982). AB - Pontius ' neuropsychological explanation of some Aboriginal Australians' poor reading performance is not supported by an examination of the socio-cultural and educational considerations surrounding their performance or by research into the neurophysiological bases of reading retardation. Classification of children as "ecologically" dyslexic was based on hear-say general impressions of Aborigines' school performance and not on children's reading errors. PMID- 6739256 TI - Functional method for assessing oral perceptual skills in children. AB - An alternative method for assessing oral perceptual skills was developed to address some of the practical limitations of the standard form test. The alternate forms and standard NIH Oral Stereognostic Forms were administered to 182 children. Scores resulting from presentation of standard NIH forms and alternate edibles correlated .76. Suggestions for using the alternate forms for routine oral stereognostic testing are presented. PMID- 6739258 TI - Students' perception of stress in a baccalaureate-MD degree program. AB - The quality of student life in combined baccalaureate-M.D. degree programs has rarely been investigated although these programs address widely recognized problems in medical education. Through the use of an environmental stress inventory, 183 students' perceptions of the learning environment of a combined degree program were examined. Students in that program rated few situations in their environment as stressful. Yet, they were significantly concerned about information overload and attendant time problems, just as their peers in 4-yr. schools were. Unlike their 4-yr. counterparts, however, they did not see relations with other students and faculty as problematic. Their scores on the inventory were best predicted at each year level by a combination of personal characteristics, notably living arrangements, sex, and to a lesser extent, introversion. PMID- 6739257 TI - Effects of concentration and temperature on gustatory persistence. AB - The effects of concentration and temperature on the perceived persistence of citric acid, sodium chloride, sucrose, and urea were determined. The results obtained by a modified magnitude-estimation procedure suggest that power functions of the form P = K X Cn related the perceived persistence (P in seconds) to the concentration (C in % W/V) at each temperature and for each taste compound. Furthermore, the relative persistence (K) and the slope of the functions of persistence (n) showed changes when the temperature of taste stimuli varied. PMID- 6739259 TI - Stimulus structure in visual persistence: an examination of selective adaptation effects on phenomenal continuity. AB - The effects of adaptation by stimuli composed of the dimensions of color, orientation and size were measured on the visual persistence of a red vertical 3.5 c/d grating. Adaptation by the stimulus that shared an identical level on each of the three-component dimensions of the test stimulus decreased the visual persistence of the test stimulus. There was no effect of adaptation on visual persistence when the adapting stimulus and test stimulus shared an identical level on zero-, one-, or two-dimensional components. The present results extend the investigation of selective adaptation effects on visual persistence by Meyer, Lawson , Cohen, and Maquire to color, size and orientation. In addition, these results are in excellent agreement with Burns' finding that physically integral stimuli are represented in iconic memory as integral unitary wholes and not as dimensional components. PMID- 6739260 TI - Interrogative suggestibility and perceptual motor performance. AB - This study investigates the relationship between interrogative suggestibility, as measured by the Gudjonsson Suggestibility Scale, and Arrow-Dot scores. The tendency of subjects (25 men and 25 women, mean age 30.2 yr.) to alter their answers once interpersonal pressure had been applied correlated significantly with poor Arrow-Dot Ego functioning. PMID- 6739261 TI - Alternative to the wavelength interpretation of the auditory kappa effect. AB - We argue that the simple wavelength interpretation of the auditory kappa effect proposed by Yoblick and Salvendy in 1970 is inadequate since only the frequency of an incoming soundwave is preserved at the tympanic membrane. Alternative explanations are proposed in terms of psychological variables. The kappa effect with tonal intervals is explained using an imputed velocity model in which frequency differences are equated to phenomenological "distances." The continuous tone effect is explained in terms of previously observed correlations between frequency and the volume or " bigness " of a tone and between size and perceived duration. PMID- 6739262 TI - Dichoptic metacontrast masking reveals a central basis for monoptic chromatic induction. PMID- 6739264 TI - The effects of familiar size on judgments of size and distance: an interaction of viewing attitude with spatial cues. PMID- 6739263 TI - Inferences about mechanisms that mediate pattern and flicker sensitivity. PMID- 6739265 TI - Structural and cognitive components in the Muller-Lyer illusion assessed via Cyclopean presentation. PMID- 6739267 TI - An experimental comparison of three- versus four-surface phenomenal transparency. PMID- 6739266 TI - The local character of perspective organization. PMID- 6739268 TI - Right-left prevalence in spatial compatibility. PMID- 6739269 TI - Visual search in pigeons: effects of memory set size and display variables. PMID- 6739270 TI - Time-varying features of initial stop consonants in auditory running spectra: a first report. PMID- 6739271 TI - Global precedence in visual pattern recognition. PMID- 6739272 TI - Single format contrast in vowel identification. PMID- 6739273 TI - Backward recognition masking as a function of ear of mask presentation. PMID- 6739274 TI - Two-alternative versus three-alternative procedures for threshold estimation. PMID- 6739275 TI - Moving attention: evidence for time-invariant shifts of visual selective attention. PMID- 6739276 TI - Impressions of visual direction from extraocular afference. PMID- 6739277 TI - Ambiguous figures by Bosch. PMID- 6739278 TI - [Differential diagnosis of thickening of the gallbladder: angiographic approach to the differentiation between cancer and chronic cholecystitis]. PMID- 6739280 TI - [Preoperative comparison of ultrasound and computed tomography in the diagnosis of ovarian tumors]. PMID- 6739279 TI - [Digital radiography of the chest. Evaluation of normal anatomical structure and low dose radiography]. PMID- 6739282 TI - [A new contrast medium for bowel opacification in abdominal CT scans--with comparative studies on water-soluble iodinated contrast and on fat emulsion]. PMID- 6739283 TI - [Computed tomography of hydatidiform mole. Evaluation of myometrial invasion of "mole in utero"]. PMID- 6739281 TI - [Relationship between an appearance time of and a prognosis of recurrent patients of breast cancer]. PMID- 6739284 TI - Plant oestrogens; the cause of decreased fertility in cows. A case report. AB - During the stall feeding period 1982-1983, it was established that serious fertility disturbances, indicating oestrogenic stimulation, had occurred in a herd of cattle in an area supported by the College of Veterinary Medicine's ambulatory clinic. Whilst investigating the cause of these disturbances it was proven that the silage administered during this period was prepared almost entirely from pure red clover aftergrowth. The oestrogenic isoflavone content of the silage (liquid chromatograph examination) and the oestrogenic strength (bioassay) were considerably great. When feeding with the fodder was subsequently discontinued the disturbances ceased to occur and the cows became pregnant more easily. On the basis of the aforementioned incidences it was ascertained that plant oestrogens were almost certainly the cause of the fertility disturbances. PMID- 6739285 TI - Studies on the helminth parasites of sheep in Southern Greenland. AB - The nematode population of sheep on Greenland is dominated by Ostertagia circumcincta and three Nematodirus species: N. spathiger, N. helvetianus and N. abnormalis. These results are compared with those for other Nordic countries. Great similarities exist with subarctic Norway but there is a lesser degree of correlation with Iceland and lowland Norway which tend to have a richer spectrum of species. N. helvetianus and N. abnormalis, however, have not been reported from sheep in these countries. The abomasal worm population was remarkable in that it contained specimens with an abomally large body size. The epidemiology of infection followed the pattern recognized throughout Europe with an early-season periparturient rise in the faecal egg-count of the ewe being followed by increasing levels of infection in lambs in late summer. The epidemiology of Nematodirus infections was quite distinct from that seen in most of Europe. Species differences and the cool summer climate were thought to account for this disparity and a hypothesis was advanced to explain the observed pattern of events. Levels of infection were apparently similar in undergrazed and fully utilized grazing areas. Dosing ewes during the winter (between November to March) eliminated the periparturient egg rise. Lambs could be kept almost worm free by keeping them on clean rangeland and dosing at 3-5 week intervals. A clear weight gain advantage over conventionally reared lambs was only recorded in one year of the study. PMID- 6739286 TI - [Study of erythrocyte deformability using visco-diffractometry (ektacytometry) in hereditary hemolytic anemias]. AB - Deformability is a basic characteristic of red blood cells; its regulating factors are presently well known (surface volume ratio, internal viscosity, viscoelastic properties of the membrane). The contribution of each of these factors in the pathogeny of hemolytic anemias has not been fully established. We report 64 hereditary hemolytic anemias in which we studied the deformability, using a visco-diffractometric method (ektacytometer) on whole blood and various subpopulations separated by density. Comparison of the response of the cells submitted to isotonic and hypotonic media allows the determination of the respective contribution of viscosity and surface volume ratio. Deformability is always decreased in red blood cell membrane diseases and in homozygous or double heterozygous hemoglobinopathies; on the other hand, deformability is normal in all the enzymopathies studied. This decrease could be due either to one regulation factor (increase of internal viscosity easily demonstrated by this method in hereditary xerocytosis and hemoglobin CC) or to several parameters: increase of internal viscosity and decrease of surface volume ratio in hereditary spherocytosis. PMID- 6739287 TI - [Refractory anemia with an excess of blasts: evidence for 2 evolving groups in a group of 56 patients]. AB - Cytological and kinetic findings in 56 patients with refractory anemia with excess blasts (RAEB) were studied. The different statistical methods used produce similar results: our group of patients can be separated by cytological parameters in two populations (overt leukemic or hematologically stable evolution). Different functional lesions may be responsible for these two types; pluripotential stem cell dysfunction in the first case and abnormality of the granulocytic committed stem cell in the second. A score, based on a small number of simple and reliable parameters, is able to distinguish these two populations. PMID- 6739288 TI - Hodgkin's disease and subacute cerebellar degeneration. A case report and review of the literature. AB - Case history of a 20-year old man with Hodgkin's disease, clinical stage I, lymphocytic predominance, complicated by a subacute cerebellar degeneration, which was diagnosed by computed tomography scan. Following local radiotherapy, cerebellar and brain stem symptoms and signs had a complete regression. Two months later, a recurrence of the neurological picture was recorded: polychemotherapy (MOPP) was then administered and after 5 courses the symptoms improved considerably. The association of subacute cerebellar degeneration with Hodgkin's disease is rare: only 10 cases have previously been described. Pathogenesis of cerebellar atrophy complicating tumors is undetermined. PMID- 6739289 TI - Gaucher's disease: unexpected diagnosis in three patients over seventy years old. AB - Gaucher's disease is usually diagnosed in the first or second decade of life with the appearance of bone pains, splenomegaly and hemorrhagic manifestations due to thrombocytopenia. When the hematological parameters are preserved and the enlarged spleen not evident until late in life, patients are rarely identified as having Gaucher's disease and the diagnosis is based only on the presence of Gaucher's cells in bone marrow. We present here three cases of elderly patients aged 81, 73 and 72 years in whom the disease was a surprise finding of bone marrow examination. PMID- 6739290 TI - Large polypeptides of 10S DNA polymerase alpha from calf thymus: rapid isolation using monoclonal antibody and tryptic peptide mapping analysis. AB - The polypeptides recognized by a monoclonal antibody against calf thymus DNA polymerase alpha (secreted from a hybridoma CL22 -2- 42B , Nucleic Acids Res. (1982) 10, 4703-4713) were identified by the immunoblot method as the large polypeptides of the partially-purified 10S DNA polymerase alpha fraction. Using an immunoprecipitation technique with the monoclonal antibody, a rapid immunological isolation of the polypeptides has been achieved. By this method, the large polypeptides with Mr = 140,000, 145,000, and 150,000 were isolated from a partially-purified preparation of 10S DNA polymerase alpha. On the other hand, the polypeptides with Mr = 150,000, 180,000, and 240,000 were obtained from a crude extract of calf thymus. Tryptic peptide maps showed that the large polypeptides with Mr = 150,000, and 180,000 were very similar in primary structure and that the structures of Mr = 180,000 and 240,000 polypeptides contained partially common sequences. Among these polypeptides, the Mr = 150,000 polypeptide was shown to correlate with the enzyme activity. These results suggest that the large polypeptide of 10S DNA polymerase alpha is initially synthesized as Mr = 180,000 or larger polypeptide, then converted to the form with Mr = 150,000. The Mr = 140,000 and 145,000 polypeptides in the purified preparation may be artificial products formed during purification. PMID- 6739291 TI - Hyperacetylation of histone H4 promotes chromatin decondensation prior to histone replacement by protamines during spermatogenesis in rainbow trout. AB - During the final stages of spermatogenesis in rainbow trout a dramatic increase in the level of histone H4 hyperacetylation is observed which is closely correlated with the replacement of histones by protamines. In order to understand further how H4 hyperacetylation might assist in protamine replacement of the histones, we have investigated the effect of H4 hyperacetylation on chromatin structure in trout testes actively undergoing the replacement process. Long chromatin fragments enriched in hyperacetylated H4 have been isolated and characterized. Evidence is presented that hyperacetylated H4 is clustered in certain regions (domains) of late stage testis chromatin and within these domains the chromatin exhibits an altered, highly relaxed structure which is believed to be the result of the extensive hyperacetylation. These domains, which are nearly devoid of protamine, are postulated to represent an initial structural transition which is necessary for the proper histone removal and protamine replacement process to take place. PMID- 6739292 TI - Nucleotide sequences of chloroplast 5S ribosomal RNA from cell suspension cultures of the liverworts Marchantia polymorpha and Jungermannia subulata. AB - The nucleotide sequences of chloroplast 5S rRNAs from cell suspension cultures of the liverworts Marchantia polymorpha and Jungermannia subulata were determined. Their nucleotide sequences, 119 nucleotides long, were highly homologous to each other (96% identity) and had high homology with those from chloroplast 5S rRNAs of two higher plants, tobacco (92% identity) and spinach (92-91% identity), but less homology (87-85% identity) with that from a lower plant, the fern Dryopteris acuminata. PMID- 6739293 TI - Binding of ethidium and bis(methidium)spermine to Z DNA by intercalation. AB - The interaction of ethidium bromide, a DNA intercalating drug, and bis( methidium )spermine, a DNA bis-intercalating compound, with the left-handed Z form of poly(dG-dC) has been studied in 4.4 M NaCl. Spectrophotometric analysis using absorption, fluorescence and circular dichroism indicates that the complex formed between ethidium and Z DNA resembles very closely that formed with B DNA. This suggests that ethidium binds to Z DNA by intercalation. 31P NMR spectra are presented showing both the conversion of the Z form to the B form with increasing amounts of drug and the typical Z form spectrum at low binding densities. Data are also presented which show that the bifunctional intercalator bis( methidium )spermine binds to Z DNA in a manner similar to its binding to B DNA, i.e., by bis-intercalation. These results are important for our understanding the behavior of Z DNA and its biological significance. PMID- 6739294 TI - DNA sequence and transcription of a DNA minicircle isolated from male-fertile sugar beet mitochondria. AB - A minicircle consisting of 1440 bp was isolated from male fertile sugar beet mitochondria. The entire nucleotide sequence of the minicircle was determined. There are several stop codons in all three reading frames and it is therefore unlikely that the minicircle codes for a polypeptide product. However, the minicircle is transcribed yielding a major RNA product consisting of 850 bases in addition to two very minor RNA products of 1100 and 950 bases, respectively. All three RNA products are transcribed from the same strand. The starting point for transcription of the major RNA product was determined by S1 nuclease protection analysis. PMID- 6739295 TI - The structure of d(CGCGAAT[]TCGCG) . d(CGCGAATTCGCG); the incorporation of a thymine photodimer into a B-DNA helix. AB - In the light of the biological significance of thymine photodimers , studies of the energetics of the dodecanucleotide fragment d( CGCGAATTCGCG )2 have been carried out using the methods of molecular mechanics, with and without incorporation of a thymine dimer in the cis-syn configuration. The results of the calculations suggest that the thymine dimerized structures show no gross distortion in the double helix with the conformational changes relative to the normal B-DNA double helix restricted largely to the dimer region. The energetics of dTp[]dT reveal a number of conformers which are energetically almost equally favorable and are, as a group, qualitatively consistent with NMR studies on this molecule. The biological implications of the results of the conformational studies, reported here, have been examined vis-a-vis the currently available models for the recognition of DNA "damage" by repair enzymes. PMID- 6739297 TI - Proton NMR study and conformational analysis of d(CGT), d(TCG) and d(CGTCG) in aqueous solution. The effect of a dangling thymidine and of a thymidine mismatch on DNA mini-duplexes. AB - Proton NMR studies of d(CGT), d(TCG) and d(CGTCG) were carried out at 300 and 500 MHz. The temperature and concentration dependence of the chemical shifts of various resonances indicates duplex formation only in the cases of d(TCG) and d(CGTCG). It is concluded that d(TCG) forms a mini-duplex stabilized by a 5' dangling thymine base. Thermodynamic parameters of the duplex-to-coil equilibrium of the d(TCG) duplex are: delta H0 = -22.3 kcal/mol and delta S0 = -70 cal/mol. K, which correspond to approximately 40% duplex formation at 0 degrees C in a 2 mM nucleotide solution. Comparison of these data with thermodynamic parameters given earlier [Borer, P.N., Dengler, B., Tinoco, I. and Uhlenbeck, O.C. (1974) J. Mol. Biol. 86, 843-853] leads to the conclusion that the dangling base stabilization observed here is approximately equivalent to the stabilization caused by one or two additional A . T base pairs. The chemical shift behaviour of various resonances in d(CGTCG) indicates duplex formation without looping out of the thymine bases. The T X T mismatch does not seem to disturb the helical structure to a large extent. Analysis of the vicinal proton-proton coupling constants of the three compounds yielded geometrical data for the sugar rings. The data are interpreted in terms of N and S pseudorotational ranges. It is shown that a distinct conformation-transmission effect is exerted by the guanosine residues in a 5'----3' direction. PMID- 6739296 TI - Reduced repeat length of nascent nucleosomal DNA is generated by replicating chromatin in vivo. AB - Micrococcal nuclease digestion of nuclei from sea urchin embryos revealed transient changes in chromatin structure which resulted in a reduction in the repeat length of nascent chromatin DNA as compared with bulk DNA. This was considered to be entirely the consequence of in vivo events at the replication fork (Cell 14, 259, 1978). However, a micrococcal nuclease-generated sliding of nucleosome cores relative to nascent DNA, which might account for the smaller DNA fragments, was not excluded. In vivo [3H]thymidine pulse-labeled nuclei were fixed with a formaldehyde prior to micrococcal nuclease digestion. This linked chromatin proteins to DNA and thus prevented any in vitro sliding of histone cores. All the nascent DNAs exhibiting shorter repeat lengths after micrococcal nuclease digestion, were resolved at identical mobilities in polyacrylamide gels of DNA from fixed and unfixed nuclei. We conclude that these differences in repeat lengths between nascent and bulk DNA was generated in vivo by changes in chromatin structure during replication, rather than by micrococcal nuclease induced sliding of histone cores in vitro. PMID- 6739298 TI - Basepairing of oligonucleotides to the 3' end of 16S ribosomal RNA is not stabilized by ribosomal proteins. AB - We have studied the binding of the octanucleotide (5'-3')d(AAGGAGGT) which is fully complementary to the 3' end of 16S ribosomal RNA, to ribosomes and to the isolated target sequence (5'-3') (ACCUCCUUA). The binding constant for 30S or 70S ribosomes is (5 +/- 2) X 10(7) mol-1, whereas the duplex containing the octa- and the nonanucleotide has an association constant of (6 +/- 3) X 10(7) mol-1. The two values are the same within the experimental error. This result suggests that basepairing at the 3' end of 16S rRNA is not stabilized by ribosomal proteins. PMID- 6739299 TI - [Topography of metastases of squamous-cell carcinoma of the epiglottis to cervical lymph nodes]. PMID- 6739300 TI - [Early results of treatment and complications in relation to radiation doses and methods of their fractionation in preoperative brachytherapy by the "afterloading" method in patients with cervical cancer]. PMID- 6739301 TI - ["Skin bridge" technic in ilio-inguinal lymph node excision]. PMID- 6739302 TI - [IgM non-secreting form of lympho-plasmacytic lymphoma]. PMID- 6739304 TI - [Computer analysis of the roentgenological picture of the chest]. PMID- 6739305 TI - [Short-term hypoxia and hyperoxia tests for the evaluation of the chemical regulation of respiration]. PMID- 6739303 TI - [Oncocytoma of the kidney]. PMID- 6739306 TI - [Diagnostic tactics in lung cancer. I. Practical possibilities and diagnostic tactics in lung cancer]. PMID- 6739308 TI - [Mycosis of the bronchial stump after resection of lung tissue and tracheal mycosis after plastic surgery of the trachea]. PMID- 6739307 TI - [Diagnostic tactics in lung cancer. II. Usefulness of various diagnostic methods and diagnostic tactics in lung cancer]. PMID- 6739309 TI - [Clinical and functional changes during a year-long observation of patients with pulmonary sarcoidosis]. PMID- 6739310 TI - [Congenital cyst of the thymus gland]. PMID- 6739311 TI - Albuterol: an adrenergic agent for use in the treatment of asthma pharmacology, pharmacokinetics and clinical use. AB - Albuterol is a long-acting beta 2-adrenergic receptor-selective drug that relaxes airway smooth muscle. It is currently available in the United States in oral and metered-dose inhaler forms. Nebulizer solutions and parenteral preparations are likely to be marketed here in the future. The chemical modifications that make albuterol beta 2-selective also promote oral bioavailability and increased duration of action by decreasing sensitivity to degradative enzymes. Albuterol can also produce undesirable dose-related effects: metabolic effects including decreased levels of plasma potassium, phosphate, calcium and magnesium; increased levels of plasma glucose, insulin, renin, lactate and ketones; peripheral vasodilation and perhaps some direct cardiac stimulation resulting in decreased systemic and pulmonary vascular resistance, increased pulse pressure and tachycardia; and skeletal muscle tremor. These side effects are most common with parenteral administration and much less prominent with aerosol administration, which yields lower systemic concentrations. Limited pharmacokinetic data suggest a long distribution phase, a terminal half-life of 3-8 hours, and 10-20% oral bioavailability. Aerosolization of albuterol or a similar agent with a compressed air nebulizer appears to be best first-line management of the patient with acute dyspneic asthma, but appropriate preparations for this kind of therapy are currently missing from the United States market. Intravenous albuterol has also been employed in acutely dyspneic patients, but produces more side effects than carefully administered intravenous theophylline, is impaired by lack of sufficient pharmacokinetic information to guide dosing, and is of uncertain efficacy in the asthmatic with respiratory failure. However, it appears to lack the potentially life-threatening side effects that can result when theophylline is used carelessly . In the ambulatory patient, aerosolized albuterol (or a similar agent) administered by metered-dose inhaler is an excellent agent for treatment as needed and/or for prevention of acute bronchospasm triggered by exercise or other predictable cause. Advantages include a high degree of efficacy, rapid onset and long duration of effect, and minimal side effects. Regularly scheduled administration of albuterol by metered-dose inhaler is a widely used and effective maintenance medication for patients requiring long-term prophylactic therapy. However comparisons of the ability of this regimen and the other common maintenance regimens (cromolyn and theophylline) to control chronic symptoms of asthma are needed. PMID- 6739313 TI - Effect of ticarcillin on gentamicin and tobramycin pharmacokinetics in a patient with end-stage renal disease. PMID- 6739312 TI - Amoxicillin and potassium clavulanate: an antibiotic combination. Mechanism of action, pharmacokinetics, antimicrobial spectrum, clinical efficacy and adverse effects. AB - The combination of amoxicillin and potassium clavulanate will soon be marketed in 2:1 and 4:1 fixed ratio dosage forms. In vitro and in vivo evidence suggests that clavulanic acid, a potent inhibitor of many bacterial beta-lactamase enzymes, will increase the spectrum of amoxicillin to include, at achievable serum concentrations, Haemophilus influenzae, H. ducreyi, Neisseria gonorrhoeae, Staphylococcus aureus and Branhamella catarralis and, at achievable urine levels, many beta-lactamase-producing strains of E. coli, Klebsiella, Proteus and Citrobacter. Both amoxicillin and clavulanic are well absorbed after oral administration, reach peak serum levels in 40-120 min and have similar half-lives of 45 to 90 min. This combination will be suitable for the treatment of complicated urinary tract infections, otitis media, sinusitis and respiratory tract infections. However, precise recommendations for its use will need to await further clinical trials that compare amoxicillin/clavulanate to alternative therapies. PMID- 6739314 TI - Digoxin toxicity: enhanced systemic elimination during oral activated charcoal therapy. PMID- 6739315 TI - [Bronchoalveolar lavage--its value in the diagnosis of lung diseases]. PMID- 6739316 TI - [Acute hepatic porphyrias. 1. The breath test with C-14-aminopyrine, serum bile acid levels and routine tests in the evaluation of liver function]. PMID- 6739317 TI - [Acute hepatic porphyrias. II. Comparison of the intensity of histological and ultrastructural changes with the degree of liver function disorders based on the breath test with C-14-aminopyrine and serum bile acid level]. PMID- 6739318 TI - [Effect of labetalol on antipyrine metabolism in the liver]. PMID- 6739319 TI - [Various problems of the physiopathology of pregnancy and renal changes]. PMID- 6739320 TI - [Kidney diseases and pregnancy]. PMID- 6739321 TI - [Various aspects of disorders of water-electrolyte metabolism in chronic renal failure]. PMID- 6739322 TI - [Disorders of calcium-phosphate metabolism in patients with chronic and acute renal failure]. PMID- 6739323 TI - The use of antibiotics in pediatric abdominal surgery. PMID- 6739324 TI - Non-neonatal infection due to Listeria monocytogenes. AB - In the period from 1969 through 1983, four cases of non-neonatal Listeria monocytogenes meningitis were encountered in Dallas, representing an incidence rate of 0.3%. Three cases occurring in immunocompetent patients are the subject of this report. A review of the literature since 1945 produced 87 cases of Listeria infections in patients who were from 2 months to 20 years of age. Of these, 54% occurred in immunocompetent persons. The case-fatality rate was 15% in the immunocompetent patients, compared with 42% in immunocompromised patients and with 35% in patients with other underlying illnesses. The diagnosis of listeriosis causes concern about the possibility of an underlying occult malignancy or disorder of T cell function, but on the basis of our review these underlying abnormalities are usually clinically apparent at the time of infection. A rational approach to the child with Listeria infection, who is not known to be a compromised host, would be to examine the history and patient carefully to consider documenting normal numbers of T lymphocytes and assessing delayed hypersensitivity by skin testing. PMID- 6739325 TI - Deafness as the presenting sign of posttraumatic pneumococcal meningitis. PMID- 6739326 TI - Dactylitis and tuberculid eruptions in a child with primary tuberculosis. PMID- 6739327 TI - Sinusitis, orbital cellulitis and polymicrobial bacteremia in a patient with primary Epstein-Barr virus infection. PMID- 6739328 TI - Seizures associated with Campylobacter jejuni enteritis. PMID- 6739331 TI - Oral lesions in pneumococcemia. PMID- 6739330 TI - Bacterial tracheitis and viral croup. PMID- 6739329 TI - Safety of cat-scratch skin test material. PMID- 6739332 TI - Aeromonas hydrophila gastroenteritis in Tuscany children. PMID- 6739333 TI - Frontal sinusitis. PMID- 6739334 TI - Antibiotics and pharyngitis. PMID- 6739335 TI - Intraabdominal sepsis. PMID- 6739336 TI - Management of pneumonia in outpatients. PMID- 6739337 TI - Management of infections due to herpes simplex virus. PMID- 6739338 TI - Mycoplasma infections in children. PMID- 6739339 TI - Cerebrospinal fluid shunt infections. PMID- 6739340 TI - Prophylactic antibiotics. PMID- 6739341 TI - Post-exposure rabies prophylaxis. PMID- 6739343 TI - [Results of ambulatory graded exercise therapy of exertion-induced stable angina pectoris]. PMID- 6739344 TI - [Ketotifen in the treatment of hypersensitivity to acetylsalicylic acid]. PMID- 6739345 TI - [Physiological and biochemical blood parameters in cigarette smokers and non smokers]. PMID- 6739342 TI - Bacteremia in ambulatory children. AB - Bacteremia is a relatively common event in young, apparently mildly ill febrile children. The bacteremia is associated with certain risk factors including age, elevated temperature and high white blood cell count or increased erythrocyte sedimentation rate. The disease and bacteremia clears without antimicrobial agents in some children, but many untreated children have persistent disease. Culture of blood is valuable in children with risk features and may be enhanced in the future as methods for detection of antigen become more widely available. Available data from randomized trials of therapy do not provide clear guidelines for treatment and opinions about optimal management of children at risk for bacteremia vary. My judgement is that presumptive therapy is warranted for the child who is 6 to 24 months of age, who has high fever and has high white blood cell count. Therapy should be effective for the pneumococcus and for H. influenzae. Currently, I recommend amoxicillin or, for children allergic to penicillin, trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole or cefaclor. After 48 to 72 hours the physician can judge the clinical course and will have data from cultures to base decisions about management of the illness. PMID- 6739346 TI - [Effect of hemodialysis on left-ventricular systolic time intervals]. PMID- 6739347 TI - [Serum 25-hydroxyvitamin D (25-OH-D) level in children with primary nephrotic syndrome treated with glucocorticoids]. PMID- 6739348 TI - [25-hydroxyvitamin D levels in infants with subscleral hygroma]. PMID- 6739352 TI - [Need of hospitalized patients to be informed about their diseases and treatment]. PMID- 6739350 TI - [Antilymphocyte antibodies in the sera of children with juvenile rheumatoid arthritis and rheumatic fever]. PMID- 6739349 TI - [Morphological and enzyme studies of the small intestine mucosa in athreptic children with central nervous system lesions]. PMID- 6739353 TI - [Symptoms and the degree of invasiveness of large-intestinal cancer]. PMID- 6739351 TI - [Comparative evaluation of the biological availability of Syntarpen and Orbenin in humans]. PMID- 6739354 TI - [Diseases of the dolichosigmoid--analysis of 40 cases]. PMID- 6739356 TI - [Perforation of Meckel's diverticulum by a foreign body]. PMID- 6739355 TI - [Serum vitamin E, cholesterol and triglyceride concentrations in patients with acute hepatic porphyria and porphyria cutanea tarda]. PMID- 6739357 TI - [Integration of therapeutic and nursing services in the intensive medical care department: psychological problems]. PMID- 6739358 TI - [Relation between acute toxicity of carbon monoxide and environmental temperature and blood alcohol level]. PMID- 6739359 TI - [Health-resort treatment of the vascular form of vibration syndrome]. PMID- 6739360 TI - [Acid phosphatase in peripheral blood lymphocytes of patients with psoriasis]. PMID- 6739361 TI - [A case of a patient with atonic chest and bilateral lung contusion]. PMID- 6739362 TI - [Left-ventricular contraction in patients with chronic cor pulmonale after intravenous injection of hydrocortisone]. PMID- 6739363 TI - [Extracranial-intracranial arterial anastomosis in the prevention and treatment of ischemic cerebral stroke--results of early and late neurological examinations]. PMID- 6739364 TI - [Effect of amiodarone on ventricular systolic time intervals in patients with coronary disease]. PMID- 6739365 TI - [Transient symptoms of cerebral ischemia in unilateral stenosis of the vertebral artery]. PMID- 6739366 TI - [A model of post-infarction cardiological rehabilitation in perspective]. PMID- 6739367 TI - [The battle against stomach cancer]. PMID- 6739368 TI - [Evaluation of methods in the early detection of stomach cancer]. PMID- 6739369 TI - [Suggestions following the evaluation of the current incidence and diagnosis of stomach cancer in Szczecin]. PMID- 6739370 TI - [Cavernous angiomas of the large intestine]. PMID- 6739371 TI - [Prevention of hair loss during cancer chemotherapy]. PMID- 6739373 TI - International overview on the treatment of prostate cancer--Scandinavian experience. AB - The Scandinavian countries, especially Sweden and Norway, have a high incidence of prostate cancer. The tumor classification has been mainly uniform in recent years, according to the TNM system. Transrectal fine-needle biopsy and cytologic malignancy grading were introduced in Sweden and were gradually accepted in other countries. The treatment of prostate cancer has been mainly conservative as it is in most parts of Europe. For a long period endocrine therapy was given in the vast majority of cases. In recent years radiotherapy has also been used in cancer of low differentiation with no evidence of dissemination. In poorly differentiated and disseminated disease, Estracyt is the standard therapy. Estracyt is also given in disseminated carcinoma nonresponsive to ordinary hormone therapy. In this category of patients other chemotherapy is the second therapeutic alternative. Various techniques of endocrine therapy, chemotherapy, and radical surgery are subject to controlled trials. PMID- 6739372 TI - Carcinoma of the prostate in Israel: some epidemiological and therapeutic considerations. AB - Analysis of the different rate of prostatic cancer in Israel among Jews from various countries of origin reveals some very interesting and marked varieties in incidence, which are studied more closely now. Aggressive, combined treatment for the invasive cases of prostatic cancer has been used since 1975. This was based on orchiectomy, DES, and chemotherapy for the stage D2 disease, and on radiotherapy and hormonal therapy for the stage C, and possibly also the stage D1 disease. Results so far have been very encouraging indeed, and with considerably better results than obtained with the individual, more conventional forms of therapy. Five-year survival in the stage D2 disease has been 63.5%, and 87.6% in the stage C (+D1?) disease. It appears that this approach is more justified, certainly in the advanced stages of this disease. PMID- 6739374 TI - Fluorescent androgen derivatives do not discriminate between androgen receptor positive and -negative human tumor cell lines. AB - For the evaluation of histochemical procedures for detection of androgen receptors, three human tumor cell lines have been used: PC-93 and NHIK-3025, both biochemically characterized as androgen receptor-positive, and EB-33, biochemically characterized as androgen receptor-negative. The binding of three fluorescent ligands, testosterone-17 beta-hemisuccinate-bovine serum albumin fluorescein isothiocyanate, testosterone-17 beta-hemisuccinate-fluoresceinamine, and 5 alpha-dihydrotestosterone-17 beta-hemisuccinate-fluoresceinamine, to the cells was evaluated. The relative binding affinities of the ligands for the androgen receptors were low (less than 5% when compared to methyltrienolone). Treatment of the cells with the androgen-fluoresceinamine derivatives resulted in a fluorescent labeling of the cytoplasm in both intact and "freeze-damaged" cells of the three cell lines. This staining was independent of the presence of receptors. Nuclei were not stained. Incubation of intact cels with the protein linked conjugate did not result in significant cellular fluorescence. Only cells with damaged membranes showed a positive histochemical reaction, both in nucleus and cytoplasm, irrespective of the receptor content of the cells. The fluorescence intensity was not suppressed with excess 5 alpha-dihydrotestosterone or methyltrienolone, which are known to prevent binding of low affinity ligands to androgen receptors. From these results it is concluded that androgen receptors cannot be detected by these fluorescent ligands with low affinity for the receptor. The observed fluorescence of the cells is therefore due to binding of the ligands to other binding sites. The visualization/histochemical demonstration of these binding sites does not appear to be related to the presence of androgen receptors. PMID- 6739375 TI - Prostatic adenocarcinoma PC EW, a new human tumor line transplantable in nude mice. AB - A serially transplantable human prostatic carcinoma line, PC EW, has been developed through heterotransplantation of tumor tissue from a lymph node metastasis. PC EW is androgen dependent and is similar to the original tumor in terms of histological pattern, amounts of prostatic acid phosphatase secreted, and absence of a hormonally independent subline. This line is thus similar to PC 82, and we herein report the first results of comparative treatment trials conducted on PC EW. PMID- 6739376 TI - Transrectal ultrasonotomography of the canine prostate. AB - We developed a new scanner for transrectal ultrasonotomography of the canine prostate. Using this scanner, a clear horizontal tomogram of the canine prostate was obtained for cross sections at every 2 mm. Prostatic volume was estimated as the sum of the volume of each section. Accordingly, the weight of the canine prostate could be accurately calculated from the volume and the specific gravity of the prostate. PMID- 6739377 TI - Percutaneous lymph node aspiration biopsy and tumor grade in staging of prostatic carcinoma. AB - Percutaneous fluoroscopy-guided fine-needle aspiration biopsy was performed for staging procedures in 31 patients with clinically localized carcinoma of the prostate and showed overall accuracy of 93.54%, with a false-negative rate of 6.46%. The Gleason grading system was found to be highly accurate in predicting the absence or presence of nodal metastases in low- and high-grade tumors (Gleason's sums 2, 3, or 4, and 8, 9, or 10). The combination of pelvic node biopsy aspiration and tumor grade can result in a very accurate prediction of nodal involvement, and may spare patients a staging lymphadenectomy or even an unnecessary radical operation. PMID- 6739378 TI - Heat stress and the young athlete. Recognizing and reducing the risks. PMID- 6739379 TI - What is atopy? Sidestepping semantics. AB - Atopy may be viewed as the manifestation of a still-undefined defect. It is characterized by certain clinical findings and frequently by derangements of the immune and autonomic nervous systems. The atopic diseases are a group of seemingly unrelated conditions--eczema, asthma, rhinitis, and perhaps hypertrophic sinusitis, vernal conjunctivitis, and migraine--which cluster in individuals and families. In the respiratory tract and eye, eosinophils in tissues and secretions are characteristic and are not dependent on the presence of immediate hypersensitivity. Symptoms suggestive of mast-cell mediator release are common to all the atopic diseases, and there is some evidence that nonimmunologic mediator release is enhanced in atopic patients. In the most clearly defined atopic diseases, eczema and asthma, approximately 80% of patients have increased IgE responses to normal environmental allergens. Accompanying and perhaps underlying the enhanced IgE responses are deficiencies of T cell numbers and function, particularly in suppressor T lymphocytes. Evidence exists that decreased beta 2-adrenergic function and increased cholinergic and alpha adrenergic responsiveness accompany and perhaps underlie the atopic diseases, whether allergic or nonallergic. PMID- 6739380 TI - Atopic dermatitis. Clinical spectrum and approach to treatment. AB - The fact that atopic dermatitis is such a common medical problem underlies the need for better understanding of the basic disease processes and the development of new therapeutic approaches. Infection is now recognized as an important exacerbating factor, and the role of inflammatory and immunologic mediators is receiving scrutiny. The development of potent topical corticosteroids has provided a new component in the therapeutic armamentarium that previously included only cool soaks, menthol or phenol, tars, antihistamines, and combinations of these. Appropriate and aggressive therapy given early seems to offer the patient the best chance for recovery. Patient education is important in minimizing recurrent flares of disease. PMID- 6739381 TI - Imported fire ant allergy. Perspectives on diagnosis and treatment. AB - As the imported fire ant relentlessly expands its territory, more and more people are at risk of the insects' discomforting and sometimes dangerous stings. Thus, all primary care physicians in fire ant-infested areas should be familiar with diagnosis and treatment of fire ant stings and of allergic reactions to the stings. Fire ant venom is unique when compared with other Hymenoptera venoms, as it consists mainly of nonallergenic alkaloids that are of small molecular weight with only a small percentage of allergenic proteins. Fire ant wholebody extract, unlike other Hymenoptera wholebody extracts, retains its allergenic activity and is an adequate material for use in diagnostic testing and immunotherapy. Diagnosis of fire ant allergy can be readily made by the radioallergosorbent test (RAST) or by skin testing using fire ant wholebody extract. Immunotherapy with fire ant whole-body extract in allergic individuals can prevent serious recurrent systemic reactions. PMID- 6739382 TI - Acquired immune deficiency syndrome (AIDS). Medical challenge of the 80's. AB - Although the pathophysiology of acquired immune deficiency syndrome (AIDS) is not completely understood, we know a great deal about its epidemiology, risk factors, clinical manifestations, course, and immunologic features. Clinicians caring for high-risk individuals, particularly those in endemic urban areas, should remain alert for signs and symptoms of opportunistic infections or neoplasms associated with immunosuppression. It is clear that research on AIDS has increased exponentially; both physicians and patients should be encouraged by the fact that the apparent cause of this syndrome has been identified (human T-lymphotropic retrovirus HTLV-III) and that this breakthrough should result in effective therapeutic strategies in the near future. PMID- 6739383 TI - Urticaria and angioedema. Current approach to common problems. AB - Urticaria and angioedema are common problems encountered in clinical practice. The list of potential causes is quite extensive, and ruling in or out the many possibilities requires a probing history, careful physical examination, and appropriate selection of screening laboratory tests. Identification of the cause is more likely in patients who present with acute (evanescent) symptoms than in patients whose symptoms follow a chronic course. In the latter group the expertise of the subspecialty physician is often useful. PMID- 6739384 TI - Glaucoma screening by the primary care physician. PMID- 6739385 TI - Stress: a cardiologist's point of view. PMID- 6739386 TI - Hazards of drug use in the elderly. Commonsense measures to reduce them. AB - One of the major tasks of clinicians caring for elderly patients is preventing adverse drug reactions. This age-group is particularly at high risk for multiple pathologic findings and physical problems; therefore, increased drug use is common. Nondrug therapy should be employed whenever possible; however, if a drug is needed, the following interactions should be considered: drug-drug, drug alcohol, drug-disease, and drug-nutrition. Successful management depends on good communication among all health care providers and with the patient, including use of written instructions and a patient medication record, and periodic review of both the dose prescribed and the need for the drug. PMID- 6739387 TI - Facial nerve paralysis. 2. 'All that palsies is not Bell's'. AB - Management of the patient with facial nerve paralysis challenges the diagnostic skills and clinical judgment of the attending physician. The clinician should not assume that all facial paralysis is Bell's palsy; the disease possibilities are broad and fascinating. Therapeutic options are still being evaluated, debated, and assessed. Appropriate management of the patient with facial nerve paralysis requires a complete history and precise examination. PMID- 6739388 TI - Unusual groin swellings. PMID- 6739389 TI - Dementia due to tumours of the corpus callosum. AB - The clinical features of 16 cases of tumours of the corpus callosum are described. Many presented with mental changes which were eventually obvious in all but one of the patients. The need to consider these tumours in the differential diagnosis of dementia is discussed. PMID- 6739390 TI - Chest pain--indigestion or impending heart attack? AB - A high proportion (40%) of patients with definite myocardial ischaemia who were questioned on admission to a Cardiac Monitoring Unit had experienced preceding chest pain which had been misinterpreted by both the patients themselves and doctors as 'indigestion' and which had often been inappropriately treated. 'Indigestion' in the chest in previously non-dyspeptic subjects over 40 years of age should be regarded as myocardial ischaemia until proved otherwise. PMID- 6739391 TI - Appendicitis--a study of incidence, death rates and consumption of hospital resources. AB - The incidence of appendicitis in a population of 1.07 million is estimated based on discharge rates compiled by the Central Bureau of Statistics for the years 1977 and 1978. A crude incidence rate of 140 per 100,000 inhabitants is found with a male dominance (153 v. 126). The lowest incidence rate is found in the age group 0-4, whereas the highest rates are found for patients 15-24 years of age. Seventy-four per cent of all appendicitis cases is found in the age group 5-34 years. The mean length of stay was 6.5 days, but with differences between the counties studied of up to 60%. A yearly death rate of 0.30-0.37% with a male dominance is revealed. Appendicitis cases consume only 1.2% of all hospital discharges but 11.8% of all discharges for gastrointestinal diseases. A comparison with previous studies is performed and it is suggested that most of the reported reduction in incidence rates for appendicitis most probably is caused by a more reliable data base in the recent years. PMID- 6739392 TI - Cricoid webs--incidence and follow-up study in Indian patients. AB - A study was conducted to investigate the association of anaemia with dysphagia and cricoid webs in an adult Indian hospital population of 2,840 patients (1,200 males and 1,640 females). There were 150 cases (5.2%) of anaemia in the total population studied. One hundred and seventeen patients suffered from iron deficiency anaemia and only 33 from non-iron deficiency anaemia. Dysphagia was present in 15 patients (13%) of those with iron deficiency. Six (40%) of these cases of iron deficiency with dysphagia had cricoid webs. None of the cases with non-iron deficiency anaemia or the control population had either dysphagia or cricoid webs. Iron therapy improved four out of the six patients of iron deficiency with cricoid webs both subjectively and objectively. PMID- 6739393 TI - Clinical comparison of elastic supports for venous diseases of the lower limb. AB - Compression garments for the lower limb were tested in two groups--general support garments and anti-embolism supports. A total of 98 patients was examined. The method used was by the interposition of partly fluid-filled pressure sensors between garment and skin. A combination of roller bandage with shaped tubigrip (SBB--Seton) and Sigvaris stockings afforded effective pressure in the general support group but only the roller bandage plus pressure garment (Seton) did so in the anti-embolism group, both in the acute and prolonged studies. PMID- 6739394 TI - Recurrence of asthma following removal of a noradrenaline-secreting phaeochromocytoma. AB - A patient with asthma and a phaeochromocytoma is described. At about the time she was first noted to be hypertensive her asthma resolved spontaneously but bronchospasm returned with some severity when the tumour was removed. The phaeochromocytoma was of the noradrenaline secreting variety. Possible mechanisms through which this catecholamine might have produced the observed alleviation of asthma are considered. PMID- 6739395 TI - Acute pancreatitis--presentation as a discoloured lump in the groin. PMID- 6739397 TI - Phaeochromocytoma in a coeliac ganglion in pregnancy. PMID- 6739396 TI - Strangulated stomach within a femoral hernia. PMID- 6739398 TI - The ontogeny of blood cells, complement, and immunoglobulins in 3- to 12-week-old 15I5-B congenic white Leghorn chickens. AB - Six partially developed line 15I5-B congenic White Leghorn chicken strains were used to investigate age and B haplotype effects on hematocrit, total and differential leukocyte counts, hemolytic complement, immunoglobulins, and body weights. The .C-12 line had the lowest hematocrit values throughout the study. The .15I-5 line always had the highest mean hematocrit value and differed from the .C-12 and .P-13 lines at 3, 8, and 12 weeks, as well as lines .N-15 and .6-2 at 12 weeks. Ontogenically, the total leukocyte, hemolytic complement, immunoglobulins, and body weight values increased after 3 weeks in all lines. Lymphocytes were the predominant leukocyte after 3 weeks in all lines studied. At 12 weeks, the .C-12 line had the highest total leukocytes, heterophils, lymphocytes, and monocytes among the lines studied. The .6-2 line had a significantly higher hemolytic complement level than the .P-13 or the .C-12 line at all 3 ages, and at 12 weeks it also differed from the .7-2 line. The lines were found to be comparable for immunoglobulin classes M and G. In this study the line 15I5-B congenic lines differ for the traits of hematocrit and hemolytic complement level, and the results suggest the difference may be determined by genes in the B complex. PMID- 6739399 TI - Stimulation lighting of meat-type pullets. AB - Meat-type pullets of two strains, housed in windowless floor pens, were subjected to two stimulation lighting treatments beginning at 140 days of age. The treatments provided increases in photoperiod from 6 to 16 hr/day by either 1) 5 increases of 2 hr/day each week or 2) increases each of 2 and 1 hr/day followed by 14 increases of .5 hr/day each week. Overall, there was no significant difference due to lighting treatment in number of hatching eggs per hen housed. However, age at 50% production was 6.3 days less; percentage hen egg production was higher, 56.2 vs. 54.2; and egg weight was .8 g lower for hens of Treatment 1 vs. Treatment 2. For the strain with lower egg size, the number of additional eggs obtained for Treatment 1 was no greater than losses due to undersized eggs. For the strain with higher egg size, Treatment 1 prevented excess body weight gain and permitted earlier egg production. The merits of using rapid vs. slow stimulator lighting procedures for meat-type birds depend on the egg and body weight characteristics of the strain of hen. PMID- 6739400 TI - Production performance of white Leghorn layers limited fed. AB - Three trials were conducted to determine if the age at start of limited feeding or the amount of time laying hens were given to consume feed could be used to reduce feed intake without affecting egg weight (EW) or egg production. The age at start of limiting feed did not affect hen-day egg production (HDEP) or EW in any trial. In Trial 2, a significant difference in HDEP due to feeding times at 26 weeks of age was observed. Laying hens fed 7 hr/day at 26 weeks of age had a significantly lower HDEP than any other feeding time. Limited feeding in Trials 1 and 2 significantly decreased feed consumption, body weight gain (WG), and EW when compared with laying hens fed ad libitum. No difference in HDEP or EW was observed due to limited feeding in Trial 3. Laying hens fed 9 or 10 hr/day gained significantly less weight than laying hens fed ad libitum (Trial 3). Limited feeding did not improve feed efficiency in any trial. No consistent improvement in mortality could be attributed to limited feeding. PMID- 6739401 TI - Oral absorption of chlortetracycline in turkeys: influence of citric acid and Pasteurella multocida infection. AB - Plasma and tissue concentrations, following the oral administration of the antibiotic chlortetracycline (CTC) alone or with citric acid, were determined in healthy and infected (Pasteurella multocida) turkeys. The principal results were: 1) The dose (of CTC) versus plasma level relationship was nearly linear. 2) Addition of citric acid to an oral preparation produced significantly higher plasma levels when divalent cations Ca2+ (.3 g/liter) and Mg2+ (.1 g/liter) were present in the drinking water and dosage solution than when citric acid was omitted. 3) The concentration of CTC was considerably higher in the liver and kidney than in the muscle and brain. 4) Birds infected with P. multocida had significantly higher plasma levels than healthy birds. 5) Oral administration of CTC increased the survival rate of the birds infected with P. multocida. PMID- 6739402 TI - Influence of vitamin deficiency and level of dietary protein on the incidence of leg problems in broiler chicks. AB - Diets containing either 22 or 30% protein were supplemented with a vitamin mix where one of 11 added vitamins were singly eliminated from the mix. Male, day-old broilers were fed these diets to 3 weeks of age, and weight gains, feed utilization, and leg problems were recorded. In general, the higher protein diet did not result in a greater incidence of leg problems; however, it did alter performance of several of the vitamin-deficient diets as compared to the lower protein diet. Of the 11 vitamins studied only nonsupplementation of riboflavin markedly reduced weight gain and feed utilization during the 3-week feeding period. However, deletions of vitamin D3 and niacin also resulted in reduced performance. Riboflavin deficiency resulted in paralysis in a high percentage of the birds while the niacin-deficient diet gave a high percentage of birds with deformed legs and problems of mobility. The results demonstrate that a high incidence of leg problems may be present in a flock with little or no signs of reduced gain or feed utilization. The data suggest that under practical conditions the elimination of a particular vitamin from a diet for a short period of time would probably have a negligible effect on performance. PMID- 6739403 TI - The effect of full-spectrum fluorescent lighting on reproductive traits of caged turkey hens. AB - Large White turkey breeder hens were exposed to either incandescent or full spectrum (FS) fluorescent lighting during two 20-week reproductive cycles in closed confinement. Data were recorded for body weights, feed intake, and reproductive traits. Body weights and feed intake were similar between treatments in both egg laying cycles. In addition, there were no significant differences in egg production, fertility, hatchability, or poult weight between the incandescent and FS fluorescent light treatment in either the first or second year egg laying cycle. It was concluded that exposure of breeder turkey hens to FS fluorescent light in closed confinement results in reproductive performance similar to that obtained with incandescent lighting. PMID- 6739405 TI - The effect of feeding diets containing avoparcin and monensin on the occurrence of Salmonella in caecum and liver in experimentally infected chickens. AB - In two experiments (Experiments A and B) chickens experimentally infected with S. infantis at 7 days of age and fed diets containing both avoparcin (10 ppm) and monensin (90 ppm) showed a higher frequency of Salmonella-positive livers and higher caecal counts of Salmonella 1 and 2 weeks after challenge than similarly infected chickens fed only avoparcin (10 ppm). The results may indicate a synergistic action between the two drugs on the ability of chickens to withstand Salmonella infections. PMID- 6739404 TI - Effect of selenium and vitamin E on the development of immunity to coccidiosis in chickens. AB - Six experiments were conducted using broiler chickens to study the effect of selenium (Se) or vitamin E supplementation of a corn-soybean meal diet on the immune response to coccidiosis. Immunized chickens fed diets supplemented with .25 ppm Se or 100 IU vitamin E/kg of diet had increased body weight gain and feed intake and a tendency for lower feed conversion ratio than chickens fed unsupplemented diet after a challenge with 150,000 oocysts of Eimeria tenella. In two experiments, chickens fed .25 and .50 ppm of Se and immunized against E. tenella had higher body weight gain and a tendency for higher feed intake and lower feed conversion ratio than unsupplemented chickens when challenged with 150,000 oocysts of E. tenella. Except for a reduction on cecal lesion scores and blood packed cell volume in Experiments 1 and 4, respectively, no dietary effect was observed on cecal lesion score or blood packed cell volume of immunized chickens. Dietary supplementation with selenium or vitamin E reduced mortality and increased body weight gain of nonimmunized chickens infected with E. tenella in three of four experiments. These studies suggest that immunization of chickens against coccidiosis is enhanced by Se or vitamin E supplementation. PMID- 6739407 TI - Effect of dietary protein and light restriction on body weight and semen production of breeder male turkeys. AB - The relationships of dietary protein, body weight gain, prebreeder light restriction, age at the start of semen production, and semen volume were studied. Large White breeder male turkeys were fed corn-soybean meal diets containing the following percentages of protein at different age intervals: Treatment A, 26% (8 to 12 weeks), 19% (13 to 18 weeks), 15% (19 to 52 weeks); Treatment B, 26% (8 to 12 weeks), 19% (13 to 18 weeks), 8% (19 to 52 weeks); Treatment C, 17% (8 to 28 weeks), 8% (29 to 52 weeks); Treatment D, 17% (8 to 18 weeks), 8% (19 to 52 weeks). Body weights at 18, 28, and 52 weeks of age were: Treatment A, 11.8, 20.8, and 21.7 kg; Treatment B, 11.4, 15.1, and 17.8 kg; Treatment C, 9.2, 20.0, and 20.7 kg; Treatment D, 9.1, 11.8, and 15.0 kg. The effects of 6 hr light: 18 hr dark (restricted light) were compared with 12 hr light: 12 hr dark (full light) during the prebreeder period (18 to 28 weeks of age). All turkeys received 14 hr light: 10 hr dark from 29 to 52 weeks of age. With full light, 50% of the turkeys were producing semen at 29 weeks and 100% at 32 weeks. With restricted light, 50% of the turkeys were producing semen at 32 weeks and 100% at 34 weeks. Turkeys fed Treatments A, B, C, and D reached 50% production at 28, 30, 29, and 32 weeks, respectively, and all turkeys were producing semen at 35 weeks. The average semen volume per ejaculate for weeks 34 to 52 were: .35, .34, .34, and .25 ml for Treatments A, B, C, and D, respectively; and .34 and .31 ml for full and restricted light, respectively. Treatments B and D reduced body weight gain after 18 weeks of age. However, Treatment B had better semen production than Treatment D. There was no advantage to restricted light during the prebreeder period. PMID- 6739406 TI - Effectiveness of therapeutic anticoccidial drugs against recently isolated coccidia. AB - Litter samples were collected weekly from 17 broiler houses and coccidial oocysts were counted. Oocysts per gram were low on the Weeks 1 and 2 of the growout, increased to a peak on the Week 4, then declined to near zero on Weeks 6 and 7. Coccidia from each house were propagated and tested for sensitivity to therapeutic formulations of amprolium, sulfaquinoxaline, and sulfaquinoxaline plus pyrimethamine. The degree of control was based on the weight gains and lesion scores of the medicated groups in comparison with those of the unmedicated, infected, and uninfected groups. The predominant species found in the 17 isolates were Eimeria tenella and E. acervulina. Amprolium was effective against E. tenella in all isolates but only partly effective against E. acervulina. Sulfaquinoxaline and the potentiated mixture were effective against the E. acervulina but only partly effective against the E. tenella. The potentiated mixture was better against E. tenella than sulfaquinoxaline alone. PMID- 6739408 TI - Influence of feeding supplemental fat by age sequence on the performance of growing turkeys. AB - Large White toms were used in an experiment to determine the response of turkeys to feeding supplemental fat by age sequence. The eight treatments tested consisted of a factorial arrangement of dietary animal-vegetable fat blend (A-V fat) at 0 and 4% and four age periods (0 to 20, 6 to 20, 9 to 20, and 12 to 20 weeks). The concentrations of nutrients were kept constant within an age period, irrespective of level of dietary fat. On an age-period basis, improvements in feed efficiency resulting from supplemental fat increased with increasing age. During the 0- to 6-week period, feed efficiency was improved 1.6% per 1% added fat, while during the 12- to 20-week period, feed efficiency of toms previously fed no added fat was improved 3.6% for 1% added fat. Improvements in weight gains through 12 weeks of age followed a similar pattern but of lesser magnitude. The overall data through 20 weeks of age demonstrated that nearly all of the increases in weight gain and much of the improvements in feed efficiency obtained by feeding supplemental fat from 0 to 6, 0 to 9, and 0 to 12 weeks of age were lost after these treatment groups were fed a diet with no added fat for the rest of the growing period. Conversely, 20-week feed efficiencies and efficiencies of metabolizable energy and protein utilization were similar for all treatment groups that received no supplemental fat from 0 to 6, 0 to 9, or 0 to 12 weeks of age but were then fed 4% supplemental fat thereafter. A small numerical advantage in 20-week body weights was observed for toms fed supplemental fat from 0 or 6 to 20 weeks of age as compared with those fed fat-supplemented diets from 9 or 12 to 20 weeks of age. PMID- 6739409 TI - Abdominal fat deposition and sudden death syndrome in broilers: the effects of restricted intake, early life caloric (fat) restriction, and calorie: protein ratio. AB - The effects of feed restriction, early life fat restriction, and calorie:protein ratio on abdominal fat pad development and sudden death syndrome (SDS) in the broiler chicken were studied in two experiments. In Experiment 1, restricting feed intake to 90% of ad libitum intake was found to reduce significantly (P less than .01) both 49-day body weights and abdominal fat pad size while feed efficiency was significantly (P less than .01) improved compared to groups fed a wheat diet ad libitum. Corn-fed birds tended to outperform wheat fed groups. Reduced growth rate or supplementation of the diet with additional vitamins and minerals did not effect the incidence of SDS. In Experiment 2, fat restriction in the diet from 0 to 7 days initially reduced growth rate and increased feed:gain ratios. By 49 days, no effect of fat restriction on these parameters was observed. Dietary fat restriction tended to increase abdominal fat measured at 49 days of age. Lowering the calorie: protein ratio of the finishing diet significantly (P less than .05) improved feed:gain ratios measured from 29 to 49 days and tended to reduce fat pad size. Incidence of SDS was significantly (P less than .05) lower from 29 to 56 days in groups fed the 24% protein finisher diet as compared to birds fed a 19% finisher diet. PMID- 6739410 TI - High dietary zinc and fasting as methods of forced resting: a performance comparison. AB - A study was conducted to compare fasting and high dietary zinc as procedures to induce a forced rest of laying hens. Five to six replicates (25 hens each) of Single Comb White Leghorn hens laying approximately 60% were fasted for 10 days (fasted) or fed either 10,000 ppm zinc (10 Zn) or 20,000 ppm zinc (20 Zn) for a period of 4 days. A fourth treatment consisted of feeding 20,000 ppm zinc for 8 days (20 Zn-8). During the rest-inducing period, hens consumed little of either high zinc diet. Four-day intake by 20 Zn hens averaged 17.6 +/- .2 g/hen/day compared to 32.6 +/- 1.5 g/hen/day (means +/- SEM) for 10 Zn hens. Those fed 20 Zn-8 consumed the least amount, 12.6 +/- .2 g/hen/day during the 8 days of high zinc feeding. Body weight loss of hens in this last group was comparable to hens fasted for 10 days (fasted), i.e., 24.6 +/- .3% vs. 27.6 +/- .4%. Weight loss of hens in the remaining two groups reflected, to some extent, differences in feed consumption. The 20 Zn hens lost significantly more body weight during the 4-day period when compared with 10 Zn hens (16.2 +/- .4% vs. 11.9 +/- .5%). Each treatment resulted in a sharp drop in egg production. By the 5th day, fasted, 20 Zn, and 20 Zn-8 hens had ceased producing eggs. Egg production by 10 Zn hens declined at a slightly slower rate. There were considerable differences in post rest egg production among the various treatments.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS) PMID- 6739411 TI - Forced resting by high dietary zinc: tissue zinc accumulation and reproductive organ weight changes. AB - An experiment was conducted to investigate the effects of high dietary zinc, as a means of inducing a forced-rest, on selected organ accumulation of zinc and reproductive function in terms of ovary and oviduct weight in the laying hen. Single Comb White Leghorn hens laying approximately at 60% production were fed either 10,000 ppm zinc as zinc oxide (10 Zn) or 20,000 ppm zinc (20 Zn) for a period of 4 days. At the initiation of the experiment (Day 0), five hens were killed and organs obtained for analysis. On 4, 10, 16, and 22 days afterward, similar samples were obtained from 5 hens per treatment. Ovary and oviduct weights were determined and zinc analysis performed on the latter as well as liver, kidney, and pancreas. The brief 4-day feeding of either high zinc diet caused a marked 80% reduction in ovary weight by Day 10. The oviduct, although less affected, was still reduced approximately 60% in weight after feeding either 10 Zn or 20 Zn for 4 days. The oviduct exhibited a statistically significant elevation in zinc concentration on Day 4 but was normal by Day 10 (6 days following the refeeding of a normal diet) and not different between treatments. There was extensive accumulation of zinc in kidney, liver, and especially pancreas after 4 days of feeding either 10 Zn or 20 Zn. The level of dietary zinc had no effect on the extent of accumulation in any tissue. The depletion of tissue zinc roughly corresponded to the magnitude of increase in the concentration of zinc observed at Day 4. Possible ramifications of the dramatic increase observed in pancreatic zinc were discussed. We concluded that feeding either 10 Zn or 20 Zn as a means of inducing a forced rest effects a marked and rapid reduction in ovary and oviduct weight as well as an extensive increase in renal, hepatic, and especially pancreatic zinc. PMID- 6739412 TI - Influence of nutritional modification on skeletal size of Leghorn and broiler breeder pullets. AB - Two trials were undertaken to study the effect of nutrient intake on skeletal size in growing pullets. Leghorn chicks at 28 days were smaller in weight and shank and keel length when fed 16% as compared to 22% crude protein. Increasing the energy or mineral-vitamin concentration of the diet had no effect on skeletal parameters. Increased skeletal size of pullets in response to increased diet protein was associated with reduced (P less than .01) tibial ash content. In a subsequent trial, broiler breeder pullets were fed, ad libitum, starter diets (0 to 21 days) containing graded levels of protein from 20 to 13%. Reducing protein level had a consistent negative effect on body weight, shank length, and keel length at 21 days. When birds were subsequently fed restricted quantities of a common grower diet, no differences in body weight and skeletal parameters were evident at maturity. It is concluded that although early body weight and skeletal size can be markedly influenced by diet protein level, such effects are subsequently nullified by conventional restricted feeding programs. PMID- 6739413 TI - Effect of previous diet on feed intake and body weight gain of broiler and Leghorn chicks. AB - An experiment was conducted to examine the effect of previous diet on feed intake and weight gain, in the subsequent period, for broiler and Leghorn cockerels. Three dietary treatments, consisting of 20% protein and either 2400, 2800, or 3200 kcal Me/kg, were fed in combinations consisting of three, 2-week periods, with nine combinations in all. The experimental design was balanced for residual effects, and period weight gains and feed intake were determined. Analysis of the data by period indicated that treatments by residual interactions were confined to the final period. Therefore, it was concluded that diets fed in the previous two periods may be acting in combination to effect weight gain and feed intake in the final period. Examination of the pooled period data indicated that for optimum performance, broilers required a dietary regimen consisting of increased calorie-to-protein ratios with time while Leghorns required lower calorie-to protein ratios. Type differences were also observed in the ability to adapt to high protein, low intakes: Leghorns grew optimally but body weight gain for broilers was reduced with such a feeding program. PMID- 6739414 TI - Hematology of chicks experiencing marginal vitamin B6 deficiency. AB - An economical vitamin B6-deficient ration, which was palatable to broiler chickens, was prepared and fed to 1-day-old broiler chicks. The experimental ration was a glucose-soybean meal diet. Vitamin B6 was removed by washing the soybean meal with water. Microbiological analysis revealed that the washed ration contained .45 mg vitamin B6 activity/kg. Experimental rations were formulated to contain .5, 1.0, and 3.0 mg added pyridoxine HCl/kg of ration. These supplemental levels produced total pyridoxine concentrations, as assayed, of .95, 1.48, and 3.18 mg pyridoxine HCl activity/kg of diet. Chicks were grown to 7 weeks of age and characteristic B6 deficiency traits, including increased mortality, decreased body weight gain, and increased incidence of abnormal leg conformation, were quantitated or observed. An extensive hematological evaluation at 4 weeks of age indicated that this marginal B6 deficiency resulted in increased erythrocyte numbers, decreased mean corpuscular hemoglobin levels, and increased erythrocyte fragility. No changes in hematocrits, total hemoglobin level, intracellular hemoglobin concentration, or reticulocyte number were found. These results indicate that anemia did not occur in broilers experiencing a moderate vitamin B6 deficiency. The hematological condition is described as microcytic, normochromic polycythemia. PMID- 6739415 TI - The relationships of clutch length and egg position on ovarian follicular growth in laying hens. AB - To analyze characteristics of follicular rapid growth patterns in relation to clutch length and egg position in various clutch lengths, Sudan black and red were alternately injected intravenously into laying hens. The average growth period tended to decrease as clutch size increased, and this was accompanied by an increase in growth rate. The number of growing follicles and the total amount of daily yolk deposition in layers with short clutches were less than in layers exhibiting long clutches. The growth period tended to decrease as egg position advanced in clutches of 2 to 6 eggs. Follicular volume at ovulation also tended to be less in terminal (Ct) follicles in clutches of 2 to 5 eggs. Follicular growth rate was generaly reduced in the first egg of a clutch (Cl) and increased in the Ct follicles. Comparison of growth patterns between Ct and Cl follicles led to the detection of two growth patterns. In the first pattern, the growth period of the Ct follicle was equal to that of the Cl follicle and a one day skip was found between the transformation days of the two follicles; in the second pattern, Ct and Cl follicles entered into the rapid growth phase on consecutive days, but the Cl follicle took one day longer than the Ct follicle to reach ovulation. PMID- 6739416 TI - Effect of diet and early quantitative feed restriction on the minimum weight requirement for onset of sexual maturity in white rock broiler breeders. AB - The effect of diet and feed restriction on minimum weight for onset of sexual maturity was studied in White Rock broiler breeders. In the restriction experiment, three groups of birds were subjected to moderate, severe, and very severe quantitative food restriction during the rearing period (19 week target weights: 1900, 1300, and 700 g, respectively). From 20 to 24 weeks body weight was equalized at 2200 g, and from 24 weeks birds were allowed to gain about 150 g/week until first egg. In the diet experiment, two groups of birds were raised under severe quantitative food restriction during the rearing period and then allowed to gain about 150 g/week on a low metabolizable energy/protein (ME/P) ratio diet (25.4% protein, ME/P = 116) and on a high ME/P ratio (14.7% protein, ME/P = 219) until first egg. All birds were killed at first egg. Birds of the three restriction groups entered lay at the same lean body weight and ash and protein content, but at different age, carcass weight, shank length, dry matter, and fat content. Birds of the two diet groups entered lay at the same lean body weight, shank length, and ash content but at different carcass weight, dry matter, and fat content. Considering both experiments together, birds of the different treatment groups entered lay at similar lean body weight and ash content but differed in age, carcass weight, shank length, dry matter, and fat content.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS) PMID- 6739417 TI - Effects of bursectomy and splenectomy of white Leghorn roosters on subsequent northern fowl mite populations. AB - White Leghorn roosters bursectomized at one day of age, splenectomized at 21 days of age, or bursectomized at one day of age and splenectomized at 21 days of age were infested with the northern fowl mite (NFM) at 22 to 23 weeks of age. No significant differences in NFM populations were observed in the bursectomized, splenectomized, bursectomized and splenectomized, or control roosters during the 24-week infestation period. PMID- 6739418 TI - Skin breaking strength in chickens: comparisons among genetic combinations. AB - Skin breaking strength was measured in lines of chickens divergently selected for high (H) and low (L) juvenile body weight, their F1 reciprocal crosses (HL and LH), and an F2 generation derived from HL X HL matings. In both lines, skin covering the breast had higher breaking strength than that covering the thigh. Skin of chicks from the LL line had the lowest breaking strength, that from HH and LH matings the greatest, and that from HL and F2 matings was intermediate. Percentage heterosis for breaking strength was significantly positive while percentage recombination was not significant. PMID- 6739419 TI - Weight loss as related to body composition in aging white turkey hens. AB - Large and Small White turkey hens were housed in either cages or floor pens and fed a 17% protein breeder diet. At 0, 7, 14, and 23 weeks of egg production, entire carcasses from 6 hens in each of the four time periods were analyzed for moisture, fat, protein, calcium, and phosphorous. Both types of hens, regardless of housing type, had significant linear declines in body weight during egg production. On an absolute weight basis, significant decreasing trends occurred with aging for body moisture, protein, fat, calcium, and phosphorous in both strains and housing types; however, on a percentage basis the significant decreasing trends were evident only for calcium and phosphorous. The results of the data suggest that turkey diets should be designed to produce and maintain heavier body weights in turkey hens which then may prevent the decline in egg production. PMID- 6739420 TI - Abstracts of papers: fifth annual meeting of the Southern Poultry Science Society. January 17-18, 1984, Atlanta, Georgia. PMID- 6739421 TI - Abstracts of papers to be presented at the 73rd annual meeting of the Poultry Science Association, Inc. PMID- 6739422 TI - Non-melanoma skin cancer. PMID- 6739423 TI - Cervical cancer: a two-pronged attack. PMID- 6739424 TI - The diagnosis and treatment of early breast cancer. PMID- 6739425 TI - Colorectal cancer--today and tomorrow. PMID- 6739426 TI - Five questions on childhood leukaemia. PMID- 6739427 TI - Communication with the dying patient. PMID- 6739429 TI - Are we managing hypertension? PMID- 6739428 TI - Tak tent: an experiment in self-help for cancer patients. PMID- 6739432 TI - Maternal mortality in Italy. PMID- 6739430 TI - An audit of hypertension in general practice. PMID- 6739431 TI - Detecting asymptomatic hypertensive patients. PMID- 6739433 TI - Prenatal diagnosis of citrullinemia: elevated levels of citrulline in the amniotic fluid in the three affected pregnancies. AB - In three pregnancies at risk for citrullinemia affected fetuses were predicted both by strongly increased levels of citrulline in the amniotic fluid and by the reduced incorporation of 14C-citrulline into TCA-precipitable material in cultured amniotic fluid cells. The prenatal diagnoses of affected fetuses were confirmed after termination of the pregnancies by direct and indirect assays of argininosuccinate synthetase in the fetal livers and fibroblasts respectively. Measurement of the citrulline concentration in amniotic fluid appears to be a valuable adjunct in the prenatal diagnosis of citrullinemia. PMID- 6739434 TI - Errors in plasma creatine kinase estimations on fetal blood samples resulting from contamination with amniotic fluid and maternal blood: relevance for the prenatal diagnosis of Duchenne muscular dystrophy. AB - This paper presents a detailed analysis of the calculation of fetal plasma CK activity in fetal blood samples contaminated with amniotic fluid and maternal blood. The seemingly simple formula for this calculation, first presented by Mahoney et al. (1977), is actually more complex than it appears; values for up to nine variables, two of which can only be assumed, are needed. Small variations in certain variables may result in very large errors in the final calculated value of fetal plasma CK activity. Examples of diluted blood samples are considered and the effects of allowing for reasonable errors in the variables is explored. The main source of error is in the measurement of CK activities in the diluted blood sample and in the amniotic fluid. Contamination by blood originating from the maternal circulation can also be a large source of error, especially if the mother is a carrier of DMD and maintains a high level of plasma CK activity during pregnancy. Fetal blood indices have to be assumed; these may be a source of significant error, depending on the difference between the actual and assumed values. The measurement of fetal plasma CK activity by the indirect calculation method is discussed in the context of the prenatal diagnosis of DMD. PMID- 6739435 TI - The prenatal diagnosis of transient cysts of the fetal choroid plexus. AB - Ultrasound scanning during the second trimester of pregnancy revealed cysts of the choroid plexus in the posterior horn of the lateral ventricle in five cases. All disappeared spontaneously between 20 and 23 weeks and normal infants were subsequently delivered. PMID- 6739436 TI - Prenatal diagnosis of thrombocytopenia absent radius syndrome using ultrasound and fetoscopy. PMID- 6739437 TI - Prenatal diagnosis of 45,X/46,XX mosaicism: true mosaicism in only one of four primary cultures. AB - 45,X/46,XX mosaicism was found in only one of four primary amniotic fluid cultures. Repeat amniocentesis revealed 45,X/46,XX mosaicism in all four primary cultures. Mosaicism was confirmed in tissues from the abortus. PMID- 6739438 TI - Maternal cell contamination of amniotic fluid cell cultures from two consecutive pregnancies complicated by fibroids. AB - The detection of maternal cells in amniocyte cultures is thought to be due to the outgrowth of cells from small fragments of maternal tissue removed by the amniocentesis needle. An unusual case is reported in which maternal cell contamination (MCC) was found in the cell cultures from a woman in two different amniocenteses from two consecutive pregnancies. Both pregnancies were complicated by the presence of fibroids and the fibroid tissue may have been the source of the maternal cells. A history of an amniocentesis in which there was MCC of cell cultures, or the detection of fibroids, may pose an additional risk for MCC attributable misdiagnosis in prenatal genetic studies. PMID- 6739440 TI - Maternal cell contamination in prenatal diagnosis. PMID- 6739439 TI - Prenatal diagnosis of chondroectodermal dysplasia with fetoscopy. AB - Chondroectodermal dysplasia (Ellis-van Creveld syndrome) has previously been diagnosed prenatally only once, using fetoscopy. We report on two consecutive pregnancies in a woman at risk of having a child with the syndrome during which fetoscopic visualization was performed. Ellis-van Creveld syndrome was diagnosed prenatally in one instance, while it could be excluded in the other one. Non invasive prenatal diagnosis of the syndrome is discussed. PMID- 6739441 TI - Prenatal diagnosis of anhidrotic ectodermal dysplasia. AB - This paper reports on successful prenatal diagnosis of X-linked anhidrotic ectodermal dysplasia (AED) by means of light and electron microscopy on fetal skin biopsies obtained under fetoscopy. In the present family two brothers of the proband were severely affected with the full symptomatology of AED, the pregnant female and her mother revealed minor symptoms with patches of skin lacking vellus hair. Control of lesional skin of the affected family members by electron microscopy revealed no ultrastructural abnormalities. However, all biopsies lacked skin appendages including hair follicles, sebaceous glands, and sweat glands. The lack of pilosebaceous follicles can be used as a diagnostic criterion since these structures are fully developed in normal fetuses of 20 weeks whereas the development of sweat glands does not start before week 20 to 24 of fetal life. Skin biopsies were taken from various regions of the fetus at risk via fetoscopy in week 20 and processed for light and electron microscopy. All samples revealed complete absence of all skin appendages in contrast to a total of 61 non AED fetuses. Thus positive prenatal diagnosis of AED was made and the pregnancy was terminated. Control investigations after abortion confirmed the diagnosis. PMID- 6739442 TI - Mosaicism or pseudomosaicism: the problem of hypermodal cells in amniotic fluid cell culture. AB - A series of 2029 consecutive amniotic fluid specimens studied for prenatal genetic diagnosis were reviewed and reassessed so as to evaluate the frequency and clinical significance of hypermodal cells in amniotic fluid cell cultures. Hypermodal cells were defined as those with more than 46 chromosomes, and were characterized by an additional structurally normal or structurally abnormal chromosome. Of 2029 specimens, 47 (2.31 per cent) contained a total of 167 hypermodal cells. True fetal mosaicism was detected in three cases (0.14 per cent). All had hypermodal cells in more than one culture flask or colony which contained the same aberrant chromosome complement. In all but one case the babies were normal when only one cell was hypermodal, or when several cells were hypermodal but present in only one colony or one culture vessel. One case had an extra No. 20 chromosome in one cell. Although the child had multiple anomalies, they were not characteristic of trisomy 20, and subsequent chromosomal study on the baby postnatally revealed a 46,XX karyotype. The in situ coverslip technique is recommended as the preferred method for prenatal diagnosis, and it is useful as an aid in differentiating true mosaicism from pseudomosaicism. PMID- 6739443 TI - The seven countries study: 2,289 deaths in 15 years. AB - Among 11,579 men ages 40-59 without evidence of cardiovascular disease, 2,289 died in 15 years, 618 from coronary heart disease. The 15 cohorts in seven countries (four regions) differed in all-causes death rate, mainly reflecting great differences in coronary mortality. Among characteristics of entry, only mean blood pressure helped to explain cohort differences in all-causes death rate. Three-quarters of the variance in coronary death rate was accounted for by differences in mean serum cholesterol and blood pressure of the cohorts. The mortality risk for individuals was examined in each of the regions. For coronary death, age, serum cholesterol, blood pressure, and smoking were highly significant in all regions except Japan, where coronary deaths were too few for evaluation. Relative weight was not significant anywhere. Physical activity was significant only in southern Europe, where differences are associated with socioeconomic status. For all-causes death, age and blood pressure were highly significant risk factors in all regions as was smoking habit, except in Japan. Relative body weight tended to be a negative risk factor everywhere, significantly so in southern Europe. Expectations for coronary death from the experience in the United States and northern Europe greatly exceeded observed deaths in southern Europe for men of their age, serum cholesterol, blood pressure, smoking habits, physical activity, and relative weight. The reverse, prediction of coronary deaths in America and in northern Europe from the southern European experience, greatly underestimated the deaths observed. Similar cross predictions between the United States and northern Europe were good for all causes deaths, excellent for coronary deaths. Analysis of time trends in relationships of mortality to entry characteristics showed continued importance of age, blood pressure, and smoking and a tendency for the importance of cholesterol to fall in the last 5 years of follow-up. PMID- 6739444 TI - Correlates of weight loss and its maintenance over two years of follow-up among middle-aged men. AB - This paper analyzes demographic, social, psychological, and behavioral correlates of weight loss and maintenance in a group of 89 middle-aged men. Measures were collected before and after a 15-week intervention program and at 3-month and 1 year follow-up evaluations. Associations were examined through 2 years of follow up observation. Principal findings were (a) a strong inverse relationship between prior participation in an organized weight control program and both short- and long-term weight loss; (b) a positive association between efficacy expectations and weight loss; (c) a positive association between attendance at treatment sessions and weight loss; (d) an inverse relationship between spouse attendance and weight loss; and (e) positive associations between weight loss and perceived social support, reported improvement in eating behavior, reported improvement in exercise behavior, and affirmative response to relapse episodes following treatment. PMID- 6739445 TI - An approach to the noninvasive periodic assessment of arterial elasticity in the young. AB - The detailed variation of the lumen diameter of common carotid arteries throughout the cardiac cycle was noninvasively measured using a pulse-echo ultrasonic technique in a population of 100 free-living, unrelated, human subjects between the ages of 6 and 25 years. The fractional diameter change (mean +/- SEM) during the cardiac cycle in the 50 male subjects (0.122 +/- 0.004) was found to be significantly (P less than 0.001) greater than the corresponding diameter change in the 50 female subjects (0.106 +/- 0.003). The pressure-strain elastic modulus, Ep, for the carotid arteries was also computed for these subjects by dividing the blood pulse pressure measured in the brachial artery by the fractional diameter change of the carotid. The male elastic modulus (67 +/- 3 kPa) was not significantly (P approximately 0.17) different from the female elastic modulus (62 +/- 2 kPa). Subject age and systolic blood pressure were able to explain approximately one-third of the variability in Ep. Reproductibility studies clearly demonstrated that only a small fraction of the remaining variability could be attributed to experimental technique or intrasubject variability. The results suggest that studies can now be safely performed on young human subjects to assess the effects of a variety of developmental, behavioral, and environmental factors on arterial elasticity. Such results could help to establish an important data base on arterial mechanics which might help in evaluating health promotion recommendations to societies. PMID- 6739446 TI - [Prevalence of diabetes mellitus and disordered glucose tolerance in persons of working age (a 1-step population study)]. AB - Representative, accidentally selected men and women, living in one of the Moscow regions, were examined, comprising in total 2468 persons: 1225 males and 1243 females. An analysis of the data obtained has shown that the real diabetes mellitus prevalence among persons of 20 to 69 years old is 1.64 to 4.01 times as high as that of registered patients, being 2.01 times as high in females and having several age-sex specific features. PMID- 6739447 TI - [Significance of high-density lipoprotein cholesterol in the development of ischemic heart disease in diabetes mellitus patients]. AB - A decrease in the concentration of high density cholesterol lipoproteins (HDCSLP) and an increase in the atherogeny index were observed in patients with diabetes mellitus, regardless the sex and age. The blood HDCSLP content is lower in males, suffering from the II and III stage ischemic heart disease, aggravated by diabetes mellitus comparatively to that of the females. Diabetes mellitus compensation promotes HDCSLP rising, nevertheless not acquiring the control level. PMID- 6739448 TI - [Potentials for using radiation treatment in complicated diabetic osteoarthropathy]. AB - The possibility of gamma-beam therapy of aggravated diabetic osteoarthropathy is discussed. Seventy patients were exposed to local radiation (orthovolt X-ray therapy, generation voltage being 200 kV) for suppurative inflammation of the foot soft and bony tissues. The total focal dose was 300 to 500 Gy. Previous drug and ointment treatment performed in all the patients was unsuccessful, as well as the ulcer purification and drainage. As a result of gamma-beam therapy a stable clinical effect was seen in 65 patients within 1 1/2 to 5 years' follow up: inflammation disappeared followed by the wound healing and bone repairing. The results obtained allow one to recommend this method as a component of the complex therapy of the pathology above. PMID- 6739449 TI - [Classification of the forms and stages of diabetes mellitus]. PMID- 6739450 TI - [WHO classification of diabetes mellitus]. PMID- 6739452 TI - [Classification of diabetes mellitus]. PMID- 6739451 TI - [Heterogeneity of spontaneous diabetes mellitus]. PMID- 6739453 TI - [Diabetes mellitus classification of the WHO Expert Committee and the outlook for diabetes research]. PMID- 6739454 TI - [Characteristics of the course of diabetes mellitus in Addison's disease]. PMID- 6739455 TI - [Effect of somatotropin on cathepsin D in the liver of hypo- and hyperthyroid rats]. AB - In experiments on albino male rats the dependence of the cathepsin D activity on the thyroid hormone- and somatotropin levels in the organism was studied. It was demonstrated that the total cathepsin D activity in the liver of hypothyroid rats is lowered by 37% and that of hyperthyroid animals is augmented by 63%. Somatotropin injected to intact rats within 10 days in doses of 0.5 mg/100 g body weight enhanced the total enzyme activity by 19%. Hormone injection to hypothyroid animals returns to the normal cathepsin D activity, whereas in hyperthyroid rats the enzyme effect is significantly lowered under hormone action. Protein content in the nucleus-free homogenate of the hypothyroid rat liver does not differ from that of intact rats and is increased by 27% in hyperthyroid animals. Exogenous somatotropin returns to normal protein content in hyperthyroid rats. PMID- 6739457 TI - [Intracellular hormonal function of acetylcholine and noradrenaline: the regulation of the catalase level in liver cells]. AB - The injection of acetylcholine (15 to 150 micrograms/100 g) to rats or preincubation in the hepatic homogenate with acetylcholine (10(-6) to 10(-3) M) induces a decrease in the catalase activity, mainly in its bound form. Acetylcholine effect does not manifest in the presence of actinomycine D and puromycine. Noradrenaline injection to animals (1.5 to 15 micrograms/100 g) or preincubation of the hepatic homogenate with noradrenaline (10(-6) to 10(-3) M) produces a rise of the catalase activity (mainly of its bound form), being blocked by actinomycine D and non-blocked by propranolol. Acetylcholine- and noradrenaline action on the catalase level is not mediated by cyclic nucleotides and may be considered as intracellular hormonal effect. PMID- 6739458 TI - [Effectiveness of antituberculosis measures and further tasks of tuberculosis control in the Chelyabinsk district]. PMID- 6739456 TI - [Role of hyperthyroidism and the fatty component of the diet in changes in the fatty acid composition of the liver mitochondrial lipids in rats]. AB - The influence of hyperthyrosis and the diet fat component on the hepatic mitochondrial fatty-acidic content was studied in Wistar rats. The animals, divided into two groups, were kept within 20 days on synthetic diets enriched with proteins (18%), carbohydrates (56%), fats (26%), vitamin and salt mixtures. The first group of animals was given the butter diet ("B" group) and the second one received the sunflower-seed oil ration ("S" group). It was found that after three weeks from the beginning of the diet the content of hepatic mitochondrial fatty acids was changed according to the fatty-acidic spectrum of alimentary fats. However, the fatty acid unsaturation indices, i.e. the unsaturated fatty acid % X unsaturated bond number, were not different in both mitochondrial populations studied. Hyperthyrosis (induced by 50 micrograms of thyroxin/100 g body weight within 5 successive days intraperitoneally), simulated in the presence of the above diets, not only intensified changes, caused by the diet in the mitochondrial fatty acid content, but induced further variance in the fatty acidic spectra, being distinctly seen in the "B" group animals. In particular, hyperthyrosis in these animals was accompanied by a fall of linoleic (25%) and arachidonic (36%) acids in the mitochondrial lipid content, being the main cause of decreasing the mitochondrial lipid unsaturation indices by 26%. The alteration of lipid parameters in mitochondria of hyperthyroid animals of the "S" group was less pronounced, being 6%, 11% and 9%, respectively.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS) PMID- 6739459 TI - [Bronchial tuberculosis with reactivation of the specific process in the intrathoracic lymph nodes]. PMID- 6739460 TI - [Complex bronchological examination of patients cured of pulmonary tuberculosis]. PMID- 6739461 TI - [Tuberculous meningitis in young persons]. PMID- 6739463 TI - [Effectiveness of the treatment of experimental destructive pulmonary tuberculosis with antibacterial drugs combined with levamisole and diucifon]. PMID- 6739465 TI - [Cytological and endoscopic characteristics of bronchial pathology in patients with pulmonary tuberculosis]. PMID- 6739464 TI - [Experimental basis for the use of antioxidants in tuberculosis]. PMID- 6739462 TI - [Effect of ultrasonic aerosols of streptomycin and isoniazid on the bronchial tree of patients with intrathoracic tuberculosis]. PMID- 6739466 TI - [Differential diagnosis of bronchopulmonary pathology in an interregional antituberculosis dispensary]. PMID- 6739467 TI - [Causes of development and characteristics of extensive post-tuberculosis pneumosclerosis]. PMID- 6739468 TI - [Use of a screening study of the functional state of the lungs to detect nonspecific diseases of the lungs among textile workers]. PMID- 6739469 TI - [Efficacy of centralized rereading of fluorography films]. PMID- 6739470 TI - [Diagnosis and treatment of patients with tuberculous exudative pleurisy]. PMID- 6739471 TI - [Comparative efficacy of diagnostic thoracoscopy with biopsy in exudative pleurisy of uncertain etiology]. PMID- 6739472 TI - [Changes in the bronchial tree of patients with tuberculous exudative pleurisy]. PMID- 6739474 TI - [Pressing tasks for further improvement in the prevention of tuberculosis and dispensarization]. PMID- 6739473 TI - [Diagnosis of benign tumors of the bronchi and lungs]. PMID- 6739475 TI - [Differential diagnosis of hearing disorders in the clinical picture of tuberculosis]. PMID- 6739476 TI - [Tuberculosis as a reason for errors in the diagnosis of cancer of the lung]. PMID- 6739477 TI - [Morphologic forms of cancer in patients with a combination of lung cancer and tuberculous lesions]. PMID- 6739479 TI - [Macroscopic evaluation of lesions of internal organs of guinea pigs infected with tuberculosis]. PMID- 6739478 TI - [Principles and tactics for treating suppurative diseases of the lungs and pleura]. PMID- 6739480 TI - [Mechanism of action of the antikinin preparation pyridinolcarbamate on the development of experimental tuberculosis]. PMID- 6739481 TI - [Anthranylic acid derivatives in the complex treatment of pulmonary tuberculosis in late middle-aged and elderly patients]. PMID- 6739482 TI - [Surgical treatment of bronchogenic cysts infected with molds]. PMID- 6739483 TI - Genetic epidemiology of coronary heart disease, past, present, and future. Proceedings of a workshop held in St. Louis, Missouri, August 10-12,1983. PMID- 6739484 TI - Honolulu Heart Study: review of genetic analyses. PMID- 6739485 TI - The Tecumseh study: review of epidemiological data and design, limitations and prospects. PMID- 6739486 TI - Honolulu Heart Study: discussion. PMID- 6739488 TI - Some methodological developments in genetic epidemiology. PMID- 6739487 TI - Segregation analysis of hyperlipidemia. PMID- 6739489 TI - Implications of nonrandom sampling in genetic epidemiology. PMID- 6739490 TI - Structured exploratory data analysis: an evaluation of the use of three SEDA statistics in assessing mode of inheritance. AB - Several SEDA statistics are described and three of them (the Midparent-Child Correlation Coefficient, the Major Gene Index, and the Offspring Between Parents Function) are evaluated with respect to their ability to distinguish monogenic, polygenic and sporadic effects on quantitative traits. The MPCC, MGI, and OBP, used in combination, are sensitive but not specific in identifying monogenic inheritance. In our tests, traits determined by a simple type of polygenic inheritance were almost invariably classified as monogenic. Sporadic traits, on the other hand, were correctly identified in 84 percent of cases. The concurrent use of these SEDA statistics and two sibship variance tests yielded some improvement whenever the two procedures agreed (which happened about 50 percent of the time). These results suggest that under some circumstances, SEDA can be a valuable adjunct to other methods of genetic analysis. SEDA methodology also appears promising as an aid in understanding the contribution of various nongenetic factors to quantitative traits. PMID- 6739491 TI - Recent developments in SEDA. PMID- 6739492 TI - Status of "familial combined hyperlipidemia". PMID- 6739493 TI - The Tecumseh Community Health Study. PMID- 6739494 TI - The Denver Heart Study: genetic epidemiology and risk intervention. PMID- 6739495 TI - The Framingham Heart Study: review of epidemiological design and data, limitations and prospects. PMID- 6739496 TI - Guidelines for future research in coronary heart disease. PMID- 6739497 TI - Framingham Heart Study: review of genetic data and design, limitations and prospects. PMID- 6739498 TI - Framingham Heart Study: discussion. PMID- 6739499 TI - Genetic epidemiological approaches to the prevention of coronary heart disease- summary report of WHO consultations. PMID- 6739501 TI - Honolulu Heart Study: review of epidemiologic data and design. PMID- 6739500 TI - Population based perspectives of the genetic epidemiology of early coronary disease in Framingham and Utah. PMID- 6739502 TI - Immune neutropenia. PMID- 6739503 TI - Cell surface antigens and differentiation. PMID- 6739504 TI - [Stabilization of beta-acetyldigoxin by embedding in glycerides]. PMID- 6739507 TI - Investigations on the antimicrobial activity of linear esters of 1,3 dihydroxybutane. PMID- 6739505 TI - Dissolution studies of some regular and sustained-release dyphylline dosage forms. PMID- 6739506 TI - Effects of short-term moderate storage stress on the disintegration and dissolution of four types of compressed tablets. PMID- 6739508 TI - Selection of the vehicle for topical administration of drugs. PMID- 6739509 TI - Treatment of 4-aminopyridine-poisoning after oral overdose; a proposal. PMID- 6739511 TI - Differential effects of scopolamine on working and reference memory of rats in the radial maze. AB - Anticholinergics have often been found to impair choice accuracy in the radial maze. Some researchers have suggested that this indicates involvement of cholinergically innervated structures in cognitive mapping while others argue that these structures mediate working memory. However, most results are open to either interpretation since the baiting method did not allow a distinction between reference and working memory errors. To further test these hypotheses this study examined the effects of systemic scopolamine on radial maze performance, using a 4-out-of-8 baiting procedure. Food-deprived Wistar rats were pretrained until working memory choice accuracy stabilized to a criterion of 87% or better. Scopolamine (0.1, 0.4 and 0.8 mg/kg, IP, 30 min before a session) significantly increased the number of working memory errors (re-entries into baited arms) whereas reference memory errors (entries into never baited arms) did not change significantly. Observed deficits appeared not to be attributable to a drug-induced disruption of motivational systems. Results confirm the behavioural similarities between the memorial effects of hippocampectomy and anticholinergics, and implicate cholinergically innervated structures in working memory. PMID- 6739510 TI - Ethanol induces hyper and hypoglycemia in both fasted and nonfasted rats dependent on the ambient temperature. AB - An experiment was undertaken to characterize the influence of ambient temperature on ethanol-induced glycemic alterations in rats. Animals under two different feeding conditions (nonfasted or 48-hr fasted) were IP injected with 4.0 g/kg of ethanol. Blood glucose and body temperature were measured before, 90 and 180 min after drug administration. The rats were tested under ambient temperatures of 16, 21 and 32 degrees C. Fed animals with a mean pre-drug glycemia of near 105 mg/100 ml presented a variation of blood glucose ranging from 50 mg/100 ml at 16 degrees C to 140 mg/100 ml at 32 degrees C. The glycemia from fasted rats, with a starting value of 70 mg/100 ml ranged from 20 to 115 mg/100 ml at 16 and 32 degrees C, respectively. It was concluded that the administration of ethanol can render nonfasted as well as fasted rats hypo or hyperglycemic, depending upon the environmental temperature. PMID- 6739512 TI - Effects of the training dose on generalization of morphine stimulus to clonidine. AB - The relationship between the stimulus properties of morphine and clonidine was tested in rats trained to discriminate morphine sulfate (4, 2 or 1 mg/kg) from saline in a two-lever food-rewarded task. The response trained in the low dose group generalized to low doses of clonidine (0.125 to 0.5 mg/kg) whereas the response trained with the high dose of morphine generalized only to higher doses of clonidine (0.625 to 1.0 mg/kg). Naloxone blocked the generalization in the low dose group but only partially blocked it in the high dose group. Yohimbine blocked the generalization to clonidine in the high morphine dose group and reversed the response rate suppressant effect of clonidine in all groups. PMID- 6739513 TI - Tripelennamine and pentazocine alone and in combination: effects on interresponse time-greater-than-t responding of rats. AB - The effects of tripelennamine (3, 6, 12, 18, and 24 mg/kg) and pentazocine (5, 10, 20, 30, and 40 mg/kg), given alone and in selected combinations, were determined in rats performing under an interresponse-time-greater-than-15-sec schedule of food delivery. Each drug alone produced statistically insignificant increases in response rates and statistically significant decreases in reinforcement rates. Combinations produced effects identical in direction to, and significantly greater than, those predicted by a simple additive model. PMID- 6739514 TI - Effects of metergoline and quipazine on locomotor activity of rats in novel and familiar environments. AB - Many studies have investigated the effects on locomotor activity of various manipulations of the brain's serotonin (5-hydroxytryptamine, 5-HT) systems but the results have not been consistent. However, besides employing different techniques for manipulating brain 5-HT, previous studies have differed in size of apparatus, amount of apparatus pre-exposure and length of session. To test the possibility that apparatus familiarity interacts with the effects of 5-HT manipulations on locomotor activity, this variable was manipulated in groups of rats treated with the 5-HT receptor blocker, metergoline or the agonist, quipazine. Within each drug treatment group, 18 rats had prior experience with the activity monitoring photocell chambers (pre-exposed condition) and 18 were not previously exposed (novel condition); each condition was further subdivided into 3 dose subgroups (n = 6). Testing consisted of 3 30-min sessions with subgroups receiving metergoline (0, 2.5, 5.0 mg/kg) or quipazine (0, 2.5, 5.0 mg/kg) 30 min before. Results with metergoline treatment revealed no significant drug effect in the pre-exposed groups but a decrease in activity in the novel condition. Quipazine, on the other hand, had no significant effect in the novel condition but produced a time-dependent effect on activity in the pre-exposed condition. These results suggest that the effects on locomotor activity of compounds affecting 5-HT neurotransmission may interact with the familiarity of the test apparatus and with the duration of testing. Interexperiment differences in these variables may account for some of the inconsistencies previously reported. PMID- 6739515 TI - Stimulus control by diazepam of behavior maintained under fixed-ratio stimulus shock termination schedules in rats. AB - The stimulus control of behavior by diazepam (1.0 mg/kg) was investigated where responding was maintained under fixed-ratio (FR) schedules of stimulus-shock termination in rats. The size of the FR requirement was either 1, 5, 10, or 20 responses. At each FR requirement, dose-effect curves were determined for diazepam, flurazepam, pentobarbital and cyproheptadine. Diazepam-like discriminative stimuli were produced by flurazepam and pentobarbital but not by cyproheptadine. The magnitude of the FR requirement had no significant effect on the dose-effect curves for percentage of responses emitted on the diazepam appropriate choice lever for any of the four drugs. On the other hand, the effects of these drugs on rates of responding depended on the magnitude of the FR requirement. None of the drugs altered response rates under the FR1 schedule. Diazepam tended to increase response rates under the FR5 schedule, but had no effect or decreased rates under the FR10 and FR20 schedules. Flurazepam and pentobarbital predominantly decreased rates at FR requirements of 5, 10 or 20 responses. Cyproheptadine had no significant effect on response rates at any schedule parameter. Together with previous reports, the present results indicate that the discriminative effects of diazepam are similar under schedules employing noxious (this study) or non-noxious (other reports) consequences, even though the effects on response rates of diazepam-like drugs differ depending on the schedule of reinforcement and consequent event maintaining the behavior. PMID- 6739516 TI - The effects of dl-cathinone, d-amphetamine and cocaine on avoidance responding in rats and their interactions with haloperidol and methysergide. AB - The effects of dl-cathinone (dl-CAT), d-amphetamine (d-A), and cocaine (COC) on conditioned shock avoidance responding and their interactions with haloperidol and methysergide on this behavior were studied in male Wistar rats. All three stimulants produced significant increases in intertrial interval (ITI) responding and in the number of avoidance responses and a decrease in avoidance latencies. These actions were antagonized by pretreatment with haloperidol (0.07 and 0.15 mg/kg, IP). Pretreatment with methysergide (1.0 and 2.0 mg/kg, IP) increased the effects of all three stimulants on ITI responding, but not on the other two parameters. These results suggest that the effects of these stimulants on avoidance responding may be mediated by dopaminergic systems. In addition, these stimulant-induced changes on ITI responding probably also involve actions on serotonergic systems. PMID- 6739517 TI - Chronic scopolamine treatment and brain cholinergic function. AB - Scopolamine was either continuously infused or injected once daily into C3H mice. Chronic infusion resulted in mice that were supersensitive to the hypothermia and tremor produced by the muscarinic agonist, oxotremorine. Chronic scopolamine infusion did not alter brain acetylcholinesterase (AChE) or choline acetyltransferase (ChAT) activities but it did produce an increase in brain muscarinic receptors, as measured by quinuclidinyl benzilate (QNB) binding. The maximal increase in QNB binding was seen at the 0.2 mg/kg/hr dose. Further increase in dose resulted in a return to control QNB binding in all brain regions studied except cortex. These animals were still supersensitive to oxotremorine, suggesting a dissociation between receptor number and response to agonist. Animals injected once daily for 10 days with 5 mg/kg exhibited an increase in QNB binding while no increase was seen at 20 mg/kg/day. Chronic oxotremorine infusion resulted in tolerance to the hypothermia-producing effects of oxotremorine. This was accompanied by a decrease in brain QNB binding. Coinfusion of scopolamine with oxotremorine blocked both the tolerance development and receptor changes. These experiments demonstrate that chronic scopolamine treatment can elicit an increase in brain muscarinic receptors which is accompanied by supersensitivity to agonists. However, this effect is not clearly dose related, and a strict relationship between receptor number and agonist response does not exist. PMID- 6739518 TI - The effect of second-order schedule history on fixed-ratio performance maintained by orally-delivered phencyclidine in rhesus monkeys. AB - Thirteen monkeys were trained to self-administer orally-delivered phencyclidine (0.25 mg/ml) and water under a concurrent fixed ratio (FR) 16 schedule. Phencyclidine was available from one lip-operated drinking device and water was available from another drinking device during daily 3-hr sessions. Seven monkeys were trained to respond under a second-order FR 240 (FR 20: brief stimulus) schedule. Upon completion of 4800 responses, the monkeys were allowed to self administer 300 phencyclidine deliveries under an FR 1 schedule. After a mean of 33.3 sessions of second order schedule training, including 10 sessions at the terminal parameter, the monkeys were returned to the concurrent FR 16 schedule. Phencyclidine-maintained responding persisted at rates that were 42 percent higher than before second-order schedule training; however, concurrent water maintained behavior increased only slightly. A second group of three monkeys were treated in an identical manner except that during second-order schedule training they received a saccharin solution (0.05%, wt/vol) instead of phencyclidine. After a mean of 30 sessions of second-order schedule training, including 10 sessions at the terminal parameter, the monkeys were returned to the concurrent FR 16 schedule, and there was no consistent change in phencyclidine or water deliveries. A third group of three monkeys received 300 phencyclidine deliveries at the same time after session onset and for the same total number of sessions as the monkeys that received second-order schedule training with phencyclidine; however, this group was not required to respond under the second-order schedule to gain access to the phencyclidine deliveries.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS) PMID- 6739519 TI - Learned tolerance to ethanol in the spinal cord. AB - Learning has been claimed to be of major importance in the development of tolerance to ethanol. In the present study we investigated the influence of learning on tolerance to ethanol-induced inhibition of a spinal reflex (tail flick response) in intact and spinal rats. On day 1 and 9, groups of rats were injected with either ethanol 2.5 g/kg IP or saline 30 min prior to tail-flick testing. On days 2-8 the groups were treated differently in order to reveal the importance of the drug alone, the test alone and the combination of the two on development of tolerance. On day 10, the rats rendered tolerant in the home room were transferred to a new test room to be tested. Both in intact and spinal rats development of tolerance was observed only if the animals were repetitively tested while intoxicated. Tolerance acquired in the home room was not attenuated by transfer to a new environment. Results in the spinal rats suggested that adaptive mechanisms leading to tolerance may also be located in the spinal cord. The tolerance observed may be regarded as learned from practice while intoxicated. PMID- 6739521 TI - Plasma kinetics of dihydroergotoxin in rat by using a radioreceptor assay. AB - A radioreceptor assay (RRA) (with brain dopamine receptors) has been developed to determine the levels of dihydroergotoxin-equivalent (DHT-equivalent) material in rat plasma and its kinetics after oral and i.v. administration (5 mg/kg). After i.v. administration the plasma kinetics follows a two-exponential equation, with an apparent distribution volume of 7-9 1/kg and a long half-life (about 36 hours). The kinetics of DHT after oral administration shows two peaks; this could indicate a biliary recycling of the drug and/or of its metabolites. The low bioavailability (19%) and the biliary recycling of DHT-equivalent material suggest a first pass effect. PMID- 6739522 TI - Effect of phenobarbitone on folic acid metabolism in the rat. AB - Anticonvulsant drugs have well-known relationships with folic acid, often leading, in epileptic patients on long term treatment to signs of folic acid deficiency and to haematological complications. The findings of this work, carried out on rats, show strong interference of phenobarbitone with folic acid metabolism, particularly with pteroylpolyglutamate synthesis in liver. This is proved by lower polyglutamate content, lower 3H folate incorporation in polyglutamate forms and in protein-bound folates, and also by lower blood radioactivity, higher urinary excretion of 3H folate metabolites and by higher 3H folate concentration in kidneys. PMID- 6739520 TI - Local anesthetic effects of cocaine and several extracts of the coca leaf (E. coca). AB - Cocaine and a number of different fractions of a crude ethanol extract of the coca leaf (E. coca) were subjected to a local anesthetic screen using rat tail withdrawal from electric shock. Following an intradermal injection of 0.1 ml of a 2.0% (w.v) solution of cocaine HCl, an immediate response was observed. Two of the coca fractions also produced some local anesthesia. An alkaloidal fraction, containing an equivalent amount of cocaine, produced a maximum effect that was approximately 20% less than that observed with cocaine. The only other fraction producing any effect, a water soluble cocaine-free fraction, showed a maximum response that was approximately 30% of that observed with cocaine. PMID- 6739523 TI - Effects of phosphatidylserine on avoidance relearning in rats (preliminary observations). AB - During six learning sessions in a shuttle-box avoidance situation, male Sprague Dawley rats show two kinds of learning efficiency which allow for dividing them in the subgroups of high-responding (HR) and low-responding (LR) animals. The effect of phosphatidylserine, a pharmacologically active phospholipid obtained from bovine brain, has been studied on the relearning phase of these two populations of rats. Chronic administration of phosphatidylserine (15 mg/kg i.p. for 30 days) significantly increased the avoidance performances of LR animals, without changing those of HR rats. The results obtained suggest that the different behavioral response to the phosphatidylserine treatment may depend on the pre-drug baseline of avoidance learning capability and on the effect that the drug exerts on some brain neurotransmitter metabolism. PMID- 6739524 TI - Effects of agents increasing serotonin transmission on the increase of dopamine metabolism caused by morphine in the rat nucleus accumbens. AB - The effect of subcutaneous injection of 10 mg/kg morphine on homovanillic acid (HVA) concentrations in the nucleus accumbens was studied in rats which had received d-fenfluramine, a serotonin releaser, or m-chlorophenylpiperazine, a serotonin agonist, before morphine. 2.5 mg/kg d-fenfluramine or m chlorophenylpiperazine had no effect on HVA in the nucleus accumbens but significantly reduced the rise in HVA induced by morphine. None of the drugs modified the levels of morphine in the rat brain. The results suggest that agents increasing serotonin transmission inhibit the effect of morphine on dopamine neurons innervating the nucleus accumbens. PMID- 6739525 TI - [Synthesis of N-alpha-(arylsulfonylglycyl)amidinophenylalanine amides as highly active inhibitors of thrombin]. AB - The headline compounds were prepared from purified cyanophenylalanines after presenting arylsulfonylglycyl residues, activation of the carboxyl group by formation of the p- nitrophenylester followed by aminolysis and transfer of a cyano in an amidine function. Besides some esters and an acid were synthetized with the basic structure mentioned in the headline . The p-compounds with a cycloaliphatic amide component proved as "tight binding inhibitors". The greatest antithrombin effect shows N alpha-(2- naphthylsulphonylglycyl )-4- amidinophenylalaninpiperidi d with a Ki-value of 6 X 10(-9) mol/l using S-2238 as a substrate. PMID- 6739526 TI - [Use of polyacrylate dispersions for spray coating phenobarbital. 1: Production and in vitro study of microcapsules]. AB - The production of microcapsules (model drug: phenobarbital) using aqueous polyacrylate dispersions by means of spray drying is described. The influence of the following factors on formation and quality of the microcapsules is discussed: particle size of the drug, composition of the polyacrylate, viscosity of the spray material and quantitative relation between the drug and the coating material. The morphology of the microcapsules is investigated by means of light and screen electronic microscopy. The liberation of the drug is evaluated. Mainly dry spheric microcapsules arise in a one-working step. Their properties are influenced by variation of the polyacrylate composition. The liberation of the drug decreases with decreasing drug concentration (80-20%) and in dependence of the polyacrylate dispersion for spray coating and the resulting film. PMID- 6739527 TI - The use of directly compressible vehicles for the preparation of vitamin B1 tablets. AB - The classical method for the preparation of vitamin B1 tablets led to tablets of doubtful and/or shorter stability. Dipac , Emdex , Nu-Tab and Sugartab , were evaluated as direct compression vehicles for the preparation of vitamin B1 tablets. Avicel was also employed as a traditional vehicle for comparison. These vehicles were evaluated at different concentrations compared with vitamin B1 tablets available in the Egyptian market and prepared by the classical method. Generally, it was found that increasing the concentration of the vehicles in the tested vitamin B1 formulations improved the physical standards and mechanical strength of the tablets produced. Avicel was found to be the most suitable vehicle, followed by Dipac and Emdex . However, Sugartab and Nu-Tab were found to be the worst in this respect. PMID- 6739528 TI - [Comparative in vitro studies of allopurinol in commercial preparations]. AB - Controls of content uniformity, disintegration and dissolution (in three different methods) were made in 5 commercial samples of allopurinol tablets. Two of the examined "normal tablets" were not acceptable. Our tests also resulted that U.S.P. XX "basket" dissolution method gives lower values of drug release than the two other methods (paddle). PMID- 6739529 TI - [Calcium antagonism by papaverine in isolated rat gastric fundus strips in a model system]. AB - Examining isolated strips of gastric fundus tissue of rats the authors observed that papaverin up to 7.8 X 10(-8) to 6.25 X 10(-7) mol/l increased the intensity of convulsions induced by constant amounts of barium chloride (9.5 X 10(-4); with further increase of the concentration the intensity of convulsions gradually sank under the initial value. An increased proneness to cramping was also observed when the calcium content of the Tyrode solution was reduced. In this case the proneness to cramping was highest between 1 and 1.3 mmol/l calcium content. When the calcium content was 1 mmol/l, papaverin increased the proneness to cramping only to a smaller degree, in agreement with the effect measured when the calcium content of the organ bath was reduced below 1 mmol/l. In model experiments, calcium antagonized the potential difference-increasing effect of papaverin at the ether/NaCl (0.1 mol/l) phase boundary. From this the authors infer an interaction (complex formation) between papaverin and calcium at the phase boundary, which is independent of the biological medium. Their findings and the papaverin -calcium antagonism first observed by Benigni [2] can be interpreted in this way. PMID- 6739530 TI - [Estimation of the intensity of effect of cardenolides. 2: Algorithms for the estimation of the intensity of effect]. AB - An algorithm worked on basis of quantitative relations between molecular biologically defined effects and molecular-physical properties (see part 1) allows the effect estimation of concepted cardenolides before their synthesis. The empirical use of the developed equations for the estimation of molecular biologically defined effect of compounds produces usable results and justifies therefore the proposed method, as well as it's shown by the experimental proof of estimated values of some cardenolides . An enlargement of the use of the algorithm for effect estimation seems to be successful. PMID- 6739531 TI - Synthesis and biological activity of derivatives of hydrazinopyrimidines with carbonyl compounds. PMID- 6739532 TI - Certain benzofuran derivatives as potential anticholinesterases. PMID- 6739534 TI - Effect of borjatriol on nystatin oedema. PMID- 6739533 TI - [Chemical stability of antimycotic imidazole-dibenzoyl peroxide mixtures in various galenic bases]. PMID- 6739536 TI - Circadian rhythm, depression, antidepressants, single dose. PMID- 6739535 TI - [Release of urea from O/W- AND W/O-emulsion ointments]. PMID- 6739537 TI - Acute effects of the synthetic analogue of methionine enkephalin FK 33-824 in schizophrenic patients. A double blind trial. AB - 16 patients with paranoid and hallucinatory symptoms, who were concurrently receiving no other medication, participated in a double blind trial. Either 3 mg FK 33-824 or 20 mg diazepam was injected i.m. over a 2-day period, with a subsequent cross-over for the second medication. Both FK 33-824 and diazepam caused a slight decrease in psychopathological symptoms as measured by the BPRS, but no differences could be observed in their effect on schizophrenic symptoms such as hallucinations and delusions. PMID- 6739538 TI - [Different steps in construct validation of the Basel Drug and Alcohol Questionnaire (BDA)]. AB - In a first study we developed a test (BDA) for measuring the degree of dependence on alcohol, medicaments and drugs in alcoholics as well as drug addicts. The present study analysed this test according to the principles of construct validity. The aim was to create a test with those items that optimally fulfil some of the following criteria. This was achieved with 22 out of the original 59 items of the test. The shortened test contains those items that optimally differentiate both externally (the addicted population from the rest of the sample: depressives, neurotics and normals) and internally (the degree of dependence). The score obtained with 22 items was more efficacious in differentiating the addicts from the rest of the sample than the total score of 59 items. 86% of the 22 items are sufficiently sensitive to measure changes during hospitalisation in a psychiatric clinic. However only 33% of the 22 items can effectively discriminate between alcohol-, medicaments- und drug-dependence. Intercorrelation and factor analyses with other variables that were also measured indicate that a large part of the variance arises from unspecific "general psychopathology" and only a small part is specific for drug-dependence. The test is sufficiently reliable (rtt = .89), unifactoral, and with clear mean test-item correlation (rit = .54), to justify further investigation. We recommend this 22 items test for scientific research into dependence, in spite of the questions that still remain open. The English version of the 22 items is given in the appendix. PMID- 6739539 TI - The metyrapone test in manic patients and healthy subjects. AB - The metyrapone (Metopiron) test (MT), a useful and reliable procedure for assessing hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal (HPA) axis function, was applied to manic patients and healthy subjects. Three out of 11 patients had high normal responses to metyrapone, as observed in patients with Cushing's disease. One patient exhibited a subnormal response to metyrapone, as occurs in patients with adrenal insufficiency. No such abnormalities were detected in 11 matched healthy control subjects. These preliminary results suggest that the HPA axis activity patterns in mania may be more complex than previously reported. PMID- 6739540 TI - Hysteresis heating for the treatment of tumours. AB - A method is described whereby, utilising a biocompatible magnetic glass-ceramic material, effective hysteresis heating in living tissue was accomplished. Initial experiments on mice showed that a significant heating effect can be obtained in the ceramic-impregnated regions. An analysis is also given for the projected safe operating field-frequency regime of the hysteresis therapy. PMID- 6739541 TI - A three-dimensional description of heating patterns in vascularised tissues during hyperthermic treatment. AB - A three-dimensional finite difference computer model has been developed to calculate temperature distributions in vascularised tissues in hyperthermia. Besides offering the possibility of calculating temperature distributions according to the conventional ' bioheat transfer' method, this model allows the introduction of several discrete blood vessels and can describe their influence on the temperature distribution. The model can be used to evaluate all types of heating techniques. First calculations on discrete large vessels show inhomogeneities caused by these vessels in the temperature distribution in tissue in hyperthermia. The theory and model presented can form the basis of a new bioheat transfer theory, with a vessel-temperature related bioheat transfer heat sink term able to describe the small-scale temperature variation problems in local hyperthermia. PMID- 6739542 TI - Image quality of an image-intensifier fluorographic system. AB - For an image-intensifier fluorographic system, all essential image-quality parameters (such as MTF, noise Wiener spectrum, sensitivity, and characteristic curve) were determined. The results are in good agreement with theoretical considerations and allow a specification of the influence of the system's components on image quality. Film noise especially, because of the small image format, is of much more importance than had been assumed. A formula for the adjustment of system sensitivity (optimum input dose) has also been derived. PMID- 6739543 TI - Backscatter factors for x-rays generated at voltages between 10 and 100 kV. AB - Using the Monte Carlo method, backscatter factors were calculated for cylindrical phantoms (diameter, 33 cm; thickness along the beam direction, 20 cm) of various composition (water, graphite, acrylic glass, and M3) for x-ray beams of a mean energy between 7.5 and 52.0 keV, corresponding to first half-value layers in aluminium between 0.036 and 4.3 mm, generated by voltages between 10 and 100 kV. In contrast with the current literature, the backscatter factor in this work is defined as the ratio of the kerma rate with respect to a specified reference material at the intersection of the beam axis with the phantom surface to the kerma rate at the same point in space in the absence of the phantom. The calculations were performed for a source-surface distance of 100 cm and three field diameters at the phantom surface, namely 2 cm, 4 cm and 11.2 cm, where the latter corresponds to a square field of 10 cm X 10 cm. PMID- 6739544 TI - In vivo NMR field-cycling relaxation spectroscopy reveals 14N1H relaxation sinks in the backbones of proteins. PMID- 6739545 TI - Model for determination of ventricular mixing. PMID- 6739546 TI - Relationship between objective and subjective assessment of image sharpness. PMID- 6739547 TI - Comparison of methods of teaching children proper lifting techniques. AB - This study was designed to determine the effects of two teaching methods on children's ability to demonstrate and recall their mastery of proper lifting techniques. Seventy-six third and fifth grade public school children were divided by grade into three groups. Two of the groups (experimental) were taught the correct method for lifting a heavy object, either by lecture demonstration or guided discovery teaching format; one group (control) was not taught. The students' knowledge was measured pretest, one-week posttest, and eight-week posttest with a written and practical test. The students in the experimental groups in both grades significantly (p less than or equal to .001) increased their scores on the written portion of the test over those of the control groups on the one-week posttest. No group, however, showed significant gains on the practical portion. No differences were found between teaching methods. Results of this study stress the importance of evaluating verbally learned motor skills in a practical application format in school settings and in clinical patient education. PMID- 6739548 TI - Decrease in timed balance test scores with aging. AB - This study investigated whether 184 volunteers from 20 to 79 years of age could perform eight timed balance tests and examined the relationship between test performance and age. All subjects were able to balance with their feet together and eyes closed for 30 seconds. The ability to balance on the right and left legs did not differ significantly. Subjects over 60 years of age were unable to balance on one leg, particularly when their eyes were closed, for as long a period as younger subjects. The Pearson product-moment and Spearman correlations of age and duration of one-legged balance were -.65 and -.71 (eyes opened) and .79 and -.75 (eyes closed). The findings suggest that when timed balance tests are performed as a part of a patient's neurologic examination, the results should be interpreted in light of the patient's age. Information is provided to assist in this interpretation. PMID- 6739549 TI - Characteristics of vestibular function and static balance skills in deaf children. AB - The vestibular function and static balance skills of 34 children who had sensorineural deafness, ranged in age from 5 to 9 years, and attended the Western Pennsylvania School for the Deaf were compared with normative data. The purpose of the investigation was to describe the characteristics of vestibular function and static balance skill in deaf children who had no other known handicaps. We explored the relationship between these two characteristics. The Southern California Postrotary Nystagmus test and the Standing Balance subtests (eyes open and closed) of the Southern California Sensory Integration tests were used to evaluate the deaf children. Comparison of study results with norms revealed a significant difference in duration of postrotary nystagmus between hearing and deaf children. Balance skills were not significantly related to level of vestibular response. No significant sex differences were found in the vestibular or balance status of the deaf children. The differences in the characteristics of vestibular function and static balance skills in the deaf children compared with hearing children are important to therapists working with the deaf. Therapists should consider that these differences exist when they identify those deaf children with learning or other sensory-motor problems. Therapists familiar with the use of the Southern California Sensory Integration tests and Southern California Postrotary Nystagmus test must be cautious in using these tests with the deaf until they are standardized for this group. PMID- 6739550 TI - Easy application of Silastic elastomer. Suggestion from the field. PMID- 6739551 TI - Effectiveness of the clinical instructor. Students' perspective. AB - I conducted a survey of 102 senior physical therapy students to identify, from the students' perspective, training needs for clinical instructors. The literature identified 43 clinical instructor behaviors in four categories (communication, interpersonal relations, professional skills, and teaching behaviors). Students scored these behaviors, for their importance and frequency. Results demonstrated all behaviors were perceived as somewhat significant and frequent. The students scored communication as most important followed by interpersonal relations, teaching, and professional skills behaviors. Frequency of the 43 behaviors was evenly distributed among the four categories. Correlational analysis of the perceived importance with the frequency of each behavior yielded 9 statistically significant positive correlations, no negative correlations, and 16 near random correlations. Positive correlations were 56 percent professional skills and 44 percent teaching behaviors. Near random correlations were 38 percent communication, 6 percent interpersonal relations, 6 percent professional skills behaviors, and 50 percent teaching. These 16 behaviors are identified as the target for clinical instructor training programs. This method in individual clinical settings is discussed briefly. PMID- 6739552 TI - Clinical education model for staff training in orthopedic manual therapy. AB - We designed a clinical education model for training staff orthopedic physical therapists to provide basic skills in orthopedic manual therapy. The program evolved in a health maintenance organization, where a large number of patients with acute and chronic musculoskeletal disorders receive care. As physical therapy became primary in the treatment of these patients, the staff needed to develop specialized clinical skill. We divided the program into four phases: Phase I--Lecture Series, Phase II--Evaluation of Clinical Skill, Phase III--Self directed Study, and Phase IV--Re-evaluation. This clinical education assures the staff physical therapist of a supportive learning environment. The program enhances clinical development by identifying individual strengths and weaknesses and providing a positive framework for improvement and self-evaluation. PMID- 6739553 TI - [Visual and phonological access to the mental lexicon]. AB - In a lexical decision experiment we investigated whether the mental lexicon is accessed directly by a visual code or by phonological mediation. Subjects were asked to make lexical decisions where phonological coding was either beneficial or detrimental. It was found that subjects used phonological coding when it was helpful and abandoned this strategy when it was a hindrance. These results support the hypothesis that lexical decisions can be based on variable coding operations. The fact that subjects were faster in classifying words when they did not rely on phonological codes is consistent with the assumption of faster visual access to the mental lexicon. Taken as a whole, these results are consistent with models which assume phonological coding to take place after lexical access as well as with models postulating parallel access to the mental lexicon. They are not compatible with models postulating mandatory prelexical phonological coding. PMID- 6739555 TI - A photoacoustic depth profile of beta-carotene in skin. PMID- 6739556 TI - Actinic reticuloid--an idiopathic photodermatosis with cellular sensitivity to near ultraviolet radiation. PMID- 6739554 TI - The lethal effect of longwave ultraviolet light and PUVA. An analysis based upon human mesenchymal cells in vitro. PMID- 6739557 TI - An experimental study of the changes in pigmentation in human skin in vivo with visible and near infrared light. PMID- 6739559 TI - 9th International Congress on Photobiology and 12th annual meeting of the American Society for Photobiology. Abstracts of papers. Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, 1-6 July 1984. PMID- 6739558 TI - Visual pigments and bacteriorhodopsins formed from aromatic retinal analogs. PMID- 6739560 TI - Examination of the knee joint. PMID- 6739561 TI - Problems of the adolescent knee and their treatment. PMID- 6739562 TI - Arthroscopy and arthroscopic surgery of the knee. PMID- 6739563 TI - Physiotherapy for sports injuries of the knee. PMID- 6739564 TI - Computers in physiotherapy? The London Hospital investigates. PMID- 6739565 TI - Post-registration education--the past and the future. PMID- 6739567 TI - Development of research in physiotherapy. PMID- 6739566 TI - Post-registration tensions in professional education. PMID- 6739569 TI - The education development unit for the remedial professions. PMID- 6739568 TI - Post-registration training: the physiotherapy manager's role. PMID- 6739571 TI - Neurological rehabilitation: the next thirty years. PMID- 6739570 TI - The Open University. PMID- 6739572 TI - [In vivo effect of valtrate/isovaltrate on bone marrow cells and the metabolic activity of the liver in mice]. PMID- 6739573 TI - Effect of guar gum on the gastric transit time in mice. PMID- 6739575 TI - HPLC analysis of valepotriates in the North American genera Plectritis and Valeriana. PMID- 6739574 TI - Structure activity relations of polyfunctional diterpenes of the tigliane type, VI. Irritant and tumor promoting activities of semisynthetic mono and diesters of 12-deoxyphorbol. PMID- 6739576 TI - Investigations of molluscicidal activity of certain Sudanese plants used in folk medicine. Part IV. PMID- 6739577 TI - Thyroid stimulating action of Z-guggulsterone obtained from Commiphora mukul. PMID- 6739578 TI - Antihepatotoxic principles of Artemisia capillaris buds. PMID- 6739579 TI - An approach to the antiinflammatory activity of borjatriol. PMID- 6739581 TI - Thermal orbital injuries from disposable cauteries. AB - Forty rabbits divided in six groups and three brands of hot wire cautery with temperature ranging from 190 degrees C to 1035 degrees C were used in this experiment. A surgical procedure resembling a cosmetic blepharoplasty was performed on a total of 60 lower eyelids of the rabbits. The remaining eyelids were either shams or normal controls. Cautery application to orbital fat was carefully controlled, i.e., 10 or 20 seconds in single or double applications. Gross observation and microscopic examination of the biopsied specimens taken at 3 hours, 2 days, and 2 weeks after the procedures were performed. Evidence of thermal injury to the lacrimal gland and extraocular muscle damage was found. Although no evidence of thermal injury to the optic nerve was found, it was conceivable that either by a direct transfer of heat or by an indirect inflammatory and compressive effect the health of the optic nerve might be threatened. It is strongly recommended that hot wire cautery be used with extreme caution when working with orbital tissues. PMID- 6739580 TI - Studies on cryptolepine. III: Effect of cryptolepine on the tone and prostaglandin production in isolated rabbit duodenum. PMID- 6739582 TI - The spectrum of calvarial bone grafting: introduction of the vascularized calvarial bone flap. AB - Two techniques of calvarial bone grafting (split-thickness and single-table) are reviewed. A new vascularized bone flap based on the temporal vasculature is presented. The indications and relative advantages of each are discussed. The calvarial bone flap is emphasized and strongly recommended. Since the flap is vascularized and contains membranous bone, it is particularly suited for bone grafting in clinically unfavorable recipient sites, such as scarred or irradiated beds or the hypoplastic zygomatic-maxillary complex in the Treacher Collins syndrome. PMID- 6739583 TI - Proximal interphalangeal joint sprains. AB - We report the first series of proximal interphalangeal joint sprains and reviewed 50 sprains in 48 patients. The majority of patients were males injured at work. The radial collateral ligament was injured about twice as often as the ulnar ligaments. The little finger was injured significantly less than the others. Proximal interphalangeal joint sprains can be diagnosed by the following: pain localized to the injured ligament, swelling greatest at the site of the injured ligament, tenderness greatest at the site of the injured ligament, pain at the site of the injured ligament during lateral stress, and/or mild lateral instability on radiographs or physical examination during stress testing. All patients required several different splints for treatment; in decreasing frequency, we used immobilizing, coupling, dynamic proximal interphalangeal flexion, dynamic proximal interphalangeal and distal interphalangeal flexion, and dynamic proximal interphalangeal extension splints. The mean active range of motion before treatment was 70 degrees and after treatment was 95 degrees. Significantly more patients had loss of full extension than had loss of full flexion. Forty-six percent of the patients had no pain after treatment, 46 percent had mild pain, 8 percent had moderate pain, and none had severe pain. Patients treated within 4 weeks of their injury (group 1) gained significantly greater range of motion (35 degrees) than those treated between 5 and 14 weeks after their injury (10 degrees) (group 2).(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS) PMID- 6739584 TI - Argon laser therapy of verrucous nevi. AB - In one patient afflicted with a systemic verrucous nevus, a marked improvement was obtained by repeated treatments with an argon laser. In two patients it was possible to remove localized verrucous nevus completely. There was no recurrence in the follow-up of 8 and 14 months, respectively. PMID- 6739585 TI - The delineation of adriamycin extravasation using fluorescence microscopy. AB - Frozen-section fluorescence of Adriamycin extravasation in skin has been demonstrated to be an efficient method of detecting Adriamycin in tissue. Appropriate use of this technique as a guide to surgical treatment of infiltration is feasible, but it must await clinical trials. PMID- 6739586 TI - Presidential address. Mirror, mirror on the wall. PMID- 6739587 TI - Release of axillary scar contracture with a latissimus dorsi flap. AB - A case is presented of a patient who underwent an elective axillary augmentation that was complicated by hematoma, capsular contracture, and a staphylococcal wound infection. Attempts to correct the deformity with multiple capsulotomies and axillary contracture releases were unsuccessful. Following these procedures, a thick axillary scar contracture formed that was adherent to the breast capsule and severely limited abduction of the arm. The patient underwent release of the axillary scar contracture with a latissimus dorsi muscle flap. The superiorly based lateral portion of the muscle was transposed to fill the dead space between the axillary scar and adherent breast capsule. A Z-plasty was also used to lengthen the cutaneous scar. Abduction of the arm improved to 130 degrees postoperatively. Lengthening of the skin contracture could be provided by a Z plasty, but separation of the deeper scar matrix required normal soft-tissue interposition. The lateral portion of the latissimus dorsi muscle was chosen to fill this dead space. PMID- 6739588 TI - Median nerve compression in Weill-Marchesani syndrome. AB - Weill-Marchesani syndrome is a rare, generalized disorder of connective tissue manifested by short stature, brachymorphia, and spherophakia. Inheritance is autosomal recessive. In the less than 50 reported cases, joint stiffness in the hands and thenar atrophy have been noted in adults. A kindred is reported here in which release of multiple trigger fingers and bilateral carpal tunnel syndrome in childhood has improved hand function in a brother and sister. PMID- 6739589 TI - Applicator for intranasal avitene. AB - Microfibrillar collagen hemostat (Avitene) is a readily available, effective method of controlling bleeding following turbinate resection. The granular form, when introduced by syringe, allows the Avitene to conform to the irregularities of the cavity into which it is introduced. This method has simplified management of difficult bleeding problems found in the deep recesses of the nasal cavity. PMID- 6739590 TI - A new device for dermabrasion: the centrifugal dermabrader. AB - A new rotary device for dermabrasion is presented that allows a superficial dermabrasion to be performed quickly with low risk of contour defects. PMID- 6739592 TI - Velcro strip closure of garments on injured extremities. PMID- 6739591 TI - Standards of photography. PMID- 6739593 TI - A less obtrusive sucker for intraoral operations. PMID- 6739594 TI - Subcutaneous mastectomy. PMID- 6739596 TI - Choanal atresia. PMID- 6739595 TI - Winging of the scapula in patients for breast reconstruction. PMID- 6739597 TI - Toward refinement in rhinoplasty. AB - Three interrelated principles can help to achieve nasal refinement: creation of nasal planes, attention to lateral light reflexes, and maintenance of skin sleeve size. These principles are detailed and illustrated in primary and secondary rhinoplasty patients. PMID- 6739599 TI - Parotid fascia and face lifting: a critical evaluation of the SMAS concept. AB - Classical anatomists were mistaken in their description of the parotid and masseteric regions. According to their description, the fascia superficialis (or SMAS) would be in continuity with the platysma. Data from fresh cadaver dissections, histology, and embryology indicate, on the contrary, that it is the parotid fascia, which is continuous with the platysma. Comparative anatomy provides further confirmatory evidence, demonstrating that the parotid fascia is only the uppermost part of a muscle that has undergone fibrous degeneration. This muscle is the "primitive" platysma. In consequence, the sub-SMAS dissection plane is too superficial and creates a purely fatty flap. Conversely, deep dissection below the parotid fascia (and therefore below the primitive platysma) respects the true anatomic features and guarantees the solidity of the flap and the safety of the facial nerve. PMID- 6739598 TI - Correction of thin lips: "lip lift". AB - Thin, atrophied lips are a stigma of old age. This paper discusses the so-called lip lift, an operation that consists of lifting, everting, and increasing the bulk of the upper and lower lips by means of a simple but meticulous procedure along the vermilion border. An introductory study on lip aesthetics is presented. Preoperative planning is greatly emphasized. This technique has been used by the author in 32 cases as an adjunct to facial lifts or as a separate procedure. The patients were followed for up to 3 years. The results were quite satisfactory. PMID- 6739600 TI - Silicone implant correction of pectus excavatum: indications and refinement in technique. AB - Pectus excavatum is the most common deformity of the chest wall. The overwhelming majority of patients with pectus excavatum have no physiologic compromise. Adolescents beyond their growth spurt and adults who are asymptomatic are best served by placement of a silicone implant to correct the chest-wall defect. We have treated 12 patients in this manner. The initial 7 were treated with placement of a subcutaneous implant. Despite patient satisfaction, we noted several problems that compromised the aesthetic result. In the last 5 patients, the implant has been placed subpectorally, and room temperature vulcanizing silicone has been used to augment the preformed silicone implant if necessary. Subpectoral placement of a preformed silicone implant is a relatively minor procedure with a short hospital stay and minimum morbidity. It avoids a major reconstruction of the chest wall with its inherent risks and complications and provides a pleasing aesthetic result. All 5 patients, 4 of whom had severe deformity, have had good results with postoperative follow-ups of between 8 months and 2 years. PMID- 6739601 TI - Pathophysiology of skin flaps raised on expanded pig skin. AB - The pathophysiology of skin flaps raised on nonexpanded and expanded skin was studied in pigs. Skin expansion was achieved by gradual inflation of a subcutaneously implanted silicone tissue expander with sterilized isotonic saline over a period of 4 to 5 weeks. Comparisons were made of the skin flap viability and capillary blood flow among random acute and delayed skin flaps and skin flaps constructed on skin pockets implanted with noninflated or inflated tissue expanders. The extents of skin flap viability and capillary blood flow were similar among delayed skin flaps and skin flaps constructed on skin pockets but were significantly higher than those of acute random skin flaps raised on normal skin. It was concluded that skin viability and capillary blood flow in skin flaps raised on expanded skin were not compromised and the regulation of blood flow in skin flaps raised on nonexpanded or expanded skin pockets was similar to that seen in delayed skin flaps. The mechanisms of the delay phenomenon was discussed. PMID- 6739602 TI - The sliding gluteus maximus myocutaneous flap: its relevance in ambulatory patients. AB - Huge sacral defects can be closed reliably with sliding gluteus maximus myocutaneous flaps. In ambulatory patients, this flap is designed to maintain innervation, vascularity, and functional integrity of the muscle. PMID- 6739603 TI - Reconstruction of the heel pad by flexor digitorum brevis musculocutaneous flap transfer. AB - We strongly believe that rotational transfer of a musculocutaneous island flap composed of the flexor digitorum brevis muscle is the best procedure currently available for covering and reconstructing the weight-bearing area of the heel and its posterior area from the histologic and functional points of view. Further, since it requires only one operation, we are confident that it is the ideal method. PMID- 6739604 TI - Flexible-implant arthroplasty and finger replantation. AB - We performed flexible-implant arthroplasty in three metacarpophalangeal joints in two patients at the time of finger replantation. We believe flexible-implant arthroplasty is preferable to permanent arthrodesis for most patients. PMID- 6739605 TI - [Clinical characteristics of the depressive syndrome in unipolar and bipolar affective illness]. PMID- 6739606 TI - [Usefulness of disulfiram implants in the treatment of alcoholics]. PMID- 6739608 TI - [Psychogeriatrics or gerontopsychiatry?]. PMID- 6739607 TI - [Short-term results of treatment of smoking habit by acupuncture]. PMID- 6739609 TI - [Syllogomania--a collecting syndrome of pathological origin]. PMID- 6739610 TI - [Psychiatric consequences of boxing in light of the case of encephalopathy in a boxer]. PMID- 6739611 TI - [Psychopathologic symptoms masking recurring myocardium infarcts]. PMID- 6739612 TI - [Mental disorders in foreigners hospitalized in a psychiatric clinic]. PMID- 6739613 TI - [Inpatient social psychiatric crisis intervention exemplified by the crisis intervention center of the Social Psychiatric University Clinic of Bern]. AB - With a case-history of a puerperic psychosis we describe the crisis-interventions technique in six steps used in our 16-bed, socio-psychiatric ward in the city of Berne at a general hospital. Out of more than 5 years of work we illustrate one year with client-data, working-methods and statistical results. With such a ward in the community, embedded in a complete net of socio-psychiatric institutions, we can treat quite serious psychosocial crisis adequately and in relatively short time. PMID- 6739614 TI - [Emergency center patients from the psychiatric and psychosomatic viewpoint]. AB - 100 patients of a surgical and internistic emergency ward of a general hospital were examined from the psychosomatic and psychiatric angle. 20 patients remained without surgical and internistic diagnosis; under this aspect, only 3% had no psychic principal sign. In 50%, psychic symptoms were seen. This leads the authors to demand inclusion of the psychosomatic-psychiatric discipline when rendering first aid, in the form of interdisciplinary co-operation. PMID- 6739615 TI - [Social control and social support in conditions of community psychiatric care]. AB - Social control and social support are important aspects of psychiatric care. Modern psychiatric care in an area close to the residential quarters of patients requires attentive and self-critical observation, especially of the subtle forms of social control. The concepts of social control and social support are explained; basing on own investigations by the authors, as well as on own experiences and literature, some aspects of social support of schizophrenics and alcoholics are described from the viewpoint of local care. PMID- 6739616 TI - [Balint seminars in clinics with assistant physicians in neurology continuing education--a workshop report]. AB - The article describes the problems of Balint seminaries held internally in hospitals, basing on literature and on the authors' practical experience, with particular reference to the effectivity of Balint group work. On the one hand, it is evident that this entails a number of disadvantages compared with Balint groups not linked to the institution; however, these drawbacks are no fatal obstacle to Balint group work. On the other hand, we can safely reject the argument that it is not possible to topicalise within the framework of a Balint seminary the pathology of reference in psychiatric and particularly in schizophrenic patients. PMID- 6739617 TI - Pathological modes of human relating and therapeutic mutuality: A dialogue between Buber's existential relational theory and object-relations theory. AB - There is, in my opinion, a rapprochement between the theories of psychoanalysis and existential-phenomenology. It is my major theoretical interest to articulate the points at which true dialogue between these different perspectives is possible. Such an effort is not an attempt to merge the two theories or subordinate one to the other; rather, I hope that the theoretical positions of both will be clarified and that the therapeutic dialogue of practitioners who represent both perspectives will be benefited. PMID- 6739618 TI - On psychological resemblance: a questionnaire study of high school students. AB - A consciously acknowledged or claimed resemblance to one or the other parent is a familiar phenomenon. Despite its familiarity and frequency of occurrence, this phenomenon of being akin to one's kin has received almost no investigative attention. As a consequence, there has been little or no theorizing about how statements such as "I am like my father" should be regarded. Should a statement of this kind be placed somewhere under the rubrics of identification and identity and, if so, specifically where? Does a daughter's claim that she resembles her father in personality more than she does her mother mean that something has gone awry in the identification with her mother? Should the statement "I am not like either parent in personality" be regarded as a sign of an impending identity crisis? With the hope that we might provide some answers to such questions, this questionnaire study was observed. PMID- 6739619 TI - Common sense ethics and psychiatry. PMID- 6739620 TI - The middle-class family and middle-class adolescents in a state of disarray: a social-psychiatric analysis. AB - Because mental health professionals tend to focus their attention on the complex of factors involved in the provision of psychotherapeutic and related services, they often do not give primary attention to the serious instabilities afflicting marriage and family among the middle class and are insufficiently aware of parents' deficiencies in rearing their children well. Moreover, they frequently underestimate the increasing prevalence of character defects and disorders and the acting-out problems they cause among middle-class adolescents and youths, who are widely involved in sexual activity, drug use, and theft and whose educational performance has sharply declined. Using a social-psychiatric perspective, this paper discusses the major sociocultural factors that greatly influence the problems straining and breaking up marriage and family among the middle class. It also examines the reasons for parental inadequacies that contribute heavily to their children's becoming impulse-dominated and involved in self-impairing and socially harmful problems. PMID- 6739622 TI - The concept of an infant mental status examination. A reply to Winnicott and a discussion. PMID- 6739621 TI - Inner space: its constriction in anxiety states and narcissistic personality. AB - Our sense of existence has a spatial component ( Heidegger 1962, p. 123). For example, descriptions of affect depend upon words such as "high" and "low." Moreover, one's sense of the volume of inner space is mutable. Although experiences of inner space are with us all the time, they are relatively neglected from a theoretical and therapeutic point of view. This paper concerns the possibility that the perceived dimensions of inner space vary with one's mode of thought, which, in turn, changes according to one's relationship with the sensory environment. The most important elements of this environment are clearly social. Constriction of personal space seems to be characteristic of anxiety states and of the narcissistic personality. Some therapeutic implications of this idea are discussed. PMID- 6739623 TI - The schizophrenic no-society revisited. AB - Twenty years ago in an article in this journal ( Sommer and Osmond 1962), we introduced the concept of the schizophrenic no-society, chracterizing the social organization of long-term mental hospital wards as a society in hich no voluntary social organization occurred among residents. In the intervening years, voluntary social organizations among schizophrenic persons which were lacking in mental hospitals in the 1960s or whether the concept of the schizophrenic no-society is still a valid one. PMID- 6739624 TI - The fractionation of human memory. PMID- 6739625 TI - Working memory. PMID- 6739626 TI - The Popper/Kuhn debate: truth and two faces of relativism. AB - This paper argues: (1) that analysis of the issues upon which Popper and Kuhn have been thought to differ - the possibility of conclusive falsification, the incommensurability of theories, and the existence of normal science - reveals no appreciable difference at all; (2) that the basic point of disagreement concerns the role of truth in scientific inquiry, i.e. whether or not truth should be considered the regulative ideal of science; (3) that confusion concerning these issues results from a paradigm shift in epistemology; and (4) that Popper's epistemology proves more attractive than Kuhn's for unification in psychology. PMID- 6739627 TI - The psychiatric expert in court. AB - The law about expert evidence is unsatisfactory: it gives scope for the expert to usurp the role of judge, jury and parliament; it brings the professions of the experts into disrepute; and it sets juries the impossible task of sorting pseudo sciences from genuine ones. The law should be reformed by changing statutes which force expert witnesses to testify beyond their science, by taking the provision of expert evidence out of the adversarial context, and by removing from the courts the decision whether a nascent discipline is or is not a science. PMID- 6739628 TI - Descriptive psychopathology: conceptual and historical aspects. AB - This paper offers a conceptual and historical analysis of descriptive psychopathology. The first section defines it as a cognitive system constituted by terms, assumptions and rules for its application. It traces the conceptual implications of this definition and relates them to clinical practice. The second section contains an up-to-date assessment of current historical work on descriptive psychopathology and offers a new hypothesis to account for its development during the nineteenth century. It is suggested that the work involved in the testing of the hypothesis should be carried out by psychiatrists with historical training and as a separate speciality. It is concluded that the historical calibration of psychiatric symptoms must be considered as an essential stage in the construction of a viable descriptive psychopathology. PMID- 6739630 TI - Misfortune and resilience: a community study of women. AB - A community survey of psychiatric disorder carried out in South London enabled the authors to investigate the 'vulnerability model' proposed by Brown & Harris (1978). In the current study none of the 'vulnerability factors' proposed by Brown & Harris fulfilled the requirements of the model. It was, however, found that working class women with children seemed particularly prone to develop minor psychiatric disorder in response to adversity. A similar result is apparent in the analyses of the earlier authors. A number of studies now published give some support to the vulnerability model using what are broadly measures of social support, but there is little corroboration using the other variables proposed by Brown & Harris. PMID- 6739629 TI - Psychiatric disorder in a rural and an urban population: 3. Social integration and the morphology of affective disorder. AB - This paper focuses on the morphology of affective disorder. We set out to confirm on the island of Lewis a cross-over result originally found on the island of North Uist, whereby in those sections of the population where the rates of depression were lowest the rates of anxiety were highest. These sections of the population varied in the degree to which their members were integrated into the traditional way of life. 'Integration' was characterized in terms of churchgoing and crofting (the word for farming in the Hebrides). It is predicted here that the churchgoing rather than the crofting component of the integration measure would account for any cross-over result found concerning the morphology of symptoms. This hypothesis, derived from a theoretical concern with links between repression and anxiety, is not confirmed. Instead, crofting is found to be the component of the integration index which predicts anxiety/phobia without depression. In seeking to explain this unexpected finding further significant associations between crofting, pure anxiety/phobia and the style of personal relationships are revealed. It is also confirmed that types of severe events among women are also found to vary with the degree of integration into traditional society. A perspective is then developed which might explain how the interaction between style of personal attachments and types of provoking event could produce variations in the morphology of affective disorder. PMID- 6739631 TI - Screening for psychiatric disorder in general practice. AB - The extent of psychiatric morbidity was investigated in a consecutive series of patients attending a south London general practitioner. The GP identified a psychiatric component in the reason for consultation in 40% of the sample, and he regarded 24% as 'psychiatric cases'. The estimated true prevalence of psychiatric morbidity in the sample was 34%. These data are used as the basis for a theoretical discussion of prescriptive screening strategies for psychiatric disorder in general practice. PMID- 6739632 TI - Actual and perceived attitudes towards deafness. AB - This study had two aims: first, to investigate the attitudes of deaf and hearing people towards deafness; and, secondly, to study the difference between how deaf people perceive the attitudes of hearing people towards deafness, and how hearing people perceive the attitudes of deaf people towards deafness. The results showed that the deaf had more negative attitudes towards deafness than the hearing. In addition, the deaf believed that hearing people have more negative attitudes to deafness than hearing people actually have. This lack of empathy between the two groups was discussed. The amount of contact with the deaf was found to be associated with more realistic and less stereotyped attitudes to the deaf. The results are discussed in the context of research on social interaction with disabled people. PMID- 6739633 TI - The Wechsler subtests in mild organic brain damage associated with folate deficiency. AB - Forty-nine patients with low serum and cerebrospinal fluid folate levels completed the Ottawa-Wechsler Scale after 7-11 months of folate supplementation (10 mg daily). Twelve patients exhibited major neurological symptoms, while 37 patients displayed depression and minor neurological signs. After folate therapy, Verbal, Performance and Full Wechsler scores were significantly improved (P less than 0.001). The order of improvement in scores on the Wechsler subtests (from the statistically most significant to the least as measured by the t-statistics) was: Block Design, Digit Symbol, Similarities, Picture Completion, Picture Arrangement, Arithmetic, Object Assembly, Digit Span, Information, and Comprehension. PMID- 6739634 TI - A comparative study of bed usage by younger and older patients with depression. AB - Recent follow-up studies of depression in old age have highlighted the high relapse rate in older patients compared with younger patients. The consequences for the provision of acute psychiatric beds for elderly patients has been investigated by comparing the usage of beds by younger and older patients with depression over a 4-year period. Overall, elderly depressed patients consumed one and a half times as many bed days as younger depressed patients and a quarter of all acute bed days available in the hospital were used by elderly depressed patients. PMID- 6739635 TI - Teachers' generalized expectations of children of divorce. PMID- 6739636 TI - Left-wing rhetoric in introductory psychology textbooks: the case of mental illness. PMID- 6739637 TI - Profile of dangerous and non-dangerous offenders referred for pre-trial psychiatric assessment. PMID- 6739638 TI - Death anxiety scale means and standard deviations for Ontario undergraduates and funeral directors. PMID- 6739639 TI - Factor analytical study of Nunnally's scale of popular concepts of mental health. PMID- 6739640 TI - Effects of sex-role stereotypes and androgynous alternatives on mental health judgments of psychotherapists. PMID- 6739641 TI - Generalization of coping skills in a group of retarded students. PMID- 6739642 TI - Emotive-reconstructive therapy and reduction of artists' problem behaviors and negative self-constructs: a pilot study. PMID- 6739643 TI - Trait anxiety and response to potential flood disaster. PMID- 6739644 TI - Adjustment problems of a group of committed children. PMID- 6739645 TI - Comparison of diagnostic test scores through use of a T-score table. PMID- 6739646 TI - Personality in assaultive and non-assaultive juvenile male offenders. PMID- 6739647 TI - Correlates of self-concept among variant children. PMID- 6739648 TI - Some determinants of attitudes toward substance use in an urban ethnic community. PMID- 6739649 TI - Locus of control and decision to abort. PMID- 6739650 TI - Precipitants of agoraphobia: role of stressful life events. PMID- 6739651 TI - Comparison of behavioral characteristics and self-concepts of American Indian and Caucasian preschoolers. PMID- 6739652 TI - Concordance of depression and anxiety in patients with cancer. PMID- 6739654 TI - Pornographic films and unconscious homosexual desires: an hypothesis. PMID- 6739653 TI - Use of imagery procedures with students labeled "trainable retarded". PMID- 6739655 TI - Concurrent and discriminant validities of the geriatric depression scale with older psychiatric inpatients. PMID- 6739656 TI - Awareness of internal cues and concordance among verbal behavioral, and physiological systems in dysfunction. PMID- 6739657 TI - Openness-to-experience and mental health. PMID- 6739658 TI - Beliefs and fears underlying type A behaviour. PMID- 6739661 TI - Meta-analysis of the validity of a verbal ability selection test with psychiatric aides. PMID- 6739659 TI - Effects of suggestibility on learning by retarded and nonretarded students. PMID- 6739660 TI - Effect of hunger on the acoustic startle reflex. PMID- 6739663 TI - The prenatal stress syndrome: current status. AB - Exposure of female rats to stressors during the last week of pregnancy results in a selective feminization and demasculinization of adult sexual behaviors in the male offspring. No behavioral abnormalities are detectable in the female offspring, and reproductive morphological structures appear normal in both sexes. Existing data suggest that the mechanism mediating the so called Prenatal Stress Syndrome in male rats is an alteration in fetal testicular enzyme activity. This, in turn, leads to abnormal levels of testosterone, the hormone believed to masculinize sexual behavior potentials at critical stages of perinatal development. Specifically, the activity of the steroidogenic enzyme delta 5-3 beta-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase in fetal Leydig cells and plasma titers of testosterone are low in prenatally stressed males on days 18 and 19 of gestation, a time when both of these substances reach maximal levels in control males. The implications of this model for sexual behavior differentiation in higher organisms is explored. PMID- 6739662 TI - Psychosocial and biological influences on menstruation: synchrony, cycle length, and regularity. AB - The purpose of the study was to determine some psychosocial and biological variables as predictors of menstrual synchrony, menstrual cycle length, and menstrual regularity. One-hundred-and-seventy subjects at two all-women colleges kept monthly menstrual records and answered questions about their backgrounds, menstrual histories, and social habits. They also took the Personality Research Form E. Subsets of the total subject group were used in different analyses. Both psychosocial and biological factors were found to predict individual differences in menstrual synchrony among 80 of the women studied. In a group of 144 women, cycle length and cycle regularity were found to depend, in part, on age at menarche. Psychosocial and personality traits also predicted cycle length and regularity. As a group, 86 women did not significantly synchronize their cycles with those of their roommates, although there was a trend towards synchrony. Certain characteristics particular to this sample may have accounted for this finding, including cycles that were relatively long and irregular compared with those reported in other studies. The results support the concept that menstrual cycle variables depend on personality and psychosocial factors as well as on biological ones. PMID- 6739665 TI - The effect of testosterone on the release of endogenous catecholamines from the hypothalamus of the cockerel in vitro. AB - Castration of immature cockerels caused a significant rise in plasma luteinizing hormone concentrations. This effect was prevented by testosterone (T) replacement therapy. In vivo T replacement therapy reduced the release of endogenous catecholamines from hypothalamic tissue following in vitro incubation with high K+ artificial avian cerebrospinal fluid (ACSF). In vitro incubation with 500 nM T significantly reduced the release of endogenous catecholamines from hypothalamic tissue following incubation with high K+ ACSF. These results suggest that T can reduce the functional activities of catecholaminergic neurones in the hypothalamus and that these neurones may play a facilitatory role in the control of gonadotrophin secretion in the cockerel. PMID- 6739666 TI - The perceptual uncertainty of having slept: the inability to discriminate electroencephalographic sleep from wakefulness. PMID- 6739664 TI - Comparison of plasma cortisol and corticosterone in the dexamethasone suppression test for melancholia. AB - The suppression of plasma corticosterone (B), measured by radioimmunoassay (RIA), was compared to simultaneous suppression of plasma cortisol (F), measured as total corticoids by a competitive protein binding (CPB) assay, in the overnight dexamethasone suppression test (DST). Baseline plasma B concentrations in 10 control subjects were 4.04 +/- 1.07 ng/ml (X +/- S.D.) at 0800 hr and 1.51 +/- 0.68 ng/ml at 1600 hr. Post-dexamethasone 1600 hr B levels in the controls were 0.46 +/- 0.29 ng/ml. An early escape of plasma B (greater than 1.2 ng/ml), like that of F (greater than 5 micrograms/dl), during the overnight 24 hr 1.0 mg dose DST was noted in patients with melancholia (endogenous depression). Half-hourly catheter samples in a normal subject stimulated to escape from dexamethasone suppression showed that in general, plasma B concentrations parallel plasma F concentrations over a 12 hr period. Repeated weekly DSTs on two patients with different psychiatric diagnoses resulted in B : F correlations of 0.74 and 0.60. Overall agreement between B- and F-DST outcomes in all categories tested at 1600 and 2300 hr was 93%; the agreement in the melancholic and non-endogenous depressed groups was 100%. Post-dexamethasone, both B and F were suppressed 55 60% below the criterion level in controls. In those patients who escaped from dexamethasone suppression, the percentage increase in plasma B above the criterion level was significantly greater (+55%) than the corresponding percentage change in plasma F. Most patients with borderline abnormal F-DSTs (3.5 - 4.9 micrograms/dl) exhibited clearly abnormal B-DSTs (greater than 1.2 ng/ml). We conclude that the use of dexamethasone suppression of plasma B (using 1.2 ng/ml as the abnormal criterion value) is an additional indicator of an abnormal DST in depressed patients. PMID- 6739667 TI - Finger pulse volume as a measure of anxiety in response to evaluative threat. PMID- 6739668 TI - Cerebral lateralization and heartbeat discrimination. PMID- 6739669 TI - Heart rhythm control during sleep. PMID- 6739670 TI - Heart rhythm during sleep in ischemic heart disease. PMID- 6739671 TI - Facilitated recall following REM and NREM naps. PMID- 6739672 TI - Bilateral electrodermal activity during differential cognitive hemispheric activation. PMID- 6739673 TI - The effects of age on human event-related potentials. PMID- 6739674 TI - Phasic T-wave amplitude and heart rate changes as indices of mental effort and task incentive. PMID- 6739675 TI - Effects of cigarette smoking on bilateral skin conductance. PMID- 6739676 TI - Individual differences in the cardiac response to high intensity auditory stimulation. PMID- 6739677 TI - Aerobic fitness affects cardiovascular and catecholamine responses to stressors. PMID- 6739678 TI - Awareness of heart activity and self-control of heart rate: a failure to replicate. PMID- 6739679 TI - Relationships as regulators: a psychobiologic perspective on bereavement. PMID- 6739680 TI - Depression in hospitalized cancer patients. AB - The study of depression in cancer patients has been hampered by difficulty in establishing diagnostic criteria, since neurovegetative signs and symptoms may be attributable either to depression or physical illness. Confusion has also arisen in defining the boundary between "normal" grieving with illness, and "abnormal" clinical depression. We studied 62 oncology inpatients applying DSM-III diagnostic criteria, patient self-report, and interview report rating scales. Forty-two percent met criteria for nonbipolar major depression: 24% with severe and 18% with moderately severe symptoms. Fourteen percent of the sample had depressive symptoms that did not meet criteria for a major depression. Forty-four percent had no depressed affect. Medical and demographic variables were evaluated for relationship to depression; only greater degree of physical disability was clearly associated. Other negative life events and poor quality of social supports were additionally associated with depression in the less disabled patients. The use of clearly defined criteria for diagnosis of depression in cancer patients provides a basis for the study and implementation of specific therapeutic interventions. PMID- 6739681 TI - Urinary-free cortisol excretion in relation to age in acutely stressed persons with depressive symptoms. AB - We examined the relationship between age and urinary excretion of free cortisol in acutely stressed middle-aged and elderly persons. We observed that elderly persons under stress excreted larger amounts of urinary-free cortisol than did middle-aged persons; Pearson's r between age and cortisol = 0.38, p less than 0.05. When the sample was stratified by severity of depressive symptoms, the relationship between age and cortisol excretion was strongly accentuated among those with severe depressive symptoms (r = 0.62, p = 0.01) and diminished among those with milder symptoms (r = 0.25, N.S.). Potentially confounding factors such as diet, use of medications, and physical stature were controlled and did not explain the observations. The high depression scores in this acutely stressed sample were indicative of a higher severity of stress response and also a higher risk of occurrence of depressive syndromes. The depressive syndromes did not resemble depressive disorder of an endogenous nature. PMID- 6739682 TI - Elevated daytime urinary excretion of testosterone glucuronide in men with the type A behavior pattern. AB - Urinary excretion of testosterone glucuronide was compared in 13 men with typical Type A behavior pattern (as determined by structured interviews) and 10 age matched men with typical Type B behavior pattern. Twenty-four hour urine collections were divided into three periods: 9AM - 6PM , 6PM to bedtime, and bedtime to 9AM . Type A men showed a significantly higher excretion than Type B men in the daytime ( 9AM - 6PM ); the geometric mean value was 24 micrograms in Type A and 15 micrograms in Type B (P less than 0.05). There were no significant differences between Type A and Type B men for the other two time periods. Indicating an elevated daytime testosterone secretion in Type A men, this finding is consistent with a recent report that exposure to laboratory tests of reaction time causes an increase in plasma testosterone levels in Type A but not Type B men. Since a role for testosterone in the genesis of coronary heart disease (CHD) is suggested by the much higher incidence of CHD in men and the acceleration of murine atherogenesis by testosterone, the findings of this and the previous report may represent a mechanism for the elevated incidence of CHD in Type A men. PMID- 6739683 TI - Adrenal cortical response to stress at Three Mile Island. AB - The present study examined the relationship between biochemical, psychologic, and behavioral components of chronic stress associated with living near the damaged nuclear power plant at Three Mile Island (TMI). Relative to control subjects, TMI subjects had higher levels of urinary cortisol, which correlated significantly with urinary catecholamines, self-report of physical and mental symptoms, and decrements in task performance. Further, it was found that males had higher urinary cortisol levels than females at TMI, while at the control sites, levels of cortisol were comparable between males and females. Finally, no significant relationship between coping style and urinary cortisol was detected. Levels of stress response among TMI are residents, though significantly greater than control subjects, were within normal ranges and thus should be considered subclinical in intensity. Their persistence over 17 months, however, suggests some cause for concern. PMID- 6739685 TI - Comparison between weight-preoccupied women and anorexia nervosa. AB - Psychological traits of patients with anorexia nervosa (AN) were compared to those of weight-preoccupied (WP) and not-weight-preoccupied ( NWP ) women drawn from samples of college and ballet students. Weight-preoccupied subjects were selected on the basis of extreme scores on the Drive for Thinness subscale of the Eating Disorder Inventory ( EDI ). Results indicated that the WP and AN groups were best differentiated by Ineffectiveness, Interpersonal Distrust, and lack of Interoceptive Awareness subscales. Using cluster analysis procedures, weight preoccupied women were divided into two subgroups. Cluster One was characterized by elevated scores on all EDI subscales indicating significant psychopathology. Cluster Two had elevated scores only on Drive for Thinness, Body Dissatisfaction, and Perfectionism and could be described as "normal dieters." These findings were interpreted as indicating that, although there are some highly weight-preoccupied females who display psychopathology quite similar to anorexia nervosa, others only superficially resemble patients suffering from serious eating disorders. These results underscore the importance of a multidimensional evaluation of psychopathology in those suspected of anorexia nervosa. PMID- 6739684 TI - Pituitary-gonadal function during sleep in men with erectile impotence and normal controls. AB - Studies of pituitary-gonadal function in men with erectile disorders have provided conflicting findings. This study compares blood LH and testosterone during sleep in 17 physically healthy men with erectile impotence and 12 matched normal controls, and relates hormonal variations to stages of sleep and penile tumescence. Subjects, aged 23-36 were studied in a sleep laboratory for 3-6 nights with the last two nights devoted to sequential blood sampling every 20 minutes. Five men had never been able to achieve intercourse (primary impotent group) and 12 suffered from a life-long history of intermittent erectile failures (secondary-impotent group). There were no significant differences in sleep duration and REM time among the impotent groups and normal controls. Primary impotent men showed half as many full tumescent episodes as secondary-impotent men and controls, and spent significantly less time above 80% of full tumescence. The secondary-impotent group did not differ in nocturnal penile tumescent measures from controls. There was a pattern of irregularly occurring fluctuations in plasma LH and testosterone with no differences among groups in frequency and amount of peak hormonal increases. Normal subjects had significantly higher mean testosterone concentrations during REM sleep than during other sleep stages, and during full tumescence than during partial and nontumescent periods. A direct causal relation between REM-related activity and circulating testosterone was not supported by the observation that the hormonal levels during REM sleep and during full tumescence did not differ statistically from the levels measured during adjacent time periods. As with normal subjects, the secondary-impotent group exhibited higher testosterone levels during REM sleep and full tumescence; by contrast, the primary-impotent group did not show significant hormonal differences across stages of sleep and tumescent/ nontumescent periods. These data are discussed with respect to the possible existence of subgroups of impotent men without known organic pathology than may be characterized by psychophysiologic and endocrine differences during sleep. PMID- 6739687 TI - [Psychological changes in somatic illnesses]. PMID- 6739686 TI - Health-care seeking by men in their spouse's pregnancy. AB - This study compares the health-care seeking by 212 married male members of a health maintenance organization of 36,000 whose wives were pregnant, with a group of 212 " nonexpectant " married men matched for age, number of prior children, and HMO membership. Retrospective, blind chart review was used to examine the number and timing of medical visits and the types of symptoms, diagnoses, testing, and treatments recorded over the 21-month period surrounding and including each wife's pregnancy. Contrary to prior reports, the expectant fathers had a significantly lower group visit rate during the nine months of pregnancy when compared to their visit rates before conception and after delivery (p less than 0.01). The control group had a constant visit rate over the same time intervals. The types of symptoms and diagnoses recorded in the medical record over time were comparable in the two groups. The study suggests that expectant fatherhood, a clearly defined psychosocial event for a male, significantly influences health-care seeking but not the types of symptoms presented or diagnoses made. PMID- 6739689 TI - [Unnecessary contradictions and necessary distinctions: thoughts on the differentiation of psychoanalysis and psychoanalytic psychotherapy]. PMID- 6739688 TI - [Information on tumor diagnosis and advance knowledge in patients with suspected breast cancer]. PMID- 6739690 TI - [Late primary anorexias--thoughts on an integrative psychopathology]. PMID- 6739691 TI - Long-term work stress. PMID- 6739692 TI - Management of dementia in the family context. PMID- 6739693 TI - Neuropsychiatric complications of AIDS. PMID- 6739694 TI - Psychiatric education for family practice residents. PMID- 6739695 TI - Delayed anoxic encephalopathy presenting with psychiatric symptoms. PMID- 6739696 TI - Dreams of flying in narcoleptic patients. PMID- 6739697 TI - Psychotherapy of the elderly. PMID- 6739698 TI - Psychological factors in women choosing radiation therapy for breast cancer. PMID- 6739699 TI - Psychiatric consultation in plastic surgery: the surgeon's perspective. PMID- 6739700 TI - Psychiatric consultation in plastic surgery: the psychiatrist's perspective. PMID- 6739701 TI - Incidence of tardive dyskinesia in an outpatient population. PMID- 6739702 TI - Organic affective disorder associated with thyrotoxicosis. PMID- 6739703 TI - Lithium for obsessive-compulsive disorder? PMID- 6739704 TI - Anorexia following use of extension brace. PMID- 6739705 TI - Part-time training: experience in the Northern Region. PMID- 6739706 TI - Survey of intestinal pathogens in children travelling abroad. PMID- 6739707 TI - Community Health Council representation on planning teams: a question of politics? PMID- 6739708 TI - Intestinal protozoan and helminth infections and control of soil-transmitted helminths in Malay school children. PMID- 6739709 TI - The smoking and dietary behaviour of Lambeth schoolchildren. I. The effectiveness of an anti-smoking and nutrition education programme for children. PMID- 6739710 TI - The use of microcomputers by community physicians. PMID- 6739712 TI - Long-term distribution of 239-Pu, 241-Am, and 233-U in the various bones of the skeleton of adult rats. PMID- 6739711 TI - The effect of a static uniform magnetic field on mice a study of methylcholanthren carcinogenesis. PMID- 6739713 TI - 241-Am in the beagle skeleton: microdistribution and local dosimetry. PMID- 6739714 TI - A comparison of the distribution of 239-Pu and calcein in the illium of the female CBA mouse. PMID- 6739715 TI - The loss of transportable plutonium deposits from the macrophages of the rat femoral bone marrow. PMID- 6739716 TI - Effect of 241-Am on bone fibroblasts. PMID- 6739717 TI - Effect of drinking Zn-DTPA on 238-Pu and 241-Am in rat bones. PMID- 6739718 TI - 220-Rn retention in mouse bone. PMID- 6739719 TI - The calculation of bone doses from alpha-emitting bone surface seeking radionuclides for radiological protection purposes. PMID- 6739720 TI - Evaluations of cellular proliferation and chromosome breakages after in vitro exposure of human lymphocytes to calcium or zinc DTPA. AB - The analysis of mitotic indices (MI) and chromosome breakages in metaphases of 50 hr lymphocyte cultures exposed to the calcium or zinc chelates of diethylenetriamine pentaacetic acid (DTPA) demonstrated: (1) an 80% reduction in MI in cultures from three women but no reduction in those from two men after in vitro exposure to CaDTPA in concentrations as low as 10 micrograms/ml culture medium, and complete suppression of mitoses in cultures from men and women after exposure to 40 micrograms/ml CaDTPA; (2) minor suppression in MI in cultures from women and none in those from men after exposure to 40 or 80 micrograms/ml ZnDTPA; (3) no ring or dicentric chromosomes in 1700 metaphases from DTPA-treated cultures. Likewise, in other experiments we observed no differences in the frequency or distributions of rings and dicentrics in lymphocyte cultures from two persons after in vitro exposure to 250-R 60Co gamma radiation in the presence or absence of 10 micrograms/ml CaDTPA or 10 or 80 micrograms/ml ZnDTPA. These data indicate that while accurate estimates of the frequencies of radiation induced rings and dicentrics in lymphocytes can be made in actinide-contaminated persons undergoing DTPA chelation therapy, blood samples for cytogenetic cultures should not be obtained from chelated patients until the compound has been cleared from the blood plasma. PMID- 6739722 TI - Radiosensitivity and thermosensitization of thermotolerant Chinese hamster cells and RIF-1 tumors. AB - CHO cells subline HA-1 were made thermotolerant by a priming heat treatment (43 degrees C, 30 min). Later, 4, 16, or 24 hr, they were either irradiated or heated (43 degrees C, 30 min) and irradiated. Thermotolerance had no effect on the radiation sensitivity of the cells as measured by the D0 value of the clonogenic survival curve. However, the N value of the curve (width of shoulder) showed a significant increase at 24 hr, indicating an increased capacity to accumulate sublethal damage. This indicates that the fractionation schedule 43 degrees C, 30 min + 37 degrees C, 24 hr + 43 degrees C, 30 min + X ray required approximately 100 rad more radiation than 43 degrees C, 30 min + X ray to reduce survival to the same level. The same priming treatment was given to RIF-1 tumors growing in C3H mice. Later, 24 hr, when the tumors were either irradiated or heated (43 degrees C, 30 min) and irradiated, it was found that thermotolerance had no effect on the radiosensitivity of the cells as measured by in vitro assay. However, thermal radiosensitization was not apparent 24 hr after the priming treatment. PMID- 6739721 TI - The effects of X rays on BCNU-induced DNA crosslinking. AB - We have used the technique of alkaline elution to study DNA interstrand crosslinking in 9L rat brain tumor cells treated with combinations of 1,3-bis(2 chloroethyl)-1-nitrosourea (BCNU) and X rays. Irradiation with doses as low as 50 rad of X rays immediately or 6 hr after a 1-hr treatment with 60, 80, or 100 microM BCNU produced a significant increase in BCNU-induced DNA interstrand crosslinking. If cells were irradiated before BCNU treatment, the amount of crosslinking was not affected compared with BCNU alone. Cell survival experiments using 600 rad of X rays and 1-hr treatments with 0-30 microM BCNU were also performed. As found in the crosslinking studies, irradiation immediately or 6 hr after the BCNU treatment produced enhanced cell kill, but irradiation 6 hr before BCNU treatment did not produce enhanced cell kill. Therefore, the X-ray-mediated increase in BCNU-induced DNA interstrand crosslinking may be the mechanism through which cell kill is increased by combination treatment with the agents. PMID- 6739723 TI - Increased collagen and fluid content of mouse kidneys at 9 months after single or fractionated X irradiation. AB - Mouse kidneys have been analyzed at sacrifice, 9 months after single-dose and fractionated irradiation, using wet and dry weight, a biochemical determination of hydroxyproline, and quantitation of dilated renal tubules in histological preparations. Dose-response curves have been constructed to determine the sensitivity and precision of the assays and to study the influence of dose fractionation on a variety of radiation responses of the kidney. There was a marked loss of kidney weight, measured either wet or dry, with maximum changes from control values by factors of 3 and 5, respectively. The wet:dry weight ratio increased with X-ray dose, indicating that relative fluid content was increased even 9 months after irradiation. This could be partly attributed to dilated renal tubules. Total collagen content per kidney, determined by a hydroxyproline assay, showed a less marked dose dependence, with a maximum increase of a factor of 1.4. However, hydroxyproline per dry weight increased by a factor of 7, and this ratio proved to be the most sensitive and precise measure of radiation damage. The "fibrosis" that is detected in histological sections appears to be more a relative than an absolute alteration in connective tissue. The loss of parenchymal cell mass, particularly in the proximal tubules, is the predominant factor; the increase in the absolute amount of collagen per kidney contributes to a lesser degree. The influence of radiation dose fractionation was analyzed using a linear-quadratic response model. The alpha/beta ratios were between 0.9 and 2.9 Gy. PMID- 6739724 TI - Isolation and characterization of BHK cells sensitive to ionizing radiation and alkylating agents. AB - A host-cell viral suicide enrichment procedure was used to isolate BHK strains sensitive to ionizing radiation. Of six strains surviving infection with irradiated herpes simplex virus (HSV), three were found to be more sensitive to ionizing radiation than the parental BHK cells. Thus the D0's of strains V1, V2, and V5 were 1.59, 1.41, and 1.49 Gy, respectively, while the D0 for the parental BHK strain was 1.79. Strains V1 and V2 were studied in more detail and found to exhibit hypersensitivity to ethyl methanesulfonate (EMS), methyl methanesulfonate, and N-methyl-N'-nitro-N-nitrosoguanidine, but not to uv radiation. Susceptibility to mutation in response to EMS was also compared in BHK and strains V1 and V2. The frequency of induction of ouabain-resistant cells was 140% of the parental strain in the case of strain V1 and 58% of the parental strain in the case of strain V2. PMID- 6739725 TI - Cell contact during expression of radiation mutation in Chinese hamster V79 spheroids. AB - The influence of cell to cell contact during expression of radiation mutation at the HGPRT locus was examined using Chinese hamster V79 spheroids. Spheroids left intact for up to 6 days following 7.5 Gy (and then dissociated into single cells for selection in 6-thioguanine) showed no significant decrease in radiation induced mutation frequency compared to cells of spheroids dissociated immediately following irradiation and passaged in monolayers during the expression interval. These results suggest that the intimate cell contact which occurs between cells in spheroids does not inhibit mutant expression. However, the cell selection process did appear to reduce mutation frequency when spheroids were left intact for 8 days of expression, or when spheroids received 10 Gy. PMID- 6739726 TI - Flow cytometric determination of radiation-induced chromosome damage and its correlation with cell survival. AB - Chinese hamster M3-1 cells were irradiated with several doses of X rays or alpha particles from 238Pu. Propidium iodide-stained chromosome suspensions were prepared at different times after irradiation; cells were also assayed for survival. The DNA histograms of these chromosomes showed increased background counts with increased doses of radiation. This increase in background was cell cycle dependent and was correlated with cell survival. The correlation between radiation-induced chromosome damage and cell survival was the same for X rays and alpha particles. Data are presented which indicate that flow cytometric analysis of chromosomes of irradiated cell populations can be a useful adjunct to classical cytogenic analysis of irradiation-induced chromosomal damage by virtue of its ability to express and measure chromosomal damage not seen by classical cytogenic methods. PMID- 6739727 TI - Hyperthermic radiosensitization of cells from a human melanoma xenograft. AB - Cells derived directly from a human melanoma xenograft were exposed to radiation and/or hyperthermia under aerobic conditions in vitro. Single cell survival was assayed in soft agar. The activation energies for heat treatment alone were 420 +/- 40 kcal/mole (41.5-42.5 degrees C) and 170 +/- 10 kcal/mole (43.0-45.5 degrees C). Heat doses of 41.5 degrees C (30 min) or 43.5 degrees C (30 min) did not cause a reduction in the shoulder of the X-ray survival curve of the cells, but the D0 value was reduced. The thermal enhancement ratios (the ratio of the D0 values) were in the ranges 1.0-1.3 (41.5 degrees C, 30 min) and 1.1-1.7 (43.5 degrees C, 30 min), depending on the sequence and the time between the treatments. Repair of sublethal radiation damage was not significantly inhibited when treatments with 41.5 degrees C (30 min) or 43.5 degrees C (30 min) preceded irradiation, but was inhibited when 44.5 degrees C (30 min) was given immediately before radiation and when 41.5 degrees C (120 min) was given immediately after radiation. Implications of the results for clinical treatment of malignant melanomas are discussed. PMID- 6739728 TI - Mean inactivation dose: a useful concept for intercomparison of human cell survival curves. AB - The mean inactivation dose (D) is calculated for published in vitro survival curves obtained from cell lines of both normal and neoplastic human tissues. Cells belonging to different histological categories (melanomas, carcinomas, etc.) are shown to be characterized by distinct values of D which are related to the clinical radiosensitivity of tumors from these categories. Compared to other ways of representing in vitro radiosensitivity, e.g., by the multitarget parameters D0 and n, the parameter D has several specific advantages: (i) D is representative for the whole cell population rather than for a fraction of it; (ii) it minimizes the fluctuations of the survival curves of a given cell line investigated by different authors; (iii) there is low variability of D within each histological category; (iv) significant differences in radiosensitivity between the categories emerge when using D. D appears to be a useful concept for specifying intrinsic radiosensitivity of human cell lines. PMID- 6739729 TI - [Determination of the level of spontaneous damage in human and mammalian cell DNA]. AB - A technique for registration of spontaneous DNA lesions in intact mammalian cells is proposed. Arabinosid cytosine and hydroxyurea were shown to inhibit the repair of gaps spontaneously formed and accumulated in DNA leading to the formation of double-strand DNA breaks and cell death. The rate of spontaneous lesions was different in cells from different animal species and different tissues. A considerable increase in the level of spontaneous lesions was noted with ageing. It is concluded that the level of spontaneous DNA lesions is one of the fundamental biologically important characteristics of a cell. PMID- 6739730 TI - [Formation and repair of DNA breaks in bone marrow cells of the irradiated rat]. AB - The method of sedimentation was used to study the induction and repair of DNA breaks in irradiated rat bone marrow cells. It was shown that a total population of bone marrow cells did not differ from that of cultured L5178Y cells with regard to the yield of single-strand breaks and the ratio between double- and single-strand breaks. The absence of double-strand breaks and incomplete repair of single-strand breaks (70%) were noted with doses ranging from 20 to 100 Gy. The quantity of unrepaired single-strand breaks did not correlate with that of double-strand breaks, induced by the same radiation doses. This is indicative of the capacity of bone marrow cells for repair in a short-term culture. PMID- 6739731 TI - [Double-stranded DNA breaks and inactivation of mammalian cells in relation to the LET of the radiation--comparison between experiment and theory]. AB - In experiments on Chinese hamster cells the survival curves and the yield of double-strand DNA breaks were determined after irradiation at different LET. The comparison of the experimental results and the survival curves calculated on the basis of Gunter-Schultz's theory of radiation inactivation of cells has demonstrated that radiation-induced double-strand DNA breaks are responsible for the lethal effect of radiation on cells. PMID- 6739732 TI - [Radiosensitivity of thymocytes and bone marrow cells of the lymphoid series based on data from a study of the kinetics of spontaneous chemiluminescence]. AB - Two peaks of spontaneous chemiluminescence (SHL), registered at a time of mass cell death (minutes 5 and 55), were detected in a suspension of intact thymocytes during a complement-depending cytotoxic test (CDCT) with anti-theta-serum. The second peak disappeared in suspensions irradiated with doses of 4, 6, 8 and 10 Gy; as the dose increased the first peak appeared at earlier times after irradiation (1-2 min), and cells died more rapidly. As to intact bone-marrow cells of a lymphoid series, a stimulatory effect of thymosin on the theta-antigen expression was detected during CDCT with a reference to the increased quantum yield of SCL. After irradiation of the suspension (6 and 8 Gy) cells died more rapidly and SCL peak appeared earlier. When CDCT was conducted 15 min after irradiation of rats (6 Gy) incubation with thymosin influenced the appearance of the peak at earlier times after irradiation. PMID- 6739733 TI - [Proliferative activity and frequency of chromosome aberrations in the 1st mitosis in 50-, 60- and 70-hour cultures of irradiated lymphocytes and in mixed cultures of irradiated and non-irradiated cells]. AB - Proliferative activity and frequency of chromosome aberrations during the first mitosis were comparatively studied in 50-, 60- and 70-h cultures of human peripheral blood lymphocytes after gamma-irradiation in vitro with doses of 6 and 8 Gy, and also in mixed cultures of irradiated and nonirradiated cells. It was shown that radiation-induced delay in proliferation is dissimilar for cells with different number of chromosome aberrations. PMID- 6739734 TI - [Radiosensitizing and damaging action of hyperthermia on different biological systems. Radiosensitizing and damaging action of hyperthermia on mouse hematopoietic stem cells]. AB - Dose dependences of heat-induced inactivation of CFUs have been described for the temperature range of 41 to 44 degrees C. The energy of activation of the processes of thermal death was 100-120 kcal/M. CFUs were more resistant to heating than the cells of mouse leukaemia. Heating 1 h or immediately before irradiation had a radiosensitizing effect on CFUs. When bone marrow cells were heated 1 h after irradiation the radiosensitizing effect was absent: there was only a simple summation of the effects of the two damaging agents. PMID- 6739735 TI - [General scheme of modification of reproductive cell death]. AB - A general scheme of modification of reproductive cell death is proposed. At the first, physicochemical, stage modification involves changes in the concentration of thiols and oxygen in a cell. This may be implemented by different agents (e. g. thiols, indolylalkylamines, oxygen, substances influencing the oxygen consumption by a cell, etc.). At the second stage, modification occurs due to the increase (a nonspecific reaction and mitosis delay) or decrease (repair inhibitors and hyperthermia) in the enzymatic repair of potential damages. PMID- 6739736 TI - [Comparison of the structure and catabolism of rat thymus DNA exposed to tritium oxide and gamma-radiation in equal doses]. AB - A decrease in DNA concentration and in the molecular mass of single-stranded DNA, an increase in the PDN content, and activation of acid DNAses in rat thymus were observed after a single administration of tritium oxide in a dose of 22 mBq/g (a cumulative dose of 7.8 Gy) and gamma-irradiation at a corresponding dose-rate and value of the cumulative dose. These changes were most pronounced during the period of dose accretion, i.e. during 14-30 days after the beginning of irradiation. The degree to which the indices under study varied from the controls was 2-3 times in rats given tritium oxide than in those exposed to gamma irradiation. PMID- 6739737 TI - [Postradiation disorders in the adenine-phosphoribosyltransferase pathway of AMP biosynthesis]. AB - A study was made of the activity of adenine-phosphoribosyltransferase (EC 2.4.2.7), which catalizes the biosynthesis of AMP from adenine and 5-phospho alpha-D-riboso-1-diphosphate, in extracts from thymus and liver during 24 h following irradiation of mice in a dose of 245.1 mC/kg (dose-rate of 9.16 X 10( 4)-9.0 X 10(-4) A/kg). Adenine-phosphoribosyltransferase activity of liver remains normal during the entire period of observation. In thymus extracts, the activity of the enzyme decreases down to 70-80% of the control level 3 h after irradiation, it is normalized after 6 h and increases up to 150-160% of the control level by the end of the first day of radiation sickness. PMID- 6739738 TI - [Changes in the content of the thiol form of the acetylation coenzyme in the liver during administration of vitamin B3-active compounds to intact and locally irradiated animals]. AB - A local exposure of mouse head to gamma-rays caused phase changes in CoASH content of the liver. The administration of D-pantothenate-Ca and D-pantethine increased the level of CoASH in the liver of exposed animals; calcium D homopantothenate did not influence the co-enzyme content. It is suggested that pantothenate and pantethine act like vitamins while the influence of homopantothenate is associated with the effects of calcium ions. PMID- 6739739 TI - [Quantitative evaluation of radiation damage to thrombocytopoiesis]. AB - From the comparison of the results of model and experimental kinetics of thrombocytopoiesis the following parameters have been quantitatively estimated: (1) the percentage of cells killed during the interphase (interphase death) and (2) the duration of the mitosis delay and the abortive rise. There was a 1.3-1.5 fold and 2-3-fold nonspecific and postirradiation, respectively, decrease in the megacaryocyte maturation time. The transit time of the committed megacaryocyte precursors was reduced due to death of premature precursors and survival of mature forms. PMID- 6739740 TI - [Activity and properties of cycl AMP-dependent protein kinases in the gray substance of the rat brain in acute radiation injury]. AB - It was shown that in conditions of acute radiation affection there was a decrease of 37% and 32% in activity of cyclic AMP-dependent protein kinases, isolated from cytosol of gray substance of rat brain cells and from the synaptic membranes solubilized by triton X-100, respectively. The activity of enzymes from the control and irradiated animals was maximum with similar concentration of 3':5' AMP (10(-6) M) and pH (7.4) in Tris-HCl and HEPES-buffers. Histone H4 was shown to be the best substrate for both enzyme forms. Other substrates under study were phosphorylated to a lesser degree. PMID- 6739741 TI - [Modeling the processes of cell recovery from radiation injury and the effective dose reduction principle. Model of postradiation recovery with a finite number of recovery channels]. AB - Using the effective dose reduction principle for the description of the postirradiation recovery a mathematical model has been developed with the definite number of recovery channels in a cell. It was established that the number of recovery channels in Megri 139-B yeast cells was of the order of 10. The model may be applied for co-ordination of studies in the repair of radiation induced lesions in a DNA molecule and in the postirradiation survival of exposed cells. PMID- 6739743 TI - [Biological action of radioactive carbon. Biological effects of large amounts of radioactive carbon (14C-glycine)]. AB - In experiments on CBA X C57B16 mice a study was made of the acute effects of radiocarbon (14C-glycine) administered intraperitoneally in doses of 130, 60, 30 and 15 mBq/animal (the total cumulative doses absorbed within the body were, at an average, 29.5, 14.2, 7.1 and 3.6 Gy, respectively). In the first group, the animals developed grave radiation affections (50% death, average life-span of 17.6 days); in the second group, the affection was less serious, and in the third and fourth groups, the affection was light. A mean tissue absorbed dose in the died animals was 6-11 Gy. PMID- 6739742 TI - [Life-span of rats as affected by a combination of external (137Cs) and internal (237Np) radiation]. AB - A study was made of a change in the mean life of rats exposed to external gamma radiation (51.6 mC/kg) and 237Np (a polymeric nitrate form) administered intratracheally (0.2-188.0 kBq/kg) delivered separately and in a combination. It was established that the effects of gamma- and alpha-radiation were summated. PMID- 6739744 TI - [Mechanisms of increasing the intensity of ultraviolet fluorescence of irradiated cells]. AB - As shown on the in vitro irradiated Ehrlich ascites tumor cells the increase in the intensity of ultraviolet fluorescence (UVF) of the exposed cells occurs only in such incubation conditions when an increase in the tryptophan content of irradiated cells becomes possible. The increase in the UVF intensity and in the tryptophan content are quantitatively identical. It is concluded that the increase in the content of the fluorescing substance, tryptophan, in the irradiated cells is the cause of the increase in the UVF intensity. PMID- 6739745 TI - [Changes in the absorptive capacity of the reticuloendothelial system during combined radiation-thermal injury]. AB - From experiments in rats it is shown that the aggravating effect of heat on the outcome of radiation sickness may be attributed to the enhancement of impairment of the resistance of the body to autoinfection and endotoxaemia due to early post burn depression of the absorptive function of the reticulo-endothelial system. PMID- 6739746 TI - [Efficacy of polymeric 239Pu removal by liposome-encapsulated pentacin]. AB - Liposome-incapsulated pentacine (DTPA) removes intracellular polimeric 239Pu and colloidal hydroxide of polymeric 239Pu from a rat body in the amounts 2- and 4 times, respectively, exceeding those eliminated by free DTPA. However the amount of 239Pu removed decreases sharply with increasing 239Pu hydrolysation and polymerization. It is concluded that the effectiveness of 239Pu removal depends on the physico-chemical status of the radionuclide and its interaction with the biosubstrate rather than on the amount of DTPA entering the cells. PMID- 6739747 TI - [Thyroid gland hypofunction during separate and combined radiation-thermal injury]. AB - A study was made of the dynamics of structural, morphological and histological changes in the thyroid gland of Wistar rats subjected to gamma-irradiation (7.5 Gy) and thermal burn (15% of a body surface) and a combined effect of these two factors. Concurrently, an estimation was made of the iodine content of the gland, using the roentgen-fluorescent method, and of the thyroxin concentration in blood. The results obtained were considered in relation to the clinical course and the outcome of the affection caused by the combined and individual effects of radiation and heat. It is conluded that the cell-tissue substrate providing the thyroid hormones synthesis does not undergo substantial variations from normal values which could be considered as a cause of the decrease in the hormone content of blood after burn, irradiation and the combined radiation and thermal injury. Other possible causes of hyperthyroxynemia are discussed. PMID- 6739748 TI - [Radiation-induced changes in critical organs in rats irradiated in the state of parabiosis]. AB - A study was made of the influence of parabiosis on the critical organ status in rats exposed to supralethal doses. The presence of a nonirradiated partner was shown to accelerate the recovery processes both in the intestine and the haemopoietic organs. The X-ray dose leading to a 50% decrease in the number of crypts was 11.9 Gy for parabionts, and 6.6 Gy for single animals. PMID- 6739749 TI - [Role of the thyroid gland in developing the genetic effects of microwaves of nonthermal intensity]. AB - Thyroidectomy was shown to prevent the development of the antimutagenic effect in rats exposed to microwaves. At the same time, exposure to the electromagnetic field decreased the mutagenic effect of excess thyroxin administered during irradiation. PMID- 6739750 TI - [Characteristics of the role of the hydroxyl group in serotonin in the pharmacological and antiradiation effect of serotonin]. AB - It was shown that omega-hydroxylation of O-alkyl serotonin derivatives can slightly improve the radioprotective and pharmacological properties of these substances but fails to remove completely the unfavourable action of O-alkylation of serotonin. There is a close correlation between the radioprotective effect of 5-oxyalkoxytryptamines and their action on blood supply of mouse spleen. The introduction of the alkoxy-group or the tertiary amino-group into omega-position removes the radioprotective effect of 5-alkoxytryptamines. PMID- 6739752 TI - Fractures of the proximal third of femur. AB - Requests for '? fractured neck of femur' form a major part of the work in the accident and emergency X-ray department today. Good quality radiographs are essential for the correct diagnosis to be made. The type of fracture shown, together with age and health of the patient, will determine the repair undertaken. Regular radiography of the fracture site will demonstrate any subsequent local complications. PMID- 6739751 TI - Panoramic zonography of the middle and inner ear. PMID- 6739753 TI - Reconstruction techniques in high resolution computed tomography. PMID- 6739754 TI - Radiographers as managers. 4. The organization and its structure--some theory and practice. AB - The success of an organization depends on its management and requires the correct applications of management principles relative to the aims of the organization. In order to manage, a structure will be set up which will depend not only on the objectives but also on the personnel within the organization. The structure and people together will form a culture. If the culture, people and structure are correct then the objectives of the organization will be met and the organization will be successful. When culture, people and structure do not match, this can cause friction, loss of morale, poor communication, political infighting and other such management problems. PMID- 6739755 TI - Radiotherapy and patient consent. PMID- 6739756 TI - 'Competent to practise'? AB - The concept of competence to practise and the possibility of introducing a scheme of continuous assessment into the qualifying Diploma are currently being investigated within the profession. Ways in which these might be operated are discussed. PMID- 6739757 TI - The introduction of basic computer technology into the HDCR and DCR syllabuses. AB - Recently, it was agreed by the College and the Radiographers' Board that amendments to the DCR (and HDCR) syllabus should include the basic principles of computer technology, and the purpose of this short paper is to suggest the type and level of expected knowledge. At DCR level this paper suggests what could constitute the total requirement, whereas at HDCR level it could be considered as forming a very adequate foundation. It is hoped this paper will also stimulate more expansive and informative contributions from other authors, which may be of a specific or more general interest to student and post-diplomate radiographers. PMID- 6739760 TI - Experiential learning techniques: their use in psychological aspects of patient care. AB - The psychological aspects of patient care have been taught at the Staffordshire School of Radiography for two years. Experiential learning techniques have been employed, alongside more traditional learning methods. The reasons for the use of these techniques are outlined in this article, together with details of the content and timing of the course. The advantages and pitfalls of experiential techniques are identified and the question of assessment of this topic is offered for consideration. The article is followed by two detailed examples of students' project work in which they apply some of the methods described. PMID- 6739758 TI - Management of renal stones by ultrasonic shattering. PMID- 6739759 TI - Modification to phantom skull. PMID- 6739761 TI - [Preparation of radiation source sheathing for intraoral afterloading therapy]. PMID- 6739762 TI - [Effect of an error in source step length on dose distribution during discontinuous movement of the source in afterloading therapy]. PMID- 6739763 TI - [Combination of brachytherapy and teletherapy in the "robotron-dopsy" software package]. PMID- 6739764 TI - [Dose-time relationship in contact therapy]. PMID- 6739765 TI - [Effect of temporal dose distribution in prolonged and fractionated brachytherapy of gynecologic tumors. Mathematically formulated models and clinical experiences in fractionated short-time-afterloading with high dose rates]. PMID- 6739766 TI - [Calibration results of determining the dose reference points for afterloading therapy of uterine cancer using an applicator tube]. PMID- 6739767 TI - [Thermoluminescent dosimetric measurements of doses to the bladder and rectum during gynecologic afterloading contact therapy]. PMID- 6739768 TI - [Radium puncture of a monstrous hemangioendothelioma (endothelioma with suspicion of sarcomatous degeneration) in infancy--long-term observation]. PMID- 6739769 TI - [Radiotherapy of cervix cancer--treatment results and intestinal side effects]. PMID- 6739770 TI - [Prognosis and therapy of malignant non-Hodgkin's lymphoma of the ENT region]. PMID- 6739771 TI - [Possibility of testing the radiosensitivity of human malignant tumors in cell culture]. PMID- 6739772 TI - [Reproductive and genetic problems in patients with malignant lymphomas]. PMID- 6739773 TI - [Enzyme changes during and after radiotherapy of the mediastinum. I. Changes in lactate dehydrogenase activity]. PMID- 6739774 TI - [Combined use of hepatobiliary function scintigraphy and sonography to clarify complications after cholecystectomy]. PMID- 6739775 TI - [Determination of gastric emptying time using labeled solid and liquid test meals (problems, methods and results)]. PMID- 6739777 TI - [Determination of muscle microcirculation in the extremities of normal subjects and patients with scleroderma using 133Xenon-clearance. 2. Study of patients with progressive scleroderma]. PMID- 6739776 TI - [Determination of muscle microcirculation in the extremities of normal subjects and patients with scleroderma using 133Xenon-clearance. 1. Study of probands with normal blood vessels]. PMID- 6739778 TI - Dental radiography: an overview for the radiologic technologist. AB - The methods and techniques involved in dental radiography are presented to familiarize the radiologic technologist with this practice. Additionally, the uses and pathologies commonly encountered in dental radiography are discussed. Although dental radiography is seldom performed by many radiographers, the techniques and methods used may be of interest and use to the radiographer. PMID- 6739779 TI - Radiation therapy technology: profile of a profession. AB - This paper is a descriptive study of radiation therapy technology. Demographic, socioeconomic, and professional data were collected on the basis of questions sent to all registered radiation therapy technologists. In addition, opinions regarding the views on the education and entry level of the profession were solicited. The study was designed to provide baseline data for future study. PMID- 6739781 TI - Pleural effusion of impossible origin. PMID- 6739780 TI - Advantages of table-top radiography in pediatric IVPs. AB - Evidence is presented to support the use of a nongrid table-top procedure for pediatric IVPs. The patient dose and image quality is compared in grid and nongrid techniques using identical film-screen systems. All projections are KUBs of children with abdominal thicknesses less than 13 cm who are involved in IVP examinations. Image quality is shown to be affected adversely beyond 13 cm. The use of the table-top method is helpful to the radiologist and technologist and beneficial to the patient. PMID- 6739782 TI - The Min-R system: an alternative to xeroradiography. PMID- 6739783 TI - Subpleural fat pads in patients exposed to asbestos: distinction from non calcified pleural plaques. AB - Thirty patients with known asbestos dust exposure were studied because of uncertainty as to whether or not the pleural changes observed on the radiographs were due to plaques or subpleural fat. The CT scans confirmed that the changes were due to subpleural fat in 14 cases (48%). Characteristic subpleural fat shadows on radiographs and CT scans are described, and the importance of differentiating fat from plaques for medico-legal reasons is emphasized. PMID- 6739784 TI - Chlamydia trachomatis pneumonia in adults: radiographic appearance. AB - Radiographic findings in six adults with evidence of community-acquired Chlamydia trachomatis pneumonia were studied. Streaky infiltration, without evidence of consolidation, and multilobar involvement were characteristic. Radiographic features that distinguish this unique entity from other community-acquired pneumonias and from Chlamydia trachomatis pneumonia in infancy are also discussed. PMID- 6739785 TI - Early gastric cancer: radiographic experience. AB - Early gastric cancer (EGC) is currently defined as an adenocarcinoma limited to the mucosa or to the mucosa and submucosa with or without perigastric lymph node involvement. To evaluate the radiologic features of this tumor, the radiographs of 21 cases were reviewed. Four were Type I (protruded) tumors, eight were Type II (superficial) including two mixed lesions, and nine were Type III (excavated), containing evidence of true ulceration. A retrospective analysis of radiographic findings indicated that nine of the tumors (43%) were either suspicious or diagnostic for malignancy on at least one examination, four (19%) were thought to be benign, and eight (38%) showed no identifiable lesion in the region of the stomach subsequently shown to contain an early cancer. The location, size, histology, gross morphology, and survival data, even in the face of perigastric lymph node involvement, all suggest that the early gastric cancer reported in this and other Western series is the same as that reported by the Japanese. The data further suggest that the incidence of EGC in the West is higher than traditionally thought. PMID- 6739786 TI - Small-bowel lymphoma and regional enteritis: radiographic similarities. AB - Lymphoma and regional enteritis may demonstrate strikingly similar patterns in the small bowel. Fifty cases of regional enteritis and small-bowel lymphoma were reviewed. Of these, there were 12 cases of both diseases in which a confident radiographic distinction could not be made. Both diseases may narrow the terminal ileum, present as inflammatory processes, and demonstrate nodular patterns. Other similarities include aneurysmal dilatation, several types of ulceration, fistula formation, mesenteric masses, and involvement of the terminal ileum either alone or in association with skip areas. Clinical implications and the pathologic processes responsible for the radiographic similarity between these entities are discussed. PMID- 6739787 TI - A computer-based gastrointestinal information management system. AB - A clinical data base system was developed that integrates gastrointestinal radiologic examinations, endoscopic studies, and pathologic diagnoses. An interrogative language is used, so that data input occurs by response to a series of relevant questions and answers that are constructed by the clinical staff without programmer support. Data are stored in a hierarchical, natural-language (noncoded) format, making them easily understandable by all clinical groups. Since the computer system is interactive, there are on-line capabilities for data input at various times as well as for instantaneous retrieval of all data on a given patient. Retrieval (search) of data uses Boolean logic, allowing for intercorrelative studies among radiology, endoscopy, and pathology. Data can then be isolated in files in which the computer can generate demographic and statistical data by use of a series of programs. Both data search and analysis can be accomplished without programming knowledge. Not only are research functions served by the system, but educational functions such as preparation of conferences and lectures, professional quality assurance, and resident teaching through follow-up and missed-case review can be performed. PMID- 6739788 TI - Small colonic polyps: a reappraisal of their significance. AB - With the advent of fiberoptic endoscopy and modern radiographic techniques, the majority of detected polyps are less than 1 cm. During a seven-month period, we studied 140 patients who had radiographically demonstrated colonic polyps that were confirmed by pathologic study. Tissue specimens were obtained by proctoscopy, colonoscopy, or surgery. There were 222 polyps of which 144 (65%) were 1 cm or less in size, with the preponderance (80%) of these being adenomatous. Of the 82 polyps that ranged in size from 6-10 mm, 68 (83%) were adenomas, including one carcinoma and five villous adenomas. Forty-seven (72%) of the diminutive polyps (less than or equal to 5 mm) were adenomatous, including two with atypia. Our results correspond to those of several recent endoscopic studies, reporting that a small colonic polyp is most likely to be adenomatous, and that it possesses the potential for growth and malignant transformation. The detection of small polyps during barium enema examination is thus warranted, particularly in the proximal colon where the majority are adenomatous. The clinical management of polyps is becoming more aggressive, and the removal of even small lesions (less than or equal to 5 mm) is now performed if they are found incidentally during colonoscopy. PMID- 6739789 TI - Videofluoroscopic identification of two types of swallowing. AB - Two forms of swallowing were observed during videofluoroscopy in 166 asymptomatic patients, consisting of an air-containing ("open") pharynx in 120 (72%) and an occluded ("closed") pharynx in 46 (28%). The epiglottis inverted differently in the two forms of swallowing. PMID- 6739790 TI - Failure of total condylar knee replacement. Correlation of radiographic, clinical, and surgical findings. AB - The authors reviewed 55 failed total condylar knee replacements, correlating the radiographic and surgical findings at removal or revision. Failure was due to infection in 20 cases, mechanical loosening in 18, instability without loosening in 10, malalignment without loosening in 4, a supracondylar fracture in 2, and unknown causes in 1. In infection with loosening or chronic infection, radiographs usually showed a wide, extensive radiolucent region at the cement bone interface around one or more components without shifting, while in acute infection without loosening the radiographs were normal. In mechanical loosening, in addition to a similar lucent region, the prosthesis became tilted in 16 out of 18 cases. Most loosening involved tilting of the tibial component into the varus position with subsidence into the medial tibial plateau, collapse of the cancellous bone, and plastic deformation. Radiographs can be helpful in determining the reason for failure of a total knee replacement, which is important in planning surgery. PMID- 6739791 TI - Obstructive migration of renal calculi following cyst aspiration. AB - The authors report 3 cases of ureteral obstruction secondary to puncture of peri pelvic renal cysts which had been obstructing and dilating the renal pelvis. In each case, non-obstructive calculi passed from the upper collecting system into the ureter or infundibulum within 72 hours of decompression, causing acute renal colic and marked obstruction. PMID- 6739792 TI - An on-line digital image management system. AB - The continuing increase in diagnostic examinations using digitally formatted image instrumentation imposes new requirements on the acquisition, display, transmission, recording, and archiving of all diagnostic data. The fabrication decisions and initial clinical testing of a prototype on-line, decentralized digital image management system are described. With this system, raw digital data can be viewed by multiple users as soon as it is acquired by an acquisition node and transmitted to a display node. Radiologists and clinicians have given this system a favorable reception. PMID- 6739793 TI - Critical incident interviewing in evaluation of resident performance. AB - To identify evaluation procedures for selection of radiology residents, this study was performed to describe the criteria that indicate successful resident performance. The critical incident technique, a method previously used in industrial settings, was applied. Structured interviews with 22 senior radiology staff members produced descriptions of resident behavior that fell into the following six categories: knowledge, technical skills and abilities, attitudes toward self, interpersonal skills, conscientiousness, and curiosity. The majority of behavioral factors appraised were in the last four categories, which describe personality variables and social skills. The results have implications for the evaluation and selection of residents. PMID- 6739794 TI - The operation of a ward-based radiology consultation service. AB - A radiology consultation service, consisting of an attending radiologist and a senior radiology resident, functioned for ten months on an acute care medical ward in a teaching hospital. The consultants conducted daily conferences during which they discussed, approved, and scheduled all imaging tests. During the study interval, there were significantly fewer procedures performed on patients in the consultation ward than were performed on patients in three other medical wards of the hospital. The service was well accepted by the medical staff. Early and sustained participation by a radiologist who functions as an advisor during diagnostic evaluations can help limit inappropriate or redundant imaging examinations. PMID- 6739796 TI - Malignant biliary obstruction: complications of percutaneous biliary drainage. AB - The medical records of 161 patients who underwent percutaneous biliary drainage (PBD) for malignant biliary obstruction were reviewed with attention to the complications resulting from this mode of drainage. Observed was a higher incidence of complications--particularly of cholangitis--than that generally reported in the literature. Although PBD is an effective method of biliary drainage, it carries a high risk of cholangitis in patients with cancer, who frequently receive myelosuppressive agents that predispose them to infections. PMID- 6739795 TI - Serious complications following transgression of the pleural space in drainage procedures. AB - Transgression of the parietal pleura may occur during placement of interventional drainage catheters into the liver and upper abdomen, and occasionally results in lethal complications. In a review of nearly 2,000 such procedures, four deaths were found to be related directly to pleural transgression from biliary drainage. Therefore, the anatomy of the pleura pertinent to abdominal needle or catheter insertion was analyzed. In 14 cadavers examined after intercostal needle insertion into the liver, needles inserted through the 9th intercostal space or higher punctured the pleura in all but one cadaver. Radiologic studies of 15 clinical cases revealed that elderly patients rarely depressed the diaphragm below the 9th intercostal space, which increases the risk of unsuspected puncture of the pleura. Review of clinical material revealed that diagnostic needle puncture through the parietal pleura carries far less risk than placement of a long-term drainage catheter. Methods to avoid puncture of the pleura, as well as the technical problems involved in such maneuvers, are given. PMID- 6739797 TI - Surgical and radiological decompression in malignant biliary obstruction: a retrospective study using multivariate risk factor analysis. AB - We performed a retrospective computer-aided statistical study of 228 patients who received treatment for malignant biliary obstruction to compare survival rates after surgical or radiological biliary decompression. To adjust for the selection bias produced by the clinical choice of surgical vs. catheter drainage, we examined differences in survival rates after controlling for various clinical and laboratory factors, which are predictive of short and long-term survival. These factors were selected by multivariate analysis. Short-term survival was significantly correlated with preoperative metabolic status as reflected in serum albumin, and blood urea nitrogen (BUN) levels. Elevated serum bilirubin values had no additional negative effect on survival. Long-term survival was influenced mainly by the extent of the primary cancer and the preoperative presence of leukocytosis. Although there was a difference in the raw data for hospital mortality between patients who underwent surgical drainage (11%) and those who underwent radiological drainage (30%), we found no real effect produced by the form of therapy after controlling for prognosis variables, i.e., eliminating selection bias. We propose a simple statistical model to predict short-term hospital survival. The application of objective risk factor analysis according to accepted statistical methods should permit the assessment of new radiologic therapeutic techniques with greater clinical validity. PMID- 6739798 TI - Routine preoperative biliary drainage: effect on management of obstructive jaundice. AB - The routine application of preoperative percutaneous transhepatic biliary drainage (PTBD) to patients who have obstructive jaundice has a significant effect on overall morbidity, mortality, and patient survival by allowing selective application of the most appropriate therapeutic modality. Surgical patients who undergo PTBD were compared with those for whom PTBD was not available. The surgical complication rate was 44% for those who did not undergo PTBD and 15% for those who did. The surgical procedure-related mortality rate was 30% for those who did not undergo PTBD and 12% for those who did. These differentials may have been due either to a beneficial effect of presurgical decompression or to the fact that only more favorable candidates were selected for operative internal bypass. There was an overall increase in length of survival following the application of PTBD, especially in those patients who were surgical candidates. PMID- 6739799 TI - Endoscopic retrograde biliary drainage. AB - Endoscopic retrograde biliary drainage (ERBD) was completed in 30 of 34 attempts (88.2%). Sixteen patients are alive with functioning stents one to 14 months following insertion of the catheters. Eight patients died with functioning stents two weeks to four months following placement. Six stents were replaced due to sepsis or rising bilirubin one to eight months following initial insertion. The only immediate complication was sepsis, which developed in one patient. Since ERBD circumvents many of the complications associated with percutaneous transhepatic drainage, it has replaced this technique in our institution as the primary non-operative modality for biliary decompression. Percutaneous transhepatic drainage is now reserved for ERBD failures. PMID- 6739802 TI - Pulmonary arteriovenous fistulas occluded by percutaneous introduction of coil springs. AB - Between July 1980 and July 1983, we occluded 30 pulmonary arteriovenous fistulas (PAVFs) in four patients by percutaneous placement of coil springs. All patients had significant right-to-left shunts and hypoxemia. One presented with recurrent cerebral abscesses following bilateral thoracotomy and lobectomy. The technique requires advancement of the catheter superselectively into the feeding artery just proximal to the fistula. Occlusion at this site preserves the maximum amount of functioning pulmonary parenchyma. Frequently more than one coil spring is required for occlusion. In our experience, the coil spring is a safe, effective, economical vaso-occlusive device for management of PAVFs. PMID- 6739801 TI - A new vena caval filter for percutaneous placement and retrieval: experimental study. AB - A new vena caval filter that can be inserted percutaneously through an angiographic catheter is described. The filter is secured by controlled penetration of the caval wall and is designed for percutaneous retrieval. The filter was easily and safely placed and removed in 11 mongrel dogs, and in an in vitro study, the filter was shown to be highly effective and less dependent than the Greenfield filter on positioning. The authors believe that the filter will be suitable for prophylactic placement in patients at high risk for pulmonary thromboembolic disease. PMID- 6739800 TI - Percutaneous cholecystostomy in acute cholecystitis and common duct obstruction. AB - Percutaneous cholecystostomy was performed in 36 patients, of whom 22 patients with acute cholecystitis had decompression of the gallbladder and 14 patients with common duct obstruction had biliary decompression through the gallbladder. In almost all cases of acute cholecystitis, percutaneous cholecystostomy quickly confirmed the diagnosis and brought relief. Bile leakage occurred in one patient when catheter placement was performed under ultrasonic guidance alone; subsequent procedures were performed in a single step using an "accordion" catheter under fluoroscopic control following ultrasound localization. This technique has proved to be useful as both a diagnostic and therapeutic procedure. PMID- 6739803 TI - Late sequelae of percutaneous nephrostomy. Work in progress. AB - Renal scans of 36 patients were obtained with and without the use of contrast material, and a dynamic CT study was performed at least three years after percutaneous nephrostomy (PNS) to evaluate the late effects of that procedure on kidney morphology and function. Only one kidney showed a cortical scar (1 X 1 X 1 cm in size) at the puncture site, and there were no signs of a loss of renal function or of alterations of the collecting system. Eight kidneys demonstrated slight capsular fibrosis at the puncture site, three were displaced posteriorly, and ten had some slight perirenal scarring around the lower pole. Overall, the morphological alterations were minimal and considerably less than those associated with open surgery. Coupled with the minimal complication rate associated with the initial PNS procedure, these findings indicate that PNS may be considered safe. PMID- 6739805 TI - Hypoxic-ischemic encephalopathy in term infants: diagnosis and prognosis evaluated by ultrasound. AB - The results of cranial ultrasonography in 32 term infants who had hypoxic ischemic encephalopathy (HIE) and in 26 control infants were reviewed. Small or nonvisualized ventricles were present in 94% of the patients with HIE and in 62% of the control subjects. In 20 of the 32 patients (63%) with HIE, ultrasound demonstrated parenchymal abnormalities; the most common finding was periventricular hyperechogenicity (12/32 patients). There was a single false positive result in the control group. Fifty per cent of patients with HIE who had abnormalities demonstrated on ultrasonograms died (within 15 days of birth), whereas none of the infants who had normal ultrasound findings died. Moreover, 80% of surviving patients who had abnormal ultrasound findings had residual neurological deficits versus only 11% of those with normal ultrasound findings. Our results indicate that ultrasound is effective in detecting parenchymal changes in patients with HIE, parenchymal echoes are a more reliable sign of HIE than ventricular size, and the finding of parenchymal lesions on ultrasound scans appears to be predictive of abnormal motor development. PMID- 6739804 TI - Ultrasonic renal lithotripsy. Single-stage percutaneous technique and adjuvant radiological procedures. AB - Single-stage percutaneous ultrasonic disintegration and removal of renal calculi was attempted in 67 patients (80 calculi) and proved successful in 65 (97%). Extraction was achieved during the initial session in 52 patients (78%) and required either an adjuvant radiological procedure or repeat nephroscopy in 13. Single-stage removal combines the skills of the radiologist and urologist and is successful in the majority of cases. PMID- 6739806 TI - Water-path ultrasound of chest disease in childhood. AB - While contact ultrasound has been used to assess the pleural space, pulmonary parenchyma, and mediastinum, there have been many difficulties owing to attenuation by bone and air interfaces. The authors have obtained excellent results using water-path ultrasound in 82 children with benign and malignant thoracic disease. The physical characteristics of the water path and the ability to scan dependent portions of the chest in various planes facilitated identification and characterization of lesions involving the chest wall, pleura, parenchyma, and mediastinum. PMID- 6739808 TI - Ultrasonographic evaluation of the renal parenchyma in infancy and childhood. AB - The authors evaluated 46 patients several hours to 10 years of age and found that in neonates and young infants, the renal cortex is normally as echogenic as the hepatic parenchyma. Within 2 to 3 months, the renal cortex becomes progressively less echogenic than the liver; however, in patients with renal parenchymal disease, cortical echogenicity increases. Sonography is very sensitive to this condition, especially in older children; however, the overall findings are nonspecific. The authors conclude that ultrasound is helpful in screening for renal parenchymal abnormalities in the pediatric patient, since (a) it is very sensitive in the detection of parenchymal disease, particularly in the neonatal period, and (b) older patients demonstrate a direct correlation between parenchymal abnormality and increased cortical echogenicity; this is not possible in the neonate because the renal cortex is normally as echogenic as the liver. However, ultrasound is relatively nonspecific except for renal cystic disease. PMID- 6739807 TI - Pulmonary hemorrhage associated with systemic lupus erythematosus in children. AB - Four children with systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) and pulmonary hemorrhage are discussed. Radiologists should be aware of the possibility of such bleeding when confronted with diffuse parenchymal abnormalities in a child, particularly if there is (a) evidence of unexplained blood loss or (b) signs and symptoms of collagen vascular disease. Pulmonary hemorrhage may occur long before SLE is suspected and appear identical to idiopathic pulmonary hemosiderosis. PMID- 6739809 TI - The dotted corticomedullary junction: a sonographic indicator of small-vessel disease in hypertensive children. AB - Six children with hypertension are reported where ultrasound showed a striking increase in the intrarenal vascular echoes. This pattern, the dotted corticomedullary junction, appears to represent a diffuse calcifying process involving the elastic fibers of the wall of small arteries. PMID- 6739810 TI - The Meckel cave: computed tomographic study. Part I: Normal anatomy; Part II: Pathology. AB - A formalin-fixed cadaver head with air filling the cisternal and ventricular spaces was scanned by high-resolution computed tomography (CT) in multiple planes (axial, coronal, and sagittal) through the Meckel cave. Correlation of the CT appearance of the Meckel cave was made with an anatomic dissection and whole-head band saw cross-sections. The appearance of the Meckel caves in normal patients was defined using similar high-resolution CT technique with intravenous and intrathecal contrast enhancement. CT techniques allowed consistent and accurate definition of the Meckel cave, the fifth cranial nerve, and adjacent anatomic structures. CT findings of 13 patients with lesions of the Meckel cave are also reviewed, including six trigeminal schwannomas, three meningiomas, two secondary tumors, one glioma, and one congenital fatty tumor. Surgical confirmation was present in 11 cases. Diagnosis and determination of the extent of Meckel cave lesions is possible with the use of high-resolution CT. PMID- 6739812 TI - Traumatic dural tears: CT diagnosis using metrizamide. AB - Computed tomography of the spine using intrathecal metrizamide was performed on six patients with spinal trauma. Dural tears with contrast material escaping outside the subarachnoid space were documented in five cases. In one case, the thecal laceration had healed and the contrast material was confined in a post traumatic meningocele. The characteristics of dural tears are demonstrable by metrizamide computed tomography, either in conjunction with myelography or as a separate procedure. Neurological deficits following spinal trauma may be aggravated by dural tears with entrapment of the spinal nerve roots. PMID- 6739811 TI - Mapping cerebral blood flow by xenon-enhanced computed tomography: clinical experience. AB - Local cerebral blood flow was measured and mapped using xenon-enhanced x-ray transmission computed tomography. Studies involving 4-6 minutes of xenon-oxygen inhalation can be performed routinely in awake and anesthetized patients with acceptable patient tolerance and compliance. Several case studies of patients with acute and chronic ischemic injuries and other cerebral abnormalities are presented to illustrate characterization of flow pattern in normal and abnormal tissue, as well as the relevance of this flow information to clinical patient management. PMID- 6739813 TI - Prolactin-secreting pituitary adenomas: CT appearance in diffuse invasion. AB - The authors describe 2 diffusely invasive prolactin-secreting pituitary adenomas which produced marked destruction of the base of the skull thought to be diagnostic of chordoma on computed tomography (CT). Failure to recognize this pattern led to biopsy, which was diagnostic. The authors emphasize the need to recognize this rare growth pattern of diffusely invasive pituitary adenoma on CT. PMID- 6739814 TI - Evaluation of the parotid gland. Comparison of sialography, non-contrast computed tomography, and CT sialography. AB - Sialography, non-contrast computed tomography (NCCT), and CT sialography (CTS) were compared in 40 patients with parotid disease. While NCCT and CTS proved to be superior to sialography in most cases, with NCCT being as good as CTS for demonstration of parotid masses, sialography was preferred over both NCCT and CTS for evaluation of inflammatory disease. The role of percutaneous needle aspiration is discussed, and protocols for evaluation of both parotid masses and inflammatory disease are presented. PMID- 6739815 TI - Temporomandibular joint internal derangements: CT diagnosis. AB - Two hundred patients with suspected displaced temporomandibular joint meniscus were studied with computed tomography. In 75 cases confirmation of the CT diagnosis was subsequently obtained via surgery or arthrography; correlation was found in 73 cases (97%), with one false-negative and one false-positive examination. When meniscus displacement was graded as "mild," "moderate," or "severe," those cases diagnosed as moderate or severe were more likely to require surgery. The technique and interpretation of this technique is described; in most cases CT can replace arthrography in diagnosing displaced temporomandibular joint menisci. PMID- 6739816 TI - The hidden antral compartment. AB - Two patients with rare isolated posterior antral compartments are presented. In both cases, the radiologist directed the surgeon to these clinically hidden recesses. The radiographic appearance included a walled-off compartment filled with material of soft-tissue density; clinical importance is discussed. PMID- 6739817 TI - Gated magnetic resonance imaging of the normal and diseased heart. AB - Gated cardiac magnetic resonance (MR) images were obtained in two normal volunteers and 21 adults with a variety of cardiovascular abnormalities. The images were correlated with data from clinical examinations, electrocardiograms, and cardiac catheterization. Gated cardiac images were superior to nongated images. Combined cardiac and respiratory gated images were superior to images obtained with cardiac gating only, but acquisition time was longer. Portions of the coronary arteries were visualized in seven of 23 examinations (30%), and subacute and old myocardial infarcts were seen in five of nine patients (55%) as areas of thinned myocardium. No signal changes were observed in the patients with subacute infarctions or the patient with myocarditis. Coronary atherosclerotic lesions were not visualized in any of the patients. Normal cardiac anatomy (chambers, valves, and papillary muscles) was well visualized. Examples of aortic stenosis and atherosclerosis of the abdominal aorta are shown. PMID- 6739818 TI - Focal renal masses: magnetic resonance imaging. AB - Thirty patients with focal renal masses were evaluated on a .12-Tesla resistive magnetic resonance unit using partial saturation and spin echo pulse sequences. A short repetition time (TR = 143 ms) was employed for partial saturation images and a spin echo was present in each case (TE = 10 ms). Additional pulse sequences through regions of interest were also obtained. Fifteen patients had cystic lesions, nine patients had renal cell carcinoma, two had metastatic lesions, one had an angiomyolipoma, and three had focal bacterial infection. Cystic lesions were well circumscribed and demonstrated a range of signal intensities. Small intra-parenchymal cysts were difficult to identify. Renal cell carcinomas demonstrated areas of increased signal using a partial saturation sequence (TR = 143-415 ms, TE = 10 ms). Magnetic resonance imaging accurately detected perinephric extension and vascular invasion in all patients. Metastatic disease to the kidney was uniformly low in signal, in contrast to primary renal cell carcinoma; an angiomyolipoma demonstrated very high signal intensity. Two masses resulting from acute focal bacterial nephritis were uniformly low in signal. One additional case of a more indolent pyelonephritis demonstrated high signal in regions of replacement lipomatosis and low signal in sites of active infection. Magnetic resonance imaging appears to be an accurate way of detecting, identifying, and staging focal renal masses. PMID- 6739819 TI - Primary biliary carcinoma: CT evaluation. AB - Fifty-three patients with documented primary biliary carcinoma were studied with computed tomography. Twenty-six patients had gallbladder carcinoma and 27 patients had carcinoma of the biliary ductal system. Ninety percent of patients with gallbladder cancer had an intraluminal mass. Local invasion into the liver was common. The majority of patients with biliary ductal carcinoma had dilated bile ducts, while only 50% of patients with gallbladder cancer had biliary ductal dilatation. The most common location of tumor involving the extrahepatic biliary ductal system was the distal common bile duct. This occurred in eight patients out of 27, or 30% of the cases. PMID- 6739820 TI - Varicosity of the left renal ascending lumbar communicant vein: a pitfall in CT diagnosis. AB - An anastomosis between the left renal and left ascending lumbar veins may appear as a mass on CT scans due to a varicosity where the veins separate. Intravenous injection of contrast material reveals the vascular nature of the mass. PMID- 6739822 TI - Estimating fetal age: computer-assisted analysis of multiple fetal growth parameters. AB - Regression models for predicting menstrual age based on real-time sonographic measurements of four fetal parameters (biparietal diameter, head circumference, abdominal circumference, and femur length), used alone and in combination, were developed in a cross-sectional study of 361 fetuses between 14 and 42 menstrual weeks. The head circumference and femur length were the strongest individual predictors of age. A number of combinations of fetal parameters, including the combination of head circumference and femur length, provided age estimates that were significantly better (p = 0.05) than those using any single parameter alone. It was also demonstrated that simply averaging individual age estimates in a given case could provide results that were not significantly different from those obtained by using the same parameters in a complex regression equation. The advantages and potential pitfalls of this system of fetal dating are discussed. PMID- 6739821 TI - Computed tomography in the evaluation of diverticulitis. AB - Computed tomography (CT) was performed in 43 cases of colonic diverticulitis and compared with the contrast-enema examination (CE) in 37 patients. Findings on CT included inflammation of the pericolic fat in 98% of cases, diverticula in 84%, thickening of the colon wall in 70%, a pericolic abscess in 35%, peritonitis in 16%, a fistula in 14%, colon obstruction in 12%, and intramural sinus tracts in 9%. Secondary findings included a distant abscess in 12% and ureteral obstruction in 7%. In addition to detecting ureteral and bladder involvement and distant abscess formation, CT was preferable for demonstrating the extent of pericolic inflammation, which was underestimated with CE in 41% of patients. Differential diagnosis of the CT findings is discussed. The authors indicate that CT should be the initial procedure in patients with suspected diverticulitis, particularly when CE is contraindicated. PMID- 6739823 TI - Ascites: comparison of plain film radiographs with ultrasonograms. AB - Plain film abdominal radiographs of 100 cases of ultrasound-proved ascites were reviewed for findings of ascites. In addition, 100 nonascitic cases proved by sonography were reviewed to evaluate the specificity of these findings. We found that all the described plain film radiographic signs of ascites except the hepatic angle sign are insensitive though specific. The hepatic angle sign has a sensitivity of 84% and a specificity of 70%. PMID- 6739824 TI - Left ventricular volume: physical basis for attenuation corrections in radionuclide determinations. AB - Absolute left ventricular volume has been calculated from gated blood pool studies by estimating an attenuation correction for left ventricular counts. We studied the physical basis of these corrections by evaluating x-ray photon attenuation from CT scans of the thorax (10 second scans, no gating). CT numbers were converted to linear attenuation coefficients (LACs) at 140 keV, and LACs from the center of the left ventricle or esophagus to the chest wall (40 degrees left anterior oblique position) were determined in 12 patients of various body habitus. The mean LACs were virtually identical (0.13 cm-1 +/- 0.02 cm-1 SD), but were less than the LAC of water (0.15 cm-1). However, the esophagus was 66% further from the chest wall than the center of the left ventricle. These results suggest that conventional methods overestimate attenuation and show that LAC variability between individuals can be large. Better methods of attenuation correction may improve count-based estimates of left ventricular volume. PMID- 6739825 TI - Reflex sympathetic dystrophy in the hands: clinical and scintigraphic criteria. AB - In an attempt to establish specific scintigraphic criteria for the reflex sympathetic dystrophy syndrome (RSD) as defined by a group of specialized hand surgeons, 145 consecutive patients, 23 of whom had clinical RSD, underwent three phase radionuclide bone scanning (TPBS). Specific patterns for positive radionuclide angiogram, blood pool, and delayed images were established. The delayed images were sensitive (96%), specific (97%), and had a valuable negative predictive value (99%). We concluded that TPBS could provide an objective marker for RSD, and it could also be used to exclude RSD in patients who had less specific signs and symptoms. PMID- 6739826 TI - Limb salvage in extremity soft-tissue sarcoma: combined modality therapy. AB - Thirty-two consecutive patients with high-grade soft-tissue sarcoma of an extremity were treated preoperatively with concomitant intra-arterial infusion of Adriamycin (doxorubicin) (10 mg/m2 daily for 10 days) and radiotherapy (2500 rad [25 Gy] in 10 fractions in 2 weeks). En bloc resection was then performed. Postoperatively, depending on the surgical specimen findings, radiotherapy was given to a dose ranging from 5000 rad (50 Gy) in 5 weeks to 6000 rad (60 Gy) in 6 weeks equivalent continuous schedules. No residual tumor was found in 28% of the surgical specimens and only minimal tumor in 41%. A functionally intact limb was preserved in 30 patients (94%). Local recurrence developed in one patient (3%). The actuarial overall survival at three years was 70% and disease-free survival 57%. PMID- 6739827 TI - Percutaneous gastrostomy: use of intragastric balloon support. AB - To facilitate catheter entrance into the stomach during percutaneous gastrostomy, we sutured a balloon to a nasogastric tube and inflated the balloon in the stomach. The balloon provides support and firmness for the compliant stomach, and prevents the gastric wall from being pushed away by incoming needles and catheters. The balloon frequently becomes palpable in the left upper quadrant and offers a good target fluoroscopically or sonographically. Trocar catheters were easier to insert when the target balloon technique was used, and trocar puncture shortened procedure time. The technique initially was developed in the laboratory and then tested in cadavers. Presently it is used with patients. To date, no specific complications have occurred with this procedure. PMID- 6739828 TI - The disposable umbrella catheter: an alternative to the standard balloon enema catheter. AB - The authors describe the use of a new catheter for barium enema examination that eliminates the hazards of the straight and balloon type catheters. PMID- 6739829 TI - Cerebral angiography: a device to reduce exposure to the eye lens. AB - A simple inexpensive eyeshield, made of thin sheets of lead apron material laminated to a 5- X 15-cm sheet of x-ray film base, which is taped to the temple nearest the lateral x-ray tube prior to the completion of standard simultaneous biplane posteroanterior (PA) and lateral angiograms, results in a significant reduction in radiation exposure to the lens of the eye. The shield protects the eye lens without significantly imparing the quality of the radiographs. Compared with reported radiation exposure for standard cerebral vascular angiography, use of this device can produce a 20-fold drop in radiation exposure to the lens. PMID- 6739830 TI - Prostatic uptake of Ga-67. AB - Midline activity low in the pelvis seen on Ga-67 scans is frequently attributed to colonic excretion of radionuclide. We have seen two cases of infectious prostatitis with focal uptake of Ga-67 within the prostate gland. We describe a technique of using limited quantities of barium administered by enema and appropriate positional imaging, which localizes pelvic activity to the prostate. PMID- 6739831 TI - Re: Contamination of contrast agents by rubber components of 50-ml disposable syringes. PMID- 6739832 TI - [Hemostasis in ornithosis]. PMID- 6739833 TI - [Isolation of new strains of tick-borne encephalitis virus in the Bialoeieza Forest]. PMID- 6739834 TI - [Epidemiology of lambliasis. III. Lambliasis in children from organized and non organized communities]. PMID- 6739835 TI - [Verification of the evaluation of the subjective scale of health status of persons of productive age]. PMID- 6739836 TI - [Course of tuberculous meningoencephalitis in elderly patients]. PMID- 6739837 TI - [Salmonella infection with reference to serum immunoglobulin A, M and G levels in asymptomatic carriers]. PMID- 6739838 TI - [Selected problems of chemotherapy in patients with testicular seminoma]. PMID- 6739839 TI - [Primary hyperlipoproteinemia in its clinical and laboratory aspects. VII. Phonoangiographic study]. PMID- 6739840 TI - [The value of determining enzyme activity in the liver and serum in toxicology]. PMID- 6739841 TI - [Detection of amitriptyline and imipramine in acute combined poisoning in rats. I. Detection of amitriptyline and imipramine in the urine by thin-layer chromatography]. PMID- 6739842 TI - [Disorders of consciousness]. PMID- 6739843 TI - [Monitoring of antibacterial therapy]. PMID- 6739844 TI - [Immune complexes in the serum of persons occupationally exposed to vinyl chloride]. PMID- 6739845 TI - [N-acetyl-beta-D-glucosaminidase in the lymphocytes of workers exposed to benzene and its homologs]. PMID- 6739846 TI - [Results of treatment of the most common malignant neoplasms among the population of Cracow]. PMID- 6739847 TI - [Various problems of antibiotic interaction]. PMID- 6739848 TI - [Can we utilize current bacteriological diagnostic methods for the purpose of drug selection?]. PMID- 6739849 TI - [Chest pain]. PMID- 6739850 TI - [Clinical polymorphism of torsion dystonia in children]. PMID- 6739851 TI - [Alpha-recoiling behaviour of 222Rn on 226Ra-sources]. AB - By using electroplated 226Ra-sources, the ejection and injection behaviour of alpha-recoil atoms, 222Rn, which generates on the source surface during alpha decay process of its parent 226Ra, has been basically investigated. The thinly and uniformly distributed 226Ra-sources were prepared with high deposition yield by the molecular plating technique, in which radium was deposited on a stainless steel cathode from an isopropanol media by adopting a rotating platinum anode, applied potential of 900 V, and deposition time of 40 min. The ejection efficiency of 222Rn was determined by using the relationship between the 226Ra strength on source and the 222Rn-one transferred on a stainless steel collector in vacuum. It was found that the ejection (or injection) efficiency was greatly influenced on the source preparation methods. The highest ejection efficiency (up to 30%) could be obtained from the electroplated source, whereas the same source could be resulted in the significant decrease of this value (till 2%) after simple ignition treatment. The retention efficiency of 222Rn injected on some collector materials was evaluated to be more than 70% over the tested collectors. From these results, it was concluded that the recoil effects should be most important to interpret the emanation phenomena even in nature. PMID- 6739852 TI - Synthesis of [N-methyl-3H]-7-chloro-1,3-dihydro-5-(2-fluorophenyl)-1-methyl-2 H 1,4-benzodiazepin-2- one (3H-fludiazepam) by phase transfer catalysis. AB - [N-methyl-3H]-7-Chloro-1,3-dihydro-5-(2-fluorophenyl)-1-methyl-2H-1,4- benzodiazepin-2- one ( [3H]fludiazepam) was prepared by phase transfer catalytic N-methylation of the corresponding nor-derivative with [3H]methyl iodide [407 GBq/mmol (11 Ci/mmol)] in a radiochemical yield of 34%. The specific activity was 271.6 GBq/mmol (7.34 Ci/mmol). PMID- 6739853 TI - [Stirring system for a liquid waste storage tank]. PMID- 6739854 TI - [Current topics in radiopharmaceuticals in Japan. (II) "Minimum requirements of radiopharmaceuticals" of Japan]. PMID- 6739855 TI - [Reactor neutron activation analysis for aluminium in the presence of phosphorus and silicon. Contributions of 28Al activities from 31P(n, alpha) 28Al and 28Si(n, p) 28Al reactions]. AB - Reactor neutron activation analysis for aluminium in samples containing phosphorus and silicon was studied. The experiments were performed by using neumatic tube of the Kyoto University Reactor (KUR). At first, the ratios of the 28Al activity produced from 27Al(n, gamma) 28Al reaction by thermal neutrons to that from 31P(n, alpha) 28Al reaction by fast neutrons, and to that from 28Si(n, p) 28Al reaction were measured by gamma-ray spectrometry. With a ratio of about 5 for the thermal to fast neutron flux of KUR, the ratio of the 28Al activity from aluminium to that from phosphorus was to be 812 +/- 7, and to that from silicon 282 +/- 3. Secondly, the contributions of 28Al activities from phosphorus and silicon and the determination limit of aluminium were calculated for various parameters, such as fast neutron flux, thermal to fast neutron flux ratio, amounts of phosphorus and silicon, etc. Thirdly, on the basis of these results, aluminium contents in spinal cords and brains of amyotrophic lateral sclerosis, Parkinsonism-dementia complex and control cases were determined. PMID- 6739857 TI - [Determination of uranium in human tissues by the fission track method]. AB - Several Japanese human soft tissues were analyzed for uranium by the fission track method. The tissues which were examined included lung, liver, kidney, spleen and muscle. The average concentration of uranium in the lung was estimated to be 1.86 ppb-wet and was the highest of all the tissues analysed. The results of the present work are consistent with the reported values for U.K. and U.S.A. human tissues. PMID- 6739856 TI - [Adsorption behavior of radioactive iodide and iodate in soil]. AB - The adsorption behavior of radioiodine on soils has been studied. Soils were collected in Tokai, Ibaraki Pref . and classified with soil texture and contents of organic matter. Carrier-free radioiodine in iodide form is adsorbed on soil independent of soil properties, while radioiodine in iodate form is more readily adsorbed on soil which is abundant in organic, matter. PMID- 6739858 TI - Plutonium and radiocerium contents in shallow sea sediment collected off shore in Ibaraki Prefecture, Japan. AB - The contents of 239, 240Pu and 144Ce in shallow water sediment were measured by means of chemical separation and alpha spectrometry on 239, 240Pu and beta counting on 144Pr . The samples were collected in 1977 and 1980 at off shore of Ibaraki Prefecture for comparison of pre- and after operation of Tokai spent fuel reprocessing plant. The ranges and mean values of 239, 240Pu and 144Ce contents determined in the samples are 0.02 approximately equal to 2.85 Bq/kg-dry (0.55 approximately equal to 77 pCi/kg-dry) with mean values of 0.93 Bq/kg-dry (25 pCi/kg-dry) in 1977 and 0.52 Bq/kg-dry (14 pCi/kg-dry) in 1980 for 239, 240Pu , and 0.67 approximately equal to 19.5 Bq/kg-dry) (18 approximately equal to 526 pCi/kg-dry) with mean value of 5.44 Bq/kg-dry (147 pCi/kg-dry) in 1977 and 1.59 Bq/kg-dry (43 pCi/kg-dry) in 1980 for 144Ce, respectively. These values showed no environmental accumulation of the nuclides by the operation was detected. The contents of two nuclides showed strong correlation each other in the samples. The inventory of 239, 240Pu in the sediment was estimated to be 43.7 MBq/km2 (1.18 mCi/km2) from core samples analyses in 1977, which is almost the same with the reported value of cumulative fallout 239, 240Pu in Tokyo. PMID- 6739861 TI - [Digital radiation monitoring system with a personal computer]. AB - This paper describes a data processing system of monitors with a personal computer for a radioisotope laboratory. A monitoring system includes 6 area, 6 dust, and 3 gas monitors. Monitor signals through a multiplexer were fed to the personal computer which has analogue ports. Processed data were displayed on a color CRT, stored on a 5 inch mini floppy disk, and printed out as a report. We developed a data processing program with BASIC language. This system largely reduced manpower required to estimate radiation levels in the laboratory. The personal computer has sufficiently enough ability to construct a digital monitoring system for a small radioisotope laboratory. PMID- 6739860 TI - Stimulating effects of inosine, uridine and glutamine on the tissue distribution of radioactive D-leucine in tumor bearing mice. AB - This experiment was carried out in search for stimulators of the in vivo uptake of D- and L-leucine by tumor and pancreas for the possible application to gamma emitter labeled amino acids in nuclear medical diagnosis. Inosine, uridine, and glutamine which are stimulators of the in vitro incorporation of radioactive L amino acids into some tumor cells significantly enhanced the uptake of D-leucine into the pancreas, while in Ehrlich solid tumor only a little if any increase was observed. Of the compounds tested inosine showed the highest stimulation of pancreas uptake in the range of doses used, resulting in the best pancreas-to liver concentration ratio, a factor of significant consideration for pancreas imaging. The uptake of L-leucine by the tumor and pancreas was little affected by these compounds. PMID- 6739859 TI - [Prospective study to assess the clinical efficacy of bone scintigraphy- methodology and some preliminary results]. AB - The purpose of this study is to evaluate prospectively the value of radionuclide bone scans at the preoperative assessment of carcinomas of the breast and prostate carcinomas. Ten hospitals which are in or near Tokyo are participating in this study. For each patient under study, three kinds of sheet are filled by doctors. The first sheet named "preexamination diagnosis data sheet" is recorded before preoperative bone scan by attending physicians mainly. The second sheet named "postexamination diagnosis data sheet" is recorded after preoperative bone scan by nuclear medicine physicians who performed bone scintigraphy. The third sheet named "final diagnosis data sheet" is recorded after about a year of follow up period by attending physicians or nuclear medicine physicians. These data have been stored in a electric computer. Some preliminary analysis has been made by comparing the confidence level of diagnosis for bone metastasis before and after bone scintigraphy. In this report, methodology of the analysis and some results are described. PMID- 6739862 TI - [Evaluation of a new CEA RIA kit]. PMID- 6739863 TI - Use of an optical fiber cable in scintillation counting system. PMID- 6739865 TI - The International Commission for Protection against Environmental Mutagens and Carcinogens (ICPEMC): the first seven years. AB - Careful, independent scientific reviews of issues of importance in mutagenesis and carcinogenesis evaluations have been made over the past seven years by a group of leading members of several environmental mutagen societies. The International Commission for Protection against Environmental Mutagens and Carcinogens (ICPEMC) supports five main committees concerned with general principles and has published working papers and reports on an unbiased scientific basis. The work and goals of the Commission are described and future plans outlined. PMID- 6739864 TI - A rational approach to decision making in toxicology. AB - The application of the Kepner-Tregoe (C. H. Kepner and B. B. Tregoe, 1981, The New Rational Manager, Princeton Res. Press, Princeton, N. J.) problem solving technique to the evaluation and interpretation of toxicological information is described. Data from a chronic study provide an illustrative example. In this study an excess in the number of urinary bladder neoplasms was observed in male rats exposed to diets containing the test chemical. No similar effect was seen in treated female rats. Both male and female mice exposed to treatment also exhibited no effect. Whether treatment was the cause of the observed increase should be based on all the scientific and technical information that is relevant to this decision. The Kepner-Tregoe method of problem analysis captures this information in a framework that makes it easily understood. This is especially desirable if the judgments that are a vital part of regulatory decision making are to be adequately communicated. PMID- 6739866 TI - Some thoughts on a possible regulatory approach at EEC level on the classification and labeling of dangerous preparations. AB - At the present time no European directives on classification, packaging, and labeling exist which cover all dangerous preparations of chemicals. To develop such a directive, the Commission of the European Economic Community services, at the request of and in close collaboration with experts of the member states, has conceived a method for evaluating the toxicity of mixtures of chemicals. This method consists of (a) the characterization of each constituent by means of an index and (b) the classification of preparations for each route of administration on the basis of their toxicity. The index is a figure representing the degree of dilution needed to render the substance not dangerous in the sense of the EEC Directives on the classification of dangerous substances; the highest index among those obtained for acute and chronic toxicity is taken to characterize the substances. An indication of toxicity is obtained by applying the simple equation sigma (P X I), where P is the percentage and I is the index of each constituent. The most stringent classification among those obtained for the three routes of administration is taken for the final classification of the preparation on the basis of its acute and chronic toxicity. Other toxicological effects such as irritation, corrosion, sensitization, mutagenesis, teratogenesis, and carcinogenesis are not considered. PMID- 6739867 TI - Political, economic, and philosophical aspects of pesticide use for human welfare. PMID- 6739869 TI - [Mechanical ventilation in respiratory insufficiency of pulmonary origin]. PMID- 6739868 TI - [Infantile alcohol consumption in 2 urban populations]. PMID- 6739870 TI - [Hemolytic-uremic syndrome]. PMID- 6739871 TI - [Congenital nephrotic syndrome]. PMID- 6739872 TI - [Right diaphragmatic hernia in infants]. PMID- 6739873 TI - [Nasopharyngeal carcinoma in children]. PMID- 6739874 TI - [Follow-up of children with untreated epileptic crisis (preliminary report)]. PMID- 6739875 TI - [Unusual clinical manifestations of pancreatic pseudocysts]. PMID- 6739876 TI - [Lymphoma of the follicular mantle. Morphologic and clinical study of 2 cases]. PMID- 6739877 TI - [Serum ferritin and iron deposits in patients with liver cirrhosis of alcoholic etiology]. PMID- 6739878 TI - [Adrenal Cushing's syndrome: clinico-pathologic review of 18 cases]. PMID- 6739879 TI - [Chronic interstitial pneumopathy and disseminated lupus erythematosus]. PMID- 6739880 TI - [Weber-Christian disease]. PMID- 6739881 TI - [Arthritis and mycosis fungoides, an unusual association. Report and commentary on a case]. PMID- 6739882 TI - [Gaucher's disease of an isolated splenic form. Presentation of a patient]. PMID- 6739883 TI - [Retroperitoneal hemorrhage secondary to a renal angiomyolipoma. Preoperative diagnosis]. PMID- 6739884 TI - [Hemorrhage in oral anticoagulation]. PMID- 6739885 TI - [Pleural pathology. Study of its frequency based on etiology, age, sex and location]. PMID- 6739886 TI - [Value of ultrasonography in the preoperative localization of parathyroid adenomas]. PMID- 6739887 TI - [Effect of saccharose ingestion on plasma osmolarity and diuresis in renal lithiasis, asymptomatic relatives and healthy subjects]. PMID- 6739888 TI - [Serum alpha 1-acid glycoprotein in the biologic diagnosis of hepatic cirrhosis]. PMID- 6739889 TI - [Thoracoscopy in the context of thoracic surgery]. PMID- 6739890 TI - [Early diagnosis of breast cancer: analysis of 133 cases of malignant tumors diagnosed among a total of 12,250 women examined]. PMID- 6739891 TI - [A single metastasis in the brain stem]. PMID- 6739892 TI - [Structural aspects of the kidney in experimental atheromatosis]. PMID- 6739893 TI - [Biliary ileus. 6 new cases]. PMID- 6739894 TI - [Antiaggregant drugs in traumatic shock lung. Experimental study]. PMID- 6739895 TI - [Arterial hypertension and acromegaly]. PMID- 6739896 TI - [Autoimmune response in the serum of patients with cerebral gliomas]. PMID- 6739898 TI - [Asymptomatic familial hyperphosphatasia caused by elevation of intestinal isoenzyme]. PMID- 6739897 TI - [Allergic and anaphylactic shock reactions as a manifestation of hepatic hydatid disease]. PMID- 6739899 TI - [Paroxysmal nocturnal hemoglobinuria. Behavior of haptoglobin, hemopexin and complement fractions 3 and 4]. PMID- 6739900 TI - [Pulmonary hypoplasia. Apropos of a case]. PMID- 6739901 TI - [Acute pituitary vascular accident (pituitary stroke). Apropos of a case]. PMID- 6739902 TI - [Extreme malnutrition secondary to a pseudo-Bartter syndrome]. PMID- 6739903 TI - [Congenital arteriovenous fistulas of the lung. Report of 5 personal cases]. PMID- 6739904 TI - [Evaluation of growth hormone stimulation tests using clonidine, glucagon, propanolol, hypoglycemia, arginine and L-dopa in 267 children of short stature]. PMID- 6739905 TI - [Mediastinal pheochromocytoma]. PMID- 6739906 TI - [Spontaneous pneumomediastinum in the adult]. PMID- 6739908 TI - [Pre-excitation syndromes (III): Incidence and clinical and electrocardiographic features in our milieu]. PMID- 6739907 TI - [Pleuropericarditis caused by Rickettsia mooseri. An unusual manifestation of murine typhus]. PMID- 6739909 TI - [Clinical and electrophysiological study of idiopathic orofacial dystonia (Meige's disease or Brueghel syndrome)]. PMID- 6739910 TI - [Clinical picture in chronic pancreatitis. Apropos of 20 cases]. PMID- 6739911 TI - [Anthropometric estimation of body fat in a marginal child population]. PMID- 6739912 TI - [Statistics in experimental design]. PMID- 6739913 TI - [Intensive care in thoracic injuries using conservative treatment]. PMID- 6739914 TI - [Intensive care of chest injuries using internal pneumatic stabilization]. PMID- 6739915 TI - [Accidental overdose of morphine in post-thoracotomy epidural anesthesia]. PMID- 6739916 TI - [Anaphylactic shock caused by droperidol. Apropos of a case]. PMID- 6739919 TI - [Post-infarct ventricular rupture]. PMID- 6739917 TI - [Anesthetic management of Appert's syndrome]. PMID- 6739918 TI - [Respiratory insufficiency caused by laryngeal edema: an unusual clinical form of heroin poisoning]. PMID- 6739920 TI - [Ventricular compliance: current methods of analysis and their limitations]. PMID- 6739921 TI - [Hemopericardium detection by bidimensional echocardiography. Preliminary results of an experimental study in dogs]. PMID- 6739922 TI - [Bloodless determination of telesystolic stress of the left ventricle. Comparison with echohemodynamic and angiohemodynamic methods]. PMID- 6739923 TI - [Evaluation of sinoatrial conduction time by the direct recording of the sinus node electrogram in man by transvenous catheterization]. PMID- 6739927 TI - [7-year follow-up of a postinfarct rupture of the left ventricle treated successfully by surgery]. PMID- 6739926 TI - [Blalock-Hanlon atrioseptectomy: an outdated technic? (I) In transposition of the great arteries]. PMID- 6739925 TI - [New electrocardiographic observations in the differential diagnosis of tachycardia with wide QRS complex. Role of electrophysiologic studies in the re evaluation of the diagnostic potential of the surface ECG]. PMID- 6739924 TI - [Electrovectorcardiographic observations in patent ductus arteriosus]. PMID- 6739928 TI - [Usefulness of 2-D echocardiography in the diagnosis of cardiac rupture. Presentation of a case]. PMID- 6739929 TI - [Rupture of the free wall of the right ventricle following acute myocardial infarct. Presentation of a case]. PMID- 6739930 TI - [Rupture of the free wall of the left ventricle identified by bidimensional echocardiography. Presentation of a case of ventricular pseudoaneurysm after resection of an apical aneurysm]. PMID- 6739931 TI - [Metabolic disorders secondary to anti-obesity jejunoileal bypass in its 2 simple and modified or anti-reflux variations. Experimental study]. PMID- 6739932 TI - [Experimental study of massive proximal intestinal resection. 1. Weight development and histologic and ultrastructural changes of the residual intestine]. PMID- 6739933 TI - [Gastric pseudolymphomas]. PMID- 6739934 TI - [Clinical and biological manifestations and survival in primary malignant tumors of the small intestine]. PMID- 6739935 TI - [Hepatitis caused by isoniazid: study of 9 cases]. PMID- 6739936 TI - [Appendiceal balantidiasis. Report of 2 cases]. PMID- 6739937 TI - [Hepatic actinomycosis. Commentary on a case]. PMID- 6739938 TI - [Spontaneous hepatic subcapsular hematoma in a pregnant patient associated with marginal degeneration of the cornea]. PMID- 6739939 TI - [Congenital dilatation of the biliary tree]. PMID- 6739940 TI - [Pancreaticojejunostomy in chronic pancreatitis]. PMID- 6739941 TI - [Experimental study of a model of a hybrid artificial liver with hepatic layers]. PMID- 6739942 TI - [Immunologic aspects of chronic hepatic disease]. PMID- 6739943 TI - [Anatomic basis of splenic segmentation]. PMID- 6739945 TI - [Residual lithiasis of the common bile duct. Review and study of 10 cases]. PMID- 6739944 TI - [Early gastric carcinoma: study of 15 cases]. PMID- 6739946 TI - [Calcified diffuse hepatic angiomatosis]. PMID- 6739947 TI - [Primary scleroderma of the esophagus. Apropos of a case]. PMID- 6739948 TI - [Leiomyoma of the small intestine diagnosed by abdominal angiography]. PMID- 6739949 TI - Lung cancer. PMID- 6739950 TI - [Current status and future development of the comprehensive rehabilitation of transverse paralyzed patients]. AB - The principles developed some 40 years ago by Sir Ludwig Guttmann and Ernest Bors for the treatment of spinal cord injured persons have in the Federal Republic of Germany been taken up, in the fifties, by a few doctors as well as the Central Association of Industrial Injuries Insurance Institutes. Their efforts have brought about a radically different situation concerning life expectancy and life styles of SCI patients, not only the accident-injured but increasingly also for persons with disease-related spinal lesions. The emphases of development have been: improved mechanisms for referral to specialized facilities, rescue system progress, new findings in diagnosis and therapy, improvement of social and vocational re-integration, growing mutual understanding of paraplegics and their environments, as well as increased self-assertiveness of the paraplegic population. These aspects are examined more closely. Further improvements may be achieved through: admission to specialized treatment facilities immediately following onset, appraisal of relevant issues pertaining to indications for, and techniques of spinal surgery, improved preventive efforts relative to thromboses and embolism, control of the paralytic bladder, a smoother provision of adapted living conditions outside the clinic-based special facilities, and through extension as well as lifelong availability of adequate aftercare services. In the event of certain illnesses, up-to-date treatment of paraplegics must be ensured by the hospital departments concerned with the basis illness. Recreational facilities, and inclusion of psychological and psychotherapeutic services in residential rehabilitation programmes for SCI patients require further attention. PMID- 6739951 TI - [Recommendations on the assessment of occupational possibilities for persons with epilepsy. By a working group on improving the integration of epileptics]. PMID- 6739952 TI - Permselectivity: relation between foot process simplification and macromolecular configuration. AB - The simplification of the foot processes of the glomerular epithelial cells is the structural hallmark of proteinuria in nephrotic man and animals. The increased shear force in a filtrate funnelled within the lamina densa to simplified slit pores may decrease the friction of macromolecules which are prolate ellipsoids (cigar-shaped). The permeability of rigid long narrow proteins such as albumin, transferrin and immunoglobulin G may selectively increase when the slit pore is converted from a wide serpentine to a straight narrow space. PMID- 6739953 TI - The effects of naloxone on endotoxic and hemorrhagic shock in horses. AB - The effects of naloxone on the cardiovascular, hematologic and metabolic derangements associated with endotoxic and hemorrhagic shock were studied in unanesthetized horses. In the first of 3 experiments blood glucose and lactate levels, hematocrit, white, red and differential white cell counts, rectal temperature and clinical signs were obtained before and after endotoxin (10 micrograms/Kg) administration in 5 horses. In the second experiment, two groups of 3 horses received either intravenous naloxone (0.04 mg/Kg) or saline, 7 minutes prior to endotoxin. In a third experiment two groups of 4 horses received either saline or naloxone (0.20 mg/Kg) immediately following acute hemorrhage. In the second and third experiments, pulse, mean arterial and right ventricular pressures, and heart rate were also observed. Endotoxin and acute hemorrhage produced hypothermia, leukopenia, lymphopenia, neutropenia, elevations in hematocrit, blood glucose and blood lactate, and clinical signs of shock. Naloxone (0.040 mg/Kg IV) significantly lowered endotoxin-induced increases in right ventricular pressure and heart rate, and at a higher dose (0.20 mg/Kg) antagonized the decrease in pulse and heart rate, and tachycardia observed after acute hemorrhage. These results suggest endogenous opioids are involved in the pathogenesis of shock. Naloxone appeared to attenuate some of the cardiovascular responses associated with shock and thus may be of therapeutic value in shock management. PMID- 6739954 TI - 1-Acetyl-3-acetoxy-5'5-diphenylhydantoin has colchicine-like activity. AB - 1-Acetyl-3-acetoxy-5'5-diphenylhydantoin (Ac-DPH) is a synthetic derivative of diphenylhydantoin with unusual properties: 1) it inhibits microtubular polymerization and depolymerizes established microtubules; 2) it blocks colchicine binding and displaces colchicine from microtubular protein, although it bears no resemblance to colchicine; and 3) it does not arrest human lymphocytes in metaphase, in contrast to diphenylhydantoin or its metabolite, 5 (4-hydroxyphenyl)-5-phenylhydantoin (HPPH). PMID- 6739955 TI - Reevaluation of the effects of alcohol consumption on rat liver microtubules: effects of feeding status. AB - The ability of total, free and microtubule-derived tubulins to bind colchicine was studied (using 4 different methods) in the liver of 12 male rat littermates pair-fed liquid diets containing 36% of energy either as ethanol or as additional carbohydrate and kept in the fed state up to the time of sacrifice. In the alcohol fed rats, we found a reproducible decrease in microtubule-derived tubulin and in the percentage of total tubulin present in the polymerized form. This was due to an alteration of the microtubular protein rather than to inhibitory factors of the liver supernatants. An equal group of pair-fed rats was tested after a 24-hour fast. Fasting decreased microtubule-derived tubulin and abolished the inhibitory effect of ethanol, probably by decreasing the rate of ethanol oxidation. PMID- 6739956 TI - Cytotoxicity of ether-linked phytanyl phospholipid analogs and related derivatives in human HL-60 leukemia cells and polymorphonuclear neutrophils. AB - A cytotoxic activity, highly selective for neoplastic cells, is expressed by 1 alkyl-2-methoxy-sn-glycero-3-phosphocholine and by other derivatives closely related to the chemical structure of platelet activating factor. The antineoplastic potencies of a new series of analogs tested in HL-60 human leukemia cells and human polymorphonuclear neutrophils are reported. The degree of cytotoxicity was documented according to the ability of each analog to 1) destroy leukemic or normal cells or 2) to release lactic acid dehydrogenase from these cells. An index of selectivity of the analogs for their cytotoxicity toward leukemia cells is presented. Substitution by the twenty carbon branched-chain phytanyl moiety in place of the straight chain alkyl ether-linked group at the sn 1 position of various phospholipid analogs resulted in a 3- to 10-fold reduction in their cytotoxic potency in HL-60 leukemia cells. The enantiomeric isomers (D forms) of several of the analogs possessed slightly greater phospholipid analogs possessing the sn-2-acetyl (platelet activating factor) or sn-2- propionoyl substituents, both biologically active in their ability to aggregate platelets and to induce hypotension, were relatively innocuous in terms of the measured cytotoxic responses in both HL-60 cells and neutrophils. PMID- 6739957 TI - Quantitation of delta 4-reduced metabolite of norethindrone in human plasma by HPLC-RIA. AB - An HPLC-RIA method for the measurement of the delta 4-reduced metabolite of norethindrone is described. The sensitivity of the method was such as to permit the quantitation of pg amounts (30 pg with an inter-assay CV of less than 7%). Nineteen volunteers received a single oral dose of 1 mg of norethindrone and, blood samples withdrawn at timed intervals, were pooled for each time period and assayed. The plasma concentrations of the dihydro metabolite ranged from 460 pg/ml at 30 min to 20 pg/ml at 24h. PMID- 6739958 TI - Negative inotropic effect of the combination of theophylline and ouabain in rabbit right ventricle: relation to elevated baseline tension. AB - The effects of the combined administration of theophylline and ouabain were examined in isolated right ventricular strips from the rabbit heart. Separately, each drug produced positive inotropism. If ouabain was added 10 minutes after theophylline, a decrease in dF/dt was observed. The presence of theophylline augmented the increase in baseline tension induced by ouabain, although theophylline, by itself, did not augment baseline tension at the concentrations tested. There was a significant correlation between the decrease in dF/dt and the rise in baseline tension. Theophylline did not enhance the ability of ouabain to induce arrhythmia. The actions of caffeine, theobromine and digoxin were also examined and gave similar results. PMID- 6739959 TI - Indocyanine green clearance following single and chronic cimetidine doses. AB - Twenty-five indocyanine green (ICG) clearance determinations were performed in four subjects in the presence of quinidine or propranolol before and after one week of treatment with cimetidine, 1200 mg/day, and following a single 600 mg cimetidine dose. There was no significant difference between the mean ICG clearance before cimetidine treatment and that after one week of therapy with cimetidine, while the mean ICG clearance was 25% lower following single cimetidine doses (p greater than 0.05). It is concluded that cimetidine has only a transient hepatic blood flow lowering effect. PMID- 6739960 TI - In vitro binding of acetic acid and its chlorinated derivatives by the soluble glutathione S-transferases from rat liver. AB - The in vitro interaction of acetic acid and its chlorinated derivatives with rat liver glutathione S-transferases (GST) was studied, using glutathione (GSH) and 1 chloro-2,4-dinitrobenzene (CDNB) as substrates. The investigated compounds inhibited the GST activity in crude extracts in a dose dependent manner. Each of the different GST isoenzymes was inhibited by each of the compounds under study, albeit at very different degrees. Kinetic studies never revealed competitive inhibition kinetics, with GSH nor CDNB as the variable substrate. Titration of remaining GSH in appropriate incubation mixtures revealed no GST catalyzed conjugation with GSH. It is concluded that acetic acid and its chlorinated derivatives interact with GST by direct binding to these proteins. This binding could have a protective function against these compounds. PMID- 6739961 TI - Effect of lipid peroxidation on microtubular protein. AB - CCl4 and ADP-Fe3+ determine an increased microsomal lipid peroxidation in liver tissue which is related to an impairment of the tubulin molecule in the case of CCl4 while no alteration is evident with ADP-Fe3+. Such difference could be explained in terms of different intermediate or end products towards which the tubulin molecule shows a different susceptibility. PMID- 6739964 TI - [Preoperative evaluation and postoperative results of cardio-pulmonary function in lung cancer patients aged over 70]. PMID- 6739962 TI - The role of hypoxia in sleep, and its function as a precursory etiologic mechanism for the REM state: a hypothesis. AB - Sleep is a restorative hypoxic process annuling the effects of the potentially toxic products of aerobic metabolism. The REM state is characterized by the desynchronized homeostasis resulting from the hypoxia (hypoxemia and possible localized anoxia) which alerts the organism. Compensatory increase in respiration occurs, and the organism recovers from the threat of possible anoxic asphyxiation. The cyclic hypoxia (deep sleep) and desynchrony (REM state) and recovery from hypoxia repeat as the different stages of sleep till a homeostatically acceptable recovery from the metabolic burden of aerobic oxidation of waking is achieved. PMID- 6739963 TI - [Evaluation and treatment of the lung before surgery]. PMID- 6739965 TI - [Pulmonary function before and after surgery]. PMID- 6739966 TI - [Some problems of respiratory function during and after surgery]. PMID- 6739967 TI - [Change of rib cage motion before and after lung surgery]. PMID- 6739968 TI - [Respiratory failure after hepatectomy]. PMID- 6739969 TI - [Natural history of patients with myocardial infarction in coronary angiographic findings]. PMID- 6739970 TI - [Quantitative analysis of left ventricular wall motion with the combined co ordinate system in coronary disease]. PMID- 6739971 TI - [Clinical features and its significance of mitral regurgitation associated with hyperthyroidism: report of 5 cases and review of the literature]. PMID- 6739972 TI - [Case of familial Romano-Ward syndrome: review of the literature]. PMID- 6739973 TI - [Tissue characterization of the heart by ultrasound]. PMID- 6739974 TI - [Real-time intracardiac bloodflow imaging with color-coded two-dimensional Doppler technique: clinical significance of "2-D Doppler"]. PMID- 6739975 TI - [Regional wall motion analysis of the heart with nuclear ventriculography]. PMID- 6739976 TI - [Nuclear magnetic resonance and its applications to cardio-vascular system]. PMID- 6739977 TI - [Theoretical consideration and clinical applicability of ramp function exercise test]. PMID- 6739978 TI - [The causative mechanisms of mitral valve prolapse in progressive muscular dystrophy. Thorax and thoracic spine deformity and left ventricular dysfunction]. PMID- 6739979 TI - [Electrocardiographic changes during selective coronary angiography with reference to changes in V1-6]. PMID- 6739980 TI - [Function of cardiac sarcoplasmic reticulum and left ventricular diastolic properties]. PMID- 6739981 TI - [Coronary flow and myocardial metabolism during ischemic attack. Effort angina vs vasospastic angina]. PMID- 6739982 TI - [A case of "Murmur on top of the head" in mitral regurgitation due to ruptured chordae tendineae]. PMID- 6739983 TI - [A school boy with acquired A-V block who required a permanent pacemaker implantation]. PMID- 6739984 TI - [An autopsy case of adult Eisenmenger's syndrome complicated with cerebral abscess]. PMID- 6739985 TI - [Reevaluation of determination process of local blood flow by electrochemically generated hydrogen based on computer simulation]. PMID- 6739986 TI - Morphometrics of the avian lung. 3. The structural design of the passerine lung. AB - The lungs of 46 adult, wild passerine birds belonging to 8 species have been analysed morphometrically, both by light and electron microscope. Volumes were estimated by point counting, surface areas by intersection counting, and thicknesses by intercept length measurements. The mean values obtained for these passerine species appertaining to both lungs together were: volume of the lung per kilogram body weight 25 cm3/kg, volume density of the exchange tissue 52%, surface area of the blood-gas (tissue) barrier per gram body weight 47.48 cm2/g, surface density of the blood-gas (tissue) barrier 323.8 mm2/mm3, capillary loading 1.15 cm3/m2, harmonic mean thickness of the blood-gas (tissue) barrier 0.127 micron, arithmetic mean thickness 0.745 micron and the total morphometric pulmonary diffusion capacity 7.08 ml O2/min/mm Hg/kg. These values indicate that the passerine lung is specially well adapted for gas exchange, mainly by having a thin and extensive blood-gas (tissue) barrier, in response to the high oxygen demand by this group of bird. PMID- 6739987 TI - Regional differences in gas trapping (airway closure) between apex and base of excised rat lungs. AB - Excised rat lungs were ventilated with air under three conditions: (a) while suspended by the trachea and surrounded by air, (b) while inverted and surrounded by saline, and (c) while upright and surrounded by saline. The distribution of transpulmonary pressures over which gas trapping occurred in the lung for each of the three conditions was found by a method previously described by Frazer et al. (1979). A distribution having a small standard deviation (SD) indicates more uniform gas trapping in the lung while a larger SD indicates less uniform gas trapping. Results showed that the SD was 0.63 for the inverted lung in saline, 1.10 for the lung in air, and 1.57 for the upright lung in saline. We conclude that gas trapping in lungs inverted in saline occurs more uniformly than gas trapping in lungs in air or upright in saline. The results obtained in saline in the upright and inverted position also imply that as the lung is deflated surrounded by air, gas trapping initially occurs in the base of the lung before it occurs in the apex. Since gas trapping and airway closure are related, there could also be intrinsic dissimilarities in airway closure between the apex and base of excised rat lungs suspended by the trachea in air. PMID- 6739988 TI - Axial pathways compared with complete data in morphological studies of the lung. AB - Morphometric studies of pulmonary airways and arteries can be laborious and time consuming. In order to see whether the effort involved could be reduced in some cases, data obtained from axial pathways of bronchopulmonary segments or lobes were compared with the mean total data obtained from four lungs. It was concluded that axial pathway data classified by generations could be compared between lungs only if the same segment or lobe was used from each individual. Such data are usually not representative of the total structure. Data from axial pathways of segments or lobes which have been classified by Horsfield orders can be pooled, and the mean values thus obtained are fairly close to the mean values obtained from the total data. PMID- 6739989 TI - Afferent pathways for hypoglossal and phrenic responses to changes in upper airway pressure. AB - Our purpose was to determine the afferent pathways underlying reflexes by which changes in upper airway pressure induced alterations in hypoglossal and phrenic nerve activities. An isolated upper airway was produced in decerebrate, vagotomized, paralyzed and ventilated cats. Efferent activities of the phrenic and hypoglossal nerves were monitored. Hypoglossal activity significantly increased following pressure changes in the upper airway of -4 to -21 cm H2O; phrenic discharge declined in most trials. Similar alterations of neural activities were induced by positive pressures though changes of +14 to +21 cm H2O were required for significant responses. These changes in hypoglossal and phrenic activities were greatly reduced following bilateral sectionings of the superior laryngeal nerves but were augmented after the pharyngeal branches of the glossopharyngeal nerves were sectioned. Additional bilateral destruction of the trigeminal nerves almost entirely eliminated responses to pressure changes. We conclude that upper airway receptors may serve to maintain patency of the upper airways. These receptors may play a crucial role in promoting release from upper airway obstructions, especially in sleep. PMID- 6739991 TI - Maximum oxygen consumption during exercise and cold exposure in deer mice, Peromyscus maniculatus. AB - Convenient methods were developed for measuring maximum oxygen consumption (VO2 max) in untrained small mammals during treadmill exercise and cold exposure. Deer mice (Peromyscus maniculatus) were run once, for 6-min periods at velocities exceeding maximal aerobic running speed, while instantaneous oxygen consumption was measured. The VO2 max during cold exposure was determined using high wind speeds to increase heat loss rates. During running, the kinetics of gas exchange were rapid and similar to those observed in larger mammals. Half-times of the VO2 and VCO2 on-responses were about 20 sec. The VO2 also increased rapidly during suddenly imposed cold stress, reaching VO2 max within 1-1.5 min. Values of VO2 max obtained during exercise were similar to the VO2 max measured during cold exposure. PMID- 6739990 TI - Receptors responding to changes in upper airway pressure. AB - Our purpose was to characterize receptors which respond to changes in upper airway pressures. Such changes cause alterations in hypoglossal and phrenic nerve activities. Decerebrate, vagotomized, paralyzed and ventilated cats were prepared so that pressures could be altered within segments of upper airways. Activities of single fibers in the superior laryngeal and glossopharyngeal nerves were monitored. Most superior laryngeal receptors discharged tonically at zero transmural pressure. Discharges of approximately half decreased (A) and the rest increased (B) with pressure reductions of -7 to -28 cm H2O. Pressure increases of +7 to +28 cm H2O caused increases in Group A activities while Group B responses varied. The remaining receptors were silent, being activated by pressure decreases and/or increases. Activities of other silent receptors, similarly activated, were recorded from glossopharyngeal nerve. Tonically active glossopharyngeal receptors increased discharge after both pressure increases and decreases. Most tonically active and silent receptors, having afferents in either nerve, adapted incompletely to sustained pressures. These may have major functions in hypoglossal responses to changes in upper airway pressures. PMID- 6739992 TI - Ventilatory response to hypercapnia before and after athletic training. AB - To assess the effect of athletic training on the slope (S) of the hypercapnic ventilatory response at rest, we prospectively studied 13 untrained young men. S was determined by the slope of the regression delta VI/delta PETCO2, calculated between 48 and 63 mm Hg during CO2 rebreathing. Six of the subjects trained for seven months as intercollegiate rowers while the remaining subjects underwent no training and served as controls. After training, the rowers had a significant increase in S during hypercapnia. No such change was seen in the untrained controls. These data suggest that athletic training in normal subjects increases CO2 sensitivity at rest. PMID- 6739993 TI - Effects of body temperature, passive limb motion and level of anesthesia on the activity of the inspiratory muscles. AB - The relationships between relative tidal activity (moving average EMG) of the diaphragm (AdiT) and of the external intercostal or parasternal muscles (AicT) and between the rate of rise of these activities (Adi and Aic) were assessed during rebreathing in rabbits with various body temperatures (BT: 34-41 degrees C) before and after vagotomy (VGT), at rest and during passive limb motion (PLM), and in vagotomized rabbits with or without thoracic dorsal rhizotomy (TDR) under light (LBA) or deep barbiturate anesthesia (DBA). Both relationships had the form AicT = a AdiTb and Aic = a' Adib'. In intact normothermic animals under LBA mean values for b and b' were 1.47 and 1.37, a and a' being unity by definition. No changes in b or b' occurred even with TDR: this suggests that the relation between the central command to phrenic and to inspiratory intercostal alpha motoneurones was the same under all conditions. Neither BT nor PLM modified a', but a changed owing to BT and PLM dependence of the relation between central inspiratory drive and off-switch threshold. Both VGT, independently of BT, and DBA decreased a and a' before but not after TDR, when a and a' reached the lowest values (0.12 and 0.22). Hence VGT and DBA, but not BT and PLM, change the relation between the central command to inspiratory intercostal alpha- and gamma motoneurones, the multiplicative effect of alpha-gamma linkage on AicT and Aic being prevented by TDR. PMID- 6739994 TI - Respiratory water loss as a function of ventilatory or environmental factors. AB - Since expired gas is not water-saturated (Ferrus et al., 1980, Respir. Physiol. 39: 367-381), its water content should depend on biological or environmental factors other than expired gas temperature. In order to verify this hypothesis, multiple linear regression relationships between MEH2O, the mass of water expired per litre of BTPS ventilated gas and respiratory frequency (f) or period (TR), tidal volume (VT), ventilation (V), temperature of inspired gas (TI), density of inspired gas mixture (rho I), partial pressure of water in inspired gas (PIH2O) were computed from 345 experiments performed on 7 subjects. This analysis shows that MEH2O is positively and significantly correlated to TI (0.22 mg . dm-3 . degrees C-1), to PIH2O (0.14 mg . dm-3 . Torr-1), and to TR (0.87 mg . dm3 . s 1). MEH2O is negatively and significantly correlated to f (-0.27 mg . dm-3(cy . min-1)-1) to rho I (-0.06 mg . dm-3(g . dm-3)-1) and to V (-0.09 mg . dm-3(dm3 . min-1)-1). There is no statistical correlation between MEH2O and VT. It is concluded that the respiratory water loss depends to a large degree on respiratory or environmental conditions. This dependence supports the previously published results suggesting that expired gas is not water saturated. PMID- 6739995 TI - Effect of lung surface tension on pulmonary vascular mechanics in excised dog lungs. AB - We measured pulmonary vascular pressure (Pvas)-volume (Vvas) relationships in excised air and oil-filled dog lungs. First, pulmonary vessels were perfused with dextran and Pvas-Vvas curves of the total pulmonary circulation were measured. Second, air was perfused into the artery or vein, and the arterial or venous extra-alveolar Pvas-Vvas curves were measured. Alveolar vessel Pvas-Vvas curve was obtained by the substraction of both the arterial and venous extra-alveolar Pvas-Vvas curves from the total vascular Pvas-Vvas curves. When lung recoil pressure (PL) was reduced by filling the lung with oil at a given lung volume (VL), the determinants of pulmonary vascular dimensions and compliances were compared in terms of PL and VL. The arterial vascular area (Avas) was correlated with PL, while venous Avas was correlated with both PL and VL. Alveolar vessel Vvas at high Pvas reached its peak at PL 5 cm H2O. Compliance of arteries, veins, and alveolar vessels were correlated with PL. We concluded that lung surface tension contributes to the lung parenchyma's radial traction to the extra alveolar vessels and that it also contributes to the stabilization of the alveolar vessels. PMID- 6739996 TI - Cardiogenic mixing in the pulmonary conducting airways of man? AB - The increase in dispersion of a bolus of helium (He) or sulfur hexafluoride (SF6) was used as a direct, non-invasive measure of pulmonary gas mixing in the conducting airways of one female and two male subjects. Mixing was compared for matched respiratory maneuvers at rest and during bicycle ergometer exercise at 35 50% VO2 max (tidal volume of 2 L, inspiratory flow rate greater than or equal to 1.5 L/s, mean expiratory flow rate of 2.8 L/s, and bolus penetrations of 30, 90, 150 and 180 ml). No enhancement of mixing occurred when the heart rate was increased 53% by bicycle exercise. The results suggest that cardiogenic mixing in the upper and central airways is unresponsive to normal changes in the hear rate. PMID- 6739997 TI - Comparison of muscular pulmonary arteries in low and high altitude hamsters and rats. AB - Measurements were made of the ratio of medial area to total arterial area in the muscular pulmonary arteries of a fossorial species, the hamster, and a non fossorial control, the rat. It was found that the medial area was less in hamsters than in rats. In addition, chronic hypoxic exposure resulted in further medial thickening in rats, while the hamster was unaffected. The hamster has previously been shown to have a blunted hypoxic pulmonary pressor response, and the present data indicate that this relative unresponsiveness is associated with less pulmonary vascular smooth muscle. In addition, the insensitivity to hypoxia of the pulmonary vasculature and a lack of vascular luminal narrowing may tend to minimize increases in pulmonary vascular resistance during chronic hypoxia in the hamster, and thus be beneficial adaptations for a burrowing species. PMID- 6739998 TI - Muscular contraction reflexly relaxes tracheal smooth muscle in dogs. AB - Although contraction of hindlimb skeletal muscle is well known to reflexly increase ventilation, heart rate and arterial pressure, little is known about the reflex effect of this maneuver on airway smooth muscle tone. Therefore, in chloralose-anesthetized dogs, we recorded transverse tension from the trachealis muscle while we contracted both gracilis muscles by electrically stimulating the gracilis nerves at 5 and 40 Hz. In 11 of the 13 dogs studied, static (40 Hz) contraction decreased tracheal tension, whereas in the remaining 2 dogs, static contraction increased tension. In 9 of 11 dogs, rhythmic (5 Hz) contraction decreased tracheal tension, whereas in the remaining 2, this maneuver increased tension. The changes in tracheal tension induced by stimulating the gracilis nerves were abolished by paralyzing the dogs and were restored, for the most part, after paralysis had dissipated. In addition, the contraction-induced changes in tension were not present when the gracilis muscles were contracted by stimulating the cut peripheral ends of the gracilis nerves. We conclude that muscular contraction reflexly relaxes tracheal smooth muscle in most dogs. PMID- 6739999 TI - Measurement of ventilatory frequency in unrestrained rodents using microwave radiation. AB - A novel technique for remote determination of breathing frequency in unrestrained rodents using microwave radiation is described. Single mice were placed inside a rectangular waveguide operating at 2450 MHz. Because mice efficiently absorb radio frequency energy at 2450 MHz, any change in their absorption, as occurs rhythmically with breathing, can be detected by monitoring the changes in power transmitted through the waveguide. When the volume of the mouse increases during inspiration, transmitted power through the waveguide momentarily decreases - during expiration the reverse takes place. By differential amplification of the analog output of the power meter used to monitor transmitted power, breathing frequency can be easily recorded on conventional recording equipment. The microwave technique has a definite advantage over other methods in that breathing frequency can be remotely monitored without the need to attach wire leads or surgically implant telemetry probes. This greatly reduces unnecessary stress to the animal. By use of larger waveguides the principle of this technique may be applied to larger species. PMID- 6740000 TI - Ventilatory frequency of mouse and hamster during microwave-induced heat exposure. AB - Ventilatory frequency was recorded in unrestrained mice and hamsters using microwave radiation. The microwave exposure system was also used to impact varying heat loads to the rodents at ambient temperatures of 10, 20 and 30 degrees C. The absorbed heat load accrued from microwave exposure was measured as the time-averaged rate of energy absorption per unit body weight or specific absorption rate (SAR, W/kg). In both species there was an inverse relationship between ambient temperature (Ta) and threshold SAR to invoke an increase in ventilatory frequency. However, the threshold SAR's for mice were 270 to 450% higher than for hamsters depending on Ta. Above threshold SAR the increase in ventilatory frequency per unit elevation in SAR increased directly with Ta in mice but not with hamsters. On the basis of rate of absorbed energy normalized to body weight (i.e., W/kg), mice can tolerate much more heat from microwave exposure than hamsters. The differences in sensitivity to microwave exposure in the mouse and hamster are probably attributable to species-specific characteristics, and especially differences in body mass and, consequently, passive heat loss. PMID- 6740002 TI - Pure tone audiogram configurations in acoustic tumor patients. PMID- 6740001 TI - Hypoxic pulmonary vasoconstriction in chronically hypoxic rats. AB - Reactivity of lung vessels to acute hypoxia was found increased or decreased in chronically hypoxic (CH) rats by different authors. We examined severity and duration of hypoxia and age as possible explanations. Isolated blood-perfused lungs of CH rats ventilated with low-O2 mixtures were compared with control (C) rats. Juvenile CH rats (10 or 12% O2, 3 weeks) showed increased reactivity; reactivity of mature CH rats (10% O2, 3 weeks) was not significantly different from controls. Reactivity declined with age in CH but not C rats. Juvenile and mature rats exposed to 10% O2 for 48 h showed reduced reactivity; after 3 weeks but not 48 h hypoxia, pulmonary arterioles are narrowed by new muscle. The pressure/flow relationship differed in CH from C rats in that resistance and critical closing pressure (CCP) were greater during normoxia. Hypoxia caused increased resistance and CCP in C rats but mainly an increase in CCP in CH rats. The difference may be attributable to muscularisation of collapsible alveolar vessels in chronic hypoxia. PMID- 6740003 TI - [Sudden deafness and acoustic neurinoma: value of auditory electrophysiology]. PMID- 6740004 TI - Pseudocystic destruction of the temporal bone caused by choroid plexus papilloma. PMID- 6740005 TI - [A case of post-intubation subglottic granuloma]. PMID- 6740006 TI - [A series of operations for cholesteatoma]. PMID- 6740007 TI - [New procedure for reconstructing the external auditory canal, particularly the attic wall in microsurgery of the ear]. PMID- 6740008 TI - [Rhinostress and autotherapy]. PMID- 6740009 TI - [Anatomic and functional bases of Frey's syndrome: sensitive and sensorial stimulations]. PMID- 6740010 TI - [Use of the myopectoral flap in the reconstruction of losses of oropharyngeal substance in cervicofacial oncology]. PMID- 6740011 TI - [Pathological bone resorption of the mandible and dental periodontal space enlargement in patients with systemic sclerosis]. PMID- 6740012 TI - [Tumors and pseudotumoral lesions of the stomach in pathological anatomy specimens]. PMID- 6740013 TI - [Glycosylated hemoglobin levels in various pathologies and in pregnancy]. PMID- 6740014 TI - [Septicemias of obstetrico-gynecological origin: clinical and therapeutical aspects]. PMID- 6740015 TI - [Parasitological study in lettuce and beets in the city of Valdivia, Chile]. PMID- 6740016 TI - [Causes of failure in tuberculosis treatment]. PMID- 6740017 TI - [Serum bile acids in acute viral hepatitis, and the effect of prednisone]. PMID- 6740018 TI - [Prospective study of chronic asymptomatic carriers of hepatitis B surface antigen]. PMID- 6740019 TI - [Iron and folate deficiency in pregnant women at term]. PMID- 6740020 TI - [Short-term treatment of obesity: comparison between anorexigens and behavior modification]. PMID- 6740021 TI - [Chronic intermittent peritoneal dialysis: an alternative for chronic terminal renal insufficiency]. PMID- 6740022 TI - [Computerized axial tomography in the diagnosis of hematomas following renal biopsy. Experience in 18 patients]. PMID- 6740023 TI - [Co-existence of amebic hepatic abscess and fascioliasis in an adult patient with hypogammaglobulinemia E]. PMID- 6740024 TI - [Congenital hepatic fibrosis. Report of 3 cases in an Araucan family]. PMID- 6740025 TI - [Pregraduate medical education in Chile]. PMID- 6740026 TI - [Survey of drug consumption in Greater Santiago]. PMID- 6740027 TI - [Drug-induced asthma]. PMID- 6740028 TI - [Pleuropulmonary pathology secondary to diagnostic maneuvers]. PMID- 6740029 TI - [Iatrogenic pulmonary edema]. PMID- 6740030 TI - [Secondary effects of radiotherapy on the lung]. PMID- 6740031 TI - [Alcohol and the hematopoietic system]. PMID- 6740032 TI - [Alcohol and the lung]. PMID- 6740033 TI - [Alcohol and the heart]. PMID- 6740034 TI - [Alcohol and the central nervous system]. PMID- 6740035 TI - [Newly discovered etiologies of infectious diseases]. PMID- 6740037 TI - [Early complications following total hip replacement in relation to age at operation]. PMID- 6740036 TI - [Current trends in obstetrics]. PMID- 6740038 TI - [A case from practice (23)]. PMID- 6740039 TI - [The biochemistry of depression]. PMID- 6740040 TI - [Diagnostic classification of depressive disorders]. PMID- 6740041 TI - [Therapy of depression in general practice]. PMID- 6740043 TI - [Depression today. Cause, diagnosis, therapy]. PMID- 6740042 TI - [Suicidal risk and depression]. PMID- 6740044 TI - [Diagnosis of pulmonary sarcoidosis. The value of biopsy methods, particularly experiences with transbronchial lung biopsies]. PMID- 6740045 TI - [Methadone maintenance program. Strict adherence determines the effectiveness of treatment]. PMID- 6740046 TI - [Cyclosporin A in dermatomyositis]. PMID- 6740047 TI - [A case from practice (24). Reflux esophagitis]. PMID- 6740048 TI - [Hospital child psychiatry. Course of children hospitalized in Bercail for neurotic or psychotic disorders]. PMID- 6740049 TI - [Urinary incontinence of aged patients in the field of behavior (or from a specifically medical thought process to geriatric psychiatry)]. PMID- 6740050 TI - [Pathogenesis of changes in intellectual functioning in geriatrics]. PMID- 6740051 TI - [The value of the run-of-the-mill case (psychosomatic problems)]. PMID- 6740052 TI - [Evaluation of working conditions by biological monitoring]. PMID- 6740053 TI - [Tendon sheath syndromes in the hand]. PMID- 6740054 TI - [Interstitial nephritis as a result of analgesic abuse]. PMID- 6740055 TI - Effect of sleep position on sleep apnea severity. AB - Thirty male patients evaluated sequentially for sleep apnea syndrome by all-night clinical polysomnography were compared for apnea plus hypopnea index (A + HI) during the time in the side versus time in the back sleep posture. For 24 subjects of this sample, who occupied both major body positions during the evaluation night, the apnea index was found to be twice as high during the time spent sleeping on their backs as it was when they slept in the side position. This difference is reliable and inversely related to obesity. Five patients meeting diagnostic criteria for sleep apnea on an all-night basis fell within normal limits while in the side sleep position. This suggests sleep position adjustment may be a viable treatment for some nonobese sleep apnea patients. PMID- 6740056 TI - Nocturnal REM latency and sleep disturbance in narcolepsy. AB - A retrospective study of 92 narcoleptics was undertaken to investigate the significance of prolonged nocturnal REM latencies observed in approximately one in every five narcoleptics undergoing single all-night clinical polysomnograms in our laboratory. Clinical and laboratory findings were examined as a function of REM latency. Our findings emphasize a high incidence of other sleep disorders, particularly sleep-related periodic leg movements, in narcoleptics. Furthermore, sleep disturbance secondary to other sleep disorders, especially during the period of NREM sleep preceding the first REM episode, accounts in large part for prolonged REM latencies observed in some narcoleptics. This study also provides one of the most extensive compilations of clinical and laboratory findings in a large population of narcoleptics. PMID- 6740057 TI - Distribution of REM latencies and other sleep phenomena in depression as explained by a single ultradian rhythm disturbance. AB - The McCarley-Hobson model, describing the alternation of NREM and REM sleep in the cat, was applied to human electroencephalographic data. The influence of initial conditions on oscillatory behavior was especially emphasized. It appears that the distribution of REM latency in depression, the abnormal accumulation of REM sleep, the variability of NREM-REM cycle duration, the frequent stage shifts, and frequent awakenings can be explained in this model by means of a decrease in the initial value of a single variable, which may be regarded as representing the strength of REM inhibition. The observation of slow wave sleep deficiency in depression may well be another reflection of this parameter. PMID- 6740058 TI - Effects of 72 hour sleep deprivation on urinary cortisol and indices of metabolism. AB - Cortisol, urea, glucose, electrolytes, and other compounds were measured in five consecutive 24 h urine collections during a 72 h sleep deprivation study in six young men. Urine was collected during a 24 h predeprivation day, 3 days of sleep deprivation, and a recovery day. Whereas urinary cortisol decreased only slightly, marked changes in other urinary constituents were observed. During sleep deprivation, urinary urea rose markedly, glucose decreased, and urinary electrolytes decreased. These data indicate that sleep deprivation under ad lib food and water conditions can cause disturbances in normal metabolism. PMID- 6740059 TI - NREM sleep continuity and the sense of having slept in normal sleepers. AB - We assessed the effects of the length of sleep prior to awakening on the sense of having been asleep in 11 normal, healthy, young adults. They were awakened a total of 194 times out of stage 2 sleep, 153 times out of REM sleep, and 13 times out of slow-wave sleep over 54 nights in the laboratory. At each awakening, subjects were asked if they had been awake or asleep prior to the arousal. Continuous sleep time prior to the awakening was calculated in minutes to the first visually scorable alpha intrusion exceeding 10 s on either the central or occipital electroencephalogram (EEG) tracings. The sense of having been asleep prior to a NREM sleep awakening is dependent on the length of continuous, prior sleep time. However, the sense of having been asleep when aroused out of REM sleep shows no relationship to the length of continuous, prior sleep time. PMID- 6740060 TI - The effect of sleep before or after learning on memory. AB - Early studies in which it was found that learning followed by sleep was better remembered than learning followed by wakefulness were interpreted as giving support for the Interference Theory of Forgetting. More recent studies have shown better retention over the first half of the night's sleep (slow-wave sleep) than over the second half (REM sleep), and conclusions have been drawn that a Decay Theory of Forgetting is more strongly supported. Those studies, however, confounded the type of sleep following learning with sleep prior to learning. When prior sleep was controlled in the present study, there was no support for a first half-night sleep benefit, and, contrary to Decay Theory, there was a second half-night benefit for high imagery material. The strong detrimental effect of sleep prior to learning was inconsistent with the Interference Theory of Forgetting and suggested, instead, the importance of the consolidation process for long-term memory. PMID- 6740061 TI - Sleep deprivation and the physiological response to exercise under steady-state conditions in untrained subjects. AB - Seven physically untrained subjects underwent 72 h total sleep deprivation, followed a baseline day. Daily, at 0400 and 1600 h, subjects pedalled on a bicycle ergometer under individually set work loads of 40, 60, and 80% VO2max. This was not a study oriented towards endurance but towards capacity, requiring steady-state measurement. From assessments of heart rate, VO2 and VCO2 were calculated: VO2max, gross mechanical efficiency, VO2 at a heart rate of 150, and respiratory quotient. To assess possible training effects, a control group underwent identical procedures except that they slept at night and had the morning measure delayed until 0830 h. A series of statistical models were applied to the data, which centered on quantifying the inherent underlying variability, to estimate the level any main effect had to reach to become significant. the analysis showed that the noise level was small enough for any real effect of importance to have been detected, with a reasonably large probability. No statistically significant effects were found for any of the parameters with respect to conditions, days, and time. The main significant outcome was with mechanical efficiency, which displayed greater variability during sleep deprivation. Both groups displayed similar trends in training effects. It was concluded that the physiological ability to do work of the type and duration used here was not adversely affected by 72 h of sleep loss. PMID- 6740062 TI - EEG electrode positions outside the hairline to monitor sleep in man. AB - This study investigated the use of electroencephalographic (EEG) electrode placements outside the hairline to monitor sleep. Six subjects slept for 1 night during which the EEG was recorded from "standard" electrode placements and simultaneously from the "test" placements outside the hairline where adhesive pregelled electrodes could be used. Each subject's EEG record was scored independently by two observers. The standard and test electrode placements were assessed separately. Cohen's kappa (kappa) was used to quantify the agreement in the sleep scores (a) between observers when both scored the standard placements and (b) between the test and standard placements when scored by the same observer. The agreement for all stages between observers (a) was excellent (kappa = 0.82); and the agreement within observers, between placements (b) was even better [kappa = 0.86 for the six sleep stages considered separately; when stages awake/1 and 3/4 were combined (a) kappa = 0.88 and (b) kappa = 0.09]. It is concluded that EEG electrode placements outside the hairline can be used effectively to record sleep EEGs. The adoption of these electrode placements would simplify the monitoring procedure for many applied physiological studies especially when usual laboratory techniques for EEG are precluded. PMID- 6740063 TI - A taxonomic point. PMID- 6740064 TI - International symposium on poliomyelitis control. Pan American Health Organization, Washington, D.C., March 14-17, 1983. PMID- 6740065 TI - Epidemiologic aspects of poliomyelitis eradication. AB - Mass immunization with oral poliovirus vaccine was begun in the United States in 1963, and the last outbreak of natural poliomyelitis occurred in 1972. In the subsequent 10 years, there has been only one outbreak, in 1979, due to the introduction of wild polio-virus to an underimmunized Amish population. Paradoxically, eradication occurred even though 5%-10% of the population zero to 14 years of age were unimmunized and susceptible. It is suggested that this eradication was due to two factors. First, the marked seasonality of poliovirus infections, imposed on a reduced number of susceptibles , led to wintertime fade outs of wild poliovirus over sizable areas. Second, although reintroductions into virus-free areas did occur, they did not equal the frequency of fade-outs. This led, in turn, to an annual stepwise reduction in the number of infected states over a 10-year period, culminating in eradication. Measles makes an instructive comparison because it has more stubbornly resisted eradication. Although regional fade-outs of measles have occurred regularly during the seasonal low, measles is more frequently reintroduced because of its greater transmissibility. It is suggested that this difference in reintroduction was a critical determinant of the difference between the eradicability of measles and poliomyelitis. PMID- 6740066 TI - The Israeli experience in the control of poliomyelitis during a quarter of a century, 1957-1982. AB - Data are presented on the programs and the results of immunization against paralytic poliomyelitis in Israel during the 25-year period 1957-1982. To control severe outbreaks of the disease, Israel introduced Salk-type inactivated poliovirus vaccine (IPV) on a large scale in 1957 and used it for a period of five years. Vaccination with IPV had a beneficial effect, demonstrably reducing the morbidity from poliomyelitis. In 1961, Sabin's oral poliovirus vaccine ( OPV ) was first used during an epidemic outbreak of the disease and has been in continuous use since. Vaccination with OPV has resulted in a highly significant decrease in the incidence of the disease, although sporadic cases continued to occur. This program was supplemented for the past four years with an annual mass vaccination campaign in "high-risk" areas of the country. These additional preventive measures have resulted in a further reduction in morbidity but not in the complete disappearance of the disease. PMID- 6740068 TI - Long-term use of oral poliovirus vaccine from Sabin strains in the Soviet Union. AB - Success in control of poliomyelitis in the USSR has been achieved after mass immunization with oral polio vaccine ( OPV ) manufactured from attenuated Sabin strains. Procedures for large-scale production of the OPV have been developed by Soviet researchers with the leadership of Chumakov and Smorodintsev , and the safety and efficacy of the vaccine have since been demonstrated. A mass immunization program was initiated in the USSR in 1959 and completed in 1960, covering 77.5 million people or 36.7% of the entire population. This immunization campaign resulted in a sharp decrease in the incidence of poliomyelitis: from 10.6 per 100,000 population in 1958 to 0.43 in 1963. Beginning in 1964 the incidence remained at a level of 0.01-0.1 per 100,000 population. At present the vaccination schedule consists of three basic vaccinations given to infants. Over 20 years of experience with OPV in the USSR has shown that this vaccine is a safe and efficient preparation. PMID- 6740069 TI - Current poliovirus vaccines. AB - Most of the poliovirus vaccine distributed in the United States since 1962 has been of the live, oral type ( OPV ). Production problems have not been a major concern for the manufacturer. The statistics compiled by various authorities since the product was introduced relative to paralytic disease following the administration of OPV are discussed and recommendations for the use of OPV are cited. PMID- 6740067 TI - The challenge of poliomyelitis in tropical Africa. AB - Recent surveys of lameness attributable to poliomyelitis in several African countries have revealed rates of residual paralysis of two to 11 per 1,000 children, a prevalence implying annual incidence rates for poliomyelitis of 10-55 cases per 100,000 population. Factors responsible for this high incidence are the unsanitary conditions present in many African communities, especially rural and periurban areas. Whereas poliomyelitis is endemic in Africa and paralysis occurs early in childhood, the apprehension and alarm that is evident in the developed world is almost absent in Africa. Hence, the administrative and economic resources for massive programs of poliomyelitis vaccination are lacking. Lameness prevalence rates of 2.6 per 1,000 children in certain areas of Africa illustrate that the programs of immunization against poliomyelitis should be intensified. PMID- 6740070 TI - Observations on the use of oral poliovirus vaccines in the Caribbean and Canada. AB - Investigations on the use of poliovirus vaccines in the Caribbean and Canada are reviewed. Studies in Trinidad and Tobago in 1963 showed that children who were given two doses of oral poliovirus vaccine responded satisfactorily to the type 2 and type 3 components but poorly to the type 1 component. Studies on poliovirus vaccines in Canada have indicated that both killed and live vaccines are capable of controlling poliomyelitis. Results of studies undertaken in Ontario suggested that the response to a killed vaccine was not entirely satisfactory. The need for continued surveillance for poliomyelitis is emphasized. Action should be taken to review immunization procedures when a single case occurs. Consideration should be given to the use of monovalent vaccines in tropical countries. PMID- 6740072 TI - Modes of action of poliovirus vaccines and relation to resulting immunity. AB - Parenteral inactivated poliovirus vaccine (IPV) chiefly induces formation of serum antibody. Infection, with oral poliovirus vaccine ( OPV ) or wild poliovirus, also induces development of secretory IgA antibody. In addition, infection results in virus shedding and, hence, in possible spread of virus to contacts (more likely with wild than with vaccine virus). IPV induces a high level (90%-95%) of protection against disease, which presumably is mediated by serum antibody that prevents CNS invasion resulting from viremia. IPV induces little protection against infection but does modify the related virus shedding- chiefly that from the oropharynx. Infection, whether by OPV or wild virus, induces a high level of protection against disease. It also results in appreciable prevention or modification of infection because of the development of secretory IgA antibody. This effect is directly protective for the vaccinee and also benefits the community, since the exposed vaccinee can play little or no part in the spread of wild virus. One major question remaining concerns the maintenance of immunity. Lifelong immunologic memory assures an enhanced serum antibody response to any infection that occurs, but will it be sufficiently rapid that when preinfection antibody cannot be detected newly formed antibody will block blood-borne viral invasion of the CNS? If not, booster doses of vaccine are indicated. OPV boosters might be indicated in any case to reinforce protection against infection and so maintain herd immunity. PMID- 6740071 TI - Industrial-scale production of inactivated poliovirus vaccine prepared by culture of Vero cells on microcarrier. AB - In 1980, the authors reported preliminary results of large-scale production of inactivated poliovirus vaccine in which virus was produced in Vero cell culture on a microcarrier. For this first stage of development, 150-liter tanks were used. The virus is now produced in 1,000-liter tanks. The main point concerning the quality of Vero cells, namely the absence of tumorigenicity, has been demonstrated, qualifying them for use in the Institut M erieux cell bank. The purity of the cell line has also been determined by checking for the absence of bacteria, fungi, mycoplasmas, and viruses. The search for oncornavirus and for reverse transcriptase activity was carried out, and the results were negative but are not described in this paper. The quality of the purification process was checked by a search for residual cellular DNA in concentrated, purified, and inactivated vaccine. With use of a molecular hybridization procedure, a specific probe was prepared to detect approximately 50 pg of DNA per filter. The preliminary results show that the purification procedure fulfills the World Health Organization's requirements. T1 oligonucleotide mapping has also shown the identity of poliovirus RNA extracted from virus grown on Vero cells and that from primary monkey kidney cells. These data have led to the awarding of a license by the French government to the Institut M erieux for production of this new, reassessed, inactivated poliovirus vaccine. PMID- 6740073 TI - Different secretory IgA antibody responses after immunization with inactivated and live poliovirus vaccines. AB - The influence on secretory IgA antibody levels in milk and saliva of vaccination with oral, live poliovirus vaccine ( OPV ) and inactivated poliovirus vaccine (IPV) was studied. IPV, especially the antigen-rich Dutch vaccine, more often induced increases in antibody titers in milk (50%) than did OPV (26%) (P less than .01). OPV more often decreased the antibody levels in milk (40%) than did IPV (10%) (P less than .01). It was striking that mainly high prevaccination titers were decreased. The increases of IgA antibody in saliva were less striking. IPV caused increases as often in milk as in saliva, whereas OPV more often induced increases in IgA antibody in saliva, but there was a poor correlation between the changes in antibody titers in milk and those in saliva. PMID- 6740074 TI - Mucosal immune response to poliovirus vaccines in childhood. AB - Comparative evaluation of the systemic and secretory antibody response to live attenuated (oral) poliovirus vaccine ( OPV ) or inactivated poliovirus vaccine (IPV) has suggested that both vaccines are highly effective in inducing seroconversion and in preventing paralytic poliomyelitis. However, parenteral immunization with IPV does not appear to be highly effective in inducing secretory antibody response in the nasopharynx or alimentary tract during primary immunization. Reimmunization with IPV in subjects previously primed with parenterally administered IPV appears to result in a mild booster effect on the development of secretory antibody response. More significantly, rechallenge by the oral route with OPV in IPV-primed subjects resulted in a marked enhancement of secretory antibody response. In general, no suppression of systemic or secretory response to poliovirus was observed with either form ( OPV vs. IPV) or with route of immunization. These observations are discussed in relation to the immune response observed with other mucosally or parenterally administered antigens. Their implications in the development of oral tolerance are briefly reviewed. PMID- 6740075 TI - Some observations on poliomyelitis lameness surveys. AB - Since 1974, greater than 100 different surveys have been carried out throughout the developing world to estimate the prevalence of lameness due to poliomyelitis. Reported prevalence rates have ranged from less than 1 to a high of 25 per 1,000 children surveyed and have prompted many countries to undertake polio vaccination programs. A review of surveys conducted to date reveals considerable variation in both the choice and use of survey methods and in the assumptions made in the analysis and interpretation of findings. More precise and comparable data about the risk of poliomyelitis could be obtained in future surveys by incorporating a standard case definition, by using house-to-house case-finding methods in representative community-based samples, by analyzing and presenting rates in more clearly defined ways, and by selecting stable populations for study. PMID- 6740076 TI - House-to-house and school lameness surveys in Cameroon: a comparison of two methods for estimating the prevalence and annual incidence of paralytic poliomyelitis. AB - House-to-house and school lameness surveys were conducted in one urban and two rural regions of the United Republic of Cameroon. As in many other African nations, estimates of annual incidence by survey were significantly higher than those established by routine surveillance, and greater than 80% of all cases of paralysis were found to have occurred in children younger than 36 months of age. House-to-house surveys were more than six times more costly than school surveys and undoubtedly gave annual incidence rates closer to true rates. The value of the less costly school survey should not be overlooked, however, if base-line data are required at frequent intervals for use in the evaluation of control measures. PMID- 6740077 TI - Nonpolio causes of polio-like paralytic syndromes. AB - In a study of patients with suspected poliomyelitis, but from whom poliovirus was not isolated, a variety of causes of the paralysis was found. Injury of the spinal column sometimes followed by periostitis or osteomyelitis was relatively common. Exotic causes included paralysis due to snake bite, spider bite, scorpion sting, and tick bite and schistosomiasis involving the spinal cord. Chemical poisons, such as arsenic, triorthocresyl phosphate, and organophosphorus insecticides, were responsible for paralysis affecting groups of people. Paralysis in individual patients with porphyria followed the administration of anesthesia and certain drugs. Normal clinicopathologic findings in hospital nurses with Iceland disease suggested a psychological component. The Guillain Barre syndrome in some patients resulted from virus infection of the nerve tissue, in others it was related to a hyperreactive autoallergic state. Enterovirus infections, especially coxsackieviruses A9 and A23 (echovirus 9) and group B coxsackieviruses, frequently caused meningoencephalitis often associated with transient paralysis. Coxsackievirus A7 infection occasionally resulted in permanent paralysis. Clearly it is important to maintain surveillance of these infections. PMID- 6740078 TI - Paralytic poliomyelitis and nonpolio enteroviruses: studies in Scotland. AB - Poliomyelitis has been well controlled in Scotland by vaccination. Occasional cases of paralysis still occur in association with enteroviruses, especially coxsackieviruses. Most cases were attributable to coxsackievirus A7, which was identified in 77 cases, 12 of them paralytic (one fatal), from 1956 to 1973 (including outbreaks in 1959 and 1963) but not since then. Serologic findings suggesting poliovirus infection have been obtained in several paralytic illnesses at a late stage, months after acute illnesses in which the possibility of poliomyelitis was not considered by physicians, who no longer expect to encounter cases of poliomyelitis. PMID- 6740079 TI - Strategies for elimination of poliomyelitis in different parts of the world with use of oral poliovirus vaccine. AB - Since its first mass use in 1960, oral polio vaccine ( OPV ) has largely eliminated paralytic poliomyelitis from temperate-climate and subtropical regions of the world that have good health services and a combined total population of almost 2,000 million people. The various strategies used in these countries have been highly successful even where, as in the USA, large numbers of children received no vaccine or only a single dose of OPV . During the period of 1981 1982, only 2.8 cases per 100 million total population per year were reported in the USA. The main challenge in the present era is the economically undeveloped tropical and subtropical regions with inadequate health services that are inhabited by more than half of the world population, where recent surveys for residual paralysis due to poliomyelitis have shown that the incidence of the disease has been higher than it was in the USA and other predominantly temperate climate countries before the vaccine era. The problem in these countries is that the majority of children receive no vaccine and that the extensive year-round dissemination of virulent polioviruses requires a different strategy of vaccination from that used in the temperate-climate countries. The special point about the annual mass vaccinations with OPV for all children younger than three, four, or five years of age-which have proven highly successful in Cuba (for the past 20 years), in Brazil (during the past three years), and recently also in Mexico-is that all the children are usually vaccinated within one or two days, which quickly breaks the chain of transmission of the virulent viruses, and the annual campaigns create and maintain the maximum number of children with resistant intestinal tracts. PMID- 6740080 TI - Mass vaccination against poliomyelitis in Mexico. AB - In 1959, oral poliovirus vaccine ( OPV ) was introduced as an antiepidemic measure in Mexico. As in many other developing countries, the vaccine was misused, coverages achieved were often poor, and an adequate cold chain was lacking. However, in 1972 a mass campaign reached 70% of children younger than five years of age, and consequently the reported cases declined sharply from 1.9 to 0.4 per 100,000 population. Due to economic restrictions, only single doses of monovalent type 1 OPV were administered to 80% of the target population in 1981, 1982, and 1983. The present incidence of poliomyelitis of 0.1 per 100,000 population represents a 96.7% reduction from the rate during the prevaccine era, when the annual average rate was 4.26 per 100,000. The present aim of poliomyelitis control is to maintain and decrease the present incidence of disease. Future plans are to continue mass vaccination in an attempt to reach small and isolated villages that have been without vaccination and limit possible rural foci of wild poliovirus. PMID- 6740082 TI - Cuba: mass polio vaccination program, 1962-1982. AB - Poliomyelitis appeared in Cuba in the present century and acquired an endemo epidemic character, with epidemic peaks every five to seven years. The first polio vaccination campaign, conducted in 1962, changed the trend of the disease by eliminating the morbidity and mortality peaks. Since that time there have been only isolated cases. There have been 21 mass vaccination campaigns, which have been preceded by serologic studies on a sample of the national population younger than 14 years of age. Since the eighth campaign, a trivalent vaccine candy has been administered in two doses to children from one month to three years of age. A booster dose at nine years of age was introduced in the ninth campaign. Since 1962, seven cases have been reported in infants younger than one year of age who, for various reasons, had not been vaccinated. The key to the success of the mass vaccination campaigns conducted over the last 20 years has been the use of the Committees for the Defense of the Revolution. The high vaccination coverage achieved in the various campaigns for each age group (greater than 80%) guarantees that no epidemics will break out in the country. Quality-control surveys following each vaccination operation have yielded an understanding of difficulties and have allowed measures to be taken to improve operations. PMID- 6740081 TI - The control of poliomyelitis in Brazil. AB - A program of mass vaccination with oral polio vaccine was launched in 1980 in Brazil. The aim was to reach in a single day, twice a year, the whole population of children younger than five years of age, irrespective of their vaccination history. More than 20 million children were vaccinated in each of the six campaigns carried out until 1982. Recorded rates of immunization exceeded 90% in the target age group. The incidence of poliomyelitis dropped from an average of 2,330 cases in the 1975-1980 period to only 122 cases in 1981. Provisional figures for 1982 indicate that the total number of confirmed cases will be close to 70. Similar campaigns are intended for 1983 and 1984, but the continuation of this strategy after 1984 is still under discussion. PMID- 6740083 TI - Experiences associated with the use of live poliovirus vaccine in Hungary, 1959 1982. AB - Live Sabin poliomyelitis vaccine has been given in Hungary since December 1959. Generally, monovalent vaccines--administered in the sequence type 1, 3, and 2- have been used in annually repeated nationwide campaigns. Each type was administered within a week all over the country, with an interval of five to eight weeks between administrations. In the initial campaigns, children younger than 14 years of age were vaccinated. Since 1962, children between two and 38 months of age have been vaccinated annually. As a result of the vaccination program, the mean annual incidence of poliomyelitis declined to 0.03 per 100,000 population between 1961 and 1982 from a level of 12 per 100,000 observed over the previous five years. Epidemiologic and virologic evidence indicated that 47 (82%) of 57 cases registered since 1961 were vaccine-associated. Circumstances connected with the special vaccination practice in Hungary gave an opportunity to estimate the risk of vaccine-associated poliomyelitis. For recipients receiving the vaccine for the first time, the estimated risks for each type of vaccine were type 1, 0.99; type 2, 0.65; and type 3, 8.91 per million and for susceptible contacts, type 1, 0; type 2, 3.62; and type 3, 4.97 per million. The author's opinion is that these rates of risk are acceptable in view of the benefits provided by the live vaccine, especially under circumstances when importation of wild polioviruses that circulate widely in extended regions of the world may commonly occur. PMID- 6740084 TI - Control of poliomyelitis by vaccination in Belgium. AB - This article reviews the epidemiologic impact of the immunization policies in Belgium since the time efficacious vaccines became available, including recent serologic and virologic surveys as well as evidence for the relative effectiveness of inactivated poliovirus vaccine (IPV) and oral poliovirus vaccine ( OPV ) in routine immunization programs. Poliomyelitis as an indigenous disease has disappeared in Belgium since the late 1960s as a result of immunization with IPV from 1958 to 1969 and with OPV since 1963. In the immediate prevaccine era, the annual average number of cases of paralytic poliomyelitis per million inhabitants was 37 between 1951 and 1954 and 71 between 1955 and 1958, with a peak of 1,038 cases in 1956. Soon after the initial successful control of poliomyelitis in the early 1960s, the acceptance rate of vaccination decreased. In order for a high level of immunity to the disease in the population to be maintained, immunization of children before the age of 18 months was made compulsory by Royal Decree on January 1, 1967. PMID- 6740085 TI - Control of paralytic poliomyelitis in the United States. AB - The changing annual vaccination status of the population and the greater than 1,000-fold drop in reported annual incidence of paralytic poliomyelitis between the early 1950s and early 1970s indicate that the control of poliomyelitis in the United States must be attributed to the use of both the inactivated poliovirus vaccine and oral poliovirus vaccine. The containment, in 1972 and 1979, of rare epidemics in poorly vaccinated subpopulations and the existence of only three reported cases of paralytic poliomyelitis clearly attributable to wild poliovirus in the last three years document a major triumph for public health. The continuing occurrence of vaccine-associated paralysis (six or seven reported cases per year, 1980-1982) indicates the necessity, despite the accomplishments, for continued review of the current vaccination strategy. PMID- 6740088 TI - Some problems of administering oral poliovirus vaccine. PMID- 6740087 TI - Immunization with oral poliovirus vaccine in China. AB - China began to produce oral, live poliovirus vaccine ( OPV ) in 1960. During 1960 1964, OPV was introduced in major cities only and subsequently was used throughout the country. Since that time the incidence of poliomyelitis has dropped dramatically, and the percentage of the healthy population with antibody has clearly risen. Data from many observations showed a high rate of isolation of other enteroviruses in the healthy population and in individuals with poliomyelitis. These findings indicate that some paralytic cases may be caused by other enteroviruses. Localized outbreaks of poliomyelitis still occur, however, and their elimination will require a campaign to ensure that greater than 90% of susceptible individuals are immunized. PMID- 6740086 TI - Poliomyelitis control in Japan. AB - The Sabin oral poliovirus vaccine ( OPV ) has been used in Japan since 1961. Since then the number of paralytic cases has decreased markedly. The incidence of paralytic and positive rates for antibodies to poliovirus were analyzed. The number of paralytic cases associated with OPV was low for cases due to type 1 virus and high for those due to type 2 virus. As for cases due to type 3 virus, the number was high until 1969 and has been low since 1970. This difference was brought about by changing the batch of type 3 virus used in the preparation of OPV . The analysis of titers of neutralizing antibody showed that response to type 1 virus in OPV used in 1977 and to type 3 virus in OPV used in 1972 and 1973 was not adequate. Both situations were improved by changing the batches of virus used for OPV . These experiences suggest that the use of good batches is necessary for safety and efficacy of OPV . PMID- 6740089 TI - Control of poliomyelitis in Africa. AB - In Africa, an estimated 168,000 children are disabled by poliomyelitis every year. With the use of lameness surveys to estimate incidence before immunization, surveys to measure vaccination coverage, and surveillance to monitor disease trends, poliomyelitis control in Yaound e, Cameroon; The Gambia; and Abidjan, Ivory Coast was examined. Three doses of oral poliovirus vaccine have been administered to 50%-70% of the children. The incidence of poliomyelitis has decreased significantly. Oral poliovirus vaccine administered during the first year of life has been effective in controlling poliomyelitis in tropical Africa. PMID- 6740090 TI - Poliomyelitis in India: prospects and problems of control. AB - Based on many surveys of residual paralysis and limited surveillance, the incidence of acute paralytic poliomyelitis in India has been calculated to be 20 40 per 100,000 population per year; thus greater than 200,000 cases occur annually, or 500 every day. Although oral polio vaccine ( OPV ) has been highly effective in controlling outbreaks, its introduction in routine immunization programs has not succeeded in controlling poliomyelitis in India. This failure is the result of inappropriate immunization strategy and low rates of antibody response to vaccine virus. Injectable polio vaccine, although found to be highly effective in routine immunization programs, is very costly and in short supply. The annual immunization of the susceptible age group with OPV during a short period (pulse immunization) has been found to be highly effective; this strategy is recommended for national control of poliomyelitis. PMID- 6740091 TI - Evolution of the poliomyelitis vaccination program in Costa Rica. AB - Outbreaks of poliomyelitis in Costa Rica occurred at variable intervals until 1972. The first campaign with Salk vaccine was in 1956 and the first with Sabin vaccine was in 1959. Since then, campaigns have been irregular, depending on the occurrence of outbreaks. Continuous vaccination programs were inaugurated after the last outbreak in 1972, and the coverage of primary health care in rural areas was extended. These programs resulted in high levels of immunization. Since no cases of poliomyelitis have occurred in the last 10 years, we can say confidently that the disease has been eradicated in Costa Rica. PMID- 6740092 TI - One-dose immunization against paralytic poliomyelitis using a noninfectious vaccine. AB - Recent advances in production and standardization of noninfectious poliovirus vaccine now make it feasible to induce durable immunity against paralytic poliomyelitis with one dose of a suitably standardized vaccine. A single dose of a vaccine containing 40, 8, and 32 D-antigen units of type 1, 2, and 3, respectively, administered to six-month-old infants, was observed to induce antibody levels of greater than or equal to 1:4 in greater than 90% and immunologic memory in all. Since protection against paralysis is associated with the presence of either type-specific serum antibody or type-specific immunologic memory, and since immunologic memory once induced is irreversible, then lifelong immunity to paralytic poliomyelitis can be induced with a single dose of a suitably standardized vaccine administered at five to seven months of age. In areas of the world where exposure to poliovirus can occur before this age, vaccine should be administered earlier. Until the influence of age and/or maternal antibody has been further studied, infants immunized before the age of six months should receive a second dose after six months of age. PMID- 6740093 TI - Use of killed poliovirus vaccine in a routine immunization program in West Africa. AB - Combined diphtheria-tetanus-pertussis (DTP)-killed poliovirus vaccine was used (along with bacille Calmette-Guerin, measles, yellow fever, and smallpox vaccines) in a routine immunization program in a rural area of Senegal. A control group in a neighboring region received DTP vaccine without poliovirus vaccine. All immunizations were given at two sessions six months apart by a small mobile health team led by a nurse. Six months after the second dose of DTP-polio vaccine, 97.4%, 97.7%, and 90% of subjects two to eight months old at the start had detectable antibody to poliovirus types 1, 2, and 3, respectively. In the control group, 50%, 38%, and 80% of such subjects had antibody to poliovirus types 1, 2, and 3, respectively, acquired by natural infection during the study year. An average of 3.9 cases of paralytic poliomyelitis (range, one to 13) were observed annually at one dispensary in the test region from 1966 through 1979. From 1980 through 1982, since the immunization program has been in effect, only one case has been observed (in a nonimmunized child). PMID- 6740094 TI - Successful results of a program combining live and inactivated poliovirus vaccines to control poliomyelitis in Gaza. AB - Trivalent oral poliovirus vaccine ( TOPV ) has been used in Gaza since 1967. After an initial decrease of 33% in the incidence of the paralytic disease, no further decrease could be noted. The mean annual incidence until 1977 was 10 per 100,000 inhabitants. Two outbreaks caused by poliovirus type 1 were registered in 1974 and 1976 with an incidence of 18 per 100,000 inhabitants. In these outbreaks, 34% and 50% of the affected children, respectively, had received three to four doses of TOPV . A new vaccination schedule was introduced in 1978, combining live and inactivated poliovirus vaccines. In the years 1978-1980, the incidence decreased to 2.6 per 100,000 inhabitants; and during 1981-1982, only three cases were recorded. These results indicate that a schedule like the one used in Gaza could serve as a model to control poliomyelitis in developing countries where TOPV alone is not successful. PMID- 6740095 TI - Vaccination with inactivated poliovirus vaccine and oral poliovirus vaccine in Denmark. AB - In Denmark a polio vaccination program including both inactivated poliovirus vaccine (IPV) and oral poliovirus vaccine ( OPV ) has been in use since 1968. Three injections of IPV are given when the children are five, six, and 15 months of age. Subsequently, three vaccinations with trivalent OPV are administered at the age of three, four, and five years. The acceptance rate is high-93%-98%-and greater than 95% of the population has antibodies to poliovirus. The geometric mean titer of serum antibodies is much greater than 10 IU for all three types. The epidemiology of poliomyelitis and the background for the development of the present vaccination schedule are reviewed. PMID- 6740096 TI - The Expanded Programme on Immunization of the World Health Organization. AB - In the developing world today, less than 20% of children are immunized against diphtheria, pertussis, tetanus, tuberculosis, measles, and poliomyelitis. Consequently, these diseases kill 10 children and disable 10 more each minute. To address this problem, the World Health Organization created the Expanded Programme on Immunization (EPI), with the goal of reducing morbidity and mortality by making immunization services available for all children of the world by 1990. This goal will be difficult to achieve. Information systems and immunization services themselves need to be strengthened. This goal will require commitments by the developing countries of human resources and commitments by developing and developed countries of financial support. Commitment is also needed by parents, who need to be informed that death and disability from these diseases can disappear if their children are immunized. Can these commitments be obtained? There is no choice but to try, for few appeals can be made as powerfully. The EPI cannot be permitted to fail. PMID- 6740097 TI - International symposium on poliomyelitis control. Strategies for control: a discussion. PMID- 6740098 TI - The standardization of vaccines: a discussion. AB - Many changes have been made in the World Health Organization's (WHO) requirements for the production and control of both the killed and live (oral) poliovirus vaccines since their initial formulations in 1959 and 1962, respectively. The major changes in the production of killed vaccine concern the cell substrates used from primary tissue to passaged primary tissue or even a continuous cell line such as Vero. It has been shown also that there is no longer the necessity to test for residual infectious virus by the inoculation of monkeys, since cell cultures are much more sensitive for this purpose. For the live vaccine, a more uniform test for the titration of virus content has been introduced. Furthermore, international agreement on the details of the test for neurovirulence in monkeys has been reached. The expression of the immunogen of poliovirus in eukaryotic cells has been achieved, but whether it becomes a commercial proposition replacing one or both of our present vaccines remains to be seen. PMID- 6740099 TI - Seroimmunity following vaccination in infants by an inactivated poliovirus vaccine prepared on Vero cells. AB - An inactivated poliovirus vaccine prepared from cultures of Vero cells has been tested on 61 infants from two to 11 months of age (mean age, 4.3 months) for tolerance and serologic potency. Three doses of vaccine were given one month apart at the same time that diphtheria-tetanus-pertussis vaccine was injected at another body site. Poliovirus-neutralizing antibody titers were measured before the first and third injections and one month after each. The titer was considered positive when the dilution was greater than or equal to 1:4. The tolerance has been good. Thirty-one infants were assessable for serologic efficacy; all had significant serologic responses after two injections of polio vaccine, regardless of the titer of maternally transmitted antibodies before the immunizations. The third injection did not significantly increase the antibody titer observed after the first two doses. PMID- 6740100 TI - Long-term immunity following vaccination with killed poliovirus vaccine in Sweden, a country with no circulating poliovirus. AB - The long-term immunity following vaccination with killed poliovirus vaccine was analyzed by making repeated antibody surveys. A comparison between the levels of antibody of vaccinated groups of children and young adults in 1968 and 1978 indicated that mean levels of antibody of the age groups that, during the period 1968-1978, had not received any extra booster differed by less than or equal to 0.3 log10. Children born in the period 1964-1967 and young adults born in the period 1960-1963 were compared in 1978. The two groups had received their last booster an average of six and 10 years ago, respectively. The mean level of antibody in the older group, which had received booster approximately 11 years previously, was 0.2 log10 lower against type 1 poliovirus and 0.1 log10 lower against type 3 virus than the corresponding titers of the younger children who had received booster approximately six years earlier. The levels of antibody to poliovirus type 2 were identical in both age groups. PMID- 6740101 TI - A comparison of the serologic responses to oral and injectable trivalent poliovirus vaccines. AB - United States children two months of age were randomly assigned to two groups that received either the commercially available oral trivalent poliovirus vaccine ( OPV ) or an injectable (inactivated) trivalent poliovirus vaccine (IPV) with a confirmed minimum D-antigen content of 27, 3.5, and 29 units for poliovirus types 1, 2, and 3, respectively. Vaccine was given at two, four, and 18 months of age. Sera obtained from 439 children at two, four, and six months of age and from 85 children at 18 and 20 months of age were examined for neutralizing antibodies. The percentage of children with detectable antibodies and the reciprocal geometric mean titers were similar for both groups at two months of age for antibodies to all three poliovirus types. At 20 months of age, all children but one had detectable antibodies to all three poliovirus types. Significantly higher geometric mean titers against types 2 and 3 were noted at 20 months of age for the IPV group. PMID- 6740102 TI - Comparison of inactivated poliovirus vaccine and oral poliovirus vaccine programs in Israel. AB - In spite of high vaccination coverage, paralytic poliomyelitis still occurs in Israel, either in sporadic form in the urban area or in small outbreaks in the rural, non-Jewish segment. At high risk are mainly very young infants, not yet protected by poliovirus vaccine and children who have failed to seroconvert after a full course of oral poliovirus vaccine ( OPV ). In these circumstances, a new program for vaccination of young infants early in life with a quadruple vaccine containing inactivated poliovirus vaccine (IPV) and diphtheria, tetanus, and pertussis vaccines (DTP) has been tested. Administration of two doses of IPV up to the age of three and one-half months followed by a booster at the age of 10 months has produced a very satisfactory antibody response (100% seroconversion and high geometric mean titers of antibody to the three antigens), which has occurred early in life and persisted up to two years after booster. This response was similar to that observed after four doses of trivalent OPV ( TOPV ) reinforced with one dose of monovalent type 1 OPV . Two doses of the quadruple vaccine have also induced an antibody response to pertussis antigen in greater than 90% of the infants. After booster, a greater than 99% conversion rate has been recorded, which has remained unchanged at one year of follow-up. The above data have led to the modification of the poliovirus vaccination schedule in the areas at risk. PMID- 6740103 TI - Criteria for assessing accomplishment of poliomyelitis control. AB - The goals of control of poliomyelitis include the control of paralytic poliomyelitis, of infection by polioviruses, and of the presence and spread of polioviruses in the environment. Criteria for assessing control of paralytic poliomyelitis include required and special reporting, data from hospitals and clinics, and lameness surveys. Control of infection is evaluated by immunization histories, studies of vaccine quality and usage, and by serologic surveys for antibody prevalence. Environmental control is measured by lack of reported cases, lack of wild polioviruses in sewage, and the absence of poliovirus in the stools of healthy persons who have not received oral poliovirus vaccine. Each country must determine its own objective for control and the criteria most suited for measuring the attainment of those goals. The advantages and disadvantages of these different criteria are discussed. Developing countries will have to place primary reliance on school and household lameness surveys to evaluate control of poliomyelitis since other methods are too expensive and/or require strong health infrastructures . Developed countries can use regular and special surveillance systems for reporting cases, laboratory diagnosis for confirming suspected and vaccine-associated cases, and serologic surveys for monitoring the need and progress of immunization programs. PMID- 6740105 TI - Can paralytic poliomyelitis be eliminated? AB - The question of whether paralytic poliomyelitis can be eliminated can be approached either from the theoretic and scientific perspective or from the practical perspective of a program. From the former perspective, the answer is probably yes; from the latter, the answer would be that global eradication of this disease cannot be achieved by the year 2000. The global eradication of smallpox was a remarkable achievement and is held up as an example to show that the deliberate worldwide elimination of a human infectious-disease agent can be scheduled and accomplished. However, there are significant differences in the epidemiology and in the control programs for smallpox and poliomyelitis that make the global eradication of poliomyelitis more difficult. Presently, scarce resources for improving health throughout the world cannot be easily diverted for the specific purpose of eradicating paralytic poliomyelitis. The control of poliomyelitis for the next decade will have to proceed at the same relative pace as other major disease control programs of the World Health Organization, such as the Expanded Programme on Immunization and the International Drinking Water Supply and Sanitation Decade. After 1990, the extent to which these programs have controlled or regionally eliminated paralytic poliomyelitis can be assessed. It may be more appropriate then to ask the question, can paralytic poliomyelitis be eliminated? PMID- 6740104 TI - Paralytic poliomyelitis can be eliminated. AB - Since the introduction and widespread use of inactivated and oral poliovirus vaccines, there has been a continued and increasing commitment to worldwide poliomyelitis control. The eradication of poliomyelitis in certain countries, smallpox eradication worldwide, the World Health Organization's (WHO) Expanded Programme on Immunization, and advances in poliovirus vaccine production augur well for worldwide elimination within the next few decades. The success of any such program rests firmly upon scientific feasibility, intensive epidemiologic surveillance, and economic justification. The development of a variety of disease specific control/prevention programs worldwide have improved communicable disease reporting in many countries and established health-care infrastructure as well. Equally important has been the emergence of the concept of epidemiologic surveillance. The success of poliomyelitis elimination in large parts of the world, the WHO commitment, and the tragic, visible effects of poliomyelitis are sufficiently strong arguments to persuade the countries of the world to make the necessary effort to eliminate poliomyelitis within the next generation. PMID- 6740106 TI - Political, administrative, and economic resources for the control of poliomyelitis. AB - Control of any major childhood disease in developing countries is dependent on the ability of health services to reach the susceptible population and to administer appropriate therapy or preventive action. Both of these needs are addressed by the development of primary health-care services. The vaccine preventable diseases, including poliomyelitis, are likely to be controlled only through programs that are executed through the primary health-care system. The implications of the technical aspect of poliomyelitis control on economic resources are secondary to the administrative capability of the programs to manage these technical facilities effectively. The first prerequisite of any health program is the political will on the part of the decision makers to carry it through effectively. This will be reflected in the strength of the administrative structures and the economic resources made available. At present poliomyelitis, with its clinical visibility and its appeal to humanitarian instincts, has an importance as a leader for immunization programs and thus, for primary health care. PMID- 6740107 TI - Priorities in health care: a discussion. PMID- 6740108 TI - Practicalities of a global poliomyelitis control program. AB - Much progress has been achieved in making the world free of poliomyelitis. The countries that have achieved control should be giving practical help to those where the disease is still endemic, while developing their own competence in surveillance, laboratory support, and effective immunization policies. The polio vaccines have been proved effective. The need is now to implement programs by solving their practical difficulties in order to make use of the presently available vaccines. PMID- 6740109 TI - Prospects for worldwide control of paralytic poliomyelitis: a discussion. PMID- 6740110 TI - [Somatosensory evoked potentials]. PMID- 6740111 TI - [Auditory evoked potentials in children]. PMID- 6740112 TI - [Dissecting aneurysm of the internal carotid with ophthalmologic manifestations]. PMID- 6740115 TI - [Athetosis and eye movements. Apropos of a case with oculographic study]. PMID- 6740113 TI - [Association of stenosis of the aqueduct of Sylvius, empty sella turcica and primary amenorrhea]. PMID- 6740114 TI - [Bilateral internuclear ophthalmoplegia, ataxia and dystonia caused by posttraumatic pedunculoprotuberantial hematoma]. PMID- 6740116 TI - [Visual potentials evoked by pattern reversal]. PMID- 6740117 TI - [Clinical and diagnostic correlation of early auditory, somatosensory and visual potentials in 80 cases of multiple sclerosis]. PMID- 6740118 TI - [Clinical study of tremor]. PMID- 6740120 TI - [Theophylline--present concepts]. PMID- 6740119 TI - [Clinico-laboratory aspects of interstitial nephritis in visceral leishmaniasis]. PMID- 6740122 TI - [Arteriovenous shunt for hemodialysis in the brachial artery in severely ill patients]. PMID- 6740121 TI - [Treatment of ascaridiasis and trichocephaliasis with small single doses of 200mg or 300mg of mebendazole]. PMID- 6740123 TI - [Epidemiological study of fatal occupational accidents in Greater Sao Paulo from 1979 to 1982]. PMID- 6740124 TI - [Pulmonary structural changes in thromboembolism. Experimental study in dogs]. PMID- 6740125 TI - [Acute suppurative cholangitis]. PMID- 6740126 TI - [Surgical treatment of typhoid perforations]. PMID- 6740127 TI - [Surgical treatment of choledochal cysts]. PMID- 6740128 TI - [Cholecystography in the hamster]. PMID- 6740129 TI - [Use of computerized axial tomography in the diagnosis of acute pancreatitis and its complications]. PMID- 6740130 TI - [Barrett esophagus in children. Report on 16 patients]. PMID- 6740131 TI - [Duodeno-duodenal invagination. Report on a patient]. PMID- 6740132 TI - [Post-traumatic diaphragmatic hernia with necrosis of the stomach]. PMID- 6740133 TI - [The disease and the patient]. PMID- 6740134 TI - [Transendoscopic injection of the sclerosing agent hydroxypolyethoxydodecane into the esophageal mucosa of the dog]. PMID- 6740136 TI - [Complications of blood transfusion: a problem often underestimated]. PMID- 6740135 TI - In vitro synthesis of IgM and IgM rheumatoid factor in seronegative arthritides. AB - In vitro patterns of IgM and IgM rheumatoid factor (RF) synthesis exhibited by peripheral blood B cells (MNL) obtained from healthy individuals as well as patients with seropositive and seronegative rheumatoid arthritis (RA) have been previously examined. The present study was performed in a group of patients with non-rheumatoid seronegative arthritis (SNA) in order to compare patterns of in vitro IgM and IgM RF synthesis to that previously observed with seropositive and seronegative RA. Eighteen patients with SNA (4 ankylosing spondylitis, 10 psoriatic arthritis, and 4 unclassified variant disease) were studied as well as 18 healthy adult controls. Spontaneous release of IgM RF by MNL was not observed in SNA or controls. In contrast, IgM RF was detected in pokeweed mitogen (PWM) stimulated MNL culture supernatants from 9/18 SNA (mean +/- SD = 17.0 +/- 9.9 ng/10(6) cells), and 10/18 normal controls (16.7 +/- 9.9 ng). Synthesis of IgM by PWM-stimulated MNL from SNA (2062 +/- 1200 ng) was significantly less than observed with MNL from controls (4093 +/- 1896 ng) (P less than 0.001). There were no differences among the various SNA subsets with regards to the levels of IgM and IgM RF produced either spontaneously or after PWM stimulation. IgM RF constituted a small fraction of the total IgM in SNA and normals (0.9% and 0.5%, respectively). This is clearly distinct from seropositive RA in which we have previously established that IgM RF constitutes a substantial fraction of the total IgM (10.7%) (P less than 0.01). IgM and IgM RF production did not appear to be significantly influenced by immunosuppressive medication.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS) PMID- 6740137 TI - [Hemolytic transfusion reactions]. PMID- 6740138 TI - [The successful correction of a dislocated I shaped pacemaker electrode, using pig-tail catheter]. PMID- 6740139 TI - [Ligation of the ductus arteriosus in very low birth weight infants]. PMID- 6740140 TI - [The role of prophylactic implantation of permanent electrode at cardiac surgery]. PMID- 6740141 TI - [Pacemaker installation in the pediatric patient: technical considerations]. PMID- 6740142 TI - [Complications of pacing]. PMID- 6740143 TI - [Pacemaker clinic]. PMID- 6740144 TI - [Aortic regurgitation following closure of ventricular septal defect. Report of two cases with successful surgical treatment in early and late stages]. PMID- 6740145 TI - [Poland's syndrome. Report of three cases]. PMID- 6740146 TI - [Tracheoplasty for congenital tracheal stenosis using costal cartilage autograft]. PMID- 6740147 TI - [Echocardiographic characteristics of perivalvular leakage of the Bjork-Shiley prosthetic heart valve in the mitral position]. PMID- 6740148 TI - [Surgical experience of subacute subdural hematoma occurring during the anticoagulant therapy]. PMID- 6740149 TI - [Hemodynamics and cardiac functions in the patients with multi programming pacemaker]. PMID- 6740150 TI - [Intrapulmonary hematoma and air cyst following nonpenetrating chest trauma in children]. PMID- 6740151 TI - [Pre-and post-operative management in aneurysms of the thoracic and abdominal aorta]. PMID- 6740152 TI - [Mitral annular plication and valvular plasty]. PMID- 6740153 TI - [The present status of surgical treatment for congenital heart disease during infancy in Japan (2nd report)--a questionnaire report]. PMID- 6740154 TI - [The result of treatment of empyema]. PMID- 6740155 TI - [Problems on chest wall resection in children]. PMID- 6740156 TI - [Experience of primary corrective surgeries on persistent truncus arteriosus in infants]. PMID- 6740157 TI - [An operative case of communication between coronary sinus and left atrium associated with pure pulmonary stenosis]. PMID- 6740158 TI - [An experience of successful V-A bypass combined with IABP after open mitral commissurotomy]. PMID- 6740159 TI - [Left ventricular rupture as a complication of mitral valve replacement]. PMID- 6740161 TI - [The management of a pregnant woman complicated with severe aortic insufficiency and placenta previa by aortic valve replacement, cesarean section and total hysterectomy]. PMID- 6740160 TI - [Successful repair of a left ventricular wall rupture after mitral valve replacement]. PMID- 6740163 TI - [Blood transfusion in thoracic and cardiovascular surgery]. PMID- 6740162 TI - [A surgical case report of a descending aortic aneurysm with rupture into the lung]. PMID- 6740164 TI - [Automatic display of epicardial mapping of right atrium: experimental and clinical uses]. PMID- 6740165 TI - [Treatment of giant abdominal aortic aneurysm with poor left ventricular function induced by ischemic heart disease]. PMID- 6740166 TI - [EEG-CT correlates in a group of patients with acute and focal cerebral vascular disorders]. AB - A retrospective study was performed on 120 patients with cerebrovascular accidents in order to correlate EEG, CT and clinical data. A high degree of correlation was found between EEG and CT findings and between these laboratory tests and clinical picture in those subjects with ischemia in the carotid territory. Furthermore the combined use of EEG and CT testing improves the diagnostic validity of both methods. PMID- 6740167 TI - [Effects of phosphatidylserine in an experimental model of generalized epilepsy]. AB - The possible antiepileptic activity of PS has been tested in a model of generalized epilepsy induced by penicillin in the cat. In acute experiments, topical application to the cortex of PS (from 20 mg/ml to 50 mg/ml) produced a reverse in the polarity of the spike and wave complex and, sometimes, a decrease in the voltage as well as a morphological deformation of s-w bursts. Chronic intraperitoneal administration of PS induced a decrease of the epileptic burst frequency. The effect was already apparent after 14 days and of greater extent after 21 days. Finally the antiepileptic effect of 0,2-0,5 mg/Kg diazepam, given in a single dose during the maximal epileptic activity resulted markedly reinforced in animals chronically treated with PS. PMID- 6740168 TI - [Hemicrania comitata. Critical review and clinical case reports]. AB - The AA. examined 24 subjects suffering from classic or common migraine and 42 subjects with complicated migraine. In 6 cases of complicated migraine, radiologic investigations (cerebral CT scan or scintigraphy) showed ischemic lesions. The AA. discuss their results, on the basis of the most recent acquisitions concerning the pathogenetic mechanisms involved in the complicated migraine; particularly, they dwell upon "the platelet hypothesis". PMID- 6740169 TI - [Rational use of vaccinations]. PMID- 6740171 TI - [Vaccinations, past, present, future]. PMID- 6740170 TI - [Vaccination policy for children in France]. PMID- 6740172 TI - [Vaccination of travellers]. PMID- 6740173 TI - [BCG: current status]. PMID- 6740174 TI - [Prevention of rabies]. PMID- 6740175 TI - [Subacute infectious endocarditis: polymorphism and current diagnosis]. PMID- 6740176 TI - [Acute infectious endocarditis]. PMID- 6740177 TI - [Infectious endocarditis of valve prostheses. Strategy of the diagnosis. Management]. PMID- 6740178 TI - [Echocardiography in the diagnosis and surveillance of infectious endocarditis]. PMID- 6740179 TI - [Medical and preventive treatment of infectious endocarditis]. PMID- 6740180 TI - [Role of surgery in the treatment of infectious endocarditis]. PMID- 6740181 TI - Age and atherosclerosis--related changes occurring in the "intercalated vascular segments" of human coronary arteries. AB - The term "intercalated vascular segment" is used by the authors to designate a structural accomodation to the existence of diffuse thickened intimas, occurring as local vascular connections between the lumen of the main coronary arteries and the branch mouths of the daughter vessels. They exhibit the light microscopic feature of cylindrical conduits including only an endothelial sheet encased by the intimal connective tissue. The most important change related to aging and atherosclerotic involvement seems to be the conversion of some intercalated vascular segments in rigid, undistensible and narrowed conduits; this might produce local changes similar to those of a fixed stenosis. In the material examined the presence of narrowed conduits was sometimes associated with the existence of small areas of necrosis in the myocardium supplied by the vessel corresponding to the respective intercalated vascular segment. PMID- 6740183 TI - Preliminary data concerning association of porphyria cutanea tarda and adrenocortical insufficiency. Report of two cases. AB - The paper presents two cases in which clinical and laboratory investigations have revealed the simultaneous presence of porphyria cutanea tarda (PCT) and adrenocortical insufficiency (ACI). Whether this association is a coincidence, whether there is a common cause, or a "cause to effect" type relationship between the two entities is a question of debate. Without ignoring other possible causes (tuberculosis, hemochromatosis, autoimmunity, drugs) it is suggested that heme deficit consequent to inefficient protoporphyrin synthesis results in impaired steroidogenesis, due to decreased levels of adrenocortical hemoprotein enzymes, especially cytochrome P-450 dependent hydroxylases. Cytochrome P-450 has a well known sine-qua-non activity in steroid hydroxylations within steroid tissues, and a decrease in the levels of this heme-enzyme might be expected to result in impaired steroidogenesis. However, the association between PCT and ACI (whether pathogenic or not) is pathophysiologically characterized by the coexistence of a disease (PCT) in which the anatomo-clinical manifestations are determined by oxygen derived free radicals ( ODFR ), and a disease (ACI) which, among other consequences, presents a marked reduction in ODFR -scavenge capacity. The authors consider this supposition an attractive working hypothesis, suitable to further clinical laboratory direct testing. PMID- 6740182 TI - [Spontaneous thrombocyte aggregation in patients with ischemic cardiopathy. Effect of anti-aggregant treatment on thrombocyte function and other coagulation factors]. PMID- 6740184 TI - A method for the study of the dynamics of atherosclerotic involvement of human coronary arteries. AB - A method able to reveal the progression of atherosclerosis from children to mature adults is proposed, based on the successive light microscopic examination of similar selected topographic sites of the coronary arterial tree placed in sequence according to age, sex and branching anatomical pattern. The dynamic reconstruction of thousands of static views revealed a linear and parallel increase in the number of all types of early atherosclerotic lesions: fibromuscular plaques, intimal necrotic areas, incorporated microthrombi and fatty streaks. Some endogenous and exogeneous risk factors for coronary heart disease accelerated this age-related rate of progression and also gave rise to particular cycles of evolution toward lesions of possible clinical significance. PMID- 6740185 TI - For peace and nuclear disarmament! PMID- 6740186 TI - Immune mechanisms in the pathogenesis of chronic active hepatitis. AB - The present paper is a review of investigations concerning the pathogenesis of chronic active hepatitis (CAH). After a brief reexamination of the classification and etiology of CAH, details are given regarding the immunologic aspects of postviral CAH and of CAH considered as autoimmune. The work is a critical analysis of the mechanisms of both cellular immunity and humoral immunity, as well as of possible genetic disorders of the immune response. PMID- 6740187 TI - The Bucharest Multifactorial Prevention Trial of Coronary Heart Disease--ten year follow-up: 1971-1982. AB - The trial begun in 1971 and the paper brings the results after a ten-year follow up. Both the intervention and control group contained 5000 men with a similar socioeconomic and professional structure; the intervention group was examined every six months in the first 5 years and annually in the second phase. The control group was examined "only after" 5 years and a second time at the final moment. The decreases of the cumulative ten-year incidences were: for hard events -26.7%; for myocardial infarction--20%; for fatal myocardial infarction--52%; for stroke--31%; for cardiovascular mortality--38%; for total mortality--14%. The trend of serum cholesterol and cigarettes/day was downward, but the blood pressure had a rather flat evolution in the intervention group. The control group disclosed also some downward trends. PMID- 6740188 TI - [Changes in vascular endothelial cells induced by serum from scleroderma and other connective tissue diseases]. AB - The growth inhibition of in vitro vascular endothelial cell cultures by sera from patients with connective tissue disease was studied. Seven out of 30 sera from patients with progressive systemic sclerosis (PSS) exhibited a cytotoxic effect. The cytotoxic serum factor(s) was not specific to patients with symptoms (11 out of 27 sera from patients with a mixed connective tissue disease, MCTD; 5 out of 34 sera from patients with a systemic lupus erythematosus, SLE). The cytotoxic effect was not specific for vascular endothelial cells, it was also found on fibroblast cells cultures. Inhibitor(s) of cell growth in vitro was independent of antinuclear and anticytoplasmic antibodies and appeared as a common feature of all connective tissue disease with vascular symptoms. PMID- 6740189 TI - [Combination chemotherapy with vincristine, melphalan, CCNA, cyclophosphamide, prednisone in myeloma]. AB - The authors report the results of a prospective, multi-centre trial involving 87 patients with previously untreated myeloma who were treated by combination chemotherapy consisting of melphalan, cyclophosphamide, CCNU, prednisone and vincristine. 83.1% of patients had a high tumour mass (stage III on Durie and Salmon's classification). The response to treatment could be evaluated in 76 patients and 70% were found to respond. The median actuarial survival of the whole population is 30 months. The survival is significantly longer (p less than 0.001) in responders (median 40 months) than in non-responders (median: 17 months); the survival is significantly shorter (p less than 0.01) in subjects with renal failure (median: 10 months) than in subjects without renal failure (median: 36 months). This treatment is sufficiently well tolerated to be administered on an outpatient basis. One case of acute monoblastic leukaemia was observed. These results are similar to those reported in the literature. PMID- 6740190 TI - [Tuberculous osteitis of the atlas. Apropos of a case]. PMID- 6740191 TI - [A case of constrictive rheumatoid pericarditis successfully operated]. PMID- 6740192 TI - [Acute polymyositis complicating rheumatoid arthritis treated with pyrithioxin]. PMID- 6740193 TI - [Tricholeukocyte leukemia complicated by osteolytic lesions]. PMID- 6740194 TI - [Physiopathology of arthrosis and pathogenic hypotheses]. PMID- 6740195 TI - [Voluminous hour-glass neurinoma diagnosed by computerized tomography]. PMID- 6740196 TI - Age-dependent glucose tolerance in young rats under normal conditions and under glucocorticoid administration. AB - The dynamics of rapid intravenous glucose tolerance in 15-, 20- and 25-day-old young Wistar rats was studied under basal conditions as well as under hydrocortisone hemisuccinate administration (0.5 mg/100 g, b.w., i.p.). It was found that in basal conditions the rate of glucose assimilation increased with the age of animals. On the other hand, a parallelism between age and the rapid antiinsulin effect of hydrocortisone upon the glucose tolerance was revealed. The conclusion was drawn that the age of baby rats plays a major conditioning role in the rapid antiinsulin effect of glucocorticoid excess in the assimilation of blood glucose. PMID- 6740197 TI - Circadian rhythm of TSH in adult onset non-insulin dependent (type II) diabetics with altered thyroid state. AB - Twenty adult onset non-insulin dependent (Type II) diabetic patients and twenty non-diabetic subjects matched for sex, age, height and weight were studied. The diabetes was controlled by diet only in 10 patients and by oral hypoglycemic agents in 10. All patients were diurnally active and rested at night. Blood was sampled at 4-hour intervals over a 24-hour span (6 samples). TSH, total T3 and total T4 were determined by radioimmunoassay. The circadian rhythm in TSH was statistically significant by cosinor analysis and was comparable in all rhythm parameters in diabetics and non-diabetics. The rhythms of total T3 and T4 also seem to persist with comparable timing although the small number of subjects did not allow rhythm detection at the 5 per cent level in all groups. The circadian mean of the total T3 plasma concentration in the diabetics, however, was statistically significantly lower than the usual range of this laboratory and the total T4 was elevated but within the usual range. The changes in total T3 and T4 were most pronounced in the patients on oral hypoglycemic agents. This study indicates persistence of a circadian rhythm in TSH (and presumably also in the plasma concentrations of total T3 and T4) in non-insulin dependent diabetic patients in spite of a lowered circadian mean concentration of total T3 and a slightly but statistically significantly higher total T4 than in the matched non diabetic subjects. The altered thyroidal state in the diabetic patients thus does not interfere with the circadian periodic secretion of TSH. PMID- 6740198 TI - A radioimmunoassay system for human myoglobin: method development and applications. AB - double antibody radioimmunoassay (RIA) system for human myoglobin (hMb) was developed using our own reagents. The antigen (hMb) was isolated from human muscle, purified and stored frozen until needed for immunization, radiolabeling or reference preparation. The anti-hMb serum raised in rabbits was used at 1:2.10(4) dilution (initial). The Chloramine-T method was used for the hMb labeling obtaining at 10-15 muCi/micrograms (370-550 KBq/micrograms) specific activity. Working standards were prepared having concentrations in the range of 2.0 to 500 ng/ml. The reagents were incubated at +4 degrees C for 48 plus 24 hrs. The specificity and accuracy of our hMb-RIA system were validated using for parallel assays an already validated immunochemical system, the hemagglutination inhibition (HI) technique and the parallelism test using serum dilutions from patients with acute myocardial infarction (AMI). The serum hMb concentration in normal subjects (no = 23) was 54.14 +/- 15.08 ng/ml (X +/- SD), being higher in short-term hypothyroidism (no = 13), 87.95 +/- 20.90 ng/ml (p less than 0.0005) or in treated hyperthyroidism (no = 5), 80.03 +/- 21.81 ng/ml. In AMI (no = 6) the serum hMb concentration varied in the range of 123 to 1510 ng/ml. The sensitivity of our hMb-RIA system is 2 ng/ml and the intraassay average error (coefficient of variability % in %B) is 2.26%. Trials to shorten the incubation time showed that adequate binding of labelled Mb may be obtained with 2 plus 4 hr intervals at room temperature. It is necessary to establish, in our conditions, the variation limits for serum hMb in normal subjects according to sex and age as a comparison basis for the study of its physiological and pathological variations. PMID- 6740199 TI - Etiology of cranial diabetes insipidus in 164 adults. AB - The etiology of cranial diabetes insipidus (CDI) in adult patients has been studied in 164 cases hospitalized in the "G. I. Parhon" Institute of Endocrinology, over the last 10 years. Of those, 109 cases (66,9%) had the idiopathic form whereas 55 had secondary CDI. In the latter group, the most frequently encountered etiologies were traumatic (surgical and accidental head trauma) and tumoral (the primary hypothalamo-pituitary tumors and the metastatic ones had the same incidence). Sex distribution shows males and females to be equally affected. Fifteen cases (9,2%) showed associated allergic syndromes due to the wide use of posterior pituitary powder in Romania. The association of pregnancy with CDI was observed in 13 patients, and a normal evolution of gestation and delivery in 9 patients under therapy with desmopressin (DDAVP). The authors suggest that, at present, there is an increasing incidence both of posttraumatic CDI in adults and of well borne pregnancies. PMID- 6740201 TI - An alternative: armament or health for all by the year 2000. PMID- 6740200 TI - [Partial trisomy 9 (p 12--q ter), "de novo" in mosaic]. PMID- 6740202 TI - The anaplastic transformation of differentiated thyroid carcinoma. An ultrastructural study. AB - The authors studied 60 thyroid carcinomas (29 folliculo-papillary carcinomas, 20 follicular carcinomas and 11 undifferentiated carcinomas), using ultrastructural, morphometrical and immunohistochemical methods. The anaplastic transformation correlates with the following aspects: decrease of intercellular junctions and of microvilli together with alteration of cell organelles. Immunohistochemically, thyroglobulin is present in various amounts in differentiated carcinoma, but it is absent in undifferentiated tumors. A good correlation is found between the pattern of thyroglobulin and the ultrastructural aspects of neoplastic cells. The authors consider that anaplastic tumors originate from differentiated carcinomas. The decrease of junctions, the modifications in the number and shape of microvilli, the alterations of cell organelles and the changes of thyroglobulin pattern are the principal parameters involved in the anaplastic transformation. These criteria can be also used in order to ascertain an early diagnosis in the thyroid carcinoma evolving anaplastic changes. PMID- 6740203 TI - Research on the in vivo antitumoral action of thymosterin B in C57 black/6 mice implanted with melanoma B16 tumor. AB - The authors have examined the influence of Thymosterin B administration on tumor growth in C57 Bl/6 mice implanted with melanoma B16 tumor. The results showed that Thymosterin B inhibited tumor growth but did not influence survival. PMID- 6740204 TI - Massive pleural effusions in cirrhotic patients with ascites. AB - A method is described based on the passage of air across the diaphragm to detect pathological diaphragmatic orifices in autopsies. This method was used in 65 post mortem studies; orifices were detected in 7 cases. Only one of these appears histologically to be a real spontaneous orifice. This was found in the post mortem study of a cirrhotic patient with ascites and massive and recurrent hydrothorax. In eight patients with cirrhotic ascites and pleural effusions, radioisotopes were introduced into the ascites fluid, and only in two of them, both with right massive and recurrent pleural effusion, was radioactivity detected in the pleural cavity within the 1st h after injection. The radioisotopic method for detecting in vivo these orifices avoids the repeated taps that are necessary when dyes are used. PMID- 6740205 TI - Changes in duodenal bacterial flora after cholecystectomy with or without papillotomy in rabbits. AB - The number of bacteria in the duodenal contents increased in six of seven rabbits after cholecystectomy. After cholecystectomy with papillotomy the bacterial number increased in seven of eight animals. The increase in aerobic bacteria was higher than that of anaerobic bacteria. No statistical difference between these two groups was found. PMID- 6740206 TI - Use of the triolein breath test for the demonstration of fat malabsorption in coeliac disease. AB - Different screening tests for fat malabsorption were evaluated in patients with coeliac disease. The triolein breath test correlated well with results of faecal fat determination. Urinary excretion of oxalate with or without dietary oxalate loading was not correlated with faecal fat measurements. It is concluded that the triolein breath test is a useful procedure for the detection of fat malabsorption in patients with coeliac disease. PMID- 6740207 TI - Passage of molecules through the wall of the gastrointestinal tract. Urinary recovery of different-sized polyethylene glycols after intravenous and intestinal deposition. AB - The urinary recovery of different-sized (282-1206 dalton) polyethylene glycols (PEGs) after intravenous administration was determined. Mixtures of different sized PEGs were injected intravenously in anesthetized pigs, and the urinary recovery at different times was determined by means of reversed-phase high performance liquid chromatography. PEGs in the 722-1206-dalton range were all recovered to the same extent, whereas the recovery of PEGs in the 282-678-dalton range was related to molecular size; that is, the smaller the molecule, the less the urinary recovery. Moreover, less was found of the 370-414-dalton PEGs than of the 678-722-dalton PEGs in the blood after intravenous injection. These findings have a bearing on the measurements of intestinal permeability to different-sized PEGs, in which absorption-molecular weight profiles are assessed by urinary recovery after oral load. Thus, if PEGs in the 282-678-dalton range are used for such measurements, the absorption-molecular weight profile should be corrected for non-intestinal, size-dependent filtration. PMID- 6740208 TI - Pattern of pain, duct morphology, and pancreatic function in chronic pancreatitis. A comparative study. AB - In 101 patients with suspected or definite chronic pancreatitis a pancreatic function test, endoscopic retrograde pancreatography, and an interview with special regard to pain were performed. Decrease in pancreatic function was correlated to dilatation of the pancreatic duct system. However, no correlation between the duct morphology and the severity of pain was found. Patients with pancreatic pseudocysts were evenly distributed among the groups in accordance with pancreatic function, but they seemed to be concentrated in the groups with severe pain. PMID- 6740209 TI - Screening for occult faecal blood loss in a community by means of Hemoccult II slides and a tetramethylbenzidine test. AB - A total of 754 persons statistically selected from the age group 54-64 years were asked by letter to provide faecal samples for screening of occult blood during dietary restrictions. A total of 413 persons (55%) returned an average of 5.8 (range, 1-6) faecal samples each. All the faecal specimens were analysed with Hemoccult II slides and the 3,3',5,5'-tetramethylbenzidine (TMB) test 0.10%. For technical reasons, however, the Hemoccult test could not be evaluated. The TMB test showed faecal blood in 50 persons. A case history was obtained in 49 persons, of whom 47 agreed to further clinical, radiological, and endoscopic investigations. The most important findings in these examinations were resectable colonic carcinoma (Dukes's stage B) in 1 subject, a gastric ulcer in 1, haemorrhagic gastritis in 1, duodenal ulcers in 2, and colorectal polyps in 11 persons. The cost of the study was estimated to be NOK 114,000 (about USD 16,000). PMID- 6740210 TI - Faecal fat and faecal weight: reproducibility and diagnostic efficiency of various regimens. AB - The reproducibility of measuring 3-day faecal fat and weight in outpatients, in inpatients served a fixed diet, and in intake-excretion studies was estimated from 64 duplicate measurements. Qualitatively, no significant difference between the results of the three regimens was found. Quantitatively, however, the more controlled the regimen, the better the reproducibility. The diagnostic efficiency of measuring faecal fat was estimated from comparison with the other clinical findings. No significant difference between the three regimes was found, the overall diagnostic efficiency being 83% (95% confidence limits, 71-91%). The inconvenience, the uncontrollable sources of error, and the difficulties in obtaining quantitative information still make measurement of faecal fat and weight inexpedient as a clinical test. PMID- 6740211 TI - Pernicious anaemia, intragastric bacterial overgrowth, and possible consequences. AB - Intragastric bacterial colonization is well known in pernicious anaemia (PA), but its consequences have rarely been investigated. We have studied the clinical history, blood samples, and endoscopic biopsies from the stomach and duodenum of 80 patients with PA. In a random subgroup of 22 patients gastric juice was collected for aerobic culture and for estimation of nitrate, nitrate-reducing bacteria, nitrite, and N-nitrosamines; duodenal juice was studied in parallel in eight of these subjects. Gastric and duodenal juice had high bacterial counts; faecal organisms were found in 14 patients. The mean count of nitrate-reducing bacteria was significantly higher than in a control group of patients with peptic ulcer disease (p less than 0.001), as was the nitrite concentration (p less than 0.001). Thirty-three of the 80 patients had gastric dysplasias; 1 early gastric carcinoma was also found. Duodenitis was present in 39 out of 80 cases, in 6 associated with partial villous atrophy. A history of malabsorption and/or chronic intermittent diarrhoea was obtained significantly more often from patients with duodenitis. Four patients developed acute gastroenteritis shortly before or during the time of the study, two having a salmonella infection. Bacterial overgrowth in PA may be facilitated by altered immunological conditions, since low serum levels of IgA and IgG were found in this patient group. PMID- 6740212 TI - Ammonia tolerance test used to differentiate between ascites of cirrhotic and malignant genesis. AB - Eighteen patients with ascites, 9 with cirrhosis of the liver and 9 with malignant disease, were subjected to the ammonia tolerance test by instillation of ammonia transrectally . Arterial blood samples were taken before and 15 and 30 min after the instillation to determine the plasma ammonia concentrations. The results show a significant difference in the plasma ammonia concentration between the two groups of patients after instillation of ammonia. Since the method is non invasive, it is recommended as a screening test in the differentiation between ascites of cirrhotic and malignant genesis. PMID- 6740213 TI - Vitamin B12 in plasma in patients with continent ileostomy and long observation time. AB - Plasma cobalamins (vitamin B12) were determined by a microbiological method in 235 patients with continent ileostomies and postoperative observation times of 3 13 years (mean, 6 years). The influence of the reservoir on the vitamin B12 values could not be evaluated in 22 patients (9%)--because of prophylactic treatment in 6%, subnormal B12 values before the operation in 1%, and 'treatment' of various neurological symptoms not caused by vitamin B12 deficiency in 2%. Fourteen (7%) of the remaining 213 patients had developed subnormal plasma levels of vitamin B12 and another 14 patients (7%) had 'borderline' values (130-200 pmol/l). The median time interval between reservoir operation and the development of subnormal values was 7.5 years (range, 3-11 years). A small-bowel resection had been added to the proctocolectomy in 11 out of 14 patients with subnormal values and in 8 out of 14 patients with borderline values. Subnormal or borderline values were seen in 27% of patients with Crohn's disease and in 12% of patients with ulcerative colitis. No patient had anaemia or neurological symptoms caused by B12 deficiency. The study shows that most patients with continent ileostomies do not develop B12 deficiency, and there is therefore no need for general prophylaxis. Since at least 7% developed subnormal values, the plasma levels of vitamin B12 should, however, be followed up regularly in all patients with continent ileostomies. PMID- 6740214 TI - Short-chain fatty acids in the normal human feces. AB - The short-chain fatty acids ( SCFAs ) have been studied in the feces of 20 healthy subjects--10 methane excretors and 10 non-methane excretors. The analytical procedure included homogenization of fecal samples followed by vacuum distillation and subsequent gas chromatography. This method for analysis of fecal SCFAs showed recoveries of the individual acids from 90% to 109% and coefficients of variation for the inter-assay reproducibility from 6.0% to 19.7%, highest for those acids present in the smallest concentrations. There was no difference in the concentrations or relative compositions of SCFAs between methane-excreting subjects and non-methane-excreting subjects. The concentrations of SCFAs , given as mmol/kg feces (wet weight), were (median and range): total, 76.8 (27.9-187.7); acetic acid, 37.4 (12.8-103.4); propionic acid, 12.5 (4.5-27.8); i-butyric acid, 2.2 (0.7-3.8); n-butyric acid, 12.4 (4.0-53.0); i-valeric acid, 3.2 (0.8-5.9); n valeric acid, 2.4 (0.6-3.8) and n-caproic acid, 0.5 (0.0-3.6). The study shows that the SCFAs are quantitatively the most important anions in the feces of healthy subjects. The pronounced individual variations in the concentrations of SCFAs are real biological variations and cannot be explained by methodological variations. PMID- 6740215 TI - Progression of antral and body gastritis in patients with active and healed duodenal ulcer and duodenitis. AB - The dynamics of the antral and body mucosa has been studied in biopsy specimens obtained during endoscopy of patients with duodenal ulcer (103 cases), patients with duodenal ulcer scars (108 cases), and patients with duodenitis (44 cases). A representative Finnish population sample consisting of 434 subjects was used as reference material. The antral mucosa of all patient series showed an increase in the severity and prevalence of gastritis similar to that of the general population, whereas virtually no progression of gastritis with age was seen in the body mucosa, which remained normal or at the stage of superficial gastritis up to geriatric age. In contrast, in the present controls and in all earlier population samples studied by us so far, there was a significant and steady increase in the severity and prevalence of body gastritis with age. It is concluded that the age behavior of the antral and body mucosa was in duodenal ulcer scars and duodenitis similar to that of patients with active duodenal ulcer. The persistence of normal conditions in the acid-secreting area may serve as one explanation of the strong tendency of the disease to recur. In addition, it is tentatively concluded that in duodenal ulcer disease there are factors that have a 'protecting' influence on the body glands and which are abolished by antrectomy, according to our earlier studies. PMID- 6740216 TI - Effect of oxytetracycline on bacterial intestinal metabolism of neutral sterols and on serum lipids. AB - The effect of oral oxytetracycline administration to five healthy male volunteers on intestinal bacterial metabolism of faecal neutral sterols was studied. A reduction in bacterial transformation of cholesterol to coprostanol and coprostanone was observed which lasted 1-2 weeks after 5 days' intake of oxytetracycline (1000 mg/day). In addition, a reduction in the amount of esterified neutral sterols in faeces was observed. The significant changes in the intestinal metabolism of cholesterol had no effect on the levels of serum cholesterol, HDL-cholesterol, LDL-cholesterol, or triglycerides. PMID- 6740217 TI - Effect of intravenous dopamine infusion on intramural blood flow distribution and fluid absorption in the feline small intestine. AB - The aim of the study was to investigate the effects of dopamine on the intestinal mucosal blood flow and transport function. Dopamine was infused intravenously at 20 micrograms X kg-1 X min-1 in anesthetized cats. Total and intramural blood flow in an isolated jejunal segment was measured by a combined drop-flow and 85Kr clearance technique. Net fluid transport was recorded by two independent perfusion methods. Unidirectional sodium transport was estimated from luminal 22Na disappearance. Dopamine induced a pronounced mucosal vasodilatation up to 400% of control values. Concomitantly, net fluid and sodium absorption increased by 50%. The effect on sodium transport was due to a pronounced decrease in tissue to-lumen sodium flux, a pattern similar to the one seen on alpha-adrenergic stimulation. The effect of dopamine on blood flow was unaffected by phentolamine, 1 mg X kg-1, whereas the absorptive response was abolished. The findings indicate that dopamine induces a mucosal vasodilation via one mechanism (possibly dopaminergic) and enhances fluid transport via another mechanism, probably alpha adrenergic. PMID- 6740218 TI - Spontaneous healing of duodenal ulcers. AB - Ninety-one patients with duodenal, pyloric, or prepyloric ulcers were studied endoscopically. Spontaneous ulcer healing was seen in 29 patients within 2 weeks (rapid healing) and in 23 patients within 6 weeks (slow healing). More ulcers healed spontaneously in women than in men (P less than 0.05). Spontaneous healing in men was related to a low gastric peak acid output (P less than 0.05). During follow-up study for 2 years of patients with spontaneously healed ulcers 13 patients had no recurrence, whereas 19 patients had 1 or 2 recurrences, which also healed spontaneously; 11 patients had to be given active treatment, and 9 patients did not complete the study. Cigarette smoking was more frequently recorded in the group receiving active treatment than in the group with spontaneous healing. In men ulcers needing active treatment during the follow-up period were related to a high peak acid output (P less than 0.05). PMID- 6740219 TI - Analysis of the control of intestinal motility in fasted rats, with special reference to neurotensin. AB - Migrating myoelectric complexes (MMC) in the small intestine of fasted rats were monitored by means of four bipolar electrodes chronically implanted at 5, 15, 25, and 35 cm distal to the pylorus. In intact rats the MMC occurred at regular intervals. Truncal abdominal vagotomy did not influence the initiation and propagation of the MMC. Administration of atropine, hexamethonium, or somatostatin significantly decreased the spiking activity of the MMC by 30-45% in the duodenum and jejunum. Infusion of neurotensin at two different doses (3.6 or 7 pmol X kg-1 X min-1) interrupted the activity front of the MMC and induced irregular spiking activity at all recording levels in control rats. In vagotomized rats neurotensin interrupted the activity front inconsistently. After atropine or hexamethonium administration, infusion of neurotensin did not interrupt the distal propagation of the activity front in the jejunum. Guanethidine, naloxone, cimetidine, mepyramine, haloperidol, and a substance P antagonist did not change the MMC or alter the normal response to neurotensin. The results suggest that the inhibitory effect of neurotensin on the propagation of the jejunal activity front involves activation of enteric cholinergic mechanisms. Neurotensin seems to induce irregular spiking activity by a direct myogenic action. The enteric cholinergic innervation of the small intestine partially contributes to the occurrence of the spiking activity of the MMC in fasted rats. PMID- 6740220 TI - The small-intestinal mucosa in patients with Crohn's disease assessed by scanning electron and light microscopy. AB - Small-intestinal mucosal biopsy specimens obtained by a Watson capsule were assessed by light (LM) and scanning electron (SEM) microscopy in 18 patients with various sites of Crohn's disease and in 6 healthy controls. By means of LM, partial villous atrophy of the upper small-intestinal mucosa was assessed in six patients. With the use of SEM a further seven patients were shown to have mucosal abnormalities of possible clinical significance. These specimens showed a convoluted villous pattern at low-power SEM and some also enterocyte irregularity, bulging, and surface ultrastructural distortion at medium- and high power SEM. The medium- and high-power mucosal alterations were unevenly distributed. The high prevalence of abnormalities of the upper small-intestinal mucosa in patients with Crohn's disease elsewhere in the gastrointestinal tract adds further weight to the concept of a diffuse involvement along the entire gastrointestinal tract in Crohn's disease. PMID- 6740221 TI - Clostridium difficile isolation in neonates in a special care unit. Lack of correlation with necrotizing enterocolitis. AB - The stools of 78% of 45 infants in a Special Care Baby Unit yielded Clostridium difficile on culture, and in 67% of these it was possible to detect C. difficile toxin by means of a tissue culture technique. The stools of six of the seven infants with necrotizing enterocolitis were positive for C. difficile, but neither of the two most severely affected contained C. difficile toxin. The incidence of C. difficile isolation was similar in infants treated by exchange transfusion, those treated with antibiotics, those of low birth weight, and those with respiratory distress. The serum of only 2 of 28 infants and 1 of 20 mothers contained a neutralizing factor to C. difficile toxin. The present study does not support a role for C. difficile in neonatal disorders and in particular necrotizing enterocolitis. The reason for the apparent tolerance of the neonatal bowel to C. difficile toxin remains to be explained. PMID- 6740222 TI - Serum vitamin B12 concentration after proximal gastric vagotomy. AB - The serum concentration of vitamin B12, blood hemoglobin, and gastric acid secretion capacity was studied preoperatively and 1 and 5 years after proximal gastric vagotomy (PGV) in 15 patients. There was a significant reduction in the mean concentration of vitamin B12 at 1 year, but this disappeared within 5 years after PGV. The serum concentration of vitamin B12, however, remained at all times within the health-related reference interval. The blood hemoglobin concentration was unaltered during the follow-up period. The decrease in gastric acid secretion capacity gained by PGV was permanent, and no tendency to increased acidity was observed during the 5-year period. The temporary decrease in serum concentration of vitamin B12 reflects a PGV-induced diminished production of intrinsic factor in the parietal cells. In the characterization of parietal cell function the determination of serum vitamin B12 concentration is, however, much less sensitive than gastric acid secretion tests. The observed change in vitamin B12 concentration after PGV was subclinical, self-corrected, and thus required no treatment. PMID- 6740223 TI - The scanning electron microscope as a diagnostic tool in liver pathology. AB - Diagnostic scanning electron microscopic (SEM) investigations can be performed in human liver biopsies after perfusion fixation. For needle and wedge biopsies transparenchymal perfusion techniques have been developed. The perfusion fluid is brought into the tissue through special cannulas and removed by suction. By means of this 'push and pull' method, a directional flow is achieved and the tissue specimens are cleaned of blood. Thus the inner surfaces of the parenchymal tissue are accessible and can be observed with SEM. Vascular changes in different liver diseases, such as sinusoidal stenosis or sinusoidal capillarization, are easily detectable. New aspects are obtained on the morphology, arrangement and the functional role of perisinusoidal cells during mesenchymal reaction. This gives new insights into the pathophysiology of the microcirculation. SEM is also of great significance in diagnosing liver tumours. It may aid in deciding the origin and differentiation of carcinomas or sarcomas. Moreover, for the first time the sinusoidal haemangioendothelioma , consisting of fenestrated sinusoidal cells, could be demonstrated with SEM. Cholestasis can be diagnosed with SEM. However, we were unable to obtain useful information with SEM for the differential diagnosis of intra- and extrahepatic cholestasis. PMID- 6740224 TI - Clinical applications of scanning electron microscopy and X-ray microanalysis in dermatology. AB - Scanning electron microscopy is frequently applied to dermatological problems, as is evident from a review of the recent literature. In this tutorial, preparation methods and new techniques allowing experimental studies on the integumentary system are emphasized. Quantitative analysis in the electron microscope by use of energy-dispersive X-ray microanalysis ( EDX ) has become an important accessory technique. EDX can, for instance, be used to study problems involving physiological changes induced in skin by agents causing contact reactions. Recently, it has been shown that treatment with DNCB, chromate and nickel causes changes in elemental distribution in guinea-pig skin. In addition, elemental uptake in the integumentary system and in pathological inclusions in skin can be analyzed. PMID- 6740225 TI - A morphologic overview of the porcine bioprosthetic valve--before and after its degeneration. AB - Patients with valvular heart disease have had their diseased, natural heart valves replaced with the porcine aortic bioprosthetic valve (Hancock type) at Henry Ford Hospital since 1971. This commercially available valvular bioprosthesis is characterized by 1) loss of endothelium from both surfaces of the leaflets, 2) modification in the organization of the fibrous connective tissue of the leaflet, and 3) a reduction in the macromolecular complexes (proteoglycan) of the extracellular matrix. Subendothelial components are therefore exposed to the circulating blood. This bioprosthetic heart valve undergoes degeneration after it is inserted into patients for various lengths of time. Prominent features of the degenerated porcine bioprosthetic valve include 1) penetration of plasma proteins into the interior of the leaflet, 2) adhesion of various types of leukocytes (mononuclear cells and granulocytes) to the surfaces of the leaflets, 3) deposition of single platelets, platelet aggregates and microthrombi onto the leaflet's surface, 4) destruction of collagen fibers, and 5) pathologic deposition of calcium salts. The mechanisms responsible for the degeneration of the porcine aortic bioprosthetic valve are incompletely understood at this time. PMID- 6740226 TI - Scanning electron microscopy contribution in oral pathology. AB - The comparative study by optical and scanning electron microscopy provides useful information in oral pathology. Four aspects of the superficial cell surface of the lip and the gingival and lingual mucosa can be described: 1. parallel microridges; 2. honeycomb appearance; 3. microvilli; 4. a more or less smooth surface. This 4th type is often encountered in cases of leukoplakia and in carcinomas. The variable morphology of the epithelial surface may be related to cells modifications during maturation. In hairy tongue conditions, the filiform papillae are enlarged by cellular conglomerates and by apposition of bacteria and pseudohyphae, while in a case of sclerodermia they were no more visible. PMID- 6740227 TI - A method for scanning electron microscopy of mitotic apparatus of cells in culture. AB - The mitotic apparatus of HeLa cells which had been covered with surface structures was successfully exposed for scanning electron microscopy. HeLa cells were cultured on carbon coated coverslips. After synchronization they were lysed with non-ionic detergent in a microtubule- stabilizingbuffer and embedded in styrene. Then the surface layer of the cells was sectioned away with a glass knife. Styrene was removed by treating the specimens with isoamylacetate and the cells were processed for scanning-electron microscopy. Various stages of mitotic apparatus were obtained with good preservation. Chromosomes appeared as aggregates of filamentous and granular structures. Microtubules appeared as filaments 40 nm in diameter. PMID- 6740228 TI - Scanning electron microscope studies of lymphatic tissues with special reference to the structure of the reticulum. AB - Reticular cells of the lymph nodule in the rabbit appendix and the lymphatic pulp including the germinal center in the dog mesenteric lymph node were observed under the scanning electron microscope after removal of free cells. Three dimensional architecture and arrangement of the reticular cells varied by regions in the lymph nodule. The appendix lymph nodule encapsulated with the endothelium of lymphatic sinuses was subdivided into two regions: (1) a central region of sparsely arranged stellate cells with coarse processes and (2) a peripheral zone of densely arranged stellate cells with many delicate processes. In the lymph node, the germinal center contained a loosely formed network of delicate stellate cells. Peripheral reticular cells of the nodule were thread-like, extending concentrically around the germinal center or along the sinus wall. Many lateral bridges of the threads occurred segmentally. The reticular framework of the medullary cord formed spongy meshes by anastomoses of stellate cells. Cytoplasmic perforations were observed in the sinus wall of the medullary cord. Those may be for lymphocyte migration. PMID- 6740229 TI - Scanning electron microscopy and evans blue staining for assessing endothelial trauma and reconstitution after venous thrombectomy. AB - Thrombectomy and a temporary arteriovenous fistula as treatment for deep venous thrombosis has been shown to cause a severe endothelial trauma in an experimental dog study. In vivo staining with Evans blue has been compared to scanning electron microscopy findings to assess the extent of the trauma and the time necessary for endothelial reconstitution. A good correlation between these techniques was found. After the initial almost complete denudation of the veins, new endothelium grew out from small branch openings and valve pockets within four weeks except in the proximity of the arteriovenous fistula where endothelialization was still incomplete after four months. PMID- 6740230 TI - In vitro vs. ex vivo platelet deposition on polymer surfaces. AB - The initial adherence and activation of platelets on a surface may be a major determinant of the thrombogenicity of that surface. The response of platelets to four polymers: polyethylene (PE), polyvinyl chloride (PVC), silicone rubber (SIL), and oxidized polyethylene (OX-PE) was studied in vitro with scanning electron microscopy. Platelets from mongrel canines and rhesus monkeys were obtained just prior to cannulation of the donor animal with an ex vivo arteriovenous series shunt evaluating the same four polymers. Thus, the in vivo response of circulating platelets could be compared to the in vitro response of purified platelets from the same animal. In the canine the in vitro response of individual platelets deposited on the four polymers studied was nearly the same as the ex vivo response although the extent of shape-change was usually somewhat greater ex vivo. Large numbers of fully spread platelets were seen on OX-PE and fewer numbers on PE both in vitro and ex vivo. Mixtures of platelets in all degrees of shape-change/activation wer characteristic on PVC, while platelets on SIL showed little shape-change over all time intervals. Rhesus platelet response was similar to the canines' except that fewer attached or shape-changed, and differences in responses to the four polymers were less pronounced. The similarity of the in vitro to the ex vivo response in each of the species suggests that this simple in vitro model can be informative in studying platelet shape-change/activation as a precursor to surface induced thrombosis with less complexity and expense than in vivo methods. PMID- 6740231 TI - Scanning electron microscopy of cultured human megakaryocytes. AB - Human megakaryocytes (MK) from rib marrows of 16 patients with normal hematological patterns were isolated by Percoll density centrifugation followed by velocity sedimentation. The surface features of freshly isolated MK and the unseparated marrow suspensions were examined by SEM. A wide range of surface morphology for MK was noted depending on their size and maturation stages. Megakaryoblasts had a relatively smooth surface. During maturation, MK became villous and some had small blebs. In late maturation, many MK had complex surface processes including typical discs, slightly sphered projections, tear drop projections, putative sheet-like platelets or combinations of two or more of such surface features. Both unseparated and MK-rich fractions (F); specifically F1 lower, F2 lower and F3 were cultured up to 19 days. MK maintained their spherical shape in culture. At different time intervals (2, 5, 9 and 19 days), some cultures were terminated. MK retained their characteristic surface features. Promegakaryocytes and young adult MK were seen in short term cultures. The majority of cultured MK had platelet-like bodies on their surface in the prolonged cultures. Sometimes a few morphologically recognizable platelets were seen in the culture media. Differential counts of MK were done in all preparations of both unseparated and MK enriched fractions. F3, having no morphologically recognizable MK, had many MK present after culturing in vitro for 19 days. These MK had typical platelets or platelet-like processes on their surface. This suggests some MK progenitors originally present in the isolated F3 fraction became mature in cultures. PMID- 6740232 TI - Platelet interactions with polylysine coated beads: a microscopic and chemical analysis. AB - Gel filtered human platelets were mixed with polylysine coated polyacrylamide beads. Platelet binding to individual beads within one preparation was variable, yet high and the bound platelets appeared to involve non-activated platelets. Some cells appeared to be in contact with more than one bead. When the attachment process was neutralized with 1 mg/ml of polyanionic dextran sulfate, significantly fewer platelets remained attached to the beads. Platelets which were recovered in the washes also were non-activated. Attached cells were capable of being activated and underwent release reactions when exposed to either ADP or thrombin. Release reactions were monitored by the liberation of either serotonin or beta-thromboglobulin. Platelets which were iodinated prior to attachment gave evidence that the failure to neutralize the bead before vortexing resulted in lower specific activities of bound iodine/protein. PMID- 6740233 TI - Endothelial response to perfluorochemical perfusion. AB - The purpose of this study was to evaluate, in vivo, the effect of perfluorochemical (PFC) blood substitutes on arterial endothelium following total blood replacement. Conscious-female-Sprague-Dawley rats (150-200 gms) were isovolumically exchange perfused with 3 blood volumes of PFC emulsion in an oxygen chamber. The exchange was performed at 0.5 ml/min via an indwelling intracardiac-double-lumen catheter. One hour after the exchange, the animal was sacrificed and the circulatory system flushed free of blood and PFC emulsion with Dulbecco's solution, followed by perfusion fixation with glutaraldehyde solution. The heart, lungs and thoracic aorta were excised. The pulmonary arterial endothelial cell response was determined by scanning electron microscopy (SEM) following acute exposure to PFC emulsions under conditions of varied pH, oncotic pressure and emulsion age. These endothelial surfaces exhibited increased microvilli, leukocyte adhesion, fibrin deposition and subendothelium exposure. The magnitude of these abnormal responses varied with the degree of alkalinity and reduced oncotic pressure of the perfusate. PMID- 6740235 TI - Biochemical and functional-structural aspects of human cervical mucus. AB - Human cervical mucus is composed of an insoluble polymer of glycoproteins (mucin) which forms a matrix in which the aqueous phase is dispersed. Both the mucin and the aqueous phase are considered to be of importance to the structural integrity and function of cervical mucus. The mucin is considered to be composed of coiled glycoprotein molecules. These molecules may then associate by the chelation of divalent copper, via the carboxylic acid groups of the terminal sialic acid moieties of the carbohydrate side chains, to form the mucin per se. The modulation of the mucin structure at midcycle may then be achieved by the reduction of the copper bound to the sialic acid, by the oxidation of L-ascorbic acid: the L-ascorbic acid becoming oxidized to dehydroascorbic acid. This will result in an increase in hydration of the mucin by the association of water molecules with the uncomplexed sialic acid molecules of the glycoproteins. Thus the biophysical changes of cervical mucus may occur without enzymatically induced biochemical reactions. The proposed biochemical structure of cervical mucus is in accordance with the honeycomb-like structure of cervical mucin viewed by scanning electron microscopy. Whether or not the mucin exists precisely in this form in vivo is debatable. However, the honeycomb-like structure provides a convenient model on which one may investigate the biochemical, physiological and pathological nature of cervical mucus. PMID- 6740234 TI - Changes in uterine morphology which accompany the development of preneoplastic and neoplastic mammary lesions in old mice. AB - Because of the accumulating evidence that anatomical and physiological changes occur in sites and systems removed from primary tumors, uterine morphology during the development of mammary tumors in C3H/HeJ mice was investigated. C3H/HeJ mice contain the mouse mammary tumor (MTV) virus in their milk and have a high incidence of mammary tumorigenesis. The C3HeB/FeJ mice, used as one set of controls, do not contain the mouse MTV virus in their milk and have a low incidence of mammary tumorigenesis. In young cycling animals without mammary lesions, no differences in uterine morphology were detected between the two strains. However, there were striking differences between the uteri of animals with mammary lesions (C3H/HeJ mice) and the uteri of animals with no mammary lesions. The age-matched control uteri ( 3HeB /FeJ) contained involuted uterine glands and quiescent endometrial stromal and epithelial tissue. The C3H/HeJ mice with mammary tumors contained cystic uterine glands, a stimulated endometrium, and extremely variable endometrial epithelial cells with pleomorphic microvilli. The uterine endometrium from C3H/HeJ mice with preneoplastic lesions also had a stimulated appearance. Some of the uteri of mice with preneoplastic lesions contained cells with cilia or stereocilia. The altered uterine morphology was correlated with preneoplastic and neoplastic mammary lesions and was not related to age or strain differences. PMID- 6740236 TI - Scanning electron microscopy of experimentally induced hepatocellular carcinoma. AB - Hepatocellular carcinomas (HCC) induced in rats by diethylnitrosamine were observed by light microscopy (LM) and scanning electron microscopy (SEM). Liver cirrhosis did not develop. The tumors were of 4 types; trabecular, glandular, adenoid and hyperplastic nodular (HN). SEM demonstrated that trabecular lesions were packed with many layers of HCC cells which had in some places bile canaliculi on the intercellular surfaces with sparse microvilli. Glandular lesions were composed of gland-like structures having columnar or cuboidal cells with numerous microvilli on the hemispherical apex. Glandular lumens were bordered from intercellular spaces by the zona occludens. The glandular structures were derived from the exterior of the trabecular lesions and were closed at both ends, as confirmed by reconstruction of serial sections. Adenoid lesions, which had gland-like structures in the trabecula, were often observed between purely trabecular and purely glandular lesions. HN-type lesions composed of two-cell-thick plates were mostly located at the peripheral parts of the HCC tumor and were continuous with other lesions. HN-type lesions had markedly dilated bile canaliculi and well-developed microvillous projections on the intercellular surfaces. The HN-type lesions had structures similar to those of late HN. The existence of lesions indistinguishable from late HN in the periphery of HCC tumors indicates the HCC develop from HN. In summary, the rat HCC were of 4 types of lesions which had characteristic histological and cytological structures, but which were connected with each other, changing gradually from one to the other. PMID- 6740237 TI - Scanning electron microscopy of experimentally induced sequential alterations of rat liver hyperplastic nodules. AB - Rat liver hyperplastic foci (HF) and hyperplastic nodules (HN) induced by diethylnitrosamine (DEN) according to the method of Solt and Farber were observed by light microscopy (LM) and scanning electron microscopy (SEM). Liver cirrhosis was not observed. HF, which were composed of basophilic hepatocytes arranged usually in two-cell-thick plates and occasionally one-cell-thick plates, were followed by early HN, which were composed of eosinophilic hepatocytes with enlarged nuclei and prominent nucleoli, at 4 weeks after DEN administration. SEM revealed that hepatocytes in HF had smooth surfaces and dilated bile canaliculi with a few short microvilli. Early HN (4 and 6 weeks) were composed of two-cell thick plates of hepatocytes, whose intercellular surfaces were covered with numerous microvillous projections. Bile canaliculi were dilated and had numerous short microvilli. Late HN (6 and 8 months) were composed of eosinophilic hepatocytes, which were irregular in shape and size. Their nuclei were enlarged and nucleoli were prominent. Hepatocytes were arranged in two-cell-thick plates, but never in many-cell-thick plates. Bile canaliculi were larger than sinusoids. The bile canaliculi had numerous diverticula, but the zona occludens was present. Microvillous projections of intercellular surfaces of hepatocytes were more numerous than those of early HN. Fenestrae of the sinusoidal endothelium were lost in most parts. Kupffer cells were not seen in any stage of HN. HN progressed gradually toward hepatocellular carcinoma. PMID- 6740238 TI - An ultrastructural review of collagen gels, a model system for cell-matrix, cell basement membrane and cell-cell interactions. AB - Collagen gels, prepared from rat tail tendon, have been shown to be a useful system for the provision of a more physiologically relevant culture milieu than the rigid inert substratum of tissue culture plastic. The gel is penetrable by cells, but this depends on their origin, either mesenchymal or epithelial, normal or tumour derived. Furthermore, endothelial cells form a basement membrane on the gel surface from which they can be removed with detergent, providing a cell secreted substratum for testing the invasive ability of tumour derived cell lines. Various interactions between the cell and gel occur depending on cell type. Normal fibroblasts plated within the gel will stress and contract the matrix if the gel is freed and allowed to float in the culture medium. The fibroblasts also migrate to the surface and encapsulate the entire gel. Normal lymphocytes rapidly migrate into the gel and continue to move through the gel in a random manner, demonstrating gross changes in surface morphology. Studies are in progress to monitor the behaviour of leukaemic lymphocytes within the gels. Collagen gels will also support in vitro haemopoiesis, providing a useful environment for the positive selection of stromal cells. As an in vitro model for invasion and metastasis the plating of melanoma cells onto a monolayer of endothelium on the gels allows investigation of the interactions between the normal cells which form a barrier to circulating tumour cells and the tumour cells themselves. PMID- 6740239 TI - Comparative ultrastructure of hypertrophic scars and keloids. AB - Clinical differences between hypertrophic scars and keloids have long been recognized by plastic surgeons and dermatologists. Yet, translating these differences into morphological or biochemical distinctions has prompted much conflict in the literature. Fine structural analyses of eighty lesions has allowed a detailed comparison in terms of tissue organization, fibroblast cell types, microvascular comparisons and differences in organelle content of endothelial cells. Both lesions consistently contain nodules of collagen, which is annealed into broad sheets of fibrils. Both lesions have a predominant active fibroblast cell type but keloids tend to have more quiescent forms. Both lesions show high levels of occluded microvessels. Comparison of numbers and magnitude of several organelles of endothelial cells suggest keloids may be more similar to mature scars than to hypertrophic scars. Thick plastic sections of keloid tissues stained with Toluidine Blue O show a glazing of the collagen bundles whereas they are crisp in hypertrophic scars. When examined by transmission electron microscopy the collagen fibrils of keloids in the glazed areas were larger, more irregular and the interfibrillar distance was less than in hypertrophic scars. The occurrence of the irregular fibrils in keloids may reflect a significant difference in terms of collagen synthesis, fusion or breakdown. It is also suggested that the essential difference between keloids and hypertrophic scars may be in the volume of microvessels injured, and, hence, the amount regenerated, the number of pericytes, fibroblasts and, consequently, the amount of collagen synthesized. PMID- 6740240 TI - Morphological differences in the response of mouse small intestine to radiobiologically equivalent doses of X and neutron irradiation. AB - A scale has been developed to describe the effects of radiation on small intestinal villi. The scale has been used to compare the damage done to the villi in the period 0-5 days after irradiation by X-irradiation or neutron irradiation, using 10 Gy X-rays and 5 Gy neutrons, doses which are radiobiologically equivalent when assessed by the microcolony assay method. Use of the scale indicates that the damage done to the villi by neutrons is greater than that produced by X-rays. This has implications for the interpretation of radiobiological equivalent doses (R.B.E.). Resin light microscopy and transmission electron microscopy (T.E.M.) have also been used to examine small intestinal damage after 10 Gy X-irradiation and 5 Gy neutron irradiation. Differences include variations in crypt shape, mitotic activity and the proportion of crypts which are heavily parasitised. As well as the differences in villous shape which have been reflected in the different values on the scoring system, there are also variations in the response of the constituent cells of the epithelial compartment of the villi. In general, the effect of the neutron irradiation is more severe than that of the X-rays, particularly as would be suggested by a simple quantitation of crypt regeneration. PMID- 6740241 TI - Application of scanning electron microscopy to kidney development and nephron maturation. AB - The present study uses scanning electron microscopy to review mammalian kidney development using the dog model. Canine mesonephros and metanephros are examined, focusing on the structure of the nephron from each and the maturation of the different cell types found in the metanephric nephron. The mesonephros possesses numerous nephrons each with a glomerulus, proximal, distal, and collecting tubule which empty into the mesonephric (Wolffian) duct. The mesonephros does not have cortical and medullary regions. The metanephric nephron not only possesses a glomerulus and the same tubular segments as described for the mesonephric nephron (proximal, distal, and collecting tubules), but also has tubular segments that are found in the medulla, namely the loop of Henle and thick ascending limb. Mammalian metanephric glomerulogenesis and tubulogenesis follows an orderly centrifugal pattern (from inner to outer cortex). The glomerular visceral epithelium initially has a columnar shape which is modified into a cuboidal sheet possessing numerous slender foot processes. The endothelium begins as a double layer with minimal fenestrae. With maturation, a single cell layer is formed possessing many large fenestrae. The maturation of the proximal tubule is documented by changes in the apical microvilli, and the foldings of the lateral and basal cell surfaces. Initially, the collecting tubule is lined by a primordial cell which differentiates into both the principal and intercalated cells. PMID- 6740242 TI - Different modes of pronephric duct origin among vertebrates. AB - It is possible to distinguish differences in pronephric duct morphogenesis by using scanning electron microscopy to observe the results of blocking, marking and grafting experiments as well as the normal course of development. Here we compare the mode of pronephric duct development in embryos representing three orders of vertebrates: birds (class, Aves; order, Gallus); frogs (class, Amphibia; order, Anura); and salamanders (class, Amphibia; order, Urodela). The axolotl (a urodele) pronephric duct is formed by the caudal extension of a solid stream of cells segregated below somites 2 through 7. During its migration, cells are rearranged so that a short, wide rudiment is extended to form a long, thin one of similar volume. The pronephric duct rudiment of Xenopus laevis (an anuran) shows no evidence of caudal migration. Rather, pronephric duct cells are segregated out in situ by the formation of a fissure which separates them from the lateral plate mesoderm over ten somite widths. The chick pronephric duct forms a part of the intermediate mesoblast that extends by a caudal migration which does not, however, involve extensive cell rearrangements. Instead, cells near the tip of the duct rudiment in the chick proliferate, extending the duct by true growth as well as by active cell locomotion. PMID- 6740243 TI - Immune capacity of the chicken bursectomized at 60 H of incubation. Effect of bursal epithelial cells and bursal epithelium-conditioned medium on the production of immunoglobulins and specific antibodies in vitro. AB - Cells from chickens bursectomized at 60 h of incubation (Bx) are known to produce immunoglobulins without any detectable antibody specificity. In the present work cells from Bx birds were cultured together with bursal epithelial cells (BE) or bursal epithelium-conditioned medium (BECM) to establish whether they could be induced to produce specific antibodies. Cells obtained from 10-day-old or 10-week old birds were used. The effects were assessed with regard to the production of total immunoglobulins and specific antibodies; the birds had been preimmunized. BE had no effect on the production of immunoglobulins by either Bx or control (Co) cells. When cells from 10-week-old birds were cultured in the presence of BECM, no difference in the immunoglobulin production was seen between Bx and Co chicken cells. At the age of 10 days the cells of Bx birds produced considerably less Ig than the cells of normal Co birds. At this age BECM had no effect on the Co cells, but it markedly enhanced the production of IgA-class immunoglobulins of Bx birds. With regard to production of specific anti-tetanus antibodies, BE stimulated the production of IgA-class antibodies by cells from preimmunized Co chickens but had no effect on cells from preimmunized Bx birds. In spite of the normal production of immunoglobulins in vitro the cells of Bx chickens did not produce specific antibodies. In conclusion, these findings indicate that if B cells have matured without a contact with the bursa of Fabricius, later in vitro exposure to BE or BECM can no longer induce them to production of specific antibodies. PMID- 6740244 TI - Changes in natural killer activities in experimental secondary amyloidosis. AB - Natural killer (NK) cell activity in experimental murine amyloidosis was studied. In CBA/J mice, which show a high incidence of amyloidosis, NK activity was significantly decreased after 1 week of casein treatment. In C3H mice, which show a low incidence of amyloidosis, NK activity was not changed by casein treatment. Pretreatment with lipopolysaccharide in vivo enhanced the NK activities in CBA/J and C3H mice. These increases were not observed after casein treatment. The lowered NK activity of cells from CBA/J mice after casein treatment was restored to the normal range by indomethacine in vitro. Depletion of adherent cells from the spleen cells treated with casein had no effect on NK activity. Single-cell assay showed that casein treatment impaired the killing but not the binding of NK cells to target cells. After casein treatment, the splenic serum amyloid A (SAA) level gradually increased in CBA/J mice but remained low in C3H mice. NK activity was suppressed by the addition of serum obtained from CBA/J mice treated with casein but not by normal control serum. And partially purified AA protein obtained from the spleen of CBA/J mice treated with casein also suppressed NK activity in vitro. PMID- 6740246 TI - An outbreak of ornithosis in Norway in 1981. AB - During 1981 there were 508 laboratory confirmed cases of ornithosis in Norway. This represents a 7-fold increase compared with previous years. Among 370 patients examined by the National Institute of Public Health, Oslo, 148 stated some contact with birds. There were also small family outbreaks and cases of ornithosis in school friends etc. where no bird exposure had occurred, suggesting that interhuman transmission might be involved. The clinical picture was that of a respiratory disease with pneumonia in more than half the cases. The clinical course was mild to moderately severe. At present we have no explanation for this change in the epidemiologic pattern of ornithosis in Norway. PMID- 6740245 TI - Enumeration and characterization of human killer and natural killer cells by a modified single-cell assay. AB - Human natural killer (NK) and killer (K) cells were assayed in a modified single cell cytotoxicity assay using poly-L-lysine-coated cover slips. When human Chang liver cells were used as targets, 20% of the lymphocytes formed conjugates and 2% were active NK cells. When anti-Chang antibodies were present, the proportion of target-binding cells (TBC) increased to 30% and that of the cytotoxic effector cells (comprising NK + K) to 6%. With the mouse mastocytoma cells (P815), which are not susceptible to NK, similar proportions of lymphocytes formed conjugates, and 6-9% were active as K cells. By an in situ rosetting assay a significant fraction of the TBC and cytotoxic effector cells bound either C3b or C3bi in both systems, with a certain predominance of C3bi-binding cells among the K cells. However, by indirect immunofluorescence, significantly more OKT3+ cells than OKM1+ cells were TBC or cytotoxic in the Chang cell system, whereas the OKT3+/OKM1+ ratios for both TBC and cytotoxic cells were 1:1 in the mouse mastocytoma system. The results indicate that TBC, NK and K cells are heterogeneous with respect to surface marker expression and that effector cells of different phenotypes predominate in different target systems. PMID- 6740247 TI - Opsonic and antibody responses to pneumococcal polysaccharide types 6A, 19F and 23F after vaccination of immunocompromised patients. AB - Opsonic and antibody responses to pneumococcal polysaccharide types 6A, 19F and 23F were evaluated before and after vaccination with a 14-valent pneumococcal vaccine in 25 patients splenectomized due to trauma, non-malignant or malignant disease and in 8 non-splenectomized patients with malignant disease. In approximately 50% of the tests, a 2-fold or greater increase in antibody concentrations and a significantly enhanced opsonization of pneumococci was found. A close correlation between antibody increase an enhancement of opsonization was demonstrated. 93% of paired samples with postimmunization antibody increase above 150 ELISA units showed significantly enhanced opsonization. Increased postvaccination opsonic activity and antibody levels were infrequently accompanied by increased granulocyte chemotactic activity of the serum. No significant difference in antibody and opsonic response to vaccination was found between the groups of patients, except for patients with Hodgkin's disease receiving chemotherapy, who had a reduced immunization response. Prevaccination antibody concentration, type of antigen or age of the patients did not influence the outcome of vaccination. PMID- 6740248 TI - Current patterns of bacterial infection in myelomatosis. AB - Bacterial infections were registered in 39 patients with myelomatosis during 18 months in a prospective study. The infection incidence was 0.80 infections per patient year. 81% of a total of 32 isolates were gram-negative. Urinary tract infections due to Escherichia coli were the most frequent infections. Pneumonia due to Streptococcus pneumoniae were infrequently seen compared to previous studies. Hence, the etiologic spectrum has clearly shifted from gram-positive to gram-negative bacteria in these patients. 53% of all infections were hospital acquired, and most of these were preceded by instrumentation of the urinary tract or indwelling venous catheters. The infections were nosocomial in 7/9 cases of septicemia registered. All 4 patients who died of infection, suffered from hospital-acquired infections. Patients who attracted infections had significantly higher serum creatinine levels and higher mortality compared to the rest of the patients. PMID- 6740250 TI - Gas gangrene of the omental bursa following acute pancreatitis. AB - Acute pancreatitis with necrosis was followed by infection with Clostridium perfringens and formation of gas in the omental bursa. This could be seen preoperatively on an abdominal roentgenogram and was verified at operation. The patient recovered after debridement, drainage and irrigation and antimicrobial therapy. PMID- 6740249 TI - Peritonitis in patients on continuous ambulatory peritoneal dialysis. A changing scene. AB - Peritonitis is a serious and common complication in patients treated with continuous ambulatory peritoneal dialysis (CAPD). This work reports the experiences of this complication in 50 patients treated with CAPD for a total time of 844 months. 129 episodes were observed. Coagulase-negative staphylococci were found to be the causative organisms in 57% of the cases. Most episodes were acquired without any evident cause when CAPD was performed at home. Nine episodes were suspected to be the result of bacterial leakage through the intestinal wall. Six of them occurred in patients receiving corticosteroids. During the study period an increasing number of episodes of peritonitis were caused by organisms with multiple resistance to antibiotics. Thus, the microbiological spectrum in CAPD-related peritonitis must constantly be surveyed so that proper measures, e.g. regarding the choice of antibiotics used, can be taken when a change is observed. PMID- 6740251 TI - Relapsing Clostridium difficile enterocolitis cured by rectal infusion of normal faeces. AB - Repeated recurrence of Clostridium difficile-associated enterocolitis is uncommon but troublesome for the afflicted patient. The patient described here received vancomycin treatment several times but always had a relapse of C. difficile enterocolitis 2-3 weeks after discontinuation of treatment. She did not form serum antibodies to C. difficile cytotoxin (toxin B). Rectal infusion of enemas prepared from fresh faeces resulted in final cure. PMID- 6740252 TI - Disseminated pulmonary aspergillosis in a previously healthy young woman. AB - A young woman presented with widespread bilateral infiltrates on chest X-ray and a high fever. Investigations for bacterial, mycobacterial, and fungal infections were negative. A biopsy of the lung showed granulomas, and corticosteroid medication was given on vital indication because of the rapidly progressive disease. There was a dramatic response, with regression of the chest X-ray changes and the fever and the patient was discharged on her own request with a tentative diagnosis of acute sarcoidosis. One month later she was admitted in an alarming state with almost completely consolidated lung and died a few hours later. Autopsy revealed generalized aspergillosis. Renewed extensive investigation of the earlier lung biopsy revealed hyphae. After her death, the case history of an elder brother was traced and revealed that he had died at early age in a generalized granulomatous disease. Although no definite diagnosis can be made, it seems likely that both siblings suffered from a defect in the immune system, probably chronic granulomatous disease of the autosomal recessive type. This disease is sometimes found in young adults without a clear history of earlier infections. PMID- 6740253 TI - Electric oral burns in Danish children with special reference to prevention. AB - 68 children, most of them 1-3 years old, with electric burns of the mouth from slight cases to severe burns with extensive necroses were treated over a 30-year period. Principles of primary conservative treatment and secondary reconstructive surgery are mentioned. A Stein- Abbe flap procedure, single or double, has been the method-of-choice in severe defect of the lower lip. In the majority of the cases the accident was caused by a defective bakelite plug from the detachable cord of a popular electric vacuum cleaner of Danish origin. In 1968 a plea was made for a change of this kind of plug to a better type made of an unbreakable plastic material. As a prophylactic measure this intervention seems to have been very useful in so far as the number of these senseless accidents has decreased dramatically in Denmark during the last 15 years. PMID- 6740254 TI - Primary treatment of 50 patients with high-tension electrical injuries. I. Fluid resuscitation. AB - Fifty patients with high-tension electrical injuries referred for primary treatment to the Burn Center at the University of Uppsala, Sweden during the period 1969 to 1982, have been investigated with special regard to the resuscitation and early complications from internal organs. Seven patients (14%) died, five of them prior to 1974, one in cardiac infarction and four in renal failure. Two died after 1974, one in cardiac infarction and the other in severe shock (98% burn). In 1974 an acute intensive prevention of renal failure was instituted based on forced fluid resuscitation, vasodilators, and supply of alkaline solutions in order to avoid myoglobin and hemoglobin casts in the kidneys. Some degree of renal dysfunction (diminished GFR, a lowered concentration capacity, and an increased fractionate excretion of sodium) was often seen but could usually be reversed without problems. Three patients who developed anuria were successfully treated with hemodialysis. During the years 1974-1982, when the "prevention scheme of renal failure" was applied, all patients with high-tension electrical injury combined with severe myoglobinuria (13 patients) have been successfully treated. 60% of the patients had normal ECG. Five of the seven fatal cases had ST-T abnormalities and two of these patients showed cardiac infarction at autopsy. Early angiography was performed in 20 patients (40%). Obliterated arteries were diagnosed on different levels in 18 extremities in ten patients. The arteriography very precisely indicated the level of amputation of the seriously injured extremities.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS) PMID- 6740255 TI - Our routine in pressure treatment of hypertrophic scars. AB - It is well-known that burns can result in hypertrophic reddening, thick, itching scars with contractions. Since 1978 the Burns Unit in Copenhagen has treated this condition with Jobst pressure garments. The patients are regularly controlled in the Jobst day-clinic by a team consisting of a surgeon, physiotherapist, occupational therapist and a nurse. Close to 500 patients have been treated and controlled in the clinic for periods of half a year to one and a half years and, in a few cases, for 3 years. PMID- 6740256 TI - Microvascular free flaps in early reconstruction of burns in the hand and forearm. Case reports. AB - In the reconstructive plastic surgery a free flap provides a one-stage method to achieve an optimal functional an aesthetic result. We report five acute burns or early contractions of the hand and forearm with free-flap reconstruction. In each case an attempt was made to design the flap to restore missing tissue components. We used three different musculocutaneous free flaps and two free skin flaps: a latissimus dorsi, a rectus abdominis and a rectus femoris renervated musculocutaneous flap, as well as a dorsalis pedis and a horizontal fasciocutaneous upper arm flap. In all five cases, the hand and wrist showed early restoration of function. PMID- 6740257 TI - Positioning, splinting and pressure management of the burned hand: a method. AB - A splinting procedure to avoid hand and finger deformities in deep dermal and subdermal burns of the hand is presented. The same splint may be used in the healing phase as well as in the rehabilitation period. The method is characterized by a combination of simple materials, active exercises and a teamwork involving the patient and the staff. PMID- 6740258 TI - Five years' experience with the air-fluidized bed in the care of burned patients. AB - Having moved to new facilities the Burns Unit in Copenhagen installed an air fluidized bed ( CLINITRON , Mk II). The difficulties encountered by both patients and nurses during the start-up period of the bed are described, and it is concluded that the introduction of such devices can be made more smoothly if the staff knows of the experience gained by other units. PMID- 6740259 TI - Clinical results of treatment of patients in the air-fluidized bed (Clinitron) during a one-year period. AB - Beside the nursing difficulties in using the Clinitron bed we have experienced further technical difficulties during the introduction period which are described. However, the beds have been most effective from a bacteriological point of view and have reduced the infection rate. PMID- 6740260 TI - Accidental burns with domestic fire-lighting fluid. AB - The use of methyl alcohol (methanol) as an igniting fluid is very dangerous. Nineteen patients (17 males and 2 females), burned while using this fluid for lighting barbecues or filling lamps and stoves, have recently been treated at the Burn Unit at the Karolinska Hospital. A mean of 23% body surface was involved and many of the burns were deep dermal or full thickness. Ninety percent of the patients had facial burns. Hospital stay averaged 23 days with 2.2 operations. It seems that previous alarms ( Nordstr om & Nyl en, 1975) remain unheeded by both manufacturers and consumers. The public must be warned about the dangers associated with the use of methanol. Briquettes as solid fuel for barbecues and safer ignition fluids ought to be popularized . PMID- 6740261 TI - The burn situation in Gizan. Planning and implementation of a Burns Unit at the King Fahd Central Hospital, Gizan, the Kingdom of Saudi-Arabia. AB - A 500-bed referral hospital was designed in 1975 in the health region of Gizan , the Kingdom of Saudi-Arabia. According to an agreement of 1981 between the Danish Ministry of the Interior and the Ministry of Health for the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia, Danish cooperation to start and run this hospital was initiated. At the end of 1982 an investigation was made as to whether there was a need for a Burns Ward, a Burns Unit or a Burns Center. The epidemiology (number, severity and causes of burns) in the Gizan region (500 000 inhabitants) was investigated and all in-patients were examined, after which a recommendation to establish a Burns Unit was made. The Danish personnel arrived in April 1983, and the first patient was admitted to the Unit in May 1983. During the first 5-month period 46 patients with burns and 77 other patients requiring plastic surgery were treated. It seems therefore that the need for a Unit for Burns and Plastic Surgery has been proved. The number of inhabitants in the Gizan health region corresponds to that of the municipality of Copenhagen (500 000), and in the future the epidemiology, treatment and results of treatment will be compared in these two areas. PMID- 6740262 TI - Concentration of adenine nucleotides and glycolytic intermediates in erythrocytes, liver and muscle tissue in rats after thermal injury. AB - A 40% total body scald burn was produced in mature rats. An immediate decrease of the metabolic rate was followed by a hypermetabolic response similar to that described in human beings following thermal injury. The amounts of adenine nucleotides and hexosemonophosphates were monitored in three types of cells: erythrocytes (which lack mitochondria), skeletal muscle cells (which to a certain extent can rely on an increased glycolysis for their increased energy supply) and liver cells (which are sensitive to hypoxia and have a great need of energy in the post-traumatic period). Only in the liver did the energy charge derived from the individual concentrations of adenine nucleotides change significantly, but remained virtually constant in muscle cells and erythrocytes despite a change in total oxygen consumption, from minus 85% (in the early phase) to plus 30% (in the later phase) of the expected value. Altered energy metabolism in liver and muscle tissues is related to wound healing, whereas the biochemical changes in erythrocytes is related to the degree of haemolysis of younger cells induced by the thermal injury. PMID- 6740263 TI - Potential use of computer simulation in treatment of burns with special regard to oedema formation. AB - The potential usefulness of computer-based 'patient-simulators' in burn care is discussed and illustrated in the special case of oedema formation in three patients with severe thermal injuries. The present model was derived from a model by Wiederhielm (1978), and modified to be applicable to thermal injuries. The model seems to describe accurately the oedema formation as well as the distribution and composition of local and general oedema. Following thermal injuries the general oedema is characterized by typical disturbances in the circulatory state variables such as capillary pressure and plasma colloid osmotic pressure. The net water flow is increased because of an increase in filtration rate and a decrease in reabsorption rate. The resulting interstitial oedema leads to dilution of the free water proteins and a decrease in interstitial colloid osmotic pressure. The elevation of interstitial pressure leads to an increase in lymph flow. The local oedema is caused by changes in both the circulatory system and the interstitial space. There is an increase in both water and protein net flows. The latter is due to increased protein leakage to the interstitium. This results in an interstitial oedema with a higher protein concentration in free water than in general oedema. Because of the higher protein concentration in free water, the interstitial colloid osmotic pressure is at all times larger than the corresponding pressure in general oedema. In all three patients the general shape of the simulated and measured oedema curve were the same, but with minor differences in numerical values. It is interesting to note that the general oedema was larger than the local oedema in all three extensively burned patients. The results from the present investigation indicate the importance of monitoring either the total plasma protein concentration or the plasma colloid osmotic pressure and small vein pressure for guidance of a proper fluid resuscitation. The steady state 'oedema vs. venous pressure'-diagram obtained may also be used for evaluating the dynamic effects on general oedema formation due to changes in venous pressure and plasma protein concentration. It thus turned out that for a typical thermal injury with a decreased small vein pressure a continuous colloid infusion is to be preferred instead of an intermittent model of administration. PMID- 6740264 TI - Changes in calcium and phosphate and their regulating hormones in patients with severe burn injuries. AB - Changes in the calcium- and phosphate homeostasis and its regulating hormones calcitonin (CT) and parathyroid hormone (PTH) are of great importance for several pathophysiological reactions after trauma. In this study calcium, phosphate, CT, PTH and nor-adrenaline, were followed during 14 days after trauma in 20 patients with severe burn injuries. The results showed significantly reduced serum phosphate (S-P) during the first week after trauma, and low ionized calcium fraction (CaF) during the 14 post-traumatic days that were studied. Urinary calcium output was low, about 4.5 mmol/day and urinary phosphate output was as high as 30 mmol/day, despite the low S-P. Plasma nor-adrenaline was elevated with maximum concentrations 6 days after trauma. CT was very high with levels around 1 000 pmol/l after one week. PTH remained within the reference interval, although a statistically significant increase was observed four days after the trauma. The results suggest that the observed changes in calcium- and phosphate homeostasis were related to the humoral response to trauma. PMID- 6740265 TI - Positive nitrogen balance in burn patients. AB - Two case-histories of patients with full thickness burns covering 60 and 70% of their bodies are presented. In spite of the obligatory increase in the metabolic rate, both patients had a positive nitrogen balance from the very beginning, maintained exclusively by peroral nutrition. PMID- 6740266 TI - Perception--a problem in the grading of sacro-iliac joint radiographs. AB - Reliability in the assessment of radiographic abnormalities in the sacro-iliac joint was investigated by rheumatologists and radiologists experienced in the reading of such films. This study differs from previous ones in that films were masked to reduce cueing from the radiographic appearance of other pelvic bone and joint structures. Agreement was greatest (greater than or equal to 80%) when only the presence or absence of abnormality was considered. When corrected for chance, agreement on the individual radiographic abnormalities was frequently poor or modest. The use of reference radiographs reduced absolute disagreement and had a modest influence on absolute agreement. The scoring of films for epidemiologic purposes should preferably be delegated to senior radiologists using standard reference films. Nevertheless, there remains a considerable margin of error in the interpretation of sacroiliac joint radiographs which is of clinical and epidemiological importance considering the weight that radiographs of this joint carry in diagnostic rheumatology. PMID- 6740267 TI - Glucose metabolism in patients with rheumatoid arthritis. AB - Several studies made during the first half of this century suggested an association between chronic arthritis and disturbed glucose metabolism. Moreover, increased prevalence of IGT in patients with idiopathic FTS of the palms has recently been reported and RA is a disease commonly accompanied by FTS. Furthermore, patients with RA are often exposed to drugs that may precipitate or uncover mild undiagnosed DM. For these reasons, glucose tolerance was studied in 101 patients with classical or definite RA. Of these, 4 (4%) had an established type II DM and 6 (6%) a previously undiagnosed IGT. The observed frequencies of disturbed glucose metabolism in RA did not differ from the prevalence rates reported for the general population in Sweden. Hence, this study does not support the previous reports claiming an association between chronic arthritis and disturbed glucose metabolism. PMID- 6740268 TI - Xanthoma tendinosum in a normolipemic ectodermal dysplasia patient. AB - A female patient with congenital ectodermal dysplasia is described, who developed xanthoma tendinosum in her hands simulating rheumatoid arthritis. The serum lipids of this patient were normal. Both ectodermal dysplasia and xanthoma tendinosum in a normolipemic patient are rather uncommon and to our knowledge have not been previously reported in one and the same patient. PMID- 6740270 TI - Familial cryoglobulinemia and C4 deficiency. AB - The coexistence of cryoglobulinemia and C4 deficiency was found in one family. Twelve subjects were examined, most of them being asymptomatic. Cryoglobulins were found in 9 members and its type was defined in 6 of them, 3 having mixed IgM IgG and 3 having monoclonal IgM cryoglobulins. The concentration of the third component of the complement system was normal in 10 subjects, while the concentration of the fourth one was found to be below the lower limit of normal in 9 subjects. Only C4 deficiency--and not cryoglobulinemia--was HLA-linked. There was no evidence of HBs antigenemia. The results of this study are discussed in the light of the pertinent literature. PMID- 6740269 TI - Do oral contraceptives reduce the incidence of rheumatoid arthritis? A pilot study using the Stockholm County medical information system. AB - The Stockholm County medical information system was used to select cases for a pilot study on the association between oral contraceptive (OC) use and the incidence of rheumatoid arthritis (RA). A selection procedure is described by which we obtained 76 cases of RA. These were compared in a case-control study with 152 healthy controls with regard to OC use prior to the onset of RA. For all women who had used OCs for more than one year the relative risk of RA was 0.70 (0.40, 1.24). The relative risk decreased with advancing age at onset of RA, being 0.40 (0.10, 1.65) for women with age at onset over 40. Although the material is small, and there are some inconsistencies in the results, our findings are compatible with the hypothesis that the use of OCs is associated with a reduced incidence of RA. PMID- 6740271 TI - The prevalence of ankylosing hyperostosis in a Jerusalem population--with description of a method of grading the extent of the disease. AB - The prevalence of ankylosing hyperostosis in a Jewish hospital population is presented. In individuals over the age of 40 years the overall prevalence was 22.4% in males and 13.4% in females. The prevalence increased with age to a maximum of 46% in males and 30% in females over the age of 80 years. A method of grading the disease according to extent is described. The most extensive grade III is seen almost exclusively in males. PMID- 6740272 TI - The controversy over zinc sulphate efficacy in rheumatoid and psoriatic arthritis. PMID- 6740273 TI - Use of exposure data in occupational reproductive studies. AB - Accurately characterizing worker exposure presents some unique problems in occupational reproductive studies. The latency period between exposure and the adverse event may be relatively brief - days, weeks, or months. Inaccurately identifying the specific exposure period which initiated the adverse event may then contribute to sizeable misclassification errors. This paper discusses different types of exposure models that can be used to help reduce misclassification and delineate the exposure-effect relationships more accurately. The advantages and disadvantages of exposure data sources are also discussed. PMID- 6740274 TI - Radon in homes--a possible cause of lung cancer. AB - An earlier case-referent study [Scand j work environ & health 5 (1979) 10-15] has indicated a possible relationship between lung cancer and exposure to radon and radon daughters in dwellings. Indoor radon concentrations seem to depend on both building material and leakage of radon from the ground. This new study, in a rural area, is a further attempt to elucidate the etiology of lung cancer, taking into consideration type of house and ground conditions, as well as smoking habits. Although the choice of a rural study population helped to eliminate various confounding exposures in the urban environment, it limited the size of the study because of the rareness of lung cancer in rural populations. Long-term residents, 30 years or more in the same houses, were studied, and again an association was found between lung cancer and estimated exposure to radon and radon daughters in homes. The data also seem to indicate the possibility of a multiplicative effect between smoking and exposure to radon and radon daughters in homes, but there was also some confounding between these factors in the data. PMID- 6740275 TI - Psychological performance and long-term exposure to mercury vapors. AB - In a cross-sectional study the psychological test performances of a group of 36 male chlorine-alkali workers were compared with the level of exposure to mercury and to the corresponding results of referents. The mercury exposure had lasted for at least 10 years and had been controlled by regular health examinations and urine analyses. Several dose indicators were calculated. The more heavily exposed workers performed more poorly on the verbal intelligence test (Similarities) than the referents did. Impairments in the memory tests showed a statistically significant correlation with the actual exposure level, especially with the actual concentration of mercury in blood. The monitoring of mercury in blood can be useful in health surveillance programs. The level of mercury in the air was calculated from the dose indicators. The results support the recommended exposure limit of 25 micrograms/m3 for metallic mercury vapor in the air as a level avoiding adverse effects in exposed workers. PMID- 6740276 TI - A prospective follow-up study on psychological effects in workers exposed to low levels of lead. AB - A prospective follow-up study on new lead workers who began work at a storage battery factory was carried out between 1975 and 1981. Psychological performances (eg, intelligence, memory, visuomotor functions, vigilance, and personality) were assessed before the commencement of exposure and after one, two, and four years of work. Of an initial number of 89 workers, 24 were available for the one-year, 16 for the two-year, and 11 for the four-year reexamination. The time-weighted average blood lead values ranged between 0.68 and 2.17 mumol/l (14 and 45 micrograms/100 ml, respectively). A reference group, nonexposed workers in a cable manufacturing plant and an electrical power plant, was similarly followed. Initially the average psychological performances were similar among the lead workers and the referents. For some of the psychological tests learning effect, which was clearly evident among the referents during the follow-up, was almost absent among the lead workers. The lead worker's visual intelligence and visuomotor functions in particular were impaired significantly after the first two years of follow-up. When the lead workers were divided into two groups according to the median time-weighted average of the blood lead values (1.30 mumol/l), the Block Design and the Santa Ana coordination tests were those which best separated the subgroups. Although the impairment of the lead workers' performance was rather slight and the dispersion in the psychological changes was wide, it was evident that some higher nervous functions were affected by lead levels above about 1.45 mumol/l. PMID- 6740277 TI - A new method for the analysis of tetramethyllead in blood. AB - In this paper a method for the determination of alkyllead compounds in blood is described. The method is based on extraction of the aklyllead compounds into an organic solvent, followed by separation by high-resolution gas chromatography. A graphite-furnace atomic absorption spectrophotometer is used as the detector. A detection limit of 0.01 micrograms/ml for tetramethyllead was obtained in blood samples. The method was used for the investigation of occupational exposure to tetramethyllead in gasoline. Blood samples from tank cleaners and gasoline pump servicemen showed detectable amounts of tetramethyllead. The reference group did not show any detectable levels of tetramethyllead. PMID- 6740278 TI - Familial aggregation of symptoms of farmer's lung. AB - Not all farmers exposed to moldy plant materials develop farmer's lung. With the use of a postal questionnaire the occurrence of symptoms suggestive of farmer's lung was studied among the immediate relatives of 37 patients with clinically established farmer's lung, among 36 immediate relatives of the patients' spouses, and among 50 unrelated persons (spouses of relatives). Symptoms of farmer's lung had occurred about twice as frequently among the relatives of farmer's lung patients as among the subjects in the other study groups. The results, supported by findings from earlier studies, imply that genetic factors may be involved in the pathogenesis of farmer's lung. PMID- 6740279 TI - Lung cancer mortality in a cohort of English foundry workers. AB - A cohort of males who started work between 1946 and 1965 inclusive in nine English steel foundries and who worked in these foundries at least one year has been followed prospectively until 1978. Mortality from lung cancer was significantly raised among workers employed in the foundry and fettling shop areas (standardized mortality ratios 142 and 173, respectively). Most occupational categories in these two areas had more lung cancer deaths than expected, but the standardized mortality ratios were the largest for the furnace bricklayers, fettlers, and heat treatment furnacemen. There was some evidence of risk increasing with length of employment. There were marked differences in the standardized mortality ratio for lung cancer between study foundries. By year of entry the lung cancer risk was fairly constant, in contrast to the improvement in mortality from diseases of the respiratory system over the same period. PMID- 6740280 TI - [Inhalative steriod treatment in bronchial asthma]. AB - In the light of substantial recent advances in knowledge regarding the use of inhaled corticosteroids, general recommendations for such treatment are reviewed. The therapeutic effect is dose-related. High dose treatment has been shown to be effective in improving asthma control and reducing oral steroid requirement, while adverse side effects are usually of little consequence. The use of metered dose inhalers using correct technique and at a convenient time is a basic prerequisite in securing maximum effect. The development of new drugs with a better separation of local and systemic effects is improving therapeutic potential. PMID- 6740281 TI - [Immunogenicity of a new, highly purified, highly concentrated duck-embryo rabies vaccine]. AB - The protective value and safety of human diploid cell strain rabies vaccine (HDCV) are well established [6, 8, 11]. At present, however, the high cost and small yields of HDCV has restricted its use, particularly in developing countries where rabies vaccine is needed in large amounts. The inexpensive duck embryo rabies vaccine (DEV), also prepared with the Pitman -Moore strain, is potent and generally safe despite occasional allergic complications [9, 13]. The vaccine has been used with success in several million doses during recent decades [12, 14]. Administered according to the prescribed schedule (14 initial inoculations and 3 boosters), the vaccine has been shown to provide protective antibody titers in pre- and post-exposure use [7, 10]. On the other hand, the immunogenicity of this vaccine did not shorten the administration schedule in a similar way to HDCV. Thus, prior clinical studies using the reduced WHO immunization scheme demonstrated that a concentrated and partially purified DEV containing less than 2.5 IU/ml of rabies antigen elicited sufficient neutralizing antibodies in only 75% of vaccinees [3]. Gl uck et al. [4] clarified the reason for this low immunogenicity: We demonstrated that only about 30-50% of the glycoprotein (GP) in DEV was present on the surface of virus particles. GP, a component of the rabies virus envelope, is the antigen responsible for the induction of neutralizing antibodies. During virus production a non-immunogenic soluble GP may also accumulate. Non-immunogenic GP may be coextracted during vaccine preparation.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS) PMID- 6740282 TI - [Diagnosis and therapy of patients with simple goiter within the scope of a thyroid gland ambulatory care service]. AB - Serum thyroxin, triiodothyronine, and basal and TRH-stimulated TSH concentrations, were determined in 285 patients with simple goitre. In addition, the efficiency of two years' therapy with a T4/T3 preparation (ratio 4:1) was investigated. Patients with goitres of larger size (stage II und III) presented with lower serum T4 and higher serum T3 concentrations than patients with smaller goitres (stage I) and controls. A decreased or elevated TSH response to TRH stimulation was more frequently found among patients with large goitres than among those with small ones. No reduction of goitre size was achieved by thyroid hormone medication in patients in whom TSH response to TRH had been decreased prior to therapy. In contrast, a reduction in goitre size was registered after two years' therapy in 84% of the patients in whom the TRH-TSH response was elevated and in 44% in whom it was normal. Small and/or diffuse goitres were more responsive to T4/T3 medication than large and/or nodular ones. These results suggest that TSH stimulation tests are of diagnostic value in patients with simple goitre and should at any rate be performed in patients with goitres of larger size before the commencement of thyroid hormone medication. The data also demonstrate that suppression of TSH secretion via administration of thyroid hormone influences thyroid growth only in a subgroup of the goitrous patients of our region. PMID- 6740283 TI - [Cystic neoplasms of the pancreas. Pathologico-anatomic study of 15 pancreatic tumors]. AB - Cystic neoplasms of the pancreas are rare and comprise about 2% of all exocrine tumors. Clinically they manifest as an abdominal mass and may result in gastrointestinal or biliary obstruction or remain symptomless. Fifteen such tumors from the Institute of Pathology, University Hospital, Zurich, are presented. Eleven of them are autopsy findings and 4 are operative specimens. They can be divided into two distinct groups described as (A) microcystic adenomas, composed of many small cysts lined by cuboidal cells containing glycogen but no mucin, and (B) as mucinous cystic tumors formed by larger cystic spaces lined by tall, columnar, mucin-producing cells. Microcystic adenomas are invariably benign, whereas the majority of mucinous tumors show focally malignant epithelium. We had no difficulty in distinguishing between these two forms. Nine of the 11 microcystic adenomas were autopsy findings, and we have follow-up information only for two patients. Histologically, however, no malignant change was seen in a microcystic adenoma but was found in 3 of the 4 mucinous tumors. The cell of origin of the mucinous tumors must be the lining cell of the excretory ducts. Because of histological and ultrastructural similarity, the cell of origin of the microcystic adenoma is thought to be the centroacinar cell. The question arises whether these latter tumors, not infrequently combined with cysts or cystic tumors in other organs, should not rather be classified as hamartomas. PMID- 6740284 TI - [The patient in intensive care and his psychological needs]. PMID- 6740285 TI - [Objectives in the therapy of ulcers]. AB - The six aims of ulcer treatment are acceleration of healing, improvement of pain, prevention of complications and recurrences, avoidance of side effects of medical treatment, and reduction of the costs of treatment. The most important aims are prevention of recurrences and late complications. During acute exacerbation of the ulcer a favorable effect on ulcer symptoms is more important than acceleration of healing. It is now accepted practice that drugs with side effects should not be used in the treatment of ulcer. The costs of treatment are best reduced by the reduction of recurrences, irrespective of the actual cost of the drug used for this purpose PMID- 6740286 TI - [Acid secretion inhibition with new mechanisms of action: substituted benzimidazole]. AB - Omeprazole and other substituted benzimidazoles produce a marked inhibition of gastric acid secretion with a long duration of action. Any kind of stimulated acid secretion is inhibited by the substituted benzimidazoles. The inhibitory mechanism of action is very selective. The substituted benzimidazoles inhibit the parietal cell H+, K+-ATPase, an enzyme which is the proton pump in the secretory membrane of the parietal cell. An oral daily dose of 15 mg omeprazole in humans produced about 80% acid inhibition just after dosage and about 40% 24 hours later. Preliminary results in duodenal ulcer patients show that a daily dose of 20-60 mg omeprazole produces fast ulcer healing in almost all patients. PMID- 6740287 TI - [Potential for developments in ulcer surgery]. AB - Historically, surgery for peptic ulcer has seen the evolution of differing operative principles: resection, vagotomy (truncal, selective, highly selective), and a combination of vagotomy and resection (antrectomy). The long-term effects of the various operations can now be evaluated from several published studies. Though vagotomy and antrectomy is the most "efficient" operation (ulcer recurrence rate 1%), it has the highest morbidity (15-20%) and mortality (1.5 2%); while highly selective vagotomy is the least "efficient" operation (ulcer recurrence rate 10%), it has the lowest morbidity (5%) and mortality (less than 0.5%). In the future, reduced recurrence rates should be possible by improving surgical technique and by better selection of the operative procedure (on the basis of a better selection of the operative procedure (on the basis of a better understanding of ulcer pathogenesis), but without sacrificing the advantages of highly selective vagotomy--low morbidity and mortality--for the majority of patients. Intraoperative testing of the completeness of vagotomy, and addition of a drainage such as pyloroplasty or antrectomy for juxtapyloric ulcers, may help to achieve this goal. PMID- 6740288 TI - [25 cases of gastric smooth muscle tumors and review of the literature]. AB - 25 gastric smooth muscle tumors (12 symptomatic leiomyomas, 9 fortuitously discovered leiomyomas and 4 leiomyosarcomas) are presented. Follow-up has lasted from 9 months to 9 years. We have correlated the epidemiology, symptoms and anatomopathology with the evolution of these cases, in an attempt to single out specific features of benign and malignant forms. The most relevant macroscopic criteria of malignity are: a tumor measuring over 5 cm in diameter, widespread intratumoral necrosis. The histologic degree of malignity depends on several criteria, of which the most important are: the number of mitoses per high power microscopic field, cellular pleomorphism. Barium meal detects all symptomatic gastric smooth muscle tumors, and echography has the advantage of objectivizing intratumoral necrosis. For benign as well as malignant tumors the excision should be minimal, leaving a 2 cm safety margin. Simple enucleation is ruled out. If possible, metastases should be removed with the same safety margin. There is a good correlation between histologic type and prognosis. One case in 4 is associated with another malignancy. PMID- 6740289 TI - [The muscles and blood supply of the stomach]. AB - Using human gastric specimens, figures are presented for gastric muscle thickness and the myoarchitecture is described. The study shows that the blood supply to the cardia, gastric fundus and body is excellent, due to the many anastomosing arteries, but is less good at the curvatures of the gastric antrum and poor at the anterior and posterior walls of this area, due to absent or minute anastomoses. PMID- 6740290 TI - [Early and late results following simple suturing of the perforated stomach ulcer and duodenal ulcer]. AB - Between 1968 and 1983, 1077 patients with gastric or duodenal ulcer underwent surgery in our department. 207 patients presented with perforation of the ulcer, which in all cases was closed by oversewing . They comprised 137 men and 70 females with a mean age of 55.7 years. 26.1% of the patients were aged over 71 years. Postoperative mortality was 15.9%. The prognosis was mainly influenced by age, time interval between perforation and surgery, and--probably--duration of ulcer disease. Follow-up (at least 3 years after surgery) demonstrated no symptoms of ulcer disease in 58.2%. In 21.9% a second and definitive operation had been performed in patients with persistent symptoms or complications of the ulcer. PMID- 6740292 TI - [Percutaneous drainage of intra-abdominal fluid collections using computed tomography]. AB - Percutaneous catheter drainage guided by computed tomography has been used to treat 45 intraabdominal collections in 32 patients. The 45 drainages involved 15 pancreatic cysts of chronic pancreatitis, 15 spontaneous abscesses and 15 postoperative abscesses. The collections were treated either by one puncture only or by drainage, with a success rate of 87.5%. Morbidity was 2.2% (one right empyema after puncture of a postoperative right subphrenic abscess). Mortality was nil. Three inadequate drainages due to enteric communication required secondary surgery. It is concluded that, if the indications are correct, percutaneous drainage guided by CT is as good as surgery and involves lower morbidity and mortality. PMID- 6740291 TI - [Late results of total colectomies for inflammatory colitis]. AB - A retrospective study of 41 patients colectomized for inflammatory colitis has been conducted with a mean follow-up of 90 months. The results of rectum preservation and of ileo-rectal anastomoses were disappointing, with a respective success rate of 15% and 44%. 15% of patients had a change of diagnosis after colectomy, all in favour of undetected Crohn's disease. The results of mucosal proctectomy with ileoanal anastomosis are highly encouraging. An attempt is made to specify the indications for each type of surgery. PMID- 6740294 TI - [The effect of proximal-selective vagotomy in gastroduodenal ulcer]. AB - In a recently concluded prospective multicenter trial, pyloric (PU) and prepyloric (PPU) ulcers showed a significantly higher recurrence rate after proximal gastric vagotomy (PGV) without drainage than duodenal (DU) or gastric ulcers (GU). The secretory pattern of the PU and PPU cannot explain the failure of PGV. However, PU and PPU (and some GU) exhibit a distinct and probably irreversible alteration of the muscular layer at the pylorus and distal antrum. This could be one factor which helps to explain the failure of vagotomy alone in these ulcer types. To deal with this antropyloric distrophy, addition of drainage or antrectomy to PGV must be considered. A refined concept for surgical treatment of peptic ulcer is proposed. PMID- 6740293 TI - [Complete removal of the rectum with preservation of continence in rectal cancer]. AB - Restorative complete rectal excision with coloanal anastomosis was performed in 14 patients (12 cases with rectal carcinoma, i.e. 12% of a consecutive series). The pathologic stages were Dukes D in 3, Dukes C in 5, Dukes B in 2 and Dukes A in 2 patients. A simple technique of hand-sewn end-to-end endoanal anastomosis, following mobilization of the whole left colon in most cases, was employed. The postoperative course was uneventful in 11 of 14 cases, with protective colostomy in 1 patient only. 3 patients developed a presacral infection with a primary colostomy in 2 cases, and with early abdomino-perineal excision in 1 case. 1 patient with a doubtful distal margin and later recurrence refused amputation; salvage amputation became necessary in a patient with a large tumor situated 9 cm above the anocutaneous junction, who developed a locoregional recurrence by tumor implantation. Normal or satisfactory continence was recovered in all patients after a few weeks or months. Presupposing proper selection of cases and surgical technique, complete rectal excision with coloanal anastomosis is regarded as a very useful curative or palliative procedure in the treatment of rectal cancer. PMID- 6740295 TI - [Continuous thoracic drainage and suction. Comparative study of the performance and price of multiple-use systems (separate bottles) and single-use (compact systems) disposable systems on the market]. AB - A study of 12 pleural drainage systems has been conducted. The system was disposable in 8 instances and allowed multiple use in 4. Each system was analyzed in relation to 15 performance criteria and 15 safety criteria. The cost of use per patient was compared. In conclusion, compact and disposable pleural drainage units can be recommended since they (a) offer superior technical performance, (b) are more reliable, (c) offer increased safety, (d) are easier to monitor, (e) are much safer with respect to cross-infection, (f) are less noisy in some cases, (g) are more useful in apportioning responsibility between surgeons and nursing staff, and (h) are less costly. PMID- 6740296 TI - [Incidence of HBsAG in symptom-free pregnant women. Results of screening at the University of Zurich Gynecology Clinic]. AB - Passive and active immunization prevent materno-fetal and postnatal hepatitis B virus infection. Precondition for interruption of perinatal transmission is knowledge of the mothers' hepatitis B markers before delivery. In switzerland the prevalence of chronic asymptomatic pregnant HBsAG carriers is not known. From February to December 1983 all pregnant women at the Obstetric Clinic, University Hospital of Zurich were screened for HBsAG. 30 out of 2550 women were HBsAG positive (1.2%); the prevalence among Swiss women is 0.5%, and among immigrants 1.9%. It is suggested that screening for HBsAG be confined to pregnant women who belong to a risk group and to immigrants, and that all children born of HBsAG positive mothers be immunized actively and passively regardless of the presence of HBeAG and/or anti-HBe. PMID- 6740298 TI - [Treatment of hypertension emergencies]. AB - Hypertensive emergencies are defined as situations where a seriously elevated blood pressure threatens the patients life or vital organ functions. Since treatment of hypertensive emergencies by a rapid reduction of blood pressure can be complicated by serious unwanted effects, the treatment indications should be defined cautiously. In addition the principles of autoregulation of blood flow and vascular resistance in hypertensive patients should be considered as well as the widely differing effects of the drugs used in hypertensive emergencies like alpha- and beta-adrenergic blocking substances, central sympatholytics and vasodilating agents. A reduction of cardiac output as a consequence of betablockade or central sympatholytics may be beneficial in patients with aneurysms, but may result in severe central hypoperfusion in others which can also be induced by vasodilators by local and systemic steal effects. Therefore we propose a treatment scheme for hypertensive emergencies based on pathophysiological considerations with special regard to cerebral perfusion. In many instances calcium-antagonists can be considered as drugs of first choice since they lower blood pressure in relation to pretreatment blood pressure and have only a weak negative inotropic effect. In addition they exert their vasodilating action predominantly in vessels with a high vasoconstrictor tone and do not reduce cerebral perfusion despite a marked reduction of blood pressure within a short time. In every case the initial emergency treatment should be followed by a careful long term management of hypertension. PMID- 6740297 TI - [Social behavior of 5 to 7-year-old children at risk as newborn infants with special reference to parental child-rearing behavior]. AB - A questionnaire was used to investigate the social behaviour of 168 5-7 year olds, who as neonates had been at risk for developing psychomotor disturbances, and the educational behaviour of their parents. 52 six year olds with an uneventful perinatal period formed the control group. Sociodemographic data did not differ between the two groups. The basic tendency of the children's temperament ( liveliness vs. calmness ) during the first year was similar in both groups. Achievement of developmental milestones (gross motor activity, language, bladder and bowel control) was reached at similar age. The parents' educational behaviour did not differ. The social behaviour of the children at risk, as judged by the inhibited or aggressive behaviour, was also equal to the controls. The psychomotor development of the same population of children had been found to be normal in most cases at age 3-42 (mean 15) months ( Schweiz . med. Wschr . 109, 215 [1979]). According to the present study, this risk population of newborns also showed normal social behaviour. PMID- 6740299 TI - [Orchidectomy only for stage I testicular teratoma?]. AB - In the past few years the therapeutic options for non-seminomatous germ-cell tumors of the testis have evolved rapidly. Until recently it was usual practice with patients in clinical stage I to perform lymphadenectomy or retroperitoneal radiotherapy after orchidectomy. However, for 60-80% of these patients this therapy was not necessary, since they were already cured by orchidectomy alone. With the improvement of clinical staging and the success of modern chemotherapy, it seems to be possible to follow up stage I patients clinically. The various aspects which justify this "wait-and-see" strategy are discussed. Further, the question is discussed whether all patients in clinical stage I may be treated in this way, or whether specific groups at severe risk of metastatic disease at the time of orchidectomy should be excluded. PMID- 6740300 TI - [Pre- and postoperative thyroglobulin secretion into the blood in nodular goiter]. AB - Serum thyroglobulin was measured in patients with a euthyroid, preclinically hyperthyroid or toxic uni- or multinodular goiter (n = 72) prior to and/or 3-12 months following selective resection of the nodular goiter tissue. A sharp decrease in the mean and individually elevated serum thyroglobulin values was observed postoperatively, with normal or undetectable values in 92% of the patients. The pre- and postoperative thyroglobulin levels in multinodular goiter patients with hyperthyroidism, preclinical hyperthyroidism and euthyroidism were 102 +/- 79 micrograms/l vs. 10 +/- 7 micrograms/l; 77 +/- 62 micrograms/l vs. 16 +/- 22 micrograms/l; and 76 +/- 82 micrograms/1 vs. 18 +/- 26 micrograms/1 respectively. The pre- and postoperative values in uninodular goiter patients with TRH-TSH unresponsiveness and with a normal TSH response were 84 +/- 60 micrograms/l vs. 10 +/- 8 micrograms/l, and 105 +/- 115 micrograms/1 vs. less than 6 micrograms/1 respectively. Thus, the elevation of serum thyroglobulin proved to be unrelated to TRH-TSH responsiveness and to thyroid hormone secretion, but to be related to the presence of nodular goiter tissue. Follicular nodules lack normal TSH dependence with respect to goiter maintenance and growth. The results suggest that serum thyroglobulin may represent a marker of autonomous thyroid growth. PMID- 6740301 TI - [The Cardiac Arrest Team of the Vaud University Hospital]. AB - A resuscitation team has been organized in the CHUV for the purpose of immediate intervention on the scene of cardiac arrest or any other life-threatening condition. The team composition is as follows: 1 anesthesiologist, 1 internist (usually cardiologist) and 1 surgeon. The team is responsible for elaborate resuscitation of in-patients from the general wards as well as out-patients coming for examination or for diagnostic and medicotechnical procedures. The team was almost never called from the intensive care units, from the operating theatres or from the emergency ward. Organization of the CHUV in this respect includes (a) grouping the facilities in larger areas where an alarm is signalled both optically and acoustically, (b) a special priority paging system with pocket radio-receptors (beeps) which can reach all members of the team within seconds, and (c) standardized resuscitation carts strategically located in the hospital. During a period of 7 months the team's work was judged satisfactory. It is called in once every 3 days on average. PMID- 6740302 TI - [Are physicians also sick? Results of a survey carried out in French-speaking Switzerland and Tessin]. AB - The results are presented of a study among 466 physicians in French- and Italian speaking Switzerland concerning their own health. It emerged that 77.7% of the physicians had had at least one disease during the year studied; in 50% of cases the morbidity was linked to stress and emotivity. Cardiovascular pathology was significantly higher than in the average population. The results reveal striking differences between the different categories of physicians: hospital doctors had more cardiovascular diseases and fewer infectious and pulmonary diseases than physicians running a private practice. Psychiatrists have a higher morbidity rate than the average. General practitioners, psychiatrists and surgeons appear to be especially exposed to stress and emotivity. Pediatricians suffer less from this group of diseases but present a morbidity correlated with that seen in practice, suggesting transmission from patient to doctor. PMID- 6740303 TI - [A frequent problem in the laboratory control of heparinization: contamination of blood specimens with exogenous heparin]. AB - If blood for monitoring of heparin therapy is collected through indwelling catheters it may be contaminated by exogenous heparin. A prospective study comparing thrombin times in plasma obtained by venipuncture and by collection through heparin perfused catheters showed that 26 out of 77 catheter samples were contaminated. In 16 of these 26 cases, overestimation of the heparin effect would have led to incorrect dosage recommendations. It is concluded that blood for laboratory monitoring of heparin treatment should be collected by venipuncture. PMID- 6740306 TI - The amateur scientist. People listening to a bell can perceive sounds the bell does not really make. PMID- 6740304 TI - [Acute kidney failure in patients with multiple injuries]. AB - 19 patients suffering from posttraumatic acute renal failure were treated by hemodialysis at least three times a week and sometimes daily. In addition to trauma and acute renal failure (arf), all patients had various other posttraumatic complications. The overall mortality within 12 months from trauma was 84%. The high mortality rate was due mainly to the extent of injury and the occurrence of life-threatening complications, above all sepsis. Whether or not these basic problems are aggravated by arf, the overall results of the treatment call for careful establishment of the indications for these laborious and expensive therapeutic measures. PMID- 6740305 TI - [The differential diagnosis of indolent ulcers upon return from the Tropics: frambesia]. AB - A 26-year-old patient was referred for investigation of chronic skin ulcerations which had appeared 2 months after a one-week stay in the Ivory Coast. The diagnosis was established clinically and serologically and the patient was successfully treated with penicillin. Even if yaws is a rare imported disease in Switzerland, it should always be considered in differential diagnosis of painless skin ulcerations in travellers returning from tropical countries, bearing in mind that the number of cases of yaws has increased in several tropical countries. PMID- 6740307 TI - The homelessness problem. PMID- 6740308 TI - Immunotoxins. PMID- 6740310 TI - Dynamic structure of membranes by deuterium NMR. AB - Progress in our understanding of the dynamic structure of membrane lipids and proteins has recently been made possible by the advent of high-field "solid state" nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopic studies of specifically deuterium labeled systems. Major features of lipid and protein dynamics have been deduced. PMID- 6740309 TI - Larvadex and the EPA. PMID- 6740311 TI - First mRNA splicing intermediate. PMID- 6740312 TI - Studying learning in the womb. PMID- 6740313 TI - Raman spectroscopy of a coal liquid shows that fluorescence interference is minimized with ultraviolet excitation. AB - The first ultraviolet resonance Raman measurements of a coal liquid are reported. The spectra detail the presence of numerous polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons with ring systems similar to those of naphthalene, fluorene, phenanthrene, pyrene, and triphenylene . The ultraviolet resonance Raman measurements of this highly complex sample show no significant interference from fluorescence. The lack of fluorescence interference and the high selectivity indicate that ultraviolet resonance Raman spectroscopy is a powerful new technique for characterizing highly complex samples and mixtures. PMID- 6740315 TI - The ultraviolet receptor of bird retinas. AB - The eyes of 15 species of birds from 10 families have some cones maximally sensitive at 370 nanometers in the near-ultraviolet. Spectral sensitivity was measured by recording extracellularly in opened eyecups , and a maximum in the ultraviolet was revealed by selectively adapting the retina with yellow background lights. The 370-nanometer spectral sensitivity function is attributed to receptors because its spectral position does not vary with the strength of adaptation and because it is present when the receptor potentials are isolated from the contributions of higher order retinal neurons by exposing the retina to sodium aspartate. These measurements demonstrate the basis for the ultraviolet sensitivity of birds that has been seen in behavioral experiments, and they provide further evidence that many vertebrates share with insects vision in the near-ultraviolet. PMID- 6740314 TI - Adsorption to fish sperm of vertically transmitted fish viruses. AB - More than 99 percent of a vertically transmitted fish rhabdovirus, infectious hematopoietic necrosis virus, was removed from suspension in less than 1 minute by adsorption to the surface membrane of sperm from two genera of salmonid fishes. The vertically transmitted, infectious pancreatic necrosis virus adsorbed to a lesser degree, but no adsorption occurred with a second fish rhabdovirus that is not vertically transmitted. Such adsorption may be involved in vertical transmission of these viruses. PMID- 6740316 TI - GM1 ganglioside treatment facilitates behavioral recovery from bilateral brain damage. AB - Adult rats with bilateral lesions of the caudate nucleus were treated with GM1 ganglioside. Although animals injected with a control solution were severely impaired in their ability to learn a complex spatial task, those treated with ganglioside were able to learn spatial reversals. PMID- 6740317 TI - Scoliosis in chickens: responsiveness of severity and incidence to dietary copper. AB - The severity and incidence of spinal lesions were manipulated in a line of chickens susceptible to scoliosis by varying their dietary intake of copper. A decrease in expression of the lesion was related to increased intake of copper. The change in expression, however, appeared to be related only indirectly to the defects in collagen cross-linking, maturation, and deposition known to be associated with dietary copper deficiency. Thus, a dietary constituent in the range of normal intakes may act as an environmental factor in the expression of scoliosis. PMID- 6740318 TI - Cancer Advisory Board. AB - The article "Reagan seeks expansion of Soviet ties" by R. Jeffrey Smith (News and Comment, 13 July, p. 145) erroneously stated that the U.S. Senate had passed a resolution calling for a U.S.-Soviet summit "without preconditions or assurances of success." Shortly before midnight on 19 June, the resolution was amended to call for a summit at "the earliest practical time following thorough preparation." It was approved in this form. PMID- 6740319 TI - Comparative neuroscience holds promise for quiet revolutions. AB - The brain has diversified and advanced in evolution more than any other organ; the variety of nervous systems and behaviors among animal species is thus available for our exploitation. Comparative neuroscience is likely to reach insights so novel as to constitute revolutions in understanding the structure, functions, ontogeny, and evolution of nervous systems. This promise requires pursuit on a wide front, in respect to disciplines and in respect to the species, stages, and states compared. It also requires deliberate concentration on the differences among animals, in addition to the prevailing concern for the basic and common. Neglect of these challenges would be costly. Without due consideration of the neural and behavioral correlates of differences between higher taxa and between closely related families, species, sexes, and stages, we cannot expect to understand our nervous systems or ourselves. PMID- 6740320 TI - Endogenous ionic currents traverse intact and damaged bone. AB - Living bone drives an electric current through itself and into sites of damage. Such "fracture currents" consist of two components: an intense, decaying current dependent on bone deformation and a stable, persistent current driven by a cellular battery. The latter is carried by chloride ions and, to a lesser extent, by sodium, magnesium, and calcium ions. Endogenous fracture currents are of the same polarity and similar magnitude as clinically applied currents that are successful in treating chronic nonunions in fractured bones. This suggests that the defect in biological nonunions may reside in the electrophysiology of repair. PMID- 6740322 TI - New York primate lab seeks help from Congress. PMID- 6740321 TI - EPA data base in turmoil. PMID- 6740323 TI - Senate wants Academy to assess medical technology. PMID- 6740324 TI - Increased numbers of thoracic dorsal root axons in rats given antibodies to nerve growth factor. AB - Sensory axons were counted in untreated 1-month-old rats and in littermates that were injected with antibodies to nerve growth factor. There were 45 percent more unmyelinated and 17 percent more myelinated axons in dorsal roots of the fifth thoracic spinal segment in treated rats. This suggests that the number of sensory axons can be changed by postnatal inactivation of nerve growth factor. PMID- 6740326 TI - OSHA rule is curbed by budget office. PMID- 6740325 TI - Interaction between perceived self-motion and object-motion impairs vehicle guidance. AB - When one is riding in a vehicle, perceptual thresholds for motion of objects are significantly elevated above those determined under corresponding but simulated conditions in the laboratory without concurrent self-motion perception. Authorities on road traffic accidents should thus consider an additional perceptual time of at least 300 milliseconds for detecting critical changes in headway beyond the usual reaction time. Detection times thus corrected consequently lead to an alteration of our conception of safe intervehicle distances in a convoy. This elevation of thresholds for object-motion during self motion, with its consequences for visual control of vehicle guidance, can be seen as a disadvantageous side effect of an otherwise beneficial space-constancy mechanism, which provides us with a stable world during locomotion. PMID- 6740327 TI - Test-tube embryology in the dock. PMID- 6740328 TI - 4-Nonylphenol in sewage sludge: accumulation of toxic metabolites from nonionic surfactants. AB - Anaerobically treated sewage sludge was found to contain extraordinarily high concentrations of 4-nonylphenol, a metabolite derived from nonionic surfactants of the nonylphenol polyethoxylate type. Concentrations in activated sewage sludge, in mixed primary and secondary sludge, and in aerobically stabilized sludge were substantially lower, suggesting that the formation of 4-nonylphenol is favored under mesophilic anaerobic conditions. Because 4-nonylphenol may be highly toxic to aquatic life, further research is needed on the fate of 4 nonylphenol after sludge is disposed of in the environment. PMID- 6740329 TI - Characterization and localization of proopiomelanocortin messenger RNA in the adult rat testis. AB - Northern blot analysis of total RNA and polyadenylated RNA isolated from adult rat testes showed that a proopiomelanocortin (POMC)-like messenger RNA molecule is present in these extracts. The testicular POMC messenger RNA is comparable in length to amygdala and midbrain POMC messenger RNA and appears to be at least 200 nucleotides shorter than POMC messenger RNA found in the hypothalamus and anterior and intermediate lobes of the pituitary gland. Hybridization in situ showed that POMC messenger RNA is located in Leydig cells, which are the only testicular cells that contain immunostainable POMC-derived peptides. These results suggest that local synthesis of POMC occurs in the testis. PMID- 6740330 TI - Transforming potential of human c-sis nucleotide sequences encoding platelet derived growth factor. AB - The nucleotide sequence of a transforming human c-sis complementary DNA shows an open reading frame 723 base pairs in length located downstream from an in-phase terminator thymine-guanine-adenine codon. Sequences within this region were identical to those previously determined for the exons of the normal human c-sis gene. Thus, the predicted transforming product, a protein of 27,281 daltons, may be the actual precursor for normal human platelet-derived growth factor chain A. PMID- 6740331 TI - Independent developmental programs for two estrogen-regulated genes. AB - Measurement of hepatic apolipoprotein II and vitellogenin II messenger RNA during chicken embryogenesis showed that these genes acquire estrogen responsiveness at different stages of development. Sensitive solution hybridization assays with excess complementary DNA showed that apolipoprotein II transcripts were induced to 500 molecules per cell at day 9, whereas induction of vitellogenin II messenger RNA was not found until day 11. Thus, two estrogen regulated genes of common function and coordinately regulated in the adult may be on independent developmental programs. PMID- 6740333 TI - An activated rasN gene: detected in late but not early passage human PA1 teratocarcinoma cells. AB - Early passages of the human teratocarcinoma cell line PA1 are not tumorigenic in nude mice, while late passages are. A transforming gene present in late passages of PA1 cells was isolated as a biologically active molecular clone and is a new isolate of the human rasN locus. Its transforming activity is due to a single G-- A (G, guanine; A, adenine) point mutation at the codon for amino acid 12 which changes the codon for glycine so that an aspartic acid residue is expressed. In contrast to late passage PA1 cells (passages 106, 330, and 338), DNA from the PA1 cell line at early passages (passage 36) does not yield rasN foci in DNA transfection assays. Thus, the presence of an activated rasN in PA1 cells correlates with enhanced tumorigenicity of the cell line and, more importantly, may have arisen during cell culture in vitro. PMID- 6740332 TI - Calcium source for excitation-contraction coupling in myocardium of nonhibernating and hibernating chipmunks. AB - The amplitude of the early plateau phase of the action potential and the slow action potential of cardiac muscle were much lower in hibernating chipmunks than in nonhibernating chipmunks. The frequency-dependent contraction was decreased in hibernating animals but increased in nonhibernating animals. Caffeine caused a negative inotropic effect in hibernating animals but a positive inotropic effect in nonhibernating animals. Ryanodine caused greater inhibition in hibernating animals than in nonhibernating animals. These results suggest that the respective roles of the sources of calcium for cardiac excitation-contraction coupling are changed during hibernation. PMID- 6740334 TI - Fetal compensatory responses to reduced oxygen delivery. AB - I have described how various maternal and fetal conditions can affect fetal oxygen delivery. It is clear from much of the recent experimental evidence that fetal oxidative metabolism can be sustained despite reductions in fetal O2 delivery of 40-50%. As long as fetal oxygen reserves are not depleted, fetal metabolic functions will continue aerobically, even though fetal hypoxemia is present. As O2 reserves are exhausted in some tissues, fetal hypoxemia will be associated with tissue hypoxia, the net result of which will be anaerobic metabolism, lactic acidosis, and tissue death. Whether a fetus is adequately oxygenated or not is a function of the quantity of oxygen reserve available. A fetus with a substantial oxygen reserve can compensate fully for most interferences in its oxygen supply and can maintain oxidative metabolism under a variety of conditions. In contrast, a fetus with minimal oxygen reserves will not tolerate even the mildest degree of O2 deficiency without developing tissue hypoxia or even death in utero. The quantity of O2 delivered to the fetus, rather than the specific condition that may be adversely affecting O2 delivery, is the important determinant of the adequacy of fetal oxygenation. PMID- 6740336 TI - Health and health care in Australasia. PMID- 6740335 TI - Community orientated treatment compared to psychiatric hospital orientated treatment. AB - One hundred and twenty patients presenting for admission to a state psychiatric hospital were randomly allocated into two groups. Control patients received standard hospital care and after-care. Experimental patients were not admitted if this could be avoided; instead they and their relatives were provided with comprehensive community treatment and a 24-hour crisis service. Patients with a primary diagnosis of alcohol or drug dependence, organic brain disorder or mental retardation were excluded. Most patients were suffering from psychotic disorders- more than half specifically from schizophrenia. During the 12 months study period 96% of the control patients were admitted--51% more than once. Of the experimental patients 60% were not admitted at all and only 8% were admitted more than once. Control patients spent an average of 53.5 days in psychiatric hospital, experimental patients spent an average of 8.4 days. Community treatment did not increase the burden upon the community, was considered to be significantly more satisfactory and helpful by patients and their relatives, achieved a clinically superior outcome, and cost less than standard care and after-care. The ingredients differentiating comprehensive community-based care from prevailing methods of psychiatric care are discussed. PMID- 6740337 TI - Australia's environment and its influences on health. AB - While the Australian geographic environment is essentially benign, we have had a history of imported infectious diseases which requires continual surveillance to avoid recurring in this age of high international mobility. Urbanisation and an ageing population provide what is now a common picture of health care problems found in most Western societies. There is renewed emphasis on environmental health policy making and the development of stronger strategies of health conservation in the workplace. Many of these efforts have to cope with the difficult legislative arrangements relating to Federal and State jurisdictions. PMID- 6740338 TI - The social distribution of illness: is Australia more equal? AB - The relationship between socioeconomic status and ill health has challenged researchers and health practitioners for many years. This paper outlines the way several basic measures of morbidity are related to occupation, income and education, with brief attention to class gradients in mortality and service utilization. The international literature contains many studies showing an inverse gradient in health by social standing: people who are socially and economically well off typically enjoy good health as well. Data from a recent health survey conducted in New South Wales, Australia do not confirm the British findings when occupational categories are studied, but when other measures of status are substituted for the crude occupation categories, a number of patterns appear. Income is significantly associated with the probability of chronic illness among middle-aged men and women, and among women over 65. The predicted pattern is also evident for recent illness among young men and for consulting among elderly respondents, but these associations are not statistically significant. Except among the elderly, better educated men and women are healthier than those with less education on most morbidity measures. The parallels and discrepancies between these findings from an Australian sample and overseas studies raise important research and policy questions. PMID- 6740339 TI - Health patterns in New Zealand: class, ethnicity and the impact of economic development. AB - In the broad sweep the experience of New Zealand in health trends and patterns is similar to that of other advanced industrial societies, yet there are some important differences that draw on the country's colonial past and, more particularly, on its location in the South Pacific. Of special note is the historical experience of the indigenous Polynesian minority--the Maori--in their passage through the demographic transition to their current position in the modern urban environment. It is this dual phase of development--industrialisation for the European majority, 'westernisation' for the Polynesians--that provides the special interest of the New Zealand setting, particularly in the analysis of class and ethnicity in the shaping of health patterns. PMID- 6740340 TI - Changing patterns of migration to Australia and their influence on the health of migrants. AB - Whilst before World War II migration to Australia was almost entirely from the British Isles, over 60% of post-War II migrants came from other countries other than Britain. They arrived in Australia in distinct waves: Eastern European refugees were followed by migrants from Western Europe, who were later replaced by migrants from the Mediterranean Basin and finally by Asians, initially from the Indian subcontinent, afterwards from Lebanon and most recently from Indo China. These patterns of migration were changing the numerical size, age distribution and length of residence in Australia of the different ethnic groups. The paper describes the influence of these changes on physical and mental health of the migrants. Physical morbidity was related to 'imported diseases', to the different physical and social environment and to differences and changes in eating and other habits. Psychiatric disorders were associated with traumatic experiences encountered prior to migration, and with stresses of migration and adjustment to the new country. Thus, in evaluating the health of immigrants, one has to take into account the sources from which the migrants were drawn, their situation in the host society, their numerical growth and age distribution, as well as acculturation to the country settlement. PMID- 6740341 TI - Australian Aboriginal health and health-care. AB - The health status of Australia's Aborigines is far inferior to that of non Aboriginal Australians. The factors underlying this low standard of health are complex, but relate to the gross social inequality experienced by Aborigines, even today. The social inequality, characterised by extreme socioeconomic deprivation and relative powerlessness, is the end result of the European occupation of Australia, which caused Aboriginal depopulation and dispossession. Since the early 1970s a number of special programs have attempted to overcome the health inequalities of Aborigines, but have really met with only limited success. This limited success is explicable in terms of the gross social inequalities experienced by Aborigines. Alleviation of Aboriginal ill-health requiries integrated comprehensive programs, with continued support, at least in the medium term, of special Aboriginal health programs. PMID- 6740342 TI - The cost of health care and health insurance in Australia: some problems associated with the fee-for-service system. AB - This paper reviews the health care system and the supporting health insurance framework in Australia. The importance of the health insurance mechanism is stressed in relation to the maintenance and growth of private fee-for-service medicine. The Medical Benefits Schedule, which is the negotiated basis for medical fees under insurance, is examined for the logic implicit in the fee structure. The high rewards for procedural medicine relative to consulting are suggested as part of the basis of the rapid growth in hospital admissions. It is also argued that the refund schedule has helped to determine the nature of the medical specialist manpower pool. Other problems associated with the complex nature of the refund schedule, such as fraud and wasteful over-servicing, are identified and discussed. It is asserted that the health insurance system and refund schedule are partly determining the nature of medical service provision and inducing inequities in the financing and delivery of medical care in Australia. PMID- 6740343 TI - Equity, access and resource allocation: planning hospital services in New Zealand. AB - The desire to limit the growth of expenditure in the Western world has seen increased attempts to reallocate resources in the name of equity and efficiency. This paper reviews recent moves in New Zealand to achieve an equitable financing and distribution of hospital resources. While a more equal distribution of resources is likely to result from the recent reforms, redistributive policies of the type being implemented in New Zealand, which leave the basic structure of the health care system intact, may have only a marginal impact on improvements in access to care and health status. PMID- 6740344 TI - Rural psychiatric services in western Australia. AB - The literature pertinent to the delivery of psychiatric services to rural areas is briefly surveyed. Existing rural psychiatric services in Western Australia, the largest State in Australia and a vast sparsely populated area, are described. These services are currently only of a rudimentary nature. Lack of appropriate professional staff is the major factor inhibiting further development of the services. Possible alternative models for the future are described. Flexibility and diversity of services to meet local conditions and staff availability are advocated. PMID- 6740346 TI - Health as the outcome of medical care. PMID- 6740345 TI - Condition, orientation, role or false consciousness? Models of homosexuality and transsexualism. PMID- 6740347 TI - Use of a new generation ophthalmoscope. AB - A new optical configuration for an ophthalmoscope is a hybrid of the present direct and indirect instruments, combining the strengths of both to increase overall efficiency. Cross polarization is used as a means of reducing glare and increasing clarity of detail. A fiberoptic light source increases light intensity, but reduces heat, weight, and inconvenience. These characteristics result in a self-contained, handheld indirect instrument. This ophthalmoscope is mechanically aligned and therefore easy to use. Both ophthalmologist and nonophthalmologist may find this instrument of benefit in ocular examinations. PMID- 6740348 TI - Five-year evaluation of reconstructive tympanoplasty using a goblet prosthesis. AB - This article reviews tympanoplasty using a stainless steel goblet alloplastic prosthesis with a repositioned incus and presents a five-year follow-up report on 51 patients who had this kind of ossicular chain reconstruction. The five-year evaluation shows a better than average success rate compared with other allographic and alloplastic materials. PMID- 6740349 TI - Acute rheumatic fever in north Florida. AB - Because of the declining incidence and severity of acute rheumatic fever reported in the United States and Europe, we reviewed our clinical experiences with 128 cases of acute rheumatic fever. No decline in the rate of admissions for patients with rheumatic fever was found in our hospital. The most common major manifestation of rheumatic fever in our patients was carditis, followed by arthritis. Chorea, erythema marginatum, and subcutaneous nodules were rare. Carditis was severe in 26% of the patients, moderate in 27%, and mild in 47%. A high percentage of our patients had residual cardiac lesions, and the mortality was higher than what has been reported in the rest of the country. We conclude that primary prevention of rheumatic fever in areas like ours should be continued. PMID- 6740350 TI - Vitamin D metabolism and anticonvulsant therapy: effect of sunshine on incidence of osteomalacia. AB - To study the association between anticonvulsant therapy and osteomalacia or rickets, we evaluated 450 epileptic patients receiving anticonvulsants and residing in an institution for the mentally retarded in Florida. Fifty-five of them with increased mean serum alkaline phosphatase and mildly depressed mean serum calcium levels were identified as being at risk for having osteomalacia. None of them, however, had low serum levels of vitamin D (25[OH]D) or radiologic evidence of osteomalacia or rickets. In contrast to reports from northern climates, we found minimal evidence of anticonvulsant-induced bone disease. The study suggests that exposure to sunshine in our patients probably prevented the development of anticonvulsant-induced osteomalacia or rickets. PMID- 6740351 TI - Diagnosing myocardial infarction with a radioimmunoassay for the B-monomer of the creatine phosphokinase isoenzymes. AB - A diagnosis of myocardial infarction (MI) is usually established by the evaluation of clinical symptoms, electrocardiographic changes, and serum enzyme levels, specifically creatine phosphokinase, subunit MB (CK-MB), by electrophoresis. A total of 215 patients were evaluated in this study. One hundred two of them were admitted to the coronary care unit and 113 to the emergency room, where they were screened for possible MIs. The radioimmunoassay (RIA) used in this study determines levels of the CK-MB isoenzyme by detecting the B monomer, which also has 100% cross-reactivity with the CK-BB isoenzyme. The intra-assay coefficients of variability (CVs) for 30 samples were 22% (means = 7.0 ng/ml) and 11% (means = 47.3 ng/ml), and the interassay CVs for 30 samples were 17% (means = 7.1 ng/ml) and 9.2% (means = 49.3 ng/ml). Of the 215 patients evaluated, 21 had myocardial infarction by the criteria in the study. The diagnostic sensitivity, specificity, and accuracy were 100.0%, 92.8%, and 93.5% respectively. These values increased to 100.0%, 96.9%, and 97.2% when only coronary care unit patients were considered. The CK-MB RIA was found to be a reliable replacement for electrophoresis, but it was nonspecific in some patients. PMID- 6740352 TI - Arsenic: homicidal intoxication. AB - Arsenic-induced deaths have been known to occur from accidental poisoning, as a result of medical therapy, and from intentional poisonings in homicide and suicide. Twenty-eight arsenic deaths in North Carolina from 1972 to 1982 included 14 homicides and seven suicides. In addition, 56 hospitalized victims of arsenic poisoning were identified at Duke Medical Center from 1970 to 1980. We present four case histories of arsenic poisoning in North Carolina and discuss the clinical manifestations. PMID- 6740353 TI - Michigan Alcoholism Screening Test to diagnose early alcoholism in a general practice. AB - General medical patients can be easily screened for alcohol dependence on a routine basis. The Michigan Alcoholism Screening Test (MAST) is a 24-item yes-no questionnaire concerning alcohol-related behavior. When it was included in the history self-administered to new patients in an internal medicine faculty resident outpatient practice, it uncovered unsuspected alcohol dependence. The combined questionnaire (health history plus MAST) was given to 351 consecutive new outpatients. Thirteen (4%) were found to have positive MAST scores (greater than 7), indicating alcohol dependence. Nine patients were in the mild dependence range (7 to 20), two in the moderate range (20 to 30), and two in the severe range (30 to 53). All patients with significant MAST scores had complaints related to active drinking. The MAST score directed the physicians' therapeutic efforts in nine of 13 patients; in four the significant MAST score was ignored. The MAST is useful to detect unsuspected alcohol dependence in office practice. When used by faculty and residents trained in recognizing alcohol-related behavior, the test will properly direct therapeutic and rehabilitative efforts for those patients with the primary diagnosis of alcohol dependence. PMID- 6740354 TI - Xeromammographic screening: is it helping? AB - We have reviewed our experience with xeromammography over a five-year period in a setting where there is no protocol for mammographic screening. Only 8.9% of breast carcinomas were found by xeromammography alone, a ratio substantially smaller than that found in large screening programs. While 80% of the occult carcinomas were localized, only 47% of women with palpable disease had localized tumors. It appears that screening mammography is underused, and that more localized tumors would be detected if more mammograms were ordered. PMID- 6740355 TI - Operative and conservative treatment of tubo-ovarian abscess due to pelvic inflammatory disease. AB - Of 83 patients with tubo-ovarian abscess studied retrospectively, 18 were treated within 24 hours of admission with total abdominal hysterectomy and bilateral salpingoo-ophorectomy. The other 65 patients were treated conservatively. In six patients, conservative therapy proved an immediate failure, and 14 patients had delayed failure. Thirty-nine patients were successfully treated conservatively, and six were lost to follow-up. We examined the length of hospital stay in the surgically treated group and the conservatively treated group. Immediate operation and delayed operation were examined in terms of mortality, morbidity, and hospital stay. Conservative therapy consisting of broad spectrum antibiotics combined with conservative operation when applicable is an effective method of treating unruptured tubo-ovarian abscess. PMID- 6740356 TI - Antibiotic prophylaxis in surgery: improvement after a multihospital educational program. AB - The use of antibiotic prophylaxis in surgical patients was evaluated in studies before and after an educational program designed to improve the appropriateness of surgical prophylaxis. The first study included 1,021 patients hospitalized in 27 institutions. The repeat study involved 949 patients hospitalized in 24 of these 27 hospitals. After the educational campaign, there was no change in the proportion of patients who received antibiotic prophylaxis for clean operative procedures. However, the proportion of patients in whom antibiotic prophylaxis was initiated within four hours of skin incision (41% vs 65%, P less than .001), the mean duration of of antibiotic prophylaxis (2.5 days vs 3.4 days, P less than .01), and the proportion of patients who met both of these study criteria (31% vs 53%, P less than .001) all had significantly improved. Multihospital educational programs may, at relatively low cost, result in modification of physicians' antibiotic prescribing. PMID- 6740357 TI - Ionizing radiation for treatment of benign conditions. AB - Ionizing radiation has been used much more frequently in the past than at the present in the treatment of benign conditions. As progress continued in the medical sciences, the use of radiotherapy narrowed considerably due to better understanding of the nature of ionizing radiation and its potential complications. Other agents have replaced ionizing radiation in some areas, but there are still conditions that benefit from this treatment. This article reviews the basic principles that should be observed in treating benign conditions with radiotherapy. PMID- 6740358 TI - Sexual child abuse: economic, psychosocial, ethical, preventive, and medical aspects. PMID- 6740360 TI - Medullary sponge kidney presenting as polycystic renal disease. AB - We observed a 30-year-old woman in whom a large mass in the right lower quadrant and bilaterally enlarged cystic kidneys with markedly distorted collecting systems by excretory urography suggested a diagnosis of polycystic renal disease (PRD); but the linear and cystic dilatation of collecting tubules, many of which contained numerous calculi, was typical of medullary sponge kidney (MSK). Arteriography and CT scanning clearly showed that both the calcifications and the cysts were confined to the medullary portions. The cortical layer was entirely free of cysts except where large medullary cysts protruded to the surface. In patients in whom MSK imitates PRD, these conditions can be distinguished by CT scanning and arteriography. PMID- 6740359 TI - Epicranial arachnoid cyst. AB - We have reported a case of epicranial arachnoid cyst, a developmental abnormality that occurs at the obelion, and have reviewed characteristic clinical and radiologic features that facilitate diagnosis. PMID- 6740361 TI - Abnormal lactate dehydrogenase isoenzyme pattern in a critically ill patient. AB - We have described a patient who had an abnormal isoenzyme of lactate dehydrogenase in both serum and tissue. The presence of LD6 is indicative of a poor prognosis. Some of the biochemical characteristics of the isoenzyme are (1) LD6 is not an artifact, (2) it contains an M subunit but not an H subunit, and (3) it is not an immunoglobulin complex. We believe LD6 may arise during episodes of severe shock as lysosomes rupture and is either a previously sequestered lysosomal LD or is a lysosomal modification of LD5. PMID- 6740362 TI - Campylobacter septic abortion. AB - We have reported a case of a septic abortion caused by Campylobacter fetus ssp jejuni. This organism is best known for producing diarrhea, but is now being linked with more serious diseases, including pregnancy wastage. PMID- 6740363 TI - Acute anuria and hypertension after left renal vein ligation: reversal after decompression of renal venous system. AB - Ligation of the renal vein in a patient with a solitary left kidney resulted in acute anuria and hypertension. These conditions were reversed by decompressing the renal venous system through anastomosis of the end of the left renal vein to the side of the splenic vein. After the anastomosis there was a decrease in renal size, a prompt diuresis, and a return of blood pressure to normal. Four months later, computerized tomography of the abdomen showed dilated renal and splenic veins and a slightly enlarged kidney; renal function was stable and the blood pressure was within normal limits. PMID- 6740364 TI - Inability to remove an aspirated straight pin by flexible fiberoptic bronchoscopy. AB - The patient we have described had severe hemoptysis caused by an aspirated straight pin, with subsequent tissue reaction. Foreign bodies can be successfully removed with the flexible fiberoptic bronchoscope, and they should be removed even if the patient is asymptomatic. PMID- 6740365 TI - Kaposi's sarcoma associated with multiple myeloma. AB - I have described a patient with multiple myeloma in whom Kaposi's sarcoma of the skin developed during treatment with an alkylating agent. The association of a plasma cell dyscrasia, such as multiple myeloma, and Kaposi's sarcoma is uncommon. The possible role of angiogenesis in deranged immunologic responses is addressed. PMID- 6740366 TI - Marine Vibrio sepsis manifesting as necrotizing fasciitis. PMID- 6740367 TI - Infections of the heart complicating acute myocardial infarction. AB - Purulent pericarditis is a serious but uncommon disorder which rarely complicates acute myocardial infarction. We have described a patient who had fatal purulent pericarditis subsequent to Swan-Ganz catheterization, which was done to facilitate the management of left ventricular failure complicating acute myocardial infarction. Although rare, purulent pericarditis should be considered in the differential diagnosis of otherwise unexplained sepsis associated with myocardial infarction. The presence of a pericardial effusion may rapidly be confirmed by echocardiography, and diagnostic pericardiocentesis undertaken. PMID- 6740368 TI - Hepatitis associated with pemoline. PMID- 6740369 TI - Excessive phenylpropanolamine ingestion followed by subarachnoid hemorrhage. PMID- 6740370 TI - Insecticide susceptibility studies of three cryptic species of the Anopheles balabacensis complex. AB - Susceptibilities of two colonies of the taxon An. dirus (one from Perlis and from Thailand) and one colony of An. balabacensis from Sabah to DDT, dieldrin, malathion, fenitrothion and propoxur were determined. DDT and fenitrothion tolerance was found in An. dirus species B and An. balabacensis. No resistant strain was isolated as the two colonies were not either homozygous or nearly so for resistance. Field testing of the susceptibility of the adults of An. balabacensis to DDT was carried out between 1957 to 1976. The results indicated a progressive rise in the LC50 levels greater than 1% in almost all instance. The variation in the number of sprays applied in some districts have resulted in varying sensitivities. Association between the changes in levels of DDT susceptibility and exophilic habit of An. balabacensis has been observed but needs further confirmation. The significance of these findings and the difficulties in distinguishing tolerant from truly resistant individuals are discussed in relation to accurate species identification. PMID- 6740371 TI - G-6-PD deficiency in the Pootai and the So communities in northeast Thailand. AB - The distribution of G-6-PD deficiency amongst two ethnic groups the Pootai and the So in northeast Thailand were studied. The prevalence of G-6-PD deficiency amongst the Pootai males was 9.7% while that amongst the So males was only 2.3%. PMID- 6740372 TI - Prioderm lotion in the treatment of scabies. AB - Prioderm lotion, given in one single topical application, proved to be an effective and safe drug for the treatment of scabies in most cases. PMID- 6740373 TI - Sporozoite-induced Plasmodium cynomolgi infections in captive born Macaca fascicularis. AB - Capability of captive born cynomolgus monkeys to substitute for rhesus in the Plasmodium cynomolgi radical curative antimalarial drug development model was examined. Eighteen monkeys divided into 3 groups were given standard or high doses of sporozoites intravenously. One group of 4 received 0.8 - 1.6 X 10(6) and a second group of 8 received 0.3 - 1.0 X 10(7) sporozoites. The third group of 6 was splenectomized and then received 3.0 - 4.0 X 10(6). The 2 groups of intact monkeys developed a persistent low level parasitemia; however, gametocyte production was poor. The splenectomized group developed a persistent parasitemia with a higher mean, which more closely resembled rhesus parasitemias. A high, post-patent leukocytosis consisting primarily of lymphocytes was observed in this group. Good gametocyte production resulted in the splenectomized group and oocysts were produced from all lots of Anopheles dirus which fed on them. Following clearance of blood forms, relapse potential was demonstrated in the 2 splenectomized monkeys tested. In this study the splenectomized captive born cynomolgus appeared to be capable of supplementing rhesus as an antimalarial drug testing model. PMID- 6740374 TI - Radiological findings in pulmonary paragonimiasis heterotremus. AB - The routine chest roentgenogram of pulmonary paragonimiasis heterotremus were evaluated in 93 Thai and Laotian patients. They were 44 males and 49 females; the ages ranged from 12 to 79 years; the history of illness ranged from 4 months to 14 years and the egg output per day was 400 to 300,000. Twelve patients, 12.9% had normal roentgenologic films and 81 patients (87.1%) had abnormalities with 316 lesions; 22.2% had one lesion and 77.7% had multiple lesions. The common lesions were cystic formation, multiple or single and linear infiltration. Both lower lobes of the lungs and the left upper lobe were the common sites but any part of the lung may be affected. There were correlation between the duration of illness, number of eggs output per day and the extent of the lesions. The longer the duration of illness or the higher number of eggs output per day the more extensive lesions in the X-ray films have been observed. PMID- 6740375 TI - Investigation of the haemolytic effects of Ancylostoma ceylanicum: observations on infected dogs in vivo and human and dog blood in vitro. AB - Investigations into the probable role of haemolysins in the causation of hookworm anaemia have been undertaken in living infected dogs. Secondly, the effects of living hookworms and various worm products on erythrocytes in vitro have been assessed. In dogs infected with varying numbers of A. ceylanicum, severe microcytic anaemia developed in the most heavily infected animals six weeks after infection. Erythrocytes from the latter animals showed significantly greater autohaemolysis in the presence of added glucose. When serum bilirubin and methaemalbumin, plasma haemoglobin, urinary urobilinogin and osmotic fragility of their red cells were measured, however, no evidence of haemolysis was detected. Erythrocytes from these animals appeared normal under scanning electron microscopy. In in vitro studies varying concentrations of adult worm extract had no effect on the haemolysis of either dog or human erythrocytes in the presence or absence of glucose nor on their mechanical fragility. There was no increase in 51Cr release from dog or human labelled red cells when incubated with either adult worm extract or excretory/secretory products of worms. Living adult worms caused an increase in 51Cr release from human but not dog labelled erythrocytes. Thus, the role of haemolysins in the genesis of hookworm anaemia is minimal. PMID- 6740376 TI - Comparative susceptibility of two strains of Anopheles barbirostris Van Der Wulp 1884 (Diptera: Culicidae) to infection with Brugia malayi. PMID- 6740377 TI - Dinobdella ferox (Annelida: Hirudinea) infestation of the naso-pharynx. PMID- 6740378 TI - Atypical lymphocyte in dengue hemorrhagic fever: its value in diagnosis. AB - Simple peripheral and buffy coat smear were studied in 40 serological confirmed dengue hemorrhagic fever patients, and in other patients with viral and bacterial infections. Atypical lymphocytosis was found in majority of dengue hemorrhagic fever both associated with secondary and also in dengue fever with primary infection as compared to other infections. The time course relationship of atypical lymphocytosis, platelet and hematocrit level were discussed, concerning their value as diagnostic and prognostic criteria in dengue hemorrhagic fever. PMID- 6740379 TI - The 1982 dengue epidemic in Malaysia: epidemiological, serological and virological aspects. AB - In 1982, Malaysia experienced the worst dengue/dengue haemorrhagic fever outbreak in its history. All states in Peninsular and East Malaysia were similarly affected. There was a total of 3,005 cases with 35 deaths, with the majority of cases occurring between the months of July to October. There was a total of 1,001 laboratory confirmed cases. Most of the cases were in patients over the age of 15 years. The Chinese population was mainly affected, although a much higher proportion of Malays was noted in comparison to previous years. The main serotypes involved were dengue-1 and dengue-3. No dengue-4 serotype were isolated. PMID- 6740380 TI - Counterimmunoelectrophoresis in the rapid diagnosis of bacterial meningitis. AB - Cerebrospinal fluid from patients with clinically diagnosed meningitis was tested for meningococcal, pneumococcal, streptococcal Group B and Haemophilus influenzae antigens by counterimmunoelectrophoresis. Antigens were rapidly identified and the results compared favourably with that of bacteriological culture. In the case of pneumococcal meningitis counterimmunoelectrophoresis proved to be more sensitive than culture. The procedure was shown to be sensitive, specific, rapid and easily performed. PMID- 6740381 TI - Infection rates of respiratory syncytial virus in pediatric patients attending Phra Mongkutklao Hospital, Bangkok. AB - Respiratory syncytial virus (RSV) and other pathogens were isolated from nasopharyngeal secretions from 200 pediatric patients attending the Out Patient Department of Phra Mongkutklao Hospital with symptoms of upper respiratory tract infections. Their sera were also taken for determination of class specific immunoglobulin antibody titers. The positive isolation rates were 36% for RSV, 5.5% for adenovirus 1.5% for herpes simplex virus (HSV), and 4% for Staphylococcus aureus. One to 5.5% of these patients had mixed infection. Ninety five percent of patients with positive RSV isolations had IgM antibody which was found only in 30.7% in patients with negative RSV isolations. This result indicated that RSV was likely to be the most common pathogen responsible for the upper respiratory tract infections in children in Bangkok during the rainy season. PMID- 6740382 TI - Characterization and distribution of the cell-bound haemagglutinins produced by Vibrio cholerae. AB - The two biotypes of Vibrio cholerae were found to produce two distinct cell-bound haemagglutinins (HAs). El Tor vibrios, most of their nonmotile mutants and nonpathogenic El Tor strains produced a mannose-sensitive cell-bound HA constitutively under all growth conditions examined. Some classical vibrios, their nonmotile mutants and antigenically rough mutants of classical strains produced a fucose-sensitive cell-bound HA continually. Other classical vibrios produced neither cell-bound HA nor a fucose-sensitive cell-bound HA transiently. PMID- 6740383 TI - Plasma level of diethylcarbamazine in jirds and hamsters. AB - The relation between the dosage and plasma level of diethylcarbamazine (DEC) in jirds and hamsters was examined by gas-liquid chromatography. When the drug was given intraperitoneally to jirds at 100 mg/kg body weight, the plasma level rose rapidly and reached the maximum level (20-25 micrograms/ml) at 10 minutes and afterwards fell quickly to undetectable level at 4 hours. Even if larger dosage (300 mg/kg) was given, DEC was eliminated completely from the blood circulation within 8 hours. When the same dosages of DEC were given intraperitoneally, the DEC levels remained 2-4 hours longer in the blood of hamsters than in the blood of jirds. DEC given by stomach intubation at 100 mg/kg remained detectable much longer in hamsters (8 hrs) than in jirds (2 hrs). A repeated doses schedule did not show a tendency for the drug to accumulate. DEC was excreted in the urine and feces, but the total amount of drug excreted without metabolic changes was only about 8% of the given dosage. The majority of unmetabolized DEC was excreted in the urine within 0-12 hours. PMID- 6740384 TI - Susceptibility of snail vectors to Oriental anthropophilic Schistosoma. AB - Laboratory experiments were carried out to study the susceptibility of snail vectors to Oriental anthropophilic Schistosoma. Oncomelania hupensis hupensis was readily infected with the local strain of Schistosoma japonicum (Chinese strain), and also infected with S. japonicum (Philippines strain). O.h. quadrasi was only susceptible to its S. japonicum (Philippines strain). The Oncomelania races were refractory to S. mekongi, S. japonicum-like species (Malaysian strain). Tricula aperta (beta race) was readily infected with S. mekongi, S. sinensium and S. japonicum-like species from Malaysia, but not S. japonicum. T. bollingi was susceptible to S. sinensium and S. mekongi. Robertsiella kaporensis was only susceptible to the local strain, S. japonicum-like species from Malaysia. Geographical isolation may be the cause of these differences in compatibility between the snail vectors and the schistosome parasites. PMID- 6740385 TI - Alterations of the surface tegument of Opisthorchis viverrini exposed to praziquantel in vitro and in vivo. AB - The in vitro and in vivo effects of praziquantel on the ultrastructural surface of Opisthorchis viverrini were investigated using scanning electronmicroscopy. For the in vitro study, adult flukes were collected from experimentally infected hamsters, and were incubated for various time intervals at 37 degrees C in Earle's basal medium containing praziquantel at final concentrations of 0.01-100 micrograms/ml. For the in vivo study, flukes were collected from the biliary system of experimentally infected hamsters that had been treated 4 hours previously with 350 mg of praziquantel per kg body weight (mg/kg). Flukes were also obtained from the feces of a patient with opisthorchiasis who had been given praziquantel once at a dose of 40 mg/kg 4-6 hours previously and from the bile of a patient at the time of operation 24 hours after praziquantel treatment. Scanning electronmicroscopic analyses of the surface teguments of flukes exposed to praziquantel either in vitro or in vivo showed similar changes. Tegumental bubbles of different sizes appeared on the surface; they later ruptured and resulted in the formation of crater-like lesions. These lesions might be so extensive as to result in the peeling of the entire areas. On occasions, "micronodules" appeared later in these areas and those at the periphery of the lesions; these micronodules may represent an attempt by the worm to regenerate new tegument. The possibility that these ultrastructural changes may represent a generalized response of the tegumental surface to an obnoxious agent was discussed. PMID- 6740386 TI - [Surgical treatment of stomach and duodenal ulcers in middle-aged and elderly patients]. PMID- 6740387 TI - [Characteristics of mucoviscidosis in adults]. PMID- 6740388 TI - [Hypoxic brain damage after open heart surgery in acquired heart defects]. PMID- 6740389 TI - [Vision disorders in disseminated sclerosis]. PMID- 6740390 TI - [Post-diphtheria polyneuropathies]. PMID- 6740392 TI - [Study of the vascular anatomy of the kidneys before nephrectomy]. PMID- 6740391 TI - [Incidence of microangiopathies in patients with non-insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus according to the data of skin biopsy]. PMID- 6740393 TI - [Ultrasonics in the diagnosis of fetal chondrodystrophy]. PMID- 6740394 TI - [Principal mechanisms of healing of myocardial infarction and the causes of development of its complications]. PMID- 6740395 TI - [Diagnostic indicators in exogenous allergic alveolitis (poultry farmers' disease)]. PMID- 6740397 TI - [The state of the thrombocytic component of the hemostasis system in patients with infection and septic shock]. PMID- 6740396 TI - [Ways of reducing mortality in emergency abdominal surgery]. PMID- 6740398 TI - [Total endoprosthesis of the hip joint of Ia.I. Shersher's design in aseptic femur head necrosis in adults]. PMID- 6740399 TI - [Mosaicism in Shereshevskii-Turner's syndrome: clinical manifestations and dermatoglyphic characteristics]. PMID- 6740400 TI - [Maternal and fetal serum aminotransferase and aldolase activities in chronic fetoplacental insufficiency]. PMID- 6740401 TI - [Clinico-morphological characteristics of bronchial damage caused by silica dust]. PMID- 6740402 TI - [Pneumonia as one of the causes of fatal outcome in patients with severe forms of botulism]. PMID- 6740403 TI - [Pharmacopathology and methods of its prevention]. PMID- 6740404 TI - [Drugs do not cause diseases]. PMID- 6740405 TI - [Concerning the articles by E.Ia. Severova and A.S. Lopatin]. PMID- 6740406 TI - [Side effects of drugs]. PMID- 6740407 TI - [Evaluation of correction of mitral regurgitation by computer echocardiography in the early postoperative period]. PMID- 6740408 TI - [Treatment of vegetative dystonia syndrome]. PMID- 6740409 TI - [Various problems of work capacity evaluation, expert testimony and employment of patients after reconstructive operations on the main arteries of the lower limbs and abdominal aorta]. PMID- 6740410 TI - [Evaluation of work capacity of patients after mitral or aortic valve prosthesis]. PMID- 6740411 TI - [ECG changes and the course of acute myocardial infarction]. PMID- 6740412 TI - [Hyperkinetic heart syndrome in adolescence: characteristics of the clinical course and methodological principles of diagnosis]. PMID- 6740414 TI - [Functional disability and hand deformity in rheumatoid arthritis]. PMID- 6740413 TI - [Hemostasis and microcirculation in diabetic angiopathy]. PMID- 6740415 TI - [Rifampicin-induced resistance to prednisolone treatment in collagen disease--a pharmacokinetic study]. PMID- 6740416 TI - [A case of polymyositis followed by rheumatoid arthritis]. PMID- 6740417 TI - 'Jogger's testicles' in marathon runners. PMID- 6740418 TI - Haemorrhagic shock--metabolic parameters for the assessment of damage in lung, liver and kidney tissue. AB - Changes in catabolic and biosynthetic parameters measured in vitro were used as criteria to assess the degree of damage in tissues after an animal was exposed to severe haemorrhagic shock for periods of 1 and 2 hours (blood loss 36,8%, blood pressure 30 +/- 5 mmHg). The biosynthetic capacity of lung tissue, as determined by the incorporation of 1-14C-palmitate into total lung lipids, declined significantly with time. This reduction correlates well (r =0,99) with the rate of decline in 14CO2 production from 1-14C- and 6-14C-glucose oxidation as well as with the decline in the rate of oxygen uptake. Any one of these parameters could therefore be used as an index of the degree of tissue damage due to haemorrhagic shock. Comparing the rates of decline in 14CO2 production from 1-14C-glucose by lung, liver and kidney tissue from the same animal after haemorrhagic insult for 1 hour, lung tissue appeared to be the most sensitive to hypoxia and kidney the least so. However, 2 hours after severe haemorrhage, i.e. near the terminal phase, the rate of 14CO2 production from 6-14C-glucose by liver tissue decreased dramatically by more than 53% of the control value. Apart from kidney and lung dysfunction, irreparable liver damage probably plays a major role in the fatal course of severe haemorrhage. PMID- 6740419 TI - Absorption properties of two theophylline sustained-release products in smokers. AB - The absorption of theophylline from two commercial products labelled as having sustained-release properties (Theo-dur; Rio-Ethicals; and Euphyllin Retard; Byk Gulden) was compared with that of a solution of theophylline (Alcophyllin syrup; Propan-Lipworth) in a multiple-dose study in smokers. As regards bioavailability, results for Theo-dur and Euphyllin Retard tables were statistically indistinguishable from that for the standard, but both products showed significantly slower absorption as reflected by longer times to attain peak concentration and lower peak concentrations. Theo-dur exhibits better sustained release properties than Euphyllin Retard as judged from the peak/trough ratio and the persistence of concentrations from 6 hours to 12 hours after administration. Assuming linear pharmacokinetics and projecting to therapeutic doses, Euphyllin Retard results in much wider fluctuations between peak and trough concentrations (18,9 and 9,8 micrograms/ml) than does Theo-dur (13,8 and 10,2 micrograms/ml), and this product might be more acceptable in smokers if given in an 8-hourly schedule. PMID- 6740420 TI - [Uterine measurements in the fitting of intrauterine devices]. AB - Using Hasson's Wing Sound I to determine uterine segmental measurements in 160 women it was found that no constant relationship exists between total uterine axial length and cervical length; therefore uterine cavity size cannot be determined by standard sounding. The importance of fitting an intra-uterine contraceptive device to the endometrial cavity is discussed. PMID- 6740421 TI - Detection of distant metastases of a phaeochromocytoma with 131I metaiodobenzylguanidine. A case report. PMID- 6740422 TI - A patient data storage and retrieval system. AB - A patient data storage and retrieval system has been developed for a microcomputer used in a nuclear medicine department. The advantages of coding clinical information and the problems encountered in coding are highlighted. The application of the stored patient data is briefly discussed. PMID- 6740423 TI - Acute osteomyelitis and septic arthritis in children. PMID- 6740424 TI - Amyloidosis at Groote Schuur Hospital, Cape Town. AB - The records of 52 patients with amyloidosis admitted to Groote Schuur Hospital, Cape Town, between January 1969 and August 1982 were analysed. The male: female ratio was 1,3:1 and the mean age was 49,3 years. Forty-eight per cent of the patients had secondary amyloidosis, 21% had primary amyloidosis, 11,5% had localized amyloidosis and 11,5% had amyloidosis associated with multiple myeloma. Tuberculosis, chronic pulmonary sepsis and other chronic infections were present in 88% and rheumatoid arthritis in 16% of the patients with secondary amyloidosis. The commonest features at diagnosis were proteinuria (70%), oedema (52%) and hepatomegaly (39%). The diagnosis of amyloidosis was established by renal, liver and rectal biopsy (either singly or in combination) in 82% of cases. The prevalence of amyloidosis at autopsy was 0,28%. PMID- 6740425 TI - The value of pleural fluid carcinoembryonic antigen estimation in the diagnosis of malignant tumours of the pleural cavity. AB - Measurement of pleural fluid and blood carcinoembryonic antigen (CEA) concentrations as well as estimations of pleural fluid protein, lactic acid dehydrogenase and sugar levels were carried out in 45 patients with pleural effusions in order to determine the value of these biochemical parameters in the diagnosis of malignant tumours involving the pleural space. The study population included individuals with epithelial and non-epithelial malignant tumours involving the pleural cavity as well as patients with inflammatory effusions and patients with transudates due to cardiac, renal or hepatic disease. Pleural fluid CEA content was the single most useful measurement in distinguishing epithelial malignant tumours from other causes of pleural effusion. In addition, the pleural fluid CEA/blood CEA ratio was greater than 1 in most patients with epithelial cancer of the pleural space, suggesting that local production of CEA is responsible for elevated values in the pleural fluid. PMID- 6740426 TI - [Increased incidence of skull metastases in neuroblastoma]. AB - Children with neuroblastoma sometimes present with skull and peri-orbital metastases. Recent radionuclide studies confirm the increased incidence of skull metastases compared with adult metastatic carcinoma. Malignant tumours generate skeletal metastases by spread to the bone marrow. The relatively large head of a young child results in a relatively larger proportion of bone marrow in the skull, which explains the increased incidence of skull metastases in children with metastatic skeletal neuroblastoma. PMID- 6740427 TI - Breast-feeding in a socio-economically disadvantaged area of Cape Town. Part I. Analysis of breast-feeding patterns among clinic attenders. AB - A survey of infant-feeding practices in a socio-economically disadvantaged community in the Cape Peninsula was undertaken. By the age of 6 weeks 47,3% of the infants were receiving bottle feeds, and this had increased to 76,3% by the age of 7-12 weeks. Analysis of factors which might have influenced this pattern indicated that subjective dissatisfaction with the quantity and quality of milk dominated the mothers' reasons for stopping breast-feeding. Since contact between the local authority and mothers often took place only after breast-feeding had been discontinued, it is suggested that concentrating on education and support during the perinatal period may have a positive influence on this disturbing trend. PMID- 6740428 TI - Breast-feeding in a socio-economically disadvantaged area of Cape Town. Part II. The introduction of an educational and support programme. AB - A study of the infant-feeding practices of a socio-economically disadvantaged community in the Cape Peninsula suggested the need for improved support and education of mothers during the perinatal period. Such a programme was introduced and the study was repeated 2 years later. It was found that a significant increase in the rate of breast-feeding had occurred. It is suggested that the programme might have made an important contribution to this improvement. PMID- 6740429 TI - [Chronic splenic abscess : a case report]. AB - A 16-year-old girl had had a splenic abscess for approximately 20 months with minimal symptoms and signs. Progressive elevation of the left hemidiaphragm could be traced on chest radiographs from 20 months before admission, and was shown on ultrasonography, radionuclide scintigraphy and computed tomography to be secondary to massive splenomegaly. The presence of splenic abscesses was confirmed by laparotomy and she was cured by splenectomy. The nonspecific clinical presentation and potential high mortality of this condition are stressed, and the role of diagnostic aids is discussed. Ultrasonography is a good screening procedure in terms of cost and speed, but splenic scintigraphy is more sensitive. Computed tomography is the most sensitive and specific non-invasive procedure for the diagnosis of splenic abscesses. PMID- 6740430 TI - Formaldehyde toxicity. Part I. Occupational exposure and a report of 5 cases. AB - Formaldehyde is ubiquitous in the occupational, domestic and general environment, and in manufactured and consumer goods. The clinical and radiological findings in 5 shop employees exposed to formaldhyde are presented. Two features are of interest: (i) 1 of the workers developed vomiting, a symptom previously unreported in adults exposed to formaldehyde; and (ii) all 5 victims developed turbinate swelling, apparent clinically and radiologically. The swelling was marked, causing obstruction of the nasal passages, and persisted for some time after most of the sources of exposure had been dealt with. This phenomenon is also previously undocumented. PMID- 6740431 TI - [Ainhum]. AB - Ainhum is an ancient disease described in 1821 by Messum and its origin is still unknown. It is a tropical or semitropical disease seen in Blacks, Whites and Indians which affects the 5th and sometimes the 4th toe and causes spontaneous amputation. Females are more often affected than males, and there is a tendency to geographical clustering of cases and familial occurrence. PMID- 6740432 TI - Amputations following motorcycle accidents. A 1-year experience. AB - Of 110 patients who had recently undergone an amputation and were seen at the Amputee Service at the Johannesburg Hospital during January 1982- February 1983, 40 had required post-traumatic amputations following motorcycle accidents. The majority of these patients had sustained such severe bone and soft-tissue damage that it had been necessary to perform amputation on the day of admission. The high morbidity following motorcycle injuries is cause for concern and recommendations to reduce the rate of injury are offered. PMID- 6740433 TI - Neurotoxicity due to the bite of the shield-nose snake (Aspidelaps scutatus). A case report. AB - The bite of the elapid snake Aspidelaps scutatus has previously been regarded as medically unimportant. We report a case in which its bite resulted in neurotoxicity. PMID- 6740434 TI - The Brachmann-de Lange syndrome. A case report. AB - The features of the Brachmann-de Lange syndrome are characteristic enough for diagnosis to be made at birth. It is associated with severe physical and mental retardation and its aetiology is obscure, but the syndrome may be heterogenous. Several cases in siblings have been reported, but the case described here appears to be sporadic. PMID- 6740435 TI - A newberyite staghorn calculus. A case report. AB - A patient with a newberyite staghorn calculus, which formed within 2 years, is described. This very rare type of urinary calculus is briefly reviewed. PMID- 6740436 TI - Diltiazem--a new calcium antagonist. PMID- 6740437 TI - Adverse drug reactions in the elderly. PMID- 6740438 TI - Volvulus of the appendix. PMID- 6740439 TI - The bleeding gastric ulcer--will it bleed again, and if so, why? A case for repeat endoscopy in evaluating stigmata. AB - Nine patients qualified for surgery for a bleeding gastric ulcer--all had a 'visible vessel'. Three of these vessels were thrombosed including 2 in patients who had been in shock. The smallest patent vessel was 0,35 mm in diameter, and 6 of the bleeding vessels were subserosal. The features thought to predispose to further bleeding were vessel size, a lateral hole in the main trunk of the vessel and, possibly, previous recanalization or ingestion of a drug which affected haemostasis. Five of 6 patent arteries had a cap of thrombus over the breach forming a false aneurysm. It is suggested that clinically these should pulsate, enlarge, leak--with persistent fresh thrombus in the ulcer crater on repeat endoscopy--and finally rupture. Where the underlying vessel is thrombosed the stigmata of a non-pulsatile 'visible vessel' or thrombus in the ulcer should disappear on repeat endoscopy. The sizes of the arteries in the normal antrum are tabulated. PMID- 6740440 TI - IgG-coated latex particles and the identification of sperm antibodies. AB - The identification of sperm surface antibodies forms an integral part of the investigation of male infertility. We tested 39 randomly selected men for the presence of sperm surface antibodies by using IgG-coated latex particles during mixed antiglobulin reaction (MAR) testing. The latex MAR test results were compared with the red blood cell MAR and the Friberg sperm agglutination test results. The latex MAR is a sensitive indicator and can be employed by physicians to identify the presence of sperm antibodies on the sperm surfaces. PMID- 6740441 TI - Human melanoma associated with 24 nm particles. AB - Electron microscopic examination of epidermal tissue adjacent to a skin melanoma in a White male showed the presence of 24 nm particles within a cytoplasmic vacuole. No aetiological significance can be attributed to this single finding but it is possible that examination of tissues proximal to these neoplasms may be of value. As these tumors induce strong antibody responses in allogeneic and xenogeneic hosts it has often been suggested that they may be viral in origin. PMID- 6740444 TI - Carcinoma of the colon and rectum in patients under 30 years of age. AB - A 15-year study of large-bowel carcinoma at Groote Schuur Hospital revealed 47 patients who presented at the age of 29 years or younger. Only 1% of the White patients with large-bowel carcinoma were in this age group (similar to other Western series), whereas a much higher incidence was seen in Coloured patients (9%). We found a large number of young Coloured patients with high-grade tumours and lymph node invasion. In spite of surgery, chemotherapy and radiotherapy the prognosis for this group in particular remains extremely poor. PMID- 6740443 TI - Regional neuronal activity in schizophrenia. PMID- 6740442 TI - Carbon monoxide poisoning. PMID- 6740445 TI - Tardive dyskinesia--prevalence and subtypes at Valkenberg Hospital, Cape Town. AB - A survey of 278 White long-term inpatients at Valkenberg Hospital, Cape Town, revealed a 17% incidence of tardive dyskinesia. The heterogeneity of this condition is discussed and the incidence of the various subtypes is given. The relationship between tardive dyskinesia and certain risk variables such as age, duration of hospitalization and concomitant administration of anticholinergics, while clinically suggestive, was found to be not statistically significant. PMID- 6740446 TI - Evaluation of the Venom Ex apparatus in the treatment of Egyptian cobra envenomation. A study in rabbits. AB - The Venom Ex cutting and suction apparatus for the initial treatment of snakebite was evaluated. Rabbits were injected with radioactive Egyptian cobra venom, and treatment with the Venom Ex followed. The fluid obtained by suction was analysed. All 8 control animals died within 4 hours; Venom Ex treatment resulted in the recovery of 7 out of 8 rabbits, after double the lethal dose of venom, providing treatment was started early. However, if treatment was delayed or if the dose of venom was high, there was a marked increase in the mortality. The amount of venom extracted was insufficient to account for the recovery of the animals. In one group of rabbits trauma was applied to the injection site without lacerating the skin and without removal of venom. About half of these animals recovered. However, this was less efficient than the Venom Ex treatment. Trauma apparently retards absorption of venom and increases survival. The possible reasons for this novel finding are discussed. PMID- 6740447 TI - Recurrent coronary artery spasm in the billowing mitral leaflet syndrome (primary mitral valve prolapse). A case report and review of the literature. AB - A 46-year-old White man had a 2-year history of frequent atypical chest pain associated with palpitations and presyncope. Clinical examination revealed an intermittent mid-systolic non-ejection click followed by a blowing mid-to-late systolic murmur indicative of the billowing mitral leaflet syndrome (BMLS) (primary mitral valve prolapse (MVP); Barlow's syndrome). This diagnosis was confirmed on cardiac catheterization, left ventricular cine angiography showing mild mitral insufficiency. M-mode and cross-sectional echocardiography documented the intermittent non-ejection click and mid-systolic apical murmur. Ambulatory Holter monitoring showed symptomatic inferolateral myocardial ischaemia, and maximal stress-testing elicited asymptomatic ischaemia in the same zone. Selective coronary angiography delineated a normal left coronary artery and an insignificant fixed obstructive lesion in the second part of the dominant right coronary artery (RCA). Provocation with ergometrine (ergonovine) maleate gave rise to severe coronary vasospasm superimposed on the insignificant lesion in the RCA. This spasm provoked myocardial ischaemia resulting in symptomatic ventricular fibrillation which was successfully reversed. The patient's symptoms have been fairly well controlled by nitrates and nifedipine. As far as I am aware this is the first documentation of coronary vasospasm in the BMLS. In this syndrome coronary artery spasm has often been postulated to be responsible for acute myocardial infarction with a normal appearance of the coronary arteries on angiography. This mechanism has also been incriminated in the genesis of ventricular arrhythmias in cases of primary MVP. These various contentious and important issues are reviewed. PMID- 6740448 TI - Unstable angina precipitated by nifedipine. A case report. AB - A case of unstable angina pectoris precipitated by the administration of nifedipine, a complication which has not been well documented, is reported. PMID- 6740449 TI - Atypical findings on computed tomography in tuberous sclerosis. Case reports. AB - In 3 patients with tuberous sclerosis computed tomography showed numerous low density areas suggestive of brain demyelination. In addition, solitary small subependymal calcifications were noted. These features in an infant or child with unexplained seizures should alert one to the diagnosis of tuberous sclerosis. PMID- 6740450 TI - Pseudarthrosis of the clavicle. A case report. AB - Congenital pseudarthrosis of the clavicle is a rare condition usually affecting the right side. The causation is unknown, but it is probably due to an environmental factor such as fetal position and excessive pressure from the subclavian artery. The embryology of the clavicle is discussed, and the differential diagnosis and treatment are described. A case occurring in a 12-year old girl is reported. PMID- 6740451 TI - Social Security beneficiaries enrolled in the direct deposit program, December 1983. AB - In 1975, Social Security beneficiaries were given the option of having their monthly benefit payments sent directly to their banks through an electronic funds transfer system. Since then, beneficiaries have been enrolling in this program in rapidly increasing numbers. At the end of 1976, fewer than 5 million beneficiaries--14 percent of the total--were enrolled in the program. By the end of 1983, the number of direct depositors had risen to nearly 14 million--or 2 of every 5 beneficiaries. This article gives an overview of the direct deposit program and the events that led to the initiation of the electronic funds transfer system. Detailed data on the demographic characteristics of those using the program are also presented. PMID- 6740452 TI - Actuarial status of the OASI and DI Trust Funds. AB - This article summarizes the current financial and actuarial status of the Old Age, Survivors, and Disability Insurance (OASDI) program. The results presented are from the 1984 Trustees Report and are similar to the results in the 1983 report. This year's estimates show that the Social Security Amendments of 1983 restored the financial soundness of the OASDI program. According to the actuarial estimates, benefits can be paid on time throughout the 1980's and for many years thereafter. Because trust fund levels are projected to be relatively low through 1987, however, the program could again experience financial difficulties in the near future if economic conditions become worse than anticipated under the pessimistic (Alternative III) assumptions. After 1987, the program's ability to withstand economic downturns is projected to improve. On the basis of intermediate (Alternative II-B) assumptions, the OASDI program is in long-range close actuarial balance. This actuarial balance reflects substantial year-by-year surpluses during the first half of the 75-year projection period that are slightly out-weighed by substantial deficits later on. PMID- 6740453 TI - Clinical social work in a medical setting. AB - This paper, using case vignette and discussion, will elaborate on two specific functions of the clinical social worker practicing in a medical setting. The first, helping patient, family and staff to acknowledge the psychological impact of physical illness; the second is helping a family to accept that there may be no organic etiology for a symptom, and that the symptom may be psychogenic in origin. Barriers to performing these functions are discussed as well as reasons why the social worker is in an ideal position to integrate medical and psychological information into a coherent and practical treatment plan. PMID- 6740455 TI - The short-term treatment of depression of physically ill hospital patients. AB - There is a high prevalence of depression among physically ill adult hospital patients. An approach to short-term social work intervention with these patients is suggested, which takes into account the crucial time constraints of most social work practice in acute care hospitals. Brief treatment can reduce the debilitating symptoms of depression reactive to the stress of illness during hospitalization or in the post discharge period. PMID- 6740456 TI - Helping students to begin hospital field placements: an active learning approach. AB - Hospitals are high impact settings that tend to exacerbate the student anxieties which are normally associated with beginning field placement. Even though they are experiencing stress, incoming students are challenged to begin to learn in several different areas simultaneously. A carefully planned orientation can help students cope with the stress of beginning while absorbing needed new information. This paper describes an orientation strategy that utilized knowledge of how adults learn. Students were provided with written orientation objectives designed to enable guided independence in learning. PMID- 6740457 TI - Linking treatment centers with alcoholics anonymous. AB - Research has explored professional relationships with mutual-help groups but has not paid specific attention to professional coordination with Alcoholics Anonymous. This study surveyed by mail and by means of personal interview professionals and members of A.A. Thirty-six centers reported good relationships with A.A., although some professionals evaluated cooperation as better than did A.A. members. Six centers refrained from cooperating with A.A. Respondents shared methods of coordination and recommended linking practices. Good relationships with A.A. existed when professionals interacted frequently with the fellowship and where these interactions followed certain patterns of activity. PMID- 6740454 TI - Impact of prenatal diagnosis in families. AB - Results are presented from a study of the experiences of families in which mothers utilized prenatal diagnostic testing. Responses indicate that many parents are discussing prenatal testing even with their very young children. Potentially stressful areas for children were seen in their expressed concerns about possibilities of detecting a defect, harm to the mother, and abortion. Preschool age children seemed especially vulnerable to becoming frightened by fantasies about the medical procedures. Recommendations are made for increased social work involvement in screening for and delivering services to families and children who encounter difficulties with the prenatal testing experience. PMID- 6740458 TI - Acute acalculous cholecystitis. AB - Sixty-eight patients with acute acalculous cholecystitis were reviewed. The results of history and physical examinations were usually nondiagnostic. IDA cholescintigraphy (93 per cent accuracy rate) was the only reliable diagnostic modality. The results of oral cholecystography, intravenous cholangiography and ultrasonography were considerably less reliable. One-half of the patients had gangrenous cholecystitis. Cholecystectomy was the preferred operation with an over-all mortality of 9 per cent. IDA cholescintigraphy is an important new modality for the diagnosis of acute acalculous cholecystitis which, in the past, has often been difficult to diagnose. PMID- 6740459 TI - Surgical management of diffuse cavernous hemangioma of the colon, rectum and anus. AB - Operative approaches which attempt to spare the rectal sphincter mechanism in patients with diffuse cavernous hemangioma of the sigmoid colon, rectum and anal canal have associated high morbidity and have failed to provide continence in at least 2 per cent of the patients. Sphincter-saving operations should be reserved for the rarer lesions which spares the lower part of the rectum and anal canal. Abdominoperineal resection by the combined synchronous approach with temporary vascular control of the hypogastric vessels provides a safe effective method of managing patients with diffuse cavernous hemangioma of the sigmoid colon, rectum and anus. PMID- 6740460 TI - Acalculous cholecystitis. AB - During a two year period, 1981 to 1982, 21 of 262 patients undergoing cholecystectomy had acalculous cholecystitis. The majority of these patients had chronic disease, and more than 50 per cent of them were in the older age group and had other chronic medical problems. The signs and symptoms are similar to that of calculous cholecystitis, although the cause is unclear. However, the patient with these complaints deserves thorough evaluation in order to rule out other disorders of the upper part of the gastrointestinal tract, because cholecystectomy for chronic acalculous cholecystitis will relieve the symptoms in more than 80 per cent of the patients. Acalculous cholecystitis is a true organic problem which, if diagnosed accurately, can be effectively treated with cholecystectomy. PMID- 6740461 TI - Elective inguinal herniorrhaphy after myocardial infarction. AB - A history of myocardial infarction should not be a deterrent to the performance of an elective inguinal herniorrhaphy. This operation has been proved to be safe for this patient population and is attended by a low and quite acceptable complication rate. Thorough preoperative evaluation ensures optimal management in both the perioperative and postoperative period. In stark contrast with elective inguinal herniorrhaphies, emergency procedures are associated with an alarming morbidity and mortality, often the result of cardiovascular complications. In the postinfarction patient with an inguinal hernia, the dual goals of complete cardiac rehabilitation and improved quality of life can be facilitated in a safe and sure manner by elective inguinal herniorrhaphy under local anesthesia. PMID- 6740462 TI - Demodulated low frequency currents from electrosurgical procedures. AB - Low frequency currents produced incidental to electrosurgical procedures are usually only a minor threat unless they are coupled directly into the heart through a catheter or a thoracic surgical procedure. However, should the low frequency blocking capacitors in the electrosurgical generator fail in the conducting state, extremely dangerous low frequency currents of many milliamperes may flow into the patient. Even with properly functioning capacitors, low frequencies up to several milliamperes may be produced by some generators. The results of this study show that the coagulation mode of operation produces greater amounts of low frequency currents than the "pure cutting" mode at the same power setting. These results also demonstrate that the higher the generator power output, the higher the magnitude of the low frequency currents. PMID- 6740463 TI - Early endoscopic sphincterotomy for extraction of residual stones of the common bile duct. AB - Retained calculi of the common bile duct are a significant cause of morbidity after operations upon the biliary tract. When percutaneous extraction is not possible or delay undesirable, endoscopic sphincterotomy is a safe and effective technique even when used in the early postoperative period. Five such patients treated at Beth Israel Medical Center within the past year are presented and discussed. Successful stone extraction was done in all patients, and there was no morbidity or mortality related to the procedure. PMID- 6740464 TI - Reconstruction after median sternotomy infection. AB - Reconstruction after median sternotomy infections is a difficult problem. We have presented ten consecutive patients with a wide variety of underlying cardiac illnesses who have had this dreaded complication develop. All of these patients have undergone successful reconstruction after adequate debridement and elimination of the mediastinal dead space using a combination of well vascularized omentum and pectoralis major muscle flaps. Stability of the chest wall has been accomplished primarily with pectoralis major muscle flaps. Complications have been few, morbidity has been significantly reduced and mortality, thus far, has been eliminated, although we certainly have no expectations that it will remain so. PMID- 6740465 TI - A study on hepatic portoenterostomy for the treatment of atresia of the biliary tract. AB - The results of our investigation have shown the crucial points of hepatic portoenterostomy used by us which is different from Kasai's portoenterostomy. First, the dissection of the rudimentary extrahepatic bile duct should be performed under magnification. Second, the transection of the rudimentary extrahepatic bile duct should be done using the microsurgical technique. Third, histologic verification of patency of the rudimentary extrahepatic bile ducts with frozen section during the operation should be carried out and the transection should be repeated under microsurgical control until the patency of the intrahepatic bile ducts at the porta hepatis area is confirmed. Fourth, the opening of the jejunal loop should be anastomosed quite close to the cut edge of the rudimentary extrahepatic bile duct at the porta hepatis by removing the mucosa of the posterior aspect of the jejunal opening. Fifth, the Suruga II procedure has been extremely successful in decreasing the incidence of postoperative ascending cholangitis and in preventing death in those infants who have postoperative ascending cholangitis develop. Sixth, if bile flow ceases postoperatively in spite of the forementioned technical refinements, then the curettage procedure should be carried out to the anastomotic site at the porta hepatis in order to resume bile flow. PMID- 6740466 TI - Autotransfusion in complex abdominal aneurysms. AB - We have used a simple adaptation of the cardiotomy suction apparatus for autotransfusion during operation for four aortocaval fistulas and two ruptured internal iliac aneurysms. This has allowed significant blood salvage and maintenance of intraoperative hemodynamic stability. We have had no intraoperative complications and have noted no renal or pulmonary compromise postoperatively. One patient had minor coagulopathy postoperatively that was corrected with fresh frozen plasma and platelet transfusion during the first 12 hours. Autotransfusion for aortocaval fistulas and ruptured internal iliac aneurysms is safe, simple, clinically beneficial and cost effective. PMID- 6740467 TI - Peptic ulceration in children. AB - An analysis of 84 children with peptic ulcer disease seen at The Hospital for Sick Children, in London, revealed only 30 primary ulcers over a period of 30 years. While most of these responded to conservative measures, it is recognized that a significant proportion may ultimately require surgical treatment for recurrence of the disease in adult life. Secondary ulcers occurred with almost twice the frequency of primary disease. Hemorrhage was the first sign of the ulceration in 55 per cent of these seriously ill children and could be controlled with conservative measures in 14 of 17 patients. Only three patients required surgical treatment for uncontrolled hemorrhage. Secondary ulceration was largely a terminal event and despite intensive resuscitation carried a high mortality (77.7 per cent). PMID- 6740468 TI - A comparison of Doppler flow measurements, ultrasonic and arteriographic imaging in the evaluation of stenoses of the carotid artery. AB - To determine the value of Doppler periorbital flow measurements (DOP) and real time ultrasonic in the analysis of carotid artery occlusive disease, 1,203 carotid arteries were evaluated in 669 consecutive patients from 1 June 1980 to 1 July 1981. The results of DOP and US were compared with biplane carotid arteriograms using the Seldinger technique. The stenoses were graded: Grade I (zero to 25 per cent), Grade II (25 to 50 per cent), Grade III (50 to 75 per cent) and Grade IV (75 to 100 per cent). Both US and CA agreed in 71.3 per cent of 209 arteries. US and DOP were performed together in 1,203 arteries and agreed in 83.2 per cent. The flow surfaces of an additional 29 arteries were visually inspected at operation to determine the capacity of US to predict ulceration. All of the arteries demonstrated visible ulceration, but only six (20.7 per cent) were predicted by US. The deepest ulcerations that were not detected by US were 2 millimeters in depth. US images were unsatisfactory in 44 arteries (3.7 per cent) because of excessive sound reflection and in 60 (5.0 per cent) because of a "high bifurcation." We conclude that Doppler periorbital flow studies are not as accurate as carotid sonography nor do they add to the accuracy of sonography when the two examinations are combined. Sonography identified significant stenoses but failed to grade the stenoses well and was unreliable in detecting shallow to moderately deep ulcerations. PMID- 6740469 TI - A natural spreader for the pylorus. AB - General and pediatric surgeons commonly treat hypertrophic pyloric stenosis. A skillful pyloromyotomy without complications culminates in a gratifying experience. An instrument designed for this purpose should be safe, versatile and easy to use. A modified curved, 6 inch clamp facilitates doing a pyloromyotomy by implying the same action as other more commonly used instruments. The natural spreader for the pylorus is easy to make and it is also relatively inexpensive. PMID- 6740470 TI - Mediastinal tap as useful method for the early diagnosis of mediastinal infection. AB - The simple and quick technique of mediastinal aspiration (mediastinal tap) can facilitate the early diagnosis of mediastinitis in the postoperative cardiac surgical patient. This technique offers objective evidence of mediastinal infection before the development of wound drainage or sternal instability, or both. PMID- 6740471 TI - A simple method for catheter fixation of the cystic duct during cholangiography. AB - The use of Weck hemoclips with an ureteral catheter has proved to be an extremely quick, simple and reliable method of carrying out cholangiography and may possibly merit the consideration of others. PMID- 6740472 TI - A new technique for pancreatojejunostomy. AB - In the presence of a nonobstructed pancreas, a pancreatojejunostomy can be performed with relative simplicity using a GIA automatic stapler when the pancreatic stump is invaginated in a jejunal loop after removing some of the staples. PMID- 6740473 TI - Assessment of the proficiency of the surgeon in providing basic and advanced cardiac life support. AB - The results of this study demonstrate a need for further improvement in the ability of selected surgeons to manage competently a cardiac arrest according to current AHA guidelines. The importance of formal training is demonstrated by the fact that prior BCLS or ACLS certification increased the likelihood that proper resuscitative measures will be used by the surgeon. In particular, greater emphasis should be placed upon standard dysrhythmia treatment protocols since we have shown that the level of the expertise of the surgeon in this area is lowest. Improvement in resuscitation skills should enhance the ability of the surgeon to treat effectively patients who are critically ill. PMID- 6740474 TI - Results of nuclear magnetic resonance with cerebral glioma. Comparison with computed tomography. AB - Our experience using nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) in eight patients with abnormalities on computed tomography (CT) scans suggesting glioma is reported. Three patients underwent biopsies. Two patients had grade II astrocytomas. Difficulty was encountered confirming the diagnosis of astrocytoma on frozen sections in one patient, and permanent sections were required for diagnosis in the other. The third patient to undergo biopsy had a grade III anaplastic mixed glioma. Biopsy of subsequent patients with probable gliomas was not done because of the risk of producing neurological deficit. The NMR images suggest that lower grade astrocytomas are well circumscribed, whereas higher-grade gliomas affect adjacent association bundles by direct extension of tumor cells or vasogenic edema. PMID- 6740475 TI - Subclinical pituitary microadenomas. AB - To analyze the incidence as well as the natural history of asymptomatic pituitary microadenomas, 450 pituitary glands obtained during routine autopsies were studied. The series consisted of patients of both sexes, without any evidence of pituitary dysfunction, in a broad age range. Thirty-nine tumors were found in 36 pituitary glands, with a peak incidence in the seventh decade of life and an evident predominance in male patients. The medical records and available x-ray films of the skull of these patients with subclinical microadenomas were reviewed for clinical evidence of endocrinopathy and to detect minor radiologic abnormalities of the sella turcica. No significant differences were found in comparing the histologic aspect of these tumors with symptomatic cases. The possibility of these tumors as a preclinical stage of pituitary adenoma or a separate entity is discussed. PMID- 6740476 TI - Radiation sensitivity of 9L gliosarcoma cells at different oxygen pressures. AB - Monolayer cultures of 9L gliosarcoma cells received radiation doses of 0-1750 ret at oxygen pressures ranging from 50 to 545 mmHg. Growth inhibition, which could be demonstrated in all radiated cell cultures, was most pronounced in those receiving the highest dose of radiation. There was no relationship between the radiation sensitivity of the cells and the oxygen pressure of the fluid media of the cell cultures at the time radiation was administered. Cells subjected to the lowest oxygen tensions (50-52 mmHg) did not grow whether they had received radiation or not. The technical difficulty of removing oxygen from tissue culture media is described. Possible points of significance in the findings of this study are discussed with regard to previous observations on the radiosensitivity of the 9L tumor model, current concepts in radiobiology, and implications for future studies of human tumors in cell culture. PMID- 6740478 TI - Tumors of the central nervous system in Taiwan, Republic of China. AB - A series of 1012 surgically removed tumors of the central nervous system from two hospitals in Taiwan were reviewed, tabulated, and compared to series from the United States, Europe, and Asia. Among gliomas, a relatively high incidence of glioblastomas was found in patients less than 20 years old. The percentage of meningiomas in the two hospitals was very high: 20.22% and 26.72%, respectively. Neurilemmomas, as reported from Japan and mainland China, were also more common than in the United States or Europe. Germinomas and teratomas were more frequent than in Western countries, but less so than in Japanese series. Pituitary adenomas constituted 21.8% of cases from the Veterans General Hospital in Taipei, a percentage higher than that in any comparable series. PMID- 6740477 TI - Completely thrombosed giant aneurysm of the angular artery. AB - An unusual case of a completely thrombosed giant aneurysm arising from the angular artery is reported. A 69-year-old women developed a subarachnoid hemorrhage with a large intracranial hematoma. Computed tomography scans and cerebral angiography could not detect the aneurysm. The rarity of aneurysms in this position is stressed and the difficulty of diagnosis in this case is discussed. PMID- 6740479 TI - Interhemispheric approach through the lamina terminalis to tumors of the anterior part of the third ventricle. AB - Operative approaches to tumors of the third ventricle, mainly the bifrontal approach through the lamina terminalis, are discussed. The latter approach has several advantages. First, the main arteries can be exposed and the operative field is sufficiently wide to render the operative procedure safe. Second, cortical incision or excision is unnecessary. By cutting the lamina terminalis, which is usually thin and expanded as a result of hydrocephalus, even a large tumor can be removed. In addition, lethal complications are avoided, because this approach has less possibility of damage to the lateral wall of the third ventricle. Seventeen cases of tumor in the third ventricle underwent operation via this approach. The operative technique for the bifrontal approach through the lamina terminalis and three representative cases are reported. This approach can be applied not only to tumors, but to arteriovenous malformations or giant aneurysms adjacent to the third ventricle. PMID- 6740480 TI - An unusual neoplasm of the cauda equina with gangliomatous and ependymomatous elements. AB - A unique intradural neoplasm of the cauda equina is presented. The tumor was composed of two neoplastic populations: ependymal cells in a papillary pattern and ganglion cells occurring individually or in clusters. The patient remains asymptomatic 1 year after resection of the tumor. PMID- 6740481 TI - A stretcher that facilitates the radiographic evaluation and closed reduction of spinal fractures. AB - A rigid and exceptionally radiolucent stretcher with an attachment for cervical traction has been constructed. A patient is able to remain on this stretcher in the same position during the entire radiographic examination of a spinal fracture, including plain x-ray and computed tomographic and myelographic studies. Two advantages are obtained if this stretcher is used: 1) A patient's spine is well supported and does not need to be moved at any time during these radiographic studies, and 2) the application of traction during the myelography or closed reduction of a cervical fracture is facilitated. PMID- 6740482 TI - Recording of intracranial pressure and daily drainage in pseudotumor cerebri. A preliminary study. AB - After long-term recording of intracranial pressure (ICP) in four cases of pseudotumor cerebri, a volumetric rather than a pressure-dependent device was proposed to drain a given amount of cerebrospinal fluid at each maneuver by external finger pressure according to preoperative ICP recordings. Some of the advantages of this method are discussed. PMID- 6740483 TI - Dynamic computed tomography scanning with combined metrizamide and arterial bolus injection in arteriovenous malformation of the spinal cord. AB - Combined intrathecal metrizamide and arterial injection of contrast medium during dynamic computed tomography scanning was used to define the morphology and topographic aspects of a thoracic arteriovenous malformation. The information obtained from this new technique was decisive in establishing the operability of the lesion. PMID- 6740484 TI - Complications of tracheostomies in neurosurgical patients. AB - The records of the neurosurgical patients with tracheostomies who were treated at the University of Mississippi Medical Center during the past 5 years were reviewed. Of the 84 such patients, 45% had posttracheostomy complications, including pneumonitis, pneumothorax, pneumomediastinum, infected stoma, subcutaneous emphysema, tracheal stenosis, aspiration, swallowing dysfunction, and tracheoarterial fistula. Reported complications related to prolonged nasotracheal intubation, the alternative to tracheostomy, are reviewed. These complications appear to be less frequent and less serious than those of tracheostomy, in the authors' experience as well as in the reports of others. It is concluded that in neurosurgical patients, tracheostomy is not a benign procedure. Unless a specific indication for tracheostomy exists, consideration should be given to the use of prolonged nasotracheal intubation for airway maintenance. PMID- 6740485 TI - Computer-generated three-dimensional visualization of the trigeminal nuclear complex. AB - The spatial configuration of the trigeminal nuclear complex has been determined using new computer techniques aided by color graphic display facilities. Precise, statistical computer-generated drawings are provided of the three-dimensional anatomy of the nuclear complex and spinal tract of the fifth cranial nerve, as well as adjacent structures. Techniques for viewing these structures from variable directions and producing stereopairs are presented. PMID- 6740486 TI - The light that leaks: Bruckner and the red reflex. AB - The Bruckner test utilizes the ophthalmoscope to assess symmetry of binocular fixation by qualitative comparison of the red reflexes. Accurate fixation by the patient's eye on the ophthalmoscope light causes darkening of the red reflex, previously believed due to macular pigmentation. By designing and experimenting with a beamsplitter ophthalmoscope, we have demonstrated that if the patient's fovea is not exactly conjugate to the light source, light from the retina spills past the light source at the ophthalmoscope mirror into the examiner's eye, creating the red reflex. Therefore, binocular asymmetry of this conjugate relationship, whether due to anisometropia or strabismus, creates asymmetrical red reflexes. Understanding this principle of conjugacy is critical to optimal utilization of the red reflex in routine clinical examination as well as in microsurgery. PMID- 6740488 TI - Ophthalmology and medical education in Australia. AB - Australian medicine and ophthalmology both began as extensions of British traditions. With growing financial and national independence, they have acquired indigenous strength and characteristics. An original triumvirate of medical schools launched a century ago have been augmented by seven additional schools, particularly since World War II. Both general medical and specialty education are now well obtainable in Australia. The quality of ophthalmology is high and research has been moving upward since World War II. New buildings are replacing old. The organization of registrars (residents) is blending with that of union type workers and reflects widespread though locally autonomous unions in almost every field of endeavor. Canberra and the National University are recent major additions to cultural and scientific affairs of Australia. The Royal Flying Doctors Service has since 1928 cast an increasingly effective "mantle of safety" over the outback. Reductions in federal funds and student numbers have paralleled similar occurrences in the U.S. in the 1980s. Geriatric ophthalmology has made a major step forward and the organization of examinations and policing of medicine have been greatly strengthened in the past decade. PMID- 6740487 TI - Choroidal halo nevus occurring in a patient with vitiligo. AB - A halo nevus of the ocular fundus is described in a patient with vitiligo and history of malignant melanoma of the calf excised six years previously. The significance of halo nevi is discussed. PMID- 6740489 TI - Relationship between type of surgical clerkship, order of completion, and achievement on patient management problems. AB - Complex cognitive skills, such as interpretation of information and problem solving, are essential for the practice of medicine. Patient management problems (PMPs) are used by both medical school faculty and certifying boards to measure higher-order cognitive skills. This study investigates two questions that relate to PMPs. Whether there is a difference among students in their achievement on PMPs that may be attributed to their clinical experience is examined. In addition, the effect of the order in which PMPs are taken is evaluated. For the purpose of this study, three PMPs were developed measuring three different areas of surgical problem solving. One hundred four third-year medical students who took their surgery clerkship during a 9-month period in 1982 were examined. Students were randomly assigned to one of three rotations for an 8-week period. At the end of the rotation, they each took three PMPs in random order. The multivariate analysis of variance procedure was used to examine the hypothesis of no relationship between clinical rotation and order of completion. The proficiency score for each PMP was considered the dependent variable. There was no difference in performance between groups rotating in different clinical surgical settings (multivariate F (6186) = 0.67; p = 0.67.) This suggests that generalization occurs with patient management and problem-solving skills. Statistically significant differences were found between groups on the basis of the order in which they took the PMPs (multivariate F (6186) = 4.07; p less than 0.001.) There are several plausible explanations for this finding. One explanation is that all three problems were difficult. As a result, students' perceptions about their performance on each problem may have influenced their performance on subsequent problems. Another explanation is that motivation to achieve may have diminished with time. These data suggest that there are basic management skills that may be taught in a variety of surgical experiences. Care must be taken in the use of the PMP as a tool for evaluation so that noneducational factors such as order do not play a role in the results. PMID- 6740490 TI - Significance of the in-training examination in a surgical residency program. AB - The exact role that the American Board of Surgery In-Training Examination plays in resident evaluation remains poorly defined. We have required that all residents take the In-Training Examination annually. An analysis was performed of the results of the In-Training Examination and the Qualifying Examination of the American Board of Surgery for 16 residents who completed their residencies between July 1976 and July 1981. Twelve graduates passed their initial Qualifying Examinations with a mean +/- 1 SEM score of 81 +/- 2. Four graduates failed with a score of 70 +/- 0.3. Corresponding scores on their final In-Training Examinations were 42 +/- 9 and 11 +/- 6 (p less than 0.001). Each year the In Training Examination Scores obtained by the residents who passed the Qualifying Examination were significantly higher than were those scores obtained by the graduates who failed. Linear regression analysis identified a significant correlation between the graduates' initial (r = 0.676) and final (r = 0.760) In Training Examination scores and the Qualifying Examination score. In our resident training program, In-Training Examination results correlated well with Qualifying Examination results and may be used as an objective determinant for remedial measures and resident retentions. These data should be developed on a national level. While Board certification was or likely will be accomplished by all our residents, our goal is to strengthen the academic characteristics of the training program to produce uniform success on the initial Qualifying Examination. PMID- 6740491 TI - Common femoral artery injury by blunt trauma: a case report. AB - Blunt injury to the common femoral artery with associated extensive soft tissue damage presented significant problems in arterial reconstruction as exemplified in this case report. Arterial restoration resolved into three phases. Initially, the femoral artery was replaced with an ipsilateral saphenous vein graft; in the second phase for septic complications, an axillofemoral bypass graft was used; and in the third phase, the contralateral saphenous vein graft was placed sequentially from the common iliac to the deep femoral to the superficial femoral to the popliteal artery. The contralateral saphenous vein had been placed in an arterialized circuit for 9 months before its harvest by means of a distal arteriovenous fistula. The primary consideration was to enlarge the small vein to approximate the caliber of the external iliac and common femoral artery. Of secondary concern was the potential for delayed aneurysmal degeneration as reported incidence in much higher in younger patients. Whether in situ arterialization influences this outcome is yet to be documented. At 36 months the saphenous vein graft is palpably normal and the ankle-brachial index is 1.0. PMID- 6740492 TI - Asymptomatic vena caval fistulization complicating abdominal aortic aneurysm. AB - Aortocaval fistulization is usually manifested by signs of rupture of an aneurysm or of the large fistula. Absence of symptoms is unusual with this rare complication. Two cases of asymptomatic aortocaval fistula are presented. An awareness of this possibility should facilitate management when unexpected venous bleeding is encountered. PMID- 6740493 TI - Limitations of human umbilical vein grafts. AB - Sixty modified human umbilical vein (HUV) grafts were used for arterial reconstruction in 48 patients between December 1979 and December 1981. Forty-four patients had limb-threatening ischemia (rest pain or tissue loss) and four had disabling claudication. Thirty-four patients had HUV grafting after a primary arterial reconstruction had failed. Fourteen had HUV used for their initial arterial bypass. The distal anastomosis was to the popliteal artery in 27 grafts (5 above and 22 below the knee) and the distal calf arteries in 33 (anterior tibial 10, posterior tibial 9, peroneal 14). The cumulative patency rate, calculated by the modified life-table method, was 34% at 1 year and 18% at 2 years. Fifteen patients required major amputation after graft failure; 13 of these healed below the knee. Preoperative and postoperative ankle/brachial systolic pressure indices and intraoperative blood flow did not correlate with graft failure. These results reflect the limitations of HUV as a graft material in patients with severe ischemia of the lower extremities. The prognostic factors that determined the outcome of arterial reconstruction with HUV in these patients remain to be defined. PMID- 6740494 TI - The results of aggressive regional operation in the treatment of cancer of the floor of the mouth. AB - We reviewed the records of 94 patients with cancer of the floor of the mouth who were treated during a 15-year period to assess the results of an aggressive regional surgical approach. The primary tumor was excised with a 2 cm margin of normal tissue. A marginal or segmental mandibulectomy was performed in 84 of 94 patients. An ipsilateral radical neck dissection was performed in 86 of 94 patients. Contralateral suprahyoid dissection was combined with ipsilateral radical neck dissection in 52 patients. Bilateral radical neck dissection was performed in 10 patients. In the 1 to 16-year follow-up period, local/regional control was achieved in 91% of stage I patients, 83% of stage II patients, 68% of stage III patients, and 48% of stage IV patients. Determinant 5-year survival rates were T1--72%, T2--47%, T3--25%, and T4--28%. PMID- 6740495 TI - The nipple valve as a sphincter substitute for the ileocecal valve: prevention of bacterial overgrowth in the small bowel. AB - We evaluated the bacteriologic effect of a nipple valve substitute for the ileocecal valve in a canine model. Resection of the ileocecal valve and the distal 40% of the jejunoileum with end-to-end anastomosis was carried out in 10 dogs. In five of the dogs chosen randomly, a nipple valve was constructed at the anastomosis; in the remainder , a two-layer jejunocolostomy was formed. Microbiologic samples were taken at operation in the ascending colon and at three sites in the small intestine before resection and at reoperation 4 weeks later. These revealed a dramatic increase in anaerobic bacteria in the distal jejunum following jejunocolostomy without valve insertion but no increase following jejunocolostomy with nipple valve. There was a seven-log difference between the two groups in the mean anaerobic bacterial counts (P less than 0.05) measured 60 cm proximal to the anastomosis at the second operation. Results of aerobic cultures were similar but less dramatic. We conclude that construction of a nipple valve jejunocolostomy prevents anaerobic bacterial colonization of the proximal small bowel and may therefore be useful in the treatment or prevention of short bowel syndrome. PMID- 6740496 TI - Effect of bombesin on plasma cholecystokinin in normal persons and gastrectomized patients measured by sequence-specific radioimmunoassays. AB - Since bombesin is known to stimulate pancreatic enzyme secretion and gallbladder contraction, we have measured plasma cholecystokinin (CCK) concentrations during bombesin infusion using sequence-specific radioimmunoassays. Antibody 1703 binds to COOH terminal CCK peptides containing at least 14 amino acid residues, while antibody T204 is specific for the sulfated tyrosine region of CCK. In nine normal persons infusion of increasing doses of bombesin (2.4, 6, 18, and 60 pmol/kg X 20 min) induced dose-related integrated plasma CCK responses (58.5 +/- 9.7, 70.5 +/- 12.2, 79.5 +/- 11.1, and 101.4 +/- 15.4 pmol/L X 20 min [antibody 1703] and 50.4 +/- 11.9, 62.0 +/- 13.4, 74.7 +/- 9.2, and 116.1 +/- 11.3 pmol/L X 20 min [antibody T204]). Infusion of 60 pmol bombesin/kg X 20 min in eight patients with partial gastrectomy resulted in similar increases in plasma CCK (8.1 +/- 1.8 pmol/L, antibody 1703; 9.5 +/- 2.0 pmol/L, antibody T204) as in eight normal control subjects (6.5 +/- 0.9 pmol/L, antibody 1703; 8.8 +/- 1.0 pmol/L, antibody T204). During infusion of bombesin, plasma gastrin levels increased from 16.7 +/- 1.4 to 49.6 +/- 8.1 pmol/L (P less than 0.005) in the normal persons, while there was no significant change in plasma gastrin levels in gastrectomized patients. Bombesin did not significantly influence gastric acid secretion in three patients with partial gastrectomy studied. It is concluded that infusion of bombesin releases CCK in humans by a gastrin-independent mechanism. PMID- 6740498 TI - Extended radical operations on breast cancer of medial or central location. AB - Two groups of patients with central or medical primary breast cancer (T1-2N0-1M0) were studied. One group of 478 patients had an extended radical mastectomy (Urban Kholdin) that included removal of the parasternal lymph nodes and adjoining costal cartilages. A second group of 519 concurrently treated patients had a conventional radical mastectomy (Halsted-Meyer). Among the patients who had an extended radical mastectomy, metastases were found in parasternal lymph nodes in 17.7% of those who had no metastasis in axillary or subclavicular lymph nodes, 40.9% of those who had a single metastatic focus in axillary or subclavicular lymph nodes, and 54.2% of those who had multiple axillary and/or subclavicular nodal metastases. Comparison of the two groups for the interval to tumor recurrence showed that extended radical mastectomy provided a better disease-free survivorship at both 5 and 10 years. Among patients who had an extended radical mastectomy, results at 5 years were better by 10.1% for those who had no lymph node metastases at all, better by 15.6% for those who had a single axillary or subclavicular metastasis, and better by 16.6% when multiple axillary and/or subclavicular nodal metastases were present. Follow-up at 10 and 20 years also showed a margin favoring extended radical mastectomy. Among the patients who had metastases only in parasternal lymph nodes, the disease-free survival rate was 67.4% at 5 years and 46.2% at 10 years. Extended radical mastectomy should be considered the preferred operative procedure for patients 60 years of age or younger who have primary breast cancer (T1-2N0-1M0) of central or medial origin. PMID- 6740497 TI - Antiestrogen-cytotoxic chemotherapy and bacillus Calmette-Guerin vaccination in stage II breast cancer: seventy-two-month follow-up. AB - A prospective, randomized clinical trial of adjuvant treatment of 312 stage II breast cancer patients with use of chemotherapy, antiestrogen therapy, and immunotherapy is reported after 72 months of follow-up. The stratification of patients was based on nodal involvement and estrogen receptor (ER) assay of the primary tumors. Findings at 72 months indicate that antiestrogen therapy (tamoxifen, Nolvadex) added to chemotherapy with cyclophosphamide (Cytoxan), methotrexate, and fluorouracil (5-Fluorouracil) (CMF) resulted in significant delayed recurrence in ER-positive postmenopausal patients, ER-positive patients with four or more positive nodes, and ER-positive patients with tumors greater than 3 cm in diameter. The addition of nonspecific immunotherapy with bacillus Calmette-Guerin had no effect on disease-free survival. ER and progesterone receptor measurements in patients with primary breast cancer provide valuable prognostic information on subsequent recurrence and overall survival and should be documented in future clinical trials. PMID- 6740499 TI - Presidential address: perspectives in medical education. PMID- 6740500 TI - Pitfalls in evaluating the surgical student. AB - One hundred five students in our surgical clerkship were evaluated independently by two faculty members, a chief resident, a written multiple-choice examination, and two oral examinations. Faculty and chief resident evaluations included a written explanation and a score from 1 (honors) to 5 (failing). Oral and written examination scores were adjusted to the same numerical scale. Correlation coefficients (r) and probabilities (P) by the t test were calculated to determine validity of the components of the students' grades. In comparison with the oral examination, written examination, and final mean score, the chief residents' evaluations exhibited a validity significantly lower than that of both faculty groups (P less than 0.01). This finding was associated with the following differences in content of associated written evaluations. Residents were more likely to mention "skills" or "technique" (P less than 0.001) and less likely to comment on "logic," "judgment," or "reasoning" (P less than 0.001). Comments concerning "appearance," "enthusiasm," "diligence," and "motivation" were not significantly different among these groups. Experience gained as a member of a surgical teaching faculty or by an affiliation with a teaching program resulted in a greater tendency to focus on thought processes and less emphasis on technical factors in the evaluation of the student on a surgical rotation. Education of surgical house staff must include elucidation of appropriate criteria by which students should be judged. A welcome by-product might be a shift in emphasis in surgical education from a myriad of technical details to a logical approach to diagnosis and treatment. PMID- 6740501 TI - Validity of multiple-choice examinations in surgery. AB - The difficulty of creating new, unambiguous, pertinent multiple-choice questions of a level appropriate to medical students implies that examinations must be compiled from a limited number of items. Furthermore, it is impossible to keep used questions inaccessible to all subsequent students. This study was undertaken to determine if these realities are compatible with examinations that are both valid and reliable. A pool of 480 multiple-choice questions was distributed to 232 students during the surgical clerkship. At the conclusion of each quarter, a 120-item multiple-choice examination that consisted of entirely new questions was administered (group I). These 960 questions were then made available to the next group of 218 students; each subsequent examination consisted of 50% new questions and 50% questions repeated verbatim from the publicized pool (group II). With the available pool now increased to 1200, the next examination consisted of 20% new and 80% repeat questions (group III). Reliability (internal consistency) was measured by the Kuder-Richardson-21 formula. Validity was measured by correlation between the multiple-choice examination and the average score of evaluations of each student by two oral examinations and five faculty members. Despite the expected increase in mean examination score, there is loss of neither reliability nor validity by inclusion of even 80% of items repeated from a large pool of multiple-choice questions that have been distributed to the students. Hence, instead of adding irrelevant, trivial, or inappropriate items or trying in vain to hide old examinations from new students, simple preparation of examinations from a large pool of questions is recommended. To insure fairness to all students, this pool should be made public knowledge. PMID- 6740502 TI - The anatomy of a congenitally short limb with clubfoot and ectrodactyly. AB - Previous studies have shown an association between an abnormal arterial pattern and bony malformations of the human lower limb. We have dissected and performed arteriography on a congenitally short limb with ectrodactyly in order to examine the relationship between arterial pattern and bony anomalies in another type of deformity. The bony anomalies were a combination of short femur, tibia and fibula, clubfoot with tarsal synostoses, metatarsal absence, ectrodactyly, and a bifid hallux. The arterial pattern was characterized by deficiency of the anterior tibial artery and absence of the plantar arch. Major muscular anomalies were noted in the foot only; the muscles of the missing toe were absent and any muscles that normally cross the midventral line were either missing or failed to cross the midline. The superficial peroneal nerve failed to enter the dorsum of the foot and its sensory distribution was assumed by an extra branch of the sural nerve. The most severe abnormalities of the bones, muscles, arteries, and nerves occurred near the midventral line of the foot. We hypothesize that the abnormal arterial pattern put the limb at risk of teratogenic damage by reducing the number of collateral blood supply routes. We suggest that some event, such as extravasation of blood or embolization, compromised the blood flow in the remaining blood vessels and that this event resulted in both a general shortening of the limb and the specific defects observed in the foot. We interpret the anatomy to be consistent with the vascular teratogenic event occurring near the midline of the foot during the fifth week of embryonic development. PMID- 6740503 TI - Calvarial defect in human anencephaly. AB - The calvarial defect in human anencephaly has been studied on 21 anencephalic skulls in all of which the defect extended into the vertebral column. Based on the boundaries of the defect, a nomenclature of the anomaly has been proposed that is simpler, more scientific, and more informative than previous ones because it expresses the precise extent of destruction of the cranial vault. In the present study, the defect was "fronto-occipito-vertebral" in in 71.4%, "occipito vertebral" in 23.8%, and "parieto-occipito-vertebral" in 4.8% of cases. The morphologic details of the cranial bones bounding the calvarial defect have been described. PMID- 6740504 TI - Agenesis of the penis, scrotal raphe, and anus in one of monoamniotic twins. AB - Severe defects in the development of the caudal axis are rare, but lead to profound consequences for the fetus. They result from damage to multiple germ layers at a very early stage of development and vary in severity depending on the timing and degree of insult incurred. One of a set of identical male twins presented with persistence of the primitive cloaca with an absent phallus and anal atresia, but normal limb development. This combination of penile agenesis, imperforate anus, and absence of the scrotal and perineal raphae is an ominous physical finding indicative of severe renal anomalies, which in all cases have been incompatible with extrauterine survival. This constellation of findings, of which our patient is only the sixth reported example, probably results from a primary defect in caudal mesoderm migration before the fourth week of gestation. In this case, the defect may have occurred as a consequence of monochorionic monoamniotic monozygotic (MZ) twinning. PMID- 6740505 TI - Genetic microcephaly in a pair of monozygous twins. AB - A pair of monozygotic female twins with true primary microcephaly is described. The autosomal-recessive nature of the disease is supported by the following: the twins are concordant for the disease; the parents, themselves normal, are related; the reduced skull dimensions were noted at birth; neurologic problems are absent; the karyotype is normal; the gestation and delivery were normal, without any history of influences capable of inducing microcephaly. A detailed dermatoglyphic study is given. PMID- 6740506 TI - Lateral cephalothoracopagus: a case report. AB - A case of lateral cephalothoracopagus with posterior auricles is presented and compared with similar cases previously reported. This case is the first, to our knowledge, which exhibits both unequivocal lateral juncture of the faces and posterior auricles. Thus, it may represent a pattern of juncture intermediate between janiceps and lateral cephalothoracopagus. PMID- 6740507 TI - Growth parameters in normal fetuses. AB - A total of 14 linear measurements, seven ratios of linear measurements, and the weights of eight organs were taken from 100 normal fetuses. The fetuses had been therapeutically aborted between 11 and 19 weeks of gestational age by prostaglandin induction or hysterotomy. Measurements were obtained from at least five fetuses for each week of development age. A correlation matrix was calculated in order to identify those variables that showed a significant relationship with each other and with total body measurements. Significant correlations were obtained between crown-rump length and the following: head circumference, femur length, and humerus length. These three measurements were also significantly correlated with body weight. First-order regression equations were produced for these significantly correlated variables. This information can be used to estimate fetal growth even when the fetus is incomplete. PMID- 6740508 TI - Optic vesicle defects induced by vincristine sulfate: an in vivo and in vitro study in the mouse embryo. AB - The optic vesicle develops from cuboidal neuroepithelial cells which become high columnar, then become wedge-shaped. Vincristine sulfate, a microtubule inhibitor, was used to study the role of microtubules in optic vesicle formation. Swiss Webster mice were injected with vincristine sulfate on the eighth day of gestation, placebo females received an equivalent volume of saline, and additional females were not injected. All embryos were harvested on the 10th day of gestation. Additional embryos were cultured by the whole embryo culture technique described by New et al. ('73) beginning on the ninth day of gestation for 24 hours. When embryos were harvested on the 10th day of gestation, crown rump lengths, developmental stage, and the number of visible anomalies were recorded. Embryos were then examined using light, transmission, and scanning electron microscopy. Embryos exposed to vincristine sulfate in vivo or in vitro were significantly smaller and developmentally delayed when compared to the control groups. The embryos treated in vivo appeared to be more severely affected than those exposed in vitro. Observed malformations were similar in both experimental groups, and consisted mainly of closure defects of the cephalic neural folds and defective formation of the optic vesicles. The optic vesicle defects ranged from complete absence to asymmetrical development. Microtubules appeared to be disorganized, S-shaped, or incorporated into paracrystalline inclusion structures. PMID- 6740509 TI - The effects of ethanol exposure during the brain growth spurt in rats. AB - The purpose of this study was to determine whether micromorphological changes occur at a low level of ethanol exposure previously shown by us to induce alterations in synaptosomal biochemistry. The results suggest that 4 g ethanol per kg body weight daily throughout the brain growth spurt causes no significant structural changes in the cerebellum, lobule IX, at the light and electron microscopic levels. Although ethanol- and isocaloric sucrose-treated groups did not differ from each other in cumulative percent body weight gain throughout the treatment period, both groups differed significantly in this parameter from isocaloric milk-treated and "handled" control groups. On the day following completion of the treatment period, brain weight in the ethanol-treated group was significantly less than that of all other groups. Further, the results indicate that isocaloric sucrose "pair feeding" is contraindicated in postnatal studies and that nutritional status is better controlled by daily gavage of neonates than by other methods currently used in ethanol studies in postnatal animals. PMID- 6740510 TI - An embryotoxicity study of the fungicide tridemorph and its commercial formulation Calixin. AB - Tridemorph (N-tridecyl-2,6-dimethylmorpholine), the active ingredient of the commercially formulated fungicide Calixin, is a teratogen in rats and mice. The no-effect level for embryotoxic effects was 27.5 mg/kg for mice and 20.6 mg/kg for rats. By contrast, when Calixin, which contains 83% tridemorph, was administered orally at dose levels of 0.156, 0.722, and 3.909 mg/kg, no embryotoxic effects were observed in two strains of rats. Our extensive investigations, carried out under exposure conditions resembling as closely as possible those reported in another study, did not reproduce the previous findings of teratogenicity of Calixin. PMID- 6740511 TI - A short-term screening test for teratogens using differentiating neuroblastoma cells in vitro. AB - Thirty-nine teratogenic and 18 nonteratogenic compounds were tested using an assay based on the ability of agents to interfere with normal growth and differentiation of murine neuroblastoma cells (clone N1E-115) in culture. Induction of differentiation in cells under growth-promoting conditions and inhibition of differentiating cells over a period of 7 days was dose-dependent, with the lowest effective dose not being highly toxic. Eighty-six percent of the compounds were correctly identified by the assay. The proportions of both false negatives (10%) and false positives (22%) were of the same order or better than in current, comparable tests. The possibilities offered by the system in rapid screening for teratogenic potential of environmental agents are discussed. PMID- 6740512 TI - Sensitive stages and dose-response analyses of palatal slit and cleft palate in C57BL/6 mice treated with a glucocorticoid. AB - C57BL/6 mice were treated subcutaneously with triamcinolone acetonide in a single dose of 2.5-15.0 mg/kg once on days 6-15 of pregnancy (vaginal plug = day 0) and the palate of their fetuses was examined at term. The sensitive stages of palatal slit and cleft palate induction were studied and dose-response relations on days 9 and 12 of pregnancy were analyzed by the log-probit transformation method and compared. The test of significant increase in the frequencies of palatal slit and cleft palate showed that the sensitive period of palatal slit began earlier and ended later than that of cleft palate. On day 9 of pregnancy, the slope of the palatal slit response was similar to that of the cleft palate response, but the median effective dose of the former was lower than that of the latter. The slope of the palatal slit response was similar on days 9 and 12; however, the median effective dose was significantly greater on day 9. By contrast, the slope of the cleft palate response on day 12 was significantly different from that on day 9. The results of these dose-response analyses suggest that the underlying mechanism may be the same in palatal slit induction on days 9 and 12 and in cleft palate induction on day 9; the mechanism underlying the cleft palate response on day 12 is different from that of the other three responses, and there is more than one mechanism for cleft palate induced by triamcinolone. PMID- 6740513 TI - Cortisone cure of the lidgap defect in fetal mice: a dose-response and time response study. AB - Cortisone administered during pregnancy prevents the phenotypic expression of lidgap-Miller (lgM1), a genetically determined congenital defect in mice. The dose-response, on a probit log dose scale, is linear to a dose of 60 mg/kg maternal body weight, giving an observed maximum cure of 94% and an ED50(1) of 27 mg/kg. At higher doses the rate of prevention diminishes, to 56% at 320 mg/kg. Fetal (18-day) weight remains unaffected for doses of up to 60 mg/kg and then drops sharply at higher doses, suggesting that cortisone is toxic in this higher range. The severity of lidgap, measured in two ways (as one or both eyes open and as width of gap), decreases as its frequency falls. This finding is in keeping with the threshold model for birth defects. The threshold appears to be in the embryos rather than in their mothers. There is a broad optimum time of treatment: days 13-14 for the 80 mg/kg dose, and days 14-15 for the 30 mg/kg dose. Treatment on day 16 has little or no effect. It is not known how cortisone cures the lidgap trait. The action may be specific--to stimulate transcription of a specific gene, possibly of the lidgap locus itself--or more general, e.g., to alter cell division rate or extracellular matrix constituents. PMID- 6740514 TI - Direct fetal injections of diethylstilbestrol and 17 beta-estradiol: a method for investigating their teratogenicity. AB - The synthetic estrogen, diethylstilbestrol (DES), causes urogenital malformations in humans, primates, and rodents. This study was designed to determine whether these effects of DES are related to its estrogenicity. Therefore, DES (0.1, 1, and 10 micrograms) or the natural estrogen, estradiol (E2) (10 and 100 micrograms) was injected directly into day 19 rat fetuses. In the 6- to 7-week old female offspring exposed to DES, a dose-related incidence of cleft phallus, hypospadias, and incomplete coiling of oviducts was observed. The single fetal injection of E2 elicited similar urogenital malformations, but was approximately 100-fold less potent than DES. A single subcutaneous dose of either DES (0.025, 0.25, or 2.5 mg/kg) or E2 (2.5 or 25 mg/kg) to dams on day 19 of pregnancy induced a spectrum of malformations similar to that following fetal injection. The offspring of treated dams, but not those injected directly as fetuses, had nonfunctioning ovaries (no corpora lutea) yet vaginal signs of estrous were present. It is concluded that DES can act directly in the fetus and its teratogenicity does not require maternal mediation. Since a high dose of E2 produced similar malformations when given to fetuses, it appears that excess estrogen during prenatal life is teratogenic. Thus, at least those endpoints of the teratogenicity of DES that were measured are accounted for by its estrogenic activity. PMID- 6740515 TI - Retardation of brain growth of guinea pigs by hyperthermia: effect of varying intervals between successive exposures. AB - Guinea pigs were exposed to a temperature of 42.5-43.5 degrees C on three occasions between days 20 and 23 of pregnancy. In the first experiment, groups of mothers were exposed at intervals of 18-30 hr. Each exposure ended when the deep rectal temperature had been over 43 degrees C for 6 min and mean temperatures were 43.2-43.4 degrees C. Micrencephaly was found in 78% of heated newborn offspring, the mean brain weights of all groups being significantly less than controls. In the heated groups, the brain weights were reduced significantly as the interval between exposures decreased. Abnormalities other than micrencephaly were found in 10% of heated offspring and included exomphalos, clubfoot, and hypodactyly. In the second experiment, groups of mothers were exposed for 1 hour at intervals of 6-20 hr. The mean temperatures of heated groups were 42.6-42.9 degrees C. The mean brain weights of all groups of heated newborn were significantly reduced and micrencephaly was found in 61% of newborn. Brain weights were reduced significantly as mean maternal temperature increased. There was a significant interaction between the level of temperature elevation and the interval between exposures.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS) PMID- 6740516 TI - Association of hereditary blood disorders and congenital heart disease. PMID- 6740517 TI - Alexander: serving patients is our goal. PMID- 6740518 TI - Viral encephalitis--new recommendations for control and diagnosis. PMID- 6740519 TI - Intracranial complications in children with chronic middle ear disease. PMID- 6740520 TI - What is treatment of substance abuse? PMID- 6740521 TI - A new look at the insanity defense in Texas. PMID- 6740522 TI - [Basic aspects of antibiotic therapy]. PMID- 6740523 TI - [Role of the microbiology laboratory in antibiotic therapy]. PMID- 6740524 TI - [Anti-infective therapy of upper respiratory tract infections]. PMID- 6740525 TI - [The practicing physician faced with an infectious pulmonary lesion]. PMID- 6740526 TI - [Treatment of urinary tract infections]. PMID- 6740527 TI - [Antibiotic therapy of bacterial meningitis]. PMID- 6740528 TI - [Antibiotic therapy of surgical infections]. PMID- 6740529 TI - [Antibiotic therapy of acute bacterial diarrheal diseases]. PMID- 6740530 TI - [Antibiotic therapy of fungal infections]. PMID- 6740531 TI - [Chemotherapy of viral diseases]. PMID- 6740532 TI - [Diagnosis and therapy of lung embolism]. PMID- 6740533 TI - [Comparative study of topical treatment of seasonal allergic rhinitis with aqueous beclomethasone and flunisolide]. PMID- 6740534 TI - Control and prevention of tuberculosis: a code of practice. PMID- 6740536 TI - Domestic smoke pollution and chronic bronchitis in a rural community of the Hill Region of Nepal. AB - An earlier study of chronic bronchitis in a rural community of the Hill Region of Nepal using Medical Research Council criteria showed a high prevalence rate that was more or less equal in the two sexes. Most of the women in the study population are exposed to domestic smoke caused by wood and straw fires used for cooking and heating purposes in the ill ventilated houses without chimneys. Data from 1375 individuals were analysed to determine whether there was any relationship between domestic smoke pollution and chronic bronchitis. Exposure to domestic smoke was assessed according to the average time per day spent near the fireplace. The association between chronic bronchitis and cigarette smoking was confirmed. In female nonsmokers and smokers and past smokers of both sexes crude and age adjusted prevalence rates for chronic bronchitis were significantly associated with increasing exposure to domestic smoke. In the living conditions existing in the rural Hill Region of Nepal domestic smoke pollution is an important contributing factor in the development of chronic bronchitis. PMID- 6740535 TI - Prevalence of chronic bronchitis in a rural community of the Hill Region of Nepal. AB - A house to house survey of everyone aged 20 years and above living in a rural community in the Hill Region of Nepal, situated about 16 km outside Kathmandu city, was conducted to determine the prevalence of chronic bronchitis and cor pulmonale. Of the total eligible population, 2826 (95.5%) were interviewed. Chronic bronchitis was diagnosed according to the British Medical Research Council criteria, and emphysema and cor pulmonale according to the World Health Organisation expert committee criteria. The crude prevalence of chronic bronchitis was found to be 18.3%. The prevalence rate of chronic bronchitis was similar in men and women, whereas in most parts of the world much lower rates have been recorded in women. Study of a random sample of 85 individuals with chronic bronchitis showed that 57.4% had evidence of airways obstruction, whereas 15.8% of a representative sample (n = 111) of the surveyed population (excluding those with chronic bronchitis) showed evidence of airway obstruction. Of 516 subjects diagnosed as having chronic bronchitis, 382 were subsequently investigated in hospital, 134 having declined further investigation. The diagnosis was confirmed in most of the patients (93.2%) who were investigated. Other diseases played an insignificant part in the production of the observed high prevalence rates of chronic bronchitis. Of the 382 patients studied in hospital, 87 had emphysema and 42 had cor pulmonale, yielding overall prevalence rates for these two conditions of at least 3.1% and at least 1.5% respectively. PMID- 6740537 TI - Free and total plasma theophylline concentrations in chronic airflow obstruction. AB - It has been suggested that the variability in clinical response between individuals at any given total plasma theophylline concentration may be related to interpatient variability in theophylline plasma protein binding. We therefore measured the plasma protein binding of theophylline in plasma from 39 outpatients with chronic airflow obstruction who were receiving long term oral theophylline treatment. The protein binding was measured at 37 degrees C and pH 7.4 by equilibrium dialysis. Total plasma theophylline concentration was measured by high performance liquid chromatography and the free concentration calculated by multiplying total concentration by the free (unbound) fraction. The total plasma theophylline concentration varied from 0.7 to 22.0 micrograms/ml, mean 10.6 (SD 5.3) micrograms/ml (3.9-121 mumol/l, mean 58.3 (29.2) mumol/l). The free fraction of theophylline varied only from 0.58 to 0.69 (mean 0.626 (0.024] microgram/ml and was not related to the total concentration (r = -0.236, n = 39, p greater than 0.05). There was a very close relationship between free and total plasma concentrations (r = 0.996, n = 39, p less than 0.001). It is concluded that there is little variability in plasma protein binding of theophylline in patients with chronic airflow obstruction. Other factors appear to be responsible for variability between individuals in the response to a given total plasma theophylline concentration. PMID- 6740538 TI - Relative intakes of tar, nicotine, and carbon monoxide from cigarettes of different yields. AB - The relative intakes of tar, nicotine, and carbon monoxide were estimated in 2455 cigarette smokers, who freely smoked their usual brands of cigarette. The estimates were derived by using an objective index of inhaling based on the measurement of carboxyhaemoglobin divided by the carbon monoxide yield of the cigarettes smoked, after background and carry over carboxyhaemoglobin effects had been allowed for. Separate analyses were performed according to the yield and type (plain, filter, etc) of cigarette smoked. The analyses based on yield indicated that the extent of inhaling was adjusted sufficiently to achieve similar intakes of nicotine/carbon monoxide regardless of the nicotine/carbon monoxide yield. It was not, however, sufficiently increased to achieve a similar intake of tar as the tar yield of the cigarette decreased. The analyses based on type of cigarette indicated that the extent of inhaling was adjusted to achieve similar intakes of tar and nicotine regardless of the type of cigarette smoked, but that this led to a greater intake of carbon monoxide among filter cigarette smokers than that among smokers of plain cigarettes--more so than would have been expected from their relative carbon monoxide yields. Two conclusions arise from these results. Firstly, any harmful effects of nicotine/carbon monoxide are unlikely to be materially reduced by smoking cigarettes with lower yields of nicotine/carbon monoxide, but the harmful effects of tar are likely to be reduced by smoking cigarettes with lower tar yields. These predictions appear to be borne out by epidemiological observations. Secondly, any harmful effects of carbon monoxide on the cardiovascular system will be greater in smokers of modern filter cigarettes than in smokers of modern plain cigarettes, provided that these two groups of smokers are otherwise similar with respect to risk of cardiovascular disease. PMID- 6740539 TI - Urinary nicotine concentrations in cigarette and pipe smokers. AB - Urinary concentrations of nicotine were studied in men who did not smoke (27) and in men who smoked cigarettes only (145) or pipes only (48). The median urinary nicotine concentrations were less than 50 ng/ml (the detection limit of the assay for urine tests) in the non-smokers, 1393 ng/ml in the cigarette smokers, and 1048 ng/ml in the pipe smokers. These values were standardised for urinary pH and creatinine concentration to allow for the fact that nicotine excretion is influenced by the acidity of the urine and by urinary flow rate. The high urinary nicotine concentrations in the pipe and cigarette smokers indicated that both types of smoker have relatively high systemic nicotine concentrations. This observation, together with the fact that large prospective studies have shown that pipe smokers have no material excess risk of coronary heart disease whereas cigarette smokers do, provides evidence that nicotine is unlikely to be the major cause of the excess deaths from coronary heart disease in cigarette smokers. This conclusion is consistent with earlier observations based on serum cotinine concentrations in smokers and non-smokers. PMID- 6740540 TI - Pulmonary infection with mycobacterium xenopi: review of treatment and response. AB - Forty seven patients (82% male) with pulmonary infection caused by Mycobacterium xenopi have been reviewed. Pre-existing lung disease was present in 35 (75%). In 21 patients the disease was characterised by a subacute illness developing over a period of two to four months, while in another 20 patients there was a longer history of chronic respiratory problems often associated with slowly progressive changes evident from chest radiographs. Response to treatment was poor and unpredictable, and was not related to the results of in vitro sensitivity tests, pre-existing lung disease, or mode of onset of symptoms. Eleven patients (23%) were cured with chemotherapy. The best drug regimen appeared to be rifampicin and isoniazid combined with either streptomycin or ethambutol. Another 12 (26%) showed favourable responses to drug treatment initially, but eventually relapsed. Four patients had progressive disease while receiving prolonged courses of chemotherapy. Resection was performed in five patients with resultant cure in four. Since the prognosis with drug treatment alone is so unpredictable it is suggested that resection might be part of first line treatment, and that it should usually be performed if patients fail to respond to initial chemotherapy or if they relapse. PMID- 6740541 TI - The adult respiratory distress syndrome bronchogenic pulmonary tuberculosis. AB - In three cases of pulmonary tuberculosis associated with the adult respiratory distress syndrome the clinical features, which were similar to those of patients with miliary tuberculosis and adult respiratory distress syndrome, included a history of cough, fever, and dyspnoea on effort, and the physical signs of fever, tachypnoea, pulmonary adventitious sounds, tachycardia, and hepatomegaly. In these cases the radiological features, though suggestive of diffuse pulmonary oedema, were more prominent on the side in which the cavitatory lesion appeared. The diagnosis of tuberculosis was made easily from direct examination of sputum. Despite early ventilatory support and antituberculous therapy, two of the three patients died. Postmortem examination of the lungs in these cases showed evidence of acute alveolar damage (loss of type 1 pneumocytes and the presence of hyaline membranes within alveolar ducts) and of chronic alveolar damage (interstitial and alveolar fibrosis). PMID- 6740542 TI - Open heart surgery in patients receiving chronic haemodialysis. PMID- 6740543 TI - Bronchiectasis after mycoplasma pneumonia. PMID- 6740544 TI - Sputum cytology in the diagnosis of pulmonary non-Hodgkin's lymphoma. PMID- 6740545 TI - Persisting "asthma" in tropical pulmonary eosinophilia. PMID- 6740546 TI - Platelet-platelet recognition during aggregation: distinct mechanisms determined by the release reaction. AB - Fixed platelets, bearing covalently bound fibrinogen, were previously shown to participate passively in aggregation induced by thrombin or A23187. The bound fibrinogen was specifically required for the interaction. The present study examines the role of the release reaction in controlling the passive participation of the fixed platelets in aggregation. Aggregation of fresh platelets induced by low ADP concentration (less than or equal to 2 microM) was not augmented by the fixed platelets, but was augmented when higher concentrations of ADP were employed. Fixed platelets failed to enhance aggregation of aspirin-treated fresh platelets induced by 10 microM ADP; the augmentation capability was reconstituted by a supernatant fraction from platelets activated by 10 microM ADP in the presence of EDTA. The binding of soluble fibrinogen to activated fresh platelets occurred regardless of the release reaction, but the interaction of fragmented fixed platelets bearing bound fibrinogen with aggregating fresh platelets was apparent only when release took place. It is concluded that fibrinogen covalently bound to fixed platelets is selectively recognized by released compound(s). PMID- 6740547 TI - Stanozolol-induced changes in fibrinolysis and coagulation in healthy adults. AB - The effect of orally-administered stanozolol, 5 mg b.d. on fibrinolysis, coagulation and on various haematological and biochemical parameters have been studied in 16 healthy adults, 8 males and 8 females. Statistically significant enhancement of extrinsic (tissue-type) plasminogen activator activity was detected in all subjects studied. This was associated with significant increases in plasma plasminogen and a concomitant reduction in histidine-rich glycoprotein. There were no changes in plasma urokinase activity. Changes in the coagulation system included significant reduction in plasma fibrinogen and elevation of protein C and antithrombin III. Changes in plasma lipids included significant reduction of HDL cholesterol associated with an increase in LDL triglycerides. No change occurred in total cholesterol. There were no major differences between the sexes, nor were there serious side effects. The effects of stanozolol on extrinsic (tissue-type) plasminogen activator activity, "free" plasminogen, protein C and antithrombin III, argue strongly in favour of its therapeutic potential. PMID- 6740548 TI - Thrombus-related uptake and vascular clearance of 131 I-fibrin des-AABB as compared to 125 I-fibrinogen in patients with established venous thrombosis. AB - Thrombus-related uptake of 131 I-fibrin des-AABB has been compared to that of 125 I-fibrinogen in 13 patients with established venous thrombosis. Both tracers originated from a common pool of beta-alanine precipitated fibrinogen. Scan recordings were performed as a radiofibrin (ogen) uptake test. Uptake characteristics of des-AABB fibrin were similar to those of fibrinogen, when measured as percentage of concomitant radioactivity over the heart. Due to its longer circulation time, fibrinogen was superior to fibrin des-AABB for the detection of venous thrombi. Circulating des-AABB fibrin was cleared biphasically, with an initial rapid decline followed by a gradual exponential decrease. Mean half-lives were 5.5 +/- SD 3.5 hr and 10 +/- SD 3.5 hr, respectively. The elimination rates were uninfluenced by thrombus activity, as judged by the fibrin(ogen) uptake test. Metabolic half-life of fibrinogen in the total material was 62 +/- SD 19 hr. Dissociation of fibrinogen and soluble des AABB fibrin clearance rates was evident, describing their own, independent elimination patterns, probably reflecting different clearing mechanisms. PMID- 6740549 TI - Report of the working party on hybridoma-derived monoclonal antibodies to platelets. AB - A registry of 24 hybridoma-derived monoclonal antibodies to platelets is reported along with the deliberations of the Working Party on criteria for inclusion into the registry and nomenclature. PMID- 6740551 TI - Observations on the heparin neutralizing activity of outdated platelet concentrates. AB - A crude extract of outdated, washed, frozen and thawed, platelet concentrates was prepared and optimally diluted for use in the A.P.T.T. test as a source of platelet phospholipid (P.F. 3). The extract contained, in addition to P.F. 3, active heparin neutralizing activity (P.F. 4), which was able to neutralize plasma heparin up to a concentration of approximately 0.8 units/ml plasma. Although these observations are of a preliminary nature, it is felt that the extract can be used to follow the "intrinsic" coagulability of plasma samples from patients receiving therapeutic heparin. Utilizing the A.P.T.T. test system, the determination of coagulability and the neturalization of heparin result from the use of this extract in a single test. PMID- 6740550 TI - Mass action effects on competitive adsorption of fibrinogen from hemoglobin solutions and from plasma. AB - The strong effect of protein adsorption on blood and tissue compatibility is well known. Little is presently known about the mechanisms which control the composition of the adsorbed protein layer which forms upon exposure of surfaces to mixtures of proteins. Reexamination of the ability of hemoglobin to inhibit the adsorption of 125I fibrinogen to polyethylene revealed that the inhibition was strongly dependent on the fibrinogen concentration. These results suggested that fibrinogen adsorption from more complex mixtures such as plasma should also be strongly dependent on total concentration. Fibrinogen adsorption from plasma was found to be maximal at intermediate plasma concentrations, and was reduced at both low and high plasma concentrations. The plasma concentration at which this maximum occurred was 10% for polytetrafluoroethylene, 1% for polyethylene, and 0.1% for glass. The unusual concentration dependence is attributed to mass action effects on the competitive adsorption of proteins, specifically that competitive effectiveness is expected to increase as unoccupied surface adsorptive sites become less frequent. Analogous effects of adsorption time on competitive adsorption are also predicted due to the changing concentration at the interface as the buffer is gradually replaced by protein solution. These mass action effects are very similar to previous qualitative observations by Vroman and are therefore dubbed the " Vroman effect". PMID- 6740552 TI - A new platelet aggregating material (PAM) in an experimentally induced rat fibrosarcoma. AB - The present work concerns our studies to search for factor(s) which may influence the hemostatic process in or around metastasis of tumours. We studied the platelet aggregating property of a methyl cholanthrene induced experimental tumour. Platelet aggregating material was found to be different from the known aggregating agents like thrombin, ADP, collagen, thromboxane A2 and trypsin. It depends on a critical level of calcium for its action. PAM is a high molecular weight substance which contains sialic acid. It is trypsin and plasmin insensitive. The activity of this substance is not being destroyed by phospholipase-C. Metabolic study indicates that PAM acts by mitochondrial energy metabolic pathway of the platelets. PMID- 6740553 TI - Influence of yoga on blood coagulation. AB - Yoga is known to induce beneficial effects on physiological, biochemical and mental functions in man. Its effects on blood coagulation are not known. A study was conducted in seven previously untrained male adults who underwent a combination of yogic exercises, daily for one hour, over a period of four months. Parameters of blood coagulation were estimated before and after the end of yoga training. The following changes were observed: Fibrinolytic activity increased significantly with a concomitant fall in fibrinogen; activated partial thromboplastin time and platelet aggregation time were prolonged; blood and plasma platelets showed a rise; and both haemoglobin and heamatocrit were raised at the end of the training. These findings suggest that yoga induces a state of blood hypocoagulability. The impact of yoga on prevention of cardiovascular and thrombotic disorders is obvious. PMID- 6740555 TI - Selective increases of procoagulant activity in rabbit lymphoid populations in vitro following stimulation with endotoxin: dependence on anatomic source. AB - Rabbit mononuclear leukocytes isolated from a variety of anatomic sites were examined for ability to generate procoagulant activity in vitro. Marrow, blood and spleen mononuclear cell populations were found to differ functionally from lymph node, thymus and alveolar populations by having much greater ability to increase in tissue factor activity in response to an endotoxin stimulus. Thus, after incubation in the presence of endotoxin, leukocytes obtained from marrow, blood, and spleen were found to increase in procoagulant activity characterized as tissue factor by 832, 1942 and 12.6 fold, respectively. In contrast, pulmonary alveolar macrophages increased in tissue factor activity only by 2.8 fold, and lymph node and thymus mononuclear cells showed little or no increases. These functional differences, demonstrated by exposing the six cell populations to endotoxin under controlled conditions in vitro, likely explain the similar pattern of anatomic selectivity of leukocyte tissue factor increases reported to occur in vivo during endotoxemia and Shwartzman reactions (1). PMID- 6740554 TI - The anticoagulant effects of the hookworm, ancylostoma ceylanicum: observations on human and dog blood in vitro and infected dogs in vivo. AB - Extracts of adult Ancylostoma ceylanicum prolonged the prothrombin time (PT) and partial thromboplastin time with kaolin ( PPTK ) of both human and dog plasmas in vitro. Excretory/secretory (E/S) products of these worms had similar effects while larval extract prolonged the PTTK only. Thus, the anticoagulant activities of this parasite are dependent upon the stage of the worm's life cycle. Collagen- and ADP-induced platelet aggregation were inhibited by adult and larval extracts. When the peripheral blood and bleeding times of dogs with varying worm burdens were examined, the only abnormality was shortening of the PTTK in the most heavily infected animals. Homogenates of dog small bowel subjacent to adult hookworms prolonged the PT of dog plasma and electron microscopical examination of this tissue revealed aggregation of platelets in blood venules without fibrin deposition. Thus, this study provides evidence that the anticoagulant properties of hookworms may have biological significance in infected animals. PMID- 6740556 TI - Outcome of treatment of deep-vein thrombosis with urokinase: relationship to dosage, duration of therapy, age of the thrombus and laboratory changes. AB - Forty-one patients with phlebographically proven DVT of the popliteal, femoral or iliac veins were treated with different regimens of urokinase (UK) given by continuous intravenous infusion. The four groups were comparable with respect to localization, extension and estimated age of the thrombi. Another phlebographic picture was taken within 48 hr after the end of UK infusion. Substantial lysis had occurred in 2 of 10 patients treated with 1500 U/kg/h for 2 days, in 4 of 11 treated with 2500/U/kg/h for 3 days, in 2 of 10 treated with 2500 U/kg/h for 7 days and in 4 of 10 treated with 4000 U/kg/h for 4 days. Only thrombi younger than 8 days could be lysed, with 61% (8/13) rate of lysis for thrombi less than 5 days old. Bleeding complications were observed more frequently with the higher doses and longer durations of therapy. The four treatment regimens all induced dose-dependent changes in fibrinogen, fibrin(ogen) degradation products, plasminogen and antiplasmin. Neither pre- nor post-infusion values of these parameters could differentiate patients with lysis from those without lysis. It is concluded that UK can provoke a high rate of thrombolysis of DVT treated early after the appearance of symptoms but that there is no relationship between UK induced modifications of fibrinolysis and the outcome of therapy. PMID- 6740557 TI - High and low affinity heparin compared with unfractionated heparin as antithrombotic drugs. AB - A preparation of heparin was separated by affinity chromatography into two fractions: one of high ( HAH ) and the other of low (LAH) affinity to antithrombin III. These two fractions were compared with unfractionated heparin ( UFH ) by in vitro assay and their ability to impair experimental stasis thrombosis was also examined. Although the in vitro activity of HAH was double that of UFH , HAH was less effective than UFH as an antithrombotic drug; LAH was virtually inactive, both in vitro and in vivo. A mixture of 30 micrograms/kg of HAH and 50 micrograms/kg of LAH was as effective in preventing thrombosis as 80 micrograms/kg of UFH , and was more effective than 40 micrograms/kg of HAH alone, demonstrating that LAH potentiates the action of HAH in vivo. PMID- 6740558 TI - Histidine-rich glycoprotein modulates the anticoagulant activity of heparin in human plasma. AB - Addition of 0.05 IU of heparin per ml normal plasma prolongs its thrombin time from 20 to 27s , but that of plasma specifically depleted in histidine-rich glycoprotein (by immunoadsorption) from 20 to 180s . Reconstitution of the depleted plasma with normal plasma or with purified histidine-rich glycoprotein normalizes its thrombin time. In 54 plasma samples from hospitalized patients a significant negative correlation was found between the anticoagulant activity of heparin measured by thrombin inhibition and the plasma level of histidine-rich glycoprotein (r = 0.69). It is concluded that the level of histidine-rich glycoprotein modulates the anticoagulant activity of heparin in human plasma to an extent which appears to be pharmacologically and possibly clinically relevant. PMID- 6740559 TI - Effects of acetylsalicylic acid on human platelet function in vivo at salicylate steady state. AB - The results of clinical trials concerning the use of acetylsalicylic acid (ASA) as antithrombotic drug are contradictory. Inhibition by ASA of platelet prostaglandin synthesis and aggregation is prevented by its metabolite salicylic acid (SA) in animals and in human platelets in vitro. It was suggested that ASA might produce its own inhibitor, thereby diminishing its efficiency in thromboembolic disease. In four healthy male subjects there was no difference in inhibition of collagen-induced platelet aggregation after the administration of 500 mg ASA alone or at salicylate steady state (3 g SA daily). But the inhibition of tissue-extract-induced platelet shape change was diminished and shortened by pretreatment with SA. We conclude that SA does not inhibit the effects of ASA on human platelet aggregation in vivo in therapeutic dose ranges. The clinical importance of the SA/ASA-interaction on tissue-extract-induced platelet shape change remains to be clarified. PMID- 6740560 TI - The effect of cigarette smoking on platelet function and hemostatic balance in healthy people. PMID- 6740562 TI - Modification of the immediate plasmin inhibition assay to secure linearity of the reference curve with the chromogenic substrate S-2251. PMID- 6740561 TI - Revised reference curve for the alpha 2-antiplasmin assay by the addition of detergents. PMID- 6740563 TI - Antithrombic properties of insoluble modified polystyrene: Part I. AB - Chlorosulfonated polystyrenes grafted with arginyl methyl ester have been synthetized and characterized by elemental analyses. When suspended in plasma or in fibrinogen solutions, these insoluble polymers cause an increase in the thrombin clotting time. Consequently the antithrombin activity observed is not dependent upon to the presence of antithrombin III. Binding between the resin and thrombin can be demonstrated. An approximative value of the affinity constant is calculated: 2.3 X 10(6) 1/M. At high ionic strength, thrombin can be desorbed and exhibits normal coagulation properties. The prolongation of the thrombin time therefore can be attributed to the thrombin-resin interaction. PMID- 6740564 TI - Asbestos-related fibrin formation in human plasma. AB - This study was designed to test the hypothesis that asbestos is responsible for the activation of clotting, for the reduction in activity of clotting factors and for the formation of fibrin when human plasma is exposed to asbestos chrysotile fibers in vitro. The recalcification time was accelerated in the early phase and was found to be greatly prolonged at 24 hours. The activated partial thromboplastin time showed marked changes at 24 hours only. One group of clotting factors, consisting of factors V, IX and X, showed the greatest decrease in their plasmatic activity. The factors least changed were factors XII and VIII; the other clotting factors were found in between these groups. Histologic examination demonstrated fibrin fibers in close proximity to the asbestos. Thus, chrysotile asbestos fibers activate clotting with the subsequent decrease in activity of some coagulation factors resulting in the formation of fibrin. PMID- 6740565 TI - Relationship between platelet phospholipase activity and plasma in ischemic heart disease. AB - Platelet phospholipase plays an important role in the metabolic responses of platelets to exogenous stimuli. The platelet phospholipase activity (PLA) was therefore studied in 38 patients with ischemic heart disease (IHD) and in 26 age matched normal subjects who served as controls. The mean platelet PLA in the IHD group was 12.72 +/- 1.03 nmol/mg protein/30 sec which was significantly (p less than 0.005) higher than that of the normal controls (8.72 +/- 0.76). When they were classified into acute stage, such as unstable angina or acute myocardial infarction (AMI), and chronic stage, such as stable angina or old myocardial infarction (OMI), there was no significant difference between them. On the other hand, about two-fold activation of platelet PLA was observed in acute stage IHD, and 20-30% inhibition of it was demonstrated in chronic stage IHD following the addition of autologous plasma to washed platelet suspensions, suggesting that certain plasma factor(s) are responsible for such phenomena. In an attempt to identify these plasma factor(s), various substances such as serum albumin, high density lipoprotein, prostaglandin E1 (PGE1) and E2 (PGE2), and platelet activating factor were assessed by in vitro experiments. Only PGE1 and PGE2 revealed a significant effect on the platelet PLA. The relationship between plasma and platelet activity in terms of platelet PLA deserves attention since it varies according to the type and stage of IHD. PMID- 6740566 TI - Antithrombin III in patients with acute deep vein thrombosis during heparin treatment (subcutaneous and intravenous) and during and after treatment with oral coumarins. AB - The antithrombin III (AT-III) concentration was studied in 98 patients with symptomatic acute deep-vein thrombosis. All patients were initially treated with heparin randomly by subcutaneous injections or by continuous infusions. Then the patients were treated with coumarins during one or six months. The AT-III concentration was estimated daily during heparin treatment and repeatedly during the first year. The mean AT-III concentration decreased progressively 25% during 5 days of heparin treatment regardless of whether heparin was given intravenously or subcutaneously. The mean AT-III concentration during coumarin treatment was higher than after coumarin treatment. Eleven patients developed recurrent thromboembolic episodes during the follow-up period. The mean AT-III concentration in these patients was not lower than in the patients without recurrences. PMID- 6740567 TI - Haemostatometer: a new in vitro technique for assessing haemostatic activity of blood. AB - An in vitro technique to study haemostasis has been devised (the "haemostatometer") and investigated in detail. Anticoagulated blood is perfused through a teflon tube through which two holes are punched with a needle. The perfusion pressure is recorded continuously: the pressure drop after punching reflects "bleeding", and the pressure recovery indicates the pattern of the haemostatic plug formation. Platelets play the major role in the mechanism, but red cells are also necessary to arrest the bleeding. Fibrin formation does occur and contributes to the stabilisation of the haemostatic plug. Induced platelet dysfunction or bleeding diathesis due to platelet function defect can be detected by this technique. Except for the absence of any contribution from the blood vessel wall, this model provides a close ex vivo approximation to the complex process of haemostasis and possibly also thrombus formation. PMID- 6740568 TI - Clinical evaluation of a new test of hemostasis: the Filter Bleeding Time. AB - The clinical value of a new in vitro test of hemostasis, which we have called Filter Bleeding Time (FBT), was determined in 59 patients referred because of a suspected bleeding disorder. FBT is based on the progressive slowing of the drop rate of citrated blood through a filter of woven Dacron under constant pressure as platelet aggregates occlude the filter. The value for FBT is defined as the time when the blood drop interval has reached 1 minute. The Mayo modification of the Ivy bleeding time (IBT) was performed in all patients; platelet response to ADP, collagen, epinephrine and arachidonate was performed in 24 patients. In 30 normal volunteers FBT measured 1-3 hr after venipuncture was 2.8 +/- 1.5 (means +/- 1SD) min. The FBT was prolonged in 3 of 3 patients with Glanzmann's thrombasthenia, 2 with disseminated intravascular coagulation, 1 with chronic lymphocytic leukemia, 1 with myelofibrosis, and 1 who had taken aspirin. In 6 patients FBT was prolonged while IBT was normal: 4 after taking aspirin, 2 with polycythemia vera. All 6 had reduced platelet aggregation (PA) to ADP (5 microM), collagen (2 mg/ml), epinephrine (5 microM) and/or arachidonate (1.7 mM). In 3 patients FBT was normal while IBT was abnormal: 1 with disseminated intravascular coagulation, 2 undiagnosed; 1 of these 3 had abnormal PA. Of 6 patients with von Willebrand's disease, FBT was prolonged in 5 and borderline in 1; IBT was prolonged in 3, normal in 1, and not done in 2 infants.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS) PMID- 6740569 TI - Inhibition by ticlopidine of Paf-acether-induced in vitro aggregation of rabbit and human platelets. AB - Ticlopidine was incubated in vitro with rabbit or human washed platelets and aggregations were triggered by submaximal concentrations of adenosine-5' diphosphate (ADP), arachidonic acid (AA) and Paf-acether (platelet-activating factor), the mediators of the three known pathways of platelet activation. Inhibition of Paf-acether-induced rabbit platelet aggregation was proportional to the concentrations of Ticlopidine used. The same range of inhibition by Ticlopidine was observed when aggregations were triggered by the two other agonists. Human platelet aggregation induced by Paf-acether was also inhibited by Ticlopidine. Inhibition was increased when platelets were rendered insensitive to ADP and AA. Our results show that Ticlopidine inhibits human and rabbit platelet aggregation triggered by Paf-acether through a mechanism not related to the inhibition of the ADP and prostaglandin pathways. PMID- 6740570 TI - Reactivity of heparin with the human plasma heparin-binding proteins thrombin, antithrombin III, and apolipoproteins E and B-100. AB - The heparin-binding properties of human plasma apolipoproteins B-100 and E (apoB 100 and E) of low density lipoproteins (LDL), thrombin, and antithrombin-III (AT III) were investigated. A highly reactive heparin (HRH) to apoB-100 was isolated by chromatography of crude heparin on a column of LDL immobilized to Affi-Gel 10. This HRH showed a high, Ca2+-dependent precipitating activity towards LDL; 1 microgram HRH uronic acid precipitated 50-70 micrograms LDL-protein. HRH was fractionated further by chromatography on a column of AT-III bound to concanavalin A-Sepharose. The unretained fraction of heparin (HRH1) had a low affinity for AT-III. The bound heparin (HRH2) had a high affinity for AT-III and precipitated LDL in the presence of Ca2+. To assess further their heparin-binding properties, the proteins were subjected to gradient-gel electrophoresis under denaturing conditions, transferred to nitrocellulose by electrophoresis, and then assayed for their ability to bind [125I]-labeled HRH2. Autoradiographic analysis showed that thrombin, apolipoproteins E and B-100, and the AT-III . thrombin covalent complex bound HRH2. Denatured AT-III did not bind HRH2, indicating that its heparin recognition site may depend on conformation. PMID- 6740571 TI - Fibronectin and coagulation factor XIII increases blood platelet adhesion to fibrin. AB - Fibronectin is covalently linked to fibrin during clot formation by coagulation factor XIII and has been suggested as a possible mediator of platelet adhesion to collagen. Fixed human platelets were found to adhere to fibrin. This adhesion was significantly increased when fibronectin was incorporated into the fibrin network, and was supported by factor XIII. PMID- 6740572 TI - Low molecular weight heparin (PK 10169) does not cross the placenta during the second trimester of pregnancy study by direct fetal blood sampling under ultrasound. PMID- 6740573 TI - A study of the bioavailability and platelet inhibitory effects of a new enteric coated acetylsalicylic acid preparation. PMID- 6740574 TI - The thrombogenicity of prothrombin complex concentrates. IV. The source of coagulant-active phospholipid. PMID- 6740575 TI - [Familial pheochromocytoma associated with non Hippel-Lindau disease. A family study]. PMID- 6740576 TI - [Acute mastoiditis. A 10-year case material]. PMID- 6740577 TI - [Vaccination against varicella in children with malignant diseases]. PMID- 6740578 TI - [Computerized tomography of the skeletal muscles in muscular dystrophy]. PMID- 6740580 TI - [Cancer diagnosis in general practice IV. Recording of interviews on cancer warning signals. Patients in general practice and in the general population]. PMID- 6740579 TI - [Cancer diagnosis in general practice II. The general practitioner's recording of cancer warning signals in their patients]. PMID- 6740581 TI - [Cancer diagnosis in general practice V. Patients with and without cancer. Who consults the physician for the 7 warning cancer signals?]. PMID- 6740582 TI - [Cancer diagnosis in general practice VI. The content of the warning signals. Is persistent pain relevant as a warning signal?]. PMID- 6740583 TI - [Cancer diagnosis in general practice VII. Alarm bell symptoms, alarm bell data and pitfalls. Some useful reminders for the general practitioner's work in cancer diagnosis]. PMID- 6740584 TI - [Emergency help in a psychiatric outpatient clinic]. PMID- 6740586 TI - [Waiting lists for medical treatment. Factors influencing numbers]. PMID- 6740585 TI - [Emergency help in psychiatric care. An evaluation of 6 months' service at an emergency psychiatric department]. PMID- 6740587 TI - [Outbreak of ornithosis in the Fraena health district in 1981]. PMID- 6740588 TI - [Epidural anesthesia during labor in Norway]. PMID- 6740589 TI - [Repeated ectopic pregnancies. A new clinical problem?]. PMID- 6740590 TI - [Removal of bullets after gunshot wounds]. PMID- 6740591 TI - [Primary aorto-enteral fistula]. PMID- 6740592 TI - [Mineralization in the cartilage. New aspects]. PMID- 6740593 TI - [Frozen-section diagnosis of breast tumors. Analysis of 748 biopsies]. PMID- 6740595 TI - [Nosocomial infections. Preventive guidelines in urinary tract infections]. PMID- 6740594 TI - [Septic and non-septic olecranon bursitis. Symptoms, differential diagnosis and treatment]. PMID- 6740596 TI - [Avoid water in the neonate's eyes. Practical realization and experiences after 1 1/2 years' cessation of Crede lapis prophylaxis]. PMID- 6740597 TI - [Crede lapis prophylaxis in the newborn infant. A prospective 1980-1981 study of 1195 infants]. PMID- 6740598 TI - [Medical study plan in Tromso. Experience and proposal for change after l0 years]. PMID- 6740599 TI - [Drug and alcohol education among secondary school pupils. An evaluation study in Akershus]. PMID- 6740600 TI - [Prevention of drug abuse among adolescents]. PMID- 6740601 TI - [Ulcerative colitis. Late results after proctocolectomy and ileostomy]. PMID- 6740604 TI - [The outcome of twin pregnancies]. PMID- 6740602 TI - [Found dead at home. Forensic autopsy material in Oslo is analysed with reference to residential address and cause of death]. PMID- 6740603 TI - [Suicide studied from forensic autopsy material. Experiences from a 10-year case material from Hordaland and Bergen]. PMID- 6740605 TI - [Iron requirements in pregnancy. Ferritin and iron stores]. PMID- 6740607 TI - [Reactivation of tuberculosis in patients treated with corticosteroids]. PMID- 6740608 TI - [Lipohyperplasia of Bauhin's valve]. PMID- 6740606 TI - [Serum creatinine and serum urea in early infancy]. PMID- 6740609 TI - [Giant cell myocarditis. Illustrated by a case]. PMID- 6740610 TI - [Cerebral ultrasonography of neonates and infants]. PMID- 6740611 TI - [Harrington's fixation in disseminated malignancies in the spinal column]. PMID- 6740612 TI - [Autopsy of 100 patients from nursing and old age homes in Oslo. 1) How correct are the clinical diagnoses? 2) What are the causes of death in aged patients?]. PMID- 6740613 TI - [Total prostatectomy in prostatic cancer]. PMID- 6740615 TI - [Experiences with a mobile mother-child clinic in Angola]. PMID- 6740614 TI - [Youth and contraception education. A study among the pupils of post-compulsory schools in Bergen and its surroundings]. PMID- 6740616 TI - [Metastases from an unknown point of origin]. PMID- 6740617 TI - [Intestinal ischemia]. PMID- 6740618 TI - [Pelvic lipomatosis]. PMID- 6740619 TI - [Lumbar hernia]. PMID- 6740620 TI - [Adverse effects of local anesthetics]. PMID- 6740621 TI - [The pattern of somatic hospital use. An analysis based on the 0MI system from 6 counties]. PMID- 6740623 TI - [Centralization of deliveries and waiting time near a maternity clinic]. PMID- 6740622 TI - [Heat stroke during running in a cold climate]. PMID- 6740625 TI - [Liver surgery at a regional hospital. The number performed during a 10-year period and perspectives for future needs]. PMID- 6740624 TI - [Renal cancer in Troms 1974-1978]. PMID- 6740626 TI - [Oligoclonal immune response. A laboratory medical diagnosis with serious clinical implications]. PMID- 6740627 TI - [Pleural mesothelioma in Oslo]. PMID- 6740628 TI - [Esophagobronchial fistula in an adult]. PMID- 6740629 TI - [Hemiballism]. PMID- 6740630 TI - [Ultrasonics and endoscopic retrograde cholangiopancreatography (ERCP). Value in suspected liver, biliary and pancreatic disease]. PMID- 6740631 TI - [Therapeutic routines in appendectomy. How are they followed in practice?]. PMID- 6740632 TI - [Morton's metatarsalgia]. PMID- 6740633 TI - [Local sun screening agents]. PMID- 6740634 TI - [Adverse effects of local steroid treatment in allergic rhinitis]. PMID- 6740635 TI - [Doping in sports. The sports authorities' rules and control measures]. PMID- 6740636 TI - [The need for care among applicants for admission to old age and nursing homes]. PMID- 6740637 TI - [The use of resources in home nursing care]. PMID- 6740638 TI - [Surgical treatment for 2 fused teats]. AB - The results of reconstructive surgery in congenital fusion of teats in five cows are reported. All cows could be hand-milked post-operatively, with the exception of one heifer showing basal obstruction; all four quarters of one heifer could be machine-milked, and the other four cows could be hand-milked in three quarters. It was concluded that post-operative productivity, as either four-quarter or three-quarter cows, was sufficient to justify surgery and retention of the cows in the herd. PMID- 6740639 TI - [Correlation between the number of inseminated spermatozoa and results of fertilization in dairy cattle]. AB - Of forty-seven Friesian bulls 216 ejaculates were split-samples and diluted to concentrations varying from 3.75 to 40 million spermatozoa per insemination dose. The semen was frozen in 0.25 ml French straws. After freezing, the number of spermatozoa per straw was checked with an electronic particle counter. Optimum fertility rates were achieved with a concentration of 15 million spermatozoa per insemination dose. Higher numbers of spermatozoa per insemination did not result in a further increase in conception rates. The optimum dosage of spermatozoa was dependent on the fertility level of the bull. In bulls with high, average or low fertility, the maximum fertility levels attainable were achieved with 7.5, 10 or 15 million of spermatozoa per insemination dose respectively. An interaction between season and insemination dose could not be shown to be present. PMID- 6740640 TI - [Description of a suspected case of XI deficiency in a Friesian calf]. PMID- 6740641 TI - [Veterinary homeopathy 1984]. PMID- 6740642 TI - [Pharmacotherapeutic aspects of trimethoprim combined with sulfonamides used in cattle]. AB - The pharmacotherapeutic features regarding the use in cattle of combined treatment with trimethoprim and sulphonamides are discussed on the basis of findings reported in the literature. One of the most important conclusions reached is that as regards the use in adult cattle, there are a number of problems, among others those of methods of administration and dosage, the solutions of which would not appear to be a simple matter. PMID- 6740643 TI - [Electrocution of foxes; an ethically acceptable method?]. AB - The routine practice of electrocution of foxes by the Fox final apparatus was observed. The measured current was an average 0.31 (+/- 0.01 s.d.) A, the voltage 111.2 (+/- 18.7) V and the stunning time 3.0 (+/- 0.3) seconds (n = 40). The EEG (electroencephalogram) and the ECG (electrocardiogram) were recorded in 12 foxes. The current was initially applied for 1 sec. Ten foxes showed a general epileptiform insult (= unconscious) which was interrupted by a heart fibrillation, based on the EEG and ECG traces. Two foxes showed a general epileptiform insult while the heart fibrillation was incomplete. These two foxes recovered again. After the second stunning with a duration of about 3 seconds the heart fibrillation was complete in these animals. In the EEG and ECG experiments the voltage was on average 110.0 (+/- 7.9) V, the current 0.40 (+/- 0.11) A and the stunning time 1.1 (+/- 0.3) seconds (n = 12). The observations of the method in practice and the EEG and ECG measurements suggest that electrocution of foxes by the Fox final apparatus is a quick and effective method if the current delivery is at least 3 to 4 seconds. PMID- 6740644 TI - [Management and business administration in Mozambique]. PMID- 6740645 TI - Granulocyte-dependent injury of pulmonary endothelium: a case of miscommunication? PMID- 6740646 TI - Trypsin-induced aggregation of bovine pulmonary artery endothelial cells cultured on microcarriers. AB - We studied adherence between 'luminal' surfaces of pulmonary artery endothelial cells by standard aggregometry techniques, widely used for measuring aggregation of platelets and granulocytes. Using suspensions of bovine pulmonary artery endothelial cells cultured on microcarrier beads, in an aggregometer, we found that trypsin caused endothelial aggregation. The aggregation response occurred at trypsin concentrations as low as 0.001%. The degree of trypsin-induced aggregation indicated by the magnitude of the change in light transmission through the endothelial suspensions was related to the trypsin concentration, reaching a maximum level at trypsin concentrations of 0.01%. We conclude that trypsin, even in very low concentrations, causes adherence between 'luminal' surfaces of pulmonary endothelial cells probably because the enzyme destroys cell surface proteins which are necessary to prevent intercellular adherence. The method we describe may be useful for studying cell-cell interactions of endothelium. PMID- 6740647 TI - Ultrahistology of oogenesis and vitellogenesis in the spider mite Tetranychus urticae. AB - Histology of the ovary of the spider mite Tetranychus urticae is described light and electron microscopically with special reference to oogenesis and vitellogenesis of this mite. Morphology of the ovary is comparable to the typical sac-like chelicerate ovary with oocytes protruding from the ovarian surface, thus resulting in a grape-like appearance. According to different oogenetic stages, a germ, pre-vitellogenic and vitellogenic region can be observed. Oogonia and primary oocytes characterized by extranuclear material or 'yolk nuclei' are situated in the germ region. Primary oocytes develop into three-nucleated nurse cells situated in the periphery of the pre-vitellogenic region, and into pre vitellogenic oocytes protruding from the ovarian surface. Growth of oocytes is performed while they are in ovarian pouches by uptake of nurse cell cytoplasm and following extraovarian yolk precursors. Intraoocyte yolk synthesis interpreted from altered cytoplasmic organelles also occurs. Processes taking place during oogenesis and vitellogenesis in T. urticae are compared to published information on yolk synthesis of other animal species. PMID- 6740648 TI - Meiotic chromatin diminution in a vertebrate, the holocephalan fish Hydrolagus collie (Chondrichthyes, Holocephali). AB - A histochemical, microdensitometric, and electron microscopic study of testes of the ratfish Hydrolagus colliei shows that an instance of the rare phenomenon of germ line chromatin diminution occurs in this vertebrate species. In primary spermatocytes at metaphase I a spherical mass of heterochromatin accumulates at one side of the metaphase plate. At anaphase I the heterochromatic mass is left in the equatorial cytoplasm and is passed into one of the two secondary spermatocytes formed during cytokinesis. As nuclear membranes are being restored, a double membrane envelope is also formed around the heterochromatic mass, which is then termed the 'chromatin diminution body' (CDB). At second meiotic division the CDB is included in the cytoplasm of one of the four spermatids and retained there, apparently unchanged, until mid-spermiogenesis. At that time the CDB becomes adherent to the spermatid plasma membrane and is pinched off from the spermatid by a process of apocrine exocytosis, taking a layer of spermatid plasma membrane along with it. Simultaneously this tri-membrane CDB is taken into the adjacent Sertoli cell by endocytosis, thereby acquiring a fourth membrane layer, a part of the Sertoli cell plasma membrane. The CDBs are subsequently phagocytized, possibly first fusing with dense, multilaminate bodies in the Sertoli cell cytoplasm. The CDB chromatin mass is strongly positive with the Feulgen method for DNA and the alkaline fast green method for histones. Microdensitometric analysis shows that the discarded chromatin amounts to about 10% of the diploid nuclear content and that it appears to be part of the normal diploid complement rather than DNA amplified during meiosis. PMID- 6740649 TI - Structure and comparative morphology of camptotrichia of lungfish fins. AB - The present work is devoted to the organization and ultrastructure of the fin rays or camptotrichia of two living Dipnoi (lungfishes) Protopterus and Neoceratodus. In both species, these rods have a dual structure: only the superficial region facing the stratified epidermis is mineralized while the deep one is made of a dense unmineralized network of collagen fibrils forming a permanent pre-osseous tissue. Only the camptotrichia of Neoceratodus is made of cellular bone. This study confirms the structural peculiarities of these camptotrichia when compared to the dermal skeleton of the Actinopterygii constituted by the bony lepidotrichia and the actinotrichia. These results are discussed and compared to fossil dipnoan fin rays. PMID- 6740650 TI - Lenticles: innervated secretory structures that are expressed at every other larval moult. AB - Lenticles are dome-shaped circles or ovals of cuticle with a dark rim. They occur with a precise segmental arrangement in the larvae and pupae of lycaenid and hesperiid butterflies. In Calpodes ethlius (Lepidoptera, Hesperiidae) each lenticle is secreted by a pair of large polyploid epidermal cells. The dark rim or annulus is formed from a ring-shaped cell. The dome, which consists of an epicuticle with a perforate intermediate layer like a pepper-pot, is formed by a central goblet cell. Between the perforate intermediate layer and the cell surfaces there is a cavity that contains material presumed to be secretion. Both cells have elaborate basal plasma membrane reticular systems and the apical microvilli associated with an extensive smooth endoplasmic reticulum that is typical of lipid secreting cells. In addition, there is a plasma membrane reticular system in the ring cell and between it and the goblet cell that contains the endings of nerves having neurosecretory vesicles. Lenticles thus have a structure appropriate for an innervated organ of lipid secretion. However, in their development, lenticles arise from bristles that are presumed to be sensory. Lenticles or their precursors are segmentally arranged in the five larval instars and the pupa, but the pattern changes at each moult. The cells that form a lenticle at one moult have a rest period at the next one when they only secrete surface cuticle. Many lenticles are paired in their cycle of development, with only one of the pair making a lenticle at a particular moult. For example, the dorsal and lateral lenticles alternate in position between anterior and posterior. The second and fourth instar segments have anterior and the third and fifth instars have posterior lenticles. In the first instar the cells that will make lenticles for the second and third instars both make bristles. Lenticles are thus formed by cells that not only change their response to ecdysone qualitatively by switching from bristle to lenticle but also alternate in their later responses, switching back and forth at alternate moults between the formation of a lenticle and the secretion of surface cuticle. PMID- 6740651 TI - Calcium pathway through a mineralizing epithelium in the crustacean Orchestia in pre-molt: ultrastructural cytochemistry and X-ray microanalysis. AB - During the pre-exuvial period of the terrestrial crustacean Orchestia, the calcium of the old cuticle is almost entirely reabsorbed and stored as calcareous concretions in the lumen of the midgut posterior caeca. The elaboration of these concretions is due to transport by the caecal epithelium. With ultrastructural cytochemistry controlled by X-ray microanalysis, it can be demonstrated that the main sites of ionized or ionizable calcium are the apical microvilli and an extracellular (lateral and basal) network of channels. Direct precipitating cytochemical methods, using potassium pyroantimonate or pyrophosphate, potassium oxalate or oxalic acid, sodium fluoride, sodium tungstate, and indirect substitution methods, using lead acetate or nitrate and cobalt nitrate were comparatively used. The results are interpreted in favour of the hypothesis of an extracellular transport pathway for calcium through the lateral smooth septate junctions, in conjunction with a more classical apical transport through the microvilli. PMID- 6740652 TI - Functional significance of the corpus callosum based on the analysis of rhythmic capabilities in the split-brain patients. AB - We carried out our Systematic Rhythm Test for the Brain-Damaged Patients named "The Asian Rhythm Test" on our four patients with lesions of the corpus callosum, and analyzed their rhythmic capabilities--their performances in rhythm perception (auditory distinction) and in rhythm expression (rhythm-tapping)--in accordance with the neuropsychological model proposed in 1980 by us. All our partial split brain patients showed the abnormal one-ear inferiority (superiority) and the one hand inferiority under our testing conditions. The patients with lesions of the anterior corpus callosum showed the interhemispheric (the left-to-right) transfer dysfunction of motor-programming information, while the patient with the lesion of the posterior corpus callosum showed the interhemispheric transfer-dysfunction of auditory information. The patients with lesions including the truncus showed the interhemispheric integration-loss in the process of rhythm perception and its expression. And moreover, we could see the specific auditory interruption between the ipsilateral and the contralateral systems in the patient with the lesion including the anterior commissure. Based on these our findings, the roles of the corpus callosum and the anterior commissure were discussed. PMID- 6740653 TI - A rabbit model for hypersensitivity pneumonitis. AB - A rabbit model of acute hypersensitivity pneumonitis was produced by immunization and subsequent inhalation of pigeon serum. The pathological features, consisting of alveolitis and interstitial granulomas, were similar to those reported previously in the experimental models. Repeated inhalation challenge of pigeon serum, however, did not develop chronic alveolitis but led to the fading of the disease. It was suggested that desensitization defined as the suppression of delayed hypersensitivity contributed to the mechanism of the fading of the disease. Repeated pigeon serum inhalation without previous immunization by the same antigen could produce a moderate interstitial pneumonitis but did not demonstrate a typical granulomatous histological change in lungs. It was necessary to use adjuvant for producing a complete animal model of hypersensitivity pneumonitis. Antigen-specific antibody response did not directly correlate with the development of the animal model of hypersensitivity pneumonitis. PMID- 6740655 TI - Distribution of intra- and extraocular pain induced by argon laser photocoagulation. AB - We examined the characteristics of ocular pain induced by green argon laser photocoagulation in 13 eyes of ten patients. The patients had retinal detachment or proliferative diabetic retinopathy treated surgically by a 360 degree buckling procedure or vitrectomy with an encircling band on the equator before the laser treatment. All patients complained of ocular pain in various degrees during coagulation on and anterior to the buckle. We confirmed that this kind of ocular pain was asymmetrically distributed; it was dense in the superotemporal quadrant, sparse in the inferonasal quadrant, and intermediate in the remaining two. Seven patients (eight eyes) complained not only of ocular pain, but also of extraocular pain in the ipsilateral upper lid, forehead, and parietal and temporal areas of the head. Both kinds of pain diminished by retrobulbar anesthesia, or by the time interval following surgery. PMID- 6740656 TI - Biochemical studies on the collagen of the palmar aponeurosis affected with Dupuytren's disease. AB - The palmar aponeurosis of patients affected with Dupuytren's disease was examined for collagen characteristics with regard to extractability, polymorphism, and posttranslational modifications, and the results were compared with those from normal subjects. The increased proportion of type III collagen relative to type I collagen in the affected tissue confirmed the previous findings in this disease. A slight but significant increase in a ratio of glucosylgalactosylhydroxylysine to galactosylhydroxylysine in the Dupuytren's tissue may be interpreted by the increase in the content of type III collagen. The affected tissue contained increased amounts of dihydroxylysinonorleucine as the reducible cross-link of collagen. These data support the view that Dupuytren's tissue contains collagen resembling that in granulation and embryonic tissues. Pyridinoline was shown to occur in normal and affected aponeurosis. No change in its content suggests that this cross-link is not involved in the pathogenesis of contracture in this disease. PMID- 6740654 TI - Effects of ATP, its related nucleotides and VIP on the inhibitory potentials in the smooth muscle cells of the guinea-pig duodenum. AB - Non-adrenergic inhibitory potentials (i.p.'s) were recorded from the smooth muscle cells of the guinea-pig duodenum following field stimulation. ATP, ADP and AMP increased the membrane potential of the cell and decreased the amplitude and the rate of hyperpolarization of the i.p. The amplitudes of the maximum hyperpolarization due to a repeated stimulation and the post-stimulus depolarization were reduced by ATP and AMP. Methylxanthine could not inhibit the i.p. while apamin reversibly decreased the amplitudes of the i.p. and the post stimulus depolarization. The latency and the time to peak were prolonged by apamin. Biphasic effect of quinidine on the i.p. was obtained. The amplitude and the rate of hyperpolarization of the i.p. were decreased at 10-4 g/ml of quinidine. The amplitudes of the maximum hyperpolarization by repetitive stimulation and the post-stimulus depolarization were decreased by quinidine. The membrane potential of the cell was not affected by VIP. The amplitude and the other parameters of the i.p. were not changed in the used concentration of VIP. Trypsin reduced the membrane potential of the cell but not changed the parameters of the i.p. The membrane was slightly depolarized by the treatment with papain while no significant changes on the i.p. were observed in papain. The obtained results suggest that ATP, its related substances and VIP do not contribute to the non-adrenergic inhibitory neurotransmission. PMID- 6740657 TI - Sensory nerve conduction study in the medial antebrachial cutaneous nerve. AB - Sensory nerve conduction in the medial antebrachial cutaneous nerve was studied in 40 normal subjects utilizing both antidromic and orthodromic methods. Using the antidromic method the distal sensory latency to the take-off point of the sensory action potential (SNAP) was 1.54 +/- 0.17 msec, latency to the peak of the SNAP was 2.11 +/- 0.16 msec, the amplitude of the SNAP was 18.8 +/- 7.1 mu v and the nerve conduction velocity was 65.9 m/sec. Using the orthodromic method the values were 1.55 +/- 0.17 msec, 2.10 +/- 0.15 msec, 15.7 +/- 6.3 mu v and 65.5 +/- 8.5 m/sec, respectively. Amplitude of the medial antebrachial cutaneous SNAP was usually smaller than that of the lateral antebrachial cutaneous nerve (p less than 0.01). This technique should be useful in the electrodiagnostic differentiation between eighth cervical or first thoracic root involvement and postganglionic lesions including the lesions of the inferior trunk or the medial cord of the brachial plexus and also in confirming involvement of this peripheral nerve due to other focal causes. PMID- 6740658 TI - Urethral pressure changes during voiding. AB - Intraurethral pressure changes in the external sphincter zone during voiding were recorded using a specially constructed double lumen urethral catheter in 3 normal subjects. It was noted in all the 3 subjects that the urethral pressure in this zone dropped simultaneously with decrease of electromyographic activities of the external urethral sphincter when the subjects strained to void. It was ascertained for the catheter position to remain unchanged irrespective of voiding action during urethrometrography. PMID- 6740659 TI - Tort liability of governing board members and administrative officers. PMID- 6740660 TI - Law and legal concepts. Contracts of employment. PMID- 6740661 TI - Law and legal concepts. Corporate law. PMID- 6740662 TI - The inescapable role of litigation in modern hospital management. PMID- 6740663 TI - Labor law: campaigns and elections. PMID- 6740664 TI - Labor law: bargaining and contract administration. PMID- 6740665 TI - Law and legal concepts. The role of in-house legal counsel. PMID- 6740666 TI - Effects of ribavirin on red blood cells. AB - Man and rhesus monkey may develop anemia during treatment with the broad-spectrum antiviral ribavirin (1-beta-D-ribofuranosyl-1,2,4-triazole-3-carboxamide). To assess whether the anemia is due to decreased production of erythrocytes, increased destruction, or a combination of both factors, the transport of ribavirin into erythrocytes and the drug's effect on the osmotic fragility, deformability, and half-life of erythrocytes were evaluated. The rate of uptake of ribavirin by erythrocytes was species and concentration dependent. Monkey cells accumulated the largest concentration of drug followed by human and rat cells. Monkey and human red cells, pretreated in vitro with ribavirin, retained 77 and 45% of the drug, respectively, when reincubated for 2 hr in drug-free medium. Rat red cells retained only 20% of their initial ribavirin content. Neither osmotic fragility nor deformability was altered by exposure of red cells to ribavirin in vitro. The half-life of 1,3-[3H]diisopropyl fluorophosphate (DFP) labeled erythrocytes was measured in rhesus monkeys treated intramuscularly (im) for 10 days with either 15 or 60 mg/kg of ribavirin. A dose-related decrease in red cell survival was observed from Day 0 to 28. Thereafter, red cell half-lives were comparable to control values. These data indicate that ribavirin at a dose as low as 15 mg/kg decreases the half-life of red cells. This effect was reversible upon discontinuation of the drug. At 60 mg/kg, ribavirin also inhibited the release of red cells from the bone marrow. Termination of treatment was followed by release of red cells from the bone marrow as indicated by a drop in the specific activity of [3H]DFP-labeled red cells and marked reticulocytosis. No inhibition of red cell release from the bone marrow was seen in the low-dose group. These data suggest that ribavirin can decrease red cell survival as well as inhibit red cell release from the bone marrow. Both effects appear fully reversible when treatment is withdrawn. PMID- 6740667 TI - Hematological and bone marrow effects of ribavirin in rhesus monkeys. AB - Ribavirin (Virazole, 1-beta-D-ribofuranosyl-1,2,4-triazole-3-carboxamide), a broad-spectrum antiviral compound, was evaluated for effects on blood and bone marrow of rhesus monkeys when administered by intramuscular injection for 10 days in doses of 30 or 100 mg/kg/day (four monkeys/group). Both groups developed a normochromic, normocytic anemia that was mild in the low-dose group and severe in the high-dose group. A dose-related erythroid hypoplasia occurred during the treatment period. Myeloid precursors were not affected. Differential counts of erythroid precursors showed a significant decrease in late erythroid forms while early erythroid forms were either unchanged or increased. Megakaryocyte numbers were increased in both groups. Qualitative changes in marrow cells included vacuolization of erythroid precursors and of occasional white cell precursors and megakaryocytes, and the appearance of bone marrow histiocytes containing red cells in various stages of disintegration. Thrombocytosis occurred in both treatment groups, with platelet counts returning to control values after drug withdrawal. Platelet function was not affected by treatment. No drug-related changes were seen during the treatment period for total and differential leukocyte counts, mean corpuscular hemoglobin and mean corpuscular hemoglobin concentration. Reticulocyte counts and mean corpuscular volume increased after treatment then returned to control values. Osmotic fragility of erythrocytes was not changed. These data show that in monkey, ribavirin causes a dose-related decrease in circulating red blood cell mass that is due in part to suppression of late erythroid precursors in bone marrow. These effects are reversible when treatment is discontinued and are not predictive of potentially serious or lasting untoward effects of ribavirin. PMID- 6740668 TI - Endotoxin-induced disseminated intravascular coagulation in vitamin E deficient rats. AB - The effect of vitamin E on endotoxin-induced experimental disseminated intravascular coagulation (DIC) was studied in rats deficient in and supplemented with vitamin E. Experimental DIC was induced by a 4-hr sustained infusion of endotoxin at a dose of 13.3 mg/kg. After the infusion, fibrinogen and fibrin degradation products were increased, platelet count and fibrinogen level were decreased, and prothrombin time and partial thromboplastin time were prolonged. In addition, the number of renal glomeruli with fibrin thrombi was increased. These changes were significantly greater in vitamin E deficient rats when compared to those changes found in rats supplemented with vitamin E. These results indicate that vitamin E plays a protective role in endotoxin-induced DIC. PMID- 6740669 TI - Metallothionein-like proteins in human placenta and fetal membranes. AB - Metallothionein (MT) levels were measured in the term human placenta, chorion, and amnion by the Cd-radioassay method. MT concentrations in the amnion and chorion were 8 to 9 micrograms MT/g tissue while placental levels were approximately half this value. For individual subjects a significant correlation (r2 = 0.96) was found for placental and chorionic MT, while amnionic MT levels did not correlate with either placental or chorionic MT. Gel filtration and uv spectral analysis confirmed the presence of a MT-like protein in cytosol obtained from amnion, chorion, and placenta. MT levels in trophoblasts cultured from chorion were increased upon exposure in vitro to either Cd or Zn. PMID- 6740670 TI - Electrophysiological effects of desmethylimipramine and desmethyldoxepin on canine cardiac Purkinje fibers. AB - Although the tricyclic antidepressant drugs imipramine and doxepin exert similar direct electrophysiological effects on cardiac cells, toxic cardiac arrhythmias and conduction disturbances are much more commonly associated with imipramine than doxepin in clinical use. To ascertain if this discrepancy could be due to different cellular electrophysiological actions of active metabolites of imipramine and doxepin, the effects of desmethylimipramine (DMI) and desmethyldoxepin (DMD) on isolated, superfused, canine cardiac Purkinje fibers were studied by glass microelectrodes and programmed stimulation. At a concentration of 50 ng/ml neither DMI nor DMD affected the resting membrane potential (RMP), action potential amplitude (Amp), maximum upstroke velocity of phase 0 (Vmax), action potential duration to repolarization to 50 and 100% of the amplitude (APD50, APD100), effective refractory period (ERP), or conduction velocity (CV). At 250 ng/ml neither drug affected Amp, APD100, or CV; both compounds reduced APD50 by 10 to 15%; and DMD but not DMI caused small reductions of RMP, Vmax, and ERP. At 1000 ng/ml neither DMI nor DMD affected RMP but both caused more marked reductions of APD50 (31 to 35%) and ERP (21 to 23%). At this concentration both substances also reduced Amp by 6 to 7%, Vmax by 28 to 35%, APD100 by 7 to 12%, and CV by 15 to 25%. These effects of DMI and DMD are similar to those produced by the parent drugs. Differences in cardiotoxicity between imipramine and doxepin in clinical use are probably not due to different direct cellular electrophysiological effects of the circulating demethylated metabolites of these drugs. PMID- 6740671 TI - Selective damage to nonciliated bronchiolar epithelial cells in relation to impairment of pulmonary monooxygenase activities by 1,1-dichloroethylene in mice. AB - A single ip dose of 1,1-dichloroethylene (DCE) to mice (125 mg/kg) caused a reduction within 24 hr in cytochrome P-450 and related monooxygenases in lung microsomes, with no corresponding changes in liver and kidney microsomes. Light microscopy revealed that at 24 hr, DCE caused a highly selective and complete loss of the bronchiolar nonciliated (Clara) cells at all levels of the tracheobronchial tree. Electron microscopy showed that at this time, the bronchiolar luminal surface was covered by flattened, elongated ciliated cells. Within 24 hr total microsomal cytochrome P-450 and NADPH cytochrome c reductase were maximally reduced to about 50% of control and cytochrome P-450-dependent enzyme activities decreased to about 60% of control. By contrast, coumarin 7 hydroxylase was reduced to approximately 10% of control within 4 days. Since pulmonary coumarin 7-hydroxylase has been shown to reside almost exclusively in the Clara cells, this finding is in agreement with the observed extensive necrosis of the Clara cells. The return of lung microsomal P-450-linked enzyme activities took between 3 and 6 weeks and was paralleled by a corresponding slow reappearance of the bronchiolar Clara cells. PMID- 6740673 TI - Distribution of cadmium after oral administration of cadmium-thionein to mice. AB - Distribution of Cd was compared after oral administration of either Cd ions or Cd thionein (Cd-TH). Mice received 0.5 mg Cd/kg, po as CdCl2 in saline, CdCl2 in control rat liver homogenate, Cd-TH in saline, Cd-TH in liver homogenate, or liver homogenate from Cd-treated rats. In all cases, 85-90% of the Cd dose was present in feces within 24 hr. However, in groups receiving CdCl2, more Cd was found in feces on Days 2 and 3 in comparison to those receiving Cd-TH. All treatments resulted in lower levels of Cd in liver than in kidney. In addition, tissue levels indicate that less Cd was absorbed when rats received Cd-TH in saline than CdCl2 in saline. Cd-TH added to liver homogenate or liver homogenate containing Cd-TH increased the absorption of Cd resulting in renal Cd levels similar to those in mice receiving CdCl2 in saline. The kidney/liver Cd concentration ratio (9) was the same for Cd-TH in all three media. Although Cd-TH gave much higher kidney/liver Cd ratios than CdCl2 (9 vs 2), renal Cd concentrations were the same or lower than after CdCl2 treatments. Results indicate that the high kidney/liver Cd ratio after Cd-TH treatment versus CdCl2 is due to lower concentrations of Cd in liver rather than marked increases in renal Cd levels. Heating of Cd-TH did not result in lower amounts of Cd in kidney. While the chemical form of Cd administered affects the absorption and distribution of Cd, the amount of Cd reaching the kidney after Cd-TH administration is similar to that after CdCl2 administration. PMID- 6740674 TI - Experimental delayed hypersensitivity following inhalation of dicyclohexylmethane 4,4'-diisocyanate: a concentration-response relationship. AB - Exposure of workers to low-molecular-weight chemicals has been associated with delayed-onset hypersensitivity reactions in both the skin and the respiratory tract. The use of two animal models to examine factors affecting the production of delayed hypersensitivity to dicyclohexylmethane-4,4'-diisocyanate (HMDI) is described. Guinea pigs were exposed to HMDI by a "head-only" method and mice in a "nose-only" procedure. All animals were subsequently tested for dermal sensitivity by topical challenge with the isocyanate. In both species, a concentration-response relationship and "no-effect" concentration was observed between chamber concentration of HMDI and (a) severity of the dermal response and (b) number of animals responding. Guinea pigs developed skin sensitivity following inhalation of 3 micrograms/liter or greater HMDI for 2 hr/day on 3 consecutive days. Inhalation of 1.25 micrograms/liter did not result in sensitization. Contact sensitivity was detected in BALB/cBy mice following inhalation of 17 micrograms/liter or greater HMDI. No reactions occurred as a result of exposure to 7 micrograms/liter or less HMDI. Dermal contact of the head, as would occur during inhalation exposures, also resulted in contact sensitization. Identification of the concentration-response relationship for contact sensitization following inhalation exposure implies that safe exposure levels can be proposed to prevent cases of dermal sensitization to HMDI. PMID- 6740672 TI - Digestible energy and efficiency of feed utilization in rats treated with 2,3,7,8 tetrachlorodibenzo-p-dioxin. AB - Treatment of male rats (300 to 325 g) with 2,3,7,8-tetrachlorodibenzo-p-dioxin (TCDD, 15 or 50 micrograms/kg) caused dose-dependent reductions in body weight, feed and water intakes, and fecal output. Urine output, however, was not altered by TCDD. Fecal energy loss, as a percentage of daily feed energy intake (kcal/day), was similar in control and TCDD-treated rats as was the percentage of feed energy absorbed by the gastrointestinal tract, i.e., digestible energy. These findings dispel the long-standing proposal that a gross malabsorption syndrome is responsible for weight loss in TCDD-treated rats and place greater emphasis on hypophagia as the reason for weight loss. In support of a central role for hypophagia, it was found that control rats pair-fed to rats treated with a sublethal dose of TCDD (15 micrograms/kg) lost almost the same amount of weight. However, from 15 to 50 days post-treatment, the pair-fed animals consistently maintained their weight at a 10- to 15-g higher level than age matched TCDD-treated rats. To determine why this weight difference occurs, the efficiency of feed utilization from Day 30 to 45 post-treatment in ad libitum fed control and TCDD-treated rats (15 micrograms/kg) that were maintaining different levels of body weight was compared. First, daily feed intakes of TCDD-treated and control rats were determined from Day 25 to 30 post-treatment. Second, weights of both groups were lowered by reducing feed intake in two successive 5-day periods to 50 and 10% of the respective ad libitum level. Third, on Days 40 to 45, both groups were refed their prereduction level of intake but reduced in proportion to the intervening loss in metabolic tissue mass. At each level of feed energy reduction, weight losses observed in the TCDD-treated and control rats were equivalent. Furthermore, although given only prerestriction amounts of feed that were indexed to their reduced metabolic body size (body wt kg 0.75), both TCDD treated and control rats gained weight rapidly and at similar rates during the refeeding period. Thus, rats treated with a sublethal dose of TCDD displayed normal efficiency of feed utilization but did so at a subnormal level of weight. That is, just like control rats, TCDD-treated rats increased their efficiency of feed utilization (weight gain/feed intake) but only when their body weight was caused to fall below the lower weight maintenance level determined by the TCDD dose administered.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 400 WORDS) PMID- 6740675 TI - In vivo acute hematotoxicity of N,N'-bis[N-(2-chloroethyl)-N nitrosocarbamoyl]cystamine (CNCC), a new nitrosourea analog. AB - The in vivo hematotoxic effects on different hemopoietic cell compartments of a new nitrosourea analog CNCC were compared to another glycosidyl derivative, RFCNU. Bone marrow microenvironment in liquid culture, bone marrow and splenic colony-forming units in agar culture (GM-CFUc), relative spleen index, and spleen and bone marrow cellularity were evaluated in young adult (DBA/2 X C57B1/6)F1 mice. The drugs, dissolved in olive oil, were injected ip at either the minimal or the median or the maximal dose of the "maximally efficient dose range." A single administration of CNCC induced a dramatic depopulation of bone marrow and spleen within 12 and 24 hr and significantly reduced the GM-CFUc in both organs. A rapid recovery of both the total cell number and GM-CFUc was observed between Days 2 and 5 (kinetic experiment). The comparison of toxicity of 20 to 50 mg/kg CNCC and 15 to 30 mg/kg (2-chloroethyl)ribopyranosyl-3-nitrosourea RFCNU at Day 1 and Day 5 showed that the bone marrow microenvironment was modified by the effect of oil and was further impaired by CNCC in a concentration-dependent fashion. In contrast RFCNU had less effect on the microenvironment. Similarly, the bone marrow GM-CFUc population was reversibly impaired by CNCC in a dose-dependent fashion, and again RFCNU had less effect. In the spleen both drugs provoked a higher toxic effect than in the bone marrow; on Day 1 they decreased the GM-CFUc population by 1 to 2 log. On Day 5 a compensatory regeneration was obtained in all cases except the highest tolerable CNCC dose, whose effect was more delayed. PMID- 6740676 TI - Acute exposure to methyl or ethyl alcohol alters auditory function in the rat. AB - Effects of alcohol on audition were studied in the rat by examining the modification of acoustic startle reflexes by pure tone pulses and by gaps in white noise. Systematic inhibition of the startle reflex by variation in pulse intensity provides an objective measure of loudness perception, while variation in gap duration assesses temporal acuity. Groups of rats (n = 8) received four injections of 0.0, 0.25, 1.00, and 2.00 g/kg of either methyl or ethyl alcohol in increasing order at 1-hr intervals. One-half hour after the administration of each dose, loudness perception or temporal acuity was measured. Blood alcohol levels (mM) for the two alcohols obtained in control animals were equivalent following the final dose. Alcohol produced a dose-dependent reduction in baseline startle amplitude that was greater during exposure to ethanol than during methanol. Loudness functions associated with pulse intensity were not diminished by alcohol; however, inhibition produced by a gap in noise was reduced following the highest dose of either alcohol. These data are consistent both with behavioral studies that have suggested that alcohol does not affect loudness perception, and with electrophysiological experiments which indicate that alcohol disrupts temporal relationships along the primary auditory pathway. PMID- 6740677 TI - Mechanism of chloroform nephrotoxicity. IV. Phenobarbital potentiation of in vitro chloroform metabolism and toxicity in rabbit kidneys. AB - Metabolism of chloroform (CHCl3) by a cytochrome P-450-dependent process to a reactive metabolite may be required to elicit hepatic and renal toxicities. Specific inducers or inhibitors of cytochrome P-450 have been employed frequently as tools to demonstrate this relationship between metabolism and toxicity in the liver. The experiments reported herein were designed to identify the relationship between metabolism and toxicity of CHCl3 in the kidney of rabbits, a species in which renal cytochrome P-450 is induced by phenobarbital. Pretreatment with phenobarbital enhanced the toxic response of renal cortical slices to CHCl3 in vitro as indicated by decreased p-aminohippurate and tetraethylammonium accumulation. Phenobarbital pretreatment also potentiated in vitro 14CHCl3 metabolism to 14CO2 and covalently bound radioactivity in rabbit renal cortical slices and microsomes. Addition of L-cysteine significantly reduced covalent binding in renal microsomes from both phenobarbital-treated and control rabbits and was associated with the formation of the radioactive phosgene-cysteine conjugate 2-oxothiazolidine-4-carboxylic acid (OTZ). Formation of OTZ was enhanced in renal microsomes from phenobarbital-pretreated rabbits. Thus, this in vitro model supports the hypothesis that the kidney metabolizes CHCl3 to the nephrotoxic metabolite, phosgene. PMID- 6740678 TI - Pyrvinium pamoate lacks in vivo genotoxicity in the colon. AB - Pyrvinium pamoate, a widely used anthelmintic drug, has been previously tested for genotoxicity with equivocal results. Assays with bacterial or yeast test strains yielded positive results while in vitro tests with mammalian cells yielded negative results. In this study, the genotoxicity of pyrvinium was studied in vivo in the mouse colon, the therapeutic site of action of this agent. 1,2-Dimethylhydrazine (DMH), a colon carcinogen, was tested simultaneously as a positive control. The colonic nuclear aberration assay was used to determine genotoxicity. Pyrvinium delivered orally in three vehicles was not genotoxic in the murine colon, even at doses up to 12.5 times the recommended human dosage. PMID- 6740679 TI - Zinc-induced tolerance to cadmium hepatotoxicity. AB - Pretreatment with Zn is known to produce tolerance to several toxic effects of Cd. This study was designed to determine if zinc pretreatment decreased Cd induced lethality and hepatotoxicity. Rats given 4.0 mg Cd/kg, iv, died within 10 to 20 hr while there was no mortality in rats pretreated with Zn (12 mg Zn/kg, sc, 48 and 24 hr prior to Cd challenge). Ten hr after Cd, plasma aspartate aminotransferase and sorbitol dehydrogenase activities were markedly elevated and extensive histopathologic lesions of the liver were evident in control rats while such injury was not evident in Zn-pretreated rats. To examine the mechanism of this tolerance, distribution of Cd to 14 organs and the subcellular distribution in 6 organs (liver, kidneys, intestines, heart, spleen, and testes) was determined in control and Zn-pretreated rats. Two hours after challenge (3.5 mg Cd/kg, iv, 7 microCi 109Cd/mg Cd), the distribution of Cd to the liver markedly increased after Zn pretreatment without concomitant decreases in other tissues. Zn pretreatment resulted in distribution of more Cd to hepatic cytosol and less associated with endoplasmic reticulum. Gel filtration chromatography indicated that most cytosolic Cd was bound to metallothionein. These data suggest that Zn pretreatment reduces Cd-induced hepatotoxicity which prevents the lethal effects of Cd possibly by altering the hepatic subcellular distribution of Cd. PMID- 6740680 TI - Tolerance to cadmium-induced hepatotoxicity following cadmium pretreatment. AB - Tolerance to several toxic effects of Cd, including lethality, has been shown following pretreatment with Cd. This study was designed to determine if tolerance also develops to Cd-induced hepatotoxicity. Rats were challenged with Cd (2.0, 3.0, 4.0, or 5.0 mg/kg, iv) 24 hr after pretreatment with saline (2 ml/kg, sc) or Cd (2.0 mg/kg, sc). Ten hours following challenge, plasma enzyme activities were dramatically elevated in control rats (sorbitol dehydrogenase 30- to 300-fold and aspartate aminotransferase 3- to 40-fold). In addition, histologic examination revealed moderate to severe hepatic injury, evidenced by cell swelling, cytoplasmic eosinophilia, pyknosis, karyorrhexis, and necrosis. In Cd-pretreated rats, plasma enzyme levels were similar to control values and only slight morphologic changes were evident. This tolerance to Cd-induced hepatotoxicity is probably due to the increase in hepatic metallothionein induced by Cd pretreatment, which has been shown to alter the hepatic subcellular distribution of Cd such that less binds to subcellular organelles and more binds to metallothionein located in the cytosol. PMID- 6740681 TI - Postnatal ontogeny of metallothionein in various organs of the rat. AB - Newborn rats have high levels of hepatic metallothionein (MT) which decreased to adult levels by 1 month of age. However, little is known about MT in other organs during this period. Therefore, this study was designed to estimate the MT concentration of major organs during postnatal development. Various tissues were assayed for MT on Days 1, 7, 14, 21, 28, and 35 postpartum and compared to levels in adult rats. The highest concentration of MT was found in liver of 1-day-old rats followed by testes, kidney, spleen, pancreas, intestine, stomach, lung, and brain. Levels in all organs except brain were 2- to 90-fold higher in 1-day-old than adult rats. Hepatic MT remained high for the first week and then decreased steadily to adult levels by Day 28. Concentrations in spleen, pancreas, and heart fell steadily to adult values by 3 to 4 weeks while lung MT levels declined much more rapidly. Renal MT was highest on Day 14 and then decreased to adult values by Day 28. Levels in intestine and stomach remained constant until decreasing to adult values on Day 28. Neonatal brain had lower MT concentrations than adult brain, increasing to adult levels by Day 21. Testicular MT concentrations were 50% higher than adult concentrations on Day 1, decreased to 40% of adult levels by 1 week, and stabilized at adult levels by 2 weeks of age. Cd treatment (3 mg Cd/kg, iv) of 1-week-old rats elevated MT concentrations in all organs except liver, testes, and brain. Zn treatment (20 mg Zn/kg, iv) increased MT concentrations only in liver, kidney, intestine, pancreas, and spleen. The increase in MT concentration in the pancreas following Zn treatment was the most marked of any organ; levels here increased to approximately 2000% of control. Results indicate that MT levels in most neonatal tissues were higher than in adults and that the postnatal ontogeny of MT is organ specific. PMID- 6740682 TI - Resistance to cadmium-induced hepatotoxicity in immature rats. AB - Because the concentration of metallothionein (MT) in perinatal rat liver is 10 to 20 times higher than levels present in liver of untreated adult rats, it was of interest to determine if immature rats are less susceptible to the hepatotoxic effects of cadmium (Cd) seen in adults. Male Sprague-Dawley adult rats received a hepatotoxic dose of 4.0 mg Cd/kg, iv, and 10-day-old rats received 4.0, 5.0, 6.0 mg Cd/kg, iv. Ten hours following Cd injection, plasma enzyme activities in adults were elevated (aspartate aminotransferase, 50-fold; sorbitol dehydrogenase, 87-fold) and histologic examination showed extensive hepatic injury; however, no damage was evident in 10-day-old rats, even at the 6 mg Cd/kg dose. Two hours after injection of 3.5 mg Cd/kg, iv (7 microCi 109Cd/mg Cd), the concentration of Cd was higher in liver, heart, and brain and lower in kidneys of 10-day-old rats compared to adults. An age comparison of the hepatic subcellular distribution of Cd revealed a higher amount of Cd in cytosol and less in the particulate fraction of 10-day-old rats. Furthermore, cytosolic Cd was predominantly bound to MT. These data support the hypothesis that presynthesized levels of MT are important in producing tolerance to acute Cd toxicity and that tolerance results from an altered hepatic subcellular distribution of Cd. PMID- 6740683 TI - Vomitoxin (4-deoxynivalenol): effects on reproduction of mice and rats. AB - Weanling male and female mice (F0) were fed daily diets containing 4 deoxynivalenol (DON) at concentrations that resulted in a dose of 0 or 2.0 mg/kg body wt in Experiment I and 0, 0.375, 0.75, or 1.5 mg/kg body wt in Experiment II. The test diets were continuously fed to the F0 parents and their progeny for the entire duration of these two experiments, which were similar in design. After 30 days of dietary feeding, the mice were allowed to mate within experimental groups for a maximum of three 5-day trials. Females found to have mated successfully were allowed to litter normally. The F1a progeny from 10 dams of each control and 1.5-mg DON/kg groups were cross-fostered at birth, whereas all of the remaining F1a progeny were reared by their natural dams. The progeny were examined until 21 days of age and discarded. The F0 mice were rebred. The females bred to produce the F1b litters were killed on Day 19 of gestation and their fetuses were examined for gross, visceral, and skeletal malformations. Reductions were observed in feed and water intakes and body weight of F0 male and female mice, the number of live pups and postnatal survivors, postnatal body weight of F1a progeny, number of live fetuses, and mean fetal weight of F1b fetuses. No adverse effects on fertility of F0 male and female mice and no major malformations in F1b were found. Cross-fostering offspring between control dams and 1.5-mg DON/kg-treated dams revealed that both postnatal survival and body weight were adversely affected by prenatal exposure as well as by a combined pre- and postnatal exposure. Male and female Sprague-Dawley rats were fed diets containing DON so as to deliver daily doses of 0.25, 0.5, or 1.0 mg/kg body wt. After 6 weeks of feeding, the rats were bred within groups and the males were then discarded. The mated females, maintained on their respective diets for the entire period of pregnancy, were killed on the last day of pregnancy and fetuses evaluated for effects on prenatal development. Except for dilation of renal pelvis and urinary bladder, the significance of which remains undetermined, no other adverse effect was observed. PMID- 6740684 TI - Effects of triethyllead chloride on hepatic microsomal N- and C-oxygenation of N,N-dimethylaniline in rats. AB - Triethyllead chloride was added directly to male rat liver microsomes (0.0, 0.05, 0.25, 0.5, 1.0, and 3.0 mM), or the rats were pretreated with ip injections, once a day for 2 days (0.0, 1.5, and 3.0 mg triethyllead chloride/kg body wt), and microsomes prepared without any further treatment on Day 3. The effects of these treatments on microsomal N-oxygenation and C-oxygenation in vitro were studied by using N-oxide formation and N-demethylation of N,N-dimethylaniline (DMA) as test reactions. Increased microsomal N-oxygenation was obtained by in vivo treatment and decreased microsomal C-oxygenation by in vitro treatment. As a result, either treatment thus gave rise to an increase in the N-oxygenation/C-oxygenation ratio. Conditions favoring accumulation of the N-oxide product may potentiate the tumor inducing characteristics of carcinogenic aromatic amines. PMID- 6740685 TI - Two-year toxicity/carcinogenicity study of fresh-brewed coffee in rats initially exposed in utero. AB - Fresh-brewed regular coffee at concentrations of 25, 50, and 100% was consumed ad libitum as the sole fluid intake of F1 Sprague-Dawley rats (55 male and 55 female/group), derived from P0-treated females which were provided 50% coffee for about 5 weeks prior to copulation and throughout gestation and lactation. P0 males, P0 control females, and two groups of F1 control rats received tap water. Ten rats/sex/level were killed and examined after 1 year; survivors were killed after 2 years. Smaller mean body weights (50 and 100% coffee concentrations) occurred with increased feed and liquid consumption. Mean serum alkaline phosphatase, bilirubin, BUN, and calcium values occasionally were elevated. Serum cholesterol levels at 2 years were elevated in males (25 and 100%) and at 1 and 2 years in females (100%). Bone calcium was slightly reduced in females consuming 25 or 100% coffee for 1 year, but not after 2 years. Treatment-related increases in relative weights of lungs, kidneys, liver, and epididymides were recorded. Significantly increased mortality was observed in females receiving 50 or 100% coffee. There also was some evidence of a relationship between coffee consumption and the number of primary tumor-bearing animals; however, this finding appeared ambiguous, dependent on the assumption that tumors were the probable cause of death. PMID- 6740686 TI - Hydrolysis of pyrethroid insecticides by soluble mouse brain esterases. AB - trans-Permethrin, a pyrethroid insecticide, was hydrolyzed by one or more carboxylesterases located in the soluble fraction of mouse brain homogenates. The apparent affinity of this activity for trans-permethrin was greater than that reported for mouse hepatic carboxylesterase activity, but the apparent maximum velocity was considerably lower than that of the hepatic activity. Soluble brain esterases also hydrolyzed several other pyrethroid esters with a substrate specificity different from that of the hepatic esterases. In particular, alpha cyano-3-phenoxybenzyl esters of noncyclopropane acids (e.g., fenvalerate and fluvalinate) were hydrolyzed by brain esterases at rates equal to or greater than that measured for trans-permethrin. These results suggest that hydrolysis in the brain may contribute to the detoxication of some pyrethroids in mammals. PMID- 6740687 TI - Structure-activity relationships of retinoids in developmental toxicology. I. Studies on the nature of the polar terminus of the vitamin A molecule. AB - The teratogenic activities of all-trans-retinoyl fluoride, all-trans-3 retinylidene-2,4-pentanedione, all-trans-2-retinylidene-1,3-cyclopentanedione, all-trans-2-retinylidene-5,5-dimethyl-1,3-cyclohexanedione, all-trans-2 retinylidene-5-p-methoxyphenyl-1,3-cyclohexanedione, all-trans-2-retinylidene-1,3 cyclooctanedione, all-trans-5-[2,6-dimethyl-8-(2,6,6-trimethylcyclohexen-1-yl) 1,3, 5,7-octatetrae n-1-yl]tetrazole, ethyl all-trans-9-(exo-2 bicyclo[2.2.1.]heptyl)-3,7-dimethyl-2,4,6,8- nonatetraenoate, ethyl all-trans-4 [2-methyl-4-(2,6,6-trimethyl-1-cyclohexen-1-yl)-1,3- butadien-1-yl]benzoate, 13 cis-N-(4-hydroxyphenyl)retinamide, and 13-cis-N-(2-hydroxyethyl)retinamide were determined in the hamster and compared with that of all-trans-retinoic acid. Administration of a single oral dose of the retinoids failed to induce signs of the hypervitaminosis A intoxication syndrome in any of the dams, and the maternal weight gain was not significantly different from the vehicle control value, except following intubation of the retinamides where maternal weight gain was significantly depressed. All of the retinylidene 1,3-diketones studied here were devoid of significant teratogenic activity. The retinamides failed to induce either an elevated mean litter frequency of malformed fetuses or a syndrome of anomalies similar to that induced by administration of an equimolar dose of all trans-retinoic acid. All of the other retinoids induced a syndrome of malformations similar to that induced by administration of all-trans-retinoic acid and were associated with a significant increase in the number of litters containing one or more malformed fetuses and an elevated mean litter frequency of malformed fetuses. The teratogenic activity in the hamster of this series of retinoids was independent of structural modifications in either the beta cyclogeranylidene ring or the polyene chain of the molecule. The results of the present study suggest that the changes in teratogenic activity associated with structural modification of vitamin A at C15 were primarily dependent upon the presence of or biotransformation to a free carboxyl or a moiety with an equivalent pKa at C15, not upon the molecular size of the substituent or the stereochemical position about C13. Since major structural modifications of vitamin A were made without the substantial loss of teratogenic activity, the structural requirements of retinoids for induction of terata were not extraordinarily exacting. PMID- 6740688 TI - Respiratory tract lesions induced by sensory irritants at the RD50 concentration. AB - Exposure of mice to airborne sensory irritants causes a concentration-dependent depression of respiratory rate. The RD50 concentration (that concentration which elicits a respiratory rate decrease of 50%) has been predicted to be an unacceptable occupational exposure concentration due to intolerable sensory irritation and possible respiratory tract injury in humans. The purpose of this study was (1) to determine whether lesions occur in the respiratory tract of Swiss-Webster mice after exposure to the RD50 concentrations of ten sensory irritants and (2) to compare these changes with respect to type and severity. The RD50 values (ppm) of the chemicals studied are as follows: 2,4-toluene diisocyanate (0.4), acrolein (1.7), formaldehyde (3.1), chloropicrin (8.0), chlorine (9.3), sulfur dioxide (117), ammonia (303), hydrogen chloride (309), dimethylamine (511), and epichlorohydrin (687). After exposure of mice for 6 hr/day for 5 days, the respiratory tract was examined for histopathologic changes. All irritants produced lesions in the nasal cavity with a distinct anterior-posterior severity gradient. There was considerable variation in the extent, and nature of the lesions. The lesions ranged from slight epithelial hypertrophy or hyperplasia to epithelial erosion, ulceration, and necrosis with variable inflammation of the subepithelial tissues. Only chlorine, chloropicrin, and epichlorohydrin induced lesions in the lower respiratory tract. These findings give additional support to the potential value of the RD50 model for setting occupational exposure guidelines and predicting the risk of injury to the respiratory tract from exposure to airborne sensory irritants. PMID- 6740690 TI - In vivo modulation of muscarine receptors in rat brain by acute lead intoxication. AB - In our experiments on acutely lead exposed rats we observed a marked increase (a 2-fold or 3-fold increase with 30 mg/kg or 60 mg/kg lead acetate, respectively) in [3H]quinuclidinyl benzilate [( 3H]QNB) specific binding to muscarine receptors from striatum and cortex, without any change in receptor affinity. Muscarine receptor level was maximal 2 h after intoxication, but the effect of lead on [3H]QNB binding was completely reversible in 24 h, without any lead redistribution to other brain areas being observed during this time period. Modulation of muscarine receptors in rat brain during in vivo acute intoxication might be involved in some of the observed neurotoxic effects of lead, resulting of an action on cholinergic neurotransmission. The various possible mechanisms of the lead effect on [3H]QNB binding are discussed. PMID- 6740689 TI - Inhalation toxicity of acetaldehyde in rats. II. Carcinogenicity study: interim results after 15 months. AB - Male and female Wistar rats were exposed to acetaldehyde vapour at concentrations of 0, 750, 1500 and 3000/1000 ppm during 6 h/day, 5 days/week for up to 27 months. The present paper deals with the results obtained during the first 15 months of the study, including interim kills after 13, 26 and 52 weeks. Major compound-related lesions occurred in the nose and larynx. The nasal lesions comprised: (1) degenerative changes of the olfactory epithelium at all dose levels, frequently accompanied by focal hyperplasia of basal cells and thickening of the submucosa with loss of Bowman's glands and nerve bundles in the dorsomedial region, (2) stratified squamous metaplasia of the respiratory epithelium lining the caudoventral part of the nasal septum and the inner aspect of the ventral endoturbinates often accompanied by severe keratinisation and occasionally by papillomatous hyperplasia, almost exclusively observed at the top dose level, and (3) malignant tumours (squamous cell carcinomas and adenocarcinomas) at all dose levels. Hyperplasia and keratinised stratified squamous metaplasia of the laryngeal epithelium were seen at the 2 highest dose levels. PMID- 6740691 TI - Effects of toluene inhalation on brain biogenic amines in the rat. AB - The effects of toluene exposure on the biogenic amine concentrations in the central nervous system were investigated in the rat. Toluene was administered via inhalation to groups of rats at concentrations of 0, l00, 300, or 1000 ppm. After an 8-h continuous exposure, animals were sacrificed and whole brain concentrations of dopamine (DA), norepinephrine (NE), and 5-hydroxytryptamine (5 HT) were determined. The data indicated a significant increase in whole brain concentrations of DA following the 100-ppm exposure. A regional analysis of DA, NE, and 5-HT concentrations in rats exposed to 1000 ppm of toluene for 8-h indicated a significant increase in DA concentration in the striatum. A significant increase in NE concentrations was detected in the medulla and midbrain while 5-HT concentrations were significantly increase in the cerebellum, medulla, and striatum. The results indicate that toluene action results in elevated concentrations of behaviorally significant neuro-transmitters. PMID- 6740692 TI - The acute intravenous and oral toxicity in mice, rats and guinea-pigs of 4 dimethylaminophenol (DMAP) and its effects on haematological variables. AB - The single dose oral toxicity of 4- dimethylaminophenol (DMAP) was examined in mice, rats and guinea-pigs and the intravenous toxicity in mice. The oral LD50 in female mice was 946 mg kg-1, in male rats, 780 mg kg-1, in female rats 689 mg kg 1 and in female guinea-pigs 1032 mg kg-1. The intravenous LD50 in female mice was 70 mg kg-1. Dosing with DMAP at the maximum tolerated dose produced Heinz body haemolytic anaemia in rats and Heinz bodies unaccompanied by anaemia in mice. Rats showed biochemical and histological evidence of renal tubular changes. PMID- 6740693 TI - Biological activities of broad bean (Vicia faba L.) extracts cultivated in South Anatolia in favism sensitive subjects. AB - Aqueous extracts of a different variety of fresh broad bean seeds obtained from a favism endemic area in Turkey, were incubated with blood from sensitive and non sensitive (control) subjects. Red blood cells were characterized by a whole blood glutathione (GSH) and a deficiency of Glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase (G-6-PD) activity. As the decrease in GSH percent is taken as an index of haemolytic activity, the test results were as following: Sakiz , Milas -Region, French broad bean extracts reduced the blood GSH levels 48%, 70%, 46% and 53%, respectively, in favism sensitive subjects. Active principles which are responsible for the haemolysis ( Vicine and Convicine ) were isolated from broad beans and their effects on GSH levels of blood were 99% and 81%, respectively, in favism sensitive subjects and 33.3% and 19% in normal subjects. PMID- 6740694 TI - Effect of formamidines on 5-hydroxytryptamine uptake and biogenic amine levels in rat platelets. AB - Uptake of radioactive 5-hydroxytryptamine (5-HT) by platelets from rats treated intraperitoneally with the insecticide/acaricide chlordimeform (CDF) at 25 mg/kg was not significantly influenced at 1 h; however, uptake of this amine by platelets from rats treated with its N- monodemethyl metabolite (DMC) at the same dosage was significantly inhibited (37%). Two reversed phase high performance liquid chromatographic systems with electrochemical detection were developed with a capacity to separate 11 biogenic amines and related compounds. Only 5-HT, norepinephrine (NE), dopamine (DA), and 3,4-dihydroxyphenylacetic acid (DOPAC) were consistently detected in platelets and plasma samples. At 1 h and/or 24 h postinjection, CDF effected significant decreases in platelet levels of 5-HT, NE, and DA and plasma levels of 5-HT, whereas platelet and plasma levels of DOPAC were significantly increased. DMC effected significant decreases in both platelet and plasma levels of 5-HT. These in vivo studies confirmed previous in vitro experiments which demonstrated that formamidines inhibited uptake of 5-HT by platelets and released endogenous stores of amines from platelets. PMID- 6740695 TI - Nuclear chromatin changes in hepatocytes of soman treated rats. AB - Cytochemical and morphometric indices of DNA metabolism and nuclear transcriptional-translational capabilities were used to monitor liver responses in Sprague-Dawley X Wistar rats subcutaneously injected with 0.9 LD50 soman, a highly toxic acetylcholinesterase-inhibiting organophosphate. Thirty minutes post soman the following were evident: (1) increased polyploidization; (2) expansion of the nuclear envelope; and (3) elevated deoxyribonucleoprotein (DNP) complex lability to acid hydrolysis. Nuclear changes were accompanied by cytoplasmic correlates of impaired hepatocyte function, i.e., vacuolation and depressed basophilia. The overall data suggest that with acute soman toxication there are concomitant adaptive and maladaptive responses occurring within liver parenchymal elements. It is postulated that nuclear changes represent an early proliferative response and DNP activation to enhance detoxification capabilities, whereas cytoplasmic changes reflect the disruption of normal function and hepatotoxic injury. PMID- 6740696 TI - Effect of a chelating drug on balance and tissue distribution of four essential metals. AB - Numerous drugs have structures that suggest that they and/or their metabolites are chelating agents, and therefore might affect trace metal metabolism. Ethambutol, used therapeutically in the treatment of tuberculosis, is an example. The objective of this study was to determine the effects of ethambutol on tissue concentrations and balance of 4 essential trace metals: copper, iron, manganese, and zinc. Eighteen male Sprague-Dawley rats (148 +/- 7 g) were housed individually in metabolic cages. Six rats received ethambutol (400 mg/kg/day) via the drinking water. There were 2 control groups of 6 rats each, an ad-lib and a pair-fed group. Iron concentrations in kidney, liver, heart, and spleen were significantly increased in both the pair-fed and ethambutol-dosed rats, an effect related to reduced food intake. However, the total iron content of these organs was comparable to that of the ad-lib controls, suggesting retention of iron by these organs with reduced food intake during growth. Trace element balance was not affected by ethambutol administration. Ethambutol produced significant decreases in heart copper, kidney zinc, plasma zinc, and liver copper and zinc not due to the associated reduced food intake. The latter results support the hypothesis that chelating drugs may alter trace metal metabolism. PMID- 6740697 TI - Predictive contact allergenicity influence of the animal strain used. AB - In order to determine the validity of reported alleged differences in the susceptibility of various strains of guinea pigs to the sensitizing action of known allergens, three unrelated strains of guinea pigs, namely Pirbright White, Hartley and Himalayan spotted strain, were selected. In our investigation, 3 haptens differing in their sensitization potential were used. The results showed that the sensitivity of the 3 given guinea pig strains was comparable. Furthermore, the sensitivity of a given guinea pig strain can only be determined by comparison of the sensitization reaction of several known contact allergens of various sensitizing potential. PMID- 6740698 TI - Effects of diisopropylfluorophosphate (DFP) on renal function in the rat. AB - Numerous studies have suggested a role for the nervous system in renal function. Several cholinergic agents have been examined for effects in vivo and in renal slices. Effects mediated through the vascular system and also direct effects have been reported. In this study an irreversible cholinesterase inhibitor, diisopropylfluorophosphate (DFP) in doses of 1-4 mg/kg, was tested on renal function. A single dose of DFP (2, 3 or 4 mg/kg) caused an increased flow of urine of low osmolality over the 6 h after the administration of the drug with essentially a return to control status by 24 h after either of the lower doses. Twenty-four hours after 4 mg/kg, urine volume was less and urine osmolality greater than control. Renal and brain cholinesterases remained depressed 24 h after DFP. In acute experiments on anesthetized animals, inulin clearance was increased by the lower doses and decreased by the highest dose of DFP. Renal blood flow measured with an electromagnetic flow meter showed a similar dose response relationship. However, urine flow increased at all doses. The increased urine flow associated with decreased inulin clearance (4 mg/kg) and renal blood flow (3 or 4 mg/kg) suggest a direct effect of DFP on renal tubular function. These effects do not appear to be related to inhibition of cholinesterase. PMID- 6740699 TI - Effects of trichloroethylene exposure on male reproductive function in rats. AB - The present study was designed to evaluate the influences of trichloroethylene (TCE) on the reproductive system of male rats. In addition, information was obtained on the distribution and metabolism of TCE. At 100 days of age, male rats were allowed to copulate with ovariectomized, hormonally primed females and copulatory behaviors scored. Fifteen minutes post-ejaculation, females were sacrificed and ejaculate and semen plug recovered from the uterus and vagina for evaluation. These data served as a pre-exposure baseline for each animal. TCE exposure was then initiated with animals intubated with either 0, 10, 100, or 1000 mg/kg of TCE (10 males/group) for 5 days/week for 6 weeks. Copulatory behaviors and semen evaluations were conducted at Weeks 1 and 5 as well as 4 weeks post-exposure. Three males/group were sacrificed at the end of the sixth week of exposure and levels of TCE and its metabolites measured in various organs and blood. The remaining animals were sacrificed at the end of Week 10. TCE related effects were seen primarily in the 1000 mg/kg group as reduced body weight gain, elevated liver/body weight ratios, and impaired copulatory behavior. However, the copulatory performance of the "affected" males had returned to normal by the fifth week of exposure. Although TCE and its metabolites concentrated to a significant extent in the male reproductive organs, semen evaluations failed to reveal any indices of spermatotoxicity. The initial alterations in copulatory behavior may be attributed to the narcotic properties of TCE. Tolerance to this pharmacological effect may explain the absence of these effects by the fifth week of exposure. PMID- 6740700 TI - Chemical models for toxic metabolites of bromobenzene derivatives. Relative toxicity toward isolated hepatocytes. AB - In the rat the hepatotoxicity of bromobenzene is greatly enhanced by the introduction of a cyano group adjacent to the bromine (i.e. o-bromobenzonitrile). Epoxide metabolites of these aryl halides are believed to be the actual toxic species, but epoxides of the latter compound also possess a second site of chemical reactivity not found in epoxides of bromobenzene, i.e. a Michael acceptor group formally related to acrylonitrile. Because these epoxides have never been isolated or synthesized for direct evaluation of their toxicity we have determined the toxicity toward isolated rat hepatocytes of a series of cyclohexene and cyclohexadiene derivatives containing epoxide and/or alpha, beta unsaturated nitrile functional groups. Simple epoxides and unsaturated nitriles were much less toxic than bromobenzene itself, even if both groups were present in the same molecule. However, alpha, beta-unsaturated epoxides were found to be 2-3 times more toxic than bromobenzene, and at least 10 times more toxic than their saturated analogs, which is consistent with their relatively greater chemical reactivity. It is unlikely that Michael acceptor metabolites account for the increased toxicity of o-bromobenzonitrile relative to bromobenzene. PMID- 6740701 TI - Evaluation of antidotes against the acute cardiovascular toxicity of propranolol. AB - Rats anesthetized with pentobarbital and ventilated artificially were intoxicated with 1 mg/kg X min propranolol i.v. After 30 min heart rate, mean arterial blood pressure and peripheral resistance had dropped by about 50% and cardiac output by about 25% and were stable for up to 120 min. Isoprenaline proved to be the best antidote for the treatment of propranolol intoxication antagonizing the bradycardia by 76% and the hypotension completely. The antagonistic activities of orciprenaline and prenalterol were lower than those of isoprenaline. Dopamine, adrenaline and noradrenaline antagonized propranolol-induced hypotension but did not considerably influence the bradycardia whereas dobutamine was nearly ineffective in both respects. Glucagon and aminophylline displayed some chronotropic activity without influencing propranolol-induced hypotension. Calcium chloride, on the other hand, produced a moderate elevation of blood pressure but only a small chronotropic activity, and atropine was inactive in both respects. Isoprenaline also restored the cardiac function of propranolol poisoned rats if administered by infusion and, furthermore, increased the lethal dose of propranolol from 77 to 165 mg/kg. The strong antagonistic activity of isoprenaline against propranolol-induced cardiovascular depression was also confirmed by experiments in pigs. In conclusion, isoprenaline is the most active antidote for the treatment of propranolol intoxication in the rat though the administration of massive doses are required. The vasodilatory effect of isoprenaline can be overcome by the additional administration of a vasoconstricting agent like dopamine. PMID- 6740702 TI - Metabolism of benzidine-based dyes and the appearance of mutagenic metabolites in urine of rats after oral or intraperitoneal administration. AB - The azo reduction and acetylation in vitro and the mutagenic activation in vivo of three azo dyes were studied. In the presence of rat-liver 9000 g supernatant benzidine was released from direct black 38 and direct brown 95, whereas hardly any benzidine was produced during incubation of direct blue 6. Incubation of benzidine with isolated rat hepatocytes resulted in the appearance of diacetylbenzidine. No diacetylbenzidine was formed during incubation of benzidine with rat-liver 9000 g supernatant, unless the cofactor for the acetylation reaction, acetyl coenzyme A, was added to the incubation medium. Isolated rat hepatocytes were capable to produce diacetylbenzidine from direct black 38, direct blue 6 or direct brown 95 without supplementation with acetyl coenzyme A. Administration of benzidine, direct black 38 or direct brown 95 to rats resulted in the appearance of mutagenicity in urine. For direct black 38 significantly higher mutagenicity values were found in urine after oral administration than after intraperitoneal treatment. Such differences were not observed for benzidine and direct brown 95. The results demonstrate that rat liver has a considerable capacity to reduce azo compounds. Nevertheless, for some compounds, like direct black 38, extrahepatic enzymes, most likely present in the intestinal flora, may also play a substantial role in the azo cleavage. PMID- 6740703 TI - Cadmium-induced alteration of the energy level in isolated hepatocytes. AB - The incubation of isolated hepatocytes with 10-100 microM cadmium (Cd) decreased the ATP/ADP-ratio, the ATP/AMP-ratio and the adenylate energy charge and enhanced the lactate/pyruvate-ratio in a time- and concentration-dependent manner. Likewise, the cellular oxygen-consumption was decreased at early incubation times, when the cell membrane was still intact, as judged by the Trypan Blue exclusion test. Similarly, Cd-concentrations above 0.3 nmol/mg mitochondrial protein inhibited the succinate- and malate/pyruvate-stimulated respiration of isolated mitochondria. This critical concentration was also reached in mitochondria of hepatocytes, when exposed to 25 microM Cd for less than 30 min. We therefore suggest that the inhibition of cellular respiration and the breakdown of cellular energy generation is mediated by a severe disturbance of mitochondrial respiratory functions due to Cd. This effect seems to be an early event in Cd-toxicity in isolated hepatocytes. PMID- 6740704 TI - Anti-laminin antibodies in Sprague-Dawley and brown Norway rats chronically exposed to cadmium. AB - Sprague-Dawley and Brown-Norway female rats were chronically exposed to cadmium. The metal was administered either in drinking water at a concentration of 20 or 100 ppm for 13 months or intraperitoneally (i.p.) at the dose of 1 mg/kg, 5 times a week for 4 months. Anti-laminin and anti-type IV procollagen antibodies (laminin and type IV procollagen are components of the glomerular basement membranes) were sequentially assessed by radioimmunoassay in serial serum samples. Anti-type IV procollagen antibodies were never detectable whereas anti laminin antibodies were transiently found in the serum of Sprague-Dawley rats only. In the i.p. group, the antibodies were detected between week 4 and 8, whereas in the oral treatment group, they were detected between month 6 and 8. At the same time, the concentration of cadmium in kidney cortex averaged about 100 ppm in the 20 ppm cadmium group and about 200 ppm in the 2 other treatment groups. The pathogenic significance of these antibodies in chronic cadmium intoxication of Sprague-Dawley rats remains to be assessed since their occurrence was not associated with concomitant immunoglobulin deposits in the kidneys. PMID- 6740705 TI - Disappearance of free SH-groups in hemoglobin of man, rat and rabbit after exposure to alkylating agents in vitro. AB - The effect of alkylating agents on the content of free SH-groups in human, rat and rabbit hemoglobin was examined. Treatment of blood in vitro with iodoacetamide, styrene oxide and methyl methanesulfonate resulted in a dose dependent decrease of free SH-groups in hemoglobin. The free SH-groups of rat hemoglobin were more susceptible to the alkylating agents tested than those of human and rabbit hemoglobin. The method is based on the isolation of hemoglobin and a subsequent measurement of the free SH-content of the hemoglobin by means of a spectrophotometric procedure. This procedure may be useful to examine differences in susceptibility of free SH-groups in hemoglobin, e.g. of different animal species, and on the other hand, to study the potencies of different electrophilic agents to alkylate these nucleophilic centers. PMID- 6740706 TI - The effect of acetaminophen on methemoglobin and blood glutathione parameters in the cat. AB - Acetaminophen (APAP) was given orally to 6 mature cats (3 male and 3 female) in single progressive doses of 20 (low), 60 (medium), or 120 (high) mg APAP/kg body weight, each 3 weeks apart. Methemoglobin (MHB), reduced blood glutathione (GSH) and APAP blood concentrations, and blood NADH methemoglobin reductase and NADPH glutathione reductase activities were measured periodically for 8 days after dosing. A statistically significant increase in MHB formation (21.7% and 45.5%, respectively) occurred following the medium and high doses. NADH methemoglobin reductase activity at the high dose decreased significantly. Red blood cell GSH concentrations decreased significantly during the first 24 h after the high APAP dose and returned to normal by 192 h. NADPH glutathione reductase activity decreased significantly following the high dose, but not after the lower APAP doses. PMID- 6740707 TI - Effect of the chemosterilant bisazir on the testes of the spotted bollworm Earias fabia stoll. AB - Studies indicate a time dependent action of bisazir on nucleic acids, proteins, amino acids and phosphatases in the testes of the spotted bollworm Earias fabia. Significant reductions in DNA, RNA, protein and alkaline phosphatase activity and an enhancement in total free amino acids and acid phosphatase activity have been observed. PMID- 6740708 TI - Cytochrome P-450 system dependent depression of delta-aminolevulinic acid dehydratase activity by bromobenzene in rats. AB - Male Wistar rats (200-230 g) were treated with bromobenzene in soybean oil intraperitoneally (i.p.) (4 mmol/kg) once a day for 1 or 2 days while control rats received soybean oil alone. delta-Aminolevulinic acid dehydratase (ALA-D) activity was depressed to 80% and 43% in bone marrow after 24 h and 48 h, respectively. ALA-D activity was also depressed significantly in the liver after the administration of bromobenzene while the activity in peripheral erythrocytes was not altered. After the administration of bromobenzene, the concentration of reduced non-protein sulfhydryls in liver was the lowest at 24 h and increased thereafter. No significant change was observed in the activity of delta aminolevulinate synthase in liver. The decrease of ALA-D activity was also reproducible in vitro. The 105 000 g supernatant fractions of rat bone marrow lyzates as ALA-D source were incubated with liver microsomes prepared from rats treated with phenobarbital. ALA-D activity was decreased by bromobenzene but no decrease was observed when the microsomes were preincubated with CO to inhibit cytochrome P-450. The effect of bromobenzene on ALA-D purified from rat erythroid cells was studied in incubations containing a reconstituted cytochrome P-450 system prepared from rat liver. The decrease of ALA-D activity was proportional to both the incubation time and to the concentration of P-450 while no decrease was detected when P-450 was inhibited by CO before the incubation. PMID- 6740710 TI - Morphological alterations of rat lung bronchiolar epithelium produced by various trialkyl phosphorothioates. AB - A single oral administration of O, O, S-trimethyl phosphorothioate (OOS-Me), an impurity in widely used organophosphorus insecticides, causes delayed toxicity (delayed death) which is accompanied by morphological changes in the bronchiolar epithelium of rat lungs. A series of simple O,O-dimethyl and O,O-diethyl S-alkyl phosphorothioate esters, which induce delayed toxicity, were examined for their effect on rat bronchiolar epithelium. The structural analogues synthesized and tested include O, O-dimethyl S-ethyl phosphorothioate, O,O-dimethyl S-isopropyl phosphorothioate, O,O,S-triethyl phosphorothioate, and O,O-diethyl S-methyl phosphorothioate. The present investigation demonstrated that these analogues of OOS-Me which cause delayed toxicity produce body weight loss, accompanied by morphological alterations of terminal bronchiolar epithelium, i.e. loss of the apical bulge of non-ciliated Clara cells. Another impurity which produces delayed toxicity, O,S,S-trimethyl phosphorodithioate, was also capable of producing similar effects at near the LD50 level. PMID- 6740709 TI - Toxic effects of some xanthine derivatives with special emphasis on adverse effects on rat testes. AB - Testicular toxicity and effects on thymus and body weights of 4 xanthine derivatives (D4026: 1,8-dimethyl-3-phenylxanthine, D4152: 8-methyl-3 phenylxanthine, D4160: 1,8-dimethyl-3-(2-methylbutyl)-xanthine, D4173: 8-methyl-3 (2-methylbutyl)-xanthine) were studied in Sprague-Dawley rats and cellular toxicity in human embryonal cells. The effect on toxicity by variation of substituent at positions 1 and 3 was tested. The compounds were administered orally to the rats once a day for 1 month. Mortalities were noted only with D4160. Dose related decreases in body weight gain were found for all substances, but only marginally with D4152. A significant decrease in thymus weight relative to control was observed with all substances, D4152 being the least potent. No effects on testes weights were found with any treatment but histological examination disclosed degeneration of germ producing epithelium of all rats given 100 mumol/kg of D4026 but not at 25 mumol/kg. One rat out of 5 showed testicular damage at 400 mumol/kg of D4173 or D4152. Plasma analysis for unchanged compounds showed significantly higher plasma concentrations at the high dose compared with the low dose with the exception for D4152 showing unexpectedly low levels. In the cellular toxicity test, D4160 was the most potent while D4152 was the least potent. D4026 had a steeper dose-response curve than the others but was less potent than D4160. The 1-methylated xanthine derivatives seemed to be more toxic than the two in position 1 unsubstituted analogues. Mechanisms for testicular toxicity of xanthine derivatives in the rat and clinical relevance of animal data are discussed. PMID- 6740712 TI - Chronic administration of water soluble tobacco smoke extract or nicotine fails to influence porcine coronary artery reactivity. AB - To determine if tobacco smoke components directly influence coronary vascular reactivity, we evaluated the contractile effects of prostaglandin (PG)F2 alpha and hypertonic KCl in porcine isolated left anterior descending coronary arteries derived from animals chronically treated (18 weeks) with either water soluble tobacco smoke extract, nicotine alkaloid, or saline. Dosing protocols for the extract and for nicotine were designed to achieve blood levels of nicotine approximating those attained by consumption of 2 packs/day of University of Kentucky 2Rl reference cigarettes. Histochemical evaluation of the arteries indicated that both the extract and nicotine caused expected increases in the collagen content of the tunica media. Neither the water soluble extract nor pure nicotine significantly altered coronary vascular sensitivity (as expressed by the ED50) to KCl or PGF2 alpha. Similarly, neither treatment altered the maximum contractile responses (determined as the tension developed normalized to mg wet wt) evoked by KCl and PGF2 alpha. These results indicate that prolonged exposure to water soluble components of tobacco smoke, in doses sufficient to elevate the collagen content of the coronary vascular wall, do not have direct effects on coronary reactivity to selected vasoconstrictor stimuli. PMID- 6740711 TI - Lead distribution in the saliva and blood fractions of rats after intraperitoneal injections. AB - Sprague-Dawley rats were treated with 1, 2 or 3 i.p. injections of lead acetate (100 mg/kg) and sacrificed 24 h, 3 days, 7 days, 14 days and 21 days after the last injection. Lead concentration was determined by flameless AAS technique in whole blood, plasma, plasma filtrate, saliva and submaxillary gland tissue. The concentration of lead in saliva was about 5% of whole blood lead concentration and around 61% of plasma filtrate lead level. Saliva lead concentration was significantly related both to whole blood lead concentration and plasma filtrate lead concentration (r = 0.78, P less than 0.001; r = 0.80, P = 0.001 respectively). Lead was present in the submaxillary gland tissue; the amount of lead increased with increasing amounts administered. PMID- 6740713 TI - Cytogenetic analysis of lymphocytes from rats following formaldehyde inhalation. AB - Male and female Fischer-344 rats were exposed to target concentrations of 0.5, 6, or 15 ppm formaldehyde by inhalation for 6 h/day for 5 days. Blood was removed by cardiac puncture within 1 h following termination of exposures and cultured in the presence of 5-bromodeoxyuridine (BrdU) (4 microM) for analyses of sister chromatid exchange (SCE) and chromosome breakage. Formaldehyde did not cause a statistically significant increase in either SCE frequency or in the number of metaphases displaying chromosome aberrations. PMID- 6740714 TI - The effects of reduced dietary intake upon the body and organ weights, and some clinical chemistry and haematological variates of the young Wistar rat. AB - Two groups, one of each sex, of 5-week-old Wistar rats were fed ab lib for 5 weeks with a commercial diet (LAD 2). Four other groups of each sex, were given the same diet daily; each male received 21, 19, 17 or 15 g and each female 17, 16, 15 or 13 g. In a second experiment, in addition to the groups fed ad lib, each day for 5 weeks males were given 30 ('daily ad lib' group), 23, 22 or 21 g and females 25 ('daily ad lib' group), 19, 18 or 17 g. Rats, particularly males, fed ad lib showed differences, e.g. in body weight, with rats fed 'daily ad lib' even though food consumption was similar. Rats fed reduced amounts of diet had smaller livers, increased haemoglobin concentration, erythrocyte count, haematocrit, and plasma chloride. These rats excreted an increased volume of more alkaline urine of lower specific gravity with more precipitated triple phosphate than rats fed ad lib. In the comparisons of the modestly reduced food intake groups with the ad lib groups the significant decreases found in plasma protein, urea and alkaline phosphatase activity probably arose mainly from differences in post-prandial intervals. In groups where the reduction in food intake was greater, the decreases observed were not wholly dependent upon the post-prandial interval. PMID- 6740715 TI - The effects of stannous chloride on the humoral immune response of mice. AB - The effects of stannous chloride (SnCl2) on primary and secondary immune responses to sheep red blood cells (SRBCs) were examined in mice. I.p. administration of 167 mumol/kg/day of SnCl2 for 3 consecutive days suppressed the number of splenic indirect plaque-forming cells (PFCs) in the primary response and the hemagglutination (HA) and hemolytic reaction (HR) titers of non-2 mercaptoethanol(2-ME)-treated sera in both the primary and secondary immune response. However, tin affected neither the indirect PFC response nor the antibody titers of the 2-ME-treated sera after the secondary immunization, which was performed on day 6 following the primary immunization. These results suggest that the subacute administration of tin suppresses part of the immune response in which IgM antibody production plays an important role, and that the production of IgG in the secondary immune response is little affected, while the IgG production in the primary response is suppressed or delayed. PMID- 6740716 TI - Changes in respiration and ionic content in tissues of freshwater mussel exposed to methyl parathion toxicity. AB - Oxygen consumption and sodium, potassium and calcium concentration were determined in the freshwater mussel, Lamellidens marginalis, and its tissues during methyl parathion (MP) toxicity. A transient increase followed by decrease in whole animal or tissue respiration as a function of time was observed. Greater loss of calcium by the mantle, sodium by the gill, and calcium and sodium by the hepatopancreas and foot was observed. As compared to calcium and sodium, the loss of potassium by the tissues was less. PMID- 6740717 TI - Comparison of local neurotoxicity of three white spirit formulations by percutaneous exposure of rat tail nerve. AB - A recently developed technique was used to compare the local neurotoxicity of three white spirit (crude oil distillates) formulations. They differed in aliphatic and aromatic hydrocarbon concentrations. Formulations I and II contained over 10% n-nonane, whereas its concentration was negligible in formulation III with 17% aromatics. Formulation I contained no aromatics. Formulation I and II caused local axonopathy by neurophysiological and morphological criteria after 6 weeks of daily 3-h exposures for 5 days a week. No neurophysiological changes were caused by formulation III while morphological analysis revealed infrequent demyelinative foci after 6 weeks. Rats exposed to formulation II with 1% trimethylbenzene isomers showed urinary excretion of dimethylbenzoic acid isomers not detected in other rats thus providing a method for the biological monitoring of exposure. PMID- 6740718 TI - Chloroquine-induced inhibition of rat serum muramidase activity in vivo in relation to tissue changes. AB - Chloroquine was tested for its inhibitory effect in vivo on the activities of rat serum and tissue muramidase. Daily administration of this anti-malarial drug to rats resulted in an appreciable reduction of kidney and liver enzyme activities 1 day after the first dose. No corresponding increases in enzyme activity were detected in the serum of treated animals up to day 9 when muramidase activity was then significantly reduced. Activity observed in the heart tissue was not affected until day 12, when the level was significantly reduced. These results suggest that chronic chloroquine administration to rats may result in an extensive inhibition of muramidase activity probably at the cellular/molecular level. PMID- 6740719 TI - Cyanide loss from tissue baths in the presence and absence of tissue. AB - Loss of cyanide from Krebs-Henseleit solution (KHS) was studied in aerated tissue baths at 38 degrees C in the presence and in the absence of tissue. The rate of cyanide loss was greater from 300-microM than from 30-microM solutions and still greater from 300-microM solutions in the presence of vascular tissue. Initial cyanide loss was much greater from the tissue-containing bath, and the half-time was shorter in the presence of tissue (54 min) than in its absence (98 min) in baths containing the same initial cyanide concentration (300 microM). PMID- 6740720 TI - Cytogenetic effects induced by organophosphorus pesticides in mouse spermatocytes. AB - Male mice (Q strain) received a single i.p. injection of 14 organophosphorus compounds, including 11 insecticides, administered on separate occasions. After a recovery period of 10 to 15 days, the cytogenic effects were analyzed in primary spermatocytes at diakinesis-metaphase I corresponding to the treatment of A4-B type spermatogonia. At the highest tolerated dose, trimethylphosphate (1000 mg/kg), triethylphosphate (300 mg/kg), dichlorvos (10 mg/kg), methylparathion (10 mg/kg), ethylparathion (10 mg/kg), ethylparaoxon (0.3 mg/kg), fenitrothion (1000 mg/kg), methylbromophos (1000 mg/kg), ethylbromophos (1000 mg/kg), dimethoate (10 mg/kg), malathion (300 mg/kg), methylazinphos (1 mg/kg), ethylazinphos (1 mg/kg) and trichlorfon (100 mg/kg) did not produce chromosome damage. PMID- 6740721 TI - Histological observations on the liver of Tilapia mossambica after exposure to monocrotophos, an organophosphorus insecticide. AB - The histological changes in the liver of Tilapia mossambica were observed after exposure to a sublethal level (2.5 ppm) of monocrotophos. The changes observed after 2 days of exposure were characterized by necrosis and vacuolation of hepatocytes. Fatty degeneration was observed after 10 days of exposure. However, normalization of histological picture was evident after 15 days of treatment, though some patches of degenerating zones were also found to exist concomitantly. A wave of secondary intensively degenerative changes was observed from 30 days up to 45 days of experimentation. The possible significance of histological lesions and adaptation to exposure after sublethal doses as well as continuous exposure are discussed. PMID- 6740722 TI - Lead-induced regional lipid peroxidation in brain. AB - Rats exposed to lead (2% lead acetate in drinking water for a period of 10 days) showed altered levels of phospholipids, lipid peroxide and lead ions. Lead ion concentrations were significantly increased in all brain regions with a maximum retention in the spinal cord and cerebellum. The cerebral cortex showed a higher percent elevation of lead ions as compared to the other areas of the brain. The phospholipid contents were significantly depressed in the cerebral cortex, cerebellum and spinal cord. Subsequently, the rate of lipid peroxidation has been enhanced in all brain regions following toxicosis. Increased rate of lipid peroxidation and decreased levels of phospholipids followed the similar rank order as that of increasing lead concentration was spinal cord, cerebellum, cerebral cortex and brain stem after lead intoxication. PMID- 6740723 TI - Estimation of creatine kinase isoenzymes: the effects of caffeine and retinoic acid on CK levels in fetal mouse limbs. AB - Caffeine and retinoic acid were examined for effects upon limb morphogenesis and upon creatine kinase (CK) as a measure of limb myogenesis. Caffeine at 200 mg/kg, i.p., on E11 produced a low level of forelimb (1.2%) and hindlimb (2.0%) defects. Retinoic acid, at 50 mg/kg given orally as an oily suspension, induced a high level of reduction deformities. Hindlimbs (100%) were affected more than forelimbs (88%). Limbs (E16) were examined for CK isoenzymes using DEAE-Sephacel column chromatography. Untreated limbs had 88.04% skeletal muscle (MM), 6.98% hybrid (MB) and 5.08% brain (BB) CK isoenzyme. Caffeine had no effect. However, retinoic acid increased MM-CK to 92.67%, and decreased BB-CK to 2.24%. This is the first evidence that suggests that retinoic acid may modify the phenotypic expression of developing muscle. PMID- 6740724 TI - Evaluation of the effect of food deprivation on micronucleus test results. AB - High doses of a test chemical sometimes affect the food consumption of the treated animals even to the point of starvation. The effect of such a non specific toxicological stress on the bone marrow micronucleus test was investigated in male and female Sprague-Dawley rats. A 42-h starvation had a noticeable effect on the ratio of polychromatic to normochromatic erythrocytes (PCE and NCE); the values in the starved animals were approx. 77% of the negative controls. An effect of starvation on the frequency of micronucleated erythrocytes (MN-E) was not discernable from the results of the present experiment. PMID- 6740725 TI - Effect of chloroform on hepatic and renal DNA synthesis and ornithine decarboxylase activity in mice and rats. AB - Chloroform administered intraperitoneally (i.p.) to male mice and rats resulted in a dose-dependent increase in hepatic ornithine decarboxylase (ODC) activity. Maximal induction of the enzyme in mice was 10-fold and occurred at 375 mg/kg chloroform; in rats it was 52-fold and occurred at 750 mg/kg chloroform. Chloroform increased in mice and decreased in rats the rate of hepatic and renal DNA synthesis. Therefore, the induction of ODC activity in rat liver was not followed with an increase in DNA synthesis. The implications of these results to the proposed nongenetic mechanism of chloroform induction of hepatocellular carcinoma in mice and renal tumors in rats are discussed. PMID- 6740726 TI - Nitrite binding to cytochrome P-450 from liver microsomes of trout (Salmo gairdneri Rich.) and effects on two microsomal enzymes. AB - Addition of nitrite to dithionite-reduced trout liver microsomes leads to the conversion of cytochrome P-450 into a cytochrome P-420-NO complex, as it does in mammalian microsomes. A loss in cytochrome P-450 and an inhibition of aminopyrine demethylase (AP) activity were observed in vitro at nitrite-concentrations found in the liver of trout exposed in vivo to this toxin. Nitrite had no effect on dimethylaniline monooxygenase (DMA), a cytochrome P-450-independent enzyme. PMID- 6740727 TI - Contraceptive patterns of religious and racial groups in the United States, 1955 76: convergence and distinctiveness. AB - A number of studies have reported data on contraceptive use among white Protestant and white Catholic couples in the United States, but this paper is the first to study a large sample of couples with other or no religious affiliation, as well as black couples by religion, using multivariate controls. Using a nationally representative sample of 14,000 married women aged 15-44, we find convergence among white Protestant, Catholic, and Jewish couples in contraceptive patterns between 1955 and the mid-1970s, but large differences remained at the latter date, even after multivariate controls. Among black couples, differences by religious affiliation are smaller, but differences between white and black couples within religion categories are substantial. We conclude that religious differences are not artifacts of an incomplete demographic transition, and that religious affiliation is an indispensable datum for understanding contraceptive choice in the United States. PMID- 6740728 TI - The fertility impact of spousal separation. AB - The impact of spousal separation on marital fertility in a natural fertility context is investigated. REPMOD, a procedure for computer simulation of reproductive processes, is employed. A given length of separation affects fertility more, the less it overlaps with time during which the woman is not at risk of conception. Thus the "efficiency" of separation as a constraint on fertility increases as its duration increases, the duration of postpartum amenorrhea decreases, and fecundability decreases. Effects of spousal separation in actual situations can be estimated using results of these simulations as inputs. PMID- 6740729 TI - Breastfeeding and use of the health care system in Bahia State, Brazil: three multivariate analyses. AB - Three multivariate methods--deviation from total proportion breastfeeding, polynomial regression, and proportional hazards--are used on current status breastfeeding data to explain an inverse relationship between use of the health care system and breastfeeding in Bahia State, Brazil. Among the intervening variables analyzed--urban/rural residence, educational attainment, age of woman, and place of last live birth--education and place of last live birth are found to have a net effect on breastfeeding by all three methods of analysis. The advantages and disadvantages of each method are described. PMID- 6740732 TI - Half-life prediction in unstable renal function: its utility in therapeutic drug monitoring and theoretical and practical considerations. AB - A simple equation is derived to describe the changes in drug elimination half life (t1/2) in correspondence to the changes in renal function (as measured by creatinine clearance). This equation can be utilized to predict the t1/2 at any time following an initial period in patients with unstable renal function provided that the initial t1/2 and renal function corresponding to each period are known. The clinical application of this equation in predicting 21 serum gentamicin concentrations (SGC) was evaluated in patients with unstable renal function. Excellent correlation (coefficient of determination, r2 = 0.88) between the predicted and measured SGC was obtained. PMID- 6740731 TI - A clinical study of norethisterone enanthate in rural Mexico. AB - Clinical trials of norethisterone enanthate (NET-EN), a long-acting, injectable progestogen, have demonstrated its short-term safety and effectiveness as a method of contraception in a controlled trial setting. Family planning programs interested in providing NET-EN need information on its efficacy and acceptability under usual field conditions. This first field study of NET-EN was conducted in family planning clinics in rural areas of Mexico. Women admitted to the study were followed up at two-month intervals to receive an injection of 200 milligrams of NET-EN, and to be asked about possible side effects of the drug. Among the 5,792 women recruited, the overall life-table discontinuation rate was 57.0 per 100 women at 12 months and 69.0 at 18 months. The single most common reason for discontinuation was amenorrhea, followed by bleeding problems. Women who were older and who already had several children were most likely to continue using NET EN. Nine pregnancies were reported during the study, with a cumulative pregnancy rate of 0.3 per 100 women at 18 months. NET-EN appears to be an effective method of contraception that is acceptable to a substantial proportion of women from rural areas in Mexico who choose to use it, when it is provided through a national family planning program. PMID- 6740730 TI - Ignorance of family planning methods in India: an important constraint on use. AB - Interviews wih women in six villages in India and with educated, working women selected to be trained as interviewers in five states, and evidence from formal studies are discussed to support the conclusions that (1) the low overall rates of contraceptive use in India are at least partly due to low levels of knowledge about different methods of birth control, especially of the modern reversible methods; and (2) the low use of all methods except sterilization is a good proxy for lack of knowledge about these methods. It is suggested that, both in the interests of achieving demographic targets and in the interests of the clientele of the family planning program, much greater emphasis must be placed on spreading practical information about reversible contraception. The information dissemination activities of the program so far have tended to concentrate on the why of family planning and neglect the how, except in promoting sterilization. PMID- 6740733 TI - Effect of rifampin on theophylline disposition. AB - The concentrations of theophylline from single 400-mg oral doses were evaluated both before and after 7 days of oral rifampin administration (600 mg/day) in six healthy, nonsmoking adults. The mean oral clearance of theophylline was significantly increased from 54.9 +/- 21.2 to 68.9 +/- 26.5 ml/h/kg. The elimination rate constant was significantly increased in five of the six subjects, with a mean increase of approximately 25%. Although intersubject variability was large, these data indicate the potential need to increase theophylline doses in some patients receiving rifampin. PMID- 6740734 TI - Theophylline: constant-rate infusion predictions. AB - This study was undertaken to evaluate a method of prospectively estimating appropriate aminophylline infusion rates in acutely ill, hospitalized patients with bronchospasm. Steady-state serum theophylline concentrations (Css), clearances (Cl), and half-lives (t1/2) were estimated by the Chiou method using serum concetrantions obtained 1 and 6 h after the start of a constant-rate intravenous aminophylline infusion in 10 male patients averaging 57 years of age. Using an enzyme-multiplied immunoassay (EMIT) system for theophylline analysis, pharmacokinetic estimations were excellent for Css (r = 0.9103, p less than 0.01) and Cl (r = 0.9750, p less than 0.01). The mean estimation errors were 9.4% (range 0.8-21.5) for Css and 12.3% (range 1.3-28.0) for Cl. There was no correlation between patient age and Cl. This method is useful for rapidly individualizing aminophylline therapy in patients with acute bronchospasm. PMID- 6740735 TI - Urinary hydroxyphenytoin/creatinine ratios as an index of compliance in adult epileptic patients on phenytoin therapy. AB - The ratio of the concentration of the phenytoin metabolite hydroxyphenyl phenylhydantoin (HPPH) to the creatinine concentration in morning urine samples was used as an index of compliance in adult epileptic patients on phenytoin therapy. For this purpose, the phenytoin dose was estimated from the urinary HPPH/creatinine ratio with the help of a regression equation that took into consideration body weight, height, age, and sex. A high correlation (r = 0.927 for men and r = 0.954 for women) between the prescribed and estimated dose was found for a reference group (127 hospitalized patients on supervised drug regimen). Compliance was judged from the discrepancy between the prescribed and the estimated dose for 45 patients immediately after their admittance to an epilepsy clinic, as well as for 98 outpatients, who had been treated by neurologists. Noncompliance was suspected in 6.7% of patients admitted to the clinic, as well as in 28.6% of the outpatients. PMID- 6740736 TI - Use of plasma unbound drug concentrations in adjusting phenytoin doses. AB - The application of a Bayesian feedback algorithm for phenytoin (PHT) dosing adjustments was modified empirically to take advantage of measurements of plasma unbound PHT concentrations in the estimation of Km values. Doses were calculated to achieve steady-state unbound PHT nadirs of 1.2 mg/L with an allowable range of 0.9-1.5 mg/L. The success of this approach was compared with that of a routine strategy encompassing the use of monitored total plasma PHT concentrations and no estimates of kinetic parameters. Allowing up to a double feedback of monitored values, the Bayesian approach was better than the routine procedure in predicting doses that led to PHT concentration within the targeted range (p less than 0.005). The approach to optimizing PHT dosing described herein offers the advantage of rapidly converging on near-optimal therapy for those patients who are already on PHT but whose seizures are not suitably controlled, and may be useful even for patients who exhibit abnormal PHT plasma protein binding, such as those who also must take valproic acid. PMID- 6740737 TI - Variability of plasma phenobarbitone concentration in Asian children in Singapore. AB - In a study with 113 Asian children in which phenobarbitone was used as the sole antiepileptic drug in 75 children, including Chinese, Malays, and Indians, the mean phenobarbitone dosage required to produce a plasma level of 15 micrograms/ml was 5.2 mg/kg/day. While the mean plasma level/dose ratio varied, the differences between the three ethnic groups were not statistically significant. Also of little difference were the ratios between the male and female groups. For those patients with poor seizure control, however, the mean plasma level/dose ratio was significantly lower than in those whose seizures were controlled. Using additional anticonvulsant drugs concurrently with phenobarbitone in 40 children raised the mean plasma level/dose ratios significantly in each ethnic group. Further, the greater age level in those given additional antiepileptic drugs might have contributed slightly to a higher mean plasma level/dose ratio. PMID- 6740738 TI - Development of tolerance to the side effects of primidone. AB - Side effects and antiepileptic drug levels were measured during initiation of and chronic treatment with primidone (PRM). A significant change in the toxicity/serum level ratio was observed 6 h after the initial PRM dose. The amount of toxicity manifested by patients receiving PRM as their initial antiepileptic drug was not different from that of those patients previously treated with phenytoin (PHT) or carbamazepine (CBZ). These findings indicate rapid development of functional tolerance to side effects of PRM, which is not altered by previous exposure to PHT or CBZ. Phenobarbital pretreatment appears to produce cross-tolerance to the effects of PRM. PMID- 6740739 TI - Serum drug concentrations and adverse effects in cardiac patients after administration of a new controlled-release disopyramide preparation. AB - Despite widespread marketing of a controlled-released preparation of disopyramide phosphate (Norpace-CR, G. D. Searle), literature demonstrating its efficacy in maintaining uniform serum drug levels over a 12-h dosing interval is derived from only normal healthy volunteers. Twenty patients with cardiac arrhythmias (ages 37 80 years) were administered 400-800 mg/24 h (5.1-10.5 mg/kg/day) of controlled release disopyramide in two equally divided doses on a q. 12 h. schedule. After achievement of steady-state equilibrium drug concentration, disopyramide levels were determined by high-pressure liquid chromatography on sera obtained from blood samples drawn 2, 7, and 11 h after an oral dose. Mean maximal and minimal disopyramide serum concentrations were 3.2 +/- 1.0 and 2.5 +/- 0.9 microgram/ml, respectively. Adverse drug effects occurred in nine (45%) subjects, necessitating discontinuation of the preparation in five patients (25%). These data demonstrate that in a population of patients with cardiac arrhythmias q. 12 h. dosing with a controlled-release disopyramide phosphate preparation is associated with an acceptable variation between maximal and minimal serum disopyramide concentrations, and is tolerated by the majority of subjects. The preparation should, therefore, offer greater patient convenience and compliance without sacrificing antiarrhythmic efficacy. PMID- 6740740 TI - Liquid chromatography with electrochemical detection for monitoring mebendazole and hydroxymebendazole in echinococcosis patients. AB - A sensitive method is described for the simultaneous determination of mebendazole and hydroxymebendazole using flubendazole as an internal standard. The analytes were isolated with a single chloroform extraction from 1.0 ml of alkalinized plasma or cyst liquid samples. Separation and quantitation were performed with high-performance liquid chromatography with electrochemical detection. The limit of detection for mebendazole and hydroxymebendazole was approximately 5 and 2.5 ng/ml, respectively. The accuracy of the method was confirmed for mebendazole by a good correlation with an existing radioimmunoassay method. The method was applied for monitoring mebendazole therapy in echinococcosis patients. The results presented support the necessity of such monitoring, as most of the observed peak plasma concentrations did not reach the level regarded as minimal for therapeutic effect. PMID- 6740741 TI - Determination of aminoglutethimide and N-acetylaminoglutethimide in human plasma by reversed-phase liquid chromatography. AB - A liquid chromatography method for the determination of aminoglutethimide and N acetylaminoglutethimide in human plasma is described. The assay involved precipitation of the plasma proteins using a mixture of acetonitrile and perchloric acid, without an extraction procedure. The supernatant was subjected to chromatography on a 3-micrometers ODS Hypersil column eluted isocratically with 11% acetonitrile in 100 mM ammonium formate buffer, pH 3.5. The absorbance was routinely recorded at 242 nm. The standard curves were linear in the range of 0.1-100 micrograms/ml, and the lower detection limit was approximately 0.1 microgram/ml for aminoglutethimide and its plasma metabolite N acetylaminoglutethimide. The precision of the method, given as the coefficient of variation, was 3.9%. With this method, it was determined that aminoglutethimide and N-acetylaminoglutethimide were present in the plasma of patients receiving single-dose or continuous treatment with aminoglutethimide for breast cancer. No N-formylaminoglutethimide or nitroglutethimide could be demonstrated in the plasma from these patients. Interference from several drugs commonly given to patients with breast cancer was ruled out. PMID- 6740742 TI - Monitoring of gamma-aminobutyric acid in human cerebrospinal fluid: downward revision of previous control values. AB - gamma-Aminobutyric acid (GABA) levels were measured by a radioreceptor assay in cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) specimens from two groups of subjects, one without evidence of neurological or psychiatric disease and one with a variety of neurological disorders for which GABA involvement is not known. Mean GABA concentrations in CSF for the two groups were 117 +/- 10 and 127 +/- 7.4 pmol/ml (means +/- SE for 17 and 41 individuals, respectively). These values were about half of most previously reported mean CSF GABA control values, a fact which may be attributed, at least in part, to a reduction of artifactual increase in GABA levels during sampling, storing, and thawing of CSF samples and GABA analysis. Age and sex had no significant influence on CSF GABA concentration. PMID- 6740743 TI - Determination of pemoline in plasma, plasma water, mixed saliva, and urine by high-performance liquid chromatography. AB - A new determination method of pemoline in plasma, plasma water, mixed saliva, and urine using high-performance liquid chromatography was developed. The detection limit of pemoline using 0.2 ml of the sample was 0.02 microgram/ml in plasma, plasma water, saliva, and urine. The recoveries of pemoline added to plasma, saliva, and urine (each 6 micrograms/ml) were more than 98%. The coefficients of variation of within-run and between-run precisions for 5 concentrations of pemoline in plasma were less than 5 and 6%, respectively. The elimination half lives of pemoline obtained from the plasma concentration-time curves after a single oral administration of pemoline in two subjects were 6.7 and 10.3 h. Mean values of the ratio between saliva and plasma total concentration in two subjects were 0.55 and 0.64, and mean values of plasma protein binding percent were 35.7 and 25.2%, respectively. The saliva concentrations were in proportion to the plasma unbound pemoline concentrations at simultaneous samplings, and the ratios between saliva and plasma unbound concentration were about 0.9 in two subjects. Usefulness of saliva in the estimation of plasma protein-unbound pemoline concentration was noted. PMID- 6740744 TI - [Possible substitution between intramural and extramural care. An exploration from a needs approach]. AB - This article concerns the possibility of substitution within the health and welfare system for the aged, in particular the possibility of shifting from institutional care (homes for the aged) towards community care (home care programmes). Based on an analysis of the need for support among elderly persons requesting admission into residential homes, it was concluded that such a shift will be possible. Attention was then paid to the planned introduction of more restricted admission-norms as part of old-age-policy in the Netherlands. Of some importance is whether this more strict admission-policy will lead to a decline in the percentage of elderly in residential homes below the existing norm of 7%. This seems unlikely, mainly because most of the aged requesting admission into residential homes already have such a need for support that they will meet the requirements of a more restricted admission policy. PMID- 6740745 TI - The fundus manifestations of malignant hypertension. PMID- 6740746 TI - The effects of blunt trauma on the posterior segment of the eye. PMID- 6740747 TI - The surgical correction of essential blepharospasm. PMID- 6740748 TI - Severe corectopia and slit like pupil improved with argon laser pupilloplasty. PMID- 6740749 TI - Ipsilateral blindness as a complication of carotid artery "blowout". PMID- 6740750 TI - Primary liposarcoma of the larynx. PMID- 6740751 TI - Present status of electronystagmography. PMID- 6740752 TI - Tracheal agenesis: a case report and literature review. PMID- 6740753 TI - Temporal bone involvement in polyostotic fibrous dysplasia. PMID- 6740754 TI - Epistaxis secondary to Crest syndrome: a case report. PMID- 6740755 TI - Primary amyloidosis of the maxillary sinus. PMID- 6740756 TI - Hypomotility of the stomach following gastric pull up. PMID- 6740757 TI - Clinical aspects of gastroenteritis in Saudi Arabian children. PMID- 6740758 TI - Transient nonvisualisation of the gall bladder on hepatobiliary scintiscanning in patients with amoebic liver abscesses. PMID- 6740759 TI - Ischaemic strictures of the small intestine in northern Nigeria. PMID- 6740760 TI - The International Centre for Diarrhoeal Disease Research, Bangladesh. PMID- 6740761 TI - [Sugar transport regulation in vitro by new calcium ionophores]. AB - The influence of calcium ionophores--tenoyltrifluoroacetate (TTFA) and divaleryldibenzo-18-crown-6(divaleryl) on the glucose consumption, D-xylose transport and glycogen content in rat diaphragm was studied. TTFA caused a clear dose-dependent inhibition of carbohydrate transport and glycogenolysis stimulation. Divaleryl, on the other hand, raised glucose consumption, D-xylose transport without influencing glycogen content. Exclusion of Ca++ from incubation medium increased the TTFA inhibiting effect on glucose consumption, decreased its glycogenolytic effect and removed divaleryl induced stimulation of glucose transport. Mechanisms of calcium ionophore action and a possible role of intracellular Ca2+ in carbohydrate transport are discussed. PMID- 6740762 TI - [Actomyosin preparations obtained from a skeletal muscle tumor of low differentiation using the traditional methods of muscle biochemistry]. AB - Tumor actomysion preparations isolated by three different extracting solutions are very similar in composition. A characteristic feature of the preparations obtained is a very rapid presumably proteolytic degradation of their components. It is shown that the major polypeptides of freshly prepared samples are not products of proteolysis. The major protein components of these preparations are identified. PMID- 6740763 TI - [Isolation of actomyosin from a skeletal muscle tumor of low differentiation]. AB - A method of actomyosin (AM) isolation from low-differentiated rhabdomyocarcoma (LD RMS) has been worked out. The preparations obtained are sufficiently pure to be used for determination of the composition and some properties of major contractile proteins. Data on the composition of AM preparations isolated from LD RMS by traditional muscular biochemical methods (Matveyev, 1984) and morphological peculiarities of LD RMS cells, which help to distinguish them from definitive skeletal muscle cells and to relate them to non-muscle and low differentiated muscle cells (mitotic myoblasts), served the main prerequisite to developing the method. Thus, this method may be regarded as a rational basis for isolation of non-muscle and embryonic contractile proteins, but it can be used, probably, for such purposes without special any adjustment to non-muscle or embryonic cells. The cytoplasmic localization has been shown for the tumor myosin. PMID- 6740765 TI - [Cytogenetic and immunological changes in the peripheral blood of measles patients in the dynamics of the infectious process]. AB - During the acute period of disease (2-5 days after infection) and later (one month after infection) the associative index of acrocentric chromosomes in T lymphocytes was higher than in norm, whereas two weeks after infection it did not differ from that in norm. A correlation was found between the quantity of lymphocytes, having a certain number of associated acrocentric chromosomes, the quantity of sensibilized chromosomes, and the number of antibodies. Chromosome alterations in the lymphocytes of reconvalescents were recorded more often than at the start of the illness. PMID- 6740766 TI - [Seasonal changes in the body and muscle heat resistance of the green toad]. AB - A study was made of the dynamics of seasonal changes in heat resistance of the organism and muscles of the green toad taken from micropopulation living in the North-Eastern suburbs of Tashkent. The heat resistance of the organism was determined by the time of onset of the irreversible heat shock caused by the immersion of animals into water at 39 +/- 0.1 degrees C. The heat resistance of muscles (m. gastrocnemius) was determined by the time of the loss of response to electrical stimulus during heating in the Ringer solution (41 +/- 0.1 degrees). It has been shown that the organism as a whole is much more dependent on seasonal variations of environmental temperature as compared with muscle tissue. Of much importance for the changes in the heat resistance of muscle tissue are cyclic hormonal changes in the organism associated with the process of reproduction and preparation to it. PMID- 6740764 TI - [New method for studying the kinetics of the excision repair of DNA damages in mammalian cells]. AB - A technique has been elaborated for analyzing the kinetics of excision repair of DNA. Previously it has been shown that inhibitors of DNA synthesis (1-beta arabinofuranosylcytosine and hydroxyurea), taken together, drastically sensibilize human cells to the killing effects of DNA damaging agents. This sensibilization was found to depend on the ability of the cells to excision repair. If the time between the action of damaging factors and the incubation of cells in the mixture of inhibitors is extended, the rate of cell death is seen diminishing, because part of the primary damages is repaired. The dependence of residual damages on the time interval between the moment of damaging and the treatment by inhibitors reflects the kinetics of repair of DNA damages in cells. This method can be used for studying preparation at very low doses of damaging agent and even of spontaneous damages. PMID- 6740767 TI - [Fibroblast adhesion to glass and the dynamics of pH change in the medium in the pericellular space]. AB - A study was made of dynamics of pH changes in the pericellular space of the Chinese hamster fibroblasts after the completion of cell sedimentation in three media. With the first medium, the cells were spread over the glass, with the second one they were attached to the glass without spreading and with the third medium the cells were not attached to the glass at all. The pH value of the medium surrounding the cells decreased, mainly, within the first 6 hours after sedimentation was completed, this depended on the cell population density on the glass surface. The outlook of this dependence was different for the three media. Based on the analysis of the results obtained it is concluded that the attachment of cells to glass may lead to the increased efflux of acid metabolic products from the cell. PMID- 6740769 TI - Urinary hydroxyproline in multiple myeloma: correlation with clinical stages and bone disease. AB - Twenty-four-hour urinary hydroxyproline excretion (HOP) (normal values: 6-22 mg/day/m2) was measured by the Hypronosticon test in 50 untreated patients with plasma cell myeloma. At diagnosis, HOP was elevated in 36 of 50 patients (72%) with a mean value of 35.9 mg/day/m2. Extent of bone lesions and clinical stage were accurately assessed in all patients. Higher HOP values were found in patients with a higher degree of bone lesions (multiple lytic areas and/or destruction of skeletal segments). According to clinical stages, HOP was very elevated only in stage III (mean value: 43.7); in stages I and II the mean value (25.2) was just above the normal range. Our data indicate that HOP in multiple myeloma at diagnosis is closely related to the extension of skeletal lesions and that during the clinical course it may be useful in the follow-up of bone disease. PMID- 6740768 TI - Effect of hyperthermia alone and in combination with anticancer drugs on the viability of P388 leukemic cells. AB - Effect of local tumor hyperthermia (42 degrees C) at various intervals ranging from 1 to 5 h and in combination with antineoplastic drugs was investigated on P388 murine lymphocytic leukemic cells by using an in vitro-in vivo bioassay method. It was observed that a 1-h exposure resulted in a one log cell kill. In combination studies with hyperthermia and anticancer drugs, 1-h exposure to hyperthermia along with 10 micrograms/ml in vitro concentration of adriamycin (NSC 23127), vincristine (NSC 67574), or 5-fluorouracil (NSC 19893) resulted in the synergistic cell killing action against P388 leukemic cells. However, cyclophosphamide (NSC 26271) and cytosine arabinoside (NSC 63878) did not show any enhanced therapeutic effect. PMID- 6740773 TI - [Decubitus ulcer--pathogenetic factors]. PMID- 6740772 TI - Psychological status before and after surgery for breast cancer. AB - A psychological study of 80 patients undergoing mastectomy showed that the preoperative period is more affected with anxiety, that the patients need communication to remove the anxious state, and that disclosure of the diagnosis should always be accompanied by an understanding interview that includes a clear and moderately optimistic evaluation of the consequences, plans for the future, involvement of the partner and other relatives. Physician and psychologist should share this task to inform the patient and help the patient's psychological reaction towards a constructive cooperation for treatment and rehabilitation. PMID- 6740770 TI - Surgical or radiosurgical failures on cervical lymph nodes in treatment of head and neck cancer. AB - From a series of 850 patients with head and neck carcinoma and subjected to lymph node dissection, 80 cases of recurrences in the neck have been collected. Postoperative radiotherapy was performed only in cases with metastatic extranodal spread. Of these recurrences, 56 occurred in the area of lymph node dissection, 7 were marginal and 17 were contralateral. The recurrences occurred prevalently in node-positive (N+) patients (70 of 80). The incidence of recurrences in the dissection area was 41.6% (25 of 60) in cases with metastatic extranodal spread, despite postoperative radiotherapy. The incidence of recurrences in cases with clinically evident metastases at the time of dissection but without extranodal spread and not subjected to postoperative radiotherapy was relatively high (24.1%, or 28 of 116). Since recurrences occurred, despite postoperative radiotherapy, in a relatively high percentage of cases with carcinoma of the oral floor and of the tongue (59.1% and 50%, respectively), it seems justifiable to perform preoperative radiation treatment in cases with clinically evident metastatic lymph nodes. As regards marginal recurrences, which all occurred in patients with carcinoma of the oral floor, it is considered sufficient to extend the surgical treatment to the subhyoid region. The high incidence of contralateral recurrences, which occurred mainly in patients with carcinoma of the larynx (13 of 17), shows the usefulness of radiation treatment of the contralateral region of the neck in these tumors, when dissection is limited to only one side of the neck. PMID- 6740774 TI - [Symptoms and urodynamic findings in women with dysfunction of the lower urinary tract]. PMID- 6740771 TI - Reliability of aspiration biopsy in thyroid nodes: study of 2190 operated patients. AB - The cytologic finding was negative in 1841 patients; accurate in 1763 (95.8%). Suspicious cytology proved malignant in 82 of 252 patients (32.5%). Positive cytology was accurate in 88 out of 97 cases (90.7%). In 1942 benign goiters, cytology was accurate in 90.8% of patients, false suspicious in 8.7% and false positive in 0.5%; the highest percentage of misdiagnosis was in adenomas (15.8%) and thyroiditis (19.0). In 248 malignant goiters, cytology was accurate in 35.5% of patients, suspicious in 33.1%, and false negative in 31.4%. False-negative cytology was found in 44% of follicular cancers, 22.2% of papillary and medullary, and 12.9% anaplastic. The most frequent false-negative cytologic diagnosis was the adenomatous goiter. The accuracy of cytology was statistically higher in papillary cancers than in follicular (77.8% vs 56.0%), in undifferentiated tumors than in differentiated (83.7% vs 65.0%), and in adenomatous nontoxic goiters than in adenomas, thyroiditis and toxic goiters (80.3% vs 42.7%), 20.1% and 13.4%). Positive preoperative fine needle aspiration biopsy cytology is a worthwhile and reliable finding; it fails in less than 10% of patients. Negative cytology, however, does not exclude malignancy in thyroid nodes; it is false negative in more than 30% of cancers. PMID- 6740775 TI - [Epidural analgesia in peripheral vascular surgery]. PMID- 6740776 TI - [Biliary drainage and endoscopic insertion of an endoprosthesis]. PMID- 6740777 TI - [Endoscopic bile duct drainage in malignant obstructive jaundice]. PMID- 6740778 TI - [Volkmann's contracture resulting from a laceration of the forearm]. PMID- 6740779 TI - [Traumatic arterio-venous fistula of the face]. PMID- 6740780 TI - [Tibial anterior syndrome or compartment syndrome. An acute treatment--demanding condition]. PMID- 6740781 TI - [Inguinal hernia containing a didelphic uterus]. PMID- 6740782 TI - [Bone metastasis from cerebellar medulloblastoma]. PMID- 6740783 TI - [Pneumopericardium caused by a benign penetrating stomach ulcer]. PMID- 6740784 TI - [Acute poisoning in children. 713 consecutive cases in a major Danish anesthesiological department]. PMID- 6740785 TI - [Tobacco poisoning in children]. PMID- 6740786 TI - [Patterns of first referrals to out-patient clinics for alcoholics in Aarhus 1972 73 and 1982]. PMID- 6740787 TI - [Athletic injuries in runners. Sick leave among elite runners]. PMID- 6740788 TI - [Training injuries of the lower limbs in recruits]. PMID- 6740789 TI - [Use of oral contraceptives in Denmark in 1983]. PMID- 6740790 TI - Reversal of pressure-induced tremors in rats by step decompression and by inert gases. AB - A method for continuously recording the motor activity of pressurized rats was used to monitor their condition after 1) holding pressure constant after compression, 2) decompression, and 3) adding nitrogen prior to holding pressure constant. After procedures 1 and 2 the logarithm of activity plotted linearly against time in two distinct phases. A short initial decline was followed by a slower, longer decline that was incomplete after 5 h. The rate of the second, slower decline was inversely related to the holding pressure and unaffected by prior convulsions. The addition of 4.8 atm N2 was very effective at decreasing the activity at constant pressure compared to a large (43%) decompression step. The slopes obtained from plots of activity against pressure, which provide a measure of the sensitivity of the animal to compression, were unaltered by the early inclusion of 4.8 atm N2 or 0.19 atm N2O but were displaced to higher pressures. Activity appears to be the net result of activity-generating and accommodation processes, and there was no evidence that it was in equilibrium with pressure. PMID- 6740791 TI - Soleus H reflex studies in humans at 40-70 bar in helium-oxygen-nitrogen (trimix). AB - Excitability of the Hoffmann (H) reflex was studied in 6 subjects at pressures of 40 to 70 bar during two trimix exposures (10% N2, 0.5 bar O2, the remainder He; Atlantis II and III simulated dives, Duke University Medical Center). In Atlantis II (12 h to 47 bar, 1 + 3 days to 66 bar), the H reflex recruitment ratio (Hmax/Mmax) was increased in 2 out of 3 subjects and reduced in the 3rd, while the usual facilitatory effect on the H reflex of a hand-grip reinforcement maneuver was reduced in all subjects. These results are similar to those previously seen in He-O2 dives and suggest a slight hyperreflexia mediated by an increase in alpha motoneuron excitability. In Atlantis III (1.5 days to 47 bar, 7 days to 66 bar) H recruitment ratios were normal in 2 subjects, and reduced in 1 subject (P less than 0.001). Early (III) and late (V) inhibitory phases of the H reflex recovery cycle were not significantly altered, while a 50-ms delay in the recovery cycle rebound (phase IV) in 5 out of 6 subjects at 66 bar (P less than 0.01) is attributed to the slowed muscle contraction. However, the increased amplitude of the rebound and the presence of clonic electromyographic potentials in Atlantis III are evidence of stretch receptor hyperexcitability that apparently persisted when H reflex excitability was normal. It is concluded that increased reflex responsiveness at depth is not promoted exclusively by either enhanced alpha motoneuron excitability or stretch receptor sensitivity but is mediated via both systems. Slower compression and the presence of N2 appear to preserve normal spinal inhibitory feedback and alpha motoneuron excitability but do not prevent increases in stretch receptor sensitivity. PMID- 6740792 TI - Body cooling in human males by cold-water immersion after vigorous exercise. AB - Five male subjects were immersed to neck level in a whole-body water calorimeter (water temperature 19 degrees C) on two occasions. One immersion was preceded by 30 min of exercise on a treadmill at 80% of the subjects' maximum heart rate, while the other was preceded by no exercise (control). Ventilation, oxygen consumption, hand-grip strength, and heat loss (measured by calorimetry) results showed no significant differences between resting and exercise trials. Minute ventilation and oxygen consumption increased during the immersion but the magnitude of the increase varied among subjects. There was a significant decrease is isometric hand-grip strength after 30 min of immersion. Rectal temperatures fell faster (0.031 degree C +/- 0.004 degree C/min) for exercised subjects than for controls (0.019 degree C +/- 0.005 degree C/min) between 10 and 45 min of immersion (P less than 0.01). It appears that vigorous preimmersion exercise may shorten survival time in cold water due to an increase in cooling rate. PMID- 6740793 TI - [Montrealers' attitudes to mental illness: an opinion survey]. PMID- 6740794 TI - [Rambling remarks about psychiatry in Quebec]. PMID- 6740795 TI - [Asthma in 2 children living in a home insulated with polyurethane]. PMID- 6740796 TI - [Diagnosis of Hirschsprung's disease: value of acetylcholinesterase histochemical reactions in aspiration rectal biopsies]. PMID- 6740797 TI - [Evaluation of a self-learning module for the continuing education of general practitioners]. PMID- 6740799 TI - [Oxygen therapy at home: criteria for administration]. PMID- 6740798 TI - [2 cases of blindness after a benign cranial injury]. PMID- 6740800 TI - [Cerebral abscesses: clinical study]. PMID- 6740801 TI - [Changes in the stylohyoid chain and Eagle's syndrome]. PMID- 6740802 TI - [Flexible sigmoidoscopy: real or fictitious usefulness?]. PMID- 6740803 TI - [Ureteral reimplantation using the psoas bladder-hitch. Experience based on 111 operations in 100 patients]. AB - In a 12-year period we performed 111 ureteral reimplantations with vesico-psoas hitch in 100 patients. The indication was a stricture of the lower third of the ureter in 51 ureters, vesicoureteral reflux in 31 ureters, and intraoperative laceration of the ureter in 25 patients. A congenital megaureter was the indication for ureteral reimplantation with psoas hitch in 4 cases. The operative result was classified excellent or good in 72% of the cases, and only 16% had to be regarded as operative failures. Ureteral reimplantation with vesico-psoas hitch is a versatile procedure that suits a number of indications, it is invaluable for the replacement of the lower third of the ureter in difficult cases, and it leads to a good long-term result in a high percentage of patients. PMID- 6740805 TI - A, B and O(H) isoantigens in tumor of the urinary bladder. Preliminary results, relating the specific red cell adherence test to pathological grade and stage. AB - In a prospective study we have included the specific red cell adherence (SRCA) test for the identification of blood group isoantigens in the investigation of patients with bladder tumor. The preliminary results, relating the SRCA test to grade and stage in 50 patients are presented. None of the SRCA-positive tumors were of high-grade malignancy (WHO III), and only SRCA-negative tumors had invasive properties at the time of investigation. 8 of 9 patients with carcinoma in situ were SRCA-negative. PMID- 6740804 TI - Effect of different fractions of macromolecules upon triggering of calcium oxalate and calcium phosphate crystal formation in whole urine. AB - Macromolecules were removed from whole urine samples by sequential ultrafiltration using molecular weight cut-offs of 300,000, 100,000 and 10,000 dalton. The whole urine samples and ultrafiltrates were evaporated to 1,250 mosm/kg at pH 5.3 and 6.8 to study calcium oxalate and calcium phosphate crystal formation, respectively. While all the ultrafiltrates removed Tamm-Horsfall proteins and most of the crystal formation, there was some 10% of the crystal promoting powers in the macromolecules in the fraction between molecular weight 100,000 and 300,000 dalton. This demonstrates the existence of a second crystal promoting substance in the macromolecules of whole urine. PMID- 6740807 TI - Assessment of hydroureteronephrosis by renographic evaluation under diuretic stimulus. AB - 42 dilated renal units, from 32 patients, were evaluated renographically with 131I, under diuretic stimulus, with the aim of differentiating between obstructed and atonic ureters. The results of this study are similar to the clinical follow up and surgical findings in 88% of cases. PMID- 6740806 TI - [Stress and urolithiasis]. AB - Stress is a response state of the body which may be evoked by various stimuli. The effect of such stress factors on the quantitative composition of 24-hour urine in young male Wistar rats is examined using short, repetitive, weak electric impulses. Changes in body development and, in particular, of the absolute and relative increases in size and weight of the adrenal glands compared with control groups are used as evidence of the endured stress procedure. Three 24-hour urine groups can be clearly distinguished. While concentrations of calcium and sodium remain unaltered by the adaptation syndrome of the body, the concentrations of potassium and magnesium are clearly reduced during the first days of the stress period compared with the control group. Inorganic phosphorus and uric acid concentrations, however, are markedly increased during the experimental period. The combination of increased uric acid and inorganic phosphorus concentrations and reduced potassium and magnesium levels favors a disposition to urolithiasis since uric acid and inorganic phosphorus are recognized promoters, and potassium and magnesium are known inhibitors, of stone formation. PMID- 6740808 TI - [Value of computed tomography and lymphography for the demonstration of pelvic lymph node metastases in prostatic cancer]. AB - Between 1977 and 1982 74 patients with cancer of the prostate underwent a pelvic lymphadenectomy. 17 had a preceding lymphangiography and 25 computerized tomography; the sensitivity of the former was 50%, the specificity 56% and the accuracy 53%, whereas the latter produced rates of 25, 100 and 76%, respectively. These percentages are in keeping with the literature. In addition, 61 of the 74 patients had during the lymphadenectomy a frozen section, which was in 87% accurate, but yielded a false negative ratio of 32%. The efficiency is within the figures given in the literature. PMID- 6740809 TI - Unusual foreign body in the urethra. AB - Numerous cases of intraurethral foreign bodies of great variety and unusual nature have been reported. Such foreign bodies are usually introduced for sexual stimulation and/or during an intoxicated or confused state. Resulting symptoms usually involve the urinary frequency, dysuria, nocturia, hematuria, gross bleeding per urethra, difficulty in voiding, or complete urinary retention. Depending on the type of foreign body and its location, various methods of removal have been described, including meatotomy, cystoscopy, internal or external urethrotomy, suprapubic cystostomy, Fogarty catheterization, and injection of solvents. The most frequent complications are urethritis, urethral tear with periurethral abscess and/or fistula, hemorrhage, and urethral diverticuli. We report a case of an intraurethral fishhook with its complications and treatment. The diagnosis should be considered in high-risk patients with lower and urinary tract signs and symptoms. PMID- 6740810 TI - [Mathematical methods in the roentgenodiagnosis of nephroptosis]. PMID- 6740812 TI - [Endoscopic lithotripsy by laser radiation using an optic quantum generator]. PMID- 6740813 TI - [Computerized tomography in the diagnosis of kidney injuries]. PMID- 6740811 TI - [Use of "internal drainage" of the kidneys in the emergency treatment of conditions caused by acute supravesicular urine retention]. PMID- 6740814 TI - [Intravascular coagulation in patients with acute pyelonephritis and kidney cancer at different stages of surgical treatment]. PMID- 6740815 TI - [Conservative treatment of fibroplastic penile induration (Peyronie's disease)]. PMID- 6740816 TI - [Therapeutic tactics in acute inflammatory diseases of the scrotal organs]. PMID- 6740817 TI - [Urination disorders after radical surgical treatment of rectal cancer]. PMID- 6740818 TI - [Partial oxygen pressure under normal conditions and in renal hypertension]. PMID- 6740819 TI - [Nonenzymatic fibrinolytic activity of the urine in kidney diseases]. PMID- 6740820 TI - [Lipid content of plasma in patients with chronic renal failure during hemodialysis treatment]. PMID- 6740821 TI - [Pattern of nephropathies leading to end-stage renal failure in children]. PMID- 6740822 TI - [Primary benign tumor of the ureter]. PMID- 6740823 TI - [Pheochromocytoma of the bladder]. PMID- 6740824 TI - [Tumor of a testis repositioned into the abdominal cavity]. PMID- 6740825 TI - [Roentgenodiagnosis of renal vein abnormalities]. PMID- 6740826 TI - Percutaneous renal and ureteral stone removal. AB - Percutaneous removal of upper urinary tract calculi has become an accepted alternative to surgical removal. Calculi may be removed through large nephrostomy tracts under fluoroscopic or endoscopic control. Close cooperation between the radiologist and urologist should increase the success rate of the procedure. PMID- 6740827 TI - Percutaneous extraction of upper urinary tract calculi. AB - Renal calculi less than 8-9 mm in diameter and ureteral calculi of various sizes can be removed intact using fluoroscopic guidance without the need for endoscopy. Advantages of percutaneous stone extraction include a shorter hospital stay, decreased cost, and avoidance of general anesthesia. When compared with fragmentation techniques, percutaneous extraction appears to be the treatment of choice for urinary tract calculi amenable to this technique. PMID- 6740828 TI - Intraoperative imaging in renal calculus surgery. AB - Renal calculus surgery requires meticulous detail to ascertain the presence of residual stones. This paper summarizes past and present methods for the accurate localization of renal calculi in the surgically exposed kidney. PMID- 6740830 TI - Extracorporeal shock wave lithotripsy (ESWL) for kidney stones. An alternative to surgery? AB - Four years of experience with extracorporeal shock wave lithotripsy (ESWL) for renal and ureteral calculi is summarized. Ninety-nine percent of treated patients had a satisfactory clinical result; 90% of them were stone-free. No significant complications were encountered. We conclude that 85% of all patients with stones can be cured by nonsurgical means. Surgical and other therapeutic modalities will still have a place in the future, but an experienced urologic surgeon can best decide which of the available therapies is best suited for an individual patient. PMID- 6740829 TI - Pathogenesis of renal calculi. AB - Urolithiasis involving the upper urinary tract is a multifactorial disease that remains a significant health problem. A variety of intrinsic and extrinsic factors influence the incidence of disease in individuals and in all populations. At the level of the kidney, natural physicochemical processes result in crystalluria and the formation and growth of stones. Urinary supersaturation of some degree must be present but its significance may be altered by changes in urinary volume, pH, epitaxial relationships, and the presence or absence of naturally occurring inhibitors. A variety of environmental parameters acting through effects on the local urinary conditions determine which patients among a group of people inherently at risk will form stones. The above factors are considered herein with regard to the four major types of stone disease encountered today. PMID- 6740831 TI - Percutaneous ultrasonic lithotripsy. AB - Percutaneous renal calculus removal has evolved rapidly over the past 4 years. Percutaneous ultrasonic lithotripsy (PUL), based on access to the kidney via a percutaneous nephrostomy track, consists of fragmentation and removal of calculi under visual nephroscopic control. Clinical experience has proven this modality to be safe, reliable, and effective for treatment of symptomatic renal calculus disease. This article reviews our PUL technique and results. PMID- 6740832 TI - Nephrolithotony: percutaneous removal of renal calculi. AB - The development of percutaneous nephrostomy has laid the foundation for a major advance in the treatment of urolithiasis: the percutaneous removal of renal and ureteral calculi (i.e., nephrolithotony). With the use of a variety of instruments, calculi can be either removed intact or, if too large, fragmented in situ and then extracted. The method has wide applicability; more than 90% of all upper urinary tract calculi can be successfully treated. Length of hospitalization and costs are comparable to or less than those for open surgery; however, the period of convalescence is only 2-7 days. Continued advances in fluoroscopic technology and endoscopic instrumentation will enable the urologic surgeon to treat the majority of urinary tract conditions using endourologic techniques. PMID- 6740833 TI - Computed tomography and composition of renal calculi. AB - The attenuation values of computed tomography were studied in 50 recovered renal calculi of more than 10 mm in diameter, in the hope of determining the composition of calculi in situ. The attenuation value of various calculi (mean +/ s.d.) in a 5 mm slice with a maximal rectangular region of interest was as follows (Hounsfield units); mixed calcium oxalate and phosphate 1,555 +/- 193 (n = 22), magnesium ammonium phosphate 1,285 +/- 284 (n = 18), calcium oxalate 1,690 (n = 1), calcium phosphate 1,400 (n = 2), cystine 757 +/- 114 (n = 5) and uric acid 480 (n = 2). Attenuation values ranging from 500 to 1,600 overlapped for various calculi, except those composed of uric acid calculi. There was no correlation between the attenuation value and the mineral content such as calcium or magnesium per unit weight of calculus. The mineral content per unit volume seemed to be attributable to the attenuation value. From the present results we conclude that the determination of calculous composition by the attenuation value is possible only for oxalate calculi of more than 1,600 and uric acid calculi of less than 500 attenuation value, provided that the proper CT slice location, the region of interest and the appropriate calculus size can be determined. PMID- 6740834 TI - Segmental ureteric replacement: an animal study using a free non-pedicled graft. AB - An animal study has been carried out on 3 baboons to assess the feasibility of replacing a damaged segment of ureter with a free, non-pedicled, full thickness graft. A 3 cm segment was excised from the middle third of one ureter from each baboon and the free graft (buccal mucosa) fashioned into a tube and interposed between the cut ends in order to replace the excised segment. The grafts were left in situ for up to 10 weeks and their subsequent fate studied radiologically, histologically and by gross specimen examination. The results showed that in all cases perfect viability of the graft was maintained and there was no evidence of graft shrinkage or of loss of patency. In one instance a stricture developed at the mid point of the graft, but this was entirely explicable on technical grounds. Urine drainage was not impaired on account of the insertion of a muscle free (and therefore aperistaltic) segment into the ureter. PMID- 6740835 TI - Significance of plasma tissue polypeptide antigen determination for diagnosis and follow-up of urothelial bladder cancer. AB - Plasma concentrations of tissue polypeptide antigen (TPA) were determined in 104 patients with all stages and grades of urinary bladder cancer. Patients with evidence of bacterial or virus infections were excluded. In addition, follow-up controls after treatment were performed. At a rate of 5% false positive values, the diagnostic sensitivity for the tumour stage pTis/pT1 was 63% and for the stages pT2-4 it was 76%. Patients with proved lymph node or distant metastases showed elevated values in 100% of cases. A positive correlation was found between the 3 grades of malignancy and the TPA concentrations. Except for the tumour diagnosis, TPA is a valuable parameter for follow-up controls. Our results show a very good correlation of the plasma TPA concentration with tumour progression as well as with stabilisation and regression after treatment. PMID- 6740836 TI - Cytomorphological and histological studies on the urothelium during and after chemoimmune prophylaxis. AB - During and after chemoimmune prophylaxis with i.v. cyclophosphamide (CTX) and both intravesical and systemic BCG-treatment, the bladder mucosa is prone to morphological changes which might resemble tumor recurrences. Therefore, morphological parameters which can discriminate between treatment effects and tumor recurrences are of interest. In a prospective study, routine cytology, determination of granulocytes, lymphocytes, and macrophages in the urine sediment as well as flow-cytophotometry (FCM) for DNA analysis were performed before, during, and after chemoimmune prophylaxis. In addition, bladder biopsies and all recurrent tumors were histologically analysed. Our results show that FCM is the best method for monitoring the bladder mucosa for recurrent tumors during treatment. After termination of BCG, it takes at least 4 months for cytological normalization to take place. Urine excretion of granulocytes, lymphocytes, and macrophages does not correlate with this process. Histological alterations during treatment are demonstrated; their normalization requires at least 3 months. In 10% of the patients chronic inflammatory lesions ("pseudotumors") develop. PMID- 6740838 TI - Pessary test: simple prognostic test in women with stress urinary incontinence. AB - To overcome urethral obstruction and other shortcomings associated with previously described tests such as the Bonney test and the Marshall test, the pessary test was employed during preoperative evaluation of women with stress urinary incontinence. The similarity of changes seen in the resting and stress urethral closure pressure profiles with the pessary test and post-incontinence surgery, provided an objective evaluation of the pessary test as a simple and reliable clinical tool to predict successful outcome of anticipated incontinence surgery. PMID- 6740837 TI - Distribution of concanavalin A binding sites on normal human urinary bladder mucosa and bladder tumors by transmission and scanning electron microscopy and X ray microanalysis. AB - We used concanavalin A (con A)-peroxidase-iron dextran-diaminobenzidine (DAB) technique for the electron microscopic detection of con A binding sites on cell membranes. Normal bladder mucosa showed a sparse distribution of con A binding sites with both transmission (TEM) and scanning (SEM) electron microscopy, but bladder tumors showed a higher concentration in the distribution of con A binding sites in proportion to the histopathological grade of transitional cell carcinoma. Quantitative estimation of the con A binding sites was attempted using scanning X-ray pulse analysis of iron elements contained in the reaction complexes. Con A binding sites were quantitatively the smallest in normal mucosa, increasing proportionate to the grade of the bladder tumor. Some specimens were compared by the ferritin-labelled method and the pattern of ferritin conjugates distribution was similar to that seen with the con A-peroxidase-iron dextran method. PMID- 6740839 TI - Acute urinary retention in female patients. PMID- 6740840 TI - Inserting cystostomy catheter in patients with contracted bladder. PMID- 6740841 TI - Extravesical transmural ureterolithotomy. PMID- 6740842 TI - Neodymium-YAG laser: new treatment for urethral stricture disease. AB - This is a preliminary report concerning the use of Neodymium-YAG laser for urethral strictures. A new technique, not previously described, is explained, and the early results and complications are analyzed. The results were documented with urethrograms and uroflowmetry. We believe the Nd:YAG laser is a safe and effective means of treating urethral strictures. Also it reduces the cost of treatment, and the patients return to work in four to five days. PMID- 6740843 TI - Management of penile incarceration. AB - A case of penile incarceration is presented. Two steel bushings compromising the penile vascular supply in a young man were removed with the aid of a carbide disk dental drill. Management of this case is described, and guidelines for managing similar cases of penile incarceration are discussed. PMID- 6740844 TI - Fracture of penis: controversy of surgical versus conservative treatment. AB - Fracture of the penis is rare. Ninety-three cases are reported in the English literature up to December, 1981. Review of the literature after March, 1971, reveals 35 cases, including 3 cases of the authors. The complication rate of conservative treatment before and after 1971 was 10 per cent and 53 per cent, respectively, including deformity of the penis, pulsatile diverticulum, decrease in turgidity, and failure of conservative treatment. Early surgical treatment is strongly recommended because of the excellent results, shorter hospitalization, less morbidity, and early return to full sexual activity. The incidence of associated urethral injury before and after 1971 is 33 per cent and 14 per cent, respectively. PMID- 6740845 TI - The diaphragm: an accomplice in recurrent urinary tract infections. AB - Sexually related recurrent urinary tract infections were caused by a method of contraception, the diaphragm, in 74 per cent of the women in this study. Urodynamic studies demonstrated severe alteration in urinary flow and elevation of the bladder neck angles. By altering the fit of the diaphragm, or changing to another form of birth control, 96 per cent of these women were infection-free at one year without antibiotic suppression. PMID- 6740846 TI - Cholinergic receptors in corpora cavernosa. AB - In a group of 13 patients who underwent penile surgery, a small amount of cavernosal tissue was removed and examined for content of cholinergic receptors. Three patients did not display any amount of cholinergic receptors. Values in the other 10 patients ranged from 34 to 136 femtomols. In another group of 61 impotent patients with some degree of preserved erectile capacity, cholinergic stimulation was administered to the patients and the response monitored. Preliminary data displayed improved erectile capacity in 41 per cent. Further studies are needed to identify impotent patients who might respond favorably to cholinergic stimulation. PMID- 6740847 TI - Subcapsular orchiectomy with intracapsular testicular prosthesis for metastatic prostate carcinoma. AB - Fifteen patients underwent subcapsular orchiectomy with placement of an intracapsular testicular prosthesis for hormonal treatment of symptomatic Stage D carcinoma of the prostate. Serum testosterone decreased to castration levels, and the intracapsular prosthesis was often indistinguishable from a normal testicle postoperatively. This new technique of castration may be considered an alternative in those patients reluctant to undergo other forms of orchiectomy. PMID- 6740848 TI - Testicular torsion: management with ultrasonic Doppler flow detector. AB - The use of the ultrasonic Doppler flow detector in the management of acute testicular torsion is described. The Doppler can be used to diagnose torsion accurately and also to monitor manual detorsion. In this series detorsion was a reliable procedure which avoided emergency exploration in 5 of 8 patients with acute torsion. The advantages and limitations of the Doppler flow detector are presented. PMID- 6740849 TI - Clean intermittent self-catheterization in the elderly. AB - There has been some doubt as to whether or not the elderly patient can successfully master and comply with clean intermittent self-catheterization in the treatment of their bladder dysfunctions. We recently reviewed our experience with intermittent self-catheterization in patients sixty years of age and older to determine whether or not this was an acceptable alternative to other methods of urinary drainage. Our retrospective analysis of 65 patients between the ages of sixty and eighty years revealed that the elderly patient had little difficulty mastering the technique of intermittent self-catheterization. Complications were minimal and in general correctable. The catheterization program was successful in 94 per cent of the patients in our series. PMID- 6740852 TI - Coring fibrotic corpora for penile implants. PMID- 6740851 TI - Ureteral obstruction from isolated focus of chronic lymphocytic leukemia. AB - A case report of ureteral obstruction from an isolated focus of chronic lymphocytic leukemia to the ureter is presented. Sterile pyuria and Wright stain of the urinary sediment showing only lymphocytes were the clinical features of this case. PMID- 6740850 TI - Obstruction of solitary kidney due to epsilon-aminocaproic-acid-induced fibrin clot formation. AB - A case is reported of complete obstruction of a solitary kidney induced by epsilon-aminocaproic acid used to treat significant idiopathic bleeding. The pharmacology and complications of epsilon-aminocaproic acid are also reviewed. PMID- 6740853 TI - Percutaneous double-lumen catheter for pressure flow study of upper urinary tract. PMID- 6740854 TI - Modified three-way catheter for urethral stricture repair. PMID- 6740855 TI - Epidermoid cyst of testicle. Ultrasonographic characteristics. AB - Epidermoid cyst is a benign lesion of the testis which represents approximately 1 per cent of all testicular tumors. We describe a case in which preoperative ultrasound of the testis suggested a benign testicular lesion, thus permitting testis-sparing surgery. The proper management of this lesion remains a source of urologic controversy, and we review the rationales for both radical orchiectomy and simple excision. PMID- 6740856 TI - Palliative nephrostomy for relief of ureteral obstruction secondary to malignancy. AB - A mean survival of 7.6 months in 20 patients undergoing nephrostomy for relief of ureteral obstruction from advanced pelvic malignancy was not as dismal as previous reports have indicated. Patients with bilateral ureteral obstruction from direct extension of pelvic malignancy survived considerably longer and appear to be the best candidates for nephrostomy. The physician must be cautious in advising the procedure to patients with bilateral ureteral obstruction from disseminated disease originating outside the pelvis since mean survival in this group (3 patients) was less than one month. Nephrostomies were associated with a significant incidence of perinephric abscess (15 per cent) emphasizing the technical aspect of accurate placement to avoid leakage of potentially infected urine. PMID- 6740857 TI - Biphasic malignant mesothelioma (malignant adenomatoid tumor) of paratesticular tissue. AB - This article describes a metastasizing tumor of the paratesticular tissue which has features similar to that of malignant mesothelioma commonly seen in other mesothelial surfaces. The tumor is composed of two types of cells, epithelial like and spindle-shaped malignant cells. PMID- 6740858 TI - Carcinoma of penis--role of phimosis. AB - The importance of phimosis and lack of penile hygiene to explain the high incidence of carcinoma of the penis found locally is discussed. PMID- 6740859 TI - Method of determining kidney position as guide for percutaneous nephrostomy. AB - Computed tomography scans were used to assess the distance between the skin and the collecting system in 256 kidneys in 128 adult patients of various heights and weights. Body surface area correlated well with kidney depth. A graph is presented that can be used to calculate kidney depth. PMID- 6740860 TI - Nephrosonography and renal scintigraphy in evaluation of newborn with renomegaly. AB - Prompt diagnosis of renomegaly in the newborn is necessary for appropriate medical or surgical management to insure maximal recovery of renal function. To investigate both renal structure and function without iodinated contrast infusion, combined ultrasonography and nuclear scintigraphy were evaluated in 17 newborns with renomegaly and 6 infants with cystic renal abnormalities detected in utero. In 18 patients, intravenous pyelography (IVP) and/or voiding cystourethrography (VCUG) were performed subsequently. While ultrasonography or scintigraphy alone provided the major diagnosis in 48 per cent and 30 per cent of cases, respectively, the combination of both studies yielded the major diagnosis in 87 per cent. Subsequent IVP was less informative than combined sonography and scintigraphy in 5 of 15 patients, and VCUG confirmed the final diagnosis in 4 of 13 patients. We conclude that initial evaluation of the newborn with renomegaly should comprise ultrasonography followed by nuclear scintigraphy. This combination of studies provides adequate information to determine subsequent management in nearly 90 per cent of cases without subjecting infants to the risks of contrast infusion or higher doses of diagnostic levels of radiation. PMID- 6740861 TI - [Possibilities of surgical correction of astigmatism by the method of anterior nonperforating keratotomy]. PMID- 6740862 TI - [Simple method of predicting the refractory effect of operations involving corneal incisions]. PMID- 6740863 TI - [Cataract extraction in progressive high myopia]. PMID- 6740864 TI - [Closed vitrectomy in the treatment of patients with hemophthalmia]. PMID- 6740865 TI - [Intrastromal biological filling as a method of treatment in progressive keratoectasia]. PMID- 6740866 TI - [Enucleation in the treatment of choroid melanoma]. PMID- 6740867 TI - [Method of forming a soft supportive stump after enucleation]. PMID- 6740868 TI - [Prosthetic technic for atrophic and subatrophic eyes]. PMID- 6740869 TI - [Optic nerve pathology in diabetes mellitus]. PMID- 6740870 TI - [Evaluation of pleoptic possibilities of a retinometer and laser refraction analyzer]. PMID- 6740871 TI - [Microscopic study of intravitreal hemorrhage in various pathological conditions of the human eye]. PMID- 6740872 TI - [Role of the ophthalmologist in the early diagnosis of perisellar meningiomas]. PMID- 6740873 TI - [Indications for corrective eyeglasses after cataract extraction]. PMID- 6740875 TI - Symposium on large animal dermatology. PMID- 6740874 TI - [New clinical method of studying the lymphatic system of the anterior segment of the eye]. PMID- 6740876 TI - Noninfectious skin diseases of cattle. AB - The noninfectious bovine skin disorders can best be summarized by four factors: environmental, nutritional, congenital, and neoplastic. This article has attempted to address the etiology, treatment, and prevention of most of these noninfectious diseases. PMID- 6740877 TI - Factors limiting the usefulness of histopathologic examination of skin biopsies in the diagnosis of large animal dermatoses. AB - Skin biopsy for histologic, immunofluorescent, parasitologic, and bacteriologic examination is a common procedure, but for maximum effectiveness the clinician must realize the importance of precautions to select the correct stage of lesion of different diseases; avoiding creating artifacts during removal and fixation; and give full details of history, clinical diagnosis, and differential diagnoses on the laboratory request sheet. Pathology reports describing the subtleties of histologic changes are difficult to write, particularly if the lesions are not specific. Overly long histologic reports without a definitive diagnosis may frustrate a clinician who is unfamiliar with the significance of histologic lesions. For these reasons, clinician and pathologist must develop a rapport and empathy for the other's difficulties and adequately communicate to allow each to make a maximum contribution toward the final diagnosis. Histopathologic examination of skin lesions may not produce a specific diagnosis but is frequently useful in the elimination of other suspected diagnoses. PMID- 6740878 TI - Allergic skin diseases in the horse. PMID- 6740879 TI - Factors affecting measurement of horses and ponies. PMID- 6740881 TI - Measurement of horses. PMID- 6740880 TI - Effect on the veterinary profession of the increasing numbers of women graduates. PMID- 6740883 TI - Disbudding of kids. PMID- 6740882 TI - Avian tuberculosis in pigs: Mycobacterium intracellulare infection in a breeding herd. AB - Lymphadenitis of pigs caused by Mycobacterium intracellulare is widely recognised in continental Europe but this is the first report of it in England. No disease was seen on the farm but condemnations of tissues and organs at the slaughterhouse were often than 100 a week and in one week were in excess of 200. The loss was greater to the slaughterhouse than to the farmer because of the constant disruption to the production line. There was no evidence that diseased pigs performed less well than healthy pigs. M intracellulare types 4 and 6 and M xenopi were isolated from diseased pigs. The source of the infection was traced to the sawdust bedding supplied by a local sawmill set in the middle of a forest. Changing the bedding to straw halted the outbreak. From the sawdust M avium types 1 and 4, M fortuitum and M intracellulare type 4 were isolated. The wildlife round the sawmill was investigated as a source of infection. Although M intracellulare type 4 and M avium were isolated from moles and a hedgehog, it was concluded that the wildlife was not involved. There was no evidence of pig to pig transmission. PMID- 6740884 TI - Further studies on the subclinical carrier state of Streptococcus suis type 2 in pigs. AB - Tonsil swabs were taken from 626 pigs of all ages in four infected herds. Streptococcus suis type 2 was isolated from 106 pigs aged between three weeks and 18 months. Detectable carrier rates in different groups of pigs varied between 0 and 80 per cent and were highest in weaned pigs aged between four and 10 weeks. Deep scrape cultures carried out post mortem suggested that the actual carrier rate was higher than that detected by tonsil swabs before death. Detection was improved by using two selective media. S suis type 2 persisted in the tonsils in the presence of circulating opsonic and binding antibodies and in pigs receiving penicillin-medicated feed. It was detected in the tonsils of individuals for up to 521 days. It was rarely detected in the nose. Some carriers appeared to eliminate the infection. Weaned detectable tonsil carriers transmitted the infection to previously uninfected pigs with which they were mixed. Titres of serum binding antibodies assessed by a micro enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay were relatively low and results from infected and non-infected pigs were not always distinguishable. PMID- 6740885 TI - Thyroid carcinoma in a cat. PMID- 6740886 TI - Cubicle management and coliform mastitis. PMID- 6740887 TI - Development of a chemiluminescent immunoassay for 19-nortestosterone (nandrolone). AB - An immunoassay for nortestosterone with detection by chemiluminescence is described, and applied to the urine and drug administration site of slaughtered cattle. PMID- 6740888 TI - Retained placenta and leucocytic activity. AB - In a study of 262 cows, the relationship between the activity of peripheral leucocytes and the expulsion of the placenta was investigated, bearing in mind that the post- partal placenta may be considered as a foreign tissue. The activity of the leucocytes against the cotyledon was examined by determining the presence of chemotaxis in a Boyden Chamber, and by estimating the number of leucocytes in the cotyledon at the time of parturition. It was shown that in the absence of leucocytic activity, retained placenta occurred in 100 per cent of cases. When chemotaxis is used as the sole criterion, positive chemotaxis resulted in an incidence of 2.6 per cent retained placenta and negative chemotaxis in 35.6 per cent. PMID- 6740889 TI - Pre-partum leucocytic activity and retained placenta. AB - An investigation concerning the association of the leucocytecotyledon reaction and the expulsion of the placenta is described. The in vitro reaction does not appear to be individual-specific. It is thus possible to determine the activity of the leucocytes against a cotyledon before parturition. The leucocytes of cows which will develop a retained placenta have lowered activity against the chemotactic stimulus of a cotyledon; this reduced activity of the leucocytes can be observed some days before parturition. PMID- 6740890 TI - Post-partum leucocytic activity and its relationship to caesarian section and retained placenta. AB - The activity of the leucocytes of 30 cows during 10 days after parturition is described. A comparison is made between the activity of leucocytes of 10 cows after normal parturition, 10 cows after caesarian section and 10 cows with retained placenta. When compared with normal parturition, caesarian section does not have a negative influence on the activity of the leucocytes during the puerperal period, during which time however the activity of leucocytes of cows with retained placenta is strongly decreased. PMID- 6740891 TI - Influence of dilution on the chemotactic properties of cotyledon suspensions. AB - In this study the influence of dilution of cotyledon suspensions on the chemotactic stimulus was investigated. When the concentration of the chemotactic stimulus is reduced, the activity of the leucocytes is reduced as well. Dilutions of retained placenta cotyledon suspensions showed an increase in leucocyte activity. This may indicate the existence of a leucocyte inhibition factor in the retained placenta cotyledon. PMID- 6740892 TI - Monitoring and identification of residues of anabolic preparations in slaughtered cattle by HPLC with diode array detection. AB - The new combination of isocratic high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) with on line UV spectrum detection via a diode array configuration has been applied to the detection and identification of anabolics present in application sites of cattle. Combination of the characteristic retention time in the HPLC chromatogram and a comparison of the full spectrum between 190-400 nm of the anabolic components with that of a standard resulted in a very reliable identification. By means of this method 117 samples of application sites were investigated for the presence of anabolic residues. Of the xenobiotic anabolics , 19-nortestosterone (NT) was found most frequently (in 96 cases), whereas diethylstilbestrol (DES) was found in only 11 cases. In all samples the identification of NT and DES was confirmed by high resolution gas chromatography mass spectrometry (GCMS). PMID- 6740893 TI - Protection of chicks against salmonella infection induced by spray application of intestinal microflora in the hatchery. AB - The efficacy of spray application of intestinal microflora of the adult bird in protection of broilers against salmonella infections was studied in 3 experiments under laboratory and field conditions. In chicks treated soon after hatching (in the hatchers at approximately 30 per cent hatch or in the chick delivery boxes in the hatchery) with crop-caecum homogenate or a mixture of aerobically and strict anaerobically cultured intestinal flora, very good results were achieved. A very obvious protective effect against a high infection dose (3 X 10(6) c.f.u.S. infantis bacteria per chick) and complete protection against natural infection with different salmonella types was induced. A significant improvement of growth rate was observed in broilers treated by spray in the hatchery and reared for 7 weeks under field conditions in an environment heavily contaminated with different salmonella types. PMID- 6740894 TI - Irritation, bioavailability, and residue aspects of ten oxytetracycline formulations administered intramuscularly to pigs. AB - After intramuscular administration to pigs (dosage 20-35 mg/kg) great differences were found among 10 injectable oxytetracycline (OTC) formulations with respect to irritation and persistence at the injection site and to the residue state of edible tissues. The OTC recovery percentages at the injection site 7-10 days after injection ranged from less than 0.001 to 0.15 per cent for three 10 per cent-formulations and from 0.12 to 20.5 per cent for seven 20 per cent formulations. The OTC recovery percentage was obvious related to the extent of tissue irritation at the injection site, which was particularly evident for the 20 per cent-formulations. Serious doubt is expressed about advantages of so called 'long-acting' formulations. PMID- 6740895 TI - The prevalence, gross lesions and histopathology of aortic onchocerciasis in Nigerian cattle. AB - The incidence of aortic onchocerciasis due to Onchocerca armillata among slaughtered cattle in Ibadan, Nigeria, was about 2 per cent between 1979 and 1980. The average number of nodules per thoracic aorta was 7 and the mean size of each nodule was 9.7 +/- 2.6 mm. About 54 per cent of the nodules examined were calcified, and nodular calcification appeared to be related to the degree of infection or reinfection with the parasite. The histopathology of the aortic lesions is described. PMID- 6740896 TI - Tumors and tumor-like lesions in the genitalia of sows. AB - Of a total of 1445 sows, tumors were detected in the uterus of 11 animals and in the cervix/vagina of 1 animal. Tumor-like lesions were detected in the ovary of 56 animals. The incidence of tumors was higher than that mentioned in the literature, possibly because of the relatively high age of the sows (mean parity of 6.8) and the accuracy of investigation. Several tumors would not have been detected during routine slaughter examination. The uterine tumors were diagnosed as leiomyoma (6), fibroma (3), cyst-adenoma (1) and fibro-leiomyoma (1). The cervical/vaginal tumor appeared to be a fibroma. The ovarian lesions could not be satisfactorily classified. They consisted of connective tissue, blood vessels, and granulosa cells, which were present in variable quantities in different ovaries and in different sides of the same ovary. Sows with tumors were older than the mean determined age at slaughter (parity 6.8). Sows with uterine and cervical/vaginal tumors had a parity of 11.6; sows with ovarian lesions had a parity of 9.0. Sows with uterine- or a cervical/vaginal tumor were often slaughtered for infertility reasons. PMID- 6740897 TI - [Method of simultaneous double contrast examination in the diagnosis of stomach cancer]. PMID- 6740898 TI - [Roentgenodiagnosis of primary isolated lymphogranulomatosis of the stomach]. PMID- 6740900 TI - [Method of indirect lymphography of the stomach]. PMID- 6740899 TI - [Clinico-roentgenological value of a therapeutic test in the differential diagnosis of gastric ulcerations]. PMID- 6740901 TI - [Transcutaneous puncture methods in roentgenodiagnosis of diseases of the kidney and upper urinary tract]. PMID- 6740902 TI - [Direct contrast examination of the testis (orchigraphy) and its various diagnostic possibilities]. PMID- 6740903 TI - [Computerized scintigraphy in fibroplastic induration of the penis (Peyronie's disease)]. PMID- 6740904 TI - [Arteriography of the penis in the diagnosis of post-traumatic impotence]. PMID- 6740905 TI - [Differential clinico-roentgenological diagnosis of diffuse interstitial fibrosis]. PMID- 6740906 TI - [Structure of a course in radionuclide diagnosis at a medical institute]. PMID- 6740907 TI - [Esophageal perforation in newborn infants]. PMID- 6740908 TI - [Case of an atypical course of esophageal cancer]. PMID- 6740909 TI - [A case of trichobezoar of the stomach]. PMID- 6740911 TI - [Method of contrast examination of the pancreas without administration of secretin]. PMID- 6740910 TI - [Diameter of the duodenal lumen in health and in pancreatic diseases]. PMID- 6740912 TI - [Diffuse leiomyomatosis of the lungs]. PMID- 6740913 TI - [Case of pulmonary plasmacytoma]. PMID- 6740914 TI - [Diagnosis of an additional third kidney]. PMID- 6740915 TI - [Method of making copies and photocopies of roentgenograms]. PMID- 6740916 TI - [Pipette for anesthesia of the upper respiratory tract]. PMID- 6740918 TI - Teratological examination of the insecticide methylparathion (Wofatox 50 EC) on pheasant embryos. 1. Morphological study. AB - Teratogenic effects of methylparathion / Wofatox 50 EC/ and Parathion 20 WP as positive control material were tested in pheasant embryos. On the 12th day of incubation 0.1 ml of the emulsions or suspensions of the insecticides at different concentrations was inoculated into the air space of embryonated eggs. The following dose levels were employed: 27 and 270 mg/kg egg of Wofatox 50 EC, and 10 mg/kg of Parathion 20 WP. Morphological changes were evaluated by macroscopic, skeletal staining and light microscopic examinations of the embryos. Primary hypoplasia or atrophy developed in the cervical musculature /m. longus colli/ accompanied by lordosis and scoliosis of the cervical spine. In most cases we also found cyllosis . PMID- 6740917 TI - Immunogenicity of a soluble antigen against Pasteurella haemolytica-associated pneumonia in calves. AB - Three experiments were performed to evaluate the immunogenic potency of a soluble fraction of Pasteurella haemolytica against pneumonic pasteurellosis in calves. A soluble antigen was extracted by a 2.5% saline solution from P. haemolytica. Weaned Holstein bull calves, seronegative for infectious bovine rhinotracheitis virus ( IBRV ) and the pasteurella antigen, were vaccinated either by repeated subcutaneous (SC) vaccination, or by exposure 3 times to the aerosol of P. haemolytica antigen. Challenge exposure to aerosol of P. haemolytica was preceded by infection with IBRV , or in experiments 2 and 3, the virus exposures were combined with a stress treatment. The lung lesions were examined at necropsy 3 to 8 days post infection. In the first experiment, all the vaccinated calves produced specific antibody response to the pasteurella antigen, and none of the calves including controls showed significant lesions in the lung. In the second experiment 2 aerogenically vaccinated calves had no lesions. One of the two SC vaccinated calves had mild consolidated lesions. Two control calves, one of which died 3 days following the challenge, developed severe fibrinous pneumonia with consolidation of 50% or more of the lung surfaces. P. haemolytica was isolated only from the 2 control animals. In the third experiment, 2 of the 3 control calves developed moderate to severe consolidation, but P. haemolytica was isolated only from one of them. Two of the three aerosol-vaccinated calves also developed significant lesions and one of them yielded the bacteria from the lung. Three SC-vaccinated calves had slight lesions and the organism was not isolated from their lungs. The results did not consistently indicate an immunogenic potential of the soluble antigen against P. haemolytica-related pneumonia. The effect of stress on the pathogenesis of bovine viral pneumonia and correlation between pneumonic lesions and antibacterial resistance in situ are discussed. PMID- 6740919 TI - Isolation and transmission of Cowdria ruminantium (causal agent of heartwater disease) in Blue Nile Province, Sudan. AB - Heartwater was diagnosed in sheep at the Umm Banein Livestock Research Station, Blue Nile Province, Sudan. Cowdria ruminantium was isolated from sheep by subinoculation of blood into a goat. Adult Amblyomma lepidum ticks fed as nymphs on this goat transmitted heartwater to a Friesian (Bos taurus) calf. Brain stabilates from this calf, either snap-frozen into liquid nitrogen or frozen slowly in a deepfreezer at -70 degrees C, with DMSO as cryoprotectant, were infective to cattle when inoculated subcutaneously. PMID- 6740920 TI - [Role of veterinary medical personnel in managing the quality of agricultural production]. AB - Investigations were carried out on the problem of raising the quality of produce and the effectiveness of production in agriculture. Both quality and effectiveness are considered to be of paramount importance for this country from a social and economic point of view. It was found that the contribution made by veterinarians in solving the problem on the quality of produce in agriculture was rather big. The building of complex systems for governing the quality of produce on the Agro-Industrial Complexes is carried out on the base of standardization in a strict methodologic succession. The necessity of building such systems is very keenly felt now with the transference of agricultural production on to industrial base. PMID- 6740921 TI - [Rapid method for the simultaneous determination of bacterial urease and phenylalanine desaminase]. AB - Tested was an accelerated method for the evaluation of urease and phenylalanine desaminase of a total of 327 strains of E. coli, S. typhimurium, S. enteritidis, S. braenderup, S. tennessee, P. vulgaris, P. mirabilis, Yersinia enterocolitica, and Citrobacter that were subjected to a preliminary identification with routine methods. It was established that the method tested had the following advantages as compared to the classical methods employed up to then in the laboratory practice: --100% positive results were obtained up to the 4th hour, i. e. the method appeared 6 times more rapid, and the overall result was obtained one day earlier; --the two enzymes were studied simultaneously; --the expenditures in connection with the use of nutrient medium per one test were several times lower. Suggested is the timely adoption of the accelerated method in the laboratory practice. PMID- 6740922 TI - [Qualitative indices of the meat of calves fed a diet containing heat-treated manure litter]. AB - Experiments were carried out with a total of 48 male calves intended for fattening, divided into four groups that were equated in terms of breed, weight, and age. The basic ration of the first three (control) groups of calves was enriched with 30 per cent heat-treated manure litter. It was found that the supplement of such litter containing poultry feces had no unfavourable effect on the organoleptic indices of the meat obtained from the test calves. It was also established that the use of bird feces as a supplement to the ration of calves did not change the sanitary and hygiene condition of the veal obtained, neither had it any effect in changing the chemical composition and the technologic properties of meat. PMID- 6740923 TI - [Relation between the denaturation changes in the diluents and the freezability of bull spermatozoa]. AB - Studied were the changes taking place in the proteins of diluted and frozen semen of bulls following heat treatment. Studied was also the effect of heat-treated diluents on some of the qualitative indices of bull semen at cryo-conservation. It was found that at the dilution of semen with extenders with or without heat treatment there set in various changes in the percent distribution of proteins. Most strongly expressed were the changes in proteins when the gkh22l diluent was used. They were associated with the various degree of dilution with different extenders. The heat treatment of gkh22l improved the heat resistance of spermatozoa after thawing; the Nagaze Niva diluent was shown to slightly deteriorate this index. The cumulation of more proteins in the region of the 2nd fraction following the heat treatment of gkh22l at 70 degrees C for 60 min and dilution of 1+6 rendered more favourable conditions for the spermatozoa at freezing. The drop of the proteins in the region of the 1st fraction at dilution of 1+2 with Nagaze Niva led to the drop of its protective properties. PMID- 6740924 TI - [Effect of the type of restraint of sheep during artificial insemination on their fertility]. AB - Studies were carried out to establish the effect of the various methods of restraining the sheep at their artificial insemination on the rate of conception. It was found that as a result of the fixing technique practiced up to then with sheep stress conditions developed that varied in number and effect, which led to a lower conception rate. The use of a new technique and technology of fixing and inseminating the sheep, with which all unfavourable stress factors were fully avoided, raised the conception rate by 7 to 14 per cent. A new equipment was used that made unnecessary the driving, seising; and lifting the animals as they themselves passed onto the platform for fixing and insemination. With the employment of the new method the enhanced vaginal contractions, which stood in the way of proper insemination, were lowered from 26 to 8.2 per cent as against the old technology. The new equipment further made it possible to shorten the time of inseminating each animal twice to three times and thus shorten the time for the semen to stay out of the animal body. This, in turn, also produced a favourable effect on the impregnation of sheep. PMID- 6740925 TI - [Physiological and biochemical characteristics of the digestive processes in cows of various breeds]. AB - Physiologic experiments were carried out with four fistulated cows with anastomoses. Two of the animals belonged to the Bulgarian Brown breed, and two- to the Bulgarian Simmenthaler. Certain breed-associated aspects of the secretory activity were established concerning the amounts of chyme, the digestive juices secreted for 24 hours, and the size of absorption. The cows of the Bulgarian Brown breed, equated by all indices of analogues to those of the Bulgarian Simmenthaler took in and digested more nutrient matter of one and the same ration for 24 hours. With these animals all coefficients of digestibility were higher. The digestive processes taking place up to the duodenal anastomose and after it were shown to be more regularly distributed in Bulgarian Brown cows as a result of which they utilized more nutritive substances that passed into the blood, and gave higher produce both for 24 hours and for a lactation period. Again Bulgarian Brown cows utilized in the intestinal portion a considerably higher amount of fatty acids, which led to a higher percent of fats in the milk, although this might likewise be a genetic prerequisite. All data referred to made it reasonable to accept that the breed peculiarities of Bulgarian Brown cows should be given due consideration in fixing the composition of their daily ration. PMID- 6740926 TI - [Changes in the elastic fibers of the skin in rats after long-term motor loading and immobilization]. AB - The histologic changes were followed up that took place in the elastic fibers of the skin of a total of 30 female rats of the Wistar line at the initial age of 45 days. The animals were kept under the conditions of enhanced or lowered locomotor activity. It was found that as functional elements in the particular layers of the skin the elastic fibers altered considerably their specific morphologic characteristic under the effect of a varying loading the body with muscular activity. The skin of those of the animals that were loaded with enhanced locomotion presented a strongly developed hyperplastic net of elastic fibers of considerable thickness and density. On the other hand, the skin of the animals that were immobilized showed atrophic and reduction processes involving the elastic tissue; in such case the characteristic structure and network arrangement were only presented by sporadic fibres and bundles. The changes seen in the structure and organization of the elastic tissue once again demonstrated the importance of the higher or lower functional loading of the body with physical work for the development of hyper- or hypotrophic processes in the various tissues and organs. PMID- 6740927 TI - [Trials using drugs in diseases of the silkworm (Bombyx mori L.)]. AB - Studied was the pharmacokinetic of chloramphenicol, tylosine, ampicillin, and penicillin in silkworm moths. The antibiotics were applied only once in the form of water solutions in concentrations of 0.062 to 1 per cent for chloramphenicol, 50 to 1500 IU/cm3 for tylosine, 0.03 to 0.5 per cent for ampicillin, and 300 to 2500 IU/cm3 for benzilpenicillin at the rate of 25 cm3/cm2 of a mulberry tree leaf. It was found that chloramphenicol in conc. 0.25 to 0.5 per cent was absorbed in the alimentary canal of the silkworm and was found in the haemolymph in bacteriostatic levels up to the 96th hour following treatment. Tylosine was also absorbed, and in concentrations of 500 to 1500 IU/cm3 was shown to maintain bacteriostatic levels in the haemolymph of the moths for a period of 24-32 hours. Ampicillin and penicillin were absorbed to a slight extent, and were eliminated from the haemolymph up to the eighth hour. It is suggested to use chloramphenicol and tylosine in the concentrations referred to for the control of the spontaneous nuclear polyhedria and flasheria in silkworm moths. PMID- 6740929 TI - [Status and problems of controlling enzootic leukemia in cattle in Bulgaria]. PMID- 6740928 TI - [Pharmacological and clinico-pharmacological studies of diazepam powder in suspensions]. AB - Studied was the preparation diazepam-pulvis for suspension (DPS) with regard to its tranquillizing and myorelaxing doses, inhibiting the aggression, and preventing the stress conditions in domestic animals and birds. It was established that at oral application to pigs at rates of 1 to 2 mg/kg body mass DPS produced a pronounced tranquillizing effect, while at 3 mg/kg it led to myorelaxation as well. In sheep tranquillizing effect was seen when amounts of 3 to 5 mg/kg body mass were used, and myorelaxation was achieved with 6.6 to 13.2 mg/kg. In male calves tranquillization was manifested after doses of 3 mg/kg body mass were applied. In hens the tranquillizing dose was found to be 3 mg/kg body mass, and the myorelaxing one--4 mg/kg; in cocks the respective doses were 5 and 7 mg/kg body mass. At the rate of 3 mg/kg body mass DPS was found to enhance the thiopental-sodium narcosis. When offered to pigs at 2 mg/kg body mass in admixture with the feed DPS led to tranquillization and suppression of the active and passive defense response. No full prevention of cannibalism could be achieved. The daily administration in the course of 30 days with the ration of bull-calves at the rate of 3 mg/kg body mass was shown to calm the animals under loose housing in boxes and affect favourably their weight gain. Admixed with the feed of cocks at 5 mg/kg DPS suppressed aggressiveness. PMID- 6740930 TI - [Tolerance for tetraolean i.m. and the blood levels in agricultural animals]. AB - Studied was a drug formula of tetraolean for i/m application, containing tetracycline hydrochloride and oleandomycin phosphate in a 2:1 ratio, produced by the Antibiotic Works, Razgrad, and released in flasks of 500 mg and 1.0 g. It was followed up with regard to its tolerable serum concentrations for rabbits, calves, pigs, and horses. It was found that in therapeutic amounts tetraolean was well tolerated and did not lead to local and general disturbances. In higher doses it was found to form transient oedema in the site of injection. Intramuscularly, tetraolean was well absorbed in the site of application, and, according to the animal species, it developed proper plasmal therapeutic concentrations at the following rates: calves--20 mg/kg body mass at 12-hour intervals; pigs--10 mg/kg at 6-hr intervals, or 20 mg/kg at 12-hr intervals; horses--10 mg/kg at 12-hr intervals or 20 mg/kg at 24-hr intervals. PMID- 6740931 TI - [Histokinesis in experimental ovine cysticercosis]. AB - The dynamic of the morphologic changes taking place in the viscera of lambs was followed up in lambs with an experimental Cysticercus ovis infection. The tests were carried out with 6 two-month-old lambs infected with 30,000 ova of Taenia ovis each. The animals were killed on the 2nd, 4th, 12th, 54th, and 70th day of infection, taking notes on the gross and microscopic changes in the internal organs. It was found that in the predilection sites of localization the migrating oncospheres were transformed into cysticerci around which specific granuloma were formed from the center to the periphery, consisting of eosinophile leukocytes, epitheloid and gigantic cells, lymphocytes, lymphoid cells, and outermost--a connective tissue capsule. As the result of the abundant leukocyte infiltration the cysticerci quickly perished and a suppurant was formed instead that later on was replaced by connective tissue. PMID- 6740932 TI - [Inhibitory effect of oil emulsions on the oocyst infectiveness of Eimeria tenella]. AB - Comparative studies were carried out on the inhibitory effect of some oleoemulsions on the acute course of an experimental coccidial infection caused by Eimeria tenella. Such effect was demonstrated with the oral application of sporulated oocysts both with the complete and incomplete Freund's adjuvant and with oleum ricini and oleum helianthi in combination. The results of histopathologic investigations showed that the two types of Freund's adjuvant inhibited the rapid and joint excysting of a large number of oocysts. Inhibited was the invasion of sporozoits in the epithelial cells of the mucous membrane and thus the acute course of the coccidial infection caused by Eimeria tenella. PMID- 6740934 TI - [Morphological changes in the oviducts of infertile cows of the zebu breed]. AB - Gross and histologic studies were carried out with a total of 118 Fallopian tubes of 59 slaughtered sterile cows of the Zebu breed originating from the Gamaguey region in Cuba. Morphologically, there were changes in 53 of the animals (89.8 per cent); of these in 29 cases both oviducts were affected, and in 24 of them only one was with lesions. In 6 of the cases (5 per cent) there were signs of acute salpingitis--hyperaemia, serous exudate, infiltration with lymphocytes and neutrophile granulocytes, and desquamation of the epithelium paving the folds. In 15 cases (13 per cent) there was subacute salpingitis--desquamation of the fold epithelium, negligible hyperaemia with oedema of the mucous membrane, and numerous plasmatic cells, fibroblasts, lymphocytes, and neutrophile granulocytes. In 61 cases (51 per cent) there were chronic salpingitis with varying fibrosis, atrophy of the folds, and cysts in the base of the folds. There were also sporadic cases of perisalpingitis. PMID- 6740933 TI - [Use of foaming and nonfoaming gentamycin tablets in treating cows with chronic endometritis]. AB - Biopharmaceutic and therapeutic investigations were carried out with foaming and nonfoaming gentamycin sulfate tablets. The experiments were conducted with a total of 100 cows affected with chronic inflammation of the uterus. Both types of tablets, containing 30,000 IU of gentamycin sulfate each were introduced into the uterus via Andreev's catheter, bimanually or by means of a vaginal speculum and Albrechtzen's clamp, at the rate of 10. Followed up were the serum levels, the excretion with the milk, and the content in the uterine secretion of gentamycin after using the tablets. There was no statistically significant difference in the serum levels of gentamycin as initiated by the two types of tablets. In milk the peak values reached 0.02 micrograms/cm3, and in uterine washings (with 15 cm3 isotonic solution of sodium chloride) the proper levels were established up to 74nd hour. Demonstrated was the therapeutic effect in the treatment of cows with chronic endometritis - 77.4 per cent with the use of foaming and 71.4 per cent with the use of nonfoaming tablets. There was also a rising trend with the conception rate in the treatment of sterile cows (otherwise having no signs of uterine inflammation) with the use of nonfoaming tablets of gentamycin sulfate at the rate of 5, introduced 24 hours after insemination. PMID- 6740935 TI - [Seasonal dynamics in the development of Boophilus microplus and Amblyomma cajennense in Camaguey, Cuba]. AB - Studies were carried out on the occurrence of the Ixodic ticks in farm animals in the province of Camaguey, Cuba. Most spread proved to be the Boophilus microplus and Amblyomma cajennense species. As many as three waves of parasitic activity were seen with B. microplus: at the end of the winter season, in the months of May and June, and in the autumn (October and November). Only one wave was there with the activity of A. cajennense, covering the period of March-September. PMID- 6740936 TI - [Etiological studies of salmonellosis in swine]. AB - A total of 25,114 samples taken from fetuses, pigs, adult swine, feces, environmental objects, etc. in 6 regions of this country were studied bacteriologically in 1976-1980, and in 1970-1975 a retrospective analysis was made of data of investigations with pigs in the same regions. The sample study led to the isolation of 1,495 strains of 21 Salmonella species of the B, C, D, and E groups. At the same time 9 Salmonella species were isolated from pigs, while during the second period the number of the isolated Salmonella spp. was 16. It was found that the strains belonging to S. cholerae-suis were highest in number (87.61 per cent of all isolated strains), whereupon beside the autochtonic var. kunzendorf there were also findings of var. america. By frequency of isolation the ubiquitous S. typhi-murium ranked four as isolated from pigs, and washings from environmental objects as well as from sewage water, rats, and common flies. Of the exotic Salmonella species more important proved S. agona, S. jerusalem var. 14, S. tennessee, and others. Considerable diversity was established with the Salmonella species in pigs on the industrial complexes (17 spp.), the farms of the Agro-Industrial and the Industrial Agrarian Complexes (8 spp.), and on some other farms (5 spp.). Only two species of Salmonellae were found in pigs on the private farms, and one species--on the auxilliary farms. PMID- 6740937 TI - [Pharmacokinetics, biological availability and residues of sulfadoxine and trimethoprim when used jointly on calves]. AB - In calves (cross-breds--Bulgarian Brown Cattle breed and Black Spot Cattle bred) weighing about 189 kg pharmacokinetics of sulphadoxine (SD) and trimethoprim (TMP) was studied. The two substances were administered in combination (5 + 1) as a dosage form Tridoxin (Pharmachim, Bulgaria; 24% injectable solution) (TD) at a dose 15 mg/kg m. The results show that after intramuscular administration TD is absorbed relatively rapidly. SD and TMP have systemic availability 94.1 +/- 18.1% and 52.5 +/- 6.2% and produce blood levels, after a single dose of TD, higher than potentiated minimum inhibitory concentrations for 24-48 h and 5(4-8) h, respectively. Upon intravenous administration the two-compartmental model is applicable for the distribution and elimination of SD and TMP (for TMP in part of the animals one-compartmental model is applicable). The two substances are distributed relatively widely in organs and tissues. The biological half-life of TD--t1/2 beta for SD is 14.36 +/- 1.40 h and for TMP--2.40 +/- 0.31 (for one compartmental model--1.92 +/- 0.26) h, Vd--429.9 +/- 16.9 ml/kg and for TMP in part of the animals one-compartmental model is applicable). The two substances are distributed relatively widely in organs and tissues. The biological half-life of TD--t1/2 beta for SD is 14.36 +/- 1.40 h and for TMP--2.40 +/- 0.31 (for one compartmental model--1.92 +/- 0.26) h, Vd--429.9 +/- 16.9 ml/kg and for TMP in part of the animals one-compartmental model is applicable). The two substances are distributed relatively widely in organs and tissues. The biological half-life of TD--t1/2 beta for SD is 14.36 +/- 1.40 h and for TMP--2.40 +/- 0.31 (for one compartmental model--1.92 +/- 0.26) h, Vd--429.9 +/- 16.9 ml/kg and 655.8 +/- 77.6 (for one-compartmental model--671.7 +/- 40.0) ml/kg, ClB--0.35 +/- 0.02 ml/kg/min and 2.87 +/- 0.35 (for one-compartmental model--4.15 +/- 0.80) ml/kg/min, respectively. After intramuscular injection at the dose used a suitable withdrawal time for meat and internal organs is 5 days and for milk--2 days. PMID- 6740938 TI - Electron optic aspects of sonically disintegrated influenza virus A(H1N1). AB - Purified influenza virus A(H1N1) was sonicated in a continuous flow Ultrasonics F600 device at 20 kHz, 600 W. Electron optic examination of samples collected at different time intervals revealed morphologic alterations of the virus particles, gradually increasing in intensity: detachment of surface components, disruption of the viral corpuscles and of their constitutive elements, appearance of ghosts and of clustered viral components different in size and orientation. PMID- 6740939 TI - Laboratory investigations in Balkan endemic nephropathy. AB - Serum samples from three patients with Balkan endemic nephropathy (BEN) were inoculated intraperitoneally to guinea pigs. After a very long incubation period (58-273 days) the animals developed an experimental disease characterized by apathy, tremor, convulsions and a fatal outcome. The disease could be serially propagated, the same clinical symptoms being recorded at each of the three passages performed. The morphological features of the experimental disease included glomerular and tubular lesions and the presence of interstitial fibrous and lymphoplasmocytic reactions. Different hypotheses on the etiology of BEN are discussed. PMID- 6740940 TI - Inhibition of host cellular ribonucleic acid synthesis by glycoprotein of mumps virus. AB - After infection with mumps virus, cellular ribonucleic acid synthesis of a murine lymphoma cell line, EL4, was appreciably depressed. The inactivation of viral infectivity by ultraviolet irradiation or the treatment of cells with mouse interferon did not abolish the inhibiting effect, suggesting that virus replication is not required for the depressed RNA synthesis. Envelope glycoproteins isolated from disrupted mumps virus caused inhibition of cellular RNA synthesis. The addition of low concentrations of specific antibody enhanced the inhibitory effect, probably through the formation of aggregates of glycoproteins. On the contrary, the glycoproteins showed no effect on RNA synthesis in the presence of cytochalasin D. PMID- 6740941 TI - Structural proteins and lipids in a virus, PBCV-1, which replicates in a Chlorella-like alga. AB - PBCV-1, a large dsDNA-containing virus which replicates in a Chlorella-like green alga, is composed of approximately 64% protein, 25% DNA, and 5-10% lipid on a weight basis. Polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis of the dissociated virus particle resolves 50 to 60 proteins which range in apparent molecular weight from 10,000 to 135,000. Two of these proteins are glycoproteins and at least four are located on the viral surface. The major lipids are phosphatidyl choline, phosphatidyl ethanolamine, and an unidentified component. The effect of organic solvents, surfactants, and chelating and reducing agents on viral infectivity and ultrastructure are reported. Inhibitor studies established that PBCV-1 protein synthesis occurs on cytoplasmic ribosomes. PMID- 6740942 TI - A mutant of sindbis virus with a host-dependent defect in maturation associated with hyperglycosylation of E2. AB - Following serial passage of Sindbis virus (SV) on Aedes albopictus mosquito cells a mutant (SVap15/21) was isolated which in chick cells produced small plaques and was temperature sensitive (ts). At 34.5 degrees this mutant replicated normally in mosquito cells, but only poorly in chick or BHK cells. In the vertebrate cells SVap15/21 was RNA+ at both 34.5 and 40 degrees and on the basis of complementation tests carried out at 40 degrees, was assigned to complementation group E. The block in the replication of this mutant, like that of ts20, the prototype mutant of complementation group E, was at the level of nucleocapsid envelopment. The PE2 and E2 glycoproteins of SVap15/21 were found to be hyperglycosylated relative to the corresponding glycoproteins of the parent virus (SVstd). Analysis of revertants of SVap15/21 suggests a causal relationship between PE2 and E2 hyperglycosylation and the host-specific defect in virus maturation. The association of a host-specific defect in virion assembly with hyperglycosylation of a viral structural protein points to the potential importance of host-specific glycosylation patterns in the determination of viral host range. PMID- 6740943 TI - Extragenic suppression of temperature-sensitive phenotype in reovirus: mapping suppressor mutations. AB - Independently isolated, spontaneous pseudorevertants of temperature-sensitive (ts) mutants of reovirus type 3 have previously been genetically characterized (R. F. Ramig and B. N. Fields, 1979, Virology 92, 155-167). Eighteen of these pseudorevertants were backcrossed to wild-type reovirus type 1 and reassortant progeny expressing the parental ts phenotype were selected. Analysis of segregation of genome segments in the reassortant, parental ts, progeny clones allowed the determination of the genome segment bearing the suppressor mutation of four pseudorevertants. The suppressor of tsA(201) phenotype mapped to segment S4 in the pseudorevertants RtsA(201)101 and RtsA(201)121 and to segment L3 in pseudorevertant RtsA(201)122. The suppressor of tsB(352) phenotype mapped to segment S1 in the pseudorevertant RtsB(352)b. In two other pseudorevertants the suppressor could not be mapped to a single genome segment due to the small number of progeny clones examined. These genetic results indirectly support the "compensating protein interactions" hypothesis for the mechanism of suppression. PMID- 6740944 TI - Isolation and preliminary characterization of a highly cytolytic influenza B virus variant with an aberrant NS gene. AB - By repeated backcrosses of influenza virus A/Aichi/2/68 (H3N2) with B/Yamagata/1/73 in MDCK cells, a virus clone with HA of B serotype (clone B/610B5B/201, or clone 201) was obtained, which formed sharp plaques in MDCK cells and induced a severe cell lysis early after infection. Its structural proteins were indistinguishable from those of B/Yamagata. Electrophoresis of the RNA of the clone also showed an identical pattern to that of B/Yamagata except RNA segment 8 (NS gene), which migrated faster than the corresponding segment of B/Yamagata in a 2.8% polyacrylamide gel. Within the clone 201-infected MDCK cells, only one species of nonstructural (NS) polypeptide was demonstrable, which had the same electrophoretic mobility as NS2 of B/Yamagata, and any band which might be taken as the counterpart of NS1 of B/Yamagata was not detectable on the gel. Peptide mapping revealed that NS of clone 201 was structurally different from either NS1 or NS2 of wild-type B/Yamagata. NS gene and its function of clone 201 was successfully transferred to B/Lee/40 by genetic reassortment. PMID- 6740945 TI - Differences between translation products of tick-borne encephalitis virus RNA in cell-free systems from Krebs-2 cells and rabbit reticulocytes: involvement of membranes in the processing of nascent precursors of flavivirus structural proteins. AB - Tick-borne encephalitis virus (TBEV) RNA was translated in extracts from Krebs-2 cells and in rabbit reticulocyte lysates. In the former system, two polypeptides, p53 and p13, corresponding to envelope (E) and core (C) proteins of the virion, respectively, were synthesized preferentially. In contrast, the major product in reticulocyte lysates was represented by a heterogeneous set of high-molecular weight polypeptides which did not appear to include p53 or p13. The reticulocyte lysates, however, acquired the ability to produce structural proteins (p53 at least) after addition of purified membranes isolated from the rough endoplasmic reticulum of Krebs-2 cells. On the other hand, the ability of Krebs-2 extracts to generate identifiable viral structural proteins was lost after degradation of membranes by the nonionic detergent Triton X-100. These findings strongly suggest that membrane-dependent processing of protein precursors is involved in the formation of TBEV structural proteins. Evidence has been obtained that only nascent precursor polypeptides can be processed efficiently into structural proteins in the membrane-dependent reaction. PMID- 6740946 TI - A mutant of fowl plague virus (influenza A) with an altered glycosylation pattern in its hemagglutinin. AB - A temperature-sensitive mutant (ts 1/1) with a defect in the hemagglutinin (HA) gene, which was obtained by undiluted passage of fowl plague virus (FPV) at 33 degrees, is described. At 33 degrees proteolytic cleavage of the abnormal HA yielded an altered HA2 (XHA2) which migrated ahead of the NS1 protein and lacked the complex oligosaccharide side chain. At the nonpermissive temperature of 40 degrees, the migration of the HA of ts 1/1 from the rough endoplasmic reticulum (RER) via the Golgi apparatus to the cell surface was rate limiting for virus maturation. The HA was only slowly cleaved and migrated during polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis ahead of the HA of wild type FPV. Some revertants of ts 1/1 exhibited the same protein pattern as the mutant, others resembled wild type FPV, while one revertant gave rise to a mixture of HA2 and XHA2 at 40 degrees. These results suggest that (1) the loss of the complex oligosaccharide side chain is not responsible for the ts phenotype, (2) the mutation is presumably not at the site where the oligosaccharide side chain is linked to the protein backbone, and (3) ts 1/1 presumably carries a mutation located in RNA segment 4, which by pseudoreversion (suppressor mutation) in the same gene leads to different ts+ phenotypes. PMID- 6740947 TI - Biosynthesis of reovirus-specified polypeptides. Multiplication rate but not yield of reovirus serotypes 1 and 3 correlates with the level of virus-mediated inhibition of cellular protein synthesis. AB - Kinetic analysis of mouse L fibroblast cells infected with reovirus revealed that serotypes 1 (Lang strain) and 3 (Dearing strain) differ significantly from each other in terms of their rates of multiplication and their effects on cellular protein synthesis. Serotype 1 did not significantly affect the synthesis of cellular polypeptides in monolayer cultures of L cells at late times after infection when virus-specific protein synthesis was at a maximum. By contrast, under identical culture conditions, serotype 3 essentially completely inhibited the synthesis of cellular polypeptides at late times when viral protein synthesis was at a maximum. The kinetics of virus-specific polypeptide synthesis and the production of infectious progeny were considerably slower for the serotype 1 Lang strain as compared to the serotype 3 Dearing strain, both at 30 and 37 degrees. However, the relative pattern of viral polypeptide synthesis and the final yield of infectious progeny did not differ significantly between serotypes 1 and 3. For both serotypes, the maximum yield of infectious progeny was obtained shortly after the maximum rate of viral polypeptide synthesis was reached. These results suggest that the rate of multiplication, but not the final yield, of reovirus serotypes 1 and 3 is related to the extent of virus-mediated inhibition of cellular protein synthesis. PMID- 6740948 TI - Morphogenesis of human adenovirus type 2: sequence of entry of proteins into previral and viral particles. AB - The initial steps of adenovirus capsid morphogenesis and the sequence of entry of structural and nonstructural proteins into assembly-intermediate (IM) particles were investigated by pulse-chase labeling, temperature shifts, and cycloheximide inhibition of particle formation. The experiments were performed on wild-type and two assembly-defective, temperature-sensitive mutants, H2 ts 112 and H2 ts 107. The sequence of events in the adenovirus assembly can be schematized as follows. (i) Hexons, pentons, and protein IX assembled with scaffolding proteins 100K, PVIII, and PVII, precursor to the major core protein, to form a previral particle banding at a density of 1.285 in CsCl; (ii) additional incorporation of maturation and/or stabilization proteins IIIa, 50K, 39K, 28K, and PVI led to 1.295 IM; (iii) exit of 100K, 39K, and 28K, and entry of viral DNA gave rise to 1.370 IM; (iv) dephosphorylation and/or exit of 50K and exchange with core protein V and processing of precursors to VII, VI, VIII, and DNA-terminal protein resulted in formation of infectious 1.345 virion. The polypeptide composition of the new class of assembly-intermediate particles elicited by H2 ts 107 (1.285 IM), suggested that 100K, PVIII, and also PVII might serve as scaffold components for adenovirus capsid building. PMID- 6740949 TI - A temperature-sensitive (TS) mutant of frog virus 3 (FV3) is defective in second stage DNA replication. AB - It has been suggested that FV3 DNA replication occurs in two stages [R. Goorha (1982) J. Virol. 43, 519-528]. First-stage DNA synthesis is restricted to the nucleus, where the replicating DNA ranges from genome to twice genome size; second-stage DNA replication occurs exclusively in the cytoplasm, and the replicating DNA is concatameric. A temperature-sensitive mutant (ts 12488) of FV3, at a nonpermissive temperature (30 degrees), synthesized DNA in the nucleus only, and the size of the replicative complex (as determined by neutral sucrose gradient analysis) was between genome and twice genome length. These characteristics establish that at nonpermissive temperature, ts 12488 is arrested in the first stage of DNA replication. Temperature shift-down (30 degrees----25 degrees) of ts 12488-infected cells at 4 hr postinfection showed that, within 30 min of the shift, the replicative complex became very large (more than 10 times genome size). Furthermore, newly synthesized DNA was now found in the cytoplasmic fraction also. These results suggest that ts 12488, upon shift-down, enters into the second stage of DNA replication where progeny DNA is synthesized as a large concatamer. In shift-down experiments, de novo protein synthesis was not required to initiate second-stage DNA replication, strongly suggesting that the thermosensitive protein is directly involved in second-stage DNA replication. This genetic evidence establishes the previous biochemical findings of a two stage replication scheme for FV3 DNA. PMID- 6740950 TI - Reaction time measurement of receptive field properties in the human fovea. AB - A Westheimer -like function has been obtained for simple reaction time (RT) to target luminance increments superimposed upon homogeneous background fields. RT to a constant-luminance target progressively increases as the outer diameter of a constant-luminance background is increased up to approximately 6'-8'. Further increases in background diameter up to approximately 10'-22' then result in progressive decreases in RT. Beyond this background diameter RT remains relatively constant. The magnitude of this effect diminishes rapidly as target luminance is increased beyond a near-threshold value. PMID- 6740951 TI - Temporal and spatial characteristics of the upper displacement limit for motion in random dots. AB - The upper displacement limit (Dmax) or Braddick limit was measured in random dots. We then interposed a variable duration pause at half the distance jumped. Of interest was to see the shortest time (delta t) which would yield a value of two times Dmax, thus indicating the time required to process one additional Braddick limit. A surprisingly short interval (as short as 10 msec under some conditions) was required. Furthermore for intermediate durations (20 to over 100 msec), the total limit was often more than doubled, indicating a nonlinear potentiation or sequential recruitment between successive displacements. Increasing field size had the following effects: (1) it increased Dmax, (2) it decreased delta t (the processing time), (3) it increased Vmax (the maximum velocity), (4) it increased the amount of sequential recruitment. PMID- 6740952 TI - Saccadic anomalies: vergence induces large departures from ball-and-socket behavior. AB - The configuration of muscular forces, which maintains a given orientation of the eye, varies with vergence state. As a consequence, changes in vergence produce both static and dynamic violations of simple ball-and-socket behavior: during strong convergence, the entire eye is displaced temporally within its orbit at steady state by as much as 200 microns; and the axis of ocular rotation for small horizontal saccades is consistently displaced forward within the globe by an average of about 1 mm. These phenomena occur regardless of whether vergence is maintained by accommodation or by binocular disparity. Hence, systematic errors of as much as a full degree can arise in measurement of vergence movement, unless monitoring methods are used which are insensitive to translational motion. The observed displacement on the axis of rotation for saccades may be involved in subjective shrinkage of visual targets during convergence ("experimental micropsia "). PMID- 6740954 TI - Ocular refraction and visual contrast sensitivity of the rabbit, determined by the VECP. AB - The ocular refraction of the rabbit was determined by inserting spherical lenses of between -3 and +4D and measuring the relative VECP amplitude in response to checkboard patterns of 21 min arc. The rabbit's eye was found to be almost emmetropic (+0. 5D ). The contrast sensitivity function of the rabbit's visual system was determined by recording the VECP in response to reversed gratings of different spatial frequencies. The contrast sensitivity was found to be highest at 0.35 c/deg with an upper cut-off frequency at 3 c/deg, corresponding to a grating acuity of 10 min arc. PMID- 6740953 TI - Phase reversal discrimination. AB - In the Fourier representation of space, the parameter of phase plays a crucial role. In this study, several experiments were performed involving discrimination of various phase relations of fundamental (2 c/deg) to second harmonic (4 c/deg) at low contrast levels. The results were consistent with a model involving four "channels", each optimally sensitive to one of the following phase relations: + cosine (bright bar), -cosine (dark bar), +sine (left edge), and -sine (right edge). PMID- 6740955 TI - Quality of the primate photoreceptor lattice and limits of spatial vision. AB - Quantitative analysis of a primate photoreceptor lattice shows that the foveal lattice is a highly regular hexagonal structure with a positional correlation length of at least 130 photoreceptors. This result indicates that the photoreceptor lattice is not sufficiently disordered to prevent aliasing in the fovea, but rather could provide the metric with which the visual system determines spatial separation even for tasks involving hyperacuity . PMID- 6740956 TI - Rhodopsin and visual adaptation: analysis of photoreceptor thresholds in the isolated skate retina. AB - Photoreceptor thresholds in the isolated retina of the skate, determined by extracellular measurement of the photoreceptor potential during periods of light and dark adaptation, were analyzed in relationship to prevailing states of the visual pigment. The starting assumption of the analysis is that relative levels of three forms of the pigment molecule [native rhodopsin (R), a photoactivated intermediate (R*), and bleached pigment (B)] govern (quasi-) stable levels of threshold measured (a) during exposure of the retina to background light of fixed incident intensity (Ib), and (b) after irradiation that bleaches a defined fraction (B) of the rhodopsin. It is shown that experimental data are described well by the equation It/ It0 = (1 - B)-1 X F X (1 + 0(3)B), where F = [1 + 0(1)Ib(1 - B) + 0(2)B]. In this equation, It/ It0 is the relative threshold for detection of a test flash; (1 - B) approximates the relative efficiency of quantum capture; and 0(1) - 0(3) are constants. For values of 0(1) - 0(3) yielding an optimal fit to experimental data, log (It/ It0 ) approximately log F over a broad range of values of Ib and B. It is further shown that the algebraic form of the term F in the above equation is consistent with the predictions of a (steady-state) model for the role of the pigment molecule in photoreceptor adaptation. The model proposes that R* and B desensitize the photoreceptor by acting (in qualitatively similar fashion) to reduce the availability of E, an intracellular substance whose activation supports generation of the flash response. Results of the analysis are discussed in relation to the Dowling- Rushton equation (Dowling, 1960, 1963; Rushton , 1961), and to the results of more recent studies examining light and dark adaptation. PMID- 6740957 TI - Change in detection threshold caused by peripheral gratings: dependence on contrast and separation. AB - The detection threshold for a sinusoidal grating in the presence of peripheral gratings was determined as a function of peripheral-grating contrast and separation between the two gratings, with phase relation as a parameter. The result showed that the peripheral gratings, in the range of low contrast, yielded a facilitatory or an inhibitory effect dependent on the phase relation, but in the range of high contrast, yielded an inhibitory effect irrespective of the phase relation. This suggests that two separate mechanisms may underlie the grating induction effect of the detection threshold. PMID- 6740958 TI - Binocular contrast summation--I. Detection and discrimination. AB - Binocular summation was evaluated for contrast detection and discrimination. Monocular and binocular forced-choice psychometric functions were measured for the detection of 0.5-c/deg sine-wave gratings presented alone (simple detection), or superimposed on identical background gratings (discrimination). The dependence of detectability d' on signal contrast C could be described by: d' = (C/C')n. C' is threshold contrast, and n is an index of the steepness of the psychometric function. n was near 2 for simple detection, near 1 for discrimination, and was approximately the same for monocular and binocular viewing. Monocular thresholds were about 1.5 times binocular thresholds for detection, but the ratio dropped for suprathreshold discrimination. These results reveal a dependence of binocular summation on background contrast. For simple detection, binocular detectabilities were at least twice monocular detectabilities . For contrast discrimination, the amount of binocular summation decreased. For a 25%-contrast background, there was little or no binocular summation. It is concluded that binocular contrast summation decreases as background contrast rises. PMID- 6740959 TI - Binocular contrast summation--II. Quadratic summation. AB - Quadratic summation is presented as a rule that describes binocular contrast summation. The rule asserts that for left-eye and right-eye contrasts CL and CR, there is an effective binocular contrast C given by the formula: (formula; see text) Pairs of left-eye and right-eye stimuli that produce equal values of C are equivalent. Quadratic summation is applied to the results of experiments in which stimuli presented to the two eyes differ only in contrast. It provides a good, first-order account of binocular summation in contrast detection, contrast discrimination, dichoptic masking, contrast matching and reaction time studies. A binocular energy-detector model is presented as a basis for quadratic summation. PMID- 6740960 TI - Temporal frequency limits for stereoscopic apparent motion processes. AB - Temporal processing limits were determined for two types of stereoscopic percept associated with square wave disparity alternation: apparent depth motion and depth pulsation. The stimuli were dynamic random dot stereograms containing no monocular cues for either target motion or disparity change. The percept of a single noise plane undergoing apparent depth motion coincided with the extent of a large peak in the low frequency portion of the evoked potential amplitude spectrum. The limit for apparent depth motion was approximately 6 Hz. Above this frequency two pulsating depth planes were seen simultaneously. Depth pulsations wer visible up to 14 Hz and an evoked potential occurred in synchrony with each disparity change (up to 28 depth reversals/sec). Above 14 Hz two transparent planes were perceived without depth pulsation and no stereoscopic evoked potential could be recorded. The results indicate a higher temporal resolution for stereoscopic position change than has been reported in previous studies of apparent depth motion. PMID- 6740962 TI - Measurement of refractive index in an intact crystalline lens. AB - A knowledge of the refractive index distribution within the crystalline lens is necessary to define the optical properties of the eye. This report describes the first nondestructive method for measuring the refractive index of intact crystalline lenses based on the work of Chu (1977) [Electron Lett. 13, 736-738] and Barrell and Pask (1978) [Opt. Commun. 27, 230-234] for optical fibre preforms. The method is simpler and more accurate than previous methods and shows that the rat crystalline lens has a smooth and almost parabolic distribution of refractive index. PMID- 6740961 TI - The effect of testing method on stereoanomaly. AB - Previous tests of stereoanomaly (a deficit in stereopsis for a given disparity direction, crossed or uncrossed) have employed stimuli in which physical contours are presented with large disparities at exposure durations too brief for eye movements. This study investigated stereoanomaly using alternative testing methods with two types of stimuli: (1) stereoscopic contours formed from dynamic random-element stereograms presented both briefly and continuously, and (2) afterimages of retinally disparate physical contours. The results from three experiments show that most subjects who are classified as stereoanomalous under conditions of brief exposure perform normally under conditions that allow long inspection periods while eliminating eye movements. These results suggest that anomalies in stereopsis previously reported may depend on the method of testing rather than on deficits in underlying neural mechanisms. PMID- 6740964 TI - The visual field representation in striate cortex of the macaque monkey: asymmetries, anisotropies, and individual variability. AB - The topographic organization of striate cortex in the macaque was studied using physiological recording techniques. Results were displayed on two-dimensional maps of the cortex, which facilitated the quantitative analysis of various features of the visual representation. The representation was found to be asymmetric with more cortex devoted to lower than to upper fields. Over much of striate cortex the representation is anisotropic, in that the magnification factor depends upon the direction along which it is measured. There is considerable individual variability in these features as well as in the overall size of striate cortex. Outside the fovea, the cortical representation shows only modest deviations from a logarithmic conformal mapping, in which the magnification factor is proportional to the inverse of eccentricity in the visual field. Comparison of receptive field size with cortical magnification was used to estimate the "point image size" in the cortex (i.e. the extent of cortex concerned with processing inputs from any given point in the visual field). Our evidence supports a previous report that point-image size varies significantly with eccentricity. This is of interest in relation to anatomical evidence that the dimensions of columnar systems in striate cortex are largely independent of eccentricity. PMID- 6740963 TI - A morphometric study of the retinal ganglion cell layer and optic nerve from metamorphosis in Xenopus laevis. AB - The number and distribution of cells in the retinal ganglion layer have been examined in Nissl-stained wholemounts during postmetamorphic life in Xenopus laevis. Total cell number at metamorphic climax, in the 3 and 4 month juveniles and in 5 year adults were 30,000-41,000, 45,000-51,000 and 71,000-82,000 respectively. Optic axon counts of 29,000, 39,000 and 58,000 at these stages suggested that most cells counted were ganglion cells and that their number doubled during this period. Cell distribution changed after metamorphosis producing nasal and temporal regions of higher density in juveniles and adults. These results are discussed in relation to retinal growth and plasticity of retinotectal connections. PMID- 6740965 TI - Responses of cat visual cortical cells to continuously and stroboscopically illuminated moving light slits compared. AB - We have compared responses of cat visual cortical cells of area 17 to continuously illuminated moving slits and to moving slits illuminated stroboscopically at different rates (70-2 Hz) using quantitative multihistogram techniques. At strobe rates over 30 Hz response characteristics of cortical cells are almost identical under both conditions, except for a lower response level under stroboscopic illumination. As strobe rates decrease below 30 Hz, direction selectivity and velocity tuning are severely impaired and some cells start responding to the individual strobe flashes rather than to the motion of the slit. PMID- 6740966 TI - Reversing ocular dominance and suppression in a single flash. AB - An observer views a long (1-2 sec) monocular stimulus. Following stimulus offset there is a dark interstimulus interval (ISI). After the ISI, brief test flashes are presented to both eyes simultaneously. For ISIs less than 100-200 msec, only the test flash contralateral to the stimulated eye is seen. The test flash in the ipsilateral eye is not seen. For ISIs of 200-1000 msec, the contralateral test flash is seen more clearly and completely than the ipsilateral flash (Experiments 1 and 2). The initial and ipsilateral test flash need not be spatially similar. The initial stimulus can be dim but must be longer than 150 msec (Experiment 3). Experiment 3 precludes forward masking or light adaptation as explanation. The effect is relatively independent of the length of the test flash (Experiment 4). The results can be explained in terms of the known properties of binocular rivalry and reinforce the hypothesis (Fox and Check, 1968) that rivalry acts nonselectively, independent of factors such as spatial frequency, luminance, or orientation. PMID- 6740967 TI - The Abney effect: chromaticity coordinates of unique and other constant hues. AB - We compared unique and other constant hue loci measured at a fixed retinal illuminance for the same observers. When expressed in Judd chromaticity coordinates, unique hue and constant hue data agreed. Unique blue loci were curved, and unique red and green loci were noncollinear. These data imply that unique hues are not a linear transformation of color matching functions. Linear models are only an approximation, even at a single luminance level. PMID- 6740968 TI - Color perception under chromatic adaptation: "supersensitivity" with dim backgrounds. AB - The amounts of 540 nm light and 660 nm light that when mixed result in a yellow (neither reddish nor greenish) percept remain in constant ratio, regardless of the total retinal illumance level of the mixture. A similar result holds if the mixture is superimposed upon a very dim 660 nm adapting field, except that a larger proportion of 540 nm light is required than in the dark (contrary to an effect of receptor desensitization, which would result in a smaller proportion of 540 nm light). Mixtures of 460 and 579 nm lights that give yellow/blue equilibrium percepts show the same effect: under very dim 579 nm adaptation, a larger proportion of 460 nm light is required than in the dark. These results cannot be accounted for by cone sensitivity reduction nor by a postreceptoral restoring effect; they reveal an additional mechanism of adaptation. PMID- 6740970 TI - Interactions between rod and cone channels: a model that includes inhibition. PMID- 6740969 TI - The identification and some functions of GABAergic neurons in the distal catfish retina. AB - Putative GABAergic neurons in the outer retina of the Texas channel catfish, Ictalurus punctatus, were studied using autoradiographic, biochemical and electrophysiological techniques. A red cone horizontal cell was found to accumulate exogenous GABA in the presence of red light. GABA could be released from these cells with high K+ Ringers solution. The release was only partially blocked by Co2+ and therefore may be only partially Ca2+ dependent. The red cone horizontal cells were found to contain significant activities of L-glutamic acid decarboxylase and GABA transaminase, the enzymes responsible for GABA synthesis and degradation respectively. These data suggest that catfish red cone horizontal cells are GABAergic. To substantiate this, recordings were made from photoreceptors and horizontal cells during the superfusion of the GABA blocking agents bicuculline methochloride or picrotoxin. These agents modified the cone responses in the manner specified if they were blocking the feedback pathway from horizontal cells to cones. Thus it is likely that the horizontal cells are using GABA as the transmitter in the feedback pathway. In addition, the GABA blocking agents were found to interfere with changes in horizontal cell responses which occur during light adaptation. PMID- 6740971 TI - Vergence eye movements and visual suppression. AB - Visual sensitivity was measured during vergence eye movements in order to determine whether a suppression of vision similar to that associated with saccades is also present during vergence. Suppression was evaluated psychophysically by determining sensitivity to briefly presented, full-field decrements of light in a Ganzfeld. Subjects were rougly 0.5 log unit less sensitive when stimuli were presented at the beginning of a 2-3 deg convergent or divergent eye movement, than during steady fixation. Thus, the concept of saccadic suppression must be broadened to include visual suppression that also accompanies nonsaccadic eye movements. These results support the hypothesis that vision is affected by signals that accompany initiation of oculomotor activity. PMID- 6740973 TI - Binocular disparity modulation sensitivity to disparities offset from the plane of fixation. AB - Corrugated disparity gratings mounted on depth pedestals were portrayed with random-dot stereograms in order to measure the cyclopean disparity modulation transfer function at various offsets from fixation. We found changes in both sensitivity as well as shape as the magnitude of the pedestal varied. Threshold disparity modulation amplitude curves, plotted as a function of corrugation frequency, became narrower and shifted toward lower frequencies as pedestal size increased. There were stable asymmetries between sensitivities to crossed and uncrossed pedestals; these could be accounted for by assuming each observer to have a constant fixation disparity on the order of 5' of arc. PMID- 6740972 TI - Anisotropic resolution in children's vision. AB - Grating acuity was measured for 4 orientations in 111 children aged 3-8 yr. Results showed that 73% of the children had better acuity for horizontal and vertical compared to oblique gratings, 14% showed no anisotropy, and 13% had better acuity for oblique gratings. The magnitude of the oblique effect was 0.2 octaves, similar to that found in both younger children and adults. PMID- 6740974 TI - The time-course of rod-cone interaction. AB - The time-course of rod-cone interaction (change of scotopic sensitivity caused by photopic background stimulation) was measured in the presence of briskly exchanged, scotopically matched, 490- and 630-nm background disks. In all conditions, interaction rose and fell quickly with changes of photopic stimulation. When the background was a small 0.6 degree-diameter disk, photopic stimulation produced relatively constant maintained interaction of about 0.6 log units. When the background was a large 7.8 degree-dia disk, photopic stimulation produced larger initial (0.6-1.0 log unit) than maintained (0.2 log unit) interaction. When a 0.6 degree by 7.8 degree annulus was used instead of a background, photopic stimulation produced substantial interaction only at offset, a transitory interaction. Thus, the spatial dependence of transitory interactions differs from that of maintained interaction: transitory interactions can be large even when maintained interaction is small or absent. The results are discussed in terms of a simple center-surround model of rod-cone interaction that unifies both maintained and transient interaction. PMID- 6740975 TI - The receptive field organization of X-cells in the cat: spatiotemporal coupling and asymmetry. AB - The visual responses of retinal X-cells, recorded as s-potentials in the lateral geniculate nucleus (LGN), and geniculate X-cells, recorded as action potentials in the LGN, were studied in urethane anesthetized cats. We tested two widely held hypotheses: that the receptive field is (1) separable into spatial and temporal factors, and (2) even symmetric in space. The tests were applied to the amplitudes and phases of responses to sinusoidal gratings which drifted across the receptive field. The X-cell responses failed the test for spatiotemporal separability, and cases of spatial asymmetry were observed. A modified "Difference of gaussians" (mod DOG) model proved useful in the interpretation of the amplitude and phase data. Application of the mod DOG model to the amplitude and phase data revealed the existence of three forms of spatiotemporal coupling. Changes in the temporal frequency of the stimulus can change (1) the ratio between center and surround strengths, (2) the difference between center and surround phases, and (3) the spatial extent of the surround mechanism. Our results led us to a new view of receptive field organization in the X-cell: the center mechanism is spatially homogeneous in its dynamics whereas the surround mechanism is spatially inhomogeneous. PMID- 6740976 TI - Length summation in simple cells of cat striate cortex. AB - We have examined two models for the preference displayed by cortical simple cells for elongated stimuli having a particular orientation. Both assume that geniculate afferents with aligned receptive fields pool to form the receptive field of the cortical unit. The first model [Marr and Hildreth, Proc. R. Soc. Lond. Ser. B 200, 269-294 (1980)], includes AND gating along the length axis so that a simple cell does not fire unless a critical number of its afferents with adjacent receptive fields are firing. The second model assumes that geniculate input is simply summed over subunits and then passed through a firing threshold. Both models account for the unresponsiveness of simple cells to spots of light, but the AND model predicts a discontinuous length threshold, while the summation model predicts that length and contrast should be interchangeable in the determination of the response threshold. Experiments in which length and contrast were systematically varied support the summation model, and extend the notion of linear spatial summation to the length axis in simple cells. PMID- 6740977 TI - A new method for determining peak absorbance of dense pigment samples and its application to the cone oil droplets of Emydoidea blandingii. AB - A new method measures the spectral absorption of small volume samples having peak optical densities (Dp) too high (up to 50 and higher) to be measured by standard direct or indirect methods. This method specifically corrects for the effect on the microspectrophotometer (MSP) of wavelength-independent light which bypasses the sample. The method involves; (1) measuring by MSP the long wavelength cutoff of the dense samples and the absorption spectrum of thinned samples of the same pigment, (2) calculating Dp from these. The method's application is illustrated for the colored oil droplets in the retinal cones of the turtle, Emydoidea blandingii. PMID- 6740978 TI - Spatial tuning of static and dynamic local stereopsis. AB - The range of spatial tuning for channels that process static and dynamic disparities was investigated in the central visual field by measuring stereoscopic thresholds as a function of the difference in size of spatially filtered bar-like patterns presented to the two eyes. Spatial tuning functions were revealed by an elevation of stereothreshold as the difference between the widths of bar patterns increased. Functions tuned to low spatial frequencies (0.075-2 c/deg) were classified as transient since their stereosensitivity was greater for dynamic (1 Hz) than static disparities. Functions tuned to high spatial frequencies (2.4-19 c/deg) were classified as sustained since their stereosensitivity was equal for dynamic and static disparities. When equal width patterns were presented to the two eyes, stereothreshold increased with spatial periods greater than 0.4 deg according to a constant 6 deg phase disparity. This size-disparity correlation suggests that large disparities are processed by spatial filters tuned to disparities proportional to their receptive field dimensions. PMID- 6740979 TI - Spatiotemporal conditions which elicit or abolish the oblique effect in man: direct measurement with swept evoked potential. AB - Reversing sine wave gratings were electronically swept in spatial frequency and contrast. The acuity limits and contrast thresholds of 4 observers were inferred from evoked potential stimulus-response functions elicited by these stimuli and retrieved with a quadrature lock-in amplifier. The evoked potential functions, linearized in the case of contrast by increasing contrast logarithmically with time, were extrapolated to the point of zero response. This point provides an electrophysiologically defined threshold value for acuity and for contrast. An oblique effect (superior sensitivity for HV-oriented gratings) could reliably be demonstrated in both acuity and contrast threshold performance. This oblique effect could readily be abolished under low spatial/high temporal frequency conditions. The findings are discussed in terms of shifting relative strengths of X and Y contributions to the steady-state evoked potential. PMID- 6740980 TI - Aspartate-induced dissociation of proximal from distal retinal activity in the mudpuppy. AB - The effects of aspartate (Asp) on the ERG and on neuronal, glial, and K+ responses were monitored continuously in the superfused mudpuppy eyecup. Asp induced a time-dependent sequence of events which may be divided into three stages: Stage 1, initially, light-evoked responses throughout the retina are depressed; Stage 2, distal responses (horizontal, bipolar, and K+ responses) return to near pre-drug amplitudes and there is a simultaneous ERG enhancement, but responses in the proximal retina remain suppressed; Stage 3, a second depression of retinal responses leads to a-wave isolation. The dissociation of distal from proximal responses observed during Stage 2 strongly supports the hypothesis that the ERG b-wave results from events arising in the distal retinal network. PMID- 6740981 TI - Pigment types, densities and concentrations in cone oil droplets of Emydoidea blandingii. AB - The peak optical densities (Dp) of colored oil droplets in the retinal cones of the turtle, Emydoidea blandingii, were found to range from 1.2 to 8.8 for yellow droplets, 3.2 to 11.4 for orange, and 8.8 to 58 for red. The yellow droplets' spectra matched that of zeaxanthin, the red and orange matched astaxanthin. One type of clear droplet absorbed negligibly in the visible spectrum. A second type had a Dp approximately 0.9 somewhere between 370 and 400 nm. The accessory cone had no oil droplet, but its ellipsoid contained a pigment with the absorption spectrum of zeaxanthin and Dp approximately 1.1. PMID- 6740982 TI - Spatial phase or luminance profile discrimination? AB - The ability of human observers to discriminate differences in the relative phase of the components of high contrast compound gratings has been investigated. It is found that difference of less than 10 degrees in the phase angle of the higher harmonic can be detected reliably, if sufficient practice is given. However, examination of the mechanisms involved in making "phase" discriminations suggests that observers, in most studies of phase discrimination, may not code relative phase directly in making their judgements. Indeed, it appears that the most parsimonious explanation is that the observers detect differences in the contrast of local regions of the stimuli. PMID- 6740983 TI - Dependence of contrast detection and independence of AM and FM detection on retinal illuminance. AB - Thresholds for the detection of contrast differences ("amplitude modulation", AM) and spatial frequency differences ("frequency modulation", FM) present in suprathreshold sine-wave gratings were measured as a function of mean retinal illuminance. These thresholds are found to be virtually independent of mean retinal illuminance, despite the fact that the threshold contrasts of the gratings do depend significantly on illuminance. PMID- 6740984 TI - The duration of visual persistence. PMID- 6740985 TI - The National Ambulatory Medical Care Complement Survey: United States, 1980. PMID- 6740986 TI - [Significance of singlet oxygen in medicine]. PMID- 6740987 TI - [Effect of vitamin E on biochemical processes in erythrocytes]. AB - Effect of therapeutic doses of alpha-tocopherol (50 mg) exceeding 10-12-fold the daily consumption of the vitamin, on glycolysis was studied in erythrocytes of rats maintained on a usual diet. After loading of the animals with tocopherol utilization of glucose was increased 2.4-fold, with simultaneous activation of aldolase and phosphohexoisomerase by 34% and 48%, respectively; content of lactate was increased by 40%. PMID- 6740990 TI - [Teaching biochemistry in medical institutes]. PMID- 6740989 TI - [Activity of several membrane-bound creatine kinase isoenzymes in the rabbit myocardium in experimental disruption of coronary circulation]. AB - Activity of CPK isoenzymes, bound with membranes of mitochondria and sarcoplasmic reticulum, was decreased under conditions of acute limitation of rabbit coronary circulation followed by intravenous administration of vasopressin at a dose of 0.5 un per kg of body mass. As a result of this phenomenon the efficient energy dependent transport of calcium across the membranes of sarcoplasmic reticulum might be impaired with the subsequent development of complex alterations in functional and metabolic parameters, which are found in ischemic myocardium. PMID- 6740988 TI - [Intracellular localization of fibronectin-synthesizing polyribosomes using I125 collagen]. AB - Interaction of 125I-collagen with fibronectin-synthesizing polyribosomes, isolated from 9 days old chicken embryos, was studied. The interaction was maximal at the ratio of 0.1 microgram 125I-collagen and 5 ou of polyribosomes. Specific reaction of 125I-collagen with fibronectin polypeptides growing on polyribosomes was estimated by means of antibodies to fibronectin inhibiting the complex formation of polyribosomes-125I-collagen. The antibodies were shown to decrease the reaction rate of total polyribosomes (free and membrane-bound) with 125I-collagen by 25.4% and of free polyribosomes - by 6.7%. The data obtained suggest that fibronectin is synthesized mainly on polyribosomes, bound with the membranes of endoplasmic reticulum. PMID- 6740992 TI - [Lipid composition of erythrocyte membranes and blood serum in meningococcal infections in children]. AB - Significant impairments of lipid homeostasis were observed in lipid composition of erythrocyte membranes and blood serum in acute period of meningococcal infection, involving pronounced alterations in content of phospholipids, phospholipid fractions, total cholesterol, unesterified fatty acids as well as activation of phospholipase A2. The degree and pattern of dyslipidemia depended on clinical form, severity of the disease and age of children. The most serious deteriorations were found in the patients with a mixed form of the disease, at early age and during the critical period of meningitis. Studies of lipid composition in erythrocyte membranes, as compared with that of blood serum, enabled to obtain more clear-cut and certain information on the state of lipid homeostasis in the disease. Estimation of main components of lipid metabolism might be used as informative criterion for evaluation of the disease severity and for prognosis of unfavourable outcome. PMID- 6740991 TI - [Effect of various periods of starvation on the character of exhibited changes of energy metabolism in the rat liver during the administration of phenobarbitol and corn oil]. AB - Alterations in content of long-chain acyl-CoA and value of phosphate potential (PP) were studied in liver tissue after administration of phenobarbital and corn oil into rats, starved within 4 hrs and 12 hrs before the experiment. As compared with the 4 hrs period, starvation within 12 hrs caused an accumulation of acyl CoA and a decrease in PP (ATP/ADP X Pi) in liver tissue. The same alterations in the patterns studied were found after administration of corn oil. However, the 12 hrs starvation amplified distinctly the effect of oil administration on the content of acyl-CoA and on the PP value. Phenobarbital, administered simultaneously with the oil, removed completely the effect of corn oil on the patterns studied during the both periods of starvation, but it caused only slight influence on the starvation induced alterations in acyl-CoA and PP. The data obtained suggest that within the two periods of starvation studied it has been possible to differentiate the unspecific effects of starvation and the alterations induced by specific agents. PMID- 6740993 TI - [Pathophysiological significance of the determination ofthe glucocorticoid concentration in bronchial secretions in children with bronchopulmonary diseases]. AB - Simultaneous estimation of glucocorticoid content was carried out in bronchial secretion products and in blood plasma of 95 children with chronic bronchopulmonary pathology. 11-hydroxycorticosteroids were found in bronchial secretion product; its concentration depended on the type, phase of the disease and the character of bronchial mucose impairment. The highest content of 11 hydroxycorticosteroids was observed in purulent endo-bronchitis. PMID- 6740995 TI - [Effect of a diet with various amounts of essential fatty acid on the fatty acid spectrum of lipids in the kidneys in spontaneously hypertensive rats]. AB - Fatty acid composition of phospholipids and triglycerides was studied by means of gas chromatography in kidney of rats with spontaneous hypertension, kept on rations containing various amounts of essential fatty acids. Deficiency of essential fatty acids caused an increase in content of oleic acid (18:1 omega 9) and of its metabolite--eucosetrienic acid (20:3 omega 9). Feeding of the animals with large amounts of linoleic (18:2 omega 6) and linoleic (18:3 omega 3) acids led to an increase of their content in kidney lipids as well as to elevation of prostaglandin precursors level. With an increase in deficiency of linoleic acid activity of delta 5-desaturation of its derivatives was decreased. Decrease in the rate of arterial pressure was observed in those spontaneously hypertensive rats, in kidney of which the content of linoleic, linoleic acids and eucosepentanic acid of the linoleic species (20:5 omega 3) was increased after the alimentary treatments. PMID- 6740994 TI - [Effect of starvation on lipid peroxidation and fatty acid composition in the blood of young and old rats]. AB - After starvation during 48 hrs there was no alteration in blood serum of young rats (4-5 months old) in content of malonic dialdehyde but it was decreased in the old animals (24-26 months old). At the same time, the fatty acid composition of blood serum similarly altered in the both experimental groups. There was an increase in content of saturated fatty acids and a decrease in content of unsaturated fatty acids. Total amount of free fatty acids was increased in young starved rats and unaltered in old animals. Effect of starvation on the body antioxidant system is discussed. PMID- 6740997 TI - [Isolation and purification of specific proteins, forming during endometrium differentiation into decidual tissue]. AB - Using analytical PAAG-electrophoresis two specific proteins, D1 and D2, were found in decidual tissue of pregnant women (6-12 weeks). These proteins were isolated and purified by means of ammonium sulfate saturation, chromatography on Sepharose 6B and ion exchange chromatography on DEAE 52 cellulose. The degree of purification of both D1 and D2 proteins was 100% and 81%, respectively. The both proteins were free of DNA, RNA and polysaccharides. The pI values of D1 and D2 proteins were at pH 5.6-6.0. According to gel electrophoresis on PAA-SDS-Na and gel filtration on Sepharose 6B, molecular weight of D1 protein was about 50,000 55,000 and of D2 protein--150,000-160,000 and 300,000-320,000, respectively. The specific decidual proteins D1 and D2 appear to be distinct from the so-called "pregnancy proteins" described previously. PMID- 6740996 TI - [Effect of infrared laser irradiation on the catecholamine content of tissues in the dynamics of the wound process]. AB - Phase alterations of adrenaline and noradrenaline content were observed in dynamics of wound repair in the wound itself and in surrounding tissues of rats. Distinct alterations in the catecholamines content in wound and various tissues of the animals accompanied the injury process after repeated irradiation of the wound area by infrared laser. The modulating effect of laser irradiation on catecholamines metabolism appears to constitute one of causes responsible for its influence on the tissue posttraumatic regeneration. PMID- 6740998 TI - [Hypolipidemic activity of glycine and its derivatives]. AB - A hypolipidemic action of glycine and its derivatives glycylglycine, clofibrylglycine, clofibrylglycylglycine was studied in intact and hyperlipidemic rats and guinea pigs. PMID- 6741000 TI - [Cystic lymphangioma causing intestinal obstruction]. PMID- 6740999 TI - [Effect of the intravenous administration of homologous albumin on the lipolytic enzyme activity of rabbit blood plasma]. AB - Activity of main lipolytic enzymes of rabbit blood plasma, lipoprotein lipase (LPL) and liver tissue triglyceride lipase (L-TGL) as well as intensity of lipoprotein lipolysis in vivo, which was estimated by an increase of unesterified fatty acids in blood plasma, studied after intravenous administration of homologous albumin at a dose of 200 mg/kg of body mass. The data obtained suggest that albumin is involved in regulation of lipoprotein lipolysis due to activation of LPL, caused by asseption of unesterified fatty acids, which are liberated after hydrolysis of triglycerides. This effect was exhibited by albumin only under conditions of active stimulation of lipolytic reactions, it occurs after intravenous administration of heparin (100 IU/kg of body mass). Albumin did not activate lipoprotein lipolysis and lipolytic enzymes in intact animals. Activity of L-TGL in blood plasma was less distinctly subjected to the regulatory effect of albumin. PMID- 6741001 TI - [Tumor-like dystopia of the pancreas into the stomach (3 case reports)]. PMID- 6741002 TI - [A case of cervical hamartoma in a pregnant woman]. PMID- 6741003 TI - [Torpid course of recurrent ovarian cancer (2 cases)]. PMID- 6741004 TI - [Removal of a retroperitoneal tumor considered inoperable for 30 years]. PMID- 6741005 TI - [Individual prognosis in children with Hodgkin's disease]. AB - Clinical data on 248 cases of pediatric Hodgkin's disease treated at the Institute within 1967-1981 were evaluated. The study was concerned with criteria for establishing individual prognosis. The prognostic value of 11 factors related to the peculiarities of tumor and host was assessed after the method of Neuman Pearson. Such factors as stage and malignity of tumor, histological pattern, patient's age, the extent of lymph node involvement, size of conglomerates, status of mediastinal lymph nodes, intoxication, anemia and lymphopenia were found to influence long-term prognosis. Correct prognosis was made in 84,7% of the study group and in 84,0% of controls. PMID- 6741006 TI - [The 5- and 10-year survival and long-term effects of radical radiotherapy in patients with stage I-III Hodgkin's disease]. AB - Radical radiation treatment was given to 152 patients suffering from stage I-III Hodgkin's disease in 1967-1977. Exposure was limited to the lymph collectors above the diaphragm in cases of stage I tumor. Exposure was extended to para aortal lymph nodes and spleen (or splenic base) in cases of stage II tumor. All three levels were irradiated in cases of stage III. Mean five-year survival rate in the entire group was 89% (stage I-93: IIA-92.8 and IIIA-82.3%); ten-year rate 66.6%. Recurrences were detected in 43.5%; 75% of them were identified within the first two years after radiation. Relapse was more frequent in cases of mixed cell pattern of tumor and lymphoid depletion. Radiation-induced injuries of varying degree were found in 28%, changes in the lungs and soft tissues were prevalent. A relationship between radiation injury frequency and the extent of exposure was established: radiation injury was observed in 4% of stage I cases and in 63% of patients with stage III tumor. Radiation-induced malignancies (breast cancer and fibrosarcoma of ilioinguinal soft tissues) were found in two cases out of 152 at different periods of the study. PMID- 6741007 TI - [Growth rate as one of the characteristics of peripheral lung cancer]. AB - A correlation between the rate of growth of peripheral cancer of the lung and patient's age was established by a study involving 262 cases. The duration of tumor presence in the body appeared to be a factor influencing the process of tumor dissemination to regional lymph nodes. An analysis of the long-term results of surgical treatment of 127 patients yielded a significant correlation between the time of doubling of tumor size and survival within the first two years after operation. At later stages, survival rates tended to rise in patients with slowly growing tumors, with the exception of those with the tumor doubling time under 20 days and a bad prognosis. PMID- 6741008 TI - [Thermography in the combined diagnosis of minimal breast cancer]. AB - A group including 65 patients with minimal form of breast cancer (less than 1 cm in dia) was used in a study on the scope of application of thermographic procedures for diagnosis. Correct preoperative diagnosis of cancer was established on the basis of thermographs in 40 out of 65 cases (61.5%), clinical data--53 out of 65 cases (81.5%) and mammographs--in 23 out of 39 cases (59.0%). Application of these diagnostic procedures yielded false negative predictions in 2 cases (5.1%) only. Thermographs showed minimal cancers of the breast chiefly as chaotic vascularization in 60%. The frequency of identification of pathologic alterations by means of thermography is determined by the size of tumor focus, presence of regional metastases and malignity of tumor process. Since thermography appeared to provide a sufficiently reliable means for identification of minimal cancers of the breast, this procedure should be recommended for use in mass screenings. PMID- 6741009 TI - [Variants of the morphogenesis of breast cancer]. AB - The results obtained by electron microscopy and information analysis showed microfocal aggregates of uniform poorly--differentiated round dark cells in breast tissue to be an evidence of a specific, border-line condition conducive to abrupt development of either mastopathy or cancer. PMID- 6741010 TI - [Characteristic features of the diagnosis and clinical course of malignant rectal melanoma]. AB - The paper discusses the results of an analysis of clinical data on 47 in patients with rectal malignant melanoma. Unsatisfactory results of treatment were largely due to erroneous interpretation of morphological features of pigmented lesions in the rectum, preclinical misdiagnosis and inadequate treatment. Long-term results of the treatment will remain unsatisfactory unless early diagnosis and timely surgical intervention involving abdomino-perineal extirpation (electrosurgery are provided). PMID- 6741011 TI - [Thermo-radiotherapy in local rectal cancer]. AB - The results of preoperative radiation therapy with a cumulative focal dose of 40 Gy were compared in 2 groups of patients suffering from local rectal cancer. 74 patients of the first group received radiation therapy without any additive treatment. 36 patients of the second group before several treatments of radiation therapy received local 915 MHz electromagnetic hyperthermia in the range of 42 to 43.5 degrees C for 1 hour. The patients were operated on 4-6 weeks later. In the second group, full regression was observed in 7 cases. Radical surgery was performed in 15 patients (20.3%) of the first group and 17 patients (47.2%) of the second group. The nature and incidence of postoperative complications in both groups didn't differ significantly. In 4 out of 17 surgical patients of the second group, histologic examination of the resected material failed to detect any tumor elements; the remaining cases revealed deep dystrophic changes. PMID- 6741012 TI - [The effect of alcohol on DMNA synthesis from its precursors in vivo and in vitro]. AB - The study was concerned with a comparison of the effects of ethanol on N nitrosodimethylamine (NDMA) synthesis from amidopyrine and sodium nitrite in rat stomach and on the same synthesis from dimethylamine (DMA) and sodium nitrite involving a 30-min incubation of their mixture at 37 degrees C in acid medium. Alcohol was found to inhibit DMA nitrosation thus lowering the yield of NDMA both in rat stomach and in a medium containing human gastric juice or glycine hydrochloride buffer (pH = 3.4). PMID- 6741013 TI - [Nutritional characteristics of an unorganized population of men of productive age and their relation to the prevalence of ischemic heart disease]. AB - The authors studied the nutrition pattern of the unorganized male population aged 30-59 (n = 528). A correlation was found between excess consumption of fat, saturated fatty acids, cholesterol, sugar, deficiency in the diet of polyunsaturated fatty acids and vitamin C to the coronary heart disease prevalence. PMID- 6741014 TI - [Dietary intake and urinary excretion of various mineral substances in patients with hypertension and ischemic heart disease]. AB - A total of 150 inpatients were examined for the content of mineral substances (sodium, potassium, calcium, magnesium) in the blood, daily diet and daily urine. In normal subjects, intake of liquid and the elements was found to slightly exceed their excretion with urine. In patients with stage IIA essential hypertension and circulatory failure, stage I-II, the excretion of the elements exceeded their intake, which was likely to be associated with intake of diuretics. In patients with coronary heart disease, potassium was eliminated in a greater amount and calcium in a less amount as compared with the amounts supplied with the diet. The most demonstrable retention of sodium was recorded in patients with stage III essential hypertension. These patients showed a certain elevation of sodium concentration and potassium lessening in red cells. In making up the diets for patients, it is desirable to consider the pattern of changes in the ratio of the amount of mineral substances supplied with food and excreted with urine, plasma and red cell concentrations of sodium and potassium (which are mainly excreted by the kidneys), as well as those of calcium and magnesium, but with a certain reservation, since the latter ones are excreted from the body via the gastrointestinal tract. PMID- 6741015 TI - [Nitrogen metabolism in elderly persons on a low-calorie diet]. AB - The clinical trials covered 9 men aged 58-73 years with daily energy losses of 2200-2350 kcal and given for 10 days the diet (1128 kcal/day) containing different food ingredients. A study was made of the main parameters of nitrogenous metabolism. During the time of being kept on a low-caloric diet, the test subjects lost 2.1 kg body mass. Excretion of total nitrogen dropped 34%, urea 57%. Excretion of creatinine appreciably rose (208% of the initial). The calculation of nitrogenous balance demonstrated protein deficiency to be equal to 209 g during experiments. The concentration of free amino acids in blood plasma decreased: that of replaceable by 29.5%, that of essential ones by 37.6%. It is assumed that the tension of body metabolism affected protein synthesis, whereas the protein quota in the diet did not appear sufficient for elderly subjects. PMID- 6741016 TI - [Exocrine function of the pancreas in children]. AB - Thirty-three children were followed up. There were 14 girls and 7 boys with constitutional-exogenous obesity and 12 normal children. To study proteolytic function of the pancreas, the activity of trypsin was determined by the Erlanger method modified by V.A. Shaternikov and that of its inhibitor in the blood serum by the Haverback et al. method modified by V.A. Shaternikov . Activation of trypsin and its inhibitor, depending on the degree of obesity was discovered. Activation of trypsin inhibitor points to the preservation of the compensatory possibilities of the pancreas in children with constitutional-exogenous obesity. Therefore, it is desirable that a complex of different measures should include wise dietetics promoting the normalization of disturbed processes in pathology under consideration. PMID- 6741017 TI - [Vitamin status of diamond cutters]. AB - Workers engaged in industrial treatment of diamonds manifested deficient supply of ascorbic acid, thiamine, riboflavin, pyridoxine and niacin in spring and autumn. This was ascertained on the basis of studying actual nutrition and specific indicators of the content of vitamins or their catabolites in the urine and blood and determination of metabolic functions of some vitamin-dependent enzymes. PMID- 6741018 TI - [Principles and methods of hygienic evaluation of new protein products]. AB - Modern approaches to the study of the quality of new protein products are reviewed. It is suggested that the food value of the products (organoleptic properties, the composition of nutrients, biological value) and their safety for the animal body should be examined. A possible chronic toxic and sensitizing action of new protein products, their effects on reproductive function, and mutagenic and cancerogenic action were studied in animal experiments. PMID- 6741020 TI - [Glycopeptide obtained from k-casein and its effect on protein assimilation]. AB - The products of restricted proteolysis of kappa-casein were separated by gel filtration. Intravenous injection of high- and low-molecular fractions substantially reduced the pentagastrin-stimulated acid secretion in the anesthetized rat stomach. Intermediate fractions had lesser physiological activity. One of the active fractions administered intraintestinally inhibited acid secretion and reduced the pentagastrin-stimulated secretion in rat weanling isolated stomach. All the active fractions inhibited the stimulated secretion in rats with a ligated vagus. It is concluded that the nervous system does not play a crucial role in the mechanism by which gastric acid secretion is inhibited by the products of restricted proteolysis of kappa-casein. Decreasing acid secretion in the stomach, glycopeptide provides for the conditions favouring the efficacy of protein utilization at an early age. It is suggested that the effect of glycopeptide obtained from kappa-casein on the process of assimilation is mediated via peptide hormones. PMID- 6741019 TI - [Effect of diets containing plant protein on liver mono-oxygenase activity in rats]. AB - Male Wistar rats kept for 30 days on the diet containing vegetative (wheat) protein demonstrate an increase in cytochrome P-450 concentration in liver microsomes and an increase in the rate of amidopyrine N-demethylation and aniline p-hydroxylation. Administration of phenobarbital leads to cytochrome P-450 induction and activation of monooxygenase of rat liver microsomes, the quality of food protein not affecting cytochrome induction. It is assumed that high content of cytochrome P-450 is linked with prolongation of the time of cytochrome P-450 renewal at the expense of the decreased constant of its protein part degradation or with activation of cytochrome synthesis de novo (based on the preliminary data). PMID- 6741021 TI - [Effect of food with a high content of sunflower oil on the structure of vascular wall of rats on a low-protein diet]. AB - It has been shown in experiments on rats fed a low-protein diet (5% according to the caloric value) that sunflower oil introduced into the diet in a high amount (50% according to the caloric value) does not exert any protective effect on the wall of the blood vessels (aorta, coronary and intrarenal arteries). The animals develop moderately marked morphological alterations similar to those seen in feeding a low-protein diet with high butter content. These alterations can be described as follows: the elastic fibers of the intima and media lose the tinctorial properties and elasticity; they swell and branch in some places; the destruction sites demonstrate the clusters of neutral and acid mucopolysaccharides. PMID- 6741022 TI - [Hygienic evaluation of the meat of pigs given a feed concentrate prepared from overflow active sludge]. AB - The authors studied the chemical composition of the meat of pigs given the diet containing a feed concentrate obtained from excess active sludge and the effects on the laboratory animals of such meat fed for a year. As compared to the accepted standards, the meat of pigs given the feed concentrate showed high cadmium content in the kidneys and high lead content in the liver and muscles. Starting from the 6th month of being kept on the meat of experimental pigs, the rats demonstrated an appreciable increase in the count of peripheral blood reticulocytes which remained almost unchanged to the end of experiments. The data obtained indicate that excess trace elements including heavy metals contained by active sludge from the purification works of the city of Kiev interfere with its use on a large scale as a feed additive. PMID- 6741023 TI - [Determination of epsilon-caprolactam in food media by thin-layer chromatography]. AB - The method for thin-layer chromatography has been developed for determination of epsilon-caprolactam in food media: fats, dry products. The method sensitivity is 0.01 mg/kg (mg/1) for fats and 0,005 mg/kg for dry products. The method error is 20%. epsilon-Caprolactam was extracted from fats by water, from dry products by ethyl alcohol. The extracts were evaporated and chromatographed in a thin layer of silica gel. epsilon-Caprolactam was determined on the plates from the spot area. The method was used for hygienic evaluation of polyamide-6 film intended for packing fats and dry products. PMID- 6741024 TI - [Objective evaluation of the aroma and taste of Bulgarian sour milk]. AB - The purpose of the study was to discover the correlation between a subjective organoleptic evaluation of the samples of Bulgarian sour milk and the results of microbiological assays of the amount of and correlations among lactic bacteria, of yeast, and other foreign microflora. A total of 135 samples of milk supplied by different milk factories for tasting were examined. The mean arithmetic value of the percentage of S. thermophilus was found to be different for the samples of sour milk classified with different groups according to the aroma and taste. The data obtained were treated by the passive experimental-statistical method with the use of the REGR program for multiple regression analysis. Based on the theoretical conceptions several experimental models were suggested. The mathematical-statistical treatment allowed the most significant model to be selected for practical use. Control of the adequacy of the suggested models has shown that the model selected may be used for the characteristics of the aroma and taste of Bulgarian sour milk, enabling the tasters to objectively confirm the results of their assessment. PMID- 6741025 TI - [Preservation of ascorbic acid in vitaminized milk]. PMID- 6741026 TI - [Stability of the fat component of new type mayonnaises: mayonnaise pastes with vegetables and Crambe during preservation]. PMID- 6741027 TI - [Improving the qualifications of the personnel of medico-epidemiological services with regard to food hygiene]. PMID- 6741028 TI - [WHO activities in the field of prevention and control of molluscan shellfish poisoning]. PMID- 6741029 TI - Thermal stability of human albumin measured by differential scanning calorimetry. II. Effects of isomers of N-acetyltryptophanate and tryptophanate, pH, reheating, and dimerization. AB - Thermal stability of undefatted human albumin preparations at 5% concentration and neutral pH in 145 mM Na+ was investigated by differential scanning calorimetry. At 30 and 4 mM N-acetyltryptophanate, the thermogram for previously unheated albumin monomer is independent of the stereochemistry of this ligand; thus, the affinity of the protein must be the same for the L- and D-isomers in the temperature range of thermal denaturation (62-86 degrees C). 26 mM L tryptophanate bestows a slight increase in stability on previously unheated monomer, whereas 27 mM D-tryptophanate has no effect, a result consistent with the reported weaker binding of the D-isomer. Previously unheated albumin monomer shows slightly greater thermal stability at pH 6.4 than at pH 7.4. The tracing of differential heat capacity versus temperature (thermogram) for monomer from once heated albumin, i.e. once processed and once heated normal serum albumin (NSA), is almost identical to that for previously unheated monomer. Monomer prepared from outdated, multiply reprocessed, multiply reheated NSA (old monomer) had the same corresponding denaturation temperatures as previously unheated monomer; the corresponding dimer (old dimer) is slightly less stable. Thermograms for old monomer and old dimer, like those for previously unheated monomer, comprise two denaturation peaks (endotherms). Their endotherms, however, are very broad, reflecting the great heterogeneity of the old proteins. The thermogram for old monomer remains broad even in the presence of N-acetyltryptophanate and/or caprylate. Old dimer does not dissociate when undergoing thermal denaturation. PMID- 6741030 TI - Stabilization of human albumin by caprylate and acetyltryptophanate. AB - The thermal stabilization of human albumin by caprylate (CA) and acetyltryptophanate (AT) was studied by monitoring the formation of albumin polymer (defined as species larger than dimer) on the basis of its molecular size as well as its characteristic migration as alpha-globulin. Heating 5% protein solutions of purified albumin monomer, cohn fraction V, and fraction IV-4 + V at 60 degrees C in 0.1 M sodium phosphate or 145 mM sodium chloride, pH 7.0, established the following order of stabilizer effectiveness: 4 mM CA + 4 mM AT approximately 4 mM CA greater than 8 mM AT greater than or equal to 2 mM CA greater than 4 mM AT. However, albumin was more thermally stable in the chloride medium. Raising the CA concentration above 4 mM provided little additional stabilization. The D- and L-enantiomers of AT were equally effective, but 16 mM AT was needed to equal the effect of 4 mM CA. L-Tryptophanate exerted only slight stabilization, even at 32 mM; D-tryptophanate was even less effective. The albumin polymer level increased progressively with time at 60 degrees C in 2 mM CA or 4 mM AT, whereas in 4 mM CA it reached a plateau in 4-6 h. Acetone drying of albumin-rich fractions was shown to remove nearly all endogenous fatty acid, rendering the protein thermally labile unless sufficient exogenous stabilizer(s) was added. Even in the presence of 145 mM sodium chloride and 4 mM CA + 4 mM AT or 4 mM CA, the stabilizing effect of endogenous fatty acid was still detectable. PMID- 6741031 TI - Isolation of fibronectin under mild conditions. AB - Fibronectin was isolated from human blood plasma by affinity chromatography on immobilized Physiogel, a plasma expander made by chemical degradation of gelatin. Binding of fibronectin to Physiogel is weaker than to gelatin; elution could therefore be performed under rather mild conditions: at pH 6.5 and 30 degrees C. Loading of the sample at low temperature increases the capacity of the affinity column. PMID- 6741032 TI - Fluctuating levels of serum IgA in individuals with selective IgA deficiency. AB - Monitoring of donors with selective IgA deficiency, i.e., with less than 0.5 mg IgA/l, led to the observation that serum IgA levels wer not constant. Small but significant fluctuations in IgA levels were noted (coefficient of variance: 143%) which were greater than the variability inherent in the testing methodology (coefficient of variance: 10%). These fluctuations created difficulties in terms of defining IgA-deficient blood products and had implications with respect to the mechanisms involved in IgA deficiency. With respect to supplying IgA-deficient blood products, in our experience a cutoff level of 0.5 mg/l should be the maximum permissible IgA concentration in order to ensure that no adverse reactions occur in individuals with class-specific anti-IgA. PMID- 6741033 TI - Malaria-induced immune thrombocytopenia. AB - On return from Liberia, a previously healthy 36-year-old man showed signs of malaria accompanied by severe haemolysis and slight thrombocytopenia. We found evidence of a platelet-associated IgG being responsible for the thrombocytopenia, inasmuch as the direct platelet suspension immunofluorescence test was strongly positive, the indirect immunofluorescence test and tests for drug-dependent antibodies at the same time being negative. We suggest that autoimmunity may be a contributing mechanism for platelet destruction in acute malaria. PMID- 6741034 TI - Thermal stability of human albumin measured by differential scanning calorimetry. I. Effects of caprylate and N-acetyltryptophanate. AB - The thermal stability of 5% previously unheated, undefatted human albumin monomer in 145 mM Na+, pH 7.0 was investigated by differential scanning calorimetry (DSC) as a function of added caprylate and/or N-acetyl-DL-tryptophanate. Caprylate was substantially more effective than N-acetyl-DL-tryptophanate in protecting the protein against thermal denaturation at a given level or at a saturating level of stabilizer. The tracing of the differential heat capacity versus temperature (thermogram) for this undefatted monomer that contained 1.5 mol endogenous, long chain fatty acid (LCFA)/mol monomer exhibits two denaturation peaks (endotherms) in the absence of stabilizer. The endotherm with the lower denaturation temperature (Td) comprises 70% of the total heat of denaturation and also corresponds to irreversible denaturation and precipitation of 70% of the albumin. This endotherm is associated with more thermally labile protein species containing low levels of LCFA. The endotherm with the higher Td is associated with more stable protein species containing high levels of LCFA. Thus, the two endotherms are not related to the proposed domain structure of the protein but result from an uneven LCFA distribution that is due to preexisting heterogeneity in the albumin and/or heterogeneity that arises during the DSC experiment. Binding data do not support a preexisting uneven distribution of sufficient magnitude to explain the experimental results. A complementary explanation is that an uneven fatty acid distribution arises during the DSC experiment by migration of LCFA from the more labile species to the more stable as the former unfold; such migration would cause further stabilization of the latter. PMID- 6741035 TI - Quantitation of IgG on Erythrocytes: correlation of number of IgG molecules per cell with the strength of the direct and indirect antiglobulin tests. AB - The number of IgG molecules bound to the erythrocyte surface for a given agglutination score in the antiglobulin test was studied with several different examples of anti-D, anti-E, anti-c, anti-Kell, anti-Fya, anti-Jka and immune anti A antisera. The serological scores show a significant correlation with the mean values for bound IgG molecules within a restricted range, although the number bound for a given score may vary by up to 20%. The limit of detection was 100-120 IgG molecules per cell and when over 1,000 were bound, the cells were completely agglutinated. Anti-Kell bound under low ionic strength saline conditions required a greater number of molecules for a given agglutination strength. The relatively low levels of bound IgG necessary to give strong agglutination make the direct antiglobulin test (DAT) less valuable for following the progress of auto-immune haemolytic anaemia (AIHA) than a quantitative test. The latter test does not, however, provide any additional information in AIHA cases with a negative DAT as in these the anaemia does not appear to be due simply to the number of bound IgG molecules. Detection of certain antibodies may not be achieved simply by increasing the sensitivity of the antiglobulin test when correctly performed. PMID- 6741037 TI - [Scientific information potential as a factor in improving the quality of medical care for the population]. PMID- 6741036 TI - Red-cell auto-antibodies mimicking anti-Fyb specificity. AB - An antibody is described, produced by an Fy(a+b-) woman that at first reacted with her own cells, preferentially with Fy(b+) cells but not with Fy(a-b-) cells. Later, pure anti-Fyb specificity occurred. Elution and absorption studies revealed that the antibody recognized a determinant absent from Fy(a-b-) cells but present on Fy(a+b-) and Fy(a-b+) cells, much more strongly, however, on the latter, and that it was an autoantibody. PMID- 6741038 TI - [Problems in the early diagnosis of sensitization to hexavalent chromium]. PMID- 6741039 TI - [Structural changes in the cardiovascular system in exposure to the epoxy resin diluent UP-616]. PMID- 6741040 TI - [Circulation of the markers of the hepatitis B virus in different clinical forms of the disease]. PMID- 6741041 TI - [Clinico-epidemiological analysis of leptospirosis in various regions]. PMID- 6741042 TI - [Diagnosis of acute viral hepatitis in chronic lesions of the liver]. PMID- 6741043 TI - [Adrenal function in rheumatoid arthritis]. PMID- 6741044 TI - [Functional interrelations of the heart ventricles in different types of overload]. PMID- 6741045 TI - [Coronary vessel function in ischemic heart disease patients based on coronary radiographic data]. PMID- 6741046 TI - [Use of adelphan-esidrex with hypertension patients]. PMID- 6741048 TI - [Types of hemodynamic disorder in the acute period of a stroke]. PMID- 6741047 TI - [Rheographic studies in the differential diagnosis of myocarditis and neurocirculatory dystonia]. PMID- 6741049 TI - [Measures for the early detection of lung diseases in the rural population]. PMID- 6741050 TI - [Characteristics of pharmacokinetics during aging and its correction]. PMID- 6741051 TI - [Comparative characteristics of the flow-volume loop and other indices of external respiratory function in patients with obstructive bronchial diseases during magnetophore therapy]. PMID- 6741052 TI - [Concomitant jaundice in croupous pneumonia]. PMID- 6741053 TI - [Frequency and nature of bronchial changes based on data from a provincial tuberculosis dispensary]. PMID- 6741054 TI - [Case of diagnosis of uncomplicated lung infarct]. PMID- 6741055 TI - [Hemorrhagic pulmonary-renal syndrome]. PMID- 6741056 TI - [Kidney function and hemodynamics in reflex and paralytic neurogenic bladder]. PMID- 6741057 TI - [Sympathetic-adrenal function in peptic ulcer]. PMID- 6741058 TI - [Diagnostic value of indices of gastric acid-producing function in peptic ulcer patients during exacerbation and remission]. PMID- 6741059 TI - [Enterosorption in treating diabetes mellitus patients]. PMID- 6741060 TI - [Use of sodium oxybutyrate in treating trigeminal neuralgia]. PMID- 6741061 TI - [Experience with single-dose sombrevin anesthesia in outpatient dental practice]. PMID- 6741062 TI - [Immune reactions in women as affected by industrial factors]. PMID- 6741063 TI - [Use of the information potential of a branch to increase the effectiveness of the work of practical public health institutions]. PMID- 6741064 TI - [Typology of suicidal behavior in the clinical picture of the principal forms of mental disorders]. PMID- 6741065 TI - [Case of observation of the course of chronic arachnoencephalitis]. PMID- 6741066 TI - [Neurologic disorders in idiopathic scoliosis]. PMID- 6741067 TI - [Use of a steady magnetic field to treat radiculitis]. PMID- 6741068 TI - [Experience with the use of atropine-coma therapy]. PMID- 6741069 TI - [Features of pathologic processes developing in non-ferrous metal welders]. PMID- 6741070 TI - [Effect of lead acetate on systemic arterial pressure and ECG indices]. PMID- 6741071 TI - [Use of hyperbaric oxygenation the treatment of Lyell's syndrome]. PMID- 6741072 TI - [Effect of baculoviruses on the health of workers involved in the production of viral insecticides]. PMID- 6741073 TI - [Use of thermography to diagnose chronic pancreatitis]. PMID- 6741074 TI - [Changes in histamine metabolism during treatment of hepatitis B patients with splenin]. PMID- 6741075 TI - [Age and regional blood flow in the mucosa of the stomach and duodenum]. PMID- 6741076 TI - [Level of gastrin in the blood of patients with duodenal ulcers before and after organ-sparing surgery]. PMID- 6741077 TI - [Basal levels of gastrin in the blood in diseases of the stomach and duodenum]. PMID- 6741078 TI - [Incidence of postoperative complications in different forms of cholecystitis]. PMID- 6741079 TI - [Efficacy of magnetotherapy in inflammatory diseases of the distal portion of the small intestine]. PMID- 6741080 TI - [Case of acute intermittent porphyria]. PMID- 6741081 TI - [Morphologic changes in the large intestine after selective vagotomy]. PMID- 6741082 TI - [Functional status of the liver in multiple sclerosis patients]. PMID- 6741083 TI - [Lipoid necrobiosis in diabetes mellitus patients]. PMID- 6741084 TI - [Status of the glucocorticoid function of the adrenal cortex in diabetes mellitus complicated by chronic pyelonephritis]. PMID- 6741085 TI - [Prevention and treatment of amyloidosis in patients with chronic inflammatory diseases of the lungs]. PMID- 6741086 TI - [The middle lobe syndrome]. PMID- 6741087 TI - [Nitroblue-tetrazolium test in evaluating the functional activity of smokers' neutrophils]. PMID- 6741088 TI - [Hamman-Rich syndrome]. PMID- 6741089 TI - [Drug-induced hepatitis in pulmonary tuberculosis patients]. PMID- 6741090 TI - [Newly diagnosed cases of pulmonary tuberculosis as a phthisiopulmonologic problem]. PMID- 6741091 TI - [Post-infarct rupture of the interventricular septum of the heart]. PMID- 6741092 TI - [Development of a true aneurysm of the aorta with anomalous origin of the femoral arteries]. PMID- 6741093 TI - [The phasic syndrome of hypodynamic of the left ventricle of the heart in pregnant women]. PMID- 6741094 TI - [Primary sarcoma of the left ventricle of the heart under the guise of pneumonia]. PMID- 6741095 TI - [Indices of bulbar microcirculation and bicycle ergometry in patients with ischemic heart disease and neurocirculatory dystonia]. PMID- 6741096 TI - [Functional status of the myocardium in patients with ischemic heart disease according to the results of coronaroventriculography]. PMID- 6741097 TI - [Indices of the immune reactivity of patients with ischemic heart disease]. PMID- 6741098 TI - [Probability of developing ischemic heart disease between the ages of 50-89 years old according to the results of longitudinal observation]. PMID- 6741099 TI - [Experience with differentiated rehabilitative treatment of chronic pancreatitis patients in a polyclinic]. PMID- 6741100 TI - [Features of the course of acute myocardial infarction and platelet hemostasis of patients in different age groups]. PMID- 6741101 TI - [Features of the course of strokes associated with craniocerebral injuries in late middle age]. PMID- 6741102 TI - [State of urodynamics and renal function in patients with sclerosis of the prostate]. PMID- 6741103 TI - [Rheoencephalographic changes in mental patients with depressive states]. PMID- 6741105 TI - [Cytochemical study of glycogen and peroxidase in acute and chronic exacerbated cholecystitis uncomplicated and complicated by cholelithiasis]. AB - Glycogen content and peroxidase activity in 101 patients with acute, chronic exacerbated cholecystitis and noncomplicated cholelithiasis were investigated. An increase of the indices was established in case of inflammatory diseases of gallbladder and biliary ducts, being parallel to the severity of the pathological process. The values were normalized with the successful treatment. No essential deviations from the normal values were found in the non-complicated cholelithiasis. PMID- 6741104 TI - [Cytochemical study of glycogen in the leukocytes in viral hepatitis]. AB - Glycogen in 70 patients with viral hepatitis was cytochemically established. Its content proved to be increased, not directly associated with the severity of the disease. The corticoid treatment applied had no essential effect on glycogen content. PMID- 6741106 TI - [Cardiological problems in pheochromocytoma patients]. AB - The course of the disease of six cases with pheochromocytoma was analyzed in patients, aged from 19 to 65, with manifestations mainly of the cardiovascular system. The diagnosis was verified in five of them at necropsy and in one of them -intraoperatively. The arterial hypertension accompanied by distinct vegetative symptomatics were the basic clinical signs and in some of the cases--disturbances in the carbohydrate metabolism. In four patients the arterial hypertension was permanent, in two of them--with paroxysmal elevation opresf blood pressure. In the other two--with hypertonic crises on the background normal blood pressure. The duration of the hypertension--from a single hypertonic crisis during pheochromocytoma attack, had a lethal end, till the fifth year. In three of the patients rhythm disorders (supraventricular tachycardia or tachyarrhythmia) originated in a pheochromocytoma paroxysm and in three--acute left ventricular insufficiency (gallop rhythm, pulmonary edema). The clinical picture resembles heart defect, myocardial infarction with congestive cardiac insufficiency and rhythm disorders, renal insufficiency with symptomatic arterial hypertension and decompensated hypertonic heart, epilepsy, coggagenosis . The authors admit that the development of acute left ventricular failure in hypertonic patients, that could hardly be explained only by the increase of the heart afterloading (in advanced age, not enlarged and no data about grve heart lesions) or the origination of severe rhythm disorders, not coped by the modern antirhythm agents, are signs, indicating, the existence of pheochromocytoma. The catecholamine affection of myocardium, that was found in three of the deceased patients, very likely, contributes to the origination of left ventricular failure. PMID- 6741107 TI - [Recurrent infarct in a young female diabetic]. AB - A case with repeated myocardial infarction is reported in a 23-year old female diabetic, established at necropsy and not diagnosed while still living. The infarctions had been painless and their electrocardiographic manifestation had not been definite. Generalized atherosclerosis with coronary sclerosis was pathologoanatomically established, with no obturating thrombus in the magistral vessels. Diffuse microangiopathic changes, in myocardium including, were present. The pathogenetic possibilities, associated with the characteristics of the clinical picture were discussed. PMID- 6741108 TI - [Seckel's syndrome (bird-headed microsoma)]. PMID- 6741110 TI - [Contrainsular hormones and diabetic microangiopathy]. PMID- 6741109 TI - [A case of tuberculous myocarditis and rupture of a dissecting aortic aneurysm and of the left coronary artery of the heart during surgery for an aortic heart defect]. AB - A rare case of tuberculous myocarditis, miliary type, in hematogenic-disseminated tuberculosis of lungs and liver is reported. Some morphological characteristics of tubercules in myocardium require a broad differential diagnosis with idiopathic granulomatous myocarditis, sarcoidosis, lues and brucellosis. Tuberculosis was in combination with isolated heart defect-- insufficiancy of aortic valve, hypertonic disease, atherosclerosis, dissecting aneurysm of ascending aorta and left coronary artery of the heart, complicated by a rupture during the cardiac operation. PMID- 6741111 TI - [Blood group affiliation of patients with duodenal ulcer]. AB - The blood groups of 766 patients with duodenal ulcer were studied. A significant association of the disease was established with blood group O (I), particularly emphasized in hereditary loaded patients. The carriedship of the indicated blood group increases (under the same other conditions) the risk of origination of duodenal ulcer with about 50 per cent. The belonging to blood group A (II), on the other hand, decreases that risk with approximately the same percentage. The rest blood groups from the system ABO (H) appear not to have an essential effect on ulcerogenesis in peptic ulcer of duodenum. PMID- 6741112 TI - [Determination of the plasma aluminum concentration of hemodialysis patients]. AB - Plasma aluminium concentration was followed up in 28 patients with chronic renal insufficiency, treated with hemodialysis in the course of four years. Increased value of plasma aluminium was established as compared with a control group of healthy subjects, not observing any clinical signs of dialysis dementia. Slight increase of plasma aluminium at the end of the dialysis, was observed when the dialysis solution was prepared with non-purified potable water. When purified water, by reverse osmosis, was used the plasma aluminium concentration of the patients was not changed during the dialysis (the differences observed were not statistically significant). That fact provided grounds the authors to admit that the reason for the plasma aluminium increase during dialysis was the aluminium found in the dialysis solution, which necessitates water meeting the standard requirements for the allowable aluminium content, to be used for the needs of hemodialysis. PMID- 6741114 TI - [Changes in the mitral echogram in ischemic heart disease]. AB - The patients with ischemic heart disease (IHD) have usually elevated end diastolic pressure (in the left ventricle (LVEDP). Such a change in LVEDP and to a certain extent the pathological ventricular contraction and the reduced compliance of the LV wall lead to definite pathological changes in the mitral echogram. The values, obtained by statistical-variation analysis, of the amplitudes and the velocity diastolic parameters of the mitral echogram in the group of the healthy subjects were compared with those of 60 patients with chronic IHD. A complex clinical-paraclinical study was carried out with the selected groups of healthy subjects and patients with IHD. It was established, that in patients with IHD without left ventricular insufficiency, EChO-C indices characterizing the mitral echogram, as well as EChO-C indices of the pump and contractile function of the left ventricle showed no value deviations from the norm. In the other two groups of patients with IHD the following was established; pathologically changed values of EChO-C indices reflecting the motion, amplitude and velocity parameters of the mitral echogram, more significantly manifested in patients with IHD with left ventricular insufficiency, II Stage. That EChO-C konstellation of the mitral echogram, correlates well with the increased end diastolic and systolic dimensions, left ventricular end diastolic pressure and left auricular systolic dimensions as well as with the reduced values of EChO-C indices of the pump and contractile function of the left ventricle: EF, FS (%), CFC, SV and MV. PMID- 6741113 TI - [Radiocardiographic evaluation of the hemodynamics in combined acquired heart defects]. AB - One hundred and twenty eight subjects were examined, 77 of them with acquired combined valvular defects, with an average age of 42,2 as well as 51 healthy subjects. Depending on the degree of cardiac insufficiency, the patients were grouped into three stages, I, II A and II B. The hemodynamics was studied by quantitative radiocardiography. Indices, characterizing the heart pump function, the intracardial transit time, pulmonary circulation, etc. were followed up. The data obtained from the follow up of more than 20 parameters reveal that insignificant hemodynamic disorders develop during the initial stage of compensation and subcompensation of the cardiovascular system. In case of cardiac insufficiency, stages II A and II B the values of cardiac output was markedly and progressively decreased, the intracardial transit times were prolonged, the values of pulmonary circulation and those of the peripheral hemodynamics were considerably increased. PMID- 6741115 TI - [Arrest of rhythmic disorders in an outpatient polyclinic]. AB - The material has been collected for two years and covers 48 case with paroxysm of supraventricular paroxysmal tachycardia (28), auricular fibrillation (4), ventricular tachycardia (2), group and polytopic ventricular extrasystoles (14), with organic heart diseases (30) and with non-organic heart diseases (18). The paroxysms were coped with isolanid , tachmalin and lidocain , sow intravenous infusion under constant ECG, auscultatory and hemodynamic control and monitors. The number of the successfully coped paroxysms is 43. It proved to be possible to interrupt the rhythm disturbances under the conditions of non-integrated polyclinic in case of properly equipped functional consulting room. In this way the problem of early and effective treatment of rhythm disturbances under polyclinical conditions is solved, hence--avoiding both the unnecessary hospitalization of part of those patients and the delay in the initiation of effective treatment of the other part of them. The early diagnosis and adequate therapeutic behaviour of the physician towards the patient at their first contact till the moment of their transportation and hospitalization proved to be of particular significance. The out-patient department interruption of rhythm disorders should very cautiously be performed, particularly in case of ventricular tachycardia and polytopic extrasystoles, that being only their initial treatment. PMID- 6741116 TI - [Basal blood level of thyrotropic hormone in diabetes mellitus patients]. AB - The basal blood level of the thyrotropic hormone (TTH) was radioimmunologically determined in 160 patients with diabetes mellitus. A significant increase of its average level was established versus that in the control group of healthy subjects. The changes found showed no dependence on sex, age, duration and type of disease, light deviations from the standard body weight and the differences in drug treatment. A light correlation was established between the thyrotropinemia and glycemia as well as an insignificant dynamics of the hormonal blood level after the compensation of the diabetes. The higher TTH level established in the patients without retinopathy requires further studies on the significance of that fact. PMID- 6741117 TI - [Effect of Zaditen in patients with atopic bronchial asthma at Sandanski health resort]. AB - Zaditen effect was studied in 20 patients with atopic bronchial asthma, aged from 16 to 48 (average age 34.2 years) with a duration of the disease from 1 to 18 years. The study was conducted in the Sandanski resort zone, characterized by exceptionally favourable bioclimatic constants for climate-treatment of patients with respiratory diseases. All patients, in an open experiment, received 1 mg Zaditen two times daily. The results obtained were with a positive effect in 90 per cent. Very good effect from the treatment was established in 80 per cent of the patients. The functional, biochemical, enzymatic and immunologic indices were favourably affected. Zaditen treatment, under the conditions of Sandanski resort, proved to be highly effective. PMID- 6741118 TI - Guidelines relating to international drug control treaties. PMID- 6741119 TI - Coronary heart disease in developing countries: the threat can be averted. PMID- 6741120 TI - Mycoplasma pneumoniae pneumonia. Experience at a referral center. AB - Mycoplasma pneumoniae pneumonia is usually a benign illness, and respiratory complications and extrapulmonary manifestations occur rarely. In this series, patients admitted to a referral hospital with this disorder had unusual symptoms, signs and findings on chest roentgenograms and laboratory studies. Pneumonia was often severe and extrapulmonary manifestations were frequent, resulting in prolonged hospital stays and illnesses. Although this extreme end of the spectrum of disease caused by M pneumoniae is not representative of this type of pneumonia as seen in outpatients, it is important to realize that patients admitted to hospital with severe, complicated pneumonia frequently have unusual manifestations of a common disease. PMID- 6741121 TI - Outpatient adult inguinal hernia repair. AB - Repair of adult inguinal hernia has been done on an outpatient basis at our surgical facility for the past six years. In 616 consecutive repairs, complications have been remarkably few: one patient was electively admitted to hospital, two hernias have recurred and one patient needed to be catheterized. Patient acceptance has been enthusiastic. PMID- 6741122 TI - Clinical detection of acute vestibulocerebellar disorders. AB - The acute onset of vertigo, nystagmus and postural instability, without brain stem signs, is commonly attributed to a disorder of the labyrinth, the vestibular, sensory end organ. Identical symptoms can occur, however, with discrete infarctions or hemorrhages involving the central vestibulocerebellum. Whereas acute labyrinthine disorders are usually benign and self-limited, vascular injuries of the cerebellum may produce swelling, compression of the brain stem and acute hydrocephalus one to four days after the onset of symptoms. Therefore it is important to accurately distinguish between labyrinthine and vestibulocerebellar disorders with the neurologic examination. Acute labyrinthine disease causes unidirectional nystagmus with past-pointing and falling in the opposite direction of the nystagmus, environmental vertigo in the same direction and suppression of the nystagmus with visual fixation. Disorders of the vestibulocerebellum do not produce this consistent pattern of findings. PMID- 6741124 TI - Lyme disease. PMID- 6741125 TI - Pneumococcal polysaccharide immunization. PMID- 6741123 TI - The design of rational combination chemotherapy for cancer. AB - These discussions are selected from the weekly staff conferences in the Department of Medicine, University of California, San Francisco. Taken from transcriptions, they are prepared by Drs Homer A. Boushey, Associate Professor of Medicine, and David G. Warnock, Associate Professor of Medicine, under the direction of Dr Lloyd H. Smith, Jr, Professor of Medicine and Chairman of the Department of Medicine. Requests for reprints should be sent to the Department of Medicine, University of California, San Francisco, School of Medicine, San Francisco, CA 94143. PMID- 6741126 TI - Growth hormone therapy. PMID- 6741127 TI - Prevention of hepatitis B in infants born to HBsAg-carrier mothers. PMID- 6741128 TI - Treatment of gastroesophageal reflux. PMID- 6741129 TI - Doppler echocardiography and evaluation of congenital heart disease. PMID- 6741130 TI - Monitoring for the sudden infant death syndrome. PMID- 6741131 TI - Management of congenital hypothyroidism. PMID- 6741132 TI - Q fever endocarditis. PMID- 6741133 TI - Elevated intramuscular pressure and rhabdomyolysis complicating streptococcal fasciitis. PMID- 6741134 TI - Enterococcal endocarditis following flexible sigmoidoscopy. PMID- 6741135 TI - Headache--diagnosis and effective management. PMID- 6741136 TI - Local perceptions of federal block grants. AB - We report the results of a survey of California county medical societies and county health officers on federal health block grants. Survey respondents agreed that the existing network of health services funded through the federal block grants and the current statelocal apparatus for providing these services are sound. Most respondents do not recommend major changes in the service system, and most support a strong state role in administering programs under the block grants. PMID- 6741137 TI - Health belief systems and the psychobiology of war. AB - Belief systems overlie powerful biological and psychological forces that are root causes of war. Much as in medicine where an appreciation of health belief systems is necessary in the control of illness and disease, so the paths to the control of war may lie in an understanding of belief systems and ways to circumvent them. Such understanding gives strong theoretical support to many time-honored but underutilized international initiative and educational ventures. The effort of the medical community to educate the public about biomedical aspects of nuclear war should gain more balance and sophistication with an appreciation of belief systems in the psychobiology of war. PMID- 6741138 TI - Death in the West--a regional analysis of the youthful suicide rate. AB - A remarkable increase of youthful suicides over the past few years has caused the death rate for 15- to 24-year-old adolescents and young adults to rise while there has been a reduction in mortality for all other age groups. To analyze the geographic pattern of this youthful suicide epidemic, a national interstate analysis was done for the years 1964 through 1978. Results indicate a broad regional effect with high ratings of youthful suicide concentrated in the western United States, especially among states of the intermountain region. Statistical analysis shows a strong inverse relationship between youthful suicide and population density. Previous research in this area has usually related high population density (overcrowding) to social and behavioral pathology. The present research indicates, however, that low population density (undercrowding) can also have adverse effects. These undercrowding effects may occur because of social isolation, limited social services and loneliness. PMID- 6741139 TI - [Occurrence of Naegleria fowleri in a free environment and biological properties of isolated strains]. PMID- 6741140 TI - [Effect of oral administration of adult male and female Nippostrongylus brasiliensis (Travassos, 1914) on the course of invasion of larvae L3 in rats]. PMID- 6741141 TI - [Effect of a fat diet of the host on the survival of Hymenolepis nana (von Siebold, 1852)]. PMID- 6741142 TI - [Control of flies in cattle houses with Larvadex administered with food]. PMID- 6741143 TI - [Blood lead content in the Viennese population (1982)]. AB - The lead content of blood was determined in 213 cases of sudden death (accident victims) in the population of Vienna. The determinations were carried out by atomic absorption spectrometry (graphite furnace), similarly as in the case of the previous investigation in 1972. The mean value was now 242 micrograms/l, as compared with 261 micrograms/l in 1972. The difference was not statistically significant. PMID- 6741144 TI - [Differential diagnosis of hypokalemia--Bartter's syndrome: clinical aspects and therapy]. AB - The case histories of 2 children with the typical characteristics of Bartter's syndrome are reported. The differential diagnosis from other forms of hypokalaemia, as well as pathophysiology and clinical manifestations of this syndrome are presented. The therapeutic effect of indomethacin, an inhibitor of prostaglandin synthesis, is discussed; side effects of this treatment are pointed out. PMID- 6741145 TI - [The PTFE plastic prosthesis as an arterial replacement: experiences over a 5 year period]. AB - Unilateral iliac femoral reconstructions with PTFE are yielding good results similar to those with Dacron, with patency rates of 75, 67, and 65% at 1, 2 and 3 years, respectively (Kaplan-Meier). PTFE has additional advantages compared with other materials: a) no need of preclotting; b) smooth inner surface-easy thrombectomy in case of thrombosis and c) good handling characteristics. In view of the above-mentioned facts PTFE can be recommended without restriction for unilateral pelvic reconstructions. The functional early results of bilateral aorto-femoral Goretex-Y bifurcation grafts in 50 cases after 2 years are encouraging. Long-term results are still pending. Reports of other groups using this material as aorto-bifemoral substitute are not yet available. The functional results with PTFE for femoro-popliteal grafts are not satisfactory: 35% after 2.5 years. Extra-anatomical bypasses yielded 70% one-year functioning rate. Especially the ring-or spiral-armoured PTFE grafts seem to be suitable for these reconstruction procedures. PMID- 6741146 TI - [Indications and results of gastric bypass in the treatment of extreme obesity]. AB - A report is presented on gastric bypass (n = 27) and gastroplasty (n = 2) in patients with morbid obesity. One patient died postoperatively (mortality 3.4%). Mean weight prior to operation was 129 kg (96 to 205 kg), i.e. 117% (63 to 253%) in excess of the ideal weight. During a follow-up period of 6 to 46 months, the mean loss of weight amounted to 38 kg (3 to 77 kg). 86% of the patients judged their condition as being very good to good. Diseases related to obesity were reduced to a remarkable degree: hypertension from 43 to 5%, hypertriglyceridaemia from 50 to 5% and diabetes mellitus from 52 to 13%. Two patients had to be reoperated on due to a peptic jejunal ulcer, five because of an incisional hernia. No patient suffered from diarrhoea, calculi of the biliary or urinary tract or electrolyte disorders. On the basis of these results gastric bypass would appear to be indicated for the treatment of obesity not amenable to conventional therapy. PMID- 6741147 TI - [Ultrasonics and computerized tomography in the diagnosis of large cavernous hemangiomas of the liver]. AB - Cavernous haemangiomas of the liver often pose problems in the differential diagnosis on ultrasound because of the complex echo pattern. Some typical features of their sonomorphology are exemplified by the data obtained in 4 patients. In combination with the almost pathognomonic delayed contrast enhancement on computed tomography, additional angiography seems to be no longer necessary for an accurate diagnosis in most cases. PMID- 6741148 TI - [Extracorporeal fertilization and embryo transfer: a medico-ethical topic?]. AB - In vitro fertilization and subsequent embryo transfer remains one of the most burning topical issues of medicine and medical ethics today. Like every individual ethical problem, extracorporeal fertilization initiated the question of the ethical and metaethical (anthropological) context of the origin of the problem and from which an answer may be forthcoming. The fact has to be taken into account that a uniform ethical culture is no longer possible on the grounds of the pluralism of creeds and world opinions. Ethically acceptable compromises have again and again to be looked for. However, the search for an ethical consensus of views runs the risk of being unable to keep pace with the dynamics of medical and technical progress. PMID- 6741149 TI - [Sonographic diagnosis of channel pelvis]. AB - This paper reports the findings in 22 primigravidae in whom Caesarian section was performed because of impaction of the head in mid-pelvis. 100 women who had normal deliveries served as controls. The routinely-determined external measurements of the pelvis were within the normal range in all women, whereas the distances between symphysis and the 3rd or 5th sacral vertebra were reduced in comparison with the conjugata externa in patients requiring Caesarian section. For an exact diagnosis ultrasound and X-ray pelvimetry was performed post sectionem. A reduced distance between the symphysis and the 3rd or 5th sacral vertebra was ascertained by both methods. Hence, a channel pelvis might be the main reason in these women for standstill in labour. The ultrasound and X-ray pelvimetry results were comparable. PMID- 6741151 TI - [Initial results of echographic staging in cervical cancer]. AB - Twenty women with invasive carcinoma of the cervix were investigated by means of rectal sonography. A radical Wertheim's operation was performed in all cases. Ultrasound investigation was more accurate than rectovaginal palpation. Comparison between ultrasound or rectovaginal palpation with the pathohistological findings confirm that ultrasound is factual while palpation still includes bias. However, it is not yet possible to differentiate between inflammatory and carcinomatous infiltration of the parametria. The size of carcinomas restricted to the cervix can be estimated by means of ultrasound. PMID- 6741150 TI - [The effect of calf blood dialysate on the excretion of estriol in placental insufficiency]. AB - The efficacy of a dialysate of calf blood in the treatment of chronic placental insufficiency is assessed using the urinary oestriol elimination as parameter. Compared with a control group, those cases receiving 2 times 250 ml protein-free dialysate of calf blood (Solcoseryl) in saline solution over 9 days showed a significant increase in the daily quantity of urinary oestriol elimination already from the second day of treatment onwards. Other conventional procedures in the medical treatment of placental insufficiency are discussed. Some of these are known to have secondary effects or must be regarded as invasive. PMID- 6741152 TI - [A 60-year-old patient with sialadenitis, pulmonary round foci and vulvar ulcer]. AB - The unusual case of a 60 year-old woman is discussed. She presented with sialadenitis, paresis of the facial nerve, keratoconjunctivitis and ulcus vulvae. Basic anamnestic information revealed primary enlargement of the submandibular gland, fever, otitis, sinusitis and a pulmonary tumour. The serum immunoglobulin E level was raised. In addition to the necrotic granulomas in the lungs, spleen and kidney, characteristic changes were found in the lymph nodes, liver, pancreas and colon. PMID- 6741153 TI - [Psychosocial dwarfism--a rare form of growth disorder]. AB - Psychosocial dwarfism is a syndrome caused by emotional deprivation (maternal deprivation), characterized by symptoms of delayed motor and intellectual development, abnormal eating and drinking habits, enuresis and encopresis, aggressiveness and a pathological family structure. Diagnosis of psychosocial dwarfism is easy if the case history is carefully elicited and the growth hormone level is determined within the first few days following change in environment (e.g. hospitalization). Difficulty in reaching the correct diagnosis or misdiagnosis can occur if the symptomatology is not studied in its entirety. Diagnosis at the earliest possible stage is very important for the further development of the child, since behavioural disturbances and growth retardation are reversible with environmental change. This is demonstrated by the presentation of the case history of a 6 year-old boy--the third case reported in the German literature. PMID- 6741154 TI - [Initial values and drug effects]. AB - Examples for the effects of drugs in the therapy of hypertension, bronchial asthma and hypercholesterolemia are given to illustrate and discuss the role of the initial value in drug therapy. PMID- 6741155 TI - [Gallbladder cancer with and without cholelithiasis--a comparative study of 19,167 autopsy records]. AB - An analysis of 19,167 autopsies revealed, as a conformity of gallbladder carcinomas with and without cholelithiasis a statistical proved preference of women in gallbladder carcinomas. The difference in the age and relative sex distribution of gallbladder carcinomas with and without concrements demonstrates the influence of cholelithiasis in gallbladder carcinomas. PMID- 6741156 TI - [Treatment of chronic obstructive respiratory disease with a new purified theophylline preparation in delayed-action form]. AB - The treatment of chronic obstructive respiratory diseases with sustained release theophylline is steadily gaining in importance. Body plethysmography is applied for evaluating the extent of bronchospasmolysis during therapy of a new sustained release formula. A traditional prolonged-action theophylline-ethylenediamine preparation was administered to obtain comparative data. The sustained release formula containing pure theophylline meets the standards of a modern theophylline therapy. The graduation of the film tablet allows individualized dosage without losing the sustained release action by slowly increasing the theophylline-serum level during a dosage interval of 12 hours. PMID- 6741157 TI - [Percutaneous implantation technic for a permanent venous access system to the superior vena cava]. AB - A percutaneous implantation technique for permanent transvenous drug delivery systems is described on 2 patients with malignant diseases who needed intravenous administration of cytostatics over many months and had "bad" peripheral veins. PMID- 6741158 TI - [Perspectives and programs in preventive medicine]. PMID- 6741159 TI - [Early mother-child relations and mental health. Psychological evaluation of events and their effects]. PMID- 6741160 TI - [Goiter surgery in endemic regions]. AB - From 1976 07 01 to 1981 06 30 we performed 882 operations of goiter. It seems to be essential, that the nodular goiter dominates respectively not decreases significantly in spite of iodized salt prophylaxis. An exact preoperative diagnosis and preparation decides about the postoperative success. The postoperative complications are described and analysed. Relating to the recurrence goitre prevention we execute a careful instruction to the GPs and to the patients. PMID- 6741161 TI - [Hypertension. Epidemiology and complications]. PMID- 6741162 TI - [Diagnosis of hypertension]. PMID- 6741163 TI - [Therapy of hypertension]. PMID- 6741164 TI - [Reserpine- pros and cons]. PMID- 6741165 TI - [Hypertension in adolescents and geriatric patients]. PMID- 6741166 TI - [Problems in the care of hypertensive patients]. PMID- 6741167 TI - [The hypertensive crisis]. PMID- 6741168 TI - [Modification of virulence and immunogenicity of Pasteurella multocida by iron in vitro]. AB - The virulence of Pasteurella multocida strains in experimental infections of mice has been shown to depend on the iron contents of the cultivation media. Frequent passages of bacteria on iron-deficient growth media result in drastic decrease of virulence. In the case of one strain also immunogenicity was lowered. The results with nutritional media differing in their iron contents show that iron probably exhibits a regulatory effect on the production of a not yet identified virulence. PMID- 6741169 TI - Isolation, purification and assay of the macerating enzyme produced by Penicillium oxalicum Curie and Thom. AB - Penicillium oxalicum produced two isozymes of polygalacturonase (PG) and a pectate lyase (PL). The enzymes were separated and purified following ammonium sulphate precipitation, ion exchange chromatography, ultrogel column chromatography and isoelectric focusing. The first isozyme of polygalacturonase (PGI) was rather unstable hence its properties could not be much assayed. PGII macerated and killed yam tissue in 4 hours but PL was unable to do so. Enzyme assay for the end-products of degradation of sodium polypectate and yam tissue showed that PGI was an exo-enzyme while PGII and PL were endo-enzymes. Endo polygalacturonase (PGII) appears to play the major role (as the macerating enzyme) in the pathogenesis of yam tissue infected by P. oxalicum. PMID- 6741170 TI - [Effect of metalaxyl on the synthesis of RNA, DNA and protein in Phytophthora nicotianae]. AB - Metalaxyl is used to control diseases caused by fungi of the order of the Perenosporales. We investigated the action of this fungicid eon nucleic acid and protein synthesis in liquid cultures of Phytophthora nicotianae. The uptake of 32P, 3H-uridine, 3H-thymidine and 14C-leucine as precursors of nuclei acid and protein synthesis by the mycelium was not inhibited by metalaxyl. RNA synthesis as indicated by 3H-uridine incorporation was strongly inhibited (about 80%) by 0.5 micrograms/ml of metalaxyl. The inhibition was visible already few minutes after addition of the toxicant. Since the inhibition of incorporation of 3H thymidine into DNA and of 14C-leucine into protein became significant 2-3 hours later, we conclude that metalaxyl primarily interfers with RNA synthesis. Synthesis of ribosomal RNA is more affected (more than 90%) than that of tRNA (about 55%) and poly(A)-containing RNA. Since in the presence of actinomycin, in contrast to metalaxyl, protein synthesis is inhibited immediately as a consequence of complete inhibition of RNA synthesis and of the short life-time of mRNA, it is also evident that mRNA synthesis is less strongly inhibited, at least during the early period of metalaxyl action. The molecular mechanism of metalaxyl inhibition of the transcription process remains open. The fungicide did not inhibit the activity of a partially purified RNA polymerase isolated from the fungus. On the other hand, the RNA synthesis (14C-UTP-incorporation) by a cell homogenate and by isolated nuclear fractions was inhibited significantly. Possibilities of the molecular action of metalaxyl are discussed. The RNA synthesis of some plant systems (cell cultures of Lycopersicon peruvianum, isolated nuclei from the same cell cultures, purified RNA polymerase from Spinacia oleracea chloroplasts) was not inhibited by metalaxyl, not even at high concentrations. PMID- 6741171 TI - [Retrospective evaluation of sarcoidosis patients 1970-1979 at the Bad Berka Central Clinic for Heart and Lung Diseases for the detection of possible heart involvement]. AB - Cardiac involvement in pulmonary sarcoidosis was found in a higher percentage than formerly reported, by careful observation. In a retrospective analysis of 1 236 patients with pulmonary sarcoidosis we found a possible cardiac involvement in 15.1%. In cases of pulmonary sarcoidosis or lymph node sarcoidosis combined with sarcoid lesions in other organs (liver, eyes, skin etc.) cardiac involvement is possible. Heart sarcoidosis was found in all roentgenographic stages and without sex difference. Patients with possible heart sarcoidosis suffer from dyspnoe , thoracical pain, heart discomfort, or angina pectoris in a higher part than without it. Enlargement of the heart and/or cardiac failure are signs of sarcoid involvement in patient with sarcoidosis, also in elderly patients. There are some difficulties in differential diagnosis of sarcoid cardiac involvement and ischaemic heart disease. PMID- 6741172 TI - [Functional differentiation of residual volume changes and problems of evaluation from the physiopathologic viewpoint]. AB - The ascertainment of the residual volume is a very important method for pulmonary emphysema diagnosis. But there are problems of estimation on the basis of this residual volume. The usual relation (RV/TLC) greater than 0,35 as measure for an emphysema will be considered critically. In this way functional relations will be given which allow a more secure emphysema diagnosis. They use as measure comparisons between RV and fit reference volumes, such as normal values of RV, VC or TLC. These equations make it possible to differentiate between structural and functional disturbances. PMID- 6741173 TI - [A new isotope technic for the determination of residual volume]. AB - A new isotope method for the determination of the residual volume of the lungs by means of stable, non-radioactive nitrogen isotope 15N is described. Normal air is breathed in a closed system. One part of the air nitrogen is replaced by 15N labelled molecular nitrogen. 15N2 physiologically acts like normal nitrogen so that the so-called secondary effects by using He or H2 are eliminated. By combination of a spirograph and an emission spectrometric 15N analyser the residual volume can be determined and mixing curves can be obtained. The determination of the residual volume in 10 healthy persons gives a range of normal values from 19 to 31% of the total capacity. In three persons with emphysema values from 45 to 50% of the total capacity are found. The analysis of mixing curves leads to additional informations concerning the intrapulmonary gas mixing conditions in the lungs. The relative error of the residual volume determination is about 8%. PMID- 6741174 TI - [Measurement of sputum viscosity with the Jenssen viscometer]. AB - The authors measured the viscosity of sputum with a Jenssen type capillary viscometer. The repeated assessment of the viscosity of the same sample of sputum showed that the results are reproducible and the instrument does not disrupt markedly the structure of the sputum. After measuring the viscosity of 35 patients with different types of pulmonary disease the authors state, in accordance with the data found in literature, that the measurement of the viscosity of sputum by itself cannot help in the differential diagnosis of pulmonary diseases. The authors suggest the determination of the Biochemical constituents of sputum to supplement the measurement of the viscosity of sputum. PMID- 6741175 TI - [Significance of mineral substances in interstitial lung diseases]. AB - Authors studied on 19 patients with interstitial pulmonary diseases bioptic material from the lungs gained with Hausser -needle especially for mineral components. With energy dispersive X-ray analysis (EDAX) in connection with electron microscopy exogen pigments were identified in every case. The pigment deposition proved to be the result of professional dust exposition. The inhaled dusts can be considered as etiologic factors if their source can be demonstrated unanimously, if other pathogens can be excluded and the characteristic tissue reactions can be demonstrated. PMID- 6741177 TI - [Surveillance of acute viral respiratory tract infections in Europe. (Report of a WHO symposium, Madrid, 2-6 June 1980)]. PMID- 6741176 TI - [Case reports on the problem of atypical roentgen pictures in lung tuberculosis]. AB - With four cases the authors are demonstrating radiographic findings showing that pulmonary tuberculosis has changed its pattern in the recent period. The reasons are analyzed by reviewing literature. Also in " nontypical " roentgenograms tuberculosis must be remembered. Even in future the x-ray picture will remain an important part of finding and identifying this disease, but bacteriological examinations by smear and culture are the essential parts of diagnosis. In cases of x-ray pictures apparently noncharacteristic intensive examinations by bronchological methods or percutaneous needle biopsy may become necessary. PMID- 6741178 TI - [Epidemiology of environmentally-induced diseases]. PMID- 6741179 TI - Inorganic chemical elements and cancer. PMID- 6741180 TI - [Classification of materials according to toxicologic criteria based on molecular structures]. PMID- 6741181 TI - [Toxicity and mode of action of practically significant fluorocarbons--prevention and therapy of poisoning]. PMID- 6741182 TI - [Diagnosis of lead-induced occupational nerve damage]. PMID- 6741183 TI - [Gas chromatographic determination of phenyl mercury compounds]. PMID- 6741185 TI - [Illnesses following consumption of communal provisions caused by mixed infection with proteus bacteria and their causes]. PMID- 6741184 TI - [Salmonella livingstone outbreak at a children's health resort]. PMID- 6741186 TI - [Methods of modern nutrition education]. PMID- 6741187 TI - [Simple practical suggestions for healthy nutrition]. PMID- 6741188 TI - [Infant and child mortality in an international comparison]. PMID- 6741189 TI - [Occupational motivation of coworkers in rehabilitation centers for the mentally handicapped]. PMID- 6741190 TI - [Prevention of health damage and disorders in students]. PMID- 6741191 TI - [Methodological viewpoints in the use of empirical study methods in medical research]. PMID- 6741192 TI - [Changes in heart and circulatory function following 4-weeks' endurance training]. AB - On 144 patients with an average age of 47.1 years who were admitted to a four week cure for heart and circulation the changed behaviour of heart and circulation at rest and under submaximal load by means of ergometry was assessed according to the variability of the pulse rate, the arterial blood pressure and the maximal volume of oxygen intake (VO2 max). A four-week training in perseverance run--performed according to several training impulses--effects a bradycardization, improvement in the patient's physical health (VO2 max) and a decrease of initially increased systolic and diastolic blood pressure values. A daily perseverance training of 60 min with intensities about 50% VO2 max is the most effective and also well applicable and dosable training impulse for older and less efficient persons during cure. The cardiac volume (size of the heart) does not show an ascertained change after cure. PMID- 6741193 TI - [Possibilities of early diagnosis of left-heart insufficiency in acute myocardial infarction]. AB - In 84 patients with an acute myocardial infarction clinical signs, measurement of the pressure of the pulmonary arteries and radiogramme of the thorax were used and compared for the estimation of the left heart insufficiency-particularly of an increase of a preload. The value of a standardized course series of radiogrammes of the thorax as a non-invasive investigation method in contrast to the invasive method of the pressure measurement of the pulmonary arteries was discussed. Advantages and disadvantages of the two methods were critically shown, since only in about 60% a correspondence was to be recognized. PMID- 6741194 TI - [Changes in physical endurance following a 3-months' exam period]. AB - The question was raised to what extent in the course of a three-month examination period as a time of increased psychic stress, depending upon the distinction of the personal peculiarity "fear of examinations" of the students, reductions of the physical efficiency develop. On the basis of the lactate efficiency curves a significant decrease in vitality after a three-month examination period was proved. The determination of the efficiency in the aerobic-anaerobic transitional zone renders possible an exact evidence, independent upon motivation. According to the results the formation of the curriculum has a determining influence on the physical efficiency, however, not the personal peculiarity "fear of examinations". PMID- 6741195 TI - [Multicenter study of the results of the extraction of transvenously implanted heart-pacemaker electrodes using continuous traction]. AB - The continuous traction of firmly grown-in collar electrodes from the right ventricle is a simple technique poor in complications with a high success rate, which can be recommended taking into consideration the indications in the failure of the immediate manual extraction and which can be performed in every centre for cardiac pacemakers. Apart from the consideration of adequate informations in literature this evidence above all depends on the evaluation of data of 29 cases from 10 centres for cardiac pacemakers. PMID- 6741196 TI - [Experimental phantoms for studying diagnostic and therapeutic procedures of the rectosigmoid and upper colon]. AB - The authors represent lifelike exercise models for the training without patient of diagnostic and therapeutic interventions in the rectosigmoid and in the colon. The two models are used for the practical training of the rectosigmoidoscopy with the rigid rectoscope and the coloscopy with the fibre-optical examination technique. In the excorporated animal rectum may be performed polypectomies by means of removal of the loop, exploratory excisions from the intestinal wall as well as electro-surgical and cryosurgical interventions. The experiences got up to now in training classes are described. PMID- 6741197 TI - [Management of diabetes during operative procedures]. AB - The described basic scheme for the peroperative care of patients with diabetes mellitus which was for many years successfully used proved to be very efficient and improves the interdisciplinary care. On the basis of a standardized infusion programme in which the carbohydrates are given in combination as glucose and sorbite in many type II diabetics administrations of insulin and tolbutmide may be avoided. Modern anaesthesia techniques have a sedative effect on the postaggression syndrome. The change to oral fluid and food supply takes place as early as possible with adequate good results and advantages also after abdominal interventions. The diabetic and postoperative metabolism have both a common disturbed utilization of glucose which lead to catabolism with increased gluconeogenesis and lipolysis and additionally evoke complications. The necessary therapeutic measures may also be used in other non-postoperative postaggression syndromes without presence of diabetes mellitus. It is particularly referred to the dangers of a too schematic approach. PMID- 6741198 TI - [Staphylogenic Lyell's syndrome in adults]. AB - In the staphylogenically caused Lyell-syndrome - in most cases a disease in childhood - toxins of Staphylococcus aureus lead to epidermolysis. It should always be treated with antibiotics resistant to penicillinase, in no case with corticosteroids. Therefore, the correct diagnosis must be made in time. This is possible by the different histological picture of the two forms. PMID- 6741200 TI - [4 weeks' administration of omeprazole: effect on acid behavior and basal hormone levels]. AB - We have assessed the effect of omeprazole (30 mg daily) on gastric acid secretion as well as on basal hormone levels (fasting gastrin; TSH, T3, T4, TBG; insulin, glucagon, C-peptide; prolactin, testosterone, 17-beta-oestradiol, dihydroepiandrosterone, cortisol and PTH) in 8 healthy volunteers before and after a 28 day treatment. On day 29, i. e. one day after the last omeprazole dose, mean stimulated acid output was still reduced from 27.4 +/- 3.5 mmol H+/h (+/- SEM) to 7.8 +/- 1.4 mmol H+/h (72% inhibition). Fasting gastrin levels were raised from 55.5 +/- 6.8 pg/ml to 80.9 +/- 6.7 pg/ml (33% increase). On day 39, stimulated gastric acid secretion and fasting gastrin levels have been returned to pretreatment values. Basal levels of prolactin, testosterone, TSH, T3, T4, TBG, cortisol, PTH, 17-beta-oestradiol, insulin, glucagon, c-peptide, dihydroepiandrosterone remained unchanged by a 28-day omeprazole treatment. Omeprazole is a highly effective antisecretory compound without any effect on the basal hormone levels tested. Even after 28 days its effect on acid secretion and fasting gastrin levels was fully reversible. PMID- 6741199 TI - [Amputation neuroma as a rare cause of so-called post-cholecystectomy syndrome]. AB - At the instance of a 30-year-old female patient a casuistic contribution to the differential diagnosis of the so-called "postcholecystectomy syndrome" by means of ERC is given. On condition after cholecystectomy an amputation neuroma had again led to colics. Amputation neuromas are rare, but not unknown causes for complaints after operations at the bile ducts. The origin of such a neuroma at the extrahepatic bile ducts is discussed. PMID- 6741201 TI - [Omeprazole: effects and side effects]. PMID- 6741202 TI - Serum isoamylases in acute and chronic liver disease. AB - Serum activities of pancreatic and salivary isoamylases were evaluated in 44 patients with liver disease. In 20 patients with acute hepatitis no significant changes of both isoamylases were observed whereas liver cirrhosis and chronic active hepatitis (n = 24) were associated with significantly increased pancreatic isoamylase activities as compared to the control group. The significantly positive correlation between pancreatic isoamylase and the intestinal isoenzyme of alkaline phosphatase in serum may indicate a similarity in the metabolic clearances of both enzymes. We suggest that decreased clearance of pancreatic isoamylase may contribute to hyperamylasemia found in 42% of our patients with chronic liver disease. PMID- 6741203 TI - [Modern psoriasis therapy]. PMID- 6741204 TI - [Experiences in half-side treatment with tar additive to cignolin-salicylic-acid white-vaseline therapy of psoriasis vulgaris]. AB - As shown in bilateral comparison studies addition of crude coal tar (T) to standard antipsoriatic therapy with dithranol and salicylic acid in white petrolatum (CVS) diminished the dithranol-irritation; consequently, accelerated application of increasing dithranol-concentrations shortened the duration of TCSV -therapy. PMID- 6741205 TI - [Suppression of cignolin-induced erythema by tar]. PMID- 6741206 TI - [Psoriasis therapy with fumaric acid and fumaric acid esters]. AB - Fumaric acid may not be regarded as an antipsoriatic drug. Beneficial effects on psoriatic lesions may be explained by secondary changes such as the acidification of gastric juice in cases of anacidity or hypacidity . Monoethylfumarate exerts true antipsoriatic activities but is by far too toxic for clinical use. Experimental investigations have confirmed an inhibitory action of the above mentioned fumarate on nucleic acid synthesis and protein synthesis of PHA stimulated human lymphocytes. PMID- 6741208 TI - [Cryopreservation of thrombocytes. Results of in vitro viability testing by serotonin uptake]. PMID- 6741209 TI - [Methods for detecting increases in lipid peroxidation processes as the result of cryopreservation]. PMID- 6741211 TI - [Determination of histocompatibility antigens for immunologic donor-recipient selection in experimental transplantation in dogs]. PMID- 6741207 TI - [Biochemical characterization of an endotoxic shock model in the rat]. PMID- 6741210 TI - [The peroxidase activity of penicillin G and its effect on increased cryoresistance in biological tissue]. PMID- 6741212 TI - [Cryopreservation of fetal pancreas fragments of rats]. PMID- 6741213 TI - [A method for production of collagen substance and 1st results of its use for pulp covering]. PMID- 6741215 TI - [A cold table for cryomicroscopy studies]. PMID- 6741214 TI - [Mathematic description of concentration changes in the perfusate with respect to perfusate volume during cryoprotection of the kidney for low temperature preservation]. PMID- 6741216 TI - [Changing the Ultracryostat N 180 for the deep freezing of biological material]. PMID- 6741217 TI - Helminth parasites of wild foxes (Vulpes vulpes L.) in The Netherlands. AB - To study the helminth fauna of wild foxes (Vulpes vulpes) in The Netherlands, material was collected from 139 foxes. The following parasites were found. Cestodes: Taenia spp. 53.3%, Hymenolepis spp. 1.5%; Trematodes: Alaria alata 10.9%, Cryptocotyle lingua 3.6%, Euparyphium melis 1.5%, Apophallus donicus 0.7%; Nematodes: Toxocara canis 73.7%, Uncinaria stenocephala 59.9%, Capillaria aerophila 46.8%, C. plica 23.5%, Molineus patens 5.1%, Crenosoma vulpis 4.5%, Strongyloides spp. 0.7%. The tapeworms Mesocestoides spp. and Echinococcus spp. were not seen. No relationship was observed between worm burden and sex, time of year or place of origin. PMID- 6741218 TI - Extraintestinal sporozoites of chicken Eimeria in chickens and turkeys. AB - Oocysts were found in the feces of chickens (recipients) dosed orally with whole blood, liver, lung, or heart homogenates from chickens and turkeys (donors) inoculated 3 and 4 days previously with a mixture of 3.5 X 10(6) oocysts of chicken Eimeria. No oocysts were found in the feces of recipients given spleen homogenates from these same chickens and turkeys and none were found in the feces of recipients given similar material from uninoculated donors. Intracellular sporazoites were found in the peripheral blood of a turkey inoculated with chicken Eimeria. The results indicate that a small number of sporozoites are capable of invading and surviving for at least 4 days in the peripheral blood of chickens and turkeys. PMID- 6741219 TI - Further studies on in vitro pairing of Echinostoma revolutum (Trematoda) adults. AB - Various factors that influence in vitro pairing of Echinostoma revolutum adults were studied. More worms paired in Locke's, Ringer's, and 0.85% NaCl solutions than in the defined medium NCTC 135. Also, more pairing occurred at 39 or 43 degrees C than at 35 degrees C. Echinostomes placed 1, 3, or 5 cm apart in 5.5 cm diameter Petri dishes as well as those placed 2, 4, or 6 cm apart in 8.5 cm diameter Petri dishes paired; however, worms placed 8 cm apart in the latter dishes did not. Individuals maintained in Locke's solution at 20 or 39 degrees C for 1 h after having been removed from the chicks paired less frequently than those used for experiments immediately after their removal from chicks. Worms showed more pairing in fresh Locke's solution than in this solution preconditioned by excretory-secretory products of E. revolutum. Scanning electron microscopy revealed no differences between the tegument of fresh worms and of those maintained under experimental conditions for 2 h at 39 degrees C. PMID- 6741220 TI - Strain-dependent, route of challenge-dependent, murine susceptibility to toxoplasmosis. AB - The response to an intraperitoneal (i.p.) parasite challenge was compared with that caused by an oral challenge, in five different strains of mice. The results are consistent with the hypothesis that murine susceptibility to toxoplasmosis is route of challenge-dependent as well as strain-dependent. The phenomenon occurs in both sexes and appears to be a recessive trait. The finding that the susceptibility of C57BL/6j mice to oral or i.p. challenge is almost the reverse of that of LACA mice, and that BALB/c mice are resistant to challenge by either route, offers an excellent laboratory model for studies on susceptibility to toxoplasmosis. PMID- 6741221 TI - Killing of Taenia hydatigena oncospheres by sheep neutrophils. AB - Neutrophils collected from the mammary glands of uninfected sheep or from sheep infected with Taenia hydatigena, attached to and killed T. hydatigena oncospheres in vitro in the presence of serum from infected sheep. Infected sheep serum alone was not deleterious to the parasite in vitro. Fc receptors for antibody were detected on both normal and immune neutrophils; they were present at a greater density on the latter. Immune neutrophils were more reactive towards oncospheres than normal neutrophils and formed extensive capsules around the parasite. Fc receptors were not detected on oncospheres. It is hypothesised that neutrophils may kill the parasite by producing hydrogen peroxide and the superoxide anion, both of which are toxic to a variety of cell types and protozoa. The function of antibody may be to facilitate attachment of neutrophils to oncospheres by way of their Fc receptors. PMID- 6741222 TI - Studies on experimental mixed infections of Schistosoma mansoni and S. haematobium in hamsters. AB - Golden hamsters were superinfected simultaneously with 100 Schistosoma haematobium cercariae, 1 and 3 weeks after initial infection with 100 S. mansoni cercariae. Results indicate that there was a higher degree of resistance to superinfection with S. haematobium at 1 week following initial infection with S. mansoni than that produced in the other two superinfections. This resistance was evidenced by a reduction in the number and size of worms of both species, decrease in S. haematobium egg extrusion per female and by a striking deviation in the egg distribution pattern of both species. Such an early host resistance was not recorded in previous works. Cross-mating was observed but no hybridization took place and the eggs produced were hatchable and typical of their species. PMID- 6741223 TI - Effects of temperature on the larval development of Angiostrongylus cantonensis in the intermediate host, Biomphalaria glabrata. AB - The effects of temperature on the larval development of Angiostrongylus cantonensis in Biomphalaria glabrata were studied under controlled conditions. When B. glabrata were maintained at different, constant temperatures, the first stage larvae developed to third-stage larvae between 20 degrees and 31 degrees C. The velocity of development to the third-stage in the snail depended on the relationship, Y = -0.1281 + 0.0081 X (Y velocity of development; X rearing temperature). The "threshold of development" was 15.8 degrees C and the thermal constant 123 degree-days. It is concluded that there might be a possibility of A. cantonensis spreading to temperate regions in the world, if, in addition to the temperature, other factors allowed the completion of the life cycle of this worm. PMID- 6741224 TI - Determination of parasite-specific immunoglobulins using the ELISA in patients with echinococcosis treated with mebendazole. AB - Parasite-specific immunoglobulin classes were determined by the ELISA in sera of 19 patients with cystic or alveolar echinococcosis before and after 2 years (+/- 4 months) of continuous treatment with mebendazole at daily doses of 35-50 mg/kg body weight. In the majority of cases IgG decreased and IgA and IgE decreased or disappeared. In contrast, four patients with progressive disease showed reverse tendencies with increasing IgG, IgA and IgE concentrations during the same period. PMID- 6741225 TI - Nematospiroides dubius: response of the late fourth-stage larva to anthelmintics in vitro. AB - Approximately 60% of fourth-stage larvae of Nematospiroides dubius recovered from mice 6 days after infection, developed to the young adult stage when cultured over a 7-day period in a complex medium in vitro. Larvae at the late fourth stage of development were found to be highly susceptible to most broad spectrum anthelmintics under in vitro conditions, the benzimidazole, imidazothiazole, pyrimidine, isothiocyanate and macrocyclic lactone compounds all being active at very low concentrations. Narrow spectrum anthelmintics active only against ascarids, pinworms, filariae, cestodes or trematodes had little or no effect on these larvae. Ineffective also were those chlorinated hydrocarbon, substituted phenol and salicylanilide compounds known to affect Haemonchus but not trichostrongylid worms in general. It is concluded that in vitro assays employing larvae of N. dubius are useful for the stringent screening of compounds for broad spectrum antitrichostrongyle activity. Used in conjunction with in vivo screens employing N. dubius in mice, they also afford means for detecting intrinsic activity against the parasite in a system free from any complicating host pharmacokinetics. PMID- 6741226 TI - Reversibility of drug-induced regression in female Schistosoma mansoni upon pairing with male worms in vivo. PMID- 6741228 TI - Chronic lung disease: inception in childhood. PMID- 6741227 TI - Survey of burn injuries in Virginia. PMID- 6741229 TI - Retrosternal nipple shadow. PMID- 6741230 TI - Baby Doe: government vs medicine. PMID- 6741231 TI - [Ultrastructural morphology and histogenesis of Kaposi sarcoma in AIDS]. PMID- 6741232 TI - [Carotidynia]. PMID- 6741233 TI - [Treatment of enlarged damage-inducing veins of the foot with special reference to sclerotherapy]. PMID- 6741234 TI - The endothelium and vascular spasm. PMID- 6741235 TI - [Spontaneous arteriovenous shunts in chronic arterial occlusive disease of the lower extremities]. PMID- 6741236 TI - Intimal ultrastructural morphology of umbilical cord vasculature in babies born to cigarette smoking mothers. PMID- 6741237 TI - [Femoro-femoral bypass in unilateral pelvic artery occlusion: alternative or procedure of choice?]. PMID- 6741238 TI - The in situ saphenous vein bypass. PMID- 6741239 TI - [Percutaneous quantitative shunt flow measurement and flow measurement of large transport arteries in chronic dialysis patients]. PMID- 6741240 TI - [Acute affect of buflomedil hydrochloride (bufedil) on transcutaneously measured oxygen pressures in patients with peripheral arterial occlusive disease]. PMID- 6741241 TI - Occlusion of the iliac artery in an 18-year-old man. PMID- 6741242 TI - [AIDS--the transmissible immunologic deficiency disease]. PMID- 6741243 TI - [Organic nitrates in therapy: a 100-year development]. PMID- 6741244 TI - [Problems of superovulation in cattle]. PMID- 6741245 TI - [Genetic analysis of a characteristic of transformed cells--proliferation not dependent on the substrate]. PMID- 6741246 TI - [Structural diversity of endogenous proviruses in genomes of vertebrates]. PMID- 6741247 TI - [Possibilities of using the method of distribution of total blood proteins in biphasic polymer systems in the diagnosis of mastopathy and breast cancer (preliminary communication)]. PMID- 6741248 TI - [Action of helium-neon lasers on human lymphocytes in vitro]. PMID- 6741249 TI - [Importance of studying several enzymes and isoenzymes in the diagnosis of malignant neoplasms]. PMID- 6741250 TI - [Radioimmunochemical analysis in the evaluation of the effectiveness of drug therapy of breast cancer in women of reproductive age]. PMID- 6741251 TI - [Role of nutrition in the prevention of cancer]. PMID- 6741252 TI - [Some methods of raising the selectivity of action of antineoplastic drugs]. PMID- 6741253 TI - [New organotropic metastasizing transplanted tumors of mice and their use for studying effects of lasers on dissemination]. PMID- 6741254 TI - [New approaches to the regulation of S-adenosylmethionine biosynthesis and transmethylation processes in normal and malignant cells]. PMID- 6741255 TI - [Scientific bases of the prospects for the development of an All-Union program, The Prolongation of Life]. PMID- 6741256 TI - [Effects of PUVA therapy on the state of cell-mediated immunity in psoriasis patients]. PMID- 6741257 TI - [Clinical and electron microscopy study of alopecia areata]. PMID- 6741258 TI - [Culture diagnosis of Ureaplasma urealyticum in inflammatory diseases of the urogenital tract]. PMID- 6741259 TI - [Analysis of skin diseases in children and possibilities of primary prevention of childhood dermatoses]. PMID- 6741260 TI - [Pemphigus herpetiformis in 2 patients]. PMID- 6741261 TI - [Diagnosis of porokeratosis of Mibelli]. PMID- 6741262 TI - [Clinical aspects, pathogenesis and treatment of the bacterid of Andrews]. PMID- 6741263 TI - [Gronblad-Strandberg syndrome]. PMID- 6741264 TI - [Paraneoplastic itching of the skin]. PMID- 6741265 TI - [Skin manifestations of brucellosis]. PMID- 6741266 TI - [Disorders of hemostasis in patients with psoriasis based on the data of electrocoagulographic studies]. PMID- 6741267 TI - [Eye lesions in Reiter's disease]. PMID- 6741268 TI - [Characteristics of latent syphilis]. PMID- 6741269 TI - [Syphilitic aortitis in a parturient]. PMID- 6741270 TI - [Palm and sole syphilids]. PMID- 6741271 TI - [Significance of blocking antibodies in the mechanism of specific desensitization therapy in patients with diffuse neurodermatitis]. PMID- 6741272 TI - [Psychophysiologic control of the functional status of human operators]. PMID- 6741273 TI - [Galvanic skin response as a reflection of the decision-making process when time is insufficient]. AB - Amplitude and latency of skin galvanic response ( SGR ) was studied in 15 healthy subjects in two experimental programs. The first program demanded to perform a motor act as quickly as possible if all the three signals were the same, the second one demanded a motor act if at least one of the signals differed from the other two. Following series of signals were presented: 1--all the three signals being the same, 2--the first one differed from the others, 3,4--correspondingly, the second or the third signal differed from the others. The amplitude of SGR was found to increase, and its latency was found to decrease when the decision was taken under the conditions of time deficit. Thus, SGR reflects the process of decision taking rather than pretuning of the motor act. PMID- 6741274 TI - [Effect of music on motor reaction time and interhemispheric relations]. AB - Influence of music on motor reaction time (RT) was studied. Warning and triggering stimuli were presented either in the left or in the right visual fields. RT was recorded when playing classical or variety music; control sessions were not accompanied by music. Music shortened RT, and its stimulating effect was the stronger the longer were the initial RTs without music. The influence of variety music was more effective than of the classic one. RT was shortened more when the triggering stimulus was presented in the left visual field. This phenomenon is considered to be an evidence of predominant influence of music on the right cerebral hemisphere due to greater activation from emotional structures. PMID- 6741276 TI - [Features of conditioned alimentary instrumental reflexes in rats differing in the nature of their behavior in response to painful stimulation of conspecifics]. AB - Groups of rats preliminary classified by their avoiding (A) or not avoiding (B) the closed space at hearing the cries of an other painfully stimulated animal (by Simonov 's method) significantly differed by parameters of an alimentary instrumental conditioned reflex. The group A, as compared to the group B, was characterized by short latencies, high afferent generalization and relative independence of latency of the alimentary reflex on the state of satiation or hunger. Such properties are supposed to be connected with individually different intensity of alimentary motivation (strong in A and weak in B) limited by a system of inborn passive defensive reactions. PMID- 6741277 TI - [Disruptions of instrumental alimentary conditioned reflexes after removal of the frontal and parietal associative cortex in the cat]. AB - The influence of the extirpation of the frontal and parietal association cortical areas on the elaborated stereotype of instrumental alimentary conditioned reflexes was studied in cats. Errors in reinforcement choice, disturbance of inhibitory conditioned reflexes and appearance of intersignal reactions were observed. The disturbances were more pronounced after the extirpation of the parietal cortex. The data obtained are interpreted as a reflection of the deficit of the inhibitory control of motor program realization formed to a lesser or greater extent after the removal of the frontal as well as parietal areas. PMID- 6741279 TI - [Activity of caudate nucleus neurons during purposeful and forced limb movements in the alert cat]. AB - Experiments were carried out on freely moving cats in a screened chamber. Activity of 121 neurones of the caudate nucleus head was examined during various sensory stimulations and during realization of components of a behavioural act (natural food-procuring reflex). No prevailing was found of neuronal reactions to impulses from passively contracting muscle groups of the body and the limbs over responses of the same neurones to sensory stimuli or limb movements during food procuring reflex. A part of the caudate neurones manifested selective reactions. Three neurones reacted only to the opening of the door of the feeding trough, eight neurones changed their activity only during eating, and seventeen neurones reacted only to goal-directed limb movement. Participation of the neostriatum in sensorimotor integration is discussed. PMID- 6741281 TI - [Phase relationships of cerebral cortex potentials in the rabbit during the execution of motor responses]. AB - EEG waves phase relations in the sensorimotor and visual cortical areas were studied in 12 rabbits before and during a motor reaction in response to light stimulation. Phase relations in the background activity were characterized by a considerable dispersion (from 26 to 45 degrees). Light stimulation increased the quantity of synphasic EEG oscillations in adjacent cortical points and stabilized the phase shift between EEG waves in the sensorimotor and visual cortical areas. Motor reactions of rabbits to light occurred when theta-rhythm with the most constant phase shift was observed in the EEG of these areas. PMID- 6741278 TI - [Sleep of Caspian seals]. AB - ECoG both hemispheres, EOG, neck EMG, ECG and electrical activity of olfactory bulbs were recorded in 4 free moving adult Caspean seals of both sexes. Their sleep on land and in water was compared. The wakefulness occupied 85,5 +/- 1,5% of total recording time, the slow wave sleep--12,8 +/- 1,4% and paradoxical sleep -1,7 +/- 0,2%. Unlike the dolphins, the Caspean seals possess no unihemispheric slow wave sleep. When the seals sleep on the land or on the water surface and do not change their posture for breathing they may breathe without awakening like the terrestrial mammals. But when the seals emerge or change their posture to get nostrils above the water they wake up briefly for respiration period. PMID- 6741275 TI - [Changes in the frequency of the hippocampal theta-rhythm in the dog exposed to a conditioned food stimulus]. AB - Frequency changes of hippocampal theta-rhythm in the process of elaboration of coinciding or delayed instrumental alimentary reflex was studied in two dogs. Determination of dominating frequency of rhythmical activity was carried out by means of mathematical methods of analysis on a computer. It was found out, that during the action of conditioned alimentary stimulus the frequency of dominating oscillations became enhanced. Animals with a more frequent initial theta-rhythm formed the delayed alimentary reflex more rapidly. PMID- 6741280 TI - [Bioelectric and vegetative reactions of the rat to stimulation of the ventromedial hypothalamus]. AB - Neurophysiological and correlational analysis was carried out to investigate the influence of stimulation of negative zones in the ventromedial hypothalamus on dynamics of electroencephalographic and vegetative parameters. The stimulation used led to an appearance of theta-rhythm initially in the stimulated structure, followed by an increase of plasticity of the system of bioelectrogenesis and regulation of vegetative functions. Stimulation of the negative zones of the ventromedial hypothalamus led to a formation of pathological excitation focus mainly at the limbic level with special cyclic type of cortico-subcortical relations. Increase of rigidity of the systems of electrogenesis and regulation of vegetative functions was accompanied by a formation of closed reverberatory cycle of integrations of the hypothalamus, hippocampus, and neocortex and by a change in autocorrelational functions reflecting an increase of general synchroneity . PMID- 6741282 TI - [Distribution of efferent neurons of different types in the motor cortex of the cat]. AB - Distribution of efferent neurones of different categories was studied in the cat sensorimotor cortex: pyramidal and extrapyramidal systems and cortico-thalamic cells, whose axons end in the ventroposterolateral nucleus and medial geniculate body. In the major part of cortical microareas (88%) several output cells were found which could belong equally to one or several different categories. In some vertical cortical tracks no output neurones of the investigated categories were discovered. In tracks with efferent neurones, cortical areas with a definite set of output cells usually represented cylinders of 500-700 mcm in height. Separate microareas differed from each other by sets of fast or slow cells. PMID- 6741283 TI - [Electrophysiologic analysis of the antiamnestic effect of activation of the dopaminergic and noradrenergic systems]. AB - On a model of a defensive conditioned reflex with a short delay it was shown in acute experiments in cats that the suppression of noradrenaline (NA) synthesis by diethyldithiocarbamate led to a disturbance of retrieval of electrographic correlates of memory trace, i.e. of conditioned evoked potentials in the hippocampus and central gray matter and of motor component of the conditioned reaction, i.e. conditioned neurographic response of the radial nerve. Simultaneous suppression of both dopamine (DA) and NA syntheses by alpha-methyl para- thyrosine led to a regional expansion of the disturbances mentioned involving the hippocampus, central gray matter, reticular formation, amygdalar complex, zona, incerta and auditory cortex. Activation of postsynaptic NA receptors by clonidine and that of post-synaptic DA-receptors by apomorphine produced an antiamnestic effect on the conditioned evoked potential in the amygdalar complex and central gray matter. PMID- 6741284 TI - [Effect of noradrenaline on the growth of tissues cultures of rat cerebral cortex]. AB - Morpho-functional development of the cerebral cortex of newborn rats and the influence of noradrenaline (NA) on this process was investigated under the conditions of long-term (up to 41 days) organotypical tissue cultivation. Systematic adding of NA to the nutrient medium in the process of explants cultivation was shown to disturb its structural organization, to depress proliferation of the glia, synaptogenesis and axon myelinization. Decrease of number of spontaneously active neurones by 30% and predominance of neurones with periodical discharges (bursts or groups) was observed in all periods of cultivating in NA presence. Development of neurones in the NA containing medium changed their sensitivity to NA which became close to that in situ. PMID- 6741286 TI - [Role of sensory signals in the orientation of the rat in a radial maze]. PMID- 6741285 TI - [Quantitative evaluation of the process of elaborating a conditioned reflex]. PMID- 6741287 TI - [Predatory behavior of the rat after deafferentation of the tongue]. PMID- 6741288 TI - [Reactions of auditory cortex neurons to sounds of different duration in the rabbit during ontogeny]. PMID- 6741290 TI - [Simple method of prolonged recording of salivation in the dog]. PMID- 6741289 TI - [Localization of trigger zones on branches of an axon of an identified Helix pomatia neuron]. PMID- 6741291 TI - [Microinjector for neuropharmacologic studies of freely-moving animals]. PMID- 6741292 TI - Strengthening ministries of health for primary health care. PMID- 6741293 TI - [The new narcotic drug law and its effects on the panorama change of the drug scene of the Aachen border district]. AB - The situation in the region of Aix la Chapelle with its borders towards The Netherlands and Belgium has presented us with increasing problems in drug and narcotic delinquency during recent years. Because of the revised law on narcotic drugs in 1982 and recent decisions by the German Federal Supreme Court, forensic toxicologists are expected not only to define drugs qualitatively as well as quantitatively, but also to provide expertise on problems of effective doses, pharmacokinetics, toxicity and tolerance development with various narcotic drugs. Based on our own experience in this special forensic field, as well as on the data compiled by investigation authorities, our analytical findings are presented with regard to toxicological interpretation and the legal consequences. PMID- 6741294 TI - [Early postmortem course of washerwoman's skin of the fingers]. AB - Studies were carried out systematically in both corpses and the hands of corpses in order to find out when " washerwoman 's skin" begins. The temperatures ranged between 10 degrees and 18 degrees C and the time of the experiments did not exceed 300 min. The initial formation of washerwoman 's skin could be observed after 20-30 min at the fingertips and after 50-60 min in the entire finger. The longest intervals observed were 100 or 150 min, respectively. These long intervals were interpreted as being exceptions from the norm, probably due to either extraordinarily heavy strips of fat on the fingers or abnormally hard skin on the hands. The course of washerwoman 's skin obviously depends on the water temperature, and afterwards it disappears rather slowly--even after a short immersion--in the open air. We will carry out additional experiments in the future. PMID- 6741295 TI - The effect of the unrestrained back seat passenger on the injuries suffered by drivers and front seat passengers in head-on collisions. AB - In head-on collisions, loose items in the rear of the car, such as luggage or unrestrained back seat passengers can cause substantial loading on the back of the front seats. The purpose of this paper is to study if such loading increases the injury severity for the front seat occupants. Data were collected from all fatal automobile accidents for a period of 1 year in Sweden. Information was collected about the survivors as well as the decreased. Head-on collisions were selected, and the injuries of the front seat occupants were scored according to the Abbreviated Injury Scale (AIS) and the Injury Severity Score (ISS). In evaluating the injury severity, the collision energy was taken into account. The results indicate that belted front seat passengers sustain a higher injury risk with an unrestrained passenger in the back seat. These results are valid for collision speeds below 45 km/h. PMID- 6741296 TI - [Histologic thyroid gland findings in the newborn infant and infant, with special reference to sudden infant death]. AB - The morphological picture of the thyroid gland, the only endocrine organ with a follicle structure, allows a limited conclusion to be drawn with respect to the functional state in spite of any physiological variability. The thyroid of the newborn shows total colloid release and collapse of the follicles. The regular structure of the thyroid will be rebuilt within several weeks after birth. Total colloid absorption can be found in cases of stress-activated thyroids as well as in cases of death due to freezing. A histological examination was done on 88 thyroids of fetuses, newborns and infants. About 70% of the results on 27 cases of sudden infant death syndrome (SIDS) may be interpreted as a morphological correlate of a premortal chronic or recurrent stress reaction. The value of these results is discussed. PMID- 6741297 TI - [Injuries caused by accidents with chain saws]. AB - Accident reports and medical statements (a total of 719) concerning chain-saw injuries were evaluated. Chain-saw wounds can be found in all parts of the body, especially the thighs and fingers. The typical chain-saw wound is a multiple superficial laceration, soft tissue wounds are usually heavily bruised and jagged , and bone lesions are rare and superficial. Among 188 finger injuries, only 15 slight bone lesions were seen. The frequency of all injuries decreases as one progresses from the thumb to the little finger and from the finger tip to the finger. The more proximal the isolated finger injury, the more frequently is it diagonal or even longitudinal. Incomplete or complete finger amputations were not observed. PMID- 6741298 TI - [Death in a tetany attack]. AB - A case of latent tetany in a 24-year-old woman is reported. She had suffered several attacks of tetany in the last 12 years, mostly triggered by external stimuli. One evening, the woman was found dead in the hall of her flat beside the telephone with the upper limbs in a tetanic convulsive attitude. The attack of tetany was triggered by a telephone conversation. The parathyroid glands were normal. Day-old purulent myocarditis could be demonstrated in the left ventricle under the light microscope. The two possible pathogenetic explanations of the causal chain leading to death are discussed. It was astonishing that a clinical symptom (tetanic convulsion) was fixed in rigor mortis. PMID- 6741299 TI - [In vitro electrically activated blood--an endogenous thrombogenic substance for the blocking of arteries supplying tumors and the microcirculation of tumor tissue--an experimental study]. AB - Endovasal transcatheteral blockage of arteries supplying tumours is a clinically tested palliative measure and can also be used preoperatively to reduce intraoperative bleeding and the spread of tumour cells. In recent years several, mainly exogenic, substances have been used along with autologous muscle slurry and extracorporally produced autologous thromboses. Blood which has been exposed to the in-vitro effect of anodic direct current behaves like an endogenic thrombogenic substance. This can be used to block the microcirculation and the main artery of an organ, which results in its total dysfunction and loss of the parenchyma. PMID- 6741300 TI - [Staging of metastasized bladder cancer using parietocystotomography]. AB - To date no diagnostic procedure has been able accurately to stage carcinomas of the urinary bladder. Parietocystotomography by means of instillation of air and nitrous oxide was used in an attempt to distinguish between the tumour infiltration stages T3A , T3B and T4 and to depict them radiologically. Using this method it is possible to achieve a high degree of concurrence between radiological findings and the pathological-anatomical substrate. The methods, results achieved and the limits of the procedure are demonstrated. PMID- 6741301 TI - [Results of ligature of the upper testicular vein in idiopathic varicocele and subfertility]. AB - The results of a total of 102 varicocele operations, 83 of which were performed because of subfertility and a desire to have children, are presented. In 3% of the cases a recidive operation was necessary because of persistent varicocele. 55 patients with limited fertility were subsequently examined for volume, density and form of sperm, total motility and propulsive motility. Whereas the volume of sperm and the total motility remained unchanged, the density and form of sperm and the propulsive motility had improved significantly 9 months after the operation. Among the men followed up the conception rate was 20%. PMID- 6741302 TI - [The effect of varicocele on fertility and the significance of operative therapy within the scope of refertilization]. AB - The significance of varicocele is presented in terms of its frequency and its role in causing impairment of fertility. In this context the problems of subclinical varicocele and idiopathic sterility without detectable varicocele are dealt with. Interesting views on these questions from the literature are presented. PMID- 6741303 TI - [Risk of epididymitis following transurethral and transvesical bladder neck surgery]. AB - Epididymitis after operations on the vesical cervix is of canicular or lymphohaematogenous origin. The latter form is at present not absolutely avoidable. For aetiological reasons TUR has a clearly greater effect as a method of vasoresective prophylactive than open surgery. Relevant statistics are referred to. PMID- 6741304 TI - [Problems of monitoring metabolism of type I diabetics undergoing hemodialysis treatment]. AB - The metabolic control of nephropathic type I diabetics dependent on dialysis is especially difficult and can be rendered more difficult by the procedure of haemodialysis, mainly due to the use of glucose-free dialysis fluid. The blood glucose level is reduced, resulting in hypoglycaemia. The purpose of this study was to compare the effects of various methods of compensating for the glucose loss on blood glucose homoeostasis. 5 dialysis-dependent type I diabetics on equal supplies of carbohydrates and insulin received extra glucose in the dialysis fluid and as infusions before and after dialysis. All 3 experimental regimens prevented reduction of the blood glucose level due to dialysis, without any significant differences between them. The choice of method can be made according to the dialysis equipment used. PMID- 6741305 TI - [Results of examinations in occupational medicine practice]. PMID- 6741306 TI - [Biological monitoring of employees working with polystyrene products--music tape manufacturing]. PMID- 6741307 TI - [The effect of technical xylol on the human body]. PMID- 6741308 TI - [Perchloroethylene (tetrachloroethylene) exposure with reference to exposure peaks and acetone formation]. PMID- 6741309 TI - [Nickel burden in the grinding of nickel-containing alloys]. PMID- 6741310 TI - [Possible danger caused by chrome-nickel steel dust]. PMID- 6741311 TI - [Determination of central issues for preventive industrial organization]. PMID- 6741312 TI - [Clinical industrial medicine: comprehensive diagnosis, fitness determination and evaluation]. PMID- 6741313 TI - [Current status of the treatment of calcaneus fractures in adults]. AB - Today, contradictory concepts and various methods of treatment are discussed. The interpretation of a questionnaire recording 2600 calcaneus fractures collected from 51 Traumatological Depts of the GDR permits the conclusion that conservative therapy predominates. Attention is drawn to the method of functional treatment. Good results were observed with it in all types of fractures of the calcaneus. PMID- 6741314 TI - [Kirschner-wire osteosynthesis of calcaneus fractures]. AB - Closed reduction and wiring of fractures of the calcaneus makes good restoration of the form of the food possible and provides a good condition for later subtalar arthrodesis. PMID- 6741315 TI - [Indications for osteosynthesis of metatarsal fractures]. AB - Fractures of metatarsal bones range from 4 to 5% of all fractures and to less than 1% of all injuries occurring. The usual treatment is non-operative by plaster cast. In case of special physical performance (profession, sports) the indication for operative treatment can be extended. This should be taken into consideration in dislocated multiple fractures as well as in single ones of the first and fifth metatarsal bone. PMID- 6741316 TI - [Fractures of the tarsus and metatarus in children--diagnosis, treatment, results]. AB - Within 4 years (September 1977 to September 1981) 169 closed fractures of the feet were seen at our paediatric-surgical outpatient dept. Special therapeutic problems arose only in fractures of the talus and the calcaneus, although necrosis of the talus were rare. Concerning treatment a plaster cast, sufficient relief and early arch-support are essential. Fractures of the other tarsal bones were mostly without problems, a conservative treatment was used for these cases. PMID- 6741317 TI - [Stabilization of proximal femoral fractures using the compression and sliding screw]. AB - Between 1979 and 1983 we treated 169 fractures with a sliding compression hip screw out of 402 operated fractures of the upper femur. The indication for this method included all types of proximal femoral fractures. In case of instable trochanteric fractures convincing results of treatment could be achieved because of early weight bearing. As complications could be found in two cases loss of fixation. The mortality rate was 17.8 per cent. Still 2/3 of the injured with an average age of 76.2 years could leave the hospital walking on their own after an average stay of 37.6 days. PMID- 6741318 TI - [External fixation as an aid in plastic surgery]. AB - Today, reconstructive surgery knows many different skin flaps for treating soft tissue defects. The advantages of Hoffmann's external anchorage are demonstrated by immobilizing skin flaps during their process of healing. PMID- 6741319 TI - [Management of toe fractures]. PMID- 6741320 TI - [Various methods of treating calcaneus fractures using external fixation]. PMID- 6741321 TI - [Treatment of fractures of the extremities using the Volkov-Oganesjan external fixator]. PMID- 6741322 TI - [Indication and technic of interlocking nailing of the femur]. AB - Between 1973 and 1982 we treated 569 fractures of the femoral shaft by means of osteosynthesis. The internal nailing was performed in 41.6%. We used an interlocking nailing in 170 cases, 116 times statically and 54 times dynamically. An open reposition was performed in 48.2%. With only a very small incision we exposed the area of the fracture to insert the reamer guide under control of the fingers into the distal part of the femoral shaft. By using this technique there is no danger of disposing the fragments in order to achieve stabilisation in the correct position. 52.4% of the patients were younger than 30 years and 25.9% older than 30 years and 25.9% older than 60 years. In all cases we observed an osseous healing, twice a secondary cancellous bone craft was necessary. As complications we had an infection rate of 2.9%, loosening of the bolt in 0.6%, axial malalignment greater than 10 degrees in 0.6%, a rotary malalignment greater than 10 degrees in 1.2%. We did not observe any refracture. Less complications can be observed in interlocking nailing in comparison with plate osteosynthesis. Technique, indication, mistakes, and dangers as well as careful timing of operation are discussed. In open fractures delayed osteosynthesis by means of interlocking nailing is to be preferred to primary plate osteosynthesis. Fractures fixed by interlocking nailing had comparatively less complications in fracture healing and especially no more shortenings and rotation deformities, but the advantage of early full weightbearing. The interlocking nail has a very important value in the management of femoral shaft fractures. PMID- 6741323 TI - [Mass accident and catastrophe medicine]. AB - Medical management of mass casualties and catastrophy are discussed and principles of treatment outlined, consisting in first aid, improvisation, sorting (triage), organised help and avoiding panic and epidemics. Preparedness and leadership, summarised under the heading "catastrophy planning" are the most important elements to counteract catastrophies. PMID- 6741324 TI - [Multiple injuries in mass accidents]. AB - The treatment starts with reanimation, managing the shock, followed by life saving surgery on the central nervous system, chest, abdomen, large blood vessels and the uropoietic system. From the very beginning the therapy should be conducted on an intradisciplinary basis, first with the anaesthesiologist, later with other specialists as required. Once the patient's life has been saved, treatment of eyes, hands and systematic attention to extremities should follow. Shock has to be managed within 24 hours. Luxations of large joints should be reposed on the date of injury, open fractures closed, all fractures immobilized in favourable position. No extension should be applied in patients suffering from brain injuries; fractures of the femur should be fixed surgically by a second team in the course of the neurosurgical operation. A stomatologist's assistance makes general anaesthesia possible even with fractures of the jaw. In mass accidents the therapeutic plan for the polytraumatized should be fixed on the following day. A mass accident involving 35 injured treated within two and a half hours demonstrates this procedure in 7 polytraumatized persons. PMID- 6741325 TI - [The cementless Moore prosthesis in femoral neck fractures of the aged]. AB - We report on 207 cases of elderly patients suffering from femoral neck fractures treated with cementless Moore-hip prosthesis in the years 1967 to 1979. Low complication rate and good functional results were also confirmed in 29 follow-up examinations 3 years or more after arthroplastic. Loosening of prosthesis, breaking of material or protrusio acetabuli could not be found. The method is easy to be learned and well tolerated by the aged patients. In regard of the contraindications it leads to good results. PMID- 6741326 TI - [Fractures of the facial skull and their concomitant injuries]. AB - From 1971 to 1982, 1316 patients suffering from fractures of this kind underwent treatment. In 200 patients out of them concomitant lesions could be demonstrated. The therapy of fractures of the facial bone should be practised in close cooperation with the oral surgeon and without loss of time. PMID- 6741327 TI - [The information system of thermic injuries in Hungary]. AB - The Hungarian information system for burns is reviewed and some results are referred to. Factor analysis and regression analysis of data obtained from nearly 7000 burned patients underline the fact, that, in addition to the deep burn and the patient's age, accompanying diseases and localisation of the burn will have a significant influence on the prognosis, too. PMID- 6741329 TI - [Tenacity of bacteria in the airborne state. III. Model studies on the epidemiology of Pasteurella multocida influenced by a tropical climate]. AB - The viability of airborne P. multocida in a static aerosol chamber was determined at temperatures of 21, 24, 28, 34, 40 and 42 degrees C and relative humidities of 44, 70 and 87%. The greatest viability with 35.49 min half-life time was at 24 degrees C and 70% relative humidity. There was no separate influence of one of the climatic components temperature and relative humidity to the airborne viability of the germs. The lowest resistance of P. multocida in the airborne state was as they were solitary germs, but as agglomerates (1.5-3.5 micron) they survived also worse environmental conditions. PMID- 6741328 TI - [An index of injuries]. PMID- 6741330 TI - [Significance of antibiotic-forming microorganisms in biological waste water clarification]. AB - Streptomyces spec. producing antibiotics were detected very seldom in the wastewater pretreatment plant of Braunschweig. However, Bacillus spec. producing antibiotics are common. There are about one permille of the total population of bacteria in wastewater (Fig. 1). Reflecting the total number of bacteria, the psychrophilic microorganisms growing at 20 degrees C increase more during the oxidation step of wastewater treatment than the mesophilic bacteria growing at 30 or 37 degrees C. But reflecting the bacilli the strains producing antibiotics growing at 30 or 37 degrees C propagate stronger than the psychrophilic group (Fig. 2). About 90% or more of a total of 194 isolated Bacillus strains producing antibiotics showed antibiotic activity against the tested grampositive bacteria Listeria monocytogenes and Staphylococcus aureus. Only few strains were active against Candida albicans, E. coli, Klebsiella pneumoniae, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, and Salmonella typhimurium (Fig. 3, 4, and Table 1). During the summer (July) the percentage of strains producing antibiotics against grampositive bacteria was higher than in the winter (January) (Fig. 4). Also the deep freezing of samples increased the percentage of antibiotic producers (Fig. 2). Some species were isolated even only from freezed and again thawed samples (Table 1). PMID- 6741331 TI - [Peracetic acid as disinfectant--a review]. PMID- 6741332 TI - [Ovulation induction with clomiphene and dexamethasone]. AB - Combined clomiphene-dexamethasone-treatment was applied to 20 patients and 5 pregnancies were successfully induced. The women received 150-200 mg/die clomiphene from the fifth through the ninth days of their cycles, and 2 mg/die dexamethasone from the fifth to the fourteenth days of cycle. Three of the 5 pregnancies were closed successfully and two by caesarean section, one of them with twins. The combined clomiphene-dexamethasone-treatment is recommended as a sterility therapy. PMID- 6741333 TI - [New trends in the therapy of colorectal cancer]. AB - Cancers the sigmoid colon and rectum are detected in an increasing frequency within the population of German Democratic Republic. 6 groups of improvements in prophylaxis and therapy are discussed: modern staging, typing and grading as basis of planning of treatment; purposeful prophylaxis of developing cancers by endoscopic surgery; systematizing of screening examinations; improvements of the preoperative care; innovations of operative technique and finally the possibilities of adjuvant tumortherapy. This survey is based on own experiences in 63 patients with colonic carcinomas and 139 patients with rectal cancers in Greifswald in the years 1977 to 1983, inclusively 55 patients with preoperative irradiation. PMID- 6741334 TI - [Studies on the mycotic and bacterial risk of contamination and the use of nipagin in the artificial insemination of cryosperm]. AB - Primary bacterial and mycological contamination was studied in random human ejaculates. After various phases of cryopreservation secondary microbiological contamination was investigated. Furthermore, semen samples of several donors were inoculated with suspension of different concentrations of yeasts and with the test bacteria Escherichia coli K12 and Staphylococcus aureus SG 511. Microbiological results were then compared before an after cryopreservation. The cryopreserving process was carried out with and without antibiotics to test the antibacterial effectiveness of antibiotics under these conditions. Moreover, we investigated the usability of a chemical preservative (Nipagin) at cryopreservation. The following results were obtained: 9.8 per cent of samples showed primary mycological contamination (1.9 per cent with Candida albicans). Cryopreservation reduced the concentration of fungi by more than 90 per cent on average. The bacteriological investigations have shown, that with one exception the semen was without pathogenetic bacteria. This situation was altered scarcely during the cryopreserving process (also by use of cryoprotective medium without antibiotics). Out of 25 ejaculates 11 had primary non-pathogenetic bacteria. Test bacteria inoculated into semen were not influenced by the addition of antibiotics to the cryoprotective medium (CPM). Nipagin prevented respectively reduced a bacterial or a mycological contamination of the CPM during a storage of 14 days dependent of nipagin concentration but reduced the motility of human spermatozoa after cryopreservation. The results suggest the conclusion to prefer a portionate storage without nipagin at a temperature of nearly + 1 degree C, thereby the microbiological contamination may be neglected. PMID- 6741335 TI - [Experiences with screening for neurosis in couples wanting children]. AB - From 1977 till 1982 178 married couples with sterility looked for our outpatient department of gynecology. 49 women with primary sterility and 14 of their husbands were tested at the beginning of treatment with regard to neurosis screening. The women with neurosis achieved pregnancies in 37.5 per cent (54.5 per cent in the normal group), although their pathologic somatic disorders were only 18 per cent. Women with sterility and neurosis need besides somatic investigation a psychological therapy, too. PMID- 6741336 TI - [Secretory immunoglobulin A (S-IgA)/immunoglobulin A (IgA) ratio in cervico vaginal lavage fluids]. AB - Investigation of the immunoglobulins in the vaginal lavage fluids are semiquantitatively. The aim of the present study was to complete the semiquantitative S-IgA estimations with an "S-IgA/IgA" ratio. An antiserum against the secretory component (Anti-SC) and an S-IgA standard as well as an antiserum against the immunoglobulin A(Anti-IgA) and a serum IgA standard were used. The ratio was proved in vaginal lavage fluids from 5 fertile and 2 infertile women in the course of the menstrual cycle on days 8th, 11th, 14th, 18th and 24th. Progesterone, IgG and IgA were estimated simultaneously in serum samples. According to the "S-IgA/IgA" ratio patients were divided in 2 groups with values higher than 1 on the one side and with values lower than 1 on the other side. In cases with high "S-IgA/IgA" ratio an increased local antibody production and secretion is supposed. PMID- 6741338 TI - [Correlation of estrogen receptors and histologic and cytologic grading of breast cancer]. AB - Correlations between estrogen receptors and other prognostic criteria have been examined. These criteria are clinical extent, status of lymph nodes, histologic differentiation, histologic and cytologic grading. Cancers with a good prognosis are much more receptor positive than those with a bad prognosis. The quantity of receptors does not allow any prognostic statement. Possible reasons for it are discussed. PMID- 6741339 TI - [Ambulatory cryosurgical restoration of benign cervical lesions]. AB - The area of ectopic epithelium and transformations zone of the uterine cervix was treated cryosurgically by liquid nitrogen in 252 patients. The influence of deep freeze lasted four minutes. Neither analgesia nor anaesthesia was necessary. After a single cryosurgery cure rate was 92 per cent, after a second application 98 per cent. Cryotherapy can be performed ambulatorily and is nowadays to be regarded as method of choice to restore benign cervical lesions. PMID- 6741337 TI - [IUD-deformation and unusual complications of intrauterine contraception]. AB - Deformations of intrauterine contraceptive devices in the uterine cavity and their consequences are reported. In a period of 16 years we observed two partial perforations and two tuboovarian abscesses with this method of contraception in 3753 women. The value of IUD as a contraceptive of the second range is not degraded by these rare complications. PMID- 6741340 TI - [Unusual injuries of the intestinal tract and gynecologic laparotomy]. AB - A case of a 61-year-old patient is reported who underwent laparotomy for presumptive torsion of an ovarian tumor. The acute abdominal symptoms were caused by a fish bone which had perforated the omentum. Bilateral ovarian cystadenofibromas were present, yet torsion had not occurred; they were exstirpated. In addition, a case of a 70-year-old patient is presented who underwent relaparotomy for a cervicosigmoidal fistula. The fistula contained a poultry rib. Complete healing was observed after removal of the bone and suturing of the cervical sigmoidal defects. PMID- 6741341 TI - [Standardization of reference points in gynecologic radiotherapy]. AB - It was the intention of the members of the study group to develop a high-accuracy reference point system for remote-controlled afterloading therapy of the uterine and vaginal cancer with high dose rates. This enables comparisons to be drawn between the results obtained in various hospitals. This standardization should be used as a general basis for computer calculation. PMID- 6741342 TI - Phagocytes vs. bacteria, biological detente. AB - The theme detente has been used to highlight bacterial weapons and host defenses. Interactions on host surfaces "at the border" zone are usually subclinical events. If bacteria have initial success and invade, iron sequestration, serum bacteriocidins, opsonins and the phagocytic system keeps this a localized event. More virulent microbes have evolved mechanisms for evading the phagocytic system by developing thick cell walls with specialized structures or capsules. Fortunately, the host's specific adaptive immune granulocytes and macrophages response provides opsonic antibodies for efficient phagocytosis. The phagocytes' oxidative burst, granule disruption, and phagosome formation results in host superiority although prolonged co-existence may exist when certain bacteria successfully evade intracellular events. PMID- 6741343 TI - Bacteriuria screening and antimicrobial susceptibility testing of aerobic bacteria by an electrochemical method. AB - A method is described for detecting significant bacteriuria and determination of minimal inhibition concentrations (MIC's) of aerobically growing bacteria by using electrochemical electrodes to measure changes of oxygen tensions in liquid nutrient media resulting from bacterial growth. Urine specimens (n = 577) were screened electrochemically, parallel investigations were performed by standard culture methods and by photometrical measurements. All the specimens showing significant bacteriuria in standard culture were selected within 3.5 h by the electrochemical technique. An oxygen index OI was introduced which quantitatively reflects changes in oxygen tension of nutrient media during growth. OI shows good agreement with extinction and light scattering indices, respectively. On the basis of OI as a parameter of inhibited and uninhibited growth a correlation between OI and MIC's of aerobically growing bacteria was found. The electrochemical method provides an useful aid for rapid, preliminary antimicrobial susceptibility testing and definite bacteriuria screening. The application of this method in bacteriological urine diagnostics significantly reduces laboratory work and costs, and can be recommended for the screening of urine specimens to exclude negative specimens from further processing. PMID- 6741344 TI - Attachment of staphylococci to various synthetic polymers. AB - Attachment of staphylococci to different synthetic polymers used for medical purposes was studied in applying the bioluminescent technique. The number of attached bacterial cells was determined by measuring the light emission resulting from the reaction between firefly luciferase and ATP present in adhered staphylococcal cells. It was shown that staphylococci attach to synthetic polymers within a few minutes, although one hour incubation is required to reach a constant maximum value of attached cells. Ten different synthetic polymers and five Staphyloccocus epidermidis strains were investigated in our study. The relationship between surface properties of polymers and bacterial attachment was studied. Various physicochemical parameters of synthetic polymers and bacteria were determined (contact angle, surface tension). It was demonstrated that bacterial attachment decreases with decreasing contact angle and with increasing surface tension of synthetic materials. Modifications of surface charge and hydrophobicity of solid materials were also investigated. It could be proved that especially negatively charged and hydrophilic synthetic polymers show very decreased staphylococcal attachment. PMID- 6741345 TI - The immunoglobulin response of swine following experimental infection with Leptospira interrogans serovar pomona. AB - The antibody response of pigs following experimental infection with Leptospira interrogans serovar pomona was examined using enzyme immunoassay (EIA) and the microscopic agglutination test (MAT). Leptospires elicited the production of both IgM and IgG classes of antibody, with IgG levels persisting for much longer than IgM. A comparison of MAT and EIA indicated that the detection of specific IgM by EIA was potentially useful in distinguishing between past and recent infection in pigs. Agglutinins were also detected in the urine of infected animals but these antibodies could not be detected by EIA. PMID- 6741346 TI - Immunomodulation by Propionibacterium granulosum KP 45 and experimental trichinellosis in mice. AB - Swiss mice were infected orally with 200 Trichinella spiralis larvae and injected intraperitoneally with a potent immunomodulator (isolated cell walls of Propionibacterium granulosum strain KP 45). In control mice 22 871 +/- 9913 larvae were found in the whole body, whereas in mice treated with P. granulosum KP 45 on the day of inoculation 9450 larvae +/- 8244 larvae were counted (p less than 0.01). Immunomodulation 7 days before or 7 days after T. spiralis inoculation gave less pronounced effects but the decreasing number of larvae was still significant. It is suggested that the above effects are due to an activation of macrophages. PMID- 6741347 TI - A non-motile Salmonella mutant (6, 7:-:-) and two serological variants encountered in Saudi Arabia. AB - A non-motile mutant of Salmonella group C1 and two serological variants were isolated during the performance of a national Salmonella surveillance program in Saudi Arabia. Most of the biochemical reactions of the strains conformed to those of the genus Salmonella except for some atypical reactions. The three strains exhibited different susceptibility patterns to 21 antimicrobial agents. The serological analysis revealed the following antigenic structures: 1, 4, 12, 27:b: - Salmonella sofia var. monophasic; 1, 42:z4, z23: - Salmonella gera var. monophasic and a Salmonella strain reported as a non-motile strain of group C1 by the World Health Organization International Collaborating Center for Reference and Research on Salmonella. PMID- 6741348 TI - [Morphofunctional preservation of rat liver mitochondria incubated at 0 degrees C]. AB - Studies have been made on the valinomycin-induced transport of Cs+ at 0 degree C in rat liver mitochondria energized with succinate. Under these conditions, mitochondria preserve their ability to accumulate Cs+ for 6 hours of incubation or even longer. The rate of both the inward and outward movement of Cs+ at 0 degree C was approximately an order lower than at room temperature, although the stationary distribution of Cs+ remained at a high level. Electron microscopic observations revealed no significant changes in the structure of mitochondria in spite of their prolonged incubation. These properties of mitochondria make it possible to determine the kinetic parameters of ion transport and in this way to evaluate functional condition of mitochondria at low temperatures. PMID- 6741349 TI - [Water-soluble hippocampal proteins of the rat in early postnatal ontogeny]. AB - Using ion exchange chromatography on DEAE-cellulose, studies have been made on protein extracts obtained at low ionic strength from hippocampal slices of rats within the 1st month of their postnatal life. Significant changes in fractional composition were found. To the end of the 2nd week, a reliable decrease in the relative content of low-acidic fractions was observed together with the increase in the content of those fractions which were eluted by a buffer with a higher molarity. In 3-week animals, the relative content of weak-acidic fractions decreases by 1 1/2 times, the difference being even more significant in adult animals. It is suggested that the observed redistribution of fractions within protein spectra is due to the appearance of the brain specific proteins. PMID- 6741350 TI - [Characteristics of the carbohydrate digestive transport carrier in rats exposed to the effect of a temperature factor in early postnatal ontogeny]. AB - Using accumulating preparations of the small intestine mucose, studies have been made of the initial stages of glucose uptake from solutions of glucose, maltose and starch in rat puppies at the age of 17, 24, 31 and 38 days, which were subjected from the 10th to the 17th day of postnatal life to daily heating (up to 40-41 degrees C) or cooling (up to 6-7 degrees C) for 2 hours. It was found that in heat-adapted animals, the rate of accumulation of "free" glucose remained the same as in control animals, whereas the rate of uptake of the glucose in the form of maltose or starch was significantly decreased. Cold adaptation promoted stable stimulation of carbohydrate hydrolysis and transport functions of the intestine. PMID- 6741351 TI - [Changes in the wakefulness-sleep cycle in mice induced by endogenous substances from the tissues of the susliks Citellus parryi and C. undulatus during hibernation]. AB - Intraabdominal injections of albino mice of extracts from the brain (2mg/g) and epithelial tissue of the small intestine (1.3 mg/g) of hibernating ground squirrels result within 6 hours in the decrease of the duration of the awake state (by 2.1-2.4 times), inhibition of paradoxical sleep, the increase in the duration of the slow wave sleep, and the decrease in the brain temperature (by 4.5-6 degrees). These indices are affected to a significantly lower extent by injections of intestinal extracts from non-hibernating animals. It is suggested that in homoiothermic animals, changes of temperature homeostasis and sleep cycle are controlled by endogeneous substances which are present in the brain and tissues of the internal organs. PMID- 6741352 TI - [Epidemiological characteristics of tetanus in Volyn Province in the period 1950 to 1980]. PMID- 6741353 TI - [Neuraminidase activity of staphylococci]. AB - 141 S. aureus and S. epidermidis strains, isolated from the personnel of obstetric wards by taking smears from the anterior sections of the nose, have been tested for their capacity for neuraminidase production. The test has been carried out by the thiobarbiturate method in a medium with ovomucin added. Neuraminidase activity has been found to be characteristic mostly of S. aureus strains isolated from constant carriers. PMID- 6741354 TI - [Biological properties of the causative agents of salmonellosis in young children]. AB - The study of the biological properties of 161 Salmonella strains isolated from the feces and faucial mucus of 121 young children revealed that at the initial period of salmonellosis the occurrence of Salmonella strains in these materials was the same. Salmonella strains sensitive to antibiotics, as well as group C salmonellae, were shown to be capable of causing hospital infections. Statistically significant results revealed that Salmonella strains isolated from the nasopharynx were more virulent than those isolated simultaneously from the feces of the same children. PMID- 6741355 TI - [Microbiological and immunodiagnostic studies in experimental erysipeloid]. AB - The use of the passive hemagglutination test with a set of antigenic and antibody erythrocytic diagnostic reagents made it possible to detect antibodies to Erysipelothrix rhusiopathiae specific and type specific antigens in the blood serum of infected mice and to reveal the presence of these antigens in the internal organs of the animals. After a considerable increase of the infective dose a higher level of contamination and the retention of the antigens in the internal organs were observed, while the activity of specific antibodies in the blood serum decreased. PMID- 6741356 TI - [Characteristics of the reasons for the varying epidemic manifestation of tick borne encephalitis foci in western Siberia and the Far East]. AB - Viral strains from the foci of tick-borne encephalitis in Western Siberia and the Far East, producing the disease which takes the clinical course of different severity, have been shown to possess similar biological properties. A high mortality rate in the foci of tick-borne encephalitis in the Primorye Territory is the consequence of the weak latent immunization of the population, which is due, in its turn, to some specific features of the epizootic process in this area. PMID- 6741357 TI - [Quantitative parameters of the length of time of Vibrio eltor survival on household objects]. AB - On household articles contaminated with protein-containing excrements (as in the stool of cholera patients) V. eltor survive 4.6 times longer than on those contaminated with excrements without protein (as in the stool of vibriocarriers ). This is due to a lesser initial dose of vibrios and the absence of protein in the excrements of vibriocarriers . These differences in the survival time of V. eltor on household articles suggest that objects contaminated with the excrements of cholera patients are epidemiologically more dangerous than those contaminated with the excrements of vibriocarriers . The quantitative determination of the survival time of vibrios on household articles indicates that, probably, these articles merely play the role of intermediate factors in the transfer of V. eltor in the foci of cholera. PMID- 6741359 TI - [Effectiveness of revaccinating hamadryas baboons with NISS live dried plague vaccine and fraction I of the plague microbe]. AB - The effectiveness of some vaccine preparations for the revaccination of hamadryas baboons after their primary immunization with live plague vaccine " NIIS " administered in the form of aerosol was studied. The study was carried out under the conditions of the aerosol challenge of the animals with Y. pestis. The subcutaneous injection of plague vaccine " NIIS " was found to have advantages over its aerosol administration. Revaccination with Y. pestis fraction I, absorbed, was found to be 8 times more effective than the administration of plague vaccine " NIIS " by inhalation and not inferior to the subcutaneous injection of this vaccine. Y. pestis lipopolysaccharide, when injected simultaneously with fraction I, produced an immunosuppressive effect. The development of chemical plague vaccine on the basis of fraction I, intended for revaccination, was shown to have good prospects. PMID- 6741358 TI - [Results of serological surveys for leptospirosis in animals and people in the environs of 2 water reservoirs in eastern Slovakia]. AB - The authors present the results of serological surveys for leptospirosis in rodents, cattle and humans, carried out in the vicinity of two large water reservoirs in Eastern Slovakia. Of the total number of 243 rodents covered by the surveys, 8.2% yielded positive reactions with leptospiral antigens. In most cases the sera reacted with L. grippotyphosa and L. sejroe . Of 168 samples of cattle serum, 13 serum samples, i.e. 7.7.%, yielded positive reactions, also with L. sejroe and L. grippotyphosa. In the group of serum samples obtained from humans, 28 out of 876 samples studied in the surveys, i. e. 3.1%, were positive. Among humans 6 serotypes were established; of these, L. sejroe occurred most frequently among humans, and also among domestic animals and rodents, then followed L. bratislava and L. grippotyphosa. The positive results obtained in humans, cattle and rodents with the prevalence of the same serotypes indicate the existence of close contacts of humans with animals, as well as the possibility of acquiring water-borne infection in recreation zones. PMID- 6741360 TI - [Interrelations in the immune system of Staphylococcus aureus carriers]. AB - The immune status of 60 S. aureus carriers and 60 donors without carrier state was studied with respect to the interrelations of their antistaphylococcal immunity characteristics and natural resistance factors with the levels of different parameters. In contrast to the donors without carrier state, new interrelations between specific and nonspecific humoral immunity factors were shown to appear in S. aureus carriers, their blood sera having the elevated levels of bactericidal activity and the increased titers of staphylococcal antibodies. The phagocytic activity of the blood in the carriers proved to be below the normal level. The S. aureus carriers were found to have disturbances in the interrelations of their phagocytic activity and specific humoral immunity. The immune status of the carriers as characterized by the interrelations of its parameters is compared with the immune status of normal persons. PMID- 6741363 TI - [Results of a study of Q fever in Odessa Province]. PMID- 6741362 TI - [Fractional composition of the allergens from cereals]. AB - The composition of cereal allergens was studied and the specific activity of the fractions isolated from these allergens was determined. Four protein fractions were obtained from wheat flour by the method of salting out. None of the fractions thus obtained exceeded the whole wheat allergen in specific activity as determined in the indirect mast-cell degranulation (IMCD) test. Three fractions were isolated by fractionation through Sephadex G-75. Of these, the first fraction possessed better physical properties, and its specific activity exceeded that of the initial allergen in the IMCD test. PMID- 6741361 TI - [Antibody dynamics of carnivorous mammals and corvine birds infected with Francisella tularensis]. AB - The time course of antibody formation in carnivorous mammals and corvine birds infected with a single injection of F. tularensis has been experimentally studied in the agglutination test and the passive hemagglutination test. In carnivorous mammals the allergic transformation of the body has been established by means of the leukocytolysis test. PMID- 6741364 TI - [Surface structure of the elementary bodies of Chlamydia]. AB - The surface structure of chlamydial elementary bodies (strain PL-B577 causing enzootic abortion of ewes and strain CP-1 isolated from a patient with Reiter's syndrome), concentrated directly on the grid of an electron microscope, was studied by the method of negative staining. The surface of the cell wall of chlamydial elementary bodies in the preparations of crude cultures, not subjected to enzymatic purification, was formed by spherical subunits 4 nm in diameter. The surface of the cell wall of elementary bodies was found to have projections 10-20 nm long and 3-4 nm in diameter, as well as annular structures 15-22 nm in diameter in hexagonal arrangement, spaced at 45 nm and probably traversed by these projections. The number of such structures in a group was 12-15. These data correspond to the model representing the structure of the surface of chlamydiae, which was proposed by Matsumoto in 1979. PMID- 6741365 TI - [Models for the study of the toxic action of Legionella pneumophila]. AB - L. pneumophila virulent culture and the filtrate of this culture disintegrated with ultrasound were shown to be toxic for guinea-pig peritoneal macrophages in vitro and for AKR mice. The virulent culture of this infective agent and the filtrate of the supernatant fluid obtained from the washings of its virulent culture had no toxic effect on a macrophage monolayer culture and on mice. The use of these models for characterizing Legionella intracellular toxic activity, as well as for characterizing Legionella strains isolated from patients and the environment, is proposed. PMID- 6741366 TI - [Determination of the ecological niche of Bacteroides in the gastrointestinal tract--a study of a model of sterile intestines in germ-free animals]. AB - The interrelations of the population of microorganisms belonging to the genus Bacteroides with the structures of the mucous membrane of the gastrointestinal tract of germ-free guinea pigs and mini-pigs have been studied. A considerable part of the population of these anaerobic microorganisms is associated in some way with the intestinal mucosa; at least, quite a number of these organisms inhabit mucins covering the mucosa. The determination of this ecological niche occupied by bacteroids in the intestinal microbiocenosis suggests that these organisms have considerable influence on the physiological functions and pathological states of the digestive tract. PMID- 6741368 TI - [Effect of interferon type I on staphylococcal persistence and indices of body immunoreactivity]. AB - After the subcutaneous injection of type I (alpha) interferon into mice their survival rate in staphylococcal infection greatly increased. At the same time duration of staphylococcal persistence in these animals and the number of persisting staphylococci were found to decrease. After the injection of interferon the splenocytes of the treated animals showed a higher capacity for interferon production. During the whole experiment the characteristics of delayed hypersensitivity in these animals showed a tendency towards normalization in comparison with those in infected mice receiving no interferon. PMID- 6741367 TI - [Pathology and physiology of microbes. IV. Economic and metabolic coefficients in assessing the functional states of Salmonella typhi]. AB - The study of economic and metabolic coefficients under different conditions of batch and continuous cultivation with the use of S. typhi, a facultative anaerobe, as a model has demonstrated that the functional state of the microbial population is determined by the phase of the development of the culture, the composition of the culture medium, the conditions of aeration and stirring, the concentration of the energy-providing substrate and the dilution rate in continuous cultivation. The economic coefficient with respect to the energy providing substrate has been found to be the main characteristic of the functional state of the population: the high values of this characteristic correspond to the physiological state of the population. The decrease of the economic coefficient below a certain critical value is indicative of the pathological state of the population. PMID- 6741370 TI - [Use of an immunoenzyme method on a solid-phase carrier for determining the tularemia antigen]. AB - The method of the highly sensitive (up to 10 ng/ml) and specific determination of soluble tularemia antigen, based on the use of "sandwich" type ELISA techniques, has been developed. The dependence of the specificity and sensitivity of the method on the degree of purification of antibodies and their peroxidase conjugates used in the assay has been studied. The study has revealed that the best results can be obtained with the use of purified IgG and its conjugate free of unbound peroxidase. Both foreign peroxidase preparations and type A enzyme manufactured in the USSR can be equally used as enzymatic labels. PMID- 6741369 TI - [Etiological study of uveitis in young children]. AB - The etiology of acute infectious diseases accompanied by uveitis in young children has been studied. In these investigations a high degree of contamination with virus ECHO 19 in patients with acute diseases accompanied by uveitis has been revealed and the ophthal motropic properties of the virus have been experimentally established, which indicates that certain variants of virus ECHO 19 play, probably, some role in the etiology of uveitis in young children. PMID- 6741371 TI - [Characteristics of regression interrelations between the immune reactions to different staphylococcal strains in chronic inflammatory diseases of the upper respiratory tracts]. AB - Regressive interrelations between antibody titers to 13 staphylococcal museum strains in the blood serum, polypous fluid and saliva of patients with chronic polypous rhinosinusitis and chronic tonsillitis were studied. The presence of sharply defined positive interrelations between antibody titers in the blood serum and polypous fluid of patients with chronic polypous rhinosinusitis with respect to all staphylococcal strains under study and the absence of significant interrelations between antibody titers in the blood serum and saliva of patients with chronic tonsillitis were shown. The problem of the importance of positive or negative interrelations between individual staphylococcal strains is discussed. PMID- 6741373 TI - [Vascular factors in the etiology of hemihyperkinesis]. AB - Pathological conditions of the cerebral vessels and main arteries of the head on the side opposite to the side of the involved limbs are the etiological factors in one third of the patients. Cerebral angiography and computer tomography make it possible to verify vascular lesions of the subcortical structures which could cause the development of hemihyperkinesis . These foci of affection were most frequently located in the striapallidal system of the hemisphere contralateral to the affected limbs. PMID- 6741372 TI - [Angiographic diagnosis of cranio-orbital meningiomas]. AB - Analysis of the results of cerebral angiography in 64 patients with cranio orbital meningiomas provides evidence that this method of examination is of valuable diagnostic significance in determining the growth of craniobasal meningiomas into the orbit. It not only helps in determining precisely the topography of the new growth in the cavity of the skull and the orbit but aids identifying the sources of blood supply to the tumor. PMID- 6741374 TI - [Correlation of the histological structure of gliomas with densitometry findings during computer tomography]. AB - Local features of the histological structure of malignant glioma tissue are compared with the results of densitometry in computer tomography (CT) with a contrast amplifier. The material for histological examination was collected during stereotaxis biopsy conducted according to CT findings (9 patients) and in examination of the brain of 5 patients who had died without being subjected to operation. The method by means of which anatomical axial sections identical to a series of CT sections were obtained is described. The results in the form of mean values of the coefficients of absorption and the homogeneity of their distribution are shown in accordance with the density of areas with intact brain in each CT section. These data make it possible to detect details of the CT image which are not accessible to visual analysis in some cases and to appraise more objectively the boundaries and spread of the tumors. Besides, they may be used in choosing the targets for stereotaxis biopsy of brain tumors when it is conducted according to the findings of CT. They also increase the informativeness of biopsy. PMID- 6741375 TI - [Measurement of total cerebral blood flow in man by means of the hydrogen clearance method]. AB - The authors discuss a new method for measuring the overall cerebral blood flow in man from analysis of the hydrogen clearance curves recorded in the internal jugular vein with a sounding platinum electrode. The hydrogen clearance curves are polyexponential in character and for calculating the blood flow it is therefore necessary to use the stochastic method. The use of the "initial inclination" method is also admissible in proximate curve analysis. The values of the overall cerebral blood flow in patients with craniocerebral injury measured by the method suggested are in agreement with the data in the literature. PMID- 6741376 TI - [Ultrasonic method of studying intracranial blood and cerebrospinal fluid dynamics in healthy subjects and in pathology]. AB - A noninvasive ultrasonic method of brain biolocation with the sensor positioned in the region of the frontal eminences, was developed. The selected signal from an immobile structure, the occipital bone, is registered graphically. The method allows the cerebral hemispheres to be studied separately, yields information which is more precise than that obtained by means of the commonly known methodical approaches, and provides data on the intracranial dynamics of blood and cerebrospinal fluid. The results of the study provide evidence of a statistically significant (P less than 0.05) shift in the index of ultrasonics pulsed fading (alpha p) in healthy individuals and in patients with cerebral lesions and changes in the functional and neurological state. To verify the noninvasive methods parallel studies were conducted by means of the invasive method. PMID- 6741377 TI - [Cerebrospinal fluid hypotension after brain surgery]. AB - A severe complication, c. s. f. hypotension ( CSFH ), developed in 9 patients after intracranial manipulations for meningioma (4), intracranial aneurysm (3), and subdural hematoma (2). It occurred on the second or third postoperative day and was characterized by rapid development of general cerebral disorders (even to deep loss of consciousness) and aggravation of focal disorders. An important role in the differential diagnosis of the hypotensive and the hypertensive syndromes is attached to lumbar puncture which in cases of CSFH reveals very low c. s. f. pressure or none at all. Effective therapy for the disease includes subarachnoid infusion of up to 50-80 ml of physiological solution through a lumbar puncture and daily intravenous infusions of fluio (2 500-3 000 ml). PMID- 6741378 TI - [Immunologic sensitization to tumor-associated antigens during the growth of gliomas of the brain (experimental study)]. AB - The reactions of cellular immunity to malignant gliomas of the rat brain were studied by measuring the electrophoretic mobility of indicator cells (the EPM test). The appearance of sensitization coincided in time with the development of the glioma's own vascular network possessing no barrier function. The sensitization was constant in character and persisted till the death of the tumor carriers. The EPM test did not reveal qualitative differences in sensitization in intracerebral and subcutaneous glioma growth. PMID- 6741380 TI - Preoperative cutaneous hypersensitivity reaction related to postoperative complications following elective surgery. AB - Delayed cutaneous hypersensitivity testing (DCH) using the following antigens: Mumps, PPD, Candida and streptokinase/streptodornase was effectuated preoperatively in 339 surgical patients. DCH test results were evaluated as normal (N) when two or more antigens showed positive response (greater than 5 mm in diameter), relative anergic (RA) with one positive response and anergic (A) when no response was positive. Normal response was observed in 78%, RA in 13% and A in 9% of the patients. Complications in the 232 patients that were operated upon were seen in 51% of the A or RA patients while only 7.1% of the N patients developed complications. The mortality increased significantly from 2.2% in normal patients to 23.5% in the anergic group. Patients classified as anergic or relative anergic had significantly lower preoperative serum levels of prealbumin (p less than 0.001), retinolbinding protein (p less than 0.05) and albumin p less than 0.01) than the normal patients. PMID- 6741379 TI - Thyroid hormones, catecholamine and cortisol concentrations after upper abdominal surgery. AB - Serum and plasma concentrations of thyroid hormones, catecholamines and cortisol as well as oxygen consumption were measured simultaneously in twenty patients in connection with cholecystectomy. Arterial blood samples were taken before surgery and at 2, 24, 48, 72 and 96 h after skin incision. A marked and prolonged decrease in T3 and free T3 concentrations was seen. A minor decrease in T4 was also observed but free T4 remained unchanged. TSH concentration was increased 2 h after skin incision, but at no other occasion. A marked increase in adrenaline and noradrenaline concentrations was observed 2 h after the start of surgery. This increase lasted 24 h for noradrenaline. There was a marked and prolonged rise in plasma cortisol after surgery. The oxygen uptake was higher than the preoperative value during the entire postoperative period. No correlations between thyroid hormones and catecholamines or cortisol or oxygen uptake were found. It is concluded that the most pronounced changes in thyroid hormones and TSH after upper abdominal surgery occur about 24 h postoperatively but catecholamines demonstrate their maximal increase immediately after surgery. The inverse correlation between T3 and catecholamines previously reported in burned patients, with their severe hypermetabolism, it is not present during the moderate hypermetabolism after abdominal surgery. PMID- 6741381 TI - Dynamics of thrombophlebitis in central venous catheterization via basilic and cephalic veins. AB - The incidence distribution of thrombophlebitis after central catheterization via basilic and cephalic veins was investigated, using 227 catheters made of various plain or heparin-coated materials and with differing stiffness and surface structures. The platelet-adhesion stimulating properties were measured in vitro. Thrombophlebitis showed similar incidence patterns with all catheter types. The maximum incidence of venous reaction was found one to ten days after catheter insertion (central tendency 3-8 days with a peak at 5 days). After ten days the risk of thrombophlebitis fell significantly. The results supported the view that central venous catheters inserted via basilic or cephalic veins should not be withdrawn or exchanged as prophylaxis against thrombophlebitis, at any rate when long-term catheterization is intended. For conclusive comparisons between catheter materials regarding induction of clinically apparent thrombophlebitis, all the patients in the trial should be catheterized for ten days or more, unless symptoms of venous reaction arise earlier. PMID- 6741383 TI - Local recurrences after surgical treatment for rectal carcinoma. AB - In a retrospective study of patients treated between 1974 and 1979 with surgery alone for cancer of the rectum or rectosigmoid, a total of 293 patients were evaluated. All original histopathological specimens were re-examined and classified according to the Dukes' staging system and to the Astler - Coller 's modification of this system. Among the 197 (67%) patients operated upon for local cure, 74 patients developed a microscopically proven local recurrence (38%), and in 43 of them this was the only sign of recurrent cancer. There was no clear correlation, however, to the pathological stage. Possible explanations for this finding will be discussed. PMID- 6741382 TI - Follow-up of patients with large bowel cancer: a critical evaluation. AB - A study of 102 consecutive patients hospitalized for large bowel cancer in the period 1975-1976 was performed to evaluate the hospital's follow-up programme in such cases. The overall five-year survival rate was 32%. New pathologic changes (previously unknown malignant or benign tumour) were found in 42% of the patients. The incidence of new pathology was highest among patients with tumours of Dukes' category C, followed by Dukes' B and A, respectively. The probability of new pathology detection was high in the first two years after primary operation for colonic cancer and thereafter the risk seemed to be small. This phenomenon appeared to be general, irrespective of Duke's stage and whether or not curative resection had been performed. Consumption of hospital resources did not seem to prolong patient survival, most resources being used for patients with short survival. More emphasis should be placed on detection of operable metastatic disease, or curable synchronous and metachronous pathology within the first two years after curative resection for large bowel cancer. PMID- 6741384 TI - Silent pancreatitis. Report of 4 cases of acute pancreatitis with atypical symptomatology. AB - Four cases are presented in which the first clinical evidence of acute pancreatitis was the development of a late complication-pleural effusion, abscess formation or jaundice. The designation "silent pancreatitis" is proposed for acute or relapsing acute pancreatitis without initial abdominal symptoms. PMID- 6741385 TI - Chemical peritonitis as caused by a rupture of a splenic cyst. Report of two cases. PMID- 6741386 TI - Tuberculosis of the large bowel. Report of two cases. AB - Two patients with primary tuberculosis of the ileocecal region and transverse colon were thought to be Crohn's disease or carcinoma of the colon. No pathognomonic symptoms or roentgenographic findings were present, and the diagnosis was made on the basis of histopathological features including the presence of alcohol/acid fast bacilli. In one case human tubercle bacilli were cultured. The involved bowel segments were resected and the patients received antituberculous chemotherapy postoperatively. Although tuberculosis of the colon is very rare it should however be considered in cases of vague bowel dysfunction. PMID- 6741387 TI - Transdiaphragmatic perforation of pancreatic pseudocyst with lung herniation. A case report. AB - A 34-year-old woman with a rupture of a pancreatic pseudocyst into the left pleural cavity and with a transdiaphragmatic lung herniation is described. According to literature, this type of condition seems to be extremely rare. The diagnostic and therapeutic problems of the situation are discussed as well. PMID- 6741388 TI - Pulmonary hydatid cyst--a case report. PMID- 6741389 TI - Capnocytophaga infection: a risk in the immunocompromised host. PMID- 6741390 TI - [Anatomo-clinical conference: anasarca in a 60-year-old patient]. PMID- 6741392 TI - The clinical use of calcium antagonists (calcium entry blockers). PMID- 6741391 TI - Drugs recently released in Belgium. PMID- 6741393 TI - [Chylothorax: apropos of a case complicating the positioning of a definitive endovenous pacemaker, and a review of the literature]. PMID- 6741394 TI - Chronic active hepatitis due to hydroxymethylnitrofurantoin in a male patient. PMID- 6741395 TI - Mesenteric vein thrombosis presenting as a neurological problem. PMID- 6741396 TI - Infective endocarditis due to Actinobacillus actinomycetemcomitans. PMID- 6741397 TI - Measurement of 8-arginine-vasopressin by radioimmunoassay. Development and application to urine and plasma samples using one extraction method. AB - This paper describes the production and evaluation of an antiserum with high affinity (Ka = 1.9 X 10(11) l/mol) and specifity to 8-arginine-vasopressin (AVP). The antiserum binds only to the intact and unchanged ring and tail of the AVP molecule. AVP was labelled with 125I by a modification of the chloramin T method and purified by gel-filtration. We describe the development and validation of a radioimmunoassay for AVP in human plasma and urine, using only one extraction method (octa-decasilyl-treated silica microcolumns) for both biological fluids. The overall sensitivity of the assay method is 0.3 pg/ml plasma and 0.6 pg/ml urine. Mean (+/- SD) plasma AVP-concentration in normally hydrated females was 1.2 +/- 0.6 pg/ml (median 1.2 pg/ml) and 1.7 +/- 0.7 pg/ml (median 1.8 pg/ml) in males. Mean urinary AVP excretion was 73 +/- 43 ng/day with ad libitum water intake and normal activity. Sex differences were not statistically significant. We also assessed the response of plasma AVP and urinary AVP-excretion to waterload and dehydration. PMID- 6741398 TI - Local anaesthesia and immunomodulatory effects of antithyroid drugs. AB - Propylthiouracil (PTU) and propranolol can suppress, while methimazole (MMI) can enhance, mitogenic activation of lymphocytes. The present study investigated whether this effect of PTU, as has been shown for propranolol, relates to local anaesthetic activity. MMI (1 mM) but not PTU (1 mM) reduced the action potential in rat skeletal muscle. Thus, PTU seems to lack local anaesthetic activity. Moreover, the recorded local anaesthetic capacity of MMI hardly explains the stimulatory influence of MMI on lymphocyte activation. Apparently, the interference of MMI and PTU with lymphocyte activation seems to be due to another mechanism than local anaesthetic activity. PMID- 6741399 TI - Effects of sodium ipodate and propylthiouracil in athyreotic human subjects, role of triiodothyronine and pituitary thyroxine monodeiodination in thyrotrophin regulation. AB - To investigate the respective role of triiodothyronine (T3) and thyroxine (T4) in the regulation of TSH secretion, we studied the action of sodium ipodate and propylthiouracil (PTU) in 11 athyreotic patients. The LT4 replacement dose was adjusted to obtain, in each patient, a normal basal TSH level and a normal TSH response to TRH. In the 5 ipodate-treated patients (single 6 g oral dose), the mean serum T3 level fell by 64% below the baseline value and serum rT3 rose 180% above the baseline. The free T4 index (FT4I) did not change whereas the mean serum TSH concentration increased 280% above baseline values. In the 6 PTU treated patients (250 mg orally every 6 h for 10 days), serum T3 levels fell 33%, serum rT3 increased up to 82% and the FT4I did not change. The mean serum TSH concentration increased 68% above the baseline value. Thus, the mean percentage increase in serum TSH was less in PTU- than in ipodate-treated patients (68% vs 280%). Statistical analysis of the correlation between the serum T3 decrease (delta T3) and the serum TSH (delta TSH) increase demonstrated that for the same T3 diminution, the ipodate-treated group displayed higher increase of TSH than the PTU-treated patients. In the rat, PTU interferes with the 5'-deiodination of T4 in the liver and kidney but not in the pituitary, while ipodate appears to have the same effect in all tissues. If this holds true for human subjects, our data strongly suggest that circulating T4 (through its intrapituitary conversion to T3) shares with serum T3 the capacity to regulate TSH secretion in man. PMID- 6741400 TI - Influence of oestrogen in high and low doses on plasma steroid concentrations in girls with tall stature and Turner syndrome. AB - Plasma DHA, 17-OH-progesterone, androstenedione, testosterone, cortisol, oestrone and oestradiol were determined before and on high dose oestrogen treatment (1, 3, 6 and 16 months) given to excessively tall girls to reduce future adult height. Basal values were normal: DHA 16.4 +/- 0.8 nmol/l (n = 90), 17-OH-progesterone 4.9 +/- 0.3 (n = 20), androstenedione 5.6 +/- 0.3 (n = 25), testosterone 2.6 +/- 0.3 (n = 24) and cortisol 395 +/- 20 (n = 90). On treatment, DHA, 17-OH progesterone and androstenedione decreased to a minimum of 9.3 +/- 1.0 nmol/l (3 months, n = 13), 2.4 +/- 0.3 (6 months, n = 7) and 2.6 +/- 0.2 (6 months, n = 9), respectively, while testosterone remained unchanged, and cortisol increased to a maximum of 825 +/- 99 nmol/l (16 months, n = 23). In 15 girls with XO gonadal dysgenesis, basal DHA was low (11.8 +/- 1.0 nmol/l), and did not significantly change on low dose oestrogen replacement (13.3 +/- 1.4). The cause of the fall in plasma concentrations of androstenedione, DHA and 17-OH-progesterone in treated tall girls is unknown, but it is speculated that it might be related to peripheral conversion in the augmented adipose tissue mass. The rise in plasma cortisol, on the other hand, is probably due to increased transcortin. PMID- 6741401 TI - The effects of bradykinin on the contractile activity of the isolated rat ovary. AB - Studies of ovarian contractility were carried out on 43 rat ovaries maintained in vitro. Eighteen ovaries showed spontaneous motility. In 65 of 155 tests (42%), synthetic bradykinin (3.75-25.0 ng/ml saline) produced sustained increases in ovarian tone, or stimulated phasic contractions. Failure to respond was related to the stage of the oestrous cycle. Sensitivity was highest around ovulation (00.00-04.00 h oestrus), when there were 25 responses in 26 tests, and the linear relationship between the response and the logarithm of the concentration suggested a threshold of 2.9 ng/ml saline. Sensitivity fell later in oestrus, and reached its lowest point in metoestrus (1 response in 20 tests). Since the plasma kinin system is activated before ovulation, and the threshold to bradykinin was within reported plasma kinin levels, it seems possible that plasma kinins are involved in contractile processes associated with ovulation. PMID- 6741402 TI - The dependence of human decidual prolactin production and secretion on the osmotic environment in vitro. AB - Human decidual tissue from uncomplicated term pregnancies was incubated in vitro using a cross-over design of incubation lasting for 72 h. The decidual issue of each membrane was added sequentially to media with the osmolalities 252, 315 and 387 mmol/kg, and the different osmolalities were in 33 experiments induced by changing the concentration either of sodium chloride, potassium chloride, mannitol, sucrose, or choline chloride. At 387 mmol/kg all substances elicited a significant increase in Prl secretion compared with the 315 mmol/kg media (14 27%) or the 252 mmol/kg media (26-46%). When the sodium chloride, potassium chloride, sucrose, and choline chloride media at 387 mmol/kg were compared in another 7 experiments, potassium chloride increased Prl secretion more effectively than the others (10%, P less than 0.05). The incubation cross-over design did not permit determination of the decidual Prl content after incubation in each of the various media, but in 28 experiments the mean decidual Prl content was 12.7 mIU per 100 mg dry tissue (range 4-30) before and 8.7 mIU per 100 mg dry tissue (1-17) after the experiments. The mean amount of Prl secreted during the successive incubations was 152.2 mIU per 100 mg dry tissue (19-672) which showed the secretion to be a result of continued Prl production. The effect of osmolality was independent of the basal production rate. These results indicate that the intracellular ionic concentrations, probably of potassium ion or of chloride ion, are of importance in the regulation of the synthesis and secretion of decidual Prl in vitro. PMID- 6741403 TI - [Thorotrastosis, fossil pathology]. PMID- 6741404 TI - [The Doppler system adapted to digestive endoscopy. Pilot study of 119 patients]. PMID- 6741405 TI - [Surgical indications for chronic pancreatitis]. PMID- 6741406 TI - [Familial Amanita phalloides poisoning]. PMID- 6741407 TI - [Colitis caused by Clostridium difficile not associated with antibiotic therapy]. PMID- 6741408 TI - Autopsy study of pseudomembranous colitis. Characteristics of the affected population and antibiotics involved. PMID- 6741409 TI - The irritable bowel syndromes. PMID- 6741411 TI - A study of twin placentation in Tokyo. AB - A total of 178 placentas of twins born in Tokyo in 1961-1982 were examined. Only just over one third were dichorionic, 110 being monochorionic and DZ twins were estimated to account for 24.7% of the pairs. The lower frequency of DZ twinning in Japan is attributed to lower gonadotropin values in Japanese women as compared to European, American, or African women. High fetal morbidity was found in monochorionic twins and this is attributed to a frequent occurrence of vascular anastomoses. PMID- 6741410 TI - Twin research 4. Proceedings of the Fourth International Congress on Twin Studies. London:28 June-1 July 1983. Part A: Twin biology and obstetrics. PMID- 6741412 TI - The importance of plasma volume expansion and nutrition in twin pregnancy. AB - Physiological adaptation including expansion in plasma volume is exaggerated in women with twin pregnancies. In singleton pregnancy and multiparous twin pregnancies there is an association between plasma volume expansion and birth weight, but this is not so in primigravid twin pregnancies. Women with twin pregnancies have a similar dietary intake to singleton pregnancies, but it is not known whether there are differences with parity or zygosity. Absorption and utilisation of nutrients may be increased to meet demands for extra fetal growth. Nutrient supply and plasma volume expansion will be further discussed and their association with birth weight presented. PMID- 6741413 TI - Spontaneous abortions and twinning. AB - The relation between spontaneous abortions and twinning was studied in the years 1980-1981 in 22 towns of the South Moravian Region, Czechoslovakia. Each town has more than 10,000 inhabitants and less than 750 births per year. The number of spontaneous abortions and the number of twin births were evaluated separately for each town and for a time unit of three months. The comparison indicated that the group with a higher number of spontaneous abortions also had a lower number of twin births. The relation between spontaneous abortions and twinning is discussed. PMID- 6741414 TI - Factors contributing to a reduction of twin perinatal mortality in Singapore. AB - A total of 204 cases of twin pregnancy occurred between 1970 and 1972 have been compared with 102 cases occurred between 1976 and 1978. During the interval of time, specialised care was instituted for the early diagnosis and management of twins. The incidence of twin pregnancy in Singapore decreased from 1:131 to 1:141 pregnancies. With a background of improved socioeconomic conditions and obstetric care, there has been a dramatic decline in perinatal mortality from 76.4 to 29 per 1000. In undiagnosed cases, the perinatal mortality of the first vs the second twin in the earlier group was 64.4 vs 93.6 per 1000. No such difference was observed in the later period, with the average birthweights of twins being significantly higher. The principles of our antenatal supervision, antenatal tocography , and management are presented and the value of early diagnosis, bedrest, and tocolytic therapy discussed. The reduced perinatal mortality and morbidity gives evidence of an improvement in prematurity and augmented intrauterine growth. PMID- 6741415 TI - Selective birth in a case of twins discordant for Tay Sachs disease. AB - The authors have performed selective birth in two twin pregnancies in the same patient. The couple's first pregnancy resulted in the birth of a male with Tay Sachs disease: their Pergonal-induced second pregnancy was a twin gestation discordant for Tay Sachs disease. A fetal intracardiac puncture, exsanguination, and fetal intracardiac air embolization were then performed. The patient went into premature labor 9 days later and delivered a normal immature infant, who died, and the macerated cotwin. The third Pergonal-induced pregnancy was a singleton with Tay Sachs disease and the pregnancy was terminated. Their fourth Pergonal-induced pregnancy was a twin gestation discordant for Tay Sachs disease. At 20 weeks gestation, fetal intracardiac air embolization was performed with immediate demise of the affected fetus. The pregnancy was followed closely with ultrasonography and coagulation studies and proceeded to term without complication. A normal female and a fetus papyraceous were delivered by cesarean section. PMID- 6741416 TI - Antenatal genetic studies in twin pregnancies. AB - The diagnosis of multiple gestation at the time of genetic amniocentesis is a routine occurrence. In a combined series of 2765 patients referred for antenatal genetic studies from the Medical College of Virginia and the University of Iowa, 34 twin pregnancies were encountered (1.2%). Twenty-six of the patients with twins were referred for advanced maternal age. The other indications were previous neural tube defects (1), previous trisomy 21 (2), known carriers of Tay Sachs disease (2), previous Turner's syndrome (1), family history of trisomy 21 (1), and one pregnancy was referred because of an abnormal ultrasound. Amniocentesis procedures, outcome of the twin pregnancies, and genetic counseling issues, are discussed. PMID- 6741417 TI - Intrauterine fetal demise in multiple gestation. AB - Fifteen cases were reviewed over a five-year period at a perinatal centre with intrauterine demise of one member of a multiple gestation. Nine cases were monozygotic twin pairs, two were dizygotic, and two were triples . Gestational age ranged from 27 to 39 weeks. The management protocol consisted of delivery in all cases after confirmation of the diagnosis. In 4 cases delivery was immediate because of spontaneous labor. In the other cases elective delivery was performed if the gestational age was 37 weeks or greater or there was evidence of preeclampsia or if amniocentesis revealed a mature lecithinsphingomyelin (L/S) ratio. Steroids were given if the L/S was immature or the attempt at amniocentesis was unsuccessful and delivery was performed 48 hours after initiation of steroid therapy. Cesarean section was the mode of delivery in 14 of the 15 cases. All of the cotwins and cotriplets survived. One survivor of a monozygous twin pair has multicystic encephalomalacia possibly implicating perinatal arterial occlusion or in utero disseminated intravascular coagulation (DIC). The intrauterine deaths are categorized into possibly avoidable deaths (2/15), unavoidable due to congenital anomalies (3/15), and unknown or unavoidable deaths (8/15). PMID- 6741418 TI - The Aberdeen contribution to twinning. PMID- 6741419 TI - Antenatally detected Klinefelter's syndrome in twins. AB - An increased incidence of twinning has been reported among patients with Klinefelter's syndrome (XXY) and their relatives, but no data have been reported about the incidence of XXY among twins. Results from our institution's antenatal testing clinic provide data about twins and XXY. In 1842 pregnancies tested, 21 were noted to be twin gestations. Five fetuses with XXY were detected in all pregnancies, of which there was a pair of MZ twins concordant for XXY and a pair of DZ twins discordant for XXY. The incidence of XXY in twins was thus 7,1%. The fetal phenotype of XXY was examined in aborted MZ twins and found to be mild. Notably, the testicular histology was normal. These cases confirm the previously reported association of twinning and XXY. The association of twinning and XXY implies a commonality of causation; however, a maternal age effect cannot be excluded. Our data suggest that there is an increased risk of XXY among twins. PMID- 6741420 TI - Fetoscopy in the management of twin pregnancies discordant for a severe abnormality. AB - Selective feticide by fetoscopic air embolism was carried out in six twin pregnancies complicated by discordance for a severe abnormality. In three, a previous diagnostic fetoscopy had been performed. The procedure was effective and uncomplicated in all cases. One patient is undelivered and five have delivered healthy babies, three at term and two preterm. One of the latter, delivered at 28 weeks, died of complications in the neonatal period. PMID- 6741421 TI - Discordant anencephaly in a set of triplets. AB - A 38-year-old woman, gravida 5, para 3, with a triplet pregnancy discordant for anencephaly, is reported. The diagnosis was made prenatally by ultrasound. Autopsy of the anencephalic member revealed small adrenal glands with absent fetal cortex, and a coincidental tetralogy of Fallot. Studies of the histocompatible lymphocyte antigens of both parents were performed and they failed to demonstrate HLA B-27. The literature on anencephaly in triplets is summarized. The association of congenital heart disease and HLA B-27 with anencephaly is discussed. PMID- 6741422 TI - Case reports of 16 sets of conjoined twins from a Uganda hospital. AB - During a 10-year period (1971-1980) 16 sets of conjoined twins were delivered in the author's hospital. The incidence of those twins was 1 in 4242 deliveries, 1 in 69 multiple births, and 1 in 139 congenitally malformed babies. All diagnoses were made during labour or at operation and all babies were lost. There were no maternal deaths. PMID- 6741423 TI - Malformations in twins and their siblings, Norway, 1967-79. AB - During 1967-79 the population-based Medical Birth Registry of Norway registered 7,660 twin pairs (1% of births) born to 7,596 mothers, who gave birth to 6,608 additional infants (twin siblings). The total rate of malformations among twins (278.1/10,000) was not significantly different than among singletons (302.1/10,000), nor among twin siblings (314.8/10,000). By specific type of defect, twins had significantly higher rates than singletons of central nervous system (CNS) defects (Rate Ratio = 1.8) and cardiovascular defects (RR = 1.5). The twins also had a significantly low rate of congenital hip dislocation (RR = 0.4), which may explain the relatively low incidence of malformations in twins. Like-sex (LS) twins had a slightly higher rate of malformations than unlike-sex (US) twins (RR = 1.1), as well as a higher rate of CNS defects (RR = 3.0). The siblings also had a significantly increased rate of CNS defects compared to singletons (RR = 1.9), but not of cardiovascular defects (RR = 0.9). The results indicate that twins have elevated rates of at least some congenital malformations. The observations about CNS defects suggest common factors that can lead to either like-sex twinning, CNS defects, or both. The increased frequency of cardiovascular defects in twins appears to be associated with the biologic conditions of twinning. PMID- 6741425 TI - Membrane protein phosphorylation in vinblastine-treated intact human red cells with stomatocytosis and increased sodium influx. PMID- 6741424 TI - Problems of ascertainment of congenital anomalies. AB - Problems of ascertainment bedevil the investigation of the etiology of congenital anomalies in singletons and in multiple births by epidemiological methods. It is shown that the definition of the population of affected births is ambiguous and that the problem of tracing etiology is complicated by the systematic way in which anomalies may be missed at birth. The available methods of dealing with problems of ascertainment are reviewed. Methods of adjusting for possible bias of ascertainment of affected births, by fitting statistical models to data from several sources, have been employed in some previous studies. In these methods, it is assumed that there are no errors of diagnosis or of recording. However, it is shown that there may be discrepancies in recorded diagnoses between sources, rendering this assumption untenable. In these methods, it is also assumed that the model which is the best fit to the data on the ascertained cases in also the best model for the cases which were not ascertained. This assumption is tested indirectly in a retrospective analysis of data from Aberdeen and Belfast collected concurrently through routine recording systems. It is demonstrated that there was a social process in ascertainment which renders the methods of adjusting for bias of ascertainment at best very complicated and at worst inapplicable. PMID- 6741426 TI - Evaluation of clinical relevance of two currently used classifications to non Hodgkin's lymphoma. PMID- 6741427 TI - Scanning electron microscopic observation of mammalian erythroblast denucleation. PMID- 6741428 TI - Myeloma colony growth and patient status: colony growth in plasma cell leukemia and suppressive effect of leukemic cells. PMID- 6741429 TI - Multiple myeloma terminating in the leukemic stage with lobular nucleated eccentric plasma cells: a good response to therapy. PMID- 6741430 TI - Chronic renal failure in an aged hemophilia A patient treated with hemodialysis. PMID- 6741431 TI - Multimolecular form of human plasminogen in individual subjects. PMID- 6741432 TI - Clinical and hematological studies on twelve cases of secondary aplastic anemia. PMID- 6741434 TI - Congenital leukemia with monosomy 7. PMID- 6741433 TI - Abolishment of anti CFU-S and anti CFU-C activity of rabbit anti mouse brain serum (RAMBS) with trypan blue treatment of recipients. PMID- 6741435 TI - Splenectomy in primary myelofibrosis: two long-term survivors after splenectomy. PMID- 6741436 TI - Distribution of lymphocyte subsets in human perigastric lymph nodes. PMID- 6741437 TI - [Cytological study of acid phosphatase activity of plasma cells in monoclonal gammopathies]. AB - The activity of acid phosphatase in bone marrow plasma cells was investigated by a cytochemical method in 12 patients with multiple myeloma, in 12 patients with benign monoclonal gammopathy and in 5 normal controls. The activity of acid phosphatase was significantly higher in the multiple myeloma patients compared with the activity observed in controls and in benign monoclonal gammopathy patients (p less than 0.001). It is therefore suggested that this method may be a valuable adjunct in the differential diagnosis of monoclonal immunoglobulinemias . PMID- 6741439 TI - Antidiuretic hormone response to osmotic stimulus under fentanyl anaesthesia. AB - The effect of fentanyl anaesthesia on the plasma antidiuretic hormone (ADH) response to osmotic stimulus was studied in eight patients. Eight g (137 mmol) NaCl were rapidly injected intravenously the day before anaesthesia and blood samples were collected 5, 10, 20 and 30 min after the injection. This protocol was repeated in the same subjects, under anaesthesia with thiopental, nitrous oxide and fentanyl before surgical incision. Plasma ADH markedly increased after NaCl administration and was significantly correlated with plasma sodium (r = 0.67, P less than 0.005) when the patients were awake, whereas it did not change over 30 min and was not correlated with plasma sodium (r = 0.18, P greater than 0.05) under fentanyl anaesthesia. This inhibitory effect of anaesthesia occurred in spite of a significant fall in the mean arterial pressure during the study. In order to eliminate the role of overnight fasting, premedication and fluid load, the same protocol was performed in six control patients who were fasted overnight, premedicated and fluid loaded. These results demonstrate that fentanyl anaesthesia abolishes the plasma ADH response to both osmotic and low arterial pressure stimuli. PMID- 6741440 TI - Midazolam as induction agent prior to inhalational anaesthesia: a comparison with thiopentone. AB - Midazolam, a new water-soluble benzodiazepine, was compared with thiopentone as an induction agent prior to inhalational anaesthesia. Induction time, cardiovascular response and venous sequelae were studied in 100 healthy in patients randomly divided into two groups. Midazolam proved to be a good alternative to thiopentone, the longer induction time being compensated by a lower incidence and duration of apnoea. PMID- 6741441 TI - The effect of sodium citrate on the pH and the amount of gastric contents before general anaesthesia. AB - Sixty patients were prospectively studied with respect to the volume and pH of their gastric contents after allocation to one of three preoperative treatments. All patients received diazepam (Apozepam) 5 mg the night before operation and 10 mg at 06.30 on the morning of operation. One group received sodium citrate solution 50 ml perorally at 06.30, 75-370 min before operation. A second group received water 50 ml perorally at 06.30, 100-405 min before operation. The third group received 50 ml water at 06.30 and 50 ml sodium citrate solution perorally just before admission to the operation theatre, 15-50 min before aspiration. Statistical analysis showed elevated pH and volume of gastric contents in the group receiving water in the morning and sodium citrate solution just before admission to the operating theatre immediately after induction of anaesthesia. There was no statistically significant difference of pH and aspirated volume between the group receiving water and the group receiving sodium citrate at 06.30. PMID- 6741438 TI - [Direct Coombs' test in the aged]. AB - Blood samples from 431 persons (age: 78 to 99 years) were examined by the direct anti-human-globulin test (d. AHGT ) with polyspecific and monospecific antisera. Three antibody-mediated positive d. AHGT were found. There was no increase in non antibody-mediated positive complement Coombs reactions in healthy persons of high age. PMID- 6741442 TI - The modifying effect of spinal anaesthesia on intra- and postoperative adrenocortical and hyperglycaemic response to surgery. AB - Plasma cortisol and glucose were measured in 24 patients undergoing abdominal hysterectomy during spinal anaesthesia with 0.5% hyperbaric tetracaine or neurolept anaesthesia. The sensory level of analgesia to pinprick extended to at least T4 before skin incision in the spinal group. The mean sensory analgesic level regressed almost linearly, reaching the fourth lumbar segment 4 h after incision. Plasma cortisol and glucose measurements from before to 9 h after skin incision showed significant increases in both parameters during and after surgery. Plasma cortisol and glucose levels were significantly lower during and immediately after surgery in the spinal group, but later postoperatively the mean levels were similar in the two groups. The increase in plasma cortisol 1 h after skin incision in the spinal group correlated to the segmental level of analgesia at that time (r = 0.77, P less than 0.01) and a similar correlation was found with regard to plasma glucose changes (r = 0.60, P less than 0.05). The regression lines showed that maintenance of a sensory analgesic level about the fourth thoracic segment prevented the adrenocortical and hyperglycaemic response to surgery. These findings are in accordance with the anatomical assumption that the upper segmental level of visceral afferent input to the spinal cord is about the fourth thoracic segment. Our results further demonstrate that the inhibitory effect of spinal anaesthesia on the stress response to surgery is transient, and correlates to the regression of sensory analgesia. PMID- 6741443 TI - Spinal anesthesia in sheep with local anesthetic solutions at pH 4 and pH 7. AB - Spinal anesthesia was performed in sheep, using five widely-used local anesthetic agents. The durations of sensory and motor block were shortest with procaine and longest with bupivacaine and tetracaine. The durations of block with prilocaine and mepivacaine fell between those of procaine and bupivacaine. These results agree with what we know about the relative durations of action of these agents in man. All solutions were tested at pH 4 and pH 7, but, except for prilocaine, there were no differences in the mean durations of sensory and motor block at the two pH levels. Sensory block with prilocaine solution at pH 7 was about 20% longer than at pH 4. With all the compounds except prilocaine, the frequency of motor block in the hind limbs was lower at pH 7 than at pH 4. We conclude that single injections of unbuffered solutions of these agents at pH 4 are as effective in terms of onset and duration as solutions at pH 7. The results of this study reconfirm the usefulness and reliability of the sheep as a model for evaluating and comparing spinal anesthetics. PMID- 6741444 TI - Per- and postoperative monocyte and lymphocyte functions: effects of sera from patients operated under general or epidural anaesthesia. AB - Effects on monocyte-mediated cytolysis and thymidine uptake in PHA-stimulated lymphocytes were studied with cells from healthy donors and sera from patients undergoing hip replacement under epidural- or general anaesthesia. Sera were sampled before induction of either epidural- or general anaesthesia (I), 15 min after induction of anaesthesia (II), during surgery 60-90 min after start of induction of anaesthesia (III), and the next morning at 8 o'clock (IV). Serum sample II from patients operated under general anaesthesia significantly depressed both monocyte cytolysis and thymidine uptake in lymphocytes. At sampling time III and IV the monocyte cytolysis was insignificantly reduced. There was no suppression of lymphocyte-thymidine uptake at these sampling times. The sera from patients operated under epidural anaesthesia did not influence the thymidine uptake in lymphocytes. However, sera drawn from epidural anaesthesia patients at sampling time IV significantly depressed the monocyte cytolysis (the sample was drawn the next morning 3-4 h after discontinuation of the epidural anaesthesia). We conclude that the depressive effect of surgery under general anaesthesia on monocyte cytolysis and lymphocyte proliferation is partly transferable by serum factors. The depressive effects on monocytes and lymphocytes of sera drawn 15 min after induction of general anaesthesia may be due to the effect of the induction of thiopentone. PMID- 6741445 TI - Efficacy of clear antacid prophylaxis in obstetrics. AB - We studied 33 women scheduled to undergo general anesthesia for cesarean section. Prior to induction of anesthesia, each patient received in a random fashion one of two prophylactic antacids. Group I (n = 17) received 30 ml Gelusil orally and Group II (n = 16) received 30 ml of 0.3 mol/l sodium citrate. After induction of general anesthesia an oro-gastric tube was passed. The amount and pH of the gastric aspirate were measured at the time of delivery and 45 min after delivery "before extubation." Both antacids elevated gastric pH above 3.5 in all patients but one in the Gelusil group. The pH remained elevated 45 min later. It is concluded that 0.3 mol/l sodium citrate is effective as an antacid when given orally prior to induction of anesthesia. PMID- 6741446 TI - Anaesthesia system with eliminated spill valve adjustment and without lung rupture risk. AB - A new anaesthesia system is presented. Apart from the inclusion of an inflating valve which is influenced by bag compression, the components are those commonly used in any absorption circuit, but arranged in a new sequence. The anaesthesia system is characterized by its use of a spill valve with a fixed low opening pressure, thus eliminating the commonly haphazard adjustment of this valve. The magnitude of the fresh gas flow does not influence the pressure in the bag during its compression, thereby introducing the "closed system" bag feeling, otherwise excluded with semi-closed and high flow systems. For the same reason, dangerous pressures cannot arise in the lung, as its peak pressure is defined by the volume inflated from the bag, and is controllable by the anaesthetist. Dumping of expired air in preference to fresh gas makes gas expenses optimally low with any semi-closed inflow. The permanent low pressure inside the carbon dioxide absorber makes it easier to produce a tightly closed system and also makes more economical use of expensive gases. Disclosure of disconnection by a steadily rotating volumeter pointer may add to safety, the same feature apparently also being helpful in teaching proper mask technique. PMID- 6741447 TI - Comparison of paracetamol and pentazocine suppositories for pain relief after tonsillectomy in adults. AB - The pain-relieving effect of paracetamol 500 mg or pentazocine 50 mg suppositories was studied in 91 voluntary adult patients after tonsillectomy in halothane or enflurane anaesthesia. Both suppositories were studied after both anaesthetics. Thus the patients were randomly allocated to four study groups. At 60 min after administration of coded suppositories, 46-50% of the patients in various groups needed extra analgesic and received pethidine 1 mg/kg i.m. Thereafter, the pain relief was satisfactory in all groups until the end of the observation period (120 min). The incidence of vomiting, the most common side effect, ranged from 5 to 14% in the groups. Bleeding from the operation site was most common (14%) in the patients treated with pentazocine after enflurane anaesthesia and did not occur in the patients treated with pentazocine after halothane anaesthesia. The incidence of bleeding in both paracetamol groups was 9%. In all cases, bleeding stopped without any special treatment. The results suggest that both paracetamol 500 mg and pentazocine 50 mg suppositories in the doses used were weak analgesics for throat pain after tonsillectomy in adults in the early postoperative period. The incidence of side effects was relatively low. PMID- 6741448 TI - Comparison of halothane and enflurane anaesthesia for tonsillectomy in adults. AB - Halothane and enflurane in combination with N2O/O2 were compared in 103 adults undergoing tonsillectomy. Anaesthesia was induced with thiopental, and intubation was facilitated with suxamethonium. During halothane anaesthesia the mean heart rate ranged from 91 to 106 beats/min and the mean systolic arterial pressure from 111 to 127 mmHg. The values did not differ significantly from the corresponding values during enflurane anaesthesia. Electrocardiographic changes occurred in 56% and 31% of the patients anaesthetized with halothane or enflurane, respectively. the incidence of junctional rhythm, the most common ECG change, was 46% in the halothane group and 29% in the enflurane group. 19% of the patients in the halothane group and 31% in the enflurane group responded to surgical stimulus by swallowing or coughing. The responses were mostly short-lasting and did not much disturb the surgeon. The incidence of laryngospasm was 6% after halothane and 2% after enflurane anaesthesia. The mean total recovery score (0-10) was 6.1 after halothane and 6.3 after enflurane at arrival in the recovery room and 9.8 in both groups 30 min later. After halothane, nausea and vomiting occurred in 8 and 12% of the patients, respectively. The corresponding figures after enflurane were 2 and 8%. It is concluded that both halothane and enflurane are suitable anaesthetics for tonsillectomy in adults. The most striking difference between the anaesthetics was the significantly more common occurrence of ECG changes during halothane than enflurane anaesthesia. PMID- 6741449 TI - Cardiac function and central circulation in lysine-vasopressin treatment of experimental burns. AB - Anesthetized piglets were subjected to a standardized full thickness skin burn, covering one third of the body surface area, and given fluid treatment. One group was also submitted to early excision of the burned area 5 h after the burn and another group was excised and given lysine-vasopressin by continuous infusion. In both the excised groups there was earlier circulatory restitution compared with the conservatively treated animals. After 24 h, cardiac function was best in the pigs treated with vasopressin and excision. The mechanisms by which vasopressin treatment and excision might have favourable circulatory effects in burn treatment are discussed. PMID- 6741450 TI - Plasma vasopressin response to extracorporeal circulation in children. AB - Plasma vasopressin levels were measured during open-heart surgery in nine children. The control value of vasopressin was 5.5 +/- 1.5 (s.e.mean) microU/ml. During extracorporeal circulation, a maximum 7.3-fold increase of plasma vasopressin level was demonstrated. This high level of vasopressin was considered to have circulatory effects rather than anti-diuretic effects. PMID- 6741451 TI - Preoperative haemodynamic evaluation of patients submitted for renal artery stenosis. AB - The ECG, chest x-ray and haemodynamic parameters were investigated preoperatively in 19 patients subjected to surgery for renal artery stenosis (RAS) and in a control group comprising 19 normotensive patients subjected to other forms of major vascular surgery. Increased cardiac volume was demonstrated in 13 (68%) RAS patients and in two (11%) patients from the control group. Abnormal ECG (i.e. left ventricular hypertrophy or atrial fibrillation) was observed in 11 (58%) RAS patients and in one (5%) patient from the control group. In the RAS patients the following haemodynamic parameters were found to be statistically significantly increased, compared to the control group: systemic blood pressure, (systolic arterial pressure: +43%, diastolic arterial pressure: +38%, mean arterial pressure: +41%), pulmonary artery mean pressure (+64%), pulmonary capillary wedge pressure (+107%), heart rate (+15%), systemic vascular resistance (+27%), left ventricular minute work index (+46%) and right ventricular minute work index (+67%). The presence of increased cardiac volume and abnormal ECG were more closely related to the level of the pathologically increased pulmonary artery mean and wedge pressures than to the systemic blood pressure or central venous pressure. A preoperative haemodynamic evaluation is recommended to determine the degree of heart failure in RAS patients with: left ventricular hypertrophy and increased cardiac volume, or atrial fibrillation. PMID- 6741452 TI - Anesthesia under field conditions. A review of 945 cases. AB - In 1980, two German Red Cross surgical teams served for 6 months at a field hospital in the Kampuchean Refugee Camp Khao I Dang in Thailand. The responsibilities of the two participating anesthesiologists, whose experience is reported in the present study, included anesthetic administration, resuscitation, triage, postoperative intensive care as well as consultations in nonsurgical emergencies and teaching programs. 40% of the 945 emergency operations were battle casualties. Since many patients were in poor condition before surgery, maintenance or restoration of vital functions was of prime importance, particularly shock therapy. Although local or regional anesthesia was preferred, general anesthesia was necessary in 568 cases (60%), with endotracheal intubation in 336 of these cases. Ketamine, generally combined with diazepam or flunitrazepam, proved advantageous for spontaneous respiration, assisted ventilation, and endotracheal anesthesia. Although the conditions were primitive, no fatal anesthetic complications were observed (surgical mortality rate, less than 2%). PMID- 6741454 TI - Linking components between capsomers in the adenovirus capsid. AB - The interhexonal space within the adenovirus capsid is bridged by interhexonal connective elements. These linking components have been detected also between pentons and the five peripentonal hexons surrounding them. According to the results obtained by Markham's rotational integration technique the connective elements between the capsomers are interlacing the whole virion. It could be confirmed in several cases that the linking elements consisted of two approximately parallel elements. This means that each hexon is linked by six times two parallel linking components with its six nearest neighbours in the virus capsid. PMID- 6741453 TI - Effect of a new fungicide (PNDP) on the minor nucleotide content of Fusarium oxysporum. AB - The minor nucleotide constituents of rRNA from the plant pathogenic fungus Fusarium oxysporum were investigated. When the fungus was grown for 8 days in aerated liquid culture the following minor nucleotides were identified from 18S and 25S rRNA: m6A, m2A , m2(6)A, m1G, m2G , m2(2)G, m3C , Cm, m5C, m3U , Um, cm5U , rT and psi. PNDP (+/- threo-1-phenyl-2-nitro-1,3 diacetoxy-propane), a new fungicide of unknown biochemical mode of action, caused a great decrease in the minor nucleotide content of the fungus. Only seven minor nucleotides were present in the rRNA of the fungus grown in PNDP -containing medium. A hypermodified nucleotide, mcm5S2U , was found in treated but not in untreated fusarium. On comparing the effect of PNDP with that of known protein synthesis inhibitors such as cycloheximide and chloramphenicol, it was concluded that PNDP acted similarly to cycloheximide, a cytoplasmic protein synthesis inhibitor. It is suggested that the mode of action of PNDP may be the inhibition of the synthesis of RNA modifying enzymes of F. oxysporum. PMID- 6741455 TI - Prospective neurometric studies during the beginning of carbamazepine and phenytoin therapy. AB - We studied 23 epileptic outpatients to assess carbamazepine and phenytoin therapy effects on the peripheral nerve conduction velocity, the electromyogram, and the EEG background activity. Immediately before and 3, 5, 11, 22 months after beginning treatment with 300-800 mg carbamazepine or 200-400 mg phenytoin, the patients were examined with electroneuromyographic and quantified EEG tests. Carbamazepine, phenytoin, folate, and vitamin B12 serum concentration were simultaneously monitored. Clinical signs of intoxication or polyneuropathy were not observed. The mean serum concentrations were 29 mumol/l for carbamazepine and 43 mumol/l for phenytoin. There was little evidence that anticonvulsants' serum concentration at these levels are related to changes in the electroneuromyographic tests or the alpha rhythm. PMID- 6741457 TI - Hormonal therapy for the climacterium. PMID- 6741456 TI - The effect of metrizamide on regional brain glucose metabolism in the rat. AB - The X-ray contrast material metrizamide is structurally related to 2-deoxyglucose and inhibits brain glucose phosphorylation in vitro. In vivo, the present autoradiographic study with labeled 2-deoxyglucose revealed a global reduction of brain glucose phosphorylation after metrizamide administration in the cisterna magna of rats. The reduction averaged 18% of all regions. PMID- 6741458 TI - Blood-oxygen transport in first trimester of diabetic pregnancy. AB - Factors involved in blood-oxygen transport were studied in 46 pregnant women during the first trimester. All had type 1 (insulin-dependent) diabetes and comparisons were made with similar measurements from 19 non-diabetic pregnant women, also in the first trimester. The concentration of hemoglobin A1c (HbA1c) was significantly increased (7.6% versus 4.4%, p less than 0.01) and arterial oxygen saturation was decreased (0.95 versus 0.98 mol/mol, p less than 0.01) in the pregnant diabetics compared with the non-diabetics. The hemoglobin concentration was significantly elevated in the diabetic women (12.9 versus 12.1 g/100 ml, p less than 0.01). Even though the red cell 2,3-diphosphoglycerate content was the same in the two groups, and pH was significantly lower in the diabetic women, hemoglobin-oxygen affinity was slightly increased in the diabetic patients (P50 at actual pH: 26.2 versus 26.7 mmHg, p less than 0.05; P50 at pH 7.40: 27.0 versus 28.0 mmHg, p less than 0.01). The study has demonstrated certain modifications in the blood oxygen transport system in the first trimester of pregnancy of diabetic women that are possibly related to the presence of excess amounts of glycosylated hemoglobin with increased oxygen affinity. This disturbance in maternal oxygen transport, particularly when associated with diabetic vascular disease, may lead to episodes of fetal hypoxia. Such fetal hypoxia may be a pathogenetic factor for the development of congenital malformations in the outcome of diabetic pregnancy. PMID- 6741459 TI - Morphology of live seminal and postcoital cervical spermatozoa and its bearing on human fertility. AB - Various seminal variables were studied in two groups of infertile couples and in one fertile control group. Sperm morphology was emphasized. Patients with normal postcoital tests and sperm counts exceeding 5 mill/ml were selected and followed prospectively. The two clinical groups could then be identified: a. couples who were persistently infertile during the 3 years of observation and whose infertility was not explained by the clinical investigation, and; b. couples where conception was achieved during the period of observation, either spontaneously or after treatment of the woman. In the latter group all the variables of semen analysis were identical with those of the control group. Differences between the two groups of infertile patients were noted only with respect to the morphology of live spermatozoa of the semen sample and of postcoital spermatozoa within the cervical secretion. It is concluded that these two variables of sperm evaluation are of prognostic significance with regard to future fertility. PMID- 6741460 TI - Symphysis-fundus measurements and intrauterine growth retardation. AB - A prospective study of the clinical value of the symphysis-fundus (SF) distance was performed on 528 women, all at risk for developing intrauterine growth retardation (IUGR). Four different types of SF curves were observed and denoted as normal, static, catch-up and low. A normal or static SF curve predicted a normal birthweight (specificity 92%), while a catch-up or low SF curve identified 79% of the infants with a birthweight below -2 SD for length of gestation. The differences in short-term morbidity between infants delivered by mothers with normal and pathological SF curves were mainly due to prematurity. We find the SF method to be a useful tool for detection of IUGR. Since correct estimation of gestational age is a prerequisite, we recommend an early ultrasonic measurement on all patients. PMID- 6741463 TI - Sciatic nerve injury. Complicating surgical removal of retroperitoneal tumor. AB - A case is presented of injury to the sciatic nerve at the time of resection of a retroperitoneal lipoma. The diagnosis, treatment and prognosis of this surgical complication are discussed. PMID- 6741461 TI - Physiological characteristics of diameter pulses in the fetal descending aorta. AB - A study was performed to establish the dynamic behavior in situ of the descending aorta in the human fetus. The pulsatile movements of the vessel walls were recorded in 36 clinically normal fetuses using a real-time phase-locked ultrasonic system measuring echo movements with high spatial and temporal resolution. The mean amplitude of the diameter pulsations was similar in the 28th - 35th week to that in the 36th - 40th week but, as the apparent diastolic diameter increased, the pulse-elicited increment of the cross-sectional area was 29% larger in the older group. The diastolic diameter decreased (p less than 0.001) and the amplitude of the diameter pulsation increased (p less than 0.001) with prolongation of the previous beat interval. The diameter pulse velocity was positively correlated to gestational age (p less than 0.001), ranging between 1.35 and 2.89 m/sec. The incremental phase of the pulse curve diminished in duration with increasing distance from the heart (p less than 0.001) and with decreasing duration of the previous beat interval (p less than 0.001). The maximum slope of the incremental phase was higher in the more distal part of the aorta (p less than 0.001). The study demonstrates that the diameter pulses contain useful information on the cardiovascular dynamics and provides evidence that the Frank-Starling mechanism is effective also in the human fetus. PMID- 6741462 TI - An unusual case of twin pregnancy. PMID- 6741465 TI - A case of torsion of the pregnant uterus. PMID- 6741464 TI - Impaired voiding efficiency and urinary retention after laparoscopic ventrosuspension ad modum steptoe. AB - A case of impaired voiding efficiency and urinary retention after laparoscopic ventrosuspension a.m. Steptoe is presented. Symptomatic management was achieved by prescribing the alpha-adrenergic blocking agent phenoxybenzamine hydrochloride, but curative management was not obtained until neutralization of the ventrosuspension. Pathophysiological possibilities are discussed. PMID- 6741466 TI - Pathologic torsion of the pregnant uterus. PMID- 6741467 TI - First-trimester diagnosis of cystic nuchal hygroma. PMID- 6741469 TI - Attitudes to CDH. PMID- 6741468 TI - Acute fatty liver of pregnancy. PMID- 6741470 TI - Surgical rubber gloves impervious to methylmethacrylate monomer. AB - Conventional surgical rubber gloves are permeable to the methylmethacrylate monomer (MMM) of acrylic bone cement. An in vitro technique was used which proved butyl rubber gloves, 0.48 mm thick, to be impervious to MMM. to avoid sensitization, butyl rubber gloves may be recommended to persons who are in contact with MMM. Such gloves should be worn by persons with known contact sensitization to MMM. PMID- 6741471 TI - Late diagnosis in congenital dislocation of the hip. AB - In 1966-1975, congenital dislocation of the hip was diagnosed after the neonatal period in 115 children in Uusimaa county in southern Finland; the incidence was 0.76 per thousand liveborns. No decreasing tendency could be seen during the time of the investigation. In most children, the diagnosis was made during the first medical examination at the child welfare clinic at the average age of 3 months. The number of children diagnosed at walking age seemed to be decreasing. The numbers of boys and bilateral affections were smaller in this group than among cases diagnosed during the neonatal period. Dislocation was suspected in 23 per cent of the children even before the diagnosis was made. The reasons for the delay are given and discussed. In 1981, 66 per cent of the children were symptomless and no radiographic signs could be seen. Sixteen per cent of the children had minor residual signs with no need for follow-up, and in 18 per cent the outcome was still unclear. PMID- 6741472 TI - Mechanical factors in loosening of Christiansen and Charnley arthroplasties. AB - A series of 96 Christiansen and 23 Charnley hip arthroplasties, mainly for osteoarthrosis, were followed for an average of 40 (15-93) months. Radiolucent zones at the cement bone interface and resorption of the calcar were more frequent in the Christiansen than in the Charnley hips. Medial and axial migration, and cement fracture often occurred concurrently, with a total frequency of 27/96 in the Christiansen and 4/23 in the Charnley subseries. Wide radiolucent zones in the acetabular cement bone interface were more frequent in the Christiansen hips. Six acetabular protrusions were observed in the Christiansen hips against none in the Charnley hips. The average Harris' hip scores were significantly higher for the Charnley than for the Christiansen hips. Reoperation for loosening was performed in two Charnley hips and 19 Christiansen hips. PMID- 6741473 TI - Krogius tenoplasty for recurrent dislocation of the patella. Failure associated with joint laxity. AB - Thirty-three patients treated with a Krogius tenoplasty for recurrent dislocation of the patella have been followed for an average of 3 years; the knees were classified according to Runow. In 14 of 34 operated knees dislocations had recurred. Most of the recurrences were found in patients with generalized joint laxity, whereas only one of nine knees with only a high Insall index had redislocated. Patients with generalized joint laxity should not be treated with the Krogius tenoplasty as the sole procedure. PMID- 6741474 TI - Stability and motion after traumatic dislocation of the knee. AB - In a series of 10 patients with traumatic dislocation of the knee joint, closed reduction could be accomplished in nine. Conservative treatment was employed in four and operative repair of the ligaments and capsule in six patients. In two of three patients with complicating artery injury, vascular repair was successful. Above-knee amputation was performed in one patient because of delay in the diagnosis of vascular injury and in another patient because of arteriosclerotic gangrene. At follow-up examination, on average 6 years after the accident, the stability and motion of the knee were evaluated as good in five patients (three operated), fair in two (one operated) and as poor in one operated patient. The conclusions are that good knee function can thus be achieved with both conservative and operative treatment, and that limb salvage depends on prompt diagnosis and treatment of vascular complications. PMID- 6741475 TI - Rising incidence of hip fracture in Uppsala, 1965-1980. AB - The frequency and incidence of hip fracture in persons aged 55 years and older in the county of Uppsala during the years 1965, 1970, 1975 and 1980 are reported. For every 5-year interval, the number of hip fractures increased by 21-25 per cent. The ratio of women to men changed from 3.8 in 1965 to 3.1 in 1980. Trochanteric fractures were more common during the later years. The ratio of femoral neck fractures to trochanteric fractures decreased from 1.8 to 1.1 between 1965 and 1980. The incidence of hip fracture in the investigated part of the population increased from 43 per 10 000 in 1965 to 65 in 1980. The age specific incidence increased especially in the group aged 85 years and older, in which fractures of the femoral neck were three times and trochanteric fractures four times more common in 1980 than in 1965. This investigation shows that the incidence of hip fracture has increased, particularly in the higher age groups. If the age-specific incidences continue to rise in the higher age groups, the frequency of hip fractures will be doubled within a 20-year period. PMID- 6741476 TI - Age and sex patterns of hip fracture--changes in 30 years. AB - The age- and sex-specific incidence of hip fractures was studied over a period of 30 years. There was a continuous increase in incidence over the years. The trend was most obvious in the oldest age groups and in men. PMID- 6741477 TI - Pectoralis minor transfer in serratus anterior paralysis. AB - Six cases of serratus anterior paralysis were treated by transfer of the pectoralis minor muscle. The results were good in five cases. PMID- 6741478 TI - Accessory nerve injury. AB - A series of 13 patients with an injury of the accessory nerve in the posterior cervical triangle is reported. In 11 patients the nerve was damaged during a lymph node biopsy and in two cases there was a sharp glass injury. Paralysis of the trapezius muscle occurred with resulting deformity and loss of function of the shoulder. Nine patients were operated on. In five cases neurolysis, in two cases neurorrhaphy and in two cases reconstruction with a sural nerve graft were performed 3-17 months after the injury. The result was good or fair in six operative cases. Five of these were neurolyses. In one instance good and in three cases fair recovery was achieved without operation. All but one of the patients were able to return to their former employment. The mean follow-up time was 20 months. PMID- 6741479 TI - Bilateral locked facets in the thoracic spine. AB - Two cases of traumatic bilateral locked facets in the thoracic spine are reported. Both patients had only minor neurological signs. They both made a full neurological recovery after surgical reduction of the locked facets. Bilateral locked facets are very uncommon in the thoracic spine. The diagnosis should be considered in any patient with a fracture-dislocation of the thoracic spine. In these cases additional lateral tomographs are required. Early open reduction of bilateral locked facets and internal fixation are mandatory. PMID- 6741480 TI - Electromyography of the paravertebral muscles in idiopathic scoliosis. Measurements of amplitude and spectral changes under load. AB - The myoelectric activity of the paraspinal muscles was recorded in girls with idiopathic scoliosis and in healthy controls. The muscles of the back were loaded isometrically and the signals recorded at the T8 and L3 levels were analysed as regards amplitude and frequency. A comparatively higher signal amplitude was found on the convex side of the scoliosis curve. This was found to be due to a lower amplitude on the concave side when the scoliosis group was compared to the controls. The amplitude difference was correlated to the degree of scoliosis. A shift in the myoelectric spectrum toward lower frequencies occurred during the loading period. There were no differences in this respect between the sides of the scoliosis, nor were there differences between the scoliosis patients and the controls. Secondary adaptation to the higher load demand by the muscles on the convex side in scoliosis is the most probable explanation for our observations. PMID- 6741481 TI - Posterior spinal fusion using internal fixation with the Daab plate. AB - The results of posterior spinal fusion, supplemented by internal fixation with the Daab plate in 43 patients, are presented. The Daab plate is a quadruped implant placed longitudinally in the coronal plane and fixed by simply pinching it around the spinous processes. The cause of the instability necessitating fusion was acute trauma in eight patients, late posttraumatic condition in 11, pure degenerative process in seven and spondylolisthesis in nine patients. In addition, there were solitary cases of tuberculous spondylitis, pyogenic spondylitis and metastatic destruction of the vertebral body. The fusion site was cervical in three, thoracic in eight, thoracolumbar in 12 and lumbar or lumbosacral in 20 cases. The mean follow-up time was 19 months. The consolidation of the fused area could, apart from radiographs, ultimately be evaluated at removal of the implant in 39 patients. The fusion was successful in 37 patients. Compared with previous reports, this result must be considered satisfactory when the severity of the cases in this series is noted. Internal fixation in connection with posterior fusion is needed only exceptionally, but in complicated cases the Daab plate seems to afford a simple method of securing the position of the segments for the first postoperative months. PMID- 6741482 TI - Symphysiodesis with a new compression plate. AB - A specially designed compression plate has been used in symphysiodesis for chronic symphysiolysis with pelvic pain and discomfort suspected to be due to pelvic instability. Eight patients have been operated with this technique, and stable symphysiodesis was achieved in all. No signs of plate loosening were observed in any case. PMID- 6741483 TI - Stabilization of the pelvis with the Hoffmann frame. An aid in diagnosing pelvic instability. AB - Pelvic instability is a controversial concept. The symptoms and signs are believed to be due to pelvic joint hypermobility. Differentiation from low back pain can often be difficult. As an aid in diagnosis, temporary external fixation of the pelvis with a trapezoid compression frame was used in 12 patients. The effect on clinical signs and limping, tested on an electronic walkway, and symphyseal mobility has been analysed: in 11 of the 12 patients the frame had a positive clinical effect. In five of six patients limping diminished significantly. Stabilizing of symphyseal mobility could not be demonstrated. PMID- 6741485 TI - Evaluation of fracture stability. A mechanical simulator for assessment of clinical judgement. AB - To test the surgeon's clinical ability to detect small movements in fractures, a simulator with elastic behaviour was constructed. The bending moment required to produce a certain deflection was adjusted at four different levels. With the lowest stiffness, all surgeons in the test series reported that the fracture was unstable at a deflection of 3-4 degrees. With increasing stiffness, an increase in stability was reported--the registered deflection, however, was always 3-4 degrees. These observations confirm that manual tests of fracture stability are uncertain. PMID- 6741484 TI - Unstable fractures of the pelvis treated with a trapezoid compression frame. AB - Sixteen patients with unstable pelvic fractures were treated by early reduction and fixation of the pelvic ring with a trapezoid compression frame. This provided firm fixation of the fractured pelvis in all but one patient. External fixation afforded relief from pain and greatly facilitated nursing. At follow-up, all the fractures but one had healed in the position secured initially by the frame. PMID- 6741486 TI - Mechanical effects of intramedullary acrylic cement on fracture healing in rats. AB - In one group of rats, the medullary cavity was reamed and bone cement was injected. In a control group, only reaming was performed. A closed fracture was then produced in the middle of the femur. At 40,60 and 90 days following operation the torsional moment, the elastic stiffness, the volume and the density of the callus tissue were evaluated. No differences were found between the two groups. It is concluded that acrylic bone cement in the medullary cavity does not impair the healing of non-immobilized fractures in young rats. PMID- 6741487 TI - Effects of instability on fracture healing in the rat. AB - The effect of bending and rotational instability on the healing of a femoral osteotomy was studied in rats using intramedullary fixation with nails made of either steel or flexible polyacetal. All osteotomies were made rotationally unstable by reaming the medullary cavity to a diameter wider than the nails. At 16 weeks, four osteotomies had healed, and 17 had not healed. However, bending tests gave higher values for strength and energy absorption in non-unions with flexible as compared to Stiff nails. Rotational instability thus caused a high rate of non-union in the present model, which has given safe healing when the osteotomy has been stabilized for rotation. Flexible nailing increased strength and energy absorption in bones with non-union, but did not affect the incidence of healing. PMID- 6741488 TI - Uniformity in mechanics of long bones at torque. A dog experiment. AB - Entire and fresh pairs of tibiae and femora from dogs have been tested with a computerized torsion machine. No differences were observed within the pair for several structural parameters, ensuring a right-left congruence of the load deformation curves of the tested bones. PMID- 6741489 TI - Holding power of different screws in the femoral head. A study in human cadaver hips. AB - The holding power of four different bone screws was measured by a pull-out test in 40 cadaver hips from 10 females and 10 males over 70 years of age. Each femoral head was used to test a 6.5 mm cancellous bone screw and a 12.7 mm hip compression screw. The holding power was higher in screws with a long or wide thread. Generally, the holding power in bones from females was about 70 per cent of that in bones from males. PMID- 6741490 TI - Invasion of bone into porous fiber metal implants in cats. AB - Bone ingrowth in porous Ti-6Al-4V implants in feline femurs was assessed for the amount and composition 4, 12 and 26 weeks after implantation. During the first 12 weeks there was a rapid ingrowth that levelled out during the ensuing weeks. Bone had penetrated the implants to an average depth of 0.5 mm over their entire surface at 26 weeks. The ingrown bone was deficiently mineralized at 4 and 12 weeks, but reached full mineralization at 26 weeks. A low calcium to phosphorus ratio persisted at all observation times. The ingrown tissue was compared to bone filling drill holes that had been made in the trochanters contralaterally to the implants. By means of radioactive strontium, the mineral deposits in the holes and implants could be compared. The overall results indicate that bone ingrowth in a porous implant and bone healing are similar processes both qualitatively and quantitatively. PMID- 6741491 TI - Distraction of the growth plate. Experiments in pigs and sheep. AB - Distraction of the growth plate of the distal radius was performed on 15 pigs and 10 sheep of growing age. The separation of the plate from the metaphysis occurred within 4-6 days after the operation. The distraction rate was 1-1.5 mm/day and was continued for 1-3 weeks. Consolidation of the separation area occurred within 6 weeks. Oxytetracycline bone labelling showed that the ossification developed toward the centre of the separation line from the metaphysis and from the inner layer of the periosteum as well as from the physeal side. The growth of the bone continued after the distraction procedure and in most cases the growth plate was open when examined radiologically after the distraction. PMID- 6741492 TI - The load on the radius and ulna in different positions of the wrist and forearm. A cadaver study. AB - Nine cadaver specimens were tested with load cells attached to both sides of an osteotomy of the distal radius and ulna. The load along the radius relative to the ulna could be measured in different positions of the wrist and forearm. There was less load along the radius in a position of wrist flexion, ulnar deviation and full forearm pronation. PMID- 6741493 TI - Skeletal lesions in palmar-plantar pustulosis. AB - In four women low-grade spondylitis-arthritis-osteitis coincided with palmar plantar pustulosis. Both conditions are believed to be aseptic and part of a common immuno-defect reaction. PMID- 6741495 TI - Pain and internal hypertension in bone lesions. AB - Internal pressures of bone tumors and tumorous conditions were measured in 20 patients. High pressures were frequently found in patients with painful bone lesions while low pressures were common in patients with no pain. Internal hypertension may be a causative factor of aching bone pain at rest. PMID- 6741494 TI - Alveolar echinococcosis of the femur. AB - A case of alveolar echinococcosis with involvement of the femur is described. Bone involvement is extremely rare in alveolar echinococcosis. Attention is drawn to the difficulty of diagnosis, and the therapeutic possibilities are discussed. PMID- 6741496 TI - The patho-mechanics of deformity in cerebral palsy. PMID- 6741497 TI - [The hip of the infant with movement disorders of cerebral origin. A functional problem for evaluation in space and time]. PMID- 6741498 TI - A model for the study of hip dysplasia in the spastic child. PMID- 6741499 TI - [Dysplasia of the hip in the child with cerebral palsy. Prognosis and treatment]. PMID- 6741500 TI - Surgical treatment of fixed flexion contractures in the spastic hip. PMID- 6741501 TI - Surgical correction of spastic lower extremity deformities. PMID- 6741502 TI - Adductor myotomy, hamstring lengthening and Achilles tendon lengthening in cerebral palsy. PMID- 6741503 TI - Patello-femoral problems in cerebral palsy. PMID- 6741504 TI - Lengthening and transposition of the hamstrings in cerebral palsy. A long-term follow-up. PMID- 6741505 TI - [Aspects of the surgical treatment of the foot of the child with cerebral palsy]. PMID- 6741506 TI - Simple Z-lengthening of the Achilles tendon and Scholder procedure. Long-term follow-up and comparison of both methods. PMID- 6741507 TI - [Bone development and spasticity in the child with cerebral palsy]. PMID- 6741508 TI - [Loss of the ability to walk in cerebral palsy. Prevention and treatment]. PMID- 6741509 TI - [Limitations and indications for pelvitomy using Chiari's method on spastic paraplegics]. PMID- 6741511 TI - Muscle release of the hip in the cerebral palsied child. PMID- 6741510 TI - [Prevention and treatment of hip lesions in bedridden patients with severe encephalopathies]. PMID- 6741512 TI - Correction of footdrop in stroke patients via surgically implanted peroneal nerve stimulator. PMID- 6741513 TI - [Technics and results of multiple tenotomy of the lower limbs, in patients with multiple sclerosis]. PMID- 6741514 TI - Males with low birthweight examined at 18 years of age. AB - An 18 years follow-up study of 105 males born in 1962/63 with birthweight less than or equal to 2 500 g was made at the military draft board examinations in 1981. The medical and psychological tests were compared to the tests of the total cohort of 35 728 Norwegian conscripts. The early neonatal mortality in the study was 15.2%, and of those examined at 18 years of age was 6.7% unfit for military service, compared to 6.2% in the total cohort. Ten organ systems were analyzed, significantly increased frequency of unfitness being found only for the vision. Intelligence testing was done on 71 of the studied subjects, and the mean was the same as the national average. Children with weight-for-date centile less than 10 at birth had the same general intelligence at 18 years as the national average. However, the weight and height at adult age were significantly correlated to the weight-for-date at birth. The study indicates that those low birthweight children who survived the neonatal period in the beginning of the nineteen-sixties, were except for stature and minor defects of vision, indistinguishable from those of normal birthweight at the age of eighteen. PMID- 6741515 TI - Males with neonatal hyperbilirubinemia examined at 18 years of age. AB - An 18 years follow-up study of 55 males with neonatal hyperbilirubinemia born in 1962/63 was done at the military draft board examinations in 1981. The medical and psychological tests were compared to the tests of the total cohort of Norwegian conscripts. Of those examined at 18 years of age 7.3% was unfit for military service, compared to 6.2% in the total cohort. Ten organ systems were clinically examined with no significantly increased frequency of unfitness among the index cases. Intelligence testing was done on 39 of the studied subjects, the mean score being the same as in the total cohort of Norwegian conscripts. However, the seven infants with a positive Coombs' test and hyperbilirubinemia for 5 days or more had a significantly lower mean intelligence score than the national average. PMID- 6741516 TI - Growth pattern of intrauterine growth retarded (IUGR) babies in first nine months of life. AB - Forty-one full term intrauterine growth retarded (IUGR) babies of different maternal etiologies viz. maternal undernutrition (12), small maternal size (12), toxaemia of pregnancy (9) and idiopathic (8) were studied for growth pattern during first 9 months of life. Eighteen fullterm and 11 preterm who were appropriate for gestational age served as controls. These mothers were comparable for age, parity, socioeconomic status, weight and height (except in small size mothers), haemoglobin and plasma albumin (except in undernourished group). The various anthropometric parameters studied were weight, crown-heel length, head circumference, their velocities and ponderal index. The IUGR babies of undernourished mothers had lowest means for weight, crown-heel length and skull circumference. The babies of small sized mothers suffered most in crown-heel length followed by weight. The head growth was not affected in these babies. The IUGR babies of mothers with toxaemia of pregnancy demonstrated a catch up growth for all three parameters. The IUGR babies of idiopathic group showed a spurt in weight gain around 3 to 6 months and a similar spurt for crown heel length and head circumference was observed between 6 to 9 months of age. These babies were close to IUGR babies of mothers with toxaemia of pregnancy at 9 months. The preterm AGA babies also demonstrated a catch up growth for the weight, crown heel length and circumference. PMID- 6741517 TI - Resuscitation of the newborn. Endotracheal administration of epinephrine. AB - During cardiopulmonary resuscitation, when an intravenous line is not present or easily obtainable, the intracardiac injection of drugs has been a traditional route of choice. However, the intracardiac administration may be associated with serious complications. We have given epinephrine endotracheally to ten newborn infants who all had bradycardia that did not respond to ventilation with 100% oxygen, to heart compression or to bicarbonate infusion. Epinephrine, 0.1 mg/ml was injected directly into the tracheal tube, and ventilation was immediately continued. A standardized procedure has been chosen by giving 0.25 ml to the infants weighing less than 1 500 g, 0.5 ml to those weighing between 1 500 and 2 500 g, and 1.0 ml to those greater than 2 500 g. All infants had a return to normal heart rhythm within seconds after installation of the epinephrine solution. The establishment of an intravenous line in small infants can be difficult, and the infants are usually intubated before the injection of epinephrine is considered. The endotracheal route should therefore be the first route of choice in the absence of a rapidly obtainable vascular access. PMID- 6741519 TI - Vitamin B6 intake and plasma pyridoxal phosphate concentrations in the first 2 weeks of life. AB - Plasma pyridoxal phosphate concentrations were measured in 178 hospitalised neonates. A reference interval for neonates less than 7 day old, of 25 to 78 nmol/l has been established. Vitamin B6 intakes did not correlate well with plasma pyridoxal concentrations despite 26 neonates receiving less than the Recommended Allowance (0.3 mg/d) and 19 receiving amounts below which convulsions have been associated (0.1 mg/d). Ten percent of those infants fed breast milk had plasma pyridoxal phosphate levels below the reference interval compared with only 4% of those fed milk formulae. Breast milk from mothers with babies less than 14 days old had a total vitamin B6 contents reference interval of 5 to 40 micrograms/l. Twenty percent of breast milk samples had virtually no vitamin B6 detected. PMID- 6741518 TI - Plasma valine and urinary C-peptide in breast-fed and artificially fed infants up to 6 months of age. AB - Plasma branched-chain amino acids and urinary C-peptide-creatinine excretion was determined at 3, 4 1/2 and 6 months of age in a group of 50 infants who were either breast-fed or artificially fed and selected at random. The average concentrations of valine in plasma and C-peptide in urine as well as the ratio between C-peptide and creatinine in urine were 2-3 times higher (p less than 0.01) in artificially fed as compared to breast-fed infants at all the ages studied. Plasma valine values correlated significantly with the urinary C peptide/creatinine ratio (r = 0.76, p less than 0.01), which suggests that the enhanced insulin response induced by the artificial formula is related to its protein content. PMID- 6741520 TI - Serum 25-hydroxyvitamin D levels in Finnish children aged 2 to 17 years. AB - Serum levels of 25-hydroxyvitamin D (25-OHD) in summer and winter were studied in 564 children aged 2-17 years living in the northern, central or southern parts of Finland. The mean levels of 25-OHD were significantly lower in winter (13.3 +/- 10.8 ng/ml) than in summer (27.2 +/- 10.3 ng/ml) in all age groups (p less than 0.001). The mean 25-OHD levels in the northern part of the country did not differ significantly from the others. In both seasons the levels of 25-OHD were lower in the 11-17 year age group than in younger children. In that age group 22.4% of the children had serum levels of 25-OHD below 5 ng/ml (the limit of risk for rickets), compared to 16.8% of children 6-10 years old and 7.5% of children 2-5 years old, but none of the children showed any laboratory evidence of rickets. PMID- 6741521 TI - Short mother-infant separation during first week of life influences the duration of breastfeeding. AB - Thirty term infants, who were separated 1-6 days (mean 3.3 days) from their mothers during the first week of life because of minor illnesses, were compared with 116 term non-separated infants with regard to breastfeeding. At 3 months of age the frequency of entirely breastfed infants was 37% in the separated group versus 72% in the non-separated group, p less than 0.001. Thus a few days of separation between mothers and infants during the first week of life seems to decrease the duration of breastfeeding. PMID- 6741522 TI - Psychosocial factors influencing the duration of breastfeeding by primigravidas. AB - We studied factors which influence the duration of breastfeeding by 81 primigravidas by use of a Likert-type questionnaire. Three primary independent variables related inversely to the duration of breastfeeding in a multiple regression analysis. The most important of these variables was maternal perception of difficulties in scheduling breastfeeding on her return to work (p less than 0.01). Also total family income (p less than 0.01) and maternal worries about the demands of breastfeeding (p less than 0.01) inversely related to the duration of breastfeeding. Causal analytical technique was used to identify secondary variables relating to the primary independent variables. Maternal worries about the demands of breastfeeding related strongly to her worries about the lack of family psychosocial support. Maternal age and complications of breastfeeding did not relate to the duration of breastfeeding. PMID- 6741523 TI - Imerslund-Grasbeck anemia. A long-term follow-up study. AB - A follow-up study has been performed on 14 patients, now aged 6-46 years, with Imerslund-Grasbeck anemia (congenital, hereditary selective malasorption of vitamin B12). On intramuscular vitamin B12 therapy, the patients are clinically and hematologically normal. Those who had constant proteinuria in childhood continue to excrete protein in the urine. Our patients excrete an average of 750 mg of protein per 24 hours (range 13-1460 mg). The proteinuria is predominantly of glomerular origin, but some is also of tubular origin. Renal biopsies of the two oldest patients were normal on light microscopy. Electron microscopy revealed moderate signs of chronic glomerulopathy of mesangioproliferative type in both patients. The renal lesions do not seem to be progressive. PMID- 6741524 TI - Osmotic fragility of erythrocytes in newborn infants treated by phototherapy. AB - In order to determine the in vivo effect of phototherapy on the erythrocytes' osmotic fragility, we have tested 10 preterm infants treated by continuous phototherapy, for jaundice of prematurity. Heparinized blood was obtained daily, starting before the initiation of phototherapy and ending 24 h after stopping the treatment. The osmotic fragility was tested in duplicate immediately, after 1 h incubation at 40 degrees C and after 24 h incubation at 4 degrees C in darkness. The erythrocytes of the preterm infant during and at the end of phototherapy showed a normal osmotic fragility pattern. Comparing the consecutive curves in each infant did not show any population of osmotically differing erythrocytes. Heating or cooling the erythrocytes did not alter these results. It is concluded that phototherapy does not increase the in vivo osmotic fragility of erythrocytes in newborn. PMID- 6741525 TI - Paroxysmal cold haemoglobinuria. The most frequent acute autoimmune haemolytic anaemia in children? AB - Paroxysmal cold haemoglobinuria (PCH) is a disease which today is met mainly in its acute form in children. The diagnosis is revealed by a careful serological examination. Case reports of four children with PCH are given in this paper. They all showed typical clinical pictures of PCH, and displayed the expected serological findings, including a bithermic autoantibody (haemolysin), the Donath Landsteiner antibody. Children with PCH often require immediate transfusion therapy, but certain precautions should be taken regarding transfusion policy in these patients. When the acute phase is overcome, the prognosis is excellent. PMID- 6741527 TI - Intensive maintenance chemotherapy for cystic fibrosis. PMID- 6741528 TI - Factors influencing breast feeding. PMID- 6741526 TI - Salivary ribonuclease in cystic fibrosis and control subjects. AB - Alkaline acid- and thermo-stable ribonuclease (RNAase) was assayed in whole mixed saliva from controls and from cystic fibrosis (CF) heterozygotes and homozygotes. There was a significant difference in salivary RNAase activity between control adults (n = 99) and CF heterozygotes (n = 77) (12.6 +/- 0.60 and 36.6 +/- 2.2 U/l, mean +/- SE respectively; p less than 0.001) and between control children (n = 1834) and CF patients (n = 60) (7.9 +/- 0.15 and 47.0 +/- 5.4 U/l respectively; p less than 0.001). A statistically significant difference in salivary RNAase activity was also found between control children and control adults (p less than 0.001) and between CF homozygotes and CF heterozygotes (p less than 0.001). The protein concentration was significantly increased by about 50-60% in saliva both from CF heterozygotes and from CF homozygotes (p less than 0.001 for both groups). It is concluded that in view of the great overlapping in values between the groups, these tests can only be of limited use for diagnostic purposes. PMID- 6741530 TI - Hereditary renal adysplasia. AB - A family with unilateral renal "agenesis" through 3 generations is presented. In two of the members, a small tissue bud with a ureteric remnant was observed, compatible with the syndrome of hereditary renal adysplasia. Small kidneys and small compensatory renal hypertrophy appear to be characteristic in this family. PMID- 6741529 TI - Ferritin in human milk. PMID- 6741531 TI - Partial trisomy 3q (3q25----qter) syndrome in two siblings. AB - Two cases of trisomy 3q25----qter are reported. The features of the partial trisomy 3q and the differences from and similarities to the mucolipidosis II and Cornelia de Lange syndromes are discussed. PMID- 6741532 TI - Daily ingestion of immunologic components in human milk during the first four months of life. AB - The amounts of lactoferrin, lysozyme, SIgA and SIgA antibodies to E. coli somatic antigens in human milk ingested per day and per kg per day by breast-fed infants were determined during the first four months of life. A gradual decline in the amounts of lactoferrin, SIgA, and SIgA antibodies ingested per day or per kg per day was found, whereas the quantities of lysozyme ingested by the infants rose during that period. These data suggest that the production and secretion of these immunologic factors by the mammary gland may be linked to the ontogeny of the production or catabolism of those components at mucosal tissues of the recipient infant. PMID- 6741533 TI - Human milk lacto-engineering. Growth nitrogen metabolism, and energy balance in preterm infants. AB - Fourteen 3-day metabolic balance studies were carried out in 8 healthy male preterm infants (birthweight 1 270 +/- 170 g, gestational age 30 +/- 2 weeks) fed 183 +/- 7 ml/kg/day of a human milk formula made of incompletely skimmed human milk enriched with lyophilized whole human milk, minerals, medium chain triglycerides and linoleate. Daily intakes per kilo bodyweight were for protein 3.5 +/- 0.3 g, fat 7.0 +/- 2.1 g, and energy 573 +/- 88 kJ (137 kcal). Weight gain was 29 +/- 5 g per day and nitrogen retention was 317 +/- 52 mg/kg/day. Fat absorption was 76 +/- 12%. Renal acid and solute loads were low and there was no metabolic acidosis, hyperazotemia or hyperaminoacidemia, except for tyrosine. It is concluded that preterm infants fed a human milk formula have similar growth rates and nitrogen retentions as foetuses in utero or preterm infants fed their own mother's milk. PMID- 6741534 TI - Time-lapse filming of newborn infants. A new technique in monitoring of behavioral states. AB - Knowledge of the newborn infant's behavior is of great importance for an understanding of postnatal adaptation and the influence of exogenous stimuli, such as drugs. To date, however, the methods used have been to sophisticated and complex for use on a busy ward. Moreover, procedures for monitoring physiological parameters in this age group should be non-invasive and gentle for the infant, and acceptable to parents and personnel. In this paper, a simplified technique is presented where observation of the infant can be registered with an ordinary super-8 movie camera adapted to time-lapse. Heart rate, EMG and vocalization are recorded simultaneously. The time-lapse filming technique is relatively easy to learn, it is simple and economic and can be used even during routine clinical care. Assessments were made from the films only, from the recordings only and from a combination of films and recordings. All these modes of assessment were found to be satisfactorily reproducible. Filming combined with respiratory recording gives sufficient information to classify neonatal infant behavior. PMID- 6741536 TI - Intestinal absorption of vitamin E in low birth weight infants. AB - Intestinal absorption of dl-alpha-tocopheryl acetate was studied in low birth weight infants. Vitamin E was given from the first day of life, either as a water soluble (Ephynal) or as a lipid-soluble preparation (E-vitamin). Serum-alpha tocopherol concentrations were determined before treatment and on days three and seven. Treatment with both vitamin E preparations increased serum-alpha tocopherol on day three and seven. The mean serum-alpha-tocopherol +/- SD on day seven were 41.4 +/- 10.7 mumol/l for the Ephynal group and 26.7 +/- 12.5 mumol/l for the E-vitamin group, this difference being statistically significant (p less than 0.025). Oral feeding seems to influence the absorption of tocopherol from E vitamin, as the infants with the highest serum-alpha-tocopherol concentrations were those with the highest oral/total feeding ratios. In infants with birth weight less than 1 000 g treatment with 25 mg Ephynal/day was found to increase serum-alpha-tocopherol on day seven to 46.9 +/- 12.3 mumol/l (mean +/- SD). This concentration is comparable to those reported by others using higher doses of oral vitamin E. PMID- 6741535 TI - Does carbamazepine treatment lead to a need of extra vitamin D in some mentally retarded children? AB - Biochemical parameters of vitamin D metabolism were measured in late winter among 40 institutionalized mentally retarded patients. Twenty of them had carbamazepine as their only antiepileptic drug, while the 20 remaining patients had no antiepileptic drugs. Serum calcium and 25-hydroxyvitamin D were significantly lower and alkaline phosphatase significantly higher in patients with than without carbamazepine. Supplementation of the diet with vitamin D in carbamazepine treated patients abolished the differences. A possibility of hypovitaminosis D should be considered in patients on a long-term carbamazepine therapy, especially if other risks for vitamin D deficiency exist. PMID- 6741537 TI - Follow-up of children of insulin-dependent and gestational diabetic mothers. Neuropsychological outcome. AB - Ninety-four infants of 28 weeks gestation or more were born to 85 women, 64 type I and 21 gestational diabetics, between 1969-1972 at Sabbatsberg's Hospital, Stockholm. Perinatal mortality rate was 6.3%. The follow-up study was conducted when the children were approximately 5 years of age and included a physical and a neurological evaluation, IQ determination of mother and child, and an interview of mother by a psychologist. Fifty-three infants of insulin-dependent (IDM) and 20 infants of gestational diabetic mothers (IGDM) (83%) participated, 3 families could not be traced and 12 were unwilling. The group lost to follow-up (13 IDM, 2 IGDM) had more perinatal complications including congenital malformations than the follow-up group. All children had normal physical and neurological development. IQ was normal, the majority were above 100, the average in IDM was 115 (range 98-144) and 112 in IGDM (range 95-133). No obvious relationship was found between maternal acetonuria during pregnancy, infant birthweight, blood glucose during first hours after birth or neonatal complications and IQ of the children. A correlation (r = 0.364, p less than 0.01) was found between maternal and child IQ. Mothers exhibiting emotional disorders (anxiety, depression) had significantly higher life stress scores based on 29 stress variables and reported more frequently about conduct and behavioural disorders in their children than mothers without emotional disturbances. PMID- 6741538 TI - The occurrence of genital mycoplasmas in babies with and without respiratory distress. AB - Ureaplasma urealyticum organisms (ureaplasmas) were isolated from throat swabs and/or gastric aspirates taken from 22.5% of babies with respiratory distress in a special care unit. The organisms were isolated most frequently (33%) from a small number of babies with severe distress. However, they were recovered only a little less often (26%) from babies without respiratory distress in the unit, and from 19% of healthy babies, all of the aforementioned babies having been delivered vaginally. The numbers of organisms isolated from babies in the various groups were similar. There was, therefore, no clear evidence that ureaplasmas, nor M. hominis which was isolated from two babies only, were associated with respiratory distress. This finding was supported by the isolation of ureaplasmas from only one of 16 babies born by caesarian section, seven of whom developed respiratory distress but were ureaplasma-negative. PMID- 6741539 TI - Unconjugated, glycine-conjugated, taurine-conjugated bile acid nonsulfates and sulfates in urine of young infants with cholestasis. AB - A direct assay system for conjugated bile acids using an enzymatic procedure and high-performance liquid chromatography was used for the analysis of urinary bile acid profiles in young infants with intrahepatic cholestasis (idiopathic neonatal hepatitis syndrome) or extra-hepatic biliary atresia. The major urinary bile acids were cholate and chenodeoxycholate conjugates, but a small amount of deoxycholate and 3 beta-hydroxy-5-cholenate conjugates were detected. Although there was no significant difference in total bile acid excretion between patients with intrahepatic cholestasis and extrahepatic biliary atresia, mean ratios of cholate to chenodeoxycholate and sulfated to total urinary bile acids were different between the two groups examined (5.63 +/- 2.83 vs. 2.50 +/- 1.25, p less than 0.05, 15.8 +/- 9.9 vs. 34.5 +/- 9.9%, p less than 0.005). The proportion of taurine-conjugated chenodeoxycholate in the sulfate fraction to the total bile acid was lower in intrahepatic cholestasis, compared with that in biliary atresia (7.7 +/- 7.5 vs 22.7% +/- 7.8%, p less than 0.005). The greater ratio of cholate to chenodeoxycholate and the reduced excretion of sulfated urinary bile acids in intrahepatic cholestasis was due to decreased taurine conjugated chenodeoxycholate sulfate excretion. PMID- 6741540 TI - The Angelman or "happy puppet" syndrome. Clinical and electroencephalographic features and cerebral blood flow. AB - Two cases of happy puppet or Angelman syndrome are presented. They have the typical clinical features and represent the first Swedish cases. One of the patients is a man of 75 years of age, which shows that this form of severe mental retardation is well compatible with long life. Extended EEG monitoring may identify the typical EEG abnormality when this is difficult to demonstrate in routine EEG records. The typical laughter has no specific correlate in the EEG and thus is probably not an epileptic manifestation. Regional cerebral blood flow studies were normal in the young patient (11 years of age) but in the older patient showed a reduced cerebral circulation, compatible with organic dementia. PMID- 6741541 TI - Assessment of cardiovascular effects to theophylline in premature newborns by means of serial echocardiography. PMID- 6741542 TI - Outcome of low birth weight infants. PMID- 6741543 TI - A case of Beckwith-Wiedemann syndrome with conductive hearing loss. AB - A case of Beckwith-Wiedemann syndrome with conductive hearing loss due to fixation of the stapes is described. This is the second case described in the literature. However, some patients may not have been diagnosed. We suggest that hearing of patients with BWS should be tested at intervals from early childhood. PMID- 6741544 TI - Ganglioneuroma with an uncommon location in a six-year-old girl. AB - A 6-year-old girl with a neurogenic bladder disease is described. Additional gait disturbances and mild but progressive foot deformities led to the diagnosis and surgical treatment of a ganglioneuroma located exclusively intraspinally. It is suggested that the tumor originated from remnant neural crest cells, probably early in life or even prenatally. PMID- 6741545 TI - Long term effects of thorium dioxide (thorotrast) administration on human liver. Ultrastructural localization of thorium dioxide in human liver by analytical electron microscopy. AB - The ultrastructual localization of thorium dioxide was examined in liver biopsy specimens from two patients injected more than 30 years before with thorotrast. An energy dispersive X-ray microanalysis spectrometer (Kevex 5100) was used to identify thorium in the liver tissue. By electron microscopy, most of the thorium particles were found in the cells of the reticuloendothelial system, such as macrophages of the portal triad and Kupffer cells in the hepatic sinusoid. Thorium dioxide particles were mainly located within the phagosomes, but larger aggregates existed in the cytoplasma with no visible limiting membrane. In addition, the deposition of thorium granules in a few hepatocytes was also confirmed by electron microscopy. This fact indicates that two main pathways of elimination are still functioning in the late period, but the hepatocytic pathway appears to be less effective than the reticuloendothelial system. PMID- 6741546 TI - Parathyroid morphology in rats after administration of active vitamin D3. AB - The morphology of the parathyroid gland was examined in rats treated for one month with an active vitamin D3, 1 alpha-hydroxyvitamin D3. On continuous administration of 12.5 micrograms/kg/day of 1 alpha-hydroxyvitamin D3, the first histological change of the parathyroid gland, seen on day 10, was atrophy of the chief cells with marked accumulation of prosecretory granules. Replacement of the parenchyma by small or large cysts was evident on days 20 and 30. The remaining portion of the parathyroid parenchyma showed various histological changes: widened intercellular spaces intermingled with many cytoplasmic processes, shrinkage of the cytoplasm of the chief cells, and the presence of a few ghost cells in cysts. The appearance of cysts may be caused by suppression of parathyroid hormone secretion and is a characteristic lesion in hypervitaminosis in rats induced by treatment with active vitamin D3. PMID- 6741547 TI - Non-papillary carcinoma in situ of the urinary bladder. An electron microscopic study. AB - A case of non-papillary carcinoma in situ of the urinary bladder was presented with ultrastructural descriptions. Dysplastic urothelial cells had a large nucleus with prominent nucleoli and increased euchromatin. The nuclei had a wavy outline with irregular invaginations. Cytoplasmic organella were immature and fairly good amount of glycogen particles existed in the cytoplasm. Among the dysplastic cells, there are two types of epithelium, one which has irregular pleomorphic cytoplasmic processes and the other which has relatively smooth cell borders. Both types had few poorly developed desmosome-like cell attachments and wide intercellular space. This study revealed that decreased numbers of desmosome like attachments and wide intercellular space with or without cytoplasmic processes of non-papillary transitional cell carcinoma of the urinary bladder might be a morphologic expression of loss of cohesiveness in this type of carcinoma. PMID- 6741548 TI - Oncocytic carcinoid of the lung. An ultrastructural observation. AB - A case of a 55-year-old female patient with an oncocytic variety of carcinoid tumor of the lung is reported. Electron microscopic observation of marked hyperplasia and increase in number of mitochondria in the tumor cells suggested it to be of oncocytic variety and membrane bound electron dense granules were characteristically found in the tumor cells which were histologically diagnosed as carcinoid. PMID- 6741549 TI - Primary malignant lymphoma of the breast. With a review of 73 cases among Japanese subjects. AB - We report a case of a 71-year-old female with primary malignant lymphoma of the breast. The patient noticed a lump in the right breast approximately six years prior to consultation to the Surgical Department because of a rapid growth of the lump, and had no other tumors noticed throughout the body during that period. Histology proved the case to be a "reticulum cell sarcoma" (large cell type) producing IgM in the tumor cells, instead of a breast carcinoma as clinically diagnosed. At the same time, a total of 73 cases of mammary malignant lymphoma among Japanese subjects were reviewed. The criteria for primary or secondary malignant lymphoma of the breast, and histological diagnosis and pathogenesis of the primary breast malignant lymphoma were discussed. PMID- 6741550 TI - Sinus histiocytosis with massive lymphadenopathy. A histogenic analysis of histiocytes found in the fourth Japanese case. AB - The present paper deals with immunohistochemical and ultrastructural study of the lymph nodes of sinus histiocytosis with massive lymphadenopathy (Rosai and Dorfman, SHML) of a 12-year-old Japanese boy. This is the fourth case in Japan. Osseous manifestation was also found in the bilateral ulnae. With hallmarks of S 100 protein and interdigitating cytoplasmic extensions, the phagocytizing histiocytes proliferating in the sinuses were considered to be derived mostly from interdigitating cells in the paracortex or T cell dependent area, which have heretofore been regarded as nonphagocytizing. Furthermore, it is most interesting that lymphoid cells bearing thymic cortical cell-antigen (OKT 6) were increasingly recognized in the patient's peripheral blood. These results suggested that SHML is a specialized reactive histiocytosis analogous to histiocytosis X and histiocytic medullary reticulosis. PMID- 6741551 TI - Anaplastic giant cell tumor with mucinous cystadenocarcinoma of the ovary. Origin of the giant cells. AB - The present case is that of a 27 years old woman who had received right oophorectomy for ovarian cancer nine years previously. The histological diagnosis at that time was mucinous cystadenocarcinoma with anaplastic areas. The patient expired ten years after oophorectomy due to widespread metastases of the tumor. Review of the histological slides revealed ovarian giant cell tumor which was considered to be of epithelial origin differing from those appearing in giant cell tumor of bone. PMID- 6741552 TI - Central pontine myelinolysis with extrapontine lesions. AB - An autopsy case of central pontine myelinolysis (CPM) was reported. The patient, a 48-year-old man, with a long history of alcoholic intake appeared in a hospital with the diagnosis of alcoholic hepatitis and the neurologic symptoms of delirium tremens. During the hospital course he fell into "locked in" with concomitant development of marked hyponatremia (92 mEq/1). An autopsy revealed typical CPM and the extra-pontine myelinolytic lesions distributed symmetrically in the thalami, subthalamic nuclei, and lateral geniculate bodies. Spongiosis was also found in the deep layer of the cerebral cortex and in the putamen. It was suggested that CPM occur in close association with marked hyponatremia and the extrapontine involvement be likely to manifest in the deep layer of the cerebral cortex, putamen, thalamus, and lateral geniculate body, where the myelin cylinders form an interlacing network embedding large neurons and oligodendrocytes. PMID- 6741553 TI - Disseminated atypical mycobacteriosis. AB - Two cases of disseminated infection caused by Mycobacterium intracellulare were reported and discussed. In the first case, the patient was a fifty-seven-year-old male who complained of general fatigue, weight loss, and fever. Biopsy of the right inguinal lymph nodes and the liver revealed infiltration by histiocytes engulfing many acid-fast bacilli. At autopsy and egg-sized abscess was found is the region of the right iliac lymph nodes. Histological examination showed histiocytic infiltration in the abscess wall, neighboring lymph nodes, liver, and spleen. In the second case, the patient was a four-year-old boy, who had persistent fever and splenomegaly. Splenectomy was performed and histological examination of the spleen revealed multiple nodular infiltration by swollen histiocytes with many acid-fast bacilli in their cytoplasm. The bone marrow aspirates and liver tissue obtained in the necropsy also showed many histiocytes containing many acid-fast bacilli. The authors emphasized the importance of paying special attention to atypical mycobacteriosis in feverish patients having lesions with a proliferation of histiocytes. PMID- 6741555 TI - A combined method for measuring transcapillary fluid exchange and regional hemodynamic parameters during constant pressure-flow conditions. AB - A relatively simple method has been worked out for measuring haemodynamic parameters of the microcirculation in practically any organ or tissue during stabilized perfusion pressure or perfusion volume flow. The two methods are used consecutively in the same experiment. Capillary filtration coefficient (CFC) compliance of venous vessels to hydrostatic load (Cv), mean hydrostatic capillary pressure (Pc) can be measured, pre- and post-capillary resistance values, changes in filtration-reabsorption balance can be calculated. PMID- 6741554 TI - Effect of acute 60Co-gamma-irradiation on the in vivo lipid peroxidation in experimental animals. AB - The effect of sublethal (6.0 Gy) and LD50/30 (9.0 Gy) doses of 60Co-gamma irradiation on malondialdehyde (MDA) level was studied in rats. The findings suggest that in the organs investigated (brain, liver, spleen, kidney, testicle, stomach, small intestines) acute 60Co-gamma-irradiation increased the formation of MDA, the main product of lipid peroxidation, in a time-related manner to an extent characteristic of the organ investigated. Differences in the degree and temporal development of the changes allow some conclusions as to the radiosensitivity of individual organs. On this basis it can be assumed that the increase in MDA level caused by irradiation considerably contributes to the development of certain symptoms of radiation sickness. PMID- 6741557 TI - Gametogenesis in the freshwater prawn, Macrobrachium lamerrii. AB - Histological changes of the female and male gonads were studied and their relation to reproductive cycle is described. Ovary showed distinct changes during the course of its reproductive cycle. Maturational changes did not occur simultaneously in all follicles of the ovary. Regression of ovary during the non breeding season with a number of degenerating oocytes was observed. The seasonal changes in spermatogenesis revealed that growth in the testes appeared to be less than in the case of females. PMID- 6741556 TI - Factor analysis of local cerebral blood flow changes observed in physiological experiments. AB - Local blood flow values measured by 14C-iodoantipyrine autoradiography in 78 cerebral structures of the rat brain were compiled from 128 physiological experiments concerning neurohumoral influences and anaesthesia. The data were evaluated by common factor analysis in order to reveal correlative relationships between cerebral areas and to determine representative structures for the observed reaction patterns. The calculations showed that 92% of the regional variations could have been represented by 5 independent factors accounting for 37%, 20%, 19%, 10% and 6% of the total variance, respectively. The most closely associated structures and their loadings for the above factors were colliculus inferior (0.92), cingulum (0.89), tractus opticus (-0.86), radix tractus spinalis nervi trigemini (-0.93) and nucleus olivarius superior (0.86). The results suggest that the local blood flow response of a given cerebral area depends, above all, on the fact whether it is part of the carotid or the vertebro-basilar territory. PMID- 6741558 TI - The influence of oxytocin on the fibrillation thresholds in rabbits. AB - The intravenous infusion of oxytocin in urethane anaesthetized rabbits induced marked increases of both atrial and ventricular fibrillation threshold. The heart rate and the arterial blood pressure (BP) diminished. Since there was no parallelism between the fibrillation threshold changes and those of heart rate and BP, it might be concluded that the changes of the fibrillation thresholds were very likely primary, i.e. they were due to the modifications of the electrophysiological properties of the heart. The intravenous infusion of 0.5% chlorbutol , a preservant widely used in many commercial preparations induced only minor changes of the investigated parameters. PMID- 6741559 TI - A comparison of renal function following the infusion of Ringer solution into systemic and portal veins in the dog. AB - The increase of sodium and water excretion by the kidney following intravenous Ringer solution infused into a femoral vein (vena femoralis) or into an intestinal vein (vena portae ) has been studied in anaesthetized dogs. The functional parameters of renal function have been compared during volume expansion with 1.5-2.0% of body weight Ringer solution and "over-hydration" by 2.5% Ringer loading over 60 minutes. No significant difference in sodium excretion and urine output resulted from 0.25 ml/kg/min Ringer solution when infused by the two routes. When the animals were infused with 2.5% body weight Ringer solution (0.66 ml/kg/min i.v.), a marked increase in water excretion was observed with a smaller increment in sodium excretion, and the urine became hyposmotic as compared with the plasma osmolarity. No difference has been found in the glomerular filtration rate and in the PAH clearance. Glomerular filtration rate, sodium excretion and urine flow rate were not significantly different for the two routes when the same Ringer solution load was infused. These experiments did not provide evidence for the participation of the liver in the control of sodium excretion during extracellular fluid volume expansion induced by Ringer solution infusion. PMID- 6741560 TI - The properties of acoustically responsive cells in the anterior suprasylvian gyrus of the cat. AB - The properties of acoustically responsive neurons were studied in the anterior part of the suprasylvian gyrus ( ASG ) of cats anaesthetized with pentobarbital or chloralose-urethan. The acoustic responsiveness of the cells was screened with click stimuli. Whenever an acoustic response occurred, its properties were further analysed with the aid of spectrally pure tone pulses. The most important features of the responses given to pure tones of different frequencies were (a) short latency and (b) sharp tuning to well defined frequencies. In this respect the cells showed a close resemblance to those in the primary acoustic area (AI) and differed considerably from neurons of the middle suprasylvian association field (AMSA), which lacked well defined best frequency (BF) and responded with longer latencies. At the same time the ASG neurons showed responses to somatosensory stimuli thus representing a transition between neurons of primary sensory and association areas. PMID- 6741562 TI - Effect of cardiac glycosides on the coronaries: physiologic and morphologic studies in the dog heart. AB - The effect of K- strophanthoside on coronary blood flow (CBF) was studied in open chest dogs anaesthetized with pentobarbital sodium. K- strophanthoside (3.5 and 7.0 X 10(-8) mol X kg-1 i.v.) elicited a dose-dependent decrease of CBF and an increase of late diastolic coronary resistance. Intracoronary injections of the drug (1.2 X 10(-8) mol) produced selective coronary constriction. The haemodynamic pattern indicated a direct vasoconstrictor effect, independent of the extracoronary (cardiotonic) action of the drug. In the polarization microscope Romh anyi 's aldehyde bisulphite-toluidine blue (ABT) reaction as adapted for the detection of cardiac glycosides showed profuse binding of strophanthoside to the coronary vessel wall. K- strophanthoside significantly reduced the CBF increase elicited by adenosine infusion (2 X 10(-7) mol X kg-1) into the left heart. Verapamil (4 X 10(-7) mol X kg-1, i.v.), on the other hand, counteracted the strophanthoside action on CBF. The results suggest that restricted intracellular availability of Ca2+, a prerequisite of physiologic CBF increase, is opposed by cardiac glycosides. PMID- 6741561 TI - The effects of sympathetic stimulation and adenosine on coronary circulation and heart function in diabetes mellitus. AB - The aim of the experiment was to clarify whether the altered coronary reactivity in diabetes mellitus might be caused by a general modification of the sympathetic responses. Six of 12 young mongrel dogs of both sexes were made diabetic with alloxan (560 mmol/kg). This amount of alloxan induced a clinically manifest diabetes, however the animals failed to develop ketosis. The remaining six dogs served as controls. The haemodynamic investigation was performed three months after the induction of diabetes. Under pentobarbital anaesthesia (133 mmol/kg) mean arterial blood pressure, blood flow in the left anterior descending coronary artery, myocardial contractile force of left ventricular wall and heart rate were recorded continuously and the conductivity of coronary arterial bed was calculated during electrical stimulation ( 8V , 1-2-4-8-20 s-1) of the cardiac plexus or during the intracoronary infusion of adenosine (30-60-120-240-480 nmol/kg/min). In alloxan-diabetic dogs electrical stimulation evoked vasoconstriction in the coronary arterial bed, while vasodilation was observed in metabolically healthy animals. The vasodilator effect of adenosine was significantly smaller in diabetic than in control dogs. On the other hand there were no differences either in the alterations of heart rate caused by adenosine or in those of myocardial contractile force induced by adenosine or electric stimulation between the two groups. It is concluded that general alteration of sympathetic responses is not, but rather a modified relation of the receptors to the vessel wall might be responsible for the altered vascular responses in diabetes. PMID- 6741564 TI - Effect of trimethoprim administration on hepatic functions of albino rats. AB - The effects of chronic and high-dose administration of trimethoprim (TMP) i.p. for different periods on serum and hepatic functions of rats were studied at cellular and subcellular levels. Most of the parameters studied were unaffected after chronic administration of TMP (10 mg/kg/day) for 90 days except an increase in total lipid content of liver and liver microsomes. Administration of TMP in doses of 40 mg and 80 mg/kg/day for 21 days caused a significant increase in total lipid, cholesterol and transaminases activities of serum and liver. Protein, RNA and phospholipid contents of liver and microsomes decreased significantly while DNA content remained unchanged. Glycogen content of liver decreased significantly but alkaline phosphatase activity did not show any noticeable alteration. Histopathological findings showed fatty infiltration and distorted liver architecture. Administration of TMP in doses of 40 mg and 80 mg/kg/day for 14 days changed all the parameters and enzymes in a similar pattern but with less intensity. From the present study it is obvious that high doses of this drug cause harmful toxic effects on serum and hepatic function with liver injury whereas chronic administration has no effect so far. PMID- 6741565 TI - Comparative study of the anticonvulsive activity of N-aminomethylpiperazine-3,3 diethyl 2,4-pyridinedione with the activity of known antiepileptic agents. AB - N-aminomethylpiperazine-3,3-diethyl-2,4-pyridinedione (DKMP) is a newly synthesized compound with a marked anticonvulsive effect in various epileptic models. The aim of the present work is to compare its anticonvulsive effect in corazol convulsions (100 mg/kg corazol, s.c.) with known anticonvulsants applied in clinical practice. The compounds tested were applied subcutaneously in equitoxic doses (1/20 and 1/30 of their respective LD50). Some undesirable side effects of the antiepileptic agents tested were also studied. With the experimental model used, DKMP was found to have a better anticonvulsive effect compared with diphenylhydantoin, depakin, suxilep and phenobarbital. Diazepam completely inhibited the convulsions, but it has an undesirable strong myorelaxing effect. In a subchronical experiment it was found that no tolerance developed toward DKMP, while the anticonvulsant effect of diazepam significantly decreased on the 15th day, compared with a single administration. Using the rota rod test it was found that the agents studied had a stronger neurotoxic action compared with DKMP. These results outline DKMP as a promising compound with good antiepileptic activity, comparable to that of the known anticonvulsants. PMID- 6741563 TI - Humoral factors involved in the regulation of sodium-fluid balance in normal man. I. Effect of dietary sodium chloride intake on renal prostaglandins, vasopressin and renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system. AB - Animal and human studies demonstrate the dependence of renal prostaglandin (PG) production on dietary sodium chloride intake. The effect of 5 days' low salt diet (10 mmol Na/day plus 0.5 mg/kg Furanthril daily), and 5 days' high salt diet (250 mmol Na/day) on PGE2 and PGF2 alpha plasma levels and their excretion, on plasma renin activity (PRA) aldosterone (A) and vasopressin (VP) was evaluated on 30 normal subjects. Sodium restriction significantly increased plasma PGE2 and PGF2 alpha and their excretion in the urine. High salt intake reduced renal PG production to normal levels. Under low salt conditions PRA and A increased significantly and fell to normal values on high salt regimen. A negative correlation between renal PG production and VP plasma levels and excretion was demonstrated during the changes of dietary sodium intake. PMID- 6741566 TI - Brief stimuli localization in visual periphery. AB - Experiments were carried out to establish the effect of stimulus eccentricity and the kind of reference structure on the localization of brief stimuli in the visual periphery. In Experiment 1 the effect of eccentricities up to 55 degrees to the left and to the right of the fixation point on stimulus localization was studied. Systematic errors were obtained, the stimuli being mislocated nearer the fixation point than they were actually presented. The angular size of errors increased with the increase of stimulus eccentricity. In Experiment 2 the subjects had to localize the stimuli against three different background structures (scales). The results showed that error magnitude decreased when scales with clearly visible cues were used. The possible involvement of stimulus direction perception and of the identification of the scale element nearest to the perceived event is discussed. PMID- 6741567 TI - Influence of the target delay and duration on the prediction of a moving stimulus future position. AB - In a linear-motion prediction study an immobile target with different duration and delay with respect to the onset of the visible motion determined the motion extrapolation distance. The subject's task was to press a key at the moment when the moving stimulus would reach the position of the target if it continued its motion on the screen. The subject's response time was measured between the moment of the moving stimulus disappearance and the moment of key pressing. A linear relationship between the response time and the concealment time was obtained under all experimental conditions. It was demonstrated that the duration of the target did not affect the linear regression equation constants. The delay of the target presentation with respect to the onset of the visible motion was found to influence the free term of the linear relationship. When the target was presented with a great delay (0.56 s before the moving stimulus disappearance) the intercept in the linear relationship significantly decreased. The present results suggest that the organization of the response in the motion prediction conditions influences the temporal characteristics of the subject's performance. This influence is manifested in alternation of the free term in the linear relationship between the response time and concealment time. PMID- 6741568 TI - Cerebral asymmetry in the perception of overlapping brief time intervals? AB - The perception of duration, visually presented, has been studied depending on the visual half-field in which the light stimulations have been presented. The pair of intervals of equal duration, presented for comparison in the 200-1000 ms range, was studied in three different series, in each of which the beginning of the second interval followed accordingly: (a) 10 ms after the beginning of the first interval; (b) after 1/2 of the duration of the first interval; (c) the end of the first interval is at the same time the beginning of the second one. It has been established that two light stimuli of equal duration, presented consecutively in the left and right visual half-fields, are perceived as being different due to their temporal order, provided that the duration of the first interval has elapsed either prior to or at the moment of the onset of the second interval. The temporal order does not affect the subjective duration of overlapping light stimuli. It is possible to assume some kind of hemispheric asymmetry in the duration perception, provided some critical time has elapsed between the end of the first and the beginning of the second intervals. Such an asymmetry cannot be detected in the case of the overlapping intervals studied in the present work. PMID- 6741569 TI - Vibrotactile thresholds in mechanoreceptive afferents innervating the foot pad of the cat. The importance of stimulus frequency and duration. AB - Vibrotactile thresholds were determined for non-Pacinian (SA and RA) and Pacinian (PC) mechanoreceptive units innervating the foot pad of the cat with vibratory stimuli of varying frequency (20, 80, and 240 Hz) and duration (100, 400, and 800 ms). Both the absolute (1 impulse/stimulus train) and the tuning (1 impulse/cycle) thresholds of SA and RA units were elevated and those of PC units were decreased as a function of increasing vibration frequency. PC units had the lowest thresholds at 80 and at 240 Hz whereas RA units had the lowest thresholds at 20 Hz. Larger atonal intervals (the range between the absolute and the tuning thresholds) were obtained for all unit types with increasing vibration frequency and PC units had the smallest atonal intervals at all frequencies. The absolute thresholds of all unit types were independent of stimulus duration. The tuning thresholds of SA and RA units were elevated with increasing stimulus duration whereas the tuning thresholds of PC units were independent of stimulus duration. Consequently, larger atonal intervals were obtained for RA and SA but not for PC units with increasing stimulus duration. The results indicate that there are both differences (effect of frequency) and similarities (effect of stimulus duration and the width of atonal intervals) in response characteristics of non-Pacinian mechanoreceptors innervating the hairy skin and the glabrous foot pad of the cat. PMID- 6741570 TI - Adenosine and adenosine analogues increase blood flow in oral mucosa. AB - The effect of adenosine and some related compound was studied on blood flow in feline oral mucosa. Changes in the rate of disappearance of 125Iodine (k-value) from a local depot in the oral mucosa was used to determine changes in the mucosal blood flow. Infusion of adenosine caused a dose-dependent increase of blood flow. Two stable adenosine analogues, adenosine 5'- ethylcarboxamide ( NECA ) and L-phenylisopropyl-adenosine (L-PIA), were 20 and 10 times more potent than the parent compound. Dipyridamole (2 mg/kg), which blocks adenosine uptake, significantly enhanced the potency of adenosine. Theophylline (10 mg/kg) inhibited the vasodilatory effect of adenosine and of the adenosine analogues. The result suggest that adenosine may be involved in the regulation of blood flow in the oral mucosa. PMID- 6741571 TI - Activation of monoamine oxidase by high molecular weight fractions of human plasma. AB - The activation of human platelet monoamine oxidase (MAO) and rat brain mitochondrial MAO ( RBM -MAO) by human plasma were studied. The deamination of two different substrates, tyramine and phenethylamine (PEA) was investigated. The increase in MAO activity in the presence of human plasma can be explained by the observed decrease in the apparent Km for the amine (tyramine, PEA). This activation pattern was the same both for human platelet MAO and RBM -MAO. The activating properties of human plasma were recovered in high molecular weight fractions after gel filtration. PMID- 6741572 TI - Occurrence, storage and release of neurotensin-like immunoreactivity from the adrenal gland. AB - In the present study we have investigated the presence of radioimmunoassayable neurotensin-like immunoreactivity (NTLI) in extracts of adrenal glands from hen, guinea-pig, rat, cat, dog and man. In addition, gel filtration chromatography and studies on the storage site of NTLI, using subcellular fractionation techniques, were performed. Finally, NTLI release in relation to noradrenaline (NA) from cat adrenal glands upon splanchnic nerve activation was studied in vivo. In all species investigated except guinea-pig and man, the NTLI levels in the adrenal glands were higher than the levels in the heart (control tissue) but lower than in the ileum. Gel filtration of NTLI from cat adrenal glands revealed presence of roughly equal amounts of the whole neurotensin molecule, i.e. NT(1-13), and its main metabolite the N-terminal octapeptide NT(1-8), while in plasma from the adrenal vein almost exclusively NT(1-13) was revealed after electrical stimulation of the splanchnic nerve. The release of NTLI and NA upon splanchnic stimulation was antagonized by hexamethonium. Subcellular fractionation of cat adrenal glands indicated that NTLI was stored in a large subcellular organelle, co-migrating with chromaffin granules. We suggest that NT may be a new adrenal gland hormone or transmitter, possibly co-stored with NA in chromaffin cells. However, at the present stage it cannot be distinguished whether NT exerts its actions locally within the adrenal gland or after release into the systemic circulation. PMID- 6741573 TI - Effect of renal nerve stimulation on the activity of the tubuloglomerular feedback mechanism. AB - The influence of renal nerve stimulation on the tubuloglomerular feedback mechanism was studied on anaesthetized rats. The analyses was made by comparing the single-glomerular filtration rate (SNGFR) measured from late proximal tubules with SNGFR measured from distal tubules in the same nephron. In the former situation the flow to the macula densa cells is interrupted and in the latter the macula densa is influenced by the flow passing by. In the control situation the SNGFR measured proximally was 47.7 +/- 2.2 nl . min-1 (mean +/- SE) and 40.1 +/- 1.8 measured distally indicating an activated tubuloglomerular feedback. During renal nerve stimulation (2-3 Hz), the SNGFR fell to 38.5 +/- 2.3 and 33.5 4/- 1.7 when measured proximally and distally, respectively. The results indicate that the tubuloglomerular feedback mechanism is unaffected by renal nerve stimulation. PMID- 6741574 TI - Penetration of some compounds through blood-brain and blood-testis barriers in chronically hypertensive rats. AB - Acute hypertension impairs the function of biological barriers, e.g. that of blood-brain barrier. We tested the hypothesis that chronic hypertension might influence the penetration of compounds through blood-brain and blood-testis barriers. With this in mind, the penetration of relatively small radioactive compounds (14C-2-methyl-4-chlorophenoxyacetic acid = 14C-MPA, 14C-sucrose and 14C antipyrine, 5 microCi/kg intravenously) into the brain, liquor space and testis was compared in male normotensive (Wistar and chronically hypertensive SH rats (11-22 months old). In chronic hypertension after 14C-MCPA and 14C-sucrose administration the penetration of radioactivity into the brain, cerebrospinal fluid and testis had significantly decreased or showed evidence of decrease, while after 14C-antipyrine administration the penetration remained unchanged. Penetration of Evans blue-albumin complex into the brain was studied by giving intravenous injection of Evans blue (5% solution) which is firmly bound to serum albumin. Extravasation of dye-protein complex into the brain showed no difference between Wistar and SH rats. The results suggest that chronic hypertension does not increase the penetration of compounds into the brain and testis but rather, reduces it. PMID- 6741575 TI - The effect of dorsal root transection on the efferent motor pattern in the cat's hindlimb during locomotion. AB - Mesencephalic cats can walk on a treadmill if the midbrain locomotor region is stimulated. The motor pattern of different hindlimb muscles is similar to that of th intact cat. The present experiments in the mesencephalic preparation test if the complex motor pattern in one hindlimb is causally dependent on the afferent signals arising in the same limb during walking. The electromyographical activity and the movement pattern during locomotion were compared before and after transecting all dorsal root fibres originating from one hindlimb. Flexor and extensor muscles at different joints may retain their general pattern after the dorsal root transection. This applies also to muscles such as the knee flexors, which have a short and early flexor burst and a second burst during the extension phase, and the short toe dorsiflexor , which has an early burst in the transition between flexor and extensor activity. After the dorsal root transection the pattern of activity may become more variable and it can even break down altogether. The present results demonstrate that the central nervous system devoid of phasic afferent inflow from one hindlimb can produce a complex motor output to this limb rather than a motor pattern degraded to a simple alternation between flexors and extensors. PMID- 6741576 TI - Phasic variations of extracellular potassium during fictive swimming in the lamprey spinal cord in vitro. AB - The lamprey spinal cord in vitro can generate the motor pattern underlying locomotion, which can be recorded with suction electrodes in the ventral roots. To test if the extracellular level of potassium changed during rhythmic activity, potassium-sensitive microelectrodes were used to systematically (every 25 micrometers) explore the level of extracellular potassium [K+]e in different loci in the transverse plane of the spinal cord. During fictive locomotion the baseline level of [K+] increased with 0.08-0.4 mM in the grey matter. As a rule phasic variations of up to 0.2 mM, correlated to each ventral root burst, were superimposed on the tonic deviation of [K+]e. Changes in this range may cause a moderate depolarization of the spinal neurones and might also affect other neuronal functions including the rhythm-generating circuits. PMID- 6741577 TI - Local anesthetics selectively inhibit non-cholinergic neural contractions in guinea-pig airways. PMID- 6741578 TI - The effect of autonomic receptor blockers on the ocular response to topical chemical irritation. AB - Topical chemical irritants induce an acute reaction in the eye, consisting of an increased intraocular pressure (IOP), breakdown of the blood-aqueous barrier, anterior uveal vasodilation and miosis. In the present study these effects were studied in the rabbit eye after topical application of neutral formaldehyde by measuring IOP continuously using electromanometrical equipment. The protein content of the aqueous humour was measured and miosis as well as anterior hyperemia were analyzed. Intravenously injected sodium fluorescein was used to visualize the site of the disruption of the blood-aqueous barrier in freeze-dried specimens. Iridectomies were performed to study the mechanisms of hypertension and disruption of the blood-aqueous barrier. In iridectomized rabbits the acute irritative response was very similar to that of normal eyes. Breakdown of the blood-aqueous barrier, miosis and anterior hyperemia occurred. However, the increase in IOP was only partially reduced. This indicates that a pupillary block due to the intense miosis plays a minor role in the hypertensive reaction or in the breakdown of the barrier. The effect of three autonomic receptor blocking agents: phentolamine (alpha-adrenergic antagonist), timolol (beta-adrenergic antagonist) and biperiden (cholinergic antagonist) on the irritative ocular response caused by formaldehyde was studied. Phentolamine proved to be an efficient inhibitor of the hypertensive reaction. It also effectively prevented the breakdown of the blood-aqueous barrier. Biperiden inhibited only slightly the increase in IOP caused by formaldehyde. Timolol had no significant effect. None of these three antagonists was able to prevent the miosis or hyperemia. The present findings indicate that a part of the irritative response is mediated by a phentolamine-sensitive neuronal pathway.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS) PMID- 6741579 TI - Determinants of pulmonary blood volume. Effects of acute changes in pulmonary vascular pressures and flow. AB - To examine the effects of pulmonary vascular pressures and flow on pulmonary blood volume (PBV), experiments were performed at constant heart rate and zone 3 conditions (mean left atrial pressure (LAP) above airway pressure) in six anesthetized, open-chest dogs. PBV was calculated as the product of electromagnetic aortic flow and pulmonary mean transit time for ascorbate, obtained without blood withdrawal by polarographic recording of aortic ascorbate changes. In three series of experiments LAP was raised similarly in three steps, from 4.5 to 14.8 mmHg: by mitral constriction which reduced pulmonary blood flow, by blood volume expansion which more than doubled pulmonary blood flow, or by a combination of the two procedures which kept pulmonary blood flow constant. In all three series, LAP and mean pulmonary arterial pressure (PAP) rose in proportion, but PBV was better correlated to PAP (r = 0.87 +/- 0.02) than to LAP (r = 0.66 +/- 0.09). These experiments suggest that PAP is the most important factor in determining PBV under zone 3 conditions, whether PAP is raised by increasing pulmonary blood flow or by mitral constriction. PMID- 6741580 TI - Compliance of the interstitial space in rats. III. Contribution of skin and skeletal muscle interstitial fluid volume to changes in total extracellular fluid volume. AB - The contribution to the extracellular fluid volume (ECV) from plasma volume (PV) and the total interstitial volumes contained in skin ( IFVS ) and skeletal muscle ( IFVM ) has been studied in rats over a wide range of overhydration and dehydration. ECV was measured as the two-hour distribution space for 51Cr-EDTA after nephrectomy while PV was measured with radiolabelled albumin or erythrocytes. Total interstitial volumes in skin and skeletal muscle were calculated from measurement of local interstitial volumes and the amount of skin and skeletal muscle in the rat. In control conditions ECV was on average 24.12 ml/100 g body weight. PV was 11.0% of ECV in control while IFVS and IFVM was 28.1% and 19.0% respectively. In dehydration the change in PV was 13.3% of the change in ECV, while the change in IFVS and IFVM was 30.0% and 21.0% of the change in ECV respectively. In overhydration (ECV on average 33.76 ml/100 g rat) the changes in PV, IFVS and IFVM were 7.5%, 22.1% and 17.2% of the change in ECV respectively. The regression coefficients describing the change between ECV and IFVS and IFVM were not significantly different in overhydration and dehydration while the regression coefficient between ECV and PV in overhydration was significantly less than the regression coefficient in dehydration. Thus, the fraction of ECV contained in skin and skeletal muscle is similar over the range of hydration studied. The fraction of ECV located in plasma is similar in control and dehydration, while in overhydration less of ECV is localized in plasma.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS) PMID- 6741581 TI - Cyclophosphamide treatment of prediabetic Chinese hamsters. AB - To assess the immune system's involvement in the causation of diabetes in the genetically diabetic Chinese hamster, "prediabetic" animals were immunosuppressed with cyclophosphamide, starting several weeks prior to the expected onset of hyperglycemia. The immunosuppressant dose was titrated to maximally depress the lymphocyte count without significant deleterious effects on food consumption, body weight or granulocyte count. Immunosuppression did not prevent or postpone the development of hyperglycemia or glucosuria. This suggests that if there is an autoimmune component in the etiology of diabetes in the genetically diabetic Chinese hamster, it takes place earlier or is of a more specific nature than that investigated in the present study. PMID- 6741582 TI - Release of growth hormone in response to feeding in dogs. PMID- 6741583 TI - Trunk movements in human locomotion. AB - Trunk movements in the frontal and sagittal planes were studied in 10 healthy males (18-35 yrs) during normal walking (1.0-2.5 m/s) and running (2.0-6.0 m/s) on a treadmill. Movements were recorded with a Selspot optoelectronic system. Directions, amplitudes and phase relationships to the stride cycle (defined by the leg movements) were analyzed for both linear and angular displacements. During one stride cycle the trunk displayed two oscillations in the vertical (mean net amplitude 2.5-9.5 cm) and horizontal, forward-backward directions (mean net amplitude 0.5-3 cm) and one oscillation in the lateral, side to side direction (mean net amplitude 2-6 cm). The magnitude and timing of the various oscillations varied in a different way with speed and mode of progression. Differences in amplitudes and timing of the movements at separate levels along the spine gave rise to angular oscillations with a similar periodicity as the linear displacements in both planes studied. The net angular trunk tilting in the frontal plane increased with speed from 3-10 degrees. The net forward-backward trunk inclination showed a small increase with speed up to 5 degrees in fast running. The mean forward inclination of the trunk increased from 6 degrees to about 13 degrees with speed. Peak inclination to one side occurred during the support phase of the leg on the same side. Peak forward inclination was reached at the initiation of the support phase in walking, whereas in running the peak inclination was in the opposite direction at this point. The adaptations of trunk movements to speed and mode of progression could be related to changing mechanical conditions and different demands on equilibrium control due to e.g. changes in support phase duration and leg movements. PMID- 6741584 TI - [Sociocultural factors and the presence of psychopathologies in populations of various localities in Argentina]. AB - This report presents and compares data got from seventeen Argentine communities surveys. The Present State Examination was used for "case-finding"; the CATEGO-ID computations programmes made possible to cluster symptoms in different syndromes as well as to obtain the Index of Definition of the disorders which incorporates a set of rules defining the thresholdes points below which too few symptoms are present to allow a descriptive classification. We found in the communities studied an average of 25.4% of the population without symptoms; 51.4% with some type of psychopathology and 23.3% that can be considered "case". In all the populations women showed a higher percentage of psychopathologies than men (means women: 27.6%; means men: 12.6%). We did not find any statistical association between prevalence and age; only in two communities we did find one between prevalence and familiar structure, being higher in subjects married and rearing children. PMID- 6741585 TI - [A new research method in psychiatry: the therapeutic companion]. AB - In this paper, the profile of the therapeutic companion (T.C.) is drawn. This is a person, not necessarily a psychologist, who has been especially trained to cooperate in a psychiatric therapeutic equipment from a complementary position to the therapist in charge (T. Ch.). His function is to accomplish the therapist's instructions which mainly aim to contain the patient's anxiety and to give him pertinent responses to this symptomatic behavior. The link T. C.-T. Ch. is examined; a fluid communication between the parties and permanent supervision of the T.C.'s work is strongly recommended for a satisfactory therapeutic work. The indications for the inclusion of the T. C. comprise psychotic decompensations in border-line patients, acute psychosis and suicidal or aggressive behavior toward others. Special emphasis is laid on the research possibilities of this procedure: "natural" observations can be made and corroboration of hypothesis about therapeutic conduct can be attained. In respect to the number of T. C. to employ in each case. It depends on the patient's pathology. Not always, though, the theoretical convenience of only one T. C. all the time for some cases is feasible, due to the emotional strain of the task. The probability of a betterment of the therapeutic efficiency, together with the diminishment of time and cost of internment are some of the advantages of this approach. PMID- 6741586 TI - [The alcoholization process in Latin America. Critical analysis of biomedical and sociological production, 1970-1980 (2)]. AB - This work analyses the bibliographical production in the sociological and biomedical fields on alcoholization generated within and for Latin America during the seventies. This production is characterized by a unilaterally "pathologizing" outlook, which contrasts with the outlook dominant in the socio-anthropological fields, and which was analysed in a previous work. Empirical and factorial outlook dominate, in both, theory and methodology. They stress again an approach whose serious limitations have already been shown. The dominant technical elements--the sociological and epidemiological inquest--keep on being utilized, in spite of the many criticisms which they have received. Data obtained not only bears little relevance on the problem, but also stresses facts at a level of depth which is not justified, and do not justify, the theoretical framework of analysis. In spite of the fact that unsystematized empirical data and specific research which has been undertaken in other regional areas have made reference to a continual deficit on the part of the health team for the diagnosis and treatment of the alcoholization process; we hardly have any research which can throw light on the scientific and ideological limitations of medical and paramedical actions. Besides, we do not have a systematic analysis of alternative therapeutic strategics. All bibliographical publications refers, in a very biased way, the process of alcoholization to the lower population strata, without any critical reflection on that association. The biomedical dimension, although it utilizes conceptions and viewpoints which have been taken from anthropological and sociological production, this appropiation has meant a modification, which, in fact, has caused a split between the two dominant productions in Latin America: the biomedical and the anthropological one. This split replicates the conflict between models, that operates within other national and international contexts. PMID- 6741587 TI - [Influence of the family situation on the form of expression of neuroses]. AB - In this research were investigated the conditions of the family environment and the contact with the parents in 3 different groups of children and adolescents who presented respectively conversion neurosis, other types of neurosis and behavior disorders of the aggressive type. The analysis of the results obtained indicated a positive correlation between the tendency to manifest emotional conflicts under the form of conversion symptoms and the course of childhood in a family inadequate environment, with the absence of one or both parents. This fact was not found in the two other groups. PMID- 6741588 TI - [The contribution of behavior psychotherapy]. AB - By means of this work it has been intended to establish some general principles related to the scientifics basis of psychotherapy and its relationship to psychology. These principles have been taken as sources for the framing of the behavior therapy and from the contribution that this therapy has given to the development of a psychotherapy based on experimental science. The scientifics basis helped to the outgrowth of the human knowledge, in particular to medical science, to which our interest is concerned. Simultaneously, the behavior therapy has been critically faced, making evident its probable fallibility; therefore a convergent point has been searched among different approaches for a future science of general principles that can be applied to psychotherapy in general. This convergent point is indispensable for its future development. We have specially insisted upon the impossibility of the use of the introspection as the unique path for a change on psychogenic disturbances of the personality, without denying its importance, but involving it, into the general context of the scientific psychology. PMID- 6741589 TI - [Preliminary aspects relating to the problem-solving process]. AB - Certain theoretical and methodological aspects related to cognition and problem solving processes are reviewed in order to emphasize the inferencial procedures by which individuals overcome difficulties and limitations present in a problem situation and realize and overcome their own inferential limitations. The role that certain primary elements, like axioms, have in the process of making explicit and complete formal structures is also emphasized. Ability to demonstrate correctly and some limitations concerning the methalogic properties of axiomatic systems are also seen in relation to the inferential processes of cognition. Eliminatory inferential processes for adopting decisions are discussed and focused from opposite standpoints as those of associative learning theory and Gestalt theory. The inferential process is evaluated from the internal difficulty of a problem state of nature to the intellective resources available to the subject in order to validate the adopted decisions in problem solving. This comprises methods going from trial-and-error exploration to insight phenomena, through the formulation of all logical possibilities and the process of discarding them by means of experience or inference. According to the symbolic level that represents the problem state of nature formal structures are built up to the point by which they need to be gestallically closed by the inclusion of new primary terms or concepts that could be identified as axioms. This king of closure is postulated as a requirement of the aptitude for mathematics. PMID- 6741590 TI - [The biopsychosocial model in the teaching of liaison psychiatry]. AB - The supervision of residents and the teaching of liason psychiatry to medical students require a special conceptual and practical approach. In our experience the biopsychosocial model not only helps to integrate the biological, psychological and social levels, but also offers an alternative to the physicalist and dichotomizing orientation of biomedicine. Three cases are presented to demonstrate that the biological, psychological and social are interdependent systems, that change in one level produces simultaneous changes in the others, and that the nature of these changes can be therapeutic or iatrogenic, depending on the type of the clinical intervention. PMID- 6741591 TI - [Muscle tension of patients with tension headaches during and between episodes of pain]. AB - The relationship between muscle activity and subjective pain in tension headache has been studied by comparing frontal EMG activity during and between headache episodes. Fifteen patients suffering from chronic tension headache were assessed during the course and outside headache episodes. These results suggest that there is no direct and constant relationship between muscle tension and pain in tension headache. PMID- 6741592 TI - [Diagnostic evaluation of the concept of schizophrenia]. AB - Since the original description of dementia praecox by Kraepelin, a variety of psychotic syndromes have been described which have features in common with the so called schizophrenic psychoses. In this article, the development of the concept of schizophrenia and the currently available diagnostic and classification systems are mentioned. PMID- 6741593 TI - The influence of age and depression on intellectual and memory performances. AB - Since we know that both aging and depression impair intellectual functioning, a question arises about specificity of impairment in each condition. Intellectual and memory performances (WAIS, visual and verbal tests, attention task) were correlated on the one hand with a mood score (BfS) and one the other with age in a group of 101 men (age: 49 to 86; means = 59). We found that: 1 degree some intellectual tasks are more impaired by depression than by aging; 2 degrees the digit symbol substitution test (WAIS) and the V.R.T. scores (Benton) are correlated with both mood and age; 3 degrees a weakened mental control appears among the older patients. PMID- 6741594 TI - [The systematic approach in individual psychotherapy]. AB - In this article, the author reviews basic theoretical concepts on the systemic approach. He shows the application of this approach in individual psychotherapy, when the subject's demand shows precise aspects of style and inner sense. As in family therapy, the intervention of the therapist, counter paradoxical, will evidence the function of the symptoms and its positive reframe. This therapeutic process, brief and focalised, offers to the subject, alienated in his family fantasy, an impulse on the way to autonomy. PMID- 6741595 TI - [Cerebral blood flow and depression]. AB - Regional cerebral blood flow is an index of cerebral metabolism. We have studied with the Xenon 113 inhalation method, regional cerebral blood flow (CBF) in patients with various types of depression and in remission. A left frontal hypervascularisation and a right posterior hypovascularisation have been found in primary major depression, but not in minor depression and bipolar depression in remission. These results confirm and complete results from other authors who have studied the physiopathology of depression with other technics. PMID- 6741597 TI - Seizure duration in unilateral electroconvulsive therapy. A comparison of the anaesthetic agents etomidate and Althesin with methohexitone. AB - Seizure duration in unilateral electroconvulsive therapy (ECT) was recorded by means of EEG in an intraindividual comparison of etomidate (dissolved in a soy bean oil emulsion) 0.3 mg/kg and Althesin (alphaxalone 9 mg and alphadolone 3 mg/ml) 0.6 mg/kg with methohexitone 1 mg/kg body weight. The patients were intubated and alveolar CO2- and O2-concentrations kept constant at 3% (3 kPa) and 92% (92 kPa) respectively. Seizure duration was the same when either etomidate or methohexitone were used, whereas Althesin significantly shortened seizure duration in comparison with methohexitone. Local pain on injection and a subsequent superficial thrombophlebitis occurred frequently with methohexitone. This did not occur with etomidate or Althesin. PMID- 6741596 TI - Relationship between mental health and job efficiency. AB - A homogeneous group of 153 Merchant Marine Officers were analysed on Seafarers' Mental Health Questionnaire (SMHQ) to evaluate their mental health state. The confidential reports of the officers relating to their job performance were scrutinised to determine the level of job efficiency. Individuals obtaining more than the mean effective percentage score were allotted to the high-efficiency group and those obtaining less, to the low-efficiency group. The results obtained show significant mean differences on almost all the mental health dimensions except sexual satisfaction, thus revealing that the job efficiency of seafarers is influenced by different aspects of mental health adjustments. PMID- 6741599 TI - Twenty-four-hour serum levels of TSH in affective disorders. AB - As a part of a broad endocrine testing of patients with affective disorders the 24 h serum levels of thyrotropin (TSH) were investigated and correlated to the clinical history and disease symptoms. Thirty-two patients with the research diagnostic criteria of major depressive disorder were investigated. Twenty-six of these patients were reinvestigated in a state of full or partial clinical remission. Nine patients with unipolar and eight patients with bipolar affective disorders were also investigated in clinical remission. The control group comprised 32 healthy subjects. The results showed significantly lower 24 h serum levels of TSH and less variability of TSH levels during the 24 h period in the group with acute major depression compared with the controls. The 24 h serum levels of TSH normalized during clinical remission. Different subtypes of depression, different clusters of symptoms and severity of depression did not significantly correlate with the 24 h serum levels of TSH. There were also no significant correlations between abnormalities of the dexamethasone suppression test or nightly melatonin levels and the 24 h serum levels of TSH. The lower TSH levels seen in acute major depression could not be correlated to increased or decreased levels of peripheral thyroid hormones. The mechanism of the decreased 24 h serum levels of TSH is unclear. One possibility is an altered sensitivity in the thyrotrophs of the pituitary. PMID- 6741598 TI - Is bilateral ECT ever indicated? AB - To investigate whether it is indicated to make a shift to bilateral technique when the first 6-10 unilateral ECT treatments have produced no improvement in patients with endogenous depression, a retrospective study was made concerning 61 patients 34 of whom (group U) continued with unilateral treatment while in 27 (group UB) a shift was made to bilateral technique. No significant differences were found between the groups with regard to final therapeutic result, only a tendency to better effect in the first mentioned group. This tendency can be explained by the somewhat higher age in this group. The duration of seizures, administration of benzodiazepines, as well as treatment with antidepressive drugs, were equal in the groups, which were thus comparable. It is concluded that since bilateral ECT may severely impair memory for weeks or months the patients should not be stressed by a change to this technique. PMID- 6741600 TI - Prevalence of mental disorders in an urban sample examined at 70, 75 and 79 years of age. AB - The prevalence of mental disorders in a representative sample of old people in Gothenburg, Sweden, was studied at 70, 75 and 79. The study comprised 392 subjects at 70, 302 subjects at 75 and 203 at 79. A case was defined by cut-off points on symptom and sign rating scales, and diagnoses were defined operationally as closely as possible to the ICD-classification. The total psychiatric morbidity was 21.9, 24.2 and 31.0% in the three age groups. The prevalence of schizophrenic and paranoid syndromes was 0.5, 1.7 and 2.5% and of affective disorders 1.0, 2.3 and 0.5%. The prevalence of dementias of psychotic degree was 1.3, 2.3 and 6.9% and of asthenic neuroses corresponding to dementias of mild-moderate degree 2.3, 4.0 and 9.4%. The prevalence of anxiety, depressive and obsessive-compulsive neuroses of moderate-severe degree was 6.6, 4.6 and 3.9% and of mild degree 7.9, 6.0 and 5.9%. The prevalence of active alcoholism in men was 4.2, 3.4 and 3.0% and in women 0.0% in all age groups. Current treatment was reported by 67-85% of subjects with psychoses, about one half of them in psychiatric services, and by 35-65% of subjects with neuroses, about one fifth of them in psychiatric services. PMID- 6741601 TI - Theophylline precipitated alterations of lithium clearance. AB - The effect of steady state therapeutic theophylline serum levels on lithium clearance was investigated. A significant increase in lithium clearance occurred with the administration of theophylline. Despite considerable intersubject variability, a direct lithium clearance estimation method demonstrated a mean increase of 30% with the addition of theophylline. The concomitant use of lithium and theophylline potentially may alter lithium levels sufficiently to result in manic or depressive relapses in patients receiving lithium prophylactically. PMID- 6741602 TI - Trihexyphenidyl dependence. AB - Trihexyphenidyl, a synthetic anticholinergic, is frequently used concurrently with neuroleptics to control extrapyramidal side effects. We present two case reports of trihexyphenidyl abuse which concur with the increasing concern expressed regarding the abuse potential of trihexyphenidyl. In one of the cases a double-blind, placebo-controlled withdrawal was conducted and monitored on a number of physiological parameters and the Hamilton Anxiety Rating Scale. A recognizable withdrawal syndrome followed discontinuation of the drug. In addition to the abuse potential it is suggested that dependence liability be considered in maintenance therapy with trihexyphenidyl and other antiparkinsonians. PMID- 6741603 TI - Sexual function and dysfunction in younger married alcoholics. A comparative study. AB - Sexual dysfunction in male and female alcoholic addicts was evaluated in a comparative study of 60 married alcoholics and an age-matched control group from a general practitioner's clinic. 63% of the alcoholic men reported sexual dysfunction - mainly erectile and libido disorders - compared with 10% in the control group. The frequency of sexual dysfunction in alcoholic women did not differ from that in controls. Approximately 25% of the women who reported sexual dysfunction had reduced libido. The male alcoholics claim the aversive treatment, (Antabus), to be the causative factor, and considered their problem began as soon as they started treatment. There was no change in masturbation or coital frequency in the month before and after initiation of treatment. The study discusses present knowledge of relevant etiological factors in sexual function and dysfunction in alcoholics - implicating a multifacetted therapeutic approach. PMID- 6741604 TI - Global need for the art of clinical methodology. PMID- 6741605 TI - The primary preventive study in Uppsala. Fatal and non-fatal myocardial infarction during a 10-year follow-up of a middle-aged male population with treatment of high-risk individuals. AB - A health survey of middle-aged men was carried out in 1970-73 in the municipality of Uppsala. Subjects with hypertension, hyperlipidaemia, reduced glucose tolerance, and smokers were invited to join various therapy groups. By 1980 this multifactorial intervention programme had thus been running for 10 years. This report describes the results of a follow-up undertaken to evaluate the efficacy of the programme. The annual rate of fatal myocardial infarction (MI) was lower among the participants (n = 2322) in the health examination as well as among participants and non-participants (n = 446) combined than among the male Swedish population of the same age (162 and 187 compared with 296 per 100 000 men, respectively). The annual rate of non-fatal MI among participants and non participants combined was 295 per 100 000 men, which is lower than in other Swedish cities. In the hypertensive group (n = 126), six men had fatal and seven non-fatal MI. These 13 men had higher blood pressures (BPs) from the start than the other hypertensives. In addition, their BP reduction was smaller than in a control group randomly selected among the hypertensive subjects. In the hyperlipidaemic treatment group (n = 363) there were eight fatal and 10 non-fatal MIs. Nine of these events occurred in individuals who had dropped out from therapy. It is suggested that the low total mortality and the low rates of fatal and non-fatal MI in this middle-aged male population may be related to the multifactorial intervention programme, as the incidences were also low among the treated high-risk groups. PMID- 6741606 TI - The value of serum myoglobin determinations in the early diagnosis of acute myocardial infarction. AB - Myoglobin has been measured in sera from 305 consecutive patients with suspected acute myocardial infarction (AMI) to study the clinical value in relation to other diagnostic methods. On admission the frequency of false negative (i.e. the diagnostic sensitivity) myoglobin values was 28% in the AMI group as compared with 60% for serum creatine kinase (CK) and 46% for serum aspartate aminotransferase (ASAT). Four hours after admission the corresponding figures were 2, 31 and 29%. This makes the diagnostic sensitivity of the myoglobin test 0.98, which is significantly higher (p less than 0.001) than that of the two enzyme tests. The predictive value of a negative myoglobin test was 0.97 and also significantly higher (p less than 0.001 and p less than 0.01) than for CK and ASAT. S-myoglobin was further related to the number of complications and the prognosis of the patients, and high levels appeared to be an unfavourable sign, particularly in combination with an anterior wall infarct. This study has demonstrated and confirmed the superior diagnostic sensitivity of myoglobin determination in early AMI. The inclusion of S-myoglobin in the routine diagnosis of AMI warrants serious consideration. PMID- 6741607 TI - Cells in human adipose tissue developing into adipocytes. AB - Sedimentable cells from human adipose tissue of different origins were cultured under conditions when cell multiplication was prevented but lipid filling optimized (suspension culture). In this way an estimation was obtained of the number of in vivo determined adipose precursor cells (preadipocytes) which were not filled with lipid. Under these conditions no cells from adult, non-obese subjects developed to adipocytes. Cells developing to adipocytes constituted less than 0.02% and 1% of adipocytes in tissues from obese adults and from children, respectively. It was concluded that in vivo determined adipocyte precursor cells (preadipocytes, lipid-free fat cells) are not present in a significant number in human adipose tissue either from adults or from children as tested with the method employed, allowing detection of a large number of such cells in adipose tissue from small rats. PMID- 6741608 TI - Endemic goitre in the Darfur region (Sudan). Epidemiology and aetiology. AB - In the Darfur region of Sudan, 85.5% of 7134 subjects examined, mainly school children, had goitre and in 23.9% the goitre was large (stage II or III). The prevalence of goitre was high in prepubertal children of both sexes and in adult females. There was a higher frequency of large goitre in the rural than in the urban areas (40.9 and 11.4%, respectively). In Port Sudan on the Red Sea Coast the goitre rate was 13.5% among 7697 schoolchildren, but here visible goitre was extremely rare. Of the subjects from Darfur, 54.5% excreted less than 50 micrograms of iodine/g creatinine, while all except one subject in Port Sudan excreted more than that. The median urinary excretion of iodine was 45.3 micrograms/g in subjects from Darfur and 171.2 in those from Port Sudan, the mean value being significantly lower in the former than in the latter (p less than 0.001). The iodine content of all water samples was very low, and the contents of calcium and fluoride were not high. Other goitrogenic factors could not be excluded. However, iodine deficiency is the major cause of goitre in the Darfur region and a prophylactic programme is urgently needed. PMID- 6741609 TI - Serum magnesium in Greenland Eskimos. AB - Serum magnesium in Greenland Eskimos living in Greenland is significantly higher (p less than 0.001) than in Greenlanders and Danes living in Denmark. Danes living in Greenland show intermediate values. The higher serum magnesium may be due to a high intake of nutrients from fish and sea mammals. A more complete intestinal absorption of magnesium caused by a low dietary calcium should also be considered. The high serum magnesium may contribute to the rare occurrence of urinary calculi in Greenlanders. PMID- 6741610 TI - Fine needle aspiration compared with scintigraphy for detection of liver neoplasia. AB - The diagnostic accuracy of fine needle aspiration and scintigraphy was compared prospectively in a series of cases of suspected liver neoplasm. The results of both techniques showed a close correlation to final diagnosis. Biopsy, easily and rapidly performed with simple equipments, is a cost-saving procedure with as good a sensitivity as scintigraphy. Furthermore, the possible finding of specific cytological pictures of primary liver carcinoma or tumours of the amino precursor uptake decarboxylating cell series lend further weight to the biopsy technique. PMID- 6741611 TI - [Interspecific hybridization of strains of Streptomyces aureofaciens and Streptomyces rimosus]. PMID- 6741612 TI - [Antiviral action of derivatives of 1,3,4-oxadiazine on reproduction of type A influenza viruses in vitro]. PMID- 6741613 TI - [Antiviral action of derivatives of 1,3,4-oxadiazine on the reproduction of type A influenza viruses in vivo in white mice]. PMID- 6741614 TI - [Several forms of Bacillus mesentericus. IV. Plasmid content]. PMID- 6741615 TI - [Relation between assimilation of a nitrogen source and alkaloid biosynthesis in the strain Claviceps sp. CP II]. PMID- 6741617 TI - [Biosynthesis of gibberellins. I. Taxonomic study of a strain producing gibberellins]. PMID- 6741616 TI - [Respiratory activity of methanol-assimilating yeasts]. PMID- 6741618 TI - [Biosynthesis of gibberellins. II. Effect of the amount and age of the inoculum on gibberellin biosynthesis by the strain Fusarium moniliforme IM-11]. PMID- 6741619 TI - [Biosynthesis of gibberellins. III. Optimization of the nutrient medium for gibberellin biosynthesis by using mathematical methods to plan experiments]. PMID- 6741620 TI - [Atypical routes for penetration of the infection in intestinal yersinioses. III. Biochemical changes in alveolar macrophages in aerosol infections with Yersinia enterocolitica]. PMID- 6741621 TI - The pathogenesis of hereditary congenital malformations of the anorectum in the pig. AB - The pathogenesis of anorectal malformations was studied in 41 abnormal embryos, foetuses and newborn pigs descended from a herd in which this anomaly was caused by a hereditary trait. The principal development error was found to be situated in the cloacal plate, of which a dorsal part of variable size was missing. This defect impeded the normal migration of the dorsal cloaca and adjacent structures along the dorsal border of the plate to the body surface of the tailgroove. Correlated to the size of the cloacal plate defect diverse types of anorectal malformations may develop ranging from slight abnormalities such as anal stenosis and perineal or vulvar ectopic anus to more serious anomalies such as imperforate anus of low, intermediate and high types. In the cases with imperforate anus a communication with the urogenital system is always formed, although it may disappear later in some animals. This communication which represents a persistent cloaca, has to be considered as an ectopic anorectal canal according to its origin and structure. The abnormalities of the internal and external sphincter ani muscles and puborectal muscles are secondary although distinctly correlated to the malformations of the epithelial structures. PMID- 6741623 TI - Tooth mineralisation relative to somatic growth retardation in the rat. AB - The morphology and sequence of mineral deposition on the crowns of rat molar teeth have been investigated by means of contact radiography relative to their postnatal development following a period of somatic retardation induced by nutritional suppression. Differences in deposition appeared 3 days after birth in the first molar crown and continued until day 7. Second molar differences manifested between day 4 and 5 reaching a comparable level by day 10. Third molar mineralisation appeared identical in both control and experimental specimens indicating that they were not sensitive to the influence of direct maternal control since lactation at the time of mineralisation was being superceded by general food sources. The slowing of molar crown growth is not regarded as a mineral deficit but basically related to the organic matrix and protein and energy deficiency. PMID- 6741622 TI - Response of the longitudinal growth of cranium and long bones to early weaning in the rabbit. AB - To study the problem whether the growth rates of the cranium and of long bones are different from one another, in 13 age groups of 5 rabbits each three distances of the skull (SSO-SL, SSO-P and N-NSA) and the length of the femur, tibia and calcaneus were measured. Following the early weaning of the rabbits (41/2 weeks), the increase of all measurements was strongly delayed for about one week. Thereafter, during a two weeks' period a typical catch-up growth was observed. From these results the conclusion was drawn that the growth rates of cranium and long bones do not differ from each other, and that a temporary deficiency of food intake affects intramembranous bone growth and cartilaginous growth in a similar way. PMID- 6741625 TI - An application of the moire method to three-dimensional measurements of the occlusal aspects of molars. AB - Moire photographs of the occlusal surface of human molars were made by means of a specially designed apparatus for moire contourography. Since molars show contour lines with equal intervals, three-dimensional measurement of the complicated relief of the occlusal surface is possible. The positioning of molar teeth for making the photographs and the technique of the moire photography for small objects were presented. The three-dimensional measuring method of the molar surface and its use for anthropological purpose were discussed. PMID- 6741624 TI - Egg shell formation by vitelline globules or by uterus. An introspection. AB - The question of the formation of the egg shell has attracted attention of most of the helminthologists and several different views have been expressed from time to time. The most agreed view which held the vitelline globules responsible for forming precursors of the shell membrane, has now become questionable in view of the fact that there are trematodes in which neither Mehlis' gland nor vitelline glands are present. The authors have demonstrated histochemically and histologically that the proximal part of the uterus has the necessary potentialities to form the egg shell membrane. PMID- 6741626 TI - Course of intracranial pressure after extirpation of posterior fossa tumours. AB - Forty-seven patients with posterior fossa tumours underwent continuous monitoring of intracranial pressure (ICP) in the early postoperative period by means of an intraventricular catheter. ICP values were very low on the day of operation and subsequently became normal in 37 patients. ICP values were raised in 10 patients. The relationship between the ICP and the clinical course was investigated. Patients were subdivided according to the clinical postoperative course into three groups: good, temporarily deteriorated, poor clinical course. The two first groups showed lower values in the ICP than he third one, nevertheless the relationship between the ICP and the postoperative clinical course is marked but not strict. Our data may have some clinical relevance for the treatment of hydrocephalus before extirpation of posterior fossa tumours. PMID- 6741627 TI - The syndrome of the central L-3-herniated disc with special emphasis on motor involvement. AB - Literature about the clinical characteristics of herniation of the lumbar intervertebral disc is profuse. Due to their predominant frequency, attention was almost entirely devoted to the L-4 and L-5 prolapses. As clinical accuracy still remains a very important target, specially in departments where myelography is not used for the diagnosis of this entity, the authors thought it of interest to describe the clinical picture of the L-3-herniated disc. Special stress is placed on the motor involvement. Fourteen cases form this series. They were all central soft herniations. Cases of spondylotic narrow spinal canal were excluded. The special features were their predominance in people above 50 years old and the compromise of the hip abductors and internal rotator muscle groups making it impossible for the patient to stand on the affected limb (Trendelenburg sign). An abnormal knee jerk was a frequent accompaniment. Contrary to common knowledge the quadriceps muscle strength was almost unaffected. Sensory disturbances were not useful for location. The L-3 section of the lower lumbar spine is the narrowest explaining the reason why 3/4 of the patients had a more or less complete cauda equina syndrome. It was therefore a very dangerous herniation that crippled quickly, needing usually an emergency operation with all the risks involved in this older age group of patients. PMID- 6741628 TI - Effect of cranioplasty on cerebrospinal fluid hydrodynamics in patients with the syndrome of the trephined. AB - Forty patients with cranial bone defects after craniectomy underwent extensive cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) hydrodynamic investigations by means of a CSF infusion test before and after cranioplasty. The results of these investigations were related to the clinical signs of the patients before and after cranioplasty and to the size and location of the skull bone defect. Twenty-two patients were considered to have "the syndrome of the trephined" (ST). The remaining patients were either free of symptoms or had symptoms not related to ST. CSF hydrodynamic variables that were changed before and normalized after cranioplasty include the following: Resting pressure, sagittal sinus pressure, buffer volume, elastance at resting pressure and pulse variations at resting pressure. The changes were statistically significant mainly in ST patients who were also relieved of their symptoms after cranioplasty. PMID- 6741629 TI - Retrospective analysis of 162 consecutive cases of ruptured intracranial aneurysms. Total mortality and early surgery. AB - A retrospective analysis of 162 consecutive cases with ruptured intracranial aneurysm treated during the years 1979-1981 is presented. Total mortality was 33%. Eighty-four patients were in Botterell grades I-II and 62 were operated with a direct attack on the aneurysm. Thirty-eight were operated early with a mortality of 5% compared with 13% for those operated late. There was no difference in morbidity between the two groups. Of the patients operated with clipping, 66% made a "complete recovery" and 21% were classified as independent. Signs of delayed ischaemia were recorded in 42% of patients operated early as compared with 25% in the late surgery group. The frequency of rebleedings in the total material was 15%. Hospitalization time was significantly reduced in the early operated group. The importance of analysing the total management mortality and morbidity for evaluation and comparison between early and delayed surgery is discussed. PMID- 6741630 TI - Spontaneous development of an intracavernous arterial aneurysm into a carotid cavernous fistula. Case report. AB - The case report here deals with an intracavernous arterial aneurysm spontaneously developing into a carotid-cavernous fistula. The etiopathology of these fistulas is discussed. PMID- 6741631 TI - Clinical experience with the use of a temporary clip for intracranial aneurysm surgery. Analysis of eighteen cases. AB - Although the use of a temporary clip in intracranial aneurysm surgery has been proposed by several Neurosurgeons in the past, its use today is not generally accepted. Modern surgical techniques have contributed to safer exposure and direct attack on the aneurysm. However, aneurysm surgery continues to be a direct attack on the aneurysm. However, aneurysm surgery continues to be a challenge to the Surgeon and occasionally demands the use of a temporary clip. Eighteen cases operated on with the use of a temporary clip have been analysed. The occlusion time of the feeding vessel and location of the temporary clip have been related to the outcome. There was no relationship between occlusion time of the feeding vessel and outcome in this material, whereas location of the temporary clip seemed to be of importance for the outcome in cases with aneurysms located in the middle cerebral artery. PMID- 6741632 TI - Variable filling of an arteriovenous malformation during carotid angiography. A case report. AB - An 11-year-old girl was operated on for a frontal arteriovenous malformation in 1978; a postoperative carotid angiogram showed no filling of the AVM. The patient still had epilepsy. In 1981 a carotid angiogram showed no AVM. Some months later a new carotid angiography was done. In the first lateral series no AVM was seen but on the second injection with one more millilitre of contrast medium a large frontal AVM became apparent. The reasons for such variable filling are discussed. PMID- 6741633 TI - Late reopening of an interposed vein graft for EC/IC bypass. AB - The authors report a case of EC/IC bypass with venous interposition between the external carotid artery and the middle cerebral artery cortical branch without function in the first eight months after surgery but, after the reopening of the graft, very good revascularization of the brain could be seen. The possible causes are discussed. PMID- 6741634 TI - Factors influencing the outcome in acute subdural haematoma. A review of 330 cases. AB - A series of 330 consecutive patients with acute subdural haematomas has been selected to analyze the clinical signs which influence the outcome. To assure a uniformity, the material dates from before the CT era. Four main factors have been selected: age, pupillary changes, dynamics of the clinical development, and the state of consciousness. The importance and the characteristics of different factors are discussed. A simple grading system, which was used as a prognostic orientation guide, is presented. Finally, some prognostic conclusions are made. PMID- 6741635 TI - Chronic subdural haematomas treated by enlarged burr-hole craniotomy and closed system drainage. Retrospective study of 120 patients. AB - In a retrospective study 143 chronic subdural haematomas in 120 patients were analysed. 64% of patients were 60 years or older. All haematomas were operated on by slightly enlarged burr-hole craniotomy and closed system drainage for three days postoperatively. A history of trauma was present in 63%. Most frequent symptoms in the older patients were mental changes and impaired consciousness. Postoperative mortality (within one month after surgery) was 4%. After a follow up period of up to 2.5 years after surgery, 69% were neurologically normal, 20% had only minor complaints or slight deficits. Postoperative CT scans showed a gradual re-expansion of the compressed brain during the 2-3 weeks following haematoma removal. PMID- 6741636 TI - The value of CT scan in gunshot injuries of the brain. AB - Fourteen cases of gunshot wounds of the brain, evaluated by CT scanning are presented. The results indicate that CT scanning is superior to other diagnostic tests in missile wounds of the brain. In individual patients it revealed gross injury to the skull, the location of the bullet or its fragments and indriven bone fragments, the track of the bullet, the gross injury suffered by the brain, the extent of oedema, the presence of any intracranial haematoma and late cerebral atrophy. Visualization of the missile track is of particular importance; this cannot be achieved by any other diagnostic method. It is essential for the planning of the surgical approach in these lesions. PMID- 6741637 TI - The prognosis of patients with concussion and increased creatine kinase BB in the cerebrospinal fluid. AB - In a series of 93 emergency patients, 58 were classified as concussions on a clinical basis. Thirteen of the patients with concussion had increased levels of creatine kinase isoenzyme BB (CK-BB) in their cerebrospinal fluid (CSF). We performed a prospective, follow-up investigation comparing 10 patients with a CK BB increase and 10 patients without a CK-BB increase after concussion. Within 24 hours, at 6 months and 3 years after concussion, each patient was subject to a special interview to obtain pre-concussional baseline data and post-concussional follow-up data concerning their complaints and capacity for daily activities. We found a definite change towards increasing disability in 8 of the 10 patients with a raised CK-BB, and in only 1 of the 10 patients with normal levels of CK BB. A careful neuropsychological examination confirmed inferior performance in tests especially sensitive to brain injury in patients with a CK-BB increase. Our results suggest that increased levels of CK-BB after concussion signify a more severe injury which is not found in the clinical examination during the first days after the accident, and that these patients are a high-risk group for the development of post-concussional problems and symptoms. PMID- 6741638 TI - Tension pneumocephalus in brain abscess after simple puncture-drainage. AB - A case of tension pneumocephalus within the cavity of a brain abscess after simple puncture-drainage is reported. This possibility has to be taken into consideration when a worsening in the clinical situation of the patient occurs after this procedure. PMID- 6741639 TI - Diagnosis of cavernous haemangiomas by computed tomography and angiography. AB - Computed tomography and angiographical findings of cavernous haemangiomas of the brain are reported on the basis of six cases of the authors, and a review of the literature. Computed tomography showed well demarcated, round densities with tiny calcifications, and mild contrast enhancement (0-25 HU), with no mass effect and with open sulci round the lesion. The angiographical findings were normal except in one patient with an early draining vein and in another with a late draining vein; consequently an injection of at least 10 to 15 ml of contrast medium, and a prolonged angiographical series are recommended. According to the literature, capillary blush may also be seen in angiography. If both CT and angiography are used the diagnosis is definitive, and a neoplasm can be excluded. In five of our patients the diagnosis was verified surgically and histologically, while the sixth patient was not operated on because the frontoparietal lesion was near the motor region. In most cases, surgical removal is easy and successful. PMID- 6741640 TI - Cerebellar infarcts in the area of the supply of the PICA and their surgical treatment. AB - The authors report seven cases of cerebellar infarcts in the distribution of the PICA, of whom six were treated surgically. Only one patient died and he was not operated on. Although of the remaining six patients four were comatose, and two presented obvious signs of midbrain decerebration, all of them subsequently showed a really good quality of survival. In addition to the clinical details of the cases which are set out in tabular form, a survey of the literature is given and the indications for surgical treatment discussed. The exact interpretation of the CT scan and, in this context, particularly of the brain stem and its surrounding cisterns, above all the cisterns of the quadrigeminal plate and of the vein of Galen, gives decisive help in assessing the indications for suboccipital decompressive craniotomy. In view of the small number of cases, expressing the mortality rate in percentages would seem to be pointless. However, it appears appropriate to describe our experiences of the last two years and to recommend surgical treatment. PMID- 6741641 TI - Application of statistics and frequency of statistical errors in articles in acta neurochirurgica. AB - Out of 395 contributions in the volumes 51 to 64 of Acta Neurochirurgica 141 reported numerical data. The frequency of procedures used for describing distribution, location or variability and the frequency of analytical methods were evaluated. Critical assessment of these articles revealed a considerable rate of fundamental errors in application of statistics. Considering only papers involving analytical methods 52% of these (33 out of 64) contained simple statistical errors which can be avoided without any statistician's help. Some rules for improving statistical quality of medical articles are presented. PMID- 6741642 TI - European neurosurgical education. Report of the chairman of the Training Committee of the EANS. PMID- 6741643 TI - The cause of failure in high cervical percutaneous cordotomy: an analysis. AB - Factors that might have contributed to failure of high cervical percutaneous cordotomy in 23 patients with intractable pain were investigated. Cordotomy failed in 3 patients, 20 had initially good pain relief (87%). True recurrence occurred in 5 patients, 3 of them developed pain elsewhere. Analysis of these three types of failure showed a purely technical cause in 2 cases; other failures or recurrences were due to the underlying disease being not strictly unilateral, or possibly to the existence of other ascending pathways carrying nociceptive impulses apart from the spinothalamic tract. There was no influence of age, sex, type of cancer or previous medication on the result of percutaneous cordotomy. Patients with plexus involvement did better than those with bone metastasis. PMID- 6741644 TI - Proceedings of the 35th annual meeting of the Deutsche Gesellschaft fur Neurochirurgie in Hannover, June 13-16, 1984. PMID- 6741645 TI - Comparison of ventricular steady-state infusion with bolus infusion and pressure recording for differentiating between arrested and non-arrested hydrocephalus. AB - In 6 years 26 adult patients with chronic communicating or non-communicating hydrocephalus underwent ventricular fluid pressure (VFP) recording, including intraventricular steady-state and bolus infusion tests. Patients were treated with a shunt when steady-state infusion yielded a csf outflow resistance (Rcsfs) greater than 10 mm Hg/ml/min; the success rate was 83%. The main purpose of the study was to compare Rcsfs with outflow resistance obtained by bolus infusions (Rcsfb), pressure-volume index (PVI) and VFP. Rcsfs was higher than Rcsfb, particularly when resistance was high and the degree of disturbance of csf dynamics was reflected by Rcsfs better than by Rcsfb. The PVI showed a roughly inverse relationship with the Rcsfs but was not helpful in differentiating arrested from non-arrested hydrocephalus. Rcsfs and VFP correlated better than expected. A high Rcsfs was associated with an elevated VFP and a normal Rcsfs with a normal VFP. VFP only varied when Rcsfs exhibited a mild to moderate increase. It is concluded that steady-state infusion remains the most reliable method for the prediction of the result of shunting. We recommend shunting when Rcsfs is greater than 10 mm Hg/ml/min. Bolus infusions provide valuable data on brain elastance and additional information on csf outflow resistance. VFP recording is certainly worthwhile because infusion tests can be omitted when VFP is clearly elevated and useful information is obtained when Rcsf is borderline. PMID- 6741646 TI - Corrosion of aneurysm clips: evaluation and clinical implications. Part 1: Metallurgical foundations of stress corrosion failure. AB - Several intracranial failures of aneurysm clips have been documented recently. Consistently, the mechanism of failure has been stress corrosion. These failures could have been anticipated if certain metallurgical properties of the clips had been known. In this paper, we review the metallurgical basis of stress corrosion failure and offer serial metallurgical tests as screening procedures to determine a clip's propensity towards failure. The importance of determining a clip's fracture toughness, a key indicator of stress corrosion resistance, is emphasized. PMID- 6741647 TI - A clinico-experimental study on various wrapping materials of cerebral aneurysms. AB - In this paper, we discuss the results of a systemic study of various materials so far used for wrapping, using the intracranial arteries of 43 mongrel dogs. The findings obtained are: Muscle, fascia and dura observed began to show necrotic and absorbable change within 1 to 2 months after operation, suggesting their unreliability. Bemsheet was superior in this study in adhesiveness to the vascular wall, highly contributory to constructing a firm reinforced wall by proliferating collagen fibres in the space of stereo-reticular structure of cotton fibre. No change occurred in the cotton fibre itself with the passage of time. Lyodura had a poor adhesiveness to the vascular wall with detectable gap; in addition, it showed necrosis and absorption in the bending site. Coating with Aron alpha A had a relatively poor adhesiveness to the vascular wall and seemed to crack and disappear with time. PMID- 6741648 TI - Recoiling suture and methylmethacrylate in aneurysm thrombosis. Preliminary report. AB - Injection of acrylic material into the aneurysm is a relatively simple procedure if escape of the material into the circulation can be prevented by means of a coil inserted into the aneurysm prior to injection of the acrylic material. In the present study, polypropylene (00000) suture was given a coiling property. On extrusion through a 22 gauge spinal needle the suture regained its coiled shape. Experiments were carried out on dogs with the external carotid artery serving as a model for an aneurysm. Using a 22 gauge spinal needle, first the coiled suture was inserted into the aneurysm and then methylmethacrylate was injected. Ten aneurysms were thrombosed. None of the animals suffered a neurological deficit. Complete thrombosis of the aneurysms were noted in all the animals. On perfection, this technique could eventually be used for stereotaxic thrombosis of intracranial aneurysms. PMID- 6741651 TI - Electrocardiographic changes and their prognostic significance in patients with subarachnoid hemorrhage. PMID- 6741649 TI - Early effects of experimental arterial subarachnoid haemorrhage on the cerebral circulation. Part I: Experimental subarachnoid haemorrhage in cat and its pathophysiological effects. Methods of regional cerebral blood flow measurement and evaluation of microcirculation. AB - Studies of pathophysiological changes, regional cerebral blood flow (rCBF) and cerebral microcirculation were performed in cats subjected to arterial subarachnoid haemorrhage (SAH). An original method for SAH imitating aneurysm rupture was developed. The bleeding was induced by puncturing of the internal carotid artery approached tranpresphenoidally and followed by immediate closure of the skull opening. It was found, that arterial subarachnoid bleeding elevates intracranial pressure and results in a transitory fall in cerebral perfusion pressure which is not prevented by elevation of arterial blood pressure (Cushing reflex). A depression in brain electrical activity and respiration rate were present in the course of subarachnoid haemorrhage. PMID- 6741650 TI - STA-MCA anastomosis in patients with skull base tumours involving the internal carotid artery--haemodynamic assessment by ultrasonic Doppler flowmeter. AB - The role of superficial temporal artery--middle cerebral artery (STA-MCA) anastomosis was investigated with an ultrasonic Doppler flowmeter in 3 patients with sphenoid ridge meningiomas and one with a parasellar malignant teratoma, all of which involved the intracranial internal carotid artery. The intraoperative Doppler flow study revealed a remarkable increase in flow volume of the STA after trial occlusion of the middle cerebral artery in one case and permanent occlusion in two cases. These results substantiate the effectiveness of STA-MCA anastomosis. We also discuss surgical and other contrivances for obtaining sufficient blood supply from this bypass to prevent cerebral ischaemia in the acute phase after elective or accidental occlusion of a major cerebral artery. This is the first report of STA-MCA anastomosis in cases with brain tumour. PMID- 6741652 TI - Supratentorial late radionecrosis following radiotherapy for an undiagnosed brain stem lesion. PMID- 6741653 TI - Epidemiology of progressive muscular dystrophy in north-western Tuscany. PMID- 6741655 TI - Mianserin versus maprotiline in patients with a depressive syndrome. PMID- 6741654 TI - Clonazepam withdrawal syndrome. PMID- 6741656 TI - A childhood case of hypokalemic periodic paralysis. PMID- 6741657 TI - [In vitro observation of a deficiency in the marginal fit of an amalgam rich in copper in obturations using a varnish containing silver]. PMID- 6741658 TI - [Biocompatibility of metals in the oral cavity]. PMID- 6741659 TI - [Clinical study of the treatment of oral mucosa lesions using a soft laser]. PMID- 6741660 TI - [Self mutilation of the tongue in a child: trial therapy apropos of a case]. PMID- 6741661 TI - [Fibropapillomatosis under a dental prosthesis, its treatment by relining, surgery or laser]. PMID- 6741662 TI - [Conservative odontology in gerodontology]. PMID- 6741663 TI - [Periodontics in gerodontology]. PMID- 6741664 TI - [Importance of the knowledge of prostaglandins for the odonto-stomatologist; their role in primary hemostasis and in inflammation]. PMID- 6741665 TI - The Master Questionnaire: preliminary report on an obesity assessment device. AB - Behavioral obesity researchers are increasingly concerned with thorough assessment of obesity. The present report describes the preliminary testing and refinement of the Master Questionnaire (MQ), a true-false scale developed expressly for use in obesity research. It was initially divided into four subscales: Spouse Support, Energy Balance Habits, Cognitive Factors, and Energy Balance Knowledge, and was intended for use as an outcome measure and as a predictor of change in obesity status. Its stability, internal consistency, sensitivity to treatment-related change, and predictive validity were examined. Test-retest reliability and sensitivity to treatment-related change were each found to be acceptable for three out of four subscales. Two subscales, Energy Balance Knowledge and Cognitive Factors, predicted outcome. The major weakness of the subscales was a lack of unidimensionality which would limit their utility. Cluster and factor analyses were used to develop five new subscales with acceptable levels of internal consistency. While some additional development and validation is still needed, the available evidence suggests that we have the nucleus of a strong assessment tool for obesity research. PMID- 6741666 TI - A comparison of cessation strategies for the outpatient alcoholic. AB - The present study compared the relative effectiveness of group-administered covert sensitization, supportive group therapy, and a non-specific control in disrupting the drinking response of 28 outpatient alcoholics. Multiple measures of treatment outcome were examined to insure a more comprehensive assessment of treatment effects. These included (a) randomly sampled blood/alcohol levels, (b) reported mean daily drinking frequencies and (c) reported urges to drink. Results indicated that supportive group therapy was significantly more effective than the other two treatments in reducing subjects' reported daily drinking. No significant differences were found on measures of blood/alcohol concentration or subjects' ratings of frequency of urges to drink. All three groups reported significant improvement over time on urge ratings. Results seriously question the efficacy of covert sensitization in helping outpatient alcoholics reduce their intake of alcohol. PMID- 6741667 TI - Salivary thiocyanate in pregnant smokers: a comparison of two collection methods. AB - Two simple methods of obtaining a salivary thiocyanate sample were tested to determine (1) if salivary thiocyanate could adequately differentiate a group of pregnant women into smokers and nonsmokers and (2) whether the simpler collection method of having the woman spit directly into the container produced as good a measurement of smoking exposure as having the woman chew a dental roll. Results show that thiocyanate measured from saliva samples collected by either of the two tested methods discriminates smokers from nonsmokers among pregnant women. The method of spitting directly into the collection container resulted in as good a discrimination of smokers from nonsmokers as results from the more complicated method of having subjects chew a dental roll. Advantages of using the direct method in large research projects are discussed. This is the first documentation that salivary thiocyanate distinguishes smokers from nonsmokers during pregnancy. The salivary data are consistent with earlier observations of higher serum thiocyanate levels during pregnancy, suggesting that thiocyanate may be metabolized differently during this time. PMID- 6741668 TI - Chronic heroin use during methadone treatment: a test of the efficacy of high maintenance doses. AB - A pilot study was conducted at two maintenance programs to test the effect of increasing the methadone dose of clients who continue chronic heroin use after stabilization on methadone. Program 1 subjects (Group 1) received substantial dose increases for a 14-week period; Program 2 subjects (Group 2) received no dose modifications during the same period. Results show Group 1 reported an alleviation of physical and psychological complaints but did not decrease illicit opiate use. Group 2 maintained the low level of complaints reported at baseline and, unexpectedly, decreased opiate abuse. Because the two maintenance programs differed in clinical practices and in enforcement of rules, it was concluded that clients who continue chronic heroin use need not only long-term dosage increases, but also clear, consistently applied program policies. PMID- 6741670 TI - Noise and task induced distraction effects on information processing: sex differences in smokers and non-smokers. AB - Choice reaction time performance was monitored in male and female smokers and nonsmokers during the separate and combined presentation of noise- and task induced distraction. Behavioral measures of decision time and movement time were examined together with response errors. Relative to female nonsmokers, female smokers exhibited significantly slower decision times during both separate and combined presentation of distractors. Female smokers also showed significantly longer decision times than male smokers during task-induced distraction. Significant differences were also observed with response errors, with task and combined noise- and task-induced distraction resulting in greater impairment in female smokers. The results are supportive of a relative central information processing deficit in female smokers and discussion is focused on the role of attentional processes. PMID- 6741669 TI - Menstrual cycle, tolerance and blood alcohol level discrimination ability. AB - Relationships between variations in blood alcohol level (BAL) and blood alcohol level discrimination accuracy were investigated as a function of menstrual cycle, hormonal variations, and behavioral tolerance to alcohol in 20 female social drinkers. All subjects consumed a moderate dose of alcohol on three occasions during one complete menstrual cycle. Subjects estimated their level of intoxication eight times during each drinking session. Each subject's behavioral tolerance to alcohol each session was assessed by a body sway procedure. Subjects also completed detailed questionnaires on symptoms related to menstrual period and familial history of alcohol use. Contrary to earlier reports, (1) no difference in total time of intoxication or in other indices of ethanol metabolism was found between women (N = 9) who were not taking birth control pills and those (N = 11) who were and (2) no difference was found in peak BAL as a function of menstrual cycle phase. Stage of menstrual cycle did not affect the accuracy of BAL estimation. A trend approaching significance suggested that, with increasing BAL, women in the oral contraceptive group were more accurate in their estimates of intoxication. A significant interaction between menstrual cycle phase and tolerance levels was found; high tolerant women were significantly less accurate than low tolerant women in estimating BAL during the midcycle phase of the menstrual cycle. PMID- 6741671 TI - Salivation to drinking cues in alcohol abusers: toward the validation of a physiological measure of craving. PMID- 6741672 TI - Cigarette smoking, physiological arousal, and emotional response: Nesbitt's paradox re-examined. AB - Nicotine's paradoxical effects on arousal and mood are poorly understood. An experiment by Nesbitt suggested that smokers behave more relaxed as their smoking induced physiological arousal increases. The present study attempted to replicate Nesbitt's Paradox. In smoking and sham-smoking sessions, 10 smokers were administered a series of progressively stronger electric shocks. Pain thresholds and MAACL Anxiety scores measured emotional arousal while heart rate increases served as indices of physiological arousal. All measurements were taken automatically in order to minimize experimenter-subject interaction. Smoking increased heart rate but had no effect on thresholds or MAACL scores. Emotional and physiological arousal showed a significant positive relationship (r = .65), contradicting Nesbitt's report of an inverse relationship. This suggests that Nesbitt's Paradox may not be a robust phenomenon. PMID- 6741673 TI - The MacAndrew Alcoholism Scale: severity of alcohol abuse and parental alcoholism. AB - The MacAndrew Alcoholism Scale (MAC), an empirically derived MMPI scale, appears to measure a relatively stable trait common to many alcoholics. The present study examined the relationship between the MAC and two potentially important sources of variation within an alcoholic population, severity of alcohol abuse and history of parental alcoholism. Study participants included 105 consecutive admissions to an alcoholism day treatment program. For both male and female patients, scores on the MAC were found to correlate with the severity of alcohol abuse and factor analytically derived subscales of the MAC were found to differentiate alcoholics with and without a history of parental alcoholism. PMID- 6741675 TI - Antecedents, subjective expected utility, and behavior: a panel study of adolescent cigarette smoking. AB - That the weighing of positive and negative consequences expected from behavior is fundamental to understanding behavior is central to many theories. We consider this in the context of subjective expected utility (SEU) and cigarette smoking in a panel study of 1,334 adolescents. There were reciprocal relationships between SEU and behavior, and SEU accounted for the association between some social and psychological variables and smoking behavior. We conclude that SEU contributes to the explanation of adolescent smoking behavior. PMID- 6741674 TI - Factors affecting the perception of intoxication: dose, tolerance, and setting. AB - The present experiment was designed to investigate whether changes in internal sensations and affect are used to discriminate intoxication and to determine how the discriminability of these cues is affected by dose, acquired tolerance, and the setting in which alcohol is consumed. Setting varied according to whether subjects were distracted or not distracted from attending to alcohol induced changes. Furthermore, subjects drank either a placebo beverage or one of two doses of alcohol. The results showed an interaction between dose and setting, which suggested that subjects who participated in a distracting task were less accurate in the evaluation of their intoxication and were more easily misled into believing that they had consumed alcohol when they had actually received a placebo. Additional measures suggested that the distracted subjects did not base their intoxication ratings as closely on changes associated with alcohol consumption. Acquired tolerance to alcohol also affected the perception of intoxication and influenced the discriminability of changes in internal sensations and affect. The findings on tolerance are related to motives for increasing alcohol consumption over time and to the inefficacy of blood alcohol level discrimination training with alcoholics. PMID- 6741676 TI - Nicotine vs. placebo gum in the alleviation of withdrawal during smoking cessation. AB - In a double-blind, placebo-controlled trial of nicotine gum, withdrawal symptoms were systematically scaled for one week in 50 subjects. Baseline responses on withdrawal items were obtained for comparison to five days of smoking abstinence. Twenty-six subjects receiving nicotine gum and twenty-four subjects receiving placebo gum provided the withdrawal data. A withdrawal scale (SCS) was derived from smokers' complaints in previous abstinence attempts. Pulse rate changes were recorded. Carbon monoxide served to verify abstinence. Pulse rate dropped significantly during abstinence for the placebo vs. nicotine group. All subjects experienced significant increases in withdrawal over time. However, the placebo group reported significantly more severe withdrawal than the nicotine subjects. No sex differences in reported withdrawal were found. It was concluded that the appearance of withdrawal symptoms may be attributed, in part, to the removal of nicotine per se. Conversely, nicotine-specific symptoms may be alleviated with nicotine gum. PMID- 6741677 TI - Do behavioral treatments of obesity last? A five-year follow-up investigation. AB - Although the long-term maintenance of therapy induced behavior changes and the resulting weight loss represent critical issues in the treatment of obesity, there is a paucity of available data. The present study assessed the durability of treatment induced weight losses 5 years after treatment and the long-term adherence to treatment strategies. Thirty-six of the original 44 subjects who participated in a 10-week behavioral weight control program were interviewed in person (28), by mail (5) or reported their weights by phone (3). Results indicated that most subjects gained back a major portion of the weight they lost during treatment. The average subject had gained 11.94 lb. since treatment termination and was now 1.49 lb. heavier than when he/she entered treatment. Despite the fact that program adherence following the termination of treatment was typically low, both the number of program techniques conscientiously used and the months of conscientious technique use showed significant negative correlations with posttreatment weight gains. Subjects reported that numerous situational, social and emotional factors impacted upon their weight control efforts. PMID- 6741678 TI - Reasons for drinking: motivational patterns and alcohol use among college students. AB - A principal components factor analysis of survey data from 393 college student drinkers (178 males) extracted four dimensions from a set of 16 reasons for drinking: avoidance, social, sensation seeking, and enjoyment. Motivational patterns and the relationships with alcohol use were examined with a canonical correlation analysis. Three significant canonical variates were found. The first variate contained students with high scores on all motivational factors. They were heavy drinkers with many alcohol-related problems. The second variate indicated that drinkers who drank primarily for enjoyment tended to be women who drank moderately. Male beer drinkers with strong sensation seeking motivations formed the third variate. PMID- 6741680 TI - Electrodermal activity during aversive stimulation: sex differences in smokers and non-smokers. AB - Skin conductance activity was monitored in male and female smokers and non smokers during repeated presentation of high intensity auditory stimuli. Smokers, and, in particular, female smokers, exhibited significantly higher resting skin conductance levels and significantly larger skin conductance responses. The results are discussed in relation to "stress-reduction" smoking. PMID- 6741679 TI - Discriminability of nicotine in tobacco smoke: implications for titration. AB - Cigarette smokers were presented with puffs from either high (2.5 mg), medium (1.5 mg) or low (.5 mg) nicotine cigarettes in order to determine their ability to discriminate nicotine delivery in tobacco smoke. Puffs were presented in random order during each of two conditions and tar content was controlled by using research cigarettes and a smoke mixing device that varied only nicotine. The first condition allowed olfactory stimuli to be used in discrimination, while the second condition blocked olfaction by occluding subjects' nostrils. In both conditions, subjects discriminated between the nicotine content of different puffs, with higher nicotine puffs rated as significantly stronger (by roughly 50%). Subjective desirability ratings did not vary with nicotine delivery. The implications of the magnitude of change in subjects' ratings for theories of nicotine titration are discussed. PMID- 6741682 TI - Different "types" of cigarette smokers received similar effects from smoking. AB - In experiments with 22 women and with 26 men subjects, contrasted groups of so called high-arousal situation smokers and low-arousal situation smokers did not differ in the increases in pulse rate and in letter cancellation speed shown after smoking the first cigarette of the day in a prescribed manner. Some implications are discussed. PMID- 6741681 TI - Heart rate responsivity to a high intensity auditory stimulus: a comparison of male alcoholics and normal controls. AB - Previous research has demonstrated the presence of two heart rate acceleration responses to high intensity auditory stimuli. Both responses, the short latency acceleration peaking at 3-4 beats poststimulus and the long latency acceleration peaking at approximately 30-35 sec poststimulus, have been related to defensive responding to aversive stimuli and thus were employed to examine a stress-related hypothesis of alcoholism. A group of male alcoholics (n = 15) and a group of male controls (m = 15) received a 100 dB tone while heart rate was recorded. While both groups exhibited equal amplitudes on the short latency component, alcoholics exhibited a slower initial response time and relative to normal controls, failed to exhibit a secondary acceleration response. The results are discussed with respect to previous findings of hypo-responsivity observed in alcoholics. PMID- 6741683 TI - Subjective response to cigarette smoking following airway anesthetization. AB - Subjective response to cigarette smoking was assessed after partial blockade of upper and lower airway sensations by the topical application of lidocaine. Pack-a day smokers were given one cigarette after each of four conditions: (1) mouth anesthesia, obtained by rinsing the mouth with 2% lidocaine; (2) mouth and pharyngeal anesthesia, in which subjects rinsed their mouths and gargled with 2% lidocaine; (3) upper and lower airway anesthesia, in which subjects rinsed their mouths and gargled with a 2% lidocaine solution, and inhaled a mist containing 4% lidocaine (60 breaths); and (4) saline control, in which all solutions (rinse, gargle and inhalation) were saline. A significant linear decline in cigarette craving occurred with increasing anesthesia, and desirability ratings over the first several puffs were also reduced by anesthesia. These results suggest that sensory cues are important factors in smoking satisfaction, and their influence can be analyzed with the use of local anesthetics. PMID- 6741684 TI - Joiners and non-joiners in smoking treatment: a comparison of psychosocial variables. AB - Treatment joiners were differentiated from non-joiners in a smoking cessation clinic. Subjects were 108 smokers who attended an orientation session for a smoking cessation program. The primary variable of interest was perceived self efficacy. Other variables studied were demographic characteristics, tobacco and drug use, anxiety, and health locus of control. Non-joiners were found to be more anxious, less educated, and had a lower self-efficacy expectation than treatment joiners. PMID- 6741685 TI - Obese and nonobese individuals: behavioral and personality characteristics. AB - In order to determine if there were differences in individuals who were currently obese, previously obese now average, and always average, a battery of behavioral and personality measures were administered which included the assessment of self concept, self-control, health locus of control, comparative reinforcement hierarchy and various activities. Significant differences were obtained in physical self-concept; time spent in vigorous activity, passive activity, with friends and social activities; and the reinforcement value of eating, time with friends or family, and taking it easy. The possible significance of these findings was discussed in terms of maintaining factors in obesity and treatment suggestions. PMID- 6741686 TI - Freedom line: increasing utilization of a telephone support service for ex smokers. PMID- 6741687 TI - Calorie requirements in weight loss: an estimate based on self-reported food intake in middle-aged men. AB - Twenty-eight men participating in a weight reduction program self-recorded foods eaten and calorie consumption for a 15-week period. These food records were examined to estimate calorie needs during weight loss as a function of age, entry weight, height and physical activity level. Only entry weight was significantly associated with calorie need. A predictive equation for calorie need is offered for setting individual calorie intake goals for patient-assessed calorie intake. PMID- 6741688 TI - The development of the rat spinal cord. PMID- 6741689 TI - Contractile mechanisms in muscle. PMID- 6741690 TI - Cinematographic studies on the A-band length changes during Ca-activated contraction in horseshoe crab muscle myofibrils. AB - Cinematographic recordings of sarcomere shortening were performed on glycerinated horseshoe crab muscle myofibrils during Ca-activated contraction. When the preparations at slack length (sarcomere length, 7-9 microns) were locally activated with iontophoretically applied Ca ions, the A-band length did not change appreciably while the activated sarcomeres shortened linearly with a velocity similar to the maximum shortening velocity measured on intact muscle fibers. If, on the other hand, previously stretched preparations (sarcomere length, 11-14 microns) were locally activated, the A-band length first increased by 40-50% and then shortened to the initial length, while the activated sarcomeres continued to shorten. These results indicate that the thick filament shortening may not be associated with the physiological sarcomere shortening; the transient A-band lengthening with long initial sarcomere lengths may result from the transient misalignment of the thick filaments followed by their realignment, implying that the force exerted by the cross-bridge is not constant but may vary according to its past history. PMID- 6741691 TI - Contraction bands: differences between physiologically vs. maximally activated single heart muscle cells. AB - High resolution interference and phase microscopy were used to inspect the striations' appearance in shortening rat heart cells. Isolated cells were treated with detergent so that shortening could be graded by addition of calcium. Upon activation sarcomeres shortened to form (a) contraction densities in the middle of the A band at 1.7 micrometer (b) disappearance of the I bands and (c) phase brightening of the A bands at 1.6 micrometer and (d) dense Cz contraction bands at shorter lengths. These changes are totally consistent with the uniform sliding of myofilaments of previously accepted fixed dimensions. However, the striated patterns differed significantly in intact cells which were electrically stimulated to shorten. Here individual A bands remained distinct, without phase brightening or contraction band formation despite sarcomere shortening to less than the length of the A band as measured in the unstimulated cell. Maximal activation of intact cells by barium contracture elicited the full sequence of striation changes (a-d) seen in the chemically skinned cells. Light diffraction analysis gave comparable interpretation, i.e., the protein within the shortened sarcomere in the physiologically activated cardiac cell is more narrowly distributed than expected for thick filaments of fixed dimensions. These optical differences may reflect the restricted presence of the globular myosin heads at the ends of the cardiac sarcomere. This situation would explain the narrow range of the cardiac length-tension relation. PMID- 6741692 TI - Structural studies of glycerinated skeletal muscle. I. A-band length and cross bridge period in ATP-contracted fibers. AB - An electron microscope study is reported of structural changes during ATP-induced contraction of glycerinated rabbit psoas. In the absence of ATP, A-band length is constant at sarcomere lengths above 1.9 micron, with average length of 1.54 mu. In ATP-treated fibers, A-band length is also constant at sarcomere lengths above 2.0 microns, but the apparent length of A-band decreases to approximately 1.3 micron, as sarcomere length decreases from 1.9 micron to 1.5 mu. The occurrence of short A-bands cannot be attributed to crumpling of thick filaments against Z lines, since I-bands remain patent; nor to the presence of heterogeneous filaments, since resting muscle does not show comparable heterogeneity, nor to compressive artifacts, which are minor when knife edge is oriented parallel with fiber axis during microtomy . The decrease of A-band length appears related, at least in part, to disarray of terminal cross-bridges as the thick filaments encroach upon the N-line, a structure which becomes evident within the I-band during contraction of glycerinated fibers. In preliminary studies, optical transforms of A-bands from individual sarcomeres reveal a characteristic myosin layer-line pattern as low as 1.5 micron sarcomere length. A cross-bridge repeat of 143 A is obtained for sarcomeres above 1.6 micron length; however, an appreciable proportion of sarcomeres in the range from 1.5 micron to 1.9 mu length generate meridional reflections less than 143 A, and as low as 130 A. PMID- 6741693 TI - Time-resolved X-ray diffraction studies of cross-bridge movement and their interpretation. AB - The purpose of these studies has been to obtain information about the structural behaviour of the cross-bridges during contraction. Since there are so few reflections still present in the part of the X-ray diagram produced by cross bridges in a contracting muscle they cannot on their own give a detailed picture. However, they can give information of a more general nature - much in the same way as measurements of tension may do, for example - and the patterns can also tell us what structural regularities are no longer present during contraction. The experiments which I will describe have been carried out in nearly all cases on frog sartorius muscles using synchrotron radiation as an intense X-ray source. The necessary facilities were provided by the European Molecular Biology Laboratory Outstation on the storage ring DORIS at DESY Hamburg. The results to which I will refer have in many cases already been described in papers published or in press (Huxley, 1979; Huxley, Faruqi , Bordas , Koch and Milch , 1980; Huxley, Simmons, Faruqi , Kress , Bordas and Koch, 1981; Huxley, Faruqi , Kress , Bordas and Koch, 1982), to which reference may also be made for experimental details. PMID- 6741694 TI - On the possibility of interaction between neighbouring crossbridges. AB - Demembranated insect or rabbit striated muscle fibres at equilibrium (i.e. in the absence of ATP hydrolysis) were modified either by substituting ethylene glycol for water or by adding AMPPNP. The resultant states observed by electron microscopy and X-ray diffraction appeared to contain a mixture of at least two distinct types of crossbridge, which were not randomly mixed. The crossbridges held tension for a great deal longer than they remained attached to actin in solution. In the presence of AMPPNP the muscle fibres relaxed at a critical glycol concentration. These properties indicate that the crossbridges interacted with one another. PMID- 6741695 TI - Cross-bridge states in invertebrate muscles. AB - Arguments are presented for doubting whether the effect of AMPPNP on insect flight muscle in rigor signals a reversion of the power stroke of attached cross bridges. Instead, the effect of this nucleotide on insect and other muscles may be better explained in terms of the behavior of detached bridges. Knowledge of events in the detached half of the contractile cycle may nevertheless be relevant to understanding the mechanism of energy transduction. PMID- 6741696 TI - Effect of stretch on the equatorial X-ray diffraction pattern from frog skeletal muscle in rigor. PMID- 6741697 TI - Structural studies of muscle during force development in various states. AB - Structural studies concerned with force generating mechanisms in striated muscle fibers in different states are described. The first study deals with fibers in the "rigor" state, where ATP is absent and all the myosin heads form cross bridges with the actin-containing filaments. In this state large axial forces are developed when ionic strength is reduced to very low levels. At the same time, the fiber expands radially, as indicated by both X-ray diffraction and light microscopy. Comparison of the latter two measurements indicates that force is developed in part because of differences in the lateral expandability of different parts of the sarcomere. Thus, under these conditions, force appears to be modulated by factors that operate at the filament rather than the cross-bridge level. The second study deals with the location of the myosin heads in the relaxed state, and the mass movement that takes place when the fiber is physiologically activated. By using the intense X-ray source at the Stanford Synchrotron Radiation Laboratory, five equatorial reflections were recorded for both the relaxed and the activated state, and a spatial resolution of 100 A was obtained. Analysis of the data indicates that (1) in the resting state, myosin heads protrude out from the thick filaments and extend toward the thin filaments, and (2) upon activation, significant loss of mass occurs only in the region peripheral to the thick filament backbone through a movement that has a pronounced azimuthal component. The latter movement can be taken as the overall shift in myosin subfragment 1 during the cross-bridge cycle. PMID- 6741698 TI - Image analysis of the complex of actin-tropomyosin and myosin subfragment 1. AB - A three-dimensional image of the "rigor" complex of actin-tropomyosin-S1 was reconstituted from both low dose (10 electrons/A2) and high dose (greater than 500 electrons/A2) electron microscopic images of specimens embedded in unbroken and unbacked stain sheets of uranyl acetate over the holes of perforated carbon films. Myosin S1 shows multi-domain submolecular structure as has been earlier observed in actin-S1 ( Wakabayshi & Toyoshima, 1981) and actin-heavy meromyosin ( Katayama & Wakabayashi , 1981). The morphological unit of the actin-tropomyosin S1 was found to be composed of at least three domains (domains A, B and D) and three regions (C, E and H). A myosin S1 molecule has a complex shape, which cannot be represented by a simple rod with one major axis. The shape of S1 should be approximated by at least two rods. The domain D is identified as the main part of S1. The angle between the major axis of this domain and the axis of actin helix was about 72 degrees, which is almost right angle. The angle between the axis of actin helix and major axis of the region E, which is less bulky than the domain D and makes no contact with actin, is much smaller than the value for the domain D. The resolution of reconstituted images from both high and low dose micrographs was improved so that the radial resolution became about 15 A and the axial one became about 25 A.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS) PMID- 6741699 TI - Muscle crossbridge positions from equatorial diffraction data: an approach towards solving the phase problem. AB - Following a discussion of the problems involved in the analysis of X-ray diffraction data from muscle, a description is given of a possible procedure for solving the phase problem in the case of equatorial diffraction data. The approach involves the use of the Patterson Function which can be determined unambiguously from the observed diffracted intensities. The method is tested using five different muscle-like model density distributions for which the correct phases can be calculated directly. It is then applied to the equatorial X ray diffraction data from relaxed frog sartorius muscle where it selects a phase set which is also the most likely to be correct on the basis of other available data on frog muscle. This phase set gives rise to a Fourier synthesis map in which the crossbridges form a uniform shelf of density around the myosin filament backbones. Possible lateral movements of the crossbridges from this relaxed configuration in active and rigor muscle are discussed. The approach to solving the phase problem is now being applied to data from fish muscle, insect flight muscle and crab muscle. It should also have its application to other fibrous materials apart from muscle. PMID- 6741700 TI - Configurations of myosin heads in the crab striated muscle as studied by X-ray diffraction. AB - The configurations of myosin projections in striated muscles from the marine crab, Portunus trituberculatus were described in the relaxed and rigor states at the full overlap length of the thin and thick filaments. The crystallographic period of the thick filament is 101.5 nm (14.5 nm X 7) and the thick filament has four-fold rotational symmetry. In the relaxed state, the myosin projections sit about 19 nm from the thick filament axis, lying just between the surface of the thick filament backbone and that of the thin filament. They have an elongated structure with the length of 10 nm approximately 12 nm and a maximum axial thickness of about 4 nm. They are tilted axially by 20 degrees approximately 30 degrees to the thick filament axis. The configuration of the resting projections sensitively depends on the ionic strength and pH of the solution. In the rigor state, myosin heads are bound periodically to the thin filaments ( Namba , Wakabayashi & Mitsui , 1980); four myosin heads attach in groups every 38.3 nm to successive actin molecules of each strand of F-actin. Most of the bound myosin head is incorporated in the thin filament with the centre of gravity 2.8 nm from the thin filament axis. They are inclined at about 30 degrees to and slewed round the thin filament axis. PMID- 6741701 TI - Cross-bridge attachment in relaxed muscle. AB - We have measured the stiffness of relaxed, skinned rabbit psoas fibers at 5 degrees C in low ionic strength relaxing solution (mu = 0.02 M) by stretching the fibers and measuring the resulting force and sarcomere length changes. This stiffness is very dependent upon the velocity of stretch. With very slow stretches (0.5% of fiber length in greater than 30 ms), it is almost negligible but with stretches as fast as 0.5% of fiber length in 150 microseconds, the stiffness approaches 1/3 that of the rigor fiber. This stiffness is also very sensitive to ionic strength, being reduced more than 20-fold at an ionic strength of 0.17 M. This ionic strength sensitive stiffness scales with the amount of overlap between the actin and myosin filaments which strongly suggests that it is due to attached cross-bridges. The speed dependence suggests that the attached cross-bridges are not statically attached but in rapid equilibrium between attached and detached states. Experiments with adenylyl-imido-diphosphate suggest that the rates of attachment and detachment depend upon nucleotide. PMID- 6741702 TI - 31P NMR studies of resting muscle in normal human subjects. AB - Study of human tissues using 31P topical Magnetic Resonance is completely atraumatic; it allows simultaneous measurement of the concentrations of many important metabolites and of intracellular pH. In some critical situations, TMR yields more accurate results than those obtained by chemical analysis of tissue biopsies. We have shown that TMR can be calibrated to obtain quantitative measurements in human subjects. We have also shown that theories of control of glycolysis based on regulation by key metabolites of rate-limiting enzymes are inconsistent with the observed changes in intact muscle. PMID- 6741703 TI - Intramuscular pH and energy changes in muscle. AB - Intracellular pH (pHi) and buffering power of unstimulated sartorius muscle (frog) were measured with pH-sensitive microelectrodes. The mean pHi for muscle was about 0.3 units more acid than the extracellular pH in the range 7.0 to 7.2. The buffer power was 44.0 +/- SE 7.1 mM/pH unit for 19 fibres with pHi 6.83 +/- SE 0.05. PMID- 6741704 TI - A new method to measure intracellular diffusible elemental concentration. PMID- 6741705 TI - Ion concentrations surrounding the myofilaments. PMID- 6741706 TI - The nature of the actin cross-bridge interaction. AB - Evidence from sequence studies and from proteolysis suggests that S1 consists of three domains. Cross-linking studies show that one S1 can bind to two actin monomers which may lie in different strands of the actin long helix. The S1-actin interaction comprises two states "weak" and "strong". We suggest there are distinct hinged binding sites, "weak" and "rigor", of which only the rigor site is sensitive to tropomyosin control. If one takes the weak binding domain to be a "nose-cone" which is attached to the rest of the S1 by a flexible covalent hinge allowing the rigor link to be formed independently a number of structural phenomena observed in fibres may be explained. PMID- 6741707 TI - Cross-linking studies related to the location of the rigor compliance in glycerinated rabbit psoas fibers: is the SII portion of the cross-bridge compliant? AB - The muscle tension generation model of Huxley and Simmons (1971) postulates an independent elastic element in the cross-bridge. This elastic structure was tentatively placed in the SII portion of the cross-bridge in the model. To check this assumption, we fixed the SII portion onto the surface of the thick filament in glycerinated rabbit psoas fibers in rigor by chemically cross-linking with dimethyl suberimidate, and compared the stiffness of the cross-linked fibers with that of the fibers before cross-linking. The stiffness was determined by measuring the tension increment upon stretching a fiber segment in rigor. The contribution of the end compliance was found to be small. Cross-linking increased the rigor stiffness by 20 to 30%. Almost the same amount of the stiffness increase was also observed at a sarcomere length where there was no overlap between the thin and thick filaments, and in a fiber segment cross-linked in relaxing solution. Therefore, the 20 to 30% increase of the stiffness is not caused by the fixation of the SII portion onto the thick filament but caused by the cross-linking of some parallel elastic components. Since the rigor stiffness before cross-linking is almost proportional to the overlap between thick and thin filaments, we conclude that the muscle stiffness in rigor does not originate in the SII portion but reflects some compliance of the head portion of the cross bridge. PMID- 6741708 TI - Calcium sensitivity is modified by contraction. AB - This paper summarizes three lines of experimental evidence showing that crossbridge interaction affects calcium sensitivity and probably also affects calcium binding. Evidence is presented that this is a true hysteresis, not just a slow approach to equilibrium. In barnacle single muscle fibers injected with aequorin to monitor intracellular Ca, a long duration stimulus under voltage clamp conditions can produce a long duration calcium transient and force record which both approach steady levels. However, if the stimulus is briefly elevated to transiently produce a higher force early in the contraction, the same steady state Ca level can eventually maintain a higher steady force. Thus Ca sensitivity is modified. In "skinned" barnacle muscle activated by Ca in the presence of buffered Ca, MgATP, and pH, force was measured in split, detergent treated fiber while it was transferred consecutively between solutions which were relaxing, submaximal contracting, maximal contracting, the same submaximal contracting, and finally relaxing. The submaximal contracting solution produced more force when stepping down in Ca concentration (as in relaxation) than when stepping up. Extending the time in the initial submaximal contracting solution did not result in more force. Thus, the force-pCa relationship shows marked hysteresis. The same phenomenon was seen in frog and mammalian muscle fibers. These experiments confirm the findings that contraction modifies Ca sensitivity. In the barnacle single muscle fiber preparation (under both voltage clamp and controlled length conditions), phasic (400 msec) depolarization leads to a calcium transient and a twitch contraction. Releasing the muscle to allow it to shorten rapidly during the declining phase of the calcium transient causes the force to fall and leads to extra Ca in the sarcoplasm. Rapidly stretching the muscle produces the opposite effect. The extra Ca probably comes from a myofilament Ca activating site. Thus, a length change (force change) affects Ca binding. PMID- 6741709 TI - Formation of calcium-parvalbumin complex during contraction. A source of "unexplained heat"? AB - Computer simulation of the kinetics of the distribution of Ca between troponin, parvalbumin and the sarcoplasmic reticulum, during contraction and relaxation shows that parvalbumins can contribute significantly to the rate of relaxation and to the post contractile translocation of calcium. The binding of Ca to parvalbumin is an exothermic process which may account for about 20% of the 'unexplained heat' during contraction. PMID- 6741711 TI - Analysis of mechanical behavior of muscle by a multi-sarcomere model. AB - We have made a multi-sarcomere model and analysed the rapid transient process of active muscle, using the model. We found that it was essential to assume an elastic component in the non-overlap region of each sarcomere in simulating this process. PMID- 6741710 TI - Sarcomere length and force changes in single tetanized from muscle fibers following quick changes in fiber length. AB - By use of an optical system, with which the beam of the first-order diffraction line of He-Ne laser light from a single frog skeletal muscle fiber was split by the wedge-shaped mirror to be focused on two photodiodes ( Haugen & Sten - Knudsen , 1976), small changes in sarcomere length (less than 1 A) could be recorded during quick fiber length changes (up to 1.2% of Lo, complete within 0.2 0.4 msec) applied at the plateau of isometric tetanus. Data were only obtained on fibers which showed typical sinusoidal sarcomere length changes in response to sinusoidal fiber length changes during tetanus with a linear relation between their magnitudes. Measurements of sarcomere length changes were made at various points along the fiber length. The interval between the onset of fiber length changes at one fiber end and that of force change recorded at the fixed fiber end was explained by the propagation of mechanical impulse at about 180 m/sec. In the case of quick releases, the onset of sarcomere shortening near the fixed fiber end tended to take place after that of force change, especially with long fibers, indicating that the drop in force during a quick release may not always be associated with sarcomere shortening along the entire fiber length. This implies that the force changes in response to rapid length changes may not give correct information about the cross-bridge properties. Irrespective of the point at which sarcomere shortening was recorded, it was always observed that the onset of quick force recovery occurred while sarcomere shortening was still in progress. Such a phenomenon can be simulated by a viscoelastic multi-segment model with series elasticity located in each segment. PMID- 6741712 TI - Lateral shrinkage of the myofilament lattice in chemically skinned muscles during contraction. AB - A toe muscle was isolated from a hind limb of the mouse and treated with saponin to make the sarcolemma more permeable to the solutes of the bathing medium. The equatorial X-ray diffraction pattern was recorded to determine the 1,0 spacing of the hexagonal myofilament lattice. The spacing in relaxed muscle at a sarcomere length of 2.5 microns was 408 A. When the muscle was maximally activated at pCa 4.4, a steady isometric tension of 1.3 kg/cm2 was produced and the spacing decreased to 384 A. A decrease in spacing of the same magnitude was observed when a relaxed muscle went into rigor, although the rigor tension was only 0.1 kg/cm2, 8% of the maximum contractile tension. From the intensity ratio of the 1,0 and 1,1 reflections the number of myosin heads transferred radially to the vicinity of the thin filament was calculated. During the maximum activation at pCa 4.4 the amount of the radial transfer was 96% of that in rigor. When the muscle was activated at a lower calcium concentration, the lattice shrinkage was smaller and the radial transfer was also smaller. These findings suggest that the lateral force underlying the lattice shrinkage may be due to lateral elasticity of cross bridges. PMID- 6741714 TI - Changes in mechanical properties in osmotically compressed skinned muscle fibers of frog. AB - The mechanical properties of frog skinned muscle fibers were examined in PVP solution. In a high concentration of PVP, the velocity of isotonic shortening and lengthening decreased remarkably and the stiffness increased not only in the activation solution but also in the relaxing solution. PMID- 6741713 TI - Isotonic contraction of temp-step activated muscle fibers with varied tonicity: effects of cell volume and the degree of activation. AB - These studies on intact fibers describe the effects of calcium, ionic strength and volume on the contraction properties. The results provide firm evidence that cell volume affects the speed but not the force. On the other hand, sarcoplasmic ionic strength affects the force development, with no effect on unloaded speed of shortening. These results suggest that there are essential differences in the rate limiting steps for isometric and isotonic properties of the cross-bridge mechanism. The studies at various degrees of activation indicate that Ca acts as a simple "on-off" switch for cross-bridge activation, in intact fibers. PMID- 6741715 TI - Velocity sensitivity of yielding during stretch in the cat soleus muscle. AB - Yielding of muscle force occurs when a muscle is stretched by a sufficiently large amount. A higher velocity of stretch requires a larger stretch to cause yielding, and the preyield stiffness is constant. The yield is attributed to cross-bridge disengagement and the velocity sensitivity to a mechanical filtering of this event. PMID- 6741716 TI - Stepwise shortening: evidence and implications. AB - The observation that sarcomeres shorten in steps has proved controversial. On the one hand, the phenomenon implies that the contractile process cannot be based on a molecular mechanism that behaves in a random manner: The fact that the steps and pauses characterize the kinetics of large volumes of tissue implies that the elements comprising such volumes must stop and pause synchronously. On the other hand, since current contractile models do not anticipate synchronized behavior, there has been considerable speculation that the phenomenon might not be a genuine feature of contraction, but an instrument-based artifact. We present here a review of observations made with four methods that have been brought to bear on the question. All four show discrete, synchronized contractile behavior. The observation of steps with multiple independent methods implies either that each technique harbors its own " gremlin " that generates spurious steps and pauses of a similar nature, or that the phenomenon is genuine. Finally, some consistent properties of the distribution of step size are considered with respect to possible molecular models. PMID- 6741717 TI - Modeling of cardiac muscle contraction based on the cross-bridge mechanism. AB - A mathematical model was developed for the cardiac muscle contraction, assuming that the attachment and detachment cycle of the cross-bridge is activated by the internal calcium concentration and the rate constant of the cycle depends on the sliding velocity of myofilaments. The inputs of the model are the rates of calcium release and uptake, while the output is the tension curve of the muscle. The variables are factored into a series of realizable functions and most constants were determined from the dynamic constants for the tetanic contraction of frog ventricular muscle at 20 degrees C. Using this model, the calcium transient curve as well as the change in the number of cross-bridges in each state of the cycle during a given experimental twitch tension curve was calculated with a PDP 11/60 computer, by selecting the input parameters so that the output curve fit the experimental curve. When the twitch tension was increased by increasing initial muscle length, the rate of calcium release increased and that of uptake decreased. At higher external calcium concentrations, the similar changes in the input parameters were observed. In the presence of 5 X 10(-6) g/ml adrenaline the duration of activation was markedly prolonged, while the rates of calcium release and uptake show little change. PMID- 6741718 TI - The dependence of force and velocity on calcium and length in cardiac muscle segments. AB - The segment length (SL) dependence of force (F) and light load shortening velocity (VL) was determined for central segments of ferret papillary muscles at different extracellular calcium concentrations. Muscles were maintained at 27 degrees C in a physiological solution which contained in mM: NaCl 140; KCl 5.0; MgSO4 1.0; NaH2PO4 1.0; acetate 20; the pH was 7.4. Calcium concentrations were 1.125, 2.25, 4.5 and 9.0 mM. Total force-segment length relations were determined from both muscle length isometric ( auxotonic ) and segment isometric contractions, and were found to be the same for each contraction mode. The peak force generated at a particular segment length was independent of both the amount of shortening during a contraction and the initial SL. Increasing extracellular Ca2+ shifted the F-SL relation toward greater force and the SL axis intercept toward shorter SL. Maximum peak twitch tension was achieved in 9.0 mM Ca2+. Calcium variations also changed the shape of the total F-SL relation from linear in high Ca2+, to concave in low Ca2+. In order to estimate the active F-SL relations, corrections were made for passive force by two methods. The first assumed that passive force was related to SL, and yielded F-SL relations which were nearly identical to those found for total force. This similarity included the curvature changes observed in different Ca2+ concentrations, a finding which is consistent with the hypothesis that length dependent activation is the cause of force decline at short SL. The second method assumed passive force to be related to muscle length, an approach which would be appropriate if, for example, a connective tissue sheath on the muscle dominated passive behavior. These F-SL curves displayed a plateau above 90% SLmax and appeared to be vertically shifted versions of each other. Such characteristics are consistent with the possible role of an internal load in causing the decline of force at short SL. VL-SL relations were obtained from load clamps to 1 mM, imposed at various times during a segment isometric twitch. The results indicate that 1) VL declines linearly with SL below 90% SLmax and 2) VL-SL relations are shifted to higher velocity and shorter SL axis intercepts by increasing Ca2+. The slopes of the VL-SL relations obtained in different calciums are similar. Although an internal load could explain the calcium dependence of VL, it would not explain the similarity of the slopes of the VL-SL relations found in different calciums . PMID- 6741719 TI - Nonuniformity of contraction and relaxation of mammalian cardiac muscle. AB - Nonuniformity of contraction and relaxation in cardiac muscle results from relaxation asynchronies between segments in the central region and their interaction with the prevailing loading conditions, and this may reflect regional differences in activation or force potential at a given time during a twitch. PMID- 6741720 TI - Transient length responses of heart muscle in Ba2+-contracture to step tension reductions. AB - The transient length response of the cat papillary muscle in Ba2+-contracture to step tension reduction was found to comprise four different phases. It is tentatively suggested that the transient response is mostly determined by the kinetics of the attachment and detachment of cross-bridges between actin and myosin filaments, which vary appreciably with activation level of the muscle. PMID- 6741721 TI - Dependence of the shortening heat on sarcomere length in fibre bundles from frog semitendinosus muscles. AB - The relation between shortening heat and sarcomere length was studied using fibre bundles dissected from frog semitendinosus muscles, as well as using whole muscles. The velocity of shortening was at its maximum. The unstimulated muscles showed a large thermoelastic absorption of heat when released at long muscle lengths. However the sarcomere length at which this thermoelasticity started to appear was longer, by at least 0.3 micron per sarcomere, in fibre bundles than in whole muscles. At the same time the amount of heat absorbed was decreased in fibre bundles. The shortening heat in fibre bundles at the sarcomere lengths ranging from 2.17 to 2.74 microns, for which no correction for the thermoelasticity was necessary, decreased linearly with sarcomere length. The shortening heat in fibre bundles at longer lengths and in whole muscles was corrected by subtracting the thermoelastic heat absorption measured separately by releasing unstimulated muscles. After the correction the shortening heat showed an almost similar dependence on sarcomere length in the range from 2.0 to 3.7 microns to that seen in fibre bundles in the sarcomere length range of 2.17 to 2.74 micron. PMID- 6741722 TI - The effect of shortening on energy liberation and high energy phosphate hydrolysis in frog skeletal muscle. AB - It is generally assumed that the increased rate of energy liberation (as heat and work, h+w) accompanying shortening stems from an increased rate of crossbridge cycling and ATP hydrolysis. Experiments were performed to test two premises of this assumption: first, is the increased rate of heat production accompanying shortening derived from crossbridge activity? This question was answered by measuring the amount of shortening heat produced by a fixed displacement of 0.3 micron/sarcomere in the sarcomere length range of 2.25-3.75 microns. Shortening heat declines linearly with decreasing amounts of thick and thin filament overlap and becomes zero at a sarcomere spacing of ca. 3.70 microns. Secondly, the extent to which the measured consumption of high energy phosphate accounts for the measured tetanic (h+w) production during and after shortening for 300 ms at a velocity of Vmax or 1/ 2Vmax was examined. The results of these experiments showed that within 700 ms of the end of shortening at both velocities, all the (h+w) could be explained by the hydrolysis of ATP. At Vmax all the (h+w) produced by the end of shortening could be explained by the measured ATP hydrolysis. However, at Vmax less than half of the (h+w) produced by the end of shortening could be explained by the measured ATP splitting and there was a high rate of ATP splitting after the end of shortening. These results suggest that while shortening at velocities less than or equal to Vmax the energy liberation is indeed derived from an increased rate of ATP hydrolysis by crossbridges, at Vmax the crossbridge ATPase cycle differs somewhat from that at lower shortening velocities. PMID- 6741723 TI - Dynamic laser light scattering of papain-treated thick filaments from limulus striated muscle in suspension. AB - Using quasielastic light scattering we have previously shown an increase in high frequency internal motion of isolated thick filament upon activation. This we have attributed to cross-bridge motion. Here we show that after cleavage of the S1 moiety of myosin from isolated filaments with papain, calcium ions no longer activate the isolated filaments to produce high-frequency motions. PMID- 6741724 TI - Characterization of viral proteins synthesized in 229E infected cells and effect(s) of inhibition of glycosylation and glycoprotein transport. PMID- 6741726 TI - Ganglioside distribution at different levels of organization and its biological implications. AB - The molecular diversity and complexity of gangliosides are surveyed in nervous and various extraneural tissues with particular emphasis on the different levels of organization such as tissues, cell types, subcellular structures, some cell organelles and topographical molecular membrane architecture. The characteristics revealed with such survey are discussed in an attempt to elucidate their cell biological background. PMID- 6741725 TI - Glycosphingolipids of equine erythrocytes membranes: complete characterization of a fucoganglioside. PMID- 6741727 TI - Present status of the immunology of gangliosides. PMID- 6741728 TI - Biosynthesis and transport of gangliosides in peripheral nerve. AB - Radiolabelled glucosamine was injected into L-7 dorsal root ganglion (DRG) of rabbits. At several different times after injection DRG, lumbosacral trunks (LST) and sciatic nerves (SN) removed and gangliosides extracted. Two and 3 weeks after injection the amounts of radioactivity in the ganglioside fractions of LST SN were significantly higher than at days 1 and 2. The TCA soluble radioactivity decreased dramatically over the same time period. Colchicine prevented the appearance of radiolabelled lipid in LST and SN. From these experiments we conclude that some ganglioside is synthesized in the neuronal cell bodies of DRG and transported in the axons of the sciatic nerve. In another experiment the sciatic nerve was transected and ends separated to prevent regeneration. Ganglioside synthesis and transport were studied in these animals the same way as the previous experiment. There was no difference the amount of radiolabelled ganglioside that was isolated from DRG or LST of transected compared with control nerves. The behavior of several potential acid soluble contaminants was studied in several steps used to isolate gangliosides. Of those studied only CMP-NeuAc could cause significant contamination of the final ganglioside preparation. PMID- 6741730 TI - Gangliosides and related compounds as biological response modifiers. AB - Several possibilities are discussed with regard to the biological potency of gangliosides and related compounds as biological response modifier. Evidence is presented that a ganglioside, GQ1b, but not other gangliosides examined exhibits a strong biological activity at a few nanomolar concentration for the promotion of neurite outgrowth as well as cell division in two cell lines of neuroblastoma. PMID- 6741729 TI - Cellular localization of gangliosides in the mouse cerebellum: analysis using neurological mutants. AB - We have used genetic dissection to study the cellular localization of gangliosides in the mouse cerebellum. This method employs a series of mouse mutations that destroy specific populations of cerebellar neurons at precise stages of development. By correlating the well documented histological changes occurring in these mutants with changes in ganglioside composition, we have obtained strong evidence for a non-random cellular distribution of gangliosides. Most notably, GD1a is more enriched in granule cells that in Purkinje cells, whereas the opposite is true for GT1a. GD3, on the other hand, is heavily enriched in reactive glia and may serve as a useful biochemical marker for the presence of reactive glia in neurological disease. The continued study of gangliosides in the various mouse mutants will help elucidate their cellular localization in the CNS. PMID- 6741731 TI - Ganglioside biosynthesis in rat liver golgi apparatus: stimulation by phosphatidylglycerol and inhibition by tunicamycin. AB - Golgi vesicles were isolated and purified from rat liver, in which the specific activities of glycosyltransferases (e.g. GM3: CMP-NeuAc sialyltransferase, GD3 synthase; GM3: UDP-GalNAc galactosaminyltransferase, GM2-synthase) were 50-60 times enriched relative to microsomes or total homogenate. Synthesis of gangliosides GM2 and GM1 in such Golgi vesicles is, in the absence of any detergents, stimulated 6- and 20-fold, respectively, by phosphatidylglycerol. Other phospholipids like dolichyl phosphate, phosphatidylethanolamine and phosphatidylserine are also significantly stimulatory. Tunicamycin inhibits the synthesis of gangliosides GM2 and GM1 in isolated Golgi vesicles, but only in the absence of detergents. The dependence on phosphatidylglycerol and the degree of inhibition by tunicamycin of the synthetic activities are strictly dependent on the intactness of the Golgi vesicles: both phenomena become increasingly less evident when the vesicles are pelleted, and frozen and thawed several times, and completely disappear when the vesicles are solubilized by the detergents or disrupted by ultrasonication. Furthermore, tunicamycin inhibition is reversible by increased concentration of phosphatidylglycerol. In pronase-treated Golgi vesicles, which retain full enzyme activity, both phospholipid-dependence and tunicamycin inhibition of the synthetic activity disappear completely. When freshly prepared Golgi vesicles are incubated with 125 microM UDP [3H]Gal for 10 min at 30 degrees C, the nucleotide sugar is found to be transported into the vesicles at the rate of about 85 pmoles/mg protein/min, 92% of radiolabel remaining firmly bound with membrane. Tunicamycin inhibits this transport in a concentration-dependent manner. The results show that, while the mechanism of phosphatidylglycerol induced stimulation of the synthetic activity remains unclear, tunicamycin inhibits ganglioside biosynthesis by blocking the transport of the nucleotide sugar across Golgi vesicles and not inhibiting the transferase enzyme directly. PMID- 6741732 TI - Incorporation rate of GM1 ganglioside into mouse brain myelin: effect of aging and modification by hormones and other compounds. AB - The turnover rate of GM1 ganglioside in myelin was examined reveal age-related alterations in the metabolic activity. Three different age groups of mice were given deuterium oxide, and myelin was prepared from cerebella at intervals of two weeks. GM1 was isolated from the total myelin gangliosides by high performance liquid chromatography. Deuterated sugar moieties of GM1 were determined by chemical ionization-mass spectrometry which provided prominent quasimolecular ions. This method made it possible to determine separately the incorporation of deuterium into internal and external galactoses as well as other components. The incorporation rate of GM1 into myelin was clearly shown to be decreased with advancing age. Lower incorporation of newly synthesized sialic acid into GM1 than that of other sugars may indicate reutilization of sialic acid at about 50%. The possibility of modification of the myelin metabolism by exogenous factors was examined by monitoring the incorporation rate of GM1 in animals treated with chemical agents. It was revealed that thyroxine enhanced the incorporation of GM1 into adult brain myelin, whereas propylthiouracil reduced the incorporation. Other chemicals, estradiol, S-adenosylmethionine and LM1 ganglioside, showed only minor effects on the myelin turnover. PMID- 6741733 TI - Use of cell cultures in ganglioside research. PMID- 6741735 TI - Ganglioside structure, function and biomedical potential. PMID- 6741734 TI - Glycosphingolipids of chicken skeletal muscle in early development and genetic dystrophy. AB - The acidic and neutral GSL of chicken pectoral muscle and the activities of relevant sialyltransferase and glycosidases have been examined during embryonic and early post-hatching development. At this stage of myogenesis, a prominent shift to the neutral GSL of longer oligosaccharide length involving Forssman glycolipid most prominently and also globoside and GbOse3Cer occurred but the distribution of muscle-type gangliosides was not obviously affected. The glycosidase and sialyltransferase activities decreased dramatically just prior to or at hatching. The fusion-linked change in GSL suggests a role for terminal galactosamine and/or galactose residues in myoblast aggregation. A parallel developmental study of genetic muscular dystrophy revealed similar GSL levels and enzyme activities. A larger proportion of lactosylceramide in dystrophic muscle throughout development suggests a developmental lag in the mutant. PMID- 6741736 TI - Comparative and developmental behavior of alkali labile gangliosides in the brain. PMID- 6741737 TI - Phylogeny and ontogeny of vertebrate brain gangliosides. AB - Gangliosides evolved relatively recently in the history of life, thus their contribution to fundamental cellular processes must be ancillary to or superimposed on preexisting mechanisms. Brain ganglioside patterns vary along taxonomic lines in a fairly conservative fashion, indicating that general ecophysiological factors have probably provided the major selective constraints. During brain development in birds and mammals, gangliosides pass through a transient stage of pattern complexity that may reflect their reptilian ancestry. While this ganglioside heterogeneity could provide positional information within the developing tissue, it might merely reflect a necessary but incidental transition to the handful of major gangliosides essential to mature brain function. PMID- 6741738 TI - Brain gangliosides and thermal adaptation in vertebrates. AB - Comparative studies on brain gangliosides of about 80 species belonging to all classes of vertebrates reveal: a: distinct increases in concentration with phylogenetical progress of nervous organization, b) decreases in number of single fractions, c) changes in the polarity (degree of sialylation, N- or O-acetylation of sialic acids), d) alterations in the preponderance of one of the three possible pathways of biosynthesis. In addition to these phylogenetical trends, clear correlations between the brain ganglioside composition and the state of thermal adaptation were shown: "The lower the environmental (- body) temperature, the higher the polarity of brain gangliosides". This principle was proved for ectotherms being adapted to habitats with extreme temperatures, during seasonal acclimatization and for homeotherms during early neonatal heterothermic development or during hibernation. Surface pressure-area isotherms of monolayers from single ganglioside fractions (GD1a, GD1b) or differently composed ganglioside mixtures from brains of warm- or cold-adapted hamsters as physico chemical parameters show significant differences in their variability concerning temperature and/or Ca2+-influences. The results are taken as evidence that variations in the composition of synaptic-bound gangliosides may induce alterations in physico-chemical properties of the neuronal membrane, thus modulating synaptic transmission during temperature adaptation. PMID- 6741739 TI - Antibodies to glycosphingolipids in patients with multiple sclerosis and SLE. PMID- 6741740 TI - Neuritogenesis and regeneration in the nervous system: an overview of the problem and on the promoting action of gangliosides. PMID- 6741741 TI - Effects of gangliosides on the functional recovery of damaged brain. AB - The effect of GM1 ganglioside on the recovery of dopaminergic nigro-striatal neurons was studied in rats after unilateral hemitransection. GM1 treatment favoured the collateral sprouting of dopaminergic axons in the striatum as indicated by the induced increase of tyrosine hydroxylase (TH) activity and immunofluorescence. Concomitantly GM1 partially prevented the decrease of TH activity caused by the hemitransection in the substantia nigra ipsilateral to the lesion. A significant increase of TH immunoreactivity was also detected in the substantia nigra: GM1 prevented the disappearance of TH-positive cell bodies and increased the formation of TH-positive collaterals and dendrites with respect to the saline treatment. The addition of GM1 to embryonic dissociated mesencephalic cell cultures stimulates the expression of dopaminergic characteristics as suggested by the increase of 3H-DA uptake. PMID- 6741742 TI - Exogenous gangliosides enhance recovery from cns injury. AB - Reports indicate that exogenous gangliosides can accelerate neurite outgrowth in vitro and facilitate peripheral nerve regeneration in vivo. An experiment was designed to assess whether ganglioside administration alters functional recovery and neuronal regeneration after a CNS lesion. Rats trained on an alternation behavior and subjected to a unilateral entorhinal cortical lesion were given daily (i.m.) injections of either total brain ganglioside or GM1 ganglioside. Results show that ganglioside administration reduces the extent of behavioral deficit caused by the lesions and facilitated the course of functional recovery. It is hypothesized that gangliosides are enhancing hippocampal sprouting which occurs subsequent to the entorhinal lesion. PMID- 6741744 TI - Effect of exogenous gangliosides on the morphology and biochemistry of cultured neurons. PMID- 6741743 TI - Ganglioside induced surface activity and neurite formation of Neuro-2a neuroblastoma cells. AB - These studies demonstrate that while microtubules are essential for BBG-mediated neurite initiation and elongation, they are not involved in microfilament dependent ganglioside-mediated surface activity. Microfilaments may be more directly altered by exogenous gangliosides than microtubules since they are the major structural elements of microvilli and are required for neurite branching. Our studies suggest that normal neuritogenesis requires a delicately balanced interaction between various cytoskeletal elements. Since there is a close relationship between membrane-associated lipid molecules and submembranous cytoskeletal elements, the incorporation of gangliosides into membranes may alter this balance and result in neurite formation. The use of gangliosides to enhance neurite production provides a unique model for the study of nerve development. We have shown that bovine brain gangliosides stimulate an immediate sequence of surface-related changes as well as microtubule and microfilament dependent neurite formation in Neuro-2a cells. However, the precise molecular events by which gangliosides enhance neuritogenesis await further study. PMID- 6741745 TI - Studies of gangliosides in diverse nerve cell cultures. AB - Primary nerve cell cultures and tumor cells have been analysed with respect to synthesis of gangliosides. Neither developmental aspects of primary cultures nor nerve growth factor-induced fiber extension in PC12 or ZPH tumor cells gave any evidence of an involvement of gangliosides. Thus, it is concluded that neurite sprouting and ganglioside synthesis may not be interrelated, but that gangliosides might well serve as receptors for trophic factors. PMID- 6741746 TI - In-vitro and in-vivo studies on gangliosides in the developing and regenerating hippocampus of the rat. PMID- 6741747 TI - Structure analysis of glycosphingolipids using fast atom bombardment (FAB) techniques. AB - The results presented show, that with the aid of negative ion FAB MS native glycosphingolipids and especially gangliosides are amenable to sequence analysis. The preferred formation of pseudomolecular ions M-1 and of sialic acid containing fragments gives conclusive information on the number of sialic acids present and the sites of their attachment to the oligosaccharide backbone. Positive ion FAB MS of branched permethylated glycosphingolipids with up to 25 sugar units yielded pseudomolecular ions [M+Na]+ in excess of 6000 daltons, that allowed an exact calculation of carbohydrate constituents. Furthermore highly (Formula: see text) specific fragmentation patterns furnished information on number and positions of branching points as well as on the ceramide moiety. It can be anticipated, that FAB MS will be very useful in the analysis of more complex gangliosides carrying additional fucose or acyl residues and of even larger molecules with molecular weights up to 15,000 daltons. PMID- 6741748 TI - Application of field desorption and secondary ion mass spectrometry for glycolipid analysis. AB - Field desorption (FD) and secondary ion mass spectrometry (SI-MS) mass spectra of several glycolipids are presented to demonstrate their potential for the analysis of glycolipids. FD and SI-MS give useful information on molecular weight, ceramide structure and sugar sequence. In general, FD provides clearer fragment ion peaks for the analysis of sugar sequence than SI-MS. For underivatized acidic glycolipids such as gangliosides, sulfatide and seminolipid, SI-MS provides quasimolecular ions which are hardly produced by FD. In contrast to underivatized gangliosides, permethylated samples give molecular ion species of high intensity in both FD and SI-MS, but no fragment ions pertinent to carbohydrate sequence could be observed in FD spectra. SI-MS spectra of permethylated samples provide good information on sugar chain structure. Thus FD and SI-MS mass spectra complement each other, and the combination of these ionization methods will provide powerful tools for glycolipid analysis. PMID- 6741749 TI - New techniques for the investigation of structure and metabolism of sialic acids. AB - Sialic acid analysis in biological material including gangliosides is often confronted with the necessity to determine trace amounts of various N,O substituted species. Therefore, techniques of high sensitivity and resolution are required, such as capillary gas-liquid chromatography (GLC) and high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC). Both methods in combination with mass spectrometry allow structural analysis of the different neuraminic acid derivatives. Thus, the number of natural sialic acids known so far has increased to more than 30, including non only saturated, but also 2,3-unsaturated and 2,7-anhydro-sialic acids. Furthermore, HPLC has proved to be especially useful for the study of enzyme reactions, as the sialic acids of enzyme assay mixtures in most cases can be analyzed without prior extensive purification or derivatization. PMID- 6741751 TI - [The 88th general meeting of the Japanese Society of Ophthalmology. May 17-19, 1984, Sendai, Japan. Abstracts]. PMID- 6741750 TI - Recent advances in structural analysis of gangliosides: primary and secondary structures. AB - High-field (500 MHz) proton NMR has been used to elucidate the primary and secondary structures of glycosphingolipids (GSLs). Using 2-D J-correlated spectroscopy (2-D SECSY) which establishes scalar couplings of protons, the monosaccharide composition, anomeric configuration and aglycon structures of a GSL can be established. 2-D nuclear Overhauser effect spectroscopy (2-D NOE) then establishes through-space intra- and inter-residue couplings of cross-relaxing protons. We have found that each anomeric proton is involved in NOE couplings with inter- and intra-residue protons. The inter-residue coupling, resulting from interaction of protons across the glycosidic linkage, establishes the n-1 sugar residue and specific glycosidation site to which the n-residue is linked. When such information is known for each residue and is combined, the sequence of the core oligosaccharide is obtained. The sialylation-induced glycosidation shift is then used to establish the site of sialic acid residue attachment in a ganglioside molecule. We have also observed that the anomeric proton inter residue NOE couplings can be used to suggest the preferred conformation of an oligosaccharide. We have found that the oligosaccharide residue of globoside exists in a unique and rather rigid conformation which could be stabilized by hydrogen bonds and van der Waals interactions. Since GSLs are known to have a receptor role and are implicated in cell-cell recognition, enzyme-substrate interaction and antigen-antibody interaction, the determination of their conformation should be useful in understanding their biological functions. PMID- 6741752 TI - [Gynecological urologic disease: a summary of clinical experience during the last 4 years at Wakayama Red Cross Hospital]. AB - From April 1979 to March 1983, sixty seven patients with gynecological urologic disease were experienced at our department. Forty one of them were inpatients, i.e., 15.3% of the total number of female in patients admitted during the same period. Thirty three urologic operations were performed on them which corresponded to 16.1% of the total operations on female patients. Ten of these patients had ureteral obstruction following gynecological operation, 8 had ureteral fistula, 7 had vesicovaginal fistula, 11 had tumor invasion to urinary tract, 14 had radiation cystitis, 16 had neurogenic bladder dysfunction, and 1 had other complication. The treatment of these patients and the results are summarized and discussed. PMID- 6741753 TI - [Clinical and statistical studies on male infertility and follow-up studies for pregnancy (II)]. AB - Clinical and statistical studies were carried out on 369 infertile male patients who are increasing year by year visiting our clinic during the 3 years from January 1978 to December 1980. If divided into 5-year age groups, the highest frequency occurred in the 30 to 34 year-old age group. In the semen analysis, 23.8% of the patients showed azoospermia, and 48.5% oligozoospermia; the testicular volumes of these patients was generally small. Pathological examinations of their testis revealed germinal cell aplasia or hypospermatogenesis. In the hormonal examinations performed, serum LH and FSH levels in azoospermic and oligozoospermic patients showed a tendency to be higher than normal. Follow-up studies for pregnancy were performed on 242 cases. Among the 108 cases which we were able to study, 30 cases were able to give successful pregnancy, 17 of whom had been treated by clomiphene citrate, 2 by testosterone clomiphene therapy, and 11 were untreated. PMID- 6741754 TI - [Statistical analysis on 1,500 urinary calculi by using microcomputer]. AB - In our laboratories, more than 1,500 urinary calculi have been analyzed by infrared spectroscopy. These data were statistically analyzed by microcomputer. The most frequent type was calcium oxalate combined with calcium phosphate, followed by pure calcium oxalate and magnesium ammonium phosphate combined with calcium phosphate. In particular, the composition of magnesium ammonium phosphate combined with calcium phosphate increased as compared with that four years earlier. Four years ago, we spent one month to statistically analyze 300 urinary calculi. But in this study, only sixteen days was required to analyze 1,500 urinary calculi by using a microcomputer. PMID- 6741755 TI - [A bacteriological study on urinary calculi associated with infections]. AB - There are difficult problems in the management of urinary calculi associated with infections. Stones associated with infections are not only infection stones such as struvite stones, but also other kinds of stones such as calcium oxalate. Therefore, from practical view points, bacteriological studies should be carried out on urinary calculi associated with infections as a whole. We investigated 120 cases of urinary calculi associated with infections with special reference to bacteria on the stone surface, within the stone, compositions of the stone and permeation of an antibiotic into the stone. Proteus was isolated most frequently from the urine, followed by E. coli and Pseudomonas. These bacteria were isolated from the stone surface, although the incidence of Proteus mirabilis was higher than that in the urine. Bacteria were isolated in 25 of the 33 specimens of the inside parts and in 12 of the 12 stones of MAP and MAP plus other components. Proteus mirabilis was found in 7 of the 12 stones. Bacteria were isolated from the inside of 9 of the 16 stones of CaP and CaP plus other components and Proteus mirabilis was found in 6 of these 9 cases. Pseudomonas was isolated in 2 out of the 7 stones of CaP plus CaOX and its growth was seen in 5 specimens. The incorporation of an antibiotic, Cefmetazole, into the stone differed greatly with each stone. There were some cases in which the concentration of Cefmetazole in the inside was less than 5% of that in the outside. Stones may function as a sanctuary for organisms and may protect these organisms. PMID- 6741756 TI - [Bilateral asynchronous ureteral tumors associated with a horseshoe kidney: a case report]. AB - A case of bilateral asynchronous ureteral tumors in a 58-year-old man associated with a horseshoe kidney was reported. First, left heminephrectomy with total left ureterectomy had been performed because of the left ureteral carcinoma. Three years and 8 months later, he was admitted and an emergency right nephrostomy was made on account of false anuria. Then, right ureterectomy with total cystectomy was the choice of treatment against the ureteral tumor on the right side. This case of bilateral ureteral tumors associated with a horseshoe kidney appears to be the first one reported in the Japanese literature. PMID- 6741759 TI - [Cancer of the bladder occurring in occupational dye users: report of two cases]. AB - Two cases of occupational dye users were found to have bladder tumors. Case 1 was a 32-year-old male, who had worked at the Yuzen process for the last 7 years. Multiple papillary tumors were seen on the whole wall of the bladder endoscopically and total cysto-urethrectomy and ileal conduit were performed. The pathological examination of the bladder tumors revealed non-invasive transitional cell carcinoma grade I--II. His post-operative course has been uneventful without any signs of tumor recurrence for 31 months. Case 2 was a 46-year-old male, who had worked at the throwing stained silk for the last 28 years. He suffered from severe hematuria for six months. A big egg-sized nonpapillary tumor on the posterior wall of the bladder was found and bilateral cutaneous-ureterostomy was performed but severe gross hematuria remained. Total cysto-urethrectomy was performed but the patient died of progressive disease 5 months later. The bladder tumor was a grade III invasive transitional cell carcinoma. The fact that process workers in the dye manufacturing industry have a high risk of bladder cancer has been well known and mass screening examination on them has been systematically performed. Though there is a higher relative risk of bladder cancer in occupational dye users, systematic screening examination has not been done. We emphasize the necessity for establishing systematic mass screening examination of occupational dye users for the early diagnosis of bladder cancer. PMID- 6741757 TI - [A clinical case of secondary tumor of the penis from the rectum, with malignant priapism]. AB - We report a clinical case of carcinoma of the rectum. A 45-year-old patient had undergone resection of the rectum and proctostomy 22 months ago. Carcinoma caused metastasis to the corpora cavernosa of the penis in this patient, and caused local recurrence of the carcinoma of the rectum, pulmonary metastasis and malignant priapism. A statistical analysis of 62 cases of secondary tumor of the penis in Japan was also made. The present clinical case was the 62nd case of secondary tumor of the penis in Japan, and the 4th case of secondary penile tumor from the rectum. The primary foci of the secondary tumor of the penis are mostly in the urinary bladder and the prostate, followed by the rectum, kidney, pelvis of the kidney and the ureter. Primary sites in the urogenital organs were found in 82.3% and in the neighboring organs in 85.2%. As the route of metastasis of the secondary tumor of the penis, arterial blood, retrovenous, retro-lymph and direct infiltrating metastasis may be possible. Secondary tumor of the penis is mostly found in aged persons, and the major symptoms may be penile nodule and mass, malignant priapism, penile pain and tenderness, and difficulty in urination and retention of urine. Regardless of the length to metastasis and difference in the treatment of the metastatic focus, the secondary tumor of the penis is poor in prognosis, and survival period may be up to 7 months. From the findings of post-mortem examination, secondary tumor of the penis should be regarded as a secondary sign due to recurrence of the primary tumor or presence of metastasis in other organs, and careless surgical operation should be avoided. PMID- 6741758 TI - [Two cases of Buschke-Lowenstein tumor]. AB - We report two cases of Buschke-Lowenstein Tumor on 39- and 55-year-old males. Both patients presented with mass and pain of glans penis. Pathological diagnosis of biopsy specimens were condyloma acuminatum in both cases. Bleomycin was not effective. Therefore, tumor resection in the first case and partial penectomy on second case were performed. Pathological examination revealed hyperkeratosis, acanthosis and downward growth of the prickle cell layer. But cellular atypia were not seen. Pathological diagnosis was Buschke-Lowenstein tumor. Our two patients are alive with no evidence of disease after 10 years. Pathological and clinical problems of Buschke-Lowenstein tumor were discussed by review of the literature. PMID- 6741762 TI - [The effect of Chinese drug therapy on the patients with male infertility. 1. Concomitant administration of ninjinto and hachimijiogan on patients with male infertility]. AB - Ten patients (age range, 28 to 36 years with a mean of 32.3 years) with male infertility were orally given Ninjinto and Hachimijiogan concomitantly at a daily dose of 7.5 g each for 96 to 182 days (mean 116.8 days). Ten percent of these patients showed remarkable improvement in their volume of semen, 10% showed improvement and 80.0% showed no improvement. Thirty percent of these patients showed remarkable improvement in the number of sperm, 10.0% showed improvement, and 60.0% showed no improvement. Twenty percent of these patients showed remarkable improvement in their sperm mobility, 30.0% showed improvement and 50.0% showed no improvement. The fertility index was improved markedly in 60.0%, improved in 20.0% and not improved in 20.0%. The spouses of 2 patients became pregnant. Side effects were seen in only 30.0% (epigastralgia) of these patients. Laboratory examination of these patients revealed no significant change. These results suggested that concomitant administration of Ninjinto and Hachimijiogan is effective on patients with male infertility. PMID- 6741761 TI - [A case study with bladder metastasis of renal cell carcinoma and stomach cancer]. AB - A 64-year-old woman received nephrectomy and lymph expurgation surgery for renal cell carcinoma on Jury 1, 1981. The pathologic diagnosis was adenocarcinoma of the clear cell type at Robson's stage 2. She next visited the Department of Gastroenterology complaining of stomach discomfort on November 5, 1981. Stomach cancer of Borrmann's type IV was identified in the lesser gastric curvature, but only biopsy was performed because it was inoperable. The pathologic diagnosis was undifferentiated adenocarcinoma. On January 23, 1982, there was microscopic hematuria. A cystoscopic examination revealed one soy bean-sized, smooth, pedicle tumor to which coagula were partially adhered in the center of the triangular region. After TUR-Bt performed on March 3 the pathologic diagnosis was adenocarcinoma of the clear cell type with no submucosal infiltration. Based on these findings, the patient was diagnosed as having suffered metastasis of renal cell carcinoma to the bladder. She died of bleeding from stomach cancer on June 15. Based on the fact that the tumor was localized in the bladder mucosa, implantation through the urinary tract was strongly suspected as the metastatic route of the renal cell carcinoma to the bladder. PMID- 6741760 TI - [A case report of retroperitoneal Schwannoma]. AB - A 37-year-old man with complaints of lassitude and slight lumbal pain, who had been found to have a low abdominal median mass and was referred to our hospital by a practitioner, was admitted for further examination. IVP, examination of the gastrointestinal tract by the oral procedure and re-examination of the colon by a double contrast procedure revealed deviation of the right ureter, the urinary bladder and the alimentary tract. This mass was found to be a retroperitoneal tumor with central necrosis by low abdominal CT scanning and the low abdominal echography. The mass was removed easily, though it was slightly adherent to the anterior surface of the sacral bone. Pelvic lymphadenectomy was also done simultaneously. The removed mass was encapsulated by fibrous tissue, round in shape, 750 grams in weight (13 by 12 by 12 cm), evenly flat, elastic soft and contained 230 ml bloody exudate at the center. Histologically this mass contained areas where oval and spindle cells made palisading arrangement and areas where the tumor cells had no communication with each other and stroma was edematous. However, hyperchromatism of nuclei of tumor cells and high cellularity indicated this mass to be a malignant Schwannoma. Dissected lymph nodes had no metastatic involvement. Since the surgical margin was detected to be invaded by tumor cells, postoperative prophylactic irradiation of Linac (10 Me V-X, total doses 4,750 rads) was performed on the whole pelvis. This patient has been well and has had no signs of recurrence of tumor for 23 months after the operation. Ninety-four cases of benign retroperitoneal Schwannoma and thirty-six cases of malignant retroperitoneal Schwannoma reported in Japan are reviewed. PMID- 6741763 TI - [Seishin-renshi-in therapy for patients with discomforts on the lower urinary tract]. AB - The clinical effect of Seishin-renshi-in was studied in 18 patients with prolonged discomfort in the lower urinary tract. Seishin-renshi-in was administered orally at doses of 7.5 g, for courses ranging from 2 weeks to more than 10 weeks. Except in 4 cases in which administration was stopped because of slight side effects on the gastrointestinal tract; the overall effective ratio was 81%. Our findings suggest that Seishin-renshi-in may be useful in the control of discomforts in the lower urinary tract. PMID- 6741764 TI - Senile avulsion flaps: a simple, inexpensive method of treatment. PMID- 6741765 TI - Actinomycosis revisited--pelvic actinomycosis associated with the intrauterine device. PMID- 6741766 TI - Toxoplasmosis--an uncommonly appreciated common infection. PMID- 6741767 TI - Reflections on ten years experience with a tri-county mental health center. PMID- 6741768 TI - Guidelines for the outpatient management of tuberculosis cases, contacts, and suspects. Tuberculosis Division, Alabama Department of Public Health. PMID- 6741769 TI - The incontinent patient. A roundtable discussion. PMID- 6741770 TI - Expanding pharmacy roles: an issue of priorities. PMID- 6741771 TI - Taking the sizzle out of the sun. PMID- 6741773 TI - The delicate art of caring: treating the whole person. PMID- 6741772 TI - New developments in the treatment of hypertension. PMID- 6741774 TI - Noise exposure--action level criteria as a predictor of permissible exposure level criteria. PMID- 6741775 TI - Program on heat stress computation. PMID- 6741777 TI - Oxygen deficiency hazards associated with liquefied gas systems: derivation of a program of controls. AB - The use of liquefied gases in industry and research has become commonplace. Release into the atmosphere of these gases will result in a displacement of air and a reduction in the oxygen concentration. Exposure to reduced levels of oxygen may cause reduced abilities, unconsciousness or death. This paper describes the derivation of a novel program of controls for oxygen deficiency hazards. The key to this approach is a quantitative assessment of risk for each planned operation and the application of control measures to reduce that risk to an acceptable level. Five risk levels evolve which are based on the probability of fatality. Controls such as training, oxygen monitoring equipment, self-rescue respirators and medical surveillance are required when the probability of fatality exceeds 10(-7) per hour. The quantitative nature of this program ensures an appropriate level of control without undue burden or expense. PMID- 6741776 TI - Dose-dependent effects of submicrometer sulfuric acid aerosol on particle clearance from ciliated human lung airways. AB - We previously showed that 1 hr exposures to submicrometer sulfuric acid (H2SO4) aerosol at 100 and 1000 micrograms/m3 altered the bronchial mucociliary clearance of monodisperse 7.6 micron MMAD 99mTc-labelled ferric oxide (Fe2O3) in healthy, nonsmoking humans. The 7.6 micron particles were primarily deposited in the larger bronchial airways, where submicrometer H2SO4 has very little deposition. To determine the extent that submicrometer H2SO4 aerosol affects clearance from the more distal ciliated airways, we measured the clearance of a monodisperse 4.2 micron MMAD Fe2O3 aerosol in eight other healthy nonsmoking subjects. A greater fraction of 4.2 micron particles deposited in distal conductive airways. Bronchial mucociliary clearance was slower following 1 h nasal H2SO4 inhalations at 100, 300 and 1000 micrograms/m3 than after sham exposures, while mucociliary transport rates within the trachea and indices of respiratory mechanics were unchanged. A comparison of the effects of 1 h exposures at 100 micrograms/m3 on the clearance of 7.6 and 4.2 micron particles suggests greater physiological response in distal ciliated airways than in larger central airways. PMID- 6741778 TI - Improved methodology for field validation of industrial hygiene monitoring methods. AB - During the development and validation of industrial hygiene monitoring methods in the laboratory, various parameters of collection, storage, and analysis are studied. It is not feasible, however, to study all the environmental variables in the laboratory, so field validation is necessary to detect problems which are specific to the actual work site. A statistical procedure to evaluate the field validation experiment is described together with the methodology necessary to perform these experiments and the equipment to facilitate these experiments. These procedures are demonstrated in an experiment measuring acrylonitrile in the workplace. PMID- 6741779 TI - Efficiency of passive sampling by adsorbents. AB - The efficiency of passive samplers can be influenced strongly by the adsorption isotherm. In this study calculations of sampling efficiency were made in terms of dimensionless variables for adsorption controlled by the Langmuir, Freundlich, and Dubinin-Radushkevich isotherms, respectively. Of particular importance is that for the latter isotherm, which is often followed by activated charcoal for the adsorption of solvent vapors, passive sampling may remain highly efficient until a significant fraction of the capacity of the adsorbent has been utilized. PMID- 6741780 TI - A laboratory evaluation of wipe testing based on lead oxide surface contamination. AB - Although wipe testing has been used extensively as a measure of surface contamination in industrial hygiene, few scientific studies have been reported to validate the procedure with respect to quantitative recovery, repeatability or methodology. Consequently, a laboratory evaluation of wipe testing with particular attention to the OSHA procedure was undertaken using lead oxide dust as the test contaminant. A dust dispersion system was devised using a Wright dust feeder to produce relatively uniform surface concentrations in an aerosol chamber. Wipe materials included moistened filter paper, commercial paper towels, adhesive paper labels and adhesive tape. The quantitative recovery and repeatability of the wipe procedures were related to surface concentrations and the operational and material variables. Significant improvements in recoveries of up to 90% can be obtained with good repeatability for removable lead oxide dust on non-porous surfaces using moist paper on a fixed test surface area. For porous surfaces, which show significantly lower recovery by all methods, adhesive sampling materials applied at maximum pressure provided an optimum recovery of 77%. The importance of reliable surface contamination measurements in assessing potential health hazards underscores the desirability of improving the demonstrated deficiencies of the OSHA and other wipe sampling procedures. PMID- 6741781 TI - Sampling for formaldehyde in workplace and ambient air environments--additional laboratory validation and field verification of a passive air monitoring device compared with conventional sampling methods. AB - Results of three extensive plant field tests using both area and personal sampling and involving 51 sets of comparison samples show the Du Pont Pro-Tek Formaldehyde Badge to have excellent correlation with three commonly used formaldehyde monitoring methods. In addition, comprehensive laboratory validation tests are reported which confirm an overall accuracy of +/- 9.6 to +/- 11.6% for the badge over an exposure range of 0.12-6.8 ppm. Laboratory test data are also included showing that the badge: (1) meets NIOSH and OSHA accuracy requirements of less than or equal to +/- 25% down to 1.6 ppm-hours (200 ppb) for an 8-hour TWA exposure; (2) is capable of accurately sampling for 15-minute exposures; and (3) is not affected by pressure or relative humidity variations. PMID- 6741782 TI - Phenol interference in the mercury-free pararosaniline method and the chromotropic acid method for formaldehyde. AB - The modified pararosaniline method for formaldehyde which uses no poisonous mercury reagent is not affected by phenol/formaldehyde ratios ranging from 1 to 100, whereas such ratios caused almost total inhibition of the chromotropic acid method, even if water, 1% sodium bisulfite or 0.01 N H2SO4 were used to simulate different collection media. No influence of phenol also occurred even for 11 days of storage at room temperature before analysis. PMID- 6741784 TI - A personal sampling method for the determination of nitrous oxide exposure. AB - A diffusive sampler is described which is suitable for the determination of time weighted average personal and static exposures to nitrous oxide. The sampler is based on a commercially available tube design and is analyzed by thermal desorption techniques. The performance of the sampler when exposed to a wide range of nitrous oxide concentrations is described. The effects of humidity changes on diffusive uptake have been tested and shown to be negligible. The precision of the sampler has been determined and the effects of back-diffusion and storage have been investigated. The results of these experiments and those of field comparisons between the diffusive sampler and conventional pump and tube techniques suggest that the precisions of both methods are similar. The diffusive method is preferred because of its simplicity and convenience. PMID- 6741783 TI - Gram-negative bacterial endotoxins in grain elevator dusts. AB - Twenty settled and 69 respirable grain dust samples were collected from 5 grain elevators along the lower Mississippi River. Studies were performed on 2-keto-3 deoxyoctonate (KDO) concentrations, total bacterial plate counts, gram-negative bacteria (GNB) count, identification of GNB, and endotoxin levels. KDO values were 52.1-510.0 ng/mg. A new method involving gas liquid chromatography was developed to analyze for KDO. No correlation could be made between KDO and endotoxin levels. Total bacterial plate counts for settled dusts ranged from 1.9 to 53.4 million/g, while the GNB count was 0.1-50.0 million/g. Two hundred and thirty GNB were isolated from all samples and identified. Sixty-one percent were Enterobacter agglomerans, followed by species of Pseudomonas (9.1%), Serratia (6.9%), Actinetobacter (6.9%) and other genera (16.2%). All but four of the airborne samples had no significant bacterial population. Twenty-three of sixty nine airborne samples contained 0.6 ng of endotoxin while 3 filters had 6.0 ng. All settled dust samples were contaminated with endotoxin at levels ranging from 22.5 - 187.5 ng/mg. Based upon airborne endotoxin levels worker exposure range was extrapolated to be 0.0-0.2 ng/kg body weight per 8 hr period. This is much less than that necessary to elicit febrile and pulmonary responses. However, the heavily laden filters corresponded to an endotoxin dose of 1.6 ng/kg body weight. PMID- 6741785 TI - Estimation of lobar minute volume in the rat. AB - In inhalation toxicology, the knowledge of minute volume is essential for the determination of the inhaled dose. We were unable to find in the literature any information on the minute volume of the various lobes of the rat. Utilizing available information on the deposition of 0.5 micron unit density spheres, we were able to show that lobar minute volume can be estimated from lobar burden. Equations are suggested for estimation of lobar minute volume from animal body weight. PMID- 6741786 TI - Odor threshold determination for 2-nitropropane. PMID- 6741788 TI - Environmental factors and uptake of cadmium among brazers using cadmium containing hard solders. AB - The influence of different work factors on the uptake of cadmium has been studied in 102 brazers working at least 10% of their work day with cadmium-containing hard solders. The blood concentrations of cadmium varied between less than 1 and 113 micrograms/L (less than 9 and 1010 nmol/L). Blood cadmium concentrations were below 10 micrograms/L (89 nmol/L) in 71 brazers and 31 brazers had levels equal to or above that value. The importance of some environmental factors on the blood level of cadmium was studied with discrimination analysis. The length of the splice was found to be almost the sole determining factor for the cadmium concentration in blood. All brazers working with splices shorter than 2 cm had blood concentrations below 10 micrograms/L, while 87% of the brazers working with splices longer than 10 cm had blood concentrations equal to or above 10 micrograms/L. Other factors like age, sex, exposure time, smoking habit and brazing method were devoid of any measurable importance. PMID- 6741787 TI - Formaldehyde vapor exposures in anatomy laboratories. PMID- 6741789 TI - An evaluation of an ultra-high-volume airborne particulate sampler, the LEAP. AB - A modified ultra-high-volume liquid electrostatic aerosol precipitator sampler (LEAP) was calibrated with near monodisperse aerosols of water-soluble and insoluble materials in the size range of 0.02 to 4 microns diameter. The water soluble materials were ammonium sulfate and ammonium hydrogen sulfate. The insoluble materials included carnauba wax, stearic acid, silver chloride and Y(THD)3. The particulate collection efficiency of the unit ranged from 40 to 98%, depending on particle size, sampling air flow and also on particle material. Tests with water-soluble aerosols showed higher collection efficiency than those with the insoluble aerosols by about 2 to 10%. A sharp decline in the collection efficiency for the particles smaller than 0.1 micron was observed. A comparison with the available manufacturer's data for the particle diameters of 0.1 to 3 microns suggests that the manufacturer overestimated the collection efficiency by 6 to 20% for an air flow of 10 m3/min. We consider the LEAP to be a useful ultra high volume sampler, especially suited for low-level or short-term sampling. PMID- 6741790 TI - Use of industrial hygiene and safety professionals: a survey of South Carolina manufacturing plants. AB - There has been considerable debate about manpower adequacy in industrial hygiene and safety, but little indication as to which industries make use of these professionals and to what extent. This paper presents the results of a survey of manufacturing industry in South Carolina, which suggest that plants not only make less use of the services of industrial hygiene and safety engineers than might seem desirable, but have only a limited perception of the need. PMID- 6741791 TI - Evaluation of saccharin qualitative fitting test for respirators. AB - The results of a qualitative fitting test for half-mask respirators utilizing a sodium saccharin aerosol were compared to the results of a quantitative fitting test utilizing an oil mist aerosol. For a respirator-wearer combination having a fit factor less than 10, as determined by the quantitative test, the point estimate of the probability of that combination not being rejected by the saccharin qualitative test was found to be 0.00 with 95% confidence that this statistic is not expected to exceed 0.05. For a respirator-wearer combination having a fit factor less than 100, the point estimate of the probability of that combination not being rejected by the qualitative test was found to be 0.03 with 95% confidence that this statistic is not expected to exceed 0.08. The effects of temperature and relative humidity on the size distribution of the saccharin aerosol were also investigated and found to be slight. PMID- 6741792 TI - Deposition and retention of inhaled aggregate 67Ga2O3 particles in beagle dogs, Fischer-344 rats, and CD-1 mice. AB - Deposition and retention of inhaled 67Ga2O3 aerosols were measured in ten beagle dogs to provide reasonable estimates for human deposition and in Fischer-344 rats and CD-1 mice to estimate lung burdens in small animals frequently used in toxicological evaluations. Aggregated particles of 67Ga2O3, 0.1 micron mass median diameter (MMD), were produced using heat treatment of 67Ga tetramethylheptanedione. Whole-body counting and gamma camera imaging were used to measure deposition. Pulmonary deposition in dogs was measured as 25% of the inhaled particles for the 0.1 micron particles. Tracheobronchial and nasopharyngeal deposition were much lower, 7% and 7% respectively. Pulmonary deposition of 0.1 micron (MMD) particles was calculated as 10% and 11% of inhaled particles in Fischer-344 rats and 15 and 20% in mice for two separate nose-only exposures of each species. PMID- 6741793 TI - Methods for sampling and determining chlorotrifluoroethylene (CTFE) in air. AB - Two new methods for sampling and analysis of chlorotrifluoroethylene (CTFE) exceeding 1 ppm (4.8 mg/m3) time-weighted-average concentrations were developed and compared. The first involved collecting air in bags followed by gas chromatographic (GC) analysis of sample aliquots using flame ionization detection (FID). Using specified procedural details, analyte recoveries of greater than 90% were demonstrated even for samples stored for five days. A second method used charcoal to adsorb and concentrate analyte from 10-L air samples. Toluene was used to desorb CTFE which was quantitated by GC/FID. Desorption efficiencies were greater than 90%. Analyte recoveries of greater than 90% were obtained from charcoal tubes which had been used to sample air containing 10 ppm of CTFE and were stored for two weeks at 4 degrees C. Recoveries from five field spikes (3 to 20 ppm) averaged 94%. Using dry air containing 800 ppm CTFE, no significant breakthrough of a 400 mg sorbent bed was observed. After comparing the advantages and disadvantages of each method, the charcoal procedure was recommended. PMID- 6741794 TI - A practical statistical quality control scheme for the industrial hygiene chemistry laboratory. AB - A computerized statistical quality control system has been developed for use in the industrial hygiene chemistry laboratory. The system is practical and sufficiently flexible to allow for multiple analytes, concentrations, replicate sizes and sample types. The computerized system provides an immediate evaluation of the quality of analytical results and produces automatically simple but informative accuracy and precision quality control charts. PMID- 6741795 TI - Calibration and field application of a Sierra Model 235 cascade impactor. AB - A Sierra Model 235 slotted impactor was used to measure the particle size distribution of ore dust in uranium concentrating mills. The impactor was calibrated at a flow rate of 0.21 m3/min, using solid monodisperse particles of methylene blue and an impaction surface of Whatman #41 filter paper soaked in mineral oil. The reduction from the impactor's design flow rate of 1.13 m3/min (40 cfm) to 0.21 m3/min (7.5 cfm), a necessary adjustment because of the anticipated large particles sizes of ore dust, increased the stage cut-off diameters by an average factor of 2.3. Evaluation of field test results revealed that the underestimation of mass median diameters, often caused by the rebound and reentrainment of solid particles from dry impaction surfaces, was virtually eliminated by using the oiled Whatman #41 impaction surface. PMID- 6741796 TI - Effects of respirators under heat/work conditions. AB - Physiological responses and perceived strain of five unacclimatized male subjects were studied. The subjects were exposed to heat during an exercise task and were evaluated while wearing half and full facepiece, cartridge-type, air-purifying respirators, and without a respirator. The exercise consisted of walking on a treadmill for a period of 1 hour in a controlled environmental chamber at each of two different energy expenditure levels (200 and 400 Kcal/hr) (approximately equal to 58 and 116 Watts) and two different heat exposures (air temperatures of 25 degrees C and 43.3 degrees C). The results indicated that wearing a full facepiece respirator imposed significant physiological strain added to that caused by the heat and workloads used in the study. Five of the six physiological measures show this increased physiological strain: heart rate; minute ventilation; oxygen consumption; energy expenditure; and oral temperature. There was no detectable effect on sweat rate. Although subjective ratings indicated more discomfort with increasing physiological strain, the observed correlations between such measures were low (Tb less than .60). The net consequence of the significant effects indicates that workers' tolerance to moderate or higher levels of work under hot conditions while wearing a respirator is reduced. The reduction is more pronounced when wearing a full mask than when wearing a half mask. Changes in respirator design which minimize respiratory dead space are suggested to alleviate this problem. Otherwise, prevention of excessive physiological strain from respirator use when working at moderate or higher levels at hot job sites could necessitate more rest breaks or limiting work time under such conditions. PMID- 6741797 TI - Comparison of heat stress measuring techniques in a steel mill. AB - Three heat stress measurement devices, currently used to assess heat exposure in the workplace, were compared in indoor and outdoor environments at a steel mill in Orem, Utah, during the month of July, 1982. Sixty sets of environmental data from a total of fourteen different test locations were collected and analyzed. Significance tests, linear regression equations and correlation coefficients were calculated to determine comparability and relationships between standard WBGT Index and Botsball (WGT) and also between standard WBGT Index and an electronic WBGT Index Meter. The results of the significance testing between the standard WBGT, Botsball, and electronically generated WBGT showed that the electronically generated WBGT means were statistically much closer to the standard WBGT values than were the Botsball (WGT) results. The statistical analysis performed shows that a high correlation of variation exists between the standard WBGT and both the Botsball and the electronically generated WBGT. PMID- 6741798 TI - A method for personal sampling and analysis of nanogram amounts of formaldehyde in air. AB - An air sampling and analytical system for formaldehyde measurements based on a solid sampler is described. The samplers were tested on a standard atmosphere in the range of 0.2 to 0.8 mg/m3 dry air. A single 340 mg sorbant section had without drying sections a capacity of 16 micrograms formaldehyde in dry air and 3 micrograms at 70% RH, 23 degrees C. The precision of fluorimetric analysis was better than 6% for samples of 300, 600 and 1200 ng formaldehyde, and the accuracy was better than 10%. The precision of a colorimetric analysis was 12% for a 300 ng sample and 2% for 600 and 1200 ng samples. The accuracy of this method was better than 7%. Both the fluorimetric and the colorimetric analyses are found to be accurate and sensitive analytical methods for the determination of low formaldehyde concentrations. However, if measurements of more than 15 minutes duration are taken and a dessicant is used, the accuracy still remains to be verified. Positive interference from acrolein (5-7% interference when equimolar amounts are present) was found, but there was no interference from other aldehydes. PMID- 6741799 TI - An exponential formula for heart rate dependence of QT interval during exercise and cardiac pacing in humans: reevaluation of Bazett's formula. AB - A new exponential formula to characterize the human RR-QT relation was evaluated in comparison with Bazett's formula in 16 subjects: 10 healthy, normal men (ages 18 to 30 years) who exercised on a stationary bicycle, and 6 patients (ages 50 to 80 years; 2 women and 4 men) with rate-programmable VVI pacemakers whose rates were changed by an external programmer. The RR and QT intervals for heart rate in the range of 50 to 180 beats/min were measured from electrocardiographic tracings recorded at a paper speed of 100 mm/s. The data from each subject were fitted separately by 4 formulas by an appropriate regression analysis using a statistical package program: (F1) QT = A1 - B1*Exp(-k1*RR); (F2) QT = A2[1-Exp-( k2*RR)]; (F3) QT = A3* square root (RR) + B3; and (F4) QT = A4* square root (RR), where all A, B, and k are regression parameters. The relative goodness of fit of data by the 4 formulas was assessed by the mean-squared residual and the Akaike Information Criterion using Wilcoxon signed-ranks tests. This analysis confirmed that F1 is the best model among the formulas tested and F4 (Bazett's formula) is the least acceptable for both exercised and paced groups. The deviations from Bazett's formula were more striking for the paced group than for the exercised group, as reflected by the mean-squared residual values for F4 (715 +/- 86 for the paced group vs 384 +/- 41 for the exercised group, p less than 0.005).(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS) PMID- 6741800 TI - Premature atrial stimulation during regular atrial pacing: a new approach to the study of the sinus node. AB - Using an induced premature atrial depolarization after atrial pacing for 8 beats to scan the postpacing cycle, sinus node (SN) response was studied in 23 patients and the results were compared with those obtained using the Strauss method. Late extrastimuli resulted in compensatory return cycles (zone I), increasing prematurity gave rise to less-than-compensatory return cycles (zone II or "plateau") and interpolation or echo responses occurred at shorter coupling intervals (zone III). The sinoatrial (SA) conduction time was defined as the difference between return cycle and postreturn cycle lengths that fell in the latter portion of zone II. The SA conduction time was similar to those derived from the Strauss method (r = 0.91, n = 17, p less than 0.01) and remained similar at the 2 pacing cycles, 172 +/- 52 ms (mean +/- standard deviation) at 739 +/- 71 ms (cycle 1) and 170 +/- 60 ms at 596 +/- 57 ms (cycle 2). In 4 patients, the atrial pacing method could unmask zone II. The SN refractory period was defined as the longest coupling interval at which zone III was apparent. It was compared at cycles 1 and 2 in 14 patients. There was a significant increase in the SN refractory period with faster pacing rates, from 406 +/- 104 ms (cycle 1) to 462 +/- 112 ms (cycle 2) (p less than 0.05). The atrial pacing method provides an alternative evaluation of SA conduction and may permit the study of drug effects at identical basic rates. PMID- 6741801 TI - The circadian blood pressure pattern in ambulatory normal subjects. AB - Ambulatory blood pressure (BP) monitoring using a portable noninvasive device capable of automatically measuring and recording BP every 7.5 minutes during a 24 hour study period was performed in 34 normal volunteers on 2 separate occasions, 2 to 8 weeks apart, to test the consistency of the whole-day blood pressure pattern. The average of all systolic BPs measured during the second study day was within 10 mm Hg of that measured during the first study day in 79% of the subjects, and the respective diastolic BP averages were within 5 mm Hg of each other in 65% of the subjects; 53% satisfied both of these criteria. The reproducibility of the circadian pattern of the BP was tested by dividing the 24 hour day into 12 consecutive 2-hour BP averages. When the corresponding 2-hour periods on the 2 study days were matched, there were strong correlations (r greater than 0.70) within most subjects for both the systolic and diastolic BP averages of the 2-hour periods (76% and 68% of subjects) and for the relative rank values of the periods (62% and 56%). Moreover, there were no significant differences between the averages (for all subjects together) on the 2 study days of the highest and lowest systolic and diastolic 2-hour BP values; similarly, the times at which these extreme values occurred on the 2 study days corresponded closely. Thus, in normal subjects there is a strong tendency for the circadian pattern and the actual levels of BP to be consistent between 24-hour study periods. PMID- 6741803 TI - Predictors of survival after tricuspid valve surgery. AB - The long-term survival rate of 74 consecutive patients who underwent multiple cardiac valve surgery including tricuspid valve surgery was analyzed to identify predictive preoperative clinical variables. Univariate analysis revealed that male sex (P less than 0.04), symptoms of New York Heart Association functional class IV heart failure (p less than 0.004), ascites or pulmonary edema (p less than 0.01), high preoperative bilirubin level (p less than 0.012), mean pulmonary artery pressure greater than 40 mm Hg (p less than 0.038) and pulmonary vascular resistance greater than 6 Wood units (p less than 0.02) were each associated with an increased risk of death after surgery. Stepwise multivariate analysis indicated that severity of preoperative edema and mean pulmonary artery pressure were the most predictive combination of independent variables. These 2 variables were used to calculate an estimated probability of 1-year survival after surgery for patients with multivalvular cardiac decompensation. Recognition of these preoperative variables should assist the clinician in determining the risk of surgical intervention. PMID- 6741804 TI - Randomized comparison of intravenous versus intracoronary streptokinase for myocardial infarction. AB - The efficacy of intravenous (i.v.) thrombolytic therapy has not been firmly established in comparison with the intracoronary (i.c.) route of administration. In a randomized trial of 28 patients who underwent angiography before and during i.v. and i.c. administration of streptokinase (STK), recanalization was achieved in 73% of patients who received the drug by the i.c. route, compared with 62% of patients who received the drug by the i.v. route (difference not significant). Reopening took 28 minutes for i.c. STK and 39 minutes for i.v. STK. Patients in whom recanalization was successful using either route of administration had shorter euglobulin lysis times and lower fibrinogen levels than did patients in whom it was not successful (p less than 0.05). Bleeding complications were closely correlated with heparinization after thrombolysis rather than with STK itself. These results in a limited patient series suggest that early administration of i.v. STK in the emergency department may yield recanalization rates similar to those for the i.c. route and may benefit myocardial preservation by restoring flow much earlier. PMID- 6741802 TI - Differences in hemodynamic response to vasodilation due to calcium channel antagonism with nifedipine and direct-acting agonism with hydralazine in chronic refractory congestive heart failure. AB - The hemodynamic response to a similar reduction of systemic vascular resistance after nifedipine and hydralazine administration was compared in a randomized crossover protocol in patients with severe chronic congestive heart failure (CHF). All 15 patients showed a 25% or greater reduction in vascular resistance with intravenous hydralazine (5 to 30 mg) and 11 patients showed a similar response with oral nifedipine (20 to 50 mg). In the latter 11 patients, despite similar reductions in systemic vascular resistance (35 +/- 2% with nifedipine and 36 +/- 4% with hydralazine, difference not significant), nifedipine resulted in a smaller increase in stroke volume index (from 23 +/- 2 to 30 +/- 2 ml/m2 and from 24 +/- 2 to 34 +/- 2 ml/m2 with hydralazine, p less than 0.05), cardiac index (from 2.0 +/- 0.1 to 2.6 +/- 0.2 liters/min/m2 with nifedipine and from 2.0 +/- 0.1 to 2.8 +/- 0.2 liters/min/m2 with hydralazine, p less than 0.05) and stroke work index (from 25 +/- 3 to 27 +/- 3 gm/m2 with nifedipine and from 26 +/- 2 to 32 +/- 2 gm/m2 with hydralazine, p less than 0.05). The decrease in blood pressure after nifedipine was slightly but not significantly larger than that with hydralazine (13 +/- 3% vs 8 +/- 2%). The changes in right atrial pressure, pulmonary artery wedge pressure and pulmonary vascular resistance were similar. The 4 patients who did not reduce their systemic vascular resistance by at least 25% with nifedipine had a worsening of their hemodynamic state as evidenced by 1 or more of the following findings: elevation of vascular resistance, decrease in cardiac index and increase in pulmonary artery wedge pressure.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS) PMID- 6741805 TI - Ventricular arrhythmias before and late after aortic valve replacement. AB - The influence of aortic valve replacement on the incidence of ventricular arrhythmias was studied by 24-hour Holter electrocardiographic monitoring in 45 patients immediately before and 14 +/- 7 months after operation. Ventricular arrhythmias were graded according to the Lown criteria. Preoperative left ventricular (LV) ejection fraction (EF) was determined by angiography and postoperative LVEF by gated blood pool scintigraphy. Repetitive ventricular arrhythmias (Lown grade 4A/B) were associated with a reduced LVEF (less than 55%) before and after operation. In 24 patients with preoperative normal LVEF (greater than or equal to 55%) (group A), mean LVEF remained unchanged after operation (72% vs 71%). Pre- and postoperative ventricular premature complex (VPC) frequency (45 +/- 99 vs 39 +/- 94 VPC/24 hours) and grade (1.3 vs 1.4) were not significantly different. However, in 17 patients with preoperative impaired LVEF (less than 55%) (group B, LVEF preoperatively 40 +/- 8%) and marked postoperative improvement (greater than 10%) (LVEF postoperatively 64 +/- 7%), mean VPC frequency decreased from 536 to 69 VPCs/24 hours and mean VPC grade was reduced from 3.8 to 1.5. Complex VPCs were found preoperatively in all 17 patients of group B, but in only 5 patients after operation. Four patients had a reduced LVEF preoperatively and it did not improve postoperatively (group C). Postoperative Holter monitoring detected ventricular tachycardia in all 4 patients. This study indicates that repetitive VPCs are infrequent in patients with normal LVEF before and late after aortic valve replacement. In patients with impaired LVEF and complex VPCs preoperatively, the postoperative improvement of LV function is usually accompanied by a reduction of frequent and complex VPCs. PMID- 6741806 TI - Factors influencing the one-year mortality of dilated cardiomyopathy. AB - This study was designed to determine prognostic risk indicators of nonischemic dilated cardiomyopathy (DC). Sixty-nine patients were studied. Each patient underwent physical examination (including a history), electrocardiography, echocardiography, cardiac catheterization, 24-hour monitoring and endomyocardial biopsy. The mortality rate at 1 year was 35% (24 deaths). Univariate analysis revealed that the most powerful predictor of prognosis was the left intraventricular conduction delay (p = 0.003). The pulmonary capillary wedge pressure was also predictive of mortality (p = 0.005). Other significant factors, in order of importance, were ventricular arrhythmias (p = 0.007), mean right atrial pressure (p = 0.008), angiographic ejection fraction (p = 0.03), atrial fibrillation or flutter (p = 0.01) and the presence of an S3 gallop (p = 0.05). Factors such as duration of symptoms, presence of mitral regurgitation, end diastolic diameter, myocardial cell size and percent fibrosis in the biopsy and treatment with vasodilators, antiarrhythmic and anticoagulant drugs were not significant predictors. Multivariate analysis was used to determine which combination of factors could most accurately predict survival and death. The most important factors were left conduction delay, ventricular arrhythmias and mean right atrial pressure. An equation was derived that can be applied to the prognosis of patients with DC. Thus, the clinical assessment of patients with DC can accurately predict the probability of surviving or dying in 1 year. PMID- 6741807 TI - Primary hemochromatosis: anatomic and physiologic characteristics of the cardiac ventricles and their response to phlebotomy. AB - M-mode and 2-dimensional echocardiography and gated equilibrium blood pool imaging (rest and exercise) were used in 10 patients with primary hemochromatosis to characterize the spectrum of pathophysiologic abnormalities of the cardiac ventricles and to determine the response to chronic therapeutic phlebotomy. Dilated and restrictive cardiomyopathic patterns were identified in 1 patient each, but our data do not permit conclusions on when in the natural history a given pattern becomes overt. On entry into study, 3 patients had normal ventricles and 7 had ventricular abnormalities on echocardiography and blood pool angiography. In 2 of the latter patients, biventricular dysfunction and increased left ventricular (LV) mass normalized after phlebotomy; 1 patient achieved a normal LV response to exercise. Of the 4 patients with isolated abnormal LV ejection fraction responses to exercise, the EF normalized in 2 after phlebotomy. In 1 patient, isolated right ventricular enlargement and dysfunction (echocardiographic and radionuclide imaging) normalized after phlebotomy. Thus, primary hemochromatosis can effect LV and RV size and function; clinically occult cardiac involvement can be identified by echocardiography and equilibrium blood pool imaging; therapeutic phlebotomy can ameliorate or reverse the deleterious effects of excess cardiac iron deposition which appears to exert its harm, at least in part, by a mechanism other than irreversible connective tissue replacement. PMID- 6741808 TI - Measurement of extravascular lung water in infants and children after cardiac surgery. AB - Extravascular lung water (EVLW) was measured in 17 patients with congenital heart disease by the cold-green-dye, double indicator-dilution technique. In 5 control patients, EVLW was 4.7 +/- 0.5 ml/kg (111 +/- 13 ml/m2) (mean +/- standard deviation). Twelve patients were studied immediately after correction of their heart defects. In 6 patients with normal or decreased pulmonary blood flow preoperatively (Group I), EVLW was 6.2 +/- 1.9 ml/kg (122 +/- 46 ml/m2). This value is not significantly different from that of the control patients. In 6 patients with increased pulmonary blood flow and congestive heart failure preoperatively (Group II), EVLW was 15.7 +/- 3.8 ml/kg (270 +/- 60 ml/m2), which is significantly different from both control and Group I patients (p less than 0.01). There was no correlation of EVLW with pre- or postoperative left atrial pressure, length of cardiopulmonary bypass or deep hypothermic circulatory arrest, postoperative serum protein, albumin, hematocrit or cardiac index. Thus, EVLW in the immediate postoperative period is determined by preoperative pathophysiologic characteristics rather than by intraoperative management, and patients with congestive heart failure resulting from left-to-right shunts have increased EVLW despite normal left atrial pressures. PMID- 6741809 TI - Congenital unilateral pulmonary vein stenosis complicating transposition of the great arteries. AB - Four patients with transposition of the great arteries and unilateral pulmonary vein (PV) stenosis, all left-sided, were studied. Two patients had an intact ventricular septum (1 with a patent ductus arteriosus), 1 patient had a ventricular septal defect and 1 had a ventricular septal defect with pulmonary stenosis. Clinical signs, such as recurrent pneumonia, unilateral pulmonary edema and pleural effusion, were present preoperatively in 2 patients. Diagnosis was made at cardiac catheterization by cineangiography in 2 patients and at Mustard operation when the PV orifices were inspected in the other 2. PV dilatation was attempted in 3 patients, 1 before correction (age 6 months), 1 during and after it (ages 1 and 3 years, respectively) and 1 during corrective surgery (age 15 months). In the fourth patient only the intracardiac baffle was enlarged near the left PV orifices. In the first patient, at Mustard operation (age 18 months), only a fibrotic PV without an orifice was found; this patient died after surgery. The mean follow-up in the 3 survivors was 3.2 years (range 2 months to 7.6 years). All have severe residual PV obstruction documented by technetium-99m lung perfusion scans that show decreased flow to the left lung (0 to 16% total counts; normal 45%); 2 have unilateral pulmonary edema and 1 has pulmonary artery pressure at systemic level. It is believed that in patients with transposition of the great arteries, left-sided unilateral PV stenosis is a congenital anomaly that becomes progressive as a result of postnatal preferential flow to the right lung. PMID- 6741810 TI - "Offsetting" of the septal tricuspid leaflet in normal hearts and in hearts with Ebstein's anomaly. Anatomic and echographic correlation. AB - Apical displacement of the septal tricuspid valve leaflet is considered the most reliable criterion to diagnose Ebstein's anomaly. This feature is best assessed using 2-dimensional echocardiography. However, the anatomy in Ebstein's anomaly is highly variable; therefore, the problem arises as to how to distinguish between the abnormal displacement in borderline cases of Ebstein's disease and the lowered septal offsetting of the tricuspid valve in normal persons. To solve this problem the minimal and maximal differences in offsetting of the tricuspid and mitral valves have been studied, both anatomically and echocardiographically, in fetuses, infants, children and adults. In fetuses in the first trimester of pregnancy it was impossible to measure a difference in offsetting of the 2 atrioventricular valves. Thereafter, a gradual increase occurred with age. In normal hearts the most significant separation was usually recorded in anteriorly angulated 4-chamber views, whereas in hearts with Ebstein's anomaly maximal separation appeared to posteriorly angulated views. The anatomic and echographic measurements showed a constant relation. When the minimal distances in offsetting were measured, an overlap was found between cases with and those without Ebstein's anomaly. The maximal values, however, clearly discriminated between the 2 conditions. The critical difference in children was 15 mm, and in adults the discriminating value was 20 mm. PMID- 6741811 TI - Anuloaortic ectasia: a clinical and echocardiographic study. AB - Twenty-six patients with an aortic root diameter greater than or equal to 3.7 cm by 2-dimensional echocardiography (2-D echo) were studied. Group I consisted of 14 patients (mean age 50 +/- 14 years) with idiopathic anuloaortic ectasia and group II consisted of 12 patients (mean age 60 +/- 12 years) with secondary causes of aortic root dilatation. Patients in group I had a significantly larger aortic root diameter at the level of the aortic valve (5.0 +/- 0.7 cm) and 2 cm above the aortic valve (5.3 +/- 1.2 cm) as assessed by echo than did patients in group II (4.1 +/- 0.3 and 4.4 +/- 0.4 cm, respectively, p less than 0.025). The diameter of descending thoracic aorta was slightly larger in patients in group II (3.1 +/- 0.8 vs 2.7 +/- 0.5 cm, difference not significant). Over a mean follow up period of 18 months, in group I, aortic dissection developed in 3 patients and severe aortic regurgitation and congestive heart failure in 2; 7 patients had aortic root grafting, aortic valve replacement or both. The 3 patients in group I with aortic dissection had an aortic root diameter greater than or equal to 5.3 cm, but 4 asymptomatic patients also had a diameter greater than 5 cm. Only 1 patient in group II required surgery for aortic dissection. Thus, 2-D echo is useful in identifying and following high-risk patients with anuloaortic ectasia. PMID- 6741812 TI - Effect of beta blockade on plasma catecholamine levels during psychological and exercise stress. AB - The effect of a single oral dose of 50 mg of metoprolol on plasma catecholamine levels was examined in 11 healthy young men. Subjects were studied during baseline at rest, postural challenge, psychological stressors and graded maximal exercise testing. Metoprolol induced significant increases in plasma norepinephrine (NE) levels across most experimental conditions. Metoprolol did not have a consistent effect on plasma epinephrine levels. Because of wide interindividual variation in drug levels, the NE levels in subjects with high drug levels were compared with the NE levels in subjects who had negligible drug levels. NE levels were higher in subjects with higher drug levels. PMID- 6741813 TI - Microtransection of the His bundle with laser radiation through a pervenous catheter: correlation of histologic and electrophysiologic data. AB - This study describes microtransection of the His bundle with a pervenous laser catheter in a live dog. In an adult mongrel dog anesthetized with Nembutol , administered intravenously, electrode catheters (No. 5Fr and 6Fr ) were inserted through a femoral vein and positioned in the high right atrium for atrial pacing and in the His bundle region for recording of His bundle electrograms. The AH and HV intervals were measured during normal sinus rhythm and atrial pacing. Through another femoral vein, a laser fiber was inserted through a lumen catheter (No. 7Fr ) with a preformed curved tip. Under fluoroscopic control, the laser fiber tip was positioned immediately next to the His bundle electrode catheter. During continuous His bundle recordings and fluoroscopic monitoring, short bursts (10 to 60 seconds) of argon laser were delivered (2.5 W) in order to produce His bundle interruption and complete heart block. Escape of a His bundle rhythm (cycle length = 1,100 ms) with QRS morphologic characteristics and duration similar to that of normal sinus rhythm was noted. "Split" His bundle potentials were recorded with an unchanged AH (50 ms) and an H'V interval of 20 ms. After the dog was killed, serial sections of the conduction system of the heart were analyzed. Histologic findings showed excellent correlation with electrophysiologic observations and validated "split" His bundle potentials. The laser radiation produced microtransection of the His bundle with a channel of tissue dissolution 0.2 to 0.3 mm wide in diameter. The latter passed through the His bundle at the junction of penetrating and branching segments, dividing it into superior and inferior portions that retained continuity with proximal and distal His bundle.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS) PMID- 6741814 TI - A new model for investigation of transluminal recanalization: human atherosclerotic coronary artery xenografts. AB - A model for testing transluminal recanalization techniques was developed. Human atherosclerotic arteries were transplanted in dogs and evaluated by angiographic and histologic study within a 12-week period. An inflammatory response was most intense within the first 2 weeks. By 12 weeks, no inflammation was noted. The model has several advantages: (1) The pathologic characteristics are those of a human coronary artery. (2) Thrombus formation is frequent, with progression to a well organized dense fibrocellular vascular occlusion within 4 to 12 weeks. (3) The arterial occlusion resembles human vascular disease. (4) The vascular occlusions are readily accessible with standard catheterization technique. (5) The model is easy to produce within a short period. This model has been used to evaluate laser recanalization of vascular obstructions. PMID- 6741815 TI - Ultrasonic enhancement of myocardial infarction with perfluorocarbon compounds in dogs. AB - Fluosol-DA 20% (Fluosol) and perfluoroctylbromide (PFOB), 2 types of perfluorocarbon emulsions (PFCs), were evaluated as sound contrast agents in imaging acute myocardial infarction (MI) in dogs. Operative ligation of a coronary artery was performed in 9 dogs. PFC was administered 2 days after occlusion. One dog received Fluosol, 10 ml/kg body weight, 2 dogs received 20 ml/kg, and 2 received 25 ml/kg; 2 dogs received PFOB, 20 ml/kg, and 2 dogs received 25 ml/kg. Just before and 2 days after PFC administration, real-time, 2 dimensional ultrasound examination of the heart was performed in the short-axis view from apex to base. No enhancement was seen at the 10-ml/kg dose, but significant mild echogenic enhancement of all MIs occurred after 20 ml/kg. Moderate to marked enhancement was noted after 25 ml/kg. The enhancement was either diffuse throughout the MI or localized to the rim. Initial studies suggest that the mechanism of enhancement is related, at least in part, to the accumulation of PFC-filled macrophages within the MI. PMID- 6741816 TI - Role of parietal pericardium in acute, severe mitral regurgitation in dogs. AB - Mitral regurgitation (MR) resulting from acute disruption of the mitral valve apparatus leads to serious hemodynamic sequelae. The lesion produces major elevation of left atrial (LA) and pulmonary artery pressures and decreases forward cardiac output. Clinical studies have shown hemodynamic patterns in acute MR similar to those seen in constrictive pericardial disease, suggesting that the pericardium serves to importantly limit cardiac filling in this condition. This hypothesis has not been tested in an animal model in which the intrapericardial pressure can be directly measured. In the present study intrapericardial and intracardiac pressures were measured in 8 dogs before and after the production of acute MR. After production of MR, mean LA pressure increased from 8 +/- 3 to 20 +/- 7 mm Hg (p = 0.004) and the peak LA V wave averaged 31 +/- 13 mm Hg. Mean right atrial pressure increased slightly, from 4 +/- 2 to 5 +/- 1 mm Hg (p less than 0.008). Intrapericardial pressure increased in each dog, but the increment was invariably small (1 +/- 2 to 3 +/- 2 mm Hg, p = 0.001) and there was no tendency to equalization of pressure between right- and left-sided cardiac chambers. Thus, the role of the pericardium in the immediate hemodynamic response to acute, severe MR is minor. PMID- 6741817 TI - Acute management of paroxysmal supraventricular tachycardia: verapamil, adenosine triphosphate or adenosine? PMID- 6741818 TI - What is a clinical cardiologist in 1984? PMID- 6741819 TI - A precaution when using the St. Jude Medical prosthesis in the aortic valve position. PMID- 6741820 TI - Cardiac morphologic findings late after partial left ventricular endomyocardial resection for recurrent ventricular tachycardia. PMID- 6741821 TI - Familial patent ductus arteriosus. PMID- 6741822 TI - Interventricular and subarterial obstruction in tricuspid atresia resulting from an endocardial tissue tag. PMID- 6741823 TI - Diagnosis of a right coronary artery-right atrial fistula using two-dimensional and Doppler echocardiography. PMID- 6741824 TI - Extreme hypercholesterolemia=malignant atherosclerosis. PMID- 6741825 TI - Lateral systolic pulsation of the earlobe: a sign of tricuspid regurgitation. PMID- 6741826 TI - Ventricular tachycardia induced by atrial stimulation. PMID- 6741827 TI - Calcium-channel blockers for chronic congestive heart failure. PMID- 6741828 TI - Flail mitral leaflet syndrome. PMID- 6741829 TI - Pulsus alternans and reduced left ventricular volume. PMID- 6741830 TI - Torsades de pointes versus polymorphous ventricular tachycardia. PMID- 6741831 TI - Mechanics of pulsus alternans in aortic valve stenosis. PMID- 6741832 TI - Normal and prolapsed tricuspid valve leaflets. PMID- 6741833 TI - Two-dimensional echocardiography during pericardiocentesis. PMID- 6741834 TI - Indomethacin-bumetanide interaction: an alert. PMID- 6741835 TI - The AFORMED phenomenon. PMID- 6741836 TI - Risk factors for sudden death after acute myocardial infarction: two-year follow up. AB - The risk of sudden coronary death after myocardial infarction (MI) was assessed in 533 patients who survived 10 days after MI and were followed for up to 24 months (mean 18) in the Multicenter Investigation of the Limitation of Infarct Size. Analysis of multiple clinical and laboratory variables determined before hospital discharge revealed that frequent ventricular premature beats (VPBs) (greater than or equal to 10/hour) on ambulatory electrocardiographic monitoring and left ventricular (LV) dysfunction (radionuclide LV ejection fraction less than or equal to 0.40) were independently significant markers of risk for subsequent sudden death believed to be the result of a primary ventricular arrhythmia. The incidence of sudden death was 18% in patients with both LV dysfunction and frequent VPBs (11 times that of patients with neither of these findings). Seventy-nine percent of all sudden deaths occurred within 7 months after the index MI. In 280 survivors reclassified 6 months after MI with regard to the presence or absence of frequent VPBs and LV dysfunction, these risk factors could not be associated with sudden coronary death over a further follow up period of up to 18 months; the overall incidence of sudden cardiac death was low (1.4%) after 6 months. Thus, the presence of frequent VPBs in association with LV dysfunction early after MI identifies patients at high risk for sudden death over the next 7 months. PMID- 6741837 TI - Critical analysis of the application of Bayes' theorem to sequential testing in the noninvasive diagnosis of coronary artery disease. AB - The utility of Bayes' theorem in the noninvasive diagnosis of coronary artery disease (CAD) was analyzed in 147 patients who underwent electrocardiographic stress testing, thallium-201 perfusion imaging and coronary angiography. Eighty nine patients had typical anginal chest discomfort and 58 had atypical chest pain. Sensitivity and specificity of the tests and prevalence of CAD at each level of testing were tabulated and compared with the results generated from Bayes' theorem. The sensitivity of electrocardiographic stress was higher in patients with multivessel CAD than in patients with 1-vessel CAD. Sensitivity, but not specificity, of each test was dependent, in part, on the result of the other test. However, the probabilities calculated from Bayes' theorem when used for sequential testing are remarkably close to the tabulated data. Thus, Bayes' theorem is useful clinically despite some evidence of test dependence. Sequential test analysis by Bayes' theorem is most useful in establishing or ruling out a diagnosis when the pretest prevalence is approximately 50% and when the 2 tests are concordant. PMID- 6741838 TI - The pacing stress test: a reexamination of the relation between coronary artery disease and pacing-induced electrocardiographic changes. AB - Electrocardiographic (ECG) changes during graded pacing-induced tachycardia have been considered unreliable as a test for the presence of coronary artery disease (CAD) because of poor sensitivity and specificity. As a result, atrial pacing has not been widely used as an alternative to exercise testing. However, the limited value of the pacing stress test may be related to technical aspects, such as the duration of pacing and ECG monitoring. To study this problem, 22 patients undergoing coronary cineangiography underwent standard exercise stress testing and graded tachycardia induced by atrial pacing. A 12-lead ECG recorder was used for both tests. Pacing tachycardia was terminated when 85% of maximal predicted heart rate had been achieved or when significant ischemic chest pain accompanied by diagnostic ECG changes occurred. The ECG was considered positive if at least 1 mm of horizontal or downsloping ST-segment depression was present. Six patients with normal or minimally diseased coronary arteries were compared to 16 patients with significant CAD. Of the patients without significant CAD, 5 (83%) had a negative electrocardiogram during both exercise and pacing. Of 16 patients with CAD, the electrocardiogram was positive for ischemia in 10 patients (63%) during exercise, in 15 (94%) during atrial pacing and in 12 (80%) after pacing. When the presence or absence of ECG changes was compared between the exercise and the pacing tests, there was a concordance of 90% (Fisher p less than 0.0015). Two patients without significant CAD (33%) had chest pain during both exercise and pacing. Among patients with CAD, 7 (44%) had chest pain during exercise and 8 (50%) had chest pain during atrial pacing.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS) PMID- 6741840 TI - Circadian variation in variant angina. AB - Thirteen hospitalized patients with variant angina were studied to assess circadian variation in disease activity. Over 48 hours, all angina attacks were noted, a continuous Holter electrocardiogram was recorded and 2 ergonovine tests were performed 12 hours apart, 1 at 4 AM and the other at 4 PM. Only 2 patients gave a clearcut history of more frequent nocturnal or early morning attacks. During the study period, 1.8 +/- 1.6 AM and 0.62 +/- 1.2 PM angina episodes per patient were reported (p less than 0.02), but a circadian pattern was apparent in only 4 patients. However, Holter analysis revealed 5.3 +/- 13.8 AM and 2.6 +/- 8.5 PM episodes of ST elevation per patient (p less than 0.05) and 8.1 +/- 13.9 AM and 3.2 +/- 8.5 PM episodes of ST elevation, ST depression or T-wave pseudonormalization (p less than 0.01). Ten of 11 patients with Holter abnormalities had more frequent AM than PM attacks (p less than 0.01). ST elevation developed during all 13 of the 4-AM and 12 of 13 of the 4-PM ergonovine tests. In 10 cases the ergonovine threshold at which the attack occurred was lower in the morning, in no case was it lower in the afternoon, and in 3 patients the morning and afternoon doses were identical (p less than 0.01). Thus, circadian variation in disease activity both for spontaneous and provoked attacks is present in most patients with variant angina, even though it is often not clinically apparent. PMID- 6741839 TI - Acute coronary vasoconstrictive effects of cigarette smoking in coronary heart disease. AB - To investigate the effect of cigarette smoking on the coronary vasculature, coronary sinus flow and myocardial oxygen delivery were measured at rest and during incremental atrial pacing in 10 patients with coronary artery disease. Measurements were then repeated while the patients smoked 2 unfiltered, high nicotine cigarettes. Although smoking significantly increased the heart rate at rest and double product, coronary sinus flow did not change significantly (141 +/ 32 vs 146 +/- 28 ml/min). At the lowest equivalent pacing rate before and during smoking, the double products were comparable. However, coronary sinus flow was reduced by smoking (146 +/- 28 vs 159 +/- 28 ml/min, p less than 0.01) and coronary vascular resistance was increased (0.96 +/- 0.15 vs 0.83 +/- 0.13 mm Hg ml-1 min, p less than 0.02). The double products were also comparable at the peak pacing rate before and during smoking. Nonetheless, the coronary sinus flow was again lower (167 +/- 23 vs 227 +/- 41 ml/min, p = 0.02) and the coronary vascular resistance was higher (0.77 +/- 0.10 vs 0.63 +/- 0.09 mm Hg ml-1 min, p less than 0.01) during smoking. The transmyocardial arteriovenous oxygen difference was unchanged by smoking; therefore, myocardial oxygen delivery was reduced in proportion to the reductions in coronary sinus flow. Thus, cigarette smoking appears to acutely alter the ability of the coronary vasculature to regulate flow in accordance with the oxygen requirements of the myocardium. PMID- 6741841 TI - Chronotropic incompetence in clinical exercise testing. AB - Chronotropic incompetence has been found to be an important predictor of obstructive coronary artery disease (CAD). However, few data define the normal heart rate response to progressive exercise and allow a clear definition of chronotropic incompetence. In this study, 312 patients who underwent an exercise stress test and coronary angiography were evaluated. The exercise heart rates of 140 normal subjects were used to define the normal mean heart rate at progressive work loads. Two standard deviations of the mean were chosen to represent a normal response at various levels of exercise. Analysis of the exercise heart rates in 172 patients who had CAD revealed 16 patients who had a peak exercise heart rate below 2 standard deviations of the mean. Of the 16 patients, 5 had 1-vessel, 5 had 2-vessel and 6 had 3-vessel CAD. Of 65 patients who had no significant ST segment shift and who did not reach 85% of age-predicted heart rate, 13 (20%) had an inappropriately low heart rate for the work load performed. Each of the 13 patients had CAD. Of the 172 patients with CAD, those with chronotropic incompetence exercised further than the patients who did not have chronotropic incompetence (9.4 +/- 2.1 vs 7.0 +/- 3.4 METs, p less than 0.01). In conclusion, chronotropic incompetence is a relatively infrequent occurrence in an exercise test population; however, this finding, when present, is relatively specific for CAD, and may be useful in detecting patients with CAD who have an indeterminate exercise test. PMID- 6741842 TI - Relation of ST-segment elevation after healing of acute myocardial infarction to the presence of left ventricular aneurysm. AB - Persistent ST elevation after healing of myocardial infarction (MI) is often cited as an electrocardiographic sign of left ventricular (LV) aneurysm. This sign is rare in patients with coronary artery disease who have normal or only mildly deranged LV function and is most often associated with QRS patterns indicative of large MI, especially anterior wall MI. To determine whether ST elevation identifies a distinctive abnormality of LV function that might be labeled LV aneurysm, global and regional LV function in 12 patients with QRS patterns of anterior MI and ST elevation were compared with that in 12 patients with similar QRS abnormalities but without ST elevation by means of radionuclide ventriculography. All measured parameters of ventricular function were similar in the 2 groups. ST elevation could not be demonstrated to predict a distinctive abnormality that might be labeled LV aneurysm. PMID- 6741843 TI - Prognostic assessment of survivors of ventricular tachycardia and ventricular fibrillation with ambulatory monitoring. AB - The ability to assess prognosis in patients with serious ventricular arrhythmias treated with antiarrhythmic drugs by the degree of complexity on the 24-hour ambulatory electrocardiogram was evaluated in 59 survivors of ventricular tachycardia (VT) and ventricular fibrillation. After conventional therapy had failed, patients were treated with investigational drugs until symptomatic VT was abolished. A Holter monitor recording, obtained once the therapeutic regimen was established, was graded for the presence or absence of asymptomatic VT. Fifty-two patients were asymptomatic at discharge and were followed for 700 days. Of 44 patients followed for 1 year, none had recurrent syncope or died if asymptomatic VT was absent at 1 month (p less than 0.002). After 700 days, 27 patients (82%) without asymptomatic VT at 1 month were doing well, compared with 11 patients (58%) with asymptomatic VT at 1 month (p less than 0.002). In patients at risk for sudden cardiac arrest, early abolition of asymptomatic VT on ambulatory monitoring can be used to predict a good long-term clinical response. PMID- 6741844 TI - Long-term antiarrhythmic therapy with flecainide. AB - The antiarrhythmic efficacy and safety of oral flecainide were assessed during a controlled 2-week and a subsequent 48-week long-term trial. Fifteen patients with frequent (more than 30 per hour) and complex ventricular arrhythmias (Lown grade IVA or IVB) who had been resistant or intolerant to 2 or more antiarrhythmic agents, were included in the study. Antiarrhythmic efficacy was controlled by 24 hour Holter monitoring at 2, 12, 24 and 48 weeks. The administration of 100 to 200 mg flecainide twice daily resulted in more than 90% suppression of VPCs and of complex ventricular arrhythmias in 14 of 15 patients. The minimum effective therapeutic dose could be titrated in 9 of 14 patients to 100 mg twice daily, in 3 of 14 patients to 150 mg twice daily and in 2 of 14 patients to 200 mg twice daily. During this therapy and a mean plasma concentration of 886 +/- 103 ng/ml, PQ and QRS duration, as well as QTc time and JTc interval were not significantly changed. Side effects (gastrointestinal complaints, nausea, obstipation, dizziness, visual disturbances, headache and impaired potency) were seen in 5 of 14 patients after 12 weeks, in 3 of 4 patients after 24 weeks and in only 2 of 14 patients after 48 weeks. Side effects were described as mild and tolerable and did not limit flecainide therapy except in 1 patient, who had discontinued therapy with flecainide after 3 days because of intense gastrointestinal symptoms. In conclusion, flecainide is highly effective and well tolerated in the long-term treatment of serious ventricular arrhythmias. PMID- 6741845 TI - Myopotential interference with DDD pacemakers: endocardial electrographic telemetry in the diagnosis of pacemaker-related arrhythmias. AB - Skeletal myopotentials may inhibit the output of unipolar demand ventricular pacemakers, resulting in protracted episodes of asystole in susceptible patients. The new DDD-mode pacemakers have, in addition to a unipolar ventricular lead, a unipolar atrial lead to enable atrioventricular sequential or atrial synchronous function. During clinical investigation of a new dual-unipolar cardiac pacing system programmed to operate in the DDD mode (Pacesetter AFP models 281 and 283), 6 patients were noted (5 men and 1 woman, aged 22 to 68 years) who manifested paroxysmal acceleration of ventricular pacing rate approaching the maximal tracking rate. Two patients also had abrupt slowing or cessation of ventricular output. With the use of atrial electrographic recordings (obtained with telemetry), the following mechanisms of rate change were found: myopotential tracking, myopotential inhibition, interference-mode asynchronous operation, sudden increases in sinus rate, and pacemaker-mediated reentrant tachycardia. In all patients, reprogramming of the implanted devices, based on telemetered atrial electrography, resulted in disappearance of the arrhythmias and loss of symptoms while maintaining the DDD pacing mode. Thus, several mechanisms of rhythm disturbances are peculiar to dual-chamber cardiac pacing systems that use unipolar electrodes. Endocardial telemetry combined with extensive programming capability offers the best opportunity for proper diagnosis and management of these problems. PMID- 6741846 TI - Marginal malnutrition and reduced physical work capacity of migrant adolescent boys in Southern Brazil. AB - We measured the effect of marginal malnutrition on physical work capacity of adolescent children of agricultural migrant workers in Southern Brazil. Nutritional status was evaluated using 24-h dietary recall. Body size was evaluated anthropometrically. Biochemical assessments were also made. Physical work capacity (PWC170) was assessed by measuring heart rate, blood lactic acid levels, and oxygen consumption during submaximal bicycle ergometer work. The same tests were also carried out on a comparable group of local well-to-do boys of the same age in the same community who served as controls. The dietary results suggest that adolescent boys of migrant families were marginally malnourished. Their physical growth and development were retarded by at least 1 yr. They had significantly lower reserves of body fat and less muscle mass when compared with controls. Their Hb levels were normal. At the submaximal work loads measured (0, 25, 50, 75 W) the migrant children exhibited similar oxygen consumption and gross exercise efficiency as the control children, but achieved this work at a higher percentage of their maximum work capacity as shown by significantly higher heart rates for the same oxygen consumption. Higher blood lactic acid levels in the migrant children suggest that the available muscle mass was under greater stress to accomplish the same task. PWC170 was reduced one-third in the migrant children (migrant 643 +/- 162 kpm/min, control 905 +/- 345 kpm/min; p less than 0.005). These differences were largely associated with weight (migrant 20.6 +/- 5.9 kpm/min; control 18.8 +/- 4.3 kpm/kg/min; p greater than 0.1). These observations suggest that marginal as well as severe malnutrition affect physical work capacity at levels low enough to affect growth and development. PMID- 6741847 TI - Liver levels of retinol in unselected necropsy specimens: a prevalence survey of vitamin A deficiency in Recife, Brazil. AB - Total retinol was analyzed in 517 necropsy specimens from children 0 to 14 yr of age, deceased of various causes in Recife, Brazil, and from eight persons, 10 to 59 yr of age, who died violently. Age and nutritional status, in that order, were found to be the major determinants of the prevalence of low reserves, children less than 1 yr of age showing the highest prevalence of deficient values. These data were extrapolated to the live population less than 5 yr of age, categorized by age and nutritional status. By using the criteria that liver reserves of vitamin A less than 5 and 20 micrograms/g denote states of high risk and inadequacy, respectively, approximately 3 and 17% of children 0 to 4 yr of age in the live population of Recife were estimated to fall in the high risk and inadequate status group, respectively. None of the persons who died violently was at high risk and only one had inadequate reserves. These estimates agree with previous prevalence figures from clinical and biochemical surveys. Thus, the direct assessment of concentrations of vitamin A in the liver at necropsy is a simple, inexpensive, and noninvasive procedure for estimating the vitamin A status of children. PMID- 6741848 TI - Five-day comparison of the doubly labeled water method with respiratory gas exchange. AB - Previous studies have indicated that the doubly labeled water method can be used to measure energy expenditure in free-living humans. In this study, we compare the doubly labeled water method with nearly continuous respiratory gas exchange in five healthy adults. Total body water and isotope elimination rates were determined by mass spectrometric analysis of urinary water after the administration of 2H2 18O. Respiratory gas exchange was measured 22 to 23 h/day for 5 consecutive days. Energy expenditures from the doubly labeled water method averaged 6% more than those from respiratory gas exchange with an 8% coefficient of variation. PMID- 6741849 TI - Quantitation of xanthurenic acid in rabbit serum using high performance liquid chromatography. AB - Xanthurenic acid (XA) has been quantified in the serum of normal and vitamin B6 deficient rabbits using high performance liquid chromatography. The concentration of XA in the serum of normal and B6-deficient rabbits was 141 and 2275 ng/ml, respectively. The coefficient of variation for a series of dilutions of standard XA (3.9 to 1000 ng) ranged from 45.5% at the lower limit of the curve to 10.9% at the higher range of the curve. The minimum detectable level was 3.9 ng/ml. Serum samples spiked with reference XA exhibited a parallel dose response. The percentage recovery of XA from serum samples was 80.8%. The procedure, which requires 1 to 2 ml of serum, is sensitive and may be a useful tool for assessing B6 nutritional parameters as well as the physiological role of XA. It offers advantages over urinary procedures because it is more sensitive, more specific, and allows the study of blood levels of XA. PMID- 6741850 TI - The Harris Benedict equation reevaluated: resting energy requirements and the body cell mass. AB - The Harris Benedict equations (HBE) were derived from indirect calorimetric data obtained in 239 normal subjects. Using these data and additional data published by Benedict, which were obtained from subjects spanning a wider age range (n = 98), the present study evaluated the relationship between measured resting energy expenditure and age, sex, and predicted body cell mass (BCM). When the additional subjects from the subsequently published series are included, the regression equations, standard error of the estimate, and 95% confidence limits are similar to the original equations. The HBE estimate resting energy expenditure of a normal subject with a precision of 14%. Resting energy expenditure is directly related to the size of the BCM and is independent of age and sex. The variables of height, weight, age, and sex in the HBE reflect the relationship between body weight and the BCM. Indirect calorimetry and body composition measurements were performed in both normally nourished and malnourished patients (n = 74) to assess the accuracy of the HBE in malnourished patients. Malnutrition is associated with an increase in resting oxygen consumption (VO2) which becomes apparent only when VO2 is expressed as a function of the BCM. There is no difference in resting VO2 between the sexes when expressed as a function of BCM. A regression equation was derived from the Harris Benedict data to predict resting VO2 from age, height, weight, and sex. Predicted VO2 was not significantly different from measured VO2 for the normally nourished patients (n = 33) whereas in the malnourished (n = 41) predicted VO2 underestimated the measured value. The HBE accurately predict resting energy expenditure in normally nourished individuals with a precision of +/- 14%, but are unreliable in the malnourished patient. PMID- 6741852 TI - A method for the rapid assessment of sample size of dietary studies. PMID- 6741851 TI - Multiple statistical comparisons in nutritional research. PMID- 6741853 TI - Zinc, copper, manganese, and selenium metabolism in thyroid disease. AB - This study was designed to evaluate trace metal metabolism in adults with thyroid diseases. Erythrocyte zinc values were significantly lower than normal in hyperthyroidism and higher in hypothyroidism. A significantly higher than normal urinary excretion of zinc was observed in hyperthyroidism. The mean concentrations of plasma and erythrocyte copper were significantly above normal in hyperthyroidism. Plasma selenium levels were significantly lower than normal in hyperthyroidism. No statistically significant difference was found in plasma zinc, erythrocyte manganese, or urine copper values between patients with thyroid diseases and healthy controls. The erythrocyte manganese content correlated well with thyroxine and triiodothyronine levels. Plasma prealbumin and retinol-binding protein correlated well with the erythrocyte zinc content but not with plasma zinc levels. There was no correlation between erythrocyte superoxide dismutase activity and erythrocyte copper or zinc concentrations. The results of this study suggest that the metabolism of zinc, copper, manganese, and selenium is abnormal in thyroid diseases. PMID- 6741854 TI - Iron absorption from legumes in humans. AB - Iron bioavailability in a variety of legumes was determined by radioisotopic measurements of iron absorption in human subjects. Soybeans, black beans, lentils, mung beans, and split peas were prepared as soups, labeled by the extrinsic tag method, and served to fasting subjects. Mean percentage absorption was uniformly low, ranging from 0.84 to 1.91%. Differences in absorption between the means were not statistically significant. The results indicate that these five commonly eaten legumes are all poor sources of dietary iron. PMID- 6741855 TI - Determination with stable isotopes of the dietary bioavailability of zinc in premature infants. AB - Dietary zinc bioavailability was evaluated with the extrinsic tag approach of stable isotope enrichment technology in growing premature infants. The fractional absorption of one dose of 70Zn was determined on 16 occasions in 13 premature infants (birth weight 1135 +/- 40 g, gestational age 29.5 +/- 0.4 wk, mean +/- SE) and was found to be 64.9 +/- 2.7%. The fractional absorption of 70Zn ranged between 48 and 79% and did not appear to be influenced by postnatal age, postconceptual age, body weight, or intake of preterm human milk, fortified preterm human milk, or premature formula. Therefore, if absorption of the 70Zn dose reflects absorption of dietary zinc, about 60% of dietary zinc is bioavailable. PMID- 6741856 TI - Vitamin A losses to plastic intravenous infusion devices and an improved method of delivery. AB - This study was designed to reevaluate the kinetics of vitamin A losses in the plastic intravenous infusion system used clinically in premature infants and to attempt to establish an improved method of delivery that would avoid significant and unpredictable losses. The losses of retinol, retinyl acetate, and retinyl palmitate were assessed in the presence of various concentrations of the emulsifier Tween 20. For a period of more than 24 h and at a concentration of 0.0085% Tween 20, retinol and retinyl acetate were delivered at 17.4 and 33.9% of the originally intended dose, respectively, while retinyl palmitate was at 100%. At 1% Tween 20, retinyl acetate was completely delivered but even at 2% Tween 20 only 51% of the retinol was delivered. The data suggest that predictable infusions of vitamin A may be attained by using retinyl palmitate rather than retinol in multivitamin preparations. PMID- 6741857 TI - Multicompartmental analysis of the effects of dietary fat saturation and cholesterol on absorptive lipoprotein metabolism in the rat. AB - The potential contribution of the metabolism of absorptive lipoproteins to effects of dietary cholesterol and saturated (versus polyunsaturated) fat on plasma lipids and lipoproteins was studied in rats. Recipients were fed either a commercial stock diet, a low fat/cholesterol-free semipurified diet with a neutral P/S ratio, or one of two high fat/cholesterol-containing diets that had a high (4.6) or low (0.2) P/S ratio. Chylomicrons and intestinal very low-density lipoproteins labeled with 3H-oleic acid and/or 14C-cholesterol were isolated from donor rats receiving the high or low P/S ratio oil and were injected into recipients. Data on plasma disappearance and hepatic recovery of labels were analyzed by compartmental analysis. A multicompartmental model was required to fit these data and included steps interpreted to correspond to activation of newly secreted intestinal lipoproteins; delipidation on capillary endothelia by lipoprotein lipase, with transfer of cholesterol to other lipoproteins and tissue uptake of cholesterol and fatty acids; hepatic clearance of remnants; and secretion of lipoproteins by the liver. Metabolic state of the recipients (especially plasma triglyceride concentrations) had a greater influence on the rate of chylomicron turnover than did the source of donor chylomicrons, although saturated chylomicrons tended to be metabolized more slowly than polyunsaturated ones. For recipients fed the commercial stock diet and injected with saturated (versus polyunsaturated) chylomicrons, the mechanistic model predicted an increased retention of triglycerides during remnant formation, and thus an increased delivery of triglyceride to the liver. A consequent elevation in hepatic production of very low-density lipoprotein triglycerides may be related to the observed slower clearance of chylomicrons and increased plasma lipid levels in rats fed saturated fat and cholesterol. PMID- 6741858 TI - The effect of chronic hypocholesterolemia in myeloproliferative disease on the distribution of plasma and erythrocyte tocopherol. AB - The presence of hypocholesterolemia and increased erythrocyte lipid peroxidation susceptibility in myeloproliferative disorders raised the possibility of coexistent tocopherol deficiency. Plasma and red blood cell (RBC) alpha tocopherol, beta- + gamma-tocopherol, and free cholesterol were determined simultaneously by high performance liquid chromatography in 22 patients and 26 controls. Plasma alpha-tocopherol was correlated most highly with plasma free cholesterol and secondarily with RBC alpha-tocopherol in both groups. Plasma-free cholesterol and alpha-tocopherol were significantly reduced in myeloproliferative disease, although the ratio between the two remained normal. Erythrocyte tocopherol and free cholesterol concentrations were normal in myeloproliferative disease. High relative retention of tocopherol by erythrocytes was most pronounced in patients with the lowest plasma alpha-tocopherol and free cholesterol levels. The normal RBC tocopherol levels in these patients with chronic hypocholesterolemia indicate that the observed increase in RBC peroxidation susceptibility is not explainable by a deficiency of RBC vitamin E. PMID- 6741859 TI - Rhabdomyosarcoma of the head and neck in children. AB - Seventeen children with rhabdomyosarcoma arising in the head and neck are presented. With a median follow-up of 2 years 3 months, 11 patients are currently living, seven patients are alive free of disease, and local control was achieved in 11 patients. Of 13 group III patients managed with irradiation and chemotherapy following biopsy, seven patients are alive, with four patients free of disease, and local control achieved in eight patients. In a subgroup of nine group III patients with tumor involving multiple head and neck sites, four patients are alive, with two patients free of disease, and local control achieved in six patients. In four groups I-II patients, local control was achieved in three, and all patients are currently living. Long-term complications include facial bone hypoplasia in three patients and cataracts in three patients. Primary irradiation and chemotherapy can locally control rhabdomyosarcoma of the head and neck, while avoiding the functional and cosmetic sequelae associated with surgical ablation. PMID- 6741860 TI - Phase II evaluation of PALA in patients with refractory metastatic sarcomas. AB - The efficacy of PALA was evaluated in 22 patients with metastatic soft tissue and bone sarcomas. The 20 evaluable patients had received a median of three prior chemotherapeutic regimens, including an adriamycin combination, to which eight had shown response. PALA was administered at 2-week intervals. Sixteen patients received 6 g/m2 over 1 hour intravenously as their initial dose, while six patients received 5 g/m2. The major side effects were skin rash, stomatitis, diarrhea, nausea, and vomiting. Significant myelosuppression was not seen. Two patients had stabilization of disease for periods of 10 and 13 weeks. At the dose and schedule used in this trial, PALA was not effective against advanced adult sarcoma. PMID- 6741861 TI - Phase II trial of PCNU in advanced colorectal carcinoma. An Eastern Cooperative Oncology Group pilot study. AB - PCNU, a chloroethylnitrosourea with high alkylating activity, low carbamoylating activity, optimal octanol: water partition coefficient, and broad activity in animal systems was administered to 30 evaluable patients with measurable advanced colorectal carcinoma by brief intravenous infusions every 6 weeks. The initial dose was 75 or 100 mg/m2, with escalation or reduction for toxicity, and a total of 64 evaluable courses were given. Half of the patient population had received no prior chemotherapy. Two objective partial responses occurred. The response rate was 6.7% with a 95% confidence interval of 0.8-22.1%. Thrombocytopenia was dose-limited and leukopenia was relatively mild. Gastrointestinal toxicity was less severe than expected for clinically available nitrosoureas. In colorectal carcinoma, PCNU has limited clinical activity that does not appear to be superior to that of other nitrosoureas. PMID- 6741862 TI - Local excision and radiotherapy for cancer of the oral tongue. A preliminary report. AB - A group of 18 patients with squamous cell carcinoma of the mid one-third of the tongue was treated by local resection and planned postoperative radiotherapy between 1976 and 1980. Tumors 0.5 cm or greater in thickness were included; no patients had cervical adenopathy. Six were categorized as T1, 10 as T2 and two as T3. In eight patients, histologic review showed tumor extension at or near the resection margin, despite a tumor-free margin at frozen section, while in 10 patients the margins were clear. Local tumor control was achieved in 16 patients (89%). Two failures were evident within 3 months after completion of treatment. The relatively short follow-up of such a small series limits the conclusions from this preliminary study, but the excellent results thus far merit further study. PMID- 6741863 TI - 24-hour combination chemotherapy without cisplatin in patients with recurrent or metastatic head and neck cancer. AB - Sixty-three patients with advanced histologically proven squamous cell carcinomas of the head and neck, considered untreatable other than by chemotherapy, received a combination of vincristine, bleomycin, methotrexate, 5-fluorouracil, and hydrocortisone administered over 24 hours, followed by a folinic acid rescue, every 3 weeks. Fifty-seven patients had received prior radiotherapy and 78% of recurrences were within the radiation field. Sixty-one patients were assessable for response to chemotherapy and 25 (41%) achieved objective responses. Side effects from 167 courses of chemotherapy were minimal and were present only in 38% of patients. There were no cases of bone marrow depression and no drug induced deaths. Patient compliance was 98%. Chemotherapy responders had a longer median duration of survival of 11.9 months (with four patients still alive at 10, 22, 30, and 90 months) compared with 4.96 months for nonresponders (with two patients alive at 7 and 15 months), p less than 0.001. Ten of 24 chemotherapy responders went on to surgery and eight achieved a complete remission (CR), while only 6/36 nonresponders underwent salvage surgery and all became disease-free. Patients achieving a complete remission had improved survival (median 24.5 months). The presence of metastatic disease was a poor prognostic sign; only 8/30 (27%) responded to chemotherapy and none subsequently achieved complete remission. This safe drug protocol appears to benefit only a small subset of patients, namely those who respond to chemotherapy rendering their tumors operable, but is of no general value in this group of previously irradiated patients since 92% of all patients treated were dead at 2 years. PMID- 6741864 TI - Human cervical cancer clearance after 252Cf neutron brachytherapy versus conventional photon brachytherapy. AB - Tumor clearance pattern was studied for Stage IB carcinoma of the cervix using 252Cf neutron brachytherapy followed by fractionated radiotherapy as compared to conventional therapy using fractionated radiotherapy followed by 137Cs photon low dose rate (LDR) implant therapy. Reduction in bulk of tumor was assessed by regular and frequent serial clinical observations. The tumor clearance pattern of the neutron-treated patients was greatly accelerated and radically different from those treated using conventional radiation. PMID- 6741865 TI - Phase II clinical evaluation of AZQ in adenocarcinoma of the lung. AB - Twenty patients with advanced measurable adenocarcinoma of the lung were treated with AZQ 20 mg/m2 weekly for 4 weeks, followed by a 2-week rest. No complete or partial responses were observed. Stabilization was observed in seven individuals, lasting 6-32+ weeks, with a median of 6 weeks. Toxicity was limited to reversible myelosuppression. We conclude that AZQ administered at this dose and schedule has no significant activity against advanced adenocarcinoma of the lung. PMID- 6741866 TI - Transthoracic fine-needle aspiration cytology. Analysis of 82 patients with detailed verification criteria and evaluation of false-negative cases. AB - The authors herein report a series of transthoracic fine-needle aspiration cytology studies performed over a ten-year period at a medical center. The verification criteria they utilized for "positive" and " nonpositive " results are unique to the TFNA literature, as is the authors' detailed analysis of false negative cases. The authors' statistical findings included specificity, 100%; sensitivity, 79.0%; and overall accuracy, 83.0%. Eleven of 13 false-negative studies (84.6%) were consequent to sampling error; the remaining two cases (both "suspects") were the result of cytopathologist judgment error. In those patients with tissue corroboration of their lung disease, the authors obtained a 93.8% concordance rate between cytology and histology results. They conclude that uniform verification criteria, as well as careful analysis of "suspects" and false negatives, can lead to better patient care through improved quality control. PMID- 6741867 TI - Superficial spreading malignant melanoma with neurosarcomatous metastasis. AB - Metastatic malignant melanoma often poses a difficult light and ultrastructural diagnostic challenge. A superficial spreading malignant melanoma without desmoplasia displayed neurosarcomatous light and electron microscopic features in metastatic sites. The ultrastructure displayed some Schwann cell features and strong-S-100 immunostaining. Metastatic melanoma with Schwannian differentiation in metastatic sites without lesional desmoplasia is rare and must be included in the differential diagnosis of spindled neoplasms involving lymph nodes. The evolution of this lesion illustrates the spectrum of melanocytic differentiation, i.e., pigment synthesis, adaptive fibroplasia and Schwannian differentiation. PMID- 6741868 TI - Disseminated intravascular coagulation in two patients with histiocytic medullary reticulosis. AB - Two young adults with characteristic features of histiocytic medullary reticulosis (HMR) are described. Of particular interest was the development of striking clinical and laboratory features of disseminated intravascular coagulation (DIC), in the absence of sepsis in both cases. Both patients had a marked and fatal bleeding tendency. The association between neoplasia and DIC is well established, but, to the best of our knowledge, DIC presenting a major feature of HMR has not yet been described. The possible pathogenesis of DIC in HMR is discussed. PMID- 6741869 TI - Fanconi's syndrome associated with carburetor fluid intoxication. AB - A patient who ingested carburetor fluid developed methanol intoxication followed by hypouricemia, hypophosphatemia, glycosuria, and hyperchloremic metabolic acidosis. Renal clearances of phosphate, uric acid, glucose, and bicarbonate were found to be elevated indicating the presence of Fanconi's syndrome. The authors postulate that the Fanconi's syndrome observed in our patient was the result of the organic solvents present in the mixture. PMID- 6741871 TI - Analytic accuracy and survey results. PMID- 6741870 TI - Distribution of LDH-1 in normal, ischemic, and necrotic myocardium: an immunoperoxidase study. PMID- 6741872 TI - Anticoagulants, platelets, and instrument problems. PMID- 6741873 TI - Leu M1 and peanut agglutinin stain the neoplastic cells of Hodgkin's disease. AB - It has been suggested that the malignant cells of Hodgkin's disease (HD), Reed Sternberg cells, and their mononuclear variants may be related to cells of the monocyte-histiocyte system. To test this hypothesis, 20 cases of HD were tested with nine antibodies, monoclonal or polyclonal, that normally react with cells of monocytic/histiocytic/granulocytic lineages, as well as PNA, which binds to histiocytes directly. Only two reagents, Leu M1 and PNA bound to the neoplastic cells in 20/22 and 13/22 cases tested, respectively. Leu M1 was the most sensitive reagent and was negative in only two cases of lymphocyte predominant HD. Leu M1 also could be employed in routinely fixed and processed formalin or B5 fixed tissue. This antibody, which was negative in 27 cases of non-Hodgkin's lymphoma, including 12 peripheral T-cell lymphomas, should prove to be of value in differential diagnosis of HD and morphologically similar reactive and neoplastic lymphoid lesions. PMID- 6741874 TI - The differential diagnosis of routinely processed anaplastic tumors using monoclonal antibodies. AB - The value of immunohistological labeling with a panel of monoclonal antibodies in the diagnosis of routinely processed surgical biopsies has been assessed. The cases examined consisted of an unselected series of tumor biopsies referred during a 12-month period because of doubt as to the nature of the neoplasm and are representative of the type of diagnostic problem regularly encountered in routine surgical pathology. In 30 of the 38 cases studied, reactivity with monoclonal antileukocyte antibody (and nonreactivity with monoclonal antiepithelial antibodies) indicated that the tumor was a lymphoma. Seven of the remaining eight cases gave the reverse reaction pattern and therefore were classified as carcinomas, while one biopsy was unreactive with all antibodies. Review of the clinical details in each case showed that the clinical management in several instances was influenced by establishing the correct diagnosis and it therefore is suggested that immunohistologic examination should be used more widely in the study of tumors that give rise to diagnostic difficulty. PMID- 6741875 TI - The presence of the Ii blood group system on human platelets. AB - To examine platelets for the Ii antigens, high-titer human IgM anti-I and anti-i antibodies were affinity purified, radiolabeled with 125I, and incubated with adult and cord platelets. Saturation binding curves were performed by incubating adult platelets with serial dilutions of concentrated 125I-anti-I. Inhibition binding curves were performed by incubating adult platelets with doubling dilutions of concentrated unlabeled anti-I mixed with 125I-labeled anti-I. Adult platelets bound significantly more anti-I than anti-i, while cord platelets bound more anti-i than anti-I (P less than 0.025). Both anti-I and anti-i show a temperature-dependent dose-response curve of maximum binding at 4 degrees C. Binding of 125I-labeled anti-I was inhibited by preincubation with 100-fold concentration of unlabeled anti-I. The authors conclude that platelets express I/i antigens in parallel with that of red blood cells. PMID- 6741876 TI - Workload, space, and personnel of microbiology laboratories in teaching hospitals. AB - The resources needed to operate a microbiology laboratory are known only as rough approximations. In order to gather more information about these resources, a 13 page questionnaire was completed by 50 pathology departments, of which 38 departments provided adequate information about their microbiology sections to permit data analysis. This study reports the results for resource and work load factors and significant regression analyses among these factors for the whole microbiology section and the subsections of aerobic bacteriology, anaerobic bacteriology, mycobacteriology , mycology, parasitology, virology, and antibiotic sensitivity. These data provide a basis for evaluating the current needs of microbiology laboratories and for making projections for the future. PMID- 6741877 TI - Glandular inclusions in inguinal hernial sacs and spermatic cords. Mullerian-like remnants confused with functional reproductive structures. AB - Small, glandular inclusions are present in approximately 6% of hernial sacs from prepubertal males. Identical structures may be present in the spermatic cord. Histologically, these are composed of ciliated, low columnar epithelium with eosinophilic cytoplasm and basal nuclei. A mantle of fibrous tissue surrounds each gland-like structure. These epithelial inclusions may be confused with reproductive ducts of functional importance; however, specific histologic features allow ready distinction. The origin of these structures is uncertain, but it is most probable that they are remnants of Mullerian ducts. PMID- 6741878 TI - Interference of O.C.T. embedding compound with hormone receptor assays. AB - The interference of O.C.T. (Optimum Cutting Temperature) embedding compound with the determination of estrogen and progesterone receptor analysis in rabbit uterus cytosol and human breast cancer tissue was investigated. It was determined that O.C.T. Compound reduces binding in rabbit uterus cytosol at concentrations greater than 1%. Hormone receptor binding greatly was reduced in human breast cancer tissues from O.C.T. embedded tissues when compared with the untreated tissue of the same patients. Progesterone receptor binding was affected more strongly than estrogen binding. PMID- 6741879 TI - Bone marrow biopsy technic. Artifact induced by aspiration. AB - Bone marrow aspiration and trephine biopsy specimens are of additive value when assessing various marrow disorders. Many physicians obtain both an aspirate and a trephine core when taking a biopsy of bone marrow, but opinions differ about which biopsy specimen should be obtained first. Some authors mention the possibility of artifactual hypocellularity and hemorrhage in the trephine biopsy specimen when trephine biopsy follows aspiration at the same site. This report describes the occurrence and significance of bone marrow aspiration artifact. The artifact usually occupies a relatively small area of the biopsy specimen and satisfactory evaluation of the marrow is still possible. However, the artifact occasionally hinders marrow evaluation, particularly when the trephine biopsy specimen is relatively short. Because the artifact is not observed in specimens obtained away from the aspiration site, it is best to perform the trephine biopsy before aspiration, or away from the aspiration site, especially when technical problems prevent obtaining a large amount of trephine material. PMID- 6741880 TI - Lack of validity of standard corrections for white blood cell counts of blood contaminated cerebrospinal fluid in infants. AB - An evaluation of the validity in infants of standard computations for the correction of white cell counts in blood-contaminated cerebrospinal fluid (traumatic lumbar puncture) was undertaken. In 39 infants with significant blood contamination (greater than 10(4) red blood cells/microL) and no evidence of bacterial meningitis, both calculated corrections based on simultaneously obtained complete blood counts and estimated corrections based on average values resulted in overcorrection in a majority of cases (33 of 39 and 25 of 39, respectively). The mechanism of this overcorrection could not be defined. In eight infants with significant blood contamination and proven bacterial meningitis, correction computations normalized or overcorrected the white cell count in one case. It appears that standard computations frequently overcorrect white cell counts in blood-contaminated cerebrospinal fluid and that the magnitude of the overcorrection may obscure pathologic states in some cases. PMID- 6741881 TI - The helping process in couples. AB - This study examined couples' informal helping interactions, that is, how partners helped each other with their psychological problems. Fifty-three couples participated in a communication sampling task in which they took each of two roles, discloser and helper (analogous to client and therapist). Audiotapes of the interactions were subsequently categorized according to helper response modes and rated on global measures of problem solving, understanding, and supportiveness. The most frequent helper response modes were question, advisement, and interpretation; reflection was infrequently used. There were no differences in helping communication associated with gender or sex-role self concept. The important characteristic of the helpers' communication was not the type of response used, but the evaluative quality of the response. Helpers who were more satisfied with their relationships tended to be more understanding and supportive. Also, interactions rated as more understanding and supportive tended to be experienced as more helpful by the disclosers. PMID- 6741882 TI - Race differences in psychological distress: the effects of SES, urbanicity, and measurement strategy. AB - Studies of race differences in psychological distress show that controls for demographic variables typically attenuate or reverse race differences. Variability in findings is interpreted in terms of the urbanicity of the population studied, the distress dimension considered, and measurement focus upon "presence" or "persistence" of symptoms. Data from 826 Florida residents indicated that race differences in urban and rural samples were generally attenuated by adjustments for SES and age. However, blacks reported significantly more persistent depressive symptoms after adjustment in the rural sample. Implications of these findings for future research on race differences in psychological distress are considered. PMID- 6741883 TI - Risk and resource indicators and their relationship to young children's school adjustment. AB - Relationships between risk-magnifying life situations and events, as well as resources, and school adjustment were explored in a large sample of first through fourth graders. Also studied was the extent to which the presence of resources moderate the effects of risk. Children's risk and resource factors were determined from background-identifying information provided by teachers in four domains: physical and health characteristics, recent critical life events, special school services and activities, and family background variables. A significant negative correlation was found between scores on composite risk and resource indices. Both indices correlated significantly, and in the expected directions, with measures of school problem behaviors and competencies. High risk children with moderate resources were significantly better adjusted than high risk children with few or no resources. Implications of those findings for developing primary prevention programs for children at risk were considered. PMID- 6741884 TI - Extreme Immaturity. A frontier in neonatology. PMID- 6741885 TI - Staphylococcus epidermidis septicemia in children with leukemia and lymphoma. AB - Staphylococcus epidermidis is emerging as a cause of morbidity and mortality in immunocompromised patients. From January 1980 through June 1982, there were 150 episodes of septicemia in 92 children with leukemia and lymphoma at Memorial Sloan-Kettering Cancer Center, New York. Staphylococcus epidermidis was the fourth most common organism isolated, responsible for 12.7% of all septicemic episodes. Only nine of 53 isolates were sensitive to methicillin; all were sensitive to vancomycin. Staphylococcus epidermidis septicemia was associated with immunosuppressive chemotherapy (94.7%); broad-spectrum antibiotics (79.0%); catheters and drains (73.7%); neutropenia (63.2%); skin or soft-tissue infections (42.1%); prior septicemia (42.1%); concurrent polymicrobial septicemia (21.1%); and prolonged hospitalization (mean, 39 days). Of 19 patients, two died. Increased awareness of the pathogenic potential of S epidermidis in children with hematologic malignancies and prompt alteration of therapy to an effective antimicrobial agent, in most cases vancomycin hydrochloride, is required when the organism is isolated in patients known to be at risk with clinical evidence of septicemia. PMID- 6741886 TI - Changing spectrum of infective endocarditis in children. Analysis of 26 cases, 1970-1979. AB - The decade of the 1970s was marked by an increased survival of children with complex heart lesions, use of prosthetic material in open heart surgery, and placement of indwelling central catheters in critically ill patients. We analyzed all 26 cases of children with infective endocarditis (IE) seen at Yale University, New Haven, Conn, from 1970 through 1979 to determine whether these and other factors resulted in a change in pediatric IE. A larger proportion of cases arose postoperatively as compared with previous series. Among the postsurgical and catheterization-related cases, the most common infecting agents were streptococci, not the expected staphylococci. Although the number of cases was small, IE associated with prosthetic material had a favorable prognosis; all survivors of IE with prosthetic material were cured by medical regimens alone. The IE cases in children with previously normal hearts were associated with indwelling central catheters. PMID- 6741887 TI - Reducing distress in pediatric cardiac catheterization. AB - To examine the efficacy of rehearsal in reducing distress in 3- to 6-year-old children undergoing diagnostic cardiac catheterization, 40 children were assigned randomly to the rehearsal preparation procedure or to usual preparation. The rehearsal program involved the use of behavioral rehearsal in the catheterization laboratory, manuals to explain the procedure to the parents, and coloring books to provide parents and children with a vicarious experience of catheterization. Rehearsed patients cried, yelled for mother, complained of pain less, and showed lower rates of motor activity than did control patients. Rehearsed patients also showed less overt regressive, aggressive, and anxiety behaviors at home following the catheterization than did controls. Parents in the rehearsed group showed less anxiety following the catheterization, and negative reactions in children correlated significantly with parental anxiety. Participants' reactions were uniformly more positive in the rehearsed than in the control patients. PMID- 6741888 TI - Jimsonweed intoxication in adolescents and young adults. AB - Seventy-three jimsonweed exposures reported to a regional poison center over a five-year period were reviewed. The ingestors' mean age was 17.3 years (range, 11 to 28 years). The most common route of exposure was oral, and the circumstance was drug abuse or experimentation in the majority of the cases. Although 11 callers remained at home, 59 required medical care in an emergency department or were admitted to the hospital. Treatment consisted of gastrointestinal decontamination, supportive care, and physostigmine salicylate administration. Almost 40% of the medically treated patients received physostigmine for severe hallucinations. One of the 59 medically treated patients had seizures develop. Calls to the poison center regarding jimsonweed differed from other calls in several respects. Jimsonweed abuse is a potentially serious form of substance abuse in adolescents and young adults. PMID- 6741889 TI - Preoperative ultrasound and gallium-67 evaluation of abdominal non-Hodgkin's lymphoma. AB - The diagnostic accuracy of abdominal ultrasonography followed by gallium (Ga)-67 scintigraphy in 21 patients, aged 1 to 14 years, appearing with abdominal non Hodgkin's lymphoma (NHL) was analyzed. All cases were confirmed by biopsy; in a majority (16 patients), the tissue was obtained from an abdominal mass at the time of laparotomy subsequent to the imaging studies. Nineteen satisfactory abdominal ultrasound examinations were performed; 18 were interpreted as characteristic of NHL. Sixteen of these were of masses involving the gastrointestinal tract. All 21 patients had 67Ga scintigraphy that demonstrated abnormal radionuclide accumulation in the abdomen. In no instance was the final diagnosis different from the one predicted by the combined imaging studies. Ultrasonography is recommended as the initial test in the evaluation of clinical presentations consistent with abdominal NHL to expedite suitable management and prevent inappropriate surgery. PMID- 6741890 TI - Use of sodium chromate Cr51 in diagnosing childhood idiopathic pulmonary hemosiderosis. AB - The diagnosis of idiopathic pulmonary hemosiderosis (IPH) may be elusive. A 6 year-old boy had microcytic hypochromic anemia and a hemolytic component. Hemosiderin-laden macrophages were not found in the gastric aspirate. He had no pulmonary signs or symptoms. Extensive hematologic and roentgenologic investigations failed to reveal the cause of the anemia. Quantitative serial scintigraphic scanning showed significant (35%) pulmonary sequestration of autologous erythrocytes labeled with sodium chromate Cr51. The half-life of the RBCs was moderately decreased (half-life, 15 days; normal, 25 to 35 days). An open-lung biopsy specimen confirmed the diagnosis of IPH. A diagnosis of IPH should be considered when children have iron deficiency anemia and pulmonary signs or symptoms. Organ sequestration studies may be helpful in equivocal cases. PMID- 6741891 TI - Radiolucent intratracheal foreign body mistaken for croup in a 9-year-old boy. AB - Stridor was present for at least three months in a 9-year-old boy whose cervical trachea contained granulation tissue in association with a chronically enlodged plastic wheel, 1.8 cm in diameter. Roentgenograms revealed irregularly lobulated narrowing of the cervical trachea. Our clinical impression was croup until bronchoscopic examination led to removal of the toy. We could elicit no history of aspiration. Chronic stridor in association with a radiolucent intratracheal foreign body is unusual in the absence of a history of aspiration. PMID- 6741892 TI - Intrarenal aneurysm of the renal artery in children. AB - Two children with hypertension had intrarenal aneurysms in the renal artery. In both children, renovascular hypertension was documented by renal vein renin assay showing elevated renin secretion from the involved kidney and suppression of renin secretion from the contralateral kidney. Transcatheter embolization of a segmental artery cured the hypertension in one case. A nephrectomy performed in the other case, because of multiple intrarenal aneurysms, was curative. Intrarenal renal artery aneurysms are an uncommon cause of renovascular hypertension in children. The aneurysms may be mycotic or congenital in origin, or secondary to diffuse vasculitis. Although spontaneous resolution of the aneurysms may occur when due to vasculitis, treatment of most aneurysms is usually necessary. Transcatheter embolization of solitary aneurysms is an attractive alternative to partial nephrectomy, since it allows maximal preservation of renal parenchyma with minimal morbidity. PMID- 6741893 TI - Development in children following abuse and nonorganic failure to thrive. AB - Thirty-nine children who had been abused an average of 5 1/2 years earlier and 14 children who had been admitted to the hospital with nonorganic failure to thrive (NOFTT) 13 years earlier were studied to look at similarities and differences in their development. Each group was studied in relation to a comparison group matched for age, sex, social class, and ethnic background. The abused children and those with NOFTT were similar in their language ability, and were significantly behind their comparison groups in language development, reading age, and verbal intelligence. The abused children, but not the group who had NOFTT, were significantly behind their comparison group in general intelligence, interpersonal relations, and self-concept, but in contrast to the children with NOFTT they were not delayed in social maturity. The long-term adverse sequelae of these two conditions emphasize the need for a long-term, child-centered approach. PMID- 6741894 TI - Pseudoabusive burns in Asian refugees. AB - Six Southeast Asian refugee children had cigarettelike burn scars on the lower trunk and abdomen. Questioning of the families disclosed that the burns had been the result of therapeutic burning by folk medical healers for prior illnesses. Pediatric practitioners should recognize the therapeutic intent of these injuries to avoid inappropriate accusations of child abuse. They can likewise encourage families to seek less harmful alternative treatments. PMID- 6741895 TI - Indirect BP monitoring in the newborn. Evaluation of a new oscillometer and comparison of upper- and lower-limb measurements. AB - We compared simultaneous direct (aortic) and indirect (oscillometric) BP measurements in 19 patients admitted to a newborn intensive care unit. Two hundred six indirect measurements were obtained from an upper extremity in 14 patients, and 50 from a lower extremity in five other patients. A regression analysis of paired data over a wide range of BPs showed excellent correlation between measurements obtained with the automated oscillometer and intra-arterial catheters. The oscillometric BP correlated equally well in both upper and lower extremities. Simultaneous upper- and lower-extremity BP measurements were taken in seven infants with low birth weights during the first 12 days of life and in ten normal term 2-to 5-day-old infants. Contrary to some previous reports, systolic, mean, and diastolic pressures were virtually identical at both sites. PMID- 6741896 TI - What is the lower limit of viability? Intact survival of a 440-g infant. AB - The fourth smallest infant found to be reported with a long-term survival, a 440 g girl, was cared for in an intensive care nursery. With minimal intervention needed in this remarkable infant, her growth and development have shown an excellent outcome at the age of 2 years. PMID- 6741897 TI - The prevention of heat disorders in sports. PMID- 6741898 TI - Radiological case of the month. Anaerobic pyopneumopericardium. PMID- 6741900 TI - Mormons, honey, and infant botulism. PMID- 6741899 TI - Prader-Willi syndrome. PMID- 6741901 TI - Septo-optic dysplasia and median cleft face syndrome. PMID- 6741902 TI - Severe hepatitis B virus-negative chronic hepatitis responsive to steroids in a child with common variable hypogammaglobulinemia. PMID- 6741903 TI - Achalasia in a father and son. AB - Two cases of achalasia are described in a father and son. This is only the second such occurrence reported. A review of the literature is presented supporting the possibility of transmission via autosomal recessive inheritance. PMID- 6741904 TI - Esophageal foreign body perforation: report of an unusual case and review of the literature. AB - This report describes a patient with a foreign body esophageal perforation in whom the usual clinical symptoms of respiratory distress and severe chest pain as well as obvious abnormalities on x-rays of the chest and esophagus were not present. The possible subtle nature of esophageal perforation is emphasized and the evaluation of such cases is reviewed. PMID- 6741905 TI - Giardiasis: diagnosis by endoscopic brush cytology of the duodenum. AB - The diagnosis of giardiasis is frequently difficult to make. The routine procedure of multiple stool examinations fails to detect Giardia lamblia trophozoites or cysts in 30-50% of cases. Small bowel biopsy and aspirate are believed to be the best way to make the diagnosis of giardiasis if the organism is not found in the stool and the diagnosis is still suspected. We describe two patients whose diagnosis of giardiasis was established by endoscopic brush cytology of the duodenal mucosa. The first patient had negative stool examinations, duodenal biopsy, and duodenal aspirate. PMID- 6741906 TI - Metronidazole therapy for Crohn's disease and associated fistulae. AB - Because of reports suggesting the efficacy of metronidazole therapy in the healing of perianal fistulae in Crohn's disease, the effect of metronidazole on symptoms of Crohn's disease and associated perianal fistulae were evaluated in eight consecutive patients. The criterion for entry into the study was the presence of resistant fistulae in patients with Crohn's disease. The duration of intestinal Crohn's ranged from 1/2-30 years and fistulae from 1-14 years. All patients had ileocolitis or pancolitis. Two had enteroenteric fistulae in addition to perianal fistulae. All had had previous surgery, half for fistulae and half for intestinal complications, usually obstruction. All had been on Prednisone. All but one had received multiple other drugs including Azathioprine, Azulfidine, antibiotics, and rectal steroids. Patients were placed on metronidazole 1000 to 1500 mg/day orally in divided doses. The number of draining fistulae was reduced 20-fold and the number of detectable fistulous openings by 50%. All patients had relief of fistula-associated pain; general Crohn's disease symptoms improved as well. Complete resolution of all symptoms occurred in half the patients. All patients experienced side effects, six had numbness of toes and five had metallic taste. Resolution of side effects occurred on discontinuation of metronidazole after 1-3 wk off the drug in all except one patient. All patients noted continued improvement in Crohn's symptoms during 6 months of follow-up after cessation of their therapy. Other side effects that have been reported with metronidazole therapy were not seen in our patients. PMID- 6741908 TI - Acute septic pancreatitis presenting as colonic necrosis. AB - A 43-year-old alcoholic male homosexual, developed acute ischemic necrosis of the descending colon secondary to acute necrotizing pancreatitis. CT scan was diagnostic of pancreatitis. Necrosis of the left colon required colectomy with colostomy. Postoperatively recovery was slow but ultimately complete. The patient is in excellent health 18 months postoperatively. PMID- 6741907 TI - Malignant colon polyps--cure by colonoscopy or colectomy? AB - Although malignant sessile colon polyps usually require colectomy for proper treatment, the vast majority of malignant pedunculated polyps can be removed colonoscopically for cure. The author's experience with 83 consecutively encountered malignant polypoid lesions is reviewed and is the basis for the discussion herein. All 49 malignant pedunculated polyps were removed colonoscopically. Eight of these patients also underwent colectomy because of questionable or definite presence of cancer cells within the stalk portion of the polyp; no residual cancer was identified at the polypectomy site, and all lymph nodes were negative in these patients. Of 34 patients with malignant sessile polypoid lesions, 13 underwent colectomy because of obvious malignancy at colonoscopy. Twenty-one sessile lesions were removed colonoscopically; with malignancy documented, nine of the 21 patients underwent colectomy. Positive findings (either cancer at the polypectomy site or in lymph nodes) at surgery were identified in two of these nine patients. Colonoscopic polypectomy can be considered curative for malignant pedunculated polyps provided the stalk portion of the lesion is totally uninvolved with the malignant process, provided there is no lymphatic or vascular invasion, the malignancy is well differentiated, and follow-up endoscopic examination of the polypectomy site reveals no residual or recurrence. These four criteria must be satisfied in order to consider a malignant pedunculated polyp curatively removed by colonoscopic polypectomy alone. The risk of colectomy in patients satisfying these four criteria is believed to be greater than the risk of metastatic disease and death from this lesion. Colectomy is recommended for all patients with malignant sessile polypoid lesions, provided their general medical condition provides an acceptable operative risk. Although colonoscopic polypectomy is not recommended for obviously malignant sessile polyps, there are instances where sessile lesions are removed colonoscopically and found microscopically to contain focal or minute areas of invasive cancer. In certain of these patients, the risk of colectomy may exceed the risk of recurrence or metastasis, if the polypoid lesion has been totally removed colonoscopically and completeness of the polypectomy has been documented by follow-up colonoscopy. Each patient's clinical history, general condition, and histopathology must be reviewed individually by a clinician experienced in this field in order to reach a wise and proper decision regarding the potential need for colectomy, and limit colectomy to those patients in whom it is absolutely necessary. PMID- 6741909 TI - Acute Wilson's disease and thalassemia minor: a case report. AB - The case of a 17-year-old Italian girl with thalassemia minor and fatal acute Wilson's disease together with severe hemolysis is reported. The fortuitous(?) occurrence of both genetically determined conditions in the same patient was the source of delayed diagnosis of the metabolic disorder. PMID- 6741910 TI - Gastroenterology and the law. PMID- 6741911 TI - The Mantel-Haenszel estimator in case-control studies with varying numbers of controls matched to each case. PMID- 6741912 TI - Reproductive history in women with coronary heart disease. A case-control study. AB - Reproductive history events may be risk factors for coronary heart disease among women under age 60. In this study, the cases were 169 women under age 60 with a diagnosis of coronary heart disease while residents of Rochester, Minnesota. The first manifestation of coronary heart disease was angina in 95, myocardial infarction in 59, and sudden unexpected death in 15 women. Two age- and sex matched controls for each case were selected from all registrations for care at the Mayo Clinic in the same year the case was diagnosed. The cases had more of the accepted coronary heart disease risk factors--i.e., hypertension (relative risk = 2.9), smoking (relative risk = 2.4), elevated serum cholesterol (relative risk = 2.6), and diabetes (relative risk = 4.1)--than did controls. In addition, women undergoing artificial menopause and those whose first pregnancy was before age 25 appeared to be at higher risk of coronary heart disease. Use of multivariate analysis to control for known coronary heart disease risk factors resulted in a relative risk of 1.9 for women whose age at first pregnancy was less than 20, and 1.8 for those whose age at first pregnancy was 20-24, as compared with those never pregnant and those whose age at first pregnancy was greater than or equal to 25. PMID- 6741913 TI - Risk factors for pathologically confirmed benign breast disease. AB - Between November 1981 and March 1983, data were collected to evaluate risk factors for benign breast lesions in a case-control study based on 288 women with histologically proven benign breast disease, admitted for biopsy to the Tumor Institute of Milan, and 285 age-matched controls. Questions were asked about menstrual and reproductive characteristics, marital status, education, history of various diseases, and lifetime use of oral contraceptives and other hormonal treatments. Nulliparity or low parity, late age at first birth, and late menopause were associated with an increased risk of benign breast disease. The elevated risk associated with late age at first birth was not accounted for by parity. Early age at menarche was associated with an increased risk, but the estimate was not statistically significant. The data do not suggest that the use of oral contraceptives or other female hormones (such as estrogen replacement therapy) is related to the risk of benign breast disease. Risk was apparently lower, however, among current and long-term oral contraceptive users. There was no evidence of a trend with reference to body mass index. The present data indicate a substantial agreement between the risk factors for (pathologically confirmed) benign and malignant breast disease, not only directly, by showing a relationship with parity, age at first birth, and age at menopause, but also indirectly, by failing to produce evidence that greater weight or the use of oral contraceptives has a protective effect. PMID- 6741914 TI - Environmental and genetic sources of familial aggregation of blood pressure in Tecumseh, Michigan. AB - Environmental and genetic sources of variation in blood pressure have been assessed for an 82% sample of the Tecumseh, Michigan, population during the period 1962-1965. Correlations of systolic blood pressure and diastolic blood pressure were calculated for sets of related and unrelated individuals living together and related individuals living apart. These correlations were analyzed using a biologic model which partitions the total phenotypic variance into components associated with shared genes and components associated with shared household environments both within and across generations. Heritabilities were estimated to be 0.42 and 0.30 for systolic blood pressure and diastolic blood pressure, respectively. The model confirms the hypothesis that the determinants of blood pressure consist of both significant genetic (p less than 0.005) and environmental (p less than 0.005) components. However, only the shared household environments within generations were found to be significant for systolic blood pressure (p less than 0.005) and diastolic blood pressure (p less than 0.05). Although not significant, the across generation shared environment between mothers and offspring tended to have some importance, while that between fathers and offspring was negligible. The implication that there may be some maternal influence in addition to the genetic influence on the determination of blood pressure in offspring warrants further investigation. PMID- 6741915 TI - Sample sizes for estimation of the odds ratio in unmatched case-control studies. AB - A method is presented to obtain sample sizes for cases and controls that are required to provide approximate confidence intervals on the log odds ratio of predetermined width 2d and probability of coverage as a function of assumed exposure rates in the control group, assumed odds ratio psi, required d, and ratio C:1 of controls to cases. PMID- 6741916 TI - Effectiveness of various methods of contact and reimbursement on response rates of pregnant women to a mail questionnaire. PMID- 6741918 TI - Re: "on epidemiologic surveys". PMID- 6741917 TI - Control selection using random digit dialing for cases of childhood cancer. PMID- 6741919 TI - Blood pressure and nutrition in adults. The National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey. AB - To provide a contemporary profile of blood pressure and nutritional and sociodemographic relationships in the adult US population, data from the first National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey ( NHANES -I), 1971-1975, were analyzed. Systolic and diastolic blood pressures increased with increasing age, but trends were different by sex and race groups. Body mass index (weight/ height2 ) was the nutritional factor most strongly and consistently related to blood pressure. Among dietary constituents, alcohol consumption and calcium and phosphorus intake were the only variables having consistent and independent relationships to blood pressure. Sodium content of food and salt use had no relationship, and sodium/potassium food content had only an inconsistent association. Regarding serum nutritional measures, serum calcium was directly related and serum phosphorus was inversely related to blood pressure. Serum urate, serum aspartate aminotransferase, and hemoglobin were also independently related to systolic and diastolic blood pressures. There were few important differences by race or sex in these correlates. These observations from a representative sample of the US population have useful implications for prevention and treatment of high blood pressure. PMID- 6741920 TI - School contact among persons with Hodgkin's disease. AB - The authors evaluated the hypothesis that Hodgkin's disease is transmitted among high school students (in a contagious manner) by determining whether members of a population-based series of young adult cases attended school together more frequently than expected. Cases of Hodgkin's disease were diagnosed from July 1, 1973 through December 31, 1977. Of the 245 cases and 483 matched population controls interviewed, 196 cases and 371 controls attended schools in Massachusetts. School histories of subjects obtained by personal interviews were analyzed to determine the frequency with which subjects had been in the same class or had attended the same school at the same time. In high school, cases were schoolmates more often than expected (relative risk (RR) = 1.2), as well as classmates (RR = 1.9). However, in junior high school, cases were schoolmates less often than expected (RR = 0.8), and none were classmates with four expected. In elementary school, cases were somewhat more likely to be schoolmates (RR = 1.4) with no excess of classmates. The 95% confidence interval for all relative risks includes 1.0. PMID- 6741921 TI - The future of measles in highly immunized populations. A modeling approach. AB - Little is known about how an intensive measles elimination program changes the overall immune status of the population. A computer model was created to study the effect of the measles elimination program in the United States on the number of susceptibles in the population. The simulation reveals that in the prevaccine era, approximately 10.6% of the population was susceptible to measles, most of whom were children less than 10 years of age. With the institution of the measles immunization program, the proportion of susceptibles in the population fell to 3.1% from 1978 through 1981, but then began to rise by approximately 0.1% per year to reach about 10.9% in the year 2050. The susceptibles at this time were distributed evenly throughout all age groups. The model did not consider the potential effect of waning immunity. The results of this study suggest that measles elimination in the United States has been achieved by an effective immunization program aimed at young susceptibles combined with a highly, naturally immunized adult population. However, despite short-term success in eliminating the disease, long-range projections demonstrate that the proportion of susceptibles in the year 2050 may be greater than in the prevaccine era. Present vaccine technology and public health policy must be altered to deal with this eventuality. PMID- 6741922 TI - A counterexample to the test-based principle of setting confidence limits. PMID- 6741923 TI - Overcrowding and intensive exposure as determinants of measles mortality. AB - Data from a 1979 measles epidemic in an urban district of Guinea- Bissau indicate that state of nutrition is not a major determinant of outcome of infection. However, overcrowding increases the risk of early infection and the severity of disease. In instances in which several children have measles simultaneously, the case fatality rate is significantly higher than for isolated cases. This tendency is apparently a result of intensity of exposure; within the same house, secondary cases have a much higher age-specific case fatality rate than index cases. It is suggested that the association between intensive exposure and severity of infection may be due to increase rates of intercurrent infection and/or a greater dose of infection. Since it is not only the malnourished children who die of measles, vaccination may have a greater importance for survival patterns than has previously been assumed. PMID- 6741924 TI - Change in blood pressure and total cholesterol with retirement. AB - This study examines change in systolic blood pressure, diastolic blood pressure, and total serum cholesterol over a three-year span in two groups of men aged 55 74 years at follow-up: 1) 262 men who were working at baseline but retired at follow-up, and 2) 409 age peers who remained employed at both measurement times. Measures were obtained from medical examinations conducted since the early 1970s as part of the prospective Veterans Administration Normative Aging Study in Boston. Regression analyses showed an average increase of 3.44 mmHg in systolic blood pressure, 1.62 mmHg in diastolic blood pressure, and 5.56 mg/dl in cholesterol for retirees compared with workers. The relative increases in the blood pressure variables were statistically significant. However, a logistic regression analysis did not show a greater incidence of hypertension among retirees compared with workers. The odds ratio, standardized for baseline blood pressure, body mass index, and age, was 0.90 (95 per cent confidence interval 0.56-1.45). Among retirees only, analyses of covariance showed that levels of blood pressure and cholesterol were comparable from one six-month interval to the next in the three years preceding and following retirement. Overall, the effects of retirement were not of sufficient magnitude to conclude that retirement had a clinically significant impact on blood pressure or cholesterol. PMID- 6741925 TI - Influence of socioprofessional conditions on blood pressure levels and hypertension control. Epidemiologic study of 6,665 subjects in the Paris district. AB - A total of 6,665 subjects (3,896 men and 2,769 women) employed by small and medium-sized companies in the Paris region were examined. Mean systolic blood pressure (SBP) was significantly higher in the lowest than in the highest occupational categories (p less than 0.001), even when results were adjusted for age (p less than 0.001) and body mass index (p less than 0.001). Diastolic blood pressure (DBP) differed among the occupational categories (p less than 0.001); the differences were still significant after adjustment for age but not for body mass index, suggesting that the latter might be partly responsible for the differences in DBP. Prevalence of hypertension was 14.7% and was negatively associated with a high occupational category (p less than 0.001). Multivariate analysis confirmed the influence of occupational category on SBP (p less than 0.001). Exposure to noise at work and assembly line work were associated with high SBP (p less than 0.01 for both). Of the subjects with detected hypertension, 65.6% were aware of their illness, and 35.3% were undergoing treatment. Both the percentage of treated patients and compliance with treatment were positively associated with occupational category (p less than 0.01 in both cases). Among women, SBP of treated hypertensives was higher in the lowest than in the highest occupational categories (p less than 0.05). It is suggested that the differences in blood pressure levels observed among occupational categories are partly due to working conditions, and that poor compliance with treatment among the low occupational categories enhances these differences. PMID- 6741926 TI - Breast cancer screening data in case-control studies. PMID- 6741928 TI - Drinking and mortality. The Framingham Study. AB - Drinking and subsequent mortality were examined in a cohort of 5,209 men and women from Framingham, Massachusetts. Alcohol histories were obtained at the second biennial examination (1950-1954) from 2,106 men and 2,641 women. Of this group, 646 men and 521 women died in the next 22 years. Unlike what is reported from most other prospective studies, men who drank had lower mortality than men who did not, the lowest mortality being for light drinkers. Even men drinking 60 ounces of alcohol per month or more had no greater mortality than nondrinkers. Drinking by women was unrelated to subsequent mortality. For most alcohol-related causes, there were too few deaths to analyze. Liver cirrhosis, however, accounted for 24 deaths. Although these were related to alcohol use, more than half of the persons dying from this cause reported drinking less than 60 ounces of alcohol per month at baseline. There was, however, a very strong association of heavy alcohol consumption with stomach cancer, but not with any other cancer. PMID- 6741927 TI - Oral contraceptive use and fibrocystic breast disease among pre- and postmenopausal women. AB - The association between use of oral contraceptives and fibrocystic breast disease was assessed among women aged 20-74 years in a hospital-based case-control study conducted between November 1979 and November 1981 in Connecticut. The study groups comprised 633 women with biopsy-proven fibrocystic breast disease and 1,062 controls who had been admitted, as inpatients or outpatients, to general surgical services. For the premenopausal women, there was no evidence that long term use of oral contraceptives was associated with a decreased frequency of fibrocystic breast disease among either current or past users. For the postmenopausal women, previous oral contraceptive exposure was associated with an increased occurrence of cystic disease. These findings contradict previous investigations reporting a negative association between oral contraceptive use and the development of fibrocystic breast disease. PMID- 6741929 TI - Increase in density and accumulation of serotonin by human aging platelets. AB - 51Cr-labeled autologous platelets were infused into splenectomized subjects and the specific radioactivities of high-density (HD) and low-density (LD) platelet subpopulations were determined sequentially in postinfusion samples. A rapid decrease in the specific radioactivity of LD cohorts (T1/2 = 2.5 days) was observed, but the specific radioactivity of HD platelets remained constant or increased slightly during the first 4 days and then gradually declined for the next 5 days. No experimental artifacts during the platelet-labeling steps that could account for these results were demonstrated. These findings confirm previous observations in eusplenic individuals and support the hypothesis that human LD platelets are, on the average, younger than HD platelets. LD platelets contain 33.8 +/- 13.5 ng serotonin (5HT)/10(8) platelets and HD platelets 76.8 +/ 9.5 ng 5HT/10(8) platelets (P less than 0.001). Sequential measurements of 5HT in PRP platelets were performed during the recovery phase of thrombocytopenia following splenectomy in patients with idiopathic thrombocytopenic purpura (ITP), a condition associated with aging of platelets in circulation. Presplenectomy platelet 5HT was 17.7 ng/10(8) platelets and on days 1, 6, and 12 after surgery it increased to 18.1, 37.8, and 61.0 ng/10(8) platelets (n = 7). When three healthy volunteers were given aspirin (500 mg/day) for up to 15 days, no significant change in the 5HT content of circulating platelets was observed. If aspirin blocks, at least partially, the secretory process in vivo without interfering the 5HT uptake by the platelets, this finding stands against the possibility that a net depletion of 5HT occurs during the life-span of normal human platelets. The observation that human HD platelets, enriched with older cells, contain more 5HT than LD platelets taken together with the parallel increase in platelet 5HT and age during the recovery from thrombocytopenia in ITP patients and the lack of effect of aspirin on platelet 5HT content, provides initial evidence that human platelets accumulate 5HT during their life-span in circulation. PMID- 6741930 TI - Serum from outdated human platelet concentrates: an alternative supplement for tissue (fibroblast) culture media. AB - Fetal calf serum (FCS) is used as a component of the media for cells grown in culture. However, the high cost of FCS has stimulated a search for a possible alternative. Approximately 10% of human platelet concentrates prepared for clinical transfusions are outdated. Sera prepared from platelet concentrates were compared with FCS and calf serum (CS) as a media supplement. A similar number of fibroblast (NSF-791) colonies grew in media supplemented with the three different sera. However, colonies grown in the presence of human platelet serum (HPS) were larger than those grown in media containing CS and FCS. Hence, serum prepared from outdated human platelet concentrates may be substituted for fetal calf serum as a cell culture nutrient, for fibroblasts. PMID- 6741931 TI - Migration of porcine endothelial and smooth muscle cells in response to platelet associated factors. AB - A NeuroProbe multiwell microchemotaxis assembly has been used to study the migration of porcine aortic endothelial and smooth muscle cells in vitro in response to serum factors. Whole pig serum was found to be chemokinetic for endothelial cells but not smooth muscle cells. Chemokinetic activity was higher in platelet-enriched, plasma-derived serum (PDS) than in platelet-free PDS. The supernatant from washed, lysed pig platelets also showed chemokinetic activity both for endothelial and smooth muscle cells. Chromatography on Sephadex G-200 showed that the lysate contained a number of activities that act independently on the two cell types. The chemokinetic activity that we have detected appears to be distinct from the chemotactic effect of platelet-derived growth factor and platelet factor 4 on the basis of insensitivity to protamine sulfate and molecular size. The role of these platelet factors in pathological changes in vascular structure is currently under study. PMID- 6741932 TI - Quantitation of hemoglobin components by high-performance cation-exchange liquid chromatography: its use in diagnosis and in the assessment of cellular distribution of hemoglobin variants. AB - Additional data are presented that were obtained with a newly developed cation exchange high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) method allowing the separation of numerous normal and abnormal human hemoglobin types. The method was found to be of considerable value for the diagnosis of certain hemoglobinopathies in the adult as well as in the newborn. Definitive differentiation between, AS, SS, S-beta+-thal, SD, SC, AC, C-beta+-thal, etc in cord bloods was readily accomplished even when the samples were collected on filter paper. Analyses of the hemoglobin in cells from Hb S and Hb C heterozygotes with different numbers of alpha chain genes (alpha alpha/alpha alpha; -alpha/alpha alpha; -alpha/-alpha) after separation by a Dextran density centrifugation technique failed to show significant changes in the relative quantitation of the variant hemoglobin types. Glycosylation of hemoglobin increased greatly with an increase in red cell age. Similar analyses of red cells from a young girl with Hb S trait and Hb H disease (the --/-alpha genic arrangement) gave comparable data. Some indication was obtained that her youngest cells contained some of the beta A4 and beta S4 tetrameric hemoglobins. PMID- 6741933 TI - Erythrocyte sensitization with monomeric IgM in a patient with hemolytic anemia. AB - An automated antiglobulin test showed that erythrocytes of a patient with an acute episode of Coombs-negative hemolytic anemia were strongly sensitized with nonagglutinating IgM molecules. The bound antibodies, after elution from red blood cell stroma, were found to be monomeric IgM, since they migrated with IgG molecules on an agarose column, although they were proved to be immunoglobulin M, not G, by a sensitive hemagglutination inhibition assay. The hemolysis subsided with steroid therapy, but ANA increased to a titer greater than 1,024 (with peripheral pattern) without other laboratory evidence of systemic lupus erythematosus. In addition, the patient demonstrated photosensitivity and nonscarring alopecia. We consider that this appearance of erythrocyte autoantibodies consisting of monomeric IgM was a symptom of atypical SLE. PMID- 6741934 TI - In vitro neutrophil-erythrocyte rosette formation mediated by a serum factor (IgG). AB - In vitro neutrophil-erythrocyte rosette (NER) formation occurred in the peripheral blood of an elderly man. This caused problems in cross-matching for blood transfusion initially but was resolved by performing crossmatches at 37 degrees C because this phenomenon was temperature-dependent. NER formation was independent of complement and of the type of anticoagulant used. NERs were induced using normal control cells with the patient's plasma, serum, and the IgG fraction of serum. The rosetting factor was adsorbed by heterologous group specific erythrocytes, but not by leukocytes. No neutrophil antibodies were identified. PMID- 6741935 TI - Kinetics and distribution of platelets in man. AB - 51Cr sodium-chromate, though having been widely used in the last two decades for labeling platelets, suffers from several serious drawbacks, ie, low labeling efficiency, long physical half-life, and low gamma photon yields. 111In-oxine and 111In-tropolone overcome these shortcomings and have the potential of precise determination of platelet kinetics as well as visualization and in vivo quantification of the temporal and spatial distribution of platelets in man. Computer analysis of platelet kinetics reveals that the multiple-hit model fits the survival curve better than the linear or the exponential model. The multiple hit model provides not only the mean platelet survival time but also information on the initial recovery and the shape of the survival curve. The application of these techniques in normal and disease states should greatly enhance our understanding of the physiology and pathophysiology of platelets. PMID- 6741936 TI - Acute renal failure following poisonous snakebite. AB - This study describes acute renal failure (ARF) following snakebite in humans and the effects of viperide venoms on the renal structure and function in subhuman primates. ARF developed in 45 of 157 patients with a history of snakebite admitted to the hospitals of the Postgraduate Medical Institute, Chandigarh, India. They were studied clinically, hematologically, and in 35 cases, for renal histopathology. All 45 were treated with antibiotics, and 8 received anti-snake venom. Ten cases had bilateral renal cortical necrosis (BRCN), eight of whom died; less severe acute tubular lesions (ATL) occurred in 23 patients, four of whom died (P less than .001). Sepsis was significantly more common with BRCN than ATL (P less than .05). No statistical difference was found between these groups in bleeding incidence, disseminated intravascular coagulation (DIC), hemolysis, or hypotension. Monkeys given lethal doses of viperide venom developed hypotensive shock, DIC, and hemolysis, with significantly reduced serum complement, and died within 24 hours. However, no renal functional changes or lesions were found. Monkeys given sublethal doses of viperide venom showed a significant increase in serum creatinine levels after 48 hours, and renal lesions were observed in a majority of animals. In conclusion, ARF in snakebite victims appears to be multifactorial in origin. Although hypotension, hemolysis, and DIC are likely to be important pathogenetic factors, a direct cytotoxic effect of the venom on the kidney in producing ARF cannot be excluded. PMID- 6741937 TI - Inaccuracy of estimated creatinine clearance for prediction of iothalamate glomerular filtration rate. AB - The clinical practice of estimating creatinine clearance (Ccr) from a patient's serum creatinine value by use of various nomograms and prediction formulas is widespread. The predictive accuracy of such Ccr estimates as substitutes for measured values of glomerular filtration rate (GFR) has not been determined. In addition, the effect of patient physical parameters on GFR prediction accuracy has not been assessed. To investigate these issues, 500 predicted Ccr values from each of four versions of the formula of Cockcroft and Gault were statistically compared with GFR values measured by sodium iothalamate clearance (Cio) in 394 human subjects representing every level of renal function. We conclude that (1) the original formula of Cockcroft and Gault is an inaccurate predictor of GFR; (2) correction of the formula for patient physical parameters does improve its accuracy for GFR prediction; (3) the best formula is not accurate enough to replace laboratory measurement of GFR; and (4) GFR prediction inaccuracy is more often associated with extremes in patient age, weight, serum creatinine, body surface area, and measured GFR but may occur for any value of each of these parameters. PMID- 6741938 TI - Rapid access for emergency dialysis. AB - Vascular access for acute hemodialysis or ultrafiltration in critically ill patients frequently requires cannulation of large-caliber veins. Repeated cannulation of these vessels present a finite risk of hemorrhage or hematoma. A teflon catheter introducer sheath system (TIS) allows for repeated use of the central circulation, requires only one major vascular entry, and can be adapted for either hemodynamic monitoring or emergency hemodialysis. Forty-six acute hemodialysis have been performed in 25 critically ill patients who have had TIS in place for hemodynamic monitoring. Dialysis was performed by inserting a femoral dialysis catheter through the TIS in place of the Swan-Ganz catheter. We have had no complications using the approach for emergency hemodialysis, and adequate dialysis was accomplished. PMID- 6741939 TI - The use of ion exchange to remove aluminum from water used in hemodialysis. AB - Since the established techniques for removing aluminum from the water used in dialysis (reverse osmosis and deionization) are relatively complex and expensive, it was decided to investigate a number of simple ion-exchange techniques. In 48 of 217 tap water samples obtained from 61 home hemodialysis patients in southeast Scotland, the aluminum content exceeded 2 mumol/L (54 micrograms/L)--a level that has been associated with dialysis dementia and fracturing osteodystrophy. Dialysate prepared from this water after softening had approximately half this aluminum content, but in 17 instances the concentration still exceeded 2 mumol/L. In vitro studies showed that the anion-exchange resin IRA 400 (Rohm-Haas, Philadelphia) in the chloride phase was very effective at removing aluminum. A commercial water softener was modified by the addition of this resin, and installed in the home dialysis training unit at the Princess Alexandra Hospital in Brisbane. Over a 12-month period in which the tap water aluminum content averaged over 10 mumol/L (270 micrograms/L), the product water had an aluminum content consistently under 2 mumol/L, being under 1 mumol/L (27 micrograms/L) on 19 out of 20 occasions. The modified softener was regenerated with a saturated sodium chloride solution at 2-week intervals, using the manufacturer's protocol for the unmodified softener. Provided that dialysate and plasma aluminum levels are monitored on a regular basis, it is felt that this simple technique of aluminum removal may be appropriate for many home hemodialysis situations. PMID- 6741940 TI - Plasmapheresis as sole therapy in a patient with essential mixed cryoglobulinemia. AB - An 82-year-old woman with essential mixed cryoglobulinemia type II (IgM K IgG) presented with moderate renal failure and nephritic syndrome. Mesangiocapillary glomerulonephritis with mesangial and subendothelial granular deposits containing IgG, IgM, and C3 in conjunction with small-vessel vasculitis was seen on renal biopsy. Renal symptomatology preceded by a period of 10 months the development of leg ulcers and purpura. The onset of the skin lesions was accompanied by an acute decline of renal function and an increase in liver alkaline phosphatase. Plasmapheresis with a 50% plasma exchange each week over 12 weeks led to improvement in renal function, healing of leg ulcerations, disappearance of purpura, and a return to the baseline of alkaline phosphatase in association with the disappearance of circulating cryoglobulins. PMID- 6741941 TI - Posttransurethral prostatic resection hyponatremic syndrome: case report and review of the literature. AB - Hyponatremia is a potentially life-threatening complication of transurethral prostatic (TURP) resection. The post-TURP syndrome, although well-recognized by urologists, is not discussed in recent clinical reviews on hyponatremia. We present a case report and review of the literature of this striking clinical syndrome. PMID- 6741942 TI - Alterations in pharmacokinetics and ototoxicity of erythromycin in renal failure. PMID- 6741943 TI - The value of computerised axial tomography in the assessment of workers exposed to asbestos. AB - Nineteen men who had been exposed to asbestos for long periods were subjected to an examination of the lungs by means of computerised axial tomography (CT). Some features of asbestos-related disease are shown better on CT than on conventional roentgenograms, and occasionally features not shown at all on conventional films may be demonstrated on CT. It was concluded that CT may be useful in cases with borderline and doubtful signs on conventional films, and very occasionally in persons with long exposure who have normal conventional films. PMID- 6741944 TI - Cancer mortality patterns by work category in three Texas oil refineries. AB - A previous proportionate mortality ratio analysis revealed elevated mortality from brain tumors, stomach cancer, leukemia, and other cancers among OCAW members employed in three Texas oil refineries. In order to evaluate these findings, complete work histories of cases and a matched set of controls who died from other causes of death were obtained from company personnel records. Work histories were summarized by classifying each job title and department entry into one of several broad work categories of refinery unit operations. A worker was considered "exposed" to a work category if he was known to have worked at least 1 day in the category 15 or more years prior to his death. Maximum likelihood estimates of the relative risk for brain tumor, stomach cancer, and leukemia were calculated by work category using a procedure for matched case-control data. No strong associations for brain tumor risk were seen with any work categories. A slight association for leukemia was seen among workers in the Treating category, which included unit operations that reduce the level of aromatic and sulfur constituents of petroleum products and combine them with additives to improve their quality. Stomach cancer risk was elevated among maintenance workers and workers exposed to lubricating oils and paraffin wax processing. PMID- 6741945 TI - Neuropsychological function following mild exposure to pentaborane. AB - Neuropsychological tests and self-report personality inventories were administered to 14 workers and rescue squad personnel approximately 2 months following mild exposure to pentaborane, a highly toxic volatile liquid boron hydride. Performance decrements were evident on 5 of 11 neuropsychological tests, including Block Design and measures of sustained attention and recent memory. Neuropsychological deficits were not related to emotional changes reported on the Hopkins Symptom Checklist nor to the presence of CT scan abnormality. These results indicate mild residual brain dysfunction following pentaborane intoxication, including possible dysfunction in subcortical regions mediating memory processes and in cortical areas mediating visuo-spatial abilities. PMID- 6741946 TI - Cervicobrachial disorders in certain occupations, with special reference to compression in the thoracic outlet. AB - One hundred ninety-one workers in three different occupations were examined regarding presence of symptoms from the cervicobrachial region. Eighteen percent of the workers (27% of the female and 11% of the male workers) had symptoms of compression in the thoracic outlet. However, only 2% of all workers had pronounced symptoms of compression in the thoracic outlet. In addition, 27% of the workers (33% of the female and 23% of the male workers) had symptoms of other cervicobrachial disorders. Thus, 45% of the workers had symptoms from the cervicobrachial region. The workers with symptoms of compression in the thoracic outlet were significantly younger than the workers with other symptoms of cervicobrachial disorders, p less than 0.01. No significant correlation was noted between vascular compression and symptoms of compression in the thoracic outlet. PMID- 6741947 TI - Calcified plaques on mediastinal pleural reflections associated with asbestos dust exposure: four case reports. PMID- 6741949 TI - International occupational health standards: an American perspective. PMID- 6741948 TI - Arterial hypertension and noise: a cross-sectional study. AB - The occurrence of permanent arterial hypertension was studied among the workers of a textile plant (490 subjects) exposed to high frequency noise, at levels often exceeding 100 dBA. The prevalence of the disease among these workers was compared to that observed in a reference series (450 subjects). A prevalence rate ratio equal to 1.34 (1.14-1.57) was estimated, taking into account several determinants of disease acting as confounding factors in the study. The results, which are in good agreement with those obtained in similar studies, are discussed. PMID- 6741950 TI - Hiroshima and Nagasaki: forty years later. PMID- 6741952 TI - Nuclear pharmacy practice in the People's Republic of China. PMID- 6741951 TI - Drug interference with pregnancy tests. PMID- 6741953 TI - Hospital pharmaceutical services in Puerto Rico. PMID- 6741954 TI - Simulated analysis of patient waiting time in an outpatient pharmacy. AB - The cost of various options for reducing patient waiting time in an outpatient pharmacy was studied through computer simulation. The time required to complete prescription filling tasks was recorded for a baseline of five pharmacy employees: technicians A, B, and C, a typist , and a pharmacist. A fixed factorial design of 12 configurations was used in which the number of pharmacy employees was varied (one, two, or three technician As; one or two typists ; and one or two technician Bs). Patient waiting time for each configuration was determined through computer simulation. Pharmacy employee salaries were used to calculate the relative cost of six of the configurations that were predicted to reduce waiting time to less than 10 minutes. Configurations with additional technician Bs or typists , or both, exhibited reductions in total waiting time of comparable magnitude. One of these configurations was identified as the least expensive per daily hours saved. Without disturbing the operation of the pharmacy, computer simulation was found useful in identifying the least expensive method of reducing patient waiting time in an outpatient pharmacy. PMID- 6741955 TI - Time and cost analysis of a computerized outpatient pharmacy. AB - The time and cost of implementing and operating a computerized outpatient pharmacy was compared with similar components of a traditional system. Time and motion observations were used to analyze the time required to complete each component of the dispensing process for outpatient prescriptions and clinic administered medications. Capital equipment expenditures and operating costs were compared for both systems. The computerized dispensing process for outpatient prescriptions showed a significant decrease in total dispensing process time, attributed primarily to the clerical component. Total dispensing process times for clinic-administered medications were not significantly different for the two systems. As compared with the traditional system, the computerized system's implementation and operating costs were higher for both outpatient prescriptions and clinic-administered medications. The computerized system decreased the time needed to complete the dispensing process but at an increased cost when compared with a traditional dispensing system. PMID- 6741956 TI - Expectations for ambulatory services in traditional and office-practice pharmacies. AB - Expectation for and satisfaction with pharmaceutical services reported by patrons of an office-practice pharmacy were compared with those of patrons of a traditional pharmacy. In a rural town served by a traditional pharmacy and an office-practice pharmacy, questionnaires were sent in May 1980 to 25% of the households listed in the telephone directory. The questionnaire elicited respondent characteristics, pharmacy-use patterns, and expectation and satisfaction levels for 16 pharmaceutical services described in the APhA- AACP standards of practice. Overall mean expectation and satisfaction scores were computed. Sixty-two percent of the 529 questionnaires were returned. Of the respondents, 39% patronized the office practice exclusively, 44% the traditional pharmacy. Patrons of the office practice expressed significantly higher expectation and satisfaction scores than patrons of the traditional pharmacy. Patrons of the office-practice pharmacy also reported more frequent consultation with a pharmacist regarding drug-therapy and health issues. Controlling for the frequency of contact, office-practice patrons still reported higher expectation and satisfaction scores. Only 18% of office-practice patrons reported purchasing nonprescription drugs in a pharmacy compared with 42% of the patrons of the traditional pharmacy. By providing pharmacist contact in an appropriate ambulatory setting, increased patient satisfaction with and expectations for pharmaceutical services may ensue. PMID- 6741957 TI - Education and experience of pharmacy directors in large hospitals. AB - The education and experience of pharmacy directors in large hospitals are described. Questionnaires were sent in September 1981 to pharmacy directors of all hospitals in the United States having at least 300 beds. The questionnaire elicited background characteristics, postgraduate degrees, and administrative experience of the pharmacy director and descriptive information about the hospital. Of the 1483 questionnaires distributed, 609 (41%) were returned. Sixty percent of the respondents had an entry-level degree as their highest degree; 26%, 6%, and 7% of the respondents had M.S., M.B.A., and postgraduate Pharm .D. degrees, respectively. M.B.A. and postgraduate Pharm .D. degrees were more common for younger respondents. Only 6% of directors with entry-level degrees and 10% with M.B.A. degrees had completed an ASHP-accredited hospital pharmacy residency compared with 53% and 46% of directors with postgraduate Pharm .D. and M.S. degrees, respectively. Of directors with M.B.A. or postgraduate Pharm .D. degrees, 73% and 77%, respectively, had less than 11 years of administrative experience; just over 50% of directors with M.S. and entry-level degrees had less than 11 years of administrative experience; just over 50% of directors with M.S. and entry-level degrees had less than 11 years of experience. The majority of directors with postgraduate degrees had been in their current position for five years or less. Additional research is needed to evaluate the relationship of these variables more fully. PMID- 6741958 TI - Survey of expiration dating policies for repackaged pharmaceuticals. AB - A national survey was conducted to determine the policies of hospital pharmacies regarding expiration dates for repackaged pharmaceuticals. A cover letter, questionnaire, and self-addressed stamped envelope were mailed to the directors of pharmacy of 360 randomly selected hospitals. Definitions of bulk and extemporaneous repackaging were provided. The response rate was 57%. Less than one third of the responding institutions followed the current FDA recommendations for dating oral solids repackaged in bulk. Almost one quarter used the manufacturer's date. Only 5.6% of the hospitals used more conservative dating. Similar percentages were found for the dating of oral liquids. One third of the hospitals used 30-90 days to date repackaged injectables ; however, a large range of expiration dates was reported. Almost one third of the hospitals applied the current FDA bulk repackaging dating recommendations to extemporaneous repackaging . A large percentage (29% for oral solids and 31% for oral liquids) used the manufacturer's date. A wide variety of arbitrarily assigned expiration dates are being used by hospital pharmacists in the bulk and extemporaneous repackaging of oral solids, liquids, and injections. PMID- 6741959 TI - Stability of fluorouracil in plastic containers used for continuous infusion at home. AB - The stability of fluorouracil when prepared and stored in plastic containers used for continuous infusion in home therapy was studied. Fluorouracil was diluted with 5% dextrose injection. Samples were stored for 16 weeks at 5 degrees C and room temperature in polyvinyl chloride drug reservoirs and at 5 degrees C in elastomeric balloons used in a disposable drug pump. Periodically, samples were tested by a stability-indicating high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) assay. At 5 degrees C, there was no significant degradation. At room temperature, there was a progressive increase in fluorouracil concentration, presumably because of evaporation of water. A 10% change in the fluorouracil concentration over 55 days was predicted. Fluorouracil is stable in 5% dextrose injection for at least 16 weeks when stored at 5 degrees C in the two types of containers studied. PMID- 6741960 TI - Compatibility of plastic infusion devices with diluted N-methylformamide and N,N dimethylacetamide. AB - Leaching of the plasticizer di-2-ethylhexyl phthalate (DEHP) from i.v. sets and polyvinyl chloride bags was studied with solutions of a new anticancer drug, N methylformamide (NMF), and N,N-dimethylacetamide (DMA), a structurally related solvent used in the formulation of some anticancer drugs. Solutions of 0.9% sodium chloride, 5 and 10% DMA in 0.9% sodium chloride, and 20, 40, and 60% NMF in 0.9% sodium chloride were used to fill i.v. administration sets ( Venoset -60, Abbott Laboratories) and polyvinyl chloride bags ( Viaflex -500, Travenol Laboratories). The solutions were kept in the containers for 20 hours at ambient temperature. Simulated infusions were also studied using 0, 20, and 40% NMF plus 5 and 10% DMA in 0.9% sodium chloride; both glass bottles and Viaflex -500 bags were used with the i.v. administration sets. DEHP was assayed using gas chromatography. Very small or unmeasurable amounts of DEHP were leached into 0.9% sodium chloride and 5 or 10% DMA solutions during 20-hour storage. DEHP concentrations increased exponentially with increasing NMF concentrations after 20-hour storage in both the i.v. sets and bags. Similar results were found in the simulated-infusion portion of the study. DEHP extraction from i.v. sets and polyvinyl chloride bags containing NMF and DMA in 0.9% sodium chloride is related directly to the concentrations of these organic compounds. The amount of DEHP leached into solutions is important only for solutions containing 60% NMF. PMID- 6741962 TI - Managing training programs for pharmacy employees. AB - Principles for managing training programs for supportive personnel and new pharmacist employees in hospital pharmacy departments are discussed, and ongoing staff development activities are described. General management objectives of training programs are outlined. Training programs for supportive personnel should include general theory, such as basic pharmacology and metric conversions, and practice in the specific skills required for the job. The practical component of the training program should be based on a job analysis, and behavioral objectives of the training program should be developed. Various approaches for structuring and monitoring training programs for supportive personnel are described. Besides mastering specific practice skills, new pharmacist employees must become thoroughly familiar with the pharmacy department's policy and procedure manual. Hospital pharmacy managers should implement ongoing activities for developing the decision-making, interpersonal, and practice skills of staff pharmacists. Well organized training programs can effectively raise the performance standards of pharmacy departments and decrease the time spent in monitoring, evaluating, and correcting performance deficiencies of the staff. PMID- 6741961 TI - Bid solicitation and contract negotiation. AB - The process of soliciting bid prices for drug products and of negotiating contracts with pharmaceutical vendors is reviewed. The primary purpose of bid purchasing is to obtain drugs at the lowest price and to have these prices remain fixed for a predetermined period of time. A successful bid-purchasing process depends on the institution's implementation of a formulary brand-standardization policy, prior identification of acceptable vendors and drug products, and establishment of criteria for evaluating drugs under a bid-purchasing system. Specific information to be included in the invitation to bid and useful data other than drug prices that may be solicited from vendors are outlined. Manual and computerized systems for organizing bid-request data are described. Bid evaluations should maintain the confidentiality of bid and contract prices. Selection of winning bids is based on lowest price or, in cases where prices are identical, on selected vendor characteristics or services. Negotiation of unacceptable bid prices should be conducted with a thorough knowledge of the needs and goals of the institution and the vendor. Procedures for establishing contracts and the timing of various phases of the bid process are discussed. An optimal bid-purchasing system is achieved only when the system is carefully planned and designed and when each prospective vendor is given an equal opportunity to establish a contractual relationship with the institution. PMID- 6741963 TI - Recapture of lost medication charges in an emergency department. PMID- 6741964 TI - Pharmacy-coordinated infusion device evaluation. PMID- 6741965 TI - Spacing of medications scheduled t.i.d. PMID- 6741966 TI - Cephapirin interference with urine-glucose testing systems. PMID- 6741968 TI - Common uses of nonradioactive drugs in nuclear medicine. AB - A variety of nonradioactive pharmaceuticals commonly used in patients who receive nuclear medicine diagnostic tests are described. Nonradioactive drugs used in thyroid, brain, hepatobiliary, cardiac, renal, Meckel's diverticulum, gallium, adrenal, and hematological studies are described. Pharmaceutical necessities used as disinfectants, diluents, and anticoagulants are also described. Hospital pharmacists should be familiar with the uses of commonly prescribed nonradioactive drugs in nuclear medicine studies. PMID- 6741967 TI - In vitro inactivation of tobramycin by penicillins. PMID- 6741969 TI - In vitro susceptibility of group G streptococci with regard to tolerance. PMID- 6741970 TI - Potential hazards of gallium-67 lung scanning. PMID- 6741971 TI - Potential hazards of 67gallium lung scanning. PMID- 6741972 TI - Our appropriate concern about hypokalemia. PMID- 6741973 TI - Clinicopathologic conference. Fever, leukopenia, acute renal failure, and death in a 65-year-old man. PMID- 6741975 TI - Giant cell arteritis with pulmonary nodules. AB - A patient presenting with polymyalgia rheumatica and biopsy-proved temporal arteritis showed response to corticosteroid therapy. Nodular pulmonary lesions developed twice, and diplopia and unilateral visual loss once, after reduction of the steroid dose. Response to reinstitution of full-dose steroids was dramatic. The clinical and pathologic findings in this patient suggest that the pulmonary lesions represented a previously undescribed manifestation of giant cell arteritis, but the possibility of limited Wegener's granulomatosis involving the temporal artery could not be ruled out. PMID- 6741974 TI - Parathyroid hyperplasia and carcinoma within one gland. AB - A 47-year-old Scottish woman vacationing in the United States presented with a serum calcium level greater than 20 mg/dl and a parathyroid hormone level 16 times greater than normal after a one-week history of severe vomiting and unrelenting abdominal pain. Surgical exploration of the thymus revealed the very rare association of a large (7 by 4 by 0.8 cm) parathyroid carcinoma adjacent to apparently normal parathyroid tissue, separated by a thin fibrous band. Two other hyperplastic and one normal parathyroid glands were also identified. Postoperatively, the patient became hypocalcemic and, for the past nine months, has received maintenance 1-alpha-hydroxycholecalciferol therapy (1 microgram per day) with normal calcium and barely detectable parathyroid hormone levels. PMID- 6741976 TI - Colonic obstruction and perforation due to Trichuris trichiura. AB - Acute obstruction of the cecum due to Trichuris trichiura developed in a 25-year old Puerto Rican man who had emigrated to the northeastern United States five years previously. Obstruction was caused by a large tangled mass of whipworms . Perforation of the ascending colon also occurred and resulted in pericolic abscess. This case is the first report of intestinal obstruction by Trichuris. Because infection with Trichuris is endemic to Puerto Rico but not to the northeastern United States, it appears that the patient had harbored latent parasitic infection for the prolonged period of time since emigration. PMID- 6741977 TI - Phencyclidine-induced malignant hyperthermia causing submassive liver necrosis. AB - This report describes three male patients arrested for aggressive and combative behavior, characteristic of phencyclidine intoxication, in whom severe hyperthermia, respiratory failure, and coma developed. Two days after the malignant hyperthermic event, serum transaminase levels rose acutely to extremely high levels with concomitant elevations in bilirubin levels and a fall in prothrombin activity. Liver biopsy specimens in two patients showed marked perivenular necrosis and collapse. No specific treatment was directed at the phencyclidine intoxication. Two of the three patients survived. Submassive liver necrosis caused by malignant hyperthermia is an unusual complication of phencyclidine abuse. PMID- 6741978 TI - Pancreatic cystadenocarcinoma associated with strongyloides. AB - A 60-year-old woman presented with a mass in the left upper abdominal quadrant. Noninvasive studies showed a cystic structure arising from the pancreas. Pathologic studies of the tumor revealed pancreatic cystadenocarcinoma; the fluid contained Strongyloides larvae. There was no evidence of disseminated Strongyloides or immunosuppression. Results of stool examinations were also negative for Strongyloides. Were these larvae the etiologic agent for the carcinoma? Other parasitic infestations have been associated with carcinoma. This is the first reported association between Strongyloides and cystadenocarcinoma. PMID- 6741979 TI - Hemodynamic and pulmonary studies in pulmonary alveolar microlithiasis. AB - A 34-year-old woman with biopsy-proved pulmonary alveolar microlithiasis is described. Cardiac catheterization data and results of pulmonary function studies are presented. Mild to moderate pulmonary hypertension occurred with supine leg exercise, possibly reflecting a reduced capacity of the vascular bed evident only with increased pulmonary blood flow and tachycardia. Attention should be paid to the level of physical activity in patients with this disease, particularly if the vital capacity is reduced below 80 percent of that predicted. PMID- 6741980 TI - Heterogeneity of heparin lots associated with thrombocytopenia and thromboembolism. AB - Thromboembolic complications may develop in patients with heparin-associated thrombocytopenia, presumably due to the formation of platelet aggregates. An unexpectedly high incidence of pulmonary embolism following coronary artery bypass surgery occurred during a brief period of time at a single institution, and all of these cases were found to be associated with thrombocytopenia. All patients tested during thrombocytopenia (five of five) had an increase in platelet-associated antibody. Serum samples from all five patients tested caused normal platelets to aggregate in vitro in the presence of one specific lot of beef lung heparin, which was in use in the operating room at the time; none of six other lots of beef lung heparin mediated in vitro platelet aggregation. Heparinase digestion of the heparin abolished the aggregating activity. It is concluded that thrombocytopenia and platelet activation caused by heparin may vary greatly even among different lots of heparin prepared from the same source. PMID- 6741981 TI - Acute interstitial nephritis and iritis. Renal-ocular syndrome. AB - Acute renal failure developed in a previously healthy woman in association with acute iritis. Renal biopsy revealed acute mononuclear interstitial nephritis. Known systemic illnesses that can present as acute renal failure and have ocular manifestations of iritis/uveitis were excluded by detailed testing and observation during a 24-month period. No cause for this renal-ocular syndrome was discovered. There was a dramatic improvement to normal renal function and complete resolution of ocular findings following a two-month course of steroid therapy. PMID- 6741982 TI - Partial purification and characterization of plasma DNA and its relation to disease activity in systemic lupus erythematosus. AB - This study reports the partial isolation and characterization of plasma DNA by phenol extraction and concentration of the extract. DNA, identified by immunologic and chemical methods, was found in plasma from both normal persons and patients with systemic lupus erythematosus in amounts varying from 0.004 to 0.4 micrograms/ml. The DNA was predominantly of low molecular weight, approximating 100 to 200 base pairs. Patients with lupus tended to have higher concentrations of plasma DNA than normal persons, with considerable overlap between the groups. Plasma DNA concentrations correlated inversely with titers of antibody to DNA but not strongly enough for prediction of either variable in individual cases. Many patients had high levels of plasma DNA and its antibody without clinical nephritis. These results indicate the ubiquity of plasma DNA and suggest the necessity of factors other than mere presence of DNA and its antibody for initiation of glomerular damage in systemic lupus erythematosus. PMID- 6741983 TI - Clinical and microbial features of prosthetic joint infection. AB - A one-year experience with prosthetic joint infection, in which 63 cases were identified, is reviewed. Thirty cases (48 percent) were early infections, in the first postoperative year, and 33 cases (52 percent) were late, occurring more than one year after implantation. Pain was the predominant symptom, but clinical clues suggesting infection were frequently absent, with fever in 43 percent and leukocytosis in only 10 percent. The radiographic appearance was more frequently abnormal in late infections (67 versus 37 percent, p less than 0.02). Staphylococci were predominant organisms, constituting 59 percent of prosthetic joint infections, and S. epidermidis was the predominant species in both early and later infections. Of the hematogenous infections, 11 of 13 occurred in the group with late infections; these were mostly nonstaphylococcal . Antigenic proteins of S. epidermidis were characterized by gel electrophoresis, but no infection-specific antigens could be identified when patient serum was compared with normal samples. Precipitating antibodies to the extracellular proteins of S. epidermidis were present in 50 percent of patients with S. epidermidis prosthetic joint infections, 27 percent of patients with nonstaphylococcal infections, 20 percent of patients with S. aureus infections, and 11 percent of normal subjects. In view of the increasing importance of prosthetic joint infection, further study of the pathogenesis of the infection and the host immune response is warranted. PMID- 6741984 TI - The generalist: a jaundiced view. PMID- 6741985 TI - Salmonella bacteremia in patients with prosthetic heart valves. AB - During 1982 and 1983, five patients with prosthetic heart valves and documented Salmonella bacteremia were admitted to the Instituto Nacional de Cardiolog ia in Mexico City. The clinical and microbiologic features in this group of patients are described, as well as the therapeutic implications when Salmonella bacteremia is present in patients with heart prostheses. None of the patients had evidence of infectious endocarditis; however, all received prolonged parenteral antimicrobial therapy for at least four weeks with ampicillin or chloramphenicol, with excellent clinical response. PMID- 6741986 TI - Factors affecting sensitivity and specificity of exercise electrocardiography. Multivariable analysis. AB - Unlike the predictive value of a diagnostic test, which depends on the prevalence of disease in the population tested, its sensitivity and specificity have been assumed to be constants. This assumption was examined in patients who had both exercise electrocardiography and cardiac catheterization. The effects on sensitivity of factors from clinical history, catheterization, and exercise performance were defined by multivariable logistic regression analysis in 1,401 patients with coronary disease; effects on specificity were defined by a similar analysis in 868 patients without coronary disease. Five factors had significant, independent effects on exercise electrocardiographic sensitivity: maximal exercise heart rate, number of diseased coronary arteries, type of angina, and the patient's age and sex. Only maximal exercise heart rate had a significant, independent effect on exercise electrocardiographic specificity. Thus, the sensitivity and specificity of exercise electrocardiography vary with clinical history, extent of disease, and treadmill performance; the sensitivity and specificity of other diagnostic tests may also vary. PMID- 6741987 TI - Mechanism of pain in diabetic peripheral neuropathy. Effect of glucose on pain perception in humans. AB - Animal studies have suggested an altered response to opiate agonists and antagonists as well as an altered pain threshold in diabetic animals. In the studies reported herein, a 50 g glucose infusion in normal subjects resulted in a significant decrease in both the threshold level of pain and the maximal level of pain tolerated, as measured by responses to electrical pain induced by a Grass stimulator. In addition, patients with diabetes mellitus were hyperalgesic when compared with normal subjects. It is concluded that elevated glucose levels and/or rapid fluxes in glucose levels result in a decrease in pain tolerance. These findings have potential clinical implications in the pathophysiology and management of painful diabetic neuropathy and the use of narcotic agents in diabetes mellitus. PMID- 6741988 TI - Superiority of the serum-ascites albumin difference over the ascites total protein concentration in separation of "transudative" and "exudative" ascites. AB - The serum-ascites albumin difference, an index of the serum-ascites oncotic pressure difference, correlates directly with the pressure gradient between the portal capillaries and the peritoneal cavity. This test was compared with the ascites total protein concentration in the separation of "transudative" and "exudative" ascites. The serum-ascites albumin difference was large in patients with transudative ascites (1.6 +/- 0.5 g/dl) and small in patients with exudative ascites (0.6 +/- 0.4 g/dl, p less than 0.001) and provided significantly better discrimination of these categories than did the ascites total protein concentration. The serum-ascites albumin difference was especially useful in the separation of cardiac ascites, which usually has a high total protein concentration, from high protein exudative ascites. The serum-ascites albumin difference did not provide perfect discrimination of any category, however; in patients with mixed causes of ascites, this difference tended to be large, resembling ordinary transudative ascites, a potential source of diagnostic error. Nevertheless, the serum-ascites albumin difference has superior discriminatory power and should replace the ascites total protein concentration in the routine diagnostic examination of ascites. PMID- 6741989 TI - A second family with autosomal dominant osteosclerosis--type Stanescu. AB - We report the clinical, radiological and dermatoglyphic findings in a woman and her daughter affected with the autosomal dominant osteosclerosis type Stanescu. PMID- 6741990 TI - Phenotypic variability in Townes-Brocks syndrome. AB - This is a report on a child with sensorineural deafness, imperforate anus with rectovaginal fistula, hypoplastic thumb, and congenital heart defect. This pattern of congenital anomalies is similar to that described in patients with the Townes-Brocks syndrome, although the present patient has characteristics that have not been reported previously in this syndrome. It is proposed that the clinical spectrum of the Townes-Brocks syndrome must be extended to include congenital heart defect, auricular changes differing from those previously described, and anomalies of other internal organs. The syndrome is an autosomal dominant trait. The present case may represent a de novo mutation. PMID- 6741991 TI - A new lipid storage myopathy observed in individuals with the Ruvalcaba-Myhre Smith syndrome. AB - Four patients with the Ruvalcaba-Myhre-Smith syndrome (primary macrocephaly with associated anomalies including pigmented macules on the penis in affected males, hamartomatous intestinal polyps, and lipomas) had evidence of delayed psychomotor development and/or hypotonia in childhood. Electromyography in 3 patients showed evidence of a myopathic process. Muscle biopsy in all four demonstrated a lipid storage myopathy with increased numbers of neutral lipid droplets--predominatly in type 1 fibers. The type 2 fibers were consistently smaller than expected. Electron microscopy was unremarkable except for evidence of lipid accumulation. Muscle carnitine and carnitine palmityl transferase levels were normal in one patient. This appears to be a previously unreported type of lipid storage myopathy characteristic of the Ruvalcaba-Myhre-Smith syndrome, a probable autosomal dominant trait. PMID- 6741992 TI - Bilateral renal agenesis with Potter phenotype, cleft palate, anomalies of the cardiovascular system, skeletal anomalies including hexadactyly and bifid metacarpal. A new syndrome? PMID- 6741993 TI - New hope for the retarded? PMID- 6741994 TI - Prenatal diagnosis of thanatophoric dysplasia at 24 weeks. AB - We report making the prenatal diagnosis of thanatophoric dysplasia at 24 weeks gestation. The ultrasound examination showed short limbs. By in utero radiological study, we could see the typical changes of this skeletal dysplasia. Radiological and histological studies confirmed the aborted fetus to be affected with thanatophoric dysplasia. PMID- 6741995 TI - Age at clinical onset and at ultrasonographic detection of adult polycystic kidney disease: data for genetic counselling. AB - Few reports are available on the age-related risk of relatives of affected persons to manifest adult polycystic kidney disease (APKD). For 371 persons in 17 kindreds, at risk for APKD by virtue of having an affected first degree relative, we calculated the estimated probability of clinical diagnosis of APKD to be 0.011 by age 20, 0.041 by age 30, 0.115 by age 40, 0.299 by age 50, and 0.404 by age 60 years (expected = 0.50). Ultrasonographic examination of 172 asymptomatic persons at risk showed definite APKD in 60. The probability of ultrasonographic detection of asymptomatic APKD is estimated as 0.222, 0.657, and 0.855 at age 5, 15, and 25 years, respectively. The probability of having APKD following normal ultrasonogram results (conservatively assuming 90% specificity) is estimated as 0.46, 0.28, and 0.14 for persons at 50% risk in their first, second, or third decade. The marginal benefit of ultrasound as a diagnostic test for APKD for persons in the second or third decade is estimated as 0.37 and 0.41, respectively for a "positive" test and 0.22 and 0.37 for a "negative" test. PMID- 6741996 TI - Trigonocephaly: a new familial syndrome. AB - Trigonocephaly was found in six relatives through three generations of one family. The propositus was ascertained at birth because of omphalocele. In addition to trigonocephaly, he had minor ear, vertebral, and genital abnormalities. His father had mild microcephaly, and both had minor eye abnormalities. None of the other four affected individuals had any other malformations. In this family, trigonocephaly is an autosomal dominant trait. The ratio of affected males to affected females was 5 to 1, and although the paucity of affected females is not statistically significant, we speculate that it may reflect variable expressivity or sex limitation of the trait. We conclude that the condition in this family represents a unique syndrome in which trigonocephaly is not associated with functional brain abnormalities and where craniosynostosis is limited to the metopic region. PMID- 6741997 TI - Genetic counseling and reproductive uncertainty. AB - Of 836 fertile women seeking genetic counseling, 544 (65%) reported that their major reason for doing so was to obtain information to help in deciding if they should have a child. Thirty-four percent of these 836 women entered counseling uncertain about undertaking a pregnancy in the next 2 years. After counseling, 28% of the 836 had uncertain pregnancy intentions. These included 66% of those who were uncertain and 11% of those who were reproductively certain before counseling. Stepwise logistic regression identified the following as independently and significantly associated with reproductive uncertainty after counseling: 1) uncertainty before counseling; 2) uncertainty about ideal family size; 3) concern about the effects of an affected child on the client's social life; 4) perceived serious problems caring for a child with a birth defect now living at home; and 5) new concerns raised in counseling. Reproductive uncertainty after counseling was not related to characteristics of the risked birth defect, level of risk, treatment potential, or client learning of medical and genetic facts. These data suggest that genetic counseling will not eliminate reproductive uncertainty for many clients, because this uncertainty is related to factors mainly outside the usual scope of counseling. PMID- 6741998 TI - The dynamics of quantifiable homeostasis. IV: Zero-order homeostasis. AB - A zero-order homeostatic process is one in which the corrective force a has sign opposite to that of what the displacement from the homing value was one lag (L) time earlier, but is unrelated to magnitude of displacement. The properties of a zero-order process are considered in some detail. Its stable state is an oscillation with a period of 4L and a maximum amplitude of aL. It is suggested that this property is exploited in evolution for intrinsically rhythmical processes, and several examples (respiration, menstruation, and heart beat) are discussed. The parameters may be modulated by an ancillary cybernetic (retreat) circuit and hence the properties of the oscillation controlled as need be. Zero order oscillation has means of conserving information through phase shifts. Also, when it is combined with a linear cybernetic process (with restoration constant b), it prevents information in the latter from dying out, even if Lb is less than pi/2 (which in a pure linear process would ensure extinction of all signs of perturbation). A further elaboration is the Dilman process of zero order in which there is a threshold of displacement below which homeostatic responses are not evoked. The merits of the value of the threshold are discussed. The properties of the zero-order process with a first-order retreat function furnish a tentative explanation for why hormonal homeostasis does not operate directly through the pituitary but involves the hypothalamus and intermediate hormone-releasing factors. PMID- 6741999 TI - Programmed leisure intervention and the interaction patterns of severely mentally retarded adolescents: a pilot study. AB - The results of a survey of 214 severely mentally retarded young people (Cheseldine & Jeffree, 1981) showed that their main leisure activities were passive and solitary. Outside the school environment friendships were limited, in part a reflection of the effect of limited social and leisure skills. A pilot study was carried out to test the hypothesis that once basic leisure skills had been acquired by severely retarded adolescents, their level of activity would increase as would interactions among classmates. The skills were taught using programmed games, and a comparison of pre- and postintervention scores produced a statistically significant difference, p less than .05). We concluded that the intervention did have a positive effect in the direction suggested. PMID- 6742000 TI - Teaching of labels: an analysis of concrete and pictorial representations. AB - The relationship between the use of concrete objects and pictorial representations of those objects when teaching noun labels to 3 autistic boys was analyzed. A multiple baseline design, counterbalanced for the type of stimulus presentation, was used to teach four sets of five objects and their pictorial representations to the youngsters. Although results indicated no consistent functional relationship between the two types of stimulus presentation, there were varying degrees of generalization between the two conditions. Findings suggest that there is a need to facilitate greater and more consistent generalization from pictures to the realities they represent. PMID- 6742001 TI - Behavioral treatment of psychosomatic complaints of mentally retarded adults. AB - Three mildly mentally retarded adults were treated for psychosomatic complaints using a multiple-baseline format across types of behavior and therapists. Also, social appropriate behavior incompatible with the target behavior was assessed. Subjects were matched on age, sex, and intellectual level with persons not considered to have this problem in order to establish the clinical significance in frequency of psychosomatic complaints. Additionally, baseline, treatment, and follow-up sessions were rated on the frequency of psychosomatic complaints by 10 adults from the community. Stomachache, headache, and multiple physical complaints were treated with a combination of token reinforcement, performance feedback, instructions, and modeling. Frequencies of the target behavior were decreased to near zero and maintained at that level during follow-up, and subjects were rated in the normal range of performance on both social validation criteria. Also, subjects' performance on adaptive behavior incompatible with psychosomatic complaints was improved. PMID- 6742002 TI - Efficacy of a verbal training sequence on the sorting performance of moderately and severely mentally retarded adolescents. AB - Seven mentally retarded adolescents received either verbal or nonverbal training on a shape-sorting task within a multiple baseline design. Three clients received the nonverbal training sequence, which used contingent attention and praise for correct responses and a correction procedure for incorrect responses. The remaining four clients received the verbal training sequence, which was the same as the nonverbal sequence except that the clients were taught to verbalize (label) the relevant dimension of the objects they were sorting. Both training sequences resulted in the successful acquisition of the target performance, but only the verbal training sequence facilitated generalization of performance to a novel shape and to a new dimension. Following generalization testing, clients initially exposed to the nonverbal sequence were provided verbal training, which produced generalization in these previously unsuccessful clients. PMID- 6742003 TI - Stimulus functions in response chaining. AB - Behavior analysts have conceptualized chaining from two different positions: Position 1 (responses function as discriminative stimuli for subsequent responses) and Position 2 (responses produce stimuli that function as discriminative stimuli for subsequent responses). Twenty-four mentally retarded adults learned a chain of circuit board assembly responses consisting of placing resistors in the board and pressing switches. Lights came on after switch responses. After learning the chain, each subject was exposed to three experimental conditions (counterbalanced): (a) altered stimulus location, (b) altered stimulus sequence, and (c) missing stimulus. Although a clear test of Position 1 was not made, some support for Position 2 was obtained. Alternate interpretations were discussed. PMID- 6742004 TI - Effects of procedure on memory scanning of mildly mentally retarded adults. AB - The performance of mildly mentally retarded adults on recognition memory tasks was compared with that of nonretarded control subjects. Following Sternberg's (1969) procedure, material to be remembered was presented in a fixed-set procedure, during which subjects were tested repeatedly on the same well-learned set of material, and a varied-set procedure, during which they were only tested on a memory set once before having to learn a new set. Mean reaction times (RTs) in all groups increased linearly as the number of items in the fixed memorized set increased; but "no" RTs of retarded adults tested under the varied-set procedure did not show this pattern. There was a gradation of slopes for the linear regression functions of RT on memory set size in both procedures, from less steep for nonretarded adults to increasingly steep values for nonretarded children and retarded adults. These results suggest that retarded adults use different processing strategies in the two procedures and that rate of processing increases with increasing mental age. PMID- 6742005 TI - Effects of practice on recognition memory of mildly mentally retarded adults. AB - The effect of practice on recognition memory of mildly mentally retarded adults was investigated in two experiments using the Sternberg (1969) memory scanning paradigm. In Experiment 1, the slope and zero intercept for item-recognition functions under both fixed- and varied-set procedures decreased over seven sessions of practice among retarded adults and nonretarded children, remaining relatively constant among nonretarded adults. Because performance of only retarded subjects had not yet reached asymptote, Experiment 2 provided these subjects with additional practice at the same task (varied-set procedure only). After extended practice, slopes in the retarded group were near those for both nonretarded groups; therefore, although the generally poorer performance of retarded adults in this task may reflect some structural impairment, the initial level of deficiency is reduced by practice. PMID- 6742007 TI - Preparing nonretarded young persons to meet mentally retarded adults. AB - A representative sample of 420, 15- and 16-year-old students in Dublin city participated in a short educational program designed to introduce them to mentally retarded adults. The main feature was a carefully, structured contact session with retarded peers held in the students' school. Various control procedures ascertained that the program had been effective at increasing the students' confidence at meeting retarded people. Moreover, the majority of students voluntarily chose to visit a local mental retardation center, and a proportion of them maintained regular contacts. We argued that students need to be given explicit guidance on how to interact with retarded peers. PMID- 6742006 TI - Vitamin-mineral supplement fails to improve IQ of mentally retarded young adults. AB - Twenty mentally retarded persons participated in a study to determine the effect of large doses of vitamin-mineral supplements on IQ, educability, electrophysiological responsiveness, and pyridoxine metabolism. Using a double blind matched group experimental design, we administered supplements and placebos for 6 months. Pre- and postmeasurements showed no significant effects on any of the measured variables. PMID- 6742008 TI - Peritoneal eosinophils during intermittent peritoneal dialysis. AB - Peritoneal eosinophil counts were investigated in 61 intermittent dialysis patients over the course of 1 year. The peritoneal eosinophil percentage fell from 18 +/- 2% (mean +/- SEM) in the first 2 months of dialysis to 3 +/- 0.4% after 6 months of dialysis. Absolute eosinophils per cubic millimeter fell from 586 +/- 126 to 61 +/- 18 (p less than 0.01 for both percentage and absolute values). There was a wide range in the mean eosinophil percentages per patient in the first 6 months of dialysis (0-84%) that narrowed to 0-9% after 6 months. The majority of the high initial eosinophil counts resolved after 2 months. Peripheral eosinophilia was seen in 8 of the 10 patients with the highest mean peritoneal eosinophil percentages during the first 2 months of dialysis. Patients who developed peritonitis had a significantly lower percentage of eosinophils in the first 1.5 months of dialysis than patients who did not develop peritonitis. At the time of diagnosis of peritonitis, the peritoneal eosinophil count was near zero. 4 cases of peritoneal eosinophilia which developed after antibiotic therapy are described. PMID- 6742009 TI - Determinants of oxygenation during hemodialysis and related procedures. A report of data acquired under varying conditions and a review of the literature. AB - A decrease in arterial oxygen tension during hemodialysis has been attributed to a number of factors. In order to more completely define these factors, we studied respiratory gas exchange, arterial blood gases and pH, and dialyzer flux of CO2 during pure ultrafiltration, three types of acetate dialysis, and sorbent regenerated bicarbonate dialysis in which the dialysate concentration of bicarbonate varies. Changes due to position and extracorporeal circulation of a 300-ml volume of blood (sham dialysis) were studied for any effect contributing to the hypoxemia noted with circulation through the membrane and variation in dialysate. Alveolar oxygen tension (PAO2) is calculated by the equation PAO2 = PIO2-PaCO2 (FIO2 + 1-FIO2/RE). RE is the ratio of CO2 excretion by the lung (VCO2) to oxygen consumption (VO2). RE equals RQ (metabolic quotient) when no extrapulmonary CO2 losses occur. Normals in a lounge chair had no change in RE and PAO2. RE decreased to 0.75 during sham dialysis and PAO2 decreased. During pure ultrafiltration RE decreased due to a decrease in VO2 and VCO2 with proportionately greater decrease in VCO2. PAO2 decreased accordingly. Acetate dialysis produced an increase in oxygen consumption without a proportional increase in CO2 excretion and both RQ and RE decreased. When PAO2 decreased during any of these procedures, arterial oxygen tension (PaO2) decreased without a change in A-aO2 gradient. No changes in PaCO2 were noted. RQ did not change during bicarbonate dialysis. At high bicarbonate dialysate concentrations, however, PaCO2 increased and PAO2 decreased. The major reason for hypoxemia during acetate dialysis is a decrease in alveolar oxygen tension due to changes in metabolism and a decrease in pulmonary CO2 excretion when CO2 is lost from the dialyzer. The increasing pH may contribute to the metabolic change during acetate dialysis and the hypoventilation during bicarbonate dialysis. There is little evidence to support an effect of pulmonary capillary obstruction or changes in oxyhemoglobin association on the decrease in arterial oxygen tension observed. PMID- 6742010 TI - Peritoneal sclerosis in peritoneal dialysis patients. AB - Peritoneal sclerosis, a disorder similar to that previously identified in nonuremic patients, is being noted in peritoneal dialysis patients with increasing frequency. The etiology in dialysis patients remains unknown. An association with previous or ongoing peritoneal inflammation or irritation suggests that the incidence of peritoneal sclerosis could be reduced by rapidly controlling peritonitis and by eliminating the irritant properties of catheters, dialysate, and other materials used in performing peritoneal dialysis. If peritoneal sclerosis does supervene, weight loss, abdominal pain, and intestinal obstruction may occur and further peritoneal dialysis may become impossible because of abdominal pain or poor fluid and solute transfer. PMID- 6742011 TI - Acute bromate poisoning associated with renal failure and deafness presenting as hemolytic uremic syndrome. AB - A case of bromate-induced acute renal failure (ARF) in an infant associated with hemolysis, thrombocytopenia and deafness is presented. The initial clinical and laboratory features suggested the diagnosis of hemolytic uremic syndrome (HUS). The serum bromide level was in the nontoxic range (1.2 mg/dl). However, further investigation of the ingested material revealed the toxic agent to be bromate rather than bromide. The spectrum of bromate (BrO3-) toxicity is different from bromide (Br-) and includes the induction of ARF and deafness. This combined with clinical evidence of behavioral regression and speech loss led to detection of deafness in this patient and confirmed the diagnosis of bromate toxicity. PMID- 6742012 TI - Acute renal failure, hypertension and skin necrosis in a patient with streptokinase therapy. PMID- 6742013 TI - Aluminum-induced osteomalacia: an explanation. PMID- 6742015 TI - Effects of circulating levels of vasoconstrictors on systemic pressor responsiveness to angiotensin II and norepinephrine. AB - Pregnancy is associated with vascular refractoriness to systemic pressor responses produced by angiotensin II. The present study was designed to determine if pregnancy-induced increases in circulating levels of angiotensin II are responsible for this refractoriness. Ten ovariectomized ewes received intravenous infusions of graded doses of angiotensin II (3, 10, 30, and 100 ng/kg/min) and norepinephrine (0.1, 0.3, 1.0, and 3.0 micrograms/kg/min) prior to (control response) and during (test response) the continuous infusion of either angiotensin II (8 ng/kg/min) or norepinephrine (0.2 microgram/kg/min). Systemic pressor responses (increases in blood pressure, millimeters of mercury) to graded doses of angiotensin II were significantly depressed during the continuous angiotensin II infusion while responses to norepinephrine were not modified. In contrast, elevation of baseline levels of a second vasoconstrictor, norepinephrine, did not alter pressor responsiveness to either angiotensin II or norepinephrine. These data suggest that vascular responses to exogenously administered angiotensin II can be selectively depressed by elevated baseline levels of angiotensin II in nonpregnant sheep. PMID- 6742014 TI - In vitro activity of clindamycin against strains of Chlamydia trachomatis, Mycoplasma hominis, and Ureaplasma urealyticum isolated from pregnant women. AB - Chlamydia trachomatis, Mycoplasma hominis, and Ureaplasma urealyticum are genital agents that are being increasingly implicated in infectious pregnancy complications and abnormal pregnancy outcomes. We measured the in vitro activity of clindamycin against strains of these three agents which were isolated from pregnant women. For 30 strains of C. trachomatis, the median minimal inhibitory concentration was 1.0 microgram/ml (range, 0.25 to 2.0 micrograms/ml). For 27 strains of M. hominis, the median minimal inhibitory concentration was 0.12 microgram/ml (range, 0.06 to 0.25 microgram/ml) and the median minimal bactericidal concentration was 0.5 microgram/ml (range, 0.06 to 2.0 micrograms/ml). For 27 strains of U. urealyticum, the mean minimal inhibitory concentration was 4 micrograms/ml (range, 1.0 to 32.0 micrograms/ml) and the mean minimal bactericidal concentration was 32.0 micrograms/ml (range, 4.0 to 128 micrograms/ml). Thus in vitro clindamycin would appear to be highly active against pregnancy-associated strains of M. hominis, less active against strains of C. trachomatis, and least active against strains of U. urealyticum. Since M. hominis has been strongly linked to postabortal fever and to postpartum fever and endometritis, our results indicate that clindamycin should be evaluated in treatment trials in pregnancy aimed at prevention of M. hominis-induced morbidity as well as in treatment of the complications themselves. PMID- 6742016 TI - Myometrial electrophysiologic activity and gap junctions in the pregnant rabbit. AB - Electromyographic activity of the myometrium, intrauterine pressure, and myometrial gap junctions were examined in rabbits at various stages of pregnancy and during parturition. Electromyographic activity occurred throughout pregnancy and was characterized by electromyographic bursts lasting up to 5 minutes at a frequency of one to four per hour. The gap junction area of plasma membrane showed a significant increase at delivery at a time when electromyographic activity changed to rhythmic bursts of short duration at a frequency of about one per minute. This study shows that the rabbit uterus is active throughout pregnancy; furthermore, the development of large numbers of gap junctions between myometrial cells occurs at a time when uterine activity changes to the expulsive activity required for labor. PMID- 6742017 TI - Course and treatment of milk stasis, noninfectious inflammation of the breast, and infectious mastitis in nursing women. AB - In nursing women with inflammatory symptoms of the breast, it has been possible on the basis of leukocyte counts of the milk and quantitative cultivation for bacteria to classify these cases into milk stasis (counts of less than 10(6) leukocytes and less than 10(3) bacteria per milliliter of milk), noninfectious inflammation (counts of greater than 10(6) leukocytes and less than 10(3) bacteria), and infectious mastitis (counts of greater than 10(6) leukocytes and greater than 10(3) bacteria). In the present study the duration and outcome of these cases were observed, and those without intervention were compared to those with treatment that consisted of systematic and intensive emptying of the breast, supplemented in some cases by antibiotic therapy as directed by susceptibility tests of the bacteria. The course of milk stasis was of short duration and the outcome was good independent of treatment. In cases of noninfectious inflammation the symptoms persisted for several days without treatment, and half of the patients developed infectious mastitis. Emptying of the breast resulted in a significant decrease in the duration of symptoms and a significantly improved outcome. Infectious mastitis without treatment was followed by a good result in only 15% of the cases, and 11% developed abscesses. Emptying of the breast increased the rate of a good outcome to 50% and significantly decreased the duration of symptoms. The addition of antibiotic therapy resulted in a good outcome in 96% of the cases and a further significant reduction of the persistence of symptoms. PMID- 6742019 TI - The risks of amniocentesis in the management of premature rupture of the membranes. AB - Amniocentesis has proved to be a useful tool in the management of preterm gestation with premature rupture of the membranes. Concern has been expressed, however, regarding possible risks of amniocentesis to mother or fetus. A retrospective review was made of 137 patients referred to us because of premature rupture of the membranes between 28 and 34 weeks of gestation. Amniocentesis was successfully performed in 91 patients. A statistical analysis of the time interval from amniocentesis to labor failed to show any evidence that amniocentesis might induce labor. In addition, no maternal or neonatal morbidity could be attributed to amniocentesis. PMID- 6742018 TI - Legal abortion and placenta previa. AB - Legal abortion has been postulated to be a risk factor for placenta previa in subsequent pregnancies. To examine this hypothesis, we analyzed the deliveries of 28,665 women. We identified 68 women who had had placenta previa and compared their obstetric histories with those of 68 controls randomly selected from the same group of deliveries. The crude risk ratio for women with a history of one or more legal abortions was 1.4 (95% confidence interval, 0.5 to 3.6; p greater than 0.05). Standardizing the crude risk ratio for the effects of age and gravidity reduced the risk ratio to 1.1 (95% confidence interval, 0.4 to 2.8). In this predominantly black population legal abortion does not appear to have a significant association with placenta previa in subsequent pregnancies. PMID- 6742020 TI - Survival of infants with low birth weight and early gestational age, 1979 to 1981. AB - A chart for displaying neonatal survival data regarding low birth weight and early gestational age is presented. Survival data at two institutions for infants with low birth weight and early gestational age are compared. This format is useful for student and resident teaching, for counseling parents-to-be about potential outcomes, for consulting with out-of-hospital physicians who request advice about maternal-fetal transport, and most important, for helping to make the crucial decisions necessary during the management of labor and delivery of infants with low birth weight and early gestational age. PMID- 6742021 TI - The diagnosis of fetal microcephaly. AB - Of 16 fetuses in whom microcephaly was suspected, nine (56.2%) were affected with microcephaly, and seven (43.8%) were unaffected. Subsequently, nomograms with mean and SDs for biparietal diameter, occipitofrontal diameter, head perimeter: bdominal perimeter, biparietal diameter:femur length, and femur length:head perimeter we derived. With the use of the data from 27 sonograms of the 16 fetuses, different thresholds of abnormality were tested. Three standard deviations from the mean for biparietal diameter, occipitofrontal diameter, head perimeter, and femur length:head perimeter were sensitive thresholds for the diagnosis of fetal microcephaly with no false negative diagnoses. Four standard deviations from the mean for occipitofrontal diameter, head perimeter:abdominal perimeter, and femur length:head perimeter were specific tests with no false positive diagnoses. The use of multiple diagnostic tests was necessary to improve accuracy in the diagnosis of fetal microcephaly. Further clinical studies are needed to delineate more clearly optimal tests and thresholds of abnormality. PMID- 6742022 TI - Fetal pericardial fluid: a normal finding of the second half of gestation. AB - In a series of 104 consecutive pregnancies ranging from 20 to 40 weeks' gestation which were examined with real-time ultrasound, we observed 46 fetuses with pericardial fluid. High resolution makes the detection of normal pericardial fluid now feasible. PMID- 6742023 TI - Factors influencing fertility after ectopic pregnancy. AB - Seventy-one cases of ectopic pregnancies that had been treated by salpingectomy or salpingo-oophorectomy were evaluated. All patients were attempting pregnancy after the surgical procedure. During a follow-up that ranged from 3 to 13 years the overall conception rate was 62%. Excluding the ectopic pregnancies, the uterine pregnancy rate was 52%. The repeat ectopic pregnancy rate was 12.6%. The uterine pregnancy rate was higher for patients treated by salpingectomy (p less than 0.02). The repeat ectopic pregnancy rate was similar after salpingectomy and salpingo-oophorectomy. The uterine pregnancy rate in women with a previous history of pelvic inflammatory disease was poor (19%), and those patients had a high incidence of recurrent ectopic pregnancy (27%). The pregnancy rate was higher in women who were under age 25 at the time of the ectopic pregnancy. Parity did not have an effect on future fertility. PMID- 6742024 TI - Specific binding of 17 beta-estradiol in the human thymus. AB - Many observations suggest that estrogenic preparations can depress cell-mediated immune reactions. Since cell-mediated immunity is thymus-dependent, the estrogen binding properties of human and mouse thymus tissue were studied with the use of an aqueous two-phase separation system. A high-affinity and low-capacity estrogen binding was found in human thymus tissue from six prepubertal children of both sexes and two grown women. A similar specific binding was found in the mouse thymus and in the human uterus. The association constant (Ka) for the binding in the human thymus was 16.01 +/- 8.98 X 10(9)M-1. The human uterus, which is known to possess estrogen receptors, had Ka values in the same range. The binding seems to be located in the reticuloepithelial cells of the thymus. Data suggest that the human thymus is a target organ for estrogens, which may influence lymphocyte function during therapy. PMID- 6742025 TI - Central and peripheral metabolites of norepinephrine and dopamine in postmenopausal women. AB - Urinary 3-methoxy-4-hydroxyphenylglycol (MHPG) sulfate and glucuronide reflect, in part, central norepinephrine activity while urinary 3-methoxy-4 hydroxymandelic (VMA) reflects peripheral norepinephrine activity. Urinary MHPG and VMA were measured, together with homovanillic acid (HVA), in 20 symptomatic and seven asymptomatic postmenopausal women and 10 premenopausal control women. Urinary HVA reflects, in part, central dopamine metabolism. After nine of the symptomatic women were treated for 2 months with 0.625 mg of conjugated estrogens, urinary catecholamine measurements were repeated. Serum estrogen levels were not different in symptomatic and asymptomatic patients. Urinary MHPG, VMA, and HVA were similar in symptomatic women before and after estrogen treatment and were not different from levels of asymptomatic postmenopausal and control subjects. The ratios of MHPG:VMA, MHPG:HVA, and VMA:HVA also were similar. While body weight and estrogen did not correlate with urinary catecholamines, there was a significant positive correlation between MHPG and age in postmenopausal subjects (r = 0.56, p less than 0.005). PMID- 6742026 TI - The concurrence of facioauriculovertebral spectrum and the Rokitansky syndrome. PMID- 6742027 TI - Ultrasound diagnosis of meconium-stained amniotic fluid. PMID- 6742028 TI - Vaginal pregnancy presenting as a suburethral cyst. PMID- 6742029 TI - Effects of smoking on fetal heart rate variability during gestational weeks 27 to 32. PMID- 6742030 TI - Intrapartum treatment of preeclamptic hypertension by ketanserin--a serotonin receptor antagonist. PMID- 6742032 TI - Placental transmission of hepatitis B e antigen and clinical significance of hepatitis B e antigen titers in children born to hepatitis B e antigen-positive carrier women. PMID- 6742031 TI - Long-term suppression of hypermenorrhea by progesterone intrauterine contraceptive devices. PMID- 6742033 TI - Breast stimulation to ripen cervix. PMID- 6742034 TI - Counseling of patient with incompetent cervix. PMID- 6742035 TI - Candidiasis after diagnostic amniocentesis. PMID- 6742037 TI - The use of magnesium sulfate in the management of acute fetal distress. PMID- 6742036 TI - Unexplained hemolytic anemia associated with pregnancy. PMID- 6742038 TI - Plasma immunoreactive erythropoietin in normal women studied sequentially during and after pregnancy. AB - Six healthy, nonanemic women with uncomplicated singleton pregnancies were sequentially studied for plasma immunoreactive erythropoietin levels, hematologic indices, and human placental lactogen. Mean group levels of erythropoietin as well as human placental lactogen were significantly increased (p less than 0.01) after 18 weeks' gestation compared to nonpregnant values (20 to 30 weeks post partum). However, individual responses of erythropoietin during pregnancy were found to be highly variable. There was a direct correlation of both maternal plasma erythropoietin and human placental lactogen with gestational age (p less than 0.001) but no detectable relation of erythropoietin with human placental lactogen levels. We speculate that the increase in erythropoietin levels during pregnancy acts as a trophic stimulus for effecting an increase in maternal red blood cell mass presumably to meet the increased metabolic (oxygen) demands of pregnancy. PMID- 6742039 TI - Transplantation of normal and ectopic human endometrial tissue into athymic nude mice. AB - Implants or tiny circumscribed nodules of endometrial tissue were found in all female mice given intraperitoneal injections of fragments of human normal (proliferative and secretory) or ectopic (endometrioma) endometrium. Half of these animals received estrogen supplementation and the other half received none. The endometriosis tissue present in these animals at 28 or 56 days after inoculation consisted of glands and stroma with an infiltration of hemosiderin laden macrophages. Glands in tissue transplants of animals given supplemental estrogen tended to be larger, and the secretory endometrium tended to revert to a proliferative pattern. Palpable nodules at the site of subcutaneous inoculations of proliferative endometrium became undetectable grossly and microscopically within 24 to 32 days, whereas endometrioma tissue remained detectable for up to 70 days and resembled the intraperitoneal tissue microscopically. This study demonstrates that human endometrial tissue can be successfully transplanted into the nude mouse and will retain its basic morphology. PMID- 6742040 TI - Evaluation of sonography in the initial assessment of the gynecologic patient. AB - Although the importance of sonography in modern obstetrics is undisputed, its role in the evaluation of the patient with gynecologic disease is less clear. We evaluated the role of pelvic sonography in the initial assessment of gynecologic patients. Standardized pelvic sonography was performed on patients scheduled to undergo laparoscopy or celiotomy. These examinations were evaluated by a radiologist who was not informed of the clinical diagnosis and the findings of physical examination. The overall performance of sonography was inferior to clinical examination and was notable for a high number of false positive diagnoses. We conclude that sonography should be reserved for specific indications. PMID- 6742042 TI - Plasma steroid hormones, cytosol receptors, and thymidine incorporation rate in endometrial carcinoma. AB - Histopathologically evaluated endometrial carcinomas were analyzed for the presence of estradiol and progesterone receptors and for tumor thymidine incorporation rate. Plasma estradiol and progesterone concentrations were also measured. With the use of an improved assay, all endometrial carcinomas were found to contain estradiol receptors; 81 of 92 (88%) contained measurable concentrations of progesterone receptors. The concentrations of both receptors were positively correlated to the degree of differentiation. The moderately and poorly differentiated tumours could be further divided into subgroups with low and high concentrations of receptors, which might be a reflection of an independent biologic characteristic of a tumor. These subgroups did not differ in any of the other variables studied, including the age of the patients. The plasma concentrations of estradiol showed a positive correlation to the degree of differentiation and to the concentration of both receptors. It is suggested that improved analyses of estradiol and progesterone receptors in endometrial carcinomas may add information to the conventional histopathologic and clinical classification which will be of significant value in the proper treatment of the disease. PMID- 6742041 TI - Oral contraceptives and benign breast disease: a case-control study. AB - The relationship between benign breast disease and use of oral contraceptives was analyzed in a case-control study conducted in Milan with 288 cases of clinically relevant and histologically confirmed benign breast disease and 285 age-matched controls with a spectrum of acute conditions apparently unrelated to use of oral contraceptives. Compared to the risk for women who had never used oral contraceptives, the relative risk for users was 1.0 (95% confidence interval: 0.6 to 1.5). There was no significant association with duration of use; however, a significantly lower relative risk was found in women using oral contraceptives during the year before breast biopsy (relative risk: 0.4; 95% confidence interval: 0.2 to 0.8). The protection in current users increased with increasing duration of use. In spite of this finding, the overall results of the present study do not support the hypothesis that oral contraceptive use protects against development of histologically confirmed and clinically relevant benign breast disease. PMID- 6742043 TI - Induction of luteal phase defect with clomiphene citrate. AB - The effect of clomiphene citrate and progesterone on luteal function in infertile women was studied. Endometrial biopsies were performed in 103 women immediately prior to menstruation. Group 1 (n = 62) had secretory endometrium with a histologic lag time of greater than or equal to 48 hours with respect to the subsequent menses, that is, luteal phase defect. Group 2 (n = 10) had normal histologic characteristics of the secretory phase. Group 3 (n = 31) had anovulatory endometrium. The last group was subdivided into those with polycystic ovary syndrome (n = 9) and those without the characteristic gonadotropin pattern of polycystic ovary syndrome (n = 22). Clomiphene citrate at doses of 50 to 250 mg daily for 5 days was administered for induction of ovulation, timing of ovulation, or treatment of luteal phase defect. An endometrial biopsy was obtained after three ovulatory treatment cycles. Only one fourth of the women with prior luteal phase defect had normalization of the biopsy specimen with clomiphene citrate, while one half of those treated with progesterone had normal specimens. Half of the normally ovulating women had induction of a luteal phase defect with clomiphene citrate. Only women with polycystic ovary syndrome had consistently well-timed endometrial histologic features with clomiphene citrate therapy. Despite successful induction of ovulation, 16 of the other 22 previously anovulatory women had endometrial histologic findings compatible with luteal phase defect. Increasing the clomiphene citrate dosage was unsuccessful in improving endometrial maturation. These results suggest that the use of clomiphene citrate may be associated with a high rate of luteal phase defect induction, except among women with polycystic ovary syndrome. Clomiphene citrate, even at high doses, appears to be ineffective therapy for luteal phase defect. PMID- 6742045 TI - The doctor--third parties. PMID- 6742044 TI - Obstetric management when normoglycemia is maintained in diabetic pregnant women with vascular compromise. AB - This study presents an obstetric protocol offering better management and prediction for normoglycemic insulin-dependent patients (White Class D4, F, R, or RF) who conceived after they were diagnosed as having vascular disease secondary to diabetes mellitus. Normoglycemia was accomplished during the pregestational phase, and conception occurred only after the glycosylated hemoglobin level was documented to be normal. Normoglycemia was maintained during pregnancy in the outpatient setting through the use of blood glucose monitoring performed by the patient. The obstetric protocol emphasized three additional areas of attention: (1) assessment of fetal growth by serial uterine fundal measurement and ultrasonography at gestational weeks 21 to 22; (2) assessment of fetal movement by patient-perceived fetal movements for 1 hour a week starting at week 35, increasing to 2 hr/day at week 37, and increasing to 3 hr/day from week 38 onward; and (3) cervical assessment at week 37 and preparation for vaginal delivery. Eight patients had a creatinine clearance of less than or equal to 80 ml/min prior to conception (mean = 66 +/- 6 ml/min). By 6 to 12 weeks' gestation all eight showed an increase in creatinine clearance (mean = 91 +/- 20, p less than 0.01). There was no change in the third trimester, and postpartum creatinine clearance was at antepartum levels. Proteinuria increased significantly by the end of the first trimester in all eight women and regressed post partum. Proteinuria (greater than 150 mg/24 hr) did not occur in the 14 women with normal antepartum creatinine clearance. Of 11 women with background retinopathy, six showed improvement in retinal status by fundus stereophotography whereas five showed no change. Of 11 women with proliferative retinopathy, five improved, five required laser therapy, and one remained in stable condition. Despite hemoglobin A1 levels in the normal gestational range (3% to 7.5%), there was a significant correlation of these levels with infant birth weights. None of the 22 infants died, and only one had any perinatal disease. Thus this protocol with its emphasis on fetal growth and size resulted in improvement in both maternal and infant outcome in pregnancies complicated by diabetes mellitus with vascular compromise. PMID- 6742046 TI - Is wide availability of abortion essential to national population growth control programs? Experiences of 116 countries. AB - No nation wanting to reduce its growth rate to less than or equal to 1% can expect to do so without the widespread use of abortion. This study, based on the experience of 116 of the world's largest countries, supports the contention that abortion is essential to any national population growth control effort. Existing circumstances in developed countries have facilitated reduction of growth rates to less than 1%, with abortion rates generally in the range of 200 to 500 per 1000 live births. However, developing countries are faced with a different and more difficult set of circumstances that require even greater reliance on abortion. These obstacles include a young population with resultant rapidly growing numbers of young fertile women, poor contraceptive use-effectiveness, low prevalence of contraception, and poor or nonexistent systems for providing contraceptives. By virtue of their profession, physicians play a critical role in family planning and carry a special responsibility in ensuring that abortion services are available to all women who need them. PMID- 6742047 TI - Apgar scores and umbilical arterial pH in preterm newborn infants. AB - One- and five-minute Apgar scores and umbilical cord arterial pH values were compared in preterm newborn infants of various gestational ages. The more premature the infant, the more likely the Apgar score was low in the presence of a pH greater than or equal to 7.25. Conversely, the closer to term, the more frequently an infant with a pH of less than 7.25 had an Apgar score of greater than or equal to 7. Therefore, in preterm infants, there is little congruity between the Apgar score and umbilical cord pH. Based on these findings, it is not appropriate to label preterm newborn infants as asphyxiated based on a low Apgar score. PMID- 6742048 TI - The Northwestern University multihospital twin study. IV. Duration of gestation according to fetal sex. AB - Recently MacGillivray has observed that the average duration of male twin gestations is shorter than that of either female twin or male/female twin gestations. The data from 562 twin gestations from the Northwestern University multihospital twin study were used to test this observation. Male twin gestations were slightly but significantly shorter than other twin gestations as measured by pediatric examination (p less than 0.005). Approaching significance at the 0.05 level were findings that male twin gestations were shorter than other twin gestations when measured by dates, and that the male twins were slightly shorter and lighter than other twins. No significant differences were found between male/female twin gestations and female twin gestations. No relationship could be found between twin sex combinations and a variety of maternal and obstetric factors. Taken together, the results suggest that male twin gestations differ in some distinctive biologic sense from other twin gestations. PMID- 6742049 TI - Observations of fetal heart rate characteristics related to external cephalic version and tocolysis. AB - External cephalic version performed in conjunction with tocolysis in the term breech presentation has been found to decrease the number of breech presentations at delivery and thus reduce the number of cesarean sections for breech presentation. However, information regarding the fetal heart rate (FHR) patterns associated with version is limited. In an attempt to broaden our understanding of the FHR changes that occur in association with version, the FHR tracings of 141 patients who had undergone version were analyzed. Approximately 39% of the fetuses exhibited changes in FHR characteristics during and/or after attempted version. These FHR changes were primarily manifested as bradycardias and/or decelerations. However, some of the fetuses (less than 5%) demonstrated a tachycardia or sine wave pattern. All of these FHR changes were transient and bore no apparent relationship to the subsequent outcome of the fetus. In addition to these FHR alterations, the incidence of diminished FHR variability (less than or equal to 5 bpm) was significantly higher after version than before version (p less than 0.01). The decline in FHR variability lasted 15 +/- 12 minutes. While this decline in variability appeared to be related to the success or failure of the version, the decreased variability observed after version was found to be unrelated to the tocolytic agent used and to the subsequent fetal outcome. In summary, alterations in FHR activity were frequent during the version process. All were transient and most responded to cessation of manipulation. Subsequent fetal outcome was apparently unrelated to the observed FHR alterations. Nonetheless, continuous fetal monitoring during and after the version is recommended. PMID- 6742050 TI - The wavering midline: a diagnostic sign of fetal hydrocephalus. AB - The significance of midline wavering in the central nervous system as a diagnostic sign in hydrocephalus was evaluated prospectively in 27 hydrocephalic fetuses. No normal fetuses in a control group exhibited a wavering midline at three different times in pregnancy. Wavering along the entire length of the midline was seen in all 27 affected infants with hydrocephalus diagnosed from 12 to 42 weeks' gestation, prior to determination of an abnormal lateral ventricular width:hemispheric width ratio in one of 23 cases for which data were available and prior to an increased biparietal diameter in 25 (48%). One fetus, not included in the series, showed wavering of the midline echo and had an abnormal lateral ventricular width:hemispheric width ratio. The neonate was later shown to have trisomy 21 (47,XY,+21) and is suspected to have had a transient ventriculomegaly. Wavering along the complete length of the midline echo appears to be a constant finding in hydrocephalus in the fetus. PMID- 6742051 TI - The ultrasound estimation of sex-related variations of intrauterine growth. AB - The fetal ultrasound parameters of biparietal diameter, head circumference, abdominal circumference, and the product of crown-rump length and trunk area were estimated from serial measurements at 16 weeks' gestation to term in a sample of 96 pregnant European women. The slower rate of growth in the female fetus compared to that in the male fetus was statistically significant by 28 weeks' gestation, and this discrepancy increased toward term. This sex-related difference was reflected in the birth weight, head circumference, and crown-heel length of the newborn infant. The variation of intrauterine growth affected both head and abdomen equally as the head/abdominal circumference ratio did not differ significantly between the sexes throughout pregnancy and the neonatal ponderal indices were similar. PMID- 6742052 TI - Study of lipids in human amnion and chorion. AB - Most previous fetal membrane studies have focused primarily on their phospholipids as the precursors of arachidonic acid and the obligate precursors of prostaglandins E2 and F2 alpha, with little attention being afforded nonpolar lipids as another possible source. In this presentation, a special emphasis is placed on nonpolar lipids and their acyl group makeup. A substantial amount of acyl group (20:4) lipids was found. The implication of this finding could be that a nonpolar lipid source is necessary for the production of prostaglandins E2 and F2 alpha. PMID- 6742053 TI - The relationship of intracranial infrared light absorbance to fetal oxygenation. I: Methodology. AB - Current clinical methods for assessing fetal oxygenation in labor are indirect and remain somewhat imperfect. Since infrared light passes through the cranium and infrared light absorbance by tissues has been shown in adult animals to vary with oxygenation, monitoring of infrared light absorbance may serve as the basis for a new, more direct technique for the assessment of fetal condition. Described here is the application of infrared reflectance spectrophotometry to a fetal sheep model and the precision of the relationship between fetal arterial or venous PO2 and infrared light absorbance at selected wavelengths. A very strong, linear correlation (r = 0.915) was found between fetal arterial PO2 and intracranial infrared light absorbance according to an algorithm developed for selective monitoring of the state of hemoglobin oxygenation in tissue. With further development, this method holds promise for a more direct, noninvasive assessment of fetal condition in labor than is currently available. PMID- 6742054 TI - Complications with Bonanno suprapubic catheters. PMID- 6742055 TI - Adult respiratory distress syndrome: a rare manifestation of Listeria monocytogenes infection in pregnancy. PMID- 6742056 TI - Persistent fetal bradycardia during maternal hypoglycemia. PMID- 6742057 TI - Pregnancy in a patient with idiopathic long QT syndrome. PMID- 6742058 TI - Splenomegaly and an abnormal peripheral smear associated with the use of danazol: case report. PMID- 6742059 TI - Dicephalus: unusual case of conjoined twins and its prepartum diagnosis. PMID- 6742060 TI - Ritodrine and myocardial ischemia. PMID- 6742061 TI - Pelvic inflammatory disease and Actinomyces. PMID- 6742062 TI - Urinary protein profiles in hypertensive pregnancies. PMID- 6742063 TI - Increased use of oxytocin in patients with chorioamnionitis. PMID- 6742064 TI - Therapy of Mooren's ulcer. AB - In 37 eyes of 23 patients with Mooren's ulcer initial treatment with topical corticosteroids healed 12 ulcers. Conjunctival excision, used if the corticosteroids failed, healed eight ulcers. Patients failing to respond to topical corticosteroids and conjunctival excision were treated with immunosuppression. This resulted in healing of four of 13 ulcers. Overall, 24 of 37 ulcers (65%) were healed. Eight of nine unilateral ulcers and six of six bilateral nonsimultaneous ulcers (ulcer began in one eye after healing in the other) healed after treatment with topical corticosteroids and conjunctival excision. However, only ten of 22 bilateral simultaneous ulcers responded to topical corticosteroids, conjunctival excision, and immunosuppression. Bilateral, simultaneously active Mooren's ulcer is a severe, relentlessly destructive condition for which no completely satisfactory treatment exists. PMID- 6742065 TI - The endothelium in primary angle-closure glaucoma. AB - Specular microscopy of 56 eyes with primary angle-closure glaucoma showed a significant (P less than .05) loss of endothelial cells in eyes when any of the following were present: visual field loss; a cup-disk ratio greater than 0.5; a previous acute attack of angle closure; and surgery in addition to peripheral iridectomy. PMID- 6742067 TI - The cost of cutting costs. PMID- 6742066 TI - Structural factors in the pathogenesis of ischemic optic neuropathy. AB - Some patients with nonarteritic ischemic optic neuropathy have no signs or symptoms of systemic vascular disease; therefore, nonvascular factors may play a role in the pathogenesis of this syndrome. We observed that the average cup-disk ratio of the unaffected optic disks in a group of patients with ischemic optic neuropathy was significantly (P = .005) smaller than the average ratio in a group of age-matched controls (0.36 +/- 0.19 vs 0.21 +/- 0.16). Fourteen of 30 patients but only two of 29 controls had cup-disk ratios equal to or less than 0.1. Mechanical factors, such as constriction of axons as they traverse the scleral canal, may contribute to the pathogenesis of ischemic optic neuropathy. PMID- 6742068 TI - Direct measurement of strabismic deviation in highly ametropic patients. PMID- 6742069 TI - Increased intraocular pressure with head-down position. PMID- 6742070 TI - Accidental YAG laser burn. PMID- 6742071 TI - Histocompatibility antigens in sympathetic ophthalmia. PMID- 6742072 TI - Ectopic cilia and preseptal orbital cellulitis. PMID- 6742073 TI - Transient myopia associated with vaginal sulfanilamide suppositories. PMID- 6742074 TI - Albinotic characteristics in congenital nystagmus. PMID- 6742075 TI - Inhibitor of vascular endothelial cell growth in the lens. PMID- 6742076 TI - Piperacillin levels in human tears and aqueous humor. AB - Thirty patients scheduled to undergo elective intraocular surgery were each given 4 g of piperacillin intravenously. Specimens of serum, tears, and aqueous humor were collected from zero to nine hours after infusion and assayed for piperacillin content by high pressure liquid chromatography. In noninflamed eyes piperacillin sodium distributed into tears and aqueous humor in concentrations exceeding the minimum inhibitory concentration required for many gram-positive and gram-negative organisms. Higher levels of piperacillin were anticipated in patients with inflamed eyes who possessed an altered blood-aqueous barrier, and in patients receiving serial doses of this agent. PMID- 6742077 TI - Anatomic changes in involutional blepharoptosis. AB - Involutional blepharoptosis is a degenerative process involving the levator aponeurosis. Clinical and histopathologic evidence for involvement of the levator palpebrae superioris muscle has not been firmly established. We examined 20 patients with involutional blepharoptosis who demonstrated additional clinical, anatomic, and histopathologic findings consisting of a dehiscence of the medial limb of Whitnall's ligament, a lateral displacement of the tarsal plate of the upper eyelid, and a fatty degeneration of the levator muscle in the area of Whitnall's ligament. These findings suggest that a primary myopathic process may be involved in some cases of involutional blepharoptosis. The tarsal displacement complicates surgical correction of eyelids with blepharoptosis secondary to this myopathic process. PMID- 6742078 TI - Biofeedback therapy of essential blepharospasm. AB - Eight patients with essential blepharospasm were given five consecutive sessions of electromyogram biofeedback from cutaneous electrodes placed over the frontalis muscle. Four of the eight patients demonstrated a 60% or greater reduction in blepharospasm frequency. Posttreatment electromyogram significantly predicted improvement of blepharospasm. These data suggest that electromyogram biofeedback may provide a therapeutic alternative to the treatment of this disabling condition. PMID- 6742079 TI - Quantitative analysis of endothelial mosaic pattern changes in anterior keratoconus. AB - The corneal endothelia of 21 eyes with anterior keratoconus and 15 eyes of age matched controls were investigated with a specular microscope. Of the 21 eyes, 15 had definite keratoconus while six apparently normal fellow eyes were designated as latent. The corneal endothelial photographs were subjected to a computerized digitizer analysis of the area and shape of individual cells. The endothelium in keratoconus showed a significant increase in the extent of polymegethism (the coefficient of variation in cell area; 0.36 +/- 0.07) as compared with controls (0.24 +/- 0.03), with the mean cell area staying within normal limits. The relative frequency of hexagonal cells in keratoconus (50.5 +/- 5.7%) was significantly lower than that of controls (70.6 +/- 5.5%). Additionally, an increase of various cell shapes was noted, indicating that there was also a significant increase in cellular pleomorphism. In the latent group, alterations in cellular structure could not be detected by analysis of cell area when compared to controls. However, when these eyes were subjected to cell shape analysis and compared to fellow keratoconic eyes, both eyes showed similar pleomorphic characteristics. These results suggest that in the fellow eye in unilateral keratoconus, even when there are no ocular signs and symptoms, diagnosis can be made early with specular microscopy and computerized cell shape analysis. PMID- 6742080 TI - Local ocular hypotensive effect of topically applied acetazolamide. AB - Acetazolamide's usefulness in the treatment of the glaucomas is limited by the systemic side effects that often accompany its oral administration, and topical administration was initially thought to have no effect upon the intraocular pressures of human and rabbit eyes. Recent studies, however, have shown the usefulness of water-loading tests for screening drugs with potential antiglaucomatous activity. We found evidence that topical acetazolamide has the ability to lessen the increase in intraocular pressure after water-loading in pigmented rabbits and correlated this observation with low levels (0.0 to 0.7 microgram/ml) of plasma acetazolamide. Further, a separate study showed that 10% topical acetazolamide can enhance the ocular hypotensive effects of systemically administered acetazolamide in normal pigmented rabbits, suggesting that topically applied acetazolamide can have a local effect on intraocular pressure. PMID- 6742081 TI - The effect of d-timolol on intraocular pressure in patients with ocular hypertension. AB - The stereoisomer form of timolol used in the treatment of glaucoma is l-timolol. Although d-timolol is a less potent beta-adrenergic receptor blocker than l timolol, several laboratory studies have found that d-timolol has ocular hypotensive effects. Thus, d-timolol may be a useful therapeutic agent for glaucoma that has fewer systemic side effects than l-timolol. We conducted a randomized, double-masked, single-drop study of the effects of d-timolol and placebo on intraocular pressure in 34 patients with ocular hypertension. d Timolol significantly lowered intraocular pressure for the six-hour duration of the study. No patients receiving the drug reported subjective side effects. There was no change in visual acuity, pupil size, or results of external ocular or slit lamp examinations during the study. No changes in pulse rate or blood pressure were attributable to the drug. PMID- 6742082 TI - Effect of indomethacin on the ocular hypotensive action of timolol maleate. AB - A randomized, double-masked, cross-over study of nine healthy normal subjects was conducted to determine whether indomethacin affected the ocular hypotensive action of timolol maleate. A significant decrease in intraocular pressure occurred with timolol maleate 0.5% eyedrops (used twice a day) alone. Indomethacin (25 mg three times a day, given orally) administered concurrently had no effect on timolol's hypotensive action. No subjective or objective side effects occurred and there were no significant changes in blood pressure, pulse rate, or respiratory rate with either treatment. PMID- 6742083 TI - Developmental immaturity of the trabecular meshwork in juvenile glaucoma. AB - We used light and electron microscopy to compare ten specimens of anterior chamber angle tissue obtained by trabeculectomy from seven patients with juvenile glaucoma (primary glaucoma with open iridocorneal angle in young humans with specimens of normal trabecular meshwork from humans of the same ages. In all cases of juvenile glaucoma, we observed a thick compact tissue consisting of cells with fine processes and extracellular substances at the anterior chamber side of Schlemm's canal and abnormal deposits of ground substances in the thick tissue. These observations strongly suggest that the thick compact tissue represents an immature development of the trabecular meshwork and may be one of the primary causes of increased intraocular pressure in juvenile glaucoma. Our studies indicate that both congenital and juvenile glaucoma occur because of developmental immaturity of the trabecular meshwork in anterior chamber angle tissue and that the more extensive the immaturity, the earlier the glaucoma will become manifest. PMID- 6742084 TI - Reliability of optic disk topographic measurements recorded with a video ophthalmograph. AB - The video-ophthalmograph records the topography of the optic disk via simultaneous stereoscopic images which are stored and analyzed with the help of a microcomputer. This information is used to generate the vertical cup-disk ratio, the vertical optic disk diameter, the cup volume, and the neuroretinal rim area. To determine the reliability of the data, we recorded information for one eye of each of five patients ten times to determine the interphotographic error variance. We also analyzed one photograph for each of five patients ten times to determine the intraphotographic variance attributable to repeated analysis of the same photograph. The interphotographic and intraphotographic coefficients of variation were 2% to 18% and 2% to 7% respectively for these measurements. PMID- 6742085 TI - Hand strength and prone extension in right-dominant, 6 to 9 year olds. AB - A stratified random sample of 153 right-dominant children (6 to 9 years of age) with normal or above intelligence was selected to study the development of hand strength, and the quality and duration of prone extension as a function of age, sex, height, and weight of the child. The Jamar hand dynamometer was used to measure hand strength, and a new scale for rating the quality of prone extension was presented. Both right- and left-hand strength increased monotonically with age, with the right being significantly higher than the left. Duration of prone extension increased monotonically with age, but quality of prone extension did not correlate with age. Sex differences were found only on the variable left-hand strength (males greater than females). Hand strength demonstrated weak correlation with duration of prone extension. Both height and weight exhibited strong positive correlations with hand strength, weaker positive correlations with duration of prone extension, and no correlation with quality of prone extension. The results suggest hand strength can be an index of normal development, and children ages 6 to 9 can attain the prone extension position; however, the meaning of duration greater than 30 seconds needs to be researched further. PMID- 6742086 TI - Sequential versus simultaneous graphesthesia tasks in 6- and 10-year-old children. AB - Reported in the statistics of the Southern California Graphesthesia Test are significant sex differences for certain young age groups, with females scoring higher than males. In contrast, another study has reported that adult males scored higher than females on the same test. The purpose of this study was to examine the interaction between sex and age and to investigate a possible explanation for this interaction. Sixty-four normal children between the ages of 6.0 and 7.0 years, and 10.0 and 11.0 years were administered two graphesthesia tasks. One task was an adaptation of the Graphesthesia Test of the Southern California Sensory Integration Test (SCSIT). In this task, shapes were drawn sequentially on the palmar surface of the child's hand. A second task was devised whereby each of the same shapes was presented in a simultaneous manner, that is, the entire outline of each shape was pressed onto the palmar surface of the child's hand. Results indicated that for both tasks, younger boys performed relatively less ably than girls, but older boys equalled or surpassed the girls. At a level approaching significance, females scored relatively higher than males on the sequential task, and males scored relatively higher than females on the simultaneous task. However, this tendency toward an interaction between sex and the type of task does not fully explain the interaction between sex and age on graphesthesia tasks. PMID- 6742087 TI - Crisis intervention: the nuclear task approach. AB - Failure to perform certain life tasks adequately contributes to crisis development. Occupational therapists frequently treat individuals in crisis. The state of crisis disrupts normal activity patterns, adding to the individual's sense of helplessness and disequilibrium. Activities may play a crucial role in the process of recovery. "Nuclear tasks" are activities that promote adaptive resolution of crisis elements and spur active problem solving on the part of crisis patients. PMID- 6742088 TI - A comparative study on the presence of the asymmetrical tonic neck reflex in adult hemiplegia. AB - In this study, the intensity of the asymmetrical tonic neck reflex (ATNR) was measured in post-cerebrovascular accident (CVA) adults with hemiplegia and in neurologically intact adults to determine if the reflex exaggerated following CVA. Fourteen subjects with right and left hemiplegia were matched to neurologically intact subjects by age and sex and tested for the ATNR. Intensity of the reflex was measured using electromyography (EMG) biofeedback. The results indicate that no difference exists between the two groups in intensity of the reflex. The method of rotation used to elicit the reflex did significantly affect the strength of the muscle response. A possible explanation for observation of the reflex in the hemiplegic individual's movement and its significance in neuromuscular re-education programs is discussed. PMID- 6742089 TI - An approach to supervision of students on fieldwork. AB - This paper describes a method for supervision of occupational therapy students on clinical affiliation. The approach is based on the assumption that students behave in ways that are consistent with Levels 3 through 4 of Jane Loevinger's stages of personality development. The most effective supervisory approach for students at each level of behavior is described. The model assumes that the level of student can be matched with a supervisory approach to result in a more satisfying experience for both student and supervisor. PMID- 6742090 TI - Splint modification for flexor tendon repairs. AB - This report has discussed a modification of the Kleinert orthosis presently in use and has reviewed some of the physiological mechanisms accompanying tendon repair and the use of early controlled mobilization. The hand is an essential tool required for daily functioning and work, which is a key concept in occupational therapy. Early controlled mobilization has demonstrated some definite benefits with more rapid resumption of function. This resumption of function is important to therapists, patients, employers, families, and society at-large. The preliminary results of ongoing evaluations suggest that use of the modified orthosis produces more effective results and perhaps a better quality functional level in the end. PMID- 6742091 TI - The importance of the client versus patient issue for occupational therapy. PMID- 6742092 TI - Symposium on optometry's obligation in vision screening. Opening remarks. PMID- 6742093 TI - A public health perspective on vision screening. AB - Health screenings, including vision screenings, can be an effective means for identifying problems needing further care. This paper reviews the generally accepted criteria for determining screening protocols and discusses the concepts of sensitivity and specificity as related to vision screening. PMID- 6742094 TI - The Orinda Study. AB - The Orinda Study was the first interdisciplinary effort to establish the validity of a vision screening protocol and led to the development of the clinically based Modified Clinical Technique (MCT), a protocol that has been in widespread use for the past 24 years. This paper reviews the original thoughts behind the study and its accomplishments and assesses the impact of the study on vision screening. Future obligations of optometrists and other vision screeners are discussed in view of the past benefits of the study. PMID- 6742095 TI - Vision screening and the private practitioner--a status report. AB - Private optometric practitioners have traditionally been involved with schools and other organizations in conducting vision screening programs, although the extent of the involvement varies considerably from one location to another. A national survey of 500 optometrists (49% response rate) was conducted to examine the extent of optometric involvement in screening programs. Seventy percent of the optometrists surveyed have participated in screening during their professional careers although only 30% are currently active. Most screenings were done in the schools with the Modified Clinical Technique (MCT) battery although only 7% knew of perceptual screening activities. The study indicates that in areas where vision screening is conducted, most practitioners are involved and where programs are infrequent, knowledge about screenings is limited. PMID- 6742096 TI - Vision screening of specialized populations. AB - This paper describes the vision screening tests for specialized populations as used by the Community Eye Care Services Program of the Pennsylvania College of Optometry. Referral criteria have been elaborated. This paper is designed to help those who are interested in organizing such a screening. PMID- 6742097 TI - Predicting visual resolution from detection thresholds. AB - Visual acuity is one of the most frequent health measures and is central to vision assessment in schools, industry, aviation, drivers' licensing, and ocular health examinations. There is a need for a rapid, simple, and interpretation-free measure of visual acuity which is amenable to automated and objective assessment. This study shows that a rapid (15 s) and simple contrast threshold measure for a 5 min arc spot correlates highly (r = 0.75) with letter acuity in 360 clinic patients. Assessments by optometrist and technician correlated highly (r = 0.88) as did repeated measures by the same examiner (r = 0.85). The instrumentation appears to be well suited for rapid, automated, and interpretation-free assessment of visual acuity and for visual acuity screening. PMID- 6742098 TI - Eye movements of human albinos. AB - Albino mammals are known to suffer from misrouted optic projections and there is a growing body of evidence suggesting that human albinos have similar aberrant anatomical pathways. The present study examined the possible consequences of such aberrant pathways on the oculomotor performance of five adult human albinos. Optokinetic nystagmus to drifting grating patterns and pursuit eye movements were measured. The subjects' congenital nystagmus was also measured under different conditions of gaze position and ambient room illumination. Two of the subjects showed clear instances of an inversion in the optokinetic response and there were probable inversions observed for a third subject. The magnitude of the optokinetic nystagmus was appropriate for the rate of pattern drift, but inverted in direction. In all cases smooth pursuit was severely impaired, but reversals of the appropriate direction of pursuit eye movements were not observed. Changes in the congenital nystagmus under conditions of light and darkness were found for four of the five subjects and varied greatly between subjects. The results suggest that human albinos share many of the oculomotor deficits found in other albino species. PMID- 6742099 TI - Human corneal epithelial oxygen demand--population characteristics. AB - Observed differences in corneal response to contact lens wear have been attributed to variations in individual corneal oxygen requirements. Anterior corneal oxygen flux was measured on 100 human eyes using a polarographic oxygen sensor to determine if differences could be measured among subjects. A distribution in corneal epithelial oxygen use was found to exist in the population. PMID- 6742100 TI - Microbial factors in contact lens fitting. AB - As contact lens practitioners, optometrists work in a nonsterile environment and on a nonsterile part of the human body. Our report describes 10 cases of eye infection related to contact lens wear. Practitioners need to be aware of the problems which can occur when a thoroughly sterilized contact lens is placed on an unsterile and biologically complex eye. We recommend taking swabs of the conjuctiva in all eyes where ocular inflammation is present. In those areas in which the professions of optometry and medicine meet, cooperation should exist. Improving our knowledge and skills in microbiology helps to facilitate such cooperation. Our experience has been most rewarding and interaction in this field with medical practitioners has been positive. The use of a high quality slitlamp is essential. PMID- 6742101 TI - Preferred density of sunglasses. AB - Light- and dark-eyed observers, ranging in age from 17 to 67 years, compared six pairs of sunglasses whose neutral density filters transmitted either 0.8, 2.5, 4.8, 8.9, 15.8, or 91.2% of the light. The sunglasses were worn in bright sunlight both in summer and winter and rated for comfort as to the light-level which they admitted to the eyes. In addition, the observers took a test of resolution acuity with each pair of filters. Observers of both eye colors and of every age group preferred, on the average, sunglasses which reduced the light level to 1000 to 1400 cd/m2. These preferred filters are much denser than typical commercial sunglasses. Resolution acuity declined significantly for the older observers with filters denser than the preferred ones. PMID- 6742102 TI - A new contrast sensitivity vision test chart. AB - A new contrast sensitivity vision chart has been tested and compared to an automated video-based vision tester on 83 observers whose ages ranged from 9 to 75 years. Good agreement was found between the contrast sensitivity measurements obtained from the vision chart and the automated tester for similar population and age variations. These results suggest that vision test charts can be developed to provide useful contrast sensitivity psychometric functions and yet be as simple to use as present eye charts. PMID- 6742104 TI - Spectacle indirect ophthalmoscope accessories. PMID- 6742103 TI - Optical pachometry measurements: reliability and variability. AB - Polymethyl methacrylate (PMMA) lenses of known thickness were measured by one investigator with a pachometer. This experienced pachometrist held variation in thickness measurements to within 1% over time. The measurements were repeatable with a SD less than 1%. The data indicate that measured corneal thickness changes should be greater than 1 to 2% to be considered true changes in thickness. PMID- 6742105 TI - Animal model of human disease: hereditary nephritis in Samoyed dogs. PMID- 6742106 TI - Remyelination during remission in Theiler's virus infection. AB - Inoculation of the cell-adapted WW strain of Theiler's virus into mice produces a chronic demyelinating infection of the central nervous system (CNS) characterized by a remitting relapsing course. During remission, extensive remyelination of spinal cord white matter is observed. Remyelination is carried out by both Schwann cells and oligodendrocytes. This paper examines the possible mechanisms of entry of Schwann cells into the CNS, their possible source in different regions of the white matter, their relations with various CNS elements, and the relative activity of these cells versus that of oligodendrocytes. Observations suggest that Schwann cells, originating from peripheral roots and from perivascular areas, migrate into white matter through gaps in the glial limiting membrane ( GLM ), probably caused by active mononuclear inflammatory cells. Schwann cell invasion and axonal contact appear to be facilitated by the presence of collagen matrix along their pathway of migration. No alterations of astrocytes in the immediate vicinity of Schwann cells were observed, and free contact between Schwann cells and different neuroglial elements was present in the initial stages of Schwann cell migration. While Schwann cells were the predominant myelinating cells in the outer white matter, oligodendrocytes were numerous and very active in the inner portions of the spinal cord column. Although oligodendrocytes produced thinner myelin than normal, in most areas essentially complete remyelination by these cells was observed. These results contrast with those of previous studies of DA infected mice in which remyelination is sporadic in the presence of unabated inflammation which continues without remission for many months after infection. It is suggested that oligodendroglial cells are quite capable of extensive remyelinating activity in this infection, provided the noxa responsible for myelin injury subsides. The host inflammatory response appears to be the most likely noxa impeding remyelination in this model. PMID- 6742107 TI - F-Met-Leu-Phe and echo 9 virus interaction with human granulocytes. Changes of cell membrane structure. AB - Biophysical and biochemical methods were applied for investigation of cell membrane properties of human polymorphonuclear leukocytes (PMNs) exposed to the chemotactic peptide N-formylmethionyl-leucylphenylalanine (f-Met-Leu-Phe) and echovirus type 9, strain A, Barty. Steady-state fluorescence depolarization with diphenylhexatriene demonstrated no gross changes of the total membrane fluidity under the different experimental conditions. However, by means of the monomer excimer technique with pyrenedecanoic acid (PDA), significant changes of the local membrane structure were detected for both agents. As demonstrated by a higher excimer ratio, the membrane area available for the PDA molecules was restricted by f-Met-Leu-Phe. This effect was dependent on the dose and on the time of interaction of the chemotactic peptide. These experimental findings were explained by the formation of functional receptor units ("activated membrane"). Echo 9 virus exhibited the opposite effect, characterized by a higher ratio of monomers, which also depended on the viral dose and the time of virus-PMN interaction. These virus-induced findings were explained by the dissolution of functional receptor units. Consecutive exposure of the PMNs to f-Met-Leu-Phe and echovirus, or vice versa, demonstrated a virus-predominant effect on the membrane structures. PMID- 6742108 TI - Early atherogenesis in White Carneau pigeons. I. Leukocyte margination and endothelial alterations at the celiac bifurcation. AB - The addition of 0.2% or more cholesterol to the diet of young White Carneau pigeons produced atherosclerotic lesions within 10 weeks in a 2-sq mm area of the lower thoracic aorta. Concurrent with lesion development, a shift in the shape of endothelial cells from fusiform to polygonal was noted. This shift changed the ratio of endothelial cell width to length from 0.34 in pigeons receiving a control diet to 0.50 in pigeons receiving cholesterol. In contrast, endothelial cells in an atherosclerosis-resistant region 6 cm superior to the test region retained their fusiform shape despite the addition of cholesterol to the pigeon's diet. Cholesterol diets also increased adherence of leukocytes to the luminal surface of the aorta. This was most prevalent at the edge of large lesions (2430 +/- 180 cells/sq mm) and over small lesions (2240 +/- 150 cells/sq mm). Leukocyte adherence was also increased in the central region of large lesions (960 +/- 140 cells/sq mm). In addition, leukocyte activation, as evidence by crawling or spreading cells, was increased almost twofold over small lesions and the edge of large lesions when compared with adherent cells over nonlesion areas. PMID- 6742109 TI - The heterogeneity of LDH isoenzyme patterns of human uterine sarcomas and cultured sarcoma cell lines. AB - Both the tissue lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) isoenzyme pattern and total LDH activity were investigated in a series of human uterine sarcomas and cell lines derived from these tumors. Abnormal LDH isoenzyme patterns characterized by shifts toward the muscle isoenzyme forms (LDH4 and 5) were found in some, but not all, of the sarcomas. The tumors containing rhabdomyosarcomatous elements usually had normal or only slightly altered LDH isoenzyme patterns. The LDH isoenzyme patterns expressed by cultured cell lines established from the uterine sarcomas, in general, resembled those found in the primary tumors. These results suggest that the normal or near normal LDH isoenzyme distributions found in uterine sarcomas with rhabdomyosarcomatous differentiation may be a potential characteristic which may be used for distinguishing these tumors from other uterine sarcomas. PMID- 6742110 TI - Coronary microvascular abnormalities in the hypertensive-diabetic rat. A primary cause of cardiomyopathy? AB - The authors have continued their investigation of the hypertensive-diabetic (HD) rat by evaluating changes in the myocardial microvasculature in this model. Perfusion of HD animals in vivo with a silicone rubber solution revealed numerous areas of microvascular tortuosity, focal constrictions, and microaneurysm formation. These alterations were present to a lesser extent in normoglycemic hypertensive (H) rats, and were distinctly rare in normotensive diabetic rats and unaffected control animals. Quantitation of these vascular lesions revealed highly significant differences between HD animals and the other three groups, with hypertensive rats intermediate between HD rats and diabetic control rats. Areas of pronounced arteriolar constriction were also identified in the HD and H animals with the use of serial sections of Epon-embedded myocardium. It is believed that these lesions represent dynamic changes in the microcirculation, which may cause segmental reperfusion injury to the myocardium, leading to focal replacement fibrosis. Interstitial scarring may result from increased leakiness of small vessels exacerbated by the combined disease. The authors propose that the additive effects of hypertension and diabetes mellitus on the myocardial microcirculation may be a primary cause of cardiomyopathy in this model of human disease. PMID- 6742112 TI - Vitamin D is not directly necessary for bone growth and mineralization. AB - To determine whether vitamin D has a direct action on bone growth and mineralization, severely vitamin D-deficient rats were infused continuously for 10 days with calcium and phosphorus solutions intrajugularly to maintain plasma calcium and phosphorus levels equal to those in rats on the same diet given vitamin D. Rats from the same litters identically treated were given 75 IU of vitamin D3 every 3 days and infused with saline for the 10-day period for comparison. Infusion of calcium and phosphorus to the vitamin D-deficient rats induces bone growth and mineralization equal to that of the rats given vitamin D as revealed by femur length, femur weight, total femur ash, percent femur ash, and epiphyseal plate width. The mineral deposited had a calcium-to-phosphorus ratio of 1.6 identical to the mineral deposited in the rats given vitamin D and unlike controls maintained in the vitamin D-deficient state without infusions. The vitamin D-deficient rats infused with calcium and phosphorus had greater amounts of mineral and matrix in their femurs than did those treated with vitamin D. This result demonstrates that some form of vitamin D does have a direct effect on bone. The most likely possibility is that bone resorption in relation to modeling or calcium mobilization for calcium homeostasis or both are compromised in extreme vitamin D deficiency. The above results strongly support the concept that vitamin D is not necessary for and does not stimulate directly bone growth and mineralization. Vitamin D therefore supports bone growth and mineralization indirectly by elevating plasma calcium and phosphorus levels. PMID- 6742111 TI - Parallel temperature dependence of contracture-associated enzyme release due to anoxia, 2,4-dinitrophenol (DNP), or caffeine and the calcium paradox. AB - Hypothermia during calcium-free perfusion of hearts protects them from injury caused by subsequent calcium repletion at 37 C (calcium paradox). Injury to calcium-free hearts is also associated with contracture caused by anoxia, 2,4 dinitrophenol (DNP), or caffeine. This study was done for the purpose of determining whether hypothermia during calcium-free perfusions protects hearts from contracture-associated injury. Langendorff-perfused rat hearts were studied in four experimental groups: I) Anoxia: Thirty minutes of anoxic perfusion at 37 C was followed by thirty minutes of anoxic calcium-free perfusion at 37-18 C. II) Calcium paradox: Five minutes of calcium-free perfusion at 37-18 C was followed by calcium repletion at 37 C. III, IVa) Caffeine or DNP: Five minutes of calcium free perfusion at 37-18 C was followed by addition of 10 mM caffeine or 1 mM DNP in calcium-free medium at 37 C or, IVb) 1 mM DNP in calcium-free medium at 22 C. Injury was assessed by measurement of serial releases of creatine kinase (CK) in effluents and by cellular morphology. The results show that progressive hypothermia to 22 C during calcium-free perfusion periods produced a progressive reduction of CK release and morphologic evidence of injury due to anoxia, caffeine, or DNP, which closely paralleled protection of hearts from the calcium paradox. Protection from injury in all experimental groups was associated with preservation of sarcolemmal membrane integrity and prevention of cell separations at intercalated disk junctions. It is proposed that weakening of intercalated disks occurs during calcium-free perfusions and may be a cause of mechanical fragility of the sarcolemma. Hypothermia may protect hearts from contracture associated injury by preserving the integrity of intercalated disk junctions during periods of extracellular calcium depletion. PMID- 6742113 TI - Measurement of urea kinetics in humans: a validation of stable isotope tracer methods. AB - To define the importance of an accurate priming dose for measurement of urea production using a primed, short-duration (e.g., 4 h) infusion of labeled urea, [18O]- and [13C]ureas were infused simultaneously at two different prime-to infusion (P/I) doses into five young adult men. The measured mean (+/-SE) urea production rates were 261 +/- 12 and 509 +/- 25 mumol X kg-1 X h-1 for P/I = 12.6 h and 5.0-h priming doses, respectively. In a second series of studies, a single dose of [18O]urea tracer was administered intravenously to four subjects, and the urea production rate was determined from the plasma urea tracer disappearance curve obtained over the following 6 h by fitting the data to a two-exponent curve. The mean urea production rate was 224 +/- 14 mumol X kg-1 X h-1. Because the fractional turnover of the body urea pool is slow, the priming dose strongly influences the "apparent" plasma urea enrichment plateau and, therefore, the measured urea production rate during short-duration infusions. Alternatively, the single-dose protocol can be applied to measure human urea production accurately in periods as short as 6 h. PMID- 6742114 TI - Maternal-fetal glucose exchange: necessity of a three-pool model. AB - Tracer glucose was infused simultaneously into mother ( [6-3H]glucose) and fetus ( [U-14C]glucose) in pregnant sheep in the last month of gestation to study the exchange of glucose molecules between maternal and fetal blood. Net rates of entry and exit of tracer glucose via the uterine and umbilical circulations were measured by application of the Fick principle under steady-state conditions. The net flux of fetal tracer to the uteroplacenta from the fetus was 53.4 +/- 3.1% of the fetal tracer infusion. The net flux of fetal tracer into maternal blood was 43.8 +/- 5.0% of the net flux of fetal tracer to the uteroplacenta from fetal blood. The net flux of maternal tracer to the uterus from the mother was 31.7 +/- 2.8% of the maternal tracer infusion. The net flux of maternal tracer into fetal blood was 40.5 +/- 4.4% of the net flux to pregnant uterus from maternal blood. This evidence demonstrates that the uteroplacental tissue mass constitutes a glucose pool that is interposed between the maternal and fetal glucose pools and rapidly metabolizes glucose molecules derived from both maternal and fetal blood. Calculations based on a three-pool model show that the fetal glucose pool contributes approximately 40% of the glucose that is metabolized by the placenta. The comparison of the three-pool model with a previously proposed two-pool reversible model shows that the latter lumps the placental utilization of fetal glucose with fetal glucose utilization and overestimates the rate of fetal glucose metabolism by approximately 60%. PMID- 6742116 TI - A new technique for hepatic portal vein catheterization in freely moving rats. AB - To perform kinetic studies of pancreatic hormones in freely moving rats, we have designed a new technique for hepatic portal vein catheterization through the left branch of the portal vein. Rats were followed up for 14-38 days. Catheter patency allowed blood sampling in 86% of rats on postoperative day 8 and in 55% on day 12. Rat growth, liver functions, and regional blood flows (measured with radiolabeled microspheres) were normal. In freely moving rats fasted for 16 h, portal venous concentrations in the basal state were: glucose, 112 +/- 4 mg/dl; insulin, 67 +/- 10 microU/ml; and glucagon, 480 +/- 74 pg/ml. These values remained stable for a 1-h period. Intravenous glucose infusion induced a biphasic insulin release, significant from the 1st min of infusion on, and a significant decline in glucagon level. Intravenous arginine stimulated both A and B cells. The portoperipheral hormone concentration gradient, which was detected in the basal state, increased during arginine infusion, particularly in regard to insulin. Ingestion of a mixed meal induced an early glucagon release and a sustained rise in insulin and glucose concentrations. PMID- 6742115 TI - Distinguishing effects of anemia and muscle iron deficiency on exercise bioenergetics in the rat. AB - Three weeks of dietary iron deficiency in weanling rats resulted in anemia (Hb, 3.9 vs. 14.2 g/dl in controls) and decreased oxidative capacities of skeletal muscle (as much as 90% below control values). Whole-animal maximal O2 consumption (VO2max), measured in a brief treadmill run of progressively increasing work load, was approximately 50% lower for iron-deficient rats than for controls, and maximal endurance capacity (time to exhaustion in a separate treadmill run at a constant, sub-Vo2max work load) was 90% lower for iron-deficient rats than for controls. Exchange transfusion, with packed erythrocytes or plasma, was used to adjust Hb to an intermediate concentration of approximately 9.5 g/dl in both iron deficient and and control rats. This procedure corrected the Vo2max of iron deficient rats to within 15% of control values, whereas endurance capacity showed no improvement. Our experimental dissociation of Vo2max and endurance capacity provides further evidence that Vo2max is not the sole determinant of endurance. We propose that defects in Vo2max during iron deficiency result primarily from diminished O2 delivery, whereas decreased endurance capacity reflects impaired muscle mitochondrial function. PMID- 6742118 TI - Lower esophageal sphincter function in the cat: role of central innervation assessed by transient vagal blockade. AB - Studies were performed on four cats to assess the role of extrinsic vagal innervation in the control of lower esophageal sphincter (LES) function. Both cervical vagal nerves were blocked transiently by cooling. LES pressure was measured using a multilumen manometry tube. LES relaxation was assessed during intraesophageal balloon distension in both the striated and smooth muscle portions of the esophagus. Bilateral vagal nerve blockade lowered the mean LES pressure from 58 +/- 17 to 29 +/- 9 mmHg (P less than 0.01). During vagal blockade, balloon distension in the striated muscle esophagus further reduced sphincter pressure to 16 +/- 4 mmHg (P less than 0.01) and that in the smooth muscle esophagus to 15 +/- 3 mmHg (P less than 0.01). Swallow-induced LES relaxation was abolished during bilateral vagal nerve blockade. During vagal blockade, atropine reduced LES pressure to 10 +/- 1 mmHg, phentolamine to 13 +/- 6 mmHg, and hexamethonium to 10 +/- 4 mmHg (all P less than 0.01). We conclude that 1) normal LES tone in the cat is mediated primarily by two separate neural mechanisms: a vagal cholinergic mechanism and a nonvagal mechanism that utilizes both alpha-adrenergic and cholinergic receptors; 2) local, intramural mechanisms of high threshold are present in the striated and smooth muscle cat esophagus to allow distension-induced reflex inhibition of the LES; and 3) swallow-induced LES relaxation is dependent on vagally mediated central nervous system connections. PMID- 6742117 TI - Effect of topical histamine on mucosal microvascular permeability and acid secretion in the rat stomach. AB - The effect of topical histamine on microvascular permeability to macromolecules was studied in the rat gastric mucosa using a fluorescent in vivo microscopy technique. Acid secretion was measured in the pylorus-ligated rat. A topical dose of 10(-2)M histamine increased acid output to a maximum, which was equal to the maximum values attained by intravenous or subcutaneous histamine. Only in rats pretreated with a beta-adrenergic antagonist did 10(-2) to 5 X 10(-2)M histamine cause leak of a fluorescein-albumin conjugate from mucosal microvessels. Leak occurred around collecting venules but not from capillaries. An H1-receptor antagonist, but not an H2-receptor antagonist, significantly decreased histamine induced leaks. We concluded the following. 1) topically applied histamine penetrates into the mucosa and can increase acid secretion to the same extent as parenteral histamine. 2) Topical histamine increases microvascular permeability to macromolecules only when beta-adrenergic receptors are blocked. Larger doses of histamine are needed for initiating the permeability change than for initiating the acid secretory response. 3) H1-receptors in venules are involved in the histamine-induced increase in permeability. PMID- 6742119 TI - Catabolism of neurotensin in interstitial fluid of the rat stomach. AB - The catabolism of neurotensin (NT) was studied in the gastric submucosa of the conscious rat using a novel technique to obtain a dialysate of interstitial fluid. A microdialysis fiber system was surgically implanted into the gastric submucosa, and 2 days later experiments were commenced on conscious animals. Isotope-labeled NT was administered to the tissue, and a dialysate of the submucosal interstitial fluid was collected. In the dialysate, NT and catabolites of NT formed in the interstitial fluid were identified and quantitated by high pressure liquid chromatography. The catabolism of 125I-NT-(1-13) and [3H]NT-(1 13) was studied as was the further breakdown of the major catabolites. NT-(1-13) was, regardless of the type of label, catabolized mainly into NT-(1-8), NT-(9 13), NT-(1-11), and free tyrosine. None of the catabolites formed is known to possess significant biological activity. NT-(9-13) was rapidly cleared, whereas the amino-terminal fragments NT-(1-8) and NT-(1-11) were more resistant to degradation. The biological half-life of neurotensin in the gastric submucosa of the rat was between 9 and 15 min. PMID- 6742120 TI - Enzymic development of the small intestine: are glucocorticoids necessary? AB - The aim of this study was to determine the extent to which the postnatal maturation of intestinal hydrolases in the rat is dependent on the developmental rise of circulating corticosterone that occurs at the end of the 2nd wk of life. Pups were adrenalectomized (adX) on day 9 (i.e., before the developmental surge of corticosterone begins) and were killed on days 17, 20, 23, and 26. Serum corticosterone was measured to eliminate any incompletely adX animals. The rates of the developmental increases of sucrase and maltase activities and the developmental decreases of lactase and acid beta-galactosidase activities were depressed in adX pups aged 23 days and younger as compared with sham-operated controls. Administration of corticosterone (10 micrograms X g body wt-1 X day-1) to adX pups restored the developmental changes of these enzyme activities to rates equal to or greater than those in the sham-operated pups. By 26 days of age, all four enzyme activities of adX pups had reached their normal ontogenic plateau. We conclude that adrenal corticosteroids are potent determinants of the rate of developmental changes of intestinal hydrolases but that these hormones are not necessary for enzymes to eventually reach adult activities. PMID- 6742121 TI - Modulation of jejunal ion and water absorption by endogenous angiotensin after dehydration. AB - In the pentobarbital sodium-anesthetized rat, dehydration for 24 h increased ion and water absorption from the jejunum. Dehydration also elevated plasma concentrations of angiotensin peptides and plasma renin activity but did not significantly alter plasma aldosterone concentrations. Infusion of tyramine, norepinephrine, and angiotensin II (AII) also stimulated jejunal absorption in a manner similar to dehydration. The elevation of jejunal absorption in response to dehydration is totally inhibited by the converting enzyme inhibitor captopril and the angiotensin receptor antagonist [lle7]AIII. Thus, increased jejunal absorption following dehydration is mediated by the renin-angiotensin system and is not secondary to either aldosterone or to antidiuretic hormone release. Further experiments demonstrated that the increase in jejunal absorption in response to dehydration was unaffected by propranolol but was totally abolished by phentolamine, prazosin, and peripheral sympathectomy. It is proposed that AII stimulates jejunal absorption by enhancing transepithelial transport processes and/or by altering the balance of Starling forces governing fluid absorption across enteric capillaries. Angiotensin thus appears to be a physiologically important mediator of jejunal absorption in states characterized by extracellular volume depletion. PMID- 6742122 TI - Role of dietary iron in maturation of rat small intestine at weaning. AB - The weanling process is characterized by the transition from a liquid diet poor in iron (rat milk) to a solid diet high in iron (chow pellets). To examine the effects of iron content of the weanling diet on terminal maturation of rat small intestine, suckling pups, nursed by iron-sufficient mothers, were weaned by day 16 onto a solid basal diet that was either deficient [low-iron diet (LID): 0.5 mg iron/100 g solid] or high [high-iron diet (HID) controls: 30 mg iron/100 g solid] in iron. The animals were studied during or at the end of the 4th postnatal wk. By day 17 rats weaned onto the LID exhibited an initial rise in jejunal sucrase activity as did their controls, but the activity plateau of the enzyme was reduced to a level 60% of the controls. On day 28 iron-deprived rats were anemic and showed significant decreases (P less than 0.01 compared with HID rats) in the activity of jejunal sucrase (-57%), neutral lactase (-83%), and maltase (-46%), whereas villus height, crypt depth, mucosal mass parameters, ileal acid beta galactosidase activity, mucosal protein, and DNA synthesis rates were equivalent in LID and HID groups. The concentration of the secretory component, a glycoprotein synthesized by the intestinal crypt cell, was markedly depressed (P less than 0.01 vs. controls) in the jejunum (-54%) and ileum (-79%) of iron deprived rats. When D-[1-14C]glucosamine was injected intraperitoneally, incorporation of the label into jejunal and ileal brush-border proteins was two to three times lower for iron-deficient rats than for controls.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS) PMID- 6742123 TI - Association between HCO3(-) absorption and K+ uptake by Amphiuma jejunum: relations among HCO3(-) absorption, luminal K+, and intracellular K+ activity. AB - Titration techniques and K+- sensitive microelectrodes have been used to investigate the relations among HCO3(-) absorption, luminal K+, and intracellular K+ activity in in vitro Amphiuma jejunum. The HCO3(-) absorptive flux (JHCO3(-] measured by pH-stat under short circuit was reduced by removal of K+ from the medium but not by replacement of Na+ with choline. JHCO3(-) exhibited a seasonal variation when K+ was absent from the media and was increased to a maximum when K+ equaled 5 mM. Addition of K+ to a K+-free luminal medium stimulated JHCO3(-) much more than addition to the serosal medium. Acetazolamide (10(-4) M) blocked K+-stimulated HCO3(-) absorption while benzolamide reduced the short-circuit current associated with HCO3(-) absorption much more rapidly when added to the mucosal bathing medium. Intracellular K+ activity (aik) and mucosal membrane potential (psi m) of jejunal villus cells were measured with double-barreled microelectrodes. When bathed bilaterally with HCO3(-)-containing media, K+ was actively accumulated for many hours (aik = 58.5 mM) but in the presence of ouabain fell to equilibrium (16 mM) after 2 h. In contrast, when HCO3(-) absorption was induced by removal of serosal HCO3(-), aik was elevated to 83.6 mM and, after 4-h exposure to ouabain cell K+, remained far above electrochemical equilibrium at 33 mM. Tissues bathed in Na+-free (Tris) media containing ouabain retained cell K+ after 4 h at even higher levels (46 mM). Cell K+ activity was reduced by removal of K+ from either the mucosal or serosal medium. Acetazolamide reduced aik over 2 h in Na+-free media from 66 to 42 mM. The decline in aik was associated with a concomitant decline in the HCO3(-) absorptive current. It is concluded that K+ is actively accumulated across both luminal and serosal membranes of the jejunal absorptive cell and that the luminal uptake mechanism is linked to HCO3(-) absorption or an equivalent process. PMID- 6742125 TI - Central representation of arrival of nutrient in the duodenum. AB - This study was carried out to assess the extent to which the appearance of a nutrient (D-glucose) in the duodenum of the anesthetized rat is signaled within the medulla. Recordings were made from single neurons in the region of the dorsal vagal nucleus and the nucleus tractus solitarius during constant single-pass perfusion of the duodenum with isotonic saline or D-glucose at 37 degrees C. In some experiments, the response of medullary neurons to acute gastric distension was also recorded. Of the 41 spontaneously firing neurons that were studied, 20 showed changes in firing rate when glucose replaced saline in the duodenal perfusate, 9 showed decreasing firing rates, and 11 showed increased firing rates. The spontaneous firing rate of glucose-sensitive neurons was significantly slower than that of glucose-insensitive neurons. In 14 neurons tested with both glucose perfusion and gastric distension, 6 responded to only one of the two stimuli, while only 2 responded to both. It is clear that the arrival of nutrient within the duodenum is rapidly signaled within the central nervous system, suggesting the possibility of neural as well as humoral modulation of the physiological changes seen on feeding. PMID- 6742124 TI - Positional requirements for anionic charge for ileal absorption of bile salt analogues. AB - Previous structure-activity studies of the ileal bile salt cotransport system have suggested the idea that a coulombic interaction occurs between the negative charge of the bile salt and a cationic site on the carrier. Evidence included observations that modified bile salts with uncharged, cationic, or zwitterionic side chains were poorly transported. They did interact with this system as evidenced by their abilities to inhibit transport. Another prerequisite for coulombic interaction is positional (side-chain) specificity for the anionic grouping. [14C]chenodeoxycholyl-N-ethanolamide-O-sulfate and the 3 alpha-sulfate ester of chenodeoxycholyl-N-ethanolamide were tested for their in vivo absorption from the jejunums and ileums of anesthetized guinea pigs. Active ileal transport was estimated by subtracting jejunal absorption (passive) from ileal absorption (active and passive). Translocation of the anionic SO4(-) radical from the side chain to the 3 alpha position of the steroid decreased active ileal absorption by 95%, demonstrating a positional requirement for the anionic group for optimal transport. PMID- 6742126 TI - Effect of dietary sucrose on synthesis and degradation of intestinal sucrase. AB - Rates of synthesis and degradation of sucrase-isomaltase were measured along the crypt-villus unit of intestinal mucosa of rats fed either a high-sucrose or a carbohydrate-free diet. The objective of the study was to investigate i) the biochemical basis for the accumulation of sucrase during migration and differentiation of the enterocyte, leading to changes in distribution of activity of sucrase along the villus, and ii) the mechanism for the adaptation of sucrase activity to the amount of dietary carbohydrate. The results indicate that synthesis of sucrase is more rapid than degradation at the crypt-villus junction and in the lower part of the villus, producing a progressive accumulation of enzyme. The decreased activity at the tip of the villus is the consequence of a decided diminution of synthesis while the rate of degradation remains elevated. In rats fed a diet high in sucrose, the increased activity (3.25 times) is associated with much more rapid synthesis (2.6 times), while degradation is only slightly slower (0.8 times) than in those animals deprived of carbohydrate. PMID- 6742127 TI - Transport and metabolism of glucose by renal proximal tubular cells in primary culture. AB - A highly purified suspension of rabbit proximal tubules was cultured in a hormone supplemented serum-free medium. This primary culture yielded a homogeneous population of cells that demonstrated functional and morphological polarity in mono-layers. The characteristics of the Na-dependent glucose transporter in the luminal membrane were studied by measuring the uptake of alpha-methylglucoside (AMG). The kinetics of Na-dependent AMG uptake were consistent with a single saturable system with an apparent Km of 0.8 mM and Jmax of 0.14 nmol X mg-1 X min 1. AMG permeability was 0.10 microliter X mg-1 X min-1. Uptake was inhibited 95% by 0.1 mM phlorizin and by removal of sodium. The stoichiometry of Na/glucose interaction with the carrier was 2:1. These characteristics are typical of the characteristics described for the late proximal tubule. To examine whether the glucose that enters the cell across the luminal membrane is incorporated into the metabolic pool of the cell, we studied the oxidation of [14C]glucose to 14CO2 in the absence and presence of phlorizin. Significant decarboxylation of [1 14C]glucose and [6-14C]glucose was observed, consistent with the existence of aerobic metabolism and a hexose monophosphate shunt. In the presence of 0.1 mM phlorizin, uptake and oxidation of D-glucose were inhibited to an identical degree, suggesting that luminal uptake is a rate-limiting step in the oxidation of glucose by these proximal tubular cells. These studies indicate that proximal tubular cells in primary culture utilize glucose as an energy source and that the glucose derived from transport across the luminal membrane is incorporated into the metabolic pool of the cell. PMID- 6742128 TI - Mechanism of L-malate transport in rat renal basolateral membrane vesicles. AB - The transport of L-malate was evaluated in basolateral and brush border membrane vesicles isolated from the rat renal cortex. In both types of membrane vesicles, an inwardly directed sodium gradient stimulated transport and caused an overshoot of the equilibrium concentration. In basolateral membrane vesicles, the presence of sodium, but without a sodium gradient, stimulated the uptake of L-malate. Sodium gradient-stimulated L-malate uptake was stimulated and inhibited by maneuvers designed to render the inside of the basolateral membrane vesicles more electronegative or electropositive, respectively. The tricarboxylic acid cycle intermediates citrate, alpha-ketoglutarate, succinate, fumarate, L-malate, and oxaloacetate and the monocarboxylic acid pyruvate inhibited the sodium gradient stimulated uptake of L-[14C]malate in basolateral membrane vesicles. Maleate, gluconate, formate, acetate, L-lactate, and beta-hydroxybutyrate did not inhibit uptake. These results indicate that basolateral membrane vesicles from the rat renal cortex contain a sodium-L-malate cotransport system that may be shared by the other tricarboxylic acid cycle intermediates and by pyruvate. Such a transport system, together with a similar sodium-tricarboxylic acid cycle intermediate cotransport system located in the brush border membrane, would ensure high concentrations of tricarboxylic acid cycle intermediates within the cells of the proximal tubule. PMID- 6742129 TI - Suppression of coupled Na-Cl absorption by aldosterone and dexamethasone in rat distal colon in vitro. AB - Basal Na absorption in the rat colon is coupled to that of Cl in an electroneutral fashion. We previously determined that aldosterone or dexamethasone induces amiloride-sensitive mucosal-to-serosal Na flux approximately equal to the amiloride-sensitive short-circuit current in rat distal colon in vitro. However, the effect of these steroids on coupled Na-Cl absorption was not examined. For this purpose, we determined the unidirectional flux of Na and Cl in voltage-clamped distal colon segments from rats treated with aldosterone or dexamethasone. Amiloride was used as a probe for conductive Na absorption, and acetazolamide and Cl-free solutions were used as probes for coupled Na-Cl absorption. Our results indicate that the nature of colonic Na absorption is markedly changed after treatment with these steroids. In contrast to findings in the untreated rat, colonic Na absorption after treatment with aldosterone or dexamethasone was largely independent of the presence of Cl. Net Cl absorption and acetazolamide sensitivity were both greatly diminished. Thus, aldosterone and dexamethasone have multiple effects on Na transport in rat distal colon. In addition to the stimulation of conductive Na absorption by aldosterone, an effect well described in other epithelia, there is marked suppression of coupled Na-Cl absorption. Dexamethasone was less effective in suppressing Cl absorption but equally effective in stimulating conductive Na absorption. These steroid effects were greater in the terminal 1-2 cm of the rat colon. PMID- 6742130 TI - Adenosine transport in perfused rat kidney and renal cortical membrane vesicles. AB - Adenosine is a modulator of renal function but little is known about transport of this compound by renal tubular cells. Transport of exogenous adenosine was studied in isolated perfused rat kidney and in luminal (L) and antiluminal (AL) membrane vesicles isolated from rat renal cortex. Most experiments were performed in the presence of the adenosine deaminase inhibitor erythro-9-(2-hydroxy-3 nonyl)adenine. Kidneys were perfused in a recirculating system with Krebs Henseleit bicarbonate buffer containing 6 g albumin/dl and adenosine. Net secretion of adenosine occurred at perfusate adenosine concentrations greater than 40 microM, and net reabsorption was seen at concentrations less than 40 microM. N6-(L-2-phenylisopropyl)adenosine (PIA), a nondeaminated adenosine receptor agonist, also showed net reabsorption when unbound PIA concentrations were 10-20 microM. Influx or efflux of [3H]adenosine in vesicles was measured using a rapid filtration technique. Transport into both L and AL vesicles was saturable. L vesicles demonstrated both high Km (43 +/- 4 microM) and low Km (4.4 +/- 0.6 microM) transport systems. Only a low Km (5 +/- 1 microM) system could be demonstrated in AL vesicles. Results indicate that at concentrations in the physiological range (less than 1 microM) adenosine undergoes mediated transport across both L and AL membranes and that net transport across the L membrane is in the direction of reabsorption. PMID- 6742131 TI - Pressure natriuresis during saline expansion in newborn and adult dogs. AB - Pressure natriuresis was studied in anesthetized saline-expanded adult (n = 10) and neonatal (n = 23) dogs. One group (protocol B) received ethacrynic acid and amiloride to block distal nephron function. Studies in the other group (protocol A) were done without diuretics. Renal arterial blood pressure was raised by bilateral carotid artery occlusion. Renal perfusion pressure was then lowered in steps by partially occluding the aorta proximal to the renal arteries. In protocol B carotid occlusion was associated with an increase in both absolute and fractional sodium excretion by adult and newborn dogs. Moreover, there was significant negative correlation (P less than 0.01) between absolute change in renal arterial pressure and change in tubular reabsorption of sodium per milliliter glomerular filtrate for both age groups. For each mmHg increase in blood pressure there was greater inhibition of sodium reabsorption in the puppy (0.55 mueq/ml glomerular filtrate) than in the adult (0.18 mueq/ml, P less than 0.05). In protocol A puppies, the inhibition of sodium reabsorption due to increases in renal perfusion pressure was less than that occurring in protocol B, indicating that some of the sodium escaping proximal nephron reabsorption was reabsorbed distally. Results of these studies indicate that during saline expansion pressure natriuresis is primarily a proximal tubular event, and the sensitivity of the proximal tubule to changes in renal arterial blood pressure is greater in the newborn than the adult kidney. PMID- 6742132 TI - Drainage of interstitial fluid from different regions of rat brain. AB - Studies were carried out in anesthetized rats comparing dynamics and pathways of interstitial fluid (ISF) drainage from different regions of brain. Rates of drainage from brain and flow into cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) were estimated from the efflux from brain and influx into CSF of radioiodinated albumin (RISA) following microinjection into caudate nucleus, internal capsule, or midbrain: pathways of flow through the subarachnoid space and into lymph were traced from the distribution of horseradish peroxidase and/or Evans blue-labeled albumin after injection into brain. ISF drainage rates (mul X g brain-1 X min-1) estimated for the three injection sites were 0.18, 0.19, and 0.29, respectively. Flow of ISF into bulk CSF sampled from the cisterna magna accounted for 60-75% of efflux from midbrain but only 10-15% of efflux from caudate nucleus or internal capsule. RISA was concentrated in the subarachnoid space, relative to bulk CSF, in sleeves of adventitial tissue surrounding pericerebral arteries, possibly accounting for the low recovery of isotope from bulk CSF. From the subarachnoid space, some fluid drained via olfactory nerve sheaths to retropharyngeal lymph nodes. PMID- 6742133 TI - Renal excretion of chromium-51 chloride in the dog. AB - To examine the renal handling of the trace element chromium, clearance studies were performed in pentobarbital sodium-anesthetized mongrel dogs following either gavage or intravenous administration of chromium-51(III) chloride. Ultrafilterable plasma chromium-51 comprised as much as 9-19% of the total plasma chromium-51 when the isotope was given by gavage but only 2-3% when given by intravenous infusion. The mean ratio of the clearance of ultrafilterable plasma chromium-51 to that of endogenous creatinine was approximately unity in all dogs [0.97 +/- 0.11 to 1.14 +/- 0.10 by gavage (n = 5); 0.84 +/- 0.05 to 0.97 +/- 0.05 intravenously (n = 4)]. Regardless of the route of administration, ultrafilterable plasma chromium-51 concentration and glomerular filtration rate appeared to be the primary determinants of renal chromium-51 excretion. PMID- 6742134 TI - Effect of long- and short-term antidiuretic hormone availability on internephron heterogeneity in the adult rat. AB - We have previously shown that certain aspects of internephron heterogeneity are reduced or absent in Brattleboro rats with hereditary diabetes insipidus (DI) lacking ADH and can be restored by long-term ADH administration started before complete kidney maturation. In the present study, the effects of long- and short term availability of ADH in adulthood were studied in Brattleboro DI rats. Single nephron glomerular filtration rate (SNGFR), glomerular volume (GV), and proximal tubular length (PTL) were measured in superficial and juxtamedullary nephrons using the ferrocyanide and microdissection techniques. ADH administration for 6 wk in adult DI rats (group A) restored normal nephron heterogeneity of SNGFR, GV, and PTL by increasing the filtration and size of deep nephrons. Acute changes in ADH availability induced either by 1-h ADH infusion in DI rats (group C) or by ADH discontinuation for 2 days in treated DI rats (group D) did not significantly change the anatomical parameters and only moderately affected SNGFR compared with the preexisting states (groups B and A, respectively). These results suggest that the influence of ADH on internephron heterogeneity is initiated by an increase in deep nephron SNGFR. Based on recent findings concerning the effects of ADH on the medullary (M) part of the thick ascending limbs (TAL), we suggest that the increase in deep nephron SNGFR after ADH may be due to a change in the tubuloglomerular feedback signal at the macula densa resulting from ADH-induced stimulation of the solute reabsorption in the MTAL. Superficial nephrons would be less sensitive to this change due to their long cortical TAL, which removes the macula densa further from the MTAL and provides additional sites for solute reabsorption. PMID- 6742135 TI - Mechanism of bicarbonate exit across basolateral membrane of the rabbit proximal convoluted tubule. AB - To clarify the mechanism(s) of HCO-3 movement across the basolateral membrane, rabbit proximal convoluted tubules were perfused in vitro. Two possible mechanisms were examined: neutral HCO-3 exit coupled to chloride and rheogenic HCO-3 exit. A complete C1- substitution with isethionate in the lumen and bath did not affect HCO-3 reabsorption, suggesting that HCO-3 exit is not coupled to chloride. Addition of 2 mM Ba2+ to the bath, which has been shown to depolarize the basolateral membrane potential difference, caused a 42% inhibition of HCO-3 reabsorption and a 32% inhibition of volume flux, suggesting that HCO-3 exit is rheogenic. Ba2+ did not affect the volume flux when HCO-3 reabsorption was inhibited by acetazolamide, suggesting that the Ba2+ effect is not due to a general inhibition of cell metabolism. From these data we propose that HCO-3 exits the basolateral membrane by a rheogenic, chloride-independent mechanism. PMID- 6742136 TI - Handling of phosphate by a parotid gland (ovine). AB - The handling of phosphate by the sheep's parotid gland was investigated by examining the effects on the composition of saliva of phosphate depletion, secretomotor nerve stimulation, enrichment of phosphate in the blood supply, and parotid arterial infusion of parathyroid hormone (PTH) and calcitonin. Experiments were performed in anesthetized sheep after vascular isolation of the parotid gland. In phosphate depletion arterial plasma phosphate fell from 1.50 +/ 0.12 to 0.73 +/- 0.08 mM. In phosphate repletion salivary phosphate ion was concentrated 8- and 16-fold compared with parotid arterial and venous plasma, respectively. In depletion salivary phosphate concentration was unchanged at slow salivary flow rate but was significantly lower at high flow rate. Enrichment of phosphate in the arterial blood increased salivary phosphate concentration in both situations. Synthetic bPTH (1-34), highly purified bPTH (1-84), and bovine parathyroid extract were equipotent in increasing salivary phosphate concentration in phosphate repletion and had no effect in phosphate depletion. They also increased parotid blood flow. The rise in phosphate with PTH was conditional on the rise in blood flow, but the same rise in blood flow alone did not reproduce the effect of PTH on salivary phosphate. PTH increased work done and oxygen consumption by the gland but arterial phosphate enrichment did not. Increases in salivary phosphate were associated with decreases in salivary bicarbonate, and the sum [HCO-3] + [Cl-] + (HPO2-4] remained almost constant. Micropuncture studies have shown that ovine parotid ducts do not normally reabsorb phosphate and therefore PTH probably increases phosphate secretion in the endpieces. PMID- 6742137 TI - Comparison of calcium and sodium transport in early and late rat distal tubules: effect of amiloride. AB - In vivo tubular microperfusion experiments were performed in rats to compare the function of the early and late rat distal convoluted tubule and to examine the effect of amiloride on distal Na and Ca reabsorption. In clearance experiments, amiloride (6 micrograms/min) reduced fractional Ca excretion (P less than 0.05) and the calcium-to-sodium clearance ratio (P less than 0.001) without affecting fractional Na excretion. The in vivo microperfusion experiments revealed a higher rate of osmotic water flow in late distal convoluted tubules than in early tubules (P less than 0.001), while Na and Ca transport rates were comparable. The addition of 10(-5) M amiloride to the luminal perfusate inhibited net fluid reabsorption (P less than 0.05) and Na reabsorption (P less than 0.01) and enhanced Ca reabsorption (P less than 0.005) in late segments of the distal tubule. The drug did not change early distal function. The degree of enhancement of Ca transport was highly correlated with the degree of inhibition of Na transport, suggesting that the two effects are related. We suggest that increased Ca reabsorption is a result of luminal membrane hyperpolarization or of increased rates of Ca-Na exchange. PMID- 6742138 TI - Potassium transport by flounder intestinal mucosa. AB - We studied the mechanisms of K transport across an epithelium in which NaCl absorption is mediated primarily by Na/K/Cl cotransport at the apical membrane. Rubidium served as a reliable K substitute; under control conditions, both K and Rb were actively secreted. During secretion, K (Rb) enters across the basolateral membrane via the Na/K pump and exits across the apical membrane through K conductance pathways, since serosal ouabain or mucosal barium abolished K secretion, mucosal furosemide or Cl-free media blocked K secretion by interfering with access of Na to the pump, and elevated mucosal solution [K] or [Rb] depolarized the apical membrane electrical potential difference. Mucosal Ba unmasked active Rb absorption that could be blocked by mucosal furosemide. These findings illustrate active K absorption and secretion across an epithelium that comprises a single cell type in which opposing K fluxes across the apical membrane are mediated by Na/K/Cl cotransport entry and conductive K exit. The direction of transepithelial K transport is determined by the relative activities of these pathways. PMID- 6742139 TI - Structural compensatory mechanisms in rat heart in early spontaneous hypertension. AB - The response of the left ventricle (LV) during the development of spontaneous hypertension (SH) in rats was studied morphometrically at 21, 28, 35, and 45 days after birth and compared with that of normotensive (WK) controls. LV hypertrophy, varying from 24 to 27%, was characterized by the preservation of the volume fraction of capillary lumen and capillary luminal surface in the myocardium, as a result of capillary proliferation. From 21 to 45 days the number of capillaries per unit area of myocardium increased 68% in SH rats by the insertion in parallel of new capillary elements among the myocytes. This estimation was obtained by correcting the value of capillary density at 45 days for the amount of spreading produced by myocyte growth during this interval. On a similar basis capillary proliferation was only 24% in WK rats. Myocyte growth in experimental animals (151%) was achieved by a 77% enlargement in myocyte cross-sectional area (MCSA) and by a 42% lengthening of the cells. In controls myocyte expansion (124%) was the result of comparable increments in MCSA (47%) and myocyte length (53%). PMID- 6742141 TI - Limitations of thermodilution cardiac output measurements in the rat. AB - Heat loss from the vascular system could introduce an error in thermodilution cardiac output determinations. Cardiac output measured in the rat via the thermodilution technique following right atrial injection yielded different values (P less than 0.001), depending whether sampling was from the pulmonary artery (460 +/- 31 ml X min-1 X kg-1), right ventricle (311 +/- 19), or thoracic aorta (245 +/- 15). Recirculation errors could not account for the differences. Heat loss from the vascular system was measured from extravascular thermistors within both the thorax and the abdomen. These dilutions were 22-57% in peak height of aortic curves recorded at approximately the same location. Differences in calculated cardiac output between sampling sites could be attributed to rapid heat conduction directly from the right atrium and inferior vena cava to the thoracic aorta with progressive loss of indicator from both the right ventricle and pulmonary artery. PMID- 6742140 TI - Effects of thrombocytopenia on monocrotaline pyrrole-induced pulmonary hypertension. AB - Monocrotaline pyrrole (MCTP) causes lung injury, pulmonary hypertension, and right ventricular hypertrophy in rats. To determine if platelets are involved in the cardiopulmonary effects of MCTP, the response to MCTP was determined in thrombocytopenic rats. Blood platelet count was reduced to 10-20% of normal for 48 h by ip administration of an antirat platelet serum (PAS) prepared in the goat. Rats were treated iv with either MCTP 5 mg/kg or dimethylformamide vehicle and with either PAS or preimmune serum. Fourteen days after MCTP, right ventricular hypertrophy and several indexes of lung injury were measured. MCTP treatment produced right ventricular hypertrophy, increased lactate dehydrogenase activity and protein concentration in bronchopulmonary lavage fluid, increased perfusion pressure in isolated lungs, and decreased pulmonary clearance and metabolism of perfused 5-hydroxytryptamine. Thrombocytopenia did not influence the changes in these indexes of lung injury produced by MCTP in this protocol. When PAS was given 12 h before MCTP, it did not affect right ventricular hypertrophy, but when PAS treatment was begun 3 or 6 days after MCTP, right ventricular hypertrophy was decreased by 19 or 41%, respectively. These results suggest that platelets help to mediate the development of pulmonary hypertension and the hypertrophic response of the right heart following MCTP administration. PMID- 6742142 TI - Coronary, collateral, and perfusion territory responses to aortic banding. AB - The objectives of this study were 1) to separate anatomic from functional variables causing the increased minimal coronary resistance seen with hypertrophy; 2) to investigate whether increased intraluminal pressure and tangential wall stress lead to collateral proliferation; 3) to define changes in vascular perfusion territories resulting from hypertrophy. Coronary and collateral resistances of the four coronary arteries were determined in empty, beating hearts from 10 control dogs and 11 dogs with myocardial hypertrophy produced by 4 wk of aortic banding. In hypertrophied hearts the coronary flow per gram at 100 mmHg and the slope of the pressure-flow line were significantly decreased. Coronary flow-to-body weight ratios were not different; thus the decreased flow per gram tissue with hypertrophy was due to increased tissue mass rather than changes in vascular resistance. Collateral flows were similar for both groups, indicating that increased pressure and wall stress did not cause significant collateral growth. Both ventricles hypertrophied and all vascular beds were equally affected, but distribution of the increased mass varied for different vascular beds. PMID- 6742143 TI - Excitation-contraction in rat myocardium: alterations with adult aging. AB - Simultaneous transmembrane action potential (TAP) and isometric contraction measurements were made in thin right ventricular papillary muscles isolated from senescent (S, 24-26 mo) and young adult (YA, 6-8 mo) rat hearts. At the peak of the length-tension curve in the steady state at 24 min-1 at 29 degrees C in perfusate [Ca2+] [( Ca2+]e) of 0.375 or 2.5 mM, contractile tension developed in response to excitation (DT) and the maximum rate of tension development (dT/dt) were not age-related; contraction duration (CD) was 17 and 27% greater in S than YA in the low and high [Ca2+]e, respectively (P less than 0.001); resting membrane potential was not age related. TAP time above zero mV, integrated area above zero mV, and times to 75% (T75) and 90% (T90) repolarization were approximately twofold greater in S than in YA in both [Ca2+]e (P less than 0.001). Changes in steady-state T75 and T90 due to an increase in [Ca2+]e from 0.375 to 2.5 mM were significantly correlated with those in CD, DT, and dT/dt in S but not in YA. We conclude that in the senescent myocardium a prolonged and greater extent of depolarization is related to the prolonged CD and may also be a determinant of the peak force developed in response to excitation under some conditions. PMID- 6742145 TI - Effect of thiamylal on the response to carotid occlusion and mild hemorrhage in rabbits. AB - The effects of anesthesia (thiamylal, 30 mg/kg) on steady-state mean arterial pressure responses to bilateral carotid occlusion (BCO) and rapid 8% hemorrhage were studied in 11 rabbits chronically instrumented with an arterial pressure catheter and balloon occluders on the common carotid arteries. The BCO was repeated in the conscious and anesthetized states both before and after transecting the aortic nerves (AN). With the AN intact, the BCO response was an increase in mean systemic arterial pressure of 23.6 +/- 2.1 (SE) mmHg in the conscious state and 24.7 +/- 1.2 in the anesthetized state. With the AN cut (AN) BCO response was 46.2 +/- 1.7 mmHg in conscious state and 45.7 +/- 2.6 in anesthetized state. There was no significant difference in BCO response between conscious and anesthetized states, whether the AN was present or absent. The hemorrhage experiment was repeated on separate days under various conditions, including carotid sinus reflex elimination (CS). With AN intact the posthemorrhage fall in mean arterial pressure (delta MAPh) was 3.2 +/- 0.6 mmHg in the conscious state. Under anesthesia, delta MAPh was 3.4 +/- 0.6 mmHg in the AN intact condition, 7.3 +/- 0.9 in AN, and 34.5 +/- 6.8 in (AN + CS). There was no significant difference in delta MAP between the conscious and anesthetized states under the intact AN condition. We conclude that, in the rabbit, thiamylal anesthesia has little effect on the BCO response and the restoration of arterial pressure after a mild hemorrhage. PMID- 6742144 TI - Dimensional analysis of the left ventricle during PEEP: relative septal and lateral wall displacements. AB - We studied the effects of ventilation with positive end-expiratory pressure (PEEP) on left ventricular (LV) shape and wall motion with emphasis on the relative positions of the septum and lateral LV wall. In seven dogs we implanted radiopaque markers in the LV wall and septum to represent the major and two minor axes of a nonprolate LV ellipsoid and measured their spatial positions using 90 degrees biplane cineradiography. The relative positions of the septum and lateral LV wall were determined with respect to the central longitudinal axis of the heart defined by the apex and base markers. Animals were studied in the supine position during positive-pressure ventilation without PEEP, during PEEP before and after dextran administration to elevate stroke volume, and again without PEEP while blood was withdrawn to lower stroke volume. We found that ventilation with PEEP reduced all three LV chamber end-diastolic dimensions and distorted its shape primarily by restricting the outward expansion of the lateral LV wall during diastole, a change that persisted after stroke volume had been restored. The relative position of the septum was not displaced into the LV by PEEP to any greater degree than were the anterior or posterior walls. The inordinate reduction of the end-diastolic septal to lateral wall dimension, and specifically the lateral wall component thereof, was associated with a proportional reduction in the respective stroke lengths. We conclude that deformation of the LV is more likely caused by lung compression than by right ventricular dilation. This deformation contributes to the reduction in LV filling and thereby contributes to the reduction in stroke volume. PMID- 6742146 TI - Effect of plasma and red blood cells on water permeability in cat hindlimb. AB - Capillary filtration coefficient (CFC) was measured to investigate the effect of blood in the perfusate of an isolated, maximally vasodilated cat hindlimb. CFC was measured during perfusion with several different perfusates: a blood-albumin mixture, albumin alone, a plasma-albumin mixture, and a plasma-albumin mixture containing varying volumes of red blood cells. In some experiments the plasma was ultrafiltered to remove low-molecular-weight components. It was found that perfusion with albumin alone usually raised CFC above the level found with the blood-albumin mixture, plasma could reduce the CFC when CFC was elevated above that value obtained with the blood-albumin mixture, ultrafiltered plasma failed to reduce CFC when CFC was elevated, and the red cell content of the perfusate had no influence on CFC over the hematocrit range of 0-20% when the plasma solute concentrations were kept constant. It was concluded that the reduction of CFC by blood was caused by a small molecule (less than 10,000 mol wt) present in plasma. PMID- 6742148 TI - Effect of polycythemia on vascular volume in the newborn dog. AB - The effect of polycythemia [hematocrit (Hct) 64-80] on blood volume (BV) was studied in 27 unanesthetized, splenectomized newborn dogs (age 6-14 days, postsplenectomy 5-13 days). Normovolemic polycythemia (N) was induced in nine pups by exchange transfusion with 75 ml/kg of adult, packed (to Hct 95) red blood cells (RBC). Hypervolemic polycythemia (H) was induced in 11 pups by transfusion of RBC (50 ml/kg). Seven pups received exchange transfusion with 75 ml/kg of whole blood and served as controls (C). Red cell volume (RCV, 51CrRBC) and plasma volume (PV, 125I-fibrinogen and Evans blue) were measured prior to and at 1, 2, and 4 h after transfusion, before the pups received fluid orally. The pups were fed 8 ml X kg-1 X h-1 after 4 h, and measurements were repeated at 8 and 24 h. BV fell in C prior to 4 h by 10 +/- 4% (SD) (P less than 0.01) and then rose to initial levels. BV rose in the N pups by 17 +/- 9 (P less than 0.01), 14 +/- 5 (P less than 0.01), 9 +/- 10 (P less than 0.1), 17 +/- 9 (P less than 0.01), and 31 +/- 17% (P less than 0.01) at 1, 2, 4, 8, and 24 h post transfusion. BV rose in the H pups by 41 +/- 8, 35 +/- 10, 23 +/- 11, 27 +/- 6, and 43 +/- 9% (all P less than 0.01). Thus newborn dogs with induced N or H equilibrate rapidly to a BV significantly higher than C levels.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS) PMID- 6742147 TI - Regional differences in adrenergic function within the left ventricle. AB - Since ischemic heart disease (IHD) is inhomogeneous, the adrenergic response of the heart to ischemia or infarction could depend on the level of adrenergic supply within specific regions of the myocardium. Therefore we quantified myocardial norepinephrine (NE) content of tissue samples from 54 different sites in the left ventricle (LV) of four normal dogs using high-pressure liquid chromatography with electrochemical detection. Up to 10-fold differences in NE content occurred within a single LV. The NE distribution followed a consistent pattern, demonstrating a gradient from apex (avg minimum value of 162 ng/g of tissue) to base (avg maximum value 844 ng/g). No epicardial-to-endocardial gradient was present. In six other dogs a similar pattern was found in myocardial uptake of radioactively labeled NE and epinephrine assessed 2 min after intravenous injection. These results suggest that areas of high tissue NE represent regions rich in adrenergic supply and high in adrenergic activity, not merely NE stored in inactive pools. Samples from a human autopsy specimen suggest that these findings can be extrapolated to humans. PMID- 6742149 TI - Assessment of parasympathetic control of heart rate by a noninvasive method. AB - The degree of parasympathetic control of heart rate was assessed by the abolition of respiratory sinus arrhythmia with atropine. Peak-to-peak variations in heart periods (VHP) before atropine injection correlated significantly (r = 0.90, P less than 0.001) with parasympathetic control, indicating that VHP alone may be used as a noninvasive indicator of the parasympathetic control of heart rate. Pharmacologic blockade of beta-adrenergic supply in a separate group of normal volunteers did not alter the relationship between VHP and parasympathetic control, indicating that the condition of the experiment (complete rest in a quiet atmosphere) allows the use of VHP alone without pharmacologic interventions to characterize the vagal control of heart rate in humans. PMID- 6742150 TI - Central abnormality in baroreflex control of renal nerves in hypertension. AB - The purpose of our study was to determine if there is a central abnormality in the arterial baroreceptor reflex control of renal nerve activity in renal hypertension. We recorded simultaneously the changes in aortic (input) and renal (output) nerve traffic during phenylephrine-induced increases in arterial pressure in 14 normotensive and 11 hypertensive rabbits [mean arterial pressure (+/- SE) in conscious state 106 +/- 2 and 141 +/- 6 mmHg, respectively]. Changes in aortic nerve traffic were considered representative of changes in total arterial baroreceptor input to the central nervous system. Renal nerve traffic was inhibited by 5.2 +/- 0.5% per mmHg rise in arterial pressure in normotensive rabbits but by only 2.5 +/- 0.3% per mmHg in hypertensive rabbits (P less than 0.05). Increases of aortic nerve traffic during increases in arterial pressure were similar in the two groups. These data suggest that there is a central abnormality in the baroreflex control of renal nerve activity in renal hypertensive rabbits. This hypothesis was tested further by sectioning vagal, carotid, and aortic nerves and stimulating electrically the left aortic depressor nerve while recording changes in blood pressure and renal sympathetic nerve traffic. Decreases of renal traffic during stimulation of myelinated fibers alone were strikingly impaired (P less than 0.001) at all frequencies in hypertensive rabbits. Responses were not impaired significantly during stimulation of myelinated plus nonmyelinated fibers. Arterial pressure decreases were not different during stimulation of myelinated fibers or of both myelinated and nonmyelinated fibers.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS) PMID- 6742151 TI - Occlusive summation of carotid and aortic baroreflexes in control of renal nerve activity. AB - We recently reported that denervation of aortic or carotid baroreceptors impaired baroreflex control of heart rate but not of hindlimb vascular resistance or lumbar sympathetic nerve activity. Since baroreflex control of sympathetic outflow to different vascular beds is nonuniform, we determined whether carotid or aortic baroreceptor denervation would impair baroreflex control of renal nerve activity. Experiments were performed in 23 alpha-chloralose-anesthetized rabbits. Phenylephrine and nitroglycerin were infused to raise or lower arterial pressure. Pressure elevation inhibited and pressure reduction increased renal nerve activity. The linear regression relationships between changes in arterial pressure and percent change in renal nerve activity were determined with baroreflexes intact and after aortic or carotid denervation. Neither carotid nor aortic denervation alone impaired baroreflex control of renal nerve activity. In nine experiments responses were determined first with vagi sectioned. The results were comparable to those obtained without prior vagotomy. Our data indicate that one group of baroreceptors (aortic or carotid) exerts full control of renal nerve activity and that aortic and carotid baroreflex influences on renal nerve activity add by occlusive or mutual inhibitory summation. PMID- 6742152 TI - Regulation of pyruvate dehydrogenase complex in ischemic rat heart. AB - The effect of flow-induced ischemia on the rate of pyruvate decarboxylation and the activation state of the pyruvate dehydrogenase multienzyme complex was investigated in the isolated, perfused rat heart. Pyruvate dehydrogenase activity in the heart decreased significantly during flow-induced ischemia and was a function of changes in the activation state (i.e., active/total activity) of the enzyme complex. In the absence of pyruvate, the activation state of pyruvate dehydrogenase decreased from nearly 100% active at the normal flow rate (10 ml/min) to 20% active as the flow was reduced to 0.5 ml/min. At high pyruvate levels (5 mM), the activation state increased from nearly 70% active at control flow rates to 100% active during ischemia. At an intermediate pyruvate concentration (0.5 mM), the enzyme complex was maintained at a relatively low activation state (30-35% active) throughout the range of flow rates tested. Ischemia caused elevated perfusate lactate concentrations only when the flow rates were less than 5.0 ml/min. The activation state of the pyruvate dehydrogenase complex in hearts perfused with glucose was also decreased during ischemia. PMID- 6742153 TI - An improved method for chronic His bundle recordings in conscious dogs. AB - Because anesthetics routinely used in cardiovascular experiments significantly alter the physiological state and electrophysiological function of the heart, our goal was to develop a surgically simple, inexpensive, and reliable animal model for chronic conscious electrophysiological studies. Our method differs from prior methods by implantation of bipolar stainless steel electrodes with pin length varied to adapt for the varied thickness of different cardiac chambers, electrode placement at the junction between the right atrium and aortic root posterior to the right coronary artery for recording the His potential, and unipolar His recordings. PMID- 6742154 TI - A new method for estimating skeletal muscle capillary pressure. AB - Venous (Pc,vo) and arterial occlusion capillary pressures were simultaneously compared with isogravimetric capillary pressure (Pci) in isolated rat hindquarters and canine gracilis muscles perfused with blood or an artificial plasma. Arterial or venous pressure transients following rapid occlusion of arterial inflow or venous outflow, respectively, were analyzed for the inflection point between rapid and slow components. This transition point was assumed to represent the beginning of discharge of blood stored in (arterial occlusion) or the addition of blood to (venous occlusion) skeletal muscle microvessels and was defined as the effective capillary pressure. In all preparations, Pc,vo was identical to Pci. Arterial occlusion pressures were the same as Pci and Pc,vo in artificial plasma-perfused preparations but were significantly greater (P less than 0.01) than Pci and Pc,vo obtained in blood-perfused preparations. This inequality between arterial occlusion pressure and Pci may be related to a critical closure of small precapillary vessels or the non-Newtonian behavior of blood. In addition, venous occlusion pressures were highly correlated (r = 0.95, P less than 0.01) to calculated capillary pressures obtained following simultaneous equivalent elevations of arterial and venous pressure. These results indicate that the primary sites of vascular compliance and fluid filtration reside at or very near one another in the skeletal muscle microcirculation and that the more easily determined venous occlusion capillary pressure is an adequate measure of the effective capillary pressure in skeletal muscle. PMID- 6742155 TI - Phase transitions and critical behavior in human bimanual coordination. AB - Conditions that give rise to phase shifts among the limbs when an animal changes gait are poorly understood. Often a "switch mechanism" is invoked that has a neural basis which remains speculative. Abrupt phase transitions also occur between the two hands in humans when movement-cycling frequency is continuously increased. The asymmetrical out-of-phase mode shifts suddenly to a symmetrical in phase mode involving simultaneous activation of homologous muscle groups. The boundary between the two coordinative states is indexed by a dimensionless critical number, which remains constant regardless of whether the hands move freely or are subject to resistive loading. Coordinated shifts appear to arise because of continuous scaling influences that render the existing mode unstable. Then, at a critical point, bifurcation occurs and a new stable (and perhaps energetically more efficient) mode emerges. PMID- 6742156 TI - Hepatic palmitate metabolism in fasting Zucker rats: effect of lactate on partitioning. AB - Hepatocytes were isolated from 48-h fasted lean and obese Zucker rats and incubated with [1-14C] palmitate. The partitioning of fatty acids to oxidation and esterification products and the effect of lactate or glucose on this partitioning were studied. With palmitate as the only substrate, the cells from the lean rats oxidized 80% of the palmitate that was metabolized compared with only 35% oxidation in the cells from the obese rats. Thus fatty acid esterification remained the predominate pathway of palmitate metabolism in the hepatocytes from fasting obese rats. The addition of lactate to the cells from the lean rats decreased oxidation and increased esterification to levels similar to those in the obese rat hepatocytes. Glucose had similar effects on esterification in lean rat hepatocytes but was less potent than lactate. The cells from the obese rats were insensitive to the addition of lactate or glucose. These studies indicate that the inability of hepatocytes from obese rats to induce ketogenesis from exogenous fatty acids after a 48-h fast and their insensitivity to added lactate or glucose may be related to the availability of endogenous energy sources in the obese liver that can be oxidized and thus inhibit ketogenesis and support fatty acid esterification. PMID- 6742157 TI - Influence of vasopressin on renal hemodynamics in conscious Brattleboro rats. AB - The influence of vasopressin on renal hemodynamics was assessed by treating conscious Brattleboro homozygotes (DI rats) both acutely and chronically with physiologic doses of vasopressin. Intravenous infusions of vasopressin for 1 h, resulting in plasma vasopressin concentrations of less than 1.25, 2.3, and 8.0 pg/ml, respectively, failed to change glomerular filtration rate (GFR) or effective renal blood flow (ERBF) significantly, nor were there significant changes during 5 h of infusion. Body weight was not altered during these infusions. When synthetic vasopressin was given by osmotic minipumps for 10 days, with the rats gaining weight and thus changing the volume of their body fluids, GFR and ERBF increased significantly, by approximately 45 and 55%, respectively. Acute administration of volume alone, as well as acute vasopressin plus acute administration of volume, did not alter GFR or ERBF significantly. The data are compatible with the view that vasopressin, in physiologic plasma concentrations, exerts an influence on renal hemodynamics, that may be mediated through the long term alteration of body fluid volumes. Alternatively or additionally, prolonged exposure of DI rats to vasopressin may increase their renal hemodynamics through tubuloglomerular feedback. PMID- 6742158 TI - Biological similitude: statistical and functional relationships in comparative physiology. AB - A concept of biological similitude based on the distinction between extensive and intensive properties of animals is discussed. This concept provides a theoretical basis for using the power function as a mathematical-physical model whose numerical and dimensional constraints give some insight into the nature of the relationship between body mass and energy metabolism. In particular a theoretically mass-independent expression for energy metabolism is derived that can be used for qualitative intra- and interspecific comparisons of energy metabolism. PMID- 6742160 TI - Biological processing. AB - The organization of brain processes leading to language and movement show important parallels with one another and also express important aspects of biological organization in general. Four major differences between biological processes and their commonly proposed analogues, machine processes, are as follows. 1) Reduction is not simplification in biological analysis; rather the subsystems that result from separation of parts of a biological system are themselves complex, often potentially viable, systems. 2) Machine processes are typically generalized, or, if specialized, they are specialized by connecting general-type subsystems in special ways. But biological systems are typically specialized at many levels, both in subsystems and their connections. 3) The history of a biological system is often an intimate and inseparable part of its structure. Furthermore biological systems never develop alone or de novo. Not only do they develop in clusters of contemporaries, they also develop in the presence of an older generation and a "culture." 4) Not only do formal logics have some constraints that biological minds may not have (e.g., internal consistency and universality), formal logics require descriptions of qualitative phenomena in a language that is inadequate and (as a deeper issue) may always require parsing a meaningful whole into approximate parts (e.g., as in writing this abstract). Instances of contrasts between biological systems and machine type systems are seen in language and movement phenomena, such as embodying a distinction between purposes and causes and having flexibly reorganizable subassemblies, multiple goals, and motor equivalence. PMID- 6742159 TI - What is a biological oscillator? AB - Biological oscillators are amenable to qualitative analysis even before they have been described exhaustively in quantitative terms. Qualitative analysis can identify the elements essential for generating the oscillations and can enhance our understanding of underlying oscillator mechanisms. Two essential elements of a biological oscillator are 1) an inhibitory feedback loop, which includes one or more oscillating variables, and 2) a source of delay in this feedback loop, which allows an oscillating variable to overshoot a steady-state value before the feedback inhibition is fully effective. The analysis of the patterns of interactions and delays observed in biological oscillators is simplified by the translation of variables, interactions, and delays into schematic representations. To illustrate how such translations can be implemented, three biological oscillators are described schematically: 1) the glycolytic oscillator, 2) the bursting of the molluscan neuron, R15, and 3) the oscillations underlying smooth muscle contractions. PMID- 6742161 TI - Apraxia and aphasia for a visual-gestural language. AB - Since signed languages utilize visual-gestural channels, their study allows a unique opportunity for insight into the ways language and gesture may be represented in the brain. The separability of apraxia and aphasia for sign language was examined in four deaf signers who had unilateral brain damage, three to the left hemisphere and one to the right hemisphere. These patients were administered various tests for apraxia and a test of pantomime recognition. The patient with damage to the right hemisphere was not apraxic as we would expect. For the patients with damage to the left hemisphere, all of whom were aphasic for sign language, strong dissociations emerged between their capacities for sign language and their nonlinguistic motor skills. The language deficits of these patients seemed related to specific linguistic components of sign language rather than to an underlying motor disorder or an underlying disorder in the capacity to express and comprehend symbols of any kind. This separation between linguistic and nonlinguistic function is all the more striking, because sign language and gesture are transmitted in the same modality. PMID- 6742162 TI - A discussion of apraxia, aphasia, and gestural language. AB - It is understood that damage to the left cerebral hemisphere in adulthood may result in syndromes of language disturbances called the aphasias. The study of these syndromes sheds light on normal language processes, the relationship between language behavior and the brain, and how best to treat aphasic individuals. Aphasia, for some, is a central communication disorder affecting all symbolic behavior in all modalities (i.e., speech, writing, and gesture). Difficulty producing symbolic gestures on command is called apraxia. Others view aphasia as a manifestation of a motor-sequencing disorder affecting all gestural systems including those required for speech movements. These divergent theories of the underlying nature of aphasia can be tested through examination of deaf individuals who use sign language before onset of aphasia. Poizner et al. [Am. J. Physiol. 246 (Regulatory Integrative Comp. Physiol. 15): R868-R883, 1984] studied three such patients with different aphasia syndromes: one patient had a nonsymbolic, motor-sequencing disorder; one had a gestural apraxia; and one had neither. These findings force the conclusion that neither the symbolic nor motor sequencing theory of aphasia can account for the many varieties of that disorder. PMID- 6742163 TI - Psychobiology of speech development: coemergence of language and a movement system. AB - Speech development in the child represents the coemergence of language and a movement system. This paper presents seven basic principles on which a theory of speech development should be formed. Briefly, these principles address developmental changes in musculoskeletal and neural anatomy, continuities in phonetic development, coordination of productive (motor) and perceptual capabilities, rhythmic or cyclic patterning of movement, changing units of phonologic contrast, and interaction of phonetic development with acquisition of a motor skill for speech. These basic principles are in harmony with an autoorganizational theory of language development in which the infant generates, maintains, and transforms patterns of order. Examples of developmental patterns are taken from the literature to illustrate the explanatory value of the autoorganizational theory. PMID- 6742164 TI - Intrinsic characteristics of activity: a comment on Kent's psychobiology. AB - Kent has made seven statements that should inspire responses from linguists, kinesiologists, and developmentalists, among others. His goal of reforming our current theoretical perspective on the development of speech will be accomplished, in part, by their corrections, elaborations, and further speculations. Not all of his statements have the same status or consequence for an evolving theory of development. Those on the anatomic and neurological differences between infants and adults are much less controversial than those on the initial separateness of the perception and production systems or those on the relation of rhythmic behavior to phonology. Across all the statements, two major topics merit discussion: 1) the relevant descriptive terms of the vocal behavior of infants and 2) the relation of vocal activity to other behavior. PMID- 6742165 TI - Local cerebral metabolic rates of glucose in movement and language disorders from positron tomography. AB - Positron-computed tomography with [18F]fluorodeoxyglucose to measure glucose metabolism has shown changes in the brain distant to a focal area of infarction, demonstrating that what appears as a focal abnormality represents a more widespread functional process. Several approaches are presented to better understand quantitative metabolic data and focus on caudate and basal ganglia function. Area-to-area correlations in Parkinson's and Huntington's diseases showed decreases in the number of cortical relationships compared with control subjects, suggesting that the basal ganglia are involved with the ability of cortical regions to function together. In aphasia, caudate metabolism correlated with several language measures that suggested a role in some undefined basic process, seemingly related to Broca's area function. The studies presented suggest that the caudate may involve integrating the processing of language and cognition with the execution of the resulting response. Motor and cognitive function seem related to similar and overlapping brain systems. The disruption of such systems may result in loss of both cognitive and motor aspects of a function. PMID- 6742166 TI - Common cortical and thalamic mechanisms for language and motor functions. AB - Evidence for common mechanisms in the human brain for motor and language functions is reviewed, particularly evidence derived from electrical-stimulation mapping during cortical and thalamic operations in awake patients. Several systems in the dominant hemisphere are identified where language and motor function share common mechanisms, including a lateral thalamic attentional system and a lateral perisylvian cortical system common to sequential movement and speech sound identification, where precise timing may be a common mechanism. PMID- 6742167 TI - Search for a common neurocognitive mechanism for language and movements. AB - Examination of the common properties in the three Ss (i.e., speech, script, and sign languages) of human communication suggests that duality of patterning is the key feature in the development of these communication systems. This feature is in essence a sequential strategy that serves as an interface between the increasing number of messages and the limited capacity of our signal production-reception systems. It is argued that since the left hemisphere has a much finer temporal resolution than the right hemisphere, both language and movement systems might have made use of this advantage provided by the left hemisphere to fulfill the requirements of sequential strategy in their early evolution. PMID- 6742168 TI - Functional precursors to language and its lateralization. AB - An adequate account of language evolution must reconcile the propositions that language is unique but has precursors. The paper of Bellman and Goldberg and that of Tzeng and Wang each neglects one of these propositions. We suggest that the uniqueness of language lies primarily in its dualistic structure which has a frame-content mode of organization: at the phonological level, consonant and vowel elements are inserted into syllabic frames; and at the morphological level, stem forms of content words are inserted into syntactic frames. We suggest that the morphological level evolved from the phonological level and that the frame content mode of organization in phonology had a precursor in the form of bimanual coordination in which the nonpreferred (frame) hand holds an object operated on by the preferred hand (content). It is argued that lateralization of cortical function evolved first for bimanual coordination, then for language. Old World monkey hand preferences may be consistent with both the putative left-hemisphere specialization for bimanual coordination and the human right-hemisphere specialization for spatial functions. PMID- 6742169 TI - A linguist's view of the Bellman-Goldberg thesis. AB - From a linguistic perspective, the Bellman-Goldberg thesis of a necessary relationship between the abilities of organisms to move and communicate is very interesting. Since several concepts and terms are represented in both the thesis and contemporary linguistic literature, these items are discussed in further detail. Questions of the implicit assumptions of the homology of the motor and linguistic systems are also raised here. Finally, there are requests for further clarification on issues of evolution in this test of the strength of the thesis. PMID- 6742170 TI - Converging evidence in support of common dynamical principles for speech and movement coordination. AB - We suggest that a principled analysis of language and action should begin with an understanding of the rate-dependent, dynamical processes that underlie their implementation. Here we present a summary of our ongoing speech production research, which reveals some striking similarities with other work on limb movements. Four design themes emerge for articulatory systems: 1) they are functionally rather than anatomically specific in the way they work; 2) they exhibit equifinality and in doing so fall under the generic category of a dynamical system called point attractor; 3) across transformations they preserve a relationally invariant topology; and 4) this, combined with their stable cyclic nature, suggests that they can function as nonlinear, limit cycle oscillators (periodic attractors). This brief inventory of regularities, though not mean to be inclusive, hints strongly that speech and other movements share a common, dynamical mode of operation. PMID- 6742171 TI - Introduction to Iberall's thermodynamics of soft systems. PMID- 6742172 TI - On the genesis of "is" and "ought". AB - Human beings are confronted by how things, including themselves, work and how they ought to work. Human beings are also confronted, relatedly, by movement and language. The purpose of this note is to suggest an objective physical base within which these philosophic, psychological, and physiological properties of complex systems can be anchored. PMID- 6742173 TI - Ventromedial hypothalamic knife-cut lesions in rats resistant to dietary obesity. AB - The effects of ventromedial hypothalamic (VMH) knife-cut lesions on food intake and body weight of S 5B/Pl rats, which are normally resistant to obesity when eating a high-fat diet, were examined in two experiments. In the first experiment body weight increased only slightly after VMH knife-cut lesions when animals were fed pelleted laboratory chow or a 10% corn oil diet. When eating the 30% corn oil diet, however, body weight increased in the VMH knife-cut rats. In the second experiment VMH knife-cut lesions produced a small weight gain in rats fed the 10% fat diet; this manipulation also increased food intake and disrupted the normal diurnal feeding pattern. Changes in the weight of the liver, interscapular brown adipose tissue, and white adipose tissue paralleled the changes in body weight. Plasma insulin increased in the rats eating the 30% corn oil diet ad libitum but not in the VMH-lesioned animals pair fed to the sham-operated rats. Incorporation of 3H from 3H2O into lipid was significantly increased in white fat of animals with VMH knife cuts. Similar results were obtained from incubation of adipose tissue in vitro with insulin and radioactively labeled glucose. These studies show that hypothalamic knife-cut lesions can remove the resistance of the S 5B/Pl rats to obesity when they are fed a high-fat diet. PMID- 6742174 TI - Dissociation of circadian rhythms in rats with a hypothalamic island. AB - Complete isolation of the medial basal hypothalamus, including the suprachiasmatic nuclei in the isolated island, from the rest of the central nervous system was performed in rats. The circadian rhythm of plasma corticosterone level remained essentially intact in 5 of 16 rats with complete islands, whereas that of spontaneous locomotor activity was decomposed into ultradian bursts in 15 rats, resulting in a clear dissociation of the two rhythms in four rats. One rat, whose circadian rhythm of both variables persisted after the hypothalamic isolation, showed a diurnal activity. The 24-h patterns of plasma corticosterone of the other rats could be characterized as either episodic or continuously low throughout the day. A prefeeding corticosterone peak was detected under restricted feeding in rats with episodic fluctuations but not in those with continuously low hormone levels. It is concluded that the hypothalamic island includes the fundamental structures necessary for the manifestation of the entrained circadian rhythm of plasma corticosterone in rats under ad libitum feeding, whereas it contains only a part of that for spontaneous locomotor activity. The coupling pathways from the circadian oscillator(s) to these overt rhythms seem to be separate in the central nervous system, and the circadian rhythm of plasma corticosterone is not a direct consequence of that of locomotor activity. PMID- 6742175 TI - Circannual rhythms of body weight in pallid bats. AB - Body weights of pallid bats collected in the field were substantially greater during October and December than between April and September. When maintained in the laboratory under constant conditions of photoperiod and temperature, bats manifested circannual rhythms in body weight. These endogenous cycles were observed in adult and juvenile individuals of both sexes and in bats housed in long or short photoperiods (14 or 10 h of light/day). The period of the cycle averaged 10 mo. Photoperiod influenced the timing and magnitude of the body weight cycle; bats kept in short photoperiods achieved peak body weights earlier than animals housed in long day lengths. We propose that day length is one of the proximate factors for synchronization of circannual cycles of pallid bats. PMID- 6742176 TI - Intrinsic emptying pattern of the human stomach. AB - Twenty-three subjects were given a total of 336 meals of 750 ml saline that was recovered at 5, 10, and 20 min to determine the intrinsic gastric emptying pattern. Minimal slowing of gastric emptying by duodenal receptors resulted from 120 mM NaCl. Analysis of the residuals from the within-subject regressions for every subject's remaining volume vs. time showed that the exponential model of gastric emptying most appropriately described the data when the volume instilled at time 0 was included. PMID- 6742177 TI - Heart rate and energy expenditure in resting and running Svalbard and Norwegian reindeer. AB - The purpose of this study was to determine whether a convenient relationship could be found between heart rate (HR) and energy expenditure at rest and during running in the high arctic Svalbard reindeer (SR) and the subarctic Norwegian reindeer (NR). Measurements of HR and energy expenditure (O2 consumption) were made at different ambient temperatures, at rest, and during running at different speeds during both summer and winter. Cost of transportation (Science 177: 222 228, 1972) was 3.56 and 2.67 J X g-1 X km-1 in SR and NR, respectively. The y intercept value obtained for NR was close to the predicted value (J. Exp. Biol. 97: 1-22, 1982), whereas that of SR was much lower. In NR the relationship between HR and energy expenditure at running speeds from 0 to 9.2 km X h-1 is, regardless of ambient temperature (in the -30 to +10 degrees C range), described by the following equations: y = 8.04x + 48.70, r = 0.92, n = 27 (summer); and y = 7.48x + 31.20, r = 0.95, n = 52 (winter). In SR, the corresponding equations were y = 7.60x + 49.20, r = 0.94, n = 29 (summer); and y = 8.90x + 32.10, r = 0.96, n = 44 (winter), where y is HR (beats X min-1) and x is metabolic rate (W X kg-1). PMID- 6742178 TI - Reflex and local thermal control of rabbit ear blood flow. AB - We measured thermal conductance (K) of the ears of 12 New Zealand White rabbits during periods of core heating in which mean skin temperature and ear temperatures (Te) were controlled. Right Te was always held at 28 degrees C; left Te was 15, 20, 24, 28, 31, 33 degrees C in separate core heating periods. Core heating was obtained by perfusing a previously implanted intravascular heat exchanger with hot water. Blood temperature (Tbl) was measured with a thermocouple that had been previously placed in contact with the common carotid artery. During heating, K rose with rising Tbl, but the relation between K and Tbl depended on Te. At high Te, K rose rapidly in the initial stages of core heating and soon reached its maximal value. At cool Te, K rose slowly with rising Tbl until high Tbl was reached; then K rose rapidly to maximal values. The maximal value of K reached at high Tbl was independent of Te. The results suggest that local temperature affects ear blood flow by affecting the way that ear blood vessels react to sympathetic reflex signals. PMID- 6742179 TI - Angiotensin II in neuronal cultures from brains of normotensive and hypertensive rats. AB - Primary neuronal cultures from 1-day-old rat brains, which contain angiotensin II (ANG II) immunoreactivity within the neurons and are capable of de novo synthesis of this immunoreactivity, have been used in this study to determine the nature of this immunoreactivity by high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC). Neuronal cultures from the brains of normotensive Wistar-Kyoto (WKY) and spontaneously hypertensive (SH) rats were found to contain ANG II immunoreactivity, which co migrated with authentic ANG II on HPLC. The angiotensin detected in brain cultures was not derived from the growth medium, and its level was significantly decreased by incubating the cultures with captopril. A 71% decrease in the levels of ANG II was observed in neuronal cultures of SH rat brains compared with those from WKY controls. These observations show that differences in brain angiotensin between SH and WKY are present before differences in blood pressure are manifested. PMID- 6742180 TI - Stimulation of DNA synthesis in kidney epithelial cells in culture by potassium. AB - The hypothesis that the K+ concentration of extracellular fluid is a determinant of renal DNA synthesis was examined in quiescent, high-density cultures of monkey kidney epithelial cells of the BSC-1 line. The addition of KCl to the medium increased the number of cells engaged in DNA synthesis in a concentration dependent manner. The capacity of K+ to stimulate DNA synthesis in a greater number of cells was additive with exogenous NaCl and calf serum and was associated with an increment in the steady-state cell K+ content. Studies with other monovalent cations indicated that the stimulatory effect of K+ on DNA synthesis was not mediated by increments in the chloride concentration or osmotic pressure of the medium. The addition of K+ to confluent cultures was associated with a concentration-dependent increase in cell multiplication. The commitment of cells to increased multiplication required exposure of the culture to added KCl for longer than 3 but not more than 6 h. Addition of KCl to cultures of mouse fibroblasts did not alter DNA synthesis, multiplication, or cell K+ content. These observations indicate that increased availability of K+ in the extracellular fluid can stimulate DNA synthesis in kidney epithelial cells in culture. PMID- 6742181 TI - Electrical potentials and cell-to-cell dye movement in mouse mammary gland during lactation. AB - Stable potentials were recorded with microelectrodes in an in vivo preparation of the mammary gland from the anesthetized lactating mouse. Location of the microelectrode tip was determined by ionophoretic injection of the fluorescent dye Lucifer yellow CH. Fifteen dye injections were localized to mammary alveolar cells; the average recorded potential for these penetrations was -49 +/- 2 mV. Cell-to-cell dye transfer between alveolar cells was observed with all intracellular Lucifer yellow injections. Ten dye injections were localized to the alveolar lumina with an average recorded potential of -35 +/- 2 mV. With these penetrations Lucifer yellow spread rapidly to many alveolar lumina. These findings indicate that stable potentials can be obtained from both cells and lumina in the in vivo mammary gland, demonstrating the feasibility of electrophysiological studies of the mammary epithelium. The presence of a large transepithelial potential provides evidence for physiologically tight junctions between mammary alveolar cells. In addition, the distribution of Lucifer yellow shows that mammary alveolar cells are coupled and suggests that milk flows freely between alveolar lumina. PMID- 6742182 TI - Changes in actin synthesis and alpha-actin-mRNA content in rat muscle during immobilization. AB - The fractional rates of actin synthesis in adult rat gastrocnemius muscle from control and 6-h hindlimb-immobilized animals were determined by the constant infusion technique. The rate of actin synthesis in gastrocnemius muscle was significantly decreased from control values during the 6th h of hindlimb immobilization. The content of alpha-actin-specific mRNA was then estimated in adult rat gastrocnemius muscle from control, 6-h, 72-h, and 7-day immobilized animals by "dot blot" hybridization. RNA extracted from control and immobilized animals was secured on nitrocellulose filters and hybridized to 32P-labeled plasmid p749 (containing a cDNA sequence produced from rat alpha-actin mRNA). The relative content of alpha-actin-specific mRNA in gastrocnemius muscle was significantly decreased at 7 days of immobilization but not at 6 or 72 h of immobilization. It is concluded that a change in the content of alpha-actin mRNA does not contribute significantly to the rapid onset of the decrease in actin synthesis rate observed after 6 h of immobilization. An alteration in the translation of alpha-actin-specific mRNA must occur to account for the early decline in actin synthesis during immobilization. PMID- 6742183 TI - Catecholamines and metabolism. Introduction. PMID- 6742184 TI - Effects of chronic estrogen treatment on water exchange in rats. AB - Intact female rats implanted subcutaneously with Silastic tubes containing estradiol benzoate (EB) (28.7 micrograms X kg-1 X day-1) for 28 wk had a significantly greater daily intake of water, a higher water-to-food intake ratio, and a greater urine output than untreated control rats. Ovariectomized (OVX) rats also implanted for 14 wk with EB tubes (15 and 36 micrograms X kg-1 X day-1) showed identical results. Dipsogenic responses of the EB-treated rats to isoproterenol (25 micrograms/kg sc), angiotensin II (200 micrograms/kg ip), and hypertonic saline (1 M, 1% of body wt ip) were significantly attenuated. Both intact and OVX rats were subjected to a 24-h dehydration to assess renal concentrating ability. EB-treated rats lost significantly more weight and excreted significantly more urine of lower osmolality than controls. Administration of vasopressin to volume-loaded, EB-treated rats revealed no abnormalities in the ability to concentrate urine to the level of controls. Thus, in spite of a reduced responsiveness to several dipsogenic stimuli, EB-treated rats have an increased daily water turnover apparently related to an inability to concentrate their urine. This in turn may be related to abnormalities in either synthesis or release of antidiuretic hormone or both. PMID- 6742185 TI - Fetal fuels. VII. Ketone bodies inhibit synthesis of purines in fetal rat brain. AB - Maternal starvation in late gestation results in ketonemia and a lowered DNA content in fetal rat brain. Because purines are needed for formation of new RNA and DNA, we examined the de novo pathway for purine biosynthesis in fetal rat brain slices by measuring the incorporation of [14C]formate into [14C]adenine. Maternal starvation days 18-20 resulted in a slight but nonsignificant fall in purine biosynthesis from 0.230 +/- 0.006 to 0.216 +/- 0.006 mumol X g-1 X 2 h-1. Graded concentrations of DL-3-hydroxybutyrate (3OHB) produced a progressive inhibition of formate incorporation in fetal brain slices, and rates of purine biosynthesis in the presence of 5.4 mM 3OHB were significantly lower (P less than 0.01) in fetal brain slices from both fed and starved mothers, i.e., 0.199 +/- 0.006 and 0.189 +/- 0.006 mumol X g-1 X 2 h-1, respectively. Acetoacetate caused an inhibition similar in magnitude to 3OHB. That 3OHB did not act via a protein biosynthetic step was evidenced by unimpaired biosynthesis of purines and sustained 3OHB inhibition in the presence of 1 mM cycloheximide. Unlike the de novo pathway, the salvage pathway measured by incorporation of [8-14C]adenine into labeled nucleotides was not significantly inhibited even by supraphysiological levels of 3OHB (21.6 mM). Serial measurements of the de novo and salvage pathways in neonatal brain slices showed a maintenance of salvage activity during the first 2 wk but a progressive fall in activity of the de novo pathway. Thus ketone bodies could act to restrain the synthesis of purine nucleotide building blocks for new cell formation in fetal but not in neonatal rat brain. PMID- 6742186 TI - Glucocorticoid sites in skeletal muscle: adrenalectomy, maturation, fiber type, and sex. AB - The glucocorticoid receptor population in skeletal muscle of the rat was examined. Data are included that address the following: tissue preparation, receptor stabilization, method of assay and analysis, cross-reactivity of a large variety of steroids, time to equilibrium, and the effect of adrenalectomy on the number of sites as well as the apparent binding affinity. In addition, we have observed the following: 1) an exponential decline in the concentration of sites from 27 to 160 days after birth; 2) a significantly higher concentration of sites in muscle from male animals as compared with female animals; and 3) a significantly higher concentration of sites in the slow-fiber soleus muscle as compared with the fast-fiber extensor digitorum longus muscle. PMID- 6742187 TI - Measurement of total and organ-specific norepinephrine kinetics in humans. AB - A variety of biochemical tests, most notably measurement of the plasma concentration of norepinephrine, have been used to quantify overall sympathetic nervous system activity in humans. Plasma norepinephrine values provide a fallible index of sympathetic activity in that they are dependent in part on the rate of removal of norepinephrine from plasma. Measurement of the rate of release of norepinephrine to plasma is a better guide to overall sympathetic nervous tone because it avoids this confounding influence of norepinephrine plasma clearance. The overall norepinephrine spillover measurement, however, suffers from one major limitation: the sources of the released norepinephrine are not identified. Recently developed radiotracer techniques allow the estimation of regional sympathetic nervous activity from measurements of the organ-specific norepinephrine spillover rate. We find that the lungs are the main source of norepinephrine release to plasma, with mean pulmonary norepinephrine spillover of 159 ng/min constituting 40% of total norepinephrine release. Pulmonary norepinephrine release exceeded the combined norepinephrine spillover from the heart (3%), kidneys (17%), and hepatomesenteric circulation (8%). PMID- 6742188 TI - Dissociation of sympathetic nervous system and adrenal medullary responses. AB - The relative importance of sympathetic nerve (SNS) activity and adrenal medullary secretion in various physiological situations has generally been inferred from measurements of norepinephrine (NE) and epinephrine (E), respectively, in urine or plasma. Increasing evidence, however, indicates that under certain conditions the adrenal medulla may release substantial amounts of NE as well as E. In several of these circumstances, estimates of SNS activity based on the measurement of NE turnover in peripheral tissues of experimental animals indicate diminished SNS function, a reduction that is independent of adrenal medullary secretion. These reciprocal alterations in SNS and adrenal medullary activity fall into two patterns. First, when SNS activity is suppressed by fasting, adrenal medullary responses to various stimuli are enhanced. Second, for certain stimuli the SNS response is biphasic, with an initial suppression followed by subsequent stimulation; during the first phase adrenal medullary secretion is markedly increased. The physiological contribution of the adrenal medulla, therefore, would be particularly important under conditions of SNS suppression. PMID- 6742189 TI - Methods of plasma catecholamine measurement including radioimmunoassay. AB - Fluorometric and radioenzymatic assays are presently the most widely used techniques for the estimation of plasma, urine, and tissue catecholamines. The fluorometric assay lacks specificity and sensitivity. The radioenzymatic assay is significantly more sensitive and specific but is technically very complex, time consuming, and expensive. A newer methodology has been developed by modification of a 125I radioimmunoassay for metanephrine. The assay utilizes an antibody that specifically binds metanephrine. Plasma and urinary epinephrine and norepinephrine are detected by conversion to metanephrine with the enzymes catechol-O-methyl-transferase (COMT) and phenylethanolamine-N-methyltransferase (PNMT). The major advantages of the radioimmunoassay are the savings in cost and time. The radioenzymatic assay utilizes an expensive tritium-labeled compound, S adenosylmethionine, and requires multiple organic solvent-extraction steps, thin layer chromatography, and liquid scintillation counting. The radioimmunoassay requires only one extraction with alumina to aid in specificity and to concentrate the catecholamines. Sample detection is by gamma counting. The radioenzymatic assay is presently the reference method for catecholamines and is best suited for small numbers of samples where sample volume is limited and exquisite sensitivity is required. The radioimmunoassay is rapid, has sufficient sensitivity, specificity, and precision for most applications and is best applied to the analysis of large numbers of samples. PMID- 6742190 TI - Small doses of human chorionic gonadotropin prevent estradiol-induced luteolysis. AB - The manner in which exogenous 17 beta-estradiol (E2) induces premature luteolysis in primates is unclear. In an effort to determine whether exogenous luteotropic hormone inhibits E2-induced luteolysis, E2 capsules were implanted subcutaneously in 11 cynomolgus macaques during the early luteal phase; six animals received injections of human chorionic gonadotropin (hCG; 7.5, 10, or 15 IU/day) for 10 days, and the remaining monkeys received saline. Blood was collected once daily for measurement of E2, progesterone, and bioactive luteinizing hormone (LH). Peak progesterone concentrations were between 0.7 and 5.0 ng/ml and declined prematurely in monkeys given E2 plus saline; the luteal phase was 11.5 +/- 0.6 days (mean +/- SE). With E2 plus hCG treatment, serum progesterone continued to increase after E2 capsule placement and reached peak levels of 4.0-13.0 ng/ml; the luteal phase was 15.3 +/- 0.5 days. Therefore, E2-induced luteolysis was overcome by concurrent administration of hCG. These results suggest that exogenous tropic hormone circumvents the inhibitory influence of E2 on luteal function, but the details of the interaction remain unknown. PMID- 6742191 TI - Changes in plasma zinc content after exercise in men fed a low-zinc diet. AB - For 30 days five healthy men aged 23-57 yr consumed a diet adequate in zinc (8.6 mg/day); they ate a low-zinc diet (3.6 mg/day) for the next 120 days and then received a zinc-supplemented (33.6 mg/day) diet for 30 days. Copper intake was constant at 1.8 mg/day. Aerobic capacity was determined periodically during each diet period. Relative zinc balance (% of control) declined during depletion (r = 0.28, P less than 0.009). Pre- and postexercise zinc concentrations decreased when dietary zinc was restricted (r = -0.61, P less than 0.0001 and r = -0.78, P less than 0.0001) and increased with supplementation (r = 0.61, P less than 0.008 and r = 0.76, P less than 0.0003, respectively). Both plasma zinc and hematocrit increased (P less than 0.01) after maximal exercise. To minimize the effect of hemoconcentration during exercise, the van Beaumont quotient (J. Appl. Physiol. 34: 102-106, 1973) was calculated using pre- and postexercise hematocrit and plasma zinc. The initial quotient of 1.8 +/- 1.8% (mean +/- SE) declined (P less than 0.05) to -7.4 +/- 2.3% during depletion. With zinc repletion, the quotient increased to 6.9 +/- 3.6%, which was greater (P less than 0.05) than the quotient in depletion but similar to the initial quotient. The quotient was a strong predictor (r = 0.71, P less than 0.0005) of the change in relative zinc balance during zinc depletion. In contrast, no changes were found in plasma copper content. These data suggest that zinc mobilization from tissues is impaired during zinc depletion, and they validate the use of the van Beaumont quotient as an index of change in body zinc stores. PMID- 6742192 TI - Calcium binding by lithocholic acid derivatives. AB - Lithocholic acid (LCA) and its sulfate (LCS) and glucuronide (LCG) derivatives are potent cholestatic agents. During the course of LCG-induced cholestasis in rats, calcium (Ca) salts of LCG precipitate in bile. To characterize the affinity of bile salts for Ca, solutions of selected bile salts were titrated with Ca. Apparent equilibrium constants (KcaBS) were determined from the unbound Ca ion concentrations that were measured spectrophotometrically with metallochromic indicators antipyrylazo III or murexide or with a Ca-selective electrode. KCaBS values were 1.12 +/- 0.04 X 10(-4) M for LCS, 2.88 +/- 0.26 X 10(-4) M for LCG, 3.09 +/- 0.21 X 10(-4) M for LCA, 1.93 +/- 0.07 X 10(-3) M for taurocholic acid (TC), 2.69 +/- 0.08 X 10(-3) M for glycocholic acid (GC), and 6.07 +/- 0.27 X 10( 3) M for taurolithocholic acid sulfate (TLCS). The KCaBS for LCG measured by a Ca selective electrode under identical conditions was 5.53 +/- 2.75 X 10(-4) M. Comparing relative cholestatic potential with affinity for Ca, cholestatic bile salts LCS, LCG, and LCA bind Ca 10-60 times more avidly than TC, GC, and TLCS. At the unbound Ca ion concentrations of serum or bile (approx 1 mM), only LCS, LCG, and LCA would be expected to bind significant amounts of Ca. PMID- 6742193 TI - Clearance of 9-micron spheres and rubidium in the intestinal circulation. AB - Rubidium clearance and 9-micron-sphere entrapment were studied and compared in isolated intestinal preparations under various physiological conditions in 10 dogs anesthetized with intravenous pentobarbital sodium. The chosen intestinal segment was pumped with aortic blood at a constant rate and pressure of about 90 100 mmHg. The temperature of the isolated loop was maintained at 37-38 degrees C with an electrical pad. A mixture of 86Rb and 9-micron-spheres labeled with 141Ce was injected into the arterial cannula supplying the intestinal loop while mesenteric venous blood was collected for activity counting. Three to four intestinal segments were used from each dog. The following three experimental conditions were randomly used for each intestinal segment preparation: 1) a mesenteric venous pressure (MVP) equaling 0 cmH2O and warmed normal saline infused into the lumen of segment; 2) an MVP equaling 0 cmH2O and 5% glucose in saline infused into the intestinal lumen; and 3) the reservoir with venous blood elevated to provide an MVP equaling 17 cmH2O and warmed normal saline infused into the intestinal lumen. A very strong and significant correlation was found between rubidium and microsphere clearances (r = 0.99, P less than 0.0001). Rubidium extraction was inversely associated with blood flow through the intestinal segment (r = 0.49, P = 0.02), while microsphere entrapment (extraction) was independent from intestinal blood flow (r = 0.16). The data suggest that the shunting of 9-micron spheres through tissue reflects the arteriovenous shunting of blood and, therefore, can be used as a tool to study the nutritive and nonnutritive blood flows in tissues. PMID- 6742194 TI - Intestinal ion transport and intracellular pH during acute respiratory alkalosis and acidosis. AB - Acute respiratory alkalosis and acidosis alter rat ileal and colonic but not jejunal electrolyte transport. To examine the role of altered intracellular pH, pHi, and HCO3 concentration, (HCO3)i, we measured pHi in mucosa scraped from the jejunum, ileum, and colon of anesthetized, mechanically ventilated Sprague-Dawley rats. During states of respiratory alkalosis (Pco2 24.9 +/- 0.8 mmHg, pH 7.586 +/ 0.014), respiratory acidosis (Pco2 67.8 +/- 1.2 mmHg, pH 7.228 +/- 0.007), and normocapnia (Pco2 41.1 +/- 0.7 mmHg, pH 7.401 +/- 0.006), pHi was measured by determining the distribution of 5,5-dimethyl[2-14C]oxazolidine-2,4-dione, using [3H]inulin as a marker of extracellular space. (HCO3)i was calculated using portal vein Pco2. In the ileum, the pHi of 6.901 +/- 0.029 was similar in alkalosis [(HCO3)i 5.4 +/- 0.3 mM], acidosis [(HCO3)i 12.4 +/- 0.6 mM], and normocapnia [(HCO3)i 8.6 +/- 0.8 mM). In both the jejunum and colon, pHi was increased in alkalosis [pHi 6.998 +/- 0.038, (HCO3)i 6.7 +/- 0.6 mM] and decreased in acidosis [pHi 6.789 +/- 0.024, (HCO3)i 10.4 +/- 0.6 mM] as compared with normocapnia [pHi 6.915 +/- 0.026, (HCO3)i 8.9 +/- 0.7 mM] (colon data given). Net electrolyte transport measured by in vivo perfusion revealed that ileal and colonic, but not jejunal, net Na and Cl absorption was decreased during alkalosis and increased during acidosis. These data suggest that, during respiratory acidosis and alkalosis, pHi is maintained in a qualitatively similar way in the jejunum, ileum, and colon with quantitatively greater or lesser changes in (HCO3)i.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS) PMID- 6742195 TI - Pluronic L-81: a potent inhibitor of the transport of intestinal chylomicrons. AB - We have shown previously that the acute administration of 0.5 mg/h of Pluronic L 81 (L-81), a non-ionic hydrophobic surfactant, markedly reduced the lymphatic lipid transport by the rat small intestine. This inhibition is quickly reversible. By studying two other Pluronic surfactants, 25R1 and P84, we assessed the importance of the positioning of the hydrophilic moiety relative to the hydrophobic chain and also the hydrophilic-to-hydrophobic ratio in the action of L-81. In 25R1 the hydrophilic moiety is at the center and the hydrophobic chain is at both ends; in L-81 the reverse is true. P84 has four times more hydrophilic moiety by weight than L-81. Four groups of intestinal lymph fistula rats were infused intraduodenally for 8 h with [3H]triolein, egg lecithin, sodium taurocholate, and 1 mg/h of either L-81, 25R1, or P84. The control group did not have a surfactant added. Both the absorption of lipid by the small intestine and the intestinal transport of the lipid into the lymph were measured. Similar to previous findings, infusion of 1 mg/h of L-81 produced a dramatic reduction in lipid transport by the small bowel. Although infusion of 1 mg/h of either 25R1 or P84 reduced significantly the intestinal lipid transport, both surfactants were markedly less effective than L-81. In conclusion, both the positioning of the hydrophilic moiety and the hydrophilic-to-hydrophobic ratio of L-81 are important for its action. PMID- 6742196 TI - Mechanisms of motility changes during acute intestinal obstruction in the dog. AB - We investigated the effects of autonomic drugs and the role of intestinal contents on the motility changes that occur during acute obstruction. Myoelectric activity was recorded from seven electrodes spaced at 3-cm intervals along the midjejunum of nine conscious dogs. Another animal had electrodes evenly placed throughout the small bowel. Obstruction was created by inflation of an intraluminal balloon. Systemic arterial blood pressure and pulse rate were monitored. Initially, motor activity of the small intestine increased proximal to an acute intestinal obstruction and decreased distally. Recordings from the entire small intestine revealed that these effects occurred almost immediately in the region of the obstruction but not at more distant sites. Within 2-3 h, however, proximal hypermotility had extended to the duodenum and distal inhibition had progressed to the terminal ileum. Diversion of intestinal contents without obstruction reduced myoelectric activity distal to the site of drainage. However, reinfusion of chyme distal to the site of obstruction failed to restore inhibited motor activity to control levels. Atropine sulfate (50 micrograms/kg) decreased and neostigmine (5 micrograms X kg-1 X min-1) potentiated the hyperactivity proximal to the obstruction, but neither agent significantly affected the distal inhibition. Phentolamine (1 mg/kg) and propranolol (1 mg/kg) had no effect on proximal or distal motor activity during obstruction; these were doses that blocked cardiovascular responses to adrenergic agonists. These results suggest that changes in luminal contents and in nervous activity both contribute to the intestinal motility changes that accompany obstruction.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS) PMID- 6742197 TI - Electrical properties and synaptic connections to neurons in parasympathetic colonic ganglia of the cat. AB - Intracellular recording techniques were used in vitro to analyze the electrophysiological properties and synaptic connections to cat parasympathetic neurons in ganglia located on the serosal surface of the distal colon. Neurons were classified into two types. The first type exhibited spontaneous action potentials at regular and irregular interspike intervals. Spontaneous action potentials were 1) not abolished by superfusion of the ganglia with a modified Krebs solution containing low Ca2+, high Mg2+, or nicotinic ganglionic blocking agents, 2) reduced or abolished by intracellular injection of hyperpolarizing current, and 3) increased by intracellular injection of depolarizing current. We suggest that the generation of spontaneous action potentials may be due to an endogenous depolarizing mechanism and not to cholinergic synaptic input from other neurons located in the ganglia. The second type of neuron termed "quiescent" exhibited a stable transmembrane potential and elicited action potentials in response to electrical stimulation of nerve trunks. Both quiescent and spontaneously discharging neurons receive synaptic input from preganglionic fibers in the pelvic nerve and project their postganglionic axons to colonic nerve fibers that innervate effector structures in the colon. PMID- 6742198 TI - In vivo zinc transport by rat small intestine after extensive small bowel resection. AB - We studied the effects of intestinal resection on in vivo zinc transport and intestinal tissue zinc in remnant duodenum and ileum 4 wk after two-thirds small bowel enterectomy. In situ duodenal and ileal intestinal segments from resected and sham-operated control rats were perfused through the lumen with an isotonic solution containing 0.077 mM zinc with isotopic 65Zn as tracer. After resection there was significant mucosal growth in both segments, but segment transport specific activities (transport per gram mucosa) were unchanged. Therefore, increased segment transport capacities (transport per centimeter segment length) in both segments approximated increased mucosal mass. Comparisons with transport data from our earlier studies on other luminal substrates in rats after small bowel resection showed that adaptive transport mechanisms vary not only with the luminal substrate examined but may also differ in remaining proximal and distal small bowel. In the present study about 12% of the absorbed radiotracer zinc remained in the intestinal wall after perfusion of both duodenum and ileum of resected and control animals, and there were no effects of resection on tissue radiotracer 65Zn concentrations or specific activities in the mucosal fraction or underlying tissues. Calculations of mucosal entry and exit fluxes per centimeter segment length showed that the major effect of resection was to increase the zinc entry flux at the luminal surface of the mucosa. At the basal surface of the mucosa, both entry and exit fluxes increased.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS) PMID- 6742199 TI - Renal effects of overhydration during vasopressin infusion in conscious dogs. AB - The antidiuretic and possibly natriuretic effects of small doses of vasopressin (AVP) were investigated in conscious dogs. Plasma composition and renal excretion of water, Na+, and K+ were measured after overhydration by 20 ml/kg performed during infusion of AVP at rates of 50, 100, 150, 200, or 400 pg X min-1 X kg body wt-1 or of 1-desamino-8-D-arginine vasopressin (DDAVP) 50 pg X min-1 X kg body wt 1. Hydration lowered plasma osmolality and sodium concentration by 4.2 +/- 0.3 and 3.8 +/- 0.2%, respectively; plasma protein showed a larger decrease, 8.5 +/- 0.4% (P less than 0.01). Urine osmolality during hydration was 52 +/- 3 mosmol/kg H2O. AVP infusion at 100 pg X min-1 X kg-1 elevated plasma vasopressin by 1.7 +/- 0.3 pg/ml and urine osmolality by 1,049 +/- 152 mosmol/kg H2O and elicited marked natriuresis and kaliuresis but no change in osmolar clearance. During DDAVP infusion urine osmolality was 1,365 +/- 134 mosmol/kg H2O, but electrolyte excretion was indistinguishable from control. It is concluded that 1) AVP is associated with marked natriuresis and kaliuresis even in doses required to prevent water diuresis, 2) DDAVP--although strongly antidiuretic--does not affect electrolyte excretion, and 3) the water load causes disproportionate dilution of plasma protein and osmolality, probably due to protein redistribution. PMID- 6742200 TI - Hyperosmolality of absorbate from isolated rabbit proximal tubules. AB - Rabbit proximal convoluted (PCT) and proximal straight tubules (PST) were perfused under oil so that droplets of absorbate could be collected. When PCT segments were perfused with an ultrafiltrate of rabbit serum or with a similar artificial solution, the osmolality of the absorbate was higher than that of the luminal perfusate by, respectively, 18.4 +/- 1.8 (SE) (P less than 0.001) or 15.8 +/- 1.9 (P less than 0.001) mosmol/kg H2O. In the PST, the absorbate osmolality was 7.7 +/- 2.6 mosmol/kg H2O (P less than 0.012) higher than an artificial perfusate solution. In the PCT the volume absorption rate was positively correlated with the osmolality difference (r = 0.653, P less than 0.002), and the slope of the linear regression line was 0.068 +/- 0.007 nl X min-1 X mm-1 X (mosmol/kg H2O)-1. Although a complete analysis based on reflection coefficients of the several solutes could not be made, this slope indicates that the maximum osmotic water permeability of the PCT in these experiments was 800-1,000 micron/s, which is significantly less than observed previously in tubules perfused in an aqueous bathing medium. The size of the osmotic gradient in the PST also implies a lower water permeability than expected. The results show, however, that a hyperosmotic absorbate can be generated by both segments when the peritubular volume is restricted. In vivo the same process would be expected to generate luminal hypotonicity. PMID- 6742201 TI - Metabolism of pure human erythropoietin in the rat. AB - The metabolism of pure human erythropoietin (EPO) labeled with 125I was studied in the rat. Concentrations of the labeled hormone (125I-EPO) in plasma and urine were measured by both trichloroacetic acid precipitation and gel filtration. During steady-state conditions the metabolic clearance rate of 125I-EPO was slow, averaging 256 +/- 7 microliter. min-1 X kg-1 of which only 19 +/- 2 microliter X min-1 X kg-1 (or 7.4 +/- 0.8% of the metabolic clearance rate) could be accounted for by excretion of the labeled hormone in the urine. Urinary clearance of 125I EPO amounted to less than 0.3% of the glomerular filtration rate, and there was no detectable arteriovenous concentration difference of 125I-EPO across the kidney. After both pulse injection and constant infusion to equilibrium, disappearance of 125I-EPO from the circulation could be approximated by a single exponential function: plasma half-life was 3.5 +/- 0.2 h in normal rats and was prolonged to 4.4 +/- 0.3 h (P less than 0.05) in animals with ligated renal pedicles. Although kidney homogenates degraded 125I-EPO in vitro (optimum pH 4.5), the hormone did not accumulate in the kidney when injected intravenously. We conclude that EPO metabolism is extremely sluggish compared with that of other polypeptide hormones. Whereas kidney tissue is capable of degrading EPO in vitro, the physicochemical characteristics of this glycoprotein (molecular size, shape, and charge) probably impede its access to degrading sites and therefore account for the limited contribution of renal extraction and excretion to the metabolic clearance of the hormone. PMID- 6742202 TI - Albumin homeostasis in the nephrotic rat: nutritional considerations. AB - Albumin catabolism and the relationship between plasma albumin concentration and albuminuria were studied in male Sprague-Dawley rats with Heymann nephritis. The rats were placed on isocaloric diets of 8.5, 21, or 40% protein. Serum albumin concentration correlated negatively with urinary albumin excretion for each of these dietary groups, but the correlation was dependent on dietary protein intake. The magnitude of albuminuria reflected the increase in albumin synthesis rate plus the decrease in albumin catabolic rate. Maximal urinary albumin loss was dependent on dietary protein intake. Albumin catabolism was studied in the different groups of nephrotic animals. Albumin catabolism correlated inversely with the rate of albuminuria in the 21 and 40% protein-fed rats and contributed nearly half of the albumin that was lost in these groups of animals. Albumin catabolism was independent of albuminuria in the rats fed 8.5% protein. The rats were fed 18% of their normal caloric intake, and albumin catabolism was studied in nephrotic and control animals. Albumin catabolism increased with increased albuminuria, in contrast to the well-nourished group, and there was no relationship between serum albumin concentration and urinary albumin excretion. Increased catabolism of albumin plays little or no role in albumin homeostasis in the well-nourished nephrotic rat but may be significant in protein- and calorie malnourished animals. PMID- 6742203 TI - Ammonia and bicarbonate transport by thick ascending limb of rat kidney. AB - Ammonia and bicarbonate transport by the thick ascending limb of rat kidney was studied to determine whether this segment contributes to the regulation of renal ammonia and net acid excretion. Cortical and medullary thick ascending limbs were perfused in vitro at 1.0-1.5 nl X min-1 X mm-1 with HCO3-buffered solutions. There was no significant net fluid transport. With 4 mM ammonia in bath and perfusate, transepithelial voltage averaged 6-9 mV, lumen positive, and did not differ between the two segments. The mean ammonia concentration in collected tubule fluid was 2.8 mM with cortical segments and 2.3 mM with medullary segments, indicating net absorption of ammonia. Furosemide (10(-4) M) in the perfusate eliminated ammonia absorption in medullary thick ascending limbs and converted net absorption to net secretion in cortical thick ascending limbs. Furosemide reduced transepithelial voltage to near zero in every tubule. Cortical and medullary thick ascending limbs also absorbed bicarbonate, indicating that their tubule fluid was acidified relative to the bath. Therefore, absorption of ammonia could not have occurred by nonionic diffusion. The absorption most likely was due to direct transport of NH4+. The possible mechanisms involved are discussed, and it is proposed that absorption of ammonia by thick ascending limbs provides a source for its accumulation in the renal medulla and secretion into the collecting ducts. PMID- 6742204 TI - Renal function in rats chronically exposed to high altitude. AB - Chronic exposure of rats to a simulated altitude of 18,000 ft (5,500 m) results in severe polycythemia and consequent reduction of the plasma fraction. However, glomerular filtration rate is usually well maintained. This study was conducted to determine whether an increase in effective renal blood flow (ERBF) plays a role in maintaining a normal glomerular filtration rate in the chronically hypoxic rats. Various measurements of renal function were made in conscious trained and chronically catheterized animals. After exposure to high altitude for 30 days, hematocrit ranged from 64 to 77%. Despite this severe reduction in the plasma fraction, however, renal plasma flow decreased by only 25%, primarily owing to an increase in ERBF. The glomerular filtration rate was within the normal range. Since blood pressure remained unchanged, the increase in ERBF must have resulted from renal vasodilation. Acute removal of the hypoxic stimulus did not reverse the increased ERBF, suggesting that the vasodilation may have been of structural origin. PMID- 6742205 TI - Innervation of the renal cortical tubules: a quantitative study. AB - A quantitative assessment of the innervation of the different portions of the cortical tubular nephron in the rat was made using tritiated norepinephrine uptake to label monoaminergic nerves, followed by autoradiography. The proximal tubules (PT) showed the greatest number of innervated profiles (IPs) [i.e., tubular profiles overlapped by accumulations of autoradiographic grains (AAG)] followed by the thick ascending limb of Henle (TALH), the distal convoluted tubule (DCT), and the collecting duct (CD). However, the highest relative frequency of innervation (RFI), i.e., the ratio of the number of IPs to the total number of profiles surveyed, occurred in the TALH followed by the DCT and PT. The number of IPs of the CDs was too low to permit adequate statistical evaluation. The PT showed the largest number of AAGs facing the interstitium or in contact with capillaries, while the TALH had the highest number in contact with the efferent arteriole. The DCT showed a disproportionately high number of AAGs in contact with the afferent arteriole. Our results suggest that all portions of the cortical tubular nephron are under some degree of neural influence. PMID- 6742206 TI - Effects of bradykinin on renal interstitial pressures and proximal tubule reabsorption. AB - Renal interstitial Starling forces have been postulated as the link between the peritubular microcirculation and fluid reabsorption by the proximal tubule. The renal vasodilator bradykinin was used as a tool to test this relationship in micropuncture studies in the rat. Bradykinin increased peritubular capillary and interstitial hydrostatic pressures and decreased peritubular and interstitial oncotic pressures. The balance of Starling forces in the interstitium (interstitial oncotic pressure minus interstitial hydrostatic pressure) was significantly decreased from 6.5 +/- 2.3 to -4.0 +/- 1.3 mmHg without a change in fluid reabsorption by the proximal tubule. We conclude that renal interstitial Starling forces do not regulate reabsorption by the superficial proximal tubule in the rat in response to bradykinin. PMID- 6742207 TI - Effect of histamine on coronary microvascular permeability. AB - The effect of histamine on coronary vascular permeability was assessed under conditions of elevated venous pressure in the spontaneously beating, isolated canine heart perfused with autologous blood. The apparent volume of fluid filtered from the vasculature to the interstitium (VF) was calculated from the increase in plasma protein concentration and also from the increase in hematocrit. The ratio of the protein-filtered volume to the hematocrit-filtered volume (VF,Pr/VF,Hct) was used to evaluate changes in permeability. In the absence of histamine, the VF,Pr/VF,Hct was near unity (1.05 +/- 0.11), which indicated that the blood proteins and the red blood cells had concentrated equally. Thus the transudate was essentially protein free. On exposure to histamine (3.8 +/- 0.3 microgram base/ml blood), VF,Pr/VF,Hct decreased to 0.37 +/- 0.06 (P less than 0.001), which indicated that coronary vascular permeability had increased. This value remained constant throughout the 60 min of histamine exposure. Aortic perfusion pressure decreased significantly (P less than 0.05) from 111 +/- 11 to 84 +/- 5 mmHg during the 1st min of histamine exposure and rose slowly thereafter. In four of the seven hearts, concomitant increases in left ventricular isovolumic pressure development (13-31 mmHg) and heart rate (4 29 beats/min) were observed. In the remaining hearts, neither variable was affected by histamine. We conclude that histamine causes an increase in the permeability of the canine coronary microvasculature but fails to increase heart rate or left ventricular performance consistently. PMID- 6742208 TI - Responses of SHR to combinations of chemical sympathectomy, adrenal demedullation, and training. AB - The single and combined influences of exercise training, chemical sympathectomy (SYMX), and surgical adrenal demedullation (D) were examined in four separate spontaneously hypertensive rat (SHR) groups. SYMX was accomplished by subcutaneous injections of antinerve growth factor (ANGF) over a 5-day period after birth followed by 20 separate injections of guanethidine sulfate during a 27-day period. Measurements of urine, plasma, or tissue levels of catecholamines indicated that these experimental procedures were effective. The animals were exercise trained (T) for 10 wk or longer at 40-60% of their VO2max capacity, and all T groups exhibited longer run times or higher muscle cytochrome oxidase activity; however, only the SHR + T subgroup had a significantly higher VO2max value than its control (NT). Training lowered resting systolic blood pressure (SBP) in the SHR subgroup but normalization of SBP occurred only with SYMX. Interestingly, only the SYMX + T subgroup with intact adrenal glands also had lower SBP values than the NT. The SHR + T and SYMX + T subgroups but not the SYMX + D + T had less cardiac acceleration after ip injections of atropine than their controls. Heavier heart weights were observed only in the SHR + T subgroup; SYMX was associated with lighter heart weights regardless of whether the rats had been T or D. These collective findings demonstrated again the importance of the sympathetic nervous system to an exercise response, suggesting that an intact adrenal medulla was essential for SHR groups to achieve many of the adaptations associated with training. PMID- 6742209 TI - Impairment of cardiopulmonary baroreflexes in Dahl salt-sensitive rats fed low salt. AB - Abnormalities in neural circulatory control contribute to salt-induced hypertension in Dahl sensitive (DS) rats. This study tested the hypothesis that there is impairment in cardiopulmonary baroreflex function in prehypertensive DS rats. The study was performed in DS and Dahl resistant (DR) rats fed low-salt diet. Arterial baroreceptors were denervated. Sympathetic activity was recorded from the splanchnic nerve during stimulation of cardiopulmonary baroreceptors with volume expansion (iv dextran). Resting mean arterial pressure averaged 93 +/ 6 (SE) in DS vs. 98 +/- 5 mmHg in DR rats. Resting left ventricular end diastolic pressure (LVEDP) was 13.5 +/- 1.0 in/DS vs. 11.4 +/- 0.9 mmHg in DR rats. Volume expansion with the same amount of dextran caused greater increases in LVEDP in DS (+13 +/- 1 mmHg) than DR (+10 +/- 1 mmHg) but less inhibition of sympathetic activity (-40 +/- 4 vs. -50 +/- 2%) in DS compared with DR rats, respectively. Cardiopulmonary baroreflex gain calculated as percent inhibition of sympathetic activity divided by increases in LVEDP was -3.2 +/- 0.2 in DS vs. 4.9 +/- 0.6%/mmHg in DR rats. Reflex responses to dextran were abolished by vagotomy. Volume expansion also induced increases in mean arterial pressure. These were/greater in DS than DR rats (+43 +/- 4 vs. +28 +/- 5 mmHg, respectively) before vagotomy but were similar in the two groups after vagotomy. The distensibility (delta volume/delta pressure) of the left atrium was similar in DS and DR rats. We conclude that prehypertensive DS rats have impairment of the cardiopulmonary baroreflex.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS) PMID- 6742210 TI - Autonomic mechanisms in the ductus venosus of the lamb. AB - Morphological and pharmacological studies were performed in the ductus venosus from near-term fetal and neonatal (1 day of age) lambs. Light and electron microscopic analysis demonstrated a concentration of circularly oriented muscle fibers at the junction of the ductus with the portal sinus (the sphincter region). With the use of histochemical methods, adrenergic and cholinergic fibers were visualized in both the sphincter and extrasphincter regions of the ductus. At either site, nerve fibers were confined to the adventitial layer and never formed a plexus. Norepinephrine and transmural electrical stimulation contracted the ductus sphincter in vitro, and their action was abolished by dibenzyline. In contrast, atropine had no effect on the transmural response. Moreover, acetylcholine contracted the vessel inconsistently. In the fetus, both the norepinephrine-induced and the electrically induced contractions increased on raising the O2 tension of the bathing fluid from 17-31 to 520-705 mmHg. In addition, the transmural response increased with advancing gestation. Norepinephrine and transmural stimulation relaxed dibenzyline-treated preparations in which the tone had been raised with indomethacin. Norepinephrine relaxation was antagonized by propranolol. We conclude that the ductus venosus sphincter contains functional adrenergic nerves, causing contraction and relaxation via, respectively, alpha- and beta-adrenoceptors. The alpha adrenoceptor-mediated contraction may have a role in postnatal closure of the vessel. PMID- 6742211 TI - Role of site of microsphere injection and catheter position on systemic and regional hemodynamics in rat. AB - The influences of the site of microsphere injection (intra-atrial vs. intraventricular) and positioning of the left ventricular catheter (aortoventricular vs. atrioventricular) on systemic, renal, and coronary hemodynamics were evaluated in anesthetized rats. The effect of anesthesia on aortoventricular catheter positioning was also evaluated. In anesthetized and open-chest preparations, the systemic and renal hemodynamics were not affected by catheter position or site of microsphere injection; however, myocardial blood flow was dependent on these variables. Variations in coronary blood flow were significantly greater when the catheter was in the aortoventricular position (34 +/- 3%) than with an atrioventricular catheter (11 +/- 2%, P less than 0.01), irrespective of whether the microspheres were injected into the atrium or ventricle. Comparison of anesthetized and conscious rats with aortoventricular catheter indicated lesser variability in coronary blood flow in the conscious rats (P less than 0.01). Therefore, the greater variability of coronary flow measurements in anesthetized rats was caused by the position of the cardiac catheter in the aortoventricular route. However, the variability caused by the aortoventricular catheter was much less in conscious rats. Therefore, coronary flow hemodynamic measurements (microsphere technique) are less variable when they are made in conscious rats. PMID- 6742212 TI - Pial vessel caliber and cerebral blood flow during hemorrhage and hypercapnia in the rabbit. AB - We examined the relationship between cerebral blood flow (CBF) and pial vessel caliber responses to graded hemorrhagic hypotension at both normocapnia and hypercapnia in 31 anesthetized rabbits. Changes in CBF (hydrogen clearance) and pial arteriolar diameter (image splitting) were predictably related at all perfusion pressures (PP). Three autoregulatory regions were identified. 1) At PP greater than 65 mmHg, autoregulation was complete as CBF and the CBF response to hypercapnia remained at control levels. The pial vessels dilated progressively, and their response to hypercapnia increased. 2) At PP between 65 and 35 mmHg autoregulation continued but was incomplete. CBF decreased proportionately less than the corresponding reductions in PP due to continued pial vascular dilatation. Both the CBF and pial vessel responses to hypercapnia diminished. 3) At PP less than 35 mmHg, autoregulation was abolished. Pial arteriolar caliber and CBF decreased pressure passively, and there were no responses to hypercapnia. A comparison of changes in pial vascular resistance and total precapillary resistance indicated that the responses of pial vessels (particularly those less than 50 micron) paralleled the responses of the intraparenchymal arterioles. PMID- 6742213 TI - Rhythmic variations in R-R interval during sleep and wakefulness in puppies and dogs. AB - We studied the short-term oscillations in the R-R interval in five puppies at 4 wk of age and five adult dogs during sleep and wakefulness. The R-R interval was measured using an R-R preprocessor, and respiration was recorded using barometric plethysmography. Puppies showed much smaller fluctuations in the R-R interval (SD between 6 and 40 ms) than adult dogs (SD between 124 and 367 ms) in both rapid eye movement (REM) and quiet sleep. Spectral analysis demonstrated that these oscillations were primarily of low frequencies, and the contribution of respiratory sinus arrythmia (RSA) to total power was low. In contrast, in adult dogs during sleep, the spectral distributions were peaked in frequency bands corresponding to mean respiratory rate, and the percent contribution of low frequencies to power was small. Furthermore, the mean R-R interval was considerably larger during expiration than during inspiration in adult dogs (showing 20-140% increase), but not in puppies (showing only -0.4 to 4.4% increase). We conclude that 1) the mechanisms responsible for RSA mature postnatally in the dog; 2) the magnitude of RSA depends on the state of consciousness in the adult dog, being greater in sleep than during wakefulness; and 3) low-frequency oscillations, not related to breathing and independent of sleep state, characterize the variations in the R-R interval in early life but are insignificant in the adult dog. PMID- 6742214 TI - Protein concentration of lymph and interstitial fluid in the rat tail. AB - Lymph was collected from tail lymphatics of anesthetized rats, subcutaneous interstitial fluid was obtained by implanting nylon wicks, and tendon interstitial fluid was obtained by centrifugation of pieces of tendon. Spontaneous lymph flow rates averaged 70 nl X min-1 X g skin-1. Protein concentrations and colloid osmotic pressures of sampled fluids differed significantly. Tail lymph had the highest protein concentration relative to plasma [lymph-to-plasma ratio 0.71 +/- 0.03 (SE) n = 10], followed by wick fluid (0.62 +/- 0.02, n = 9), with tendon fluid lowest (0.50 +/- 0.03, n = 10). Albumin and immunoglobulin G (IgG) concentrations in samples of tail skin and tendon were assayed by rocket immunoelectrophoresis. Comparison of their distribution volumes at lymph or tendon fluid concentrations, respectively, with interstitial fluid volumes measured as 2-h 51Cr-ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid space minus 5-min 125I-albumin space indicated that 50-60% of the interstitial volume in these tissues is not available for distribution of albumin or IgG. Low lymph flow and high interstitial protein content of rat tail indicate a slow turnover of interstitial protein. This suggests that interstitial washout of protein plays a role in limiting edema only after a sustained or chronic increase in fluid filtration. PMID- 6742215 TI - Short-term memory in the in situ canine myocardium. AB - We studied the effect of intracycle (short-term) mechanical history on canine myocardial performance. Intracycle muscle force and/or length history was varied, and the resultant changes in end-systolic force-length relationship were analyzed. Antecedent isotonic shortening impaired, whereas isometric force development enhanced end-systolic myocardial performance. A history of shortening concurrent with force development produced an intermediate effect. We conclude that decreasing force or length impairs whereas increasing length or force enhances performance in the same cycle. Different combinations of antecedent force and length changes affect end-systolic performance by algebraic summation (superposition) of their disparate effects. Time measurements established that 1) total systolic time varied little with altered history, 2) isotonic shortening took longer than isometric contraction in reaching a point P in the force-length plane, and 3) less time was therefore available for contraction after P with antecedent isotonic shortening than with antecedent isometric force development. This history-dependent time differential accounts for the corresponding differential in performance. PMID- 6742216 TI - Hemodynamics and interstitial fluid pressure in the rat tail. AB - Blood flow in the rat was measured during pentobarbital anesthesia by plethysmographic and thermometric techniques. Tail arterial and venous pressures (Pa and Pv) were measured by glass micropipettes and interstitial fluid pressure (PIF) by wick-in-needle technique. Large pressure gradients were measured along the tail, Pa decreasing and Pv increasing toward the tip. In the vasoconstricted tail, distal arterial and venous pressures (Pad and Pvd, respectively, 10 cm from the tail root) were 55 and 11% of aortic pressure (PA), while PIF was 0-2 mmHg. Plasma volume expansion increased blood flow by a factor of 10 to 35. Pad rose to 74% and Pvd to 20% of PA. PIF increased to 15 mmHg, in parallel with Pv. Venous stasis (cuff pressure 14.7 mmHg) increased PIF and Pv by 3.5 and 9 mmHg, respectively, while tail volume increased by 0.4 to 1.2%. In conclusion, the large flow increase induced by plasma volume expansion depends strongly on dilation of the tail artery, with two- to threefold increase in internal radius. Simultaneously the tail veins relax and expand. Subcutaneous tissue is compressed between the expanding vessels and the tight skin, and PIF increases almost sufficiently to prevent a rise in net capillary filtration pressure. This immediate edema-preventing mechanism is less efficient during venous stasis, which presumably does not induce "active" dilation of the tail vessels. Similar mechanisms probably exist in other "encapsulated" tissues. PMID- 6742217 TI - Mechanism of the biphasic arteriolar response to angiotensin II. AB - Male Sprague-Dawley rats (140-180 g) were anesthetized with alpha-chloralose and urethan. The cremaster muscle with intact blood supply and neural innervation was suspended in a tissue bath containing a modified Krebs solution. With the use of television microscopy the luminal diameters of third-order arterioles (14-32 micron) were measured before and after adding angiotensin II (ANG II, bath concn 10(-6) M). The arterioles responded to ANG II with an initial, transient constriction followed by a more prolonged dilation to a diameter larger than the control diameter. Pretreating the muscle with [Sar1, Ile8]ANG II significantly attenuated both the arteriolar constriction and subsequent dilation induced by ANG II. Treatment of the cremaster muscle with mefenamic acid or indomethacin, inhibitors of prostaglandin synthesis, produced a significant reduction in the diameter of the arterioles and abolished the dilator phase of the arteriolar response to ANG II without preventing the ANG II-induced constriction. These results demonstrate that within the intact microcirculation, ANG II produces both an arteriolar constriction and a dilation that are mediated by specific ANG II receptors. The ANG II-induced dilation of the arterioles appears to be caused by increased prostaglandin synthesis and release. PMID- 6742218 TI - Directional disparity of pulse reflection in the dog. AB - Local reflection coefficients were experimentally determined in the dog for the first time at the aortoiliac junction using characteristic impedances derived from phase velocity, fluid density, and the vessels' cross-sectional areas. Reflection coefficients were determined for both the normal trifurcation and with the segment of aorta between external and internal iliacs occluded. For the normal case the coefficients were as follows: antegrade, 0.7; retrograde, -0.74. For the occlusion case the coefficients were as follows: antegrade, 0.33; retrograde, -0.67. These results provide experimental support for the concept that the vascular system, at least in this region, favors antegrade and suppresses retrograde pulse transmission. In addition, global reflection coefficients were determined in the femoral artery using a three-point pressure technique. Coefficient magnitudes varied from low (1.6 Hz) to high (9.6 Hz) frequencies, i.e., control, 0.42-0.22; vasoconstriction, 0.65-0.33; vasodilation, less than 0.1 for all frequencies. Discrepancies between results appearing in the literature are evaluated and shown to be associated with the method utilized as well as with system nonlinearities enhanced by tying branches. PMID- 6742219 TI - Evidence for hepatic involvement in control of ad libitum food intake in rats. AB - Sectioning the hepatic branch of the anterior abdominal vagal trunk attenuated but did not abolish the normal nocturnal bias in the day-night distribution of food intake in female rats. Neither total daily food intake nor body weight was affected by hepatic vagotomy. This effect appeared to be specific to the hepatic branch of the nerve because sectioning the remaining (gastric and celiac) abdominal vagal branches did not influence daily feeding rhythms and appeared to be specific to feeding behavior, because the day-night rhythms of drinking behavior and wheel-running activity were not affected by hepatic vagotomy. In male rats, hepatic vagotomy also produced an increase in daytime food consumption but without commensurate reduction in nighttime eating. As a result, male rats with hepatic vagotomy displayed a modest chronic hyperphagia and body weight gain, which was associated primarily with increased linear growth. The effect of nerve section on daytime food intake was expressed quite rapidly. Daytime food intake increased within 8 h after hepatic vagotomy, which was produced at light onset by pulling on a previously implanted suture. Collectively, these results demonstrate that hepatic vagotomy changes daily feeding rhythms and suggest that the liver and perhaps its vagal innervation are involved in the control of ad libitum eating behavior. PMID- 6742220 TI - Effect of iron-deficiency anemia on hormone levels and thermoregulation during cold exposure. AB - When exposed to an ambient temperature of 4 degrees C, iron-deficient anemic rats become hypothermic. This lesion is related more to anemia than to tissue iron deficiency, since exchange transfusion to hematocrits over 25 restored normal thermoregulatory performance. Likewise poor cold responses were induced in control rats by transfusion to low hematocrits. Cold sensitivity in all anemic animals was paralleled by poor thyroid responses: there was a significant positive correlation between hematocrit and percent rise in triiodothyronine (r = 0.63) and thyroxine (r = 0.53) during 6 h at 4 degrees C. Basal levels of thyroid stimulating hormone (TSH) were similar in control and iron-deficient animals: after cold exposure, TSH rose to higher levels in those animals with hematocrits over 25 than in those with lower hematocrits. Diminished O2 delivery to tissues responsible for heat production is probably a major component of the cold sensitivity of anemic rats. The novel finding that thyroid hormone responses are compromised by anemia implies effects on hormonal regulation that may also contribute to this functional lesion. PMID- 6742221 TI - Regulation of calcium metabolism in streptozotocin-induced diabetes. AB - Sixty-nine-day-old female Wistar rats that had been made diabetic 9 days earlier by an intraperitoneal injection of streptozotocin were studied by a combination radioisotope and balance technique that evaluates calcium absorption, excretion, and bone calcium deposition and resorption rates. Streptozotocin-induced diabetes was associated with a marked drop in calcium absorption and a threefold rise in urinary calcium excretion, changes that greatly exceeded the expected effects from the hyperphagia and increased calcium intake of the experimental animals. Bone calcium deposition was halved in the diabetic rats, with bone resorption unchanged and equal to the deposition rate. As a result, the bone and body calcium balances were zero in the experimental animals. To maintain plasma calcium near normal under these circumstances, the diabetic animals turned over their skeletal calcium in relationship to the central pool much more rapidly than the controls. Although the skeleton in the normal animals serves as both storehouse and regulator of the plasma calcium, in short-term streptozotocin induced diabetes there is no calcium storage in bone, with the skeleton only playing the role of regulator of calcium homeostasis. PMID- 6742222 TI - Cardiac output of dogs exercising in the heat. AB - We measured cardiac output and central blood temperature in five large dogs (27 kg mean body wt) running at 7.5 km/h for 30 min at two work loads and at low and high ambient temperature (Ta). Each animal ran on a level treadmill (O2 cost about 4 times that of resting) at 25 and 35 degrees C Ta and at a 20% slope (O2 cost about 10 times that of resting) at 25 and 35 degrees C Ta. Cardiac output (CO) was the same at 15 and 30 min of exercise at both work loads and both TaS. CO was higher at 35 degrees C Ta at both work loads. Blood temperature rose 0.6 degrees C during exercise on the level treadmill at 25 degrees C and stabilized after the 15th min of exercise. On the level treadmill at 35 degrees C, blood temperature increased by 1.9 degrees C after 30 min. During 30 min of running at 20% slope, blood temperature increased by 3.2 degrees C at 25 degrees C and by 4.6 degrees C at 35 degrees C. At these work loads the dog is able to increase CO during exercise in the heat. This response is similar to that of humans doing moderate exercise in the heat but is in contrast to that of humans doing heavy exercise in the heat, in whom CO shows a drop or no change compared with cool conditions.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS) PMID- 6742223 TI - Antidiuresis and vasopressin release with hypoxemia and hypercapnia in conscious dogs. AB - To determine the effects of acute blood gas derangements on renal water and solute excretion and vasopressin secretion, six unanesthetized mongrel dogs were studied during 1) combined acute hypoxemia and hypercapnic acidosis [arterial O2 partial pressure (PaO2) 36 +/- 1 Torr, arterial CO2 partial pressure (PaCO2) 54 +/- 2 Torr, pH 7.18 +/- 0.01], 2) acute hypoxemia (PaO2 33 +/- 2 Torr, PaCO2 33 +/- 1 Torr, pH 7.34 +/- 0.01), and 3) acute hypercapnic acidosis (PaO2 83 +/- 3 Torr, PaCO2 53 +/- 1 Torr, pH 7.19 +/- 0.02). Combined acute hypoxemia and hypercapnic acidosis increased (P less than 0.05) mean arterial pressure, but renal hemodynamic function deteriorated with decreased (P less than 0.05) glomerular filtration rate and increased (P less than 0.05) renal vascular resistance. Moreover free water clearance became more negative (P less than 0.05) and urine osmolality increased (P less than 0.05). During acute hypoxemia or acute hypercapnic acidosis alone, mean arterial pressure and renal hemodynamic function were unchanged but free water clearance became more negative (P less than 0.05). During acute hypoxemia, urine osmolality increased (P less than 0.05) comparably with values observed during combined acute hypoxemia and hypercapnic acidosis. Plasma vasopressin concentrations increased profoundly (P less than 0.05) during combined hypoxemia and hypercapnic acidosis and during acute hypoxemia alone and were significantly elevated (P less than 0.05) above the increased plasma vasopressin concentrations observed during acute hypercapnic acidosis. We conclude that acute hypoxemia and hypercapnic acidosis result in impairment of renal water excretion, probably mediated through vasopressin secretion. PMID- 6742224 TI - Liver and adipose tissue contributions to newly formed fatty acids in an ascites tumor. AB - We determined the contribution from host hepatic and extrahepatic tissues to newly synthesized fatty acids (FA) in the Ehrlich ascites tumor (EAT). We administered 3H2O (subcutaneously) and [14C]glucose (in a test meal) and measured the appearance of radioactivity in plasma triglyceride fatty acids (TGFA) and free fatty acids (FFA) and in tumor total lipid fatty acids (TLFA). Using [14 C]FFA, we selectively labeled epididymal fat TGFA to estimate the FA transport rate from intraperitoneal adipose tissue directly to the tumor. Contributions of four major pathways to newly synthesized FA in EAT were determined by multicompartmental analysis. De novo FA synthesis by EAT accounted for more than 93% of the TLFA radioactivity found in the tumor. Contributions from liver TGFA via plasma TGFA (less than 0.5%), adipose tissue TGFA via plasma FFA (less than 6%), and adipose tissue TGFA via direct intraperitoneal transport of FFA (less than 1%) accounted for less than 7% of all TLFA radioactivity measured in the EAT. Thus the present study establishes that practically all labeled esterified FA in the EAT is derived from de novo synthesis by tumor cells. PMID- 6742225 TI - Brain stem tonic inhibition of thermoregulation in the rat. AB - It was shown, by selective levels of decerebration, that a drop in body temperature occurred in a midpontine rat due to impairment in thermoregulatory responses. Lowering the level of decerebration to the lower pons restored a coordinated thermoregulatory response. The response was inadequate to raise the core temperature to normal level, but it was nevertheless an integrated response of vasoconstriction, piloerection, and shivering and was appropriately turned off by warming the skin or core. In intact unanesthetized rats, microinjection of a local anesthetic in the pontine tegmentum resulted in thermoregulatory responses, such as curling of the body, piloerection, tremor in facial muscles, and shivering. Similar injections in the pontine tegmentum of the midpontine decerebrate rat also restored some heat gain responses, including shivering. These experiments suggest that in rats the heat gain responses are powerfully regulated by a tonic inhibitory mechanism located in the midbrain and upper pons that exerts a complete inhibitory effect on the thermoregulatory areas caudal to the midbrain in decerebrate rats and a partial inhibitory effect in intact animals. These experiments also confirm the previous observation in the cat of the presence of a facilitatory area(s) in lower levels of the central nervous system which is responsible for coordinated heat gain responses observed in low level decerebrate animals. In addition, these experiments suggest that the brain stem thermoregulatory mechanisms are in fact functioning in intact unanesthetized animals. PMID- 6742226 TI - Regional blood flow in rats after a single low-protein, high-carbohydrate test meal. AB - It was previously observed that a single low-protein, high-carbohydrate test meal results in increased in vitro thermic activity of brown adipose tissue. In the present study, we have examined whether such a meal increases the in vivo thermic activity, estimated from measurement of the rate of blood flow. With radioactively labeled microspheres, blood flows into brown fat and several other tissues were determined in meal-deprived (n = 11) and meal-fed (n = 11) rats. The microspheres were injected into the heart of anesthetized animals about 2-2.5 h after the test meal, one injection in the resting state and one during maximal norepinephrine stimulation. In the resting state, blood flow per gram tissue more than doubled in the brown fat (P less than 0.05) and was increased more than 50% in the heart (P less than 0.01) of the fed group. Blood flows into liver and retroperitoneal white fat were reduced by 40 (P less than 0.01) and 30%, respectively, in the fed group. During norepinephrine infusion, significant meal associated increases in blood flow were evident only in brown fat (P less than 0.05) and the soleus muscle (P less than 0.05), whereas a significant decrease was observed in the liver (P less than 0.05). No statistically significant meal associated changes in norepinephrine-stimulated blood flow were found in the other tissues examined (i.e., heart, gastrocnemius, and diaphragm muscles, kidneys, white fat, spleen, and adrenals). Our in vivo data thus support the view that brown fat plays a role in the thermic effect of a meal. PMID- 6742227 TI - Angiotensin-estrogen interaction in female brain reduces drinking and pressor responses. AB - Water intake fluctuates over the estrous cycle in rats, with daily intake lowest on the day of estrus. Since estrogen levels are highest preceding estrus and since the brain integrates thirst behavior, a possible central action of estrogen on fluid regulatory mechanisms was investigated in adult male and ovariectomized female rats. Ad libitum drinking was not changed the day of intracerebroventricular injection of estradiol benzoate (EB) but was significantly depressed the following day in females only. Drinking induced by intracerebroventricular angiotensin but not carbachol or cellular dehydration was also depressed in females the day after central EB treatment; again, no change occurred in males. To determine whether central EB depressed other centrally mediated responses to angiotensin, pressor responses to intracerebroventricular injections of angiotensin, carbachol, and hypertonic NaCl were also assessed. Only angiotensin-induced pressor responses in females were attenuated by central EB treatment, with a time course similar to that observed for the depression of drinking. We conclude that central regulatory responses to angiotensin are modulated by estrogen in female but not male brains. PMID- 6742228 TI - Area postrema and adjacent nucleus of the solitary tract in water and sodium balance. AB - Lesions of the area postrema (AP) and adjacent caudal medial nucleus of the solitary tract (cmNTS) cause significant changes in water and sodium balance. Lesioned rats display a permanent polydipsia, which in part is due to a primary polyuria. Water-to-food ratios are elevated chronically. Lesioned rats are unable to concentrate their urine as well as controls. In addition, lesioned rats overdrink in response to 24-h water deprivation. This lesion also causes a natriuresis and an overconsumption of 3% NaCl solution. These findings establish the AP-cmNTS as an important part of the neurocircuitry underlying water and sodium balance. PMID- 6742229 TI - Reduced energy expenditure after ventromedial hypothalamic lesions in female rats. AB - Activity, O2 consumption, and body composition were measured in female rats with lesions of the ventromedial hypothalamus (VMH). One group of lesioned rats was food restricted to maintain body weights at control levels. O2 consumption of these food-restricted VMH-lesioned rats was 13% lower than that of nonlesioned rats. About half this energy savings accrued from reduced activity; the remainder resulted from a decline in resting metabolic rate (RMR). Though matched in weight to controls, the body composition of the restricted VMH-lesioned rats was abnormal. Their carcass protein was reduced by 12%, whereas fat was elevated 200%. The replacement of lean metabolically active tissue by carcass fat appears to underlie the reduction in RMR, an interpretation supported by multiple regression analysis of carcass composition. Ad libitum-fed VMH-lesioned rats did not show this carcass protein decline, though their fat was elevated 895%. These results confirm that reduced activity contributes to energy savings and weight gain after VMH lesions. Likewise, restricting weight of VMH-lesioned rats to control levels reduced RMR, apparently because carcass protein declines. But, since ad libitum-fed female VMH-lesioned rats do not display reduced carcass protein, the historic assumption that RMR reductions contribute to their obesity appears unwarranted. PMID- 6742230 TI - Blood flow in normal and dystrophic hamsters during nonshivering thermogenesis. AB - The genetically dystrophic line of hamsters (BIO 14.6) has a significantly reduced capacity for nonshivering thermogenesis (NST) when compared with age matched normal animals. Of those tissues contributing most to NST, three are altered in the dystrophic hamster (brown fat and cardiac and skeletal muscle). This study has used regional blood flows in response to isoproterenol (a potent stimulator of NST) as a measure of the potential contribution of these tissues to NST. Both isoproterenol-induced O2 consumption and cardiac output were lower in the dystrophic hamsters (13.0 +/- 0.4 vs. 18.2 +/- 0.68 ml O2 X g-0.67 X h-1 and 2.10 +/- 0.10 vs 2.98 +/- 0.16 ml X g-0.67 X min-1, respectively). Tissue blood flow was measured to brown fat, heart, skeletal muscle, liver, kidneys, adrenals, skin, and white fat. Isoproterenol was found to increase blood flows to brown fat, skeletal muscle, and cardiac muscle in normal animals and to brown fat and skeletal muscle in dystrophic hamsters, suggesting that these tissues contribute to NST. However, when corrected for body weight differences, blood flows during isoproterenol infusion to skeletal muscle and to cardiac muscle did not significantly differ between normal and dystrophic animals (2.71 +/- 0.29 vs. 3.33 +/- 0.42 and 2.81 +/- 0.25 vs. 1.85 +/- 0.24 ml X 100 g body wt-1, respectively). In contrast, normal brown adipose tissue had significantly elevated blood flows (3.50 +/- 0.39 vs. 2.28 +/- 0.27 ml X 100 g body wt-1). Thus these observations provide in vivo support for the conclusion that the reduced NST capacity of dystrophic hamsters is due, in large part, to a reduced thermogenic contribution of brown fat. PMID- 6742231 TI - Role of conjugation and red blood cells for inactivation of circulating normetanephrine. AB - Plasma and red blood cell (RBC) concentrations of normetanephrine (NMN), in both free and glucuronide-conjugated forms, were measured before, during, and after forced immobilization, an intense stressor of the sympathoadrenal system of rats. In this study NMN glucuronide was deconjugated by enzymatic hydrolysis; free and total NMN were assayed by radioenzymatic, thin-layer chromatographic procedures. In plasma, free NMN and NMN glucuronide are 777 +/- 99 and 792 +/- 74 pg/ml, respectively, when rats are at rest. Both free NMN and NMN glucuronide increased about 200% after 15 min of stress; in absolute amounts, increases were equivalent to that of the simultaneous increase in norepinephrine (NE). At 2 h of stress, NMN glucuronide, but not free NMN, increased further and significantly. The mean concentration of RBC-free NMN is about 50 times higher than that of plasma-free NMN, and it did not change significantly during stress; RBCs do not contain conjugated NMN. RBC NMN levels showed a strong correlation with RBC catechol methyltransferase activity. The latter seems to operate under conditions of substrate saturation; an acute release of NE leads to temporary storage of NE in RBCs but not conversion to NMN. The results indicate that conjugation of NMN with glucuronic acid is an important route for inactivation of plasma NMN formed during forced immobilization stress, whereas free NMN does not accumulate in RBCs during stress. PMID- 6742232 TI - Dopaminergic efferent inhibition of carotid body chemoreceptors in chronically hypoxic cats. AB - The observations that the dopamine concentration of the carotid body and efferent inhibition of carotid chemoreceptors are increased during chronic hypoxia led to the hypothesis that the inhibition was due to the effect of an increased dopamine release by the activity of carotid sinus nerve (CSN) efferents. The hypothesis was tested by measuring the effect of dopamine receptor blockade on efferent inhibition of carotid chemosensory responses to graded levels of arterial O2 partial pressure in chronically hypoxic and normoxic cats. Chronically hypoxic cats were prepared by exposing the cats to 10% O2 at sea level for 30-34 days. Carotid chemosensory activity was first measured from a slip of an otherwise intact CSN. The measurements were then repeated after sectioning the remaining nerve trunk. The effect of sectioning the CSN provided the measure of efferent inhibition. In each group of cats the effects of sectioning the CSN with and without dopamine receptor blockade by haloperidol were also studied. CSN section augmented the chemosensory responses in the chronically hypoxic cats. Haloperidol, a dopamine antagonist, augmented the responses further, indicating that a part of the endogenous dopamine effect was independent of the CSN efferents. After haloperidol treatment CSN section did not influence the chemosensory responses. This study confirmed that the efferent inhibition significantly increased in the chronically hypoxic cats and demonstrated that haloperidol blocked the efferent inhibition, suggesting that the mechanism of the augmented inhibition is dopaminergic. PMID- 6742233 TI - Cardiovascular shunts and oxygen transport in lower vertebrates. AB - O2 transport in animals with normal or abnormal cardiovascular shunts is analyzed using a two-compartment model. This analysis reveals that the O2 affinity of blood is a key factor determining the arterial, venous, and tissue O2 partial pressure (PO2) levels. Depending on the value of "critical" PO2, factors that decrease O2 affinity (e.g., increased temperature and reduced pH) should increase tissue PO2 and favor increased tissue oxygenation. Species comparisons suggest that O2 affinity is closely linked to critical PO2. In contrast to the model for environmental hypoxia, hypoxia due to shunting a right-shifted O2 dissociation curve is, at sea level, always adaptive. When hypoxia due to shunting is combined with external hypoxia, a decreasing O2 affinity causes increased blood and tissue PO2 values up to a "breaking point," which varies with shunt fraction, inspired PO2, lung PCO2, and respiratory properties of the blood. External hypoxia would cause ectotherms with high preferred body temperatures (e.g., lizards) to have blood and tissue PO2 values beyond the breaking point. This led to the hypothesis, now confirmed in several species, that external hypoxia would result in a reduction of preferred body temperature. PMID- 6742234 TI - Ethosecretogram: relation of behavior to plasma corticosterone in freely moving rats. AB - An ethosecretogram, which illustrates the phase relation between animal behavior and plasma hormone levels, was constructed in conscious rats. A catheter was placed into the right atrium in male rats 2 days before blood sampling. Plasma corticosterone levels were monitored individually through the catheter every 5 min over a period of several hours under freely moving conditions on an Animex, which records spontaneous locomotor activity. The results showed that the bursts of locomotor activity were temporally correlated with those of plasma corticosterone level, the peak of the former preceding the hormone peak by 15 min. Regarding the type of locomotor activity, feeding and grooming were significantly correlated with the subsequent hormone elevation, whereas drinking was not. In a separate series of experiments, effects of feeding and drinking on plasma corticosterone levels were examined in conscious rats that had been fasted or water deprived for 24 or 48 h. In both cases, feeding induced a more pronounced elevation than drinking, although locomotor activity counts per se increased more sharply in the latter. It is concluded that in the ethosecretogram specific types of locomotor activity such as feeding and grooming induce a phase locked elevation of plasma corticosterone under freely moving conditions. PMID- 6742235 TI - Adipocyte blood flow: influence of age, anatomic location, and dietary manipulation. AB - Adipocyte blood flow in four distinct adipose tissue depots has been measured in conscious, unrestrained, male Sprague-Dawley rats by using the microsphere technique together with cellularity determinations. Blood flow was determined in young rats (90 days old, 387 g mean body wt), spontaneously obese rats (450 days old, 713 g mean body wt), and long-term calorically restricted rats (450 days old, 390 g mean body wt), therefore allowing the comparison of the relative effects of age and fat mass on adipose tissue blood flow. Results of these experiments indicate that while cardiac index remained constant, cardiac output increased in only the obese group, concomitant with increased body fat mass. Spontaneously obese rats exhibited increased adipose tissue depot weight, fat cell lipid, and fat cell size compared with young and restricted groups. Despite significant differences in cell volume, blood flow per cell was remarkably similar between young and obese rats. Long-term caloric restriction, however, was associated with decreased flow per cell. Interdepot comparisons of flow per unit surface area (mm2) or per unit volume (pl) indicate that mesenteric cells receive significantly more blood than cells of the other depots. Our results suggest that adipocyte blood flow is dependent in part on anatomic location, may be further influenced by age or dietary manipulation, and is not a limiting factor in the enlargement of adipocytes during the development of spontaneous obesity. PMID- 6742236 TI - Localization of the central pressor action of bradykinin to the cerebral third ventricle. AB - Bradykinin injected into the lateral ventricle produces a rise in blood pressure. Cream plugs selectively localized to discrete regions of the ventricular system were used to block drug access to periventricular sites. Third ventricular plugs blocked the pressor response to lateral ventricular injections of 5 micrograms bradykinin (27 +/- 5 before vs. 5 +/- 5 mmHg after plug, n = 7) and 100 ng angiotensin II (22 +/- 3 before vs. 4 +/- 2 mmHg after plug, n = 5). Third ventricular plugs also suppressed the drinking response to angiotensin II (3.7 +/ 0.6 before vs. 0.9 +/- 0.6 ml after plug, n = 5). However, plugs that occluded the fourth ventricle failed to suppress the central bradykinin pressor response (27 +/- 8 before vs. 35 +/- 9 mmHg after plug, n = 5). The data suggest that the central bradykinin pressor response has a site of action similar to that of angiotensin II in the ventral third ventricle. PMID- 6742237 TI - Oxygen delivery to the heart and brain during hypoxia: Pekin duck vs. bar-headed goose. AB - To investigate mechanisms that may allow birds to tolerate extreme high altitude, we acutely exposed unanesthetized bar-headed geese (Anser indicus) and Pekin ducks (Anas platyrhynchos) to 0.21, 0.10, and 0.05 inspired fractional concentrations of O2 (FIO2). In both birds, arterial O2 partial pressure (PaO2) was about 95 Torr at 0.21 FIO2, 45 Torr at 0.10 FIO2, and 28 Torr at 0.05 FIO2. Hyperventilation occurred at both levels of hypoxia, with PaCO2 decreasing to about 7 Torr at 28 Torr PaO2. At 28 Torr PaO2, arterial O2 content (CaO2) in geese (10.4 vol%) was significantly higher than in ducks (4.1 vol%). As PaO2 declined from about 95 to 28 Torr, both cerebral and coronary blood flow (determined by using the radioactive microsphere method) increased more than fivefold in ducks but less than threefold in geese. At both levels of hypoxia, O2 delivery (flow X CaO2) to the heart and brain of geese was the same as or higher than that of ducks. The unique control of cerebral and coronary O2 delivery exhibited by both species of birds may be related to their remarkable tolerance to severe hypocapnic hypoxia. PMID- 6742238 TI - Parents of homosexuals--not guilty? Interpretation of childhood psychological data. AB - Data obtained in a study of 200 Dutch male homosexuals in treatment contradict the idea that parents are not causing homosexuality in their sons. Notably, the combination of overconcernedness of the mother and detachment and hypercriticism of the father push the boy into avoidance of "masculine" behavior, which in turn is leading to a feeling of inferiority because the boy considers himself as lacking in manliness. The homosexual urge is an expression of an infantile longing for acceptance to counteract the loneliness and self-pity of not belonging and must be seen as a specific neurotic manifestation. PMID- 6742239 TI - Completed psychotherapies with borderline patients. AB - Retrospective assessments of the type and outcome of psychotherapy with seventy eight borderline patients were obtained from eleven experienced therapists. Differences in outcome based on length and type of treatment and amount of previous treatment, and differences in patterns of termination were reported and discussed. PMID- 6742240 TI - Group psychotherapy with the elderly: dealing with loss and death. AB - Resolution of issues around loss and death are seen as an important developmental task for the elderly. Group psychotherapy can lessen social isolation and provide the opportunity to work on issues of loss and death in the here-and-now. An inpatient geriatric group conducted by the author is discussed. PMID- 6742241 TI - Existential issues in the management of the demented elderly patient. AB - Four major existential themes are explored, as they relate to the predicament of the relative supporting a demented elderly dependent at home. These issues, namely, death, isolation, freedom, and meaning are discussed with respect to their dynamic impact on the stressed supporter as well as their implications for anxiety management. PMID- 6742242 TI - Psychosurgery. AB - At the present time, psychosurgery is used very sparingly. This article reviews its current status with regard to indications, complications, frequency of utilization, and ethical and legal issues. PMID- 6742243 TI - Sartre and Freud. AB - The approaches to understanding a person's life represented by Freud's psychoanalysis and Sartre's "existential psychoanalysis" are fundamentally opposed. Starting from entirely different epistemological premises, they reach irreconcilable views on the nature of man and psychopathology, and lead to quite dissimilar and opposed formulations for psychotherapy. PMID- 6742244 TI - Aspects of identification and growth during late adolescence and young adulthood. AB - Psychological growth proceeds through emotional attachment and separation processes. Inhibition of emotional separation in late adolescence can result in delayed psychological differentiation and sometimes identity diffusion. Three cases of analytic psychotherapy are described, in which nonfunctional identifications and idealizations are treated, and delayed maturation resumes through the formation of new, recombinant identifications. PMID- 6742245 TI - Abstinence from alcohol in long-term individual psychotherapy with alcoholics. AB - Exploratory psychotherapy with alcoholics must address the problem of requiring abstinence. This depends upon the patient's capacity to abstain. In turn, this capacity is reflected in the specific transference issue of ability to introject the therapist's caring concern for the patient and for his wellbeing. PMID- 6742246 TI - Somatization and the self: psychotherapeutic issues. AB - Somatization has often been regarded as a defense against underlying unconscious conflict. However, it may also represent an internal experience which arises in response to psychological stress. During psychotherapy with patients with an unstable self-representation, a perceived disruption in the transference relationship may produce distress that is experienced in terms of physical discomfort and heightened bodily awareness. PMID- 6742247 TI - Functional encopresis: psychiatric inpatient treatment. AB - Encopresis can be considered an indication for psychiatric hospitalization in the multiproblem child, such as the one described in this report. Integration of observations from multiple treatment modalities were helpful in assessing the patient's progress and guiding interventions. PMID- 6742248 TI - Multimodal treatment of a child with schizophrenia. AB - A case is presented of a five-year-old boy with schizophrenia who received both art and play therapy within a multimodal therapeutic program. The course of the two therapies is presented followed by a discussion of the similarities and differences of the techniques, but also noting the complementary and synergistic results. PMID- 6742249 TI - Psychotherapy and temporal lobe epilepsy. AB - This paper describes psychotherapy of a thirty-year-old man with documented temporal lobe epilepsy. After describing the commonly associated neuropsychiatric symptoms and personality syndrome, a case history and summary of treatment are presented. Changes in frequency, duration, and severity of seizures are discussed in relation to psychotherapy. PMID- 6742250 TI - Whirlpool spa-associated infections: are we really in hot water? PMID- 6742251 TI - The natural history of adolescent drug use. PMID- 6742252 TI - Patterns of drug use from adolescence to young adulthood: II. Sequences of progression. AB - Major pathways of progression among legal, illegal, and medically prescribed psychoactive drugs from adolescence to young adulthood are described. The data are based on a follow-up cohort of former adolescents representative of high school students in grades 10 and 11 in New York State who were reinterviewed nine years later at ages 24-25. Various models of progression are tested for their goodness of fit. The patterns formerly observed in adolescence involving progression from one class of legal drug (either alcohol or cigarettes) to marijuana to the use of other illicit drugs appear in the transitional period into young adult, with an additional stage, that of prescribed psychoactive drugs. Some differences appear between men and women, with cigarettes more important for women than for men in the total progression. PMID- 6742253 TI - Patterns of drug use from adolescence to young adulthood: III. Predictors of progression. AB - Possible linkages of influence among classes of drugs in the observed sequential progression from adolescence to young adulthood are investigated through event history analyses. Three stages are examined: initiation to marijuana, to the use of other illicit drugs, and to prescribed psychoactive drugs. The data are based on a follow-up cohort of former adolescents representative of high school students in grade 10 and 11 in New York State who were reinterviewed nine years later at ages 24-25. The sequential order between alcohol and/or cigarettes and marijuana reflects not only the effect of the use of legal drugs on marijuana initiation, but also age effects on onset of these drugs, controlling for individual characteristics measured in adolescence; marijuana use by one's friends in adolescence is an additional important predictor of marijuana initiation. Prior use of marijuana is necessary for progression to other illicit drugs. Multiple factors are involved in the progression to prescribed drugs, with adolescent depressive symptomatology and use of other illicit drugs important for both sexes, and maternal use of psychoactive drugs, dropping out of school, and prior use of marijuana of additional importance for women. Although licit drugs influence initiation into marijuana independently of age effects, it is especially for the progression from marijuana to other illicit drugs that the earlier drug is associated with the progression to a higher stage drug. PMID- 6742254 TI - Period, age, and cohort effects on substance use among American youth, 1976-82. AB - Period, age, and cohort effects on substance use are differentiated for American youth 18 to 24 years old during the period from 1976 to 1982. The data are provided by the Monitoring the Future project, an ongoing study which employs a cohort-sequential design. Weighted least squares regression is used to find plausible and parsimonious models to account for the observed variation in 12 different classes of drugs, both licit and illicit. The point is made that there are no definitive ways to differentiate among the types of effects; thus, any interpretation is open to debate. Period effects involving increased use occurred for cocaine, amphetamines, and methaqualone, while decreases occurred for barbiturates, tranquilizers, and psychedelics other than LSD. Marijuana showed a curvilinear period effect, first increasing then decreasing. Effects of age were more complex. There were increases in the year after high school for daily cigarette use, but not for monthly use. Monthly and daily alcohol use increased with age. A measure of heavy drinking showed a curvilinear trend, first increasing and then decreasing. Annual use of cocaine showed an increase between the ages of 18 and 21. Annual use of narcotics other than heroin showed a linear age decrease. Clear class (or cohort) effects appeared for cigarette use, with each successive class smoking less. PMID- 6742255 TI - Foreign medical graduates in the 1980s: trends in specialization. AB - Secondary analysis of data collected by the American Medical Association and the Graduate Medical Education National Advisory Committee (GMENAC) suggests that measures to diminish the flow of alien Foreign Medical Graduates (FMGs) into the United States have been less effective than planned. Declining trends in the proportion of FMG house officers in the mid- to late-1970s have recently stabilized around 19 per cent. There has also been a dramatic increase in the number of US citizen Foreign Medical Graduates ( USFMGs ) in house officer positions. A pattern of alien FMG and USFMG house officer specialization correlates with specialties designated by the GMENAC as shortage areas by 1990 (r = -.49, p less than .05). Despite the GMENAC prediction of a surplus of physicians by 1990, differential selection of alien FMGs and USFMGs into shortage specialties may assure their substantial future presence in the US health care system. PMID- 6742257 TI - The cost of head trauma in Olmsted County, Minnesota, 1970-74. AB - A study of the total cost of head injury in Olmsted County, Minnesota, with the costs projected to the United States population, revealed that the annual cost for head trauma in the US can be estimated at approximately +12.5 billion using a 6 per cent discount rate. The nonmedical costs accounted for more than 92 per cent (+11.5 billion) of the total cost, while direct medical costs amounted to +1.0 billion. PMID- 6742256 TI - Effects of home blood pressure measurement on long-term BP control. AB - This research reports level of blood pressure control and ability to maintain newly discovered hypertensives in a municipal hospital setting by use of family- and self-monitored home blood pressure units. Three hundred ninety-six patients were randomized into family- and self-monitored blood pressure groups and a control group. Findings indicate that the use of either self- or family-read cuffs is effective in the first six months of treatment in lowering blood pressures. The data are suggestive of a beneficial effect of the use of cuffs for up to 18 months; however, with additional time in the study, no differences in the level of blood pressure control could be demonstrated between groups. The use of family-monitored blood pressure cuffs produces a lower drop-out rate than does the use of no cuff. The effect on drop outs is substantial for the first year of treatment, but beyond 12 months, the family-read cuff is also more effective than no cuff in reducing drop outs. PMID- 6742258 TI - Health services, health manpower, and universities in relation to health for all: an historical and future perspective. AB - The World Health Organization's goal of Health for All by the Year 2000 (HFA) has become a major force in national and international health policies. This paper deals with some of the historical roots of HFA and describes ways in which the major components of the health sector--health services, manpower, and universities--have evolved and should evolve in the future if they are to support the idea of HFA. One conclusion is that the changes called for in relation to HFA are not simply incremental extensions of previous values, structures, and functions. Rather a radical break with the past is often required. To expect otherwise is to misunderstand how fundamentally the concepts of HFA differ from values that have governed the health sector in the past. A second conclusion is that recent decades have seen a remarkable progression of new ideas and changes in the health sector, so much so that the changes called for by HFA are not so improbable as one might otherwise think. PMID- 6742259 TI - Routine pre-exposure rabies prophylaxis: a reassessment. AB - The rational use of rabies biologics is a difficult challenge. Pre-exposure rabies prophylaxis (PRE-RP) is one important rabies prevention strategy currently recommended by the US Public Health Service for groups considered at high risk of exposure to rabies. However, standard post-exposure rabies prophylaxis (POST-RP) appears equally effective in preventing rabies; PRE-RP still requires a limited vaccination series if a rabies exposure occurs and, at current costs, standard POST-RP may be a less expensive strategy than PRE-RP. For PRE-RP, as with other human rabies prevention strategies, the central problem is to obtain reasonable estimates of actual rabies exposure risks, which provide the rationale for well designed programs. PMID- 6742260 TI - Reliability of two measures of life stress among outpatients at a Veterans Hospital. AB - To measure test-retest reliability, 38 Veterans Administration clinic patients completed a modification of the Sarason Life Experience Survey (LES) twice within several weeks. Summary scores were found to be more reliable than scores on individual questions. Patients attending the Mental Hygiene Clinic responded less reliably than other patients. The "stress ladder"--a simple summary score measure -was found to be the most reliable measure of all. PMID- 6742261 TI - National survey on outbreaks associated with whirlpool spas. AB - A national survey of state epidemiologists sought information on reported outbreaks of illness associated with non-residential whirlpool spas for the period April 1972-July 1, 1982. Reports were received from 49 states. Of the 74 whirlpool-associated outbreaks reported, 72 were characterized as having patients with papular or pustular rash and two were associated with cases of Pontiac fever. PMID- 6742262 TI - The case of Baby Jane Doe: child abuse or unlawful Federal intervention? PMID- 6742263 TI - Use of hospital discharge diagnosis in case-control studies. PMID- 6742264 TI - On declining adult mortality in the US. PMID- 6742265 TI - What the vital statistics system can and cannot do. PMID- 6742267 TI - An assessment of the incidence of maternal mortality in the United States. AB - Recent studies in several states have found that the incidence of maternal mortality is higher than traditional vital statistics reports indicate. Since no comprehensive national study has been done to evaluate the completeness of maternal mortality ascertainment through the national vital statistics reporting system, the Centers for Disease Control (CDC) undertook such a study with the assistance of the National Center for Health Statistics and state health departments. The state health departments provided CDC with death certificates for all pregnancy-related deaths occurring during 1974-78. We reviewed and classified these certificates using both International Classification of Diseases, Adapted, Eighth Revision (ICDA-8) and International Classification of Diseases, Ninth Revision, Clinical Modification (ICD-9-CM) maternal death codes. We found that the actual incidence of maternal mortality for 1974-78 was approximately 20 per cent and 30 per cent greater than that published in national vital statistics reports using ICDA-8 and ICD-9-CM, respectively. PMID- 6742266 TI - Community hospitals and medical group practice. PMID- 6742268 TI - Hospital-sponsored primary care: I. Organizational and financial effects. AB - Findings are presented from a seven-year (1976-83) evaluation of the Community Hospital Program (CHP), a national demonstration program sponsored by the Robert Wood Johnson Foundation to assist 54 community hospitals in improving the organization of access to primary care. Upon grant expiration, 66 per cent of hospital-sponsored group practices continued under some form of hospital sponsorship; over 90 per cent developed or were planning to develop spin-off programs; and new physicians were recruited and retained in the community. About 9 per cent of hospital admissions were accounted for by group physicians and grantee hospitals experienced a greater annual increase in their market share of admissions than competing hospitals in the area. While only three of the groups generated sufficient revenue to cover expenses during the grant period, 21 additional groups broke even during the first post-grant year. Productivity and cost per visit compared favorably with most other forms of care. Hospitalization rates from the hospital-sponsored practices were somewhat lower than those for other forms of care. Medical director leadership and involvement and the organization design of the practice were among several key factors associated with higher performing practices. The ability of such joint hospital-physician ventures to meet the needs of the poor and elderly in a time of Medicare and Medicaid cutbacks is discussed along with suggestions for targeting future initiatives in primary care. PMID- 6742269 TI - Hospital-sponsored primary care: II. Impact on patient access. AB - This article, the second of two, considers the impact of a nationwide demonstration of 53 community hospital sponsored group practices (CHPs). Surveys of a sample of the communities in which the CHPs were introduced suggest that about half of the communities were socioeconomically and, to some extent, medically disadvantaged. The CHPs tended to attract people who had previously not had a regular source of care or who used hospital outpatient departments or emergency rooms, as well as patients of established primary care physicians. Access to care and satisfaction appeared to be as good or better for CHP patients compared to regular patients of physicians in the target areas. The programs did not increase the use of inpatient services, emergency rooms, or hospital outpatient departments. The findings suggest that at present community hospital sponsored group practices would not have a profound effect on access to care if adopted nationally, but that targeted implementation by hospitals in lower income and minority communities can improve patient opportunities for appropriate primary care services. PMID- 6742270 TI - An epidemiologic study of gypsy moth rash. AB - In 1981, outbreaks of itchy skin rashes were reported accompanying the heavy infestation of gypsy moths (GM) in the Northeastern United States. The rash problem was widespread and a considerable public annoyance. In the spring of 1982, during the period of greatest contact with the caterpillars, a telephone survey was carried out in a highly infested community (HI) and a minimally infested community (LO). Information was collected from 1,000 persons, representing more than 90 per cent of those selected for study. The one-week risk of rash was 10.4 per cent in the HI area and 1.6 per cent in the LO area, for a risk ratio (RR) of 6.5. The occurrence of rash was strongly related to a history of having had a rash in the previous year or having had a caterpillar crawl on the affected area. The combination of both factors additively increased the risk of rash. Hay fever and hanging the wash outside were other related variables. History of allergies other than hay fever since childhood and the use of insecticides were unrelated to rash occurrence. PMID- 6742271 TI - Hepatitis B exposure incidents in community hospitals. AB - To determine the frequency and distribution of potential hepatitis B exposure incidents among employees of community hospitals, a two-year retrospective study and a one-year prospective study were undertaken in Arizona hospitals. The annual rate of exposure incidents was, respectively, 7.9 and 7.7 per 100 employees; 78 per cent of the incidents were needle punctures. The rate of incidents increased significantly with the size of the hospital and decreased in older employees. While the highest risks of incidents were in phlebotomists, surgical technicians, and laboratory technicians, 14 per cent of all exposures occurred in housekeepers and central supply workers. Only 45 per cent of incidents were reported from employees who would normally expect to be targeted to receive hepatitis B vaccine. The post-exposure use of immune globulins (IG and HBIG) increased from 9 per cent of exposures in the retrospective study to 16 per cent during the prospective study. Exposure incidents occurred at the same rates and in the same occupational groups in community hospitals as previously reported from teaching hospitals and medical centers. PMID- 6742272 TI - Race, socioeconomic status, and domestic homicide, Atlanta, 1971-72. AB - It has been assumed that, under comparable socioeconomic conditions, Blacks are more likely than Whites to commit violent acts. To test this assumption, 222 intra-racial domestic homicides (186 Black and 36 White victims) committed in Atlanta, 1971-1972, were subjected to analysis. A domestic homicide was defined as a criminal homicide committed in a residence by a relative or acquaintance of the victim. When Black and White populations were unmatched, the relative risk of intra-racial domestic homicide in Black populations was 5.8 (95 per cent C.I.: 4.3-8.0). When Black and White populations were matched for rates of household crowding, the relative risk of intra-racial domestic homicide in Black populations was no longer significantly elevated (relative risk = 1.2; 95 per cent C.I.: 0.7-2.0). Using rates of household crowding as an index of socioeconomic status, Atlanta Blacks were no more likely to commit domestic homicide than were Whites in comparable socioeconomic circumstances. Further research is needed to determine whether household crowding per se is a risk factor for domestic homicide, independent of socioeconomic status. PMID- 6742273 TI - An evaluation of subsidized rural primary care programs: III. Stress and survival, 1981-82. AB - Surveys of a national sample of 193 subsidized rural primary care programs were conducted in 1981 and 1982 to determine what adaptations the programs might anticipate making given a reduction in their subsidy and what actual changes they made after the implementation of new federal policies and in the face of severe economic recession. During the period between the two surveys, nine of the 193 programs closed. The remaining programs changed elements of their operation, finances, and staffing, but these changes do not, in all cases, appear to be a direct response to subsidy reductions or increases. The programs exhibited adaptiveness and strength in the face of a potentially hostile environment. PMID- 6742275 TI - A focused approach to quality of care assessment in family planning. AB - An approach to quality of care assessment for family planning based on management by-objectives has been tested in 18 clinics. Key indicator standards were developed by the family planning agencies themselves and objective survey instruments designed to measure performance against the standards. Results were made available quickly to each clinic and led to operational changes in the majority, with evidence of improved performance and willingness to use evaluation of care as a means for clinic management. Analyses of the aggregated data showed wide variations in performance over several indices of care. PMID- 6742276 TI - Family planning in a healthy, married population: operationalizing the human rights approach in an Israeli health service setting. AB - A community health center in Israel, delivering services to a geographically defined population, attempted to formulate goals for its postpartum family planning service. Taking into account the pronatalist climate in Israel along with the good health status of the population served by this center, it was decided that the community-wide goal of the family planning program was to ensure the rights of couples to decide freely and responsibly on the number and spacing of their children. Specific process and outcome objectives were developed based on helping couples define and clarify their family planning goals, and assisting them to achieve these goals. Preliminary evaluation of the intervention based on the objectives showed that 84.0 per cent of the cohort of women who gave birth in 1980 (n = 212) had specific postpartum planning goals as opposed to 69.0 per cent of women who gave birth in 1977 (n = 242). The percentage of women experiencing unplanned pregnancies during the two years after birth was reduced by 46 per cent in the 1980 cohort (6.1 per cent of the women) as compared with the 1977 cohort (11.2 per cent). PMID- 6742274 TI - Coffee consumption and risk of fatal cancers. AB - In 1960, the coffee consumption habits and other lifestyle characteristics of 23,912 white Seventh-day Adventists were assessed by questionnaire. Between 1960 and 1980, deaths due to cancer were identified. There were positive associations between coffee consumption and fatal colon and bladder cancer. The group consuming two or more cups of coffee per day had an estimated relative risk (RR) of 1.7 for fatal colon cancer and 2.0 for fatal bladder cancer, compared to the group that consumed less than one cup per day (RR = 1.0). These positive associations were apparently not confounded by age, sex, cigarette smoking, or meat consumption habits. In this study, there were no significant or suggestive associations between coffee consumption and fatal pancreatic, breast, and ovarian cancer, or a combined group of all other cancer sites. PMID- 6742278 TI - Respiratory impairment and symptoms as predictors of early retirement with disability in US underground coal miners. AB - A five-year prospective study of 1,394 United States underground coal miners was undertaken to study the effects of respiratory impairment on the rate of early retirement with disability (ERD). Using a logistic regression analysis, ERD was found to be related to reported persistent phlegm after adjustment was made for other respiratory symptoms, respiratory function measurements, cigarette smoking, and some demographic characteristics. No prediction of ERD occurred for spirometrically determined measures of respiratory function. The data thus give limited support to the hypothesis that early retirement with disability in underground coal miners can be predicted prospectively by measures of respiratory symptoms. PMID- 6742277 TI - An outbreak of community-acquired Legionnaires' disease pneumonia. AB - In October 1981, an outbreak of 29 cases of community-acquired pneumonia occurred among adult residents of Johnson County, Iowa. Retrospective study revealed 12 cases (41 per cent) had laboratory evidence of Legionnaires' disease (LD). No significant differences in clinical or epidemiological features were found between LD cases and the other pneumonias in the outbreak. All LD cases received erythromycin; one case died for a case-fatality rate of 8 per cent. The outbreak's focus could not be identified. PMID- 6742280 TI - Tetanus immunization of adult members of an HMO. AB - Thirty-nine per cent of 1,900 randomly selected adult Health Plan members received one or more tetanus injections during a 10-year period of continuous eligibility. Age-specific immunization rates decreased from 47 per cent for 20-39 year olds to 28 per cent for those over age 70. Nearly half of the elderly, age 60+, received a booster of tetanus toxoid rather than tetanus-diphtheria toxoids as recommended by the Immunization Practices Advisory Committee of the Centers for Disease Control. Access to care does not appear to be a sufficient condition for achieving recommended levels of immunization, especially among the elderly. PMID- 6742279 TI - Changing patterns of lung cancer among socio-cultural groups in New York City. AB - Mortality statistics for New York City were used to examine lung cancer trends and differentials among Whites in three major religious groups. The percentage of deaths attributed to lung cancer increased among all groups of females and among all categories of males except those under age 45. The relatively low lung cancer levels among Jewish men observed in earlier studies have continued and are consistent with patterns of smoking reported for socio-cultural groups. Mortality from lung cancer among Jewish women was still relatively higher than for other women at some age groups. PMID- 6742281 TI - Ethics committees in neonatal care: substantive protection or procedural diversion? PMID- 6742283 TI - The role of acrosomal enzymes in lymphocytes stimulation by spermatozoa. AB - We studied the proliferation of human peripheral blood lymphocytes from 20 donors stimulated by acrosomal enzymes from ejaculated spermatozoa from healthy individuals. We extracted the acrosomal enzymes without detergent. The amount of proteins in the acrosomal preparation and its proteolytic activity was estimated. The acrosomal preparation was added to auto- and allogeneic lymphocytes in microculture system. Stimulation of lymphocytes was measured by incorporation of 3H-methyl-thymidine after 3 and 6 days of culture. Auto- and allogeneic lymphocytes that were subjected to the action of an acrosomal preparation in in vitro cultures showed stimulation in a 3-day culture at a final concentration of acrosomal proteins of 3.75-7.5 micrograms per culture. This observation suggests that the mitogenic properties of enzymatic factors are present in acrosomes of spermatozoa. PMID- 6742282 TI - Monoclonal sperm antibodies: their potential for investigation of sperms as target of immunological contraception. AB - We generated 149 hybridoma cell lines secreting antibodies against human spermatozoal antigens of which antibodies from 136 hybridoma lines also reacted with seminal plasma constituents. The occurrence of common antigeneic determinants on spermatozoa and seminal plasma was further demonstrated by competitive inhibition ELISA tests. We found that seven hybridoma clones secreted antibodies reactive with spermatozoa but nonreactive with seminal plasma. Antibodies from 5 clones were sperm-agglutinating and from 15 clones sperm immobilizing. Localization of sperm antigens reactive with the monoclonal antibodies was demonstrated by indirect immunoperoxidase staining. A synthetic decapeptide, earlier shown to be reactive with naturally occurring human iso- and autosperm antibodies, was shown to be reactive with the monoclonal antibody VII-5 in ELISA tests. PMID- 6742284 TI - The Elmslie-Trillat procedure: evaluation in patellar dislocation and subluxation. AB - The Elmslie-Trillat procedure for correction of patello-femoral malalignment was evaluated in 27 knees in 22 patients with an average followup of 42 months (minimum of 24 months). Preoperative and postoperative pain and activity levels were recorded for all knees. The quadriceps angle was recorded in 22 knees preoperatively and in 19 knees postoperatively. Good or excellent results were obtained in 81% overall and in 91% of those knees with patella alta. The postoperative quadriceps angle (Q-angle) correlated with the result. Correction of 10 degrees or less was always associated with a good or excellent result. In contrast, all patients with a fair or poor result had Q-angles at 15 degrees or greater. The preoperative Q-angle did not correlate with the eventual result. We concluded that inadequate medial displacement of the anterior tibial tuberosity may lead to unsatisfactory results and that this may be avoided by intraoperative measurement of the Q-angle; that significant distal advancement of the tibial tuberosity is not required in patella alta; and that correction of the Q-angle to 10 degrees or less correlates with a good or excellent result from the Elmslie Trillat procedure for treatment of patella subluxation and dislocation. PMID- 6742285 TI - The effect of a patella brace on performance in a knee extension strength test in patients with patellar pain. AB - The object of this study was to analyze the quadriceps muscle peak strength with the Cybex-II isokinetic dynamometer in patients with patellofemoral arthralgia with and without a patella brace. Twenty-four patients, 18 women and 6 men, were studied. All had patellofemoral arthralgia. The diagnosis was made on typical clinical findings, but was supplemented with arthroscopy in seven patients with pain also over the medial joint line. After a 2 week adaptation period with the brace, a Cybex-II test was done with and without the brace. The other leg was tested as control. Twenty-one patients (88%) improved their performance in the strength test with the brace (mean difference 13.7 +/- 9.1%). With the brace, 14 patients (58%) performed at 95% of their control leg or more compared to 6 (25%) without the brace. Patients under the age of 30 years had a better effect than patients over that age. PMID- 6742286 TI - Myoglobinemia and endurance exercise: a study of twenty-five participants in a triathlon competition. AB - Twenty-five athletes competing in a triathlon, an endurance competition, were studied to determine the relationship of sustained muscle exertion with myoglobinemia and clinical rhabdomyolysis. Of 24 athletes who completed the event, each individual demonstrated a dramatic rise and fall in serum myoglobin over a 24 hour period, with an average peak level of 842 ng/ml. While all subjects exhibited symptoms of myalgia after exertion, none required hospitalization. A significant correlation was demonstrated with average serum myoglobin and finishing time (P less than 0.0125) and postexercise temperature (P less than 0.05). Appropriate training of individuals, whether athletes or military recruits, appears to be an important factor in reducing myoglobinemia. Exercise-induced myoglobinemia appears to be dependent on intensity of athletic performance, measured as a function of time, distance, and activity performed. The athletes who finished first had the highest levels of myoglobinemia. PMID- 6742287 TI - The Magnuson-Stack procedure for treatment of recurrent glenohumeral dislocations. AB - The Magnuson-Stack procedure was developed in 1943 as a treatment for recurrent anterior dislocation of the glenohumeral joint. Since that time, very little literature has been published on this procedure. The purpose of our study is to evaluate its efficacy in preventing further dislocations and, also, introduce the Cybex Isokinetic Dynamometer as a quantitative tool in scientifically evaluating total shoulder function. At the Bryn Mawr (Pennsylvania) Hospital from 1971 to 1978, 43 patients underwent a Magnuson-Stack procedure. Twenty-nine returned detailed questionnaires; 26 of these patients returned for clinical and roentgenographic examination by one of the authors, and 18 had their shoulder motion and power quantitatively compared to their contralateral normal arms with the Cybex Isokinetic Dynamometer. Eighty-five percent of shoulders did not dislocate postoperatively; 90% considered their results satisfactory. By gross physical examination, no shoulder atrophy was noted. Strength seemed to equal the uninjured shoulder. Range of motion showed a 10 degrees loss of external rotation as measured with a hand-held goniometer. However, by testing range of motion with the Cybex system, a 25 degrees lack of external rotation was noted. Force values measured at 60 degrees of arc/sec and 180 degrees of arc/sec showed an 18 and 10% deficit, respectively, in external rotation. The authors believe that the Magnuson-Stack procedure has a place in the treatment of recurrent anterior dislocations of the shoulder. Also, the Cybex II isolated joint testing system provides an accurate reproducible method of comparing the postoperative results of all patients treated for dislocation of the shoulder.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS) PMID- 6742288 TI - Coracoacromial ligament division. AB - The object of this paper is to report on the findings of a retrospective study of 40 patients with 41 shoulders with persistent painful arc syndrome secondary to a chronic coracoacromial ligament inflammation who underwent simple coracoacromial ligament division at the Toronto East General and Orthopaedic Hospital between January 1973 and June 1979. Initial therapy was always nonoperative. Surgical intervention was reserved for patients who did not respond to conservative management and who had a painful arc with tenderness of the coracoacromial ligament. The aim of the coracoacromial ligament division was to relieve impingement by releasing the coracoacromial arch. Patients were carefully examined to rule out associated neck pathology, rotator cuff problems, and lesions of the acromioclavicular joint. Any patients with significantly large osteophytes under the anterior acromion were excluded. Forty patients (41 shoulders) were questioned and examined in followup. There were 29 males and 11 females. The ages ranged from 21 to 72 years (average 43.5 years). In 21 shoulders (51%), there was a history of trauma as the initiating factor. The follow-up ranged from 8 to 76 months (average 36.3 months). According to a described rating system, the results were satisfactory to excellent in 39 of 41 shoulders (95%) and unsatisfactory in two of 41 shoulders (5%). The back to work time ranged from 1 to 16 weeks (average 5.7 weeks).(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS) PMID- 6742289 TI - Chronic leg pain in athletes due to a recurrent compartment syndrome. AB - A series of 29 patients, all engaged in sports activity on a regular basis, suffering from recurrent compartmental syndrome, is reported. The syndrome is not restricted only to long distance runners but to athletes involved in a variety of sports activities (soccer, volleyball, cycle racing, gymnastics, judo, physical education, and long distance running). Although most patients presented activity related leg pain, some patients mainly complained of ankle weakness and recurrent ankle distortions at fatigue. The wick catheter technique proved to be most useful to determine which compartments were involved. The severity of clinical symptoms correlated highly with the anomalies of the tissue pressure measurements. The predominance of deep posterior compartment and multiple compartment involvement are in contrast with most previous reports. Conservative treatment was unsuccessful in every patient, whereas surgical decompression of the involved compartments yielded favorable results in those cases where all the involved compartments were released. PMID- 6742290 TI - Chronic calcaneal pain in athletes: entrapment of the calcaneal nerve? AB - In 11 heels in 10 athletes with chronic heel pain unrelieved by conservative therapy, the symptoms and physical findings caused a suspicion of entrapment of the calcaneal branches of the tibial nerve. The nerves were, therefore, surgically decompressed. No macroscopic signs of compression of the nerves were noted, but an entrapment of the anterior calcaneal branch could occur where the nerve passes between the tight and rigid edge of the deep fascia of the abductor hallucis and the medial edge of the os calcis. Followup of 58 months after surgery revealed that 10 of the 11 heels were asymptomatic and the patients had resumed athlete participation after an average of 5 weeks. PMID- 6742291 TI - Medical services provided at the 1982 Southern Open Golf Tournament. AB - This study describes the medical services provided the players, players' families, caddies, Professional Golf Association (PGA) officials, tournament workers, and spectators during the 1982 Southern Open Golf Tournament. One first aid center, staffed by one physician and one nurse, was available to approximately 12,000 people during the 7 day event. The facility was stocked with routine diagnostic and therapeutic supplies, as well as routine and emergency drugs. Of the 92 patients seen, only one, who presented with a seizure, required hospital management. Spectators accounted for 20% of the visits. The remaining visits were by the tournament population for acute care. It was concluded that additional orthopaedic supplies needed to be readily available. Additional emergency equipment and drugs are recommended. The available and needed supplies should provide a reference for stocking first aid stations at future similar outdoor events that attract large crowds with varied medical needs. PMID- 6742292 TI - The effects of ice massage on delayed muscle soreness. AB - The following hypotheses were tested in the present study: (1) cryotherapy would reduce delayed muscle soreness (DMS) in eccentrically exercised muscles; (2) early cold treatment would reduce this soreness more than later postexercise treatment times; and (3) joint range of motion (ROM) would be inversely related to the subjective soreness ratings. Subjective sensations of muscular soreness and changes in elbow joint ROM were assessed in 30 subjects at 0, 24, 48, and 72 hours following eccentric-biased exercise in the elbow flexors. Cold treatments were applied immediately, 24 or 48 hours following a single exercise session. In response to the eccentric exercise, significant muscle soreness increases and elbow ROM decreases were observed in all exercised muscles from 24 to 48 hours postexercise. No differences in muscle soreness or elbow ROM changes were observed between treated and untreated arms except for one. Subjects treated at 24 hours postexercise reported greater soreness in their arms compared to untreated arms just prior to treatment (24 hour postexercise). The results do not support the efficacy of cold in reducing DMS. A negative correlation between muscle soreness and elbow ROM at 48 and 72 hours postexercise indicated that an increase in soreness was associated with a decrease in ROM. PMID- 6742294 TI - Deep vein thrombosis in a jogger. AB - Deep vein thrombosis is rare in young and healthy athletes. A case of venous thrombosis is reported in a young, physically fit jogger. PMID- 6742293 TI - Mechanical block to extension following augmentation of the anterior cruciate ligament. A case report. PMID- 6742295 TI - Aseptic necrosis of the capitate bone in two gymnasts. AB - Aseptic necrosis of the capitate bone is a rare disease, except in the scaphoid bone and the lunate bone. This report describes an aseptic necrosis of the bone in two gymnasts. In both cases, the necrosis probably resulted from dorsiflexion compression injury in gymnastics. In an attempt to enable these patients to continue athletics, partial resection and drilling were performed to give successful results. PMID- 6742296 TI - Repair and reconstruction of rotatory instability of the knee. AB - We studied the results of treatment in 110 of 129 consecutive patients who had knee instability for which they underwent reconstruction of the knee ligaments at the Mayo Clinic. Thirty-one patients underwent different types of extraarticular reconstruction. Nine (29%) had recurrence of the knee giving way, and 11 (36%) had objective signs of instability on examination. Fifty-five patients underwent combined extraarticular and intraarticular reconstruction with either the Lam Jones patellar tendon (PT) procedure (21 knees) or the Zarins-Rowe semitendinosus and iliotibial band (ST & ITB) procedure (34 knees). Only two knees (10%) with PT procedure and three knees (9%) with ST & ITB procedures continued to have giving way. Three patients in each group had recurrence of instability. Twenty-four knees with acute instability had either primary repair (17 knees) or primary reconstruction with ST & ITB procedures (7 knees). The results in these knees were superior to the results in the knees reconstructed for chronic instability. On the basis of our 2 year results, we believe that a combined intraarticular and extraarticular reconstruction is the procedure of choice in chronic knee instability and is a useful procedure in acute knee instability with irreparable tears of the anterior cruciate ligament. PMID- 6742297 TI - Achilles tendinitis and peritendinitis: etiology and treatment. AB - One hundred nine runners were treated conservatively without immobilization for overuse injury to the Achilles tendon. Treatment strategies were directed toward rehabilitation of the gastrocnemius/soleus muscle-tendon unit, control of inflammation and pain, and control of biomechanical parameters. One fair, 12 good, and 73 excellent results were reported, with a mean recovery time of 5 weeks. Followup was incomplete in 23 cases. The three most prevalent etiological factors were overtraining (82 cases), functional overpronation (61 cases), and gastrocnemius/soleus insufficiency (41 cases). The authors speculate that runners are susceptible to Achilles tendinitis with peritendinitis due to microtrauma produced by the eccentric loading of fatigued muscle, excess pronation producing whipping action of the Achilles tendon, and/or vascular blanching of the Achilles tendon produced by conflicting internal and external rotatory forces imparted to the tibia by simultaneous pronation and knee extension. Virtually all cases of Achilles tendon injury appear to result from structural or dynamic disturbances in normal lower leg mechanics and require active treatment regimens which attempt to establish normal function to prevent recurrence. PMID- 6742298 TI - Factors affecting stabilometry recordings of single limb stance. AB - Stabilometry is an objective method for the quantitative study of postural equilibrium and has previously been shown to correlate to functional instability of the ankle joint. Stabilometric recordings of 25 soccer players did not confirm existing theories that an ankle joint injury itself produces a functional instability. Stabilometric recordings of 38 soccer players with and without ankle taping did not show that taping influenced the stabilometric values. In 10 soccer players with functional instability, a significant improvement of stabilometric results and subjective "giving way" feelings were found after 6 weeks of coordination on an ankle disk. PMID- 6742299 TI - The acute pivot shift: clinical correlation. AB - The pivot shift test and its various modifications has been well described for evaluation of chronic anterolateral rotatory insufficiency of the knee. Fifty knees with acute traumatic hemarthrosis were examined under general anesthesia to assess the reliability of the pivot shift in the acute injury. The pivot shift test as described by Galway and MacIntosh was employed. No patients with a history of previous knee injuries were included. Arthrotomy or arthroscopy was performed following the examination in all cases. There were 38 knees with positive shifts, 35 with complete anterior cruciate tears, and 3 with significant partial tears or attenuation of the ligament. The 12 knees with negative shift demonstrated five normal anterior cruciates, five partial tears and two complete tears of the anterior cruciate. Both of the complete tears were associated with complete medial collateral ligament tears and were clinically apparent by drawer and Lachman tests. A positive pivot shift in this study was very accurate for significant anterior cruciate tears. A negative pivot shift ruled out complete anterior cruciate ligament tears but did not preclude the presence of a partial tear. Partial tears associated with a negative pivot shift retained ligament competence. We conclude that: (1) the pivot shift is a direct test of cruciate competence; (2) the pivot shift is present acutely in a very high percentage of cases and does not necessarily develop over time; (3) the pivot shift exam performed under general anesthesia is a very reliable test for significant tears of the anterior cruciate; and (4) the arthroscope remains a useful tool in the evaluation of acute traumatic hemarthrosis, but is not always necessary in establishing competence of the anterior cruciate ligament. PMID- 6742300 TI - Quadriceps atrophy in the anterior cruciate insufficient knee. AB - Atrophy of the quadriceps musculature is frequently associated with chronic knee instability. This atrophy may persist despite the patient's ability to return to athletic competition. When open biopsies of the quadriceps muscle from unstable knees were compared with those from normal acutely injured knees, it was found that clinical evidence of atrophy correlated with a relative decrease in the size of Type II or fast twitch muscle fibers. This supports the subjective, clinical impression that the unstable knee is less effective in explosive push-off. The findings also indicate the necessity of including exercise specific for the training of Type II fast twitch fibers in any program designed to rehabilitate the injured knee. PMID- 6742301 TI - Meniscal tears and associated anterior cruciate ligament tears in athletes: course of treatment. AB - Sixty-two athletes whose injured knees had negligible instability were found to have an absent or functionless anterior cruciate ligament (ACL) at the time of medial meniscectomy. After a mean of 52 months of followup, 51 patients were examined; 24 (47%) had returned to full sports activities, whereas 27 (53%) acknowledged incidents of the knee "giving way" or having completely given up sports because of instability. By analyzing the following variables, the jerk test, the type of meniscal lesion, and the type of sports engaged, we formulated a rating system to be used intraoperatively for determining the need for combining meniscectomy with a ligament reconstruction. PMID- 6742302 TI - Anterior cruciate ligament reconstruction with a loop or double thickness of semitendinosus tendon. AB - This is a report on the use of a loop or double thickness of the semitendinosus tendon to reconstruct the anterior cruciate ligament in 26 patients. Through this method the tensile strength of the graft becomes greater than the tensile strength of the normal anterior cruciate ligament. The looped, free tendon is fixed tightly in holes in the femur and tibia by means of a bone plug obtained with the trephine used to cut these holes. The tight fit of the tendon in the femur and tibia creates a close relationship between graft and host and hence rapid revascularization of the tendon graft. As a measure of function, the pivot shift test, Lachman's test, and anterior drawer sign were performed pre- and postoperatively. There was a good result in 23 and a fair result in 3 cases. The average follow-up period is 3 years. PMID- 6742303 TI - Acute combined posterior cruciate and posterolateral instability of the knee. AB - This report concerns 13 consecutive patients (13 knees) who underwent operative treatment for acute combined posterior cruciate and posterolateral instability due to combined injury to the posterior cruciate ligament and the arcuate ligament complex. Our purpose was to examine the method of diagnosis and the results in these patients. There were 12 males and 1 female (average age, 26 years). Five patients were injured in a motor vehicle accident, four in sports activities, and four in nonsports activities. The mechanism of injury was an anteromedial blow to the flexed knee in six patients, a fall onto the knee in two, and unknown in five patients. Eleven patients were available for follow-up evaluation (average, 56 months), and in each the result was rated as good, fair, or poor. In 10 patients (90%) the results were rated as good subjectively, in 11 (100%) as good functionally, and in 8 (73%) as good objectively. Injury to both the posterior cruciate ligament and the arcuate ligament complex can result from rotational force that can be due to a blow to the anteromedial aspect of the knee. Diagnosis can be made by a combined positive response to the posterior drawer test, the anterior drawer test performed with the tibia in internal rotation, the abduction and adduction stress tests performed with the knee in full extension, the posterolateral drawer test, and the external rotation recurvatum test. In a knee with concomitant injury to the posterior cruciate ligament and the arcuate ligament complex that requires surgical repair, all injured structures should be explored and repaired to ensure a subjectively, objectively, and functionally good result. PMID- 6742304 TI - Hamstring/quadriceps ratios in college football players: a high velocity evaluation. AB - Hamstring/quadriceps ratios were assessed on 60 intercollegiate football players at functional speeds of 90, 180, and 300 deg/sec on the Cybex II. The ratio rose as velocity of exercise increased and the quadriceps was stronger than the hamstrings at all speeds. The flexor/extensor ratio differed bilaterally at all speeds with ratio lower for the dominant knee. The study helped establish normative data on hamstring/quadricep ratios on football players at functional speeds. Furthermore, the ratio provides a guide to observe muscle imbalances which could be a factor in injury. PMID- 6742305 TI - An EMG analysis of the shoulder in pitching. A second report. AB - This is the second report in a series of projects dealing with electromyographic (EMG) analysis of the upper extremity during throwing. Better understanding of the muscle activation patterns could lead to more effective preseason conditioning regimens and rehabilitation programs. Indwelling wire electrodes recorded the output from the biceps, long and lateral heads of the triceps, pectoralis major, latissimus dorsi, serratus anterior, and brachialis for four professional baseball pitchers. These signals were synchronized electronically with high speed film records of a fast ball. The EMG signals were converted from analog to digital records. Results showed that wind-up and early cocking phases showed minimal activity in all muscles, and such firing which occurred was of low intensity. Late cocking, which occurred after the front foot was firmly planted, showed moderate activity in the biceps. Cocking was terminated by the pectoralis major and latissimus dorsi. At this point, the trunk began to rotate forward, while the arm remained elevated and the elbow flexed. Also, the shoulder was moving to maximum external rotation. During the acceleration phase, the biceps was notably quiescent, while the pectoralis major, latissimus dorsi, triceps, and serratus anterior were all active. Muscle action at this time terminated external rotation and elbow flexion; i.e., the muscles fired as decelerators and also initiated the opposite actions for ball acceleration, internal rotation and elbow extension. Follow-through was not only a time of eccentric contraction with muscle activity decelerating the upper extremity complex, it was also an active event with the shoulder moving across the body and the elbow into extension with forearm pronation. PMID- 6742306 TI - Enzymatic adaptation in ligaments during immobilization. AB - Ligaments are a composite of fibroblasts and collagen in a proteoglycan matrix. Seventy-five percent of the organic solid is collagen and 23% is proteoglycan. Fibroblasts are responsible for the overall composition of the ligament, that is the synthesis and the degradation of macromolecular components. Like muscle and bone, ligaments are dynamic, undergoing hypertrophy with exercise and atrophy with immobilization. This paper reviews the structure and composition of ligaments and discusses the cellular events responsible for atrophy of ligaments with immobilization. As an experimental model, one knee of New Zealand White rabbits was immobilized with a pin. After 2, 4, and 8 weeks of immobility, the medial collateral ligaments were isolated and enzyme analysis was performed. Gross and microscopic changes were apparent after 2 weeks. As for enzyme changes, lactic dehydrogenase and malic dehydrogenase decreased in activity. The lysosomal hydrolases responsible for glycosaminoglycan degradation increased in activity, suggesting that enzymatic adaptations mediate the physical and chemical changes in the ligament. The cells switch from an anabolic synthetic state to a catabolic, degradative state during immobility. It would seem from the biochemical viewpoint that, whenever possible, cast-bracing and functional splints may be preferable to rigid plasters in many sports-related ligamentous injuries. PMID- 6742307 TI - The biomechanics of head-first versus feet-first sliding. AB - The two basic sliding techniques, head-first and feet-first, were analyzed kinematically with high speed cinematography. Four phases were identified with each technique: sprint, attainment of sliding position, airborne, and landing. The velocity and displacement of the center of gravity were measured with each technique. The study was primarily descriptive but demonstrated potential for injury with each technique. Further studies are needed to determine which technique is safer and faster. PMID- 6742308 TI - An evaluation of football helmets under impact conditions. AB - The impact attenuating characteristics of a sample of 81 football helmets used in competitive high school programs were determined using a Hodgson-Wayne State University (WSU) headform and a modified National Operating Committee on Standards for Athletic Equipment (NOCSAE) test protocol. The helmets, classified by liner type as suspension (37), padded-suspension (22), and padded (22) had been in use for 6 to 8 years. Each was subjected to two consecutive right rear boss impacts from a drop height of 1.5 m, onto a rigid anvil covered with a 45 durometer hardness rubber pad. Analogue signals from a triaxial accelerometer located at the center of gravity of the headform were analogue to digital (A/D) converted at 6060.6 Hz and processed on a Hewlett Packard 9845B minicomputer to yield a resultant acceleration-time curve from which peak acceleration (gpeak) and the Gadd Severity Index (GSI) were determined. The mean gpeak was 205 g for helmets with suspension liners, 165 g for helmets with padded-suspension liners, and 156 g for helmets with padded liners. Twenty-four suspension helmets and five padded or padded-suspension helmets had GSI values greater than 1200. Using a criterion of GSI1500, the failure rate for suspension helmets was 19% compared to 2% for padded and padded-suspension helmets combined. If the criterion chosen was GSI1200, the failure rate for suspension helmets was 65% as opposed to 11% for the padded and padded-suspension helmets combined. Suspension helmets are decidedly inferior under impact conditions to the padded and padded-suspension helmets. PMID- 6742309 TI - Slow-pitch softball injuries. AB - A prospective investigation of slow-pitch softball injuries incurred in Hawaii was undertaken to study the nature of these injuries and analyze their causes. The injured players were involved in league softball with referees. There were 83 athletes and 93 injuries. A retrospective review of all Army softball-related admissions was also done. Thirty-five athletes or 42% were injured while sliding, 29 "foot first" and the remainder "hand first". Twenty-five of 27 ankle injuries caused by sliding included 20 fractures, 3 sprains, and 2 complete closed posterior dislocations. Analysis of these injuries suggests that the injury occurs when the individual uses the base to rapidly decelerate and avoid overrunning the base. Eighty-four percent of the athletes were injured from three mechanisms; 42% from sliding, 25% from "jamming" injuries, and 17% from falls. The only preventable group of injuries appears to be the sliding injuries. Recessing the bases, using "quick release" rather than anchored bases, teaching safer sliding techniques, or eliminating the slide are suggested as means of preventing these injuries. PMID- 6742310 TI - Women midshipmen in sports. AB - This is a study of the physical performance and injury rate for seven classes of women midshipmen at the United States Naval Academy. Women comprise only 6.2% of the brigade of midshipmen, but men and women live in the same dormitory, undergo the same physical training and fitness tests, study the same academic curriculum, and live in an environment where performance and activities can be constantly monitored. The required number of hours of physical education are the same for men and women. The conclusions from this study are: (1) women midshipmen continue to improve their fitness level more rapidly than men; (2) while some disparities in performance are correctly attributed to physiological differences, many of the present disparities should be attributed to societal conditions; (3) should physical performance requirements ever become the same, women will have to work harder than men to achieve the same standards because of the physiological differences; (4) women continue to seek medical attention for stress-related problems (i.e., shin splints, stress fractures) more often than men, but do so less often as they become acclimated to the active life of the Naval Academy; (5) women midshipmen have the same number of serious injuries as men, and in some sports are more susceptible to certain types of injuries. PMID- 6742311 TI - Stress fracture of the humerus. A case study. AB - A 13-year-old male Little League pitcher sustained a displaced spiral fracture of the right midhumerus while in midpitch. Deep ache prodrome symptoms in the midhumerus at rest and during pitching occurred during the preceeding week, suggestive of a stress fracture that later completed to an overt fracture during the added stress of a forceful side-arm curve ball pitch, his specialty. Osteonal remodeling in stress fractures is discussed. PMID- 6742312 TI - Ectopic hamartomatous thymoma. A distinctive benign lesion of lower neck. AB - Five cases of a distinctive tumor located in the soft tissues of the lower neck in adults are described. The lesion is characterized microscopically by the presence of four components: cellular areas made up of spindle elements; epithelial islands composed of solid nests, trabeculae and cysts; mature adipose tissue; and lymphocytes, sometimes arranged in a Hassall's corpuscle-like fashion. Electron microscopy and immunostaining for keratin showed that the spindle cell component was of epithelial nature. These tumors were supraclavicular or suprasternal in location, and no local recurrence has developed in any case following local resection. We interpret these lesions as benign tumors arising on the basis of a developmental defect. We think that they are derived from the third branchial arch and that they are composed of abnormal thymic tissue. PMID- 6742313 TI - Familial ganglioneuromatous polyposis of the large bowel. Report of a family with associated juvenile polyposis. AB - The unique familial occurrence of polypoid intestinal ganglioneuromatosis of the large bowel is reported. The lesions affected a 38-year-old father and three children aged 14, 12, and 10 years. In these cases, extensive diffuse and polypoid proliferation of nerve fibers and ganglion cells within the colonic mucosa was associated with pronounced epithelial changes resembling juvenile polyposis. None of the patients had any clinical evidence of the mucosal neuroma syndrome or Von Recklinghausen's neurofibromatosis, conditions in which intestinal ganglioneuromatosis can occur. The question of whether the juvenile type polyps are hamartomatous or whether they represent a reactive process is addressed. PMID- 6742314 TI - Infantile myofibromatosis. Evidence for an autosomal-dominant disorder. AB - Infantile myofibromatosis is a distinct clinicalpathologic entity occurring primarily in neonates and infants either as a single nodular lesion or as a multicentric form. We have recently studied two cases of this disorder in neonates, and a third involving the father of one of these infants, all documented by biopsy. Evidence in support of an autosomal-dominant mode of inheritance for infantile myofibromatosis and of its potential to recur after a long period of quiescence is presented. PMID- 6742316 TI - Localized lymphoid hyperplasia of the spleen. PMID- 6742315 TI - Mixed hyperplastic adenomatous polyps--an underdiagnosed entity. Report of a case of adenocarcinoma arising within a mixed hyperplastic adenomatous polyp. AB - We report a case of colonic adenocarcinoma arising within a polyp with mixed morphology of a hyperplastic polyp and tubular adenoma. Despite the relatively small size of the polyp, two isolated foci of adenocarcinoma in situ were present and tumor islands invaded the submucosa. Isolated areas, morphologically resembling hyperplastic glands, and varying degrees of atypia. Though rare, some hyperplastic polyps may be precursors of adenomas. PMID- 6742317 TI - Reconstruction of the breast: where do we fall short? An evolution of ideas. AB - We have analyzed our 5 year experience with 153 breast reconstructions. There were 83 latissimus dorsi reconstructions, 16 simple silicone implant insertions, 21 transverse rectus abdominus myocutaneous flaps, and 33 reconstructions using a variety of other methods. The rate of postoperative complications was 24 percent. The most common shortcoming was the inability to obtain symmetry with the other breast. Persistent problems included inability to fill the subclavicular hollow or the superior con-cavity due to partial atrophy of the pectoralis major muscle, and particularly, the lack of projection and ptosis in the reconstructed breast. PMID- 6742318 TI - Supraclavicular radical scalenectomy and transaxillary first rib resection for the thoracic outlet syndrome. A combined approach. AB - Transaxillary resection of the first rib alone was performed 97 times to relieve symptoms of irritation of the brachial plexus. Persistent or recurrent symptoms occurred in a fifth of the patients (7 and 13 patients, respectively), and necessitated reoperation using the supraclavicular approach. In all patients, at least one anomaly or acquired deformity was found that could not have been identified or safely removed by the original transaxillary approach alone. Subsequently, 94 combined operations, including supraclavicular radical scalenectomy with neurolysis of the brachial plexus and transaxillary resection of the first rib, were performed for irritation of the brachial plexus. The improved results using the combined procedure has led us to recommend it for the majority of symptomatic patients with irritation of the brachial plexus. The combined approach allows precise assessment of the thoracic outlet anatomy, facilitates first and cervical rib resection, and permits removal of any additional congenital or acquired lesions. It is associated with a low failure rate and results in few postoperative complications. However, the transaxillary approach alone may be suited for the patient with localized lower plexus symptomatology, keeping in mind the risk of recurrent symptoms associated with this technique. PMID- 6742319 TI - Role of surgery in the treatment of inflammatory breast carcinoma. AB - Twenty-eight patients with inflammatory carcinoma of the breast have been retrospectively reviewed. Overall 5 year survival was 25 percent. There was a trend toward improved survival in patients who received chemotherapy which did not achieve statistical significance. Sixteen patients underwent mastectomy as part of their treatment. These patients had a 48 percent 5 year survival which was significantly better than the survival in patients who did not undergo mastectomy. Furthermore, mastectomy resulted in better control of the local disease. Of 12 patients who did not undergo mastectomy, local control was initially obtained in only 2, and both of these patients suffered local recurrence within 1 year. Our data support the conclusion that mastectomy be combined with preoperative and postoperative multiagent cytotoxic chemotherapy in the treatment of inflammatory carcinoma of the breast. More precise staging may permit better prognostic stratification of patients with this highly malignant cancer. PMID- 6742320 TI - Treatment of chronic visceral ischemia. AB - Herein, we have described the surgical management of 23 patients with chronic intestinal ischemia. The patients presented most commonly with postprandial pain and weight loss. Diagnosis was confirmed by angiography, including lateral aortography. Surgery included bypass with Dacron being the most common graft material. As many vessels as possible were revascularized using an infrarenal graft origin. Two patients died postoperatively from acute myocardial infarction. There were two graft failures in this group. At the present time, 19 of the 21 surviving patients are asymptomatic or greatly improved. PMID- 6742321 TI - Peripheral arterial emboli. AB - One hundred eleven patients with 130 emboli treated in nonteaching private hospitals have been evaluated with respect to cause, mortality rate, and amputation rate. For surgically treated patients with balloon embolectomy, the mortality rate was 13.7 percent overall, with a limb salvage rate of 94.5 percent. The operative mortality was 8.3 percent. The mortality for late embolectomy was 3 percent with a limb salvage rate of 100 percent. The most critical factor in predicting mortality was age of the patient, with a significantly higher mortality in patients of advanced years. In this series, a prolonged duration of embolus before embolectomy did not have an adverse effect on the mortality rate. PMID- 6742322 TI - Crystalloid resuscitation of patients with pulmonary contusion. AB - One hundred nine patients with the diagnosis of pulmonary contusion were studied retrospectively. Thirteen deaths were respiratory related (12 percent of patients). All of the patients were quickly resuscitated with crystalloid solutions as necessary to restore perfusion to normal. Twenty-eight of the most severely injured patients, all of whom were intubated and ventilated and in whom serial PaO2 and total protein determinations were available, were examined for the relationship between crystalloid induced hemodilution as measured by the plasma colloid oncotic pressure and oxygenation as measured by the PaO2/FiO2 ratio. When survivors and nonsurvivors were analyzed by group, both individually and collectively, no correlation was found between oxygenation and oncotic pressure. Survivors and nonsurvivors exhibited similar post-traumatic courses in the PaO2/FiO2 ratios with differences not becoming significant until the eleventh day after injury. We conclude that contusion is not a progressive lesion unless pneumonia supervenes and that pulmonary dysfunction after contusion is unrelated to hemodilution. PMID- 6742323 TI - Surgical approach to lymphedema of the arm after mastectomy. AB - Lymphedema of the arm remains an unsolved and incurable complication of mastectomy. None of the current surgical procedures offer a cure for this chronic condition. Of the methods available, it appears that skin and subcutaneous excision performed in stages can provide a reduction in the size of the arm when it reaches proportions that impair normal activity. PMID- 6742324 TI - Blunt cardiac trauma. AB - The diagnosis of blunt cardiac injury is often difficult to make because of the multiple associated injuries, the lack of specific physical findings, and the lack of sensitivity and specificity of the electrocardiograms and enzyme changes. The two-dimensional echocardiogram and the monitoring of filling pressures and cardiac indexes by pulmonary artery catheterization have an advantage over the electrocardiogram, CPK isoenzymes and technetium pyrophosphate scans because both anatomic and functional data are obtained, data are rapidly available, and the tests can be used repeatedly at the bedside. PMID- 6742325 TI - Do the prognoses of papillary and follicular thyroid carcinomas differ? AB - Our 44 patients with follicular thyroid carcinoma had a survival rate similar to patients of the same age and sex with papillary carcinoma. By matching our patients by age and sex, this study appears to show that the biologic behavior of differentiated thyroid carcinomas is better correlated with the age and sex of the patients than with the pathologic classification of papillary carcinoma or follicular carcinoma; therefore, it is unnecessary to distinguish between patients with papillary carcinoma and follicular carcinoma from a prognostic standpoint. A classification considering all well-differentiated thyroid carcinomas as one disease with behavioral variability due to constitutional factors such as age and sex should be adopted. PMID- 6742326 TI - A "Swift" medical fantasy. PMID- 6742328 TI - Surgical management of primary motor disorders of the esophagus. AB - Primary motor disorders of the esophagus can be managed surgically with excellent results. Between the years 1972 and 1983, 40 patients were managed by us. The patients ranged in age from 14 to 79 years (mean 36.3 years). Thirty-six patients were managed primarily by the authors and 4 patients secondarily. The distribution of the hypodynamic states were achalasia in 29 patients, vigorous achalasia in 5 patients, and diffuse spasm in 1 patient, whereas the hyperdynamic states were squeeze syndrome in 2 patients, super-squeeze syndrome in 1 patient, and hypertensive lower esophageal sphincter in 2 patients. Of the 36 patients in hypodynamic states, 27 had a modified Heller myotomy and reconstruction of the gastroesophageal junction with a Belsey fundoplication and 9 had only a modified Heller myotomy. There was only one patient with reflux esophagitis. It occurred after myotomy and Belsey fundoplication for a hypertensive lower esophageal sphincter and hiatus hernia. Four patients were managed secondarily for complicated recurrent problems, one with a Belsey fundoplication and three with a jejunal interposition graft. We recommend myotomy, with or without a Belsey fundoplication, for management of primary motor disorders and avoidance of total Nissen fundoplication and a lengthening Collis gastroplasty. PMID- 6742327 TI - Prehospital cardiopulmonary resuscitation of the critically injured patient. AB - Prehospital cardiopulmonary resuscitation combined with endotracheal intubation, vigorous fluid resuscitation, and rapid transport can be effective in resuscitating trauma patients in cardiopulmonary arrest. Survival does not correlate with the injury severity score or transport time once the patient has arrested but does correlate with the mechanism of injury, endotracheal intubation, and placement of intravenous lines. PMID- 6742329 TI - Posterior communicating artery visualization in predicting results of carotid endarterectomy for vertebrobasilar insufficiency. AB - Retrospectively, 51 patients who related two or more signs or symptoms of vertebrobasilar insufficiency and possessed concomitant carotid arterial disease were identified. The patient population was separated into two groups based on the presence or absence of an angiographically visualized posterior communicating artery during selective carotid artery injection. All patients had undergone unilateral or staged bilateral carotid endarterectomy. Comparison of postoperative clinical outcome with intracerebral angiographic findings exhibited statistically significant improvement in favor of those patients with at least one visualized posterior communicating artery. There was a greater likelihood of severe vertebral artery stenosis in those patients whose symptoms were not relieved by carotid endarterectomy. PMID- 6742330 TI - Gracilis muscle flap for the persistent perineal sinus of inflammatory bowel disease. AB - A persistent perineal sinus may develop in patients undergoing proctocolectomy for inflammatory bowel disease. Healing may resist the traditional methods of wound management. Wide excision including coccygectomy, transposition of the vascularized gracilis muscle flap into the rigid cavity, and wound closure have led to healing in 12 of 15 patients and vast improvement in two others. There has been only one failure. Aggressive reoperation can achieve success after initial failure. Women may present a more difficult challenge than men. A primary wound healing deficit may be present. PMID- 6742332 TI - Anesthesia associated depression in lymphocyte traffic: less with regional anesthesia than with general anesthesia in sheep. AB - In the sheep single peripheral lymph node model of Hall and Morris, it is possible to cannulate efferent and afferent lymphatic vessels for long-term study of cells and substances in lymph and for short- and long-term infusions. By supporting the sheep in sternal recumbency (upright) to avoid positional alterations in lymphocyte traffic in short-term studies and by precise timing and measurement of lymph output and cell counts, it is possible to accumulate data on lymphocyte output into efferent lymph on a consecutive, cumulative basis and to detect long- and short-term alterations in lymphocyte traffic. With this model, studies on the effects of general and regional anesthesia were carried out on 42 unstimulated primary peripheral lymph nodes of sheep in vivo. The lymphocyte traffic depressing effects of general anesthesia were found to be significantly less when regional epidural anesthesia was employed. The duration of depression also was less. In the general anesthesia studies, the depth of depression in lymphocyte traffic appeared related to the dose and length of anesthesia. These alterations may play important roles in the immunologic responses to anesthetic compounds and approaches. PMID- 6742333 TI - Composition and morphologic and clinical features of common duct stones. AB - No systematic study of the composition of common duct stones has been carried out to date. In this study, we assessed the chemical composition and morphologic characteristics of common duct stones from 115 patients, and compared them with gallbladder stones in 67 patients who had both. Visually and chemically, common duct stones could be divided into two groups: cholesterol stones and pigment stones. Cholesterol common duct stones contained 83 +/- 1 percent cholesterol, 2.3 +/- 0.4 percent bilirubin, and 5.5 +/- 1 percent insoluble pigment residue. Pigment common duct stones contained 7 +/- 1 percent cholesterol, 24 +/- 2 percent bilirubin, and 38 +/- 3 percent pigment residue. There were two subgroups of pigment stones: one with large amounts of bilirubin and one with large amounts of pigment residue. A high proportion (46 percent) of common duct stones were composed of pigment. Patients with pigment common duct stones were more likely to have cholangitis and pancreatitis than were patients with cholesterol stones. It was not possible to distinguish primary from secondary stones on morphologic grounds. In 65 of 67 patients (97 percent), gallbladder stones and common duct stones were of the same chemical type. Morphologically, cholesterol common duct stones were very similar (3.6+ on a scale of 0 to 4+) to their counterparts. Pigment common duct stones and gallbladder stones were less similar (2.4+). Chemically, cholesterol common duct stones were identical to their gallbladder counterparts. Pigment common duct stones regularly contained a greater fraction of bilirubin and less pigment residue than associated gallbladder stones (p less than 0.05). Earthy common duct stones were associated with earthy gallbladder stones, and were chemically indistinguishable from other pigment stones. These data suggest that all cholesterol common duct stones, and when the gallbladder is present, most pigment common duct stones, are secondary. The latter stones, however, probably grow after entering the duct, adding pigment with a high proportion of bilirubin relative to pigment residue. PMID- 6742331 TI - Localization of abnormal parathyroid glands using thallium-201. AB - Ectopically located parathyroid adenomas may be difficult to find during initial neck exploration. They account for over 70 percent of missed adenomas found at reexploration. Preoperative localization of parathyroid adenomas would reduce unnecessary dissection and possibly reduce the number of negative results of initial neck exploration. Before reoperative parathyroid surgery is performed, some means of localization is mandatory to detect ectopic adenomas in the neck and mediastinum. Computed tomography and ultrasonography cannot effectively evaluate the mediastinum. Angiography and venous parathyroid hormone sampling are invasive, costly, and tedious to perform. We have shown that thallium-201 will accurately localize ectopic parathyroid adenomas. All 10 adenomas found in positions not immediately adjacent to the thyroid gland were detected by thallium 201 scintigraphy. One was a mediastinal adenoma resected with a median sternotomy. Our results suggest that thallium-201 scintigraphy should be the initial localization procedure of choice before all reexplorations. Its use before initial explorations, as well, will enable the surgeon to immediately direct attention to the area of the localized adenoma. If mediastinal uptake is found to be present, then median sternotomy may be performed during initial surgery provided a thorough neck exploration is performed first. PMID- 6742336 TI - Primary melanoma: pitfalls in diagnostic biopsy techniques and interpretations. AB - A group of 235 patients with melanoma were followed for 10 years. In 25 of these patients, the initial biopsy specimen obtained by the shave, punch, or incisional technique was insufficient to determine the microscopic extent of the lesion. Guidelines for treatment of these patients include evaluation of the deepest level of tumor invasion, a clinical history of the lesion, and a careful physical examination. If any visible melanoma remains, total excisional rebiopsy should be performed before definitive treatment is begun. Of the 25 patients thus managed, recurrences developed in 3 within 2 years of initial treatment. In two patients, reexcisional surgery was carried out, and they are currently free of disease. One patient died from systemic metastases. Total excisional biopsy of lesions suspected of being melanomas is strongly recommended, and shave, punch, or incisional techniques should be avoided. PMID- 6742334 TI - Pericardiectomy: a changing scene. AB - The indications for pericardiectomy as well as the causal factors have changed in recent years. Sixty-eight patients operated on at the UCLA Medical Center between 1955 and 1982 have been described. There were 37 male patients and 31 female patients. The indication for operation was acute pericarditis in 37 patients, of whom 31 had recurrent effusion, and chronic constrictive pericarditis in 31 patients, of whom 8 were calcific. The most common cause of pericardial disease was tumor (20 patients), followed by idiopathic (13 patients), uremic (7 patients), viral (7 patients), tuberculous (6 patients), rheumatologic (6 patients), and miscellaneous (9 patients) causes. In most patients, pericardiectomy was performed through a left anterolateral thoracotomy without cardiopulmonary bypass. We recommend wide excision of the anterior pericardium (phrenic nerve to phrenic nerve) for effusive pericarditis. For chronic constrictive disease, we advocate a more extensive resection that includes the anterior as well as the posterior pericardium, thus freeing the left and right ventricles. Excellent long-term results were obtained with pericardiectomy in 90 percent of the patients who survived the operation. PMID- 6742335 TI - Pros and cons of parietal cell versus truncal vagotomy. AB - The reliability of parietal cell vagotomy as a primary procedure for duodenal ulcer is still questioned by many, and several surgeons advocate pyloroplasty in certain subgroups. Since the opening of our hospital in 1972, a randomized, prospective study has been under way. Sixty-seven patients were randomized into three groups: truncal vagotomy and Jaboulay pyloroplasty (Group 1), parietal cell vagotomy and Jaboulay pyloroplasty (Group 2), and parietal cell vagotomy without drainage (Group 3). The overall operative mortality was zero, with an 18 percent morbidity. Postoperative Congo red testing revealed truncal vagotomy to be a more reliable vagotomy, with 25 percent of Group 1 patients noted to have some degree of incomplete vagotomy compared with 36 percent of patients in Group 3 (p less than 0.05). The ulcer recurrence in Group 1 was 4 percent, in Group 2 18 percent, and in Group 3 10 percent. No dumping or diarrhea was noted in Group 3 compared with Group 1 in which 4 percent of patients had dumping and 17 percent had diarrhea and Group 2 in which 14 percent of patients had dumping and 23 percent had diarrhea (p less than 0.05). The higher incidences of recurrence and postoperative side effects obviously related to the pyloroplasty made parietal cell vagotomy with pyloroplasty the least desirable operative procedure. Parietal cell vagotomy is technically a more difficult procedure, but if performed satisfactorily, results in greater patient satisfaction, with 81 percent of the patients symptom-free compared with 63 percent of those who had truncal vagotomy and pyloroplasty. PMID- 6742337 TI - Hydrostatic pressure measurement of endolymph and perilymph in the guinea pig cochlea. AB - Hydrostatic pressures of endolymph and perilymph were measured with a servo micropipet system. The validity of the experiment was assessed by observation of endolymphatic pressure changes during and after 3 minutes of anoxia. Simultaneous recording of endocochlear DC potential confirmed the location of the electrode tip. Following verification of the efficacy of the system, measurements of endolymphatic or perilymphatic pressures were made in ten guinea pigs in which the middle ears had been filled with a saturated sodium chloride solution. Both endolymphatic and perilymphatic measurements showed gradual declines in pressure, with minimum pressure at 15 to 20 minutes and slow recovery during the next 20 minutes. PMID- 6742338 TI - Detection of aminoglycoside ototoxicity by high-frequency auditory evaluation: selected case studies. AB - A practical monitoring procedure utilizing frequencies higher than those tested by conventional audiometry for the detection of ototoxicity has the potential for preventing or minimizing irreversible communication deficits in patients receiving aminoglycoside antibiotic therapy. If ototoxicity produced by these drugs could be detected before it progresses to involve the frequencies essential for communication, it might be possible to lower the dose or to change to another antibiotic to prevent a permanently handicapping hearing impairment. From a total of 77 patients monitored by serial audiograms, three case studies illustrate the various types of auditory sensitivity changes observed with high-frequency audiometry. Ototoxicity was generally detected by high-frequency auditory testing before it could be detected by conventional audiometric procedures. These cases demonstrate the utility of monitoring audition at frequencies higher than those tested conventionally in patients receiving aminoglycoside antibiotics. PMID- 6742339 TI - Parotid gland atrophy induced by occlusion of the ductal system with a protein solution. AB - Nonneoplastic disorders of the parotid gland, such as chronic recurrent parotitis, asymptomatic gland enlargement, or salivary fistulae, are therapeutic problems. Surgical removal of the gland is often difficult, since scar tissue may be present in these benign diseases. Therefore, alternative treatment methods, such as ligation of Stensen's duct, irradiation, or tympanic neurectomy, have been used to induce atrophy of gland parenchyma. This goal can also be attained by intraluminal duct occlusion, which involves instillation of a resorbable protein solution into the duct system, a procedure similar to sialographic injection. Intraluminal duct occlusion is a simple technique with rapid onset of atrophy and low morbidity, and with its use options remain open for other treatment modalities. The authors have used this method in the treatment of various diseases in 26 parotid glands and one submandibular gland. Their experience, which includes three-year patient follow-up data, suggests that this technique may be a useful alternative to salivary gland resection in certain nonneoplastic diseases. PMID- 6742340 TI - Inner ear changes in the ferret model for Reye's syndrome. AB - The acute effects of influenza B, aspirin, and hyperammonemia on the inner ear were examined using the ferret model for Reye's syndrome. Histopathologic examination revealed varying degrees of vacuolization in both the sensory and nonsensory endolymphatic tissues of the cochlear and vestibular membranous labyrinth. The secretory epithelial cells of the stria vascularis and the vestibular dark cells appeared to be more severely affected, as demonstrated by the presence of an extensive number of intracytoplasmic vacuoles. The cells of the perilymphatic tissues appeared to be unaltered. Although all neuroepithelial regions of the inner ear appeared to be altered, an unexpected observation was that only the inner hair cells of the organ of Corti were pathologically affected. These results suggest that metabolic and virus-induced derangements may alter inner ear microhomeostasis in patients with Reye's syndrome and may potentially result in loss of hearing in such patients. PMID- 6742341 TI - Surgery for radiation-induced carcinoma of the hypopharynx. AB - Eighteen radiation-induced tumors of the hypopharynx examined during a 20-year period are described. These tumors represent slightly less than 5 per cent of all tumors of the hypopharynx examined during the same period. Most were due to irradiation for thyrotoxicosis, and the mean latent period was 35 years. Five patients were not treated, and 13 patients were treated, mainly by pharyngolaryngectomy followed by skin flap repair (deltopectoral or pectoralis major). Despite a fairly high complication rate, an adjusted five-year survival of 35 per cent was achieved. PMID- 6742343 TI - [Quantitative RNA changes in the endometrium in uterine fibromyoma]. PMID- 6742344 TI - [Echographic characteristics of uterine myoma]. PMID- 6742342 TI - [Urinary and endocrine system functions in patients with benign tumors of the uterus and adnexa]. PMID- 6742345 TI - [Cytoplasmic steroid hormone receptors in the tumors of endometrial cancer patients]. PMID- 6742346 TI - [Non-drug therapy in gynecology]. PMID- 6742348 TI - [2 pathogenetic variants of corpus uteri cancer]. PMID- 6742347 TI - [Comparative evaluation of the information value of computer tomography and objective clinical study based on surgical data in patients with ovarian, corpus and cervix uteri neoplasms]. PMID- 6742349 TI - [Role of radiation methods in diagnosing the spread of the tumor process in uterine cancer patients]. PMID- 6742350 TI - [Differential diagnosis of ovarian tumors and tumor-like formations]. PMID- 6742351 TI - [Rehabilitation potentials for young patients following the treatment of malignant ovarian tumors]. PMID- 6742352 TI - [Effect of treatment with synthetic progestins on indices of the liver protein forming function in uterine cancer patients]. PMID- 6742353 TI - [Treatment possibilities in uterine cancer recurrences and metastases to the vagina]. PMID- 6742354 TI - [Clinical aspects, diagnosis and treatment of ovarian tumors with a complicated course]. PMID- 6742355 TI - [Oncological aspects of inflammatory pyosaccular formations of the adnexa uteri]. PMID- 6742356 TI - [Experience with reconstructive interventions on the uterine tubes]. PMID- 6742357 TI - [Endotracheal anesthesia with nitrous oxide combined with electroacupuncture in gynecological operations on patients with a high risk of thrombotic complications]. PMID- 6742358 TI - [Development of hormonal contraception in the Hungarian People's Republic]. PMID- 6742359 TI - [Hormonal control of the management of pregnancy in insufficient thyroid function]. PMID- 6742360 TI - [Potentials of cardiotocography in assessing the antenatal risk in EPH gestoses]. PMID- 6742362 TI - [Potentials for the microbiological diagnosis of amniotic infection in premature rupture of the amniotic sac]. PMID- 6742361 TI - [Ultrasonic diagnosis in suspected cases of fetal malformation]. PMID- 6742363 TI - [Autonomic nervous system-induced gynecological diseases and their treatment with physical factors]. PMID- 6742364 TI - [Use of copper salt electrophoresis in secondary hypo-orchidism and hypo ovarianism]. PMID- 6742366 TI - [Automatic system for vaginal applications of therapeutic mud in gynecologic patients]. PMID- 6742367 TI - [Effect of mud therapy at Pomoriye on tubal and anovulatory sterility]. PMID- 6742368 TI - [Comparative results of balneotherapy with mineral water from the Vlasa and Chepino springs in Velingrad in women with nonspecific inflammatory gynecologic diseases and sterility]. PMID- 6742365 TI - [Treatment and prevention of colpitis with a preparation of anchialin]. PMID- 6742370 TI - [Combined thalassotherapy in sterility in women with genital hypoplasia]. PMID- 6742369 TI - [Treatment of inflammatory gynecologic diseases and sterility at Kyustendil health resort]. PMID- 6742371 TI - [Current indications and methods for combined thalassotherapy in gynecologic diseases]. PMID- 6742372 TI - [CIN (cervical intraepithelial neoplasia) in women under 25]. PMID- 6742373 TI - [Clinico-morphological characteristics of endometrial carcinoma based on autopsy data in the Institute of Oncology for 25 years (1955-1979)]. PMID- 6742374 TI - [Bacteriological sperm status of 1000 patients with chronic nonspecific prostatitis treated at the physiotherapy and balneotherapy clinic in Pomiriye]. PMID- 6742375 TI - [Combined hydatidiform mole and uterine myoma in the climacteric]. PMID- 6742376 TI - [Threatened premature labor in placenta praevia and magnesium deficiency]. PMID- 6742377 TI - [Hemangiopericytoma of the nasal fossa]. PMID- 6742378 TI - [Sinus injuries caused by giant cells: giant cell granuloma and giant cell tumor coexisting with Paget's disease of the cranium]. PMID- 6742379 TI - [Ossicular prosthesis in functional surgery of the ear (proplast, plastipore and ceramics). Clinical and audiometric results apropos of 214 cases]. PMID- 6742380 TI - [A case of tympanic protrusion]. PMID- 6742381 TI - [Cochlear injuries produced by different auditory stimuli]. PMID- 6742382 TI - Plasma catecholamine concentrations. The effects of infiltration with local analgesics and vasoconstrictors during nasal operations. AB - Plasma catecholamine concentrations were measured in 19 patients allocated randomly to receive submucous infiltration with 4 ml of either 0.5% lignocaine with adrenaline 1:200 000 or prilocaine 0.5% with octapressin 0.03 iu per ml. Venous blood samples were obtained before and at 2, 5, and 10 minutes following infiltration. Plasma adrenaline increased from 0.35 to 1.72 p mol/ml at 2 minutes infiltration with the former solution whilst there was little change in plasma noradrenaline concentration. No similar peak in adrenaline concentration occurred after infiltration with prilocaine/ octapressin solutions but with both solutions there was a small increase in plasma noradrenaline and adrenaline concentrations 10 minutes after infiltration, at the time of surgical stimulation. PMID- 6742383 TI - The oculocardiac reflex in adults. A dose response study of glycopyrrolate and atropine. AB - Ninety adult patients about to undergo strabismus surgery received glycopyrrolate or atropine intramuscularly. Three doses of each anticholinergic were studied. Cardiac rate and rhythm were recorded during halothane anaesthesia. The oculocardiac reflex, defined as a fall of 20% in heart rate during traction of the extraocular muscle was inhibited in a dose-dependent manner by the drugs studied. The potency ratio of glycopyrrolate to atropine according to the oculocardiac reflex was established as 1:2. PMID- 6742384 TI - Neurogenic pulmonary oedema. AB - Two young patients with head injuries subsequently developed neurogenic pulmonary oedema. The origin and pathways of the reflex response to cerebral trauma are discussed, with emphasis on the role of raised intracranial pressure and the sympathetic division of the autonomic nervous system in precipitating movement of systemic circulatory volume into the pulmonary circulation. Therapeutic measures are discussed which correct the progression of this condition by reducing intracranial pressure and blocking the systemic effects of autonomic reflex activity. This leads to the basis of a simple regime to treat future cases. PMID- 6742385 TI - Contamination of hypodermic needles in anaesthetic practice. AB - The study was undertaken to define and compare the incidence of bacterial contamination on opening three different types of hypodermic needle package. Four user groups were studied (anaesthetists, intensive care nurses, operating department assistants and medical laboratory scientific officers). Bacterial contamination was shown to occur and to be related to the type of needle packaging, the ratio of contamination incidence being similar in all four user groups. The results emphasize the importance of a careful opening technique when using sterile packaged hypodermic needles. PMID- 6742386 TI - Predicting the obstetric work-load. AB - The daily variation in the work-load of a maternity unit during 1982 was analysed. The data fitted the Poisson distribution quite well, which suggests that future work-loads can be predicted by this method. Other clinical data of a similar kind should be amenable to the same analysis. PMID- 6742387 TI - Isobaric bupivacaine for spinal anaesthesia in acute war injuries. AB - Twenty nine patients with acute war injuries of the lower limbs or perineum were anaesthetised with intrathecal bupivacaine. Eleven patients (38%) were shocked on arrival with systolic arterial blood pressures less than 90 mmHg; in three the blood pressure was unrecordable . All patients were resuscitated and ready for surgery within 30 minutes of arrival at the field hospital. Hypotension occurred two minutes after injection of bupivacaine in three of the eleven shocked patients, but was corrected with fluids and metaraminol without difficulty. Patients with a fever were found to be less likely to develop hypotension. The early onset of hypotension and the necessity for a head-down tilt gives bupivacaine a significant advantage over hyperbaric agents, and the technique can be recommended. PMID- 6742388 TI - Infusion analgesia for acute war injuries. A comparison of pentazocine and ketamine. AB - Continuous intravenous infusions of ketamine and pentazocine have been used to provide analgesia in 18 patients with acute war injuries. The drugs were given alternately. Both drugs produced effective pain relief, but the quality of analgesia was superior following pentazocine because of its sedative properties. Arterial blood pressure and respiratory rate were maintained following ketamine but tended to fall after pentazocine. It is suggested that ketamine would be the better agent in patients with hypovolaemia or respiratory depression. PMID- 6742389 TI - Intracranial pressure after phenoperidine. AB - The problem of sedating patients requiring prolonged controlled ventilation has recently received considerable attention. Various therapeutic regimes are available and there appears to be a general move away from the use of muscle relaxants towards sedative drugs. Phenoperidine is a popular agent for this purpose. One survey from a district general hospital reported that 66% of their ventilated intensive therapy unit patients received phenoperidine, either alone or as part of a sedation regime. However, enthusiasm for its use must be tempered by recent reports of cardiovascular collapse following its administration. We wish to report a case of intracranial hypertension following the use of phenoperidine in a ventilated patient with a severe head injury. PMID- 6742390 TI - Dantrolene sodium and dystrophia myotonica. AB - A patient with dystrophia myotonica was given dantrolene sodium to try to provide muscle relaxation during a cholecystectomy. Dantrolene was used as it is accepted that the drug has a place in the control of spasticity and also causes muscle relaxation, whereas conventional muscle relaxants are unable to control myotonia of muscle origin. Dantrolene alone did not provide good enough intubating and operating conditions in this subject. Later studies showed that, after dantrolene, EMG recordings from the patient were not significantly altered, although an impression of a slight increase in the myotonic potentials was gained. PMID- 6742391 TI - A modified blood microfilter. PMID- 6742392 TI - Accumulation of thymol in halothane vaporizers. AB - Thymol may accumulate in halothane vaporizers and influence their accuracy. We determined the thymol concentration in residual liquid halothane of 28 vaporizers in regular use. Two halothane samples were brownish, probably due to a long exposure to light and irregular drainage. Irregularly drained vaporizers contained higher thymol concentrations than those drained weekly (p less than 0.05). The highest individual thymol concentration was 19 times that found in fresh halothane. Halothane vapour concentration deviated most from setting in Fluotec Mark II vaporizers, but this did not correlate with thymol concentrations in halothane liquid. The need for weekly drainage and regular service of halothane vaporizers is stressed. PMID- 6742393 TI - Forum. A comparison between the midline and paramedian approaches to the extradural space. AB - A prospective, randomised study was devised to compare the midline and paramedian approaches to the extradural space in women during labour. The two approaches were equally successful with respect to catheter insertion and analgesia and had a similar incidence of complications, although the paramedian approach caused patients more discomfort. Since only 2 ml of 1% lignocaine with adrenaline were infiltrated prior to insertion of the Tuohy needle, a greater volume of the local anaesthetic may reduce the discomfort of using the paramedian approach. PMID- 6742394 TI - A comparison of midazolam and diazepam for intravenous sedation in dentistry. AB - In a randomised cross-over trial, midazolam, a new water soluble benzodiazepine was compared with the conventional diazepam preparation (Valium) in 34 patients aged 16-45 years who were undergoing outpatient conservation dentistry. Midazolam hydrochloride (0.17 mg/kg) was virtually free of venous complications and showed advantages over diazepam (0.32 mg/kg) in providing a faster onset of action, higher incidence of amnesia and more rapid recovery. Midazolam produced a higher incidence of respiratory side effects hiccough (17.6% compared with 2.9%), brief apnoea following induction (11.8% compared with 5.8%), and airway obstruction during maintenance (8.8% compared with 0%). These may be related to the greater potency of midazolam as suggested by the smaller total dose required. Cardiovascular changes and operating conditions were similar. PMID- 6742395 TI - An assessment of the Humphrey ADE anaesthetic system in the Mapleson A mode during spontaneous ventilation. AB - The Humphrey ADE anaesthetic breathing system in the Mapleson A mode has been compared with the Magill system in spontaneously breathing conscious volunteers and anaesthetised patients. In the latter, rebreathing occurred at a significantly lower fresh gas flow with the ADE system than when the Magill system was used (mean 45.6 ml/kg/minute and 56.5 ml/kg/minute respectively). There was no significant difference between the fresh gas flow at which rebreathing occurred in conscious volunteers. PMID- 6742396 TI - Intensive care patients in district hospitals. A case for transfer? AB - Patients, admitted and primarily treated in a rural hospital, who required varying periods of intensive care management have been reviewed. The criteria for transfer of such patients to more specialised units and the hazards associated with ambulance travel are discussed. We describe measures to reduce these hazards and also a scheme for more uniform documentation and follow-up of such cases by the anaesthetist involved in primary care. PMID- 6742397 TI - Cardiac output in caesarean section. PMID- 6742398 TI - Epidural analgesia and anticoagulant therapy. PMID- 6742399 TI - Percutaneous nitrous oxide loss during surgery for major burns. PMID- 6742400 TI - Convulsions after enflurane. PMID- 6742401 TI - Factors associated with survival and eventual cerebral status following cardiac arrest. PMID- 6742402 TI - Unexplained pain during epidural anaesthesia. PMID- 6742403 TI - Dural puncture via the sacral hiatus. PMID- 6742404 TI - Bupivacaine intravenous regional anaesthesia and resuscitation. PMID- 6742405 TI - Suicides amongst anaesthetists-in-training. PMID- 6742406 TI - Separation of radioiodinated angiotensins by chromatofocusing in minicolumns. AB - Angiotensins I, II, and III (AI, AII, AIII) and Saralasin (Sar1-Ala8-AII) were labeled with 125I and separated from the nonlabeled forms on minicolumns (a Pasteur pipet ) of chromatofocusing medium. At low ionic strength, 125I-labeled angiotensins could be eluted with Polybuffer or a piperazine-histidine buffer at their approximate isoelectric points, while nonlabeled angiotensins remained adsorbed to the column and required 1 mol X liter-1 NaCl for elution. The 125I labeled angiotensins prepared by this method were bound by antibodies (AI) and adrenal receptors (AII, Saralasin) to an extent similar to angiotensins prepared by DEAE-Sephadex A-25 chromatography. This new method of preparing radioiodinated angiotensins is rapid (15 min), inexpensive, and requires no fraction-collecting equipment. PMID- 6742407 TI - Fractionation of mammalian tissue mRNAs by high-performance gel filtration chromatography. AB - Total RNA was prepared from the free polysomes of bovine adrenal cortex and fractionated by high-performance gel filtration chromatography using a TSK-GEL G4000SW or G5000PW column. The former column gave better separation of 28 and 18 S rRNA than did the latter column when a suitable elution condition was selected. The separation of mRNAs by gel filtration chromatography was examined by in vitro translation of the fractionated RNA samples, and the fractionation of mRNAs roughly according to their sizes was confirmed. Significant enrichment of the mRNA of cytochrome P-450(SCC), whose in vitro-synthesized peptide had a molecular weight of 55,000, was achieved. PMID- 6742408 TI - Determination of plasma heparin by polybrene neutralization. AB - A method for determining heparin activity (in unit/ml) in human plasma is described. The method is based on neutralization of heparin by Polybrene , a polymerized quaternary ammonium salt. It uses serial incubations of plasma with increasing amounts of Polybrene in conjunction with thrombin-induced coagulation times to define the amount of Polybrene required to neutralize heparin in the sample. Reference curves involve linear relationships between amounts of Polybrene required to neutralize known amounts of heparin. Coefficients of variation for the assay vary from 4 to 10% over the range of 0.05 to 1.0 unit/ml. PMID- 6742409 TI - Measurement of uric acid, ascorbic acid, and related metabolites in biological fluids. AB - A rapid and quantitative method for the simultaneous measurement of uric acid, ascorbic acid, and related metabolites in biological fluids is described. This method makes use of anion-exchange extraction columns to isolate the desired compounds from a wide range of biological fluids, and anion-exchange HPLC with ultraviolet detection for their separation and measurement. By this procedure the contents of uric and ascorbic acids in human serum and urine were estimated. Furthermore, the oxidation of uric acid to allantoin and ascorbic acid to dehydroascorbic acid could be readily monitored. PMID- 6742410 TI - An apparatus for sequentially combining microvolumes of reagents by infrasonic mixing. AB - A method employing high-speed infrasonic mixing for obtaining timed samples for following the progress of a moderately rapid chemical reaction is described. Drops of 10 to 50 microliter each of two reagents are mixed to initiate the reaction, followed, after a measured time interval, by mixing with a drop of a third reagent to quench the reaction. The method was developed for measuring the rate of denaturation of covalently closed, circular DNA in NaOH at several temperatures. For this purpose the timed samples were analyzed by analytical ultracentrifugation. The apparatus was tested by determination of the rate of hydrolysis of 2,4-dinitrophenyl acetate in an alkaline buffer. The important characteristics of the method are (i) it requires very small volumes of sample and reagents; (ii) the components of the reaction mixture are pre-equilibrated and mixed with no transfer outside the prescribed constant temperature environment; (iii) the mixing is very rapid; and (iv) satisfactorily precise measurements of relatively short time intervals (approximately 2 sec minimum) between sequential mixings of the components are readily obtainable. PMID- 6742411 TI - Natural protease inhibitors: qualitative and quantitative assay by fibrinogen agarose electrophoresis. AB - An electrophoretic procedure for the qualitative and quantitative assay of protein protease inhibitors is reported. This assay is particularly suited for investigations of crude biological materials when specific antisera are not available. The supporting medium consists of agarose into which denatured fibrinogen is incorporated as the substrate for proteases. The processing then is divided into two steps: (1) electrophoretic resolution of the inhibitor containing material and (2) detection of the inhibitor bands through their protease inhibiting activity. The inhibitor position is thus made visible as a colored band of denatured fibrinogen which has escaped digestion by protease. By electrophoretic separation of multiple copies of a sample of biological fluid followed by soaking each of them in the solution of a distinct protease, the enzyme specificity of a particular inhibitor band can easily be established. The bands can in selected cases be quantitated accurately by densitometry and the inhibitor activity thus determined using a reference serum calibrated with Trasylol as a standard. The activity of alpha-1-protease inhibitor in healthy horses is reported. PMID- 6742412 TI - Simultaneous determination of plasma retinol, alpha-tocopherol, lycopene, alpha carotene, and beta-carotene by high-performance liquid chromatography. AB - Reverse-phase high-performance liquid chromatography was used for the simultaneous determination of retinol, alpha-tocopherol, lycopene, alpha carotene, and beta-carotene in human plasma. A multiple solvent system of methanol followed by a mixture of methanol:acetonitrile:chloroform (47:42:11) provided clear separation of these compounds. With retinyl acetate as an internal standard, standard curves were developed for each compound on the basis of peak area ratios. The coefficient of variation was less than 10% in all cases within a run. Between-run reproducibility was within +/- 2 standard deviations. The method required 100 to 200 microliter of plasma and 16 min of elution time per sample. Stability studies showed plasma samples could be stored at -10 degrees C with occasional freeze-thaw cycles for 3 to 5 weeks. This method should prove useful in clinical and epidemiological work. PMID- 6742413 TI - A direct method for determination of the time integral of corticosterone availability in interstitial fluid of rats. AB - A novel method for direct determination of the time integral of free corticosterone levels in interstitial fluid was used to measure corticosterone availability at rest and during free-operant shock-avoidance (SA) training in male rats. The method employs a subcutaneously implanted device to continuously accumulate the free hormone at a rate proportional to local concentration. The proportional rate of accumulation is maintained by providing mass-action corticosterone binding capacity within the device such that the device establishes a diffusion gradient for free corticosterone. The rate of uptake is limited so as to avoid disturbing equilibrium between free and bound hormone in the environment of the device. Corticosterone accumulation increased to 3 X baseline during SA and was dexamethasone suppressible. These findings demonstrate the utility of a method uniquely combining specific measurement of free hormone with time integration to yield estimates of hormone availability during behavioral performance by an untethered subject. The method is suggested to be applicable to measurement of an extremely wide variety of drugs and hormones, under generally nonconstraining conditions. PMID- 6742414 TI - Simplex optimization in biochemistry: application of the method in two-phase partition. AB - Partition in aqueous two-phase systems should have great potentialities for studies of biological material. However, the general use of the method has probably been hindered by the difficulties in finding the composition of two phase systems with desired qualities. Experimental design has proved to be of immense value for optimization in many different areas and should also be useful in selecting the best possible two-phase system. Therefore the simplex method has been applied to the search for the composition of an aqueous two-phase system in which the partition behavior of filamentous actin and human spectrin differ as much as possible. PMID- 6742415 TI - Separation and quantitation of perbenzoylated glucocerebroside and galactocerebroside by high-performance liquid chromatography. AB - Perbenzoylated gluco- and galactocerebrosides were separated and quantitated with a modification of existing HPLC methodology. A linear gradient of 0.9-18.4% dioxane in hexane was used to separate the derivatives on a pellicular silica column heated to 65 degrees C. The elevated temperature was the major modification that permitted the separation. This system was compared to a previously reported silica column/isopropanol in hexane system. PMID- 6742416 TI - Quantitation of hydroxyproline isomers in acid hydrolysates by high-performance liquid chromatography. AB - A method has been developed to rapidly separate and quantitate levels of hydroxy L-proline isomers in tissue hydrolysates. The procedure incorporates derivatization of the imino acids with 7-chloro-4-nitrobenzo-2-oxa-1,3-diazole chloride followed by separation by high-performance liquid chromatography employing two C18 reverse-phase columns connected in series. Conditions for the derivatization procedure have been optimized for the selective reactivity of imino acids. The derivatized imino acid fractions are then quantitated spectrophotometrically at 495 nm. Using this technique, quantities above 40 pmol are readily detected for trans-4-hydroxyl-L-proline, trans-3-hydroxyl-L-proline, proline, and other imino acid analogs. The method is applicable to a wide range of clinical and experimental tissues. PMID- 6742417 TI - Identification of hydrogen selenide and other volatile selenols by derivatization with 1-fluoro-2,4-dinitrobenzene. AB - A procedure is described for the trapping and identification of hydrogen selenide and methyl selenol ( CH3SeH ). The volatile selenols were generated by reducing selenious acid or dimethyldiselenide with Zn dust and hydrochloric acid under a stream of nitrogen and passing into a trapping solution composed of 50 mM 1 fluoro-2,4-dinitrobenzene plus 83 mM sodium bicarbonate in 67% dimethylformamide:33% water. The selenols react rapidly to form stable dinitrophenyl (DNP) selenoethers that can be extracted into benzene; these are easily identified by TLC, HPLC, or mass spectrometry. Hydrogen selenide is trapped in 90-99% yield, primarily as the di-DNP- monoselenide with a trace of di DNP- diselenide . PMID- 6742418 TI - Assay of mouse liver uroporphyrinogen decarboxylase by reverse-phase high performance liquid chromatography. AB - A method for the estimation of hepatic uroporphyrinogen decarboxylase activity employing reverse-phase HPLC is described. Mouse liver homogenate in 0.25 M sucrose was pretreated with a suspension of cellulose phosphate and then centrifuged to remove hemoglobin and debris. The supernatant was used as the enzyme source. Incubations were acidified, oxidized, and centrifuged only before analysis of the porphyrins formed, using a Spherisorb ODS column and a gradient solvent system constructed from methanol/lithium citrate mixtures. Coproporphyrinogen formation by BALB/c mouse liver supernatant was estimated as about 5.0 and 9.1 pmol/min/mg protein from uroporphyrinogens I and III, respectively, at 10 microM substrate concentration and pH 6.8. Decarboxylation of pentacarboxyporphyrinogens (the last step in coproporphyrinogen formation) proved to be easily measured. Coproporphyrinogen formation from pentacarboxyporphyrinogen III abd (20 microM) at pH 6.8 was about 109 pmol/min/mg protein. Pentacarboxyporphyrinogen I was not as good a substrate as III abd but was decarboxylated faster at pH 5.4 than at 6.8, and at the lower pH and at 10 microM concentration of substrate 42 pmol of coproporphyrinogen was formed/min/mg protein. These results compared favorably with those obtained by previously published procedures involving time-consuming extraction and esterification steps. PMID- 6742419 TI - Organic extraction of Pi with isobutanol/toluene. AB - Direct determination of [32P]Pi by organic extraction is an efficient and versatile method for assaying phosphoprotein and phosphopeptide phosphatases and ATPases. Analysis of free [32P]Pi by the procedure of J. B. Martin and D. M. Doty [(1949) Anal. Chem. 21, 965-967] has been modified to employ isobutanol/toluene in place of isobutanol/benzene. Extraction with either toluene or xylene equaled that with benzene. A complete characterization of the extraction procedure, which has been scaled down to a volume suitable for most enzyme assays, shows that it is accurate, rapid, and sensitive to as little as 1 pmol [32P]Pi. The phosphomolybdate complex is extracted reproducibly and quantitatively in the absence and presence of protein (1-8 mg/ml). In addition, sample volumes of 4 to 100 microliter were extracted with equal efficiency. Benzene offers no advantages over toluene and presents a considerably greater health risk. The experiments demonstrate conclusively that toluene can and should be employed in place of benzene in the organic extraction of Pi. PMID- 6742420 TI - Purification of bacterial L-methionine gamma-lyase. AB - A rapid procedure for the purification of L-methionine gamma-lyase from Pseudomonas putida ICR 3460 by DEAE- TOYOPEARL 650M and DEAE-Sephadex A-50 column chromatography is presented. The enzyme was purified with an average yield of 75% and showed about 10-fold higher specific activity than the enzyme from P. putida (= P. ovalis) IFO 3738 reported previously (H. Tanaka, N. Esaki , and K. Soda (1976) FEBS Lett. 66, 307-311). The present enzyme has a molecular weight of about 172,000 and consists of four subunits with identical molecular weights (43,000). It shows the typical absorption spectrum of pyridoxal enzyme with maxima at 278 and 420 nm, and contains 4 mol of pyridoxal 5'-phosphate per mole of enzyme. The enzyme has a multicatalytic function similar to the enzyme of P. putida IFO 3738 (K. Soda, H. Tanaka, and N. Esaki (1983) Trends Biochem. Sci. 8, 214-217). PMID- 6742421 TI - Solid-phase optoelectronic sensors for biochemical analysis. AB - Simple solid-phase optoelectronic sensors for penicillin, urea, and glucose are described. Triphenylmethane dyes such as bromcresol green and bromthymol blue were derivatized with glutathione and co-immobilized with appropriate enzymes to a transparent membrane sandwiched between a red-light-emitting diode and a silicon photodiode with integral amplifier. In the presence of the corresponding substrates, catalytic action in the enzyme-dye membrane perturbs the local pH and causes characteristic color changes in the membrane which are monitored as a rise or fall in the output voltage of the detector system. With enzymes such as penicillinase, urease, and glucose oxidase, the response of the optoelectronic sensors is extremely reproducible over the concentration range 0-10 mM penicillin G, urea, or D-glucose, respectively. This report describes the construction and operation of these simple, inexpensive, and reagentless optoelectronic sensors. PMID- 6742422 TI - Synthesis of L-2-oxothiazolidine-4-carboxylic acid. AB - An improved synthesis of L-2- oxothiazolidine -4-carboxylic acid is described. The new procedure, which leads to excellent yields of product, does not require the use of phosgene. The new method is thus less hazardous than the original one, and is readily adaptable to the preparation of 35S-labeled product. PMID- 6742423 TI - Analysis of ligand-binding data by lambda invariance testing. AB - A method for analyzing data for one or two classes of homogeneous binding sites is presented. It uses moments of exponentially depressed data. From these the binding parameters are calculated as a function of the depression. The estimated binding constants are given by those values for which the parameters are extrema. The method needs no starting guesses for the parameters since it calculates them instead of fitting them by minimizing an objective function. The method is quick; it provides estimated binding constants with good precision and verifies the number of classes by a component incrementation test. PMID- 6742424 TI - Stability of perfluorocarbon blood substitutes determined by sedimentation field flow fractionation. AB - It is shown that the method known as sedimentation field-flow fractionation, which has been applied to the separation and characterization of many industrial and biological particles and recently to emulsions, can be used to obtain high resolution droplet diameter profiles for perfluorocarbon blood substitutes. Following a description of the methodology, experiments are described for two commercial perfluorocarbon emulsions, Fluosol-DA 20% and Fluosol-43. The droplet diameter profiles for both of these blood substitutes are shown to shift to noticeably higher diameter values in less than 2 months. The diameter at the profile peak for Fluosol-DA 20%, for example, shifts from 0.19 to 0.27 micron in 56 days. PMID- 6742425 TI - A twin titration microcalorimeter for the study of biochemical reactions. AB - A small-volume (200 microliter) titration calorimeter of high sensitivity (1 mu cal ) has been developed for the purpose of studying biochemical reactions where the amounts of material are limited to a few nanomoles. High sensitivity is achieved by calorimetric twining , use of glass cells, elimination of vapor space, effective low-energy stirring, and reduction of measurement time. The calorimeter operates using the heat conduction principal with computer-controlled electrical compensation, which reduces the measurement time of each point from 10 to 3 min. This reduction in time is accompanied by a corresponding increase in the precision of measurement. The use of the calorimeter is demonstrated by a measurement of the heat of oxygenation of hemocyanin. PMID- 6742426 TI - Quantitative surface studies of protein adsorption by infrared spectroscopy. I. Correction for bulk concentrations. AB - A method for correcting attenuated total reflectance (ATR) infrared spectra of surface-adsorbed proteins for the contribution of proteins in the bulk solution has been demonstrated. This procedure estimates the soluble protein contribution to the ir spectra from parameters determined from transmission experiments, and uses the absorbance of the water band in ATR as an internal reference. Based on this procedure, the soluble protein contribution to the total spectrum is estimated to range from approximately 3% for IgG or albumin in solution at 1 mg/ml, to approximately 35% when whole blood (from sheep) is adsorbed onto a 45 degrees germanium ATR crystal. PMID- 6742427 TI - Measurement of human activated factor X-antithrombin complex by an enzyme-linked differential-antibody immunosorbent assay. AB - An enzyme-linked immunoabsorbent assay (ELISA) has been developed for the measurement of the complex of human antithrombin and Factor Xa. Rabbit anti-human Factor X antibodies are adsorbed to ELISA plates, and samples containing Xa antithrombin complex are added. This is followed by the addition of F(ab')2 fragments of rabbit antibodies against human antithrombin, previously labeled with alkaline phosphatase, and subsequent measurement of the bound labeled antibody by hydrolysis of p-nitrophenylphosphate. The minimum level of complex detectable in a sample is ca. 0.1 nM. The assay has been used to follow the generation of Xa-antithrombin complex in kinetic situations by the addition of 1 microM Ile-Glu-Gly-Arg-chloro- methylketone to the ELISA sampling buffer, and it has also been used in plasma systems, where a 20-fold reduction in the sensitivity of the assay is observed. This reduction was shown to be entirely caused by the plasma Factor X. The assay has been used to follow generation of the Xa-antithrombin complex in defibrinated plasma upon activation of the clotting system with the Factor X-activating protein of Russell's Viper venom, and has been compared with the total generation of Factor Xa, measured by a radiopeptide assay of Factor X activation in the same mixtures. PMID- 6742429 TI - Analysis of antifreeze glycoproteins in fish serum. AB - A procedure utilizing high-pressure size-exclusion chromatography that permits rapid screening for both the types of components present in and the quantity of antifreeze glycoprotein in fish serum or solution is described. The applicability of the method is demonstrated by a comparative study of five different fish species, four of which contain the antifreeze glycoprotein and one which does not contain this protein. The antifreeze glycoprotein compositions of two fish of the same species, collected at different locations or under different environmental conditions, are also compared. A linear molecular-weight versus elution-volume function is established for both standard native proteins and the antifreeze glycoproteins, but these two lines do not coincide. The differences in tertiary structure between the antifreeze glycoproteins and normal proteins are presented as an explanation for the nonequivalence of calibration lines. PMID- 6742428 TI - Preparation of alkylamine and 125I-radiolabeled derivatives of hyaluronic acid uniquely modified at the reducing end. AB - Present procedures to obtain radiolabeled hyaluronic acid derivatives are limited to low-specific-activity isotopes and small amounts of material, and often involve multiple points of chemical modification within the polymer. A synthesis has been developed which affords large quantities of a unique, chemically modified derivative of hyaluronic acid containing a single hydroxyphenyl group at the reducing end, which can be radioiodinated to high specific activity. Very little alteration in oligosaccharide structure is expected since only the terminal reducing sugar is modified. Oligosaccharides of hyaluronic acid, which have no free amino groups, were first converted to alkylamine derivatives to allow subsequent reaction with the Bolton-Hunter reagent, N-succinimidyl-3(4 hydroxyphenyl)propionate. Synthesis of the hyaluronate-amine was achieved by (i) reduction of the terminal reducing sugar with sodium borohydride, (ii) controlled sodium periodate oxidation to generate an aldehyde group only at the reduced end, and (iii) coupling this aldehyde to an alpha,omega- alkyldiamine (e.g., 1,6- hexanediamine ) in the presence of sodium cyanoborohydride. Purified hyaluronate amine oligosaccharides were then reacted with the Bolton-Hunter reagent, and the hydroxyphenyl derivative thus obtained was radioiodinated with Na125I. Specific activities up to 8 X 10(9) cpm/nmol oligosaccharide can be obtained. This approach yields a uniquely modified, highly radioactive probe which will be useful in studies of cellular and extracellular matrix interactions with hyaluronic acid. In addition, the uniquely modified alkylamine derivative of hyaluronic acid has been used to prepare affinity chromatography media and synthetic cell culture surfaces. PMID- 6742430 TI - Measurement of pectin methylation in plant cell walls. AB - A procedure was developed to measure the degree of pectin methylation in small samples of isolated cell walls from nonlignified plant tissues or pectin solutions. Galacturonic acid was determined colorimetrically with the 3,5 dimethylphenol reagent. Methylation was measured by base hydrolysis of galacturonic acid methyl esters, followed by gas chromatographic determination of released methanol. Estimates of the precision of analysis of pectin and cell wall samples were made. The coefficient of variation for estimates of the pectin esterification in cell walls isolated from 10-g samples of cucumber tissue ranged from 7.7 to 13.2%. PMID- 6742431 TI - Application of polyethyleneimine cellulose for the class separation of steroidal carboxylic acids from neutral steroids and pigments in urine. AB - Metabolites of corticosteroids that contain the 21-oic acid moiety are found in human urine. The acids from neutral steroids and urinary pigments have been separated by passing the mixture through a column of polyethyleneimine cellulose. The acids adhering to the column are quantitatively eluted with dilute formic acid. The purified preparation is suitable for derivatization and chromatographic analysis. PMID- 6742432 TI - Nonaqueous fractionation of HeLa cells in glycols. AB - A further modification of Behrens ' method of nonaqueous cell fractionation, using glycols as media for homogenization and centrifugation, was presented. HeLa cells were frozen in melting Freon-12 ( CCl2F2 ), dried under vacuum at -30 degrees C, sonicated in hexylene glycol at -35 degrees C, and centrifuged through either propylene glycol or a mixture of the two glycols at -40 degrees C. The centrifugation yielded a nuclear pellet and a cytoplasmic supernatant. The supernatant was recentrifuged at -10 degrees C, yielding a cytoplasmic pellet. The success of the method depended on the temperature-dependent viscosities of the glycols and on the aggregation properties of cell structures in cold glycols. The allowed ranges of low temperatures were critical but not difficult to use; methods are given for sonication and for centrifugation. The two pellet fractions together contained 90% or more of cellular proteins and nucleic acids. Distribution of [3H]uridine-labeled nucleic acids showed that the first pellet (nuclei) contained over 95% of the nuclear markers, DNA, and ribosomal RNA precursors, plus about 10% of the cytoplasmic marker, 18 S ribosomal RNA. The cytoplasmic pellet contained less than 5% of the nuclear markers. Two enzyme activities were tested; DNA polymerase, a mostly soluble nuclear marker frequently eluted in aqueous fractionation, and lactate dehydrogenase, a cytoplasmic marker. The two enzymes each lost activity in propylene glycol but not in a mixture of 90% hexylene glycol and 10% propylene glycol, so the glycol mixture was used as a centrifugation medium when studying enzymes. The glycol mixture sometimes gave more cytoplasmic material, up to 20% of the 18 S ribosomal RNA, in the nuclear pellet. The fractionation showed, as expected, that DNA polymerase activity was 95% nuclear and lactate dehydrogenase activity was more than 68% cytoplasmic. The concentration of cytoplasmic material afforded by the glycol method allowed the detection of a small amount (approx. 5%) of DNA polymerase activity not associated with nuclei. The chief reason for use of the glycol method instead of other methods of cell fractionation is that easily solubilized cellular material can be recovered in concentrated pellet form in the appropriate nuclear or cytoplasmic fraction. PMID- 6742433 TI - Oxygraphic assay of 3,4-dihydroxyphenylalanine decarboxylase activity by coupled reaction with free and immobilized serum amine oxidase. AB - An oxygraphic method for the assay of 3,4-dihydroxyphenylalanine (Dopa) decarboxylase activity which makes use of the coupled reactions of Dopa decarboxylase with serum amine oxidase is presented. Both free and immobilized amine oxidases were utilized. The assay is simple, rapid, and allows a continuous monitoring of the reaction. The kinetic parameters for Dopa decarboxylase obtained with the coupled assay do not significantly differ from those obtained by standard methods. PMID- 6742434 TI - Fast atom bombardment combined with tandem mass spectrometry for the determination of cyclic peptides. PMID- 6742435 TI - Preconcentration and multicomponent chromatographic determination of biological carbonyl compounds. PMID- 6742436 TI - Theoretical and practical limitations on the optimization of amperometric detectors. PMID- 6742438 TI - Analysis of blood serum for essential metals by simultaneous multielement atomic absorption spectrometry with flame atomization. PMID- 6742437 TI - Pulsed-accelerated-flow spectrometer with integrating observation for measurement of rapid rates of reaction. PMID- 6742439 TI - o-Phthalaldehyde derivatives of amines for high-speed liquid chromatography/electrochemistry. PMID- 6742440 TI - Instrument database system and application to mass spectrometry/mass spectrometry. PMID- 6742441 TI - Linked gas chromatography/Fourier transform infrared/Fourier transform mass spectrometry with integrated electron impact and chemical ionization. PMID- 6742442 TI - Comparison of attenuated total reflectance and photoacoustic sampling for surface analysis of polymer mixtures by Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy. PMID- 6742443 TI - Determination of aluminum in hemodialysis concentrates by electrothermal atomic absorption spectrometry. PMID- 6742444 TI - Spectrophotometric determination of certain cephalosporins with ninhydrin. PMID- 6742445 TI - Determination of phenylpropanolamine hydrochloride as benzaldehyde in pharmaceutical preparations using normal-phase high-performance liquid chromatography. PMID- 6742446 TI - Polarographic behaviour and determination of nitrofurantoin, chloramphenicol and related compounds. PMID- 6742447 TI - Improved spectrophotometric method for the determination of thiram residues in grains. PMID- 6742448 TI - Assay of mebendazole in tablets by high-performance liquid chromatography. PMID- 6742449 TI - Reciprocal connections between the claustrum and the gyrus sigmoideus posterior in the cat. An experimental study using the antegrade degeneration methods and the HRP retrograde axonal transport. AB - Following coagulation lesions affecting the gyrus sigmoideus posterior we investigated the termination field of the cortico-claustral projection using impregnation techniques (NAUTA, GYGAX 1954; FINK, HEIMER 1967). Preterminal and terminal fragments of the degenerating axons were identified ipsilaterally on the dorsal and lateral margins of the claustrum dorsale in the rostral half of the nucleus. Labeled neurons were found ipsilaterally within the claustrum dorsale, in the termination field of the cortico-claustral projection rising from the gyrus sigmoideus posterior following injections of HRP (Sigma VI) into the gyrus sigmoideus posterior. There are reciprocal connections between the dorsolateral region of the claustrum dorsale and the cortex of the gyrus sigmoideus posterior. A prevailing number of the HRP-positive neurons of the claustrum are located in the termination field of the particular cortico-claustral projection. The discussion deals with some problems concerning the cortico-claustral and claustro cortical projections and presents opinions as to the functional significance of the claustrum. PMID- 6742450 TI - The morphological changes in the sarcomeres of frog sartorius. I. Muscles contracting against heavy loads. AB - The morphological changes in the sarcomeres of frog sartorii heavily loaded with 600 times muscle weight and fixed in the inactive and in the actively contracting states were studied in longitudinal electron micrographs. The sarcomere in actively contracting muscles, but not in the inactive ones, assumed a distinctive barrel shape which was referrable to the interaction of thick myofilaments distal ends, normally beyond interaction range because of their tapered structure, with thin myofilaments in an attempt to generate maximal force. PMID- 6742451 TI - An ultrastructural study on the "meconium corpuscles" in rat foetal intestinal epithelium with particular reference to apoptosis. AB - During the embryonic development of the intestine, programmed deletion of epithelial cells plays a vital role in the formation of secondary lumina and of villi. Electron microscopy shows that this deletion is effected by apoptosis, a distinctive mode of cellular death recently recognised as being implicated in normal tissue involution in the adult, as well as during intrauterine development. The process involves cellular condensation and budding to form membrane-bounded apoptotic bodies containing well-preserved organelles. These are then either engulfed by neighbouring principal cells or sloughed off into the intestinal lumen. Engulfed apoptotic bodies that show various degrees of lysosomal degradation have previously been referred to as "meconium corpuscles". PMID- 6742452 TI - Experimental study on embryogenesis of congenital diaphragmatic hernia. AB - The purpose of this study was to determine whether hypoplasia of the lung bud might be responsible for cases of congenital diaphragmatic hernia (CDH). The lung bud normally develops in close association with the posthepatic mesenchymal plate ( PHMP ). The PHMP appears dorsal to the liver or on the ventral aspect of the pleuroperitoneal canal when the lung bud enters the pleuroperitoneal canal. Later, the PHMP grows to join the costal mesenchymal tissue via the pleuroperitoneal fold, thereby forming the primitive diaphragm. The present study found that the PHMP plays a cardinal role in the development of the diaphragm and that hypoplasia of the lung bud preceded hypoplasia of the PHMP in mice with CDH produced by the administration of Nitrofen to their pregnant mothers. This, along with findings related to the development of the phrenic nerve, makes it possible that pulmonary hypoplasia is a causal factor in the origin of congenital diaphragmatic hernia. PMID- 6742454 TI - Morphogenesis of the special circular muscle layer and of the interstitial cells of Cajal related to the plexus muscularis profundus of mouse intestinal muscle coat. An E.M. study. AB - The morphogenesis of the special layer and the interstitial cells of Cajal (ICC) related to the plexus muscularis profundus (PMP) of mouse intestinal muscle coat has been studied in foetuses at term, neonates not yet fed, suckling animals, weaning animals and adult animals. In foetuses at term, the special layer is absent, but presumed myoblasts of this layer are recognized in the tela submucosa facing the developing circular layer. The ICC, too, are not differentiated and presumed ICC-blasts are tentatively identified in submucosal cells related to nerve fibers. These nerve fibers are considered to belong to the developing PMP. In neonates, the special layer, ICC and PMP are recognizable, but are made up of poorly differentiated elements. In suckling animals, these three structures develop but become almost fully differentiated only at the end of the weaning period, whereas the other components of the muscular coat are already developed. PMID- 6742453 TI - The ultrastructure of the developing inner and outer segments of the photoreceptors of chick embryo retina as revealed by the rapid-freezing and deep etching techniques. AB - The ultrastructure of retina cell receptors of chick embryos and of one to three week old chicks was examined paying special attention to the membrane structure of receptor discs, mitochondria, cell membrane and other cell organelles, such as the endoplasmic reticulum and the Golgi apparatus. The retinas were rapid-frozen with a liquid-propane jet, deep-etched, and rotary-shadowed replicas produced. The structure of the photolamellae membranes is asymmetrical. The fracture faces showed a smooth (E-face) and a rough (P-face) surface. Both true surfaces ( interdiscal and intradiscal) were also observable by deep-etching. Transverse fractures of the discs showed the globular structure of their membrane. Spherical or polyhedral particles, probably rhodopsin-associated particles, occupying the width of the membrane are 12 nm in diameter and are constituted by 6 subunits of 1.5-2.0 nm arranged around a channel. These particles seem to extend into the membrane of the photolamellae during the last days of incubation and were also found in variable positions in the width of the disc membrane. When observed in transversal fractures of the photolamellae , they were sometimes seen to protrude into the collapsed intradiscal space and into the cytoplasmic surface. Filament like or particulate structures connect the discs both to each other and to the cell membrane. During development a relationship between the forming discs and the cell membrane was not observed. The mitochondria aggregated in the ellipsoid are connected by filament-like structures that form during development of the inner segment. The structure of the inner cristae membrane of the mitochondria is characterized by the presence of stalked particles as previously described by Fern andez -Moran (1961) using negative staining. An intracristal space is not present. The fracture of the receptor cell membrane shows a particulate cytoplasmic half with particle-free patches. The glycogen granula situated in the cytoplasm between the smooth ER cisternae show a rosette-like composition. PMID- 6742455 TI - Histochemical and ultrastructural study on the innervation of human and porcine atrio-ventricular valves. AB - The presence of nerve fibers was investigated in porcine and human atrio ventricular valves by AChE technique, formaldehyde-induced fluorescence, en bloc silver and gold chloride impregnation and electron microscopy. Elaborate nerve plexuses were observed in every leaflet and in some chordae tendineae of all the samples examined, without significant species differences in the pattern of innervation. The presence of a sensory innervation was inferred from the demonstration, in whole mount samples processed for acetylcholinesterase, of thick myelinated nerve fibers and of endings with dot-like or brush-like appearance. Moreover the results of the combined histochemical and ultrastructural methods showed the existence of both cholinergic and adrenergic efferent nerve fibers. Nerve varicosities with clear or dense-cored vesicles were frequently observed in proximity to blood vessels and to cardiac and smooth muscle bundles, which therefore can be considered as the targets of the efferent nerve supply. The complex pattern of the innervation herein demonstrated suggests the existence of a nervous control of valvular function through the regulation of contractile elements. PMID- 6742456 TI - Cerebellar connections in Xenopus laevis. An HRP study. AB - In the present study the cerebellar afferents in the clawed toad Xenopus laevis have been analysed with the horseradish peroxidase (HRP) technique. In addition, data on the efferent connections of the cerebellum could be gathered, based on the phenomenon of anterograde transport of HRP. Cerebellar afferents in Xenopus laevis appear to arise mainly in the vestibular nuclear complex, in a primordial inferior olive and in the spinal cord. Both primary (arising in the ipsilateral vestibular ganglion) and secondary vestibulocerebellar projections were found. A distinct crossed olivocerebellar projection to the molecular layer of the cerebellum was found. Two spinocerebellar pathways are present in Xenopus laevis, as in other anurans, viz. an ipsilateral dorsal spinocerebellar tract, presumably arising in dorsal root ganglion cells, and a larger ventral pathway, bilaterally arising in the spinal gray matter. The latter tract mainly originates in the ventrolateral and ventromedial spinal fields. Furthermore, a secondary trigeminocerebellar projection arising in the descending trigeminal nucleus, a cerebellar projection arising in the dorsal column nucleus, a small projection arising in a possible primordium of the mammalian nucleus prepositus hypoglossi, a raphecerebellar projection, and a small cerebellar projection originating in the ipsilateral mesencephalic tegmentum were demonstrated. Cerebellar efferents in Xenopus laevis are mainly aimed at the vestibular nuclear complex. A distinct ipsilateral cerebellovestibular projection present throughout the vestibular nuclear complex presumably arises in Purkyn e cells, a smaller contralateral projection in the cerebellar nucleus. In addition, a small primordial brachium conjunctivum, projecting to the red nucleus, was noted. The basic pattern of cerebellar connections as suggested for terrestrial vertebrates (ten Donkelaar and Bangma 1984) is also found in the permanently aquatic anuran Xenopus laevis. PMID- 6742457 TI - Distribution of serotonin-immunoreactivity in the diencephalon and mesencephalon of the trout, Salmo gairdneri. Cellbodies, fibres and terminals. AB - In this paper the serotonin-containing neurons in the diencephalon and mesencephalon of the trout have been studied by immunocytochemistry. Serotonin immunoreactive perikarya, fibres and terminals were visualized by using well characterized antibodies to serotonin. Six areas could be demonstrated to contain serotonin-immunoreactive cellbodies . 1. A group of cells, situated ventral to the commissura posterior; 2. A region within the confines of the nucleus recessi lateralis and a few scattered cells dorsally to this nucleus; 3. Neurons, situated ventral to the recessus lateralis hypothalami, within the nucleus tuberis inferior; 4. Cells which are situated within the borders of the nucleus recessi posterioris ; 5. A number of cells, situated within the nucleus raphes superior and finally: 6. Perikarya, located dorsolateral to the nucleus raphes superior. The following three regions showed a very high density of serotonin immunoreactive fibres and terminals: A. the most dorsal portion of the nucleus diffusus tori lateralis; B. the area dorsal to the recessus lateralis and C. the area surrounding the recessus posterior. PMID- 6742459 TI - On the development of the coronary arteries in human embryos, stages 14-19. AB - Each coronary artery in humans develops, initially, from two anlagen, one distal and the other proximal. The distal anlage, which is forerunner of the subepicardial branches of the coronary arteries, develops as subepicardial vascular networks on the atrioventricular and interventricular sulci and on the walls of the ventricles and bulbus; these networks are the right-posterior and left-anterior ones. The proximal anlage, which is forerunner of the truncus of the right and left coronary arteries, develops as several endothelial buds of the truncus arteriosus. Normally, only two buds, right and left, hollow out, increase in length and connect with the right and the left vascular networks, respectively, so that the coronary arteries are formed. The cardiac veins appear together with the coronary arteries, but as independent vessels. The authors advance a number of hypotheses as to the origin of certain variations and malformations of the coronary arteries. PMID- 6742458 TI - The response of the uterine surface to ovarian hormones in the aged rat. AB - By scanning electron microscopy uterine luminal epithelium of the rat was studied to determine whether aging alters ovarian hormone stimulated ultrastructural changes in that portion of the endometrial surface into which implantation takes place in the younger animal. Results show that in the aged rat this surface differentiates in response to ovarian hormones in a manner qualitatively similar to that which occurs in the young animal. Epithelial cells of ovariectomized rats, both young and aged, were polygonal in outline, flattened, or even somewhat concave, and had short microvilli. Following estrogen treatment cells of both groups were round or oval and bulged into the lumen. Cells of young rats were covered with long microvilli. Most cells of aged rats had microvilli of equal or greater length; a small number of epithelial cells had fewer and shorter microvilli. Cells of progesterone-treated young and aged animals both were covered with short microvilli and bore membrane protrusions. The protrusions varied in size, shape and numbers both within and between age groups. These findings suggest that differences in the surface ultrastructure of the aged uterus reflect age-related changes in hormone levels. PMID- 6742461 TI - Ionized copper as contraceptive in male rhesus monkey. PMID- 6742460 TI - Genetic studies in varicocele infertility. II: Dermatoglyphic pattern. AB - The prime concern of the present work was the analysis of dermatoglyphic patterns in infertile patients presenting with clinically detectable varicocele. In a controlled study conducted on 30 patients and utilizing a slight modification of the original ink method of Cummins and Midlo, the dermatoglyphics on terminal phalanges of the thumb in both hands showed significantly higher incidence of the whorl pattern. Likewise, the index finger in both hands exhibited higher incidence of both the whorl and double loop patterns. Other patterns on the fingers, the plamar creases, axial triradii, hypothenar and thenar eminences, and angle and total ridge count did not alter significantly. Such characteristic dermatoglyphic patterns in varicocele infertile men may furnish additional evidence in support of a genetic cause for varicocelogenesis and its associated gonadal dysfunction. Furthermore, it may provide a prognostic preoperative screening method for varicocele infertile patients. PMID- 6742462 TI - On suppression of ejaculation by Alpha-methyldopa. AB - Alpha-methyldopa caused inhibition of ejaculation. The cerebral mechanism which induced the inhibition was pursued by determining changes of brain monoamines in dogs. As a result, suppression of the dopaminergic system in the brain by alpha methyldopa is found to be the origin of the inhibition of ejaculation. This inhibition was recovered by L-dopa with pretreatment with a peripheral decarboxylase inhibitor. PMID- 6742463 TI - Seminal plasma-induced suppression of the respiratory burst of polymorphonuclear leukocytes and monocytes. AB - Based on recent findings indicating suppression of lymphocytic functions by seminal plasma (SP) we tested the effects of SP from men with normo- and oligozoospermia (n = 7, each) on the generation of luminol-enhanced chemiluminescence (CL) of polymorphonuclear leukocytes (PMN) and monocytes (M psi) stimulated in vitro with zymosan. We found a complete suppression of CL of PMN and M psi by undiluted SP's, 1,000-fold dilutions still induced greater than or equal to 20 percent inhibition. There was no difference between normo- and oligozoospermic men in inhibition of CL both with PMN and M psi. Protein concentrations of SP's were closely the same; all SP were free of the complement components C4 and C3c. After dialysis of SP the inhibition of PMN - and M psi - generated CL was no longer present. Our results demonstrate that SP exerts extremely potent inhibition of cells mediating nonspecific defense and/or antigen presentation. The inhibitor appears to be of low molecular weight. These findings may be important for infections acquired by the genital tract and may provide an explanation for the immunotolerance of spermatozoa in the female reproductive system. PMID- 6742464 TI - Gonadal and extragonadal sperm reserves of the Brazilian Nelore zebu (Bos indicus). AB - Gonadal and extragonadal sperm reserves were estimated through hemocytometric method in six Nelore zebu bulls, aging 4-6 years, with normal spermatogenesis, and kept at sexual rest. Gonadal sperm reserve was estimated to be 47.8 +/- 5.8 X 10(6) sperm cells/g testis parenchyma and 9.8 +/- 1.7 X 10(9) sperm cells/testis. Using a time divisor of 4.94 days the daily sperm production was estimated to be 10.0 +/- 0.9 X 10(6) sperm cells/g testis parencyma/day and 2.0 +/- 0.3 X 10(9) sperm cells/testis/day. Epididymal sperm reserve amounted 11.9 +/- 1.6 X 10(9) spermatozoa/organ, distributed as follows: 35.3 +/- 3.6% in the head, 16.9 +/- 1.7% in the body and 47.7 +/- 3.7% in the tail. PMID- 6742465 TI - Relation between number of immobile spermatozoa and pregnancies obtained during a twenty-year follow-up period immobile spermatozoa and fertility. AB - The clinical fertility of 1077 men examined with semen analysis including detection of number of immobile spermatozoa during the years 1950-52 was studied twenty years later with a questionnaire replied by 785 (72.9%). There was a significant relation (p less than 0.01) between decreasing number of immobile spermatozoa and increasing chance of getting living children, but no relation to abortions and pathological pregnancies. Furthermore, decreasing number of immobile spermatozoa was correlated to shorter time-interval between attempt to impregnate and first pregnancy obtained (p less than 0.01). Mean values for those obtaining living children was 34.7% immobile spermatozoa compared with 38.2% for those not doing so. Over 80% immobile spermatozoa, fertility was considerably reduced, and the borderline between normal and reduced male fertility should therefore be defined to 80% immobile spermatozoa. PMID- 6742466 TI - Long-term variations of seminal parameters. AB - 57 outpatients visited our department for the first time 1975-1978 and a second time four years later (1979-1982). Both semen analyses were compared with respect to the year of the first examination. Significant variations of seminal parameters with increasing age were not found, but sperm count and rate of abnormal sperms was significantly higher in the years 1975-1978 than in 1979-1982 at the second visit. Individual patients showed, despite the fairly constant mean values, marked variations of sperm count from one analysis to the next. PMID- 6742467 TI - Awareness during surgery. PMID- 6742468 TI - Comparative cardiovascular effects of verapamil, nifedipine, and diltiazem during halothane anesthesia in swine. AB - The cardiovascular effects of the calcium channel blockers verapamil (V), nifedipine (N) and diltiazem (D) were compared in halothane-anesthetized swine. Equipotent hypotensive doses of the three calcium channel blocking drugs were administered randomly by continuous infusion to three groups of six animals each to produce a uniform 25-30% reduction in mean systemic arterial blood pressure (BP). An additional group of six animals received sodium nitroprusside (S) to demonstrate the effects of lowering blood pressure with a pure vasodilator on this experimental preparation. Hemodynamic indices monitored before and after drug administration included ECG, mean systemic and pulmonary artery blood pressure, mean central venous and pulmonary capillary wedge pressure, thermodilution cardiac output, left ventricular pressure, and left ventricular dP/dt. All four study drug infusions reduced BP an average of 28%. V and D reduced BP by decreasing cardiac output (41% and 42%, respectively) without affecting systemic vascular resistance. N and S produced hypotension by decreasing systemic vascular resistance (36% and 21%, respectively) without affecting cardiac output. D reduced heart rate (18%) and both D and V increased the PR interval (60% and 40%, respectively). Calcium chloride (20 mg X kg-1 intravenous bolus) improved indices of myocardial contractility but did not affect drug-induced changes in cardiac electrophysiology. These data demonstrate that in this halothane-anesthetized swine model the administration of equihypotensive doses of verapamil or diltiazem has a more pronounced affect on cardiac conduction and myocardial contractility than does nifedipine, which predominantly reduces systemic vascular resistance with minimal effects on cardiac function. PMID- 6742470 TI - Pharmacokinetic variables: what should be published? PMID- 6742469 TI - Temporary partial cardiopulmonary bypass during emergency operative management of near total tracheal occlusion. PMID- 6742471 TI - Perioperative diuresis and ICP. PMID- 6742472 TI - Comments from an experienced user of the airway intubator. PMID- 6742473 TI - Retinal surgery in the prone position: an inexpensive simple headrest. PMID- 6742474 TI - A method to facilitate fiberoptic laryngoscopy. PMID- 6742475 TI - Cause and prevention of maternal aspiration. PMID- 6742476 TI - Some practical considerations in the use of the Engstrom EMMA analyzer. PMID- 6742477 TI - Avoiding sticky situations. PMID- 6742478 TI - Hazards of laser degradation of methylmethacrylate. PMID- 6742479 TI - An unusual cause of endotracheal tube obstruction. PMID- 6742480 TI - Postoperative pain control with methadone: influence of supplementary methadone doses and blood concentration--response relationships. AB - The aim of the study was to establish whether there exists a relationship between blood methadone concentration and analgesic response and the intrasubject and intersubject variability in this relationship. Sixteen general surgical (upper abdominal) and orthopedic (spinal fusion) patients were administered methadone (20 mg, iv) as part of the general anesthetic and supplementary methadone doses (usually 5 mg, iv) in the recovery ward until postoperative pain was controlled effectively. The criteria established for the administration of supplementary methadone doses were the co-existence of 1) spontaneous reporting of significant pain by the patient; 2) an unstimulated respiratory rate of greater than 10 breaths/min, and 3) no significant depression of the level of consciousness. A median of two supplementary iv methadone doses (range 1-3) were administered to the patient by a titration method in the recovery ward to obtain effective pain control. This was achieved by a median dose of 10 mg (range 5-20 mg) in addition to the 20 mg intraoperative dose. Serial blood samples were collected for the estimation of blood methadone concentration following all doses. The methadone concentration in the blood sample collected immediately prior to a supplementary dose was termed the minimum effective concentration (MEC [methadone]). The mean (+/- SD) coefficient of variation in MEC (methadone) for the 16 patients was 21 +/- 10% (range: 7-38%), while the mean MEC for methadone was 57.9 +/- 15.2 ng/ml (range: 34.5-80.3 ng/ml) in these patients.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS) PMID- 6742481 TI - Effect of age, gender, and obesity on midazolam kinetics. AB - The effects of age, sex, and obesity on the kinetics of single intravenous (iv) and oral doses of midazolam were evaluated in healthy volunteers who received 2.5 5 mg of iv midazolam on one occasion and 5-10 mg orally on another. Kinetics were determined from multiple plasma midazolam concentrations measured during 24 h after dosage. Midazolam elimination half-life (t1/2) after iv dosage was significantly prolonged in elderly (aged 60-74 yr) versus young (24-33 yr) males (5.6 vs. 2.1 hours, P less than 0.01) and total clearance was significantly reduced (4.4 vs. 7.8 ml X min-1 X kg-1, P less than 0.01), leading to increased systemic availability of the oral dose (50% vs. 41%, P less than 0.05). However total volume of distribution calculated by the area method (Vd) (1.6 vs. 1.3 1/kg) and protein binding (3.5 vs. 3.4% unbound) did not differ between groups. Among women there were no significant differences between elderly (64-79 yr) and young (23-37 yr) volunteers in t1/2 (4.0 vs. 2.6 h), clearance (7.5 vs. 9.4 ml X min-1 X kg-1), Vd (2.1 vs. 2.0 1/kg), protein binding (3.7% vs. 3.7% unbound), or oral bioavailability (38% vs. 36%). In obese volunteers (mean weight 117 kg; 173% of ideal weight) versus control subjects of normal weight (66 kg, 95% of ideal weight) matched for age, sex, and smoking habits, midazolam Vd was increased significantly (311 vs. 114 1, P less than 0.001).(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS) PMID- 6742482 TI - The relative hemodynamic effects of Ca++ entry blockers. PMID- 6742483 TI - Effect of general anesthetics and pressure on aerobic metabolism of monkey kidney cells. AB - The authors examined the inhibition of aerobic metabolism in monkey kidney cell cultures exposed to halothane, enflurane, and isoflurane. The ability of hyperbaric pressure to reverse the halothane-induced metabolic inhibition also was examined. Incubation of two monkey kidney cell lines for 24 h with clinically equipotent concentrations (2.6 MAC) of halothane, enflurane, or isoflurane vapors increased the concentration of lactate in the media by 126 to 244% relative to nonexposed control cultures. The increased rate of lactate accumulation was proportional to the concentration of halothane and was accompanied by a decrease in media pH. Removal of halothane restored the normal rate of lactate production. Hyperbaric pressures of 25, 50, and 100 atmospheres did not alter the halothane stimulated rate of lactate production relative to non-anesthetic-treated controls, although pressure alone did depress the rate of lactate accumulation in all cultures. The stimulation of lactate production likely reflects the known ability of halothane to inhibit mitochondrial respiration. The failure of pressure to reverse the stimulation of lactate production by halothane suggests that inhibition of mitochondrial metabolism cannot be reversed by pressure. PMID- 6742484 TI - Lung volume and VA/Q distribution response to intravenous versus inhalation anesthesia in sheep. AB - The effects of intravenous pentobarbital versus nitrous oxide/halothane inhalation anesthesia on blood gases, distribution of ventilation-perfusion ratios (VA/Q), and lung volume (FRC) were compared in 8 tracheostomized sheep in the lateral decubitus position. Pentobarbital anesthesia produced no significant changes (from awake control) in arterial blood PO2 or PCO2, ventilation-perfusion inequality, intrapulmonary shunt, or FRC during either spontaneous breathing or mechanical ventilation with muscle paralysis. With inhalation anesthesia, PaO2 decreased from 132 +/- 13 mmHg awake to 106 +/- 11 mmHg and 104 +/- 6 mmHg (FIO2 all 0.3) during spontaneous and mechanical ventilation. Shunt increased from 1.4 +/- 1.0% awake to 10.6 +/- 4.5 and 13.9 +/- 5.3%, respectively. Mean VA/Q decreased from 0.39 +/- 0.07 awake, to 0.21 +/- 0.06 and 0.29 +/- 0.07. Log standard deviation of VA/Q increased from 0.66 +/- 0.12 awake to 0.83 +/- 0.28 and 0.89 +/- 0.15. FRC decreased from 1.66 +/- 0.65 1 to 1.46 +/- 0.62 and 1.22 +/- 0.63 1, respectively. Differences in response to intravenous versus inhalation anesthesia for the above variables all were statistically significant at P less than 0.05. FRC and shunt changes with anesthesia showed significant correlation for both spontaneous (r = -0.80) and mechanical ventilation (r = 0.77), P less than 0.005 for both. We therefore propose that the differences between lung volume and gas exchange effects of intravenous versus inhalation anesthesia in sheep may have been related causally. PMID- 6742485 TI - Recall of surgery for major trauma. AB - Major traumatic injury frequently causes hemodynamic instability that necessitates reducing the usual dose of anesthetic given for surgery. Nevertheless, a lower dose may be sufficient to provide anesthesia because of conditions present in trauma victims that are known to reduce anesthetic requirement (hypotension, hypothermia, and acute alcohol intoxication). To determine the incidence and patient perception of recall of surgery, 51 patients were interviewed after surgery for major trauma. Patients were assigned to one of two groups. Thirty-seven patients were given an anesthetic for endotracheal intubation and had continuous or almost continuous anesthesia during surgery. Of the four who recalled surgery (11%), two considered this awareness their worst hospital experience. Fourteen other patients, who were more severely injured, were not given an anesthetic for endotracheal intubation and/or for 20 or more consecutive minutes during surgery. Of the six patients in this group who recalled surgery (43%), two considered this awareness their worst hospital experience. No condition known to reduce anesthetic requirement did so reliably enough that recall of surgery did not occur when the anesthetic dose had to be reduced because of major trauma. The authors conclude that the incidence of recall of surgery in victims of major trauma is considerable, and that reducing the dose of anesthetic increases this incidence, despite the presence of conditions known to reduce anesthetic requirement. PMID- 6742486 TI - Nitrous oxide inactivates methionine synthetase activity in rat testis. AB - Methionine synthetase (MS) activity in the brain and liver is decreased following nitrous oxide (N2O) exposure. Since MS is important for DNA synthesis, this interaction would be expected to have the most serious consequences on actively replicating tissue. The authors therefore measured MS activity in rat testes following 1 h exposure to either 10% or 50% N2O. Animals exposed to 10% N2O had a 29% reduction in MS activity, and exposure to 50% N2O caused a 63% reduction in enzyme activity. Testicular MS activity returned to normal by 24-48 h in the 10% exposure group and by 72 h in the 50% exposure group. This biochemical effect on testicular enzyme activity could be the basis for the reported deleterious effects of N2O on spermatogenesis. PMID- 6742487 TI - Identification and quantitative determination of fentanyl metabolites in patients by gas chromatography--mass spectrometry. AB - Although fentanyl has been used widely as a short-acting narcotic analgesic, its metabolism in humans has not been clarified. In this study, three fentanyl metabolites were identified in the urine of eight surgical patients receiving 0.3 0.5 mg of fentanyl intravenously. The metabolites 4-N-(N propionylanilino)piperidine, 4-N-(N-hydroxypropionylanilino)piperidine and 1-(2 phenethyl)-4-N-(N-hydroxypropionylanilino)piperidine, and unchanged fentanyl were identified by GC-mass spectrometry in urine collected 6 h after administration. Fentanyl and its main metabolite, 4-N-(N-propionylanilino)piperidine, were determined quantitatively in the urine of five additional patients receiving 0.5 mg fentanyl intravenously. Urinary excretion of fentanyl and 4-N-(N propionylanilino)-piperidine during the first 12 h after injection accounted for 0.3-4.0% and 26 to 55% of the dose, respectively. PMID- 6742488 TI - Milliamperage requirements for supramaximal stimulation of the ulnar nerve with surface electrodes. PMID- 6742489 TI - Somatosensory evoked potential changes in position-related brain stem ischemia. PMID- 6742490 TI - Osteogenesis imperfecta: anesthetic management of a patient for cesarean section: a case report. PMID- 6742491 TI - Electrosurgical burn at the site of an esophageal temperature probe. PMID- 6742492 TI - Toxic reaction of bupivacaine at low plasma concentration. PMID- 6742493 TI - [Effect of anesthesia on the gas exchange status of the mother, fetus and newborn infant during cesarean section]. PMID- 6742494 TI - [Changes in the hypophyseal-thyroid system of surgical patients operated on under ataralgesia]. PMID- 6742495 TI - [Effect of 6-methyluracil on lipid metabolic indices and enzyme activity during ether and fluorothan anesthesia in children]. PMID- 6742497 TI - [Relation of the formation of the fibrin network of a blood clot to the amount of thrombin in complexes with endogenous heparin]. PMID- 6742496 TI - [Working conditions and their effect on the health status of the personnel of resuscitation, intensive therapy and anesthesiology departments]. PMID- 6742498 TI - [Hemosorption in preventing pulmonary complications of the transfusion of preserved blood]. PMID- 6742499 TI - [Changes in the blood coagulating system of patients with brain tumors during initial anesthesia]. PMID- 6742500 TI - [Extension of the period of reversible ultrastructural changes in the myocardium during blood loss by using sodium oxybutyrate]. PMID- 6742501 TI - [Objective evaluation of the analgesic effect of fentanyl and the factors affecting the effectiveness of the analgesic]. PMID- 6742502 TI - [Modelling of fatal electric injury]. PMID- 6742503 TI - [A heat exchanger for infusion therapy]. PMID- 6742504 TI - [Use of fiber optics in tracheal intubation]. PMID- 6742506 TI - [Characteristics of the transition from long-term artificial pulmonary ventilation to spontaneous respiration in patients with massive blood loss]. PMID- 6742505 TI - [Emergency care in status asthmaticus]. PMID- 6742507 TI - [Warming of patients after hypothermic perfusion using sodium nitroprusside and pulmonary ventilation with a gas-anesthetic mixture heated to 46 degrees C]. PMID- 6742508 TI - [Infusion therapy in the surgical treatment of tumorous mechanical jaundice]. PMID- 6742509 TI - [General anesthesia with ketalar in eye surgery]. PMID- 6742510 TI - [Case of an air embolism of the cerebral vessels during catheterization of the subclavian vein]. PMID- 6742511 TI - Protein polymorphism in two populations of the wild quail Coturnix coturnix japonica. AB - To evaluate genetic variability in two populations of the wild quail Coturnix coturnix japonica, proteins and enzymes were examined by starch gel electrophoresis. Rare variants so far not observed in domestic quail were found in the following five enzymes; aspartate aminotransferase, acid phosphatase, pancreatic esterase, isocitrate dehydrogenase and lactate dehydrogenase. The proportion of polymorphic loci (P poly) and the expected average heterozygosity (H) in one of the two populations were estimated to be 0.484 (15/31) and 0.085, respectively. Those in another population were 0.433 (13/30) and 0.086, respectively. The genetic distance (Nei, 1975) between the two wild quail populations was D = 0.0074. D values of 0.0321 and 0.0189 were estimated between the laboratory quail population previously examined (Kimura et al., 1982) and each of these two wild populations. PMID- 6742512 TI - A study of a polymorphic globulin in the serum of Silurus glanis L. AB - A polymorphism of S-globulin was detected in serum of Silurus glanis L. by starch gel electrophoresis. Three phenotypes were observed which are apparently controlled by two codominant alleles, SgA and SgB, of an autosomal locus, Sg. Although on electrophoresis S-globulin and transferrin have similar mobilities, the properties of the two proteins differ. PMID- 6742513 TI - Recombination between the S and the H blood group loci in pigs. AB - The investigation of A-O blood group phenotypes in selected pig families confirms the existence of an S locus which specifically controls the expression of A and O alloantigens. Forty-five informative litters were scored for linkage between the S gene and the H blood group locus. The recombination frequency in 345 offspring was estimated to be 9.56% (33 cross-overs). Specific difficulties involved in the determination of A-O and H phenotypes and the importance of S and H polymorphisms for the determination of Hal genotypes are discussed. PMID- 6742514 TI - Horse haemoglobin phenotyping by agarose gel isoelectric focusing comparison of Thoroughbreds with other Equidae. AB - By using isoelectric focusing in thin agarose slab gels 1049 Thoroughbred, 82 Nooitgedachter, 45 Percheron and 244 horses of other breeds were examined. The numbers of other Equidae tested were 107 donkeys, 50 mules, 4 common zebras (Equus burchelli boehmi) and 8 mountain zebras (Equus zebra hartmannae). Phenotypic data are presented for all tested animals and gene frequencies are calculated for the horses. PMID- 6742515 TI - Isolation and characterization of glycosphingolipids with J blood group activity from bovine spleen. AB - Two glycosphingolipids with J blood group activity were found in J-positive bovine spleen. They were tentatively identified as ceramide deca- and dodecahexosides containing galactose, glucose, N-acetylgalactosamine and N acetylglucosamine in a molar ratio of 5:3:1:1 and 6:3:2:1, respectively. Fucose was not present. Ceramide decahexosides without J activity were also found in J negative bovine spleen. The principal component fatty acids of the J-active glycosphingolipids were saturated even-numbered long-chain acids with 16 to 24 C atoms. Their principal long-chain bases were sphingosine and dihydrosphingosine with smaller amounts of phytosphingosine. Both J-active glycosphingolipids were readily water-soluble and showed strong activity in the bovine J and in the porcine A blood group system. They exhibited no cross-reactivity in the human A system. However, a J-negative glycosphingolipid fraction - also from J-negative spleen - with shorter carbohydrate chain-length showed strong activity in the human A system. PMID- 6742516 TI - Phenotypic variation of erythrocyte glutathione peroxidase in the pig. PMID- 6742517 TI - Studies of erythrocyte glyoxalase II in various domestic species: discovery of glyoxalase II deficiency in the horse. PMID- 6742518 TI - Protein polymorphism in the fresh water snail Semisulcospira libertina. AB - To evaluate genetic variability in 19 population samples of the fresh water snail Semisulcospira libertina, 10 enzymes coded for by 13 presumptive gene loci were examined by starch gel electrophoresis. The mean proportion of polymorphic loci and the mean heterozygosity value estimated for the 19 samples were 0.199 and 0.063, respectively. The mean F statistics of Wright (1943) was estimated over the four polymorphic loci (PGM, 6-PGD, MPI and PGI) for the snail populations to be 0.3615. PMID- 6742519 TI - Hyperkeratosis, periodontosis, and chronic pyogenic infections in a 15-year-old boy. Part One. PMID- 6742520 TI - Increased hospitalizations for asthma among children in the Washington, D.C. area during 1961-1981. AB - Hospital admissions for childhood asthma to three university affiliated hospitals in the Washington D.C. area (Children's Hospital National Medical Center, CHNMC, Prince George's General Hospital, PGGH, and Holy Cross Hospital, HCH) for the period 1961-1981 increased at least three to 18 fold. The over-all population of children less than or equal to 14 years of age increased, at most, only 1.5 fold by 1970, and thereafter decreased gradually until the end of the study. This increase in pediatric asthma hospitalizations has occurred despite significant improvements in the ambulatory management of the asthmatic child. In particular, the amount of specific anti-asthmatic medication prescribed for these patients has grown markedly. The increased hospitalization is most likely due to an increase in the occurrence of severe asthma in children, particularly black children. PMID- 6742521 TI - Increases in deaths from asthma. PMID- 6742522 TI - Relationship between atopy and bronchial responsiveness to histamine in a random population. AB - Although there are theoretical reasons to suggest that atopy might predispose to non-allergic bronchial hyperresponsiveness, previous studies have yielded conflicting results. We assessed this by determining the atopic status and bronchial responsiveness to inhaled histamine in 400 randomly selected college students. An atopy score was determined as the number of "+"s from a standard battery of seven allergy prick skin tests each graded from + to +, and the atopic status was graded as non-atopic (no +'s) mildly atopic (1 to 4 +'s), moderately atopic (5 to 8 +'s), or markedly atopic (greater than 8 +'s). Non-allergic bronchial responsiveness to inhaled histamine was measured with a standardized histamine inhalation test from which the histamine provocation concentration producing a 20% FEV1 fall (PC20) was calculated. The prevalence of bronchial hyperresponsiveness to histamine (PC20 less than or equal to 8 mg/ml) was 10.3% in the entire population. There was a progressive increase from 6.1% in the non atopic group to 33% in the markedly atopic group (p less than 0.001). In 43 subjects with both measurable atopy score (greater than or equal to 1) and PC20 (less than or equal to 16 mg/ml), a regression of atopy score vs. log PC20 produced a small (r = -0.36) but significant (p less than 0.02) correlation. These data indicate a significant relationship exists between atopic status and increased non-allergic bronchial responsiveness to histamine. Although cause and effect cannot be inferred from this study, it is hypothesized that atopy is one factor, among others, which predisposes to non-allergic bronchial hyperresponsiveness. PMID- 6742523 TI - Importance of physician identification of airflow limitation in stable asthmatics. AB - The physician's ability to recognize airflow limitation was assessed in 92 stable asthmatics between seven and 12 years of age. A parental symptom score was obtained. The physician assigned a physical sign score and a clinical impression score based on the severity and lability of symptoms. Airflow limitation was considered significant if the forced expiratory flow between 25 and 75% of the vital capacity (FEF25-75) was less than 50% predicted. The FEF25-75 did not correlate with any of the scores and was less than 50% predicted in 27 of 92. There was no clinical suspicion of abnormality in 12 of 27. The FEF25-75 increased significantly after salbutamol inhalation in 22 of 23 but was persistently abnormal on follow-up in 9 of 21. We conclude that without pulmonary function tests the physician may fail to identify significant reversible airflow limitation in 13% of stable asthmatic children. PMID- 6742524 TI - The vomiting asthmatic. AB - Attention is called to vomiting as a major manifestation of asthma. The diagnosis requires only careful history and examination. Symptoms respond well to therapy for asthma. Asthma should be included in the differential diagnosis of recurrent or severe vomiting. If this is done, unnecessary diagnostic procedures can be avoided and proper therapy can be promptly instituted. PMID- 6742525 TI - Allergic bronchopulmonary aspergillosis: a case report and comment on reliability of testing sources. AB - A case of allergic bronchopulmonary aspergillosis (ABPA) is presented. Difficulty in establishing the diagnosis occurred because of a false-negative precipitin result obtained from a commercial laboratory. This would seem to support the contention that the paucity of ABPA cases reported in the United States is secondary to the low potency and variable composition of commercial antigens available for skin tests and immunodiffusion, resulting in false-negative skin and precipitin tests. Furthermore, positive tests to species of Aspergillus other than fumigatus heretofore considered non-pathogenic must now be considered as possible etiologic explanations. PMID- 6742526 TI - Hyperkeratosis, periodontosis, and chronic pyogenic infections in a 15-year-old boy. Part Two. PMID- 6742527 TI - Elemental X-ray microanalysis of mouse peritoneal and bone marrow derived cultured mast cells. AB - Elemental X-ray microanalysis of intact mouse peritoneal cells revealed significantly high K alpha sulfur and chloride peaks, while phosphorus, sodium and calcium displayed relatively low K alpha peaks. Bone marrow derived cultured mast cells exhibited a low K alpha peak for sulfur and a high K alpha peak for chloride. Peritoneal macrophages which served as controls differed from peritoneal mast cells by their high phosphorus and chloride content and a relatively low sulfur peak. The finding of two different spectra for the mast cells may provide additional parameters for discrimination of mast cell subsets. PMID- 6742529 TI - Allergenic extracts: a review of their safety and efficacy. PMID- 6742528 TI - Immunotherapy in allergy to dog: a double-blind clinical study. AB - Twenty-seven asthmatic children allergic to dog were included in the study. Their allergy to dog was confirmed by positive results from the skin prick, radioallergosorbent and provocation tests. The subjects were randomly assigned to active and placebo groups. Fifteen subjects received immunotherapy with a commercial standardized aluminum hydroxide-bound dog dander extract and 12 subjects received placebo injections containing histamine. After one year's therapy the conjunctival sensitivity to dog dander extract had decreased significantly (p less than 0.001) in the active treatment group compared to the placebo group. The hyposensitization effect was already observable after six to eight months of treatment. The decrease in bronchial sensitivity was less marked than that in conjunctival sensitivity and statistically not significant. Immunotherapy was observed to be safe and effective. No systemic adverse reactions occurred and local reactions were mild. PMID- 6742530 TI - [Vaporization and vaporizers]. PMID- 6742531 TI - [Midazolam]. PMID- 6742532 TI - [Midazolam. Chemical data and experimental neuropharmacology]. PMID- 6742533 TI - [Relation between the clinical effect and plasma concentration of midazolam in volunteers]. AB - In 12 healthy volunteers, the pharmacological effects of midazolam were investigated following intravenous (0.15 mg X kg-1 and 12.5 mg in 6 subjects each), intramuscular (12.5 mg in 6 subjects) and oral administration (20 mg in 6 subjects and 10 mg in 4 subjects). The findings were correlated with the plasma concentrations of midazolam and its alpha-hydroxy metabolite. The effects were assessed using objective and subjective methods (reaction time, memory test and subjects' self-assessment with an analog scale covering the degree of sedation). Plasma samples were assayed for midazolam and its alpha-hydroxy metabolite by gas chromatography. The results of the memory test showed that mnemonic retention and recall of a number remained intact for the period preceding intravenous or intramuscular administration. The maximum impairment occurred at 30 min after injection for recall of a number presented at the 15th min. The impairment was no longer detectable 4 h after injection. The plasma concentration time course was similar to that of the reaction time after administration of an identical intravenous or intramuscular dose. The maximum effect was attained within 15 min and 30 min after intravenous and intramuscular administration respectively. Within 2 to 4 h after parenteral administration, the reaction time had returned to normal. At identical plasma concentrations of midazolam, the reaction time was slightly longer in the period immediately following oral administration than after parenteral administration. This result suggested that the alpha-hydroxy metabolite contributed actively to the effect of midazolam. After its intravenous injection, this metabolite's sedative effects attained their maximum with 15 min, having disappeared 4 h later. PMID- 6742534 TI - [Hemodynamic effects of 2 different doses of midazolam in combination with fentanyl for induction of anesthesia in surgery of the abdominal aorta]. AB - The haemodynamic effects of anaesthetic induction with midazolam, fentanyl and pancuronium bromide were studied in two groups of patients undergoing abdominal aortic surgery: group A (10 patients receiving 0.2 mg X kg-1 midazolam) and group B (9 patients receiving 0.3 mg X kg-1 midazolam). Haemodynamic parameters were measured before induction after fluid loading and 15 min after induction. Heart rate, mean right atrial pressure, systemic and pulmonary vascular resistances, mean pulmonary wedge pressure and right ventricular stroke work index remained steady. On the other hand, mean arterial and pulmonary arterial pressures, systolic, cardiac and left ventricular stroke work indices fell significantly in both groups. However there was no statistically significant difference between the two groups. PMID- 6742535 TI - [Comparative hemodynamic effects of midazolam and flunitrazepam in head injury patients under controlled ventilation]. AB - The haemodynamic effects of midazolam were compared with those of flunitrazepam in 10 patients with severe head injury under controlled ventilation. Right atrial pressure, pulmonary pressure, pulmonary capillary wedge pressure and cardiac output were measured using a Swan-Ganz thermodilution catheter. Arterial pressure (Pa) was recorded by radial arterial canulation. All patients in this cross-over study received midazolam (0.15 mg X kg-1) and flunitrazepam (0.02 mg X kg-1) intravenously randomly, with 24 h between the two injections. The measurements were first carried out before and then 5, 10, 20, 30 and 60 min after injection. The only significant variations after midazolam and flunitrazepam were a fall in Pa (from 93 +/- 12 to 81 +/- 11 mmHg for midazolam and from 89 +/- 14 to 78 +/- 20 mmHg for flunitrazepam) and in cardiac index (from 4.80 +/- 1.03 to 4.17 +/- 1.14 l X min-1 X m-2 for midazolam and from 5.18 +/- 1.32 to 4.54 +/- 1.03 l X min-1 X m-2 for flunitrazepam). The small decrease in heart rate was not significant. The cardiovascular changes after midazolam and flunitrazepam were small and similar for both drugs. It seemed that midazolam and flunitrazepam were safe for sedating head injured patients under controlled ventilation. PMID- 6742536 TI - [Comparative study of intravenous midazolam and diazepam used as sedative agents during gastroscopy]. AB - Midazolam was compared with diazepam for the intravenous sedation of gastroscopy patients. 0.1 mg X kg-1 midazolam were given to patients less than 65 years old, and 0.085 mg X kg-1 after that age; diazepam doses were 0,2 mg X kg-1 and 0.15 mg X kg-1 respectively. The effect and duration of action of both drugs were similar. The main differences between them were as follows: the intravenous injection of midazolam was not painful, and virtually no venous complications were seen; amnesia and patient contentedness were more frequent with midazolam; gastric secretion was reduced with midazolam. Neither drug had clinically significant cardiovascular effects. PMID- 6742537 TI - [Premedication using intrarectal midazolam. Study of effective dosage in pediatric anesthesia]. AB - The object of this study was to determine the optimal dose of midazolam given per rectum which would produce sedation adequate for inducing inhalational anaesthesia in paediatric practice. Five doses were studied: 0.15, 0.25, 0.30, 0.35 and 0.40 mg X kg-1. The criteria used to appreciate the effectiveness of the sedation at 30 min were the change in the child's behaviour, with a scale of 6 levels, and the acceptance of the mask and anaesthetic vapours. There was a significant correlation between the dose administered and the degree of sedation, as well as between the dose administered and the lack of reaction to the mask. Significantly better results were found with the higher doses of 0.35 and 0.40 mg X kg-1, when compared with the children who had received 0.15 and 0.25 mg X kg-1. Only in the groups who received 0.35 and 0.40 mg X kg-1 were the degrees of sedation and acceptance of induction considered as adequate. The dose of 0.35 mg X kg-1 seemed to be the best dose for adequately premedicating a child. PMID- 6742538 TI - [Comparison of midazolam and flunitrazepam as premedication administered rectally in infants]. AB - The present study aimed to assess the pharmaco-clinical profile of infants premedicated with rectal midazolam. The results were compared with those of a reference drug, flunitrazepam. Infants undergoing minor surgery were divided into three groups: group A (n = 30), with a mean age of 15.8 +/- 13.2 months and a mean weight of 8.6 +/- 3.3 kg, receiving 0.33 mg X kg-1 flunitrazepam; group B (n = 15), with a mean age of 11.2 +/- 10.7 months and a mean weight of 9.3 +/- 3.1 kg, receiving 0.3 mg X kg-1 midazolam; and group C (n = 30), with a mean age of 15.5 +/- 9.1 months and a mean weight of 10.7 +/- 2.5 kg, receiving 0.4 mg X kg-1 midazolam. An aqueous solution of each drug was administered with atropine sulfate (0.02 mg X kg-1) 20 min prior to induction of anaesthesia. The drug was well tolerated in 84% of cases. Statistically significant haemodynamic changes consisted of: a 9 c X min-1 decrease in heart rate (p less than 0.05) and a 12 mmHg decrease in systolic and diastolic blood pressures (p less than 0.05) in group C; a 6 mmHg decrease in systolic blood pressure (p less than 0.05) in group B. The tranquilizer action was either excellent or good in 93% of groups B and C compared with only 40% in group A (p less than 0.001 in both cases). Somnolence was attained in 60% of group A, 26.6% of group B and 30% of group C. A mask was much better accepted in group C (86.6%) than in group B (66.6%; p less than 0.05) or in group A (36.6%; p less than 0.01). Therefore, midazolam given rectally at 0.4 mg X kg-1 was better than flunitrazepam, because of a greater therapeutic effect for an equivalent rate of side effects. PMID- 6742539 TI - [Value of the lateral chest x-ray in the diagnosis of traumatic pleural effusions]. AB - Forty patients were admitted to a hospital emergency department after closed chest injury. Chest X-rays, a-p and lateral, with low and high voltage, were performed in a supine position. The aim of the study was to show the interest of lateral films in the diagnosis of post-traumatic pneumo- and hemothoraces. A special technique, using a double-drawer plate holder, gave a good quality radiograph in emergency conditions without danger for patients with severe trauma. In 30 of the patients, chest radiographs confirmed pleural gas or blood collection. In ten of these, the diagnosis could only be made after radiographic examination. In nine other cases, radiographs showed an absence of hemo- or pneumothorax. Lateral views were very important in confirming a hemothorax and appreciating its volume, as well as in showing up partial pneumothoraces which could not be seen on a-p views. The interest of performing a lateral film in all the cases of chest injury is pointed out. PMID- 6742540 TI - [Spinal anesthesia and multiple sclerosis]. AB - Spinal anaesthesia was performed in 9 patients with multiple sclerosis for 14 surgical procedures: urological surgery 13 times and plastic surgery once. No complication was observed. except for a transient exacerbation in one case. Spinal anaesthesia appeared to be an innocuous procedure in multiple sclerosis as no neurotoxicity was observed. Exacerbation of multiple sclerosis was similar to that seen with general anaesthesia. Moreover, spinal anaesthesia improved the operating conditions by relieving bladder spasticity; it was also often asked for by patients who feared the loss of consciousness of general anaesthesia. PMID- 6742541 TI - [Oxygen consumption during and following anesthesia]. PMID- 6742543 TI - [Mediastinitis caused by odontogenic anaerobic bacteria]. AB - Anaerobic odontogenic mediastinitis appeared to be on the increase. The case described had a favourable outcome. The aetiology and pathology of this disease, the dreadful prognosis of which was a mortality rate of 50%, were discussed. The aggravating factors appeared to be general, these patients presenting a particular predisposition, due to steroids and malnutrition, and anatomical, as the cellulitis spread along cervical fascial planes. The treatment always required was mediastinal surgical drainage by a transcervical approach or by thoracotomy, the association of three antibiotics (a penicillin with an imidazole, an aminoglycoside or a macrolide) and a high energy and nitrogen intake. PMID- 6742542 TI - [Post-anesthetic hepatitis. The role of halothane and antimitotic combinations]. AB - A 12 year old boy with Burkitt's lymphoma developed severe hepatitis with hepatomegaly, subclinical jaundice, and a small rise in body temperature, associated with an important rise in SGPT and fall in prothrombin titres, 6 days after anticancer chemotherapy and 24 hours after halothane anaesthesia. Hepatitis A and B serology remained negative. This hepatic failure explained perhaps the unusually severe vincristine toxicity which gave rise to a polyneuritis with important sequelae. The association of halothane hepatitis with antimitotic drugs appeared particularly dangerous, and halothane should probably be avoided in all patients been given or about to be given anticancer chemotherapy. PMID- 6742544 TI - [Bronchospasm during extracorporeal circulation]. AB - Six cases of bronchospasm are reported, which occurred at the end of cardiopulmonary bypass (CPB). One patient developed this condition twice within one year. This was a rare occurrence (6 cases for 3714 CPB). Symptoms were the same every time: increased inflation pressures, impossible deflation, and low left atrial pressures. Adrenaline given by way of the bypass was the quickest and most effective treatment. The favourable outcome in all 5 patients was due to the continuing of circulatory assistance by the CPB. Although the prevention of anaphylactoid accidents in atopic patients has been well documented, the cause of the bronchospasm in our patients has not been recognized, and it may well not have been due to a particular drug. PMID- 6742545 TI - [Congenital anomaly of serum pseudocholinesterase originating in neonatal respiratory distress]. AB - Prolonged suxamethonium-induced apnoea was observed after obstetrical anaesthesia in a 30 year old woman with abnormal plasma cholinesterases (homozygous Ea1-Ea1). Flaccidity and apnoea in the child required controlled ventilation for 30 min. Possible mechanisms underlying prolonged apnoea after the use of suxamethonium for obstetrical anaesthesia are discussed. Atypical pseudocholinesterases were identified using quantitative dosage of enzymatic activity and inhibition of atypical pseudocholinesterases by dibucaine, fluoride, chloride, scoline and urea. This was carried out in the patient, her baby and family, thus identifying the genotype of the different family members. PMID- 6742546 TI - [Impending carotid and coronary artery obstruction. Operative procedure and monitoring]. AB - A 70 year old woman was admitted to the intensive care unit for unstable angina with haemodynamic repercussions which led to a right hemiparesis because of a left carotid stenosis. The worsening neurological deficit required an immediate endarterectomy. Cardiovascular monitoring, particularly during anaesthetic induction and carotid clamping, included a Swan-Ganz catheter which provided continuous control of myocardial damage. At the same time, continuous dopamine and trinitrine infusions were started to maintain adequate cerebral perfusion. This monitoring guaranteed an excellent adaptability throughout the operation. All along, it would have been possible to decide and to carry out a coronary bypass in case of new myocardial damage. The morbidity and mortality of an association of such lesions and its treatment are discussed. PMID- 6742549 TI - [Intrathecal morphine and respiratory insufficiency]. PMID- 6742547 TI - [Pourfour Du Petit syndrome following brachial plexus block]. AB - While Horner's syndrome resulted from a paralysis of the cervical sympathetic outflow, its opposite, Pourfour Du Petit's syndrome, was caused by the irritation of these nerves. The case described occurred after brachial plexus block. PMID- 6742548 TI - [Unusual aberrant location of a left internal jugular catheter]. AB - Although aberrant locations were classical complications of central venous catheterization, the left superior diaphragmatic vein was an exceptional one. A case of this particular complication occurring after left internal jugular venous catheterization is described. The venous dilatation due to portal hypertension was probably partly responsible for this. PMID- 6742550 TI - [Quantitative evaluation of curarization]. PMID- 6742551 TI - Prospective evaluation of syncope. AB - One hundred seventy patients with syncope presenting to an emergency department were studied prospectively. A checklist was used to supplement the physician's history and physical to ensure adequate recording of potentially useful data. Follow-up data were available in 89% of patients with a mean follow-up period of 6.2 months. Patients were categorized by presumed etiology using specific criteria. Typical vasovagal syncope occurred in 37.1% of patients. Other etiologies included first seizure (8.8%), orthostasis (7.6%), cardiac (4.1%), micturition (2.4%), hypoglycemia (1.8%), and psychogenic (0.6%). Syncope of unknown etiology accounted for 37.6% of the patients. The estimated duration of warning period was significantly shorter in patients with cardiac syncope compared to patients with vasovagal syncope. The yield of laboratory tests was low with the exception of the serum bicarbonate, which was decreased in 70% of our seizure patients. Recommendations regarding initial evaluation and admission are discussed. PMID- 6742552 TI - Clinical presentation of patients with acute cervical spine injury. AB - A retrospective review of 67 patients with acute cervical spine fracture and/or dislocation was conducted at two suburban community hospital emergency departments. The mean age was 39, and two-thirds of the patients were male. Motor vehicle accidents and falls accounted for more than 80% of all injuries. On emergency department evaluation, it was found that there was no history of loss of consciousness in 42 patients (63%), no associated cranio-facial injuries in 31 patients (46%), and a normal sensorimotor examination in 59 patients (88%). Thirty-four patients (50%) were evaluated for cervical range of motion, which was found to be normal in one-third of the cases. The absence of mental status changes, cranio-facial injuries, range of motion abnormalities, and focal neurological findings is, therefore, not uncommon in patients who have sustained cervical spine injury. PMID- 6742553 TI - Accuracy and usefulness of a breath alcohol analyzer. AB - We evaluated the accuracy of a hand-held breath alcohol analyzer in the rapid determination of blood alcohol levels in the emergency patient with suspected ethanol intoxication. The Alco -Sensor III breath alcohol analyzer was used to measure alcohol levels in orally and nasally obtained end-expiratory breath samples in 55 patients. These levels were compared to directly measured blood alcohol levels. The patients were categorized into cooperative and uncooperative groups. The mean oral breath alcohol level obtained was 0.187 +/- 0.100 g/dL (range, 0.000 to 0.419) while the mean serum level was 0.217 +/- 0.113 g/dL (range, 0.00 to 400). The overall correlation between these two methods of measuring blood alcohol level was strong (r = .879, P less than .001). In cooperative patients the correlation was even stronger (r = .963, P less than .001), while in uncooperative patients the correlation was less but still significant (r = .723, P = .001). Nasally obtained samples correlated well with blood levels in cooperative patients (r = .874, P less than .001), but the correlation was less strong in uncooperative persons (r = .694, P = .003). Our study indicates that the Alco -Sensor III breath alcohol analyzer is sufficiently accurate to be of use in rapidly assessing blood alcohol levels, even when a patient is unable to cooperate fully. PMID- 6742554 TI - DSM-III and the diagnosis of organic mental disorders. AB - Among the many emergency patients who complain of behavioral symptoms, a significant proportion suffer from a physical illness manifesting as an organic mental disorder. Dementia and delirium should be considered in the presence of an impairment of orientation, alertness, or cognition. Effort is required to remain aware of the organic differential diagnoses of hallucinatory, delusional, amnestic, and affective disorders or of personality changes not associated with overt changes of sensorium or cognitive abilities. We review the DSM-III classification of organic mental disorders published by the American Psychiatric Association, and consider the usefulness of historical data, mental status examination, physical examination, laboratory investigations, and hospitalization in the differentiation of organic from functional disorders. PMID- 6742556 TI - Drugs that may exacerbate myasthenia gravis. AB - Myasthenia gravis is an uncommon disease. The emergency physician should be cautious when prescribing medications to myasthenics for problems not related to myasthenia gravis. We have discussed some of those agents (Figure 3) that are recognized to cause exacerbation of MG or that may have the potential to exacerbate MG. We recommend that management of any medical or surgical problem of the myasthenic be done in consultation with a managing neurologist, and that either early follow-up or admission is necessary when these agents are used in the patient with myasthenia gravis. PMID- 6742555 TI - Hypoglycemic hemiplegic syndrome. AB - Hypoglycemia must be considered in any patient with an acute change of mental status or in a patient who shows a focal neurological deficit. Treatment with high IV glucose concentrations can save the patient from grave irreversible neurological sequelae and death. PMID- 6742557 TI - Emergency medicine in the community. PMID- 6742558 TI - American College of Emergency Physicians. Categorization of emergency services. PMID- 6742559 TI - American College of Emergency Physicians. Control of advanced life support at the scene of medical emergencies. PMID- 6742560 TI - Painless aortic dissection: an unusual cause of syncope. AB - Presented is a case of syncope as the initial sign of a painless aortic dissection. The patient was stabilized by percutaneous drainage of a hemopericardium, and then underwent angiography and successful operative repair. Although uncommon, painless aortic dissection should be included in the differential diagnosis of a syncopal episode. PMID- 6742561 TI - Vocal cord hematomas complicating anticoagulant therapy. AB - Described are the cases of two patients who presented with vocal cord hematomas consequent to poor control of anticoagulation. Both patients presented with hoarseness and cough. One required intubation due to respiratory obstruction. Vocal cord hematomas should be considered in patients who present with upper airway symptoms while anticoagulated. PMID- 6742562 TI - Pelvic hematoma after intercourse while on chronic anticoagulation. AB - A 41-year-old anticoagulated woman presented with increasing pelvic pain that had begun two days prior during intercourse. An ultrasound and computerized tomographic (CT) scan confirmed the diagnosis of pelvic hematoma. The hematoma resolved spontaneously with normalization of clotting studies. The emergency physician should consider this rare cause of pelvic pain in selected anticoagulated patients. The need for a thorough history in emergency patients is emphasized, as well as the value of ultrasound and CT scan in the diagnosis of this disorder. PMID- 6742563 TI - An unusual case of intra-articular dislocation of the patella. AB - An unusual case of intra-articular patellar dislocation is described in which the patella rotated simultaneously in both the horizontal and vertical axes. The dislocation was sustained without apparent trauma. Reduction could not be accomplished in the emergency department. Closed reduction was accomplished successfully under general anesthesia in the operating room. PMID- 6742564 TI - Magnesium therapy in massive digoxin intoxication. AB - A potentially fatal case of massive digitalis intoxication is presented. Recurrent ventricular fibrillation failed to respond to lidocaine or phenytoin, but responded dramatically to magnesium sulfate infusion. A review of the literature and previous clinical studies, as well as the case reported here, appears to indicate that magnesium sulfate given intravenously in adequate quantities (2 to 3 g in one minute followed by 2 g/h for 4 to 5 h) is effective in controlling ventricular irritability caused by toxic levels of digitalis preparations. PMID- 6742565 TI - Out-of-hospital pulmonary edema. PMID- 6742566 TI - More parenteral medications for migraine. PMID- 6742567 TI - Detecting preexisting anisocoria from photographs. PMID- 6742568 TI - Antimicrobial susceptibility of Prototheca zopfii isolated from bovine intramammary infections. AB - In vitro antimicrobial susceptibility tests were carried out on 48 strains of Prototheca zopfii, an achlorophyllous algae causing refractory mastitis in dairy cows; 27 antimicrobials were evaluated. All strains were susceptible to both myxin and nystatin. In addition, 22 strains were susceptible to amphotericin B, 21 to polymyxin B, and 18 to gentamicin. Only 1 strain was susceptible to kanamycin. All strains were resistant to ampicillin, bacitracin, carbenicillin, cephalothin, chloramphenicol, clotrimazole, cloxacillin, erythromycin, flucytosine, ketoconazole, lincomycin, miconazole, neomycin, nitrofurazone, novobiocin, oleandomycin, penicillin, rifampin, streptomycin, tetracycline, and vancomycin. PMID- 6742569 TI - Leukokinesis in bovine ostertagiasis: stimulation of leukocyte migration by Ostertagia. AB - A blind-well chemotaxis chamber method was used to indicate migration stimulation of bovine neutrophil and eosinophil polymorphonuclear leukocytes and macrophages as related to ostertagiasis. Live exsheathed Ostertagia ostertagi 3rd-stage larvae (L3) and soluble L3 antigen (SLA), prepared by freeze thawing and sonic disruption of L3, enhanced cellular migration for eosinophils, but not for neutrophils and macrophages. Products of lymphocytes cultured with SLA for 3 to 6 hours were also examined, using lymphocytes from peripheral blood of helminth free cattle and cattle infected with O ostertagi or Trichostrongylus axei. Lymphokines that enhanced cellular migration of neutrophils, eosinophils, and macrophages were present in culture supernatants of SLA-stimulated lymphocytes from O ostertagi-infected cattle, but not from cattle infected with T axei or helminth-free cattle. Seemingly, L3 and SLA were stimulants of eosinophil migration. Further, neutrophil, eosinophil, and macrophage migration was modulated by lymphokines produced by SLA-stimulated lymphocytes from cattle with ostertagiasis. PMID- 6742571 TI - Culture characteristics and tumorigenicity of the equine sarcoid-derived MC-1 cell line. AB - MC-1 is an equine sarcoid-derived cell line which spontaneously releases a retrovirus possessing genomic sequence homology with an inducible endogenous retrovirus of normal equine cells. A complete characterization of MC-1 tumor cells was undertaken, including morphology, growth kinetics, and saturation density, selective growth in semisolid media, uptake of 2-deoxyglucose, and tumorigenicity in athymic nude mice. MC-1 cells, in contrast to normal equine dermal fibroblasts, exhibit all of the characteristics of malignantly transformed cells. PMID- 6742570 TI - Responses of equine neutrophils to contagious equine metritis organism and its lipopolysaccharides. AB - Morphology and function of equine neutrophils were evaluated after combination with contagious equine metritis organism (CEMO) or 1 of 2 CEMO lipopolysaccharides (LPS). The 2 LPS (LPS-a; LPS-p) isolated from the CEMO contained 14- and 16-carbon fatty acids, ketodeoxyoctanate, hexose, and heptose, but were morphologically distinct. Neutrophils exposed to LPS had fewer granules, whereas those exposed to CEMO had more granules than did the controls (phosphate buffered saline solution). Neutrophil iodination was significantly increased with 10 and 25 micrograms of LPS-a, but not significantly altered by LPS-p or CEMO. Staphylococcus aureus ingestion was not influenced by CEMO and was mildly decreased by LPS-a. These results indicate that CEMO may have at least 2 functionally and morphologically distinct, but chemically similar, LPS and that 1 of these LPS (LPS-a) may enhance neutrophil killing by stimulating neutrophil iodinating mechanisms. PMID- 6742572 TI - Experimental infection of domestic swine with Baylisascaris procyonis from raccoons. AB - Six 8-week-old ascarid-naive pigs which were experimentally infected with 72,000 embryonated Baylisascaris procyonis eggs of raccoon origin developed lesions limited to the intestines and liver. Intestinal lesions consisted of multifocal areas of inflammation by macrophages, eosinophils, and lymphocytes in the mucosa and submucosa, in association with Baylisascaris larvae; similar lesions were seen in the mesenteric lymph nodes. Typical white, granulation type, multifocal interstitial hepatitis ("milk-spots"), 1 to 5 mm in diameter, were seen in the livers by 7 days, with resolution by 47 days. Microscopically, these consisted of multifocal areas of marked periportal and interlobular edema, and influx of eosinophils, and large intralobular aggregates of eosinophils. At 47 days, hundreds to thousands of small white granulomas were seen on the serosa of the intestines; microscopically, they were discrete collections of macrophages, lymphocytes, and eosinophils in the submucosa and muscle layers surrounding nonviable remnants of Baylisascaris larvae. Larvae or lesions were not seen in other tissues, including the brain. These experiments indicated that B procyonis will undergo limited migration in swine and can produce typical white spots in the liver. The larvae were killed by cellular reactions in the intestinal wall and liver, and, unlike the situation in most other animals infected with this parasite, no somatic migration or CNS disease occurred after infection. PMID- 6742573 TI - Acute monensin toxicosis in sheep: light and electron microscopic changes. AB - Monensin was administered orally to 3 sheep at dosages of 12 (the LD50), 16, and 24 mg/kg of body weight, respectively. Clinical signs of monensin toxicosis were observed in the sheep in 24 to 36 hours of administration. Clinical signs included CNS depression, anorexia, diarrhea, and stiffness. Increased serum creatine phosphokinase and aspartate aminotransferase activities identified possible muscle damage. Sheep were euthanatized at 54 hours after dosing; at necropsy, there were skeletal muscle hemorrhages, pale myocardium, and pulmonary edema. Ultrastructural lesions were in the liver, diaphragm, and myocardium; diaphragm and myocardium were most severely affected. Mitochondrial swelling and cristolysis, swollen sarcoplasmic reticulum, and disruption of myofibrillar architecture were prominent. These ultrastructural changes are consistent with the hypothesis that monensin causes muscle cell necrosis due to its ionophorous properties and disruption of cellular Na+:Ca2+ balance. It is proposed that this upset of normal ionic processes allows increased intracellular calcium, which directly leads to the functional and structural mitochondrial changes observed. PMID- 6742574 TI - Serum erythromycin concentration in sheep fed two diets. AB - Serum erythromycin concentrations following a single IV injection (12.5 mg/kg) were compared in 6 sheep during feeding of a grass hay diet and a concentrate diet. The concentrate diet resulted in a mean decrease of at least 1 pH unit in forestomach fluid, but did not significantly alter either the serum drug concentrations or half-life. Variable antibacterial activity was present in forestomach fluid as early as 1 or 2 hours after injection. This study indicates that ion-trapping in forestomach fluid as a result of normal dietary changes does not require therapeutic dosage adjustment. PMID- 6742576 TI - Support of an anephric dog for 54 days with ambulatory peritoneal dialysis and a newly designed peritoneal catheter. AB - A bilaterally nephrectomized dog was successfully supported with peritoneal dialysis for 54 days, using a radically new design of access catheter and a human dialysis schedule designated as continuous ambulatory peritoneal dialysis. The dog remained active and alert with a stabilized blood urea nitrogen of 30 to 40 mg/dl and a serum creatinine concentration of 4 to 6.5 mg/dl. Problems encountered with the peritoneal dialysis included the propensity for developing peritonitis, anorexia, and a significant plasma protein loss in the dialysate fluid as result of leakage across the peritoneum. Protein loss coupled with anorexia produced a catabolic state, and the animal was euthanatized because of this, at postnephrectomy day 54. The development of a new catheter design alleviated the drainage problems of the straight tube Tenckhoff catheter. Its use coupled with the continuous ambulatory peritoneal dialysis schedule and detailed management techniques allowed using the anephric dog as a model of uremia. In addition, peritoneal dialysis could be a viable treatment for animals presenting with acute reversible anuric or oliguric renal failure where conservative medical management with fluids and diuretics has failed to give clinical improvement. PMID- 6742577 TI - Maturation of the retina of the canine neonate as determined by electroretinography and histology. AB - Retinal potentials were obtained by electroretinography from birth to maturity of dogs. Amplitudes, time latency, and flicker fusion frequencies under scotopic conditions were compared to the histologic development of the retina. There was no electroretinogram (ERG) recorded during the 1st week of life, but in the 2nd week, a small negative wave (not exceeding 5 microV) was detected. Small ERG waveforms appeared in dogs at 3 weeks of age; these markedly increased in amplitude and latency between the 3rd and the 4th weeks of age. Additional changes in the ERG amplitudes were evident in the 5th to the 8th weeks of life approximating amplitudes of the adult dog. Similarly, the greatest changes in flicker fusion frequencies occurred between the 3rd and the 5th weeks and the 7th and the 8th weeks. Latency of the a-wave indicated little change in the age groups studied. The greatest decrease in latency occurred in the b- and c-waves between the 3rd and 5th weeks of age. The rod and cone inner and outer segments were first observed microscopically in the 3rd week after the dogs were born. Further differentiation of the rod and cone segments and other retinal layers occurred from the 5th to the 8th weeks. PMID- 6742575 TI - Improvement in clinical condition and thymus morphologic features associated with growth hormone treatment of immunodeficient dwarf dogs. AB - Immunodeficient dwarfism in Weimaraner dogs was characterized by failure to grow, emaciation, growth hormone (GH) deficiency, decreased lymphocyte blastogenic responsiveness to mitogens, lack of thymus cortex, and recurrent infections usually resulting in death. Affected pups did not respond to conventional supportive therapy, but did respond to treatment with thymosin fraction 5. Response to therapy with bovine GH was monitored by clinical observation, histopathologic examination of thymic biopsy material, lymphocyte blastogenic responsiveness to nonspecific mitogens, and radioimmunoassay of thymosin alpha 1 concentration in the serum. Growth hormone therapy (0.1 mg/kg of body weight/dose, 14 doses) during a 1-month period in 2 immunodeficient dwarf pups resulted in clinical improvement and a marked increase in the thickness and cellularity of the cortex of the thymus. Immunodeficient dwarf pups were not deficient in serum thymosin alpha 1 before GH therapy. Growth hormone therapy was not associated with a consistent increase in serum thymosin alpha 1 concentration or lymphocyte blastogenic responsiveness to mitogens. PMID- 6742578 TI - Canine inherited hypertrophic neuropathy: clinical and electrodiagnostic studies. AB - Clinical and electrodiagnostic features of acute and chronic canine-inherited hypertrophic neuropathy were studied in 20 affected dogs. The age of onset was consistently between 7.5 and 10 weeks of age. Affected pups had rapidly developing limb weakness accompanied by muscle hypotonia and hyporeflexia. There was no clinical evidence of cranial nerve dysfunction. Pups that did not develop limb contractures later regained some strength and became clinically stable for long periods, although they always remained weak. Progressive slowing of nerve conduction velocities occurred during the development of clinical signs of limb weakness. Temporal dispersion of evoked muscle action potentials was present in more chronically affected dogs. Transient spontaneous activity was present in muscles of affected dogs examined by electromyography. An autosomal recessive mode of inheritance was supported by the results of breeding studies. PMID- 6742580 TI - Tetrameres columbicola (Nematoda: Spiruridae) infection of pigeons: ultrastructure of the gravid female in glands of the proventriculus. AB - The light and electron microscopies of Tetrameres columbicola gravid females in sections of the parasitized proventriculus of pigeons were studied. By light microscopy, the most conspicuous structures in the sectioned parasite were the intestine, ovary, and especially the uterus that contained numerous eggs. By electron microscopy, there was a thick mat of pigment-coated microvilli on the surfaces of the intestinal epithelial cells. The germinal zone of the ovary contained nonmembrane-bound oocytes, but oocytes were confined by a membrane in the growth zone of the ovary. The core of the spermatheca contained oocytes and the periphery harbored sperm. In this location, the unfertilized oocyte had pseudopods; sperm had invaginations of the plasma membrane. After fertilization, there was proliferation of ribosomes within the oocyte. Embryonating eggs in the uterus had thick shells and were partially enveloped by elongations of the uterine epithelial cells. Surfaces of the epithelial cells were pleated and they had electron opaque areas at the points of the pleats. Larvae in eggs had a well developed annulated cuticle and muscular layer. Somatic muscle cells had tailed appendages that protruded into the pseudocoelom. The single layer of cells beneath the hypodermis had lateral processes at the base of the cells that interdigitated with similarly elongated processes of adjacent muscle cells. Striated fibers were present in the central portion of the cells. PMID- 6742579 TI - Serologic pattern of canine heartworm (Dirofilaria immitis) infection. AB - A total of 602 dogs at the Louisiana State University Veterinary Teaching Hospital were tested for antibodies to Dirofilaria immitis by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA), using a purified adult dirofilaria-derived antigen. Most dogs also were evaluated for heartworm infection by a complete WBC count and a Knott test for circulating microfilariae. The serologic prevalence of heartworm infection was 34.7%; prevalence increased significantly (P = 0.0003) with age up to 8 years and then decreased. Dogs usually kept indoors were significantly (P = 0.005) less likely to be infected, as were dogs given diethylcarbamazine therapy (P = 0.0004). Coat length, sex, breed, and presence of intestinal parasites were not associated (P greater than 0.05) with a positive heartworm ELISA result. The ELISA titers showed a positive relationship with both eosinophil and basophil counts. A total of 99 dogs evaluated radiographically were grouped according to results of the Knott test and radiographic examination as follows: (i) negative Knott test and negative radiographic examination (14 dogs), (ii) negative Knott test and positive radiographic examination (57 dogs), and (iii) positive Knott test and positive radiographic examination (28 dogs). The serologic prevalences of D immitis infection in each of these groups were 35.7%, 56.1%, and 85.7% for groups (i), (ii), and (iii), respectively. The ELISA, when used in conjunction with the Knott test results, record of exposure, clinical signs, laboratory results, and radiographic changes, was found to be useful for studying serologic patterns and identifying risk factors for canine heartworm infection. PMID- 6742581 TI - Strain differences in the susceptibility and resistance of Pasteurella multocida to phagocytosis and killing by rabbit polymorphonuclear neutrophils. AB - The interactions of 2 capsular serotype A and 4 serotype D strains of Pasteurella multocida with rabbit polymorphonuclear neutrophils (PMN) were compared in vitro, using a PMN phagocytic and bactericidal assay. Bacteria and rabbit PMN were incubated for 15 minutes. The suspensions were subjected to differential centrifugation and the percentage of phagocytosis (cell association) was determined from the number of viable noncell-associated bacteria. The cell pellets and the associated bacteria were resuspended and PMN bactericidal activity was calculated from the number of remaining viable cell-associated bacteria at 45 and 75 minutes after the start of the assay. Test bacteria were not opsonized or were opsonized with immune serum containing active complement. One type A strain was ingested and killed by PMN in the presence and absence of opsonins. The 5 remaining strains were resistant to PMN killing, but only the type A strain resisted phagocytosis. Resistance of the type A strain was attributed to the hyaluronic acid capsule, since pretreatment of the bacteria with hyaluronidase rendered opsonized bacteria susceptible to ingestion and killing. The pattern of resistance of the 4 type D strains was different from that of the resistant type A strain. Both opsonized and nonopsonized type D bacteria became cell associated, but none were killed by PMN. The mechanism of resistance of these 4 strains to PMN bactericidal activity is currently unknown. PMID- 6742582 TI - Effect of electromyography on serum creatine kinase values in clinically normal dogs and horses. AB - The effect of needle electromyography (EMG) on serum creatine kinase (CK) activity was determined, using clinically normal dogs (males and females; n = 8) and horses (females; n = 8). All animals appeared normal on EMG evaluation. Serum CK was measured before and 4, 24, and 48 hours after EMG. Except for a single 24 hour sample in a dog, the animals did not have abnormally increased serum CK activity after EMG. For dogs and horses, mean values were increased, but within normal range at 4 and 24 hours and returned to base-line values by 48 hours after EMG. For dogs, but not for horses, these CK increases at 4 and 24 hours were significant (P less than 0.05). Most dogs and horses, without neuromuscular disease, did not have serum CK activity above the normal range after EMG. PMID- 6742583 TI - Critical test evaluations of oxfendazole and trichlorfon: effectiveness of a paste formulation in the horse. AB - Critical tests were performed on 6 horses to evaluate the antiparasitic effectiveness of oxfendazole given in combination with trichlorfon in a paste formulation. Treatments were given orally as a single dose. The rates of active ingredient administration were 2.5 and 40 mg/kg of body weight for oxfendazole and trichlorfon, respectively. The combined activities of the 2 antiparasitic compounds proved 100% efficacious in the removal of adult Strongylus vulgaris, S edentatus, Oxyuris equi, and Parascaris equorum. Fourth stage O equi, and 2nd and 3rd instars of Gasterophilus nasalis also were completely removed. Second and 3rd stage instars of G intestinalis were removed at the rates of 98.1% and 98.8%, respectively. Nematodes of the "small strongyle" category were removed at the combined rate of 97.0%. Pronounced larvicidal effects of the test formulation were demonstrated via culturing fecal nematode eggs during the trial. Untoward effects of treatment were not seen in any of the trial animals. PMID- 6742584 TI - Hepatic metabolite concentration in lactic acidotic sheep. AB - The concentration of hepatic metabolites associated with energy-producing pathways and hepatic oxygen consumption were measured in clinically normal and lactic acidotic sheep. Significantly (P less than 0.005) lower pyruvate concentrations in livers of acidotic sheep produced significantly larger L lactate to pyruvate concentration ratios. Glycogen concentrations were significantly (P less than 0.005) lower in liver from acidotic sheep. Oxygen consumption by liver from acidotic sheep was depressed when compared with oxygen consumption by normal sheep liver. Seemingly, limited available carbohydrate substrate and not tissue oxygenation may be limiting aerobic glycolysis in liver of lactic acidotic sheep. PMID- 6742585 TI - Autotransplantation of bovine ocular squamous cell carcinoma and effects on primary tumor growth. AB - Autologous transplantation of ocular squamous cell carcinoma was done in 7 Hereford cows in 17 trials. Three preparations of tumor were used in orthotopic transplantation to 5 sites on the eye and eyelid. None of the transplants was successful. However, in 2 of 5 cows given autografts of a pure, viable tumor cell suspension, marked regression of the primary tumor was observed after transplantation. PMID- 6742586 TI - Growth phase-dependent phagocytosis of Pasteurella haemolytica by bovine pulmonary macrophages. AB - The ability of the bovine pulmonary macrophage (PM) to phagocytize Pasteurella haemolytica in its logarithmic and declining phases of growth was characterized. Pulmonary macrophages were harvested from bovine lungs before and after their in vivo exposure to P haemolytica. The PM from each lavage period phagocytized P haemolytica in the declining phase of growth. However, P haemolytica in the log phase of growth was not phagocytized by PM from any of the lavage periods. Instead, PM exposed to P haemolytica in the log phase of growth had altered cellular morphologic features and were cytolytic. Pasteurella haemolytica in the log phase also inhibited phagocytosis of Saccharomyces cerevisiae by PM. This inhibition of phagocytosis, as well as morphologic alterations, was evident in PM cultures exposed to P haemolytica for less than 1 minute. PMID- 6742587 TI - Toxocara antigen and mitogen-induced lymphocyte blastogenesis for diagnosis of visceral larva migrans: clinical and experimental findings in macaques and human beings. AB - Peripheral lymphocytes from macaques inoculated with Toxocara canis and from children with serologically confirmed visceral larva migrans (VLM) were assayed for blastogenic responses using Toxocara antigen and standard mitogens. Macaques were given single or multiple larval infections. Lymphocyte responses of inoculated macaques were compared with responses from noninoculated macaques. Similarly, lymphocyte responses from 2 serologically confirmed human Toxocara VLM patients were compared with that of 2 healthy human controls. Mitogen responses of the macaques with multiple infections were higher than those with single infections or no infection, but these differences were not significant. Statistically greater (P less than 0.05) Toxocara antigen-induced blastogenesis was observed for both groups of inoculated macaques and for each VLM patient. However, the degree of stimulation was low. PMID- 6742589 TI - Immediate postnatal inoculation of a microbial barrier to prevent neonatal diarrhea induced by Clostridium difficile in young conventional and gnotobiotic hares. AB - The cecal content of a healthy young hare (a 10-fold dilution prepared in anaerobiosis) was transferred into gnotobiotic recipient mice. The fecal flora of recipient mice was inoculated into 49 conventional young hares (kept in a closed building) immediately after birth. All the inoculated hares survived until weaning whereas 35% of 48 non-treated conventional hares died of diarrhea. Clostridium difficile and C perfringens were present in all the diarrheal noninoculated hares, whereas these species were present only in 50% of healthy inoculated or noninoculated hares at low concentrations (less than 10(6)/g of feces). A microbial barrier effect against challenge-exposure strains of C difficile and C perfringens was evidenced in the intestinal tract of recipient gnotobiotic mice and young hares. Seemingly, the protective effect of the microbial inoculum was due to antagonisms exerted against C difficile and C perfringens in the intestinal tract of inoculated conventional hares. PMID- 6742590 TI - Antibiotic resistance of members of the genus Salmonella isolated from chickens, turkeys, cattle, and swine in the United States during October 1981 through September 1982. AB - Members of the genus Salmonella isolated from chickens, turkeys, cattle, and swine and submitted to the National Veterinary Services Laboratories for serotyping during October 1981 through September 1982 were tested for sensitivity to 12 antibacterial drugs. A total of 3,500 isolates was tested. A high rate of drug resistance was observed. Three cultures were resistant to each of the drugs and 30% were resistant to each drug except chloramphenicol, cephalothin, and gentamicin. Multiple resistance patterns were observed for 80% of the cultures with an even higher percentage in cultures from swine. PMID- 6742588 TI - Relation of dietary carbohydrates to lipid metabolism and the status of zinc and chromium in rabbits. AB - Rabbits were fed a purified ration known to produce alterations in lipid metabolism and cholelithiasis. During a 14-week period, group 1 was fed sucrose as the sole dietary carbohydrate, whereas group 2 was fed corn starch; the rations were equicaloric and the carbohydrate provided 43% of the calories. Serum cholesterol and triglyceride concentrations increased when the purified rations were fed, and these concentrations were often greater (toward the end of the trial) in rabbits fed the sucrose than in rabbits fed corn starch. Liver weight was increased by the sucrose feeding, but there were no differences as to concentrations of lipid, cholesterol, Cr, or Zn between treatments. The aortas of the sucrose group contained more lipid, and the cholesterol concentrations tended to be greater; but dietary carbohydrate had no effect on concentrations of Cr or Zn. A reduction in hair Cr concentration was noticed over time in the rabbits fed sucrose, but changes were not noticed in the Zn concentrations. Cholelithiasis tended to be more severe in rabbits fed sucrose. PMID- 6742591 TI - The metamorphosis of clinical psychology. Toward a new charter as human services psychology. PMID- 6742593 TI - The responsible psychotherapist. PMID- 6742592 TI - Patterns of mental health services provided by HMOs. PMID- 6742594 TI - Predicting the vocational capacity of the chronically mentally ill. Research and policy implications. PMID- 6742595 TI - Influence of panting frequency on thoracic gas volume measurements in chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. AB - Frequency dependence of thoracic gas volume (Vtg) and phase angles between volume and mouth pressure signals were evaluated in 10 normal subjects and in 31 patients with bronchitis, who panted sequentially at 0.8 Hz and 2.5 Hz during the same occlusion. A slight negative frequency dependence of Vtg (-1.2 +/- 0.9%/Hz, m +/- SD), accompanied by a very small phase lag of volume with respect to pressure variations (-1.5 +/- 0.9 degrees at 2.5 Hz) was found in normal subjects. In contrast, patients with bronchitis exhibited a mild positive frequency dependence of Vtg (+ 0.5 +/- 1.7%/Hz and + 0.8 +/- 2.3%/Hz in subjects with normal and increased airway resistance, respectively), whereas the volume signal slightly led the pressure signal at 2.5 Hz. Both the frequency dependence and the phase difference increased when the subjects with the largest airway resistance did not support their cheeks during the panting maneuvers. The data confirm previous indirect evidence that Vtg is, in most instances, accurately measured by Boyle's law in mild and moderate chronic airway obstruction. PMID- 6742596 TI - Spirometric forced expiratory volumes measured in the standing versus the sitting posture. AB - To date, only one study has empirically examined the effects of sitting versus standing posture on the spirometric forced expiratory volumes. Because of design limitations, the small excess of sitting over standing values found in that study may have been due to a positive testing order effect. Using a crossover design, the present study of 90 middle-aged male subjects alternated the sitting-standing and standing-sitting testing sequence between subjects to avoid confounding by testing order effects. The major findings were that forced expiratory volumes in one and in six seconds and forced vital capacity were significantly larger (p less than 0.001) in the standing than in the sitting posture, with mean standing minus sitting differences ranging from +0.06 to +0.08 L for the 3 indexes. The larger expired volumes measured in the standing position in this study were probably due to the subjects taking slightly larger inspirations in this posture than in the sitting position. PMID- 6742597 TI - Cobalt lung in diamond polishers. AB - Five diamond polishers with interstitial lung disease attributed to cobalt not alloyed to carbides of hard metals are described. The exposure originated from high-speed grinding tools with a polishing surface of microdiamonds cemented in very fine cobalt. Mineralogic analysis of lung tissue, lavage fluid, filtered air, and exhaust dust in the work environment revealed cobalt as the only toxic agent. Complaints consisted of work-related rhinitis, cough, chest tightness, dyspnea, anorexia, and weight loss, and were intensified in the absence of an adequate exhaust ventilation. Three subjects were in a rather subacute stage, as documented by open lung biopsy in 2 of them, and had a severe restrictive defect and markedly decreased diffusing capacity. Two patients presented a more chronic histologic pattern and had a less decreased diffusing capacity. Open lung biopsies showed in these 4 a fibrosing alveolitis, mainly of the centrilobular zones. In the former 2 patients, subacute lesions consisting of a mural mononuclear cell infiltrate, marked intra-alveolar desquamation, and multinucleated giant cells were found, whereas in the latter 2, centrilobular fibrosis with some microcyst formation was also already seen. Multiple multinucleated giant cells were present in the bronchoalveolar lavage fluid. Interruption of the exposure, with or without corticotherapy, caused a rapid regression of the complaints and a partial improvement of lung function. PMID- 6742598 TI - Hermansky-pudlak syndrome and interstitial lung disease: report of a case with lavage findings. AB - Clinical and pathologic evidence for interstitial pulmonary fibrosis occurring in some patients with the Hermansky-Pudlak syndrome is well described in the literature, but data on immunologic mechanisms operating in this form of lung disease have not been published. In this case report, we describe bronchoalveolar lavage (BAL) findings in a patient with this syndrome. Recovered alveolar macrophages (AM) contained the characteristic ceroidlike material previously described in interstitial macrophages in pathologic specimens. The BAL analysis was similar to that seen in idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis, with increased levels of immunoglobulins and numbers of IgG and IgA secreting cells, and normal percentages of putative helper and suppressor T-cell subsets. In addition, superoxide production by stimulated AM was increased, possibly secondary to phagocytosis of the ceroidlike material. The lavage in this patient was compatible with a mild inflammatory process that was consistent with gallium scan results and the patient's clinical course. PMID- 6742599 TI - Reversible hypercapnic respiratory insufficiency in scleroderma caused by respiratory muscle weakness. AB - A patient with scleroderma presented with hypercapnic respiratory failure. Evaluation of pulmonary mechanics revealed severe restriction caused in part by respiratory muscle weakness. Treatment with prednisone corrected hypoventilation, improved symptoms, increased lung volumes, returned respiratory muscle strength to normal range, but did not change the degree of lung stiffness. This case demonstrates that restrictive patterns in scleroderma can be due to either lung or chest wall disease and that the latter may be reversible. If respiratory muscle weakness is present with restrictive ventilatory patterns in patients with scleroderma, a therapeutic trial of corticosteroid is warranted. PMID- 6742600 TI - Air-flow limitation in myasthenia gravis. The effect of acetylcholinesterase inhibitor therapy on air-flow limitation. PMID- 6742601 TI - Effects of obesity on respiratory function. PMID- 6742602 TI - Obstructive sleep apnea and cephalometric roentgenograms. PMID- 6742603 TI - Quantitation of bronchoalveolar lavage with methylene blue. PMID- 6742604 TI - Long-term effects of exposure to sulfur dioxide. PMID- 6742605 TI - Increased serum theophylline clearance with orally administered activated charcoal. PMID- 6742606 TI - Respiratory mechanics in adolescents with idiopathic scoliosis. AB - Mechanisms causing the reduction in lung capacity commonly found in adolescents with idiopathic scoliosis (IS) have not been understood. In 29 patients with typical thoracic curvatures of mild to moderate degree (less than 60 degrees), total lung capacity (TLC) was a mean 75 +/- 13% (SD) of predicted. The patients could generate only -70 +/- 26 cm H2O (SD) maximal inspiratory airway pressure at function residual capacity, as compared with -102 +/- 28 cm H2O in 21 normal control subjects (p less than 0.001). Studies of lung mechanics in 15 of the patients showed that maximal transpulmonary pressure at TLC was also reduced. Static pressure volume curves were shifted to the right, and both static and dynamic lung compliance were significantly reduced. Although both upstream conductance per TLC and anatomic dead space per TLC were abnormally high, relationships between maximal expiratory flow and static lung recoil were appropriate for age, indicating a normal growth of airway dimensions. From results of the single-breath nitrogen washout procedure, amounts of trapped nitrogen were also normal, indicating that the low lung compliance is not caused by airway closure. After a 5-min period of positive pressure (25 cm H2O) breathing, dynamic compliance increased by a mean of 34% in subjects with low TLC, and by a significantly smaller (p less than 0.05) mean increase of 14% in subjects with normal TLC. The 15 patients were restudied 1 yr after corrective surgery by the Harrington procedure.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS) PMID- 6742607 TI - Sarcoidosis: epidemiology and prognosis. A 15-year European study. AB - A 15-year study of patients with sarcoidosis is presented. In most patients, the disease was discovered at a general health screening examination. The mean total incidence among persons 15 yr of age or older was 19 per 100,000 per year (21.7 for women and 16.5 for men). There was a peak incidence in both sexes between the ages of 20 and 34, and in older women, there was a second but lower and broader peak. The frequency of symptoms was greater in older women than in other patients. The accumulated lifetime risk of sarcoidosis was 1.3% for women and almost 1% for men. Patients with Stage I sarcoidosis, i.e., with bilateral hilar adenopathy alone, had the best prognosis, with 50% of the patients showing a normal radiographic picture 15 months after the discovery of the disease. Among patients with Stage II sarcoidosis (both bilateral hilar adenopathy and pulmonary infiltration), it was 36 months before 50% returned to normal radiographically. Resolution of all radiographic evidence of the disease could still occur many years after the first pathologic findings were made on chest films. PMID- 6742608 TI - Relaxation rate of mouth pressure with sniffs at rest and with inspiratory muscle fatigue. AB - The relaxation rate of transdiaphragmatic pressure (Pdi) after voluntary contractions of the diaphragm slows with fatigue. We determined a range of values for the relaxation rate of mouth pressure (Pm) after voluntary contractions of the inspiratory muscles in 27 normal men and women at various lung volumes at rest. Values were similar for both sexes. The relaxation rates were similar at functional residual capacity (FRC) and below FRC, but were greater above FRC (p less than 0.05). In addition, we studied the effect of diaphragmatic fatigue induced by inspiratory resistive loading on the relaxation rates of Pdi and Pm with voluntary contractions of the inspiratory muscles in 6 subjects. With fatigue, the relaxation rates of Pdi and Pm both decreased by similar amounts, indicating that a decrease in the relaxation rate of Pm is as useful a predictor of inspiratory muscle fatigue as a decrease in the relaxation rate of Pdi has been shown to be for the diaphragm. The relaxation rate of Pm varies widely in normal subjects at rest, so isolated values do not indicate whether fatigue is present or developing. However, this may be predicted if relaxation rate decreases with serial measurements. PMID- 6742609 TI - Small airway disease is associated with elastic recoil changes in excised human lungs. AB - We studied 54 excised human lungs, 15 with no emphysema and 39 with varying degrees of emphysema, to examine the relationship of small airway disease and elastic recoil. We found a negative correlation between the total small airway pathology score and the mean internal bronchiolar diameter (r = -0.309, p = less than 0.03), as well as with other measurements of small airway size. The internal bronchiolar diameter correlated well with both the elastic recoil expressed as a percentage of predicted values at 70% of total lung capacity (r = 0.533, p less than 0.001) and elastic recoil expressed as an exponential constant k (r = 0.370, p less than 0.01). Fibrosis of the small airways was associated with a reduced internal bronchiolar diameter (r = 0.460, p less than 0.001), as well as the percentage of predicted elastic recoil at 70% of total lung capacity (r = 0.382, p less than 0.01) and elastic recoil expressed as an exponential constant k (r = 0.348, p less than 0.02). We have concluded that changes in elastic recoil seen in these lungs and fibrosis of small airways may be related by a common inflammatory process. PMID- 6742610 TI - Postoperative pulmonary function in children. Comparison of scoliosis with peripheral surgery. AB - We measured lung volumes, forced expirograms, and arterial blood gases in 2 groups of elective pediatric surgical patients (mean age, 11.4 +/- SD 2.8; n = 11, 12 operations) the day prior to surgery (control) and between the first and eighth postoperative days. The patients were Group I: peripheral surgery (n = 6) and Group II: reconstructive surgery for scoliosis (n = 5). The preoperative lung volumes and forced expiratory volume in one second were within the predicted normal range in both groups, except for a reduction in total lung capacity (TLC) and vital capacity (VC) in Group II. The postoperative lung volumes in Group I were not significantly different from the preoperative volumes. In group II, on postoperative Days 2 and 3, the lung volumes as a percent of preoperative volumes (mean +/- SEM) were VC, 44 +/- 11; functional residual capacity (FRC), 81 +/- 6; residual volume, 124 +/- 10; TLC, 61 +/- 10. Although the mean FRC returned to the preoperative volume by postoperative Days 5 and 6, the VC and its components remained reduced on postoperative Days 5, 6, and 8. We conclude that postoperative lung volume abnormalities are related to the site and magnitude of surgery and associated phenomena, such as pain, and preoperative respiratory function abnormalities. PMID- 6742611 TI - Magnitude of the interaction between the bronchomotor effects of sulfur dioxide and those of dry (cold) air. AB - We studied the interaction between airway drying (cooling) and inhalation of sulfur dioxide (SO2) causing bronchoconstriction in 8 subjects with mild asthma. On 3 separate days, we measured specific airway resistance (SRaw) before and after the subject performed voluntary eucapnic hyperpnea at a constant minute ventilation (30 to 40 L/min) for successive 3-min periods with doubling concentrations of SO2 in dry cold air (-20 degrees C, 0% relative humidity), in dry warm air (22 degrees C, 0% relative humidity), and in partially humidified warm air (22 degrees C, 70% relative humidity). On another day, we measured SRaw before and after the subject performed each of 6 successive 3-min periods of voluntary eucapnic hyperpnea at the same minute ventilation breathing dry cold air without SO2. The concentration of SO2 that caused a 100% increase in SRaw was significantly lower in dry cold air and in dry warm air than it was in humidified warm air. Repeated hyperpnea with dry cold air without SO2 at the same ventilation had no effect on SRaw. We then had the same subjects perform voluntary eucapnic hyperpnea at successively increasing levels of ventilation on 3 different days with dry air alone, dry air with 0.1 ppm SO2, or dry air with 0.25 ppm SO2. The minute ventilation that caused an 80% increase in SRaw was significantly lower for hyperpnea with 0.1 and with 0.25 ppm SO2 than for dry air without SO2, but these differences were small.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS) PMID- 6742612 TI - Seasonal increase of carbachol airway responsiveness in patients allergic to grass pollen. Reversal by corticosteroids. AB - By measuring airway resistance (Raw) as an index of response, dose-response curves to aerosolized carbachol were constructed in 10 patients suffering from grass pollen allergy. The subjects were first tested before the pollen season (March). During the pollen season (May and June), another control test was performed; the patients were then treated (double blind and at random) with placebo or methylprednisolone (16 mg/day given orally) for 7 days and then retested. After a 10-day interval devoid of treatment, the 2 treatments were crossed over and a fourth carbachol test was performed. Baseline function values were comparable for all 4 tests. In all but one subject (who was a smoker), carbachol increased Raw by more than 150% over baseline for each of the 4 tests. In these 9 patients, carbachol responsiveness significantly increased during the pollen season and returned to its preseason level after corticosteroid treatment. The data suggest that airway inflammation was responsible for the seasonal increase in airway reactivity. PMID- 6742613 TI - Chest wall motion in sleep apnea. AB - Patterns of rib cage (RC) and abdomen (ABD) motion obtained from a respiratory inductive plethysmograph were studied during disordered breathing events - obstructive apnea, obstructive hypopnea, mixed apnea, and central apnea - in 54 patients with sleep apnea. The type of disordered breathing event was verified by esophageal pressure and bias-flow mask recordings. Obstructive apnea occurred to a variable extent in all patients and was characterized by stereotyped paradoxical motion of the RC or ABD or both in 49 patients (91%). There was no paradox in 2 patients with "feeble" inspiratory effort during obstructions and in 3 patients with normal inspiratory effort during obstructed breaths. The more obese patients displayed paradox of the ABD rather than of the RC. Paradox did not occur in central apnea or in the central component of mixed apnea. Obstructive hypopnea was characterized by paradox during part of the breath. We conclude that RC and ABD motion can adequately characterize apnea in most patients and thus avoid invasive monitoring techniques that can adversely affect sleep. However, if chest wall motion suggests that all apneas are central, a direct measurement of respiratory effort is necessary to exclude obstruction. PMID- 6742614 TI - The relationship of respiratory symptoms and lung function loss in cotton textile workers. AB - We explored the relationship between a number of respiratory symptoms or symptom complexes (e.g., cough, recent wheeze, byssinosis) and lung function in white cotton textile workers (CTW) and control subjects 45 yr of age or older. The CTW were studied in 1973 and in 1979 in Columbia, South Carolina, and the control subjects were studied in 1972 and in 1978 in Lebanon, Connecticut. The CTW had a high prevalence of byssinosis (18%) and other symptoms. For each symptom or symptom complex, among persons with the symptom, CTW had lower lung function on the average than did control subjects. Also, among persons without the particular symptom, CTW had lower lung function than did control subjects. This pattern also occurred for persons without any respiratory symptoms (i.e., asymptomatic). Moreover, persons (CTW or control subjects separately) reporting the presence of a particular symptom had, in general, lower lung function than did those without the symptom. Among nonsmokers, all these same patterns usually held, but differences were often not statistically significant because of the small numbers of persons with symptoms. We conclude that on a group basis, respiratory function is more impaired in CTW than in control subjects with respiratory symptoms, that respiratory function is more impaired in persons (CTW or control subjects) with symptoms than in those without, and that even asymptomatic CTW have significantly greater lung function impairment than do control subjects. PMID- 6742615 TI - Prevention and reversal of hypoxic pulmonary hypertension by calcium antagonists. AB - There exists no agreement as to the best vasodilator drug for treatment of hypoxic pulmonary hypertension. We wondered which of 3 commonly used vasodilators - verapamil, nifedipine, or hydralazine - would be the most effective in reducing and reversing the development of hypoxic pulmonary hypertension in the conscious rat. Hemodynamic studies showed that all 3 drugs inhibited the pressor response to acute hypoxia. Given for 1 month to conscious rats during exposure to intermittent hypoxia, verapamil and nifedipine reduced pulmonary hypertension when compared with hypoxic control animals, as indicated by right ventricular hypertrophy, total pulmonary resistance, and medial thickening. Hydralazine caused similar, but smaller, changes. Nifedipine, when used to reverse established hypoxic pulmonary hypertension, reduced right ventricular hypertrophy and medial thickening. Cardiac and systemic effects were negligible. These results demonstrate that the calcium channel blockers reduce the development of hypoxic pulmonary hypertension and that nifedipine partially reverses established hypertension. PMID- 6742616 TI - Methylmethacrylate induces pulmonary hypertension and increases lung vascular permeability in sheep. AB - Methylmethacrylate (MMA) is a bone cement used to attach prosthetic joints to raw bone surfaces. Occasional reports of pulmonary complications following total hip replacement suggest that MMA may induce pulmonary microvascular abnormalities. We studied the hemodynamic and pulmonary edemagenic effects of 2 mg/kg and 12 mg/kg MMA in 23 sheep. After the 12 mg/kg dose there was a marked fall in mean systemic blood pressure (SBP) within 30 s from 92 +/- 7 to 59 +/- 3 mmHg (p less than 0.05). The SBP returned to normal and then decreased, again becoming significantly lower than baseline at 120 min. Mean pulmonary artery pressure (PAP) increased from 16.8 +/- 1.2 to 27.0 +/- 1.5 mmHg at 0.5 min (p less than 0.01 then slowly returned to normal over 1 h. Despite the transient changes in pulmonary hemodynamics, baseline lymph flow (QL) doubled at 30 min and tripled at 120 min to 3.0 +/- 0.4 and 4.4 +/- 0.6, respectively (p less than 0.01). Lymph/plasma ratio for albumin was 0.83 +/- 0.03 at baseline and was unchanged throughout the study. Lung tissue water/blood free dry weight ratio was 5.4 +/- 0.4 compared to 3.6 +/- 0.3 for normal sheep (p less than 0.05). After the low dose there was no change in SBP or PAP, and QL only doubled (1.0 +/- 0.3 to 2.3 +/- 0.7). The L/P albumin was unchanged. We found no evidence of polymorphonuclear leukocyte (PMN) trapping in the pulmonary parenchyma by lung biopsy or by counts of PMNs in pulmonary artery and aortic blood.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS) PMID- 6742617 TI - Influence of programmed textbook review on American Board of Surgery In-service Examination scores. AB - Documentation of academic achievement throughout training is an essential component to residency accreditation. Resident performance evaluations by attending staff provide good assessments of affective behavior and technical skills, but evaluation of surgical knowledge is often subjective in nature. The American Board of Surgery In-Service Examination has become the standard by which academic performance is measured. Numerous types of educational programs are used to increase the knowledge base of residents. Sporadic reading of a standard surgical text is a common part of many residency programs. In 1981, the Michigan State University/Butterworth Hospital General Surgery Residency opted to drop the surgical text reading in favor of a review of specific topics attuned to resident needs. Results of the 1982 American Board of Surgery (ABS) examination identified a significant decrease in percentile scores and average resident performance. A program requiring a systematic review of a standard surgical text was then initiated. This review involved assigned reading and administration of weekly examinations covering each assignment. Following institution of this program, a dramatic improvement in the total average scores for the entire resident group was noted. Similar improvement was noted in individual group scores (PG I, II, III, IV, and V). Results of this study indicate that reading of a standard surgical text should be a required part of each residency program. PMID- 6742618 TI - Factors influencing morbidity of carotid endarterectomy without a shunt. AB - A retrospective analysis of 156 unshunted carotid endarterectomies in 124 patients indicates that at least three factors may influence the surgeon to consider using an indwelling shunt. Contralateral internal carotid artery occlusion, prolonged cross-clamp time, and possibly stump pressures less than 25 mm Hg torr were associated with increased rate of permanent neurologic deficit. Selective shunting would not be based on stump pressures less than 50 mm Hg torr, previous ipsilateral stroke, or abnormal intraoperative electroencephalogram. PMID- 6742619 TI - Treatment of jejunoileal bypass failure by reanastomosis and gastroplasty in a single-stage procedure. Review of 47 cases. AB - Jejunoileal bypass (JIB) for morbid obesity has resulted in a variety of metabolic complications requiring reanastomosis. Although reversal of JIB is usually effective in resolving the metabolic problems, weight gain to pre-JIB levels is common. A single-stage operation combining JIB reversal with gastroplasty (RGP) was performed on 47 patients to correct metabolic complications associated with JIB and reduce recurrence of morbid obesity. Mean follow-up time was 20 months with a range of 6 to 37 months. Average weight at the time of revision was 81 kg, 16.6 kg above the mean ideal weight. Approximately 96 per cent of complications leading to reversal were resolved. Mean postoperative weights showed a gradual increase up to 2 years, at which time weight gain stabilized. Patients 2 to 3 years postsurgery average 36.4 kg above ideal weight and 19.8 kg above weight at the time of reversal. Approximately 79 per cent of patients remained below morbid obesity levels. Complications included eight cases of stomal obstruction; two required reoperation. Stomal dilatation was identified in two patients. There were no mortalities. RGP was found to be ineffective in producing weight loss in patients who had not lost significant weight following JIB. This study suggests that JIB reversal with gastroplasty as a single procedure is safe and effective in resolving nearly all JIB complications. RGP is associated with gradual increase in weight for 2 years, after which weight gain appears to plateau. However, return to morbid obesity levels can be prevented in 70 per cent of patients undergoing RGP. PMID- 6742620 TI - Early reoperations after surgery for duodenal ulcer. AB - To assess the incidence of early, severe, and life-threatening complications demanding early reintervention following surgery for duodenal ulcer--initial or reoperative--2579 patients who underwent elective surgery, 2472 as an initial approach and 107 as a reintervention, are presented in this study. Twenty-three patients underwent early reoperation after initial surgery for duodenal ulcer and ten patients out of the 107 required reoperation for severe late postoperative complications. The overall incidence of early reoperation was 1 per cent (33 patients) and there was an incidence rate of .6 per cent after initial surgery versus 9.8 per cent after reoperative surgery (P less than 0.001). It is concluded that reoperative surgery for late complications following initial surgery for duodenal ulcer carries a high incidence rate for complications which warrant early reintervention. It is believed that reduction in the incidence of late complications following initial surgery for duodenal ulcer should simultaneously result in a reduction in the demand for early reoperation which is associated with a considerable mortality and morbidity rate. PMID- 6742621 TI - Histopathologic changes in the intra- and extrahepatic biliary tree in patients with postcholecystectomy choledocholithiasis. AB - To assess the incidence of biliary stasis in recurrent choledocholithiasis, 155 patients with postcholecystectomy choledocholithiasis, all of whom were recommended for choledochoduodenostomy, are presented in this paper. Data show that in patients of advanced age and with a long history of the disease there is a higher incidence of common bile duct dilatation, primary common bile duct stones, and increased bile contamination rate. Furthermore, these elements are associated with advanced pathologic changes in the liver and biliary tree histology. This hypothesis is supported by barium meal studies through the constructed choledochoduodenostomy where the extent and progress of those pathologic changes have been illustrated by visualization of the entire biliary tree at different postoperative intervals. In this series of patients, the progress of the liver and biliary damage was studied after the relief of the obstruction. It would appear reasonable to accept that in patients with the above mentioned characteristics, the evidence of biliary stasis is clear. In these patients, the demand for a drainage procedure supplementary to choledochotomy seems to be warranted in order to eliminate the risk of recurrent choledocholithiasis as a result of existing biliary stasis. PMID- 6742622 TI - Pulmonary surface tension after nontoxic experimental pancreatitis. AB - Injection of saline as well as trypsin into the pancreatic duct of the rat may cause changes in the histology and surface tension of the lung, as well as histological and biochemical evidence of pancreatitis. Nontoxic chemicals also may be the source of pancreatitis and subsequent pulmonary dysfunction. In the research setting, pressure injection into the pancreatic duct may produce systemic effects. PMID- 6742623 TI - Hepatic resection for metastatic colorectal carcinoma. William Beaumont Hospital experience. AB - Eleven hepatic resections have been performed at William Beaumont Hospital between April 1979 and April 1983 for metastatic colorectal carcinoma. Eight lesions were metachronous, and three were synchronous. All lesions except three metachronous lesions were solitary nodules. Patients who were found to have metachronous lesions were initially evaluated because of rising carcinoembryonic antigen (CEA) levels. One postoperative death occurred (9% mortality). All patients with synchronous lesions have since died for a mean survival of 15.2 months. The mean survival for patients with metachronous lesions, excluding the postoperative mortality, was 15.4 months (range, 4.1-30.7 months). The 1-year and 2-year actuarial survival rates are 79 per cent and 33 per cent. Five patients are alive, and three are free of clinical disease; therefore survival is expected to improve. In conclusion, rising CEA levels can be used to detect patients with metachronous lesions. The actuarial data support resectional therapy for metastatic colorectal carcinoma of the liver in carefully selected patients. PMID- 6742624 TI - Outcome after peritoneo-jugular shunting of pancreatic ascites. AB - Three patients with pancreatic ascites documented by ascitic fluid protein greater than 2.5 g/dl and elevated amylase in their peritoneal fluid were treated by peritoneo-jugular shunting (PJS). Patient 1 was so treated inadvertently; Patient 2 had resolving amylase levels but increasing amounts of ascites; Patient 3 had clear, active pancreatic ascites. None incurred untoward effects from this procedure. Ventilatory compromise from reduced diaphragmatic excursion was ameliorated in all patients. Two patients required no further therapy. The third patient was greatly improved in preparation for definitive surgical therapy for a leaking pancreatic pseudocyst. The infusion of enzyme-rich fluids into the circulation may be responsible for certain systemic effects of pancreatitis. Coagulation defects are a known complication of PJS for the ascites of Laennec's cirrhosis. There was no evidence of histamine-mediated cardiovascular collapse, exacerbation of respiratory failure, or coagulation defects in these patients. We conclude that these complications are not the inevitable results of PJS of pancreatic ascites. PMID- 6742625 TI - Surgical treatment of duodenal ulcers. When? How? Why? AB - This report describes a personal experience of 2472 operations carried out for duodenal ulcers between 1964 and 1982 in Athens, Greece. An attempt is made to assess the short- and long-term results after different surgical approaches including truncal vagotomy and antrectomy, truncal vagotomy plus drainage (pyloroplasty or gastrojejunostomy), polya gastrectomy, and proximal gastric vagotomy. All the above procedures were used in dealing with this series of patients. Through a selection process by use of clinical and operative criteria for each individual case, each procedure was carried out to fit the individual demands of each patient. From the above policy our results were satisfactory. We had an overall mortality rate of 0.58 per cent with a late reoperation rate of 4 per cent which included patients with recurrent peptic ulcers, the dumping syndrome, and alkaline reflux gastritis. PMID- 6742626 TI - Arterial embolization. Pitfalls of revision of graft angioaccess. AB - Displacement of the thrombus into the artery and subsequent peripheral arterial embolization occurred during arteriovenous graft thrombectomy in two of a series of 162 graft revisions. Embolectomy was required to relieve limb threatening ischemia. PMID- 6742627 TI - Massive small bowel infarction. An unusual complication of abdominal aortic surgery. AB - Only 16 cases of small bowel infarction as a complication of abdominal aortic surgery have previously been reported, with 100 per cent mortality among adults. This case represents the first adult survivor of this unusual complication reported to date. The possible etiologies of this problem including "aorto-iliac steal" phenomena, thromboembolic events, low cardiac output states, operative interruption of important collateral pathways, and mesenteric vasoconstriction secondary to pharmacologic agents are elaborated. The diverse clinical presentations of this devastating complication are likewise reviewed. PMID- 6742629 TI - The specific deterrent effects of arrest for domestic assault. PMID- 6742628 TI - Elections, Keynes, bureaucracy and class: explaining U.S. budget deficits, 1961 1978. PMID- 6742631 TI - [5th National Congress on Perinatal Medicine. Cordoba, 24-26 November 1983. Abstracts]. PMID- 6742630 TI - Economic sources of homicide: reestimating the effects of poverty and inequality. PMID- 6742632 TI - [Treatment of fronto-orbital malformations associated with craniostenosis]. AB - From 1977 to 1982, 13 children affected by craniostenosis involving the supraorbital ridge were treated by surgery and subsequently followed up. Six cases of plagiocephaly, one of brachycephaly, three of Apert's syndrome, and three cases of Crouzon's disease were operated on, employing in seven cases classical lineal craniectomies, an in six other, craniotomies with advancement and remodelling. The results obtained are discussed in terms of functional and cosmetic improvement, the therapeutic criterion being in terms corresponding with the gravity of the malformation and the age at which the surgical operation was carried out. PMID- 6742633 TI - [Treatment with Soave's technic and long-term results in 270 cases of Hirschsprung disease]. AB - The authors present the surgical technique for the correction of Hirschsprung disease following SOAVE's original description. A series of 270 cases observed in 20 years at the Pediatric Surgery Department of the "Instituto Giannina Gaslini" in Genova, Italy, are examined. These cases, all treated by surgery, were followed up in long term for more than one year both clinically and radiologically. Additionally 73 cases treated from 1977 on were also followed up with the aid of ano-rectal electro-manometry. The most recent diagnostic aspects are discussed, such as ano-manometry, and some conclusions are drawn about long term results. PMID- 6742634 TI - [Infrequent digestive pathology associated with a preduodenal portal vein]. AB - We report two cases of preduodenal portal vein (PDPV) has with two different clinical pictures. The first case has an intestinal obstruction in infancy caused by PDPV. In the second child, the PDPV was only an operative finding in the newborn. We report for the first time PDPV associated with Hirschsprung disease. PMID- 6742635 TI - [Etiologic and evaluation study of the treatment of 554 burned children]. AB - We report about 554 burned children and make a brief analysis of the causes pointing to a better prophylaxis. Other reports contained similar data. It is noticeable that 17.7% of children with charcoal brasier burns and that 39.5% of children whose parents have two or three children came from the lowest income levels in the area of influence of our Service. We comment on the morbidity of these injuries: 55.95% of hospitalized children for a total of 5,877 days, and an average of 10.6 cures per child. Finally, in children with organic sequelae after the first treatment (28%) we make a first appraisal of the results of maintained compressive-elastic treatment in 78% of children, 40 of them in a preventive basis and 81 as a treatment of established sequelae. PMID- 6742636 TI - [Detection of uropathies in enuresis in children]. AB - A protocol has been applied to all our patients consulting for nocturnal enuresis who also presented daytime wetting or urge to void, to rule out obstructive uropathies. Our protocol includes voiding cystourethrogram, IVP, cystometry and endoscopy. 64 females and 46 males, 4 to 14 year-old, were studied between 1980 and 1983. Obstructive urethral uropathy was ruled out in 37 females (58%) and 32 males (69%). The most common treatments in these patients were endoscopic resection (Bugbee) of posterior urethral valves in boys and resection of the distal ring in girls. All other associated diseases or malformations were treated according to their etiology. Results, analyzed through a questionnaire sent to parents, were good in 77% of the patients treated for obstruction. In conclusion we think that daytime wetting and urge to void are very frequently the emerging symptoms of a hidden uropathy, in most cases obstructing proximal or distal urethra. Surgical treatment can lead to a good cure rate. PMID- 6742637 TI - [Traumatic section of the ureteropelvic junction in children, report of 2 cases. Review of the literature]. AB - We report two cases of complete avulsion at the ureteropelvic junction in children. In both cases the injury was repaired successfully because of an early diagnosis and treatment based in a high degree of suspicion, confirmed by IVP. A review of the literature revealed 29 cases in children. PMID- 6742638 TI - [Ureteral multiplicity. Review of case records]. AB - We present distribution by age, sex, clinical picture and clinical examination of 86 cases of renoureteral duplication and one of triplication of which 47 underwent surgical treatment. Intravenous urography provided direct evidence of the existence of duplication in 94%, indirect evidence in 100%, and it disclosed ipsi-or contralateral complications in 23%. Cystography demonstrated vesico ureteral reflux in 62%. Injection of contrast into the ectopic ureteral meatus, echography and gammagraphy provided data of interest in some cases. Accounts are given of indication for operation, approach, surgical procedures, direct of indirect complications, the association of this entity with other pathological conditions and of other procedures which have been described in the treatment of this anomaly. PMID- 6742640 TI - [Renal injuries in children]. AB - 16 children admitted to the hospital for blunt renal trauma were studied. Following Mandour's classification 10 cases were minor, five mayor and one was critical. No vascular or ureteral problems were seen. The treatment was initially conservative in all cases, without explorative lumbotomy or perirenal drainage. Only one patient was operated on for an arteriovenous fistula in the renal parenchyma; an exeresis of that portion was done. The follow-up (for one year) with clinical, IVP, echography and blood pressure controls was normal in all cases. The present authors prefer a conservative management, whenever possible, and surgical treatment only for complications and vascular or pyeloureteral disruption. PMID- 6742639 TI - [Contralateral reflux after unilateral antireflux surgery]. AB - 108 unilateral antireflux surgical procedures are analysed over a period of seven years. All the cases were operated upon for essential or primary renal reflux, using ureteral advancement techniques crossing the bladder midline. There were 10 patients who developed contralateral renal reflux (CRR) in the postoperative evolution (9,2%). The CRR disappeared in all cases, but three of them needed surgical treatment because of urinary tract deterioration (Reflux nephropathy, bladder lithiasis, and shift of reflux grade from I to III). Two different surgical antireflux techniques were utilised. Using the Glenn-Anderson's technique the incidence of CRR was 9/68 (13,2%) whereas this incidence was 1/40 (2,5%) using the Cohen's technique, which does not disrupt the trigonal area. The authors do not believe that systematic bilateral antireflux surgery for unilateral reflux is necessary. When CRR occurs an initially conservative management is recommended. PMID- 6742641 TI - [Nephro-urologic complications of presacral teratomas]. AB - Neonatal presacral teratoma is a very unusual tumor. Because of its deep pelvic location and huge size, it can cause urinary obstruction and interfere with renal development during prenatal life. We have treated three patients and followed them up for six, three and one years. In all of them hydronephrosis and ureteral ectasia disappeared after excision of the tumor but some degree of calyceal club deformity persists in two patients. VUR persisted in one case for six years and was finally operated upon. Our last case has recently been operated for persistent left megaureter. This patient had also neonatal respiratory distress and mediastinal pneumothorax probably related to some degree of pulmonary hypoplasia. A close urologic follow-up is strongly advised in these patients. PMID- 6742642 TI - [Cervical neuroblastoma in a newborn infant]. AB - A case of cervical neuroblastoma is presented. It was treated by surgical resection followed by homolateral node dissection. No chemotherapy or radiotherapy was done, and patient is free of disease at the present time. We comment on the low incidence of this tumour in newborn and in cervical location, and on the good response of these forms to surgical treatment only. PMID- 6742643 TI - [Pheochromocytomas in children]. AB - Three cases of pheochromocytoma in children are presented. Diagnosis was made by selective adrenal arteriography, ultrasound examination and catecholamines urinary levels. The surgical treatment consisted in exeresis of the tumor in all cases. In one case familial incidence was found. The postoperative course has been normal in all cases. PMID- 6742644 TI - [Early detection of congenital luxation of the hip in 15,509 live newborn infants]. AB - This paper reports the results of hip examination screening in 15,509 alive newborns during the first 24 hours of life, carried out by the same trained person. Congenital dislocation incidence was 6.18%, with dislocated hips in 3.2% and instable hips in 2.4%. Primaparity was not a predisposing factor. There was a seasonal incidence with a peak in April. Late diagnosis rate was low, but not nil. We insist about the need for a careful hip examination in newborn performed by the same trained persons. PMID- 6742645 TI - Acute bronchoconstriction induced by cotton dust: dose-related responses to endotoxin and other dust factors. AB - Fifty-four healthy humans, selected for their acute airway responsiveness to cotton dust, had spirometric tests immediately before and after 6 hours of exposure to card-generated cotton dust from seven different cottons (of several grades and growing regions). During exposures, we measured airborne concentrations of viable fungi and bacteria (total and gram negative), vertically elutriated gravimetric dust, and vertically elutriated endotoxin. Correlation between each of these five exposure indices and exposure-related acute changes in forced expiratory volume in 1 s showed a statistically significant relationship between all of the indices except concentration of viable fungi. Of the other four indices, endotoxin was the most highly correlated (r = -0.94; p less than 0.00001), and gravimetric dust was the least correlated (r = -0.34; p less than 0.05). These findings suggest that gram-negative endotoxin may play a major role in the acute pulmonary response to inhaled cotton dust. PMID- 6742646 TI - Alternative referent standards for cardiac normality. Implications for diagnostic testing. AB - The radionuclide ventriculographic exercise response was evaluated in three patient populations representing alternative referent standards for cardiac normality: patients with normal coronary arteriograms, healthy volunteers, and uncatheterized patients with a low probability of coronary artery disease. Disease probability was determined by Bayesian analysis of age, sex, symptoms, and the results of cardiac fluoroscopy, exercise electrocardiography, or thallium scintigraphy. A wide range of ventriculographic responses was noted in the 62 catheterized normal patients; 21 (34%) had an abnormal ejection fraction response and 22 (35%) had an abnormal wall motion response. In contrast, the ejection fraction and wall motion responses were normal in the 9 volunteers. In 90 patients (18 catheterized and 72 uncatheterized) who had low disease probability (less than 1%), abnormal responses were rare; the ejection fraction response was abnormal in only 7% and the wall motion response was abnormal in 8%. Thus, these three populations are not equivalent referent standards of normality. Volunteers and patients with low disease probability provide too strict a standard, and their use can overestimate test specificity; catheterized normal patients, on the other hand, provide too lenient a standard, and their use can underestimate test specificity. PMID- 6742647 TI - The natural history of cholelithiasis: the National Cooperative Gallstone Study. AB - The National Cooperative Gallstone Study, a double-masked, placebo-controlled, therapeutic trial of chenodiol (chenodeoxycholic acid), provided an opportunity to study the natural history of cholelithiasis in patients who choose nonsurgical management. The major component of the study comprised 916 patients, 305 of whom were randomly assigned to receive a placebo for 24 months. Among these 305 patients, the probability of having biliary tract pain during the 24 months of prospective evaluation was significantly increased if the patient had had a history of biliary tract pain in the 12 months before entry into the study (69% versus 31%). Thirty-eight percent of patients had stone growth (greater than 0.5 cm3), and 18% had a spontaneous decrease in stone volume. Despite the high incidence of biliary tract pain, nonelective cholecystectomy was required in only 4% of patients during the 24 months. PMID- 6742649 TI - Byssinosis: causes and practical control. PMID- 6742648 TI - Polycystic kidney disease: prospective analysis of nonazotemic patients and family members. AB - To develop a profile of nonazotemic polycystic kidney disease as it occurs in families, we identified and studied 164 persons with autosomal-dominant polycystic kidney disease, 81 persons suspected of having the disease, and 250 family members without the disease. Because symptoms were absent in 32% of patients with the disease but present in 30% of persons without the disease, symptoms are not reliable in screening for the disease. Hypertension and palpable kidneys and liver were significantly commoner in patients with the disease, but systolic murmur unrelated to hypertension (10.5%) and peripheral edema (9.3%) also were common. Normal laboratory values do not exclude the diagnosis of polycystic kidney disease. Ultrasonography appears to be more sensitive than excretory urography in detecting the disease and also can detect hepatic cysts. Berry aneurysms can occur and are an important cause of mortality and morbidity. The relation of renal cysts to signs, symptoms and renal function is discussed. PMID- 6742650 TI - Who is normal? PMID- 6742651 TI - Crohn disease. PMID- 6742652 TI - Bone marrow abnormalities in the acquired immunodeficiency syndrome. PMID- 6742653 TI - Specificity of tests for antibody to hepatitis B surface antigen in patients with concomitant antibody and antigen. PMID- 6742654 TI - Liver disease, creatinine clearance, and aminoglycoside nephrotoxicity. PMID- 6742655 TI - Flucytosine and false elevation of serum creatinine level. PMID- 6742656 TI - Rectal ulcers and chronic renal failure. PMID- 6742657 TI - Heparin-associated thrombocytopenia. PMID- 6742658 TI - Thrombocytopenia and extragonadal germ-cell neoplasm. PMID- 6742659 TI - Risks in antiemesis using dexamethasone. PMID- 6742660 TI - Unstable angina. PMID- 6742661 TI - Carotid sinus massage and the diagnosis of syncope. PMID- 6742662 TI - Paradoxical hypertension from clonidine. PMID- 6742663 TI - Agranulocytosis and dose of methimazole. PMID- 6742664 TI - Estrogens and calcitonin in postmenopausal women with hyperparathyroidism. PMID- 6742665 TI - Nail growth, calcium, and vitamin D. PMID- 6742666 TI - Correction: Al Anon for associates of alcoholics. PMID- 6742667 TI - Erroneous primaquine dose in "Tropical Diseases in North America" (Disease-a Month) PMID- 6742668 TI - [Soft-tissue sarcomas in the adult. Current problems]. PMID- 6742669 TI - [Splenic involvement in infectious endocarditis. 5 clinical cases and 78 necropsies]. AB - Splenic involvement is a classical complication of infective endocarditis (IE). Clinical manifestations are rare, 5 out of 100 IE: unexpected rupture (1 case), abscess causing reinfection (2 cases), pseudo-tumour (1 case) and terminal infarction (1 case). In addition to a review of the literature, a post mortem histological study of the spleen of 78 cases of IE was undertaken. Splenic involvement did not seem to be the direct cause of death. Three types of lesions which may or may not be associated were observed: congestive inflammatory lesions, infarction (48 p. 100), abscess (6 p. 100). Splenic infarction usually results in scarring but may progress to abscess formation. Rupture was not observed in this autopsy series. Although splenic involvement is common at post mortem it gives rise to few symptoms. Persistant pyrexia and the appearance of local signs should lead to investigation of splenic complications and eventually, to surgical ablation. PMID- 6742670 TI - [Anatomy and lesions of the coronary system. Comparative data on 100 consecutively examined patients under 35 and over 45]. AB - The aim of the present study was to search for a causal factor of anatomical nature: the shortness of left main coronary (LMC) in two patient groups: a group of 26 patients (males) below age 35, (mean age +/- S.D.: 31 +/- 3 years) and a group of 74 patients (71 males), all over the age of 45, (mean age +/- S.D. 54 +/ 10 years). A comparison group of 32 patients without coronary disease, with normal coronary arteries, (mean age +/- S.D.: 51 +/- 11 years) was identified. The computed mean length of the LMC was 9.92 +/- 3.26 mm (extreme values 2-16) in the young age group, was 11.70 +/- 3.10 mm (extreme values 2-17) (p less than 0.02) in the older age group with coronary artery disease, and was 11.85 +/- 2.55 mm (extreme values 3-21) (p = n.s.) in the group with normal coronary arteries. The mean length of the LMC in the patient group (100 patients) with coronary disease was 11.24 mm. Short stems were noticed in 14 of 26 patients (54 p. 100) in the young group, and in 22 of 74 patients (30 p. 100) in the second group, and there was a statistically significant difference between the proportions of short stems in these two groups (p less than 0.05). The mean length of LMC in the controls (Group III; 11.85) was not significantly different from that in Group II, namely 11.70.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS) PMID- 6742671 TI - [Exercise test under catheterization in mitral stenosis]. AB - The sensitivity of basal hemodynamic data and the value of those observed during exercise in the diagnosis of severe mitral stenosis (MS) were investigated by comparing the results under basal conditions and during dynamic exercise with the operative findings in 55 patients with pure MS, aged between 18 and 73 years (average, 43 years), 29 with mild stenosis (Group I) and 26 with severe stenosis (Group II). Under basal conditions, mean pulmonary capillary pressure (PCP) was significantly higher in Group II than in Group I (15.7 +/- 4.4 mm Hg compared to 12.2 +/- 3.5 mm Hg, p less than 0.01). The same difference was observed in mean pulmonary arterial pressure: Group I, 18.2 +/- 5.4 mm Hg; Group II: 23.0 +/- 6.1 mm Hg, p less than 0.01; but cardiac and systolic indices were comparable in the two groups. On exercise, only PCP (Group I: 29.6 +/- 6.8; Group II: 34.7 +/- 4.9 mm Hg) and systolic index (Group I: 39.9 +/- 10.0; Group II: 33.4 +/- 8.2 ml/m2) were significantly different (p less than 0.01). Pulmonary capillary and arterial pressures rose in the same proportion in the two groups on exercise but systolic index fell in severe MS (-4 p. 100) and rose in mild MS (+30 p. 100) (p less than 0.001). The formulae for calculating mitral valve surface area only give discriminating results between the two groups when the hemodynamic data on exercise are used.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS) PMID- 6742672 TI - [Long-term results (5-year minimum) of the diet treatment of adult obesity. Elements of weight prognosis. Apropos of 138 patients]. AB - One hundred and thirty-eight out of 250 obese patients admitted to hospitals between 1972 and 1976 for dietetic treatment comprising 1,000 calories and 100 g carbohydrates were recontacted with a minimum follow-up of 5 years. Seventy-five patients refused to answer the questionnaire or attend an outpatient appointment. Four patients were later excluded from the study. Finally, fifty-nine patients were reassessed. The percentage of good results at 5 years (defined as greater than or equal to 5 p. 100 loss of initial body weight) was 45.5 p. 100 of those reassessed, a minimum of 20 p. 100 of the total number recontacted. The course of obesity was not linear. During the follow-up period there were 45.5 p. 100 of secondary failures (regain of initial body weight after having lost at least 5 p. 100), but also 17 p. 100 of secondary successes. The prognosis was not related to the age of onset of obesity, its duration, sex, occupation, alleged trigger factors, apparent motivation, duration of hospital admission, or treatment before or after hospitalisation. The prognosis was better in patients under 30 or over 50 years of age at the time of treatment (P less than 0.01) and when the body weight had not varied +/- 5 kg in the years preceding treatment (P less than 0.01). The following factors may also play a favourable role (but not statistically significant): the degree of obesity (better results in major obesity greater than or equal to 50 p. 100 overweight), a positive family history, the detection of a physical factor (glucose intolerance) during investigation, and the repetition of medical check-ups after initial counselling. PMID- 6742673 TI - [Malignant lymphoma initially of the buttocks: possible role of repeated intramuscular injections]. AB - The authors report the case of a patient who received intramuscular injections of bismuth and penicilline for three consecutive years. Twenty-five years later, a lymphoma of the right buttock developed. The tumor was treated with radiotherapy and remained localized for two years. It then diffused to lungs, maxilla and skin. The occurrence of a lymphoma in muscles is thought to be exceptionnal. It has been suggested that lymphomas may develop at the site of silicone injections or of protracted infections. Fibrosarcomas have been reported after intramuscular injections of iron. The observations may suggest that the muscular lymphoma observed in our patient may have been related to the injections of bismuth performed twenty-five years earlier. PMID- 6742674 TI - [Riedel's thyroiditis and retroperitoneal fibrosis. Apropos of a case of multiple fibrosing disease]. AB - The authors report a case of a 53 year old woman with Riedel's thyroiditis and retroperitoneal fibrosis. The thyroiditis has been diagnosed a year before the retroperitoneal fibrosis. This one was idiopathic and has been responsible of the death of the patient during an operation performed for ureterolysis. Fifteen other similar cases have been reported in the literature: four of them associated also mediastinal and biliary ducts fibrosis. The existence in one patient of multiple fibrosclerosis locations and the similitude of histological patterns (inflammatory diffuse fibrosis) lead to the concept of a multiple sclerosing disorder involving Riedel's thyroiditis, Ormond's disease, mediastinal fibrosis, sclerosing cholangitis, and the pseudotumors of the orbit. The etiopathogenic processes remain unclear. PMID- 6742675 TI - The office visit and the glaucoma patient. PMID- 6742677 TI - Simple method for locating the optical center of a lens. AB - This article evaluates an old and little used method, which involves holding a small light in front of the lens and marking the spot where the centers of the images reflected from the front and rear surfaces overlap. The location of the center found this way correlates very well with the marking lensometer method. This method may also be used while the patient is wearing the spectacle. Thus, the examiner may easily see the patient's pupillary center and the optical center simultaneously. Induced prismatic effects from inaccurate lens centering can easily be diagnosed without removing the spectacle from the patient's face. PMID- 6742676 TI - Transdermal scopolamine delivery system. PMID- 6742679 TI - Copeland radial pan-chamber lens for anterior and posterior chamber implantation. AB - In order for a lens to achieve ecumenical use, it must be adapted for intracapsular, extracapsular, as well as secondary and exchange implantation techniques. In anterior chamber placement it must overcome the objections to early anterior chamber lenses, namely, pain, tenderness to touch, "UGH" syndrome, malrotation, "oil-canning" effect, and iris chafing. Ease of insertion and one uniform sizing which avoids lens inventories are now available. Reversing the lens into the posterior chamber after extracapsular extraction must also allow for each of insertion and avoidance of sunset syndrome and pupil trap. The Copeland radial pan-chamber lens has been used extensively by the author who reports on 103 eyes after posterior chamber placement and 43 eyes in which anterior chamber placement has been undertaken following uneventful extracapsular (phacoemulsification) lens extraction. PMID- 6742680 TI - A new A-scan ultrasonoscope. AB - A new A-mode biometry system for determining axial length measurements of the eye has been developed that incorporates a soft-membrane transducer. The soft transducer decreases the risk of indenting the cornea with the probe resulting in inaccurate measurements. A microprocessor evaluates echo patterns and determines whether or not axial alignment has been obtained, eliminating possible user error. The new A-scan requires minimal user skill and can be used successfully by both physician and technician. PMID- 6742678 TI - Xenon-arc photocoagulation of medium-sized malignant melanomas. AB - Sixteen cases of medium-sized malignant melanomas were treated with xenon-arc photocoagulation. Early follow-up results are encouraging. Only minimal complications were encountered, and there was no evidence of metastasis. Meticulous follow-up of ocular malignant melanoma patients is strongly suggested, especially in cases in which the tumor is situated in the posterior pole. PMID- 6742681 TI - Eye pathology and low vision aids. AB - The primary cause of impaired vision was retinal pathology for 414 (83%) patients, optic nerve pathology (including glaucoma) for 33 patients (7%), other pathology for 53 (11%) patients. The following optical aids were prescribed: 35 distant spectacle corrections, 159 high-add bifocals, five high-add trifocals, 52 full-size magnifying spectacles, 102 half-eye magnifying spectacles, four stand magnifiers, and 44 paperweight type magnifiers. Of 193 patients evaluated, 122 (63%) were considered to have success with the aid prescribed. PMID- 6742682 TI - A computerized Three-Step Test. AB - A computerized Three-Step Test is described that uses a BCD integrated circuit chip instead of a computer with a software package. This is accomplished by coding the Three-Step Test in terms of a three-letter word. The operation of a device is described which is able to diagnose isolated cyclovertical muscle palsies, once the clinical data is known, by setting the position of three switches. PMID- 6742683 TI - Diplopia following blepharoplasty. AB - The complication of extraocular muscle palsy following blepharoplasty is rare. In a review of 920 blepharoplasties at Manhattan Eye, Ear and Throat Hospital, three well-documented cases of diplopia following blepharoplasty could be found. Only one of these cases resolved within two months postoperatively. The explanation offered for this phenomenon is a Volkmann type contracture of the extraocular muscles following edema and hemorrhage into the muscle sheath. PMID- 6742684 TI - Oculomotor cranial nerve palsey associated with acquired immunodeficiency syndrome. AB - This report describes the case of a homosexual man with non-Hodgkin's lymphoma, whose primary complaint involved his ocular system. PMID- 6742685 TI - Venous macroaneurysm associated with branch retinal vein obstruction. AB - A saccular venous macroaneurysm was associated with a chronic ischemic branch retinal-vein obstruction. Only one case of a macroaneurysm involving a vein has been previously reported. Factors contributing to the pathophysiologic features of arterial, venous, and capillary macroaneurysms are also described. PMID- 6742686 TI - A new indirect ophthalmoscope. AB - A cordless device has been developed which allows one-handed binocular indirect ophthalmoscopy to be performed without headgear. PMID- 6742687 TI - Ocular fluorophotometry using high S-N ratio fluorophotometer. AB - fluorophotometer was remolded to improve S-N (Sensitivity-Noise) ratio by means of photomultiplier cooling system, and ocular fluorophotometry was performed in 13 subjects aged from 20 to 40 (mean 32.5) years old and 13 subjects aged from 55 to 62 (mean 59.2) years old to assess aging effect on the blood-ocular barrier. The results revealed that the fluorescence value at the midvitreous, lenticular autofluorescence, and the anterior chamber of older group is higher than that of the younger group (p less than 0.05). The higher value of midvitreous may be derived from increase of diffusion rate due to vitreous liqueation rather than the blood-retinal barrier abnormalities. PMID- 6742688 TI - Keratoprosthesis: technique and instrumentation. AB - New instruments are described for use in handling keratoprostheses. They aid manipulation of a keratoprosthesis, stabilization of the lid, and corneal trephination. The procedure should be utilized only when vision is poor in both eyes and there is little or no chance of success with keratoplasty. Preoperative workup to evaluate retinal function and intraocular pressure should be done routinely. Newer surgical techniques have decreased the extrusion rate, but other serious complications occur and include, in part, retroprosthetic membrane, endophthalmitis, retinal detachment, and glaucoma. Keratoprosthesis surgery remains a last resort in our surgical armamentarium. PMID- 6742689 TI - Combined trabeculectomy, intracapsular cataract extraction, and lens implantation: a clinical series. AB - Twenty-two eyes from 17 patients underwent a combined surgical approach for cataracts and glaucoma, involving an intracapsular cataract extraction, trabeculectomy, and anterior chamber intraocular lens implantation with an average follow-up of one year. The surgical technique is described. The average intraocular pressure fell from 24.9 mm Hg to 16.7 mm Hg. Seventy-three percent of the patients required no medication postoperatively for control of their glaucoma. Ninety-six percent of the patients showed an improvement in visual acuity improvement. Complications of flat peripheral anterior chambers and hyphema formation did not affect post-operative pressures or visual acuity results. The results encourage further investigation of this procedure. PMID- 6742690 TI - Pearls in glaucoma management. PMID- 6742692 TI - Application of the YAG laser to the lens capsule. PMID- 6742691 TI - New methods for predicting visual acuity after cataract surgery. AB - Recent advances in technology have contributed to better evaluation of potential visual acuity in patients with cataracts. The blue field entoptic test, the clinical interferometers, and the Potential Acuity Meter are discussed with respect to their basic principles, clinical uses, advantages, and limitations. There are problems in evaluating these instruments, but their findings can play an important role in clinical decision making. PMID- 6742693 TI - Lasers and glaucoma. PMID- 6742694 TI - Anterior capsulotomy using a neodymium YAG laser. AB - The Neodymium YAG laser can be used to open the anterior capsule of the lens several hours to one day before extracapsular extraction surgery. Opening the capsule prior to cataract surgery allows hydration and spontaneous separation of the cortex from the capsule, simplifying the cataract operation. After the laser procedure, however, many patients develop inflammation and rise in intraocular pressure. The experience of the investigator with 42 consecutive cases in which an anterior capsulotomy was performed with the YAG laser prior to extracapsular cataract surgery is presented. This experience has resulted in an evolving regimen of prelaser medication which has drastically reduced the inflammation and pressure rise. PMID- 6742695 TI - Effects of laser trabeculoplasty on the human aqueous humor dynamics: a fluorophotometric study. AB - Thirteen eyes, seven with primary open-angle glaucoma and six with capsular glaucoma, were treated with laser trabeculoplasty (a fluorophotometric examination was performed about one week prior to it). The intraocular pressure was reduced below 20 mm Hg in eight eyes, and the second fluorophotometric examination could be carried out in six successfully treated eyes about three months later. In the six successfully treated eyes, the pre-laser trabeculoplasty examination showed the following results: IOP: 22 +/- 2 mm Hg; the cornea-aqueous transfer coefficient for fluorescein: 0.32 +/- 0.10 hour-1; and the aqueous flow rate: 1.31 +/- 0.53 microliter min-1. The post-laser trabeculoplasty examination gave the following results: IOP: 15 +/- 2 mm Hg; the cornea-aqueous transfer coefficient: 0.29 +/- 0.08 hour-1; and the aqueous flow rate: 1.23 +/- 0.41 microliter min-1. No significant difference was found in the aqueous flow rate or the cornea-aqueous transfer coefficient before and after. PMID- 6742696 TI - Intraocular lens damage from the neodymium-YAG laser. AB - In an in vitro experiment, intraocular lens damage was induced by a neodymium-YAG Q-switched laser at energy levels equal or less than those advocated for a posterior capsulectomy. PMID- 6742698 TI - [Medical emergencies in children aged 1 month to 15 years from the experience of a pediatric branch of the Val de Marne mobile emergency unit. Study of 642 interventions over 3 years]. PMID- 6742697 TI - Argon laser trabeculoplasty in progressive low-tension glaucoma. AB - Twenty-two phakic eyes with progressive low-tension glaucoma had a 360-degree argon laser trabeculoplasty (ALT). Seven of these eyes had diurnal curves performed pre- and two months postlaser treatment to measure the effect of ALT on diurnal pressure variation. Sixteen of the 22 eyes (73%) were clinical successes with a 4.9 mm Hg decrease at 12 months in the successful group. However there was a decreasing pressure lowering effect with time with a mean follow-up of 21.6 months. The diurnal curve data showed a 6.2 mm Hg decrease between the mean pressure pretreatment and two months postlaser treatment. The mean peak pressure posttreatment was 13.29 mm Hg, a 6.17 mm Hg decrease from the prelaser mean peak pressure. The finding of 24-hour pressure control and a reduction in the mean peak pressure confirms the usefulness of ALT in progressive low-tension glaucoma and we recommend that it be utilized as the step in between maximally tolerated medical therapy and filtering surgery. PMID- 6742699 TI - [An outbreak of Campylobacter fetus subspecies jejuni enteritis in newborn infants in a maternity hospital]. PMID- 6742700 TI - [Agitation and hallucinations during acute lorazepam poisoning in children. Apropos of 65 personal cases]. PMID- 6742701 TI - [A little-known pediatric dermatosis: dry pulpitis of the forefoot or juvenile plantar dermatosis. Apropos of 68 cases]. PMID- 6742702 TI - [Value of the choice of tubes and quantification of light energy in phototherapy of neonatal jaundice]. PMID- 6742703 TI - [Association of an uncombable hair syndrome and Wilson's disease]. PMID- 6742704 TI - [An unusual cause of hematemesis in the newborn infant: stomach teratoma. Apropos of a case]. PMID- 6742705 TI - [Neonatal facial paralysis. Clinical, etiological and therapeutic study]. PMID- 6742706 TI - [Etiology of jaundice in an older child]. PMID- 6742707 TI - [Antipyretic effect of the oral paracetamol solution in children]. PMID- 6742708 TI - [Theophylline poisoning in the neonatal period]. PMID- 6742709 TI - [Familial focal His bundle tachycardia. A new case in the same family]. PMID- 6742710 TI - [A case of paroxysmal hypersomnia]. PMID- 6742711 TI - [Transfusion safety in pediatric practice]. PMID- 6742712 TI - [Consequences of premature membrane rupture at 32 weeks of gestation or less for neonatal morbidity and mortality]. PMID- 6742713 TI - [Neonatal convulsions. Value of a prognostic score in the conduct of treatment]. PMID- 6742714 TI - [Strangulated inguinal hernias in the male infant]. PMID- 6742715 TI - [Infantile acropustulosis]. PMID- 6742716 TI - [Amniotic infection with Fusobacterium nucleatum]. PMID- 6742717 TI - [Diffuse neonatal hemangiomatosis. Clinical and therapeutic aspects. Apropos of a new case]. PMID- 6742718 TI - [Congenital metatarsus varus]. PMID- 6742719 TI - [Torsion abnormalities of the lower extremities in the child]. PMID- 6742720 TI - [Indications for antibiotic therapy and stool culture during acute diarrhea in the child]. PMID- 6742721 TI - [Tolerance and activity of pinaverium in pediatric ambulatory care]. PMID- 6742722 TI - [Fosfomycin in severe infection in neonatology]. PMID- 6742725 TI - Fluosol-DA, a perfluorochemical oxygen-transport fluid for the management of a trochanteric pressure sore in a Jehovah's Witness. AB - A 54-year-old paraplegic with a right trochanteric pressure sore was refused reconstructive surgery because of his hemoglobin count of 6 gm/dl and his refusal to accept blood transfusions because of religious beliefs. Utilization of Fluosol DA, a perfluorochemical oxygen-transport fluid that has recently become available to us for clinical trial, enabled us to deal successfully with this man's problem despite the profound anemia, since tissue oxygen delivery was provided with arterial oxygen partial pressures as high as 500 torr after infusion. Patients previously denied operations on the basis of their blood counts and their refusal to receive blood transfusions may in the future be offered the option of an oxygen-carrying fluid such as Fluosol to allow them to safely undergo reconstructive procedures. PMID- 6742723 TI - Processed bovine cartilage: an improved biosynthetic implant for contour defects. AB - Irradiated human cartilage has been found to be a superior implant material for correction of contour defects; however, availability problems have prevented this material from gaining wide acceptance. Implantation of processed irradiated bovine cartilage in primates and rabbits, as described here, provides strong evidence that this material performs like irradiated allograft cartilage antigenically and has certain cosmetic advantages over allograft cartilage. Our studies in primates have shown that there is no systemically measurable antibody antigen reaction, either cellular or noncellular, to irradiated processed bovine cartilage. Neither primary nor second-set provocative implantations produced any measurable rejection. In rabbits, composite grafts of two pieces of irradiated bovine cartilage adjacent to each other were also well tolerated, with no measurable absorption and with capsule formation typical of a foreign body reaction to an inert object. PMID- 6742724 TI - Three dermal pedicles for nipple-areola complex movement in reduction of gigantomastia. AB - We present a three-dermal pedicle technique for nipple-areola complex migration in cases of reduction of gigantomastia . The dermal flap offers a better blood supply for the areola even in cases with long transposition and excessive reduction of large hypertrophies. PMID- 6742727 TI - An unusual approach to a case of breast asymmetry. AB - A case of breast asymmetry is presented in which the higher breast was lowered by placing an implant at the level of the opposite inframammary fold and the nipple areola complex was transferred inferiorly on an inferiorly based dermal pedicle. PMID- 6742728 TI - Milestones in modern plastic surgery. Deformity of nasal dorsum through loss of substance: correction by bone grafting. By Roberto Farina. 1951. AB - The author presents fifty-seven cases of nasal deformities. This work is concerned with deformities of the nasal dorsum. In three cases the repair was carried out by the Straith 's technique. In another three cases artificial substances were employed. The author also stated that he no longer uses acrylics, based on biological knowledge. On 51 patients the repair was performed with osteoperiosteal graft taken from the crest of the tibia. The grafts were always autogenous. It seems that the technique employed by the author is original. The percentage of bad results is 9.8% and is connected with those cases suffering from Hansen's disease. PMID- 6742726 TI - Malignant melanoma without metastasis in a giant nevus. AB - A case of giant hairy nevus is presented in which prominent experts on diagnosis of this type of lesion were consulted. About half were of the opinion that it had degenerated into a malignant melanoma, but nevertheless the patient is alive and relatively well sixteen years after this diagnosis. This is one more case that attests to the fact that a tumor can appear very malignant histologically but, for reasons still unclear, neither metastasize nor lead to the rapid demise of the patient. PMID- 6742729 TI - The meaning of concepts related to breast reconstruction. AB - Information is presented from a psychometric study using a semantic differential to measure the meaning of concepts related to breast reconstruction. One hundred five women participated. All were experiencing breast reconstruction subsequent to mastectomy. The average woman was married, middle-aged, and had 11/2 years of education beyond high school. Results from the semantic differential demonstrated that the women viewed themselves, their bodies, and their femininity positively. They valued themselves, and their self-concepts were closer in meaning to health than to mastectomy, death, or cancer. PMID- 6742730 TI - Psychological considerations in breast reconstruction. AB - A study of the psychological aspects of mastectomy and reconstruction was carried out. A review of the literature revealed varied emotional responses to the mastectomy experience. An initial, limited study was designed to investigate the attitudes of two groups of women, one that chose reconstruction after mastectomy and another that did not. In general, the women who had reconstruction experienced the mastectomy as a more serious blow to their self-esteem than the women who chose not to be reconstructed. The reaction a woman has to mastectomy seems to be more dependent on her self-image before the crisis. Breast reconstruction offers a chance to restore a near normal physical appearance, but is usually successful in restoring a woman's self-image as well. The authors favor the provision of supportive services for mastectomy and breast reconstruction patients. To save a woman's life by surgery and then not provide her with the emotional support needed to accept an altered body seems to be contradictory. A true healer heals not only the body, but the mind and spirit as well. PMID- 6742732 TI - Inadvertent intraradial arterial injection of cocaine. AB - Injection of a chemical irritant into the radial artery at the wrist causes acute discoloration of the skin, edema, and pain in the hand. Subsequent damage due to vasospasm, endarteritis, particulate embolization, and vascular thrombosis may result in ischemic contractures, amputations, and other functional hand deficits. Injection of a street cocaine preparation into the radial artery of a 22-year-old man produced a constellation of signs and symptoms similar to that described for other irritants. Current thoughts with regard to the pathophysiology and treatment of these injuries are reviewed. PMID- 6742731 TI - Clinical use of an improved processed bovine cartilage for contour defects. AB - We have combined irradiation with a new chemical processing to cross-link the collagen of bovine cartilage, thereby stabilizing the collagen molecule and rendering it antigenically inert and dimensionally stable. Irradiated allograft cartilage has been successfully used for repair of facial contour defects since the 1950s, but the usefulness of this material has been limited by lack of availability. Chemically processed bovine cartilage had previously been used, but the implants were subject to slow degradation and were usually absorbed completely within 2 years. After first testing this new material on rabbits and primates, we experimentally placed 40 implants in 28 patients over the course of 3 years. Thirty-six of these implants have survived without change in size or shape for more than 1 year, 20 of these for more than 2 years. In 2 cases, full or partial absorption of the implants occurred secondary to operative infection. In another case 2 implants were lost, probably because of infection. In the absence of infection, neither primary nor second-set provocative implant tests of processed irradiated bovine cartilage elicit any foreign body reaction, either cellular or noncellular. The material performs well aesthetically and appears to undergo no absorption during the 1- to 4-year follow-up observed to date. The period of follow-up of 1 to 4 years reported here may be insufficient to reach a definitive conclusion that no very slow absorption of processed irradiated bovine cartilage implants occurs. It is noteworthy, however, that half of the implants have already survived with no apparent absorption for a period longer than that at which nonirradiated bovine cartilage implants would be expected to have been absorbed completely. This result suggests that any absorption that may occur, other than that associated with infection, takes place at a rate so slow as to be unobservable in anything but the very long run. We believe that this evidence of the long-term survivability of processed irradiated bovine cartilage, together with its excellent performance aesthetically and the fact that it can be made readily available commercially, indicates that it may represent an effective implant material for repair of contour defects. PMID- 6742733 TI - Anatomy of a rhinoplasty--saw technique. AB - Great latitude is given the concept of individual variations in part and in the entirety, but generally corrective rhinoplasty requires anatomic alteration in five areas: removal of a dorsal hump (Fig 5-9A), narrowing of the bony nasal arch (Fig 5-9A), lowering and/or shortening of the upper lateral cartilages (Fig 5 9B), narrowing and lowering of the nasal tip (lower lateral cartilage) (Fig 5 9C), and shortening and tilting of the cartilaginous septum (Fig 5-9D). Proper appreciation of the contribution of each of these anatomic parts to the entire unit of nasal form will aid the surgeon in more consistently reaching the desired functional and cosmetic goal in corrective rhinoplasty. PMID- 6742734 TI - Basic anatomy: clinical application in rhinoplasty. AB - In responding to the request to update an article from a previously published work, I selected the subject of anatomy and rhinoplasty. The information presented, along with videotapes on the same material, has been frequently sought and, I hope, has been helpful in guiding residents who are learning to do a given operation. An updated application of basic anatomy to the correction of excesses and deficiencies of the nose is presented. The authors hope this will help trainees obtain good functional and aesthetic results. PMID- 6742735 TI - The safe duration of total circulatory arrest with profound hypothermia. PMID- 6742736 TI - Extracranial carotid artery aneurysms. AB - Nine cases of extracranial carotid artery aneurysms have undergone surgery over a 14-year period. One case presented with Reader's paratrigeminal syndrome and 2 cases developed acute postoperative respiratory obstruction secondary to pharyngeal oedema. The management of extracranial carotid artery aneurysms is discussed. PMID- 6742737 TI - The prognosis and possible cause of severe primary lymphoedema. AB - We studied 372 patients with primary lymphoedema in order to predict the extent and severity of the disease. We found that the limits of oedema were defined early in the process and that the loss of distal lymphatics alone did not lead to severe oedema. Severe lymphoedema was associated with pelvic lymphatic 'obstruction' on lymphography and 26% of these patients eventually required surgery. Lymphography suggested that the 'obstruction' was related to lymph nodes and inguinal node biopsies were taken at the time of lymphography in 72 patients. In patients with pelvic lymphatic 'obstruction' we found a severe nodal fibrosis which was not apparent in those with distal lymphatic disease alone. This fibrosis was not related to episodes of cellulitis and since it was present in the early stages of the disease it is unlikely to be due to slow obliteration of distal lymphatics. Furthermore it could not be reproduced by ligating either afferent or efferent lymphatics of the rabbit popliteal lymph node. This suggests that severe primary lymphoedema may develop as a result of disease of the pelvic lymph nodes. PMID- 6742738 TI - Venous ulceration, fibrinogen and fibrinolysis. AB - The effect of long and short-term venous hypertension upon lymph fibrinogen concentrations was studied in an attempt to explain the peri-capillary deposition of fibrin reported in patients with post-phlebitic syndromes. The clearance of radioactive fibrinogen/thrombin clots from the subcutaneous tissues of rats and human volunteers was also studied. Both long- and short-term venous hypertension were found to increase fibrinogen transport across the interstitial space by more than 600%. Not only was there evidence of fibrinolytic activity in the lymph but after long-term venous hypertension alpha 2 antiplasmin activity was also detectable. Skin biopsies from the venous hypertensive ankles showed deposition of interstitial fibrin. The clearance of radioactive fibrinogen/thrombin clots from the subcutaneous tissues of the rat was found to be delayed if the rats were given epsilon amino caproic acid but it could not be increased with stanozolol. In human subjects it was found that patients with lipodermatosclerosis had delayed clot clearance and retarded blood fibrinolytic activity when compared with normal volunteers and patients with uncomplicated varicose veins. The principle cause why tall men are more subject to ulcers than short men, Dr Young conceived to be then length of the column of blood in their veins; which by its pressure, renders the legs less able to recover when hurt by any violence. PMID- 6742739 TI - Sympathetic orchidopathia. AB - Subfertility has recently been shown to follow unilateral torsion of the spermatic cord in more than half the patients studied. Since the anatomical anomaly that predisposes to torsion (a high investment of the tunica vaginalis) is commonly bilateral, there could be an associated congenital defect in spermatogenesis on each side. Alternatively, autoantigens escaping from the ischaemic or 'exciting' testis could trigger an immunological response which damages the contralateral or 'sympathising' testis. Demonstration of an autoallergic (sympathetic) orchidopathia, analogous to sympathetic ophthalmia, would fundamentally alter the management of testicular torsion. PMID- 6742740 TI - Assessment of a scoring scheme for the preoperative diagnosis of breast lumps. AB - The value and accuracy of a scoring system applied to clinical examination, aspiration cytology and mammography has been assessed in the diagnosis of 224 consecutive 'new' patients attending a breast clinic with a breast lump. In 72 of 99 patients with breast cancer (80%) the scores were high enough to allow definitive surgery without formal histology; all were subsequently confirmed as breast carcinomas. Cytology proved the most accurate investigation with no false positives and a correct diagnosis in 146 of 148 adequate specimens (98.6%). This system reduced the frozen section rate by 74% and allowed for a more appropriate counselling of patients prior to mastectomy. PMID- 6742742 TI - The results of Ramstedt's operation: room for complacency? AB - The results of 101 pyloromyotomies performed from 1972 to 1980 have been analysed; 34 operations were performed using local anaesthesia and 67 using general anaesthesia. The use of local anaesthesia was not associated with any advantage related to postoperative or other complications. A high postoperative complication rate of 20% was found (excluding postoperative vomiting), and there were 2 deaths; 11 patients suffered wound infection, with Staphylococcus aureus isolated from 5 of these wounds. The use of prophylactic antibiotics active against Staphylococcus aureus is suggested. PMID- 6742741 TI - New perspectives in the management of severe cranio-facial deformity. AB - It is postulated that craniosynostosis is due to a growth abnormality in all or part of the cranial capsule. Release of the stenosed part in the first months of life will re-establish the balance between the rapidly growing brain and eye, and the cranial capsule. Three periods for operative treatment are described: early, intermediate and late. Only in the early period can operative treatment restore normal growth dynamics; in the late period the aim is correction of an established deformity. The relationship between cranial clefts and frontonasal encephaloceles is explored. If the space-occupying encephalocele is removed early, the distorted facial bones adopt a more normal position, whereas cranial clefts do not respond to early operation by remoulding. The treatment of the acquired deformities of acute cranio-facial trauma have taken on new perspectives with the application of the multi-disciplinary approach and surgical techniques developed in the treatment of congenital deformities resulting in considerable reduction in the period of hospitalisation. PMID- 6742744 TI - Experience using the circular (EEA) stapling device to perform the anastomosis in right hemicolectomy. AB - The EEA circular stapling instrument has been used to create an end to side anastomosis in 50 consecutive routine and emergency right colonic resections. This has proved to be an effective, rapid method of creating the anastomosis with low anastomotic complication rate (4%). PMID- 6742743 TI - Midazolam for upper gastrointestinal endoscopy. AB - A water-soluble benzodiazepine, midazolam, was used in 400 patients undergoing upper gastrointestinal endoscopy, alone or in combination with pentazocine and compared with 68 patients given diazepam (Valium). In the last 200 patients the endoscopist used midazolam without the presence of an anaesthetist. The absence of injection pain was the most notable feature of midazolam. The degree of co operation was similar in all groups but the operating conditions were significantly better when midazolam was combined with pentazocine. There was no significant difference in recovery times between the groups as assessed by the pegboard test. Midazolam is an acceptable alternative to diazepam for upper gastrointestinal endoscopy. PMID- 6742745 TI - Disposable drains. PMID- 6742746 TI - Reliavac evacuator: a new disposable suction drain: use after mastectomy and cholecystectomy. PMID- 6742747 TI - Delayed rupture of the spleen can masquerade as appendicitis. PMID- 6742748 TI - [Complications and pitfalls of embolization of the limbs]. PMID- 6742749 TI - [Embolization of esophageal varices by the percutaneous transhepatic approach. Results in 300 patients]. PMID- 6742750 TI - A new technique for safe embolization using cyanoacrylate/contrast medium mixtures. PMID- 6742751 TI - Embolization of renal carcinoma: complications of 122 procedures. PMID- 6742752 TI - Long term results of percutaneous sclerotherapy of varicocele. PMID- 6742754 TI - Low dose topical streptokinase in the treatment of arterial embolization. PMID- 6742753 TI - Pituitary hormones evaluation by means of selective venous sampling during phlebography of the cavernous sinuses: preliminary report on thirty four patients. PMID- 6742755 TI - Combined catheter-fibrinolytic therapy of pulmonary embolism (CCFT). PMID- 6742756 TI - Selective fibrinolysis in acute pulmonary embolism. PMID- 6742757 TI - Emergency angiography and intracoronary selective thrombolysis in acute myocardial infarction. PMID- 6742758 TI - Intracoronary thrombolysis in the treatment of acute myocardial infarction. PMID- 6742759 TI - Failures, complications and interventionalist radiation exposures in 108 cases of attempted biliary endoprostheses. PMID- 6742760 TI - Vascular aspects of Behcet disease. Case presentations and review of literature. PMID- 6742761 TI - Percutaneous phenol neurolysis of the lumbar sympathetic chain with computed tomography control. PMID- 6742762 TI - Reliability of ungated CT scanning of the left heart. PMID- 6742763 TI - Physical fitness of children and adolescents with insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus. AB - The physical working capacity (PWC170) of 84 children and adolescents with insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus (IDDM) and of 94 non-diabetic subjects was measured by a submaximal progressive exercise test. The age of the diabetic subjects ranged from 6.3 to 18.8 years and that of the control subjects from 8.5 to 18.8 years. The PWC170 of diabetic boys was lower than that of non-diabetic boys (p less than 0.01) while no difference was observed between diabetic and non diabetic girls. PWC170 was inversely related to age (p less than 0.01) and concentration of hemoglobin A1 (p less than 0.025) in diabetic boys but not in diabetic girls. No relationship was observed between PWC170 and duration of diabetes in either boys or in girls. The results indicate that good physical fitness in boys is associated with a better metabolic control. Hence the study indirectly supports previous observations that physical activity improves the metabolic control of IDDM. PMID- 6742764 TI - Hypertension after clonidine overdose. A case report. AB - A hypertensive reaction is described in a 28-year-old woman with renal failure who took 30-70 clonidine tablets (150 micrograms each) with suicidal intent. She became increasingly drowsy. Her blood pressure on admission was 210/150 mmHg and gradually fell to 140/100 mmHg during the next 16 hours, at which time her plasma clonidine concentration was 4.7 ng/ml. This interesting hypertensive reaction was probably due to excessive stimulation of peripheral postsynaptic alpha adrenoceptors. PMID- 6742765 TI - Simultaneous measurement of free and esterified fatty acids by gas chromatography from normal and type IV hyperlipoproteinaemic sera. AB - A transmethylated reaction of esterified fatty acids with sodium- methoxide in a mixture of serum, petroleum ether and methanol is presented. In the conditions used the free fatty acids in the sample were not esterified. 1-2 microliters of the organic phase was injected into an OV-351 fused silica capillary column of gas liquid chromatography (GLC) fitted with flameionizing detector (FID) temperature program, and calculating integrator. By this method both free and esterified fatty acids were measured in a single run. The development of the present method for the better quantitation of free fatty acids is in progress as using gas chromatography/mass spectrometry for identification of the peaks. In thirteen healthy subjects, the serum free fatty acid content was 538 +/- 176 mumol/l and free glycerol 107 +/- 39 mumol/l, while in seven type IV hyperlipoproteinaemic sera the corresponding values were 1049 +/- 529 and 86 +/- 38 mumol/l. The most prominent differences between healthy and type IV hyperlipoproteinaemic subjects for esterified fatty acids were found in palmitic, oleic and arachidonic acids. The correlations between free and bound fatty acids has been discussed. PMID- 6742766 TI - 24-Hour electrocardiographic recordings in mild acute infectious myocarditis. AB - Arrhythmias and even sudden death may be caused by acute infectious myocarditis. We therefore recorded 24-hour electrocardiograms in 26 myocarditis patients both one week and two to three months after the detection of myocarditis. Two of the patients were also monitored on the first day of their symptomatic myopericarditis . Twenty-eight control subjects had recordings one to two weeks after the onset of acute uncomplicated infections. One of the two patients monitored during the first day of myopericarditis had repetitive, asymptomatic bursts of ventricular tachycardia. In the 1-week recordings 27% of the myocarditis patients and 7% of the control subjects (p less than 0.06) had complex ventricular premature beats; these occurred in only 8% of the myocarditis patients during the late recording. However, the overall number of ventricular premature beats was low in both groups and recordings. A lengthening of the QT interval was related (p less than 0.05) to the occurrence of complex premature beats in repeated recordings in the same individuals. The heart rate was higher (p less than 0.02) in myocarditis patients, but no significant difference was noted in the frequency of conduction defects. We conclude that there seems to be no reason for a prolonged restriction of physical activity during clinically uncomplicated recovery from mild acute myocarditis. However, potentially dangerous arrhythmias may occur during the very first days of the disease. PMID- 6742767 TI - Radioimaging of the prostate and metastases of prostatic carcinoma with 99mTc labelled prostatic acid phosphatase-specific antibodies and their Fab fragments. AB - A radioimmunodetection technique using 99mTc-labelled polyclonal antibodies raised in rabbits against human prostate-specific acid phosphatase was used to detect metastases of prostatic carcinoma. All the metastases observed by X-rays or bone scintigraphy in the four patients with M1-disease were revealed by the novel technique employed. In addition, in one of the patients studied, a distinct incorporation of radioactivity was also observed in the left inferior scapular region, which was not seen by conventional bone scanning, but was later confirmed by X-ray studies to be a metastatic process. PMID- 6742768 TI - Arteriographic findings of claudication patients. AB - The purpose of this work was to study what kind of types of arteriographic changes occur in patients with claudication, whether the patients can be divided into different groups on the basis of the morphology of the arteriographic findings, whether there are any correlations between the arteriographic findings and the patient's age, sex, occupation, bodyweight, smoking habits, diabetes, hypertonia and the arteriosclerosis of the cerebral and coronary arteries. The series consisted of 490 patients subjected to arteriography of the lower extremities because of claudication. There were 399 males and 91 females. The following changes were seen in the arteries of claudication patients: - tortuosity of the distal aorta and the iliac arteries --arteriosclerotic wall changes varying from intimal thickenings to complete occlusions --collaterals - calcific deposits on vascular walls --aneurysms of the distal aorta. The vessels located proximally to the inguinal ligament were tortuous in 63,1% of the patients and extremely tortuous in 11,2%. Single wall changes were seen rarely; 69% of the patients had more than 6 separate plaques. Smooth and flat plaques were also few. 78% of the patients had wall changes of mixed shapes, and 81% had wall changes with irregular contour. A complete occlusion of a vessel was detected in 67%. Symmetric ASO changes were seen in the extremities of 5,3% of the patients. On the basis of the location and extent of the arteriographically diagnosed wall changes, the series was divided into three main groups. The first main group was further divided into three subgroups and the latter two into two subgroups each. Slightly more than half of the patients belonged to the largest group I A, where arteriosclerotic changes were detected in all segments. Gangrenous changes were most frequent in this group. The patients in group III A, which consisted of diffuse changes of the femoro-popliteal region, had the highest (31,8%) frequency of concomitant diabetes and the second highest (30,3%) frequency of concomitant hypertonia. Hypertension was most frequent as a concomitant disease (42,9%) in group I B, which consisted of the patients with aneurysms of the distal aorta. Single arteriosclerotic changes in the femoropopliteal region were few (1,2%). Vascular tortuosity increased with age. The older age groups had more arteriosclerotic changes particularly in the distal aorta, the deep femoral artery, the superficial femoral artery and the popliteal artery.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 400 WORDS) PMID- 6742769 TI - Climate-associated anthropometric variation between populations of the Niger bend. AB - A large set of measurements were taken on 512 women and 425 men belonging to ten populations of the Niger bend area, some of which live in the Sahelian, the other in the Sudanian climatic zones about 200 km apart. The two zones differ chiefly by a two-fold higher annual rainfall in the Sudanian zone. The pattern of differences in body weight, skinfold and limb circumferences suggests that the Sahelians allot proportionally more food and/or less physical work to women than the Sudanians . In one or both sexes, Sahelians have significantly longer lower limbs and forearms, larger hands and ears, a narrower face, and a higher and narrower nose. Sexual dimorphism of the shoulder-hip-width proportions is lower in the Sahelians , resulting from the Sahelian males, but not females, having wider hips, whereas Sahelians of both sexes have narrower shoulders. Multivariate analysis using D2 distances shows Sahelian and Sudanian populations forming two separate clusters, with the exception of the Dogon . In the male sex, nose width and sitting height account for the total multivariate interpopulational variation; nose width alone separates the two zonal groups, again with the Dogon as an exception. The position of the Dogon near to Sudanian populations while living in the Sahelian zone is explained by their migration from the Sudanian zone a few centuries ago. Adaptative genetic response to climate is proposed as a partial explanation of the evidence presented. PMID- 6742770 TI - Interrelationships among certain measures of growth and maturation rate in boys during adolescence. AB - Relationships among ages at attaining 17 or 21 indices of maturity were considered in a longitudinal sample of 177 Polish boys examined at annual intervals from 1961 to 1972. Maturity indicators included ages at peak velocity for stature, sitting height, leg length and weight; ages at attaining 80%, 90%, 95% and 99% of adult stature; ages at attaining the median skeletal maturity scores (TW-2) characteristic of chronological ages 11, 12, 13, 14, and 15 years; and ages at attaining stages II and IV of genital and public hair development. Age at initiation of the stature spurt (take-off) and ages at eruption of 14, 20 and 26 permanent teeth were ascertained for only 111 boys. All intercorrelations among the developmental indicators were positive. Ordering the correlation matrix gave three clusters: (1) a large central group including age at take-off and ages at all peak velocities, at genital and pubic hair stages II and IV, at attaining 90%, 95% and 99% of adult stature, and at the later stages of skeletal maturity; (2) indices of the tempo of maturation during prepubertal and/or early pubertal stages; and (3) ages at attaining a given number of permanent teeth. Results of a principal components analysis of the ages indicated two principal components, the first accounting for about 77% of the sample variance and the second for about 12%. The first principal component is apparently a general maturity factor, while the second apparently relates to the rate of skeletal maturity during pre adolescence. PMID- 6742771 TI - Enlargement of the frontal sinus. AB - The enlargement of the frontal sinus has been analysed in a longitudinal study of 49 males and 47 females for whom a first lateral cephalogram was available at from 2 to 5 years of age for 88 subjects and from 6 to 11 years for 8 subjects. Thereafter the cephalograms were taken at approximately yearly intervals and in 28 subjects a last cephalogram was taken at 24 years or older. In only six subjects was enlargement of the sinus still proceeding at the time of the last cephalogram . The enlargement was assessed by a standardized measurement of the maximum vertical height of the sinus. The median age for the first appearance of the frontal sinus was 3 X 25 years for the boys and 4 X 58 years for the girls. It enlarged on average to 32 X 60 mm (SD 9 X 10) in the males and 26 X 60 mm (SD 7 X 50) in the females. The median age at which the main increase in size of the sinus ceased was 15 X 68 years for boys and 13 X 72 years for girls, thus suggesting that the enlargement of the frontal sinus, a mainly osteoclastic activity, follows very closely the trends for growth in bone lengths. PMID- 6742772 TI - Work performance of high-altitude Aymara males. AB - The sample for this study consisted of 28 Aymara males between the ages of 15 and 43 years. The subjects were rural high-altitude natives who were temporarily working as porters in La Paz, Bolivia (3700 m). Mean VO2max was 46 X 5 ml/kg/min. There was a significant negative relationship between VO2max and age in adult porters . However, there was also a significant positive relationship between maximal work output and age and a significant negative relationship between VO2 during submaximal exercise and age. Relative work intensity (VO2/VO2max) during submaximal exercise did not change significantly with age. Thus, even though VO2max decreased significantly with age, these data suggest that there may not be a substantial decrease with age in the adaptive status of these men. Minimal support was found for the hypothesis that chest size in Andean highlanders influences the effectiveness of the oxygen transport system. PMID- 6742773 TI - Recalled characteristics of menstruation in relation to reproductive history among Caucasian, Japanese and Chinese women living in Hawaii. AB - Characteristics of menstruation and reproductive history were studied in 2331 Caucasian, 4097 Japanese and 1003 Chinese women living in Hawaii and born between 1900 and 1940. Irregular periods, heavy flow and menses lasting more than five days were reported significantly more often in Caucasians than in the other two groups. Canonical correlation and multiple-regression procedures revealed that parity, recalled age at menarche and year of birth were significantly associated to the menstrual descriptions reported, in complex ways, distinctive in each ethnic group. Some similarities in the relationship of reproductive history variables with particular menstruation characteristics were found in the Caucasian and Japanese groups. For example, increased parity was associated with increased menstrual bleeding in both Caucasians and Japanese, and later age at menarche was significantly correlated with irregular menses in these two groups. PMID- 6742774 TI - Body dimensions of Quebecois children. AB - The present study examined the impact of sociocultural factors upon the body dimensions of primary school children (age 6-12 years) living within a uniquely francophone region of Quebec. Data was collected prospectively on 546 students, drawn in approximately equal numbers from the two sexes and from urban and rural environments. Habitual activity was modified by allocating a half of the sample to an experimental programme that incorporated an additional five hours of required endurance activity per week into the primary school curriculum. Body dimensions at any given age were less in rural than in urban Quebec, probably because of continuing socio-economic constraints. However, an increase of habitual physical activity did not modify body size. Stature was comparable with Demirjian 's Montr eal sample of francophone children, but was less than for anglophone children. Our within-sample variance suggests that socio-economic factors could explain only a part of the discrepancy. Relative to Toronto students, other dimensions such as height were affected less than standing height. PMID- 6742775 TI - Anthropometric survey of high-altitude Bolivian porters. AB - This paper presents the results of an anthropometric survey of 138 rural Aymaran high-altitude males who were working as porters in La Paz, Bolivia (3700 m). All subjects were measured for stature, weight, upper arm circumference, and triceps skinfolds. The body size and composition of the porters were then compared to an Aymaran rural population from the Bolivian highlands, and urban mestizo labourers from La Paz. The porters were smaller than the urban sample, but appeared to be generally representative of rural Aymaran natives with respect to body size and composition, and nutritional status. It is suggested that towards one extreme of nutritional variability, some degree of undernutrition may be indicated, which should be considered in future studies of adaptation to hypoxia among these Andean highlanders. PMID- 6742776 TI - Genetic aspects of erythropoietic protoporphyria. AB - An exhaustive study of erythropoietic protoporphyria in the Netherlands led to the discovery of 200 patients with this disorder in 91 families. In 46 of these families a single patient occurred. A study of parents, sibs and children led to the conclusion that the disease of erythropoietic protoporphyria is inherited as an autosomal recessive disorder. The presence of an occasional fluorescent red blood cell combined with normal protoporphyrin levels was observed in half of the children and sibs of patients and one of their parents; this phenomenon is therefore inherited as an autosomal dominant character. From an analysis of the findings in the 91 families we put forward the hypothesis of a 3-allele system. PMID- 6742777 TI - Linkage studies in Menkes' disease. The Xg blood group system and C-banding of the X chromosome. AB - Menkes' disease is a rare, genetically determined disturbance of copper metabolism which is transmitted as an X-linked recessive character. By comparative gene mapping it can be suggested that the most likely localization of the gene for Menkes' disease is on the long arm of the human X chromosome close to band q 13. This regional assignment is supported by the present analysis of the genetic relationship between the Menkes locus, the Xg locus, and the centromere in five Danish families. The evidence suggests close linkage between the Menkes locus and the centromere. The most likely value of the recombination fraction is 0.05 and the maximum lod score is above the conventional +3 limit. Linkage analysis of the Menkes locus and the Xg locus showed a recombination value of 0.24, but the maximum conditional score is 0.28, which is far below the conventional +3 limit. The present study demonstrates a successful application of a chromosomal morphological marker in linkage analysis and carrier detection of a single gene disorder. The close linkage between the gene for Menkes' disease and the centromere region was used to improve the classification of several females in whom the copper uptake into cultured fibroblasts was either inconclusive or not available. PMID- 6742778 TI - The estimation of inbreeding from isonymy: relationship to the average inbreeding coefficient. AB - The inbreeding coefficient estimated by the isonymy method is often much larger than the average inbreeding coefficient (FD). One reason commonly stated is that the surnames are polyphyletic in origin in such cases. The purpose of this paper is to examine the relationship between the inbreeding calculated from isonymy and the average inbreeding coefficient. It was found that when the level of inbreeding is low, especially when the random isonymy (Pr) is much larger than FD, or when the number of surnames is small (which results in a larger value of Pr), isonymy tends to grossly overestimate FD. A small number of surnames per se (not necessarily due to polyphyletic origin of surnames) will be likely to result in an unduly high estimate of inbreeding. The equations established are illustrated by numerical examples. PMID- 6742779 TI - Chromatin structure in dementia. AB - Nuclei extracted from neocortex of patients with Alzheimer's disease and treated with micrococcal nuclease release a population of dinucleosomes that contain an increase in the linker histones H1o and H1oo . Five other degenerative brain diseases that clinically resemble Alzheimer's disease do not result in these changes, although Pick's disease is associated with an increase in H1 on dinucleosomes. Histones from nuclei of patients with Alzheimer's disease are also more resistant to salt-induced release from chromatin than are those from age matched control subjects. These results support the hypothesis that an alteration in chromatin structure is a marker for Alzheimer's disease. PMID- 6742780 TI - Alzheimer's disease: a study of epidemiological aspects. AB - A case-control study was performed to determine the possible roles of various environmental factors, prior illnesses, drug use, and personal habits in the development of Alzheimer's disease. Such information was collected from 40 patients with onset of dementia prior to age 70 and from 80 community control subjects matched for age, sex, and race. No significant differences were found between patients and control subjects in toxic environmental exposures, animal contacts, smoking, drinking, or unusual dietary habits. A significantly higher frequency of prior thyroid disease was found in women patients than in women control subjects (25.0% and 7.1%, respectively). A history of severe head injury was also obtained significantly more often among the patients than among the controls (15.0% and 3.8%, respectively). Aside from these differences, which may prove to be important associative factors in this illness, there appeared to be no major premorbid demographic or clinical factors associated with this form of dementia. There was evidence, however, of a genetic factor that was manifested in an excess of dementia and mental retardation (including Down's syndrome) in families of patients with Alzheimer's disease. PMID- 6742781 TI - Opioid-induced epileptogenic phenomena: anatomical, behavioral, and electroencephalographic features. AB - Recent animal studies have indicated a possible role of opioids in epilepsy. Intraventricular opioid administration induces a prolonged nonconvulsive stuporous state characterized by epileptiform electroencephalographic patterns, and reversed by naloxone. In high doses, naloxone itself causes generalized clonic convulsions. We compared opioid-induced and naloxone-induced epileptogenic phenomena using quantitative 2-deoxyglucose autoradiography in order to define the anatomical structures involved in these two different seizure types. When opioid-induced seizures occurred, limbic structures were preferentially activated, but when naloxone-induced clonic convulsions occurred, pyramidal and extrapyramidal motor areas and some limbic structures were activated. Based on the present experiments and currently available evidence, we speculate that opioid-mediated epileptogenic phenomena are similar to those occurring during the postictal state of a fully kindled seizure, whereas naloxone-induced epileptogenic phenomena are similar to the ictal state. Therefore, simple pharmacological manipulation of endogenous opioid systems may allow selective study of ictal and postictal phenomena. PMID- 6742782 TI - Autosomal dominant inheritance of hereditary canine spinal muscular atrophy. AB - Hereditary canine spinal muscular atrophy ( HCSMA ) is a motor neuron disease in Brittany spaniels. Three phenotypes are recognized (accelerated, intermediate, and chronic) and are distinguished on the basis of rate of progression and age at onset. Breeding studies within a kindred of more than 125 dogs (Brittany spaniel and beagle-Brittany outcrosses ) have established an autosomal dominant inheritance for HCSMA . Pups homozygous for the trait have accelerated disease whereas heterozygous dogs have intermediate or chronic disease. The reason for the two phenotypes in heterozygotes is under study. HCSMA provides a unique opportunity to study the genetic and pathophysiological mechanisms of a motor neuron disease, and findings may have broad relevance to investigations of autosomal dominant degenerative disorders of the central nervous system. PMID- 6742783 TI - Hypometric saccades and low-gain pursuit resulting from a thalamic hemorrhage. AB - Saccadic and pursuit eye movements were measured in a patient with a right thalamic hemorrhage using an infrared reflection technique. Saccades were hypometric when directed away from the side of the lesion, and pursuit was low in gain, with many interposed saccades, when directed toward the side of the lesion. This eye movement pattern is similar to that observed in hemidecorticate patients. We postulate that the ocular abnormalities observed in our patients were secondary to an interruption of the efferent pathways from the right cerebral areas mediating saccadic and smooth-pursuit eye movements. PMID- 6742784 TI - Nonhemorrhagic venous infarction of the spinal cord. AB - A 71-year-old man experienced gradually progressive leg weakness, urinary retention, and mild loss of sensation in dermatomes T8 through T12 bilaterally. After 5 to 6 weeks of illness, he developed flaccid paraplegia and sensory loss below T8. He died 16 weeks after onset of neurological symptoms. Neuropathologically, there was widespread, subtotal necrosis of the spinal cord, largely of nonhemorrhagic character, from T8 downward. Dorsal and anterior median spinal veins were occluded by a partially organized thrombus. Comparison of this case with 19 previously recorded examples of venous infarction of the spinal cord (8 hemorrhagic, 7 nonhemorrhagic, and 4 embolic) suggests major differences in clinical presentation, rate of progression, and length of survival among the three groups. PMID- 6742785 TI - Clinical differences among types of dementia. PMID- 6742786 TI - Brainstem auditory evoked potentials are normal in idiopathic sleep apnea. PMID- 6742787 TI - The functional anatomy of frontal lobe neglect in the monkey: behavioral and quantitative 2-deoxyglucose studies. AB - A syndrome of hemisensory neglect follows damage to frontal association areas in monkeys and humans. To study the syndrome we removed frontal association cortex from the right hemisphere of macaque monkeys. After operation, behavioral testing showed conditional deficits in visual, somatosensory, and motor responses contralateral to the lesion. Brains of animals were studied with [14C]2 deoxyglucose autoradiography to evaluate functional neuroanatomical changes. Ipsilateral striatal and selected thalamic and midbrain nuclei exhibited depression of glucose utilization (10 to 60%). No consistent glucose utilization changes appeared in cortex or in primary motor or sensory pathways. Brains from unoperated control animals did not exhibit these changes, nor did brains from operated animals with behavioral recovery from neglect. We conclude that the symptoms of frontal lobe neglect in the monkey are the result of dysfunction within a widely distributed system of subcortical centers. The distribution of the dysfunction provides an explanation for some of the clinical features of neglect. PMID- 6742788 TI - Chronicity of hyponatremia as a factor in experimental myelinolysis. AB - A recent analysis of hyponatremic patients disclosed that those who were chronically hyponatremic prior to rapid correction subsequently developed central pontine myelinolysis. To test the view that chronicity of hyponatremia is a factor in myelinolysis, we studied a group of rats that were hyponatremic for 1 day and compared it with another group of animals maintained in a hyponatremic state for 3 days prior to the administration of hypertonic saline solution. The 3 day hyponatremic rats developed more numerous and more severe demyelinative lesions than the 1-day rats. The findings support the view that duration of hyponatremia is a factor in myelinolysis and that the electrolyte disturbance of chronically hyponatremic patients should be corrected cautiously and relatively slowly. PMID- 6742789 TI - Diagnostic imaging of herpes simplex virus encephalitis using a radiolabeled antiviral drug: autoradiographic assessment in an animal model. AB - To develop a new approach to the diagnosis of herpes simplex encephalitis, we used a radiolabeled antiviral drug, 2'-fluoro-5-methyl-1-beta-D-arabinosyluracil labeled with carbon 14 ([14C]FMAU), as a probe for selectively imaging brain infection in a rat model by quantitative autoradiography. A high correlation was found between focal infection, as defined by immunoperoxidase viral antigen staining, and increased regional [14C]FMAU uptake in brain sections. Two potential sources of false-positive imaging were defined: high concentrations of drug in the choroid plexus because of its higher permeability compared with brain, and drug sequestration by proliferating uninfected cell populations. Our results support the soundness of the proposed strategy of using a labeled antiviral drug that is selectively phosphorylated by herpes simplex virus type 1 thymidine kinase in conjunction with scanning methods for human diagnosis, and also define some of the factors that must be taken into account when planning clinical application. PMID- 6742790 TI - Focal cerebral ischemia in the rat: topography of hemodynamic and histopathological changes. AB - We studied local cerebral blood flow, as measured by autoradiography with digital image processing and by tissue morphology, in six rats 4 hours after occlusion of the proximal middle cerebral artery. A consistent, three-dimensional pattern of graded reductions in local cerebral blood flow involved the affected hemisphere, with a densely ischemic zone (local cerebral blood flow less than 3 ml/100 gm/min) in the dorsolateral caudate putamen and the adjacent frontoparietal cortex. In the frontoparietal cortex, the normal laminar pattern of local cerebral blood flow was disrupted, and there was a transcortical gradient in flow, with pronounced ischemia in deeper layers and relatively preserved superficial flow. Comparisons of autoradiographic findings with histopathological abnormalities in adjacent frozen sections showed that the region of ischemic damage corresponded closely with the area of greatest reduction in blood flow. Although around this region local cerebral blood flow increased centrifugally, a striking finding was that flow density changed abruptly (a tenfold variation in flow within a 1 to 2 mm interval) at the edge of the pathological lesion. Penumbral conditions may therefore exist in only a very narrow zone 4 hours after onset of focal ischemia. After occlusion of a major cerebral artery, the pattern of local cerebral blood flow changes appears to depend on interactions among vascular architecture, reductions in perfusion pressure, alterations in metabolic demands, and variations in local vascular resistance. PMID- 6742791 TI - The protective influence of the locus ceruleus on the blood-brain barrier. AB - The functions of the putative noradrenergic innervation of cerebral microvessels from the nucleus locus ceruleus remain ambiguous. Although most evidence indicates that such innervation does not have a major role in the control of cerebral blood flow, there are increasing indications that it modulates transport and permeability functions of the blood-brain barrier. In this study we investigated the effect of unilateral chemical lesioning of the locus ceruleus on the leakage of radioiodinated human serum albumin across the blood-brain barrier. Experiments were performed in awake and restrained rats under steady-state conditions and during drug-induced systemic arterial hypertension, and in anesthetized and paralyzed rats during bicuculline-induced seizures. Both hypertension and seizures are known to be associated with increased leakage of macromolecules across the blood-brain barrier. Albumin leakage into norepinephrine-depleted forebrain structures ipsilateral to the locus ceruleus lesion was compared with that of the contralateral side. There were no side-to side differences in blood-brain barrier permeability to albumin under steady state conditions, the stress of restraint, or angiotensin-induced hypertension, or after isoproterenol administration. Norepinephrine-induced hypertension and seizures, however, caused significant increases in albumin leakage into forebrain structures ipsilateral to the lesion. These results suggest that noradrenergic innervation of cerebral microvessels from the locus ceruleus helps preserve the integrity of the blood-brain barrier during pathophysiological states associated with hypertension and increased circulating catecholamines. PMID- 6742792 TI - Tissue culture demyelination by normal human serum. AB - Serum from all of 20 normal individuals induced some degree of demyelination when applied to well-myelinated mouse cerebellum cultures. An intact complement sequence through C5 is required. Demyelinating activity was heat labile at 56 degrees C for 30 minutes but was not destroyed at 50 degrees C for 30 minutes (which inhibits properdin factor B and alternate complement pathway activation, but not the classic complement pathway). Sera from patients with agammaglobulinemia, C4 deficiency, or C6 deficiency all induced demyelination. Our results suggest that tissue culture demyelination results from nonimmunoglobulin activation of the alternate complement pathway and is not limited to sera from patients with neurological disease. PMID- 6742793 TI - "Locked-in" state following Reye's syndrome. AB - A 12-year-old boy with Reye's syndrome had an initial course complicated by increased intracranial pressure and systemic hypotension. He subsequently developed brainstem damage producing permanent apnea and a "locked-in" state. Nevertheless, the normal architecture of sleep was retained, as was a high degree of intelligence. PMID- 6742795 TI - Computed tomography in Alexander's disease. AB - Computed tomography demonstrated contrast-enhancing lesions in the periventricular frontal regions, caudate nuclei, and thalami in an infant with Alexander's disease. The distribution of the enhancing lesions corresponded to the areas in which Rosenthal fibers were most prominent. These radiological findings have not been described in other white matter diseases; thus, they may help to distinguish Alexander's disease from Canavan's disease and decrease the necessity for diagnostic brain biopsy. PMID- 6742794 TI - Azathioprine in the treatment of myasthenia gravis. AB - Twenty-four patients with myasthenia gravis were treated with azathioprine. Eighteen of the patients tolerated the drug. Six discontinued azathioprine therapy because of toxicity. Of the 18 patients, 15 (83%) improved while receiving azathioprine; in 8 (44%) improvement was felt to result solely from azathioprine. Initial response was seen after 4 to 10 months of treatment, with a mean of 6.4 months. Patients continued to improve for up to 24 months, with the mean time of peak improvement being 14 months. Relapse occurred within one year in all 6 patients in whom azathioprine administration was discontinued. Azathioprine is a reasonable alternative to corticosteroids in selected myasthenic patients requiring immunosuppression. PMID- 6742796 TI - Neurological complications of thyrotoxicosis in the elderly. PMID- 6742797 TI - Brain abscess: a complication of cystic fibrosis in adults. PMID- 6742798 TI - Outcome in neonates with seizures: are chronic anticonvulsants necessary? PMID- 6742799 TI - Acute hemorrhagic leukoencephalitis: diagnosis by computed tomography. PMID- 6742800 TI - Aphasia/apraxia and familial aggregation in Alzheimer's disease. PMID- 6742801 TI - Optical sectioning microscopy: cellular architecture in three dimensions. PMID- 6742802 TI - [Effect of bile and bile acids on bacterial resistance to antibiotics]. AB - The combined effect of bile acids and antibiotics on the moderately sensitive and resistant staphylococcal strains was studied. 10 staphylococcal cultures isolated from patients with different pyo-inflammatory diseases were tested for their sensitivity to 5 antibiotics (benzylpenicillin, ampicillin, erythromycin, kanamycin and chlortetracycline). 9 of them were moderately sensitive to the drugs. The combined use of these antibiotics with cholic, desoxycholic , dehydrocholic, glycocholic and choleic acids increased the sensitivity of the staphylococci to the drugs in 87 per cent of the cultures. The same regularity was observed with respect to 15 staphylococcal strains isolated from the patients' bile. The combination of taurocholic acid and streptomycin was the most effective. The combinations of the antibiotics with cholic acid were less effective. The same regularities were noted in the experiments with billicultures tested for antibiotic sensitivity on solid media with the patient's bile. Antibiotics with maximum activity associated with the presence of the patient's bile should be recommended for the treatment of patients with inflammatory diseases of the liver and urinary tract. PMID- 6742803 TI - [Resistance to antibiotics of Vibrio cholerae and its possible prognostic significance]. AB - Control of antibiotic resistance of Vibrio cholerae in various areas of the world revealed the characteristic features of the situation and tendencies of antibiotic resistance development in this microbial group. It was shown that though the main part of the El Tor vibrio of the 7th cholera pandemia period was highly sensitive to antibiotics, separate strains with stable plasmid antibiotic resistance were isolated. By the end of the 70s the spread of resistant cholera germs was registered. The antibiotic resistance was due to R factor of the incompatibility group C widely spread among microorganisms of the other groups. PMID- 6742804 TI - [Anaerobic bacteria from microbial foci in acute odontogenic inflammatory diseases]. AB - Mixed microbial associations from purulent foci of 30 patients with odontogenic inflammatory diseases were studied. 18 specimens of the clinical material were subjected to three-fold investigation. Bacteroids, propionic bacteria and pentococci predominated in the mixed cultures. Nonpathogenic Neisseria, streptococci of the mitis-salivarius group and epidermal staphylococci were isolated from the facultative anaerobic flora. The anaerobic species were the most sensitive to the antibiotics used in the treatment of the patients. PMID- 6742805 TI - [Pharmacokinetics of sulfalene and sulfamethoxine after combined administration with benzylpenicillin and ampicillin]. AB - The binding of sulfadimethoxine by serum proteins of rabbits did not change in the presence of benzylpenicillin and ampicillin, while the binding of sulfalen increased. The 1.2-2-fold decrease in the proportion of sulfalen not bound by blood proteins was accompanied by its acetylation in rabbits. This in its turn resulted in a decreased rate of the drug elimination. The penicillins did not change the kinetics of sulfadimethoxine in rabbits. When the dose of sulfadimethoxine was increased 2 times, the rate of its elimination in rabbits increased, which is likely to be due to increased acetylation of the drug. This may be associated with the increased level of the free sulfadimethoxine fraction in the blood because of the drug lower binding by serum proteins. When the dose of sulfalen was increased 2 times, its kinetics in rabbits did not change. PMID- 6742806 TI - [Antibacterial therapy of peritonitis]. AB - The microbiological assay of the exudate provided isolation of anaerobic pathogens in 48 (64 per cent) out of 75 patients with peritonitis. All the patients were subjected to antibacterial therapy with antibiotics and chemotherapeutic drugs active against aerobic and anaerobic pathogens. PMID- 6742807 TI - [Experimental study of the toxic effect of combinations of tobramycin and carbenicillin]. AB - Acute toxicity of tobramycin and carbenicillin used alone and in combination was studied on albino mice. The antibiotics were combined in the following ratios: 1:15, 1:30, 1:45, 1:60, 1:75 and 1:150 (1 refers to tobramycin). The character of the toxic effect of the combinations was estimated with the Loewe graphical method and interaction indices. It was shown that interaction of tobramycin with carbenicillin in the combinations with wide ratio ranges was of an indifferent character. The toxic effect of the combinations did not reach the total toxic effect of the components used alone. It was noted that the combinations of tobramycin with carbenicillin in the ratios of 1:15, 1:30 and 1:150 were most favourable for the drug tolerance. The nephrotoxic effect of tobramycin and carbenicillin used alone and in combination was studied on albino rats. The antibiotics were administered intravenously for 5 days. It was demonstrated that the level and the character of the morphological changes in the kidneys of the rats treated with the combinations of tobramycin and carbenicillin were the same as those after the use of an analogous dose of tobramycin alone. Therefore, the nephrotoxic effect of tobramycin was not potentiated on its combined use with carbenicillin. PMID- 6742808 TI - [Potentiation of the antimicrobial action of antibiotics in combination with oxytocin]. AB - The antimicrobial effect of oxytocin in combination with 39 antibacterial drugs was studied in vitro with the use of 30 strains of different test cultures. It was shown that oxytocin had a capacity for potentiating the antibiotic effect on many microbial species. The potentiation ratio depended on the antibiotic and microbial species used and ranged from 2 to 24 times. The combined therapy with oxytocin and antibiotics was tested on animals with experimental staphylococcal sepsis. The survival rate of more than 50 per cent was observed only in the group of animals treated with the combinations of antibiotics and oxytocin, while in the other groups the death rate amounted to 100 per cent. The most favourable combinations of oxytocin and antibiotics were used in the treatment of 260 patients with pyoinflammatory affections of the soft tissues (mastitis, postinfection suppuration, paraproctitis, etc). In the majority of cases, the surgical treatment was replaced by the paracentetic treatment with local application of the combinations of oxytocin and antibiotics. This markedly decreased (by 3-4 times) the periods of temporary disability, provided better cosmetic results of the treatment and lowered consumption of the dressing material. PMID- 6742809 TI - [Penetration of ampicillin and oxacillin into the tissues of rats with aseptic inflammation]. AB - Penetration of 2 penicillins with different indices of serum protein binding in the tissues of rats with aseptic inflammation was studied. The pharmacokinetics of both penicillins in the blood serum (total preparation) did not differ. However, the level of the ampicillin free fraction was much higher than that of oxacillin. In the inflammation exudate and inflamed tissues, the maximum concentrations of free ampicillin and the area below its pharmacokinetic curve were also higher than those of oxacillin. The rate of elimination of both antibiotics from the exudate was the same. The period of half elimination of the drugs from the exudate and inflamed tissue was significantly higher than the period of their half elimination from the blood serum. High positive correlation between the ampicillin levels in the blood serum and inflamed and intact tissues was shown. As for oxacillin, positive correlation between its levels in the blood serum and inflamed tissue was observed. PMID- 6742810 TI - [Criteria for evaluating the severity of peritonitis and the effectiveness of antibiotic therapy]. AB - The possibility of objective estimation of the peritonitis severity by the nose skin autoflora, leucocytic intoxication index (LII) and central lymph toxicity was studied on 25 dogs. The forearm skin autoflora, LII and central lymph toxicity were estimated clinically in 86 patients. The advantage of the endolymphatic therapy with kanamycin over its intramuscular injection was shown. PMID- 6742811 TI - [Distribution of antibiotic-resistant microorganisms among newborn infants in an intensive care unit]. AB - Bacteriological assay of the nasal, fauces and feces microflora of 40 newborns of the Department of Intensive Therapy revealed their primary colonization with various opportunistic microorganisms from the environment. Sensitivity of the isolates to 15 antibiotics was tested. It was shown that multiple resistance strains predominated. The staphylococcal strains were mainly resistant to benzylpenicillin, ampicillin, erythromycin and polymyxin. The enterococci were most frequently resistant to methicillin, lincomycin, kanamycin, monomycin and neomycin. Tetracycline and chloramphenicol resistant strains of E. coli were detected. Marked resistance to carbenicillin, ampicillin, cephuroxim and cephaloridin and high sensitivity to cephotaxim and gentamicin were determined in the Klebsiella strains with the method of serial dilutions on solid media. The presence of opportunistic microorganisms with multiple resistance to antibiotics, ate appearance of the own microflora and decreased immunological defence may be the cause of infection in newborns of departments of intensive therapy. Circulation of antibiotic-resistant strains in departments for newborns is fraught with a threat of hospital infections. PMID- 6742812 TI - [Relation between pharmacokinetics of an antibiotic in ocular fluids and the method of administration and dosage form of gentamycin]. AB - The experiments on rabbits with intraocular infection provided determination of the optimal route and regimen of gentamicin administration in various dosage forms. Gentamicin sulfate made in the USSR was used. It was shown that during instillations of 0.3 per cent eye drops, gentamicin did not penetrate into the intraocular fluid. The ophthalmic drug films (ODF) containing 0.5 mg gentamicin per film provided better penetration of the antibiotic into the eye cavity in the concentrations in the ocular fluid active only against the most gentamicin sensitive microbial strains. Therefore, the use of the ODF containing gentamicin may be recommended for the treatment of intraocular infections caused by gentamicin sensitive organisms. When the antibiotic was administered subconjunctively in a dose of 20 mg, its therapeutic concentrations were mainly detectable in the anterior chamber fluid. Therefore, the use of this administration route was first of all rational in intraocular infections of the anterior part of the eye. The antibiotic should be used in such cases at least twice a day. The therapeutic concentrations of gentamicin active against the majority of the microbial strains were attained in the vitreous body only on intravitreal administration. The high therapeutic levels of gentamicin in the vitreous body after its injection in a dose of 0.4 mg were recorded for at least 4 days. Therefore, for the treatment of endophthalmitis the intravitreal route of gentamicin administration is of the greatest practical importance. PMID- 6742813 TI - Mezlocillin and ticarcillin alone and combined with gentamicin in the treatment of experimental Enterobacter aerogenes endocarditis. AB - The efficacies of mezlocillin and ticarcillin, each alone and in combination with gentamicin, in the therapy of experimental left-sided Enterobacter aerogenes endocarditis in rabbits were compared. Each beta-lactam was administered intramuscularly at a dose of 180 mg/kg every 6 h either alone or with gentamicin (1.7 mg/kg intramuscularly every 8 h). Bacterial populations at the start of therapy (7 days after initiation of infection) were 9 to 10 log10 CFU/g of vegetation. Ticarcillin produced concentrations in serum that were twice those produced by mezlocillin, but the therapeutic ratios of mezlocillin and ticarcillin (ratio of peak level in serum to MBC) were the same. All of the therapeutic regimens given for either 5 or 10 days were effective in reducing vegetation counts when compared with the untreated controls (P less than 0.01 for all comparisons), except mezlocillin alone and ticarcillin alone, which caused insignificant reductions in counts after 5 days of therapy (P greater than 0.05). After 10 days of therapy, the only regimen that was significantly different from another was that of mezlocillin plus gentamicin, which was significantly better than that of ticarcillin alone (P less than 0.01). These studies document that mezlocillin and ticarcillin were both effective in reducing the numbers of E. aerogenes CFU in vegetations in rabbits with experimental endocarditis when the drugs were given over a prolonged course. More rapid and extensive reduction in vegetation counts was achieved with combinations of an aminoglycoside plus mezlocillin or ticarcillin. Mortality was significantly less among rabbits treated with mezlocillin plus gentamicin. PMID- 6742814 TI - Antibiotic susceptibility patterns in Rochalimaea quintana, the agent of trench fever. AB - Rochalimaea quintana, the etiological agent of trench fever, was tested by an agar dilution method for its susceptibility to the following 14 antibiotics: penicillin G, methicillin, ampicillin, cephalothin, vancomycin, doxycycline, tetracycline, erythromycin, chloramphenicol, streptomycin, kanamycin, rifampin, colistin, and amphotericin B. The MIC of each of these antibiotics was determined. The results showed that R. quintana is susceptible in vitro to these antibiotics, with the exception of vancomycin, kanamycin, streptomycin, colistin, and amphotericin B. PMID- 6742815 TI - Antimicrobial activity of SK&F 88070, an expanded-spectrum cephalosporin with high and prolonged levels in blood. AB - SK&F 88070 (7-[[(2-amino-4-thiazolyl)(methoxyimino)acetyl]amino]-3- [[[1-(2 sulfaminoethyl)-1H-tetrazol-5-yl]thio] methyl]-3-cephem-4-carboxylic acid) is a new parenteral cephalosporin with an expanded-spectrum profile of antibacterial activity, including activity against Pseudomonas aeruginosa, and with high and prolonged levels in sera of experimental animals. The activity of SK&F 88070 was compared with those of cefotaxime and other cephalosporins against more than 500 clinical isolates in vitro by microtiter twofold dilution tests in Mueller-Hinton broth. SK&F 88070 was extremely potent against all of the members of the family Enterobacteriaceae that were tested, including beta-lactamase-producing strains. Its activity against P. aeruginosa was comparable to those of cefotaxime, ceftizoxime, and moxalactam. SK&F 88070 was less potent than cefotaxime or ceftizoxime against Staphylococcus species but was comparable to moxalactam. It had in vivo activity against the same Bacteroides strains as did cefotaxime, although it was less potent. Both SK&F 88070 and cefotaxime had less activity when tested with high inoculum levels of most of the rarer gram-negative bacteria. There was a greater decrease in the activity of SK&F 88070 than of cefotaxime in the presence of human serum, reflecting the higher degree of binding of SK&F 88070 to serum proteins. SK&F 88070 had peak levels and half lives in serum much greater than those of cefotaxime in experimental animals after parenteral administration. In mouse protection studies, SK&F 88070 was more effective than cefotaxime against gram-negative bacteria but less effective than cefotaxime against Staphylococcus aureus. PMID- 6742816 TI - Effect of halothane on the replication of animal viruses. AB - Five RNA- and two DNA-containing viruses were propagated in Vero cells and tested for their ability to replicate in the presence of halothane (2-bromo-2-chloro 1,1,1-trifluoroethane), a commonly used inhalational anesthetic. Halothane did not affect poliovirus replication at any anesthetic concentration tested, but all other viruses were either partially or totally inhibited by clinical doses of the anesthetic. Replication of Sendai virus, simian virus 40, vesicular stomatitis virus, and herpes simplex virus type 1 were moderately inhibited by halothane exposure. At concentrations of 2.2% (vol/vol) halothane, peak virus titers were reduced by ca. 2 orders of magnitude for vesicular stomatitis virus and simian virus 40, 3.5 orders of magnitude for Sendai virus, and 4 orders of magnitude for herpes simplex virus. Newcastle disease virus and measles virus were the most susceptible to exposure to halothane. Total inhibition of the replication of these viruses occurred at 1.6 to 2.0% halothane. All of the viruses whose replication was susceptible to the action of halothane were inhibited in a concentration-dependent manner. Furthermore, with the exception of simian virus 40, the inhibition of the replication of all viruses was reversible after halothane removal, although total recovery of virus synthesis was not observed unless the culture medium was changed or the pH was adjusted after anesthetic removal. PMID- 6742817 TI - Pulmonary deposition and clearance of aerosolized interferon. AB - Small particle aerosols of a hybrid DNA recombinant human alpha interferon, A/D bgl, and a related DNA recombinant leukocyte interferon, A, were generated and delivered to mice for 23.5 h a day for 4 consecutive days. The antiviral activity of these interferons in delivery reservoirs, in the aerosols generated, and in the lungs of test mice was monitored during and after aerosol administration in cytopathic effect inhibition assays, using vesicular stomatitis virus as the indicator virus. In addition, the activity of these interferons in primary mouse embryo cells against influenza A/HK/68 (H3N2) virus was determined. The results obtained indicated that the interferon particles generated in the continuous aerosol therapy system used in these studies remained biologically active and could be readily detected in both aerosol mists and lungs of test mice; levels of exogenous interferon in the lungs equalled or exceeded levels of interferons produced endogenously during experimentally induced influenza virus infection. Titers of the exogenously administered interferons decreased gradually and disappeared from the lungs between 24 and 48 h after cessation of aerosolization. Recombinant human alpha interferon A/D, but not recombinant leukocyte alpha interferon A, significantly inhibited replication of A/HK/68 virus in primary mouse embryo cells in the in vitro studies. PMID- 6742818 TI - Antibiotic action on phagocytosed bacteria measured by a new method for determining viable bacteria. AB - Antibiotics such as rifampin that act on phagocytosed bacteria have clinical advantages. The investigation of such intraphagocytic activity of antibiotics is, however, hampered by the time-consuming and cumbersome procedures necessary for enumerating viable bacteria. We have developed a semiautomatic biophotometric method for this purpose that permits the processing of relatively large numbers of samples. Using this method with Staphyloccus aureus Wood 46 as a test organism, we studied the dose dependence of the activities of a number of antibiotics against intraphagocytic bacteria. We could confirm the very good intracellular activity of rifampin. Its activity at low concentrations was slightly better against intracellular than against extracellular bacteria. In contrast, clindamycin and erythromycin, both of which have been reported to accumulate within phagocytes, did not exhibit a correspondingly enhanced intracellular activity, erythromycin being active intracellularly only at high concentrations. Clindamycin and vancomycin were effective against intracellular organisms, but only at relatively high concentrations owing to their low bactericidal activity against S. aureus Wood 46. Penicillin G, ampicillin, gentamicin, and streptomycin exhibited no useful intracellular activity. These results demonstrate that radioactive accumulation studies of antibacterial agents are not sufficient to show intracellular activity. Intracellular activity must be demonstrated in a functional test, preferably with graded concentrations of the test substance. PMID- 6742819 TI - Susceptibility of anaerobic bacteria from several French hospitals to three major antibiotics. AB - The in vitro activity of cefoxitin was compared with those of metronidazole and clindamycin against 322 strains of anaerobic bacteria collected from several hospitals during 1982 and tested by an agar dilution method. Metronidazole and cefoxitin inhibited at least 89% of strains tested, whereas clindamycin was less active. PMID- 6742820 TI - Improved procedure for extracting aminoglycosides from renal cortical tissue. AB - An efficient and reproducible procedure was developed for extracting aminoglycosides from renal cortical tissue. It involves a double homogenization and two rinsings with trichloroacetic acid. A higher recovery is obtained compared with that of other previously reported methods. PMID- 6742821 TI - Pharmacokinetics of intranasally applied medication during a cold. AB - The rate at which interferon is cleared from the nose after local administration was measured in volunteers both before and after challenge with virulent strains of human rhinovirus. Interferon was not cleared more rapidly after virus challenge, and there was no relationship between the amount of nasal secretion produced after challenge, and the rate of interferon clearance. These findings suggest that an inverse relationship between the quantity of a locally applied antirhinovirus drug which is recovered in nasal wash, and clinical and laboratory evidence of rhinovirus infection may be taken as evidence for a beneficial effect of the drug. PMID- 6742823 TI - Rapid enumeration of Staphylococcus aureus in foods by direct demonstration of enterotoxigenic colonies on membrane filters by enzyme immunoassay. AB - Based on enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay, a convenient method has been devised for the direct demonstration of enterotoxin B production by Staphylococcus aureus colonies grown for 24 h on membrane filters. The problem of false-positive reactions due to binding of immunoglobulin G to protein A was turned to advantage by conjugating horseradish peroxidase directly to protein A, which then mediated the labeling of the antitoxin. The test requires 3 h to complete and yields a purple stain at the site of enterotoxin B-producing colonies, thus allowing direct enumeration of confirmed S. aureus in foods within 27 h. The method should be applicable to other enterotoxins of S. aureus. PMID- 6742822 TI - Characterization of the cellulolytic activity of a Bacillus isolate. AB - A group I Bacillus strain, DLG, was isolated and characterized as being most closely related to Bacillus subtilis. When grown on any of a variety of sugars, the culture supernatant of this isolate was found to possess cellulolytic activity, as demonstrated by degradation of trinitrophenyl-carboxymethyl cellulose. Growth in medium containing cellobiose or glucose resulted in the greatest production of cellulolytic activity. The cellulolytic activity was not produced until the stationary phase of growth, and the addition of glucose or cellobiose to a culture in this phase had no apparent effect on enzyme production. Fractionation of the culture supernatant showed that the molecular weight of the enzymatic activity was less than 100,000. Maximum cellulolytic activity in assays was observed at pH 4.8 and at 58C, although maximum thermal stability of the activity. Kinetic experiments suggested that more than one enzyme was acting upon trinitrophenyl-carboxymethyl cellulose. Exocellular protein produced by this Bacillus isolate showed roughly one-fifth the cellulolytic activity displayed by Trichoderma reesei C30 on noncrystalline, cellulosic substrates. In contrast to T. reesei cellulase, the Bacillus enzymatic activity showed no ability to degrade crystalline forms of cellulose, nor was cellobiase activity detectable. PMID- 6742824 TI - Bacteria associated with crabs from cold waters with emphasis on the occurrence of potential human pathogens. AB - A diverse array of bacterial species, including several potential human pathogens, was isolated from edible crabs collected in cold waters. Crabs collected near Kodiak Island, Alaska, contained higher levels of bacteria than crabs collected away from regions of human habitation. The bacteria associated with the crabs collected near Kodiak included Yersinia enterocolitica, Klebsiella pneumoniae, and coagulase-negative Staphylococcus species; the pathogenicity of these isolates was demonstrated in mice. Although coliforms were not found, the bacterial species associated with the tissues of crabs collected near Kodiak indicate possible fecal contamination that may have occurred through contact with sewage. Compared with surrounding waters and sediments, the crab tissues contained much higher proportions of gram-positive cocci. As revealed by indirect plate counts and direct scanning electron microscopic observations, muscle and hemolymph tissues contained much lower levels of bacteria than shell and gill tissues. After the death of a crab, however, the numbers of bacteria associated with hemolymph and muscle tissues increased significantly. Microcosm studies showed that certain bacterial populations, e.g., Vibrio cholerae, can be bioaccumulated in crab gill tissues. The results of this study indicate the need for careful review of waste disposal practices where edible crabs may be contaminated with microorganisms that are potential human pathogens and the need for surveillance of shellfish for pathogenic microorganisms that naturally occur in marine ecosystems. PMID- 6742825 TI - Bacteriological quality of crops irrigated with wastewater in the Xochimilco plots, Mexico City, Mexico. AB - Xochimilco county plots (Mexico City), one of the most fertile agricultural areas in the Valley of Mexico, produce a large portion of the fresh vegetables consumed in the city. These plots are generally irrigated with domestic wastewater, and for this reason, it was deemed important to examine and evaluate the bacteriological quality of the water, soil, and vegetables from these plots that are harvested and marketed. The soils were also examined for the classical parameters such as nitrates, ammonia, etc., and organic matter and texture. The crops selected for this study were radishes, spinach, lettuce, parsley, and celery because they are usually consumed raw. The highest bacterial counts were encountered in leafy vegetables, i.e., spinach (8,700 for total coliform and 2,400 for fecal coliform) and lettuce (37,000 for total coliform and 3,600 for fecal coliform). Statistically significant differences in bacterial counts between rinsed and unrinsed edible portions of the crops were observed even in rinsed vegetables, and high densities of fecal coliform were detected, indicating that their consumption represents a potential health hazard. The total coliform values found in irrigation water ranged from 4 X 10(4) to 29 X 10(4), and for fecal coliform the values ranged from 5 X 10(2) to 30 X 10(2). PMID- 6742826 TI - Amino acid and lactate catabolism in trimethylamine oxide respiration of Alteromonas putrefaciens NCMB 1735. AB - The nonfermentative Alteromonas putrefaciens NCMB 1735 grew anaerobically in defined media with trimethylamine oxide as external electron acceptor. All amino acids tested, except taurine and those with a cyclic or aromatic side chain, were utilized during trimethylamine oxide-dependent anaerobic growth. Lactate, serine, and cysteine (which are easily converted to pyruvate) and glutamate and aspartate (which are easily converted to tricarboxylic acid cycle intermediates) were metabolized at the fastest rate. Growth with lactate as growth-limiting substrate gave rise to the formation of 40 mol% acetate, whereas serine and cysteine were nearly completely oxidized to CO2. Molar growth yields with the latter substrates were the same and were 50% higher than with lactate. This showed that more ATP was formed when acetyl coenzyme A entered the tricarboxylic acid cycle than when it was converted via acetyl phosphate to acetate. Also, growth with formate as substrate indicated that the reduction of trimethylamine oxide to trimethylamine was coupled with energy conservation by a respiratory mechanism. PMID- 6742827 TI - Effect of radiation and freezing on [3H]DNA of Yersinia enterocolitica. AB - Freezing of the enteropathogenic bacterium Yersinia enterocolitica to -18 and -75 degrees C caused 7 and 42% cell death, respectively, and 0.329 and 0.588 single strand breaks per 10(8) daltons of DNA, respectively, while radiation to one D10 dose (10% cell survival) combined with freezing to 2 to 0, -18, and -75 degrees C induced 0.05, 0.75, and 5.04 single-strand breaks, respectively. The increase in the effectiveness of radiation with respect to the yield of single-strand breaks at -18 and -75 degrees C is contrary to expectation and seems to be due to arrest of repair of single-strand breaks by these low temperatures. PMID- 6742828 TI - alpha-L-arabinofuranosidase from Ruminococcus albus 8: purification and possible role in hydrolysis of alfalfa cell wall. AB - An alpha-L- arabinofuranosidase has been purified from the extracellular broth of cultures of Ruminococcus albus 8. The purification procedure utilized gel filtration, (NH4)2SO4 precipitation, and isoelectric focusing. The purified enzyme appeared to be homogeneous when chromatographed on disc and analytical isoelectric focusing gels. The estimated molecular weight of the native protein was 305,000 to 310,000. Sodium dodecyl sulfate-gel electrophoresis analysis suggested that the native protein is a tetramer composed of 75,000-molecular weight subunits. The enzyme appeared to have no metal cofactor requirement but was sensitive to several sulfhydryl reagents. The pH optimum with p-nitrophenyl alpha-L-arabinofuranoside as the substrate was 6.9 and the Km was 1.3 mM. Several lines of evidence indicated that the enzyme is a glycoprotein. When assayed against alfalfa cell wall material, the enzyme hydrolyzed only small amounts of arabinose from the substrate. When assayed together with hemicellulolytic or pectinolytic enzymes against the same substrate, the arabinosidase significantly enhanced the hydrolytic action of the glycanases . PMID- 6742829 TI - Biotyping and virulence factors in clinical and environmental isolates of Aeromonas species. AB - Biochemical characteristics and virulence factors were compared in 147 Aeromonas spp. isolated from patients with diarrhea and in 94 strains isolated from metropolitan water supplies in the same area during the same period. Fermentation of arabinose occurred with 58.5% of the environmental strains and 15% of the clinical isolates; 39.4% of the strains from water and 6.8% of the fecal isolates fermented salicin. The frequency of esculin hydrolysis was the same in both groups. Ninety-one percent of clinical isolates and 70.2% of environmental strains were enterotoxigenic and, except for four clinical isolates, all of these strains also produced hemolysins. Hemagglutination that was inhibited by fucose and mannose but not by galactose was found in 67% of the water isolates and 10.2% of the clinical strains. Although the distribution of several characteristics differs in clinical and environmental strains, many of the strains found in water have properties identical with those of the clinical isolates. We suggest that such strains may be potential enteric pathogens. PMID- 6742830 TI - Detection of T-2 toxin in Fusarium sporotrichioides-infected corn by enzyme linked immunosorbent assay. AB - A competitive enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay was used to screen for T-2 toxin in Fusarium sporotrichioides -infected corn. The assay detected T-2 toxin in diluted methanol extracts of corn samples at concentrations of 0.05 ng/ml. In infected corn samples, enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay and gas-liquid chromatography estimations of T-2 toxin concentrations were similar. PMID- 6742831 TI - Absence of transformation of beta-muricholic acid by human microflora implanted in the digestive tracts of germfree male rats. AB - Germfree rats biosynthetize cholic and beta-muricholic acids. The latter does not exist in humans. Germfree rats were given human fecal suspensions. These rats degraded cholic acid into deoxycholic acid but failed to metabolize beta muricholic acid. PMID- 6742832 TI - Formation of trichothecenes by Fusarium solani var. coeruleum and Fusarium sambucinum in potatoes. AB - Fusarium solani var. coeruleum can form deoxynivalenol in potato tubers and in liquid medium, although concentrations observed in the rot were highly variable; acetyldeoxynivalenol and HT-2 toxin were detected in 1 to 3 tubers only (of 57). Trichothecenes were also detected in a very few (3 of 20) cultures of Fusarium sambucinum in potato tubers. PMID- 6742833 TI - Charge-shift electrophoretic behavior of T-2 toxin in agarose gels. AB - We report the use of charge-shift electrophoresis to define the behavior of the trichothecene mycotoxin T-2 in aqueous solutions. We found that T-2 behaves in a hydrophobic manner and that this technique can be adapted for the separation of small hydrophobic molecules such as T-2 and cholesterol. PMID- 6742834 TI - Growth of oral Streptococcus species and Actinomyces viscosus in human saliva. AB - Microorganisms in dental plaque live in constant association with saliva. The role of saliva in the adherence of bacteria to the teeth and the antibacterial properties of saliva have been well investigated; less interest has been shown in the possible role of saliva as a substrate for oral microorganisms. In this study it was shown that saliva can serve as a growth medium for oral Streptococcus spp. and Actinomyces viscosus. The cell production of these organisms on saliva was carbohydrate limited. The doubling times for growth on glucose-supplemented saliva (4 to 5 mmol/liter) ranged from 1.6 to 4.0 h. The availability of carbohydrate sources for the oral microflora is discussed in relation to microbial growth in the oral cavity. PMID- 6742835 TI - Improved system for floor cleaning in health care facilities. AB - A new system has been developed for sanitizing floors in hospitals; this system replaces the traditional procedure of daily dusting and wet mopping with a disinfectant-detergent solution and periodic buffing . This new system relies on a sequence of procedures consisting of dust mopping using a chemically treated dust mop, machine buffing of a sprayed-on polymer treatment, and a second dust mopping . The effectiveness of the procedures was evaluated by means of surface sampling for bacterial contamination and air sampling for airborne bacteria and dust. The level of bacterial contamination on the floors was reduced by 93.6% by using the new system, compared with 79.8% by using the conventional process of dust mopping and wet mopping with a disinfectant solution. The levels of airborne bacteria during and after the individual procedures did not vary significantly from the initial level (123.6 CFU/per m3 of air). A survey of representative colonies from air samples revealed staphylococci, gram-positive bacilli, gram positive diplococci, yeast cells, and infrequent gram-negative rods. The distribution at the conclusion of the sanitizing process was similar to that at the outset. Similarly, the levels of airborne dust measured during and after the individual procedures did not vary significantly from the initial level. When compared with the traditional method of cleaning by wet mopping , the new method was significantly more effective in removal of microbial contamination and required less labor. PMID- 6742836 TI - Microbial biodegradation of 4-chlorobiphenyl, a model compound of chlorinated biphenyls. AB - The biodegradation products of 4-chlorobiphenyl were analyzed in an Achromobacter sp. strain and a Bacillus brevis strain. Both strains generated the same metabolites, with 4-chlorobenzoic acid as the major metabolic product. Our results corroborate previous observations whereby most bacterial strains degrade the chlorobiphenyls via a major pathway which proceeds by an hydroxylation in position 2,3 and a meta-1,2 fission. However, we also detected several metabolites whose structure suggests the existence of other routes for the degradation of chlorinated biphenyls. PMID- 6742837 TI - Larvicidal activity of Bacillus thuringiensis subsp. israelensis in the dipteran Haematobia irritans. AB - A strain of Bacillus thuringiensis subsp. israelensis was found to be larvicidal to horn flies, Haematobia irritans (L. [Diptera:Muscidae]). The toxic activity was particulate, appeared during sporulation, and could be prevented by the addition of streptomycin before sporulation. Density gradient centrifugation in Renografin was used to separate endospores, crystals, and low-density particulate matter (fraction 3) from sporulated preparations. Larvicidal activity was restricted to purified crystals and fraction 3, indicating that delta-endotoxin of B. thuringiensis subsp. israelensis was active against horn fly larvae. Purified crystals produced mortality during larval feeding stages, but not pupal stages. Fraction 3 produced significant mortality during both larval and pupal stages. The mortality data indicated the presence of at least two dipteran-active toxins. PMID- 6742838 TI - Comparison of microporous filters for concentration of viruses from wastewater. AB - The 1-MDS Virosorb filter and the 50S and 30S Zeta-plus filters, all with a net positive charge, were compared with the negatively charged Filterite filter for concentration of naturally occurring coliphages and animal viruses from sewage effluent. When Filterite filters were used, the effluent was adjusted to pH 3.5 and AlCl3 was added before filtration to facilitate virus adsorption. No adjustment was required with the positively charged filters. Sets of each filter type were eluted with 3% beef extract (pH 9.5) or eluted with 0.05 M glycine (pH 11.5). A maximum volume of 19 liters could be passed through 142-mm diameter Filterite filters before clogging, whereas only 11, 11, and 15 liters could be passed through the 1-MDS, 50S, and 30S filters, respectively. For equal volumes passed through the filters, coliphage recoveries were 14, 15, 18, and 37% in primary effluent and 40, 97, 50, and 46% in secondary effluent for the Filterite , 1-MDS, 50S, and 30S filters, respectively. No statistically significant difference was observed in the recovery of animal viruses among the filters from secondary effluent, whereas in the Filterite and 50S filters, higher numbers of viruses from primary effluent were recovered than in the 1-MDS and 30S filters in two of three collections. Glycine was found to be a less-efficient eluent than beef extract in the recovery of naturally occurring viruses. PMID- 6742839 TI - Bioconversion of alpha-[14C]zearalenol and beta-[14C]zearalenol into [14C]zearalenone by Fusarium roseum 'Gibbosum'. AB - Cultures of Fusarium roseium 'Gibbosum' on rice were treated with [14C]zearalenone, alpha[14C]zearalenol, or beta-[14C]zearalenol to determine whether a precursor-product relationship exists among these closely related fungal metabolites. Culture extracts were purified by silica gel column chromatography and fractionated by high-pressure liquid chromatography, and the level of radioactivity was determined. Within 7 days, the beta-[14C]zearalenol was converted to zearalenone, and no residual beta-[14C]zearalenol was detectable. Most of the alpha-[14C]zearalenol added was also converted into zearalenone with 14 days. In cultures treated with [14C]zearalenone, no radioactivity was noted in any other components. PMID- 6742840 TI - Mycotoxic porcine nephropathy and spontaneous occurrence of ochratoxin A residues in kidneys and blood of Polish swine. AB - Kidneys showing renal changes characteristic for mycotoxic porcine nephropathy were collected during the period 1 April 1982 to 31 March 1983 from 225,000 swine processed in a large slaughterhouse in the district of Poznan, Poland. Of 113 kidneys suspected of mycotoxic porcine nephropathy, 27 exhibited ochratoxin A levels from traces to 23 ng/g. In 17 kidneys the level of the toxin was lower than 2 ng/g. Increased frequency of ochratoxin A presence and its level in kidneys were observed during the spring. Of 195 porcine blood samples collected at random, 36 exhibited toxin levels from 3 to 270 ng/ml. PMID- 6742841 TI - Association of metal tolerance with multiple antibiotic resistance of bacteria isolated from drinking water. AB - Bacterial isolates from the drinking water system of an Oregon coastal community were examined to assess the association of metal tolerance with multiple antibiotic resistance. Positive correlations between tolerance to high levels of Cu2+, Pb2+, and Zn2+ and multiple antibiotic resistance were noted among bacteria from distribution waters but not among bacteria from raw waters. Tolerances to higher levels of Al3+ and Sn2+ were demonstrated more often by raw water isolates which were not typically multiple antibiotic resistant. A similar incidence of tolerance to Cd2+ was demonstrated by isolates of both water types and was not associated with multiple antibiotic resistance. These results suggest that simultaneous selection phenomena occurred in distribution water for bacteria which exhibited unique patterns of tolerance to Cu2+, Pb2+, and Zn2+ and antibiotic resistance. PMID- 6742842 TI - Seasonal variations of Vibrio cholerae (non-O1) isolated from California coastal waters. AB - This report compares recovery of non-O1 Vibrio cholerae strains from seven California coastal sites during the winter and summer of 1983. A total of 41 identified and 27 presumptive nn-O1 V. cholerae strains were recovered from six of seven coastal sites in the summer. A 5-to 56-fold increase in the numbers of organisms isolated from different sites occurred in the summer months, when water temperatures were 1.9 to 5.1 degrees C higher. At the three sites where the highest levels of non-O1 V. cholerae were found, pollution, as measured by the total number of coliforms, exceeded the legal limit (less than 1,000 coliforms per 100 ml.). PMID- 6742843 TI - Models for mineralization kinetics with the variables of substrate concentration and population density. AB - The rates of mineralization of [14C]benzoate by an induced population of Pseudomonas sp. were measured at initial substrate concentrations ranging from 10 ng/ml to 100 micrograms/ml. Plots of the radioactivity remaining in the culture were fit by nonlinear regression to six kinetic models derived from the Monod equation. These models incorporate only the variables of substrate concentration and cell density. Plots of the mineralization kinetics in cultures containing low, intermediate, and high initial substrate concentrations were well fit by first-order, integrated Monod, and logarithmic kinetics, respectively. Parameters such as maximum specific growth rate, half-saturation constant, and initial population density divided by yield agreed between cultures to within a factor of 3.4. Benzoate mineralization by microorganisms in acclimated sewage was shown to fit logistic (sigmoidal), Monod, and logarithmic kinetics when the compound was added at initial concentrations of 0.1, 1.0, and 10 micrograms/ml, respectively. The mineralization of 10 micrograms of benzoate per ml in sewage also followed logarithmic kinetics in the absence of protozoa. It is concluded that much of the diversity in shapes of mineralization curves is a result of the interactions of substrate concentration and population density. Nonlinear regression with models incorporating these variables is a valuable means for analysis of microbial mineralization kinetics. PMID- 6742844 TI - Effectiveness of 1-bromo-3-chloro-5,5-dimethylhydantoin against Legionella pneumophila in a cooling tower. AB - Cooling towers are considered to be man-made amplifiers of Legionella spp. Thus, the proper maintenance and choice of biocides is important. The only biocidal measure that has thus far been shown to be effective in field tests is the judicious use of chlorination. Perturbation studies with 1-bromo-3-chloro-5, 5 dimethylhydantoin (Bromicide; Great Lakes Chemical Corp., West Lafayette, Ind.) (BCD) were conducted on an industrial cooling tower shown to contain Legionella pneumophila. At the concentrations recommended by the manufacturer, neither the density nor the activity of L. pneumophila was affected. At comcentrations greater than 2.0 ppm (2.0 micorgram/ml) free of residual, BCD was not effective in reducing L. pneumophila to source water concentrations, nor was it effective in reducing the 2-p-iodophenyl-3-p-nitrophenyl-5-phenyl tetrazolium chloride activity of the bacterium in situ. The data indicate that at concentrations up to 2.0 ppm, BCD is not effective in these tower studies. PMID- 6742845 TI - Development and testing of a filter system for isolation of Giardia lamblia cysts from water. AB - An inexpensive, practical, and reliable method for isolation of Giardia lamblia cysts from potable and environmental water has been developed from commercially available components. This system was successfully used to isolate cysts from well water associated with a family outbreak of giardiasis. PMID- 6742846 TI - Colonization of the axilla by Propionibacterium avidum in relation to age. AB - The prevalence of Propionibacterium avidum in the axillae of 248 individuals aged 5 to 18 years was studied. Both caucasoids and negroids, males (132) and females (116), were included. The frequency of recovery of the organism increased with age and was associated with the onset of puberty. The organism was recovered from only 2 of 40 females (5%) aged 5 to 10 years and from 1 of 22 males (4.5%), whereas 45% of females and 58% of males aged 15 to 16 years were colonized. Females tended to become colonized at an earlier age than males did. It appeared that negroids carried the organism more frequently than caucasoids, but the difference in prevalence was not statistically significant in matching age groups. It is suggested that the increase of hydration of the axilla with age and increase in substrate availability play an important part in the colonization process. PMID- 6742847 TI - Autocatalytic inactivation of plant cytochrome P-450 enzymes: selective inactivation of the lauric acid in-chain hydroxylase from Helianthus tuberosus L. by unsaturated substrate analogs. AB - Lauric acid in-chain hydroxylation is inhibited in microsomes from Jerusalem artichoke tubers (Helianthus tuberosus L.) incubated with 9-decenoic, 11 dodecenoic, or 11-dodecynoic acids. 9-Decenoic acid is at best a weak competitive inhibitor of the in-chain hydroxylase, but inactivates the enzyme in a time dependent, pseudo-first-order process with a rate constant of approximately 1.1 X 10(-3) s-1. In contrast, 11-dodecenoic acid causes a slower, time-dependent loss of the hydroxylase activity, but is a potent competitive inhibitor of the enzyme (Ki = 2 microM). Neither agent decreases the microsomal concentration of cytochrome b5, NADH-cytochrome b5 reductase, or NADPH cytochrome P-450 reductase. Cinnamic acid 4-hydroxylation, catalyzed by a cytochrome P-450 enzyme, is not affected by concentrations of 9-decenoic acid that suppress lauric acid hydroxylation. 11-Dodecenoic acid is much less specific and, at higher concentrations, markedly reduces the microsomal cytochrome P-450 content, and the hydroxylation of both lauric and cinnamic acids. PMID- 6742848 TI - Relation of the extra-sequence of the precursor form of chicken liver delta aminolevulinate synthase to its quaternary structure and catalytic properties. AB - Precursor and mature forms of delta-aminolevulinate (ALA) synthase were purified to near homogeneity from chicken liver mitochondria and cytosol, respectively, and their properties were compared. The enzyme purified from mitochondria had apparently the same subunit molecular weight (65,000) as that of the native mitochondrial enzyme. The enzyme purified from the cytosol fraction, however, showed a subunit molecular weight of about 71,000 which was somewhat smaller than that estimated for the native cytosolic enzyme (73,000). The enzyme purified from liver cytosol seems to have been partially degraded by some endogenous protease during the purification, but may have the major part of the signal sequence. On sucrose density gradient centrifugation, the purified mitochondrial and cytosolic ALA synthases showed an apparent molecular weight of about 140,000, indicating that both enzymes exist in a dimeric form. The ALA synthase synthesized in vitro was also shown to exist as a dimer. Apparently the extra-sequence does not interfere with the formation of dimeric form of the enzyme. The purified cytosolic ALA synthase had a specific activity comparable to that of the purified mitochondrial enzyme. Kinetic properties of the two enzymes, such as the pH optimum and the apparent Km values for glycine and succinyl-CoA, were quite similar. The extra-sequence does not appear to affect the catalytic properties of ALA synthase. The isoelectric point of the cytosolic ALA synthase was 7.5, whereas that of the mitochondrial enzyme was 7.1. This suggests that the extra sequence in the cytosolic enzyme may be relatively rich in basic amino acids. PMID- 6742849 TI - Effect of acetaldehyde and cyanamide on the metabolism of formaldehyde by hepatocytes, mitochondria, and soluble supernatant from rat liver. AB - Formaldehyde can be metabolized primarily by two different pathways, one involving oxidation by the low-Km mitochondrial aldehyde dehydrogenase, the other involving a specific, glutathione-dependent, formaldehyde dehydrogenase. To estimate the roles played by each enzyme in formaldehyde metabolism by rat hepatocytes, experiments with acetaldehyde and cyanamide, a potent inhibitor of the low-Km aldehyde dehydrogenase were carried out. The glutathione-dependent oxidation of formaldehyde by 100,000g rat liver supernatant fractions was not affected by either acetaldehyde or by cyanamide. By contrast, the uptake of formaldehyde by intact mitochondria was inhibited 75 to 90% by cyanamide. Acetaldehyde inhibited the uptake of formaldehyde by mitochondria in a competitive fashion. Formaldehyde was a weak inhibitor of the oxidation of acetaldehyde by mitochondria, suggesting that, relative to formaldehyde, acetaldehyde was a preferred substrate. In isolated hepatocytes, cyanamide, which inhibited the oxidation of acetaldehyde by 75 to 90%, produced only 30 to 50% inhibition of formaldehyde uptake by cells as well as of the production of 14CO2 and of formate from [14C]formaldehyde. The extent of inhibition by cyanamide was the same as that produced by acetaldehyde (30-40%). In the presence of cyanamide, acetaldehyde was no longer inhibitory, suggesting that acetaldehyde and cyanamide may act at the same site(s) and inhibit the same formaldehyde-oxidizing enzyme system. These results suggest that, in rat hepatocytes, formaldehyde is oxidized by cyanamide- and acetaldehyde-sensitive (low-Km aldehyde dehydrogenase) and insensitive (formaldehyde dehydrogenase) reactions, and that both enzymes appear to contribute about equally toward the overall metabolism of formaldehyde. PMID- 6742850 TI - Rat liver pyruvate kinase: influence of ligands on activity and fructose 1,6 bisphosphate binding. AB - The ability for various ligands to modulate the binding of fructose 1,6 bisphosphate (Fru-1,6-P2) with purified rat liver pyruvate kinase was examined. Binding of Fru-1,6-P2 with pyruvate kinase exhibits positive cooperativity, with maximum binding of 4 mol Fru-1,6-P2 per enzyme tetramer. The Hill coefficient (nH), and the concentration of Fru-1,6-P2 giving half-maximal binding [FBP]1/2, are influenced by several factors. In 150 mM Tris-HCl, 70 mM KCl, 11 mM MgSO4 at pH 7.4, [FBP]1/2 is 2.6 microM and nH is 2.7. Phosphoenolpyruvate and pyruvate enhance the binding of Fru-1,6-P2 by decreasing [FBP]1/2. ADP and ATP alone had little influence on Fru-1,6-P2 binding. However, the nucleotides antagonize the response elicited by pyruvate or phosphoenolpyruvate, suggesting that the competent enzyme substrate complex does not favor Fru-1,6-P2 binding. Phosphorylation of pyruvate kinase or the inclusion of alanine in the medium, two actions which inhibit the enzyme activity, result in diminished binding of low concentrations of Fru-1,6-P2 with the enzyme. These effectors do not alter the maximum binding capacity of the enzyme but rather they raise the concentrations of Fru-1,6-P2 needed for maximum binding. Phosphorylation also decreased the nH for Fru-1,6-P2 binding from 2.7 to 1.7. Pyruvate kinase activity is dependent on a divalent metal ion. Substituting Mn2+ for Mg2+ results in a 60% decrease in the maximum catalytic activity for the enzyme and decreases the concentration of phosphoenolpyruvate needed for half-maximal activity from 1 to 0.1 mM. As a consequence, Mn2+ stimulates activity at subsaturating concentrations of phosphoenolpyruvate, but inhibits at saturating concentrations of the substrate or in the presence of Fru-1,6-P2. Both Mg2+ and Mn2+ diminish binding of low concentrations of Fru-1,6-P2; however, the concentrations of the metal ions needed to influence Fru-1,6-P2 binding exceed those needed to support catalytic activity. PMID- 6742851 TI - Subcellular distribution of the mannan-binding protein and its endogenous inhibitors in rat liver. AB - The subcellular distribution of the mannan-binding protein from rat liver, a lectin specific for mannose and N-acetylglucosamine, was studied. Approximately 75% of the binding activity of the homogenate was recovered in microsomes, approximately 76% of which was accounted for by rough microsomes. Rough microsomes had the highest specific activity of binding, followed by the Golgi apparatus and smooth microsomes, whereas plasma membranes, lysosomes, mitochondria, and the soluble fraction had little or no binding activity. A topographical survey indicated that the binding protein was localized exclusively on the cisternal surface of microsomal vesicles. Thus, the binding protein of microsomal vesicles was protected from protease digestion and was released from the vesicles by mild detergent treatment. Competitive inhibitors, which presumably represent endogenous ligands of the binding protein, were found among subcellular fractions. More than 50% of the inhibitory activity of the homogenate was recovered in rough microsomes, while the highest specific activity of inhibition was found in lysosomes. The Ki values estimated for rough microsomes and lysosomes were 25.9 and 8.67 micrograms/ml, respectively. The distribution profiles of inhibitors were correlated roughly with those of the binding protein, resulting in masking of the binding activity in organelles up to the level of 86%. On the basis of the known localization and topology of the binding protein and endogenous inhibitors (ligands), possible physiological functions of the binding protein relevant to the transport of biosynthetic intermediates of glycoproteins from the rough endoplasmic reticulum to the Golgi apparatus and from the Golgi apparatus to lysosomes were discussed. PMID- 6742852 TI - The role of lysophosphatidylcholine in lipid synthesis by developing sunflower (Helianthus annuus L.) seed microsomes. AB - The incorporation of oleate from oleoyl-CoA into lipids by microsomes from developing sunflower (Helianthus annuus L.) seeds has been investigated. Oleate was incorporated mainly into position 2 of phosphatidylcholine or released as free fatty acid. The addition of exogenous 1-acyl-lysophosphatidylcholine increased the incorporation of oleate into position 2 of phosphatidylcholine and decreased the release of free oleate. In the absence of exogenous lysophosphatidylcholine, the incorporation of oleate into phosphatidylcholine was limited by the amount of endogenous acceptor present. DH-990, an inhibitor of acyl-CoA:lysophosphatidylcholine acyltransferase, almost completely inhibited the incorporation of oleate from oleoyl-CoA into phosphatidylcholine at a concentration of 2.5 mM. These results indicate that the incorporation of oleate from oleoyl-CoA into microsomal phosphatidylcholine occurs mainly by the acylation of a 1-acyl-lysophosphatidylcholine acceptor rather than by acyl exchange between oleoyl-CoA and phosphatidylcholine. While the incorporation of oleoyl-CoA was completed within 2 to 5 min, exogenous 1-acyl lysophosphatidylcholine was incorporated into phosphatidylcholine for up to 30 min. Addition of oleoyl-CoA resulted in an increase in both the rate and magnitude of lysophosphatidylcholine incorporation, which could not be accounted for by a stoichiometric reaction between the two substrates. Evidence is provided that free CoA had an independent stimulatory effect on the incorporation of lysophosphatidylcholine. The implications of this finding are discussed. PMID- 6742853 TI - Developmental changes in insulin receptors of pig red blood cells. AB - Scatchard analysis of the insulin binding to pig reticulocytes, fetal red cells, and adult erythrocytes showed the maximum number of high-affinity binding sites per cell to be 274, 147, and 29, respectively. All three cell types displayed a practically identical dissociation constant of approximately 1.22 X 10(-8) M at the high-affinity region. A long-term in vitro incubation of the fetal red cells and reticulocytes under tissue culture conditions was accompanied by a significant loss of insulin-binding capacity without any appreciable alteration of the dissociation constant. The isolation and characterization of insulin receptor complexes from these cell types were carried out to establish whether the difference in insulin-binding capacity was due to the difference in the amount of the same species or due to different species of insulin receptors. Membrane proteins were extracted with Triton X-102 and fractionated by DEAE Sephacel ion-exchange column chromatography. Each peak sample was complexed with 125I-insulin, and the complexes were covalently crosslinked and then applied to a Sepharose CL-6B column. A 95,000-Da complex was obtained from adult pig erythrocyte membranes; 220,000- and and 95,000-Da complex was obtained from adult pig erythrocyte membranes; 220,000- and 95,000-Da complexes from pig reticulocyte membranes; and greater than 600,000-, 220,000-, and 95,000-Da complexes from pig fetal cell membranes. Upon sodium dodecyl sulfate-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis under a nonreducing condition, the 95,000-Da complex was dissociated into a 53,000-Da component; the greater than 600,000-Da complex into greater than 320,000-, 130,000-, and 53,000-Da components; and the 220,000-Da complex was dissociated into 220,000-, 130,000-, and 53,000-Da components. These findings strongly suggest that the decrease in insulin binding during the developmental changes of red blood cells is due to a disappearance of high molecular-weight insulin receptors rather than a decrease in the amount of the smaller receptor molecules. PMID- 6742854 TI - Characteristics of b-type cytochromes in brain microsomes: comparison with liver microsomes. AB - Biochemical aspects of b-type cytochromes in swine cerebral microsomes were different from those of cytochrome b5 in liver microsomes, as well as the difference in absorption spectra. First, the kinetic constants, Km and Vmax, in rotenone-insensitive NADH-cytochrome c reductase activity were different from those of liver microsomes, and the activity of cerebral microsomes was higher than that of liver microsomes. Second, midpoint potentials (Em) of b-type cytochromes in cerebral microsomes were measured and compared with liver microsomal cytochrome b5. In cerebral microsomes two components of b-type cytochromes were resolved, and showed Em's of -30 and +50 mV, respectively, in the presence of 2 mM KCN. On the other hand, the Em of liver microsomal cytochrome b5 was -6 mV. The high-potential component of cerebral microsomal b type cytochromes was identified as brain-b'5 [S. Yoshida, T. Yubisui, and M. Takeshita (1983) Biochem. Int. 7, 291-298] and the low-potential component as brain-b5. The significance of the difference between cerebral and liver microsomal b-type cytochromes was discussed. PMID- 6742855 TI - Nonuniform loss of membrane glycoconjugates during in vivo aging of human erythrocytes: studies of normal and diabetic red cell saccharides. AB - Changes occurring in membrane saccharides during the in vivo aging of normal human erythrocytes have been evaluated after the fractionation of the red cells into five age groups by density gradient centrifugation. The glycoconjugate fractions studied included sialoglycoproteins, macroglycolipids, low-molecular weight glycolipids, and Band 3 glycoproteins. All of the carbohydrate constituents of the membrane were found to decrease relative to the total ghost protein as a function of cell age, with the most substantial losses occurring in the macroglycolipids (50%) and Band 3 glycoprotein (30%); the smallest changes were observed in the sialoglycoproteins (13%). No preferential loss of sialic acid or other peripheral sugars was found, making unlikely the importance of glycosidase action in the removal of sugars from the membrane. It is suggested that the changes observed in the composition of the ghosts during aging are best explained by a loss of membrane segments enriched in glycoproteins and glycolipids and deficient in internally located molecules such as spectrin. Analyses were also performed on the glycoconjugate fractions from diabetic erythrocytes separated according to cell age. These erythrocytes, which had glycosylated hemoglobin values twice those of normals, had somewhat smaller amounts of membrane-bound carbohydrate. The difference between diabetic and normal erythrocytes was greatest when young cells were examined (diabetic to normal = 0.93), suggesting that the known increased turnover of red cells in diabetes leads to an early loss of membrane constituents. PMID- 6742856 TI - The capacity of chondrocytes to respond to serum is enhanced by organ culture in the absence of serum, stimulated by serum, and modified by ascorbate. AB - Cartilage slices maintained in organ culture have been shown to develop an enhanced capacity to respond to serum. The response was measured at the initiation of culture and after 3 and 7 days of culture in medium containing an inhibitor of DNA synthesis and 0, 1, or 16% serum. At these times, cartilage slices were washed to remove serum and inhibitor, and then exposed to various concentrations of serum for evaluation of DNA and proteoglycan synthesis. The range of the derived dose-response curves and the indicated sensitivity to low serum concentrations were the parameters used to evaluate the response capacity. Response capacity increased gradually, reaching a maximum after 8 days of culture. Considerable enhancement was obtained after maintenance in the absence of serum using both DNA and proteoglycan synthesis as markers. Additional, graded enhancement of response capacity was obtained when the cartilage slices were maintained in 1 or 16% serum. The effects of maintenance in serum were much greater when DNA synthesis rather than proteoglycan synthesis was used to measure the response. However, this serum-dependent enhancement was only prominent when ascorbate was present during the dose-response assay. Ascorbate caused a similar but less-marked increase in sensitivity to serum when proteoglycan synthesis was measured. The possibility that ascorbate may function as a cofactor during the progression phase of cell proliferation is discussed. PMID- 6742857 TI - Prevention by 3-N-ribosyluric acid of the oxidation of bovine hemoglobin by sodium nitrite. AB - The addition of sodium nitrite to washed bovine erythrocytes incubated in buffered saline resulted in the formation of methemoglobin with a decrease in the concentration of 3-N-ribosyluric acid. The oxyhemoglobin in hemolysates prepared from bovine red cells which contained high concentrations of 3-ribosyluric acid was oxidized to methemoglobin more slowly than oxyhemoglobin from cells with low levels of 3-ribosyluric acid. Oxyhemoglobin from hemolysates that were dialyzed was oxidized more rapidly than oxyhemoglobin which was not dialyzed. 3 Ribosyluric acid, glutathione, uric acid, and ascorbic acid prevented the oxidation of oxyhemoglobin by nitrite. Uric acid protected oxyhemoglobin at the lowest concentration, followed closely by ascorbic acid, 3-ribosyluric acid, and glutathione. Hydrogen peroxide enhanced the oxidation produced by nitrite; this effect was also prevented by the four antioxidants used. PMID- 6742858 TI - N-acetylglutamate-independent activity of carbamyl phosphate synthetase (ammonia): implications for the kinetic assay of acetylglutamate. AB - In the presence of Mn2+, carbamyl phosphate synthetase (ammonia) catalyzes considerable carbamyl phosphate synthesis in the absence of the allosteric activator, N-acetylglutamate. Under standard conditions, the acetylglutamate independent activity of a purified carbamyl phosphate synthetase preparation was 8 to 10% of the Vmax observed at saturating (1 mM) acetylglutamate. The product formed in the reaction was identified unequivocally as carbamyl phosphate. Standard conditions included 5 mM ATPMn and 1.5 mM excess Mn2+. The highest rate of acetylglutamate-independent activity was observed at [excess Mn2+] of 1.5 mM; increasing the [ATPMn] from 5 to 20 mM doubled the acetylglutamate-independent activity, to 18% of Vmax. Only 1/20 as much acetylglutamate-independent activity was observed when Mg2+ was substituted for Mn2+. When both Mn2+ and Mg2+ were present, the acetylglutamate-independent activity was less than when Mn2+ alone was present. Measurement of acetylglutamate-dependent activity of carbamyl phosphate synthetase (ammonia) revealed that one-half Vmax with Mn2+ was achieved at 17 microM acetylglutamate (about one-fifth of the value reported with Mg2+), and the Vmax with Mn2+ under standard conditions was only 60% of that observed with Mg2+. The high affinity of carbamyl phosphate synthetase for acetylglutamate in the presence of Mn2+ has been used in the development of sensitive, accurate method for the measurement of acetylglutamate in small quantities of mitochondrial extracts. This method is described in detail. PMID- 6742859 TI - Rabbit heart mitochondrial hexokinase: solubilization and general properties. AB - In rabbit heart, results show that two isoenzymes of hexokinase (HK) are present. The enzymatic activity associated with mitochondria consists of only one isoenzyme; according to its electrophoretic mobility and its apparent Km for glucose (0.065 mM), it has been identified as type I isoenzyme. The bound HK I exhibits a lower apparent Km for ATPMg than the solubilized enzyme, whereas the apparent Km for glucose is the same for bound and solubilized HK. Detailed studies have been performed to investigate the interactions which take place between the enzyme and the mitochondrial membrane. Neutral salts efficiently solubilize the bound enzyme. Digitonin induces only a partial release of the enzyme bound to mitochondria; this result could be explained by the existence of contacts between the outer and the inner mitochondrial membranes [C. R. Hackenbrock (1968) Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 61, 598-605]. Furthermore, low concentrations (0.1 mM) of glucose 6-phosphate (G6P) or ATP4- specifically solubilize hexokinase. The solubilizing effect of G6P and ATP4-, which are potent inhibitors of the enzyme, can be prevented by incubation of mitochondria with Pi or Mg2+. In addition, enzyme solubilization by G6P can be reversed by Mg2+ only when the proteolytic treatment of the heart homogenate is omitted during the course of the isolation of mitochondria. These results concerning the interaction of rabbit heart hexokinase with the outer mitochondrial membrane agree with the schematic model proposed by Wilson [(1982) Biophys. J. 37, 18-19] for the brain enzyme. This model involves the existence of two kinds of interactions between HK and mitochondria; a very specific one with the hexokinase-binding protein of the outer mitochondrial membrane, which is suppressed by glucose 6-phosphate, and a less specific, cation-mediated one. PMID- 6742860 TI - Infrared spectroscopic studies on interactions of water and carbohydrates with a biological membrane. AB - Infrared spectroscopy was used to investigate the changes in bands assigned to phospholipids and proteins in dehydrated and rehydrated sarcoplasmic reticulum. The changes in CH2 and CH3 stretching bands, amide bands, and phosphate stretching bands are similar to shifts in frequency seen for those bands in phospholipid and protein preparations during thermotropic phase transitions and hydration. IR studies on dry trehalose-sarcoplasmic reticulum mixtures show similar results; with increasing trehalose concentration in the dry mixtures, amide and phosphate bands shift to frequencies characteristic of hydrated samples. Changes in bands assigned to OH deformations in the trehalose suggest that the interaction between the carbohydrate and membrane is by means of hydrogen bonding between these -OH groups and membrane components. PMID- 6742861 TI - Endogenous substrates for in vitro phosphorylation by cyclic AMP-dependent protein kinase from Dictyostelium discoideum. AB - Endogenous proteins which could serve as substrates for cyclic AMP-dependent protein kinase in vitro were measured in cytosolic fractions at four stages of development. A peak of cyclic AMP-dependent phosphorylation occurred at the slug stage, coincident with the appearance of cyclic AMP-dependent protein kinase. After partial purification of the slug-stage extracts by DE-52 cellulose and Sephacryl S-300 chromatography, cyclic AMP dependency of six proteins was observed. The apparent subunit molecular weights of the proteins were greater than 200,000, 110,000, 107,000, 91,000, 75,000 and 69,000. Upon further purification of the cyclic AMP-dependent protein kinase by chromatofocusing, the endogenous substrates were separated from the enzyme. In addition, the enzyme separated into catalytic and regulatory subunits. If the purified catalytic subunit was added to heated S300 fractions, proteins with apparent molecular weights of 91,000 and 107,000 were specificity phosphorylated. The results show the stage-dependent appearance of a cyclic AMP-dependent protein kinase and point out several in vitro substrates for the enzyme. PMID- 6742862 TI - Stereochemical determination of carbon partitioning between photosynthesis and photorespiration in C3 plants: use of (3R)-D-[3-3H1, 3-14C]glyceric acid. AB - When (3R)-D-[3-3H1,3-14C]glyceric acid is supplied in tracer amounts to illuminated tobacco leaf discs, the acid penetrates to the chloroplasts without loss of 3H, and is phosphorylated there. Subsequent metabolism associated with the reductive photosynthetic cycle fully conserves 3H. Oxidation of ribulose bisphosphate (RuBP) by RuBP carboxylase-oxygenase (EC 4.1.1.39) results in the formation of (2R)-[2-3H1, 14C]glycolic acid which, on oxidation by glycolate oxidase (EC 1.1.3.1), releases 3H to water. Loss of 3H from the combined photosynthetic and photorespiratory systems is, therefore, associated with the oxidative photorespiratory loop. Assuming steady-state conditions and a basic metabolic model, the fraction of RuBP oxidized and the photorespiratory carbon flux relative to gross or net CO2 fixation can be calculated from the fraction of supplied 3H retained in the triose phosphates exported from the chloroplasts. This retention can be determined from the 3H:14C ratio for glucose obtained from isolated sucrose. The dependence of 3H retention upon O2 and CO2 concentrations can be deduced by assuming simple competitive kinetics for RuBP carboxylase oxygenase. The experimental results confirmed the stereochemical assumptions made. Under conditions of negligible photorespiration 3H retention was essentially complete. The change in 3H retention with O2 and CO2 concentrations were investigated. For leaf discs (upper surface up) in normal air, it was estimated that 39% of the RuBP was oxidized, 32% of the fixed CO2 was photorespired, and the photorespiration rate was 46% of the net photosynthetic CO2 fixation rate. These are minimal estimates, as it is assumed that the only source of photorespired CO2 is glycine decarboxylation. PMID- 6742863 TI - Dissociation of NAD(P)+-stimulated mitochondrial Ca2+ efflux from swelling and membrane damage. AB - NAD(P)+-stimulated Ca2+ efflux from mitochondria in a high-sucrose medium is irreversible and is accompanied by large-amplitude mitochondrial swelling and membrane damage. If sucrose is partially replaced by polyethylene glycol (Mr approximately equal to 1000) as osmolar supporting medium, Ca2+ efflux is still stimulated by NAD(P)+ but mitochondrial swelling is eliminated. Other experiments in a high-sucrose medium showed that the lag phase between NAD(P)H oxidation and the beginning of net Ca2+ efflux decreases with increasing temperature. At 37 degrees C Ca2+ efflux precedes mitochondrial swelling, even in a high-sucrose medium, showing that the mitochondrial damage, as reflected by large-amplitude swelling, is not obligatory for Ca2+ efflux induced by the oxidized state of mitochondrial NAD(P)+. If a high-sucrose medium is supplemented with 20 mM potassium acetate, longer periods of Ca2+ release can be observed before the appearance of swelling. Under these experimental conditions the release of Ca2+ can be completely reversed if the rereduction of NAD(P)+ is brought about by the addition of the reductants beta-hydroxybutyrate and isocitrate. PMID- 6742864 TI - [The possible modes of action of TNF (tumor necrosis factor)]. AB - TNF has been characterized by the fact that it not only induces hemorrhagic necrosis in various established tumors including Meth. A in vivo but also shows antitumor activity against several transformed cell lines in vitro. However, most studies on TNF have been carried out not with purified Preparations but with mouse or rabbit serum containing other cytokines like INF or with so-called tumor necrosis serum (TNS). Therefore, it is somewhat difficult and rather early to review the action mechanisms of TNF. According to a few reports which have used TNS to study the node of he action of TNF in vitro, its activity against transformed cell lines can be tentatively summarized as follows. First, the TNF molecule binds to the corresponding receptor on the cell surface, and then is transferred to the lysosome in a similar manner to the internalization of growth hormone and insulin. The TNF on the lysosomal membrane their induces injury to the membrane as a labilizer, finally causing cell destruction. TNF seems to be a cytotoxic rather than cytolytic substance. However, this recently described mechanism in vitro is not able to explain how TNF causes the central hemorrhagic necrosis of established solid tumors in vivo. Many unknown action mechanisms of TNF still remain to be clarified. PMID- 6742865 TI - [Antitumor activity of tumor necrosis factor (TNF) in vitro and in vivo]. AB - The antitumor activity of highly purified tumor necrosis factor (TNF) was tested. TNF had direct cytotoxic activity on all cancer cells examined in vitro, and no species specificity. Normal cells showed no damage on addition of TNF. TNF showed excellent curative effects against all types of murine and human tumors tested in vivo. A great difference in curative effects of TNF was observed between Meth A sarcoma transplanted into Balb/c nu/+ and Balb/c nu/nu mice with a single intravenous administration. This experiment suggested that in addition to direct cytotoxicity against tumor cells, TNF-induced host-mediated factor which contributed to the antitumor effects Murine TNF has on inhibitory effect against multiple pulmonary metastasis of Lewis Lung-tumor. Very few references to this field could be found in the literature and the present paper mainly presented our own research. PMID- 6742866 TI - [Clinical effect of human lymphoblastoid interferon in patients with multiple myeloma]. AB - Five patients with multiple myeloma were treated with human lymphoblastoid interferon (HLBI). HLBI, 3 X 10(6) IU/day, was administered daily for more than two weeks by intramuscular injection. Out of four evaluable patients, a minor response was obtained in 3 patients. In these responders, one patient developed pleural effusion due to the infiltration of myeloma cells during the administration of HLBI, and drug resistance was observed in another patient during the re-administration of HLBI. Therefore, out of six evaluable courses, a minor response was obtained in 3 courses of HLBI treatment. No severe side effects were observed. Thrombocytopenia, general malaise, liver dysfunction and anorexia were the main reasons for discontinuation of HLBI administration. On the basis of the preliminary study, it is concluded that HLBI is worth trying in the management of refractory multiple myeloma. PMID- 6742867 TI - [Investigation of the preventive effect of CoQ10 against the side-effects of anthracycline antineoplastic agents]. AB - This study was designed to evaluate the usefulness of Coenzyme Q10 (CoQ10) in the prevention of side effects due to anthracycline agents-Adriamycin (ADM) and Daunorubicin (DNR)-by comparing the preventive effect between CoQ10-treated and non-treated groups. The subjects were 79 patients, 55 of whom had malignant lymphoma. The age range was from 16 to 77 years with a mean age of 45.4 years. CoQ10 was administered by intravenous drip at 1 mg/kg/day the day before ADM or DNR administration, on the day and for a further 2 days after administration. In mean total dose, complete remission rate and mortality, no significant differences were observed between the 2 groups. Although there were also no significant differences in the degree of alopecia, fever, nausea and vomiting, the incidences of diarrhea and stomatitis were significantly (p less than 0.10 and p less than 0.05, respectively) reduced in the CoQ10-treated group. Depression of ST waves (more than 0.05 mV) and changes in T waves (R/10 greater than T, flat, inversion) on ECG were regarded as a parameter of aggravation. Such ECG aggravation was found in 20 of 40 patients given CoQ10 (50.0%) and in 18 of 25 receiving none (72.0%); a cardiotoxicity-inhibiting tendency was thus evident (p less than 0.10). In heart rate, tachycardia was noted in the nontreated group when the period of use of anthracycline agents exceeded 8 weeks. Twenty nine patients received ADM or DNR for 8 weeks or more, and, of them, 17 were treated with CoQ10; 11 of the 17 (64.7%) showed ECG aggravation, while 11 of 12 patients (91.7%) not treated with CoQ10 showed ECG aggravation. A tendency to depress ECG aggravation was thus observed in the treated group (p less than 0.10). PMID- 6742869 TI - [Ultrasonic diagnosis of tumors of the spleen]. AB - Neoplasms of the spleen, either primary or secondary, are rare, and knowledge of them is insufficient. Actually, the spleen had been a difficult organ clinically to assess until the ultrasonic technique was introduced for medical diagnostic purposes. Nowadays, one can easily determine splenic size by using one of the largest cross sectional area of several ultrasonic scans taken parallel to the IXth ribs). Ultrasonic appearance of the spleens in the tomograms taken by our method is classified into three basic patterns. Splenotomograms of our own cases with diffuse and localized splenic tumors were shown in this study. Ultrasonic scanning of the spleen is a non-invasive and valuable diagnostic technique for estimation of its configuration and size, and for detection and some degree of tissue characterization of space occupying lesions. However, further extensive investigation is needed for more accurate tissue characterization of the splenic lesions. PMID- 6742868 TI - [Hypercalcemia in breast cancer]. AB - In a total of 277 patients with advanced breast cancer treated between July 1977 and November 1983 at Cancer Institute Hospital, there were 26 cases (9.4%) showing hypercalcemia (Ca greater than or equal to 11.0 mg/dl). All these patients had bone metastasis examined by either X-ray films or bone scintigram during clinical course of the disease and confirmed at the time of autopsy, thus an overall incidence of hypercalcemia in 149 patients with bone metastasis was 17.4%. Major clinical signs due to hypercalcemia were gastrointestinal symptoms such as anorexia, nausea and vomiting, renal dysfunction and neurological symptoms but there was no definitive correlation in between clinical signs and values of serum calcium. Among various treatments performed, a combination of hydration, steroids and calcitonin was the most effective. Mean survival time from the diagnosis of hypercalcemia was 288 + days for responders, and 28.8 days for non-responders (p less than 0.001). Seven patients expired due to hypercalcemia and were died suddenly, while others died of renal failures. PMID- 6742870 TI - Oral or parenteral antibiotic treatment in serious infections. PMID- 6742871 TI - Dermatitis herpetiformis: jejunal findings and skin response to gluten free diet. AB - Fifty seven children with dermatitis herpetiformis, 18 from Finland and 39 from Hungary, were studied. Diagnostic criteria included the finding of granular IgA deposits in the skin of all patients. The mean age at onset of the rash was 7 X 2 years and favoured sites were the elbows, knees, and buttocks. Symptoms suggesting small intestinal disease were rare but in 35 (61%) of the children subtotal villous atrophy and in 16 (28%) partial villous atrophy were found on jejunal biopsy. Eighteen children underwent a second biopsy after a mean of 21 months on a gluten free diet; villous height was found to be increased and the intraepithelial lymphocyte count decreased in all these patients. Gluten challenge caused a reversal in the two children who underwent a third biopsy. The effect of the gluten free diet on the rash was examined in Finnish children by observing the daily requirements of dapsone, a drug used to control the rash at the beginning of the diet. Eight (67%) of the 12 children were able to stop taking dapsone after a mean of 11 months on the diet and all three patients treated with diet alone became asymptomatic after three to 6 months on the diet. These results confirm that most children with dermatitis herpetiformis have jejunal villous atrophy, though they rarely have gastrointestinal symptoms. The central role of gluten in childhood dermatitis herpetiformis is evidenced by the fact that a gluten free diet helps the damaged jejunal mucosa to recover and controls the rash even in those children who do not have an abnormal jejunal biopsy. PMID- 6742872 TI - Diagnostic needle muscle biopsy. A practical and reliable alternative to open biopsy. AB - The technique of needle muscle biopsy using the Bergstr om needle has been in routine use in our muscle clinic since 1978. In an initial feasibility study 24 children had a needle and an open biopsy performed simultaneously through extension of the same incision and 22 had identical interpretation of the needle and open biopsies. Needle biopsies have subsequently been performed in 674 children and have been satisfactory for diagnostic assessment in 656. The samples have been of adequate size and comparable in quality to our previous open biopsies, with good preservation and orientation. Needle muscle biopsy under local anaesthetic is quicker and less traumatic than open biopsy and leaves only a very small scar. Sufficient muscle can be obtained for routine histological, histochemical, and electronmicroscopic diagnosis, as well as for specialised biochemical and research purposes. There seems little justification for the continued use of open biopsy for routine investigation of neuromuscular disease. PMID- 6742873 TI - Countercurrent arterial contrast echocardiography in the assessment of left to right ductal shunting in preterm infants. AB - A method of performing contrast echocardiography for the assessment of left to right ductal shunting in infants in a neonatal intensive care unit is described. Echo contrast was obtained by countercurrent injection of a small volume of blood through a radial artery canula . The technique was simple and reliable in 32 infants and no serious adverse reactions were observed. PMID- 6742874 TI - Intravenous indomethacin for patent ductus arteriosus. AB - Intravenous indomethacin was given to 36 neonates with a patent ductus arteriosus who where receiving ventilatory support for respiratory distress syndrome. Permanent closure of the ductus arteriosus occurred in 21 (58%) infants and in this group the mean 24 hour plasma indomethacin concentration was 0.37 micrograms/ml. Partial success was achieved in 6 (17%) infants (mean 24 hour indomethacin concentration 0.34 micrograms/ml) but in 9 patients (mean 24 hour indomethacin concentration 0.29 micrograms/ml) there was no clinical change. Although the mean 24 hour indomethacin concentration was lower in the group with no clinical change, this was not statistically significant. Five of the 21 patients in whom there was permanent closure of the ductus required more than one dose of indomethacin. The possible effects of birthweight and age at indomethacin treatment were difficult to separate because of the high negative correlation between these two variables. The chance of closure was enhanced significantly if the patient had either a birthweight of at least 1 kg or the age at indomethacin treatment did not exceed 10 days, or both. Six hour but not 24 hour indomethacin concentrations were higher in patients with a high birthweight treated at an early age. PMID- 6742875 TI - Analysis of alveolar ventilation in the newborn. AB - Twelve healthy term infants were examined at the median ages of 2 1/2 and 26 hours. Their alveolar ventilation, efficiency of ventilation, functional residual capacity, and lung nitrogen elimination patterns were studied by means of a computerised nitrogen wash out method. The results showed that alveolar ventilation and functional residual capacity increased over the period studied. At the same time effective dead space decreased leaving minute ventilation unchanged. Distribution of ventilation did not change. PMID- 6742876 TI - Growth hormone deficiency presenting under age 2 years. AB - Twenty nine (1.8%) of a national cohort of 1600 patients with growth hormone deficiency presented before the age of 2 years. Sixteen of the 29 presented before 6 months of age--11 with symptomatic hypoglycaemia, four with failure to thrive, and one with obesity. Hypoglycaemia was persistent and difficult to control until growth hormone treatment was started. Ten of the 11 hypoglycaemic patients had multiple pituitary hormone deficiencies compared with two of the remaining five. Thirteen children presented between 6 months and 2 years of age; 12 had failure to thrive and one had spontaneous hypoglycaemia. Twelve of the 29 were boys and all but one of these had microgenitalia . Growth hormone deficiency should be considered in the differential diagnosis of infants presenting with refractory hypoglycaemia and in boys with failure to thrive and microgenitalia . PMID- 6742877 TI - Bone marrow in sickle cell anaemia at time of anaemic crisis. AB - Samples of bone marrow from 33 Ghanaian children with homozygous sickle cell anaemia who presented with profound anaemia (haemoglobin less than 5 g/dl) were studied. The principal finding was depression of erythropoiesis (aplastic crisis) in 14 children and erythroid hyperplasia in 17. A splenic sequestration crisis was clinically diagnosed in the remaining two children. Stainable iron was absent in the marrow of 14 children and reduced in another five. Megaloblastic changes compatible with folate deficiency were present in 8 children. It is suggested that iron and folate deficiencies may complicate sickle cell anaemia in children living in geographical areas where nutritional deficiencies are prevalent. PMID- 6742878 TI - Doctors' views on diabetes. AB - Children with diabetes may be managed by either paediatricians or adult physicians with a particular interest in diabetes. This study compares the views of these two groups of doctors on juvenile onset diabetes. A questionnaire was given to all doctors attending two conferences, one primarily for paediatricians and one primarily for adult physicians with a particular interest in diabetes. Adult physicians estimated morbidity and mortality from juvenile onset diabetes to be significantly higher after 30 years than did paediatricians. The two groups of doctors also differed in the target blood glucose concentrations they considered optimal for diabetic children--more paediatricians opted for higher values than did adult physicians. The findings of this study support the view that paediatricians and adult physicians view juvenile onset diabetes differently. The origin of these differences is uncertain but may relate to the contrasting clinical experiences of the two groups of specialists. PMID- 6742879 TI - Complete recovery after profound acidosis (pH 6.49). AB - We describe an infant with profound acidosis caused by chronic therapeutic salicylate poisoning. The confirmed arterial blood pH of 6.49 must be close to the limit of tolerable acidity and is the lowest such value in our experience. Full recovery was made. PMID- 6742881 TI - Achalasia of the oesophagus presenting as foreign body obstruction. AB - A 15 year old boy with profound weight loss was found to have foreign body obstruction of the lower oesophagus. Achalasia was subsequently diagnosed and there was rapid gain in weight and height after oesophagomyotomy . PMID- 6742880 TI - Vitamin B12 neuropathy in a 6 year old. AB - Gross neuropathy consequent upon selective malabsorption of vitamin B12 was diagnosed in a 6 year old Bangladeshi girl brought to Great Britain for further investigation of an unexplained illness of three years' duration. The initial peripheral blood count was normal. Treatment with vitamin B12 has led to substantial recovery. PMID- 6742882 TI - Adverse drug reactions in medical inpatients. AB - Fifteen of 268 children admitted to a general medical ward suffered a definite or probable adverse drug reaction to their treatment. In 6 of these children the reactions were preventable. Anticonvulsants were the most common cause of an adverse reaction. PMID- 6742883 TI - Neonatal death--the neglected side of neonatal care? PMID- 6742884 TI - Medical contribution to the management of dyslexia. PMID- 6742885 TI - Oral rehydration fluids. PMID- 6742886 TI - Impact of improved perinatal care on the causes of death. PMID- 6742887 TI - Juvenile discitis. PMID- 6742888 TI - Tissue distribution and retention of 74As-dimethylarsinic acid in mice and rats. PMID- 6742889 TI - Cadmium accumulation in rat organs after extended oral administration with low concentrations of cadmium oxide. PMID- 6742890 TI - The effect of low doses of dietary cadmium oxide on the disposition of trace elements (zinc, copper, iron), hematological parameters, and liver function in rats. PMID- 6742891 TI - Toxicologic studies with Japanese quail fed winter wheat grown on municipal sludge-amended soil. PMID- 6742892 TI - Differential blood cell ratios of rainbow trout (Salmo gairdneri) exposed to methylmercury and chlorobenzenes. PMID- 6742893 TI - Effects of chronic dietary hexachlorobenzene exposure on the reproductive performance and survivability of mink and European ferrets. PMID- 6742894 TI - Prey-capturing ability of American kestrels fed DDE and acephate or acephate alone. PMID- 6742895 TI - Frozen shoulder: prospective clinical study with an evaluation of three treatment regimens. AB - Forty-two patients with frozen shoulder were followed up closely for eight months. They were all taught pendular exercises and randomly allocated to one of four treatment groups: (a) intraarticular steroids, (b) mobilisations , (c) ice therapy, (d) no treatment. This study has shown that there is little long-term advantage in any of the treatment regimens but that steroid injections may benefit pain and range of movement in the early stages of the condition. PMID- 6742896 TI - Frozen shoulder: a long-term prospective study. AB - As the natural history of frozen shoulder is poorly documented, a prospective study of 40 patients followed up for 40-48 months (mean 44 months) is described. The range of movement was significantly less than age- and sex-matched controls. Objective restriction was severe in five patients and mild in a further 11. Patients were often unaware that shoulder range was impaired. Dominant arm involvement, manual labour, and mobilisation physiotherapy were associated with a less satisfactory outcome. We conclude that, while objective restriction persists, there is little functional impairment in the late stage of frozen shoulder. PMID- 6742897 TI - Frozen shoulder: an arthrographic and radionuclear scan assessment. AB - The diagnostic criteria and nomenclature used to describe the painful stiff shoulder remain confused. Arthrographic features of capsulitis have come to be accepted as characteristic of the frozen shoulder. Increased technetium uptake has also been noted. Both features have been considered to have possible prognostic and therapeutic importance. During a therapeutic study of strictly defined clinical frozen shoulder 35 of 38 patients showed increased technetium diphosphonate uptake in the affected shoulder in comparison with the opposite side. Of 36 patients who had arthrography 15 showed evidence of capsulitis, 11 rupture of the rotator cuff, and five no abnormality. Five tests failed owing to technical difficulty. There was no association between the technetium uptake and the arthrographic features, and neither was useful in predicting the rate or extent of recovery. Frozen shoulder of traumatic onset behaved no differently from that which arose spontaneously. We do not therefore consider that arthrography or technetium diphosphonate scanning performed at presentation contributes to the assessment of the painful stiff shoulder. PMID- 6742900 TI - Nutritional status in patients with rheumatoid arthritis. AB - A nutritional assessment of 50 patients with rheumatoid arthritis (RA) showed evidence of malnutrition in 13 (26%), while all 50 control subjects had normal nutritional status. Of the anthropometric measurements the body-mass index and triceps skinfold thickness values in men and women were significantly reduced in RA patients compared with controls. Upper arm muscle circumference was significantly less in male but not female rheumatoid patients. In addition all six biochemical determinants of nutrition assayed-serum albumin, transferrin, retinol-binding protein, thyroxine-binding prealbumin, zinc, and folic acid-were significantly lower in the RA group of patients. Malnourished patients had more active disease than the remaining RA patients, with significantly higher ESR, C reactive protein, and alpha 1 antichymotrypsin measurements. Significant inverse correlations were found between some biochemical measurements of nutrition and indices of disease activity. Our results suggest that in RA the severity of disease adversely affects the nutritional status. PMID- 6742898 TI - Incidence of metabolic bone disease in rheumatoid arthritis and osteoarthritis. AB - Bone biopsy specimens from the iliac crest were obtained during surgical operations from 45 patients with rheumatoid arthritis (RA) and 41 with osteoarthritis (OA). Control material was obtained from 20 cases of sudden death due to cardiovascular disease. By both conventional histology and image analysis techniques about a quarter of all patients showed some osteoporosis. This was equally common among the OA and RA patients. It was more common among those with transparent skin and those taking corticosteroids. The only case showing mild osteomalacia suffered from OA. No gross differences were apparent between the groups in relation to plasma biochemical studies, diet, or exposure to sunlight. These results are in striking contrast to the high incidence of osteomalacia in RA reported from the west of England; moreover they do not confirm reports of hypercalcaemia among rheumatoid subjects. We conclude that the differences regarding osteomalacia are due to selection of cases. We find no evidence that osteomalacia is specifically associated with RA. PMID- 6742899 TI - Coeliac disease and rheumatoid arthritis. AB - Three cases are reported of adult coeliac disease associated with rheumatoid arthritis. PMID- 6742901 TI - Gout in South African blacks. AB - A retrospective study was carried out to determine the frequency, age of onset, mode of presentation, pattern of joint involvement, and incidence of primary and secondary gout in black patients with gout who were admitted to the King Edward VIII Hospital in Durban, South Africa. Nineteen patients were admitted to hospital with gout over a 5-year period from 1977 to 1981. The admission rate was found to be 4.7/100 000 hospital admissions. Five patients (26%) presented with monoarthritis and 14 patients (74%) had polyarthritis on admission. The joints most frequently involved were the knees (74%), the first metatarsophalangeal (MTP) joint (58%), and ankles (42%). The serum uric acid (SUA) was increased in 94%, and tophi were noted clinically in 47%. Eight patients (42%) with hypertension were on treatment with diuretics and 7 of these patients had a raised blood urea. These 8 patients (42%) were considered to have secondary gout, while no secondary causes were noted in the remaining 11 patients (58%) who had primary gout. PMID- 6742902 TI - Thrombokinetics in patients with rheumatoid arthritis treated with D penicillamine. AB - The mechanism of D-penicillamine induced thrombocytopenia in rheumatoid arthritis was investigated by measuring platelet life-span and platelet production rate in 2 groups of rheumatoid arthritis patients treated with 250-750 mg/day D penicillamine, 14 with a normal platelet count and 9 with thrombocytopenia (platelet count 50-130 X 10(9)/1). Age matched control patients not treated with D-penicillamine included 14 with rheumatoid arthritis and 9 with osteoarthritis. The platelet life-span was normal, but platelet production rate was significantly reduced in the thrombocytopenic patients, suggesting that D-penicillamine causes thrombocytopenia through bone marrow suppression. PMID- 6742903 TI - Temporal artery biopsy and corticosteroid treatment. AB - Eighty-four of 132 patients with clinically genuine cranial arteritis had histological evidence of inflammation at temporal artery biopsy. The highest incidence of a positive result (82%) was in patients biopsied before corticosteroid therapy. The figure fell to 60% if corticosteroids had been given for less than a week before biopsy and 10% thereafter. PMID- 6742904 TI - Effects of local administration of hydrocortisone on cartilage degradation in vivo. AB - The effect of corticosteroid on autologous minced cartilage transplanted into facsimile synovial cavities has been studied. The soluble form of hydrocortisone, as the sodium succinate, reduced proteoglycan loss from cartilage in a dose dependent manner. In contrast, insoluble hydrocortisone acetate, if given directly into the cartilage-containing cavity, enhanced proteoglycan loss. Injection of the same dose of drug into the inflamed lining tissue reversed this effect. These findings suggest that intra-articular steroid injection may enhance cartilage damage if insoluble preparations are used, but that this may be overcome by injecting into the inflamed lining tissue rather than into the cavity itself. PMID- 6742905 TI - DMSO and colchicine therapy in amyloid disease. AB - There is no specific therapy for primary amyloidosis, and acquired generalised amyloidosis can be treated only if the underlying disease is eliminated. In this study we have investigated the role of colchicine therapy in primary amyloidosis, and dimethylsulphoxide (DMSO) in leprosy associated secondary amyloidosis. No effect on creatinine clearance or 24 h proteinuria could be observed in the patients with primary amyloidosis. In the DMSO group renal function was considerably improved in 3 patients with moderate renal failure but not in those with severe renal impairment (creatinine clearance less than 10 ml/min). Serum SAA determinations were not particularly informative. These findings point to a beneficial effect of DMSO in human secondary amyloidosis when given at an early stage of renal involvement. PMID- 6742906 TI - Mononuclear phagocytes in rheumatoid arthritis: Fc-receptor expression by peripheral blood monocytes. AB - Fc receptor expression by enriched monocytes from rheumatoid arthritis (RA) patients and age and sex matched controls (healthy subjects) was compared by measuring the uptake of IgG on monocytes in a competitive radioassay. The association constant (Ka) between IgG and the monocytes and the number of Fc binding sites per cell was calculated from Scatchard plots of 4 degrees C binding data. RA monocytes had increased expression of Fc receptors as compared with those of controls. This increase was particularly pronounced in those RA patients affected by extra-articular disease. There were significant correlations between the numbers of Fc receptors on monocytes and both C1q binding and anticomplementary activity but none between monocyte Fc receptor numbers and serum rheumatoid factors (IgG and IgM). It is considered that monocyte handling of circulating immune complexes is unimpaired in RA and that monocytes make an adaptive response to increased levels of immune complexes. PMID- 6742907 TI - Haematuria in rheumatoid arthritis: an association with mesangial glomerulonephritis. AB - Twenty-four patients with rheumatoid arthritis and isolated haematuria were investigated for the cause of their haematuria. In 3 patients local urological disorders were identified, including a pelvicaliceal carcinoma. Renal biopsies were performed on the remaining 21 patients, and the most common abnormality found was a mild mesangial glomerulonephritis (71%). Immunofluorescence and electron microscopy in these patients usually gave normal results. The lesions occurred independently of gold or D-penicillamine therapy and were not associated with impairment of glomerular function. PMID- 6742908 TI - Morphology of human palmaris longus tendon. AB - A systematic morphological investigation of human palmaris longus tendons by polarisation microscopy and low angle x-ray diffraction is reported. It is shown that contrary to some previously reported observations, and in common with other tension bearing soft collagenous tissues, the fibres in this tendon are crimped. A new method of preparation of the tissue enabling one to see directly the crimped organisation in scanning electron microscopy was used to reinforce the findings by other methods. PMID- 6742909 TI - Yersinia arthritis: demonstration of occult enteritis by 111indium leucocyte scanning. AB - 111Indium-leucocyte scanning demonstrated enteritis in a patient with acute arthritis and diarrhoea when contrast radiology was normal. Infection with Yersinia entercolitica was proved serologically. Leucocyte scanning may be useful in the screening for inflammatory bowel disease in patients with seronegative arthritis. PMID- 6742911 TI - Shoulder joint rupture and pseudothrombosis in rheumatoid arthritis. AB - A patient with rheumatoid arthritis developed sudden unilateral oedema of the right arm resembling vascular obstruction and was shown to have a ruptured shoulder joint. PMID- 6742910 TI - Multiple microcrystal deposition disease in a patient with systemic lupus erythematosus. AB - A 17-year-old female patient with systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) developed chronic tophaceous gout, chondrocalcinosis and articular capsule calcification in several joints. Analysis of synovial fluid and tophi revealed the coexistence of monosodium urate, calcium pyrophosphate, hydroxyapatite, and cholesterol crystals. PMID- 6742912 TI - Felty's syndrome associated with high levels of IgA rheumatoid factor. AB - A 64-year-old woman with rheumatoid arthritis developed Felty's syndrome. Her serum contained large amounts of IgA rheumatoid factor (RF) but insignificant levels of IgM-RF and IgG-RF. It is postulated that the high levels of IgA-RF may have contributed to the neutropenia. PMID- 6742913 TI - Cryptococcal arthritis and cellulitis. AB - A middle-aged man with diabetes mellitus and cardiomyopathy developed both cryptococcal arthritis and cellulitis. Unusual aspects included the benign nature of the joint effusion and lack of contiguous osteomyelitis. PMID- 6742914 TI - Nephrotic syndrome and renal impairment associated with fenclofenac. AB - We report a case of nephrotic syndrome and renal impairment following treatment with fenclofenac. Biopsy showed an interstitial nephritis with minor glomerular changes. Resolution occurred on withdrawal of the drug and treatment with prednisolone. PMID- 6742915 TI - Pericardial mesothelioma presenting as systemic lupus erythematosus. AB - A case of mesothelioma of the pericardium with many features of systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) is described. We stress that satisfaction of the American Rheumatism Association's classification criteria for SLE does not confirm the diagnosis, even though their diagnostic sensitivity and specificity has recently been improved. PMID- 6742916 TI - Listeria monocytogenes septic arthritis following intra-articular yttrium-90 therapy. AB - Listeria monocytogenes is a rare cause of septic arthritis, which usually occurs in a host compromised by systemic illness. Intra-articular irradiation with yttrium-90 is generally free of complication. We report a case of intra-articular sepsis of the knee joint by Listeria monocytogenes acquired under unusual circumstances. PMID- 6742918 TI - Parasitic arthritis induced by Strongyloides stercoralis. AB - A 40-year-old man presented with palpable purpura and symmetrical polyarticular arthritis. Histological examination of the synovial membrane and fluid unexpectedly disclosed Strongyloides stercoralis infestation of the ankle joint. PMID- 6742919 TI - Fibre glass induced synovitis. AB - Chronic synovitis developed in the dorsal extensor sheath of the hand of a 25 year-old manufacturer of fibre glass reinforced boats and surfboards . Particles found in synovial fluid aspirates were similar in morphology and elemental content to unused fibre glass and particles found in dust from the workshop floor. It was concluded that hard disc grinding required during manufacture resulted in percutaneous implantation of small glass particles, leading to chronic synovitis and effusion. PMID- 6742917 TI - Scleroderma, primary biliary cirrhosis, and Sjogren's syndrome after cosmetic breast augmentation with silicone injection: a case report of possible human adjuvant disease. AB - A 52-year-old woman developed scleroderma, primary biliary cirrhosis, and Sjogren's syndrome after cosmetic silicone injections. These conditions may possibly represent 'human adjuvant disease'. PMID- 6742920 TI - Tachyarrhythmia in yersinia arthritis. PMID- 6742921 TI - Arthritis and angioimmunoblastic lymphadenopathy. PMID- 6742922 TI - Immune deposits at the dermoepidermal junction in patients with rheumatoid arthritis. PMID- 6742923 TI - Spontaneous rupture of the spleen in RA. PMID- 6742924 TI - Congenital toxoplasmic retinochoroiditis in a mouse model. AB - A study of the eyes of adult mice infected in utero with Toxoplasma gondii is reported. The histopathological features of the ocular inflammatory response in the infected mice ranged from minimal damage to complete destruction of the retinal tissue. Notable features such as retinal vasculitis and an almost uniform and highly selective destruction of the photoreceptor layer of the retina suggest a similarity between experimental autoimmune retinitis and the disease process in the retinas of our Toxoplasma-infected mice. We suggest that our mouse model could provide a simple and inexpensive tool for the investigation of immuno pathological processes in the retina resulting from congenital Toxoplasma infection. The model has the advantage of low post-natal mortality coupled with high ocular morbidity. Furthermore, its aetiology is probably analogous to that of human ocular toxoplasmosis, in that the foetus becomes infected in utero via a mother whose primary infection is acquired during gestation. PMID- 6742925 TI - A field-evolved differential filtration method for recovery of schistosome cercariae. AB - Modifications to Theron 's (1979) differential filtration technique are described which improve both sensitivity and reliability. Following pre-filtration to remove larger debris and some plankton, the sample is formalized; constant stirring prevents losses due to the cercarial stickiness normally caused by the fixation process. Once fixed, Schistosoma mansoni cercariae are reliably retained and well displayed on nylon monofilament cloth of 50 micrometers pore size. Such a coarse recovery filter permits very large samples to be processed and results in filters which are easy to read. Field comparison showed the method improved sensitivity by a factor of more than 20 times and laboratory evaluation indicated a recovery rate of over 80%. PMID- 6742926 TI - Preliminary schistosomiasis survey in the lower Volta River below Akosombo Dam, Ghana. AB - Snail surveys were carried out in Kpong Lake, in southern Ghana, and along the lower Volta River below the lake. Bulinus globosus and Biomphalaria pfeifferi were abundant in the Kpong Lake and B. truncatus and Biom . pfeifferi, especially the latter, were widespread below the lake. Urine surveys among primary school children at eight localities along the lower Volta showed Schistosoma haematobium prevalence rates of 38.8-96.2%. At Bator and Mepe , where records for an earlier survey were available for comparison, the present survey showed more than a doubling in prevalence rate in ten years: at Bator , from 27.1% in 1971-72 to 74.6% in 1981; at Mepe the corresponding figures were 36.4 and 88.0%. In Ghana infection with S. mansoni is less common than with S. haematobium and the known foci of S. mansoni transmission are few and widely scattered. In the present survey the disease is first reported along the lower Volta at Bator , Mepe , Adidome and Tefle , with prevalence rates ranging from 6.7% at Bator to 52.4% at Tefle . This survey has added an important focus of S. mansoni infection to those already known. PMID- 6742927 TI - An epidemiological study of scabies in a rural community in India. AB - An epidemiological survey for scabies was conducted in a rural community of 2771 persons among 404 households living in 238 houses. Prevalence rates were 13% by population and 30.9% by household. Each index case was responsible, on average, for the spread of infection to 1.9 persons in affected households. Significantly lower rates of secondary attack and transmissibility were observed among the more prosperous villagers. The proportion of infected households increased linearly with household size. The prevalence was highest in those aged up to 19 years, both sexes being affected equally. An average morbidity duration for scabies was 64.5 days; 16.3% of the patients showed secondary pyogenic infection of the skin. PMID- 6742928 TI - Field comparison of mouse immersion and cercariometry for assessing the transmission potential of water containing cercariae of Schistosoma mansoni. PMID- 6742929 TI - Hymenolepis diminuta: a further investigation on immunogenicity. PMID- 6742930 TI - The occurrence of Culex pseudovishnui in Iran. PMID- 6742931 TI - In vivo fusion of lysosomes with parasitophorous vacuoles of Leishmania-infected macrophages. AB - The in vivo infection of murine peritoneal macrophages by promastigotes of infective and non-infective isolates of Leishmaniasis mexicana ssp. was studied. Ultrastructural observations showed that lysosomes fuse with phagosomes containing Leishmania parasites. Intracellular parasites always occurred within phagosomes and there was no evidence of direct contact with host cytoplasm. The behaviour of infective parasites within macrophages resembled that described for a non-infective isolate. The presence of lysosomal marker in the phagosomes confirms previous findings in vitro. PMID- 6742932 TI - Growth inhibition of Leishmania tropica amastigotes in vitro by rifampicin combined with amphotericin B. AB - Rifampicin and Amphotericin B (AMB) were studied separately and in combination to determine their effect in vitro on intracellular Leishmania tropica amastigotes. On the fourth day of treatment, rifampicin at 200 micrograms ml-1 or AMB at 0.15 microgram ml-1 reduced the parasites' survival index (PSI) to 10% compared with the untreated control. In combination, there was a significant synergistic effect at several concentrations. The synergistic therapeutic effects were not accompanied by toxicity to the host cells, although each drug alone caused cellular degeneration in the ultrastructure of the parasites with the formation of large autophagic-like vacuoles, while the combination increased the percentage of degenerate cells. PMID- 6742933 TI - Surface reaction of Leishmania. III. Ulex europaeus II lectin affinity for excreted factor (EF) serotype A strains. AB - Eukaryotic parasites, including species of Leishmania, acquire or synthesize carbohydrate moieties similar to human blood group antigens. Leishmanial strains separate into three serotypes: A, B and AB. All strains containing the A component are agglutinated by Ulex europaeus lectin. Inhibition by haptene sugar suggests that a Ulex II-like receptor is involved. Organic solvents, but not protease treatment, remove its reactivity, suggesting that the receptor is a glycolipid. PMID- 6742934 TI - [Acute myocardial infarct with cardiogenic shock]. AB - Cardiogenic shock is the most severe complication of acute myocardial infarction (AMI). The Acute Myocardial Infarction (AMI) complicated with shock has the highest mortality. Between january 1980 and june 1983, 903 patients with AMI were admitted to the CCU of the Instituto Nacional de Cardiolog ia; in 38 of them (4.2%) shock ensued. Of the patients with shock, 52.6% died soon after arrival and 25% died soon after shock developed. Only 10 patients could be controlled with a Swan-Ganz catheter and could be treated according to the hemodynamic features. Nine of them were males, the majority older than 60. Three of the 10, had a previous myocardial infarction, 4 had angina 1 arterial hypertension, and 1 diabetes. The AMI was anterior in five patients, diaphragmatic and lateral in one, diaphragmatic with right ventricular extension in two, lateral in one and antero septal in the last one. The clinical manifestations of angina persisted in 6. The shock state appeared in most of the cases during the first 6 hours. The PWP was higher than 18 mm Hg in all the patients. The cardiac index was less than 2, the systemic blood pressure under 90 mmHg and the peripheral resistance was elevated in all the cases. They were treated with digitalis, Dopamine and Sodium Nitroprusiate . Nine of the 10 patients died; five had post mortem examination. The coronary arteries were occluded with a recent thrombi and the necrosis involved more than 40.0% of the ventricular mass.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS) PMID- 6742935 TI - [Infectious endocarditis in children]. AB - he recent advances in surgical treatment of congenital heart disease, permits the survival of those cases to adult life. Infective endocarditis in the childhood is becoming increasingly important. We studied 32 cases in the pediatric cardiology ward at the INC between 1977 and 1981. There was a male predominance of 62.5%. Rheumatic heart disease (40.7%), congenital heart disease (15.6%) and postoperative cases (43.7%) were the underlying conditions. There was an average time of 43 days delay from the first symptom to diagnosis. Blood cultures were taken in 29 cases (90.6%). Only half of them were positive. Staphylococcus and streptococcus were the commonest isolates. Peripheral and pulmonary embolism (11 cases-34.4%) were the most frequent complications. In those cases with negative blood culture the most successful antibiotic combination was ampicillin or oxacillin plus aminoglucosides (56%). There were 17 deaths (53%). PMID- 6742936 TI - [Right infectious endocarditis. Study of 30 cases]. AB - Due to the lack of specificity of the clinical picture in the right-sided infective endocarditis, the correct diagnosis is rarely made. We reviewed 30 cases with right-sided or right and left infective endocarditis, treated in the INC from 1946 to 1982. The average age was 20 years. Rheumatic fever (53%), congenital heart disease (40%) and cardiac prostheses (7%) were the more common underlying diseases. The diagnosis was made on an average 7.3 months after the first symptom. Heart failure (93%), fever (76%), weight loss (73%), haemoptysis (66%) and general malaise (53%) were the predominant symptoms. There was no diagnostic suspicion in 9 patients (30%) and in 7 from 16 with negative blood culture, the infection was exclusively right-sided. Peripheral and pulmonary embolism was the most frequent complication. (66%) There were 29 deaths (96.6%). In all of them the diagnosis was confirmed in the postmortem examination. Heart failure and septic shock were the main causes of death. Almost all patients were infected with gram-negative germs and staphylococcus Aureus. This diagnosis should be suspected in a patient with known heart disease, who develops unexplained heart failure, moreover if pulmonary emboli are a feature. The diversity of the isolated germs is different from other publication that have shown staphylococcus as the most prevalent microorganism. This difference can be explained by the lack of drug abuse in our cases. The mortality rate is higher than in the left sided endocarditis. PMID- 6742937 TI - [Usefulness of echocardiography in the diagnosis of infectious endocarditis]. AB - Thirty-four patients with clinical diagnosis of infective endocarditis were studied with M mode and/or two-dimensional echocardiography. of them. Twenty-two were men; their ages ranged from 9 to 67 years. In 23 cases surgical or post mortem confirmation of the echocardiographic diagnosis was obtained. The clinical features as well as history of previous cardiopathy (94.1%) and its type (congenital 38.2%, rheumatic 29.4%, rheumatic with valvular prosthesis 23.5%) were analyzed. In the 23 patients with proven endocarditis, the echocardiographic diagnosis was positive in 19 (82%); vegetations were evident in 13. In 6 patients vegetations were not found. There were 3 false positive cases and one false negative, giving a sensitivity of 0.81 and a specificity of 0.85. The causes of false negative and false positive findings were analyzed. These were closely related to the duration of the disease and time which elapsed between the echocardiographic study and confirmation in surgery or necropsy as well as the size of the vegetations. The echocardiographic diagnosis was difficult when a valvular prosthesis was present. Echocardiography is a useful technique for diagnosis and follow up of patients with infective endocarditis. PMID- 6742938 TI - [Immunologic studies in active rheumatic fever and infectious endocarditis]. AB - We compared clinical and immunological characteristics of acute rheumatic fever (19 cases) and infectious endocarditis (7 cases), because these two diseases can be confused easily with each other and their differential diagnosis is not simple. In this small series we had cases of acute rheumatic fever with splenomegaly and/or vasculitis, as well as infectious endocarditis with subcutaneous nodules, which exemplifies the diagnostic problem. Using laboratory tests we were able to point out differences which are statistically significant, such as: rheumatoid factor by passive agglutination of IgG sensitized latex particles (X2 4.27 p less than 0M05), and tests which reflects the presence of circulating immune complexes, hemolytic capacity of antigammaglobulin antibodies (X2 3.79 p less than 0.05) and the presence of circulating C3 degradation products (X2 5.92 p less than 0.01), which occurs preferentially or exclusively in infectious endocarditis. Although in the standard patient the clinical assessment is usually sufficient to establish a diagnosis, when differentiation between acute rheumatic fever and infectious endocarditis is not clear, immunologic tests are helpful. PMID- 6742939 TI - [Acquired systemic arteriovenous fistulas. Experience of 33 cases]. AB - We analyzed 33 cases of Acquired Systemic Arteriovenous Fistulas (FAVSA) seen in the INC-ICH between 1945 and 1981. The most frequent causes were traumatic (gunshot and knife wounds) and iatrogenic (surgery). The most affected vessels were femoral, carotid, axillary and subclavian. The FAVSA produced a hyperkinetic hemodynamic syndrome of high output that frequently resulted in fistular cardiopathy. Fistular cardiopathy and heart failure became evident from 4 days to 31 years after the initial insult and was related to the magnitude of the arteriovenous shunt. The latter depended on the distensibility of the communicating ring (the development of perifistular fibrosis did not allow dilatation of the fistular opening). Heart failure was a result of the magnitude of the shunt, even when the patient was young with a healthy heart. A detailed traumatic or surgical history was extremely important in the diagnosis. Relevant physical signs included: bounding pulses, a wide pulse pressure, the presence of a continuous murmur and thrill, a positive Nicoladoni-Branham's sign with a decrease in the heart rate and an increase in systemic blood pressure when the FAVSA was compressed. The existence of the condition became suspicious when heart failure appeared otherwise unexplained by an obvious cardiac lesion. Other important signs included the development of distal venous insufficiency and the presence of a palpable pulsatile mass. Fistular cardiopathy was observed in 60% of the cases studied, although the ECG was normal in 33%; 73% had cardiomegaly which improved with correction of the FAVSA. The treatment is necessarily surgical and required the appropriate technique. PMID- 6742940 TI - [Advanced autonomic cardiovascular denervation of diabetic etiology. Presentation of a case]. AB - "Functional" total cardiac denervation due to diabetic autonomic neuropathy, is relatively rare. Sympathetic and parasympathetic fibers differ in the frequency with which they are damaged, with preference of parasympathetic abnormality. We report a diabetic patient who presented cardiac denervation with fixed heart rate at rest (95 beats for minute), severe orthostatic hypotension and cardiovascular abnormalities such as absence of reactions to physiological and pharmacological stimuli, sympathetic and parasympathetic. To the best of our knowledge our patient is the third such case in the literature. PMID- 6742941 TI - [Clinical impact of the Bezold-Jarisch reflex in coronary arteriography]. AB - To evaluate the role that coronary arteriography has in the induction of the Bezold-Jarisch reflex we study 9 patients (group I) to whom 1 mg. of atropine was administered 45 min. before the coronary arteriography and 9 patients (group II) without pre-medication. The heart rate was measured before, during and after each intracoronary injection. In group I there was no change in heart rate in 6 patients, in 3 cases the heart rate dropped to 15 beats/min. In group II the heart rate decreased in 8 cases. We conclude that the injection of radiologic contrast material in the coronary arteries triggers the Bezold-Jarisch reflex and that this reflex is prevented by the administration of atropine. PMID- 6742942 TI - [Spontaneous dissection of the coronary arteries]. AB - We describe a 31 years old female who suffered an spontaneous dissection of the left main coronary trunk. She presented with an acute hemorrhagic myocardial infarction complicated with bifascicular block and fatal left ventricular failure. Pathological features demonstrated severe proximal left coronary artery intimal dissection and extensive hemorrhagic infarction of the left ventricle, as well as absence of atherosclerotic aortic or coronary artery disease. The severity of the clinical picture and relentless deterioration of the patient precluded the utilization of coronary arteriography to assess an emergency surgical procedure. Early and vigorous management including emergency coronary angiography, balloon counterpulsation and surgical treatment are stressed and should be carefully weighted in similar cases. PMID- 6742943 TI - [Reticulovascular radiologic pattern in primary arterial pulmonary hypertension]. AB - We tested the value of the radiographic indexes in 16 patients with the diagnosis of pulmonary hypertension of unknown etiology. The index PL/T (lung-lobe thoracic) was abnormal in 62.5%, the Osawa-Kanemoto index (DPA(T/2] was also abnormal in 62.5% of the cases, the r/h index (which measures the ratio right pulmonary artery thickness/right lung field) was abnormal in 81% of the cases. There was no relationship between the above mention indexes and the pulmonary artery pressure. Seven of the 16 patients displayed a new radiographic image that we have named "reticulo-vascular pattern", this radiographic sign may be important in the diagnosis of primary pulmonary hypertension. PMID- 6742944 TI - [Supraventricular paroxysmal tachycardias with normal electrocardiogram in sinus rhythm]. AB - Paroxysmal supraventricular tachycardia (SVT) was studied in 46 patients with normal electrocardiogram (ECG) during sinus rhythm (SR), All of them had had at least one SVT crisis. They all complained of palpitations starting and ending abruptly, and of more than one hour duration. There were never seen ECG alterations suggesting ventricular preexcitation during SR. An electrophysiologic study using atrial and ventricular programmed stimulation and intracardiac electrograms, was used to establish the diagnosis. There was no significant difference in sex or age distribution according to the ethiologic diagnosis. It was found that 67.4% had a concealed accessory bundle, responsible of the SVT, 32.6% had A-V nodal reentry (p less than 0.01). Of all concealed accessory bundles, 67.7% were left lateral Kent (45.6% of all patients). It is discussed the possibility of antegrade conduction through concealed bundles during SR and that this may be seen by means of a M-mode echocardiography. We conclude that neither sex nor age help to suspect ethiologic diagnosis; the most common accessory bundle is the left lateral Kent and that in some cases it can be detected by M-mode echocardiography. This accessory bundle is the most usual cause of SVT in patients with normal ECG during SR. PMID- 6742945 TI - Age-dependent decrease of the passive Rb+ and K+ permeability of the nerve cell membranes in rat brain cortex as revealed by in vivo measurement of the Rb+ discrimination ratio. AB - Young, adult and old male CFY rats (2, 12 and 24 mth of age, respectively) were treated with a daily dose of 30 mg RbCl/100 g body weight, in form of aqueous solution injected intraperitoneally for 14 days. A considerable part of the intracellular K+-content of the body was replaced by Rb+ during this treatment. After cessation of the RbCl injections, a relative steady state came into being in each age group, called Rb+-release period. During this period Rb+ and K+ contents of the blood serum and the cisternal CSF were measured by atomic absorption spectrophotometry, and of the intracellular space of brain cortical cells by energy-dispersive X-ray microanalysis. Ultrastructural features of the brain cortex were also checked by transmission electron microscopy. For X-ray microanalysis, the L-line of Rb at 1.694 keV energy was used at 10 kV accelerating voltage in a scanning electron microscope equipped with an EDAX System F. Rb+ and K+ concentrations were obtained for the cellular dry mass and converted into wet concentrations on the basis of intracellular water contents known from former experiments. Rb+-replacement of K+ did not cause any ultrastructural alteration in the brain cortex. However, the Rb+ accumulation displayed a very significant age-dependent increase: at the beginning of release, adult and old rats had 32.6 and 44.7 mM Rb+ in their intracellular water as against the 8.6 mM found in the young group, and similar proportional difference persisted during 20 days of the release. Rb+ discrimination ratios (DR) calculated either for the blood or the CSF displayed very considerable age dependent increase: the values of the adult and old groups were 191 and 242% of the young one, indicating that the passive Rb+ (and K+) permeability of the nerve cell membrane decreases throughout the life span of rats. These results give further support to the membrane hypothesis of aging. PMID- 6742946 TI - Aging and health: a longitudinal study. AB - A set of double jeopardy hypotheses predicting there is a double health disadvantage in growing old and being a member of an ethnic minority, female, of lower socioeconomic status, and unmarried is tested with data from a 4-yr longitudinal study of older Mexican Americans and Anglos. With the exception of socioeconomic status, little support is found for the double jeopardy predictions in a multivariate analysis of change in health. When subjects who died during the study interval were included in the analysis by assigning them the lowest score on health, the results changed somewhat: the relationship between age and decline in health was strengthened and the effect of sex changed from a direction suggesting that women show greater declines in health with age to a direction suggesting that men experience greater declines in health with age. Implications of the effect of decreased dropouts for studies on aging and health are discussed. PMID- 6742947 TI - The importance of encoding instructions and retrieval cues in the assessment of memory in senile dementia. AB - Sixteen senile dementia patients learned a categorized word list under different encoding and retrieval conditions. Recall increased when explanation of the category structure during encoding was combined with category cueing at retrieval. Explanation of the category structure given at presentation of the list to be remembered did not, by itself, increase recall. Also retrieval cueing with category names did not, by itself, facilitate recall. The recall performance of twelve normal elderly differed quantitatively and qualitatively from the performance of the dementia patients. However, patients suffering from senile dementia can, under certain conditions, benefit from the organization in a categorized list. While working with demented patients one has to be prepared to pay attention to the hidden potentials that do not show up spontaneously. PMID- 6742948 TI - Effects of glycosylation on physiological and biological activities of substances. AB - Hemoglobin A1 (HbA1) increases in old erythrocytes. These erythrocytes with increased HbA1 had decreased oxygen dissociation ability, resulting in decreased function. L-Triiodothyronine (T3) underwent glycosylation to form glycosylated T3. The biological activity of glycosylated T3 was assayed utilizing the metamorphosis of tadpoles. It was found that glycosylated T3 was less than one tenth as biologically active as T3. PMID- 6742949 TI - 'Senile' myeloma: a possible variant form of multiple myeloma. AB - Fifty-four patients were recognized as having multiple myeloma after the coincidental finding of a serum and/or urine M component on agarose gel electrophoresis during a survey for monoclonal gammopathies of a large random hospital population sample over 70 yr of age. Analysis of the presenting features and the clinical characteristics revealed that about two-thirds of the myeloma patients over 80 yr were asymptomatic at the time of the discovery of their monoclonal gammopathy. Follow-up studies and serial evaluations of changes in the myeloma cell mass without chemotherapy showed a subset of the older patients exhibiting a distinct pattern of slow tumor growth. The results of the study would suggest the possible existence of a variant form in the advanced age group of myeloma patients. This 'senile' type of myeloma would appear to be characterized primarily by non-specific presenting features, a fairly symptom poor status, and a relatively protracted and benign course without chemotherapy. PMID- 6742950 TI - [Death of a small child as a result of ether poisoning]. PMID- 6742951 TI - [Detection and identification of a new metabolite of fenethylline]. AB - Fenetylline is metabolized in humans on two pathways. In addition to previously described degradation to amphetamine and 7-oxyethyltheophylline fenetylline undergoes moreover oxydative N-dealkylation to yield 7-aminoethyltheophylline and phenylacetone. PMID- 6742952 TI - Isolation and partial characterization of plasmid DNA from Arthrobacter oxidans. AB - A method for the extraction of the high molecular weight plasmid AO 1 from the gram-positive soil bacterium Arthrobacter oxidans is presented. Following digestion of this DNA with the restriction endonucleases AccI, Bam HI, Eco RI and Hind III, an average molecular mass of 157.8 kb was estimated. This value is in good agreement with the 160 kb size determined previously by electron microscopy (Brandsch et al. 1982). Using the same method, no plasmid DNA was found in strains of the genus Arthrobacter which do not degrade nicotine, e.g., A. albidus, A. globiformis and A. auricans. PMID- 6742953 TI - Bacterial degradation of dehydropolymers of coniferyl alcohol. AB - A bacterial isolate identified as Xanthomonas sp. proved to be ligninolytic due to its ability to degrade 14C-labeled dehydropolymers of coniferyl alcohol (DHP) and [14C]lignocellulose complexes from corn plants (Zea mays). Several parameters of ligninolysis were evaluated and it was shown that resting cells degrade DHP as sole carbon source. Enhancement of DHP degradation in the presence of ferulic acid or water-soluble fractions of DHP or of dioxane lignin from wheat was demonstrated. It is shown that a dissociation of DHP takes place during incubation in the absence of the bacteria which is reflected in a shift of DHP to lower molecular weight fractions. Bacterial degradation of [14C]DHP results in the release of 14CO2 and in the incorporation of the 14C-label into the biomass of the bacteria, as shown by chemical and biological methods. PMID- 6742954 TI - Thermophilic anaerobic bacteria which ferment hemicellulose: characterization of organisms and identification of plasmids. AB - Seven thermophilic anaerobic bacteria which ferment xylan were isolated from natural geothermal features in the western United States. Typically, these strains were Gram-negative non-sporeforming rods with an unusual double-layered cell wall which resembled that observed in Thermobacteroides acetoethylicus. The strains differed from known thermophilic anaerobes in their ability to utilize a very wide variety of carbohydrates and in their ability to grow in a chemically defined medium and/or at pH 3.5. Four of the strains contained cryptic plasmids of 1.2 or 1.5 X 10(6) daltons. The taxonomic characteristics of the strains are discussed in terms of their relatedness to those of Thermoanaerobium, Thermoanaerobacter, and Thermobacteroides species. PMID- 6742955 TI - Comparison of two bacterial azoreductases acquired during adaptation to growth on azo dyes. AB - Selection for utilization of carboxy-Orange I [1-(4'-carboxyphenylazo)-4 naphthol] in the chemostat yielded Pseudomonas strain K24 which was unable to grow on carboxy-Orange II [1-(4'-carboxyphenylazo)-2-naphthol] while selection for growth on carboxy-Orange II had previously led to strain KF46 which did not utilize carboxy-Orange I. Orange I azoreductase of strain K24, the key enzyme of dye degradation, was purified 80-fold with 17% yield to electrophoretic homogeneity and compared to the previously purified Orange II azoreductase of strain KF46. Common properties of the two enzymes were their monomeric structure, their specificity for NADPH and NADH as cosubstrates, the range of their Km values for substrates and cosubstrates as well as their reactivity towards a series of substrate analogs. They differed from each other with respect to molecular weight (21,000 and 30,000) and in the absolute requirement of Orange I azoreductase for a hydroxy group in the 4'position of the naphthol ring of the substrate molecule as compared to the requirement for substrates with a 2 naphthol moiety by Orange II azoreductase. The pure enzymes did not exhibit immunological cross-reaction with each other. Crude extracts of strains K24 and KF46 and of azoreductase-negative strains isolated at different stages of the adaptation experiments, however, contained material which cross-reacted (CRM) with both anti Orange I azoreductase serum and anti Orange II azoreductase serum. The CRM may represent a common precursor protein of the azoreductases in strains K24 and KF46. PMID- 6742956 TI - Correlation of oxygen utilization and hydrogen peroxide accumulation with oxygen induced enzymes in Lactobacillus plantarum cultures. AB - Two strains of Lactobacillus plantarum accumulated H2O2 when grown aerobically in a complex glucose based medium. The H2O2 accumulation did not occur immediately on exposure of the culture to O2 but was delayed for a time which, in the case of one strain, was dependent on the amount of inoculum used to seed the culture. The accumulation was always preceded by an increase in the rate of O2 utilization by the cultures. The latter coincided approximately with an increase in specific activity of NADH oxidase, pyruvate oxidase and NADH peroxidase. H2O2 was not a product of NADH oxidase in vitro but was formed in substantial quantities from O2 during oxidation of pyruvate. The three enzymes were induced by O2 and H2O2; the induction of NADH oxidase responded to lower levels of O2 (but not of H2O2) than the pyruvate oxidase or the NADH peroxidase. PMID- 6742957 TI - Purification and characterization of an inducible dissimilatory type sulfite reductase from Clostridium pasteurianum. AB - An inducible sulfite reductase was purified from Clostridium pasteurianum. The pH optimum of the enzyme is 7.5 in phosphate buffer. The molecular weight of the reductase was determined to be 83,600 from sodium dodecyl sulfate gel electrophoresis with a proposed molecular structure: alpha 2 beta 2. Its absorption spectrum showed a maximum at 275 nm, a broad shoulder at 370 nm and a very small absorption maximum at 585 nm. No siroheme chromophore was isolated from this reductase. The enzyme could reduce the following substrates in preferential order: NH2OH greater than SeO3 (2-) greater than NO(2-) 2 at rates 50% or less of its preferred substrate SO3(2-). The proposed dissimilatory intermediates, S3O6 (2-) or S2O3(2-), were not utilized by this reductase while KCN inhibited its activity. Varying the substrate concentration [SO3(2-)] from 1 to 2.5 mumol affected the stoichiometry of the enzyme reaction by alteration of the ratio of H2 uptake to S2- formed from 2.5:1 to 3.1:1. The inducible sulfite reductase was found to be linked to ferredoxin which could be completely replaced by methyl viologen or partially by benzyl viologen. Some of the above-mentioned enzyme properties and physiological considerations indicated that it was a dissimilatory type sulfite reductase. PMID- 6742958 TI - Adhesion of Leptospira at a solid-liquid interface: a model. AB - Two strains of the saprophytic Leptospira biflexa serovar patoc display reversible and irreversible adhesion at a solid-liquid interface. Both forms of adhesion are enhanced in the presence of 20 microM carbonyl cyanide meta chlorophenyl hydrazone (CCCP), an uncoupler which inhibits motility of the bacteria. Microscopic observations also indicated that motility may have a role in adhesion as only actively motile organisms were seen to detach from the substratum. A dynamic model is proposed for adhesion of these organisms at a solid-liquid interface. It is suggested that the level of reversible adhesion is determined by the comparative rates of attachment (ON phase) and detachment (OFF phase). As reversible adhesion is mediated by weak forces of attraction, bacterial motility or gentle washing could promote the OFF phase. When motility is inhibited, the OFF phase is reduced and the ON phase continues (as motility is not required for the ON phase) causing the level of reversible adhesion to increase. Since reversible adhesion is a prerequisite for irreversible adhesion, then increased reversible adhesion leads directly to increased irreversible adhesion. Reversible adhesion appears to be mediated by the weak attractive forces of the "secondary minimum" whereas the mechanism facilitating irreversible adhesion of leptospires is not known. PMID- 6742959 TI - [Experimental studies of the chemical stimulation of uterus involution in the early puerperium of cattle]. PMID- 6742960 TI - [Importance and quantitative determination of NH3 content in the rumen juice of cattle]. PMID- 6742961 TI - [Behavior of Soxhlet-Henkel rate of cow's milk in different milking fractions from healthy and diseased udder quarters]. PMID- 6742962 TI - [Postnatal development of muscle fibers in growing skeletal muscles of laboratory mice]. PMID- 6742963 TI - [Quantitative bacteriological studies of experimentally infected laboratory animals. 1. Dynamics of the pathogen count as an expression of host-parasite relations in Salmonella-infected mice--review of literature]. PMID- 6742964 TI - [32P studies of phosphate metabolism in metabolic acidosis of cattle]. PMID- 6742965 TI - [Quantitative determination of serum protein fractions in clinically healthy dogs using micro-agar gel electrophoresis]. PMID- 6742966 TI - [Bronchoscopy in swine--a method of intravital examination of the lower and upper respiratory tract]. PMID- 6742967 TI - [Physiopathological studies of thyroid function in calves. 3. Thyroid function in the clinically sick calf]. PMID- 6742968 TI - [Various parameters of mineral and carbohydrate metabolism in the blood serum of insemination boars]. PMID- 6742969 TI - [Finding optimal conditions for sample preparation for the determination of NH3 in the rumen juice of cattle]. PMID- 6742970 TI - [Results of preclinical testing of a temperature-sensitive Pasteurella multocida serotype B mutant]. PMID- 6742971 TI - [C-reactive protein and neonatal infections. Diagnostic importance]. AB - Serum C Reactive Protein (CRP) levels were measured in 36 neonates with a suspicion of sepsis. In the 11 children in whom septicemia was proven, CRP levels were abnormal in all cases, while hematologic data were significantly changed in 3 cases only (27%). In the 16 neonates who were not infected, CRP was abnormal in only one case, and hematologic data significantly changed in 2 (12%). In 9 neonates with at least 2 peripheral samples positive for the same organism, CRP and hematologic data were respectively abnormal in 6 (66%) and one (11%) cases. PMID- 6742972 TI - [Evolution of the mortality rate of newborn infants transferred to a Parisian intensive care service from 1969 to 1978]. AB - This study reports on the trend in neonatal death rates in a Paris intensive care unit between 1969 and 1978. Three time-periods were compared: 1969-1971, 1972 1974, and 1975-1978. These limits were chosen to take into account the introduction of continuous airway positive pressure in the unit in 1972, and the gradual implementation, from 1972 onwards, of a new perinatal care policy in France. The mortality rate was significantly lower in the second period than in the first, after adjustment on birthweight and type of disease. This trend varied according to type of disease: the death decreased significantly in case of membrane disease or foetal distress, but not in case of admission for amniotic inhalation or congenital anomalies. The gradual improvement in newborn's condition on arrival in the unit played a part in the improvement in survival, as well as the use of the continuous airway positive pressure. PMID- 6742973 TI - [Paroxysmal nocturnal hemoglobinuria and aplastic anemia]. AB - The case of a 14 year-old adolescent girl presenting with paroxysmal nocturnal hemoglobinuria (PNH) associated with aplastic anemia is reported. This disease, rare in children, is characterized by an acquired hemolytic anemia, with abnormal sensitivity to complement: PNH actually affects the bone marrow stem cell. This explains its possible association with any type of malignant blood disease and with aplastic anemia. When aplastic anemia is the first sign of the disease, diagnosis is delayed, due to the possible negative response of the specific Ham's test. Therefore, the proper complications of PNH, especially thromboses, may be misappreciated and poorly managed. PMID- 6742974 TI - [Staphylococcal toxic shock]. AB - The authors report the case of a 5 year-old child who, after a sore throat, developed gastrointestinal problems, high fever, scarlatinaform rash, conjunctivitis, shock with renal failure and involvement of liver, pancreas and muscles. No infectious site was detected. However, he had positive blood culture for staphylococcus aureus. The child fully recovered after a period of desquamation of the palms and soles. PMID- 6742975 TI - [Avulsion of the posterior vertebral epiphysis and lumbar disk herniation in adolescents]. AB - In adolescents, on lateral radiographs of the vertebral column, the avulsion of a lumbar posterior ring epiphysis is a good argument suggesting a posterior herniation of the intervertebral disk. Two such cases are reported. The pathogeny of this tearing, unusual in adults, is discussed. This avulsion should be compared with the retromarginal anterior disk herniations, often observed at this age. PMID- 6742976 TI - [Dietetic treatment of acute diarrheas in the child]. PMID- 6742977 TI - Noradrenergic function in panic anxiety. Effects of yohimbine in healthy subjects and patients with agoraphobia and panic disorder. AB - Yohimbine, an alpha 2-adrenergic receptor antagonist that increases noradrenergic function, was administered to 20 healthy subjects and 39 drug-free patients with agoraphobia and panic attacks. Following drug administration, changes in plasma levels of the norepinephrine metabolite 3-methoxy-4-hydroxyphenylglycol (MHPG), BP, pulse rate, and subjective ratings of feelings and somatic symptoms were examined during a four-hour period. Yohimbine produced significantly greater increases in patient-rated anxiety, nervousness, palpitations, hot and cold flashes, restlessness, tremors, piloerection, and sitting systolic BP in the total patient group compared with healthy subjects. There were significant correlations between the yohimbine-induced rise in plasma MHPG level and patient rated anxiety and nervousness and the frequency of reported panic attacks. Patients experiencing frequent panic attacks (greater than 2.5 per week) had a significantly greater plasma MHPG response to yohimbine than the healthy subjects and patients having less frequent panic attacks. These observations support a hypothesis of increased sensitivity to augmented noradrenergic function in anxiety states associated with panic, and they suggest that impaired presynaptic noradrenergic neuronal regulation may exist in patients with frequent panic attacks. PMID- 6742978 TI - Lactate provocation of panic attacks. I. Clinical and behavioral findings. AB - To assess the pharmacologic and phenomenologic comparability of lactate-induced and naturally occurring panic attacks, patients meeting DSM-III criteria for panic disorder or agoraphobia with panic attacks were infused with 0.5M racemic sodium lactate before and after successful drug treatment. Lactate-induced and naturally occurring panic attacks were symptomatically similar. Following treatment, the patients' response to lactate did not differ from that of normal controls, whereas the pretreatment panic rate was much higher. These data suggest that lactate acts, by as yet unidentified mechanisms, to trigger the same panic attacks as occur spontaneously in vulnerable persons. PMID- 6742979 TI - Outcome in schizoaffective, psychotic, and nonpsychotic depression. Course during a six- to 24-month follow-up. AB - In the National Institute of Mental Health Collaborative Study of the Psychobiology of Depression, six-month follow-up evaluations are available for 24 patients with schizoaffective disorder (depressed type), 56 with psychotic depression, and 274 with nonpsychotic major depression. Outcome for patients with schizoaffective depression was significantly worse than for patients with nonpsychotic depression. The psychotic depression group held an intermediate position on most outcome measures and on psychosocial measures had outcomes significantly worse than those of the nonpsychotic group. Recovery rates assumed a very similar pattern in another cohort admitted more than 40 years ago and followed up without somatic treatment. Follow-ups of 12, 18, and 24 months are available for proportions of each diagnostic group. Survival curves suggest similar outcomes in psychotic depression and nonpsychotic depression, whereas outcomes in schizoaffective depression remain disparate. These trends together with family history studies suggest that a small proportion of patients with schizoaffective disorder, depressed type, will have a long-term course consistent with schizophrenia. Moreover, these data show that outcome studies of schizoaffective disorder must control for follow-up length and the effects of psychosis per se. PMID- 6742980 TI - Clinical judgments in the decision to commit. Psychiatric discretion and the law. AB - Judicial decisions and statutory reforms point to a return to psychiatric discretion when clinical needs and patients' rights must be balanced. In seeking to commit patients, psychiatrists have been accused of contravening the legal rights of their patients by applying criteria other than those prescribed by law. This study examined the factors involved in the psychiatrists' decisions to seek commitment or to release 90 voluntarily hospitalized patients; we found psychiatrists' decisions to be appropriately correlated to legal criteria and legally relevant clinical and psychosocial factors. Interpersonal variables did not play a material role in the decision. Independent assessment of the patients' clinical status were consistent with clinicians' judgments of dangerousness. These findings indicate that this group of psychiatrists, faced with the decision to seek commitment, based their judgments on clinically relevant data rather than interpersonal factors and conformed to the dangerousness requirements of the commitment law. PMID- 6742981 TI - Schizophrenia and the brain at the 1984 winter workshop, Davos, Switzerland. PMID- 6742982 TI - Schizophrenia and age considerations. PMID- 6742983 TI - [Considerations on the methodology of writing scientific papers on the history of medicine]. PMID- 6742984 TI - [Anniversary dates in Polish medicine in 1984]. PMID- 6742985 TI - The three-dimensional microanatomy of the liver. AB - The actual three-dimensional microstructure of the mammalian liver has been reviewed by scanning electron microscopic (SEM) techniques. Liver lobuli and acini easily revealed their microarchitecture showing interconnected liver plates, sinusoids and hepatocytes. Isolated liver cells appeared as polyhedrons with six or more facets covered by a large number of microvilli where fronting the sinusoidal wall, or relatively smooth where forming the biliary groove. In addition to microvilli, the biliary canalicular wall showed several pits and/or small holes probably related to secretory processes. Bile channels frequently bifurcated on the same side as the isolated liver laminae. Some bile canaliculi, showing lateral diverticula bordered by microvilli and arising from the cortical cytoplasm of the hepatocyte, were considered to be intracellular branches of bile canaliculi. Zones of minimal distance (0.1 micron) were often observed between the spaces of Disse and the lumen of the bile canaliculus. These were interpreted as sites of the simple diffusion of substances from bile to blood and--actually representing loci minoris resisteutiae--they could be considered, pathologically, as possible pathways for bile regurgitation. Numerous blebs and laminar evaginations, probably related to phenomena of secretion and/or absorption, were present in the luminal wall of canaliculo-ductular junctions. Further bile ductules and ducts all possessed a variable number of unusual cilia of unknown roles (chemoreceptive and/or motile?). Endothelial cells in sinusoids showed numerous fenestrations of different size. Small ones (0.1-0.2 micron) were arranged in clusters, while others (approximately 1 micron) appeared often subdivided by slender strands of cytoplasm and doubled by laminar cellular extensions belonging to adjacent Kupffer cells or subjacent Ito cells located in the space of Disse. Kupffer cells closely resembled macrophages; their cell body showed numerous microvillous projections, blebs, lamellipodia and occasional filopodia. They were mainly located within the lumen of the sinusoids and often anchored to the endothelial wall with their long processes. In some cases, thin evaginations from Kupffer cells penetrated the endothelial gaps, enlarging them even further. As seen topographically, the subendothelial spaces of Disse appeared considerably larger than was generally evident in thin sections. This actually resulted in a continuous three-dimensional labyrinth of intercellular and pericapillary microlacunae in which hepatocytes were suspended. A few collagen fibers, fragments of basal lamina materials and fat storing cells were found in these spaces.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 400 WORDS) PMID- 6742986 TI - Selective demonstration by tannic acid of a special cytoplasmic tubular system in the chloride cells of teleost gills. AB - Chloride cells in gill filaments in the fresh-water catfish (Parasilurus asotus) were examined by electron microscopy, using a tannic acid-glutaraldehyde fixative before osmification. This method allows clear demarcation of the cell surfaces through enhanced contrast and electron density. In the cytoplasm of chloride cells, only those tubules continuous with the cell surfaces--especially the outer leaflet of their membranes--remarkably increase in electron density. The cytoplasm of cells other than chloride cells, however, remains unaffected by the tannic acid treatment. The present study suggests that the use of tannic acid is advantageous for selective demonstration of the cell surfaces and their cytoplasmic derivatives. PMID- 6742987 TI - Morphogenetic studies on the neural crest of hynobius larvae using vital staining and India ink labeling methods. AB - The neural crest cells of hynobius larvae during the morphogenesis of the neural crest were studied with the following methods: the region of the primordial neural crest was first determined by vital stainings, and then the movement of individual neural crest cells was traced with India ink labeling. The cytoarchitecture and the fine structure of neural crest cells were further observed by light, transmission and scanning electron microscopy. The primordium of the neural crest is located in the area extending from the lateral part of the neural plate to the medial part of the neural fold. RAVEN (1931) suggested that the lateral part of the neural fold was a part of the primordial neural crest. The result of our vital staining shows that it is the primordial epidermal ectoderm. The morphogenesis of the neural crest was found to proceed as follows: at first both neural folds moved to the dorsal mid line of larva, then contacted and fused to each other. The primordial neural crest cells in the neural folds became polygonal, and these cells from both folds mixed and formed a neural crest cell mass. In this process they lost their junctional apparatuses. When larvae developed at the tail bud stage, the cells in the lateral part of the neural crest extended their cytoplasmic processes and began to migrate. PMID- 6742988 TI - A new method for inducing copious drinking and the accompanying stimulation on the pars intermedia of the mouse pituitary gland. AB - A new method for causing excessive liquid intake was developed as the condition opposite to dehydration, and the effect of this copious drinking for 2, 4 and 6 days on the pars intermedia of the hypophysis was evaluated by quantitative electron microscopy in mice. Free access to 5% glucose solution and concurrent food deprivation resulted in the development of polydipsic mice. Drinking volume was 18.9 +/- 1.1 ml/10 g BW on day 2, 20.8 +/- 1.2 on day 4 and 24.1 +/- 1.3 on day 6, respectively, while remaining at 2.2 +/- 0.2 ml/10g BW in the control. Copious drinking was found to elicit secretory activity of the pars intermedia cells. The cytoplasmic volume percentage of rough endoplasmic reticulum (rER) and the numerical density of Golgi granules increased significantly on day 2 reaching a peak on day 4. Contrarily, secretory granules decreased in number, indicating that the granule release exceeded the activated granule formation. The rise in the activity of the gland was followed by a slight fall after 6 days, which was probably due to a malnutritional condition by food deprivation. Neither 20% glucose drinking nor food deprivation for 4 days enhanced the pars intermedia cells. Thus, excessive water intake seems to be a plausible reason for stimulating secretory activity in cells of the pars intermedia of the hypophysis in mice. PMID- 6742989 TI - The inorganic content of pleromin in tooth plates of the living holocephalan, Chimaera phantasma, consists of a crystalline calcium phosphate known as beta Ca3(PO4)2 (whitlockite). AB - The tooth plates in the living Holocephalan, Chimaera phantasma were studied by various techniques. They consisted of osteodentin and hypermineralized pleromin (kosmin). The degree of mineralization on the latter was as much as in the enameloid of Chondrichthyes and Osteichthyes. Scanning electron microscope observation indicated that the pleromin consisted of large and granular crystals. X-ray powder diffractometry, electron microprobe analysis and analytical electron microscopy revealed that the inorganic constituent of pleromin included, as an essential element, a beta-Ca3(PO4)2 (whitlockite) structure containing a small amount of Mg. PMID- 6742990 TI - Ultrastructural identification of the hemopoietic inductive microenvironment in the human embryonic liver. AB - Reciprocal interaction between the hemopoietic organ stromal cells and the cells of the granulocytic, megakaryocytic and erythrocytic series in the human liver obtained from 109 embryos 28 to 49 days after ovulation and 76 fetuses from 8 to 22 weeks of gestation were investigated by light and electron microscopy. The close association of stromal cells with immature cells of the three series was confirmed under the electron microscope and a presumptive HIM (hemopoietic inductive microenvironment) was visualized. A majority of immature erythroblasts intruded into the cytoplasm of the hepatocytes, so the presumptive hemopoietic stem cell types II and IV are undoubtedly differentiated into cells of the erythroid line by contact with hepatocytes at a certain stage of maturation. Granulopoiesis developed among the reticular cells around the ductus venosus--or large arteries in hepatic parenchyma--and the cells of the granulocytic series were enclosed by thin cytoplasmic projections of mesenchymal cells. Neither erythropoiesis nor megakaryopoiesis was noted here. Therefore the compartments composed of one or more reticular cells around the ductus venosus or large arteries seem to have a capacity to regulate the differentiation of the presumptive hemopoietic stem cells type IV into cells of the granulocytic series. This differentiation of presumptive hemopoietic stem cell types II and IV into the megakaryocytic series is belived to be induced by the presence of the microenvironments that consist of foci of a few reticular cells in the hepatic parenchyma, as immature cells of megakaryocytic lineage were encircled by the cytoplasmic projection of one or more reticular cells among hepatocytes. Erythroblastic islets are concluded to be a kind of HIM, where erythroblasts loosely adhere to the central macrophages and undergo mitoses and maturation. PMID- 6742991 TI - Chronic pain: inpatient treatment with small group effects. AB - Fifty-one patients who completed a multidisciplinary, inpatient, pain control program, in groups of three or four persons, were studied before and after treatment. Like most patients with chronic pain, many were hypochondriacal, depressed, and hysterical, in addition to being severely disabled. There was a significant decrease in scores for pain, disability, and hypochondriasis after treatment. At six-month follow-up, as compared with pretreatment assessments, pain was still significantly improved and more patients were employed or planning for employment. A patient's failure to improve depended in part on whether other members of his inpatient treatment group also failed to respond. Patients who responded to treatment despite being members of groups where others failed to respond, were less hypochondriacal than other responders. As social factors play an important role in the etiology of the chronic pain syndrome, treatment programs should be designed to capitalize on these social influences. PMID- 6742992 TI - Metabolic effects of exhaustive training of athletes. AB - Sixteen athletes (11 men, 5 women), averaging 21 years of age, were studied before and after four weeks of daily exhaustive exercise (six days/week) during an endurance training course. In comparing blood chemistries before and after training, concentrations of blood glucose, total serum lipids, serum triglycerides, and serum cholesterol were significantly reduced; serum free fatty acid ( SFFA ) level was significantly increased; and serum protein and serum phospholipid concentrations remained unchanged. It was concluded that exhaustive training produces reduced blood glucose (but not clinically significant hypoglycemia) with increased fat utilization as a result of depletion of carbohydrate storage and that such training reduces the resting levels of serum cholesterol and serum triglycerides. The increased hematocrit, serum Na+, and serum K+ concentrations observed were presumably due to plasma water loss from excessive perspiration. Concentrations of blood urea nitrogen (BUN) and serum glutamic-oxaloacetic transaminase (SGOT) were increased significantly; serum glutamic-pyruvic transaminase (SGPT) and serum creatinine showed no significant changes. None of the athletes showed evidences of water-electrolyte deficiency syndrome, renal dysfunction, or liver cell damage, despite a persistent mild degree of dehydration and catabolic state noted after training. PMID- 6742993 TI - Current trends in stabilizing high thoracic and thoracolumbar spinal fractures. AB - Studying treatment data for 1,385 patients with traumatic paraplegia registered with the National Spinal Cord Injury Data Research Center during 1973-1979, we investigated: (1) current treatment trends; (2) continuity or change in such trends; (3) trend implications; and (4) whether current practices reflect the controversy in the literature. The data showed little change in the proportion of patients treated surgically, but statistically significant changes in the procedures, especially as related to Harrington rod instrumentation, which increased dramatically both with bony fusion (from none to 24.4%) and in the triple procedure, which adds laminectomy (from 6.1% to 23.2%). These changes have clearly improved health care, as the two predominant surgical treatments were associated with the shortest hospital stays in both the acute and rehabilitation settings. PMID- 6742994 TI - Spinal cord injury and serum erythropoietin. AB - The origin of the temporary reduction in hematocrit and hemoglobin occurring after spinal cord injury (SCI) may be related to the neurologic dysfunction and to a change in erythropoietin (Ep) synthesis and/or secretion. Serum Ep, vital capacities, and numerous hematologic profiles were obtained in 12 cervical SCI patients during the first 12 weeks and 13th to 27th post-injury weeks, and in 8 thoracic SCI patients during the first 8 weeks and 9th to 28th weeks. Serum iron, iron binding, and saturation were obtained in 4 cervical SIC patients and blood gases in 10 patients with cervical SCI and in 6 with thoracic SCI. The results in all patients showed increased Ep values, returning to normal after 8 weeks in the thoracic SCI patients only. The few results on iron kinetics showed a tendency to low values, suggesting the necessity for further investigation. In an attempt to explain the Ep increase in SCI patients, the relative influence of the renal pelvic nerves and of the sympathetic nerves on its secretion, are examined. PMID- 6742995 TI - The physiatrist as primary physician for patients on an inpatient rehabilitation unit. AB - Eighty-two patients admitted to a predominantly geriatric inpatient rehabilitation unit were followed throughout their stay in order to document their need for medical management. Their average age was 74.1 years and mean length of stay was 27.9 days. A total of 302 indications for medical intervention (3.7/patient) were found. In addition there were 2.8 medication changes/patient found when comparing admission to discharge medications, and 0.7 medications/patient prescribed for intercurrent illnesses. Actual documented loss of planned therapy time was found 21 times, involving 19 patients but exceeded 1 day in only six patients. Fifty-eight patients were ultimately discharged home, 14 were discharged to nursing homes (7 for social reasons), and 10 were transferred to an acute general hospital. Adverse drug reactions occurred in 27% of the patients and incidence rate paralleled the number of medications prescribed for the patient. This study indicates that the physiatrist on an inpatient rehabilitation unit must function as team manager or program director, and as the patient's primary physician. By managing medical problems effectively, the physician limits the loss of therapy time, thus shortening the length of stay and enabling the patient to continue to participate in his rehabilitation program. PMID- 6742996 TI - Musculoskeletal and neurologic conditions in rural family practice: implications for physical medicine curriculums. AB - To help determine the educational needs of both students and practitioners, an inventory of musculoskeletal and neurologic disorders was made of eight rural family practices for one year. Data on 54,043 patients representing 152,482 visits was put into an automated information system at the time care was received and coded by diagnosis. Computer listings provided the frequency of 372 diagnoses, the age distribution for diagnoses and the percent of total patients for each diagnosis. Physical medicine and rehabilitation (PM&R) conditions accounted for a minimum of 6.9% of the total visits and 11.7% of conditions that occurred individually in small numbers. PM&R conditions were fairly evenly distributed throughout all age ranges, indicating a need for education in both pediatric and adult areas. The breakdown of PM&R conditions by category provides valuable insight for future curriculum development. PMID- 6742997 TI - Rehabilitation services in rural communities: delivery by hospital based and local teams. AB - Since rehabilitation services are generally not available on a local basis to rural communities, a rural service delivery approach, the Coordinated Ambulatory Rehabilitation Evaluation Services (CARES) Project, was established. The program demonstrated a local rural rehabilitation capability based on primary care physicians, a local hospital, and nonphysician rehabilitation providers working cooperatively with a rehabilitation specialty hospital 640km away. Service delivery profiles of the hospital and local teams were compared for pediatric and adult clinics. The project was successfully implemented with 281 patients seen in their local areas. PMID- 6742998 TI - Pathologic gait diagnosis with computer-averaged electromyographic profiles. AB - A computer-assisted approach is described which compares EMG profiles from each patient's gait with similar profiles from able-bodied subjects. The EMG and footswitch signals from walking trials were telemetered via a six-channel biotelemetry system; the EMGs were further processed to obtain a linear envelope before A/D conversion into a desktop computer. Simultaneously, a video camera recorded the patient's walking pattern. From 32sec of converted data, a number of strides were selected for averaging to achieve a mean ensemble pattern over the stride period, which is set to 100% for each selected stride. The ensemble average of each muscle's EMG was superimposed on a plot of the EMG patterns from able-bodied subjects. The diagnostician then correlated atypical patterns from each muscle with the stopped or slow motion television image of each patient's gait. Positive corroborative evidence yields detailed diagnostic statements about the cause of their abnormal gait. Such evidence is valuable in planning future rehabilitative procedures or in assessing the results of past efforts. PMID- 6742999 TI - Posterior interosseous neuropathies: natural history. AB - Fifteen patients with unilateral posterior interosseous neuropathies were observed and 12 were followed for five years. Seven patients had had closed injuries to the elbow and eight had had spontaneous onset associated with heavy tennis or racquetball activity. All had electrodiagnostic abnormalities consistent with a posterior interosseous neuropathy. All injuries responded to conservative therapy and resolved with time. PMID- 6743000 TI - Medical students: learning experience in physical medicine and rehabilitation. AB - Every medical student at Mayo Medical School participates in a three-week training program in the department of physical medicine and rehabilitation. Since 1974-1975, approximately 40 students have had this experience each academic year. In addition to lectures, the learning experience includes clinical cases involving hospitalized patients and outpatients. Students are evaluated by written and oral examinations. At the end of the course, the students submit a list of patients seen during their rotation and another list of procedures they learned. For the classes of 1980, 1981, and 1982, the frequency of medical conditions seen and procedures learned by the medical students have been computed. The most common conditions seen by the 116 students were low back pain (92.2%), hemiplegia (87.9%), paraplegia (85.3%), quadriplegia (81%), and tension myalgia (79.3%). The procedures learned and demonstrated most frequently were crutch gaits (95.7%), muscle testing (94%), and goniometry (94%). Sixty students returned course evaluation forms at the conclusion of the program, the results of which indicated that high value is placed on this educational program. PMID- 6743001 TI - Dysarthria and aphagia: a case study of neuromuscular treatment. AB - This case study involves a 44-year-old man with flaccid dysarthria, right hemiparesis, left facial paresis, left vocal fold paralysis, and aphagia following multiple gunshot wounds. He was treated surgically with a tracheostomy, feeding gastrostomy, left temporalis muscle sling, left cricopharyngeal myotomy, hypoglossal nerve anastomosis, and left true vocal fold Teflon injection. After seven years, the patient was referred for speech therapy. The areas of glottic closure, velopharyngeal closure, and tongue strength and mobility were stressed initially in speech therapy. Since these mechanisms were related to his aphagia, it was hypothesized that the oral motor activities used for speech would also aid in swallowing. After nine weeks of intensive practice, gains were noted in strength and movement for the tongue, velum and larynx. Shortly thereafter, he swallowed blender-texture food. PMID- 6743002 TI - Joint play movements of the temporomandibular joint: clinical considerations. AB - During the voluntary mandibular movements produced by various combinations of medial and lateral pterygoid muscle activity, the mandibular condyle is confined to a line roughly parallel to the articular surface of the temporal bone. Techniques using involuntary joint-play movements of the temporomandibular joint (TMJ) can move the condyles downward or mediolaterally. Condylar distraction is accomplished by application of a downward force to the patient's posterior molar and a simultaneous upward force to the patient's chin. Variations, such as addition of a forward component to the distraction, or bilateral distraction (requiring an assistant to stabilize the patient's head), are often used. Lateral condylar movement requires application of a gentle lateral force to the lingual surface of the patient's posterior molar, as an opposite force is applied to the anterior part of the patient's mandible. These joint-play procedures are indicated initially, in TMJ evaluation, or during treatment of TMJ hypomobility. However, these techniques must be used cautiously if the joint is inflamed, as indicated by tenderness to palpation. TMJ evaluation requires gentle downward and lateral movements, while treatment of TMJ hypomobility may require alternation of forceful distraction and gentle lateral movements. Hypomobility due to an anteriorly displaced disc requires a strong distraction to reduce the disc and a removable dental prosthesis to maintain it in its correct position as the posterior ligament retracts. These joint play techniques are valuable in restoring function to the TMJ. PMID- 6743003 TI - Upright mobility system for spinal muscular atrophy patients. PMID- 6743004 TI - Surgical complications and skin test reactivity in patients with inflammatory bowel disease. AB - One hundred patients with inflammatory bowel disease were admitted to the Mount Sinai Hospital, New York, for surgical treatment. These patients were studied to evaluate the association between skin test reactivity and postoperative complications. Skin tests were performed prior to surgery using four recall antigens. Sixty patients were found to be anergic. The postoperative complication rate was significantly higher in the anergic patients when compared with those patients who were able to react to at least one skin test antigen. Twenty-seven anergic patients had 34 complications and almost 60% of these complications were of the septic type. Only 11 patients who responded to the skin tests had postoperative complications. Complications in the anergic patients required longer hospitalization and more frequent operative correction. There were no deaths in this series. Although anergic patients with inflammatory bowel disease are prone to experience septic complications, their prognosis appears to be better than the morbidity and mortality reported in the literature for anergic patients with other conditions. PMID- 6743005 TI - Percutaneous drainage of infected pancreatic pseudocysts. AB - After diagnostic needle aspiration guided by computed tomography and/or ultrasound, 11 infected pseudocysts in ten patients were treated nonoperatively by percutaneous catheter drainage and intravenously administered antibiotics. Nine infected pseudocysts resolved after 11 to 37 days (mean, 21 days) with no recurrences at follow-up 16 to 42 months (mean, 24.4 months) later. All were confirmed by Gram's stain, culture, and elevated amylase levels. Ten of the pseudocysts were acute; one was chronic; five were polymicrobial; six had a single organism. There were no major complications. There was one failure when a pancreatic abscess developed in a patient who died following operative drainage. There was one successful palliation of a postoperative-infected pseudocyst in a patient with an obstructing nonresectable carcinoma of the head of the pancreas. A trial of percutaneous catheter drainage is indicated in patients with infected pancreatic pseudocysts. PMID- 6743006 TI - Bacteroides bacteremia. Analysis of 142 episodes from one metropolitan area. AB - Overall mortality for 142 patients with Bacteroides bacteremia encountered in the four hospitals of one metropolitan area between 1977 and 1982 was 41%. Only 43% of deaths of these patients, however, were attributed directly to Bacteroides infection according to the criteria used in this study. Deaths of patients with Bacteroides bacteremia, compared with deaths of patients with bacteremia due to aerobic gram-negative rods, were less likely to occur early after onset of bacteremia. Choice of antimicrobial therapy had no obvious relationship to eventual outcome. Nonobstetrical Bacteroides bacteremia identifies a group of patients at high risk of death during hospitalization. The diversity of both clinical and microbiologic features of these infections, however, makes specific recommendations regarding optimum therapy difficult to formulate. PMID- 6743007 TI - Surgical decision making and operative rates. AB - A total of 4,687 surgeons from Canada, England, and the United States were asked to assess the need for surgical intervention in fictional case vignettes. The case histories omitted external influences, eg, all aspects of the physician patient relationship and any socioeconomic, organizational, or demographic influences. Correlations were made between known operative rates in the three countries and the surgeon's responses to the case histories. Evidence was found to indicate there are differences in the way surgeons from the three countries treat their patients when their clinical decisions are not affected by socioeconomic, organizational, and demographic influences. However, no evidence was noted that suggested such "simple" technical decisions regarding need for surgery have a major impact in determining a country's known surgical rates. The more important factors that ultimately determine known rates of surgery seem to be derived from broad economic and social forces in any given society. PMID- 6743008 TI - Inaccuracy of diagnostic peritoneal lavage in penetrating colonic trauma. AB - As part of an ongoing study of the operative treatment of colon injuries, 33 patients proved to have colon injury at operation had diagnostic peritoneal lavage as part of their preoperative examination. Gunshot wounds were the cause of injury in 22 (67%) of these patients and stab wounds in 11 patients (33%). The lavage was positive in only 23 (70%) of the 33 patients with operatively proved penetrating injuries of the colon. Lavage was accurate in 16 (73%) of 22 patients with gunshot wounds of the colon and seven (64%) of 11 patients with stab wounds. The overall false-negative rate for this series of patients was 30%. This study indicates that diagnostic peritoneal lavage is relatively inaccurate in the evaluation of colonic injury secondary to penetrating abdominal trauma. PMID- 6743009 TI - Cardiorespiratory effects of pneumatic trousers in critically ill patients. AB - Although pneumatic antishock trousers (PT) are widely used in prehospital and emergency care, little is known about their cardiorespiratory effects in critically ill patients. To examine this issue, we measured hemodynamic and oxygen metabolism variables in ten critically ill patients. All patients were studied with PTs uninflated, after five minutes of PT inflation to 40 mm Hg, and five minutes after PT deflation. Significant increase in mean arterial pressure, systemic vascular resistance, and pulmonary artery pressures were present after PT inflation. No significant changes in cardiac index, stroke index, arterial or mixed venous blood gas values, or oxygen delivery were found. There was a downward trend in VO2 that was on the border of statistical significance. Regression analysis of cardiorespiratory variables on blood volume demonstrated no physiologic effects of external counterpressure in hypovolemic, hypervolemic, or normovolemic patients. We concluded that PT inflation increases BP through its effects on peripheral resistance. No significant autotransfusion effect was present, and there was a suggestive impairment in oxygen metabolism. PMID- 6743010 TI - Muscle changes in venous insufficiency. AB - The diagnosis of venous insufficiency and hypertension was established in 53 patients using standard diagnostic methods including ascending and descending venography, venous pressure measurements, and photoplethysmography. Autogenous vein valve transplant, which is gaining acceptance as a treatment for this condition, was employed in this group of patients to relieve venous valvular insufficiency. Biopsy specimens of the gastrocnemius muscle were obtained before surgery in all 53 patients and studied pathologically. Three types of morphologic injury were encountered, suggesting that disuse, denervation, and ischemia may each be partially responsible for damage in skeletal muscle subjected to venous insufficiency and hypertension. Skeletal muscle injury probably explains the preoperative elevations of serum creatine kinase levels in many of our patients and may account for the failure of venous pressures to return to normal levels following surgery. PMID- 6743011 TI - Dependent rubor as a predictor of limb risk in patients with claudication. AB - We followed up 133 patients with claudication to determine the prognostic value of dependent rubor. Life tables analysis was used, with a threatened limb as the endpoint. A threatened limb was defined as the development of ischemic rest pain, skin ulceration, or gangrene. At four years, the rubor group had a limb-threat incidence of 25%, compared with only 9% in the nonrubor group. While not indicative of imminent limb loss, the presence of dependent rubor defines patients whose limb risk is greater than in those with claudication alone. PMID- 6743012 TI - Treatment of the totally occluded carotid artery. AB - Thirty-four patients, each with a totally occluded common or internal carotid artery, were treated over a 15-year period. Seventeen patients were treated nonsurgically, 17 underwent surgery. There were four patients in the nonsurgical group and six patients in the surgical group who were followed up until death. The average time span from diagnosis of carotid occlusion until death was 4.75 years in the nonsurgical group and 4.52 years in the surgical group. In the nonsurgical group, recurrent symptoms of cerebrovascular accident (CVA) developed in 60% of the patients available for extended follow-up. In contrast, 14% of the patients operated on and available for follow-up had recurrent symptoms, and no CVAs occurred postoperatively. From our data, we concluded that the stroke-free interval is improved, whereas survival is unaffected in the surgically treated patient. Endarterectomy of a contralateral stenotic carotid artery is particularly successful in achieving this reduction in morbidity. PMID- 6743013 TI - Rabbit lung after acute smoke inhalation. Cellular responses and scanning electron microscopy. AB - The cellular responses in the lungs of rabbits and the morphologic features of the tracheobronchial tree by scanning electron microscopy were examined 24 hours following acute inhalation of Douglas fir wood smoke. Thermal injury to the upper airway was excluded. Injury to proximal tracheal lining cells was severe and consisted of loss of the epithelium. The changes of the epithelial barrier in the proximal major bronchi were less severe in nature. However, the alterations observed by scanning electron microscopy suggested dysfunction of the mucociliary blanket. Both cell counts of bronchoalveolar lavage fluid and morphologic findings reflected an increase in alveolar macrophage response. Smoke-exposed alveolar macrophages showed significant changes in the surface features. These findings may explain the tracheobronchitis seen clinically, and the propensity of patients to lung infection following smoke inhalation. PMID- 6743014 TI - Arterial complications of total knee replacement. AB - Arterial complications of total knee replacement are rare but may be more frequently encountered as the number of replacement arthroplasties increases. An arterial injury may occur on either an acute or chronic basis, leading to ischemia of the lower extremity. The mechanism of injury may be analogous to that encountered in the popliteal artery entrapment syndrome, but may also result from disruptive forces applied to calcified atherosclerotic vessels by the pneumatic tourniquet or during intraoperative manipulation. A thorough preoperative vascular evaluation should be routinely performed in patients with evidence of coexisting peripheral arterial disease, and baseline Doppler segmental pressures should be obtained. Early detection of an arterial injury may prevent the serious consequences that might otherwise occur. PMID- 6743015 TI - Treatment of inferior vena cava obstruction producing Budd-Chiari syndrome. AB - We treated a patient who had an inferior vena cava (IVC) obstruction associated with Budd-Chiari syndrome. All of the right, middle, and left hepatic veins were completely obstructed. The IVC was obstructed by a membranous substance and thrombus at the hepatic portion and was completely occluded by a fibrous septum at the site of a suprahepatic coarctation. A cavotomy was performed transversely at the suprahepatic level and then longitudinally to the level just above the renal veins, and the obstructing tissue was removed. An additional vertical incision was made in the IVC over the coarctation, and an autologous pericardial patch was sutured in place to widen the IVC. The patient was discharged with the patency of the IVC restored. PMID- 6743016 TI - Obstructive sleep apnea in the morbidly obese. An indication for gastric bypass. AB - Two morbidly obese patients were described as having severe obstructive sleep apnea syndrome with several apneic periods occurring during sleep that produced substantial oxygen desaturation and, in one patient, cardiac arrhythmias. These patients, by dieting, had noted specific "trigger" weights at which they would manifest symptoms of lethargy, hypersomnolence, and snoring. Both were treated with tracheostomy, and after several days without apnea their cardiac and respiratory status stabilized and they underwent loop gastric bypass. Successful weight loss ensued and repeated sleep studies disclosed no further apneic periods (with the tracheostomies occluded), and so their tracheostomies were removed. We consider sleep apnea syndrome to be an indication for bariatric surgery. PMID- 6743017 TI - End-loop ileocolostomy for massive trauma to the right side of the colon. AB - In patients with severe trauma to the right side of the colon, who might have intraoperative contraindications to primary ileocolostomy, we use a new technique called end-loop ileocolostomy, which allows for complete diversion of the fecal stream with the distinct advantage that it precludes the need for formal laparotomy at the time of subsequent closure. This has been used successfully in eight patients. PMID- 6743018 TI - Controls in the study of lung cellular immune defenses. PMID- 6743020 TI - Further evidence from tryptic peptide analysis for heterogeneity among type D retroviruses. AB - Tryptic peptide analyses were performed on the major internal structural proteins of type D retroviruses isolated originally from subhuman primate species (MPMV, SMRV, LV) and from permanent human cell lines (HeLaV, HEp-2V, PMFV). The p25 peptide maps of MPMV, LV, PMFV and HEp-2V were very similar but showed a striking dissimilarity to the p25 map of HeLaV and the p35 map of SMRV. All type D viruses included in this study could be distinguished by peptide maps of at least two of their three low-molecular-weight proteins p10, p12 and p15. These studies further demonstrate the heterogeneity among type D retroviruses. PMID- 6743021 TI - Replication of mumps virus in murine cells. AB - Mumps virus replication was examined in various culture cells derived from mice. Eight of 16 lymphoid cell lines and 4 of 13 non-lymphoid cell lines supported the replication of Vero cell-adapted Enders strain (EY) of mumps virus. EY strain replicated more efficiently in lymphoid cell lines than in non-lymphoid ones. T cell preference, however, was not observed in this study. The growth kinetics of EY strain in high yield cell lines such as EL-4, L1210 and NS-18 cells were similar to that in Vero cells, while in low yield cell lines such as DK, C243 and 203 GL cells the growth patterns varied respectively. Nineteen kinds of primary culture cells of murine origin all proved not to be susceptible for EY strain, even when spleen cells were stimulated with lectins or allogeneic cells. Seven other strains of mumps virus were examined for their ability to replicate in EL 4, L1210 and L929 cells. Four and 6 strains replicated in EL-4 cells and L1210 cells respectively, although the growth patterns and yields varied in each virus cell combinations. On the other hand, none of 7 strains showed sufficient replication in L929 cells. PMID- 6743019 TI - Symptomatic hernias. PMID- 6743022 TI - Morphogenesis and fine structure of eel virus (Berlin), a member of the proposed Birnavirus group. AB - Eel Virus (Berlin) is associated with the occurrence of skin tumors in European eels. The genome of the virus consists of two segments of double-stranded (ds) RNA. The agent is assembled exclusively in the cytoplasm. Isometric particles with a diameter of 61 nm and in addition tubular structures and smaller particles were observed. The virion has a single shell: its capsid is composed of 132 interconnected morphological units with T = 13 dextro symmetry. According to particle size and bipartite nature of the genome, this virus has to be assigned to the tentatively proposed group of bisegmented ds RNA animal viruses. PMID- 6743023 TI - Verapamil inhibits influenza A virus replication. AB - Calcium channel blockers reduce Ca++ flux through membrane channels and may inhibit intracellular Ca++-dependent synthetic and regulatory activities by binding to calmodulin. We have found that Verapamil, a calcium channel blocker, inhibits influenza virus replication in Madin-Darby canine kidney cells and in murine pulmonary macrophages and that this antiviral effect occurs with drug addition late in the replication cycle. Chlorpromazine, a drug which binds to calmodulin, also inhibited influenza virus replication in these tissue culture systems. We suggest that Verapamil and chlorpromazine inhibit influenza virus replication by interfering with calmodulin-dependent intracellular activities necessary for late synthetic steps or virus assembly steps and that calcium channel blockers provide a new probe for investigating influenza virus replication. PMID- 6743026 TI - [Slow reacting substance from human peripheral polymorphonuclear leukocytes by incubation with fresh autologous serum and zymosan. Part 2. SRS release from PMN of bronchial asthmatic patients and regulation by histamine]. PMID- 6743025 TI - Biological functions of monospecific antibodies to envelope glycoproteins of Newcastle disease virus. AB - Monospecific antisera to HN and F glycoproteins of Newcastle disease virus were prepared, and their effects on the biological activities of the virus were investigated. Anti-HN serum inhibited hemagglutinating and neuraminidase activity, as well as hemolysis. Anti-F serum had no effect on hemagglutination or neuraminidase but inhibited hemolysis and virus-induced cell fusion. Anti-HN serum was highly neutralizing, while neutralization by anti-F serum was very inefficient in conventional plaque reduction tests, although both sera were estimated to contain comparable amounts of antibody reacting with the virus as indicated by complement fixation and immuno-diffusion tests. The neutralizing activity of anti-F serum was greatly enhanced by the addition of anti-IgG serum or fresh guinea pig serum, whereas that of anti-HN serum was little enhanced. Anti-HN serum incorporated in the agar overlay suppressed the development of plaques to some degree, while anti-F serum had little effect. The combination of anti-HN and anti-F sera resulted in a marked decrease in the number and size of plaques, demonstrating the synergistic effect of the two species of antibody in the containment of the spread of viral infection. PMID- 6743027 TI - [Examination of factors influencing exercise-induced bronchospasm (EIB) in asthmatic children. 3. Investigation of the interval between exercise tests]. PMID- 6743024 TI - On the role of oligosaccharide trimming in the maturation of Sindbis and influenza virus. AB - The alpha-glucosidase inhibitor bromoconduritol inhibits the formation of the N linked, complex-type oligosaccharides of the glycoproteins from influenza viruses (fowl plague virus, influenza virus PR-8) and from sindbis virus. Viral glycoproteins produced in bromoconduritol-treated chicken-embryo and baby-hamster kidney cells are fully glycosylated, but accumulate N-linked, high-mannose oligosaccharides of the composition Glc1Manx (GlcNAc)2 (x = 7, 8, and 9). Other alpha-glucosidase inhibitors (nojirimycin, deoxynojirimycin, acarbose) were not specific inhibitors of oligosaccharide processing under the conditions used in the present investigation. In bromoconduritol-treated, sindbis virus-infected chicken-embryo and baby-hamster kidney cells, the sindbis glycoproteins are metabolically stable. Specific proteolytic cleavage of the polyprotein precursors to form E2 and E1 occurs in bromoconduritol-treated chicken-embryo cells, but cleavage of PE2 to E2 is prevented in the infected baby-hamster kidney cells. Yet, release of infectious sindbis virus particles is inhibited in both cell types indicating that the formation of complex oligosaccharides is required for a late step in virus formation. The release of virus particles from influenza virus PR-8-infected bromoconduritol-treated chicken-embryo cells is not inhibited, and virus with only high-mannose oligosaccharides is formed. In contrast, when chicken-embryo cells were infected with the influenza virus fowl plague virus, release of infectious particles was inhibited. The fowl plague virus hemagglutinin is cleaved in chicken-embryo cells, in contrast to the hemagglutinin of the PR-8 virus. However, the cleavage products HA1 and HA2 do not reach the cell surface. In addition, or as a consequence, HA1 and HA2 are proteolytically broken down, whereas uncleaved hemagglutinin of PR-8 appeared metabolically stable. These results may explain the decrease in formation of fowl plague virus particles and the lack of effect on PR-8 virus in bromoconduritol treated cells. This work thus shows different biological roles for oligosaccharide processing. PMID- 6743028 TI - [Influence of alternation in the period of acetylcholine aerosol inhalation on the respiratory threshold of acetylcholine in acetylcholine inhalation tests. Cumulative dose-effect of acetylcholine administered in serially increasing doses]. PMID- 6743029 TI - [A study of immune complexes in Kawasaki disease]. PMID- 6743032 TI - Unusual presentations of lumbar stenosis. PMID- 6743030 TI - [The effects of Ca++ antagonists nifedipine and nicardipine on slow reacting substance of anaphylaxis (SRS-A) mediated bronchoconstriction in guinea pig]. PMID- 6743031 TI - Hemochromatosis. PMID- 6743033 TI - Determination of nutritional status in aging adults. PMID- 6743035 TI - The logistics of information. PMID- 6743034 TI - The Artificial Urinary Sphincter. State-of-the-art treatment for urinary incontinence. PMID- 6743036 TI - [Absence of the mid arch or pulmonary segment in frontal radiographies of cases with transposition of great vessels. Study of 34 cases]. PMID- 6743037 TI - [Effect of previous administration of amiodarone on the early incidence of ventricular fibrillation during experimental myocardial ischemia]. PMID- 6743038 TI - [Histochemical study of glycogen and lipids in the cardiac muscle of albino rats during acute stress]. PMID- 6743039 TI - [Serological study of toxoplasmosis after extracorporeal circulation]. PMID- 6743041 TI - [Infective Listeria monocytogenes endocarditis in a valve prosthesis. Report of a case]. PMID- 6743040 TI - [Recurrence of myocardial infarction in systemic lupus erythematosus. Report of a case and review of the literature]. PMID- 6743042 TI - [Current aspects of the physiopathology of coronary insufficiency]. PMID- 6743043 TI - [Effect of inspiratory apnea on general circulation and the heart]. PMID- 6743044 TI - [Atrial conduction disorders]. PMID- 6743046 TI - [Radiological and electromanometrical evaluation of the action of bromopride on gastric emptying and lower esophageal sphincter pressure in the immediate postoperative period of duodenal ulcer surgery]. AB - The effect of bromopride on gastric emptying and lower esophageal sphincter pressure was studied in 18 patients after truncal or selective vagotomy (9 of each), antrectomy and gastroduodenostomy at the lesser curvature for treatment of complicated duodenal ulcer. In 10 out of 18 patients, the gastric emptying and the lower esophageal sphincter pressure after IM administration of bromopride (10 mg) at 8 hours intervals, did not differ significantly from that obtained in 10 controls treated by the same surgical procedure. This may be explained by insufficient blood levels, since the data were obtained several hours after administration of the drug. In the remaining 8 patients, bromopride 10 mg IM 30 minutes before manometry induced a significant increase of the lower esophageal sphincter pressure, when compared to values measured just prior to the administration of the drug. Gastric emptying, however, was not significantly altered. This could be due to inaccuracy of the method to evaluate slight modifications of this parameter, since it is impossible to promote rapid emptying of a hypotonic stomach, except by mechanical means. PMID- 6743047 TI - [Abnormalities of the cystic duct diagnosed by oral cholecystography. Report of a case]. AB - A rare case of septal gallbladder with a long spiral cystic duct crossing the common hepatic duct and joining it at the papilla of Vater is described. These anomalies wer observed by oral cholecystography after a fatty meal. PMID- 6743045 TI - Histopathology of the common bile duct in choledocholithiasis. AB - The histology of the common bile duct was studied in 45 patients with choledocholithiasis and/or papillitis and compared with a control group of ten cadavers without hepatic or biliary disease. Choledochitis was diagnosed in 44. Only one patient presented a histologically normal duct. The inflammatory process was characterized by proliferation of connective tissue and loss of elastic fibers, cellular infiltration of lymphocytes and polymorphonuclear leukocytes, and atrophic dilatation or hyperplasic glandular changes. Choledochitis was divided in two types: chronic and acute-chronic, and according to the intensity of the inflammatory process was also classified in slight, moderate or severe. No correlation was found between choledocholithiasis and/or papillitis and type and intensity of choledochitis. PMID- 6743049 TI - [Morphological study of the small intestine in rats with experimental zinc deficiency]. AB - Rats were maintained 4 weeks on a zinc deficient diet from the time of weaning. A control group received the same basic diet supplemented with zinc. Zinc deficiency, was indicated by poor weight gain, diarrhea, exudative vesicular dermatitis around ears, eyes, nose and extremities, and lowering of blood zinc levels. The morphometric study of the small intestine showed: 1) decreased thickness of the intestinal wall and of the mucosa; 2) significant decrease of the mean villies length and of the mean crypt depth; 3) no alterations in the height of the enterocytes from the middle one third of the villis and in the number of Paneth cells; 4) a decreased mitotic index; 5) a diminished number of epithelial cells living the ville, and 6) a decreased population of intraepithelial lymphocytes, both in the proximal jejunum and distal ileum. These findings are compatible with an impairment of cell replication in the small intestine in experimental zinc deficiency in rats, and allow us to speculate that the diarrhea usually seen in states of zinc malnutrition, at least in part, could be dependent on these changes. PMID- 6743048 TI - Lactose load diet effect in rats. AB - Weanling and young adult rats were fed diets containing lactose (L) up to 50 g per 100 g diet for 15 days. The growth rats variation (W), fecal pH, net protein ratio (NPR) and protein efficiency ratio (PER) were determined. In weanling as well as in young adult rats an impairment of L was only detected for higher levels (greater than 20%), and diarrhea occurred only at 50%. The NPR and PER were partially effected by L because of the stimulation of appetite between 1 and 5 g%. The results for 10 and 20 g% of L were not different from controls. It was concluded that rats are not intolerant to levels of L less than or equal to 20%. The evaluation of protein quality in presence of L must be conducted with adapted methodology. PMID- 6743051 TI - Bilateral internuclear ophthalmoplegia reversed by naloxone. PMID- 6743050 TI - [Clinical session at the Brazilian Institute for Study and Research in Gastroenterology]. PMID- 6743052 TI - Interaction between sex and HLA in a population study. PMID- 6743053 TI - Hemicrania with partial Horner's syndrome--but not Raeder's syndrome. PMID- 6743054 TI - Subacute toxic delirium caused by nitrous oxide may be an acute withdrawal state. PMID- 6743055 TI - Subarachnoid hemorrhage precipitated by cocaine snorting. PMID- 6743056 TI - The CNS in Guillain-Barre syndrome. PMID- 6743057 TI - Atrial fibrillation and cerebral embolism. PMID- 6743058 TI - Thromboembolism in patients with atrial fibrillation. AB - On retrospective review of records of 150 patients with atrial fibrillation (AF), 31% experienced a stroke or peripheral embolism. The AF was not associated with cardiac valvular disease in 80% of the 150 patients. Most of the cerebral infarcts were large, disabling, and unheralded by transient ischemic attack. The thromboembolism typically occurred in patients whose AF was undetected prior to the infarction. Half of the patients with an ischemic event suffered multiple events, with one fourth of the recurrences arising within two weeks. PMID- 6743059 TI - Tremor as a feature of chronic relapsing and dysgammaglobulinemic polyneuropathies. Incidence and management. AB - Seven patients with chronic relapsing polyneuropathy and four patients with dysgammaglobulinemic polyneuropathy had tremor during the course of their illness. The tremor was coarse, irregular, and unrelated to proprioception loss, muscle weakness, or fatigue; it appeared to represent disease activity or an early sign of a new relapse. None of these patients had clinical signs of CNS disease or family history of essential tremor. The tremor in all seven patients with relapsing neuropathy and in one of the three treated patients with dysgammaglobulinemia responded to immunosuppressive drugs that controlled the underlying immune mechanism(s) of the disease. In two patients with dysgammaglobulinemic polyneuropathy, the tremor improved with propranolol hydrochloride. PMID- 6743060 TI - Chronic long-interval plasma exchange in myasthenia gravis. AB - Plasma exchange, when used in conjunction with azathioprine to treat chronic symptoms of myasthenia gravis, can usually be discontinued after a limited period of time without reappearance of symptoms. Patients who cannot be weaned from the procedure are often treated with more potent immunosuppressants to overcome exchange dependence. In view of the cumulative risks of more intensive daily immunosuppression, continuation of intermittent plasma exchange can be an acceptable alternative provided the interexchange interval (IEI) is relatively long. We describe two exchange-dependent patients in whom plasma exchange has been used for 4 1/2 and five years to control their symptoms. In both patients, who also received azathioprine, the IEI gradually lengthened to nine or 12 weeks over two to three years, without the introduction of new immunosuppressants. These cases illustrate that long-term plasma exchange is feasible and effective in selected exchange-dependent patients with myasthenia gravis. PMID- 6743061 TI - The neurologic implications of tinnitus. AB - One hundred twenty-one patients with chronic tinnitus were examined for associated neurologic lesions. A routine otologic evaluation was supplemented by an extensive neurologic evaluation, which usually included computed tomography with special views of the posterior fossa. Twenty-one percent of these patients had neurologic disease that appeared to be responsible for the tinnitus. Twenty three percent had neurologic problems associated with or evolving in concert with the tinnitus, but the auditory complaint could not be confidently ascribed to the CNS disease. Several patients had neurologic or psychiatric problems uncovered during the evaluation that were clearly unrelated to the auditory complaint. The high incidence of neurologic disease in association with tinnitus indicates that tinnitus is often an early sign of CNS disease. Chronic tinnitus justifies a rigorous neurologic evaluation of the affected person regardless of the character of the tinnitus. PMID- 6743062 TI - Hemorrhage and epilepsy in cryptic cerebrovascular malformations. AB - A series of 15 angiographically cryptic, histologically proved, cerebrovascular malformations occurred. Nine patients were admitted to the hospital with evidence of recent neurological deterioration or onset of headache. Six patients had convulsions. Computed tomographic scan and surgical exploration disclosed a substantial cerebral hematoma in eight instances. The pathological diagnosis was arteriovenous malformation in 11 cases, cavernous angioma in three, and venous angioma in one. Histological evidence of previous microhemorrhage was present in the majority of the specimens, including the patients who had seizures. A change in neurological status or onset of seizures probably indicates recent hemorrhage in cryptic cerebrovascular malformations. PMID- 6743063 TI - Intracranial pressure monitoring in comatose patients with cerebral hemorrhage. AB - Intracranial pressure (ICP) was measured continuously in ten consecutive comatose patients with intracerebral hemorrhage. Eight hemorrhages were ganglionic, one was thalamic, and one was lobar. The ICP at the time of insertion of the monitoring device was below 20 mm Hg in four patients, 20 to 30 mm Hg in four, and above 30 mm Hg in two. Of the seven patients whose ICP remained above 20 mm Hg despite aggressive medical therapy, three had the clot removed surgically and all three survived, although one died of sepsis a month later. The remaining four patients with uncontrolled ICP all died of the syndrome of brain death. Of tht three patients whose ICP was persistently below 20 mm Hg, one survived and two subsequently died of sepsis after improving neurologically for the first week. Intracranial pressure monitoring did not cause any morbidity. Raised ICP is related to mortality in comatose patients with cerebral hemorrhage, and ICP monitoring may be useful in guiding therapy, especially the timing and selection of patients for surgery. PMID- 6743064 TI - Histopathological findings in Becker-type muscular dystrophy. AB - Muscle biopsy specimens from 14 patients with Becker-type muscular dystrophy were analyzed to investigate possible neurogenic factors underlying the histopathological changes. Group atrophy, pyknotic nuclear clumps, and angular small fibers were seen respectively in 71%, 85%, and 100% of the cases. In one biopsy specimen, notable type grouping was observed. A prominent finding was the appearance of groups of regenerating fibers in biopsy specimens from younger patients. Fiber degeneration was present in only 57% of the cases. While myopathic features predominated in some biopsy specimens, others were compatible with denervation. It is not possible to give an answer to the question whether the changes are basically myopathic or neurogenic (or both), but evidence is growing that a neurogenic component may play a part in the pathogenesis of the disease. PMID- 6743065 TI - Paroxysmal dystonia as the initial manifestation of multiple sclerosis. AB - Paroxysmal dystonia was the initial manifestation of multiple sclerosis (MS) in eight patients. The disorder was generally characterized by dystonic posturing of unilateral extremities, averaging less than one minute in duration. Facial grimacing and dysarthria occurred in two of the eight patients. This paroxysmal phenomenon was frequently the cause of diagnostic confusion. The time elapsing before other neurological symptoms of MS developed was as long as ten years. PMID- 6743066 TI - Critical frequency of photic driving in the diagnosis of multiple sclerosis. AB - Pattern visual evoked response (PVER) and critical frequency of photic driving (CFPD) to repetitive flash stimuli were studied in 68 consecutive patients suspected of multiple sclerosis (MS) and 15 normal controls to assess the diagnostic value of combined PVER-CFPD testing. Clinically, 38 qualified for the diagnosis of MS while 30 did not. The CFPD was found to be unreliable for detecting optic nerve dysfunction (OND) in MS, since well-defined photic driving at all frequencies above 40 flashes per second was not present in 14 patients without MS (47%) and in three normal control subjects (20%). The PVER, on the other hand, was highly sensitive and specific for OND, being abnormal in 12 patients with definite MS (92%) but in none of the normal controls. It is concluded that PVER by itself is a valuable test for the diagnosis of OND in MS and additional CFPD testing is uninformative and may even be misleading. PMID- 6743067 TI - Detection of urea cycle enzymopathies in childhood. AB - Inborn errors of ureagenesis must be considered in the differential diagnosis of recurrent vomiting and lethargy in childhood. Elevations of liver enzyme levels are often present during these episodes and may lead to an erroneous diagnosis of hepatic encephalopathy. We studied two cases of urea cycle defects. PMID- 6743068 TI - Age-related headache characteristics. AB - A computerized headache interview was completed by 255 children, adolescents, and adults. Children did not differ from adults in the frequency of auras or prodromes. Young children were more likely than older patients to have brief headaches and headaches that tended to occur on weekdays, and to feel "great" after a headache. They were less likely than older patients to acknowledge multiple kinds of headaches, headaches located on one side of the head or posteriorly, and such concomitant occurrences as blurring, photophobia, irritability, frustration-anger, light-headedness, trouble with concentration, numbness-tingling, and lack of appetite. We do not know how much these differences can be attributed to age-related differences in language, physiology, or medical care selection factors. PMID- 6743069 TI - Sudden infant death syndrome caused by poliomyelitis. AB - Most seemingly well infants who die suddenly and unexpectedly have no adequate cause of death found on thorough postmortem examination. Respiratory and enteric viruses are often present, especially in the upper respiratory tract, but the infective process seems, of itself, insufficient to cause death. In the remainder of the cases, a variety of lesions will be discovered, including viral myocarditis, bronchiolitis, and sepsis. We report a case of sudden and unexpected death in a 5-week-old male infant due to acute anterior poliomyelitis. This case illustrates the importance of a thorough postmortem examination, including histologic studies of the brain stem and spinal cord in cases of sudden infant death syndrome. PMID- 6743070 TI - Progressive multifocal leukoencephalopathy in a patient with acquired immune deficiency syndrome. AB - Progressive multifocal leukoencephalopathy (PML) occurred in a heterosexual Haitian man with acquired immune deficiency syndrome (AIDS). The patient initially had focal neurologic signs and nonenhancing lesions on a computed tomographic scan. Although PML is rare, it should be included in the differential diagnosis of opportunistic infections associated with AIDS. Brain biopsy is suggested in patients suspected of having PML who might benefit from antiviral therapy. PMID- 6743071 TI - Unilateral palatal paralysis caused by lesion in the corticobulbar tract. AB - A patient with a cerebral infarct affecting the anterior limit of the superior segment of the corona radiata had unilateral paralysis of the palatal muscles without notable weakness of the extremities. The site of the lesion corresponded to the location of the corticofugal motor tract from the motor cortex to the genu of the internal capsule. PMID- 6743072 TI - Intravenous calcium treatment of refractory hypotension in Reye's syndrome. AB - Hypotension refractory to volume infusion and sympathomimetic drugs developed in a child with Reye's syndrome who had received prochlorperazine prior to admission. Calcium chloride given intravenously restored autonomic tone, resulting in restoration of a normal BP and cerebral perfusion pressure. Calcium may reverse the hypotensive effects of prochlorperazine maleate and may help reverse hypotension in patients with Reye's syndrome who have been pretreated with phenothiazine antiemetics. PMID- 6743073 TI - Benign intracranial hypertension and facial diplegia. AB - Benign intracranial hypertension (BIH) may occasionally be associated with false localizing cranial nerve palsies. Abducens nerve palsies reportedly occur in 10% to 60% of patients with BIH, whereas other cranial nerve palsies occur much less frequently. We treated a woman with benign intracranial hypertension and facial diplegia who showed complete resolution of her cranial nerve palsies after control of her elevated intracranial pressure with a lumboperitoneal shunt. The pathophysiologic course of cranial nerve palsies in patients with BIH is uncertain but in most cases probably represents a nonspecific pressure-related phenomenon, as was clearly demonstrated in this patient. The clinical association of BIH and facial diplegia has not, to our knowledge, been reported previously. PMID- 6743074 TI - Familial type IIa hyperlipoproteinemia associated with a huge intracranial xanthoma. PMID- 6743075 TI - Midbrain hemorrhage producing pure sensory stroke. PMID- 6743076 TI - Variability of visual field measurements in normal subjects and patients with retinitis pigmentosa. AB - Twenty-one normal subjects and 26 patients with retinitis pigmentosa (RP) underwent Goldmann perimetry to ascertain both interexaminer and intraexaminer variability. The data are of value for monitoring the natural disease progression in patients with RP and for defining the tolerance limits of field variability in normal subjects. PMID- 6743077 TI - Neuroretinal rim area in suspected glaucoma and early chronic open-angle glaucoma. Correlation with parameters of visual function. AB - The cup-disc ratio is an indirect measure of the amount of neural tissue present at the optic nerve head. A large cup-disc ratio in a large disc may be accompanied by a normal neuroretinal rim. The area of the neuroretinal rim is relatively constant in normal persons and should relate to visual function. In 39 eyes of patients with suspected glaucoma, normal subjects, and patients with early open-angle glaucoma, biometric findings, psychophysical functions, and optic nerve measurements were studied. The area of the neuroretinal rim was determined from stereophotographs and corrected for the magnification by the optical components of the eye. A statistically significant relation between this neuroretinal area and parameters of visual function was found. The cup-disc ratio correlated more weakly with visual function. Covariant analysis showed the neuroretinal area to be the only parameter capable in our sample of discriminating among the three clinical groups. PMID- 6743078 TI - Prevalence of circulatory disease among patients undergoing intracapsular cataract extraction. AB - Prevalences of 15 circulatory diagnoses were investigated for 113,242 patients undergoing intracapsular cataract extraction and 67,052 reference patients discharged from a sample of North American hospitals during 1979. After controlling for distributional differences in age (nine categories between 45 and 89 years), sex, and race (white v nonwhite), seven of the 15 diagnoses occurred with sufficient frequency to allow age-, sex-, and race-adjusted analysis. All seven of those diagnoses were found to have statistically significant differences in prevalences between the two procedure groups. Only benign hypertension was found to be more prevalent among patients undergoing cataract extraction regardless of age, sex, or race. The remaining six diagnoses all had a pattern of elevated prevalence among younger patients undergoing cataract extraction changing to elevated prevalence among other surgical patients at older ages. PMID- 6743079 TI - Visual results after microsurgical removal of meningiomas involving the anterior visual system. AB - Visual results were evaluated in 20 patients after microsurgical removal of intracranial meningiomas that had produced visual loss from damage to the anterior visual system. Patients were evaluated preoperatively, immediately postoperatively, and several months to years after surgery. Visual acuity either improved or remained normal in 68.75% (22/32) of eyes examined and worsened in 25% (8/32) of eyes examined. Visual field changes generally paralleled visual acuity changes. Visual results were most closely related to duration of visual symptoms and not to either tumor size or preoperative visual findings. PMID- 6743080 TI - Stimulus deprivation amblyopia in children. Sensitivity, plasticity, and elasticity (SPE). AB - In the SPE model we propose, sensitivity (S) to deprivation results in changes that may be either plastic (P) (permanent) or elastic (E) (temporary). The effects of various levels (hours per day) of monocular occlusion in amblyopic children are measured as the change in visual acuity in each eye. At the patching level extremes (12 or more hours per day, zero hours per day) the effects on visual acuity in the two eyes are reciprocal, but nearly equal (symmetrical). At intermediate levels of occlusion, the asymmetries in effects necessary for successful occlusion can be demonstrated. Additional measurements of SPE parameters in children may allow for the determination of occlusion dose response whereby the risks of occlusion amblyopia and interference with binocularity may be avoided. PMID- 6743084 TI - Osseous choristoma of the choroid. A familial disease. AB - Two patients in the same family (daughter and mother) had osseous choristoma of the choroid in four otherwise normal eyes. The clinical diagnosis of the choroidal lesion was confirmed by B-scan ultrasonography. Both patients were followed up for five years and neither showed any essential change of the fundus. The high prevalence of this choroidal tumor in girls and women (20 of 22 reported cases) and the present report on two patients in the same family suggest that a hereditary factor should be considered in the etiology of this unusual choroidal lesion. PMID- 6743081 TI - Spatial contrast sensitivity. Importance of controlling the patient's visibility criterion. AB - Clinical spatial contrast sensitivity measurements are typically made using psychophysical methods that do not specify the response criterion being used by the patient in judging grating visibility. Results of this report show the necessity of such methods for (1) maximizing detectability of early contrast sensitivity deficits by minimizing normal sample variance, and (2) ensuring that changes in an individual's contrast sensitivity reflect changes in vision and not simply fluctuations in the patient's criterion for judging grating visibility. PMID- 6743083 TI - Leigh's subacute necrotizing encephalomyelopathy manifesting as spasmus nutans. AB - Subacute necrotizing encephalomyelopathy (SNE), or Leigh's disease, is an unusual neurologic disorder that is associated with nystagmus, strabismus, and optic atrophy in the majority of cases, and is most often described in infants. The defect currently thought to account for SNE is the presence of an inhibitor factor in the thiamine pathway. We saw a patient whose eye findings initially were believed to represent spasmus nutans, but whose clinical course, computed tomographic findings, and autopsy findings were typical of SNE. PMID- 6743082 TI - Visual field defects in ocular hypertension and glaucoma. AB - We measured visual fields using three unconventional test stimuli; sine-wave grating targets of 2 and 5 cycles/degree and a visual acuity target. Of 15 patients with ocular hypertension (OHT), eight had visual field defects for contrast sensitivity when tested with a sine-wave grating target of low spatial frequency; these patients had normal perimetric fields and normal fields for visual acuity. We hypothesize that the outer extremities of the largest dendritic trees of retinal ganglion cells become functionally ineffective in some patients with OHT and early glaucoma, possibly due to retinal ischemia, and as a result visual sensitivity to low spatial frequency gratings is reduced while visual acuity is spared. Since this hypothetical mechanism may be somewhat independent of the mechanism that causes ganglion cell loss, not all the contrast field defects in OHT would be expected to progress to glaucomatous field defects and be evident to clinical perimetry. PMID- 6743085 TI - Mechanisms of visual loss in corneal edema. AB - Although visual disability from corneal edema is a well-recognized clinical finding, it is not easily confirmed by routine visual assessment. A more reliable assessment of visual changes resulting from corneal edema of varying origins is achieved by measurement of changes in the contrast sensitivity function. The measurements can be sensitized by the presence of a glare source to allow a more accurate determination of the nature of the visual loss. Even in the absence of a measurable loss of visual acuity, corneal edema leads to diminished visual function. The magnitude and type of this loss is dependent on the origin of the edema and the site of the corneal response. PMID- 6743086 TI - Elevation of intraocular pressure by calcium channel blockers. AB - Topical administration of three different calcium channel blockers (verapamil hydrochloride, diltiazem hydrochloride, or nifedipine) increased intraocular pressure transiently in rabbits. Outflow facility and episcleral venous pressure were unchanged. Aqueous humor flow seemed to be increased 30 minutes after topical application of verapamil when estimated by the Goldmann equation or by changes in anterior chamber fluorescein-labeled dextran concentration. However, aqueous humor ascorbate concentrations and turnover of radioactive iodide did not differ from that in the untreated eye. Ocular blood volume was found to be increased after topical application of verapamil, which suggested vascular changes as a possible mechanism for the induced increase in IOP. Topical verapamil raised IOP in healthy human volunteers, but the elevation was less than observed in rabbits. Single oral doses of verapamil in rabbits or human beings had no effect on IOP. PMID- 6743088 TI - Double-ended needle holder for anterior segment surgery. AB - A newly designed double-ended needle holder provides the surgeon who is operating on the anterior segment with the advantages of both a straight and curved needle holder without having to change instruments. PMID- 6743087 TI - Vitreous fluorophotometry in rats with streptozocin-induced diabetes. AB - Vitreous fluorophotometry (VF) has been used to study the blood-retinal barrier in rats with streptozocin-induced diabetes. Subsequent investigations have shown that many variables other than diabetes influence VF values. With the use of a commercially available fluorophotometer, we assessed VF measurements in diabetic rats while simultaneously measuring other variables, including plasma fluorescein level, free plasma fluorescein level, and blood pH. Mean total plasma fluorescein concentration, mean free plasma fluorescein concentration, and mean midvitreous fluorescein concentration were significantly decreased in diabetic animals. The mean ratio of midvitreous fluorescein concentration to total plasma fluorescein concentration was significantly increased in diabetic animals. In comparison with nondiabetic animals, the diabetic animals showed no significant difference in blood pH or mean ratio of free plasma fluorescein concentration to total plasma fluorescein concentration. Our findings confirm an early derangement of the blood retinal barrier in diabetic rats. PMID- 6743089 TI - Bilateral sixth-nerve palsy after water-soluble contrast myelography. PMID- 6743090 TI - Another look at long-term visual effects of binocular occlusion in neonates. PMID- 6743091 TI - Orbital fistula, infection, and cysts. PMID- 6743092 TI - Essential blepharospasm. PMID- 6743093 TI - Fundus findings in Leber's hereditary optic neuroretinopathy. III. Fluorescein angiographic studies. AB - Fluorescein angiography was performed in nine members of families with Leber's disease. Serial studies were obtained in four men observed from asymptomatic to atrophic stages. Peripapillary microangiopathy was observed in six of nine asymptomatic eyes. Arteriovenous shunting occurred in the telangiectatic vascular bed. These changes remained stable in some eyes and progressed in others. In the acute stage, arteries and telangiectatic vessels were maximally dilated and flow was rapid. Angiography showed florid shunting in lower and upper vascular arcades and reduced filling of papillomacular capillaries. Vessels of the shunting vascular bed gradually narrowed irregularly. In the atrophic stage, disc vascularity diminished and arteriovenous circulation time increased markedly. Arterioles narrowed and peripapillary microangiopathy disappeared. These findings support our contention that Leber's disease is a hereditary vascular neuroretinopathy. PMID- 6743094 TI - Orbital hypotelorism. An isolated autosomal dominant trait. AB - Four patients from three consecutive generations of a family with ocular hypotelorism are described. Radiographs document a subnormal distance between the medial orbital walls. To our knowledge, this is the first report of heritable isolated orbital hypotelorism. The pedigree is consistent with an autosomal dominant disorder. PMID- 6743096 TI - Problematic snoring and sleep apnea. The place for surgery. PMID- 6743095 TI - Stimulus deprivation amblyopia. Simultaneous recording of local macular electroretinogram and visual evoked response. AB - Local macular electroretinogram (ERG) and visual evoked response (VER) were recorded simultaneously in ten adult patients with stimulus deprivation amblyopia. The fundus was monitored by an infrared television fundus camera. The location of the stimulus spot and eccentric fixating point were also monitored during recording. Responses in amblyopic eyes were compared with those in the normal fellow eyes in terms of the size of the stimulus spot, location of the eccentric fixating point in response to the stimulus spot, and visual acuity. The amplitude of VER in the amblyopic eye showed enhancement when the stimulus spot centering around the fovea involved the eccentric fixating point. The amplitude and peak time of the ERG in the amblyopic eye was essentially normal regardless of the degree of eccentricity of the fixating point and visual acuity. PMID- 6743097 TI - Pars flaccida cholesteatoma as demonstrated by computed tomography. AB - Prior to the availability of high-resolution computed tomography (CT), the mainstay of roentgenographic diagnosis of cholesteatoma was conventional filming and complex motion tomography. The precise extent of the soft-tissue mass was very difficult to delineate with these methods, and one relied on indirect findings such as bony erosion and displacement. With high-resolution CT, the soft tissue mass itself can be seen. Typical modes of extention of pars flaccida cholesteatomas of varying size are illustrated in this study. PMID- 6743098 TI - Influence of catecholamines on perilymph Po2. AB - In a previous study, a special rheological model of intra-arterial perfusion was used to examine the existence and effectiveness of vasomotor control of the cochlear vessels in guinea pigs. Catecholamines were injected intra-arterially into this animal model and the changes induced in the cochlear action potentials were examined. In this investigation, we used the same animal model and technique to measure the perilymph Po2 after perfusion of the cochlea with catecholamines. In addition, the effect of drainage of the CSF before infusion was examined. The results indicated that opening the labyrinth allows the escape of CSF through the patent cochlear duct. This may modify the concentration of the substance under study in the perilymph and cause inaccuracies in the data obtained. PMID- 6743099 TI - Reconsideration of fat pad management in lower lid blepharoplasty surgery. AB - Treatment of the protruding fat pads in the lower blepharoplasty is a problem for most surgeons performing this procedure. The problems usually encountered are reviewed, the lid anatomy discussed, and a method of correcting the defect without surgically interrupting the orbital septum is presented. Tightening of the orbital septum may be produced with proper application of electrosurgical current. A total of 364 cases have been done, with a maximum follow-up of 42 months. Results show that this provides a safe and effective method of achieving the desired improvement in the bulging lower lid. PMID- 6743101 TI - Routine panendoscopy--is it necessary every time? PMID- 6743100 TI - Transfer of human nasal papilloma into nude mice. AB - We transferred tumor tissue from two inverted schneiderian nasal papillomas to hypothymic nude mice. Tissue from one tumor, which later underwent malignant change, was transferred three times. Forty days lapsed before growth was evident, with a subsequent period of rapid growth. Histologic appearances of the primary tumor and xenografts were similar. Although the data are derived from only two cases, our findings suggest that the capacity of these tumors to grow in nude mice may be an index of their malignant potential. PMID- 6743102 TI - Value of panendoscopy in determination of second primary cancer. A study of 451 cases of head and neck cancer. AB - A series of 451 consecutive patient records were reviewed. Of these, 43 had diagnoses of epidermoid carcinoma of the head and neck. Triple endoscopy, by flexible fiberoptic methods, was performed on all these patients and was critical in the determination of second primary carcinoma in eight patients. As panendoscopy shows no mortality and a low morbidity rate, it should be used in diagnosis of second primary tumors, despite a probable low percentage of second primary discovery; long-term patient survival demands use of all available resources in such diagnoses. PMID- 6743103 TI - Computed tomography with gas cisternography for detection of small acoustic tumors. A study of five false-positive results. AB - Cranial computed tomography (CT) with gas cisternography is reported to be the most accurate method of detection of small acoustic tumors. However, five false positive CT results experienced in three years are now reported. This is a false positive rate of 22% for tumors with less than 5-mm protrusion into the cerebellopontine angle, and a false-positive rate of 50% for tumors with less than 2-mm protrusion. A false-positive result is suspected if no mass protrudes at the porus or if gas enters the lateral internal auditory canal. PMID- 6743104 TI - Streptomycin drug fever during treatment of bilateral Meniere's disease. AB - The use of intramuscular injections of streptomycin sulfate for the ablation of vestibular function in patients with bilateral Meniere's disease is well established. Although hypersensitivity reactions to streptomycin are documented, frank drug fevers are rare. Our patient, with no previous history of drug allergies, was treated with parenteral streptomycin for disabling bilateral Meniere's disease. The patient's hospital course was complicated by severe hypotension and spiking fevers, which were temporally related to the streptomycin injections, and which resolved on cessation of the drug therapy. A challenge dose of a new batch of streptomycin resulted in renewed rigors, fever, and hypotension. The necessity of early recognition of this uncommon, life threatening drug fever with streptomycin is emphasized by our experience. PMID- 6743105 TI - Melkersson-Rosenthal syndrome. AB - The Melkersson-Rosenthal syndrome (MRS) is a rare condition characterized by the triad of familial relapsing peripheral facial palsy, facial edema, and lingua plicata. Within a well-documented family aggregate of MRS, an index case simultaneously demonstrated all the elements of the triad, as well as gingival changes similar to those of cheilitis granulomatosa. When the incomplete or oligosymptomatic forms are considered, the MRS may be more common than previously thought. PMID- 6743107 TI - Laryngomalacia. A review and case report of surgical treatment with resolution of pectus excavatum. AB - Laryngomalacia has been described in the medical literature for over 100 years. During this time many different names have been used for the same condition. There have been numerous discussions of symptoms, cause, pathogenesis, relationships to other conditions, hereditary factors, and treatment. The purpose of this study is to historically review the literature, clarify terminology, and describe the clinical aspects of the disease. We also summarize and make conclusions regarding cause, pathogenesis, genetic and disease relationships, prognosis, and treatment. Finally, we present a case report of severe laryngomalacia and describe a surgical technique used to treat it. PMID- 6743108 TI - Hypertrophic pulmonary osteoarthropathy heralding relapse of lymphoepithelioma. AB - Hypertrophic pulmonary osteoarthropathy is an uncommon paraneoplastic syndrome occasionally associated with nasopharyngeal lymphoepitheliomas. We treated two patients with previously diagnosed lymphoepitheliomas in whom hypertrophic pulmonary osteoarthropathy preceded the recognition of pulmonary metastases. Both patients' disabling arthritic syndromes resolved with effective therapy directed at their neoplasms. PMID- 6743106 TI - Kawasaki disease in adults. An otolaryngologist's perspective. AB - Kawasaki disease has been recognized for more than 15 years in children, but it is only recently that adult cases have been known to occur. One such case is reported herein. The cases of previously described adult patients are reviewed in depth, emphasizing the otolaryngologic findings. Diagnosis is based on clinical findings with prominent fever, oropharyngeal erythema, dermatitis, and cervical lymphadenopathy. The underlying lesion is a vasculitis and treatment is mainly supportive, although aspirin seems to have some value in the prevention of cardiac complications. PMID- 6743109 TI - Spindle cell carcinoma of the larynx. PMID- 6743110 TI - Chondrometaplasia of the larynx. PMID- 6743112 TI - Children and smoking. PMID- 6743111 TI - Latency of the acoustic reflex in eighth-nerve tumor. PMID- 6743113 TI - Rare ENT condition. PMID- 6743114 TI - Symptoms and feeding patterns in first year of life. PMID- 6743115 TI - Ablation of tissue. PMID- 6743116 TI - In defence of laser therapy. PMID- 6743117 TI - Pain in the leg: an overview. AB - Pain in the leg has many causes but a clinical diagnosis usually can be determined by attention to detail. A schematic approach is presented with critical questions to be asked of the patient; flow charts assist the diagnosis. PMID- 6743118 TI - Arthroscopy in the management of knee disorders. AB - In the past 15 years arthroscopy and arthroscopic surgery have dramatically altered the pattern of knee surgery throughout the western world. Although the equipment is expensive and fragile and patience and skill are required to perform the lengthy procedures, the advantages to the patient are significant. Accurate diagnosis is possible and the microsurgical corrective procedure causes little interference to lifestyle. An early return to full activity benefits the patient and the community by reducing both hospital costs and loss of earnings. The safe application of these techniques is available in all major Australian cities from experienced and capable orthopaedic surgeons. PMID- 6743119 TI - The painful knee. AB - The painful knee is discussed in the context of being the presenting symptom and a structured approach to diagnosis is offered. Mechanism of the pain is defined and related to the common clinical conditions. Diagnosis is essential to management and is possible in most instances with the aid of arthrography and arthroscopy. PMID- 6743120 TI - The painful hip. AB - Diagnosis of the cause of a painful hip joint can be difficult. Some conditions require urgent diagnosis and management but in many instances careful observation over a period of time constitutes good management of the patient. PMID- 6743121 TI - Nerve entrapment syndromes of the lower limb. AB - The general features of entrapment are discussed. Common and less common lower limb entrapments are surveyed with consideration of differential diagnoses. Treatment modalities are summarised. PMID- 6743122 TI - Idiopathic adolescent scoliosis. AB - An outline of the incidence, pathology, diagnosis and natural history of idiopathic adolescent scoliosis has been given. Early detection is more common now because of an increase in public awareness and school surveys. Most curves are mild and neither progress nor require treatment. Effective bracing techniques control most significant curves; safe and effective surgical procedures are available for curves too severe for bracing. PMID- 6743123 TI - Ends and means in research design. AB - General practice research often is a description of facts rather than a prediction of outcomes. This paper discusses the need to prepare protocols, to do pilot studies (to minimise error) and to be aware of the individuality of doctors and patients. The design or model for a project must be adapted to the question being asked: the means must suit the ends. PMID- 6743124 TI - Road accident trauma--facts and trends. PMID- 6743125 TI - Statistical points of note. PMID- 6743126 TI - Advice on the medicolegal aspects of attendance at road accidents. AB - There is no strict legal obligation to render aid at the scene of an accident but in (rightly) doing so, one risks medicolegal consequences. An appropriate principle would be: 'A person is liable if he or she undertakes to perform a voluntary act and performs it improperly but not if he or she neglects to perform it'. No liability attaches to an error of judgement. The fear of litigation over negligence should never deter a medical practitioner from giving assistance in an emergency. The practitioner at an accident must observe the usual professional requirements: the 'duty of care' must be discharged by avoiding unreasonable risk, foreseeing the potential of the treatment and maintaining the standard of conduct of one's comparable peers. The doctor may not withdraw his care from the patient until it is possible to do so without increasing the risk to the patient or until he or she can do no more for the patient. (Thus, the best management is to arrange for rapid transfer to appropriate and adequate facilities.) PMID- 6743127 TI - Whiplash. A specialist's view. AB - Moderate and severe whiplash injury may cause protracted disability. The degree of discomfort and specific damage is difficult to identify and symptoms sometimes can be encouraged by the promise of an insurance settlement. PMID- 6743128 TI - Roadside emergencies. A casualty director's view. AB - Emergency care: where untrained laymen sometimes rush in, many doctors are reluctant to become involved in fear their attempts might result in additional injury to the patient and an action for malpractice. The doctor (accustomed to approaching each new patient with a routine of history taking and examination) is ill equipped by his or her training for the different priorities of accident work. To become expert in emergencies the practitioner must have a plan of action, some special apparatus and training in a few techniques, but procedures should be limited to those necessary to get the injured safely and quickly to appropriate medical care. PMID- 6743129 TI - The whiplash syndrome. A general practitioner's viewpoint. AB - 'Whiplash' is an overused term which probably should be confined to injuries suffered in a rear end collision between motor vehicles. Clinically it presents as a syndrome rather than a single injury: relationships between the patient, the injuries received, the pathology incurred and the prognosis appear to be inseparable. It is very common in city practice and at times seems endemic. PMID- 6743130 TI - Pre hospital care of road accident victims. AB - Lifesaving measures for road accident victims require minimal equipment and the general practitioner has the training and skills to make triage assessment of the injured. A good relationship between the doctor and ambulance officers is essential for efficient team work in crises in a country area. PMID- 6743131 TI - Protocols and dollars. AB - A protocol is part of the process which translates a research question into a feasible project. It must be specific and include all relevant circumstances under which the research will be conducted (for example, the patient's age, sex, time of presentation, pre existing conditions) with an appropriate decision about each. As the examples show, preparation of a protocol (Table 2) can be a painstaking process and, even after acceptance by a funding organisation, it might require modification. PMID- 6743132 TI - Motor vehicle accident--multiple trauma. PMID- 6743133 TI - Some skin infections common in children. PMID- 6743135 TI - Bicycle accidents in childhood. Social and preventive aspects. PMID- 6743134 TI - Why pedal cyclists should wear safety helmets. AB - The safety of motor vehicle occupants has been improved dramatically by legislation compelling the wearing of seat belts; protection of motor cyclists against head injury has followed the mandatory wearing of a safety helmet. Bicyclists have been relatively ignored, which is especially regrettable when two thirds of bicycle casualties are school children. Helmets are worn by approximately 25 per cent of adult bicyclists using arterial roads but by less than five per cent of school children. PMID- 6743136 TI - Three day treatment of vaginitis with econazole nitrate cream. AB - The cure rate of a short term twice daily therapy for vulvovaginal infection caused by Candida albicans is shown to be comparable with the results of longer courses of treatment. Three quarters of patients studied approved of the twice daily therapy. PMID- 6743137 TI - Management of traumatic pneumothorax. AB - In road accident trauma, pneumothorax can be 'open' (associated with a penetrating chest wound) or 'closed'; either can be associated with fractured ribs or development of intrapleural tension. Tension and open pneumothorax are recognised easily and their correction at the scene of the accident can be lifesaving. Any accompanying major intrathoracic and subcostal organ damage should be assessed. PMID- 6743138 TI - The scar goes deeper than the wound. PMID- 6743139 TI - The ability of IgA to inhibit complement consumption by complement-fixing antigens and antigen-antibody complexes. AB - The polymeric and monomeric (7S) forms of the nitrophenyl-specific MOPC-315 murine IgA myeloma protein were examined for their capacity to inhibit the consumption of guinea-pig complement (C) by the C-activating protein DNP46BSA and by antigen-antibody (Ag-Ab) complexes. On a molar basis, 13S IgA was slightly (2 3 fold) more efficient than 7S IgA in inhibiting C consumption by DNP-BSA. When mixed with IgG antibodies prior to incubation with a non-complement-fixing antigen (TNP-KLH), 13S IgA was considerably more effective than 7S IgA in preventing the formation of Ag-Ab complexes able to fix C. The degree of inhibition observed was related to the concentration of C used in the assay, being greater at lower C concentrations. PMID- 6743140 TI - Tick resistance and the major histocompatibility system. AB - 199 3/4 Brahman 1/4 Shorthorn cattle, whose resistance to the cattle tick Boophilus microplus had been determined by clinical trial, were tested for 19 bovine lymphocyte antigens. Of eleven antigens detected at a frequency greater than 5%, two were found to be associated with tick resistance and a third was associated with susceptibility to ticks. However, none of these antigens accounts for more than 2.1% of the variance, indicating that these associations are not strong. PMID- 6743141 TI - Metabolism of Babesia parasites in vitro. Glucose and energy metabolism of B. bovis. AB - The glucose and oxygen consumption, glycolytic ratio, lactate and pyruvate production and change in adenylate energy charge (AEC) and ATP concentration of B strain B. bovis-infected erythrocytes were measured. Although less than 5% of erythrocytes were infected, glucose and oxygen consumption in basal salts solution (BSS) were more than 2.5 times, and pyruvate production 7 times, those of uninfected erythrocytes. The glucose consumption of B. bovis alone was similar to previously reported values for B. rodhaini alone but the glycolytic ratio of B. bovis was less than half that previously reported for B. rodhaini. Pre incubation concentrations of ATP in B strain B. bovis-infected erythrocytes were significantly lower than in uninfected erythrocytes but increased considerably following incubation in BSS, in contrast to B. rodhaini in which ATP concentrations were previously shown to decrease significantly following incubation in basal salts medium. When monitored every 4 h during 24 h incubation in BSS, the glucose consumption and lactate production of two strains of B. bovis were very similar. The glycolytic ratio of K strain B. bovis in RPMI 1640 medium plus 15% bovine plasma was double that in BSS. Both strains of B. bovis were infective after 24 h incubation in basal medium, in marked contrast to B. rodhaini which had been shown to lose infectivity. PMID- 6743142 TI - Metabolism of Babesia parasites in vitro. Change in adenylate energy charge and infectivity of Babesia rodhaini-infected erythrocytes. AB - Studies were undertaken to investigate a possible correlation between the change, during experimental in vitro treatments, in adenylate energy charge (AEC) of B. rodhaini-infected erythrocytes and the infectivity of the parasites for mice. When the AEC and infectivity of B. rodhaini-infected erythrocytes were modified by incubation in basal salts media containing various substrates, parasite infectivity correlated significantly (r2 = 0.83, p less than 0.01) with change in AEC. However, B. rodhaini frozen with and without cryoprotectant demonstrated large changes in infectivity but relatively small changes in AEC. The final AEC values were similar to those of unfrozen organisms, although infectivity was greatly depressed. The results suggest that, when in vitro treatment changed the adenine nucleotide pool (ATP + ADP + AMP) of infected erythrocytes, change in AEC correlated with infectivity. When the adenylate pool was unchanged, no such correlation was evident. Thus, the AEC can be a useful index of parasite infectivity in some, but not necessarily in all, in vitro systems. Data on the relative utilization by B. rodhaini of various substrates, obtained when AEC and infectivity of infected erythrocytes were modified, are also reported and discussed. PMID- 6743143 TI - Portal vein perfusion of the isolated rat liver: some markers of hyperthermic liver damage. AB - The cytotoxic effects of hyperthermia on tumours are readily measured. Parameters of injury to normal tissues are needed to evaluate therapeutic potential. Fifty five isolated rat livers were perfused in vitro for 180 min in order to determine parameters of hyperthermic injury. During this period they were heated for 1 h at temperatures ranging from 37 degrees to 45 degrees and then assessed for evidence of hyperthermic injury. The most critical indicator of hyperthermic injury was sustained depression of bile production. Bile secretion decreased by 80% after heating at temperatures above 42 degrees. Aspartate amino transferase (AST) release increased significantly at temperatures of 42 degrees and above. Potassium and variable amounts of glucose were released into the medium during heating, reflecting temporary changes in metabolism at high temperatures. PMID- 6743144 TI - The gut-associated lymphoid system of two species of Australian marsupial mice, Antechinus swainsonii and Antechinus stuartii. Distribution, frequency and structure of Peyer's patches and lymphoid follicles in the small and large intestine. AB - The distribution and number of Peyer's patches (5) in two species of marsupial mice, Antechinus swainsonii and Antechinus stuartii was found to be the same even though the length of the intestine in the latter species was half that of the former. Both species lack a caecum and appendix. The position of the Peyer's patches is unusual in that the first three Peyer's patches are on the right side of the small intestine whereas the penultimate and ultimate Peyer's patches are large, contain many lymphoid follicles and are in an anti-mesenteric position in the small intestine and sometimes in the large intestine (ultimate Peyer's patch). The number of Peyer's patches in eutherian mice of similar size, and intestinal length is greater (13) although the number of Peyer's patch lymphoid follicles per centimeter intestine is less (1.8) than in A. swainsonii (4) and A. stuartii (4.4). Marsupial mice have most of their lymphoid follicles confined to a few large Peyer's patches, whereas eutherian mice have fewer lymphoid follicles per unit intestinal length, more Peyer's patches (with fewer lymphoid follicles) evenly distributed along the intestine and more single lymphoid follicles interspersed between them. PMID- 6743145 TI - The pathology of psittacine beak and feather disease. AB - Psittacine beak and feather disease is characterised by loss of feathers, abnormally shaped feathers and overgrowth and irregularity of the surface of the beak. The disease occurs in a number of psittacine species including the Sulphur crested Cockatoo, Lovebirds , Budgerigars and Galahs . The abnormal appearance of feathers and beak is due to a dystrophic process within the epidermis of the feather and beak. The process consists of epidermal cell necrosis, epidermal hyperplasia and hyperkeratosis. Many of the feather abnormalities are due to retention of a hyperkeratotic feather sheath. A characteristic microscopic finding is the presence of macrophages containing purple intracytoplasmic inclusions in affected epidermis and feather pulp. The inclusions consist of aggregates of particles 17 to 22 nm in diameter. Similar but smaller inclusions occur in epidermal cells. In addition, non-suppurative inflammation occurs in the feather pulp. The findings are suggestive of a viral infection. PMID- 6743146 TI - A necropsy technique for cattle to eliminate contamination of lymph nodes by mycobacteria. AB - A field necropsy technique for cattle is described which avoids contamination by environmental mycobacteria of tissues intended for bacteriological examination. Settling the dust by hosing on and around the carcase, using sterile instruments for the collection of each tissue, excising lymph nodes without incising the capsule and submitting the nodes to the laboratory intact in saturated tetraborate solution resulted in uncontaminated samples even under adverse field conditions. The procedure is recommended for future investigations into the role of mycobacteria other than Mycobacterium bovis in the sensitisation of cattle to the intradermal test for tuberculosis. PMID- 6743148 TI - Normal haematological and biochemical values for the swamp buffalo (Bubalus bubalis) in Australia. AB - Blood samples were collected from 24 immature male, 55 immature female and 99 mature female water buffalo kept at an experimental farm in the Northern Territory. Haematological analysis was performed on blood collected in dipotassium--ethylene diamine tetra acetic acid while biochemical analysis was performed on serum and plasma (for glucose) samples. Haematological values of mature buffalo were similar to those recorded for swamp buffalo in Malaysia. Blood cell appearances were similar to those reported for adult Indian river buffalo though values recorded for red cell components were higher. Statistical analysis revealed no significant differences between immature male and female buffalo. Red cell components, eosinophils, total plasma and serum proteins, albumin, gamma globulins, inorganic phosphate and the enzyme gamma-glutamyl transferase were significantly higher for mature female buffalo when compared to immature females. Reasons for the differences were not fully determined but the effect of age and nutritional status in combination with a variable period of domestication were considered. PMID- 6743149 TI - Recognition of Trichophyton equinum var. equinum infection of horses. PMID- 6743147 TI - The comparative susceptibility of five breeds of sheep to foot-rot. AB - Five breeds of sheep, Romney Marsh, Dorset Horn, Border Leicester, Peppin Merinos and Saxon Merinos were examined for their susceptibility to foot-rot by exposure to natural transmission of infection on irrigated pasture or by the application of pure cultures of Bacteroides nodosus to each foot in a pen experiment. On pasture, the sheep encountered a moderate challenge and the British breeds were more resistant than Merinos to the development of severe foot-rot. Resistance was manifested by a rapid resolution of relatively benign lesions in the interdigital skin, rather than a reduction in the number of feet affected. However, under more severe challenges with foot-rot in pens, all breeds were equally susceptible. There was little difference between resistant and susceptible sheep in the kinetics and magnitude of their antibacterial immune responses indicating that resistance did not depend on pre-existing antibody or a more rapid induction of antibody production. In each experiment, humoral immune responses against B. nodosus were not greatly elevated until under-running lesions of the hoof developed. PMID- 6743151 TI - Liver biopsy as a technique for assessing copper status of sheep. AB - A procedure for taking biopsy samples from the ovine liver by a paracostal route is described. Samples were taken from 120 Merino rams on up to 3 occasions over a 3 month period. At the end of the period, the rams were subjected to 2 further biopsies and were then slaughtered, and the liver was removed and homogenised. Copper contents of all samples were determined. Frequency of biopsy did not affect hepatic copper concentration which was significantly overestimated by the biopsy method by approximately 5%. Variability associated with the biopsy procedure was approximately +/- 30 to 40 mg Cu/kg DM (SD) and was small relative to variability between animals. Experimental designs were preferred in which samples are taken before and after treatments are applied; changes in concentration are then analysed. Such analyses eliminate errors associated with variability between animals and the small bias in the sampling procedure. Liver biopsy did not significantly reduce bodyweight or the rate of gain. PMID- 6743150 TI - Transmission and virological studies of a malignant catarrhal fever syndrome in the Indonesian swamp buffalo (Bubalus bubalis). AB - A malignant catarrhal fever-like syndrome in indonesian swamp buffalo was experimentally transmitted to one of 2 Bos indicus and 3 of 3 Bos javanicus cattle by intravenous inoculation of 250 ml of citrated, whole blood from affected buffaloes. The 4 cattle developed clinical signs of disease on average 32.5 days after receiving the inoculation of blood. The 4 cattle died after a variable period of illness. None of a further 3 B. javanicus cattle inoculated intravenously with a spleen homogenate prepared from another affected buffalo developed the disease. The experimental disease was clinically and pathologically similar to the natural disease in buffaloes although differences were noted. Attempts to adapt the agent to mice, guinea pigs and rabbits failed. A cytopathic agent (Japanese encephalitis virus) was isolated from the spleen of one buffalo with clinical signs but was not considered significant. Sixty-three B. indicus, 7 B. javanicus (and 6 of their crosses), 3 B. taurus and 4 Bubalus bubalis (Murrah buffalo) were kept in the same quarters where 50 of 177 swamp buffaloes died between September 1979 and May 1982. Four of the 7 B. javanicus cattle developed the clinical signs of disease and died. All the other cattle in contact remained healthy. PMID- 6743152 TI - An investigation of the use of plasma oestrone sulphate concentrations for the diagnosis of pregnancy in mares. PMID- 6743153 TI - Apparent lack of toxicity of jute (Corchorus olitorius) seed for poultry. PMID- 6743154 TI - Abomasal trichostrongylidiasis of dairy cattle grazing irrigated pastures. PMID- 6743156 TI - Identification of possum meat. PMID- 6743155 TI - Parturition in a bitch with tetanus. PMID- 6743157 TI - The effect of bovine ephemeral fever on milk production. PMID- 6743158 TI - Tuberculosis in an orang utan. PMID- 6743159 TI - Immunisation of ewes with polyandroalbumin to improve fecundity. PMID- 6743160 TI - A sticky-trap for studying the spatial distribution of the Australian sheep blowfly Lucilia cuprina. PMID- 6743161 TI - Haemophilia in Hereford cattle: factor VIII deficiency. PMID- 6743162 TI - Behavior of amitraz in cattle dipping baths. AB - The settling rates of 0.025% w/v amitraz (used as a 50% w/w active ingredient wettable powder) and lime stabiliser (0.7% Ca(OH)2) were studied in cattle dipping baths in the Tick Quarantine Area of northern New South Wales. Although lime settled more rapidly than amitraz, the rate for both decreased as the number of cattle dipped increased. After a total of 1,200 head had been dipped the settling rate during the hour following stirring was negligible, and re-stirring was not necessary within the hour following use. Baths could also be cleaned of heavy sediment by scooping without significant loss of chemicals. When the bath volume was allowed to decrease to 2,100 liters below working volume no significant changes in amitraz and Ca(OH)2 concentrations occurred. Data collected from 796 baths showed a significant concentration change of +0.00066% amitraz and -0.017% Ca (OH)2 per 1,000 head of cattle. Replenishment per 700 liters of water with 254 g amitraz was found to be in good agreement with 250 g recommended by the manufacturer, while 12.53 kg for lime was substantially more than the 10 kg recommended. PMID- 6743163 TI - The epidemiology of squamous cell carcinoma of the perineal region of sheep: abattoir and flock studies. AB - The roles of age, tail length and the Mules operation in the epidemiology of squamous cell carcinoma in ewes were studied. The prevalence of the disease in adult sheep slaughtered at 2 abattoirs was 0.08%. No cases occurred in lambs. Of all adult sheep condemnations before slaughter, 38.5% were due to squamous cell carcinoma. Of these sheep, 73.3% had a single lesion of the vulva (62.9%), tail (6.6%), or anus (3.8%), while 26.7% had lesions at more than one site. The number of lesions was significantly greater (p less than 0.01) in sheep with a radical Mules operation than in those with a modified Mules operation or not mulesed. Tails were significantly shorter (p less than 0.01) in affected than unaffected sheep. Small keratinised outgrowths on the skin of the tail and perineum were considered on histological grounds to be precursors of squamous cell carcinomas. On one affected farm 4% of ewes were culled in one year for gross lesions of squamous cell carcinomas. A further 3.5% of sheep with gross lesions and 25.3% with precursor lesions remained in the flock, undetected by the farmer. Gross lesions were not observed in ewes under 3 years of age, whereas precursors occurred in all age groups, including one-year-old ewes. The prevalence of lesions increased with age, from 0.43% in 5-year-old ewes to 5.14% in 6-year-old and 41% in 7-year-old ewes. Discriminant analysis indicated that age of ewe, tail length and the width of the healed Mules operation were important determinants of squamous cell carcinoma.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS) PMID- 6743164 TI - Electroejaculation in the domestic cat. AB - A method of electroejaculation for tomcats is described. Normal sperm counts in 4 cats ranged from 6 to 13 X 10(6)/ejaculate. There was a great deal of variation between collections from the same cat indicating the necessity for at least 5 collections when assessing the fertility of a tomcat. Sperm counts were higher in the latter half of the year, at the time of increased sexual activity for cats in the Brisbane area. The volume of semen collected by electroejaculation increased in direct proportion to the length of electrical stimulation, hence, volume is not a reliable criterion for the appraisal of semen. However, results have indicated that semen volume tends to increase from July to December, thus indicating increased accessory gland activity during the breeding season. As this procedure does not cause any apparent discomfort or harmful effects there seems no reason to assume that it could not be used routinely on stud cats. PMID- 6743165 TI - Difficulties experienced in recognising foot-and mouth disease in an outbreak in Zimbabwe. PMID- 6743166 TI - Temporary infertility possibly associated with parenteral copper therapy in cattle. PMID- 6743167 TI - Transfer of pig embryos obtained from slaughtered sows. PMID- 6743168 TI - Criteria for evaluating immunosuppression. PMID- 6743169 TI - Treatment of nematodiasis in poultry and game birds with fenbendazole. AB - Administration of 100 ppm fenbendazole to 661 pheasants (Phasianus colchicus colchicus) and 25 partridges (Perdix perdix) for 4 days reduced natural infection with Syngamus trachea and/or Capillaria obsignata and in some cases with Heterakis spp. by more than 90%. A 5-day administration of feed medicated with 30 or 60 ppm fenbendazole resulted in almost 100% efficacy against natural C. obsignata and Heterakis gallinae infection in 343 pullets. The treated pullets were kept under poor hygienic conditions, resulting in slight reinfection, which manifested itself in immature nematode stages at autopsy and in a slight excretion of nematode eggs in individual cases. Fenbendazole treatment effected the clinical recovery of the stocks within a few days and was very well tolerated. PMID- 6743171 TI - Marek's disease in field chickens: correlation between incidence of Marek's disease and nuclear-inclusion formation in the feather-follicle epithelium. AB - The present study confirmed that Marek's disease (MD)-associated nuclear inclusion (NI) formation in the feather-follicle epithelium (FFE) is related to mortality from MD; it also presented useful data on the epidemiology of MD in HVT vaccinated field chickens. Incidence of NI formation in the FFE of chickens on six rearing farms varied greatly by age and flock, but most of the field flocks showed biphasic peaks of incidence of NI in chickens consisting of a small peak at an early age (usually at 2-4 weeks of age) and a large peak between 13 and 16 weeks of age. MD tended to occur in chickens over 20 weeks old, and almost all MD affected chickens showed NI formation persistently in the FFE, usually between 13 and 20 weeks of age. Chickens that were healthy at the end of observation showed either transient NI formation, usually between 13 and 16 weeks of age, or no detectable NI formation. Incidence of NI formation in the FFE of chickens at 19 20 weeks of age was related to mortality from MD: chickens with NI formation had a MD mortality rate of 66.7%, whereas chickens without NI formation had MD mortality of only 0.8%. PMID- 6743172 TI - Decreased osmotic fragility of red blood cells of Eimeria adenoeides-infected turkeys. AB - The osmotic fragility of red blood cells (RBC) from Eimeria adenoeides-infected turkey poults was compared with that of RBC from control and water-deprived poults. At different hypotonic NaCl concentrations, lysis of RBC from infected poults was 10 to 35% less on day 4 postinoculation (PI) and 50 to 65% less on day 7 PI than that of controls. Red blood cells of poults deprived of water for 3 days were also resistant to lysis; the percent lysis was roughly the same as that of RBC from infected poults at day 7 PI. Incubating control RBC in plasma from infected poults, in extracts of infected ceca, or at different pH levels did not increase their resistance to lysis, suggesting that neither a stabilizing factor in the plasma that had rapid effect on the RBC nor a transient shift in blood pH was involved. Mean RBC size differed little among infected, water-deprived, and control poults (14.0-14.2 X 8.0-8.1 X 3.8 microns). However, although 3.5% of RBC population of control and water-deprived poults were immature (mid to late polychromatic erythrocytes), only 0.4% of the RBC of infected poults were immature. The data suggest that reduced water intake as well as other factors may be involved in the decreased osmotic fragility of RBC from poults infected with E. adenoeides. PMID- 6743170 TI - Isolation and biological properties of some Moroccan strains of Newcastle disease virus. AB - Newcastle disease virus was isolated from six field cases in Morocco. On the basis of the mean death time of chicken embryos, the intracerebral pathogenicity index, and plaque formation on chicken embryo fibroblast monolayers, five isolates were determined to be of the velogenic pathotype. One of these differed from the others in that it agglutinated equine erythrocytes. The sixth isolate was found to be of low virulence but differed from the vaccinal strain tested. PMID- 6743174 TI - Microscopic postmortem changes in adrenal glands of the domestic fowl. AB - Eighty-four male white leghorn chickens were killed by CO2 gas to determine the type, rate, and sequence of microscopic postmortem changes in the adrenal glands of dry and wet intact carcasses. They were held at 29 or 18 C with 50% relative humidity for different times postmortem. The sequence of microscopic postmortem changes was similar in all chickens except at 18 C, when karyorrhexis of cortical and medullary cells was observed. Cellular changes occurred earlier at 29 C than at 18 C and in dry chickens but not in chickens wet with detergent solution before storage, although slight quantitative and qualitative differences between wet and dry chickens were noted. Medullary cells underwent postmortem changes earlier than cortical cells. Nuclei of medullary cells decreased in size, with chromatin clumping leading to pyknosis, followed by cytoplasmic vacuolation, cellular shrinkage, and finally karyolysis and cell dissociation. Cortical cells had nuclear chromatin marginated, nuclei reduced in size initially, and some nuclear fading, followed by pyknosis and karyolysis. Karyorrhexis was not a prominent feature of cortical and medullary cells, although it occasionally occurred before pyknosis. Cytoplasm of cortical cells remained eosinophilic, granular, and vacuolated, but vacuoles became finer later. Pyknotic medullary cells with vacuolated cytoplasm were observed as early as 3 hr postmortem, regardless of the temperature. Diffuse pyknosis of medullary cells was noted at 18 hr in chickens held at 29 C and at 48 hr in chickens held at 18 C. Marked cortical pyknosis was noted only at 36 hr in wet chickens held at 29 C, when bacterial invasion started. Dry chickens held 36 hr at 29 C had diffuse cellular dissociation, karyolysis and cytoplasmic acidophilia, and marked bacterial invasion. Erythrocytes were pyknotic and had cytoplasmolysis. It was concluded that adrenal glands may still be useful for histopathological examination before 18 hr at 29 C and before 48 hr at 18 C. PMID- 6743173 TI - Dietary induction of sudden death syndrome in broiler breeders. AB - Sudden death syndrome in broiler breeders at the point of lay was a serious problem in Australia for 18 months. This condition was reproduced by a combination of dietary and management practices. Chickens fed a diet low in potassium, phosphorus, protein, and energy had plasma potassium and phosphorus levels significantly lower than the levels seen in the controls. The plasma values of the test breeders were similar to levels seen in field cases. There was a significant difference (P less than 0.01) in the venous acid-base balance between the test chickens and controls. Test chickens were alkalotic and had a 6% mortality rate between 18 and 30 weeks of age. PMID- 6743175 TI - Mycoplasma gallisepticum vaccination: effects on egg transmission and egg production. AB - The effects of Mycoplasma gallisepticum (MG) vaccination on egg transmission of MG and egg production were evaluated. Leghorn hens vaccinated with live MG (strain F), with strain F plus MG bacterin, with one dose of MG bacterin, or with two doses of MG bacterin all transmitted MG through the egg at a significantly lower level than unvaccinated controls. Hens vaccinated with two doses of MG bacterin had the longest lag before detectable transmission of MG through the egg. All vaccinated groups were protected against the egg-production drop seen in unvaccinated hens challenged with virulent MG. PMID- 6743176 TI - Mycoplasma challenge studies in budgerigars (Melopsittacus undulatus) and chickens. AB - An upper respiratory condition that resulted in 20% mortality in a flock of yellow-naped Amazon parrots was apparently caused by a concomitant infection of mycoplasmas and bacteria. Mycoplasma gallisepticum (MG), M. iowae, and an unidentified mycoplasma were isolated from the affected parrots. Budgerigars were experimentally infected with a parrot strain of MG designated MG(P) 1669 as well as with the R strain of MG and the F10-2 strain of M. synoviae (MS). Air-sac lesions were evident in all groups of challenged budgerigars, and MS and MG were cultured from the tracheas, air sacs, and lungs of the budgerigars up to 5 weeks postexposure. Serological findings were ambiguous and therefore considered unreliable. White leghorn and commercial broiler chickens challenged with the MG(P) 1669 isolate did not exhibit any significant air-sac lesions relative to the controls. However, MG was cultured from both groups of experimentally infected birds. Eight weeks after exposure, the white leghorns were seropositive to all MG antigens used in the agglutination test. PMID- 6743177 TI - Drug sensitivity of coccidia from broiler breeder pullets and from broilers in the same integrated company. AB - Coccidia isolated from 12 breeder pullet farms and 18 broiler farms were tested for sensitivity to anticoccidial drugs. The species Eimeria acervulina, E. maxima, and E. tenella were common in the isolates and were fully pathogenic. Broiler coccidia were generally resistant to Zoalene but sensitive to nicarbazin. About half of the isolates had reduced sensitivity to amprolium and monensin. Most of the breeder pullet coccidia were resistant to Zoalene and amprolium, but almost all were highly sensitive to nicarbazin and monensin. There was some difference in responses of broiler isolates to various ionophores. Isolates responded best to salinomycin and lasalocid, which had not been previously used on the farms. Monensin controlled coccidia slightly better when given at 120 ppm than when given at 100 ppm. These results suggest that broiler coccidia have lost some responsiveness to ionophores as a result of long-term exposure, but that breeder pullet coccidia, which have never been exposed to those drugs, have retained their sensitivity. Resistance or sensitivity to other drugs was consistent with history of use: more isolates were sensitive to older drugs that had not been used for several years than was reported in previous surveys. PMID- 6743178 TI - Experimental rickets in broilers: gross, microscopic, and radiographic lesions. I. Phosphorus deficiency and calcium excess. AB - Day-old broiler chicks were fed diets high in calcium or low in phosphorus for 30 days. Chicks in both groups had similar gross, microscopic, and radiographic lesions. At 2 weeks, the growth-plate degenerating hypertrophied zone (DHZ) and metaphyseal primary spongiosa were lengthened and decreased in radiopacity. Metaphyseal vessels extended to the growth-plate hypertrophied zone (HZ), and osteoid seams were widened. At 3 and 4 weeks, lesions were similar; however, folding fractures were common and cartilage columns of the metaphysis were thinned and replaced with increased woven bone. PMID- 6743179 TI - Atypical disease produced in chickens by Newcastle disease virus isolated from exotic birds. AB - Chickens were infected with a Newcastle disease virus (NDV) recovered from exotic birds with severe clinical disease and with lesions characteristic of viscerotropic velogenic Newcastle disease (VVND). The infection in chickens was inconsistently lethal, some infected chickens were not clinically affected, and gastrointestinal involvement was only marginally evident. Pathogenicity of the virus for chickens was not detectably altered by laboratory passage in chickens or by limit dilution passage in chicken embryos. The results suggest that the difference between velogenic NDV pathotypes may not always be distinct and that clinical manifestations of VVND in chickens may not always be predictable based on signs and lesions observed in exotic birds. PMID- 6743180 TI - Muscle fiber types in the dystrophic puboischiofemoralis of commercial broilers. AB - Muscle fiber types, their diameters, lipid content, and nuclei distributions were studied in normal and necrotic puboischiofemoral muscles from commercial broiler chickens of the Hubbard strain. Three categories of puboischiofemoral fiber morphology (alpha R, beta R, and alpha W) occur in the cranial and caudal portions of the pars lateralis and in the cranial, medial, and caudal portions of the pars medialis. The greatest amount of necrosis occurred in the caudal portion of the pars medialis of the puboischiofemoralis. A fiber type characterized by a greatly enlarged and rounded or oval cross-section, decreased fat content, and internalized and clustered nuclei was present in necrotic muscle but not in normal muscle. PMID- 6743181 TI - The susceptibility of chicks to Salmonella montevideo in artificially contaminated poultry feed. AB - Feed artificially contaminated with various levels of nalidixic-acid-resistant Salmonella montevideo was fed to newly hatched chicks for 7 days. Cloacal and cecal swabs were obtained from the chicks at 7, 14, and 21 days of age to monitor Salmonella colonization relative to the feed contamination level. In one of three trials, less than one Salmonella montevideo per gram of feed was sufficient to establish colonization in 1-to-7-day-old chicks. PMID- 6743182 TI - Isolation of Streptococcus zooepidemicus from a bald eagle (Haliaeetus leucocephalus). PMID- 6743183 TI - Anthelmintic activity of flubendazole in naturally infected geese and the economic importance of deworming. AB - The efficacy of flubendazole food medication against roundworms in geese was determined under controlled field conditions. The geese were infected with Amidostomum anseris, Capillaria anseris, Trichostrongylus tennis, and Syngamus trachea. Medicated food was given for 7 consecutive days at a level of 30 ppm. Anthelmintic activity, egg production, and hatchability were recorded. Flubendazole medication resulted in a 100% worm elimination, no consistent change in egg-lay performance, and a highly significant increase in hatchability. PMID- 6743184 TI - Hemorrhagic disease in canaries (Serinus canarius). AB - Two aviaries were diagnosed as harboring an infectious and fatal disease of canaries (Serinus canarius) characterized by acute hepatocellular necrosis and associated with megaloschizonts of a protozoan parasite and extravasation of blood into the thoracoabdominal cavity. PMID- 6743185 TI - Renal nerve and blood pressure responses to stimulation of cardiac receptors in dogs and cats by bradykinin. AB - It has been recently demonstrated in anesthetized, sinoaortic denervated vagotomized (SAD + Vx ) cats that epicardial or intracoronary (IC) bradykinin (BK) evokes an increase in efferent renal nerve activity (RNA) and a pressor response which is mediated by the cardiac sympathetic afferent nerves. The purpose of this study was to compare the effect of epicardial, IC, and left atrial (LA) administration of BK on arterial blood pressure (ABP) and RNA in intact and SAD + Vx cats and dogs. A total of seven cats and eight dogs anesthetized with chloralose were prepared with a left circumflex coronary arterial catheter (dogs) or a LA catheter (cats). Changes in ABP and RNA were determined in both dogs and cats when 1 to 100 micrograms/ml of BK was applied to the anterior surface of the left ventricle or injected IC or LA (0.3 and 3.0 micrograms/kg BK) in the intact and SAD + Vx state. In both the intact and SAD + Vx cat, a pressor response was consistently elicited with epicardial BK. In the SAD + Vx state, epicardial BK increased ABP by 33.4 +/- 4.7 mm Hg (p less than .001). RNA followed this same trend showing a consistent and significant increase with both LA and epicardial BK (+24.8 +/- 8.4% in the SAD + Vx state; P less than .05). Changes in RNA in dogs were highly variable with epicardial and IC BK in intact and in SAD Vx dogs, resulting in insignificant changes in this parameter. The results of this study demonstrate that the reflex effects of stimulation of cardiac sympathetic afferents by BK are species specific and need not evoke an increase in peripheral sympathetic outflow. PMID- 6743186 TI - Pressure-length loop in the ischemic segment during left circumflex coronary artery stenosis and its modification by afterload reducing in excised perfused canine hearts. AB - By using excised perfused heart preparations, we investigated the regional myocardial functions in the presence of a flow-limiting coronary stenosis of the left circumflex coronary artery (LCX) (approximately low reduction of pre ischemic control), as well as global cardiac functions during afterload reducing, while keeping left ventricular end-diastolic pressure (LVEDP) and heart rate constant. After inducing the LCX stenosis, cardiac output (CO), peak left ventricular pressure (peak LVP) and stroke work (SW) decreased from pre-ischemic control values, i.e., 81.1 +/- 3.2%, p less than 0.005, 88.1 +/- 3.8%, p less than 0.02 and 72.2 +/- 5.7%, p less than 0.005, respectively (n = 7), whereas pressure-length (P-L) loop areas changed as follows; ischemic control values of the left anterior descending coronary artery (LAD) and LCX regions were 96.6 +/- 6.0%, n.s. and 72.6 +/- 9.0% of pre-ischemic control, p less than 0.02, respectively. Following afterload reducing with LCX stenosis, CO increased gradually, while the ischemic regional function started to further aggravate, and the initial point of further ischemic aggravation obtained in this experiment occurred at 63.5 +/- 6.9 mm Hg of mean aortic pressure (AoP). These results suggested that the increase of total cardiac function such as CO following afterload reducing was probably induced at the expense of aggravated regional ischemia. Therefore it was concluded that the treatment of ischemic myocardium by reducing afterload pressure should be done very carefully. PMID- 6743187 TI - Distribution of the collateral blood flow at the lateral border of the ischemic myocardium after acute coronary occlusion in the pig and the dog. AB - Residual blood flow in pigs (n = 8) and dogs (n = 11) was measured by tracer microspheres (85Sr) 1 hour after occlusion of the left anterior descending coronary artery (LAD). Collateral blood flow was distinguished from overlap flow, defined as the blood flow of non-ischemic myocardium interdigitating into the ischemic area, by direct LAD injection of isotope-labelled microspheres (125I) prior to ligation. In the center of the acutely ischemic pig myocardium the residual blood flow, i.e., the myocardial perfusion remaining after LAD occlusion, was 0.01 +/- 0.01 ml/min/g subendocardially and 0.02 +/- 0.01 ml/min/g subepicardially , as estimated with 85Sr-labelled microspheres. These values were significantly lower than the corresponding values for the dog, 0.13 +/- 0.05 ml/min/kg (p less than 0.05) subendocardially and 0.28 +/- 0.08 ml/min/g (p less than 0.01) subepicardially . In the lateral aspects of the ischemic area, calculations of overlap flow were made with the aid of the distribution of the microspheres injected into the LAD. Values of the residual blood flow were normalized and non-ischemic myocardial perfusion was set to 100 units. In subepicardial layers of the myocardium with calculated overlap flows corresponding to 20, 50 or 80 units, respectively, the residual blood flow (overlap flow + collateral flow) actually measured in the pig was 31 +/- 4, 55 +/ 4 and 75 +/- 7 units and in the dog 65 +/- 6, 79 +/- 5 and 91 +/- 2 units. The values for the dog were significantly different from the respective value for the pig (p less than 0.01). In the subendocardial layers the difference between the two species regarding residual blood flow was similar, although the difference was statistically significant only for myocardium with a calculated overlap flow of 80 units. When the calculated overlap flow was subtracted from the measured residual blood flow, the collateral blood flow was found to be extensive in the dog and virtually absent in the pig. When, in the dog, the collateral blood flow across the lateral border of the ischemic area was related to the amount of myocardium it supplies, it was found to be homogeneously distributed. Thus neither subendocardially nor subepicardially could a gradient of collateral blood flow be detected. It is concluded that in the pig the collateral blood flow is almost nil throughout the acutely ischemic myocardium, both in subendocardial and subepicardial layers. In contrast, the dog has an extensive collateral flow. No lateral gradient of this collateral blood flow could, however, be detected. PMID- 6743189 TI - Diameter of coronary arteries in 36 species of mammalian from mouse to giraffe. AB - Systematic quantitative investigations were performed in the coronary arteries of 102 hearts of 36 mammal species with an overall more than tenthousandfold difference of their heart weight. After postmortem coronary angiography with a filling pressure of 100 mm Hg x-rays were taken, and the widest diameters of the coronary artery stems were determined. We found a nearly linear correlation between diameter of a standardized coronary artery and virtual diameter of heart, but the increase in diameter of coronary arteries exceeded somewhat that of the diameter of heart especially for heart weights surmounting 100 g. Perhaps relative enlargement of coronary arteries in the bigger hearts contributes to the prevention of large increase of blood flow velocity. PMID- 6743188 TI - Acyl-carnitine effects on isolated cardiac mitochondria and erythrocytes. AB - The effects of various long-chain acyl-carnitines (AC) on mitochondrial functions and red cell membrane stability were studied. Lower concentrations slightly stimulate respiration-dependent functions such as phosphorylation rate and Ca++ uptake velocity, whereas higher concentrations inhibit these functions with concomitant depression of the ATP/O ratio. The order of effectiveness among the AC is very similar for different mitochondrial functions. The differences among AC in their actions on red cell stability in hypotonic media and their differences in influence on mitochondrial functions exhibit less resemblance. The relative order of erythrolytic concentrations of AC follows the order of their critical micellar concentrations. Model calculations indicate that the concentrations of AC found in ischemic hearts are below those which exhibit inhibitory effects in vitro. Ultrastructural changes in mitochondria incubated with AC are different from those found in ischemic tissue. From this, it seems questionable whether the elevated AC levels in ischemic hearts are indeed as important for the development of membrane damage as is often supposed. PMID- 6743190 TI - Mitochondrial damage during myocardial ischemia. AB - The effects of 3 hours of ischemia and 1 hour of reperfusion on biochemical, physiological and ultrastructural parameters were studied in 12 dogs. In the ischemic subendocardium without reperfusion, mitochondrial losses of adenine (ATP + ADP + AMP) and pyridine (NAD + NADH) nucleotides far exceeded those observed in whole tissue. Adenine nucleotide translocator (ANT) was severely inhibited and seemed to be a sensitive indicator of a lesion of the inner mitochondrial membrane. Postischemic reperfusion led to a slight loss of adenine and pyridine nucleotides from the reversibly damaged subepicardium and to an enormous loss from the irreversibly damaged subendocardium. The washout of nucleotides from irreversibly damaged areas caused the negative para-Nitro Blue Tetrazolium ( pNBT ) staining of the infarcted tissue. Diagnosis of cell death with pNBT failed after the occlusion period without reflow because pyridine, although lost from the mitochondria, was still present in the tissue. In reversibly injured areas, mitochondrial function and ultrastructure were restored after reperfusion, although a significant nucleotide loss was found in the tissue. These studies suggest that mitochondrial ultrastructure and function may play a key role in cellular viability during recovery from ischemia. PMID- 6743193 TI - Cardiac glycoside receptors and positive inotropy. Evidence for more than one receptor? Symposium, Munich, October 26-29, 1983. PMID- 6743191 TI - Comparative biochemistry and fine structure of atrial and ventricular myocardium during autolysis in vitro. AB - In a previous study we found that the development of fine structural alteration in atrial myocardium made ischaemic in vivo was slower than has been observed for ventricular myocardium. To explore possible reasons for this, parallel samples of atrial (A) and ventricular (V) myocardium undergoing autolysis (ischaemic necrosis) in vitro at 37 degrees C were studied for up to 2 hours. At 15-minute intervals tissue was snap-frozen for measurement of pH, lactate, and adenine metabolites by HPLC. In half the experiments comparable specimens were taken for electron microscopic examination as well. Fine structural alteration developed less uniformly and more slowly in A than in V. The most striking metabolic differences between A and V were: A had a consistently higher tissue pH and lower lactate level The sum of the adenine + hypoxanthine metabolites was essentially constant but significantly different for each (A = 5.04 +/- 0.12 (s.e.m.), V = 7.71 +/- 0.15 (s.e.m.) mumol/g wet tissue weight) Initial ATP levels were lower (40% less) in A The maximum accumulation of AMP was higher in A, despite its smaller pool of adenine metabolites Both adenosine and inosine showed slower rates of change in A. These results suggest that during early, severe ischaemic injury A and V show differing activities of 5'-nucleotidase. PMID- 6743192 TI - Is the rat a suitable model for studying alcoholic cardiomyopathy? Hemodynamic studies at various stages of chronic alcohol ingestion. AB - Three groups of wistar rats with chronic alcohol consumption were studied: 10% ethanol for 6 months, 20% ethanol for 7 months, 20% ethanol for 12 months. In the intact heart in situ, left ventricular parameters of pressure, volume, and blood flow were recorded. On the average, body weight and heart weight of the alcohol fed rats (A) were diminished by 10% as compared with controls (C). If end diastolic volume is related to heart weight, no significant differences in the pressure-volume relations between C and A were obtained. There were no differences in the rate of pressure rise, nor in the end-systolic pressure-volume relations. According to these findings and the results of other authors, it is concluded that the rat is not very suitable for studying "alcoholic cardiomyopathy". PMID- 6743194 TI - Biphasic positive inotropic actions of ouabain on rat, guinea-pig and cat heart: a mathematical description. AB - The inotropic action of ouabain on isolated perfused hearts of rat, guinea-pig, and cat was studied over a wide concentration range (10(-12)-5 X 10(-3) M). In all three species used, the positive inotropic effect (PIE) of ouabain appeared to be biphasic in character. However, there was a remarkable difference in the course of the logdose-response curves of ouabain on guinea-pig and cat heart as compared with than on rat heart. The first two species showed, at very low concentrations of ouabain (guinea-pig heart: 10(-9) M and cat heart: 10(-10) M), a typical bell-shaped increase in cardiac contractile activity, while at higher concentrations (10(-8)-10(-6) M and 10(-9)-10(-7) M, respectively) the normally observed S-shaped increase in contractile activity occurred. On the contrary, rat hearts showed a flat S-curve between 10(-8) and 10(-6) M and a steep one between 10(-6) and 10(-4) M of ouabain. In order to explain the biphasic action of ouabain a hypothetical model for the mechanism(s) of action of ouabain is discussed. Mathematical description of this model is based on the existence of two different receptor-types for ouabain. It is suggested that sarcolemma-bound calcium may play an important role in both mechanisms of inotropic action of ouabain. PMID- 6743195 TI - Positive inotropic effects of digitoxin- and digoxin-glucuronide in human isolated ventricular heart muscle preparations. AB - The effect on force of contraction of human isolated ventricular heart muscle preparations was studied with the 16'-glucuronides of digitoxin (dt-gluc) and digoxin (dg-gluc). The parent compounds digitoxin (dt) and digoxin (dg) were studied for comparison and all compounds were also investigated in guinea-pig isolated papillary muscles. All compounds increased myocardial force of contraction in human preparations in a concentration-dependent manner. The positive inotropic effect of dt-gluc and dg-gluc began at 0.1 mumol 1(-1) and was maximal at 1 mumol 1(-1). The metabolites were slightly less potent but, on the other hand, slightly more effective than the parent compounds dt and dg. The positive inotropic effects of all compounds peaked after about 60 minutes. In contrast, the decline of the positive inotropic effect upon washing was about twice as fast in the case of the hydrophilic metabolites. Similar results were obtained in guinea-pig papillary muscles. It is concluded that the glucuronides of digitoxin and digoxin are biologically active in the human heart. This may be of clinical importance with respect to the positive inotropic action and the plasma level determination of the cardiac glycosides. PMID- 6743196 TI - Increased therapeutic range, merely a pharmacokinetic problem? PMID- 6743197 TI - Binding sites for ouabain in human and rat erythrocytes and in rat heart cells. AB - The presence and properties of two classes of binding sites for digitalis in erythrocytes and in heart cells are reviewed. Methods to distinguish between these two binding sites are summarized for intact cells and for their membranes. Our biochemical data do not suggest a physiological role for each class of sites. The membrane sites were modified by varying (a) the content of cholesterol or (b) the distribution of fatty acids leading to changes in the microviscosity thus affecting the degree of binding of ouabain to the two classes of sites. Oxidation of ouabain with periodate forms a di-aldehyde which could bind via Schiff base to the digitalis sites but could also attach covalently to these sites. The role of the sugar moiety in the process of ouabain binding becomes of increasing importance. A mild, controlled periodate oxidation of ouabain, especially in presence of phosphate cleaves only the bond between C-2 and C-3 of the rhamnose without affecting the steroid moiety. The periodate oxidation provided additional information for assigning a distorted chair conformation or a transient boat conformation for rhamnose in ouabain. It was also established by 1H NMR spectroscopy that this chair conformation is a 1C4 pyranose ring. PMID- 6743198 TI - Contractility of isolated bovine ventricular myocytes is enhanced by intracellular injection of cardioactive glycosides. Evidence for an intracellular mode of action. AB - The contractions of isolated bovine left ventricular myocytes were evaluated by optically measuring the extent of unloaded shortening (ES), the maximal rate of shortening (MRS) and the maximal rate of re-lengthening (MRL). Ouabain, digoxin or digitoxin were intracellularly injected by 2 sec long pressure pulses via the microelectrodes. Their i.c. concentration was estimated to be 2-5 nM. Within 1-4 min after the injection, ES, MRS and MRL increased by more than 2-fold. The contractility renormalized within the following 20 min. Injection of solutions without glycosides did not increase the contractility. An interaction of the injected glycoside with the e.c. ouabain receptor could be largely excluded because a) the amount of the released glycoside was too small for e.c. effects, b) 500 nM e.c. antidigoxin, c) 20 mM [K]o or d) covalent binding of digoxin to HSA did not prevent the increase in contractility due to the i.c. injections. Since contractility also increased when the injections were performed at Na-free conditions, [Na]i-load is not necessary for the effect of i.e. glycosides. The increased contractility due to the injected glycosides was not observed when the contractility prior to the injection was already potentiated, e.g. by greater than 3.6 mM [Ca]o or by stimulation at frequencies greater than 1.25 Hz. The results are interpreted by the hypothesis that the i.c. glycosides facilitate the release of activator calcium from the SR. The possible i.c. modes of action are discussed as well as the idea that e.c. applied glycosides internalize and mediate inotropy via the i.e. mechanism. PMID- 6743199 TI - Effects of non-toxic doses of ouabain on sodium, potassium, calcium distribution in guinea pig papillary muscle. Electronprobe microanalysis. AB - The mechanisms and the cellular structures which are definitely involved in the accumulation and release of calcium in heart muscle treated with cardiac glycosides are not yet known. The distribution of sodium, potassium and calcium in small papillary muscles of the guinea pig right ventricle was examined with the aid of energy dispersive x-ray microanalysis and cryotechniques. The primary aim of the present study was twofold: firstly, to determine whether an increase in intracellular sodium concentration is detectable in muscles showing positive inotropy resulting from treatment with non-toxic doses of ouabain; and secondly, whether at the end of diastole cellular stores are detectable accumulating Ca which could be responsible for the pronounced contraction which normally would follow. Analyses on interstitium, cell membrane, sarcomeres, Z-lines and mitochondria of 7 muscles strips treated with non-toxic doses of ouabain and frozen at the end of diastole showed the following: sodium concentration in the sarcoplasm was significantly higher than over the mitochondria; it was also higher than over the sarcoplasm of non-treated muscles frozen at the end of diastole. High calcium concentrations were also measured over the cell membrane. These calcium concentrations were higher than that detected in sarcomeres, Z lines and mitochondria. Over the sarcomeres, the calcium concentration was higher than in experiments on non-treated muscles which were also frozen at the end of diastole. Mitochondria did not accumulate any detectable concentration of calcium.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS) PMID- 6743201 TI - [Follow-up study in neonatal hip joint instability without snap phenomenon]. PMID- 6743200 TI - Theory of ligand-receptor interactions--evidence for more than one site. AB - Receptor binding studies usually show heterogenic characteristics of the binding isotherm. Scatchard transformation for graphical linearization of the data presentation affects the data inhomogeneously with respect to the experimental error. Thus a non-linear fitting procedure should be preferred for data analysis. Furthermore this approach allows for reliable weighting of the measurements according to the experimental error. PMID- 6743203 TI - [Late sequelae of poliomyelitis]. PMID- 6743202 TI - [Treatment of congenital hip dislocation by extension-reposition therapy and retention in the Dusseldorf straddle splint. Principles and treatment results]. PMID- 6743204 TI - [Complex studies in osteochondrosis deformans coxae juvenilis (Calve-Legg Perthes). I. Laboratory chemical studies]. PMID- 6743205 TI - [Fresh injuries of the upper ankle joint. Treatment problems and results]. PMID- 6743206 TI - [Modified ligamentplasty of the external ankle bone]. PMID- 6743207 TI - [Aseptic necrosis of the trochlea of the humerus (Hegemann disease)]. PMID- 6743208 TI - [We sex pedagogues]. PMID- 6743209 TI - [Violence in the relations between the sexes]. PMID- 6743210 TI - [Emancipation movements and the role of the scientist]. PMID- 6743211 TI - [Sexuality and psychoanalysis]. PMID- 6743212 TI - [The so-called lower senses and their significance for the development of human sexuality]. PMID- 6743213 TI - [Sexuality, identity, transsexuality]. PMID- 6743214 TI - [Possibilities for further reform of criminal laws on sex]. PMID- 6743215 TI - [Relation of sexology and criminal law]. PMID- 6743216 TI - [Current trends of international sex research]. PMID- 6743217 TI - [Malpractice liability of veterinarians. A review of recent Supreme Court decisions]. PMID- 6743218 TI - [Using rumen contents of slaughtered cattle as feed. 2. Urea-preserved rumen contents as cattle fodder]. PMID- 6743219 TI - [Penicillin and ampicillin levels in pathologically altered tissue following regional intravenous administration of antibiotics in cattle legs]. PMID- 6743220 TI - [Changes of immunoglobulin concentrations (IgG, IgM, IgA) in the blood serum of sows during the reproductive cycle]. PMID- 6743221 TI - [Occurrence of treponemas in swine. 2. Characterization of treponema strains based on their hemolyzing and serological properties as well as indole formation and virulence testing]. PMID- 6743222 TI - [Criticism of fluorine medication]. PMID- 6743223 TI - [Cryptosporidial infections in dogs and cats]. PMID- 6743224 TI - IUPAC-IUB Joint Commission on Biochemical Nomenclature (JCBN). Nomenclature and symbolism for amino acids and peptides. Recommendations 1983. PMID- 6743225 TI - Characterization of a rapid cellular-fractionation technique for hepatocytes. Application in the measurement of mitochondrial membrane potential in situ. AB - A rapid cellular-fractionation technique [ Hoek , Nicholls & Williamson (1980) J. Biol. Chem. 255, 1458-1464] was further characterized by using hepatocytes. Of the mitochondrial marker-enzyme activity, 80% was routinely separated from 71-98% of the total cell activities of marker enzymes for plasma membranes, Golgi membranes, endoplasmic reticulum, lysosomes and cytosol. The mitochondria were contaminated with 53% of cell nuclei. [3H]Triphenylmethylphosphonium ion (TPMP+) was added to hepatocytes in an attempt to measure cellular transmembrane electrical potentials. After rapid cell fractionation the electrical potential between mitochondria in situ and the incubation medium was found to be 202 mV. This value was slightly increased when hepatocytes were treated with oligomycin, but substantially decreased by oligomycin plus an uncoupler of oxidative phosphorylation. Although estimates of TPMP+ binding were obtained, substantial difficulties prevented the accurate measurement of the electrical potential across the plasma membrane. It is concluded that TPMP+ may be employed to demonstrate the integrity of mitochondria during the fractionation procedures. However, the cation is inadequate for the determination of the separate components of the electrical potential between the mitochondrial matrix and the incubation medium. PMID- 6743226 TI - Exposure of thyroxine residues in human thyroglobulin. Two-site binding studies. AB - Human thyroglobulin (Tg) could be adsorbed through one of its thyroxine (T4) residues by either of two T4-binding antibodies which had been covalently attached to Sepharose- CL4B . The antibodies used were (i) a purified human autoantibody specific for a T4-containing epitope in human Tg, or (ii) a rabbit antibody raised against T4 conjugated to bovine albumin side chains. Tg adsorbed by either immobilized antibody could then itself adsorb either type of antibody free in solution on to a further T4 residue. At least two T4 residues in human Tg are therefore sufficiently exposed to interact with T4-binding antibodies. Furthermore, these T4 residues are sufficiently far apart to allow the binding of two immunoglobulin molecules simultaneously. Previous observations of a marked preference by human autoantibodies for one of the T4-containing epitopes in Tg therefore reflect a higher binding energy with that epitope rather than an inability to interact with others. The T4-containing epitope which preferentially reacts with human Tg autoantibodies must therefore have a distinctive topography. PMID- 6743227 TI - Effect of dexamethasone on mannolipid synthesis by hepatocytes prepared from control and inflamed rats. AB - Hepatocytes were prepared from control and inflamed rats. Mannose incorporation into dolichol monophosphate mannose in homogenate and microsomal fraction of the hepatocytes was increased 2-fold over the controls 24 h after induction of inflammation by turpentine injection. Incubation of hepatocytes from both control and inflamed rats with 0.1-10 microM-dexamethasone produced a 1.5-fold increase of dolichol phosphate mannose formation, whereas, 100 microM-dexamethasone decreased its formation. The increase in the ratio of dolichol phosphate mannose formation in inflamed over controls was virtually eliminated when the cell homogenate assay mixtures included 30 nmol of exogenous dolichol phosphate. This supports the earlier suggestion that the increase in the enzyme activity in inflammation could be due to higher concentrations of endogenous dolichol phosphate [ Coolbear & Mookerjea (1981) J. Biol. Chem. 256, 4529-4535]. In contrast, the increase in the ratio of dolichol phosphate mannose formation between dexamethasone-treated and untreated hepatocytes remained unchanged when increasing concentrations of exogenous dolichol phosphate were added to the assays. This suggests that the increase in glycosylation of dolichol phosphate in dexamethasone-treated hepatocytes is probably due to the increased mannosyltransferase activity, rather than due to higher concentrations of endogenous dolichol phosphate in these cells. PMID- 6743228 TI - Thermodynamics of porphyrin dimerization in aqueous solutions. AB - The dimerization equilibrium of deuteroporphyrin IX and of mesoporphyrin IX in aqueous solutions were studied by fluorimetric techniques over the 0.01-1 microM concentration range, where dimerization is the dominant aggregation process. Deuteroporphyrin IX was studied at several temperatures over the range 22-37 degrees C, and mesoporphyrin at 25 and 37 degrees C. The magnitudes determined for the dimerization equilibrium constants (25 degrees C, neutral pH, phosphate buffered saline) are 2.3 X 10(6)M-1 and 5.4 X 10(6)M-1 for the deutero and meso derivatives respectively. The meso, deutero and haemato species tested show a similar temperature effect, namely dimerization decreasing with increasing temperature, indicating the involvement of a negative enthalpy change. Van't Hoff isochore of the dimerization constants determined for deuteroporphyrin IX was linear within the temperature range of 22-37 degrees C, allowing the calculation of the thermodynamic parameters. For deuteroporphyrin dimerization, those were found to be delta G0 = -36. 4kJ X mol-1; delta H0 = -46. 0kJ X mol-1 and delta S0 = -32.2J X K-1 X mol-1 (at neutral pH, 25 degrees C, phosphate-buffered saline), showing the process to be enthalpy-driven. Similar trends have been found for porphyrin species other than those studied here. Our data fit with a hypothesis giving a major role to the solvent in driving porphyrins to aggregate in aqueous solution. The magnitudes and directions of the energetic changes fit better with the expectation of the ' solvophobic force' theory predicting enthalpy-driven association, than with the classic hydrophobic bonding, predicting the association to be entropy-driven. PMID- 6743229 TI - The absolute rate of cholesterol biosynthesis in monocyte-macrophages from normal and familial hypercholesterolaemic subjects. AB - The true rate of cholesterogenesis in cultured monocyte-macrophages was determined from the incorporation of [2-14C]acetate into cholesterol, using the desmosterol (cholesta-5,24-dien-3 beta-ol) that accumulated in the presence of the drug triparanol to estimate the specific radioactivity of the newly formed sterols. It was shown that this procedure could be successfully adapted for use with cultured monocytes despite the accumulation of other unidentified biosynthetic intermediates. In cells maintained in 20% (v/v) whole serum approx. 25% of the sterol carbon was derived from exogenous acetate. Cholesterol synthesis was as high in normal cells as in cells from homozygous familial hypercholesterolaemic (FH) subjects and accounted for 50% of the increase in cellular cholesterol. The addition of extra low-density lipoprotein (LDL) reduced cholesterol synthesis, apparently through a decrease in the activity of 3-hydroxy 3-methylglutaryl-CoA reductase (HMG-CoA reductase). When incubated in lipoprotein deficient serum some cells did not survive, but those that remained showed a normal increase in protein content; the amount of cellular protein and cholesterol in each well did not increase and cholesterol synthesis was reduced by over 80%. HMG-CoA reductase activity fell less dramatically and the proportion of sterol carbon derived from exogenous acetate increased, suggesting that the low rate of cholesterogenesis with lipoprotein-deficient serum was due to a shortage of substrate. The results indicate that under normal conditions monocyte macrophages obtain cholesterol from endogenous synthesis rather than through receptor-mediated uptake of LDL, and that synthesis together with non-saturable uptake of LDL provides the majority of the cholesterol required to support growth. PMID- 6743230 TI - The effect of the iron saturation of transferrin on its binding and uptake by rabbit reticulocytes. AB - Polyacrylamide-gel electrophoresis in urea was used to prepare the four molecular species of transferrin:diferric transferrin, apotransferrin and the two monoferric transferrins with either the C-terminal or the N-terminal metal binding site occupied. The interaction of these 125I-labelled proteins with rabbit reticulocytes was investigated. At 4 degrees C the average value for the association constant for the binding of transferrin to reticulocytes was found to increase with increasing iron content of the protein. The association constant for apotransferrin binding was 4.6 X 10(6)M-1, for monoferric (C-terminal iron) 2.5 X 10(7)M-1, for monoferric (N-terminal iron) 2.8 X 10(7)M-1 and for diferric transferrin, 1.1 X 10(8)M-1. These differences in the association constants did not affect the processing of the transferrin species by the cells at 37 degrees C. Accessibility of the proteins to extracellular proteinase indicated that the transferrin was internalized by the cells regardless of the iron content of the protein, since in each case 70% was inaccessible. Cycling of the cellular receptors may also occur in the absence of bound transferrin. PMID- 6743231 TI - Species differences in the occurrence of copper-metallothionein in the particulate fractions of the liver of copper-loaded animals. AB - Large amounts of Cu-metallothionein were obtained by 2-mercaptoethanol and sodium dodecyl sulphate extractions of the particulate fractions of the liver of pigs given high-Cu2+ diets or rats injected with Cu2+. Three isoproteins were purified from pig liver and characterized on the basis of their physicochemical properties, metal content and amino acid composition. No such pool of Cu metallothionein was present in the liver of Cu2+-loaded sheep or of rats given Cu2+-supplemented diets. PMID- 6743233 TI - Multiple effects of short-chain alcohols on binding to rat heart muscarinic receptors. AB - Short-chain alcohols inhibited the equilibrium binding of agonists and antagonists to rat heart muscarinic receptors. Methanol, ethanol, propan-2-ol and propan-1-ol, when used at low concentrations, behaved as pseudo-competitive antagonists. Their rank order of potency paralleled their relative partition coefficients, suggesting that this inhibition was simply due to the interaction of the alcohols with a hydrophobic part of the receptor or with membrane lipids. The four alcohols increased the dissociation rate constant of [3H]oxotremorine M from the high-affinity agonist receptors and decreased the stability of this receptor state. These effects might reflect increased membrane fluidity and/or decreased hydrophobic interactions (see below). By contrast, the effects of alcohols on the association and dissociation rates of N-[3H]- methscopolamine (an antagonist) were not correlated to their relative octanol/water partition coefficient (a measure of their affinity for biophases ). Alcohols, at the relatively high concentrations necessary for increased membrane 'fluidity', are known to affect the relative stability of various protein conformations. We believe that the effects of alcohols on antagonist binding to rat heart muscarinic receptors reflected changes in the activation energy of association and dissociation reactions, the inhibition of equilibrium binding being mainly due to decreased 'hydrophobic interactions'. PMID- 6743232 TI - Isoelectric focusing--polynucleotide/polyacrylamide-gel electrophoresis. A technique to separate and characterize nuclease activities. AB - Individual native nuclease activities from human leucocytes are separated by using two-dimensional gel electrophoresis in an apparatus that allows the simultaneous running of 28 gels. Proteins are separated by isoelectric focusing in a disc gel, followed by electrophoresis into a slab gel containing DNA. Protein denaturants are avoided in the second dimension by the use of a running pH well above the optimal pH for DNAase (deoxyribonuclease) activity. Electrophoresed gels are incubated in appropriate buffers to activate nuclease activity. After staining for intact DNA, the positions of active enzymes, unobscured by the presence of other proteins, are revealed as colourless spots in a reddish-purple field. The technique is easy to use and is sensitive to 50pg of DNAase I. Versatility is provided by the use of either acidic or basic electrophoresis running buffers and by the use of specific gel incubation conditions to reveal different sets of enzyme activities. Two DNAases active at pH 7.4 in the presence of Mg2+ and Ca2+, and sixteen DNAases active at acidic pH and not requiring metals, are detected. Treatment of the human enzymes with specific glycosidases reveals that many of the human DNAases are glycoproteins containing negatively charged moieties and may be derived from modification of parent activities. PMID- 6743235 TI - Effects of pH on the interaction of substrates and malonyl-CoA with mitochondrial carnitine palmitoyltransferase I. AB - The kinetics of carnitine palmitoyltransferase I (CPT I; EC 2.3.1.21) were examined in mitochondria from rat liver, heart and skeletal muscle as a function of pH over the range 6.8-7.6. In all three tissues raising the pH resulted in a fall in the Km for carnitine, no change in the Km for palmitoyl-CoA or Octanoyl CoA, and a marked decrease in the inhibitory potency of malonyl-CoA. Studies with skeletal-muscle mitochondria established that increasing pH was accompanied by an increase in the Kd of the malonyl-CoA binding site for this ligand, coupled with a decrease in the Kd for fatty acyl-CoA species to compete for malonyl-CoA binding. Three principal conclusions are drawn. (1) The pH-induced shift in malonyl-CoA sensitivity of CPT I is not a phenomenon restricted to liver mitochondria. (2) At any given pH within the range tested, the ability of malonyl CoA (and closely related compounds) to inhibit enzyme activity is governed by the efficiency of their binding to the malonyl-CoA site. (3) The competitive interaction between fatty acyl-CoA substrates and malonyl-CoA as regards CPT I activity is exerted at the malonyl-CoA binding site. Finally, the possibility is strengthened that the malonyl-CoA binding site is distinct from the active site of CPT I. PMID- 6743234 TI - Covalent labelling of the lutropin binding site. Evidence for a single Mr 90000 sialoglycopolypeptide. AB - Membrane-associated sialoglycopolypeptides of rat ovaries were oxidized with NaIO4, reduced with NaB3H4 and solubilized with Triton X-100. The solubilized proteins carrying the 3H label were subjected to affinity chromatography on human choriogonadotropin coupled to agarose. Polyacrylamide-gel electrophoresis in sodium dodecyl sulphate followed by fluorography revealed a single component of apparent Mr 90000. This component was abolished when ovaries saturated with choriogonadotropin were used as starting material. The above result is identical to that obtained previously by conventional detection methods [ Metsikk o & Rajaniemi (1982) Biochem. J. 208, 309-316] and indicates that the 3H-labelled lutropin/choriogonadotropin sialoglycopolypeptide was observed. The affinity purified 3H-labelled protein co-eluted with the choriogonadotropin-binding activity solubilized with Triton X-100 from rat ovarian particles, showed a Stokes' radius of 6.2 nm and sedimented as a single band with a sedimentation coefficient of 5.1 S. The sedimentation coefficient of this 3H-labelled protein was not significantly altered when boiled in 1% sodium dodecyl sulphate, indicating that non-covalently associated subunits were not present. The 3H labelled protein cosedimented with the choriogonadotropin-binding activity solubilized with Triton X-100 from rat ovary. When 125I-choriogonadotropin receptor complex was covalently crosslinked with glutaraldehyde, an Mr 130000 component was produced as detected by sodium dodecyl sulphate gel electrophoresis. This component was extracted from the polyacrylamide gel and subjected to sucrose-density-gradient centrifugation in 0.1% Triton X-100. A single band sedimenting at the position of the 125I-choriogonadotropin-receptor complex solubilized from a prelabelled ovary was observed, exhibiting a sedimentation coefficient of 6.5S. These data suggest that the lutropin-binding site is a single sialoglycopolypeptide of Mr 90000, which binds one molecule of hormone resulting in an apparent Mr 130000 complex. The large Stokes' radius (6.2 nm) of the binding site is accounted for by bound detergent. PMID- 6743236 TI - Selective induction of glutathione S-transferase D in rat testis by phenobarbital. AB - Testis cytosol is shown to contain the Yb2Yb2 -homodimer glutathione S transferase D in addition to the previously described glutathione S-transferases A ( Yb1Yb1 ) and C ( Yb1Yb2 ). Treatment of rats with phenobarbital induces the level of glutathione S-transferase D in testis with no increase in the activities of glutathione S-transferases A and C. This result indicates a specific induction of the Yb2 subunit in testis, in contrast with the situation in rat liver, where phenobarbital specifically induces the Yb1 subunit. PMID- 6743237 TI - Characterization of a thyroid-hormone-binding site on nuclear envelopes and nuclear matrices of the male-rat liver. AB - Nuclear envelopes and nuclear matrices were isolated from the male-rat liver. Incubation of 125I-labelled 3,3',5-tri-iodothyronine (T3) with the nuclear envelope fraction resulted in specific binding of T3 to the membranes. Maximum specific binding occurred at 30 degrees C after 2h incubation. Storage for 1 week at -80 degrees C resulted in no loss of binding. Scatchard analysis revealed a class of binding sites with KD 86 nM. 3,3',5'-Tri-iodothyronine was as effective a competitor of [125I]T3 binding to nuclear envelopes as was L-T3 itself, and tri iodothyroacetic acid was 70% as potent as T3. L- and D-thyronine did not compete for [125I]T3 binding. Incubation of nuclear envelopes with 0.6 M-NaCl before addition of T3 resulted in the complete loss of specific binding sites, whereas exposure of the membranes to 2.0 M-NaCl after incubation with T3 did not extract binding sites. Nuclear matrices, after incubation with [125I]T3 under the same conditions, were shown to possess a class of binding sites with a similar KD but with approx. 30% of the maximum binding capacity. Nuclear envelopes from hypothyroid animals may possess slightly lower numbers of binding sites compared with nuclear envelopes from the intact animal, whereas nuclear matrices from hypothyroid animals have the same number of binding sites as do nuclear envelopes from the intact animal. In conclusion, nuclear envelopes and nuclear matrices have a class of binding sites with relatively high affinity for T3. It is distinct from nuclear and cytosolic binding sites. PMID- 6743238 TI - Characterization of muscle epimysium, perimysium and endomysium collagens. AB - In the past it has been proven difficult to separate and characterize collagen from muscle because of its relative paucity in this tissue. The present report presents a comprehensive methodology, combining methods previously described by McCollester [(1962) Biochim. Biophys. Acta 57, 427-437] and Laurent, Cockerill, McAnulty & Hastings [(1981) Anal. Biochem. 113, 301-312], in which the three major tracts of muscle connective tissue, the epimysium, perimysium and endomysium, may be prepared and separated from the bulk of muscle protein. Connective tissue thus prepared may be washed with salt and treated with pepsin to liberate soluble native collagen, or can be washed with sodium dodecyl sulphate to produce a very clean insoluble collagenous product. This latter type of preparation may be used for quantification of the ratio of the major genetic forms of collagen or for measurement of reducible cross-link content to give reproducible results. It was shown that both the epimysium and perimysium contain type I collagen as the major component and type III collagen as a minor component; perimysium also contained traces of type V collagen. The endomysium, the sheaths of individual muscle fibres, was shown to contain both type I and type III collagen as major components. Type V collagen was also present in small amounts, and type IV collagen, the collagenous component of basement membranes, was purified from endomysial preparations. This is the first biochemical demonstration of the presence of type IV collagen in muscle endomysium. The preparation was shown to be very similar to other type IV collagens from other basement membranes on sodium dodecyl sulphate/polyacrylamide-gel electrophoresis and was indistinguishable from EHS sarcoma collagen and placenta type IV collagen in the electron microscope after rotary shadowing. PMID- 6743239 TI - Measurement of the oxidation-reduction potentials for one-electron and two electron reduction of electron-transfer flavoprotein from pig liver. AB - Potentiometric titrations of pig liver electron-transfer flavoprotein (ETF) were performed at pH 7.5 and 4 degrees C, both in the reductive and oxidative directions. Reduction of ETF to the hydroquinone form required a total of two reducing equivalents/mol of ETF with the formation of sub-stoichiometric amounts of anionic semiquinone as an intermediate. The oxidation-reduction potentials for the two one-electron couples, oxidized ETF/ETF semiquinone and ETF semiquinone/fully reduced ETF, are +4 mV and -50 mV respectively. The overall midpoint potential for the two-electron couple (oxidized ETF/fully reduced ETF) is -23 mV. PMID- 6743240 TI - Determination of partial specific volume and absolute concentration by densimetry. AB - The apparent partial specific volume, phi, of a protein (or other macromolecule) and the absolute concentration, c, can be determined from the densimetry of solutions and diffusates in 1H2O , 2H2O and 1H2O/2H2O mixtures if the ratios of concentrations (relative concentrations) are known. The densimetry method allows a non-destructive check on total macromolecule concentrations without prior knowledge of specific u.v.-absorption coefficient. The method may be especially useful in small-angle neutron-scattering studies. PMID- 6743241 TI - Photobilirubin II. AB - An improved preparation of photobilirubin II in ammoniacal methanol is described. Evidence is presented which distinguishes between the two structures proposed earlier for photobilirubin II in favour of the cycloheptadienyl structure. Nuclear-Overhauser-enhancement measurements with bilirubin IX alpha and photobilirubin II in dimethyl sulphoxide are complicated by the occurrence of negative and zero effects. The partition coefficient of photobilirubin II between chloroform and phosphate buffer (pH 7.4) is 0.67. PMID- 6743242 TI - Magnetic alignment of collagen during self-assembly. AB - Magnetically induced birefringence is used to monitor the thermally induced self assembly of collagen fibrils from a solution of molecules. The magnetic torque alone can, at best, only orient the fibrils into planes normal to the field direction. Nevertheless, the gels formed have a high degree of uniaxial alignment, probably due to the additional ordering effects of surface interactions. Thus magnetic orientation is potentially useful in the study of fibrillogenesis and in the production of highly oriented collagen gels. PMID- 6743243 TI - An analysis of the heterogeneity of mucins. No evidence for a self-association. AB - There are two possible contributions to the heterogeneity of mucus glycoproteins as observed in the analytical ultracentrifuge: firstly, from associative phenomena, and, secondly, from a polydisperse distribution of non-interacting species of different molecular masses. It is shown from the non-superposability of plots of point-weight-average relative molecular masses against concentration for differing initial cell-loading concentrations that polydispersity must be significant. It is further shown, by attempting to block any associative phenomena by competitive inhibition of potential sites for hydrophobic inter particle interaction, that the observed heterogeneity is primarily a result of polydispersity and not a self-association. PMID- 6743245 TI - Active-site-directed inactivators of the Zn2+-containing D-alanyl-D-alanine cleaving carboxypeptidase of Streptomyces albus G. AB - Several types of active-site-directed inactivators (inhibitors) of the Zn2+ containing D-alanyl-D-alanine-cleaving carboxypeptidase were tested. (i) Among the heavy-atom-containing compounds examined, K2Pt(C2O4)2 inactivates the enzyme with a second-order rate constant of about 6 X 10(-2)M-1 X S-1 and has only one binding site located close to the Zn2+ cofactor within the enzyme active site. (ii) Several compounds possessing both a C-terminal carboxylate function and, at the other end of the molecule, a thiol, hydroxamate or carboxylate function were also examined. 3-Mercaptopropionate (racemic) and 3-mercaptoisobutyrate (L isomer) inhibit the enzyme competitively with a Ki value of 5 X 10 X 10(-9)M. (iii) Classical beta-lactam compounds have a very weak inhibitory potency. Depending on the structure of the compounds, enzyme inhibition may be competitive (and binding occurs to the active site) or non-competitive (and binding causes disruption of the protein crystal lattice). (iv) 6-beta-Iodopenicillanate inactivates the enzyme in a complex way. At high beta-lactam concentrations, the pseudo-first-order rate constant of enzyme inactivation has a limit value of 7 X 10(-4)S-1 X 6-beta-Iodopenicillanate binds to the active site just in front of the Zn2+ cofactor and superimposes histidine-190, suggesting that permanent enzyme inactivation is by reaction with this latter residue. PMID- 6743244 TI - Differential membrane protein carboxyl-methylation of intact human erythrocytes by exogenous methyl donors. AB - The patterns of membrane protein carboxyl-methylation by protein methylase II (S adenosylmethionine: protein-carboxyl O-methyltransferase, EC 2.1.1.24) in intact human erythrocytes were shown to differ markedly whether the methyl donor, S adenosyl-L-[methyl-3H]methionine, was supplied exogenously or formed intracellularly via exogenously added L-[methyl-3H]methionine. The differences include the following. (1) The methylation of cytoskeletal components (band 2.1 and 4.1) occurs only in the case of the L-[methyl-3H]methionine-labelled cells. (2) The methionine-mediated methylation was much less sensitive to S-adenosyl-L homocysteine inhibition than the adenosylmethionine-mediated methylation (22% versus 95% inhibition at 10 microM). (3) The membrane protein methylation mediated by exogenous adenosylmethionine and methionine differed markedly in their alkali labilities; at pH 6.0, 30% of the adenosylmethionine-mediated protein methyl esters were hydrolysed after 30 min (37 degrees C) while the methionine-mediated esters were stable. At pH 7.4, the respective labilities were 60% and 30% for the 30 min incubation. To explain these results, a possible involvement of cytoskeletal structure associated with the intact erythrocyte is discussed. PMID- 6743246 TI - Modulation of the morphology and glycosaminoglycan biosynthesis of human monocytes, induced by culture substrates. AB - Monocytes were isolated from human blood and cultured in vitro on plastic culture dishes or on fibronectin-coated dishes. After 5 days in vitro, the cells on plastic dishes displayed marked morphological changes compared with day 1, with an epithelioid appearance resembling that of foreign-body cells. This transition was inhibited in cells cultured on fibronectin-coated dishes. 35S-labelled polysaccharides were isolated from the culture media after 24h incubation periods with inorganic [35S]sulphate. The cells cultured for 5 days on a plastic substrate synthesized, and secreted into the medium, an oversulphated galactosaminoglycan previously shown to contain 4,6-di-O-sulphated N acetylgalactosamine units [Kolset, Kjellen, Seljelid & Lindahl (1983) Biochem. J. 210, 661-667]. In contrast, 35S-labelled polysaccharide produced by cells cultured on plastic for 1 day only, or on fibronectin for either 1 or 5 days, contained only minor amounts of such disulphated sugar units. These findings indicate that the formation of oversulphated chondroitin sulphate is coupled to the conversion of monocytes into epithelioid cells. Furthermore, they suggest that the overall process is induced by contact with artificial substrates, and that it may be regarded as the equivalent of a foreign-body reaction in vivo. PMID- 6743247 TI - Characterization of [4Fe-4S]2+, [4Fe-4Se]2+ and hybrid (S, Se) clusters in Clostridium pasteurianum ferredoxin. A resonance Raman study. AB - Resonance Raman spectra of native 2[4Fe-4S] ferredoxin from Clostridium pasteurianum and of its selenium-substituted analogue 2[4Fe-4Se] are compared. The experimental conditions used in this study included low temperature (approx. 25K) and the absence of a glass sample cell, thus ensuring high signal-to-noise ratios. The spectra of the 2[4Fe-4S] and 2[4Fe-4Se] ferredoxins display similar numbers of bands, but the resonance Raman patterns differ largely, except for two bands observed at 353 cm-1 and 365 cm-1 in spectra of the native ferredoxin, which are only moderately shifted upon S----Se substitution and are attributed to Fe-S(cysteine) stretching modes. The activities of the latter modes, enhanced by 457.9 nm excitation, are nearly equal in both ferredoxins. These data were used to demonstrate the presence of hybrid clusters [4Fe-(4-n)S-nSe] (n = 1, 2, 3) in a ferredoxin the active sites of which had been reconstituted in the presence of both S and Se. PMID- 6743248 TI - The kinetics of consecutive enzyme reactions. The design of coupled assays and the temporal response of pathways. AB - A regime is proposed for the design of coupled enzyme assays in which auxiliary enzymes are added at concentrations proportional to their Km values. Under these conditions it is possible to calculate the complete time course of the assay including the time required for the system to approach its steady state. The consequence of increasing the number of coupling enzymes is shown to be a considerable decrease in time required to reach the steady state provided that the overall transient time remains the same. The method is extended to the general consideration of pathways and shows that pathways of the same length exhibit identical temporal responses provided that the units of concentration and time used are based on the steady-state concentration of intermediates and the transient time respectively. An unexpected finding is that increasing the number of intermediates in a pathway can decrease the time required to enter a steady state. PMID- 6743249 TI - Light-scattering from detergent-complexed biological macromolecules. AB - A theory is described for Rayleigh light-scattering from solutions of detergent complexed macromolecules applicable to measurements carried out under conditions of Donnan equilibrium. The theory shows that when scattering measurements are made on detergent-solubilized macromolecules in the presence of detergent micelles the apparent Mr is dependent on the extent of detergent binding and effective charge on the detergent-macromolecule complex and the micellar charge and aggregation number. Equations are given for the apparent Mr of the macromolecule under limiting conditions of high salt and low salt concentration. Low-angle laser-light-scattering measurements were made on lysozyme complexed with sodium n-dodecyl sulphate both in the absence and in the presence of detergent micelles. These experimentally obtained data were used in conjunction with the detergent-binding isotherm to test the theory at high ionic strength. Light-scattering measurements were also made on detergent-saturated complexes as a function of ionic strength and pH. The results are in reasonable accord with both the qualitative and the quantitative predictions of the theory. PMID- 6743250 TI - Identification of two molecular-mass forms of phenylalanine hydroxylase that segregate independently in rats. Specific association of each form with certain rat strains. AB - The nature of the different molecular-mass forms of phenylalanine hydroxylase in rat livers was examined by immunoprecipitation of the enzyme from crude liver extracts that had been radiolabelled by reductive methylation. The two forms of the enzyme were resolved by sodium dodecyl sulphate/polyacrylamide-gel electrophoresis and detected by fluorography. Segregation of the two forms of the enzyme was demonstrated in Sprague-Dawley rats, as would be expected if the two forms were products of allelic genes. In addition, hooded and albino Wistar rat livers contained only the slower-migrating form and Lewis rat livers contained only the faster-migrating form, and hence we suggest that the forms be referred to as W (for Wistar) and L (for Lewis). Peptide mapping showed that the W and L forms are closely related, and the difference between them appears to reside at one or other end of the polypeptide chain. The kidney contained the same forms as the liver in one-tenth the quantity, providing further evidence that the same phenylalanine hydroxylase gene is expressed in liver and kidney. PMID- 6743251 TI - Cathepsin D from pig myometrium. Characterization of the proteinase. AB - The purification of cathepsin D from pig uterus by two-step affinity chromatography on concanavalin A- and pepstatin-Sepharose was described previously [Afting & Becker (1981) Biochem. J. 197, 519-522]. In this paper, chemical and physical properties of the proteinase are presented. The purified enzyme showed three bands on SDS (sodium dodecyl sulphate)/polyacrylamide-gel electrophoresis, one main band corresponding to an Mr of 31 000 and two minor bands with Mr values of 43 000 and 15 000 respectively. Gel filtration on Bio-gel P-150 and sedimentation-diffusion equilibrium studies give an Mr for the main band of about 35 000. The pI of the enzyme was determined to be 7.2. Haemoglobin was the best substrate, with a Km value of 6.4 X 10(-6)M. It was hydrolysed with a pH optimum between 3.0 and 3.3 for a substrate concentration of 100 microM. The proteinase was stable over the pH range of 3.5-6.5. At pH 6 the enzyme showed stability up to a temperature of 50 degrees C; at pH 3 the activity was already decreased below 40 degrees C. Carbohydrate studies resulted in the staining of all three bands on an SDS/polyacrylamide gel by thymol/H2SO4. After treatment with endo-beta-N-acetylglucosaminidase H, all three bands were shifted to a region of lower Mr. Of various inhibitors tested, only pepstatin was strongly inhibiting, with a Ki of 2.1 X 10(-9)M. PMID- 6743252 TI - Biosynthesis of phycobiliproteins. Incorporation of biliverdin into phycocyanin of the red alga Cyanidium caldarium. AB - 14C-labelled biliverdin IX alpha was administered to cultures of Cyanidium caldarium that were actively synthesizing photosynthetic pigments in the light. Between 9 and 12% of the phycobiliprotein chromophore produced in such cultures was derived from exogenous biliverdin. These results demonstrate that biliverdin is an intermediate in the biosynthesis of phycobiliproteins. PMID- 6743253 TI - Calmodulin content of rat mammary tissue and isolated cells during pregnancy and lactation. AB - The calmodulin content of heat-treated extracts of rat mammary tissue and isolated cells was measured by using stimulation of cyclic nucleotide phosphodiesterase (PDE) activity and radioimmunoassay (r.i.a.) procedures. The calmodulin content of mammary tissue increased 2.5-fold near the time of parturition, remained at the elevated level during lactation, then, after the onset of involution, decreased to values similar to those measured from mammary tissue of pregnant rats. When tissue from 15 animals in different stages of pregnancy, lactation and involution were compared, the r.i.a. gave 2.6-fold higher results than the PDE assay. To investigate further the increase in calmodulin content of mammary tissue, secretory and myoepithelial cells were enzymically dissociated from rat mammary tissue during different stages of pregnancy, lactation and involution. Protein, DNA, lactose, glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase and alkaline phosphatase were assayed to characterize the cell fractions. By using r.i.a., the calmodulin content per mg of protein in isolated secretory-cell fractions was high near parturition, then decreased and remained relatively constant during lactation. The amount of calmodulin expressed per mg of DNA in secretory cells did not show a marked change near parturition, suggesting a constant amount of calmodulin per cell. The calmodulin content of myoepithelial cells dissociated from mammary tissue and measured by using r.i.a. was 6-fold lower than in secretory cells and remained relatively constant during the course of lactation. The changing levels of calmodulin in rat mammary tissue during development are suggested to be related to proliferation and destruction of secretory epithelial cells, events that occur near parturition and involution respectively. PMID- 6743254 TI - Augmentation of dexamethasone induction of rat liver metallothionein by zinc. AB - The induction of liver metallothionein by dexamethasone in adrenalectomized rats was augmented by zinc administration. Metallothionein synthesis was increased in an additive manner with both zinc and dexamethasone compared with either treatment alone. Translational activity of polyribosomal metallothionein mRNA was also greater in zinc + dexamethasone-treated rats. Northern-blot analyses showed that dexamethasone increased these mRNA contents to a greater extent at the lower zinc dose, suggesting that the induction may be maximal at the higher zinc dose when combined with dexamethasone. PMID- 6743255 TI - Intralysosomal hydrolysis of glycyl-L-phenylalanine 2-naphthylamide. AB - Glycyl-L-phenylalanine 2-naphthylamide (Gly-L-Phe-2-NNap), a cathepsin C substrate, induces an increase of the free and unsedimentable activities of this enzyme when incubated with a total mitochondrial fraction of rat liver. 1 mM ZnSO4 considerably inhibits the cathepsin C total activity, measured with Gly-L Phe-2-NNap as the substrate, in the presence of Triton X-100. The inhibition is markedly less pronounced when the free activity is determined; a high activity remains that depends on the integrity of the lysosomes; it decreases as the free activity of N-acetylglucosaminidase increases when lysosomes are subjected to treatments able to disrupt their membrane. Cathepsin C activity is reduced when thioethylamine hydrochloride is omitted from the incubation medium. Under these conditions at 37 degrees C, the free activity equals the total activity, although the lysosomes are intact, as indicated by the low free activity of N acetylglucosaminidase. 1 mM-ZnSO4 strikingly inhibits the total activity, whereas more than 80% of the free activity remains. These observations are presented as evidence that Gly-L-Phe-2-NNap can possibly cause a disruption of the lysosomes as a result of its hydrolysis inside these organelles. In the presence of ZnSO4, intralysosomal hydrolysis becomes apparent, owing to a preferential inhibition by Zn2+ of extralysosomal hydrolysis; in the absence of thioethylamine hydrochloride, it is measurable because the disruption of lysosomes by Gly-L-Phe 2-NNap is delayed as a result of a slow-down of the reaction. The usefulness of Gly-L-Phe-2-NNap and related dipeptidyl naphthylamides in lysosomal-membrane permeability studies is emphasized. PMID- 6743256 TI - An extended-X-ray-absorption-fine-structure study of bovine erythrocyte superoxide dismutase in aqueous solution. Direct evidence for three-co-ordinate Cu(I) in reduced enzyme. AB - Copper and zinc K-edge e.x.a.f.s. (extended X-ray-absorption fine structures) were measured for the metal sites of oxidized and reduced bovine superoxide dismutase in aqueous solution. Detailed analysis of the spectra indicates that the copper site of the enzyme changes on reduction and is most probably co ordinated to three imidazole groups at a shorter distance Cu-N(alpha) = 0.194 nm (1.94 A) in the reduced form compared with a co-ordination of four imidazole groups at 0.199 nm (1.99 A) and an oxygen atom from solvent water at 0.224 nm (2.24 A) in the oxidized form. Examination of the edge, near-edge structure and e.x.a.f.s. of the zinc sites indicates that the stereochemical changes at copper that accompany reduction introduce minimal perturbation on the stereochemistry at zinc. PMID- 6743257 TI - Polyamine synthesis in mammalian tissues. Isolation and characterization of spermidine synthase from bovine brain. AB - Spermidine synthase (EC 2.5.1.16) was purified to apparent homogeneity (about 11 000-fold) from bovine brain by affinity chromatography, with S-adenosyl-(5')-3 thiopropylamine linked to Sepharose as the adsorbent. The enzyme preparation was free from S-adenosylmethionine decarboxylase (EC 4.1.1.50) and spermine synthase (EC 2.5.1.22) activities. The native enzyme had an apparent Mr of 70 000, was composed of two subunits of equal size, and had an isoelectric point at pH 5.22. The apparent Km values for putrescine and decarboxylated adenosylmethionine [S adenosyl-(5')-3-methylthiopropylamine] were 40 microM and 0.3 microM respectively. Cadaverine and 1,6-diaminohexane could replace putrescine as the aminopropyl acceptor, although the reaction rates were only 6% and 1% respectively of that obtained with putrescine. Ethyl, propyl and carboxymethyl analogues of decarboxy-S-adenosylmethionine could act as propylamine donors. Both the reaction products, spermidine and 5'-methylthioadenosine, were mixed-type inhibitors of the enzyme. On the basis of initial-velocity and product-inhibition studies, a ping-pong reaction mechanism for the spermidine synthase reaction was ruled out. PMID- 6743260 TI - Secondary structure of hyaluronate in solution. A 1H-n.m.r. investigation at 300 and 500 MHz in [2H6]dimethyl sulphoxide solution. AB - The 1H-n.m.r. spectra of solutions in [2H6]dimethyl sulphoxide of the sodium salts of tetra-, hexa- and octa-saccharides prepared from hyaluronate by testicular-hyaluronidase digestion were examined at 300 and 500 MHz. The signals from hydroxy groups at positions 2 and 3 in the glucuronic acid moiety were assigned. Their chemical shifts and associated temperature-dependencies, as well as their coupling constants, depended on whether or not the uronic acid was at the non-reducing end. Deviations from the 'normal' pattern of hydroxy-group proton n.m.r. behaviour were attributable to participation in hydrogen bonds, either to the acetamido carbonyl oxygen atom or the pyranose ring oxygen atom of neighbouring N-acetylhexosamine moieties. A secondary structure, containing four different hydrogen bonds per trisaccharide unit of glucuronsyl-hexosaminyl glucuronic acid, was demonstrated. This is the first complete and detailed secondary structure to be established for hyaluronate in any solvent. Hyaluronate is compared with chondroitin sulphate, dermatan sulphate, heparan sulphate and keratan sulphate in their potential to form secondary structures with features in common. The significance of the details of the structure to its overall stability, and the probability of their persistence into aqueous environments, are discussed. The presence of all or most of the secondary structure in glycosaminoglycuronans is correlated with a space-filling function in the tissue, and with a high carbohydrate content in the parent proteoglycan in the case of the chondroitin sulphates. PMID- 6743258 TI - Repair of depurinated DNA with enzymes from rat liver chromatin. AB - DNA from T7 phage containing AP (apurinic/apyrimidinic) sites was repaired by the successive actions of three chromatin enzymes [AP endodeoxyribonuclease, DNAase IV (5'----3'-exodeoxyribonuclease) and DNA polymerase-beta] prepared from rat liver and T4-phage DNA ligase. Since DNA ligase is also found in rat liver chromatin, all the activities used for the successful repair in vitro are thus present in the chromatin of a eukaryotic cell. Our results show, in particular, that the chromatin DNAase IV is capable of excising the AP site from the DNA strand nicked by the chromatin AP endodeoxyribonuclease. We did not try to combine all the enzymes, since competition between some of them might have prevented the repair; we have, for instance, shown that DNA ligase can seal the incision 5' to the AP site made by the AP endodeoxyribonuclease. Changes in chromatin structure during repair might perhaps prevent this competition when nuclear DNA is repaired in the living cell. PMID- 6743259 TI - Renal transport of neutral amino acids. Tubular localization of Na+-dependent phenylalanine- and glucose-transport systems. AB - The transport properties for phenylalanine and glucose in luminal-membrane vesicles from outer cortex (pars convoluta) and outer medulla (pars recta) of rabbit kidney were studied by a spectrophotometric method. Uptake of phenylalanine as well as of glucose by the two types of membrane vesicles was found to be Na+-dependent, electrogenic and stereospecific. Na+-dependent transport of L-phenylalanine by outer-cortical membrane vesicles could be accounted for by one transport system (KA congruent to 1.5 mM). By contrast, in the outer-medullary preparation, L-phenylalanine transport occurred via two transport systems, namely a high-affinity system with K1A congruent to 0.33 mM and a low-affinity system with K2A congruent to 7 mM respectively. Na+-dependent uptake of D-glucose by pars convoluta and pars recta membrane vesicles could be described by single, but different, transport systems, namely a low-affinity system with KA congruent to 3.5 mM and a high-affinity system with KA congruent to 0.30 mM respectively. Attempts to calculate the stoichiometry of the different Na+/D-glucose transport systems by using Hill-type plots revealed that the ratio of the Na+/hexose co-transport probably is 1:1 in the case of pars convoluta and 2:1 in membrane vesicles from pars recta. The Na+/L-phenylalanine stoichiometry of the pars convoluta transporter probably is 1:1. Both the high-affinity and the low-affinity Na+-dependent L-phenylalanine transport system of pars recta membrane vesicles seem to operate with a 1:1 stoichiometry. The physiological importance of the arrangement of low-affinity and high-affinity transport systems along the kidney proximal tubule is discussed. PMID- 6743261 TI - The extraction and mechanism of a novel isomaltulose-synthesizing enzyme from Erwinia rhapontici. AB - The single enzyme that mediates the bioconversion is demonstrated to be located in the cells' periplasmic space, a site that facilitates its use as an industrial biocatalyst, and to be a previously undescribed hexosyltransferase with four novel features. The enzyme is sucrose-specific, and has an intramolecular mechanism in which both glucose and fructose residues appear to be enzyme-bound. Thirdly, it is reaction-non-selective, forming simultaneously isomaltulose and a second hitherto uncharacterized alpha-(1----1)-linked disaccharide (trehalulose), by hydrolysis of sucrose followed by reaction of glucose with the C-6 and C-1 positions of the fructofuranose respectively. Finally, on extended incubation an unusual recycling mechanism caused the concentration of isomaltulose, the kinetically preferred product, to reach a transient maximum concentration and then fall, and the concentration of trehalulose, the thermodynamically favoured product, to rise slowly. PMID- 6743262 TI - Physicochemical properties and N-terminal sequence of eel lectin. AB - Some physicochemical properties of the L-fucose-binding lectin from the serum of the European eel (Anguilla anguilla) were determined. The lectin is a dimer composed of identical subunits of Mr approx. 40000. In agreement with previous results [Horejsi & Kocourek (1978) Biochim. Biophys. Acta 538, 299-315], the subunit was shown to comprise two non-glycosylated polypeptides of Mr approx. 20000 and linked by disulphide bonds. N-Terminal sequence analysis, carboxypeptidase digestion and peptide mapping indicated identity of the polypeptides. There were two L-fucose-binding sites per subunit with KD 1.6 X 10( 3) M for the lectin-fucose complex, as determined by equilibrium dialysis. PMID- 6743263 TI - Inhibition of microsomal lipid peroxidation by glutathione and glutathione transferases B and AA. Role of endogenous phospholipase A2. AB - Lipid peroxidation in vitro in rat liver microsomes (microsomal fractions) initiated by ADP-Fe3+ and NADPH was inhibited by the rat liver soluble supernatant fraction. When this fraction was subjected to frontal-elution chromatography, most, if not all, of its inhibitory activity could be accounted for by the combined effects of two fractions, one containing Se-dependent glutathione (GSH) peroxidase activity and the other the GSH transferases. In the latter fraction, GSH transferases B and AA, but not GSH transferases A and C, possessed inhibitory activity. GSH transferase B replaced the soluble supernatant fraction as an effective inhibitor of lipid peroxidation in vitro. If the microsomes were pretreated with the phospholipase A2 inhibitor p-bromophenacyl bromide, neither the soluble supernatant fraction nor GSH transferase B inhibited lipid peroxidation in vitro. Similarly, if all microsomal enzymes were heat inactivated and lipid peroxidation was initiated with FeCl3/sodium ascorbate neither the soluble supernatant fraction nor GSH transferase B caused inhibition, but in both cases inhibition could be restored by the addition of porcine pancreatic phospholipase A2 to the incubation. It is concluded that the inhibition of microsomal lipid peroxidation in vitro requires the consecutive action of phospholipase A2, which releases fatty acyl hydroperoxides from peroxidized phospholipids, and GSH peroxidases, which reduce them. The GSH peroxidases involved are the Se-dependent GSH peroxidase and the Se-independent GSH peroxidases GSH transferases B and AA. PMID- 6743264 TI - Renal transport of neutral amino acids. Demonstration of Na+-independent and Na+ dependent electrogenic uptake of L-proline, hydroxy-L-proline and 5-oxo-L-proline by luminal-membrane vesicles. AB - Uptake of L-proline, hydroxy-L-proline and 5-oxo-L-proline by luminal-membrane vesicles isolated either from whole cortex or from pars convoluta or pars recta of proximal tubules was studied by a spectrophotometric method. Uptake of L proline and hydroxy-L-proline by vesicles from whole cortex was mediated by both Na+-dependent and Na+-independent, but electrogenic, processes, whereas transport of 5-oxo-L-proline in these vesicles was strictly Na+-dependent. Eadie-Hofstee analysis of saturation-kinetic data suggested the presence of multiple transport systems in luminal-membrane vesicles from whole renal cortex for the uptake of all these amino acids. Tubular localization of the transport systems was studied by the use of vesicles derived from pars convoluta and from pars recta. In pars recta transport of all three amino acids was strictly dependent on Na+ and occurred via a high-affinity system (half-saturation: 0.1-0.3 mM). Cation dependent but Na+-unspecific transport of low affinity for L-proline and hydroxy L-proline was exclusively localized to the pars convoluta, which also contained a Na+-preferring system of intermediate affinity (half-saturation: L-proline, 0.75 mM; hydroxy-L-proline, 1.3 mM). 5-Oxo-L-proline was transported by low-affinity and Na+-dependent systems in both pars convoluta and pars recta. Competition experiments revealed that transport systems for L-proline and hydroxy-L-proline are common, but indicated separate high-affinity transport systems for 5-oxo-L proline and L-proline in luminal-membrane vesicles from pars recta. The physiological importance of the presence of various neutral amino acid-transport systems in different segments of the proximal tubule is discussed. PMID- 6743265 TI - Production and characterization of monoclonal antibodies to beta-galactoside binding lectin of bovine heart muscle. Direct evidence that haemagglutinating activity is associated with a 13kDa protein. AB - With the aim of obtaining monospecific antibodies against the beta-galactoside binding lectin of bovine heart muscle, spleen cells from Lou rats immunized with lectin were fused with the rat myeloma line Y3.Ag1.2.3. Two immunoglobulin M (IgM)-producing clones, designated NIBy 142-36/8 and NIBy 143-9/5, derived from separate fusions, were used to generate ascites containing high-titre binding activity against the 13kDa component in preparations of lectin. Direct evidence that haemagglutinating activity is associated with the 13kDa protein was obtained by the specific elution of 13kDa polypeptides with haemagglutinating activity from an immobilized antibody adsorbent. Solid-phase radiobinding assays and immunoblotting of isolated lectins and/or muscle homogenates confirmed the earlier indications with conventional antisera that the beta-galactoside-binding lectins of bovine, human and monkey muscle tissue are antigenically related. PMID- 6743266 TI - Conformational changes induced by binding of bivalent cations to oncomodulin, a paravalbumin-like tumour protein. AB - When Mg2+ was added to rat oncomodulin, a paravalbumin-like tumour protein, changes in the c.d. spectrum and tyrosine fluorescence intensity were observed. The addition of Ca2+ resulted in even greater changes in these spectra. The fluorescence excitation spectra of apo- and Mg-oncomodulin were superimposable, whereas that of Ca-oncomodulin was markedly different. The u.v.-absorption spectrum of the Ca2+ form also showed major differences from those of the other two forms. These observations indicate that Ca2+ induced a significant and specific conformational change in the protein that was not observed on binding Mg2+. In contrast, the conformational change induced by either Mg2+ or Ca2+ was identical in the homologous rat parvalbumin. This Ca2+-specific conformational change may be the basis for oncomodulin's Ca2+-dependent protein/protein interaction. PMID- 6743267 TI - A tryptophan C-methyltransferase involved in streptonigrin biosynthesis in Streptomyces flocculus. AB - A C-methyltransferase that catalyses the transfer of a methyl group from S adenosylmethionine to C-3 of tryptophan, resulting in beta-methyltryptophan, has been identified in cell-free extracts of streptonigrin-producing Streptomyces flocculus. The absolute configuration of the product was shown to be (2S,3R)-beta methyltryptophan by high-pressure liquid chromatography and reactivity with D- and L-amino acid oxidases. In shake culture, maximum specific activity occurs after S. flocculus enters stationary phase, but before significant streptonigrin accumulates. PMID- 6743268 TI - Investigation of cation-binding properties of cardiac troponin C peptides by circular-dichroism spectroscopy. AB - Bovine cardiac troponin C was cleaved at residues cysteine-35 and cysteine-84. Three peptides, N-terminal (residues 1-34), central (residues 35-83) and C terminal (residues 84-161), of cardiac troponin C were obtained in a homogeneous state. Saturation of troponin C or its C-terminal peptide with Ca2+ or Mg2+ is accompanied by an increase in the ellipticity at 222 nm in the c.d. spectrum. The half-maximal changes in the ellipticity of troponin C were observed at 32 nM-Ca2+ or 56 microM-Mg2+. The corresponding values for the C-terminal peptide are 7.1 nM for Ca2+ and 4.5 microM for Mg2+. The ellipticity of the central peptide (residues 35-83) containing the second cation-binding site was decreased on saturation with Ca2+. The half-maximal changes in the ellipticity occur at 80 microM-Ca2+. Study of the c.d. spectra suggests that the alpha-helices flanking the second cation-binding site of cardiac troponin C exist independently of Ca2+. Saturation of the third and fourth sites with these cations is associated with a considerable increase in the alpha-helix content, probably due to the formation of an alpha-helix flanking the third site on the N-terminus. PMID- 6743269 TI - Role of the liver in low-density-lipoprotein catabolism in the rat. AB - Plasma low-density-lipoprotein (LDL) kinetics and hepatic LDL uptake were studied in the rat after an intravenous pulse injection of [14C]sucrose-labelled LDL. Some 96% of injected radioactivity was associated with apoprotein B of LDL (d 1.020-1.050). The disappearance of labelled LDL from plasma was accompanied by a linear increase in the hepatic uptake of LDL, up to 12 h after injection. Oestradiol treatment lowered plasma cholesterol concentration by 58% and the intravascular pool of LDL by 78%. This was associated with a 4-fold increase in the fractional catabolic rate of LDL and a 2-fold increase in the hepatic uptake of LDL. Oestradiol treatment did not significantly change the synthesis rate of LDL; it decreased the skin and lung uptake of LDL, but increased adrenal uptake. These results suggest that the liver plays an important role in the regulation of plasma LDL concentration. PMID- 6743270 TI - Age-related decrease in the link-stability of proteoglycan aggregates formed by articular chondrocytes. AB - Chondrocytes were isolated from the articular cartilage of rabbits aged between 6 and 50 weeks and labelled with [35S]sulphate after 48 h in monolayer culture. The percentage of the total proteoglycan monomers synthesized by each culture that were present as link-stabilized aggregates was shown to be about 83% at 6, 9 and 12 weeks, 73% at 15 weeks, 48% at 30 weeks and 32% at 50 weeks. The proliferative activity of the cells in culture also decreased markedly with the age of the donor. The results suggest that aging of chondrocytes in vivo is accompanied by a decrease in their capacity for link-protein synthesis. PMID- 6743271 TI - The contribution of both extracellular and intracellular calcium to the action of alpha-adrenergic agonists in perfused rat liver. AB - The role of both intracellular and extracellular Ca2+ pools in the expression of alpha-adrenergic-agonist-mediated responses was examined in perfused rat liver. Responses studied included glycogenolysis, respiration, lactate and pyruvate formation, ketone-body production, changes in the cytoplasmic and mitochondrial redox ratio and cellular K+ fluxes. Each of these was shown to be dependent on the mobilization of intracellular Ca2+ and can be grouped into one of two response types. Transient responses (ion fluxes and the redox ratios) are obligatorily dependent on the mobilization of intracellular Ca2+ and occur irrespective of the extracellular Ca2+ concentration. Sustained responses, on the other hand, initially require intracellular Ca2+ and, subsequently, extracellular Ca2+. The data indicate that alpha-adrenergic agonists mobilize extracellular Ca2+ as well as intracellular Ca2+ and that both pools are required for the full expression of hormone-induced responses in rat liver. PMID- 6743272 TI - The action of alpha-adrenergic agonists on plasma-membrane calcium fluxes in perfused rat liver. AB - The effect of alpha-adrenergic agonists on Ca2+ fluxes was examined in the perfused rat liver by using a combination of Ca2+-electrode and 45Ca2+-uptake techniques. We showed that net Ca2+ fluxes can be described by the activities of separate Ca2+-uptake and Ca2+-efflux components, and that alpha-adrenergic agonists modulate the activity of both components in a time-dependent manner. Under resting conditions, Ca2+-uptake and -efflux activities are balanced, resulting in Ca2+ cycling across the plasma membrane. The alpha-adrenergic agonists vasopressin and angiotensin, but not glucagon, stimulate the rate of both Ca2+ efflux and Ca2+ uptake. During the first 2-3 min of alpha-agonist administration the effect on the efflux component is the greater, the net effect being efflux of Ca2+ from the cell. After 3-4 min of phenylephrine treatment, net Ca2+ movements are essentially complete, however, the rate of Ca2+ cycling is significantly increased. After removal of the alpha-agonist a large stimulation of the rate of Ca2+ uptake leads to the net accumulation of Ca2+ by the cell. The potential role of these Ca2+ flux changes in the expression of alpha-adrenergic agonist-mediated effects is discussed. PMID- 6743273 TI - Kinetic mechanism and specificity of bovine milk sulphydryl oxidase. AB - Sulphydryl oxidase is known to catalyse the synthesis de novo of disulphide bonds in a variety of thiol-containing compounds. Reduced glutathione is the best thiol substrate; however, D- and L-cysteine, cysteamine and N-acetyl-L-cysteine, as well as cysteine-containing peptides and proteins, are also effectively oxidized. In contrast, oxidation of the thiol groups of mercaptoethanol, mercaptopyridine, dithiothreitol, dithioerythritol, mercaptoacetate, mercaptopropionate or lipoic acid is not detectably catalysed. In bovine milk, sulphydryl oxidase is closely associated with another glutathione-metabolizing enzyme, gamma glutamyltransferase. Covalent chromatography of crude preparations on cysteinylsuccinamidopropyl-glass resolves the oxidase from the transferase, thus permitting the kinetic characterization of glutathione oxidation. Initial-rate data imply a Ter Bi substituted-enzyme mechanism, and the observed substrate inhibition by thiols suggest that O2 binds first. Independent, non-kinetic, data, namely the immobilization of sulphydryl oxidase on cysteinyl-matrices, support formation of a mixed-disulphide intermediate between the thiol and enzyme, as predicted by the proposed mechanism. The enzyme-catalysed reaction appears not to be mediated via a superoxide intermediate, since O2 consumption is not affected by the presence of Nitro Blue Tetrazolium. FAD, NAD+, NADP+ and Nitro Blue Tetrazolium are all inactive as electron acceptors for sulphydryl oxidase catalysis. PMID- 6743274 TI - Simultaneous formation of 2- and 4-quinolones from quinolinium cations catalysed by aldehyde oxidase. AB - Quinolinium salts were incubated with partially purified aldehyde oxidase, and the products were separated by high-pressure liquid chromatography and fully characterized by u.v. spectroscopy, i.r. spectroscopy and mass spectrometry. Oxidation of N-methylquinolinium salts with either rabbit or guinea-pig liver aldehyde oxidase in vitro gave two isomeric products, N-methyl-4-quinolone and N methyl-2-quinolone. Incubation of N-phenylquinolinium perchlorate similarly yielded two oxidation products, N-phenyl-4-quinolone and N-phenyl-2-quinolone. The ratio of 2- to 4-quinolone production was species-dependent, the proportion of 4-quinolone with the guinea-pig enzyme being greater than that obtained with the rabbit liver enzyme. Kinetic constants were determined spectrophotometrically for both the quinolinium salts and a number of related quaternary compounds. In general, quaternization facilitated oxidation of a substrate, but a number of exceptions were noted, e.g. N-methylisoquinolinium and N-methylphen-anthridinium. Km values varied with the nature of electron acceptor employed, and this difference was more marked for quaternary substrates than the unquaternized counterparts. The product ratio obtained from N-methylquinolinium salts was found to be constant under various conditions, including purification of the enzyme and the use of either induced or inhibited aldehyde oxidase, but a change in the ratio was found at high pH values and in the presence of a competing substrate, N methylphenanthridinium. This may indicate that a quaternary substrate binds to aldehyde oxidase in two alternative positions. PMID- 6743275 TI - Metabolic activation of acetylenes. Covalent binding of [1,2-14C]octyne to protein, DNA and haem in vitro and the protective effects of certain thiol compounds. AB - [1,2-14C]Oct-l-yne was used to investigate metabolic activation of the ethynyl substituent in vitro. Activation of octyne by liver microsomal cytochrome P-450 dependent enzymes gave intermediate(s) that bound covalently to protein, DNA and to haem. The time course and extent of covalent binding of octyne to haem and to protein were similar. However, two different activating mechanisms are probably involved. Whereas covalent binding to protein or to DNA was inhibited by nucleophiles such as N-acetylcysteine, that to haem was little affected. When N acetylcysteine was included in the reaction mixtures, two major octyne-N acetylcysteine adducts were isolated and purified by high-pressure liquid chromatography. G.l.c.-mass spectrometry and n.m.r. suggest that these are the cis-trans isomers of S-3-oxo-oct-1-enyl-N-acetylcysteine. Oct-1-yn-3-one reacted non-enzymically with N-acetylcysteine at pH 7.4 and 37 degrees C with a t1/2 of about 6 s also to yield S-3-oxo-oct-l-enyl-N-acetylcysteine. The same product was formed when microsomal fractions were incubated with oct-1-yn-3-ol, N acetylcysteine and NAD(P)+. Octyn-3-one did not appear to react with haem or protoporphyrin IX. 5. A mechanism for the metabolic activation of oct-1-yne is proposed, consisting in (a) microsomal hydroxylation of the carbon atom alpha to the acetylenic bond and (b) oxidation to yield octyn-3-one as the reactive species. PMID- 6743277 TI - Significance of the endo-vinyl group of bilirubin in photochemical reactions. AB - In photochemical experiments on bilirubin III alpha (no endo-vinyl group), IX alpha (one endo-vinyl group) and XIII alpha (two endo-vinyl groups) and in the photochemical, thermal and catalytical reversion of their photoproducts under anaerobic conditions, much more instability and complexity of photoproducts of bilirubin XIII alpha were observed than for those of bilirubin IX alpha or III alpha. On the basis of present and previous results of photochemical experiments in vitro and the fact that large amounts of (EZ)-cyclobilirubin IX alpha appear in the bile during phototherapy of neonatal hyperbilirubinaemia [Onishi, Kawade, Itoh, Isobe & Sugiyama (1980) Biochem. J. 190, 527-532], it is concluded that the endo-vinyl group plays a crucial role in the photochemical reaction of bilirubin IX alpha. On reversed-phase high-pressure liquid chromatography of photoisomers, it was found that the retention times of geometric isomers and E-cyclized structural isomers were shortened compared with those of Z-isomer and E-isomer, respectively, as precursor substances. PMID- 6743276 TI - Effect of long-chain fatty acyl-CoA on mitochondrial and cytosolic ATP/ADP ratios in the intact liver cell. AB - The effect of long-chain acyl-CoA on subcellular adenine nucleotide systems was studied in the intact liver cell. Long-chain acyl-CoA content was varied by varying the nutritional state (fed and starved states) or by addition of oleate. Starvation led to an increase in the mitochondrial and a decrease in the cytosolic ATP/ADP ratio in liver both in vivo and in the isolated perfused organ as compared with the fed state. The changes were reversed on re-feeding glucose in liver in vivo or on infusion of substrates (glucose, glycerol) in the perfused liver, respectively. Similar changes in mitochondrial and cytosolic ATP/ADP ratios occurred on addition of oleate, but, importantly, not with a short-chain fatty acid such as octanoate. It is concluded that long-chain acyl-CoA exerts an inhibitory effect on mitochondrial adenine nucleotide translocation in the intact cell, as was previously postulated in the literature from data obtained with isolated mitochondria. The physiological relevance with respect to pyruvate metabolism, i.e. regulation of pyruvate carboxylase and pyruvate dehydrogenase by the mitochondrial ATP/ADP ratio, is discussed. PMID- 6743278 TI - Kinetics of chymotrypsin- and papain-catalysed synthesis of [leucine]enkephalin and [methionine]enkephalin. AB - The proteinase-catalysed synthesis of [Leu]enkephalin and [Met]enkephalin was studied kinetically. N alpha-t-Butoxycarbonyl-amino acids and peptides or their ethyl esters served as acyl donors, and amino acid phenylhydrazides were used as acyl acceptors. Initial-velocity measurements of alpha-chymotrypsin-catalysed peptide synthesis gave rise to kinetic patterns that are compatible with a ping pong mechanism modified by a hydrolytic branch. Initial-rate and alternative substrate inhibition patterns for papain-controlled peptide-bond formation are consistent with a sequential ordered mechanism with the acyl donor as the obligatory first substrate. On the basis of the observed kinetic features, reaction mechanisms are proposed for chymotrypsin- and papain-catalysed peptide synthesis that inversely equal those describing the pathways of proteolysis. The respective initial-velocity expressions for bireactant systems are given, along with the numerical values of the corresponding kinetic parameters. PMID- 6743279 TI - Determination of mitochondrial calcium content in hepatocytes by a rapid cellular fractionation technique. Vasopressin stimulates mitochondrial Ca2+ uptake. AB - Stimulation of hepatocytes with vasopressin (10 nM) in the presence of 1.25 mM extracellular Ca2+ increased glycogen phosphorylase activity 4-fold within 15s and provoked a rapid efflux of cell-associated Ca2+. Vasopressin also caused a transient increase in the Ca content of a mitochondria-rich fraction separated within seconds of hormone stimulation by a rapid fractionation technique [Shears & Kirk (1984) Biochem. J. 219, 375-382]. The Ca content of this fraction was restored to the control value within 2 min of hormone addition. These results indicate that mitochondria are not the source of the cell-associated Ca which is mobilized in the cytosol of vasopressin-stimulated hepatocytes. Rather, these organelles buffer the increase in cytosol [Ca2+] attributable to Ca mobilization from non-mitochondrial sources. PMID- 6743280 TI - Isolation and characterization of the two giant secretory proteins in salivary gland of Chironomus tentans. AB - The two giant secretory proteins, sp-Ia and sp-Ib, in salivary-gland cells of the larva of the fly Chironomus tentans, were isolated by preparative gel electrophoresis and characterized chemically. Their amino acid compositions are dominated by polar amino acids, with about 30% of basic amino acid residues. Crossed immunoelectrophoresis of sp-Ia and sp-Ib provided evidence that they share antigenic determinants. They also have major methionine-containing tryptic peptides in common. CNBr cleavage of sp-Ib gives a small number of low-Mr fragments, indicating that this protein has a repetitive structure. PMID- 6743281 TI - The biosynthesis of triacylglycerols in microsomal preparations of developing cotyledons of sunflower (Helianthus annuus L.). AB - The synthesis of triacylglycerols was investigated in microsomes (microsomal fractions) prepared from the developing cotyledons of sunflower (Helianthus annuus). Particular emphasis was placed on the mechanisms involved in controlling the C18- unsaturated-fatty-acid content of the oils. We have demonstrated that the microsomes were capable of: the transfer of oleate from acyl-CoA to position 2 of sn-phosphatidylcholine for its subsequent desaturation and the return of the polyunsaturated products to the acyl-CoA pool by further acyl exchange; the acylation of sn-glycerol 3-phosphate with acyl-CoA to yield phosphatidic acid, which was further utilized in diacyl- and tri-acylglycerol synthesis; and (3) the equilibrium of a diacylglycerol pool with phosphatidylcholine. The acyl exchange between acyl-CoA and position 2 of sn-phosphatidylcholine coupled to the equilibration of diacylglycerol and phosphatidylcholine brings about the continuous enrichment of the glycerol backbone with C18 polyunsaturated fatty acids for triacylglycerol production. Similar reactions were found to operate in another oilseed plant, safflower (Carthamus tinctorius L.). On the other hand, the microsomes of avocado (Persea americana) mesocarp, which synthesize triacylglycerol via the Kennedy [(1961) Fed. Proc. Fed. Am. Soc. Exp. Biol. 20, 934-940] pathway, were deficient in acyl exchange and the diacylglycerol in equilibrium phosphatidylcholine interconversion. The results provide a working model that helps to explain the relationship between C18- unsaturated-fatty-acid synthesis and triacylglycerol production in oilseeds. PMID- 6743282 TI - Degradation of proteins in rat liver mitochondrial outer membrane transplanted into different cell types. Evidence for alternative processing. AB - The degradation of proteins in reductively [3H]methylated mitochondrial outer membrane (MOM) transplanted into cells by a poly(ethylene glycol)-mediated process has been studied. The average rate of degradation (t1/2 24-28 h) of MOM proteins transplanted into HTC cells was not the same as for endogenous MOM proteins (t1/2 56 h), mitoplast proteins (t1/2 120 h), plasma membrane proteins (t1/2 approx. 90 h) or cytosol proteins (t1/2 75 h). The degradation of transplanted MOM proteins was inhibited to the same extent (30-45%) as that of endogenous mitochondrial and plasma membrane proteins by leupeptin and NH4Cl. No inhibition of HTC cell cytosol protein degradation by NH4Cl was observed. NH4Cl differentially inhibited the degradation of endogenous MOM and mitoplast protein subunits as shown after sodium dodecyl sulphate/polyacrylamide-gel electrophoresis. Proteins in MOM transplanted into tissue culture cells were degraded either with t1/2 24-28 h (MRC-5, B82 and A549 cells) or with t1/2 55-70 h (CHO-K1 and 3T3-L1 cells) similar to that of proteins in MOM transplanted into rat hepatocytes [Evans & Mayer (1983) Biochem. J. 216, 151-161]. The data suggest that membrane protein destruction is but the end part of a fundamental intracellular membrane recognition process. PMID- 6743283 TI - Photoaffinity labelling of nucleoside-transport proteins in plasma membranes isolated from rat and guinea-pig liver. AB - Nitrobenzylthioinosine (NBMPR) was employed as a probe of the nucleoside transporters from rat and guinea-pig liver. Purified liver plasma membranes prepared on self-generating Percoll density gradients exhibited 16-fold (rat) and 10-fold (guinea pig) higher [3H]NBMPR-binding activities than in crude liver homogenates (3.69 and 14.7 pmol/mg of protein for rat and guinea-pig liver membranes respectively, and 0.23 and 1.47 pmol/mg of protein for crude liver homogenates respectively). Binding to membranes from both species was saturable (apparent Kd 0.14 and 0.63 nM for rat and guinea-pig membranes respectively) and inhibited by uridine, adenosine, nitrobenzylthioguanosine (NBTGR) and dilazep. Uridine was an apparent competitive inhibitor of high-affinity NBMPR binding to rat membranes (apparent Ki 1.5 mM). There was a marked species difference with respect to dipyridamole inhibition of NBMPR binding (50% inhibition at 0.2 and greater than 100 microM for guinea-pig and rat respectively). These results are consistent with a role of NBMPR-binding proteins in liver nucleoside transport. Exposure of rat and guinea pig membranes to high-intensity u.v. light in the presence of [3H]NBMPR resulted in the selective radio-labelling of membrane proteins which migrated on sodium dodecyl sulphate/polyacrylamide gels with apparent Mr values in the same range as that of the human erythrocyte nucleoside transporter (45 000-66 000). Covalent labelling of these proteins was abolished when photolysis was performed in the presence of non-radio-active NBTGR as competing ligand. PMID- 6743284 TI - Triacylglycerol synthesis in goat mammary gland. Factors influencing the esterification of fatty acids synthesized de novo. AB - ATP alone had no effect on incorporation of fatty acids synthesized de novo and membrane-bound diacylglycerol into triacylglycerol. Combined addition of ATP and Mg2+ totally inhibits incorporation of fatty acids synthesized de novo and stimulated incorporation of membrane-bound diacylglycerol. ATP, Mg2+ and glycerol 3-phosphate stimulate incorporation of fatty acids synthesized de novo into triacylglycerol, but inhibited the incorporation of membrane-bound diacylglycerol. Diacylglycerol generated in situ was shown to be superior to diacylglycerols preloaded on the membrane as substrate for the diacylglycerol acyltransferase. A model is proposed to explain the effect of absorbed exogenous fatty acid on fatty acid synthesis de novo in goat mammary gland. PMID- 6743285 TI - A chromosomal phosphoprotein is preferentially released by mild micrococcal nuclease digestion. AB - [32P]Pi was administered to rats (5mCi/rat) 2h before the isolation of liver nuclei. The isolated nuclei were subjected to mild micrococcal-nuclease digestion for 2.5, 5 and 10 min at 37 degrees C, and the mononucleosomal fraction was subsequently isolated by sucrose-density-gradient centrifugation. The specific radioactivity of 32P-labelled mononucleosomal fractions decreased with increased digestion times. A phosphorylated chromosomal protein, B2 (Mr 68000, pI6.5-8.2), was demonstrated immunologically in the mononucleosomal fraction by using an antibody specific to this electrophoretically purified phosphoprotein. The incorporation of 32P into this phosphoprotein, previously shown to be mainly through covalent linkage, was revealed by antibody precipitation followed by gel electrophoresis. The rate of release of acid-soluble nucleotides by micrococcal nuclease digestion of liver nuclei from partially hepatectomized rats 16 h after operation was strikingly higher than that for sham-operated controls. After partial hepatectomy, an increase in 32P incorporation into phosphoprotein in the monomer fractions specifically precipitated by this antibody was also found. This suggests that the phosphorylated non-histone chromatin protein B2 is preferentially associated with the transcriptionally active chromatin. PMID- 6743286 TI - A proton n.m.r. study of iminodipeptide transport and hydrolysis in the human erythrocyte. Possible physiological roles for the coupled system. AB - The first description of a saturable iminodipeptide transport system present in human erythrocytes is given. The 1H-n.m.r. spectra of glycyl-L-proline and those of free glycine and L-proline are significantly different. This enabled the non invasive monitoring by 1H-n.m.r. spectroscopy of the hydrolysis of the dipeptide in human erythrocytes and their lysates. The concentration-dependence of the rate of glycyl-L-proline hydrolysis by haemolysates was described by the Michaelis Menten expression with Km = 14.1 +/- 2.4 mmol/litre and Vmax. = 130 +/- 10 mmol/h per litre of cell water. At concentrations of the dipeptide that saturated prolidase, hydrolysis of glycyl-L-proline by whole cells was approximately 130 times slower than by lysates. This rate difference indicated that transport is the rate-determining step in peptide hydrolysis by whole cells, and thus the concentration-dependence of the transport rate was determined. The membrane transport system was found to be saturable and could be described by the Michaelis-Menten expression with Kt = 4.7 +/- 0.4 mmol/litre and Vmax. = 0.997 +/ 0.026 mmol/h per litre of cell water. Numerical integration of a consistent set of differential rate equations that described a minimal model of the coupled transport-hydrolysis system successfully described prolonged time courses of peptide hydrolysis by whole cells. The simulations showed very low steady-state levels of dipeptide in the erythrocyte and very small lag periods (less than 5 min) in the progress curve describing the appearance of free amino acid inside the cells. The rates of transport of glycyl-L-proline into erythrocytes and kidney proximal-tubular epithelium were compared and the possible importance of erythrocyte prolidase in whole-body prolyl-peptide turnover is discussed. PMID- 6743287 TI - Biosynthesis and secretion of dermatan sulphate proteoglycans in cultures of human skin fibroblasts. AB - Fibroblasts in culture were incubated with [3H]leucine and [35S]sulphate for 1-24 h. A large glucuronic acid-rich and a small iduronic acid-rich dermatan sulphate proteoglycan were isolated with the use of isopycnic density-gradient centrifugation, ion-exchange and gel chromatography. After 3 h the accumulation in the cell layer of the small proteoglycan reached a steady state, whereas the large one continued to increase, albeit more slowly. In the medium both proteoglycans accumulated 'linearly', although the large one appeared somewhat later than the small one. The composition of the polysaccharide chains and the size of the protein cores did not vary during the experiment. The two proteoglycans were synthesized at approximately similar rates, but were distributed differently in the culture. The small proteoglycan was mainly confined to the medium, whereas the large one was found in the medium as well as in a cell-associated pool. There was an intracellular accumulation of iduronic acid-rich dermatan sulphate as free polysaccharides. PMID- 6743289 TI - The nickel ion environment in jack bean urease. AB - Preliminary results of an extended X-ray absorption fine structure (e.x.a.f.s.) and X-ray absorption near edge structure study of jack bean urease have recently been reported [Hasnain & Piggott (1983) Biochem. Biophys. Res. Commun. 112, 279]. These results indicate that the environment of the nickel ion in the enzyme is similar to that in the model compounds Ni(L)2(L')1(ClO4)1 (where L is 1-n-propyl 2-alpha-hydroxybenzylbenzimidazole and L' is the deprotonated form) and Ni(HMB)3(Br)2 (where HMB is 2-hydroxymethylbenzimidazole), the closest similarity being with Ni(L)2-(L')1(ClO4)1. A detailed e.x.a.f.s. analysis has now been carried out and the crystal structures of the two model compounds solved. These results are reported here. PMID- 6743288 TI - Partial purification and properties of rat liver glutaminase. AB - The mitochondrial enzyme phosphate-dependent glutaminase was partially purified from rat liver. The enzyme had Mr 290 000 as judged by chromatography on Sephacryl S-300. After sodium dodecyl sulphate/polyacrylamide-gel electrophoresis of the preparation, glutaminase was tentatively identified with a peptide of Mr 73 500. The concentration-dependence on glutamine was highly sigmoidal, with half maximum velocity at 22 mM-glutamine. Half-maximum activity was obtained with 5 mM phosphate. The enzyme required ammonia as an obligatory activator, in agreement with previous reports on intact and sonicated mitochondria. These findings further differentiate liver glutaminase from the phosphate-dependent glutaminase present in kidney and several other tissues. PMID- 6743290 TI - Hyaluronate is synthesized at plasma membranes. AB - The hybrid cell B6 line, which synthesizes large amounts of hyaluronate as the predominant glycosaminoglycan, was grown in the presence of [3H]glucosamine. The [3H]hyaluronate has a high molecular weight and was excluded by Sephacryl S-1000. After disruption of the cells the [3H]hyaluronate could further be elongated by incubation with UDP-GlcNAc and UDP-[14C]GlcA, yielding a hybrid molecule of hyaluronate labelled with [3H]GlcNAc and [14C]GlcA. Treatment of the cells with hyaluronidase before disruption eliminated the large [3H]hyaluronate and elongation of nascent chains in vitro commenced from low-molecular-weight chains. Thus nascent hyaluronate chains were degraded extracellularly by hyaluronidase and were therefore synthesized at the inner side of plasma membranes and extruded to the cell surface. PMID- 6743291 TI - Serum albumin enhances the uptake of [3H]cholesterol from phosphatidylcholine vesicles by cultured human fibroblasts. AB - Cultured human lung fibroblasts, incubated with cholesterol/phosphatidylcholine vesicles (cholesterol: phosphatidylcholine molar ratio 1:1) incorporated vesicle [3H]-cholesterol linearly for at least 48 h by an exchange process without gaining sterol mass. The incorporation of [3H]cholesterol by the cells was markedly enhanced in the presence of purified bovine serum albumin. A fraction of the incorporated vesicle [3H]cholesterol was esterified by the cells. PMID- 6743292 TI - Labelling of the integral proteins of sarcoplasmic-reticulum membranes. AB - Photoreactive lipids were introduced into rabbit and rat sarcoplasmic-reticulum membranes to label specifically integral proteins. Evidence was obtained that, in addition to the Ca2+-dependent ATPase, the 160 000-Mr glycoprotein, the 53 000-56 000-Mr components and polypeptides of Mr 30 000, 20 000 and 6000 are integral components of sarcoplasmic-reticulum membranes. PMID- 6743293 TI - A note on the organization of the core lipids in porcine low density lipoproteins. PMID- 6743294 TI - The cholesteryl-ester core of porcine low-density lipoproteins. PMID- 6743296 TI - A hypothesis: noncyclic phosphodiesters may play a role in membrane control. AB - The study of the metabolism of GPC and SEP has the potential to demonstrate a previously undiscovered method by which the cytosol can communicate with membrane. PMID- 6743295 TI - Protein methylation in normal and cystic fibrosis fibroblasts. AB - Human-cultured fibroblasts contain protein methylase activities. These activities were determined and the enzymatic products were identified after acid hydrolysis of the protein substrate for protein methylases I (arginine) and III (lysine) and by organic solvent extraction of the methanol produced by alkaline treatment of the protein substrate (for the protein methylase II). A methylation of histidine residues of proteins occurs in cultured fibroblasts. Protein methylase activities were unmodified in the cystic fibrosis fibroblasts as compared to the control cells. PMID- 6743298 TI - Estimation of lipoprotein and apoprotein distribution in rat plasma by cumulative density ultracentrifugation and sodium dodecyl sulfate-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis. AB - Lipoprotein distribution in rat plasma determined after sequential ultracentrifugation (requiring 8 days of centrifugation to separate lipoproteins in five density classes), was compared to estimates based upon cumulative density ultracentrifugation (46 hr of ultracentrifugation). In general comparable values were obtained by the two methods with regard to protein, total cholesterol, cholesteryl ester, free cholesterol, and triacylglycerol distribution. However, the HDL3 protein concentration found by sequential ultracentrifugation was only about 50% of that found after the cumulative procedure. Apolipoproteins in lipoproteins isolated by the two methods were well separated by sodium dodecyl sulfate polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis. Color of the stained bands was extracted and read photometrically. A linear standard curve was obtained with albumin. Absorbance corresponding to 1 microgram/ml was 0.057. Below d = 1.100 g/ml (HDL2b) the two ultracentrifugation methods gave comparable results for all apoproteins. In contrast to this the level of apo A-I, apo E, and apo A-IV in the more dense types of HDL was higher when estimated by cumulative than by sequential ultracentrifugation. In HDL3 isolated by sequential ultracentrifugation the apo A-IV, apo E, and apo A-I concentrations were 51, 31, and 45% respectively, of values found after cumulative ultracentrifugation. The results indicate that cumulative density ultracentrifugation, followed by colorimetric determination of apoproteins separated by sodium dodecyl sulfate polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis, is a useful approach when studying lipoprotein distribution in rat plasma. PMID- 6743297 TI - Post-heparin hepatic lipase activity and plasma high density lipoprotein levels in men during physical training. AB - Plasma post-heparin hepatic lipase (PHHL) activity, plasma lipids, and high density lipoprotein cholesterol (HDL-C) levels, pulse rate at submaximal workload, and body weight were measured in 12 men during the 18 weeks physical training for their first marathon run. Reduced pulse rate at submaximal workload indicated that the men increased their physical fitness during the training period. Plasma HDL-C levels (+27%) and PHHL activity (+29%) also increased significantly after 18 weeks training. These changes were not in accord with the inverse correlation between plasma HDL-C levels and PHHL activity which was observed before training. The results of this study do not support the concept that reduced PHHL activity is mainly responsible for increased levels of plasma HDL-C with training. PMID- 6743299 TI - A short-duration colorimetric method based on phenol-sulfuric acid reaction for the estimation of glucosylhemoglobin. AB - Hemolysates were treated with HCl (0.18 M)-acetone solution to remove heme and the globin precipitated was washed with acetone. It was dissolved in 1 ml of 0.05 M Tris-HCl, pH 7.0, subjected to heat treatment for 10 min at 100 degrees C to remove traces of acetone, and treated with 0.05 ml of 80% phenol and 3 ml of H2SO4. The color was measured at 480 nm. Glucosylhemoglobin values in control subjects and diabetics were respectively 0.286 +/- 0.051 and 0.513 +/- 0.081 mole hexose/mole hemoglobin. The increase in diabetics was highly significant (P less than 0.001). A good correlation (r = 0.85) between fasting blood sugar values and glucosylhemoglobin level was observed. When globin solution was subjected to 4 hr hydrolysis with HCl-oxalic acid (2 and 1 mole/liter) solution prior to phenol sulfuric acid reaction, estimated glucosylhemoglobin values increased to 0.720 +/ 0.083 in control subjects and 1.036 +/- 0.115 in diabetics. The possible reasons for this increase are discussed. PMID- 6743300 TI - Molecular weight characterization of beta-D-glucocerebrosidase in mononuclear white blood cells in Gaucher's disease. AB - Cross-reacting material (CRM) to human beta-D-glucocerebrosidase has been demonstrated in circulating mononuclear white blood cells of normal controls, heterozygotes, and homozygotes for Gaucher's disease. The major CRM in both normal and mutant cells corresponds to a species with Mr approximately equal to 63,000 Da. Traces of CRM at Mr approximately equal to 61,000 and 56,000 Da are also present. In contrast, the CRM in other human tissues differs markedly from that found in circulating mononuclear cells. Evidence is presented to support the hypothesis that the CRM found in white cells is a precursor of the enzyme. The significance of these results is discussed in relation to the problems of subtype determination and heterozygote detection. PMID- 6743301 TI - Alterations in the lipid and lipoprotein composition of prairie dogs fed a high cholesterol diet. AB - Cholesterol feeding induced a marked hypercholesterolemia with a significant change in the chemical composition of different lipid and lipoprotein fractions. The change of lipoprotein composition in the prairie dog resembles that of human hyper-beta-lipoproteinemia. It is assumed that the mechanism of gallstone formation in humans is not identical to that of the prairie dog. The absolute increase in the hepatic free cholesterol in the prairie dog is due to the dietary cholesterol while the relative increase in free cholesterol in humans is due to a high FC/EC which is probably due to a defect in cholesterol esterification or cholesterol ester hydrolyzing activity. PMID- 6743302 TI - Defective imino acid metabolism in hypoglycin-treated rats. AB - Oral administration of hypoglycin (5-6 mg/100 g body wt) to weanling rats produces, in addition to the well-recognized organic aciduria, pronounced iminoacidemia, hyperiminoacidura, and decreased activity of proline and hydroxyproline oxidases. PMID- 6743303 TI - Enzymatic t-butyl hydroperoxide reduction on human erythrocyte membranes--NADPH and GSH dependent activities. AB - A NADPH-dependent t-butyl hydroperoxide ( TBH )-reducing activity independent of glutathione was found in addition to glutathione peroxidase activity bound to erythrocyte membranes. In "hypotonic" and "isotonic" membranes the NADPH dependent TBH -reducing activity amounted to about 0.34 mu kat /l red blood cells (RBC) and the glutathione peroxidase activity to 0.32 mu kat /l RBC. The activities do not appear to be additive. The membrane association of the enzymes is independent of ionic strength. Under hypotonic condition about 0.2% of the total cellular catalase activity were bound to the membrane but none in "isotonic" membranes. The bound catalase appears to exhibit a glutathione dependent peroxidase activity. Membrane-bound haemoglobin exhibited a quasi- TBH reductase activity which was inhibited by azide and cyanide. PMID- 6743304 TI - Reconstitution of the liver microsomal monooxygenase system in liposomes from dimyristoylphosphatidylcholine. AB - Different techniques to incorporate the essential isolated and purified enzymes of the hepatic endoplasmic reticulum into monolamellar dimyristoylphosphatidylcholine vesicles are compared with respect to structural and functional parameters of the reconstituted system. By use of gel penetrating chromatography on Sepharose 4B, dynamic light scattering and electron microscopy the structural properties of the reconstituted system were proved comparing the reduction of P-450 LM2 via the NADPH dependent reductase and by dithionite as well with the microsomal reduction rates and by studying the binding of benzphetamine to P-450 LM2 in soluble and liposomal form. PMID- 6743305 TI - [Thrombin-stimulated release of serotonin from blood platelets]. AB - The mechanism of platelet activation by thrombin was investigated using suspensions of human platelets. The assumption that the thrombin-platelet reaction shows characteristics of an agonist-receptor interaction was corroborated by an analysis of the relation between thrombin concentration and yield of 14C-serotonin secretion. However, silent thrombin binding sites that decrease the free thrombin concentration interfere with this interaction. When the influence of these binding sites is eliminated by a decrease in platelet concentration or by saturation with DIP-thrombin the concentration-response relationship can be interpreted by the adsorption isotherm of Langmuir. The binding sites interfering with the thrombin receptor interaction are identical with the high affinity binding sites of platelets. For the yield of secretion the velocity of thrombin addition is important. The platelet reaction decreases by slowing the rate of thrombin addition. In comparison with the reaction occurring at 37 degrees C, in that occurring at 0 degree C only the rate but not the yield of receptor stimulation is diminished. The results are in accordance with the assumption that the yield of platelet activation is determined by the equilibrium binding of thrombin. It is suggested that at 37 degrees C the processes of thrombin binding to the receptor, of receptor modification and of cellular response are immediately coupled with one another and that the rate-limiting step is the binding of thrombin to the receptor. PMID- 6743306 TI - [Importance of pH- and osmolarity-dependent changes in deformability- determining factors on the filterability of human erythrocytes]. AB - The deformability of erythrocytes was characterized by measuring their filterability through cellulose filters under low pressure, their cellular geometry and elastic membrane properties. A decreased filterability of suspensions of washed erythrocytes with increasing pH (5.5-7.9) and osmolarity (220-510) was found. The influence of RBC-deformability determining factors on the measured quantity (relative time of filtration) was determined. It is concluded that the viscosity of the cell interior has a predominating influence on the filterability through cellulose filters among all experimentally changed factors determining the deformability. The influence of the cell volume on the filterability is small compared with that of secondary effects of volume changes (dilution or concentration of hemoglobin, changes of cell volume concentration at constant hematocrit). The influence on the erythrocyte volume increases with decreasing pore size. PMID- 6743307 TI - Halo lipids. VI. Stimulation of human and rabbit blood platelets by racemic halo analogues of O-alkyl-glycerophosphocholine. AB - Halo analogues of O-alkyl- glycerophosphocholines are shown to stimulate human and rabbit blood platelets. Using 50-500 microM, a concentration dependent platelet aggregation is triggered in human platelet-rich plasma. Distinctly lower concentrations up to 10 microM activate the platelets in rabbit platelet-rich plasma. Moreover, the halo analogues enhance aggregation and release reaction triggered by suboptimal concentrations of ADP. In protein poor mediums the halo lipids in a concentration of 50 microM or higher cause a complete lysis of platelets. These results indicate that the halo lipids tested show the typical behaviour reported on lysophosphatidic acids which has to be taken into account using these compounds for other purposes. PMID- 6743308 TI - Studies on the cholinergic receptors in sinoauricular node and adjacent auricular tissues of cat. AB - Cholinergic receptors in pacemaker and contractile tissue of heart were studied in an isolated sinoauricular (s.a.) node preparation of cat containing crista terminalis. Acetylcholine (ACh), 10(-9) - 10(-5), caused concentration dependent negative inotropic and negative chronotropic effects, the former being more prominent than the latter. Atropine (10(-10) - 10(-4)M) prevented these inhibitory effects of ACh in a competitive manner. No cardioexcitatory effect of ACh was seen in these preparations treated with up to 10(-4)M atropine. It is concluded that the pacemaker cells of s.a. node and contractile atrial cells in cat contain inhibitory muscarinic receptors but no ACh sensitive excitatory nicotinic receptors. The contractile cells of atrium are more sensitive than the pacemaker cells of s.a. node of cat to the inhibitory effects of ACh. PMID- 6743310 TI - [Calorigenic effect of adrenaline with and without pretreatment with pyrogallol and desipramine]. PMID- 6743309 TI - [The effects of REM sleep deprivation on the motor behavior of rats]. AB - The effects of rapid-eye-movement (REM) sleep deprivation for 72 h on motor behaviour of rats have been studied. It has been shown both an increased spontaneous locomotor activity and an enhanced rotational behaviour after unilateral intrastriatal injection of dopamine 24 h and 48 h after the end of REM sleep deprivation. The enhancement of motor activity after REM sleep deprivation points to changes in the dopaminergic transmission system. But it is not yet clear, if the main cause of these effects is the development of a super sensitivity of postsynaptic dopaminergic receptors. In the same way interactions between the dopaminergic system and other inhibitory transmission systems may play an important role, explaining effects of REM sleep deprivation. PMID- 6743311 TI - Oxidation of organosulfur compounds by the microsomal fraction of germinating pea seeds (Pisum sativum). AB - The oxidation of organosulfur functional groups by the microsomal fraction of germinating pea seeds has been investigated. Arylsulfides , but not thioamides , were converted to sulfoxides by this hemoprotein in the presence of hydrogen peroxide. PMID- 6743312 TI - Cadmium binding to metallothioneins and the estimation of protein concentration using cadmium-saturation methods. AB - The detailed spectral changes observed in the absorption, circular dichroism (CD) and magnetic circular dichroism (MCD) spectra upon addition of Cd2+ to rat liver Cd,Zn-metallothionein (MT) are reported. Results from dialysis experiments clearly demonstrate that up to 8.6 mole equivalents of Cd2+ can be bound to this protein. The excess Cd2+ ions bound appear to have lower binding constants than those of the first seven Cd2+ ions bound. Red blood cell hemolysate (RBC) can compete with the metallothionein for all Cd2+ bound in excess of seven mole equivalents. Thus the RBC hemolysate method of estimating protein concentrations is shown to be correct when based upon complete loading of all binding sites in MT with Cd2+. PMID- 6743313 TI - Identification of a new glutathione S-transferase from rat liver cytosol. AB - A new glutathione S-transferase has been purified to homogeneity from 105,000 X g supernatant of Sprague-Dawley rat liver homogenates. The purified enzyme exhibited specific activities of approximately 1.8, and 0.12 mumoles X min-1 X mg 1 toward 1-chloro 2,4-dinitrobenzene and cumene hydroperoxide respectively. The SDS gel electrophoresis data on subunit composition revealed that the new transferase is composed of two subunits with an identical Mr of 24,400 (Y alpha Family). Our in vitro translation experiments with rat liver poly(A) RNAs and substrate specificity data suggest that this subunit is different from the previously reported Ya , Yb and Yc subunits of rat liver glutathione S transferases. Comparatively, the new isozyme showed significant activity toward 1,2 epoxy-3-(P-nitrophenoxy)-propane, ethacrynic acid and P-nitrophenyl acetate, 0.4, 0.34 and 0.18 mumoles. min-1 X mg-1 respectively. PMID- 6743314 TI - NaCl induced ornithine decarboxylase and DNA synthesis in rat stomach mucosa. AB - Inductions of 200-fold increase in ornithine decarboxylase activity within 6 hours and 9-fold increase in DNA synthesis within 3 hours in rat stomach mucosa were observed after a single oral dose of saturated NaCl solution. NaCl caused dose-dependent induction of ornithine decarboxylase activity at doses of 0.25 to 1. 5g /kg body weight, and of DNA synthesis at doses of 0. 5g to 1. 5g /kg body weight. Administration of 1,3-diaminopropane one hour before NaCl inhibited the induction of ornithine decarboxylase activity in the stomach mucosa 3 and 6 hours after NaCl administration, but a single dose of 1,3-diaminopropane itself induced ornithine decarboxylase after 16 hours. PMID- 6743315 TI - The inhibition of both initiation and elongation of adenovirus DNA replication by actinomycin D. AB - The effect of actinomycin D on adenovirus DNA replication has been examined both in vivo and in a cell-free extract capable of replication on exogenously added template. In both cases we show that 5 micrograms/ml of drug cause an inhibition of DNA synthesis of at least 80%. The in vitro results further demonstrate that both DNA chain growth (elongation) and initiation - the addition of the first nucleotide of the DNA chain (dCMP) to the preterminal protein - are inhibited directly by the drug, by not by alpha-amanitin. PMID- 6743316 TI - Evidence for the presence of non-lipoprotein factors in diabetic serum capable of stimulating rat hepatic cholesterol-7 alpha-hydroxylase in vitro. AB - Experimental diabetes in the rat has been shown to result in marked increases in bile acid pool and synthesis. In this study, mechanisms responsible for the increased bile acid synthesis was examined in rats made diabetic with streptozotocin. Our results indicate that a) in diabetic rats, hepatic cholesterol-7 alpha-hydroxylase activity is increased by 100%, b) this increased activity is not due to a higher stimulating activity of cell supernatant factors, but c) may be due to a non-lipoprotein factor(s) in diabetic serum capable of stimulating (by 100%) cholesterol-7 alpha-hydroxylase activity in control livers to the level noted in diabetic animals. PMID- 6743317 TI - Reduction of tertiary amine N-oxides by liver preparations: function of aldehyde oxidase as a major N-oxide reductase. AB - Reduction of tertiary amine N-oxides to the corresponding amines by liver preparations was investigated with imipramine N-oxide and cyclobenzaprine N-oxide under anaerobic conditions. Rabbit liver cytosol in the presence of an electron donor of aldehyde oxidase exhibited a significant N-oxide reductase activity which is comparable to the activity of the liver microsomes supplemented with NADPH. Rabbit liver aldehyde oxidase also exhibited the N-oxide reductase activity in the presence of its electron donor, indicating that the activity observed in the liver cytosol is due to this cytosolic enzyme. Furthermore, the tertiary amine N-oxide reductase activity of liver cytosols from rats, mice, hamsters and hogs was demonstrated by comparison with that of liver microsomes from these mammalian species. PMID- 6743318 TI - Inhibition of photosynthetic sulfide oxidation by organic cations. AB - Photosynthetic sulfide oxidation by the purple sulfur bacterium Chromatium vinosum is strongly inhibited by the organic cations benzyl viologen ( BV2 +) and tetraphenylphosphonium (TPP+) at micromolar concentrations. Both are much more inhibitory at pH 8 than at pH 7. Inhibition probably results from uptake of benzyl viologen and tetraphenylphosphonium in response to an electrical potential gradient across the plasma membrane which increases in magnitude with increasing pH. Although both compounds appear to have the same mode of action, the biochemical mechanism of their inhibition remains to be determined. PMID- 6743319 TI - Carrier mediated GABA translocation into rat brain mitochondria. AB - GABA added to rat brain mitochondria causes oxidation of intramitochondrial NAD(P)H as well as inducing glutamate efflux from the mitochondrial matrix. The rate of NAD(P)H oxidation shows saturation characteristics, depends on GABA transport across the mitochondrial membrane and is inhibited by non-penetrant compounds and by the metal-complexing agent bathophenanthroline. These results show the existence of a specific GABA carrier. Inhibition studies strongly suggest the existence of two separate binding sites, namely the GABA binding site and the dicarboxylates binding site, as well as suggest the presence of a metal ion (ions) at GABA binding site. The occurrence of a GABA/GLUTAMATE antiport is proposed which allows a cyclical route to account for GABA synthesis and degradation in brain. PMID- 6743320 TI - Phenobarbital enhances 2',5'-oligoadenylate synthesis in rat liver nuclei. AB - Treatment of rats with phenobarbital for three days greatly increases the activity of 2,5 oligoadenylate synthetase in liver nuclei. Analysis of 2',5' oligoadenylates synthesized in vitro showed that nuclei from both phenobarbital treated and control rats synthesized 2',5'-oligoadenylates ranging from di- to hexamers. However, nuclei from drug treated rats showed a two fold increase in trimer and tetramer synthesis and a three-four fold increase in longer chained oligoadenylates. There was no change in the nuclear 2'-phosphodiesterase activity as the result of phenobarbital treatment, This activity remained low in nuclei from either the treated or the control rats. To our knowledge, this is the first report on phenobarbital affecting the liver 2',5'-oligoadenylate system. PMID- 6743321 TI - Dissociation of single-stranded DNA from nucleosomes following modification with acetic anhydride. AB - Modification with acetic anhydride of nucleosomes from chicken erythrocytes at low ionic strength (less than 0.1 M NaCl) is accompanied by the formation of residual particles and the release of free DNA. This DNA has been identified as single-stranded by thermal denaturation, digestion with nuclease S1, and elution from hydroxyapatite. In contrast, if modification takes place at 0.6 M NaCl, the liberated DNA is mainly double-stranded. The release of the free energy stored in folded nucleosomal DNA, triggered by the weakening of lysine-DNA interactions which takes place upon modification, might be responsible for the observed denaturation of DNA at low ionic strength. PMID- 6743322 TI - A circular dichroism study of (+) gossypol binding to proteins. AB - The circular dichroism bands of (+) gossypol in the spectral region 300-400 nm have been shown to be sensitive to interactions with proteins. Using CD spectroscopy, gossypol has been shown to interact with lactate dehydrogenase, malate dehydrogenase, alkaline phosphatase, lysozyme, protamine and poly-L lysine. Binding to proteins generally results in a pronounced red shift of the long wavelength CD band (approximately 380-430 nm) accompanied by a reduction in ellipticity. The changes in spectral parameters of the 1Lb binaphthyl transition may reflect a distortion from a nearly perpendicular gossypol conformation, on binding to proteins. PMID- 6743323 TI - Stimulation of hepatic microsomal beta-glucuronidase by calcium. AB - Hydrolysis of 3-methylumbelliferyl glucuronide by liver microsomal beta glucuronidase is enhanced about 2-fold by micromolar concentrations of Ca2+; half maximal stimulation occurs with 0.35 microM Ca2+. Dissociation of the enzyme from microsomal membranes by various treatments increases basal beta-glucuronidase activity and markedly decreases the sensitivity of the enzyme to Ca2+. Under similar conditions, the soluble lysosomal form of the enzyme is insensitive to Ca2+. Ca2+ stimulation was unaltered by addition of calmodulin inhibitors or exogenous calmodulin. Thus, interaction of cytosolic Ca2+ with membrane bound beta-glucuronidase may modulate glucuronidation in intact hepatocytes via a novel, calmodulin-independent mechanism. PMID- 6743324 TI - Isolation and characterization of post gamma globulin in mouse. AB - A protein of about 13,000 daltons was isolated from mouse CBA urine after inducing a tubular renal dysfunction. This protein was demonstrated similar to human Post Gamma globulin by electrophoresis, aminoacid content and immunochemical criteria. PMID- 6743325 TI - Autocrine regulation of growth: II. Glucocorticoids inhibit transcription of c sis oncogene-specific RNA transcripts. AB - The ductus deferens smooth muscle tumor cell line (DDT1MF-2) expresses c-sis proto-oncogene poly A+ RNA transcripts which are thought to encode at least one subunit of the potent mitogen platelet derived growth factor (PDGF). We have previously demonstrated that glucocorticoids block DDT1MF-2 cells in G0/G1 stage of the cell cycle, and that exogenously applied PDGF reinitiates cell cycle progression. In this paper we document that glucocorticoids act to inhibit cell cycle progression by inhibiting the expression of c-sis poly A+ transcripts, which we suggest are encoding a PDGF-like molecule for DDT1MF-2 cells. PMID- 6743326 TI - Quantification of two cytochrome P-450 isoenzymes by an enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA). AB - An enzyme linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) using monoclonal and polyclonal antibodies has been developed to quantify individual cytochrome P-450 isoenzymes in microsomal preparations, namely UT-A and PB-B. This very sensitive method can be used for the rapid processing of large quantities of determinations and requires only limited amounts of antibodies. PMID- 6743327 TI - Amino acid distribution in brain after use of amphetamines and beta phenylethylamine. AB - Amino acids in rat brain were assayed after IP injection d-amphetamine or beta phenylethylamine (PEA). Results revealed elevated values when one utilized 2.0-12 mg/kg of d-amphetamine. At 15 mg/kg, however, all amino acids fell into the control range except tryptophan which was elevated nearly threefold, and methionine which showed a tenfold decrease. When utilizing PEA to induce the behavioral changes only methionine is decreased at all concentrations of PEA. Chlorpromazine did not disturb the amino acid distribution induced by amphetamine or PEA. When haloperidol was utilized as the neuroleptic to prevent behavioral change there was a significant increase above control of all the amino acids including homocysteine. The implications of this are discussed in the text. PMID- 6743328 TI - A rapid, high-yield method for the purification of the water-soluble 33 kilodalton protein of spinach thylakoids. AB - A new purification procedure for the water-soluble 33 kDa protein of Photosystem II is presented. The method is based on the selective release of the 33 kDa protein at slightly elevated temperatures and involves a minimum of purification steps. Starting with spinach leaves, the pure protein may be obtained in about 4 h, with a yield usually higher than 60%. PMID- 6743329 TI - On the mechanism for inactivation of cytochalasin binding activity associated with F-actin and spectrin-band 4.1-actin complex by sulfhydryl reagents. AB - The sulfhydryl group modifying reagent, p-hydroxymercuribenzoate, inhibited the cytochalasin binding activity of the actin nuclei in the spectrin-band 4.1-actin complex from the erythrocyte membrane and of muscle F-actin. Kinetic studies indicated that while the cytochalasin binding activity was immediately inhibited, the actin remained filamentous and depolymerized slowly over a period of 1 to 2 h. Scatchard analysis of the binding data revealed that initially only the KD was affected. However, prolonged incubation led to depolymerization of the F-actin and dissociation of the spectrin-band 4.1-actin complex, resulting in loss of binding sites. It thus appears that certain actin sulfhydryl group(s) are important for cytochalasin binding. However, the most reactive sulfhydryl group (cys-374) on actin does not appear to be involved. PMID- 6743330 TI - Surface charge of purple membranes measured by laser Doppler velocimetry. AB - Laser Doppler velocimetry measurements on purple membrane suspensions from Halobacterium halobium showed a linear correlation between electrophoretic mobility and applied electric field, electrokinetic responses could be rapidly monitored. Native membranes are less charged than white membrane preparations (from the R1mW mutant). Chemical modification of carboxyl residues reduces surface charge, and nitrotyrosine modified membranes are more or less charged than native membranes at pH greater than or less than 6.5, respectively. Changes in surface charge are found upon actinic illumination and are greatest (Ca 5 X 10(-4)/A2) under conditions where decay of the M412 intermediate of the photoreaction cycle is inhibited, such as at high pH or after chemical modification. PMID- 6743331 TI - Correlated increase of the expression of the c-ras genes in chemically induced hepatocarcinomas. AB - The expression of the c-Ha-ras, the c-Ki-ras and the N-ras genes was measured by the dot blot technique in rat liver tumors induced by a short diethylnitrosamine (DENA) treatment and in the surrounding liver cells. A 2 to 25 times higher level of transcript was found as well in the surrounding cells, as in the tumor cells, as compared to the level in hepatocytes. In addition the increase of expression was parallel for the three ras genes. We conclude that this enhanced expression can be attributed to an epigenetic mechanism and it can, in certain cases, be dissociated from cell proliferation. PMID- 6743332 TI - Inhibition of ornithine decarboxylase and glutamic acid decarboxylase activities by phosphorylethanolamine and phosphorylcholine. AB - Ornithine decarboxylase, which catalyzes the first step in polyamine biosynthesis, is rapidly and transiently increased in various tissues during growth and after various hormonal or noxious stimuli, prior to an elevation in choline kinase activity. Polyamines themselves have been demonstrated to activate choline kinase. The present study sought to determine the effect of phosphorylcholine, the product of the reaction catalyzed by choline kinase, on ornithine decarboxylase activity. The data demonstrate that ornithine decarboxylase activity. The data demonstrate that ornithine decarboxylase activity is inhibited by phosphorylcholine and more potently by the related compound phosphorylethanolamine. The inhibition by both compounds led to decreased affinity of partially purified ornithine decarboxylase for ornithine. The inhibition is not time dependent and reversible. Both compounds also inhibit glutamic acid decarboxylase activity. The results suggest that high intracellular levels of phosphorylethanolamine and phosphorylcholine can serve as natural inhibitors of decarboxylases. PMID- 6743333 TI - On the mechanism of peroxidase-catalyzed chemiluminescence from isobutyraldehyde. AB - The reaction of isobutyraldehyde with dissolved oxygen catalyzed by horseradish peroxidase has been studied from the standpoint of determining the rate-limiting factor under a variety of conditions. Chemiluminescence from the product triplet acetone and rate of oxygen uptake were determined in simultaneous experiments. The reaction is initiated by the peracid obtained from the uncatalyzed autoxidation of the aldehyde; and under certain conditions the amount of peracid is also rate-limiting in the steady-state portion of the reaction. Under other conditions the total amount of enzyme and under still others the rate of formation of enol from the parent aldehyde controls the rate. PMID- 6743334 TI - 125I labelled inulin: a convenient marker for deposition of liposomal contents in vivo. AB - The utility of an iodinated derivative of inulin (125I-tyraminyl-inulin, 125ITI) for reporting in vivo tissue distributions of liposomal contents is described. It is shown, employing a rat model, that this probe satisfies the criteria that the free form is rapidly cleared from the circulation and excreted, whereas 125ITI encapsulated in large unilamellar vesicle (LUV) systems and subsequently taken up in various tissues exhibits a long (greater than 3 days) retention time. Further, high specific activities (greater than 1 muCi per microliter) are easily achievable, allowing low LUV dose levels (less than or equal to 2.5 mumole phospholipid/kg body weight) to be employed. Minimal tissue workups for quantitation of 125ITI distributions are required. It is concluded that from criteria of sensitivity, expense and simplicity, 125ITI is a most convenient probe for characterizing liposome deposition in vivo. PMID- 6743335 TI - Molecular heterogeneity of platelet-activating factor produced by stimulated human polymorphonuclear leukocytes. AB - The molecular heterogeneity of platelet-activating factor (PAF) produced by stimulated human neutrophilic polymorphonuclear leukocytes (PMN) was assessed by both normal and reverse phase high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC). As detected by rabbit platelet stimulation, at least 5 PAF molecules were separated by HPLC. Fast atom bombardment (FAB) mass spectrometry revealed one of these PAFs was acetyl glyceryl ether phosphorylcholine (AGEPC) with a C16:0 alkyl chain in the sn-1 position. Although the structures of the remaining PAFs are unknown, two of the peaks of PAF activity had the same retention times on reverse phase HPLC as the C15- and C18-saturated alkyl chain AGEPC homologues. These studies indicate that the human PMN produces multiple molecular species of PAF. PMID- 6743336 TI - Alkaline transfer of DNA to plastic membrane. AB - DNA forms a stable complex with Gene Screen Plus membrane at alkaline pH. Based on this, a method of alkaline transfer of DNA from agarose gel to Gene Screen Plus membrane was elaborated. The procedure entails the use of 0.4 M NaOH for both, the DNA denaturation and DNA transfer steps. The alkaline transfer offers a higher hybridization efficiency and simplifies the transfer procedure as compared with the standard method of DNA transfer at neutral pH. In addition, it can be used to remove RNA contamination from the transferred DNA. PMID- 6743337 TI - Tiazofurin-induced selective depression of NAD content in hepatoma 3924A. AB - The NAD content in hepatoma 3924A was approximately 40% of that in the liver of ACI/N rats bearing this hepatoma. Treatment of tumor-bearing rats with tiazofurin decreased NAD pools in the hepatoma, but no change was apparent in the liver. In a dose-response study, injection of varying amounts of the drug decreased NAD pools in the hepatoma in a dose-dependent fashion. In time-sequence studies, a single drug dose (200 mg/kg) depressed NAD pools in the hepatoma from 2 to 24 h after injection to approximately 50% of control at the lowest point before returning to control range at 48 h. The tiazofurin-induced depletion of NAD pools in the hepatoma to approximately 20% of that of normal liver might play a role in the anti-cancer action and toxicity of this drug. PMID- 6743338 TI - Growth inhibition by methionine analog inhibitors of S-adenosylmethionine biosynthesis in the absence of polyamine depletion. AB - Four methionine analog inhibitors of methionine adenosyltransferase, the enzyme which catalyzes S-adenosylmethionine biosynthesis, were tested in cultured L1210 cells for their effects on cell growth, leucine incorporation, S adenosylmethionine (AdoMet) formation and polyamine biosynthesis. The IC50 values were as follows: selenomethionine, 0.13 mM; L-2-amino-4-methoxy-cis-but-3-enoic acid (L-cis-AMB), 0.4 mM; cycloleucine, 5 mM and 2-aminobicyclo[2.1.1]hexane-2 carboxylic acid, 5 mM. At IC50 levels, the analogs significantly reduced AdoMet pools by approximately 50% while not similarly affecting leucine incorporation or polyamine biosynthesis. In combination with inhibitors of polyamine biosynthesis, growth inhibition was greatly increased with methylglyoxal bis(guanylhydrazone), an inhibitor of AdoMet decarboxylase, but only slightly increased with alpha difluoromethylornithine, an inhibitor of ornithine decarboxylase. Overall, the data indicate that the methionine analogs, and particularly L-cis-AMB, seem to inhibit cell growth by interference with AdoMet biosynthesis. Since polyamine biosynthesis is not affected, the antiproliferative effect may be mediated through perturbations of certain transmethylation reactions. PMID- 6743339 TI - Polyamines in Acanthamoeba castellanii: presence of an unusually high, osmotically sensitive pool of 1,3-diaminopropane. AB - High (15-25 mM) concentrations of 1,3-diaminopropane, a normally minor derivative of polyamine metabolism, have been observed in vegetative cells of Acanthamoeba castellanii. Trace amounts of a putative polyamine, which chromatographically behaved like norspermidine, were also found. The size of the intracellular pool of 1,3-diaminopropane was inversely related to the ambient osmolality and to the free amino acid levels during osmotic shock experiments. Due to its high concentration in A. castellanii, this diamine may be operative in ionic regulation during environmental stress. 1,3-diaminopropane may substitute for putrescine, a common diamine which was undetectable in A. castellanii. PMID- 6743340 TI - Studies on the glutathione S-transferase of human platelets. AB - The glutathione S-transferases of human platelets have been compared with those of erythrocytes. Although wide variations in activity were found, in individual subjects, the activity in these cell types was significantly correlated. The enzymes demonstrated similar isoelectric points and electrophoretic mobilities and it appears that the platelet enzyme is also a product of the GST3 locus. There was no correlation between platelet enzyme activity and plasma concentrations of retinol and cholesterol, but in men, the relationship between activity and carotene was significant. It is suggested that GST3 isoenzyme activity depends on vitamin A. PMID- 6743341 TI - Phosphorylation of zymogen granule membrane proteins in intact rat pancreatic acinar cells. AB - Phosphorylated substrates of molecular weights 130,000, 70,000, and 29,000, were identified by SDS-gel electrophoresis in zymogen granule membranes of rat pancreatic acinar cells incubated in vitro with protein kinase catalytic subunit. However, when intact cells were incubated with [32P]-orthophosphate, only the 29,000 molecular weight protein was phosphorylated. PMID- 6743342 TI - Synthesis of DNA polymerase by in vitro translation of calf RNA. AB - Synthesis of alpha-polymerase in translation mixtures containing calf thymus poly(A+) RNA was examined by activity gel analysis and by immuno-binding with a monoclonal antibody to calf thymus alpha-polymerase. Activity gel analysis indicated that a DNA polymerase catalytic polypeptide of Mr = approximately 120,000 had been synthesized. Immunobinding experiments indicated that an immunoreactive polypeptide of about the same size had been formed in vitro. Sucrose gradient centrifugation of calf thymus total RNA revealed that mRNA encoding the approximately 120,000-Mr DNA polymerase polypeptide sedimented at about 16S. This approximately 120,000-Mr catalytic polypeptide corresponds in size to an alpha-polymerase catalytic polypeptide found earlier in crude extracts of calf cells. PMID- 6743343 TI - NMR studies on angiotensin II: histidine and phenylalanine ring stacking and biological activity. AB - The conformations of angiotensin II and the antagonist [Sar1, Ile8]angiotensin II in dimethylsulfoxide have been examined by high resolution proton magnetic resonance spectroscopy at 400 MHz. The chemical shifts for the aromatic protons of the phenylalanine residue in angiotensin II are consistent with shielding and restricted rotation for this side-chain. The chemical shifts for the histidine C2 and C4 protons in angiotensin II also indicate shielding, whereas these same protons in the antagonist [Sar1, Ile8]angiotensin II do not demonstrate this shielding influence. These findings suggest a stacking interaction for the histidine and phenylalanine side-chains in angiotensin II which is important for activating angiotensin receptors. PMID- 6743345 TI - Phase transitions in combined rabbit muscle sarcoplasmic reticulum lipids by Raman spectroscopy. AB - Using Raman spectroscopy, we found that the sarcoplasmic reticulum lipids of combined muscles from rabbit leg undergo at least two reversible temperature phase changes, centered at about -15 and 13 degrees C. Below the first transition, the lipid Raman CH st region is characteristic of the hexagonal lamellar gel phase. Above the second transition, the Raman CH stretch region is that of a "melted" lamellar phase, somewhat more rigid than a monophasic lipid system. The composition of the lipids was determined and the possibility of a relation between the major head group types and the phase transitions is discussed. Since SR Ca2+ATPase activity is enhanced at about 14-19 degrees C, the Raman studies suggest that ATPase activity is enhanced when the 13 degrees C transition is complete. PMID- 6743346 TI - Characterization of the newly-formed internucleotide bond of in vitro spliced mRNAs. AB - Precursor RNAs were synthesized in vitro from a plasmid in which the early region 2 (E2) of adenovirus 2 is fused to an efficient bacteriophage promoter (Salmonella phage 6). The RNAs were purified and utilized as substrates for in vitro splicing in the presence of nuclear extracts prepared from MOPC-315 mouse myeloma cells. We have shown previously (Goldenberg, C.J., PNAS, August, in press, 1984) that in vitro splicing in those extracts was accurate at the nucleotide level. We now show that: i) the new internucleotide bond at the splice junction generated in vitro is a 3',5'-phosphodiester bond; and ii) the phosphate that forms the splice between the exons is derived from the pre-mRNA. PMID- 6743344 TI - Evidence that intracellular synthesis of 5-fluorouridine-5'-phosphate from 5 fluorouracil and 5-fluorouridine is compartmentalized. AB - L1210 cells were exposed to equitoxic concentrations of [14C]5-fluorouracil and [3H]5-fluorouridine for 4 hours. The RNA from these cells was separated into cytosolic and nuclear fractions, and then further fractionated by chromatography on poly-U Sepharose, Sephadex G-200 and DEAE-cellulose. The ratio of tritium to carbon-14 incorporated into various species of RNA differed by as much as 6-fold, indicating that the respective 5-fluorouridine-5'-monophosphates synthesized from the two precursors are localized in separate pools that do not mix rapidly. PMID- 6743347 TI - Purification and partial characterization of a 19kD/pI 4.5 nucleolar phosphoprotein. AB - Two-dimensional PAGE analysis of proteins associated with the slowly sedimenting "fibrillar" structures of HeLa nucleoli revealed a protein with a M of 19,000 and a pI of 4.5 which was highly labeled both with 32P-orthophosphate and 35S methionine. The protein was isolated from Novikoff hepatoma nucleoli by extraction in 0.35 M NaCl and 5 mM DTT followed by chromatography in EDTA on DEAE cellulose and Sephadex G-100. The protein was homogeneous with respect to two dimensional PAGE, number of tryptic peptides and carboxyl terminal analysis. The protein contained an acidic/basic amino acid ratio of 2.1, 7 residues of methionine, 2 residues of cysteine, a blocked amino terminus and a carboxyl terminal lysylleucine. PMID- 6743348 TI - The level of thyroglobulin mRNA is regulated by TSH both in vitro and in vivo. AB - We have studied the effect of thyrotropin on the intracellular concentration of thyroglobulin and of its mRNA both in a differentiated rat thyroid cell line and in the rat thyroid in vivo. Our data demonstrate that the absence of thyrotropin causes a two fold decrease of both thyroglobulin and of its mRNA suggesting that thyroglobulin synthesis in thyroid cells is 50% constitutive. PMID- 6743349 TI - Nature of the principal photointermediate of halorhodopsin. AB - Two alternative hypotheses have been presented as to the nature of the principal halorhodopsin photointermediate: a) it is a form whose its absorption band is shifted from the 575 nm position to 500 or 520 nm, and b) it is a form whose absorption band is shifted to only about 565 nm, but with an altered band shape so it exhibits a fortuitous difference peak near 500 nm. Such a shift with a maximum near 500 nm is also obtained in the dark when chloride is removed from the sample, suggesting the hypothesis that the spectral changes reflect the transient detachment of chloride from a binding site (Ogurusu et al, J. Biochem. Tokyo 95, 1073-1082, 1984). Comparison of the quantum yields of flash-induced absorption changes in halorhodopsin and bacteriorhodopsin strongly suggests, however, that hypothesis b) is untenable. PMID- 6743350 TI - Interrelation between lipid peroxidation and other hepatotoxic events. PMID- 6743351 TI - Stimulation of K+ fluxes by diuretic drugs in human red cells. AB - Two different families of diuretic drugs--(i) (aryloxy)acetic acid diuretics (ethacrynic acid, tienilic acid and (--)-indacrinone) and (ii) furopyridines [(+/ )-BN 50157 and (+/-)-cycletanide]--stimulate K+ movements across human red cell membranes. The kinetic properties of this effect (K+-specificity, saturability, optical isomerism, antagonism by structural analogues, etc.) strongly suggest that it is mediated by a K+-transport system with a specific binding site for some diuretic drugs. The stimulated K+ fluxes are resistant to ouabain, bumetanide and quinine, thus suggesting that they are not mediated by the Na+,K+ pump, Na+,K+-cotransport or by the Ca2+-dependent K+-permeability ('Gardos effect'). The replacement of Cl- by NO3- ions can either decrease, increase or have no effect on the stimulated K+ fluxes, depending on the diuretic drug. Although not conclusive, these observations suggest that the K+ fluxes are not mediated by stimulation of a chloride-dependent K+ carrier. The study of structural analogues showed that the intensity of the stimulation of K+ fluxes is strongly correlated with the magnitude of the natriuretic effect. Curiously, some antiallergic furopyridines are able to inhibit K+ fluxes. PMID- 6743352 TI - Novel metabolites of trichloroethylene through dechlorination reactions in rats, mice and humans. AB - The excretion and biotransformation of [14C]trichloroethylene (Tri) has been studied in female rats and mice. Seventy-two hours after a single oral dose of 200 mg/kg, rats exhaled 52% and mice 11% of the recovered radioactivity as unchanged Tri, and 1.9% and 6%, respectively, as 14CO2. Rats excreted 41.2% of the recovered radioactivity in the urine, in contrast to mice where urinary activity amounted to 76%. The isolation of urinary metabolites was accomplished by reversed-phase HPLC, using a water-methanol gradient. After chemical derivatization, a combination of radio-GC and GC/MS was used for identification. The metabolites identified in rat urine were: trichloroacetic acid (15.3%); trichloroethanol, free (11.7%) and as the glucuronide (61.9%); dichloroacetic acid (2.0%); oxalic acid (1.3%) and N-(hydroxyacetyl)-aminoethanol (HAAE) (7.2%). In mice, trichloroethanol (free and in several conjugated forms) is the main metabolite of Tri (94.3%), but small amounts of HAAE (4.1%) and oxalic acid (0.7%) are also excreted. Only traces of dichloro- and trichloroacetic acids were found in this species. In human male subjects, HAAE was also identified as a urinary metabolite of Tri after exposure of two volunteers to 200 ppm Tri for 6 hr. The identification of HAAE and oxalic acid as metabolites indicates hydrolytic dechlorination reactions in the metabolism of Tri. PMID- 6743353 TI - Conjugated normetanephrine in human and rat plasma and erythrocytes. AB - Enzymatic hydrolysis was applied to the deconjugation of normetanephrine (NMN) in plasma and red blood cell lysate. By this procedure, in human plasma 77% of total NMN circulated in sulfate-conjugated form, while in rat plasma 63% was in glucuronidated form. Total NMN in human lysate was significantly higher than in plasma (P less than 0.001) and was mostly in the free form, indicating that red blood cells may play an important role in metabolism of norepinephrine. Enzymatic hydrolysis is superior to the standard method by acid hydrolysis plus heat since: (1) more conjugated NMN is hydrolyzed in human plasma and (2) a smaller sample is needed for hydrolysis. PMID- 6743354 TI - The effect of emetine on the immune response of mice. AB - Emetine (33 mg/kg body weight) administered intraperitoneally blocked the immune response of mice to 10(9) sheep red blood cells (SRBC). The inhibition was almost complete when the drug was administered simultaneously or 24 hr after immunization, while partial inhibition was caused by treatment at 48 and 72 hr. Incorporation of 14C-leucine and 3H-thymidine by spleen cells isolated 4 hr after emetine injection of the mice was strongly decreased. Incorporation was approaching the control level in cells isolated 72-96 hr after emetine administration. However, the incorporation of labeled precursors was less than after SRBC treatment only, even after 72-96 hr. Emetine apparently blocked the development of immune response at an early stage and, in contrast to macromolecule synthesis, the inhibition of the antibody response was irreversible. PMID- 6743355 TI - Binding of oxprenolol and propranolol to serum, albumin and alpha 1-acid glycoprotein in man and other species. AB - Species differences in binding of basic drugs have only occasionally been studied and we have therefore measured the binding of the beta-adrenergic blockers oxprenolol and propranolol in (1) serum of healthy humans, dogs, rats and rabbits and of rabbits with experimental arthritis, (2) a solution of albumin of these species and (3) a solution of human alpha 1-AGP. In humans, dogs, rats and arthritic rabbits, binding of oxprenolol and propranolol was much higher in serum than in albumin solution; in healthy rabbits serum binding was very low and not different from albumin binding. For both drugs, concentration-dependency was seen in serum of dogs, humans and rats and of arthritic rabbits; a similar concentration-dependency was found for human alpha 1-AGP solution, but not for human albumin and for serum of healthy rabbits. Tris (2-butoxyethyl)-phosphate (TBEP), a known displacer of drugs from alpha 1-AGP in humans, decreased binding in serum of all species except the rabbit. For both beta-blockers, species differences in capacity constants were found; species differences in affinity constants were present only for propranolol. These results suggest that in humans, dog and rat, but much less in rabbits, oxprenolol and propranolol bind mainly to alpha 1-AGP and that binding to alpha 1-AGP is more important for oxprenolol than for propranolol. PMID- 6743356 TI - Induction of ornithine decarboxylase in mouse tissues following the injection of mitogenic substances. Enhancement by actinomycin D. AB - Experiments were carried out to study the mechanism of the induction of ornithine decarboxylase (ODC) in mouse tissues by the injection of a lipopolysaccharide (LPS). In addition to LPS, various mitogenic substances, such as concanavalin A, pokeweed mitogen, polyI:polyC and a phorbol diester, induced ODC in the liver and the spleen of mice at 4.5 hr after injection. Non-mitogenic immuno-stimulants or inflammatory agents, such as zymosan, carrageenan, N-acetylmuramyl-L-alanyl-D isoglutamine, glycogen, D-galactosamine and interferon, did not induce the enzyme. ODC induction by LPS in C3H/HeJ mice, the lymphocytes and/or macrophages of which are known to be less responsive to LPS, was much less than in C3H/He and ddI mice. ODC induction by LPS was suppressed by dexamethasone and cycloheximide. Actinomycin D did not suppress ODC induction by LPS but, rather, enhanced it. These results suggest that (1) lymphocytes and/or macrophages may participate in the induction of ODC by mitogenic substances as well as by LPS, (2) ODC may be induced by mitogenic substances without the synthesis of RNA, and (3) the translation of existing RNA may be accelerated by actinomycin D. PMID- 6743357 TI - Simultaneous evaluation by a double labelling method of drug-induced uptake inhibition and release of dopamine in synaptosomal preparation of rat striatum. AB - Crude synaptosomal preparations from corpora striata of rat were preloaded with [14C]DA, rinsed, and then incubated with [3H]DA and the drug to be tested. During the 5 min of the second incubation, DA uptake and release rates were time- and temperature-dependent. On this double labelling test, nomifensine, cocaine, benztropine and amphetamines displayed IC50 and release curves similar to those obtained from separate uptake and release studies. In the presence of high concentrations of iprindole, amitriptyline and butriptyline (greater than 3 X 10( 6) M), a [14C]DA release was observed which closely coincided with an apparent inhibition of [3H]DA uptake. This double labelling test allows the determination of the participation of the releasing effect of drugs in their apparent inhibition of DA uptake. PMID- 6743358 TI - Artefactual inhibition of dopamine uptake by psychotropic drugs on striatal synaptosomal preparation. AB - On striatal synaptosomal preparations, using a double labelling test, numerous antidepressant drugs demonstrated an inhibitory effect on [3H]DA uptake at the same high concentrations producing a [14C]DA release. This releasing effect was also shared by non-antidepressant agents and was observed on synaptosomes preloaded with [3H]5HT. The imipramine-induced release of DA was not modified by increasing concentration of K+, by decreasing concentration of Na+, by deleting Ca2+ from the incubation medium, or by blocking the catecholamine uptake systems with nomifensine or cocaine. The imipramine effect was reversible and was possibly initiated by a transient physico-chemical modification of the synaptosomal membrane. It was concluded that the DA uptake carrier is probably not involved in the effect of these drugs. PMID- 6743359 TI - The effect of solvent polarity upon rotational barriers in nikethamide. AB - In summary, dynamic nuclear magnetic resonance techniques were used to study the hindered internal rotation of the amide bond of the analeptic nikethamide. The rotatory motion of this bond was studied in a series of solvents of increasing polarity: CDCl3, CH3(CH2)3OD, CH3CH2OD, CH3OD and D2O. Motion about the amide bond was increasingly hindered in direct proportion to solvent polarity, correlating with enhanced hydrogen bond formation between nikethamide and the more polar solvent molecules. Diethylamide group motion would be expected to affect binding of the carbonyl oxygen to cholinergic receptor sites. The degree to which association to a receptor site can be affected by this rotatory motion may vary from 0 to 4 kcal/mole, the variability being entirely dependent upon the polarity of the binding site. An increase in rotamer lifetime, corresponding to a more polar environment, would be expected to enhance the kinetics of nikethamide association to the receptor site. PMID- 6743360 TI - The value of conventional views and radiographic magnification in evaluating early rheumatoid arthritis. AB - Fifty-four patients with suspected early rheumatoid arthritis had radiographs taken of their hands and wrists in 4 views (posteroanterior [PA], oblique, reverse oblique, and Brewerton) using conventional techniques and, in the PA view, using radiographic magnification. The radiographs were "masked" and presented in random order to 2 radiologists specializing in bone and joint radiology who interpreted them for malalignment, erosions, joint space narrowing, and soft tissue swelling. The PA was the best conventional view for demonstrating malalignment, joint space narrowing, and soft tissue abnormalities; the Brewerton view was better for detecting erosive disease. Radiographic magnification was more sensitive than conventional films for evaluating erosive disease, but otherwise was no better than the conventional PA view. These results help the physician choose the radiologic technique or combination of techniques that is most likely to detect specific abnormalities. PMID- 6743361 TI - Protective factors against oxygen free radicals and hydrogen peroxide in rheumatoid arthritis synovial fluid. AB - Oxygen free radicals are probably involved in the pathogenesis of rheumatoid arthritis (RA). The enzymes involved in protection against oxygen free radicals and H2O2 (superoxide dismutase, catalase, and glutathione peroxidase) were measured. Superoxide dismutase was not increased, glutathione peroxidase was slightly and catalase was strongly elevated in RA synovial fluid (SF) compared with control SF. Although these enzymes are present in SF, the activities are insufficient to protect against oxygen free radicals and H2O2. In contrast to transferrin, ferritin was increased in RA synovial fluid. Ceruloplasmin was also elevated. When rat liver microsomes were used as a target for oxygen free radicals, serum and SF were both protective. Gel filtration experiments showed that the fraction pattern in which there was maximal protective potential against lipid peroxidation corresponded closely to the level of ceruloplasmin. After removal of ceruloplasmin from serum or SF, about 70% of the protective capacity disappeared. It is concluded that ceruloplasmin is an important protector against oxygen free radicals. PMID- 6743362 TI - Serial observations and definition of mononuclear cell infiltrates in avian scleroderma, an inherited fibrotic disease of chickens. AB - University of California, Davis (UCD) line 200 chickens develop an inherited connective tissue disease which includes fibrosis, vascular occlusion, and lymphocytic infiltration of skin, comb, and viscera. To further identify the nature of these features, tissue from both affected and control chickens, aged 7 days to 12 months, was serially examined using hematoxylin-eosin and Masson's trichrome stain. Mononuclear cell accumulations in skin were simultaneously characterized using mouse anti-chicken T and B cell specific monoclonal antibodies in a solid-phase immunoperoxidase assay; the same cells were also examined by direct immunofluorescence with fluoresceinated anti-chicken IgM and IgG, and stained for esterase and acid phosphatase. At 6 weeks of age, the majority of line 200 chicks manifested dermal fibrosis, cellular infiltrates, and vessel anomalies. In contrast, visceral involvement did not reach maximum incidence until 5 months of age with involvement of small intestine (60%), lungs (60%), and kidneys (65%), and not until 1 year for esophagus (64%), heart (30%), and testes (66%). Moreover, and of particular interest, was the threefold increment of full-thickness skin biopsies in line 200 birds. The cellular infiltrates in skin, found in 100% of affected line 200 chickens, were positive for B1, a mature B cell marker found on peripheral blood and bursal B cells; the majority of these same cells were found to bear surface IgM but not IgG. These data suggest that this syndrome may result from an alteration in collagen metabolism associated with a mature subpopulation of B lymphocytes. PMID- 6743363 TI - Dural sinus thrombosis in Behcet's disease. PMID- 6743364 TI - Giant cell arteritis presenting as a bilateral stroke. PMID- 6743365 TI - Focal glomerulonephritis in the course of hydralazine-induced lupus syndrome. PMID- 6743366 TI - Cultured canine synovial cells solubilize 45Ca-labeled hydroxyapatite crystals. PMID- 6743367 TI - Practical use of diagnostic criteria for systemic lupus erythematosus. PMID- 6743368 TI - Pulse methylprednisolone therapy for persistent subacute cutaneous lupus. PMID- 6743369 TI - Inhibition of natural killer cell activity by fibronectin. PMID- 6743370 TI - Gout begins in the second century of life. PMID- 6743371 TI - Prisoners: a neglected population? PMID- 6743372 TI - Middle ear status and language development in preschool children. PMID- 6743373 TI - OSHA's hearing conservation amendment and the audiologist. PMID- 6743374 TI - ANSI and IEC standards for hearing aid measurements. PMID- 6743375 TI - Clinical management of communicatively handicapped minority populations. PMID- 6743376 TI - Dietary cyclandelate decreases pre-established atherosclerosis in the rabbit. AB - Rabbits were given a diet containing 1% (w/w) cholesterol for 7 weeks to initiate atherosclerosis and then transferred to a low-cholesterol diet (regression diet) with or without 0.5% (w/w) cyclandelate for 10 weeks. In those fed regression diet alone aortic atherosclerosis increased significantly. Cyclandelate treatment decreased the extent and severity of aortic atherosclerosis. Thus in rabbits receiving cyclandelate the total cholesterol and calcium content of aorta was decreased by 45% and 69% of control values, respectively. The effects of cyclandelate occurred without significant lowering of serum cholesterol or alteration of cholesterol content of liver or calcium content of serum, liver or muscle. The result suggests a specific action of cyclandelate on atheromatous accumulations of the aortic wall. PMID- 6743377 TI - Age-related increase in the migration of aortic smooth muscle cells induced by 12 L-hydroxy-5,8,10,14-eicosatetranoic acid. AB - Studies were made on how age influenced the migration of aortic smooth muscle cells. For this, aortic cells from rats of various ages were established in culture in vitro and migration of the cells was measured by the filter membrane technique in modified Boyden chambers. 12-L-Hydroxy-5,8,10,14-eicosatetraenoic acid (12-HETE), which is mainly produced by platelets and leukocytes and is a strong chemoattractant for rat aortic smooth muscle cells, was used at a concentration of 6 X 10(-15) g/ml in this work. Proliferation of smooth muscle cells decreased significantly with age, but the plating efficiency and cell size did not. In contrast, cell migration induced by 12-HETE showed an age-related increase: The 12-HETE-induced cell migration activities of cells from 6- and 25 month-old rates were 226.7 +/- 35.4 and 223.2 +/- 37.9 cells/10 high-power fields (HPF), respectively, which were significantly higher than that of 121.4 +/- 20.1 cells/10 HPF for cells from 2-month-old rats (P less than 0.05). There was no age related change in the dose-response curve to 12-HETE for migration of smooth muscle cells. The observed changes are closely associated with the processes of development and maturation of rat aorta. PMID- 6743378 TI - The effect of probucol and cholestyramine combination therapy in severe familial hypercholesterolaemia. AB - The relative effects of cholestyramine and probucol, alone and in combination, on serum total cholesterol (TC), high density lipoprotein cholesterol (HDL-C) and the ratio of TC to HDL-C (T/HDL-C) have been studied in a group of 10 subjects with severe familial hypercholesterolaemia. The combination of cholestyramine plus probucol was more potent than either agent alone in reducing TC. The use of probucol either alone or in combination reduced the HDL-C concentrations, but the ratio of T/HDL-C was not consistently affected. The effect of the combination therapy did not diminish after periods of at least 6 months and in some cases led to partial regression of long-standing xanthomata. The combination of probucol with cholestyramine did not give rise to additional side effects and it is considered to be a valuable addition to the regimens available for the treatment of severe familial hypercholesterolaemia. PMID- 6743379 TI - Effect of dietary cholesterol on apolipoprotein E synthesis in the rabbit. AB - Female New Zealand White rabbits were fed either rabbit chow or rabbit chow plus 1% (w/w) cholesterol for 14 days. The chow-fed rabbits had normal plasma lipoprotein profiles on agarose gel electrophoresis, 59 +/- 5 mg of cholesterol and 5.5 +/- 0.4 mg of apolipoprotein E (apoE) per dl of serum. The cholesterol fed rabbits had significant amounts of beta-VLDL in their serum, 1870 +/- 140 mg of cholesterol and 96 +/- 12 mg of apoE per dl of serum. Relative rates of apoE synthesis were determined by incubating hepatocytes in culture medium containing [3H]leucine for 15 min at 37 degrees C and expressing the radioactivity incorporated into immunoprecipitable apoE as a percentage of the radioactivity incorporated into total protein. Hepatocytes from cholesterol-fed rabbits had twice the relative rate of apoE synthesis (1.05 +/- 0.18%) of hepatocytes from chow-fed rabbits (0.55 +/- 0.07%). This increase in synthesis could be a major contributor to the 17-fold increase in serum apoE levels in the cholesterol-fed rabbit. PMID- 6743380 TI - Hyperlipidemia, hyperglycemia and hypertension in repeatedly bred parents of the obese spontaneously hypertensive rat (obese/SHR) unaccompanied by arteriosclerosis. AB - A sub-strain of male and female spontaneously hypertensive rats (SHR) capable of having massively obese or non-obese offspring were bred repeatedly or were maintained as virgin controls. When the male and female breeders had sired or given birth to 5 litters of young, they were autopsied along with their 10-month old celibate brothers and sisters. Virgin and breeder SHR developed high blood pressure (250 +/- 10 mm Hg). Breeder rats were significantly heavier than their virgin cohorts; pituitary and adrenal glands, hearts, and kidneys were significantly enlarged while thymi were severely involuted in breeder vs virgin SHR. The hyperlipidemia, fatty liver, hyperglycemia, and islet hyperplasia, characteristic of virgin SHR, were greatly exacerbated in breeder SHR. Blood levels of corticosterone, deoxycorticosterone, and aldosterone were greatly elevated in breeder vs virgin SHR. Although breeder rats of genetically normotensive strains develop aortic sclerosis, none of the breeder SHR developed aortic sclerosis. Instead, intimal fibrinohyalin lesions appeared confined to the testes and ovaries. It is suggested that the anatomical appearance or resistance of the arterial wall to the development of lesions is genetically mediated but this genetic programming may be modified by metabolic and hormonal factors with particular emphasis on the participation of adrenocorticoids. PMID- 6743381 TI - Platelet membrane fluidity and aggregation of rabbit platelets. AB - Aggregation of rabbit platelets from citrated plasma in response to ADP was directly correlated with platelet plasma membrane fluidity as determined by fluorescence depolarization measurements with the probe diphenylhexatriene. Rabbits were maintained for periods of 200 and 400 days on potentially hyperlipidemic diets (20% fat by weight) with varying levels of saturated and polyunsaturated fatty acids. Dietary variations were effective in modulating the mole percentage distribution patterns of the platelet phospholipid fatty acids. The major chemical control of membrane fluidity was the actual mass of unsaturated lipid in the cells and not simply the relative percentage distributions of such unsaturated fatty acids. Substantially higher phospholipid/protein ratios were observed upon analysis of platelets and platelet membranes from rabbits after 200- than after 400-day diet periods. Accordingly lipid structures were significantly more fluid in either whole platelets or membrane isolates at the end of the shorter diet period. The observations pertaining to the extent of aggregation and membrane fluidity are in consonance with the general role of membrane fluidity in controlling biological activity and support the concept that platelet aggregation is a membrane-associated phenomenon. PMID- 6743382 TI - Increased frequency of lipoprotein disorders similar to type III hyperlipoproteinemia in survivors of myocardial infarction in Japan. AB - We have investigated serum lipids, lipoproteins and apolipoprotein levels in 97 survivors of acute myocardial infarction in order to clarify the characteristics of lipid and lipoprotein disorders in coronary artery disease among Japanese. Although the HDL cholesterol level was lower and the atherogenic index was higher in the myocardial infarction (MI) group than in the control group, in agreement with previous papers, there was no significant difference in total serum cholesterol level between the MI and the control groups. On the other hand, the triglyceride level was significantly higher in the MI group. The MI group also had higher levels of both cholesterol and triglyceride in the VLDL fraction (d less than 1.006) with a statistically significant increase in the ratio of cholesterol to triglyceride compared with the control group. Levels of both lipids in the IDL fraction (1.006 less than d less than 1.019) were higher in the MI group than in the control group. Lipoprotein analysis with PAG disc electrophoresis revealed a more frequent occurrence of a "midband", which appeared as an additional band between the LDL and VLDL positions, in the MI group than in the control group (MI:51% versus control: 25%, P less than 0.02). The midband-positive subgroup had a higher ratio of cholesterol to triglyceride in the VLDL fraction and higher levels of both lipids in the IDL fraction. Isoelectric focusing of apo VLDL revealed that the incidence of the suspected apo E-ND (E3/2 or E4/2) constitution, which was determined by a low ratio (less than 1.1) of the peak area of E3 to that of E2, was three times higher in the MI group than in the control group (MI:25% versus control: 7%).(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS) PMID- 6743383 TI - Effect of triparanol on cholesterol absorption in rhesus monkeys. AB - The drug, triparanol, a known inhibitor of cholesterol biosynthesis, was found to interfere with absorption of cholesterol in rhesus monkeys. The percent luminal cholesterol absorbed decreased by 13 and 21%, respectively, in the high- and low responding monkeys when the drug was fed along with the low-cholesterol, low plant sterol diet. When the diet contained large amounts of plant sterols, feeding of the drug also reduced the percent cholesterol absorption by the same order of magnitude. The results showed that triparanol decreased the absorption of endogenous cholesterol in rhesus monkeys. The effect of the drug on cholesterol absorption was independent of that of plant sterols. The mechanism(s) of the observed inhibitory effect of triparanol on cholesterol absorption is not clearly understood. PMID- 6743384 TI - Anti-inflammatory drugs in experimental atherosclerosis. Part 5. Influence of cortisone acetate on short-term and long-term cholesterol fluxes in atherosclerotic aorta. AB - Previous studies in this series have shown that cortisone and other anti inflammatory drugs inhibit atherosclerotic plaque development in cholesterol-fed rabbits. The present study was designed to investigate the influence of cortisone on the processes of cholesterol influx and efflux in the aorta wall. Forty-seven New Zealand white rabbits were fed a 1% cholesterol diet for periods up to 12 weeks. In addition 23 of the animals were fed 5 mg cortisone acetate daily. At 0, 5 and 12 weeks, groups were fed a tracer dose of [3H]cholesterol. Plasma cholesterol specific radioactivity was measured at intervals during the next 10 days. Total aorta cholesterol and its specific activity were measured by killing groups of animals at 2 days and 10 days. Atherosclerotic plaque intensity at 12 weeks, measured planimetrically, averaged 68 +/- 12% in controls vs. only 6 +/- 3% in cortisone-treated animals. During the period between 5 and 12 weeks, net cholesterol accumulation by chemical analysis averaged only 11 micrograms/g aorta/day in cortisone-treated animals vs. 117 micrograms/g in controls. [3H]cholesterol influx (measured during a brief 2-day exposure) at 5 weeks averaged 206 and 199 micrograms/g tissue/day and at 12 weeks 586 micrograms and 281 micrograms/day in control and cortisone-treated animals, respectively. Measured over a longer 10-day period, however, the apparent influx of [3H]cholesterol was much less in cortisone-treated animals, averaging only 53 micrograms/day compared to 269 micrograms/day in controls.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS) PMID- 6743385 TI - Cholestyramine feeding in weaned rats. Increase in plasma corticosterone levels and bile acid synthesis following adrenalectomy. AB - Feeding cholestyramine to weaned rats increased the bile acid pool and activity of cholesterol 7 alpha-hydroxylase as expected. Following adrenalectomy, cholestyramine still increased the activity of cholesterol 7 alpha-hydroxylase but the magnitude of increase was lower (P less than 0.01) than noted in intact rats. Surprisingly, cholestyramine feeding to both intact and adrenalectomized rats increased plasma levels of corticosterone. PMID- 6743386 TI - Effect of atenolol on plasma HDL cholesterol subfractions. AB - The effect of atenolol on plasma HDL cholesterol subfractions and other plasma lipids in 18 patients with essential hypertension was studied. The atenolol was given orally, in a dose of 100 mg once daily for 6 months. The level of HDL cholesterol during atenolol treatment was significantly lower than before it. The concentration of HDL2 cholesterol decreased (P less than 0.01) during the first month of therapy and remained constant during treatment. The level of HDL3 cholesterol decreased slightly but not significantly. The concentrations of plasma triglycerides and total cholesterol increased slightly during atenolol treatment; statistical significance was reached (P less than 0.05) at 6 months. PMID- 6743387 TI - Shrinkage of Batson's and its relevance to vascular casting. PMID- 6743389 TI - [Rational basis for the controlled release of drugs]. PMID- 6743388 TI - Ineffectiveness of Ca2+-antagonists nicardipine and diltiazem on experimental atherosclerosis in cholesterol-fed rabbits. PMID- 6743390 TI - [Galenic preparations containing vitamins (observations on the effectiveness of the 16 July 1951 decree of the Commission of Hygiene and Public Health]. PMID- 6743391 TI - [Phenomena of transport in polymeric systems through the release of drugs]. PMID- 6743392 TI - Analytical aspects of hypoxic cell radiosensitizing drugs. PMID- 6743393 TI - [Isoxicam: physicochemical characteristics and the quantitative determination by HPLC]. PMID- 6743394 TI - [The immunohistological study of developing human spinal cord--the localization of vimentine, GFAP in radial glial cell]. AB - The morphological changes of radial glial cells in developing human spinal cord have been studied immunohistologically. The specimens extracted from developing human spinal cords, gestational age of 15 weeks, 30 weeks and 35 weeks, were prepared with cryostat for the investigation of anti vimentin mouse monoclonal antibody and of GFAP rabbit serum. We have stained the specimens for vimentin in accordance with ABC method, for GFAP in accordance with PAP method. On gestational age of 15 weeks, the fibers radially oriented from the central canal to pial surface were positive for vimentin and GFAP. Partially, early differentiated astrocytic cells were found. On gestational age of 30 weeks, radially oriented fibers were positive for vimentin and GFAP. They took more tortuous course, branching than those of 15 weeks. More differentiated astrocytic cells were found. On gestational age of 35 weeks, the staining for vimentin was very weak on radially oriented fibers and these fibers were more tortuous, branching than those of 30 weeks. More differentiated astrocytic cells than those of 30 weeks were found in rich amount. From results above, we concluded: 1) Radial glial cells in developing human spinal cord were positive for vimentin and GFAP. 2) The show weaker staining for vimentin in process of gestational age. 3) They differentiate to astrocyte. 4) They appear in earlier stage than suggested by previous reports. PMID- 6743395 TI - [A case of paroxysmal tinnitus and nystagmus accompanied by facial spasm]. AB - Trigeminal neuralgia and facial spasm are usually caused by cross vascular compression of the trigeminal root entry zone and facial nerve exit zone. A similar mechanism is believed to affect the acoustic nerve as well, giving rise to tinnitus and nystagmus. We present one case of paroxysmal tinnitus and nystagmus, accompanied by facial spasm, and discuss the mechanism and the significance of the neurotological examination. PMID- 6743396 TI - [Chemiluminescence on hypoxic brain--the 1st report: relation between free radical reaction and energy metabolism]. AB - To explore the possibility that cerebral ischemia or cerebral hypoxia may initiate a series of free radical reactions of brain tissue lipid constituents, we measured sequential change of chemiluminescence and energy metabolites during brain hypoxia in rat. The hypoxic brain was induced by arterial hypoxemia (PaO2 17-22 mmHg) with normocapnia (PaCO2 28-38 mmHg) and normotension (MABP 100-140 mmHg). 4% O2-96% N2 mixed gas was used as the replacement for obtaining lowered PaO2. We made another attempt to analyze chemiluminescence spectra on purpose of luminous mechanism investigation. No peroxidation occurred in prehypoxic state since there were no photon counts, however, chemiluminescence began to rise up in hypoxic state and remained high value in posthypoxic early state. Namely in hypoxic state, 3-min period showed 231 counts/10 sec X g and 5-min period showed 154 counts/10 sec X g. In posthypoxic state, 5-min period showed 217 counts/10 sec X g and 30-min period showed a similar decrease as prehypoxic state. The chemiluminescence spectroanalysis showed five peaks at 480 nm, 520-530 nm, 570 nm, 620-640 nm, 700 nm in wavelength. As to sequential changes of energy metabolism, hypoxia caused marked brain lactic acidosis, increase in ADP, pyruvate and a fall in glucose. However, all metabolites recovered at 30-min period in posthypoxic state, which suggests this was reversible brain hypoxia. A transition of chemiluminescence and energy metabolites suggests the occurrence of free radical reaction in hypoxic and posthypoxic brain. The spectroanalysis reveals the luminous mechanism as follows 1 delta g # 1 delta g----2(3)O(2) + h nu. PMID- 6743397 TI - [The relationship between blood alcohol level and head injury]. AB - Alcoholic intoxication and a traumatic intracranial lesion have many features in common. It is important for a doctor not to make an incorrect diagnosis between these two conditions, but it is difficult in some cases. The effect of alcohol on the conscious level may complicate the assessment of patients and make it more difficult to recognize the development of complications such as intracranial hematoma. The most immediate and correct diagnosis can be obtained by estimating the amount of alcohol in a patient's blood although it is often difficult in the usual emergency departments in Japan. To try to throw some light on this question, we decided to attempt both clinical and laboratory diagnosis of alcohol ingestion. In 68 adult patients who had head injuries with conscious disturbance admitted to our ward at night, alcohol levels in their blood were estimated by gas chromatography, during the past 24 months. At the same time clinical examinations for the diagnosis of drunkenness were made: on admission, it was recorded whether all patients had white or red conjunctiva, whether speech was clear or slurred, whether there was a distinctive smell on their breath, and whether coordination was good or poor. Of 68 patients (63 male, 5 female), 7 had no alcohol in their blood and 61 had positive alcohol results. The mean blood alcohol level was 233 +/- 130 mg/dl. Clinical diagnosis of alcohol ingestion; The amount of alcohol in the blood correlated highly with the strength of the smell on their breath and of conjunctival injection (p less than 0.001), on the other hand, did not correlate with the speech disturbance, skillfullness of coordination and level of consciousness.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS) PMID- 6743398 TI - [Clinical value of the sequential study of the uric acid in CSF in patients with cerebral diseases: Part I. Brain tumor and the effect of irradiation]. AB - Uric acid is the end product of the purine metabolism in the human and is mainly excreted to the urine. The studies on cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) uric acid in patients with various neurological diseases were reported in the literature. In the present study the authors discussed the clinical value of the sequential study of the CSF uric acid content in patients with brain tumors. CSF was investigated for uric acid in 23 controls and 30 cases of brain tumor. The results were as follows: The mean value and standard deviation of the uric acid in CSF in controls was 0.23 +/- 0.13 mg/dl. The uric acid in CSF increased in patients with malignant brain tumor (0.49 +/- 0.22 mg/dl, p less than 0.005), but was in normal range in patients with benign brain tumor (0.32 +/- 0.13 mg/dl, 0.10 less than p less than 0.25). There was no significant correlation between CSF uric acid and CSF protein contents. Uric acid in the lumbar CSF was approximately 4 times higher than in the ventricular CSF in patients with brain tumor. The CSF uric acid had progressively increased during irradiation to the whole brain. The factors contributing to increase of the uric acid in CSF were thought to be increased permeability of blood-CSF barrier, global damage of brain tissue, increased nucleic acid catabolism in the central nervous system (CNS) for example in tumor, inflammation or immunoreaction, increased of xanthine, hypoxanthine or xanthine oxidase activity in the CNS, directly increased of plasma components into the CSF due to such as subarachnoid hemorrhage, intraventricular hemorrhage, bleeding in the tumor or surgical operation, dysfunction of the CSF dynamics.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS) PMID- 6743399 TI - [Transcortical sensory aphasia produced by lesions of the anterior basal ganglia area]. AB - We reported three cases of an aphasic syndrome caused by unusual lesion distribution. Our patients, language disorders could be summarized as transcortical sensory aphasia and showed following symptoms; (1) fluent paraphasic verbal output, (2) anomia which was not facilitated by cueing, (3) impaired comprehension of spoken language, (4) preserved capacity of repetition, (5) preserved ability of reading aloud with impaired comprehension of the written material and (6) agraphia. In addition, all had no associated physical neurological signs such as hemiparesis or hemianopsia. All were right handed. All three cases showed the similar lesion distribution by computed tomographic scanning of the brain. All had low density areas in the anterior portion of the left basal ganglia including the head of the caudate nucleus, the anterior portion of the putamen, the anterior portion of the anterior limb of the internal capsule and the nearby white matter. Case 2 also had the small right hemisphere lesion in the white matter near the anterior portion of the lateral ventricle. Transcortical sensory aphasia with this lesion distribution has not been reported. We attributed the causative damage to lesions of the white matter and not to lesions of the basal ganglia per se. It was also speculated that fluent aphasia can be produced by the anteriorly situated white matter lesion if issuing fibers from the Broca's area were spared. Finally a possible anatomoclinical correlation for "transcortical alexia" (preserved oral reading and impaired reading comprehension) was attempted. The symptom is probably a reflection of the fact that the posterior speech area including the angular gyrus was left intact. PMID- 6743400 TI - [Sequential changes of vascular intimal ultrastructure in experimental cerebral vasospasm induced by oxyhemoglobin. Scanning electron microscopic study]. AB - Organic changes of vessel wall may play an important role in the pathophysiology of vasospasm after subarachnoid hemorrhage. Sequential changes of intimal ultrastructure in experimental vasospasm induced oxyhemoglobin were investigated by scanning electron microscope. Thirty-four cats were used for this study. The basilar artery was exposed by transcervico-transclival approach. Oxyhemoglobin solution was applied under the arachnoid membrane around the artery in 16 cats at hourly intervals. Of 16 cats, 3 were sacrificed at 1 hour after the first application of the solution, 3 at 3 hours, 3 at 6 hours, 3 at 12 hours, 4 at 24 hours. Three sham-operated cats treated by artificial CSF were used as the control together with 5 untreated normal cats. All procedures were performed under aseptic condition. Perfusion fixation was done. The luminal surface and the cut surface made by freeze-fracture method were investigated by scanning electron microscope. As oxyhemoglobin solution, oxyhemoglobin-rich hemolysate was used and the concentration was 5.5 mM. By hourly application, continuous vasoconstriction of about 70% of the control diameter was obtained. In the control, the endothelial cell layer was flat. The elastic lamina had mild waving, and the luminal surface was smooth. In 1- and 3-hour groups, the elastic lamina was corrugated and the endothelial cells were protruded into the lumen in the depressed portion of corrugation. In 6- and 12-hour groups, degenerative changes of the endothelial cells, crater-formation and ballooning, were seen. Some blood born cells adhered to the luminal surface in such cases. In 24-hour group, the changes of the endothelial cells became more remarkable.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS) PMID- 6743401 TI - [Basic studies on the potential changes in the eyelid elicited by flash stimulation, especially related to the adaptation of the eye]. AB - In order to establish the most adequate method to lead the photically evoked lid potential changes, their physiological properties were studied from standpoint of dark or light adaptation, which is known to be due to the increase or decrease in the sensitiveness of the retina that is the receptor of the orbicularis oculi reflex. The photically evoked lid potential changes were obtained with the summation technique by the signal processor (7 T 0 8, SAN-EI, Tokyo) in normal subjects. In addition, the average summated responses of the photically evoked lid MV responses, the ERG, EOG and EEG were also recorded simultaneously and discussed polygraphically. The results obtained were as follows: The average evoked lid potential changes in healthy resting subjects with eyes closed were shown to be composed of early rapid component, initial slow component and late slow component, which corresponded to dominant rapid vibrations of the evoked lid MV responses, the a and b waves of ERG and the EOG, respectively. The electromyographic and electrooculographic components were observed to have peak latency of about 60 msec and 200 msec, respectively. The electromyographic and electrooculographic components were found to change corresponding to the level of cortical activity indicated by the EEG patterns. They were gradually suppressed in amplitude according to the decrease of cortical activity and disappeared in stage 2 of natural sleep, although the electroretinographic components remained. With the progress of dark adaptation after adapting from light to darkness, the electromyographic and electrooculographic components in addition to the electroretinographic component of the average lid potential changes were considerably increased in amplitude but hardly changed in peak latency.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS) PMID- 6743402 TI - [Ultrastructural observations of the dorsal lateral geniculate nucleus following non-surgical retinal lesion of the rats]. AB - By intravitreal injection of arsenous pentoxide (As2O5), which had been used in the pulpectomy in the dentistry, the retina, including the ganglion cell layer, fell selectively into necrosis and the lesions were uniform throughout all part of the retina. Following these non-surgically induced retinal lesions, the dorsal lateral geniculate nucleus of the rats was examined by electron microscope over varying periods of time. From 2 days after the injection, dark atrophic axon terminals appeared in the dorsal lateral geniculate nucleus and these terminals were in most instances surrounded by swollen astrocytic processes with glycogen particles. The quantity of the degenerating terminals maximized at 6 to 7 days after injection and then decreased by 60 days. It was also shown that various features of the degenerating terminals were related to the postsynaptic dendrites. In early stages these degenerating axon terminals had dense, swollen mitochondria and many synaptic vesicles in the electron dense matrix. Then these terminals were deeply indented to the apposed dendrites and by this indentation the astrocytic process seemed to insinuate into the synaptic junction. In these situations, the cytoplasm of astrocytes increased in electron density around the terminals. The postsynaptic density and the subsynaptic organellas were clearly shown to be identical through the course of the degeneration. There were also dendro-astroglial junctions, and these junctions seemed to be one of the features of degeneration of the terminals. It was suggested that there was an obvious course of the degenerating terminals separated from their post-synaptic sites without disruption of integrity of the post-synaptic membrane specialization by astrocytic cell process in Wallerian degeneration.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS) PMID- 6743403 TI - [Angiographical extravasation in the intracranial hemorrhage due to cerebrovascular moyamoya disease--autopsy study]. AB - A 53-year-old, non-hypertensive farmer, who had sudden attack of severe headache, was transferred to our clinic. He presented comatous state and tetraparesis without extraocular movements nor reactive pupils to light. CT scan, 7 hours after the ictus showed intracerebral hematoma in the right temporo-parietal region with ventricular extension. The following bilateral carotid angiograms established the diagnosis of the intracerebral hemorrhage due to cerebrovascular moyamoya disease. In angiograms of the affected side, irregular spotty stains spread from the periphei of the right posterior choroidal artery was delineated. The repeated CT scan after that indicated increment of hematoma. Fifty-three hours from the ictus, the patient died and an autopsy study was performed. After the fixation, the coronal brain section was made, and the careful observation of them elucidated the formation of an organized dissecting aneurysm in the angiographically extravasated vessel. About seven hundreds of serial specimen, 4 micron in thickness, was then investigated adjacent to the aneurysm. The organized dissecting aneurysm seemed to initiate from the branch of it, where marked fraying and undulation of the fibroelastic intima and internal elastic laminae were observed. The concavity toward the true lumen was completely disrupted and communicated to the extravascular space. As a result, the continuous part of it obstructed the lumen of the branch. These findings suggested the newly-developed dissection and it seemed to correspond to the angiographical extravasated points. PMID- 6743404 TI - [Studies on pathogenesis of muscular dystrophy: levels of thiobarbituric acid reactive products in avian muscular dystrophy]. AB - Lipid peroxidation and other free radical reactions are known to disrupt and damage cellular structures and function, and it has been postulated as possible mechanisms of cellular damage of muscular dystrophy because increased levels of thiobarbituric acid (TBA)-reactive products and increased activities of superoxide dismutase and glutathione peroxidase were reported in avian muscular dystrophy. We reported that activities of superoxide dismutase, catalase, glutathione peroxidase and glutathione reductase were significantly increased in avian muscular dystrophy from the early developmental stage. Since these enzymes protect cellular structures from free radicals and peroxides, increased activities of these enzymes would indicate increased formation of radicals. Then it seems to be important to assay TBA-reactive products which indicate tissue malondialdehyde content, a by-product of lipid peroxidation. We used dystrophic chickens of New Hampshire series line 413 and their controls line 412 for assay of TBA-reactive products. Four or five birds from respective lines were killed by decapitation two weeks, four weeks and four months after hatching. The superficial pectoral muscle was immediately weighed and levels of TBA-reactive products in the muscle homogenate was assayed by fluorophotometry according to the modified method of Ohkawa and Tanizawa. Levels of TBA-reactive products were significantly higher in dystrophic chickens at all stages of development studied than those of the control group. At two weeks of age morphological changes are minimum if present and increased levels of TBA-reactive products cannot be considered as a secondary change of morphological alterations. Therefore, the results indicate involvement of lipid peroxidation damage in pathogenesis of this avian muscular dystrophy.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS) PMID- 6743405 TI - [Evaluation of cord functions in patients with cervical radiculomyelopathy using cortical and spinal somatosensory evoked potentials]. AB - It is desirable for neurosurgeons to be able to evaluate cord functions. To assess electrophysiologically functional status of spinal cord, cortical and spinal somatosensory evoked potentials (SEP) were studied in 33 patients with cervical radiculomyelopathy; 11 cases of cervical spondylosis, 11 cases of OPLL, 3 cases of narrow canal, 2 cases of narrow canal with OPLL, 3 cases of intradural extramedullary tumor, 2 cases of intramedullary tumor and one case of traumatic cervical cord injury. Before the operation cortical SEP was recorded from post Rolandic area by the median nerve stimulation. Spinal SEP was recorded from the dorsal surface of the cord after partial and complete laminectomy, or before and after tumor removal. RESULTS: Cortical SEP showed abnormalities in 45% of the cases, whose abnormalities were disappearance of the early components such as P1N1 wave, P1 to P2 complex or P1 to P3 complex and delay of the peak latency. Spinal SEP showed abnormalities in 42% of the cases, and the abnormal patterns were divided into 3 groups as follows: Type 1: Slightly abnormal, P1 and N1 waves are well recorded, whereas the P2 wave is absent or markedly suppressed in the amplitude. Type 2: Moderately abnormal, the P2 wave is flat and in addition the N1 wave is diminished in the amplitude. Type 3: Severely abnormal, only the P1 wave is recorded and the N1 to P2 complex is absent. Type 1 was obtained from 3 patients, type 2 from 9 patients, and type 3 from 2 patients. Cortical and spinal SEP were closely related to deep sensations, and cortical SEP was relatively correlated with superficial sensations. There were no differences of spinal SEP in most of the cases between partial and complete laminectomy. In intradural extramedullary tumor, however, good spinal SEP was recorded in collapsed cord after the tumor removal. Clinical symptoms were improved postoperatively in 80% of patients with both normal cortical and spinal SEP. It is concluded that cortical and spinal SEP are useful for prognostic value in patients with cervical radiculomyelopathy. PMID- 6743406 TI - [Experimental model producing global brain ischemia by clamping the aorta in dogs]. AB - Canine cerebral blood flow is supplied not only through carotid and vertebral arteries, but also through rich network of collaterals. Therefore, it is said that total body arrest is requested to assure the global brain ischemia. The global ischemic models, reported previously, were by the simultaneous occlusion of aorta and vena cava. In our model, however, the global cerebral ischemia was produced by clamping only the ascending aorta. Cardiovascular changes such as increases in left ventricular and pulmonary arterial pressure, and decrease in left ventricular dp/dt followed after ceasing of ascending aortic blood stream. The heart continued to beat during 60 minutes of the clamping. Despite of increased central venous pressure, sagittal sinus pressure and intracranial pressure remained unchanged during the aorta clamping. Ten-minutes of total cerebral ischemia was produced in 46 dogs and successful studies on cerebral and systemic variables were carried out in 68% of them. The method of clamping the aorta without occlusion of vena cava seems to be unsuitable for long term survival study because of severe loading of lung circulation. However, we conclude that this simple model is of great use for short term experiment on global brain ischemia. PMID- 6743407 TI - [Study for lateralization of hemispheric cerebral blood flow by argon method with catheterization into the bilateral internal jugular bulbs]. AB - Only 24 patients with chronic ischemic cerebrovascular lesions, which had been lateralized to either hemisphere of the cerebrum, were analyzed by argon desaturation method measuring bilateral hemispheric blood flows. Their ages varied from 10 to 72 years with a mean of 49 years. Fifteen patients (62.5%) had localized ischemic lesions in the left cerebral hemispheres and remaining 9 patients (37.5%) had in the right hemispheres. The clinical symptom of each patient was lateralized due to localized ischemic focus. Bilateral transfemoral catheterization of the internal jugular bulbs was successfully performed. Each hemispheric blood flow was calculated by argon desaturation method using mass spectrometry based on Fick's principle. Half of the patients, 12 cases revealed lateralization over 20% significant differences of its values. 8 patients (66.7%) were reduced significantly in the left hemispheres and 4 patients were contralaterally. Finally 9 patients revealed that CBF values at the affected side was significantly reduced with no anatomical differences among sinus systems. It is probably that CBF value at the affected side reflects its ischemic lesion more than that at the non-affected side. Several authors reported no predominant lateralization between bilateral sinus draining systems. Based on possibility of "laminar flow" in the confluence, CBF value at the affected side is more important. So further investigations are needed for the future. PMID- 6743408 TI - [A clinico-physiological study on the generators of short latency somatosensory evoked potential]. AB - The purpose of this paper is to locate the generators of each wave component in the short latency somatosensory evoked potential (SSEP), by means of cumulative analysis of the SSEP obtained from various localized lesions in the upper cervical cord through brain stem and cerebral subcortical structures. Since there are considerable inconsistency of naming each component in the literature, SSEP to median nerve stimulation of 10 normal subjects were examined by two different recordings, i.e. recording from an electrode at the parietal scalp with a reference electrode on Erb's point (Par.-Erb), and the other at the frontal scalp with a reference electrode on Cv 7 (Fro.-Cv 7), and the SSEP was carefully studied. In normal subjects, the SSEP by Par.-Erb lead yielded 5 negative components (N 7, N 11, N 16, N 18 & N 26) and 4 positive components (P 9, P 13, P 22 & P 42), while by Fro.-Cv 7 5 negative components (N 7, N 10, N 12, N 16 & N 28) and 5 positive components (P 9, P 11, P 13, P 20 & P 44). Thirty three patients were subjected to analyse the influence of localized lesions to each component of the SSEP and the recording was evaluated in regard to (a) identification of each component, (b) latency of each component and inter-peak latency difference exceeding 2 SD, and (c) over 50% asymmetry and laterality of the amplitude. Cervical spondylotic myelopathy, high cervical cord tumor, tonsillar herniation, pontine infarct and hemorrhage, circumscribed thalamic lesion, and vascular lesion of centrum semiovale were carefully examined with CT scan and the findings were compared with neurological findings periodically. SSEP was taken repeatedly, especially before and after operative intervention, and alteration of the component was referred to the clinical progress of the lesion. In conclusion, results obtained from our present observation indicated that P 9 was the extramedullary projection, P 11 was intramedullary origin of the lower cervical cord, P 13 was medulla oblongata origin and P 13-N 16 was projection from medulla oblongata to thalamus. N 16-N 18 and N 26 were considered projection from thalamus to hand area of the parietal lobe with some association area and N 28 had the generator widely based on frontal projection system. These findings appeared to be quite useful for topographic diagnosis and functional evaluation of the lesions in central nervous system. PMID- 6743409 TI - [A case of familial type IIa hyperlipoproteinemia with intracranial xanthoma]. AB - Familial hyperlipoproteinemia associated with intracranial xanthoma belonged to a very rare entity and the authors were able to collect only one reported case in our domestic literature. A 57-year-old house wife was admitted with a six months' history of progressive hearing impairment on the left and some cerebellar signs characterized by ataxic gait. Physical examination revealed several hard and painful subcutaneous masses around the joints of four extremities, which had enlarged slowly within the last three years. Also, remarkable deformity of Achilles tendon was seen on both sides. Neurological examination showed bilateral papilledema, left hemifacial hyp- and dysesthesia, left hearing difficulty and left cerebellar signs. Laboratory examination reported markedly elevated serum cholesterol level as high as 575 mg/dl, and determination of the serum lipoprotein disclosed the findings compatible with Type II a hyperlipoproteinemia. Plain skull X-rays showed osteolytic defect of the left occipital bone and CT scan demonstrated a large irregular low density mass extending into the left posterior fossa, which showed ring like enhancement and spotty high density of calcification. Angiogram suggested the mass was of less vascular lesion and situated extramedullary. Suboccipital craniectomy was performed and an epidural solid mass was resected, although the mass was markedly growing into the posterior cranial cavity. Microscopic examination showed the findings typical to the xanthoma, which was totally coincided with that of biopsy specimen obtained from the tumor over the ankle. Electron microscopic examination was performed and various kinds of lipid inclusions in the cytoplasma of xanthoma cells, such as dense bodies, volute or onion-like figures and lucent large vacuoles, were observed. PMID- 6743410 TI - [Lipids metabolism of the patients with subarachnoid hemorrhage due to ruptured intracranial aneurysm, in comparison with other cerebrovascular diseases]. AB - Lipids metabolism has been extensively studied in the large number of patients with hypertensive cerebral hemorrhage or cerebral infarction, however, the patients with subarachnoid hemorrhage due to ruptured intracranial aneurysm were customarily excluded from the study. Total cholesterol, LDL-cholesterol, HDL cholesterol, triglyceride and atherogenic index were determined in 40 cases, who had undergone surgical treatment for ruptured intracranial aneurysm in various locations, and the results were compared with the data obtained from 20 operative cases with hypertensive cerebral hemorrhage, 40 cases with non-operative cases with hypertensive cerebral hemorrhage, 60 cases with cerebral infarction and 20 cases of cerebral lesions other than cerebrovascular disease (non-CVA). Serum levels of LDL-cholesterol and atherogenic index were significantly correlated with the preoperative grading of subarachnoid hemorrhage when compared with non CVA (p less than 0.05). Total cholesterol, LDL-cholesterol and atherogenic index were well correlated with operative morbidity and active daily life (ADL) in the follow-up study of the patients with intracranial aneurysm, where the higher value of cholesterol indicated the poorer risk of the patients. In our present study, none of the data was found significant, when compared with non-CVA, in the other groups of cerebrovascular diseases except for the HDL-cholesterol, which was found significantly in low level in the group of cerebral infarction (p less than 0.001). Triglyceride was found elevated in the group of hypertensive hemorrhage indicating negative correlation to the severity, and rather similar pattern was seen in the subarachnoid hemorrhage, however, the data were not conclusive.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS) PMID- 6743411 TI - [Mechanisms of the tumor promoting effect of 12-0-tetradecanoyl phorbol 13 acetate on the ethylnitrosourea induced transplacental neurogenic carcinogenesis]. AB - To investigate the mechanisms of the tumor promoter, 12-0-tetradecanoyl phorbol 13-acetate (TPA), chromosomal change, [3H]-thymidine incorporation, DNA histogram pattern, and the cellular contents of protein, RNA, and DNA were analyzed with in vivo-in vitro assay to ethylnitrosourea (ENU) induced transplacental neurogenic carcinogenesis. The earlier appearance of chromatid breaks and exchanges was found in the ENU group treated with TPA than that in the ENU group treated with or without acetone. From the findings of cellular DNA contents and DNA histogram pattern, the rapidly increased percentage of G2-M phased population and the rapid increase of cellular DNA contents were found in the ENU group treated with TPA compared to the ENU group. And the more rapid increase of [3H]-thymidine incorporation was found in the ENU group treated with TPA than that in the ENU group. The findings of chromosomal changes, DNA histogram pattern, [3H]-thymidine incorporation, and cellular DNA content in the control group did not differ from that in the control group treated with TPA. Above results seem to be indicated that TPA might modulate the metabolism of nucleic acids and the regulation of gene expression damaged initially by ENU. PMID- 6743412 TI - [Autonomic function test using R-R interval variation in ECG]. PMID- 6743413 TI - [Application of medical thermographic studies for autonomic nervous function]. PMID- 6743414 TI - [Basic studies on the potential changes in the eyelid elicited by flash stimulation, especially the intensity of flash light stimulation]. AB - The average photically evoked lid potential changes are known to consist of electromyographic components due to the orbicularis oculi reflex, electroretinographic and electrooculographic components, which corresponded to the average summating responses of the lid MV responses, electroretinogram (ERG), electrooculogram (EOG), respectively. In the present study the photically evoked lid potential changes were studied from the standpoint of the stimulus strength in healthy subjects and patients with an artificial eyeball. The photically evoked lid potential changes were obtained with the summation technique under various physiologic and pathologic conditions. In addition, the average summating responses of the lid MV responses, EOG, ERG and EEG were also recorded simultaneously and discussed polygraphically. The average evoked lid potential changes in healthy resting subject with eyes closed were shown to be composed of the electromyographic components dependent on the effector activity of the orbicularis oculi reflex, early and late slow components which corresponded to the ERG and the EOG respectively. The threshold stimulus necessary to elicit the electroretinographic, electromyographic and electrooculographic components was the intensity of flash stimulation, that is about 0.1, 0.3 and 4 joule in energy delivered to the stroboscope respectively. These components were observed to be increased in amplitude gradually according to the intensity strengthened. In the average lid potential changes obtained by random flash stimulation to a single eye, the electroretinographic components in the occluded side disappeared completely, but the other components were clearly observed and gradually increased in amplitude according to the intensity strengthened, although they were considerably decreased in amplitude than those obtained in the contralateral side of normal subjects.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS) PMID- 6743415 TI - [Clinical studies on multiple lacunar state]. AB - Sixty-five cases of clinically diagnosed multiple lacunar state have been analysed. The clinical course of multiple lacunar state is usually progressive in nature, simulating degenerative diseases, in contrast with the mode of acute onset seen in the other vascular diseases. Average age at the initial visit was 63.8 year-old, and sex ratio showed marked male preponderance, being 12 for males and 1 for females. Gait disturbance and speech disturbance are the most frequent initial symptoms, followed by slow motion, emotional lability and swallowing difficulty. Neurological manifestations are dysarthria, short-stepped and apraxic gait, hyperreflexia, positive Babinski and Chaddock reflexes, minimal spasticity, dementia, positive palmo-mental reflex, emotional lability, fixed face, rigidity, bradykinesia, foot grasping, dysphagia, positive Myerson's sign and tremor, in the order described. The important point is that the rigidity is paratonic and the tremor is action or postural, not the cogwheel rigidity or resting tremor like Parkinson's disease. The appearance of pathological reflexes (Babinski and Chaddock reflexes) are quite important, especially Chaddock reflex, which can frequently become positive despite negative or equivocal Babinski reflex. Hypertension, especially longstanding in nature, is the major contributing factor in this disorder. CT scan showed the presence of one or more lacunes in 52 out of 65 cases (80.0%). The detection of lacune can be influenced by the quality of CT scan, and the high resolution CT scanner is greatly useful for that purpose. It is stressed that the detailed neurological and computed tomographic evaluations will make it possible to reach the clinical diagnosis and appropriate treatment of multiple lacunar state. PMID- 6743416 TI - [Study on the vertebro-basilar system in "moyamoya" disease]. AB - Posterior circulation in 82 children of "moyamoya" disease are studied. Two aspects of "moyamoya" disease, (ie; occlusive lesion of cerebral vessels and the development of abnormal vascular network as collateral channel,) are also detected in the vertebrobasilar system. Among 82 cases, 49 cases showed the occlusion of posterior cerebral artery at their quadrigeminal segment. Twenty three showed the more proximal occlusive lesions. Vertebral artery occlusion were found in 3 cases. As the occlusive lesion progresses, abnormal vascular network at the posterior portion of skull base developed. This network consists mainly of thalamogeniculate artery, posterior choroidal artery, and also of other thalamoperforators. Visual field defect as an ischemic symptom of occipital lobe was detected in 9 cases (11%). Superficial temporal artery-middle cerebral artery anastomosis and encephalo-myo-synangiosis (temporal muscle graft), which were not considered to be so effective to the ischemia of the posterior circulation, were shown to exert indirect redistribution effect upon the vertebrobasilar system. However, this effect is such an indirect one that these surgical treatments cannot prevent the occurrence of ischemic stroke in the vertebrobasilar system. For this purpose, omentum transplantation to the occipital lobe may be needed as a method of direct revascularization. PMID- 6743417 TI - [Penicillin induced epileptiform activity in hippocampal slice--comparison between CA 3 pyramidal cell and granule cell]. AB - To investigate whether a different type of neurons has a different susceptibility to a drug in producing epileptiform activity, we compared penicillin induced epileptiform activities of the two types of neurons in the hippocampal formation of guinea pigs, i.e. the CA 3 pyramidal cells in the hippocampus proper and the granule cells in the dentate gyrus, using slice preparations. The thin slice of 0.4 mm thickness was cut nearly perpendicularly to the longitudinal axis of the hippocampus and was transferred to a nylon mesh in an observation chamber which was perfused with the oxygenated and warmed medium at a rate of 2 ml/min. Under tenfold magnification stimuli were delivered to the nerve fiber layer through bipolar electrodes and evoked field potentials were recorded from the cell body layer with glass micropipettes of 10 mu tip diameter filled with normal medium. In both cell body layers no epileptiform field potentials could be induced during perfusion of normal medium even if stimulus strength was increased. The CA 3 pyramidal cell body layer showed a delayed multipeaked field potential in response to threshold stimulus applied to the mossy fiber in penicillin containing medium (Pc concentration = 500, 1000, 2000 I. U./ml). When the strength of stimulation increased, the latency shortened, but the amplitude and the duration of epileptiform activity did not change. The granule cell body layer generated no epileptiform activity in response to weak electrical stimulus applied to the perforant path in penicillin-containing medium (Pc concentration = 500, 1000, 2000 I. U./ml). However, at high penicillin concentrations (1000, 2000 I. U./ml) multiple population spikes having a short latency appeared on intense stimulation.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS) PMID- 6743418 TI - Detrimental effects of verapamil in patients with primary pulmonary hypertension. AB - Calcium channel blockade provides a logical approach to the treatment of pulmonary hypertension because these drugs exert direct vasodilator effects in the highly constricted pulmonary circulation. To determine the effectiveness of verapamil in the treatment of primary pulmonary hypertension the haemodynamic effects of the drug were evaluated in seven patients with this disorder; 10 mg was given intravenously to six patients and 120 mg orally to one patient. Verapamil produced a 20% decline in pulmonary vascular resistance and a 27% decrease in mean pulmonary arterial pressure without significant changes in systemic vascular resistance. One patient who received verapamil 480 mg orally daily for three months showed sustained haemodynamic and clinical improvement. Concomitant with its beneficial effects on the pulmonary circulation, however, verapamil produced a pronounced decrease in right ventricular stroke work index (42%) and increase in right ventricular filling pressure (50%), indicating a direct depressant effect of the drug on right ventricular function. In one patient these cardiodepressant effects were sufficiently pronounced to produce severe hypotension and cardiac arrest. In conclusion, although verapamil appears to exert preferential vasodilator effects on the pulmonary circulation, its negative inotropic effects may be particularly detrimental to patients with primary pulmonary hypertension who have pre-existing right ventricular dysfunction; hence, treatment with verapamil is not recommended in such cases. PMID- 6743419 TI - Successful cardiopulmonary bypass in diabetics with anaphylactoid reactions to protamine. AB - Two insulin dependent diabetics with previous anaphylactic like (anaphylactoid) reactions to protamine underwent successful cardiopulmonary bypass for coronary artery surgery. Platelet concentrates instead of protamine were used to neutralise their systemic heparinisation. In both cases the anaphylactoid reactions first became apparent after administration of protamine sulphate at the end of cardiac catheterisation. These cases show that adverse reactions to protamine need not be a contraindication to cardiopulmonary bypass and cardiac surgery and emphasise that this condition should be considered in all patients with a history of previous protamine exposure or one which may be associated with anaphylactoid reactions to protamine. PMID- 6743420 TI - Distal aortitis complicating Reiter's syndrome. AB - Distal aortitis was diagnosed in a 44 year old man who had previously shown clinical features of Reiter's syndrome. This appears to be the first reported case of distal aortitis associated with Reiter's syndrome. PMID- 6743421 TI - Small ventricular septal defect associated with severe pulmonary hypertension. AB - A small ventricular septal defect in an 18 year old man was shown by serial cardiac catheterisation to be associated with a progressive increase in pulmonary arterial pressure. Surgical closure of the defect had no effect on the increased pulmonary arterial pressure. Whether pulmonary hypertension occurred secondary to the haemodynamics of the ventricular septal defect or as an independent event is uncertain. PMID- 6743422 TI - Comparison of the effects of amrinone and sodium nitroprusside on haemodynamics, contractility, and myocardial metabolism in patients with cardiac failure due to coronary artery disease and dilated cardiomyopathy. AB - The effects of intravenous amrinone and sodium nitroprusside on haemodynamic indices, left ventricular contractility, and myocardial metabolism were compared in patients with cardiac failure. All patients received one dose of each drug and some received serial doses. Eight patients had dilated cardiomyopathy and six coronary artery disease, but the responses to the two drugs were independent of the aetiology of cardiac failure. Both drugs lowered left ventricular end diastolic pressure and aortocoronary sinus oxygen difference and increased cardiac index and left ventricular efficiency; these effects were dose related. Although the effects of the drugs on peripheral blood substrate concentrations were different, those on myocardial substrate metabolism were identical. Pressure derived indices of contractility in each group of patients were unaltered by either drug. After amrinone administration increases in cardiac index were related to plasma amrinone concentration, but alterations in contractility were not. In four individual patients increases in contractility were associated with alterations in plasma metabolite concentrations, which suggested that catecholamine release had occurred. For the groups of patients as a whole, however, amrinone had effects which did not differ significantly from those of the pure vasodilator, nitroprusside. There was no evidence that amrinone had a direct positive inotropic effect since no dose related changes in indices of contractile function could be established. PMID- 6743423 TI - Beneficial effects of diltiazem in coronary artery disease. AB - The effects of the new calcium channel blocking agent diltiazem were evaluated in 11 patients with stable angina pectoris and confirmed obstructive coronary artery disease at rest and during rapid atrial pacing. Symptomatic, metabolic, coronary, and systemic haemodynamic indices were monitored at rest and during pacing induced ischaemia. At rest, after the administration of intravenous diltiazem, potent vasodilator effects were observed with a significant fall in mean blood pressure and an increase in cardiac index. Importantly, however, the systemic vasodilator effect of diltiazem was associated with no significant increase in heart rate. During pacing there was similar decrease in mean blood pressure after diltiazem, and mean pacing time to angina increased significantly. Three patients did not develop angina on repeat pacing. Coupled with an improved pacing time to angina there was a significant improvement in myocardial lactate extraction during pacing, changing from lactate production to lactate extraction after diltiazem. This study confirms the antianginal effects of diltiazem and suggests that this agent may have advantages in the management of angina pectoris. The results suggest that diltiazem may exert its beneficial effect not only by reducing afterload reduction but also by a direct metabolic effect on the myocardium. PMID- 6743424 TI - Effect of cold stimulation on myocardial perfusion. An investigation using thallium-201 scintigraphy. AB - Thallium-201 scintigraphy was used to investigate the effects of cold stimulation on myocardial perfusion in 12 patients with documented coronary artery disease (group 1), nine with chest pain but without evidence of structural coronary artery disease (group 2), and 10 normal volunteers (group 3). The scintigrams were assessed both visually and numerically using a circumferential profile technique. Transient perfusion defects were identified by both techniques in six subjects in group 1, three in group 2, and two in group 3. The haemodynamic responses (assessed by the double product) of subjects with or without transient perfusion defects were not significantly different. Thus cold stimulation can provoke abnormalities of myocardial perfusion not only in patients with coronary heart disease but also in those with structurally normal coronary arteries and in some normal subjects. These results may reflect a spectrum of coronary vasomotor responsiveness to cold stimulation in both normal and ischaemic populations, and it is concluded that cold pressor techniques cannot be relied on to differentiate patients with coronary heart disease from those with atypical chest pain syndromes or even from normal subjects. PMID- 6743425 TI - Ventricular arrhythmia in unrepaired and repaired tetralogy of Fallot. Relation to age, timing of repair, and haemodynamic status. AB - Ventricular arrhythmias are common after repair of tetralogy of Fallot and are associated with late sudden death. This study examined the relation of ventricular arrhythmia during normal daily activities to the timing of repair, duration of follow up, and postoperative haemodynamic status. Forty eight hour ambulatory electrocardiographic monitoring was performed in 145 patients: 60 (aged 3 months to 46 years) had not yet undergone repair and 85 were followed from four to 22 (mean 14.6) years after repair. Cardiac catheterisation was performed in 47 (55%) one to 22 (mean 8.9) years after repair. Twelve (20%) of the uncorrected group had ventricular arrhythmia. The incidence increased significantly with age from 0% in patients aged less than 8 years to 58% in those aged greater than or equal to 16 years. In the corrected group 44% had ventricular arrhythmia. The incidence of arrhythmia was associated with older age at repair but not with postoperative haemodynamic status, duration of follow up, or era of surgery. It is concluded that ventricular arrhythmia is common in older patients with tetralogy of Fallot before repair and that during long term follow up of patients after repair the incidence of ventricular arrhythmia is influenced by the timing of surgery rather that the duration of postoperative follow up, era of surgery, or the haemodynamic result. PMID- 6743426 TI - HV interval in calcific aortic stenosis. Relation to left ventricular function and effect of valve replacement. AB - Intracardiac electrography and 24 hour ambulatory electrocardiographic monitoring were carried out in 20 patients with calcific aortic stenosis (mean pressure gradient 86 mm Hg) to investigate (a) the role of bradycardia and tachycardia in the pathogenesis of syncope in aortic stenosis, (b) the relation between haemodynamic data and electrophysiological abnormalities, and (c) whether valve replacement corrects electrophysiological abnormalities. Intracardiac electrograms showed impaired sinus node function in five patients and a prolonged HV interval (greater than or equal to 50 ms) in 11 but there was no difference in the findings of 13 patients with syncope and seven without. Ambulatory monitoring showed short pauses in three patients and brief episodes of tachycardia in four, but there was no difference in the findings of patients with and without syncope. The HV interval correlated inversely with the left ventricular ejection fraction, whereas no correlation was found between the HV interval and the pressure gradient. Nine patients were re-evaluated 15 months after aortic valve replacement. No change was found in sinus node function, but the HV interval had increased by 7.8 ms. It is concluded that in calcific aortic stenosis neither bradycardia nor tachycardia is shown to be a frequent cause of syncope, a prolonged HV interval is a frequent finding and further prolongation occurs after valve replacement, and contractility and conductivity appear to deteriorate in parallel. PMID- 6743427 TI - Effect of haemodynamic changes during rapid atrial pacing on determination of sinus node recovery time. AB - Arterial blood pressure was continuously monitored during rapid atrial pacing in 31 patients with different types of heart disease to determine sinus node recovery time and corrected sinus node recovery time. Pacing was initiated at 70 beats/min and increased stepwise to 160 beats/min. One to one atrioventricular conduction was maintained throughout the one minute stimulation period. Blood pressure fell initially during at least one stimulation period in 21 of our patients and at pacing rates up to 130 beats/min in 18. Once blood pressure had fallen during overdrive pacing maximal sinus node recovery time and maximal corrected sinus node recovery time could not be prolonged by increasing the pacing rate. Sinus node recovery time and corrected sinus node recovery time during the pacing induced fall in blood pressure was significantly shorter than those during stimulation runs with constant blood pressure. No pacing induced fall in blood pressure and no relation between changes in blood pressure and sinus node recovery time were evident in 10 of the 31 patients. Sinus node recovery time is therefore influenced by alterations in autonomic tone due to pacing induced haemodynamic changes. PMID- 6743428 TI - Circadian rhythm of blood pressure in patients dependent on ventricular demand pacemakers. AB - The reported circadian rhythm of blood pressure variability with a rise in pressure before awakening has been the subject of controversy. Previous studies have suggested that since heart rate continues to fall before awakening while blood pressure is rising these physiological variables are subject to different control mechanisms. To evaluate further the dissociation of heart rate and blood pressure changes in a group of patients with a fixed heart rate, 11 patients who were dependent on ventricular demand pacemakers underwent intra-arterial ambulatory blood pressure monitoring. Nine aged matched control subjects followed the same protocol. Circadian curves plotted from pooled hourly mean data showed that despite a fixed heart rate the circadian pattern persisted, although attenuated, with blood pressure rising several hours before its rapid rise on awakening. Physiological testing showed that despite a fixed heart rate systolic blood pressure rose in response to bicycle exercise, there was a postural fall in the blood pressure on tilting and a modified Valsalva response. There was considerable beat to beat variability resulting presumably from asychronous pacing. Hour to hour changes did not contribute to the differences between the two groups and were not responsible for attenuation of the circadian rhythm. It is concluded that blood pressure and heart rate control mechanisms may be dissociated, particularly in the period before awakening. PMID- 6743429 TI - Cardiac hypertrophy in athletes. PMID- 6743430 TI - Cardiac structure and function in cyclists and runners. Comparative echocardiographic study. AB - Twelve cyclists and 12 long distance runners matched for age, height, and weight with two control groups of 12 non-athletes were studied echocardiographically to evaluate cardiac structure and function. Runners weighed 8 kg less than cyclists, but age and height were similar. Peak oxygen uptake per kg body weight was higher in athletes than in the control subjects but was similar in the cyclists and in the runners. The athletes' hearts had a larger end diastolic left ventricular internal diameter, mean wall thickness, and cross sectional area of the left ventricular wall than those of the respective control subjects. Nevertheless, whereas the left ventricular internal diameter was not different between the cyclists and runners, mean wall thickness and cross sectional area of the left ventricular wall were greater in the cyclists even after adjustment for weight. The ratio of wall thickness to left ventricular internal radius was significantly larger in cyclists than in their control group, but the ratio was similar in runners and their control group. The echocardiographic indices of left ventricular function were similar in the athletes and the control groups. Systolic left ventricular meridional wall stress was lower in the cyclists than in the runners. The data suggest that runners develop an increase in left ventricular wall thickness which is proportionate to the internal diameter but that in cyclists the increase is disproportionate because of the isometric work of the upper part of the body during cycling. PMID- 6743431 TI - Physiological left ventricular hypertrophy. AB - Echocardiograms were recorded in 154 active athletes (from various sports) and 21 ex-athletes and compared with those in 40 normal control subjects (non-athletes). Diastolic cavity dimension and posterior wall and septal thickness were measured and left ventricular mass and the ratio of posterior wall thickness to cavity radius and of septum to posterior wall thickness calculated. As a group athletes had a significantly increased diastolic cavity dimension, posterior wall and septal thickness, and left ventricular mass. The ratio of posterior wall thickness to cavity radius was distributed as a single continuous variable with a significantly increased mean, and there was no separate subgroup of shot putters or weight lifters with inappropriate hypertrophy. The mean ratio of septum to posterior wall thickness was normal, but there was a wide range of values up to 2.1:1. Ex-athletes had entirely normal left ventricular dimensions and wall thickness. When athletes are categorised by their standard of competition national standard competitors had a significantly increased posterior wall and septal thickness and left ventricular mass compared with university and non competitive sportsmen. In conclusion, strenuous activity results in left ventricular hypertrophy which is appropriate to the body size of the athlete and the degree of activity but not to its type. PMID- 6743432 TI - Computer aided exercise electrocardiographic testing and coronary arteriography in patients with angina pectoris and with myocardial infarction. AB - A set of electrocardiographic criteria for the diagnosis of coronary artery disease was evaluated in two different groups of patients examined by computer aided 12 lead exercise electrocardiographic stress testing and coronary arteriography. One group consisted of patients with severe angina pectoris and the other of patients who had suffered a myocardial infarction three years before the study. Angiographically determined categories of patients could be identified with satisfactory precision by the electrocardiographic criteria under test in the patients with angina pectoris but not in those with infarction. A new method of classifying patients on the basis of data from coronary arteriography improved the correlation with ST segment analysis compared with conventional classification. PMID- 6743433 TI - Angiographic features of the coronary arteries during intracoronary thrombolysis. AB - The angiographic appearance of the coronary arteries during successful thrombolysis with urokinase was determined in 35 patients with acute myocardial infarction. The lysing process passed through several phases: (a) total coronary occlusion with a convex or irregular distal margin (phase 0); (b) increasing patency of the lumen (phase 1); (c) re-establishment of flow but with intraluminal filling defects and delayed distal flow possibly due to microemboli (phase 2); (d) partial or complete disappearance of the filling defects (phase 3); and (e) further widening of the lumen which eventually attains a smooth regular outline (phase 4). The angiographic features which indicate the presence of coronary thrombosis are occlusion with an irregular or scalloped margin, staining with contrast medium, and progressive patency of the occluded vessel showing intraluminal filling defects. PMID- 6743434 TI - Double outlet right ventricle. Cross sectional echocardiographic findings, their anatomical explanation, and surgical relevance. AB - The precise method of surgical repair of double outlet right ventricle depends both on the relation of the interventricular communication to the cardiac outlets and on the course and insertion of the atrioventricular valve tension apparatus. It may be difficult to connect the interventricular communication with one or other outlet or both either because the interventricular communication is too far from the outlets or because atrioventricular tension apparatus interposes between them. This study was carried out in order to establish whether these details could be recognised preoperatively using cross sectional echocardiography. Forty two echocardiograms were reviewed retrospectively from patients with double outlet right ventricle, excluding those with atrioventricular septal defects and atrioventricular discordance. Ten further such patients were studied prospectively. The diagnosis was confirmed at open heart surgery in 19 patients. The relation of the great arteries and their outlet tracts to each other and to the interventricular communication was readily and accurately predicted. Four patients (7.7%) had no infundibular septum. The remaining 48 had such a septum. In 27 (52%) the interventricular communication was overridden by a great artery. In 14 (27%) it was roofed by the ventriculoinfundibular fold, and in 11 (21%) it was confined to the inlet or trabecular septa. The insertion of chordae tendineae limited the possible surgical options in 12 patients (23.1%) who were distributed unpredictably among the above groups. Four patients had straddling atrioventricular valves. In five, tricuspid tension apparatus inserted into the underside of the infundibular septum and, in two, into the roof of the defect. In one patient the mitral valve inserted into the defect floor. Tricuspid tension apparatus inserted into the floor of the defect in a further nine patients, but this does not compromise surgery. Thus in double outlet right ventricle cross sectional echocardiography can provide unique information necessary for planning of rational surgical management. PMID- 6743435 TI - Absent or occult pulmonary artery. AB - Of 12 patients with angiographically absent pulmonary artery, 11 were investigated surgically. The previously occult pulmonary artery was found in 10 patients, in five of whom a vestige of an intrapericardial artery was present and in five the artery was patent only at the hilus, a gap existing between the main pulmonary artery and the hilar vessel, and no artery was found in one. All patients with an intrapericardial artery had right ventricular outflow tract obstruction and a ductus descending vertically from underneath the aortic arch. In those without an intrapericardial vessel the occult artery was on the side opposite the aortic arch, and there was evidence of a ductus coming from the innominate artery on the side of the interruption. The occult pulmonary artery, where identified at operation, was usually joined initially to the systemic circulation. Ultimately, continuity between the hilar and main pulmonary artery may be established surgically. Where no intrapericardial vessel exists, however, a conduit may be required to bridge the gap. It seems advisable to search for the occult artery as early in life as is feasible in the hope that providing a blood supply will ensure development of the vessel and normal lung growth. PMID- 6743436 TI - Mitral valve abnormalities in patients with right ventricular pressure overload. Analysis by real time cross sectional echocardiography. AB - Abnormalities of the mitral valve in patients with pulmonary stenosis, tetralogy of Fallot, and pulmonary hypertension with right ventricular pressure overload were studied by real time cross sectional echocardiography. Dislocation of the anterior and posterior mitral leaflets at the coaptation zone in systole was present in 16 of 46 cases: nine of 11 (82%) cases of pulmonary hypertension, four of 20 (20%) cases of tetralogy of Fallot, and three of 15 (20%) cases of pulmonary stenosis. The incidence was highest in patients with pulmonary hypertension. In eight of the 16 patients with mitral valve lesions, mitral regurgitation was seen on left ventriculograms or cross sectional Doppler echocardiograms. The dislocation was located near the posteromedial commissure of the anterior mitral leaflet in all cases. These findings are similar to the mitral valve abnormalities seen in patients with secundum atrial septal defect, and therefore may be due to a common cause. No relation could be found between the left ventricular deformity index and the incidence of dislocation of the mitral leaflets. Thus, the reason why this mitral valve abnormality occurs in conditions with right ventricular pressure overload could not be established. PMID- 6743437 TI - Cross sectional echocardiographic assessment of left ventricular volume and ejection fraction in patients with tetralogy of Fallot. Comparison with biplane angiographic measurements. AB - To evaluate the usefulness and accuracy of calculating left ventricular volume and ejection fraction from cross sectional echocardiograms in patients with tetralogy of Fallot, 28 patients were studied within 24 hours of cineangiography. Indexed end diastolic and end systolic volumes were calculated from three different paired echocardiographic projections: (a) the two and four chamber views from the apical impulse window, (b) the parasternal long axis view and the subxiphoid long axis view, and (c) the four chamber view and short axis precordial views at mitral and papillary muscle level. Volumes were calculated in five different ways using three different algorithms (area length, Simpson's rule, the Parisi formula). The results were compared with data obtained from biplane angiograms using Graham's formula. The correlation varied with the algorithm used: the best results were obtained with the area length method using the parasternal long axis view and the sub-xiphoid view. The correlation was less accurate for the ejection fraction. The second best correlation was obtained with the area length method using the two and four chamber apical views; the other correlations were less satisfactory. Thus these results show that left ventricular volumes can be accurately assessed by cross sectional echocardiography in children with tetralogy of Fallot and that the ejection fraction can be satisfactorily estimated. The results depend on careful gain setting and precise demonstration of the left ventricular endocardium, which is best seen in the sub-xiphoid and long axis views. PMID- 6743438 TI - Life threatening ventricular tachycardias in late survivors of surgically corrected tetralogy of Fallot. AB - Electrophysiological tests were performed in three patients with surgically corrected tetralogy of Fallot (mean age at evaluation 25 years, mean age at surgical correction 4 years) who had had either a cardiac arrest or transient neurological disturbances (presyncope, syncope) associated with ventricular arrhythmias. All three patients had an excellent haemodynamic result from surgery as judged by echocardiography and cardiac catheterisation. Ambulatory electrocardiographic monitoring and stress exercise testing were normal in two patients and showed complex ventricular ectopy in one. During invasive electrophysiological evaluation all three patients had inducible ventricular tachycardia (monomorphic QRS in two patients, cycle lengths 230 and 240 ms; polymorphic QRS in one patient, mean cycle length 200 ms) with adverse haemodynamic effects in all three patients. These findings suggest that rapid ventricular tachycardia with detrimental haemodynamic consequences, similar to that induced during laboratory study, was the basis for the presenting symptoms in each patient. This possibility was confirmed in one patient who had identical QRS morphology during both spontaneous ventricular tachycardia and that induced during the laboratory study. Thus sudden death or symptoms of syncope postoperatively in patients with surgically corrected tetralogy of Fallot appear to be due to rapid ventricular tachycardia, which may occur despite an apparently excellent surgical result. PMID- 6743439 TI - Delayed recovery of left ventricular function after antithyroid treatment. Further evidence for reversible abnormalities of contractility in hyperthyroidism. AB - Sequential measurements of systolic time intervals, left ventricular dimensions, and the derived indices of contractility were undertaken at rest and during isometric exercise in 15 hyperthyroid patients before, during, and after antithyroid treatment. At rest hyperthyroidism was characterised by a shortened pre-ejection period and increased velocity of circumferential shortening of the left ventricle. During isometric exercise, however, the pre-ejection period increased significantly beyond that predicted for normal subjects, and the velocity of circumferential fibre shortening fell by 30%. In contrast, both the pre-ejection period and the velocity of circumferential fibre shortening were unchanged during exercise after a stable euthyroid state had been achieved for at least three months. Comparison between exercise responses and thyroid status during antithyroid treatment showed that a biochemical euthyroid state may be achieved many weeks before normalisation of contractile response to exercise. These findings support the hypothesis of reversible depression of left ventricular function in hyperthyroidism. Responses at rest principally reflect the peripheral actions of thyroid hormone excess. PMID- 6743440 TI - Endocardial pacing in a patient with sinus node dysfunction and absent right superior vena cava. AB - A patient with sinus node dysfunction and absent right superior vena cava underwent stable temporary and permanent endocardial pacing via a left sided superior vena cava. Active fixation of the electrode and epicardial pacing were not necessary. PMID- 6743441 TI - Primary cardiac amyloidosis in a young man presenting with angina pectoris. AB - A 32 year old man presenting with typical angina pectoris was found to have primary cardiac amyloidosis. Myocardial infiltration was strongly suggested by echocardiography, and a histological diagnosis was confirmed by renal biopsy. Nevertheless, technetium pyrophosphate myocardial scanning, recently proposed as a sensitive non-invasive test, showed negative results despite widespread cardiac involvement confirmed at necropsy after unexpected sudden death. Postmortem findings also showed subintimal amyloid material in a severely narrowed right coronary artery. This case highlights several unusual clinical features in a patient with advanced primary cardiac amyloidosis. PMID- 6743442 TI - Effect of metoprolol on chest pain in acute myocardial infarction. PMID- 6743443 TI - QT interval: predictor of the plasma and myocardial concentrations of amiodarone. PMID- 6743444 TI - Plasma analgesic concentrations--fact or fallacy? PMID- 6743445 TI - Pharmacokinetics of single-dose i.v. morphine in normal volunteers and patients with end-stage renal failure. AB - Morphine 0.125 mg kg-1 was administered i.v. to 11 normal subjects and nine patients with chronic renal failure requiring regular haemodialysis. Plasma morphine concentrations were measured using high pressure liquid chromatography (HPLC). Although there was considerable individual variation in both groups, mean plasma concentrations of morphine were significantly higher in the patients with renal failure for 15 min after administration. The decay of plasma concentration fitted a three-compartment mamillary pharmacokinetic model in all subjects. Derived values (mean +/- SEM) of T 1/2 alpha, volume of distribution of the second compartment (V2), total volume of distribution at steady state (Vss) and transfer rate constant from the first to the second compartment (k12), were significantly different between groups. Mean values of terminal elimination half life (T 1/2 gamma) and total body clearance were similar in the two groups. It was concluded that elimination of unchanged morphine is not impaired significantly in patients with chronic renal failure, although accumulation of morphine-3-glucuronide probably occurs. Although the pharmacological effect of morphine is not related temporally to plasma morphine concentrations, the higher values in patients with renal failure may be implicated in their increased sensitivity to the drug. PMID- 6743446 TI - Pharmacokinetics and analgesic effect of slow-release oral morphine sulphate in volunteers. AB - Sustained-release oral morphine sulphate (MST) 20 mg was administered to 11 healthy volunteers. Mean peak plasma morphine concentration was 14.8 ng ml-1, and occurred at a mean time of 142.5 min after ingestion. Analgesia assessed by an ischaemic forearm pain test increased to a maximum approximately 40 min after the calculated peak plasma concentration of morphine had been achieved, and remained greater than control values as plasma morphine concentration decayed. However, there was not a significant correlation between analgesia and plasma morphine concentration. This may result from delay in brain penetration by morphine. The mean systemic availability of morphine in the first 7 h after administration of MST was 18.3%. PMID- 6743447 TI - Plasma morphine concentrations and clinical effects after thoracic extradural morphine or diamorphine. AB - Twenty-seven patients undergoing thoracotomy received either morphine sulphate 2 mg or diamorphine hydrochloride 2 mg by thoracic extradural injection for postoperative analgesia. Arterial plasma morphine concentrations were measured by specific radioimmunoassay, and the analgesic, respiratory and biochemical effects noted. The plasma morphine concentrations were significantly greater after extradural diamorphine than after extradural morphine in the first 30 min after injection. The maximum increase in plasma morphine concentration was significantly (P less than 0.02) greater after extradural diamorphine, and mean peak values occurred at 5 and 10 min for diamorphine and morphine, respectively. There were significant decreases in respiratory rate and plasma cortisol concentration with maximum effects between 90 and 180 min after the extradural injection. The analgesia produced by these doses was inadequate. The role of lipophilicity is discussed. PMID- 6743448 TI - Elimination of phenoperidine in liver disease. AB - The disposition and elimination of phenoperidine was studied in five normal subjects, and in six patients with hepatic disease. Plasma concentrations of phenoperidine were generally higher in patients with hepatic dysfunction. Secondary peaks were observed between 15 and 105 min (particularly in patients with liver disease). In the patients the terminal half-life of phenoperidine was prolonged by approximately 50%, mainly because of a decrease in the clearance of the drug. There was little or no change in the total apparent volume of distribution. However, the differences between normal subjects and patients with hepatic disease were not statistically significant. The results suggest that slight or moderate impairment of hepatic function does not significantly affect the kinetics of the drug, and that modification of its dosage may not be required. PMID- 6743449 TI - Plasma concentrations of catecholamines following adrenaline infiltration during gynaecological surgery. AB - High pressure liquid chromatography with electrochemical detection has been used to measure plasma catecholamine concentrations in six gynaecological patients undergoing halothane anaesthesia for cervical cone biopsy. Mean catecholamine concentrations before infiltration were 1.01 +/- 0.23 (SEM) nmol litre-1 (185 +/- 43 pg ml-1) for adrenaline, and 2.2 +/- 0.25 nmol litre-1 (364 +/- 41 (185 +/- 43 pg ml-1) for adrenaline, and 2.2 +/- 0.25 nmol litre-1 (364 +/- 41 pg ml-1) for noradrenaline. Following infiltration with 0.5% bupivacaine 15 ml with adrenaline 1:200 000, plasma adrenaline concentrations increased to a mean peak concentration of 18.6 +/- 3.7 nmol litre-1 (3.4 +/- 0.69 ng litre-1). The lack of sympathoneuronal response was confirmed by simultaneous measurements of plasma noradrenaline concentrations, which did not change significantly. The proportion of the injected adrenaline measured in the intravascular compartment was 21.8%. The significance of intravascular absorption of exogenous adrenaline is discussed in relation to the use of halothane anaesthesia and the concurrent injection of a local anaesthetic solution. PMID- 6743450 TI - Changes in intragastric pressure on induction of anaesthesia. AB - Intragastric pressure was measured in 20 patients before, and immediately after, the induction of anaesthesia with thiopentone. Intragastric pressure decreased in patients whose weights were the same as or less than expected, and increased in five of seven patients whose weights were greater than expected (P = 0.0013). These findings suggest that the decrease in FRC known to occur on the induction of anaesthesia is caused by a decrease in inspiratory muscle tone in the diaphragm and other muscles. PMID- 6743451 TI - Effects of nitrous oxide on the respiratory pattern of spontaneously breathing children during anaesthesia. AB - The effects of the withdrawal of nitrous oxide from the inspired gas mixture were studied in 10 spontaneously breathing children during nitrous oxide-halothane anaesthesia, before and during surgery, using a computerized system for the measurement, recording and analysis of data. Before surgery the decline in the alveolar nitrous oxide concentration was associated with an increase in minute ventilation (32.7%, P less than 0.05), and a decrease in alveolar carbon dioxide concentration (8.4%, P less than 0.05). These effects were produced solely by an increase in tidal volume (42.7%, P less than 0.001), as no significant change in respiratory rate was observed. The hypoventilation produced by an alveolar mixture of 60% nitrous oxide and 0.9% halothane, a reduction of VE by 50%, exceeded the hypoventilation caused by 0.9% halothane alone, which reduced VE by 36.6%; and the hypoventilation produced by nitrous oxide and halothane was rapidly reversed by the withdrawal of nitrous oxide from the inspired gas mixture. During surgery all indices of ventilation were stimulated, and there was greater variability of response, but the pattern and degree of change in response to nitrous elimination, VE increased by 33.3%, VT by 33.8%, closely resembled the changes before surgery. Five children had received papaveretum as premedication, and five thiopentone per rectum; the depression of carbon dioxide responsiveness was more severe in the group who received papaveretum, and their responses to nitrous oxide elimination were less than, and occurred later than the responses in the group given thiopentone. PMID- 6743452 TI - Flunitrazepam as an induction agent in children. A clinical and pharmacokinetic study. AB - Flunitrazepam was studied as an induction agent in paediatric patients. The onset of action was slow and its efficacy uncertain following single doses of 0.03 mg kg-1(n = 4), or 0.04 mg kg-1 (n = 6) i.v. Long-lasting sedative effects were observed following operation. A strong anterograde but not retrograde amnesic effect was obtained, and a possible analgesic sparing property. Flunitrazepam has a faster and more extensive tissue distribution and a more rapid elimination (half-life about 12 h) in children than in adults. PMID- 6743453 TI - Vaginal delivery in a patient with a phaeochromocytoma. A case report. AB - In pregnancy complicated by phaeochromocytoma, successful management has usually entailed elective Caesarean section followed by removal of the tumour. We report a successful vaginal delivery, undertaken under extradural blockade, in a patient with proven phaeochromocytoma. PMID- 6743454 TI - Bronchospasm and hypotension during cardiopulmonary bypass after preoperative cimetidine and labetalol therapy. AB - A 64-yr-old asthmatic patient underwent a two-vessel aortocoronary vein grafting. Before surgery, the patient received cimetidine 400 mg and labetalol 650 mg. During the first 60 min of bypass, hypotension (40-45 mm Hg) was observed in spite of phenylephrine 14 mg. This initial hypotension was followed, during rewarming, by a slow increase in arterial pressure to 150 mm Hg. On cessation of bypass, bronchospasm was observed and was protracted. It is assumed that labetalol clearance and metabolism were reduced by cimetidine, that labetalol alpha-antagonism was responsible for the vasodilatation withstanding the phenylephrine, and that a combination of labetalol beta-antagonism and phenylephrine alpha-agonism initiated the bronchospasm. These observations indicate that, after labetalol therapy, higher doses of vasopressor agents such as phenylephrine may be necessary, but that such therapy may lead to bronchospasm in asthmatic patients. PMID- 6743455 TI - Csf pharmacokinetics of extradural morphine. PMID- 6743456 TI - Accidental administration of adrenaline during i.v. regional anaesthesia. PMID- 6743457 TI - Observations on 'junctional rhythms' during anaesthesia. PMID- 6743458 TI - The pre-anaesthesia fasting period. PMID- 6743459 TI - Closed circuit anaesthesia. PMID- 6743460 TI - An efficient technique for performing extradural blockade. PMID- 6743461 TI - A modification to the Medishield anaesthetic gas scavenging system. PMID- 6743462 TI - Venous reactions following etomidate. PMID- 6743463 TI - Dorsal nerve block of penis in Chinese children. PMID- 6743464 TI - Alterations in prednisolone disposition as a result of oral contraceptive use and dose. AB - The disposition of total and free prednisolone has been studied in eight female subjects who used combined oestrogen-progestogen oral contraceptives and in eight female subjects who did not, each of whom received separate intravenous doses of 0.1 mg/kg (low) and 1.0 mg/kg (high) of prednisolone. Mean free prednisolone clearance was reduced congruent to 30% in oral contraceptive users compared to control subjects (P less than 0.001), the difference being greater for the low dose (39%) than for the high dose (24%). Pre-dose plasma cortisol concentrations were elevated two-fold (P less than 0.001) in oral contraceptive users compared to control subjects. These effects are consistent with a mechanism in which the competitive inhibition of free prednisolone clearance by cortisol contributes to the reduction of free prednisolone clearance by oral contraceptive use. Mean total prednisolone clearance and steady state distribution volume showed an approximate two-fold dose dependent increase consistent with a similar increase in plasma prednisolone free fraction (P less than 0.001). Free prednisolone clearance showed an 18% dose dependent decrease (P less than 0.001) but free steady-state distribution volume did not change with dose. At plasma prednisolone concentrations less than 400 ng/ml, prednisolone free fractions at any prednisolone concentration were greater after the low, than after the high dose. This effect is consistent with the displacement of prednisolone by cortisol from transcortin but not from albumin. PMID- 6743465 TI - The relationship between debrisoquine oxidation phenotype and the pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics of propranolol. AB - The pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics of propranolol (80 mg by mouth) were studied in seven extensive and four poor metabolisers of debrisoquine. Evidence for impairment of the 4'-hydroxylation of propranolol was found in poor metabolisers. However, no significant difference was detected in the oral clearance of unchanged drug between the two groups of debrisoquine oxidation phenotypes. Poor metabolisers of debrisoquine did not experience more intense or more prolonged beta-adrenoceptor blockade than extensive metabolisers of debrisoquine. PMID- 6743467 TI - Comparison of two long-acting forms of quinidine. AB - The bioequivalence of two forms of long acting quinidine compounds was assessed (Kinidin durules and Longacor) using drug plasma level and QT ECG changes. Six healthy volunteers received each preparation on two occasions in random order. The wash out period between successive experiments was at least 7 days. There was no difference in tmax, Cmax and AUC for plasma level and adjusted QT. However, between patient variability was large. A 20% difference in plasma levels could not be excluded but the difference in QT max and QT AUC between the two preparations did not exceed 20% (P less than 0.05, Westlake's method). This study illustrates the fact that pharmacodynamic equivalence, let alone therapeutic equivalence, does not necessarily imply plasma level equivalence, as assessed by the current method. PMID- 6743466 TI - Local anaesthetic effect of antiarrhythmic drugs and human sperm immobilization: mechanism and application of the interrelationship. AB - Sperm immobilizing activity of three class I antiarrhythmic drugs, quinidine, procainamide, mexiletine, one adrenoceptor blocking drug, labetalol and one calcium channel blocking drug, diltiazem was measured with a trans-membrane migration method. All these drugs immobilized human sperm. Local anaesthetic effect is the underlying mechanism for these drugs to inhibit sperm motility. Sperm immobilization could be a screening test for the local anaesthetic effect of antiarrhythmic drugs. PMID- 6743469 TI - The relaxant action of hymecromone and lignocaine on induced spasm of the bile duct sphincter. AB - The retained stone in the common bile duct remains a problem for the surgeon. Although more effective methods are available, mechanical flushing of the bile duct is, when successful, a simple solution. Pharmacological dilatation of the sphincter of Oddi is a logical adjunct to flushing. Pressure changes in the bile duct during flushing were studied in 20 postoperative patients with T-tube drains and the effectiveness of two drugs in reducing Omnopon induced spasm of the sphincter was compared. Hymecromone intravenously and lignocaine via the T-tube were equally effective, reducing sphincter activity in the majority of patients, but there was considerable individual variation. PMID- 6743468 TI - The effects on left ventricular performance of nifedipine and verapamil in exercise-induced angina pectoris. AB - The differences between slow calcium blocking agents with respect to effects on heart rate, myocardial contractility and atrioventricular conducting time are well described; the relevance of such differences to the treatment of patients with impaired left ventricular function due to coronary heart disease is uncertain. The haemodynamic effects of equivalent hypotensive doses of nifedipine and verapamil were therefore compared in 20 patients with severe angina pectoris associated with angiographically documented coronary artery disease. The plasma concentrations of nifedipine (mean 57 +/- 19; range 27-77 ng/ml) and verapamil (mean 147 +/- 14; range 117-260 ng/ml) at the time of the haemodynamic measurements were of an order usually associated with substantial pharmacodynamic activity. Sitting at rest nifedipine resulted in reduction in systemic arterial pressure (P less than 0.05) and vascular resistance (P less than 0.01); both the heart rate (P less than 0.01) and cardiac output (P less than 0.05) increased without any significant change in the left heart filling pressure. In contrast, verapamil, which similarly reduced systemic blood pressure (P less than 0.05) and vascular resistance (P less than 0.01), increased cardiac output (P less than 0.05) and left heart filling pressure (P less than 0.05) without any change in heart rate. During upright bicycle exercise both drugs attenuated the angina induced in all subjects during the control exercise period. Despite reductions in systemic blood pressure and vascular resistance the cardiac output was unaltered on either drug at the same workload as in the control assessment. The reduction in exercise blood pressure following nifedipine induced a reflex tachycardia; this was not present, despite the similar hypotensive action, after verapamil.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS) PMID- 6743470 TI - Clinical evaluation of two strategies for improving patient recall of prior drug therapy. AB - The ability to recall details of current and prior drug therapy was evaluated in two studies employing a total of 94 patients with inflammatory polyarthritis. Ten per cent of patients were unable to completely recall the names of their current anti-inflammatory drugs and eighty-three per cent of patients to completely recall the details of prior anti-inflammatory drug therapy. Prompting firstly with the proprietary names of drugs and thereafter with a pill board substantially enhanced recall particularly for prior NSAID therapy. Nineteen per cent of responses obtained with verbal prompting were inaccurate. No such problems were encountered in responses obtained using the pill board. These findings indicate that a complete and accurate drug history can only be obtained in the majority of patients using recall enhancement strategies. PMID- 6743471 TI - Is circadian variation in theophylline trough serum concentrations determined by time of dosing? AB - Ten healthy volunteers were each given two separate courses of eight doses of theophylline 200 mg as a slow release preparation at 12 hourly intervals. In the first course (regimen 1) the dose was given at 11.00 h and 23.00 h and in the second (regimen 2) at 05.00 h and 17.00 h. Sixty hours after the start of each course, four consecutive trough serum theophylline concentrations were measured. On regimen 1 the trough concentration of theophylline was 6.2 +/- 2.2 mg/l (mean +/- s.d.) at 11.00 h compared with 5.4 +/- 1.9 mg/l at 23.00 h (P less than 0.01). This circadian variation was abolished during regimen 2 when the mean theophylline concentrations were identical at 5.2 mg/l. The higher trough concentrations after the evening dose on regimen 1 and the loss of circadian variation on regimen 2 may be due to the change in sleep period in relation to the time of dosing. PMID- 6743472 TI - No detectable concentrations of oxmetidine but measurable concentrations of cimetidine in cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) during multiple dose treatment. PMID- 6743473 TI - Reduced elimination of ketoprofen in the elderly is not necessarily due to impaired glucuronidation. PMID- 6743474 TI - Stable oral availability of sustained release propranolol when co-administered with hydralazine or food: evidence implicating substrate delivery rate as a determinant of presystemic drug interactions. AB - A study was made of the influence of hydralazine on the oral availability of a sustained release formulation of propranolol (Inderal LA). Sustained release propranolol 160 mg was given orally either alone or in combination with oral hydralazine 25 mg on separate occasions to six healthy volunteers. Blood and urine samples were collected post-dosing over 34 h. Peak concentrations of propranolol, time to peak and area under the plasma concentration-time curve (AUC) were not altered by co-administration of hydralazine with sustained release propranolol. Similarly, there was no change in recovery of 11C-labelled propranolol and metabolites in those individuals to whom tracer label was given. These results contrast with previous reports of marked interaction between the conventional formulation of propranolol and hydralazine or food. Interactions were confirmed between hydralazine and conventional propranolol in three subjects who had been studied previously with sustained release propranolol. Analysis of metabolite profiles in one of these subjects established that the major metabolites do change under hydralazine stimulus. These results indicate that substrate delivery rates may determine presystemic drug interactions, suggesting capacity limitations of hydroxylation processes or short-term flow redistribution following hydralazine, resulting in functional shunting past the hydroxylation enzymes. These results exclude global or lasting enzyme inhibition by hydralazine or simple flow-sensitivity of presystemic clearance. PMID- 6743475 TI - The effect of cimetidine on the relative cardioselectivity of atenolol and metoprolol in asthmatic patients. AB - The effects of chronic cimetidine therapy on the pharmacodynamic properties of atenolol and metoprolol were assessed in eight asthmatic patients using a placebo controlled trial. When atenolol and metoprolol were administered at doses which achieved an equivalent degree of beta1-adrenoceptor blockade, metoprolol caused a significantly greater reduction in mean forced expiratory volume in one second (FEV1). This demonstrates the greater cardioselectivity of atenolol. The reductions in mean FEV1 induced by either atenolol or metoprolol were each unaffected by cimetidine. Plasma levels of each of the beta-adrenoceptor blockers were not affected by the addition of cimetidine. The FEV1 in one patient was further reduced when cimetidine was administered with metoprolol, although there was no corresponding change in plasma levels of drug. In this patient there was no such further reduction in FEV1 with atenolol. This study has not provided evidence for a pharmacodynamic interaction between cimetidine and either atenolol or metoprolol, but further studies are indicated. PMID- 6743476 TI - Interaction between the beta-adrenoceptor blockers metoprolol and atenolol with amitriptyline and their effects on oxidative liver metabolism. AB - Neither the kinetics of the hydrophilic beta-adrenoceptor blocker atenolol nor those of the lipophilic metoprolol were influenced by the concurrent administration of amitriptyline. Compared with placebo, chronic administration (14 days) of atenolol and metoprolol (each as monotherapy) did not significantly reduce oxidative liver metabolism as measured by antipyrine half-life and by 6 beta-hydroxycortisol excretion. Compared with atenolol and metoprolol monotherapy, chronic administration of amitriptyline concurrently with each of the beta-adrenoceptor blockers produced an insignificant decrease (circa 10-20%) in antipyrine half-life and 6-beta-hydroxycortisol excretion. Amitriptyline appears therefore to have little enzyme-inducing activity. PMID- 6743477 TI - Interaction between warfarin and propranolol. PMID- 6743478 TI - Lack of pharmacokinetic interaction between isosorbide dinitrate and the beta adrenergic receptor blockers atenolol and propranolol. PMID- 6743479 TI - Effect of atenolol and metoprolol on the anticoagulant activity of acenocoumarin. AB - In patients receiving long-term acenocoumarin treatment, the effect on anticoagulant activity of atenolol (100 mg once-daily) and metoprolol (100 mg twice daily) was compared in a randomised within-patient open trial. No significant differences were demonstrated between mean prothrombin time and Thrombotest during treatment with atenolol, metoprolol or placebo. These data do not suggest the existence of an interaction between acenocoumarin and the moderately lipophilic beta-adrenoceptor blocker metoprolol, or the hydrophilic beta-adrenoceptor blocker atenolol. The results are discussed in the light of published data for the highly lipophilic beta-adrenoceptor blocker propranolol. PMID- 6743480 TI - Pharmacokinetic and pharmacodynamic interactions between phenprocoumon and atenolol or metoprolol. AB - Pharmacological interactions in both directions between phenprocoumon and atenolol and metoprolol were investigated using a crossover trial. Co administration of phenprocoumon did not significantly affect Cmax, tmax, t1/2,22, AUC for atenolol or metoprolol. Co-administration of metoprolol, but not atenolol, increased mean plasma phenprocoumon concentrations 4 and 6 h after dosing and was caused by a decrease in the apparent volume of distribution. This increase in plasma phenprocoumon was not associated with an increase in prothrombin time or in the total area under the concentration-time curve. Although the transient increase of phenprocoumon plasma levels caused by metoprolol may be of little clinical significance after a single dose of phenprocoumon, a more important alteration in phenprocoumon disposition and effect should be considered in individual patients on long-term therapy. PMID- 6743481 TI - Cortisol and dexamethasone elimination during treatment with cimetidine. AB - In a randomised cross-over study of treatment for 7 days with cimetidine 600 mg twice daily and placebo, cimetidine had no effect on the pharmacokinetics of a single intravenous dose of dexamethasone sodium phosphate. Likewise the elimination characteristics of endogenous cortisol in the dexamethasone suppressed state were not affected by cimetidine. PMID- 6743482 TI - Comparative effects of famotidine and cimetidine on antipyrine kinetics in healthy volunteers. PMID- 6743484 TI - Plasma levels and pharmacokinetics of sulphinpyrazone in renal impairment during chronic treatment: a case report. PMID- 6743483 TI - Pharmacokinetics of cyclophosphamide in Kenyan African children with lymphoma. PMID- 6743485 TI - Sources of support for the staff of academic departments of clinical pharmacology in the United Kingdom. PMID- 6743486 TI - Correction equation for ECG time intervals. PMID- 6743487 TI - Pharmacodynamics and pharmacokinetics of digoxin in the presence of lithium. AB - Previous biochemical and clinical data suggest there may be an interaction between digoxin and lithium. The pharmacodynamics and pharmacokinetics of an intravenous infusion of digoxin were studied in six male subjects before and after 2 weeks treatment with lithium carbonate. The effects of lithium on sodium pump activity, intracellular electrolytes and extracellular electrolytes were studied. No significant interaction between digoxin and lithium was found. No significant effects of lithium on sodium pump activity or electrolyte concentrations were found. PMID- 6743488 TI - Circadian variation in plasma theophylline concentrations during maintenance therapy with a sustained-release preparation in patients with obstructive airways disease. AB - Circadian variation in plasma theophylline concentrations was studied in eight patients with obstructive airways disease during regular 12-hourly dosing at 09.00 and 21.00 h with a sustained-release theophylline formulation. After regular dosing for a minimum period of 3 days, plasma concentration measurements were made at 09.00, 13.00, 21.00 and 01.00 h on 3 consecutive days and at more regular intervals during a complete 24 h period on day 4. On each day, theophylline concentrations for the first 4 h of the dosing interval were consistently higher during the day than at night. However, the differences were significant only at 13.00/01.00 h on day 2, and for each of the first 4 h on day 4. On day 4, following the dose at 21.00 h the mean peak plasma theophylline concentration occurred 6.9 +/- 0.8 h after dosing; in contrast, after the morning dose the mean peak concentration occurred at 4.5 +/- 0.8 h. However, the mean 'steady-state' concentrations during the two dose intervals were not significantly different. Thus circadian variations in plasma drug concentrations do occur in patients taking maintenance theophylline therapy: differing rates of absorption may account for the observed pattern. PMID- 6743489 TI - Pharmacokinetic and pharmacodynamic studies with a new controlled-release formulation of propranolol in normal volunteers: a comparison with other commercially available formulations. AB - The kinetics and dynamics (inhibition of exercise tachycardia) of two controlled release preparations of propranolol (Elanolol and Inderal LA) were examined in six normal volunteers. Conventional propranolol (Inderal) was also studied for comparison purposes. As compared to conventional propranolol (120 mg), single doses of Elanol (120 mg) and Inderal LA (160 mg) produced a smoother serum level profile, with lower and delayed peak times. Dose-corrected AUC0-24 values were greater after Elanol than after Inderal LA (651 +/- 147 vs 402 +/- 159 ng ml-1 h, means +/- s.e. mean, P greater than 0.05). The profile of inhibition of exercise tachycardia mirrored closely that of the serum levels. At steady state, all regimens studied (Inderal 40 mg three times daily; Elanol 120 mg once daily; Inderal LA 160 mg once daily) ensured relatively sustained serum levels and a stable degree of pharmacological effect. Dose-corrected AUC0-24 values were 797 +/- 148 ng ml-1 h after Inderal, 908 +/- 113 ng ml-1 h after Elanol and 602 +/- 122 ng ml-1 after Inderal LA. The bioavailability of Inderal LA was significantly lower than that of the other preparations. These results demonstrate that long acting formulations of propranolol can be developed which are not necessarily associated with reduced bioavailability secondary to enhanced first-pass metabolism. PMID- 6743490 TI - Antihypertensive and renal effects of nicardipine. AB - Both the acute blood pressure lowering and renal effects of the calcium antagonist nicardipine and those after 1 week's treatment were investigated in 10 normotensive volunteers and in 10 patients with mild to moderate essential hypertension. After 1 week of placebo, nicardipine was administered orally for 1 week (20 mg three times daily), Investigations, done on the first and last day of nicardipine treatment were compared with those on the last day of placebo. During water loading, nicardipine increased urinary volume and urinary excretion of sodium significantly after 1 week nicardipine treatment. In the normotensive group the natriuretic effect was caused by a decrease of fractional proximal and distal reabsorption of sodium. In the hypertensive group the natriuresis was achieved mainly by an increase of the rate of glomerular filtration (GFR) and also by a slight distal effect. Our results show that nicardipine had natriuretic effects. There were trends suggesting that the renal effects may differ between patients with essential hypertension and normotensive volunteers, but the findings might also be related to differences in age between the groups. PMID- 6743491 TI - The influence of age on renal and extrarenal effects of frusemide. AB - The effect of frusemide 80 mg i.v. was compared during 24 h in 10 young and eight elderly healthy male volunteers following a 24 h control period in the ward. During the 30 min following the injection the increments in excretion of urine, sodium, potassium and frusemide were significantly smaller in the elderly. The 24 h increase in sodium excretion was significantly larger in the 0 young and eight elderly healthy male volunteers following a 24 h control period in the ward. During the 30 min following the injection the increments in excretion of urine, sodium, potassium and frusemide were significantly smaller in the elderly. The 24 h increase in sodium excretion was significantly larger in the 0 young and eight elderly healthy male volunteers following a 24 h control period in the ward. During the 30 min following the injection the increments in excretion of urine, sodium, potassium and frusemide were significantly smaller in the elderly. The 24 h increase in sodium excretion was significantly larger in the elderly. The endogenous 24 h creatinine clearance was reduced by 12% (P less than 0.01) in both age groups. The frusemide induced changes in the 8 h serum concentration curves for albumin differed significantly between the two groups (analysis of variance, P less than 0.01). The drug induced increase in albumin concentration became significant in the young 5 min after the injection. In the elderly it took more than 15 min before the increase in serum albumin reached significance. The average maximal increase in albumin concentration was 14.3% in the young and 9.7% in the elderly (P less than 0.05). No difference was seen between the two age groups in the significant frusemide induced increases in the 24 h albumin excretion but in the elderly a significantly larger decrease in the 24 h excretion of beta 2-microglobulin was observed (P less than 0.05). No significant age difference was observed in the initial significant increases in diastolic blood pressure observed in both age groups or between the later changes in systolic blood pressure which was significantly reduced in the young only. The slower haemoconcentration response in the elderly seemed associated with the slower secretion rate of frusemide to the tubular lumen. We found no evidence of an age related difference in tubular cell response to frusemide. It is emphasized that a maximal initial frusemide response in the elderly, in contrast to what was found in the young, probably was not achieved by the 80 mg i.v. PMID- 6743492 TI - Nicotine and cotinine concentrations in serum and milk of nursing smokers. AB - Analysis of 44 milk samples from 23 nursing smokers revealed that there was a linear correlation between nicotine concentrations in serum and in milk (r = 0.70). The nicotine concentrations in milk were considerably higher than the corresponding serum concentrations: milk/serum concentration ratio = 2.92 +/- 1.09; (n = 44). There was also a linear correlation between the cotinine concentrations in serum and in milk (r = 0.89). The cotinine concentrations in milk were lower than the corresponding serum concentrations: milk/serum concentration ratio = 0.78 +/- 0.19; (n = 44). The direct comparison between the half-lives of nicotine in serum and in milk was possible in five nursing smokers. The half-life of nicotine in milk was determined in four additional smoking mothers. The half-life of nicotine in milk t 1/2 = 97 +/- 20 min slightly exceeded the half-life of nicotine in serum t 1/2 = 81 +/- 9 min; the difference between these two values was not statistically significant (P greater than 0.05). Cotinine concentrations remained fairly consistent during a 4 h interval without smoking. PMID- 6743493 TI - Enzyme induction by phenobarbitone and vitamin K1 disposition in man. AB - The plasma disposition of an intravenous pharmacological dose of vitamin K1 was determined in seven healthy volunteers before and after chronic administration of phenobarbitone (100 mg nocte). Phenobarbitone produced a significant increase in antipyrine clearance and 6 beta-hydroxycortisol excretion in all volunteers, indicating induction of hepatic microsomal mixed-function oxidase enzymes. However, phenobarbitone administration had no effect on the plasma disposition of vitamin K1. We conclude therefore, that vitamin K1 is not metabolized to any significant extent, by phenobarbitone-inducible mixed-function oxidase enzymes. PMID- 6743494 TI - Acetylator phenotyping: the effect of ethanol on the dapsone test. AB - In twelve healthy drug-free subjects (six slow acetylators), administration of alcohol (to achieve an ethanol concentration between 650 and 1180 mg 1(-1) ) did not significantly affect the ratio of monoacetyl dapsone (MADS) to dapsone (DDS) 3 h after oral dapsone (100 mg). We conclude that moderate acute ethanol consumption is unlikely to alter the acetylator phenotype measured by the dapsone test. PMID- 6743495 TI - Current concepts in the overall management of asthma. PMID- 6743496 TI - A review of 80 barium meal examinations in patients with rheumatoid arthritis: were they necessary? PMID- 6743497 TI - A review of acute appendicitis in Dumfries and Galloway. PMID- 6743498 TI - Children with epiglottitis. PMID- 6743499 TI - The use of a single combination tablet containing a beta blocker and a diuretic in patients uncontrolled on either alone. PMID- 6743500 TI - Laboratory investigations in chronic urticaria and acquired angio-oedema. PMID- 6743501 TI - Lactic acidotic coma with multiple medication including metformin in a patient with normal renal function. PMID- 6743502 TI - Herniation through an iatrogenic ilial bone defect. PMID- 6743503 TI - Surgical management of adenocarcinoma of the appendix. PMID- 6743504 TI - Low dose danazol in menorrhagia; four case reports. PMID- 6743505 TI - Carcinoma of the prostate gland. Report of a case with skin involvement. PMID- 6743506 TI - The Edinburgh randomised trial of screening for breast cancer: description of method. AB - Edinburgh was selected as one of the centres in the UK Seven-year Trial of Breast Screening of women aged 45-65 which began in 1979. Subsequently, our study was extended to a randomised trial with its own control population within the city. Half the practices were randomly allocated for screening, giving a cluster sampling of women. The total number in the trial is 65,000. Women with previously diagnosed breast cancer are excluded. Women allocated for screening are invited to the clinic and screened according to the procedures specified in the U.K. protocol, having clinical examination every year and mammography on alternate years. The two modalities of screening are assessed independently and the role of nurses is being evaluated. Breast cancer incidence is monitored by pathology register and the local cancer registry office and deaths from the General Register office. Long-term follow-up will be obtained through flagging at NHS Central Register. To determine the value of screening, standard statistical methods will be used to compare breast cancer mortality rates in the whole of the screening population with that of the controls. This trial has a power of 83% of detecting a reduction in mortality of 35% after 7 years of follow-up and a power of 95% of detecting a similar reduction at 10 years (alpha = 0.05, one-sided test). PMID- 6743507 TI - Assignment of the gene encoding for Meth A tumour rejection antigen (TATA) to chromosome 12 of the mouse. PMID- 6743508 TI - 5-fluorouracil metabolism monitored in vivo by 19F NMR. PMID- 6743509 TI - In vitro osteolytic activity of human myeloma plasma cells and the clinical evaluation of myeloma osteoclastic bone lesions. PMID- 6743510 TI - Effect of 1 alpha-hydroxyvitamin D3 on metastasis of rat ascites hepatoma K-231. PMID- 6743511 TI - Comparison of natural killer activity during the first and second halves of the menstrual cycle in women. PMID- 6743512 TI - The development of a method for assessing the quality of life of cancer patients. AB - Although the need for a method of measuring the quality of life of patients undergoing therapy for cancer has been widely recognised, no adequately evaluated or feasible method has been established. We describe a method in which 31 items were assessed by patient self report using linear analogue scales. Eighteen items inquiring about general health problems were derived from the Sickness Impact Profile, an established method of assessing the effect of health upon behaviour and function. Thirteen items inquiring about major problems associated with breast cancer were derived from clinical experience and the opinions of patients with this disease. Each item of the measurement method (instrument) has been evaluated for content, feasibility, reliability and validity by methods that are widely used in psychometry but less familiar in medicine. It appeared easy to use, acceptable and reliable in these assessment. Validity was evaluated indirectly since no standard measurements of quality of life exist for comparison. Most items appeared valid when compared to alternative measurement methods including the Sickness Impact Profile and evaluation by a physician in a structured interview. The correlations between items in the instrument were analysed by factor analysis and seemed to fit with the clinical features of breast cancer. The method distinguished between clinically distinct groups of patients and detected changes with time. The study illustrates the possible approaches to the scientific evaluation of methods for measuring subjective features of patients lives. This method appears suitable for some purposes to measure quality of life in breast cancer and is intended to be flexible enough to be modified for other diseases. However, further evaluation, development and refinement will be needed before routine clinical application can be recommended. PMID- 6743513 TI - Oral contraceptive use and the risk of epithelial ovarian cancer. AB - The relation between the use of combination oral contraceptives (OCs) and the risk of epithelial ovarian cancer was investigated in a case-control study conducted in Milan on 209 women below the age of 60 with histologically confirmed epithelial ovarian cancer, and 418 age-matched controls with a spectrum of acute conditions apparently unrelated to OC use. Combination oral contraceptives were used by 18 (9%) cases, and 59 (14%) controls, giving a relative risk estimate of 0.6 (95% confidence interval = 0.3-1.0, P less than 0.05). The risk of ovarian cancer decreased with increasing duration of use and the point estimate remained below unity long after cessation of use. These results were not accounted for by parity, infertility, or other identified potential confounding factors. Thus, the findings of the present study add further support to the evidence emerging from American data of a reduction of approximately 40% in the risk of epithelial ovarian cancer among women who had used oral contraceptives. PMID- 6743514 TI - Cutaneous malignant melanoma in West Yorkshire: II. A prospective study of recurrence and prediction of lymph nodal metastasis. AB - One hundred and fifty patients with cutaneous malignant melanoma, in clinical stage I at diagnosis, were studied prospectively to determine the lymph nodal metastatic pattern of the disease, and to find that combination of clinical and pathological variables best predictive of the probability of its occurrence when combined in a linear logistic regression equation based upon a model by Cox. Details of the general pattern of melanoma recurrence are included to provide a necessary background to the nodal metastatic study. Of 66 patients showing melanoma recurrence in 48 (19 males and 29 females) it took the form of lymph nodal metastasis. Of these 50% showed lymph nodal metastasis within 1.1 years of the primary operation and 90% within 3.8 years. Nineteen clinical and pathological variables were tested for association with lymph nodal metastasis, 15 of which showed a significant association and in 7 of these the association was highly significant (P less than or equal to 0.0001). All 19 variables were included in the logistic regression analysis, 6 being selected as providing the best regression 'goodness of fit' and of these 'maximum tumour thickness (Breslow' and 'sex' emerged as the dominant variables. It is concluded that the analysis described provides surgeons, oncologists, and pathologists with a practical method to assess the likelihood in an individual patient of melanoma recurrence to regional lymph nodes. This should enable surgery or other adjunctive therapeutic regimens to be selected at an early stage. PMID- 6743515 TI - The "promoting" activity of methyl methanesulphonate in rat bladder carcinogenesis. AB - The carcinogenic activity of the alkylating agent methyl methanesulphonate (MMS) was investigated in the F344 rat bladder, both untreated and pretreated with a single threshold dose of N-methyl-N-nitrosourea (MNU). On its own, 6 doses of 2.5 mg MMS produced a 7% incidence of bladder cancer. After a single intravesical instillation of MNU, the same MMS treatment produced a bladder cancer incidence of 56%. This was significantly higher than the incidence (24%) observed after treatment with MNU alone, and greater than the sum of the lesions produced by either treatment alone. By reference to the mouse skin multistage carcinogenesis model, it is argued that MMS is a complete, albeit weak carcinogen with little initiating but powerful late-stage activity. Its promoting activity is most probably attributable to its potent mitogenic action and in this model it is analogous to a stage 2, rather than a stage 1 skin promoter. PMID- 6743516 TI - Breast self-examination: clinical results from a population-based prospective study. AB - As part of the Department of Health's National Breast Screening Trial a seven year study is in progress in Huddersfield to assess the effect of an educational programme in Breast Self Examination (BSE) on the mortality due to breast cancer among women aged 45-64. The initial cohort of 22,484 women have completed 3 years in the study and show a higher than expected annual incidence rate of breast cancer. There is no significant difference in the incidence rates between those who attended meetings for BSE instruction and those who did not. Similarly there is no difference in stages of presentation of cancers between attenders and non attenders at these meetings and also between cancers detected in the first, second and third years. Those who discovered abnormalities during self examination, however, presented with smaller lumps compared to other women. Assessment of prognostic factors do not at this time provide sufficient evidence to show that a community-base BSE campaign will result in a significant improvement in the stage of breast cancer presentation. PMID- 6743517 TI - Identification of a subpopulation of MeCCNU resistant cells in previously untreated Lewis lung tumours. AB - A variety of experimental endpoints including excision cell survival, lung colony curability, tumour regrowth delay and i.m. tumour curability following MeCCNU alone and combined with gamma-radiation, were used to define the MeCCNU cell survival curve down to "tumour cure" level in previously untreated i.m. Lewis lung tumours. The survival curve was found to be biphasic, the tumour cells being markedly resistant to MeCCNU at high doses of the drug. Below 10 mg kg-1 the survival curve was exponential through the origin with a D10 of approximately 2 mg kg-1, while above 15 mg kg-1 the D10 was approximately 25 mg kg-1. From linear extrapolation of the terminal part of the cell survival curve to zero drug dose, it appeared that about 1 in 10(5) (or 0.001%) of tumour cells were resistant to MeCCNU. PMID- 6743518 TI - Pulmonary arterial hypertension and emphysema. AB - Pulmonary artery pressures were estimated by an indirect method using echocardiography (Boyd et al. 1980), in a group of patients with chronic airflow obstruction, in order to investigate the degree of pulmonary hypertension in patients with emphysema. We found a positive correlation between the estimated pulmonary artery end diastolic pressure (PAEDP) and the radiological emphysema score (r = 0.58, P less than 0.005), and between the estimated PAEDP and the transfer constant for carbon monoxide (KCO) (r = 0.66, P less than 0.002). There was no correlation between the PAEDP and the arterial partial pressure of oxygen (PaO2) before exercise, between the PAEDP and the change in oxygen partial pressure after exercise, or between the KCO and the PaO2. It is suggested that emphysema does predispose to pulmonary arterial hypertension and that the relationship is probably secondary to vessel destruction rather than hypoxia. PMID- 6743519 TI - Bronchial carcinoma: factors influencing postoperative survival. AB - In a retrospective survey of 337 patients who had a resection for bronchial carcinoma data were obtained on 14 preoperative and two operative variables. Factors significantly adversely influencing survival were weight loss, chest pain, raised erythrocyte sedimentation rate, tumour larger than 5 cm, cell type other than squamous, pneumonectomy and tumour spread to hilar lymph nodes. Multiple regression analysis showed that four variables, weight loss, pain, tumour size and cell type had significant independent effects on survival. From the regression equations predicted median (50%) survival, varying from 9 to 95 months was calculated and tested on a series of 49 patients undergoing resection since completion of the survey. The correlation between overall observed and predicted median survival was highly significant (P less than 0.001). The prediction equation was more accurate for patients with a predicted survival of less than 30 months if cell type was known. Classification using the prediction equations may improve patient selection for surgery. PMID- 6743520 TI - Asian immigrant tuberculosis--the effect of visiting Asia. AB - The intervals between arrival or rearrival in the UK and notification of tuberculosis have been studied in four groups of Asian immigrants according to contact with known cases of tuberculosis in the UK and recent visits to Asia. It appears that about one-fifth of the Asian immigrants who developed tuberculosis in West Ham in a 5-year period did so as a result of a recent visit to Asia. About one-third appeared to have acquired their infection before leaving Asia and developed the disease soon after arrival in the UK. Nearly one-half apparently acquired their disease from known or unknown contacts in the UK. PMID- 6743521 TI - Pulmonary function changes after bronchoalveolar lavage in asthmatic patients. AB - Pulmonary function changes were studied following bronchoalveolar lavage (BAL) in a group of mild to moderate asthmatic patients and in control subjects. After BAL significant decreases in FEV1 and FVC which were not inhibited by atropine and a consistent decline in PaO2 were seen in both groups. The magnitude of changes in these asthmatics was similar to that in control subjects. PMID- 6743523 TI - Unusual clinical signs complicating tension haemothorax. AB - We describe a patient in whom a haemothorax produced ipsilateral Horner's syndrome, inequality of the carotid and radial pulses and superior vena caval obstruction. PMID- 6743522 TI - Pulmonary lymphangioleiomyomatosis: a case of progesterone receptor positive lymphangioleiomyomatosis treated with medroxyprogesterone, oophorectomy and tamoxifen. AB - A 28-year-old woman with lymphangioleiomyomatosis had severe changes in the chest radiograph and recurrent pneumothoraces. Pathological tissue from the lung was progesterone receptor positive. After treatment with medroxyprogesterone her condition improved, but did not become clinically stable until after bilateral oophorectomy. Even after oophorectomy her condition deteriorated, when the dose of medroxyprogesterone was decreased. For one year after oophorectomy she has had no episodes of pneumothorax or breathlessness. In order to depress oestrogen activity further the anti-oestrogen drug tamoxifen was added to her usual treatment with medroxyprogesterone. During 2 weeks of treatment with tamoxifen and medroxyprogesterone marked increase of the changes in the chest radiograph were seen and a pneumothorax occurred. After discontinuation of tamoxifen the condition improved and has since been stable on medroxyprogesterone treatment. PMID- 6743524 TI - Hypertrophic pulmonary osteoarthropathy in association with a bronchial carcinoid tumour. AB - A patient with hypertrophic pulmonary osteoarthropathy associated with a bronchial carcinoid tumour is described. The undoubted Kultschitsky cell origin of this tumour was confirmed on light and electron microscopic levels. The conditions known to be associated with this syndrome are reviewed. PMID- 6743525 TI - Idiopathic pulmonary haemosiderosis with autoimmune haemolytic anaemia. PMID- 6743526 TI - North American blastomycosis in Africans. AB - Two young adults, one a native of Libya and one a Sudanese from Saudi Arabia, were referred at different times to the chest service at Westminister Hospital in London with a diagnosis of tuberculosis. They both had neurological deficits due to vertebral lesions. In spite of the fact that neither patient had ever been to North America, diagnoses of North American blastomycosis were established; both patients made remarkable recoveries on amphotericin B therapy. PMID- 6743527 TI - Pulmonary sarcoidosis presenting with large haemoptysis. AB - We describe a previously healthy young male Caucasian with pulmonary sarcoidosis whose presenting symptoms were two copious haemoptyses. PMID- 6743528 TI - Non-compliance with antituberculous drugs. AB - A case of inadvertent 'total' non-compliance with a course of antituberculous drugs is described. Subsequently the value of routine urine testing for rifampicin in a chest clinic was assessed. The butanol extraction test was found to be a simple and rapid guide to the identification of defaulting patients. PMID- 6743530 TI - Requirements for thoracic medicine. A document for the guidance of those planning thoracic medicine services or consultant posts. PMID- 6743529 TI - Fatal pulmonary infection with Mycobacterium fortuitum in cystic fibrosis. AB - We describe fatal pulmonary infection with Mycobacterium fortuitum in a young adult with cystic fibrosis. The organism was resistant in vitro to all antimycobacterial drugs tested and there was no response to treatment. PMID- 6743531 TI - Prolonged bile duct obstruction: a new experimental model for cirrhosis in the rat. AB - Hepatic morphological abnormalities were examined in rats whose bile ducts had been either cannulated and then obstructed or irreversibly ligated for 5, 10, 15 and 28 days or longer. Throughout the experiment most of the morphological changes observed in the cannulated group were comparable to those in the ligated group. Portal inflammation and marginal bile duct proliferation were noted with the same frequency in both groups. Biliary obstruction for 15 days or more led to cirrhosis. After 28 days obstruction, five out of six cannulated rats and four out of six ligated animals respectively developed cirrhosis. The development of cirrhosis was progressive and associated with ascites. It is concluded that in the rat the morphological sequelae of long term cholestasis induced by either cannulation and obstruction or ligation of bile ducts are similar and are accompanied by cirrhosis. The advantages of this experimental model for the study of human cirrhosis are discussed. PMID- 6743532 TI - Enhancement of the local inflammatory response to bacterial infection by muramyl dipeptide. AB - The effect of the synthetic immuno-adjuvant compound, muramyl dipeptide (MDP), upon the local inflammatory response to experimental bacterial infection was assessed by histological examination. Within 24 h of the insertion of a bacteria laden suture into the medial thigh musculature of mice treated with either MDP or placebo, an enhanced degree of polymorphonuclear leucocyte infiltration in the muscle around the suture was observed in the MDP-treated animals. The inflammatory response around a sterile suture was less intense in both treatment groups and specific correlation between the degree of local inflammation and the extent of bacteraemia developing in either group of animals was not noted. The extent of bacteraemia developing in either group of animals was not noted. The previously observed protection conferred by MDP against the local impact of bacterial challenge appears to be mediated in part by enhancement of the acute local inflammatory response. PMID- 6743533 TI - Permeation and deposition of fibrinogen and low-density lipoprotein in the aorta and cerebral artery of rabbits--immuno-electron microscopic study. AB - The localization of fibrinogen and low-density lipoprotein (LDL) in the arterial wall has been studied to determine whether they mediate the effects of hypertension and/or hypercholesteraemia on atherogenesis. In untreated control rabbits, fibrinogen was localized in the caveolae and vesicles of the endothelial cells and in the subendothelial spaces of the aorta. No fibrinogen was found in the subendothelial spaces of the cerebral artery. Hypertension or hypercholesteraemia was accompanied by enhanced insudation of fibrinogen into the subendothelial spaces of the aorta and cerebral artery, and fibrinogen deposition was most prominent in the hypercholesteraemic rabbits with induced renovascular hypertension. The insudation of fibrinogen appeared to occur by way of vesicular transport, and to some extent by junctional transport. In the untreated control rabbits, LDL was localized only in the caveolae and vesicles of endothelial cells in both aorta and cerebral artery. LDL was deposited in the subendothelial space of the aorta of hypercholesteraemic rabbits with or without hypertension, and in the cerebral artery of hypercholesteraemic rabbits with hypertension. These findings suggest that fibrinogen insudates into the intima of the aorta and cerebral artery both during hypertension and hypercholesteraemia, and that LDL insudation into the intima of the aorta in hypercholesteraemia is accentuated by hypertension. LDL insudated into the intima of the cerebral artery in the presence of hypercholesteraemia linked to hypertension. Thus, hypertension plays a significant role in the pathogenesis of cerebral atherosclerosis. PMID- 6743535 TI - Follicular ichthyosis. AB - We describe four patients with congenital follicular hyperkeratosis, of whom three also had pseudoacanthosis nigricans and two had facial abnormalities. Skin specimens were studied by light microscopy, autoradiography, histochemistry and scanning electron microscopy, and the results were compared with those from patients with keratosis pilaris. The condition appears to constitute a distinctive form of ichthyosis in which the abnormal epidermal differentiation occurs mainly within the hair follicles. PMID- 6743534 TI - Myocardial ischaemia in constrictive pericarditis--a morphometric and electron microscopical study. AB - Left ventricular biopsies, taken during pericardiectomy, were morphometrically and morphologically examined to determine the pathology of the myocardium in constrictive pericarditis (CP). To serve as a normal control a similar appraisal was made of tissue from the left ventricle of a patient undergoing atrial septal repair. Morphometrically, mean cross-fibre diameters at the position of the nucleus in atrial septal defect (ASD) and CP hearts were within a range previously reported as normal. In hearts from patients with CP, the range of individual myocardial fibre diameters was extended. Ultrastructurally the myocardium in ASD appeared normal. In CP, myofibres could be divided into two groups: (a) small and morphologically normal; and (b) large and oedematous. Oedematous fibres contained abnormal nuclei and sarcoplasmic organelles and myofibrillar dissolution was a prominent feature in many cells. These pathological features are among those previously used to characterize myofibre ischaemia. In CP, prolonged cardiac compression is thought to predispose the heart to atrophy due to its inability to function properly (disuse atrophy). The results of this study suggest that in CP, myocardial ischaemia is a more important factor in the aetiology of myocardial dysfunction than is atrophy which arises from enforced cardiac disuse. PMID- 6743536 TI - Multiple Beau's lines due to dysmenorrhoea? AB - Four young women who complained of nail ridging, were found to have several evenly spaced Beau's lines. The lines appear to be related to their menstrual cycles and each one had severe dysmenorrhoea. Linear nail growth was not impaired. PMID- 6743539 TI - Recovery from porphyria cutanea tarda with no specific therapy other than avoidance of hepatic toxins. AB - Little is known of the natural progression of untreated porphyria cutanea tarda. We report sixteen cases (fourteen sporadic and two familial) in which the cutaneous and biochemical abnormalities improved without any specific therapy other than the avoidance of hepatic toxins. PMID- 6743537 TI - Thalidomide or vitamin E therapy for discoid lupus erythematosus? PMID- 6743538 TI - Analytical, ultrastructural, autoradiographic and biochemical studies on [3H]dicarboxylic acid added to cultures of melanoma cells. AB - Lentigo maligna and malignant melanoma can be treated by dicarboxylic acids (C9 and C12), which are competitive inhibitors of tyrosinase. We therefore studied the intracellular location and possible sites of action of dodecanedioic acid (C12) in murine melanoma cells, using EM autoradiography and biochemical analysis of lipid extracts by HPLC. Significant levels of radioactivity were found in the mitochondria and in the nuclei but not in association with membranes of rough endoplasmic reticulum, Golgi-associated endoplasmic reticulum, or Golgi apparatus, and not in coated vesicles or melanosomes. Biochemical analysis revealed that the diacid underwent beta-oxidation, which occurs only in mitochondria. The results suggest that the toxicity of dicarboxylic acids in melanoma cells is not related to anti-tyrosinase activity but may be due to interference with oxidoreductase enzymes in the mitochondria and possibly to inhibition of DNA synthesis in the nucleus. PMID- 6743540 TI - Methotrexate in lymphomatoid papulosis. AB - The effect of weekly methotrexate treatment (5 to 25 mg orally) was studied in three patients with lymphomatoid papulosis. In all three patients a good clinical effect was obtained. Skin biopsies revealed no sign of lymphomatoid papulosis after treatment. Methotrexate appears to be effective in controlling lymphomatoid papulosis and is possibly superior to PUVA in this respect. PMID- 6743541 TI - Erythromelalgia following pergolide administration. AB - Two patients are described in whom treatment of Parkinson's disease with the ergot derivative pergolide was associated with the development of erythromelalgia. The possible mechanism of pergolide-induced erythromelalgia is briefly discussed. PMID- 6743542 TI - British Association of Dermatologists sixty-fourth annual meeting, 1984, Belfast. Abstracts and case reports. PMID- 6743543 TI - CIRD symposium: Advances in skin pharmacology IV. Recent methods 21-23 October 1983, Sophia Antipolis, France. PMID- 6743544 TI - The direct effects of biological response modifiers on epidermal cells. PMID- 6743545 TI - Allergic contact dermatitis in the domestic pig. A new model for evaluating the topical anti-inflammatory activity of drugs and their formulations. PMID- 6743547 TI - Influence of UV irradiation on penetration of hydrocortisone. In vivo study in hairless rat skin. PMID- 6743546 TI - A model for studying the anti-prostaglandin activity of drugs in human skin. PMID- 6743548 TI - Objective determination of the bioavailability of dermocorticoids--influence of the formulation. AB - In order to quantify the intensity of skin blanching and thus predict the bioavailability of topical corticoids, a physical device allowing the measurement of light reflected from skin without any contact between the probe and the skin was used (Leveque et al., 1984). Three series of experiments were carried out: firstly, to assess the vasoconstrictor potency of four corticoids; secondly, to show the influence of the vehicle on the bioavailability of the same drug under various galenic forms, such as fatty ointments or water in oil (W/O) and oil in water (O/W) creams; thirdly, to determine the reservoir effects, if any, of some of these formulations. The results confirm previous findings about the potency of hydrocortisone acetate, triamcinolone 17-acetonide, betamethasone 17-valerate, diflucortolone valerate and clobetasol 17-propionate. PMID- 6743549 TI - A cellulose ester film as an inert vehicle for skin pharmacological studies. PMID- 6743550 TI - Development of a quantitative method for assessing epidermal regeneration. PMID- 6743551 TI - Microspectrophotometric methods for studying the cytokinetic behaviour of the psoriatic epidermis in vivo. PMID- 6743552 TI - Utilization of epidermal phospholipase A2 inhibition to monitor topical steroid action. AB - The effect of several steroid creams on epidermal phospholipase A2 (PLA2) activity in symptomless psoriatic and normal epidermis was studied. The magnitude of PLA2 inhibition produced by the steroids was directly proportional to the initial level of the enzyme activity. This differential inhibition resulted in PLA2 activity approaching or attaining the normal range regardless of its initial level. Clobetasol propionate 0.05% (Dermovate) produced more enzyme inhibition than betamethasone valerate 0.1% (Betnovate) but there was no difference in inhibition between this latter steroid and clobetasone butyrate 0.05% (Eumovate). All were more inhibitory than hydrocortisone I% (Efcortelan). PMID- 6743553 TI - Reconstruction of 'simplified' skin: control of fabrication. PMID- 6743554 TI - Natural substrates for the reconstruction of skin in vitro. PMID- 6743555 TI - Sorting of basal cells with FACS IV (fluorescence activated cell sorter). PMID- 6743556 TI - Retinoid-induced changes of lipid synthesis in cultured human epidermal keratinocytes. PMID- 6743557 TI - Mechanisms of cholesterol ester accumulation in cultured monocytes. PMID- 6743558 TI - Manno-glycoconjugates of human keratinocytes in culture: effect of retinoic acid. PMID- 6743559 TI - Epidermal cell culture systems in skin pharmacology. PMID- 6743560 TI - Psoriatic hair follicle cells in culture. AB - Psoriatic human hair follicle keratinocytes can be brought to culture under the same conditions as normal control hair follicle keratinocytes. In comparison with control cultures derived from non-psoriatics there are significant differences. However, no significant differences are found between cultures derived from either psoriatic involved or uninvolved skin. Some characteristics of psoriatic lesions are also encountered in the cultures. However, in contrast to the situation in a psoriatic lesion, cultures of psoriatic keratinocytes differentiate to a higher extent than comparable control cultures. A psoriatic morphology is therefore not completely formed. Whether this is due to the absence of a psoriatic dermis or to the fact that differentiation in culture is incomplete remains to be investigated. PMID- 6743561 TI - Influence of collagen and fibronectin substrates on the behaviour of cultured embryonic dermal cells. AB - The effect of extracellular matrix components on cell patterning was studied in cultures of 7-day chick embryo dorsal dermal cells. A scale of ten stages based on cell density, distribution, and patterning has been defined. Starting from a seeding density of 3.5 X 10(5) cells per dish (diameter 35 mm) in 1.7-1.8 ml of medium supplemented with 5% fetal calf serum, cultures reached stage 8 in 7 days. When cells were cultured on a substrate of native bovine type I collagen, their patterning was retarded by 3 to 4 stages. A substrate of human fibronectin had no effect on the rate of cell patterning, when compared with a plastic substrate. However, when fibronectin was adsorbed on collagen-coated dishes, the retarding effect of collagen was suppressed, and a 'normal' rate of cell patterning was restored. When fibronectin was locally adsorbed on plastic or collagen substrates, so as to offer a heterogeneous substrate to the cells, the border between fibronectin and plastic or between fibronectin and collagen was perceived by the cells as a borderline along which they tended to align. PMID- 6743562 TI - Is myeloma really a monoclonal disease? PMID- 6743564 TI - Two-dimensional separation of alpha-naphthyl acetate esterases in human leucocytes and platelets. AB - Normal human leucocytes and platelets contain esterases which hydrolyse alpha naphthyl acetate (alpha NA). Purified preparations from these cells were investigated by isoelectric focusing and subsequent polyacrylamide gradient gel electrophoresis at pH 9.0. Extractable alpha NA esterases were separated according to isoelectric point (pI) and molecular weight (MW). Monocytes, lymphocytes, granulocytes and platelets contain a unique pattern of alpha NA esterases, most of which can be inhibited by diisopropyl fluorophosphate (DFP; 0.1 mM). Their activity, however, is not affected by eserine (0.1 mM) or p hydroxymercuribenzoate (1 mM). No protease activity of these enzymes was detected; it is likely that the majority constitute carboxylesterases (EC 3.1.1.1). Monocytes contain five alpha NA esterases which are additionally inhibited by bis(4-nitrophenyl)-phosphate (0.1 mM) and sodium fluoride (40 mM). PIs are in the range 5.7-6.2 and MWs are 145 000, 155 000, 250 000, 290 000 and 340 000. These enzymes are specific for monocytes. Platelets are characterized by a group of alpha NA esterases having pIs between 6.5 and 8.0, these corresponding to MWs ranging from 15 000 to 400 000. PMID- 6743563 TI - Platelet factor-4 excretion in myeloproliferative disease: implications for the aetiology of myelofibrosis. AB - Experimental evidence suggests that the fibroblastic proliferation often associated with the myeloproliferative disorders is not part of the neoplastic process, but is secondary to an unknown stimulus. This stimulus may be a factor derived from platelets which promotes the proliferation of fibroblasts in vitro (PDGF). Platelet-derived growth factor is localized to platelet alpha-granules together with PF4 and beta-TG. As an indicator of alpha-granule release, we have measured PF4 levels in plasma, platelets and urine in 46 normal subjects and 49 patients with myeloproliferative disorders, secondary thrombocytosis and miscellaneous malignancies. All 11 patients with elevated urinary PF4 excretion exhibited myelofibrosis, whereas 11 of 22 patients with documented myelofibrosis had urinary PF4 excretion in the normal range. No correlation was seen between marrow fibrosis and plasma levels or the platelet content of PF4. The data are consistent with the possibility that release of mitogen(s) from platelet or megakaryocyte alpha-granules in some patients with myeloproliferative disorders is pathogenetically related to the development of marrow fibrosis. PMID- 6743565 TI - 'Pitted' erythrocytes: impaired formation in splenectomized subjects with congenital spherocytosis. AB - 'Pitted' erythrocyte counts are widely used in the quantitative assessment of functional hyposplenism and in the prediction of recurrence of splenic function in splenectomized subjects. Both of these functions require counts from electively splenectomized controls for comparison. The 'pitted' erythrocyte counts in patients splenectomized for congenital spherocytosis are lower than those found in subjects whose spleens were removed electively for other reasons. This appears to be due to the specific membrane defect which impairs the formation of the vacuoles which are responsible for the appearance of 'pitted' erythrocytes under the interference-phase microscope. PMID- 6743566 TI - Evaluation of the contribution of red and white cells to the flow of suspensions of washed blood cells through 3 micron Nuclepore membranes. AB - This study was designed to investigate a method of analysis which can quantitate the contribution of white cells to the flow of washed suspensions of blood cells. Such an analysis would obviate the need to remove white cells when studying the filterability of normal and abnormal red cells. The flow of suspensions of washed blood cells through a 3 micron Nuclepore membrane declines continually due to the occlusion of pores and the degree of pore occlusion is reduced significantly by the removal of the 'buffy coat' during the preparation of the suspension. These findings are in complete agreement with many other reports. However, a detailed kinetic analysis of the results suggests strongly that the white cell population makes a small contribution to the degree of pore occlusion which is caused largely by approximately 1% of the total red cell population. Despite the phenomenon and extent of pore occlusion, a kinetic analysis of the complete non linear flow profile allows a measure of the deformability of red cells from filtration studies of washed but unfractionated blood cells. PMID- 6743568 TI - Differentiation antigens on mouse eosinophils and neutrophils identified by monoclonal antibodies. AB - A panel of hybridomas secreting monoclonal antibodies (mAb) reacting with antigens on mouse eosinophils and neutrophils has been selected. It is shown that four mAb bind preferentially to eosinophils, recognizing antigens expressed between 5 and 25 times more densely on these cells than on neutrophils. One mAb reacts preferentially with neutrophils, binding an antigen about 12 times more common on these cells than on eosinophils. Four mAb are shown to react with both eosinophils and neutrophils, and also macrophages. These mAb confirm the presence of different differentiation antigens on both eosinophils and neutrophils, and show that the myeloid series express antigens not expressed on lymphocytes. PMID- 6743567 TI - Activity of divicine in Plasmodium vinckei-infected mice has implications for treatment of favism and epidemiology of G-6-PD deficiency. AB - Intravenous injection of divicine into mice infected with Plasmodium vinckei rapidly killed the parasites and caused haemolysis. Degenerating parasites were observed frequently inside intact circulating erythrocytes, implying that parasite death was not a passive consequence of haemolysis. Both parasite death and haemolysis were prevented by the iron chelator desferrioxamine. In vitro, divicine caused the accumulation of malonyldialdehyde and the depletion of reduced glutathione in normal mouse erythrocytes. Desferrioxamine inhibited the former event, but not the latter. These observations support the hypothesis advanced by Huheey & Martin (Experientia, 31, 1145, 1975) to explain the patchy geographical distribution of glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase deficiency in historic malarial areas and also suggest that desferrioxamine, a drug already in clinical use, is a potential treatment for favism and other examples of oxidative haemolysis. PMID- 6743569 TI - Myeloid progenitor cells in the circulation of patients with myelofibrosis and other myeloproliferative disorders. AB - We have measured the numbers of myeloid progenitor cells in the circulation of patients with myelofibrosis (MF) and other myeloproliferative disorders. In general, progenitor cell numbers were increased in the circulation of patients with MF compared with controls. The mean increases were 9-fold for the multilineage progenitor cells (CFU-GEMM), 13-fold for the erythroid progenitor cells (BFU-E), 37-fold for the granulocyte-macrophage progenitor cells (CFU-GM) and 167-fold for the megakaryocyte progenitors (CFU-MK). Splenectomized patients generally had reduced numbers of circulating progenitor cells. In the CFU-MK assay, mature megakaryocytes cultured from patients with MF regularly showed large vacuoles in the nucleus and cytoplasm, unlike control cells. The increased colony formation in patients with MK, involving especially CFU-MK colonies, is consistent with the hypothesis that MF is a primary myeloproliferative disorder in which a megakaryocyte-derived factor predisposes to the formation of marrow fibrosis. PMID- 6743570 TI - Prophylactic antithrombotic therapy with stanozolol in patients with familial antithrombin III deficiency. AB - Three patients with familial antithrombin III deficiency underwent a trial of prophylactic antithrombotic therapy with stanozolol. An increase in plasma fibrinolytic activity and antithrombin III was seen. Acute venous thrombosis occurred in two patients; in the first patient thrombosis was precipitated by venography but in the second no precipitating factor was found. Our experience suggests that stanozolol is not a suitable prophylactic agent in patients with familial antithrombin III deficiency. PMID- 6743571 TI - Platelet heterogeneity. PMID- 6743572 TI - Positive Coombs test in acute leukaemia. AB - We present the results of the immunohaematological tests performed in an unselected group of patients with acute leukaemia at the time of diagnosis, and when possible the follow-up in remission and/or in relapse. Thirteen out of the 112 patients tested had a positive Coombs test at the time of diagnosis and, in six patients, the Coombs test became positive during remission. All the 19 positive Coombs test were of the complement type with, in 11 cases, an anti-I antibody eluted from the patient's RBC. There was no relationship between the FAB morphologic subtype, the presence of other immune abnormalities, the course of the leukaemia and the immunohaematological abnormalities. Several hypotheses on the possible relationships between the acute leukaemias and the immunohaematological abnormalities are discussed. PMID- 6743573 TI - The effect of platelet factor 4 (PF4) on assays of plasma heparin. AB - Platelet factor 4 (PF4) is a potent antiheparin in vitro. In view of the large amount of PF4 secreted from platelet alpha-granules during routine blood collection and processing techniques, the potential significance of this release was investigated using three measurements of heparin activity: the activated partial thromboplastin time (aPTT), the thrombin time, and factor Xa inactivation using the chromogenic substrate S2222 for assay of factor Xa. The results demonstrate that purified PF4 neutralizes heparin activity when added in increasing amounts to normal platelet-poor plasma containing a fixed concentration of commercial porcine gut mucosal heparin. This effect was seen when assaying heparin activity by all three methods. In addition, when heparin was added in increasing concentrations to pooled plasma samples that were collected from normal volunteers, there was neutralization of heparin activity in blood samples collected by routine citrate anticoagulation (CIT60) in comparison to blood samples collected simultaneously with platelet secretion inhibiting agents added to the anticoagulant (CIT+). This effect was seen when assaying heparin by the aPTT and thrombin time. These data confirm that both purified and secreted PF4 have significant antiheparin activity when heparin is added in vitro to normal plasma. Neutralization of circulating heparin by PF4 secreted during blood collection from anticoagulated patients could result in underestimation of the actual in vivo heparin concentration. In order to evaluate the significance of this effect, purified PF4 was added to plasma collected from heparinized patients and again PF4 neutralized heparin activity. This was seen, however, only when heparin activity was measured by the thrombin time or Xa inactivation assays. There was minimal shortening of the aPTT when PF4 was added in final concentrations up to 1000 ng/ml. When blood samples were simultaneously collected from anticoagulated patients by both routine and special collection methods, these results were confirmed. There was a significant difference between heparin activities measured in the CIT+ (secreted PF4 58 ng/ml) and CIT60 (secreted PF4 1074 ng/ml) plasma samples by both thrombin time and Xa inactivation. There was no difference, however, in the aPT when both types of plasma samples were simultaneously collected and assayed for each anticoagulated patient. This suggests that there may be circulating heparin fractions which can prolong the aPTT but which do not interact with PF4.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 400 WORDS) PMID- 6743574 TI - Ultrastructure and cell cycle distribution of erythropoietic cells in heterozygotes and homozygotes for haemoglobin E. AB - Marrow aspirates from heterozygotes and homozygotes for haemoglobin E (HbE) have been studied by electron microscopy and by the technique of combined Feulgen microspectrophotometry and 3H-thymidine autoradiography. The erythropoietic cells of heterozygotes did not contain any precipitated globin chains and the proliferating erythroblasts of such individuals showed no abnormality in their distribution in the different stages of interphase. By contrast, 0-1.5% of late erythroblast profiles and 3.1-12.8% of marrow reticulocyte profiles of homozygotes contained intracellular inclusions resembling precipitated alpha chains. Although precipitated globin chains were not seen in the early polychromatic erythroblasts of homozygotes, the number of these cells in the G2 phase relative to that in the S phase was increased. These data indicate that there is probably little or no imbalance of globin chain synthesis in heterozygotes, a substantial degree of imbalance in homozygotes, and a disturbance of erythroblast proliferation in homozygotes which cannot be attributed to the deleterious effects of detectable intracellular alpha-chain precipitates. The electron microscope and cell cycle distribution data in the homozygotes for HbE were similar to those in two heterozygotes for beta thalassaemia. PMID- 6743575 TI - Red cell enzyme activities in thalassaemia. PMID- 6743576 TI - Erythrocyte osmotic fragility in man: variation with age and sex. PMID- 6743577 TI - Exposure to solvents and outcome of pregnancy in university laboratory employees. AB - The outcome of pregnancy was studied among personnel employed in laboratory work at the University of Gothenburg between 1968 and 1979. A questionnaire was distributed to 782 women; the response rate was 95%. When the 1160 pregnancies were divided into those with and without exposure to organic solvents during laboratory work, a slightly increased, but not significant, difference in the miscarriage rate was found (relative risk (RR) 1.31, 95% confidence interval 0.89 1.91). No differences in perinatal death rates or the prevalence of malformations were found between infants whose mothers were exposed to solvents and those who were not. Shift work during pregnancy was related to a higher miscarriage rate (RR 3.2, 95% confidence interval 1.36-7.47). No relation between cigarette smoking and miscarriage rate was found, although birth weights were lower when the mother smoked during pregnancy. PMID- 6743578 TI - Diesel exposure and mortality among railway workers: results of a pilot study. AB - A pilot study of the mortality of railway workers was undertaken to evaluate the feasibility of studying the association of exposure to diesel exhaust and cause specific mortality. The cohort consisted of 2519 white male subjects aged 45-64 with at least 10 years of railway service by 1967. Subjects were selected on the basis of job classification, and cause specific mortality was ascertained for subjects who died (n = 501) up to 1979. The total follow up period was 28.4 (X 1000) person-years. The standardised mortality ratio (SMR) for the cohort, based on United States national rates, was 87 (95% confidence limits 80, 95), and there were no significant differences from expected number of deaths for any specific neoplasm. The directly standardised rate ratio for respiratory cancer among diesel exposed subjects relative to unexposed subjects was 1.42 +/- 0.50 (means +/- SE). A proportional hazards model was consistent with the findings of the standardised rate ratio, but in neither analysis was the increased risk of respiratory cancer in diesel exposed subjects statistically significant. PMID- 6743579 TI - Epidemiological study of the lung function of workers at a factory manufacturing polyvinylchloride. AB - A preliminary epidemiological study has been carried out to investigate a report that some men working in a factory manufacturing polyvinylchloride (PVC) had abnormally low values of the single breath diffusing capacity for carbon monoxide (TLCO). All monoxide (TLCO). All 265 present and past employees of the PVC factory were studied, together with 219 men from the workforce of a nearby foundry. Each man's TLCO was measured and a smoking history and detailed occupational history obtained. The distribution of standardised TLCO results from all persons examined was symmetrical and did not indicate an unexpectedly high proportion of men with having allowed for age, height, weight, and smoking habit, TLCO was associated with a history of working in the PVC factory before 1975 (when levels of vinylchloride monomers (VCM) were much higher than subsequently), and slightly associated with working in jobs where exposure to VCM was likely to have been highest. The men with low TLCO also tended to have smoked more heavily than controls. The relative importance of occupational factors and smoking in relation to low TLCO is not clear, but the results give some support to the hypothesis that work in the PVC factory before 1975 entailed exposure to a substance that caused impairment of lung function in a small number of men. PMID- 6743580 TI - Classification of progressive massive fibrosis of coalminers by type of radiographic appearance. AB - In a pilot study the chest radiographic appearances of 112 coalminers who developed progressive massive fibrosis (PMF) over an 11 year period have been classified into six types based on the appearances of the large radiographic opacities. The most common type of PMF was one or more large shadows of homogeneous radiodensity. Less common types included markedly rounded shadows usually less than 3 cm in diameter, non-homogeneous shadows appearing to consist of conglomerations of small rounded opacities, and condensations of linear or streaky shadows. Good reproducibility by one reader between two readings were obtained. The lifetime exposures to mixed respirable coal mine dust, and to its quartz component, of these 112 men were compared with those of control subjects matched for age and starting category of simple pneumoconiosis but without PMF. Overall, the men with PMF had been exposed to more mixed dust than controls, confirming that one of the reasons some men with simple pneumoconiosis develop PMF is that they have inhaled more dust than others. Eleven of the 112 cases had large opacities that were not homogeneous and appeared to consist of conglomerations of "r" type small rounded opacities. The average quartz exposures of these men were much higher than in control subjects, suggesting that in this type of PMF quartz was an important causative factor. PMID- 6743581 TI - Exposure to cotton dust in an experimental cardroom. AB - Changes in respiratory function (FEV1) and polymorphonuclear neutrophils (PMN) on nasal epithelium were studied in 68 students and 39 cotton mill workers in an experimental cardroom. The exposure was characterised by the vertical elutriator dust and endotoxin levels. A dose related decrease was found for FEV1 which was more pronounced in smoking workers. The thresholds for no FEV1 reaction were 0.58 mg/m3 dust and 0.17 micrograms/m3 endotoxin for students and 0.43 mg/m3 and 0.08 micrograms/m3 for smoking workers. The PMN increased in most of the experiments but no dose response relationship could be shown. In experiments with smoking workers or when washed cotton was carded a better correlation was obtained between FEV1 decrease and endotoxin levels than for dust levels. PMID- 6743582 TI - Respiratory symptoms and lung function in a group of solderers. AB - A total of 1611 women working in a large electronics company were interviewed using a modified version of the Medical Research Council's questionnaire on respiratory symptoms, and their lung function was tested using a Vitalograph dry wedge spirometer. When the prevalence of symptoms was compared using the chi 2 test among four occupational groups--namely, solderers, ex-solderers, non solderers, and office workers--few significant differences were found. The group of ex-solderers tended to have a greater prevalence of symptoms than the other three groups. Forced vital capacity (FVC) and forced expiratory volume in one second (FEV1) were measured, and when these were compared for smokers, the office workers were found to have a greater mean age adjusted FVC and FEV1 than the three other groups. The pattern was less distinct for non-smokers. When duration of exposure to solder fumes was allowed for, differences in lung function were more suggestive of being related to smoking habit than occupational exposure to solder fumes. PMID- 6743583 TI - Occupational lead neurotoxicity: a behavioural and electrophysiological evaluation. Study design and year one results. AB - To evaluate the effects of chronic lead exposure on the nervous system in adults, a set of neurobehavioural and electrophysiological tests was administered to 99 lead exposed foundry employees and 61 unexposed workers. Current and past blood lead concentrations were used to estimate the degree of lead absorption; all previous blood lead concentrations had been less than or equal to 90 micrograms/100 ml. Characteristic signs (such as wrist extensor weakness) or symptoms (such as colic) of lead poisoning were not seen. Sensory conduction in the sural nerve was not affected. By contrast, various neurobehavioural functions deteriorated with increasing lead burden. Workers with blood lead concentrations between 40 and 60 micrograms/100 ml showed impaired performance on tests of verbal concept formation, visual/motor performance, memory, and mood. Thus impairment in central nervous system function in lead exposed adults occurred in the absence of peripheral nervous system derangement and increased in severity with increasing lead dose. PMID- 6743584 TI - Ethylene thiourea: thyroid function in two groups of exposed workers. AB - Ethylene thiourea is manufactured at one factory in the United Kingdom and is mixed into masterbatch rubber at another. Clinical examinations and thyroid function tests were carried out over a period of three years on eight process workers and five mixers and on matched controls. The results show that the exposed mixers, but not exposed process workers, have significantly lower levels of total thyroxine (T4) than the controls. One mixer had an appreciably raised level of thyroid stimulation hormone (TSH). PMID- 6743585 TI - Telangiectasia in aluminium workers: a follow up. AB - A five step investigation was carried out to gain a better understanding of the morbidity that accompanied the development of telangiectasia on aluminium workers and to find its cause. Fifty workers with multiple telangiectasia when matched with normal controls showed the same amount of illness except that evidence of ischaemia on the ECG was found in nine cases and one control. The cases did not show an excess of abnormal biochemical tests. The basic histopathological lesion affected the surrounding tissue rather than the vessels themselves. Working in the current environment and wearing masks seems to protect young workers from developing the lesions. The Soderberg and not the prebake process was associated with the lesions; the causative agent is probably a gas that contains both hydrocarbons and fluoride components emitted from the electrolytic reactors. PMID- 6743587 TI - A three-frequency audiogram for use in industry. AB - Some form of audiometric screening forms part of any comprehensive hearing conservation programme, but because of the large numbers of workers exposed to noise, it is suggested that routine audiometry using an 8-frequency test preceded by history and examination makes undue demands on limited resources. It is proposed that a simple 3-frequency test without prior preparation of subjects is adequate for the purposes of industrial audiometry. Men whose hearing threshold was worse than 20 dB at 1, 2, or 4 kHz were considered to have failed the 3 frequency test and 150 such cases were randomly selected and subjected to a full 8-frequency audiogram. The results were then assessed for numerical accuracy and diagnostic reliability. The results of the 3-frequency test were marginally worse than the 8-frequency audiogram by 2.33 to 4.98 dB, and the comparison of the two tests as a diagnostic tool gave a concordance rate of 79%-80% (p = 0.00001) between the two physicians who examined the results and a level of interpersonal agreement of 87% for the 3-frequency test and 89% for the full audiogram. If audiometric screening is to be offered to the whole population at risk it should be simple, rapid, and accurate enough to detect hearing loss before disability develops so that those individuals may be counselled. It is suggested that the 3 frequency test fulfils this purpose, demonstrates the "reasonably practicable" approach of recent legislation, and does not unnecessarily divert resources from other key tasks in the practice of occupational medicine. PMID- 6743586 TI - Radiographic assessment of pleuropulmonary disease in asbestos workers: posteroanterior, four view films, and computed tomograms of the thorax. AB - To study the clinical usefulness of computed tomography (CT) scanning of the thorax in asbestos related pleuropulmonary disease, 127 long term asbestos workers of the mines and mills in the Eastern Townships of Quebec were examined. The CT scan was compared with the standard posteroanterior (PA) chest film and the four view films using the ILO grading system for profusion of disease. Six lung areas and six pleural sites were studied. On the basis of the usual diagnostic criteria, 41% of the workers had asbestosis. For profusion of parenchymal disease, there was an excellent correlation (r = 0.96, p less than 0.001) between PA and four view films and the latter did not significantly increase the total profusion score; the CT scan correlated less well with the PA film (r = 0.79, p less than 0.01) and the scatter of the data was larger. In 10 of the 53 (19%) workers with asbestosis the pulmonary lesions were not recognised by CT scan. For profusion of pleural plaques, there was an excellent correlation (p = 0.91, p less than 0.001) between PA and four view films; scores were identical in 73%, higher for PA in 7%, and higher for four view films in 19%. CT scan scores, however, were identical with PA films in 31%, higher for CT scan in 13% (owing to higher scores on lateral pleural sites), and lower for CT scan in 56% (owing to lower scores at diaphragm and costophrenic angle sites). Pleural calcifications were identified in 24 workers for a total of 40 sites; 13 as possible, 31% identified by two modes, and 27 as definite. Of the latter, 14 were seen only on CT scan. In the workers with rigid pressure volume curve of the lung and increased Gallium-67 lung uptake only, CT scan total scores were not significantly higher than in those without these markers of early interstitial lung disease (5 +/- 1 v 4 +/- 1, p less than 0.05). Thus the four view films and CT scan appear to be useful mainly in the assessment of pleural disease. The four view film identifies more sites of pleural plaques and the CT scan more pleural calcified plaques. PMID- 6743588 TI - Comparison of the in vivo and in vitro effects of lead on the pH-activity relationship of human erythrocytic delta-aminolaevulinic acid dehydratase. AB - The effect of lead in vitro on the pH-activity relationship of human erythrocytic delta-aminolaevulinic acid dehydratase (delta-ALAD) and on the assessment of lead exposure with ratios of delta-ALAD activity measured at specific pH values was investigated. The addition of lead nitrate to whole blood at concentrations ranging from 0.40 to 8.1 mumole Pb2+/1, for periods of contact ranging from 16 h to 20 days at 4 degrees C, resulted in a time and dose dependent shift of the enzyme's pH optimum to a more acid value. The pH optimum shift obtained at raised lead concentrations or after long periods of contact at 4 degrees C, in both, closely approximated that observed in vivo. The loss of enzyme activity, however, was significantly less in vitro than that in vivo for similar whole blood lead concentrations. These findings indicate that the presence of trace amounts of lead in blood collection devices can seriously affect results obtained with the pH activity ratio method of assessing lead exposure. PMID- 6743590 TI - Toxocaral antibodies in personnel occupationally concerned with dogs. PMID- 6743589 TI - Relation between the iodine azide test and the TTCA test for exposure to carbon disulphide. AB - Exposure to carbon disulphide (CS2) in a viscose plant was measured by personal monitoring and by application of the iodine azide test and quantification of 2 thio-thiazolidine-4-carboxylic-acid (TTCA) in urine samples. A relation was found between the rise in urinary TTCA concentration during the workshift and the exposure index E1. The correlation (r) between the exposure index and the atmospheric concentrations of CS2 in workroom air below 100 mg CS2/m3 was 0.59 (n = 9). The correlation between the increase in TTCA concentrations during the workshift and the atmospheric CS2 concentrations was found to be higher when urine samples at the end of the workshift with creatinine concentrations below 1 mg/ml and above 3 mg/ml were disregarded (from r = 0.61; n = 20 to r = 0.84; n = 14). A high correlation was found (r = 0.86; n = 13) when the end of workshift urine samples were analysed, provided that their creatinine concentrations are not beyond the limits given above. PMID- 6743591 TI - Methylene chloride burns. PMID- 6743592 TI - The continuum of pre- and post-bereavement grieving. AB - Morbid grief patterns are frequently recognized and intervention initiated only after death has taken place. However, where the eventuality of death is recognized, the relationships of the dying person should be examined rather than left to chance. Where necessary, intervention should appropriately begin prior to the event of death. The dying and the bereaved person should, to some extent, collaborate in the grieving process. A comparison is made with the perinatal period where the relationship to the foetus influences both the birth and the subsequent parent-child bonding. PMID- 6743593 TI - Social elements as mind. AB - The assumption that 'mind' is the product of individual development and that cognition and emotion must be sited in individual people has dominated psychology until recently. The new conception of a 'social construction of mind' is grounded in the idea that an interpersonal conversation is the fundamental psychological reality, and that individual minds are appropriations from it. Such a personal mind is created by making private what is originally and primarily public. This idea strikes at the Cartesian basis of both behaviourist and non-behaviourist psychology, suggesting a more complex multidimensional set of polar oppositions for defining the problems of scientific psychology. For example, perhaps knowledge should be studied as a collective resource rather than as individual beliefs. There is evidence from anthropology that even that intimate form of cognitive organization we call the 'self' may have social origins in favoured grammatical models and so may be expected to differ from one linguistic culture to another. PMID- 6743594 TI - The fragile self: narcissistic disturbance and the protective function of depression. AB - The role of self-esteem in the aetiology of depressive disorders is not limited to negative self-evaluations. A broader concept, embracing the experience of the self, is necessary. A developmental model of self-esteem regulation is proposed, derived in part from Mahler's work on separation-individuation in infants and Kohut's work on narcissism. A concept of a 'fragile self' is formulated and developed; the depressive state is seen as protecting this fragile self. The model provides a coherent account of individual differences in proneness to depression (in interaction with environmental factors) which is useful to psychotherapists, yet open to empirical test and research use. The model is discussed in relation to psychological research on depression and implications for clinical practice are outlined. PMID- 6743595 TI - Psychological construing and meaningfulness in schizophrenia. AB - The ratings of schizophrenic and non-schizophrenic in-patients on a Semantic Differential were compared. Those schizophrenic patients who obtained low scores on a test of psychological construing (the Grid Test) made less use than other schizophrenics of extreme ratings on psychological scales on the Semantic Differential. The two groups of schizophrenics did not differ on their use of non psychological scales. This indicates that the psychological scales are relatively meaningless to this group of subjects. The findings may explain the presentation of symptoms in schizophrenic patients. PMID- 6743596 TI - Nausea and vomiting in pregnancy. AB - Prospective data on 86 pregnant women were analysed to investigate the relationship between the pregnancy symptoms of nausea and vomiting and various demographic, social and psychological factors. In contrast to previous research findings no significant differences were discovered along demographic or social dimensions between women reporting no nausea, mild nausea and severe nausea during the first trimester of pregnancy. Not surprisingly, those women experiencing severe nausea reported significantly more sleep disturbances, fatigue and irritability. Women having both nausea and vomiting during the first trimester, reported significantly more unplanned, undesired pregnancies and negative relationships with their own mothers, than first trimester groups experiencing nausea only or no symptoms. Finally, those with continuing nausea and vomiting in the third trimester, when compared with those having no symptoms, tended to have reported significantly more psychological/psychiatric problems in the first trimester and were significantly more negative in their assessment of their own maternal relationship. PMID- 6743597 TI - Bion's 'protomental system' and psychosomatic illness in general practice. AB - The work of Wilfred Bion, developing the psychoanalytic theories of Freud and Klein on the origins of anxiety in childhood, includes the hypothesis of a protomental system. This he defined as a matrix in the human organism in which physical and mental are at first undifferentiated. His postulate is that this system which equips human beings for life in a group is in conflict with their needs as individuals. The view of the world mediated by basic assumptions, relatively mindless, functioning by unconscious common consent, has a close association with psychosomatic illness. But individuals feel the need for a working relationship with others, where thought can be applied to problems before taking action. Within the family--a special case of a work group--the continuing experience by the infant of parental containment of its anxieties, through a process of projection and introjection, develops its capacity for thinking about frustration rather than evading it. The hypothesis is, that without this experience, frustration may lead to basic assumption mentality and psychosomatic illness rather than emotionality and thought. These ideas have been found useful in general practice as in the five cases described. PMID- 6743598 TI - A scale to measure locus of control of behaviour. AB - Many behaviour, psychotherapy and healthy life-style programmes require subjects to take responsibility for the control of the old unwanted behaviours or to be responsible for maintaining new desired behaviours after therapy has ended. A scale to measure the locus of control of behaviour would be valuable if it could predict persons likely to relapse following apparently successful therapy. A 17 item Likert-type scale to measure this construct was developed and shown to have satisfactory internal reliability, to be test-retest reliable in the absence of treatment, to be independent of age, sex and social desirability, and to distinguish clinical disorder from normal non-clinical subjects. Furthermore, change towards internality (a reduced LCB score) during therapy was shown to predict maintenance or, alternatively, change towards externality (an increase or no change in the LCB score) was shown to predict relapse 10 months later in treated stutterers. The scale was shown to be related to the personal control factor of the Rotter I-E scale but to be more powerful a predictor of relapse than this personal control subscale or the full Rotter scale. PMID- 6743600 TI - Care during labour. PMID- 6743601 TI - The pelvis as a passageway. II. The modern human pelvis. AB - Following on from part I on evolution and adaptations of the pelvis, this paper suggests that variations in the shape and size of both ancient and modern human pelves may be better explained by nutritional factors than by hormonal influences or race. PMID- 6743599 TI - The relationship between curative factors perceived by patients in their psychotherapy and treatment outcome: an exploratory study. AB - Researchers are becoming increasingly interested in those aspects of the curative process that are not specific to any treatment approach. Two hypotheses were tested in this study: (1) that patients would, among those factors they suggest as helpful in their treatment, develop a list of consistently suggested curative factors; (2) that some of the consistently suggested factors will have a direct positive relationship to outcome. Twenty-four out-patients were interviewed. Both hypotheses were supported. Two factors emerged as having a significant influence on outcome: they were advice and the understanding of the therapist. PMID- 6743602 TI - The consumers' attitude to obstetric care. AB - Questionnaires were sent to 1000 mothers, 1 year after childbirth, to elicit opinions about various aspects of obstetric care in labour and effects on child bonding. Questionnaires were returned by 632 women. Some attitudes were in broad agreement with the views of natural childbirth groups but more were in agreement with the established medical view. The majority of women did not consider that medical care was excessive and 63% found fetal monitoring reassuring. Questions on mother and child bonding showed that only few mothers (19%) though that this was influenced by events during labour and delivery. Having pain in labour was seen as an essential part of the emotional experience of childbirth by 45% of the respondents. This attitude and others were correlated with certain psychological traits, marital status and race. Before changes are made in obstetric practices in response to 'consumer' pressure, the opinions of recently delivered mothers ought to be taken into account. PMID- 6743603 TI - Assessment of fetal biparietal diameter during normal pregnancy by ultrasound in Nigerian women. AB - The fetal biparietal diameter (BPD) was measured on 1104 occasions in 552 Nigerian women during normal pregnancy, and the range of BPD values for each week of pregnancy between 12 and 40 weeks was determined. Growth of the BPD in our population showed an asymptotic curve like that of Europeans but our values were slightly higher. The mean weekly increase in the BPD between 13 and 30 weeks gestation was 4.9 mm/week, between 30 and 36 weeks, 3.3 mm/week and between 37 and 40 weeks, 1.7 mm/week. But there was no significant difference between the BPD measurements of Europeans and Nigerian fetuses except towards term. PMID- 6743604 TI - Effect of mode of delivery on outcome of very-low-birthweight infants. AB - The hospital survival rate was 47% in 111 inborn infants who weighed 501-1000 g and 90% in 211 who weighed 1001-1500 g. The survival rate after caesarean birth was significantly higher than that after vaginal delivery in the 1001-1500 g group but not in the 501-1000 g group. At 2 years of age, 73% of survivors born at 501-1000 g and 85% of those born at 1001-1500 g had no neurological or developmental disability; no significant difference was found between caesarean and vaginal births. The mode of delivery did not significantly affect survival or late outcome of the 192 singleton infants with cephalic presentation. Although the survival rate was not significantly different between infants with breech and cephalic presentations, the former had a significantly higher disability rate. Within the group of 72 singleton infants with breech presentation, the survival rate after caesarean birth was significantly higher than after vaginal delivery in the 1001-1500 g group but not in the 501-1000 g group. No significant difference in late outcome was found between caesarean and vaginal births in this subgroup. PMID- 6743605 TI - Haemodynamic assessment of fetal heart arrhythmias. AB - The effects of fetal heart arrhythmias were examined serially in two pregnancies by three non-invasive methods: fetal ECG, fetal phonocardiography and ultrasonic measurement of fetal blood flow. In a case of supraventricular arrhythmia, there was evidence suggesting that the stroke volume varied with ventricular filling according to the Frank-Starling law. In a case of total atrioventricular block the mean blood flow in the fetal descending aorta and in the umbilical vein was within the normal range. Blood flow velocity in the inferior vena cava of the fetus reflected atrial contractions. In the phonocardiogram, a phenomenon similar to 'bruit de canon' was found. Both pregnancies had good outcomes and subsequent development of the infants was normal except for the persisting dysrhythmias. The two cases exemplify how fetal heart function can be assessed in utero. PMID- 6743606 TI - A randomized trial of external cephalic version with tocolysis in late pregnancy. AB - The effect of external version under tocolysis with intravenous ritodrine during the 37th week of gestation was studied in a prospective randomized trial comprising 130 consecutive women with a fetus in breech presentation. Version was successful in 41% of the patients, all of whom had a cephalic vaginal delivery. Of the 56 women in the control group in whom version was not attempted; 8 (14%) converted to the vertex presentation spontaneously. Failure of version was significantly correlated with primiparity, location of the placenta on the anterior uterine wall, and maternal weight. The caesarean section rate was significantly lower in the version group (27%) than in the control group (46%) (P less than 0.05). The overall caesarean section rate for a fetus in breech presentation was 50%. There were no serious complications associated with version and the condition of the infants at birth was better in the version group than in the control group. We advise external version under tocolysis in late pregnancy to reduce the frequency of breech presentation in labour. PMID- 6743608 TI - Quantitative uterine histology during the menstrual cycle in relation to measured menstrual blood loss. AB - Endometrium and myometrium were collected at hysterectomy from 42 women with measured menstrual blood loss (range 4-840 ml). The specimens, obtained throughout the menstrual cycle, showed no evidence of organic disease on histological examination. The volume fraction occupied by arteries at the myometrial-endometrial junction, and by glandular tissue throughout the endometrium was estimated with a point counting technique. The index of volume-to surface ratio of endometrial glandular tissue was examined by a combination of point counting and linear intercept methods. No correlation was found between menstrual blood loss and endometrial and myometrial arterial density, endometrial glandular density and volume-to-surface ratio. Consequently, menorrhagia, occurring in the absence of obvious pathology, does not appear to result from an excessive number of arteries of from abnormal glandular distribution. PMID- 6743607 TI - Effects of maternal cigarette smoking on fetal trunk movements, fetal breathing movements and the fetal heart rate. AB - The acute effect of maternal cigarette smoking was studied in 10 patients between 37 and 40 weeks gestation. There was a significant reduction in the percentage of time the fetus spent moving during the first 16 min of smoking (P less than 0.02). No significant changes were seen in the proportion of time the fetus spent breathing or the number of times the fetus changed from high or intermediate to low heart period variability. There were significant reductions in the number of accelerations (P less than 0.01), beat-to-beat variation (P less than 0.01) and root-mean-square of the deviation around the mean (P less than 0.02). PMID- 6743610 TI - Normal variation in the length of the luteal phase of the menstrual cycle: identification of the short luteal phase. AB - Normal probability plots were used to assess the homogeneity of a population of 327 luteal phases from apparently ovulatory menstrual cycles. The length of the luteal phase was defined as the interval (in days) following but not including, the luteinizing hormone peak, up to and including the day before onset of menstruation. A small sub-set of the population consisted of cycles with abnormally short luteal phases but the majority of the data followed a normal frequency distribution which gave a mean (+/- SD) for normal luteal phase length of 14.13 (+/- 1.41) days. It was estimated that all cycles with a luteal phase less than or equal to 9 days were abnormal, and that 74%, 22% and 2% respectively of cycles with luteal phases of 10, 11 and 12 days were also abnormal. The total incidence of short luteal phases defined as above was 5.2%. PMID- 6743609 TI - Normal variation in the length of the follicular phase of the menstrual cycle: effect of chronological age. AB - Normal probability plots were used to analyse the distribution of follicular phase length in a population of 293 apparently ovulatory menstrual cycles from women aged between 18 and 39 years. The length of the follicular phase was defined as the interval (in days) from the onset of menstruation up to, but not including, the day of the LH peak. Follicular phase length appeared to be log normally distributed and graphical inspection of the probability plot suggested that the geometric mean (and 95% confidence limits) of follicular phase length in this study group was 12.9 (10.3 to 16.3) days. There was a significant decrease (P less than 0.001) in follicular phase length with chronological age, from 14.2 days in women aged 18-24 years to 10.4 days in women aged 40-44 years. PMID- 6743611 TI - Two patients with complete hydatidiform mole with 46,XY karyotype. AB - In a study to correlate the genetic origin of hydatidiform moles with the subsequent fate of the patients, 62 complete moles were examined for cytogenetic and/or biochemical polymorphisms. Comparisons of polymorphisms in molar tissue with those seen in white blood cells from the parents have shown that the majority of complete hydatidiform moles are androgenetic in origin and homozygous for all polymorphisms examined. Where karyotyped, these moles were found to be 46,XX. Three exceptions were found in which the molar tissue was heterozygous for enzyme polymorphisms. Cytogenetic analysis of two of these cases confirmed heterozygosity and also revealed a 46,XY karyotype which was androgenetic in origin, most likely arising by dispermy. The two patients with 46,XY complete moles have been followed up for a minimum of 9 months and neither has required treatment for persistent trophoblastic disease. PMID- 6743612 TI - HLA tissue typing and chronic vulval dystrophy. AB - Tissue typing was performed on 25 patients who attended the Royal Victoria Hospital with chronic vulval dystrophy (CVD). Age-matched control groups who had pernicious anaemia only and achlorhydria only were also tissue typed as these conditions had been found more frequently in our patients with CVD. When these three groups were compared with age-matched control groups of blood donors and patients with gynaecological disorders other than CVD, no specific tissue type was found in patients with CVD nor in those with pernicious anaemia or achlorhydria only. PMID- 6743613 TI - Healing of cervical epithelium after laser treatment of cervical intraepithelial neoplasia. AB - The recognition that only a minority of cervical premalignant lesions progress to invasion, and the increasing incidence of these lesions in young women, has led to a more conservative approach in the treatment of cervical intraepithelial neoplasia. One such method uses the carbon dioxide laser but inadequate length of follow-up has prevented a prediction of risk of recurrence. Observations made in this study on the speed of healing, source of new epithelium, maturation of the epithelium and the absence of herpes nucleic acid suggest that this risk is low. PMID- 6743614 TI - The management of vaginal intraepithelial neoplasia after hysterectomy. AB - Twenty-three patients with vaginal intraepithelial neoplasia (VaIN) presented between 6 months and 13 years after hysterectomy for cervical intraepithelial neoplasia. All were discovered by cytological follow-up, were colposcopically assessed and diagnosis confirmed by histological examination before treatment. The CO2 laser was used as the initial treatment in 14, but only six remain free of disease after mean follow-up of 30 months. The reasons for the disappointing results with this form of therapy are discussed and it is suggested that its use may be inappropriate in the management of VaIN following hysterectomy as atypical epithelium may frequently be inaccessible as a result of being sequestered above the vault suture line or hidden in the recesses of the angles of the vaginal vault. PMID- 6743615 TI - Quantitative microcolpohysteroscopic assessment of the extent of endocervical involvement by cervical intraepithelial neoplasia. AB - The Hamou microcolpohysteroscope was used to measure the extension of cervical intraepithelial neoplasia into the endocervical canal in patients before cone biopsy of the cervix. These measurements showed good correlation with those found on subsequent histological assessment. PMID- 6743616 TI - Thrombosis of mitral valve prosthesis in pregnancy: management by simultaneous caesarean section and mitral valve replacement. Case report. PMID- 6743617 TI - Bacterial contamination of intraocular lens surgery. AB - One hundred sterile intraocular lenses were placed on the external eye of 50 patients during cataract surgery. Half of the specimens were cultured for bacteria, the other half were examined under the light microscope after fixing and staining. A bacterial contamination rate of 26% was recorded. This is significantly higher than that found in conjunctival swabs (6%) or irrigation specimens (8%) taken at the same time, and higher than that recorded in a group of control lenses (15.2%) exposed to operating theatre air alone. We propose that intraocular lenses contaminated with viable bacteria may be implanted into the eye and thereby account for some cases of postoperative uveitis in the pseudophakic eye. PMID- 6743618 TI - Comparative bacteriology of chronic blepharitis. AB - One hundred and fifteen patients with chronic blepharitis were compared with 47 normal controls. Six clinically distinct groups of blepharitis were observed: staphylococcal; seborrhoeic, alone, with associated staphylococcal superinfection, meibomian seborrhoea, or secondary inflammation of the meibomian glands; and meibomian keratoconjunctivitis (MKC). Staphylococcus aureus was isolated in appreciable frequency from the staphylococcal and the mixed staphylococcal/seborrhoeic groups in contrast to the normal and non staphylococcal groups. Coagulase-negative Staphylococcus spp., Propionibacterium acnes, and cornyneform bacteria were the most commonly isolated bacteria from the lid for all groups. Cultures of material expressed from the meibomian glands yielded similar organisms but in reduced frequency. Testing of antibiotic susceptibility revealed Staph aureus to be usually sensitive to most commonly used ophthalmic antimicrobials except sulphonamides. PMID- 6743619 TI - Blepharochalasis with multiple system involvement. AB - A rare case of bilateral blepharochalasis of the upper eyelids is presented in a 10-year-old boy with several systemic abnormalities--unilateral agenesis of the left kidney, multiple skeletal anomalies of the vertebral column, and congenital heart disease with a left to right shunt. Such widespread congenital defects in association with blepharochalasis have not been described before. Blepharochalasis may represent a part of a more generalised disorder. PMID- 6743620 TI - Blepharophimosis and its association with female infertility. AB - This study confirms the previously suggested high incidence of menstrual irregularity and infertility in females with the blepharophimosis syndrome. PMID- 6743621 TI - Inferior rectus paresis after secondary blepharoplasty. AB - A 52-year-old woman underwent a secondary cosmetic blepharoplasty for repair of residual dermatochalasis. After this procedure vertical diplopia was noted. Ultrasound examination and the findings at operation were consistent with trauma to the inferior rectus muscle. We present this as an additional complication of cosmetic blepharoplasty. PMID- 6743622 TI - Traumatic third nerve palsy. AB - Twenty patients with a traumatic third nerve palsy had sustained a closed head injury with prolonged loss of consciousness in a high-speed deceleration accident. Sixteen were male, and the average age was 25 years. Seven had skull or facial fractures, 15 damage to the anterior visual pathways, and 16 other permanent neurological damage. Nineteen developed the misdirection/regeneration syndrome. Thirteen had strabismus surgery, and an area of binocular single vision was enlarged or achieved in three. PMID- 6743623 TI - Morphological change in the corneal endothelium due to ultraviolet radiation in welders. AB - To clarify the relationship between morphological changes in the corneal endothelium and ultraviolet (UV) radiation, specular microscopic examinations were performed on both eyes of 118 welders and 85 controls. The results showed: a decrease in the hexagonal cells in welders (20-29 years) in comparison with the controls (20-29) (p less than 0.05); an increase in the mean cell size of the endothelium and a decrease in the hexagonal cell population with increasing age in both groups; increases in standard deviation (SD) and the coefficient of variation (CV) of the mean cell size in both groups; increases in SD and CV of the mean number of cell cell sides in both groups; and no difference in the mean cell size between the two groups. These results show that UV radiation damages not only the corneal epithelium but also the endothelium, and suggest that it causes more pleomorphic change (a decrease in hexagonal cell population) than enlargement of the mean cell size. PMID- 6743624 TI - Dynamics of ocular surface pH. AB - We studied ocular surface pH in 161 subjects. The mean pH for 133 normal volunteers was 7 . 11, SD 1 . 5. We found that older women had a more alkaline pH than other subjects, that the pH shifted from acid to alkaline during the day, that one hour of eyelid closure caused an acid shift in pH, and that pH recovered to baseline values within 40 minutes after acid drop instillation. We explored the mechanism of pH regulation, and we believe that pH changes could affect contact lens toleration, drug effectiveness, and clinical signs in disease processes. PMID- 6743625 TI - Severe ocular side effects of perhexilene maleate: case report. AB - We report a case of perhexilene maleate (PEXID) toxicity in which the presenting feature was loss of vision secondary to chronic papilloedema. Vortex keratopathy similar to that seen in amiodarone keratopathy was present, and corneal and conjunctival biopsy findings are presented. To our knowledge this is the first case report of a keratopathy occurring in perhexilene toxicity. After withdrawal of the drug the papilloedema and keratopathy subsided, but some visual deficit remains. The properties of perhexilene maleate and other amphiphilic drugs are described, and the possible aetiology of vortex keratopathy is discussed. PMID- 6743626 TI - Prolonged rod dark adaptation in retinitis pigmentosa. AB - The time course of rod dark adaptation was measured in 12 patients and carriers of retinitis pigmentosa (RP). In contrast to previous studies the rod absolute threshold was determined prior to any exposure to the bleaching light. For seven of the patients and carriers the recovery of rod sensitivity to the prebleach level was prolonged, with the delay ranging from mild to severe. The prolongation appeared to be limited to the late phase of bleaching recovery; the early portion of rod dark adaptation, measured following a weak bleach, was normal. These results suggest a selective impairment in the processes underlying rod dark adaptation in some patients with RP. PMID- 6743627 TI - Enlargement of laser iridotomies over time. AB - We reviewed the photographs of our patients who have undergone laser iridotomies since 1975. We were able to examine photographs of 21 eyes of 13 patients to determine whether their iridotomies had enlarged over time. We detected an appreciable increase in the size of the iridotomy in seven of the 21. We attempted to determine whether there was any relation between an increase in iridotomy size and several ocular as well as systemic factors, but no such relations could be identified. PMID- 6743628 TI - Effect of fluorometholone (FML) on the intraocular pressure of corticosteroid responders. AB - Steroid responsiveness to dexamethasone was determined in a large family with an established dominant form of chronic simple glaucoma. The high and intermediate steroid responders were then tested with fluorometholone--a steroid which is claimed to have a reduced risk of increasing intraocular pressure. It was found that fluorometholone had a much less pronounced ocular hypertensive effect than dexamethasone. However, one patient showed a comparable response on both drugs, and this suggests that some caution must still be exercised when using the drug on susceptible individuals. Fluorometholone was also found to be more irritable to the eye than dexamethasone. PMID- 6743630 TI - Eye disease in the West Bank and Gaza strip. AB - A random sample of 9548 Palestinian Arabs living in the West Bank and Gaza Strip was identified, and 9054 (95.7%) were examined. Particular attention was directed to reduced visual acuity (VA) and its cause and to trachoma. Low visual acuity was defined as less than 6/18 in both eyes and binocular blindness as a VA less than 3/60 in both eyes. The overall incidence of low VA was 6.8% and of binocular blindness 1.7%. The three principal causes of blindness in order of frequency were cataract, trachoma, and corneal leucoma. These three conditions accounted for 66.7% of binocular blindness. Trachoma was present in 2568 (28.4%) of the 9054 people examined. PMID- 6743629 TI - Ocular effects of acute hyperglycaemia. AB - Intraocular pressure and levels of glucose in plasma were recorded during a standard glucose tolerance test for 54 patients with chronic simple or low tension glaucoma, and osmolality in plasma was also recorded for 12 patients. Significant correlations between the rates of change of these variables were not obtained, but the overall response of intraocular pressure correlated with the overall increase of plasma glucose, which also correlated with the increase of osmolality. These results show that the changes in refraction associated with acute hyperglycaemia arise from adjustments in fluid balance between intraocular compartments. PMID- 6743631 TI - Corneal arcus and coronary heart disease mortality. PMID- 6743632 TI - A vegan regimen with reduced medication in the treatment of hypertension. AB - Twenty-nine patients who had suffered from essential hypertension for an average of 8 years, all receiving long-term medication for hypertension, were subject to therapy with vegan food for 1 year. In almost all cases medication was withdrawn or drastically reduced. There was a significant decrease in systolic and diastolic blood pressure. A number of reported symptoms disappeared. There was a significant improvement in a number of clinical variables as well as a significant change in various biochemical indices such as urea, haptoglobin, cholesterol and triglyceride concentrations in blood. Subjectively all patients reported improvement. Selected patients, with a fear of side-effects of medication, who are interested in alternative health care might replace conventional medication with this dietary regimen. PMID- 6743634 TI - Effects of cooling in infant rats on growth, maturation, sleep patterns and responses to food deprivation. AB - The confounding effects of undernourishment and body cooling, resulting from maternal separation, were investigated by separating food and warmth deprivation. Rat pups aged 3-16 d were deprived of food for alternate 24-h periods by removal from the lactating mother. Some of the pups were placed with a foster mother, who kept them warm, whereas others were put in an empty cage at 22 degrees which resulted in a sharp drop in body temperature. Pups which were kept warm showed great fluctuations in weight between periods of starvation and feeding. The cooled pups lost less weight during deprivation but also recovered less on refeeding. The resultant growth rate was much lower in non-fostered (i.e. cooled) than in fostered pups. Up to the age of 8 d, cooled pups failed to raise their body temperature above that of the surroundings and did not digest the milk in their stomachs. Although, thereafter, they were able to raise their temperature to 26 degrees and to digest stomach contents, the extra energy expended resulted in more severe growth restriction. One-third of the pups died at 16 d but the rest were quickly rehabilitated by ad lib. feeding and showed a normal growth rate, although they remained smaller than the controls. The development of nipples, hair, eye opening and vaginal opening was related more to chronological age than to weight. A side effect of cooling was an almost complete abolition of active (REM) sleep, which is normally very high in infants; a slight rebound increase in active sleep was seen at 21 d. Direct as well as side effects of cooling may thus be responsible for some of the observed consequences of maternal separation. PMID- 6743633 TI - Hepatic lipogenesis in young rats given proteins of different quality. AB - The effect of feeding casein, lactalbumin, soya-bean protein, gluten or gelatin on hepatic lipogenesis and the levels of hepatic fatty acid synthetase (FAS), glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase (EC 1.1.1.49; G6PD), malic enzyme (EC 1.1.1.40; ME) ATP-citrate lyase (EC 4.1.3.8; CL), acetyl CoA carboxylase (EC 6.4.1.2; ACCx) and glucokinase (EC 2.7.1.2; GK) was examined in young growing rats. The total activities of ACCx, FAS, CL, GK, G6PD, GK, ME and fatty acid synthesis in vivo were positively correlated with protein quality. The specific activities of ACCx, FAS, CL, G6PD and fatty acid synthesis in vivo were positively correlated with protein quality. The specific activities of GK and ME were unrelated to protein quality. The results demonstrate a dissociation between ME and hepatic lipogenesis and suggest a role for the NADPH generated by ME which is not related to the needs of fatty acid synthesis. PMID- 6743635 TI - Some studies on the metabolism and the effects of 99Mo- and 35S-labelled thiomolybdates after intravenous infusion in sheep. AB - Sheep were infused intravenously with 99Mo- and 35S-labelled tri- and tetrathiomolybdates (1-2 mg Mo). Most of the plasma radioactivity was trichloroacetic acid (TCA)-insoluble after infusion, but the stability of this fraction was reduced by pre-infusion or subsequent infusion with unlabelled thiomolybdates. Most of the 99Mo and 35S was shown to be associated with albumin. It was concluded that compounds bound to albumin were relatively stable, but displaced or unbound thiomolybdates were rapidly hydrolysed to molybdate and sulphate. There was no evidence of an irreversible interaction of either 35S or 99Mo with copper in plasma, despite the appearance of a TCA-insoluble Cu fraction. Increased dietary Cu did not increase the retention of 35S in plasma or affect the exchangeability of 36S-labelled thiomolybdates bound to albumin. PMID- 6743636 TI - The hydrogenation of some cis- and trans-octadecenoic acids to stearic acid by a rumen Fusocillus sp. AB - The hydrogenation of a range of double-bond positional and configurational octadecenoic acid isomers (cis (delta 2 and delta 4 to delta 13) and trans (delta 2 and delta 5 to delta 13] to stearic acid by a rumen Fusocillus sp. were examined. The cis and trans delta 5 to delta 13 isomers were all hydrogenated to some extent by late-log-phase cultures added to suspensions of individual isomers and incubated for a further 3 h. Of the cis-isomers, delta 5 to delta 11 (79-73% conversion to stearic acid) were the preferred substrates. delta 12-cis- (30%) and delta 13-cis-isomers (5%) were poorly hydrogenated. Of the trans-isomers, delta 8, delta 9 and delta 10 were 45% converted to stearic acid, the other isomers were poorly hydrogenated. These results are in agreement with less extensive studies using sheep rumen micro-organisms. When cultures were grown from small inocula in media containing individual isomers more extensive hydrogenation was found than with late-log-phase cultures. At 24 h, cis delta 2, delta 4 and delta 5 gave the highest conversions to stearic acid (90%) followed by the cis delta 6 to delta 12 and trans delta 8 to delta 10 isomers (approximately 75%), although at 6 and 12 h delta 9-trans gave higher yields of stearic acid than delta 9-cis, probably because the growth of the cis cultures showed a longer log-phase. PMID- 6743637 TI - The hydrogenation of the series of methylene-interrupted cis,cis-octadecadienoic acids by pure cultures of six rumen bacteria. AB - The hydrogenation of all the methylene-interrupted cis,cis-octadecadienoic acids was examined using pure cultures of six rumen bacteria able to hydrogenate linoleic acid to stearic acid or its immediate precursor, trans-11-octadecenoic acid, after first conjugating the linoleic acid to cis,trans-9,11-octadecadienoic acid. Only the delta 14-cis,17-cis-isomer was not hydrogenated by at least one of the bacteria and no evidence was found that conjugation was necessary before hydrogenation except for the delta 2-cis,5-cis- and delta 9-cis,12-cis-isomers. Several isomers were hydrogenated to an extent close to that achieved with linoleic acid (delta 9-cis,12-cis). Those bacteria only able to hydrogenate linoleic to trans-11-octadecenoic acid gave only octadecenoic acid products and those bacteria able to hydrogenate linoleic acid to stearic gave variable yields of octadecenoic acids and stearic acid except with the isomers delta 12-cis,15 cis and delta 13-cis,16-cis when only octadecenoic acids were detected. At the substrate levels used (20 micrograms/ml), both inhibition and stimulation of growth were found but no common pattern emerged, nor was the growth consistently related to the extent of hydrogenation. PMID- 6743638 TI - Major influences on median energy and nutrient intakes among teenagers: a Tasmanian survey. AB - This report explores the characteristics that influenced median intakes of energy and ten nutrients in a representative sample of 1055 adolescents (11-16 years) in Tasmania, Australia. Among girls, the characteristic with greatest influence on intakes was different for different nutrients. Thus, median intakes of fat, iron, thiamin and niacin-equivalent were lower in heavier, fatter girls. Girls from larger families consumed more riboflavin, while girls with poorly educated mothers consumed less vitamin A. Girls who regularly took vitamin supplements had higher median intakes of (food-derived) calcium. Among boys the increase of intakes of energy and nutrients with age overshadowed the influence of other characteristics. Among younger boys the characteristic with greatest influence varied. Those with highly educated fathers had lower median intakes of energy and carbohydrate; those who exercised vigorously consumed more fat; those who smoked 'heavily' (greater than 10 cigarettes in the previous week) consumed more thiamin and niacin-equivalent. Among older boys the characteristic with greatest influence varied. Those who drank 'heavily' (greater than five glasses in the previous week) had higher intakes of energy and fat. Those from professional managerial households consumed more thiamin. For vitamin C, there was no sex difference in intakes. Social status had the greatest influence, with children from professional-managerial households eating more. Food choices underlying these differences in energy and nutrient intakes were explored. PMID- 6743639 TI - The development of cold-induced thermogenesis and the structure of brown adipocyte mitochondria in genetically-obese (ob/ob) mice. AB - The onset of cold-induced thermogenesis was studied in a strain of mice which produced among their offspring genetically-obese (ob/ob) individuals. A thermogenic response was present in a majority by day 5 after birth. The thermogenic response to cold was measured on days 5, 10 or 15 after birth, and the animals reared and the onset of obesity noted. The correlation between the subsequent development of obesity and a poor thermogenic response in early life was low. A poor thermogenic response at day 15 was associated with the presence in brown adipocytes of mitochondria with disordered internal structures. At day 42 both non-obese and obviously-obese mice showed a similar thermogenic response to moderate cold exposure. It would seem that in this strain of mice disordered internal mitochondrial structure in brown adipose tissue is associated with a poor thermogenic response to cold, but not invariably with the subsequent onset of obesity. PMID- 6743640 TI - Fatty acid composition of platelet phospholipids in non-insulin-dependent diabetics randomized for dietary advice. AB - Two groups of patients with non-insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus (NIDDM), with dietary advice randomized between a low-carbohydrate (LC) diet and a modified-fat (MF) diet, were followed to determine the effect of diet on phospholipid fatty acid composition of platelets and on development of retinopathy in the 7 years following diagnosis. There was a tendency for retinopathy to occur more frequently in those randomized to the LC diet. This difference was not statistically significant, and fatty acid composition of platelets did not differ significantly in those with and without retinopathy. Linoleic acid values from platelet phospholipid fatty acids were significantly higher in NIDDM on an MF diet compared with an LC diet. There was no difference between the two dietary subgroups with respect to platelet arachidonic acid, but this was lower in the whole diabetic population when compared with non-diabetics. The arachidonic acid values correlated with neither glycosylated haemoglobin nor mean glycaemia. Significant correlation between the fatty acid values for platelets and plasma cholesterol esters was found only for 16:0. PMID- 6743642 TI - Whole-body calorimetry studies in adult men. 2. The interaction of exercise and over-feeding on the thermic effect of a meal. AB - Studies have claimed that an enhancement of the thermic effect of a meal (TEM) is an important adaptive mechanism to account for energy wastage during over feeding. Eight healthy normal-weight young men were studied during 1 week on a weight-maintenance diet and again during 1 week when they were over-fed by 50% with fat. During each experimental week, the subject occupied a whole-body indirect calorimeter at 26 degrees for two separate periods of 36 h. The periods differed in the amount of exercise they contained. The thermic responses to the identical meals were measured during rest on one occasion and during exercise on a bicycle ergometer on the other. On the maintenance diet the absolute TEM (kJ/min) was 1.51 (SD 0.42) at rest and 1.31 (SD 0.75) during exercise (no significant difference). The equivalent values (kJ/min) on the over-feeding diet were 2.2 (SD 0.48) and 1.97 (SD 0.64) (no significant difference). The absence of a significant interaction between TEM and exercise was also demonstrated by the fact that the effect of over-feeding on total 24 h energy expenditure was unaffected by the subject's level of physical activity while in the calorimeter. In conclusion, the present study has provided no evidence to support the hypothesis that TEM is enhanced during exercise. PMID- 6743641 TI - Whole-body calorimetry studies in adult men. 1. The effect of fat over-feeding on 24 h energy expenditure. AB - Eight young men of normal weight were maintained for 1 week on a weight maintenance diet followed by a 1-week period of over-feeding with extra fat designed to increase energy intake by 50%. Two 36 h calorimetry sessions with low and high physical activities were included in each feeding period. Faecal and urine collections permitted checks on energy malabsorption and nitrogen excretion. Over-feeding led to increases in body-weight, faecal energy and N excretion and in estimated N retention. Faecal energy outputs on the maintenance and over-feeding diets were 5 and 4.4% of the respective gross energy intakes. Energy expenditure on fat over-feeding increased by 5.6% on the low-activity regimen and 6.4% on the high-activity regimen. This amounted, in terms of the extra energy intake, to 9 and 11% on the inactive and active schedules respectively. The increase affected day- and night-time rates of energy expenditure plus the basal metabolic rate. Individuals with a low percentage body fat showed the greatest response to over-feeding. Nutrient-balance studies derived from calorimetry suggested that fat over-feeding led to substantial fat deposition with no evidence of sparing of carbohydrate oxidation. The theoretical cost of depositing dietary fat was exceeded, suggesting that regulatory thermogenic mechanisms may have been stimulated to a small extent. PMID- 6743643 TI - Chromium in human milk from American mothers. AB - The chromium concentration was determined in 261 samples of breast milk collected by manual expression from forty-five American women. Cr was measured in whole, liquid milk by graphite-furnace atomic absorption spectrophotometry, using the method of standard additions. The mean Cr content of the breast milk samples was 0.30 ng/ml. The range of individual values was 0.06-1.56 ng/ml and did not change significantly with duration of lactation. The Cr content of breast milk from these American women is similar to levels reported recently in milk from Finnish women. PMID- 6743644 TI - The effect of iron supplements on pregnancy in rats given a low-zinc diet. AB - Female Wistar rats were given an adequate-zinc (60 micrograms/g) or low-Zn (7 micrograms/g) diet for a minimum of 2 weeks and then mated. They were then either continued on the same diets (+Zn -Fe or -Zn -Fe) or given similar diets supplemented with four times the normal level of iron (+Zn +Fe or -Zn + Fe). The day before parturition they were killed and the fetuses removed and analysed. There were no differences in numbers of fetuses or the number of resorption sites. In the absence of Fe supplementation, the mean fetal wet weight was significantly less (P less than 0.05) in the low-Zn group but there was no effect of Zn in the two Fe-supplemented groups. The addition of Fe significantly decreased (P less than 0.05) the mean fetal wet weight in the adequate-Zn groups but had no effect in the low-Zn groups. There were no differences in fetal dry weight, fat, protein or DNA content. Both Fe-supplemented groups produced fetuses of higher Fe concentration (P less than 0.01), and mothers with higher bone Fe concentration (P less than 0.01) compared with the non-supplemented groups. The low-Zn groups produced fetuses of lower Zn concentration (P less than 0.001) than the adequate-Zn groups but there was no effect on maternal bone Zn concentration. It was concluded that Fe-supplements did not adversely affect fetal growth from mothers given a low-Zn diet, but the addition of Zn to the unsupplemented diet increased fetal wet weight.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS) PMID- 6743645 TI - The yield and nutrient content of colostrum and milk of women from giving birth to 1 month post-partum. AB - The intake of mammary secretion from delivery to day 5 post-partum was determined by test-weighing nine infants using an integrating electronic balance. The mean yield of colostrum for the first 24 h after birth was 37.1 (range 7.0-122.5) g and was 408 (range 98.3-775) and 705.4 (range 452.5-876) g/24 h on days 3 and 5 post-partum respectively. The milk yield of mothers on either day 14 or 28 post partum was determined by test-weighing the mother. The mean milk yield was 1.156 (SD 0.167) kg/24 h. A significant correlation (P less than 0.001; r 0.85, n 42) was found between milk yield measured by test-weighing the infant and milk yield measured by test-weighing the mother, confirming that it is possible to obtain a similar estimate of milk consumed using either of the two methods of test weighing. There was a significant positive correlation (P less than 0.001) between lactose concentration and milk yield for the first 5 d post-partum (r 0.76, n 22); a significant correlation (P less than 0.001) between protein concentration and milk yield (r-0.74, n 22) and no significant correlation between fat concentration and milk yield for the period studied. The calculated energy intake of infants during the first 24 h after birth was only 0.12 (range 0.02-0.29) mJ. This increased to 1.44 (range 0.83-2.18) and 2.99 (range 2.49 4.06) mJ/24 h by days 3 and 14-28 post-partum respectively. PMID- 6743646 TI - Voltage-dependent proton fluxes in liposomes. AB - Liposomes containing buffered KCl were prepared from bacterial lipids, were diluted into K+-free media and were treated with valinomycin to induce the formation of a diffusion potential (delta psi). Upon formation of such a potential, substantial proton influx was observed, as assayed by the quenching of 9-aminoacridine fluorescence. Complete reversal of fluorescence quenching occurred when the potential was collapsed by addition of KCl or when methylamine was added. Studies of proton influx as a function of the theoretical magnitude of the delta psi indicated that the phenomenon occurred only above a delta psi of about -60 mV. Establishment of a Na+ diffusion potential also resulted in proton influx. Treatment of K+-loaded liposomes with N,N'-dicyclohexylcarbodiimide did not reduce the delta psi-dependent proton influx. Moreover, proton influx could be demonstrated upon imposition of a diffusion potential in liposomes prepared from a synthetic lipid. The proton fluxes associated with generation of a diffusion potential in liposomes may complicate studies of reconstituted systems in which proton translocation should occur, and may affect the magnitude of the electrochemical proton gradient that is operant under some conditions. PMID- 6743647 TI - Energy transfer and distribution in the red alga Porphyra perforata studied using picosecond fluorescence spectroscopy. AB - The detailed process of excitation transfer among the antenna pigments of the red alga Porphyra perforata was investigated by measuring time-resolved fluorescence emission spectra using a single-photon timing system with picosecond resolution. The fluorescence decay kinetics of intact thalli at room temperature revealed wavelength-dependent multi-component chlorophyll a fluorescence emission. Our analysis attributes the majority of chlorophyll a fluorescence to excitation originating in the antennae of PS II reaction centers and emitted with maximum intensities at 680 and 740 nm. Each of these fluorescence bands was characterized by two kinetic decay components, with lifetimes of 340-380 and 1700-2000 ps and amplitudes varying with wavelength and the photochemical state of the PS II reaction centers. In addition, a small contribution to the long-wavelength fluorescence band is proposed to arise from chlorophyll a antennae coupled to PS I. This component displays fast decay kinetics with a lifetime of approx. 150 ps. Desiccation of the thalli dramatically increases the contribution of this fast decay component. PMID- 6743648 TI - Organization of the photosynthetic apparatus of the chlorina-f2 mutant of barley using chlorophyll fluorescence decay kinetics. AB - The time-resolved chlorophyll fluorescence emission of higher plant chloroplasts monitors the primary processes of photosynthesis and reflects photosynthetic membrane organization. In the present study we compare measurements of the chlorophyll fluorescence decay kinetics of the chlorophyll-b-less chlorina-f2 barley mutant and wild-type barley to investigate the effect of alterations in thylakoid membrane composition on chlorophyll fluorescence. Our analysis characterizes the fluorescence decay of chlorina-f2 barley chloroplasts by three exponential components with lifetimes of approx. 100 ps, 400 ps and 2 ns. The majority of the chlorophyll fluorescence originates in the two faster decay components. Although photo-induced and cation-induced effects on fluorescence yields are evident, the fluorescence lifetimes are independent of the state of the Photosystem-II reaction centers and the degree of grana stacking. Wild-type barley chloroplasts also exhibit three kinetic fluorescence components, but they are distinguished from those of the chlorina-f2 chloroplasts by a slow decay component which displays cation- and photo-induced yield and lifetime changes. A comparison is presented of the kinetic analysis of the chlorina-f2 barley fluorescence to the decay kinetics previously measured for intermittent-light grown peas (Karukstis, K. and Sauer, K. (1983) Biochim. Biophys. Acta 725, 384 393). We propose that similarities in the fluorescence decay kinetics of both species are a consequence of analogous rearrangements of the thylakoid membrane organization due to the deficiencies present in the light-harvesting chlorophyll a/b complex. PMID- 6743649 TI - The use of fluorescein-dipalmitoylphosphatidylethanolamine for measuring pH changes in the internal compartment of phospholipid vesicles. AB - The synthesis and characterisation of fluorescein-phosphatidylethanolamine (FPE) is described. The effects of dielectric constant, ionic strength and ambient pH upon the optical absorbance properties of FPE are presented. It is shown that under appropriate conditions, FPE rapidly and quantitatively reports the pH of the aqueous bulk phases when incorporated into phospholipid vesicles. It is also shown that, when the external medium is highly buffered, FPE is capable of specificity reporting only the pH of the intravesicular compartment. The application of FPE for studies of intravesicular pH changes of reconstituted membranous protein systems is discussed. PMID- 6743650 TI - On the effects of thiocyanate and venturicidin on respiration-driven proton translocation in Paracoccus denitrificans. AB - A fast-responding O2 electrode has been used to confirm and extend observations of a significant kinetic discrepancy between O2 reduction and consequent proton translocation in 'O2-pulse' experiments in intact cells of P. denitrificans. The permeant, chaotropic SCN- ion abolishes this discrepancy, and greatly increases the observable----H+/O ratio, to a value approaching its accepted, true, limiting stoichiometry. The observable H+ decay rates are very slow, particularly in the absence of SCN-. The submaximal----H+/O ratios observed in the absence of SCN- are essentially independent of the size of the O2 pulse, in a manner not easily explained by a delocalised chemiosmotic energy-coupling scheme. Osmotically active protoplasts of P. denitrificans do not show a significant kinetic discrepancy between O2 reduction and H+ translocation, even in the the absence of SCN-. However, the submaximal----H+/O ratios observed in the absence of SCN- are again essentially independent of the size of the O2 pulse. As in intact cells, the observable H+ decay rates are very slow. The energy-transfer inhibitor venturicidin causes a significant increase in the----H+/O ratio observed in protoplasts of P. denitrificans in the absence of SCN-; the decay kinetics of the H+ translocation process are also somewhat modified. Nevertheless, the----H+/O ratio observed in the presence of venturicidin is also independent of the size of the O2 pulse. This observation militates further against arguments in which (a) a non-ohmic leak of protons from the bulk aqueous phase might alone be the cause of the low----H+/O ratios observed in the absence of SCN-, and (b) in which there might be a delta p-dependent change ('redox slip') in the actual----H+/O ratio. It is concluded that the observable protonmotive activity of the respiratory chain of P. denitrificans in the absence of SCN- is directly influenced by the state of the H+-ATP synthetase in the cytoplasmic membrane of this organism. We are unable to explain the data in terms of a model in which the putative protonmotive force may be acting to affect the----H+/O ratio. The possibility is considered that the delocalised bulk-to-bulk phase membrane potential set up in response to protonmotive activity is energetically insignificant. PMID- 6743651 TI - Energetics of sodium-dependent alpha-aminoisobutyric acid transport in the moderate halophile Vibrio costicola. AB - The energetics of alpha-aminoisobutyric acid transport were examined in Vibrio costicola grown in a medium containing the NaCl content (1 M) optimal for growth. Respiration rate, the membrane potential (delta psi) and alpha-aminoisobutyric acid transport had similar pH profiles, with optima at 8.5-9.0. Cells specifically required Na+ ions to transport alpha-aminoisobutyric acid and to maintain the highest delta psi (150-160 mV). Sodium was not required to sustain high rates of O2-uptake. Delta psi (and alpha-aminoisobutyric acid transport) recovered fully upon addition of Na+ to Na+-deficient cells, showing that Na+ is required in formation or maintenance of the transmembrane gradients of ions. Inhibitions by protonophores, monensin, nigericin and respiratory inhibitors revealed a close correlation between the magnitudes of delta psi and alpha aminoisobutyric acid transport. Also, dissipation of delta psi with triphenylmethylphosphonium cation abolished alpha-aminoisobutyric acid transport without affecting respiration greatly. On the other hand, alcohols which stimulated respiration showed corresponding increases in alpha-aminoisobutyric acid transport, without affecting delta psi. Similarly, N,N' dicyclohexylcarbodiimide (10 microM) stimulated respiration and alpha aminoisobutyric acid transport and did ot affect delta psi, but caused a dramatic decline in intracellular ATP content. From these, and results obtained with artificially established energy sources (delta psi and Na+ chemical potential), we conclude that delta psi is obligatory for alpha-aminoisobutyric acid transport, and that for maximum rates of transport an Na+ gradient is also required. PMID- 6743652 TI - Volume regulation of Chinese hamster ovary cells in anisoosmotic media. AB - Chinese hamster ovary (CHO) cells when suspended in anisoosmotic media regulate their volumes by the activation of specific ion transport pathways. In hypoosmotic media the cells first swell and then return to their isoosmotic volumes by the loss of cellular KCl and osmotically obliged water. This regulatory volume decrease (RVD) is insensitive to ouabain or bumetanide but is blocked by quinine, cetiedil and oligomycin C. Based on cell volume and membrane potential measurements under various experimental conditions, we conclude that hypoosmotic shock activates independent, conductive transport pathways for K+ and for Cl-, respectively. The anion pathway can also transport NO3- and SCN- but not gluconate- anions. Osmotic shrinkage of CHO cells does not produce a regulatory volume increase (RVI) unless the cells have previously undergone a cycle of RVD. RVI is a Na+-dependent, amiloride-sensitive, but ouabain- and oligomycin insensitive process, probably involving a Na+-H+ exchange system. Internal acidification of isoosmotic cells by addition of a permeable weak acid also activates an amiloride-sensitive Na+-H+ exchange, producing a volume increase. Both RVD and RVI in CHO cells seem to involve molecular mechanisms similar to those described for the volume regulation of lymphocytes, indicating the prevalence of these phenomena in nucleated mammalian cells. Cultured CHO cell lines may provide a basis for a genetic characterization of the volume-regulatory transport pathways. PMID- 6743653 TI - Liposomes injected intravenously into mice associate with liver mitochondria. AB - Liposomes encapsulating uranyl acetate or ferritin were injected intravenously into mice. At periods of 20 min, 1 h and 4 h post-injection, animals were killed, and livers were excised. Transmission electron micrographs of liver tissue showed association of oligolamellar liposomes with mitochondria for each time period. At 1 h post-injection, an average of one out of ten mitochondria was associated with liposomes. In most cases, the liposomes were clearly enclosed in a cytoplasmic vacuole. Phagocytosis by Kupffer cells as well as fusion with primary lysosomes and inclusion in secondary lysosomes was observed. No difference in intracellular fate was observed when lactosylceramide was incorporated in the liposome bilayers, suggesting that the differences observed in biochemical studies are at the level of liposome-plasma membrane interaction. When liposomes containing uranyl acetate were intravenously injected and hepatocytes were isolated by collagenase perfusion one hour later, transmission EM revealed the presence of liposomes in these cells, in cytoplasmic vacuoles in the cytoplasm and in association with mitochondria. A freeze-fracture-etching analysis of liver tissue excised 20 min after injection of liposomes encapsulating ferritin, further supported the observation that liposomes associate with mitochondria in the liver. PMID- 6743654 TI - Phase transition properties of aqueous dispersions of homologues of all-trans 2,3 dipalmitoylcyclopentano-1-phosphocholine. AB - In a previous publication, (Singer, M.A., Jain, M.K., Sable, H.Z., Pownall, H.H., Mantulin, W.W., Lister, M.D. and Hancock, A.J. (1983) Biochim. Biophys. Acta, 731, 373-377), we reported the properties of aqueous dispersions of the six diastereo-isomers of cyclopentanoid analogues of dipalmitoylphosphatidylcholine. Two of these isomers displayed unusually high enthalpies of transition, about double that of dipalmitoylphosphatidylcholine. One of the high enthalpy isomers whose configuration is all-trans has now been modified by the insertion of extra methylene residues (n = 3 through 9) between the nitrogen and phosphorus atoms of the headgroup. Vesicles were formed from these lipids and studied by 22Na permeability measurements, differential scanning calorimetry, fluorescence polarization, 31P-NMR, and freeze-fracture electron microscopy. Vesicles composed of lipids with n = 2 or 3 exhibit a sharp transition at 46 degrees C or 49 degrees C, respectively, and a high enthalpy with no detectable sub- or pretransitions. Lipids with n greater than 3 exhibit a main transition between 38 and 43 degrees C with enthalpies less than 10 kcal/mol and after prolonged coding (more than 3 days at 4 degrees C) a broad endotherm at about 20 +/- 3 degrees C with enthalpies greater than 4 kcal/mol. These same dispersions display a permeability peak at 20-25 degrees C and a second increase in 22Na efflux in the temperature range 30-40 degrees C. The results of 31P-NMR measurements suggest that the acyl chains in 2,3-dipalmitoylcyclopentano-1-phosphocholine (n = 2) bilayers have restricted rotation below the main phase transition temperature. PMID- 6743655 TI - Membrane protein changes induced by tert-butyl hydroperoxide in red blood cells. AB - Red cells were incubated in the presence of t-butyl hydroperoxide and effects on red cell membrane proteins were studied by SDS-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis. t-Butyl hydroperoxide caused diminution in intensity of all major cytoskeletal bands with the concomitant formation of high molecular weight material. Membrane glycoproteins were unaffected. t-Butyl hydroperoxide increased hemoglobin binding to ghosts. After dissolution in SDS and beta-mercaptoethanol, membrane-bound hemoglobin appeared on the gels in the form of monomers and crosslinked polymers of hemoglobin or globin chains. Crosslinking was partially prevented by metabolism of t-butyl hydroperoxide by the hexose monophosphate shunt except in methemoglobin-containing red cells where reaction with methemoglobin accounted for most of the consumption of t-butyl hydroperoxide. Metal chelators, deferoxamine mesylate and diethylenetriaminepentaacetic acid, had no effect on membrane protein changes. Butylated hydroxytoluene, diphenylamine and ascorbate, compounds that inhibit t-butyl hydroperoxide-induced red cell membrane lipid peroxidation, had no effect on t-butyl hydroperoxide induced membrane protein changes. These results suggest that membrane proteins and membrane lipids have different mechanisms of peroxidant damage. PMID- 6743656 TI - Structure of divalent cation-phosphatidic acid complexes as determined by 31P NMR. AB - A comparative study of the structure of various phosphatidic acid-divalent cation complexes has been completed using 31P solids NMR methods. These complexes had been implicated as important intermediates in the fusion of phospholipid vesicles and several pieces of evidence had suggested that differences in activity of various ions may stem from structural differences among the complexes. Solids NMR studies using spin one-half nuclei reflect structural properties of molecules through partial averaging of chemical shift tensors. We have found significant differences in the chemical shift tensors observed for Mg, Ca and Cd complexes. Low angle X-ray scattering data were used to assure comparison of similar phases. At low temperatures Ca and Cd complexes exhibit unique phases prohibiting comparison with Mg complexes. At higher temperatures, all complexes exhibit a hexagonal phase, and 31P tensors of the complexes in the hexagonal phase can be interpreted using headgroup geometries similar to those found in crystal structures of phospholipids and assuming motional averaging by simple axial motions. Tensors of Ca and Cd complexes are very similar to one another but are significantly broader than those observed for Mg complexes suggesting a more erect headgroup structure. The differences parallel the fusion activities of the ions for which Ca and Cd are similar and significantly enhanced over that of Mg, supporting a structural link to fusion activity. PMID- 6743657 TI - Effect of staphylococcal alpha-hemolysin upon anion transport in the rabbit erythrocyte. AB - Equilibrium exchange of SO4(2-) was measured prior to and during hemolysis in rabbit erythrocytes exposed to staphylococcal alpha-hemolysin. The anion transport protein of the rabbit erythrocyte has also been identified. Equilibrium exchange of SO4(2-) was measured by both efflux and influx of 35SO4(2-). The rate of influx of SO4(2-) in rabbit erythrocytes exposed to alpha-hemolysin was twice that of the untreated cells. The rate of SO4(2-) efflux was unchanged by alpha hemolysin. Inhibition of anion exchange with 4,4'-diisothiocyano-2,2' stilbenedisulfonic acid (DIDS) did not inhibit hemolysis, therefore, the increased influx of SO4(2-) may occur through a DIDS-insensitive pathway. PMID- 6743658 TI - Interaction of radiolabeled endotoxin molecules with human monocyte membranes. AB - Radiolabeled and biologically active endotoxin molecules were prepared, and their binding to monocyte plasma membranes was studied. The binding of 3H-endotoxin and 51Cr-lipid A to isolated membranes was found to be less specific and of lower apparent affinity than that observed using whole cells. Plasma membranes isolated from intact, viable 51Cr-lipid A-pretreated monocytes were found to contain a significant portion of the cell-associated 51Cr-lipid A following Percoll density gradient fractionation of post-nuclear homogenates. When monocytes were pretreated with 3H-endotoxin under the same experimental conditions, all of the label was recovered in the extracellular medium, and subcellular fractionation revealed no fractions which contained tritium. Taken together, our results suggest that specific and high affinity interactions between monocyte membranes and endotoxin molecules are likely to depend on plasma membrane structures which are assembled in intact monocytes but which are disrupted when plasma membranes are isolated from these cells. PMID- 6743659 TI - Anion secretion by the isolated rabbit pancreas. AB - The isolated rabbit pancreas secretes a fluid containing chloride and bicarbonate in about equal concentrations. Replacement of bicarbonate by acetate, phosphate or isethionate, replacement of Na+ by Li+ and addition of ouabain to the bathing medium of the pancreas inhibit the secretion of fluid, chloride and bicarbonate in a similar fashion and by maximally 100%. Replacement of chloride by isethionate inhibits fluid secretion by maximally 50%, chloride secretion by 90% and bicarbonate secretion by 20%. It is concluded that fluid secretion is based on a Na+-gradient-dependent bicarbonate influx or proton efflux in the ductular cell, and that the secretion of chloride is secondary to that of bicarbonate. PMID- 6743660 TI - A reappraisal of the self-association of human spectrin. AB - The self-association behaviour of human spectrin has been re-examined through a study of sedimentation equilibrium, sedimentation velocity and gel electrophoresis. In all cases we find evidence for oligomers of spectrin larger than the tetramer, even at low concentration. The data are not consistent with a simple dimer-tetramer model, but instead indicate an open, or indefinite, pattern of association. Although a good fit to the data can be achieved with the isodesmic reaction model, with an equilibrium constant in agreement with the value previously determined for the dimer-tetramer reaction, there is other evidence suggesting that the actual association scheme may be somewhat more complex. PMID- 6743662 TI - The binding of 1,N6-etheno-NAD to bovine liver glutamate dehydrogenase. AB - The binding of 1,N6-etheno-NAD (epsilon NAD) to bovine liver glutamate dehydrogenase (L-glutamate:NAD(P)+ oxidoreductase (deaminating), EC 1.4.1.3) saturated with glutarate has been investigated at pH 7.0, 0.05 M phosphate buffer at 20 degrees C, by fluorescence titrations. epsilon NAD binds to the protein in a simple fashion: one molecule of coenzyme per enzyme polypeptide chain in the range of enzyme concentrations investigated (from above 50 to a few micromoles of enzyme polypeptide chains/liter). The fluorescence enhancement factor, Q, of bound epsilon NAD relative to free epsilon NAD is independent of the saturation degree, as deduced from the constant value of the long fluorescence decay lifetime (about 21 ns), and is about 17, as deduced from Fmax/F0 ratio values obtained after extrapolation from double reciprocal plots of 1/delta F vs. 1/[glutamate dehydrogenase]. This value for the Q factor is also independent of enzyme concentration, as well as of the presence of either GTP or ADP. At low enzyme concentrations (below 20 mumol polypeptide chains/liter), the dissociation constant of epsilon NAD increases progressively from a plateau value of about 50 microM to about 100 microM at infinite dilution. This is interpreted as being due to a minor affinity of glutamate dehydrogenase hexamers, with respect to higher aggregation states of the enzyme, towards epsilon NAD. As expected, GTP and ADP change the affinity of glutamate dehydrogenase towards epsilon NAD in an opposite manner: GTP strongly increases it, whereas ADP strongly decreases it (Kappd around 6 microM with saturating GTP and around 300 microM with saturating ADP). Furthermore, in the case of GTP, both GTP and epsilon NAD bind to glutamate dehydrogenase with positive cooperativity, with a Hill coefficient of approx. 1.8 for both and a Kappd approximately equal to 30 microM for the binding of GTP to glutamate dehydrogenase saturated with epsilon NAD and glutarate. The value of the Q factor remains the same, even in the presence of the effectors (again from lifetime measurements), as well as the number of epsilon NAD binding sites per enzyme polypeptide chain. These results are interpreted in terms of independent active sites, in the case without effectors. With ADP the binding appears to be simple, but no careful investigation has been attempted at low enzyme concentrations because of the low saturation degree achievable, whereas with GTP the cooperativity can be explained as due to a shift towards hexamers from higher aggregation states. PMID- 6743661 TI - Isolation from neutrophil membranes of a complex containing active NADPH oxidase and cytochrome b-245. AB - NADPH-dependent O2- forming activity was extracted with deoxycholate from subcellular particles of guinea-pig neutrophils following stimulation with phorbol myristate acetate. The solubilized enzyme was purified by chromatography on Ultrogel AcA22, by isopycnic glycerol density gradient centrifugation and by treatment with 0.4 M NaCl. This procedure yielded a high-molecular-weight complex containing phospholipids, cytochrome b-245 and NADPH oxidase activity. Cytochrome b was found to be purified to the same extent as NADPH oxidase activity. Sodium dodecyl sulfate polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis of the various purification fractions showed a progressive enrichment of a band whose molecular weight is 3.2 X 10(4). The enrichment of this protein band paralleled those of NADPH oxidase activity and of cytochrome b, indicating that it is a component of the oxidase system. The possibility that this band corresponds to either cytochrome b or a flavoprotein/cytochrome b complex is considered. PMID- 6743663 TI - Inhibition of rabbit liver arylsulfatase B by phosphate esters. AB - Arylsulfatase B (aryl-sulfate sulfohydrolase, EC 3.1.6.1) purified from rabbit liver is competitively inhibited at modest concentrations by a variety of phosphate esters derived from amino acids, amines and simple sugars. Phospho-L serine coupled to Sepharose 4B could be used as an affinity column to enhance the purity of a crude preparation of the enzyme. It is suggested that phosphate esters containing functional groups can be used to obtain affinity reagents to purify arylsulfatases and also to probe their active sites. PMID- 6743664 TI - Resonance Raman characterization of a novel, oxygen-binding heme protein from Chromatium vinosum. AB - Resonance Raman spectroscopy was employed to characterize the local heme environment of a high-spin, ligand-binding heme protein from Chromatium vinosum (Chromatium high-spin hemoprotein). High-frequency spectra obtained with both B- and Q-band excitation were found to resemble qualitatively those of deoxyhemoglobin (HbA). Differences between HbA and Chromatium high-spin hemoprotein spectra can be assigned to either the effects of a covalent linkage of the heme vinyls to the protein matrix or alterations in the heme-proximal ligand bonding interaction. Both kinematic and electronic effects were evident. The behavior of heme core-size sensitive modes and low-frequency modes in Chromatium high-spin hemoprotein may be an indication of distortions in the heme geometry of Chromatium high-spin hemoprotein relative to HbA. The effects of covalent bonding of the heme peripheral vinyls upon the vibrational, electronic, and geometric characteristics of the heme active site in Chromatium high-spin hemoprotein are discussed. PMID- 6743665 TI - Deactivation of alpha-chymotrypsin and alpha-chymotrypsin-CNBr-Sepharose 4B conjugates in aliphatic alcohols. AB - Several characterization methods have been used to study the deactivation in aliphatic alcohols of alpha-chymotrypsin and alpha-chymotrypsin-CNBr-Sepharose 4B conjugates. Active-site titration measurements, which were used to determine the amount of catalytically active enzyme, revealed appreciable differences between the deactivation kinetics of free and immobilized chymotrypsin. In all cases for the immobilized enzyme, the kinetics of active-enzyme disappearance differed significantly from first-order. Interestingly, the estimated intrinsic activity of immobilized chymotrypsin remaining active after different exposure times to 50% n-propanol solution increased somewhat as a result of exposure to alcohol. These findings were complemented by direct information, provided by EPR spectroscopy, on the effects of alcohols on the active-site configuration of spin labeled chymotrypsin. EPR spectra of the free enzyme illustrated the appearance in different alcohol solutions of different enzyme forms with different active site structures. EPR experiments also showed that denaturation of immobilized chymotrypsin was accompanied by unfolding of the active site that followed similar multi-step kinetics as the loss of active enzyme. PMID- 6743666 TI - Production and characterization of a monoclonal antibody to rat liver thiol: protein-disulfide oxidoreductase/glutathione-insulin transhydrogenase. AB - Rat liver thiol:protein-disulfide oxidoreductase/glutathione-insulin transhydrogenase (glutathione:protein disulfide oxidoreductase, EC 1.8.4.2) was purified and found to give two bands on sodium dodecyl sulfate polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis. A monoclonal antibody was produced against this enzyme preparation and found to remove all the insulin degrading activity of purified preparations of the enzyme. This monoclonal antibody was also found to react with the two different forms of the enzyme observed on gel electrophoresis. These results suggest that glutathione-insulin transhydrogenase can exist in more than one state. PMID- 6743667 TI - Fluorescence energy transfer between probes on actin and probes on myosin. AB - The structural relationship between F-actin filaments and the biologically active fragments of myosin (either as myosin subfragment-1 or heavy meromyosin) has been investigated using the technique of fluorescence energy transfer. Donor and acceptor probes were used to obtain the following inter- and intramolecular distances. Energy transfer was measured: (1) from the SH1 groups of the myosin 'heads' to the nucleotide sites of F-actin (in the absence of free nucleotide); (2) from the SH1 groups of myosin to multiple probes on the surface of the actin filament; (3) from the nucleotide-binding sites of F-actin to the ATPase sites of myosin; (4) from the ATPase sites of myosin to the nucleotide-binding sites of F actin; (5) from the SH1 sites of myosin to the nucleotide-binding sites of F actin; and (6) from the Cys-373 residues of F-actin to the nucleotide binding sites of F-actin. We observed very little energy transfer between the probes on actin and the probes on myosin (10% or less) and we observed a large transfer between the actin Cys-373 and the actin nucleotide. These data strongly suggest that both the SH1 moiety and the ATPase site of myosin are located more than 6 nm from the actin sites. When these distances are combined with similar measurements by other authors and inserted into the most recent three-dimensional reconstruction of electron micrographs of the acto-subfragment-1 complex, it is apparent that the SH1 and the ATPase sites on myosin are not located adjacent to actin and are most probably located in the half of the myosin head that is distal from actin in the actomyosin complex. PMID- 6743668 TI - Characterization of a sialyl alpha 2-3 transferase and a sialyl alpha 2-6 transferase from human platelets occurring in the sialylation of the N glycosylproteins. AB - Two sialyltransferases (EC 2.4.99.-) are extracted with Triton X-100 from human platelets and characterized with asialo 3H-labelled alpha 1-acid glycoprotein, an N-glycosylprotein. Methylation analysis of their specificities indicates that the enzymes transfer selectively sialic acid in a 3 or 6 position to oligosaccharides possessing Gal(beta 1-4)GlcNAc structure. The sialyl alpha 2-3 transferase was separated from the sialyl alpha 2-6 transferase by Ultrogel AcA34 column chromatography. Through affinity chromatography on CDPethanolamine-Sepharose, the two sialyltransferases are partly purified (5- and 20-fold enrichment of their specific activity, respectively, for sialyl alpha 2-3 transferase and alpha 2-6 transferase) and appear to be structurally heterogeneous. PMID- 6743669 TI - Physicochemical and biological properties of poly(ethylene glycol)-coupled immunoglobulin G. AB - In order to develop a new intravenous immunoglobulin G (IgG), IgG was covalently coupled to poly(ethylene glycol) previously activated by cyanuric chloride. The poly(ethylene glycol) coupled IgG obtained was studied for physicochemical and biological properties such as molecular structure, size-exclusion chromatographic behaviour, surface activity, interfacial aggregability, heat aggregability inducing nonspecific complement activation, and antigen-binding activity. The poly(ethylene glycol) coupling to IgG increased the apparent Stokes' radius and the surface activity of IgG and stabilized IgG on heating and/or on exposure to interface, while no structural denaturation of IgG was observed. The suppressed nonspecific aggregability was interpreted mainly by difficulty in association between the modified IgG molecules. These results indicated the use of the poly(ethylene glycol)-coupled IgG as an intravenous preparation and also as an additive stabilizing intact IgG for intravenous use. PMID- 6743670 TI - The N-terminal sequence of rat pepsinogen. AB - The amino-acid sequence of 96 residues in the N-terminal region of rat pepsinogen I was determined and the first 46 residues were found to constitute the activation peptide segment. There was high degree of homology between the activation segments of rat pepsinogen and some pepsinogens A (pig, cow, Japanese monkey and human). However, the number of residues substituted between rat and the other pepsinogens were considerably larger than those among pepsinogens A. In the N-terminal 24 residues of active pepsin, homology (88%) between rat pepsin and human gastricsin was higher than that (50%) between rat pepsin and pepsin A from human or pig. This strongly suggests that rat pepsin should be classified as pepsin C. PMID- 6743671 TI - Abnormal bile acid pool and composition in neonates of spontaneously diabetic Wistar BB rats and its change during development. AB - Streptozotocin-induced diabetes during pregnancy in rats causes a decrease in primary bile acid pool in neonates. To rule out direct drug effect on the fetus as the basis for this change, studies of bile acid pool and composition at birth and during subsequent development was carried out in neonates of spontaneously diabetic Wistar BB rats and compared to control neonates. The cholic acid pool in neonates of diabetic rats was lower when compared to control neonates at birth. The pool of secondary bile acids was markedly increased in neonates of diabetic rats, with increases in lithocholic and 3 beta,12 alpha-dihydroxycholanoic acid. With age, the cholic acid pool of neonates from diabetic rats was increased and at 3 months of age it was actually higher than in control neonates. The pool of chenodeoxycholic at diabetes onset age was lower in neonates of diabetic rats. HDL-cholesterol was lower in neonates of diabetic rats at 1 week, but this reversed at 3 months of age. These studies firmly establish that neonates of diabetic rats have abnormal bile acid pool and composition at birth which changes to adult diabetic pattern with age. PMID- 6743672 TI - Synthesis of saturated phosphatidylcholine and phosphatidylglycerol by freshly isolated rat alveolar type II cells. AB - Saturated phosphatidylcholine and phosphatidylglycerol are important components of pulmonary surface active material, but the relative contributions of different pathways for the synthesis of these two classes of phospholipids by alveolar type II cells are not established. We purified freshly isolated rat type II cells by centrifugal elutriation and incubated them with [1-14C]palmitate as the sole exogenous fatty acid in one series of experiments or with [9,10-3H]palmitate, mixed fatty acids (16:0, 18:1 and 18:2), and [U-14C]glucose in another series of experiments. Type II cells readily incorporated [1-14C]palmitate into saturated phosphatidic acid (55-59% of total phosphatidic acid), saturated diacylglycerol (82-87% of total diacylglycerol), saturated phosphatidylcholine (69-76% of total phosphatidylcholine), and saturated phosphatidylglycerol (55-59% of total phosphatidylglycerol). Saturated phosphatidic acid, diacylglycerol and phosphatidylglycerol were nearly equally labeled in the sn-1 and sn-2 positions, whereas saturated phosphatidylcholine was preferentially labeled in the sn-2 position. With [9,10-3H]palmitate and [U-14C]glucose, the labeling patterns of phosphatidic acid, diacylglycerol and phosphatidylglycerol were similar to each other but different from that of phosphatidylcholine. The glucose label was found predominantly in the unsaturated phosphatidylcholines at early times (3-10 min) and in the saturated phosphatidylcholines at later times (30-90 min). Similarly, the 3H/14C ratio was very high in saturated phosphatidylcholine and always above that in saturated diacylglycerol. We conclude that freshly isolated type II cells synthesize saturated phosphatidic acid, diacylglycerol, phosphatidylcholine and phosphatidylglycerol and that under our in vitro conditions the deacylation reacylation pathway is important for the synthesis of saturated phosphatidylcholine but is less important for the synthesis of saturated phosphatidylglycerol. By the assumptions stated in the text during the pulse chase experiment de novo synthesis of saturated phosphatidylcholine from saturated diacylglycerol accounted for 25% of the total synthesis of saturated phosphatidylcholine. PMID- 6743673 TI - Rat liver retinyl palmitate hydrolase activity. Relationship to cholesteryl oleate and triolein hydrolase activities. AB - Studies were conducted to explore relationships in rat liver between retinyl palmitate hydrolase activity and the hydrolytic activities against cholesteryl oleate and triolein. Previous studies have shown positive correlations between these three lipid ester hydrolase activities. In order to extend this work, the hydrolase activities were further purified and characterized. The activities against cholesteryl oleate and triolein resembled retinyl palmitate hydrolase activity in showing great variability from rat to rat as assayed in vitro. The relative levels of the three activities were highly correlated with each other over a 50-fold range of activity in a series of 66 liver homogenates. Partial purification (approx. 200-fold) in the absence of detergents was achieved by sequential chromatography of an acetone powder extract of liver on columns of phenyl-Sepharose, DEAE-Sepharose and heparin-Sepharose. The three hydrolase activities copurified during each of these chromatographic steps. The properties of the three copurifying activities were similar with regard to stimulation of activity by trihydroxy bile salts, pH optimum (near 8.0), and observance of Michaelis-Menten-type saturation kinetics. The three activities were different in their sensitivity towards the serine esterase inhibitors diisopropylfluorophosphate and phenylmethanesulfonyl fluoride, and in their solubility properties in 10 mM sodium acetate, pH 5.0. Thus, triolein hydrolase activity was much less sensitive than the other two activities to the two inhibitors. In addition, the activity against cholesteryl oleate could be separated from the other two activities by extraction of an acetone powder with acetate buffer, pH 5.0. These results indicate that the three lipid hydrolase activities are due to at least three different catalytically active centers, and at least two distinct and separable enzymes. It is likely that three separate but similar enzymes, that appear to be coordinately regulated, are involved. PMID- 6743674 TI - Inhibition of rat liver retinyl palmitate hydrolase activity by ether analogs of cholesteryl esters and acylglycerides. AB - In previous studies, retinyl palmitate hydrolase activity in rat liver was partly characterized and was found to correlate and to partially copurify with hydrolytic activities against cholesteryl oleate and triolein. The present studies were designed to further explore relationships between these three lipid ester hydrolase activities, by use of non-hydrolyzable ether analogs of cholesteryl esters and acylglycerides. Cholesteryl ether analogs were potent inhibitors of all three hydrolase activities with relative potencies for the series of ethers of: linoleyl greater than oleyl = palmitoyl greater than n-butyl = n-propyl greater than ethyl = methyl. Retinyl palmitate hydrolase activity was most strongly inactivated by this series of analogs, with 48-86% of the activity inhibited at cholesteryl ether levels of 1 microM. The acylglyceride ether analogs were much weaker inhibitors of the three hydrolase activities, with the triolein, diolein and dipalmitin analogs showing similar inhibitory potencies, greater than that of the monolein and monopalmitin analogs. The data demonstrate the potential usefulness of ether analogs of cholesteryl esters and acylglycerides for exploring some of the characteristics of lipid ester hydrolase activities. PMID- 6743675 TI - Effect of ML-236B (compactin) on biliary excretion of bile salts and lipids, and on bile flow, in the rat. AB - To assess the importance of de novo cholesterol synthesis for bile salt formation, the effects of ML-236B (an inhibitor of 3-hydroxy-3-methylglutaryl coenzyme A reductase) on biliary excretion of bile salts and lipids were studied in rats with permanent catheters in bile duct, heart and duodenum. In rats having their bile diverted continuously for 8 days, duodenal administration of ML-236B (50 mg/kg) caused an immediate transient choleresis, which subsided after 2 h. Concomitant with the choleresis concentrations of bile salt, phospholipid and cholesterol fell, but this decrease was maintained for 6 h. Consequently, ML-236B inhibited biliary output salts and lipids from the second till the sixth hour after injection. The kinetics of biliary excretion of intravenously injected [14C]taurocholate were not affected by ML-236B administration. In rats having their biliary catheter connected to the duodenal catheter, or in rats with prolonged bile diversion but treated with mevalonolactone, ML-236B again caused a transient choleresis (having subsided after 2 h), but now did not affect biliary excretion of bile salts and lipids. It is concluded that (1) ML-236B causes a transient bile salt-independent choleresis, (2) ML-236B depresses excretion of bile salts and lipids by blocking mevalonate synthesis and not by blocking the bile salt or lipid transport, (3) biliary excretions of phospholipids and cholesterol partly depend on excretion of bile salt, and (4) in rats with a prolonged total bile diversion newly formed mevalonate is a major substrate for bile salt synthesis. PMID- 6743676 TI - Irradiation-induced free cholesterol accumulation in very-low-density lipoproteins. Role of lipoprotein lipase deficiency. AB - Irradiation of rabbits induced an accumulation of free cholesterol in VLDL fraction. In the present study, an attempt was made to explain the abnormal free cholesterol enhancement. The study demonstrated that lecithin:cholesterol acyltransferase activity was normal in irradiated rabbits. In addition, electron microscopy examination of HDL revealed no changes after irradiation: spherical particles were present. On the other hand, ACAT activity was increased while neutral and acidic cholesteryl esterases were strongly decreased. Moreover, HMG CoA reductase was 3-fold reduced after irradiation. These results show that neither cholesterol esterification nor cholesterol ester hydrolysis nor cholesterol biosynthesis are responsible for this increase of free cholesterol in VLDL. In contrast, we have shown that extra-hepatic lipoprotein lipase was deficient in irradiated rabbit plasma although synthesis in the adipocytes is normal. To investigate a hypothetical deficiency of VLDL catabolism, we performed experiments with injection of heparin and with labeled VLDL. These experiments show that, in irradiated rabbits, VLDL were not catabolized, since the radioactivity was recovered only in the VLDL fraction. This impaired VLDL removal was compatible with the deficiency of extra-hepatic lipoprotein lipase activity. PMID- 6743678 TI - Demonstration of intact intracellular cholesterol esterification and normal low density lipoprotein pathway in fibroblasts from a patient with lecithin:cholesterol acyltransferase deficiency. AB - There was a 6-46-fold increase in intracellular cholesterol esterification in response to 25-hydroxycholesterol and low-density lipoproteins in normal and lecithin:cholesterol acyltransferase-deficient fibroblasts. Uptake and degradation of 125I-labelled low-density lipoproteins were similar in the two cell lines. Low-density lipoproteins caused a doubling of the mass of cholesteryl ester in the mutant cells. These findings indicate that: (a) acyl-CoA:cholesterol acyltransferase exhibits normal activity in mutant cells; (b) lecithin:cholesterol acyltransferase and acyl-CoA:cholesterol acyltransferase are different enzymes and are probably not products of the same gene; (c) the low density lipoprotein-pathway is intact in fibroblasts from a patient with lecithin:cholesterol acyltransferase deficiency; (d) acyl-CoA:cholesterol acyltransferase is probably responsible for the small amount of cholesteryl ester found in plasma from patients with lecithin:cholesterol acyltransferase deficiency. PMID- 6743677 TI - Modification of apolipoprotein C-II with 1,2-cyclohexanedione and 2,3 butanedione. Role of arginine in the activation of lipoprotein lipase. AB - Apolipoprotein C-II, the activator protein of lipoprotein lipase, contains 78 amino acids with a single residue of arginine at position 49. Chemical modification of apolipoprotein C-II with 1,2-cyclohexanedione or 2,3-butanedione results in a loss of both the arginine residue and the ability of the protein to enhance the activity of bovine milk lipoprotein lipase toward a trioleoylglycerol substrate; removal of the modifying group restores arginine and more than 70% of the activating property of the apolipoprotein. Arginine modification of apolipoprotein C-II does not effect its lipid-binding properties as assessed by its association to sonicated vesicles of dimyristoylphosphatidylcholine. Furthermore, secondary structure associated with complex formation with dimyristoylphosphatidylcholine are nearly identical for the unmodified, 1,2 cyclohexanedione-modified or modified-reversed proteins. These results suggest that arginine-49 of apolipoprotein C-II is situated at or near an amino acid sequence domain involved in the activation of lipoprotein lipase. However, a guanidinium group is not required for lipid binding. PMID- 6743679 TI - Ontogeny of intestinal phospholipase A2 in the rat. AB - The ontogenic development of intestinal phospholipase A2 in the rat was studied. Enzyme activity was first observed at 11 days after birth; it peaked at 24 days and fell to adult levels at 30 days. Weaning did not affect activity; fasting and the feeding of a fat-free diet lowered activity. PMID- 6743680 TI - Inhibition of delta-aminolevulinate dehydratase in trichloroethylene-exposed rats, and the effects on heme regulation. AB - A pronounced and irreversible depression of the erythroid and liver delta aminolevulinate dehydratase (porphobilinogen synthase; 5-aminolevulinate hydro lyase, EC 4.2.1.24) activity was observed in rats exposed to trichloroethylene, a widely used solvent. The depression could not be restored after the treatment with dithiothreitol and zinc; however, radioimmunoassay of delta-aminolevulinate dehydratase indicated that trichloroethylene exposure did not essentially decrease the amount of enzyme. The depression of the enzyme activity thus proved to be due not to a reduction in the enzyme amount but to enzyme inhibition. The purified holoenzyme (fully activated delta-aminolevulinate dehydratase with 1 atom zinc per subunit) and apoenzyme (fully activated enzyme with the remaining zinc less than 0.1 atom per subunit) were prepared to investigate the in vitro inhibition of the enzyme by trichloroethylene. Incubation with trichloroethylene did not inhibit the holoenzyme, but inhibited the apoenzyme dose-dependently. Trichloroethylene inhibited the holoenzyme when incubated with the mixed function oxidase system. The in vitro experiments reported here indicate two mechanisms of the enzyme inhibition by trichloroethylene. In the liver of rats exposed to trichloroethylene, cytochrome P-450 concentration and heme saturation of tryptophan pyrrolase (EC 1.13.11.11) are reduced; in addition, the activity of delta-aminolevulinate synthase (EC 2.3.1.37) increased. After exposure to trichloroethylene at 2.14 g/m3, urinary delta-aminolevulinic acid increased to 142% of the control, while the excretion of coproporphyrin was reduced to 19.6% of the control. PMID- 6743681 TI - Dependence on blood acetate concentration of the metabolic effects of ethanol in perfused rat liver. AB - In livers from fed rats perfused with recirculating blood, infusion of ethanol produced an inhibition of ketogenesis followed by substantially increased production. Perfusate lactate concentrations fell markedly following the increase in ketone body formation. In these experiments perfusate acetate rose continuously, reaching a concentration of 10 mM at 70 min, while in a control liver concentrations remained very low. During non-recirculating perfusion with 3 mM acetate there was output of lactate, whereas at 10 mM acetate ketogenesis was greatly stimulated and there was net lactate uptake. These data support the concept that there is a concentration of acetate in the region of 5 mM, below which it competes with lactate for lipogenesis. Above this level acetate may penetrate the mitochondrion and stimulate ketogenesis and gluconeogenesis. Effects of ethanol in vitro may depend on the concentrations of acetate attained in the experimental system. PMID- 6743682 TI - Spatial reorganization of low-molecular-weight proteins during cold cataract opacification. AB - Freeze-fracture electron microscopy of calf lens nuclear cytoplasm undergoing a cold cataract opacification shows the formation of domains within the bulk cytoplasm. The size distribution of these domains (from a few tens of nanometers to a few micrometers) is compatible with previous size evaluations obtained from light scattering experiments for the 'large scattering elements' responsible for cold cataract opacification. In addition, these domains appear to be devoid of crystallins of higher molecular weight and enriched in low-molecular-weight species. PMID- 6743683 TI - Binding of [3H]estradiol- and [3H]H1285-receptor complexes to rabbit uterine chromatin. AB - In the present study we investigated the binding characteristics of estrogen and antiestrogen-receptor complexes to rabbit uterine chromatin. Activated or nonactivated estrogen receptors were partially purified by DEAE-cellulose chromatography using low (1 mM) or high (10 mM) concentrations of sodium molybdate. Activated [3H]estradiol-receptor complexes showed enhanced binding to chromatin acceptor sites unmasked by 1 M, 4 M and 6 M guanidine hydrochloride. We also examined the chromatin-binding characteristics of the estrogen receptors when bound by the high-affinity triphenylethylene antiestrogen, H1285. The acceptor site activity for the [3H]H1285-receptor complexes was markedly decreased at sites unmasked by 4 M and 6 M guanidine hydrochloride. Further, the nonactivated receptor complexes showed very low binding to deproteinized chromatin. The estrogen-receptor chromatin-acceptor sites were tissue specific and saturable. These chromatin acceptor sites differ in their affinity and capacity (number of binding sites per cell) for the estrogen- and antiestrogen receptor complexes. Thus, we suggest that the differences in the physiological and physiochemical properties of estrogens and antiestrogens may be related to their differential interaction with uterine chromatin subfractions. PMID- 6743684 TI - Synthesis of fibronectin in normal and osteoarthritic articular cartilage. AB - The content and the biosynthesis of fibronectin was examined in disease-free articular cartilage and in articular cartilage from osteoarthritic canine joints. Fibronectin content was increased in extracts of cartilage from osteoarthritic joints. Incubation of cartilage in vitro with [3H]phenylalanine and subsequent isolation of [3H]fibronectin from a gelatin affinity column and characterization by SDS-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis and by immunoprecipitation indicated that disease-free and osteoarthritic cartilage explants synthesized fibronectin. About 50% of the [3H]fibronectin was recovered in the incubation medium. The osteoarthritic cartilage synthesized and accumulated up to 5-fold more [3H]fibronectin than disease-free cartilage. PMID- 6743685 TI - Breaks in arrhenius plots of reactions involving membrane-bound and solubilized sialyltransferases, due to temperature dependence of kinetic parameters. AB - Temperature dependence of asialomucin-sialyltransferase (CMP-N acetylneuraminate:D-galactosyl-glycoprotein N-acetylneuraminyltransferase, EC 2.4.99.1) activity is investigated. Discontinuities in Arrhenius plots are observed, whether the enzyme is membrane-associated or solubilized. These discontinuities cannot be firmly correlated with the phase-transition temperatures of either endogenous or exogenous phospholipids. Arrhenius plots of the kinetic parameters also exhibit sharp discontinuities, so that it is concluded that a significant change in Km and Vmax values occurs with varying temperature. Our results suggest that the biphasic behavior of Arrhenius plots may be attributed to the temperature dependence of the kinetic parameters for both membrane-associated and solubilized sialyltransferase activities. PMID- 6743686 TI - Effect of microtubule-associated proteins on the protofilament number of microtubules assembled in vitro. AB - In order to demonstrate the effect of microtubule-associated proteins on the protofilament number of microtubules, we used different systems of microtubule formation in vitro in which these proteins are either functionally eliminated (by DNA or glycerol) or absent (purified tubulin). The results obtained by electron microscopy of ultrathin-sectioned material indicate that under standard conditions in the presence of microtubule-associated proteins microtubules are formed consisting predominantly of 14 protofilaments. In cases of deficiency of microtubule-associated proteins, the mean value of the protofilament number is lower, and the protofilament number within the microtubule population varies remarkably. On the other hand, the action of microtubule-associated proteins is enhanced by histones resulting in increased protofilament numbers. A model is proposed illustrating that the quality and the quantity of microtubule-associated proteins bound to microtubules determine the curvature between the protofilaments and restrict the variety of their binding angles. In this way the microtubule associated proteins may be regarded as an important factor in determining the structural fidelity of microtubules. PMID- 6743688 TI - Solubilization, stabilization and isoelectric focusing of human liver neuraminidase activity. AB - Homogenate preparations of human liver have been prepared and over 75% of the particulate neuraminidase activity (which comprises approx. 90% of the total activity) has been solubilized using 0.85% (w/v) Triton X-100 in 25 mM phosphate buffer (pH 6.8). The solubilized neuraminidase activity is extremely labile, but can be stabilized for at least 4 weeks at 2-4 degrees C, using 10 mM N acetylneuraminic acid. Kinetic characterization of homogenate and solubilized supernatant fluid neuraminidase activities indicated comparable pH optimum curves (maximum activity at pH 4.5-4.7) and apparent Km values (0.2-0.4 mM) for the synthetic fluorometric substrate 4-methylumbelliferyl-alpha-D-N-acetylneuraminic acid. Isoelectric focusing has been performed on human liver homogenates and Triton X-100-solubilized neuraminidase activities, and the presence of several forms (4-6) with isoelectric points (pI values) between 4.4 and 5.2 has been demonstrated in both preparations. The similar kinetic and isoelectric focusing properties of the two preparations suggest that the solubilized enzyme activity is representative of the homogenate activity and that the solubilized enzyme is suitable for purification purposes. PMID- 6743687 TI - Inhibition of autophagy by benzyl alcohol. AB - Benzyl alcohol caused a rather complete and selective inhibition of the methylamine sensitive (i.e., the putative lysosomal) pathway of protein degradation in isolated rat hepatocytes. The effect was found to be entirely reversible within 30 min of removing the agent. A morphometric examination of electron micrographs revealed that the inhibition of lysosomal protein degradation coincided with a block in the formation of autophagic vacuoles. The number of acidic vacuoles (i.e., vacuoles induced to swell by adding methylamine) was not drastically reduced. PMID- 6743689 TI - Quantitation and characterization of a newly described organic anion binder by radioimmunoassay. AB - We have recently identified a new group of proteins in rat liver cytosol which possess binding properties comparable to those of the glutathione-S-transferases, yet lack transferase activity. The bulk of organic anion binding in this fraction was associated with the tetrameric protein, designated the organic anion binder, molecular weight 34 000 (Sugiyama, Y., Yamada, T. and Kaplowitz, N. (1982) Biochim. Biophys. Acta 709, 342-352). In order to determine its tissue distribution and molecular forms, a sensitive and specific radioimmunoassay was developed. Gel filtration of rat liver and kidney cytosol demonstrated only one peak of organic anion binder-like immunoreactivity corresponding to a molecular weight of 35 000. Organic anion binder-like immunoreactivity was present in 14 separate tissues. The greatest concentration of the organic anion binder was found in the liver and kidney cytosol, where it constituted 0.5% of the cytoplasmic proteins. Similar hepatic contents were noted for female and male rats. The content of the organic anion binder in the liver and kidney were low in the fetus, but approached adult levels by 2-4 weeks of age. Treatments known to augment hepatic glutathione-S-transferase content had minimal effect on organic anion binder content. In summary, the organic anion binder is a newly recognized cytosolic binding protein, distinct from the glutathione-S-transferases, present in greatest concentration in the liver and kidney. The combination of the protein's binding properties along with its location and ontogeny suggests its possible role in intracellular organic anion transport. PMID- 6743690 TI - Isolation of corticotropin-beta-lipotropin common precursor from ovine pituitary glands. AB - Ovine corticotropin-beta-lipotropin common precursor was purified to homogeneity from commercial frozen ovine pituitary glands. A crude preparation was obtained following a procedure published elsewhere (Lee, T.H. and Lee, M.S. (1977) Biochemistry 16, 2824-2829) and was purified by gel filtration on Sephadex G-200 in the presence of 0.5% SDS and 0.1% 2-mercaptoethanol, and under an atmosphere of nitrogen. The gel filtration was repeated once. The partially purified preparation obtained from the second Sephadex G-200 gel filtration was further fractionated by preparative SDS-acrylamide gel electrophoresis, using immunoprecipitated and electrophoretically purified [125I]corticotropin-beta lipotropin common precursor as a marker. The preparation was judged homogeneous by the appearance of a single protein band in analytical SDS-acrylamide gel electrophoresis, which exhibited both corticotropin and beta-lipotropin immunoreactivities, and a single symmetrical peak in high-pressure liquid chromatography on a reverse phase C18 column. The isolated ovine corticotropin beta-lipotropin common precursor possessed specific activities of 116 micrograms of immunoreactive corticotropin and 210 micrograms of immunoreactive beta lipotropin per mg of protein, equivalent to 89 and 62% of theoretical values, respectively. The amino acid composition of the homogeneous preparation was determined. PMID- 6743691 TI - Metabolic studies of mammalian cells by 31P-NMR using a continuous perfusion technique. AB - Levels of ATP and Pi in metabolically active Chinese hamster lung fibroblasts were monitored noninvasively by 31P-NMR over many hours and under a variety of conditions. The cells were embedded in a matrix of agarose gel in the form of fine threads which were continuously perfused in a standard NMR tube. The small diameter of the thread allows rapid diffusion of metabolites and drugs into the cells. The changes in ATP and Pi levels were followed as a function of time in response to perfusion with a glucose-containing medium, with isotonic saline and with a medium containing 2,4-dinitrophenol, an uncoupler of oxidative phosphorylation. This gel-thread perfusion method should enable routine NMR studies of cellular metabolism, and may have other potential biological applications. PMID- 6743692 TI - Phospholipid composition of human monocytes and alterations occurring due to culture and stimulation by C3b. AB - The phospholipid composition of human peripheral blood monocytes has not been previously reported, due to difficulty in isolating these cells in a purified state. In this study, monocytes were purified by counterflow centrifugation without selective adherence, and were characterized with the use of fluorescent monoclonal antibodies to T and B lymphocytes and monocytes by flow cytometry. These platelet-free cell preparations contained less than 5% T cells and less than 3% B cells. Isolated monocytes, which were rapidly frozen after isolation, contained phospholipids (in order of decreasing concentrations) as follows: phosphatidylcholine greater than phosphatidylethanolamine greater than sphingomyelin greater than phosphatidylserine greater than phosphatidylinositol greater than cardiolipin. A small amount of lyso-PC, but no lyso-PE, phosphatidic acid or lyso-PI, was found. The effect of culturing these cells in the presence or absence of a known stimulant of monocyte prostaglandin E and thromboxane release, the C3b fragment of the third component of human complement (C3), was studied with regard to phospholipid composition. Monocytes cultured without stimulant for 24 h contained 3-4% more sphingomyelin than did uncultured cells, and lyso-PC concentrations were consistently elevated. The addition of the stimulant C3b to cultured cells resulted in enhancement of release of immunoreactive prostaglandin E into culture supernatants, without affecting the release of lysosomal enzymes. Analysis of the phospholipid content of cells cultured in the presence of C3b revealed that there was a significant decrease in total PI compared to cells cultured in the absence of C3b, in addition to an increased concentration of sphingomyelin and lyso-PC when compared to freshly isolated cells. These changes occurred in the absence of elevated concentrations of phosphatidic acid. PMID- 6743693 TI - The effect of glyceraldehyde on red cells. Haemoglobin status, oxidative metabolism and glycolysis. AB - Glyceraldehyde induces changes in the flux of glucose oxidised through the hexose monophosphate pathway, the concentrations of intermediates in the Embden Meyerhoff pathway, the oxidative status of haemoglobin and levels of reduced and oxidised pyridine nucleotides and glutathione in red cells. Glyceraldehyde autoxidises in the cellular incubations, consuming oxygen and producing glyoxalase I- and II-reactive materials. Major fates of glyceraldehyde in red cells appear to be: (i) adduct formation with reduced glutathione and cellular protein; (ii) autoxidation and reaction with oxyhaemoglobin and pyridine nucleotides, and (iii) phosphorylation of D-glyceraldehyde and entry into the glycolytic pathway as glyceraldehyde 3-phosphate. The production of glycerol from glyceraldehyde by red cell L-hexonate dehydrogenase appears not to be a major reaction of glyceraldehyde in red cells. These results indicate that high concentrations of glyceraldehyde (1-50 mM) may induce oxidative stress in red cells by virtue of the spontaneous autoxidation of glyceraldehyde, forming hydrogen peroxide and alpha-ketoaldehydes (glyoxalase substrates). The implications of glyceraldehyde-induced oxidative stress for the in vitro anti sickling effect of DL-glyceraldehyde and for the polyol pathway metabolism of glyceraldehyde are discussed. PMID- 6743694 TI - Proton nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy of isolated rabbit fundic glands. AB - 1H-nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy (NMR) was adapted to isolated rabbit fundic glands and identification made of compounds responsible for several observed spectral resonances. A minimum gland concentration of 0.5 mg dry weight or 5 mg wet weight per 0.5 ml was needed for adequate signal-to-noise ratio. At physiological temperature and pH, the glands demonstrated reproducible spectra, stability for accumulation times greater than 30 min and responsiveness to histamine stimulation, as measured by oxygen consumption and aminopyrine uptake. The relatively anaerobic conditions favored use of proton compared to phosphorus NMR, since 1H-NMR allowed significantly shorter spectral accumulation times and therefore did not compromise glandular viability to the same extent as 31P-NMR. The most conspicuous resonance in the gland spectrum was assigned to the N+(CH3)3 protons of choline and related compounds. In membrane-free lysates, several components of the signal were resolvable and assigned to choline, phosphatidylcholine, phosphocholine and L-alpha-glycerophosphocholine. Thin-layer chromatography verified that phosphatidylcholine and phosphatidylethanolamine were the major phospholipids present in gland lipid. Presumably, they represent the source of the surface-active phospholipids present in gastric juice, which may play a role in gastric cytoprotection. PMID- 6743695 TI - Glutathione depletion increases chemiluminescence emission and lipid peroxidation in the heart. AB - Diamide, CDNB and phorone were used to deplete glutathione in retrogradely perfused rat hearts. Following glutathione depletion the spontaneous chemiluminescence increased by 70%, irrespective of the agent used. The glutathione depletion and the chemiluminescence emission were associated to an increase of malondialdehyde content in the heart, as determined by HPLC. Under these conditions the heart function was impaired and histological examination showed a coagulative myocytolysis, a pattern already described in human and experimental pathology, where a key role is attributed to a Ca2+ homeostasis impairment. PMID- 6743696 TI - [Properties and characterization of soluble forms of lymphocyte acetylcholinesterase from an ox]. AB - Two soluble forms of AChE from lymphocyte membrane have been obtained, the Triton solubilized Sd form and the high molar salt solubilized Ss form. They present similar Km (0.10 mM). Hydrodynamic properties of these forms have been studied on saccharose gradients with and without detergent or salt. A similar sedimentation coefficient has been found for these two forms (5.7 S). Lymphocyte plasma membrane AChE is a dimeric form (G2). Without detergent, the Sd form shows multiple secondary forms due to main form polymerization. Increase of NaCl concentration (2M) gives rise to a partial dissociation of these polymers. In the same conditions, the Ss form is not affected. The Ss form centrifugated on cesium chloride gradient has a higher density than the Sd form. These two forms have been treated by HPLC: the Stokes radii are respectively 7.1 nm for the Sd form and 4.5 nm for the Ss form. The molecular weights have been estimated at 175 000 for the Sd form and 105 000 for the Ss form. Pronase enzymatic digestion shows that the Ss form is more rapidly inactivated than the Sd form. Phospholipase C inhibits the Ss form and indicates that this form is a lipid-enzyme complex. The Sd form presents a different behaviour: this form is first activated, and afterwards inhibited by phospholipase C. This behaviour could be due to a more preponderant lipidic environment for the Sd form. The Sd form is probably a detergent-lipid-enzyme complex with an important hydrophobocity. These two forms can be explained by a different association between the enzyme and the phospholipids at the plasma membrane. PMID- 6743698 TI - Temperature dependence of membranous and solubilized sialyltransferase activities in the presence of 1-palmitoyl-sn-glycero-3-phosphorylcholine and fatty acids. AB - The temperature dependence of sialyltransferase (CMP-N-acetylneuraminate: D galactosyl-glycoprotein N-acetyl-neuraminyltrasferase, EC 2.4.99.1) inhibition is described when 1-palmitoyl-sn-glycero-3-phosphorylcholine, or a saturated fatty acid (lauric, myristic or palmitic acid) or an equimolar mixture of the two components are added. Lysophospholipid and fatty acids have no appreciable effect on the optimal temperature for sialyltransferase activity. In the presence of lysophospholipid, the membranous sialyltransferase activity is decreased for all the temperature range tested. In contrast, the solubilized sialyltransferase activity is decreased for temperatures exceeding 29 degrees C. In the presence of saturated fatty acids, the membranous activity is decreased above a chain-length dependent temperature: 22 degrees, 25 degrees and 30 degrees C for lauric, myristic and palmitic acids, respectively. In contrast, the solubilized activity remains unchanged. In the presence of equimolar mixtures of lysophospholipid and fatty acid, the membranous activity is decreased above the same critical temperature as that described for fatty acids added alone. In contrast, the solubilized activity is decreased above 29 degrees C. From these observations, it is suggested that lysophospholipid inhibits the solubilized enzyme when the temperature exceeds the critical micellar temperature of this lipid. The fatty acids inhibit the microsomal enzyme probably by incorporating into the membrane. It is also suggested that equimolar mixtures of lysophospholipid and fatty acid give rise to molecular analogs of 1,2-dipalmitoyl-sn-glycero-3-phosphorylcholine. PMID- 6743697 TI - 1-Acyl-lysolecithin acyltransferase and synthesis of biliary lecithins in rat liver. AB - The role of lysolecithin acyltransferase activities in biliary lecithin formation was investigated, using livers perfused in the presence of labeled palmitoyl lysolecithin and albumin, overloaded or not with linoleic acid. At the end of liver perfusion, the lecithins extracted from microsomes, mitochondria and plasma membranes displayed the same specific activity. Double-labeled lysolecithin was used to prove that labeled lecithins were synthesized by lysolecithin acylation. In the absence or presence of a linoleic acid overload, the level of lysolecithin incorporation into linoleyl and arachidonyl containing lecithin was identical. Hence fatty acids did not influence phosphatidylcholine synthesis by the acylation pathway. In vitro the rate of linoleyl lecithin synthesis was the same in plasma membranes, mitochondria and microsomes provided the linoleyl-CoA concentration was lower than 30 microM. Taurocholate was essential to the excretion of lecithin synthesized from lysolecithin and stimulated its synthesis. The specific activities of the two lecithin molecular species excreted in bile (linoleyl and arachidonyl) were not significantly different. These results enabled us to evaluate the contribution of the lysolecithin pathway to the synthesis of lecithin in liver and bile: this contribution in bile was less than 2% under the perfusion conditions used. PMID- 6743699 TI - Interaction between microtubule-associated protein tau and spectrin. AB - Tau factor, one of the microtubule-associated proteins (MAPs), is shown here to bind to spectrin. Evidence for an interaction between these two proteins is provided by spectrin affinity chromatography of brain MAPs, gel overlay of electrophoresed MAPs with 125I-labelled spectrin, incorporation of tau factor in human erythrocyte ghosts, and demonstration that tau inhibits the F-actin cross linking activity of tetrameric spectrin. The wide distribution of both tau and spectrin-like proteins in eukaryotic cells is in favor of the possible biological significance of this interaction. The results suggest that tau could be one of the proteins involved in the concerted regulation of microtubule and actin networks in the membrane vicinity. PMID- 6743700 TI - [Structure of lymphoma gangliosides in EL-4 mice]. AB - The structure of the major gangliosides from murine lymphoma EL-4 was established by acid hydrolysis, methanolysis, methylation analysis, neuraminidase treatment and chromium trioxide oxidation. Two of these gangliosides were identified as the N-acetyl and N-glycoloyl forms of the GM2 ganglioside. The third ganglioside making up to 40% of the total ganglioside pool contained two sialic acid residues and was identified as a GD2 ganglioside which up to now had not been reported in extraneural tissues. PMID- 6743701 TI - [Enzyme inactivation in the reaction process. Regulatory role]. AB - Some peculiarities of regulation of the enzymatic reaction involving enzyme inactivation in an open system were studied. The steady- and non-steady-state behaviour of the system upon the perturbing influence of various substrate concentrations was investigated. The steady-state responses of the system involving enzyme inactivation in the course of the reaction were compared to those for the known mechanisms directed at stabilization of the product concentration, such as competitive and incompetitive allosteric inhibition and enzyme inactivation by the reaction product. Two unique properties of the open system involving the enzyme inactivation in the course of the reaction were revealed: (1) The system is capable of maintaining an absolutely constant level of steady-state concentration of the reaction product at variable steady-state concentration of the substrate. (2) At high perturbing deviations of substrate concentrations, the non-steady response of equal amplitude is evoked; the amplitude of deviations in the product concentrations ceases to depend on the deviations in the substrate concentration. The role of regulatory influences in the mechanisms of synthesis and the effects of prostaglandins, essential regulators of the majority of physiological functions, are discussed. PMID- 6743702 TI - [Tissue specificity of the human brain protein D2]. AB - Protein D2 was isolated and purified from adult human brain by extraction with Triton X-100 as well as by chromatography on phenyl-sepharose, concanavalin A sepharose, lysine-sepharose and hydroxylapatite. Specific rabbit antisera against purified protein D2 were raised. Crossed and rocket immunoelectrophoresis revealed an immunoreactive protein D2 in the fetal heart, fetal kidney and adult heart (8-15% of total content in adult brain tissue). Rocket-on-line immunoelectrophoresis revealed additionally small amounts of D2-like antigens in adult kidney (12%), adult liver (1.5%), and in adult lung and spleen (less than 1%). The differences in tissue distribution as revealed by rocket-on-line immunoelectrophoresis suggest the existence of special D2-like protein clone in some tissues with or several immunochemically identical domains. PMID- 6743703 TI - [Native and trypsin-treated histone oligomers--tetramer (H3-H4)2 and dimer H2a h2b]. AB - The native oligomers of histones isolated from calf thymus nuclear chromatin were investigated. After mild treatment with trypsin, the tetramer, (H3-H4)2, has a molecular weight of 36 000, whereas Mr of the dimer, H2a-H2b, is equal to 25 000. Intact oligomers have Mr of 55 000 (tetramer) and 33 000 (dimer). Analysis of the fluorescence intensity changes indicates that the native tetramer can exist in three, while the dimer in two conformational states. The (H2a-H2b) dimer persists, but the (H3-H4)2 tetramer does not persist these transitions after proteolytic degradation. The trypsin-treated dimer H2a-H2b is highly labile and readily aggregates, while the tetramer (H3-H4)2 loses its aggregation capacity. It is assumed that the conformational features observed during the aggregation of histone oligomers may play a role in the assembly and structural transitions in nucleosomes and chromatin. PMID- 6743704 TI - [Catalase and peroxidase activity of porphyrins]. AB - Using spectroscopic photometry, the catalase-like and peroxidase-like activities of some metal complexes of hematoporphyrins and tetraphenylporphyrins were detected. The rate constant for hydrogen peroxide degradation by porphyrins was determined. The possible mechanism of catalysis is discussed. PMID- 6743705 TI - [High sensitivity to Ca2 ions of the conformational changes of F-actin, induced by the myosin 1 subfragment]. AB - The effects of Ca2+ on conformational changes of ghost muscle fiber F-actin induced by binding of isolated rabbit skeletal muscle myosin heads (myosin subfragment 1, S1) were investigated. The changes in F-actin induced by binding of S1 to F-actin were followed by the changes in polarized tryptophan fluorescence of F-actin. It was found that the conformational changes in F-actin during the binding of S1 free of DTNB-light chains are insensitive to the changes in Ca2+ concentration. The binding of native S1 containing native DTNB-light chains induces Ca2+-sensitive conformational changes in F-actin. These changes are observed at Ca2+ concentrations of 10(-7)-10(-6) M. Such high sensitivity to Ca2+ exceeds that of S1 containing native DTNB-light chains. It was assumed that the Ca2+-sensitive conformational changes in F-actin induced by myosin head binding reflect the structural changes in thin actin filaments. These changes seem to occur in muscle fibers during the initiation and development of contraction and may be related to the control of vertebrate skeletal muscle contraction by Ca2+. PMID- 6743706 TI - [DNA-protein complexes of the nuclear matrix of Ehrlich ascites carcinoma cells]. AB - A DNA-protein complex resistant to 8 M urea and 0.1% SDS was obtained by chromatography of nuclear matrix lysate from Ehrlich ascite carcinoma cells on Sepharose 2BCL. Separation of the complex under more severe conditions (4 M guanidine hydrochloride, 5 M urea) on hydroxylapatite resulted in protein and DNA fractions, as well as in two fractions of the DNA-protein complex. One of the fractions of this complex was enriched with single-stranded DNA and contained a 5 fold excess of newly synthesized DNA over the DNA present in the original complex. The fractions isolated from the nuclear matrix of control Ehrlich ascite carcinoma cells and the cells incubated with novobiocin revealed quantitative and qualitative differences in the electrophoretic patterns of the proteins. Treatment of cells with novobiocin resulted in inhibition of DNA replicative synthesis and an increase in the protein/DNA ratio in the nuclear matrix. PMID- 6743708 TI - [Analysis of cytoplasmic aspartate aminotransferase using active enzyme centrifugation]. AB - Using active enzyme centrifugation, it was demonstrated that pig heart cytoplasmic aspartate aminotransferase retains its dimeric conformation with a decrease in protein concentration down to 0.2 microgram/ml (50 mM L-aspartate, 5 mM alpha-ketoglutarate, 0.1 M NaCl, 0.05 M potassium-phosphate buffer, pH 7.4, 20 degrees C). PMID- 6743707 TI - [Age-related decrease of the binding of isolated rat liver and brain nuclei with glucocorticoid-receptor complexes]. AB - Isolated nuclei from liver and brain of rats of various age bind isolated and 1000-2000-fold purified glucocorticoid-receptor complexes (GRC) containing [3H]dexamethasone. The binding of GRC by the nuclei decreases with an increase in the NaCl concentration from 0 to 0.4 M in a medium. The maximal degree of GRC binding is observed in the liver and brain nuclei of newborn rats (1-day-old); the nuclei of adult animals aged 3 months bind GRC 1/2 times as much. in old (25 month-old) and grown-up animals, no significant differences in GRC binding by nuclei from respective tissues were revealed. Brain nuclei of newborn rats were shown to bind GRC to a greater extent than liver nuclei. PMID- 6743709 TI - Hypobaric hypoxia-induced intrauterine growth retardation. AB - 2-week-pregnant New Zealand White rabbits were placed into a hypobaric chamber and maintained at 3,657 m (12,000 ft). Upon delivery (31 +/- 1 days) or at cesarean section (on day 30), all newborns were sacrificed and organ weights were compared to those of control pups maintained at 128 m (420 ft). Significant findings in the hypobaric animals included a diminished birth weight, placental weight, and liver weight per body weight. Placental weight per body weight was similar in both groups. The brain weight per body weight, brain to liver ratio, and right ventricle to left ventricle plus intraventricular septal weight ratio were significantly increased in the hypobaric pups. PMID- 6743710 TI - Uterine and fetal growth following unilateral hysterectomy-ovariectomy in ewes. AB - The left uterine horn and ovary (UHOX; n = 25) or just the left ovary (UOX; n = 18) were excised from mature ewes to investigate growth capabilities of the uterus and uterine capacity effects on fetal growth in sheep. The remaining right uterine horns were excised from 5 UHOX ewes on day 13 of the second successive estrous cycle following initial surgery and were compared to 11 left uterine horns previously obtained from UHOX ewes during the midluteal phase of the estrous cycle. Uterine and endometrial content of DNA, RNA, protein, and number of myometrial nuclei indicated that removal of the left uterine horns resulted in hypertrophy of the right uterine horns. The conception rate of the remaining 20 UHOX ewes was lower than of the 18 UOX ewes. However, at 140 days of gestation, there appeared to be no uterine capacity effects on fetal growth. PMID- 6743711 TI - Duodenal uptake of lead by suckling and weanling rats. AB - The aim of the current study was to determine the site of absorption of Pb by suckling rats. When 203PbCl2 (carrier-free) plus Pb-acetate (50 micrograms/g BW) was intragastrically administered to rat pups aged 10 and 14 days, mucosal uptake of Pb, measured 2 h after intubation, was manyfold greater in the duodenum than in other regions of the small intestine. By 24 days of age, this duodenal uptake was no longer apparent. In suckling pups the duodenal content of Pb became undetectable by 24 h postintubation; in contrast, ileal uptake was minimal at 2 h but increased progressively through 24 h. The ileal uptake component was also age dependent, having disappeared by 24 days of age. These findings suggest that it is the duodenum where Pb absorption occurs, whereas ileal uptake represents intestinal retention. To assess the role of the milk diet in the elevated Pb absorption by the duodenum of suckling animals, the effect of fasting following intubation was determined. The duodenal uptake of Pb was substantially higher in fasted pups than in suckled littermates. Correspondingly, blood Pb levels were more than 4-fold higher in fasted pups than in suckled pups. We conclude that the enhanced absorption of Pb in the suckling rat is due to duodenal absorption and that this absorptive process is even further enhanced in the absence of milk. PMID- 6743712 TI - Serum erythropoietic activity in the rat around birth. AB - Using a fetal rat liver cell bioassay, serum erythropoietic activity was tested in non-suckled newborn rats comparatively to 21-day-old rat fetuses at time 0 or after 2 h of surviving. The number of erythroid colonies (CFUe) is significantly greater in cultures with neonatal and fetal rat serum after 2 h of surviving than in cultures with fetal rat serum sampled at time 0. These results suggest a release of erythropoietin or erythropoietin-like substances in response to a short hypoxic phase following the parting of the fetus with the mother and preceding the autonomous oxygenation of the newborn by breathing. PMID- 6743714 TI - Effect of thyroid hormones on postnatal fibrinogen levels in the rat. AB - From normal adult values of about 2.4 g/l at birth, rat plasma fibrinogen levels decrease to a minimum between 10 and 30 days of age and increase again at the end of weaning. The values of fibrinogenemia measured with different methods (heat precipitation at 56 degrees C versus clotting time) disagree. These results are discussed in connection with the development of the hypothalamic-pituitary thyroid axis. PMID- 6743713 TI - Cholesterol oxidation and 7 alpha-hydroxylation during postnatal development of the rat. AB - The activity of rat hepatic cholesterol 7 alpha-hydroxylase is low in the suckling period and rises at weaning. The oxidation of intraperitoneally administered 26(-14)C-cholesterol to 14CO2 is also low in suckling rats and increases with age as does the radioactivity in the plasma. In contrast, propionic acid oxidation to CO2 is much more rapid, suggesting that the side chain cleavage of cholesterol is not a rate-limiting process. PMID- 6743715 TI - Maternal-fetal relationships in the parathyroidectomized rat. Intestinal calcium transport, serum calcium, immunoreactive parathyroid hormone and calcitonin. AB - We studied the role of the parathyroids in the adaptation of intestinal Ca transport that occurs during pregnancy, and whether maternal hypoparathyroidism causes fetal hyperparathyroidism. Serum Ca of pregnant parathyroidectomized (PTX) rats was significantly greater than nonpregnant, PTX animals. Intestinal active Ca transport was increased 2.1- and 2.2-fold by pregnancy in intact and PTX rats, respectively. Serum levels of immunoreactive parathyroid hormone (PTH) were nondetectable in PTX-pregnant rats. Fetuses from PTX rats appeared grossly normal. The serum PTH was not different in fetuses from PTX compared to fetuses from intact mothers and serum Ca, Mg, and P were normal. Thus, alleviation of maternal hypocalcemia during pregnancy in PTX rats may be due to an adaptive increase in intestinal Ca transport, which does not require the parathyroids. Fetuses from PTX mothers were euparathyroid and were protected from Ca deficiency during pregnancy. PMID- 6743716 TI - Effect of colostrum intake on metabolic rate and plasma glucose in the neonatal pig in relation to environmental temperature. AB - The effects of feeding sow colostrum on oxygen consumption (VO2), heat production (HP), respiratory quotient (RQ) and rectal temperature (RT) were examined in 26 newborn piglets in a thermoneutral (32 degrees C) and in a cold (18 degrees C) environment. Colostrum (32 g/kg body weight) was given by gavage at 3 h of age. A control group received a similar amount of saline. VO2, HP, RQ and RT were measured for approximately 1 h prior to force-feeding and 2 h after feeding. The response of plasma glucose to ingestion of colostrum or saline was recorded in 18 additional piglets kept at 32 or 18 degrees C. The effects of feeding saline on all parameters studied were not significant (p greater than 0.10). Ingestion of colostrum was followed at both temperatures by a marked rise (p less than 0.05) in VO2 and RT. The responses of VO2 were curvilinear (p less than 0.05) with the maximum rise occurring in both treatments within 30 min after colostrum administration and amounting (% of prefeeding values) to 45 +/- 7 and 16 +/- 2% at 32 and 18 degrees C, respectively. The rises in VO2 persisted for more than 1 h postfeeding. The heat increment associated with feeding colostrum was lower (p less than 0.05) at 18 than at 32 degrees C. Nonsignificant transient increases in RQ were observed. Prefeeding plasma glucose was higher (p less than 0.05) at 18 than at 32 degrees C.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS) PMID- 6743717 TI - Seasonal variation of serotonin uptake in normal controls and depressed patients. AB - Serotonin (5-HT) uptake in blood platelets from depressed patients and normal controls were studied over a 2-year period to determine if seasonal variations were present. Vmax, a measure of the number of 5-HT uptake sites in normal controls and depressed patients, was significantly higher in fall and winter than in spring and summer; Vmax in the depressed patients was lower than in normal controls throughout the year. Normal controls showed lower Vmax in April and June. A similar trend was present in the depressed patients but the lowest values were found in the month of December. The necessity of considering seasonal variations in this and other putative biological markers is emphasized. PMID- 6743718 TI - Electroencephalographic sleep in secondary depression: a revisit. AB - EEG sleep studies are reported in 23 inpatients with secondary depression compared to a similar number of primary depressives matched for age and severity. No major patterns of EEG sleep abnormalities were found to differentiate between these closely matched samples at baseline or during amitriptyline treatment. Such results indicate that more severely ill secondary depressives manifest the characteristic EEG sleep abnormalities of depression. While these features had been reported previously to be specific for primary depression, earlier studies of psychobiological differences between primary and secondary subtypes may reflect an epiphenomenon of sample differences in age, severity, or percentage of patients with endogenous depression. Implications for further research and clinical practice are discussed. PMID- 6743719 TI - Neuropsychological impairment and associated intellectual functions in schizophrenic and other psychiatric patients. AB - As a routine admission procedure of an ongoing research program, the Halstead Reitan Battery (HRB) and the Wechsler Adult Intelligence Scale (WAIS) were completed by 37 chronic schizophrenic patients, 3 patients with major affective disorders, and 2 with atypical psychoses. These admission data provided a basis for a retrospective investigation into the possibility of a relationship between impairment on the HRB and IQ. It was found that greater impairment on the HRB was associated with lower full-scale IQ (FSIQ) scores (r = -0.78, p less than .001). When the sample was separated into impaired and normal groups based on performance on the HRB, the coefficients of two discriminant functions, i.e., Verbal IQ and Picture Arrangement, classified the two groups with 100% accuracy. Cross-validation of the stepwise discriminant function analysis, using the jackknife procedure, resulted in a 98% hit rate. The results of the present study together with those of two other recent studies suggest that intellectual functions are critical interactive variables for interpreting the performance of chronic schizophrenic and other psychiatric groups on the HRB. Cautions to be observed in interpreting impaired and normal functioning in the context of intellectual functions are discussed. PMID- 6743720 TI - High dose naloxone in depression. AB - The behavioral effects of a 2 mg/kg iv bolus infusion of naloxone were compared with a placebo infusion using a double-blind design in a small group of inpatient depressives (n = 6) and normals (n = 8). Naloxone produced consistent and significant worsening in the rated signs and subjective symptoms of depression in the patients. In the normals, lesser changes in Hamilton depression and BPRS total scores were observed while none of the subjective scales were significantly altered. The data suggest that depressives manifest a more marked and subjectively more intense response to naloxone compared to normals. Further studies are required to confirm this preliminary finding and to clarify its relationship to the pathogenesis of depression. PMID- 6743721 TI - Thioridazine and the neuroleptic radioreceptor assay. AB - When the neuroleptic radioreceptor assay (NRRA) has been used to monitor total neuroleptic-like activity (NLA) in the blood of patients taking thioridazine, the NLA values obtained from the NRRA are much lower than values calculated in the same sample by measuring the actual concentrations of parent drug and active metabolites and multiplying these values by the relative potency of each compound. The present report demonstrates that in the NRRA for thioridazine or its active metabolites, the normal displacement of [3H]-spiperone from striatal membranes by thioridazine is altered in the presence of sera. The inclusion of serum (50 microliter/ml) distorts the sigmoidal displacement curves, such the resulting log-logit (or Hill) slope is markedly decreased. Similar serum-induced changes in the log-logit slope are seen for two active metabolites of thioridazine, but not for chlorpromazine or haloperidol. As a consequence, when one of these latter drugs is used as a standard, the NRRA substantially underestimates the actual NLA (chlorpromazine equivalents) values for patients treated with thioridazine. Moreover, because of differences in the magnitude of the effect with serum from different individuals, it is not possible to control completely for this effect. Thus, these data reconcile discrepancies that have been reported for data from the NRRA versus that from direct analytical measurements, and demonstrate that the use of the NRRA as a quantitative tool in the clinical pharmacology of thioridazine may lead to erroneous estimations of active drug and metabolites in the blood. PMID- 6743722 TI - Urinary 3-methoxy-4-hydroxyphenylglycol sulfate excretion in seventy-three schoolchildren with minimal brain dysfunction syndrome. AB - Although many authors have studied the urinary excretion of 3-methoxy-4 hydroxyphenylglycol (MHPG) of minimal brain dysfunction (MBD) children to explore a possible mechanism for this disorder, the mechanism remains unclear. The present study extends the determinations of urinary MHPG X SO4 in MBD schoolchildren to a larger sample to determine whether or not the function of central norepinephrine (NE) of MBD children is normal. 24-hr urinary excretion of MHPG X SO4 was determined in 73 schoolchildren with MBD and 57 normal controls. MGPG X SO4 level was significantly lower in the MBD children than in the control group. 38 of these children received an open trial of methylphenidate and the urine specimen was examined blindly. The children with marked improvement showed significant decrease in urinary MHPD X SO4 while the nonresponders showed no change, but rather a slight increase. This was also demonstrated in a second drug trial in which eight MBD children received Chinese herbal medicine. The authors compare the clinical data with the biochemical findings and point out that the MBD children developed hypoactivity of central NE, especially those with positive genetic factors in their family history. PMID- 6743723 TI - Calcium and magnesium in children with schizophrenia and major depression. PMID- 6743724 TI - Distinguishing subtypes within the borderline domain: a combined psychoneuroendocrine approach. PMID- 6743725 TI - The prolactin response in schizophrenic, schizophreniform, and manic disorders. PMID- 6743726 TI - Appetite and weight change and the dexamethasone suppression test. PMID- 6743727 TI - Alcohol, amoxapine, and akathisia. PMID- 6743728 TI - EEG-responsiveness to eye opening and closing in mildly retarded children compared to a control group. AB - Changes in the ongoing EEG when repeatedly closing and opening the eyes are quantified and compared for a group of mildly retarded children and a matched control group. The most prominent changes occur for the alpha-rhythm at posterior derivations. Blocking of the alpha is faster than its restriction, but there is no group difference in this respect. Many of the amplitude changes are also quite similar for the two groups. The differences found are associated with a lowered arousal by the experimental group. PMID- 6743729 TI - Lucid dreaming: correspondence between dreamed and actual events in one subject during REM sleep. AB - During lucid dreaming, a subject willed movements of his fingers, toes and feet, remembered tasks, and counted sensory stimuli. Dreamed speech was related to respiration. EMG activity corresponding to dreamed actions was greater in flexor than in extensor limb muscles and was never present in axial muscles. PMID- 6743730 TI - Contingent negative variation in obsessional-compulsive patients. AB - Obsessional-compulsive disorder has been conceptualised in terms of overattention to irrelevant details. The aim of the present study was to investigate whether this feature would be reflected in the 'early' CNV component. Sixteen obsessional patients and matched controls were tested in a motor-set CNV paradigm with a 5 sec interval between S1 and S2. Patients exhibited a higher amplitude of the 'late' component and male patients prolonged negativity during the first half of trials. In addition, patients yielded lower levels of heart-period than controls. Results are accounted for better by the assumption of uncertainty and doubt in patients compared with controls. PMID- 6743731 TI - Transfer of piperacillin to various uterine tissues. Piperacillin study group for application in the field of obstetrics and gynecology. AB - As part of our series of fundamental studies on the application of piperacillin (PIPC) in the gynecologic field, we studied the transfer of PIPC to the uterine tissues. During our pharmacokinetic study of PIPC, a two-compartment model was used for blood levels: C1 = Ae-beta t + Be-alpha t. A three-compartment model was applied for the levels in the various uterine tissues and the retroperitoneum; C3 = A'e-beta t + B'e-alpha t + Ce-K31t. PIPC showed rapid transfer to the various uterine tissues and its disappearance rate developed parallel to decreases in blood concentrations. Although its transfer to the retroperitoneum was relatively rapid, since there was a clear delay in time required for the drug concentration to reach its peak (C max), the existence of a third compartment was conjectured. From the correlation between the MIC80 and the drug concentrations in the various uterine tissues and the retroperitoneum, it was found that effective doses were maintained in the uterine tissues for 3-5 h and in the retroperitoneum for 8-19 h. Thus, adequate clinical efficacy could be anticipated during administration of PIPC. PMID- 6743732 TI - Transfer of antibiotics into maternal milk. AB - Thirty antibiotics, including penicillins, cephems, chloramphenicol, tetracyclines, macrolides, and aminoglycosides, were given p.o., i.m. or i.v. once to 70 puerperal women to compare milk drug levels with serum levels over a 6 h period. Antibiotic transfer into the milk was small. No drugs except for a few (chloramphenicol, tetracyclines, macrolides) reached the level of 1 mcg/ml or greater. Penicillins and cephams detected in trace amounts in the milk are likely to have little effect on infants. PMID- 6743733 TI - Human amniotic membrane and prostaglandin biosynthesis. AB - The human amnion has become a significant tissue for metabolism of chemical substances with biologic activities, such as steroid hormones and prostaglandins. In this paper our studies on the biosynthesis of prostaglandins in human amnion focused on the role of prostaglandins in initiating and maintaining labor. First of all, the source of prostaglandins released in amniotic fluid was investigated. The amnion was demonstrated to possess the highest activity of generating prostaglandins among amnion, chorion laeve, and decidua vera, obtained after normal vaginal delivery. Subsequently, the bioconversion of arachidonic acid into prostaglandins and related compounds using the homogenate of human amnion was carried out without the addition of cofactors in the incubation mixture to show the natural spectrum of various types of PGs formed. PGE2 was revealed to be a main product of the amnion; its conversion rate was 5% of incubated radioactivity. Other compounds catalyzed by cyclooxygenase were PGF2 alpha (0.2%), TXB2 (0.3%), and HHT (1-2%), whereas 15-HETE (2-3%) and a mixture of 9, 11, 12-HETE (1-2%) were formed by lipoxygenase in the amnion. And third, the activity to produce PGE2 in the amnion obtained at normal vaginal delivery was greater than that obtained at cesarean section prior to the onset of labor. Thus, these results suggested that the amnion played a significant role in prostaglandin biosynthesis in uterine tissues. To provide a better understanding of the metabolism of arachidonic acid in the amnion as regards initiation and maintenance of labor, we discuss prostaglandin biosynthesis in the amnion and the mechanism of arachidonic acid release. PMID- 6743734 TI - Estradiol-17 beta and estradiol-17-glucosiduronate before and at delivery. AB - The maternal peripheral serum level of estradiol-17 beta (E2), which reaches a peak a few weeks before delivery, may play a role in initiating delivery. In this study, the steroidal activity regulated by both the production and conjugation was estimated by measuring estradiol-17-glucosiduronate (E2-17-G), E2, estriol-16 glucosiduronate (E3-16-G), and estriol (E3) before and at delivery. At delivery, levels of E2 and E2-17-G were higher in the maternal peripheral vein (MP) than in the umbilical vein (UV) and umbilical artery (UA), but those of E3 and E3-16-G were higher in UV and UA than in MP. These results suggested that the production and conjugation of E2 were mainly regulated on the maternal side, but those of E3 were regulated mainly in the feto-placental unit. The ratios of E2/E2-17-G in MP were or became high a few weeks before delivery but decreased remarkably as pregnancy progressed to delivery. The activity of E2 seems to be regulated at least in part by conjugation in late pregnancy and at delivery. PMID- 6743735 TI - Simple assay of estrogen in urine during pregnancy by means of latex agglutination inhibition reaction. AB - A simple and rapid method, latex agglutination inhibition reaction (LAIR), using anti-estriol-16-glucuronide coupled with BSA for estimating estrogen in urine has been developed. Agglutination of the latex reagent by the antiserum occurs within 3 min. The agglutination, however, was completely inhibited by 100 ng/ml or more of estriol. There was a good correlation in results obtained by LAIR and by colorimetry, RIA and GLC. Urine samples (3329) obtained at various gestational weeks were assayed. The samples from 94% of the normal pregnant patients in the third trimester revealed 10 micrograms/ml or more of estrogens. Although the assay is semiquantitative, it may be useful in screening for fetal well-being in high-risk pregnancies. PMID- 6743736 TI - Effects of pregnancy on spontaneous contraction and barium responsiveness of the rat portal vein. AB - Spontaneous activity and BaCl2 responsiveness of portal veins from non-pregnant and from 1-, 2-, and 3-week pregnant rats were compared. Isometric tension was recorded from vessels suspended in oxygenated, 37 degrees C Krebs solution. After 60-90 min equilibration, peak isometric tension, contraction frequency, and duration were measured. Then responses to cumulative additions of BaCl2 were determined. Initial isometric tension development of veins from pregnant rats was not significantly different from that of the non-pregnant rats. However, the frequency of contractions was reduced at all three stages of pregnancy and the duration of major contractions was increased. Barium caused dose-related increases in tension and reduced contraction frequencies of all vessels. Maximum increases in tension of veins from all pregnant rats were significantly less, however, than those of veins from non-pregnant rats, while barium-induced decreases in contraction frequencies were significantly greater only at 3-weeks gestation. Thus, pregnancy decreases the frequency of the spontaneous contractions of the rat portal vein throughout pregnancy, and inhibits the barium induced increases in tension development. These changes in venous smooth muscle activity are similar to pregnancy-induced changes that have been reported to occur in arterial, uterine, and gastrointestinal smooth muscle, and may be dependent on a general smooth muscle inhibitory effect of elevated progesterone during pregnancy. PMID- 6743737 TI - Computerized classification of epileptic spikes. PMID- 6743738 TI - Indirect determination of fluid filtration and reabsorption in the microcirculation of the myocardium. PMID- 6743739 TI - [Temperature dependence of membrane properties and mass spectrometric analysis]. PMID- 6743740 TI - [Drive technology in electric wheelchairs--status and perspectives]. PMID- 6743741 TI - Light activates rotations of bacteriorhodopsin in the purple membrane. AB - To investigate how a photoactivated chromophore drives the proton pump mechanism of bacteriorhodopsin, we have observed how the chromophore rotates during the photocyle. To do this, we examined the dichroism induced in aqueous suspensions of purple membrane fragments by flashes of linearly polarized light. We find that the flash stimulates both the photocycling chromophores and their noncycling neighbors to undergo large (greater than 10 degrees - 20 degrees) rotations within the membrane during the photocycle, and that these two chromophore populations undergo distinctly different sequences of rotations. All these rotations could be eliminated by glutaraldehyde fixation as well as by embedding unfixed fragments in polyacrylamide or agarose gels. Thus, in these immbolizing preparations the chromophore can photocycle without rotating inside a bacteriorhodopsin monomer by more than our detection limit of 2 degrees - 5 degrees. The large rotations we observed in aqueous suspensions of purple membranes were probably due to rotations of entire protein monomers. The process by which a photocycling monomer causes its noncycling neighbors to rotate may help explain the highly cooperative behavior bacteriorhodopsin exhibits when it is aggregated into crystalline arrays of trimers. PMID- 6743742 TI - Cell adhesion. Competition between nonspecific repulsion and specific bonding. AB - We develop a thermodynamic calculus for the modeling of cell adhesion. By means of this approach, we are able to compute the end results of competition between the formation of specific macromolecular bridges and nonspecific repulsion arising from electrostatic forces and osmotic (steric stabilization) forces. Using this calculus also allows us to derive in a straightforward manner the effects of cell deformability, the Young's modulus for stretching of bridges, diffusional mobility of receptors, heterogeneity of receptors, variation in receptor number, and the strength of receptor-receptor binding. The major insight that results from our analysis concerns the existence and characteristics of two phase transitions corresponding, respectively, to the onset of stable cell adhesion and to the onset of maximum cell-cell or cell-substrate contact. We are also able to make detailed predictions of the equilibrium contact area, equilibrium number of bridges, and the cell-cell or cell-substrate separation distance. We illustrate how our approach can be used to improve the analysis of experimental data, by means of two concrete examples. PMID- 6743743 TI - Determination of the distribution of catalyst activity across a permeable membrane containing an immobilized enzyme. Indeterminacy of a functional approach to a structural problem. AB - Porous membranes were fabricated from collodion and impregnated with papain, inhomogeneously through the thickness of the membrane. These membranes were placed between reservoirs containing N-alpha-benzoyl arginineamide, a substrate for the enzyme papain. The progress of the reaction was monitored by sampling the reservoirs on each side for ammonia, a reaction product. From these data the diffusion coefficient, enzyme activity, and distribution of enzyme activity of the membrane were estimated. The limitations of this approach are discussed in the context of the analysis of biological transport systems. PMID- 6743744 TI - Effect of salt on photocycle and ion-pumping of halorhodopsin and third rhodopsinlike pigment of Halobacterium halobium. AB - The cytoplasmic membranes of Halobacterium halobium contain at least three retinal pigments: bacteriorhodopsin (bR), halorhodopsin (hR), and a third rhodopsinlike pigment (tR). The amplitudes of the phototransient in the photolysis of hR and tR were measured in various salt solutions. Halogen ion (except fluoride) was required to retain the photocycle of hR. Parallels between the amplitude of the phototransient of hR and the magnitude of the photo-induced tetraphenylphosphonium (TPP+) uptake suggests that hR is a light-driven halogen pump, which supports the hypothesis by Schobert and Lanyi (J. Biol. Chem., 1982, 257:10306-10313). The order of effectiveness of halogen was Br- greater than Cl- greater than I-. On the other hand, no specific ion was required to retain the photocycle of tR, and tR was concluded to be nonelectrogenic. PMID- 6743745 TI - Differences in the transient response of fast and slow skeletal muscle fibers. Correlations between complex modulus and myosin light chains. AB - Sinusoidal analysis of the mechanochemical properties of skinned muscle fibers under conditions of maximal activation was applied to fibers from several rabbit skeletal muscles (psoas, tibialis anterior, extensor digitorum longus, diaphragm, soleus, semitendinosus). This investigation distinguished between two general classes of fibers, which on the basis of their myosin light chain complements could be classified as fast and slow. In fast fibers (e.g., psoas) we identified the presence of at least three exponential processes (A), (B), (C) of comparable magnitudes. In slow fibers (e.g., soleus) we identified the presence of at least four exponential processes (A)-(D) of very different magnitudes; magnitudes of processes (A) and (B) are very small compared with those of (C) and (D). The apparent rate constants are 8-29-fold slower in slow fibers. Because our sinusoidal characterization takes less than or equal to 22 s and does not involve chemical denaturation or other means of disruption of the myofilament lattice, it allows the different physiological classes of fibers to be characterized and then studied further by other techniques. The perfect correlation between physiological and molecular properties as assayed by gel electrophoresis after sinusoidal analysis demonstrates this and justifies its use in distinguishing between fiber types. PMID- 6743746 TI - Polymerization in erythrocytes containing S and non-S hemoglobins. AB - We analyzed the effects of protein and water nonideality and of erythrocyte heterogeneity on the polymerization of hemoglobin S in cells where there were significant amounts of non-S hemoglobins, sickle trait (AS), and SC disease. For AS erythrocytes, the calculated predicted results were in good agreement with measured polymer formation as previously reported (Noguchi C.T., D.A. Torchia, and A.N. Schnechter, 1981, J. Biol. Chem. 256:4168-4171). Throughout much of the physiologically relevant oxygen saturation region, polymer was not formed in AS erythrocytes. Measurements of polymer formation in SC erythrocytes as a function of oxygen saturation using 13C NMR are reported here and also are in good agreement with the calculated predicted results. As in sickle (SS) erythrocytes, polymer can be detected in SC erythrocytes in the region above 60% oxygen saturation. The increased polymer formation in SC erythrocytes as compared with AS erythrocytes can be explained in terms of hemoglobin composition and concentration in SC erythrocytes, with the concomitant increase in the proportion of dense cells. These findings provide a basis for understanding the pathophysiology of sickle cell and of SC disease, in contrast to benign sickle trait, in terms of intracellular polymer formation. PMID- 6743748 TI - Estimation of viscous dissipation inside an erythrocyte during aspirational entry into a micropipette. AB - Viscous dissipation inside the erythrocyte during its aspirational entry into a micropipette is analyzed. The motion of the intracellular fluid is approximated by a flow into the micropipette orifice from a half space (the portion of the erythrocyte outside the micropipette). The stream function and intracellular pressure (p) in the half space are obtained as a function of radial and axial positions near the orifice. Solution of the boundary value problem for a uniform stream entering a circular hole gives p = 2 eta HQ/pi R3p, where eta H is the intracellular viscosity, Q is the total discharge, and Rp is the pipette radius. The results indicate that the moving erythrocyte membrane helps to drive the intracellular fluid into the orifice. For normal erythrocytes, p is only approximately 0.5% of the total aspiration pressure (delta P). The contribution of p to delta P, however, may become significant when there is a large increase in eta H due to a markedly elevated intracellular hemoglobin concentration or an alteration of the physical state of hemoglobin. PMID- 6743747 TI - Model for left ventricular contraction combining the force length velocity relationship with the time varying elastance theory. AB - A model for the contraction of the left ventricle (LV) is developed for a spheroidal geometry. The classical force-length-velocity relationship for a single muscle fiber is assumed. The linear maximum pressure volume relationship (maximum elastance), a measure of muscle contractility, is further extended into a time-varying function. This is achieved by utilizing a mechanical activation function, assumed as half a sinusoidal wave, to describe the time-dependent isometric stress for the activated cardiac muscle. This, in turn, results in the time-varying elastance function and represents the instantaneous activity of the muscle contractile proteins. The model is tested for a set of boundary conditions that determine preload, afterload, and the inherent properties of the muscle, i.e., the contractility. The computed results of the isovolumic contraction, auxotonic contraction, and isovolumic relaxation are in agreement with the expected behavior of the LV. The relations between the simulated variations on preload, afterload, and contractility, and the set of performance indexes of the LV, are presented and discussed. PMID- 6743749 TI - Effects of current pulses on the sustained discharge of visual cells of Limulus. AB - Current pulses were used in the eccentric and retinular cells of the Limulus lateral eye to produce changes in the interspike interval of the discharge sustained by a constant light level. The effects on the interspike interval of hyperpolarizing and depolarizing perturbations, applied at various delays from the previous spike, were measured for different intensities and durations of the current pulse. The results show that when the perturbations were applied in the first part of the interval, effects contrary to what is normal were produced (i.e, hyperpolarizing pulses decreased the interspike interval instead of increasing it and vice versa for depolarizing pulses). Here we discuss briefly the implications on neural encoding models. PMID- 6743750 TI - Study of the orientational ordering of carotenoids in lipid bilayers by resonance Raman spectroscopy. AB - The orientational ordering of beta-carotene and crocetin embedded in lamellar model membranes has been investigated by angle-resolved resonance Raman scattering at a temperature well above the phase transition of the lipid chains. It is shown that the ordering of the carotenoids is dependent on the chemical composition of the lipid bilayers. The orientational distribution functions found clearly show that beta-carotene is oriented parallel to the bilayer plane (dioleoyl lecithin) or perpendicular to it (soybean lecithin). For dimyristoyl lecithin at 40 degrees C, egg-lecithin, and digalactosyl diacylglycerol two maxima were found in the orientational distribution: one parallel and one perpendicular to the bilayer surface. Crocetin embedded in soybean lecithin bilayers yields a similar bimodal distribution function. Because of rapid photodegradation no results could be obtained for spirilloxanthin. PMID- 6743751 TI - Migration of cell surface concanavalin A receptors in pulsed electric fields. AB - Concanavalin A (con A) receptors on the surface of cultured Xenopus myoblasts redistributed in response to monopolar, pulsed electric fields. The prefield uniform distribution of the receptors became asymmetrical, and was polarized toward the cathodal pole, in the same way as in DC fields. The extent of asymmetry depended on the duration of field exposure, pulse width (or alternatively, interpulse interval), frequency, and intensity. This relationship was most conveniently expressed by using duty cycle, a quantity determined by both pulse width and frequency. Pulses of average intensity 1.5 V/cm induced detectable asymmetry within 5 min. At the lowest average field intensity used, 0.8 V/cm, significant asymmetry was detected at 150 min. For pulses of high duty cycle (greater than 25%), steady state was reached after 30 min exposure and the steady state asymmetry was dependent on average field intensity. For low duty cycle fields, the time required to reach steady state was prolonged (greater than 50 min). Before reaching a steady state, effectiveness of the pulses, as compared with DC fields of equivalent intensity, was a function of duty cycle. A low duty cycle field (fixed number of pulses at low frequency or long interpulse interval) was less effective than high duty cycle fields or DC. PMID- 6743752 TI - Ferritin conjugates as specific magnetic labels. Implications for cell separation. AB - Concanavalin A coupled to the naturally occurring iron storage protein ferritin is used to label rat erythrocytes and increase the cells' magnetic susceptibility. Labeled cells are introduced into a chamber containing spherical iron particles and the chamber is placed in a uniform 5.2 kG (gauss) magnetic field. The trajectory of cells in the inhomogeneous magnetic field around the iron particles and the polar distributions of cells bound to the iron particles compare well with the theoretical predictions for high gradient magnetic systems. On the basis of these findings we suggest that ferritin conjugated ligands can be used for selective magnetic separation of labeled cells. PMID- 6743753 TI - Anisotropic excitation transfer to acceptors randomly distributed on surfaces. AB - We presented exact expressions for the ensemble averaged decay of the excitation of a donor molecule due to the energy transfer via anisotropic dipolar interactions to acceptors distributed randomly on a surface. The disorder extended both over the positions of the acceptors and over the orientations of their transition dipoles with respect to that of the donor molecule. Several cases were considered explicitly (a) random orientations of the acceptors in space, with the donor being (a1) perpendicular to the plane, (a2) in the plane, (a3) randomly oriented in space; (b) random orientations of both donor and acceptors in the plane; (c) parallel orientations of donor and acceptors (no orientational disorder). For all these cases we evaluated the analytic, Forster like expressions, valid for long times and low acceptor densities, and obtained their domains of validity by comparison with the exact, numerically calculated decay laws. PMID- 6743754 TI - Photoelectric signals generated by bovine rod outer segment disk membranes attached to a lecithin bilayer. AB - Purified bovine rod outer segment disk membranes were attached to a lecithin bilayer membrane. After photoexcitation with a 500-nm flash delivered by a dye laser, a negative photovoltage was observed on the bilayer under normal ionic strengths (100 mM KCl), which had a rise phase of 1-3 ms at 20 degrees C. The photoresponse was obviously due to bleaching of rhodopsin as it decreased for successive flashes of light. It originated most probably during the metarhodopsin I metarhodopsin-II (meta-I-II) transition of rhodopsin because it was pH dependent at 2 degrees C but not at 20 degrees C. At 10 mM KCl, i.e., under hypotonic conditions, a positive photovoltage with slower kinetics than at high salt was observed. As the disk membranes were merely attached to the bilayer membrane, the photovoltage was apparently due to a light-induced transmembrane potential change in the disk membranes. Possible electrogenic mechanisms underlying the photosignal will be discussed. PMID- 6743755 TI - Dielectric behavior of DNA solution at radio and microwave frequencies (at 20 degrees C). AB - The dielectric constant and conductivity of calf thymus DNA were investigated at frequencies between 0.1 MHz and 70 GHz. This work is to investigate the dielectric properties of DNA in low gigahertz region and also to study whether the dielectric behavior of the water is affected by the presence of highly charged DNA. The results of these measurements indicate the presence of two anomalous dispersions, the one between 1 MHz and 1 GHz and the second one above 1 GHZ. The dispersion at low frequencies is likely to arise from polar groups in the DNA molecule. The relaxation behavior of unbound water in DNA solution is only slightly affected by the presence of DNA at concentrations below 1%. PMID- 6743756 TI - Analysis of time-resolved fluorescence anisotropy decays. AB - We discuss the analysis of time-correlated single photon counting measurements of fluorescence anisotropy. Particular attention was paid to the statistical properties of the data. The methods used previously to analyze these experiments were examined and a new method was proposed in which parallel- and perpendicular polarized fluorescence curves were fit simultaneously. The new method takes full advantage of the statistical properties of the measured curves; and, in some cases, it is shown to be more sensitive than other methods to systematic errors present in the data. Examples were presented using experimental and simulated data. The influence of fitting range on extracted parameters and statistical criteria for evaluating the quality of fits are also discussed. PMID- 6743757 TI - Magnetosome dynamics in magnetotactic bacteria. AB - Diffusive motions of the magnetosomes (enveloped Fe3O4 particles) in the magnetotactic bacterium Aquaspirillum magnetotacticum result in a very broad-line Mossbauer spectrum (T approximately 100 mm/s) above freezing temperatures. The line width increases with increasing temperature. The data are analyzed using a bounded diffusion model to yield the rotational and translational motions of the magnetosomes as well as the effective viscosity of the material surrounding the magnetosomes. The results are [theta 2] l/2 less than 1.5 degrees and [x2] 1/2 less than 8.4 A for the rotational and translational motions, respectively, implying that the particles are fixed in whole cells. The effective viscosity is 10 cP at 295 K and increases with decreasing temperature. Additional Fe3+ material in the cell is shown to be associated with the magnetosomes. Fe2+ material in the cell appears to be associated with the cell envelope. PMID- 6743758 TI - Determination of red blood cell membrane viscosity from rheoscopic observations of tank-treading motion. AB - Measurements of the dimensions and membrane rotational frequency of individual erythrocytes steadily tank-treading in a rheoscope are used to deduce the surface shear viscosity of the membrane. The method is based on an integral energy principle which says that the power supplied to the tank-treading cell by the suspending fluid is equal to the rate at which energy is dissipated by viscous action in the membrane and cytoplasm. The integrals involved are formulated with the aid of an idealized mathematical model of the tank-treading red blood cell (RBC) (Keller and Skalak, 1982, J. Fluid Mech., 120:24-27) and evaluated numerically. The outcome is a surface-averaged value of membrane viscosity which is representative of a finite interval of membrane shear rate. The numerical values computed show a clear shear-thinning characteristic as well as a significant augmentation of viscosity with cell age and tend toward agreement with those determined for the rapid phase of shape recovery in micropipettes (Chien, S., K.-L. P. Sung, R. Skalak, S. Usami, and A. Tozeren, 1978, Biophys. J., 24:463-487). The computations also indicate that the rate of energy dissipation in the membrane is always substantially greater than that in the cytoplasm. PMID- 6743759 TI - Segmental cable evaluation of somatic transients in hippocampal neurons (CA1, CA3, and dentate). AB - This study describes a detailed cable model of neuronal structure, which can predict the effects of discrete transient inputs. Neurons in in vitro hippocampal slices (CA1 and CA3 pyramidal cells and dentate granule neurons; n = 4 each) were physiologically characterized and stained with horseradish peroxidase (HRP). The HRP morphology was approximated with numerous small segments. The cable model included both these segments and spatially dispersed dendritic spines. The transient response function at the soma of the segmental model was numerically derived, and charging responses to simulated current inputs were computed. These simulations were compared with the physiological charging responses from the somatic penetrations, using an analysis of the charging time constants (tau i) and intercepts. The time constant ratio (tau 0/tau 1) did not significantly differ between the observed and simulated responses. A second index of comparison was the equivalent cylinder electrotonic length (L), which was derived using only the tau i values and their intercepts. The L values also did not differ significantly between the observed and simulated transients and averaged 0.91 length constant. Thus, using criteria based only on analysis of charging responses, the segmental cable model recreated accurately the observed transients at the soma. The equivalent cylinder model (with a lumped soma) could also adequately simulate the observed somatic transients, using the same criteria. However, the hippocampal neurons (particularly the pyramidal cells) did not appear to satisfy the equivalent cylinder assumption anatomically. Thus, the analysis of somatic charging transients alone may not be sufficient to discriminate between the two models of hippocampal neurons. Anatomical evidence indicates that, particularly for discrete dendritic inputs, the detailed segmental model may be more appropriate than the equivalent cylinder model. PMID- 6743760 TI - Conductance transients onto dendritic spines in a segmental cable model of hippocampal neurons. AB - Dendritic shaft (Zd) and spine (Zsp) input impedances were computed numerically for sites on hippocampal neurons, using a segmental format of cable calculations. The Zsp values for a typical spine appended onto a dendritic shaft averaged less than 2% higher than the Zd values for the adjacent dendritic shaft. Spine synaptic inputs were simulated by a brief conductance transient, which possessed a time integral of 12 X 10(-10)S X ms. This input resulted in an average peak spine response of 20 mV for both dentate granule neurons and CA1 pyramidal cells. The average spine transient was attenuated less than 2% in conduction across the spine neck, considering peak voltage, waveform parameters, and charge transfer. The spine conductance transient resulted in an average somatic response of 100 microV in the dentate granule neurons, because of passive electrotonic propagation. The same input transient was also applied to proximal and distal sites on CA1 pyramidal cells. The predicted responses at the soma demonstrated a clear difference between the proximal and distal inputs, in terms of both peak voltage and waveform parameters. Thus, the main determinant of the passive propagation of transient electrical signals in these neurons appears to be dendritic branching rather than signal attenuation through the spine neck. PMID- 6743761 TI - Effects of hemoglobin symmetry in a statistical equilibrium model for oxygen binding. AB - The effect of hemoglobin symmetry on the statistical mechanics of its motions is considered. Hemoglobin binding equilibrium constants are presented in which symmetry factors appear that differ from one binding step to another. Inclusion of the symmetry factors improves the fit of a symmetry-modified Koshland, Nemethy, Filmer expression (1966, Biochemistry, 5:365-385) with tetrahedral oxy oxyhemoglobin subunit interactions to the high-ionic-strength binding curve of Rossi-Fanelli, Antonini and Caputo (1961, J. Biol. Chem., 236:397-400). PMID- 6743762 TI - Detection and characterization of actin monomers, oligomers, and filaments in solution by measurement of fluorescence photobleaching recovery. AB - Fluorescence photobleaching recovery (FPR) was measured to determine the diffusion coefficient of fluorescein-labeled G-actin in low-salt buffer. The result obtained, 7.15 +/- 0.35 X 10(-7) cm2/s, is in good agreement with that computed from the molecular weight, partial specific volume, and sedimentation coefficient, but is higher than previously obtained values. It is demonstrated from theory that at low ionic strength, the electrostatic contribution to the intrinsic viscosity leads to an overestimate of the hydrodynamic eccentricity of G-actin. Data from FPR, sedimentation, and fluorescence polarization experiments all indicate that the true low-salt form of the actin monomer has an axial ratio less than or equal to 3.0. The G-F transformation of actin was also observed by measurement of FPR during the assembly phase, in the steady state, and in the presence of ligands such as cytochalasin and aldolase. Each FPR record in general yields three data: relative proportion of rapidly and slowly diffusing actin, diffusion coefficient for the high-mobility fraction, and a mean diffusion coefficient for the low-mobility fraction. A relation between the mean low mobility diffusion coefficient and the number-average filament length is derived and applied to the analysis of FPR data. Under typical conditions, the average filament length was much greater than 10 micron in the steady state. Cytochalasin D was found to decrease filament length and total amount of filament proportionally; total filament number was not greatly affected. In all polymerizations of G-actin, the high-mobility material observed in situ was found to be essentially monomeric actin. Relatively stable oligomers of actin were separated by fractionating G-AF-actin by gel filtration in 50 microM MgCl2 at 4 degrees C. On the basis of the diffusion coefficient, we conclude that monomer and dimer constitute the major particle types present under these conditions. Sedimentation of labeled actin polymerized in 1.0 mM MgCl2 yielded a graded supernatant that contained actin oligomers significantly larger than the monomer. PMID- 6743763 TI - Temperature dependence in the absorption spectra of beef liver catalase. AB - The spin characteristics of the ferric heme groups in native beef liver catalase, and in the complexes formed by reaction with fluoride, cyanide, azide, thiocyanate, and cyanate ions have been studied using absorption spectroscopy over the temperature range of 4-285 K. The azide, isothiocyanate, and isocyanate complexes of catalase are considered to be high-spin ferric heme complexes at room temperature, but undergo a thermal spin change below 300 K. The temperature dependence of these absorption spectra, however, cannot be analyzed in terms of simple Boltzmann distributions between two S = 1/2 and S = 5/2 spin states. The data show that these spin changes occur over a very narrow temperature range, but do not result in the formation of completely, low-spin complexes. The data also suggest that the thermal spin changes that occur below the glassing temperature of the solvent are dependent upon the conformational changes which take place within the protein itself with a change in temperature, and which directly affect the environment of the heme group. PMID- 6743764 TI - Magnetic circular dichroism studies of hemoglobin. The reduction of ferrihemoglobin by ferrocytochrome b5 and characterization of the high-spin hydroxy species of mixed-valence hemoglobin. AB - The final step in the erythrocyte methemoglobin reduction pathway, the transfer of an electron from cytochrome b5 to methemoglobin, has been studied using magnetic circular dichroism spectroscopy. Spectral analysis allowed us to determine accurately the concentration of each redox species in mixtures of the two heme-proteins and to follow simultaneously the kinetics of the appearance or disappearance of each of these species during reduction reactions. Our analysis detected a substantial increase in the high-spin hydroxymethemoglobin species in the partially reduced bovine hemoglobin tetramer. This species was sensitive to the degree of reduction and pH, and was spectrally similar to fluoride methemoglobin. At pH 7.8, 100% of the hydroxide component of methemoglobin was in the high-spin form when two or more subunits were in the ferrous form. Kinetic analysis of bovine methemoglobin reduction yielded values for the apparent first order rates for the tetrameric species possessing four, three, two, and one ferric subunit. Further analysis showed that the reduction kinetics can also be described by an equilibrium state, pure competitive inhibition model for enzyme catalysis in which ferrous and ferric subunits of hemoglobin compete for cytochrome b5. This analysis generated a KD that depends on ionic strength and hemoglobin tetramer conformation, a Vmax that was independent of these factors, and an inhibition constant that was equal to KD. This model is consistent with the hypothesis that the reduction of methemoglobin can be separated into two steps, the ionic interaction between cytochrome b5 and hemoglobin and the electron transfer. PMID- 6743765 TI - Biotransformation of urapidil: isolation and identification of metabolites in mouse, rat, dog and man. AB - The identification of biotransformation products of the new antihypertensive drug urapidil in mouse, rat, dog and man has been performed by means of high performance liquid chromatographic and mass spectrometric techniques. In urine, three metabolites were found in addition to the unchanged drug. The para hydroxylated product (1) (6-(3-[4-(o-methoxy-p-hydroxyphenyl)piperazinyl] propylamino)-1, 3-dimethyl-uracil), the O-demethylated compound (2) (6-(3-[4-(o hydroxyphenyl)piperazinyl]-propylamino)-1, 3-dimethyluracil) and the uracil-N dealkylated compound (3) (6-(3-[4-(o-methoxyphenyl)piperazinyl]-propylamino)-1 methyluracil). In urine of dog, the metabolite with the N-oxide structure (5) was also identified, but only in trace amounts (6-(3-[4-(o-methoxyphenyl)piperazinyl N-oxide]-propylamino)-1, 3-dimethyluracil). PMID- 6743766 TI - Application of high resolution fast atom bombardment and constant B/E ratio linked scanning to the identification and analysis of acylcarnitines in metabolic disease. AB - Acylcarnitines, a biologically important group of metabolites which have thus far eluded characterization by mass spectrometry, exhibit very intense fast atom bombardment mass spectra dominated by parent cations. The combination of high resolution selected ion detection and daughter ion analysis using the linked scan at constant B/E ratio has enabled the unequivocal identification of the acylcarnitines in the urine of children with propionic acidemia, methylmalonic aciduria and Reye's Syndrome. Quantitative analysis of acetylcarnitine and propionylcarnitine in selected samples was accomplished by isotope dilution, utilizing (2H3)acetyl- and (2H5)propionylcarnitines as internal standards. These techniques will allow assessment of the therapeutic use of L-carnitine in these disorders. PMID- 6743767 TI - Characterization of oxygen-linked glucuronides by laser desorption mass spectrometry. AB - A laser desorption time-of-flight mass spectrometer is used for structural confirmation of several acyl- and ether-linked glucuronides. Abundant molecular ion species are produced, as well as fragmentation reflecting both the molecular structure and the stability of the conjugates. The major ions are produced by cationization, and detection limits are as low as 1.6 ng (5.0 pmol). PMID- 6743768 TI - The decomposition of benzodiazepines during analysis by capillary gas chromatography/mass spectrometry. AB - A capillary gas chromatography column directly interfaced to a mass spectrometer was used for the analysis of sixteen benzodiazepines. The thermal stability of the drugs was found to be related to their chemical structure. Nine of the benzodiazepines were thermally unstable indicating that care should be taken in the interpretation of gas chromatographic data from this class of drugs. The unstable benzodiazepines were: ketazolam which decomposes to diazepam; N-4 oxides (chlordiazepoxide and demoxepam) which lose an oxygen radical; aromatic 7-nitro compounds (nitrazepam and clonazepam) which are partially reduced to the corresponding amine; alpha-hydroxy ketones (lorazepam and oxazepam) which decompose with the loss of water and N-methyl-alpha-hydroxy ketones (lormetazepam and temazepam) which partially decompose with the loss of a hydrogen molecule to produce the corresponding alpha, beta-diketones. Few problems were encountered in distinguishing the drugs by their mass spectra, the exceptions being ketazolam which decomposes to diazepam and demoxepam which decomposes to desmethyldiazepam. In general, good spectra were obtained from 20-50 ng of drug injected. However, for those compounds where the decompositions were not quantitative (nitrazepam, clonazepam, lormetazepam, temazepam) detection limits were poor. PMID- 6743769 TI - The metabolism of cinnamic acid by healthy and phenylketonuric adults: a kinetic study. AB - The enzyme phenylalanine ammonia lyase taken orally has been found to reduce the rise in blood phenylalanine that normally occurs following a protein meal. Therefore the enzyme has a potential use in the management of the genetic disease phenylketonuria. The enzyme mediates the conversion of phenylalanine to cinnamic acid and its possible clinical future has necessitated a more detailed study of the product of its reaction. Cinnamic acid is a compound of low toxicity which is converted in the mammalian body primarily to hippuric acid. We have examined the kinetics of this process in a healthy male and in two patients with untreated phenylketonuria. In addition we have attempted to clarify the inconsistencies in earlier published work about the status of other, minor metabolites. Following an oral load of sodium (2H6) cinnamate there is an increase in urinary hippuric acid largely due to the excretion of (2H5) hippuric acid. In the subjects studied there was no major difference in the rate of elimination although the amount of cinnamic acid converted was less in those with phenylketonuria. This may reflect reduced first-pass absorption by the liver in untreated phenylketonuria enabling increased uptake to occur in other parts of the body. PMID- 6743770 TI - [Morphometric study of hepatic peroxisomes in hyperlipoproteinemic patients treated with fenofibrate]. AB - In rodents fenofibrate shares with other triglyceride-lowering agents the potential to increase the liver peroxisome population. It was therefore of interest to look for this effect in hyperlipoproteinemic patients receiving this drug. Light and electron microscopy of liver biopsies from a group of 10 patients treated with fenofibrate and from another group of 13 receiving diet only, show no morphological difference between both groups. In contrast with the rodent data the morphometric study reveals no significant changes in the number (fenofibrate group: 7.96 10(10) cm-3; group receiving diet alone: 8.41 10(10) peroxisomes per cm3 of liver tissue) or in the size (fenofibrate group: diameter = 0.53 +/- 0.07 micron; group receiving diet alone: 0.50 +/- 0.06) of peroxisomes. The difference between our results and those obtained consistently in rodents may be due to the relatively low dose in man and/or a species-dependant difference in enzyme content of liver peroxisomes, itself related to an apparent difference in the way in which lipids are handled. PMID- 6743771 TI - Mobilization of canine hemopoietic stem cells by pyran copolymer (NSC 46015). AB - Pyran copolymer (NSC 46015), a divinyl ether maleic anhydride of broad spectrum molecular weight, was infused into six normal mongrel dogs. The effect on canine blood and bone marrow colony forming units in culture (CFU-C) was followed over an 11-day period. Significant elevation of circulating CFU-c was noted 2 days after pyran infusion; normalization occurred by day 7 postinfusion. Bone marrow CFU-C were decreased 2 days and 5 days after pyran administration. A further increase in circulating CFU-C was noted when pyran was administered twice, 5 days apart. The mobilizing effect of pyran copolymer appears promising enough to warrant further exploration of blood as a source of hemopoietic stem cells for transplantation purposes. PMID- 6743773 TI - How to keep the doctor away. AB - The current emphasis of Health Ministries in Western Europe on primary health care and individual responsibility for health life styles has been traced to a Canadian report entitled: "A new perspective on the health of Canadians" which appeared in 1974. The contents of this report are critically analyzed and show to be founded on misinterpretations of epidemiological data and on misunderstandings of the value of the scientific approach. It is the purpose of this article to expose the irrational nature of the Canadian report so as to prevent the further implementation of its recommendations. PMID- 6743772 TI - Consequences of diabetes mellitus or liver cirrhosis on total collagen in human skin biopsies. AB - In this work, we studied the changes in human skin collagen occurring in diabetes mellitus and liver cirrhosis. The original methodology, based on the determination of the amino acids proline, 4-hydroxyproline, hydroxylysine, glycine and alanine, allowed us to reveal in skin a change in collagen in diabetes mellitus but none in liver cirrhosis. This biochemical evidence was correlated to the histological investigation. Moreover, diabetes mellitus did not involve any changes in hydroxylation of polypeptidic lysine. This latter observation was in accordance with the accumulation of normal collagen regarding amino acid composition only, and the results suggest a preferential accumulation of collagen type III in skin, in diabetes mellitus. PMID- 6743774 TI - The quality and cost of medical care in Sweden. AB - Swedish examples are used in favor of recent WHO recommendations of quality assurance. Even prior to present efforts at savings, the autopsy frequency in Swedish hospitals dropped 2% per year. Only 31% of Swedish out-patients see the same doctor on subsequent visits, and since few have a personal physician, emergency ward visits increase about 4% per year. Laboratory errors and uncertain diagnoses seem to be of the order of 20%, at least in some conditions. PMID- 6743775 TI - [The model of French medicine and its structural requirements for the year 2000]. AB - The authors review the quality and defects of the French medicine model regarding its structural, hygienic, human, budgetary, geographic, educational and scientific aspects. They suggest several solutions concerning the necessary separation between hospitals, which should be reserved for patients, and institutions for healthy subjects, because of microbial infection dangers. They recommend the division of the latter into centers for family planning and maternity, centers for the detection, prevention and health education and centers for medical adaptation and education. They stress the advantages and the necessity of maintaining two structures, public and private, and the need for a European health policy to produce medical appliances in the field of imaging and automation, which France lacks so much that the short and long term future of its medicine is threatened. PMID- 6743776 TI - Leucocyte depleted blood. AB - Non-haemolytic febrile transfusion reactions (NHFTR) are commonly associated with the production of leucocyte antibodies, especially in multitransfused patients. These reactions can be prevented or ameliorated by the transfusion of leucocyte depleted red cells. Manual centrifugation techniques are least effective and risk the loss of excessive red cells. Saline washing can be effective, but is either tedious (manual techniques) or results in slight excess red cell losses (machine techniques). Sedimentation with high molecular weight polymers such as dextran produce excellent leucocyte depletion and small red cell losses. Filtration is both relatively straightforward and relatively cheap, and results in very effective red cell depletion with acceptable red cell losses. Microaggregate filtration is an alternative low cost bedside technique whose effectiveness does not depend entirely on maximum total leucocyte depletion. Freezing and thawing of red cells is very effective but is costly. Whatever technique is chosen, leucocyte depletion of at least 80% should be aimed for. The final choice however will depend on factors such as available facilities, experience and expense, and additional clinical factors such as the requirements for platelet depletion and plasma removal. PMID- 6743777 TI - Klinefelter's syndrome and mitral valve prolapse. an echocardiographic study in twenty-two patients. AB - It is well known that the incidence of mitral valve prolapse is increased in various hereditary and humoral disorders, particularly in diseases with abnormal collagene structure and metabolism. We consecutively investigated, both clinically and echocardiographically, 22 patients with Klinefelter's syndrome (Mean age: 35 +/- 15.8 years). On clinical examination one third (7 patients) showed clinical signs of connective tissue weakness, 9 patients were obese. In 3 patients without a history of rheumatic fever mitral regurgitation was present. A mid-systolic click was heard in 12 patients, in 8 of them a click-murmur syndrome. Mitral regurgitation has been found in 3 patients. Echocardiographic ally, 12 of 22 patients (55%) revealed mitral valve prolapse which was not correlated with the degree of the chromosomal aberration. The incidence of mitral valve prolapse in an otherwise healthy male population is reported to be approximately 6%. Thus, in Klinefelter's syndrome, the frequency of mitral valve prolapse is found to be markedly increased. Regarding the nosological implications of mitral valve prolapse, it is recommended to thoroughly examine patients cardiologically. Furthermore, since mitral valve prolapse bears a higher risk of malignant cardiac arrhythmias, chest pain and endocarditis, an antiarrhythmic treatment and--if indicated--antibiotic prophylaxis has to be instituted. Those patients also should be advised to adjust their life style appropriately. PMID- 6743778 TI - Effects of porcine calcitonin on human platelet fuction. AB - The effects of different doses of porcine calcitonin (pCT) were tested in vitro and in vivo. In vitro, pCT at a concentration ranging from 0.1 to 5 M. R. C. Units/ml induced a dose-dependent inhibition of ADP (1.2 microM) and collagen- (2 micrograms/ml) induced platelet aggregation, showing a prevalent action on the second wave of ADP-induced aggregation and causing prolongation of the lag time and reduction of both maximum aggregation and slope in collagen-induced aggregation. 45Ca uptake by platelets in the presence of the ionophore A23187 and 14C-serotonin release were also inhibited in a dose-related fashion, using concentrations ranging from 1 to 10 M. R. C. Units of pCT. The in vivo tests, performed before and after a 7-day treatment with 2 different doses of pCT (1 and 160 M. R. C. Units/daily, i. m.) confirmed the inhibitory effect of pCT on ADP- and collagen-induced platelet aggregation. It should be stressed that the effect of 1 unit was stronger than that of 160 units. It is therefore postulated that in vitro and in vivo effects of pCT on platelet functions probably depend on different mechanisms of action. PMID- 6743779 TI - Bioavailability of nifedipine: a comparison between two preparations. AB - In a random cross-over study, eight healthy volunteers received single 10 mg doses of either nifedipine capsule (Adalat, Bayer) or nifedipine tablets (Taro) after an overnight fast. The areas under the serum concentration time curves were not significantly different (AUC0----infinity 319.8 +/- 28.0 (SEM) ng ml-1 h-1 for capsules, 260.8 +/- 15.3 ng ml-1 h-1 for tablets). The peak serum levels and the time of their occurrence were 162.4 +/- 23.4 ng ml-1 at 30 min for capsules and 43.0 +/- 3.0 ng ml-1 at 1-2 h for tablets, indicating that the absorption of nifedipine from the capsule is faster than from the tablet form. Clinical symptoms of vasodilation corresponded with the nifedipine peak levels. We conclude that although the bioavailability in general of the two preparations is similar, the therapeutic equivalence may differ. Depending on the therapeutic indication each preparation may have its merits. PMID- 6743780 TI - Pharmacokinetic and clinical parameters of zopiclone and trimipramine when administered simultaneously to volunteers. AB - Zopiclone is a new sedative showing a rapid onset of hypnotic effect and a relatively short duration of action. The goal of this study was to assess the kinetic parameters of zopiclone and its interaction with trimipramine when administered concomitantly. Ten normal subjects each received doses of zopiclone (7.5 mg), trimipramine (50 mg), and zopiclone (7.5 mg) + trimipramine (50 mg) orally at 7-day intervals. The absorption of zopiclone was rapid, the observed plasma peak concentration and 95 per cent of all absorption occurring within one hour. The average elimination half-life was 3.8 +/- 0.2 h. The volunteers reported a bitter taste at an average of 24 min after zopiclone administration at which time concentrations in saliva were approximately 50 ng ml-1. Trimipramine decreased the relative bioavailability determined for zopiclone by 13.7 per cent, while zopiclone decreased the relative bioavailability of trimipramine by an average of 26.6 per cent, although neither of these changes was statistically significant (p greater than 0.05); there were no substantial changes in other kinetic parameters. It is concluded that zopiclone presents advantages over some other sedative drugs as it is rapidly absorbed and eliminated. When zopiclone is administered with trimipramine, the decrease in the relative bioavailability of trimipramine may be clinically significant. PMID- 6743781 TI - Comparative bioavailability of two oral formulations of flurazepam in human subjects. AB - The systemic availability of an investigational oral formulation of flurazepam was compared to that of a commercially available product whose therapeutic efficacy has been well established by usage. The experiment was designed to dissociate formula on factors from all other sources of variation including differences between subjects, sexes, sequences of administration, experimental periods, as well as sex by sequence, sex by period, and sex by formulation interactions. Systemic availability was assessed by conventional pharmacokinetic techniques. Pharmacokinetic interpretation and statistical analysis of plasma concentrations of flurazepam and its major blood metabolites namely N-1 hydroxyethylfurazepam and N-1-desalkylflurazepam as a function of time and of systemic availability indicators revealed a nearly identical biopharmaceutical behaviour for the two preparations. A significant difference could be seen in the plasma levels of N-1-desalkylflurazepam between male and female subjects. The results collectively indicate a very similar biopharmaceutical performance of the two oral formulations of flurazepam. PMID- 6743782 TI - Apparent dose-dependent oral absorption of cyclosporin A in rats. AB - The oral absorption of cyclosporin A (CyA) was studied in rats after 6, 12, 18, and 23 mg kg-1 doses were given in an olive oil solution to determine if CyA absorption from the gastrointestinal tract was dose-dependent. Using serial blood samples obtained at various times after the respective doses, analysis of the resultant blood CyA concentration-time curves suggested that the rate of CyA absorption for all four doses was an apparent zero-order process. Moreover, the rate of CyA absorption appeared to be dose-dependent, increasing as the dose of CyA increased. Similarly, the extent of CyA absorption (F) also exhibited dose dependent characteristics in this study. F increased from 0.13 after the 6 mg kg 1 dose to 0.22 with the 18 and 23 mg kg-1 doses (p less than 0.05). In the present investigation, the observed values for the duration of drug absorption (T), terminal first-order rate constant (beta) and corresponding elimination half life (T 1/2 beta) of approximately 4-5 h, 0.030 h-1 and 21-28 h, respectively, were similar for all CyA doses. Moreover, no difference in beta was observed after oral or intravenous drug administration. Absorption lag times of 1-2 h were found. The results suggested that the dose-dependent absorption of CyA observed in the present study was possibly related to the effects of olive oil on gastric emptying and that CyA might be unstable in the gastric fluids and/or metabolized by the gastric mucosa. PMID- 6743783 TI - Effect of quinidine on the intestinal secretion of digoxin in guinea pigs. AB - Following i.v. injection of digoxin (10 micrograms kg-1) the ratio between digoxin concentrations in the lumen of jejunal loops perfused in situ and in plasma (L/P) of guinea pigs increased linearly with time. After 3 h, L/P was 8.7, indicating net secretion of digoxin against a concentration gradient. In quinidine treated animals (100 mg kg-1 p.o., 2 h before experiment) both the L/P ratio (5.7; p less than 0.01) and the digoxin content of jejunal tissue (-32 per cent; p less than 0.01) were markedly reduced. It is suggested that quinidine reduces the extrarenal clearance of digoxin at least in part by inhibiting the intestinal secretion of this glycoside. PMID- 6743784 TI - Comparative bioavailability study of two tablet formulations of cimetidine. AB - A two-way crossover bioavailability study of two commercial cimetidine formulations was performed on 24 healthy male volunteers. Drug was administered after an overnight fast and plasma samples were withdrawn periodically for 12 h. Urine was collected throughout the study period. Results indicated that the two formulations were bioequivalent since no statistically significant difference in means was detected for any of the parameters studied. Extensive interpatient variation in cimetidine blood concentration was observed during both treatments. PMID- 6743786 TI - Effect of water deprivation on antipyrine disposition kinetics in rats. PMID- 6743785 TI - Comparison of the bioavailability of oral, rectal and intramuscular promethazine. AB - The bioavailabilities of generic and reference promethazine 50 mg rectal suppositories were compared with that of 50 mg reference oral solution (24 subjects), and all three treatments were compared with a 50 mg reference i.m. injection (six subjects). Plasma samples were assayed by an HPLC method with triflupromazine as the internal standard. Both suppositories produced lower peak plasma concentrations (Cmax) and longer times to peak concentration (Tmax) than did the oral solution. There were no significant differences in the mean area under the plasma concentration-time curves (AUC) from 0 to 24 h among the three treatments. The Cmax of the i.m. injection was significantly higher than the other three treatments, while the Tmax of the injection was significantly shorter than the reference suppository only. The mean AUC of the injection was significantly greater than the AUCs of the other three treatments. Rectal suppositories of promethazine are more slowly absorbed than oral solutions or i.m. injections; rectal suppositories and oral solutions are less bioavailable than i.m. injections. Diminished systemic bioavailability may result from extensive first-pass hepatic metabolism that occurs after both oral and rectal dosing. There is a high degree of intersubject variation in the bioavailability of promethazine rectal suppositories and oral solutions. PMID- 6743787 TI - Pharmacokinetics of atenolol in acute respiratory infection. PMID- 6743788 TI - Electrical excitability of proteinoid microspheres composed of basic and acidic proteinoids. AB - Material flow equilibration, an endogenous interaction adjustment process underlying fulfillment of material flow continuity during material self-assembly, also underlies electrical excitability observed in the proteinoid microspheres as simulated models of the protocell. The spikings of the membrane potentials are attributed to a singular character of the interaction rate coefficients measuring the strengths of the coupling between basic and acidic proteinoids, in which the rates change singularly with time due to material flow equilibration. PMID- 6743789 TI - A four-variable model for the pattern-forming mechanism in Hydra. AB - A generalized Gierer-Meinhardt model has been used to account for the transplantation experiments in Hydra. In this model, a cross inhibition between the two organizing centres (namely, head and foot) are assumed to be the only mode of interaction in setting up a stable morphogen distribution for the pattern formation in Hydra. PMID- 6743790 TI - Differentiation--a consequence of idiotype-environment interaction. AB - The present paper deals with a model of idiotype-environment interaction and its application to a tissue culture experiment with birch (Betula pendula ROTH.). The data of the experiment are characterized with respect to the physiological reactions and are discussed in the light of the model. The main results of the paper are: With respect to the environmental action one has to discriminate between the environment inside and outside the cell (external and internal environment). The environmental influences cause a differential gene activity which lead to transient differentiation states and to final states of differentiatedness. During mitosis two types of information transmission take place: transmission of genetic material (the "blueprint") and transmission of the milieu (the "experience" of previous events). They together give rise to differentiation. The data of the experiment show that differentiation is no one way street: Because of the transmitted milieu it is sometimes easier to regain an earlier differentiation state than to reach a new one. Only the interaction of idiotype (sum of genetic information) and the milieu state (internal environment) causes parallel as well as divergent development of cell lines. The model is also used to reinterpret some selected papers in the literature. PMID- 6743791 TI - Spatial-temporal dissipative structures arising in open reactive systems with a negative feedback loop. AB - A systematic way of finding the possible spatial-temporal structures that may emerge in open reactive systems coupled with diffusive transport and containing one inhibitory (negative feedback) loop is presented. The method is illustrated on two kinetic models, one used by L. Glass, another by Higgins et al. which we coupled with diffusion. The ranges of cooperativity index and Fick transport coefficients we find for the occurrence of a spatially non-uniform time periodicity are consistent with in vitro experiments. PMID- 6743792 TI - A generalized reaction diffusion model for spatial structure formed by motile cells. AB - A non-linear stability analysis using a multi-scale perturbation procedure is carried out on a model of a generalized reaction diffusion mechanism which involves only a single equation but which nevertheless exhibits bifurcation to non-uniform states. The patterns generated by this model by variation in a parameter related to the scalar dimensions of domain of definition, indicate its capacity to represent certain key morphogenetic features of multicellular systems formed by motile cells. PMID- 6743793 TI - Coevolution of functionally constrained characters: prerequisites for adaptive versatility. AB - One of the major problems of organismic evolution theory is to explain how complex organisms were able to evolve by random mutations in spite of the severe functional constraints that canalize their route of change. The problem is discussed on the basis of a quantitative genetic model. How the degree of genetic variation influences the adaptation speed of functionally coupled but genetically uncorrelated characters is examined. It was found, that if more than three independent characters contribute to the variation of a functionally constrained system, optimal degrees of genetic variation exist. Higher degrees of variation lead to decreasing adaptation rates. Conversely, functional constraints do not limit the degree of adaptely reasonable genetic variability as long as the number of independent characters is not higher than three. The conclusion is drawn that there is no need to develop a genetic correlation between functionally coupled characters as long as not many more than three characters are integrated into a functional system. This explains the fact that there is no genetic coupling between the inherited signal sender and receiver mechanisms in orthopterians, even though there is a strong functional coupling between them. PMID- 6743794 TI - Encounters in predator-prey systems: a simple discrete model. AB - Predator-prey systems are often described by exploitation models. These models can mimic experimental data very accurately, but it is sometimes difficult to realize the relationships between the models and the behavior of individual predator and prey animals. A simple discrete model is proposed here that tries to elucidate the connections between: the animals' movements, the predator/prey encounters; and the dynamics in the system as globally represented by the exploitation models. In these models, the term "area of discovery" plays an essential role. This term is shown to be a predictable coefficient that is composed of measurable physical properties of the analyzed predator-prey system. The model takes into account that predators and prey in experimental systems often do not search randomly but prefer some parts of the test area. The model is applied to the mite system Phytoseiulus persimilis/Tetranychus urticae under simple artificial conditions. PMID- 6743795 TI - Automata simulation of the selection process. AB - A complete simulation of the selection process can be constructed using a population of self-replicating finite-state automata. The entire population is challenged with a repeating sequence of inputs, and those individuals that are best able to recognize the input sequence are allowed to replicate most rapidly. Replication proceeds with imperfect fidelity, so that under the constraint of constant total population size, a quasispecies distribution of error copies is obtained. The operation of this simulation provides an essential representation of an evolving system. When the input sequence is altered, the structure of the existing population is destabilized, and a new quasispecies distribution emerges. The ability of the system to respond to changes in the input and the structure of the quasispecies distribution are shown to be critically dependent on the fidelity of replication. PMID- 6743796 TI - [Relation of mechanical noise in the rat papillary muscle to the level of its contraction]. AB - The existence of mechanical noise (MN) has been demonstrated in isolated papillary muscles of rats at rest. The mean amplitude of the MN was about 1 mg, the mean frequency 1.5 Hz (t 22 degrees C). A good agreement was found between the MN amplitude and the contracture level of the muscle. However, during long contractures, the correlation between the noise and contracture magnitude was disturbed. There was no relationship between the MN amplitude and contracture magnitude during exposures inducing metabolic alterations (hypoxia, NaCN) and upsetting the work of the sarcoplasmic reticulum (caffeine). It is believed that the MN amplitude is in a good agreement with the contracture magnitude and, therefore, with the concentration of intracellular Ca2+, if the sarcoplasmic reticulum and contractile elements of the cells are intact. PMID- 6743797 TI - [Function of the adrenal cortex during elaboration of the passive avoidance conditioned reflex in immature rats]. AB - Plasma 11-hydroxycorticosteroid (11-OHCS) levels were measured in 30-day-old rats by fluorometry during passive avoidance (PA) learning by means of a single electric footshock. In contrast to the data obtained in adult animals, pre exposure of young rats for 7 days to the experimental environment (over 3 min daily) resulted in elevation of the basal 11-OHCS levels and in the lack of distinct changes in the hormonal background after placing the young rats into a chamber. As in previous experiments on adult rats, one day after PA learning the 11-OHCS levels were significantly lower in young rats displaying PA than in the animals which did not exhibit PA behavior. Five days after PA training these differences in adrenocortical reactivity disappeared, as was the case in adult animals. PMID- 6743798 TI - [Relation between the prolongation of the anti-inflammatory activity of liposome encapsulated hydrocortisone and liposome composition in experimental arthritis]. AB - Experiments on rabbits with arthritis have demonstrated the possibility of a 10 fold decrease in the dose of hydrocortisone acetate incorporated into liposomes, administered intraarticularly as compared with a commercial drug in the form of suspension. The antiinflammatory effect was found to be appreciably prolonged (up to 5-6 days) upon the use of dipalmitoylphosphatidylcholine liposomes with 20 mol% cholesterol. Hydrocortisone had a prolongation effect (about 1-2 days) in the lipid phase of multilamellar liposomes from egg lecithin, dimyristoylphosphatidylcholine and distearoylphosphatidylcholine. PMID- 6743799 TI - [Effect of 1-(chloromethyl)silatrane on biochemical indices in the tissue of experimental gastric ulcer]. AB - It has been demonstrated in rats with experimental gastric ulcer that 1 (chloromethyl) silatrane intensifies the development of granulation-fibrous tissue and favours optimization of the ratio of collagens and glycosaminoglycans, the main connective tissue biopolymers. Furthermore, 1-(chloromethyl) silatrane produces a more pronounced effect on hexosamine-containing glycoproteins in the ulcer tissue as compared with methyluracil and oxyferriscorbon. At the same time, judging by the time course of sialoproteins, the antiulcerous drugs, methyluracil and oxyferriscorbon, are much more effective antiinflammatory agents than 1 (chloromethyl)silatrane. PMID- 6743801 TI - [Effect of cholesterol oxidation products, polyunsaturated fatty acids and the synthetic antioxidant ionol on experimental hypercholesterolemia in rabbits]. AB - Oral administration to rabbits of purified commercial cholesterol entailed a substantial delay in the development of hypercholesterolemia as compared with estimates obtained in a group of animals given analogous doses of crude cholesterol. Administration of polyunsaturated fatty acids from hydrobiont lipids led to a dramatic suppression of hypercholesterolemia at the late stages of experiment (2.5 months). After administering ethyl esters of polyunsaturated fatty acids combined with the synthetic antioxidant ionol the level of blood plasma cholesterol did not differ significantly from that in intact animals. It is suggested that minor oxidation products contained by commercial cholesterol produce a hypercholesterolemic effect. PMID- 6743800 TI - [Adrenergic structures and monoamine oxidase activity in dystrophic skeletal muscles]. AB - Patients with Duchenne's progressive muscular dystrophy show a high catecholamine content in the adrenergic structures and low mitochondrial monoamine oxidase activity in the skeletal muscles. Activation of dopamine deamination in the mitochondria-surrounding medium may be accounted for by the damage te mitochondrial membrane permeability. Patients with Charcot-Marie's neural amyotrophy did not manifest any such alterations. PMID- 6743802 TI - [Relation between the activity of antioxidant systems and endogenous lipid peroxidation in the myocardium of the left and right heart ventricles]. PMID- 6743803 TI - [Specificity of liposome uptake from target cell lipids]. AB - A more considerable uptake of liposomes (1.5-2 times greater) from lipids of target cells was revealed in the cells of ascites lympholeukemia NKLy/LL and Ehrlich's ascites carcinoma as compared with liposomes from other tumor lipids. NKLy/LL cells uptake liposomes from their own lipids 8 times as effective, whereas Ehrlich's carcinoma cells 3 times as effective as widely applied vesicles from egg lecithin. Evidence is provided that the differences discovered are consequent on the different mechanisms of liposome interaction with the cells. As far as egg lecithin is concerned, the principal mechanism of interaction is endocytosis which is unmarked in these cells. Meanwhile uptake of target cell lipids is effected by the fusion mechanism. PMID- 6743804 TI - [Thyroid hormones and the electrical stability of rat liver mitochondrial membranes]. AB - The electrical stability of mitochondrial membranes isolated from the liver of normal, hypothyroid, hyperthyroid (0.1 mg L-thyroxine per 100 g bw for 9 days) and thyrotoxic (4 mg L-thyroxine per 100 g bw for 6 days) rats was investigated. The electrical stability of mitochondrial membranes was estimated by the amount of potassium acetate required for electrical breakdown of the mitochondria. Of the four mitochondrial populations, the organelles of hyperthyroid and thyrotoxic animals had the most stable membranes, whereas the electrical stability of the mitochondria of normal and hypothyroid rats was approximately the same. It is assumed that the increased electrical stability of the mitochondria seen in hyperthyroid conditions is linked with the hormone-induced modifications in the composition of membrane phospholipids rather than with a direct action of excess thyroxine on the organelles. PMID- 6743805 TI - [Analysis of the membrane effects of gangliosides]. AB - Gangliosides interact with human serum albumin, inducing conformational changes in its globule. Gangliosides bring about an increase in the binding constant of the fluorescent probe 1-anilinonapthalene-8-sulfonate (ANS) with model phospholipid membranes, a decrease in the rate of pyrene diffusion in liposomes. Gangliosides raise the fluorescence intensity of ANS bound with the erythrocytic membrane as the binding constant of the probe-membrane increases, the fluorescence of tryptophanils of membranous proteins gets intensified, the fluorescence maximum of ANS and tryptophan residues shifts to the short-wave area, and the accessibility of tryptophan residues for NO-3 decreases. At the same time there is a reduction in the efficacy of energy migration from tryptophan to ANS and NAD X H2. The data obtained attest to the capability of gangliosides of influencing the conformation of both the lipid and protein phases of biological membranes. PMID- 6743806 TI - [Cardiotoxicity of strophanthin for rats and its correction with anaprilin in coronary-related and non-coronary-related damage to the myocardium and acute cardiac insufficiency]. AB - It has been shown in rat experiments that non-coronarogenic injury to the myocardium induced by isadrin reduces the tolerance to the cardiotoxic action of strophanthine more powerfully than coronary artery occlusion. The physical overloading until complete exhaustion induced by swimming raises the cardiotoxicity of strophanthine to the same degree as non-coronarogenic injury to the myocardium. Hypersensitivity to strophanthine is successfully corrected by the beta-adrenoblocker anaprilin. PMID- 6743807 TI - [Local anesthetic properties of a polymeric compound of trimecaine]. AB - Original techniques were used in experiments on rabbits and rats to explore the activity and duration of a local anesthetic action of a new trimecaine polymer as compared with trimecaine hydrochloride. The polymer effect was found to be 1.5-2 times longer as compared to that of its low-molecular analog, which was discovered in experimental terminal, conduction and infiltration anesthesia in particular. According to the data obtained, the prolongation of the effect of the new drug is determined by slow separation of trimecain from the polymer. PMID- 6743808 TI - [Effect of droperidol, fentanyl and talamonal on the ischemic threshold of the myocardium]. AB - The authors studied the effects of neuroleptoanalgetics on the myocardial ischemia threshold in conscious rabbits. Droperidol and talamonal were capable of raising the myocardial tolerance to ischemia. However, the myocardial tolerance to ischemia diminished as the drug doses were raised. The narcotic analgetic phentanyl (0.1 microgram/kg) did not change the myocardial ischemia threshold. The tendency toward the lowering of the myocardial tolerance to ischemia was noted after administration of higher doses of phentanyl. PMID- 6743809 TI - [Secretion of the salivary glands of the medicinal leech Hirudo medicinalis inhibits ADP-induced aggregation of human platelets and platelet adhesion to a collagen-coated surface]. AB - As was earlier demonstrated, secretion of medical leech exhibits high antithrombin activity of hirudin and inhibits contact activation of factor XII. Attempts were made to investigate the effects of the leech secretion on (i) the ADP-induced aggregation of platelets in suspension, registered by photometry according to Born, and (ii) platelet adhesion to the calf skin collagen-coated surface measured by scanning electron microscopy. The following results were obtained: 1) the secretion at doses of 0.13 vol % and 0.75 vol % inhibits the ADP induced aggregation of gel-filtered human platelets by 50 and 97%, respectively; 2) the secretion inhibits the total adhesion and initial attachment of the gel filtered platelets to the collagen substrate by 60-70% (dose 0.1-1.0 vol %) and 87-88% (dose 10 vol %); 3) platelet spreading on the collagen substrate and adhesion of the platelets from suspension to the upper surface of the spread platelets are inhibited by the secretion as well, but these effects are not statistically significant. The data obtained suggest that the secretion contains components which inhibit both the coagulating and platelet-vascular wall pathways of hemostasis. PMID- 6743810 TI - [Intrapopulational heterogeneity of human neutrophils based on chemokinetic and respiratory burst reactions]. AB - The chemokinetic test (ameboid motility) and enhancement of oxygen-dependent metabolism of neutrophils (the NBT test) were considered in human blood stimulated with Staph. aureus allergen. There were three variants of stimulated cells: 1) neutrophils developing ameboid motility (13,5 +/- 1,7% cells), 2) neutrophils with activated oxygen-dependent metabolism (11.5 +/- 0.6%), 3) neutrophils positive in both the tests (2.6 +/- 0.8%). Unstimulated cells accounted for 71.6 +/- 4.1%. Considerable differences were recorded for each variant. The data obtained are regarded as evidence of dissimilar capability of neutrophils of the realization of effector functions. PMID- 6743811 TI - [Delayed hypersensitivity reaction to alloantigens in mice]. AB - A new scheme of induction of delayed hypersensitivity (DH) to alloantigens in mice is described. The optimal conditions for DH development are intraperitoneal injection of 1 X 10(7) cells of the allogeneic spleen to normal mice (not treated with cyclophosphamide) 5 days before the challenge with 5 X 10(6) spleen cells. s.c. The maximal response was seen 24 h after resolution. The reaction was specific, being mediated by T lymphocytes; it could not be transferred to intact recipients by allogeneic serum. However, DH was found to be transferrable by s.c. injection of 5 X 10(6) lymphocytes from sensitized donors. Such a modification of the scheme of DH induction may appear useful for studies of the animals' immunity, particularly for studies of the tolerance to allografts. PMID- 6743812 TI - [Relation of proliferating to nonproliferating spleen cell populations during the development of Rauscher leukemia and after loading the mononuclear phagocyte system with colloidal gold]. AB - Undulatory changes in the ratio of proliferating to quiescent spleen cells of (C57BL/6j X DBA/2)F1 male mice were revealed in the course of Rauscher's leukemia development by means of nucleoprotein-celite chromatography. Administration of colloidal gold particles for the purpose of the functional loading of the mononuclear phagocyte system (MPS) induced a temporary diminution (for several hours) of the proliferating cell percentage and the DNA synthesis rate. Then the number of proliferating cells returned to normal (by 24 hours), with the DNA synthesis rate exceeding the basic level. The data obtained point to the dependence of tumor cell proliferation on the MPS in Rauscher's leukemia. PMID- 6743813 TI - [Electrophysiological and catecholamine mechanisms of negative feedback in regulation of the hypothalamus by male sex glands]. AB - The immediate response on the part of the sympathoadrenal system (SAS) in mature male rats to testosterone propionate involves an increase in the content of dopamine and lowering of adrenaline and noradrenaline content in the hypothalamus, brain cortex, adrenals and peripheral organs, paralleled by an increase in the amplitude of evoked potentials and reduction in the frequency of induced impulse activity of arcuate neurons of the hypothalamus. This attests to the specificity of the associated response of the SAS and the hypothalamus pituitary-gonadal system (HPGS) to hyperandrogenization and to the dopaminergic nature of the negative feed-back mechanism in the HPGS. PMID- 6743814 TI - [Number of nucleoli as an index of the proliferative activity of cells in vitro]. AB - The number of nucleoli in cells is commonly insignificant (from 1 to 2). It may increase under numerous normal (regeneration) and pathological conditions. The data obtained suggest that activation of the nucleoli and the increase in the number cannot be specific characteristics of any pathological condition. Any disorders of tissue proliferative homeostasis will result in a change in the ratio of proliferative and resting cells and increase in the number of nucleoli. PMID- 6743817 TI - [Corticofugal projections to the periaqueductal gray matter in the cat midbrain]. AB - Stereotaxic microinjections of horseradish peroxidase (HP) were made into different parts of the rostral and caudal periaqueductal gray (PAG) in cats to study corticofugal projections to the PAG. The method of retrograde axonal transport of HP demonstrated labeled neurons in the I and II somatosensory areas, frontal, cingular and insular cortex of the brain. It was shown that the II somatosensory cortex projects to all the areas of the rostral and caudal PAG. The frontal cortex projects to the dorsolateral quadrant of the PAG. The findings obtained enabled the detection of the morphological substrate of the corticofugal effects on one of the antinociceptive brain structures--the PAG. PMID- 6743815 TI - [Progenitors of transitory spleen colonies in mouse embryonal liver]. AB - The transitory nature of about half of spleen colonies macroscopically detectable in the spleen 7 days after injection of embryonal liver hemopoietic cells was demonstrated by localization of the colonies on the spleen surface and by the study of the content of polypotential and unipotential precursors in individual 7 and 11-day colonies produced in the spleen of irradiated mice by the cells of early (12-13-day) and late (17-18-day) embryonal liver. PMID- 6743816 TI - [Mitotic activity of the myocardium in early ontogenesis of rabbits after minor mechanical injury to the heart]. AB - The data are provided on proliferative activity of myocytes in rabbit embryos and neonates. In rabbit embryos, in which myocardial regeneration is effected at the cellular level, mitoses of myocytes are largely important for myocyte proliferation. In rabbit neonates which do not show any complete regeneration of the myocardium, mitoses of myocytes are of primary importance for myocardial polyploidy. Minor mechanical injury to rabbit myocardium in early ontogenesis contributes to activation of the processes of hear muscle differentiation. PMID- 6743818 TI - [Changes in the myofibrillary apparatus of the heart in early postnatal ontogenesis of rats in conditions of high altitude and physical exertion]. AB - During postnatal development of rats under high-altitude conditions, the cardiac mass was enlarged as a result of cellular and intracellular hyperplastic processes. Under additional physical exercise the enlargement of the myocardial mass in high-altitude conditions resulted from the hypertrophy of muscle cells, i.e. from intracellular hyperplastic processes. The correlation between these two ways of the cardiac mass enlargement depends on the animals' age and the period of stay in mountains. PMID- 6743820 TI - [Effect of noise-induced stress on the quantitative characteristics of rat brain synapses]. AB - Rats were exposed to white noise for 1, 2 and 3 weeks. Electron microscopy was used to examine brain sections. The number of synaptic junctions was calculated in the auditory and motor areas of the brain cortex. It has been shown that there was a significantly incremental increase in the number of synaptic junctions in all the layers of the auditory and motor areas of the brain cortex 1, 2 and 3 weeks after exposure to noise. PMID- 6743819 TI - [Tissue stereological analysis of myocardial atrophy during hypokinesia]. AB - The myocardium of Wistar rats which were in a state of hypokinesia for 5, 15 and 30 days was assayed morphologically. Morphometric and stereological methods were used to measure the diameter of cardiomyocytes, the volume and surface densities of muscle fibers and interstitial connective tissue. Myocardial atrophy (absolute heart weight loss, reduction in the cardiomyocyte diameter) was shown to develop in the course of hypokinesia. Informational analysis revealed the increased enthropy and relative enthropy as well as reduction of excess myocardial tissue. Long-term immobilization also resulted in an increase of the relative volume density of the stroma, collagenization of the interstitial connective tissue, and marked tendency toward diminution of the surface-volume ratio of the capillaries. PMID- 6743821 TI - [Method of isolating alveolar macrophages and their functional capacity]. AB - A number of modifications are suggested concerning the method for isolation of alveolar macrophages and the technique for their further handling. To study phagocyte function of alveolar macrophages in suspension, the modification of the method is described, which had been offered by the authors before for the determination of the index of complete phagocytosis by peripheral blood leukocytes. PMID- 6743822 TI - [Reversible functional shutdown of the optic tract on exposure to focused ultrasound]. AB - The possibility of reversible functional blockade of the optical tract and blockade of optical information conduction has been shown by means of undestructive doses of focused ultrasound. Electron microscopy of optic terminals in the superior colliculus in the period of restitution of the bioelectric activity of the optical tract has demonstrated that alterations in the ultrastructure of optic terminals were insignificant and reversible. PMID- 6743823 TI - [Floating cell cultures of the fetal pancreas]. AB - A simple method for preparing human and animal fetal pancreatic cell cultures has been developed. It is based on enzymatic treatment of the fetal pancreatic tissue with collalitine in combination with microdissection. As a result of subsequent cultivation there form floating cytotypic and organotypic cultures consisting mainly of B cells in different phases of the secretory cycle. The floating cultures prepared by the above-described method produce insulin and can be successfully used in experimental and clinical transplantology. PMID- 6743824 TI - Analysis of differentiation of mouse hemopoietic stem cells in culture by sequential replating of paired progenitors. AB - Blast cell colonies seen in cultures of spleen cells from 5-fluorouracil-treated mice provide a highly enriched population of primitive hemopoietic progenitors. Our recent studies of the differentiation potentials of the paired daughter cells of these progenitors showed different patterns of differentiation in the colonies produced by the separated daughter cells. In this study, we carried out sequential micromanipulation of paired progenitors followed by cytologic examinations of the colonies derived from these progenitors. Of the total 94 evaluable cultures, consisting of three or more colonies, 52 consisted of macrophage colonies and one consisted of megakaryocyte colonies. In the remaining 41 cultures, diverse combinations of colonies revealing heterogeneous compositions of cell lineages were identified. Presumptive genealogic trees of the differentiation of hemopoietic progenitors constructed for the latter group of cultures suggested that monopotent progenitors may be derived from pluripotent progenitors in two ways: (1) directly during one cell division of pluripotent cells or (2) as a result of progressive lineage restriction during successive division of the pluripotent progenitors. The results also suggested that some of the oligopotent progenitors are capable of limited self-renewal. PMID- 6743825 TI - Paralysis of phagocyte migration due to an artificial blood substitute. AB - We investigated the effect of a candidate artificial blood substitute, Fluosol-DA (FDA), on human neutrophil function in a serum-free medium. In a 50% (vol/vol) mixture with polymorphonuclear cells (PMN), FDA had no effect on PMN viability, phagocytosis, superoxide anion generation, degranulation, or bactericidal activity. In striking contrast, the random migration and chemotaxis of PMN to both f-Met-Leu-Phe (fMLP) and activated serum were inhibited by 98% +/- 2%, 95% +/- 2%, and 88% +/- 6%, respectively. Inhibition of chemotaxis by FDA required no preincubation, was dose-dependent (50% inhibition [ID50] with a 14% vol/vol mixture with FDA), and was fully reversible by washing PMN free of FDA after one hour but not after 18 hours of incubation (32% +/- 11% inhibition of chemotaxis). FDA itself was not chemotactic and did not impair either the chemotactic activity or binding of fMLP to PMN. FDA also inhibited PMN adhesion (ID50, 9 +/- 1 vol/vol%). The inhibitory component of FDA was found to be its detergent additive, Pluronic F-68, which inhibited random migration, chemotaxis, and adhesion with ID50s of 1.4, 2.4, and 2.9 mg/mL, respectively (equivalent to FDA concentrations of 5, 9, and 11 vol/vol%, respectively). All the other components of FDA were noninhibitory. Plasma samples from humans injected with 8 mL/kg FDA and plasma samples from rabbits injected with 16 mL/kg FDA or an equivalent concentration of Pluronic F-68, when mixed with autologous PMN, also severely inhibited PMN chemotaxis. We conclude that exposure of PMN to clinically relevant concentrations of FDA inhibits PMN migration, presumably due to inhibition of adhesion. The inhibitory effect is entirely due to the detergent, Pluronic F-68. Artificial blood substitutes containing Pluronic F-68 may compromise the ability of PMN to prevent or effectively control microbial infections. PMID- 6743826 TI - Comparison of the native prothrombin antigen and the prothrombin time for monitoring oral anticoagulant therapy. AB - We have measured the fully carboxylated (native) prothrombin antigen and the undercarboxylated (abnormal) prothrombin antigen in patients treated with sodium warfarin using specific immunoassays to evaluate a new approach for monitoring oral anticoagulant therapy. Plasma and serum samples (391) were assayed for the prothrombin time, native prothrombin antigen, and abnormal prothrombin antigen. The results were correlated with the presence of bleeding or thromboembolic complications at the time of phlebotomy. The native prothrombin antigen correlated with the occurrence of complications in 95% of samples. Of 13 samples from patients with bleeding complications, 13/13 (100%) had a native prothrombin of 12 micrograms/mL or lower. Of seven samples from patients with thromboembolic complications, 6/7 (86%) had a native prothrombin of 24 micrograms/mL or greater. By comparison, a prothrombin time index of 1.5 to 2.5, 1.5 to 2.2, 1.5 to 2.0, or 1.3 to 1.8 identified 6/20 (30%), 9/20 (45%), 11/20 (55%), or 12/20 (60%) patients at risk, respectively. Although the prothrombin time index did correlate with the presence of bleeding complications, the native prothrombin antigen correlated closely with the presence of bleeding and thromboembolic complications. According to these results, the native prothrombin antigen, maintained in a range of 12 to 24 micrograms/mL by regular adjustment of the warfarin dosage, may be associated with a reduced risk of complications due to excessive or insufficient warfarin therapy. On the basis of these preliminary data, we recommend that the native prothrombin antigen be considered to monitor warfarin therapy. PMID- 6743827 TI - Filterability of subpopulations of leukocytes: effect of pentoxifylline. AB - Human leukocytes were separated by density into two fractions, one containing predominantly granulocytes (FI) and the other, lymphocytes and monocytes (FII). The filterability of these fractions and their mixture was determined from the pressure measured during constant flow through 5-microns Nuclepore filters. The pressure-time curve of FI indicates the behavior of a relatively homogeneous cell population. The FII pressure-time curve can be analyzed to distinguish the effect of the more numerous and more filterable lymphocytes from that of the sparser but less filterable monocytes. Pressure generated by mixed leukocytes, which had been treated with 1 and 10 mmol/L of pentoxifylline (PTX) or its metabolite I, was substantially less than untreated control; at 10 mmol/L, the pressure was reduced to about 50% of control. PTX appears to affect the filterability of monocytes and polymorphonuclear leukocytes but not lymphocytes. Scanning electron microscopy showed an inhibition of protopod formation in the treated granulocytes. The degree of cell adhesion to the filter, as measured by the number of cells remaining on the outflow side of the filter, was similar in all groups (FI and FII, treated and untreated). The results indicate that the variations in filterability between the leukocyte subpopulations and the improvement by PTX treatment reflect differences in the cells' ability to deform under the test conditions. PMID- 6743828 TI - A new translocation, t(1;3) (p36;q21), in myelodysplastic disorders. PMID- 6743829 TI - The polymerization of nickel (II) hemoglobin S under aerobic conditions. AB - Sickle hemoglobin (Fe(II)HbS) reconstituted with nickel(II)protoporphyrin IX yields an artificial hemoglobin (Ni(II)HbS), the first heme-substituted hemoglobin shown to mimic the polymerization of deoxyHbS. Unlike Fe(II)HbS, Ni(II)HbS does not bind oxygen and therefore polymerizes under aerobic conditions. While the polymer solubility coefficient (Csat) for Ni(II)HbS is elevated about 2 g/100 mL compared with that for deoxy Fe(II)HbS, hemoglobin concentration in the polymer phase is the same. Electron micrographs of thin sections of embedded Ni(II)HbS reveal 20-nm-diameter fibers indistinguishable from those seen with deoxygenated native HbS. Nickel(II)HbS can be used in studies on the sickling process and on antisickling agents that could not previously be done or were difficult to execute because of the need for an anaerobic environment. PMID- 6743830 TI - An objective sign in painful crisis in sickle cell anemia: the concomitant reduction of high density red cells. AB - The etiopathologic basis of painful crisis in sickle cell anemia is largely unknown, and no objective criteria for its diagnosis and follow-up exist at present. We have studied 11 patients through 14 painful crises and observed a significant decrease of the densest fraction of red cells in 12 of the 14 crises as determined by isopycnic Percoll-Stractan continuous density gradients. If the first observation is normalized to 100%, the average decrease in dense cells was 77% with a range of 36% to 94%. The time needed for the percentage of dense cells to return to the steady-state level varied from seven to more than 30 days. These findings were in sharp contrast to the stability of the density pattern observed in another group of sickle cell patients, who were studied during crisis-free periods. The mechanism of the disappearance of dense cells could involve selective destruction by the reticuloendothelial (RE) system, selective sequestration in the areas of vasoocclusion, or a combination of both factors. PMID- 6743831 TI - Intravenously administered 7S immunoglobulin (IgG) affords a rapid elevation of the platelet count. PMID- 6743833 TI - IgG therapy in autoimmune haemolytic anaemia of warm type. AB - Three patients with autoimmune haemolytic anaemia of warm type were treated with high doses of intravenous immunoglobulin (Sandoglobulin). The therapy was ineffective in all three cases. The possible reasons for this therapeutic failure are discussed. PMID- 6743832 TI - IgG therapy in systemic lupus erythematosus--two case reports. AB - Two paediatric patients with systemic lupus erythematosus were treated with immunoglobulin G (IgG). In the first case treatment resulted in regression of the most acute symptoms and a long remission was achieved. In the second patient, who was treated during the chronic stage of the disease, there was no significant effect on the course of the SLE. PMID- 6743834 TI - The place of intravenous immunoglobulin (IgG i.v.) therapy in thrombocytopenia. AB - Acute ITP following infection in children has a high rate of spontaneous remission. Since the platelet count is not uncommonly profoundly depressed, ITP is associated with a mortality of around 1%. The aim of treatment in ITP is to prevent bleeding. As a rule, this can only be achieved by normalizing the platelet count. Intravenous immunoglobulin offers certain advantages over conventional steroid therapy. Moreover, two out of three patients with chronic ITP respond to IgG i.v. The characteristic features of ITP in pregnancy, thrombocytopenia in babies born to mother with ITP and neonatal isoimmune thrombocytopenia are discussed. PMID- 6743835 TI - A method of test substance removal in agar colony assays using glass capillaries. AB - A technique has been developed to remove test substances, after defined incubation periods, from clonogenic in vitro assays using agar-containing glass capillaries. Following removal from the capillaries, the entire agar gels were washed in petri dishes and redrawn into new capillaries. Using 8 radioactive biochemicals of molecular masses ranging from 150 to 1300 dalton the kinetics of diffusion between 1 and 20 min were determined. Using a wash solution-to-assay volume ratio of 20:1, a single washing for 10 min yielded between 90% and 99% removal by diffusion of test substances. By incorporating myelopoietic stem cells it was demonstrated that the cells to be assayed can be quantitatively transferred, without loss or stress, out of and back into capillaries. Thus the reversibility of test substance action can examined under defined conditions avoiding technical problems of previous methods. PMID- 6743836 TI - Impaired natural killer cell function in hemophiliacs with or without continuous substitution. AB - In the present study, 28 hemophiliacs substituted continuously and 5 hemophiliacs who had received almost no blood products were investigated. Cells of OKT 3+, OKT 4+, and OKT 8+ subsets were counted. Percoll separated fractions of peripheral blood mononuclear cells were examined by morphological criteria and were tested for NK cell activity. We found that the NK cell activity of both groups of hemophiliacs was decreased on testing Ficoll separated cells or low density Percoll separated cells. Normal NK cell activity was found in medium density cells of hemophiliacs. Two possible explanations are discussed: first, the NK cell activity may be suppressed in hemophiliacs and secondly, there may be a block in maturation of NK cell activity. It is unlikely that chronic substitution by blood products counts for these alterations. The possible role of chronic infections is discussed. PMID- 6743837 TI - Relationship of natural killer cytotoxicity to clinical and biochemical parameters of primary human breast cancer. AB - We have determined the natural killer (NK) activity of peripheral blood lymphocytes obtained from 121 women undergoing surgery for primary breast cancer. NK activity was measured using 51Cr-labeled K562 target cells and effector: target ratios of 100:1, 50:1 and 10:1. The patients' lymphocytes gave a wide range of values with a mean (+/- S.E.) cytotoxicity of 22.6% +/- 1.3, and a median of 20.9% at the 50:1 effector:target ratio. These results did not differ significantly from the mean and median NK levels obtained with the peripheral blood lymphocytes of normal blood donors (mean = 23.1% +/- 1.9, median = 18.8%). Mean NK activity determined at the first postsurgical examination (less than or equal to 6 months postoperative) was significantly lower than the mean NK activity at surgery. The most significant decreases were seen in patients undergoing chemotherapy prior to the first follow-up examination. Subsequent tests (greater than 6 mo, less than or equal to 12 mo) show a recovery of NK activity to preoperative levels. A negative correlation was seen between NK level and maximum tumor diameter. NK levels also varied with tumor histiotype. No association was seen between NK levels and either the number of involved lymph nodes, pathologic tumor grade, the presence of estrogen or progesterone receptor, or the age, menopausal status or smoking history of the patients. A positive correlation was seen, however, between NK levels and number of pregnancies and live births. PMID- 6743838 TI - Origin and extension of intraductal papillomas of the breast: a three-dimensional reconstruction study. AB - Surgical specimens from fifteen patients with intraductal papilloma were reconstructed three-dimensionally from semi-serial sections to visualize the intraductal distribution of papillomas. Our results showed two basically different papillomas. In five patients, the papillomas were single and originated in the large ducts such as the segmental or subsegmental duct, but did not involve the terminal ductal-lobular units (TDLU); this type corresponded to the so-called solitary papilloma. In the remaining ten specimens, the papillomas were multifocal three-dimensionally; each had a root in the TDLU and spread into the large ducts, suggesting its purely peripheral origin. In view of this striking difference, and of possible canceration of ductal peripheries, a nomenclature of peripheral vs central papillomas is proposed instead of the conventional multiple vs solitary. Duct papillomatosis, invariably situated within the TDLU, was shown to be a continuation of peripheral papilloma and was regarded accordingly as a prepapillomatous condition. PMID- 6743840 TI - Autoradiographic localization of 3H-ORG 2058, a synthetic progestin, in the mammary glands of the baboon. AB - The uptake and retention of a radiolabeled synthetic progestin ORG 2058 by the mammary glands were examined in the baboon. Four estrogen-primed baboons were injected intravenously with 2.5 micrograms/kg body weight of 3H-ORG 2058. One animal received an additional injection of 2.5 mg/kg body weight of unlabeled progesterone. One hour after the injections, the animals were killed and the mammary glands were removed and processed for autoradiography. Only 13.4% of the alveolar secretory cells studied demonstrated nuclear uptake and retention of the radiolabeled steroid, while 60% of the alveoli demonstrated at least 1 labeled cell per cross-section. The fibroblasts in the interlobular connective tissue and most of the cells lining the interlobular ducts were labeled; however, no cells in the intralobular connective tissue were labeled. These observations seem to indicate that all alveolar secretory cells do not contain progesterone receptors in the normal mammary gland. PMID- 6743839 TI - Prolactin concentration in plasma and susceptibility to mammary tumors in female rats from different strains treated chronically with estradiol-17 beta. AB - Prolactin is associated with the development of mammary tumors in rats. The aim of the present study was to evaluate whether strain differences in susceptibility to the development of mammary tumors could be explained by genetic differences in the response of the pituitary to chronic stimulation by estrogens. Prolactin levels were measured in plasma from rats of the Sprague-Dawley, Wistar WAG/Rij and Brown Norway BN/BiRij strains before and at different times after subcutaneous implantation of estradiol-17 beta in cholesterol/paraffin pellets. In all strains plasma prolactin was elevated from the second week after implantation of the pellet, although there were quantitative differences between the responses. At 32 weeks after implantation of the pellets the plasma level of prolactin in Sprague-Dawley rats was 1247 +/- 367 ng NIAMDD prolactin RP-1/ml (mean +/- S.E.M), whereas Wistar WAG/Rij and Brown Norway BN/BiRij had plasma prolactin levels of 679 +/- 211 and 182 +/- 19 ng/ml respectively. Between 52 and 104 weeks after implantation these values rose to 4016 +/- 1116, 5004 +/- 1053 and 808 +/- 129 ng/ml respectively. The plasma concentration of prolactin of rats in this age group was strongly associated with the occurrence of pituitary adenomas in all three strains. In untreated rats, the concentration of prolactin in the plasma increased with age to only 200-400 ng/ml at 12-24 months of age but no significant differences were observed between the three rat strains. It is concluded that observed differences in spontaneous and estrogen-mediated mammary tumor development in these rat strains cannot be explained by genetic differences in the plasma concentration of prolactin. PMID- 6743841 TI - Estradiol formation and estrogen receptors in breast tumor tissue: effects of tamoxifen on estrogen interconversions in breast tumor homogenate in vitro. PMID- 6743842 TI - Possible immunological implications of an association between the stages of first and second independent breast cancers. AB - Concepts regarding cell-mediated immunity and breast cancer are reviewed. Patients having in situ breast cancers have been found by in vivo and in vitro measurements to have cell-mediated immunity to autologous and homologous in situ breast cancer tissue which may last for some time after diagnosis. These observations suggest that antigenically similar cancers arising subsequently in the contralateral breast should be less likely to progress beyond the in situ stage and, if they do become invasive, should exhibit prognostically favorable signs of cell-mediated immunity, e.g. sinus histiocytosis in the lymph nodes and/or lymphoid infiltrate and perivenous lymphoid infiltrate associated with the primary tumor. Cell-mediated immunity has also been shown to be negatively associated with the stage of disease at diagnosis for invasive cancers, i.e. the proportion of patients exhibiting cell-mediated immunity decreases as the stage at diagnosis increases. These observations suggest that the stages of independent breast cancers occurring in the same woman should be positively correlated. Data from the SEER Program of the National Cancer Institute were examined in this regard and a strong positive association between the stage of first and second independent primary breast cancers was found with the effect on the stage of a second breast cancer following a the first invasive breast cancer appearing to decrease with time subsequent to diagnosis. These observations are consistent with the immunogenicity of breast cancer. PMID- 6743843 TI - Confidentiality: an empirical test of the utilitarian perspective. PMID- 6743844 TI - Competence to give informed consent for medical procedures. AB - This study shows that referrals to psychiatry for evaluation for competence to give informed consent generally were made on patients who refused medical treatment. In this sample of referred patients, the only patients found to be incompetent to give informed consent were those with organic brain syndromes. No one with either schizophrenia or depression was found to be incompetent. It is possible that schizophrenic and depressed patients may generally be competent to give informed consent to medical treatment. This finding might be true notwithstanding the fact that many such patients have been found in other studies to be incompetent to consent to voluntary psychiatric treatment. For example, a patient may have delusions that others can read his mind and thoughts, but he still can understand that he needs dialysis for renal failure. Alternatively, it may be relatively rare that an emergency procedure is necessary before a patient's psychosis can be brought under control and consequently internists and surgeons themselves may prefer to wait. The significance of the results is unclear. Because of active interest in the doctrine of informed consent for psychiatric and medical patients by both physicians and attorneys and the few studies within this population, there is a strong need for more study regarding competence to give informed consent. Further study is especially important for psychotic patients for whom psychiatric consultation is not requested.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS) PMID- 6743845 TI - Ethics and expert witnesses: the troubled role of psychiatrists in court. PMID- 6743846 TI - Court implementation of mental health professionals' recommendations in contested child custody and visitation cases. PMID- 6743847 TI - Effects of joint custody on children. PMID- 6743848 TI - Psychiatrists and capital sentencing: risks and responsibilities in a unique legal setting. PMID- 6743849 TI - Hypotheticals, psychiatric testimony, and the death sentence. PMID- 6743850 TI - Analysis of airborne pesticides in a commercial pesticide storage building. PMID- 6743851 TI - Vanadium and nickel content of Nowruz spill tar flakes on the Saudi Arabian coastline and their probable environmental impact. PMID- 6743852 TI - Cadmium detection in the biosphere in Bio-Bio area, Chile. PMID- 6743853 TI - Dimethoate and dimethoate oxygen analog in mangoes. PMID- 6743854 TI - A rapid analysis for pesticides in milk and oilseeds. PMID- 6743855 TI - Measuring the elimination of arsenic by the gills of rainbow trout (Salmo gairdneri) by using a two compartment respirometer. PMID- 6743856 TI - Influence of Edwardsiella ictaluri septicemia on nitrite-induced methemoglobinemia in channel catfish (Ictalurus punctatus). PMID- 6743857 TI - Nitrite-induced methemoglobin formation and recovery in channel catfish (Ictalurus punctatus) at three acclimation temperatures. PMID- 6743858 TI - Metabolism and excretion of orally ingested trimethylarsenic in man. PMID- 6743859 TI - Mutagenicity of air pollutants collected at industrial, urban-residential and rural areas. PMID- 6743860 TI - Simultaneous inhibition of carbon and nitrogen mineralization in a forest soil by simulated acid precipitation. PMID- 6743861 TI - Aluminum activation and inactivation of bovine caudate acetylcholinesterase. PMID- 6743862 TI - Toxicity of ochratoxin A and penicillic acid to chicks. PMID- 6743863 TI - Long-term effects of arsenic accumulation in rainbow trout, Salmo gairdneri. PMID- 6743864 TI - Suppression of bronchoalveolar lymphocyte antibody secretion by alveolar macrophage: an in vitro study in the rabbit. AB - The effect of rabbit alveolar macrophage (AM) on the antibody secretion of bronchoalveolar lymphocytes was investigated in vitro, using a plaque-forming cell assay. Animals were intratracheally primed and reimmunized with 10(10) sheep red blood cells (SRBC). Free alveolar cells were obtained by lung lavage and broncho-alveolar lymphocyte-enrichment was achieved through Sephadex G-10 columns. Cell suspensions with various macrophage-to-lymphocyte ratios (AM:L from 1:25 to 3:1) were prepared using appropriate numbers of plastic adherent alveolar cells. After a 4 day in vitro co-culture of 5 X 10(6) alveolar cells (AM plus lymphocytes) with 3 X 10(6) SRBC, IgM and IgG antibody-forming cells (AFC) were counted. A significant suppressive effect (p less than 0.05) of AM on both IgM and IgG-AFC was observed when AM:L ratio was increased from 1:25 to 1:10. This effect was slightly accentuated with higher AM:L values, required viable AM, and was not affected by adding indomethacin in the culture medium. Moreover, a preliminary co-culture of AM with bronchoalveolar lymphocytes and the antigen was necessary for the expression of this suppressive effect. These data suggest that the suppressive activity of primed AM on alveolar lymphocytes may be of physiologic significance in vivo in the regulation of one of the pulmonary immune responses to airborne antigens, namely local antibody production. PMID- 6743865 TI - Isocapnic hyperventilation with cold air in healthy non-smokers, smokers and asthmatic subjects. AB - Isocapnic hyperventilation with subfreezing air was performed by 15 healthy non smokers, 10 asymptomatic smokers and 9 asthmatics. All subjects had normal ventilatory function and airway resistance (Raw) before challenge. The hyperventilation was performed twice. In one session, total respiratory resistance (Rrs) and reactance (Xrs) were measured at various frequencies, using a forced oscillation technique; in another session, vital capacity (VC), forced expiratory volume in 1 s (FEV1), maximal expiratory flow rates (FEF) and Raw were determined. In non-smokers, no changes in FEV1, FEF nor Raw were observed, whereas Rrs increased significantly (+ 20% of the prechallenge value), without change in resonant frequency nor in the Rrs-frequency relationship. This suggests a constrictory effect on central airways (possibly a narrowing of the glottis) only. In smokers, Rrs showed a similar, though longer lasting, increase than in non-smokers. Besides, a significant change of the Rrs-frequency relationship and a reduction in FEF at 50% of VC was found, suggesting an involvement of peripheral airways also. In asthmatics, bronchial reactivity was more pronounced, resulting in significant changes in all parameters: Rrs increased by about 100% of the prechallenge value, and became highly frequency dependent; Xrs decreased markedly, resulting in an increase in resonant frequency of the respiratory system. Similarly, VC, FEV1 and FEF decreased. These alterations are compatible with a more generalized constriction of the peripheral as well as central airways. PMID- 6743866 TI - Inspiratory and expiratory lung pressure-volume curve in healthy males and females. AB - Quasistatic lung inspiratory and expiratory pressure-volume curves were obtained in 58 healthy nonsmoking males (mean age +/- SD: 42.8 +/- 15.1 years; range 22.70) and 56 healthy nonsmoking females (mean age +/- SD: 41.4 +/- 15.6 years; range: 21-76). Inspiratory and expiratory lung recoil pressures were measured at fixed percentages of TLC (100, 95, 90, 80, 70, 60 and 50%). In both sexes, inspiratory as well as expiratory lung recoil pressures were found to decrease linearly with aging (p less than 0.01 for all r values). There was no significant difference between males and females. At and above the 70% TLC level, the slopes of the age-related decreases in lung recoil were similar for the inspiratory and expiratory curves. At the 60% TLC level, the decrease in expiratory lung recoil was significantly (p less than 0.01) faster than the decrease in inspiratory lung recoil, presumably reflecting the influence of airway opening on the inspiratory pressure in older subjects. The shape of the expiratory PV curve described by the K index of the exponential model was similar in both sexes and changed with aging, K increasing significantly (p less than 0.01). By contrast, the shape of the inspiratory limb of the PV curve did not vary with aging. Consequently, the shape of the inspiratory PV curve cannot be predicted from the expiratory one and has to be measured directly. PMID- 6743867 TI - Echocardiographic aspects of pulmonary arterial hypertension in chronic lung disease. AB - An echocardiographic M-mode study has been performed on 58 patients with pulmonary arterial hypertension at rest or on exercise, with chronic lung disease, either obstructive (41 cases of COLD) or restrictive (17 cases of interstitial lung disease, ILD) in nature. The average Ppa was practically the same (i.e. 27.3 +/- 11.7 mmHg and 26.0 +/- 8.0 mmHg respectively) in the two groups of patients, even though the COLD patients were older than the ILD patients (58.7 +/- 9.3 vs 38 +/- 11 years). The echo detection of the pulmonary valve was successful in only 35% of COLD patients and in 86% of ILD patients (p less than 0.01). A multiple regression analysis disclosed a rather weak, but nevertheless statistically significant, correlation (p less than 0.01) between 1) Ppa and the ratio of right ventricular to left ventricular end-diastolic volume, and 2) between right ventricular end-diastolic pressure and septal systolic displacement. The standard error of estimated versus actual Ppa taking into account the ventricular and septal echo variables was as high as +/- 7.63 mmHg, thus preventing a reliable prediction of Ppa in individual cases. An echocardiographic pattern of pansystolic mitral valve prolapse was observed in 29% of ILD patients, but never in cases with COLD. PMID- 6743868 TI - Effects of ultrasonically nebulized distilled water on respiratory resistance and breathing pattern in normals and asthmatics. AB - The purpose of this study was to analyze changes in respiratory resistance (Rrs) and breathing pattern in normal and asthmatic subjects after exposure to ultrasonically nebulized distilled water (UNDW). After measurement of baseline Rrs and breathing pattern, ten normals inhaled UNDW for 30, 60, 120, 240 and 480 s administered at 15 min intervals. After the 480 s exposure, subjects inhaled two puffs of metaproterenol. Rrs was measured immediately before and after each exposure to UNDW and after metaproterenol while breathing pattern was continuously monitored. Ten asthmatics were exposed to UNDW and metaproterenol in a similar time sequence, but the durations of exposure to UNDW were 15, 30, 60, 120 and 240 s. Mean (+/- SD) and frequency histograms of minute ventilation (VE), tidal volume (VT), frequency, inspiratory time, fractional inspiratory time, mean inspiratory flow (VT/TI) and end-expiratory level at baseline were compared to values after each exposure to UNDW and after metaproterenol. All subjects experienced laryngeal irritation or cough during the exposure. In normals, there were no changes in Rrs or any of the components of breathing pattern. In asthmatics, 15 and 30 s exposures produced no changes in Rrs or breathing pattern. With subsequent longer exposures, mean Rrs showed a stepwise significant increase, along with parallel increases of VT/TI and end-expiratory level. VE increased after 60 and 120 s exposure, but reached a plateau after 240 s exposure despite continued increase in Rrs.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS) PMID- 6743869 TI - [Gaseous dispersion in the central airways of the human lung. In vivo study]. AB - In order to estimate the contribution of either laminar or turbulent dispersion in the central airways during spontaneous breathing, the results of the computer simulation of a mathematical model were compared with those of an appropriate in vivo test performed on normal subjects. The model takes into account, along with the summed cross-section of Weibel lung model [31], both axial convection and longitudinal dispersion of helium and sulphur hexafluoride in air. The simulations were carried out by incorporating two dispersion coefficients corresponding to laminar and turbulent flow into the mathematical model. The experiments were performed on five normal subjects by injection of 10 ml bolus of helium and sulphur hexafluoride into the later part of the inspired airstream in such a way that the whole bolus entered the inspiratory flow and was recovered during the following expiration. When the experiment is simulated using the laminar dispersion coefficient, no concordance could be seen between computed and experimental data; however, there is a good concordance when the simulation is performed with the turbulent dispersion coefficient. It is concluded that Taylor laminar dispersion [24] cannot play a significant role in the human airways; however, it seems that convective gas mixing with turbulent dispersion [21] can account for most gas transport during spontaneous ventilation. PMID- 6743870 TI - Short and long term variability of indices from the single and multiple breath nitrogen test. AB - We have studied the short and long term variabilities of indices derived from the single and multiple breath nitrogen tests in adolescents aged 12-18 years. In 333 boys and girls, up to 10 measurements were performed at half-year intervals; in 39 of them four measurements were also made at 10 min intervals. The standard deviations of the residual volume and the height of phase IV were roughly proportional to the magnitude of these indices, and so were best expressed by coefficients of variation, of which the means were 8% and 37% respectively. The measurement error in residual volume (RV) was small (1.4 to 1.9%) when compared to 'real' biological variability (8.9%). The variabilities of other tests were not correlated with their magnitude. Using autocorrelation coefficients, short term variability could be approximated from longitudinal data for the vital capacity (VC) and RV, but less well for other indices. The between-to-within variance ratios were rather low in the 39 healthy pupils. Based on these findings, RV and VC appear to be indices with a potentially good predictive value for lung volume assessment or for detecting abnormal lung growth in longitudinal studies of adolescents. PMID- 6743871 TI - Transit time analysis of the forced expiratory spirogram in male smokers. AB - Transit time analysis has been proposed as a simple and sensitive method for detecting slowing and non-uniformity of lung emptying in airway disease. We have measured the first moment (alpha 1, mean transit time) and second moment (alpha 2) about the origin of the forced expiratory spirogram in 202 men (53 non smokers, 149 regular smokers). Values of alpha 1 and square root alpha 2 (calculated from the first 6 s of expiration) increased with age in both smokers and non-smokers and were significantly greater in older smokers than in non smokers. The rate of increase in alpha 1 and square root alpha 2 was most rapid in smokers between 24 and 36 years. Changes in alpha 1 were closely related to changes in FEV1/FVC ratio. Values of square root alpha 2 were frequently slightly increased in young smokers and in older smokers without definite abnormality of FEV1/FVC or alpha 1, probably because square root alpha 2 is more strongly influenced by the final part of the spirogram. Problems persist in determining the best method for expressing abnormality in square root alpha 2, in allowing for premature termination of the spirogram and for assessing dispersion of transit times. We conclude that square root alpha 2 demonstrates abnormalities not detected by alpha 1, in many young smokers and in older smokers with no or only slight increase in alpha 1. Once alpha 1 is definitely increased, measuring square root alpha 2 provides little additional information.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS) PMID- 6743872 TI - Peripheral airways mucus clearance in stable asthma is improved by oral corticosteroid therapy. AB - Inhaled 99mTc-labelled particles have been used to assess mucus clearance from peripheral, intermediate and inner lung zones of 12 patients with stable asthma. The method of analysis relies on a ventilation image with 81mKr to estimate the distribution of radioaerosol alveolar deposition so that clearance from each zone can be related just to particles deposited in the ciliated conducting airways. In calculating clearance from intermediate and inner lung zones, allowance is made for particles transported into these zones from more distal regions of the lung. Peripheral zone clearance in the asthmatic subjects improved significantly (p less than 0.01) after four weeks of corticosteroid treatment (two weeks on 15 mg prednisolone orally each day, plus two weeks on 30 mg). No significant change occurred in clearance from the inner zone when all patients were considered together. However, the six patients who prior to treatment coughed relatively infrequently did show a significant (p less than 0.05) increase in clearance from the inner zone as well as from the peripheral zone. PMID- 6743874 TI - Evaluation of the TALON Cooperative Acquisitions Program for monographs. AB - The TALON Cooperative Acquisitions Program for monographs (TALON/CAP) was implemented in 1979 by eleven resource libraries in the South Central Regional Medical Library Program. Each participating library acquired books from selected publishers within a profile covering subject and format. The program was evaluated by comparing interlibrary loan requests, surveying participants, and analyzing cataloging records. The results were that ten of the eleven libraries significantly increased their coverage of assigned publishers, and that academic medical libraries are not all buying the same books, even from major medical publishers. The fifty-six publishers in the program accounted for 60% to 83% of the titles with 1977-80 imprints held by participating libraries. The computer generated collection analysis reports provide a baseline for future collection management studies. PMID- 6743873 TI - [Reliability of the transcutaneous PO2 measurement in the adult by the TCM 1 radiometer electrode]. AB - The accuracy of transcutaneous PO2 measurements (PtcO2; Radiometer TCM 1) was evaluated by comparison with arterial PO2 (PaO2) on 115 recordings in 35 patients: 20 during exercise testing (group I) and 14 during assisted ventilation at different FIO2 values (group II). The correlation coefficient between PaO2 and PtcO2 was satisfactory (r = 0.977; n = 115). However PaO2 and PtcO2 mean values were significantly different in group I, and in group II at 45% FIO2. The analysis of variance showed that the difference between PaO2 and PtcO2 was significant among the patients but did not vary with exercise and FIO2 changes (group I: F19 = 6.28, p less than 0.001; group II: F19(19) = 2.54, p less than 0.025). In the adult, transcutaneous PO2 measurement by TCM 1 radiometer electrode seems to be interesting in the context of monitoring blood gases with exercise and assisted ventilation. The significant variation with arterial PO2 sometimes registered should make one cautious in the interpretation of accurate measurements. PMID- 6743875 TI - Issues in consumer mental health information. AB - Consumer health information as applied to mental health includes areas such as the diagnosis, management, and treatment of mental illness, as well as self-help, emotional wellness, and the relationship between life events, stress, and disease. This paper presents issues specific to the provision of mental health information to the layperson, e.g., confidentiality, literacy, competence, the social stigma of mental illness, the state of the art in psychiatry, popular psychology, and treatment fads. The development of a community education pamphlet illustrates how one organization addressed these issues. PMID- 6743876 TI - Building an archives in a medical library. AB - In 1979 the University of Medicine and Dentistry of New Jersey established an archives to collect, preserve, and retrieve important documentation related to its history. This paper examines various steps in building an archives and the development of a coherent collection policy, including potential sources for archival material. Problems and possible solutions concerning what to preserve from the vast quantities of material generated by an institution are considered. The relationship between the archives and the medical library and the requirements of the physical plant are discussed, including the storage and preservation of materials. PMID- 6743877 TI - Cost and usage of health sciences libraries: economic aspects. AB - A study of ninety-five health sciences libraries, obtaining nearly 24,000 user responses, provides estimates of the national cost of library services through the three principal services of circulation, reference, and in-house use; and for four types of users: persons interested in patient care, those interested in research, those involved in education, and others. Unit costs of the three principal services are reported and differences in their relative importance are described. National totals for nine classes of libraries are reported as well as costs by service, user, and function: patient care, research, education, or other. The national expenditure in 1982 was approximately $365 million. The study establishes a method for obtaining results that can be compared and combined across libraries. PMID- 6743878 TI - Salary survey of the Medical Library Group of Southern California and Arizona. AB - The 1982 salary survey of the Medical Library Group of Southern California and Arizona (MLGSCA) indicates that 211 health sciences librarians in Southern California and Arizona earned a mean annual salary of $20,910 for 1982. Data analysis shows a positive correlation between salary and educational level. Other factors found to affect salary were job history, number of positions held, MLA certification, and professional responsibility. Age, gender, and MLA certification did not have a consistent positive correlation with salary. Results indicate that the salaries of hospital librarians are, on the average, roughly comparable to those of academic librarians in Southern California and Arizona. PMID- 6743879 TI - Renovation and expansion of an academic health sciences library. AB - Planning is described for the renovation, expansion, and principal design features of the Health Sciences Library at the University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill. The three-and-a-half-year construction project resulted in the addition of three floors over the existing building and a complete renovation of the original floor space. An architectural summary provides statistics on project costs and building capacities. PMID- 6743880 TI - Library instruction integrated with patient management. PMID- 6743882 TI - [Oncogenes]. PMID- 6743881 TI - The selection process for veterinary books in the general medical school library. PMID- 6743883 TI - Chondromalacia of the patella. PMID- 6743884 TI - Your accounts. Saving, investment, and mortgages after the budget. AB - The budget has caused a number of problems for the personal taxpayer, the investor, and the prospective mortgagee. Some accepted principles affecting decisions in any of these three areas may now have to be redefined. To reap the maximum from one's savings, doctors are now likely to dispense with their natural financial caution and invest in a more speculative manner than before. They should now be coerced into relying more heavily on stock brokers, accountants, and other financial experts. Under the present climate, those who remain conservative will undoubtedly miss out on an enormous amount of potential and, in the long run, suffer the consequences. PMID- 6743885 TI - Munchausen's syndrome. PMID- 6743886 TI - Presentation of hypercalcaemia. PMID- 6743887 TI - Psychiatric aspects of shoplifting. PMID- 6743890 TI - The safety of diagnostic ultrasound. AB - Although there has been no conclusive evidence to suggest that ultrasound is dangerous in pregnancy, precautions would seem sensible. Doctors should minimize patient exposure time but a gesture by the machine manufacturers to incorporate the reduction of acoustic output into their design requirements would be admirable. PMID- 6743889 TI - Fluid and electrolyte disorders. Potassium. AB - Plasma and urinary potassium levels are two of the most frequently requested electrolyte investigations. However, the results are often misleading, so that an understanding of basic physiology and disease mechanisms is essential to their correct interpretation. PMID- 6743888 TI - Fluid and electrolyte disorders. Sodium. AB - Because water is freely exchangeable across most cell membranes, its distribution is largely determined by physical factors and by the relative osmolal concentrations of the extracellular and intracellular fluids. As the major extracellular cation, sodium is a principal determinant of the extracellular fluid volume. PMID- 6743892 TI - The need for compassion. PMID- 6743891 TI - Your accounts. Current topics. PMID- 6743893 TI - Fluid and electrolyte disorders. Water. AB - It is very rare for disturbances of water balance to occur as isolated phenomena. More commonly, mixed electrolyte abnormalities present. However, to permit the logical application of therapy an understanding of basic water balance in health and disease is essential. PMID- 6743894 TI - Fronto-ethmoidal meningoencephaloceles: morphology and treatment. AB - Twenty-five cases of fronto-ethmoidal meningoencephaloceles have been studied. The relationship to other sincipital meningoencephaloceles is explored. In all cases the exit holes from the anterior cranial fossa are at the site of the foramen caecum. The facial component of the defect determines the sub classification: naso-frontal, naso-ethmoidal and naso-orbital. The cranio-facial deformity may consist of hypertelorism, orbital dystopia, elongation of the face and dental malocclusion. These reflect the distorting influence of the extruded intracranial contents on facial growth. Early removal of the meningoencephalocele by the cranio-facial route is recommended to allow normal growth forces to be re established. In older patients with established deformities translocation of the orbits may be necessary. PMID- 6743895 TI - Tongue flap repair of cleft palate fistulae. AB - In a series of 20 patients with palatal fistulae that were judged beyond closure with local tissue alone, the fistulae were successfully closed with tongue flaps in 17 patients (85%), 6 of whom required an additional minor procedure. The social stigma of fluid leaking from the nose was corrected in all patients and, in the older age group, several patients no longer had to wear obturators. Speech was improved in 9 patients due to a reduction in hypernasality and in 8 patients, articulation was noticeably improved. The anteriorly-based tongue flap has proved to be a reliable way of closing the difficult fistula where symptoms are sufficient to justify the attempt. The procedure was used successfully in all three children under 2 1/2 years on whom it was used. PMID- 6743896 TI - Radical muscle mobilisation in the surgical repair of a unilateral cleft lip: a follow up report. AB - This is a follow-up report on an earlier paper (Thatte, 1981) in which the idea of radical mobilisation of the orbicularis oris muscle in the treatment of unilateral cleft lip was presented. This paper includes eight late post-operative photographs of cases with unilateral cleft lip treated by radical mobilisation of muscle and suture without any recourse to incisions in the philtral area to gain height on the non-cleft side. Legends for the post-operative photographs describe our assessment of the results. Observations made while operating on these cases are noted. A discussion is included to view the manoeuvre of mobilisation of muscle against the background of existing methods of treatment of unilateral cleft lip. A postscript is added. PMID- 6743897 TI - Specialist FRCS in plastic surgery: irritating irrelevance or desirable diploma? Kay Kilner prize essay: 1983. PMID- 6743898 TI - The alar swing technique in the correction of the saddle nose deformity. AB - A technique is described, with illustrative cases, to correct supratip nasal depressions using the lateral alar crura. Its anatomical basis is considered and the technique briefly outlined. The operation and its modifications are suitable in the correction of mild and moderate saddle nose deformities and may even be suitable for certain selected severe cases. PMID- 6743899 TI - Psychological aspects of cosmetic rhinoplasty. AB - This paper summarises some of the major findings of a doctoral research entitled "Psychological Aspects of Cosmetic Rhinoplasty" carried out when the author was working in the United Kingdom on a thesis that was accepted for the degree of PhD by the University of London. From the point of view of the clinical psychologist there can be no doubt that cosmetic rhinoplasty does have largely beneficial short- and long-term psychological and behavioural effects on patients who request the operation and several observations and experiments are described to account for the efficacy and therapeutic value of this operation. PMID- 6743900 TI - Evaluation of the morphanalysis machine in a clinical setting. AB - The experience of installing and using an Analytical Morphograph in a plastic surgical clinical setting is described. Initial problems have been resolved in safety and routine functioning. Although we have not managed to obtain the consistency of results claimed in the research field we have found the unit useful in the pre-operative, operative and follow-up phases of clinical patient management. PMID- 6743901 TI - The salvage of congested skin flaps by the application of leeches. AB - A series of seven patients with engorged skin flaps is reported. Application of leeches avoided the expected partial or complete loss of these flaps. Practical details of their application and the absence of complications are described and discussed. PMID- 6743902 TI - Soft tissue reconstruction of the breast using an extended composite latissimus dorsi myocutaneous flap. AB - A method of breast reconstruction using the whole of the latissimus dorsi muscle is described in which the usual skin flap is extended to include a large de epithelialised flap of dermis and subcutaneous tissue from the loin to provide the necessary augmentation with living tissue rather than with a prosthesis. The method can be used as a reliable one-stage reconstruction, without a prosthesis, either secondarily or as a synchronous combined procedure at the time of the mastectomy. PMID- 6743903 TI - The results of breast reconstruction following mastectomy. AB - This paper is a retrospective study of the techniques, complications and results of breast reconstruction following mastectomy in 82 patients, 66 of whom had breast cancer. The mean length of follow-up was 3 years 8 months. Of the 74 patients who were reviewed 61 were pleased with the results. Eight patients died, 7 of them from disseminated breast cancer. In our experience breast reconstruction is a very worthwhile procedure in motivated patients and may reduce the psychiatric morbidity of mastectomy. PMID- 6743904 TI - Surgical treatment of radiation-induced scalp lesions. AB - The treatment of scalp lesions induced by ionising radiation in four patients is described. In each case the technique used was different. Three required several operations and a prolonged hospital stay. The fourth patient, in whom a free flap was used, underwent a single operation. In selected patients with reasonable general health free tissue transfer may provide the best solution to such difficult management problems. PMID- 6743905 TI - When is a "wen" a "wen"? A diagnostic dilemma. AB - The lay term "wen" has been applied to a wide range of scalp swellings. To help clarify the correct use of the term, we describe three patients recently treated in Leicester, who presented with macroscopically similar but histologically very dissimilar large scalp swellings. PMID- 6743906 TI - Lower limb salvage using an extended free radial forearm flap. AB - A case is reported of an unusual double injury, in which a lower limb salvage procedure employed a free radial forearm flap from an amputated upper limb. The use of amputated parts for salvage procedures is well documented but none has previously involved a free forearm flap. This clinical case shows that the entire forearm and hand skin can be adequately perfused on the radial artery along with the superficial palmar arch. PMID- 6743908 TI - Lateral calcaneal artery island flaps. AB - A robust, arterially based, innervated island flap of thin skin has been successfully used in nine patients to repair defects around the ankle and heel. Based on the lateral calcaneal artery, the flap gives excellent, well-bedded cover in a short operation with insignificant donor site problems. PMID- 6743907 TI - A neurovascular island flap from the first web space of the foot to repair a defect over the heel: case report. AB - A case of chronic recurrent trophic ulceration over the heel is presented in which a neurovascular island flap from the first web space was used successfully to repair the calcaneal defect. PMID- 6743909 TI - An improvised microsurgical sucker. AB - A simple makeshift microsurgical suction system is described. It may be assembled rapidly from disposable items of equipment available in any operating theatre. PMID- 6743910 TI - The Chepstow feeding aid. AB - A specially designed spoon or scoop has been developed to enable controlled amounts of semi-solid food to be accurately and easily inserted into the mouth. This device simplifies feeding following major surgery for intra-oral cancer. Its use and other possible applications are described. PMID- 6743911 TI - Nasal retrieval forceps: a modified Kocher forceps. PMID- 6743912 TI - Mohr-Claussen syndrome. PMID- 6743913 TI - The alar cartilage morselizer. PMID- 6743914 TI - Prazosin inhibits small intestinal transit in the rat. AB - Gastric emptying, small intestinal transit, and colonic transit were measured in fasted rats preimplanted with either duodenal or colonic cannulae. At the doses stated, prazosin (given subcutaneously) had no effect on gastric emptying or colonic transit, whereas small intestinal transit was significantly delayed. PMID- 6743915 TI - The effects of external potassium, multivalent cations and temperature on caffeine contractures in rat skeletal muscle. AB - The effects of multivalent cations, membrane potential and temperature on caffeine contractures of rat soleus and extensor digitorus longus (e.d.l.) muscles were investigated. The amplitude of the caffeine contracture was depressed by the removal of calcium and by the addition of a high concentration (1 mM) of lanthanum. Low concentrations of lanthanum (0.1-0.5 mM) augmented the caffeine contracture. Low levels of depolarization by potassium (10-40 mM) augmented the amplitude of the caffeine contracture, while higher concentrations of potassium depressed the contracture. Maximum augmentation of the caffeine contracture occurred with a higher concentration of potassium (20 mM vs 10 mM) in the e.d.l. than in the soleus muscle. The amplitude of contractures was directly related to temperature between 22 and 37 degrees C and inversely related to temperature below 22 degrees C. The effects of caffeine in rat skeletal muscle are suggested to be exerted on the sarcolemma and the mechanisms of action are by modification of the processes of activation and inactivation. PMID- 6743916 TI - Potassium contractures and mechanical activation in rat skeletal muscle: effects of multivalent cations, temperature and tetracaine. AB - The effects of cations, temperature and tetracaine on potassium-induced contractures of rat soleus and extensor digitorus longus (e.d.l.) muscles were investigated. In the soleus, the threshold for the potassium contracture was lower (10-20 vs 20-40 mM), the peak amplitude was up to fourteen times larger, and the time course was about one half that in the e.d.l. muscle. The extent of inactivation of a test potassium contracture was directly related to the concentration of potassium in the conditioning solution and the period of exposure. Removal of calcium reduced the amplitude and time course of potassium contractures in both preparations. Addition of cobalt (10 mM) reduced the amplitude but prolonged the time course of contractures. Exposure of muscles to tetracaine (10(-5)-10(-6) M for 30 min) increased, but higher concentrations reduced, the amplitude of potassium contractures. When present for one minute, tetracaine (1 mM) moved the potassium activation curve to higher, and the potassium inactivation curve to lower, potassium concentrations. PMID- 6743917 TI - Thiopentone-induced changes in the contraction pattern of vascular smooth muscle: the influence of albumin. AB - The influence of thiopentone on resting tension, contractions evoked by exogenous noradrenaline (NA) and contractions elicited by electrical field stimulation of rings of rabbit pulmonary artery was studied over a concentration range limited by the solubility of the drug. At thiopentone concentrations from 3 X 10(-5) to 1.4 X 10(-3)M in a protein-free electrolyte solution (K-H solution) a gradual increase in resting tension to 232% of the control value was observed. The concentration-effect curve was displaced to the left in the presence of albumin (45 gl-1) at drug concentrations below 1.6 X 10(-4)M. Above that concentration the curve was displaced to the right. The maximal contractile response to exogenous NA in K-H was reduced from 4.1 to 1.8 g by 5.6 X 10(-4)M thiopentone, but the effects of low concentrations of NA were potentiated by thiopentone. The concentration-effect curve for exogenous NA was displaced to the right by albumin itself. The contractions evoked by electrical field stimulation in K-H solution were increased by thiopentone up to 2.4 X 10(-4)M where a maximum of 141% of the control value was reached. Above that a gradual decrease was observed, the height of the contractions being reduced by 75% of the control value at 1.4 X 10(-3)M thiopentone. Thiopentone failed to potentiate electrically-induced contractions in the presence of albumin K-H, and the concentration-effect curve for the inhibitory effect of thiopentone was displaced to the right. 5 From relationships between observed responses and free and total drug concentrations, a procedure was suggested to determine a biologically relevant expression for the thiopentone binding to albumin. The biologically determined albumin binding was always less than the binding determined by equilibrium dialysis, indicating that the fraction of thiopentone bound to albumin could not necessarily be considered biologically inactive. PMID- 6743918 TI - Effects of neomycin on galactose absorption across rat jejunum. AB - The effects of neomycin sulphate on galactose absorption have been studied using in vivo and in vitro preparations of rat small intestine. Neomycin (10(-3)M) produced an increase in the maximum transport capacity (Jmax) for the active component of absorption in vivo. The apparent Kt for absorption was unaffected. The antibiotic caused a dose-dependent increase in the potential difference across the mucosal membrane (Vm) measured in vitro, a maximal effect being seen at a concentration of 10(-4)M. Furthermore, the magnitude of the depolarization induced by the addition of galactose (4 mM) to the mucosal fluid was enhanced by neomycin (10(-4)M). Phlorhizin (10(-4)M) abolished the galactose-induced depolarization in both the absence and presence of the antibiotic. It is concluded that neomycin increases the electrical driving force for Na+ during Na+ coupled galactose entry into the enterocyte. PMID- 6743919 TI - Determination of imidazole acetic acid and its conjugate(s) levels in urine, serum and tissues of rats: studies on changes in their levels under various conditions. AB - A convenient and reproducible method for assay of imidazole acetic acid (ImAA) was developed as a modification of that described previously (Watanabe et al., 1983). ImAA conjugate(s) (ImAA-C), mainly consisting of imidazole acetic acid riboside, could be measured by this method after its hydrolysis to ImAA. The ImAA and ImAA-C levels in various tissues of rats were measured and the effects of various agents on these levels were studied. The renal clearance values of ImAA-C in rats and man were similar to the creatinine clearance values, but those of ImAA were 1/40 of those of ImAA-C, suggesting that the latter is readily excreted in the urine. Consistent with this idea, the urinary excretion of ImAA-C was found to increase much more than that of other histamine metabolites during late pregnancy, when the foetus produces much histamine. PMID- 6743920 TI - Structure-activity studies of homologues of short chain neurotoxins from Elapid snake venoms. AB - Three neurotoxin homologues (CM10 and CM12 from Naja haje annulifera and S5C10 from Dendroaspis jamesoni kaimosae) and two short neurotoxins (CM14 from Naja haje annulifera and erabutoxin b from Laticauda semifasciata) were examined by circular dichroism (c.d.) and tested for neuromuscular activity on chick biventer cervicis nerve-muscle preparations. All three homologues had acetylcholine receptor blocking activity, as they abolished responses to indirect stimulation, acetylcholine and carbachol but had no effect on responses to direct muscle stimulation. CM10 was only about 5 times less potent than the short neurotoxin CM14; S5C10 and CM12 were respectively 30 and 300 times less active. The block induced by the three homologues, but not by the neurotoxins, was readily reversed by washing. CM10 and CM12 had virtually identical c.d. spectra which were closely similar to those of the neurotoxins. The spectrum of S5C10 indicated changes in the environment of tyrosine-25 and in the position of tryptophan-29. These alterations could distort the 3-dimensional arrangement of the residues postulated to form the receptor binding site. The results with CM10 and CM12 highlight a role for the first loop (residues 6-16) in the binding of neurotoxins to acetylcholine receptors, in addition to the previously postulated reactive site. PMID- 6743921 TI - Anti-arrhythmic effects of prazosin and propranolol during coronary artery occlusion and re-perfusion in dogs and pigs. AB - Open-chest dogs and pigs anaesthetized with pentobarbitone were used to evaluate the anti-arrhythmic effect of prazosin and propranolol during a 30 min period of occlusion of the left anterior descending coronary artery followed by 15 min of re-perfusion. In dogs, both prazosin and propranolol reduced the incidence of ventricular premature depolarizations and ventricular tachycardia during the occlusion period. During the 45 min period of occlusion and re-perfusion, the incidence of ventricular fibrillation was significantly reduced in the prazosin treated and propranolol-treated dogs. In pigs prazosin reduced the incidence of ventricular premature depolarizations during occlusion and propranolol reduced the incidence of both ventricular premature depolarizations and ventricular tachycardia during occlusion, but the incidence of ventricular fibrillation was not significantly reduced in the prazosin- and propranolol-treated pigs. Prazosin reduced arterial pressure and propranolol lowered heart rate in both dogs and pigs, but a comparison of mean arterial pressure and heart rate in animals surviving and those not surviving the 30 min of coronary artery occlusion and 15 min of re-perfusion showed no significant difference. PMID- 6743922 TI - Stereoselectivity of extraneuronal uptake of catecholamines in guinea-pig trachealis smooth muscle cells. AB - The extraneuronal uptake of the (-)- and (+)-isomers of three catecholamines, isoprenaline, adrenaline and noradrenaline, were compared in guinea-pig trachealis smooth muscle cells, by a fluorescence microphotometric method. Preliminary experiments showed that the initial rates of uptake of the (-) isomers were greater than those of the (+)-isomers in tissues incubated in 25 microM adrenaline or noradrenaline or 50 microM isoprenaline. More detailed experiments showed that the Km values of the (+)-isomers of the amines for extraneuronal uptake were not significantly different from each other, but the Km value of (-)-isoprenaline less than (-)-adrenaline less than (-)-noradrenaline. Thus, the order of the ratios of the Km values for the (+):(-)-isomers was isoprenaline greater than adrenaline greater than noradrenaline. The results showed that there is stereoselectivity of the extraneuronal uptake of catecholamines, but it is greatest for isoprenaline (4.9 fold), less for adrenaline (2.5 fold) and almost negligible (1.6 fold) for noradrenaline. PMID- 6743924 TI - Evaluating the teaching of a method of psychotherapy. AB - A teaching package was produced to help trainees in psychiatry learn the techniques specific to a 'conversational model' of psychotherapy, prior to group supervision. This consisted of a booklet and three videotapes. The third tape used a micro-counselling approach to illustrate each key skill and was viewed together with a teacher. After this, trainees met in groups of three with a psychotherapist for eight weekly sessions. To evaluate this teaching, 12 trainees were asked to interview simulated patients before and after they used the package and after supervision. These interviews were recorded on videotape and rated. There were significant improvements on most of the key skills as a result of this training, and nine of the 12 trainees improved considerably. There was a strong negative correlation between improvement scores and a biological orientation to psychiatry. It is concluded that the teaching package is an economic but effective way of helping trainees learn the basics of a method of psychotherapy before they are given supervision. PMID- 6743923 TI - The clarification and assessment of a method of psychotherapy. AB - The 'conversational model' of psychotherapy was investigated with a view to discovering which behaviours distinguish psychotherapists trained in this method from others, of equal clinical experience. A rating scheme designed to capture the theoretical aspects of the model, and 30 predictions were made concerning behaviours which were expected to distinguish the psychotherapists. Five psychotherapists were matched to five psychiatrists who had not been trained in this method; each doctor took on four patients for therapy, and each patient was seen on five occasions. All interviews were recorded, and excerpts from the recordings rated. Only ten of the 30 predictions were upheld. In ten further predictions, the psychotherapists displayed the appropriate behaviours, but the behaviours were not peculiar to the model, since eclectic psychiatrists also displayed them. Six model behaviours were not practised frequently by the psychotherapists, and four 'non-model' behaviours were equally common in either group. The research formed the basis for the preparation of materials to teach psychotherapeutic skills in a more efficient way. PMID- 6743925 TI - Psychiatric diagnostic discriminations with combinations of quantitative EEG variables. AB - The possible psychiatric diagnostic utility of certain quantitative EEG measures was evaluated by further analysis of previously reported data from 242 unmedicated patients and 94 non-patients. Time series of amplitude, frequency and wave symmetry measures for 12-lead EEGs (eyes closed and open) were factor analyzed across leads. Factor scores meeting specified criteria in multivariate analyses were entered into discriminant analyses comparing pairs of the following groups: non-patients, neurotics, personality disorders, overt schizophrenics, latent schizophrenics, major depressives and manics. The following discriminations were obtained with at least 50 per cent sensitivity, and diagnostic confidence rates from 69 to 92 per cent: (a) non-psychotic patients (neuroses, personality disorders) from overt schizophrenics, latent schizophrenics or manics; (b) major depressives from latent schizophrenics or manics; (c) non-patients from schizophrenics (overt and latent), depressives or manics. Most discriminations were replicable in split-half analyses. Possible utility of EEG measures in differential diagnosis is supported. PMID- 6743926 TI - Positive and negative symptoms and the thematic organisation of schizophrenic speech. AB - This study questions the prevailing view that schizophrenic delusions, hallucinations and incoherence of speech (positive symptoms) reflect loss of cognitive control and that flattening of affect and poverty of speech (negative symptoms) reflect restriction of cognitive processing. The prevailing view was examined by analysing the thematic organisation of speech produced by 18 patients describing pictures. Results showed that (a) positive and negative symptom schizophrenics did not differ in the control and restriction of thematic speech organisation; (b) speech disordered schizophrenics, positive as well as negative, showed cognitive restriction, by producing fewer inferential ideas than non speech disordered schizophrenics. The wider implications of these results are discussed, particularly the implications of (b) for the notion of concreteness in schizophrenia. PMID- 6743927 TI - Ideational components of anxiety: their origin and content. AB - Twenty-five out-patients with generalised anxiety or panic disorders were interviewed. A characteristic ideational component was identified, centering on the theme of personal danger and, in particular, on physical harm. A range of features of the ideational content is described. In the 12 months preceding onset 88 per cent of the patients had experienced significant stresses. For 50 per cent the onset of panic attacks was precipitated by somatic symptoms other than those of anxiety. The relationship between ideational content, stress and somatic symptoms is discussed. PMID- 6743928 TI - The occurrence of secondary affective disorder in an in-patient population with severe and recurrent affective disorder. AB - One hundred and eighty nine consecutive in-patients with treatment-resistant affective disorder were administered the Renard Diagnostic Interview to determine whether the 45 with secondary affective disorder (SAD) differed from the 144 with primary affective disorder (PAD). The SAD group, including 15 subjects with bipolar disorder, had an earlier mean age of onset of depression and contained more unmarried individuals. The total secondary group could not usefully be differentiated by assessment of clinical symptoms or discriminating analysis of social and clinical variables. While the present study of a severely depressed population does not lend itself to generalisability, this combined sample does have characteristics of patients used in biological investigations. No significant inter-group discrimination was found to support a previous assumption that identification of a prior psychiatric disorder provides the most suitable mechanism for selecting a population for research in affective disorders. PMID- 6743929 TI - A comparison of the growth hormone responses to clonidine and apomorphine in the same patients with endogenous depression. AB - The growth hormone responses to clonidine (1.3 micrograms/kgm) and apomorphine (0.005 mg/kgm) have been measured in 8 drug free patients with endogenous depression. In these patients the growth hormone responses to clonidine were significantly smaller than to apomorphine. As these doses of clonidine and apomorphine have previously been reported to cause similar growth hormone responses in normal subjects, these findings support the hypothesis of a defect in the adrenergic but not the dopaminergic regulation of growth hormone in patients with endogenous depression. PMID- 6743930 TI - Diabetes mellitus and anorexia nervosa: another view. AB - Two patients are described in whom diabetes mellitus and anorexia nervosa occurred together. The nature of the relationship between the two conditions is discussed. It is suggested that weight loss is not always the primary goal in such patients. PMID- 6743931 TI - Prolactin levels after bilateral and unilateral ECT. AB - Serial post-ictal serum prolactin levels were obtained over a period of one hour after bilateral or unilateral electroconvulsive therapy (ECT) in six patients. Bilateral ECT yielded significantly higher mean post-ictal prolactin levels than unilateral ECT at the 15, 20, 30 and 60 minute sampling times. These findings demonstrate a greater hypothalamic-stimulating effect of bilateral than unilateral ECT, and may explain the reported therapeutic advantage of bilateral over unilateral ECT in the treatment of patients with melancholia. PMID- 6743932 TI - A consensual validation of schizoid personality in childhood and adult life. AB - Life histories and interview descriptions of 23 young men diagnosed as offizoid in middle childhood and adult life and of 20 control subjects not given this diagnosis were presented for diagnostic rating to two independent general psychiatrists. Agreement about the presence or absence of schizoid personality was good. It is concluded that, in the case of boys, the syndrome of schizoid personality in childhood (Asperger's syndrome) corresponds to or is subsumed by the more general clinical picture psychiatrists have of schizoid personality in adult life, and that our original use of this diagnostic label for the youngsters we described was not idiosyncratic. PMID- 6743933 TI - A syndrome of misinterpreting role changes as changes of person. AB - A syndrome is described in three elderly women who all suffered from cerebral arteriosclerosis, and who in their dependent condition were looked after by their daughters. These women accepted their daughters as their daughters when carrying out directly caring tasks related to them, but spoke of them and addressed them as different women, with the same forenames as their daughters, when their daughters were engaged in other duties. This syndrome is compared with the syndromes of Capgras and similar conditions. It is likely to be detected with increasing frequency as psychiatrists become involved in the community aspects of the speciality. PMID- 6743934 TI - Evidence of disturbed CSF circulation and brain atrophy in cases of schizophrenic psychosis. AB - The cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) circulation was studied with isotope cisternography in 30 patients with a schizophrenic type of psychosis. All had previously received neuroleptic treatment. Disturbed CSF circulation was found in 10 cases. In four of these, persistent intraventricular radioactivity was observed as well as partly obstructed CSF spaces. In the other six cases a slow CSF circulation was noted as well as evidence of partly obstructed CSF spaces especially of the upper posterior frontal region. Signs of atrophy of the cortex and vermis were found on CT scan in 10 cases. In four of these subjects a local atrophy was noticed in the upper posterior frontal cortex and around the frontal part of the interhemispheric fissure. Seventeen of the patients (57 per cent) had pathological findings at isotope cisternography and/or at CT. Disturbed circulation did not correlate with CT-findings, age, duration of psychosis, alcohol abuse, drug consumption or family history for psychosis. CT evidence of brain atrophy was significantly related to nonfamilial type of psychosis. PMID- 6743935 TI - Visual hallucinations and sensory delusions in the elderly. AB - One hundred and fifty successive referrals to a psychogeriatrician were assessed for visual hallucinations. Forty-four (29.33 per cent) patients reported visual perceptual disturbances. No differences between hallucinators and non hallucinators were found in terms of sex, age, length of illness, underlying psychiatric diagnosis or cognitive score. There was a significant correlation between presence of hallucinations and eye pathology (less than .001) and delusions (less than .001). The phenomenological characteristics of the visual hallucinations are analyzed. The "picture" sign is described in 7 patients and the Charles Bonnet syndrome in two. The significance of these findings is discussed. PMID- 6743936 TI - Stress and non-genetic schizophrenia. PMID- 6743937 TI - Mental illness, epilepsy and hypothyroidism in XXYY syndrome. PMID- 6743938 TI - Coin recognition in the elderly. PMID- 6743939 TI - Bladder rupture during ECT. PMID- 6743940 TI - Clinical medicine: its challenges and its responsibilities. PMID- 6743941 TI - General practice psychiatric clinics. Impact on psychiatric services. AB - The impact of devolving out-patient care to general practice (GP) psychiatric clinics over a two-year period is examined by comparing the frequency of contact with different psychiatric services in practices with and without psychiatric clinics. The clinics led to an increase in the number of outpatients seen, but to a fall in the number of new referrals. There was also a relative increase in the number of domiciliary visits and increase in acute day hospital referrals. The most important result was a 20 per cent fall in the number of admissions to the psychiatric hospital, which took place at a time when the national trend of falling admission rates was reversed. The findings suggest that psychiatric resources for in-patients can be deployed successfully in primary care without any increase in staffing. PMID- 6743942 TI - Alcohol and sedative drug use in neurotic outpatients. AB - One hundred and six adult neurotic patients attending a behavioural psychotherapy unit were asked about their use of alcohol and other drugs and the perceived anxiolytic effect of these substances. Their drinking behaviour was not significantly different from that of the general population. Alcohol and other drugs were not perceived as reliable anxiolytics and not regularly used as such. Where alcohol or drug abuse coexist with anxiety-related problems, it is helpful to ask the patient to withdraw from these substances prior to starting behavioural therapy of the latter. We ask patients having behavioural therapy to refrain from alcohol or drug use prior to therapy or homework tasks. PMID- 6743943 TI - A family study of bipolar II disorder. AB - Professional raters who were blind to proband diagnosis used the schedule for affective disorders and schizophrenia (SADS-L) and the Research Diagnostic Criteria (RDC) to evaluate 1,210 first-degree relatives of 327 probands with primary major depression, participating in the family sub-study of the NIMH Collaborative Study of the Affective Disorders--Clinical Branch. Bipolar II probands were significantly more likely to have bipolar II relatives than were non-bipolar or bipolar I probands. Bipolar II probands were slightly more likely than non-bipolar probands and slightly less likely than bipolar I probands to have relatives with bipolar I illness. Similar patterns have emerged in two other recently reported family studies of bipolar II illness. Taken together, these data suggest heterogeneity among patients with bipolar II depression. Some appear to be genotypes for bipolar I illness, while a small proportion may be genotypes for non-bipolar illness. A third group, of undetermined size, may breed true. PMID- 6743944 TI - A note on two important aspects of Kleinian theory. 'Projective identification' and 'idealisation'. AB - The concept of 'projective identification', introduced by Melanie Klein and extensively used by her followers, is still held by many to be highly controversial and difficult to understand. Great importance is also attached by Kleinian workers to what they describe as the infant's early use of 'idealisation' as a defence against anxiety. A hypothesis is presented according to which both mechanisms could be seen as the continuation or persistence, in mental form and in early post-natal life, of some of the ways in which the unborn child could be said to relate to the mother physically during the last few months of intrauterine life. PMID- 6743945 TI - Hypocholesterolaemia in cancer and other causes of death in the mentally handicapped. AB - Serum cholesterol levels were estimated in 313 mentally handicapped patients who subsequently died from various causes. Although cholesterol levels in the mentally handicapped are lower than those in the general population, it was found that there was still an association between relatively low serum cholesterol values and mortality due to cancer of the colon. Similarly, patients who died from myocardial infarction had relatively high serum cholesterol levels. The mechanism of the relationship between hypocholesterolaemia and cancer of the colon is unclear, but the increasing longevity of the mentally handicapped is an important factor which has contributed to a rising incidence of cancers, particularly gastrointestinal forms, in this group. PMID- 6743946 TI - Psychophysiological responses of schizophrenic patients to high and low expressed emotion relatives: a follow-up study. AB - Measurements of skin conductance response frequencies (SCRf) were obtained from 30 acutely ill schizophrenic patients during a standardised videotaped interview, conducted with the patient's key relative present. Significant differences in SCRf's were demonstrated between patients whose relatives had high and low Expressed Emotion (EE) respectively. Patients at high risk of relapse were allocated either to a control or an experimental group, the latter being offered a number of social interventions in order to reduce the relative's EE and/or contact with the patient. Follow-up measurements were obtained on 19 patients nine months after discharge. Although social intervention was highly successful in reducing relapse rates, its effects did not appear to be directly mediated via SCRf, which was found to be independently related to relapse. PMID- 6743947 TI - Drugs and suicide attempts in Benin City, Nigeria. AB - A review of reported cases of attempted suicide in Benin City indicates that the incidence has not increased over the four-year period 1978 to 1981, during which the average crude suicide attempt rate was 7 per 100,000. Eighty seven per cent of the attempters were under the age of 30, but the commonest age-group was 15-19 years (39.4 per cent). The female/male ratio was 1:1.2. The majority of the attempters (64 per cent) were students, housewives, and the unemployed. Ingestion of drugs (68 per cent) or of chemicals (20 per cent) was the predominant method. The major predisposing factors were mental illness (32 per cent) and conflicts with parents (24 per cent). PMID- 6743948 TI - Psychotic children with hallucinations. AB - In a retrospective study, 20 psychotic children and adolescents with hallucinations were compared with 15 psychotic controls without hallucinations. In the former, auditory hallucinations predominated, which tended to be localised in the internal space of the child. Subjects with hallucinations had significantly more symptoms of depression and anxiety, more precipitants of illness and problems in reading ability. There was a trend for increased laconic speech in them. The findings suggest a link between hallucinations and mood and cognitive changes in children and adolescents with psychoses of late onset. PMID- 6743949 TI - How many psychiatric patients in prison? AB - The paper compares the prevalence of psychiatric morbidity amongst sentenced prisoners and in the general population. Major psychosis was no more common in the majority of studies of criminal populations. Although prisoners have a higher level of neurotic symptomatology, this was mainly found to be secondary to imprisonment itself. Long term imprisonment was not found to be a precipitant of severe psychiatric morbidity or intellectual deterioration, and prisoners adopt elaborate coping mechanisms which may themselves be protective. However, there is a higher prevalence of mentally handicapped and epileptic prisoners, and doctors in the Prison Medical Service have to cope with frequent, serious behavioural problems. Prisons appear to be a particularly important area for future psychiatric research. PMID- 6743950 TI - Case report: psychomotor status-like episodes under haloperidol treatment. PMID- 6743951 TI - Depression, weight loss and the dexamethasone suppression test. AB - The dexamethasone suppression test (DST) was carried out on 143 patients with a major depressive disorder, who were classified into those with a history of weight loss (n = 89) and those without (n = 54). Seventy-three per cent of patients with weight loss and 61% of patients without had an abnormal DST; this difference was not statistically significant. Of the patients receiving prophylactic lithium therapy, 13 were found to have changed their DST status on retesting after a period of 14 months, but there was no significant difference in their weight. It is concluded that weight loss is not a necessary condition for an abnormal DST in depressive illness. PMID- 6743952 TI - Psychiatric clinics in general practice. An extension of community care. AB - The patients seen at five psychiatric clinics in general practice (GP) serving an urban population of 78,200 are described, and their attitudes to the clinic compared with those for conventional out-patient clinics. The GP psychiatric clinics were strongly preferred, mainly because of their ease of access and absence of stigma; 19 per cent of the patients seen would not have attended a hospital clinic. The patients seen encompassed the entire range of psychiatric disorder, but most were treated in the clinic or by other members of the primary care team. It is concluded that GP psychiatric clinics offer a way of achieving better community psychiatry without any need for increased resources. PMID- 6743953 TI - Anorexia nervosa and depression--reconsidering diagnostic criteria. PMID- 6743954 TI - Prescribing psychotropic drugs. PMID- 6743955 TI - Injuries in a psychiatric hospital. PMID- 6743956 TI - Rock and roll delusions. PMID- 6743957 TI - Fate of psychogeriatric patients. PMID- 6743958 TI - Mianserin and warfarin. PMID- 6743959 TI - Osteoarthritis: are we asking the wrong questions? PMID- 6743960 TI - Osteoarthritis: pathogenesis and aetiology. PMID- 6743961 TI - The biochemistry of osteoarthritis. PMID- 6743962 TI - Some biomechanical factors in osteoarthrosis. PMID- 6743963 TI - Geographical and anatomical patterns of osteoarthritis. PMID- 6743965 TI - Socio-economic effects and therapy in osteoarthrosis. PMID- 6743964 TI - Clinical and pathological observations in surgical osteoarthritis: the basis for a multidisciplinary study of idiopathic knee osteoarthritis. PMID- 6743966 TI - The frequent occurrence of neurological disease in patients with late-onset systemic lupus erythematosus. AB - Ten patients with systemic lupus erythematosus, whose first disease manifestation appeared after age 50 years, have been studied prospectively for up to five years. Neurological manifestations attributable to lupus occurred in nine patients and were multiple and varied. In all nine patients the neurological features appeared within one year of disease onset, and in four were present as an initial manifestation. Clinical recovery was generally satisfactory, and was complete in four. The apparent high incidence of neurological disease observed in late-onset lupus may help to elucidate causative mechanisms. PMID- 6743967 TI - The correlation of clinical assessment of synovial fluid with its measured viscosity. AB - The viscosity of 10 specimens of rheumatoid synovial fluid was assessed using side-room tests as well as being measured in a viscometer. All of the tests, and particularly the 'mucin clot', correlated well with measured viscosity. We conclude that the mucin clot test does indeed reflect viscosity and can demonstrate the presence of inflammatory joint disease. PMID- 6743969 TI - Diffuse alveolitis on a small dose of penicillamine. AB - A 60-year-old man with seropositive rheumatoid arthritis developed rapidly progressive dyspnoea and bilateral pulmonary infiltrates on short exposure to 50 mg penicillamine daily. He made a satisfactory recovery following cessation of penicillamine therapy and the addition of prednisolone. This case has been reported to the Committee on Safety of Medicines and we would like to emphasize that the possibility of penicillamine-induced lung disease should be recognized, even on a small dose of short duration. PMID- 6743970 TI - Post-mammoplasty human adjuvant disease. AB - Morphoea and keratoconjunctivitis sicca developed in a woman with seronegative rheumatoid arthritis six years after augmentation mammoplasty. Previous reports of post-mammoplasty connective tissue disease have followed the use of silicone gel, whereas the more 'biologically inert' saline-filled silastic implants were used in this case. PMID- 6743968 TI - Beer drinking and its effect on uric acid. AB - This study attempted to simulate the drinking habits of gout patients. Beer or squash was drunk over a 4-hour period on two successive days by five gouty and five normouricaemic men. Serum lactate increased with beer and squash, but elevation of plasma uric acid was confined to beer drinking. Urate clearance increased with both beverages, but 24-hour uric acid excretion was accentuated only by beer. The purine content of several beers was measured and the principal constituent found to be guanosine, which is probably the most readily absorbed dietary purine. It was concluded that the hyperuricaemic effect of beer was mediated by the digestion of purines contained by the beer and by an effect of ethanol on uric acid synthesis. There was no evidence that beer taken in usual quantities reduced the renal excretion of uric acid. PMID- 6743971 TI - Reporting of significance levels versus Pearson's correlation coefficient. PMID- 6743972 TI - Relationship between plasma viscosity or ESR and the Ritchie articular index. PMID- 6743973 TI - Vacuum arthrocentesis for massive knee effusions. PMID- 6743974 TI - Duodenal ulcer perforation whilst on cimetidine therapy. AB - Nine cases of perforation whilst patients received cimetidine therapy were identified and followed prospectively. There was a high correlation with the other major complications of duodenal ulceration: pyloric stenosis and haemorrhage. Initially, three of the nine patients had simple suture of the perforation, but eventually all required truncal vagotomy and a drainage procedure. The follow-up ranges from 6 months to 2.5 years and the results in the surviving patients are good. The preoperative identification of this group, being established medical failures with the high probability of requiring necessary definitive surgery, will aid the surgical management of this condition. PMID- 6743975 TI - Hypocalcaemia after subtotal thyroidectomy for thyrotoxicosis. AB - Eighty-one patients who underwent subtotal thyroidectomy for thyrotoxicosis had a 10 per cent incidence of symptomatic hypocalcaemia (corrected calcium less than 2.0 mmol/l) but only a 1.2 per cent incidence of prolonged hypocalcaemia. In the same patients only one had a transient right sided recurrent laryngeal nerve palsy. These results would seem to confirm the wisdom of lateral ligation of the inferior thyroid arteries to protect the recurrent laryngeal nerve. They lend no support to the suggestion that in order to protect parathyroid function this teaching be abandoned in favour of a policy of ligation of the arteries on the surface of the gland. Nevertheless, injury, devascularization or inadvertent removal of parathyroid tissue must still be the first practical consideration. PMID- 6743976 TI - Parathyroid surgery in chronic renal failure: subtotal parathyroidectomy or autotransplantation? AB - In the period 1970-1983, 27 patients with end stage renal failure underwent neck exploration for hyperparathyroidism. In 1977 the operative policy changed from subtotal parathyroidectomy to total parathyroidectomy and autotransplantation. Eight patients underwent subtotal parathyroidectomy while fifteen patients underwent total parathyroidectomy and autotransplantation. All were cured of their symptoms and hypercalcaemia was resolved. There was no significant difference in the requirement for postoperative calcium and vitamin D supplements between the two groups. Recurrent hypercalcaemia developed in one patient who had undergone total parathyroidectomy and autotransplantation. Resolution followed removal of approximately half the transplant. There were four deviations from the operative policy. PMID- 6743977 TI - Fine needle aspiration cytology, in relationships to clinical examination and mammography in the diagnosis of a solid breast mass. AB - The accuracy of clinical examination, mammography and fine needle aspiration cytology in identifying malignancy has been assessed in 1655 breast masses from two time periods. Clinical examination and mammography remained consistent at identifying malignancy but 9 per cent of all breast carcinomas were considered benign by both techniques (sensitivity 91 per cent). Fine needle aspiration cytology, when performed by multiple aspirators in the first study period, had a sensitivity of only 66 per cent for malignancy. During the second period of study, when all aspirates were performed by a single aspirator, sensitivity rose to 99 per cent. The two patients with false negative cytology in this latter period had both clinical and mammographic evidence of malignancy. No patient with malignant cytology was subsequently shown to have benign disease. It is concluded that a combination of clinical examination and mammography, with fine needle aspiration cytology performed by committed individuals with aptitude for the technique and interpreted by experienced pathologists, can identify all patients with breast cancer before surgery. PMID- 6743978 TI - Smooth muscle neoplasms of the rectum and anal canal. AB - Forty-eight patients who presented to St. Mark's Hospital, London between 1948 and 1979 with smooth muscle neoplasms of the rectum or anal canal have been reviewed. Twenty-six tumours arose from the muscularis mucosae of the rectum. These lesions were small, asymptomatic and did not recur after local removal. Eighteen tumours arose from the muscularis externa of the rectum. Local excision of these resulted in a high local recurrence rate regardless of the degree of differentiation of the tumour but long-term survival figures were similar whether the tumours were treated by local or radical techniques. However, the prognosis did relate to the degree of tumour differentiation, being worst in the poorly differentiated group. In four cases the smooth muscle tumour arose from the internal sphincter of the anal canal. PMID- 6743979 TI - Inhibition of experimental colorectal cancer by razoxane (ICRF-159). AB - Large bowel cancer induced in rats by dimethylhydrazine (DMH) closely resembles human disease both histologically and clinically. In this study it has been used to assess the antimitotic drug razoxane (ICRF-159). Dimethylhydrazine induced benign colorectal tumours after 20 weeks and adenocarcinomas from 30 weeks. Razoxane was given from week 25 until the end of experiment (week 35) to see if this drug could inhibit the development of tumours. Animals were randomly allocated to four groups: DMH + razoxane (26), DMH + control (26), control + razoxane (25), control + control (25). There were fewer malignant colorectal tumours in rats receiving razoxane than in the controls (10 vs. 24; P = 0.04). Some animals developed malignant tumours of the small intestine as well as the large bowel and the number of malignant tumours for the whole intestinal tract was also reduced in animals receiving razoxane (15 vs. 32; P = 0.025). This study demonstrates inhibition of the development of malignant tumours in rats by razoxane. This finding may have relevance to colorectal cancer in man where razoxane has been used in disseminated disease and as an adjuvant to surgery. PMID- 6743980 TI - Large bowel cancer: surgical pathology and its relationship to survival. AB - Modifications of Dukes' (1932) classification of rectal tumours have led to confusion. From the data of 2518 patients who had undergone curative colorectal surgery the interrelationships between tumour penetration, grade, vascular invasion and pattern of lymph node involvement have been examined and their individual relevance to survival determined. Subdivision of Dukes' A cases into those confined to the muscularis mucosae (A) and those penetrating into, but not through, the bowel wall (B1) should be abandoned. Despite interrelationships between lymph node status, grade of tumour and vascular invasion, they all contribute prognostic information independent of each other. Apical lymph node involvement, more than four lymph nodes involved and extensive primary tumours with nodal involvement all carry a bad prognosis. Although interrelated each variable is individually relevant. However, subgroups of patients with Dukes' C tumours have an observed survival significantly better than expected. When few lymph nodes are involved or the primary tumour is confined to the bowel wall but lymph nodes are involved, the expectation of life is equivalent to Dukes' B. PMID- 6743981 TI - Anorectal myectomy in adult Hirschsprung's disease: a report of six cases. AB - The presentation and management of six adult patients with proven aganglionosis of the rectum are reported. Rectal mucosal biopsy combined with enzyme histochemistry was used to establish the diagnosis and it is recommended as the first investigative procedure. Conservative surgery either with anterior resection and anorectal myectomy or myectomy alone was found to be simple and relatively complication-free and to give very satisfactory results. PMID- 6743982 TI - Colonic stricture and enterocolic fistulae following necrotizing enterocolitis. PMID- 6743983 TI - Slowed conduction in the pudendal nerves in idiopathic (neurogenic) faecal incontinence. AB - We have studied 30 patients with idiopathic (neurogenic) faecal incontinence using anorectal manometry and concentric needle and single fibre electromyographic methods. We have measured the terminal motor latency in the pudendal nerves of these patients using a new digitally directed transrectal stimulation and recording technique (right mean (+/- s.d.) 3.2 +/- 0.9 ms, left mean (+/- s.d.) 3.0 +/- 0.9 ms) and compared the results with those obtained from 28 normal subjects (right mean (+/- s.d.) 2.0 +/- 0.5 ms, left mean (+/- s.d.) 1.9 +/- 0.3 ms). These differences between normal and incontinent patients were significant (P = 0.01) using the Wilcoxon Rank Sum Test. The findings support the hypothesis that idiopathic (neurogenic) faecal incontinence is due to damage to the nerve supply of the pelvic floor musculature. PMID- 6743984 TI - Faecal incontinence after anal dilatation. AB - We have studied 10 patients with faecal incontinence occurring after anal dilatation. Abnormalities were found in the external and sphincter in clinical and manometric tests in five patients and in single fibre EMG tests in four patients. Internal anal sphincter function was impaired in eight patients. These findings have implications for prevention of faecal incontinence after this procedure. PMID- 6743985 TI - Return to work following ileostomy. AB - The experiences of 1033 members of the 51 English divisions of the Ileostomy Association of Great Britain and Ireland have been analysed in respect of their return to work after construction of an ileostomy. Although there was a fall in the number of patients returning to work after operation this was often for reasons unrelated to surgery. The majority of those returning to work resumed work with the same employer and usually in the same post. Fifty-nine (5.7 per cent) patients began work for the first time after operation, including 33 (3.2 per cent) who were previously inactive although of working age. Analysis of occupational class shows that, although a number of patients initially resumed work within a lower class, once established in employment successful career advancement was possible. Problems in the gaining or resumption of employment were reported by 56 (5.4 per cent) patients. In 22 (2.1 per cent) patients, almost all approaching or above retirement age, successful surgery resulted in a decision not to return to employment. An ileostomy is no barrier to successful return to work in nearly all occupations, and is accomplished by the majority of patients without major difficulty. PMID- 6743986 TI - Incidence of pathogenic bacteria from mesenteric lymph nodes and ileal serosa during Crohn's disease surgery. AB - Samples of ileal serosa and mesenteric lymph nodes have been harvested before antibiotic administration during 46 non-contaminated operations for Crohn's disease and compared with 43 operations for conditions other than Crohn's. Potentially pathogenic bacteria were isolated from the serosa in 12 (27 per cent) Crohn's patients, compared with 6 (15 per cent) controls (P = 0.04). Intestinal bacteria were recovered from mesenteric nodes in 15 (33 per cent) Crohn's patients compared with 2 (5 per cent) controls (P = 0.006). These findings suggest that bacteria leak from the small bowel lumen in a high proportion of Crohn's disease patients. This may explain the pathogenesis of abscess and fistula in this disorder as well as the high rate of sepsis following elective surgery even in the absence of macroscopic contamination. PMID- 6743987 TI - Intestinal endometriosis: diagnosis and management. PMID- 6743988 TI - The aetiology and significance of distal choledochoduodenal fistula. AB - Thirteen patients undergoing investigation for biliary or pancreatic disease were found at endoscopic retrograde cholangiopancreatography to have unsuspected choledochoduodenal fistula. In only one patient could the presenting symptoms be directly attributed to the fistula. Ten of the thirteen patients had previously undergone exploration of the common bile duct and instrumentation at surgery is postulated as being the most likely cause of these fistulae. Treatment of the uncomplicated fistula appears unnecessary. PMID- 6743989 TI - Volvulus of an ileal conduit in an inguinal hernia. PMID- 6743991 TI - Posture in the postoperative management of infantile pyloric stenosis. PMID- 6743990 TI - A prospective study of end-to-side vs. side-to-side arteriovenous fistulas for haemodialysis. AB - In an attempt to determine the optimum configuration of arteriovenous (A-V) fistulas for haemodialysis, 71 patients were prospectively randomized to undergo either a side-to-side or end-of-vein to side-of-artery A-V fistula. Nine months after operation, the patency rates on dialysis were almost identical in the two groups (79.2 per cent and 78.6 per cent respectively). However, 7 of the 32 side to-side fistulas developed hyperaemia of the hand, three of which required revisional surgery. Hyperaemia of the hand has not been seen with end-to-side fistulas. In addition, peroperative measurements of fistula flow appeared to have prognostic value with end-to-side but not with side-to-side fistulas. It is suggested that the end-to-side configuration is the one of choice for the formation of A-V fistulas for haemodialysis. PMID- 6743992 TI - Pyonephrosis necessitans: a report of two cases. PMID- 6743993 TI - Perianal haematoma: an unusual feature of a leaking aortic aneurysm. PMID- 6743994 TI - Delayed caecal perforation following flexible fibre-optic sigmoidoscopy. PMID- 6743995 TI - Massive haemorrhage following biopsy of amyloidosis of the bladder. PMID- 6743996 TI - An unusual rectal fistula: extradural abscess discharging per rectum. PMID- 6743998 TI - Cholecystectomy in pancreatic surgery. PMID- 6743997 TI - The treatment of enterocutaneous fistulas. PMID- 6743999 TI - Basic physics and relaxation mechanisms. PMID- 6744000 TI - Magnets for medical applications of NMR. PMID- 6744001 TI - NMR imaging techniques. PMID- 6744002 TI - Considerations affecting signal and contrast in NMR imaging. PMID- 6744003 TI - Biological aspects of sodium-23 imaging. PMID- 6744004 TI - NMR imaging of blood flow. PMID- 6744006 TI - Real-time echo-planar imaging by NMR. PMID- 6744005 TI - Nuclear magnetic resonance of the spine. PMID- 6744007 TI - Nuclear magnetic resonance imaging of the heart and mediastinum. PMID- 6744008 TI - NMR imaging in liver disease. PMID- 6744009 TI - MR imaging of the retroperitoneum and pelvis. PMID- 6744010 TI - Advantages of adding a course of tetracycline to single dose ampicillin and probenecid in the treatment of gonorrhoea. AB - Chlamydia trachomatis was reisolated from 11 of 12 men with gonorrhoea who had initially yielded chlamydiae and who had been treated with ampicillin and probenecid (AMP) only, but from none of five such men treated with ampicillin and probenecid followed by tetracycline (AMPT). These results correlated with the absence of postgonococcal urethritis (PGU) in the group treated with AMPT. C trachomatis was isolated or reisolated from 20 of 25 women after treatment with AMP, compared with none of 14 women treated with AMPT. We recommend the addition of a course of tetracycline to the routine single dose treatment for gonorrhoea in men and women. PMID- 6744011 TI - Treatment with acyclovir of genital herpes simplex virus infection complicated by eczema herpeticum. AB - Eczema herpeticum is a potentially serious disease that may be fatal. We report two cases of infection with genital herpes simplex virus (HSV) that were complicated by eczema herpeticum and were treated successfully with acyclovir. PMID- 6744012 TI - Clinical aspects of the acquired immune deficiency syndrome in the United Kingdom. AB - Between August and November 1983, seven new patients with AIDS were seen at this hospital; two with disseminated Kaposi's sarcoma, and five with opportunist infections, of whom three have died. We present the case histories of the five patients with opportunist infections, which show the wide clinical range of AIDS and suggest that the pattern of infection in the UK may differ from that reported in the USA. PMID- 6744013 TI - Higher incidence of asymptomatic gonorrhoea in men with initial infection than with reinfection. PMID- 6744014 TI - Comparison of amoxycillin and procaine penicillin in the treatment of uncomplicated gonorrhoea. PMID- 6744015 TI - Clostridium difficile in the genital tract. PMID- 6744016 TI - Prepubertal children with condylomata acuminata. PMID- 6744017 TI - Disruption of written language in aphasia: a case study. AB - This study documents the performance of a Wernicke aphasic on production of written discourse. The discourse data consisted of spontaneously produced texts of three different types: narrative discourse, personal and formal letters, and expository discourse. A detailed description of the language of this aphasic at a sentence and discourse level revealed preservation of discourse structure through proper use of cohesive devices despite severe disruption of linguistic structure at a sentence level. PMID- 6744019 TI - Language and the young stutterer: a new look at old theories and findings. AB - The major theories and research approaches as to the etiology and development of stuttering are reviewed from a historical perspective. Findings are drawn from different sources indicating that language deficits are an initial contributing factor and a continuing component of this disorder. Those subsets of children which constitute high-risk groups are identified. It is suggested that researchers begin investigating the underlying organic bases of stuttering and its relationship to stages of language development. Finally, clinicians are encouraged to employ a therapy program that is concerned with all areas of language, rather than emphasizing treating only the symptoms of stuttering behavior. PMID- 6744018 TI - Lateral asymmetry in subgroups of dyslexic children. AB - It has been proposed that in examining hemispheric dominance in dyslexics, investigators must make a distinction between subtypes of the disorder. Using the Denver Reading and Spelling Test, 72 dyslexics were divided into three groups: dysphonetics, dyseidetics, and nonspecifics. Three measures of hemispheric dominance were administered: a dichotic listening test, a hemiretinal test with linguistic stimuli, and a hemiretinal test with spatial stimuli. Results indicated that the three subgroups of dyslexics did not differ from one another on measures of hemispheric dominance. Dyslexics, taken as a group, tended to show an exaggerated right ear advantage on the dichotic listening test, in comparison with that of controls. It was proposed that the dichotic listening test may be confounded by attentional deficits in the dyslexics. PMID- 6744020 TI - Residual ability to use grapheme-phoneme conversion rules in phonological dyslexia. AB - A case of acquired phonological dyslexia is described (P.M.). The patient was encouraged to read nonwords by analogy with real words, i.e., by changing phonemes in real words to produce pronounceable nonwords. P.M. was able to perform this task suggesting that he retained some ability to use grapheme phoneme conversion rules. On the basis of P.M.'s performance an additional connection in Morton's logogen model is postulated. PMID- 6744021 TI - Transcortical motor aphasia: one or two aphasias? AB - The name "transcortical motor aphasia" has been used to refer to two different types of language alterations: damage in the left supplementary motor area and Luria's dynamic aphasia. It is proposed that they represent two types of language disturbances different enough to be considered two different forms of aphasia. PMID- 6744022 TI - Comments on Hughes and Sussman's time-sharing study of cerebral laterality in language-disordered and normal children. AB - M. Hughes and H. M. Sussman (1983, Brain and Language, 19, 48-64) suggest that the time-sharing paradigm "does not serve as an adequate behavioral index for language lateralization in children." The merits of this conclusion are considered and general interpretative issues regarding manual interference in dual-task/time-sharing studies are discussed. PMID- 6744023 TI - Dopamine synthesis in inbred mouse strains which differ in numbers of dopamine neurons. AB - BALB/cJ and CBA/J mice have been shown to have different numbers of dopamine (DA) neurons in the central nervous system, with BALB/cJ mice having 20-50% more DA neurons in each dopaminergic cell group which is reflected in a difference in tyrosine hydroxylase activity in these cell groups. The present study compared the levels of DA and the rate of DA synthesis between these two inbred mouse strains. Three measures were used to reflect the rate of DA synthesis: the levels of DA metabolites (DOPAC and HVA) in the striatum, the rate of disappearance of DA following inhibition of tyrosine hydroxylase with alpha-methyl-P-tyrosine, and the rate of accumulation of DOPA following inhibition of aromatic amino acid decarboxylase with NSD-1015. Striatal DA levels were slightly higher in CBA/J mice than BALB/cJ mice. The rate of DA synthesis in the striatum, as estimated from the accumulation of DOPA following NSD-1015 injection or from the decline of DA levels following alpha-methyl-p-tyrosine injection, was from 30-50% greater in the BALB/cJ mice compared to the CBA/J mice. In striatum, DOPAC levels were higher, HVA levels lower, and DOPAC plus HVA levels equal in CBA/J mice compared to BALB/cJ mice. The results show that BALB/cJ mice, with more DA neurons than CBA mice, also synthesize more DA. In addition, the data suggest that DA levels do not necessarily reflect numbers of DA neurons, and that catecholamine metabolite levels are not a good measure for comparing catecholamine synthesis between inbred animal strains. PMID- 6744024 TI - Unilateral analgesia produced by intraventricular morphine. AB - Morphine injected into the lateral ventricle of the rat produced unilateral analgesia in the formalin test, which involves continuous, moderate pain. In contrast, analgesia was produced bilaterally in the foot-flick test which involves brief, rapidly rising pain. In the formalin test, intraventricular morphine produced analgesia in the ipsilateral but not the contralateral hindpaw. Analgesia was achieved with relatively low doses of morphine (2.5-10.0 micrograms) in the formation test while very high doses (50-200 micrograms) were necessary to produce analgesia in the foot-flick test. These results add to other data indicating that different neural mechanisms underlie opiate analgesia in different types of pain. Moreover, they indicate that, in the formation test, the neural mechanisms of morphine analgesia are somatotopically organized and that forebrain structures are likely to be involved. PMID- 6744025 TI - The effects of naloxone, morphine and methionine enkephalinamide on Ia afferent terminations in the cat spinal cord. AB - Naloxone, morphine, Met5-enkephalinamide (MENKA) and procaine were administered microelectrophoretically near extracellularly stimulated extensor muscle group Ia afferent fibres and terminations in the lumbar spinal cord of cats anaesthetized with pentobarbitone sodium. Observations were made of effects on the electrical threshold, on the depolarizing action of GABA or piperidine-4-sulphonate (P4S), and on bicuculline-sensitive primary afferent depolarization (PAD) generated by tetanic stimulation of flexor muscle low threshold afferents. All 4 agents reversibly elevated the threshold of Ia fibres in the dorsal column and Ia terminations in the ventral horn. The depolarizations of terminations by GABA or P4S were also reduced, an effect, which for all except MENKA, probably accounted for a concomitant reduction in PAD. In the absence of a consistent effect on either threshold or depolarization by GABAmimetics, MENKA reversibly diminished PAD, an action blocked by naloxone. Intravenously administered naloxone, in doses known to enhance spinal monosynaptic excitation in the cat, had no effect on GABAergic PAD and little or no effect on Ia termination threshold. The results are discussed in relation to a naloxone-sensitive effect of MENKA which reduces transmitter release from GABAergic axo-axonic synapses on Ia terminals, but which does not account for the enhancement of spinal reflexes by naloxone. PMID- 6744027 TI - Simultaneous changes of catecholamines and of Leu-enkephalin-like immunoreactivity in plasma and cerebrospinal fluid of cats undergoing acute hemorrhage. AB - Cats, anesthetized with sodium pentobarbitone, underwent acute hemorrhagic shock by withdrawal of 15 ml blood/kg of body weight. The cerebral ventricular system was perfused with artificial cerebrospinal fluid (CSF). Blood and CSF samples were collected during 2 h, for the analysis of catecholamines (CA) and Leu enkephalin-like immunoreactivity (LE-ir). The fall of blood pressure immediately after hemorrhage was accompanied by a rise of LE-ir in the CSF and by a decrease of norepinephrine and dopamine below their control values. About half an hour later, the LE-ir returned to its initial low level, while the CA were now markedly elevated. A similar opposite behavior of peptides and CA was observed during subsequent sampling periods, although blood pressure remained constant. These experiments demonstrate an inverse relationship of LE-ir and CA in the CSF, after acute hemorrhagic shock. PMID- 6744026 TI - The cutaneous contribution to the hamstring flexor reflex in the rat: an electrophysiological and anatomical study. AB - The location and properties of the cutaneous receptive fields responsible for detecting the flexor withdrawal reflex in the posterior head of biceps femoris (pBF) and semitendinosus (ST) components of the hamstring muscle have been examined in unanaesthetized decerebrate rats, spinalized at T10-T11. Single alpha motoneurone efferents were recorded from the nerve to pBF and the principal head of ST and their responses to ipsi- and contralateral hindlimb skin stimulation investigated. The efferents to both muscles characteristically had a low or absent background discharge and they all had mechanoreceptive fields on the ipsilateral foot. The mechanical threshold of these fields was high with no response to light touch or brush. Fifty-four percent of these units also had a smaller and weaker contralateral mechanoreceptive field. The only apparent difference between ST and pBF efferents was that more ST efferents had contralateral fields than pBF units. Noxious, hot and cold thermal stimuli applied to the ipsilateral foot activated 56% of the efferents. Mustard oil, a chemical irritant, produced a long-lasting flexor response when applied to the ipsilateral foot. The responses of these efferents to stimulation of A beta, A delta and C cutaneous afferents in the sural nerve were also studied. Short latency reflexes were elicited in all efferents by A beta inputs, longer latency reflexes were elicited in 64% by A delta inputs and very long latency responses with long afterdischarges were found in 73% of the units to C inputs. Retrograde labelling of the hamstring motoneurones with WGA-HRP indicated that they lay in ventrolateral lamina IX extending from the caudal portion of the third lumbar segment to the junction of the 5th and 6th lumbar segments. Transganglionic labelling of small diameter primary afferent terminals in the dorsal horn of cutaneous nerves innervating the foot revealed that the longitudinal distribution corresponded closely with that of the hamstring motor nucleus. The flex-or reflex in the spinal rat provides a useful model therefore, for studying how the input in nociceptive afferents is processed and transformed within the spinal cord, to produce appropriate outputs. PMID- 6744028 TI - Effect of applied electrical fields on sprouting of intact saphenous nerve in adult rat. AB - Saphenous nerve sprouting was measured behaviorally and histologically after chronic sciatic denervation in the adult rat. The effect of electrical stimulation (either weak DC fields, or stronger AC fields) on the rate of sprouting of the intact saphenous was studied. Sprouting was enhanced by DC fields (1 microA) if the cathode was placed distal to the growth tips, but was unaffected by anode stimulation. Sprouting was also enhanced by AC fields (1000 microA per pulse) given at 20 Hz and 0.1 ms duration. In the discussion we postulate that separate mechanisms might mediate the AC and DC results. The DC effects are the first demonstration in mammals of results previously observed in lower vertebrates. PMID- 6744029 TI - Further evidence that amphetamines produce long-lasting dopamine neurochemical deficits by destroying dopamine nerve fibers. AB - Methamphetamine and amphetamine were continuously administered to rats for 3 days by means of subcutaneously implanted osmotic minipumps. The total daily dose of each drug was approximately 4 mg/day. Dopamine, norepinephrine and serotonin determinations two weeks later indicated that both amphetamines produced a selective striatal dopamine depletion. Anatomical studies indicated that this depletion was associated with striatal nerve fiber degeneration. To determine whether this fiber degeneration induced by amphetamines was dopaminergic, the long-lasting dopamine depletion produced by methamphetamine was antagonized with alpha-methyl-para-tyrosine. This prevented the appearance of nerve fiber degeneration after methamphetamine. These findings suggest that amphetamines produce a long-term striatal dopamine depletion by destroying striatal dopamine nerve fibers. PMID- 6744030 TI - The striatopallidal and striatonigral projections: two distinct fiber systems in primate. AB - The use of the fluorescence retrograde double-labeling method has revealed that striatal neurons projecting to the globus pallidus in the squirrel monkey are mainly confined to the putamen whereas those projecting to the substantia nigra occur mostly in the caudate nucleus. Only about 10% of the striatal neurons were found to be double-labeled after injections into the globus pallidus and substantia nigra. The segregation of the putaminofugal and caudatofugal projections was further confirmed by the anterograde tracing of WGA-HRP. These findings do not fit in the current unitary concept of the striatofugal fiber system. Instead, they suggest that the striatopallidal and striatonigral projections exist largely as two distinct subsystems in the primate. PMID- 6744031 TI - Lack of binocular activation of cells in area 19 of the Siamese cat. AB - Single cells were recorded in area 19 of 8 Siamese cats. Receptive fields (RFs) were typical for this area in terms of size, directional specificity and type. However, 69 out of the 70 units found were monocularly driven through the contralateral eye. Moreover, the amount of excursion of RFs into the ipsilateral visual field was more limited than that generally demonstrated for areas 17 and 18, extending to a maximum of 5 degrees with very few cells having RFs situated completely within the ipsilateral hemifield. PMID- 6744032 TI - Distribution and characterization of opioid peptides derived from proenkephalin A in human and rat central nervous system. AB - In various areas of rat and human brain and spinal cord the distributions of opioid peptides derived from the proenkephalin A precursor, the heptapeptide [Met]enkephalin-Arg6-Phe7 (MERF), the octapeptide [Met]enkephalin-Arg6-Gly7-Leu8 (MERGL), and bovine adrenal medulla dodecapeptide (BAM-12P), were determined by a combination of radioimmunoassay, gel filtration, and high-performance liquid chromatography. In the human central nervous system the highest concentrations were seen in the striatum (pallidum greater than caudate nucleus greater than putamen) and in substantia nigra, hypothalamus, and periaqueductal gray. Similarly, in rat brain high levels were found in striatum and hypothalamus. Bovine adrenal medulladocosa peptide (BAM-22P) only occurred in the rat brain, but could not be detected in human brain. No MERF, MERGL, BAM-12P, or BAM-22P could be found in either rat or human pituitary. In contrast to MERF, MERGL and BAM-12P, peptides derived from the proenkephalin B precursor, dynorphin1-8 and dynorphin B, showed high concentrations only in substantia nigra and pallidum, but quite low levels in the other regions of human brain and spinal cord. The present study provides evidence that the proenkephalin A precursor known from adrenal medulla also exists in the rat and human central nervous system. Moreover, the identification of BAM-12P in these tissues indicates that cleavage of the precursor molecule must also involve sites different from those with paired basic amino acids. PMID- 6744033 TI - Responsiveness of monkey primary somatosensory cortical neurons to peripheral stimulation depends on 'motor-set'. AB - Responses evoked by vibrotactile stimuli in primary somatosensory cortical neurons were studied under two conditions. In the first, the vibrotactile stimulus was the trigger for a movement of the stimulated hand, while in the second, the motor response had been extinguished. Thus, responses of the same neuron could be compared during different motor sets. Neurons in area 3a and 1, but not area 3b, often exhibited different responses depending on motor set. These findings support the view that responses of many somatosensory cortical neurons are modulated by central as well as peripheral influences and are dependent upon the context in which the stimulus occurs. PMID- 6744034 TI - Phenytoin reduces frequency potentiation of synaptic potentials at the frog neuromuscular junction. AB - The action of the commonly used antiepileptic drug phenytoin on frequency potentials was studied at the frog neuromuscular junction. Whereas the drug, at concentrations of 0.1-0.3 mM, had only a slight effect on EPPs evoked by nerve stimulation at a frequency of 0.5 Hz, it strongly suppressed their potentiation during tetanic nerve stimulation at 30 Hz. The post-tetanic potentiation of the EPPs was also reduced by the drug. These effects occurred without a blockade of invasion of the nerve impulse into the presynaptic terminal during the tetanus, and thus indicate a specific frequency-dependent depressant action of the drug on neurally-evoked transmitter release. PMID- 6744035 TI - Evaluation of 4-aminopyridine and 3,4-diaminopyridine penetrability into cerebrospinal fluid in anesthetized rats. AB - 4-aminopyridine (4-AP) and 3,4-diaminopyridine (3,4-DAP) when injected intracisternally to anesthetized rats induced qualitatively similar central nervous system stimulant and convulsant effects at equimolar concentrations. Overall penetrability into cerebrospinal fluid of 4-AP is significantly higher than that of 3,4-DAP after single i.v. administration as evaluated by a high performance liquid chromatographic determination. The present results can account for the lower central nervous system toxicity of 3,4-DAP when compared to 4-AP previously described after systemic administration. PMID- 6744036 TI - Activation of caudal brainstem cell groups during the exercise pressor reflex in the cat as elucidated by 2-[14C]deoxyglucose. AB - Cell groups of the caudal brainstem were labeled with 2-[14C]deoxyglucose during the pressor response evoked by contraction of hindlimb muscles (exercise pressor reflex). The nuclear groups which were labeled in excess of control levels included: the lateral reticular nucleus, the inferior olive (medial accessory olive), and the lateral tegmental field (adjacent to the lateral reticular nucleus). PMID- 6744037 TI - Duration of the first agonist EMG burst in ballistic arm movements. AB - In normal subjects, fast arm movements are accomplished by a diphasic or triphasic EMG activation of the agonist and antagonist muscles. The duration of the first agonist burst (Ag1) has been said to be constant for movements of different size, whilst its amplitude is variable. Previous studies focused on relatively small movements (10-40 degrees). We have studied the behaviour of the Ag1 duration over the full physiological range of wrist and elbow flexion movements in normal subjects. The results showed that the principle of invariance of Ag1 duration was true when small movements of about 15-30 degrees were studied, but when larger movements were made burst length increased. A similar increase in Ag1 burst duration also was seen during movements performed against a load and in contractions made with fatigued muscles. Changes in duration of the Ag1 burst appear to be part of the normal mechanism for increasing the impulsive force provided in rapid contractions. PMID- 6744038 TI - Selective retrograde labeling of neurons of the cat vestibular ganglion with [3H]D-aspartate. AB - D-[2,3-3H]Aspartate [( 3H]D-Asp) was injected in the cat vestibular nuclei. Labeling patterns resulting from retrograde axonal transport by the vestibular nerve fibers were observed in the vestibular ganglion neurons and also in the nerve fibers. The selectivity of such labeling, related to the neurotransmitter's specificity, is strongly indicated. PMID- 6744039 TI - Specific binding of tritiated neurotensin to rat brain membranes: characterization and regional distribution. AB - The characteristics of [3H]neurotensin binding were studied using membranes prepared from the rat brain. Binding of [3H]neurotensin was found to be specific, saturable and reversible. Under the conditions of the assay non-specific binding represented less than 20% of the total binding at a radioligand concentration of 2 nM. The specific [3H]neurotensin binding increased linearly with protein concentration and was dependent on the pH and the temperature of the incubation medium. At 25 degrees C equilibrium was reached rapidly and the association kinetics appeared to be monophasic. The dissociation was not monophasic and it could be resolved into two distinct components. Scatchard analysis of the saturation data indicated a single population of binding sites with a density of 432 fmol/mg protein and an equilibrium dissociation constant of 2.85 nM. A Hill transformation of the competitive inhibition of specific [3H]neurotensin binding by increasing concentrations of unlabelled peptide yielded a slope not significantly different from unity. Neurotensin 1-13 and various neurotensin analogues were tested for their ability to compete with [3H]neurotensin for its binding site. Neurotensin 1-13, neurotensin 8-13 and the amphibian skin peptide xenopsin were equipotent and strongly inhibited the specific binding of [3H]neurotensin. Neurotensin 9-13 and the chicken intestinal peptide Lys8,Asn9 neurotensin 8-13 were weakly active, whereas neurotensin 10-13 and the amino terminal fragments neurotensin 1-6, neurotensin 1-8 and neurotensin 1-11 were inactive. Physiological concentrations of sodium chloride inhibited specific [3H]neurotensin binding, whereas divalent cations and guanyl nucleotides did not produce a significant change in either the equilibrium dissociation constant or the total number of binding sites. There was no apparent correlation between the content of neurotensin-like immunoreactivity in the rat brain and the density of [3H]neurotensin binding sites in the various brain regions. The highest density of binding sites was found in the hypothalamus and the frontal cortex, intermediate levels in striatum, thalamus, midbrain, hippocampus and olfactory bulb, and low levels in cerebellum and pons-medulla oblongata. In general, there was less variation between different brain regions in the number of [3H]neurotensin binding sites than in the content of neurotensin-like immunoreactivity. The characteristics of this binding assay are consistent with [3H]neurotensin binding to a physiological receptor. PMID- 6744040 TI - In vitro expression of in vivo learning by an isolated molluscan CNS. AB - The associative learning functions of the central nervous system of Limax maximus have been established with behavioral experiments on intact animals (Sahley et al., J. comp. Physiol., 144 (1981) 1) and physiological experiments on the isolated CNS (Culligan and Gelperin, Brain Research, 266 (1983) 319). We now report experiments in which memory states were established by behavioral training and read out by a test procedure applied to the isolated brains derived from the trained animals. With a success rate of one-half we found that isolated lip-brain preparations derived from previously conditioned slugs express in vitro the learning acquired in vivo. PMID- 6744041 TI - Progesterone decreases the concentration of hypothalamic and anterior pituitary estrogen receptors in ovariectomized rats. AB - In a study of cellular mechanisms of progesterone's antiestrogenic action on behavior and neuroendocrine responses, we investigated the influence of progesterone on the concentration of estrogen receptors in the hypothalamus preoptic area (HP), anterior pituitary gland (AP), and uterus of chronically estradiol-treated ovariectomized rats. Ovariectomized (OVX) rats were implanted s.c. with 15 mm silastic capsules of estradiol. One week later, they were injected with progesterone or oil vehicle and killed 6 h or 24 h later. Confirming previous reports, progesterone caused a decrease in the concentration of uterine cytosol and nuclear estrogen receptors at both times. Less consistent results were obtained in HP and AP; a decrease in the concentration of HP cytosol estrogen receptors was detected at 6 h, as was a small decrease in the concentration of HP nuclear estrogen receptors at 24 h. More consistent results were seen when a low priming dose of estradiol was used. Although progesterone was without effect on the concentration of nuclear estrogen receptors in HP and AP at 6 h, cytosol receptor levels were depressed by 25% in HP and 14% in AP. At 24 h after progesterone injection, nuclear estrogen receptor levels were decreased in all tissues, while cytosol estrogen receptor levels remained depressed. A study of the time course of progesterone's suppression of cytosol estrogen receptor concentration revealed that the effect is transient, occurring by 6 h after progesterone injection, but returning to baseline by 48 h after injection. Scatchard analysis confirmed that the decreased concentration of cytosol binding in HP was due to a decrease in the concentration of binding sites. As with nearly all of progesterone's neuroendocrine effects, the suppression of estrogen receptor levels requires estrogen priming. HP and AP cytosol from progesterone-treated rats did not seem to contain an estrogen receptor-regulatory factor as do uterine cell nuclei; loss of binding sites at 37 degrees C was no faster in cytosol from progesterone-treated rats. These results demonstrate that, under some conditions, progesterone decreases HP and AP estrogen receptor concentrations. Unlike progesterone's action in the uterus, the primary effect in the brain and pituitary gland seems to be on the cytosol receptor. PMID- 6744042 TI - The effects of protein deprivation on the nucleus locus coeruleus: a morphometric Golgi study in rats of three age groups. AB - In a previous morphometric Golgi study of the nucleus locus coeruleus we identified in rats fed a 25% casein diet 3 cell types, fusiform, multipolar and ovoid, and compared their age-related changes from 30 to 90 days and 90 to 220 days. In the present study we investigated the effects of an 8% casein diet, initiated prenatally and continued postnatally in the pups, using the same morphometric parameters at the same 3 ages. In these rats the majority of significant age-related changes were in primary and secondary dendritic spine density. On all 3 cell types between 30 and 90 days there was a decreased spine density followed by an increase between 90 and 220 days. These age-related changes closely followed those in controls and, as a result, when the two diet groups were compared at each age they showed only 4 significant differences out of 18 comparisons. In control rats these age-related changes in dendritic spine density in the nucleus locus coeruleus were diametrically out-of-phase with those found in the nucleus raphe dorsalis in a previous study. This is consistent with the postulated mutual inhibitory relationship between the nucleus locus coeruleus and nucleus raphe dorsalis. Comparison of these same events in the nucleus locus coeruleus and nucleus raphe dorsalis in the 8% casein diet rats show no evidence of an out-of-phase relationship. Thus, the relationship between these two closely related nuclei appears to be fundamentally altered by the 8% casein diet. In these comparisons of dendrite spine density and other parameters the 8% casein diet rats have shown in both the nucleus locus coeruleus and nucleus raphe dorsalis deficits and increases as compared to controls. In contrast, in morphometric Golgi studies of pyramidal and Purkinje cells undernutrition generally results in deficits or little change in the various parameters. This suggests that the adaptation of the non-pyramidal neurons in the present study is different from that shown by pyramidal and Purkinje cells. PMID- 6744043 TI - The role of stimulus intensity and stress in opioid-mediated analgesia. AB - Rats exposed to a Pavlovian conditioning paradigm developed naloxone-reversible analgesia only when the intensity of a noxious unconditioned stimulus was suprathreshold and the level of stress was augmented. The time course of the onset of this conditioned analgesia was reproduced by systemic administration of morphine. These findings suggest that both a minimal level of stimulus intensity and stress are necessary for the activation of endogenous opioid-mediated analgesia. PMID- 6744044 TI - Glia maturation factor promotes proliferation and morphologic expression of rat Schwann cells. AB - Glia maturation factor (GMF) is an acidic protein with a molecular weight of about 20,000 daltons, found in the adult brain of many species. Previously GMF was observed to stimulate the proliferation and subsequent maturation of rat astroblasts in culture. We investigated the effects of GMF on Schwann cells. Schwann cells were dissociated from rat sciatic nerve and purified by means of antimitotic agents and by selective immunoadsorption of contaminating fibroblasts. Cultured Schwann cells after 3 passages assumed a flat polygonal shape. Exposure of the cells to GMF converted the cells to the elongated, spindle morphology typical of Schwann cells. GMF also stimulated a 7-fold increase in DNA synthesis when compared with control cultures grown in F10 medium containing 5% fetal calf serum. The mitogenic activity of GMF was still detectable at 5 ng protein/ml medium. The maximal effect on DNA synthesis occurred 72 h after the initial exposure to GMF. Although the cells were positive for the Schwann cell marker Ran-1, GMF failed to induce the production of myelin-associated glycolipids (galactocerebroside) and proteins (Po) nor did it induce the astrocytic marker glial fibrillary acidic protein (GFAP). The effects of GMF on Schwann cells extend its biological role beyond the central nervous system. PMID- 6744045 TI - Modulation of cardiovascular and electrocortical activity through serotonergic mechanisms in the nucleus tractus solitarius of the rat. AB - The nucleus tractus solitarius (NTS) is an integral part of the baroreceptor reflex arc. Thus, stimulation of the NTS elicits changes in arterial pressure and heart rate as well as in numerous other physiologic parameters including electrocortical activity. Serotonin (5-HT), which has been implicated in cardiovascular and electrocortical control, is present in nerve terminals within the NTS. Therefore, this study was designed to determine whether 5-HT may effect that control within the NTS. Serotonin injected into the NTS of anesthetized rats produced marked changes in the EEG, arterial pressure, and heart rate. EEG activity changed from irregular 1-5 Hz, 350-500 microV waves with an overlying 13 15 Hz, low voltage rhythm to a regular, 5 Hz, 250-300 microV rhythm. The dose dependent cardiovascular changes were maximal at a dose of 400 pmol which produced a fall of mean arterial pressure of 48 +/- 2 mm Hg from a baseline of 96 +/- 4 mm Hg and of heart rate of 90 +/- 9 bpm from a baseline of 400 +/- 18 bpm (n = 6; P less than 0.001). Both the cardiovascular and EEG effects of 5-HT injected into the NTS were blocked by the prior injection of the 5-HT antagonist metergoline at the same site. However, the bilateral microinjection of metergoline into the NTS did not affect the baroreceptor reflex. Thus, although serotonergic mechanisms in the NTS may be involved in the modulation of electrocortical and cardiovascular activity, they are not integral to the baroreceptor reflex arc. PMID- 6744046 TI - Pedunculopontine-evoked excitation of substantia nigra neurons in the rat. AB - The effects of electrical stimulation of the nucleus tegmenti pedunculopontinus on the unitary activity of identified neurons of the rat substantia nigra were studied. The experiments were carried out in intact rats as well as in animals bearing either chronic bilateral electrolytic lesions of the deep cerebellar nuclei or an acute lesion of the ipsilateral subthalamic nucleus. Excitation of both compacta and reticulata cells of the substantia nigra (many of the latter being output neurons since they are antidromically activated from the superior colliculus) was the predominant response recorded. Two types of excitations could be distinguished. The first was a direct orthodromic excitation (latency 2.9 +/- 1.6 ms; duration 3.7 +/- 1.9 ms). The second was a sparse and less pronounced activation (latency 5.2 +/- 1.8 ms; duration 13.0 +/- 3.0 ms). These two types of excitation were the only responses recorded in intact rats (10/51, 19.6%, orthodromic and 10/51, 19.6%, diffuse activation). When the cerebellar nuclei were destroyed 7-21 days prior to the recording, both excitations were still found (10/59, 16.9% and 15/59, 25.4%, respectively), whereas a minority (3/59, 5.0%) of neurons were inhibited. Conversely, when the subthalamic nucleus was lesioned the orthodromic response was still present (9/42, 21.4%) whereas the occurrence of the diffuse excitation greatly decreased (3/42, 7.1%) and a greater number of inhibitions (6/42, 14.2%) appeared. A small population of cells (12/85, 14.1%) were excited from the contralateral pedunculopontine nucleus either by the orthodromic or by the diffuse excitation. The total number of nigral neurons antidromically activated from the ipsilateral pedunculopontine nucleus was 9/152 (5.9%). The results provide evidence that the nucleus tegmenti pedunculopontinus gives a dual excitatory input to the substantia nigra either through a probable direct connection or through a polysynaptic pathway via the subthalamic nucleus. A few cells from both parts of the substantia nigra, in turn, project back to the nucleus tegmenti pedunculopontinus. In addition, our data give further support to the view that output fibers from the deep cerebellar nuclei do not synapse in the substantia nigra in the rat. PMID- 6744047 TI - Efferent connections of the dorsal tegmental region in the rat, studied by means of anterograde transport of the lectin Phaseolus vulgaris-leucoagglutinin (PHA L). AB - Efferent connections of the dorsal tegmental region (DTR) of the rat were studied with anterograde tracing of the lectin Phaseolus vulgaris-leucoagglutinin (PHA L). The results demonstrate that DTR fibers reach widespread mesencephalic, diencephalic and telencephalic structures which for the most part can be characterized as limbic, i.e. the interpeduncular, mammillary, habenular, anterior and medial thalamic and septal nuclei and limbic cortical areas. In addition, structures such as the prepositus hypoglossi, lateral geniculate and superior colliculus receive input from DTR. PMID- 6744048 TI - Excitatory effects on renal sympathetic nerve activity induced by stimulation at two distinctive sites in the fastigial nucleus of rabbits. AB - Tetanic stimulation of the fastigial nucleus in anesthetized rabbits induced a rise in blood pressure and concomitantly increased activity of the ipsilateral renal sympathetic nerve. Two distinctive, effective sites were thus found, one in the rostro-ventro-medial portion and the other in the caudo-medial portion of the fastigial nucleus. The results suggest the existence of two separate groups of fastigial neurons playing different roles in cardiovascular function. PMID- 6744049 TI - Bombesin-induced locomotor hyperactivity: evaluation of the involvement of the mesolimbic dopamine system. AB - The neuropeptide bombesin was administered centrally to conscious, unrestrained rats. Bombesin caused a dose-dependent increase in locomotor behavior, as well as licking and grooming. The effect on locomotion was most readily elicited when bombesin was infused into the nucleus accumbens, and was attenuated by pretreatment with haloperidol but not atropine or diphenhydramine. Centrally administered bombesin did not change regional levels of dopamine or its principal metabolites. PMID- 6744050 TI - Modulation of long-term potentiation by peripherally administered amphetamine and epinephrine. AB - Long-term potentiation (LTP) has received considerable attention as a neurophysiological model for studying the biology of memory. The present experiments examined the susceptibility of LTP in the dentate gyrus to modification by peripheral injections of amphetamine and epinephrine. Both drugs enhanced the development of LTP in a dose-related manner comparable to that seen previously in behavioral studies. Such results suggest that the development of this long-lasting electrophysiological change can be regulated by peripheral catecholamine levels in a manner analogous to that seen in behavioral studies of memory. PMID- 6744051 TI - Long term effects on the supraoptic nuclei and neural lobe produced by ablation of the tissue surrounding the preoptic recess (AV3V). AB - In previous investigations, lesions of the AV3V region surrounding the preoptic recess in the rat caused acute loss of the antidiuretic response to severe dehydration. Ultrastructural study of the supraoptic nuclei and neural lobes following several days of adipsia revealed a lack of response in neurosecretory cell bodies, which would normally show hypertrophy, and engorgement of axon terminals in the neural lobe with unreleased hormone, which would normally be depleted. When rats with such lesions were sustained through the acute phase, they regained their ability to concentrate their urine maximally in response to water deprivation, but their antidiuretic responses to angiotensin II or centrally injected hypertonic saline were still impaired. In this study we compared the fine structure of supraoptic nuclei and neural lobes of rats with AV3V lesions and rats with sham lesions after a recovery period of 5 weeks. We also compared responses to 5 days of water deprivation in lesioned and sham lesioned rats. Neurosecretory cell bodies in lesioned rats were smaller and contained fewer neurosecretory granulated vesicles, and axon terminals in the neural lobe contained more neurosecretory granulated vesicles compared to controls. In addition, the basal lamina surrounding fenestrated capillaries was covered to a greater degree by pituicyte processes in neural lobes of lesioned rats. Lesioned rats deprived of water for 5 days had changes in supraoptic nuclei and neural lobes which in general were qualitatively similar to those of controls. However, AV3V lesions blocked the increase in neurosecretory granulated vesicles in cell bodies in supraoptic nuclei and significantly inhibited depletion of neurosecretory granulated vesicles from axon terminals in the neural lobe of water deprived rats. We conclude that after 5 weeks of recovery the neurosecretory system had regained its ability to respond to dehydration, but the response was chronically affected by AV3V lesions. PMID- 6744052 TI - Brain elastic behavior in experimental brain compression: influence of steroid therapy. AB - In chronically prepared dogs we studied the influence of large doses of steroids on experimentally increased brain stiffness. The latter was quantified by measuring brain elastic response, in terms of the (instantaneous) initial tangent, Go (mm Hg/mm). After epidurally induced brain compression (45 min), Go increased and remained elevated in spite of steroid therapy. The data suggest that steroids are ineffective in congestive hyperemia consequent to ischemic compression. PMID- 6744053 TI - Different effects of D-glucose anomers on enhanced secretion of gastric acid in rat. AB - The injection of alpha-, beta-, or equilibrated (alpha: 36%, beta: 64%) D-glucose solution into the cranial side of the carotid artery decreased gastric acid output caused by insulin in rats with bilateral adrenalectomy. This effect was not reproduced after vagotomy at the cervical level. Of the 3 forms of D-glucose solution the effect of beta-D-glucose was greatest. The injection of isotonic NaCl solution, however, produced no change in acid output. These results suggest that blood beta-D-glucose may play a predominant role in activating a brain mechanism which controls gastric acid secretion via the vagus nerve. PMID- 6744054 TI - Dopamine turnover in rat retina: a 24-hour light-dependent rhythm. AB - To examine the pattern of retinal dopamine (DA) turnover during 24 h, DA and 3,4 dihydroxyphenylacetic acid (DOPAC) were measured at 2-h intervals in rats kept in a regular 12-h light-dark cycle. DA and DOPAC were higher during the light and lower during the dark hours. These rhythmic variations were abolished and DA and DOPAC remained low during 24 h of light deprivation. Findings indicate that DA turnover in the retina is accelerated during the light and suppressed during the dark phases of the diurnal light-dark cycle. These fluctuations in retinal DA neuronal activity are not truly circadian but are dependent on environmental lighting as an external stimulator. PMID- 6744055 TI - Identified central axons differ in their response to spinal cord transection. AB - The responses of two distinct populations of neurons to axotomy were examined in this study. Spinal cord transections were made in mice, and horseradish peroxidase was used to label the severed axons of dorsal root ganglion cells and corticospinal neurons at various times after injury. Corticospinal axons formed terminal bulbs near the site of injury, and exhibited little evidence of regrowth. Dorsal column axons, that lie adjacent to corticospinal axons in the dorsal funiculus, formed terminal enlargements that clearly resembled growth cones, and on occasion these axons were directed away from the site of injury. The axons proximal to these enlargements often took curved erratic courses, and were occasionally branched. These experiments show that the anterograde transport of HRP can be used to distinguish differences in the morphology of separate populations of severed axons. The results suggest a structural basis for the variability exhibited by different populations of axons in the spinal cord in regrowth after transection. PMID- 6744056 TI - Differential distribution of spinocerebellar fiber terminals within the lobules of the cerebellar anterior lobe in the cat: an anterograde WGA-HRP study. AB - The main termination field of spinocerebellar fibers in the anterior lobe was studied using anterograde transport of WGA-HRP in the cat. The C1 to C4 segments project to a midline region of the basal part of lobules I to V. The T3 and T4 or the T4 to T7 segments project mainly within a distance of 1.0 mm lateral to the midline in the middle part of lobules I to V whereas the L2 and L3 segments project mainly to a zone extending from 1.0 mm to 2.0 mm lateral to the midline in the middle part of these lobules. The L7 to Ca3 segments project to a zone extending from 1.0 mm to 2.0 mm lateral to the midline in the apical part of the lobules. The results indicate that the folium of the cerebellar anterior lobe is functionally differentiated from the medial to lateral part and from the apical to the basal part. PMID- 6744057 TI - The projection from the superior colliculus to the dorsal lateral geniculate nucleus in the rat. AB - The projection of the superior colliculus upon the dorsal lateral geniculate nucleus of the rat was examined by autoradiographic methods following injection of [3H]proline into the superior colliculus. A topographic projection was revealed, with the terminal distribution restricted to an outer lamina covering the dorso-lateral and caudal surface of the nucleus. PMID- 6744058 TI - Reversal of rapid eye movement sleep without atonia by chloramphenicol. AB - Bilateral pontine tegmental lesions produce in cats the phenomenon known as rapid eye movement (REM) sleep without atonia. During episodes of REM sleep without atonia cats are capable of exhibiting such complex behaviors as head-raising, body-righting, standing, and in some cases, walking and attacking. Since release of such behaviors implies disinhibition of specific motor systems, the purpose of this study was to determine whether the administration of chloramphenicol (CAP), which is known to attenuate the firing frequencies of cells that become activated during REM and motor activity, could reverse this phenomenon. Cats with dorsolateral tegmental pontine (DLTP) lesions producing REM without atonia were thoroughly studied in terms of the muscular and behavioral activity they displayed during REM before and after systemic CAP administration. Thiamphenicol (TAP), a CAP analogue that does not reduce neuronal firing frequency during REM sleep, was used as a control drug. The results of these experiments showed that CAP but not TAP induced a return of the atonia during REM sleep. It is suggested that the return of atonia induced by CAP in DLPT lesioned cats is caused by attenuation in the activity of medial reticular neurons which have somatotopical representation. Such cells, which have high levels of activity during REM sleep and motor activation is wakefulness, are normally overwhelmed by the inhibitory mechanism of the atonia of REM. The return of atonia and consequent reduction in complex behavior following CAP administration may be due to withdrawal of the excitatory influence of these neurons. PMID- 6744059 TI - Size and location of the motoneuron pool supplying normal and orthotopically transplanted muscles. AB - Following intramuscular placement of horseradish peroxidase (HRP) into the 129ReJ mouse extensor digitorum longus muscle, 15 +/- 1 (S.E.M.) labeled motoneurons were found in the antero-lateral motor column, between the exits of spinal roots L3 and L4. When HRP was placed in 100-day orthotopic whole muscle transplants of the extensor digitorum longus muscle, the location of the motoneurons supplying the graft was similar to that of control muscle; however, the number of motoneurons innervating the grafts was variable and usually reduced (7 +/- 1 S.E.M.). PMID- 6744060 TI - Partial characterization of testosterone-metabolizing enzymes in the quail brain. AB - The properties of 5 beta-reductase, 5 alpha-reductase and aromatase, 3 testosterone metabolizing enzymes, were studied in the quail brain by an in vitro incubation technique. The results describe the changes in time of metabolite production and the effects of temperature, enzyme and cofactor concentrations. The apparent Km and Vmax were evaluated for the 3 enzymes. Aromatase and 5 alpha reductase have a higher affinity but a lower capacity than 5 beta-reductase. The kinetics of the latter enzyme are complex and suggest the presence of two types of enzymes. These characteristics fit in well with the role probably played by the enzymes in vivo. PMID- 6744061 TI - Protein release from hippocampus in vitro. AB - Physiologically viable slices of rat hippocampus in vitro continuously release protein into the superfusion medium at a rate of about 2 micrograms/mg tissue/h. Assays of a cytoplasmic marker enzyme (lactate dehydrogenase) indicate that this material is not the result of cell lysis. Pulse-chase experiments using [3H]valine indicate that a substantial fraction of the newly synthesized proteins eventually appear in the incubation medium (18.7% +/- 3% of the total TCA precipitable radioactivity during a 6-h superfusion) and that the releasable protein pool has an apparent half-life of about 4 h. Simultaneous labeling of newly synthetized proteins with [3H]fucose and [14C]valine showed a 3-fold higher ratio of [3H]fucose to [14C]valine in the released protein fraction compared to the soluble cytoplasmic protein and to the crude membrane protein fraction, suggesting that the soluble released proteins are more highly glycosylated than the proteins retained in the tissue. Electrophoretic migration patterns on SDS polyacrylamide gels with both labeled and unlabeled proteins show differences between the released proteins and the soluble cytoplasmic proteins of the tissue. Several molecular weights between 14 kdalton and 86 kdalton appear to be characteristic of the released protein fraction. These results suggest that a distinct group of proteins and glycoproteins exists in hippocampal tissue which is destined to be selectively released into the extracellular space. PMID- 6744062 TI - Characterization of inhibition of a spinal nociceptive reflex by stimulation medially and laterally in the midbrain and medulla in the pentobarbital anesthetized rat. AB - Inhibition of the spinal nociceptive tail flick (TF) reflex by electrical stimulation throughout the midbrain and medulla was examined and characterized in pentobarbital-anesthetized rats. The TF reflex in the lightly anesthetized state is of significantly shorter latency (1.63 s vs 2.36 s) and of greater amplitude than in the unanesthetized state. Systematic mapping studies revealed that inhibition of the TF reflex could be produced from widespread areas in the midbrain and medulla. Midbrain areas having the lowest thresholds for inhibition of the TF reflex were found lateral and ventrolateral to the periaqueductal gray matter, including nucleus cuneiformis, the lateral reticular formation, and extending into the central tegmental area. In the rostral medulla, the lowest thresholds for inhibition of the TF were distributed mediolaterally across the dorsal one-third of the nucleus raphe magnus and into the adjacent nucleus reticularis gigantocellularis. Thresholds for inhibition of the TF reflex were slightly higher in the ventral nucleus raphe magnus and adjacent nucleus reticularis paragigantocellularis. Chronaxies of stimulation in the midbrain and medulla were virtually the same, indicating that the same neural elements were affected by stimulation in both brainstem areas. The thresholds of stimulation for inhibition of the TF reflex in the lightly anesthetized state were not significantly different from the thresholds of stimulation at the same midbrain sites in the awake state in the same animals. These findings contribute to a growing body of literature establishing (1) the utility of the lightly pentobarbital-anesthetized rat model for investigations of antinociceptive mechanisms and (2) the presence of multiple loci and pathways in the brainstem capable of modulating spinal nociceptive processes. PMID- 6744063 TI - Relative contributions of the nucleus raphe magnus and adjacent medullary reticular formation to the inhibition by stimulation in the periaqueductal gray of a spinal nociceptive reflex in the pentobarbital-anesthetized rat. AB - The organization in the brainstem of descending pathways of spinal inhibition was examined in the lightly pentobarbital-anesthetized rat. Thresholds for focal electrical stimulation-produced inhibition of the spinal nociceptive tail flick (TF) reflex were determined at one stimulation site in the midbrain periaqueductal gray and three sites in the rostral medulla: nucleus raphe magnus, and the adjacent medullary reticular formation contralateral and ipsilateral to the stimulating electrode in the periaqueductal gray. Lidocaine (0.5 microliter, 4%) was subsequently microinjected in the same and other medullary loci in the same coronal plane to produce a time-limited, reversible functional neural block. The functional block produced by 0.5 microliter of lidocaine microinjected in the medulla was determined to have a radius of 0.5 mm and was maximally efficacious during the first 30 min after its intramedullary microinjection. The stimulation threshold in the periaqueductal gray for inhibition of the TF reflex was not increased significantly when either the nucleus raphe magnus was fully blocked by lidocaine microinjected in three dorsoventral positions 1.0 mm apart or when the medullary reticular formation ipsilateral and contralateral were simultaneously fully blocked. Not until the nucleus raphe magnus and medullary reticular formation ipsilateral were simultaneously blocked by lidocaine was the stimulation threshold in the periaqueductal gray for inhibition of the TF reflex significantly increased. An increase in the periaqueductal gray stimulation threshold twice as great resulted when the nucleus raphe magnus and both the ipsilateral and contralateral medullary reticular formations were all simultaneously blocked by lidocaine. These results indicate that: (1) the nucleus raphe magnus is not a necessary bulbar relay in a descending antinociceptive pathway activated by stimulation in the midbrain periaqueductal gray; and (2) descending inhibitory pathways activated in the periaqueductal gray course medially as well as laterally in the rat ventral medulla. PMID- 6744065 TI - The DNA content of cerebral cortex neurons. Determinations by cytophotometry and high performance liquid chromatography. AB - Previous work from our laboratories has indicated that the DNA content of rat cerebral cortex neurons increases postnatally to a level of slightly above 3c, where 2c denotes the diploid DNA complement. We have re-evaluated this concept by using various cytophotometric assays and a novel high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) technique. The latter consists of digesting the DNA in isolated neuronal nuclei by a mixture of DNA-degrading enzymes followed by analysis of the resulting deoxynucleosides by HPLC. We find that the various methods fall into two groups. The first gives evidence of a postnatal DNA (or histone) increase, while the second does not. The first group (DNA increase) comprises cytofluorometry for DNA following Schiff-type staining with fluorochromes 2,5-bis-(4-aminophenyl)-1,3,4-oxadiazole (BAO) and pararosaniline, ultraviolet absorption scanning for DNA and cytofluorometry for histones following staining with sulfaflavine at pH 8. The second group (no DNA increase) consists of cytofluorometry for DNA following staining with the DNA-complexing agents mithramycin, chromomycin A3, 4',6-diamidino-2-phenylindole (DAPI) and bisbenzimide (Hoechst 33258), as well as the newly developed HPLC technique. Since the HPLC technique measures DNA by a direct chemical approach without interference from other nuclear constituents or from higher order packaging in the chromatin, and detects at least 94-95% of the total DNA contained in neuronal nuclei independent of the developmental stage, we infer that the HPLC technique and, by consequence, the cytochemical assays of the second group reflect true DNA values. Therefore, we propose that cerebral cortex neurons retain a diploid DNA level throughout development. PMID- 6744064 TI - Activating endogenous opioid systems by electroconvulsive shock or footshock stress inhibits recurrent kindled seizures in rats. AB - Electroconvulsive shock (ECS) significantly decreased the behavioral manifestations of seizures elicited by amygdaloid stimulation in kindled rats. This anticonvulsant effect was significantly reduced by the opiate antagonist, naloxone, and by the development of morphine tolerance. A form of footshock stress known to cause opioid-mediated analgesia had a similar anticonvulsant effect, whereas another form causing non-opioid analgesia did not. These results suggest that the anticonvulsant effects of ECS and stress are mediated by the release of endogenous opioids. PMID- 6744066 TI - Fluid regulation, body weight and drinking responses following hypothalamic knife cuts. AB - Electrolytic ablation of the periventricular tissue surrounding the anteroventral third ventricle (AV3V) alters fluid and electrolyte regulation. In addition, these lesions produce neural degeneration in the supraoptic nucleus (SON) and neural lobe, which suggests a neural pathway from the AV3V region to the SON. To determine if pathways in this brain area may mediate some of the effects which follow AV3V periventricular ablation, food and water ingestion, urine volume, and body weight, as well as drinking responses to a number of dipsogenic challenges were determined following placement of small knife cuts between the level of the organum vasculosum lamina terminalis (OVLT) and the SON. Metabolism measurements were taken daily for 7 days following either knife cuts or control operations, and again 4 weeks after surgery. Drinking responses following subcutaneous injections of angiotensin II, water deprivation, and cellular dehydration were determined at least 2 weeks after surgery. Rats with knife cuts exhibited an increase in water ingestion and urine volume, an enhanced water consumption following water deprivation and acute cellular dehydration, and did not gain weight at the same rate as control operated rats. The hyperdipsia following cellular dehydration was abolished by bilateral nephrectomy. These data indicate that a neural pathway coursing through this brain region is critical for fluid regulation and maintenance of body weight. PMID- 6744068 TI - Efferent discharges of sympathetic and parasympathetic nerve fibers during increased intracranial pressure in anesthetized cats in the absence and presence of pressor response. AB - Efferent discharges of the cervical sympathetic cardiovascular and vagal type 1 fibers in response to increased intracranial pressure (ICP) were simultaneously recorded in cats anesthetized with pentobarbitone and ventilated artificially. Sympathetic outflow of renal nerve fibers was also recorded in some animals. The type 1 fibers were assumed to be cardiac vagal fibers, from the response behavior such a pulse-synchronicity to respiratory and heart rhythm, reflex activation from arterial baroreceptors and reciprocal relationship of the activity to sympathetic ones during slower fluctuations of hemodynamic changes, and which occur spontaneously during Mayer waves. The vagal type 1 discharges increased to various amplitudes with increase in ICP and in the absence and the presence of pressor response. Efferent outflow of the renal and cervical sympathetic fibers frequently decreased with a moderate increase in ICP. There was a slight decrease or no apparent change in the blood pressure, and a higher elevation of ICP ensued. Heart rates decreased with increase in ICP, while the rate frequently increased with levels of ICP over about 120 mm Hg. Changes in the vagal and sympathetic discharges always began at a time before the initiation of cardiovascular response to the elevated ICP. However, when ICP was repeatedly increased, the increase in vagal discharges progressively decayed and was accompanied by vigorous sympathetic firings and a marked pressor response. The sympathetic outflow also decayed following the decrease in vagal activities. The present findings of changes in the vagal type 1 discharges demonstrate clear participation of parasympathetic as well as sympathetic nerve activity in the occurrence of cardiovascular responses to increased ICP. Changes in both these autonomic nerve responses may explain the initial fall in arterial blood pressure and pressor responses associated with bradycardia or tachycardia, at different levels of elevated ICP. PMID- 6744067 TI - The effects of transverse cuts caudal to the preoptic recess on the hypothalamo neurohypophyseal neurosecretory system. AB - Electrolytic lesions of tissue surrounding the preoptic recess (AV3V region) appear to cause loss of stimulatory input to the supraoptic nuclei from angiotensin receptors and osmoreceptors. To investigate the pathways affected by AV3V lesions, we observed the ultrastructural effects of coronal cuts in a plane caudal to the organum vasculosum lamina terminalis upon supraoptic nuclei and neural lobes of rats. Like AV3V lesions, these cuts caused degeneration of axons and terminals in the supraoptic nuclei. Degenerating terminals lay in axodendritic synapses and in axosomatic synapses on neurosecretory cells. Unlike AV3V lesions, the cuts did not result in an appearance of decreased secretory activity in the supraoptic nuclei or decreased release of hormone from the neural lobe. On the contrary, terminals in the neural lobe tended to be depleted of neurosecretory material, and glial cell processes tended to be withdrawn from the secretory interface at the basal lamina surrounding fenestrated capillaries; both are changes which have been associated with enhanced hormone release. We suggest that inhibitory input to the supraoptic nuclei is lost as a result of these cuts. PMID- 6744069 TI - Effect of bilateral lesions of the dentate and interpositus cerebellar nuclei on conditioning of heart-rate and nictitating membrane/eyelid responses in the rabbit. AB - It has been shown that unilateral lesions of the medial dentate/lateral interpositus nuclear region of the cerebellum abolish the learned nictitating membrane (NM)/eyelid response of the eye ipsilateral to the lesion. The present study examined the effects of bilateral cerebellar lesions on acquisition of heart-rate conditioning (often viewed as a measure of 'conditioned fear') and both its short-and long-term effects on NM/eyelid learning and relearning. The results demonstrate that cerebellar lesions that completely and permanently abolish acquisition or retention of the somatic response (NM/eyelid) bilaterally have no effect on heart-rate conditioning. The neuronal circuits necessary for learning of the heart-rate response and for learning of the adaptive somatic response are thus in significant part different. Results are tentatively interpreted within the context of a two-process theory of aversive learning: an initial phase indexed by conditioned autonomic and 'non-specific' responses such as heart-rate and a subsequent phase of learning the specific adaptive responses. PMID- 6744070 TI - Hypothalamic paraventricular nucleus lesions decrease pressor responses to subfornical organ stimulation. AB - Electrical stimulation of the subfornical organ (SFO) in urethane anesthetized male Sprague-Dawley rats was associated with intensity and frequency dependent increases in arterial blood pressure. Stimulation in the hypothalamic paraventricular nucleus (PVN) also evoked increases in arterial blood pressure. Electrolytic lesions of the PVN significantly reduced SFO induced pressor responses, suggesting that the PVN constitutes part of the efferent pathways through which SFO stimulation elicits increases in blood pressure. PMID- 6744072 TI - Paraventricular nucleus of the hypothalamus: an electrophysiological investigation of neurons projecting directly to intermediolateral nucleus in the cat. AB - Experiments were done in chloralosed, paralyzed and artificially ventilated cats to identify electrophysiologically single units in the paraventricular nucleus of the hypothalamus (PVH) projecting directly to 'cardiovascular' responsive sites in the region of the intermediolateral nucleus (IML) in the upper thoracic cord. Action potentials evoked antidromically by electrical stimulation of the IML were recorded from 41 histologically verified single units in the PVH. Single units responded with a mean latency of 43.7 +/- 5.6 ms (range, 16-230 ms) corresponding to a mean conduction velocity of 4.1 +/- 0.2 m/s (range, 0.6-7.4 m/s). Single units were located primarily in the medial aspect of the anterior component, and in the anteromedial aspect of the dorsal component of the PVH. These data provide electrophysiological evidence of a direct pathway consisting of unmyelinated and small myelinated fibers, from neurons in the PVH to the IML, and suggest that this pathway is involved in the control of the circulation. PMID- 6744071 TI - Electrophysiological identification of neurons in ventrolateral medulla sending collateral axons to paraventricular and supraoptic nuclei in the cat. AB - Experiments were done in chloralosed, paralyzed and artificially ventilated cats to identify single units in the ventrolateral medulla (VLM) that send collateral axons directly to the region of the paraventricular (PVH) and supraoptic (SON) nuclei, and responding to peripheral inputs carrying cardiovascular afferent information. Twenty-six single units were antidromically activated in the VLM to stimulation of both the PVH and SON, and in each case the antidromic potential evoked by stimulation of one site was cancelled by stimulation of the other site. These units responded with latencies corresponding to conduction velocities of 5.1 +/- 0.4 m/s. Of these 26 units, 10 responded orthodromically to stimulation of either the carotid sinus or aortic depressor nerves. These data have demonstrated the existence of VLM neurons which send collateral axons to the PVH and SON and have provided evidence for their role in mediating cardiovascular afferent information directly to hypothalamic regions involved in autonomic and neuroendocrine regulation. PMID- 6744073 TI - Identification of [3H]deoxyglucose-labelled interneurons in the fly from serial autoradiographs. AB - Using the [3H]deoxyglucose technique we find in the third visual ganglion of the fly, Musca domestica, a number of neuronal profiles whose labelling strongly depends on the direction of visual movement. By reconstruction from serial autoradiographs of semithin sections the three-dimensional morphology of the labelled profiles, we demonstrate that cell bodies, neurites, axons and arborizations of two interneurons are labelled whose homologues in Calliphora have been identified as movement-sensitive centrifugal horizontal cells ('CH cells'). A set of three other cells whose homologues in Calliphora show similar electrophysiological responses to horizontal movement ('HS-cells') exhibit very little label on either side. It is suggested that the relation between deoxyglucose mapping and physiological activity can be investigated at the cellular level by using this system of fly interneurons. PMID- 6744074 TI - Reversible suppression of amygdaloid kindled convulsion following unilateral gabaculine injection into the substantia innominata. AB - Amygdaloid kindled generalized convulsion was reversibly blocked despite continued afterdischarge generation by amygdaloid stimulation for about 60 h following intracerebral administration of gabaculine, a GABA-transaminase inhibitor, into the substantia innominata (SI) ipsilateral to the side of amygdaloid kindling. It is suggested that the SI plays an important role in convulsive seizure generalization of amygdaloid origin. PMID- 6744075 TI - Effects of verapamil on thermal trauma depressed cardiac output in the anaesthetized dog. AB - Thermal trauma to the anaesthetized dog results in an immediate, significant decrease in cardiac output, an increase in peripheral resistance and no significant change in mean arterial blood pressure. The administration of verapamil 1.0 mg/kg by slow intravenous injection produced a rapid increase in cardiac output and a decrease in peripheral resistance. Mean arterial pressure fell and returned to or nearly to pre-injection values within 30 min. The duration of the increase in cardiac output after a single dose of verapamil was approximately 1.5-2.0 h. Administration of a second 0.5 mg/kg dose of verapamil, 1.5 h after the first dose, increased cardiac output and decreased peripheral resistance. After the second dose of verapamil, cardiac output was significantly greater and peripheral resistance was significantly less than in untreated animals for at least 2 h. PMID- 6744076 TI - Effects of sodium nitroprusside on thermal trauma depressed cardiac output in the anaesthetized dog. AB - Thermal trauma to the anaesthetized dog results in an immediate significant decrease in cardiac output, an increase in peripheral resistance and no significant change in mean arterial blood pressure. The infusion of sodium nitroprusside, 5 or 8 micrograms/kg X min, produced a significant increase in cardiac output and a decrease in peripheral resistance. Mean arterial blood pressure fell during the infusion and returned to pre-injection values immediately upon cessation of infusion. Cardiac output and peripheral resistance also returned to pre-infusion values upon cessation of infusion. A comparison between the responses to infusion of sodium nitroprusside and the administration of verapamil showed that infusion of sodium nitroprusside produced a slower onset of increase in cardiac output and a lower maximum increase in cardiac output than observed after verapamil. PMID- 6744077 TI - Evaluation of an emergency medical service referral system for burn patients. AB - It is the purpose of this report to examine the process of burn care of hospitalized burn patients in the Commonwealth of Virginia over a 21 month period. Eighty-nine per cent of the hospitals within the state participated in the study, the results of which provide a positive indication of the performance of our statewide emergency medical service referral system. This system was successful in redistributing patients, with the more severely burned patients being treated in the specialty burn treatment facilities. The process of burn care within the hospital setting was also consistent with the patient's severity of injury. PMID- 6744078 TI - Delirium in burn patients isolated in a plenum laminar air flow ventilation unit. AB - The incidence of psychological morbidity associated with delirium was compared between burn patients isolated in a bed-size plenum laminar air flow ventilation unit (PLAFVU) and matched control burn patients treated in standard open cubicles. In patients with burn sizes of less than 60 per cent of body surface area, delirium developed in 40 per cent of the patients treated in the PLAFVU, but only in 7 per cent of the matched control patients (P = 0.04). Most of the patients with burn sizes of 60 per cent or greater exhibited delirium regardless of the method of treatment. The development of psychological morbidity was more strongly associated with treatment in the PLAFVU than with common causes such as hyponatraemia or septicaemia. The present study suggests that in the majority of burn patients, i.e. those with less than 60 per cent burns, the development of psychological morbidity may in fact be influenced by types of treatment which affect patient psychology, rather than being solely the result of physiological derangements. PMID- 6744079 TI - The successful treatment of a patient with extensive deep burns and an open comminuted fracture of a lower extremity. AB - A patient with 95 per cent of the body surface area burned (51 per cent third degree burn) who also sustained an open comminuted fracture of the upper third of the tibia and fibula has been treated successfully. PMID- 6744080 TI - Child abuse by thermal injury--a retrospective survey. AB - A retrospective survey of all the suspected cases of child abuse by thermal injury admitted at Booth Hall Children's Hospital, Manchester, from January 1977 to December 1981 was made to study the incidence and the pattern of such injuries in this area. Thirty cases of child abuse were identified during this period, which is 2.0 per cent of the total admissions to the Paediatric Burns Unit. The data were further analysed and compared with other published series. A high degree of suspicion and increased awareness of the problem is necessary for diagnosis and management of such patients. PMID- 6744081 TI - The technique of late dermabrasion for deep dermal burns. Implications for planning treatment. AB - Deep dermal burns can be induced to epithelialize rapidly, and, therefore, heal by abrasion at about day 14 after injury. Hypertrophic scarring does not occur after such healing. If necessary, meshed skin graft can be applied at operation. Reduced blood loss, safe graft-take, smaller donor areas and avoidance of unnecessary surgery are all advantages of the method and make it a feasible alternative to early tangential excision and grafting. PMID- 6744082 TI - Effect of a protein-free haemodialysate on tissue respiration and healing of burns. AB - Investigations were carried out in three groups of rats (10 rats per group) sustaining partial skin thickness burns covering 2.2 per cent of body surface area. Thirty minutes after burning animals received: Group I, 1 ml Solcoseryl, IP; Group II, 1 ml normal saline, IP; Group III, no treatment (controls). Two hours after burning tissue respiration and the tissue concentrations of potassium, magnesium, calcium and sodium ions were measured in biopsies from the burn wounds. It was found that early post-burn administration of Solcoseryl significantly inhibited the secondary destructive processes and accelerated the regeneration of damaged tissue. PMID- 6744083 TI - Epidemiology of burns in childhood. AB - A survey was carried out on all burns admitted to a regional burns centre over a 3-year period. A total of 937 patients were admitted to the Unit, of whom 43 per cent were under 15 years of age and 31 per cent were less than 5 years old. A detailed computer analysis of those patients admitted under the age of 15 years is presented, with special emphasis on scalds in the pre-school child. PMID- 6744084 TI - Non-myocardial source of CK-MB in a patient with electrical burn injury. PMID- 6744086 TI - The role of surgery in chromic acid burns: our experience with two patients. AB - Two patients with chromic acid burns are described, one having a 10 per cent body surface area (BSA) burn, the other a 70 per cent BSA burn. Hexavalent chromium, being more mobile physiologically, is more toxic than trivalent chromium. Both, however, are readily absorbed through burned skin, and cause renal failure. For this reason, emergency excision of burned areas has been advocated as first line treatment. However, this is not always feasible as, for instance, when the size of the burn is large, and is of uncertain value when patients are referred late. PMID- 6744085 TI - Macroradiographic study of post-burn contracture of limbs. AB - Fifty patients with post-burn contracture involving various joints of the limbs were analysed. To study the minor skeletal changes the patients were subjected to macroradiography. In half of the patients various types of pathology were observed and their therapeutic and prognostic significance have been discussed. PMID- 6744087 TI - Isoflurane-induced hypotension does not cause impairment in pulmonary gas exchange. AB - Induced hypotension during anaesthesia can result in deterioration in gas exchange with increases in intrapulmonary shunting and physiological deadspace. Cardiovascular stability has been previously demonstrated with isoflurane-induced hypotension but the effects on gas exchange have not been carefully studied. We have examined the shunt fraction (QS/QT) and physiological dead space to tidal volume ratio (VD/VT) before, during and following deliberate hypotension in twelve patients. Group I (n = 6) received an isoflurane-oxygen-air mixture with an FIO2 of 0.5 while Group II (n = 6) received an isoflurane-oxygen mixture with an FIO2 of 1.0. Mean blood pressure was reduced from 76 +/- 2 mmHg to 47 +/- 2 mmHg in the combined group. Neither QS/QT nor VD/VT changed significantly during the hypotensive state in either group. We conclude that isoflurane induced hypotension is associated with minimal pulmonary derangement. PMID- 6744088 TI - Venous pressures in the isolated upper limb during saline injection. AB - Venous pressure changes were assessed in the antecubital vein of an isolated arm during saline injection via an intravenous site on the dorsum of the hand. Although leak of contrast medium has been radiologically demonstrated in these circumstances, the compliance of the venous system of the isolated and exsanguinated limb has not been investigated. In five male and five female volunteers, after exsanguination and isolation of the upper limb, volumes of 40 ml or 60 ml of physiological saline were injected manually. The resultant pressure changes in the antecubital vein were continuously recorded during and after injection, until a steady state was reached. Although peak pressures as high as 190 mmHg were noted early in the injection, venous pressures tended to plateau before the injection was complete and remained constant until the end of the injection. Resting venous pressures of 20 to 50 mmHg at the end of infusion occurred in all subjects. At no time did venous pressure approach cuff pressure. The mechanism of leak with an intact tourniquet is not explained, in our study, by the development of venous pressure in excess of tourniquet pressure in the isolated limb. PMID- 6744089 TI - The effect of population habits on side effects and narcotic requirements during high-dose fentanyl anaesthesia. AB - We measured and compared the anaesthetic requirements, incidences of chest wall rigidity and intraoperative hypertension, and time for recovery from anaesthesia after high dose fentanyl-oxygen anaesthesia in patients with and without histories of smoking, alcoholic intake and caffeine consumption who were undergoing coronary artery bypass grafting operations. Patients without a history of smoking and alcohol or caffeine intake required less fentanyl for induction and maintenance of anaesthesia and experienced less chest wall rigidity and hypertension than similar patients who had been chronically exposed to and/or consumed these agents. Pretreatment with more pancuronium (1.5 vs 1.0 mg/70 kg) prior to anaesthetic induction and increased fentanyl (3 X vs 1 X the "sleep" dose) administered after anaesthetic induction but before incision reduced the incidences of chest wall rigidity and intraoperative hypertension in patients with positive histories of exposure to the agents to values similar to patients without histories of exposure. Our findings suggest that population habits may affect the incidence of undesirable side effects during high dose fentanyl anaesthesia but that modifications in anaesthetic technique can minimize or eliminate these problems. PMID- 6744091 TI - Anaphylactic reaction to thiopentone: a case report. AB - A 32-year-old female was admitted for a minor elective surgical procedure. Her past history included at least six uneventful general anaesthetics. Anaphylaxis developed shortly following induction of anaesthesia with thiopentone, Innovar and gallamine. Resuscitation was successful but was complicated by ventricular fibrillation. Full recovery followed. Subsequent allergy skin tests revealed hypersensitivity to thiopentone. Recommendations for investigation of suspected hypersensitivity to anaesthetic agents are included, as are guidelines for the recognition and treatment of anaphylaxis. PMID- 6744092 TI - Succinylcholine-induced cardiac arrest in unsuspected Duchenne muscular dystrophy. AB - A case history is presented of a three-year-old boy with unsuspected Duchenne muscular dystrophy, who suffered a cardiac arrest following the administration of a single dose of succinylcholine during a halothane anaesthetic. The arrest was associated with lack of fasciculations, muscle rigidity, hyperkalemia, myoglobinuria, and massive elevation of serum creatine phosphokinase. Asystole was prolonged and refractory to treatment, although cardiac activity was eventually restored. The possible cause of the circulatory collapse is discussed and reports of similar cases reviewed. Neither succinylcholine nor halothane should be employed in cases with known or suspected Duchenne muscular dystrophy. PMID- 6744090 TI - Succinylcholine, cholinoceptors and catecholamines: proposed mechanism of early adverse haemodynamic reactions. AB - An hypothesis is proposed to account for the occurrence of adverse haemodynamic reactions to succinylcholine. Interaction of succinylcholine with cholinergic receptors is postulated to result in release of endogenous catecholamines (predominantly norepinephrine). The occurrence and the clinical manifestations of the adverse reactions would be dependent on the extent of the release. Based on literature reports of findings in experimental animals with nicotinic and muscarinic agents, a mechanism for the release of norepinephrine is outlined. Interaction of succinylcholine with muscarinic and nicotinic receptors is proposed to result in an initial activation which is followed by a phase of chemical insensitivity. Activation of the presynaptic nicotinic receptors on the postganglionic sympathetic terminals leads to a short-lasting release of norepinephrine. Activation of the presynaptic muscarinic receptors produces attenuation of the norepinephrine release. In the majority of patients these opposing actions are balanced and the net result is small, variable, and of little clinical importance. An unbalanced response leading to clinical manifestations can be expected if the two types of the presynaptic cholinoceptors are differentially activated. PMID- 6744093 TI - Caesarean section in a patient with Cushing's syndrome. AB - Pregnancy is rarely associated with Cushing's syndrome. This case report describes the successful management of a Caesarean section under epidural anaesthesia in a patient with Cushing's syndrome. Maternal and fetal complications are reviewed from an anaesthetic perspective and alternative anaesthetic techniques discussed. PMID- 6744094 TI - Anaesthesia for caesarean section and cerebral aneurysm clipping. AB - A pregnant patient at 38 weeks gestation presented for a combined procedure of Caesarean section, tubal ligation and cerebral aneurysm clipping. Anaesthesia was induced with thiopental, succinylcholine was administered to facilitate tracheal intubation, and intravenous lidocaine and sodium nitroprusside were used to reduce the hypertensive response to tracheal intubation. Anaesthesia was maintained with nitrous oxide until delivery of the infant, after which time fentanyl, low-dose halothane and pancuronium were added for maintenance of anaesthesia during the neurosurgical procedure. Blood pressure was controlled during the case by administration of a sodium nitroprusside infusion and propranolol. Following completion of the surgical procedures, the patient promptly emerged from anaesthesia and was neurologically normal in the operating room. It is concluded that general anaesthesia can be used satisfactorily for a combined procedure of Caesarean section and cerebral aneurysm clipping. PMID- 6744095 TI - Demonstration of a problem in estimating sensible heat loss from the respiratory tract by thermometry. AB - We have investigated sensible respiratory loss, which is usually taken as the product of expired volume and the temperature difference between inspired and expired air (VE X delta T). Air temperature was measured with a 0.122 mm copper constantan thermocouple mounted in the mouthpiece of a T-piece breathing system, and expired volume with a pneumotachograph. Changing air temperature (delta T) at the mouth and expired air volume (VE) were recorded simultaneously while the subject voluntarily breathed at different tidal volumes and rates. Inspired temperatures were controlled at 12.05 degrees C, 21.80 degrees C and 25.74 degrees C at a low dewpoint temperature of 4-5 degrees C. Temperature volume "loops" were constructed using an x-y plotter. The areas of each "loop" and enclosing rectangle (VE X delta T) were measured. The difference was divided by the weight of the rectangle to give the percentage of overestimation of sensible heat loss, which ranged from 5.5 to 17.2 per cent. The error increased significantly with decreasing tidal volume and increasing respiratory rate. PMID- 6744096 TI - Safety check for the Bain circuit. PMID- 6744097 TI - Hypertension associated with cardiopulmonary bypass. PMID- 6744098 TI - Diagnosis of malignant hyperthermia. PMID- 6744099 TI - The contemporary medical missionary. PMID- 6744100 TI - Diabetic retinopathy: a review of general medical factors in patient care. AB - Current concepts of the pathogenesis of retinal microangiopathy strongly suggest that it is dependent on the metabolic abnormalities of diabetes mellitus. This has led to speculation that retinal microangiopathy might be prevented or its progression halted by controlling the blood glucose concentration to lower levels than has been possible in the past with conventional insulin therapy and conventional monitoring. Intensive regulation of the blood glucose level in insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus is a therapeutic choice made available by technologic advances: the introduction of devices for insulin delivery and for the patient's self-monitoring of the blood glucose level, as well as of methods for measuring the level of glycosylated hemoglobin. For an individual patient, selection of the optimal insulin regimen and the optimal target for the blood glucose levels should take into account the susceptibility to microvascular complications inherent in the classification of that patient's diabetes, the patient's retinopathy status and the potential risks, such as severe hypoglycemia and, perhaps, acceleration of retinopathy. With normal or nearly normal blood glucose levels many of the metabolic and endocrine abnormalities of diabetes are corrected, but the biologic significance and the impact on diabetic retinopathy of this improvement remain to be clarified. PMID- 6744102 TI - Liquid crystal contact thermography and lacrimal tract inflammation: a preliminary report. AB - Inflammation within the lacrimal drainage pathways can be assessed by conventional thermography. Liquid crystal contact thermography, a simpler technique, also provides objective evidence of lacrimal tract inflammation and may prove particularly useful in cases in which no inflammation can be detected clinically. PMID- 6744101 TI - Lens opacities appearing during therapy with methoxsalen and long-wavelength ultraviolet radiation. AB - Therapy with methoxsalen and type A (long-wavelength) ultraviolet radiation (PUVA) has recently become a common method of treating psoriasis and other dermatologic conditions. This treatment could induce cataractous changes in the human lens through a reaction between the psoralen in the lens and either UVA or ambient light. In a 28-month-long prospective study of 78 patients treated with PUVA, small lens opacities appeared in 3 patients, aged 67, 48 and 32 years. The two younger patients had not worn their protective glasses for 24 hours after each treatment, as recommended. Therefore, although it cannot be concluded that PUVA therapy caused these opacities, eye protection during treatment and for 24 hours thereafter should be emphasized to the patients. PMID- 6744103 TI - Amiodarone-induced ultrastructural changes in human eyes. AB - Ocular observations in a series of 100 patients treated with amiodarone, along with the pathological changes observed in the eye tissues of two patients treated with this drug, are described in this paper. In the latter two patients intracytoplasmic membrane-bound lamellar bodies similar to myelin were observed by electron microscopy not only in the corneal epithelium and fibroblasts, the conjunctiva and the lens, but also in the corneal endothelium, the iris, the ciliary body, the choroid and the retina. It is suggested that patients taking amiodarone in high dosage for long periods have their eyes and retinal function monitored. PMID- 6744104 TI - Pharmacokinetics and metabolism of 5-fluorouracil following subconjunctival versus intravenous administration. AB - Two groups of six rabbits each were given 6.25 mg/kg of 6-carbon-14-labelled 5 fluorouracil (5-FU) either subconjunctivally or intravenously. The levels of the drug in the serum, the urine and the ocular humours 0.5, 1, 2, 4, 8 and 12 hours later were measured by high-pressure liquid chromatography, which distinguished between 5-FU and its metabolites. The peak levels of the parent drug in the serum and the urine were similar with the two routes of administration; however, compared with intravenous injection, subconjunctival injection resulted in 125 and 380 times the peak concentration of 5-FU in the anterior chamber aqueous and the vitreous respectively. PMID- 6744105 TI - Increased sensitivity to norepinephrine cardiac arrhythmias in the deoxycorticosterone acetate high salt rat before the onset of hypertension. AB - To determine whether salt loading increases the sensitivity of the myocardium to fatal arrhythmias induced by norepinephrine, four groups of Sprague-Dawley rats were studied. Group I received both saline (0.9%) as drinking water and deoxycorticosterone acetate (DOCA) (0.5 mg/kg, 3 times) for 14 days (DOCA high salt group); group II received only 0.9% saline as drinking water (high salt group); group III received DOCA in the same dose regime, but tap water to drink (DOCA group); and group IV received tap water (control). Under pentobarbital anesthesia, norepinephrine was infused and electrocardiogram and blood pressure were monitored. The DOCA high salt group developed arrhythmias significantly (p less than 0.05) earlier than at lower norepinephrine doses. The dose at which 50% mortality occurred was 20 micrograms . kg-1 . min-1 in DOCA high salt group, 37 micrograms . kg -1 . min-1 in high salt group, 40 micrograms . kg-1 . min-1 in the control, and 44 micrograms . kg-1 . min-1 in the DOCA group. The cumulative dose of norepinephrine associated with 50% mortality was 160 micrograms/kg in the DOCA high salt group, 370 micrograms/kg in the high salt group, 530 micrograms/kg in the control group, and 600 micrograms/kg in the DOCA group. The blood pressure after sodium loading before norepinephrine infusion was similar in all three groups. The blood pressure response to norepinephrine was not significantly different between the four groups.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS) PMID- 6744106 TI - Can exercise promote revascularization in the transition zone of infarcted rat hearts? AB - A border or transition zone, comprising muscle fibers supplied by fewer capillaries than normal, and characterized by an altered capillary--fiber geometry, is present as long as 5 weeks following coronary artery occlusion in the rat. This zone, which extends 225-525 microns laterally from the margin of the necrosis, may be at risk of becoming hypoxic, especially under conditions of increased oxygen demand. Our objective was to determine whether exercise can stimulate capillary growth in this transition zone. Myocardial infarcts were induced in rats by ligating the left coronary artery, midway between its origin and the apex of the heart. After a 1-week recovery period, the animals underwent 4 weeks of voluntary exercise, 2 h/day, 6 days/week. Rats which had run a total distance of 5-10 km during the month had both a normal number of capillaries and normal capillary--fiber geometry in the transition zone. In contrast, rats that ran either less than 5 km or more than 10 km during the 4 weeks showed no significant improvement in the number of capillaries or capillary--fiber geometry within the border zone. Thus, under certain conditions, exercise can promote revascularization in the transition zone of infarcted rat hearts. PMID- 6744107 TI - Depletion of cardiac noradrenaline stores by the calcium-channel blocker D-600. AB - The actions of the calcium-channel blocker D-600 on cardiac noradrenaline stores were investigated by giving rats the drug systemically and then using a high performance liquid chromatograph equipped with an electrochemical detector to determine the noradrenaline content of their hearts. A single 5-mg/kg dose of D 600 caused a significant depletion of noradrenaline content of the ventricles (approximately 31%) but not of the auricles. However, when multiple doses of D 600 were given at 12-h intervals, the depletion of cardiac noradrenaline content was more marked and both the auricular and ventricular contents were significantly decreased. Depletion of noradrenaline content was maximal 4 h after administration of D-600. A partial recovery of noradrenaline content occurred 16 h after administration of D-600, indicating that this effect of D-600 is reversible. In in vitro studies, D-600 (10(-7) to 10(-3) M) evoked a dose-related increase in the basal outflow of tritium from the rat isolated atria preloaded with [3H]noradrenaline ([3H]NA), indicating that depletion of cardiac noradrenaline stores by D-600 may be due to a direct action on sympathetic nerves rather than to increased reflex sympathetic activity secondary to profound vasodilation caused by the drug. The metabolic profile of tissue 3H content and of D-600-evoked 3H overflow was also examined. Whereas greater than 90% of tissue 3H content consisted of unchanged [3H]NA, 60-70% of the D-600-evoked overflow consisted of [3,4-3H]dihydroxyphenylglycol, and approximately 5% was unchanged NA, thus indicating that D-600 causes release of [3H]NA intraneuronally.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS) PMID- 6744109 TI - Intracellular potential changes following coronary occlusion in isolated perfused rat hearts. AB - A method of perfusing rat ventricles has been developed which permits the recording of intracellular potentials from up to 10 cell layers below the endocardial surface. Intracellular potentials from all layers remained the same for up to 1.5 h before occlusion. Regional occlusion of flow was produced by occluding the left anterior descending coronary artery and then intracellular potentials were recorded from normal and occluded cells for up to 2 h after occlusion. Immediately after occlusion, marked changes in potentials were recorded from occluded tissue. The greatest change was in the duration of the action potential which showed a marked shortening. There was also a reduction in the maximum rise rate and action potential height with smaller falls in resting membrane potential. Changes were greatest in the deeper cells (layers 6-10) and least in superficial subendocardial cells which were always superfused with perfusion fluid. Occlusion increased the number of quiescent cells (no action potential) as well as the number of cells showing aberrant action potential configurations (e.g., double peaks). Similar changes in intracellular potentials following occlusion were also recorded from the subepicardial surface of anaesthetized rats in situ. Arrhythmias induced by occlusion were similar to those seen in conscious rats following occlusion of a coronary artery. PMID- 6744108 TI - Comparison of the effects of Althesin, chloralose-urethane, urethane, and pentobarbital on mammalian physiologic responses. AB - Physiological responses to anesthetic doses of four chemically dissimilar agents, namely, Althesin, urethane, chloralose-urethane, and pentobarbital sodium were compared in rats. The tail-flick test revealed Althesin had greater antinociceptive potency than urethane, chloralose-urethane, and pentobarbital, but its duration of action was shorter than that of chloralose-urethane. Althesin produced minimal or no suppression of core body temperature and mean arterial pressure, and only moderate reduction of mean pulse pressure. The heart rate and respiratory rate of Althesin-treated rats were slower than those of chloralose urethane and urethane-treated counterparts, respectively, but were not significantly decreased from normal controls. It is concluded that Althesin is a suitable anesthetic for short-term surgery and for studies of body temperature, heart rate, and mean arterial pressure. Because release of gonadotropin-releasing hormone into hypophysial portal blood can be observed under Althesin but is suppressed or blocked by chloralose-urethane, urethane, and pentobarbital, Althesin is the anesthetic of choice in studies concerned with the neural control of ovulatory hormone release. PMID- 6744110 TI - Hepatic venoconstrictor effects of isoproterenol and nifedipine in anesthetized cats. AB - In cats anesthetized with pentobarbital, isoproterenol infused into a peripheral vein causes a reduction in hepatic blood volume measured by plethysmography. As this response is accompanied by increases in portal and hepatic lobar venous pressures, the decrease in hepatic volume cannot be a passive emptying secondary to reduced intrahepatic pressure. We conclude that intravenous isoproterenol causes an active hepatic venoconstriction. Nifedipine produced similar responses. From this and our previous data, we conclude that in anesthetized cats, arteriolar vasodilators which increase cardiac output cause hepatic venoconstriction (hydralazine, adrenaline, dopamine, isoproterenol, and nifedipine), while those which do not increase cardiac output have no effect on the hepatic venous bed (nitroprusside and diazoxide) or cause venodilatation (nitroglycerine). The mechanism of the hepatic venoconstrictor effect of isoproterenol was investigated further. Because previous work has shown that this response does not occur when isoproterenol is infused locally into the hepatic artery or portal vein, the venoconstrictor effect of peripheral intravenous infusions must be indirectly mediated. The response was still present after hepatic denervation, adrenalectomy, nephrectomy, and after indomethacin administration indicating it is not mediated by the hepatic nerves, adrenal catecholamines, the renal renin-angiotensin system, or prostaglandins. The mechanism remains unknown. PMID- 6744111 TI - Mechanisms of intestinal adaptation: unstirred layer resistance and membrane transport. AB - The effect of the resistance of unstirred water layers (UWL) on the kinetic parameters of active and passive intestinal transport processes is well established, but the possibility of adaptive changes in the resistance of this diffusion barrier in health and disease has only recently been appreciated. The rate of uptake (Jd) of a homologous series of saturated fatty alcohols into the jejunum is limited by diffusion through the UWL. The Jd of lauryl alcohol has been determined at different rates of stirring of the bulk phase, and at different sites along the intestine, in animals of different ages, in varying species, in rats with streptozotocin-induced diabetes mellitus, following abdominal irradiation, after acute and chronic exposure to ethanol, and after the feeding of various diets. The UWL varies in response to most of these experimental manipulations. After correcting for unstirred layer effects, the incremental change in free energy (integral of delta Fw----l) of the uptake of medium chain-length fatty acids and the maximal transport rate (Jmd) and Michaelis constant (Km) for glucose uptake were determined. These kinetic parameters changed in many of these experimental manipulations. However, there was no correlation between changes in UWL, integral of delta Fw----l, Jmd, Km or Jmd/Km. It is concluded that (1) the intestine is capable of adapting to a variety of physiological and pathological challenges; and (2) the major kinetic changes included UWL, integral of delta Fw----l, Jmd, and Km. The molecular mechanisms responsible for these changes in the dimensions and characteristics of the barriers to intestinal transport must now be defined. PMID- 6744112 TI - Renal function in rats with innervated and denervated kidneys before and during sodium pentobarbital anesthesia. AB - We have used a model for measuring renal clearances in the undisturbed rat to assess the role of the renal nerves in the depression of renal function during sodium pentobarbital anesthesia. One group of rats was studied with renal nerves intact and a second group was studied 7-9 days after bilateral renal denervation. Rats were prepared by placement of cannulae an average of 5 days prior to the clearance experiments. Renal function was measured before and after the injection of saline as the control vehicle and 2-3 days later, before, and after the injection of sodium pentobarbital (50 mg/kg) in the same rat. Sodium pentobarbital produced comparable decreases in glomerular filtration rate, para aminohippuric acid clearance, urine flow rate, and sodium excretion in rats with denervated or innervated kidneys. Injection of saline resulted in no differences in measured variables between the rats with intact or sectioned renal nerves. Sodium pentobarbital caused a drop in arterial pressure in the denervated group but not in the innervated group. In a second series of experiments rats with denervated kidneys were implanted with an inflatable occluder around the aorta. This occluder was inflated to limit the drop in arterial pressure during anesthesia. When the blood pressure to the kidneys was maintained, renal function did not decrease during sodium pentobarbital anesthesia. These experiments suggest that the renal nerves are involved in the decrease in renal function during sodium pentobarbital anesthesia. PMID- 6744113 TI - Effect of exercise training on the rates of fatty acid synthesis in mice. AB - The present study has investigated the respective effects of training and exercise on the rates of fatty acid synthesis in mice. Male C57B1 10ScSn mice were trained by forced swimming in a tank at 36 degrees C for 2 h each day for a 28-day period. Rates of fatty acid synthesis were determined in vivo by measuring the incorporation of tritium from 3H2O into tissue fatty acids. At the end of the training programme, both sedentary and trained mice were assigned to either exercising or resting groups. The results obtained show that both training and exercise affected the rates of fatty acid synthesis, regardless of whether the results are expressed per gram of tissue or per whole tissue. Training led to significant decreases in the rates of synthesis in the liver, interscapular brown adipose tissue, epididymal white adipose tissue, and the remaining carcass, particularly in resting mice. The rates of fatty acid synthesis in the major lipogenic tissues were also lower during exercise than under sedentary conditions. The reduction in synthesis in brown adipose tissue was noteworthy in view of the high capacity of this tissue for fatty acid synthesis. In conclusion, it is suggested that in exercise-trained mice carbohydrate is shunted away from the synthesis of lipid in favour of energy storage as glycogen. PMID- 6744114 TI - How toxic are propoxyphene and ethanol in combination? AB - Ethanol has been claimed to potentiate greatly the lethality of propoxyphene, although published clinical data suggest only an additive effect. Mice were treated intraperitoneally with various doses of propoxyphene hydrochloride and ethanol. Isobolograms of the data show the combination to be less-than-additive for lethality and loss of motor coordination and, at worst, simply additive for sedation. PMID- 6744115 TI - Recent advances in histamine research: closing remarks. AB - In an attempt to highlight some of the more interesting problems of current histamine research several issues have been considered, including the difficulty of finding selective drugs, particularly agonists, the problems of receptor and organ selectivity, and the mystery of the biological function of histamine receptors in smooth muscle. These problems were raised in one form or another by speakers at this symposium and it is clear that despite the many exciting advances reported in the earlier communication many mysteries remain. PMID- 6744116 TI - Picture memory in monkeys. PMID- 6744117 TI - Processing and retention of complex auditory stimuli in monkeys (Cebus apella). PMID- 6744118 TI - Behaviours that indicate memory: levels of expression. PMID- 6744119 TI - [Transport of phenylalanine and tyrosine in Brevibacterium linens: specificity and incorporation into proteins]. AB - The specificity of phenylalanine and tyrosine carriers was investigated using actively metabolizing cells of Brevibacterium linens. The cellular protein synthesis of resting cells was very weakly inhibited, even with high concentrations of chloramphenicol or tetracycline. The nonaromatic amino acids were weak inhibitors for these carriers, while fluorinate analogues of phenylalanine and tyrosine were very potent competitive inhibitors. In practice these analogues cannot be used to replace amino acids to evaluate transport without incorporation because they are incorporated in cellular proteins. PMID- 6744120 TI - Directed biosynthesis of novel derivatives of echinomycin by Streptomyces echinatus. I. Effect of exogenous analogues of quinoxaline-2-carboxylic acid on the fermentation. AB - Streptomyces echinatus A8331 cultured on a maltose minimal salts medium normally produces a single antibiotic, echinomycin (quinomycin A), containing two quinoxaline-2-carbonyl chromophores. Echinomycin is powerfully active against experimental tumours and can be assayed by its activity against Gram-positive bacteria. Grown in the presence of aromatic carboxylic acids related to quinoxaline, S. echinatus responds in favourable circumstances by incorporating the added material into analogues of the natural antibiotic having replacement chromophores. Both mono- and bis-substituted derivatives are formed. With quinoline-2-carboxylic acid as precursor, large quantities of analogues are produced, and the time course of synthesis, extraction, purification, assay, and characterization of the derivatives are described. Twenty-two other aromatic acids have been tested as potential substrates for antibiotic analogue biosynthesis. Half of them did not significantly affect growth and echinomycin production. Five appeared to stimulate antibiotic synthesis, while the remainder proved inhibitory. New biologically active antibiotics were detected in cultures supplemented with 7-chloroquinoxaline-2-carboxylic acid; 1,2,4-benzo-as-triazine 3-carboxylic acid; thieno[3,2-b]pyridine-5-carboxylic acid; and 6-methylquinoline 2-carboxylic acid. PMID- 6744121 TI - An assay for the measurement of the protein content of cells immobilized in carrageenan. AB - A reliable and reproducible method for the estimation of the protein content of fungal cells immobilized in a carrageenan gel is described. The procedure depends upon the acid lability of the polysaccharide gel at 90 degrees C and on the acetone solubility of accumulated phenolics. Freeze-dried gel beads (2-3 mm) containing entrapped cells of Penicillium urticae were ground to a fine powder and samples of powder (approximately 20 mg) were sequentially extracted with hot 1 N HCl - 0.9% NaCl and acetone. The precipitated residue contained the cell protein, which was then solubilized with 1 N NaOH at 90 degrees C and quantitated by the Folin-Lowry method. Interferences from both carrageenan and phenols were thus eliminated. The presence of carrageenan (20-25 mg) did not affect the recovery of varying amounts (0-2500 micrograms) of bovine serum albumin. The recovery of radiolabeled protein from immobilized cells was parallel to that of Folin-Lowry positive material over a range of 0-60 beads (0-60 mg powder). Cycloheximide (0-100 micrograms/mL) was shown to progressively inhibit the incorporation of L-[U-14C]leucine so that the radioactivity present in the initial HCl-NaCl extract (i.e., [14C]leucine) increased as that in the final NaOH extract (i.e., 14C-labeled protein) decreased. Using this new assay for cell protein, free and immobilized cell cultures were found to exhibit virtually identical kinetics of glucose utilization, growth, and patulin production. In addition to providing a means of comparing the specific productivity of free versus immobilized cell preparations, this assay accurately measures the incorporation of [14C]leucine into cellular protein and could be used as a measure of cell viability. PMID- 6744122 TI - Antibodies to Rickettsia rickettsii in Peromyscus leucopus from a focus of Rocky Mountain spotted fever in Connecticut. AB - During 1980-1982, white-footed mice (Peromyscus leucopus) were captured in Newtown, Connecticut, an area where Rickettsia rickettsii, the etiologic agent of Rocky Mountain spotted fever, is thought to be enzootic. An indirect microimmunofluorescence test identified specific antibodies to this organism in 16 of 237 (7%) sera: titration end points for 14 samples were relatively high (1:128-1:2048). Antibodies were detected in mice during 1980 and 1981 with monthly prevalences varying from 8 to 22%. These results suggest that P. leucopus may be involved in the ecology of R. rickettsii and that these rodents can be included along with other mammals to monitor spotted fever rickettsial infections in nature. PMID- 6744123 TI - Structure and properties of the phosphoenolpyruvate: glucose phosphotransferase system of oral streptococci. AB - The presence of three distinct enzymes II that catalysed the phosphoenolpyruvate dependent phosphorylation of glucose, fructose, and mannose was established in membranes of glucose-grown cells of Streptococcus salivarius 25975 and various strains of Streptococcus mutans. The enzyme II mannose phosphorylated mainly mannose, glucose, and 2-deoxyglucose, and the enzyme II glucose phosphorylated glucose, alpha-methylglucoside, and 2-deoxyglucose. The phosphoenolpyruvate dependent phosphorylation of glucose and alpha-methylglucoside by isolated membrane of wild-type or EII mannose negative mutant cells did not require the presence of any soluble protein other than enzyme I and the phosphocarrier protein HPr. This result suggested that oral streptococci do not possess a soluble factor III glucose. The enzyme II activities varied as a function of the growth sugar but were not coordinately regulated. The variation elicited by specific sugars was not identical for all the strains tested. Nevertheless, in the case of the S. mutans strains, growth at the expense of lactose always caused a significant decrease in the level of enzyme II activities. Finally, experiments conducted with EII mannose negative mutants and also with a pseudorevertant isolated from one of these mutants indicated that the preferential utilization of glucose over lactose by cells growing in mixtures depended on the presence of the EII mannose, but not on glucose-derived metabolites. PMID- 6744124 TI - Glucose metabolism of Treponema bryantii, an anaerobic rumen spirochete. AB - The pathway of glucose metabolism by Treponema bryantii, an obligately anaerobic spirochete isolated from bovine rumen contents, was studied. Washed cell suspensions of the spirochete consumed glucose and CO2 and produced equimolar amounts of acetate, formate, and succinate. Carbon dioxide was essential for glucose metabolism. Determination of radioactivity in products formed from 14C labelled glucose and NaH14CO3 and assays of enzyme activities in cell-free extracts were used to determine the pathway of glucose metabolism. Treponema bryantii catabolized glucose to pyruvate via the Embden--Meyerhof--Parnas pathway. The spirochete used a coliform pyruvate-formate lyase to degrade pyruvate and produce formate and acetate. Succinate was formed by a pathway which involved the condensation of CO2 with pyruvate (or phospho(enol)pyruvate) formed from the breakdown of glucose. PMID- 6744125 TI - Acetic, propionic, and oleic acid as the possible factors influencing the predominant residence of some species of Propionibacterium and coagulase-negative Staphylococcus on normal human skin. AB - The minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) of acetic and propionic acid for resident bacteria on normal human skin, such as Propionibacterium acnes and Staphylococcus epidermidis, was 25 mg/mL or more at any pH tested (pH 5.5-6.8). While the MIC of these acids for most of the transient bacteria was markedly decreased by lowering the pH of the media and at pH 5.5, the mean pH value of the normal human skin, the MIC was 6.25 mg/mL or less. The MIC of oleic acid for some strains of Gram-positive transient bacteria of Streptococcus, Micrococcus, or Bacillus was 100 micrograms/mL or less at all pH's tested. Staphylococcus aureus was resistant to this acid at pH 6.8, but became as sensitive as Streptococcus when the pH was lowered. The growth of P. acnes, the most predominant resident bacterium, was enhanced markedly and reached a maximum level at 6.25 mg/mL of propionic acid, 12.5 mg/mL of acetic acid, and 50-100 micrograms/mL of oleic acid. On the basis of these results, we presumed that acetic, propionic, and oleic acids are factors influencing the predominant residence of some species of Propionibacterium and coagulase-negative Staphylococcus on normal human skin. PMID- 6744126 TI - Flagella-specific bacteriophages of Agrobacterium tumefaciens: demonstration of virulence of nonmotile mutants. AB - Bacteriophages GS2 and GS6 for Agrobacterium tumefaciens were shown by electron microscopy to adsorb to flagella. This specificity was confirmed by the finding that phage-resistant mutants were nonmotile. Such mutants retained tumor-inducing virulence and ability to attach to plant cells, indicating that motility was not required for these properties. Both phages had contractile tails and appeared similar in the electron microscope. PMID- 6744127 TI - A transport-dependent energy burden imposed by growth of Enterobacter cloacae in the presence of 10% sodium dodecyl sulfate. AB - Growth of Enterobacter cloacae in a glucose asparagine salts medium in the presence of 10% sodium dodecyl sulfate entailed an energy burden in the form of a 20% decreased cell yield, a 30% faster rate of glucose utilization, and a 70% increased rate of oxygen consumption. Similar detergent-induced decreases in cell yield were observed with 10 other sugars and sugar alcohols. Only glycerol supported equivalent cell growth in the presence and absence of sodium dodecyl sulfate. A model is presented which interprets these observations in terms of an altered membrane potential which makes active transport energetically less efficient. PMID- 6744128 TI - Prevalence of extreme detergent resistance among the Enterobacteriaceae. AB - The detergent-resistance properties of 208 independent isolates of the Enterobacteriaceae have been examined. Of these bacterial strains, 200 were able to grow in the presence of greater than or equal to 5% sodium dodecyl sulfate, including all members of the Klebsielleae tribe. This resistance does not appear to be plasmid encoded. It is proposed that detergent-resistant organisms be termed saponotolerant or saponophilic, by analogy with other microorganisms occupying harsh ecological niches. In contrast to their prevalent resistance to anionic detergents, not one of the 208 strains tested was found to grow in the presence of three different cationic detergents. This sensitivity to cationic detergents may be of significance in combating nosocomial infections. PMID- 6744129 TI - Levels of Vibrio parahaemolyticus in Indian shrimp undergoing processing for export. AB - A study of 56 samples of raw prawns, 50 samples of processed prawns, and 57 samples of frozen prawns from five prawn-processing factories around Mangalore for the levels of Vibrio parahaemolyticus revealed that most of these samples carry a load of less than 10/g. None of the samples had counts greater than 10(2)/g, indicating that the prawn-processing factories are able to meet the International Commission on Microbiological Specifications for Foods (ICMSF) suggested limit of 10(2) V. parahaemolyticus per gram for frozen prawns. PMID- 6744130 TI - Highly selective vagotomy: forward or backward in the surgical treatment of duodenal ulcer? PMID- 6744131 TI - Accuracy of noninvasive peripheral arterial testing. PMID- 6744132 TI - Simplified dressing for the drained empyema. PMID- 6744133 TI - Lymphoscintigraphy for staging breast cancer. PMID- 6744134 TI - Esophagopericardial fistula producing purulent pericarditis. PMID- 6744135 TI - Perforated duodenal ulcer. PMID- 6744136 TI - Histologic sequelae of endoscopic sphincterotomy: a canine experiment. AB - Concern for the late formation of strictures at the site of an endoscopic sphincterotomy has delayed the acceptance of this procedure as treatment for choledocholithiasis in otherwise healthy patients. The authors addressed this issue by comparing the biochemical and histologic sequelae of sphincterotomy in 23 dogs with those in 10 sham-operated controls. Twenty-four hours after sphincterotomy, hemorrhagic, edematous mucosa surrounded the incision. Microscopically, there was an acute inflammatory exudate bridging the mucosal surfaces. Mucosal regeneration was sufficient after 1 week to cover the defect caused by the cautery, although some inflammatory changes were still evident. A widely patent sphincterotomy orifice was seen in 15 dogs followed up for 10 weeks. In three dogs, the fibres of the papilla had reunited below the incision, resulting in a choledochoduodenal fistula. Histologically, complete healing of the mucosal surface had occurred with no evidence of scar formation or chronic inflammation. Serum bilirubin and liver enzyme measurements did not show evidence of biliary obstruction due to the sphincterotomy. From the results of our study, there is no evidence to suggest that an endoscopic sphincterotomy is predisposed to late stenosis. PMID- 6744137 TI - Value of high-resolution computerized tomography in localizing diseased parathyroid glands. AB - Eighteen patients with hyperparathyroidism underwent high-resolution computerized tomography of the neck and superior mediastinum to assess the accuracy of the method in localizing diseased parathyroid glands preoperatively. The tomograms were correlated with surgical and pathological findings. Four scans were technically unsatisfactory. Of the remaining 14 scans, 8 showed an enlarged parathyroid gland; in 7 cases, the scan correctly identified the location of the diseased gland while in 1 case, the side of the lesion was incorrect. The other six scans did not show an abnormal parathyroid. These glands varied in size from 0.05 to 5.0 cm3 at the time of pathological examination. Three patients were undergoing re-exploration for persistent disease; technically acceptable scans were obtained in two and, in both, the location of the adenoma was correctly identified. Excluding patients with technically unsatisfactory scans, this technique has a sensitivity of 50% (7/14) and a false-negative rate of 43% (6/14) independent of gland size. However, in the eight scans interpreted as positive, the correct side of the lesion was localized in 7 (88%). This technique is not recommended for routine preoperative localization but may be of value in re exploration for persistent disease. PMID- 6744138 TI - Long-term results of proximal gastric vagotomy. AB - Proximal gastric vagotomy without drainage for duodenal ulcer was performed in 304 patients between 1969 and 1977. There was one operative death (0.3%) and two patients required secondary drainage (0.6%). Eleven patients died subsequently of unrelated causes. Follow-up 5 to 13 years after operation was conducted on 242 patients (80%). Of these, 141 were asymptomatic and 48 had only trivial symptoms, a success rate of 78%. Thirty-two patients had recurrent ulcer and 2 of them had Zollinger-Ellison syndrome. When these two were excluded, the recurrence rate was 12.4%. Two patients had duodenitis. Seven patients had unexplained pain and some of them may ultimately be shown to have recurrence. Appreciable esophageal reflux was seen in eight patients. Other symptoms, nearly all mild, were dumping in one, diarrhea in seven and bile reflux in six. Recurrent ulcer was treated by cimetidine initially in all 32 cases but ultimately by repeat vagotomy and antrectomy in 27, with no deaths and only one further recurrence (Zollinger Ellison syndrome). After operative correction, the ultimate success rate (Visick grades I and II) was 90%. PMID- 6744140 TI - Doppler waveform analysis versus segmental pressure and pulse-volume recording: assessment of occlusive disease in the lower extremity. AB - In a prospective study, the accuracy of combined segmental pressure measurements and pulse-volume recordings was compared with Doppler waveform analysis in evaluating peripheral arterial occlusive disease. Before arteriography, 50 patients (100 limbs) underwent vascular assessment which included measurement of the segmental pressure and pulse volume at the thigh, calf and ankle. Analogue Doppler waveform tracings were obtained from the femoral, popliteal and tibial arteries and used to calculate the pulsatility index and inverse damping factor. Results of each method were assessed by independent observers and compared with the arteriographic data. No appreciable difference was demonstrated between the two methods, both giving an overall accuracy in the 90% to 95% range. Both accurately predicted the severity of iliac and superficial femoral artery obstruction and distinguished iliac from proximal disease of the superficial femoral artery. Outflow disease (tibial arteries) was better assessed by measurement of segmental pressures than by Doppler waveform analysis or pulse volume recording alone. PMID- 6744139 TI - Arterial injuries. AB - The authors review arterial injuries in 68 patients treated at Maisonneuve Rosemont Hospital in Montreal between 1975 and 1982. Penetrating trauma caused 54.4% of these injuries, which consisted of either laceration or intimal tear with thrombosis. Arterial injuries of the extremities were predominant (58.8%). Associated injuries were frequent. Surgical repair was effected in 60 patients. End-to-end anastomosis, angioplasty and venous or prosthetic bypass grafting were the techniques used. Postoperative complications occurred in 37% of the patients. Overall mortality was 19% and was related mainly to aortic injury. The amputation rate for arterial injuries of the extremities was 15%. Prompt recognition and treatment of arterial injuries are important in order to achieve the best results. PMID- 6744141 TI - Ventricular function following mitral valve surgery: assessment using radionuclide ventriculography. AB - The effects of mitral valve replacement or commissurotomy on cardiac function were studied using radionuclide ventriculography in 13 patients with chronic mitral stenosis and in 8 with chronic mitral regurgitation, before and after mitral valve surgery. The stenosis resulted from rheumatic heart disease in all instances while regurgitation was due to mitral valve prolapse in three patients and rheumatic heart disease in five. Fourteen patients had a Carpentier-Edwards valve inserted and 4 a Lillehei-Kaster disc valve. Three patients with mitral stenosis had an open commissurotomy. All patients underwent supine-rest and symptom-limited exercise radionuclide ventriculography shortly before and 6 to 12 months after operation. The data obtained showed that left ventricular function remained unchanged postoperatively in patients with mitral stenosis but deteriorated in those with mitral regurgitation. Right ventricular function improved postoperatively in those with mitral stenosis but remained unchanged in patients who had regurgitation. PMID- 6744142 TI - Duodenal obstruction secondary to congenital web in an adult. AB - Congenital duodenal web, although rare, may be more common than presently appreciated. The possibility of this condition should be considered in the differential diagnosis of duodenal obstruction in the adult. It should be treated surgically either by duodenotomy with excision of the web or by duodenojejunostomy. The results are excellent, as illustrated by the authors in their report of a 58-year-old man with this condition, who was treated by duodenojejunostomy. PMID- 6744143 TI - The prone position for transurethral resection of anterior bladder-wall tumours. AB - Transurethral resection of tumours of the anterior bladder wall may be technically difficult. The resectoscope must be held with an awkward upside-down grip and the surgeon assume an uncomfortable position, particularly as the bladder fills and causes the tumour to drift away from the surgeon. There is a risk of intraperitoneal perforation as the surgeon cuts more deeply to resect the tumour. When the patient is in the prone position the tumour is more accessible. This allows it to be resected more easily, more thoroughly and more comfortably. The technique may be used in men as well as in women. PMID- 6744144 TI - Human atrial trabeculae: an experimental preparation for studying myocardial response to perioperative manipulations. AB - Trabeculae taken from discarded human right atrial specimens during cardiac surgery provide a useful preparation for studies in myocardial physiology and pharmacology. Three extrinsic measurements that have a marked effect on contraction of this preparation are temperature, stimulation frequency and calcium ion (Ca2+) concentration. There is a large decline in developed force below 30 degrees C. The optimal stimulation frequency (temperature 34 degrees C, Ca2+ concentration 2.5 mM) is 1 Hz. The Ca2+ level required to give half maximal force development is 2.0 mM. In a series of 46 atrial trabeculae (approximately 1 mm in diameter) from 33 patients, the authors found a mean contraction tension of 1.37 +/- 0.09 g/mm2 (+/- standard error) (temperature 34 degrees C, stimulation frequency 1 Hz, pH 7.4, Ca2+ concentration 2.5 mM) at maximum force. The preparation appears to have great potential for the study of perioperative manipulation on myocardial function. PMID- 6744145 TI - A case of "trigger toe". AB - "Triggering" of the toes, in which local tendon hypertrophy prevents the smooth movement of the tendon, has been described as a problem more theoretical than real and only three cases have been reported. The authors report a case of partial tethering of the flexor hallucis longus tendon just distal to the medial malleolus in a 28-year-old jogger who had painful triggering of the great toe on plantar flexion of the ankle and great toe. Division of the flexor hallucis longus tendon pulley distal and posterior to the medial malleolus cured the patient. PMID- 6744146 TI - Amphojeloma: antacid impaction in a critically ill patient. AB - Patients in the intensive care unit seldom have mechanical small-bowel obstruction, and obstruction due to medication bezoars is even less common. A 65 year-old woman, in the intensive care unit because of septic shock and acute renal failure, had a small-bowel obstruction due to Amphojel concretions. Obstruction from such a cause may be prevented by including non-constipating antacids, stool softeners or sorbitol. Aggressive use of H2-antagonists to prevent gastrointestinal bleeding in septic patients will reduce the need for orally administered antacids. When obstruction occurs due to antacid concretions, it may be relieved by passing a long intestinal tube, by giving enemas for colonic obstruction or by operation. PMID- 6744147 TI - Early valve replacement in active infective endocarditis. AB - Infective endocarditis is associated with a high mortality, but previous studies have suggested that the major complications of the condition might be prevented by early surgery. Of 50 patients treated for infective endocarditis at the Montreal Heart Institute from 1977 to 1982, 30 were treated nonsurgically and the remaining 20 underwent early valve replacement before preoperative antibiotic therapy was completed. Of these 20, 14 had native valve endocarditis and 6 prosthetic valve endocarditis. The organisms involved were Streptococcus sp in 11, Staphylococcus aureus in 2, gram-negative organisms in 3 and Candida parapsilosis in 1. Blood cultures remained negative in three patients. There were three early deaths (15%) following operation and one late death (5%). Infection on implanted prostheses did not recur, but reoperation was required in one patient because of prosthetic dehiscence 7 months after initial implantation. All resected valves displayed evidence of infection. Follow-up was obtained in all survivors. After an average follow-up of 26 months, 12 patients remained in functional class I and 4 in class II (New York Heart Association classification). Early valve replacement has resulted in improved survival of patients with infective endocarditis and is now associated with a low operative mortality and morbidity. PMID- 6744148 TI - Management of gangrene in diabetic extremities. AB - The long-term complications of diabetes mellitus occur despite insulin therapy. One of these complications is gangrene of an extremity which is a prime cause of morbidity and mortality in diabetic patients. Peripheral occlusive vascular disease frequently underlies the gangrene and this challenges the surgeon to revascularize the limb and to limit the amputation to the gangrenous tissue. The author describes six diabetic patients with gangrene of an extremity treated at the Riverside Hospital in Ottawa to illustrate how this condition may be managed by revascularization with no amputation or with conservative amputation and debridement. Major amputation was avoided in all six patients. PMID- 6744149 TI - Acute dissection of the descending thoracic aorta: repair in an unusual case. AB - Acute tamponade, although a rare manifestation of a descending thoracic aneurysm, was the dominant clinical feature of a classic type III dissecting aneurysm (arising distal to the left subclavian artery) in a 52-year-old man. High-quality aortography confirmed the diagnosis, ruling out any anomaly of the ascending aorta and the aortic arch. Surgical treatment was carried out 24 hours after the initial episode without cardiopulmonary bypass. Through a left thoracotomy, a Gott shunt was inserted proximally at the apex of the left ventricle and distally in the left femoral artery. Aortic repair with the interposition of a 30-mm woven Dacron prosthesis was successful. Postoperative aortography showed complete restoration of aortic integrity. PMID- 6744150 TI - Omental evisceration through an abdominal stab wound: is exploratory laparotomy mandatory? AB - The authors reviewed and analysed the records of 75 patients with omental and bowel evisceration as a result of abdominal stab wounds to discover whether omental prolapse makes laparotomy mandatory. Major intraabdominal injuries were found in 82.7% of the total group, 82.9% in those with omental protrusion and 82.5% in patients with bowel prolapse. The nature of the injuries and the incidence of multiple organ trauma were similar in the two groups. Negative laparotomy did not cause important morbidity. The authors conclude that omental herniation after stab wounds of the abdomen should routinely prompt exploratory celiotomy. PMID- 6744151 TI - Assessing cardiac risk in patients who undergo noncardiac surgical procedures. AB - To confirm the usefulness of the cardiac risk index published by Goldman and associates in 1977, the author did a separate, prospective study of 1140 patients over the age of 40 years who underwent noncardiac surgical procedures. Four risk categories were defined (classes I to IV, low to high risk according to Goldman's point score). Percentages of postoperative cardiac events (life-threatening cardiac complications or cardiac death) were tabulated. The incidence of cardiac events for each risk category, classes I to IV, was 0.7%, 3%, 15% and 30%, respectively. Comparisons with Goldman's original study demonstrate that the cardiac risk index is a reliable, objective and valid method of assessing cardiac risk in patients who undergo elective surgery. PMID- 6744152 TI - Seasonal frequency of testicular torsion. AB - The hypothesis that testicular torsion is more common in winter was examined in a retrospective survey of admissions to three Calgary hospitals. No seasonal peak in incidence of cases of torsion was identified from 1966 to 1982. PMID- 6744153 TI - Acute hemorrhagic pancreatitis and diabetes mellitus following endoscopic retrograde cholangiopancreatography. AB - Endoscopic retrograde cholangiopancreatography (ERCP) is generally regarded as a safe and useful investigation in the diagnosis and management of diseases of the pancreas and biliary tree. Asymptomatic hyperamylasemia is not uncommon following this procedure, but clinical pancreatitis is rare. The authors report on a 56 year-old man who suffered life-threatening acute hemorrhagic pancreatitis 2 weeks after ERCP was performed for the investigation of abdominal pain. He subsequently had insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus, which was not present at the time of ERCP. PMID- 6744154 TI - Effectiveness of epidural anesthesia. PMID- 6744155 TI - International agreement on classification of malignant tumours. PMID- 6744156 TI - Athletic performance and urban air pollution. AB - Air pollution may affect athletic performance. In Los Angeles, contaminants include carbon monoxide, ozone, peroxyacetylnitrate (PAN) and nitrogen oxides, whereas in older European cities, such as Sarajevo, "reducing smog" of sulfur dioxide is the main hazard. The carbon monoxide and ozone levels expected in Los Angeles this summer could affect the athletes' performance in endurance events at the Olympic Games. Carbon monoxide may also impair psychomotor abilities, and PAN causes visual disturbances. The only likely physiologic consequence from reducing smog is an increase in the workload of the respiratory system and thus a decrease in endurance performance. While carbon monoxide has been blamed for myocardial infarctions, nitrogen oxides for pulmonary edema and sulfur dioxide for deaths due to respiratory failure, the only illnesses that are likely to be more frequent than usual among young athletes exposed to high levels of these pollutants are upper respiratory tract infections. Therapeutic tactics include the avoidance of pollution, the administration of oxygen, vitamin C and vitamin E, and general reassurance. PMID- 6744159 TI - Alcoholism: education and treatment. PMID- 6744158 TI - [Laparotomy in Hodgkin's disease: significance of splenic involvement]. AB - We retrospectively reviewed 224 cases of Hodgkin's disease, in 120 of which staging laparotomy was performed. The surgical findings in cases of clinical stage I or II disease with supradiaphragmatic presentation or clinical stage III disease did not influence the treatment plans. Of the 64 patients with positive results of laparotomy (splenic or lymph node involvement or both) 51 had splenic involvement; their 5-year survival rate, 57%, was similar to that of the patients with clinical or pathological stage III disease - 58% and 54% respectively. At laparotomy 11 patients with pathological stage III disease were found to have isolated splenic involvement; their 5-year survival rate, 64%, was not appreciably different from that of the patients with clinical stage II disease, 70%; both groups were treated with radiotherapy only. From this study we can conclude that splenic involvement in Hodgkin's disease has no deleterious effect on survival and that splenic irradiation seems to be as effective as splenectomy in controlling the disease. PMID- 6744157 TI - Five-year study of surgical rates in Ontario's counties. AB - The surgical rates for eight operations (hysterectomy, tonsillectomy/adenoidectomy, cholecystectomy, prostatectomy, appendectomy, mastectomy, colectomy and cesarean section) done in Ontario's 44 counties from 1973 to 1977 were examined. There was considerable variation among the counties for all the operations studied, although the degree of intercounty variation decreased over the 5 years. Differences in resources (hospital beds and surgeons) explained little of the variation in the rates, but this may be because people crossed county lines for certain operations. Although some counties had consistently high or low rates for individual operations during the 5-year period, only four had consistently high rates for four or more operations, and only five had consistently low rates for four or more. The five counties with teaching health science centres had the highest ratios of specialists and surgeons to population, and, with the exception of one county in 1973, had above average numbers of hospital beds. Despite the greater resources in these counties, their residents had consistently low rates for cholecystectomy, appendectomy, mastectomy and tonsillectomy/adenoidectomy. However, three of these counties had the highest rates for cesarean section. The variation in the rates is likely due to lack of agreement about indications for surgery or to variation in the use of technology rather than to differences in the incidence or prevalence of disorders. PMID- 6744160 TI - Prevention of neonatal ophthalmia. PMID- 6744161 TI - Meningitis caused by Bacteroides fragilis. PMID- 6744162 TI - Lateralized EEG abnormalities in western equine encephalitis. PMID- 6744163 TI - Electroconvulsive therapy. PMID- 6744164 TI - Adverse effects of NSAIDs on renal function. PMID- 6744165 TI - Impact of a province-wide nurses' strike on medical care in a regional referral centre. AB - A 4-week, province-wide nurses' strike in Alberta in 1982 caused the closure of 57% of the acute care beds, including 47% of the intensive care beds, in Calgary. The effects of the strike on patient care at Foothills Provincial General Hospital, where nurses did not strike, were assessed. The number of emergency admissions, severity of illness and rate of death in the intensive care unit increased. On the other hand, the rate of death, length of stay and number of unexpected deaths on the medical wards were similar to those in the control periods before and after the strike. A subjective perception by hospital personnel of deteriorating patient care caused much anxiety; however, the results of analysis of measurable aspects of care suggested that the patients admitted to hospital received care during the strike that was comparable to care given before or after the strike. The inconvenience and potential harm to the patients not admitted because they had less severe illness were not measured. PMID- 6744166 TI - Endocarditis caused by Staphylococcus warneri on a normal aortic valve following vasectomy. AB - Endocarditis caused by Staphylococcus warneri and necessitating valve replacement occurred in a previously healthy 32-year-old patient following vasectomy. No sign of an underlying valvular defect was noted during the operation. S. warneri is a recently identified species of coagulase-negative staphylococci. Endocarditis caused by coagulase-negative staphylococci is uncommon in young, healthy patients with normal heart valves and has not previously been described as a complication of vasectomy. Similarly, infections caused by S. warneri have not previously been described in humans. PMID- 6744167 TI - Nodular pulmonary amyloidosis. AB - An elderly man had a 10-year history of multiple pulmonary nodules that he had refused to have investigated. He died of a ruptured abdominal aortic aneurysm. At autopsy the nodules were shown to consist of amyloid. There was no evidence of systemic amyloidosis. PMID- 6744168 TI - Epidermal cyst of the breast. AB - Two cases of epidermal cyst of the breast are presented. Mammography and ultrasonography merely confirmed that the masses were solid. As is usual with these extremely rare lesions, the initial diagnoses (fibroadenoma and carcinoma) were incorrect. PMID- 6744169 TI - Human values in caring for cancer patients. PMID- 6744170 TI - Can vitamins prevent neural tube defects? PMID- 6744171 TI - Streptococcal pharyngitis: is 10 days of therapy still mandatory? PMID- 6744172 TI - Treatment of herpes zoster with cimetidine. PMID- 6744173 TI - The safety of diagnostic ultrasonography. PMID- 6744174 TI - Physician retirement: a case for concern in Canadian hospitals. AB - Mandatory retirement is being challenged on the basis of age discrimination, and physicians are not divorced from this social trend. In January 1982 legal precedent was set by the Manitoba Court of Appeal concerning the retirement policy for physicians in Canada. Currently, Canadian hospital bylaws include clauses that require a change in membership status once a physician reaches 65 years of age. The main arguments in favour of this change include easier physician manpower management, ensured public safety and, in some instances, greater productivity. The main arguments against this change include loss of income to physicians, loss of skilled manpower to the profession and adverse effects on the mental and physical health of retiring physicians. In an effort to resolve this conflict some Canadian hospitals are developing strategies for reviewing the specific privileges and responsibilities physicians will retain once they reach age 65. The medical staff of the Victoria General Hospital in Halifax, NS have addressed this issue through their annual reappointment process. PMID- 6744175 TI - Laboratory data on influenza in Canada, 1983-84. PMID- 6744176 TI - Influenza vaccination for the 1984-85 season. National Advisory Committee on Immunization. PMID- 6744177 TI - Sudden death while driving. AB - Sudden death of cardiac origin in drivers of motor vehicles has been perceived to be a danger to other drivers, passengers, pedestrians and property, and in provinces other than Ontario people with a history of cardiac disease are not permitted to hold a commercial driver's license. An examination of the literature indicates that injury or death of others occurs rarely when someone dies while driving. It is postulated that drivers who have a myocardial infarction experience warning symptoms, which allows them to take action to prevent a serious accident. It is suggested that a history of heart disease should not necessarily prevent people from holding a commercial driver's license. PMID- 6744178 TI - The electrophysiologic features of sudden death. AB - Sudden or instantaneous death is nearly always of cardiac origin. The most common mechanism is a severe electrical dysfunction, which is apparent on Holter monitoring tapes. Identifying patients at risk of sudden cardiac death is difficult, and Holter monitoring has proved to be limited in its diagnostic usefulness. However, in patients who have experienced cardiac arrest Holter monitoring has shown that the electrical abnormalities leading to death vary. These abnormalities usually take time to develop, and during this time the cerebral circulation is partially maintained. In this brief period, lasting less than 2 minutes, the individual may become aware that something is wrong and have time to react. PMID- 6744181 TI - Characteristics of patients found not to have multiple sclerosis. AB - Of 400 consecutive patients referred to Dalhousie University's multiple sclerosis research unit 52 (13%) were found not to have multiple sclerosis. Forty-one (79%) of the patients were female and 11 (21%) were male. About half of the patients had raised the suspicion of multiple sclerosis, and about half had either a medical background or a close association with a patient with the disease. Although in many cases a diagnosis was made at the initial visit, in difficult cases the most effective diagnostic technique was repeated assessment of the patient over a long period. It is important to keep an open mind when assessing patients suspected of having multiple sclerosis and to apply the recognized criteria for diagnosis of the disease. PMID- 6744182 TI - Australia: the battle for private practice rages on. PMID- 6744180 TI - The role of intimal hyperplasia in arterial spasm. AB - It has been postulated that even moderate spasm in an artery with intimal hyperplasia can produce organ hypoxia because there is an excessive reduction in the diameter of the lumen. To test this hypothesis we created intimal hyperplasia in one femoral artery in five pigs and then induced arterial spasm by administering ergonovine maleate. Arterial spasm did not produce a greater reduction in the luminal diameter of the femoral artery with intimal hyperplasia than it did in the normal femoral artery. Until further evidence appears this hypothesis must be viewed with caution. PMID- 6744183 TI - Doctors insist: the twain can meet. PMID- 6744179 TI - Severe weight loss and fatal intra-abdominal hemorrhage in an elderly man. PMID- 6744184 TI - An interview with David Suzuki [by Charlotte Gray]. PMID- 6744185 TI - American HMOs: the skeptics may have been wrong. PMID- 6744186 TI - Preventive medicine by computer? PMID- 6744188 TI - Dollar estimates of the consequences of tobacco use in Canada, 1979. PMID- 6744189 TI - Physical fitness--individual or societal responsibility? PMID- 6744187 TI - Health hazards of the indoor environment. PMID- 6744190 TI - Aspects of physical fitness and health in Ontario dairy farmers. PMID- 6744191 TI - Development of a cardiorespiratory step-test of fitness for children 7-14 years of age. PMID- 6744192 TI - Drownings, other aquatic injuries and young Canadians. PMID- 6744193 TI - Pathogenic hazards and public spa and hot tub facilities. PMID- 6744194 TI - [Improvement in the dental health of students in the community health department of Hotel-Dieu de Riviere-du-Loup]. PMID- 6744195 TI - The hearing practitioner and hearing impairment. PMID- 6744196 TI - A comparison of four age groups' adaptation to diabetes. PMID- 6744197 TI - [Preparing growth and development standards: a response to Yeung, Pennell, Hall and Leung]. PMID- 6744198 TI - Estimated economic burden of nosocomial infection. PMID- 6744199 TI - Precancerous and cancerous breast lesions during lifetime and at autopsy. A study of 83 women. AB - Among 83 consecutive, unselected female autopsy cases, 6 had been treated for invasive breast carcinoma (IBC) during lifetime. At autopsy, of these six women, two had IBC in the contralateral breast, and another two had in situ carcinoma. Among the 77 women without previous clinical breast cancer, one case of IBC and 14 cases of in situ carcinoma were found at autopsy. Thus, the total occurrence of primary malignant breast lesion was as high as 25.4%. Assuming that all IBCs evolve from in situ forms and that in situ carcinomas do not undergo total regression, our results seem to indicate that about one third of all in situ carcinomas develop into IBC. PMID- 6744200 TI - Histogenesis of spontaneous regression of cervical intraepithelial neoplasias. AB - It is justifiable to assume that a spontaneous regression of cervical intraepithelial neoplasia is in progress when pathologic epithelium is replaced by normal epithelium. Very rare histologic pictures of this process are shown. Dysplastic squamous epithelium or intraepithelial carcinomas become detached from their bases and are pushed up by replacement tissue in the form of normal squamous or columnar epithelium. PMID- 6744201 TI - The relationship between non-invasive papillary lesions and invasive bladder carcinoma. AB - Ten patients with noninvasive papillary lesions who subsequently developed invasive bladder carcinoma were identified. Five of the 10 patients developed an invasive carcinoma in a location distinctly separate from any preceding papillary lesion. The remaining five patients developed an invasive carcinoma in the same general location as a preceding papillary lesion. These findings suggest that invasive bladder carcinomas, which develop in a patient with previous noninvasive papillary lesions, often arise from nonpapillary urothelium adjacent the noninvasive papillary lesion rather than directly from the preceding papillary lesion. PMID- 6744202 TI - Immunosuppressive acidic protein in patients with gynecologic cancer. AB - Immunosuppressive acidic protein (IAP) was determined in sera of patients with gynecologic tumors using the single radial immunodiffusion method. The normal limit of IAP of 490 micrograms/ml was derived from the mean value + 2 SD of IAP in 150 healthy females. Among 141 patients with gynecologic cancers, serum IAP was elevated in 87 patients (62%). Among 190 patients with benign tumors (98 uterine myoma, 92 benign ovarian tumors) serum IAP was elevated in 14 patients (7%). Elevated levels of IAP were recognized in 43% of 77 patients with cervical cancer, in 55% of 11 endometrial cancer patients, and in 91% of 53 ovarian cancer patients. The frequency of elevated levels showed a tendency to increase with advancing stage of disease. In ovarian cancer elevation of IAP was observed even in early stages. All of 13 patients with recurrent cervical cancer had elevated IAP while only 6 of 35 (17%) previously treated patients without evidence of recurrence had elevated IAP. Immunosuppressive acidic protein determinations may be useful in monitoring the recurrence of cervical cancer. The measurement of serum IAP as a marker for gynecologic cancer is recommended as an addition to diagnostic procedures. PMID- 6744204 TI - Patterns of bone marrow involvement in chronic lymphocytic leukemia and small lymphocytic (well differentiated) non-Hodgkin's lymphoma. Its clinical significance in relation to their differential diagnosis and prognosis. AB - Forty-eight patients with chronic lymphocytic leukemia (CLL), and 12 patients with small (well differentiated) lymphocytic lymphoma (WDL) were histologically evaluated for their pattern of bone marrow (BM) involvement. Four different types of BM infiltration were recognized: nodular (N), interstitial (I), nodular and interstitial (mixed) and diffuse (D). The pattern of BM involvement was compared with the clinical, laboratory, and survival status in all patients. The extent of the disease in CLL patients, was determined by the Rai and the International Workshop on CLL Staging Systems, while in WDL patients the Ann Arbor staging system was used. In the CLL group the N pattern was found in 8%, the I in 33%, the mixed in 31%, and the D in 27% of the patients. Based on the International Workshop on CLL Staging System, the I pattern of BM involvement was more frequently found in Stage A (56%), the mixed in Stage B (68%), and the D in Stage C disease (90%). All CLL patients with D pattern required treatment from the beginning, contrary to CLL patients with the other patterns, in whom therapy was required in less than 50%. Similarly, deaths were more common in the D pattern in whom therapy pattern than in the other patterns. In the WDL patients BM involvement was found in 4 of 12, (33%) and its pattern of positivity was always nodular, although most patients (10 of 12) had advanced disease. It is concluded that the frequency of BM involvement may contribute in the differential diagnosis of WDL from CLL. In addition, the pattern of BM infiltration correlates very well with the International Staging System for CLL, and the pattern of BM positivity in CLL patients also has prognostic significance. PMID- 6744203 TI - Adjuvant postoperative radiotherapy, chemotherapy, and immunotherapy in stage III breast cancer. AB - One hundred twenty pathologically confirmed operable Stage III (T3N0-2) breast cancer patients were randomized to receive either postoperative radiotherapy or chemotherapy, or a combination of these, with or without levamisole immunotherapy. Radiotherapy was given to regional lymph node areas and chest wall. Chemotherapy consisted of 6 cycles of Adriamycin (doxorubicin) (45 mg/m2), vincristine (1.2 mg/m2) intravenously, and cyclophosphamide (200 mg/m2 for 5 days) perorally every 4 weeks. Peroral levamisole, 150 mg a day, 2 days weekly, was given as an immunotherapy. The 3-year results are described in this article. The effect of levamisole on the prognosis cannot be evaluated yet because of the short follow-up period. The disease-free survival was almost equal in each patient group, however, some benefit was achieved by levamisole (a shift of disease-free survival from 12 to 18 months). The patients receiving radiotherapy alone had the poorest prognosis: 68% had a recurrent tumor, and 57% were alive. In the chemotherapy group, the figures were 53% and 72%, respectively. Patients who received a combined treatment had the best prognosis: 13% had a recurrent tumor, and 90% survived 3 years. There was a statistically significant difference in the recurrence rate between any single therapy and the combined treatment (radiotherapy to combined treatment, P less than 0.001, chemotherapy to combined treatment, P less than or equal to 0.01 chi-square test). In overall survival, a statistically significant difference was reached between radiotherapy and combination treatment groups (P less than 0.01, chi-square test). Radiotherapy gave a good local control of the tumor, and chemotherapy decreased the number of metastases. The nonmetastatic axillary lymph node status and secondary amenorrhea or severe menstrual disturbances were of positive prognostic value. The side effects due to radiotherapy and chemotherapy were moderate and tolerable. The dose of Adriamycin had to be reduced only in four patients. All of the patients receiving chemotherapy had a transient total alopecia. Three of them had nonlethal arrhythmias, and one had skin rash. Levamisole was found very toxic with 9 cases of transient agranulocytosis, leading to the discontinuation of immunotherapy in 22 of 59 patients. Our results show that radiotherapy controls the tumor only locally and chemotherapy systematically, but the best patient saving results are achieved with a combination of radiotherapy and chemotherapy. The disease-free and overall survival are statistically significant, and favor the combined therapy. PMID- 6744205 TI - Once-a-week radiation therapy for locally advanced lung cancer. Final report. AB - Forty-nine patients with very advanced locoregional lung cancer, metastatic in 41% of the instances, were treated with 5 Gy once weekly to a total dose of 50 to 60 Gy (1826-2050 ret). The overall tumor response rate was 68% (27% complete response and 41% partial response). The largest number of responders and the majority of complete responses were seen with the higher doses (60 Gy). The response rates of the major histologic variants were 100%, 75%, and 47% for small cell, large cell, squamous, and adenocarcinomas. The time to achieve more than 50% reduction in tumor size was 2, 2, 6, and 9 weeks for these histologic variants, respectively. The overall incidence of local failures was 22%, with only 10% of the patients demonstrating exclusive in-field local failures. There are 13 long-term survivors and the main cause of patient deaths was metastatic disease. The technique was extremely well tolerated, and, in fact, practically no acute radiation-induced complications were observed during the 10 to 12 weeks' treatment duration. Only one patient developed a symptomatic but transient radiation pneumonitis. Radiation fibrosis of various degrees has occurred, but it has been mostly asymptomatic and analogous to what is normally seen using conventional continuous schedules delivering similar doses. Once-a-week irradiation emerges as a practical and convenient alternative for the treatment of lung cancer, and appears to achieve similar results to conventional continuous schedules. PMID- 6744206 TI - Radiation associated malignancies of the esophagus. AB - This report documents the experience of the authors with two patients who had received thoracic radiation for disseminated teratocarcinomas of the testis, survived their malignancies, and subsequently developed squamous cell carcinomas of the esophagus. To the authors' knowledge, only 11 other cases of esophageal malignancies arising in patients who had received previous mediastinal irradiation have been reported in the world literature. With increasingly successful mediastinal radiation for malignant disease resulting in prolonged patient survival, an increasing number of such patients with subsequent esophageal malignancies can be anticipated. Close follow-up of patients receiving radiation therapy to periesophageal tissues is recommended, and prompt evaluation of any symptoms of esophageal dysfunction is indicated. PMID- 6744207 TI - BCNU (1,3-bis-(2-chloroethyl)-1-nitrosurea) lung. Drug-induced pulmonary changes. AB - The occurrence of pulmonary disease associated with long-term BCNU therapy is reported in two patients treated for astrocytoma grade II whose clinical presentations of pulmonary complications and corresponding tissue alterations showed striking differences. One patient presented with a dramatic, fulminating, and rapidly fatal pulmonary disease. His lungs revealed atypical proliferation of pneumocytes, moderate interstitial inflammation, fibrosis and intra-alveolar hyalin membranes. The second patient presented with slowly progressive dyspnea, ultimately leading to death secondary to severe diffuse alveolar septal fibrosis. Individual differences in response to toxicity are suggested and discussed. PMID- 6744208 TI - Carcinoma of the gallbladder with an anomalous connection between the choledochus and the pancreatic duct. Report of 10 cases and review of the literature in Japan. AB - During the last 8 years, the authors had experience with 10 cases of carcinoma of the gallbladder with an anomalous connection between the choledochus and the pancreatic duct. These cases were studied in reference to age, sex, frequency of gallstones and dilatation of the bile duct, amylase levels in bile, direct cholangiograms, histologic findings, methods of treatment, and prognosis. Histologically, intestinal metaplasia was noticed in cancerous areas and also in noncancerous areas of differentiated adenocarcinomas. These facts suggest that in carcinoma of the gallbladder with this anomaly, reflux and stasis of pancreatic juice in the gallbladder may induce chronic cholecystitis which leads to mucosal metaplasia and, eventually, to differentiated adenocarcinoma. PMID- 6744209 TI - Association of subacute motor neuronopathy with thymoma. AB - A case of subacute motor neuronopathy in association with thymoma is described. Subacute motor neuronopathy is marked by a painless, progressive, and asymmetric muscle weakness that usually affects the lower extremities. It is a rare paraneoplastic effect of tumors that has been described with both Hodgkin's and non-Hodgkin's lymphoma. This is the first case report of its association with thymoma. PMID- 6744210 TI - Kaposi's sarcoma in two lymphoma patients with hepatitis B and other infections. AB - Kaposi's sarcoma developed in two lymphoma patients previously treated by chemotherapy and chemoirradiation. The histologic picture in the two cases showed a non-Hodgkin's lymphoma with multifocal epithelioid histiocytic reaction. Both patients had Hepatitis-B surface antigen and other infections due to herpes and streptococcus. The European Jewish origin of the two patients, the previous chemotherapy, and their infective state tend to support more the hypothesis of predisposing factors in the occurrence of Kaposi's sarcoma than a coincidental association. PMID- 6744211 TI - Bladder polyp and heavy proteinuria in a patient with Hodgkin's disease in remission. AB - A 21-year-old man who developed heavy proteinuria 8 years after remission of Hodgkin's disease treated with MOPP chemotherapy and radiation therapy is reported. Evidence of Hodgkin's disease could not be documented, and minimal changes were revealed by renal biopsy. Proteinuria persisted for 20 months and was followed by dysuria and the discovery of an inflammatory polyp of the bladder. The proteinuria decreased 1 month after excision of the polyp, and disappeared during the following year. Rather than indicating relapse of lymphoma, proteinuria in this patient resulted from a lesion not previously associated with Hodgkin's disease, but possibly resulting from long-term effects of therapy. PMID- 6744212 TI - Papillary-cystic neoplasm of the pancreas. Report of two cases and review of the literature. AB - Two cases of papillary-cystic neoplasm of the pancreas are reported in women aged 22 and 23 years. The patient in the first case presented with acute abdominal pain and hemoperitoneum. This form of presentation has not been previously reported. This type of pancreatic tumor is very rare, exclusively affecting young women, and has a good prognosis despite its various histologic features, which suggest a malignant appearance. The authors consider this neoplasm as having an acinar origin because in the cells of one of the patients we observed ultrastructurally the presence of abundant rough endoplasmatic reticulum with formation of annulate lamellae and a few prezymogen granules. PMID- 6744214 TI - Late effects of radiotherapy on patients with cerebellar medulloblastoma. AB - Nine long-term survivors of cerebellar medulloblastoma treated with surgery and irradiation were retrospectively examined with a complete battery of neuropsychological tests and the results compared with their nonirradiated siblings. Significant decreased scores were found in the full-scale intelligence quotients (IQ) (P less than 0.001), performance IQ (P less than 0.001), and verbal IQ (P less than 0.02) with all nine irradiated patients scoring below their siblings. Also, educational quotients (EQ) of the irradiated patients were 12 to 17 points below the nonirradiated siblings with arithmetic EQ significantly decreased (P less than 0.01). Most severely affected were those children younger than 8 years at time of irradiation. No correlation was found with whole-brain dose, or objective physical or neurologic findings. PMID- 6744213 TI - Endoscopic follow-up after colorectal cancer surgery. Early detection of local recurrence? AB - This study deals with 188 consecutive patients who had a radically resected colorectal carcinoma and who were later controlled by colonoscopy. The median interval between resection and endoscopy was 2.5 (0.5-19) years. In 20 patients, a local recurrence was found (10.6%). In 11 of these 20 patients the indication for colonoscopy was the clinical suspicion of a recurrence. The remaining nine patients were asymptomatic, and colonoscopy was done as a routine procedure. In six of nine asymptomatic patients, a potentially curative resection of the recurrent tumor was possible, which was not possible in any of the 11 symptomatic patients. Nineteen of the 20 patients with a local recurrence could be followed up. Five of the six patients with potentially curative resection of the recurrence were asymptomatic for a median time of 38 (12-72) months after surgery; in contrast, 9 of 13 patients without curative operation died after a median survival period of 8 (1-24) months. The results of this study suggest that good long-term prognosis may be expected in patients in whom local recurrence is detected at an early asymptomatic stage with the possibility of potentially curative resection. Therefore, the authors propose regular endoscopic examinations in the first years after curative colorectal cancer surgery. PMID- 6744215 TI - Inflammatory pseudotumor of the lung. Ultrastructural and light microscopic study of a myxomatous variant. AB - A case of a myxomatous variant of an inflammatory pseudotumor of the lung is reported with clinicopathologic findings including its ultrastructure. The pathologic features of inflammatory pseudotumor of the lung are compared with similar tumors arising elsewhere and bear a close resemblance to granulation tissue, which suggests that inflammatory pseudotumors represent a reparative process rather than a neoplastic process. Recognition of this entity is imperative for a correct diagnosis and in order to differentiate it from malignant neoplasm, since only conservative management is necessary for its treatment. PMID- 6744216 TI - Scanning electron microscopy of upper urinary tract tumors. AB - Scanning electron microscopy (SEM) was performed on specimens from 16 patients with low-grade tumors, and 4 patients with benign lesions of the upper urinary tract. Pleomorphic microvilli could be seen at a low frequency on the majority of the tumor specimens as well as on surface cells of specimens from patients with inverted papilloma, fibroepithelial polyp, and hydronephrosis. The SEM appearance of the lining cells was similar whether the specimen was obtained from a patient with a tumor, or an inflammatory or proliferative lesion. Furthermore, pleomorphic microvilli were observed in five histologically normal bladders in which the covering cells had been rubbed off with a cold loop of a resectoscope. Pleomorphic microvilli are thus not morphologic markers of preneoplastic hyperplasia or tumor. It is likely that their presence merely reflects an increased rate of detachment of superficial epithelial cells which are replaced by cells from the deeper part of the epithelium. The demonstration of pleomorphic microvilli is therefore of questionable value in the preoperative diagnosis of tumors of the upper urinary tract and, consequently, their significance must be re-evaluated. PMID- 6744217 TI - Myeloproliferative disease in two young siblings. AB - Two siblings developed a myeloproliferative disease. One of them was a 9-year-old girl with a short history of bleeding, whose initial clinical and hematologic features were concordant with idiopathic myelofibrosis. Shortly afterwards this disorder evolved to a leukemic phase which subsequently resulted in the death of the patient. Four years later, at the age of 16, her brother was diagnosed as having acute myelofibrosis, and some months afterwards he died from fulminant pneumonia coincidently with pancytopenia and presence of scarce blast cells in peripheral blood. From the pathogenetic point of view, neither exposure to bone marrow toxins nor bone marrow chromosome abnormalities could be detected. HLA typing disclosed the same haplotype (A2, A9, B5, B21, C5) in both patients. PMID- 6744218 TI - Endodermal sinus tumor of the pineal region. Metastases through a ventriculoperitoneal shunt. AB - This case report concerns an endodermal sinus tumor (EST) arising in the pineal region of a 16-year-old boy who died 3 months after radiation. He developed extensive abdominal metastases through a ventriculoperitoneal shunt, whereas the primary tumor and a suprasellar metastasis could be controlled by radiotherapy, demonstrated by autopsy. The histologic diagnosis was supported by an elevated level of alpha-fetoprotein in serum and the demonstration of this marker in the tumor tissue by immunoperoxidase method. The poor diagnosis of all previously reported cases with pineal EST requires a combined modality of surgical approach, radiotherapy, and concomitant chemotherapy. PMID- 6744219 TI - Melanomas of the mucosa in the oral cavity and the upper respiratory passages. AB - Thirty-eight patients with malignant melanoma of the mucosa in the nasal and oral cavity have been treated at the Radium Centres in Arhus, Copenhagen and Odense in the years from 1956 to 1978. Twenty cases were localized to the nasal cavity and the nasal sinuses, and 18 cases to the oral cavity and oropharynx. Twenty-nine patients had local tumors, eight had local lymph node metastases, and one patient had lung metastases. The primary treatment has been surgery, which was radical in 50% of the cases, whereas 14 patients received irradiation and combined treatment. Complete response was seen locally in five of six irradiated nasal tumors and in three of eight oral tumors. Only two patients with nasal and one patient with oral tumors had recurrence later. Active treatment for recurrence has had the result that 10 patients have survived for 2 additional years, and 1 patient for almost 5 additional years. Eight patients lived for more than 5 years; crude survival is 26%. PMID- 6744220 TI - Esophageal carcinoma. A six-year review of the Cleveland Veterans Administration Hospital experience. AB - The records of 51 patients with esophageal carcinoma were reviewed. Twenty-two patients underwent attempted curative resection with a mean survival of 7.7 months. Twenty patients underwent primary radiotherapy (mean survival, 4.3 months). Nine patients received palliative therapy alone (mean survival, 2.8 months). Surgical mortality was 27%, but symptomatic palliation was complete in 59% of the surgical patients. Only 5% of the radiotherapy group, and 11% of the palliative group were completely palliated. There is only one long-term survivor (21 + months). Lesions in the middle third of the esophagus, and the presence of clinical evidence of metastatic disease were predictive of a shorter survival. Patients with metastatic disease at presentation had a mean survival of only 2.5 months from diagnosis. It is concluded that surgery should be considered a palliative, not curative procedure, and that it should be attempted only in those patients without clinical evidence of metastatic disease. PMID- 6744221 TI - Outcome of thoracic esophageal carcinoma in blacks in the inner city. AB - This report is based on 45 cases of cancer of the thoracic esophagus in blacks residing in a socioeconomically depressed area of the inner city of South-Central Los Angeles. There were 30 men and 15 women, ranging in age from 26 to 89 years. Preoperative management, contraindications of surgery, and overall results are specified. The operative mortality rate was 14%. As a means of restoring continuity of the alimentary tract after resection of esophageal carcinoma, the stomach was preferred, although the colon was used in two instances. Five-year survival in this series was 14% in the operative group and 13% in the radiotherapy group; one of the surgical patients is still alive, and another one survived for 72 months. In the radiation group, no such incidence occurred. It is therefore concluded that surgery is the optimal palliation if there is an acceptable risk of mortality. When operative risks are unacceptable radiation therapy is used. PMID- 6744222 TI - Malignant melanoma of the gallbladder. Report of a case. AB - A case of malignant melanoma in a 31-year-old man is described to add to the eight cases previously reported in the literature. The tumor in this case shares many common gross and microscopic features with those previously reported. These similarities, in addition to the clinical absence of any primary melanoma in the more common site of occurrence, indicate that the tumor in this case is primary in the gallbladder. PMID- 6744223 TI - Leiomyosarcoma of the penis. Case report and review of the literature. AB - The twenty-third case of penile leiomyosarcoma in the literature is reported, and all cases are reviewed. Clinically and pathologically these tumors fall into two groups, superficial and deep. Superficial tumors grow slowly, and tend to recur locally, but have a high salvage rate and good prognosis. The recommended treatment is local excision with negative margins. Recurrences are usually amenable either to re-excision or amputation with some degree of success. Deep tumors exhibit a more aggressive behavior, and have a poorer prognosis. Despite radical surgery the salvage rate is low, and most patients die from disseminated disease one or two years after diagnosis. Metastases to inguinal lymph nodes are uncommon, and should be treated aggressively in the absence of distant metastases. The role of adjuvant radiotherapy and chemotherapy in treating deep tumors should be investigated. PMID- 6744224 TI - Translocation 1;7 in dyshematopoiesis: possibly induced with a nonrandom geographic distribution. AB - Eight patients with various hematologic disorders had an identical chromosomal aberration in their bone marrow or unstimulated peripheral blood, a translocation t(1;7) interpreted as t(1;7)(p11;p11). The translocation chromosome replaced one normal chromosome #7; therefore, the karyotype of the abnormal cells was trisomic for 1q and monosomic for 7q. Including four cases from the literature, a total of 12 patients (4 women, 8 men) with this translocation are known at the moment. The translocation does not seem to be associated with a specific disorder, but almost all patients had a preleukemic syndrome during some stage of their disease. It is very remarkable that 11 of the 12 patients lived in the Netherlands, and 7 patients had a history of iatrogenic exposure to alkylating agents or irradiation; one patient was a radiation worker and another one had a history of toxic exposure to chloramphenicol. It is suggested, therefore, that the t(1;7) is a possibly induced chromosomal aberration with a clearly nonrandom geographic distribution. PMID- 6744225 TI - Chromosomes in human large bowel tumors. A study of chromosome #1. AB - Chromosome studies on 49 patients with large bowel adenocarcinomas showed abnormalities of chromosome #1 in 19 cases (39%). One had monosomy, 13 showed trisomy, and 5 cases had structural abnormalities. Eighteen patients had tumors on the right side of the colon; of these, only 3 had an abnormal #1 (17%); 16 of 28 tumors (57%) located on the left side had abnormalities of #1. The regions of consistent duplication of 1q were q24----q44? The presence or absence of changes of chromosome #1 may be useful as a prognostic indicator in large bowel cancer. PMID- 6744226 TI - Interstitial 9q- deletions in hematologic malignancies. AB - Sixteen patients with interstitial deletions of the long arm of chromosome #9 (9q ). were studied. From our observations and the findings of ten other cases in the literature, it can be deduced that the anomaly is almost exclusively found in myeloproliferative disorders and that it rarely occurs as the sole anomaly; however, in more than one-third of the cases, it was associated with a t(8;21) and occurred as a secondary event. The deletion appears to be interstitial, the breakpoints are somewhat variable, and the region carrying the abl oncogene was never involved. PMID- 6744227 TI - Cytogenetics of a cell line derived from an ovarian papillary serous cystadenocarcinoma. AB - The cell line OAW 42 was established from the ascites of a patient with papillary serous cystadenocarcinoma of the ovary. Cytogenetic analysis at three different passages showed that the line was hypotetraploid, with no distinct mode, and was characterized by 14 stable markers, involving chromosomes #1, #3, #4, #5, #12, #17, #18, #20, and #21. Neither component of the translocation t(6;14)(q21;q24), previously reported to characterize ovarian papillary serous cystadenocarcinoma, was found. PMID- 6744228 TI - Chromosome features of two retinoblastomas. AB - Giemsa-banded chromosomal analysis of two unilateral retinoblastoma tumors from unrelated patients with normal constitutional chromosomes revealed near-diploid karyotypes with multiple structural rearrangements. The two tumors shared aberrations of trisomy 1q, monosomy 16 and 17, and 21p+. Other aberrations were unique to each tumor. One tumor expressed a del(13) and trisomy 6p. PMID- 6744229 TI - Improvement of mitosis yield in bone marrow short-term cultures by Chang's medium and polyamines supplementation. PMID- 6744230 TI - Tumor initiating activities of 1-nitropyrene and its nitrated products in SENCAR mice. AB - The environmental mutagens, 1-nitropyrene, 1,3-dinitropyrene, 1,6-dinitropyrene and 1,8-dinitropyrene were evaluated for their ability to initiate skin tumors in male and female SENCAR mice. 1-Nitropyrene (greater than 99.5% purity) did not induce papilloma formation over a dose range of 0-3.0 mg/mouse after 30 weeks of promotion with 12-O-tetradecanoylphorbol-13-acetate (TPA). Systemic administration of 1-nitropyrene by i.p. injection over a dose range of 0-8.0 mg/mouse followed by topical treatment with TPA also did not induce papilloma formation. A mixture of dinitropyrenes (1,3-dinitropyrene, 1,6-dinitropyrene and 1,8-dinitropyrene (1:1.94:1.95] (99% purity) was dermally applied to SENCAR mice over a dose range of 0-2.0 mg/mouse and the mice subsequently promoted with TPA. A significant induction of papillomas was observed at 30 weeks (0.37-0.39 papillomas/mouse, 26-29% of the mice bearing tumors) at 2.0 mg/mouse. Comparison of this data with that obtained from the same mouse strain using diesel exhaust particulate extracts containing 1-nitropyrene and its nitrated products indicate that these nitrated polynuclear aromatics do not significantly contribute to the mouse skin tumorigenic activity of diesel exhaust particulate extracts. PMID- 6744231 TI - Negative dose-response study for carcinogenicity of orally administered rutin sulfate in Sprague-Dawley rats. AB - Rutin is a ubiquitous naturally occurring flavonoid, which is used in a number of drugs. It was tested for carcinogenicity in Sprague--Dawley rats as a water soluble mixture of sodium salts of sulfuric acid esters. Over 2 years, doses ranging from 10 to 500 mg/kg body wt of rutin sulfate (expanding factor 2.66) were administered by gavage 3 times a week to 4 groups of rats comprising 12 males and 12 females each. A control group was treated with tap water. Age adjusted analysis of tumor rates did not provide any evidence for rutin sulfate to be carcinogenic under the conditions of this bioassay. PMID- 6744232 TI - Investigations on the detection of mutagenic activity of beef extract in rats after oral administration. AB - After oral administration of beef extract the body fluids of Aroclor-treated and untreated rats were investigated for mutagenicity using the Salmonella/microsome test. In the stomach contents, the bile and the urine of the animals, mutagenic activity was discovered after S-9 activation. Although the mutagenic substances must have been transported by the blood stream to the excreting organs no increased mutagen-induced his+ revertants were observed in venous blood. Direct acting mutagens were not detected in the tested body fluids, either in the Aroclor-treated rats or in the untreated ones. PMID- 6744233 TI - Promotion by ascorbic acid, sodium erythorbate and ethoxyquin of neoplastic lesions in rats initiated with N-butyl-N-(4-hydroxybutyl) nitrosamine. AB - The promoting effects of ascorbic acid, sodium erythorbate and ethoxyquin on two stage urinary bladder carcinogenesis in F344 rats initiated with N-butyl-N-(4 hydroxybutyl)nitrosamine (BBN) at a dose of 0.05% in the drinking water were examined. Administration of 5% sodium erythorbate in the diet significantly increased the incidences of preneoplastic lesions, papilloma and cancer of the urinary bladder, whereas administration of 5% ascorbic acid in the diet did not. Administration of 0.8% ethoxyquin also increased the incidence of neoplastic lesions. Administrations of 5% sodium L-ascorbate and 5% sodium erythorbate caused increases in the pH, the sodium content and crystals of MgNH4PO4 in the urine. These results show that sodium erythorbate and ethoxyquin promote urinary bladder carcinogenesis, while ascorbic acid does not. PMID- 6744234 TI - Aldrin epoxidase and dimethylhydrazine demethylase activities in tumorous and non tumorous tissue of the human colon and rectum. AB - High activities of aldrin epoxidase and dimethylhydrazine demethylase were found in human colon and rectum mucosa, the first being as high as in human liver biopsy specimens. Comparisons between tumorous (adenocarcinomas) and non-tumorous tissues of the same individuals revealed loss of activities in tumorous specimens. The presence of epoxidizing enzymes and demethylation of the organ specific colon carcinogen dimethylhydrazine (DMH) in the intestinal muscosa of tumor-bearing patients implicate them with chemical carcinogenesis also in humans. PMID- 6744235 TI - Hematoporphyrin derivative photochemotherapy of spontaneous animal tumors: clinical results with optimized drug dose. AB - Hematoporphyrin derivative (HpD) photochemotherapy was performed on 13 primary spontaneous tumors in dog and cat. The animals received an optimized drug dose of 5 mg/kg body wt i.v. 48 h before the first treatment with laser light at 631 nm. An evaluation of the clinical results is presented and discussed. Complete disappearance of the primary tumors was obtained in all cases with one or more light irradiations. Five cases presented recurrences that were cured with a further treatment. In 4 cases treated after surgical exeresis of the primary tumors, this therapy resulted in complete cure. PMID- 6744236 TI - Effect of Zajdela ascites hepatoma on the activity and synthesis of liver histidase of tumor-bearing rats. AB - The synthesis of histidase occurs only in free polyribosomes. The relative content of histidase synthesizing polyribosomes in rat liver, in Zajdela ascites hepatoma cells and in the liver of tumor-bearing rats is equal to 1.35%, 0.11% and 0.57%, respectively (of the total amount of free polyribosomes). It was found that hepatoma cell sap has an inhibitory effect on the synthesis of proteins in the cell-free system reconstructed from polyribosomes and cell sap of control rats. PMID- 6744238 TI - Incidence of radiation lymphomas in C57BL/6 mice is not promoted after intraperitoneal treatment with the phorbol ester tetradecanoylphorbol acetate. AB - Female C57BL/6 mice, given 4 X-ray irradiations each with 1.7 Gy, according to H.S. Kaplan and M.S. Brown (J. Natl. Cancer Inst., 13 (1952) 185-192) developed lethal lymphomas in more than 90%, 270 days after irradiation. Intraperitoneal application of tetradecanoylphorbol acetate (TPA), 30 ng/g, twice weekly for 240 days had no influence on survival of the animals and incidence of the malignant lymphomas. PMID- 6744237 TI - Heating pattern of a single-loop applicator buried in muscle-equivalent phantom material measured at S-band. AB - We measured the initial rate of energy deposition at S-band (2.455 GHz) for a single-turn grounded insulated coil buried in muscle-equivalent phantom material. Most of the electromagnetic field is confined within the horizontal dimensions of the coil, and 30% or more of the incident energy is deposited at depths up to 1 cm below the coil. We believe that this device, sheathed in biocompatible PTFE teflon, could be implanted in a tumor region and left in situ during the course of a fractionated hyperthermia protocol. PMID- 6744240 TI - Increased sensitivity to indomethacin of mice bearing the BCL1-leukemia. AB - Indomethacin is a non-steroidal anti-inflammatory agent that inhibits prostaglandin synthesis. Administration of indomethacin, in doses which were non toxic to normal BALB/c mice, to mice bearing the BCL1 leukemia resulted in increased mortality of these animals. This effect was only observed if the indomethacin was administered to animals with advanced disease (splenomegaly, hepatomegaly and leukemia). If indomethacin treatment was initiated prior to transplantation of the tumor or 2 weeks post-transplantation, and continued throughout the disease process, there was no effect on either the course of the disease or mortality. Injection of similar doses of indomethacin into mice bearing advanced B16 melanoma tumors did not result in increased mortality. Therefore, metabolic changes which occur in the leukemic animals may uniquely alter host sensitivity to this non-steroidal anti-inflammatory agent. The BCL1 leukemia may be a useful animal model to provide insights into the biochemical basis for the adverse reactions experienced by some Hodgkin's disease patients when they are treated with anti-inflammatory agents such as indomethacin. PMID- 6744239 TI - Prevention by progesterone of cervicovaginal lesions in neonatally estrogenized BALB/c mice. AB - Instillation of progesterone into the vaginal lumen of BALB/c mice treated neonatally with 25 micrograms 17 beta-estradiol resulted in a significant decrease in vaginal concretions (P less than 0.025), vaginal cornification (P less than 0.025) and vaginal lesions (P less than 0.05). PMID- 6744241 TI - Effect of 1,8-dihydroxy-9-anthrone (anthralin) on rat hepatic ornithine decarboxylase activity in vivo. AB - Intraperitoneal injection of the non-phorbol tumor promoter anthralin (1,8 dihydroxy-9-anthrone) in male rats resulted in an increase of hepatic ornithine decarboxylase (ODC) activity. Maximal activity was observed 8 h after promoter administration reaching levels about 30 times over control. The kinetics of anthralin dependent ODC induction differed markedly from that by either 12-O tetradecanoylphorbol-13-acetate (TPA) or phenobarbital (PB) (Bisschop et al., Carcinogenesis 2 (1981) 1282). With anthralin a slow decrease of ODC back to control level is observed approximately within 22 h. In contrast, ODC induction mediated by other tumor promoters like TPA and PB decreased to control levels within 4-6 hours. Administration of a second dose of anthralin 8 h after the first dose prevented the activity decrease as normally observed after a single dose of a tumor promoter. This effect lasted at least 10 h. ODC activity induction occurred in a dose-dependent manner being linear from 10-2000 micrograms anthralin/kg body wt. Pretreatment of the animals either with actinomycin D or with cycloheximide completely blocked anthralin mediated ODC induction suggesting that de novo ODC-mRNA synthesis and subsequent translation is involved in this process. PMID- 6744242 TI - The carcinogenic effect of 1,1-diethyl-3-methyl-3-nitrosourea in Syrian golden hamsters. AB - 1,1-Diethyl-3-methyl-3-nitrosourea (Et2MNU) was subcutaneously injected in Syrian golden hamsters once weekly for 52 weeks. The animals developed mainly papillomas and squamous cell carcinomas of the nasal cavity and forestomach and hemangioendotheliomas of the spleen. Although survival time and tumour latency showed dose-dependency, tumour incidence did not. PMID- 6744243 TI - Inhibition by N-(phosphonacetyl)-L-aspartate of Ehrlich ascites tumour growth and glucose transport. AB - N-(Phosphonacetyl)-L-aspartate (PALA) suppressed the growth of Ehrlich ascites tumour cells in vivo in a dose-dependent manner. Simultaneously as the growth rate decreased, the cellular uptake of glucose and the density of a class of glucose-reversible binding sites for cytochalasin B on the cell surface were also found to be reduced. There is a highly significant correlation between the magnitude of changes in the number of cytochalasin B binding sites and the magnitude of changes in glucose uptake. The physiological significance of these observations are discussed. PMID- 6744244 TI - Induction of in vivo sister chromatid exchanges by arecaidine, a betel nut alkaloid, in mouse bone-marrow cells. AB - The genotoxicity of arecaidine, an alkaloid of betel nut, was studied on mouse bone marrow cells in vivo by sister chromatid exchange (SCE) method. Arecaidine was administered intraperitoneally to mice at the dose levels of 2.5 mg, 5 mg and 7.5 mg to each mouse weighing 25 +/- 1 g for 5, 10 and 15 days. Significant increase in the number of SCEs was observed in the treated groups, and this increase, although dose-dependent, was not dependent upon the duration of exposure. PMID- 6744245 TI - Quantitation of S-methylcysteine formed in O6-methylguanine DNA:methyltransferase. AB - The O6-methylguanine-DNA:methyltransferase is known to transfer the methyl group from O6-methylguanine (O6-mG) in DNA to the cysteinyl residue of the methyl acceptor protein which is the methyltransferase itself. We developed a novel method to estimate the amount of S-methylcysteine formed in the acceptor protein, utilizing O6-[methyl-3H]methylguanine-containing DNA as the methyl donor. Following hydrolysis of the methyl-incorporated macromolecules in formic acid- HCl, S-[methyl-3H]methylcysteine is chromatographically isolated on a small column of Dowex-50(H+). Utilizing this method, we measured O6-mG DNA:methyltransferase activity in rat liver during neonatal development; the activity increases from 0.013 pmol methyl transferred/mg protein at 2 days postnatally to 0.06 pmol/mg at 8 weeks, the latter being equal to the adult liver activity. PMID- 6744246 TI - Inhibition by phenobarbital and lack of effect of amobarbital on the development of liver tumors induced by N-nitrosodiethylamine in juvenile B6C3F1 mice. AB - The effects of phenobarbital (PB) and amobarbital (AB) on the rate of development of hepatocarcinogenesis induced by N-nitrosodiethylamine (DEN) were studied in mice. Groups of 40 B6C3F1 male mice were injected i.p. at 15 days of age with 5 micrograms DEN/g body wt. Beginning at 4 weeks of age, DEN treated groups were given either normal drinking water or water containing either 0.05% PB or AB for up to 36 weeks. DEN alone induced multiple focal hepatic lesions including hepatocellular foci, hepatocellular adenomas and trabecular carcinomas. Subsequent exposure to PB had a suppressing effect on DEN-induced hepatocarcinogenesis. Hepatocellular foci in PB-exposed mice were significantly smaller in size (area) and fewer in number throughout the study. Also, PB treatment either prolonged the latency period or significantly slowed the rate at which hepatocellular tumors developed in these mice. No such effects were seen in AB-exposed mice; AB neither inhibited nor promoted the development of focal hepatic lesions in DEN-pretreated mice. Possible mechanisms responsible for the inhibition of DEN-induced hepatocarcinogenesis include the feminizing effects of perinatal administration of PB. PMID- 6744247 TI - Covalent hydration: a possible mechanism for aza-arene carcinogenesis. AB - It is hypothesized that differences in the carcinogenicity of certain aza-arenes and their carbocyclic analogs may originate from the ability of the former to form covalent hydrates. The hypothesis is primarily based on a comparison of the carcinogenicity of several aza-arenes with that of corresponding carbocyclic compounds and of aromatic amines which are structurally related to the hydrated aza-arenes. Additional evidence is provided by the regiochemistry of cytochrome P 450 catalyzed oxidation of quinoline. PMID- 6744248 TI - Age-dependent, seasonal and daily variations of the DNA damaging capacity of the hepatocarcinogen ZAMI 1305 in female rat liver. AB - A single injection of the sex-dependent hepatocarcinogen DL-1-(2-nitro-3-methyl phenoxy)-3-tert-butylamino-propan-2-ol (ZAMI 1305) caused age-related DNA damage, as evaluated by alkaline sucrose gradient analysis, in the liver of female Wistar rats. DNA damage reached a maximum at 4-6 weeks of age, about the onset of sexual maturity, and decreased thereafter. In young rats (5-8 weeks of age), the amount of ZAMI 1305-induced DNA damage showed seasonal and daily differences, being higher when the molecule was administered in winter in respect to summer and in the evening in respect to the morning. In older rats (15-22 weeks of age), no seasonal and daily variations were observed. PMID- 6744249 TI - Calcium inhibits the damaging and compensatory proliferative effects of fatty acids on mouse colon epithelium. AB - Intrarectal instillations of the fatty acids (FA), lauric, linoleic or oleic acids induce inflammation and superficial lysis of the colon epithelium. This reaction is followed by increases in colonic mitotic activity and the number of cells engaged in DNA synthesis in compensatory regeneration for the cells that were lost. This explains, in part, the promotional effect of dietary fat in carcinogenesis. Concomitant oral administration of calcium salts, as CaCO3, largely reduced the mitogenic effects of fatty acids on colon epithelium, presumably by forming biologically inert calcium soaps. Calcium soap formation of dietary fatty acids may be one natural mechanism by which colon epithelium cells are protected hence reducing the impact of dietary fat on carcinogenesis for this organ. PMID- 6744250 TI - Promoting effects of unilateral ureteric ligation on two-stage urinary bladder carcinogenesis in rats. AB - The effect of ligation of the left ureter on the development of lesions in the urinary bladder were investigated in male F344 rats treated with 0.05% N-butyl-N (4-hydroxybutyl)-nitrosamine (BBN) for 2 weeks followed by 0.002% N-ethyl-N-(4 hydroxybutyl)nitrosamine (EHBN) for 10 or 22 weeks. The lesions of the urinary bladder found in weeks 12 and 24 in rats treated with BBN and EHBN were preneoplastic papillary or nodular hyperplasia (PN hyperplasia), papilloma and cancer. The incidences and numbers of these lesions per 10 cm of basement membrane of urinary bladder were increased significantly by ureteric ligation. Treatment with BBN or EHBN only induced no remarkable change and thus the doses used were subcarcinogenic in the conditions used. The results show that unilateral ureteric ligation enhanced two-stage bladder carcinogenesis. PMID- 6744251 TI - Anti-neoplastic activity of C205: a new topical anti-cancer formulation. AB - C205, a topical ointment currently in clinical trial, was tested by a method developed to evaluate the topical activity of new drugs. Subcutaneous B-16 melanoma was used as the primary tumor model. Tumor size of treated animals as percentage of tumor size of control animals (T/C ratio) was found to be 14, with 50% of the animals tested free of viable and palpable tumor at 60 days post treatment. The anti-neoplastic activity of C205 was superior to 5-fluorouracil using the same method of evaluation. Only minimal loss of animal body weight occurred after C205. C205 also showed anti-tumor activity against subcutaneously implanted Lewis lung carcinoma. PMID- 6744253 TI - Quinazoline CB 3717 and CB 3703 inhibition of folate retention and metabolism in Ehrlich ascites carcinoma cells and some organs of the host-mouse. AB - Disturbances in folate metabolism in Ehrlich ascites carcinoma-bearing mice caused by 2 quinazoline-antifolates are described. They are manifested by diminished retention in tumour cells and the host-liver of injected radioactive folate and by a decreased extent of its conversion to coenzymatic, polyglutamate forms. Kidney retention of folate was also affected by either quinazoline, showing a severalfold decrease in mice treated with CB 3703, and a 2-fold increase in those treated with CB 3717. Kidney folylpolyglutamate content was also greatly reduced. PMID- 6744252 TI - Mechanism of action of didemnin B, a depsipeptide from the sea. AB - With the brush border membrane vesicles prepared from the rat kidney cortex, didemnin B and its parent compound, didemnin A function neither as a K+-specific ionophore nor as an ionophore for Na+ ions while other depsipeptide antibiotics such as valinomycin and gramicidin promote transmembrane movement of K+ and Na+ ions, respectively. Didemnin B inhibits protein synthesis and DNA synthesis much more than RNA synthesis and is in general more potent than didemnin A. Time course studies reveal that the action of didemnin B is rapid and cannot be reversed after 2 h in contact with the cells. The inhibition of protein synthesis is almost superimposable to that of L1210 cells growth. DNA synthesis is also markedly inhibited. These results collectively suggest that didemnin B acts differently, at least in part, from other depsipeptide antibiotics and its biological effect is primarily mediated through its inhibition of protein synthesis and to a lesser extent its inhibition of DNA synthesis. PMID- 6744254 TI - Induction of morphological transformation and unscheduled DNA synthesis in Syrian hamster embryo fibroblasts by hexachlorobutadiene and its putative metabolite pentachlorobutenoic acid. AB - Hexachloro-1,3-butadiene (HCBD) is a well known environmental carcinogen. The genotoxic properties of HCBD and its monooxidation product pentachloro-3-butenoic acid (PCBA) were investigated by comparative induction of unscheduled DNA synthesis (UDS) and morphological transformation in the same cell system (Syrian hamster embryo fibroblasts). HCBD and PCBA induce unscheduled DNA synthesis both in the presence and absence of an exogenous metabolizing system. The lowest effective dose for UDS induction is smaller for PCBA (1 microgram/ml) than for HCBD (2 micrograms/ml). The intensity of UDS induction is increased about 3-fold for both compounds after metabolic activation. HCBD and PCBA induce morphological transformation. The lowest effective dose for transformation differs considerably between PCBA (0.8 micrograms/ml) and HCBD (10 micrograms/ml). The results are indicative of a genotoxic mechanism for the carcinogenic actions of HCBD and PCBA. PMID- 6744255 TI - The frequency and distribution of apoptosis induced by three non-carcinogenic agents in mouse colonic crypts. AB - The appearance of apoptotic cells has been used as an index of carcinogen-induced damage inflicted on the colonic epithelium. We report here that 3 potent biological toxins, colchicine, puromycin and diphtheria toxin which have not been shown to be carcinogenic cause a dose-related increase in apoptotic cells in the colonic epithelium of the mouse. The distribution of apoptosis along the crypt length is characteristic for each of the agents studied. PMID- 6744256 TI - Different stages of tumor development are unequally affected by pretreatment of tumor cells with a polysaccharide. AB - Pretreatment with the polysaccharide levan of Lewis lung carcinoma and AKR lymphoma cells affected unequally different stages of tumor development. While levan pretreatment sharply reduced the evolution of tumors from subcutaneously inoculated cells, no such inhibition was observed with pretreated cells inoculated intravenously. Since levan is known to affect the cell membrane, it is concluded that different cell membrane properties may be involved in the various stages of tumor progression. PMID- 6744257 TI - Urinary excretion of N-nitrosodimethylamine in rats after Thalamonal narcosis. AB - Urinary excretion of N-nitrosodimethylamine (NDMA) in Sprague--Dawley rats was investigated after oral administration and inhalation of NDMA and concomitant narcosis by Thalamonal and diethyl ether. While ether anesthesia induced a 4-fold increase in the excretion rate, there was a drastic reduction (about 20-fold) in the amount of NDMA excreted after narcosis by Thalamonal. PMID- 6744258 TI - Toxicity of a monoclonal F(ab')2:ricin A conjugate for retinoblastoma in vitro. AB - The toxic A chain of the poison ricin has been conjugated to the F(ab')2 fragment of a retinoblastoma-specific murine monoclonal antibody. The conjugate was toxic in vitro to Y-79 retinoblastoma cells at a concentration of approximately 5 X 10( 10) M; Y-79 retinoblastoma cells were the immunizing cells in the production of the monoclonal antibody. Against a second retinoblastoma cell line, the conjugate was toxic at a concentration of approximately 10(-9) M. Ricin A chain alone was not toxic to either of these cell lines at concentrations less than 4 X 10(-8) M. The conjugate was no more toxic than was ricin A chain against five control cell lines in vitro. The effect of the conjugate on retinoblastoma-derived cells was concentration dependent. Concentrations less than a "minimum" concentration were not cytotoxic, despite an excess of conjugate molecules over target cells. Concentrations greater than the minimum toxic concentration rapidly reached maximal toxicity, suggesting that antigenic sites were saturated. No clinical, hematologic, or renal toxicity was noted when mice were given injections of the conjugate at 1 mg/kg, or free ricin A chain at 0.375 mg/kg. PMID- 6744259 TI - Enhanced expression of surface tumor-associated antigens on human breast and colon tumor cells after recombinant human leukocyte alpha-interferon treatment. AB - Treatment of human breast or colon carcinoma cells with recombinantly derived human leukocyte (clone A) interferon (IFN-alpha A) increases the surface expression of specific tumor-associated antigens (TAAs) recognized by monoclonal antibodies (MAbs). The MAbs used, B1.1, B6.2, and B72.3, recognize three distinct TAAs, i.e., the Mr 180,000 carcinoembryonic antigen, a Mr 90,000, and a Mr 220,000 to 400,000 glycoprotein, respectively. The binding of the MAbs to the surface of tumor cells increased in a dose-dependent manner, with optimal levels of TAA enhancement at 100 to 1,000 units IFN-alpha A/ml. Higher concentrations of IFN-alpha A that were cytostatic or cytotoxic were also less effective in enhancing TAA expression. Human melanoma (A375) cells and normal fibroblasts (WI 38 and Flow 4000) do not express any of the three TAAs, either before or after interferon treatment. The ability of IFN-alpha A to increase the expression of TAAs on human carcinoma cells was also temporally dependent, with optimal enhancement occurring after 16 to 24 hr. The enhancement of specific TAAs at the surface of the carcinoma cells by IFN-alpha A was confirmed, using fluorescence activated cell sorter analysis. These data demonstrate that the IFN-alpha A mediated increase of surface antigen is a result of both an accumulation of more antigen per cell, and an increase in the percentage of cells expressing the antigen. The ability of recombinant interferon to enhance specific TAAs on human carcinoma cells may be exploited in designing protocols for the in situ detection and therapy of human carcinoma lesions by MAbs, as well as in further defining the role of specific TAAs in the expression of the transformed phenotype. PMID- 6744260 TI - Characterization of the biliary and urinary glutathione and N-acetylcysteine metabolites of the hepatic carcinogen 1'-hydroxysafrole and its 1'-oxo metabolite in rats and mice. AB - The hepatocarcinogen safrole is metabolized both to 1'-hydroxysafrole, a proximate hepatocarcinogen, and to 1'-oxosafrole, which is electrophilic but has little or no carcinogenic activity in rats and mice. As a part of a study on the metabolic interrelationships of these metabolites, their biliary and urinary conjugates were investigated. Administration of a single i.p. dose of [2',3'-3H] 1'-oxosafrole to male Sprague-Dawley rats or female CD-1 mice with cannulated bile ducts resulted in the excretion of 2 major biliary metabolites. These metabolites were isolated by high-performance liquid chromatography and characterized by 1H-nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy as 3'-(glutathion-S yl)-1'-oxo-2',3'-dihydrosafrole and 3'-(N-acetylcystein-S-yl)-1'-oxo-2',3' dihydrosafrole. The latter conjugate was also found in the urine. These conjugates were synthesized by non-enzymatic reaction of 1'-oxosafrole with glutathione and N-acetylcysteine at pH 8. After a single i.p. dose of [2',3'-3H] 1'-hydroxysafrole, the major biliary and urinary metabolite in rats was the glucuronide of this alcohol. Lower levels of the glutathione and N-acetylcysteine conjugates of 1'-oxosafrole appeared in the bile, and the latter conjugate was also found in the urine. Similar findings were made on the biliary metabolites of 1'-hydroxysafrole in mice. Although the sulfuric acid ester of 1'-hydroxysafrole is the major metabolite leading to the formation of DNA adducts in the liver, it was, at most, of minor importance in the formation of glutathione adducts. Only a very small percentage of a dose of 1'-hydroxysafrole was excreted in the bile of rats or mice as products that cochromatographed with 1'-(glutathion-S-yl)-safrole and 3'-(glutathion-S-yl)-isosafrole; no 3'-(N-acetylcystein-S-yl)-isosafrole was detected. These latter conjugates were synthesized by nonenzymatic reactions at pH 8.5 of the model electrophilic ester 1'-acetoxysafrole with glutathione or N acetylcysteine. PMID- 6744261 TI - Low incidence of gross leukemia virus-induced lymphomas in spontaneously hypertensive rats with thymic dysfunction. AB - We compared the incidence of lymphomas induced by Gross leukemia virus (GLV) between spontaneously hypertensive rats (SHR) with a congenital T-cell depression related to thymic dysfunction and normal Wistar rats, the original strain of SHR. Of 20 SHR given neonatal injections of GLV, only 3 (15%) died with thymic lymphomas about 100 days after the virus infection. In contrast, 27 of 28 Wistar rats (96%) developed lymphomas of mostly thymic origin. The 3 lymphomas derived from the SHR bore only a Thy 1.1 antigen, whereas most of the lymphomas derived from Wistar rats carried not only a Thy 1.1 antigen but also a guinea pig red blood cell rosette receptor and a T (W3/13) antigen. Grafts of 1-week-old male Wistar thymus into the neonatal female SHR promoted a differentiation of thymocytes and markedly increased the incidence of the lymphomas which were positive for a guinea pig red blood cell rosette receptor and a T-antigen; grafts of 1-week-old SHR thymus, however, failed to do this. These results suggest that the low incidence of GLV-induced lymphomas in SHR may correlate closely with the absence or decreased numbers of the rosette-forming thymocytes which are presumably the target cells for GLV. PMID- 6744262 TI - Comparison of 6-thioguanine-resistant mutation and sister chromatid exchanges in Chinese hamster V79 cells with forty chemical and physical agents. AB - The induction of sister chromatid exchanges (SCE) and mutation at the hypoxanthine-guanine phosphoribosyl transferase locus and toxicities of 40 different chemical and physical agents were examined on Chinese hamster V79 cells. These agents included mono-, di-, tri-, and polyfunctional alkylating agents, intercalators, gamma-rays, and UV light irradiation. Mutation was measured as resistance to 6-thioguanine and toxicity as loss of cell-plating efficiency. SCE were examined 29 hr after treatment. With the agents examined, a highly positive correlation (r = 0.89) existed between SCE-inducing and mutagenic potencies, when expressed as increase in the number per a unit dose over the control values. But the great difference of the ratios of mutagenic potencies versus SCE-inducing potencies among agents was observed, the maximal difference in the ratios being about 200-fold. The agents that showed the higher values of the ratio (agents producing more mutations than SCE) were bleomycin, cobalt-60 gamma-rays, all ethylating agents (N-ethyl-N-nitrosourea, N-ethyl-N'-nitro-N nitrosoguanidine, ethyl methanesulfonate, and diethylsulfate), N-propyl-N nitrosourea, N-butyl-N-nitrosourea, isopropyl methanesulfonate, intercalating acridine compounds (2-methoxy-6-chloro-9-[3-(ethyl-2 chloroethyl)aminopropylamino]-acridine X 2HCl and 2-methoxy-6-chloro-9-[3 (chloroethyl)-aminopropylamino]acridine 2HCl) and UV light at 254 nm. The agents that showed the lower values (agents producing more SCE than mutations) were platinum compounds (cis-diamminedichloro-platinum and trans diamminedichloroplatinum), epoxides (epichlorohydrin, styrene oxide, and diepoxybutane) and aziridines (mitomycin C, decarbamoyl mitomycin C, tris(1 aziridinyl)phosphine sulfide, triethylenemelamine, and carboquone). The agents that showed the intermediate values included all methylating agents (N-methyl-N nitrosourea, N-methyl-N'-nitro-N-nitrosoguanidine, methyl methanesulfonate, and dimethyl sulfate), N-(2-hydroxyethyl)ethyleneimine, beta-propiolactone, treatment of 8-methoxypsoralen plus near-UV light irradiation at 352 nm, 4-nitroquinoline-1 oxide, quinacrine mustard, sodium sorbate, cigarette tar, and diesel tar. For most agents that induced SCE, the toxicity dependency of induced SCE was rather biphasic; increase in SCE was steep at low to moderate toxicity and less at moderate to high toxicity. At equitoxic doses, the agents showed great difference in induction of SCE. PMID- 6744263 TI - Altered tumor growth in vivo after immunization of mice with antitumor antibodies. AB - A comparison has been made between the growth patterns of two spontaneously appearing mammary adenocarcinomas in murine bone marrow radiation chimeras and in mice preimmunized with monoclonal antibodies (MAb) detecting embryo-associated antigenic determinants. A correlation was seen between the ability of the embryo immunized chimeras to produce cytotoxic antibody to the tumors, as assessed by an antibody-dependent cellular cytotoxic assay, and the permissiveness of the mice for growth of a tumor transplant. In addition, mice deliberately preimmunized with cytotoxic MAb (antibody-dependent cellular cytotoxic assay) allowed more rapid growth specifically of that tumor earlier found to be most sensitive to the MAb used for immunization. By comparing the changing antigenic phenotype of tumor cells serially passaged through different immunized, nonimmunized mice, evidence was found suggesting that immunization could cause either antigen modulation of transferred tumor cells or a (transient) selective advantage to antigenically discrete subpopulations within the heterogeneous tumor population. Finally, we have studied the growth pattern of tumor cells transplanted into mice immunized with rabbit antibodies directed against the murine MAb. In this case, tumor growth was slowed preferentially for the tumor reactive with the specific MAb, and again, predictable changes in the antigenic spectrum of tumor cells harvested from these animals were observed. Our overall findings are interpreted in terms of the involvement of networks of antibodies reacting with embryo-associated antigens in the regulation of growth of the murine mammary adenocarcinomas studied. PMID- 6744264 TI - Effect of TEPC-183 plasmacytoma on resistance of passively or actively immunized BALB/c mice to infection with Streptococcus pneumoniae. AB - This study focuses on the effect of TEPC-183 (tetramethylpentadecane)-induced plasmacytoma on resistance of mice to infection with Streptococcus pneumoniae type III. Vaccination of normal or of TEPC-183-bearing mice with either a polyvalent pneumococcal vaccine (Pnu-Imune) or purified polysaccharide type III protects both against challenge with live S. pneumoniae. However, a 38-fold increase in susceptibility of the tumor-bearing mice over that of controls was observed. Immunized splenectomized mice were ten times more susceptible to infection than were immunized normal mice. However, this increased susceptibility of splenectomized mice could be overcome by passively administered antibody. In passive protection experiments, antisera obtained from normal and TEPC-183 bearing or from cyclophosphamide-treated mice were almost equally protective. A 6 fold increase of antibody (133 ng of antibody), however, was required to protect TEPC-183-bearing mice against challenge with 500 organisms, as compared with the 22 ng of antibody required to protect normal mice, indicative of defective host defense mechanisms in addition to the lower production of antibody in the TEPC 183-bearing mice. In contrast, mice bearing an equal tumor load of Sarcoma 37 behaved similarly to normal mice, showing that the increased susceptibility to infection was due to TEPC-183, a particularly immunosuppressive tumor. PMID- 6744265 TI - Rapid emergence of methotrexate resistance in cultured mouse cells. AB - We have examined the time required for mouse 3T6 cells to become resistant to 200 nM methotrexate by three selection protocols: (a) a single-step 0 to 200 nM dose; (b) a two-step 0 to 80 to 200 nM dose; and (c) a multistep 0 to 40 to 80 to 120 to 160 to 200 nM dose. An initial inoculum of 5 X 10(5) cells was grown to 10(6) cells at each increment of methotrexate, reduced to 5 X 10(5) cells, and again grown to 10(6) cells at the next increment. The total elapsed time required for an initial inoculum of 5 X 10(5) cells to grow to 1 X 10(6) cells resistant to 200 nM methotrexate was 45, 21, and 6.5 days, respectively, for the three drug dosage schedules. The single-step resistant variants did not contain amplified dihydrofolate reductase genes, whereas cells resistant to 200 nM methotrexate by the two stepwise selections were resistant as a result of a 6-fold amplification of the dihydrofolate reductase gene. We conclude that the resistance to 200 nM methotrexate resulting from gene amplification did not preexist in the initial population but was generated during the selection process. These results are discussed in terms of the emergence of drug resistance during the course of chemotherapy of tumors. PMID- 6744266 TI - Differential activity of vincristine and vinblastine against cultured cells. AB - Vincristine and vinblastine exhibit differential activity against tumors and normal tissues. In this work, a number of cultured cell lines were assayed for their sensitivity to the antiproliferative and cytotoxic effects of the two drugs following short-term (4 hr) or during continuous exposures. Differential activity was not seen when cells were subjected to continuous exposures. The concentrations of vincristine and vinblastine, respectively, that inhibited growth rates by 50% were: mouse leukemia L1210 cells, 4.4 and 4.0 nM; mouse lymphoma S49 cells, 5 and 3.5 nM; mouse neuroblastoma cells, 33 and 15 nM; HeLa cells, 1.4 and 2.6 nM; and human leukemia HL-60 cells, 4.1 and 5.3 nM. In contrast, differential toxicity was seen when cells were subjected to 4-hr exposures and transferred to drug-free medium: the 50% growth-inhibitory concentrations for vincristine and vinblastine, respectively, for inhibition (a) of proliferation of L1210 cells were 100 and 380 nM and of HL-60 cells were 23 and 900 nM and (b) of colony formation of L1210 cells were 6 and greater than 600 nM and of HeLa cells were 33 and 62 nM. Uptake and release of [3H]-vincristine and [3H]vinblastine were examined in L1210 cells under the conditions of growth experiments. Uptake of both drugs was dependent on the pH of culture media, and significantly greater amounts of [3H]vinblastine than of [3H]vincristine were associated with cells after 4-hr exposures to equal concentrations of either drug. When cells were transferred to drug-free medium after 4-hr exposures, vinblastine was released much more rapidly from cells than was vincristine, and by 0.5 hr after resuspension of cells, the amount of vincristine associated with the cells was greater than the amount of vinblastine and remained so for up to at least 6 hr. PMID- 6744267 TI - Depression of histone acetylation by alkylating antitumor agents in murine cells. AB - Treatment of Ehrlich ascites tumor cells with the alkylating agent triaziquone [2,3,5-tris(ethyleneimino)benzoquinone-1,4] and nitrogen mustard leads to a reduction of the posttranslational acetylation of histones. Acetylation of all core histones is affected. The reduction of labeling of acetylated sites is accompanied by a dose-dependent decrease in the extent of acetylation as indicated by the level of acetylation of H4. The depression of histone acetylation is expressed at all concentrations of the alkylating agents which cause significant inhibition of tumor cell proliferation. It could be excluded that the observed effects are caused by an impairment of acetyl coenzyme A synthesis. PMID- 6744268 TI - Quantitation of fibrinogen influx and fibrin deposition and turnover in line 1 and line 10 guinea pig carcinomas. AB - Radiolabeled guinea pig fibrinogen (GPF) was used to measure fibrinogen influx and fibrin accumulation in line 1 and line 10 hepato- (bile duct) carcinomas growing in the s.c. space of syngeneic strain 2 guinea pigs over the course of 7 days following transplant, an interval of growth uncomplicated by immunological tumor rejection or by significant tumor necrosis. Earlier immunofluorescence studies revealed fibrin deposits in both tumors with line 1 much greater than line 10. In accord with these data, GPF accumulated in both tumors in amounts that matched or exceeded plasma fibrinogen levels. Line 1 tumor GPF content was 4 fold greater than that of line 10 tumors and 11- to 33-fold that of normal s.c. tissue. The composition of tumor fibrinogen-fibrin was investigated by aqueous and urea extraction. The fraction of total accumulated GPF that was urea insoluble, and therefore presumably cross-linked fibrin, was constant over time but strikingly different for line 1 (65%) and line 10 (48%) tumors, as compared with control s.c. tissue (18%). By 7 days, line 1 tumors (mean weight, 0.77 g) contained nearly 2 mg of fibrinogen-fibrin, and line 10 tumors (mean weight, 0.62 g) contained nearly 0.5 mg. Influx of GPF and initial clotting were constant over time and equivalent for the two tumors. Hence, the large differences in GPF accumulation observed between these tumors apparently reflect differences in fibrinolysis, not in fibrinogen influx or coagulation. The data presented indicate substantial traffic of plasma fibrinogen into and out of both tumors, as compared with control tissues, equivalent to nearly 10 and 7 ml of plasma over 7 days of growth for line 1 and line 10 tumors, respectively; comparable values for normal s.c. tissues were 1.0 to 1.4 ml plasma fibrinogen. Even in line 1 tumors with their abundant fibrin gel, only 6.3% of GPF entering tumors over 7 days was retained, as compared with 2% for line 10 tumors and approximately 1% for control tissue. PMID- 6744270 TI - Potentiation of etoposide-induced DNA damage by calcium antagonists in L1210 cells in vitro. AB - Verapamil and a number of other Ca2+ antagonists were found to potentiate DNA damage induced by 4'-demethylepipodophyllotoxin-9-(4,6-O-ethylidene-beta-D-glucop yra noside (VP-16) in L1210 cells in vitro. The potentiating effect of verapamil on DNA single-strand breaks in vitro was concentration dependent, relevant to clinically achieved levels of Ca2+ antagonists, and showed good correlation with enhanced cytotoxicity when VP-16 and Ca2+ antagonists were combined in soft agar colony-forming assays. Onset of verapamil activity was observed within 20 min of addition to cells whether VP-16 had been preincubated with cells or was added simultaneously with the Ca2+ blocker. The presence of the extracellular Ca2+ antagonist was required for potentiation as evidenced by the rapid reversal of increased DNA single-strand breaks when cells were washed free of verapamil. Neither ethyleneglycol bis(beta-aminoethyl ether)-N,N'-tetraacetic acid nor the Ca2+ ionophore A23187 altered verapamil potentiation of VP-16-induced DNA damage, suggesting that this Ca2+ antagonist acts by a mechanism other than by inhibition of Ca2+ influx. In isolated L1210 nuclei, verapamil did not enhance VP-16- or 4' demethylepipodophyllotoxin-9-(4,6-O-2-thenylidene-beta-D- glucopyranoside (VM-26) induced single-strand breaks suggesting a requirement for the intact cell. Even though VM-26 was 5- to 10-fold more potent than VP-16, verapamil potentiated the DNA damage caused by these two epipodophyllotoxins in L1210 cells to the same extent when these agents were used at equipotent doses. Potency differences between VM-26 and VP-16 were evident in isolated nuclei suggesting that nuclear binding or activation is a more important parameter than were previously reported membrane transport differences. The significance of Ca2+ antagonist potentiation of VP-16-induced DNA damage is discussed in terms of overcoming resistance to epipodophyllotoxins and characterizing more precisely the intracellular disposition, binding, and activation of VP-16. PMID- 6744269 TI - Enhancement of the sensitivity of human colon cancer cells to growth inhibition by acivicin achieved through inhibition of nucleic acid precursor salvage by dipyridamole. AB - This study was undertaken to determine if salvage of nucleic acid precursors might constitute a mechanism of resistance to acivicin in human colon cancer cells and, if so, to establish whether dipyridamole, an inhibitor of nucleoside and nucleobase transport, can block the salvage process and restore sensitivity to acivicin. Acivicin inhibited the replication of human colon cancer cells (VACO 5) in vitro in a dose- and time-dependent fashion. In addition, marked cell lysis was evident after a 24-hr exposure to acivicin at concentrations greater than 1 microgram/ml. The primary metabolic effect of acivicin was depletion of the cytidine triphosphate and guanosine triphosphate pools. Adenosine triphosphate levels were also reduced, but apparently as a consequence of the guanosine triphosphate depletion. VACO 5 cells exposed to acivicin (3 micrograms/ml) efficiently salvaged low levels (1 micron) of cytidine, guanosine, and guanine and could, therefore, restore the depleted nucleotide pools. The combination of cytidine and guanosine, but not either nucleoside alone, provided significant protection against the growth-inhibitory properties of acivicin. Dipyridamole, at a noncytotoxic concentration (5 microM), blocked repletion of the cytidine triphosphate and guanosine triphosphate pools in cells exposed to acivicin and the nucleic acid precursors. As a result, the growth-inhibitory effects of acivicin were maintained. The salvage of cytidine was particularly sensitive to inhibition by dipyridamole, and no restoration of cytidine triphosphate pools was evident. The cellular uptake of a variety of nucleic acid precursors was differentially sensitive to inhibition by dipyridamole. The 50% inhibitory dose values ranged from 0.01 to 2.5 microM for cytidine and uridine, respectively. The results of this study indicate that, although the replication of VACO 5 cells was inhibited by acivicin, low levels of nucleosides and nucleobases can circumvent the cytotoxicity. Dipyridamole effectively blocked the salvage pathways and restored the sensitivity of the cancer cells to the antiproliferative actions of acivicin. PMID- 6744271 TI - Resistance to 5-fluorouracil associated with increased cytidine triphosphate levels in V79 Chinese hamster cells. AB - Clones stably resistant to the toxic effects of 5-fluorouracil have been isolated from V79.5 Chinese hamster fibroblast cells by a single-step selection procedure. The 5-fluorouracil-resistant lines were found to (a) have an auxotrophic requirement when grown in dialyzed fetal calf serum that was satisfied by the addition of either thymidine, deoxyuridine, or deoxycytidine to the medium, (b) be cross-resistant to the toxic effects of 1-beta-D-arabinofuranosylcytosine and to high concentrations of thymidine, (c) have increased intracellular levels of cytidine 5'-triphosphate (CTP) and deoxycytidine 5'-triphosphate and decreased levels of uridine 5'-triphosphate, (d) also be resistant to 5-fluorouridine but not to 5-fluorodeoxyuridine, and (e) incorporate less 5-fluorouracil into RNA than do the wild-type cells. The primary lesion in these mutant appears to be an altered CTP synthetase activity which is no longer sensitive to negative regulation by CTP. The resulting increased CTP levels appear to be responsible for the various phenotypic characteristics of these mutants, including the resistance to 5-fluorouracil. PMID- 6744272 TI - Characteristics of uptake and cytotoxicity of a low-density lipoprotein daunomycin complex in P388 leukemic cells. AB - We have investigated the in vitro drug-cell interaction and therapeutic effects of a low-density lipoprotein (LDL)-daunomycin complex as compared to free daunomycin. Uptake and retention of daunomycin were significantly enhanced in sensitive and resistant P388 leukemia cells when they were perfused with LDL daunomycin complex relative to free drug. The interaction of the LDL-daunomycin complex with P388 cells appeared to be through a LDL-specific pathway since competition with free LDL but not high-density lipoprotein significantly reduced daunomycin uptake. The LDL-daunomycin complex was cytotoxic to both daunomycin sensitive and daunomycin-resistant P388 sublines. Colony growth studies showed the LDL-daunomycin complex to be more cytotoxic at shorter exposure times relative to free drug. Resistant cells showed 55 and 12% colony growth with 10 min and 2-hr exposures, respectively, to 0.4 microgram daunomycin/ml of the LDL daunomycin complex. Free drug at 0.4 microgram/ml drug concentration and similar exposure times resulted in no loss in colony growth. The resistant cells were subjected to cell cycle analysis based on DNA content and showed an accumulation of cells at the G2-M phase of the cell cycle when treated with the LDL-daunomycin complex, with no effects being observed with free daunomycin. PMID- 6744273 TI - Identification of a chemoattractant for fibroblasts produced by human breast carcinoma cell lines. AB - Serum-free, conditioned media from the human breast tumor cell line ZR-75-1 and three other breast tumor cell lines were each found to contain a potent chemoattractant for fibroblasts. The chemoattractant activity was characterized and found to reside in a high-molecular-weight (Mr greater than 100,000) protein. This activity was stable to heating to 56 degrees and from pH 3 to 11, but it was sensitive to trypsin and pepsin treatment and to reduction. When crude attractant was placed in vivo in a slowly releasing pump, a fibrous tissue mass that formed at the releasing site within 11 days was 3- to 5-fold larger than was that observed with pumps containing control medium. It is likely that the production of a chemoattractant for fibroblasts by breast tumor cells might contribute to the fibrotic involvement that is common in breast carcinomas. PMID- 6744274 TI - Tumorigenicity of human HT1080 fibrosarcoma X normal fibroblast hybrids: chromosome dosage dependency. AB - The tumorigenic capacity of hybrids formed by fusion of the highly tumorigenic HT1080 human fibrosarcoma cell line with nontumorigenic normal fibroblasts was examined. The HT1080 also contains an activated N-ras oncogene. Near-tetraploid hybrids which contained an approximately complete chromosomal complement from both parental cells were nontumorigenic when 1 X 10(7) cells were injected s.c. into athymic (nude) mice, whereas the parental HT1080 cells produced tumors in 100% of the animals with no latency period following injection of 2 X 10(6) cells. Tumorigenic variants were obtained from these hybrids which had lost only a few chromosomes compared to cells from the nontumorigenic mass cultures. In addition, several near-hexaploid hybrids were obtained which contained approximately a double chromosomal complement from the HT1080 parental line and a single chromosomal complement from the normal fibroblasts. All of these near hexaploid hybrids produce tumors in 100% of nude mice with no latency period. Our results indicate that tumorigenicity of these particular human malignant cells of mesenchymal origin can be suppressed when fused with normal diploid fibroblasts. In addition, the results suggest that tumorigenicity in this system is chromosomal dosage dependent, since a diploid chromosomal complement from normal fibroblasts is capable of suppressing the tumorigenicity of a near-diploid but not a near-tetraploid chromosomal complement from the tumorigenic HT1080 parent. Finally, the loss of chromosome 1 (the chromosome to which the N-ras oncogene has been assigned) as well as chromosome 4 was correlated with the reappearance of tumorigenicity in the rare variant populations from otherwise nontumorigenic near tetraploid hybrid cultures. Our results also suggest the possibility that tumorigenicity in these hybrids may be a gene dosage effect involving the number of activated N-ras genes in the hybrids compared to the gene(s) controlling the suppression of the activated N-ras genes. PMID- 6744275 TI - Formation of tubuloreticular inclusions in human lymphoma cells compared to the induction of 2'-5'-oligoadenylate synthetase by leucocyte interferon in dose effect and kinetic studies. AB - Exposure of human lymphoblastoid cell cultures to leukocyte interferon initiated the formation of membranous tubuloreticular inclusions (TRI) within the endoplasmic reticulum or perinuclear envelope. In four different cell lines originating from patients with lymphocytic cancers (Daudi, Raji, H-SB2, and SB), this unique ultrastructural effect displayed a log-linear relationship to increasing doses of interferon-alpha and was dose and time dependent. TRI morphogenesis began within 12 hr in Daudi or Raji cells exposed continuously to 500 IU of leukocyte interferon/ml, but only at 20 hr after 2- to 4-hr pulse exposures to 50 to 100 IU/ml. The TRI accumulation, determined by thin-section counts, reached maximal levels of up to 16% of cell sections within 48 to 72 hr. Experiments with Raji cells indicated a decrease in TRI formation during successive cell divisions; detection of TRI after a pulse of interferon was enhanced when DNA replication was arrested. TRI morphogenesis appeared to be independent of several other known biological actions of interferons. It manifested later than the induction of 2'-5'-oligoadenylate synthetase activity which has been correlated with establishment of the antiviral state and occurred in cell lines, including DaudiKIFNR, which resist the growth-inhibitory effects of leukocyte interferon. Participation of new polypeptide synthesis was indicated by experiments with inhibitors of transcription (actinomycin D) or translation (cycloheximide): TRI morphogenesis was blocked when actinomycin D was added 4 hr after interferon and was reduced when cycloheximide was added for the interval of 13 to 23 hr after interferon. PMID- 6744276 TI - Centrifugal elutriation and characterization of tumor cells from venous blood of tumor-bearing mice: possible relevance to metastasis. AB - Centrifugal elutriation was applied to separate blood-borne tumor cells using three mouse tumor systems, NFSA2ALM1, FSA1231, and FSA1233, syngeneic to C3H/HeJ mice. The tumor cells separated from venous blood were further characterized regarding cell cycle stage (DNA content), cell size, and clonogenicity in vitro. The majority of the blood-borne tumor cells were in G1 phase and dead or dying (not "clonogenic"). Clonogenic tumor cells were very few, e.g., 1.7 per mouse (NFSA2ALM1 bearing) or 0.3 per mouse (FSA1231 bearing) (i.e., a few clonogenic tumor cells of 10(8) blood-borne nucleated cells). The higher number of clonogenic blood-borne tumor cells of NFSA2ALM1 over FSA1231 was consistent with the clonogenic tumor cell release rates reported previously and paralleled spontaneous lung metastasis efficiencies of these tumors. PMID- 6744277 TI - Metastatic behavior of human tumor cell lines grown in the nude mouse. AB - The metastatic behavior of seven human tumor cell lines grown in young (3- to 4 week-old) nude mice was studied. Two cell lines were derived from malignant melanomas, one from a colon carcinoma, two from prostate adenocarcinomas, and two from renal adenocarcinomas. Many of the cell lines produced metastases after i.v. injection (experimental metastasis) and after s.c. transplantation (spontaneous metastasis) into young nude mice. The incidence of metastasis seemed dependent primarily on the biological characteristics of the individual tumor cell line. However, the incidence of metastasis of some tumor cell lines could be increased by isolation and establishment of variant sublines from secondary tumor deposits, by prolonged systemic administration of 17 beta-estradiol to suppress natural killer cell activity, and/or by use of an advantageous site of tumor implantation. Intrasplenic injection of tumor cells allowed the most dramatic overall expression of metastatic capacity in these cell lines, resulting in frequent and large metastases to liver, lungs, and the mesenteric, omental, and mediastinal lymph nodes. PMID- 6744278 TI - Methylnitrosourea-induced carcinoma in organ-cultured fetal human pancreas. AB - Explants from 12- to 14-week-old human fetal pancreases were organ cultured in a chemically defined medium and cultured for up to 12 months in the presence or absence of methylnitrosourea (MNU). Differentiation of the exocrine pancreas occurred in vitro, and explants cultured in the absence of MNU for 4 weeks or longer revealed normal acinar structures with zymogen granules. Ducts and ductules also developed normally. The undifferentiated tubular structures of the 12- to 14-week fetal pancreas expressed neither ductal nor acinar cell markers. Acinar cell surface marker appeared first after 2 weeks of culture, and the development of centroacinar and ductal cell markers followed 2 to 4 weeks later. MNU-treated explants showed minimal degeneration and necrosis. MNU caused early loss of apical cytoplasm and zymogen granules in acinar cells, resulting in dilation of acinar lumens, concomitant proliferation of cells bearing duct cell markers, and ductal hyperplasia. Enhanced foci of proliferation and carcinoma developed within 3 and 5 months of treatment, respectively. Cells derived from 4- to 5-month MNU-treated explants were tumorigenic in nude mice. Tumor cells revealed a human karyotype and expressed duct cell surface markers. PMID- 6744279 TI - Localization of specific [3H]dexamethasone binding in urethan-induced mouse lung tumors. AB - Pulmonary tumors induced in A/J mice 14 months after a single i.p. injection of urethan vary greatly in size. Since glucocorticoids may play a major role in regulating lung cell proliferation, glucocorticoid binding was examined in these tumors to determine whether tumor size was related to any specific pattern of [3H]dexamethasone [( 3H]DEX) binding. Tumor samples were incubated in vitro with 17 nM [3H]DEX for 90 min at 37 degrees, washed extensively to reduce nonspecific binding, and either fractionated by differential centrifugation to quantify nuclear and cytosolic binding or processed for autoradiography. Quantitative binding studies demonstrate a reduction in specific nuclear [3H]DEX binding and an increase in nonspecific cytosolic binding in all of the tumors examined as compared to normal adult lung. Autoradiographic studies reveal pulmonary tumors of different morphology which vary in their [3H]DEX binding characteristics. Small tumors were of two histological patterns, alveolar adenomas which are probably derived from alveolar type II cells and papillary adenomas which are probably derived from bronchiolar Clara cells. The alveolar adenomas contain little nuclear [3H]DEX binding, whereas the papillary adenomas show extensive nuclear localization of [3H]DEX. These results indicate that nuclear localization of [3H]DEX can provide a biochemical criterion for distinguishing alveolar from papillary adenomas. Most of the larger tumors were either papillary or anaplastic in morphology and localized [3H]DEX in their nuclei. This suggests that these larger and possibly more malignant tumors are derived from papillary adenomas. PMID- 6744280 TI - Establishment and characterization of four new human non-small cell lung cancer cell lines. AB - Four new human non-small cell lung cancer cell lines have been established in vitro. These cell lines have been characterized by (a) growth of a tumor in nude mice with histopathology similar to that of the primary, (b) isoenzyme patterns phenotypically human and distinct from each other, (c) distinguishing karyotypic findings, (d) growth rate determinations, and (e) presence of epidermal growth factor receptors. Each of the cell lines will form colonies when directly seeded into a flask without soft agar. The development and availability of the four cell lines may facilitate in vitro studies of the biology of this common cancer. Their clonogenic potential may be of value in the study of sensitivity to antineoplastic agents. Their low passage level may mean that their antigens still resemble those of the primary tumor. PMID- 6744281 TI - Mechanisms of human tumor metastasis studied in patients with peritoneovenous shunts. AB - The technique of peritoneovenous shunting for the alleviation of abdominal pain and distension in malignant ascites due to inoperable cancer, returns the fluid to the circulation via a one-way, valved, anastomosis between the peritoneum and the jugular vein. Surprisingly, although the patients treated with this technique receive direct infusions of malignant tumor cells into the blood, this study of 29 patients, 15 of whom came to autopsy, shows that they did not all develop metastases, some being completely free of such lesions despite long survival. Even when metastases do form, they are small and clinically asymptomatic, and the technique is therefore not hazardous. In some patients, inert tumor cells identifiable by natural markers were recognized in the tissues, but no growing metastases were observed. In others, the distribution of secondary deposits was unexpected in that metastases did not form in the organ containing the first capillary bed encountered, although hematogenous metastases had formed in other organs. Despite the fact that various factors such as (a) the small numbers of patients treated with the technique; (b) the sensitive nature of studies on terminally ill patients; and (c) the absence of consistency in the sample population with regard to factors such as length of survival and site of neoplasm, combine to reduce the number of suitable cases for study, the approach has unrivaled power and interest for those seeking to understand mechanisms underlying tumor metastasis in humans. PMID- 6744282 TI - Simultaneous evaluation of a pancreas-specific antigen and a pancreatic cancer associated antigen in pancreatic carcinoma. AB - A pancreas cancer-associated antigen (PCAA) and a pancreas-specific antigen (PaA) were simultaneously quantitated by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assays in serum specimens from 51 normal controls, 76 pancreatic cancers, 194 nonpancreatic cancers, and 22 benign pancreatic diseases. Primary immunological reagents used in the enzyme-linked immunosorbent assays were our polyclonal antibodies produced in rabbits against purified PCAA and PaA. Results revealed discordance of these two markers in pancreatic cancer, suggesting that the presence of these two biochemically and immunologically distinct pancreas proteins in patients' serum may reflect different biological aspects of cancer. The combination test resulted in a better sensitivity and specificity for pancreatic cancer, 90 and 85%, respectively, than either PCAA or PaA assay alone. This study demonstrated that the combination of serum PCAA and PaA tests yields an additive clinical value and may be a useful adjunctive aid for the immunodiagnosis of the pancreatic cancer. PMID- 6744283 TI - Phase I study of tricyclic nucleoside phosphate using a five-day continuous infusion schedule. AB - A Phase I trial of tricyclic nucleoside phosphate (1,4,5,6,8 pentaazaacenaphthylene-3-amino-1, 5-dihydro-5-methyl-1-beta-D-ribofuranosyl 5' phosphate ester; NSC 280594) was conducted using a 5-day continuous infusion schedule. Thirty-seven patients with advanced cancer were entered on the study, of whom 33 patients were evaluable for response and toxicity. Dose levels ranged from 10 mg/sq m/day X 5 days to 40 mg/sq m/day X 5 days. Initially, courses were repeated every 3 to 4 weeks. As cumulative toxicity became manifested, the interval between courses was changed to every 6 weeks. Major toxicities included hyperglycemia, hepatotoxicity, and thrombocytopenia. Patients with a prior history of diabetes mellitus, extensive radiation therapy, or significant liver metastases were prone to severe toxicity. Other toxicities noted were nausea and vomiting, abdominal discomfort, anemia, and reduction in serum calcium, phosphorus, and albumin levels. Rare side effects included hypertriglyceridemia, hyperamylasemia, diarrhea, and stomatitis. Antitumor activity observed include improvement in s.c. metastases in a patient with papillary thyroid carcinoma, stabilization of disease in a patient with mesothelioma, and mixed responses in three patients (colon cancer, sarcoma, and tonsillar squamous cell cancer). Recommended schedule for Phase II studies is 20 mg/sq m/day for 5 days every 6 weeks. PMID- 6744284 TI - The genetic origin of drug resistance in neoplasms: implications for systemic therapy. AB - Drug resistance continues to be a major factor in limiting the effectiveness of cancer chemotherapy. Evidence from a variety of sources implicates a genetic basis for most drug-resistant phenotypes. Assuming a random spontaneous origin for these resistant cells, it is possible to develop mathematical and computer based models of the drug treatment of tumors. These can provide a more intuitive understanding of the basis of treatment success or failure. This in turn may lead to the development of more rational and effective treatment protocols. Studies of phenomena such as pleiotropic drug resistance are providing insights into how multiple levels of drug resistance occur and are yielding information on how certain types of drug resistance may be prevented or overcome. PMID- 6744285 TI - Measurement and characterization of membrane-bound and soluble epoxide hydrolase activities in resting mononuclear leukocytes from human blood. AB - Membrane-bound and soluble epoxide hydrolase activities in the mononuclear cell fraction from human blood have been characterized using cis- and trans-stilbene oxides as substrates, respectively. Because of the low activities in these cells, it was necessary to modify assay procedures developed for rat and mouse liver in the following ways: (a) the substrates were relatively highly labeled (2 Ci/mmol) and carefully purified; (b) the incubation time was extended to 45 to 60 min, during which period the activities were linear; (c) as many as 6 million cells were used for a single assay, which was also within the linear range of the procedure. The membrane-bound epoxide hydrolase characterized in this manner has an apparent Vmax of 7.26 pmol product formed per min per 10(7) cells and an apparent Km of 9.96 microM. The pH optimum was observed to be around 9.8. The dependence of this activity on temperature showed its optimum at 40 degrees. The soluble epoxide hydrolase activity has an apparent Vmax of about 8.26 pmol product formed per min per 10(7) cells, an apparent Km of 1.63 microM, a pH optimum of 6.2 to 6.8, and a temperature optimum at 60 degrees. Using these techniques, these activities have also been determined in other blood components, i.e., lymphocytes, monocytes, granulocytes, erythrocytes, platelets, and plasma. Lymphocytes account for most of the epoxide hydrolase activity towards cis stilbene oxide, and all of the activity towards trans-stilbene oxide is in the human mononuclear cell fractions. Different substances known to affect rodent epoxide hydrolases were tested for their effects on the human mononuclear blood cell activities. Interestingly, 1,1,1-trichloropropane 2,3-epoxide, a potent inhibitor of liver microsomal epoxide hydrolase in different species including rat, mouse, and human, had little or no effect on the membrane-bound activity measured here. However, cyclohexene oxide inhibits this membrane-bound activity 60%. The soluble epoxide hydrolase is inhibited to 90% of control levels by chalcone epoxide. The membrane-bound and soluble epoxide hydrolase activities determined in 27 subjects varied from 8.2 to 18.5 and from 3.5 to 17.0 pmol product formed per min per 10(7) cells, respectively. The mean coefficient of intraindividual variation, determined with three subjects measured four times each over the course of 18 days, was approximately 10% for both enzyme activities. PMID- 6744286 TI - Reduced cardiotoxicity and nephrotoxicity with preservation of antitumor activity of doxorubicin entrapped in stable liposomes in the LOU/M Wsl rat. AB - LOU M/Wsl rats inoculated s.c. with 10(4) immunoglobulin immunocytoma cells have a palpable tumor at Day 17. Doxorubicin (DXR) has been entrapped in negatively charged liposomes (lip- DXR) composed of egg phosphatidylcholine, cholesterol, and phosphatidylserine and in positively charged liposomes (lip+ DXR) composed of phosphatidylcholine, cholesterol, and stearylamine. DXR, lip- DXR, and lip+ DXR were administered i.v. (0, 0.25, 0.5, 1.0, and 2.0 mg/kg) at Day 17 for 5 consecutive days and then weekly. Control animals showed progressive tumor growth leading to death 27 days after inoculation. Antitumor activity for all three preparations was dose dependent. DXR and lip- DXR showed the same antitumor activity; lip+ DXR had less antitumor activity. The overall survival of tumor bearing animals treated with 2.0-mg/kg lip- DXR was significantly prolonged (p less than 0.05) in comparison to the animals treated with 2.0-mg/kg free DXR. Grade III cardiomyopathy was observed 47 days after treatment with free DXR; treatment with lip- DXR resulted in Grade I cardiomyopathy. In animals treated with 1.0-mg/kg and 2.0-mg/kg free DXR urinary albumin concentrations of 10 g/liter were observed. Treatment with 1.0-mg/kg lip- DXR and 1.0-mg/kg lip+ DXR resulted in urinary albumin concentration of less than 3.0 and less than 1.0 g/liter, respectively. Free DXR, 1.0 mg/kg, resulted in a decline of serum albumin concentration from 27.8 +/- 3.2 g/liter to 9.6 +/- 4.2 g/liter. No such decline was observed after treatment with lip- DXR and lip+ DXR. Treatment with a 1.0-mg/kg dose of free DXR resulted in severe glomerular and tubular lesions which were not found after treatment with 1.0-mg/kg lip- DXR and 1.0 mg/kg lip+ DXR. Administration of lip- DXR resulted in lower DXR levels in cardiac and renal tissue compared to administration of free DXR. After administration of lip+ DXR, very low tissue and tumor DXR levels were found. In conclusion, treatment with lip- DXR or lip+ DXR resulted in a prolonged survival, less albuminuria, and higher serum albumin levels. Also, fewer lesions in heart and kidney were found, correlating with lower DXR levels in these organs. Only lip- DXR had the same antitumor effect as free DXR. PMID- 6744287 TI - Persistence of X-ray-induced chromosomal rearrangements in long-term cultures of human diploid fibroblasts. AB - As part of a long-term study of mechanisms of human cell neoplastic transformation, we have examined the change in the frequencies of X-ray-induced chromosome rearrangements in density-inhibited human foreskin fibroblasts as a function of subculture time. In nonproliferating cells, the frequency of chromosomal aberrations declined within 24 to 48 hr but still remained at a relatively high level up to 43 days after irradiation. Aberrations disappeared rapidly, however, when the cells were allowed to proliferate, indicating that these lesions are lethal to dividing cells. The frequency of induced translocations, as determined by analysis of G-banded karyotypes, was dose dependent and remained stable up to 20 mean population doublings after irradiation. When subculture of density-inhibited cultures was delayed for 4 hr after irradiation (confluent holding), the frequency of chromosomal aberrations in the first mitosis declined, whereas the translocation frequencies at later passage were elevated as compared with cells subcultured immediately. This correlates with the reported increase in the frequency of transformation under similar conditions. These findings support the hypothesis that chromosomal rearrangements induced by DNA damage may be involved in the initiation of cancer. PMID- 6744288 TI - Unusually efficient tumor cell lysis by human effectors of antibody-dependent cellular cytotoxicity mediated by monoclonal antibodies. AB - Concentrations ranging between 0.01 and 10 pg per cell of certain monoclonal antibodies (MAbs) are shown to constitute 4-hr 50% lethal doses for tumor cells mixed with human effectors of antibody-dependent cellular cytotoxicity (ADCC). This efficient and rapid tumor cell lysis is achieved at low effector cell levels (effector:target ratios, less than or equal to 25:1) at which the effectors are nonadherent peripheral blood leukocytes (PBL) enriched by density centrifugation. Comparable MAb-mediated ADCC efficiency has not been reported previously, probably because most MAbs (e.g., 10 of 13 tested in this study) are typically inefficient or completely inactive in mediating ADCC, even at 100-fold greater concentrations. By analyzing the ADCC efficiencies of several MAbs specific for murine cell surface alloantigens, it is shown that murine IgG2a and IgG3 MAbs and a rat IgG2b MAb are very efficient mediators of ADCC. However, ADCC efficiency was found not to correlate strictly with subclass, since 4 of 6 murine IgG2a MAbs tested were completely inactive, even though they all bound the target cells readily. It is shown that the relative differences in ADCC efficiencies are not accounted for directly by antibody affinity for antigen; one MAb was very efficient in ADCC but had demonstrably low antigen affinity, while a second MAb showed no ADCC activity in spite of its high affinity for the same target antigen. These results point to other experimentally testable properties of MAbs and of MAb-antigen complexes which may be critical for efficient ADCC reactions. This study underscores an important immunotherapeutic value which certain MAbs potentially have for mediating tumor cell lysis: in low concentrations (and without toxic drug modification), some MAbs efficiently mediate the lysis of tumors by ADCC, which itself is as effective as other immune lytic processes but which requires no prior immunological education of effector cells. PMID- 6744289 TI - Accessibility of circulating immunoglobulin G to the extravascular compartment of solid rat tumors. AB - We have measured the rate of influx (kin) of normal rat immunoglobulin G (IgG) from the blood into the fluid surrounding the cells of three syngeneic rat fibrosarcomas as well as rat skin, muscle, lung, and kidney. Also measured was the rate of efflux (kout) of IgG from the tumor and tissue back into the circulation. The value of kin ranged from 0.11 to 9.0% of the blood value (activity/ml blood) transferred/hr/g for the nonmalignant tissues and from 6.2 to 7.9% of the blood value transferred/hr/g for the three tumors. Dividing kin by the plasma volume of the tissue gave a measure of the permeability of the vascular bed of that tissue. This ratio was rather constant for the normal tissues studied; however, it was at least an order of magnitude larger in all three tumors, indicating that the vasculature of the tumors was very permeable to IgG. The interstitial fluid volume (IF) of the tumor and tissue was calculated. The IF of the three tumors contained approximately 0.5 ml of fluid per g, while the IF of normal tissues had values that ranged from 0.14 to 0.34 ml of fluid per g. Knowledge of the IF, kin, and kout allowed a calculation of the concentration of IgG in the fluid surrounding the cells of tumors and tissues. The concentration of IgG in the IF of the tumors was found to be 50% of the plasma concentration; this was larger than the concentration of IgG in the IF of normal tissues, where the values ranged from 9 to 28% of the plasma concentration. A model for Ab localization onto solid tumors was developed. The model was used to discuss the mechanism of localization as well as the physiological limits of drug or isotope-coupled Ab localization. PMID- 6744290 TI - Effect of growth on the estrogen receptor levels in MCF-7 cells. AB - MCF-7 cells have been shown to contain estrogen receptor in several cell fractions following homogenization: nuclei, microsomes, and cytosol. The amount of 17 beta-estradiol-binding capacity found in each cellular compartment depended on the inclusion of detergent in homogenization buffers and on the use of 0.25 M sucrose in the nuclear washes. 17 beta-Estradiol receptor (E2R) associated with nuclei (whole nuclei exchange assay, 0.6 M KCl soluble, and that found on membranes sheared from crude nuclear pellets by centrifugation in 0.25 M sucrose buffer) displayed a dissociation constant (Kd) of 0.77 +/- 0.01 (S.D.) nM (n = 7). KdS of the cytoplasmic (microsomes and soluble) receptors were determined to be 0.33 +/- 0.10 nM (n = 9). Exchangeable ligand on partially purified nuclei assumed its highest level in MCF-7 cells during logarithmic growth in serum containing media (0.8 pmol/micrograms DNA) but declined after the culture reached confluence (0.2 pmol/micrograms DNA). Seventy-five % of the nuclear E2R declined linearly after feeding MCF-7 cells in logarithmic growth phase an estrogen- and serum-free medium (t1/2 3.5 days). Another class of salt-extractable nuclear receptor (0.2 pmol/micrograms DNA) persisted in postconfluent cultures whether fed estrogen (serum-containing media) or not (serum-free media). This residual binding capacity remained in nuclei of MCF-7 cells for an extended period of time. MCF-7 cells demonstrated functionality of E2R throughout their growth phases as evidenced by the replenishment of cytosolic E2R and the induction of progesterone receptor when given 17 beta-estradiol. PMID- 6744291 TI - Change in glycosylation of membrane glycoproteins after transfection of NIH 3T3 with human tumor DNA. AB - Altered glycosylation of membrane glycoproteins was demonstrated in NIH 3T3 cells transformed by transfection with DNA from human neuroblastoma and bladder carcinoma cell lines. The oncogenes of these two cell lines have been identified as N-ras and c-H-ras-1, respectively. The fucose-labeled membrane glycopeptides of transfection-induced transformants had decreased binding to concanavalin A Sepharose when compared in dual-isotope experiments to those from NIH 3T3 cells, whereas binding to lentil lectin-Sepharose and leukoagglutinating phytohemagglutinin-agarose was increased. Binding affinities to these immobilized lectins lead to the interpretation of the results as a decrease in biantennary glycopeptides with a simultaneous increase in tri- or tetraantennary glycopeptides. Sephadex G-50 profiles also indicated a size increase of the glycopeptides of the transformants. None of these changes was growth related. This altered glycosylation, representing a heretofore unreported effect of the onc genes, may be necessary for the transformed phenotype. PMID- 6744292 TI - Inhibition of nucleoside transport in murine lymphoma L5178Y cells and human erythrocytes by the uridine phosphorylase inhibitors 5-benzylacyclouridine and 5 benzyloxybenzylacyclouridine. AB - The uridine phosphorylase inhibitors, 5-benzylacyclouridine (BAU) and 5 benzyloxybenzylacyclouridine (BBAU) (Biochem. Pharmacol., 31: 1857, 1982), inhibited uptake of uridine in L5178Y cells. By a rapid sampling technique, BAU and BBAU were shown to inhibit the transport (zero-trans influx) of uridine, thymidine, and adenosine in human erythrocytes as well as in murine L5178Y cells. In all cases, competitive inhibitions were observed. Km values for the transport of adenosine, uridine, and thymidine in erythrocytes were 2.2, 195, and 199 microM, while Vmax were 2.9, 118, and 96.5 pmol/min/10(6) cells, respectively. In L5178Y cells, Km values of 14.8 and 23.1 microM and Vmax of 389 and 176 pmol/min/10(6) cells were obtained for adenosine and uridine, respectively. For erythrocytes, the Ki values of BAU were 127, 124, and 198 microM using adenosine, uridine, and thymidine as the substrate; and those of BBAU, 14.1 and 19.2 microM for adenosine and uridine, respectively. In L5178Y, the Ki values of BAU were 202 and 234 microM, and those of BBAU, 39.8 and 27.9 microM for adenosine and uridine, respectively. These data indicate that, in two cell types, Ki values for BAU and BBAU did not vary regardless of the substrate used; that the values of Ki are different for the erythrocytes and L5178Y cells; and that BBAU is at least 5 fold more potent than BAU as an inhibitor of nucleoside transport. The inhibitory effects on the efflux of preloaded uridine indicate that BAU and BBAU are inhibitors, rather than permeants, of the nucleoside transport system. PMID- 6744293 TI - Nuclear pores and DNA ploidy in human bladder carcinomas. AB - The number of nuclear pores per sq micron was determined on the freeze-fractured nuclei of 20 human bladder tumors and five control samples of normal bladder epithelium. Measurements of the nuclear surface and volume were also performed, and the mean number of pores per nucleus and the ratio of pore to volume were calculated. The DNA distribution pattern on the same samples was determined by flow cytometry. All control samples and 12 tumors were diploid, and eight tumors were aneuploid. The mean number of pores per sq micron and mean total number of pores per nucleus in the control samples and in diploid tumors were similar. In the aneuploid tumors, both values were significantly higher. However, the ratio of pore to volume was shown to be constant regardless of the DNA content. It was further observed that, in aneuploid tumors, there are two populations of nuclei, one with density of pores similar to the diploid tumor and one with a higher pore density. Because aneuploid bladder tumors have been shown to have more aggressive behavior than diploid tumors, increased density of nuclear pores or their total number per nucleus may be related to tumor behavior. This view is supported by the observation that five of eight tumors with increased density and total pore number were invasive, while all tumors with low pore number were noninvasive. PMID- 6744294 TI - Intrinsic and extrinsic heterogeneity in the responses of parent and clonal human colon carcinoma xenografts to photon irradiation. AB - Responses to photon irradiation of xenografted human colon tumors derived from the heterogeneous DLD-1 line or its derivative A and D subpopulations were determined using excision assay and tumor regrowth delay assays. Differential responses among the three xenografted carcinomas were demonstrated. Clone A tumors treated with up to 17.5 Gy showed no actual regression below pretreatment volume. In contrast, clone D tumors were sensitive to doses as low as 3.5 Gy, and tumor volumes were reduced by 65% with a dose of 17.5 Gy. The responses of DLD-1 tumors were intermediate between the clone A and clone D tumor responses. The survival parameters obtained in the excision assay studies for the DLD-1, clone A, and clone D tumors were, respectively: n = 3.3, 1.4, and 1.0; D0 (Gy) = 2.1, 2.2, and 2.7; and DQ (Gy) = 2.6, 0.6, and 0.0. These data indicate that the DLD-1 tumors were the most resistant, with clone A of intermediate sensitivity, clone D being the most sensitive tumor. In addition to the interclonal diversity among xenograft lines, intraclonal variation was also observed with clone A (but not clone D or DLD-1) tumors. A biphasic survival curve of cells from clone A xenografts irradiated in air-breathing hosts clearly indicated a minority (approximately 3%) subpopulation of hypoxic cells. Similar results indicating a small percentage of hypoxic cells in clone A solid tumors were obtained from the tumor regrowth delay studies. Also, excision assay data from experiments in which the heterografted carcinomas were irradiated under anoxic conditions support the interpretation that clone A tumors contain a small fraction of hypoxic cells. This study indicates that: (a) heterogeneity in vivo to ionizing radiation exists in the DLD-1 system; and (b) intraclonal variation occurs in vivo due to extrinsic (e.g., environmental hypoxia) factors, such that the intrinsic radioresistance of a subpopulation (clone A) of a heterogeneous human tumor can be further increased. PMID- 6744295 TI - Reduced level of DNA cross-links and sister chromatid exchanges in 1,3-bis(2 chloroethyl)-1-nitrosourea-resistant rat brain tumor cells. AB - We found that 9L-2 cells, a cell line derived from the in vivo 9L rat brain tumor model, are approximately 8-fold more resistant to the cytotoxic effect of 1,3 bis(2-chloroethyl)-1-nitrosourea (BCNU) than are sensitive 9L cells. Treatment with BCNU induces sister chromatid exchanges in both lines, but to produce similar levels of exchanges, 9L-2 cells must be treated with a 14-fold higher concentration of BCNU. The extent of DNA methylation was the same in both cell lines after a 1-hr treatment with 100 microM methylnitrosourea. While the levels of the alkylation products N-7-methylguanine and N-3-methyladenine were similar in both lines, the level of O6-methylguanine was 20% lower in 9L-2 than in 9L cells, which implies that 9L-2 cells repair O6-alkylguanine derivatives more efficiently than do 9L cells. The number of DNA interstrand cross-links formed in 9L-2 cells after treatment with BCNU was approximately 50% of the number formed in 9L cells. These results suggest that the repair of O6-alkylguanine derivatives formed in BCNU-treated 9L-2 cells may be related to the reduced number of DNA interstrand cross-links formed and may have a role in the mechanism of cellular resistance of 9L-2 cells to BCNU. However, our results indicate that, in itself, the reduction in the number of DNA cross-links may not be sufficient to account entirely for the cellular resistance of 9L-2 cells to BCNU and suggest that additional mechanisms may be involved in cellular resistance of 9L-2 cells to BCNU treatment. PMID- 6744296 TI - Metabolism of 2-acetylaminofluorene by two 3-methylcholanthrene-inducible forms of rat liver cytochrome P-450. AB - The present study examines the contribution of two major 3-methylcholanthrene (3 MC)-inducible forms of rat liver cytochrome P-450 (P-448MC and P-448HCB) to the metabolism of 2-acetylaminofluorene (AAF). In a reconstituted enzyme system, purified rat liver P-448MC metabolized AAF at a 10-fold greater rate than P 448HCB. The major metabolites produced by cytochrome P-448MC were 3-hydroxy (OH) (30%), 5-OH (24%), 7-OH (22%), and 9-OH (10%). N-OH-AAF (3%) was a minor metabolite. In contrast, P-448HCB catalyzed the N-hydroxylation of AAF preferentially (15% of total metabolites). The other primary metabolites formed by this isozyme were 7-OH-AAF (30%), 5-OH-AAF (29%), and 9-OH-AAF (25%). Cytochrome P-448HCB catalyzed the formation of less 3-OH-AAF (7%) than did P 448MC (30%). Since cytochrome P-448HCB is immunochemically related to P-448MC, specific antisera to both isozymes were made by immunoabsorption with the appropriate antigen bound covalently to Sepharose. Anti-P-448MC inhibited AAF metabolism approximately 43% in microsomes from 3-MC-induced male rats and 30% in microsomes from rats treated with 3,4,5,3',4',5'-hexachlorobiphenyl (HCB), another 3-MC-type inducer. Anti-P-448HCB inhibited total metabolism of AAF by only 22 and 38% in microsomes from 3-MC- and HCB-induced rats. However, anti-P 448HCB inhibited N-hydroxylation by 60% in both 3-MC- and HCB-induced microsomes. Anti-P-448MC did not inhibit N-hydroxylation. Neither antibody affected AAF metabolism in control microsomes. These data suggest that, in rat liver, two 3-MC inducible izozymes of cytochrome P-450 metabolize AAF; however, N-hydroxylation is catalyzed primarily by one of these isozymes, cytochrome P-448HCB. PMID- 6744297 TI - Development of biological diversity and susceptibility to chemotherapy in murine cancer metastases. AB - We studied the development of biological heterogeneity in a spontaneous melanoma metastasis of clonal origin as demonstrated by karyotypic analysis. The metastatic potential and sensitivity to different chemotherapeutic agents varied both among and within clones of this metastasis isolated either in vitro or in vivo. This finding indicates that, even within a metastasis of clonal origin, cellular heterogeneity for chemotherapy or metastatic potential can develop rapidly and provides a mechanism for the emergence of resistance to therapy. Since most cancer deaths result from metastases that do not respond to treatment, the implications of these findings for the treatment of cancer are clear. Treatment modalities must be designed that circumvent the biological heterogeneity that can develop rapidly within each metastasis and among metastases. PMID- 6744298 TI - Accumulation and persistence of cyclophosphamide-induced sister chromatid exchange in murine peripheral blood lymphocytes. AB - Sister chromatid exchange (SCE) responses were evaluated in lipopolysaccharide stimulated murine peripheral blood lymphocytes assayed at various times following single or multiple injections of cyclophosphamide (3 mg/kg). Following a single injection, SCE levels in cultured lymphocytes from blood sampled at 5 min, 20 min, 35 min, 1 hr, and 3 hr postexposure were 17.1 +/- 2.0 (S.D.), 19.9 +/- 3.0, 19.3 +/- 1.8, 21.6 +/- 2.4, and 20.6 +/- 2.3, respectively. The control base-line SCE frequency was 11.2 +/- 1.2. The rapid initial increase in SCEs is consistent with the rapid increase reported previously in circulating active metabolites in rats following cyclophosphamide treatment. In peripheral blood lymphocytes cultured at 1 and 24 hr after serial injections of cyclophosphamide (3.0 mg/kg) two, four, and six times (every other day), a dose-related accumulation of SCEs occurred. Accumulation of SCEs was also observed in lymphocytes cultured at 24 and 72 hr following 12 multiple injections (three times weekly) of cyclophosphamide (3 mg/kg) (24.8 +/- 1.5 and 17.6 +/- 1.4, respectively) as compared to the single-injection group assayed at 24 and 72 hr postexposure (16.0 +/- 2.4 and 12.9 +/- 1.4, respectively). In the 12-multiple-injection study, an initial rapid decline at 72 hr was followed by a gradual decrease in SCE levels (1 week, 16.9 +/- 1.3; 2 weeks, 15.2 +/- 0.7; and 4 weeks, 13.4 +/- 1.1) which returned to near base-line (11.2 +/- 0.9) levels at 8 weeks. In the 12-multiple injection study, successful growth of parallel concanavalin A-stimulated cultures was achieved only at 1, 2, and 4 weeks postexposure. Elevated SCE frequencies were observed at these intervals (16.2 +/- 2.1; 16.7 +/- 0.9; 14.2 +/- 0.3, respectively) relative to base-line SCE levels in concanavalin A-stimulated cells (12.1 +/- 1.8). The observed accumulation of SCEs with repeated exposure and persistence of SCE-inducing lesions parallel human data reported previously. The maximum induced (total minus baseline) SCE levels (10.2) observed in cultured lipopolysaccharide-stimulated lymphocytes from blood sampled at 1 hr after a single 3.0-mg/kg injection of cyclophosphamide were comparable or slightly higher than those (7.1) produced by the same dose of cyclophosphamide in murine bone marrow cells labeled with BrdUrd in vivo. However, in contrast to lymphocytes, bone marrow and alveolar macrophage cells did not accumulate SCEs upon repeated cyclophosphamide treatments. PMID- 6744299 TI - Binding of monoclonal antibodies that inhibit spleen colony formation to leukemic cell lines. AB - Clonogenic tumor cells and normal stem cells share the property of extensive proliferative potential. Normal stem cells are under stringent growth restraint and respond to appropriate differentiation signals, whereas tumor stem cells have lost the ability to respond normally to these controls. In an attempt to define cell surface molecules involved in the control of hemopoietic cell proliferation and differentiation, we have produced 5 monoclonal antibodies against antigens held in common between hemopoietic stem cells and the Abelson virus-induced pre-B lymphoma cells from which they were derived. Four of these monoclonal antibodies produced greater than 90% reduction of spleen colony-forming cells, whereas the other bound to a subpopulation (60 to 70%) of spleen colony-forming cells at plateau values. The expression of antigens recognized by these and two other anti stem cell monoclonal antibodies has been shown to correlate with the differentiation status of a panel of tumor cell lines, with greater expression being observed on cells more closely resembling the pluripotent stem cell than mature hemopoietic cells. Immunoperoxidase staining of bone marrow showed that these antigens are mainly expressed by monocytes and blast cells. Treatment of bone marrow cells with those antibodies which extensively inhibited spleen colony formation and with rabbit complement abolished the ability of progenitor cells to form colonies in soft agar. Quantitative absorption studies distinguished the antigens recognized by two of the anti-stem cell monoclonal antibodies from those detected by anti-H-2k 11-4.1 monoclonal antibody. These observations suggest that the antigens involved may play a role in the regulation of growth and differentiation of stem cells and undifferentiated leukemic cells. PMID- 6744300 TI - Effect of localized hyperthermia on TA3Ha tumor transplanted subcutaneously in the tails of mice. AB - Localized hyperthermia (43 degrees) in single or multiple fractions was applied to mouse mammary adenocarcinoma TA3Ha implanted into the s.c. tail tissue of strain A mice. The effects of heat on the growth of local tumors, on the pattern of metastasis, and on the survival periods of the hosts were studied. Hyperthermia was administered by heating the tumor-bearing tails in a water bath. Multiple 30-min hyperthermia treatments at 5- or 7-day intervals controlled local tumor growth better than did a single 30-min treatment or multiple 30-min treatments at 3-day intervals or at intervals longer than 7 days. Heat treatments that produced cytostatic effects on tumors, sparing the normal tissue, had no effect on either the survival of the hosts or the extent of metastasis to the lungs and the lumbar lymph nodes. However, local treatments reduced the frequency of renal lymph node metastasis, indicating that concurrent metastases in different sites may exhibit differential heat sensitivities. PMID- 6744301 TI - Polyamine metabolism in differentiating Friend erythroleukemia cells. AB - Changes occur in polyamine metabolism which are associated with differentiation of Friend erythroleukemia cells in culture. The intracellular distribution of the polyamines changes, the absolute level of each of the major polyamine falls, and the uptake and metabolism of exogenous putrescine is altered during the course of differentiation. We have examined the labeling of putrescine metabolites after the administration of radioactive putrescine, either as a single dose added at the onset of induction, or as a pulse label added at various times during the course of differentiation. In these experiments we measured both acid-soluble and acid-precipitable radioactivity. The conversion of putrescine to gamma aminobutyric acid is enhanced in the cell induced to differentiate, and the acid precipitable fraction rises as the percentage of total cell-associated radioactivity in the induced cell. We have identified hypusine [N-epsilon-(4 amino-2-hydroxybutyl)lysine] as a major radioactive component of a single radioactive Mr 18,000 protein band in both the noninduced and the induced cells. PMID- 6744302 TI - Interaction of probenecid with methotrexate transport and release in the isolated rat hepatocyte in suspension. AB - Probenecid has been shown to delay the plasma clearance of methotrexate in the rat and to reduce both hepatic and renal excretion of methotrexate in this animal model. In order to probe the mechanism by which probenecid alters hepatic excretion of the antifolate, studies assessed the effects of probenecid on transport, accumulation, distribution, and release of methotrexate in the rat hepatocyte in suspension. Probenecid was found to effectively inhibit methotrexate influx with a Ki of approximately 100 microM. Inhibition of methotrexate influx was accompanied by a reduction in methotrexate accumulation; with 200 microM probenecid, the levels of exchangeable and nonexchangeable intracellular methotrexate were reduced by 43.4 +/- 2.4 (S.E.) and 41.8 +/- 7.7%, respectively. As a consequence of reduced accumulation of the methotrexate substrate, the formation of cellular polyglutamate derivatives of methotrexate was likewise reduced. Concentrations of probenecid which inhibited methotrexate influx and accumulation by 70 to 80% did not markedly alter methotrexate efflux under conditions where efflux was effected by a washout procedure or by the presence of inducing agents, such as N6,O2'-dibutyryl cyclic adenosine 3':5' monophosphate or alpha-agonists. These studies suggest that the inhibition of hepatic methotrexate secretion by probenecid in vivo is likely to be a consequence of interference with hepatic uptake of the antifolate rather than an interaction of probenecid and methotrexate at a hepatic "secretory" site. PMID- 6744303 TI - Enhancement of hepatocarcinogenesis in female rats by ethinyl estradiol and mestranol but not estradiol. AB - The effect of dietary exposure to synthetic estrogens on hepatocarcinogenesis was evaluated. Diethylnitrosamine-initiated and 0.85% NaCl solution-treated noninitiated female Sprague-Dawley rats were transferred to semisynthetic diets containing mestranol (0, 0.1, or 0.5 ppm), ethinyl estradiol (0.5 ppm), estradiol (0.6 ppm), or mestranol plus beta-methasone (0.5 and 0.2 ppm, respectively). gamma-Glutamyl transferase (GGT)-positive transections and hematoxylin and eosin detectable nodules and carcinomas were scored at 9 and 12 months. Quantitative stereological calculations were performed to determine GGT lesion number and size. At 9 months, in diethylnitrosamine-initiated rats, ethinyl estradiol and mestranol caused 3.5- and 4.4-fold increases, respectively, in the number of GGT lesions per liver and an increased incidence of hepatocellular carcinomas while estradiol had no enhancing effect. Addition of beta-methasone to the mestranol containing diet caused a significant decrease in GGT lesion number but not carcinoma incidence compared to mestranol alone. At 12 months, in diethylnitrosamine-initiated rats, mestranol caused a dose-dependent increase in GGT lesion number. The hepatocellular carcinoma incidence was significantly increased at the high mestranol dose. Small increases in the numbers of larger GGT lesions were also observed in noninitiated animals treated with mestranol and ethinyl estradiol and are most probably due to promotion of spontaneously initiated hepatocytes. These results indicated that the synthetic estrogens cause dramatic increases in the number of presumptive preneoplastic GGT lesions. Carcinoma incidence is also enhanced. Thus, these results confirm and extend our previous studies which together with the results of others have shown that synthetic estrogens can act as promoters of hepatocarcinogenesis. PMID- 6744304 TI - Effect of antiplatelet antibody on the development of pulmonary metastases following injection of CT26 colon adenocarcinoma, Lewis lung carcinoma, and B16 amelanotic melanoma tumor cells into mice. AB - Three different murine tumors, CT26 colon adenocarcinoma, Lewis lung carcinoma, and B16 amelanotic melanoma, were injected into syngeneic mice (BALB/c and C57BL/6J) to test the effect of rabbit anti-mouse platelet antibody on the development of pulmonary metastases. Antiplatelet antibody, when injected i.p., decreased the platelet count from 1.5 x 10(6)/microliters to 0.12 x 10(6)/microliters at 6 hr, which remained at this level for 24 hr. Antiplatelet antibody given 6 hr pre- and 18 hr post-i.v. injection of tumor cells decreased the mean number of CT26 tumor nodules per lung by 57% (range, 47 to 65%) and decreased the mean nodule volume of tumor per lung by 37% (range, 0 to 71%) (124 experimental animals), when compared to the effect of nonimmune serum or irrelevant anti-immunoglobulin antibody in 136 control animals. With Lewis lung carcinoma, antiplatelet antibody decreased the mean number of tumor nodules by 62% (range, 57 to 78%) and decreased the mean nodule volume of tumors by 64% (range, 60 to 77%) using 48 experimental animals and 65 control animals. When tumor cells were given s.c., antiplatelet antibody given 6 hr pre-injection, 18 hr post-injection, and every 48 hr thereafter also decreased the mean number of metastases by 42% in 14 experimental and 15 control animals. With B16 amelanotic melanoma, antiplatelet antibody given 6 hr pre- and 18 hr post-injection decreased the mean number of tumor nodules by 85% and decreased the mean nodule volume of tumors by 66% using 9 experimental and 9 control animals. Similar results were obtained when all three tumors were injected 6 hr after the injection of antiplatelet antibody. However, negative results were obtained if antiplatelet antibody was injected 6 hr after the injection of tumor cells. Since antiplatelet antibody has its maximum effect at 6 hr, it is likely that platelets play their role in the development of pulmonary metastases during the first 12 hr of tumor inoculation. PMID- 6744305 TI - Surgical stress-mediated suppression of murine natural killer cell cytotoxicity. AB - Natural killer cell-mediated cytotoxicity (NKCC) is one of several possible immune defense mechanisms that may protect against the development of solid-tumor metastases. We have demonstrated that in vitro NKCC can be significantly impaired by both surgical stress and progressive tumor burden. Female C57BL/6 mice received a hindfoot amputation under anesthesia with Nembutal i.p. Twenty-four hr later, amputated and control groups were sacrificed, spleens were harvested, and cytotoxicity assays were performed using 51Cr-labeled Yac-1 lymphoma target cells. In amputated animals, in vitro NKCC was significantly impaired at four effector:target ratios, decreasing by as much as 59%. Nembutal treatment alone caused no significant changes in in vitro NKCC compared to untreated controls. Tumor burden was studied by inoculating the hindfoot pads of C57BL/6 mice with 5 X 10(5) Lewis lung tumor cells. Animal groups were sacrificed 24 hr, 1 week, and 2 weeks after tumor inoculation, and the 51Cr release assay was performed. One day and 1 week of tumor burden mildly stimulated NKCC in vitro; after 2 weeks of tumor burden, when lung metastases were detectable, in vitro NKCC was almost totally suppressed compared with non-tumor-bearing controls. Animals bearing tumor for 1 week and then given amputations showed significantly impaired NKCC in vitro. In vivo, identical animals bearing tumor for 1 week and then given amputations on sacrifice 1 week later were found to have a 71% incidence of lung metastases compared with 38% tumor-bearing unstressed controls. Surgical stress and progressive tumor burden independently and codependently impair NKCC in vitro; this may possibly contribute to the hypermetastatic response observed after surgical stress in this in vivo animal model. PMID- 6744306 TI - Effect of cyclophosphamide on survival of mice and incidence of metastatic tumor following intravenous and intracardial inoculation of tumor cells. AB - We studied the effect of cyclophosphamide on survival of mice and the incidence of tumor implants in various organs following both i.v. and intraarterial dissemination of tumor cells. Female C3H/HeN mice received cyclophosphamide (240 mg/kg) i.p. 4 days prior to inoculation of various doses of KHT tumor cells. Mice were followed to death, and the amount of tumor present was roughly quantified. Following i.v. inoculation of tumor cells, survival was decreased in cyclophosphamide-treated mice compared to control mice. However, survival was not affected by treatment with cyclophosphamide in mice receiving intracardial tumor cell injections. Pretreatment with cyclophosphamide caused a dramatic increase in the number of lung tumor implants following both routes of tumor cell administration. A similar tumor-promoting effect by cyclophosphamide could not be documented in the brain, heart, kidney, adrenal, or ovary. The study suggests that cyclophosphamide has a much greater effect on ultimate deposition and growth of tumor implants in the lungs than in other systemic organs or in the central nervous system. PMID- 6744307 TI - Enhancement of cysteamine cytotoxicity by hyperthermia and its modification by catalase and superoxide dismutase in Chinese hamster ovary cells. AB - Chinese hamster ovary cells were exposed to the sulfhydryl compound cysteamine at concentrations ranging from 0 to 8 mM for 120 min. No toxicity was found in cells maintained at 5 degrees during treatment; however, at 37 degrees and 44 degrees a paradoxical toxicity was observed, i.e., substantial toxicity was observed at cysteamine concentrations of 0.2 to 1 mM but decreased at higher drug concentrations. When drug-treated cells were exposed to a 30-min 44 degrees -heat treatment (surviving fraction, 0.15 in the absence of drug) toxicity was markedly enhanced. At 0.4 mM cysteamine, the surviving fraction was approximately 0.6 at 5 degrees, 0.01 at 37 degrees, and 0.00008 when the 44 degrees -heat treatment was also used. Cysteamine toxicity was not modified by the addition of superoxide dismutase (10 micrograms/ml) but was completely blocked by the addition of catalase (50 micrograms/ml) over the drug concentration range of 0.2 to 2.0 mM. Cysteamine autoxidation as measured by O2 uptake at 0.4 mM proceeds through hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) production as evidenced by the regeneration of O2 upon the addition of catalase. In contrast, at 4.0 mM cysteamine, O2 regeneration was not pronounced. The data suggest that the production of H2O2 is the first reaction step in the mechanism of cysteamine toxicity. The subsequent production of highly reactive oxygen species like hydroxyl radicals (.OH) from H2O2 in the presence of reduced metal (Fenton chemistry) probably leads to the observed cellular toxicity. PMID- 6744308 TI - In vitro effects of 4-hydroperoxycyclophosphamide on the morphology and function of human peripheral blood mononuclear phagocytic cells (macrophages). AB - Human peripheral blood mononuclear cells were incubated for 1 hr in 4 hydroperoxycyclophosphamide (0.5 to 10.0 micrograms/ml), and the adherent, esterase-positive cells (macrophages) were studied. At 2 hr, a reduction was noted in both latex particle ingestion and Fc gamma receptor binding and phagocytosis. At 24 hr, spreading and pinocytosis were reduced, and cytoplasmic vacuoles developed. This vacuolization represented dilatation of the rough endoplasmic reticulum. These morphological and functional changes occurred with 4 hydroperoxycyclophosphamide concentrations which did not reduce viability or produce detectable DNA alkylation. This effect on macrophages may offer a mechanism whereby low-dosage cyclophosphamide could modify the immune response. PMID- 6744309 TI - Isolation and characterization of an estrogen-inhibited variant derived from the MCF-7 breast cancer cell line. AB - The mechanism by which pharmacological concentrations of estrogen can paradoxically inhibit the growth of human breast cancer is unknown. We have selected for a variant line of MCF-7 which may help to understand this process. The variant was selected by exposing MCF-7 cells to high-specific-activity 16 alpha-[125I]iodoestradiol. These cells were viably frozen for two isotopic half lives, defrosted once, then reexposed to 16 alpha-[125I]iodoestradiol to allow maximal radiation damage mediated by isotope associated with binding sites. This cell line (113) is one of 55 lines cloned from MCF-7 cells that survived this treatment. The growth response to estradiol of the 113 breast cancer cells grown in monolayer is normal for 4 to 6 days, and then the cell number plateaus as the cells appear to round up and detach. Concomitantly, a decrease in [3H]thymidine incorporation occurs. The cells cannot be rescued by removing estradiol from the medium. The inhibition is dose dependent and can be seen in concentrations of estradiol as low as 10(-10) M. The 113 cells are also inhibited by antiestrogens. They have normal levels of estrogen receptors which bind to DNA cellulose with activation. Progesterone receptors are estrogen inducible, although the levels are one-third that of wild-type MCF-7 cells. The morphological changes determined by electron microscopy of estrogen-treated cells are typical of degenerative cells. To investigate the possibility that inhibitory factors are secreted into the medium by 113 cells, conditioned medium from estrogen-exposed 113 cells is added to normal MCF-7 and 113 cells. No decrease in [3H]thymidine incorporation compared to controls is observed. When the secreted proteins are labeled with [35S]methionine and analyzed by sodium dodecyl sulfate-acrylamide gels, no major differences are apparent in the 113 and MCF-7 cells. Thus, the source of the defect is still unknown. It remains to be seen if the growth-inhibitory effects of 17 beta-estradiol on this cell line are receptor mediated or related to specific gene products which can be identified. PMID- 6744310 TI - A monoclonal antibody, CSTO-1, against a stomach adenocarcinoma-associated antigen. AB - A monoclonal antibody, CSTO-1, has been produced against a stomach adenocarcinoma associated antigen. The antibody is cytotoxic to stomach, colon, and lung adenocarcinoma lines but is completely noncytotoxic to normal blood elements and leukemic cell lines. The monoclonal antibody reacts with tumor cell membranes in enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay and is negative to cell membranes from various normal tissues. By immunoperoxidase testing, the antibody reacts with 18 of 22 stomach adenocarcinomas, 11 of 16 colon adenocarcinomas, 3 of 4 squamous cell carcinomas of the lung, and 1 of 4 lung adenocarcinomas. In addition, the antibody reacts with the superficial epithelium of normal tissues such as colon, stomach, esophagus, acinar cells and duct epithelium of the pancreas, bronchial epithelium of the lung, and sweat duct epithelium of the skin. Thus, the CSTO-1 antibody reacts to an antigen present in normal superficial epithelia, as well as on various tumors. It is of potential use in detecting these antigens on tumor sections and eventually may be used in immunotherapy. PMID- 6744311 TI - Effect of mitochondrial DNA transmitted cytoplasmically from nontumorigenic to tumorigenic rat cells on the phenotypic expression of tumorigenicity. AB - The effect of mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) on the phenotypic expression of tumorigenicity was examined by its cytoplasmic transmission from nontumorigenic cells to tumorigenic cells. Enucleated cells of the rat embryonic cell line 3Y1CAP, which are nontumorigenic and resistant to chloramphenicol, were fused with whole cells of the rat glioma C6BU-1 line, which are tumorigenic and resistant to 5-bromodeoxyuridine, and the cybrid colonies growing in selective medium with 5-bromodeoxyuridine (30 micrograms/ml) and chloramphenicol (50 micrograms/ml) were isolated clonally. Cytoplasmic transmission of 3Y1CAP mtDNA to C6BU-1 cells was confirmed by quantitative analysis of their mtDNA with restriction endonuclease. Subclones containing various amounts of mtDNA from 3Y1CAP cells were isolated from one cybrid clone, Y22, and their tumorigenicities were examined by inoculating 2 X 10(6) cells s.c. into nude mice. The tumorigenicities of these cybrid cubclones were almost identical to that of the nuclear donor C6BU-1 cells with respect to the tumor incidence (number of animals bearing tumors per number of animals inoculated), latent period, and growth rates of tumors. Moreover, analysis of chromosomes and mtDNAs of the cells recovered from the tumors obtained showed that the tumors were derived from the cells inoculated and that no selective overgrowth of segregants that had lost mtDNA from 3Y1CAP cells occurred in the nude mice. These observations suggest that expression of tumorigenicity of C6BU-1 cells was not suppressed by cytoplasmic transmission of nontumorigenic 3Y1CAP mtDNA. PMID- 6744312 TI - Emergence of permanently differentiated cell clones in a human colonic cancer cell line in culture after treatment with sodium butyrate. AB - The human colonic cancer cell line HT29 is undifferentiated in standard culture conditions (Dulbecco's medium:10% fetal bovine serum). These cells were cultured in 5 mM sodium butyrate for 9 days; then they were trypsinized and subcultured in sodium butyrate for an additional 14 days. Multinucleation occurred during this second phase of the treatment. The cells were then transferred to standard medium and multinucleation disappeared. Morphological changes appeared 10 to 12 days after return to standard culture conditions; some cells flattened and became more adherent to the bottom of the flasks. These altered cells divided actively and formed "flat foci" interspersed among the densely packed undifferentiated HT29 cells. This altered phenotype persists after more than 24 months of culture in standard medium. Clonal cell lines were established from these flat foci-forming cells and characterized. These clonal lines exhibited morphological cell polarity defined by an apical cell surface separated by junctional complexes from the basolateral cell surface. Functional differentiation did also occur since some clonal lines formed domes representing active transepithelial transport, and others exhibited massive mucus secretion. In conclusion, our findings indicate that permanently differentiated cell populations emerged in a colonic cancer cell line after sodium butyrate treatment. These new clonal lines will be useful in future models for the study of differentiation programs of both normal and cancerous colonic cells. PMID- 6744313 TI - Selection for experimental metastatic ability of heterologous tumor cells in the chick embryo after DNA-mediated transfer. AB - The chick embryo is an immune-deficient host able to support growth of a wide variety of transformed cells. Since growth of normal cells is not observed, this system appears to be generally useful for investigating malignant properties of different cells. Recently, we developed a sensitive assay to quantitate and select for rodent cells able to survive and grow in embryonic chick organs following i.v. injection (Cancer Res., 42: 4018-4025, 1982). We envisage this assay as a model system for studying aspects of the metastatic process. We have used DNAs from murine and human melanoma cell lines (which grow well in chick embryos after i.v. injection) to transfect murine LTA cells (which do not grow in chicks after i.v. injection). From the transfected LTA cells, we were able to isolate clones which grow well in the chick after i.v. injection. Such clones were not observed in untransfected LTA cells or with LTA cells transfected with LTA DNA. These experiments clearly demonstrate the feasibility of using the chick embryo as a host system to study genes involved in growth control alteration of the sort seen in malignant transformation. PMID- 6744315 TI - Morphological, biological, and biochemical characteristics of human bladder transitional cell carcinomas grown in tissue culture and in nude mice. AB - The morphological, biological, biochemical, and karyotypic characteristics of four human bladder transitional cell carcinoma lines, SW-780, SW-800, SW-1738, and SW-1710, were investigated. In tissue culture, each cell line presented a distinct phenotypic expression. All but line SW-1710 grew when transplanted in the nude mouse. Light and electron microscopic studies showed morphological characteristics similar to the tumors of origin, being independent of the passages in tissue culture medium, tumor cell extracts, and the plasma of nude mouse-grown tumors, showing isoenzyme quantitative distribution typical for each cell line. In addition, each cell line exhibited a unique genetically determined enzyme phenotypic profile which, along with the karyotypic analysis, makes their identification feasible. These characteristics make the described tumor lines a valuable tool in studying various aspects of the biology of human bladder transitional cell carcinoma. PMID- 6744314 TI - Trophectoderm in control of murine embryonal carcinoma. AB - It has been shown previously that the intact blastocyst of the mouse can regulate tumor formation and colony formation of murine embryonal carcinoma. This effect is consistent with the close histogenetic correspondence between embryonal carcinoma and the inner cell mass of the blastocyst. The ability of inner cell mass, blastocele fluid, and inner and outer surfaces of trophectoderm to abrogate colony formation of a variety of malignant tumors has now been tested. Direct contact of the embryonal carcinoma cells with the blastocele surface of trophectoderm proved to be necessary for abrogation of colony formation of embryonal carcinoma. This effect was not seen with any of the other tumors tested. Some tumors, which lack a normal cellular counterpart in the blastocyst, grew poorly in the blastocele unless a fistula was made in the wall of the blastocyst. Colony formation of the embryonal carcinoma was regulated in blastocysts with fistulas, but the other tumors were not regulated under these conditions. It is concluded that colony formation of embryonal carcinoma cells is regulated by direct contact with the trophectoderm of its corresponding embryonic field in an unknown but specific manner. PMID- 6744316 TI - Estrogen-like effects of tamoxifen on human endometrial carcinoma transplanted into nude mice. AB - The effect of tamoxifen (TAM) on human endometrial carcinoma was investigated in nude mice bearing an estrogen receptor-positive or estrogen receptor-negative tumor. The receptor-negative tumor grew rapidly, and the rates of tumor growth of 17 beta-estradiol or TAM-treated animals were identical to the rate of controls. The estradiol receptor and progesterone receptor (PR) concentrations in the tumor cytosol remained undetectable under all experimental conditions. In contrast, the rate of growth of steroid receptor positive tumor was significantly accelerated in the presence of TAM compared to controls (p less than 0.02). The increased tumor growth rate was, however, significantly lower (p less than 0.01) than that observed in animals receiving 17 beta-estradiol. The PR concentration in these tumors was elevated in response to TAM treatment. That the TAM-induced PR was indeed functional was evident from (a) increased activities of the progestin sensitive enzyme, 17 beta-estradiol hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase and (b) histological appearance of subnuclear vacuolization in these tumors after progestin administration. These studies indicate that continuous, short-term administration of TAM to nude mice results in an estrogen-like effect on endometrial carcinoma. Based on the finding that TAM induces functional PR, we predict that steroid receptor-positive endometrial carcinoma may show a greater response rate to combined, long-term treatment with TAM and progestin. PMID- 6744317 TI - High-level, unstable adriamycin resistance in a Chinese hamster mutant cell line with double minute chromosomes. AB - An Adriamycin-resistant Chinese hamster V79 line was isolated previously in this laboratory. There was about a 5-fold increase in Adriamycin resistance in this mutant as determined from survival curve measurements. Using this low-level Adriamycin-resistant mutant, a cell line with a high level of resistance was isolated after a multistep selection process culminating in continuous growth of the cells in medium containing 5.0 micrograms Adriamycin/ml. These cells are about 3000 times more resistant towards the cytotoxic effects of Adriamycin than is the parental V79 line. This high-level resistance phenotype is unstable and lost upon culture in the absence of drug. The highly resistant cells also showed increased cross-resistance to actinomycin D, Colcemid, and vincristine compared to the low-level resistant cells. Cytogenetic studies showed that these mutant cells contained increased numbers of double minute chromosomes and that the number of double minutes decreased proportionately with the reduction of Adriamycin resistance in cultures changed to drug-free medium. Adriamycin uptake assays demonstrated that there was a further decrease in net uptake relative to the low-level resistant mutant. PMID- 6744318 TI - Electrocardiographic and transmembrane potential effects of 5-iminodaunorubicin in the rat. AB - 5-Iminodaunorubicin (5-ID) is a quinone-modified anthracycline that retains antitumor activity but lacks the usual redox-cycling effects of quinoid agents. As a test for decreased cardiotoxicity, we have compared the dose- and time dependent effects of multiple doses of 5-ID and doxorubicin (DXR) on the rat electrocardiogram (ECG) using a signal-averaging process and have related the ECG changes induced by 5-ID to transmembrane potential alterations in myocardial preparations isolated from treated rats. 5-ID was studied at dose levels of 16, 4, and 1 mg/kg, while DXR was given at 4, 2, and 1 mg/kg. At the high- and medium dose levels, both agents produced widening of the QRS complex, increased R- and S wave voltage, and prolonged the Q alpha T interval. The QRS widening reversed in all surviving rats, whereas Q alpha T prolongation was reversible with 5-ID but irreversible with DXR. At the lowest dose, 5-ID had no effect on the ECG until the end of treatment. Microelectrode studies on single cells showed that QRS widening occurring with 5-ID treatment was related to a decrease in the maximum rate of depolarization (Vmax) and that Q alpha T prolongation resulted from an increase in the duration of the action potential. Electron microscopic examination showed that although these toxic changes could not be related to specific morphological alterations, in general, the more severe the electrophysiological change, the greater the ultrastructural change. The most consistent ECG change was Q alpha T prolongation. Using this parameter as a marker for cardiotoxicity, 5-ID was about 4 to 5 times less cardiotoxic than was DXR at high- and medium-dose levels and was noncardiotoxic (i.e., below a threshold for cardiotoxicity) compared with DXR at 1 mg/kg over 20 (DXR) to 35 (5 ID) treatments. The decrease in cardiotoxicity relative to DXR is consistent with previous findings that quinone redox cycling is suppressed in 5-ID. However, the ECG and transmembrane potential effects that we identified at elevated doses of 5 ID can be associated with toxic changes in cardiac cell membranes. Therefore, membrane changes other than those due to quinone redox cycling and, presumably, lipid peroxidation must underlie the electrophysiological changes and structural modifications observed with 5-ID in this study. We believe that 5-ID is a useful mechanistic probe in anthracycline cardiotoxicity studies as well as being of obvious interest for clinical trials. PMID- 6744319 TI - Morphofunctional modifications associated with the inhibition by estradiol of MtTF4 rat pituitary tumor growth. AB - The MtTF4 pituitary tumor has been induced in Fischer rats by chronic estrogen administration. Recently, we reported that sustained pharmacological treatment of Fischer rats with 17 beta-estradiol inhibited the growth of the MtTF4 tumor transplanted s.c. The present work describes the associated morphofunctional changes occurring in the tumor during 17 beta-estradiol inhibition. It is shown that a 7-day 17 beta-estradiol treatment resulted in an increase of the surface area of cells, nuclei, nucleoli, Golgi complexes, and rough endoplasmic reticulum and an increase in the number of euchromatin-rich nuclei. Flow cytometry analysis of DNA distribution suggested that estradiol affects the cell progression through the early S phase. The ratio of RNA to DNA increased significantly, reflecting cell hypertrophy. Moreover, there was a significant increase in tumor prolactin concentration and a marked enhancement in the intensity of the immunocyto chemical reaction with rat prolactin antiserum. On the other hand, cell mitoses were dramatically decreased. These morphofunctional changes indicate that the inhibition of the tumor growth by estradiol is accompanied by an evolution of the tumor cell population towards a more differentiated state. However, it cannot be decided whether 17 beta-estradiol induces a shift from a proliferative state to a differentiated state or whether 17 beta-estradiol treatment results in a selection of a subpopulation of tumor cells that are slow growing and more differentiated. PMID- 6744320 TI - Lymphoid cell subpopulations infiltrating into autologous rat tumors undergoing rejection. AB - Lymphoid cell subpopulations infiltrating into autografts of methylcholanthrene induced sarcomas in rats immunized with autologous tumor cells were identified in terms of immunohistochemical and cytofluorographic techniques using various monoclonal antibodies raised against different classes of rat lymphohemopoietic cells. These antibodies included in this study directed to rat T-cell antigens corresponding to mouse Lyt-1 (RLyt-1) and Lyt-2,3 antigens (RLyt-2) and to W3/25 antigen expressed on a particular subset of rat T-cells with helper function, as well as to rat granulocyte-macrophage-specific antigen (RGM-1). Histological studies demonstrated that the autografts of highly antigenic tumors introduced to the primary hosts were completely rejected following massive immigration of lymphoid cells into the tumor sites, which was not observed in progressively growing, minimally antigenic tumors. These lymphoid cells found within regressing highly antigenic tumor autografts were identified mostly to be T-cells bearing RLyt-1 (approximately 70%), and more than two-thirds of these T-cells expressed RLyt-2 antigen. In contrast to T-cells, macrophages and B-cells, each of which could be recognized by the presence of either RGM-1 antigen or immunoglobulin on their cell surfaces, appeared to have a minimal role in the rejection of autochthonous tumors, as reflected by their less frequent appearance within the tumor tissues during the rejection process. PMID- 6744321 TI - 12-O-Tetradecanoylphorbol-13-acetate stimulation of DNA synthesis in cultured preneoplastic familial polyposis colonic epithelial cells but not in normal colonic epithelial cells. AB - We have developed a method for the routine primary culture of human colonic epithelial cells. Cultured cells exhibited characteristic epithelial structures, including a brush border and junctional complexes. Flask-like goblet cells containing mucus were also seen within the epithelial monolayer. [3H]Thymidine labeling indices were used to distinguish between cultured cells from familial polyposis patients, other patients at high risk to develop colon cancer, and low risk control subjects. 12-O-Tetradecanoylphorbol-13-acetate (TPA) at 10 ng/ml enhanced DNA synthesis an average of 8-fold when assayed by labeling index in colonic epithelial cells from five of six familial polyposis patients. No such stimulation by TPA was seen in cells from 13 high-risk patients without familial polyposis or in cells from five low-risk subjects. Hundreds of benign polyps can be found in the colons of familial polyposis patients. One such benign tubular adenoma exhibited the same enhancement of DNA synthesis by TPA as normal appearing epithelial cells from a biopsy adjacent to that polyp. Mitogenic response to TPA had been seen earlier in cells from each of four tubular adenomas (Friedman, E. Cancer Res., 41: 4588-4599, 1981). Both familial polyposis epithelial cells and adenoma cells are considered preneoplastic, but they are not identical because their patterns of actin cytoskeletal organization differ. These results imply that familial polyposis epithelial cells are precursors of tubular adenoma cells, and their transition to the more advanced preneoplastic cells of this benign tumor is influenced by endogeneous tumor promoters. PMID- 6744322 TI - Nuclear estrogen receptor and nonhistone chromosomal proteins in hormonal independency of murine breast cancers. AB - The capability of nuclear binding of cytosol estrogen receptors (ERc) was studied in GR mouse mammary tumors during their alteration of hormonal dependency through serial transplantations. Nuclei from GR mouse mammary tumors were incubated with uterine cytosol receptor complexes labeled with 125I-estradiol, and the amount of receptor binding in the 0.4 M KCl nuclear extracts was determined. The originally ERc-positive-hormone-dependent (type I) tumors were capable of nuclear receptor binding, while this function was markedly reduced in the evolved hormone independent (type II) tumors, although the ERc content in the latter was still positive. The originally hormone-independent (ERc-negative, type III) tumors, however, retained the nuclear binding capability. It appears that the hormonal independency in type III tumors is due to a lack of ER, while in type II tumors it may be attributed to the loss of nuclear binding capability for receptor complexes. Nonhistone chromosomal proteins (NHCP) were analyzed by the 2 dimensional gel electrophoretic technique. A Mr 31,000 NHCP was present in 11 of 12 type I, and four of four type III tumors. Following serial transplantation of the type I tumors, this NHCP was either markedly diminished or not observed in all 14 type II tumors examined. Although it coincides with the capability of nuclear receptor binding, the biological function of this NHCP is still undefined and warrants further investigation. PMID- 6744323 TI - A stochastic numerical model of breast cancer growth that simulates clinical data. AB - A new stochastic numerical model of breast cancer growth is developed. First, the model suggests that Gompertzian kinetics does apply but that from time to time, in random fashion, there occurs a spontaneous change in the growth rate or rate of decay of growth, such that the overall growth pattern occurs in a stepwise fashion. According to the model, the average time for the tumor burden to increase from one cell to detection is probably in the range of 8 years. Secondly, the model suggests that there is a linear relationship between the number of axillary lymph nodes positive for metastasis at diagnosis and the number of other metastatic sites. This can be described mathematically by the equation S = 0.24 + 0.35N where S is the number of other metastatic sites and N is the number of positive lymph nodes. The model has been verified by simulating three data sets: (a) the survival times of untreated breast cancer patients as described by Bloom et al. [Br. Med. J., 2: 213-221, 1962]; (b) the growth rates of breast cancers immediately prior to diagnosis as described by Heuser and Spratt [Cancer (Phila.), 43: 1888-1894, 1979]; and (c) the disease-free survival time postmastectomy as described by Fisher et al. [Surg. Gynecol. Obstet., 140: 528-534, 1975]. This model could have implications concerning the overall treatment rationale for breast cancer. PMID- 6744324 TI - Measurement of ferritin-bearing peripheral mononuclear blood cells in cancer patients by radioimmunoassay. AB - A radioimmunoassay has been developed to measure ferritin bound to the surface of isolated human peripheral blood mononuclear white blood cells (PBMs) in order to investigate the possible relationship of this phenomenon to breast and other forms of cancer. The assay measures the specific binding (%SP) of affinity purified 125I-labeled rabbit anti-Hodgkin's spleen ferritin antibody to isolated patient PBMs. A preliminary prospective, preclinical trial on 300 patients was run which included: (a) normals, benign breast disease, and medical/surgical patients as non-cancer controls; (b) postoperative primary cancer and advanced cancer in clinical remission as post cancer controls; and (c) both early preoperative breast cancer patients and cancer patients with localized recurrences or active disseminated disease as test groups. The mean %SP for the non-cancer control groups was in the range of 4.3 to 5.1 (n = 187), which was identical to that for inactive cancer or postoperative cancer, which was no evidence of recurrence. Using a %SP normal cutoff level of 6.5, which resulted in a false-positive rate of approximately 10% for both non-cancer and post-cancer control groups, only 27% of early preoperative cancers (n = 22) gave elevated %SP values. These results suggest that measurement of ferritin-PBM is inappropriate for early disease diagnosis. In contrast, 91% of patients with advanced active breast cancer and 73% of those patients with other types of advanced cancers, including tumors of ovarian, lung, colon or esophageal origin, showed elevated %SP values more than double those of post-cancer controls. The mean %SP value in active advanced cancer was 10.8 for breast (n = 12) and 10.6 for all other solid tumors investigated (n = 34). Paired patient comparisons of ferritin-PBM and plasma carcinoembryonic antigen in breast cancer showed elevations in 91% of the patients for ferritin-PBM and 67% for carcinoembryonic antigen. Overall, these results suggest that patients with advanced cancer display elevated levels of ferritin on the surface of their PBMs and that this measurement may be a useful adjunct in monitoring and evaluating the clinical status of cancer patients. PMID- 6744325 TI - Thymidylate synthetase inhibition in malignant tumors and normal liver of patients given intravenous 5-fluorouracil. AB - Single surgical biopsies of solid tumor were obtained at 20 to 240 min after drug administration in 21 patients given first-dose bolus i.v. 5-fluorouracil (5 FUra), 500 mg/sq m, and assayed for 5-fluorodeoxyuridylate (FdUMP), deoxyuridylate (dUMP), total thymidylate synthetase (TS), and non-FdUMP-bound, free enzyme. Nineteen patients had cancer of gastrointestinal origin, 13 of these colorectal, and 2 patients had breast adenocarcinoma. In 9 patients, synchronous biopsies of surgically normal liver were obtained along with samples of hepatic tumors metastatic from gastrointestinal sites. Total TS averaged 4.18 pmol/g in the malignant tissues and 2.23 pmol/g in liver. FdUMP levels in the gastrointestinal tumors were higher than in normal liver, were highest at the earliest time interval studied, 20 to 30 min, and appeared to decrease exponentially through 120 min. TS inhibition averaged 70 to 80% in gastrointestinal tumor biopsies and less than 50% in normal liver. Levels of dUMP were low and varied little with time. Those gastrointestinal tumors with higher FdUMP:dUMP ratios showed significantly greater TS inhibition. Tumors of 3 patients who benefited from 5-FUra therapy (1 patient with colonic adenocarcinoma and the 2 patients with breast adenocarcinoma) showed greater TS inhibition than did tumors of remaining patients. It is concluded that the apparent time course changes observed in FdUMP, dUMP, and TS in the grouped data are qualitatively similar to findings of murine studies in vivo and that the relationship between FdUMP:dUMP ratios and TS inhibition are consistent with established in vitro enzymic kinetics. Thus, biopsies of tumors at short time periods after 5-FUra administration may be usefully studied for biochemical parameters of TS inhibition, with the objectives of correlation of sensitivity to subsequent 5 FUra therapy and clarification of mechanisms of drug resistance. PMID- 6744329 TI - Correlation of proliferative and clonogenic tumor cells in multiple myeloma. AB - To expand on the findings from previous clinical trials that the growth of residual tumor is increased at a predictable time following initial drug administration, malignant plasma cells from bone marrows of patients with multiple myeloma (MM) were examined for changes in proliferation and clonogenicity induced in vivo by cyclophosphamide and in vitro by drug-induced humoral stimulatory activity. Peak plasma cell [3H]thymidine labeling index (LI) occurred predictably following drug and paralleled changes in agar colony formation by marrow cells obtained during therapy. Colony-forming capacity of pretreatment MM marrow populations was enhanced when those cells were cultured with humoral stimulatory activity, similar to the increased colony formation detected in Day 9 postcyclophosphamide marrows at the time of peak plasma cell LI. To further define a relationship between proliferative plasma cells and colony-forming tumor cells, MM marrows were fractionated by sedimentation on an isokinetic gradient. Enrichment of a proliferative tumor cell cohort was achieved, evidenced by [3H]thymidine LI. Colony-forming cells were also enriched by isokinetic gradient sedimentation, and agar colony formation by MM marrow cell fractions correlated with the kinetic characteristics of the isolated subpopulations. These studies of whole and fractionated human MM marrow cell populations suggest that the kinetically active cells which are induced to proliferate in vivo and in vitro are closely related to the clonogenic tumor cells which produce colonies in agar and which, like those cells measured by [3H]thymidine LI, respond to growth stimulation by drug-induced humoral stimulatory activity. PMID- 6744327 TI - Augmentation of autologous antibody to human melanoma following acid dissociation and ultrafiltration of serum. AB - Sera of 22 individuals were examined for immunoglobulin M (IgM) and immunoglobulin G (IgG) antibody to autologous cultured tumor cells. Reactive native IgM was detected by immune adherence in four, and IgG by Protein A hemadsorption in five, sera. Direct and absorption testing of these reactive sera against a range of normal and neoplastic cells revealed one each with specificity for a highly restricted melanoma cell surface antigen and common tumor-associated antigen of melanoma. Given this low prevalence of antibody, we then tested whether IgG antibody might be retrieved from circulating immune complexes in melanoma patients' sera. Acidification and ultrafiltration of sera from seven patients have enhanced detectable IgG binding to autologous cultured melanoma in six. Characterization of one reactive autologous antibody has detected a common antigen in eight of nine melanoma lines tested. This antibody also detected two neuroblastomas, one of two glioblastomas, one of two sarcomas, and one of two breast carcinomas. The common melanoma antigen detected in these tests may be related to the neuroectodermal, oncofetal differentiation antigens described by others with autologous or allogeneic IgM. Autologous antitumor antibody in circulating immune complexes may provide a source of antibody for serodiagnostic and therapeutic applications relevant to treatment modalities, such as plasmapheresis and plasma perfusion over Protein A in melanoma and other cancers. PMID- 6744328 TI - Prognostic indicators including DNA histogram type, receptor content, and staging related to human breast cancer patient survival. AB - Primary tumors from breast cancer patients were evaluated for the biochemical presence of three steroid cytosolic receptors and by DNA histogram analysis using flow cytometry. These parameters were compared with the histological and staging diagnoses and the patients' survival over a 36-month period. A total of 74 patients with primary breast tumors were evaluated. The breast samples invariably demonstrated a peak population of diploid G0/1 cells which contained 2C amounts of DNA, as determined by mixing experiments using normal human breast tissues or trout erythrocytes as fixed standards. The tumors were classified into five DNA histogram types based on their DNA index distributions established by flow cytometry. These results showed that 21% of the tumors were diploid and indistinguishable from the diploid population of normal breast cells, 8% were hypodiploid, 11% were hypertetraploid, 8% were multiploid, and the remaining 52% were hyperdiploid. The DNA index values varied from 0.78 (hypodiploid) to 2.60 (hypertetraploid). The percentages of S-phase cells were lowest in the diploid and hypertetraploid tumors and highest in the hypodiploid tumors. Among the 24 patients who died during the 36-month follow-up, 92% (22 of 24) were classified in one of the aneuploid groups. Three high-risk groups identified on the basis of survival after 36 months were distinguished: hypodiploid (50% survival); multiploid (43% survival); and hyperdiploid (50% survival). Rates of survival in the diploid and hyperdiploid groups were 87 and 71%, respectively. The hypodiploid group was distinguished by having the lowest mean estrogen cytosolic receptor value [26 +/- 13 (S.D.) fmol/mg], progesterone cytosolic receptor value (13 +/- 15 fmol/ mg), and androgen cytosolic receptor value (less than 1 +/- 1 fmol/mg). In contrast, the diploid tumors had some of the highest receptor values, with mean estrogen cytosolic receptor value equal to 102 +/- 114 fmol/mg, progesterone cytosolic receptor value equal to 74 +/- 110 fmol/mg, and androgen cytosolic receptor value equal to 65 +/- 80 fmol/mg. The lowest survival rates (17% after 36 months) occurred in patients over 67 years of age who had aneuploid tumors, compared to 100% survival in patients over 67 years of age with diploid tumors. Our results demonstrate the value of using flow cytometry and steroid receptor values as supplements to histopathology for the characterization of subgroups of mammary cancer patients. The ability to identify patients with a good prognosis compared to those at high risk of recurrence and death will be valuable in the design of future prospective treatment studies. PMID- 6744326 TI - Pharmacological characterization of teroxirone, a triepoxide antitumor agent, in rats, rabbits, and humans. AB - Teroxirone is an experimental triepoxide antitumor agent currently undergoing evaluation in clinical trials. We have developed an assay based on derivatization with diethyldithiocarbamate followed by normal-phase high-performance liquid chromatographic analysis. When 14C-labeled teroxirone is administered to rabbits by rapid i.v. infusion, plasma disappearance of parent drug is very rapid (t1/2 less than 5 min), while plasma 14C-labeled drug equivalents are eliminated at a much slower rate (t1/2 greater than 60 min). Twenty-four-hr urinary recovery of parent drug is less than 1%, while recovery of 14C total radioactivity is 60 to 70%. Rapid plasma elimination (t1/2 less than 5 min) and total body clearance (greater than 5 liters/min) are observed following rapid i.v. administration of teroxirone to humans. When teroxirone is administered to humans at constant rates of infusion, plateau concentrations are rapidly achieved and maintained during infusion. Plasma concentrations rapidly decrease upon cessation of infusion. Less than 1% parent drug is recovered in 24-hr urine. Teroxirone is relatively stable in fresh human plasma and whole blood. Teroxirone is metabolized by rat liver, but not lung, microsomal preparations by an NADPH-independent pathway. Epoxide hydrolysis metabolites are detected in microsomal incubations, and cyclohexene oxide inhibits teroxirone metabolism, suggesting that epoxide hydrase may be responsible for teroxirone biotransformation. Cytotoxicity of teroxirone against continuous human tumor cell lines is abolished in the presence of 9000 X g rat liver supernatant preparations but partially restored when cyclohexene oxide is added to incubation mixtures. PMID- 6744330 TI - Classification and risk assessment of individuals with familial polyposis, Gardner's syndrome, and familial non-polyposis colon cancer from [3H]thymidine labeling patterns in colonic epithelial cells. AB - A probabilistic analysis has been developed to assist the binary classification and risk assessment of members of familial colon cancer kindreds. The analysis is based on the microautoradiographic observation of [3H]thymidine-labeled epithelial cells in colonic mucosa of the kindred members. From biopsies of colonic mucosa which are labeled with [3H]thymidine in vitro, the degree of similarity of each subject's cell-labeling pattern measured over entire crypts was automatically compared to the labeling patterns of high-risk and low-risk reference populations. Each individual was then presumptively classified and assigned to one of the reference populations, and a degree of risk for the classification was provided. In carrying out the analysis, a linear score was calculated for each individual relative to each of the reference populations, and the classification was based on the polarity of the score difference; the degree of risk was then quantitated from the magnitude of the score difference. When the method was applied to kindreds having either familial polyposis or familial non polyposis colon cancer, it effectively segregated individuals affected with disease from others at low risk, with sensitivity and specificity ranging from 71 to 92%. Further application of the method to asymptomatic family members believed to be at 50% risk on the basis of pedigree evaluation revealed a biomodal distribution to nearly zero or full risk. The accuracy and simplicity of this approach and its capability of revealing early stages of abnormal colonic epithelial cell development indicate potential for preclinical screening of subjects at risk in cancer-prone kindreds and for assisting the analysis of modes of inheritance. PMID- 6744331 TI - A possible bias in growth-kinetic estimates of the thickness of the growing layer in multicellular tumor spheroids. AB - Yuhas and Li (Cancer Res., 38: 1528-1532, 1978) have proposed a method for estimating the thickness of the growing layer in multicellular tumor spheroids. Their method assumes, however, that the thickness of the growing layer is independent of spheroid radius; this assumption seems implausible in view of the fact that, for purely geometrical reasons, oxygen diffusion distance is greater in small than in large spheroids. In this communication, theoretical growth rates are calculated for a growth kinetic model based on Burton's (Growth, 30: 157-176, 1966) model of oxygen diffusion, and it is shown that for this model the Yuhas-Li estimates of thickness of the growing layer are 10 to 30% below the true thickness of this layer in the larger of the two spheroids used for the estimation. To generalize beyond this particular model, it is shown that, for any model where the growing layer is thicker in small than in large spheroids, the Yuhas-Li method underestimates the thickness of the growing layer. However, for our particular model at least, the bias in the Yuhas-Li estimates is fairly constant and relatively small, so that these estimates may be quite serviceable, especially for purely comparative studies. PMID- 6744333 TI - Thrombocytopenia after combination therapy with aminoglutethimide and tamoxifen: which drug is to blame? PMID- 6744332 TI - Examination of the correlation of first-week mortality with the gastrointestinal syndrome following chemotherapy. AB - The equation frequently made between mortality of mammals within the first week after treatment by cytotoxic drugs and the "gastrointestinal syndrome" has been critically examined. Six clinically used drugs were employed. Only for carmustine and 5-FU was a plateau in survival time observed, for increasing single doses. With cyclophosphamide or dactinomycin, mean survival time in the period of interest decreased sharply with dose, in marked contrast to the constancy observed over a large range of doses of radiation. The dynamics of expression of intestinal injury, as judged by mitotic activity in the crypts, was the same for all drugs and for radiation. However, the clonogenic response of the intestine (crypt microcolony assay) differed widely between agents. Cyclophosphamide and dactinomycin did not destroy any crypts at dose ranges containing the 50% lethality dose for mice. Of the remaining four drugs (carmustine, 5-FU, mechlorethamine hydrochloride, and doxorubicin), the surviving fraction of crypts corresponding to 50% lethality of mice varied 17-fold. Altering the route of administration of mechlorethamine hydrochloride from ip to iv increased the lethality dose and the dose for a given level of crypt survival, but not by the same factor. Survival of primitive, clonogenic cells of the bone marrow was also altered, but in the opposite direction. It is concluded that even where mean survival times are closely similar to radiation, the interpretation of the gastrointestinal syndrome following radiation cannot be applied quantitatively in a similar manner after many cytotoxic drugs. PMID- 6744334 TI - Aggressive doxorubicin-containing regimen (prednisone, methotrexate, 5-FU, doxorubicin, and cyclophosphamide; PM-FAC) in disseminated estrogen receptor negative breast cancer. AB - Twenty-seven women with disseminated estrogen receptor-negative breast cancer received an aggressive chemotherapy program of prednisone, methotrexate, 5-FU, doxorubicin, and cyclophosphamide. Responses were achieved in 21 of 26 (81%) evaluable patients, eight (31%) of whom had complete responses. The median survival was 17 months. Despite the favorable overall response and a significant number of complete responses, all patients eventually relapsed. Although most patients relapsed systematically, two relapsed initially in the CNS. PMID- 6744335 TI - Combined iridium 192 interstitial and external beam radiation therapy for the treatment of prostatic cancer. AB - Twenty-four patients with clinically palpable prostatic adenocarcinoma (stage B or C) were treated with a combination of interstitial radiation therapy and external beam radiation therapy following pelvic lymphadenectomy for accurate staging. Early results indicate a complete clinical response rate at 12 months of 77%, with a 4% complication rate (persisting rectal ulceration). PMID- 6744336 TI - Dyspnea following vinblastine or vindesine administration in patients receiving mitomycin plus vinca alkaloid combination therapy. AB - Pulmonary toxicity is not commonly associated with the vinca alkaloids vinblastine and vindesine. Three patients receiving the combination of mitomycin plus vindesine or vinblastine developed acute dyspnea 1-5 hours following vinca alkaloid administration. Two of the three patients continued to receive therapy and both experienced symptoms with each subsequent vinblastine or vindesine injection. No other cause for the dyspnea could be detected. We conclude that, as in the three previously reported cases, shortness of breath can occur after the injection of vinblastine or vindesine in patients receiving mitomycin plus vinca alkaloid combination therapy. PMID- 6744337 TI - Concomitant razoxane and doxorubicin treatment on a weekly schedule. PMID- 6744338 TI - Mitolactol chemotherapy for malignant melanoma: a phase II study. AB - Fifty-one patients (43 evaluable) with malignant melanoma were treated with mitolactol in an intermittent oral schedule. There were four objective tumor responses, all occurring in patients previously treated with dacarbazine. PMID- 6744339 TI - Evaluation of gallium nitrate in metastatic or locally recurrent squamous cell carcinoma of the head and neck: a Southwest Oncology Group study. PMID- 6744340 TI - Phase II trial of PCNU in advanced renal cell carcinoma and malignant melanoma. PMID- 6744341 TI - Phase II evaluation of metoprine in advanced pancreatic adenocarcinoma. PMID- 6744342 TI - Phase II trial of diaziquone in advanced renal adenocarcinoma. PMID- 6744343 TI - Facial burning from cyclophosphamide. PMID- 6744344 TI - Serial interferon alpha 2 levels in serum and cerebrospinal fluid. PMID- 6744345 TI - Improved survival among children with acute leukemia diagnosed in the 1970s. AB - Improvements in survival were observed among white children less than 15 years of age diagnosed with acute lymphocytic leukemia (ALL) between 1973 and 1978 in nine of the areas covered by the National Cancer Institute's Surveillance, Epidemiology, and End Results (SEER) Program. Significant increases were noted between the 3-year survival rate for children diagnosed in 1973-1975 (59%) and the rate for those diagnosed in 1976-1978 (74%). The 5-year survival rate for children diagnosed with ALL in 1973-1975 was nearly 50%. Survival of female children exceeded that for males, and younger children 1-4 years of age diagnosed with ALL had a better prognosis than older children 5-14 years of age. Both sexes and age groups showed increases in survival between 1973-1975 and 1976-1978. Improvements in survival during these time periods were not observed for children diagnosed with acute granulocytic (myelogenous) leukemia. Between 1973 and 1979, the age-adjusted incidence rate for all childhood leukemias remained fairly constant in the SEER areas, ranging from 3.7 per 100,000 population less than 15 years of age in 1973 to 3.5 per 100,000 in 1979. Reflecting observed improvements in childhood leukemia survival, the corresponding mortality rates fell from 2.2 to 1.7 per 100,000 in this same time period. PMID- 6744346 TI - Hypersensitivity reactions induced by etoposide. AB - Eight patients with hypersensitivity to etoposide are reported. The clinical characteristics and outcome of the patients are detailed. In four patients, treatment was given to ameliorate the symptoms. Two of these patients were successfully re-treated with etoposide after premedication with diphenhydramine and hydrocortisone. Hypersensitivity is now recognized as a form of acute toxicity occasionally occurring with this agent. The mechanism is unknown but several possibilities are discussed. PMID- 6744347 TI - Vindesine, carmustine, doxorubicin, and prednisone (EBAP) in recurrent lymphomas: a Southwest Oncology Group study. AB - Seventy-eight patients with Hodgkin's disease and non-Hodgkin's lymphoma who had failed prior chemotherapy or radiation therapy were treated with a combination of vindesine, carmustine, doxorubicin, and prednisone (EBAP). Outpatient therapy was administered at 21-day intervals. Complete and partial responses were seen in 32 patients (41%). The response rate was higher for Hodgkin's disease (59%) than for non-Hodgkin's lymphoma (31%). The median duration of response was 31 weeks in both groups, with a median survival of all patients of 35 weeks (responders, 122 weeks; nonresponders, 16 weeks). Myelotoxicity was greater using EBAP than in the earlier reported program with vincristine, carmustine, doxorubicin, and prednisone, and in the absence of higher response rates does not support the use of vindesine over vincristine in combination programs using nitrosoureas, anthracyclines, and prednisone. PMID- 6744348 TI - PCNU treatment for recurrent malignant gliomas. PMID- 6744349 TI - Phase I study of diaziquone. AB - Twenty-eight patients received diaziquone (AZQ) as a single iv dose ranging from 2 to 27.5 mg/m2 in a phase I study. Myelosuppression was dose-limiting, tended to be cumulative, and was somewhat unpredictable in its occurrence. No pretreatment patient characteristics or chemical abnormalities were found to be consistently related to hematologic toxicity. No objective responses were noted in this study, with most patients having gastrointestinal neoplasms. A single iv injection of 22.5-27.5 mg/m2 of AZQ given every 4-5 weeks would be a suitable initial schedule. Pharmacokinetic studies revealed that the plasma elimination of AZQ was best described by a two-compartment open model with rapid plasma elimination of the parent drug. PMID- 6744351 TI - Current status of noninvasive testing: an overview. PMID- 6744350 TI - Phase I trial of vinzolidine. AB - Vinzolidine is a new, orally active, semisynthetic vinca alkaloid which shows broad anti-tumor activity against murine tumor test systems. This phase I study established a 1 day every 2 week schedule of 35 mg/m2 in good-risk patients and of 30 mg/m2 in poor-risk patients. Maximal tolerated dose was 45 mg/m2 with severe neutropenia, syndrome of inappropriate antidiuretic hormone, and paralytic ileus. Significant antitumor responses were seen in two patients with lymphoma and in one with squamous cell cancer of the lung. PMID- 6744352 TI - Effects of timolol on adenine nucleotide catabolism in cat hearts with acute regional ischaemia. AB - The effects of the beta-adrenergic blocking agent timolol on cardiac function and adenine nucleotide metabolism were investigated in cats with 45 min of acute ischaemia following coronary occlusion. Regional myocardial blood flow was measured by 15 micron radiolabelled microspheres, and adenine nucleotides and their degradation products were measured by high performance liquid chromatography in 16 tissue regions in each cat. During ischaemia, cats treated with timolol exerted a reduced cardiac performance as judged from reduced heart rate and cardiac contractility; consequently preocclusion tissue blood flow was reduced compared with a control group of cats. The ATP concentration was less severely depleted in ischaemic regions of the left ventricle in cats treated with timolol. The energy charge was reduced to a lesser extent in ischaemic regions, and in intermediate flow ranges the contents of the inosine and hypoxanthine/xanthine were reduced compared with untreated cats. These results indicate that the beta-adrenergic blocking agent timolol might protect the myocardium within a 45 min ischaemic period. The mechanism for this effect is most probably related to the reduction in overall cardiac performance. PMID- 6744353 TI - Alcohol and congenital heart defects: an experimental study in mice. AB - Pregnant mice were exposed to a single dose of alcohol (0.03 ml of 25% alcohol X g-1 mouse) or two doses (2 X 0.015 ml of 25% alcohol X g-1 mouse) 4 h apart, by intraperitoneal injection or by gavage, on days 7, 8, 9 or 10 of gestation. The mice were killed on the day before term and the fetuses examined for heart defects. Alcohol exposure on day 8, 9 or 10 of gestation caused a high incidence of ventricular septal defects (60%, 75% and 15% respectively). Defects of both the membranous and muscular parts of the septum were seen as well as more complex ventricular septal defects involving the great vessels. Day 7 was resistant to the induction of heart defects. This study has demonstrated that a relatively short exposure to high doses of alcohol during pregnancy in mice can cause congenital heart defects. This has important implications both as a possible cause of congenital heart anomalies in humans and for the counselling of mothers of affected children. PMID- 6744354 TI - Effects of diltiazem on triggered activity in canine 1 day old infarction. AB - Triggered activity arising from a delayed after-depolarisation occurs in canine subendocardial Purkinje fibres 1 day following infarction. Standard microelectrode techniques were used to study small preparations (less than 50 mm2) in vitro. Diltiazem, 1 mg X litre-1, reversibly suppressed triggered activity by reducing maximum diastolic potential, action potential amplitude and the rate of depolarisation of the delayed after-depolarisation. Complete quiescence or exit block resulted. The effects of diltiazem were antagonised by elevating extracellular Ca ion concentration. These results suggest that automatic ectopic rhythms 1 day following myocardial infarction, that are the result of triggered activity, are dependent on transmembrane Ca ion movement which diltiazem can directly antagonise. PMID- 6744355 TI - Regional distribution of brain and myocardial perfusion in swine while awake and during 1.0 and 1.5 MAC isoflurane anaesthesia produced without or with 50% nitrous oxide. AB - Isoflurane has been hailed as the anaesthetic of the eighties. We examined the effects of isoflurane anaesthesia on regional distribution of brain and myocardial blood flow in 11 healthy isocapnic pigs using 15 micron diameter radionuclide labelled microspheres that were injected into the left atrium. Each animal was studied during five of the following six conditions: (i) unanaesthetised (control; n = 8); (ii) 1.45% end-tidal (ET; 1.0 MAC) isoflurane anaesthesia (n = 10); (iii) 2.18% ET (1.5 MAC) isoflurane anaesthesia (n = 9); (iv) 0.95% ET isoflurane + 50% N2O anaesthesia (equivalent to 1 MAC; n = 8); (v) 1.68% ET isoflurane + 50% N2O anaesthesia (equivalent to 1.5 MAC; n = 8); and (vi) 50% N2O alone (n = 8). The order of anaesthetised steps was randomised for each pig. At every step 50 to 55 min were allowed for equilibration with isoflurane, and for N2O 35 to 40 min were allowed for equilibration. Recovery periods of 60 min each were interposed between anaesthetised steps to allow pigs to recover towards control values. Control values of blood flow in the cerebrum, cerebellum, and brain-stem were 81 +/- 5, 87 +/- 8, and 64 +/- 6 ml X min-1 X 100 g-1, respectively. During 1.45% isoflurane anaesthesia, cerebral, cerebellar and brainstem blood flows were 120%, 152%, and 145% of respective control values. With 2.18% isoflurane, perfusion in these regions of the brain was 140%, 200%, and 226% of respective control values. Substitution of 50% N2O to maintain equipotent anaesthesia markedly exaggerated the increment in cerebral blood flow, while changes in cerebellar and brain-stem blood flow were similar. Cerebral blood flow during 0.95% isoflurane + 50% N2O and 1.68% isoflurane + 50% N2O anaesthesia was 137% and 210% of the control value, respectively. Regional brain blood flow was only insignificantly altered by 50% N2O alone. It is concluded that isoflurane caused dose-dependent vasodilatation in all regions of the brain, the magnitude being greater in the cerebellum and the brain-stem. The administration of N2O with isoflurane to maintain equipotent anaesthesia exaggerated cerebral vasodilatation, especially at deeper level of anaesthesia. Myocardial blood flow in isoflurane anaesthetised pigs decreased, especially in the inner layers, in a dose-related manner. The use of 50% N2O with isoflurane permitted higher heart rate, perfusion pressure, rate-pressure product, and transmural myocardial blood flow. PMID- 6744356 TI - Impedance cardiograms reliably estimate beat-by-beat changes of left ventricular stroke volume in humans. AB - Linear regression was used to compare stroke volumes calculated from tetrapolar impedance cardiograms and simultaneous left ventriculograms in 14 patients undergoing diagnostic left heart catheterisation. We calculated three to five consecutive stroke volumes from each ventriculogram. Left ventricular stroke volumes estimated by the two methods correlated closely: the correlation coefficients from pairs of data obtained from individual patients ranged between 0.77 and 1.00 (average = 0.91), and the correlation coefficient for pooled data (all pairs from all subjects) was 0.79 (p less than 0.001). Changes in left ventricular stroke volume measured with the two methods also correlated well (r = 0.89 for pooled data, p less than 0.001). The results suggest that impedance cardiograms provide reliable estimates of changes of beat-by-beat left ventricular stroke volumes and reasonable estimates of absolute levels of beat-by beat stroke volumes in humans. PMID- 6744357 TI - Effect of aminophylline on coronary reactive and functional hyperaemic response in conscious dogs. AB - This study was undertaken to determine whether adenosine release from myocardial cells plays a role in coronary reactive and functional vasomotion. Reactive hyperaemic blood flow responses to 10 s complete occlusions and 400 ms diastolic occlusions of the left circumflex coronary artery and to the vasomotor responses to the increased cardiac demand following ventricular extra-activation were examined in a chronic, heart-blocked dog preparation during a control period and following intravenous bolus administration of aminophylline (5 mg X kg-1). Aminophylline administration resulted in a 19% decrease in the blood flow debt repayment ratio of 10 s reactive hyperaemic responses compared with the control period. However, administration of aminophylline had no effect on the coronary vascular response to 400 ms diastolic occlusions or to ventricular extra activations. These observations indicate that adenosine may play a role in the coronary vascular response to prolonged interventions but that other factors, as yet unidentified, may be implicated in the beat-to-beat regulation of coronary vascular resistance. PMID- 6744358 TI - Microbiopsy metabolite and paired flow analysis: a new rapid procedure for homogenisation, extraction and analysis of high energy phosphates and other intermediates without any errors from tissue loss. AB - A new procedure is described which allows for the rapid homogenisation, extraction and analysis of the metabolite content of microbiopsy samples (milligram quantities) while completely overcoming the major errors arising as the consequence of the substantial and variable tissue loss associated with conventional procedures. In addition to allowing more accurate and faster analysis of much smaller quantities of tissue the procedure also allows for the coincident paired measurement of flow (radioactive microspheres) in each biopsy. An example of the application of the method to the measurement of flow and high energy phosphate content in multiple microbiopsy samples from normal and ischaemic canine myocardium is provided. PMID- 6744359 TI - Activation of platelets by autogenous vein grafts is not prevented by acetylsalicylic acid and dipyridamole. AB - We have shown previously that experimental autogenous vein grafts activate platelets for up to four months following operation. In the present study, animals were treated with middle dose ASA (10 mg X kg-1 X 24 h-1) plus dipyridamole (8 mg X kg-1 X 24 h-1) and followed for 8 months. Despite this treatment, platelets were activated by the vein graft for up to four months after operation but not after this time. Similarly, treatment with low dose ASA (0.5 mg X kg-1 X 24 h-1) plus dipyridamole (8 mg X kg-1 X 25 h-1), high dose ASA (40 mg X kg-1 X 24 h-1) plus dipyridamole (8 mg X kg-1 X 24 h-1), or dipyridamole alone (8 mg X kg-1 X 24 h-1), did not prevent the vein graft-induced activation of platelets. Full inhibition of platelet arachidonic acid metabolism was demonstrated in the high dose ASA plus dipyridamole group. These results suggest that the interaction between the vessel wall and platelet is not inhibited by ASA plus dipyridamole. Platelets have first to be activated before causing intimal hyperplasia. Since aspirin and dipyridamole did not prevent activation of platelets by the graft, this drug combination is unlikely to prevent the development of intimal hyperplasia in the graft wall. PMID- 6744360 TI - Effects of sotalol on arrhythmias and electrophysiology during myocardial ischaemia and reperfusion. AB - Isolated, buffer perfused guinea pig hearts were used to study the effects of sotalol on arrhythmias and electrophysiology during 30 min of myocardial ischaemia, induced by reducing coronary flow to 10% of control, and subsequent reperfusion. Action potentials were recorded using the floating microelectrode technique and arrhythmias were noted and defined by extracellular electrical records. Sotalol 10(-4) mol X litre-1 reduced the incidence of ventricular arrhythmias during myocardial ischaemia and reperfusion. Prior to the onset of ischaemia sotalol reduced action potential amplitude and Vmax, and prolonged action potential duration, refractory period, and conduction time, and increased pacing threshold. During myocardial ischaemia the effect of sotalol on action potential duration disappeared, and that on refractory period was diminished. The effect of sotalol on action potential amplitude and Vmax was reduced during the early (2 to 12 min) part of ischaemia, but later, at the onset of arrhythmias, tended to reemerge, while the effect on QRS width was exaggerated. Thus the cellular electrophysiological effects of sotalol on normal myocardium provided a poor guide to the mechanism of its antiarrhythmic action in ischaemic tissue. PMID- 6744361 TI - Cardiac and peripheral arterial responses to isoprenaline challenge. AB - Changes in 1) heart rate, 2) brachial blood pressure, and 3) ankle systolic blood pressure, have been measured together with 4) diameter, 5) mean blood velocity, and 6) mean volume flow in the common femoral and posterior tibial arteries in normal volunteers following intravenous infusions of isoprenaline. A total of 70 studies in 15 normal volunteers were carried out using a sequence of three increasing doses of isoprenaline. Significant increases were observed in 1) heart rate, 2) brachial systolic blood pressure, and 3) femoral artery diameter, mean blood velocity and volume flow (p less than 0.001). Significant decreases were observed in 4) brachial diastolic pressure, and 5) ankle systolic pressure (p less than 0.001). In the posterior tibial artery, the diameter increased significantly at the highest isoprenaline dose but changes in velocity and volume were not significant. This investigation shows reproducible cardiovascular responses to intravenous isoprenaline in normal volunteers. Different responses were observed between the common femoral and posterior tibial arteries. Blood flow volume and velocity increased significantly in the femoral artery, whilst there was a trend towards an increase in volume blood flow with a decrease in velocity blood flow in the posterior tibial artery site. This difference between the two peripheral arteries is presumably due to a difference in the area of supply of the two arteries, the larger vessel predominately supplying muscle and the smaller vessel skin. Thus there may be either a different pattern of reflex outflow activity, and/or differences in the beta-adrenoceptor population of the sites supplied by the femoral and posterior tibial arteries. PMID- 6744362 TI - Defibrillation of 100 kg calves with asymmetrical, bidirectional, rectangular pulses. AB - The effectiveness in reversing ventricular fibrillation of 30 s duration of asymmetrical, bidirectional, rectangular waveforms in which the lagging half cycle has the same duration but lower amplitude than the leading portion of the waveform was evaluated in a 2160-episode study involving anaesthetised calves. An additional 480-episode auxiliary study involved the interlacing of unidirectional and bidirectional wave episodes. The leading half-cycles of the 18 bidirectional waveforms evaluated were 35 A at 8 and 16 ms, 50 A at 4 and 8 ms, and 70 A at 2 and 4 ms. Associated with each of the six leading half-cycle configurations were lagging half-cycles having reverse current levels of 1/8th, 1/4th, and 1/2 of the leading half-cycle current amplitudes. Six waveforms were successful in 97% or more of the transthoracic episodes. Of these, three were 100% successful. Our data, when combined with those from earlier unidirectional and symmetrical, bidirectional, rectangular waveform studies, suggest that a broad category of bidirectional rectangular shocks are superior to the most favourable unidirectional rectangular shock. PMID- 6744364 TI - Coronary flow rate dependent enzyme release rate from normoxic and anoxic rat hearts in vitro. AB - To study the relation between coronary flow rate (CFR) and the rate of enzyme release from isolated perfused rat hearts which were either normoxic or anoxic, we measured the total activity of lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) released from the heart during a 3 h test period and mean CFR during that period. The test period consisted of (under)perfusion in the presence of oxygen and sodium pyruvate (normoxic ischaemia) or (under)perfusion in the absence of oxygen and metabolic substrates (anoxic ischaemia). Activity of LDH released during the 3 h test period correlated positively with mean CFR during anoxic ischaemia for the whole range of CFR from 0 to 17 ml X min-1, and during normoxic ischaemia when CFR was in the range 0 to 7 ml X min-1. At a CFR higher than 7 ml X min-1, the activity of LDH released during 3 h of normoxic ischaemia correlated negatively with CFR. Mean CFR was negatively correlated with coronary vascular resistance at the end of the 3 h period of perfusion. In the hearts subjected to normoxic ischaemia, coronary vascular resistance correlated positively with the percentage of myocardium unperfused. This study shows that a low CFR leads to unhomogeneous myocardial perfusion, which inhibits leakage of enzymes from myocytes into the perfusate. PMID- 6744365 TI - Myoglobin content in human skeletal muscle and myocardium: relation to fibre size and oxidative capacity. AB - Myoglobin, muscle fibre diameter, and citrate synthase activity were measured in leg muscle of untrained and trained men and in the myocardium from the apex of the left ventricle and from papillary muscle in patients subjected to open heart surgery. The citrate synthase (CS) activity was 60% higher in trained than in untrained skeletal muscle. In the myocardium it was around four times greater than in untrained skeletal muscle but there was no difference between the apex of the left ventricle and papillary muscle. The fibre diameter varied almost threefold between the different groups of muscles with the largest diameter in untrained skeletal muscle and the with the largest diameter in untrained skeletal muscle and the smallest in papillary muscle. The myoglobin content in trained skeletal muscle did not differ from that of untrained muscle. In the left ventricle it was only 40% of that found in untrained muscle while papillary muscle had almost twice as high a myoglobin content as did the left ventricle. The ratio between myoglobin and fibre diameter, however, was of similar magnitude in skeletal muscle and the left ventricle while it was twice as high in papillary muscle as in the other muscles. In conclusion, the diffusion distance in terms of fibre diameter decreased with increased oxidative capacity (CS activity), when comparing the statistical means of the four different groups. The capacity for oxygen diffusion in relation to oxygen demand measured as the ratio of myoglobin to fibre diameter appeared to be of similar magnitude in skeletal muscle and left ventricle but was higher in papillary muscle. PMID- 6744363 TI - Relationship of neurosympathetic responsiveness to early ventricular arrhythmias in ischaemic myocardium. AB - Myocardial catecholamine overflow has been measured in open-chest anaesthetised dogs after graded stimulation of the left ansa subclavia before and during left anterior descending coronary artery occlusion and on reperfusion. Sequential 1 min periods of ansa stimulation over 3 h resulted in reproducible, frequency dependent regional myocardial noradrenaline (NA) overflow without tachyphylaxis. In seven dogs, two successive 10 min periods of LAD occlusion did not modify peak myocardial NA overflow from the predominantly ischaemic (I) or non-ischaemic (NI) areas at either low (1 Hz) or high (10 Hz) frequency ansa stimulation. In a second group of nine dogs, myocardial catecholamine overflow was related to changes in ischaemic area epicardial activation delay during repeated ansa stimulation on four occasions during 75 min of ischaemia. Stimulation at the period of peak spontaneous arrhythmias 5 and 17 min after coronary occlusion resulted in NA overflow from I of 2.8 +/- 1.3 and 3.0 +/- 1.6 pmol X ml-1 respectively and a significant increase in mean activation delay in I of 12 +/- 4 ms at 5 min and 9 +/- 4 ms at 17 min (p less than 0.05). In contrast, stimulation 30 and 60 min after coronary occlusion, when spontaneous arrhythmias are rare, was not associated with NA overflow from ischaemic areas (0.3 +/- 0.3 and 0.9 +/- 0.5 pmol X ml-1 respectively) and resulted in a minor reduction in mean activation delay in ischaemic areas of 2 +/- 3 ms at 30 min and 3 +/- 4 ms at 60 min. NA overflow from non-ischaemic areas and increases in blood pressure and myocardial lactate release were similar during each period of ansa stimulation. Coronary reperfusion induced massive overflow of NA (11.4 +/- 2.8 pmol X ml-1) and reduced extraction of adrenaline (A) from ischaemic areas with a time course similar to early reperfusion arrhythmias. Stimulation-evoked release of NA in ischaemic myocardium is thus maintained during the early period of enhanced vulnerability to arrhythmias and during reperfusion but is inhibited after 30 min. This temporal variability may be a factor in the time course of spontaneous arrhythmias in this model. PMID- 6744366 TI - Adrenergic coronary vasoconstriction in acute right ventricular hypertension. AB - This study tested the hypothesis that alpha-adrenergically mediated coronary vasoconstriction during the haemodynamic stress of right ventricular hypertension antagonises the effect of adenosine. Myocardial blood flow and plasma catecholamines were measured in 12 awake, but mildly sedated, chronically instrumented dogs during acute pulmonary artery constriction (PAC) before and during an infusion of adenosine (1 mg X kg-1 iv), with and without prior alpha blockade with phenoxybenzamine (10 mg/kg iv). PAC was performed by gradual inflation of a pulmonary artery hydraulic occluder until aortic pressure began to fall, after which aortic pressure was restored to control levels by aortic constriction. Heart rate was held constant by pacing. Two distinct patterns of response to adenosine during PAC were observed. Six dogs (group A) demonstrated attenuation of adenosine induced coronary vasodilatation; left ventricular (LV) myocardial flow fell from 7.35 +/- 1.14 ml X min-1 . g-1 (+/- SE) during adenosine to 3.63 +/- 0.81 during PAC and adenosine (p less than 0.05). In the six remaining dogs (group B) attenuation was not observed (LV flow = 6.51 +/- 0.92 during adenosine; 8.14 +/- 1.11 during PAC and adenosine). During PAC, both the severity of RV hypertension and levels of circulating catecholamines were greater in group A than in group B. Alpha-blockade partially restored adenosine responsiveness in group A during PAC, and LV flow increased to 6.23 +/- 0.80 (p less than 0.05). We propose that attenuation of the coronary flow response to adenosine infusion during PAC is related to the severity of PAC and alpha adrenergically mediated coronary vasoconstriction. PMID- 6744367 TI - Acetylcholine turnover in an autoactive molluscan neuron. AB - We have studied acetylcholine (ACh) turnover at the cholinergic synapse between an identified motoneuron, the salivary burster (SB), and the muscle cells of the salivary duct (SD) in the terrestrial mollusk Limax maximus. Electrophysiological recordings were made of the SB action potentials and the SB-elicited junction potentials (JPs) on the SD. The amplitude of the JP was used as a measure of ACh release by the SB. The SB is an autoactive neuron that discharges 1 to 12 bursts of action potentials per min. During sustained bursting activity, the SB is able to maintain transmitter release for 18 hr even in the absence of exogenous choline. The size of SB-elicited JPs does not vary during 18 hr of activity. If the choline uptake blocker, hemicholinium-3 (HC-3; 20 microM), is present in the saline, transmitter release and JP size are depressed by about 30% after 14 hr of activity. Thus, the SB is partially dependent upon choline reuptake for maintained ACh synthesis and release. In high (9.45 mM)-potassium (K+) saline, the SB fired tonically at twice its average spike frequency. JP amplitude initially increased, then declined to an amplitude which was 60% of the initial level. The addition of 20 microM HC-3 to the high-K+ saline caused a 75 to 100% decrease in JP size within 30 min. Thus, during high-frequency tonic firing, the SB was primarily dependent on choline reuptake for ACh synthesis and release. After JP size had been reduced in high-K+ saline containing HC-3, the SB-SD synapse was returned to normal choline-free saline. The SB resumed bursting activity. JP amplitude gradually increased over the next 30 min. Thus, high frequency firing in HC-3 had not depleted the SB of its entire endogenous store of choline or ACh. If the synapse was fatigued in high-K+ saline containing HC-3 and then placed in saline enriched with 300 microM choline, JP size increased within minutes. Thus, uptake of choline for ACh synthesis and release may be a more rapid process than mobilization of an endogenous transmitter store. Finally, the SB-SD synapse was fatigued in high-K+ saline containing HC-3. HC-3 was then removed from the saline. The SB maintained high-frequency tonic activity. JP size did not increase unless choline was added to the saline.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 400 WORDS) PMID- 6744368 TI - The axosomatic contacts on the bursting neuron of the snail Helix pomatia. I. Ultrastructural features of the axosomatic contacts. AB - The analysis of serial ultrathin sections of the RPAI bursting neuron of the snail Helix pomatia reveals the presence of axosomatic contacts on its surface membrane. These contacts have a number of specific features: the presynaptic axon contains synaptic vesicles and electron-dense granules, typical of peptidergic terminals; the terminal part of the axon forms many finger-like processes which invaginate the neuronal soma; the width of the cleft (80 nm) in the area of the contact is larger than that in usual synaptic contacts; and there is a system of lacoons in the region of the axosomatic contact; this system is formed by protrusions of the soma and it accompanies the contact along its extent. It is suggested that the system of lacoons which communicates with the space between the terminal and the soma may serve as a ramified synaptic cleft into which the secretion from the terminal is released. This system may contribute to a considerable prolongation of the time of action of the secretory product on the membrane of the RPAI neuron. PMID- 6744369 TI - Diffusion of ions and indicator dyes in neural cytoplasm. AB - The dispersion of dye molecules and small cations injected from a point source in the cytoplasm of molluscan neurons has been measured photometrically and compared with dispersion in aqueous solution. The diffusion of phenol red and arsenazo III was at least a factor of five slower in the cytoplasm than in saline. Movement of both dyes was slowed by about the same factor in a given cell. The dispersion rate of arsenazo III was not significantly affected by preloading the cytoplasm to dye concentrations up to 0.5 mM. Calcium and barium dispersion was measured in neurons and saline droplets preloaded with arsenazo III, while phenol red absorbance changes were used to follow the dispersion of injected protons. Ba2+ and H+ moved very slowly in the cytoplasm compared to aqueous solution. Ca2+ movement in all probability underwent a similar retardation in the neurons but high-affinity buffering of the cytoplasm severely restricted the spread of detectable amounts of this ion away from the injection site. PMID- 6744370 TI - Peripheral nerve extract promotes long-term survival and neurite outgrowth in cultured spinal cord neurons. AB - The hypothesis that peripheral, skeletal muscle tissue contains a trophic factor supporting central neurons has recently been investigated in vitro by supplementing the culture medium of spinal cord neurons with muscle extracts and fractions of extract. We extended these studies asking whether or not a trophic factor is present in peripheral nerves, the connecting link between muscle and central neurons via which factors may be translocated from muscle to neurons by the retrograde transport system. Lumbar, 8-day-old chick spinal cords were dissociated into single cells and then cultured in the presence of peripheral nerve extract. Cytosine arabinoside was added to inhibit proliferation of nonneuronal cells. In the presence of nerve extract, spinal cord neurons survived for more than a month, extended numerous neurites, and showed activity of choline acetyltransferase. In the absence of extract, neurons attached and survived for a few days but then died subsequently in less than 10 days. Neurite outgrowth did not occur in the absence of extract. Withdrawal of extract from the medium of established neuronal cultures caused progressive loss of both cells and neurites. Other tissues also contained neuron supporting activity but less than that found in nerve extract. These studies indicate that peripheral nerves contain relatively high levels of spinal cord neuron-directed trophic activity, suggesting translocation of neurotrophic factor from muscle to central target neurons. The neurotrophic factor has long-term (weeks) effects, whereas short term (days) survival is factor independent. PMID- 6744372 TI - [Multicriterion classification of health status]. PMID- 6744373 TI - [Resistance to gentamycin in Slovakia studied by computer. Dynamics during the 1972 to 1982 period]. PMID- 6744371 TI - Modulation of neuronal responses to L-glutamate in Aplysia. AB - Potentiation of the excitatory response to L-glutamate (Glu) by L-aspartate (Asp), similar to that which has been described at the crustacean neuromuscular junction, is observed in Aplysia neurons which are glutamate sensitive. Potentiation of the inhibitory responses to ionophoretically applied Glu in neurons preconditioned with Asp permits experiments which serve to differentiate among four hypotheses previously proposed to explain the underlying mechanism of the phenomenon. The potentiation is inhibited by cooling (Q10 = 1.3 +/- 0.2) and is blocked in Na+-free seawater, where the response to Glu applied alone is increased in both amplitude and duration. These results are most consistent with the view that Glu is normally removed from the extracellular medium through an active reuptake process which is Na+ dependent, is slightly temperature sensitive, and may be blocked by Asp. Potentiation of the excitatory response to L-glutamate (Glu) by L-aspartate (Asp) has been previously described at the crustacean neuromuscular junction (Kravitz et al., 1970; Nistri and Constanti, 1979). This potentiation has been attributed to an Asp-induced change in conformation of the Glu receptor, thereby increasing its affinity for Glu (Shank and Freeman, 1975); suppression of the rate of desensitization of the Glu receptor induced by Asp (Dudel, 1977); blockade by Asp of a Glu reuptake process (Crawford and McBurney, 1977); and release, triggered by Asp, of a bound store of Glu (Constanti and Nistri, 1978).(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS) PMID- 6744374 TI - [An attempt to balance the water and electrolyte equilibrium in a sauna]. PMID- 6744375 TI - [Activity of university students in the selection, adoption and implementation of moral ideals]. PMID- 6744376 TI - [Is modern anti-aggregation therapy effective?]. PMID- 6744377 TI - [Pitfalls in radioisotope diagnosis of deep venous thrombosis using fibrinogen 125I in traumatology]. PMID- 6744378 TI - [Methods of replacing circulating volume in plasma exchange]. PMID- 6744379 TI - [Treatment of virus diseases with emetine]. PMID- 6744380 TI - [The importance of determining serum myoglobin in the early diagnosis of acute myocardial infarct]. PMID- 6744381 TI - [The present and future of cephalosporin antibiotics]. PMID- 6744383 TI - [The effect of endotoxins on the level of rifampicin in the blood of calves]. PMID- 6744382 TI - [Detection of Chlamydia trachomatis in the urogenital tract]. PMID- 6744384 TI - [The first discussion on the role of balneotherapy within the framework of the WHO program]. PMID- 6744385 TI - Interaction of bimane-labeled fluorescent tubulin with the isolated mitotic apparatus. AB - Fluorescent derivatives of cellular proteins that retain their native characteristics have become useful probes to investigate the dynamics of specific cytoskeletal proteins. In the experiments reported here, a previously characterized fluorescent derivative of tubulin, bimane-tubulin [Wadsworth and Sloboda, 1982a], was used to investigate microtubule assembly in vitro. The results demonstrate that bimane-tubulin was competent to assemble onto a variety of organizing centers in vitro, including microtubule organizing centers (MTOCs) present in homogenates of sea urchin eggs, isolated mitotic apparatuses (MAs), and lysed mitotic cells. When homogenates of fertilized sea urchin eggs containing MTOCs were incubated with bimane-tubulin at 37 degrees C, discrete areas of linear fluorescence were observed. Only diffuse fluorescence was observed when calcium or colchicine was added to the homogenate or if the temperature was maintained at 0 degrees C. Negative-stain electron microscopy of the fluorescent arrays revealed morphologically normal microtubules radiating from electron dense regions. When mitotic spindles, isolated in glycerol containing buffers and therefore cold stable, were incubated with bimane-tubulin, linear fluorescence was observed emanating from the spindle poles but not from the region occupied by the kinetochores. MAs incubated with bimane-labeled bovine serum albumin or bimane-labeled microtubule-associated proteins showed only diffuse fluorescence. However, when mitotic cells which were hypotonically lysed in the absence of detergents or microtubule stabilizing solvents, were perfused with bimane-tubulin intense fluorescence was observed in the asters and throughout the spindle. Two experiments suggested that the fluorescence observed in the results outlined above was due to the assembly of normal microtubules from the fluorescent subunits. First, the observed fluorescence was sensitive to cold temperature, which is known to disassemble microtubules. Second, when the isolated, fluorescent MAs were examined by thin section electron microscopy, microtubules of normal diameter were seen. No aggregated material appeared associated with the walls of the microtubules, which might have been expected if the fluorescent protein was nonspecifically adsorbed to the microtubules. The results of these experiments demonstrate that isolated, stabilized MAs support the growth of new microtubules from the spindle poles while labile spindles, present in lysed cells, incorporate fluorescent tubulin throughout the spindle and asters.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 400 WORDS) PMID- 6744386 TI - A comparison of methods used to characterize gelation of actin in vitro. AB - We have compared the meniscus depletion assay and falling ball viscometry, two means of assessing the extent of gelation in actin-based systems using mixtures of actin and the actin-binding protein filamin. We examined the effect of varying the concentrations of actin and filamin in both assays. The interaction of actin and filamin was detected only above a threshold concentration of filamin. This threshold concentration was lower for falling ball viscometry than for the meniscus depletion assay at equal actin concentrations. At constant concentrations of filamin, an increase in actin concentration caused an increase in apparent viscosity measured by the falling ball assay, but a decrease in sedimentability detected by the meniscus depletion assay. The rate of sedimentation of actin was dependent on the molar ratio of actin to filamin. At each molar ratio, the sedimentation of actin was not dependent on the specific concentrations of actin and filamin used. The apparent viscosity was dependent on both the molar ratio and the specific concentrations of actin and filamin. To relate the present results to earlier studies, we examined mixtures of actin and filamin using a macroscopic assay of gelation (tube tipping assay), and polarized light microscopy. The effect of increasing filamin concentration in the four assays was compared at three actin concentrations. Mixtures of actin and filamin whose apparent viscosities were low enough to be estimated by falling ball viscometry were optically isotropic fluids that flowed out of inverted test tubes. Mixtures of actin and filamin in the range of sensitivity of the meniscus depletion assay were either viscous fluids or gels, and were either optically isotropic or anisotropic. Thus, the four assays provide different estimates of gelation. Both the meniscus depletion assay and falling ball viscometry can be used to determine relative gelation activity, but neither can be used as a quantitative assay of gelation. PMID- 6744387 TI - Three-dimensional bend propagation in hamster sperm models and the direction of roll in free-swimming cells. AB - Iontophoretic application of ATP to the flagellum of the demembranated hamster spermatozoon produced a planar pair of bends at the two ends of the stimulated site. During bend propagation, torsion appeared in the vicinity of the interbend in some responses such that the distal bend was twisted clockwise when viewed from the base of the flagellum. This pattern of propagation is consistent with the instantaneous configurations of free-swimming cells previously described. The technique used here establishes that the three dimensionality arises from propagation per se, and does not depend on forces developed during swimming. The rolling of both free-swimming intact and demembranated spermatozoa was examined by two-color darkground videomicroscopy and the direction of rotation was, as predicted, always anticlockwise. A hypothetical mechanism, involving differential speeds of propagation of active sliding within the active microtubule subset, is proposed to account for the observed waveforms. PMID- 6744388 TI - [Distribution of antibody against HBs among people in Henan Province]. PMID- 6744389 TI - [A study on the transmission of hepatitis B from mother to the newborn]. PMID- 6744390 TI - [Experimental observation on infection of mosquitoes with hepatitis B virus]. PMID- 6744391 TI - [Discovery of a paragonimiasis endemic area in Yichang Prefecture]. PMID- 6744392 TI - [Preliminary report on disease surveillance in Liuyang County]. PMID- 6744393 TI - [Comparative analysis of hypertension morbidity and blood pressure between Han and Kazak nationalities]. PMID- 6744394 TI - [An epidemiological survey and clinical analysis of erythromelalgia in Nanning City]. PMID- 6744395 TI - [A survey on carrier state of malaria Plasmodium in a sample population]. PMID- 6744396 TI - [A seroepidemiological survey on schistosomiasis japonicum]. PMID- 6744397 TI - [Two-year investigation on geographical distribution of serotypes and drug resistance of Shigella in Wuxing County]. PMID- 6744398 TI - [A survey on type distribution and drug resistance of 83 strains of Shigella in rural areas of Zhengzhou]. PMID- 6744399 TI - [Analysis of bacterial etiology and epidemiological features in 384 cases of acute diarrhea]. PMID- 6744400 TI - [Serological classification of Vibrio parahaemolyticus]. PMID- 6744401 TI - [An epidemiological survey on an outbreak of typhoid fever]. PMID- 6744402 TI - [Comparison of three methods in determining the antibody against diphtheria toxin]. PMID- 6744403 TI - [Active immunization with combined vaccines]. PMID- 6744404 TI - [Perinatal transmission of hepatitis B virus]. PMID- 6744405 TI - Single versus biplane right and left ventricular volumetry: a cast and clinical study. AB - True volume (y) and measured volume (x) determined from 23 right and 22 left normal human casts in four biplane angiographic positions and in their eight single-plane components were used to find the correction factor (b) by regression through the origin (y = bx). The correction factors were applied to human studies to assess the validity of the various biplane and single-plane modalities in vivo. The casts studies yield excellent correlations in both right and left biplane methods (right volumetry: 0.555 less than or equal to b less than or equal to 0.708, 0.917 less than or equal to r less than or equal to 0.954, 4.10 less than or equal to SEE less than or equal to 6.01 left volumetry: 0.748 less than or equal to b less than or equal to 0.825, 0.974 less than or equal to r less than or equal to 0.982, 4.81 less than or equal to SEE 5.79). Good results were obtained with single-plane volumetries as well (right volumetry: 0.316 less than or equal to b less than or equal to 0.887, 0.750 less than or equal to r less than or equal to 0.917, 10.75 less than or equal to SEE less than or equal to 18.96; left volumetry: 0.728 less than or equal to b less than or equal to 0.881, 0.897 less than or equal to r less than or equal to 0.976 5.73 less than or equal to SEE less than or equal to 11.97). The correction factors for the single-plane studies depend much more strongly on the spatial position relative to the radiographic system, particularly in the case of the right ventricular volumes. Thus, the application of the appropriate correction factors is mandatory. The human studies (141 left and 60 right volumetric studies in various single-plane and biplane projections) showed a larger scatter of single-plane values, more pronounced for the right ventricle. In certain disease conditions, single plane volumetric studies using cast-derived correction factors cannot be used to obtain meaningful results. Correction factors for the following single or biplane mode volumetry are presented for the first time: biplane hepatoclavicular view (right and left ventricle), biplane long axial oblique view (right ventricle), and their single-plane components; lateral and 60 degree Left Anterior Oblique (LAO) single plane for the left-sided measurements, Postero Anterior (PA), lateral, and 60 degree LAO for the single-plane right-sided calculations. PMID- 6744406 TI - Incidence of new focal pulmonary emboli after routine cardiac catheterization comparing the brachial to the femoral approach. AB - The incidence of pulmonary perfusion defects after routine cardiac catheterization was assessed in 56 patients by comparing ventilation-perfusion (V/Q) lung scans obtained before and 1 day after catheterization. Patients were prospectively randomized in two groups, one in which the brachial approach was performed using an antecubital cutdown procedure, and one in which the percutaneous femoral approach was used. None of the patients with the brachial approach had any ventilation-perfusion mismatch on the V/Q scan; however, three patients (8.3%) with the femoral approach did. These two groups did not differ significantly in clinical characteristics, duration of catheterization, and hemodynamic variables. The data suggest that pulmonary emboli postcardiac catheterization is more frequent in the femoral than the brachial approach. Furthermore, since those pulmonary emboli are mostly asymptomatic, their clinical recognition would be underestimated. PMID- 6744407 TI - Sotalol-induced torsade de pointes. AB - A case of sotalol-induced polymorphous ventricular tachycardia (torsade de pointes) is presented. The patient had moderately prolonged Q-T interval before medication with sotalol with further prolongation after application of this drug. Electrophysiological study during rechallenge with sotalol demonstrated a uniform ventricular tachycardia with a somewhat polymorphous onset; whether or not this tachycardia represented replication of the patient's spontaneous arrhythmia is questionable. Without antiarrhythmic drugs and during medication with pindolol ventricular tachycardia was not inducible. PMID- 6744408 TI - Myocardial infarction in the distribution of a patent anomalous left circumflex coronary artery. AB - Anomalous origin of the left circumflex coronary artery is the most common congenital coronary artery anomaly. Myocardial infarction has been seen in the distribution of this anomalous vessel. This has been noted most typically when the vessel is atherosclerotic. Sudden death and myocardial infarction, however, also have been seen in a case without atherosclerotic involvement. This is a case report of a 45-year-old man who suffered a myocardial infarction after strenuous and sustained physical effort and who was found to have nonatherosclerotic coronary arteries with an anomalous left circumflex coronary artery arising from the right sinus of Valsalva. PMID- 6744409 TI - Ergonovine provocative testing: description of a "double catheter technique". AB - Since coronary arteries should be immediately accessible during ergonovine provocative testing (EPT), a double catheter technique is described. Using the catheter sheath technique from the right and left femoral arteries, right and left Judkins' catheters are introduced into each femoral artery. Selective coronary cineangiography during EPT is thus rapidly performed without the delay of exchanging catheters. Should coronary arterial spasm occur during the test, nitroglycerin can be administered into the coronary artery without delay. PMID- 6744410 TI - Heterogeneous mitochondrial DNA D-loop sequences in bovine tissue. AB - Mitochondrial DNA from bovine tissue contains heterogeneous sequences located within an evolutionary conserved cytosine homopolymer sequence near the 5' end of the D-loop region. This part of the mammalian mitochondrial genome is known to contain the origin of heavy strand DNA synthesis and the major transcriptional promoter for each strand. Nucleotide sequence analysis of cloned DNA and electrophoretic analysis of appropriate small fragments from animal tissue reveal a population of length polymorphs containing from nine to 19 cytosine residues. No individual length species represents more than 40% of the population. These data imply a state of significant intraanimal mtDNA sequence heterogeneity, which most likely occurs intracellularly as well. The localization of variability to a homopolymer run suggests that replication slip-page generated the sequence population. We also report that when recombinant clones containing this region are repeatedly passaged in E. coli, they begin to regenerate length variation similar to that seen in animal mtDNA. PMID- 6744411 TI - Growth-associated proteins and the curious dichotomies of nerve regeneration. PMID- 6744412 TI - The microvillus 110K cytoskeletal protein is an integral membrane protein. AB - A protein of 110,000 MW connects actin filaments to the plasma membrane in microvilli of intestinal epithelial cells. In the present study four independent lines of evidence suggest that the 110K protein is directly bound to the lipid bilayer. The solubilization of the 110K protein requires detergents and removal of detergent after solubilization results in aggregation. The 110K protein partitions into the detergent phase in Triton X-114 solutions. It is selectively incorporated into liposomes. It is specifically labeled with the hydrophobic probe 14C-phenylisothiocyanate. In addition we present a purification scheme for the 110K protein in milligram amounts. This represents the simplest system of membrane to filament attachment, in which an integral membrane protein is also a cytoskeletal protein. PMID- 6744413 TI - Microtubule polarity and the direction of pigment transport reverse simultaneously in surgically severed melanophore arms. AB - The transport of pigment through the long cytoplasmic extensions (arms) of teleost melanophores is a microtubule-dependent event. We have severed the arms from melanophores to test whether microtubules isolated from the centrosome maintain their original polarity and disposition. In addition, we have tested whether arms containing microtubules of mixed polarities alter the direction of pigment transport. We find that microtubules within severed arms eventually change their polarity and reorganize from the arm center as if to form a new minicell. Concomitant with this change is a reversal in the direction of pigment transport. PMID- 6744414 TI - UV-induced extracellular factor from human fibroblasts communicates the UV response to nonirradiated cells. AB - Ultraviolet light enhances the synthesis of at least eight abundant proteins in human fibroblasts within 2 hr. These proteins are identical with those induced by the tumor promoter TPA. The inducing signal is generated by DNA damage, as these proteins are induced by lower doses of UV in fibroblasts from patients with Cockayne's syndrome or Xeroderma pigmentosum. In the supernatant of UV-treated cells, a heat-labile ammonium sulfate precipitable factor of more than 10 kd (EPIF) was detected which, upon transfer to nonirradiated cells, mimicked UV in the UV-induced synthesis of gene products. The response to UV, TPA, or EPIF was inhibited by fluocinolone acetonide, but not by retinoic acid, protease inhibitors, or superoxide dismutase. PMID- 6744415 TI - Reprogramming cell differentiation in the absence of DNA synthesis. AB - We examined whether the activation of muscle gene expression in nonmuscle cells required DNA synthesis. Human fibroblasts from amniotic fluid and fetal lung were fused with differentiated mouse muscle cells in the presence or absence of the DNA synthesis inhibitor, cytosine arabinoside. In the stable heterokaryons formed, the human contractile enzyme, MM-creatine kinase (CK), and the cell surface antigen, 5.1H11, were detected in comparable amounts regardless of whether DNA synthesis had occurred. A single cell analysis revealed that the efficiency of gene activation was high and that DNA synthetic activity was not affected by the ratio of muscle to nonmuscle nuclei in the heterokaryons. In addition, muscle gene expression was not restricted to the G1 phase of the cell cycle. We conclude that cell differentiation can be reprogrammed in heterokaryons regardless of cell cycle phase and in the absence of detectable DNA synthesis. PMID- 6744416 TI - Nucleotide and deduced polypeptide sequences of the photosynthetic reaction center, B870 antenna, and flanking polypeptides from R. capsulata. AB - The complete nucleotide sequence (8867 bp) and the deduced polypeptide sequence are given for 11 proteins from the photosynthetic gene cluster of R. capsulata (46 kb), including the photosynthetic reaction-center L, M, and H subunits and the B870 alpha and B870 beta polypeptides (light-harvesting I). These polypeptides bind bacteriochlorophyll, bacteriopheophytin, carotenoids, and quinones that are involved in the primary light reactions of photosynthesis. Hydropathy plots indicate that the L and M subunits are transmembrane proteins that may cross the membrane five times, while the H subunit has only one hydrophobic section near the amino terminus, which may be transmembrane. The L and M subunits are homologous over their entire length and have a high degree of homology with the QB protein from photosystem II of higher plants. An additional six genes were identified that may have some unknown role in bioenergetics since only mutations that affect the differentiation of the photosynthetic apparatus are known to map to this gene cluster. PMID- 6744417 TI - Transformation of several species of higher plants by Agrobacterium rhizogenes: sexual transmission of the transformed genotype and phenotype. AB - The T-DNA of the Ri plasmid from Agrobacterium rhizogenes is compatible with the regeneration of whole plants from genetically transformed roots and is transmitted through meiosis to the progeny of genetically transformed plants in carrot, tobacco, and morning glory (Convolvulus arvensis). The presence of Ri T DNA is correlated with a phenotype that in some respects is invariable from species to species and in other respects varies as a function of species, organ clone within species, or individual. The transformed phenotype concerns a variety of morphological and physiological traits, is dominantly inherited in tobacco, but does not in general appear to be deleterious. The Ri T-DNA may provide a molecular starting point for studying a number of basic phenomena in plant morphology and physiology. PMID- 6744418 TI - Requirement of a downstream sequence for generation of a poly(A) addition site. AB - The 3' terminus of most, if not all, eucaryotic polyadenylated mRNAs is formed as a result of endonucleolytic cleavage of a larger precursor RNA. That is, transcription does not terminate at the mRNA 3' sequence but rather proceeds through this site, terminating at some distance downstream. Using a plasmid containing the adenovirus E2A transcriptional unit, we have investigated the sequence requirement for the formation of a mature mRNA 3' terminus, focusing on the role of sequences immediately distal to the poly(A) addition site. Deletion mutants were constructed in the region distal to the poly(A) addition site and assayed by transfection into human 293 cells. The results demonstrate that 35 nucleotides distal to the site of poly(A) addition are sufficient for the formation of a mature E2 mRNA. However, removal of an additional 15 nucleotides, leaving 20 nucleotides distal to the poly(A) site, abolished the ability to produce functional E2A mRNA. The defect in the production of functional mRNA from such a mutant appears to be in the proper cleavage of the primary transcript at the poly(A) addition site. It would thus appear that sequences immediately distal to the site of poly(A) addition do not contribute to the mature mRNA but are essential for the formation of mature mRNA. PMID- 6744419 TI - Rapid loss of sensitivity of mitogen-induced lymphocyte activation to inhibition by cyclosporin A. AB - The ability of the immunosuppressive drug cyclosporin A (CS-A) to inhibit the activation of lymphocytes by phytohaemagglutinin (PHA) and concanavalin A (Con A) is progressively lost over the 8-hr period following mitogen addition. This process is dependent on the presence of Ca2+ in the culture medium and is complete at a time when activation still requires the continued presence of the mitogen. While inhibition by CS-A is reduced to some extent by lymphokines produced by mitogen-activated cultures, the initial loss of sensitivity to CS-A is too complete and too rapid to be accounted for in this way. We conclude that CS-A inhibits an early Ca2+-dependent step in mitogen-induced activation that is not in itself sufficient to commit the cells to initiate proliferation, but is required for later steps in the activation process, including lymphokine production. PMID- 6744420 TI - Human monocyte chemiluminescence triggered by IgG aggregates. Requirement of phospholipase activation and modulation by Fc receptor ligands. AB - Human mononuclear cells stimulated with soluble IgG aggregates generated chemiluminescence, a response attributable to monocytes. Some requirements of this reaction were examined by preincubation of the cells with a variety of inhibitors. The protease antagonists TPCK and TLCK, the phospholipase inhibitors quinacrine and BPB, and the calcium channel blocker verapamil were all inhibitory at micromolar concentrations. The oxygen metabolite scavengers SOD and catalase were less inhibitory. These findings are consistent with a major role for arachidonic acid metabolites in the generation of light. Modulation of monocyte Fc-mediated chemiluminescence also occurred by preincubation of the cells with Fc ligands. While IgG aggregates and monomeric IgG blocked Fc-dependent chemiluminescence, IgG Fc fragments were stimulatory of this response. PMID- 6744421 TI - Acid phosphatase activity of developing anterior horn cells of chicken embryo after de-efferentiation and/or deafferentiation. PMID- 6744422 TI - Cell membrane polarity in primary human fibroblasts. AB - The topologies of bindings of cationized CF and native ferritin (NF) on plasma membranes of primary human fibroblasts were examined by transmission electronmicroscopy. Both ligands bound mainly to apical surfaces and less abundantly to lateral regions. At basal localization they were observed only at cell-to-cell connections. The polarity of negatively charged binding sites was not altered by glutaraldehyde fixation. The definite polarity of plasma membranes of cultured cells express alternating surface areas charged negatively or positively. PMID- 6744423 TI - Bundling of bovine and brine shrimp (Artemia) microtubules in vitro. AB - Cell-free extracts from embryos of the brine shrimp (Artemia) induced bundling of bovine microtubules assembled in the presence of glycerol and Mg++. Sedimentation of microtubules through sucrose cushions and subsequent electrophoresis revealed that bundling occurred independently of accessory proteins tightly bound to the microtubules. Bovine microtubules containing microtubule-associated proteins (MAPS) or assembled with taxol did not bundle. The unusual polymerization properties of homogeneous Artemia tubulin, bundling in the absence of added factors and the small number of microtubules assembled in crude embryo extracts upon addition of taxol precluded a complete comparative study of Artemia and bovine microtubule bundling. Interesting properties of the in vitro assembly of Artemia microtubules were, however, elaborated and putative Artemia MAPs were observed as a consequence of the work with brine shrimp embryos. PMID- 6744425 TI - Cell cycle related phenothiazine effects on adriamycin transport. AB - In P388 murine leukemic cells, the pheno-thiazine tranquilizer, chlorpromazine, causes a marked increase in intracellular drug retention. Laser excited flow cytometry shows that in log phase cultures this increase in drug retention is not uniform but confined to a sub-population. In cell cycle phase enriched populations of P388 cells obtained by centrifugal elutriation, the phenothiazine enhanced adriamycin retention is seen predominantly in cells in the late S, G2/M part of the cell cycle. PMID- 6744424 TI - Reciprocal effects of excess potassium salts in the culture medium on type I and type III collagen synthesis by human skin fibroblasts. AB - By the addition of excess KCl or CH3COOK in the culture medium of human skin fibroblasts, production of non-collagenous proteins and membrane transport of [3H]proline of the cells were activated, but collagen synthesis was not increased. Production of type I collagen was inhibited under these culture conditions but type III collagen synthesis was activated; thus the ratio of type I to type III collagen decreased from 10 to near 1, indicating that the regulation of these two types of collagen is independent in human skin fibroblasts. PMID- 6744426 TI - Temperature and pH dependence of nerve growth factor-mediated neurite outgrowth of PC12 pheochromocytoma cells. AB - Nerve growth factor-mediated neurite outgrowth of PC12 pheochromocytoma cells was dependent on medium pH and temperature. Optimal pH was 6.8-7.1. No neurites were formed below 25 degrees C, and the number of cells having neurites increased upon elevating temperature. In contrast, the cells pretreated with nerve growth factor in suspension culture developed neurites even at 25 degrees C when they were transferred to monolayer culture. Temperature dependence of rates of the neurite formation indicates that apparent activation energy for this process is 44.6 kJ/mol. PMID- 6744427 TI - Intracisternal granules in the intestinal absorptive cells in mice. AB - A new type of cytoplasmic granules was demonstrated with the electron microscope in a substantial percentage of absorptive cells in the small intestine of standard-fed, fasted and oil-fed CFW/L1 mice, and extremely rarely in standard fed Balb/C mice. The granules appeared as the accumulations of electron-dense material within the distended cisternae of the rough endoplasmic reticulum. Most of the intracisternal granules were situated in the basal part of the cell, close to the nucleus. The diameter of the granules ranged from 0.24/micron to 0.96/micron. PMID- 6744428 TI - Polar effects of concanavalin A on the plasma membrane/cytoskeleton complex in a molluscan egg. PMID- 6744429 TI - Smooth muscle cell hypertrophy and hyperplasia in the thoracic aorta of spontaneously hypertensive rats. AB - Changes in the smooth muscle cell compartment (SMCC) of the media layer of the aorta were studied in spontaneously hypertensive (SHR) and in normotensive rats (WKY) of both sexes between 3 to 18 weeks of age. Up to 7 weeks of age, development of the SMCC occurred in males and females of the two strains both through a massive increase in cell number and in cell size. In SHR after 7 weeks of age, the development of the SMCC was due to a marked increase in cell size together with an increase in cell number. In contrast during the same period, the development of the SMCC in WKY was associated almost exclusively with an increase in cell size. It is concluded that the presence of a greater number of larger smooth muscle cells contributes to the hypertrophy of the arterial wall of hypertensive animals. PMID- 6744430 TI - Stimulation of protein synthesis in isolated mammalian mitochondria by a factor in the cytosol. AB - Dialyzed rat liver cytosol possesses the ability to stimulate the incorporation of [35S]-methionine into mitochondrial proteins. The addition of dialyzed cytosol stimulates sevenfold the rate of protein synthesis by isolated mitochondria after 10 minutes incubation and the extent of this stimulation increases with the time. Various control experiments indicate that the effect is not artifactual nor does it appear to be brought about by GDP or GTP. PMID- 6744431 TI - Resistance to the mitotic inhibitor NY 3170 in Chinese hamster ovary cells. AB - Mutant CHO cells have been isolated which are resistant to NY 3170, a member of the metahalone group of antimitotic drugs. One NY 3170 resistant mutant is hypersensitive to the microtubule-stabilising drug, taxol, but there is not a reciprocal relationship between levels of resistance to these drugs in CHO cells, since it was found that sixteen other mutants isolated on the basis of taxol resistance had wild type levels of NY 3170 resistance. Our NY 3170 resistant mutants are cross-resistant to vincristine and other mutants, selected on the basis of vincristine resistance, are cross-resistant to NY 3170. PMID- 6744432 TI - Analysis of heterokaryons and progeny cell hybrids isolated in the absence and in the presence of selective media. AB - Homokaryons and heterokaryons were formed by polyethylene glycol induced fusion of rat and mouse cells. By following the fusion products, the fate of the individual cells was analyzed. In the absence of selection, a high frequency of the binucleated cells underwent mitosis, giving rise to growing daughter cells. Clones, originating from binucleated cells were isolated and identified as either tetraploid parental cells or hybrid cells. The ratio of hybrids and tetraploid cells was similar to that of heterokaryons and homokaryons among the binucleated cells. Furthermore, the frequency of hybrid colonies was orders of magnitude higher than that obtained in the presence of selective medium (HAT). Hybrids obtained in the absence and presence of selective media showed no consistent differences in chromosome number, HAT resistence, or expression of a non-selected parental isoenzyme, LDH. PMID- 6744433 TI - [Health care of women working in agriculture]. PMID- 6744434 TI - [Zinc in the environment and its relation to human reproduction]. PMID- 6744435 TI - [Changes in calcemia and other indicators during pregnancy]. PMID- 6744436 TI - [Study of coital orgasm in women]. PMID- 6744437 TI - [Eosinophilic granuloma of the cervix uteri]. PMID- 6744438 TI - [Pathology of tumors of the vulva]. PMID- 6744440 TI - [Trends in the utilization of drugs in the category of gynecologic agents in Czechoslovakia from 1955 to 1982]. PMID- 6744439 TI - [Will embryo transfer after in vitro fertilization become one of the standard therapeutic methods for female infertility?]. PMID- 6744442 TI - [An abbreviated list of the localization code]. PMID- 6744441 TI - [Changes in myocardium ultrastructure in a model of hyperalimentation in geese]. AB - Ivage geese were fattened for 6 weeks; 3-5 weeks later, with diminished food intake, they developed degenerative ultrastructural changes of the myocardium: frequent myelin-like bodies, fragmentation and sometimes contractive bundles of myofibrils, lipid droplets, nuclear lobulation and focal cytolysis were observed. Adaptive changes included hypermetabolic mitochondria with many crists, dilated endoplasmic reticulum and plenty of pinocytotic vacuoles in capillary endothelium. PMID- 6744443 TI - [The interface between forensic medicine, social medicine and the law]. PMID- 6744444 TI - [Histocytology of lymphatic tissue]. AB - A more detailed analysis of lymphatic tissue showed its sophisticated cytology. About 35 types of cells shared in structure in a confined space. Their most important diagnostic criteria in the light and electron microscopy, histochemistry, and immunohistology were reviewed. Testing group features in advance seemed to be advantageous beginning with lymphocytes, lymphoplasmatic elements, polymorph lymphatic cells, lymphoblasts, histioreticular and vascular cells. A further subgrouping is mostly feasible especially by electron microscopy. PMID- 6744445 TI - [Monstrous epithelium in the seminal vesicles and epididymis]. AB - Monstrous epithelial cells in seminal vesicles, causing diagnostical embarrassment , occur sometimes in fine needle-aspirates of prostate gland. Their frequency was studied in a group of autopsies (6 boys of the age from 6 hours to 10 years, mean age 3,1 years and 34 adult men of the age from 42 to 91 years, mean age 68,4 years). Monstrous cells did not occur in boys but were found in 73,5% of adults. There were similar epithelial monstrosities in epididymis simultaneously. Most of them were found in efferent ductuli (in 76,4%). Big monstrous epithelial cells with conspicuous irregular hyperchromatic nuclei are to be distinguished cautiously from the neoplastic ones. They may be caused by ageing and hormonal influence above all (in analogy to Arias-Stella phenomenon in women). PMID- 6744446 TI - [Morphological correlates of anti-tumor immunity. IV. Mastocytes in regional lymph nodes]. AB - Mastocytes of regional lymph nodes were studied in three groups of oncological patients suffering from cancer of stomach, breast or lung. Lymph nodes in all three groups showed varied numbers of mastocytes; top figures were found in stomach cancer. There was a convincing relation of lymph node mastocyte number neither to lymphatic tissue reaction (predominant lymphocytes, predominant germinal centres, lymphocyte depletion, sinus histiocytosis, unstimulated lymph node) nor to frequency of secondaries nor to patient survival rate. PMID- 6744447 TI - [Morphological correlates of antitumor immunity. V. Eosinophilic granulocytes in the stroma of tumors]. AB - Stromal eosinophilic leukocytes were studied in the cancer of oral cavity, stomach, breast, and uterine cervix. Quantity of leukocytes was graded in three steps. Uterine carcinoma showed a positive correlation of quantity of reaction and patient survival but in other carcinomas eosinophilic leukocytes occurred only as an admixture in a limited number of cases. PMID- 6744448 TI - [Kaposi's sarcoma (an electron microscope case study)]. AB - Endothelial histogenesis of sarcoma Kaposi was referred to in a case of 36-year old man studied by electron microscopy. Characteristic features corresponding to the literature were found: Weibel-Palade bodies, a ferritin-like material, phagocytosed erythrocytes, nuclear bodies, microfilaments and microtubules. Myelinated and unmyelinated axons were considered as remnants of original nervous tissue destroyed by the tumour or as nerve fibres accompanying proliferated vascular structures. PMID- 6744449 TI - [Indications for computer tomography (CT) in diseases of the respiratory system]. PMID- 6744450 TI - [Dosimetric aspects of the computer tomography imaging system]. PMID- 6744451 TI - [Bronchographic manifestations and changes in patients with chronic bronchitis]. PMID- 6744452 TI - [The role of mammography in the diagnosis of occult carcinoma of the breast]. PMID- 6744453 TI - [The ISIS (GEM) mammograph in clinical practice]. PMID- 6744454 TI - [Lumbar epidural phlebography in the diagnosis of herniated intervertebral disks]. PMID- 6744455 TI - [Thrombosis of the common carotid artery with an anastomosis between the carotid and vertebral artery. Clinical and angiographic study]. PMID- 6744456 TI - [Use of a pinhole collimator in the detection of focal lesions in the posterior cranial fossa]. PMID- 6744457 TI - [Gluconate scan of the heart in dogs with experimentally induced temporary myocardial ischemia]. PMID- 6744458 TI - [Scintigraphic detection of ischemic heart disease using "cold-focus" substances]. PMID- 6744459 TI - [Sonographic diagnosis of sacral dystopia of a discoid kidney]. PMID- 6744461 TI - Interactions between tellurium and mercury in murine lung and other organs after metallic mercury inhalation: a comparison with selenium. AB - Selenium is known to form complexes with heavy metals in the blood and thus increase the retention time of the metals in several organs, especially in the reticulo-endothelial system. Selenium may similarly cause retention of mercury in the lung after metallic mercury (Hg0) inhalation. This study, comparing the effects of tellurium with those of selenium (both in group '6b' of the periodical system), showed that Te(IV) was as effective as Se(IV) and Se(VI) (all given in a dose of 10 mumol/kg body wt.) in retaining inhaled 203Hg0 (1.5 mumol/kg body wt.) in the lung (presumably 203Hg2+ after oxidation). Te(VI) had to be given in a dose of 100 mumol/kg body wt to produce the same effect. As in the lung, also in other organs tellurium caused a dose-dependent increase in mercury retention. At a dose level of 10 mumol Te(IV) per kg body wt. the mercury retention ratios (treated/control) were 140 for the lung and 8.6 for the whole body. The corresponding figures for Te(VI) (10, 30 and 100 mumol/kg body wt.) were 10, 73 and 120 and 3.7, 3.9 and 4.3, respectively. Retention of i.v. injected 203HgCl2 was increased by pre-administration of tellurium, again in a dose-dependent manner and Te(IV) being 3-10 times more effective than Te(VI). The kidney and the spleen were the dominant organs, as is the case after Se pretreatment. Anions of other elements, arsenite, arsenate, chromate, molybdate and wolframate (30 mumol/kg body wt.), did not affect the retention of 203Hg in lung or any other organ, or in the whole body after inhalation of 203Hg0. It is suggested that Te(IV) may easily be reduced to Te2- (in analogy with selenium) which may complex with Hg2+. The liability for Te(VI) to be reduced to Te2- appears to be approx. 10 times lower. PMID- 6744460 TI - [Variability of dose distribution in intracavity irradiation of cancer of the cervix uteri using radium]. PMID- 6744462 TI - In vivo and ex vivo displacement of zinc from metallothionein by cadmium and by mercury. AB - Divalent cadmium and mercury ions are capable in vitro of displacement of zinc from metallothionein. This process has now been studied in vivo and ex vivo, using the isolated perfused rat liver system, in order to determine if this process can occur in the intact cell. Rats with normal and elevated (via preinduction with zinc) levels of hepatic zinc thionein were studied. Cd(II) completely displaces zinc from normal levels of metallothionein and on a one-to one basis from elevated levels of metallothionein, both in vivo and ex vivo. Hg(II) displaces zinc from metallothionein (normal or elevated) rather poorly, as compared with Cd(II), in vivo, probably due to the kidneys preference for absorbing this metal. Ex vivo Hg(II) displaces zinc from metallothionein (normal or elevated) on a one-to-one basis, with considerably more mercury being incorporated into the protein than in vivo. The results of double-label ex vivo experiments using metal and [35S]cysteine (+/- cycloheximide) were consistent with the above experiments, indicating that de novo thionein synthesis was not required for short term incorporation of cadmium and mercury into metallothionein. These data are supportive of the hypothesis that cadmium and mercury incorporation into rat hepatic metallothionein during the first few hours after exposure to these metals can occur primarily by displacement of zinc from preexisting zinc thionein by a process which does not require new protein synthesis. PMID- 6744463 TI - Comparative metabolism of the cis and trans isomers of N-nitroso-2,6 dimethylmorpholine in rats, hamsters and guinea pigs. AB - The in vivo metabolism of the cis and trans isomers of N-[3,5-3H]nitroso-2,6 dimethylmorpholine (NDMM) was studied in female Fischer rats, Syrian golden hamsters and guinea pigs by analysis of urinary metabolites using high pressure liquid chromatography (HPLC). Animals were treated by gavage with 12 mg/kg body wt. of NDMM, composed of both isomers and 12 microCi/kg body wt. of either of the separated radioactive isomers (cis or trans). Control animals received 12 mg, 12 microCi/kg body wt. NDMM with both isomers labeled in their natural proportion. There was a substantial increase in the excretion of a particular metabolite, 2 (2-hydroxyl-methyl)ethoxy propanoic acid, in the urine of rats, hamsters and guinea pigs 24 h after received the trans isomer (24, 22 and 13% of the total dose excreted, respectively). A minor metabolite was determined to be 2,6 dimethylmorpholine-3-one, another product of alpha-oxidation. The metabolite 1 amino-2-hydroxypropanol was identified, indicating that NDMM was metabolized by both alpha- and beta-oxidation. In all three species, animals administered the cis isomer excreted larger amounts of N-nitroso(2-hydroxypropyl)(2 oxopropyl)amine (HPOP) and N-nitroso-bis(2-hydroxypropyl)amine (BHP) products of beta oxidation, than those treated with the trans isomer. Hamsters and guinea pigs treated with the more carcinogenic cis isomer in these species, also excreted twice as much of two other metabolites than was found in the urine of animals given the trans isomer. The trans isomer of NDMM appeared to be preferentially metabolized by alpha-oxidation and from earlier studies this metabolic pathway seemed to be important in carcinogenesis by NDMM in the rat. The cis isomer might be in a conformation more favorable for beta-oxidation and this pathway may be of primary importance in carcinogenesis by NDMM in hamsters and guinea pigs. PMID- 6744464 TI - Drug residue formation from ronidazole, a 5-nitroimidazole. VII. Comparison of protein-bound products formed in vitro and in vivo. AB - In vivo experiments were conducted with ronidazole radiolabelled in the 2-14CH2-, 4,5-14C-, N-14CH3- and 4-3H-positions. The hepatic protein-bound residues, assessed by the radioactivity of exhaustively washed protein samples, were independent of the radiolabel position and occurred with 4-3H loss (greater than 80%) in excellent agreement to previous results obtained in vitro with anaerobic incubations of liver microsomes (Miwa et al., Chem. Biol. Interact., 41 (1982) 297). HPLC analysis of acid hydrolyzed in vivo protein-bound residues, obtained from [2-14CH2] ronidazole, produced a radiochromatographic profile which was virtually identical to that obtained from a similarly treated in vitro sample. Moreover, almost quantitative (76-96%) liberation of radiolabelled methylamine was obtained from hydrolysates of in vivo and in vitro residue samples formed from [N-14CH3] ronidazole. With 4,5-ring labeled ronidazole the distribution of total radioactivity of the protein hydrolysate on cation exchange resin and the fraction of the residue recovered as oxalic acid were nearly identical for the in vivo and in vitro products. We interpret these data to indicate that ronidazole alkylates proteins with retention of most of the carbon framework of the molecule, in vivo. It is also concluded that the in vitro model, previously used to examine the mechanism of protein alkylation, accurately reflects the salient process initially occurring in the intact animal during the formation of protein bound residues of this drug. PMID- 6744465 TI - Inhibition of mRNA synthesis in rabbit bone marrow nuclei in vitro by quinone metabolites of benzene. AB - mRNA synthesis by rabbit bone marrow nuclei has been shown to be inhibited by the quinone metabolites of benzene, hydroquinone and p-benzoquinone, in a concentration-dependent manner with 50% inhibitory concentration (IC50[M]) for both compounds of 6 X 10(-6) M. Catechol and 1,2,4-benzenetriol also showed a concentration-dependent inhibition of synthesis, however, 50% inhibition was not reached by 10(-4) M. Phenol did not inhibit mRNA synthesis even at 10(-3) M. It is possible that myelotoxicity from benzene might result from such an inhibition of mRNA synthesis by quinone metabolites in pluripotent and/or committed bone marrow stem cells. PMID- 6744466 TI - Reactivity of propylene oxides towards deoxycytidine and identification of reaction products. AB - Deoxycytidine was reacted with four epoxides of varying alkylating rates: propylene oxide, glycidol, epichlorohydrin and trichloropropylene oxide. Deoxycytidine was chosen to compare the reactivities of these epoxides as all sites of possible alkylation, the oxygen and both nitrogens, are involved in base pairing in DNA. Reaction products were separated on HPLC. Products of the least and most reactive epoxides, propylene oxide and trichloropropylene oxide, were characterized by UV, IR, 360 MHz NMR and MS analysis. For the epichlorohydrin and glycidol reactions and all analytical separations, products were characterized by their HPLC retention times and UV spectra. While differences in reactivity among the epoxides towards specific nitrogen and oxygen sites were found, total reactivity correlated with Taft sigma-values of the substituent groups. PMID- 6744467 TI - Metabolism of a nasal carcinogen, phenacetin, in the mucosa of the upper respiratory tract. AB - The metabolism of [ethyl-14C]phenacetin in the rat and rabbit respiratory tract was studied. As shown by whole-body autoradiography, a selective binding of radioactivity occurred in the mucosa of the rat respiratory tract 5 min after an i.v. injection of [ethyl-14C]phenacetin. Microautoradiography showed that tissue bound radioactivity was present in the epithelium of the nasal and tracheo bronchial mucosa and in subepithelial glands in the olfactory mucosa. In vitro experiments showed that the mucosa of the rat and rabbit respiratory tract had a marked ability to metabolize [ethyl-14C]phenacetin, as determined by 14CO2 formation and binding of radioactivity to the mucosa. The results indicate that in situ metabolism of phenacetin in the nasal mucosa may play a role in the pathogenesis of phenacetin-induced tumours in the nasal region of rats. PMID- 6744468 TI - Interactions of nitrogen heterocycles with cytochrome P-450 and monooxygenase activity. AB - Three groups of isomeric nitrogen heterocycles, phenylpyridines, phenylimidazoles and pyridylimidazoles were studied in relation to the effect of steric factors on type II binding to cytochrome P-450 and inhibition of aryl hydrocarbon (benzo[a]pyrene) hydroxylase (AHH) activity in hepatic microsomes from phenobarbital(PB)- and beta-naphthoflavone(beta NF)-induced rats. Type II binding affinity was lower (higher Ks) in compounds with substituents on the carbon adjacent to the nitrogen undergoing ligand interaction than in those where steric hindrance near the nitrogen was minimal. Binding affinities of the compounds as measured by their Ks values, were quite similar in both PB- and beta NF-induced microsomes. In PB-induced microsomes, type II binding affinity was generally reflected by the ability of the compounds to inhibit AHH activity. In contrast, most of the compounds evaluated were inactive as AHH inhibitors in beta NF induced microsomes. PMID- 6744469 TI - Effects of selenite on O2 consumption, glutathione oxidation and NADPH levels in isolated hepatocytes and the role of redox changes in selenite toxicity. AB - Isolated hepatocytes incubated with selenite (30-100 microM) exhibited changes in the glutathione redox system as shown by an increase in O2 consumption, oxidation of glutathione and loss of NADPH. Selenite (50 microM) raised O2 consumption within the 1 h and induced an partial depletion of thiols with a concomitant increase in oxidized glutathione, as well as a decrease in NADPH levels within 2 h. With 100 microM selenite more pronounced effects were obtained such as a total depletion of thiols. This concentration of selenite also lysed cells within 3 h. Arsenite, HgCl2 and KCN prevented the increase in O2 uptake, counteracted loss of thiols and delayed selenite induced lysis. p-Tert-butylbenzoic acid, an inhibitor of gluconeogenesis, decreased selenite dependent O2 consumption and potentiated the effect on NADPH levels as well as the toxic effect. Finally, methionine further enhanced O2 consumption by selenite and also delayed loss of thiols and potentiated selenite toxicity. These results indicated that selenite catalyzed a reduction of O2 in glutathione dependent redox cycles with NADPH as an electron donor. With subtoxic concentrations of selenite (50 microM) there were indications that O2 reduction was terminated by selenite biotransformation to methylated metabolites. With toxic concentrations of selenite (100 microM) it appeared that O2 reduction was eventually limited by the capacity of the cell to regenerate NADPH. It is suggested that a depletion of NADPH mediated the observed cytotoxicity of selenite. PMID- 6744471 TI - Peroxidase-mediated binding of diethylstilbestrol analogs to DNA in vitro: a possible role for a phenoxy radical. AB - In order to investigate the role of peroxidase-mediated metabolic activation in the mechanism of carcinogenicity of diethylstilbestrol (DES), a series of 14C labelled analogs of DES was synthesized and their binding to DNA upon oxidation by peroxidases from horseradish or mouse uterus was studied in vitro. The compounds chosen for this study were the erythro and threo form of hexestrol (HES), the E,E- and Z,Z-isomer of dienestrol (DIES) and the mono- and dimethyl ether of DES. Non-extractable binding to DNA was observed for all compounds with at least one free hydroxyl group independent of the stilbene structure. The extent of binding was highest for the HES isomers and for E,E-DIES, whereas Z,Z DIES and the monomethyl ether were bound to about the extent of DES. These findings imply that the formation of a phenoxy free radical is sufficient for non extractable DNA binding and the stilbene structure is not required for peroxidase mediated activation of DES. PMID- 6744470 TI - Potentiation of dimethylnitrosamine genotoxicity in rat hepatocytes isolated following ethanol treatment in vivo. AB - Unscheduled DNA synthesis (UDS), following exposure to dimethylnitrosamine (DMN), was potentiated in cultured hepatocytes isolated following treatment of rats for 14 or 28 days with 20% ethanol/5% sucrose solution. Ethanol treatment was associated with increased UDS, a concomitant increase in hepatic microsomal protein concentration and DMN N-demethylase activity. Increased aniline hydroxylase activity of hepatic microsomes from ethanol-treated rats preceded the measured increase in microsomal protein content or DMN metabolism. The increase in metabolism of DMN in vitro and potentiation of DMN-induced UDS associated with ethanol treatment may contribute to a synergistic effect of ethanol on DMN hepatotoxicity and carcinogenicity. In contrast, ethanol pretreatment did not increase the cytotoxicity of DMN as characterized by enzyme release. PMID- 6744472 TI - Microsomal lipid peroxidation and oxidative metabolism in rat liver: influence of vitamin A intake. PMID- 6744473 TI - Binding of chloroform to the cysteine of hemoglobin. AB - The products of the covalent binding of chloroform to rat hemoglobin during microsomal metabolism were isolated and identified by gas chromatography (GC) and mass spectroscopy (MS). After isolation by Proteinase K hydrolysis, amino acid analysis and cellulose thin-layer chromatography (TLC), the major product was identified by GC/MS as N-hydroxymethyl cysteine and a minor product as 2 hydroxythiazolidine-4-carboxylic acid. N-Hydroxymethyl cysteine is proposed to be formed during isolation from the 2-oxothiazolidine-4-carboxylic acid present in the intact hemoglobin. PMID- 6744474 TI - Relationships between formaldehyde metabolism and toxicity and glutathione concentrations in isolated rat hepatocytes. AB - The metabolism and toxicity of formaldehyde (CH2O) in isolated rat hepatocytes was found to be dependent upon the intracellular concentration of glutathione (GSH). Using hepatocytes depleted of GSH by treatment with diethyl maleate (DEM), the rate of CH2O (5.0 mM) disappearance was significantly decreased. Formaldehyde decreased the concentration of GSH in hepatocytes, probably by the extrusion of the CH2O-GSH adduct, S-hydroxymethylglutathione. Formaldehyde toxicity was potentiated in cells pretreated with 1.0 mM DEM as measured by the loss of membrane integrity (NADH stimulation of lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) activity) and an increase in lipid peroxidation (formation of thiobarbituric acid-reactive compounds). This potentiation of toxicity was both CH2O concentration-dependent and time-dependent. There was an excellent correlation between the increase in lipid peroxidation and the decrease in cell viability. L-Methionine (1.0 mM) both protected the cells from toxicity caused by the combination of 8.0 mM CH2O and 1.0 mM DEM and increased the cellular GSH concentration. The antioxidants, ascorbate, butylated hydroxytoluene (BHT) and alpha-tocopherol (10, 25 and 125 microM), all exhibited dose-dependent protection against toxicity produced by 8.0 mM CH2O and 1.0 mM DEM. At toxic concentrations of CH2O (10.0-13.0 mM), administered by itself, lipid peroxidation did not increase concomitantly with the decrease in cell viability and the addition of antioxidants (125 microM) did not influence CH2O toxicity. These results suggest that CH2O toxicity in GSH depleted hepatocytes may be mediated by free radicals as a result of the effect of CH2O on a critical cellular pool of GSH. However, cells with normal concentrations of GSH are damaged by CH2O by a different mechanism. PMID- 6744475 TI - Preparation of antitumor platinum(II) complexes of 1,2-diphenylethylenediamine isomers and their interactions with DNA and its purine moieties. AB - A series of Pt(II) complexes containing 1,2-diphenylethylenediamine (stien) isomers were synthesized and tested for their antitumor activity against leukemia L1210. Among the Pt(II) complexes examined water-soluble Pt(II) complexes with sulfate, nitrate and D-glucuronate ions as leaving groups exhibited relatively high antitumor activity. Furthermore, the interactions between calf-thymus DNA and Pt(SO4) (stein) complexes were investigated by means of circular dichroism spectrometry. Dichroism enhancements observed in the interaction between DNA and Pt(SO4) (stien) complexes were analysed to be contributable to two factors: (1) vicinal effects of DNA on the d-d transitions of Pt(II) ions and (2) conformational changes of DNA caused by the coordination of cis-configurational Pt(II) complexes. PMID- 6744476 TI - Methionine metabolism and ultrastructural changes with D-galactosamine in isolated rat hepatocytes. AB - The biochemical and morphological effects of 2, 10 and 100 mM of D-galactosamine (GalN) were studied in isolated rat hepatocytes during 2 h of incubation. Lactate dehydrogenase (LDH), alanine aminotransferase (ALAT) and cell viability did not change, whatever the concentration used. The variations observed, which were dose dependent, included a large drop in ATP levels and inhibition of RNA and protein synthesis. A very high concentration of GalN was necessary, however, to induce a significant decline in methionine adenosyltransferase activity compared to control cells. The use of L-[methyl-14C]methionine during cell incubation with GalN demonstrated a decrease of S-adenosyl-L-methionine (SAMe) and an accumulation of L-methionine content related to the GalN concentration. These results suggested that an hepatotoxic agent such as GalN was able to induce disturbances of methionine metabolism. Some of the ultrastructural changes observed were different from those previously found in vivo, in rats given GalN intraperitoneally, underlining the marked difference between in vivo and in vitro intoxication. PMID- 6744477 TI - DNA binding of [14C]styrene in isolated rat hepatocytes. AB - Incubation of hepatocytes from phenobarbital-pretreated rats with diethylmaleate (DEM) and 1 mM [14C]styrene for 3 to 5 hours did not result in binding of styrene 7,8-oxide (SO) to DNA as determined by ion exchange chromatography of enzymatic digests of DNA. The elution of substantial amounts of radioactivity together with natural nucleosides and bases suggests that styrene is partly metabolized via splitting of the vinyl bond and that incorporation of C1 fragments into DNA is most likely the result of repair DNA synthesis following DNA damage by styrene itself or one of its metabolites. PMID- 6744478 TI - Purification and some properties of ketone reductase forming an active metabolite of sodium 2-[4-(2-oxocyclopentylmethyl)-phenyl]propionate dihydrate (loxoprofen sodium), a new anti-inflammatory agent, in rabbit liver cytosol. PMID- 6744479 TI - Sustained-release formulation of buformin hydrochloride. PMID- 6744480 TI - Sustained-release dosage forms containing chlorpheniramine maleate with water insoluble glucan. PMID- 6744481 TI - Enhanced absorption of phenobarbital from suppositories containing phenobarbital povidone coprecipitate. PMID- 6744482 TI - A simple linear model for the simulation of plasma concentration-time curves based on the two-compartment open model. PMID- 6744483 TI - Absorption, distribution, and excretion of suprofen in mice of both sexes. PMID- 6744484 TI - Excretion patterns of urinary enzymes having amidolytic and esterolytic activities in the urine of male and female rats. PMID- 6744485 TI - Studies on spasmolytics. III. Synthesis and anticholinergic activity of 4-acyloxy 1-(1,3-dioxolan-2-ylmethyl)piperidines and their quaternary salts. PMID- 6744486 TI - Studies on non-sesquiterpenoid constituents of Gaillardia pulchella. II. Less lipophilic substances, methyl caffeate as an antitumor catecholic. PMID- 6744487 TI - Antitumor activity and structural characterization of glucans extracted from cultured fruit bodies of Grifola frondosa. PMID- 6744488 TI - Application of o-hydroxyhydroquinonephthalein-uranium (VI) complex to determination of neomycin and toburamycin. PMID- 6744489 TI - Influence of blood proteins on biomedical analysis. VI. Effect of bovine serum albumin on the color reaction of xanthurenic acid with 4-aminoantipyrine- inhibition of antipyrine red production by bovine serum albumin. PMID- 6744490 TI - Effect of saikosaponins on dexamethasone suppression of the pituitary adrenocortical system. PMID- 6744491 TI - Studies on fused indoles. II. Structural modifications and analgesic activity of 4-aminomethyltetrahydrothiopyrano[2,3-b]indoles. PMID- 6744492 TI - Studies on spasmolytics. I. Synthesis and spasmolytic activities of 4-acyloxy-1 (1,3-dioxolan-4-ylmethyl)piperidines. PMID- 6744493 TI - Studies on spasmolytics. II. Synthesis and anticholinergic activities of 4 acyloxy-1-alkyl-1-(1,3-dioxolan-4-ylmethyl)piperidini um compounds. PMID- 6744494 TI - Syntheses and analgesic activities of 1-[2-methyl-2-(N-propionyl-p- or m substituted-phenylamino)ethyl]-4-phenethylpiperazines. PMID- 6744495 TI - Antivertigo agents. II. Structure-activity relationships of 6-substituted 5,6,7,8 tetrahydro-1,6-naphthyridines. PMID- 6744496 TI - Observations on the critical micellar concentration of 1-O-alkyl-2-acetyl-sn glycero-3-phosphocholine and a series of its homologs and analogs. AB - In a study designed to explore the physical chemical characteristics of platelet activating factor (PAF), or 1-O-alkyl-2-acetyl-sn-glycero-3-phosphocholine, the critical micellar concentration of this compound, as well as the propionyl, butyryl and hexanoyl homologs was determined. In addition, an analogous series of compounds, in which the 1-O-alkyl was replaced by a 1-O-hexadecanoyl or a 1-O octadecanoyl group, were examined for their critical micellar concentration. A variety of analytical techniques including NMR, gas liquid chromatography, infra red spectrometry, thin layer chromatography, phosphorus, choline, glyceryl ether and fatty acid analyses were used to confirm the high purity of the individual derivatives. A dye binding assay and a surface tension technique were compared as to their suitability for determination of the critical micellar concentration of these compounds. Whereas the dye binding method proved highly variable, the surface tension procedure proved to be a facile, reproducible technique and was the assay of choice. The critical micellar concentration of the 1-O-alkyl and the 1-O-acyl derivatives showed comparable values for each short chain substituent at carbon 2, with values, in microM, ranging from 1.3 +/- 0.03 for 1-O-hexadecanoyl 2-acetyl-sn-glycero-3-phosphocholine and 1.1 +/- 0.10 for 1-O-hexadecyl-2-acetyl sn-glycero-3-phosphocholine to 0.22 +/- 0.01 for 1-O-hexadecanoyl-2-hexanoyl-sn glycero-3-phosphocholine and 0.18 +/- 0.03 for 1-O-hexadecyl-2-hexanoyl-sn glycero-3-phosphocholine. The data show that at the molar concentration usually employed in biological studies with these compounds, i.e., 1 X 10(-7) to 10(-11) M, one can assume that they will be present as monomolecular species. Thus, it seems unlikely that the widely diverse biological activities of these compounds can be explained by this physical parameter. PMID- 6744497 TI - [Megalo-urethra. Single-stage neonatal correction. Review of the literature]. AB - A scaphoid megalo-urethra was diagnosed in a premature, free of other associated malformations. Surgical correction by Nesbitt technic was performed at 2 500 g weight. The follow-up was uneventful and the cosmetic appearance of the penis is good. High rate of consanguinity is noted. The reported case is exceptional because 75% of the patients exhibited severe upper urinary tract anomalies. Prune belly and imperforate anus are also frequently associated. PMID- 6744498 TI - [Urethrorrhagia in boys]. AB - Fourteen boys, aged 2 to 13, have been examined in the last six years for blood spotting from urethra between voidings, rarely associated with some degree of dysuria. No anomaly was seen on IVP, except in two cases which showed mild stenosis of the posterior urethra. Endoscopic evaluation was completely negative in 5 cases; moderate inflammation or hypervascularisation, some what a subjective aspect, was noticed in 4 cases; a definite "posterior urethritis" already described by others in the literature was demonstrated in 5 cases. The etiology of such a lesion remains unknown; no story of external or internal trauma was reported. Although these urethrorrhagia are of benign nature, we do not feel like others (1) that endoscopy should be considered as unnecessary, but on the contrary that it should help for correct evaluation and follow up of these patients, rather prone to be lost especially when no treatment has been prescribed. PMID- 6744499 TI - [Prolapse of ureterocele in a girl. Management to pursue]. AB - In the case of a strangulated prolapsed ureterocele on lone kidney, the authors discussed briefly the management of this complication found solely in the feminine gender. The central point to remember is that the care giving in emergency must be of a limited nature and secondly that the patient must be explored and prepared carefully before reconstructive surgery. PMID- 6744500 TI - [Vesical instability and reflux: frequent pathogenic association]. AB - Of 175 children from 4 to 15 years with reflux, 62 (35%) have uninhibited bladder associated. In the association, the reflux is frequently bilateral and grade 2. Uninhibited bladder contractions may predispose to vesico-ureteral reflux when the orifice is abnormal. So some reflux would appear only continence age just as incoordination between bladder and urinary sphincter can produce pathophysiologically significant obstruction. The anticholinergics drugs don't improve few reflux evolution and may even emphasize. The uninhibited bladder pathology has no effect anatomical reimplantation quality but decrease often functional results: remnants mictionary disorders and lower recurrent infections. PMID- 6744501 TI - [Penile dressings of C.M.H. silicone elastomer foam]. AB - We found silicone foam elastomer (produit by C.M.H. lab.) to be an excellent post operative penile dressing. Although compressive the material is elastic enough to avoid ischemia and to allow slight swelling of the penis. Soft, light, it is never adherent to the wound and, thus, is removed easily without discomfort to the patient. PMID- 6744502 TI - [Comparison of the therapeutic results at the end of growth of dislocation of the hips diagnosed at the time of walking and treated by slow reduction and correction of the axis of the femoral neck with or without arthrotomy (open reduction)]. AB - The study concerns the results at the end of growth of an homogeneous series of congenital dislocation hips, treated by slow reduction, and secondary femoral neck osteotomy. Some of these hips were initially treated orthopaedically, others were operated for open reduction, more often, on account of a principle of treatment than due to necessity. The comparison of these two series allows the conclusion that the nocivity of the surgical procedure was demonstrated in most cases. The study demonstrated some harmful actions in the treatment of congenital dislocation hip at the age of walking. According to the authors, they aggravate the rate of deformities due to vascular lesions. The authors stress some therapeutic necessities, and describe their present attitude towards these hip dislocations. Their attitude is based upon a mild reduction, under progressive traction, abduction, and medial rotation. Tenotomies are, if necessary, performed previously. A plaster immobilization is then applied, until a sufficient penetration of the femoral head into covering acetabulum. In most cases, an abnormal femoral neck orientation was corrected by an osteotomy. An innominate osteotomy to improve the cover of the head was only performed when the centering of the head remained imperfect. By modifying an already ancient technique, which was proved by 84% good results in a series of 112 hips reviewed at the end of growth, the authors expect an actual decrease of the late trophic deformities. PMID- 6744503 TI - [Traumatic pulmonary evisceration in a child. Apropos of 2 cases]. AB - Two cases of pulmonary traumatic evisceration are reported. The question is about exceptional lesions very spectacular and good tolerated. PMID- 6744504 TI - [Rupture of a congenital aneurysm of the sinus of Valsalva]. AB - The ruptured aneurysm of the sinus of Valsalva is a rare congenital anomaly which we encountered in less then 1% of our surgical patients. We recently operated on a young girl suffering from this congenital malformation consisting of a 15 mm long fistula arising from the right coronary sinus and giving rise to a 6 cm aneurysm which dissected the interatrial septum as well as the posterolateral wall of the right atrium before rupturing into this cavity. Because of the unusual presentation of this malformation, which has never been described previously, we though worthwhile reporting this case in details. We also summarized the embryological, anatomopathological, clinical and surgical aspects discussed in the literature. PMID- 6744505 TI - [Duplication of the complete lumbosacral spine. Apropos of 1 case]. AB - The rare case of a 6 year old child with spinal cord duplication and malformations is reported. The malformation was probably related more to a double monster context than to a notochordodysraphism. PMID- 6744507 TI - [Multilocular pancreatic cystadenomas in the child. Apropos of 1 case]. AB - One patient, 9 months old was operated upon for a pancreatic multicystic adenoma. 6 other cases only are reported. Emphasis is made on the microscopic pathology of this lesion among other pancreatic cysts in infancy. Conservative surgery is advocated. PMID- 6744506 TI - [Choleperitonitis after hepatoportocholecystostomy for atresia of the biliary tract]. AB - The gallbladder, the cystic and the choledocal ducts are patent in one fifth of biliary atresia cases, and can be used for the corrective operation. The main interest of this hepatoportocholecystostomy (HPC) is to prevent the cholangitis episodes which are the most severe complication of successful hepatoportoenterostomies (HPE). However a singular complication of HPC has been noticed by previous authors: the choleperitonitis. We report a recent case in which this complication was diagnosed by a routine ultrasonography at the 3rd week of the uneventful postoperative course of a HPC performed in an 1 1/2 month old infant. An early reoperation (HPE) had a good result with restoration of a satisfactory bile flow. The child is anicteric with a follow-up of one year. In our experience with 208 corrective operations between 1969 and 1981, HPC was used in 38 cases, with restoration of bile flow in 17 cases. A choleperitonitis was noticed in 4 cases in this series, and in a 5th additional recent case. Three children were not suitable for reoperation because of very poor condition and died within 3 to 17 months after HPC. Two children were reoperated upon early with a good result. We advocate the HPC procedure despite the risk of choleperitonitis and emphasize the interest of early postoperative routine ultrasonography, especially when stools remain acholic at the 4th postoperative week. PMID- 6744508 TI - [Biopsy of the rectal mucosa in pediatric surgery. Technic--diagnostic value. Apropos of 193 biopsies]. AB - 193 series of punch biopsy of the rectal mucosa for the diagnosis of Hirschsprung's disease using the histochemical method are reported. These biopsies concern 176 children from 4 days to twelve years old. The authors insist on the simplicity of the method which requires few equipment: nasal speculum and biopsy forceps. The pieces are carried fresh to the laboratory and treated immediately. The method uses the medium described by Karnovsky and Roots but enzymatic inhibitor of the non selective esterase activity is not used. This shortens the time of the manipulation to about 1 h 30 and limits its cost and toxicity. Three histologists have studied the slides without knowing the clinical facts. Of 36 children suffering from a Hirschsprung's disease all presented a mucosal AChE increased activity, 28 times at once, 8 times after further biopsies. In four patients there was an inadequate biopsy at the beginning of the experience, the other four were very young (less than 1 month). The biopsy was negative at the beginning but it became positive when the patients were about aged 3 months. In the 138 children not suffering of a Hirschsprung's disease, 2 had a AChE increased activity, One is a children suffering from a severe ganglionic displasia obvious on the surgical piece, the other is a colonic mucosal neuromatosis. So, the authors confirm the reliability of the simplified method which required an unsophisticated equipment and whose technique is faster looking for mucosal AChE increased activity and not for the ganglionic cells of the sub-mucosa.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS) PMID- 6744509 TI - The effects of estrogen on single dose dimethylnitrosamine carcinogenesis in male inbred Crl/CDF rats. AB - The effect of longterm estrogen treatment (estradiol valerate) on male rats injected i.p. once with dimethylnitrosamine (DMN, 30 mg/kg, with protein starvation), was studied in 167 male inbred Crl/CDF rats. DMN was given at 40 days (immature rats) or at 90 days (mature rats) to investigate the action of carcinogen and hormone at different stages of development. Estrogen reduced life expectancy of male animals, and was associated with greatly increased breast tumour incidence (to 30%) compared with controls (3%, p less than 0.01). DMN alone enhanced lung tumorigenesis (p less than 0.001) and chronic estrogen treatment significantly reduced both the incidence and multiplicity of DMN induced lung tumours in male rats (p less than 0.001). Also, estrogen treatment lowered the incidence of spontaneous lung tumours (p less than 0.005). The higher incidence of animals with kidney tubular adenomas and carcinomas induced by DMN in both mature and immature rats was statistically significant (p less than 0.001), but estrogen and the age at carcinogen treatment had no effect. Lethal mesenchymal kidney tumours developed in immature rats exposed to DMN (p less than 0.001), but only developed in mature DMN-treated rats if they received estrogen as well. PMID- 6744510 TI - Metabolism of the cis and trans isomers of N-nitroso-2,6-dimethylmorpholine and their deuterated analogs by liver microsomes of rat and hamster. AB - Liver microsomes from male Syrian golden hamsters and Sprague Dawley rats metabolize the cis and trans isomers of N-nitroso-2,6-dimethylmorpholine (NNDM) to N-nitroso-(2-hydroxypropyl)(2-oxopropyl)amine (HPOP) as the major product detectable by h.p.l.c. The rates of total metabolism are similar for both the cis and trans isomers; but the cis isomer of NNDM yields greater than 70% of the total product as HPOP while the trans isomer yields HPOP only as a minor product (20-30%) in both hamster and rat. The inability to identify other products could be attributed to alpha-hydroxylation which leads to fragmentation of NNDM and loss of tritium label to water. In order to investigate the possibility of the participation of an alpha-hydroxylation reaction, the metabolism of NNDM fully deuterated at either the 3 and 5 (alpha-d4) or the 2 and 6 (beta-d2) positions was examined and compared to the metabolism of the undeuterated compound (d0). Although the rates of metabolism of all the cis and trans derivatives of NNDM were similar (VMax = 2.13 nmol/min/mg hamster microsomal protein) as determined from measurements of substrate disappearance, the yields of HPOP were different. Maximum HPOP yields were observed with cis alpha-(d4) NNDM (93.9% of the total), followed by cis d0 NNDM (72.3%), trans alpha-(d4) NNDM (60.1%), trans d0 NNDM (30.2%), cis beta-(d2) NNDM (19.5%) and trans beta-(d2) NNDM (8.5%). These results suggest that alpha-hydroxylation is an alternative to beta-hydroxylation. Since the carcinogenic potency of the various deuterium derivatives of NNDM for the Syrian golden hamster parallels their ability to yield HPOP, beta hydroxylation is closely related to pancreatic carcinogenesis in the hamster. Rat liver microsomal fractions showed the same patterns of HPOP formation to total metabolite yields as hamster liver microsomes with both the cis and trans isomers. However, rates of NNDM metabolism and HPOP formation were 7 times faster with hamster than with rat liver microsomes. Such a difference may be related to the failure of the cis isomer to induce pancreatic cancer in rats. PMID- 6744511 TI - The metabolism of nitrosodi-n-propylamine, nitrosodiallylamine and nitrosodiethanolamine. AB - Nitrosodiallylamine has been reported to be non-carcinogenic in rats while nitrosodipropylamine and nitrosodiethanolamine are liver carcinogens. That nitrosodipropylamine is metabolized at the alpha-position by liver microsomes from Fischer-344 rats supports the widely held contention that such metabolism is responsible for the carcinogenicity of nitrosamines. Nitrosodiallylamine is also metabolized at the alpha-position by the same microsomal preparations. Thus, although alpha-oxidation may be responsible for the carcinogenicity of some nitrosamines, this mechanism alone cannot account for tumorigenicity. Nitrosodiethanolamine is not metabolized by rat liver microsomes, but is metabolized by hepatocytes for Fischer-344 rats. In this case, a mechanism other than the oxidation at the alpha-position may be responsible for the carcinogenic action. PMID- 6744512 TI - Molecular structure of 5,10-dimethoxybenzo[j]fluoranthene. AB - The molecular and crystal structure of the synthetic 5,10-dimethoxy derivative of the carcinogen benzo[j]fluoranthene has been determined by direct methods from X ray diffractometric data and refined to an R index 0.041 over 2788 independent reflections. The benzo ring is inclined at approximately 3 degrees to the almost planar fluoranthene moiety (carbon atoms have r.m.s. deviation of 0.02 A from the carbon-atom plane); the methoxy carbon atoms lie within 0.2 A of the molecular plane. Corresponding bond lengths (e.s.d. 0.004 A for carbon-oxygen and carbon carbon) and angles lie within 3 sigma for the two independent molecules, with mean dimensions of methoxy groups: C-C = 1.422, C-O = 1.372 A, C-O-C = 117.4 degrees. PMID- 6744513 TI - High frequency, single-dose model of renal adenoma/carcinoma induction using dimethylnitrosamine in Crl:(W)BR rats. AB - Following discovery that the type of kidney neoplasm induced in protein-deprived Wistar rats by a single dose of dimethylnitrosamine (DMN) was age-dependent, this study aimed to refine the system in order to develop a high frequency model for the induction of cortical epithelial tumors with low mesenchymal tumor incidence. Using outbred female Crl:(W)BR (Charles River Wistar) rats, DMN at a dose of 30 mg/kg was administered at 9-10 weeks of age following a 5-day period of high carbohydrate/no-protein diet. From a total of 49 rats, 43 survived the early toxicity and 91% of these developed renal tumors. Mesenchymal tumors were present in only 9% of the tumor-bearing animals. In contrast, 70% of the rats developed epithelial tumors of the tubules classifiable on a size and histological basis as adenocarcinomas/carcinomas in response to DMN. A further 21% of rats had smaller proliferative lesions designated as adenomas, making the total cortical epithelial tumor incidence in excess of 90%. The malignant potential of the epithelial tumors was underscored by the presence of metastatic invasion, mainly involving the lungs, in 15% of the tumor-bearing rats. Metastatic behavior correlated with progressive growth of the carcinomas over a period of time exceeding 1.5 years to dimensions usually exceeding 2.9 cm diameter. Of the tumors approaching or exceeding this size, the metastatic rate was almost 50%. Thus, the administration of DMN to 65-70 days old, protein-deprived Wistar rats provides a potent, single dose model for the study of renal epithelial carcinogenesis with insignificant mesenchymal tumor induction and without the continuing toxicity which perturbs regimens based on repeated or continuous exposures. PMID- 6744514 TI - A simplified assay for O6-methylguanine-DNA methyltransferase activity and its application to human neoplastic and non-neoplastic tissues. AB - A rapid assay of O6-MeG-DNA methyltransferase activity is described. Following incubation of cell extracts with O6-[3H]MeG-containing DNA, remaining radioactive DNA was hydrolyzed in trichloroacetic acid and separated from methylated radioactive protein by filtration or centrifugation. Transfer of radioactive methyl from DNA to protein was proportional to the amount of protein added, and was not linear with time. More than 90% of the radioactivity precipitated after acid hydrolyses was in S-methyl cysteine residues. The method was used to measure O6-MeG-DNA methyltransferase activity in extracts of 24 neoplastic tissues from human organs. Although five tumor tissues had 28-84% lower activity of O6-MeG-DNA methyltransferase than the corresponding normal tissue from the same patient, higher or similar levels of activity were found more frequently. Thus, a lack of O6-MeG-DNA methyltransferase activity in human tumours appears not to be a frequent event. The DNA repair enzyme uracil-DNA glycosylase was also measured in the same extracts. Most frequently the level of uracil-DNA glycosylase activity was essentially similar in tumors and normal tissues but significantly higher or lower levels were also observed. PMID- 6744515 TI - A comparative study of the bioactivation of nitrosamines to mutagens by various animal species including man. AB - Dimethylnitrosamine, dipropylnitrosamine, methylethylnitrosamine, nitrosopiperidine and nitrosopyrrolidine were assayed for mutagenicity in the Ames test in the presence of hepatic postmitochondrial preparations isolated from the mouse, rat, hamster, pig and man. Prior to each mutagenicity assay all activation systems were fully characterised with respect to monoamine oxidase, mixed-function amine oxidase and mixed-function oxidase activities. The hamster was the most efficient activator for all nitrosamines followed by the mouse. The latter species, however, activated nitrosopyrrolidine only weakly which was the only carcinogen readily activated by the human preparation. None of the aliphatic nitrosamines was activated by the rat or pig. No correlation was observed between efficiency of activation and any of the enzyme activities studied. PMID- 6744516 TI - Production of singlet delta oxygen by atmospheric pollutants. AB - Singlet delta oxygen (1O2) was generated at atmospheric pressure using heterogeneous gas-phase photosensitization. Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAH), known constituents of the atmosphere, were found to be efficient sensitizers in the production of singlet delta oxygen under simulated environmental conditions. A novel mechanism involving singlet delta oxygen is proposed in which PAH on particle surfaces are self-activated to form direct acting mutagens. PMID- 6744517 TI - Ab initio study on the molecular structure of the naphthalene metabolite, trans 1,2-dihydroxy-1,2-dihydronaphthalene. AB - The molecular geometries of three conformations of trans-1,2-dihydroxy-1,2 dihydronaphthalene have been refined by an ab initio gradient procedure at the 4 21G level to determine the effect of dihydrodiol conformation on arene structure. The preferred conformation is an equatorial form similar to the most stable conformation of ethylene glycol. All the structures investigated have similar arene geometries. The effect of the various conformations on metabolism of dihydrodiols to dihydrodiol epoxides is considered. PMID- 6744518 TI - Hypomethylation of DNA in ethionine-fed rats. AB - Ethionine, the hepatocarcinogenic antimetabolite of methionine, was fed to rats in carcinogenic doses for 1-10 weeks. Levels of 5-methyldeoxycytidine (5-MC) in nuclear DNA and total cellular levels of S-adenosylmethionine (AdoMet) and S adenosylethionine (AdoEt) were determined at 1, 5 and 10 weeks in livers of control and ethionine-treated animals. The percentage of deoxycytidine residues modified to 5-MC in hepatic DNA of ethionine-fed animals was the same as that in the control animals at 1 week but was 3.6% and 7.6% lower than that observed in control animals at 5 and 10 weeks, respectively. Significant levels of AdoEt, a DNA methylase inhibitor, as well as decreases in the levels of AdoMet were also observed in the livers of ethionine-fed animals. In a second study, the levels of 5-MC, AdoMet and AdoEt were determined in the pancreas, kidneys, testes and thymus of control rats and rats fed ethionine for 10 weeks. Only the testes, an organ known to be susceptible to the toxic effects of ethionine, showed a significant (p less than 0.02) decrease in 5-MC in response to ethionine feeding. AdoEt was present in all tissues studied, except thymus, but at lower levels than those observed in the liver. These results demonstrate that ethionine administration alone under conditions which cause tumors is sufficient for the production of hypomethylated DNA in the target organ and one extrahepatic tissue studied. Hypomethylation of hepatic DNA would appear to result from the accumulation of AdoEt coupled with the decreased levels of AdoMet. PMID- 6744519 TI - Visual, kinaesthetic and cross-modal judgments of length by clumsy children: a comparison with young normal children. AB - In a previous study, clumsy children, when compared to normal children of the same age, were found to be impaired in their ability to match the length of successively presented straight lines within and between the modalities of vision and kinaesthesis. The present study explores this finding further by comparing the clumsy children's performance with that of a group of younger normal children whose skills of movement are comparable to those of the clumsy children. It was found that the clumsy children's performance on the perceptual measures was equivalent to that of the younger normal children. PMID- 6744520 TI - Small-volume resuscitation with hypertonic saline (2,400 mOsm/liter) during hemorrhagic shock. AB - We compared small-volume resuscitation using either normal saline or hypertonic saline (2400 mOsm/liter) during hemorrhagic hypotension. Six unanesthetized sheep were bled to 50 mm Hg mean arterial pressure and maintained for 2 h. During this shock period cardiac output decreased 40-50% of baseline, while total peripheral resistance increased 20-30%. Then the response to a bolus injection of either hypertonic saline or normal saline, randomly chosen, was studied for an additional 2 h. The volume injected was 145-175 ml, equal to 10% of total shed blood volume. After data collection all shed blood was returned. Several days later, the protocol was repeated on each sheep with the alternate solution. After hypertonic saline the mean arterial pressure increased 48 mm Hg to 83% of control; with normal saline, mean arterial pressure increased 26 mm Hg. Cardiac output recovered to 95% of control immediately after infusion of hypertonic saline, while no significant increase was observed with normal saline. Ten minutes after injection of hypertonic saline, plasma volume increased approximately 360 ml, but with normal saline no increase was observed. We conclude that small-volume injection of hypertonic saline can dramatically improve circulatory function during hemorrhagic shock, as evidenced by expansion of plasma volume, increased cardiac output, and reduced peripheral resistance. PMID- 6744521 TI - Influence of a protein-free diet on survival and DNA following hemorrhagic shock and ischemia. AB - Rats were fed a protein-free diet until 20-30% of body weight was lost and then hemorrhagic shock or liver ischemia was induced. Alkaline sucrose gradients were used to analyze for breaks in DNA. Whereas reversible shock caused no DNA damage in five rats on the standard diet, DNA damage was found in ten animals subjected to severe shock. In contrast, ten rats on the protein-free diet had no significant DNA breakage even after severe shock. Diet also influenced postoperative survival; ten of 15 rats on the standard diet compared to ten of 12 on the protein-free diet survived for the 1 h postshock liver sample. To examine the biologic effect animals were subjected to hemorrhagic shock without laparotomy and liver biopsy. Three of 18 rats on the standard diet and 12 of 20 animals on the protein-free diet lived longer than 2 h (P less than .001). One rat on the standard diet and three on the protein-free diet survived for longer than 72 h. After 30 and 60 min of liver ischemia, rats on both diets showed similar breakage of DNA with repair following reperfusion. After 120 min of liver ischemia, there was similar DNA breakage for both diets; however, for rats on the standard diet there was no repair while there was DNA repair for rats on the protein-free diet. PMID- 6744522 TI - Pulmonary edema formation after myocardial infarction and coronary reperfusion: intravascular and extravascular pulmonary fluid volumes. IV. AB - Two studies were performed to assess the importance of coronary reperfusion on pulmonary capillary endothelial permeability in 34 anesthetized dogs. The response of intravascular pulmonary blood volume (PBV) and extravascular lung water (EVLW) was examined using indicator-dilution and postmortem (wet weight/dry weight) techniques. In the first study, six dogs served as sham controls, seven were occluded (LAD) for 45 min, and seven occluded for 45 min and reperfused for 15 min. While PBV was similar in each group, EVLW was greater in the reperfused than nonreperfused dogs (9.5 +/- 0.7 cc/kg vs 8.1 +/- 0.8 cc/kg; P less than .05), and both occluded groups were greater (P less than .01) than the control animals (7.0 +/- 1.0 cc/kg). Similar trends in postmortem wet weight/dry weight data were observed when compared with the in vivo EVLW data. In a second study of 14 open-chest dogs, an LAD ligation was held for 45 min in 14 dogs. In seven dogs, reperfusion was allowed for 15 min. A left atrial (LA) balloon was then inflated in all 14 dogs, increasing left atrial pressure to 25 mmHg in each dog for 90 min. Once again, PBV was similar in both groups, but EVLW was greater at the matched level of LA pressure elevation (14.6 +/- 3.2 cc/kg nonreperfused vs 18.7 +/- 4.1 cc/kg reperfused dogs; P less than .01). Again, postmortem data confirmed these data. Thus, we conclude coronary occlusion accelerates EVLW formation independent of LA pressure. Edema formation is worsened by coronary reperfusion, suggesting that the washout of myocardial toxins from the ischemic myocardium alters endothelial permeability.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS) PMID- 6744523 TI - Mechanical properties of resting and active isolated coronary arteries. AB - Coronary arterial smooth muscle is myogenically active, is acted upon by a variety of modulating agents, and is subjected, in situ, to compression and distension by the myocardium. Its mechanical properties thus play a key role in the regulation of coronary blood flow. To describe these, we applied phase-plane analysis of shortening velocity vs. length and load clamping to strips of isolated coronary arteries made to contract by an increase in extracellular potassium concentration. At any load, length was larger in relaxed than in "resting" preparations. In addition, preloaded shortening was smaller than would be expected from the relation between active isometric force and muscle length. These suggest the occurrence of stretch-activation and shortening-inactivation. To judge from both phase-plane analysis and quick release experiments, shortening velocity depended on load as well as on time. Velocity decreased with increasing duration of contraction. Shortened coronary arteries resisted lengthening induced by loading and could transiently bear loads that considerably exceeded isometric force. This load-bearing capacity increased with increasing shortening. In conclusion, coronary arterial smooth muscle displays the classical relationship between length, force, and velocity. However, the nature of this relationship changes with duration of activity. In addition, it is greatly affected during changes in length or load, such as expected when the arterial wall is exposed to pulsatile blood flow and is surrounded by mechanically active muscle. PMID- 6744524 TI - Flow into ischemic myocardium and across coronary collateral vessels is modulated by a waterfall mechanism. AB - If a coronary artery is ligated and the distal end cannulated, blood flows retrograde from the cannula when vented to the atmosphere. By varying the height of the outflow tubing, and thereby changing the outflow pressure, pressure-flow relationships can be constructed. We used this technique in eight dogs to assess the characteristics of blood flow into ischemic myocardium. Above a back pressure of 10 mm Hg, increasing back pressure resulted in a decrease of retrograde blood flow. However, below a back pressure of about 10 mm Hg (10.7 +/- 2.7 mm Hg), alterations in back pressure did not result in changes in retrograde blood flow (back pressure-independent region). The transition at 10 mm Hg is interpreted as the critical waterfall pressure in ischemic myocardium. In another group of eight dogs, the ischemic bed was completely embolized with 25-micron sized microspheres to prevent RBF from entering the tissue as back pressure was raised. Pressure flow relationships performed in this group revealed a back pressure-independent region that extended to approximately 20 mm Hg (23.0 +/- 2.5 mm Hg). This behavior of the pressure-flow relationship is consistent with a waterfall phenomenon on the collateral vessels. To the extent that collateral vessels in the dog are mainly epicardial in location, the findings suggest that extravascular pressures of 20 mm Hg can occur in the more superficial layers of the heart. In addition, the waterfall on the collaterals indicates that this mechanism can operate on nonvenous vessels. Our results suggest separate waterfall phenomena operating on the collateral vessels (20 mm Hg) and on the vessels in the ischemic myocardium (10 mm Hg). PMID- 6744525 TI - Adaptation of canine saphenous veins to grafting. Correlation of contractility and contractile protein content. AB - Saphenous veins are used extensively to replace stenotic coronary arteries. However, the contractile and biochemical adaptations of grafted veins are unknown. The three purposes of this work were to characterize the contractile properties of grafted veins, to determine whether altered contractile characteristics were associated with quantitative changes in actin, myosin and collagen, and to determine which changes were associated with the surgical procedure and which with placement in the arterial circulation. Canine saphenous veins were removed and returned to their original location (venous autograft), while others were used to replace a segment of femoral artery (arterial graft). The grafts were removed 1, 4, and 8 weeks later and compared with the contralateral saphenous vein. Both graft types exhibited an increase in sensitivity to norepinephrine but not to potassium chloride. The venous autograft exhibited a reversible reduction in myosin content and in maximum contractile response (force/cross-sectional area) to potassium chloride and norepinephrine. In contrast, the arterial graft exhibited increased wall thickness and content of all measured proteins and decreased maximum contractile response. The latter occurred even though there was an increase in the net production of actin and myosin. Expressing the maximum contractile response in terms of the myosin content did not normalize the contractile response. These results suggest that, except for the elevated sensitivity to norepinephrine, the vein is capable of recovering from the effects of surgery within 8 weeks; however, placement of the vein in the arterial circulation delays this recovery and initiates a hypertrophic response that includes an attenuation of contractile function. PMID- 6744526 TI - Ejection timing as a major determinant of left ventricular relaxation rate in isolated perfused canine heart. AB - In the present study, we attempted to test the hypothesis that ejection timing rather than peak left ventricular pressure is a primary determinant of ventricular relaxation rate. In cross-circulated isolated canine hearts instantaneous left ventricular volume was controlled by a servo-pump system. To eliminate the effects of end-systolic and end-diastolic volumes and ejection velocity on left ventricular relaxation rate, these parameters were clamped, and only the ejection timing (onset and end of ejection) was altered, keeping the duration of ejection unchanged. Left ventricular relaxation rate was assessed by time constants of left ventricular pressure decline during the isovolumic relaxation phase calculated by both a semilogarithmic method, assuming that the asymptote is zero, and a best exponential fitting method. In 25 runs, a pair of contractions with ejection timings which differed by 53.1 +/- 2.1 (SE) msec were imposed, while end-systolic and end-diastolic left ventricular volumes and ejection duration were unchanged. All pairs of contractions demonstrated early ejection resulted in significantly (P less than 0.001) slowed relaxation as indicated by a prolongation of the time constants of isovolumic left ventricular pressure decay (delta 4.2 +/- 0.7, sec and delta 15.4 +/- 2.1 msec by semilogarithmic plot and the best exponential fit respectively), although peak left ventricular pressures (104.6 +/- 2.4 mm Hg) were even lower than those (116.6 +/- 2.8 mm Hg) in contractions with later ejection timing. Furthermore, in seven experiments, the heart was allowed to eject at five different timings; onset and end of ejection were progressively delayed in steps of 20 or 30 msec.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS) PMID- 6744527 TI - Length dependence of activation studied in the isovolumic blood-perfused dog heart. AB - In studies utilizing the isolated isovolumic blood-perfused canine heart, left ventricular pressure was measured following a sudden expansion of ventricular volume. An increase in performance occurred in two phases: first, there was an instantaneous rise of developed pressure simultaneous with ventricular distension; in the second phase, developed pressure continued to increase for several minutes until a final steady state was reached. The immediate increase in developed pressure occurred with a prolongation of the time-to-peak pressure, and there was no further change of time-to-peak pressure during the time-dependent increase of developed pressure. In another series of experiments, systolic pressure was elevated without changing resting volume, and mechanical performance changed in a different manner: after an increase in systolic load, there was a modest and transient decrease of developed pressure; thereafter, ventricular pressure recovered only to original values. The influence of different degrees of ventricular expansion, calcium, and verapamil were studied. Under higher ventricular dilations the immediate as well as the slow increase of contraction were heightened and the time to reach half of the slow increase was shortened. When ventricular dilation was induced during an infusion of calcium chloride, higher values for the immediate pressure increase were observed, whereas the time dependent increase and the time to reach half of the slow increase did not change in comparison with control studies. Verapamil decreased the immediate and the time-dependent enhancement of contraction. The time-dependent increase in developed pressure occurs more slowly with verapamil.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS) PMID- 6744528 TI - The effects of lidocaine and quinidine on impulse propagation across the canine Purkinje-muscle junction during combined hyperkalemia, hypoxia, and acidosis. AB - During ischemia, lidocaine or quinidine may prevent arrhythmias by blocking conduction without suppressing abnormal automaticity. The purpose of this study was to determine whether lidocaine or quinidine (5 micrograms/ml) produced Purkinje fiber-papillary muscle block during superfusion in vitro with an altered Tyrode's solution containing some components of ischemia: 6 mM potassium, PO2 less than 40, pH = 6.8. Unbranched canine Purkinje fibers connected to papillary muscle at one end were threaded through a three-chamber bath with Purkinje fiber papillary muscle in the left chamber and Purkinje fiber alone in the middle and right chambers. Action potentials were recorded using microelectrodes from Purkinje fiber, papillary muscle, and cells at the Purkinje fiber-papillary muscle junction. Purkinje fiber or papillary muscle was stimulated at 1.5-4 Hz. Perfusion of the left chamber with altered Tyrode's solution decreased resting membrane potential, action potential amplitude, and the maximum rate of rise of phase 0 of the action potential of Purkinje fiber, papillary muscle, and junctional cells, and prolonged activation times of junctional cells and papillary muscle; but action potentials propagated from Purkinje fiber to papillary muscle, and from papillary muscle to Purkinje fiber. Lidocaine or quinidine plus altered Tyrode's solution further decreased action potential amplitude and the maximum rate of rise of phase 0 of the action potential of Purkinje fiber, papillary muscle, and junctional cells, and prolonged activation of junctional cells and papillary muscle, inducing bidirectional block only at the Purkinje fiber-papillary muscle junction. Lidocaine or quinidine plus normal Tyrode's solution and each component of altered Tyrode's solution alone did not produce block. Perfusion of the right chamber with 0.25 mM barium induced Purkinje fiber automaticity that: propagated to papillary muscle during perfusion of the left chamber with normal Tyrode's or altered Tyrode's solution; blocked at the Purkinje fiber-papillary muscle junction during perfusion of the left chamber with altered Tyrode's solution plus lidocaine; and was not suppressed during perfusion of the right chamber with lidocaine. Thus, lidocaine or quinidine may produce bidirectional block at Purkinje fiber-papillary muscle junction and interrupt a potential limb of a reentrant circuit without suppressing automatic arrhythmogenic foci. PMID- 6744529 TI - Pressure-dependent membrane depolarization in cat middle cerebral artery. AB - This study was undertaken to examine the effect of increasing transmural pressure on membrane electrical properties of cat middle cerebral arterial muscle. Middle cerebral arteries were removed from the cat brain, cannulated, and prepared so that transmural pressure within a segment could be manipulated. Intracellular membrane potential was recorded with glass microelectrodes at various transmural pressures. There was a positive slope relating changes in intracellular membrane potential as a function of transmural pressure with a correlation coefficient of 0.79. Blockade of nerve excitation with tetrodotoxin and inhibition of alpha adrenergic receptors with phentolamine not only did not block the pressure induced depolarization, but increased the slope of the intracellular membrane potential vs. pressure relationship. This slope was increased upon elevation of extracellular calcium concentration from 2.5 to 4.0 mM and was significantly reduced upon reduction of extracellular calcium concentration to 0.5 mM. When arterial preparations were equilibrated at 0 mm Hg prior to pressurization, action potentials were recorded only when pressure was initially elevated, while a sustained depolarization was recorded during the pressure plateau. However, when arteries were equilibrated at a transmural pressure of 100 mm Hg for 90 minutes, spontaneous action potentials were recorded which increased in frequency as a function of pressure until they were inactivated when intracellular membrane potential approached -30 mV at high transmural pressures. Photomicrographs demonstrated that these vessels either maintained or decreased diameter upon pressurization. These findings provide a cellular mechanism for myogenic regulation of cerebral arterial diameter. PMID- 6744530 TI - Left ventricular diastolic pressure-segment length relations and end-diastolic distensibility in dogs with coronary stenoses. An angina physiology model. AB - Isovolumic relaxation abnormalities have been noted in the ischemic left ventricle, but altered end-diastolic distensibility, as well as the role of right ventricular distention, is debated. Accordingly, left ventricular end-diastolic pressure and myocardial segment length were studied in the open-chest dogs with critical (90% diameter reduction) stenoses on both left anterior descending and circumflex coronary arteries. Regional segment length was measured with ultrasonic crystals placed subendocardially, and ischemia was induced by pacing tachycardia for 3 minutes. Transient vena caval occlusion was done to unload the right ventricle and to produce a series of left ventricular end-diastolic pressure and left ventricular end-diastolic segment length points before and after pacing tachycardia. After pacing tachycardia, left ventricular end diastolic pressure (9.3 +/- 0.9 to 16.9 +/- 1.5 mm Hg, P less than 0.001) and time constant T of left ventricular isovolumic pressure decline (46 +/- 3 to 60 +/- 5 msec, P less than 0.01) increased, with an increase in left ventricular end systolic segment length (9.8 +/- 0.3 to 10.5 +/- 0.3 mm, P less than 0.001), and a decrease in fractional shortening (17.6 +/- 1.7 to 14.5 +/- 1.3%, P less than 0.01) in the ischemic region, although right ventricular end-diastolic pressure was unchanged. With vena caval occlusion, right ventricular diastolic pressure fell promptly to near zero, followed by decrease in left ventricular pressure and segment length. In each dog, the left ventricular end-diastolic pressure-end diastolic segment length relation shifted upward after pacing tachycardia. Pacing tachycardia was performed again in six dogs without stenoses. In this group, fractional shortening was preserved after pacing tachycardia (15.7 +/- 2.3 to 15.3 +/- 2.3%, NS), and left ventricular end-diastolic pressure (9.4 +/- 1.8 to 9.8 +/- 1.8 mm Hg, NS) was unchanged. The left ventricular end-diastolic pressure segment length relation did not shift upward after pacing tachycardia. These data indicate that extrinsic compression of left ventricle by right ventricle is unlikely to be responsible for the upward shift in this model, and the upward shift in end-diastolic left ventricular pressure-segment length relations, as well as dynamic left ventricular diastolic pressure-segment length, supports the concept that persistent myosin-actin interaction throughout diastole plays an important role in the diastolic abnormalities in this angina physiology model. PMID- 6744531 TI - Interpretation and physiological significance of diastolic coronary artery pressure-flow relationships in the canine coronary bed. AB - We analyzed the relationship between diastolic coronary artery pressure and flow in the canine coronary bed, using an electrical analog model of the coronary circulation based on the theory of critical closure. The model contains a voltage dependent nonlinear resistance and capacitance. The behavior of the resistive element was described using experimental diastolic pressure-flow curves obtained in the absence of compliance effects. Compliance free zero flow pressure intercepts (Pf0) exceeded coronary venous pressure (Pv) by 2- to 5-fold and were related to initial diastolic coronary artery pressure Pa(0) and flow F(0), and Pv by: Pf0 = 14.3 [(Pa(0) - Pv)/F(0)] + Pv + 4.0 (r = 0.93). When coronary artery pressure was suddenly lowered to values less than or equal to the compliance-free Pf0, diastolic flow abruptly decreased and, after a transient reversal, remained at zero for up to 8 seconds. In the model, zero flow pressure represents critical closing pressure and the resistance regulating flow is the difference between coronary artery and venous pressure divided by flow. Theoretically predicted pressure-flow curves were in good agreement with existing experimental data, including the effects of elevating coronary venous pressure on zero flow pressure. Differences between compliance-free pressure-flow curves and those obtained with pressure gradually decreasing were explained by a coronary arterial compliance whose magnitude varies inversely with pressure and is dependent on vasomotor tone. In conclusion, the results of this study demonstrate the existence of a diastolic pressure gradient across the canine coronary bed at zero flow which is dependent on coronary vasomotor tone. A theoretical model of the coronary circulation based on the concept of critical closure describes the observed relationship between diastolic coronary artery pressure and flow during various experimental conditions. PMID- 6744532 TI - Calcium, sodium, and the calcium paradox. AB - The effect of "sodium loading," of verapamil and of nifedipine on the gain in calcium and sodium, and on the loss of myoglobin, during the calcium paradox in adult rat hearts was examined. Raising cell sodium from 56.5 +/- 2.6 to 129.5 +/- 10.2 mumol sodium/gram dry weight did not alter the degree or rate of calcium gain or myoglobin release during calcium repletion after long periods (greater than 2 minutes) of calcium-free perfusion; under these conditions, and in the presence of 10 micrograms/liter verapamil, calcium gain was enhanced. However, after shorter periods (0.5-1.5 minutes), of calcium-free perfusion, calcium gain was enhanced in "sodium-loaded" hearts, even in the absence of verapamil, and particularly during the early stages of repletion. The presence of 1 and 10 mumol/liter dl-verapamil and 1 mumol/liter nifedipine before, during, and after 10 minutes of calcium-free perfusion significantly (P less than 0.01) slowed the early (up to 1 minute for verapamil and 2 minutes for nifedipine) but not the late gain in calcium. When verapamil was present, the late gain in calcium was actually enhanced. These agents also abolished the early (45 seconds) but not the late (greater than 2 minutes) gain in sodium that occurs during repletion. We propose that the gain in calcium that occurs during calcium repletion after a period of calcium-free perfusion can be divided into at least two phases (early and late), and that the early phase contains a verapamil/nifedipine-sensitive component and a verapamil/nifedipine-insensitive component, the latter probably involving sodium-calcium exchange. PMID- 6744533 TI - Increased venous pressure causes myogenic constriction of cerebral arterioles during local hyperoxia. AB - The responses of cerebral (pial) arterioles to increased venous pressure were examined in anesthetized cats equipped with cranial windows for the observation of the cerebral microcirculation. Increased venous pressure was induced by occlusion of the superior vena cava. Intracranial pressure was kept constant. Increased venous pressure when the window was filled with stationary cerebrospinal fluid caused 9-12% arteriolar dilation. Cerebral arteriolar dilation of equal magnitude (8-12%) was also seen when the space under the cranial window was perfused with fluorocarbon FC-80 equilibrated with 100% nitrogen. Increased venous pressure when the cranial window space was perfused with fluorocarbon equilibrated with 100% oxygen caused a small (5%) but significant arteriolar constriction. These results show that the dominant mechanism of autoregulation in the cerebral arterioles is metabolic, and that it involves an oxygen-sensitive mechanism. Myogenic vasoconstriction is unmasked during venous hypertension when the dominant metabolic mechanism is eliminated by increased local supply of oxygen. PMID- 6744535 TI - In vivo 31P nuclear magnetic resonance measurements in canine heart using a catheter-coil. AB - We have developed a new method of obtaining high resolution 31P nuclear magnetic resonance spectra from canine heart without the need for major surgery. This is done by passing an elliptical nuclear magnetic resonance receiver coil through a peripheral blood vessel into the right or left ventricle. This technique enables spectra to be obtained from a defined region of myocardium in less than 7 minutes (for the right ventricle) with a signal:noise ratio of greater than 9:1. With this catheter-coil, useful cardiac metabolic information will be obtainable, not only from specified regions of the heart, but also from various layers of myocardium. PMID- 6744534 TI - The isolated sinoatrial node cell in primary culture from the newborn rat. AB - We prepared primary cell cultures of the sinus node region from newborn rat hearts. Sinoatrial node cells were easily distinguished from the other cardiac muscle cells and nonmuscle cells in culture by size, configuration, and rapid, attenuated spontaneous contractions (185.0 +/- 8/min, mean +/- SEM). The spontaneously contracting sinoatrial node cells were extremely sensitive to acetylcholine and norepinephrine, responding to concentrations at least 1000-fold less than other cardiac muscle cells. These same sinoatrial node cells in culture were fixed and precisely relocated by either subsequent scanning or transmission electron microscopy. The ultrastructural features of these sinoatrial node cells in culture were similar to those observed in the cells of intact sinus node sections from the source hearts. This study is the first to present single, spontaneously active, neonatal sinoatrial node cells maintained in vitro with morphological and functional properties desirable for physiological investigations. PMID- 6744536 TI - Declining cardiovascular mortality. PMID- 6744537 TI - Doing and thinking: a view from the operating room. PMID- 6744538 TI - Continued high incidence of coronary artery disease at autopsy in Olmsted County, Minnesota, 1950 to 1979. AB - The autopsy records of all people over 30 years old who died and underwent autopsy in Olmsted County from 1950 through 1979 were reviewed (n = 5558, autopsy rate approximately 50%). The hearts of 530 subjects were reexamined for the severity of coronary artery disease and this determination was compared with the recorded grade. After both record and specimen the three major coronary arteries were graded according to percent reduction in luminal area (1 = 0 to 25%; 2 = 26% to 50%; 3 = 51% to 75%; 4 = 76% to 99%; 5 = occlusion). Grades 4 and 5 were designated as significant coronary disease (SCD), and 94% to 99% of diagnoses of SCD were confirmed on reexamination. The percentage of people with SCD increased during the period 1950 to 1969 and remained high in the 1970s. Cohort analysis showed an increase in the disease in all age groups (except in the 30- to 49-year old group for the later decades of birth). There was no change in the prevalence of myocardial infarction scars over the study period. PMID- 6744539 TI - Evidence of impaired left ventricular performance after an uninterrupted competitive 24 hour run. AB - The effect of extremely exhaustive exercise on left ventricular performance was studied echocardiographically in 13 experienced male ultramarathon runners who took part in a competitive 24 hr run, completing distances of 114 to 227 km. Although the left ventricular end-diastolic dimension (EDD) was reduced by 7% (54 +/- 5 to 50 +/- 7 mm; p less than .005), the end-systolic dimension (ESD) increased slightly (33 +/- 5 to 34 +/- 6 mm; NS). As a consequence, the stroke dimension (21 +/- 2 to 16 +/- 2 mm; p less than .005) and fractional shortening (38 +/- 5% to 32 +/- 5%; p less than .005) declined by 24% and 16%, respectively. The reduction in fractional shortening was related to delta ESD (r = -.66; p less than .05) but not to delta EDD (r = .22; NS). In spite of reduced afterload, the mean velocity of circumferential fiber shortening also decreased by an average of 9% (p less than .01) in proportion to the distance completed (r = -.69; p less than .01). The systolic blood pressure/ESD ratio was 21% lower after the race (4.2 +/- 0.9 to 3.3 +/- 0.6; p less than .005). Body weight loss was not related to any alterations in left ventricular dimensions or ejection phase indexes. The stroke dimension and ejection phase indexes continued to decline within the last 6 hr of the race but returned to the prerace level 2 to 3 days after the race. Total serum creatine kinase peaked at 3917 to 64740 U/liter (mean 27427) and its MB percentage peaked at 2% to 6%.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS) PMID- 6744541 TI - Preexcited reciprocating tachycardia in patients with Wolff-Parkinson-White syndrome: incidence and mechanisms. AB - During the electrophysiologic study of 435 patients referred for evaluation of Wolff-Parkinson-White syndrome, 42 (10%) had preexcited reciprocating tachycardia (defined as a macro-reentrant tachycardia that used an accessory atrioventricular [AV] pathway for antegrade conduction). The ages of the patients ranged from 9 to 67 years (27 +/- 14). Thirty-three were male patients, nine female, and eight had Ebstein's anomaly. Preexcited reciprocating tachycardia cycle length was 220 to 430 msec (294 +/- 42). Significant hemodynamic compromise in the laboratory directly related to preexcitated reciprocating tachycardia occurred in only one patient. However, in 10 patients a transformation to atrial fibrillation was seen after a spontaneously occurring premature atrial contraction. Only 17 of the 42 patients with preexcited reciprocating tachycardia during electrophysiologic study had the same tachycardia documented clinically. These 17 patients were more often younger with multiple accessory pathways and with no history of orthodromic reciprocating tachycardia when compared with 25 patients in whom preexcited reciprocating tachycardia could be induced only in the laboratory. Preexcited reciprocating tachycardia was induced in the laboratory in 22 of 374 (6%) patients with single accessory pathways and in 20 of 61 (33%) of those with multiple accessory pathways. In the 20 patients with multiple accessory pathways, the spectrum of reentrant circuits included fusion over two or more accessory pathways or fusion over both an accessory pathway and the AV node. In the 22 patients with a single accessory pathway and true antidromic reciprocating tachycardia, all but two episodes were at least 4 cm from the AV node. No patient with true antidromic reciprocating tachycardia had a posterior septal accessory AV pathway. Only in patients with multiple accessory pathways was the posterior septal accessory AV pathway used as the antegrade limb. PMID- 6744540 TI - Sex-related differences in the normal cardiac response to upright exercise. AB - In previous studies from this laboratory, we found that approximately 30% of women with chest pain and normal coronary arteries demonstrated either a decrease in or a failure to increase radionuclide ejection fraction during exercise. To examine the hypothesis that this apparent abnormality in left ventricular function represents a physiologic difference between men and women, we prospectively studied central and peripheral cardiovascular responses to exercise in 31 age-matched healthy volunteers (16 women and 15 men). A combination of quantitative radionuclide angiography and expired-gas analysis was used to measure ejection fraction and relative changes in end-diastolic counts, stroke counts, count output, and arteriovenous oxygen difference during symptom-limited upright bicycle exercise. Normal male and female volunteers demonstrated comparable baseline left ventricular function and similar aerobic capacity, as determined by weight-adjusted peak oxygen consumption (22.1 +/- 5.1 and 22.6 +/- 4.3 ml/kg/min, respectively). However, their cardiac responses to exercise were significantly different. Ejection fraction increased from 0.62 +/- 0.09 at rest to 0.77 +/- 0.07 during exercise in men (p less than .001), but was unchanged from 0.63 +/- 0.09 at rest to 0.64 +/- 0.10 during exercise in women. The ejection fraction increased by 5 points or more in 14 of 15 men, but in only seven of the 16 women. End-diastolic counts increased by 30% in women (p less than .001), but was unchanged in men. Because decreases in ejection fraction were matched by increases in end-diastolic counts, relative increases in stroke counts and count output were the same for men and women. These data demonstrate a basic difference between men and women with respect to the mechanism by which they achieve a normal response of stroke volume to exercise; these differences must be taken into account when measurements of cardiac function during exercise stress are used for diagnostic purposes. PMID- 6744542 TI - Retrograde concealed conduction in the atrioventricular node: differential manifestations related to level of intranodal penetration. AB - Although concealed conduction in the atrioventricular node (AVN) has been the focus of numerous experimental and clinical studies, little is known about the differential effects on AVN functional behavior of prior concealed retrograde impulse penetration alone vs prior anterograde or dual AVN activation. This study was undertaken specifically to investigate this aspect of human AVN physiology in patients without intact ventriculoatrial conduction to provide a model with which to analyze concealed retrograde AVN conduction. In 13 such patients AVN behavior during a subsequent anterograde input was characterized for each of three different manners of prior AVN activation: anterograde alone (method I), simultaneous anterograde and retrograde excitation (method II), or equivalently timed retrograde concealed AVN penetration alone (method III). In all patients evidence for retrograde AVN concealment was documented by longer anterograde conduction in the AVN during method III than that observed when the retrograde impulse was omitted (method IV). Furthermore, in these patients lacking intact ventriculoatrial conduction, anterograde conduction in the AVN was facilitated and refractoriness was decreased during dual excitation vs anterograde activation alone (method II vs method I). However, when each of methods I and II were compared with concealed retrograde AVN penetration alone (method III), two patterns of AVN responses were observed: In 11 of 13 patients (group A) conduction in the AVN was "worse" and refractoriness was greater both in methods I and II compared with method III; in the remaining two patients (group B) the opposite relationships were observed. The results suggest that among patients with no ventriculoatrial AVN conduction there exist at least two subpopulations whose AVN functional characteristics differ markedly when the effects of anterograde and dual excitation are compared with equivalently timed concealed retrograde activation alone. These findings may be related to differences in level of retrograde AVN concealment in groups A and B, which can be unmasked by the outlined pacing techniques. PMID- 6744543 TI - Concealed conduction in accessory atrioventricular pathways: an important determinant of the expression of arrhythmias in patients with Wolff-Parkinson White syndrome. AB - Concealed conduction into accessory atrioventricular pathways has been postulated to explain variability of R-R intervals during atrial fibrillation in patients with Wolff-Parkinson-White syndrome. We examined the occurrence of concealed conduction into atrioventricular pathways using extrastimulus techniques in 26 consecutive patients undergoing electrophysiologic studies for the Wolff Parkinson-White syndrome. Anterograde pathway concealment was demonstrated (10 patients) by introducing a second atrial extrastimulus (A3) after block in the accessory pathway occurred following the first extrastimulus (A2). The apparent effective refractory period (ERP) of the atrioventricular pathway with A3 (after A2 blocked in the pathway), or ERPB, was always greater than the ERP of the atrioventricular pathway (505 +/- 100 vs 323 +/- 105 msec, mean +/- SD; p less than .001), a finding explained by concealment into the pathway by the blocked A2. A measure of the apparent prolongation of refractoriness due to anterograde concealment (delta ERPB), defined as the difference between ERP and ERPB at a given cycle length, was derived. The average R-R interval in atrial fibrillation correlated better with delta ERPB (r = .8, p less than .01) than with the ERP (r = .6, p = NS), supporting the influence of anterograde atrioventricular pathway concealment in modulating the ventricular response during atrial fibrillation. By similar techniques, concealed retrograde conduction in the atrioventricular pathway could be demonstrated in 16 of 26 patients. In two of these patients "bystander" atrioventricular pathway conduction during orthodromic reciprocating tachycardia that did not involve the atrioventricular pathway did not occur, even though the ERP of the pathway should have permitted it, a finding readily explained by repetitive retrograde concealment into the atrioventricular pathway during tachycardia. Concealed conduction can be demonstrated in most patients with Wolff-Parkinson-White syndrome and is an important factor in the clinical expression of their arrhythmias. PMID- 6744544 TI - Study of the infradiaphragmatic total anomalous pulmonary venous connection with cross-sectional and pulsed Doppler echocardiography. AB - We studied neonates with the infradiaphragmatic form of total anomalous pulmonary venous drainage by a combination of cross-sectional echocardiography and pulsed Doppler ultrasound. The diagnosis by ultrasound was made prospectively in all six patients. Three large vascular channels could be observed passing through the diaphragm from the subcostal parasagittal plane. The vessels were identified as the descending aorta (to the left), the inferior vena cava (to the right), and the anomalous pulmonary venous channel (in the center). The vessels were insonated in turn, with pulsed Doppler ultrasound, and the characteristic normal flow signals in the aorta and inferior vena cava were obtained. The signal from the anomalous pulmonary vein was a continuous venous signal, the direction of flow being away from the heart. Pulsed Doppler ultrasound allows accurate recognition of the anomalous pulmonary venous channel without the use of contrast echocardiography. PMID- 6744545 TI - Two-dimensional echocardiographic assessment of the aorta in infants and children with congenital heart disease. AB - To determine the accuracy of two-dimensional echocardiography in the identification of congenital anomalies of the aorta, we compared two-dimensional echocardiographic with angiographic results in 261 consecutive infants and children with congenital heart disease (age 1 day to 20 years, mean 3.3 years). Two-dimensional echocardiography was performed and interpreted without knowledge of angiographic results. Complete visualization of the ascending and descending aorta and aortic arch branches was possible by two-dimensional echocardiographic examination in suprasternal, parasternal, and subcostal views of 255 patients (98%). Identification of the esophagus during swallowing aided the diagnosis of anatomic characteristics of aortic arch. One or more significant aortic arch anomalies were present on angiograms of 116 of 255 patients (46%) and were detected by two-dimensional echocardiography in 110 (sensitivity 95%, 99% specificity). Anomalies detected by two-dimensional echocardiography/angiography were ascending aorta hypoplasia in four/four, truncus arteriosus three/three, right aortic arch 31/31, anomalous subclavian artery 11/16, coarctation 27/29, and patent ductus arteriosus 53/57. We conclude that two-dimensional echocardiography can be used to determine the anatomy of the aorta in most infants and children. In selected patients, two-dimensional echocardiography may eliminate the need for angiographic examination before surgery for congenital heart disease. PMID- 6744546 TI - Pulsed Doppler echocardiographic determination of stroke volume and cardiac output: clinical validation of two new methods using the apical window. AB - Two methods of measuring stroke volume and cardiac output with pulsed Doppler two dimensional echocardiography were developed and validated against the thermodilution technique in 39 patients, 33 of which were in an intensive care unit. With the use of the apical four-chamber view, a mitral inflow method combined the velocity of left ventricular inflow at the mitral anulus with the cross-sectional area of the anulus calculated from its diameter at middiastole (area = pi r2). From the apical five-chamber view a left ventricular outflow method combined the velocity of left ventricular outflow with the cross-sectional area of the aortic anulus calculated from its diameter during early systole (parasternal long-axis view). Measurements with the mitral inflow and left ventricular outflow methods were obtained in 35 of 39 (90%) and 39 of 39 (100%) patients, respectively. Validation of the mitral method excluded patients with mitral regurgitation (n = 11) and validation of the left ventricular outflow method excluded those with aortic regurgitation (n = 4). Good correlations were observed between thermodilution and Doppler measurements of stroke volume and cardiac output for both the mitral anulus method (R = .96 and .87, respectively) and the left ventricular outflow method (R = .95 and .91, respectively). The results of the two methods correlated well with each other in patients without regurgitant valve lesions. A greater interobserver variability was observed with the mitral anulus method, which was related solely to greater variability in measuring the annular diameter.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS) PMID- 6744547 TI - Prospective identification of patients with amyloid heart disease by two dimensional echocardiography. AB - The purpose of this study was to determine whether changes in myocardial wall echogenicity that suggest amyloid disease could be prospectively identified by a qualitative analysis of two-dimensional echocardiographic images. Two thousand seventy-eight consecutive echocardiograms obtained over a 14 month period were prospectively analyzed. The myocardial walls of 30 patients showed multiple, discrete, small highly refractive echoes; amyloid disease was not known or suspected in any of them. It was recommended that all 30 patients undergo gingival biopsy to confirm the diagnosis and biopsy was performed in 15 patients. The recommendation for biopsy was made only on the basis of two-dimensional echocardiographic images and was independent of findings regarding thickness of the walls or the dimensions of the cardiac chambers. Results of biopsy were positive in 11 patients and negative in four. We conclude that qualitative evaluation of two-dimensional echocardiographic images can identify changes in myocardial wall echogenicity that correlate with a result of gingival biopsy positive for amyloidosis. In patients who have a typical myocardial texture by two-dimensional echocardiography and a positive gingival biopsy result, cardiac amyloidosis should be strongly suspected. PMID- 6744548 TI - Echocardiography in the diagnosis and management of symptomatic aortic valve stenosis in infants. AB - Infants with severe aortic valve stenosis often are critically ill and require urgent surgical treatment. Currently, angiography is used at the time of cardiac catheterization to diagnose aortic valve stenosis. However, the use of this test may be hazardous in an unstable infant and may precipitate hemodynamic and clinical deterioration before surgery. Therefore, a noninvasive method of accurately making this diagnosis would be useful in that it would allow the risks of cardiac catheterization to be avoided. Between January 1982 and September 1983, 10 infants with critically severe aortic valve stenosis and intact ventricular septum were examined by echocardiography. There were no false positive or negative results in this time period and several criteria for the noninvasive diagnosis of critical aortic valve stenosis were recognized. These included immobile aortic valve cusps and left ventricular hypertrophy with increased echo density of the left ventricular papillary muscles and mitral valve support apparatus. Patients without other aortic obstruction had poststenotic dilation of the ascending aorta, as evidenced by a ratio of the diameter of the ascending aorta to that of aortic valve anulus greater than 1.7. A disturbed Doppler velocity signal in the ascending aorta supported the presence of valvar stenosis. Nine patients underwent cardiac surgery and five survived. In five patients surgery was performed without angiographic examination. The correct diagnosis was made noninvasively in each, and four of the five patients survived surgery. Echocardiography was comparable to angiography in making the diagnosis and assessing the cardiovascular anatomic characteristics. Echocardiography could therefore replace angiography in selected infants with symptomatic aortic valve stenosis and should be routinely used in the evaluation of these patients. PMID- 6744549 TI - Stress echocardiography with transesophageal atrial pacing: preliminary report of a new method for detection of ischemic wall motion abnormalities. AB - We performed two-dimensional echocardiography in 19 patients with significant coronary artery disease and in six normal volunteers at rest and during transesophageal atrial pacing. Technically adequate resting echocardiograms were obtained in 18 of the 19 patients and in all six normal volunteers. In two subjects, atrial capture was not possible, and in one subject, discomfort from the pacing at the beginning of the study precluded its completion. In all subjects (n = 21) who completed the protocol satisfactory two-dimensional echocardiograms were obtained during pacing. Wall motion was normal at rest and during atrial pacing in five normal volunteers. New transient wall motion abnormalities developed in 13 of the 16 patients during pacing. Twelve of the 13 patients had significant coronary lesions in the coronary arteries supplying the abnormal wall segment. Only three of the patients developed significant ST segment depression during pacing. We conclude that stress echocardiography with transesophageal atrial pacing is safe and practical and can be used in patients who cannot perform dynamic exercise, this technique can detect ischemic segmental wall motion abnormalities corresponding to the distribution of coronary arterial obstruction, and the technique provides high-quality echocardiographic images during stress and thus may expand the usefulness of resting two-dimensional echocardiography in patients who have ischemic heart disease. PMID- 6744550 TI - Sustained ventricular tachycardia in patients with idiopathic dilated cardiomyopathy: electrophysiologic testing and lack of response to antiarrhythmic drug therapy. AB - Eleven consecutive patients with idiopathic dilated cardiomyopathy and spontaneous, sustained ventricular tachycardia (VT) of uniform morphology underwent programmed ventricular stimulation and serial antiarrhythmic drug testing. The mean ejection fraction was 30 +/- 6.4%. Sustained VT was induced by programmed electrical stimulation in all 11 patients. A mean of 3.7 +/- 2.4 antiarrhythmic drugs were evaluated by programmed stimulation, including at least one experimental agent in eight patients. In nine of 11 patients VT remained inducible on all drug therapy. During a mean follow-up period of 21 +/- 14 months there were four sudden deaths and two patients with recurrences of VT. In all six patients with sudden death or recurrence of VT, the arrhythmia remained inducible on drug therapy. Three patients who died suddenly had a hemodynamically stable, induced tachycardia on antiarrhythmic therapy. Of eight patients treated with amiodarone, only two were successfully treated. We conclude that in patients with sustained VT and idiopathic dilated cardiomyopathy, VT can be induced by programmed electrical stimulation. VT will usually remain inducible on antiarrhythmic therapy, and sudden death can occur despite slowing and improved tolerance of the induced arrhythmia. Amiodarone may have limited efficacy, and more aggressive therapy, such as surgery or implantation of an automatic internal defibrillator, should be considered in this patient population. PMID- 6744551 TI - Dynamic variability of binding of antiarrhythmic drugs during the evolution of acute myocardial infarction. AB - We tested the hypothesis that the changes in free fatty acid and alpha 1 glycoprotein concentrations, which occur during acute myocardial infarction, exert asynchronous and opposing influences on the serum protein binding of selected drugs. Free drug fractions of two antiarrhythmic agents with contrasting binding characteristics, quinidine and procainamide, were related to free fatty acid and alpha 1-glycoprotein concentrations on days 1 through 5 and 10 in 20 patients with acute myocardial infarction. The mean free quinidine fraction was elevated on day 1 (9.0 +/- 4.4% vs 6.7 +/- 2.7% in patients with stable heart disease; p less than .05) and fell progressively to day 10 (4.0 +/- 2.8%; p less than .0002) as free fatty acid concentration decreased (day 1 = 464 +/- 272 meq/liter; day 10 = 264 +/- 155 meq/liter; p less than .01) and alpha 1 glycoprotein concentration increased (day 1 = 98 +/- 31 mg/dl; day 10 = 141 +/- 47 mg/dl; p less than .02). Multiple stepwise regression showed a major influence of changing alpha 1-glycoprotein concentration on the observed sequential changes in the free quinidine fraction (p less than .005). In contrast, no serial changes in procainamide binding were noted. In conclusion, metabolic changes during the course of acute myocardial infarction sequentially alter free quinidine fraction and, consequently, may influence pharmacodynamics. PMID- 6744552 TI - Low zero-flow pressure and minimal capacitance effect on diastolic coronary arterial pressure-flow relationships during maximum vasodilation in swine. AB - During maximum dilation with adenosine in dogs, the diastolic coronary pressure at which flow ceases (Pzf) has been observed to be up to 27 mm Hg above coronary sinus and right atrial pressures. We studied swine to measure the Pzf and to determine the effects of interventions that change collateral flow and coronary capacitance. In 44 swine, the left anterior descending coronary artery (LAD) was instrumented with two catheters, a hydraulic occluder, and a flowmeter. Late diastolic and mean pressure-flow relationships were constructed at a series of pressures produced by partial LAD occlusions during maximum vasodilation. The late diastolic Pzf was 7.0 +/- 2.2 mm Hg (mean +/- SD), less than 4 mm Hg above right atrial pressure; the mean Pzf was 12.1 +/- 3.1 mm Hg, less than 9 mm Hg above right atrial pressure. The Pzf in the LAD did not change significantly (1) during transient simultaneous occlusion of the right coronary artery (RCA) in seven swine (late diastolic Pzf with the RCA open was 6.6 +/- 1.5 mm Hg and with the RCA closed it was 6.0 +/- 1.5 mm Hg), (2) during increased left ventricular systolic pressure (LVSP) in seven swine (late diastolic Pzf with LVSP of 123 mm Hg was 5.5 +/- 2.2 mm Hg and with LVSP of 184 mm Hg it was 7.3 +/- 2.8 mm Hg), or (3) during increased heart rate in eight swine (late diastolic Pzf at heart rate of 107 per minute was 10.8 +/- 2.9 mm Hg and at 180 per minute it was 12.7 +/- 2.1 mm Hg). Similar results were obtained from analysis of the mean pressure and flow data. The Pzf in the LAD of swine is very close to right atrial pressure, and it did not change significantly during interventions that would modify collateral flow (reduced by RCA occlusion and enhanced by increased LVSP) and coronary capacitance (increased LVSP and increased heart rate). This low Pzf is beneficial in maintaining flow at lower coronary arterial perfusion pressures. PMID- 6744553 TI - Overdrive suppression of conduction in the canine His-Purkinje system after occlusion of the anterior septal artery. AB - The purpose of these experiments was to determine whether overdrive suppression of conduction (OSC), i.e., transient worsening of conduction or development of atrioventricular block after cessation of rapid pacing, could be produced in the canine His-Purkinje system damaged by ligation of the anterior septal coronary artery and to investigate the responsible mechanism. We found that OSC occurred in vivo after rapid ventricular and His bundle pacing but not after atrial pacing, and that it occurred in vitro after rapid pacing from the left bundle branch but not after pacing from the proximal His bundle. OSC was related to the duration and cycle length of pacing. Lidocaine increased while verapamil reduced the duration of OSC in vivo. The mechanism responsible for the unidirectionality of OSC is not clear but is probably related to the geometry of the atrioventricular junction and the anterograde versus the retrograde activation sequence. Changes in regional myocardial blood flow, autonomic tone, hemodynamic variables, or ventricular function do not appear to be required to produce OSC, based on the demonstration of the phenomenon in vitro. The data suggest a time- and rate-dependent change in factors affecting conduction such as excitability or cell-to-cell coupling, possibly due to accumulation of intracellular cations such as calcium. PMID- 6744554 TI - Failure of nifedipine and reperfusion to reduce infarct size relative to region at risk as measured by NADH fluorophotography. AB - In this report we describe a new technique for the measurement of region at risk after coronary artery ligation in the rabbit by NADH fluorophotography. We also describe the application of this technique to a study of nifedipine combined with reperfusion in experimental myocardial infarction. In 16 untreated rabbits the epicardial surface area of NADH fluorescence immediately after coronary ligation correlated with infarct size at 24 hr after coronary occlusion, as measured by nitro blue tetrazolium staining (r = .84, p less than .001). In 24 rabbits we studied the effect of nifedipine administered immediately after coronary ligation and combined with reperfusion at 1 hr after occlusion. Nifedipine had no significant effect on region at risk or infarct size. PMID- 6744555 TI - The effect of streptokinase on intramyocardial hemorrhage, infarct size, and the no-reflow phenomenon during coronary reperfusion. AB - The purpose of this study was to determine whether streptokinase exacerbates intramyocardial hemorrhage during coronary reperfusion, has any intrinsic effect on myocardial infarct size other than its ability to lyse proximal thrombi in coronary arteries, and can abolish the no-reflow phenomenon. Anesthetized open chest dogs underwent coronary occlusion for 3 hr followed by 3 hr of reperfusion. Area of infarct was assessed by tetrazolium staining, anatomic zone of no-reflow by injection of the fluorescent dye thioflavin S at the end of the reperfusion period, regional blood flow during occlusion and reperfusion by the radioactive microsphere technique, and extent of gross hemorrhage by assessment of photographic enlargements of the heart slices. Area of infarction of the left ventricle was similar in control (13.4 +/- 3.6%) and streptokinase-treated dogs (13.0 +/- 2.9%; p = NS). Seven of eight dogs in the untreated group had anatomic perfusion defects as assessed by thioflavin S at the end of the reperfusion phase; seven of eight dogs in the streptokinase group had anatomic perfusion defects. There was no difference in the extent of gross hemorrhage between the two groups (6.5 +/- 2.1% of left ventricle in controls and 5.7 +/- 2.3% in streptokinase-treated dogs). Severe depression of regional blood flow during reperfusion was present within the infarcted tissue and was associated with an anatomic perfusion defect as defined by thioflavin S; there was moderate depression of flow within the noninfarcted, salvaged subepicardium. In a separate series of experiments, infarcts were assessed for hemoglobin content. Intramyocardial hemoglobin levels were not higher after fibrinolytic therapy plus reperfusion compared with reperfusion alone.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS) PMID- 6744556 TI - Abdominal aortic aneurysm: the case for elective resection. AB - Abdominal aortic aneurysms are one of the more common problems faced by the vascular surgeon. A review of 898 aneurysms resected at the University of Rochester from 1955 to 1982 revealed a sequential decrease in mortality for elective surgery from 13% in 1955 to 1965, to 8.4% from 1966 to 1973, and 5.6% in the last 8 years. Mortality for resection of ruptured aneurysms remained high (70%). The incidence of ruptured aneurysms has not changed significantly in the last 16 years. For 1980 and 1981 we calculated the hospital costs of surgical treatment of abdominal aortic aneurysms. The mean total cost after elective resection was +10,114 compared with +18,223 after rupture. Increased costs after rupture reflected both a longer stay and more intensive and expensive medical care. Using discharge data from U.S. hospitals in 1979, we extrapolated our cost and mortality data to a national level. Assuming a mortality rate for elective resection of 5% and a mortality rate for resection after rupture of 50%, we estimated that in 1979 +50 million and over 2000 lives could have been saved if patients with abdominal aortic aneurysms had been identified and subjected to elective resection. The incidence of ruptured abdominal aortic aneurysms remains unacceptably high. Mortality from this disease can best be reduced by increased physician awareness and prompt surgical referral.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS) PMID- 6744557 TI - Dobutamine and dopamine after cardiac surgery: greater augmentation of myocardial blood flow with dobutamine. AB - Left ventricular hemodynamics, dimensions and coronary sinus blood flows were measured simultaneously after infusions of dobutamine and dopamine. Ten patients were studied 6, 10 to 15, and 24 hr after cardiopulmonary bypass surgery. The dose of each drug was adjusted to increase cardiac output by 25%. Heart rate was held constant with atrial pacing. Dobutamine and dopamine increased peak left ventricular dP/dt from baseline values by 72% vs 58% during the early study, 77% vs 78% in the intermediate study, and 95% vs 79% in the late study (all NS, difference between drugs). Similarly, there were no significant differences in hemodynamic response or in cardiac dimensions after the two drugs in any period. Both drugs increased myocardial oxygen uptake during the intermediate and late studies (32% vs 33% and 34% vs 25%). With dobutamine this increase was matched by a similar increase in coronary blood flow; however, failure of the expected increase in coronary blood flow with dopamine suggested coronary constriction. Although dobutamine and dopamine have similar hemodynamic effects, dobutamine has the advantage of not limiting the increase in coronary blood flow associated with increased oxygen demand. PMID- 6744558 TI - Extracorporeal membrane oxygenation for patients with cardiogenic shock. PMID- 6744559 TI - Improved late survival in patients with chronic aortic regurgitation by earlier operation. AB - Between 1970 and 1979, 156 patients with severe chronic aortic regurgitation underwent aortic valve replacement. Early mortality was 2.5%; 5 and 10 year survival rates were 85.9% and 69.2%, respectively. Early mortality decreased from 3.5% (2/56) in the period from 1970 to 1974 to 2.0% (2/100) in the period from 1975 to 1979; first-year survival rate was similar in the two periods (94.2% and 94.7%); 5 year survival rate increased from 80.1% in the period from 1970 to 1974 to 90.6% in the period from 1975 to 1979. The frequency of late death from heart failure decreased from 5/13 in the period from 1970 to 1974 to 0/9 in the period from 1975 to 1979. Preoperative NYHA class decreased from 2.7 (10 patients in class IV, none in class I) during 1970 to 1974 to 2.1 (one patient in class IV, 15 in class I) during 1975 to 1979 (p less than .001). From 1970 to 1974 preoperative cardiothoracic ratio (0.60 vs 0.57; p less than .001) and left ventricular end-diastolic pressure (33 vs 19 mm Hg; p less than .001) were higher and left ventricular ejection fraction (50% vs 54%; p less than .05) was lower than values during 1975 to 1979. The patients who died of heart failure were in a higher NYHA class before surgery, cardiothoracic ratio and left ventricular end diastolic pressure were higher, and left ventricular ejection fraction was lower than those in patients who died suddenly. In all patients of both groups left ventricular end-diastolic volume exceeded 200 ml/m2.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS) PMID- 6744560 TI - Techniques for prevention of calcification of valvular bioprostheses. AB - Calcification of valvular bioprostheses in children is a major problem that has stimulated extensive research in our laboratory. In previous reports, we have shown that the rate of calcification could be reduced by decreasing the phosphate content in the tissue or by blocking calcification binding sites with Mg++ and/or with a surfactant (Tween 80). Since then, we have systematically investigated incorporation of numerous other surfactants and of polyacrylamide within the tissue, and these investigations form the basis of this report. The methods of investigation included subcutaneous implantation of treated tissues in growing rabbits, stability tests, and intracardiac implantation in sheep. Results showed that surfactants differed in their efficacy in mitigating calcification, with N lauroylsarcosine and triton X-100 being the most efficient. Polyacrylamide incorporation was also efficient in calcification mitigation, but this effect was lost after flexibility testing in vitro or implantation in vivo, a drawback that suggests further research is necessary into stabilization of this polymer. This report not only brings attention to new alternatives in calcification mitigation treatment of bioprosthetic tissues but also underlines important points of methodology. PMID- 6744561 TI - The problem of cardiac valve prostheses, anticoagulants, and pregnancy. AB - To assess the maternal and fetal risks in patients with cardiac valve prostheses, a series of 223 pregnancies in 156 women was studied. In 68 pregnancies (group I) treatment with antiplatelet agents was substituted for that with coumarinics from the first trimester on. Group II (128 pregnancies) received coumarinics through the thirty-eighth week of gestation. Three patients in group I died as a result of thrombosis of their caged-ball valves. The incidence of cerebral embolism was 25.0% in group I and 2.3% in group II patients, while that of spontaneous abortion was 10.3% and 28.1%, respectively. Coumarin embryopathy was found in 7.9% of group II infants. Fetal death did not occur in the 12 cases in which subcutaneous heparin was substituted for the coumarin derivative in the first trimester and the last 2 weeks of pregnancy (group III), but maternal cerebral embolism developed in 8.3% of the patients. Finally, uneventful pregnancies and deliveries were observed in 12 of 15 mothers (group IV) with biological prostheses who received no anticoagulants. It is concluded that (1) women with cardiac valve prostheses should be counseled against becoming pregnant, (2) antiplatelet agents do not provide protection against thromboembolism in these patients, (3) because of the high incidence of fetal death and birth defects use of coumarinics is contraindicated in the first trimester and the last weeks of pregnancy, (4) the substitution of heparin at these times may decrease the incidence of these complications, and (5) bioprostheses are indicated in women who wish to bear children. PMID- 6744562 TI - Patient status 10 or more years after 'fresh' homograft replacement of the aortic valve. AB - One hundred and forty consecutive patients from 12 to 74 years old (mean 52) who underwent isolated elective aortic valve replacement with antibiotic-sterilized homografts have been followed for 10 to 13 (mean 11) years. There were four (2.9%) early and 48 (34.3%) late deaths. The overall survival rate was 81% at 5 years and 65% at 10 years. Valve failure occurred in 37 (26.4%) patients and was due to degeneration in 27 (19.3%), technical failure in three (2.1%), and endocarditis in seven (5%). Freedom from valve failure was 90% at 5 years and 72% at 10 years; the mean rate of valve degeneration was 1% per year up to 5 years, 2% from 5 to 8 years, and 5% from 8 to 10 years. Functional evaluation of the patients retaining their original homograft at 10 years showed excellent or good results in 82% and fair or poor results in 18%. A multivariate regression analysis of factors influencing survival and valve failure showed that older age of the patient (p less than .01) and the development of postoperative left bundle branch block (p less than .05) adversely affected survival, and that older age and sex (female) of the patient (p less than .01), the type of original valve lesion (stenosis) (p less than .05), and the interval between death and dissection of the grafts (p less than .01) were good predictors of valve failure. PMID- 6744563 TI - Comparative evaluation of mitral valve repair and replacement with Starr, Bjork, and porcine valve prostheses. AB - Four hundred consecutive patients with isolated mitral valve disease who were operated on between 1974 and 1977 underwent long-term evaluation. In this group there were 100 valve repairs, 100 porcine valves, 100 Starr valves, and 100 Bjork valves. There were no significant differences in the preoperative clinical conditions of the patients in the four groups. Cumulative follow-up was 2058 patient-years. We concluded from the data that mitral valve repair was associated with fewer valve-related complications than valve replacement. Thromboembolism was the most significant parameter with respect to determining long-term results of the use of the porcine, Starr, and Bjork valve prostheses. PMID- 6744564 TI - Surgery for tricuspid regurgitation late after mitral valve replacement. AB - Tricuspid valve insufficiency may contribute to a poor hemodynamic result after mitral valve replacement. To determine the role of surgical treatment, we have reviewed the records of 32 adult patients who underwent tricuspid valve repair or replacement 4 months to 14 years after mitral valve replacement. Mild tricuspid valve insufficiency at the time of mitral valve replacement was present in 21 patients (66%); 26 patients (81%) had New York Heart Association class IV disability. Tricuspid annuloplasty was performed in 16 patients, and the remainder received various prosthetic valves. Concomitant repair of mitral valve periprosthetic leak and/or replacement of the aortic valve was necessary in 18 patients (53%). Hospital mortality was 25%, and all early deaths were related to low cardiac output. Among hospital survivors there have been 14 late deaths for 3 and 5 year actuarial survival rates of 65% and 44%. Twelve of the 14 patients who died late and one of 10 patients who were alive at the end of the follow-up period had little or no functional improvement after tricuspid valve repair or replacement. The high early and late mortality and poor functional outcome for patients undergoing tricuspid valve surgery late after mitral valve replacement contrast with our good overall results in reoperation for prosthetic heart valves. It appears that serious tricuspid valve insufficiency after mitral valve replacement frequently signals right ventricular failure and dilatation; restoring valve competence is palliative. This experience encourages us to continue our policy of liberal indications for tricuspid valve annuloplasty at initial mitral valve replacement. PMID- 6744565 TI - Mitral valve replacement: impact of coronary artery disease and determinants of prognosis after revascularization. AB - From 1969 to 1982, 419 patients underwent single mitral valve replacement; of these, 48% had associated coronary artery disease (9% single vessel, 8% double vessel, 28% triple vessel, 3% left main). In 216 patients with no associated coronary disease, in 179 patients with coronary disease that was revascularized, and in 24 patients with coronary disease that was not revascularized, the 30 day mortalities were 4.2%, 13.9%, and 29.2% (p less than .05) after valve replacement. Actuarial survivals at 8 years were 68%, 44%, and 15%, respectively (p less than .01), with 1 to 165 months of follow-up (mean 52). After matching the three cohorts of patients in age, sex, left ventricular ejection fraction, and valve lesion, the presence of associated coronary artery disease decreased long-term survival and revascularization improved survival (p less than .05 for both). Incidental coronary disease in patients with rheumatic mitral valve disease had a significant negative influence on survival if left unbypassed (p less than .05); after revascularization and valve replacement, the 30 day mortality was 7.3% and the 8 year survival was 52%. Coronary disease etiologically related to ischemic mitral regurgitation identified a high-risk group of patients, with a 30 day mortality of 19.6% and an 8 year survival of 37% after the combined procedure. A multivariate logistic regression model was used to determine which preoperative and intraoperative variables predicted early and late outcome after combined mitral valve replacement and coronary revascularization. Predictors of early death were advanced age (greater than 60 years), New York Heart Association functional class (IV), an ischemic etiology of the mitral valve disease, and a depressed left ventricular ejection fraction (less than 55%). Predictors of late death were triple-vessel or left main coronary disease, increased left ventricular end-diastolic volume (greater than 120 ml/m2), and depressed left ventricular ejection fraction (less than 55%). These findings highlight the important etiologic and prognostic role of coronary artery disease in patients requiring mitral valve replacement. PMID- 6744566 TI - Results of the Senning operation for transposition of the great arteries with intact ventricular septum in neonates. AB - In spite of an adequate balloon atrial septostomy, some neonates (less than 28 days of age) with transposition of the great arteries and intact ventricular septum (TGA, IVS) remain hypoxemic and acidotic and require operative treatment. Our entire experience with the Senning operation in neonates with TGA, IVS is reviewed. From March 1978 to March 1983 there were 104 infants who underwent the Senning operation for TGA, IVS. Of these, 19 were neonates (18%). The mean age at operation was 12 days (2 to 24) and mean weight was 3.52 kg (3 to 4.38). Two died early (10%) and one died late (5%). The last 16 are alive and well. Causes of early mortality were sepsis and severe obstruction of the superior vena cava. The cause of late mortality was severe pulmonary venous obstruction. Among the 16 survivors, postoperative courses, both early and late, have been remarkably benign. Ten patients have undergone postoperative cardiac catheterization (mean follow up 17 months). Two (12%) had severe pulmonary venous obstruction (one diagnosed by two-dimensional echocardiography), but both were successfully repaired. Atrial shunt was noted in two patients (12%), one of which underwent elective repair. Five infants have dynamic subvalvular pulmonary stenosis of various gradients (9 to 93 mm Hg). One infant has mild tricuspid regurgitation. There are no cases of superior vena caval obstruction or right ventricular dysfunction. Twenty-four hour electrocardiographic monitoring (mean follow-up 25 months) showed predominant normal sinus rhythm in 15 infants and predominant junctional rhythm in one.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS) PMID- 6744567 TI - Repair of truncus arteriosus in neonates with the use of a valveless conduit. AB - Each of seven infants 1 to 9 days old and weighing 2.1 to 3.3 kg with truncus arteriosus underwent repair of their defects with a right ventricular-to pulmonary artery valveless conduit. Congestive heart failure and cyanosis were present before surgery in each. Five patients survived surgery and one of these subsequently died. Comparison between preoperative hemodynamics of the survivors and nonsurvivors disclosed similar peak systolic pulmonary arterial and aortic pressures, and pulmonary (Rp) or systemic resistance (Rs) in the groups. However, the mean Rp/Rs ratio in survivors (0.15) was significantly less than in nonsurvivors (0.63) (p = .001). The four remaining survivors are asymptomatic 7 months to 5.5 years after operation. Postoperative cardiac catheterization in three patients disclosed proximal conduit obstruction of 10 to 20 mm Hg in each, distal conduit obstruction of 35 mm Hg in two, and mild truncal valve stenosis and moderate truncal regurgitation in one each. We recommend the use of a valveless conduit for the symptomatic neonate with truncus arteriosus and a low Rp/Rs ratio (less than or equal to 0.03). PMID- 6744569 TI - Abdominal aortic aneurysm. PMID- 6744568 TI - Total bloodless open heart surgery in the pediatric age group. AB - Forty-eight pediatric open heart surgical procedures were performed with bloodless techniques regardless of surgical complexity or presence of cyanosis at the Children's Hospital of Buffalo. Priming solution for cardiopulmonary bypass was reduced to avoid excessive hemodilution, and careful surgical techniques were used to minimize blood loss. Hypothermia compensated for decreased oxygen carrying capacity and made it possible to reduce bypass flow safely. Tissue perfusion and oxygenation on bypass appeared comparable to or better than those in a control group that underwent open heart surgery with milder degrees of hemodilution. All patients tolerated bypass uneventfully without transfusion. Platelet counts were higher and blood loss less marked than those in the control group. Prevention of excessive dilution by priming solution seemed most important for preservation of platelets and subsequent hemostasis. Four of the smaller infants with complex cyanotic defects needed postoperative transfusion, while 44 patients did not receive transfusion at all during their hospital stay. Total blood product requirement was reduced from 11.5 to 0.35 units per patient. Intracardiac surgery without transfusion is possible in most pediatric patients without evidence of increased risk. PMID- 6744570 TI - Calcium antagonists and hypothermia: the temperature dependency of the negative inotropic and anti-ischemic properties of verapamil in the isolated rat heart. AB - Using an isolated rat heart preparation under both aerobic and ischemic conditions we have characterized the temperature dependency of the slow calcium channel-blocking drug verapamil. In the first series of studies, isolated working rat hearts were subjected to global ischemia at 37 degrees, 34 degrees, 31 degrees, 29 degrees, 27 degrees, 25 degrees, and 20 degrees C. The duration of ischemic arrest was adjusted so that in the control group the postischemic recovery of function (aortic flow) was approximately 50% of its preischemic value. Ischemic times were therefore 35, 50, 55, 60, 80, 100, and 130 min, respectively. In all cases hearts were subjected to 3 min preischemic infusion with St. Thomas' cardioplegic solution with or without added verapamil (1.1 mumol/liter). At 37 degrees C verapamil increased recovery by 36.6 +/- 4.8%; this increased to 57.4 +/- 6.0% at 34 degrees C. Below 34 degrees C, however, additional protection was progressively lost, so that at 27 degrees C or below verapamil contributed no significant additional protection. In separate aerobic perfusion studies with paced Langendorff-prepared hearts with intraventricular balloons, verapamil (0.2 mumol/liter) was shown to depress pressure development by up to 76% at 37 degrees C; this increased to 92% at 34 degrees C, but thereafter the drug's negative inotropic effects declined, so that at 24 degrees C and below there was no significant difference in developed pressure between the control and drug-treated groups. On the basis of these and other studies, the argument is advanced that by some mechanism common to both hypothermia and verapamil, the anti-ischemic and negative inotropic effects of verapamil are rendered redundant under conditions of hypothermia. PMID- 6744571 TI - Use of nitroprusside during surgery for thoracoabdominal aortic aneurysm. AB - To assess the effects of sodium nitroprusside on the deleterious hemodynamic effects of clamping and unclamping of the aorta during resection of thoracoabdominal aortic aneurysm without the use of a shunt, 50 patients were studied. The risk factors included coronary artery disease (44%) associated with previous myocardial infarction (28%), hypertension (70%), congestive heart failure (6%), chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (34%), asthma (2%), and renal insufficiency (2%). Sodium nitroprusside infusion (3 micrograms/kg/min) was started before clamping and discontinued before unclamping of the aorta. The infusion rate was adjusted to maintain blood pressure and pulmonary capillary wedge pressure within the range of control. During cross-clamping cardiac index in the patients remained unchanged and even increased on unclamping, suggesting that left ventricular function was efficiently protected during these periods. All the patients survived the surgery, and the 30 day mortality was only 4%. Our data indicate that major aortic surgery can be carried out safely with the use of nitroprusside rather than of mechanical techniques to provide proximal decompression. PMID- 6744573 TI - Cerebral monitoring of somatosensory evoked potentials during profoundly hypothermic circulatory arrest. AB - The factors that influence the functional integrity of the central nervous system during clinical procedures involving profoundly hypothermic circulatory arrest (PHCA) have not been objectively evaluated. Intraoperative monitoring of somatosensory evoked potentials (SEPs) was performed in nine infants undergoing PHCA during repair of congenital cardiac anomalies to investigate the short-term effects of this intervention on neurophysiologic function. Latency prolongation of the primary cortical (N18,P22) and cervical spinal cord (N13) responses, reflecting slowing of neural transmission with hypothermia, occurred as a power function of decreasing systemic temperature (p less than .01). The cortical evoked response disappeared during profound hypothermia (less than 18 degrees C), remaining absent throughout the period of circulatory arrest and for a variable period of time after reperfusion. Regression analysis indicated that the time required for the recovery of the cortical evoked response on reperfusion was a linear function of the time-temperature integral of the arrest period (p less than .001) and the pH at the onset of circulatory arrest (p less than .001). Neurologic complications occurred in three patients and included cortical blindness (n = 2) and a generalized seizure disorder (n = 1). Visual dysfunction was not reflected in the intraoperative SEP recordings, whereas prolonged delay of SEP recovery, indicative of global central nervous system injury, was observed in the patient who experienced seizures after the surgery. This preliminary experience with SEP monitoring during PHCA suggests a role for this modality in determining the short-term effects of this procedure on neurophysiologic function. The recovery characteristics of somatosensory neural transmission appear to be modulated by the duration of, and temperature and pH maintained during, the arrest period. PMID- 6744572 TI - Mechanism of myocardial protection during blood-potassium cardioplegia: a comparison of crystalloid red cell and methemoglobin solutions. AB - The mechanism of myocardial protection provided by red blood cells was studied with a preparation of isolated, blood-perfused dog heart. Myocardial function, metabolism, and high-energy phosphate stores were determined before and at the end of cardioplegic arrest and after reperfusion. Cardioplegic solutions containing NaCl, KCl, and dextran (crystalloid; C) were compared, at 27 degrees C, with an identical solution containing 20% washed red cells (R) and a third solution in which the red cells were treated with 0.02M NaNO2, resulting in methemoglobin (M) formation or red cells able to buffer pH but unable to transport oxygen. Solutions were delivered at 15 min intervals during 2 hr of arrest and coronary effluent pH, PCO2, and lactate were measured. Both R and M solutions prevented the increases in effluent PCO2 and decreases observed in pH with C. On the other hand, mechanical, metabolic, and high-energy phosphate determinations revealed that marked protection was provided by R but not by M or C. Thus, myocardial protection provided by R at 27 degrees C is not the result of buffering but appears to be primarily the result of oxygen delivery by the red cells to the myocardium. PMID- 6744574 TI - Myocardial infarctions and serum enzymes. PMID- 6744575 TI - Simultaneous determination of trace elements in serum by energy-dispersive x-ray fluorescence spectrometry. AB - Energy-dispersive x-ray fluorescence is applied in the analysis of human serum to determine the concentrations of several elements simultaneously with minimal manipulation of the sample. The analytical procedure has been developed with standard sera, and standardization, detection limits, and reproducibility have been established. A 50-microL sample of diluted serum, to which an internal standard has been added, is deposited on a thin (4-microns thick) polypropylene film and analyzed by x-ray fluorescence. We report the statistical distributions of the concentrations of Fe, Cu, Zn, and Br obtained in the population (103 samples) studied, and report detection limits for the other 22 elements studied. The simplicity of the method, the high throughput, and the possibility of automating the measurements make this procedure suitable for screening large numbers of sera. PMID- 6744576 TI - The Ektachem clinical chemistry slide for simultaneous determination of unconjugated and sugar-conjugated bilirubin. AB - Using dual-wavelength spectrometry, we have refined the mordant-based bilirubin slide method (Clin Chem 28:2366-2372, 1982) to co-detect unconjugated bilirubin (Bu) and its sugar conjugates (Bc) in 10 microL of serum. The assay is based on three principles: (a) mono- and diconjugated bilirubins behave spectrally like one fraction (Bc) when bound to the mordant, (b) Bu and Bc are spectrally distinct, and (c) B delta (the bilirubin-albumin complex) is not measured in the film. With known bilirubin mixtures, results by the assay agree with those by nuclear magnetic resonance, by a Jendrassik-Grof method for total bilirubin, and by a liquid-chromatographic procedure. With patients' sera, the slide correlates with a liquid-chromatography-augmented Jendrassik-Grof method, according to the following typical regression statistics (in mumol/L): for Bu, slope = 0.992, r = 0.996, intercept = -0.376, Sy X x = 5.08; for Bc, slope = 0.970, r = 0.985, intercept = -0.735, Sy X x = 8.16. The method is precise (for Bu, CV = 5.2% at an average concentration of 16.4 mumol/L, and 4.1% at 66.7 mumol/L; for Bc, CV = 6.5% at 23.4 mumol/L, and 3.8% at 151.7 mumol/L for pools of patients' sera), is relatively interference free, and has potential for extension to further applications. PMID- 6744577 TI - Diazo-based assay for total bilirubin in a coated thin film evaluated. AB - We compared results for total bilirubin as measured on a coated thin film and by the Evelyn-Malloy and Jendrassik-Grof methods. We examined serum samples from patients and studied the effects of protein, hemoglobin, and lipids on bilirubin measurement. Results from the thin-film assay compared favorably with those of the other methods. Total and within-day precision (CV), assessed over a one-year period, were better than 6% and 3%, respectively, at all concentrations. Analytical recovery was 99 +/- 3%. Samples from individuals having a wide range of liver diseases demonstrated, by linear regression, good correlation between the thin-film method and the two wet-chemistry methods (correlation coefficients of 0.990 and 0.994). We conclude that the thin-film method offers a valid alternative assay for total bilirubin. PMID- 6744578 TI - Estimation of unconjugated, conjugated, and "delta" bilirubin fractions in serum by use of two coated thin films. AB - We used two coated thin films to measure the concentrations of unconjugated, conjugated, and total bilirubin as well as bilirubin covalently bound to albumin ("delta" bilirubin) in more than 400 serum samples. We measured the unconjugated and conjugated species by determining their reflection densities at two wavelengths (400 and 460 nm) on a coating designed for the enhanced spectral measurement of bilirubin but which does not register the delta form. Total bilirubin was measured by use of a diazo-based thin film (Clin Chem 29: 37-41, 1983). We estimated the concentration of delta bilirubin by subtracting the sum of unconjugated and conjugated bilirubin from the concentration of total bilirubin. All measurements agree well with those by comparative methods, as shown by linear regression. Slopes ranged from 0.92 to 1.02, correlation coefficients from 0.935 and 0.998. Linear combinations of these values can also be used to compute other results; e.g., the sum of conjugated and delta bilirubin can be considered to be an estimate of "direct"-reacting bilirubin. PMID- 6744579 TI - Multivariate examination of response surfaces around the reaction conditions for the Scandinavian Society's recommended method for creatine kinase determinations. AB - We examined the reaction surfaces around five variables (imidazole, ADP, creatine phosphate, magnesium, and pH) in the Scandinavian method for determining creatine kinase, using factorial experimentation (five level, five factor) at reaction temperatures of 30 and 37 degrees C. Theoretical response surfaces were computed by fitting a quadratic polynomial equation to the experimental data by least squares regression. Essentially no differences were apparent in the theoretical curves among the five specimens we analyzed, or between reaction temperatures. Our response-surface data showed the following: for pH and imidazole, activity optima in the region of the Scandinavian conditions; for creatine phosphate, a broad plateau over the concentration range investigated (10 to 50 mmol/L); and for magnesium and ADP, gently increasing contours with maximal creatine kinase activity at concentrations greater than those investigated in our study (magnesium 15 mmol/L, ADP 3.5 mmol/L). PMID- 6744580 TI - Development of a stable reference material for prostatic acid phosphatase. AB - We describe the development of a stable reference material for prostatic acid phosphatase, derived from human prostatic tissue and human seminal fluid. The enzyme was purified by an L-tartramic acid affinity-chromatography technique. Two dimensional electrophoresis revealed essentially no contaminating proteins, and specific tests revealed no contaminating enzymes. The preparations, in a matrix containing 30 g of human serum albumin and 0.1 mol of sodium acetate per liter, pH 6.0, were studied with respect to stability of both catalytic activity and immunological identity. We conclude that the preparations from either source are satisfactorily stable, and that either is acceptable for use in preparing clinical reference materials. These materials will be used in developing a reference method. PMID- 6744581 TI - Creatine kinase and lactate dehydrogenase isoenzymes in serum of patients suffering burns, blunt trauma, or myocardial infarction. AB - Medical records of 53 burn and trauma patients were reviewed to assess the possibility of myocardial damage. Except for electrophoretically detectable creatine kinase MB isoenzyme, none showed evidence of myocardial injury. Lactate dehydrogenase isoenzyme tests, electrocardiograms, myocardial pyrophosphate scans, clinical course, and results of (two) autopsies were all negative for myocardial necrosis or ischemia. Types of patient, number, mean peak value (U/L) for serum creatine kinase, and ranges of percentage MB isoenzyme were as follows. Burns from direct electrical contact: 28, 16 600, 0-29; electrical flash or other thermal burns: 10, 4340, 0-22; blunt trauma (mostly from automobile accidents): 15, 3430, 0-18; myocardial infarction: 57, 1520, 4-46. Evidently creatine kinase MB isoenzyme is nonspecific in burn and trauma patients and should not be the only test result used to assess myocardial involvement. PMID- 6744582 TI - Factors affecting measurement of urinary oxalate. AB - Using a gas-chromatographic method, we examined the effects of phosphate concentration, added calcium chloride, and pH on precipitation of oxalate from urine. All three factors are important, but the pH of precipitation is particularly so, especially in the presence of even normal concentrations of ascorbic acid. At pH 8, increases in measured oxalate ranged from 20% at an ascorbic acid concentration of 1 mmol/L to more than 300% at 15 mmol/L. Ascorbic acid is rapidly converted to oxalate at alkaline pH. We also investigated the stability of both untreated and acidified urine containing ascorbic acid during storage for up to one month at -70, -20, and 4 degrees C, and room temperature. After one month, untreated collections were stable at -70 degrees C and acidified collections at -20 and -70 degrees C. We recommend conditions for assay and storage of urine specimens that are to be assayed for oxalate under which positive interference by ascorbic acid is minimized. PMID- 6744583 TI - Purification of lactate dehydrogenase isoenzymes one, two, and three from human erythrocytes. AB - Lactate dehydrogenase (LD) isoenzymes 1, 2, and 3 were prepared from human erythrocytes by sequential ion-exchange chromatography followed by general-ligand (AMP analog) affinity chromatography. Respective yields, purification factors, and specific activities (kU per gram of protein) were 25%, 4394-fold, and 209.7; 40% 4385-fold, and 199.1; and 18%, 7565-fold, and 192.9. The respective preparations contained less than 0.5% of contaminating LD isoenzyme activity as judged from electrophoresis on thin-layer agarose, were homogeneous as judged by electrophoresis on polyacrylamide gel (both in the presence and absence of sodium lauryl sulfate), and showed minor contamination by other LD isoenzymes as judged by analytical isoelectric focusing. We think that these preparations would be useful as human-based calibrating or reference materials. Their purity is such that these preparations could also be used as antigens for the development of suitable antisera. PMID- 6744585 TI - Radioimmunoassay of aspartate aminotransferase isoenzymes in human serum. AB - We describe the development of a sensitive, specific radioimmunoassay for the cytoplasmic and mitochondrial isoenzymes of human aspartate aminotransferase (L aspartate:2-oxoglutarate aminotransferase; EC 2.6.1.1). Isoenzymes from human heart tissue were purified to homogeneity and used to raise high-titer antisera in rabbits. We partly purified the antisera by selective column chromatography. The Bolton-Hunter reagent was used to radioiodinate the isoenzymes. The assay requires 100 microL of serum, includes a solid-phase second-antibody separation, and can be completed in less than 3 h. There was no cross reactivity between the two isoenzymes. As little as 5 micrograms (50 pmol) of each aspartate aminotransferase can be measured per liter of serum. PMID- 6744584 TI - Concentrations of Ag, Al, Au, Bi, Cd, Cu, Pb, Sb, and Se in cerebrospinal fluid of patients with cerebral neoplasms. AB - We measured the concentrations of nine trace elements in cerebrospinal fluid of 11 patients with malignant brain tumors, 11 with benign brain tumors, and 10 control patients, using flameless atomic absorption spectrophotometry. The mean and standard deviation for these concentrations (microgram/L) in the control group were 5.1 +/- 2.9 (silver), 326.6 +/- 171.2 (aluminum), 38.5 +/- 32.2 (gold), 36.6 +/- 23.7 (bismuth), 1.5 +/- 1.3 (cadmium), 39.8 +/- 24.7 (copper), 15.7 +/- 11.5 (lead), 20.9 +/- 3.8 (antimony), and 19.1 +/- 13.3 (selenium). Concentrations of silver and lead were markedly increased in patients with malignant cerebral neoplasms. The malignant-tumor/control patient concentration ratios were 2.31 for silver and 2.11 for lead. We observed no significant differences between the results for the benign tumor patients and the control group. PMID- 6744586 TI - Rapid colorimetry of zinc in seminal fluid. AB - This colorimetric method for determination of zinc in seminal liquid is based on the reaction between zinc and 4-(2-pyridylazo)resorcinol in a buffered solution at pH 9.5. It is very simple, fast (approximately equal to 10 min), and economical. It can be used to determine zinc in "whole" semen, seminal plasma, or isolated spermatozoa. We verified its accuracy for sample concentrations up to 0.4 g/L by comparison with a reference method based on atomic absorption spectroscopy of acidic wet-ashed samples. Calcium and magnesium do not interfere, even in concentrations exceeding the physiological values. Between-run precision at a normal concentration of 0.14 g/L is about +/- 7 mg/L; within-run precision at the same concentration is about +/- 2 mg/L. PMID- 6744589 TI - Gas-chromatographic quantification of methylphenidate in plasma with use of solid phase extraction and nitrogen-sensitive detection. AB - The gas-chromatographic assay for methylphenidate described here involves isolation by solid-phase extraction and quantification by thermionic nitrogen phosphorus detection. Methylphenidate and the internal standard, ethylphenidate, are extracted from plasma by partition onto C2 reversed-phase packing. Methylphenidate and ethylphenidate are eluted, dried, derivatized with trifluoroacetic anhydride, and gas-chromatographed, with nitrogen-sensitive detection. The standard curve for the assay is linear in the range 5-100 micrograms/L. The within-run CV is less than 4%, the between-run CV less than 6%. Mean analytical recovery of methylphenidate was greater than 90%. The smallest measurable concentration is 2 micrograms/L. The sensitivity, reproducibility, and economy of this assay make it suitable for clinical monitoring and pharmacokinetic studies. PMID- 6744588 TI - Simple screening test for qualitative detection of increased delta-aminolevulinic acid in urine. AB - A simple qualitative procedure for demonstrating increased delta-aminolevulinic acid (ALA) in urine is needed to identify individuals with an inherited deficiency of the enzyme ALA dehydratase, a newly described porphyria-like syndrome. The present procedure includes two steps, the last of which is carried out only on samples that are positive in the first step. Urine is tested for pyrroles, preformed or formed by heating with acetylacetone, by looking for a pink color after p-dimethylaminobenzaldehyde is added. Samples showing the color are next tested for ALA by adsorbing natural pyrroles onto Dowex-1 in sodium acetate, heating the supernate with acetylacetone, adsorbing the resulting aminoketone pyrroles onto Dowex-1 in water, separating the ALA from other aminoketones by differential extraction, and again looking for a pink color with p-dimethylaminobenzaldehyde. Positive urines, those with concentrations of ALA greater than or equal to 10-15 mg/L, yield a pink color in each step. Samples with greater than 30 mg/L ALA show a magenta color. Aminoacetone in excess of 3 mg/L ALA also yields a pink color, but such a concentration in urine is unlikely. Many samples can easily be tested concurrently. PMID- 6744587 TI - A tableted enzymic reagent for salicylate, for use in a discrete multiwavelength analytical system (Paramax). AB - A fully enzymic reagent for determination of salicylate in serum has been developed for use in the Paramax analytical system. The assay, run as an equilibrium determination, is based on the reaction of salicylate with NADPH and oxygen in the presence of salicylate hydroxylase (EC 1.14.13.1) to form catechol, NADP+, carbon dioxide, and water. The reaction is complete within 7 min, after which time the resulting absorbance change at 340/405 nm is measured. The sample:reagent ratio is 1:60 (5 microL of sample in a 300 microL final reaction volume). A single 30-mg tablet contains all of the reactants with tableting excipients. The use of NADPH eliminates interferences from reactions involving NADH. The large sample:reagent ratio, high sensitivity, and choice of bichromatic wavelengths minimize sample error. Results are linearly related to salicylate concentration to 1500 mg/L. Precision (CV) is 1.7% at 540 mg/L and 2.4% at 280 mg/L. PMID- 6744590 TI - Carboxyhemoglobin, cotinine, and thiocyanate assay compared for distinguishing smokers from non-smokers. AB - We compared cotinine, carboxyhemoglobin, and thiocyanate concentrations in blood sampled from 187 cigarette smokers and 181 non-smokers. All three differed significantly between smokers and non-smokers. Cotinine performed best as a test for assessing smoking status, with a sensitivity of 98% as compared with 94% for carboxyhemoglobin and 80% for thiocyanate, all at a specificity of 95%. These differences were statistically significant. Results by none of these three methods correlated well with number of cigarettes smoked per day. PMID- 6744591 TI - Sex- and age-related differences in bilirubin concentrations in serum. AB - The relation between age and sex and the concentration of bilirubin in serum was evaluated in 6740 men and 11 215 women, ages 13 to 96 years. Mean serum bilirubin concentrations in the men significantly exceeded values in the women over all age groups examined. Further, mean serum bilirubin concentrations were greatest both in males and females in the 19-24 years age group and then declined to former values, which persisted throughout life. Pearson correlation coefficients for bilirubin with liver function indices (albumin and total protein) and with hemoglobin were low in all ages and in both sexes, suggesting that bilirubin concentrations do not correlate with those liver functions not directly concerned with bile pigment processing. PMID- 6744592 TI - Carbon monoxide in blood: an improved microliter blood-sample collection system, with rapid analysis by gas chromatography. AB - We examined the sensitive assay for carboxyhemoglobin based on reaction with K3Fe(CN)6 and gas chromatography of the liberated CO. Our improvements included increased baseline stability, shorter analysis time, and simpler standardization. EDTA-containing Vacutainer Tubes (lavender-stoppered) increase the carboxyhemoglobin content of blood stored in them. The carboxyhemoglobin content of blood stored in capillary tubes containing solid heparin and saponin remained stable for two weeks. Using our improved procedures, we measured the carboxyhemoglobin content of blood from adults and neonates collected via venipuncture or heel or fingersticks. We observed no significant difference in carboxyhemoglobin content of blood obtained by venipuncture or heel stick for premature infants, 0.19 +/- 0.04 vs 0.18 +/- 0.03 mL of CO per 100 mL of blood, respectively (mean +/- SD). Nonsmoking adults (n = 19) had CO values (mean +/- SD) of 0.19 +/- 0.03 and 0.17 +/- 0.04 mL per 100 mL of blood, and smoking adults (n = 7) gave CO values of 0.96 +/- 0.49 and 0.91 +/- 0.49 mL/dL, for venipuncture and fingerstick, respectively. PMID- 6744594 TI - Bilirubin interference in a peroxidase-coupled procedure for creatinine eliminated by bilirubin oxidase. AB - A colorimetric peroxidase-coupled procedure for determination of creatinine in human serum and urine is described. A 30-s sample pre-treatment with bilirubin oxidase eliminates interference from endogenous bilirubin. The 4-aminoantipyrine 2-hydroxy-3,5-dichlorobenzenesulfonate chromogen system of this method is about fourfold more sensitive than current procedures that involve monitoring NAD(P)H and nearly fivefold more sensitive than the traditional picrate procedures. Incorporation of a sample blank eliminates positive interference from endogenous creatine. Results of the proposed procedure are somewhat lower than those of the common kinetic or equilibrium picrate techniques, as would be expected because of the effects of the well-known interferences in the latter methods. PMID- 6744595 TI - Clinical evaluation of a fully automated chromogenic method for prothrombin time compared with a conventional coagulation method. AB - The clinical usefulness of a chromogenic method for prothrombin time (PT) determination has been assessed in a wide range of clinical conditions, and it is compared with the conventional clotting method for PT. The new method appears to be as sensitive as the clotting PT to deficiencies of clotting factors of the extrinsic and common pathway, except for fibrinogen. Patients with proven liver disease were correctly diagnosed with a prevalence of abnormal results comparable to that by the clotting PT. Results by the two methods correlated highly (r = 0.96) for normal and congenitally deficient plasmas as well as for plasmas from patients on oral anticoagulant treatment (r = 0.95). High reproducibility (between-assay CV less than 3%) and easy adaptation to centrifugal analyzers make it a suitable candidate to replace the conventional method. PMID- 6744593 TI - Effect of dialysis on interference by cefoxitin with determination of creatinine. AB - Interference by cefoxitin with determination of creatinine is less with the Technicon SMAC than with other commercial analytical systems. The SMAC assay involves a single-point kinetic method with dialysis, whereas most other commercial methods are multipoint kinetic without dialysis. The apparent creatinine concentration measured for aqueous solutions of cefoxitin was 73 mmol of creatinine per mole of cefoxitin with the SMAC, 135 mmol/mol with a manual method. Furthermore, we determined for the SMAC that the average fraction of creatinine dialyzed was 0.128 and for cefoxitin, 0.064. Thus, the concentration of and interference by cefoxitin in the reaction mixture for SMAC are reduced by half (i.e., the apparent creatinine concentration for cefoxitin with the manual system multiplied by 0.5 is essentially that noted with the SMAC: 68 vs 73). Thus we conclude that the diminished interference be cefoxitin with determination of creatinine by SMAC is primarily ascribable to the dialysis step. PMID- 6744596 TI - An automated immunoradiometric assay for human thyrotropin. AB - In this two-site immunoradiometric assay for thyrotropin, developed for use in the "Kemtek 3000" automated radioimmunoassay system, commercially available monoclonal antibody to thyrotropin is labeled with 125I, and the solid-phase antibody is an IgG fraction of sheep antiserum to thyrotropin, covalently coupled to reprecipitated aminocellulose. There are two incubations, totalling 3 h, the sensitivity is 0.03 milli-int. unit/L. The mean thyrotropin value for 82 healthy euthyroid subjects was 1.7 milli-int. units/L (range 0.4-3.6). For 19 overtly clinically and biochemically hyperthyroid subjects the values ranged from undetectable to 0.2 milli-int. unit/L. In this assay, euthyroid and hyperthyroid subjects can be distinguished with assay of a single basal sample. The assay appears suitable for routine use as a first-line test of thyroid function. PMID- 6744597 TI - Effect of calibration material lot changes on results for the "SMAC". AB - The effect of two changes of calibration material (separated by five months) for the SMAC continuous-flow analyzer was followed by means of five quality-control indices: three normal and abnormal control sera, the mean of the central 50th percentile of patients' results, and the mean value for normal individuals. After the first and second changes of calibration materials, eight and six, respectively, of the 20 different tests exhibited statistically significant changes as shown by the indices. The cumulative shift for two of the 20 tests was considered medically significant. Prospective studies on split samples of patients' sera before the change in calibration material only predicted half the significant changes in test results later evidenced by the above-mentioned indices. PMID- 6744599 TI - Hyperkalemia in the elderly. AB - Hyperkalemia is a common and potentially dangerous condition in elderly patients. These subjects are more likely to have a disease or be taking medications that may induce this disorder. We describe three such cases where the increased concentration of potassium in plasma resulted from decreased renal excretion of this ion, and suggest a simple approach to the etiological diagnosis of hyperkalemia. PMID- 6744598 TI - Occult causes of hypokalemia. AB - Most causes of hypokalemia are obvious from the clinical picture and the values for plasma electrolytes. In cases with obscure etiology, a pretreatment estimation of urinary potassium and chloride often helps lead the clinician into new and fruitful avenues of clinical investigation. Here we present four cases of hypokalemia in which the pathogenesis was initially enigmatic but was clarified somewhat by the determination of the urinary electrolytes. These simple, inexpensive investigations were initiated by the clinical chemistry laboratory in each case. The results encouraged the physicians to consider further clinical investigations, which led to a definitive diagnosis, before invoking expensive hormonal analyses. PMID- 6744600 TI - Use the most appropriate and useful test(s) in evaluating thyroid function. PMID- 6744601 TI - Methicillin interferes with cerebrospinal fluid protein measurement in the Du Pont aca. PMID- 6744602 TI - Positive correlation between total 3-methoxy-4-hydroxyphenylglycol in plasma and 24-h urine in psychiatric patients. PMID- 6744604 TI - Comments on an evaluation of a kit for the determination of calcium in serum and urine. PMID- 6744603 TI - Immunochemical assay of creatine kinase isoenzyme MB and lactate dehydrogenase isoenzyme 1. PMID- 6744606 TI - Day-to-day variation in breath hydrogen concentration on awakening. PMID- 6744605 TI - alpha-Naphthyl phosphate: the preferred substrate for acid phosphatase. PMID- 6744607 TI - Laser nephelometry of serum sulfate. PMID- 6744608 TI - Microassay of plasma sulfate. PMID- 6744609 TI - Enzyme activities and hypothyroidism. PMID- 6744610 TI - Jaffe-Zierdt quantitative test for fecal hemoglobin questioned. PMID- 6744611 TI - Liquid-chromatographic determination of amiodarone and its N-desethyl metabolite in plasma. PMID- 6744612 TI - Isoenzyme 1 of lactate dehydrogenase is increased in hepatic diseases. PMID- 6744613 TI - Rapid quantification of Hb Hope in heterozygotes. PMID- 6744614 TI - Comparison of fluorescence polarization immunoassay and enzyme immunoassay for free carbamazepine in serum or plasma ultrafiltrates from epileptic patients. PMID- 6744615 TI - Rapid measurement of serum magnesium with a kit. PMID- 6744617 TI - Serum creatine kinase: relationship to lean body mass in a "real-life" situation. PMID- 6744618 TI - Interference with pO2 measurement in a leukemia patient. PMID- 6744619 TI - Misinterpretation of study of creatine kinase BB. PMID- 6744620 TI - Detection of myocardial infarct. PMID- 6744621 TI - Effect of hemochromatosis on hepatic cytochrome P450 and antipyrine metabolism in humans. PMID- 6744622 TI - Improved liquid-chromatographic determination of catecholamines in platelets. PMID- 6744616 TI - Aberrant results for peptide hormone radioimmunoassays in the presence of antibodies to rabbit IgG in patients' sera. PMID- 6744623 TI - Coomassie Blue: an alternative procedure for proteins. PMID- 6744625 TI - Quantitation of catecholamines in urine and in plasma. PMID- 6744624 TI - Experience with a new method for cholinesterase. PMID- 6744626 TI - Determination of placental alkaline phosphatase phenotypes by starch-gel and acrylamide gel electrophoresis. AB - The polymorphism of placental alkaline phosphatase (ALP) is usually studied by butanol extraction followed by starch gel electrophoretic separation at two different pH's, 8.6 and 6.0. Acrylamide gel electrophoresis (7.5%) in the presence of Triton X-100 is shown to be preferable in speed, reliability and reproducibility of results. All the placental ALP phenotypes detected had the same molecular mass by gradient acrylamide electrophoresis. The enzyme butanol extract is not sufficiently pure to enable the different placental ALP's to be distinguished by isoelectric focusing on polyacrylamide gels. PMID- 6744627 TI - Radioimmunoassay of secretin in human serum. AB - A sensitive radioimmunoassay for secretin has been developed. Antisera were raised against synthetic porcine secretin coupled to bovine serum albumin. N alpha- desaminotyrosyl -beta-alanyl secretin was radioiodinated by a slight modification of the chloramine-T method. Pure synthetic porcine secretin was used as a standard. Free and bound hormone were separated by dextran-coated charcoal. No cross-reactivity was found with structurally and physiologically related peptides. The sensitivity of the assay was high enough to measure fasting secretin levels in human serum. Patients with acute or chronic pancreatitis had mean serum secretin concentration not significantly different from healthy subjects. In patients with pancreatic carcinoma the mean serum secretin concentration was significantly lower than in healthy subjects, although a wide overlap of the two groups was evident. PMID- 6744628 TI - Occurrence of two forms of H2M2 isoenzyme of lactate dehydrogenase. AB - Serum from healthy human subjects and serum from animals demonstrated a splitting of the H2M2 isoenzyme fraction of lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) into two subbands on polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis. These subbands were designated H2M2-a and H2M2-b, based on their relative electrophoretic mobilities, with the H2M2-a band being more anodal. The doublet of the H2M2 band was also demonstrated in human erythrocytes and in the hybridization mixture from porcine LDH, indicating the production of two forms of H2M2 isoenzyme in tissues. Supportive evidence for the presence of two H2M2 subforms was obtained by ion-exchange chromatography of the hybridization mixture. The recombination experiments of LDH-binding IgA with both normal human serum and LDH M subunit variant serum indicated the difference of molecular structure between the two subforms. On the basis of the results obtained in this study, a theoretical model of the probable molecular structure of LDH isoenzymes is proposed which could account for both the occurrence of two subforms of H2M2 and their selective binding to LDH-linking IgA. PMID- 6744629 TI - LDL-cholesterol determination in blood serum following precipitation of LDL with polyvinylsulfate. PMID- 6744630 TI - A double antibody radioimmunoassay specific for placental alkaline phosphatase. PMID- 6744631 TI - Prevention of ascorbic acid interference in the measurement of oxalic acid in urine by ion-chromatography. PMID- 6744632 TI - An investigation of the biological activity of parathyroid hormone in pseudohypoparathyroidism: comparison with vitamin D deficiency. AB - Circulating parathyroid hormone was studied in patients with pseudohypoparathyroidism and compared with that in normal subjects and patients with hypocalcaemia due to postsurgical or idiopathic hypoparathyroidism or vitamin D deficiency. The cytochemical bioassay was used to measure bioactivity and an amino-terminal specific immunoradiometric assay was used to measure immunoreactivity. In normal subjects (n = 12) the concentration of bioactive parathyroid hormone was 1.1-5.9 pg/ml. It was higher in patients with newly diagnosed, untreated pseudohypoparathyroidism (n = 4, range 20-53 pg/ml) and similarly raised in patients with untreated vitamin D deficiency (n = 9, range 23 74 pg/ml). The degree of hypocalcaemia was similar in these two groups of patients. By contrast, the concentration of bioactive parathyroid hormone was low (less than 0.6 pg/ml) in four patients with untreated postsurgical or idiopathic hypoparathyroidism. Restoration of normocalcaemia reduced the concentrations of bioactive PTH in both pseudohypoparathyroidism and vitamin D deficiency. Thus, in this respect the parathyroid glands in both conditions appeared to respond to the circulating calcium concentration. Immunoreactive PTH was also raised in patients with untreated pseudo-hypoparathyroidism and vitamin D deficiency, but restoration of normocalcaemia did not always reduce immunoreactive PTH to normal in these patients. Thus, there can be dissociation between bioactivity and immunoreactivity even when the PTH is measured in an amino-terminal specific assay. PMID- 6744634 TI - Plasma growth hormone suppressive effect of bromocriptine in acromegaly. Evaluation by plasma GH day profiles and plasma GH concentrations during oral glucose tolerance tests. AB - In most studies reporting favourable results of chronic bromocriptine treatment in acromegaly, plasma GH levels are measured at fixed intervals during the day. Negative results are reported in one major study measuring plasma GH levels during oral glucose tolerance tests (Lindholm et al., 1981). This study does not mention the time interval between the last dose of bromocriptine and the performance of an OGTT, but due to the short duration of action of bromocriptine this may be critical. Therefore, in the present report the plasma GH suppressive effect of bromocriptine in acromegaly is studied using plasma GH day-profiles as well as OGTT's during continued bromocriptine administration and OGTT's at two different time intervals after the last dose of bromocriptine. Twelve patients with clinically active acromegaly were treated with 10-20 mg bromocriptine for 6 9 months. After 6-9 months during continued bromocriptine administration the plasma GH suppressive effect of bromocriptine was evaluated by the mean of four plasma GH determinations during the day and by the mean of seven plasma determinations during oral glucose tolerance tests (OGTT's) performed 1 h, 10 h and 34 h after the last dose. The percentage decrease of the mean plasma GH level during the day induced by chronic bromocriptine treatment showed a good correlation (r = 0.86, P less than 0.001) with the percentage decrease of the mean plasma GH level during OGTT, if the post-treatment test was carried out one hour after the last dose of bromocriptine.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS) PMID- 6744633 TI - Correlation between skin glycosylation and glycaemic control in human diabetes. AB - Glycosylation of human skin has been measured by an adaptation of the thiobarbituric acid reaction on samples obtained mainly at autopsy from normal and diabetic subjects. The mean (+/- 1 SD) glycosylation of skin from 33 normal subjects was 0.072 +/- 0.012 mumol fructosamine/100 mg wet weight tissue compared with 0.127 +/- 0.034 mumol (P less than 0.01) in the 10 diabetic subjects. There was a correlation between mean blood glucose levels in the 6 months before death and skin glycosylation in the diabetics, (r = 0.71, P = 0.025), but no correlation between age, sex, or the presence or absence of diabetic complications and skin glycosylation. Skin glycosylation in samples from four non diabetics was increased from 0.075 +/- 0.015 to 0.126 +/- 0.01 mumol fructosamine/100 mg wet weight tissue (P less than 0.01) after incubation with 50 mmol/l glucose solution for 7 d at 37 degrees C. PMID- 6744635 TI - Pulsatile release of LH and oestradiol during the periovulatory period in women. AB - Blood was collected every 8 h in five women from Day 10 of the menstrual cycle for 5-7 d for the measurement of LH, oestradiol and progesterone. In all women the LH surge started between 2400 and 0800 h before there was any significant decline in the concentration of oestradiol. In order to investigate the pulsatile secretion of LH and estradiol during the mid-cycle surge, blood samples were collected every 5 min for up to 5 h. Immediately before and during the LH surge there were numerous episodic pulses of LH with an interpulse interval (44 +/- 7 min) very similar to that observed in two women with hypergonadotrophic hypogonadism (48 min). The concentration of oestradiol fluctuated in a similar manner although it was not always possible to relate each pulse of oestradiol to a corresponding pulse of LH. The mid-cycle surge of LH is characterized by frequent pulses of high amplitude. These results are compatible with the view that the positive feedback effect of oestradiol is due not only to enhanced sensitivity of the anterior pituitary to LHRH but also to the high frequency of LHRH pulses released from the hypothalamus. PMID- 6744636 TI - The inhibition by etomidate of the 11 beta-hydroxylation of cortisol. AB - The effect of a sleep-dose of etomidate on the plasma concentrations of cortisol, 11-deoxycortisol and 17 alpha OH-progesterone was investigated in eight patients; two other patients received thiopentone. Blood samples were collected at 0, 15 and 30 min after etomidate or thiopentone when an injection of tetracosactrin was given and a final sample was collected at 60 min. The plasma cortisol response to tetracosactrin was depressed below normal in patients given etomidate, and the 11 deoxycortisol response was very high, ranging from 36.4 to 184.7 nmol/l. The two patients that received thiopentone had a normal response to all steroids. The identity of the plasma 11-deoxycortisol in two patients was confirmed by high performance liquid chromatographic separation and quantification by both spectrophotometric and radioimmunoassay measurements. These results suggest that a single dose of etomidate inhibits 11 beta-hydroxylation of cortisol. PMID- 6744637 TI - Proinsulin in human serum: problems in measurement and interpretation. AB - The immunoreactivity of an extracted pancreatic human proinsulin standard in an indirect immunoradiometric assay was found to be at least one hundred times higher than that of biosynthetic human proinsulin. Limited tryptic digestion of the biosynthetic proinsulin increased its immunoreactivity in the assay and this was attributed to the production of partially cleaved proinsulin molecules which still retained the C-peptide moeity. This inference was confirmed by the finding that pure samples of 65/A1 and 32/33 split proinsulins reacted in the assay very similarly to the pancreatic proinsulin standard. The implications of these results are that the immunoassays of proinsulin using antisera to C-peptide may recognise the intact proinsulin molecule very poorly, if at all, and that the 'proinsulin' measured by such assays of human serum may be largely if not entirely intermediates of proinsulin cleavage. PMID- 6744638 TI - Antithyroid treatment of maternal hyperthyroidism during lactation. AB - Eleven pregnant women were treated for hyperthyroidism with carbimazole (CZ) and one with propylthiouracil (PTU). Based upon a previous study it was decided that lactation should be permitted if the dose required after delivery did not exceed 15 mg of CZ or 150 mg of PTU. In the patients studied here the daily dose of CZ varied from 5 to 15 mg and that of PTU was 125 mg. TSH was measured in cord blood and in the blood of the newborn infants usually after 2 and 3 weeks of lactation. Serum T4 was measured serially in the infants' blood from day 4 up to 21 day of age, at least. In all instances the TSH concentration in cord blood remained below 45 mU/l the level used in screening for neonatal hypothyroidism. Serum TSH and T4 were all within the appropriate reference limits during the 3 weeks of study with only one exception. In the infant whose mother was treated with PTU the serum T4 measured 5 d after birth was slightly below the lower limit but later returned to normal. Since serum TSH and T4 did not deviate from the reference range in newborn infants during lactation, we conclude that breast feeding can be permitted if the daily dose of CZ does not exceed 15 mg (or 150 mg of PTU) and if facilities are available for measuring neonatal serum TSH and T4. PMID- 6744639 TI - Effect of dietary sodium restriction on patients receiving antihypertensive medication. AB - Twenty-four patients receiving medication for moderate to severe hypertension were studied during a six week normal diet and a six week low sodium period. Mean urinary sodium excretion was reduced from 169 +/- 13 to 92 +/- 7 mmol/24 hour yet with the exception of a small reduction in the mean erect systolic blood pressure 140.7 +/- 2.5 to 135.1 +/- 2.6; p less than 0.05) no significant alteration in the patients blood pressure was noted. Urinary potassium excretion and body weight remained unaltered. However, evaluation of the patient data when the patients were grouped into those taking thiazide diuretics (n = 14) and those not taking diuretics (n = 10) revealed a significant reduction in the mean supine systolic and diastolic and erect systolic blood pressure in the thiazide group. Significant changes in blood pressure were not recorded in the non-diuretic group. It is suggested that moderate dietary sodium restriction in combination with thiazide diuretics is of value in the treatment of moderate to severe hypertension. PMID- 6744640 TI - Catecholamines, angiotensin II and sodium concentrations in cerebrospinal fluid in young men with borderline hypertension. AB - To evaluate the role of central nervous mechanisms and their relationships to the peripheral sympathetic nervous system in borderline hypertension, we measured catecholamines, angiotensin II (AII) and sodium (Na) concentrations in cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) with plasma catecholamines concomitantly in 12 young men with borderline hypertension and 7 age-matched healthy normotensive men on ordinary salt intake. Plasma norepinephrine (NE) and epinephrine (E) were higher in the borderline hypertensives than in the normotensives (NE: 239 +/- 15 vs 190 +/- 11 pg/ml, p less than 0.05, E: 83 +/- 9 vs 43 +/- 6 pg/ml, p less than 0.01). NE levels in CSF were also higher in the borderline hypertensives than in the normotensives (200 +/- 15 vs 150 +/- 18 pg/ml, p less than 0.05). In most of the subjects, CSF E and plasma and CSF dopamine levels were below the sensitivity of the assay. CSF NE correlated positively with both plasma NE (p less than 0.01) and mean blood pressure (p less than 0.05) in all subjects. Immunoreactive AII and Na concentrations in CSF did not differ between the borderline hypertensives and normotensives. These results suggest that peripheral sympathoadrenal overactivity in young subjects with borderline hypertension may be related to an altered function of central noradrenergic neurons. AII and Na in the central nervous system do not appear to have an important role in borderline hypertension. PMID- 6744641 TI - Simple method for sampling consecutive 24-hour urine for epidemiological and clinical studies. AB - 'Aliquot cups' a newly devised tool for collecting 24-hour urine samples were useful and accurate enough for the estimation of individual 24-hour excretion of sodium and potassium. Data from 24-hour collections for 31 days for 5 healthy volunteers showed relatively large intra- and inter-individual variation. These data suggest that at least 5 consecutive days of urine collection would be needed to make a reasonable estimate of daily intake. PMID- 6744643 TI - Peptic ulcer disease. PMID- 6744642 TI - Propranolol can inhibit the development of hypertension in SHR. AB - The ability of propranolol, a beta-adrenergic blocking agent, to decrease blood pressure and inhibit the development of hypertension was assessed in spontaneously hypertensive rats (SHR). Oral propranolol was administered via drinking water to SHR and age matched normotensive control (WKY) groups beginning at conception, birth, three, six, or nine weeks of age. Controls for all groups were given tap water. Propranolol treatment was withdrawn from all groups at twelve weeks of age. A comparison of developmental parameters such as water consumption, weight gain and survival showed no differences between SHR and WKY or between SHR with propranolol vs WKY with propranolol. Systolic blood pressures and heart rates were monitored non-invasively from seven to sixteen weeks of age. There was a variable reduction in SHR blood pressures during propranolol treatments starting at 6 weeks of age or earlier, but when propranolol treatment was withdrawn, SHR blood pressures increased as did SHR without propranolol treatment. In SHR offspring who were exposed to propranolol through fetal and neonatal development and whose sires and dams were pretreated with propranolol, the development of high blood pressure was inhibited. Blood pressures indicated that this group did not develop hypertension for up to four weeks after propranolol was withdrawn even though heart rate returned to normal. Based upon these findings, a critical period during SHR development was defined during which development of hypertension can be inhibited by propranolol. PMID- 6744644 TI - A study of cell proliferation kinetics in the small intestinal epithelium of psoriasis patients. PMID- 6744645 TI - Immunochemical characterization of the abnormal paraprotein in a case of scleromyxoedema. PMID- 6744646 TI - Actions of locally administered adrenoceptor agonists on histamine-induced cutaneous responses in atopic eczema. PMID- 6744647 TI - Tattoo removal using a liquid nitrogen cryospray. PMID- 6744648 TI - Localised heat urticaria and its management. PMID- 6744649 TI - Post-traumatic basal cell carcinomas. PMID- 6744650 TI - Lichen aureus--a study of twelve cases. PMID- 6744651 TI - Atypical dermatitis herpetiformis in two patients with internal malignancy. PMID- 6744653 TI - Painful dorso-lateral fissure of the fingertip--an extension of the lateral nail groove. PMID- 6744652 TI - Eosinophilic fasciitis--a case with hypogammaglobulinaemia. PMID- 6744654 TI - Pseudo-lymphoma associated with carbamazepine. PMID- 6744655 TI - Congenital onychodysplasia of the index fingers. PMID- 6744656 TI - Persistent acantholytic dermatosis. PMID- 6744657 TI - HLA antigens associated with lichen planus. PMID- 6744658 TI - Correlation of natural killer cell function with Leu 7 reactivity in patients with humoral immunodeficiency. AB - We studied the surface markers Leu 7, Leu 1, Leu 2a and Leu 3a on lymphocytes of 54 healthy blood donors and 19 patients with humoral immunodeficiencies and compared the relative numbers of positive cells with the natural killer cell (NK) activity. In controls, and in 12 out of 19 patients (group A) the percentage of the Leu 7+ cells was positively correlated with NK activity. Seven of 19 patients had increased relative numbers of Leu 7+ cells and low NK activity (group B). In controls and group A patients about 40% of the Leu 7+ cells simultaneously expressed the cell markers Leu 1 and Leu 2a. In group B patients approximately 70% of the Leu 7+ cells carried T cell antigens. Furthermore, a distinct suppressor T cell predominance was noticed and the large granular lymphocytes of these patients showed morphological abnormalities. PMID- 6744659 TI - Virus-induced complement activation and neutrophil-mediated cytotoxicity against respiratory syncytial virus (RSV). AB - Complement-dependent neutrophil-mediated cytotoxicity (CDNC) was determined by specific release of 51-chromium (51Cr) from respiratory syncytial virus infected HEp2 cells in a microcytotoxicity assay. There was significant release of 51Cr from RSV infected cells as compared to uninfected cells in the presence of complement (C) and neutrophils (PMN). The degree of cytotoxicity was dependent upon the concentration of C used in the assay. Such cytotoxicity was effectively abolished after heat-inactivation of complement. Complement deficient in C4 did not induce cytotoxicity. Similarly, inhibitors of C1 or C3 blocked CDNC. The maximal CDNC was observed at 37 degrees C with little or no response at 4 degrees C. Lymphocytes and monocytes mediated complement-dependent cytotoxicity very poorly in comparison to PMN. Evidence of complement activation by infected cells was demonstrated by the detection of C3 fixed to RSV infected cells by indirect immunofluorescence. Treatment of C with EDTA or heat prevented subsequent attachment of C3 to the infected cells. These in vitro observations suggest an initial activation of complement by RSV infected cells and subsequent lysis by PMN. It is proposed that this process may play a role in the elimination of virus in the early phase of infection in the absence of specific antibody or sensitized lymphocytes. PMID- 6744660 TI - Radical-mediated damage to parasites and erythrocytes in Plasmodium vinckei infected mice after injection of t-butyl hydroperoxide. AB - Intravenous injection of t-butyl hydroperoxide rapidly killed Plasmodium vinckei in mice, and caused haemolysis. The same dose seemed harmless to unparasitized mice. Many parasites disintegrated inside circulating erythrocytes, so parasite death was not simply a passive consequence of haemolysis. Injection of desferrioxamine, which removes the traces of free iron that promote the dissociation of t-butyl hydroperoxide into radical species, prevented both parasite death and haemolysis. Lipid peroxidation, as measured by accumulation of malonyldialdehyde over 2 h in vitro, occurred in erythrocytes exposed to t-butyl hydroperoxide, and was particularly marked in erythrocytes from parasitized mice. These erythrocytes accumulated appreciable malonyldialdehyde even without exposure to t-butyl hydroperoxide. Desferrioxamine inhibited the accumulation of malonyldialdehyde, but did not prevent depletion of reduced glutathione by t butyl hydroperoxide. This suggests that t-butyl hydroperoxide damaged parasites and erythrocytes by dissociating into radical species, rather than by decreasing intraerythrocyte anti-oxidant capacity. In earlier experiments we suggested that intraerythrocytic parasite death and haemolysis caused by alloxan were mediated by radical species, and these experiments with t-butyl hydroperoxide add weight to this interpretation. We regard both of these systems as models for macrophage induced parasite death and host pathology in acute malaria. PMID- 6744661 TI - Surface proteins of the human eosinophil. II. Effects of Schistosoma mansoni larvae on eosinophil surface proteins. AB - Incubation of eosinophils with schistosoma of Schistosoma mansoni in vitro induces changes in the eosinophil membrane. Cell surface proteins were blocked with unlabelled iodide and then, after incubation with schistosomula, newly accessible proteins were detected by lactoperoxidase catalysed iodination with radioactive iodide. Normal turnover restores several proteins to the eosinophil surface, but the schistosomula specifically induced the appearance of a protein of mol. wt 18K. This protein has previously been detected when eosinophils interact with antibody coated agar layers. Soluble factors released by schistosomula induced the appearance of enhanced levels of 16 and 18K proteins. It has previously been shown that proteins involved in binding of eosinophils to IgG coated antigen coupled cellulose have mol. wts of 16K and 18K. PMID- 6744662 TI - Characterization and idiotypic analysis of an anti-RNP monoclonal antibody. AB - To investigate mechanisms of anti-RNP antibody expression in autoimmune disease, idiotypes of a monoclonal anti-RNP of murine origin were analysed. This antibody, designated 4L1, was obtained from a MRL-lpr/lpr mouse and shown to have anti-RNP specificity by gel analysis of radiolabelled cellular RNA. An anti-idiotypic antiserum was prepared in a rabbit to 4L1 and rendered specific for idiotype by absorption with IgG from B6 mice and two BALB/c myelomas of the same chain composition as 4L1 (IgM kappa). In competition ELISA assays, this antiserum detected idiotypes commonly expressed in sera of MRL-lpr/lpr mice irrespective of the presence of anti-RNP. These idiotypes were not exclusive to this autoimmune strain, however, and could also be identified in normal mice. To identify other antibodies with this idiotype, a panel of MRL hybridomas was tested. This analysis demonstrated idiotypic cross-reactivity between 4L1 and two anti-Sm monoclonal antibodies derived from another animal. These results suggest that 4L1 belongs to a larger idiotype bearing family only some of whose members may have aberrant expression. PMID- 6744664 TI - Total and specific IgG4 antibody levels in atopic eczema. AB - Total IgG4 and IgG4 antibody levels specific for 10 allergens (three inhaled and seven ingested) were measured by radioimmunoassay of sera taken from three groups of adult patients: (1) 32 cases of atopic eczema, (2) 28 cases of respiratory allergy and (3) 156 normal volunteers. In all three groups IgG4 antibody activity was mainly directed against common foods, and generally the group with atopic eczema had higher total and specific IgG4 levels than the cases of respiratory allergy, who in turn had higher titres than the normal group. There was within each group a tendency for men to have more total IgG4 than women and the difference was statistically significant among the normals. There was evidence of an IgG4 restricted response in atopic eczema because despite the group's elevated total IgG4 its total IgG4 remained within normal limits. Furthermore specific IgG4 was correlated with the corresponding specific IgE level in five of the 10 allergens examined. These results are generally consistent with the view that IgG4 levels are raised in cases of atopic eczema due to prolonged exposure to an allergen which initiated an IgE response. PMID- 6744665 TI - Immunological abnormalities in the tonsils of patients with IgA nephropathy: inversion in the ratio of IgA: IgG bearing lymphocytes and increased polymeric IgA synthesis. AB - In the last few years the mucosal origin of the IgA deposited in the kidneys of patients with IgA nephropathy has been examined by several investigators. We have previously presented evidence that polymeric IgA may have a predominant role in the pathogenesis of IgA nephropathy. Taking into account that these patients often present with macroscopic haematuria following respiratory tract infections we have studied the possible existence of immunological abnormalities in the tonsils of patients with IgA nephropathy. Six patients and 13 controls suffering from chronic tonsillitis were submitted to tonsillectomy. Patients with IgA nephropathy showed a significant increase (P less than 0.00025) in IgA bearing lymphocytes (14.4 +/- 2.3) and a significant decrease (P less than 0.025) in IgG bearing lymphocytes (20.5 +/- 4.6) compared to the control group (2.9 +/- 1.4 and 31.6 +/- 3.6, respectively). After 7 days of culture with pokeweed mitogen the percentage of tonsillar cells producing polymeric IgA was significantly higher in the patients than in the controls (66.5 +/- 12.6 vs 33.4 +/- 10.3; P less than 0.005). These results also suggest a mucosal origin for the IgA deposited in the kidneys of these patients. Our data are consistent with the existence of an immunoregulatory dysfunction in the secretory immune system of patients with IgA nephropathy. PMID- 6744663 TI - Defective monocyte accessory function due to surface sulphydryl (SH) oxidation in rheumatoid arthritis. AB - Low serum sulphydryl (SH) levels are a feature of active rheumatoid arthritis (RA). We have investigated whether a similar blockade of membrane SH groups on mononuclear cells modifies the function of these cells in this disease. Using pokeweed mitogen stimulated IgG synthesis as the assay system, we have found that the accessory cell function of peripheral blood monocytes is totally dependent on free SH groups on the cell surface. Monocytes from patients with active RA display poor accessory cell function when compared with healthy monocytes or with cells from patients treated with D-penicillamine. The poor function of the rheumatoid accessory cells may be corrected in vitro by 2-mercaptoethanol (2-ME). Addition of 2-ME to the culture system also enhances IgG synthesis by rheumatoid mononuclear cells to normal levels. We suggest that surface SH-dependent mechanisms are responsible, at least in part, for the depressed mononuclear cell functions of rheumatoid cells in vitro and may explain some effects of D penicillamine therapy in rheumatoid patients. PMID- 6744666 TI - Immunological responses to complex salts of platinum. I. Specific IgE antibody production in the rat. AB - Ammonium tetrachloroplatinate II ([NH4]2 PtCl4) was used in free and conjugated forms with ovalbumin in an attempt to elicit specific antibody directed against either the free platinum (Pt) salt or the platinum moiety of ovalbumin-Pt conjugates in the hooded Lister rat. Immunization with free Pt salt via intraperitoneal, intramuscular, intradermal, subcutaneous, intratracheal and footpad routes over a wide range of doses (1 microgram-1 mg) employing both B. pertussis and/or aluminium hydroxide gel as adjuvants failed to induce specific IgE antibody, either primary or secondary, as shown by direct skin, PCA test or RAST. Conjugation of (NH4)2 PtCl4 with ovalbumin produced conjugates, with between two and 10 haptenic Pt groups per ovalbumin molecule, capable of inducing IgE antibody directed against the Pt moiety as determined by heterologous PCA challenge, where carrier cross-reactivity was excluded, and by specific RAST, confirmed by RAST inhibition. PMID- 6744667 TI - Regulation by muramyl dipeptide (MDP) of the lymphoproliferative responses and polyclonal activation of human peripheral blood mononuclear cells. AB - The ability of muramyl dipeptide (MDP), its adjuvant inactive stereoisomer, MDP(D D), and the non-pyrogenic, adjuvant active analogue, MDP-butyl ester (MDP-BE), to induce in vitro proliferation and/or polyclonal activation (PA) of peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMNC) from normal volunteers, was studied. MDP, as well as its two analogues, were incapable of inducing 3H-thymidine uptake or immunoglobulin synthesis in PBMNC cultures from the majority of the individuals tested. However, these muramyl peptides were capable of regulating the in vitro proliferative responses of some individuals to concanavalin A and to soluble antigens of Candida albicans. At the same time, enhancement of the pokeweed mitogen-induced IgA and IgM but not IgG PA was observed with MDP, its adjuvant active analogue MDP-BE, but not with the adjuvant inactive stereoisomer MDP(D-D). Results are discussed with relation to a possible genetic restriction of the responsiveness to MDP. PMID- 6744668 TI - Inhibition of antigen- and lectin-induced proliferation of rat spleen cells by a Taenia taeniaeformis proteinase inhibitor. AB - Rat splenic lymphocytes, cultured in vitro for 3 days in the presence of a larval cestode proteinase inhibitor, exhibited a marked suppression of proliferation when stimulated with Con A, PHA, PWM and ovalbumin. Reduced responsiveness was observed over a full range of concentrations of Con A (16-fold), PHA (50-fold), PWM (four-fold) and ovalbumin (16-fold). These results indicated that the inhibitory action could not be overcome by increasing the mitogen or antigen doses beyond optimal levels. This suppressive effect disappeared when the Taenia taeniaeformis proteinase inhibitor was added 20 h after the initiation of culture, suggesting that the inhibitor affects lymphocyte blastogenesis during the early stages of lymphocyte activation. PMID- 6744669 TI - Distribution and heterogeneity of cells detected by HNK-1 monoclonal antibody in blood and tissues in normal, reactive and neoplastic conditions. AB - When studied with double staining techniques HNK-1+ cells include subsets not expressing T cell antigens (A), expressing T8 antigens (B) and expressing T4 antigens (C). Cells with phenotype A are observed as the dominant HNK-1+ population (greater than 50% of all HNK-1+ cells) in the blood from controls and from patients with solid tumours, infectious mononucleosis and sarcoidosis. Cells with phenotype B are always a substantial subset (35% of HNK-1+ cells) in the peripheral blood but in patients with B chronic lymphocytic leukaemia and angioimmunoblastic lymphadenopathy these cells are present in an even higher percentage (greater than 50% of all HNK-1+ cells). This cell subset is the only HNK-1+ population found in the few tumour samples where HNK-1+ cells are identifiable. Apart from these few cases of malignancies, the type A and B subsets are rare in the tissues. In these samples Leu 11+ cells seem to be absent. In contrast, cells with phenotype C are a minor population in the blood but represent most HNK-1+ cells in the germinal centres of lymph nodes and their malignant counterparts in follicular centre cell lymphoma. These HNK-1+, T4+ cells are Leu 11-. These phenotypic characteristics indicate that the most efficient NK cells may represent a circulating and not a tissue seeking population. PMID- 6744670 TI - Effects of tunicamycin and various monosaccharides on phytohaemagglutinin-induced autorosette formation. AB - The structural characteristics of autologous red blood cell (ARBC) receptors on human peripheral blood lymphocytes (PBL) induced by phytohaemagglutinin (PHA) were examined. Tunicamycin, which is known to be a blocker of the protein glycosylation of N-glycosidic type glycoprotein, significantly inhibited the production of ARBC receptors. When trypsinized PBL were cultured in the presence of tunicamycin, the inhibitory effect was enhanced. When several monosaccharides were added to the mixture of ARBC and PBL pre-treated with PHA for 24 h, D mannose caused the most inhibition, and galactose and D-fucose also caused significant inhibition. These data suggest that N-glycosidic type glycoproteins play an important role in binding sites to ARBC on PBL surface membranes and that more than one type of glycose may be involved. PMID- 6744671 TI - Glutathione reductase and nitroblue tetrazolium reduction deficiencies in neutrophils of patients with primary idiopathic myelofibrosis. AB - Latex ingestion and nitroblue tetrazolium reduction were measured in neutrophils of 40 patients with primary idiopathic myelofibrosis. The percentage of neutrophils that ingested latex, in the presence of either autologous or control sera, was lower (P less than 0.001) than that of the controls. The percentage of the ingesting neutrophils that reduced nitroblue tetrazolium was also lower (P less than 0.001) in the patients than in the controls. Activities of glucose-6 phosphate dehydrogenase, 6-phosphogluconate dehydrogenase, glutathione peroxidase and NAD(P)H oxidases were not different from those of the controls. In contrast, glutathione reductase activity was significantly lower (P less than 0.001) in the patients than in the controls either with or without the addition of flavin adenine dinucleotide. Glutathione reductase and nitroblue tetrazolium reduction activities were correlated (r = 0.913). These results are discussed within the framework of the acquired enzymopathies and the increased susceptibility to infection observed in these patients. PMID- 6744672 TI - Constant defect in neutrophil locomotion but with age decreasing susceptibility to infection in Shwachman syndrome. AB - Chemotaxis, phagocytosis and bactericidal activity of neutrophils obtained from eight patients with Shwachman syndrome were studied repeatedly over a 9 year period. In a membrane filter the patient neutrophils migrated both toward casein and toward zymosan activated serum significantly less than did the control cells. Chemokinetic migration in casein was likewise significantly impaired. As determined by agarose assay, random locomotion of the patient neutrophils was significantly depressed. The differences in phagocytosis and bactericidal activity between the patients and the control subjects were not significant. However, phagocytosis by neutrophils obtained from healthy subjects was significantly impaired in sera from four patients, compared with that in control sera. The follow-up study showed the neutrophil migration defect to be constant in repeated tests, whereas infectious episodes diminished in number after the patients reached the age of 3-7 years. PMID- 6744674 TI - The anti-arthritic and immunosuppressive effects of cyclosporine on arthritis induced in the rat by type II collagen. AB - The influence of cyclosporine (CsA) on the induction and pathogenesis of type II collagen-induced arthritis has been investigated in inbred and outbred Wistar rats. The proportion of animals developing disease and the severity of disease they developed were both diminished by treatment with CsA. These effects were accompanied by a marked suppression of the antibody response to both the immunizing collagen and also to rat type II collagen. CsA treatment also resulted in a decreased accumulation of lymphocytes in arthritic joints. The results indicate that the anti-arthritic and immunosuppressive effects of CsA probably result from a modification of both systemic antibody-mediated and local cell mediated immunity. PMID- 6744673 TI - Immune response patterns in coeliac disease. Serum antibodies to dietary antigens measured by an enzyme linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA). AB - Serum IgG, IgA and IgM activities to wheat, egg and cow's milk antigens were measured by an ELISA method in children and adults with coeliac disease (CD). In untreated patients, the IgA activity was characteristically raised to gluten antigens but often also to proteins from egg or cow's milk. Setting the upper reference range for gluten antibodies as the highest IgA reading obtained in healthy controls and patients with other intestinal disorders, IgA measurements afforded virtually 100% diagnostic sensitivity and specificity and detected 94% of children and 80% of adults with untreated CD. Such measurements, therefore, represent a valuable adjunct in the diagnosis of this disease. IgA activity to beta-lactoglobulin, casein or ovalbumin higher than the normal 95 percentile was found in 44-89% of untreated patients. Reduction of these antibody titres seemed to reflect relatively well the response to treatment with a gluten free diet, particularly the activity to beta-lactoglobulin. Monitoring of IgA antibodies to dietary antigens other than gluten may therefore be of particular importance in the follow-up of CD patients. PMID- 6744675 TI - Specificity of anti-type II collagen antibody response in rats. AB - Specificity of the rat antibody against type II collagen was investigated using rat, bovine and human type II collagen preparations. PVG/c rats showed the highest antibody level in assays with autologous rat type II collagen than with heterologous (bovine or human) type II collagen even when immunized with heterologous one. On the other hand, the rat exhibited significantly low antibody response when they were immunized with autologous type II collagen. The results indicate that rats develop strong antibody response against self type II collagen when immunized with heterologous collagen and this unique specificity of anti type II collagen antibody response suggests that autoimmunity is involved in the pathogenesis of collagen-induced arthritis in rats. PMID- 6744677 TI - Presence of cholinoceptors in mesencephalic raphe nuclei concerned in thermoregulation in rabbits. AB - The thermal effects of cholinomimetics and cholinoceptor blocking agents microinjected into mesencephalic nucleus raphe medianus (NRM) were investigated in rabbits to determine the nature and role of these cholinoceptors in thermoregulation. Microinjection of cholinoceptor agonists, carbachol and pilocarpine, into NRM resulted in significant hyperthermia which could be blocked by local pretreatment with chlorisondamine (a nicotinic receptor blocker) as well as by ethybenztropine (a muscarinic receptor blocker). Intracerebroventricular pretreatment with LM 5008 (serotonin reuptake blocker) significantly inhibited the carbachol-induced hyperthermia. Both nicotinic and muscarinic cholinoceptors are present in mesencephalic NRM which may be involved in thermoregulation in rabbits. Activation of these cholinoceptors in NRM results in hyperthermia which seems to be due to an inhibition of a serotonin sensitive hypothalamic heat loss mechanism. PMID- 6744678 TI - Transient pressure-flow responses in the resting canine hindlimb--analysis as responses to rapid stretching of the resistance microvessels. AB - The transient hyperaemia caused by sudden elevation of arterial pressure and reactive hyperaemia after interruption of arterial pressure for 3, 5, 10, 20 and 40 s were studied in the perfused resting hindlimb of anaesthetized areflexic dogs. Experiments were performed using steady-state pressures ranging from 50-150 mmHg. The component of the hyperaemia response (delta Q) that was attributable to resistance vessel distension by a sudden rise in pressure (delta P), was measured as the difference between peak hyperaemic flow change and the flow change predicted for that delta P in a system having constant resistance. Over the range of steady-state pressures used, vascular conductance was approximately constant, indicating that steady-state flow autoregulation was weak. delta Q was a linear function of delta P for both the hyperaemia of sudden pressure elevation and reactive hyperaemia, and the delta Q/delta P relationships were independent of steady-state perfusion pressure. The delta Q/delta P relationships for sudden pressure elevation and reactive hyperaemia after 40 s occlusion did not differ significantly. For a given delta P, however, delta Q decreased with decreasing occlusion time. The magnitude of reactive hyperaemia after brief occlusion depended not only on the degree of resistance vessel relaxation achieved during occlusion but also on the pressure step resulting from restoration of pressure. Using data from these experiments in a simple mathematical model of an idealized resistance vessel, a series of distensibility curves were constructed that showed that as active wall tension increased with increasing steady-state pressure, resistance vessel distensibility decreased. PMID- 6744676 TI - IgG-induced experimental immune synovitis: hormonal modulation of in vitro splenic immune responses to homologous antigens. AB - The effect of oestrogen or anti-oestrogen administration on gross pathology and in vitro cell-mediated immune responses to homologous IgG, native and denatured interstitial collagens and PPD was studied in an IgG-induced rabbit model of immune synovitis. During induction of synovitis, rabbits were administered oestradiol valerate (0.075 mg/kg/day) or tamoxifen, an anti-oestrogen (2.0 mg/kg/day, high dose or 0.5 mg/kg/day, low dose) or placebo injections. Low dose tamoxifen administration was associated with significant improvement P less than 0.05 in immune synovitis with regard to gross pathology, when compared to placebo and the oestradiol treatment group. High dose tamoxifen treatment was not associated with significant improvement in observed synovitis. With regard to cell-mediated immune responses, spleen cells derived from immune synovitis rabbits were observed to increase 3H-thymidine uptake on incubation with native or denatured homologous collagens. Modulation of these immune responses to antigens was observed in anti-oestrogen treated rabbits with immune synovitis. In vitro cell-mediated immune responses to denatured type I, II and III collagens, PPD, as well as native type II and III collagens were not observed in the low dose tamoxifen treatment group. However, in vitro immune responses to these antigens were observed in spleen cell cultures from immune synovitis rabbits treated with either high dose tamoxifen or oestradiol valerate. The data suggest that in vivo anti-oestrogen administration can modulate the in vitro cell mediated immune response to connective tissue constituents observed in immune synovitis. Concomitant with reduced immune responses is a significant reduction in the observed lesions of the inflammatory response. PMID- 6744679 TI - Relative contributions of vagal and cardiac sympathetic nerves to the reflex bradycardia induced by a pressor stimulus in the conscious rabbit: comparison of 'steady state' and 'ramp' methods. AB - The bradycardic response to a pressor stimulus, phenylephrine, was studied simultaneously in conscious rabbits by two different methods. The 'steady state' method, in which bradycardia was measured at the peak of each pressor stimulus, demonstrated the existence of two groups of animals, in which the maximal heart periods were 867 (s.e.m. = 49) and 563 (s.e.m. = 34) ms and the slopes of the MAP HP relationship were 24.6 (s.e.m. = 1.6) and 8.1 (s.e.m. = 0.7) ms/mmHg, respectively. The difference in baroreflex sensitivity in the two groups was abolished by sympathetic nerve blockade with guanethidine (10 mg/kg) but not by vagal blockade. The 'ramp method' which measures bradycardia during the rapid phase of MAP rise after phenylephrine did not detect any difference in response of the two groups of rabbits. Guanethidine did not alter the slope of the MAP-HP relationship in either group of rabbits when this was assessed by the 'ramp' method. These findings demonstrate that the 'steady state' method can detect changes in both vagal and sympathetic activity, while the 'ramp' method measures only vagally induced bradycardia. It is concluded that some rabbits may have a genetic ability to activate baroreflex pathways mediating cardiac sympathetic inhibition in addition to vagal stimulation in response to a pressor stimulus. PMID- 6744681 TI - Cardiovascular effects of neuromuscular blockade during induced hypothermia. AB - Young lambs were used to study the effects of progressive cooling and rewarming on cardiovascular function during neuromuscular blockade induced by gallamine. Initially, it was shown that gallamine exerted no immediate, direct haemodynamic effect in normothermic or hypothermic lambs (cooled by 10 degrees C). By comparison with hypothermic controls, neuromuscular blockade was associated with increases in left ventricular (LV) max dP/dt (153%; P less than 0.02) as cooling progressed, and even greater increases (232%; P less than 0.001) during rewarming. It was concluded that these changes seem likely to represent enhanced myocardial contractility since preload did not closely follow LV max dP/dt (heart rate and mean aortic pressure fell gradually during cooling but values were restored in the rewarming phase). LV max dP/dt in lambs given gallamine only after cooling also showed a similar response during rewarming. Results of this study may have clinical relevance relating to the mechanical recovery of the hypothermic heart in patients receiving neuromuscular blockade during cardiac surgery, and they argue against using gallamine as such an agent. PMID- 6744680 TI - Efferent mechanisms responsible for the bradycardia produced by lesions coinciding with the A1 group of central catecholamine neurons in the conscious rabbit. AB - The effector mechanisms responsible for the bradycardia evoked by bilateral lesions of the brainstem coinciding with the A1 catecholamine cells were analyzed in four groups of rabbits. Sham or lesion operations were carried out in animals with intact cardiac effectors, with cardiac sympathetic block induced by propranolol, with cardiac vagal block induced by methylscopolamine and with total cardiac autonomic block induced by the use of both drugs together. Lesions produced a transient increase in blood pressure of 25 (s.e.m. = 4) mmHg and a transient bradycardia, or increase in heart period of 141 (s.e.m. = 18) ms. The bradycardia had both baroreflex-independent and baroreflex-dependent components as determined from analysis of stimulus response curves relating heart period to mean arterial pressure. The 'baroindependent' component of the bradycardia, measured as a lengthening in heart period, ranged from 35-49 ms in the four groups of animals and was unaffected by administration of propranolol alone, methylscopolamine alone, or of both together. These findings suggest that the baroindependent slowing of the heart is not mediated through changes in activity of either the cardiac sympathetic nerves or of the vagal fibres innervating the heart. The 'baroreceptor' component of the bradycardia reflects that portion of the decrease in heart rate resulting directly from the increase in blood pressure. This component was found to account for a lengthening in the heart period of 81 (s.e.m. = 23) ms in animals with intact effector mechanisms: it was virtually abolished by methylscopolamine (0 ms, s.e.m. = 13) but not significantly affected by propranolol (54 ms, s.e.m. = 25), indicating that this barodependent component is predominantly mediated through the vagus. PMID- 6744682 TI - A simple HPLC assay for urinary paracetamol metabolites and its use to characterize the C3H mouse as a model for paracetamol metabolism studies. AB - A high performance liquid chromatographic (HPLC) assay for unchanged paracetamol and its glucuronide, sulphate, cysteine and mercapturic acid conjugates in the urine of man, mouse and rat is described. The method is simple, rapid and reproducible. The metabolite assay has been used to characterize the male C3H mouse, which shows sensitivity to paracetamol toxicity similar to man, as a model for paracetamol metabolism studies. In male C3H mice there was no evidence to suggest saturability of the glucuronidation pathway on increasing the paracetamol dose from 50 to 300 mg/kg. By contrast, the metabolic ratio and fractional excretion of both the sulphate and glutathione-derived conjugates decreased with increasing paracetamol dose. For animals administered a 200 mg/kg dose of paracetamol, pretreatment with phenobarbitone or 3-methylcholanthrene increased the fractional excretion and metabolic ratio of the glutathione-derived and glucuronic acid conjugates. Piperonyl butoxide pretreatment of animals administered the same dose of paracetamol inhibited glutathione and glucuronic acid conjugation. PMID- 6744683 TI - Effects of bromocriptine on pancreatic secretion in the isolated, blood-perfused pancreas of the dog. AB - Effects of bromocriptine on the secretion of pancreatic juice were investigated with dog isolated, blood-perfused pancreas. Bromocriptine (1-10 mg) caused dose dependent increases in the secretion of pancreatic juice. However, bromocriptine did not affect the perfusion blood flow rate. The secretory response to bromocriptine was inhibited by pretreatment with a dopamine antagonist, sulpiride, but not by phentolamine, propranolol, atropine, metiamide, indomethacin or tetrodotoxin. Bromocriptine caused a dopamine-like secretion of the pancreatic juice containing a high concentration of bicarbonate but had little effect on protein output. These results suggest that bromocriptine increases pancreatic secretion stimulating directly on pancreatic dopamine receptors. PMID- 6744684 TI - Comparison of the reflex effects of arterial baroreceptors and cardiac receptors on the heart rate of conscious rabbits. AB - The reflex effects on heart rate (HR) of presumptive cardiac receptors have been differentiated from those of the arterial baroreceptors in conscious rabbits by inflating cuffs on the ascending aorta, descending aorta, inferior vena cava and pulmonary artery. When the outflow from the right ventricle was progressively impeded the accompanying increase in HR was entirely explicable by unloading of the arterial baroreceptors. As the outflow from the left ventricle was progressively impeded there was an initial increase in HR due to unloading of the arterial baroreceptors, followed by a progressive decline. This decline was attributed to a reflex arising from vagally-innervated receptors in the left side of the heart. The threshold of this cardiac receptor-HR reflex occurred at a higher level of mean aortic pressure than that at which the effects of the arterial baroreceptors on HR were maximal. Cholinergic (vagal) efferent nerves were responsible for two-thirds of the decline in HR caused by the reflex. The properties of the cardiac receptor-HR reflex were altered by drugs that affect myocardial contractility. Isoprenaline raised the mean aortic pressure at which the threshold occurred, but lowered the corresponding level of left ventricular end-diastolic pressure. Propranolol virtually abolished the reflex, even though left ventricular end-diastolic pressure reached a high level. It is concluded that in the conscious rabbit the arterial baroreceptor reflexes normally prevent the threshold of the cardiac receptor-HR reflex from being attained. PMID- 6744685 TI - Comparison of the effects of D-amphetamine on FI and DRL schedule performance of self-stimulating rats. AB - Six rats bar-pressed for intracranial self-stimulation in a Skinner box on fixed interval and differential reinforcement of low rate schedules with an interval parameter of 1.3 s. After amphetamine timing efficiency was reduced immediately on both the schedules; it recovered after 60 min on the DRL schedule but not within 120 min on the FI schedule. Response rates increased on both the schedules. The increased response rates correlated with the low efficiency on the DRL but not on the FI schedule. The selective sparing of DRL performance is in line with the similarity between the effects of amphetamine and frontal cortical lesions. PMID- 6744686 TI - Digitalis 'receptors' during chronic digoxin treatment. AB - The effect of digoxin treatment on Mg-dependent [Na+-K+]-ATPase (the receptor for cardiac glycosides) was assessed by comparison of intracellular Na+-K+, 86Rb uptake and number of digoxin binding sites in the erythrocytes of 138 patients on long term digoxin and of 133 control subjects. The parameters were also assessed in thirty-two patients followed longitudinally for 1 y. The results indicate that the cells adapt to chronic exposure to 'therapeutic' dosage of digoxin with an overcompensatory synthesis of new receptors, a possible mechanism through which the normal intraerythrocytic ionic equilibrium is re-established. The process of synthesis of new receptors appears to be completed in erythrocytes in a period of 4 months after the start of digoxin treatment. PMID- 6744688 TI - Increased naloxone potency induced by pretreatment with morphine and nalbuphine in mice. AB - Both morphine and nalbuphine were effective in suppressing the abdominal constriction response induced by intraperitoneal injection of acetic acid in mice. On a weight to weight basis, nalbuphine was more potent than morphine in this test. However, the effect of nalbuphine was more effectively blocked by naloxone. Pretreatment with morphine 2.0 mg/kg subcutaneously did not alter the antinociceptive effect of either morphine or nalbuphine measured 3 h later. However, naloxone was about 1.4-fold more effective in antagonizing the antinociceptive effect of both drugs in morphine-pretreated mice than in saline pretreated animals. Pretreatment with nalbuphine (1.0-2.0 mg/kg s.c.) did not alter the antinociceptive effect of either morphine or nalbuphine measured 3 h later, while naloxone effect was more effective in antagonizing the antinociceptive actions of morphine and nalbuphine. The increases in naloxone potency in antagonizing morphine after nalbuphine pretreatment were not dose dependent on the amount of nalbuphine in the pretreatment and they were only marginally significant. In addition, these increases were much lower than that induced by morphine pretreatment. On the other hand, the naloxone effectiveness against nalbuphine itself was enhanced to a greater extent than that induced by morphine pretreatment. Furthermore, these increases in naloxone potency showed a dose-dependent relationship to the amount of nalbuphine used in the pretreatment. Based on these results, it was concluded that nalbuphine is an analgesic drug with properties in between those of the full agonist morphine and the partial agonist pentazocine. PMID- 6744687 TI - Effect of mefenamic acid on plasma protein-thyroid hormone interaction, monodeiodination of thyroxine, urinary excretion of tri-iodothyronine and thyrotropin regulation. AB - A single oral dose of mefenamic acid significantly depressed plasma thyroxine (T4) within 3 h in man. Similarly, mefenamic acid depressed plasma T4 within 3 h in thyroidectomized, T4-maintained rats. Plasma free fractions of T4 and tri iodothyronine (T3) increased significantly after a single oral administration of mefenamic acid in man. In vitro addition of mefenamic acid to plasma also increased the plasma free fraction of T4. Three times more T3 was excreted into urine after an acute administration of mefenamic acid. In vitro conversion of T4 to T3 by liver homogenate was stimulated when T4 was displaced from plasma binding protein by mefenamic acid. Pituitary content of T3 increased when mefenamic acid displaced T4 and T3 from the binding protein. Simultaneously, thyrotropin (TSH) secretion in response to thyrotropin releasing hormone (TRH) was completely blocked by mefenamic acid. Prolactin release in response to TRH and luteinizing hormone (LH) and follicle stimulating hormone (FSH) release in response to luteinizing hormone releasing hormone (LH-RH) were not affected by mefenamic acid. It is concluded that mefenamic acid displaces T3 and T4 from their plasma binding protein and more T4 and T3 are available to peripheral tissues for excretion, degradation and TSH regulation. PMID- 6744689 TI - Blood flow measurements in the fetal descending aorta: technique and clinics. AB - A combination of two-dimensional and realtime pulsed-Doppler ultrasound provides a noninvasive method of measuring human fetal blood flow without side effects. By not altering the physiological conditions of the fetus, it minimizes external stimuli that might affect blood flow. However, due to the inaccessibility of the vessels under investigation, errors from the ultrasound technique arise and these are still being assessed. Studies of fetal blood flow suggest that the fetal circulation has a low peripheral resistance and that the increase in blood flow found with increasing gestational age is due predominantly to the increase in the actual dimensions of the fetal vasculature. Investigations in abnormal pregnancies, such as small-for-dates and those with cardiac arrhythmias have shown that the fetal cardiovascular system is capable of compensating efficiently to maintain normal physiological conditions, but only within the limits defined by the Frank Starling mechanism. PMID- 6744690 TI - Investigational antiarrhythmic agents: pirmenol. PMID- 6744691 TI - Left ventricular function during atrial pacing: a radionuclide angiographic study. AB - Multigated radionuclide angiography was performed at rest and during atrial pacing in 10 normal subjects. Left ventricular volumes in diastole and systole were measured by total counts in the region of interest of the left ventricle. Stroke volume, cardiac output, ejection fraction, and rates of ejection for each heart rate were calculated. As heart rate increased, there was a gradual decrease in end-diastolic, end-systolic, and stroke volumes without a significant change in cardiac output and ejection fraction. Ejection fraction rate increased and the uncorrected ejection rate decreased with the increase in heart rate. The normal response to tachycardia induced by atrial pacing was a decrease in ventricular volumes without a change in ejection fraction or cardiac output. PMID- 6744692 TI - Isolated left posterior fascicular block associated with acquired ventricular septal defect. AB - Isolated left posterior fascicular block in the absence of associated right bundle-branch block is a rare electrocardiographic finding. In view of its anatomy and the fact that it receives a dual blood supply, the posterior fascicle of the left bundle branch appears to be less vulnerable than the anterior fascicle or the right bundle. Mechanical disruption of the posterior fascicle can produce isolated left posterior fascicular block. This has been demonstrated in animal models. However, such occurrence has not been noted in humans. We present two cases of inferior wall myocardial infarction, complicated by rupture of the inferior septum, resulting in isolated left posterior fascicular block. The development of isolated left posterior fascicular block complicating myocardial infarction may, therefore, serve to alert to the possible underlying septal rupture. PMID- 6744693 TI - Left atrial myxoma associated with rheumatic mitral stenosis. AB - The rare occurrence of mitral stenosis and coexistent left atrial myxoma is reported. The patient had a 25-year history of rheumatic heart disease and was referred for evaluation of progressive mitral stenosis without clinical suspicion of left atrial myxoma. The tumor was discovered by routine echocardiography in the course of evaluation of mitral stenosis. However, prior to surgery the patient experienced an episode of embolization of the tumor without major clinical sequelae. The utility of echocardiography in this case and in patients with mitral stenosis is discussed as well as the patient's spontaneous "cure." PMID- 6744695 TI - Echocardiographic assessment of the inferior vena cava wall motion for studies of right heart dynamics and function. AB - Using subcostal echocardiography, 97 patients with diseases involving the right side of the heart and 15 normal subjects were examined in order to study the inferior vena cava (IVC) wall motion. All cases had a diagnostic cardiac catheterization and routine echocardiogram. The jugular pulse (JP) was recorded in 35 random cases contemporary to the IVC and tricuspid valve (TV) tracings. The aim of the study was to evaluate the variations of the IVC diameters in different cardiopathies and in relation to the right atrial mean pressure and the time relationship of the IVC wall motion related to the cardiac rhythm and cycle, respiratory events, and JP and TV waves. The a, b, v, and y waves were identified on the IVC tracings and related to the respective waves of the JP and the points of closure and opening of the TV. The IVC a and v waves were coincident with the TV closure and opening, and therefore, considered as moments of maximal presystolic and systolic filling of the IVC. The JP a wave inscribed before, whereas the v wave did so after the same IVC waves, respectively. The IVC a wave was due to the atrial contraction and influenced by the cardiac rhythm. The emptying index (EI) was calculated from the diameters in a and b as a - b/a X %, whereas the collapsability index (CI) was calculated from the expiratory and inspiratory diameters as Ex - In/Ex X %, obtaining a good correlation with the right atrial mean pressure. Finally, the percentage systolic pulsation (SP) was calculated from the diameters in b and v as b - v/b X %. The indices of function of the IVC have been very useful in the evaluation of patients with raised heart pressure, tricuspid regurgitation, and pericardial effusion. From the present investigation it results that the IVC wall motion, more so than the JP waves, is an expression of right atrial and ventricular events, and that the above indices are an expression of the atrial and ventricular function in relation to the hemodynamic situation. PMID- 6744694 TI - Evaluation of left ventricular posterior wall movement after open mitral commissurotomy by echocardiogram: with reference to the effect of papilloplasty. AB - Left ventricular posterior wall movement in 20 patients with mitral stenosis (MS) was measured using M-mode echocardiogram in order to evaluate the improvement of myocardial function after open mitral commissurotomy (OMC) and compared between the cases with (10 patients) and without (10 patients) papilloplasty. The maximum left ventricular end-diastolic posterior wall velocity (LVPEVdmax) was increased from 71 +/- 12 to 90 +/- 16 mm/s in OMC patients (p less than 0.01) and from 59 +/- 19 to 101 +/- 28 mm/s in OMC + P patients (p less than 0.001). The maximum left ventricular systolic posterior wall velocity (LVPWVsmax) showed an increase from 51 +/- 9 to 62 +/- 10 mm/s in OMC patients (p less than 0.02) and from 48 +/ 10 to 69 +/- 8 mm/s in the OMC + P group (p less than 0.001). The mean LVPWVs increased from 35 +/- 8 to 48 +/- 8 mm/s in the OMC + P group (p less than 0.01). These parameters correlate fairly well with stroke volume index (SVI), ejection fraction (EF), and fractional shortening (FS) derived from internal LV dimensions. Thus, the posterior wall movement may prove to be useful as an index for evaluating the improvement of LV function after OMC. PMID- 6744696 TI - Echocardiographic features of right ventricular infarction. AB - In a series of 75 consecutive patients with transmural acute myocardial infarction (AMI) a right-to-left ventricular filling pressure ratio equal to or greater than 0.65 (RVFP/LVFP greater than or equal to 0.65) was assumed to be indicative of associated right ventricular infarction (RVI). Out of 45 patients with inferoposterior myocardial infarction, 11 (24%) had such hemodynamic evidence of right ventricular infarction (group A). The remaining 34 patients with inferoposterior myocardial infarction (group B) and the 30 patients with anterior myocardial infarction did not. Time-motion and two-dimensional echocardiographic examinations were performed 7-10 days after admission in the 62 patients who survived. Right ventricular wall asynergy was found in six of eight group A patients. In three of these, right ventricular dilatation was also present. No patient in group B with inferior infarction or with anterior infarction showed abnormal right ventricular wall motion. While hemodynamic monitoring seems presently the most specific diagnostic method and it is of invaluable help in the choice of the best pharmacological therapy of right ventricular failure due to RVI, two-dimensional echocardiography is probably highly sensitive and specific for the diagnosis of RVI, by detecting RV wall motion and thickening abnormalities. Due to advantages, such as noninvasivity and repeatibility, two-dimensional echocardiography can be used in the selection of patients who deserve hemodynamic monitoring and in follow-up studies. PMID- 6744697 TI - Occult thyrotoxicosis in patients with chronic and paroxysmal isolated atrial fibrillation. AB - Thyroid function tests, including thyrotropin releasing hormone administration (TRH), were performed in 40 consecutive patients with isolated atrial fibrillation (IAF) (i.e., without any other evidence of cardiac disease). The arrhythmia was chronic in 5 and paroxysmal in 35 patients. Thyrotoxicosis could not be diagnosed either clinically or by abnormal serum levels of T4, T3, T3 BC, and thyroid stimulating hormone (TSH). Thyroid stimulating hormone response to TRH, which was normal in 35 patients, was absent in 5 (12.5%) who were considered to have occult thyrotoxicosis. One had chronic and the other 4 had paroxysmal IAF. The arrhythmia did not recur after antithyroid treatment in these four patients who were in sinus rhythm after a mean follow-up period of 21 months. Full exploration of the thyroid function therefore seems useful not only in patients with chronic IAF, but also in those affected by the paroxysmal form. PMID- 6744698 TI - Fluctuations of the atrial cycle length and A-V delay with a universal (DDD) pacemaker. AB - The electronic characteristics of a new universal (DDD) pulse generator can result in significant shortening of the atrial cycle length (A-A interval) and shortening of the atrioventricular (A-V) interval beyond the programmed values. These pacemaker arrhythmias are entirely compatible with normal function and must not be interpreted as malfunctions. PMID- 6744701 TI - The role of gynecologic urology in gynecology. PMID- 6744699 TI - Safety and long-term effects of ultrasound: what to tell your patients. PMID- 6744700 TI - Normal fetal and pelvic anatomy: a cross-section review. PMID- 6744702 TI - Incontinence: vesical and urethral fistulas. PMID- 6744704 TI - Total wrist arthroplasty. A clinical review. AB - Since 1974, a cementable, semi-constrained total wrist prosthesis has been implanted in patients with advanced destruction of the carpus usually secondary to rheumatoid arthritis. The single most common problem observed after surgery in the first one hundred cases was that of ulnar deformity. Since 1977, 25 total wrist arthroplasties have been performed in 22 patients (3 bilateral cases). A modification of the original prosthesis was employed in these. The newer designs allow for the precise reduplication of the instant center of motion of the normal wrist. Additionally, in the last six patients operated on, methylmethacrylate cement was not used to secure the metacarpal component because a secure press-fit was possible in each case. To date, postoperative results have disclosed no cases of radial ulnar imbalance. No cases of dislocation, infection, or loosening have occurred. No difference in the degree of postoperative pain relief has been observed between those cases in which cement was employed to secure the prosthetic components and those cases in which cement was used only to secure the radial component. PMID- 6744703 TI - Meuli total wrist arthroplasty. AB - The wrist endoprosthesis developed and used since 1971 by the author is comparable to other designs of total joint implants. The completely unconstrained design has proved effective. It has sufficient stability, provided that the proper muscle balance is achieved at the end of the procedure. Careful, exact centering of the prosthesis is a vital prerequisite for good function, along with the use of adequate bone stock for securing implantation and survival of the cement-bone interface. The eccentric placement of the anchoring prongs of the distal component has made centering of the prosthesis easier but has not obviated the need for careful, individual contouring and implantation of each prosthesis. Indications for a total wrist prosthesis must take into account pain, disability, and the local findings. Patients who engage in heavy, manual work and those who must rely on walking aids, such as a cane or crutch, should not be considered as suitable candidates for total wrist implantations. Salvage is always possible either by revision of the arthroplasty or arthrodesis. Cementless implantation of the components may have certain advantages. The prototypes that have been designed are still under investigation. PMID- 6744705 TI - Total wrist arthroplasty. Problems with implant failures. AB - Prosthetic replacement of the wrist requires careful consideration of anatomic and mechanical factors, appreciation of the techniques of implant fixation, and recognition of soft tissue imbalance across the wrist. Cemented wrist implants have an unacceptably high rate of failure (15%-30%) with a five-year progressively decreasing prosthesis "survival rate." Three different implant designs have been studied and analyzed with respect to long-term success. In the revision of failed wrist implants, the surgeon must evaluate requirements for a stable wrist and appropriately reconsider resection, a more stable total joint arthroplasty, and wrist arthrodesis. PMID- 6744706 TI - Splash basin contamination in orthopaedic surgery. AB - Samples of splash basin fluid were cultured at the end of 78 randomly selected orthopedic operations. Fifty-eight (74%) of the specimens were positive on culture. Staphylococcus epidermidis was the prevalent organism. Thirty-four (59%) of the positive cultures grew multiple organisms. Seven (12%) grew more than 100 colonies per 100 ml specimen. This study demonstrates that splash basin fluid is frequently contaminated and may be a source of wound contamination during orthopedic surgery. Implants should not be placed in the splash basin, and instruments placed in it should not be returned to the operative wound. PMID- 6744707 TI - Transoral atlantoaxial anterior decompression and fusion. AB - Two patients with atlantoaxial dislocation (one with an accompanying basilar impression) were treated by a combination of transoral anterior decompression and anterior fusion with good results. Transoral odontoidectomy is hazardous and difficult. However, modern high-speed drills increase the safety and diminish the difficulty of the procedure. If the displacement is irreducible and significant, removal of the protruding odontoid process is considered essential for relief of myelopathy. Simultaneous anterior fusion eliminates the necessity of a second operation, i.e., posterior fusion for stabilization of the atlantoaxial region. PMID- 6744708 TI - Anterior decompression and stabilization with methylmethacrylate and a bone bolt for treatment of pathologic fractures of the cervical spine. A report of two cases. AB - A 48-year-old woman and a 61-year-old man were treated for pathologic fractures of the cervical vertebral bodies that caused neurologic defect. In both patients an anterior decompression was performed with the removal of the diseased vertebrae. Immediate stability was obtained with a bone bolt imbedded in methylmethyacrylate. Both patients are functioning satisfactorily without any external support of the cervical spine four years and one and one-half years after their respective operations. This method is applicable only in carefully selected cases. PMID- 6744709 TI - Aneurysmal bone cyst of the cervicodorsal spine. AB - A 23-year-old woman with paraparesis and bladder atonia of one week's duration demonstrated lytic destruction of the anterior elements of C7, D1, and D2, with gibbus deformity at C7. The tumor was excised in August 1975 through an anterior approach and the cervical spine was reconstructed with a five-level, fibular strut bone graft. Several weeks later a posterior fusion was performed. The patient was placed in a halo jacket for three months, at which time solid fusion was achieved. The final pathologic diagnosis was aneurysmal bone cyst. The patient obtained full neurologic recovery after surgery and has had no sequelae or recurrence to date. Involvement of several adjacent cervical vertebrae by an aneurysmal bone cyst is unusual, and a comparable case is rarely reported. PMID- 6744710 TI - A complication of posterior glenoid osteotomy for recurrent posterior shoulder instability. AB - Posterior glenoid osteotomy (posterior glenoplasty) is a standard surgical reconstructive operation for recurrent posterior instability of the shoulder. A 34-year-old man was treated by glenoid osteotomy and subsequently developed significant glenohumeral arthritis. Following several surgical procedures, only total shoulder arthroplasty gave substantial pain relief and restored stability. Inadvertent penetration of the glenohumeral joint at the time of osteotomy may have predisposed the patient to glenohumeral arthritis. Extreme care should be exercised not to damage the shoulder joint during this procedure. PMID- 6744711 TI - Results of modified Bristow procedure. AB - A modified Bristow procedure was performed on 23 patients over a two-year period. The modification consisted of splitting the subscapularis muscle in line with its fibers and attaching the coracoid process to the neck of the scapula with a malleolar screw. The results were evaluated by questionnaire, physical examination, and radiographs. The average age of the patients was 24 years. There were 20 men and three women. The patients presented 16 left shoulders and seven right shoulders; nine were dominant. The number of previous dislocations was 12. The average follow-up period was 25 months and the average hospital stay was two days. There were no blood transfusions. Each patient returned to his or her preoperative activity level; no patient had pain in the shoulder at rest. With overhead activity, five patients had some pain and 18 had none. Of the nine patients whose surgery was on the dominant side, only two had difficulty in throwing. There were no postoperative recurrent dislocations. There was an average loss of external rotation of 13 degrees and an average loss of internal rotation of 12 degrees. Bony fusion of the coracoid to the neck of the scapula occurred in only one out of 13 shoulders. Complications were minor and resolved completely. The advantages of the procedure are good surgical exposure, minimal tissue trauma, insignificant blood loss, and fewer days in the hospital per patient. The procedure was relatively safe and generally effective. PMID- 6744712 TI - Nonconstrained total elbow arthroplasty. AB - Twenty-eight nonconstrained capitellocondylar elbow offhroplasties were performed in 23 patients. The clinical criteria were intractable pain in a joint with radiologic destruction from rheumatoid arthritis. Patients were examined at an average of 35 months postsurgery with the Ewald scoring system. Results were satisfactory in 24 elbows (86%) and unsatisfactory in four (14%). Pain relief and functional improvement were dramatic. The average arc of motion increased from 88 degrees preoperation to 101 degrees postoperation. There was an average 33 degrees residual flexion contracture. There was one failure from loosening, but no radiographic or clinical loosening was detected in the remaining patients. Postoperative dislocation was the most frequent complication, occurring in four cases. One dislocation required revision while three stabilized following four weeks of immobilization. There were two remote infections occurring two and five years postoperation. Although complications are frequent, this is a predictably successful procedure in properly selected patients. PMID- 6744713 TI - Posterior deltoid-to-triceps transfer in quadriplegia. AB - Provided that the patient selection criteria, surgical procedure, and postoperative care recommended by Moberg are strictly observed, the posterior deltoid-to-triceps transfer is an excellent surgical procedure for improving the level of function of the C5 or C6 quadriplegic. Before surgery, patients should be thoroughly counseled in realistic expectations, the possible functional results, and the long period of time required to attain the goals of surgical treatment. PMID- 6744714 TI - A vascular necrosis of the lunate and sickle cell anemia. A case report. AB - Sickle cell anemia and Kienbock's disease occurred in an 18-year-old man. The association of the two conditions seems not to have been previously reported. PMID- 6744715 TI - Isolated volar dislocation of the fifth carpometacarpal joint. Case report. AB - A rare volar-ulnar dislocation of the base of the fifth metacarpal in a 73-year old man was correctly diagnosed early and treated by closed reduction. The reduction was unstable and percutaneous skeletal fixation was applied to ensure stability. The functional results were excellent within four months of surgery. PMID- 6744716 TI - Stress fractures in 51 runners. AB - A prospective study was initiated in 1976 to investigate runners who are at risk for incurring stress fractures and how these fractures can be prevented. Fifty one runners incurred 57 stress fractures. Tibial fractures were most common (25), followed by fibula (12) and metatarsal (8). Seven runners had previously sustained stress fractures, and six developed two stress fractures simultaneously. Five women over 30 years old had pelvic stress fractures. Stress fracture development was positively correlated with the presence of pes planus, weekly training distances greater than 20 miles, hard training surfaces, and training regimen modifications. The incidence did not correlate with generalized musculoskeletal laxity or tightness. Forty-four of 51 patients had initially positive roentgenograms. Five of five bone scans were positive. The average duration of rest before running was resumed was 7.4 weeks. PMID- 6744717 TI - Stress fracture of the radius following a fracture of the ulna diaphysis. AB - A 70-year-old woman incurred a stress fracture of the radius following a fracture of the ulna. The patient had osteomalacia secondary to a Billroth II procedure. The primary reasons for the development of osteomalacia following a Billroth II procedure are: decreased transit time through the gut, which causes less Vitamin D and calcium absorption, and bypassing of the duodenum, where calcium absorption is highest. After treatment of the osteomalacia with calcium and Vitamin D, the fracture healed uneventfully. The present case report emphasizes the need to identify and treat diseases associated with fractures. Patients with severe osteomalacia and ulnar shaft fractures should have the forearm immobilized because motion at the fracture site may lead to a stress fracture of the radius. PMID- 6744718 TI - A comparison of the posterolateral and anterolateral approaches to total hip arthroplasty. AB - A comparative statistical analysis was performed weighing the relative merits of two surgical approaches for total hip arthroplasty--the Watson-Jones anterolateral approach and the gluteus maximus splitting posterolateral approach. Intraoperative and clinical records were evaluated for 175 patients undergoing total hip arthroplasty between 1975 and 1979--100 by a posterolateral approach and 75 by an anterolateral approach. Minimum follow-up period was two years. Mean operative times for the posterolateral and anterolateral approaches were 62 minutes and 140 minutes, respectively. The posterolateral group had a mean blood loss of 433 ml, with 35% requiring an average transfusion of 2.5 units. The anterolateral group had a mean blood loss of 767 ml, with 78% requiring an average transfusion of 2.5 units. The average lengths of hospitalization for posterolateral and anterolateral groups were 13 and 15 days, respectively. The time to independent cane ambulation was significantly less in the posterolateral group. The rate of post-operative complications was similar in each group. However, in the posterolateral group there were four dislocations, three loosened femoral components, one deep-wound infection, and one pulmonary embolus, while the anterolateral group suffered one dislocation, no prosthesis loosening, no deep-wound infections, and three pulmonary emboli. Although the posterolateral approach was associated with a lower perioperative morbidity than the anterolateral approach, the latter exhibited fewer dislocations and loosened acetabular components. PMID- 6744719 TI - Osteocartilaginous lesion of the acetabulum resembling osteoid osteoma. AB - An unusual acetabular lesion radiographically resembling osteoid osteoma appeared in a 10-year-old girl recovering from trauma of the hip joint. Abnormal growth of cells of triradiate cartilage displaced by injury is a possibility that is supported by observations at open operation and biopsy. PMID- 6744720 TI - Significance of muscular disturbances in the localization of fractures of the proximal femur. AB - Of 1322 patients with fractures of the proximal femur, 86 had muscular disturbances. Of these, 65 were suffering from paresis due to cerebrovascular stroke and 21 had Parkinson's disease. In the paretic patients, except for one case, the fracture occurred on the affected (paretic) side, and it was intertrochanteric in the majority of cases. In the patients with Parkinson's disease, cervical (intracapsular) fractures predominated. Muscle weakness or disturbance is a factor in the causation and location of hip fractures. PMID- 6744721 TI - Intraosseous xanthoma associated with hyperlipoproteinemia. A case report. AB - Intraosseous xanthoma associated with hyperlipoproteinemia, a rare disorder, was observed in the entire distal femur of a 52-year-old man. Initial radiographs suggested a primary bone neoplasm; however, an open biopsy established a diagnosis of intraosseous xanthoma. Histologically, the lesion was characterized by replacement of normal bone and marrow with xanthoma cells and extracellular cholesterol clefts. The hyperlipidemia was classified as Type III hyperlipoproteinemia and was successfully controlled by dietary lipid restriction alone. The disability was effectively treated and ambulation was possible with the aid of a cane. PMID- 6744723 TI - The Haglund painful heel syndrome. Experimental investigation of cause and therapeutic implications. AB - Haglund syndrome, a common cause of pain in the posterior heel, consists of a painful swelling of the local soft tissues (the so-called pump bump) and prominence of the calcaneal bursal projection. The condition is caused by compression of the distal Achilles tendon and surrounding soft tissue between the os calcis and the posterior shoe counter. Osseous plantar projections appear to be a critical etiologic factor in Haglund syndrome. With an experimental model, it has been demonstrated that osseous projections on the plantar surface of the calcaneus adversely influence the bone-soft tissue relation of the posterior heel. Shoe heel elevation has been shown to be clinically effective in alleviating symptoms. It is demonstrated with an experimental model that elevation of the shoe heel decreases the pitch angle. This diminishes the prominence of the bursal projection and allows the foot to slip forward, displacing the posterior calcaneus away from the shoe counter. PMID- 6744722 TI - The anterior interosseous nerve syndrome (the Kiloh-Nevin syndrome). Report and follow-up study of three cases. AB - Three surgically treated cases demonstrate that this syndrome is a compressive neuropathy of the anterior interosseous branch of the median nerve rather than a neuritis, as originally believed. All symptoms were in the dominant hand and included deterioration of handwriting, pain, weakness of the flexor policis longus, the flexor digitorum longus to the index finger, and the pronator quadratus. Electromyograms were abnormal in two of the three cases. All forms of conservative treatment failed over a three- to five-month period. All lesions were demonstrable at surgery, and recovery was complete in all cases within five months of surgery. At an average follow-up evaluation of seven years there was no recurrence in any case. The loss of ability to write was characteristic of all three cases and is being reported for the first time. PMID- 6744724 TI - A biomechanical study of normal functional wrist motion. AB - Nineteen normal adults were studied by a uniaxial electrogoniometer to determine the range of wrist motion required to accomplish 15 activities of daily living. Activities for personal care requiring placing the hand at various locations on the body were accomplished by motion of 10 degrees of flexion to 15 degrees of extension. Other necessary activities, such as eating, drinking, using a telephone, and reading, were accomplished by motion of 5 degrees of flexion to 35 degrees of extension. Thus, the optimum functional motion for the wrist to accomplish most activities is from 10 degrees of flexion to 35 degrees of extension. This data helps to provide an objective basis for evaluation of wrist disability, position of arthrodesis, functional motion provided by arthroplasties, and aid in the development of wrist prostheses. PMID- 6744725 TI - Pressure under the forefoot in rheumatoid arthritis. A comparison of static and dynamic methods of assessment. AB - The generation and transmission of forces under the foot was investigated in 67 normal subjects and 124 patients with rheumatoid arthritis. The investigations included the measurement of static foot-ground pressure patterns with a Pedobarograph and the assessment of transmission of maximum load during the gait cycle with instrumented force sandals. Information from both sources was compared with the patient's own subjective assessment of pain and walking ability. Static pressures accurately reflect the position of abnormal pressure generation. PMID- 6744726 TI - Ultrastructure of bone and cartilage formed in vivo in diffusion chambers. AB - Osteogenic tissue formed in vivo in diffusion chambers inoculated with a suspension of marrow cells contains both bone and cartilage. Observations by transmission electron microscopy on the transitional zone between these tissues showed a mixture of osseous and cartilaginous features in both matrix and cells. Two forms of collagen, morphologically consistent with Types I and II, are found in intimate association within the same intercellular septa. The results suggest the possibility that the different collagen types are synthesized by the same cells and that the variation in cellular morphology could be associated with the changes in the type of collagen synthesized. This unique characteristic of calcified tissues formed in diffusion chambers is probably the result of isolation from direct blood circulation, mechanical stress, and cellular mechanisms of tissue breakdown. PMID- 6744727 TI - Effect of ibuprofen and indomethacin on bone metabolism reflected in bone strength. AB - Adult rabbits were divided into three equal weight-matched groups. Drill holes 2.3 mm in width were drilled through the midshaft of the right femur across both cortices. A sham operation was performed on the left femur and served as a control. Group I was given indomethacin, 5 mg/kg twice daily. Group II was given ibuprofen, 7.5 mg/kg twice daily. Group III was given a placebo solution. Each group was treated for five or eight weeks. The serum levels of indomethacin and ibuprofen were recorded during treatment. After the rabbits were killed the legs were dissected from soft tissue and stored in a freezer. After thawing, the bones were examined for torsional strength. Neither the indomethacin nor the ibuprofen groups regained their torsional strength during the treatment periods, as compared with the controls. Anti-inflammatory drugs probably bring about their effects by acting on the prostaglandin synthesis. Although the effects produced by the drugs are significant, it is still uncertain whether the effects are great enough to influence one's decisions regarding their use. PMID- 6744728 TI - Biomechanics of the distal radioulnar joint. AB - The distal radioulnar joint is an intricate part of wrist function. The radius and hand move in relation to, and function about, the distal ulna. Significant loads are transmitted to the forearm unit through the distal ulna via the triangular fibrocartilage. The anatomic relations between the distal radius and ulna and the ulnar carpus are precise, and even minor modifications in these relations leads to significant load-pattern changes. The authors can only speculate on the clinical ramifications of such load-pattern modifications. Since M. DeSault's dissertation on dislocation of the distal radius, published in 1791, much has been written on injuries to, and afflictions of, the radiocarpal area. Although injuries and afflictions in this area undoubtedly have not changed throughout the years, an increasing variety of ulnar wrist syndromes and treatment programs are being recognized. This phenomenon attests not only to the need for continuous investigations of wrist problems but also to the great excitement that presently exists in the field. Better understanding of the anatomy and newer knowledge of the biomechanics of the distal radioulnar joint should herald an ulnar wrist renaissance. PMID- 6744729 TI - Treatment of nonuniting osteotomies with pulsating electromagnetic fields. A controlled animal experiment. AB - To evaluate treatment of nonunions or pseudarthrosis in humans by pulsating electromagnetic fields (PEMF), the authors tested the method in four- to six-year old beagle dogs with midshaft osteotomies of both ulnae. This type of osteotomy in dogs leads to nonunion. After surgery one foreleg of each dog was stimulated for an average of 25 days; the second foreleg served as a control. Subsequently all ulnae were harvested, radiographs were obtained, and the stiffness of the callus was mechanically tested. Thus, the reputed efficiency is not confirmed by controlled experiments on dogs. The stimulated bones were neither radiologically nor mechanically superior to the controls. PMID- 6744730 TI - Beta-tricalcium phosphate delivery system for bone morphogenetic protein. AB - An aggregate of biodegradable beta-tricalcium phosphate and bone morphogenetic protein (BMP/TCP) induces the differentiation of cartilage within eight days, cartilage and woven bone within 12 days, and lamellar bone, including bone marrow, within 21 days. The yield of new bone from a 1-mg dose was more than 12 times greater from the TCP/BMP than from the BMP alone. Whether TCP acts as a slow-release delivery system, potentiates the activity of BMP, or serves to distribute BMP in a favorable three-dimensional pattern requires further investigation. PMID- 6744731 TI - Long-term study of large ceramic implants (porous hydroxyapatite) in dog femora. AB - Blocks of porous ceramic hydroxyapatite (dimensions, 2.5 X 1.25 X 0.5 cm; sintering temperature, 1300 degrees; macroporosity, 56%; average pore size 0.18 mm2) were implanted into surgically created defects in dog femora. The implants were retrieved up to 3.5 years after implantation. The implants were 3.5 years after implantation. The implants were firmly attached to the bone. Histologic evaluation suggests that optimal contact between bone and implant should be provided to accelerate bone ingrowth. Bone growth in the pores reached a maximum level after 35 weeks, at which time about one-third of the pore space was filled with bone. When measuring the relative surface areas of bone and ceramic on histologic slides, no change in ceramic mass could be detected, indicating that hydroxyapatite ceramics are not affected by biodegradation processes. The implants effectively provided a scaffold for bone growth bridging a larger bone defect. PMID- 6744732 TI - Mineral and endocrine metabolism during fracture healing in dogs. AB - The blood levels of parathormone (PTH), calcitonin (CT), vitamin D metabolites, calcium, phosphate, magnesium and alkaline phosphatase (AKP) were determined in 13 young dogs with experimental fractures of long bones. The parameters were measured before the fracture and during healing until the appearance of an early callus. Serum Ca levels were significantly reduced immediately after the fracture (10.95 +/- 0.30 mg/dl to 10.25 +/- 0.25 mg/dl; p less than 0.05). Significant rises in serum levels of PTH (0.99 +/- 0.10 ng/ml to 1.57 +/- 0.22 ng/ml; p less than 0.01); CT (0.14 +/- 0.01 ng/ml to 0.18 +/- 0.01 ng/ml; p less than 0.05); 24,25-dihydroxyvitamin D (13 +/- 2 ng/ml to 19 +/- 3 ng/ml; p less than 0.01) and AKP (153 +/- 24 U/l to 211 +/- 26 U/l; p less than 0.01) were noted during fracture repair. A reduction in serum levels of 25-hydroxyvitamin D (22 +/- 2 ng/ml to 15 +/- 1 ng/ml; p less than 0.001) was noted at the same time. The parameters returned or tended to return to normal levels during callus development. The data demonstrate the changes in levels of Ca-regulating hormones in response to bone injury. This suggests that CT and 24,25-dihydroxyvitamin D (24,25-(OH)2-D) can be associated with the process of callus formation. PMID- 6744733 TI - The influence of age and sex on blood levels of calcium-regulating hormones in dogs. AB - In order to study age- and sex-related changes in calcium-regulating hormones, serum levels of parathormone (PTH), calcitonin (CT), and vitamin D metabolites were determined in 20 young dogs and 11 old dogs. A highly significant increase in serum levels of PTH was observed in old dogs (1.65 +/- 0.09 ng/ml versus 1.05 +/- 0.09 ng/ml in young animals) (p less than 0.001). Serum levels of 25-(OH)-D were significantly decreased in old dogs (11.24 +/- 2.03 ng/ml compared to 20.59 +/- 1.57 ng/ml in young dogs) (p less than 0.001). No significant differences in serum levels of 1,25-(OH)2-D, 24,25-(OH)2-D, and CT were found between young and old dogs. Serum CT levels were higher in males, especially in old animals. Young females had significantly higher serum levels of 25-(OH)-D than males. It seems that for some reason old dogs are in a relative state of vitamin D deficiency and hyperparathyroidism, which suggests the cause of skeletal alterations related to aging. A similar situation is observed in human geriatric patients. PMID- 6744734 TI - Calmodulin activity in corticosteroid-induced osteopenia. AB - A reproducible high-pressure liquid chromatography assay of calmodulin, a multifunctional calcium-dependent modulating protein, was developed for cartilage and bone by using cyclic nucleotide phosphodiesterase activity as the basis for standard curve determination. Calmodulin activity was then measured in rabbits that were made osteopenic by prednisolone injection in an effort to characterize in vivo cellular events. A significant rise in bone calmodulin levels was noted when this data was correlated with osteocyte and osteoblast content by quantitative histomorphometry. This suggests that calmodulin mediates steroid effects on the collagen matrix as well as on calcium homeostasis. Diminished calmodulin levels in weight-bearing cartilage of steroid-treated animals has as yet unresolved significance. Further characterization of calmodulin activity appears warranted in the study of osteopenic states at the subcellular level. PMID- 6744735 TI - Patterns of injury to carpal ligaments. A spectrum. AB - The concept of a spectrum of progressive ligamentous injury of the wrist, supported by anatomical and biomechanical data, indicates that a pattern of ligamentous injury begins on the radial side of the wrist. The mechanism of carpal injury associated with this ligamentous damage is a three-dimensional or spatial mechanism including extension, ulnar deviation, and intercarpal supination. Perilunar instability (PLI) begins at the scapholunate joint (Stage I PLI) and may be associated with partial interosseous ligament tears, interosseous ligament elongation, or complete disruption. Radiocapitate ligament failure leads to Stage II (PLI) with opening of the space of Poirier. This proceeds to Stage III (PLI) with radiotriquetral ligament failure. Stage IV (PLI) exhibits dorsal radiocarpal ligament disruption. PMID- 6744737 TI - Roentgenographic diagnosis of the painful wrist. AB - The painful wrist as a result of an injury to the carpal bones, ligaments, or joint capsule often presents a diagnostic challenge to the physician. In those cases where a thorough clinical examination does not explain the cause of the patient's symptomatology, a systematic roentgenographic evaluation of the painful wrist may result in early diagnosis and appropriate definitive treatment of the underlying disorder. This paper proposes an approach that makes use of the various available roentgenographic modalities. PMID- 6744738 TI - Wrist arthrography. AB - Wrist arthrography can be helpful in the evaluation of the chronically painful wrist and, more specifically, in visualization of the integrity of the triangular fibrocartilage and interosseous ligaments. To be meaningful, arthrographic findings, i.e., compartment communication, synovial irregularity, tendon sheath and lymphatic visualization, loose bodies, and cartilage abnormalities, must be correlated with clinical history and physical examination. PMID- 6744740 TI - Subtotal arthrodeses of the wrist joint. AB - The goal of subtotal arthrodesis of the wrist is to provide a stable and pain free joint, with preservation of a limited but useful range of motion. Experience indicates that the available mobility of the joints that are left unfused tends to increase with time and use of the extremity, and that accelerated wear of these joints has not been a problem. Subtotal arthrodeses of the wrist are indicated for: painful arthritis involving one or two radiocarpal or intracarpal joint surfaces, stabilization of carpal collapse deformities, failed ligament reconstructions or repairs, bone tumors with partial carpal involvement, and supplementation of carpal implants, when their insertion alone could precipitate or increase potential carpal instability. PMID- 6744736 TI - Kienbock's disease. Results of treatment with ulnar lengthening. AB - Further experience with ulnar lengthening in the treatment of 22 patients with Kienbock's disease confirms the efficacy of this procedure as observed in a previous series of 20 patients. In this procedure, the joint compressive force is removed from the trabeculae of the convex portion of the body of the lunate that is weakened by avascular necrosis. Subchondral fractures were present in at least 13 of the 22 patients. The technique of ulnar osteotomy, with interposition bone graft supported by a slotted bone plate applied prior to completion of the osteotomy, seems well established. Three patients were lost to follow-up and one required a secondary lunate excision for continuing pain. The remainder of the patients were well satisfied with the procedure. PMID- 6744739 TI - Radiographic disease patterns at the carpus. AB - Radiographic analysis of the wrist includes evaluation of general nonspecific alterations of the carpus, changes specific to one or several diseases, the location of the abnormalities, and the pattern of disease. Correlation with clinical history is extremely important. Some diseases, such as gout, are usually detectable clinically. Others, such as chondrocalcinosis or chronic infection, may have been unrecognized prior to the radiographic study. Special investigations are necessary in difficult cases. PMID- 6744741 TI - Arthrodesis of the arthritic wrist. AB - Although arthroplasty has developed tremendously in the last few years, there are still indications for arthrodesis of the wrist, particularly in nonrheumatoid patients where fairly heavy loads are imposed on the joint. Fusion is also a salvage procedure for failures of other procedures. The authors recommend fusion in a neutral position for unilateral or bilateral cases. Neutral is defined as 0 degree on the lateral with about 10 degrees ulnar deviation. This gives an arc of motion from pronation and supination, which substitutes for palmar flexion and dorsiflexion. The important factors in securing arthrodesis are: internal fixation with intramedullary pins, bony contact, bone graft if necessary, compression, and obtaining or maintaining rotation of the forearm. In selected cases arthrodesis of the wrist produces a very good result. PMID- 6744742 TI - Flexible implant arthroplasty of the radiocarpal joint. Surgical technique and long-term study. AB - The wrist joint is frequently impaired in rheumatoid, post-traumatic, and degenerative arthritis. Stable radiocarpal motion, even limited, can improve functional hand adaptations, especially if the proximal or distal joints are disabled. A flexible silicone intramedullary stemmed hinged implant was developed in 1967 to be used as an adjunct to resection arthroplasty of the radiocarpal joint while at the same time maintaining the radiocarpal relation and allowing wrist motion in all planes. The surgical technique includes proper contracture release, bone preparation, extensor tendon repair and balancing, and dorsal and palmar capsuloligamentous repair to allow only 60 degrees of total passive flexion/extension and 10 degrees radial/ulnar deviation. This procedure can be combined with ulnar head capping. Metal bone liners (grommets) may be used to protect the radiocarpal implant from sharp bone edges. From January 1970 to April 1983, 181 wrist implant procedures had been performed in 139 patients, most of whom had rheumatoid arthritis. Stable, pain-free functional motion was obtained in the majority of cases. Roentgenograms showed the implants to be well tolerated by bone. Complications were infrequent. Because this procedure does not require cementing or significant bone resection, revision or arthrodesis procedures are facilitated. PMID- 6744744 TI - [Studies on the pathogenesis of degenerative neurological disorders]. PMID- 6744743 TI - [An autopsy case with multiple sclerosis and myasthenia gravis]. PMID- 6744745 TI - [Abnormal serum gamma globulin level in spinocerebellar degenerations]. PMID- 6744746 TI - [Downbeat nystagmus due to anticonvulsant intoxication]. PMID- 6744747 TI - [Familial cases of hypertrophic interstitial neuropathy with congenital cataracts]. PMID- 6744748 TI - [An autopsy case of dementia with amyotrophy, tremor and myoclonic twitching]. PMID- 6744750 TI - [Neuroradiological studies on the brain and spinal cord in multiple sclerosis: edema and mass effect due to demyelinated plaques]. PMID- 6744749 TI - [Familial multiple sclerosis: report of two cases with immunogenetic studies]. PMID- 6744751 TI - [Histology and morphometry of biopsied muscle in patients with spinocerebellar degeneration]. PMID- 6744752 TI - [Synaptological study of ventral horn cells in amyotrophic lateral sclerosis]. PMID- 6744753 TI - [Lymphoplasmapheresis in the management of refractory polymyositis in childhood]. PMID- 6744754 TI - [Histochemical study on experimental denervation of dog extraocular muscles]. PMID- 6744755 TI - [Cerebral glucose metabolism in Wernicke-Korsakoff syndrome--a comparison between the acute and recovery stages by N20 method]. PMID- 6744756 TI - [Visual extinction caused by a right thalamic lesion]. PMID- 6744757 TI - [Bilateral symmetrical low density areas in the basal ganglia--a case with dysarthria and gait disturbance]. PMID- 6744758 TI - [Electron microscopic examination of skin, stomach and rectum biopsies in adult fucosidosis]. PMID- 6744759 TI - [Subacute spongiform encephalopathy with Kuru-like plaques--comparison with Gerstmann-Straussler-Scheinker disease]. PMID- 6744760 TI - [Neuroleptic malignant syndrome-like state in eight patients with parkinsonism]. PMID- 6744761 TI - [A case of carcinomatous sensory neuropathy associated with laryngeal squamous cell carcinoma]. PMID- 6744762 TI - [Correlation between conduction studies and morphometric findings of sural nerves from 8 normal volunteers]. PMID- 6744763 TI - Early diagnosis of myositis ossificans with Tc-99m diphosphonate imaging. AB - Myositis ossificans is primarily a disorder of young adults, whereby an area of muscle mass undergoes progressive ossification. The authors review a case in which the patient's presentation was somewhat atypical, and where the course of disease was unusually prolonged. Examination of the soft tissue lesion using Tc 99m diphosphonate bone scans was helpful in establishing the diagnosis and in determining the full extent of the process early in its evolution. PMID- 6744764 TI - Pseudo-obstruction of the biliary tract associated with a traumatic biliary fistula. AB - Documentation of a biliary fistula as a complication of hepatic trauma may be made simply and noninvasively using radionuclide cholescintigraphy. This report describes the utility of this approach in the evaluation of the pathophysiology underlying apparent biliary obstruction in a patient with a large traumatic biliary fistula. PMID- 6744765 TI - The dilated common duct sign. A potential indicator of a sphincter of Oddi dyskinesia. AB - The cholescintigraphic findings of a Sphincter of Oddi dyskinesia (SOD) in a 45 year-old woman with persistent right upper quadrant pain and biliary colic are reported. After an overnight fast, the patient was injected with 5 mCi of Tc-99 disofenin and .02 micrograms/kg of cholecystokinin (CCK) post maximal gallbladder filling. Pre and postcholescintiscans were obtained and gallbladder ejection fractions determined. The hepatobiliary scan was normal, except for a delay in biliary-bowel transit. The gallbladder responded normally to CCK, however, the Sphincter of Oddi responded abnormally, as there was a paradoxical response to CCK manifested by a marked dilatation of the common bile duct. We postulate that this dilatation (the dilated common duct sign) was due to an inappropriate response of the smooth muscle of the Sphincter of Oddi (contraction vs relaxation) to CCK and was the cause of this patient's biliary colic. The dilated common duct sign should alert the physician to the possibility of a Sphincter of Oddi dyskinesia. PMID- 6744766 TI - Tc-99m glucoheptonate estimation of glomerular filtration rate. Correlation with endogenous creatinine clearance. AB - Estimation of GFR using radioisotope techniques has been successfully accomplished with I-125 iothalamate, Cr-51 EDTA, and Tc-99m DTPA. However, the techniques have required up to several hours to complete with blood and/or urine sampling. A method introduced by Schlegel and modified by Gates provides a simple and rapid technique of GFR quantitation that obviates the need for blood and urine sampling. In the present study an evaluation of Tc-99m GHA was undertaken to assess its ability to reflect GRF using a modification of Gates' technique. When the GFR determinations were compared with a current 24-hour CrC1, a correlation coefficient of 0.91 was obtained. Tc-99m GHA-derived GFR appears to closely correlate with endogenous CrC1 over a wide range of renal function. PMID- 6744767 TI - Detection of sclerosing adenosis of the breast on a thallium scan. AB - Uptake of thallium in a patient with sclerosing adenosis of the breast was detected. Although thallium has been reported to accumulate in primary carcinoma of the thyroid, lung, and liver, detection of a breast lesion on a thallium scan has not been previously reported. PMID- 6744768 TI - Focal marrow replacement in intervertebral disc space infection. Demonstrated by Tc-99m sulfur colloid imaging. PMID- 6744769 TI - Superior visualization of hepatic metastases with Tc-99m disofenin as compared with Tc-99m sulfur colloid. PMID- 6744770 TI - Detection of pseudomembranous colitis with indium-111 labeled leukocyte scintigraphy. PMID- 6744772 TI - Symposium on perinatal hematology. PMID- 6744771 TI - Retention of inhaled radioxenon in thoracic vertebrae during Hb S-thalassemia crisis. PMID- 6744773 TI - Rating scales for analgesics in sore throat. PMID- 6744774 TI - Serum lipids in normo- and hyperlipidemics after methyldopa and propranolol. AB - We report on serum lipoprotein changes after antihypertensive therapy in nine subjects with type II hyperlipoproteinemia and eight subjects with normolipidemia. They received placebo for 6 wk, followed by random order crossover between methyldopa and propranolol for 6 mo. Physical activity, diet, and other drugs were monitored for constancy. No other antihypertensive drugs were used. Doses required for normalization of blood pressure ranged between 40 to 360 mg/day for propranolol and 500 to 2500 mg/day for methyldopa. Mean blood pressure was equally lowered to normal by both drugs. Triglyceride levels increased after propranolol and after methyldopa. Subjects with normocholesterolemia developed higher serum triglyceride levels after each drug, whereas such a change did not occur in patients with hypercholesterolemia. Low density lipoprotein cholesterol levels were reduced by methyldopa only in patients with baseline hypercholesterolemia. There was no correlation between lipoprotein level changes, dose required of either drug, or propranolol blood levels. The baseline lipoprotein metabolism disorder appears more likely to determine the type of changes in serum lipoprotein levels after these antihypertensive drugs. PMID- 6744775 TI - Propafenone disposition kinetics in cardiac arrhythmia. AB - Propafenone disposition kinetics were studied after intravenous and oral doses in patients with ventricular arrhythmias. Plasma concentration-time data were fit to a two-compartment model for all but one patient, whose data required fitting to a three-compartment model. The model-independent calculated values of clearance, steady-state volume of distribution, and terminal t1/2 were 11.2 +/- 4.8 ml/min/kg, 3.6 +/- 2.1 l/kg, and 5.0 +/- 3.6 hr. After 5 days on oral propafenone, elimination t1/2 was 6.2 +/- 3.3 hr. The longer t1/2s and the estimates of steady-state bioavailability above 100% suggests that clearance decreases during chronic oral dosing. Considerable intersubject variability was noted in all disposition parameters. PMID- 6744776 TI - Therapeutic and metabolic effects of sotalol. AB - In a single-blind, randomized study, the cardiovascular and metabolic effects of sotalol, 40 to 160 mg/day, in six patients with mild essential hypertension were compared to those of placebo at rest and during submaximal dynamic exercise. Resting blood pressure was controlled by sotalol but not the pressor response to exercise, despite reduction of tachycardia. The major metabolic finding on sotalol was an approximately 40% decrease in lipid mobilization during exercise. Alterations in muscle lactate concentrations were much like those caused by other beta-blockers. Plasma concentrations of norepinephrine and epinephrine were doubled during exercise on sotalol, epinephrine disposition more so. No effects on serum lipoproteins were observed after 6 wk on sotalol in therapeutic doses. Despite its special electrophysiologic properties, sotalol appears to induce the same cardiovascular and metabolic changes during exercise as do other beta blockers. PMID- 6744777 TI - The diltiazem-digoxin interaction. AB - To study the interaction between the calcium antagonist diltiazem and digoxin, a randomized crossover trial under steady-state conditions was carried out in 24 healthy male subjects. Diltiazem with digoxin induced an average increase of steady-state plasma digoxin concentration and AUC over 48 hr of 22.4%. This is caused by the prolongation of elimination t1/2 from 36.2 +/- 11.2 to 44.5 +/- 11.5 hr (means +/- SD) and the impairment of total digoxin clearance, dropping from 146.6 +/- 37.9 to 107.9 +/- 18.4 ml/min. Average reduction in renal clearance (from 102.1 +/- 35.5 to 85.5 +/- 42.7 ml/min) was not statistically reproducible. Apparent volume of distribution was not relevantly altered. Diltiazem kinetics did not change significantly when digoxin was concurrently given. PMID- 6744778 TI - Potassium sparing by amiloride during thiazide therapy in hypertension. AB - Several studies have shown that 5 mg amiloride can counteract the hypokalemic effect of 50 mg hydrochlorothiazide (HCTZ). In a double-blind study of 30 subjects with mild to moderate primary hypertension, we determined whether this effect could be obtained with half the dose of amiloride (2.5 mg) in combination with 25 mg HCTZ. The effect of twice the dosage was evaluated in subjects with unsatisfactory blood pressure (BP) on the lower dose. Both 25 mg HCTZ/amiloride 2.5 mg and 25 mg HCTZ alone lowered BP. In subjects with untreated diastolic BP between 110 and 115 mm Hg, these doses were inadequate; twice the dose resulted in a greater reduction in BP. Irrespective of dosage, a potassium-sparing effect resulted from the combination of HCTZ and amiloride, with a reduction in serum potassium levels from HCTZ alone as well. PMID- 6744779 TI - Effect of late pregnancy on salicylate, diazepam, warfarin, and propranolol binding: use of fluorescent probes. AB - Serum protein binding was measured in six women 38 wk pregnant and in five control subjects. Three distinct binding sites for drugs on human serum albumin have been identified. To determine whether changes in binding during pregnancy occur for common drugs or only for drugs that bind to a specific binding site, serum protein binding of three drugs--diazepam (site I), warfarin (site III), and salicylate--and four fluorescent probes--dansylsarcosine (site I), 1-anilino-8 naphthalenesulfonate (site I), 7-anilinocoumarin-4-acetic acid (site II), and 5 dimethylaminonaphthalene-1-sulfonamide (DNSA) (site III)--were determined in control and pregnant sera. Unbound fractions of diazepam and salicylate in pregnant women increased but the unbound fraction of warfarin did not change. Dissociation constants (Kd1) of all fluorescent probes but DNSA were almost the same in control and pregnant sera, while the Kd1 of DNSA in pregnant serum was approximately 50% of control. Binding capacities of all probes decreased, which was attributed to decreased serum albumin concentration. We concluded that serum protein binding of drugs that bind to site I or site II on albumin decreased largely because of the reduced serum albumin concentration during pregnancy and that the binding of drugs that bind to site III changed little because of compensating effects of the decrease in serum albumin concentration and the increase in binding affinity to serum albumin. Serum concentration of alpha 1 acid glycoprotein and serum binding of propranolol did not change in pregnant women. PMID- 6744780 TI - Effect of cimetidine on plasma lipids and lipoproteins. AB - The effect of oral cimetidine on plasma lipid and lipoprotein levels was evaluated in a double-blind crossover study in 12 normal subjects and in 12 subjects with fasting serum glucose levels greater than or equal to 140 mg% or levels after a 100-gm oral glucose dose greater than or equal to 170 mg%. Plasma cholesterol (total, high-density, low-density, and very low-density lipoprotein) and triglyceride (total and very low-density lipoprotein) concentrations in placebo and cimetidine periods did not differ. Cimetidine was associated with elevated serum creatinine and aspartate amino transferase (SGOT) levels. One subject was impotent while on cimetidine. PMID- 6744781 TI - Cimetidine kinetics during resuscitation from burn shock. AB - Severely burned patients suffer from rapidly changing metabolic and hemodynamic abnormalities that could alter drug kinetics. The kinetics of cimetidine, commonly used in the prophylaxis of acute stress erosions, were studied during fluid resuscitation of 11 patients with mean burn sizes of 45% total body surface area. Six patients were studied after the completion of fluid resuscitation. Total clearance, steady-state volume of distribution, and cimetidine t1/2 did not change between the early period after burn and after fluid resuscitation, but before the completion of fluid resuscitation patients had lower renal and greater nonrenal cimetidine clearance than after resuscitation. The increase in nonrenal cimetidine clearance resulted in decreased urinary recovery of unchanged drug, 50.7 +/- 14% during fluid resuscitation and 81.0% +/- 6% after resuscitation. PMID- 6744782 TI - Single-day methadone dose alteration: detectability and symptoms. AB - Three experiments were conducted in which detectability and symptomatic effects of acute (single-day) increases and decreases in the methadone dose of subjects on methadone maintenance were examined. Altered doses ranged from 0% to 200% of the stable methadone dose, which was typically 50 mg. In an initial experiment, explicit information was provided to subjects (N = 10) about the occurrence and size of altered doses. No explicit information was provided in a second experiment, but subjects (N = 14) could detect altered doses on the basis of taste. In the third experiment, subjects (N = 2) received no information about the direction, size, or schedule of altered doses. Large dose alterations (75% to 100% of stable dose) were reliably detected by subjects on methadone maintenance, although marked individual differences in sensitivity were apparent. With taste cues available, subjects underestimated the magnitude of dose decreases and increases by 50% and 75%. Without taste cues, subjects could reliably detect only decreased doses. Symptomatic effects related to direction and size of altered doses but not to information conditions. Withdrawal symptom checklist scores were elevated after large (75% to 100%) dose decreases under all information conditions, but few symptomatic effects were reported after dose increases under any information condition. PMID- 6744783 TI - Effect of oral amrinone on platelet function and survival. AB - Amrinone is a cardiotonic agent associated with reversible thrombocytopenia in 20% to 50% of patients. The mechanism of thrombocytopenia is not known and it is not clear whether this effect represents a high-frequency idiosyncratic reaction or an overt manifestation of a toxic effect on platelet survival. We prospectively evaluated the effect of oral amrinone on platelet function and survival in seven subjects who participated in a clinical trial of chronic oral amrinone therapy. There was no consistent effect on either platelet function or platelet survival. Data suggest that amrinone does not have a uniform effect on platelet survival and that the development of thrombocytopenia may represent an idiosyncratic reaction. PMID- 6744784 TI - Nicotine and carbon monoxide intake from high- and low-yield cigarettes. AB - We measured daily nicotine intake in 11 habitual smokers who smoked their usual brand or commercial high-yield (Federal Trade Commission [FTC] yield 1.2 mg nicotine, 16 mg tar) or low-yield (0.4 mg nicotine, 5 mg tar) cigarettes. Daily nicotine intake was measured from metabolic clearance data in conjunction with blood and urinary concentrations of nicotine during 24-hr smoking periods. On the average, subjects consumed 35 mg nicotine while smoking their usual cigarettes and 26 mg while smoking either high- or low-yield commercial cigarettes different from their usual brand. This level of nicotine consumption from low-yield cigarettes was because smokers obtained 60% more nicotine per cigarette than predicted by FTC yield and they smoked 25% more cigarettes a day. Although there was considerable variability in nicotine intake between subjects, there was a correlation within subjects between intake while smoking their usual brand and experimental cigarettes. Nicotine intake between the two commercial high- or low yield cigarettes also correlated (r = 0.86). These findings are consistent with a minimal level of acceptable daily intake of nicotine for individuals that is related to usual intake. We suggest that our protocol provides a better quantitative estimate of the yield of different cigarette brands and potential health hazards than those currently provided by the FTC. PMID- 6744785 TI - Circadian stage-dependent changes in diazepam kinetics. AB - The effect of dosing time on diazepam kinetics was investigated in 28 healthy men. A 5-mg dose of diazepam was given orally or intravenously on two occasions, in the morning (9:30 A.M.) or in the evening (9:30 P.M.) under the postprandial condition or after a 9-hr fast. After oral doses under postprandial conditions, the mean peak total diazepam concentration in plasma was higher and the time to peak concentration was faster after morning dosing than after evening dosing, but neither mean elimination t1/2 nor AUC between morning and evening dosings differ. Intravenous diazepam did not eliminate the time-dependent changes in diazepam kinetics occurring soon after injection under postprandial conditions, although it diminished the difference. During the 9-hr fast, time-dependent changes in diazepam kinetics were marked, especially after intravenous injection. Diazepam free fraction was lower 0.5 hr after intravenous dosing in the morning, and there was a negative correlation (r = -0.678) between the diazepam free fraction and total diazepam plasma concentration. These results suggest that diurnal variations in rate of drug distribution because of alterations in protein binding as well as in absorption from the gastrointestinal tract contribute to time dependent changes in diazepam kinetics. PMID- 6744786 TI - Vascular hypersensitivity to noradrenaline: a possible mechanism of hypertension in rats with chronic uraemia. AB - Studies were performed to evaluate the mechanism involved in the hypertension of moderate renal failure in partially (five-sixth) nephrectomized rats. Cardiac index (CI) was studied by means of the microsphere technique, and systemic vascular resistance (SVR) calculated from the mean arterial resistance MAP/CI, in four groups of experimental animals: (A) partially nephrectomized rats; (B) group A rats chronically treated with the calcium channel blocker verapamil; (C) sham operated rats; (D) sham-operated rats treated with verapamil. The results demonstrate a significant increase in MAP in group A rats, which was due to a 72% increase in SVR as compared with groups C and D. In group B rats, MAP decreased significantly owing to a marked decrease in SVR (40%) as compared with group A. However, MAP remained higher in group B than in group C. The vascular responsiveness to noradrenaline was studied in group A, group C and group A rats after parathyroidectomy (group A1). An increased pressor responsiveness to noradrenaline was indicated by a shift of the noradrenaline dose-response curve to the left in group A rats as compared with group C rats. This change was corrected after partial nephrectomy. We conclude that hypertension in nephrectomized rats is due to an increase in SVR, and that an increased pressor responsiveness to catecholamines may play a role in this phenomenon. Furthermore, verapamil reduced the hypertension, and parathyroidectomy improved the abnormal sensitivity to noradrenaline in group A rats. These results raise the possibility that an abnormality in calcium metabolism, possibly due to secondary hyperparathyroidism, may be implicated in the hypertension of mildly uraemic rats. PMID- 6744788 TI - The effect of fasting and hypocaloric diets on the functional and metabolic characteristics of rat gastrocnemius muscle. AB - Previous observations have shown that in human subjects with malnutrition and after prolonged fasting, there are characteristic changes in the force-frequency response, relaxation rate and power of muscle during a 30 s stimulus (fatigue). In order to characterize these findings under carefully controlled conditions, in different types of muscle and to correlate them with changes in muscle structure, composition and biochemical status, we developed an animal model in rats. In this model, nutrient restriction, both after an acute fast and after chronic hypocaloric feeding, resulted in: (a) loss of force during high frequency stimulation but preservation of contraction-relaxation characteristics during low frequency stimulation; (b) slower muscle relaxation rate at high frequency stimulation; (c) increased muscle fatiguability at high frequency stimulation. Measurements of muscle enzymes showed that acute fasting resulted in a reduced content of glycolytic enzymes, but preservation of oxidative enzymes, while chronic hypocaloric dieting resulted in a reduction in both classes of enzyme. There was no significant change in ATP, AMP or energy charge, or in intracellular sodium, potassium and magnesium levels. Creatine phosphate was normal in acutely fasted animals but low in those fed hypocalorically. By contrast, increased intracellular calcium and ADP levels were seen in both fasted and hypocalorically fed animals. These findings suggest that subtle disturbances of intracellular energy states with altered calcium flux may be of importance in the genesis of muscle dysfunction caused by malnutrition. PMID- 6744787 TI - Bile salts, hypotension and obstructive jaundice. AB - We have examined the effects of bile duct ligation on vascular and extravascular smooth muscle responsiveness to noradrenaline and tyramine using isolated rat hindlimb perfusion, and portal vein and vas deferens preparations. Bile duct ligation reduced the contractile responses to noradrenaline of vascular and extravascular smooth muscle. Exposure of smooth muscle to some bile salts caused a reduction in contractility. This effect was dependent upon bile salt type and concentration. These studies in vitro suggest that the reduced total peripheral resistance and hypotension seen in obstructive jaundice cannot be explained by a spasmolytic effect of some of the bile salts on smooth muscle. PMID- 6744789 TI - Changes in gastric emptying rates with age. AB - A dual isotope technique which measures simultaneously the emptying of solids and liquids by the stomach was used to study gastric emptying in 35 subjects in the age range 21-84 years, who were all fit, mobile volunteers and were not taking any drugs. Solid and liquid emptying were significantly slower in older subjects, but this finding is unlikely to be of clinical significance because the changes were small and emptying rates were usually within the normal range for younger subjects. PMID- 6744790 TI - The effect of low-dose dopamine infusion on anterior pituitary hormone secretion in normal female subjects. AB - The effect of low-dose dopamine infusion on anterior pituitary hormone secretion in a group of seven healthy female subjects is reported. Subjects were infused with NaCl solution (154 mmol/l) (control) or dopamine (0.01 and 0.1 micrograms min-1 kg-1 for 120 min at each rate) on separate days in the early follicular phase of consecutive menstrual cycles. Serum prolactin decreased during infusion of dopamine at 0.01 micrograms min-1 kg-1 but a similar fall was found in the control group. When the rate of dopamine infusion was increased to 0.1 micrograms min-1 kg-1 a further substantial decrease in prolactin concentration occurred, whereas prolactin in the control group showed no change. At the end of the period of dopamine infusion at 0.1 micrograms min-1 kg-1 serum prolactin remained significantly (P less than 0.025) lower than in the control group (85 +/- 12 vs 180 +/- 21 m-units/1). No change in thyrotrophin (TSH), growth hormone (GH) or luteinizing hormone (LH) was seen during either rate of dopamine infusion compared with control. While dopamine infusion at 0.1 micrograms min-1 kg-1 caused significant inhibition of prolactin secretion in normal female subjects, other pituitary hormone secretion was not affected: it is suggested that under the conditions of this study dopamine in hypophysial portal blood is not of primary importance in the control of basal TSH, GH and LH release. PMID- 6744791 TI - The time course during 36 weeks' endurance training of changes in Vo2 max. and anaerobic threshold as determined with a new computerized method. AB - Six healthy male subjects followed a programme of endurance training for 36 weeks. At 12 week intervals each underwent an incremental exercise test to maximum on a treadmill. Minute ventilation, cardiac frequency, expired and endtidal concentrations of oxygen and carbon dioxide, oxygen uptake and carbon dioxide output were measured continuously during each test. Anaerobic threshold (AT) was determined non-invasively as the onset of sustained increases in each of the ventilatory equivalent for oxygen, expired and end-tidal concentrations of oxygen followed by an increase in ventilatory equivalent for carbon dioxide after a brief delay due to isocapnic buffering. A new computerized cumulative-sum method was employed. Significant increases in maximum oxygen uptake (Vo2 max.) of 13.6%, AT (32.3%) and % AT/Vo2 max. (17.0%) and a significant decrease (10.2%) in cardiac frequency at an oxygen uptake of 1.0 litres/min (fc1.0) were observed at the completion of the training programme. The time courses of the changes for each of AT, Vo2 max. and fc1.0 were not identical during the training. Compared with Vo2 max. the disproportionate increases in AT occurred earlier and were usually completed within 12 weeks. Vo2 max. increased for the first 24 weeks of training, but showed no further increase over the final 12 weeks fc1.0 decreased through the whole training period. The improved AT after training is more likely to be related to improved peripheral utilization of oxygen than to an improved oxygen delivery to muscles. PMID- 6744792 TI - The rate of purine synthesis de nova in blood mononuclear cells in vitro from patients with familial hyperuricaemic nephropathy. AB - We have measured the rate of purine synthesis de novo in blood mononuclear cells in vitro and the activities of the purine salvage enzymes [hypoxanthine phosphoribosyltransferase (HPRT; EC 2.4.2.8), adenine phosphoribosyltransferase (APRT; EC 2.4.2.7)] and ribosephosphate pyrophosphokinase (PP-ribose-P synthetase; EC 2.7.6.1)] and the concentration of phosphoribosylpyrophosphate (PP ribose-P) in the erythrocytes of affected family members. These subjects belong to families where hyperuricaemia and renal failure occur together early in life, and the genetic transmission follows an autosomal dominant mode of inheritance. We term this syndrome, familial hyperuricaemic nephropathy. No significant differences were detected in either the rates of purine synthesis de novo in vitro between the index patients and the control subjects with respect to the enzyme activities or the PP-ribose-P concentrations. Two groups of controls were used, healthy individuals and patients with a comparable degree of renal failure due to non-immune complex renal disease. Mononuclear cells from patients with Lesch-Nyhan syndrome (congenital HPRT deficiency) showed the expected acceleration of purine synthesis de novo in vitro. The accelerated purine synthesis de novo in vitro associated with phytohaemagglutinin-induced lymphocyte transformation was detectable by the method used. We conclude that familial hyperuricaemic nephropathy is not due to a metabolic lesion which causes accelerated purine synthesis de novo. This suggests that the primary abnormality may be a failure of the renal tubular net excretion of urate. PMID- 6744793 TI - Public servant & people's advocate: a conversation with Senator Harvey Phelps. Interview by Sheila Swan. PMID- 6744794 TI - The basics of estate planning. PMID- 6744795 TI - Medical Research Society Communications: meeting at Oxford, 12-13 July 1984. Abstracts. PMID- 6744796 TI - Symposium on chest radiology. PMID- 6744797 TI - The chest radiograph: anatomic considerations. AB - This article discusses the routine posteroanterior and lateral radiographs of the chest, utilizing an anatomic approach. Topics covered include lobar collapse, pulmonary fissures, mediastinal anatomy, and pericardial effusion. PMID- 6744799 TI - Chronic diffuse infiltrative lung disease. Newer approaches. AB - A new scheme for description of diffuse infiltrative lung diseases using the graphic terminology of the International Labour Office Classification is described. Conventions for grading the type (rounded, or "pqr," and irregular, or "stu"), severity (profusion in 12 steps), localization of opacities, and pleural disease were retained. Modifications included (a) a third group of opacities, called "xyz," corresponding to reticulonodular patterns; and (b) "ground glass" (alveolar) patterns, subdivided into seven types by character and location. In a study of 365 cases proven by open biopsy, when this scheme was used without any knowledge of clinical data, the first two radiologic diagnostic choices corresponded with the principal histologic diagnosis in 50 per cent of cases. This classification provides an understandable and quantifiable system of communication and a tool for teaching, clinical research, and epidemiologic studies. PMID- 6744798 TI - The uses of diagnostic ultrasound in the thorax. AB - Modern real-time gray scale ultrasonography has contributed new diagnostic and therapeutic information in patients with diseases of the lungs and pleura. This article will discuss the ways in which ultrasound is most clinically useful in patients with thoracic disease. PMID- 6744800 TI - Mycobacterium avium: a pathogen of patients with acquired immunodeficiency syndrome. AB - Mycobacterium avium complex has been isolated with increasing frequency from humans during the last few decades. Thirteen patients admitted to the UCLA Medical Center with the diagnosis of acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS), in addition to having Kaposi's sarcoma, Pneumocystis pneumonia, and other opportunistic infections, also had M. avium complex isolated from a variety of tissues and fluids submitted for culture. Of these patients, 10 had histologic and bacteriologic evidence of disseminated mycobacterial infection, and M. avium complex was isolated from the blood of 5. The organisms were isolated from routine bacteriologic and diphasic fungal blood culture bottles. Periodic cultures of sputum, urine, and other body fluids and tissues should be performed for mycobacterial infections in all such patients. Routine blood cultures should be kept for at least 8 weeks to check for the presence of acid-fast bacteria in general and for M. avium complex in particular from all patients with immune deficiencies. PMID- 6744801 TI - Diagnostic value of plasmid analyses and assays for virulence in Yersinia enterocolitica. AB - The possession of a 42- to 48-megadalton plasmid alone does not appear to be predictive of virulence in Yersinia species. Twelve of 100 Yersinia enterocolitica strains contained a 42 to 48-megadalton plasmid, and 4 of 30 Y. enterocolitica-like strains contained a 42- to 48-megadalton plasmid. Seven strains of Y. enterocolitica contained the 42- to 48-megadalton plasmid plus an 82-megadalton plasmid, and these were the only study strains lethal for mice. Based on restriction endonuclease digestion, the 42- to 48-megadalton plasmid DNA from these seven strains were similar and were not similar to the 42- to 48 megadalton plasmids present in the other nine strains. The ability to invade guinea pig eye tissues, calcium dependency, autoagglutination, and colonial morphology at 37 degrees C were also associated with plasmid DNA, but the relationships were either variable or not reciprocal. Neither tissue culture invasiveness nor heat-stable toxin production was associated with plasmid DNA. It was concluded that biochemical speciation and a total plasmid profile in combination with enzyme digests are predictive of virulence in Y. enterocolitica as it is measured by mouse lethality. PMID- 6744802 TI - Thrombocytosis: an acute-phase reactant, not an adverse reaction to the new beta lactam antibiotics. AB - Thrombocytosis has been described as an adverse drug reaction in up to 30% of patients treated with new beta-lactam antibiotics. We evaluated 350 patients with acute noninfectious conditions and infectious diseases treated with a variety of new and old agents. Results indicate that thrombocytosis is an acute-phase reactant and not an adverse reaction to any antimicrobial agent. PMID- 6744803 TI - Vitamin D deficiency osteomalacia in elderly persons. PMID- 6744805 TI - Sleep-related respiratory disturbance in elderly persons. PMID- 6744804 TI - Treatment of postmenopausal osteoporosis. PMID- 6744806 TI - Appointment compliance behavior of community mental health patients: a discriminant analysis. AB - This study evaluated various demographic and psychiatric signs and symptoms of community mental health clients in an attempt to identify those variables which influence appointment compliance behavior. A sample of 172 non-psychotic clients with a primary diagnosis of neurosis, personality disorder, or transient situational disturbance were studied utilizing discriminant analysis. The results indicate that approximately 85 percent of the clients were properly classified as either compliant or non-compliant in their appointment behavior. The implications for mental health care are discussed. PMID- 6744808 TI - Leaderstyle and community involvement. AB - Mental health executives are faced with implementing policy mandates that require the participation of a variety of constituency representatives in a community mental health system. This study examines the extent of community involvement in community mental health centers and utilization of a transactional leadership orientation as the foundation for compliance with community involvement demands. PMID- 6744807 TI - Consumer satisfaction: some new twists to a not so old evaluation. AB - Satisfaction with mental health services was assessed by client consumers. Clients also reported on their level of symptomatology. Results revealed that younger clients reported less satisfaction and symptomatology than older clients. Sex, ethnicity, and a prior history of treatment were unrelated to satisfaction, but males and blacks were found to report less distress than females and whites respectively. Results on the variables of marital status, fee, location of service, and referral source were confounded by program. Retardation and geriatric clients, who, as a group reported less satisfaction, were overrepresented in the never married, no fee, and residential setting variables, all of which showed lower levels of satisfaction. The same overrepresentation was true of the retardation group alone on the symptomatology measure. Consumer satisfaction and symptomatology were found unrelated. PMID- 6744809 TI - Telephone surveys of mental health need and the unlisted subscriber. AB - Community surveys for needs assessment purposes have gained considerable popularity in recent years, yet the prevalence estimates of psychiatric impairment or mental health need vary widely across studies. It is hypothesized that part of this variability may reflect methodological concerns, in particular the directory listing status of respondents when telephone survey methods are employed. Using data from two independent community surveys, the mental health needs of listed versus unlisted subscribers were compared on a series of mental health scales. The implications of the differences observed are discussed both for further telephone needs assessment projects, as well as for service providers. PMID- 6744810 TI - Experimental chlamydial pneumonia in pigs. AB - Naturally occurring disease in pigs associated with chlamydial infections has not been reported in Britain, though evidence of chlamydial challenge has been demonstrated in two separate serological surveys. An isolate of Chlamydia psittaci (28/68) from an ovine pneumonia produced pneumonia in pigs following intratracheal inoculation. Transient pyrexia at 24 hr was followed by increased respiratory rates and inappetance which lasted for a further 48 hr in challenged pigs. Histologically acute exudative reactions were present in the lungs by 24 hr with proliferative changes predominating after 10 days. While variations in the concentrations of inocula were reflected by corresponding increases and/or decreases in gross lung damage, clinical signs and histological reactions were unaltered. Chlamydial organisms were recovered only from lung tissues. PMID- 6744812 TI - Development of species identification in ducklings: XII. Ineffectiveness of auditory self-stimulation in wood ducklings (Aix sponsa). AB - A previous study revealed that wood ducklings vocalize copiously when in auditory isolation. However, such self-stimulation appeared to be ineffective in maintaining their preference for the characteristically descending frequency modulated (FM) notes of the wood duck maternal call. Only isolated birds that had been exposed to a recording of descending sib calls showed the normal preference for descending maternal notes in a choice test with descending and ascending maternal calls. In this study, the actual vocalizations of stimulated and unstimulated wood ducklings were examined in order to explore the possibility that there is a difference in the kind and/or amount of auditory self-stimulation in the two groups (e.g., the stimulated birds might produce more descending calls). Although the stimulated birds produced more ascending notes than the unstimulated birds, no differences were found in the overall vocal behavior, vocal reactivity, or specific kinds of frequency modulation produced by the birds that preferred the descending maternal call and the other birds that responded in the choice test. The absence of a difference in vocal production between the birds that preferred the descending call and the other responding birds supports the previous conclusion that self-stimulation apparently plays no role in the development or maintenance of the species-typical perceptual preference for the descending FM notes of the wood duck maternal call. PMID- 6744811 TI - [A comparative study of erythrocytes from 4 animal species in the determination of hemolytic activity in classical and alternative pathways of bovine complement]. AB - The hemolytic activity of bovine complement activated via the classical or alternative pathways was studied employing as target cells, erythrocytes of sheep, rabbit, guinea-pig and chicken. A spontaneous activation of bovine complement via the alternative pathway by rabbit and guinea-pig erythrocytes at a high level and chicken erythrocytes at a lower degree, was observed. Consequently hemolytic activity following activation via the classical pathway reflects activation via the two pathways when erythrocytes of these three species were used. In spite of a low degree of hemolysis, sheep erythrocytes have been chosen for their high specificity in the evaluation of bovine complement activation via the classical pathway. Activation via the alternative pathway can be performed by the erythrocytes of the three other species studied. PMID- 6744813 TI - Investigation of a common physiological mechanism underlying progesterone-induced and maternal nesting in mice, Mus musculus. AB - These experiments addressed the possibility that genetic differences in plasma progesterone levels underlie genetic differences observed in maternal nesting (nest building by pregnant mice). Because this hypothesis requires that different circulating levels of progesterone result in a corresponding elevation of nesting, groups of outbred females were treated with varying doses of progesterone, and their nesting was measured. The relation between progesterone dose and nesting was not linear; rather, there appeared to be a threshold dose above which all groups responded similarly. Next, the progesterone levels of four inbred strains and lines selectively bred for differences in nonpregnant (thermoregulatory) nesting were measured directly by radioimmunoassay. The rank order of the inbred strains' and selected lines' progesterone levels did not correspond to the rank order of their nesting. Thus, genetically based differences in maternal nesting are not due to differences in circulating progesterone levels. Other results are presented which suggest a thermo regulatory mechanism underlying progesterone-mediated maternal nesting which may involve genetic differences in thermal set point. PMID- 6744814 TI - Motion sickness in quail: body-rotation-induced conditioned fluid aversions in C. coturnix japonica. AB - The presence of motion sickness in Japanese quail (C. coturnix japonica) was examined by using a conditioned fluid aversion as an index. Twenty-three birds were divided into three groups. One group received a novel fluid (yellow-sour water) followed by 30 min of body rotation at 70 rpm (on a schedule of 15 s on and 5 s off). Another group received the novel fluid followed by exposure to a sham rotation procedure. The third group experienced the rotation procedure following access to water. The group receiving the rotation procedure contingent on presentation of the novel fluid exhibited a conditioned aversion to this fluid (relative to the control groups) over days of acquisition (p less than .025) which subsequently dissipated when rotation was no longer contingent on the presentation of the yellow-sour water (extinction). These data thus demonstrate the presence of motion sickness in a gallinaceous species as indexed by a conditioned fluid aversion procedure. PMID- 6744815 TI - Perceived variability and symbol use: a common language-cognition interface in children and chimpanzees (Pan troglodytes). AB - Analysis of two chimpanzees' conversations with their teacher during a tool-use training task demonstrated that chimps use lexigrams, a humanly devised visual symbol system, selectively to encode perceived variability; that is, they generally used their symbols to differentiate alternative possibilities or to represent change or novelty in a situation. In contrast, they tended to leave unsaid what was unchanging, repetitive, or the unique possibility in a situation. Perceived variability influenced not only which symbols were selected but also utterance length: A single dimension of variability in a situation leads to single-lexigram utterances; multiple dimensions are associated with multi lexigram utterances. This pattern of results indicates that the absence of formal grammatical structure in chimp language does not imply that utterances beyond one word in length are either rote strings or imitations. The chimps' tendency to mention the variable while leaving the constant or redundant unsaid is, moreover, strong support for the position that their use of a humanly devised symbol system is more than a series of conditioned responses. PMID- 6744816 TI - Human (Homo sapiens) responses to the pig (Sus scrofa) sex pheromone 5 alpha androst-16-en-3-one. AB - Previous studies have suggested that the pig sex pheromone 5 alpha-androst-16-en 3-one may function as a human sex pheromone. Two hundred male and female college students were assigned to one of four odor conditions (androstenone, methyl anthranilate, skatole, and a no-odor control) and were asked to rate photographs of a male stimulus and to rate their own mood in the presence of each odorant. There was a significant overall sex by treatment condition interaction. Men in the androstenone condition rated the stimulus male as more passive, and women in the androstenone condition rated themselves as less sexy; these effects were specific to the androstenone condition. PMID- 6744817 TI - Fatty acid composition of lizard tissue lipids and the effects of estradiol on serum free fatty acids. AB - Fatty acid analyses of lipids from lizard fat bodies, carcass, and blood serum were performed by GLC. Principal fatty acids from all three tissues were palmitate (16:0), stearate (18:0), oleate (18:1), and linoleate (18:2). Administration of estradiol to vitellogenic or non-vitellogenic lizards increased serum levels of non-esterified fatty acids, but had no effect on the fat body wet weights. Lizards receiving estradiol had a higher proportion of arachidonate and a lower proportion of oleate in their serum non-esterified fatty acids. PMID- 6744818 TI - Carboxypeptidase-like activity during development and aging of Nippostrongylus brasiliensis. AB - An acid carboxypeptidase whose activity, based on several biochemical parameters, was determined to be similar to mammalian lysosomal carboxypeptidase was maximal at pH 5.0 during the early parasitic stages of development of the nematode Nippostrongylus brasiliensis. No such enzyme activity could be detected in the early free-living larval stages of this nematode. Carboxypeptidase activity declined as the age of the parasitic adult increased. Timing of maximum activity corresponds to the shift from free-living to parasitic stages of the life cycle. PMID- 6744819 TI - Shark myoglobins I. Isolation and characterization of myoglobins from the sharks, Squalus japonicus and Proscyllium habereri. AB - Native oxymyoglobins from the sharks, Squalus japonicus and Proscyllium habereri were also isolated directly from red muscle. The essential step was the chromatographic separation of oxymyoglobin from metmyoglobin on a DEAE-cellulose column. The rate of autoxidation of native oxymyoglobin to metmyoglobin was examined over the pH range of 5-12 in 0.1 M buffer at 25 degrees C and the logarithms of the observed first-order rate constants, log (kobs), were plotted as a function of pH. The pH dependence for the autoxidation of Squalus myoglobin showed almost the same profile as those of bovine, sperm whale and yellowfin tuna myoglobins with distal histidines. On the other hand, the pH dependence of Proscyllium myoglobin differed remarkably from those of other myoglobins, especially in the absence of the proton-catalyzed processes in the acidic region of pH. These results suggest that Proscyllium myoglobin lacks distal histidine. PMID- 6744820 TI - Histochemical and thin-layer chromatographic analyses of neutral lipids in various host sites infected with Leucochloridiomorpha constantiae (Trematoda). AB - Histochemical and thin-layer chromatographic (TLC) analyses were used to study the effects of trematode parasitism by Leucochloridiomorpha constantiae on sites occupied by this fluke. Oil Red O staining showed that the epithelium in infected sites, i.e., bursa of Fabricius of the domestic chicken, chorionic ectoderm of the chick embryo, and uterus of Campeloma decisum snails, was positive for neutral lipids. TLC showed that infection in the bursa caused an increase in free fatty acids and triglycerides in that organ; infection of the chick chorioallantois caused a decrease in free sterols and sterol esters in the membrane; the uterus of infected snails showed elevated free sterols. PMID- 6744821 TI - Comparison of the spatial and temporal expression of supernatant malate dehydrogenase in Barbus hybrids (Cypriniformes, Teleostei). AB - The tissue specificity and ontogeny of supernatant malate dehydrogenase (s-MDH) are reported for the tiger barb, cherry barb, and their reciprocal hybrids. The tissue distribution of s-MDH isozymes in Barbus is consistent with the patterns reported in other teleosts. The expression of the Mdh-B locus is correlated with the initial muscle contractions of the developing embryos. It is suggested that the state of muscle cell differentiation may be the stimulus necessary for the expression of this locus in Barbus. Expression of maternal and paternal alleles at the B locus are synchronously delayed in reciprocal hybrids, as compared to their expression intraspecifically. PMID- 6744822 TI - Purification of an anticoagulant from the body fluid of Ascaris suum. AB - An anticoagulant has been purified from the body fluid of Ascaris suum by sequential passage through Sephadex G-50, CM-cellulose and Sephadex G-25 columns then treated with 2 M NaCl, passaged through a Sephadex G-25 column, separated from the phosphate buffer by precipitation of the latter with the CaCl2, then passaged through a Sephadex G-10 column in water. In the body fluid of the worm, the anticoagulant is ionically-bound to a carrier substance. The complex can be split by treatment with 2 M NaCl. The molecular weight of the anticoagulant is slightly less than 1400. PMID- 6744823 TI - The substrate specificities and subunit compositions of the hepatic glutathione S transferases of rainbow trout (Salmo gairdneri). AB - Chromatofocusing separated the glutathione S-transferases of trout liver cytosol into species termed cationic (eluted from pH 8-5) and anionic (eluted by 1.0 M NaCl at pH 5). The cationic enzymes were separated from cytosol by S hexylglutathione affinity chromatography, ultrafiltration and chromatofocusing (pH 9-7) into 4 major (C1, C2, C4 and C5) and 3 minor fractions. The anionic material was not purified in this way because only 50% of the activity bound to the S-hexylglutathione column. The major cationic enzymes had similar half saturation concentrations for GSH (0.2 mM) and 1-chloro-2,4-dinitrobenzene (0.4 mM); those of the anionic material were higher (0.7 mM, 1.9 mM respectively). The substrate specificities of the cationic enzymes C1 and C2 were similar (e.g., conjugation of bromosulphophthalein) as were those of C4 and C5 (e.g., conjugation of 1,2-epoxy-3-(p-nitrophenoxy) propane). The anionic material had a different specificity (e.g., rapid conjugation of p-nitrobenzyl chloride). SDS polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis showed C1 and C2 to be homodimers of subunit Mr 22,400, C4 to be a heterodimer (Mr's 22,400 and 24,500), and C5 predominantly an Mr 22,400 homodimer. PMID- 6744825 TI - Acid proteinase activity in fish--I. Comparative study of extraction of cathepsins B and D from Mujil auratus. AB - Acid catheptic activity was measured in crude extracts of muscle, liver, heart, spleen and gonads from the fishes Mujil auratus, Sparus aurata and Lightonatus mormyrus. The spleen was the organ which showed the highest activity. A comparative study of the seven most commonly used extraction methods was made. Some were modified to account for the characteristics of the fish organs and the activity extracted from them. The Siebert method resulted as the best extraction method only if 1 mM EDTA was present in the medium. The activity from Mujil auratus muscle was strongly inhibited by iodoacetate, N-ethylmaleimide, p-hydroxy mercuribenzoate, and diazo-acetyl-DL-norleucine methyl ester. The results indicated the presence of a carboxyl-proteinase and a thiol-proteinase. According to inhibition studies, the levels of proteinase and amidase activities shown by different organs of Mujil auratus were re-examined. The spleen extract showed the maximum activity for both cathepsins, but muscle extract accounted for more than 95% of total catheptic activity. PMID- 6744824 TI - Distribution and some properties of bile salt-binding proteins in rainbow trout, Salmo gairdneri. AB - Trout liver cytosol has proteins that bind bile salts and 8-anilino-1-naphthalene sulphonate and that co-elute from Sephadex G-75. The binding of 8-anilino-1 naphthalene sulphonate is decreased by 90% in the presence of 33 microM lithocholate, implying the proteins are the same. Bile salt-binding protein is present in liver, but was not detected in gills, kidney, muscle or intestine. Bile salt-binding protein, partially-purified by Sephadex G-75 chromatography, was resolved into 2 fractions by cholate-affinity chromatography. Fatty acids do not appear to be bound by bile salt-binding protein. No fatty acid-binding protein was detected in trout liver cytosol. PMID- 6744826 TI - Acid proteinase activity in fish II. Purification and characterization of cathepsins B and D from Mujil auratus muscle. AB - Two cathepsins were detected in Mujil auratus muscle extracts. They were classified as a thiol- and aspartyl-proteinase (cathepsins B and D, respectively) on the basis of their catalytic behaviour in presence of specific inhibitors. Following extraction in 1% KCl, the proteinases were purified by autolysis, acetone fractionation, affinity chromatography, and gel permeation chromatography. The haemoglobin-agarose column chromatography allowed us to separate the two activities. Sephadex G-75 column chromatography resulted in apparent molecular weights of 25,000 (cathepsin B) and 35,000 (cathepsin D). The molecular size, together with pH-activity profiles and kinetic parameters are similar to those reported for mammalian cathepsins B and D. This was not the case with the temperature-activity profiles, the optimum temperature as well as the heat stability being higher for fish cathepsins than for those obtained from other sources. Cathepsin B was characterized by its ability to inactivate aldolase. Fluorescence quenching experiments showed that tryptophyl residues of cathepsin B were less occluded and located in a more electronegative microenvironment that those pertaining to cathepsin D. PMID- 6744827 TI - Globin evolution in some species of the genus Bufo. AB - The globins of 10 species of toads of the genus Bufo have been analysed. From the values of the reciprocal rates between their amino acid residues a 'dissimilarity matrix' was made. In this have been included the values related to Discoglossus pictus and Xenopus laevis. The numerical data, derived from a computer program, gave a dendrogram representing the evolution of the analysed globins. This appears correlated to the geographical distribution and to the metabolic adaptation of the corresponding species of Bufo more than their chronological appearance. PMID- 6744828 TI - Biological aspects of amazonian fishes I. Red blood cell phosphates of schooling fishes (genus Semaprochilodus: Prochilodontidae). AB - Red blood cell soluble phosphates from Semaprochilodus taeniurus, S. insignis and a possible hybrid jaraqui-acu, from Amazon basin, were studied by column chromatography. The Semaprochilodus school and the jaraqui-acu shows an intermediate percentage of total phosphorus content as GTP but not as ATP. GTP/ATP ratio for jaraqui-acu and S. taeniurus were 1.5 and for S. insignis, 3.0. PMID- 6744829 TI - A simple method for measuring albumin-bound non-esterified fatty acid concentration in laying-hen plasma. AB - Selective precipitation of triglyceride-rich (TGR) lipoproteins with dextran sulphate and magnesium chloride provides a simple and effective means of determining albumin-bound non-esterified fatty acids, (NEFA) in laying-hen plasma. Albumin-bound NEFA concentrations in the plasma of laying hens fed ad libitum are very low. Most of the NEFA are associated with TGR-lipoproteins, and their concentration is directly proportional (r = 0.82) to TGR-lipoprotein concentration. Subcutaneous injection of glucagon into laying hens produces an approximately 50% increase in total plasma NEFA concentration that persists for at least 2 hr. Most of this increase occurs in the TGR-lipoproteins, but albumin bound NEFA concentrations increase at least 5-fold before rapidly returning to near control values. These results demonstrate the importance of measuring both albumin- and TGR-lipoprotein-bound NEFA in studies of plasma fatty acid metabolism in the laying hen. PMID- 6744830 TI - Total lipid and cholesterol content in the blue crab, Callinectes sapidus Rathbun. AB - Total lipid and cholesterol concentrations in hepatopancreas, gonad and muscle were analyzed for 70 blue crabs. The concentrations were highest in hepatopancreas, then gonad, and muscle was the lowest. In male crabs, the concentrations decreased from the immature stage (feeding and growth stage) to the mature stage (breeding stage), and from August to September (breeding period) in mature males. In female crabs, the concentrations were comparatively high for peelers (pre-molting stage) and mature females in October (pre-spawning migration period). The total lipid and cholesterol concentrations were significantly, positively correlated in both sexes. The total lipid and cholesterol concentrations were independent of both body weight and tissue weight. Exceptions were the immature females whose concentrations in hepatopancreas were negatively correlated with both body weight and hepatopancreas weight, and the mature females whose concentrations in gonads were positively correlated with gonad weight. PMID- 6744831 TI - Assay and properties of glutamic acid decarboxylase in homogenates of crayfish nervous tissue. AB - The activity of glutamic acid decarboxylase (GAD) was measured in homogenates of crayfish nervous tissue. Radioactive GABA and CO2 were formed from radioactive glutamic acid in approximately equimolar amounts. Product formation was linear for 9.5 hr at 11-32 degrees C with about 1-30 micrograms homogenate protein. Enzyme activity remained high at pH 7-10 but declined steeply above pH 10.5 and below pH 7. Enzyme activity was stimulated by pyridoxal phosphate, 2 mercaptoethanol, and potassium phosphate; at higher than optimal concentrations of each the activity was reduced. Sodium phosphate altered the stimulatory effect of potassium phosphate. Crayfish GAD behaves like a typical neural GAD but is distinguishable biochemically from GAD of other species. PMID- 6744832 TI - Androgenic control of acetate incorporation into phospholipids and triacylglycerols in rat ventral prostate. AB - To obtain information about androgenic hormone actions on the synthesis of lipids from [1-14C]acetate in rat ventral prostate, in vitro and in vivo experiments have been carried out. The time course of incorporation of labelled acetate was studied. Also different solubilization media of androgenic hormones was investigated. We have selected Tween-80. Results for in vitro experiments, show that increasing concentrations of testosterone and dihydro-testosterone correspond to an increase in the incorporation of labelled acetate into phospholipids and a decrease in the incorporation into triacylglycerols. In vivo experiments of incorporation of [1-14C]acetate have also been carried out and show a similar pattern to the situation found in our in vitro experiments. PMID- 6744833 TI - Exocrine secretions of bees--VII. Aliphatic esters in the Dufour's gland secretion of Svastra obliqua obliqua (Hymenoptera: Anthophoridae). AB - The chemistry of the Dufour's gland secretion of Svastra obliqua obliqua is reported. A series of 32 aliphatic esters were identified. The Dufour's secretion of Svastra obliqua obliqua contains the most complex mixture of volatile compounds in bee extracts examined to date. PMID- 6744834 TI - Duplicate loci for supernatant and mitochondrial malic enzymes in vendace, Coregonus albula (L.). AB - There is electrophoretic variation in the vendace (Coregonus albula L.) supernatant malic enzyme (MEs). This is the first observed case of variation of this enzyme in salmonids. The phenotypic distribution among 33 populations studied indicates, that both supernatant and mitochondrial (MEm) malic enzymes are encoded by a duplicate pair of loci, Me-(1,2) then represent the mitochondrial and Me-(3,4) the supernatant form of the enzyme. Both pairs seem to contain one fixed and one variable locus. At both variable loci, Me-2 and Me-4, four alleles were found segregating and their products combine as tetramers within, but not between pairs. At Me-4 extensive between population heterogeneity was observed. PMID- 6744835 TI - Hemoglobin fingerprint correspondence and relationships of Taiwan common venomous snakes. AB - Peptide fingerprints of tryptic digests of globins of 6 venomous snakes representing 2 families and 3 subfamilies were compared. The evolutionary relationships of these snakes derived from globin peptide fingerprints are consistent with those based upon morphological criteria. Globins of Trimeresurus mucrosquamatus and Trimeresurus s. stejnegeri are most alike, differing in 19 components. The average from globins of the 2 Trimeresurus compared with Agkistrodon shows a difference of 24 components. The average difference between the 3 crotalines and Vipera is 26. Naja globin is most divergent in structure, differing from those of the 4 viperids by 42-44 peptides, and from that of Bungarus by 32 peptides. PMID- 6744836 TI - Inhibition in vitro of lipogenic enzymes from bovine (Bos taurus) mammary tissue by methylmalonyl-coenzyme A and coenzyme A. AB - Bovine mammary fatty acid synthetase was inhibited by approximately 50% by 40 microM methylmalonyl-CoA; this inhibition was competitive with respect to malonyl CoA (apparent Ki = 11 microM). Similarly, 6.25 microM coenzyme A inhibited the synthetase by 35% and this inhibition was again competitive (apparent Ki = 1.7 microM). Apparent Km for malonyl-CoA was 29 microM. The short-chain dicarboxylic acids malonic, methylmalonic and ethylmalonic at high concentrations (160-320 microM) and ATP (5 mM) enhanced the synthetase activity by about 50% respectively; the activating effects of methylmalonic acid and ATP on the synthetase were additive. Methylmalonyl-CoA at 50 microM concentration inhibited the partially purified acetyl-CoA carboxylase uncompetitively by 10% and the propionyl-CoA carboxylase activity of the enzyme preparation competitively (apparent Ki = 21 microM) by 40%. Malonyl-CoA also inhibited the acetyl-CoA carboxylase activity competitively (apparent Ki = 7 microM) by 35% and the propionyl-CoA carboxylating activity of the preparation competitively (apparent Ki = 4 microM) by 82%. The possibility that methylmalonyl-CoA may be a causal factor in the aetiology of the low milk-fat syndrome in high yielding dairy cows is discussed. PMID- 6744837 TI - How sensitizing is chlorocresol? Allergy tests in guinea pigs versus the clinical experience. AB - Chlorocresol is a biocide with widespread use in industry and pharmaceutical products. It is an occasional human contact sensitizer. The sensitizing potential of chlorocresol was judged strong using the guinea pig maximization test (GPMT) and doubtful in the less sensitive open epicutaneous test (OET). When different induction concentrations were used, the results indicated an optimal sensitizing concentration above which no further increase in the sensitization rate occurred. Rechallenge 2 weeks later showed a marked decrease in sensitivity. Consecutive human patch tests with chlorocresol 2% in pet. showed 11 reactions among 1462 patients tested, but none were explainable and reproducible during re-tests and provocative use tests, indicating that the GPMT overestimated the sensitization potential. The results from guinea pig allergy tests cannot stand alone but have to be validated by other sources of information. PMID- 6744838 TI - Ficus carica; isolation and quantification of the photoactive components. AB - The presence and levels of furocoumarins in several parts of Ficus carica including the milky sap, were investigated. The results show that psoralen and bergapten are the only significant photoactive compounds, and are present in appreciable quantities in the leaf and shoot sap but are not detected in the fruit or its sap. These compounds are more concentrated in the leaf sap compared to the shoot sap. The psoralen levels are several times higher than those of bergapten. Lower concentrations of both compounds are present in autumn compared to spring and summer. These findings suggest that the reaction is induced primarily by psoralen. The response can follow contact with the leaf and shoot sap but not with the fruit sap, and is expected to occur more frequently from exposure to the leaf sap. The higher content of both photoactive compounds in spring and summer is partly responsible for the increased incidence of fig dermatitis during these seasons. Ingestion of the fruit does not cause photosensitization and the absence of photoactive furocoumarins in the fruit and its sap remains unexplained. PMID- 6744839 TI - Reduced skin threshold to irritation in the presence of allergic contact dermatitis in the guinea pig. AB - The skin is more susceptible to irritation when an active eczematous process is present. This reduced threshold to irritation occurs in skin distant from the site of the eczematous skin. Data is presented to demonstrate the appearance of irritant dermatitis to lower concentrations of sodium lauryl sulfate during the presence of an allergic contact dermatitis in the guinea pig. PMID- 6744840 TI - Delayed-type allergy to spices. AB - 9 common spices were tested epicutaneously in 338 dermatological patients, 118 of whom were allergic to balsam of Peru. Positive reactions to one or more spices were seen in 50 patients all of whom except 2 were allergic to balsam of Peru. The spices giving positive reactions most often were clove, Jamaica pepper and cinnamon (cassia). 2/3 of the patients allergic to balsam of Peru or spices were women, usually suffering from hand eczema. Peroral challenge with spices was carried out in 71 patients allergic to balsam of Peru. Pompholyx on the palms and other objective symptoms were encountered in 7 cases, 3 of whom showed no reactions to spices in epicutaneous tests. PMID- 6744841 TI - Allergy to propylgallate, with unusual clinical and histological features. PMID- 6744842 TI - Atopic disease and allergic contact dermatitis. PMID- 6744844 TI - Simultaneous patch test sensitization to 4 chemically unrelated compounds in a standard test series. PMID- 6744843 TI - Allergic contact dermatitis to Lipcare lipstick. PMID- 6744846 TI - Contact dermatitis from aloe arborescens. PMID- 6744847 TI - Topical indomethacin for synthetic pyrethroid exposure. PMID- 6744849 TI - Psychological preparation for elective surgery. PMID- 6744848 TI - Duodenal diaphragm with midgut nonrotation in an adult. A case study. PMID- 6744850 TI - Advances in the diagnosis and management of corneal disease. PMID- 6744845 TI - Contact dermatitis from propolis. PMID- 6744851 TI - Evaluation and treatment of insomnia. PMID- 6744852 TI - Logan v. Greenwich Hospital Association. Supreme Court of the State of Connecticut. PMID- 6744853 TI - Nicotine chewing gum. PMID- 6744854 TI - Calcium channel blocking agents. AMA Council on Scientific Affairs. PMID- 6744855 TI - Abortion 1983: the controversy continues: II. PMID- 6744856 TI - Pharmacokinetics of different doses of norethisterone oenanthate. AB - Doses of norethisterone oenanthate of 300, 150, 100 and 50 mg were administered to four groups of subjects. Due to wide intersubject variations there were no statistically significant differences in the pharmacokinetic parameters for the different groups but there were significant correlations between the dose and the mean values for these parameters. There was little difference between the groups in the duration for which ovarian function was suppressed due to the inter subject variation being greater than the inter-dose effect. The duration of the antifertility action of norethisterone oenanthate cannot be increased by increasing the dose above the standard 200 mg; however, with an injection interval of 60 to 70 days, it seems likely that the dose could be reduced to 150 mg. PMID- 6744858 TI - Local anti-fertility effect of inhibin-enriched preparation (IEP) in female hamsters. AB - An inhibin-enriched preparation (IEP) involved in the regulation of follicle stimulating hormone (FSH) is known to play an important role in the normal ovarian cycle. In utero administration of 10 micrograms of IEP on day 3 of pregnancy completely prevented implantation in hamsters. No toxic effect of IEP was observed on the blastocysts as indicated by the dye exclusion test performed with Trypan blue. Thus, the results of the present study indicate an extra pituitary site of action for the anti-implantation effect of IEP. PMID- 6744857 TI - Anaemia and menstrual blood loss studies in women using multiload Cu250 and progestasert IUDs. AB - Two to 9 months following insertion of the ML Cu250 (n = 54) and Alza T (n = 30) IUDs, mean menstrual blood losses (MBL) were 46.3 ml and 32.7 ml, respectively (p less than 0.005). Significantly more of the Alza T users had losses below 40 ml and they also perceived their menses to be lighter. Based on a haemoglobin level of 12gm/dL, the upper normal limit of MBL was about 40 ml. These findings are consistent with earlier observations that during the first year, ferritin levels fall in ML Cu250 users whereas they are unaltered in Alza T users. PMID- 6744859 TI - Flowers of Hibiscus rosa-sinensis, a potential source of contragestative agent: I. effect of benzene extract on implantation of mouse. AB - In mouse, the benzene extract of Hibiscus rosa-senensis flowers was administered at four different dose levels (250-1000 mg/kg body weight/day) from day 1-4 postcoitus. Anti-implantation response and associated changes in the uterine chemical composition were studied. With an increase in the dosage of the extract, the percentage of implantation failure increased. At the dose level of 1 gm/kg body weight, the extract led to failure of implantation in 93% of the mice. The effect was accompanied by adversely altered uterine weight, its protein content and alkaline and acid phosphatase activity. In another experiment, influence of the extract on uterine uptake of progesterone was studied in bilaterally ovariectomized mice treated with or without estrogen. It exerted neither inhibitory nor stimulatory influence on uterine progesterone uptake in untreated castrated mice but the estrogen-induced increase in the uptake level was significantly inhibited by the extract. Failure of uterine bed preparation due to antiestrogenic potentiality of the extract has been discussed as the plausible cause of implantation failure. PMID- 6744861 TI - Return of ovulation and fertility in women using norethisterone oenanthate. AB - The return of ovarian activity was studied in 20 women who had discontinued norethisterone oenanthate after using the injectable contraceptive for 6 months to 5 years. Follicular activity returned within 70 days of discontinuing in four women and within 90 days in a further seven. In only 4 women was the return of follicular activity associated with a rise in the serum progesterone level. The serum norethisterone concentration was usually less than 1 ng/ml at the time of return of ovarian activity and was lower in women in whom ovarian activity returned before day 90 than in those in whom it returned after day 90. Of 40 women who discontinued norethisterone oenanthate, pregnancy occurred in 14 women within 12 weeks of discontinuing and in 21 (52.5%) within 6 months. The findings suggest that there is no impairment of fertility in women using norethisterone oenanthate. PMID- 6744860 TI - Termination of very early pregnancy by RU 486--an antiprogestational compound. AB - RU 486, a new antiprogestational compound, was given to 37 women seeking termination of pregnancy and with amenorrhea of 42 days or less. One patient was found at the second follow-up visit to have an extrauterine pregnancy. The patients received either 25 mg, 50 mg or 100 mg RU 486 twice daily for four days. All patients attended three follow-up visits, one, two and five to six weeks after the start of therapy. The start, duration and amount of bleeding as well as plasma progesterone, beta-hCG and cortisol concentrations were determined for each treatment day and at the follow-up visits. All patients but three started to bleed during treatment. Frequency of complete abortion was 61% (22 out of 36 patients). In only three patients was the pregnancy unaffected by treatment. The clinical efficacy of the treatment was not dose-dependent. Most of the patients experienced only minor side effects in terms of mild uterine pain, nausea and vomiting. However, two patients suffered from heavy bleeding requiring blood transfusion and curettage. In the patients with complete abortion, beta-hCG values decreased significantly but not until the first follow-up visit. The plasma progesterone also decreased. The decrease appeared earlier with the higher daily dose of RU 486. Cortisol concentrations increased during treatment with all 3 dosage regimens but the levels remained within the normal range. It is concluded that treatment with RU 486 may provide a novel therapy for "menstrual regulation" but the efficacy of the treatment needs to be improved to compete with alternatives such as vacuum aspiration. PMID- 6744862 TI - IUD-induced changes in cervical secretion content of albumin, IgG and complement C3c. AB - Cervical secretion albumin, IgG, complement C3c, spinnbarkeit and amount of wet weight mucus recovered were analyzed in a group of 13 women using IUD as a contraceptive method and the results were compared to those obtained in a control group. Significant differences were obtained when concentrations and amounts of soluble proteins in the respective groups were compared, but spinnbarkeit and amount of wet weight mucus recovered were not affected by the presence of the IUDs. PMID- 6744864 TI - Reflux nephropathy update:1983. PMID- 6744863 TI - Gossypol does not affect testicular fluid secretion in rats. AB - Male rats fed with gossypol acetic acid at a dose rate of 20 mg/kg/day for 16 weeks were rendered infertile. Spermatozoa flushed out from the cauda epididymides completely lost their capacity to initiate forward motility. However, the rate of testicular fluid secretion measured by the efferent duct ligation technique was not affected by gossypol treatment. The sodium and potassium concentrations of the secreted fluid were found to be unchanged. It is concluded that at low antifertility doses, gossypol disrupts spermatogenic elements in the testis without affecting fluid secretion by the Sertoli cells. PMID- 6744865 TI - Diffuse parenchymal lesions in reflux nephropathy and the possibility of making a renal biopsy diagnosis in reflux nephropathy. PMID- 6744866 TI - Unilateral reflux nephropathy and hypertension. PMID- 6744868 TI - Long-term follow-up of infants with gross vesico-ureteric reflux. PMID- 6744867 TI - Glomerular lesions in the 'normal' kidney in patients with unilateral reflux nephropathy. PMID- 6744869 TI - Renal functional changes in schoolgirls with covert asymptomatic bacteriuria. PMID- 6744871 TI - Bladder-sphincter dysfunction, urinary infection and vesico-ureteral reflux with special reference to cognitive bladder training. PMID- 6744870 TI - A prospective trial of operative versus non-operative treatment of severe vesico ureteric reflux: 2 years' observation in 96 children. The Birmingham Reflux Study Group. PMID- 6744873 TI - Vesico-ureteral reflux in children with spina bifida and detrusor-sphincter dyssynergia. PMID- 6744872 TI - The uninhibited bladder in children: effect of treatment on vesicoureteral reflux resolution. PMID- 6744874 TI - Unstable bladder activity and the rate of resolution of vesico-ureteric reflux. PMID- 6744875 TI - Serum autoantibodies to Tamm-Horsfall protein and their relation to renal damage and glomerular filtration rate in children with urinary tract malformations. PMID- 6744876 TI - Antibodies to Tamm-Horsfall urinary glycoprotein in patients with urinary tract infection, reflux nephropathy, urinary obstruction and paraplegia. PMID- 6744877 TI - Autoantibodies to Tamm-Horsfall glycoprotein--an artifact of technique? PMID- 6744878 TI - Pathology of sterile reflux in the pig. PMID- 6744879 TI - The time factor in the development of sterile renal scarring following high pressure vesicoureteral reflux. PMID- 6744880 TI - Evaluation of home monitoring for bacteriuria in children. PMID- 6744881 TI - Familial and genetic data in reflux nephropathy. PMID- 6744882 TI - Vesicoureteral reflux: a comparison of non-surgical and surgical management. PMID- 6744883 TI - Reflux nephropathy in the adult. PMID- 6744884 TI - Clinical trials as diagnostic tests. AB - Concepts used in evaluating the results of diagnostic tests have been applied to clinical trials by several authors and each has reached the same conclusion: positive trials are more often falsely positive than would intuitively be expected. This conclusion is, however, based on assumptions that require close examination. First of all, it depends upon equating the power of a clinical trial with the sensitivity of a diagnostic test. Although it is possible to define circumstances in which the two are equivalent, decisions made on the basis of the results of clinical trials usually employ a broader definition of "true positive" than, it is shown, is implied by equating sensitivity with power. Secondly, it is assumed that one can speak meaningfully of the baseline "prevalence" of positive trials. The practical application of this concept can be shown to be extremely difficult. Thus, approaching clinical trials as if they were a type of diagnostic test is superficially appealing. However, this may result in misleading conclusions. PMID- 6744885 TI - Impediments to recruitment in the Canadian National Breast Screening Study: response and resolution. AB - Eighteen months after the 1980 initiation of the Canadian National Breast Screening Study (NBSS) (a multicenter randomized controlled trial that will involve 90,000 women), the Toronto center experience such severe problems with recruitment that the study as a whole was jeopardized. Impediments to recruitment arose in five areas. The design of the protocol was criticized by some physicians and participants, a problem that could only be met by justifying the design. A second problem was a lack of understanding of the concept of screening and mistaken assumptions about what participation in the NBSS entailed. Thirdly, recruitment problems occurred at a time when the media were focusing much attention on the hazards of low-level ionizing radiation. Fourthly, women were found to have a variety of personal reasons for delaying or avoiding entry into the study. Finally, factors characteristic of the Canadian milieu such as universal health coverage may have acted as a disincentive to entry. To improve physician understanding, NBSS personnel made presentations at medical rounds and scientific meetings; articles were written for medical journals. To win support from the lay public, talks were given to recreation or work-based groups. Appearances on radio and television talk shows were sought out. Mass mailings to university staff and professional associations did not produce large responses, nor did advertisements on television, radio, or in newspapers. The distribution of a check insert in a government mailing gave rise to hundreds of appointments across Canada. However, for generating an ongoing adequate level of recruitment, the best measure has been the mailing of personally addressed letters to eligible women followed by a telephone call. Data on response rates, cost and women's attitudes toward the study are reported. By early 1983, Toronto met its recruitment target of 12,000. PMID- 6744886 TI - An acute intervention trial: the research nurse coordinator's role. AB - A multicenter randomized clinical trial can offer exciting and challenging opportunities to the clinical coordinators and other health professionals who participate in the conduct of a clinical trial at the clinical units. This article will address an acute intervention trial, the Multicenter Investigation of the Limitation of Infarct Size, and demonstrate some of the important responsibilities of the clinical unit research nurse coordinators in the conduct and operation of this trial. PMID- 6744887 TI - Confidence estimation and the size of a clinical trial. AB - The general procedure for sample size determination based upon the confidence interval approach is reviewed and presented for both absolute and relative precision stipulations. The relationship between precision and sample size is discussed and methods for sample size determination for clinical trials are presented and illustrated with numerical examples. PMID- 6744888 TI - Sample size graphs for "proving the null hypothesis". AB - Sample size graphs are given for clinical trials designed to test whether an experimental therapy is as effective as a standard therapy. We assume a dichotomous outcome variable and a one-sided test of the hypothesis that the probability of success with standard therapy is greater than the probability of success with experimental therapy by at least some specified amount delta. Graphs are given for significance level alpha = 0.01, 0.025, 0.05; type II error beta = 0.10, 0.20; and delta = 0.10, 0.20. PMID- 6744890 TI - Sorting of hemifield presented temporal and spatial stimuli. AB - An experiment was performed, using a sorting task (choice reaction-time), to study the processing of stimuli, which differed along a temporal or a spatial dimension, presented to the right or to the left visual hemifield. The results indicate more accurate responses and shorter reaction times to a temporal stimulus when it appears in the right-visual-field than when it appears in the left-visual-field. Conversely, more accurate responses and shorter reaction times are found to a spatial stimulus when it appears in the left-visual-field than when it appears in the right-visual-field. In addition to this major interaction, three more interactions are found, all of which involve response direction and one or two other stimulus variables. The results are consistent with the hypothesized hemispheric functional specificity, i.e., that the initial processing of the temporal dimension of visual stimuli is performed better by the left hemisphere than by the right hemisphere and that the converse is true for the initial processing of the spatial dimension of visual stimuli. PMID- 6744889 TI - Asymmetry of the face at rest: size, area and emotional expression. AB - In a sample of 53 right-handed, young adult males, asymmetry was examined in the size of 11 facial regions, in total area, and in emotional expression of the face at rest. In the complete sample no evidence was obtained of consistent asymmetry in size of facial regions, in facial area, or in emotional expression. There was, however, an interaction between family history of sinistrality and sighting dominance in facial asymmetry for the pleasantness/unpleasantness of facial expression. The findings suggest that previously established asymmetries in phasic emotional displays are not an outcome of expressive or morphological asymmetries of the face at rest. PMID- 6744892 TI - Auditory perception in early lateralized brain damage. AB - In a study of hemispheric dominance for the perception of speech the performance of 28 young children with congenital or infantile hemiplegia was compared with that of their normal peers and recently brain damage nonaphasic adults. Our results confirm Goodglass's findings that in children with early left hemisphere damage the transfer of dominance for speech processing is completed in childhood, and they show that this process of hemispheric transfer can be completed by 3 years of age. Comparison with results on adults with CVA provides additional evidence that in early lateralized brain cognitive functions normally dominant in one cerebral hemisphere are developed in the alternative hemisphere in a way that apparently does not happen later in life. PMID- 6744891 TI - The role of right hemispheric information processing strategies in language recovery in aphasia: an electroencephalographic investigation of hemispheric alpha asymmetries in normal and aphasic subjects. AB - The hemispheric alpha asymmetries of a group of normal males, a group of normal females and a group of aphasic patients (fluent and dysfluent) were examined with electroencephalographic (EEG) techniques during the presentation of sentencial information (which the subjects were to repeat following presentation of each sentence) and connected verbal discourse (which the subjects were required to answer questions about following presentation). Results demonstrated both fluent and nonfluent aphasic patients to show less alpha in the right hemisphere contrasted with both normal groups who demonstrated less alpha in the left hemisphere. Results are discussed in relation to the contribution of right hemispheric information processing strategies in language recovery in aphasic patients. PMID- 6744893 TI - Asymmetry of facial expression in spontaneous emotion. AB - The observation that emotional expressions are more intense on the left side of the face is consistent with other evidence of the importance of the right hemisphere in emotional communication. However, the question has been raised whether it is truly spontaneous emotional expressions or only posed facial displays that show a left-sided asymmetry. We surreptitiously examined facial asymmetry during spontaneous emotional expressions as subjects remembered happy or sad experiences. These were contrasted with the subjects' posed expressions of happy or sad emotions. Both of these procedures resulted in more intense expressions on the left side of the face. The left-sided advantage was stronger during the spontaneous than the posed displays, and was observed for both happy and sad emotions. PMID- 6744894 TI - Lateral asymmetry of positive and negative emotions. AB - This reaction time study examined whether the left and right hemispheres are differentially specialized to process positive and negative affect respectively in adult females and males. Either happy or sad facial expressions of emotion were presented simultaneously with neutral facial expressions to the two visual fields. Happy faces were responded to more rapidly in the left visual field-right hemisphere with no visual field differences for sad faces. Females were superior to males when emotional facial stimuli were presented to the left visual field and were more accurate in recognizing sad faces compared to happy ones. PMID- 6744895 TI - Experimentally induced semantic paralexias in normals: a property of the right hemisphere. AB - The recently proposed association between semantic paralexias and right hemispheric reading processes was investigated in normals with a tachistoscopic half-field reading experiment. With extremely brief lateralized exposure of nouns, permitting only 25% of correct reading, semantic paralexias were induced. These semantic substitutions occurred three times more often to LVF (right hemisphere) than to RVF (left hemisphere) presentations, whereas other errors were observed with similar frequency to both visual fields. We concluded that semantic paralexias, as they are observed in patients, occur in normals induced by reduced reading time and are the product of right hemispheric reading processes. PMID- 6744896 TI - A note on location of the decisional stages of choice reactions in the left hemisphere. PMID- 6744897 TI - A comment on "Visual field, exposure duration, and sex as factors in the perception of emotional facial expressions" (Thompson, 1983). PMID- 6744898 TI - Body perception and somatic discomfort in relation to right- versus left handedness. AB - Multiple studies analyzed differences in body perception and body complaints between right- and left-handed subjects. Both male and female samples were included. The findings indicated that the left-handed exceeded the right-handed in feelings of body security and degree of body boundary differentiation. In addition, handedness was shown to be linked with different modes of distributing attention to the major sectors of one's body. An adequate explanation of the link between handedness and body perception is not at present available. PMID- 6744900 TI - Position response bias in visual field recognition. AB - In testing the ability of the two hemispheres to recognize nonverbal visual stimuli, a common procedure is to present the visual stimulus to one visual half field (VF) and to then require the subject to choose the VF stimulus from an answer array. However, this study shows that VF presentation is associated with a large position response bias. Subjects tended to choose the alternative in the left position on the answer sheet when a face or random shape was presented to the left VF, and the right position when the stimulus was presented to the right VF. Vertical alignment of the alternatives on the answer sheet eliminated this bias. PMID- 6744899 TI - Agrammatism on inflectional bound morphemes: a case study of a Hindi-speaking aphasic patient. AB - In this report, we discuss a Hindi agrammatic patient who exhibited greater difficulty with the production of inflectional bound morphemes than with function words. The patient retained the metalinguistic judgement to differentiate function words with semantic content, such as postpositions which mark case functions in Hindi. His impaired ability to produce bound inflections also affected his retrieval of verbs; this failure to retrieve verbs was not due to anomia. Further neurolinguistic analyses of synthetic languages would seem likely to extend our understanding of syntactic processes. PMID- 6744901 TI - Disturbance of recent memory function in parkinsonian patients on anticholinergic therapy. AB - Disruption of cholinergic neurotransmission may result in memory impairment. In this study the anticholinergic drug, trihexyphenidyl, at low doses when administered chronically for one month to Parkinson disease patients caused a decrease in performance on recent but not immediate memory tests. Awareness of possible deterioration of memory function of parkinsonian patients on anticholinergic medication is necessary. PMID- 6744902 TI - Adult respiratory distress syndrome: hospital charges and outcome according to underlying disease. AB - We reviewed the hospital charges, underlying diagnoses, and hospital outcomes in 39 patients with adult respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS) admitted to the respiratory ICU of a university hospital between July 1979 and June 1981. Charges per patient ranged from $9263 to $187,893 with a median of $52,894. Median ICU charges were $2430/day. Only 7 patients survived their hospitalization. Compared to nonsurvivors, survivors had longer ICU and hospital stays but lower daily ICU charges ($1683 vs. $2760,p = .001). Only 1 of 27 patients with underlying hematologic/oncologic diseases survived, compared to 6 of 12 patients with other underlying diseases. Charges and outcomes in this study reflect the underlying patient population and philosophy of care at the study institution. Considering the high costs and poor outcomes in ARDS patients with underlying hematologic/oncologic problems, we recommend that the appropriateness of aggressive treatment be reconsidered. PMID- 6744903 TI - Capillary permeability in septic patients. AB - It is suspected, but still unproven, that the increased capillary permeability which accompanies sepsis and contributes to the development of pulmonary edema (PE) involves systemic as well as pulmonary capillaries. We investigated the relationship between the colloid osmotic pressure of serum (COPS) and edema fluid (COPE) in 16 septic and 19 nonseptic patients with severe generalized edema. COPS values of septic and nonseptic patients were not significantly different (14.6 +/ 2.1 and 15.8 +/- 3.4 torr, respectively). However, the COPE of septic patients was 2.4 +/- 0.7 torr while the COPE of nonseptic patients was 1.3 +/- 0.7 torr. The COPE/COPS ratio was 0.165 in septic patients and 0.084 in nonseptic patients. Both of these differences are significant (p less than .001). It was also possible to discriminate septic from nonseptic patients on the basis of the COPE/COPS ratio. Thus, 16/17 determinations in septic patients had a ratio greater than .1, while 17/22 determinations in nonseptic patients showed a ratio less than .1. PE was present in 8/16 septic patients but in only 2/19 nonseptic patients. These data suggest that the increase in capillary permeability during sepsis is generalized. PMID- 6744904 TI - Estimation of frontal-plane cardiac vectors in heart disease. AB - Frontal-plane vector angle and magnitude values were clinically estimated in 100 patients with cardiac disease. Maximal deviations from isopotential in standard limb leads I and II were summed and mathematically transformed into estimated vector magnitudes (mV) and estimated angles (degrees). These values were then compared against reference vectors (previously shown to be excellent standards) defined from the same QRS complexes. The estimated magnitude values reached a degree of accuracy of +/- .25 mV in 78% of the cases, and the estimated angle values reached a degree of accuracy of +/- 15 degrees in 80% of the cases. The lowest estimate errors occurred in the infarct group, whereas the largest errors occurred in the chamber-enlargement and axis-deviation groups. PMID- 6744906 TI - Renal hypoxia and lactate metabolism in hemorrhagic shock in dogs. AB - Central and renal hemodynamics, renal cortical and medullary oxygen tension, and renal lactate metabolism were investigated in hemorrhagic shock in dogs. During graded hemorrhage, renal tissue PO2 decreased in parallel with renal blood flow, whereas renal lactate uptake remained virtually unchanged. During shock, below a mean arterial pressure (MAP) of 72 mm Hg, renal lactate utilization declined in parallel with tissue PO2. Renal lactate was produced at an MAP of 38 mm Hg. Reinfusion of shed blood increased renal tissue PO2 above its preshock value but did not restore baseline renal oxygen consumption and lactate uptake levels. These results suggest that renal lactate utilization is not limited by oxygen delivery under moderate hemorrhagic hypotension but decreases linearly with renal tissue PO2 during shock. PMID- 6744907 TI - Training of emergency dispatch-center personnel in Sweden. AB - The ability to recognize symptoms, to make priority decisions, to dispatch suitable ambulance transport and inform the crews, and finally, to initiate first aid via the caller is essential for optimum care of severely injured or ill patients outside the hospital. In Sweden, a special job-related course trains dispatch-center personnel to think in terms of symptoms and evolution of the victim's status, and to assess the level of seriousness. PMID- 6744905 TI - Wedge pulmonary angiography to determine the accuracy of pulmonary wedge pressure. AB - Wedge pulmonary angiography was done in 11 patients with acute respiratory failure, to assess the accuracy of pulmonary arterial wedge pressure (WP) as an estimation of left ventricular end-diastolic pressure (LVEDP). The pulmonary artery (PA) catheter tip was placed into a dependent position in the lungs. Although the pulmonary vein was not visualized in 7 of 11 patients, in no case was there a significant difference between WP and LVEDP. When WP is no greater than 15 mm Hg, wedge pulmonary angiography does not reflect the accuracy of WP; however, left ventricular filling pressure can be accurately estimated by WP in most of these patients. PMID- 6744908 TI - Reanimatology and its urgent problems. AB - Reanimatology is a science aimed at preventing central nervous system (CNS) destruction and completely restoring function after terminal states and clinical death. The most important present trends in reanimatology are the study of the limits of ischemic tolerance by cerebral cortical neurons and investigations into the basic mechanisms of pathology and viability during and after hypoxia. After terminal states there are changes in the content, electrophoretic patterns and physico-chemical properties of brain proteins, and in lysosomal and cytoplasmic hydrolase activities. Cell membrane permeability is increased and brain ATP content is decreased. At 14 to 21 days after resuscitation, brain RNA and later DNA levels are reduced, reflecting posthypoxic cerebral dysfunction. Guidelines for the prevention and therapy of postresuscitation encephalopathy are presented. There seem to be specific indications and contraindications for brain stimulation versus depression during recovery. There are advanced methods for treating clinical death. Treatments of postresuscitation pulmonary, cardiovascular, and renal complications using hemodialysis and blood detoxification appear promising. PMID- 6744909 TI - Hypercapnia complicating massive pulmonary embolism. AB - An elevated PaCO2 is distinctly unusual in pulmonary embolic disease. We report 2 patients with massive pulmonary emboli complicated by hypercapnia in the absence of underlying chronic obstructive lung disease. Profound alterations in ventilation/perfusion matching and reduced cardiac output are probable mechanisms of this gas-exchange problem. PMID- 6744911 TI - Multispecialty critical care medicine. PMID- 6744910 TI - Foreign-body pneumonitis associated with tracheostomy. AB - Foreign-body aspiration in adults is usually associated with asphyxiation after aspiration of food particles. The present report documents a case of foreign-body aspiration that resulted from poor tracheostomy care in an alcoholic patient, and caused fulminant pneumonitis. PMID- 6744912 TI - Noncardiac pulmonary edema after endotracheal intubation. PMID- 6744913 TI - Fluid resuscitation in shock. PMID- 6744914 TI - Relationship of oxygen delivery and oxygen consumption. PMID- 6744915 TI - Accuracy of pulmonary artery and wedge pressures. PMID- 6744916 TI - High risk of venous thromboembolism in the critically ill. PMID- 6744917 TI - Creatine kinase isoenzymes. PMID- 6744919 TI - ADH secretion and free-water clearance. PMID- 6744918 TI - Tetanus: sympathetic overactivity. PMID- 6744920 TI - Orientation of MR images. PMID- 6744921 TI - Fusion of the lateral joints in fixed atlantoaxial dislocation: a computed tomography demonstration. AB - Fixed atlantoaxial dislocation is a well-known phenomenon that may partially account for the discrepancy between the radiographic and neurologic abnormalities seen in rheumatoid arthritis of the craniocervical region. In this care report, "arthritis rigidity" is demonstrated by computed tomography to be due to fusion of the occipitoatlantoaxial complex, following erosion and disruption of these joints by rheumatoid disease. PMID- 6744922 TI - Computed tomography of juxtacardiac pheochromocytoma. AB - The diagnosis of juxtacardiac pheochromocytoma was made with the help of three dimensional computed tomography, angiography, and radionuclide scintigraphy, and was proved at surgery. If findings on adrenal computed tomography are normal and the clinical and laboratory findings support the diagnosis of pheochromocytoma, the patient should be further investigated by computed tomography or radionuclide guided computed tomography and angiography to determine the extraadrenal location of this tumor. If the abnormal area is in the mediastinum, it is essential to do either direct coronal computed tomography imaging of the suggestive area or to obtain coronal and sagittal reconstruction images to investigate the relationship of the lesion to the great vessels and cardiac chambers. PMID- 6744923 TI - Subpleural pulmonary hamartoma: demonstration by computed tomography. AB - A case of a subpleural pulmonary hamartoma demonstrated by computed tomography is presented. The literature on subpleural pulmonary lesions demonstrated by computed tomography is reviewed. Although peripheral pulmonary hamartomas have been well documented, we believe this is the first demonstration of a subpleural location by computed tomography scanning. In the appropriate clinical setting, pulmonary hamartoma should be included in the differential diagnosis of subpleural lesions identified on computed tomography scanning of the chest. PMID- 6744924 TI - Computed tomography appearance of Golden's "S" sign. AB - The computed tomography version of Golden's "S" sign is strongly suggestive of a centrally obstructing carcinoma. Although more easily seen in the right lung, the "S" sign can be detected in any lobe on computed tomography. The computed tomography appearance of Golden's "S" sign is described and illustrated. PMID- 6744925 TI - Fibrobullous disease of the upper lobes: an extraskeletal manifestation of ankylosing spondylitis. AB - Fibrobullous disease of the upper lobes of the lungs is a rare extraskeletal manifestation of ankylosing spondylitis, occurring in 1.3% of patients with ankylosing spondylitis. We present a patient with this disease, and discuss this pulmonary manifestation. Because the radiographic appearance of the chest in this disease resembles that in tuberculosis, many patients are misdiagnosed and treated for tuberculosis despite negative bacteriology. Computed tomography is useful in delineating the extent of pleural thickening, bullous changes, volume loss, parenchymal fibrosis, and bronchiectasis, as well as identifying or excluding an intracavitary pulmonary mycetoma. PMID- 6744926 TI - Computed tomographic evaluation of the excluded stomach in gastric bypass. AB - Eleven patients who had gastric bypass operations were examined with computed tomography to evaluate the status of the excluded stomach. Three of the patients had dilated excluded stomachs that accounted for the patients' symptomatology. As an upper gastrointestinal series cannot delineate the excluded stomach, computed tomography is the examination of choice for such an evaluation. PMID- 6744927 TI - The parallel iliac approach: a safe and accurate technique for deep pelvic node biopsy. AB - Biopsy of deep pelvic lymphadenopathy can assist in staging of pelvic malignancies. A retroperitoneal approach that parallels the iliac wing is described. This technique, performed under computed tomography guidance, is a safe, easy, and accurate means of obtaining tissue for pathologic examination. PMID- 6744928 TI - Computed tomography differentiation of pyelonephritis and renal infarction. AB - Acute renal infarction and acute pyelonephritis can have identical clinical presentations. Most of the computed tomography findings seen in acute renal infarction are similar to those in acute pyelonephritis, except for the characteristic cortical rim sign seen in acute infarction. This finding differentiates these two disorders. This sign may be subtle and not appreciated unless searched for diligently with appropriate computed tomography imaging at varying window settings with particular attention to the subcapsular region. PMID- 6744929 TI - Testicular tumor presenting with lymph node calcification on computed tomography: a case report. AB - A patient is presented with abdominal pain and an abdominal mass. The testicular primary tumor was not obvious initially, but nodular calcification in the para aortic lymph when associated with hydronephrosis. The CT findings showed this to be separate and the histology was confirmed by needle cytology. PMID- 6744930 TI - A pseudomass on pelvic computed tomography: a pitfall to avoid. AB - Reported here is a patient with celiac disease in whom a spurious pelvic mass was suggested by computed tomography. This pitfall can be prevented by an awareness of the normal appearance of the small bowel following intravenous contrast enhancement and by monitoring of the examination by a radiologist. Delayed scanning or real-time ultrasound examination will confirm that the initial computed tomography appearance is due to small bowel loops. PMID- 6744931 TI - Pseudotumoral ureteral kinking: a computed tomography pitfall. AB - On computed tomography, the kinking of a large ureter may falsely suggest an ureteral tumor. This pitfall likely correlates with the intraluminal protrusion of the ureteral wall folds. PMID- 6744932 TI - Left lobe of the liver draping around the spleen: a pitfall in computed tomography diagnosis of perisplenic hematoma. AB - Computed tomography scanning has become one of the prime modalities in the diagnosis of trauma to the spleen (1-6). We present three cases of potential pitfall in computed tomography scan diagnosis. In the first case, computed tomography scan showed a high-attenuation perisplenic density in the superio lateral region of the spleen compatible with a perisplenic hematoma. Exploratory surgery showed a left lobe of the liver draping around the spleen. The second case showed similar computed tomography findings as in the first case, but the perisplenic density showed enhancement after contrast infusion. Also, on careful evaluation, the perisplenic density was traced as part of the left lobe of the liver. The third case, an alcoholic without any history of trauma, showed a perisplenic density of lower attenuation. On careful screening, this was traced as part of the left lobe of the liver. The lower attenuation value of the liver was due to fatty infiltration. The importance of performing computed tomography with and without contrast infusion in these cases is discussed. PMID- 6744933 TI - Licorice in leviathan: the medicalization of care for the Japanese elderly. AB - Attitudes towards, and treatment of the elderly in Japan are discussed and the medicalization of their health care is examined. It is suggested that the ready availability of medical care will not eliminate the major problems that the elderly experience. The process by which traditional medicine has been incorporated systematically into the socialized health care system and its use in connection with the problems of elderly patients is documented. Modifications in the application of herbal medicine made by biomedical practitioners have been linked to cases of iatrogenesis in the elderly. In conclusion, the social construction of both traditional East Asian medicine and biomedicine in Japan is briefly examined; in both systems the somatic aspects of the problems of the elderly are emphasized while the social dimensions remain largely unquestioned. PMID- 6744934 TI - The sociocultural context of nursing in Japan. AB - Both by the standards of American nurses and in the eyes of the Japanese public, nurses in Japan appear subservient. In this paper I explore this situation from three perspectives. Most Japanese nurses lack a sense of professionalism which the nursing elite in Japan as well as sociological theory attributes to the low educational levels of the nurses. The second perspective investigates the nurses' functional role as intermediary between the medical world and the many patients who regard physicians as socially distant. Thirdly, Japanese nurses might be considered the "housewives" of the hospital in terms not only of their physical duties but also of their caretaking role. If the housewife analogy holds, the values, behavior, and attitudes that give Japanese housewives their satisfaction and their autonomy would considerably alter the role of the nurse in the delivery of cosmopolitan medical care. PMID- 6744935 TI - Physicians' private clinics in a Northern Thai town--patient-healer "collaboration" and the shape of biomedical practice. AB - Physicians' private clinics in small Northern Thai towns offer the patient the services of official biomedicine's most sophisticated clinical talent, and the physicians themselves an opportunity to significantly supplement their incomes. The clinic form, while familiar to Westerners and Japanese, has been adapted to the Northern Thai medical environment and Northern Thai notions of the therapeutic process. Because of sociocultural constraints and the pressure of the plural medical environment, physicians' private clinics result in a "collaboration" between patient and practitioner in which some prerogatives of each are compromised and others upheld to shape a clinical institution that satisfies the needs of each. This paper discusses three private clinics in a small Northern Thai town from the perspectives of the physicians and the patients, and then describes the "collaboration" that shapes practices within the clinics. PMID- 6744936 TI - Behavioral convergence and institutional separation: an analysis of plural medicine in Sri Lanka. AB - In Sri Lanka, as in India, two formally structured systems of medical service exist side-by-side. While Western-style biomedicine is believed to be useful, Ayurvedic medicine is also well established and commonly used. Underlying one explanation for the existence of plural medical systems is the idea that traditional and Western systems of medicine provide unique treatments for distinct problems, and patients having certain characteristics select them accordingly. A brief review of several studies in Sri Lanka suggest, however, that Western and Ayurvedic physicians practice medicine in similar ways, are selected for treatment of very similar symptoms, and from the patient's point of view are often indistinguishable from each other. A second structural explanation rests on the fact that, as institutions, Western and Ayurvedic medicine have effectively divided up territory and jobs to the satisfaction of each; this division allows for upward mobility, through medicine, for young people from different segments of society. Thus these medical systems persist, not because each provides something unique for patients, but because they provide access to status and power for the physicians themselves. PMID- 6744937 TI - Usefulness of vasodilator therapy in acute and chronic valvular regurgitation. PMID- 6744938 TI - Management of peritonitis. PMID- 6744939 TI - Hemodynamic and inotropic effects of digoxin in patients who are receiving dopamine. PMID- 6744940 TI - Curative surgery abolishes accelerated coagulation. PMID- 6744941 TI - Cholelithiasis after gastric partitioning. PMID- 6744942 TI - Colloid vs. crystalloid resuscitation in experimental hemorrhagic pancreatitis. PMID- 6744943 TI - Successful experimental use of a self-contained gamma detecting device. PMID- 6744944 TI - The effect of cimetidine on ischemic small intestine. PMID- 6744945 TI - Coin dermatitis. PMID- 6744946 TI - Glycoconjugates in normal and psoriatic epidermis. PMID- 6744947 TI - Pruritus ani: disputing the passage. PMID- 6744948 TI - A new treatment for tinea versicolor using econazole nitrate 1.0 percent cream once a day. AB - Econazole nitrate 1.0 percent cream was compared with placebo for safety and efficacy in the treatment of 126 patients with tinea versicolor. Overall results showed that 97 percent of the patients who were treated with econazole nitrate 1.0 percent cream once a day achieved excellent or partial responses, while 62 percent of those patients applying the placebo cream attained similar responses. This difference is statistically significant (p = 0.001). The study results show that econazole nitrate cream is a valuable drug for the treatment of tinea versicolor. PMID- 6744949 TI - Malignant melanoma and levodopa. AB - A patient with Parkinson's disease developed a malignant melanoma within a congenital nevus after starting levodopa therapy. Levodopa has a central role in the metabolism of the melanocyte but data do not permit the conclusion that it promotes the development of malignant melanoma. However, patients receiving levodopa should be monitored for skin changes suggestive of melanoma. PMID- 6744950 TI - Corticosteroid injections into the hands and feet. AB - Sixty-four patients who received corticosteroid injections into the hands and feet were followed up for a period of up to three years. Injections offer a safe, popular, limited advance in the treatment of chronic eczema and psoriasis in these areas. The periods of remission varied from a few weeks to several months. The concurrent use of topical treatment was reduced although most patients continued to use them. No subcutaneous atrophy was observed and no serious side effects occurred. Most patients were willing to receive the injections again. PMID- 6744951 TI - Primary squamous cell carcinoma of the pilonidal area. AB - Two patients with primary squamous cell carcinoma of the pilonidal area are presented. No chronic infection or any other lesion predisposing to malignant transformation was present in either patient. Physicians and surgeons should be aware of the possibility of skin cancer appearing in this area in elderly patients. Biopsy of the lesion, leading to an early diagnosis, may prompt surgical treatment. Complete excision of the lesion is a prerequisite for cure. PMID- 6744952 TI - Specific immunotherapy with purified grass pollen extracts. PMID- 6744953 TI - Chronic organic psycho-syndrome in Greek torture victims. PMID- 6744954 TI - Serum ferritin in patients on regular peritoneal and haemodialysis treatment: relation to marrow haemosiderin iron stores. PMID- 6744955 TI - Incidence of hospitalisation and outpatient clinical visits caused by rotavirus and non-rotavirus acute gastroenteritis. A study of children living in the southern district of Copenhagen County. PMID- 6744957 TI - A nurse with liver injury associated with occupational exposure to halothane in a recovery unit. PMID- 6744956 TI - Cardial congestion influences on the requirement for digoxin during maintenance therapy. PMID- 6744958 TI - Thallium-201 myocardial perfusion imaging without exercise. Rest and dipyridamole studies. PMID- 6744959 TI - Alterations in pulmonary mechanics and gas exchange during routine fiberoptic bronchoscopy. AB - Pulmonary function and arterial blood gases were measured in 35 patients undergoing routine diagnostic flexible fiberoptic bronchoscopy (FFB) either through an 8-mm endotracheal tube (ETT) or transnasally in order to investigate whether FFB changes lung function in a way which may explain why hypoxemia commonly occurs during this procedure. In these patients with moderate airway obstruction, functional residual capacity (FRC) increased significantly after inserting the ETT, after placing the FFB in the airway through the ETT, and after inserting the flexible bronchoscope transnasally. The mean increase in FRC was 30 percent in the intubated group before FFB insertion and 17 percent in the transnasal group. Removal of the FFB and ETT caused FRC to return toward the control value. Insertion of the ETT-FFB combination or transnasal FFB did not change PaO2 substantially, although following the examination, PaO2 was decreased significantly in the transnasal group but not in the intubated group. The PaO2 decreased significantly in both groups following removal of the ETT and transnasal FFB. These results suggest that placement of an FFB or ETT-FFB combination in the airway in spontaneously breathing subjects elevates FRC. PMID- 6744960 TI - Radionuclide localization of massive pulmonary hemorrhage. AB - Lung scans with technetium sulfur colloid were performed in ten patients with life-threatening hemoptysis and nondiagnostic chest roentgenograms. Localized deposition of radionuclide was demonstrated in five of the six patients who were studied during active bleeding. These abnormalities were confirmed bronchoscopically in four patients, and lung scans provided clinically useful information regarding the bleeding site that had not been available from the medical history, physical examination, or chest roentgenogram. Evaluation with radionuclide scanning may complement bronchoscopic and roentgenographic studies in selected patients with massive pulmonary hemorrhage. PMID- 6744961 TI - Resting kinetics of thallium-201 in patients with coronary artery disease. AB - The thallium washout was analyzed in 40 patients with angiographically documented CAD, using circumferential time-activity profiles of the initial and four-hour delayed images. A net washout pattern (fewer counts in delayed images than initial images) was observed in the distribution of normal and diseased vessels. A negative washout (wash-in) (a net increase in counts in the four-hour delayed images) was observed only in the presence of diseased vessels, even if the initial scans were normal. Quantitative analysis of thallium kinetics was shown to be important in rest images, and should be performed even if the initial images appear normal. PMID- 6744962 TI - The relationship between airflow and lung sound amplitude in normal subjects. AB - Few investigators have examined the relationship between airflow and lung sound amplitude; the available data are contradictory. I measured airflow at the mouth and compared the peak flow (Vmax) to mean and peak lung sound amplitude (mean AMP and peak AMP) at four sites on the chest wall (right and left anterior apices and posterior bases) in four healthy young adults. At each site, the sounds produced by 20 breaths at Vmax ranging between 1.5 and 4 L/s (Vvar) were measured by an automated technique. Ten breaths during nearly constant Vmax breathing (Vcon) also were measured at each site. The lung sound amplitudes at the four sites in each subject were grouped and compared to Vmax by linear regression analysis. The same sounds were also submitted to an automated V-correction procedure to evaluate its adequacy in automatically adjusting for the effect of variations in Vmax on lung sound amplitude. The data showed that lung sound amplitude (mean or peak) was linearly related to V in all subjects (r for mean AMP vs Vmax:0.77, 0.85, 0.69, 0.89; r for peak AMP vs Vmax:0.80, 0.83, 0.79, 0.88), p less than 1 X 10(-7) in all cases. The average mean AMP vs Vmax regression line slope was 0.42, and the average peak AMP vs Vmax regression line slope was 0.45. V-correction decreased the coefficient of variation of the Vvar sounds by 61 percent and flattened the average regression line slopes to 0.128. For the Vcon series, V correction diminished the coefficient of variation from 12.2 to 10.0 percent. The relationship between lung sound amplitude and airflow appears to be substantially linear and this relationship can be used to adjust effectively for variations in airflow. PMID- 6744963 TI - ACCP-NHLBI National Conference on Oxygen Therapy. PMID- 6744964 TI - Office spirometer modification. PMID- 6744965 TI - Shunt vascularity in a young patient with right-sided aortic arch. PMID- 6744966 TI - Sinus histiocytosis presenting as a mediastinal mass. AB - A 32-year-old man with a ten-year history of bilateral cervical adenopathy, parotid gland swelling, and a posterior mediastinal mass, presented with headaches. A CAT scan of the head revealed a suprasellar mass. Craniotomy and biopsy of this lesion led to a diagnosis of sinus histiocytosis. PMID- 6744967 TI - Farmer's lung serologies. An early manifestation of acute histoplasmosis. AB - Three cases of acute histoplasmosis demonstrated, in addition to the usual serologic findings, strongly positive precipitins against farmer's lung antigens. Twelve additional serums from patients with acute histoplasmosis were subsequently studied. Forty percent of these patients demonstrated positive precipitins against organic dust antigens. PMID- 6744968 TI - Pulmonary artery catheter occlusion as an indication of pulmonary embolus. AB - Two patients with respiratory failure had consistently reproducible findings on insertion of flow directed pulmonary artery catheters which led to the subsequent diagnosis of pulmonary embolus. Occlusion of the catheter tip and development of a rising "overwedge" tracing on deflation of the balloon may mean the catheter tip has become embedded in clot. When combined with the inability to obtain a wedge tracing, the deflation "overwedge" tracing should alert the physician to the possibility of unsuspected pulmonary embolus. PMID- 6744969 TI - Pleural fluid adenosine deaminase in rheumatoid arthritis and systemic lupus erythematosus. PMID- 6744970 TI - Acute hepatotoxic effect of disopyramide. PMID- 6744971 TI - Abstracts: 50th anniversary scientific assembly, American College of Chest Physicians. PMID- 6744972 TI - Penetration of cefsulodin into bronchial secretions. AB - The objective of this study was to evaluate the penetration of cefsulodin, a new cephalosporin active against Pseudomonas aeruginosa, into the bronchial secretions. The study was carried out in 28 patients with respiratory infections; 11 patients received a single dose of 1 g i.v. (bolus); 17 patients received multiple doses of 1 g every 8 h for 48 h. Simultaneous samples of blood and bronchial secretions were collected 30 min and 1, 2, 4 and 6 h after injection. Bronchial secretions were obtained from 23 patients by means of fiberoptic bronchoscopy and in 5 tracheostomized patients (with severe respiratory insufficiency) through a tracheostomy cannula. The assays of cefsulodin were performed by means of the microbiological agar diffusion technique. The results of the study showed a noticeable penetration of the drug into the bronchial secretions, with a mean peak reaching 3.1-5.3 micrograms/ml at the 3rd or 4th hour, a slow elimination and residual levels at 6 h ranging between 2.0 and 6.0 micrograms/ml. The rate of penetration was not influenced by the administration of multiple doses of the drug. The ratios between bronchial concentrations and simultaneous serum concentrations ranged between 10 and 30%, corresponding to the usual values found for other cephalosporins. In conclusion, this study provides satisfactory results and confirms the presence of bronchial levels capable of inhibiting P. aeruginosa. PMID- 6744974 TI - Effects of familial hypothyroidism and subtotal surgical nephrectomy on gentamicin pharmacokinetics in beagle dogs. AB - Gentamicin serum pharmacokinetics were studied in normal, subtotally nephrectomized, and familial hypothyroid beagle dogs. Length of the gamma phase was not affected by subtotal nephrectomy but was shorter or almost nonexistent in hypothyroid dogs. PMID- 6744973 TI - Concentrations of metronidazole and tinidazole in abdominal tissues after a single intravenous infusion and repetitive oral administration. AB - Concentrations of metronidazole and tinidazole in serum and abdominal tissues were determined after a single 500-mg intravenous infusion or after a 5-day oral dosage of 500 mg three times daily in groups of 10 patients each. In the patients who got the single infusions, the concentrations in tissues (except fat) reached almost the serum levels 10 min after the infusion. At 24 h, the tinidazole concentrations in serum averaged 3.2 micrograms/ml and those of metronidazole 1.3 micrograms/ml. In the patients who got the 5-day oral dosages, the steady-state levels of tinidazole in both serum and tissues were twice as high as those of metronidazole. PMID- 6744975 TI - Susceptibility of intestinal anaerobes to new beta-lactam antibiotics. AB - In vitro susceptibility of 473 isolates of anaerobic bacteria derived from patients hospitalized for treatment of abdominal trauma was tested against third generation cephalosporins--moxalactam, cefotaxime, ceftizoxime, cefmenoxime--and a penicillin--N-formimidoyl thienamycin--by serial agar dilution method in the anaerobic glove box. There were 208 Bacteroides isolates including 80 Bacteroides fragilis and 100 peptococci and peptostreptococci. The minimal inhibitory concentration (MIC) 75% of B. fragilis was less than or equal to 32 micrograms/ml for the cephalosporins tested and less than or equal to 8 micrograms/ml for thienamycin. The MIC of B. fragilis and Bacteroides vulgatus was not much influenced by increased inoculum size. Characteristically, peptostreptococci and peptococci were resistant to all four cephalosporins tested with MIC 75% being 32 64 micrograms/ml. All five antibiotics in this study appear suitable for therapy of intraabdominal suppurative infections, but the poor activity of third generation cephalosporins on anaerobic cocci can be a cause of concern. PMID- 6744976 TI - Effect of cysteine on oltipraz blood levels in green monkeys (Cercopithecus aethiops). AB - Oral coadministration of oltipraz, an antischistosomal compound, with cysteine to green monkeys (Cercopithecus aethiops) led to a marked increase in both the extent and rate of oltipraz bioavailability. The drug blood levels were monitored using a single extraction gas-liquid chromatographic assay. When 6 healthy adult animals were given oltipraz together with cysteine in a crossover study, peak serum concentrations, areas under the curve and absorption rate constants of oltipraz were on average 7 times greater than when the drug was administered alone. Oltipraz peak serum concentrations were reached 1 h earlier as a result of cysteine administration (2 h after dosing). At present, the mechanisms responsible for the effect(s) of cysteine on oltipraz bioavailability have not been identified. The marked increase in oltipraz bioavailability produced by coadministration of cysteine, irrespective of the exact mechanisms involved, may have significant clinical implications with regard to the treatment of schistosomiasis. Our results also indicate that oltipraz blood levels seem to be influenced by some sex-related factors. Male monkeys had higher oltipraz blood levels than females. These sex-induced differences were more evident in oltipraz cysteine-treated monkeys. PMID- 6744977 TI - Treatment of recurrent urinary infections with a combination of nitrofurantoin and sulphadiazine. AB - A combination of nitrofurantoin (100 mg) and sulphadiazine (300 mg) given 12 hourly for 7 days was used to treat 51 patients with recurrent urinary infections who were attending an out-patient clinic. Either nitrofurantoin or sulphadiazine was active in vitro against all the organisms isolated. The cure rate 1 week after the end of treatment was 82%; 10 patients relapsed during the following month, giving a cure rate 5 weeks after the end of treatment of 57%. Side effects, although relatively common (37%), were mild. The outcome of treatment with these two long-established drugs is thus as good as that obtained with some newer and more expensive preparations. PMID- 6744978 TI - Growing up in foster care. AB - A survey of a small sample of adults who grew up in long-term foster care under the supervision of an agency that provided supportive counseling shows that the experience of "impermanence" did not impair their abilities to lead independent, outwardly satisfactory lives but left them at risk of an impaired self-image from the deeply felt stigma of foster care, a difficulty in establishing emotional intimacy, and an unresolved sense of loss. PMID- 6744979 TI - Developing an instrument for measuring psychosocial assessment in clinical child welfare. AB - The authors describe the development of a research instrument that can be used to quantify the assessment of child and family functioning. The instrument measures both personal problems and resources as well as important environmental influences. PMID- 6744980 TI - Sibling ties in foster care and adoption planning. AB - The author discusses the importance of sibling ties to children in placement and offers recommendations for maintaining ties through the placement process. PMID- 6744981 TI - Counterphobic behavior in multiply molested children. AB - That multiply molested children are somehow responsible for their victimization is a conclusion unacceptable to the author, who examines one possible cause for the paradoxical behavior of these children. PMID- 6744982 TI - The roles of the social worker in permanency planning. AB - The authors demonstrate how the theory of permanency planning becomes permanency planning practice. They outline the roles and tasks of the worker who is doing permanency planning, and illustrate them with a case example. PMID- 6744983 TI - From residential treatment to adoption: a permanency planning service. AB - One agency's experience demonstrates how a commitment to permanency planning and use of a continuum-of-care model help achieve adoptive homes for children with special needs. PMID- 6744984 TI - Criteria for placement decisions in protective services. AB - A study conducted in a public state child welfare agency yielded the finding that there is a consistent set of variables used to make placement decisions and that these variables can define the risk of abuse or neglect for the child. PMID- 6744985 TI - Infantile hydrocephalus: long-term results of surgical therapy. AB - A personal series of 170 children who underwent 636 operative procedures for hydrocephalus have been followed for 5-12 years. The results of treatment have been analyzed by etiology, years of follow-up, and summarized generally. 5-year survival was 83.5%, current survival is 78.8%. Normal intelligence was found in 63.4% of 5-year survivors, in 64.2% of current survivors. The procedural risk for early shunt infection was 5.8%, while 6.5% of the patients developed a late infection. There is no difference in results based upon measurement of the initial thickness of the cerebral mantle. The mean of the cumulative shunt procedures per patient is 3.72 +/- (SEM) 0.37, and for 5-year survivors it is 3.85 +/- (SEM) 0.39. PMID- 6744986 TI - Ultrasound control of progressive hydrocephalus in infancy. AB - The authors conducted multidimensional echotomography on 119 infants to determine hydrocephalus and other disorders. The process proved quite reliable in showing changes in ventricle size. They raise the idea of conducting broad scale preventive screening among infants in danger groups to achieve early diagnosis. PMID- 6744987 TI - Metrizamide cisternography and the management of the Chiari II malformation. AB - A case of Arnold-Chiari malformation (Chiari type II) is reported to describe the usefulness of metrizamide cisternography in the diagnosis and management of this condition. PMID- 6744988 TI - Epidural haematoma in a paediatric population. AB - Over a period of 3 years, 23 cases of epidural haematoma were observed in our department. The Data of these 23 cases were analyzed; in a few of them the statistics of the world literature was confirmed, but 17 of the 23 had a few interesting and characteristic features, which are studied and discussed. PMID- 6744989 TI - Neural defects in Say-Gerald (VATER) syndrome. AB - The Say-Gerald (VATER) syndrome consists of vertebral defects, anal atresia, tracheoesophageal fistula, radial dysplasia and renal defects. 2 children with Say-Gerald (VATER) syndrome were autopsied: the first child was found to have hydrocephalus, aqueductal stenosis and probable craniosynostosis, and the second child had hypoplasia of the nerve roots and anterior and posterior horns of the spinal cord, corresponding to the hypoplastic limb. It is suggested that the Say Gerald syndrome is a multifocal developmental disorder in which central nervous system anomalies may be found. The children with Say-Gerald syndrome should have a complete neurological examination in order to rule out a potentially treatable central nervous system defect. PMID- 6744990 TI - Extradural meningeal cyst. Case report and review of the literature. AB - Extradural meningeal cysts are rare spinal lesions. The clinical presentation is most often characterized by a slowly progressive spastic paraparesis, frequently associated with pain. Adequate drainage of the cyst with obliteration of the neck of the cyst or complete removal of the cyst can bring about a permanent resolution of the symptoms. The use of somatosensory cortical evoked responses also has an important role in the surgical management of this problem. PMID- 6744992 TI - Immunological aberrations in ankylosing spondylitis patients. AB - In order to explore the alteration in immunological function in patients with ankylosing spondylitis (AS), serum concentrations of IgG, IgA, IgM, C3 and C4, and lymphocyte subpopulations defined by monoclonal antibodies (OKT series) were studied in 40 AS and 20 age-matched normals. The results showed that i) The IgG and IgA in AS patients were much higher than those in normals (p less than 0.001) and C3, C4 and IgM were also increased (p less than 0.01, less than 0.05, less than 0.05, respectively), ii) The percentage of B cells and OKT3 cells of AS patients were lower, but OKT8 and OKIa1 were higher than that of normals (p less than 0.05). When the AS patients were further divided into active group (22 cases) with c-reaction protein (CRP) higher than, or equal to 15 mg/l and inactive group (18 cases) with CRP less than 15 mg/l, it was found that the inactive group had decreased B cells (p less than 0.01) and OKT3 (p less than 0.05) as compared with normals. On the other hand, the active group had increased percentage of OKT8 than normal controls (p less than 0.05), and increased OKIa1 than both inactive group and normal controls (p less than 0.01), but OKT3 decreased than the normal (p less than 0.05). It is therefore concluded that the immunological aberration plays a role in the pathogenesis of AS. PMID- 6744991 TI - Encephalocraniocutaneous lipomatosis: a recently described neurocutaneous syndrome. AB - The authors report a 1-year-old Japanese boy, who was noted to have unilateral alopecia and a cloudy cornea since birth. Additional features included mild spasticity and mental retardation, DQ being 70. A non-communicating cystic lesion was found in the right middle cerebral fossa by metrizamide CT scan, and resection of the lesion by craniotomy revealed an arachnoid cyst. The case was diagnosed as encephalocraniocutaneous lipomatosis, a recently described neurocutaneous syndrome. PMID- 6744993 TI - Immunological application and implication of pregnancy proteins. AB - Five pregnancy proteins which were discovered by immunological methods at our and two other laboratories were reviewed. These proteins have been purified, physico chemically characterized, histologically localized and measured by immunological procedures in normal as well as certain abnormal pregnancies. They have been studied for their use as markers in the detection of certain tumors and for monitoring various abnormal pregnancies. Their possible functions as carriers for hormones and metals, in the coagulation system, and in immunological protection of the fetus from the maternal homograft rejection mechanism have also been investigated. PMID- 6744994 TI - [Characterization of slow reacting substance of anaphylaxis in asthmatic sputum]. AB - Sputum from asthmatics contained a mediator similar to slow reacting substance of anaphylaxis (SRS-A), capable of inducing contraction of guinea pig ileum. This mediator possessed the major characteristics of SRS-A, including stability in both neutral and alkaline solutions, lability in boiling acidic solution, destruction by arylsulfatase, inhibition by FPL 55712 and resistance to diphenhy dramine . Thus, we proved that the "SRS-A like" mediator was in fact SRS-A. The activity of histamine in these patients' sputa could be inhibited only by diphenhydramine, but could not be altered by any of the other treatments noted above. PMID- 6744995 TI - [Prediction of the body weight of neonates by stepwise regression analysis]. PMID- 6744996 TI - [Fenestration at the pelvic outlet in the repair of urinary fistula]. PMID- 6744997 TI - [Clinical reactions to cryotherapy of chronic uterine cervicitis]. PMID- 6744998 TI - [Zhu-Hong-Jun ointment--a photosensitive substance for the treatment of white lesion of vulva]. PMID- 6744999 TI - [Clinical analysis of 40 cases of malignant ovarian tumors in young and adolescent girls]. PMID- 6745000 TI - [Clinical analysis of 189 cases of adenocarcinoma of the cervix]. PMID- 6745001 TI - [A 5-year follow-up study of Shanghai copper-V 200 IUD and observations on its long-term use]. PMID- 6745002 TI - [Physiological and pathological changes in normal uterine vasculature and uteroplacental vasculature in pregnancy]. PMID- 6745003 TI - [Application of statistics in gynecology obstetrics. I. Statistical analysis and designs for experiment]. PMID- 6745004 TI - [Investigation on the immunopathogenesis of toxemia of pregnancy]. PMID- 6745006 TI - A photographic representation of the variability in the G-banded structure of the chromosomes in the mouse karyotype. A guide to the identification of the individual chromosomes. AB - Analysis of the mouse chromosomes is becoming increasingly important in many fields of genetic research. It is generally considered that the mouse chromosomes are more difficult to analyse than, for example, human chromosomes which has often led to their misidentification. This article presents a guide to the correct identification of trypsin-Giemsa banded chromosomes from the mouse. The variability in the G-banded structure of each chromosome is presented pictorially together with some suggestions for their unequivocal identification. Since many of the mouse chromosomes have similar banding patterns, those chromosomes which are more frequently misidentified have been compared and contrasted. Finally a summary of the main features for the identification of each chromosome is presented. PMID- 6745005 TI - Development of DNA puffs and patterns of polypeptide synthesis in the salivary glands of Bradysia hygida. AB - In the three salivary gland regions of Bradysia hygida (Diptera, Sciaridae) the patterns of polypeptide synthesis, as revealed by electrophoresis and fluorography, are very stable during the fourth larval instar until about 30 h before the pupal molt. At this age the patterns of polypeptide synthesis start to undergo marked changes. The striking correlations between these changes and the development of two distinct groups of DNA puffs support the proposal that DNA puffs are causally related to the synthesis of specific proteins in the salivary glands. PMID- 6745007 TI - Glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase activity in individual rat hepatocytes of different ploidy classes. II. Time-dependent variations during 24 h. AB - The time-dependent variation of glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase (G6PDH) activity during 24 h has been investigated by cytophotometric analysis in cytochemically stained, isolated hepatocytes of different ploidy classes from adult male rats. It was found that the amplitude of the variation in the total amount of parenchyma was 22%, with a maximum in the middle of the resting phase of the animals (13%). This small variation could not be detected subjectively in cryostat sections of liver that had been stained histochemically; nor could a metabolic zonation of the liver parenchyma be observed except the intermediate zone, which stained more strongly for G6PDH activity at 13% and 22%. The quantitative study on the isolated hepatocytes, however, revealed a relatively strong variation of 48% during the day in enzyme activity of the mononuclear diploid cells and no significant variation in the binuclear tetraploid cells. The cells of the in-between ploidy classes showed an amplitude of variation of 38% (binuclear diploid cells) and 24% (mononuclear tetraploid cells). All cells showed a maximum activity at 13% and a minimum activity during the night. It is concluded that this ploidy-dependent variation might play a role in the generation of pentoses for RNA synthesis. The findings indicate that for metabolic studies the heterogeneity of the liver parenchyma should be taken into account with respect to the different ploidy classes, as well as the well-known metabolic zonation of the acinus. PMID- 6745008 TI - The maternal 24-h blood pressure (BP) profile as a predictor of fetal distress. AB - No mention is made of any aspect of BP bioperiodicity, among current clinical criteria for diagnosing pregnancy-related hypertension. The abnormal BP, based on a single unqualified measurement, is accepted and utilized as a clinical feature to identify pregnancy at risk. Systolic, diastolic and mean arterial blood pressure were measured every 15 min for 24 h in 5 women (2 non pregnant clinically healthy subjects, 1 clinically healthy subject in her third trimester of pregnancy, 1 presenting mild and 1 severe toxiemia, also in their third trimester of pregnancy) by an automated BP recording apparatus (Dynamap). All variables, analyzed by the single cosinor method, exhibited statistically significant circadian rhythms. A high amplitude could nullify the time unqualified usual range. The change in circadian amplitude precedes an overt mesor hypertension and constitutes a tool for earlier detection of fetal distress. PMID- 6745009 TI - Circadian and circatrigintan respiratory and related intermodulations in the crab Barytelphusa guerini. AB - Respiration and related physiologic variables in different tissues of Barytelphusa guerini and the respiration of this freshwater crab as a whole are closely synchronized in phase and in frequency along the circadian scale, in the face of large differences in circadian amplitude. A very close timing of most of the 36 variables examined in 2 separate circadian profiles and a modulation of some of these variables in added profiles as a function of lunar stage are clearly demonstrable, statistically significant and illustrative of time relations at 2 interacting frequencies. PMID- 6745010 TI - Scapular reactivity to contact irritants: application-time and area variations. AB - Twenty-two diurnally active, fair-skinned, male volunteers were repeatedly patch tested with 10, 15 and 20% lapyrium chloride (LC) and 0.3 and 0.5% sodium lauryl sulfate (SLS) for 5 consecutive days. A series of 5 patches containing SLS and LC were placed vertically once daily for 6 h on different sites of the scapula: paravertebral, lateral and medial. The sites of application were randomized over subjects for patch testing once a day per area at either 08%, 16% or 00%. Each patch was left in place 6 h; scoring of each site, using a 13-point scale, was done 2, 10 and 18 h after removal. The cutaneous reactivity varied in a statistically significant manner according to the time and area of patch application. For each day except the first, LC scores exhibited highest and lowest responses at 16% and 00%, respectively. For SLS, a statistically significant application-time difference in reactivity was detected only for the readings of day 2 when scores were highest at 00% and lowest at 16%. Intraregional variations in scapular reactivity were also exhibited. Strongest reactions to LC occurred in the center of each scapula; weakest reactions were elicited on either the lateral or paravertebral sites. For SLS, statistically significant intraregional differences in reactivity were detected only for the second day of patching, with strongest responses near the spinal column and weakest near the axilla. PMID- 6745012 TI - Problems of rheumatoid arthritis and ankylosing spondylitis patients in their labor and life environments. AB - The results of a sociomedical study performed in a representative group 715 patients of productive age comparising 545 cases of rheumatoid arthritis (RA) and 170 cases of ankylosing spondylitis (AS), are presented in this paper. The set was constituted by means of a stratified selection from 6 districts in Slovakia. Data about the patients were obtained by medical examination accompanied by a sociological survey carried out in the form of a semi-standardized interview. Among the 545 RA patients women prevailed (80.4%), while in the AS group it was men (83.5%). In so far as the age was concerned, most of the RA patients were in their 5th and 6th decades while the AS patients were 10 years younger. 2/3 of the patients with RA had but a primary grade education, a significantly higher level of education could be found among the AS patients. When taking into account the degree of advancement of the disease there was a marked preponderance of medium grade stages among the RA cases (71.3% of the cases were of grades II and III), while among the AS 2/3 of the cases were of grades IV and V. Notwithstanding the more advanced stages of the disease the AS patients were more efficient functionally: 61.2% of them remained in their original employment (while the RA patients only in 45.5% of the cases) and 2.9% of them were entirely dependent upon help of others in self-care (among the RA patients it was in 9.5%). 36.4% of the RA patients and 51.1% of the AS patients whose disease was active were exposed to the effect of the weather in their work. A full invalid rent had to be given to 46.8% of the productive age RA patients and only to 28.8% of those suffering from AS. There was a direct relationship between the patients' labour activity and their eventual relegation to an invalid rent reception state and the degree of their education. In environmental conditions of life the narrow space of the apartment influenced negatively the activity of the rheumatoid process. Understanding and a favourable atmosphere in the family had a positive influence upon the course of the disease and this, not only from the subjective viewpoint but also upon the degree of functional efficiency of the patients, their activity and the dynamics of the inflammatory rheumatoid process (P less than 0.001). A feeling of loneliness was reported by 51.5% of the RA patients even in the productive age and in 35.2% of the AS cases.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 400 WORDS) PMID- 6745011 TI - A study of experimental hypersplenism. AB - Methyl cellulose syndrome induced by repeated i. p. injections of methyl cellulose (MC) was followed in experimental rats. Following application of 2--4 MC injections early haematological changes are observed including increased values of reticulocytes, development of serum aggregation factor having anti erythrocyte antibody nature and altered filtrability of non-washed erythrocytes. Later alterations developing with further MC injections (8-32) are characterized by expressive splenic enlargement, by decrease in erythrocyte and platelet values and by additional increase in number of reticulocytes. The cause of anaemia is pooling and sequestration of erythrocytes in the spleen and haemodilution from hypervolaemia blood plasma. The decreased platelet amount is the result of reduced survival time of platelets due to their increased sequestration in the spleen. Haematological changes are normalized after splenectomy. This picture resembles to a great extent human hypersplenism. PMID- 6745013 TI - Thyroid hormones and arterial distensibility in man. AB - The findings on the effect of thyroid hormones on the metabolism of the vascular wall are presented. In 231 subjects with hyper- and hypofunction of the thyroid gland the arterial pulse propagation time (APPT) and the APPT index (APPT I) were examined as indirect indicators of arterial extensibility. Age-dependent reduction of APPT and APPT I was found in euthyroid subjects as well as hyper- and hypothyroid patients. In younger subjects aged 20--39 years the APPT interval was shorter in thyrotoxicosis and longer in hypothyroidism. The authors discuss the role of changes in the rate of blood flow and changes of the arterial media in the interpretation of these findings. The index of the left ventricular ejection time (LVET I) does not change with age in any of the examined groups. Changes of the arterial wall in higher age groups in man manifested by shortening of APPT were not influenced by increased or reduced thyroid function. PMID- 6745014 TI - Internal intussusception of the rectum. Diagnosis and surgical management. AB - Internal intussusception of the rectum is described as a specific clinical entity. A review of the cases treated at the Colon and Rectal Surgery Service at Jewish Hospital is presented, along with the specific diagnostic procedures that have been developed and the surgical technique that allows relatively simple correction of the problem. It is believed that this entity presents commonly to the practitioner of colon and rectal surgery, and specific diagnoses and therapy will be an important addition to the armamentarium of the colon and rectal surgeon. PMID- 6745015 TI - The pathogenesis of hemorrhoids. AB - The structure of the anal canal was examined in histology slides. Hemorrhoids are normal features of the human anatomy. They are pads that bulge into the lumen. Hemorrhoids have three parts: 1) the lining, which can be mucosa or anoderm; 2) the stroma with blood vessels, smooth muscle, and supporting connective tissue; and 3) the anchoring connective tissue system, which secures the hemorrhoids to the internal sphincter and the conjoined longitudinal coat. The anchoring and supporting connective tissue system deteriorates with aging. The hemorrhoids not only bulge, but descend into the lumen. This becomes observable in the third decade of life, with individual differences. The veins become distended as they lose their support. The descended loose lining becomes more sensitive to pressure from straining and to trauma from the stool. There can be a stasis in the veins, with clot formations and swelling, or erosions of the lining, with bleeding. The hemorrhoids become symptomatic. PMID- 6745016 TI - Diverticulitis of the cecum and ascending colon. AB - Twelve cases of acute solitary diverticulitis of the cecum or ascending colon are reviewed. This is frequently indistinguishable from acute appendicitis preoperatively and is often mistaken for carcinoma at laparotomy. There are subtle clinical features that may help to suggest the diagnosis both before and during surgery. If diagnosed preoperatively, it can be treated effectively with broad spectrum antibiotics without surgical intervention. When diagnosed intraoperatively, hemicolectomy can often be avoided. Appendectomy should be done if resection is not performed. PMID- 6745018 TI - Wound healing in the intestinal wall. Effects of infection on experimental ileal and colonic anastomoses. AB - The healing of both rabbit ileal and colonic infected anastomoses has been investigated. Infection was induced by implanting a capsule with human fecal material in the anastomotic area. Infection did result in lowered bursting pressures, which effect was most pronounced in ileum seven days postoperatively. In general, the average hydroxyproline levels in and around infected anastomoses were lower than the hydroxyproline concentrations measured around noninfected anastomoses. This difference was most significant in the segment proximal to the ileal anastomosis seven days after operation, in the segment distal to the colonic anastomosis three days after operation, and in the segment proximal to the colonic anastomosis seven days after operation. It is concluded that infection interferes with the early stages of the healing sequence in rabbit intestinal anastomoses, profoundly affecting collagen metabolism. Our work does not support recent publications that report an unchanged or even increased wound strength under infected conditions. PMID- 6745017 TI - Is the changing pattern of colorectal cancer caused by selenium deficiency? AB - An hypothesis is presented to explain the changing pattern of colorectal cancer seen within the United States and other western countries in the last 30 years, the simultaneous increase of right-sided colonic cancer and disappearance of rectal cancer. Review of experimental and epidemiologic data suggests that this change may be due to a new systemic deficiency of the trace element, selenium. This deficiency has arisen not just from decreased consumption of selenium in the last 30 years, but also from increased consumption of zinc and fluoride, which may antagonize the effect of selenium. PMID- 6745019 TI - Carcinogenesis at colonic anastomotic sites. An animal study. AB - For three months 65 male Sprague-Dawley rats received subcutaneous 1,2 dimethylhydrazine (DMH) weekly. Of the 65 animals, 45 were subjected to resection of the transverse colon, which subsequently was stitched to the abdominal wall. The remaining 20 animals were sham-operated controls. Fifty-four per cent of the tumors occurred either at the anastomotic site in the functioning colon (31 per cent) or at the anastomotic site of the isolated and defunctionalized colonic loop (23 per cent). On the other hand, only 10 per cent of the tumors occurred in the transverse colon of sham-operated controls. The difference was significant (P less than 0.001). PMID- 6745020 TI - Hemorrhoids. Measuring the constrictive force of rubber bands. AB - In ligating hemorrhoids with rubber bands, weaker constrictive force lessens liability to subsequent bleeding but increases that for venous block without complete arterial block. A method applicable in the office is described to assess this force. Thirteen samples of rubber bands tested exhibited very wide differences of this force and also of hysteresis. Some attributes of the desirable rubber band are submitted. PMID- 6745021 TI - Surgical treatment of chronic anal fissure. A retrospective study of 1753 cases. AB - This is a retrospective study of 1753 cases of chronic anal fissures treated by five varying methods over a five-year period from January 1976 to December 1980. Results showed that the incidence of recurrent fissures was higher in those treated by anal fissurectomy with sphincterotomy. There was also a significant difference in operative time, length of hospital stay, patient discomfort, and incidence of urinary retention among these operative methods. Generally, lateral anal sphincterotomy and multiple anal sphincterotomies showed a lesser incidence of these factors. A simpler procedure, such as lateral anal sphincterotomy or multiple anal sphincterotomies, is the treatment of choice for chronic anal fissure. However, a chronic anal fissure associated with symptomatic enlarged hemorrhoids may have a similar result when treated with hemorrhoidectomy and fissurectomy as a combined procedure. PMID- 6745022 TI - Perineal infiltration by plasma cells in a patient with multiple myeloma. A rare presentation. AB - The case history of a 39-year-old man suffering from multiple myeloma is presented. During his illness he developed congestive cardiomyopathy, possibly due to amyloidosis, and a single perineal plasma cell infiltrate, resembling a perianal fistula. This diagnosis should be considered in patients with multiple myeloma suffering from perineal lesions. PMID- 6745023 TI - Localized ischemic colitis in a young woman with diabetes. AB - ischemic colitis involving a limited segment of the proximal transverse colon in a young diabetic woman was identified and treated. Important clinical, radiographic, and histopathologic findings are detailed. PMID- 6745025 TI - Repair of defective EEA anastomosis. PMID- 6745024 TI - Atypical lipomas of the colon. Report of two cases with pseudomalignant features. AB - Two cases of large intestinal submucosal lipomas with atypical features are described. These atypical features consist of cellular fibrosis, atypical hyperchromatic nuclei, and increased mitotic activity, with the occasional presence of atypical mitoses. They were associated with ulceration and appeared to be reactive in nature. The major importance lies in distinguishing these lesions from truly sarcomatous tumors. PMID- 6745026 TI - Transrectal drainage of anastomotic leaks following low colonic anastomosis. PMID- 6745027 TI - Adjuvant intrahepatic cytotoxic liver infusion for colon cancer. Catheter placement technique. PMID- 6745028 TI - Is abdominal compression a useful stimulation test for analysis of lower esophageal sphincter function? AB - The change in pressure of competent and incompetent lower esophageal sphincter (LES) due to abdominal compression is still a controversial subject. Therefore, we studied the effect of sustained (SAC) and intermittent (IAC) abdominal compression on lower esophageal sphincter pressure (LESP) in normals (N), patients with hiatus hernia (HH), and patients with scleroderma (S). When resting lower esophageal sphincter pressure exceeded 15 mm Hg, response to SAC and IAC was similar in patients with HH and in normals. On the other hand when basal LESP was below 15 mm Hg, stimulated sphincter pressure during IAC was significantly lower than during SAC. Values recorded during SAC were also falsely high in patients with scleroderma. Values obtained during either SAC or IAC did not depend on presence or absence of reflux symptoms in any group. LES stimulation with IAC gives valid results which correlate closely with LESP. Stress tests with IAC therefore seem to be a useful stimulation test for the analysis of LES function. PMID- 6745029 TI - Abnormal pancreatic polypeptide release by secretin infusion in Zollinger-Ellison syndrome. AB - In 28 patients with the Zollinger-Ellison syndrome (ZES), 26 studied before and two after tumor excision, and in 26 age-matched control patients with duodenal ulcer (DU), plasma pancreatic polypeptide and serum gastrin concentrations were studied before, during, and after infusion of pure secretin (3 CU/kg/hr). In 21 ZES patients, gastric acid output was simultaneously studied. Fasting pancreatic polypeptide concentrations were over 300 pmol/liter in five of 26 gastrinomas. In DU, secretin caused a nonsignificant increase in plasma pancreatic polypeptide concentration and markedly decreased gastric acid output. In ZES, however, it resulted in a marked increase of both plasma pancreatic polypeptide concentration and gastric acid output. Basal and post secretin pancreatic polypeptide concentrations showed no correlation with gastric acid output, serum gastrin levels, or the age of the subjects, in DU patients as well as in ZES. These concentrations were not different in ZES patients who had a vagotomy compared to nonvagotomized ZES patients. Furthermore, the pancreatic polypeptide response to intravenous secretin was abolished by gastrinoma excision. PMID- 6745031 TI - Acute pancreatic necrosis in chronic alcoholic pancreatitis. AB - Necrotic lesions are rarely observed in chronic pancreatitis, but its presence in a few patients has been misinterpreted in the diagnosis of acute pancreatitis. In this series, 12 patients (11.2%) of 107 operated for chronic alcoholic pancreatitis, presented with acute pancreatic necrosis associated with pancreatic fibrosis characteristic of chronic pancreatitis. Ten patients were treated by pancreatic debridement and drainage and two by distal pancreatic resections. Postoperative complications included five pancreatic fistulas and two pancreatic abscesses. Despite the severity of the pancreatic lesions which led to several complications, all the patients survived. The occurrence of pancreatic necrosis in patients with chronic pancreatitis is demonstrated. PMID- 6745030 TI - Risk of stomach cancer after gastric surgery for benign conditions. A case control study. AB - Patients with previous gastric surgery for benign conditions are thought to be at increased risk for gastric cancer based on studies from Europe. Recommendations have been made to screen these patients repeatedly in order to detect early gastric cancers. We conducted a case-control study to estimate the risk in the United States where the rates of gastric cancer are lower. There were 521 gastric cancer cases who were matched by age, race, sex, and date of admission to an equal number of hospital controls. The odds ratio for cancer after gastric surgery was 0.7 (P = 0.4) which indicates no increased risk. The sample size was sufficient to detect risks in the range reported in previous studies. The odds ratios rose with longer postoperative intervals but were based on small numbers and were not statistically significant. This case-control study failed to demonstrate an overall increased risk for gastric cancer after surgery. Further study is needed before general screening can be endorsed in the United States. PMID- 6745033 TI - Structure and function in noncalcific pancreatitis. AB - A group of 47 carefully assessed patients with noncalcific pancreatitis was studied with ERCP and the secretin pancreozymin pancreatic function test (PFT). A simple scoring system was constructed for each of the PFT indices to create a PFT score for each patient and four grades of ERCP abnormality were documented, from minimal to gross. A simple pancreatic pain score was constructed to allow for the inclusion of patients with classical pancreatic pain in the absence of acute attacks associated with an elevated serum amylase. In general there was a correlation between the degree of structural change and functional impairment, with patients with the worst pancreatic function having the grossest ERCP changes. ERCP was abnormal in 45 of the 47 patients (96%) and the PFT in 34 of the 47 (72%). However, there were some marked discrepancies between the two methods, in particular two patients with normal function in the presence of gross structural changes. ERCP proved to be the more sensitive diagnostic technique than the PFT in this group of patients. PMID- 6745034 TI - Survey of the use of colonoscopy in inflammatory bowel disease. AB - In a survey of patients with inflammatory bowel disease (IBD), colonoscopy with multiple biopsies has been shown to be superior to either colonoscopy alone or barium studies in assessing disease extent. Thus, of a total of 149 patients, 23 (15%) were considered to have total colitis on barium enema, 51 (34%) on macroscopic colonoscopy appearance compared to 92 (62%) on biopsy. Furthermore, radiological assessment of "skip lesions" was shown to be unreliable. Although it remains to be seen whether the more accurate delineation of disease extent achieved by endoscopy is advantageous in terms of clinical management, it may have implications for our understanding of the disease. PMID- 6745032 TI - Comparative effect of gastrin on hydrogen ion secretion, antroduodenal motility and the interdigestive motility complex (IDMC) in man. AB - The physiological role of gastrin in H+ secretion is well established. We decided to study the effects of physiological doses of gastrin (as evidenced by H+ secretion and postprandial serum gastrin levels) on antroduodenal motility in order to delineate its role in antral motility regulation. Nine healthy male subjects, mean age 31 years, had two studies on different days. On day 1, gastroduodenal motility was monitored with a continuously perfused catheter system while gastric secretions were aspirated. After a basal period of 45 min, human synthetic gastrin (hG-17) was infused intravenously in consecutive doses of 6.25, 25, 100, and 400 pmol/kg/hr during 45 min each. On day 2, all subjects had a standard protein meal. Blood was withdrawn on both days for gastrin measurement by RIA. Increasing amounts of hG-17 caused a stepwise increase in serum gastrin and acid output. The D50 for H+ secretion was 25 pmol/kg/hr hG-17. The mean postprandial gastrin level was 31 +/- 5 pM, a level which was comparable to that seen during infusion of hG-17 6.25 pmol/kg/hr. At these serum gastrin levels, antral motility was either reduced or unchanged. Duodenal motility was unchanged. A reduction in the antroduodenal motility ratio was seen at these levels, but there was no interruption of the interdigestive motility complex. These results suggest that at physiological levels, gastrin by itself does not seem to have a major role in human antroduodenal motility regulation. PMID- 6745035 TI - Effects of bile salts on permeability and morphology of main pancreatic duct in cats. AB - We studied the changes in permeability and morphology in the main pancreatic duct of cats after exposure of the duct to specific bile salts. Cats were anesthetized and the main pancreatic duct was cannulated in the tail and head of the pancreas. The duct was perfused with sodium cholate (1, 1.5, 2, 15 mM) or sodium glycodeoxycholate (1, 2, 15 mM) for 60 min at pressures which never exceeded 20 cm water. Then the duct was perfused with fluorescein-tagged dextran molecules of specific size (3000, 20,000, or 40,000 daltons). Recovery of the dextran from portal venous blood indicated that the duct was permeable to that particular dextran. Normally the ducts were impermeable to even the 3000-dalton dextran, and perfusion with either 1 mM cholate or glycodeoxycholate did not change this. However, perfusion with either bile salt at concentrations above 1 mM progressively increased duct permeability. At this highest bile salt concentrations used, the ducts became permeable to molecules as large as 20,000 daltons. Morphologic changes paralleled the changes in permeability. Control animals had pancreatic ducts whose ultrastructure was indistinguishable from normal. Perfusion of the ducts with low concentrations of bile salt for up to 60 min resulted only in a loss of microvilli from the cell surface and an increase in cytoplasmic phagolysosomes. Perfusion with higher concentrations of bile salt for 5-60 min induced progressively severe alterations. These included disruption of the tight junctions and the swelling of intercellular spaces between the duct cells, flattening of the duct epithelium, and eventual cell loss which left a break in the epithelial lining of the duct. These studies indicate that the pancreatic duct in cats, exposed to specific bile salts at physiological concentrations and pressures, undergoes marked structural alterations. The duct becomes permeable to molecules at least as large as 20,000 daltons, whereas it is normally impermeable to molecules as small as 3000 daltons. PMID- 6745036 TI - A comparison of hepatocyte size distribution in untreated and phenobarbital treated rats as assessed by flow cytometry. AB - Flow cytometric analysis of narrow forward angle light scatter was used to examine the effect of phenobarbital treatment on hepatocyte size. Light scatter analysis of freshly isolated hepatocytes and of hepatocytes separated by means of centrifugal elutriation into five subpopulations (fractions 1-5) was performed on both untreated and phenobarbital-treated rats. The frequency distribution histogram of forward scatter intensity produced by freshly isolated hepatocytes from untreated rats was used as the baseline. This histogram was arbitrarily divided into four regions; referred to as region 1 (small cells) to region 4 (large cells). Subsequent analysis of the light scatter histograms derived from elutriated fractions of both untreated and phenobarbital-treated animals was performed using these baseline regions. Analysis showed that small cells were enriched in elutriated fraction 1, and large cells in elutriated fraction 5. Phenobarbital treatment was associated with a uniform shift to a higher intensity light scatter (relative increase in cell size) within each of the four selected regions. Our findings suggest that phenobarbital does not have a selective hypertrophic effect on these subpopulations of rat hepatocytes. PMID- 6745037 TI - Gastroenterology in Europe 1983. AB - Although gastroenterology is an international discipline, few of us are familiar with the details of how training for the specialty is carried on outside the United States and Canada or the numbers of gastroenterologists relative to the population or physicians. The International Liaison Committee of the American Gastroenterological Association asked Dr. Sverre Emas of the Karolinska Hospital in Stockholm, Sweden, a member of the committee, to survey training in gastroenterology and the numbers of gastroenterologists in Europe in 1983. His report follows. We believe this should be of interest to gastroenterologists in North America. PMID- 6745038 TI - Does intrinsic LES tone increase as an adaptive response to increased intraabdominal pressure? PMID- 6745039 TI - Intestinal secretion as a cause of hypokalemia and cardiac arrest in a patient with strongyloidiasis. AB - A 32-year-old white American male contracted strongyloidiasis in Nigeria. Prolonged and severe watery diarrhea was complicated by hypokalemia and cardiac arrest. Steady-state perfusion studies with a plasma-like electrolyte solution revealed net secretion of water, sodium, potassium, and chloride in a segment of jejunum. Mucosal permeability measured by the ratio of [14C]urea and tritiated water diffusion was unchanged. Chloride secretion occurred against both an electrical and chemical gradient, which suggests that chloride secretion was active. Intestinal water and electrolyte secretion may be the mechanism of watery diarrhea in patients with strongyloidiasis. PMID- 6745041 TI - Giant duodenal ulcers. PMID- 6745040 TI - Cryptosporidium in acquired immunodeficiency syndrome. PMID- 6745042 TI - Scientific proceedings for the Fifth International Symposium on Gastrointestinal Hormones. Rochester, Minnesota, USA, September 30-October 3, 1984. Abstracts. PMID- 6745043 TI - Biotin-labeled oligonucleotides: enzymatic synthesis and use as hybridization probes. AB - An oligonucleotide probe (23-mer) containing a single biotinylated deoxyuridine residue at the 3' terminus was prepared by a primer extention reaction using Escherichia coli DNA polymerase I (Klenow fragment). For efficient synthesis of the probe, it was necessary to add about 16-fold molar excess of the template oligonucleotide (pentadecanucleotide) to the primer oligonucleotide (nonadecanucleotide) in the reaction mixture and to continue the reaction for 2.5 hr at 4 degrees C. The probe was purified by polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis under denaturing conditions. The probe could be specifically and tightly bound with Avidin D (Vector Laboratories) in 1 M NaCl. It could be hybridized to a plasmid DNA containing a perfectly matched complementary sequence, but not to a DNA containing five consecutive noncomplementary bases. The hybridized biotinylated probe could be detected by Avidin D and biotinylated alkaline phosphatase, even when 1.8 ng of the plasmid DNA (0.5 fmoles) was used. A general approach to the enzymatic synthesis of oligonucleotides containing a single biotinylated deoxyuridine at the 3' end is described. PMID- 6745044 TI - [Experimental studies on transplantable pulmonary adenocarcinoma in 615-strain mice (P615)]. PMID- 6745045 TI - [Cellular kinetics of mouse solid tumors induced by nitrosamine compounds]. PMID- 6745046 TI - [Isolation and culture of fungi from the cereals in counties of Henan Province--5 with high and 3 with low incidences of esophageal cancer]. PMID- 6745047 TI - [The diagnostic value of serum ferritin determination in cancer patients]. PMID- 6745048 TI - [Pathologic features of carcinoma of the gastric cardia]. PMID- 6745050 TI - [Fiberbronchoscopic observation of tracheal carcinoma and pulmonary tumors- report of 212 cases]. PMID- 6745049 TI - [Application of C3 determination in the treatment of pulmonary cancer by traditional Chinese medicine]. PMID- 6745051 TI - [Surgical management of massive hemoptysis in pulmonary carcinoma]. PMID- 6745052 TI - [Effect of alpha-tocopherol and selenium on serum lipid peroxide of tumor-bearing rat]. PMID- 6745054 TI - [Staging of bronchogenic carcinoma--appraisal of the UICC-P.TNM and Chinese Clinicopathologic Test Staging System based on 352 patients]. PMID- 6745053 TI - [Computerized tomography (CT) in bronchogenic carcinoma--analysis of 100 cases]. PMID- 6745055 TI - [Primary bronchogenic carcinoma in young adults]. PMID- 6745056 TI - [X-ray diagnosis of intrathoracic mesothelioma--analysis of 12 cases]. PMID- 6745057 TI - [Follicular type of thyroid papillary carcinoma]. PMID- 6745058 TI - [Light and electron microscopic observation on malignant lymphoma of the nasal cavity--a case report]. PMID- 6745060 TI - [Recent research in natural killer cells]. PMID- 6745059 TI - [Clinical radiotherapy dosage. I. Measurement of basic radiation]. PMID- 6745061 TI - [A composite report on a hypertension survey in several nationalities in the highland of China]. PMID- 6745064 TI - [Disappearance of abnormal Q waves after myocardial infarction--clinical analysis of 31 cases]. PMID- 6745063 TI - [The surface isopotential diagram in old anterior myocardial infarction--with report of 11 cases]. PMID- 6745062 TI - [Plasma catecholamine changes in patients with acute myocardial infarction and their clinical significance]. PMID- 6745065 TI - [A reappraisal of the "dredging" procedure of the right ventricular outflow tract for the treatment of tetralogy of Fallot with hypoplastic pulmonary artery]. PMID- 6745066 TI - [Rupture of the valsalva sinus--experience in diagnosis and treatment]. PMID- 6745067 TI - [Left heart catheterization--2-D echo contrast imaging in the diagnosis of aortic and mitral regurgitation]. PMID- 6745068 TI - [An analysis of the echocardiogram of complete cushion defect]. PMID- 6745069 TI - [An analysis of ventricular tachycardia in 24-hour dynamic electrocardiography]. PMID- 6745070 TI - [Evaluation of the effects of bioavailability of digoxin tablets on the steady state drug serum level and therapeutic responses]. PMID- 6745071 TI - [Hemodynamic effects of the intravenous "pulse-producing injection" in treating acute myocardial infarction]. PMID- 6745072 TI - [Effect of amiodarone treatment on the myocardial infart size in experimental dogs]. PMID- 6745073 TI - [Ultrastructural observation of blood platelets in experimental atherosclerosis]. PMID- 6745075 TI - [A spectral analysis of normal heart sounds]. PMID- 6745074 TI - [Pulmonary and bronchial arterial changes in Fallot's tetralogy]. PMID- 6745076 TI - [X-ray observation of Fallot's tetralogy]. PMID- 6745077 TI - [The changes in plasma catecholamine and hemodynamics in the treatment of chronic congestive heart failure with hydralazine]. PMID- 6745078 TI - Frontiers in pharmacokinetic data analysis. PMID- 6745079 TI - The problem of choosing weights in nonlinear regression analysis of pharmacokinetic data. PMID- 6745080 TI - The population approach to pharmacokinetic data analysis: rationale and standard data analysis methods. AB - Population pharmacokinetics describe the typical relationships between physiology (both normal and disease altered) and pharmacokinetics, the interindividual variability in these relationships, and their residual intraindividual variability. Knowledge of population kinetics can help one to choose initial drug dosage, to modify dosage appropriately in response to observed drug levels, to make rational decisions regarding certain aspects of drug regulation, and to investigate and elucidate certain research questions in pharmacokinetics. Experimental data from which population kinetics might be estimated often come from only those few individuals both willing and available to be studied. Clinical data from patients undergoing care might be more representative. These data, however, are marked by varying quality, accuracy, and precision, as well as there being few data per patient. Population pharmacokinetic parameters have traditionally been estimated either by fitting all individuals' data together as though there were no individual kinetic differences [the naive pooled data (NPD) approach], or by fitting each individual's data separately and then combining the individual parameter estimates [the two-stage (TS) approach]. These methods have certain theoretical problems which can only be aggravated when the deficiencies of data typical of clinical data are present. In this paper, the standard approaches are discussed and illustrated (using nondeficient data) in order to introduce subsequent papers in which alternative data analysis methods for population parameter estimation are defined, discussed, and compared. PMID- 6745081 TI - Population pharmacokinetic data and parameter estimation based on their first two statistical moments. AB - A statistical model is set forth that can be taken as a very general description of most data sets that arise from population pharmacokinetic studies. A (nontraditional) method for estimating the parameters of the model--called the NONMEM method in previously published papers--is described. This method involves a linearization of the model. An investigation of the effect of this linearization is reported. This investigation is an empirical one, based on the simulation of data from special cases of the model and the application of a few different estimation methods to these data. From the limited evidence in this investigation it appears that the linearization per se does not significantly adversely affect the estimates. PMID- 6745082 TI - Estimation of population pharmacokinetic parameters using destructively obtained experimental data: a simulation study of the one-compartment open model. AB - A simulation study of the one-compartment open pharmacokinetic model has been made. The population pharmacokinetic parameters which characterize the population of drug residues over time are assumed to be stochastic. A general theoretical model framework for parameter estimation via the method of extended least squares is presented. Formulas approximating the required mean and variance time functions are developed and subsequently used in the simulation study. The effects of four different designs in four different animal populations are presented. The simulated data are those of the single observation per animal per time point type. The characterizing population pharmacokinetic parameters have been analyzed for bias and reliability in both a naive and second-order mean model. Recommendations for choosing an appropriate sampling design are included. PMID- 6745083 TI - Alternative approaches to estimation of population pharmacokinetic parameters: comparison with the nonlinear mixed-effect model. AB - Individual pharmacokinetic parameters can be viewed as independent realizations of a random variable. The probability density function of the variable is assumed to be specified by its first two moments (mean vector and covariance matrix), and these moments then characterize the distribution of the parameters in the population. The following methods are presented for estimation of population characteristics from a set of pharmacokinetic measurements in a sample of subjects: The Global Two-Stage Approach (GTS) uses estimates (and their covariances) of individual parameters obtained after separate fitting of each individual's data. The Iterated Two-Stage Approach (ITS) makes the GTS procedure iterative, using refined bayesian estimates of individual parameters at each step. The Nonlinear Filtering Approach (NLF) also relies on individual parameter estimates produced by using an optimal filter on each subject's data. The three methods give exact results (maximum likelihood estimates), as does NONMEM (the Nonlinear Mixed-Effect Model Approach), when the individual pharmacokinetic model is linear with respect to the parameters and when the distributions of the pharmacokinetic parameters and of the measurement noise in the individual data are both multivariate normal. When the individual pharmacokinetic model is statistically nonlinear (the usual case), the methods differ with respect to: (1) their strategy for handling nonlinearity, (2) their ability to deal with any type of data (experimental and/or routine), and (3) their sensitivity to the amplitude of random effects. With regard to computational aspects, both the computer memory storage requirements and the amount of computation required for the GTS approach are much smaller than for the three other methods. Contrasting considerations as well as results of simulations suggest that GTS, ITS, and, in future, NLF may be valuable alternatives to NONMEM or modifications of it for estimation of population characteristics of pharmacokinetic parameters. PMID- 6745084 TI - Receptor theories and quantitative effect versus dose-concentration relationship. AB - Both in vivo and in vitro, the dissociation constant K not equal to D50. This was shown for morphine in vivo and for several vasoconstrictors in isolated vascular smooth muscle. When Schild plots are made for a pure competitive antagonist the underlying theory requires that the regression line be constrained to slope -1, for only in this case does pA2 = -log KB, and each has the same confidence limits. Further, even where the slope of the conventional (unconstrained) regression line differs only slightly from -1, the confidence limits of pA2 differ appreciably from those of -log KB. Values of K obtained from pharmacologic methods can discriminate among receptor subtypes. A proper determination of K permits knowledge of the stimulus-response relation, a drug-independent property of the effector system. A perturbation of the drug-receptor equilibrium is a way of determining both k1 and k2; so far, however, we have been successful only with alpha-adrenergic vasoconstrictors in which UV light is a suitable stimulus. Radiolabeled binding appears to be a precise way of determining K's for agonists and antagonists. However, it does not measure an effect; hence we do not know that such binding sites are true receptors unless we can find a correlation between the values obtained for a series of drugs with this method and those obtained with appropriate pharmacologic methods. PMID- 6745085 TI - Hypophosphatemia. AB - Hypophosphatemia, defined as serum phosphate levels less than 2.5 mg%, is a relatively common disorder that can affect virtually every organ system. Phosphate deficiency can result from decreases in phosphate intake or absorption, increased loss from renal and nonrenal pathways, and transcellular phosphate shifts. Optimum therapy is directed at recognizing patients at greatest risk, correcting the underlying abnormality, and supplementing phosphate intake. Intravenous phosphate therapy is indicated for severe hypophosphatemia (serum phosphate less than 1 mg%) with close monitoring of serum phosphate, calcium, potassium, and magnesium levels. Indications for phosphate therapy and suggestions for empirical iv therapy in severe hypophosphatemia are presented. PMID- 6745086 TI - Hypomagnesemia associated with gentamicin therapy. AB - Two patients developed symptomatic hypomagnesemia most likely secondary to gentamicin therapy. Both patients were on regular doses of the antibiotic and had hypokalemia and hypocalcemia secondary to hypomagnesemia. Mechanisms postulated for the occurrence of hypomagnesemia secondary to gentamicin therapy include drug induced hyperaldosteronism and tubular toxicity. Patients on gentamicin therapy should have serum magnesium, calcium, and potassium levels monitored routinely. PMID- 6745087 TI - Propranolol-induced psychosis. AB - A 53-year-old black male with no history of neuropsychiatric behavioral problems was treated successfully with propranolol, furosemide, and minoxidil for previously uncontrolled hypertension. However, paranoid ideations, illusions, severe combativeness, and visual hallucinations developed shortly after initiation of the listed therapy. When atenolol was substituted for propranolol, all psychotic behavior resolved. PMID- 6745088 TI - Prednisolone psychosis: clinical observations. AB - Corticosteroid-induced acute psychoses in three Chinese patients receiving prednisolone 15-75 mg/d are described. The cases are compared with other cases of corticosteroid mental disturbances in the literature. It is concluded that the mental disturbance usually occurs within the first ten days of treatment, and presents most often in women, as either an acute manic or depressive episode accompanied by delusion and/or hallucinations. An exponential increase in the risk of the mental disturbance occurs as the corticosteroid dose increases. PMID- 6745090 TI - No effect of smoking on sulfamethazine acetylation. AB - Seven healthy subjects who smoked at least one pack of cigarettes/d were acetylator-phenotyped with sulfamethazine (SMZ) while they were actively smoking, and again at least one month after they had completely stopped. There were no significant differences of the acetylation profiles in the smoking vs. nonsmoking state, as measured by %ASMZ in serum six hours post-SMZ dosing or by %ASMZ in urine five to six hours post-SMZ dosing. We conclude that smoking does not influence SMZ acetylation and probably does not affect drug acetylation in general. PMID- 6745089 TI - Effect of ten new beta-lactam antibiotics on urine glucose test methods. AB - The effect of ten new beta-lactam antibiotics (cefoperazone, cefotaxime and its metabolite desacetylcefotaxime, ceftazidime, ceftizoxime, ceftriaxone, aztreonam, azlocillin, mezlocillin, piperacillin, and ticarcillin) on the accuracy of Clinitest, Diastix, and Tes Tape determinations of glycosuria was investigated. Solutions of each of the antibiotics were prepared in urine over a range of clinically obtainable drug concentrations. Urine samples from a healthy subject were used to prepare simulated diabetic urine by adding dextrose to achieve concentrations of 0.5%, 1%, and 2%. With penicillin derivatives, falsely elevated Clinitest readings generally were observed at lower glucose concentrations. When no glucose was present, cephalosporins and the monobactam, aztreonam, gave a dark green-black color that could only be interpreted as 0% on the Clinitest color chart. At higher urine glucose concentrations (1% and 2%), no interaction with Clinitest could be demonstrated, with the exception of a few falsely reduced readings. All urine solutions containing beta-lactam antibiotics were estimated accurately by both Diastix and Tes Tape. The unpredictability of the Clinitest beta-lactam antibiotics interaction should discourage the use of this urine glucose test in patients who receive these drugs. The glucose-oxidase tests, Diastix and Tes Tape, may be used as qualitative tests for glycosuria in patients treated with beta-lactam antibiotics. PMID- 6745091 TI - Notation of allergies and body weight on patient profiles. AB - The purpose of this study was to increase the documentation of allergy and body weight information on pharmacy medication profile cards for pediatric patients. The intent was to facilitate pharmacist evaluation of medication dosages ordered for these patients. A plastic allergy/weight imprinting card was supplied to each nursing unit and was used to imprint all admitting physician's order sheets. Allergy and weight information was to be filled in by the physician and/or nurse before routing a copy of these orders to the satellite pharmacy. Inservice education was presented and follow-up phone calls were made. During an 18-day control period, baseline data on documentation of allergies and weight were collected. During an 18-day study period, the allergy/weight card was used and follow-up phone calls were made. During an 18-day post-study period, the card and phone calls were removed. Percent of profiles having allergies and weight were, respectively: control period, 33 percent and 28 percent; study period, 80 percent and 76 percent; post-study period, 47 percent and 46 percent. Imprinting "allergy/weight" with space for filling in this information can result in an increased number of pharmacy patient profiles having these data so that medications can be checked prior to dispensing the first dosages of medication. PMID- 6745092 TI - Clinical pharmacists' impact on prescribing in an acute adult psychiatric facility. AB - An analysis is presented of data collected to evaluate the impact of a clinical pharmacy service on an acute psychiatric admitting unit. Retrospective longitudinal drug utilization reviews (RLDUR) were performed one year apart (pre- and post-implementation of services) on the same treatment team. Process measures significantly affected include (percent reduction): total drugs/patient (33.9), number of antipsychotic drugs/patient (38.0), number of anticholinergics started on admission/patient (53.2), and number of doses/patient/d (42.4). Other drug-use parameters significantly affected include: a 42-percent increase in the mean dosage expressed as chlorpromazine equivalents, and a 47-percent reduction in the number of patients on low potency antipsychotic medications. Beneficial outcome was reflected by a faster rate of discharge or transfer to a less restrictive ward environment in the pharmacy study population. The study population also demonstrated a 55.8-percent decrease in their readmission rate to the facility over a one-year follow-up period. Clinical pharmacy services positively affect both process and outcome health care measures. PMID- 6745093 TI - Development and validation of an instrument to measure physicians' attitudes toward the clinical pharmacist's role. AB - A scale to measure physicians' attitudes toward clinical pharmacy was developed and validated. Based on physician-clinical pharmacist interactions, statements were written and edited into tentative subscales. A preliminary test resulted in a reduction in the number of items and subscales. The final field test, based on responses from 166 physicians, after factor analysis, yielded 23 items in 5 subscales, with a scale reliability of 0.94. As additional measures of validity, physicians' responses showed significant differences in attitudes between subscales and differences by specialty. Differences also were demonstrated by physician status and age. No differences were shown by amount of exposure to clinical pharmacists. Reliability and validity of the scale have been supported and additional research into the concurrent validity of the scale is suggested. PMID- 6745094 TI - Pharmacists' perceptions of consumer demand for patient-oriented pharmacy services. AB - This study examined pharmacists' perceptions of consumer demand for various patient-oriented pharmacy services. Data on pharmacists' perceptions were gathered by a mail questionnaire of pharmacist-managers in Raleigh, NC. Conjoint and regression analyses indicate that pharmacists perceive little demand either for voluntary provision of advisory services or for patient medication records, and that pharmacists' perceptions of the demand for patient medication records relate significantly to their provision of this service. Comparison of pharmacists' perceptions of demand with previously collected consumer data indicates that pharmacists underestimate the demand for patient medication records but not for voluntary provision of advisory services. These findings suggest that pharmacists' perception of consumer demand is as important as actual consumer demand in explaining why pharmacists do not provide patient-oriented pharmacy services more frequently. PMID- 6745095 TI - The drug treatment of Parkinson's disease. PMID- 6745096 TI - E-numbers, doctors and patients: food for thought. PMID- 6745097 TI - Clonidine and methyldopa--any role for hypertension now? PMID- 6745098 TI - Time to drop cyanocobalamin? PMID- 6745099 TI - Medication for the elderly. PMID- 6745100 TI - [Sudden death in medical practice. Quality assurance and control as a task of forensic medicine]. AB - During the last twenty years 72 deaths occurred in Cologne in medical practices. The cause of death was determined by autopsy on judicial order in 13 cases only. Public interest in complete diagnosis existed only in case of acute death during a medical intervention. Where there was no such interest, but clarification was possible in the sense of a quality control, the autopsy rate was below 20%. In all other cases the cause of death was certified in accordance with clinical findings, usually as cardiac death. In 87% of all cases the death certificate had been signed by the doctor who had last treated the patient. In 57% the certified cause of death could be based on a knowledge of the underlying disease. A closer collaboration between practising doctors and forensic pathologists is desirable for the purpose of quality control. PMID- 6745101 TI - [Epilepsy attacks and driver fitness]. PMID- 6745102 TI - [Pleural effusion in heart failure]. PMID- 6745103 TI - [Heart injuries resulting from blunt force]. PMID- 6745104 TI - [Central hemodynamics of antihypertensive agents. Studies on co dergocrinmesylate]. AB - The haemodynamic effects of a three-week-treatment with 4-8 mg co dergocrinmesylate (Hydergin spezial) were investigated in 14 hypertensive patients with a mean age of 58 years and reduced ventricular function (exertional dyspnoea, enlarged cardiac opacity). Blood pressure values at rest and during physical exercise were reduced significantly. Marked cardiac relief was induced manifesting as decrease of enddiastolic and endsystolic volumes and at the same time as an increase of ejection fraction. Cardiac output remained largely constant, lowering of blood pressure was exclusively due to alteration of peripheral total vascular resistance. Cardiac frequency decreased significantly. There was no evidence of negative inotropic effects. Systolic wall tension as the main therapeutic target decreased at rest and during ergometry by 20% and 25%, respectively. Renal perfusion increased slightly, but significantly, in all patients. PMID- 6745105 TI - [Polypoid lesions of the gallbladder wall]. AB - Modern sonography has led to an increased appraisal of the therapeutic consequences in cases of polypoid lesions of the gallbladder wall. In 30 patients it was attempted to differentiate between cholesterol polyps and polypoid lesions suspect for malignancy. Histologic results and data in the literature induce us to recommend cholecystectomy in solitary lesions of more than 5 mm, combined occurrence with gallstones and in patients beyond the 60th year of life. PMID- 6745106 TI - [Ultrasonically guided, percutaneous transhepatic bile duct drainage]. PMID- 6745107 TI - [Iodine overdose and its effects]. PMID- 6745108 TI - [Risk of hyperthyroidism after increasing iodine intake]. PMID- 6745110 TI - [Cimetidine treatment in duodenal ulcer. Comparison of dosages: twice daily 400mg versus 800mg once at night]. PMID- 6745109 TI - [Spontaneous perforation of the esophagus mimicking the Boerhave syndrome after esophageal varices sclerosing therapy with polidocanol]. PMID- 6745111 TI - [Epidemiology of yellow fever in Central Africa]. PMID- 6745112 TI - [Limited success of hepatitis B vaccination?]. PMID- 6745113 TI - [Colon double contrast after rectoscopy in hospital and medical practice]. PMID- 6745114 TI - [Risks and perspectives of drug dependence. Catamnestic results in 100 opiate addicts during the access years 1969-1974]. AB - The further development of 100 young drug addicts of the opiate type (72 males, 28 females) who had been medically assessed by court or police order between 1969 and 1974 was evaluated over 10 to 15 years. Until the end of 1983 20 clients had died, 14 males and 6 females. The state of the survivors was separated into 5 categories according to drug dependency, rate of delinquency and assurance of income. 39 clients were free from injectable drugs. The abstinence rate was equal in males and females. The major part of these abstinent clients was fully rehabilitated, drug-independent for years, not delinquent and integrated into work. A minor part depended on external help. Three clients were not able to earn a living. Half of the 80 survivors had to be considered at risk. International comparison shows that the increased mortality among opiate addicts is only slightly different among western industrial nations. Perspectives of survivors are also similar. Despite different treatment and intervention strategies the abstinence ratio approaches 40% after the 30th year of life with an increasing tendency with increase of age. As the now already older clients usually decline in-patient care, however accept out-patient help promoting rehabilitation successfully ("path of rehabilitation"), promotion of ambulatory care decisively involving doctors is urgently required. PMID- 6745115 TI - [Percutaneous bursting of the pulmonary valve]. AB - In a 25-year-old female patient with pulmonary valve stenosis valvuloplasty could be successfully performed using a balloon catheter inserted via the femoral vein. Balloon measurements were 2 cm width and 3 cm length, the required pressure was 5 atm. There was a decrease of the pressure gradient form 60 to 25 mm Hg, systolic right ventricular pressure decreased from 88 to 50 mm Hg. Besides transluminal angioplasty of coronary stenoses and non-surgical occlusion of patent ductus arteriosus thus a further catheter technique for treatment of organic heart disease has become available, being able to replace surgery. PMID- 6745116 TI - [Sonographic localization of parathyroid adenomas in hyperparathyroidism]. AB - The diagnostic efficacy of sonography for localisation of adenomas of the parathyroid glands in the neck region was investigated in 13 patients with hypercalcaemia and increased serum parathormone levels. Solitary parathyroid adenoma was demonstrated in all patients. The diagnosis was confirmed by surgery in 12 patients. In one patient, adenoma of the parathyroid can be assumed due to sonographically demonstrated increase in size and increase of serum parathormone. Adenomas of the parathyroid are characterised sonographically by typical dorsal position at the posterior surface of the thyroid, by echo-paucity and echo density of the "capsular structure" around the adenomas. Sonography is suitable as screening method in hypercalcaemia and in increased parathormone serum levels for preoperative localisation of parathyroid adenomas. PMID- 6745117 TI - [Frequency of surgery in ulcer after the introduction of H2-blockers]. PMID- 6745118 TI - [Pericardial puncture and drainage with a pig-tail catheter. A low-risk method for diagnosis and therapy of pericardial effusions]. AB - Using the Seldinger technique a large-bore pig-tail angiography catheter was inserted into the pericardial space for reduction of pressure and drainage in 10 patients with recurrent pericardial effusion of different pathogenesis. Catheters remained in situ for several days. This method permits complete drainage of the effusion with a low risk and thus comprehensive diagnosis and treatment. For the repeated application of not immediately available drugs this method offers decisive advantages. PMID- 6745119 TI - [Diagnosis and clinical aspects of extracranial neuroblastomas of the olfactory nerve]. PMID- 6745120 TI - [An annotation on porphyria]. PMID- 6745121 TI - [Notes taken during emergency service and the physicians' obligation to confidentiality. Opinion of the Administrative Court, Muenster, 5 October 1983]. PMID- 6745122 TI - [Growth hormone and delayed diabetic complications]. PMID- 6745123 TI - [Duodenal polyps. Incidence, histologic substrate and significance]. AB - 378 duodenal polyps were identified by endoscopic biopsy since 1973 in the course of more than 25,000 oesophago-gastro-duodenoscopies, corresponding to an incidence rate of 1.5%. Heterotopias of the gastric mucosa and so-called inflammatory polyps were most frequent (35.7% and 35.2%, respectively), followed by hyperplasia of Brunner's glands (6.9%), lipid islets (2.9%) and lymphatic hyperplasia (1.8%). Histologically there was no correlate to the endoscopic findings. Hence, non-neoplastic polyps account for about 90% of duodenal polyps; they are harmless and generally produce no (or only minor) signs or symptoms. Clinically relevant polyps besides the primary and secondary malignant processes are the adenomas of the colon type (6.9%) and Peutz-Jeghers polyps (1.3%). Since these two may occur in gastrointestinal polyposis, "top-and-tail endoscopy" must be performed. The rate of complications of 15% in endoscopic loopectomy in the duodenum is clearly higher than that in the stomach and colon. PMID- 6745124 TI - [Intragastric balloon in the treatment of excessive obesity. Preliminary report]. AB - Implantation of a commercially available silicone balloon permits continuous weight reduction without metabolic derangement in patients with excessive overweight. Dangers of surgical treatment of obesity can thus be avoided. In addition, balloon-induced weight reduction is suitable for preparation of severely obese patients with abdominal wall hernias requiring surgery for this intervention. PMID- 6745126 TI - [Determination of the size of the left atrium]. PMID- 6745125 TI - [Duodenogastric reflux--fact or fiction?]. PMID- 6745127 TI - Aspirin in the prevention of myocardial infarction. Current status. PMID- 6745128 TI - Bone-conduction threshold changes at 4,000 Hz in middle-ear surgery. PMID- 6745129 TI - Osteomas of the frontal sinus. PMID- 6745130 TI - Osteogenesis imperfecta and hearing loss. PMID- 6745131 TI - Thyroglossal cysts and fistulae. PMID- 6745133 TI - Rigid esophagoscopy. PMID- 6745132 TI - Acoustic and morphologic study of the senescent voice. PMID- 6745134 TI - Computerized hearing aid selection. PMID- 6745135 TI - Labyrinthine changes after stapedectomy. PMID- 6745136 TI - Childhood cancers in Kenya: a histopathologic and epidemiological study. PMID- 6745137 TI - Mental retardation in African children attending paediatric neurology clinic of Kenyatta National Hospital, Nairobi, Kenya. PMID- 6745138 TI - Haemoglobin A1C in children with sickle cell disease. PMID- 6745139 TI - Serum cholesterol and high density lipoprotein cholesterol in Nigerian diabetics. PMID- 6745140 TI - Oxamniquine dosage in Malawi. PMID- 6745141 TI - Cholelithiasis in Ibadan, Nigeria. PMID- 6745142 TI - Isolation of Campylobacter jejuni in Lagos-Nigeria a new bacterial agent of diarrhoea. PMID- 6745143 TI - Infections due to streptococci group C at the Lagos University Teaching Hospital. PMID- 6745144 TI - A comparative study of the efficacy of seven brands of frusemide tablets. PMID- 6745146 TI - Menarcheal age in Gondar, North Western Ethiopia. PMID- 6745145 TI - A study of hydroceles in Kilifi. PMID- 6745147 TI - Unusual case of diffuse intra-peritoneal calcifications associated with pancreatic pseudocyst in chronic calcific pancreatitis. PMID- 6745148 TI - Psychiatric manifestations of Benzhexol toxicity. PMID- 6745149 TI - Neonatal ascites in Zaria, Northern Nigeria: report of 6 cases. PMID- 6745150 TI - Quantitative structure of the normal human placenta from 10 weeks of gestation to term. AB - Ninety five placentae from normal term and 'normal' preterm pregnancies have been analysed by morphometry. The growth of the whole placenta, of the microscopic placental constituents and of the villous surface area has been measured in placentae from uncomplicated pregnancies from 10 weeks of gestation to term to provide data for comparison with values from placentae from pathological pregnancies. No evidence for placental senescence is found in the placentae from normal pregnancies up to term although the rate of growth of the villous surface area decreases gradually from approximately 34 weeks gestation. Evidence is given to suggest that in normal pregnancy villi continue to elaborate until term. The relationship of villous surface area to fetal growth is assessed. PMID- 6745152 TI - Thermal balance and sleep state in the newborn. AB - The thermal balance of 35 healthy newborn term infants was measured during active (AS) and quiet sleep (QS) in thermoneutral and cool environments. As conductive heat loss was found to be small, some 3% of the total, only the effective surface area involved in insensible heat loss was used in calculating insulation values. This area varied with posture, being 84% of the total when supine and 70% in the prone, crouched position. In thermoneutrality oxygen consumption rose significantly when the change was from QS to AS, but the associated fall in insulation did not reach significance. In a cool environment the differences were in the same direction but of greater magnitude, and the decrease in insulation of 17% found in AS was significant. PMID- 6745151 TI - Vasopressin in fetal cerebrospinal fluid. AB - Vasopressin concentrations were measured in the cerebrospinal fluid in two hydrocephalic fetuses at 33 and 34 weeks of gestation. The vasopressin concentrations in cerebrospinal fluid were 0.8 and 0.6 pg/ml, and in amniotic fluid 0.4 and 1.0 pg/ml, respectively. Previously measured vasopressin concentrations in amniotic fluid of the normal fetuses have been of the same magnitude. PMID- 6745153 TI - Bacteriuria in pregnancy and growth and development of the infants. AB - In the framework of a community-oriented programme in a western neighbourhood in Jerusalem, screening for bacteriuria during pregnancy was introduced. Between the years 1972 and 1979, 30 cases were identified, an incidence of 1.7%. All women diagnosed as having bacteriuria received antibiotic treatment according to sensitivity of the organism. This report presents the pregnancy outcome as measured by physical growth and development of the offspring. Cases of bacteriuria were compared with individually matched nonbacteriuric controls. No statistically significant differences were found in mean birth weight, mean weight and length at 1, 3, 6, 9 and 12 months, and development quotient at 2 years. No low birth weight infants were found among the cases. The fact that no differences were found between cases and controls, the feasibility, validity, acceptability and low cost of the screening test, and the health benefits of the programme justify introduction of routine screening and treatment of bacteriuria in the preventive health services. PMID- 6745154 TI - Neonatal body water estimates--author's correction. PMID- 6745155 TI - Diagnosis of in utero growth retardation. PMID- 6745156 TI - [Development of human resources and the Plan of Action]. AB - This article (whose first part was published in the previous issue of Educacion Medica y Salud) concludes an exhaustive review of manpower development in the Americas. This part considers the specific measures in this field enunciated in the Plan of Action; these measures pertain to four main areas: planning and programming of human resources, training in priority areas, utilization of human resources, and educational technology. The author discusses the present and future possibilities and obstacles of each of these activities and the steps to be taken to bring needs into line with real situations. It is of paramount importance that the national health authorities clearly spell out their policies for the development of human resources in the health field within the framework of general development policies. Another point to be insisted upon is the multiprofessional and multidisciplinary training of the health team and the importance of the education-service-supervision function, which usually results in permanent and continuing education, which in turn optimizes the utilization of personnel. However, none of this will be possible without an appropriate education technology with which to innovate, analyze and refine the entire education process and so meet the needs of both society and the health services. PMID- 6745157 TI - [Planning and execution of a course in puericulture in an ambulatory service]. AB - With a population of which 42.6% is under 14 years old, Brazil is especially in need of general practitioners with a good gourding in pediatrics. The fourth year of premedical training at the Botucatu Medical School at Sao Paulo, Brazil, includes a course in child care designed to help fill this need by giving the students their first contact with the problems of children. The course lasts 12 weeks and is given in the pediatric outpatient ward of the School's teaching hospital; its purpose is to accustom the student to dealing with members of the families of young patients while learning important aspects of clinical care at the early stages of his training, and using, in his contacts with patients, a vocabulary that the latter can understand. The course is designed to given the student not only theoretical knowledge, but also training for future practice, under the constant guidance of their instructors. A weekly evaluation of the progress of the course, in which the students participate, yields information for the ongoing improvement of the program, which has been conducted for almost ten years. PMID- 6745158 TI - [Toward an operational definition of the health-illness process]. AB - The article reviews the meaning of the terms health and illness, and seeks to define those aspects of these concepts that are most related to the supply of health services. After considering the process of health and illness and its implications for the the planning of health care, the authors express the need for conceptual models of health and environment (physical and social) that can be related to the objectives of the health system. As a part of the search for a better population data base, certain health and welfare indicators are suggested. The discussion concludes with a brief strategy for the operationalization of the health/illness continuum as a part of the planning for a national health service. PMID- 6745159 TI - [Community practice in units of primary care at the rural level: an experience with medical students]. AB - During the three weeks of vacation from the sixth semester of medical school in May 1982, a group of six students and a professor in the Department of Social Medicine of Valle University, Colombia, conducted a voluntary experimental exercise in some of the rural primary care units of Tulua Regional Hospital in Valle del Cauca department, using the hospital's Administration as their operational center. The purpose of the exercise, called "Ruralito," was to compile a health census of the general characteristics of the rural communities constituting the primary health care service area. The teaching process employed was designed to encourage the students to act on their own initiative and in their own way and to exchange experiences and plan measures even after completion of the three years of the exercise. The article describes the salient features of the relationship between teaching practice and public health practice in this first exercise, in which a new instructional framework was introduced for the area of medicine; the students' highly favorable reaction to this exercise and the substantial gains made justify the expectation that it will serve as an example for future student exercises in similar processes. PMID- 6745160 TI - [Strategy for the formation of human resources in biomedical basic sciences]. AB - The author describes the strategy followed in the Higher Institute of Medical Sciences of Havana for manpower training in basic biomedical sciences. This strategy is based on the Government's general policy for scientific development, and has resulted in the establishment of a network of centers of higher education and research institutes employing more than 3,800 professional and technical staff. Four-year specialization courses have been devised for physicians and dentists, and master's programs for which nonmedical professionals may apply. A system for the obtaining of scientific degrees has been structured together with an extensive program of graduate courses and training. The author comments on the excellent results obtained from the planned, efficient use of bilateral agreements with institutions in other countries and of the possibilities for training and qualification of specialists, the experience in which has already been offered to less developed countries. PMID- 6745161 TI - [Analysis of the system of evaluation of a medical career in Chile]. AB - For the purpose of measuring the extent to which the modern university accomplishes its purposes, the authors have devised an evaluation methodology inspired by the work of the most modern international specialists in the subject. They have applied their methodology first to the system for evaluating medical programs in general and then to a specific medical program regarded as representative of medical training in Chile. Surveys of faculty and students led them to the conclusion that in actual evaluative practice there have been wide deviations from the ideal model, and that the evaluation system could be improved to become an essential component of the process of informing and training the student and to provide feedback to th teaching-learning process. PMID- 6745162 TI - Stimulatory effect of estrogen on prolactin secretion from primate pituitary cells cultured on extracellular matrix and in serum-free medium. AB - To determine the direct effect of estrogen on primate PRL production, cultures of dispersed monkey pituitary cells were established in serum-free medium on an extracellular matrix secreted by bovine corneal endothelial cells. Medium PRL levels were monitored by RIA every fourth day after plating. PRL secretion was maintained for 24-28 days in cultures from female monkeys and for 16-20 days in cultures from male monkeys using a 1:1 mixture of Dulbecco's Modified Eagle's Medium H-16 (DME) and Ham's F-12 medium (F12) supplemented with insulin (I), transferrin (T), PTH, T4, fibroblastic growth factor, putrescine, ethanolamine, lipids (oleic, lecithin, and cholesterol), selenium (S), and cadmium (C). The mean percent changes in medium PRL of seven cultures of female pituitaries and two cultures of male pituitaries compared to the first sample (day 4) were: +26% (day 8), +17% (day 12), +11% (day 16), -4% (day 20), -13% (day 24), and -24% (day 28). The elimination of supplements except ITSC did not appear to affect PRL secretion in a culture of cells from ovariectomized female monkeys, but secretion in two cultures of male pituitary cells declined after day 12. Addition of 10(-8) M estrogen to three cultures of male pituitary cells in DME/F12 containing all supplements significantly elevated PRL over control levels and, in addition, prevented the decline observed in control wells of one culture for 28 days. In two cultures of male pituitary cells maintained in DME/F12 plus ITSC, estrogen significantly elevated medium PRL levels for the 28-day period, but did not totally prevent the decline observed in control wells after day 12. In two cultures of female pituitary cells maintained in DME/F12 plus all supplements and in three cultures of female pituitary cells maintained in DME/F12 plus ITSC, medium PRL levels were significantly higher when estrogen was present. However, estrogen addition had no effect on the pattern of PRL secretion in two cultures of female pituitary cells maintained in DME/F12 plus 10% charcoal-treated fetal calf serum. In five of seven cultures, the presence of estrogen for 28 days resulted in a significantly higher cellular content of PRL. These experiments suggest that estrogen can directly increase PRL production by primate mammotrophs and that this effect is best seen in serum-free medium. In summary, extracellular matrix and serum-free medium provide an adequate in vitro environment for studies of PRL processing by primate pituitary cells for periods up to 1 month. In this system, estrogen effectively elevated PRL secretion and cell content. PMID- 6745163 TI - Binding and degradation of [125I]human growth hormone in rat adipocytes. AB - Iodinated human GH [( 125I]hGH) binds to both specific and nonspecific sites on the surface of adipocytes isolated from the epididymal fat of normal rats. When adipocytes were incubated at 37 C with 1 nM [125I]hGH, specific binding increased for 30-60 min and thereafter remained approximately constant as long as the hormone was present in the medium. When cells that had bound [125I]hGH were removed from the incubation medium and reincubated in hormone-free medium at 37 C, half of the specifically bound 125I was released into the medium about every 30 min, and about half of the nonspecifically bound 125I was released in about 60 min. These rates were seen regardless of whether the time allowed for hormone binding was 15, 30, or 60 min. About 90% of the 125I released was soluble in 5% trichloroacetic acid and was in the form of iodotyrosine. The rate of 125I release from specific binding sites decreased by a factor of 4 when the temperature was lowered from 37 to 17 C. Replacement of some of the sodium chloride in the buffer with 25 mM ammonium chloride had little or no effect on the amount on 125I that bound to cells when [125I]hGH was present in the medium, but virtually completely blocked the release of 125I from cells transferred to hormone-free medium. Ammonium chloride also significantly reduced both the release of 125I from nonspecific binding sites and the amount of 125I recovered in trichloroacetic acid-soluble form. Cloroquine, leupeptin, or colchicine nearly doubled the specific binding of [125I]hGH after 180 min and markedly slowed the release of 125I when cells were transferred to hormone-free medium. All of these agents also significantly reduced the rate of release of 125I from nonspecific binding sites. Incubation of adipose tissue from hypophysectomized rats with ammonium chloride, leupeptin, or colchicine failed to alter the ability of GH to increase glucose oxidation, induce refractoriness, or promote lipolysis in the presence of theophylline. We conclude that GH binds virtually irreversibly to both specific and nonspecific sites on the adipocyte surface and is then internalized and degraded in the lysosomones. These events appear to be independent of the cellular processes that lead to expression to GH responses. PMID- 6745164 TI - Pharmacological manipulation of anterior pituitary dopamine content in the male rat: relationship to serum prolactin concentration and lysosomal enzyme activity. AB - The content of dopamine (DA) and the activity of beta-glucuronidase (a marker for lysosomal enzymes) in the anterior pituitary and the concentration of PRL in serum were determined in male rats that were treated with a variety of drugs that influence the release, storage, or actions of DA. Drugs that increase DA in hypophysial portal blood (amphetamine, methylphenidate and L-dopa) increased DA content, decreased PRL secretion, and had no effect on lysosomal enzyme activity. Drugs that activate DA receptors in the anterior pituitary (apomorphine and bromocriptine) decreased serum PRL but had no effect on DA content or lysosomal enzyme activity. Drugs that decrease DA in the hypophysial portal blood (alpha methyltyrosine, gamma-butyrolactone, and reserpine) or block DA receptors (haloperidol) increased PRL secretion and decreased DA content and lysosomal enzyme activity. These results suggest that there is no obvious relationship between anterior pituitary DA content and PRL secretion. In addition, lysosomal enzyme activity is not stimulated by increasing the concentration of DA or activating DA receptors in the anterior pituitary, but lysosomal enzyme activity does appear to be tonically stimulated by DA in the control animals since decreasing DA concentrations or receptor activation in the anterior pituitary decreases beta-glucuronidase activity. This latter proposal was confirmed by the demonstration that apomorphine reduced the alpha-methyltyrosine-induced increase in serum PRL and prevented the decrease in anterior pituitary DA content and beta glucuronidase activity. Furthermore, pretreatment with bromocriptine and L-dopa blocked both the increase in serum PRL concentration and the decrease in anterior pituitary DA content induced by alpha-methyltyrosine and gamma-butyrolactone. On the other hand, bromocriptine and L-dopa blocked the increase in serum PRL concentration but not the reduction in anterior pituitary DA content caused by reserpine, indicating that reserpine has a direct action on DA storage mechanisms in the anterior pituitary. These data suggest that the ability of DA to inhibit PRL secretion and the incorporation of DA into the anterior pituitary are not causally related. PMID- 6745165 TI - Estrogen-induced cell multiplication: direct or indirect effect on rat uterine cells? AB - It has been previously demonstrated that the exposure of the liver to estradiol 17 beta (E2) is sufficient to produce cell multiplication in the oviduct of the quail. In this report we determine whether this can also be observed in the rat. Ovariectomized, primed, adult rats were infused over a 3-h period with 2 micrograms E2/kg BW via the jugular vein (systemically). Mitotic figures arrested by colchicine appeared in the uterine luminal epithelium 16-20 h later and remained at maximal levels for the subsequent 3 intervals of 4 h. The minimum dose required to induce a mitotic response was 1.25 micrograms E2/kg BW. There was no increase in response with larger doses. Plasma E2 levels increased linearly with the dose infused systemically. Under the same conditions, E2 infused via the spleen produced mitoses with a similar time course and dose response. However, the amplitude of the response and the plasma E2 levels were significantly depressed. To circumvent problems involved with the interpretation of the results obtained by splenic infusions, we infused 2 micrograms E2/kg BW via the superior mesenteric vein (hepatoportal system). There was no mitotic response and the plasma E2 levels were not elevated above controls. We conclude that a strictly liver mediated, indirect mechanism for the regulation of cell multiplication proposed for quail, is not operative in the rat. In an initial attempt to explain this difference between species, we injected 5 micrograms E2/kg BW sc into hypophysectomized rats. Hypophysectomy had no effect upon the proliferation of the uterine luminal epithelial cells. PMID- 6745166 TI - Evaluation of the pathogenesis of skeletal changes in ovariectomized rats. AB - Young adult ovariectomized rats were used to investigate the pathogenesis of ovarian hormone deficiency osteopenia, uncomplicated by other forms of age related bone loss. It was observed that the femurs of ovariectomized rats were less dense with less hydroxyproline and less calcium (Ca) and phosphorus per unit volume of bone than those of age-matched controls. Compared to animals killed at the beginning of the study to serve as baseline controls, ovariectomized rats and their age-matched controls had increased periosteal and cortical areas, but in contrast to the age-matched controls, ovariectomized rats had markedly increased medullary area and the ratio of their cortical area to periosteal area was decreased (P less than 0.02). When the changes in cross-sectional areas were expressed as percent of the baseline levels, the medullary area was increased 32% in ovariectomized rats, and only 14% in the age-matched controls; the net increase in cortical area was 17% for the controls and 11% for the ovariectomized rats and there was only 3% difference between the increases in their periosteal areas. Furthermore, ovariectomy caused a marked decrease in serum calcitonin and Ca levels but not in PTH levels. As expected, PTH administration increased serum Ca in all rats, but the rise was greater in ovariectomized calcitonin-deficient rats than in rats that were only ovariectomized or only thyroidectomized. Whereas these findings support the concept of increased sensitivity of bone to PTH in ovarian hormone deficiency osteopenia, the decrease in serum Ca in ovariectomized rats indicates that other factors may be involved as well. PMID- 6745167 TI - Inhibition by certain plant extracts of the binding and adenylate cyclase stimulatory effect of bovine thyrotropin in human thyroid membranes. AB - The present studies were undertaken to explore the mechanism by which, as previous studies have shown, freeze-dried aqueous extracts (FDE) of plants of the species Lycopus virginicus and Lycopus europaeus, Melissa officinalis (Laminaceae), and Lithospermum officinale (Boraginaceae) have the ability to inhibit at least many of the effects of exogenous and endogenous TSH on the thyroid gland. To this end, we have examined the in vitro effects of FDE from these plants on the ability of bovine TSH (bTSH) to both bind to human thyroid plasma membranes (TPM) and activate adenylate cyclase therein. FDE of these four species produced a dose-related, ultimately complete, inhibition of the binding of 125I-labeled bTSH when studied at 4 C in a 20 mM Tris-HCl-0.5% BSA buffer, pH 7.45. Half-maximum inhibition of bTSH binding was produced by approximately 50 mU/ml bTSH and only about 10-30 micrograms/ml of the four active FDE. When studied in Tris-BSA-50 mM NaCl buffer at 37 C, these FDE remained inhibitory to bTSH binding, but their potency was decreased to about one fifth of that seen in the absence of NaCl. The binding of [125I]hCG to rat testis membranes was also inhibited by all of these FDE, but no effect on the binding of [125I]insulin to crude rat liver membranes was observed. In concentrations as high as 1 mg/ml, FDE of Verbena officinalis (Verbenaceae), which belongs to the same order (Tubiflorae) as the other plants, but exhibits no antithyrotropic or antigonadotropic activity in vivo, had no effect on either the binding of bTSH to thyroid membranes or the binding of hCG to rat testis membranes. No inhibition of [125I]bTSH binding occurred when TPM were preincubated with the four active FDE, washed, and then incubated with [125I]bTSH in medium devoid of FDE. Hence, the inhibition of [125I]bTSH binding seen when labeled hormone and active FDE were added together was not due to irreversible binding of FDE to TPM or damage to the TSH receptor. When [125I]bTSH was incubated with the active FDE in Tris-BSA and the mixture was chromatographed on Sephadex G-100 using the same buffer, [125I]bTSH was shifted from an apparent mol wt of 30,000 and eluted at the void volume. Direct binding of [125I]bTSH in fractions from the new, large molecular peak was nil. Addition of a large excess of unlabeled bTSH during preincubation prevented the shift in the elution pattern of [125I] bTSH produced by these FDE.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 400 WORDS) PMID- 6745168 TI - Further studies of the mineralocorticoid activity of 19-oxo-deoxycorticosterone. AB - Antinatriuretic and kaliuretic activities of 19-oxo-deoxycorticosterone (19-oxo DOC) were measured in male adrenalectomized rats and compared with those of aldosterone. No significant effects of 19-oxo-DOC or aldosterone were observed in the lag period (i.e. the first hour post injection). In the subsequent 2 h, rats injected with 25 micrograms 19-oxo-DOC excreted less than half the sodium and more than twice the potassium compared to rats injected with vehicle alone. Overall mineralocorticoid activity (based on changes in urinary Na+/K+), antinatriuretic activity (based on changes in urinary Na+/creatinine) and kaliuretic activity (based on changes in urinary K+/creatinine) of 19-oxo-DOC were all in the range of 1:100th-1:200th that of aldosterone. These results are not in agreement with a recent report suggesting that 19-oxo-DOC possesses antinatriuretic activity but no kaliuretic activity. PMID- 6745169 TI - Liposome-entrapped diethylstilbestrol effect on prostate gland and plasma testosterone levels in rats. AB - The effects of liposome-encapsulated diethylstilbestrol (DES) on the size of the ventral prostate gland and total testosterone levels in rats were studied. DES was encapsulated in phosphatidycholine-cholesterol-stearylamine-alpha-tocopherol containing multilamellar liposomes in a molar ratio of 4:5:1:0.01. The liposome suspension or free DES plus blank liposomes were administered sc on days 1, 3, and 5 at a dose of 400, 87, or 12 micrograms/kg. Plasma testosterone values showed a decrease with dose for animals treated with either entrapped DES or free DES. Prostate gland weight per g animal and prostatic protein mg per g animal on day 7 were significantly decreased in the treated animals compared to those in controls dosed with DES plus buffer containing liposomes. In addition, there was a body weight loss for the high dose DES-encapsulated animals and for high and medium dose DES plus blank liposome-treated and blank liposome-treated animals over the treatment period, although only the DES-encapsulated group value was statistically significant (P less than 0.05). Animals at the other doses did not lose weight, but exhibited weight gains which were less than those observed for sham-injected animals. Rats that received 7 micrograms/kg liposome-entrapped DES for 4 weeks had significantly lower prostate gland weights, prostatic protein levels, and testosterone levels than control animals receiving the same regimen of free DES plus blank liposomes. Results from the studies indicate that liposome entrapped DES was more effective in decreasing the size of the prostate gland and that the desired therapeutic end point (prostate ablation) may be attained with a lower dose of DES, which would decrease the risk of weight loss in the experimental animals. PMID- 6745170 TI - Oxytocin in the corpus luteum of the cynomolgus monkey (Macaca fascicularis). AB - To determine if oxytocin (OT) is present in cynomolgus monkey corpus luteum, OT was measured by a specific and sensitive RIA in 13 corpora lutea, ovarian venous plasma on the ipsilateral side and peripheral venous plasma at different stages of the luteal phase. Serial dilution of acetic acid extract of the corpus luteum showed parallelism with standard OT in the RIA. Total content of OT in corpus luteum was 1.9 +/- 0.5 ng (mean +/- SEM) with a content of 0.4-0.8 ng in early luteal phase, 1.0-6.2 ng in midluteal phase, and 0.4-0.7 ng in late luteal phase. OT concentrations in corpus luteum were 21.0-75.2 ng/g wet wt in early luteal phase, increasing to 34.4-602.5 ng/g in midluteal phase; and declining to 3.4 117.4 ng/g in late luteal phase. OT concentrations per mg protein in the corpus luteum were 0.05-19.6 ng with peak concentrations of 14.7-19.6 ng/mg protein on day 22. Sephadex G-25 column chromatography of the corpus luteum extract revealed a single peak for binding activity similar to that of synthetic OT on the RIA. Ovarian vein blood from the same side as the corpus luteum had a significantly higher OT concentrations of 161.2 +/- 29.7 pg/ml on days 15-24 than 16.8 +/- 3.6 pg/ml on days 25-28 (P less than 0.01) and peripheral plasma OT levels of 23.2 +/ 3.4 pg/ml (P less than 0.025). Our findings indicate that OT is present and probably produced by monkey corpus luteum with peak OT concentrations found in midluteal phase. Thus OT may play a role in primate corpus luteum function. PMID- 6745171 TI - Deiodination of reverse 3, 3', 5'-triiodothyronine by hepatic nuclear protein preparations. AB - A reassessment of the binding characteristics of [125I]rT3 to putative receptors in nuclear protein extracts of rat and pig liver revealed that significant deiodination of radioligand occurred during incubation. When previously reported separation procedures are used, released radioiodine is included in the protein bound [125I]rT3 fraction during separation of protein bound from free hormone by Sephadex G-25 chromatography. This misclassification produces artefacts in binding curves and Scatchard plots used to calculate binding affinity and capacity. Previously reported affinities and capacities derived by this methodology are therefore erroneous. Deiodination of rT3 in the nuclear protein extracts appears to be mediated by outer ring deiodinase. Whereas dithiothreitol markedly enhanced radioiodine generation, the enzyme inhibitors ipodate and salicylate reduced iodine production. These effects produced dramatic changes in apparent binding curves for the radioreceptor assay. When [125I]T3 was incubated with nuclear protein extract, no significant deiodination was detected. Whereas it is likely that the deiodinase is a microsomal contaminant of the nuclear preparation, as suggested by the presence of glucose-6-phosphatase in the nuclear protein preparation, the possibility of an intrinsic nuclear-linked deiodinase cannot be overlooked. PMID- 6745172 TI - Cerebral hypothyroidism in rats with adult-onset iodine deficiency. AB - Rats fed chronically a low iodine diet may have low serum T4 and high circulating TSH, despite normal serum T3. As the brain depends to a great extent on intracellular generation of T3 from T4 for its total and nuclear T3, we have carried out two experiments to determine whether the brain of iodine-deficient rats may become hypothyroid, despite normal serum T3 levels. In both experiments we confirmed previous data, showing that the pituitary and liver of iodine deficient rats with very low plasma T4 levels are hypothyroid as compared to those of animals receiving the same diet supplemented with KI, though not as markedly as animals which had undetectable circulating levels of both T4 and T3 as a consequence of chronic ingestion of KC1O-4, or of surgical thyroidectomy. We have further found that the nuclear T3 content was decreased in the brain of iodine-deficient rats, as compared with the animals on the iodine-supplemented diet. The nuclear to plasma ratios of labeled T3 showed that the uptake of this hormone into liver and brain nuclei is not decreased in the iodine-deficient rats as compared with those on the iodine-supplemented diet. This finding indicates that the decreased liver and brain nuclear T3 contents of iodine-deficient rats are likely to be a consequence of the marked reduction of their T4 pool, leading to decreased amounts of intracellularly generated T3. The number of spines on shafts of pyramidal neurons from the visual cortex of iodine-deficient rats was lower than that of rats fed the same diet supplemented with KI. Their distributions along the shaft were also not the same. Such changes might well be an index of cerebral hypothyroidism, as they are similar to those found after thyroidectomy of adult rats. It is concluded from the present findings that normal circulating T3 levels may not be sufficient to maintain brain euthyroidism in rats fed a diet iodine deficient enough to result in very low circulating T4 levels. PMID- 6745173 TI - Enhanced endocrine sensitivity in mouse mammary glands: hormonal requirements for induction and maintenance. AB - This laboratory has previously shown that mammary epithelium from pregnant and parous mice are 5-7 times more sensitive in vitro to insulin, cortisol, and PRL than tissue from virgins, with respect to lactose synthetase activity. In the present studies, virgin mice were treated for 2 weeks with either progesterone or a pituitary allograft to increase PRL levels, and the mammary explants exhibited the same heightened sensitivity to all three hormones that was noted in pregnant animals. Treatment with estradiol or T4 was without effect. However, this effect was transient, since the tissue lost its elevated hormonal responsiveness 4 weeks after progesterone withdrawal, suggesting that the permanent effect seen in nonpregnant nonlactating parous mice involves a more complex series of events than simply elevated progesterone or PRL levels. Even tissue from parous mice reverted to a reduced insulin and PRL sensitivity, if the tissue was initially cultured in the absence of any hormones. Although the increased sensitivity to cortisol did appear to be permanent under the culture conditions used, the maintenance of a heightened insulin responsiveness required the continuous presence of insulin, cortisol, and PRL, while that for PRL needed at least two of these three hormones. In summary, progesterone and/or PRL may be partly responsible for the increased hormonal sensitivity first manifest during pregnancy, but a normal endocrine milieu is required to maintain this responsiveness in vitro. PMID- 6745175 TI - The influence of partial food deprivation on the quantity and source of triiodothyronine in several tissues of athyreotic thyroxine-maintained rats. AB - In the present study the influence of partial food deprivation (PFD) on the quantity and source of T3 [i.e. T3 derived from local T4 to T3 conversion (Lc T3 (T4] vs. plasma-derived T3] in several rat tissues was investigated. Two groups of athyroid rats on a synthetic diet received a continuous iv infusion consisting of T4 (1.0 microgram/100 g BW X day), [125I]T4, and [131I]T3 over a prolonged period. For one group of rats the daily food intake was restricted by one third to maintain constant BW during the infusion period. At isotopic equilibrium the mean plasma T3, T4, and TSH levels for control-fed rats were: 38 ng/dl, 5.1 micrograms/dl, and 470 ng/ml, respectively. The values for rats on PFD were T3: 22 ng/dl, T4: 4.8 micrograms/dl, TSH: less than 70 ng/ml. The [125I]T3 and [131I]T3 contents of whole homogenates from liver, kidney, thigh muscle, cerebral cortex, cerebellum, and anterior pituitary gland as well as the subcellular fractions from liver, kidney (nuclei, mitochondria, microsomes, and cytosol), and anterior pituitary gland (nuclei) were determined (after extraction in ethanol) by thin layer chromatography. The contribution of Lc T3(T4) and the total T3 levels in these tissue preparations could then be calculated. In the cerebral cortex, cerebellum, and anterior pituitary gland of PFD rats plasma-derived T3 as well as Lc T3(T4) was decreased. The total T3 level in the liver did not change under PFD, owing to an increase in Lc T3(T4). It is possible that the release of hepatic Lc T3(T4) into the blood stream was reduced. In neither group was there appreciable Lc T3(T4) in muscle. In contrast to the other tissues investigated, the [131I]T3 tissue-plasma ratio for muscle had increased under PFD, suggesting a higher uptake of T3. As a consequence, the T3 levels in the muscles of PFD rats did not differ from those in normally fed animals. For both groups of rats the contribution of Lc T3(T4) in hepatic nuclei was far lower than that found for the other hepatic cellular fractions. This would suggest that the hepatic nucleus preferentially takes up plasma-derived T3. In both control-fed and PFD rats the bulk of renal T3 appeared to be exchangeable with plasma T3. Hence the T3 levels in renal nuclei were reduced under PFD. The nuclear T3 levels in the anterior pituitaries from PFD rats were markedly decreased. Therefore it is likely that other factors determine TSH secretion under PFD. PMID- 6745174 TI - Differential regulation of protein synthesis by estradiol in uterine component tissues. AB - High resolution two-dimensional gel electrophoresis was used to examine [35S]methionine incorporation into intracellular proteins of the stromal, myometrial, and epithelial tissue fractions of the mouse uterus and into uterine secretory products. This procedure revealed that estradiol promotes preferential synthesis of different proteins in the myometrium, stroma, and epithelium. Conversely, synthesis of some proteins in the myometrial and stromal fractions was depressed by estradiol treatment; estrogen did not appear to depress synthesis of specific proteins in the epithelium. Thus, estradiol treatment influences protein synthesis in each uterine compartment in a different manner. This system provides a useful model to examine hormonal regulation of protein synthesis within different tissue compartments of a target organ. PMID- 6745176 TI - Cysteamine inhibition of bovine pituitary secretory granule prolactin immunoassayability and release. AB - Cysteamine [2-mercaptoethylamine (CySH)] displays a variety of neuroendocrine effects, the most potent being the depletion of immunoassayable tissue PRL. The present study used bovine adenohypophysial secretory granules to characterize this inhibition of measurable hormone (assayability). CySH decreased assayability in a dose-dependent manner at pH 7.4, with 50% inhibition observed close to 2 mM. Maximal inhibition was found between pH 6.0 and 6.5, whereas diminished (or no) inhibition occurred under alkaline conditions, depending on the buffer. In contrast, reduced glutathione (without CySH) increased assayability at pH 8-8.5, had little potency near neutrality, and inhibited assayability under acidic conditions. Electrophoretic studies under nondenaturing conditions demonstrated that CySH exposure of standard PRL resulted in additional charged species. With granules, CySH markedly decreased the staining of the major PRL band, no new bands were evident, and this effect was abolished by glutathione. Sodium dodecyl sulfate-electrophoretic patterns indicated that CySH resulted in higher apparent mol wt species of granule and standard PRL. This effect was nullified by mercaptoethanol. Never was there evidence for species smaller than monomeric. Depletion of PRL might involve interference with the conversion from oligomeric storage PRL to assayable PRL; 44-fold increases in PRL oligomer immunoactivity after alkali and thiol treatment were reduced to 6-fold increases when CySH was present. Reactions involved in production of assayable hormone appear relevant to secretion, since CySH also inhibited PRL release from granules, with maximal inhibition occurring under acidic conditions. Thus, CySH may be useful in investigating the physicochemical properties of tissue PRL and may also represent an approach to treatment of hyperprolactinemic states. PMID- 6745177 TI - In vitro progesterone and testosterone production by the rat placenta during pregnancy. AB - In vitro placental production of progesterone, testosterone, 20 alpha-hydroxy-4 pregen-3-one, and 17 beta-estradiol (E2) was investigated throughout pregnancy in the rat by RIA. Incubations of minced placental preparations with the steroidogenic enzyme inhibitors aminogluthethimide phosphate [2-(p-aminophenyl)2 ethyl-glutarimide phosphate] and cyanoketone (2 alpha-cyano-4,4,17 beta-trimethyl 17 beta-hydroxy-5-androsten-3-one resulted in a dose-related inhibition of progesterone and testosterone production. Progesterone production (picograms per mg tissue) from 2-h incubations of minced placental preparations was low on day 10 of pregnancy (day 1 = morning sperm are found in vaginal washings), peaked on day 12 (mean +/- SE, 281 +/- 32), decreased on day 14 (183 +/- 20), and returned to low levels (less than 80 pg/mg tissue X 2 h) from day 16 to term. Testosterone production (picograms per mg tissue/2 h) was not detectable on day 10, progressively increased to a peak of 46 +/- 7 on day 18, and decreased to term. Production of 20 alpha-hydroxy-4-pregnen-3-one or E2 was negligible in these minced placental preparations. Addition of androstenedione to placental incubates did not result in E2 production. Total steroid production per placenta was calculated as a function of the average placental weight for a given day. Total placental progesterone production was low on day 10 and rose to high levels (greater than 12 ng/placenta X 2 h) from day 12 to term. Total testosterone production progressively increased to a peak of 19 +/- 3 ng/placenta X 12 h on day 18 and decreased to term. These results demonstrate that throughout pregnancy, the rat placenta is an active steroidogenic tissue. PMID- 6745179 TI - Liposome entrapment enhances the hypocalcemic action of parenterally administered calcitonin. AB - The hypocalcemic effect of liposomal-entrapped calcitonin (CT) was evaluated in rats. Salmon CT and human CT were entrapped in liposomes composed of egg phosphatidylcholine with or without an equimolar amount of cholesterol. The liposomes were separated by Sepharose 4B chromatography into fractions consisting of large multilamellar vesicles and small unilamellar vesicles. The incorporation of CT was monitored by counting [125I]CT and by specific RIA. Liposomal entrapment enhanced the hypocalcemic potency of parenterally administered salmon CT and human CT. After iv administration, the large multilamellar vesicles were more potent than small unilamellar vesicles in their hypocalcemic effect; cholesterol inclusion in the MLV liposome preparation prolonged the hypocalcemia. However, with im administration, the cholesterol-free liposomes were more potent than their cholesterol-containing counterparts regardless of size. These studies demonstrate that liposomal entrapment can be used to enhance the hypocalcemic potency of CT. It appears that both the size and composition of the liposome preparation are important in this effect, as is the route of administration. It may be possible to produce liposome-CT preparations with advantageous pharmacological characteristics. PMID- 6745178 TI - Serotonergic regulation of cortisol secretion in dogs. AB - The role of serotonin (5-HT) in the control of serum cortisol secretion was studied in 50 conscious beagle dogs. A significant rise in corticosteroids was observed after 1.5 and 3 mg/kg (P less than 0.01) iv fenfluramine, an indirect serotonergic agonist, as well as after 2 (P less than 0.05) and 3 mg/kg (P less than 0.01) iv quipazine, a direct agonist of 5-HT receptors. Both drugs exhibited a dose-related effect. A lower dose of fenfluramine, 0.5 mg/kg, was ineffective when administered iv, but raised serum cortisol (P less than 0.05) after direct injection into a lateral cerebral ventricle, through a chronically implanted brain cannula. The marked increases in corticosteroid concentration produced by the highest fenfluramine and quipazine doses were completely abolished by pretreatment with ketanserin, an antagonist of 5-HT2 receptors, which did not affect cortisol secretion when administered alone. These data suggest that brain serotonergic system plays a role in the control of cortisol secretion in conscious dogs. PMID- 6745180 TI - Estrogen receptors in rat uterine cell cultures: effects of medium on receptor concentration. AB - Both the estrogen responsiveness and -binding capacity of cultured rat uterine cells were decreased dramatically when the medium was not changed at 24-h intervals. Treatment of cells for 24 h with 1 nM 17 beta-estradiol in fresh medium led to a 3-fold increase in progesterone receptor concentration, but without fresh medium, no increase in progesterone receptors was observed. When the medium was changed on cells with a low estrogen-binding capacity (depleted cells), a 6- to 10-fold increase in estrogen-binding capacity (to in vivo levels) occurred within 24 h (fed cells), and total protein was increased 2-fold. The high and low affinity binding characteristics of fed and depleted cells were identical. Recovery of the estrogen-binding capacity of depleted cells was relatively slow, increasing after a 6-h lag and reaching maximal levels by 24 h. While 6 h of 10(-5) M cycloheximide treatment (protein synthesis inhibited greater than 95%) had little effect on control estrogen binding levels, it completely inhibited the increase in the estrogen-binding capacity induced by changing the medium on depleted cells. These results indicate that estrogen binding activity can be varied in cultured rat uterine cells by changing medium conditions and suggest that these changes are due to differences in receptor protein levels and not to a receptor activation-inactivation phenomenon. PMID- 6745181 TI - Biochemical and endocrine properties of a mechanism-based inhibitor of aromatase. AB - The conversion of androgens to estrogens by aromatase represents a major alteration in hormonal expression, and its regulation offers a promising method for therapeutic control of disease processes that are hormonally dependent. The design of suicide inhibitors based on enzyme-activated mechanisms provides an attractive approach for regulation of estrogen biosynthesis. MDL 18,962, (10-2( propynyl)estr-4-ene-3,17-dione), a C-10 substituted analog of the natural substrate androstenedione, was evaluated as a suicide inhibitor of aromatase. Appropriate kinetic evaluations of MLD 18,962 established it to be a highly potent [inhibition constant (Ki) = 4.5 +/- 1.3 nM] irreversible inhibitor of human placental aromatase. The 2-propynyl group was necessary for time-dependent inactivation, as this activity was lost in related compounds. The inactivation process was specific for aromatase, since other P450 enzyme systems are not inactivated by MDL 18,962. This compound exhibited minimal intrinsic hormonal properties, since weak binding affinities were observed for cytosolic androgen, estrogen, or progestin receptors. The stimulation of ovarian aromatase activity by gonadotropins in immature mice was inhibited in animals implanted with 10-mm MDL 18,962 Silastic implants. This inhibition of estrogen biosynthesis suppressed estrogen-dependent uterine growth in these mice. PMID- 6745182 TI - Nuclear estradiol and cytosol progestin receptor concentrations in the brain and the pituitary gland and sexual behavior in ovariectomized estradiol-treated middle-aged rats. AB - We wished to determine whether the altered nuclear estradiol (E2) receptor concentrations in middle-aged rats can explain the diminished responsiveness to E2 observed in aging rats. Therefore, we measured receptor concentrations in various brain areas and the pituitary gland of young and middle-aged ovariectomized rats 2 and 4 days after implantation of Silastic capsules containing E2. To determine whether any observable changes had physiological consequences, we correlated age-dependent changes in E2 nuclear receptor concentrations with two E2-dependent parameters: cytosol progestin receptor levels in equivalent brain areas and pituitary gland and progesterone-facilitated reproductive behaviors. Young (3-4 months old) and middle-aged (10-12 months old) Sprague-Dawley rats were ovariectomized and received Silastic capsules containing E2 dissolved in oil 1 week later (day 0). Groups of rats were killed at 1200 h on either day 2 or day 4. Nuclear E2 and cytosol progestin receptor concentrations were assessed in a nuclear and cytoplasmic extract from the medial basal hypothalamus, preoptic area, amygdala, and pituitary gland. To test steroid induced mating behavior, ovariectomized young and middle-aged rats were treated with E2-containing capsules for 2 or 4 days. At 0900 h progesterone (0.2 mg/kg BW) was injected sc and receptive and proceptive behaviors were observed when experienced males were introduced 4-6 h later. Two days after implantation of E2 capsules, middle-aged rats exhibited lower nuclear E2 receptor concentrations in the medial basal hypothalamus and preoptic area than young rats. By day 4, there were no significant age-related differences in any brain area or in the pituitary gland. Parallel age-related differences were observed in cytosol progestin receptor concentrations on day 2 but they were not evident by day 4. Similarly, middle-aged rats exhibited deficits in proceptive behavior, lordosis quotient, and lordosis quality score on day 2, but there were no differences compared to young rats on day 4. These data demonstrate that E2-induced nuclear E2 receptor concentrations are lower in selected areas of the brain of middle-aged rats. Such changes appear to be physiologically important because they are correlated with changes in E2-induced cytosol progestin receptor concentrations and steroid induced behaviors. Furthermore, they may partially account for age-related differences in E2-induced LH surges on day 2.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 400 WORDS) PMID- 6745183 TI - Rabbit blastocysts accumulate [3H]prostaglandins in vitro. AB - Rabbit blastocysts obtained on days 5, 6, and 6.8 of pregnancy were incubated in vitro in Tyrode's buffer with 3H-labeled prostaglandins (PGs). Accumulation of PGs was studied, using Whatman GF/F filters to separate bound and free ligands. The uptake and efflux of [3H]PGs were studied as a function of PG type, incubation time, temperature, and effect of metabolic inhibitors as well as age and number of blastocysts. Blastocysts of the same age accumulated approximately the same amount of [3H]PGE2 and [3H]PGF2 alpha from their environment; however, there was no apparent saturation over a PG concentration range of 1-1000 nM. Both the uptake and efflux of PG were age dependent, with older blastocysts accumulating more PGs. Approximately 90% of the [3H]PGs appear to be transported into the blastocoelic fluid, with little PG remaining in the blastomeres. PG accumulation was relatively insensitive to azide, ouabain, cyanide, or bromcresol green, but was affected by incubation at 0 C or the addition of indomethacin (10 micrograms/ml). No catabolism of the accumulated PGs was observed. The release of PGE2 in general did not differ from that of PGF2 alpha, except on day 6.8 of pregnancy when PGE2 was released more rapidly than on day 6. We conclude that rabbit blastocysts can accumulate PGs from their environment, which may imply a storage potential in the blastocyst and release before implantation. PMID- 6745184 TI - Effect of estradiol and progesterone on human endometrial aromatase activity in primary cell culture. AB - Isolated human endometrial stromal cells were cultured in RPMI 1640 medium containing insulin, antibiotics and 10% fetal calf serum. After the stromal cells developed a confluent monolayer, estradiol (E2), progesterone (P), or both were separately added to the culture medium and cells were continuously cultured for various periods of time. Aromatase activity was measured in control and hormone treated cells by incubating the intact cells with [3H]testosterone and isolating the estrogens at the end of incubation. E2 alone did not change the aromatase activity. P caused an 8- to greater than 40-fold increase over the control values (1 to 7 fmol/mg protein X h), and the activity was further increased in the presence of E2 (20- to 100-fold). The stimulation of aromatase activity by P was found to be both time- and dose-dependent and blocked by actinomycin D. Maximal stimulation was reached after the stromal cells were treated with 300 nM P for 3 days. At 30 nM P, a concentration similar to the plasma level during the luteal phase of the menstrual cycle, 80% of maximal stimulation was noted. These results indicate that P stimulates aromatase in endometrial stromal cells and E2 potentiates this stimulation. Much smaller effects of E2 and P on the aromatase activity were noted in endometrial epithelial glands. PMID- 6745185 TI - Effects of in vivo estradiol administration on availability of rat uterine nuclear acceptor in measured in vitro. AB - Estradiol injected in vivo successfully completes for binding to uterine nuclear acceptor sites measured by the assay of Kon and Spelsberg (1). Such competition is time-and dose-dependent, with maximal inhibition (75%) 1 h after injection and at a dose of 10 micrograms of 17 beta-estradiol per 300 g of BW. Thus, this assay appears to accurately measure those uterine nuclear acceptor sites mediating estrogen action in vivo. PMID- 6745186 TI - Evidence that the maternal pituitary suppresses the secretion of relaxin in the pregnant rat. AB - The role of the pituitary in regulating relaxin synthesis and secretion by the corpus luteum during the second half of pregnancy was investigated by hypophysectomizing rats carrying either one conceptus (1C) or a full complement (FC) of conceptuses (n greater than or equal to 8) on day 13 of pregnancy. Serum and luteal relaxin levels, serum progesterone levels, and luteal weights in 1C rats were markedly lower during the period from days 14 through 20 of pregnancy than those in FC rats, as has been previously reported. After hypophysectomy of 1C rats (H1C), serum relaxin levels, serum progesterone levels, and corpus luteum weights increased to values that were not significantly different from those of FC rats. Additionally, hypophysectomized FC rats (HFC) had higher serum relaxin levels than FC rats. Luteal relaxin content was unaffected by hypophysectomy in spite of increased relaxin secretion. Other workers have suggested that placental testosterone may support luteal function during the second half of pregnancy. Serum testosterone levels in 1C rats were markedly lower than those in FC rats, but did not increase after hypophysectomy in either H1C or HFC rats. It is concluded that the putuitary has a suppressive effect on relaxin secretion (and perhaps synthesis) as well as progesterone secretion and corpus luteum growth, and that increased luteal function after hypophysectomy is not due to increased placental testosterone secretion. PMID- 6745187 TI - Mammary fat pad may be a potential site for initiation of estrogen action in normal mouse mammary glands. AB - The effect of estradiol (E2) on mammary and uterine DNA synthesis has been examined in castrated virgin mice. In both these target tissues for E2, in vitro incorporation of thymidine into DNA begins 12 h after E2 treatment, and by 24 h there is approximately a 3-fold increase in the mammary glands and a 9-fold increase in the uterus. Whereas in the uterus by 48 h after E2 the rate of DNA synthesis has basically returned to control values, in the mammary gland a maximal stimulation of DNA synthesis is observed at this time, and even at 72 h after E2 there is still approximately a 2-fold increase in DNA synthesis. In vivo histoautoradiography reveals that, unlike in the uterus, 24 h after E2 there is virtually no uptake of labeled thymidine in the mammary epithelium; the increase in the uptake of thymidine is now mostly confined to the mammary adipose and connective tissues. However, 48 and 72 h after E2 there is extensive labeling of the mammary epithelium in addition to the adipose and connective tissues. These data lead us to suggest that both the mammary fat pad and epithelium are responsive to E2, and that, at least with respect to mammary cell proliferation, the mammary fat pad may be the site of initiation of estrogen action. PMID- 6745188 TI - Reduced frequency of pulsatile luteinizing hormone secretion in the luteal phase of the rhesus monkey. Involvement of endogenous opiates. AB - Pulsatile secretion of LH in women has been shown to vary during the menstrual cycle. LH pulse frequency during the luteal phase is markedly reduced compared to that in the follicular phase. The objectives of the present study were to determine if similar changes in pulsatile LH secretion occur in the monkey, and whether endogenous opiates are involved in producing these changes. In order to document if LH pulse frequency is reduced in the nonhuman primate luteal phase, serial blood samples were collected from 10 rhesus monkeys at 15-min intervals for 6 h at 3 different times of the luteal phase (early, mid-, and late). This pattern of secretion was contrasted to that observed during the ensuing early follicular phase. LH pulse frequency during the luteal phase was significantly reduced compared to the early follicular phase. Mean pulse frequency (+/- SE) was 0.84 +/- 0.16 pulses/6 h in the luteal phase vs. 2.99 +/- 0.58 pulses/6 h in the early follicular phase. When endogenous opioid activity was blocked during the luteal phase by a 5-h continuous infusion of naloxone (2 mg/h), an opiate antagonist, LH pulse frequency was increased to 2.48 +/- 0.25 pulses/5 h. This frequency was markedly different from the frequency of 0.85 +/- 0.17 pulses/5 h observed in the control period which immediately preceeded the naloxone infusion. The mean amplitude of the LH pulses in the luteal phase, which was significantly greater than that observed in the early follicular phase (20.9 +/- 1.9 ng/ml and 11.7 +/- 0.3 ng/ml) was not affected by naloxone (23.5 +/- 2.4 ng/ml vs. 25.3 +/- 1.9 ng/ml). Infusion of naloxone for longer periods (9 h) in 3 additional monkeys caused an increase in LH pulse frequency which was maintained in 2 of the monkeys, whereas the third animal exhibited only an acute response (a single pulse). These results indicate that the reduction in LH pulse frequency that occurs in the luteal phase of the rhesus menstrual cycle is an event in which endogenous opiates participate. Our previous finding that beta-endorphin release from neurons in the median eminence is stimulated during the luteal phase of the monkey, together with the present results, suggest that beta-endorphin functions as a modulator of pulsatile LH secretion in the primate menstrual cycle. PMID- 6745190 TI - Hourly administration of luteinizing hormone induces ovulation in prepubertal female sheep. AB - This investigation examined the effects of repeated injections of LH on ovarian function in the immature sheep approximately 12 weeks before the time of the first expected spontaneous ovulation. The frequency of endogenous LH pulses during the pretreatment period was approximately one pulse each 3 h. The first experiment determined that rapid injection (iv) of 15.5 micrograms LH replicated the amplitude of endogenous pulses. Hourly injection of this dose for 48 h to simulate the rapid LH pulse frequency of the follicular phase of the postpubertal female induced a LH surge and ovulation in two of three lambs. By contrast, administration of 33% of the dose over the 48-h period did not [5.2 micrograms/h (three lambs) or 15.5 micrograms each 3 h (three lambs)]. The second experiment (seven lambs) determined the time course of the preovulatory estradiol rise produced in response to hourly LH pulses (15.5 micrograms/injection), as well as the length of the luteal phase after the induced LH surge. Four lambs produced a sustained estradiol rise, a LH surge, and ovulation. The luteal phase was normal (13 days) in one and short in three lambs (6-11 days). In the remaining three prepubertal females that did not ovulate in response to 48-h injections of LH, the estradiol rise was not sustained. Circulating estradiol in five untreated control lambs exhibited only transient increases during the course of the study. The results indicate that hourly administration of physiological quantities of LH over a relatively brief period (48 h) can produce a follicular phase culminating in first ovulation in the immature lamb. In the context of the mechanism proposed for puberty in the female sheep, the findings are consonant with the hypothesis that the hypothalamus, through its modulation of LH pulse frequency, governs the initiation of ovulation. PMID- 6745189 TI - Substantial induction of a new serum protein by growth hormone: physiochemical and physiological characterization. AB - Serum from GH-treated hypophysectomized rats was examined by two-dimensional gel electrophoresis followed by silver staining to screen a large number of serum proteins for GH responsiveness. A distinctive, highly acidic protein of 60,000 mol wt was clearly responsive to GH administration, increasing 7-fold over levels observed in hypophysectomized controls. Administration of T4, corticosterone, and 5 alpha-dihydrotestosterone failed to induce this protein; however, addition of GH to this regimen resulted in a 60-fold increase in its concentration. Examination of proteins synthesized by isolated hepatocytes in the presence of [35S]methionine showed that this protein is of hepatic origin. Physiological and physiochemical evidence suggest that this protein is unlikely to be one of the other well documented GH-responsive serum proteins: somatomedin-C, alpha 2U globulin, or the somatomedin-binding protein. The protein demonstrates a remarkable ontogeny, increasing 135-fold over newborn levels by 35 days of age. This is qualitatively similar to changes observed in somatomedin-C, however, the quantitative change is much more striking. Examination of the protein in an altered physiological state which limits growth (uremia) reveals a 30-fold diminution of levels of the protein after 3 weeks of renal failure. In contrast, pair-fed animals demonstrated only a 2-fold decrease. This suggests that there is a profound inhibition of GH action which is not accounted for by poor nutritional intake. This protein may be useful in the investigation of the GH-hepatic axis. PMID- 6745191 TI - Identification of an autostimulatory growth factor in the extracts and conditioned medium of GH3/C14 rat pituitary cells in culture. AB - An acid- and heat-stable low molecular weight (Mr 2,500-6,200) autostimulatory growth factor has been identified in extracts of GH3/C14 rat pituitary tumors, in extracts of these cells in culture and in their serum-free conditioned medium. The concentrations of autostimulatory activity required to achieve ED50 in serum free culture were 4.3, 4.0 and 85 micrograms/ml for extracts of tumors, the cultured cells, and from the conditioned medium of the cells in culture, respectively. To characterize this activity, we have used an isolation method that included 0.1 M acetic acid extraction, heating at 95 C, SP-Sephadex chromatography, and finally, Sephadex G-50 chromatography. The identification of this activity if rapidly growing, relatively autonomous GH3/C14 tumors suggests an autostimulatory role in the conversion from estrogen-responsive growth to autonomy. PMID- 6745192 TI - Courtship stimulates aromatase activity in preoptic area of brain in male ring doves. AB - Aromatase activity was quantified in vitro in different regions of the basal forebrain of male ring doves at various times after the initiation of courtship. By 24 h after the introduction of a female dove into the cage of a male, there was a significant, nearly two-fold, increase in aromatase activity which was confined to the ventromedial preoptic area (VM-POA) where enzyme activity was concentrated. This increase in aromatase activity, which was sustained through day 5 of courtship, presumably serves to activate nest-oriented behavior. PMID- 6745193 TI - Metabolism of 3,3'-diiodothyronine in rat hepatocytes: interaction of sulfation with deiodination. AB - Production of 3,3'-diiodothyronine (3,3'-T2) is an important step in the peripheral metabolism of thyroid hormone in man. The rapid clearance of 3,3'-T2 is accomplished to a large extent in the liver. We have studied in detail the mechanisms of this process using monolayers of freshly isolated rat hepatocytes. After incubation with 3,[3'-125I]T2, chromatographic analysis of the medium revealed two major metabolic routes: outer ring deiodination and sulfation. We recently demonstrated that sulfate conjugation precedes and in effect accelerates deiodination of 3,3'-T2. In media containing different serum concentrations the cellular clearance rate was determined by the nonprotein-bound fraction of 3,3' T2. At substrate concentrations below 10(-8) M 125I- was the main product observed. At higher concentrations deiodination became saturated, and 3,3'-T2 sulfate (T2S) accumulated in the medium. Saturation of 3,3'-T2 clearance was found to occur only at very high (greater than 10(-6)M) substrate concentrations. The sulfating capacity of the cells exceeded that of deiodination by at least 20 fold. Deiodination was completely inhibited by 10(-4) M propylthiouracil or thiouracil, resulting in the accumulation of T2S while clearance of 3,3'-T2 was little affected. No effect was seen with methimazole. Hepatocytes from 72-h fasted rats showed a significant reduction of deiodination but unimpaired sulfation. Other iodothyronines interfered with 3,3'-T2 metabolism. Deiodination was strongly inhibited by 2 microM T4 and rT3 (80%) but little by T3 (15%), whereas the clearance of 3,3'-T2 was reduced by 27% (T4 and rT3) and 12% (T3). It is concluded that the rapid hepatic clearance of 3,3'-T2 is determined by the sulfate-transferring capacity of the liver cells. Subsequent outer ring deiodination of the intermediate T2S is inhibited by propylthiouracil and by fasting, essentially without an effect on overall 3,3'-T2 clearance. PMID- 6745195 TI - Regulation of luteinizing hormone secretion in male sheep by endogenous estrogen. AB - Both androgens and estrogens are implicated in the regulation of gonadotropin secretion in the male. Three experiments were conducted to determine the physiological importance of estradiol (E2) in the feedback regulation of LH secretion in male sheep. In the first experiment, LH secretion in castrate rams (wethers) was shown to be susceptible to the picomolar concentrations of E2 found in intact rams. In the second experiment, aminoglutethimide (AG) was administered to testosterone-implanted wethers to block aromatization of testosterone and ascertain the possible consequences of E2 deprivation on testosterone-mediated LH suppression. AG had no apparent effect on serum testosterone, but reduced serum E2 by half and increased serum LH approximately 3-fold. These data suggest that aromatization of testosterone to E2 is a physiologically important step in the regulation of LH secretion in the ram and that aromatization occurs, at least in part, in peripheral tissues. The relative contributions of peripherally and centrally derived E2 in the regulation of LH remain uncertain. In the third experiment, immunoneutralization of endogenous E2 in intact rams by active immunization against E2 was shown to stimulate pulsatile LH secretion and elevate basal and mean LH concentrations. Associated with this LH response was a significant increase in serum testosterone, such that immunized rams exposed to a nonstimulatory 16-h light, 8-h dark photoperiod had testosterone concentrations equivalent to those of control rams exposed to a stimulatory 8-h light, 16-h dark photoperiod. Together, these findings emphasize the importance of E2 in the control of male reproduction and suggest the possibility of improving year-round reproductive performance of the domestic ram through E2 immunoneutralization. PMID- 6745194 TI - Pineal N-acetyltransferase activity in 10-day-old rats: a paradigm for studying the developing circadian system. AB - Pineal N-acetyltransferase (NAT) activity in 10-day-old rat pups was used to examine several aspects of the developing circadian timing system. When born and reared under constant darkness, 10-day-old animals manifested a clear daily rhythm of NAT activity whose phase was in time with the estimated circadian time of the mother (set by the lighting cycle during pregnancy). When pups were reared in constant darkness from birth by a foster mother whose circadian time was 180 degrees (12 h) out of phase with that of the natural mother, the resulting population profiles of NAT activity were arrhythmic. Analysis of the individual litter profiles from this experiment showed a variable postnatal influence of the maternal circadian system on the timing of the developing circadian system. Neither cross-fostering per se nor social interactions among litter mates contributed significantly to the apparent maternal influence. The magnitude of the postnatal maternal influence was not the same throughout development, but was most apparent during the first 5 days of life. Neonatal blinding (within 24 h of birth) did not appreciably alter the maternal influence. Extraretinal photoreception does not contribute to entrainment of the circadian clock during postnatal development, and retina-mediated photic entrainment is present by 10 days of age. The results indicate that pineal NAT activity monitored in 10-day old rats provides a useful paradigm for studying the developing circadian system. PMID- 6745196 TI - Nitrendipine prolongs rat parturition: no changes occur in progesterone withdrawal. AB - The mechanism of tocolytic action of the calcium channel-blocking agent nitrendipine [3-ethyl-5-methyl-1,4-dihydro-2,6-dimethyl-4-(3-nitrophenyl) 3,5 pyridinedicarboxylate; BAYER E 5009] had been examined. Pregnant rats (duration of pregnancy, 22 days) were treated with nitrendipine (12.5 mg/kg, sc) on days 18 21 of gestation (group I) or on days 20-21 of gestation (group II) and with vehicle only (control group). Serum levels of progesterone from the three experimental groups were determined on days 20 and 22, and the course of labor was monitored on days 22-23 in the individually caged dams. The duration of labor, delivery times, and other labor parameters were significantly delayed in the treated groups vs. the control group, while there was no difference in serum progesterone levels among the three experimental groups on day 20 or 22 of gestation 136.0 +/- 5.6 (mean +/- SEM; (n = 6) and 43.8 +/- 7.2 (n = 17) ng progesterone/ml serum, respectively. We can conclude that progesterone withdrawal, the primary event in the initiation of rat labor, is not altered by nitrendipine treatment. The delay of labor is apparently related to a decrease in the contractile state of myometrium due to the inhibition of calcium influx by nitrendipine. PMID- 6745197 TI - Metabolism of luteinizing hormone by the pseudopregnant rat ovary. AB - Ovarian metabolism of highly purified human LH (hLH) was studied in pseudopregnant rats. The animals were injected with 1.0 microgram (11.1 IU) hLH, iv, and groups of animals were killed between 15 and 300 min. The hLH present in ovarian cytosol and sera and eluted from ovarian membrane was determined by RIA. Ovarian membrane-bound LH increased rapidly for 1 h, after which it plateaued and then decreased 4 h after the injection. Cytosolic LH peaked at 1 h, but concentrations declined thereafter. When ovarian cytosol obtained from rats injected with 10 micrograms hLH was chromatographed on a Sephadex G-100 column, the major immunoreactive fraction cochromatographed with the LH used for injection. Cytosol harvested 15 min after LH stimulation contained a small peak which coeluted with LH alpha. No LH beta was detected. No evidence for extensive dissociation of the LH subunits was found. When hLH present in serum and ovarian cytosol or bound to ovarian membrane was chromatographed on Concanavalin A Sepharose, different patterns of binding and elution with that lectin were observed and were consistent with differential modification of the oligosaccharide side chains of LH present in serum and associated with the ovary. The biological to immunological ratio of cytosolic LH decreased from 1.7 15 min after LH injection to 0.8 at 5 h. Compared to our previous studies with hCG, LH was metabolized more rapidly. Whether that difference in the rates of ovarian metabolism of the two gonadotropins contributes to the marked disparity in their quantitative biochemical effects induced by those hormones should be examined. PMID- 6745198 TI - Effects of neonatal administration of monosodium glutamate on somatotrophs and growth hormone secretion in prepubertal male and female rats. AB - Female and male rats were injected with monosodium L-glutamate (MSG; 4 mg/g BW) or 0.9% saline as neonates and then decapitated on days 35 and 40 of life, respectively. Trunk blood was collected for RIA of serum GH. Anterior pituitary glands (APGs) were bisected. One half was assayed for GH. The other half was placed in culture medium to study the basal GH release rate. Pituitary sections from additional rats were stained for GH, and morphometric analyses were performed on the GH cells. Treatment with MSG lowered serum GH levels and gland GH content in female but not in male rats. MSG did not alter the gland GH concentration or the basal GH release rate whether expressed per mg APG or per entire gland in either sex. The mean cross-sectional area of GH cells was reduced in either sex of MSG-treated rats. The numerical density of GH cells and the percentage of GH cells in APGs were similar in saline- and MSG-treated rats of either sex. The volume density of GH cells was lower in MSG-treated male rats only. The results suggest that in prepubertal rats which had been given MSG as neonates there is a sex difference in mean serum GH concentration and APG GH content, GH cell size is reduced in both sexes, and the individual GH cells contain normal amounts of GH in spite of their smaller size. PMID- 6745200 TI - An evaluation of the size of the parathyroid glands. AB - The size of the parathyroid gland was evaluated at different functional levels of the gland (control: 216 glands in 54 autopsy cases, chronic renal failure: 74 glands in 21 autopsy cases, hypercalcemia: 16 glands in 15 patients with primary hyperparathyroidism). This study is based on the fact that chronic renal failure causes a hypersecretory state of parathyroid hormone (PTH), and that hypercalcemia suppresses PTH secretion. The size of the parathyroid gland was represented by the largest area cut through the hilum of the gland. Interstitial and fatty tissues were excluded from the measuring. The lower parathyroid glands are larger than the upper glands in the control. Both the upper and the lower glands enlarge with a predominance of the lower glands in size in chronic renal failure. These results suggest that the functional level of the lower glands is higher than that of the upper glands not only in the normal but in a hypersecretory state of PTH. Hypercalcemia has been shown to cause a decrease in size of the lower glands, while the upper glands scarcely decrease in size. This result indicates that the lower glands play a major role in reducing PTH secretion when PTH secretion is suppressed. It is concluded that the lower parathyroid glands play a more important role than the upper glands in the maintenance and regulation of PTH secretion. PMID- 6745199 TI - Glucocorticoid receptors in cultured skin fibroblasts of normal and adrenocorticoid disorders. AB - Glucocorticoid receptors (GR) in cultured fibroblasts obtained by forearm skin biopsy were characterized and GR in patients with hyper- and hypo-cortisolism were compared. Scatchard analysis of specific whole cell [3H]-dexamethasone binding showed a single class of high affinity receptors with a mean (+/- SD) binding capacity (R0) of 126,800 +/- 21,600 sites/cell and mean (+/- SD) apparent dissociation constant (Kd) of 2.9 +/- 0.4 nM in 6 normal subjects. Competition study of various steroids revealed that glucocorticoids were the most potent competitors. The order of the strength of competition was dexamethasone greater than betamethasone greater than prednisolone greater than hydrocortisone. Sucrose density gradient analysis revealed a specific 8.6 S binding peak in cytosol and 3.6 S in nuclear extracts. Dexamethasone showed the dose-dependent suppressive effect on thymidine incorporation. An inverse linear correlation between CI50 and % inhibition of thymidine incorporation by glucocorticoids was observed. There were no significant differences in parameters of whole cell GR among healthy controls, Cushing's disease (n = 4, R0 = 131,225 +/- 29,950/cell, Kd = 3.1 +/- 0.6 nM) and Addison's disease (n = 2, R0 = 131,600 +/- 25,600/cell, Kd = 3.2 +/- 0.2 nM). In one additional patient of hypercortisolism without clinical symptoms of Cushing's disease, R0 (144,000 +/- 12,960) was the same as control, but Kd (5.0 +/- 1.2 nM) was higher than the control. PMID- 6745201 TI - Long term effects of human growth hormone on 1,959 patients with pituitary dwarfism throughout Japan. AB - The results of 6 months to 8 years of treatment of pituitary dwarfism in 1,959 patients in Japan were summarized. The data were based on the reports of the physicians treating the patients. Among the patients, 1,720 cases suffered from idiopathic pituitary dwarfism, 227 cases from secondary pituitary dwarfism, and 12 cases from unknown causes. Their initial age ranged from 9 months to 36 years old and their initial bone age ranged from 3 months to 15 years old. In most cases, a definite effect was observed. The effect was most remarkable during the initial 6 months and then declined gradually up to the fourth year. Males responded better than females. In younger and more immature patients, the effect was more remarkable. There were almost no side effects other than a few cases of impairment of capital femoral epiphysis. PMID- 6745203 TI - Serum somatomedin activity and growth hormone secretion by cultured pituitary cells from genetically obese Zucker rats. PMID- 6745202 TI - In vitro effects of estradiol, testosterone or progesterone on luteal steroidogenesis in the pregnant rat. AB - In order to assess the direct luteotropic effects of steroids, dispersed luteal cells from rats on day 8 or 16 of pregnancy were incubated for 2 h with various concentrations of estradiol (1-1000 ng/ml), testosterone (1-100 ng/ml) or progesterone (1-100 ng/ml). Estradiol, at any concentration, did not cause significant changes in the in vitro accumulation of progesterone, 20 alpha dihydroprogesterone (20 alpha-OHP) or testosterone by dispersed luteal cells on both days 8 and 16. Addition of testosterone (1-100 ng/ml) increased the accumulation of estradiol on day 8 with estrone synthesized at half to one third the rate of estradiol. On day 16, accumulation of estradiol by dispersed luteal cells was more sensitive to 1 ng/ml testosterone than on day 8 with a concomitant drop in estrone synthesis. Although luteal secretion of estradiol was readily stimulated by testosterone, there were no corresponding changes in the production of progesterone or 20 alpha-OHP. Although the addition of a small amount of progesterone did not cause the anticipated increase in accumulation of 20 alpha OHP, 100 ng/ml progesterone elicited a slight but significant increase in accumulation of 20 alpha-OHP on day 8. Thus, none of 3 steroids added was found to exert any direct in vitro luteotropic action in the pregnant rat, in acute experiments. PMID- 6745204 TI - [Disorders of thyroid function in pregnancy]. PMID- 6745205 TI - [Clinical usefulness of various indicators of triiodothyronine and thyroxine levels for the differential diagnosis of euthyroidism and hyperthyroidism]. PMID- 6745206 TI - [Incidence of goiter in schoolchildren from selected regions of the Upper Silesian industrial district]. PMID- 6745207 TI - [Goiter and various indicators of physical development of children from selected regions of the Upper-Silesian industrial district]. PMID- 6745209 TI - Serum testosterone concentration during two hours of moderate intensity treadmill running in trained men and women. AB - The purpose of this study was to determine alterations in testosterone concentration in women during 2 hours of moderate intensity running, and to compare this response to that seen in men. Maximal oxygen uptake (VO2 max) and anaerobic threshold (AT) were determined in 11 men and 9 women. These subjects subsequently ran for 2 hours on a motor-driven treadmill at 10% below the AT which was approximately 70% VO2 max. Blood samples were drawn at 0, 30, 60, 90 and 120 minutes of exercise and testosterone was measured by specific radioimmunoassay. Serum testosterone concentration was significantly increased (41%, P less than .01) after 30 minutes of exercise in the men. In the women, testosterone was not significantly increased from pre-exercise concentrations until 120 minutes of exercise (48%, P less than .01). At this time the testosterone concentration in the men had decreased and was no longer significantly elevated from the pre-exercise concentration. The magnitude of the increases in serum testosterone concentration can probably be accounted for by decreases in the metabolic clearance rate of sex-steroids known to occur during exercise. Differences in the testosterone response between men and women during prolonged aerobic exercise are of interest and may imply that different mechanisms of control are involved. PMID- 6745210 TI - Increased content of glucocorticoid receptors in mouse muscular dystrophy. AB - An analysis of the glucocorticoid receptor population of skeletal muscle and liver from dystrophic and control mice was performed. These data demonstrate that the cytosol of muscles from dystrophic animals contain a significantly higher concentration of glucocorticoid receptors (approximately 100%) relative to the cytosols of muscles from control mice. No differences in the glucocorticoid receptor population was noted in the livers removed from these animals. These data are consistent with previous observations on the chicken dystrophic model, and may suggest a general phenomenon associated with dystrophy regardless of species or type. PMID- 6745211 TI - Correlation between the behavior of magnetic iron oxide particles in the lungs of rabbits and phagocytosis. AB - Five New Zealand white male rabbits were exposed (30 min; 300 mg/m3) to a submicrometric magnetic iron oxide aerosol (gamma-Fe2O3) produced by burning iron pentacarbonyl in a reducing atmosphere. After aerosol inhalation, an external magnetic field was applied to the rabbits to magnetize and align the ferrimagnetic particles within their lungs. After removal of the external field, a remanent magnetic field was detectable at the body surface. Using a flux-gate magnetometer probe in an enclosure shielded against external magnetic noise, the peak remanent field after magnetization was measured periodically during the next 6 weeks. After each magnetization, the strength of the remanent field decayed rapidly with time (relaxation). The mechanism responsible is particle rotation caused by tissue, cell, organelle, or Brownian movement. The rate of relaxation changed with time after particle inhalation, especially during the first day; changes in the relaxation rate correlated with an estimate of in situ particle phagocytosis during that time. Analysis of pulmonary lavage fluid from 15 rabbits into which radioactive gold-198 had been intratracheally instilled showed that, at 1 hr after instillation, 27% of the gold had been phagocytized, whereas at 16 hr 91% had been ingested. The strength of the magnetic field immediately after each magnetization (that is, before relaxation) was used to estimate the amount of iron oxide in the lungs. At 1 day after exposure, 96.8 +/- 8.8% (mean +/- standard error) of the initial dust was still present; at 10 days, 67.9 +/- 16.2%; and at 40 days, 16.0 +/- 4.6%. It is concluded that ferrimagnetic particles can serve as an easily measured, long-lasting marker that can be used for noninvasive studies of clearance and of particle phagocytosis and as a probe for intracellular processes such as organelle motion. PMID- 6745208 TI - Circadian fluctuations in plasma corticosterone, corticosterone-binding activity and total protein in male rats: possible disruption by serial blood sampling. AB - Male rats were bled serially every 6 h for 48 consecutive hours. Plasma so obtained was assayed for corticosterone (B), corticosterone-binding activity (CBA) and total plasma protein (TPP). Although the averaged data indicated a significant circadian rhythm in plasma B, inspection of the circadian changes in individual animals showed that 40% had irregular or aberrant patterns of plasma B. Additionally, circadian fluctuations in plasma CBA were approximately 3-fold lower in magnitude than previously reported, and there was no significant circadian change in TPP. Running wheel activity during the 48 h blood sampling period decreased by over 50% indicating that the serial sampling procedure caused disruption of the activity cycle. However, the majority of wheel-running activity occurred during the dark portion of the day-night cycle. Because circadian fluctuations in plasma proteins, including corticosteroid binding globulin (CBG), may be directly related to changes in locomotor activity, it is suggested that the attenuation of circadian changes in CBA and TPP were due to disruption of the daily cycle of locomotor activity. The abnormal circadian patterns in plasma B observed in some animals also may have been caused by disruption of the activity cycle in spite of the fact that the rats did not appear to be stressed as evidenced by concentrations of plasma B that were well within the normal range. PMID- 6745212 TI - Differentiation-arrested rat fetal lung in primary monolayer cell culture. III. Antioxidant enzyme activity. AB - Differentiation-arrested monolayer lung cell cultures were developed from day 18, 20, and 22 rat fetuses and 3-day-old neonatal rats. These cultures were examined for antioxidant enzyme activity, and the values obtained were compared with previously reported in vivo activity. All cultures were catalase deficient, and activity could be restored by the addition of 0.25 microM Fe(NO3)3 X 9H2O to the culture medium. The other measured antioxidant enzymes--copper-zinc and manganese superoxide dismutase, glutathione peroxidase, and glucose 6-phosphate dehydrogenase-demonstrate gestation-dependent increases of activity in vivo that were not evident in vitro, supporting the concept of a circulating "maturation factor" during fetal life. When cultures from fetal days 20 and 22 and from neonatal day 3 lungs were challenged with 50% oxygen in the presence of serum, antioxidant enzyme activities were unchanged, and there was no evidence of cell damage as assessed by release of lactate dehydrogenase. In the absence of serum, however, fetal day 20 (but not fetal day 22 or neonatal day 3) lung cells showed evidence of cell damage and increased antioxidant enzyme activities. It is concluded that cultured immature fetal cells are more susceptible to oxygen toxicity than those derived from mature fetal or neonatal animals. This increased susceptibility cannot be explained on the basis of the reduced antioxidant enzyme activity observed in vivo. PMID- 6745213 TI - The relationship between neuropsychological functioning and psychopathology in temporal lobe epileptic patients. AB - With the use of Goldberg's method of Minnesota Multiphasic Personality Inventory (MMPI) analysis, evidence has been recently provided of a positive relationship between psychopathology and deficits in neuropsychological functioning in epileptic patients. The present study attempted to replicate this finding using more precise and appropriate criteria for grouping patients according to severity of neuropsychological impairment. Application of Goldberg's MMPI Rules to 34 temporal lobe epileptic patients grouped according to their neuropsychological status (nonimpaired or impaired) failed to support these findings. Possible reasons for the discrepant results, including differing methodologies and seizure patient characteristics across studies, are discussed. PMID- 6745214 TI - Comparison of the psychosocial effects of epilepsy and narcolepsy/cataplexy: a controlled study. AB - A questionnaire survey compared the psychosocial effects of epilepsy in 60 patients without major organic pathology (selected cases with temporal lobe epilepsy or primary generalized epilepsy) with those of matched (duration of illness, sex) patients with narcolepsy/cataplexy and with those of age- and sex matched controls. Comparing epileptic patients with controls, we confirmed the well-documented marked deleterious effects of epilepsy upon work, education, occupational and household accidents, recreation, personality, interpersonal relations, and other parameters. Comparisons of epileptic and narcoleptic patients, however, showed that, in general, persons with narcolepsy are even more psychosocially impaired. The narcoleptic patients showed greater frequencies of disease-attributed reduced performance at work, poorer driving records, higher accident rates from smoking, greater problems in planning recreation, and other significant differences. Rather dissimilar profiles of psychosocial impairment were found to characterize the two conditions, and these were largely understandable as a function of their symptoms. The only areas in which epileptic patients showed greater problems than those with narcolepsy were in educational achievement and in ability to maintain a driving license. Most of the intergroup differences remained significant even for smaller groups matched also for age. The somewhat greater psychosocial impact of narcolepsy appears to be due to the continuous excessive daytime sleepiness that persists between the diagnostic attacks, whereas persons with epilepsy are relatively alert between seizures. PMID- 6745215 TI - Self-reported sleep disorder symptoms in epilepsy. AB - Three groups of adult epileptic subjects with simple partial, complex partial, and generalized seizures and normal control subjects completed a brief self report sleep questionnaire. The simple partial and complex partial groups indicated significantly more sleep disorder symptoms, especially frequent night awakenings. The generalized group was most similar to the controls. Irrespective of seizure type, the epileptic patients with the most frequent seizures also had the most sleep disturbances. Sleep disorder symptoms did not increase with age in the seizure groups. It would thus seem that epileptic patients with partial seizures and those with more frequent seizures are at risk for developing sleep disorders. PMID- 6745216 TI - Epilepsy and the inner city schools: a school-based program that makes a difference. AB - A program was developed within the Baltimore City School System to comply with U.S. Public Laws 94-142 and 94-484. The program provided assessment, appropriate placement, counseling, work experience, and epilepsy education. Self-identified students were primarily black and poor, more likely to be either 1 year behind in reading or in special education. Seventy percent had psychosocial problems but for less than half were the problems directly related to seizures. The program decreased the nonpromotion rate and the dropout rate to less than half of that for the school system as a whole, and cut in half the percentage of youths who were unemployed or not in school or training 1 and 2 years after graduation. The per pupil cost was 10% greater than current expenditures for the system as a whole. PMID- 6745217 TI - Stress as a risk factor for seizures among adults with epilepsy. AB - This study examines the effects of major life events, daily hassles and uplifts, and daily stress levels as they increase or decrease the risks of having seizures and estimates risk ratios for specific stressors and perceived stress levels. Utilizing a prospective design, 12 adults with severe epilepsy monitored the occurrence of seizures, stressors, and stress levels over a 3-month period. In within-individual analyses, high stress levels and stressful events were associated with more frequent seizures for most participants. The association between higher stress levels and increased seizures was confirmed in group analyses. This study provides empirical evidence of the association between stress and seizures and describes the use of a statistical model that is useful for investigating risk factors as they influence physical and mental illness. PMID- 6745218 TI - Effect of viloxazine on serum carbamazepine levels in epileptic patients. AB - The present study describes the interaction between carbamazepine (CBZ) and viloxazine, a recently synthesized antidepressant agent. Seven epileptic patients on chronic anticonvulsant therapy showed a significant (p less than 0.005) increase in steady-state serum CBZ levels (from 8.1 +/- 2.5 SD to 12.1 +/- 2.5 SD micrograms/ml) when viloxazine (300 mg/day) was added to the therapy. The effect was associated with the appearance of mild CBZ intoxication. The symptoms of this intoxication (i.e., dizziness, ataxia, fatigue, drowsiness) disappeared rapidly, and serum CBZ levels decreased to the basal values, when viloxazine administration was stopped. PMID- 6745219 TI - Michaelis-Menten kinetics of stiripentol in normal humans. AB - Michaelis-Menten kinetic parameters for stiripentol, and anticonvulsant, were assessed in six normal volunteers. Stiripentol was administered orally three times a day in dosage increments of 600, 1,200, and 1,800 mg/day for consecutive periods of 3, 4, and 7 days, respectively. Stiripentol steady-state levels at the three dosing rates increased more than proportionally with dose. The mean +/- SD oral clearance of stiripentol at 600 mg/day (1,090 +/- 624 L/day) was significantly greater (p less than 0.01) than at 1,200 (506 +/- 219 L/day) or 1,800 (405 +/- 151 L/day) mg/day. Average steady-state concentrations predicted from individually determined Vm and Km parameters were in good agreement with experimentally observed levels, indicating that the kinetics of stiripentol are of the Michaelis-Menten type. The mean Vm, Km, and Vm/Km ratio were 2,299 +/- 490 mg/day, 2.20 +/- 1.28 mg/L, and 1,241 +/- 837 L/day, respectively. Neuropsychological tests carried out before and after 14 days of stiripentol treatment showed a significant decline in verbal learning ability (p = 0.038) and a significant improvement in a test of memory and attention (p less than 0.01). PMID- 6745220 TI - Development and persistence of kindled seizures after repeated injections of pentylenetetrazol in rats and guinea pigs. AB - Pentylenetetrazol (PTZ) was injected into rats (30 or 35 mg/kg) and guinea pigs (40 or 45 mg/kg) daily or every second day. A progressive development of seizure activity after this treatment was observed. Doses ineffective after the first injection induced tonic seizures after 20 injections. Both kinds of treated animals immediately developed tonic seizures when PTZ was injected after a few months interruption for one time only. The results support the assumption that seizures induced by chronic injection of PTZ are similar to kindled seizures evoked by daily electrical stimulation and can be regarded as a model of epileptogenesis. PMID- 6745222 TI - Radioiodide uptake in brain, CSF, thyroid, and salivary glands of audiogenic seizure mice. AB - DBA/2J (DBA) mice are susceptible to audiogenic seizures (ASs) in an age dependent manner. Anion transport as measured by radioiodide uptake was determined in thyroid gland, salivary gland, skeletal muscle, cerebral cortex, cerebellum, brainstem, and CSF from these mice at various ages. Anion transport was also determined in C57BL/6J(C57) mice, an AS-resistant strain. In thyroid, DBA mice had an enhanced ability to concentrate iodide at 21 days of age when they have maximal AS susceptibility, as compared with the same-aged C57 mice. This difference in thyroid function was less marked at 40 days of age, when DBA mice are less AS susceptible, and was absent at 110 days of age, when DBA mice are AS resistant. In brain, differences in iodide uptake were also noted between these two strains of mice at 21 days of age. DBA mice had an increased concentration of iodide in CSF, an indication that they have a defect in the transport of iodide out of the CSF across the choroid plexus. In addition, DBA mice had a lower ratio of cerebral cortex to CSF iodide, which suggests that DBA mice have a defect in the transport of this anion into cerebral cortical cells from brain interstitial fluid. These differences in iodide transport in brain decreased with age as the AS susceptibility of DBA mice decreased. These results suggest a relation between anion transport in thyroid gland, cerebral cortex, and choroid plexus and AS susceptibility in DBA mice at 21 days of age. PMID- 6745223 TI - Epileptic seizures in alcoholism and diagnostic value of EEG after sleep deprivation. AB - Alcoholism and epileptic seizures frequently coincide. Two groups can be distinguished clinically and by EEG. In one group (group I), seizures occur only during a period of alcohol withdrawal or partial withdrawal and can only be explained because of alcoholism in the history of the patient. In the other group (group II), seizures occur spontaneously, as well as during alcohol withdrawal, and epileptogenic factors (residual brain damage, former epileptic seizures, and a family history of seizures) probably play an important role in the manifestation of the seizures. Paroxysms or focal abnormalities are rarely seen in group I; in group II, EEG abnormalities are seen approximately as frequently as in other epileptic conditions. Both groups were examined to determine the extent of their EEG abnormalities after 24 h of sleep deprivation. Before and after sleep deprivation, only 4% of 52 chronic alcoholic patients without epileptogenic risk factors had EEG foci. Of the 52, 2% before sleep deprivation and 8% after sleep deprivation had generalized paroxysms. Of 128 chronic alcoholic patients with additional epileptogenic factors, 19% before sleep deprivation and 24% after sleep deprivation had EEG foci, and 17% before and 28% after sleep deprivation had generalized paroxysms. The pathogenesis of epileptic seizures in both groups and the therapeutic consequences are discussed. PMID- 6745221 TI - Anticonvulsant action of fluzinamide (AHR-8559) on kindled amygdaloid seizures. AB - The anticonvulsant properties of fluzinamide (AHR-8559) were evaluated in the kindled amygdaloid seizure model in rats. Fluzinamide significantly attenuated afterdischarge durations and the severity of the accompanying convulsive responses in previously kindled rats at doses that did not cause sedation or ataxia. After acute intraperitoneal injections, the maximum anticonvulsant effectiveness against suprathreshold (400 microA) stimulation was seen at 30 min. Fluzinamide (10-80 mg/kg i.p.) was also evaluated in previously kindled rats using threshold (20-microA increments) seizures. Low doses of fluzinamide significantly elevated seizure threshold and reduced both elicited afterdischarge durations and seizure severity. When administered daily during kindling acquisition, fluzinamide (20 and 40 mg/kg i.p.) significantly increased the number of trials necessary to complete kindling. The duration and the severity of the responses induced by stimulations during the acquisition period were reduced. Previous studies have shown that the anticonvulsant profile for fluzinamide, as determined by traditional electrical and clinical models of epilepsies, most closely resembled phenobarbital and valproic acid, and differed from phenytoin and ethosuximide. The current study is consistent with this profile, with fluzinamide--like phenobarbital and valproic acid--significantly modifying both acquisition of kindling and the fully kindled amygdaloid seizure. PMID- 6745224 TI - The use and promise of nuclear magnetic resonance imaging in epilepsy. AB - The revolutionary influence of X-ray computerized tomography (CT) on neurodiagnosis will be considerably extended by a newer imaging probe using magnetic fields. This form of imaging uses nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) as the probe-tissue interaction to make many regional measurements of tissue in a short time, thus allowing an image to be computer-reconstructed. The nuclei of about 100 nuclides have significant magnetic properties, behaving like small permanent bar magnets. The most interesting of these in brain tissue are ordinary hydrogen, sodium, and phosphorus. Placed in a strong magnetic field, they partially align themselves with the field. They can then absorb energy which will subsequently be reradiated. Since the resonant frequency of each nucleus is proportional to the magnetic field in which it finds itself, producing fields which change predictably in strength with position, it becomes possible to localize the activated nuclei. Images of hydrogen density and relaxation times can be made and offer considerable tissue characterization. Bone is nearly invisible and considerable gray-white matter contrast is seen. Factors altering water-binding in tissues affect the image. Malignant tissue usually is seen in contrast to adjacent healthy tissue. Movement of blood is visible. By measuring energy-rich phosphorus, energy stores can be determined. There is no tissue ionization, no injected contrast materials are needed, and there are no radioactive materials involved. NMR scanners probably will replace CT within the next decade for most brain scanning purposes and will offer considerably greater tissue characterization which surely will influence studies of human epilepsy. PMID- 6745225 TI - Antiepileptic drug utilization in pediatric patients. AB - Children require larger relative doses of antiepileptic drugs than adults, and because of the greater patient-to-patient variability among children, an "average" dose is less likely to be correct for a given child. Newborns with convulsions initially have very slow drug elimination; as a group, they also have the widest range of pharmacokinetic values. After the first week of life, drug eliminating mechanisms mature and drug dosage requirements often increase dramatically. Thus in the first 6 weeks of life, intrapatient variation is a significant problem and frequent dosage changes are usually required. Thereafter a given child's kinetics are fairly stable. Infants 2 to 12 months old have the highest rates of drug clearance and often require relative doses that are 3 to 5 times larger than doses for adults. After infancy, relative dosage requirements progressively decline until adult values are reached by 10 to 15 years of age. Newborns, infants, and children, as well as adults, have nonlinear kinetics for phenytoin. Thus a wide range of apparent half-lives occur in children, depending on the phenytoin concentration and other factors. Because the kinetics of antiepileptic drugs are so highly variable in children, antiepileptic drug concentration measurements are an essential aspect of the contemporary treatment of children with epilepsy. PMID- 6745226 TI - Effect of manganese treatment on the levels of neurotransmitters, hormones, and neuropeptides: modulation by stress. AB - Six weeks of daily intraperitoneal injection with manganese chloride (15 mg/kg body wt) reduced the normal weight gain of male Fischer-344 rats. This treatment depressed plasma testosterone and corticosterone levels, but prolactin levels were unaffected. The only significant changes in the levels of a variety of neuropeptides assayed in several regions were increases in the levels of hypothalamic substance P and pituitary neurotensin. Striatal serotonin, dopamine, and their metabolites were unchanged in manganese-exposed rats relative to saline injected controls. However, the stress of injection combined with the effect of manganese appeared to significantly increase concentrations of striatal monoamines relative to uninjected controls. PMID- 6745227 TI - Lung cancer in relation to environmental pollutants emitted from industrial sources. AB - A case-control study of residents who lived in the vicinity of a primary zinc smelter and a large steel manufacturing plant in eastern Pennsylvania was undertaken to investigate the role of environmental pollutants in the etiology of lung cancer. Lifetime residential, occupational, and smoking histories were obtained from the next of kin of 335 white male lung cancer cases and 332 white male controls. Soil samples were collected and analyzed for content in ppm of arsenic, copper, lead, manganese, zinc, and cadmium. Relative risks were determined according to distance of residence from the zinc smelter and the steel plant, and according to residence in areas with heavy and light levels of various pollutants. Two-fold risks for lung cancer were associated with residence near the zinc smelter and with residence in areas with heavy levels of arsenic and cadmium, although the number of individuals living in these higher risk areas was small. These increases were not explained by the effects of cigarette smoking or by employment in the zinc or steel industry. No excess risk was associated with living near the steel plant. The limited size of the study precludes causal interpretation, but the findings suggest the need for further investigation of metallic air pollution and lung cancer. PMID- 6745228 TI - A tentative assessment of water pollution by the medaka egg stationing method: aerial application of fenitrothion emulsion. AB - To determine how centrum abnormalities in medaka could be used to indicate the degree of water pollution, several rearing experiments were carried out. Medaka eggs were placed at certain points on a stream flowing from an area in which fenitrothion emulsion (organophosphorous pesticide--MEP) was being applied aerially. There was sufficient probability that the eggs were exposed to the MEP. They were brought to the laboratory, and reared in dechlorinated water to adulthood. The external forms and vertebral centra of each adult fish were closely observed. It was found that the incidence of centrum-damaged fish in the exposure experiment groups was significantly higher than in the control and blank experiments, and the influence of the aerial application of MEP was clearly indicated in this manner. Consequently, it was confirmed that centrum abnormalities in medaka may be used as a biological index for indicating the degree of water pollution by agricultural chemicals. PMID- 6745229 TI - Comparative irritant potency of inhaled sulfate aerosols--effects on bronchial mucociliary clearance. AB - The effect of 1-hr oral inhalation exposures to submicrometer aerosols of ammonium bisulfate (NH4HSO4), ammonium sulfate [NH4)2SO4), and sodium sulfate (Na2SO4) upon mucociliary clearance from the bronchial tree of rabbits was examined. Exposures to NH4HSO4 at concentrations of approximately 600-1700 micrograms/m3 produced a significant depression of clearance rate only at the highest exposure level. No significant effects were observed with the other sulfates at levels up to approximately 2000 micrograms/m3. When results were compared to those from another study in this laboratory using sulfuric acid (H2SO4) aerosol, the ranking of irritant potency was H2SO4 greater than NH4HSO4 greater than (NH4)2SO4, Na2SO4. Alteration in bronchial mucociliary clearance due to sulfate aerosols appears to be related to the deposition of [H+] on the mucus lining of conducting airways. PMID- 6745230 TI - Effect of aromatic carcinogens and noncarcinogenic analogs on the induction of murine alpha/beta interferon. AB - The effects of several aromatic carcinogens and their noncarcinogenic analogs on the production of alpha/beta interferon by mouse embryo fibroblasts were determined. The carcinogens 2-naphthylamine and 9,10-dimethylanthracene significantly depressed alpha/beta interferon production, while their poorly or noncarcinogenic analogs, 1-naphthylamine and anthracene, respectively, had no significant effect. Neither the carcinogen benzidine nor its poorly carcinogenic analog 3,3',5,5'-tetramethylbenzidine had any effect on alpha/beta interferon production. These data, taken together with previous findings, suggest the possibility of drawing a high correlation between the carcinogenic potential of a chemical and its effect on interferon production. PMID- 6745231 TI - Effects of coadministered sodium selenite on short-term distribution of methyl mercury in the rat. AB - Adult male Sprague-Dawley rats received iv injections of 1 mumole of methyl mercury/kg alone or coadministered with 5 mumole of sodium selenite/kg. Tissue concentrations of methyl mercury were determined at 5, 20, and 60 min after treatment. Selenite treatment produced a significant increase in cerebral methyl mercury concentrations and a significant decrease in kidney methyl mercury concentrations at all time points. The concentration of methyl mercury in liver was significantly increased by selenite coadministration at 5 and 20 min but at 60 min after injection the concentration was not significantly different from that found in rats receiving methyl mercury alone. Selenite treatment also significantly lowered blood methyl mercury concentrations at all time points. This decrease was associated with a significant decrease in the concentration of methyl mercury in erythrocytes at 5, 20, and 60 min. Plasma methyl mercury levels at 5 min postinjection were slightly higher in selenite-treated rats but were significantly lower in treated animals at 20 and 60 min. Treatment of rats with selenite did not specifically alter the extent of methyl mercury binding to glutathione in the 108,000g supernatant of cerebrum or in erythrocyte hemolysates. In rats receiving either methyl mercury alone or with selenite, low molecular-weight methyl mercury complexes could not be detected in plasma 5 min after iv injection. These results suggested that selenite exerted immediate effects on the distribution of methyl mercury in the rat but did not alter the binding of methyl mercury to glutathione in the soluble components of erythrocytes and cerebrum or lead to formation of a persistent low-molecular weight methyl mercury complex in plasma. PMID- 6745232 TI - Lung morphology and phospholipids after experimental inhalation of soluble cadmium, copper, and cobalt. AB - Rabbits were exposed to chlorides of cadmium, copper, or cobalt, for 4-6 weeks (5 days/week and 6 hr/day) at levels ranging from 0.4 to 0.6 mg metal/m3. After exposure to Cd2+ the lungs were enlarged and an interstitial infiltration of neutrophils and lymphocytes as well as intraalveolar accumulations of large, vacuolated macrophages were observed. Morphometrical measurement of volume density of type II cells showed a 2.5-fold increase due to enhancement of cell size as well as cell number. The phospholipid content of lung tissue, determined in the lower left lobe, increased by 40%, mainly due to elevated levels of disaturated phosphatidylcholines. The results indicate that Cd2+ induces a reaction pattern similar to that seen following exposure to Ni2+, in addition to which Cd2+ causes interstitial alveolitis. Exposure to Cu2+ and Co2+ only affected the type II cells. Exposure to Cu2+ resulted in a 1.5-fold increase in volume density, probably due to enhanced number of cells. Following exposure to Co2+ the type II cells formed nodules protruding into the alveolar lumen. However, no significant increase in volume density occurred. The possible association between this abnormal growth pattern and early tumor formation deserves further investigation. PMID- 6745233 TI - Time course of exercise-induced bronchoconstriction in asthmatics exposed to sulfur dioxide. AB - Young adult asthmatic volunteers (N = 17) were exposed to 0.75 ppm sulfur dioxide (SO2) for 3-hr periods, exercising vigorously for the first 10 min and resting thereafter. Specific airway resistance (SRaw) and symptoms were recorded preexposure, immediately postexercise, and after 1, 2, and 3 hr of exposure. Symptoms and SRaw were significantly increased after exercise, relative to preexposure measurements. Group mean SRaw and symptom increases were no longer significant at 1 hr. In a few individuals, effects may have persisted for 2 hr or more. On separate occasions, comparable exposures were conducted, and forced expiratory spirometry was performed preexposure and postexercise, in addition to the other tests. Inclusion of spirometry did not significantly affect the other results. Spirometry and SRaw showed nearly equal significance in changes postexercise. Thus, in general, asthmatics' bronchoconstriction induced by exercise in SO2 seems to reverse quickly with rest, even if SO2 exposure continues. Spirometry may be useful for studying pollution-induced bronchoconstriction when SRaw measurements are impractical. PMID- 6745234 TI - Pulmonary clearance of intratracheally administered 63Ni3S2 in strain A/J mice. AB - The pulmonary clearance of particulate 63Ni3S2 was evaluated in strain A/J mice following the intratracheal instillation of 3 microCi of 63Ni3S2 (1.66 micron, mass median diameter). Lung and tissue burdens were determined from serially sacrificed animals using scintillation counting techniques. Lung clearance over the 35-day observation period could be separated into two distinct components with initial and final phase biological half-times corresponding to 1.2 and 12.4 days, respectively. Radioactivity was detected in the blood, liver, kidney, and femur within 4 hr, and was eliminated at rates comparable to that in the lung. Excretion involved primarily urinary (60% of dose eliminated) but also fecal (40% of dose eliminated) pathways. The data are consistent with the relatively rapid translocation, solubilization, and elimination of particulate 63Ni3S2 from the body. PMID- 6745235 TI - Lysozyme levels in rabbit lung after inhalation of nickel, cadmium, cobalt, and copper chlorides. AB - Groups of rabbits were exposed to chlorides of nickel, cadmium, copper, and cobalt at concentrations ranging from 0.2 to 0.6 mg/m3 (as metal) for 4-6 weeks (5 days/week, 6 hr/day). Activity of lysozyme (muramidase) in lavage fluid, in alveolar macrophages, and in culture medium from macrophages incubated at 37 degrees C for 1 and 20 hr was estimated using the lyso-plate technique, agar plates with heat-killed Micrococcus lysodeikticus. In the nickel-exposed rabbits lysozyme activity in the mucous membrane from the left main bronchus was also estimated. Following nickel exposure the lysozyme level was significantly decreased in lavage fluid, macrophages, and in culture medium from incubated macrophages but remained unchanged in the mucous membrane. After exposure to cadmium, copper, and cobalt, lysozyme levels increased or were unchanged. PMID- 6745236 TI - Expression of cholinesterase gene(s) in human brain tissues: translational evidence for multiple mRNA species. AB - To resolve the origin(s) of the molecular heterogeneity of human nervous system cholinesterases (ChEs), we used Xenopus oocytes, which produce biologically active ChE when microinjected with unfractionated brain mRNA. The RNA was prepared from primary gliomas, meningiomas and embryonic brain, each of which expresses ChE activity with distinct substrate specificities and molecular forms. Sucrose gradient fractionation of DMSO-denatured mRNA from these sources revealed three size classes of ChE-inducing mRNAs, sedimenting at approximately 32S, 20S and 9S. The amounts of these different classes of ChE-inducing mRNAs varied between the three tissue sources examined. To distinguish between ChEs produced in oocytes and having different substrate specificities, their activity was determined in the presence of selective inhibitors. Both 'true' (acetylcholine hydrolase, EC 3.1.1.7) and 'pseudo' (acylcholine acylhydrolase, EC 3.1.1.8) multimeric cholinesterase activities were found in the mRNA-injected oocytes. Moreover, human brain mRNAs inducing 'true' and 'pseudo' ChE activities had different size distribution, indicating that different mRNAs might be translated into various types of ChEs. These findings imply that the heterogeneity of ChEs in the human nervous system is not limited to the post-translational level, but extends to the level of mRNA. PMID- 6745237 TI - Retinal location in purple membrane of Halobacterium halobium: a neutron diffraction study of membranes labelled in vivo with deuterated retinal. AB - Purple membranes were prepared by growing Halobacterium halobium in a medium containing nicotine (which inhibits biosynthesis of retinal) and the oxidation products of fully deuterated beta-carotene. This allowed the in vivo incorporation of deuterated retinal into the membranes. The labelled membranes were crystalline and isomorphous with native membrane as determined by X-ray diffraction, and their optical absorption spectra were very similar. Neutron diffraction data for the two dimensional in-plane lattice from labelled and native membranes were analysed by difference Fourier and direct methods to 8.6 A resolution. The difference Fourier shows the retinal to be located in the centre of the bacteriorhodopsin molecule. The best fit to the data was obtained with the projection of retinal as a 10 A long rod forming an angle of -40 degrees +/- 10 degrees with the x axis centred at x = -0.19 +/- 0.02, y = -0.35 +/- 0.02 in fractional unit cell coordinates. The main peak in the difference Fourier map is at x = -0.17, y = -0.33. PMID- 6745238 TI - The heparin-binding domain of laminin is responsible for its effects on neurite outgrowth and neuronal survival. AB - The survival of cultured chick sympathetic neurons and the outgrowth of neurites were stimulated by the basement membrane protein laminin coated onto polyornithine culture substrates. The survival-potentiating activity was dependent on the presence of nerve growth factor. Both effects of laminin could be completely inhibited by affinity-purified antibodies against laminin fragment 3, the product of a limited proteolysis that corresponds to the heparin-binding globular domain at the end of the long arm of the laminin molecule. Antibodies against other laminin fragments were inactive, including those against previously determined cell-binding domains. A large laminin fragment, E8, was produced by brief elastase digestion and shown to consist of fragment 3 and an adjacent rod like structure. Although lacking the cell binding domains, fragment E8 potentiated both neuronal survival and neurite outgrowth, and these effects could be blocked by antibodies against fragment 3. Weak survival and neurite potentiating activity was also detected in another fragment corresponding to the short arms of laminin, but as these effects were not inhibited by any of the antibodies tested they probably arose de novo during proteolysis. The heparin binding domain of laminin is therefore responsible for its effects on neurons. PMID- 6745239 TI - Immunochemical characterization of wild-type and variant glucocorticoid receptors by monoclonal antibodies. AB - Monoclonal antibodies raised against the rat liver glucocorticoid receptor were used to investigate receptors of wild-type and glucocorticoid-resistant variants of mouse lymphoma cells. Two of the variant types contained receptors of 'nuclear transfer deficient' (nt-) and 'increased nuclear transfer' (nti) phenotypes, respectively, while the third was of the 'receptorless' (r-) phenotype with negligible hormone binding activity. Three monoclonal antibodies of the IgM class and one of the IgG class reacted with both wild-type and nt- receptors but not with the steroid binding form of nti receptors. Some of the antibodies bound the wild-type and nt- receptors more efficiently after activation at 20 degrees C. By use of an immuno-competition assay we were able to detect cross-reacting material in considerable amounts in extracts of nti and r- cell variants. This material was further characterized by gel filtration and immunoblotting. The immunoreactive material of wild-type, nti and r- cells gave a major band of mol. wt. 94 000 upon SDS-gel electrophoresis while the steroid-binding polypeptides of wild-type and nti receptors have mol. wts. of 94 000 and 40 000, respectively. The data show that in S49.1 mouse lymphoma cells the products of two receptor alleles can be distinguished. PMID- 6745240 TI - Transcription of a zein gene introduced into sunflower using a Ti plasmid vector. AB - A maize genomic clone containing a zein gene (Z4) was inserted into the T-region of the T37 Ti plasmid. Agrobacterium tumefaciens cells carrying this modified Ti plasmid were used to inoculate sunflower stemlets. Callus tissue active in nopaline synthesis was grown from a single transformed cell. DNA analysis of this tissue showed that the zein gene plus T-DNA was present in approximately 12 copies per diploid sunflower genome. A 1000 +/- 100 base RNA homologous to a zein probe could be isolated from the engineered sunflower tissue and the 5' end of this RNA was determined by S1 nuclease mapping. Two transcription start sites were detected. The positions of these transcription start sites and the ratio of the amounts of the two transcripts are identical for the Z4 gene in sunflower and in maize endosperm. Although the zein RNA isolated from the engineered sunflower tissue could be translated in a wheat germ system to yield an immuno-precipitable protein of the expected mol. wt., the presence of the zein protein in the sunflower tissue could not be demonstrated. PMID- 6745241 TI - Transcriptional analysis of human zeta globin genes. AB - The human embryonic alpha-like globin gene (zeta) and a closely linked pseudogene (psi zeta) are located on chromosome 16. The psi zeta gene has a nonsense mutation in exon 1 but has identical promoter sequence and RNA processing sites to the zeta gene, raising the possibility that both psi zeta and zeta are transcriptionally active. We have studied transcription of the human zeta and psi zeta genes in a number of systems to examine their cell type specificity and enhancer requirement. (i) Cloned zeta and psi zeta genes transfected into human HeLa or monkey Cos7 tissue culture cells show no transcriptional activity. The presence of an SV40 enhancer does not activate the zeta promoter except at low levels when in very close proximity (less than 50 bp from the CCAAT box). (ii) In contrast to other tissue-specific genes tested to date, both zeta and psi zeta gene promoters initiate transcription efficiently when micro-injected into Xenopus oocyte nuclei. We suggest that embryonic-specific factors in the oocyte may permit efficient zeta gene transcription. Furthermore, the zeta promoter sequence from - 111 to + 38 bp is sufficient for transcription in this system. PMID- 6745242 TI - Structure and in vitro transcription of a glycine tRNA gene from Bombyx mori. AB - We report the sequences of a Bombyx mori tRNA1Gly gene, its flanking regions, and its in vitro transcription products. The 5' flanking DNA contains the sequences TATAC, TATTTT and TTC located 30, 18 and 4 nucleotides, respectively, in front of the transcription initiation site. These resemble, in both position and composition, sequences preceding other RNA polymerase III genes of B. mori. A deletion mutant retaining these conserved sequences and an additional 8 bp of flanking DNA is transcribed better than the wild-type gene in cell-free extracts from Xenopus laevis and B. mori. A mutant lacking the conserved sequences is expressed in the frog extract, but is inactive in the homologous system. PMID- 6745243 TI - Inhibition of eukaryotic tRNA transcription by potential Z-DNA sequences. AB - The effect of d(CA/TG)n DNA segments on tRNA transcription has been examined. Alternating purine-pyrimidine tracts were cloned at a long distance from, adjacent to, or within the coding sequence of a tRNAPro gene from Caenorhabditis elegans and shown to be able to assume the A-DNA conformation in vitro in physiological salt concentrations. The transcriptional level of these constructs was compared to that of normal tDNAPro by micro-injection into Xenopus laevis oocytes. Our results show a strong inhibitory effect by potential Z-DNA sequences only when these are placed in the flanking regions of the gene or when they are located between the elements (Box A and Box B) of the split promoter. Transcription was studied in parallel with supercoiled and linear DNA molecules carrying a d(CA/TG) stretch 124-bp long in front of the tRNAPro gene. The results show the same level of inhibition of Po/III transcription regardless of the topological status of the injected DNA. PMID- 6745244 TI - Comparison of the primary structures of clathrin light chains from bovine brain and adrenal gland by peptide mapping. AB - The structures of the polymorphic forms of clathrin light chains were analyzed by two peptide mapping procedures. Comparison of the products of partial digestion by V8 protease showed no common peptides between LCA and LCB from bovine brain. No similarities between clathrin light chains and tropomyosin chains from bovine brain and skeletal muscle were detected with this technique. The peptides produced by complete tryptic digestion of LCA and LCB from bovine brain and bovine adrenal gland were analyzed by reverse phase h.p.l.c. For both LCA and LCB the polypeptides from different tissues showed considerable homology. LCA from brain and adrenal gland shared 10 out of a total of 15 peptides. LCB from brain and adrenal gland shared 10 out of 14 peptides. In contrast, when LCA was compared with the LCB chain from the same tissue very few peptides were shared; 4/23 for brain and 3/21 for adrenal gland. These results strongly indicate that, within a tissue, LCB is not related to LCA by post-translational processing and that each chain is encoded by a separate gene. The data also demonstrate the close homology of the different forms of LCA and LCB expressed in different tissues within the same organism. Thus the polymorphic differences of clathrin light chains within a tissue are greater than those between tissues. PMID- 6745247 TI - Tuberculosis in Ethiopian diabetics. PMID- 6745248 TI - Foreign bodies in the airway in infancy and childhood in Addis Ababa: a review of 38 cases. PMID- 6745246 TI - Eo: a history of a mutation. AB - Eighteen mouse t haplotype-carrying strains were found not to express cell surface E molecules controlled by class II genes of the H-2 complex (= Eo strains). Northern and Southern blot analysis of these and other, non-t strains that also fail to express the E molecule, has revealed two kinds of defect. Three strains (CRO437, tw2, and presumably to) were found to transcribe the E alpha gene, but they were not able to convert the message into a functional protein. All other Eo strains fail to transcribe the E alpha gene because of a deletion encompassing the promoter region, the RNA initiation site, and the first exon. The length of the deletion is approximately 650 +/- 50 bp. These two defects closely resemble those found previously in standard inbred strains carrying the H 2f, H-2q (failure of E mRNA to be expressed functionally), H-2b, and H-2s (deletion of a part of the E alpha gene) haplotypes. In particular, the location and length of the E alpha deletion appear to be the same in the strains carrying this mutation. The E alpha deletion is in linkage disequilibrium with certain alleles at other H-2 loci in some of the strains. These observations, combined with the growing evidence that H-2 haplotypes associated with t chromosomes derive from a single ancestral haplotype, suggest that the E alpha deletion is an old mutation and that it has been disseminated in mouse populations by the t chromosomes. PMID- 6745249 TI - Congenital absence of gall-bladder and cystic duct. PMID- 6745245 TI - The chromosomal location of mouse interferon alpha genes. AB - The chromosomal location of mouse leukocyte-interferon (IFN-alpha) genes was determined by Southern blot analysis of DNA from a panel of Chinese hamster x mouse somatic cell hybrids using a mouse IFN-alpha cDNA as a hybridization probe. All resolvable mouse genes are located on mouse chromosome 4. In addition, two common restriction site polymorphisms within these genes were identified in several mouse strains. PMID- 6745250 TI - Maternal and perinatal deaths in an Addis Ababa Hospital, 1980. PMID- 6745251 TI - Medical student exchange visits, Ethiopia and Sweden: a summary report. PMID- 6745252 TI - The sojourn in Sweden--a personal view. PMID- 6745253 TI - Serum immunoglobulin levels in healthy Ethiopian schoolchildren. PMID- 6745254 TI - Lack of N--F transition in the N-terminal fragment (domain I + II) of bovine serum albumin. AB - A fragment of bovine serum albumin corresponding to positions 1-385 of the protein sequence has been prepared by peptic digestion. Acid-induced conformational changes in the fragment as well as in the intact albumin have been studied by hydrodynamic and spectral methods. Special emphasis has been given to the pH zone, which is known to cause the N-F transition in bovine serum albumin. In agreement with earlier reports we have shown that bovine serum albumin undergoes N-F transition in the neighbourhood of pH 4.0. Our results on the fragment showed that it was unable to exhibit the N-F transition under identical experimental conditions. Since bovine serum albumin and the peptic fragment differ in that the latter lacks the C-terminal portion (i.e. residues 386-582) of its parent molecule, we conclude that the separation of C-terminal region (from rest of bovine serum albumin molecule) and/or its unfolding is responsible for the N-F transition in bovine serum albumin. PMID- 6745255 TI - Characterization of Crithidia fasciculata oligosaccharide-lipid and its elongation by bovine mammary microsomes. AB - It was recently shown that a Man7(GlcNAc)2-lipid species serves as the precursor for the biosynthesis of asparagine-linked glycoproteins in the trypanosomatid Crithidia fasciculata. Preliminary results indicated it to be similar to the intermediate in the major pathway for the biosynthesis of lipid-linked Glc3Man9(GlcNAc)2 in animal systems. To explore the potential of this glycolipid as an acceptor for studying the biosynthesis of mammary glycoproteins, we conducted a detailed structural analysis of the labelled Man7(GlcNAc)2-lipid isolated from exponentially growing cells of C. fasciculata. The results showed its structure to be Man alpha 1----2Man alpha 1----2Man alpha 1----3(Man alpha 1- --2Man alpha 1----3Man alpha 1----6)Man beta----GlcNAc beta----GlcNAc, identical to the nonasaccharide synthesized by the animal systems. Incubation of the Man7(GlcNAc)2-lipid with bovine mammary microsomes along with GDP-mannose or mannosyl-phosphodolichol elongates it to give Man9(GlcNAc)2-lipid having the same structure as the corresponding intermediate in animal systems. Inhibition of the elongation reaction by EDTA or amphomycin indicates that the intermediary formation of mannosyl-phosphodolichol is required for the incorporation of mannose residues into the nonasaccharide-lipid. Mannosyl.phosphoretinol failed to serve as a mannosyl donor in this reaction. PMID- 6745256 TI - Changes of glycolipids dependent on cell density of Ehrlich ascites carcinoma cells. AB - The glycolipid composition of Ehrlich ascites carcinoma cells was found to depend strongly on the cell density of the suspension. The general trend observed upon dilution of the cell suspension was a reduction of the less complex gangliosides GM3 and GM2 with concomitant increase of the more complex gangliosides, especially GM1. The increase of the content of ganglioside GM1 upon dilution was accompanied by a comparable decrease of the content of its immediate precursor, asialo-GM1, whereas the content of other neutral glycosphingolipids did not change very much. When the cell suspension was diluted with medium conditioned by dense cells the ganglioside profile of the diluted suspension remained similar to that of the dense cell suspension. It is postulated that the medium conditioned with dense cells contains a transferable factor inhibiting sialylation of asialo GM1. PMID- 6745258 TI - Alternative conformational states in the ribosome-associated 5.8S RNA. AB - Two conformations of the 5.8S rRNA have been distinguished by gel electrophoresis. Diethyl pyrocarbonate and dimethyl sulphate reactivity were used to probe these conformational states in both the free molecule and those associated with 28S RNA or the ribosome. Both conformations could be demonstrated in each case and in every instance four residues, C50, A52, G53, C54, which were strongly reactive in the faster-migrating conformation were essentially unreactive in the slower-migrating form. These results suggest that the two conformations differ in the degree to which the tertiary structure is folded and raise the possibility that the 5.8S rRNA functions in translation by switching between alternative conformational states. PMID- 6745257 TI - On the biosynthesis of ubiquinones in plant mitochondria. AB - Isolated mitochondria from potato tubers, spinach leaves, and daffodil petals from intermediates of the ubiquinone biosynthetic pathway (prenylated 4 hydroxybenzoate, prenylated phenols, and quinoid compounds) from [1 14C]isopentenyl diphosphate and endogenous or exogenous 4-hydroxybenzoate. In contrast [2-14C]mevalonate 5-diphosphate, the immediate precursor of isopentenyl diphosphate was not accepted as a substrate. These results suggest that plant mitochondria have their own prenyltransferase and prenylation system, similar to the plastid compartment which also starts by the use of isopentenyl diphosphate [see Kreuz, K. and Kleinig, H. (1984) Eur. J. Biochem. 141, 531-535]. PMID- 6745259 TI - Kinetics of reduction by substrate or dithionite and heme-heme electron transfer in the multiheme hydroxylamine oxidoreductase. AB - Hydroxylamine oxidoreductase of Nitrosomonas catalyzes the dehydrogenation of NH2OH. It contains hemes c553, c559 and P460 in the ratio 5:2:1. At equilibrium four or five c hemes are reduced by NH2OH or NH2NH2, respectively. Heme P460 is the site of electron entry into the enzyme; electrons exit via P460 to O2 or H2O2 with rate constants of 30s-1. We report that hydroxylamine oxidoreductase has two categories of electron-accepting sites: (a) heme P460, an H2O2-sensitive site, which is reactive with NH2OH (2.2 hemes c557 and 2 hemes c559 are reduced) or NH2NH2 (3.3 heme c 553 and 2 heme c559 are reduced) and (b) an H2O2-insensitive site(s) which is reactive with H2O2 (approximately 0.15 heme c553 is reduced); hydroquinone, pyrogallol, N-methyl hydroxylamine, pyocyanine, and ascorbate (approximately 0.8 heme c553 is reduced); or Na2S2O4 or EDTA-photoreduction with proflavin, deazalumiflavin or acridine orange and methylviologen (all hemes are reduced). The rate constants at 19 degrees C for reduction by dithionite were: 0.7 heme c553 (7s-1), 4.3 hemes c553 (0.07 s-1), 0.7 heme c559 (0.8s-1), 1.3 hemes c559 (0.1s-1), P460 (0.013s-1). At 2 degrees C the rate constant for 0.8 heme c559 was 1.7s-1. The data indicate that one heme c552 is reduced by dithionite at the same rate as mammalian cytochrome c; other hemes are reduced much more slowly and are possibly inaccessible to the solvent. The rate constants at 2 degrees C for reduction by NH2OH were: 1.8 hemes c553 (30s-1), 0.2 heme c553 (2.4s-1), 1.7 hemes c559 (19s-1), 0.3 heme c559 (1.4s-1). For reduction by NH2NH2 the values were: 2.6 hemes c553 (23s-1), 0.7 heme c553 (1.6s-1), 1.3 hemes c559 (22s-1), 0.7 heme c559 (4.2s-1). Thus reduction by NH2OH at the substrate site was at least an order of magnitude faster than reduction of hydroxylamine oxidoreductase heme by Na2S2O4. Comparison of rates of heme-heme electron transfer on the enzyme during reoxidation by O2 or H2O2, reduction by Na2S2O4 and reduction by NH2OH or NH2NH2 indicates that the enzyme can exist in distinct states which result in different rates of heme-heme electron transfer. Comparison of the rate of substrate reduction of c hemes of hydroxylamine oxidoreductase (HAO) with the turnover of the enzyme in vivo is consistent with the electron path NH2OH----HAO P460----HAO c hemes----biological electron acceptor. PMID- 6745260 TI - Purification and characterization of the rotenone-insensitive NADH dehydrogenase of mitochondria from Arum maculatum. AB - The non-ionic detergent lauryl dimethylamine N-oxide (LDAO) has been used to extract the NADH dehydrogenases of Arum maculatum mitochondria. Affinity chromatography on 5'-ADP-Sepharose 4B was used to separate the rotenone-sensitive (complex I) NADH dehydrogenase from the rotenone-insensitive NADH dehydrogenase. An 18-fold purification of the rotenone-insensitive NADH dehydrogenase was achieved. The enzyme is specific for NADH with optimal activity around pH 7.2. The apparent Km for NADH is 28 microM, with dichloroindophenol as acceptor at pH 7.2. The rotenone-insensitive NADH dehydrogenase appears to be a flavoprotein and no iron-sulphur centres were detected by electron spin resonance spectroscopy. PMID- 6745262 TI - Corticosteroids as effectors of lipid polymorphism of dielaidoylglycerophosphoethanolamine. A study using 31P NMR and differential scanning calorimetry. AB - The influence of corticosteroids on the lipid polymorphism of dielaidoylglycerophosphoethanolamine was studied by 31P NMR spectroscopy and differential scanning calorimetry. Both techniques evidenced two transitions in the pure lipid samples. The first one corresponded to the gel----liquid crystalline phase transition. It occurred at a temperature of 38.9 degrees C, as measured by differential scanning calorimetry and at 35-40 degrees C as detected by 31P NMR. The second transition corresponded to the bilayer----hexagonal HII phase transition. It occurred at 64.2 degrees C as measured by differential scanning calorimetry and at 60 degrees C as detected by NMR. Addition of corticosteroids led to different specific effects on the bilayer----hexagonal HII phase transition, according to their chemical structure. These effects appear to be the result of low amounts of incorporated steroids, according to binding studies (partition coefficient values range between 5 and 54). The presence of a conjugated 3-keto group in the steroid molecule (progesterone) promoted a downward shift in the bilayer----hexagonal HII phase transition temperature by about 6 -7 degrees C as compared to the 3 beta-OH-bearing compound (pregnenolone), which did not exhibit any appreciable effect. No change in the delta H of transition could be measured. The presence of the 21-OH group (like in deoxycorticosterone) induced the formation of a structure, characterized by an isotropic lineshape of the 31P NMR spectrum at temperatures where the 'hexagonal' type of lineshape is present, without steroid. The transition from the bilayer to this other structure occurred at a slightly higher temperature than the bilayer-- -hexagonal HII phase transition. It corresponded to a peak in differential scanning calorimetry scans with a delta H of 2.1 kJ X mol-1. The presence of the 17 beta-OH group as present in 17 beta-OH-progesterone and 11-deoxycortisol suppressed the two former effects. These compounds had no influence on the bilayer----hexagonal HII phase HII phase transition. The additional presence of the 11 beta-OH group like in corticosterone and cortisol, evoked a stabilization of the bilayer organization as the bilayer----hexagonal HII phase transition temperature is shifted upward by about 10 degrees C. This was accompanied by a decrease of the delta H to 0.8 kJ X mol-1. Besides this, the corticosteroids did not affect to a large extent the gel----liquid crystalline phase transition: a general slight downward shift of the transition temperature and a small broadening of the transition were observed without significant change in the delta H.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 400 WORDS) PMID- 6745261 TI - Stoichiometry of microtubule-associated protein (MAP2):tubulin and the localisation of the phosphorylation and cysteine residues along the MAP2 primary sequence. AB - The stoichiometry of the dimer between microtubule-associated protein 2 (MAP2) and tubulin has been determined by quantitative dodecylsulphate/polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis to be 1:12 mol X mol-1, a value equal to the number of phosphorylation sites that can be labelled in vitro. The distribution of these sites along the MAP2 primary sequence has been determined by cleaving pre labelled MAP2 with either alpha-chymotrypsin or at the five cysteine residues with nitrothiocyanobenzoic acid. The phosphorylation sites lie in two clusters: ten within the known tubulin-binding domain at one end of the primary sequence, and a pair midway along the sequence. It is postulated that the tertiary structure of MAP2 is folded to bring all twelve sites into association with the twelve tubulin dimers. PMID- 6745263 TI - A potassium-39 NMR study of potassium binding to double-helical DNA. AB - The binding of K+ to double-helical DNA has been examined by 39K NMR. The results obtained are in substantial agreement with previous measurements of 23Na+ binding to DNA. Thus, in both cases the fractional neutralization of DNA phosphate charge appears independent of the total univalent cation concentration. Further, the dependences of the 23Na+ and 39K+ linewidths on Mg2+ and on temperature are strikingly similar. The implications of these results are discussed in terms of current theories of counterion binding to cylindrical polyelectrolytes. PMID- 6745264 TI - Phenolic and tyrosyl ring deiodination in thyroxine from rat retina during postnatal development. AB - To elucidate tetraiodothyronine (T4) metabolism in developing rat retina 5 monodeiodinating and 5'-monodeiodinating activities were studied. T4 was incubated with aliquots of homogenate or crude primary subcellular fractions, and the 3,3',5'-triiodothyronine (rT3) or 3,5,3'-triiodothyronine (T3) produced were measured by radioimmunoassay. Reaction rates were dependent on incubation time, tissue amount, temperature and pH. The optimum pH values were 7.8 and 7.2 respectively for rT3-forming and T3-forming systems. Conversion of T4 to either T3 or rT3 was dependent on dithiothreitol concentration, and the T4-5' deiodinating activity was inhibited by propylthiouracil. Deiodinase activities were mainly found in the crude microsomes. The retinal 5'-monodeiodination rate of T4 was immeasurably low by the 2nd day and the highest values were reached on 15th day of postnatal development. On the other hand deiodination of the T4 tyrosyl ring shows a progressive decline from birth, and adult values were reached on the 15th day. Data support the hypothesis that, in developing rat thyroxine, phenolic and tyrosyl-ring deiodinase activities are present in the retina and their reciprocal changes may regulate morphological and biochemical cell maturation. PMID- 6745265 TI - Changes in membrane ionic conductance, but not changes in slip, can account for the non-linear dependence of the electrochemical proton gradient upon the electron-transport rate in chromatophores. AB - Decrease in the rate of cyclic electron transport (JE) measured from the absorbance changes associated with reaction centre bacteriochlorophyll led to a less than proportionate decrease in the membrane potential (delta psi) measured by electrochromism. In principle this result can be explained either by a delta psi-dependent slip in the H+/e- coupling ratio (nE) or by a delta psi-dependent change in the membrane ionic conductance. Simultaneous measurement of the membrane ionic current (JDIS) did not reveal any significant changes in the H+/e- ratio (JDIS/JE) and showed that conductance changes (JDIS/delta psi) account quantitatively for the curved dependence of delta psi on JE. Simultaneous recordings of JDIS and the extravesicular pH from cresol-red absorbance changes, suggest that protons are the main current-carrying species across the chromatophore membrane at high values of delta psi in the presence and absence of Fo-ATPase inhibitor. At reduced delta psi the flux of other ions outweighs the hydrogen ion current. PMID- 6745266 TI - Comments on 'Reaction mechanism of flavin-dependent hydroxylation: evolution of a non-imitable enzyme' by C. M. Visser. Research note on the possible occurrence of dioxetanes and other cyclic peroxides in flavin and pteridine-mediated hydroxylations. PMID- 6745267 TI - Studies on the transmembrane disposition of the neural cell adhesion molecule N CAM. A monoclonal antibody recognizing a cytoplasmic domain and evidence for the presence of phosphoserine residues. AB - The N-CAMs are a group of surface glycoproteins involved in adhesive interactions of neurones. Related molecules of the mouse nervous system, identified in our laboratory, have been called BSP-2 and shown to act as ligands in adhesion of neuroblastoma cells. Results presented in this report show that they are immunochemically identical with N-CAM. A monoclonal anti-(N-CAM) antibody, that recognized a determinant accessible only after permeabilization of intact cells, was used to define the mode of association of the N-CAMs with the plasma membrane. This antibody bound a 35 000-Mr fragment in lysates of trypsin-treated neuroblastoma cells. It is concluded that the antibody reacts with a transmembrane or cytoplasmic domain of the molecules. The same antibody recognized the Mr-180 000 and Mr-140 000 proteins but not the Mr-120 000 chain, which co-purify from adult mouse brain. The latter polypeptide was detected in the cytosol and could be partially released from brain membranes by osmotic shock. Part or all of the Mr-120 000 protein may thus lack a transmembrane segment. Our conclusion that the N-CAM forms of higher Mr are transmembrane proteins was further corroborated by our finding that they contain phosphoserine residues, which can be labeled with (32P)phosphate in intact neuroblastoma cells. PMID- 6745268 TI - Studies on the transmembrane disposition of the neural cell adhesion molecule N CAM. The use of liposome-inserted radioiodinated N-CAM to study its transbilayer orientation. AB - The transmembrane orientation of the polypeptide chains present in preparations of adult and neonatal mouse N-CAM was studied using, as a model system, liposome inserted purified N-CAM preparations. N-CAM purified from adult or neonatal mouse brain was 125I-labeled and reconstituted into artificial lipid vesicles. After trypsin digestion, the peptides that remained associated with the liposomes were isolated by floatation of the vesicles on sucrose gradients. In control experiments the liposomes were lysed before trypsin treatment. Large, overlapping peptides were obtained after this treatment, several of which were protected by the liposome membrane. Sialic-acid-bearing peptides were revealed by their sensitivity to neuraminidase. To distinguish between peptides corresponding to intracellular or extracellular domains use was made of the P61 and H28.123 monoclonal antibodies, which recognize determinants located on the cytoplasmic and the extracellular part of the molecules respectively. There was no indication that the N-CAM chains were inserted in an inside-out configuration. Peptides protected from trypsin attack by the liposomes and recognized only by P61 had Mr values of 92 000, 42 000 and 35 000. The H28.123 determinant could be mapped to a 32 000-Mr peptide located close to the membrane at the vesicle's exterior. The bulk of the sialic acid seemed to be carried by a rather short sequence distal to the H28.123-reactive peptide but at some distance from the N terminus. Fragments of very similar Mr were generated from young and adult material. However, a 45 000-Mr peptide from neonatal N-CAM appeared to migrate in the higher-Mr region of sodium dodecyl sulfate/polyacrylamide gels in its fully sialylated form. It is concluded that (a) identical polypeptide chains are present in young and adult preparation, (b) the 180 000-Mr, 140 000-Mr and 120 000-Mr chains differ by the length of their cytoplasmic extensions and (c) the largest cytoplasmic sequences have a Mr close to 90 000. A tentative linear model of the transmembrane topography of the N-CAM polypeptides is presented. PMID- 6745269 TI - Labeling of phospholipids in vesicles and human erythrocytes by photoactivable fatty acid derivatives. AB - The photoactivable glycolipid probes, 2-(4-azido-2-nitrophenoxy)palmitoyl[1 14C]glucosamine (compound A) and 12-(4-azido-2-nitrophenoxy)stearoyl[1 14C]glucosamine (compound B) were synthesized essentially as described before [Iwata, K. K. et al. (1978) Prog. Clin. Biol. Res. 22, 579-589]. These probes were used to label phospholipid vesicles and erythrocyte membranes. A chromatographic method was developed to quantify the individual probe phospholipid adducts involving both phosphatidylcholine, phosphatidylethanolamine, and phosphatidylserine. For both membranes as well as for both probes a phospholipid labeling pattern was obtained which appeared to reflect the relative content of fatty acid double bonds in each phospholipid class. The distinct labeling of phosphatidylserine in intact erythrocytes strongly suggested that the probes spontaneously and rapidly redistributed between the two halves of the membrane bilayer. In addition, both probes yielded an extensive labeling of the membrane proteins. Analysis by dodecylsulfate polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis and autoradiography has indicated that the protein labeling pattern was different, depending on whether the 'shallow' probe (compound A) or 'depth' probe (compound B) were used. PMID- 6745270 TI - [Isolation and structural studies of glucans from Phytophthora parasitica]. AB - Several polysaccharides have been isolated from the cell walls of Phytophthora parasitica, a phytopathogenic fungus of carnation. The crude polysaccharides were fractionated by successive chromatographies on DEAE-cellulose, Sephadex G-25, concanavalin-A-Sepharose and Sephadex G-200 columns. The neutral polysaccharides consist of a mixture of beta(1----3, 1----6)-D-glucans whose relative molecular masses varied from 9000 to about 200 000. All these polysaccharides have a main chain of beta(1----3)-linked D-glucose residues. They differ by the presence of 1 ---6 branched chains consisting of D-glucose and D-Glc-(1----3)-D-Glc, for the lowest molecular mass polysaccharides or D-Glc-(1----3)-D-Glc-(1---3)-D-Glc for the highest molecular mass polysaccharides. PMID- 6745271 TI - Spontaneous modification of the oxoglutarate translocator in vivo. AB - In studying the oxoglutarate translocator of rat-heart mitochondria over many years, we have observed an unexpected decrease in its efficiency. It has been divided by 2.48 +/- 0.07, (S.E.M.) for the exchange of external oxoglutarate for internal malate at 2 degrees C when the internal-malate concentration is 4 mM and is accompanied by an increase in its concentration (multiplied by 1.61 +/- 0.02, S.E.M.). The affinity of the external sites of the translocator for the external oxoglutarate is unchanged as well as the binding and kinetic cooperativities of the external oxoglutarate. This shows that the external side of the translocator has not been modified and suggests that its central part has not been modified either. The apparent Michaelis constant of the internal malate is increased (multiplied by 1.74 +/- 0.23, S.E.M.) suggesting that the translocator has been modified on its matricial side. Some control experiments show that a change in the diet of the rats, despite its effect on the fatty-acid content of the mitoplasts, is probably not responsible for the observed modification. As it is nevertheless very likely that changes of the oxoglutarate translocator have occurred in vivo, it is proposed that the observed modification has a genetic origin. The existence of two antagonist changes which are not directly related suggests that one of them is a response of the organism against the other; thus the oxoglutarate translocator may play a regulatory role in certain physiological conditions. PMID- 6745272 TI - Complex structure of human bronchial mucus glycoprotein. AB - Human bronchial mucus glycoproteins or mucins were isolated from the sputum of two patients by a method avoiding reducing agents and involving water extraction and gel filtration on Sepharose CL-2B in 6 M guanidinium chloride. The chemical analysis indicated approximately 25-40% lipid. The amino acid and carbohydrate analysis differ quantitatively from that of mucins purified after prior reduction of mucus. These fractions also have a higher proportion of aspartic and glutamic acids than that of the mucins from reduced sputum. These mucins are still contaminated by small amounts of peptides but do not seem to contain disulfide attached cross-linking protein. Human bronchial mucins have a strong tendency to form aggregates except in 6 M guanidinium chloride. Electron microscopy performed with various procedures indicates the presence of both micelles and flexible threads measuring 200-1000 nm. Delipidation removes most of the micellar forms. Thereafter mucins appear mainly as polydisperse flexible extended threads and also as aggregates. These features of bronchial mucins do not fit with the generally accepted idea of mucin subunits linked by disulfide bridges (unless they are linked end to end) and alternatively favour a model where mucin molecules behave like filaments that could easily aggregate according to the solvent system (mucin concentration, absence of dissociating conditions). PMID- 6745273 TI - Human low-molecular-mass kininogen. Amino-acid sequence of the light chain; homology with other protein sequences. AB - The complete amino acid sequence of the human low-molecular-mass kininogen light chain has been determined. The peptide chain contains 38 amino acid residues. In position 18 the half-cystine residue which forms the disulfide bridge to the heavy chain was found. Alignment of the present sequence with other kininogen light chain sequences indicated that the amino-terminal part of it is species specific and the carboxy-terminal part is function-specific. Statistically significant internal homologies between various parts of the low-molecular-mass kininogen sequence as well as homologies between parts of the sequences of kininogen and ribonucleases were observed. PMID- 6745274 TI - Lactoperoxidase, a dithionite ion dismutase. AB - The dithionite ion is catalytically disproportionated by lactoperoxidase with Km = 0.36 mM in 100 mM glycine HCl pH 3.0. The products formed are thiosulfate and hydrogensulfite ions. The rate of reaction is considerably increased at low pH with a pKa at 3-3.5 possibly indicating the involvement of a carboxyl group. The reaction is competitively inhibited by hydrogensulfite, Ki = 5.5 mM in 100 mM glycine HCl pH 3.50. Four different spectral forms of reduced lactoperoxidase appear during the reaction. The first two forms are found during the lag phase of the reaction. The third form, which is interpreted as a ternary complex, exists under the dismutation phase. After exhaustion of the substrate a visible spectrum similar to that of lactoperoxidase H2O2 compound III appears. A mechanistic model for the lactoperoxidase dismutation of the dithionite ion is proposed and discussed. PMID- 6745275 TI - Analysis of the control of citrulline synthesis in isolated rat-liver mitochondria. AB - The amount of control of the various steps involved in the citrulline synthesizing pathway in isolated rat-liver mitochondria incubated with saturating concentrations of ammonia and ornithine has been measured. The flux control coefficient of carbamoyl-phosphate synthase (ammonia) was close to one. Control exerted by other steps in the pathway, including ornithine transcarbamoylase, carbonic anhydrase. ATP production and transport of ornithine, was negligible. The high flux control coefficient of carbamoyl-phosphate synthetase is due to the low elasticity coefficient of this enzyme towards its product, intramitochondrial carbamoyl phosphate, in combination with a high elasticity coefficient of ornithine transcarbamoylase towards carbamoyl phosphate. PMID- 6745276 TI - Topological aspects of microsomal N-acetyltransferase, an enzyme responsible for the acetylation of cysteine S-conjugates of xenobiotics. AB - Acetylation of cysteine S-conjugates of xenobiotics by microsomal N acetyltransferase is the final step of detoxicative metabolism leading to mercapturic acid biosynthesis. To elucidate the subcellular site of N-acetylation and the effective mechanism by which the final metabolites are eliminated from the organisms, topological aspects and catalytic properties of microsomal N acetyltransferase and mercapturic acid biosynthesis in vivo were investigated. Intravenous administration of radioactive S-benzyl-L-cysteine, a model compound of cysteine S-conjugates, resulted in rapid acetylation of the conjugate in liver and kidney to a similar extent. The acetylation was followed by a rapid excretion of the metabolite, a mercapturic acid, into the urine; about 60% of the injected dose appeared in urine within 60 min of administration. Limited proteolysis of microsomal vesicles obtained from liver and kidney by chymotrypsin or trypsin inactivated the transferase by 49-62% and 62-73%, respectively. Proteolytic inactivation of the transferase was not significantly affected by the presence of 0.04% sodium deoxycholate by which the vesicles became permeable to macromolecules due to its detergent action. To determine the sidedness of the active site of N-acetyltransferase on the microsomal membranes, two S acetyldextran polymer derivatives (Mr 500 000) of cysteine and N-acetylcysteine which represent an nonpermeant substrate and product for this enzyme, respectively, were examined for their effects on the vesicle-associated enzyme activity. Both derivatives inhibited the transferase activity in a dose-dependent fashion; maximum inhibition of the enzyme activity was 40% by the former and 60% by the latter. Sulfobromophthalein strongly inhibited the enzyme activity and this inhibition was completely reversed by adding an equimolar amount of hepatic glutathione S-transferases (ligandins). In contrast to the strong inhibition by sulfobromophthalein itself, its glutathione S-conjugate did not inhibit the enzyme activity. These results indicate that the active site and the protease sensitive domain(s) of the microsomal N-acetyltransferase are localized on the outer surface (cytoplasmic side) of endoplasmic reticulum and that the ligandin(s) might protect membranous N-acetyltransferase from inhibition by organic anions by binding them and catalyzing the conjugation with glutathione. PMID- 6745277 TI - A synthetic hapten for induction of thymine-dimer-specific antibodies. AB - High specificity and sensitivity of thymine cyclobutane dimer (thy[]thy) detection were obtained by a radioimmunoassay. Attempts to raise thy[]thy monospecific antibodies with antigens produced according to conventional methods were unsuccessful. Thy[]thy-specific antibodies could only be raised by using a new strategy to bind thy[]thy to protein: thymine was activated by trimethylsilylation and alkylated at N1 yielding N1-thyminebutanoic acid which was dimerised by ultraviolet treatment. The resulting derivative of thymine cyclobutane dimer was coupled to bovine serum albumin by the active-ester method. The new strategy appears to be generally applicable for binding haptens, such as DNA bases, photoproducts etc, to proteins via a derivative containing a carboxyl group. Immunisation of rabbits with the thy[]thy-bovine-serum-albumin conjugate prepared by the new method resulted in a highly specific antiserum which allows detection of thy[]thy down to 0.06 p mol (15pg). The thy[]thy-specific radioimmunoassay was applied to measure thy[]thy formed in human fibroblasts which were exposed to sunlight at altitudes of 600 m or 2300 m. The amounts of thy[]thy formed in an hour corresponded to doses of 14 J m-2 and 24 J m-2, respectively, of an ultraviolet light lamp emitting predominantly 245-nm light. PMID- 6745278 TI - Guanine-nucleotide-dependent inhibition of adenylate cyclase of rabbit heart by glucagon. AB - The present study demonstrates an inhibitory effect of glucagon on the adenylate cyclase system of rabbit heart. Inhibition was maximal (22-40%) at 0.1-0.01 microM glucagon and required the presence of 0.01-0.1 mM GTP or guanosine 5' [beta, gamma-imido]triphosphate (GuoPP[NH]P). Reduced or no inhibitor effect of glucagon was observed: (a) after limited proteolysis of plasma membrane proteins by trypsin, (b) in the presence of 1 mM Mn2+, (c) in the absence of Na+, and (d) during the first 10 min of incubation if GuoPP[NH]P was the activating ligand. With GTP as the activating ligand, inhibition of cyclase by glucagon occurred without delay. These data are consistent with a mediation of glucagon inhibition by a guanine-nucleotide-binding protein. In the presence of ethanol (0.2 M) or benzyl alcohol (0.05 M), agents which are known to increase the fluidity of biological membranes, glucagon increased the enzyme activity in a guanine nucleotide-dependent manner. Activation of cyclase in the presence of alcohols was maximal (30-60%) at 0.1-1.0 microM glucagon and 0.01 mM guanine nucleotides. Data suggest that glucagon receptors can interact with both the activatory and inhibitory guanine-nucleotide-binding proteins and the physical state of membranes may play a role in determining which interaction will be preferential. PMID- 6745280 TI - Glycosidic linkages of swede cell walls and their residues recovered from the terminal ileum of the pig. AB - The glycosidic linkage pattern of unfractionated swede cell walls was determined by methylation analysis. The main linkages in descending order of concentration were: (1----4)-linked glucose, (1----4)-linked xylose, terminal galactose, (1--- 4)-linked mannose, terminal arabinose and (1----2)-linked rhamnose. The major branch points were to the O-2 or O-3 atoms of xylose, O-4 of rhamnose and O-6 of glucose. The subsequent degradation of swede cell walls by passage through the small intestine of the pig was studied by quantitative methylation analysis of material recovered from animals cannulated 150 mm before the ileo-caecal junction. In addition to a substantial loss of uronic acid and phenolic material, the proportions of the different glycosidic linkages recovered from the digesta varied greatly from those of the parent material. Pectic polysaccharides had apparent digestibilities in the range of 0.60-0.75 while those of hemicellulosic components varied between 0.15 and 0.57. Glucose units linked 1----4 (with an apparent digestibility of 0.24) accounted for the greatest weight loss of neutral sugars from the cell wall, followed by terminal galactose, terminal arabinose and 2-linked arabinose. PMID- 6745281 TI - Conformation of physalaemin. AB - The conformational and spatial configuration of the biologically active undecapeptide physalaemin was studied using 350-MHz1H NMR. The NMR analyses suggested the existence of a strong hydrogen bond between the amide proton of the Phe7 and a carbonyl group in the N-terminal moiety, most likely the Pro4 one. Other bondings were postulated, involving the side-chain amine of Lys6 and the side-chain amide of Asn5 and respectively the side-chain carboxyl of Asp3 and the terminal amide carbonyl of Met-NH2. Thus unlike its shorter peptidic fragments, physalaemin exhibited a stable molecular structure in solution, giving some insight into the conformation required for interaction at the biological receptor of tachykinins. PMID- 6745279 TI - Patterns of histone acetylation in Physarum polycephalum. H2A and H2B acetylation is functionally distinct from H3 and H4 acetylation. AB - Histone acetylation has previously been correlated with both chromosome replication and transcription. We present evidence that (a) confirms both correlations in the true slime mold, Physarum polycephalum and (b) shows that quite a different pattern of acetate turnover is associated with replication compared with transcription. The pattern associated with replication involves turnover of acetate on all four core histones on species containing one or two acetates per molecule. This pattern was resolved from the transcription associated pattern by three different procedures: (a) detailed analysis of gels of histones pulse-labelled with acetate; (b) the pattern of acetylation of histones pulse-labelled with [3H]lysine; and (c) the pattern of acetylation of soluble histones. The pattern associated with transcription is restricted to histones H3 and H4 and occurs mostly on highly acetylated species. This pattern was resolved by (a) analysis of gels of histones pulse-labelled with acetate; (b) the pattern of histone acetylation in G2 phase of the cell cycle; and (c) the pattern of histone acetylation in the presence of cycloheximide. PMID- 6745282 TI - Conformational studies on the pancreatic polypeptide hormone family. AB - Pancreatic polypeptide has been extracted and sequenced from a wide range of species. The 36-residue polypeptides have some hormonal characteristics, and show a high degree of sequence homology. Two recently isolated polypeptides, from porcine gut and brain, also show a high degree of sequence homology with the pancreatic polypeptides. It was proposed that these polypeptides were members of a related family. The X-ray determined structure of one member of the family, turkey pancreatic polypeptide, is known to high resolution, but there is no structural information for the others. Studies designed to give an insight into the tertiary structure of these related molecules have been carried out, including model building using interactive computer graphics, circular dichroic spectroscopy and secondary structure prediction using a variety of algorithms. The results indicate that a compact globular conformation, similar to that observed in turkey pancreatic polypeptide may be adopted by all molecules and that this may be more highly conserved than the individual amino acid sequences. PMID- 6745283 TI - How do enzyme activities control metabolite concentrations? An additional theorem in the theory of metabolic control. AB - A simple theorem is derived relating the extent to which enzymes in a metabolic pathway control the steady-state concentration of metabolites to the kinetic properties of those enzymes. The theorem gives insight into the mechanism by which the concentration of a second messenger is controlled by the enzymes that form and degrade it, and provides an alternative to the 'cross-over theorem'. PMID- 6745284 TI - What should the public be told about primary prevention of CHD? AB - There is an increasing demand from the general public for medical information. In his analysis of ongoing and prospective tendencies in Megatrends, Naisbitt foresees a change from an industrial era to a society based on the creation and distribution of information, and 'from a society run by short-term considerations and rewards in favour of dealing with things in much longer-term frames'. And with regard to medical care: 'The new emphasis on the human angle shows up in three major trends behind the move from institution help to self-help'. These aspects include among others our responsibility for health, self-care and preventive medicine. The medical profession has to meet this demand for information with appropriate answers. So far we have failed in several respects. One source of confusion is the rapid distribution to the general public of research results which have not had time to be put into an overall health prospective. Some of the issues which seem to be confusing with respect to coronary heart disease (CHD) prevention are: what risk factors are really of importance, what can be achieved by screening examinations versus more general health measures, and whether our diet really matters. PMID- 6745285 TI - Assessment of type A behaviour by the Bortner scale and ischaemic heart disease. The Belgian-French Pooling Project. AB - In a French -Belgian collaborative study the incidence of coronary heart disease (CHD) in 2699 middle-aged males was related to the type A behaviour pattern assessed by means of the Bortner scale, which had been validated against the structured interview of Rosenman and Friedman in the Belgian subgroup. The relative risks of the fourth to the first quartile of the Bortner Scale were 1.70, 1.64 and 1.84 for total CHD, hard and soft events, respectively. The relationships of type A behaviour to CHD was independent of age, smoking, systolic blood pressure, serum cholesterol, body build and socio-professional status. PMID- 6745286 TI - Aortic input impedance in heart failure: comparison with normal subjects and its changes during vasodilator therapy. AB - This study was aimed at the evaluation of aortic impedance in patients with congestive heart failure. Aortic impedance (simultaneous measurements of aortic pressure and blood flow), mean (Wm) and pulsatile (Wp) powers were compared in 11 normal subjects and in 12 patients with heart failure. Pulse wave velocity (C: modified Moens-Korteweg equation, simultaneous measurements of aortic pressure and radius) was determined under control conditions in all normal subjects and in 7 patients with heart failure. Impedance curves in patients with heart failure were characterized by increased values of the impedance modulus at 0 Hz (peripheral resistance) and at low frequencies. The characteristic impedance, C, and phase were not different from normal subjects. In six patients with heart failure, impedance curves were studied during nitroprusside infusion. During the infusion of the vasodilator, the impedance modulus at 0 Hz and at low frequencies decreased. The characteristic impedance was unchanged. The zero intercept of the phase was shifted towards lower frequencies. These results show that the changes in impedance curves in patients with heart failure are due to greater peripheral resistance and wave reflection. During nitroprusside infusion the stroke volume increased and the aortic blood flow became more pulsatile (greater values of low frequency components). This modification accounts for the increased values of Wm and Wp, and is related to decreased peripheral resistance and wave reflection. PMID- 6745287 TI - Haemodynamic effects of intravenous diltiazem at rest and exercise in patients with coronary artery disease. AB - The acute effects of intravenous diltiazem on exercise performance were studied in 10 patients with coronary artery disease. Haemodynamic measurements were made at rest and during exercise before and after 0.5 mg kg-1 of diltiazem. Diltiazem prolonged the duration of exercise (+2.85 min, P less than 0.001) and delayed the onset of ischaemic ST depression or angina in all patients. The highest tolerated heart rate and pressure rate product were increased in all but one patient after diltiazem. At rest diltiazem decreased mean arterial pressure (-10.8%, P less than 0.005), systemic vascular resistance (SVR) (-11.8%, P less than 0.05) and left ventricular stroke work index (SWI) (-14.1%, P less than 0.005). During exercise under diltiazem therapy, at the level achieved before the drug, the pulmonary capillary wedge pressure (-30%, P less than 0.005) and the SVR (-13.6%, P less than 0.02) were lowered, the SWI (+13%, P less than 0.01) was increased; at the end of exercise only the SVR (-14%, P less than 0.05) was reduced. Two patients experienced angina on lying down and one had orthostatic hypotension after exercise with diltiazem. This study indicates that intravenous diltiazem is a potentially useful agent for the treatment of angina by reducing myocardial oxygen demand at rest and by improving left ventricular performances on exercise. PMID- 6745288 TI - Cardiac arrhythmias following acute myocardial infarction: associations with the serum potassium level and prior diuretic therapy. AB - The relationship between the initial serum potassium level and the incidence of cardiac arrhythmias following myocardial infarction has been reviewed in a coronary care unit setting. The incidence of arrhythmias in general, and ventricular fibrillation, ventricular tachycardia and frequent ventricular ectopic beats in particular, were inversely related to the initial serum potassium level. Hyperkalaemia was also significantly associated with ventricular fibrillation and ventricular tachycardia. Hypokalaemia was significantly more common in patients previously treated with diuretics, though most patients with hypokalaemia had not been so treated. The occurrence of an acute hypokalaemic syndrome, independent of, but exacerbated by, diuretic therapy, is further supported by these results. PMID- 6745289 TI - Serial left ventricular ejection fraction in acute myocardial infarction by cross sectional echocardiography: correlation of changing ejection fraction with clinical course. AB - Left ventricular volume and ejection fraction were measured in 22 survivors of acute myocardial infarction by means of two-dimensional echocardiography and using a Simpson's rule algorithm. Ten of the 22 patients experienced complications. For the group as a whole, there were no significant trends in left ventricular volume and ejection fraction between the first and third days and the third month after infarction. In the subgroups with uncomplicated and complicated infarction, there were trends towards increasing and decreasing ejection fractions, respectively, which failed to attain statistical significance, however. The difference in ejection fraction between both subgroups had become significant at 3 months; 55.2 +/- 11.1% in uncomplicated v. 41.3 +/- 6.9% in complicated cases (P less than 0.01). Individual changes in ejection fraction falling outside the limits of reproducibility of the method as assessed previously were observed between day 1 and day 3 in only 2 patients with uncomplicated and in 2 patients with complicated infarction. Between day 1 and 3 months such changes occurred in 8 patients with uncomplicated infarction (upward in 5 and downward in 3), and in 8 patients with complicated infarcts (upward in 3 and downward in 5). We conclude that changes in ejection fraction as measured by two-dimensional echocardiography tend to correlate with complications. PMID- 6745290 TI - Sensitivity and specificity of two-dimensional echocardiography in detection of impaired left ventricular function. AB - The purpose of the study was to determine the sensitivity and specificity of two dimensional echocardiography (2dE) in the detection of impaired left ventricular function, compared with cineventriculography (CVG). Apical two-dimensional echocardiograms were performed in 110 patients undergoing heart catheterization for the evaluation of clinically suspected coronary heart disease (50 patients), valvular heart disease (38 patients) and congestive cardiomyopathy (22 patients). The left ventricle was scanned in the RAO-equivalent view; cineventriculograms were filmed in the 30 degrees RAO projection. Left ventricular volumes at end diastole (EDV) and end-systole (ESV) were determined using a disc method; stroke volume (SV) and ejection fraction (EF) were calculated. Based on normal values, the sensitivity, specificity, and predictive accuracy were determined for two dimensional echocardiography. For EDV, the sensitivity was 80%, specificity 88% and (+) predictive accuracy 86%. The left ventricular ejection fraction was 57.8 +/- 17.2% with CVG and 53.8 +/- 15.6% with 2dE in patients with coronary heart disease, 24.9 +/- 10.5% with CVG and 25.2 +/- 11.1% with 2dE in patients with congestive cardiomyopathy, and 61.1 +/- 13.9% with CVG and 54.2 +/- 9.1% with 2dE in patients with valvular heart disease. Sensitivity was 81%, specificity 100%, and (+) predictive accuracy 100%. The study demonstrates that impaired left ventricular function can be detected by 2dE with high sensitivity and specificity. Thus, 2dE seems to be suitable screening method for evaluation of left ventricular function. PMID- 6745291 TI - The role of echocardiography in assessing the functional class of the patient with Ebstein's anomaly. AB - In 23 patients with Ebstein's anomaly of the tricuspid valve, the functional class of the patients has been related to the echocardiographic parameters generally used to diagnose this disorder. These are the extent of apical displacement of the tricuspid valve and the delay in tricuspid valve closure time related to that of the mitral valve. In addition, the functional class of the patients has also been evaluated in relation to the severity of tricuspid valve insufficiency and to the presence or absence of associated cardiac abnormalities. The study revealed that the echocardiographic parameters i.e. the degree of apical displacement of the tricuspid valve and the delayed closure time of the tricuspid valve have no predictive value for the patient's clinical condition. On the other hand, both tricuspid valve insufficiency and the presence of additional anomalies have a direct correlation with the well-being of the patient. PMID- 6745292 TI - Radionuclide imaging after coronary vasodilation: myocardial scintigraphy with thallium-201 and radionuclide angiography after administration of dipyridamole. AB - Tl-201 imaging was performed in 194 patients who had undergone coronary angiography which had demonstrated coronary artery disease in 149 and normal coronary vessels in 45.91 patients had had previous myocardial infarction. Sensitivity for dipyridamole stress imaging was 92% for all 149 patients. 79% for the patients without previous infarction. Specificity was 81%. In a subgroup of 40 patients (32 patients with reversible Tl-201 defects and 8 normals), an additional dipyridamole wall motion study was performed in order to evaluate the correlation of Tl-201 perfusion abnormalities and ventricular function after dipyridamole. Only 19% of the patients had a dipyridamole-induced drop of global left ventricular ejection fraction, 31% showed dipyridamole-induced wall motion abnormalities; the predictability of specific vessel involvement by regional wall motion and regional ejection fraction assessment was 26% as compared with 70% for thallium imaging. Tl-201 perfusion defects after dipyridamole administration can also occur independent of ischaemia-induced changes in global and regional ventricular function. Coronary vasodilation with dipyridamole using Tl-201 imaging is a reliable alternative method in patients with coronary artery disease with an accuracy comparable to exercise studies with the advantage of not necessarily needing ischaemia as an endpoint of the test. PMID- 6745293 TI - Torsade de pointes after amiodarone withdrawal; effects of mild hypokalaemia on repolarization. AB - Recurrent atypical ventricular tachycardia, with a long QT interval, was documented in a 56-year-old patient 16 days after discontinuing amiodarone 200 mg and 400 mg on alternate days. Tachycardia and variable prolongation of myocardial repolarization were abolished by temporary cardiac pacing and correction of mild hypokalaemia. PMID- 6745294 TI - Duplication of the superior vena cava: detection by radionuclide angiography. AB - The authors report three cases of duplication of the superior vena cava which were demonstrated by radionuclide angiography. Nuclear imaging was performed in order to demonstrate a left-to-right intracardiac shunt. Injection into the left external jugular vein demonstrated the presence of a duplication of the superior vena cava in addition to the presence of a shunt. PMID- 6745295 TI - Pubic pain syndrome in sportsmen: comparison of radiographic and scintigraphic findings. AB - We studied 32 cases of pubic pain in sportsmen and compared the radiographic and scintigraphic findings. Six case histories are presented in detail. The pubis/sacrum uptake ratio obtained by the use of scan techniques appears to be a useful parameter for following the evolution of the pain. PMID- 6745296 TI - The rational use of 201Tl scintigraphy in the evaluation of differentiated thyroid cancer. AB - Fifteen patients with differentiated thyroid cancer were examined following 131I thyroid ablation, of these seven were examined after radio-iodine therapy to disseminated neck cancer. They had no further radio-iodine uptake and were evaluated using a 201Tl scan. In thirteen patients there was a good correlation between the results and the clinical diagnosis, showing no uptake in seven subjects with negative clinical findings, and positive delineation of tumour tissue in the neck region in six patients. The remaining two patients with lymph node metastases after previous radio-iodine irradiation showed marked clinical regression of the metastases with absent uptake of both 131I and 201Tl, probably due to radiation-induced changes. The comparison of thallium scans with plasma thyroglobulin levels showed certain differences (high plasma thyroglobulin without any proof of remaining thyroid tissue in one patient and normal/low plasma thyroglobulin in the presence of a tumour in two patients) but both measurements could give additional information. It is believed that while in the differential diagnosis of a thyroid nodule no important information could be expected of scanning (compared with the high value of aspiration biopsy), the evaluation of patients without 131I uptake by 201Tl scans could provide important information for further therapy. PMID- 6745297 TI - Meta-iodobenzylguanidine adrenal medulla localization: autoradiographic and pharmacologic studies. AB - In order to investigate the mechanism of uptake of meta-iodobenzylguanidine (mIBG) by the adrenal glands, autoradiographic and pharmacologic studies were performed in mice and dogs receiving radioiodinated mIBG. In mice, on macroautoradiography of whole body sections 48 h after 125I-mIBG, most of the radioactivity was focused in the adrenal glands. On microautoradiography, silver grains were exclusively located in the adrenal medulla. Tissue counting after phenoxybenzamine, cocaine, and desipramine treatment resulted in 45%, 35%, and 0% inhibition of mIBG uptake, respectively. Tissue counting and scintigraphic studies demonstrated a more than 50% mIBG release from the adrenal glands after reserpine. These data indicate the high affinity of mIBG for adrenal medulla and suggest that the mIBG and catecholamine uptake mechanisms are only partially the same. PMID- 6745298 TI - Familial dysalbuminemic hyperthyroxinemia (FDH): inadequacy of the "analog" methods for assaying free-T4 levels. AB - Free-T4 levels were determined in familial dysalbuminemic hyperthyroxinemia (FDH) subjects. In agreement with their euthyroid status free-T4 levels were within the normal range when tested by equilibrium dialysis and by the FT4 Immophase method (Corning Medical). However, when using the recently introduced "analog" methods, either Amerlex FT4 or Becton-Dickinson FT4, Free-T4 values were markedly higher than the control values. This discrepancy is probably due to artifactual binding of the labeled analog to the fraction of albumin exhibiting an excessive affinity for T4. PMID- 6745300 TI - Labeling of red blood cells. PMID- 6745299 TI - Uptake of 75Se-selenocholesterol by an adrenal cortical carcinoma and its metastases. AB - Adrenal scintigraphy with 75Se-selenocholesterol was performed in a patient with Cushing's syndrome due to a right adrenal tumor. The tumor was faintly but clearly imaged. The liver was sharply imaged and the liver uptake did not reveal the usual decrease after the first week postinjection. The liver image was still clearly evident in the last scintiphotos taken 26 days after injection of radiocholesterol. At operation a right adrenocortical carcinoma was removed and the right lobe of the liver was found to be almost completely replaced by metastatic adrenal tissue. PMID- 6745301 TI - Isolation and identification of eight procyclidine metabolites from rat urine. AB - After intraperitoneal administration of procyclidine, eight metabolites were isolated from rat urine. They were identified as 1-(4-oxocyclohexyl)-1-phenyl-3 (1-pyrrolidinyl)-1-propanol, 1-(cis-4-hydroxycyclohexyl)-1-phenyl-3-(1 pyrrolidinyl)-1-propanol, 1-(trans-4-hydrocyclohexyl)-1-phenyl-3-(1-pyrrolidinyl) 1-propanol , (1R,3R,4S,7R)- and (1R,3R,4S,7S)-1-(cis-3,cis-4-dihydroxycyclohexyl) 1-phenyl-3-(1-py rrolidinyl)- 1-propanol, (1R,3R,4R,7R)- and (1R,3R,4R,7S)-1-(cis 3,trans-4-dihydroxycyclohexyl)-1-phenyl- 3-(1-pyrrolidinyl)-1-propanol, and one of both (1R,3S,4R,7R)- or (1R,3S,4R,7S)- 1-(trans-3,trans-4-dihydroxycyclohexyl) 1-phenyl-3-(1-pyrrolidinyl )-1-propanol by comparative TLC, GLC-MS and 13C-NMR spectroscopy. PMID- 6745303 TI - Mass spectrometric identification of amiodarone N-monodesethyl metabolite and application of an HPLC method to a pharmacokinetic study. AB - Identification of an amiodarone metabolite in the plasma of patients receiving a single dose of the drug was carried out by mass-spectrometry following extraction and HPLC separation. The kinetics of the plasma concentrations of unchanged compound and its identified metabolite (N-monodesthyl-amiodarone) were studied in six patients after a single administration of amiodarone by oral or intravenous routes, using a sensitive and specific high-performance liquid chromatographic method. The observed plasma clearance rate for the drug varied from 0.2 to 0.5 1.h-1.kg-1 of body weight; and the elimination half-life of the unchanged compound was found to be approximately 21 hours. Oral bioavailability, as determined in one patient, was about 60%. The proportion of the metabolite found in the plasma following a single oral administration was significantly higher than that observed after infusion. The ratio of areas under the curves for metabolite-to-unchanged compound was 0.55 and 0.13 for oral and intravenous doses respectively. During a circumscribed study carried out in five patients receiving oral doses of the drug (daily dose varied from 2.6 to 9.3 mg/kg) accumulation of the metabolite was observed. The mean of the plasma level ratios (metabolite to unaltered drug) obtained in five patients was approximately 0.97. PMID- 6745304 TI - Pharmacokinetic study of pyridinol carbamate in chronic renal insufficiency. AB - The pharmacokinetics of Pyridinol carbamate (PDC) were studied over a 48 hour period in 14 patients with Chronic Renal Failure (C.R.F.) and in 10 normal controls. Following a single oral dose of 1 gm of PDC, the serum was assayed for PDC and M1 (monodemethylated PDC, the 1st metabolite) and the urine for PDC: M1, and M2 (second metabolite). The C max of PDC was found to be increased in the patients with C.R.F. when compared with the controls (21.8 +/- 5.26 micrograms VS 18.28 +/- 4.58 micrograms) but the half-life was unchanged (6.56 +/- 3.93 h VS 5.86 +/- 1.5 h). There was no difference between the C max of M1 of the patients and that of the controls (7.04 +/- 1.5 micrograms VS 6.49 +/- 0.84 micrograms), but there was an increase in the half-life (21.28 +/- 15.86 h VS 11.78 +/- 5.86) and of the area under curve (319.8 +/- 170.8 micrograms VS 182.6 +/- 78.5 micrograms ml-1 h). The overall excretion of PDC, M2 and particularly of M1 was found to be decreased and a higher concentration of PDC was noted in the urine of C.R.F. group. A correlation between the concentration of M2 and the severity of C.R.F. was observed, in that lower concentration or the absence of M2 in the 1st 6 hour urine sample appeared to be directly related to the severity of renal failure. Current evidence suggests that the N-demethylation of PDC remains normal in CRF and that there is enhanced transformation of M1 to ;M2. PMID- 6745302 TI - Decrease of in vitro serum protein binding of salicylate in rheumatoid arthritis. AB - Free and bound fractions of salicylates were separated by equilibrium dialysis and measured by spectrofluorimetry in 27 patients with rheumatoid arthritis and in 16 controls. The results showed that in patients with rheumatoid arthritis, the binding of salicylate to proteins decreased in an overproportional manner with the decrease of serum albumin concentrations. This phenomenon was linked with the severity of the inflammatory syndrome. The saturation binding capacity per unit of protein concentration was lower in the patients suffering from active forms of the condition, a finding which suggests that the changes observed are not due only to quantitative changes in the serum albumins. This study confirms the importance of determining free salicylate concentrations in the treatment of patients with inflammatory diseases. PMID- 6745305 TI - Pharmacokinetics and tissue localization of doxycycline polyphosphate and doxycycline hydrochloride in the rat. AB - Two doxycycline derivatives Doxycycline polyphosphate and Doxycycline hydrochloride were administered to rats at a dose of 20 mg/kg body weight. Doxycycline tissue levels were determined using a microbiological assay. Only an insignificant fraction of the antibiotics was found to cross the blood brain barrier. Doxycycline was highly concentrated in excretory organs: liver, kidneys and caecum. The high intestinal drug level observed is probably related to the entero-hepatic cycle of this antibiotic. There was a good correlation between serum and heart doxycycline concentration; heart level was about twice that of serum. In lung, antibiotic level was always higher than in serum. PMID- 6745306 TI - Pharmacokinetics of vinpocetine and apovincaminic acid in patients with impaired renal function. AB - Effects of renal insufficiency on the pharmacokinetics of vinpocetine and its main metabolite, apovincaminic acid (AVA) were investigated in the present study. The elimination rate constant, half-life, clearance, area under the curve and volume of distribution were measured and compared with reported values for subjects with normal renal function. Previous investigations have shown that the elimination half life of vinpocetine was 2.54 +/- 0.48 hours and half-life of AVA was 3.66 +/- 1.56 hours in healthy volunteers after i.v. administration of 10 mg vinpocetine. PMID- 6745307 TI - Scaling of antipyrine intrinsic clearance of unbound drug in 15 mammalian species. AB - The intrinsic clearance of unbound drug (CLuint) for antipyrine in 15 mammalian species was characterized by an equation of the form, CLuint = theta 1 (body weight) theta 2 (brain weight) theta 3, where thetas are constants. Maximum lifespan potential in mammals can also be characterized by an equation of this form. It is suggested that the set of genetic mechanisms regulating longevity and other constitutional characteristics in species is also linked to rates of drug metabolism. The ability to scale interspecies data in pharmacokinetics is taken as an expression of this design principle. PMID- 6745308 TI - Myocardial high-energy phosphates and function under different postischemic conditions. A study in a paracorporeal rat heart model. AB - Infusion of phosphoenolpyruvate together with adenosine triphosphate early during reperfusion after ischemia increased the energy content and the left ventricular isovolumic performance in a paracorporeal rat heart model. Excised hearts were subjected to 15 min of complete global ischemia at 37 degrees C before reperfusion. During reperfusion they were either nonworking (empty-beating) or working (performing left ventricular isovolumic work) between 20 and 40 min of reperfusion before freeze-clamping. Early during reperfusion the excised hearts were either supplemented with 144 mumol phosphoenolpyruvate and 0.67 mumol adenosine triphosphate or nonsupplemented (plain saline) administered in a pulsatile arterial blood flow. The supplemented nonworking group showed significantly higher creatine phosphate and adenosine triphosphate contents compared to the nonsupplemented group. However, under postischemic working conditions there were no significant differences in high-energy phosphates between the supplemented and the nonsupplemented groups in spite of significantly better left ventricular isovolumic performance in the supplemented group. Concomitantly the efflux of creatine kinase isoenzyme MB indicating cellular damage was significantly less for this group. The data presented here favor the view of a possible compartmentalized adenosine triphosphate pool with a high metabolic turnover close to the plasma membrane. PMID- 6745309 TI - Effect of hemorrhagic shock on pulmonary transvascular fluid and protein exchange in anesthetized dogs. AB - We demonstrated the effect of hemorrhagic shock with resuscitation on pulmonary fluid and protein exchange in anesthetized dogs. Lung lymph flow decreased during early shock and then increased gradually to baseline during late shock as the pulmonary vascular pressures reverted toward baseline levels, while the lymph-to plasma protein ratio remained relatively constant throughout the shock period. During resuscitation, lung lymph flow increased significantly with the decreasing lymph:plasma protein ratio, suggesting no change in permeability to proteins. Lymph protein flow, which is characteristic of increased endothelial permeability, was also not altered during resuscitation, compared to that following increased vascular pressure induced by inflation of a left atrial balloon catheter. These findings suggest that no change in pulmonary vascular permeability occurs in anesthetized dogs after hemorrhagic shock with resuscitation. PMID- 6745310 TI - The chronically stimulated muscle as an energy source for artificial organs. Preliminary results of a basic study in sheep. AB - In 5 adult sheep the psoas muscle of one side was electrically stimulated through the muscle nerves with an implantable stimulation unit for more than 5 weeks. In the final experiments the isometric tetanic tension of the stimulated muscles was reduced to 50-70% of the contralateral normal muscle. The use of only 15 Hz as a stimulation frequency led to a transformation of the originally fast muscle into a slow muscle with more resistance to fatigue. Future application of the chronically stimulated psoas muscle for driving artificial organs is discussed. PMID- 6745311 TI - The effect of secretin on colonic mucin secretion rate in the dog. AB - A method of quantitation of mucin using chondroitin sulfate A as a standard has been modified and applied to timed mucin collections from surgically created isolated colonic fistulas in 8 dogs. 25 experiments were conducted in which the effect of secretin was tested in 5. The mucin assay is precise and showed increased colonic mucin secretin in response to secretin. This model appears suitable for pharmacologic assessment of potential drugs for augmenting colonic mucin secretin in states of impaired colonic motility. PMID- 6745312 TI - Relationships between diaphragmatic hiatus and infra-diaphragmatic esophagus: a combined X-ray and manometry study. AB - The relationship between the diaphragmatic hiatus, the infra-diaphragmatic esophagus and a manometric tube were examined in 10 patients not suffering from hiatal hernia or gastroesophageal reflux. During surgery, two metal markers were attached to the diaphragmatic hiatus and two others were fixed at the vertex of the angle of His. X-ray examinations were taken during manometric recordings of the high pressure zone (HPZ) both at rest and during relaxation. Comparison between the radiographs showed that during swallowing the manometric tube did not move with respect to the vertebral bodies; contraction of the esophagus caused complete disappearance of the infra-diaphragmatic esophagus. It was also observed that during pressure drop in the HPZ (so-called lower esophageal sphincter relaxation), the manometric recording site is located below the vertex of the angle of His, i.e. in the gastric cavity. These findings provide the basis for a hypothesis to explain the passage of a solid bolus through the lower esophagus into the stomach. PMID- 6745313 TI - Pneumococcal cell wall phosphorylcholine elicits polyclonal antibody secretion in mice. AB - Immunization of mice with phosphorylcholine (PC)-bearing Staphylococcus pneumoniae Type 2, strain 36a (R36a) results in both a PC-specific and a polyclonal increase in splenic plaque-forming cells. The polyclonal increase was observed in all strains tested, including those bearing an X-linked immune defect resulting in an undetectable anti-PC immune response. The magnitude of the polyclonal response is directly related to the amount of bacterial surface PC as detected by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. Congenitally athymic (nude) mice mount an anti-PC plaque-forming cell response after R36a immunization but fail to produce a significant polyclonal response. From our results it appears that PC on the cell wall of a bacterium acts both as a polyclonal activator and a specific antigen, stimulating each by different mechanisms. PMID- 6745314 TI - Purification and characterization of an antigen involved in neutrophil chemotaxis and degranulation using a monoclonal antibody. AB - In a previous study we described an anti-neutrophil monoclonal antibody, which inhibited human neutrophil chemotaxis and degranulation without any detectable effect on phagocytosis or oxidative metabolism (Cotter, T. G., Spears, P. and Henson, P. M., J. Immunol. 1981. 127: 1355). This antibody was termed NCD 1. In this study we determined the number of NCD 1-binding sites per neutrophil. Approximately 25 000 NCD 1 IgG-binding sites per cell were found with an equilibrium dissociation constant (Kd) of 6.5 microM for antibody binding. NCD 1 Fab bound to approximately 39 000 sites per cell with a Kd of 16.5 microM. Affinity chromatography columns prepared by coupling NCD 1 to Sepharose 4B beads were used to purify the antigen which bound this antibody. The antigen was a 110 kDa glycoprotein which was not susceptible to reduction by 2-mercaptoethanol. The antigen was not internalized following phagocytosis of opsonized sheep erythrocytes by neutrophils. PMID- 6745315 TI - Muscarinic cholinoceptors in the rabbit's myometrium: a study of the relationship between binding and response. AB - The relationship between [3H](-)-quinuclinidyl benzilate [( 3H](-)QNB) binding and muscarinic cholinoceptors in the myometrium of the oestrogen treated rabbit was studied. [3H](-)QNB binding was specific, saturable and reversible. The ability of muscarinic agonists and antagonists and some of their stereoisomers to inhibit [3H](-)QNB binding and to stimulate or inhibit contraction of the myometrium were almost identical suggesting that [3H](-)QNB binds specifically to the muscarinic cholinoceptor in this tissue. There appeared to be no receptor reserve in this tissue and whilst structural and stereospecific requirements for binding were almost identical to those for the muscarinic cholinoceptor in the guinea pig ileum requirements for activation were not. Competition binding experiments with pirenzepine suggested that antagonist binding sites were heterogeneous whilst those with 4-diphenylacetoxy-N-methyl-piperidine MeBr did not. Results were discussed with regard to simple and complex models of muscarinic cholinoceptor interactions. PMID- 6745316 TI - Reduction by dexamethasone of chemotactic activity in inflammatory exudates. AB - Using an experimental model for allergic inflammation of the air pouch type in rats, the effects of dexamethasone and indomethacin on leukocyte infiltration and level of chemotactic activity in the inflammatory exudate were examined to clarify the mechanisms of anti-inflammatory effects of glucocorticoids. Both dexamethasone and indomethacin when locally administered inhibited leukocyte infiltration, while chemotactic activity of the exudate was reduced by dexamethasone only. Indomethacin failed to reduce the level of chemotactic activity. Suppression by dexamethasone of the level of chemotactic activity became evident prior to the decrease in the number of leukocytes in the inflammatory exudate. These results suggest that the anti-inflammatory steroids manifest their inhibitory effect on leukocyte infiltration by inhibiting the generation of chemotactic factors in the inflammatory site. Besides this, the possible production of some inhibitory factors by the steroids may be considered as an alternative mechanism. PMID- 6745317 TI - Long-lasting reduction of amphetamine-induced hyperactivity in rats after combined administration of caerulein with haloperidol. PMID- 6745318 TI - Autoradiographic localization of muscarinic receptors in rat nasal glands. PMID- 6745319 TI - Some behavioral effects of hallucinogens are mediated by a postsynaptic serotonergic action: evidence from single unit studies in freely moving cats. AB - Although central serotonergic systems appear to be linked importantly to the mechanism of action of a variety of hallucinogenic drugs, the nature of this interaction has remained unclear. In the present study, the question of whether the critical link is presynaptic or postsynaptic was examined in cats. Behaviorally inactive doses (1.0 mg/kg) of the serotonin receptor antagonists mianserin, ketanserin or metergoline effectively blocked behavior, as measured by the cat limb flick response, elicited by either LSD (50 micrograms/kg) or DOM (250 micrograms/kg) but not that resulting either from lisuride (50 micrograms/kg) or a high dose of apomorphine (4 mg/kg). Pretreatment with 1.0 mg/kg of mianserin, which completely attenuated LSD's behavioral effect, failed to alter LSD-induced depression of mesencephalic serotonergic neuron discharge. These results demonstrate that at least some of the behavioral effects of LSD can be blocked by pharmacological antagonism of postsynaptic serotonin receptors which leaves LSD's presynaptic effect unaffected. Thus, the behavioral, and possibly psychoactive, effects of hallucinogens appear to be attributable to an action at 5HT2 receptors, presumably located postsynaptically. PMID- 6745320 TI - Depression by morphine and levorphanol of activity in sympathetic nerve fibres in anaesthetized rats. AB - In urethane-anesthetized rats, the effects of intravenous injections of morphine, levorphanol, dextrorphan, pentazocine and naloxone were studied studied on the activity in nerve fibres of the cervical sympathetic trunk, and on mean arterial blood pressure and heart rate. Impulse frequency in sympathetic nerve fibres was recorded with tungsten microelectrodes and proved to be more sensitive to drug action than blood pressure or heart rate. Morphine 1 and 2 mg/kg dose dependently reduced sympathetic impulse frequency, blood pressure and heart rate; morphine 0.5 mg/kg was ineffective. Levorphanol 1 and 2 mg/kg dose dependently reduced sympathetic impulse frequency and blood pressure but did not affect heart rate. Dextrorphan (the dextro-isomer of levorphanol) 2 and 4 mg/kg had no effect on the parameters tested. Pentazocine 3 and 6 mg/kg did not cause a consistent change in sympathetic impulse frequency, blood pressure and heart rate. Naloxone 0.2 mg/kg abolished the depressant effects of morphine and levorphanol and, when given alone, increased sympathetic impulse frequency. Naloxone 1 mg/kg increased blood pressure but did not affect heart rate. It is concluded that morphine can reduce blood pressure and heart rate by causing opiate-specific central sympathetic depression. PMID- 6745321 TI - Application of lectins for detection of goblet cell carbohydrates of the human conjunctiva. AB - Paraffin-embedded and frozen biopsies from the human conjunctival epithelium were examined by fluorescence microscopy after labeling with eight fluorescein conjugated lectins: wheat germ agglutinin; soybean agglutinin; peanut agglutinin; Ricinus communis agglutinin-1; Limulus polyphemus agglutinin; Ulex europaeus agglutinin-1; Dolichos biflorus agglutinin; concanavalin A. The lectins were used as specific molecular probes to detect carbohydrate composition of glycoproteins secreted from the conjunctival goblet cells. The labeling pattern of goblet cells and conjunctival epithelial surfaces with various lectins suggested that N-acetyl glucosamine, galactose, N-acetyl-galactosamine and sialic acid are contained in goblet cells and contribute to the formation of tear mucus glycoprotein. Fucose and mannose, which are present in the tear mucus, were not detectable in goblet cells. PMID- 6745323 TI - Physicochemical studies on bovine eye lens proteins. II. Comparative physical study of the low-molecular-weight alpha-crystallins from calf lens cortical and nuclear fiber cells. AB - The alpha L of cortical and nuclear fiber cells have been studied using hydrodynamical and physicochemical techniques. From the sedimentation and the diffusion coefficients in identical conditions, it can be concluded that alpha L,N is appreciably larger than alpha L,C but both have a similar structure in solution: a spherical particle with a high hydration. The alpha L,N not only contains several degraded alpha A- and alpha B-peptides but also a typical pattern of beta-peptides. The fluorescence spectrum indicates a shift of the hydrophobic tryptophan residues from a hydrophobic environment in alpha L,C to a more solvent-exposed and polar neighbourhood for alpha L,N. Also solubility studies on alpha L,C and alpha L,N in different solvent conditions and temperatures, indicate more apolar interactions between the peptides of the nuclear alpha L, than its cortical counterpart. The more hydrophobic interaction pattern of the peptides in alpha L,N can also be reconciled with a lower mean hydration potential, indicative of a higher hydrophobicity of the degraded alpha A-peptides. PMID- 6745322 TI - Kainic acid-induced denervation supersensitivity of nicotinic, cholinergic receptors in ganglion cells of the rat retina. AB - The rat retina contains both nicotinic and muscarinic cholinergic receptor sites as demonstrated by specific, high affinity binding of the nicotinic ligand, [3H] alpha-bungarotoxin, and the muscarinic ligand, [3H]-quinuclidinyl benzylate. Seven days after an intraocular injection of 5 nmol of kainic acid, nicotinic binding was increased three-fold. We suggest that nicotinic sites may be located on ganglion cells because previous studies have shown that many ganglion cells are spared after kainic acid treatment and in fact, have an increased physiological response to ACh under these conditions. The increase in nicotinic sites may reflect a supersensitivity response to the loss of acetylcholine input after the kainic acid lesion. In contrast, muscarinic binding was decreased by 70% after kainic acid treatment. These data suggest that muscarinic sites are located on amacrine cells since these cells are destroyed by kainic acid treatment and some are known to be cholino-receptive. Some of the retinal muscarinic sites may function as inhibitory autoreceptors which regulate acetylcholine release from cholinergic amacrine cells. PMID- 6745324 TI - Characterization of lens proteins. IV. Analysis of soluble high molecular weight protein aggregates in human lenses. AB - Soluble proteins of individual human normal and nuclear cataractous lenses of 60 70-year-old subjects were collected for this investigation. The average wet weights of both the normal and nuclear cataractous lenses were found to be essentially identical, approximately 230 mg. When the lens proteins, either cortical or nuclear, were subjected to fractionation by Sephadex G-200 sf chromatography, six fractions (F-I to F-VI) were obtained and their respective molecular weights approximated. F-I, which contains alpha-crystallin and high molecular weight aggregates, was subsequently fractionated through a series of Bio-gel A chromatographic columns. The quantities of the proteins and the molecular weights of each fraction were obtained. All the proteins fractionated were subjected to SDS gel electrophoresis by which the molecular weights of the subunits were obtained. The distribution and molecular weights of proteins smaller than 0.2 X 10(6) showed certain changes, more noticeable in the nucleus than in the cortex, between the normal lens and nuclear cataractous lens. For the high-molecular-weight protein aggregates, the major fraction in the lens cortex was found to be in the 5-1.5 X 10(6) range, representing 10 and 12% of the total protein in the normal and cataractous lenses, respectively. The major fraction in the nucleus was found to be greater than 150 X 10(6), representing 11 and 19% for the normal and cataractous lenses respectively. The above data are presented for the first time to show the differences in distribution of the high-molecular weight proteins in the cortical and nuclear regions, and their respective changes in cataractogenesis. Based upon these data, we are able to calculate the average molecular weights of (1) the soluble cortical and nuclear proteins and (2) the total soluble protein, in the normal and cataractous human lenses. PMID- 6745325 TI - Some observations on the zinc metabolism of the rabbit lens. AB - Rabbits' lenses contain about 100 mumol kg-1 wet wt (145 mumol kg-1 water) of zinc. This metal appears to be quite uniformly distributed throughout the organ and more than 90% is firmly incorporated into the tissue so as not to be readily exchangeable. The concentration of Zn in the aqueous and vitreous humors is about 10(-5) M (one-fourth the concentration in the blood serum). Lenses incubated in vitro can accumulate Zn from solutions containing this concentration of the metal. This process is concentration-dependent and is increased following damage produced by metabolic inhibitors. The process probably involves diffusion and is increased in the presence of a low external calcium concentration and the Ca ionophore A 23187. Amino acids which are known to bind zinc did not influence its accumulation by the lens, with the exception of cystine which increased it. Accumulated Zn (using 65Zn as a tracer) was able to leave the lens, but this process was quite slow and was reduced by the presence of lanthanum and low Ca concentrations. It is suggested that Ca and Zn may share common binding sites in the tissue, and they could be utilizing the same channels to cross the cell membrane. PMID- 6745326 TI - Effect of 8-methoxypsoralen on rat lens cations, membrane potential and protein levels. AB - Systemic application of 8-methoxypsoralen to rats, followed by u.v.-irradiation, induces a minor change in the lens membrane potential after one week, and by this time marked histological changes have already occurred. Alterations in lens sodium and potassium concentrations followed these early changes and coincided with the appearance of small light-scattering vacuoles when the lenses were examined in vivo with a slit lamp. Dramatic changes in the dry weight, soluble protein and calcium content of the lenses were apparent only after eight weeks from the start of treatment, and these changes coincided with the appearance of very large vacuoles in slit-lamp examinations of the eye. PMID- 6745327 TI - Autoradiographic identification of muscarinic receptors in human iris smooth muscle. AB - We have used the specific, irreversible muscarinic ligand [3H] propylbenzilylcholine mustard to localize putative muscarinic cholinergic receptors in the smooth muscle tissue of the human iris. Analysis of autoradiograms from labeled irides reveals high grain densities over the iris sphincter muscle, consistent with the well-known pharmacology of this muscle. In addition, a smaller but significant population of muscarinic binding sites was seen in the iris dilator muscle as well. Grain densities in both muscles are substantially reduced in control tissue treated with relatively high concentrations of the muscarinic antagonists quinuclidinyl benzilate (QNB) and atropine. This is, to our knowledge, the first report of autoradiographic localization of putative muscarinic receptors in the human iris. PMID- 6745328 TI - The essential cells of the hemopoietic microenvironment. PMID- 6745329 TI - The identification of mixed granulocytic-erythrocytic colonies in vitro. AB - The identification of mixed granulocytic-erythrocytic colonies in culture poses special problems. First, methods based on the detection of peroxidase-like activity of red-cell hemoglobin using benzidine can give false-positive results with eosinophilic cells in colonies. Secondly, the use of the color of hemoglobin itself to identify mixed colonies prevents the detection of those colonies where the erythrocytic component is small or contains relatively little hemoglobin. We present here a new method using O-Dianisidine (O-D) to detect red-cell peroxidase activity. Subsequent staining with Luxol fast blue showed that eosinophils did not give a positive reaction with O-D. The technique also has the advantage that the whole culture gel is processed and that there is no need to pick off individual clones for identification. Using the combined stain O-D and Luxol fast blue most lineages within clones can be discriminated. PMID- 6745330 TI - In vitro studies of erythropoietic progenitors (CFU-E) in marrow from neonatal and young mice. AB - Reports that cells from neonatal animals produce CFU-E in response to erythropoietin (Ep) at doses lower than are required by adults indicated that young mice would provide a good system to study the hormone response of erythropoietic progenitors. Studies presented here confirm the increased Ep responsiveness until 3-4 weeks of age reported previously by others. Along with the enhancement in their Ep responsiveness, bone marrow cells from young animals produce many more CFU-E per 10(5) cells plated than do adult animals; i.e., neonates have a higher plating efficiency for CFU-E in the presence of erythropoietin. Neonatal animals, in contrast to adults, contain in addition erythropoietic progenitors in their bone marrow capable of growth in vitro without added hormone. Because of the large numbers of "endogenous" colonies, a study was done to explore the possibility that a small amount of Ep was present in the culture medium. Antiserum to erythropoietin was added directly to cultures in another study to remove any undetected hormone. The results indicate that CFU E from neonatal mouse bone marrow can develop in culture in the absence of detectable Ep. PMID- 6745331 TI - Long-term production of hemopoietic progenitors in cultures containing low levels of serum. AB - A new low-serum-containing medium is described for long-term murine bone marrow cell cultures. This medium consists of a 1:1 mixture of an enriched Dulbecco's modified Eagle's medium (EMED) and a modified Ham's nutrient mixture F-12 (FMED) supplemented with fetal calf serum (1% vol/vol), bovine serum albumin (1 mg/ml), human transferrin (78 micrograms/ml), linoleic acid (2.1 micrograms/ml), cholesterol (2.6 micrograms/ml), hydrocortisone (10(-5) M), and alpha thioglycerol (7.5 X 10(-5) M). Hemopoietic progenitor cell production was maintained for at least nine weeks in cultures established with a single inoculum of marrow cells and fed weekly by removal of all nonadherent cells and growth medium. The kinetics of hemopoiesis in these cultures was highly reproducible, facilitating quantitative comparison between experimental groups. Coating the flasks with serum proteins enhanced adherent layer formation and increased progenitor cell production compared to cultures established in untreated flasks. Hemopoietic cell production was, in fact, higher in this medium than in the mixture of EMED and FMED supplemented with 20% serum. PMID- 6745332 TI - A short-term assay of myeloid precursor cells in man. AB - An assessment of the numbers of myeloid precursor cells in human bone marrow, obtainable earlier than with conventional colony assays, would be useful for many reasons. Recently an isotopic assay for murine-colony-stimulating activity has been devised and we have modified this technique for use in man. Bone marrow mononuclear cells are incubated in microtitre plates in the presence of optimal amounts of placental-conditioned medium, pulsed with 3H-galactose for 24 h and the isotope incorporation measured. Isotope uptake by normal bone marrow was found to be proportional to both the number of cells cultured and the amount of conditioned medium added. The cells responsible for isotope incorporation have been characterized partially and found to be nonadherent immature myeloid cells and have a density of less than 1.077. This short-term isotopic assay was also compared to the GM-CFC assay in ten normals and in 24 patients with either neutropenia (of different etiology), myeloid leukemias, or neutrophil leukocytosis. There was good correlation between the two assays in all the patients studied. Thus, our observations suggest that the cell incorporating 3H galactose in response to conditioned medium has many of the properties of the GM CFC and its immediate progeny. Although assay specificity has yet to be proven, our early results indicate that it may have use as a rapid, but indirect, assessment of human myeloid precursor cells and thus prove to be a useful adjunct to the standard hematological methods of assessment of certain patients. PMID- 6745333 TI - Hemoglobin content of individual erythroblasts in hematopoietic dysplasia: marked heterogeneity at late stages of maturation. AB - Defective hemoglobin synthesis and gross morphologic abnormalities of erythroblasts are striking features of hematopoietic dysplasia. In order to define the effects of defective hemoglobin synthesis on hemoglobin content of erythroblasts at each stage of maturation, we measured the hemoglobin content and concentration of individual erythroblasts at various stages of maturation in the bone marrow by scanning microspectrophotometry. In contrast to normal erythroblasts, those from hematopoietic dysplasia had decreased hemoglobin content and decreased hemoglobin concentration at late stages of maturation. This observation, together with the observed near-normal hemoglobin content and concentration of circulating red cells in this disorder, suggests that polychromatophilic erythroblasts with decreased hemoglobin content fail to complete normal maturation. The abnormalities in hemoglobin content observed in vivo in hematopoietic dysplasia could be reproduced in the in vitro cultures of erythroid progenitors of bone marrow cells from the patients. PMID- 6745334 TI - Dosing of inhaled corticosteroids and therapeutic goals in asthmatic patients. PMID- 6745336 TI - Treatment of acute asthma in children with rectal administration of aminophylline solution. AB - In a double-blind cross-over study, 20 children suffering from acute bronchoconstriction were treated with an interval of 90 min with placebo and 9.0 mg theophylline per kg given rectally in aqueous solution. Each child took part on 2 occasions. Fifteen min after both administrations of theophylline there was a significant increase in peak flow (PEF) as compared with placebo treatment (p less than 0.05). The increase in PEF was related to the serum level of theophylline, a significant bronchodilating effect was observed at about 7 mg/l. Substantial inter- and intrapatient variations were found in the improvement of PEF. The absorption of theophylline was rapid. The measured peak serum levels varied from 7.3 to 16.0 mg/l and occurred within 60 min in most patients. The intra-subject variations in the dose-to-dose absorption profiles were generally small and within a range acceptable for clinical use. The solutions allowed an accurate dosage calculation, did not initiate the urge to defecate, and were retained well. PMID- 6745335 TI - Therapeutic advantages of twice-daily over four-times daily inhalation budesonide in the treatment of chronic asthma. AB - Topical steroid therapy is now widely used in the treatment of chronic asthma, but few controlled studies have been conducted to evaluate the most efficient dosage regimen. The present study was designed to assess, in a double-blind fashion, the relative efficacy of a new topical steroid, budesonide (Pulmicort) in controlling pulmonary function and asthma symptoms during twice-and 4-times daily dosing. Both active and placebo drug were administered via the tube spacer inhaler. Objective lung function measurements indicate that twice-daily dosing is at least as effective as 4-times daily dosing, and it is suggested that the twice daily dosage regimen may lead to better patient compliance. PMID- 6745337 TI - Arteriovenous shunt in the management of severe asthma. AB - Arteriovenous shunt is described as a possible method to achieve vascular access in selected chronically ill patients with poor peripheral veins and, in the case of acute exacerbation, a prompt demand for access to the venous blood flow. Three patients with severe bronchial asthma are described, in whom arteriovenous shunts have been of great value. PMID- 6745338 TI - Effects of methylprednisolone on sputum biochemical components in asthmatic bronchitis. AB - Nineteen patients with chronic mucus hypersecretion and reversible airway obstruction were studied during an acute exacerbation. One group of patients was treated with antibiotics and aminophylline, the other, additionally, with gradually decreasing doses of methylprednisolone, starting with 80 mg/day. The sputum specimens were collected on the day of admission and 2 weeks later. In whole sputum, we examined macromolecular components both transudated from serum and locally secreted: albumin, fucose, N-acetylneuraminic acid, total protein, IgA, IgM, IgG. At the end of the second week albumin (marker of serum transudate), and fucose (marker of mucus glycoproteins), were significantly lower in the group treated with corticosteroids. IgG and albumin behaved in the same way suggesting a marked IgG serum exudation. IgM was partially reduced by corticosteroids while IgA remained unchanged. PMID- 6745339 TI - Profound depression of alveolar macrophage functions in bronchial carcinoma. AB - Alveolar macrophages (AM) obtained from a patient with advanced bronchial carcinoma have been studied in the course of a series of experiments examining human alveolar macrophage functions. The AM from this single patient exhibited profound depression of function, being unable to phagocytose opsonised Staphylococcus aureus and failing to release hydrogen peroxide when stimulated by phorbol myristate acetate. The relevance of these findings in the context of host tumour responses is discussed and the case is reported to stimulate prospective, controlled studies. PMID- 6745340 TI - Pulmonary haemangiopericytoma with multiple metastases. AB - A case of primary pulmonary haemangiopericytoma with hundreds of nodular pulmonary, liver, lymph node, spleen, kidney and subcutaneous metastases is presented. Even if multiple metastases in the lungs from haemangiopericytoma are extremely rare, this possibility should be remembered in differential diagnosis. PMID- 6745341 TI - An "unexpected" fatal case of the hypereosinophilic syndrome. AB - An "unexpected" fatal case of the hypereosinophilic syndrome in a 30-year-old man with perennial rhinitis, alcoholic intolerance and asthma is presented. Histological post-mortem examination showed extensive myocarditis and eosinophilic pneumonia. PMID- 6745342 TI - Saccade and blinking evoked by microstimulation of the posterior parietal association cortex of the monkey. AB - Electrical stimulation with microelectrodes of the posterior parietal association cortex in alert behaving monkeys elicited saccadic eye movements and blinking. The sites in which saccades were elicited by electrical stimulation were concentrated in the anteromedial part of area 7a, especially in the posterior bank of the intraparietal sulcus, in a region which sends efferent projections to the frontal eye field and the superior colliculus, but they were also found in the posterolateral part of area 7a. Compared with the frontal eye fields and the superior colliculus, the threshold current for eliciting saccades was relatively high, on the average 86 microA. Moreover, the elicitation of saccade was inconsistent even with suprathreshold stimulation and suppressed during visual fixation. Latencies of the saccades were relatively long, on the average 50ms; they were longer in the posterolateral part than in the anteromedial part. Direction and amplitude of evoked saccades depended on the site of stimulation, but was independent of eye position in most cases. However, "goal-directed" saccades which depended on initial eye position were elicited in three penetrations in the posterolateral part of area 7a. The threshold of mainly in the lateral part of area 7a. The threshold of blinking was 70 microA and the latency was 50 ms on the average. In contrast to saccades, blinking was elicited constantly with each stimulus even during attentive fixation. We occasionally recorded single unit activity at the site of stimulation with the same electrodes. More than half of the units recorded at the site of blinking responded to approaching visual stimulus.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS) PMID- 6745343 TI - Medullary control of the pontine swallowing neurones in sheep. AB - The origin of the inputs from the medullary swallowing centre (dorsal region including the nucleus of the solitary tract, or ventral region corresponding to the reticular formation surrounding the nucleus ambigous) to the pontine swallowing neurones (PSNs) was studied in sheep anaesthetized with halothane. Out of 101 PSNs located in the posterior part of the trigeminal (Vth) motor nucleus, 46 were activated by stimulating either the dorsal (21 neurones) or the ventral (25 neurones) region of the ipsilateral medullary swallowing centre, 3-4 mm rostral from the obex. Thirty-one neurones out of the 46 were identified as alpha motoneurones supplying swallowing muscles (mylohyoid, anterior body of digastric and medial pterygoid). Their average activation latency through stimulation of the dorsal medullary region was about 1 ms longer than through stimulation of the ventral region (3.63 ms +/- 0.81 versus 2.72 ms +/- 0.32). To determine the origin of the medullary input to the PSNs, we tried to activate the medullary swallowing neurones (MSNs) antidromically through stimulating the posterior part of the Vth motor nucleus, which contains the swallowing motoneurones. Seventy three MSNs were tested (25 located in the dorsal and 48 in the ventral region). None of the dorsal neurones tested could be antidromically activated by pontine stimulation: 15 ventral neurones showed a clear antidromic response (collision test) with an average latency of 2.5 ms +/- 0.73. These neurones, which send their axons into the pons, were all located in the reticular formation, above the nucleus ambiguus, 3-4 mm rostral from the obex.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS) PMID- 6745344 TI - Human ballistic finger flexion: uncoupling of the three-burst pattern. AB - In isotonic and isometric goal-directed index finger movements made as fast as possible, the "braking hypothesis" ascribed to the antagonist burst was tested. Under isotonic conditions, the extensor burst often failed to occur in small angle movements with low inertial load. It regularly occurred, however, in small angle movements with high inertial load and in wide angle movements with both low and high inertial loads. Such features suggest, indeed, the antagonist burst as being part of braking strategies. Under isometric conditions, the antagonist burst - if it occurred - exhibited characteristics which suggested a rapidly alternating movement rather than a braking strategy. PMID- 6745346 TI - The transformation of cross-reinnervated slow-twitch muscle after deafferentation in the cat. AB - Cross-reinnervations were effected between the extensor digitorum longus and soleus muscles in the cat hind limb. At the same time dorsal root section or ganglionectomy was performed over segments L6-S1. Completeness of the deafferentation was subsequently confirmed either by dissection or by dorsal root recording. The isometric and force-velocity properties of the muscles were measured. In animals with a unilateral cross plus deafferentation the conversion of the contractile properties of the normally slow-twitch soleus to those resembling a fast-twitch muscle was typical of that seen with an intact afferent supply. In cats with a bilateral cross-reinnervation and unilateral deafferentation there was no significant difference in the degree of transformation between the two sides. It is concluded that at least for the conversion of a slow-twitch to a fast-twitch muscle afferent feedback does not play a major role. PMID- 6745345 TI - Ascending noradrenergic projections from the brainstem: evidence for a major role in the regulation of blood pressure and vasopressin secretion. AB - The role of projections from the lateral tegmental (A1, A2) and coeruleal (A6) noradrenergic cell groups in the control of arginine vasopressin (AVP) secretion was studied following lesions to the ventral (VNAB) and dorsal (DNAB) noradrenergic bundles by 6-hydroxydopamine. These lesions were associated with the expected, large reductions in cortical (DNAB) and hypothalamic (VNAB) noradrenaline concentrations. Vehicle injected, control animals and VNAB lesioned animals showed a similar AVP secretory response to haemorrhage, whilst the DNAB group showed a markedly diminished release of AVP in response to this challenge. Following Clonidine injection, both controls and VNAB animals showed major reductions in plasma AVP concentrations, but again the DNAB group behaved in a different manner, with a marked attenuation of the inhibitory effect of Clonidine on AVP secretion. In addition, the DNAB group had a significantly lower basal blood pressure, a greater initial agonist response to Clonidine and a loss of the hypotensive response to Clonidine in comparison to sham and VNAB lesioned groups. All three groups showed a similar AVP response to intravenous nicotine. These data suggest that noradrenergic projections originating in the locus coeruleus, or in the lateral tegmental NA groups but which ascend together with coeruleal axons in the DNAB, modulate the vasopressin response to visceral stimuli and to Clonidine, and that they also play an important role in mediating the hypotensive effect of Clonidine. PMID- 6745347 TI - EMG patterns in antagonist muscles during isometric contraction in man: relations to response dynamics. AB - We studied the EMG activity of biceps and triceps in human subjects during isometric force adjustments at the elbow. Rapid targeted force pulses exhibited stereotyped trajectories in which peak force was a linear function of the derivatives of force and the time to peak force was largely independent of its amplitude. These responses were associated with an alternating triphasic pattern of EMG bursts in agonist and antagonist muscles similar to that previously described for rapid limb movements. When the instructions demanded rapid force pulses, initial agonist bursts were of constant duration, and their magnitude was strongly related to peak force achieved. The timing of EMG bursts in antagonist pairs was closely coupled to the dynamics of the force trajectory, and the rising phase of the force was determined by both agonist and antagonist bursts. When peak force was kept constant and rise time systematically varied, the presence and magnitude of antagonist and late agonist bursts were dependent on the rate of rise of force, appearing at a threshold value and then increasing in proportion to this parameter. It is proposed that antagonist activity compensates for nonlinearity in muscle properties to enable the linear scaling of targeted forces which characterizes performance in this task. PMID- 6745348 TI - Acoustic sensitivity and bimodal properties of cells in the anterior suprasylvian gyrus of the cat. AB - The properties of acoustically responsive neurons were studied in the anterior part of the gyrus suprasylvius (ASG) of the cat. The most important features of the responses given to pure tones of different frequencies were: short latency, sharp tuning curves with well definable best frequency (BF). In these respects the cells showed a close resemblance to those of primary acoustic area (AI), and at the same time they proved to be true bimodal cells (responding to somatosensory stimuli, too) like those of the associative areas. PMID- 6745349 TI - Do 'evaluation potentials' reflect cognitive assessment? AB - Event-related potentials were recorded when a subject evaluated the outcome of a simple 'TV game' as successful/unsuccessful, where the 'goal' was specified randomly as one of two areas on the screen. The 'evaluation potential' elicited by the outcome was consistently larger for unsuccessful outcomes, regardless of the location of the goal. PMID- 6745350 TI - Topography of commissural fibers of the prefrontal cortex in the rhesus monkey. AB - The topography of commissural fibers of the prefrontal cortex was studied in the rhesus monkey using autoradiography. Commissural fibers originating in the medial prefrontal and the caudal orbital regions course through the anterior portion of the genu and the rostrum of the corpus callosum, while those from the arcuate concavity travel at the rostral border of the body of the corpus callosum. Fibers emanating from the peri-principalis region occupy an intermediate position in the genu of the corpus callosum. PMID- 6745351 TI - Contribution of inhibitory mechanisms to the orientation sensitivity of cat dLGN Neurones. AB - The effect of iontophoretically applied bicuculline methiodide, an antagonist of GABA-mediated inhibition, was tested on the responses of cat dLGN neurones to moving lines. Most geniculate neurones normally show an orientation bias when tested with slowly moving long lines. This sensitivity to the orientation of the line stimulus could be markedly reduced during iontophoretic application of bicucullin. It is concluded that the orientation bias shown by geniculate neurones is to a large extent due to intrageniculate GABAergic inhibition. PMID- 6745352 TI - Studies on cortical field potentials recorded during learning processes of visually initiated hand movements in monkeys. AB - A monkey was trained to lift a lever by wrist extension in response to a light stimulus. During the learning process of the task over several months, field potentials related not only to the task performance but also to substitution and stimulation experiments were recorded with chronically implanted electrodes on the surface and at a depth of 2.5-3.0 mm in the prefrontal, premotor, motor and prestriate cortices. In the substitution experiment, an examiner lifted a lever for the monkey so that it was watching the light and rewarded without the hand movement. In the stimulation experiment, the same light stimulus was simply delivered to the monkey. In a naive monkey which lifted the lever independently of the stimulus, stimulus-locked potentials were evoked by the task experiment in those cortices except the motor cortex, but none was elicited by the substitution or stimulation experiment. In a well-trained monkey, the substitution and stimulation experiments induced almost the same potentials as those prior to the task movement in respective cortices except the motor cortex, in which the component of cerebellar-induced premovement potential was not observed during the substitution and stimulation experiments. At an intermediate stage of learning, the situation was intermediate between the naive and well-trained stages and most premovement potentials except those in the motor cortex were elicited by the substitution experiment in reduced sizes, but nothing by the stimulation experiment.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS) PMID- 6745353 TI - Cortical and tectal control of visual orientation in the gerbil: evidence for parallel channels. AB - Two experiments were carried out with Mongolian gerbils to determine the roles of optic tectum and visual cortex in the mediation of visually guided head turns and locomotion elicited and controlled by discrete visual targets. In Experiment 1, the behavior of animals with either a sham operation, a bilateral lesion of optic tectum, or a bilateral ablation of areas 17, 18a, and 18b was recorded on videotape as they ran from the center of a circular arena toward a small visual target projected in different locations around the perimeter of the arena. The amplitude and direction of the head turns and the accuracy of their locomotor responses were reconstructed from a frame by frame analysis of the videotapes. Sham-operate gerbils made a series of head turns before running accurately and efficiently toward the target. The gerbils with lesions of areas 17, 18a, and 18b rarely made more than one head turn before running toward the perimeter of the arena. Although the single head turn they did make was often well-correlated with the position of the target in their visual field, the direction of their locomotor response was largely determined by the direction and amplitude of that head turn. As a consequence, these animals undershot the target more often than did the sham-operate animals, and even ran into the visual half field opposite the target if their head turn had also been made into that half field. Unlike the sham operates, these animals were unable to make further adjustments in their orientation toward the stimulus after their initial head turn. The head turns and locomotor behavior of the gerbils with lesions of optic tectum were even more disorganized and inaccurate than those of the posterior decorticates. Nevertheless, when the target was presented within 45 degrees from their visual midline, their head turns and locomotor responses showed a systematic relationship with the eccentricity of the target. Their behavior to stimuli outside this central wedge of their visual field was completely disorganized and showed no relationship to the location of the target. In Experiment 2, unilateral lesions of area 17 were performed in the gerbils that had already received bilateral tectal lesions to determine whether such lesions would affect the "residual" ability of these animals to orient toward stimuli located within the central portion of their visual field. During retesting, these animals were able to respond to targets only if they were located in the central portion of the field ipsilateral to the cortical lesion.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 400 WORDS) PMID- 6745354 TI - Effects of accessory optic system lesions on vestibulo-ocular and optokinetic reflexes in the cat. AB - Horizontal vestibulo-ocular reflex (VOR) and optokinetic nystagmus (OKN) were studied before and after lesions within the accessory optic system (AOS) in the cat. Post-lesion retinal input to the AOS was evaluated using the autoradiographic technique. Unilateral lesion of the lateral terminal nucleus of the AOS (LTN) and the resulting retinal deafferentation of the medial terminal nucleus of the AOS (MTN) induced a spontaneous nystagmus in the dark whose slow phase was directed ipsilaterally to the lesion. VOR gain was reduced for both directions with a maximal decrease for stimulation directed ipsilaterally to the lesion. OKN gain obtained for both directions of binocular stimulation was decreased, mainly when the stimulus was directed contralaterally to the lesion. After two post-operative weeks, spontaneous nystagmus disappeared and the VOR symmetry recovered simultaneously. A symmetrical OKN was only observed after one month. In spite of the known visual selectivity for vertical direction in LTN-MTN cells, the results of this study support a functional involvement of these nuclei in horizontal VOR and OKN. PMID- 6745355 TI - Compensatory motor function of the somatosensory cortex for the motor cortex temporarily impaired by cooling in the monkey. AB - The motor cortex was temporarily impaired by local cooling during repeated execution of visually initiated hand movements in monkeys. The effects of cooling were examined by recording premovement cortical field potentials in the forelimb motor and somatosensory cortices and by measuring reaction time and force exerted by the movement. The cortex was cooled by perfusing cold water (about 1 degree C) through a metal chamber placed on the cortical epidural surface. Cooling of the forelimb motor area lowered temperature of the cortex under the chamber to 20-29 degrees C within 4-5 min. Recording electrodes for cortical field potentials were implanted chronically on the surface and at 2.5-3.0 mm depth of various cortical areas including that being cooled. Spread of cooling to surrounding cortical areas was prevented by placing chambers perfused with warm water (38-39 degrees C) on the areas. Cooling of the forelimb motor area greatly reduced its premovement cortical field potentials, followed by prolonged reaction times of weakened contralateral wrist muscles. Simultaneous recording from the primary somatosensory cortex revealed an enhancement of its premovement field potentials. All changes were completely reversible by rewarming of the motor cortex. Concomitant cooling of the motor and somatosensory cortices entirely paralysed the contralateral wrist muscles. These results suggest that the motor function of the somatosensory cortex becomes predominant and compensates for dysfunction of the motor cortex when it is temporarily impaired. PMID- 6745356 TI - Alterations in response properties in the lateral and dorsal terminal nuclei of the cat accessory optic system following visual cortex lesions. AB - The response properties of cells in the lateral (LTN) and dorsal (DTN) terminal nuclei of the accessory optic system (AOS) were examined in 14 cats which underwent unilateral visual cortex ablation. Following decortication, single units in the LTN and DTN no longer showed the high degree of binocular convergence characteristic of the intact animal, but instead LTN and DTN units became almost completely dominated by the contralateral eye. In addition, responsivity of LTN and DTN cells to high stimulus velocities was abolished by removal of cortical input. This decrement in high velocity response was observed in both the excitatory and the inhibitory components of the velocity response profile. While the incidence of direction selective neurons in both the LTN or the DTN was not affected by decortication, the distribution of preferred and nonpreferred directions was dramatically altered in the LTN, and to a lesser extent in the DTN. In the LTN, there was a severe reduction in the number of cells which displayed maximal excitation for upward stimulus motion. Instead, most LTN units in the decorticate cat preferred downward directed stimulus motion. In the DTN, most units still preferred horizontal stimulus motion as in the intact animal, but the overall distribution of preferred directions displayed a clear downward vertical vector component. In other respects, such as receptive field size and position in visual space, on/off responses, and resting discharge rate, LTN and DTN units appeared unaffected by cortical lesions. These experiments demonstrate that the cortical input to the LTN and DTN plays a highly significant role in the formation of response properties of cells located in these nuclei. The results presented in this report indicate that the visual cortex is a major source of ipsilateral eye input, high velocity responses, and upward direction selectivity for the AOS units examined in these experiments. PMID- 6745357 TI - Eye velocity responsiveness and its proprioceptive component in the floccular Purkinje cells of the alert pigmented rabbit. AB - Eye velocity responsiveness of floccular Purkinje cells was studied in alert, pigmented rabbits. Conjugate horizontal eye nystagmus was elicited by application of electric pulse trains (10-50 microA, 30 c/s) to the optic tract through chronically implanted electrodes. Purkinje cells were sampled with an extracellular microelectrode from the flocculus, and their involvement in different oculomotor functions was specified by electrical stimulation at their recording sites. At those sites where abduction of the ipsilateral eye was elicited, the discharge frequency of simple spikes usually increased during slow eye movement to the ipsilateral side and decreased during eye movement to the contralateral side in nystagmus and after-nystagmus. Within a limited range, the discharge frequency increased linearly with eye velocity, at an average rate of 1.6 impulse s-1/degree s-1. An opposite directional specificity (decrease in ipsilateral and increase in contralateral eye movement) and directional non specificity were common at other floccular sites where local stimulation elicited downward or no eye movement. Retrobulbar anesthesia of proprioceptive afferents from one eye reduced the eye velocity responsiveness of Purkinje cells in the ipsilateral flocculus by 31%, but did not affect their responsiveness in the contralateral flocculus. These observations indicate that eye velocity input to the rabbit flocculus arises partly from peripheral receptors but mainly from the central oculomotor system, and that responsiveness of Purkinje cells to the input is organized specifically according to their functional involvement. PMID- 6745358 TI - Neonatal superior collicular lesions alter visual callosal development in hamster. AB - Visual callosal connections were examined using autoradiographic (ARG) and horseradish peroxidase (HRP) techniques in normal adult hamsters, and in adults subjected to ablation of the superficial tectal laminae at birth. Additional ARG and HRP experiments were carried out in hamsters 1-27 days of age in order to describe the normal development of this pathway. Neonatal collicular lesions, which deprived visual cortical neurons of a major terminal zone in the midbrain, substantially altered the visual callosal pathway. In the lesioned animals, the numbers of supragranular callosal cells in the 17-18a border region and lamina VI callosal neurons in medial area 17 were significantly greater than normal. The ARG experiments demonstrated additional clearcut abnormalities in the visual callosal pathway of the lesioned hamsters. First, the mediolateral extent of the supragranular callosal zone around the 17-18a border was increased. Secondly, dense label was visible over lower layer V and lamina VI throughout area 17. Finally, labelling in lamina I could also be observed across the entire mediolateral extent of area 17. Experiments in the developing hamsters suggested that some of the abnormalities observed in the lesioned animals may have resulted from the maintenance of normally transient developmental states. During the first postnatal week, both callosal cells and anterograde labelling were evenly distributed throughout the dorsal posterior neocortex, but only in the subplate region. During the second postnatal week, supragranular callosal cells were also labelled in both medial and lateral area 17, but from their first appearance, they were always most numerous in the 17-18a border region. At the same time callosal axons invaded the supragranular laminae, but only near the 17-18a border. By the end of the second postnatal week, the visual callosal pathway was very similar to that in the adult. PMID- 6745359 TI - Purkinje cell activity in the primate flocculus during optokinetic stimulation, smooth pursuit eye movements and VOR-suppression. AB - Purkinje cell (PC) activity in the flocculus of trained monkeys was recorded during: 1) Vestibular stimulation in darkness. 2) Suppression of the vestibulo ocular reflex (VOR-supp) by fixation of a small light spot stationary with respect to the monkey. 3) Visual-vestibular conflict (i.e. the visual surround moves together with the monkey during vestibular stimulation), which leads to attenuation or suppression of vestibular nystagmus. 4) Smooth pursuit eye movements. 5) Optokinetic nystagmus (OKN). 6) Suppression of nystagmus during optokinetic stimulation (OKN-supp) by fixation of a small light spot; whereby stimulus velocity corresponds then to image slip velocity. Results were obtained from PCs, which were activated with VOR-supp during rotation to the ipsilateral side. The same PCs were also modulated during smooth pursuit and visual vestibular conflict. No tonic modulation during constant velocity OKN occurred with slow-phase nystagmus velocities below 40-60 deg/s. Tonic responses were only seen at higher nystagmus velocities. Transient activity changes appeared at the beginning and end of optokinetic stimulation. PCs were not modulated by image slip velocity during OKN-supp. The results show that in primates the same population of floccular PCs is involved in different mechanisms of visual vestibular interaction and that smooth pursuit and certain components of OKN slow phase velocity share the same neural pathway. It is argued that the activity of these neurons can neither be related strictly to gaze, eye or image slip velocity; instead, their activity pattern can be best interpreted by assuming a modulation, which is complementary to that of central vestibular neurons of the vestibular nuclei, in the control of slow eye movements. PMID- 6745360 TI - Inspiratory on-switch evoked by stimulation of the mesencephalon: activity of phrenic and laryngeal motoneurones. AB - In anaesthetized cats (chloralose-urethan) the effects of brief tetanic electrical stimulation (50 to 100 ms) of the mesencephalic central gray matter and reticular formation on the inspiratory on-switch were studied during the expiratory (E) phase on the gross and unitary activities of phrenic, laryngeal inspiratory and laryngeal expiratory nerves. On the inspiratory laryngeal and phrenic nerves, stimulation elicited a short latency gross response concomitant with the train: the inspiratory Primary Response (Prim.R.) which is followed by an inspiratory Patterned Response (Patt.R.) of longer duration which corresponded to the inspiratory on-switch. The Patt.R. generally appeared from the Prim.R. within a latent period (Silent Phase: Sil.P.) as long as 100 ms. On the expiratory laryngeal nerve, stimulation elicited a brief activation (expiratory Prim.R.) concomitant with the beginning of the inspiratory laryngeal Prim.R. and which rapidly stopped as the latter continued during the stimulus train. The inspiratory Prim.R. corresponded to a simultaneous activation of both early and late (so defined during their spontaneous discharge) inspiratory motoneurones. The laryngeal motoneurones were more strongly activated than the phrenic ones. During the inspiratory Patt.R. all the phrenic motoneurones presented a recruitment delay earlier, compared with the spontaneous one, whereas the recruitment drastically changed from an inspiratory laryngeal motoneurones to another. Thus, the two pools of motoneurones presented different properties of activation. During the inspiratory Sil.P. no concomitant expiratory laryngeal activation was observed when most of the inspiratory motoneurones were inactive. As some inspiratory laryngeal motoneurones did not stop firing, the existence of some central respiratory neurones exhibiting a similar persistent activity and subserving the inspiratory on-switch mechanisms may be hypothesized. PMID- 6745361 TI - A functional link between the limbic cortex and ventral striatum: physiology of the subiculum accumbens pathway. AB - Parallel electrophysiological and anatomical tracing studies on the projections from the hippocampal formation to the ventral striatum in the cat, were carried out with the aim of defining the nature and organization of the motor interfaces of the limbic cortex. In this context the main pathway was found to be that from the subiculum to the N. Accumbens; electrophysiological characteristics of this pathway are reported in the present study. This well organized pathway is primarily of an excitatory nature and consists of slow conducting fibers (1-2 ms 1). Three types of response patterns of single Accumbens units to subicular simulation were found: units which responded with a burst of action potentials (the majority); units which responded with iterative bursting; units responding primarily with an inhibition of firing. Often the primary excitatory response was followed by a decrease in firing rate. Analysis of Evoked Potentials indicate that the subicular inputs induce a monopolar positive field within the N. Accumbens; in combination with the evidence obtained from current source density (CSD) analysis these data suggest the following activation model: subicular inputs evoke depolarization of synapses lying peripherally in the dendrites of stellate neurons provoking peripheral sinks which form a concentric shell around sources at and in the neighbourhood of the cell bodies. In addition to the subiculum-Accumbens pathway evidence was also obtained for an excitatory input from the Entorhinal cortex to the N. Accumbens. Furthermore, an excitatory pathway from the prepyriform cortex to the olfactory tubercle was also electrophysiologically identified.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS) PMID- 6745362 TI - Behavior of preoculomotor burst neurons during eye-head coordination. AB - Single-unit recordings from the pontine reticular formation in four monkeys have shown the presence of two classes of short-lead burst neurons firing during coordinated eye-head movements. The activity of one class showed a correlation with the size of saccadic movements performed during head movements; the other showed a correlation between firing pattern and the combined eye-head movement. Anatomical reconstructions of the recording sites point to an intermingling of the two cell types. PMID- 6745363 TI - Express-saccades of the monkey: reaction times versus intensity, size, duration, and eccentricity of their targets. AB - Monkeys were trained to fixate a small spot of light (fixation spot) and to saccade to a peripheral target if and only if the fixation spot was turned off. If the offset of the fixation spot preceded the onset of the peripheral target by a temporal gap of more than 140 ms the animals could change their direction of gaze after saccadic reaction times of no more than 70-80 ms (express-saccades). The reaction times of the express-saccades depend on the luminance and the size of the target and decrease from about 120 ms for near threshold targets by about 50 ms in a range of 2,5 log units above threshold (gap duration 200 ms). The minimum reaction time and the target size for which the minimum is reached are functions of the retinal eccentricity of the target. Comparison with response latencies of afferent visual neurons suggests that the dependence of the reaction times of express- as well as regular-saccades on the physical parameters of the target is mostly determined by retinal factors. The short reaction times of the express-saccades are discussed in relation to the reaction times of other visually-guided goal-directed movements. PMID- 6745364 TI - Express-saccades of the monkey: effect of daily training on probability of occurrence and reaction time. AB - Two monkeys learned to make saccadic eye movements from a central fixation point to a peripheral target, when there was a temporal gap between fixation point offset and target onset. Under these conditions the animals made saccades after extremely short reaction times (less than 100 ms), so called express-saccades. With ongoing training the rate of occurrence increased (10 to 1005) and the reaction time of the express-saccades decreased (95 to 75 ms). The training effects were mediated by the amount of previously executed express-saccades and they were also spatially selective for express-saccades to that target position that had been used during training. The training effects on the express-saccades can be saturated after less than 7 days of daily training and are reversible after another 7 days of no training. The results indicate the existence of a fast operating visuo-to-oculomotor pathway which can be quickly and reversibly modified by daily exercise. PMID- 6745365 TI - Pigeon pattern electroretinogram: a response unaffected by chronic section of the optic nerve. AB - Retinal evoked responses to sinusoidal gratings modulated in counterphase (pattern ERG) have been recorded from the pigeon eye. The pattern ERG amplitude depends upon the temporal frequency of the modulation, the contrast, the spatial frequency and the area of the stimulus. In 8 pigeons the pattern ERG has been recorded at different times after the unilateral section of the optic nerve. It has been found that the pattern ERG has a comparable amplitude in the two eyes as a function of the spatial frequency, 3 and 9 months after the section of the left optic nerve. At these times, histological evidence shows a drastic reduction in the density of the retinal ganglion cells on the operated side in comparison to the control one. These findings suggest that retinal sources other than the ganglion cells are responsible for te generation of the pigeon pattern ERG. PMID- 6745366 TI - Preparatory process for anticipatory postural adjustments: modulation of leg muscles reflex pathways during preparation for arm movements in standing man. AB - We have investigated, in 6 standing subjects, the time course of amplitude changes in the short latency (40-60 ms) and long latency (60-80 ms) reflex response components of gastrocnemius medialis (GM) and soleus (S) muscles during the preparatory period (time between a warning signal and a response signal) as a function of the precued direction (pull or push) of arm movement. Subjects maintained their standing posture by visual feedback during the 1.5 s preparatory period of a reaction time task. A warning signal gave advance information concerning the voluntary response to be performed which consisted of either a pull or push movement of the right arm. The excitability of the reflex pathways was evaluated by triggering a rapid rotation of the right ankle joint (dorsiflexion) applied randomly at 100, 300 or 500 ms before the response signal for arm movement. Statistical analysis of EMG amplitude (ANOVA) showed that preparatory effects were different for the two synergistic muscles with both short (spinal) and longer latency components of GM showing generalized facilitation and of S showing generalized inhibition. In addition, the longer latency, presumably supraspinal, component of the two muscles was differentially modulated according to directional advance information, showing relative facilitation for pull as compared to push trials. These reflex response modulations were emphasized in faster reaction time (RT) performers at the end of the preparatory period. It is concluded that postural preparatory processes are reflected at the spinal level in global effects and at the supraspinal level in directionally specific effects. PMID- 6745367 TI - A physiological study of identification, axonal course and cerebellar projection of spinocerebellar tract cells in the central cervical nucleus of the cat. AB - Spinocerebellar tract (SCT) neurones in and around the central cervical nucleus (CCN) were physiologically identified by antidromic activation of these cells on stimulation of the cerebellum. Among the spinocerebellar tract cells thus identified, those ascending the contralateral spinal funiculi were found in the CCN and ventralwards, whereas those ascending the ipsilateral funiculi existed mostly dorsal to the CCN partly overlapping with crossed cells in the nucleus. Mapping sites from which CCN cells were antidromically activated showed that axons of the CCN-SCT cross at the same segment, ascend the ventral funiculus initially, the lateral funiculus at rostral C1 and the lateral border of the medulla to reach the cerebellar peduncle, enter the cerebellum mainly via the restiform body but possibly also via the superior peduncle. Systematic mapping of stimulation within the cerebellum indicated that the CCN-SCT projects to the medial part of the anterior lobe and the posterior lobe bilaterally. Projection to lobules I-II was found in almost all CCN-SCT cells examined. Three fourths of CCN-SCT cells projected to the posterior lobe, as revealed by less extensive mapping. Mapping of axonal regions of the same single CCN-SCT cells showed that they project multifocally in the cerebellum, where projection to lobules I-II was common and that to other areas varied with individual cells. Conduction velocities decreased within the cerebellum probably as the result of repeated branching. Mossy fibre responses evoked on stimulation of the C2 dorsal root in cats with the transected dorsal funiculi were shown to be mediated mostly via the CCN-SCT. Mapping the field potential showed that the response was by far the largest in lobules I-II. This suggested that the terminals provided by the CCN SCT are the densest in these lobules. PMID- 6745368 TI - Further observations on parieto-temporal connections in the rhesus monkey. AB - The origin, course, and termination of parieto-temporal connections in the rhesus monkey were studied by autoradiographic techniques. The caudal third of the inferior parietal lobule (including the adjacent lower bank of the intraparietal sulcus) is the chief source of these projections. It projects to three separate architectonic areas in the superior temporal sulcus and to three different areas on the ventral surface of the temporal lobe: the parahippocampal gyrus, presubiculum, and perirhinal cortex. The mid-inferior parietal lobule and medial surface of the parietal lobe, by contrast, project only to the caudal upper bank of the superior temporal sulcus. The rostral inferior parietal lobule and the superior parietal lobule, as well as the postcentral gyrus and rostral parietal operculum, do not project to the temporal lobe. Fibers travel from the posterior parietal region to temporal cortex by way of several different routes. One fiber bundle courses in the superior temporal gyrus and terminates in the superior temporal sulcus. Another proceeds ventrally, between the depth of the superior temporal sulcus and the geniculocalcarine tract, to the parahippocampal area. A separate bundle, coursing part of the way in the company of the cingulum bundle, conveys posterior parietal fibers to the presubiculum. PMID- 6745369 TI - Long latency reflex force of human finger muscles in response to imposed sinusoidal movements. AB - Reflex stiffness of the flexing human index finger was studied using sinusoidal movements at 3-16 Hz. The Nyquist stiffness diagram indicates the presence of a 'presonance' at around 4 Hz, its 'C' shape after correction for the mechanical properties of the relaxed finger is consistent with the involvement of a stretch reflex in its generation. This contention was supported by the presence of negative friction around 4 Hz and the disappearance of the modulation of the stiffness curve after afferent ischaemic block. Correction for the mechanical properties of active muscle, measured after afferent block, permitted the isolation of the reflex component of stiffness. The circular form of the Nyquist diagram indicates a relatively flat frequency response for the reflex over the range tested, and its radius gives a measure of reflex gain. The low value of the frequency at which the frictional force is minimal, suggests the involvement of a reflex of longer than spinal latency. This is discussed in relation to mechanisms of tremor genesis and the interaction of spinal and long latency reflexes in distal hand muscles. PMID- 6745370 TI - Endogenous peroxidase-like activity in the feline dorsal column nuclei and spinal cord. AB - Endogenous peroxidase-like activity was investigated with a combined light and electron microscopical technique in 15 cats. The lateral cervical nucleus, the dorsal column nuclei, and segments C6 and L5 of the spinal cord were incubated with diaminobenzidine-tetrahydrochloride (DAB) or tetramethylbenzidine (TMB). After histochemical reaction with DAB a considerable amount of activity was found in nerve cells, astrocytes and pericytes. The neuronal labelling was mainly located in mitochondria of axon terminals and in dendrites whereas the astrocytic and pericytic activity was found in cytoplasmic dense bodies. The quantity of stained structures differed considerably between the animals. In TMB reacted tissue endogenous peroxidase-like activity was only sparsely seen. It was found mainly in frozen sections, in which the neuropil and perivascular structures sometimes contained granules and irregular filaments. The significance of the findings is discussed in relation to observations in tracer studies using horseradish peroxidase. PMID- 6745371 TI - Organization and properties of visually responsive neurones in the suprageniculate nucleus of the cat. AB - Visually responsive neurones of the cat's suprageniculate nucleus were categorized according to their responses to a variety of different types of light stimuli. Their velocity preferences were assessed quantitatively and have been found to predominate in the high range. The positions and dimensions of their receptive fields were determined and these tended to be found within a zone between the vertical meridian and 30-35 degrees. Receptive fields had mean diameters smaller than those reported by others for the pulvinar-LP complex. From these and other electrophysiological data, inferences have been made of the likely sources of afferents providing visual driving. A proposal is offered for SGn visuotopic organization based on correlations of receptive field location with cell position, as determined through electrode track reconstructions. PMID- 6745372 TI - Inferior olive lesion induces long-lasting functional modification in the Purkinje cells. AB - In recent experiments Montarolo et al. (1982) have shown that reversible inferior oliver (IO) inactivation of up to 90 s induces a marked increase of the Purkinje cell (PC) simple spike (SS) frequency which lasts as long as the disappearance of the complex spikes (CS). The present work was aimed at studying how long this SS frequency increase lasts. We recorded the electrical activity of 724 PCs from rats (Nembutal anaesthesia 20-40 mg/kg) in which the IO was destroyed by means of cryocoagulation, electrocoagulation and 3-acetylpyridine injection. The SS activity was followed up to 1 month from the lesion. The average SS frequency of the first 5 days is 52.7 (+/- 22.6 S.D.). The difference from the control (22.6 +/- 13.7 S.D.) is highly significant (P less than 0.001; Mann-Whitney U-test). Later the SS discharge shows a gradual decrease, to reach a value (24.2 +/- 12.1 S.D.) similar to the control at the 4th week. Our results demonstrate that the increase of the SS activity, due to the IO lesion, undergoes an adaptation. The time course of such an adaptation is well correlated with the metabolic changes in the intracerebellar nuclei, following an IO permanent lesion, described by Bardin et al. (1983). PMID- 6745373 TI - Recovery of reinnervating rat muscle after cast immobilization. AB - We evaluated the recovery of the reinnervating rat plantar flexor muscles after different periods of casting and then decasting the lower extremities. Four groups of 4-month-old, female Wistar rats underwent bilateral crush-denervation of the sciatic nerve at the sciatic notch. Two weeks after nerve crush, the hind legs of three groups of rats were immobilized with bilateral casts at the knee and ankle joints and the fourth group was a control group. Of the three casted groups, one was mobilized after 1 week and another group after 3 weeks of casting. The third experimental group remained casted until the end of 6 weeks. Six weeks after the nerve crush, all groups were evaluated for muscle weights of the soleus, plantaris, and gastrocnemius; absolute amounts of the myofibrillar, sarcoplasmic, and stromal proteins in the gastrocnemius; the fiber diameters and percent composition of type I and type II fibers in the soleus and plantaris; and the isometric contractile properties of the soleus muscle. Compared with the denervated control group, the experimental groups revealed the following: (i) Four weeks of casting caused a reduction in wet weight (range 30.6 to 40.4%, P less than 0.01) in the soleus, plantaris, and gastrocnemius muscles. Decasting led to an earlier recovery of the soleus than of the plantaris and gastrocnemius muscles. (ii) The myofibrillar protein returned to control values with 3 weeks of decasting but the stromal protein remained significantly elevated and the sarcoplasmic protein significantly depressed regardless of the period of mobilization. (iii) Except for the type I fibers in the plantaris, the remainder of the muscle fibers in the soleus and plantaris decreased in size due to casting. Only the type I muscle fibers of the soleus increased in size with longer periods of mobilization. (iv) Four weeks of casting significantly altered the maximum isometric twitch tension (-42.3%), contraction time (+17.1%), maximum tetanic tension (-38.1%), and half-fatigue time (+40.5%) in the soleus. The reinnervating soleus muscle appears to recover from the effects of casting sooner than the plantaris or gastrocnemius muscles. PMID- 6745374 TI - Calcium uptake by sarcoplasmic reticulum of muscle grafts in rats. AB - Cross transplantations were carried out in which the soleus (SOL) and extensor digitorum longus (EDL) muscles were switched to each other's muscle bed. Sixty days later, oxalate-supported calcium uptake was measured in homogenates of these grafts and compared with calcium uptake by homogenates of the contralateral control EDL and SOL muscles. With the incubation conditions used, calcium uptake was essentially limited to sarcoplasmic reticulum (SR) vesicles. The velocities of the initial rapid calcium uptake were compared in the grafts and control muscles. Subsequently calcium uptake slowed and the 30-min accumulation of calcium indicated the loading capacity of the SR. In control muscles, the EDL had a faster velocity (0.234 +/- 0.011 mumol/mg/min) of calcium uptake and higher capacity (0.527 +/- 0.017 mumol/mg) for calcium loading than the SOL (0.089 +/- 0.008 mumol/mg/min and 0.26 +/- 0.014 mumol/mg, respectively). The EDL grafts (originally SOL muscles) had faster calcium uptakes than the control SOL muscles or SOL grafts (0.196 +/- 0.013 versus 0.089 +/- 0.008 or 0.126 +/- 0.024 mumol/mg/min). Also, the calcium uptake capacities were higher in EDL grafts than in control SOL muscles (0.400 +/- 0.017 versus 0.261 +/- 0.014 mumol/mg), but not statistically higher than in SOL grafts (0.360 +/- 0.033 mumol/mg). In contrast, SOL grafts (originally EDL muscles) had slower calcium uptakes (0.126 +/- 0.024 mumol/mg/min) than did the control EDL muscles or EDL grafts and the calcium uptake capacities (0.360 +/- 0.033 mumol/mg) were lower in SOL grafts than in control EDL muscles, but not statistically lower than in EDL grafts.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS) PMID- 6745375 TI - Spontaneous impulse generation in normal and denervated dorsal root ganglia: sensitivity to alpha-adrenergic stimulation and hypoxia. AB - Previous experiments indicate that after peripheral nerve lesion, two sites of spontaneous ectopic impulse generation rapidly develop: the peripheral neuroma and the region of the dorsal root ganglion (DRG). In 30 adult Sprague-Dawley rats, microfilament recordings were made from either the dorsal root of L5 or the proximal sciatic nerve. The locus of the ectopic impulse generator, spontaneous firing patterns, and response to both adrenergic and hypoxic stimulation were observed in 200 spontaneously active isolated fibers. Results indicated that after sciatic transection the neuroma and the DRG behaved as independent sources of ectopic impulse generation. Spontaneous activity originating in the neuroma was responsive to adrenergic and hypoxic stimulation in 57% and 86% of fibers tested, respectively. Spontaneous activity originating in the DRG after chronic sciatic nerve transection demonstrated a response to adrenergic stimulation in 61% of fibers tested, and all fibers showed an increase in activity during hypoxic periods. Furthermore, after acute sciatic neurotomy in otherwise normal animals, spontaneous activity originating in the DRG could be recorded in a few fibers. Likewise, 48% of those fibers showed some response to topical or systemic epinephrine administration, and hypoxia produced some degree of excitation of firing in all fibers tested. Neither epinephrine administration nor hypoxic challenge produced excitation of firing in DRG neurons with intact receptive fields in normal animals. The pharmacology of adrenergic sensitivity of spontaneously active fibers from both the neuroma and the region of the DRG indicated alpha-adrenergic specificity. Furthermore, a number of fibers exhibiting spontaneous activity from both the region of the neuroma and the DRG showed either adrenergic or hypoxic sensitivity, but not both. Thus, the mechanisms of the largely excitatory actions of alpha-agonists and hypoxia on spontaneous discharges from these sites were felt to be different. These data indicate that adrenergic and/or hypoxic responsiveness is a property of (i) otherwise normal DRG neurons which demonstrate intrinsic spontaneous firing properties, (ii) neurons in chronically denervated ganglia which exhibit spontaneous activity, and (iii) some fibers within neuromas. Normal DRG neurons with intact receptive fields do not appear to increase their firing rate in response to either hypoxia or adrenergic stimulation. These findings may be relevant to the development of chronic pain in man following peripheral nerve injury. PMID- 6745376 TI - Axial electromyogram and intervertebral length gauge responses during lordosis behavior in rats. AB - Electromyogram activity from transversospinalis (TS) and lateral longissimus (LL) muscles was recorded concomitant with resistance changes of an intervertebral length gauge during manually elicited lordosis performance. Subjects were estrogen-treated ovariectomized rats. The EMG activity was evoked by manual stimulation of the cutaneous fields contacted by the male rat during mounting. During bilateral palpation of flanks at 2/s, time-locked bursts of EMG activity or more generalized EMG activation was recorded. The EMG response was accompanied by continuous and cumulative length gauge shortening, reflecting progressive rump elevation. The earliest recorded length gauge response had a latency of 10 ms from the first flank stimulus in a sequence of repetitive palpations. Perineal pressure recruited motor units in both the TS and LL which fired at high frequency. The latencies of EMG responses from the TS tended to be briefer than those from the LL; 24/35 TS responses were within 50 ms of the onset of perineal pressure. During some lordoses, the EMG response in both muscles was substantially briefer than the duration of the pressure stimulus and of the length gauge response. Activation of axial muscles during postural adjustments, standing, turning, and other behaviors is also reported. These data represent the first analysis of axial EMG and vertebral length gauge recordings during an endocrine-dependent mammalian behavior. PMID- 6745377 TI - Sleep influences on diaphragmatic motor unit discharge. AB - The discharge of motor units in the costal and crural regions of the diaphragm was studied in unrestrained cats during defined sleep and waking states. Changes in motor unit recruitment and pattern of activity were observed for different sleep-waking states. During periods of active waking, many motor units were recruited and discrimination of single-unit waveforms was difficult. However, in the transition from active to quiet waking, many diaphragmatic motor units ceased discharging, thus making it possible to discern single-unit waveforms. This cessation of motor unit activity continued during the transition from quiet waking (AW) to quiet sleep (QS) and from QS to rapid eye movement (REM) sleep. In some diaphragmatic motor units, discharge stopped completely during REM sleep and resumed only upon arousal. Thus, it was apparent that the recruitment of diaphragmatic motor units was markedly affected by the sleep-waking state. Changes in the patterns of discharge of diaphragmatic motor units also occurred during different sleep-waking states. Motor unit firing rate was typically slower in QS than AW. The rate of motor unit discharge during REM sleep varied considerably. Autocorrelation histograms demonstrated periodic patterns of motor unit discharge within inspiratory bursts. Intervals of repetitive peaks in the autocorrelation histograms ranged from 40 to 110 ms. These periodic patterns were strongest during AW and REM sleep and generally attenuated during QS. Cross correlation histograms revealed the presence of synchronous activity between motor units in the diaphragm. This coupling of diaphragmatic motor unit discharge was also attenuated during QS compared with AW and REM sleep. Together, these results demonstrated a marked influence of the sleep-waking state on the neuromotor control of the diaphragm. PMID- 6745378 TI - Evidence of phase-dependent nociceptive reflexes during locomotion in man. AB - In 10 healthy subjects freely walking along a straightline, the effects of painful sural nerve stimulation, applied in different phases of the step cycle, were investigated on two antagonistic muscles of the ipsilateral lower limb acting on the knee joint: vastus lateralis (VL) and biceps femoris caput breve (BF). A clear-cut modulation in the amplitude (area) of the net reflex responses was consistently observed in both the motor nuclei explored. The extensor muscle, VL, exhibited a long-latency (mean 122 ms) reflex response, which was maximally increased by stimuli applied toward the end of the swing and in the first half of the stance phase of the stride, whereas the response appeared to be gated during the transition from the foot-flat to forefoot-contact phase. A second facilitation period was brought about by stimuli delivered in the early swing. When the response occurred superimposed on the VL locomotor activity, suppression of the ongoing EMG preceded the reflex discharge. In the flexor, BF, the same stimulus elicited a short-latency (mean 57 ms) and a long-latency (mean 132 ms) reflex response. The former was maximal after stimulation around the toe-off phase and the latter was strikingly enhanced in the late swing, where it was preceded by suppression of the background locomotor EMG activity. Responses with intermediate features (latency 70 to 80 ms, duration 90 to 120 ms), probably resulting from the merging of the early and late components, might be evoked in addition, being greatest in the last swing and in the period preceding toe-off. The findings show that in man the reflex pattern evoked by a painful cutaneous stimulus during locomotion is determined by the phase of the step cycle during which the stimulus is delivered. A functional role in maintenance of postural balance during destabilizing withdrawal reactions is conceivable. PMID- 6745379 TI - Morphologic evidence for fiber sorting in the fasciculus cuneatus. AB - This report describes the medullary course and projection patterns of cervical dorsal root nerve fibers in five mammalian species (bushbaby, tree squirrel, raccoon, potoroo, and brush-tailed possum). After cutting a single cervical dorsal root and allowing appropriate postoperative survival, we studied serial, Fink-Heimer impregnated sections of the medulla from each individual to locate degenerated afferent fibers and endings. Fibers from those rostral (C2) or caudal (C8) cervical roots studied traverse the medulla as a single bundle, forming collaterals en route into the nucleus cuneatus and external cuneate nucleus at all levels. Fibers from most cervical roots (C4 through C7, sometimes C3), however, separate into two discrete bundles as they project rostrally. A more medial, superficially placed group of fibers projects predominately to the dorsal part of nucleus cuneatus, which seems to be somatotopically arranged. The second fiber group, larger, deeper, and more laterally situated, projects mainly to ventral and ventrolateral nucleus cuneatus (asomatotopically) and to the external cuneate nucleus. Based on segmental and species differences in the presence of this fiber separation, and on prior physiologic and anatomic evidence, we suggest that this form of fiber sorting in the cuneate fasciculus is modality based. It appears likely that fibers in the medial group are of primarily cutaneous origin, and that many if not most of those in the larger lateral population arise from deep receptors in muscle and joints. PMID- 6745380 TI - Autoradiographic deoxyglucose study of visually activated extrastriate cortex in the primate: three-dimensional reconstruction. AB - Activation of the visual system with a moving black and white geometric pattern resulted in dense patches or columns of 2-deoxyglucose label in primate extrastriate visual cortex. The three-dimensional reconstruction of these metabolic columns showed that they were arranged in irregularly shaped slabs which extended in an essentially rostrocaudal plane. The slabs tended to merge with one another and to subdivide throughout their course in the extrastriate visual cortex. PMID- 6745381 TI - Retrograde impulse activity and horseradish peroxidase tracing of nerve fibers entering neuroma studied in vitro. AB - Neuroma formation was induced in rat sciatic nerve by tight ligature. At various times after placement of the ligature, the nerves were excised, desheathed, split longitudinally proximal to the neuroma, and studied in vitro in a nerve chamber. Stimulation of one of the arbitrarily formed proximal branches was found to generate impulse activity in the other branch. Since similar branch to branch activation did not occur in control preparations, it appeared that some form of axon to axon interaction occurred within the neuroma, or alternatively that retrograde regeneration allowed continuity of nerve fibers in proximal divisions of the nerve trunk. Attempts at morphological demonstration of the continuity alternative were made by applying horseradish peroxidase to cut fibers of one proximal division. Although labeled axons did turn retrogradely within the neuroma, they were not found to enter the other nerve division. PMID- 6745382 TI - Transition from spindles to generalized spike and wave discharges in the cat: simultaneous single-cell recordings in cortex and thalamus. AB - The relationships between the activity of the cortex and that of a "specific" (n. lateralis posterior, LP) and an intralaminar thalamic nucleus (n. centralis medialis, NCM) were studied in the cat during the transition from spontaneous spindles to generalized spike and wave (SW) discharge following i.m. penicillin injection. The EEG and extracellular single-unit activity were recorded in cortex and thalamus during the spindle stage and at different intervals after penicillin until well developed SW discharges were present. Computer-generated EEG averages and histograms of single-unit activity were triggered by either peaks of cortical or thalamic EEG transients or by cortical or thalamic action potentials. In agreement with previous observations, cortical neurons increasingly fired during the spindle wave as it was transformed into the "spike" of the SW complex, while a period of neuronal silence gradually developed as the "wave" of the SW complex emerged. Similar changes developed in the thalamus, particularly in LP, either concurrently with or more often after the onset of the changes in the cortex. Most neurons in NCM, continued to fire randomly even after well developed SWs and rhythmic neuronal discharges had developed in cortex and LP. Only 4/11 NCM neurons did ultimately exhibit a rhythmic firing pattern similar to that seen in the cortex and LP. The correlation between cortical and thalamic unit activity was low during spindles, but gradually increased during the development of SW discharges. These data confirm that the cortex is the leading element in the transition from spindles to SWs. Increasingly, in the course of this transition, cortical and thalamic neuronal firing becomes more intimately phase-locked. This mutual interrelationship appears to be more pronounced between cortex and "specific" than intralaminar thalamic nuclei. PMID- 6745383 TI - Functional difference of tooth pulp-driven neurons in oral and facial areas of the somatosensory cortex (SI) of the cat. AB - Single-unit discharges were recorded in the oral and facial areas of the cat somatosensory cortex (SI) while electrical stimuli were individually delivered to eight tooth pulps. The incidence of the tooth pulp-driven (TPD) neurons was 44.7% in the oral area, but only 17.3% in the facial area. Both sets of neurons were also excited by nonnoxious stimulation of the oral structures or of the facial hair, and thus were polymodal. These TPD neurons were confirmed histologically to be in area 3b and were classified into monotooth input type and multitooth input type according to their response to stimulation. Neurons of the monotooth input type appeared three times more frequently in the oral area than in the facial area. The input(s) to the TPD neurons in the former area were slightly stronger from the canine(s) than from the molar(s), but the opposite was the case in the facial area. In the oral area, 83% of the TPD neurons responded with brisk discharges of short latency, whereas 54% of the TPD neurons in the facial area responded with those of a long latency. These findings suggest that the pulpal information to the somatosensory cortex is conveyed by pathways that appear, at least at certain points in the nervous system, to be spatially separated. PMID- 6745384 TI - Leishmania mexicana: purine metabolism in promastigotes, axenic amastigotes, and amastigotes derived from Vero cells. AB - Leishmania mexicana mexicana promastigotes, axenic amastigotes, and amastigotes derived from Vero cells were examined for de novo purine synthesis and mechanisms of purine salvage. Both promastigotes and axenic amastigotes were incapable of de novo purine synthesis, as shown by the lack of [14C]formate and [14C]glycine incorporation into purine nucleotide pools. However, the ready incorporation of [14C]hypoxanthine, [14C]adenine, and [14C]guanine suggested that purine salvage pathways were operating. In addition, a significant percentage (greater than or equal to 60%) of the total label from these purine precursors was associated with adenylate nucleotides. Nucleotide pool levels of axenic amastigotes were consistently greater but the specific activities were less than those of promastigotes, suggesting a slower rate of purine metabolism in the axenic amastigote form. Similar results were obtained from amastigotes isolated from infected Vero cells. PMID- 6745385 TI - Trypanosoma musculi and Trichinella spiralis: concomitant infections and selection for resistance genotypes in mice. AB - Trypanosoma musculi infections were given to mice of different strains before, at the same time, and after an infection with 400 Trichinella spiralis. Examined parameters of the host response to T. spiralis were worm rejection, antifecundity responses, development of immunological memory, and muscle larvae burden. After dual infection, each mouse strain showed characteristic effects on resistance to T. spiralis. This was due to a dynamic interaction between the genes controlling rejection of T. spiralis and those influencing T. musculi growth. C3H mice develop high trypanosome parasitemias. This impairs worm expulsion and the development of memory to T. spiralis when Trypanosoma infections take place on the same day or 7 days before. The C57B1/6 mouse develops low parasitemias and T. musculi infections on the same day, or 7 days before T. spiralis, delaying worm rejection only slightly despite the overall weak capacity of B6 mice to expel worms. NFR-strain mice are strong responders to T. spiralis and also develop low parasitemias. Trypanosome infections on the same day, or after T. spiralis, produce a delay in worm rejection; the former is comparable to C3H mice. However, NFR mice alone showed enhanced rejection of worm when T. musculi infections preceded T. spiralis by 7 days. An unusual feature of C3H mice was that T. musculi infections 7 days before T. spiralis increased antifecundity responses at the same time that worm expulsion was inhibited. Trypanosome infections can therefore modulate distinct antihelminth immune responses in different directions simultaneously. The different outcomes of dual infections compared with single infections provides another selective mechanism by which genetic polymorphisms can be established and maintained in the vertebrate host. PMID- 6745386 TI - Schistosoma mansoni: agglutination of sporocysts, and formation of gels on miracidia transforming in plasma of Biomphalaria glabrata. AB - The resistance or susceptibility of Biomphalaria glabrata strains to strains of Schistosoma mansoni, the human blood fluke, are evidenced by the responses of snail hemocytes to sporocysts of the schistosome, both in vivo and in vitro. It is now reported that living sporocysts of the PR1 strain of S. mansoni agglutinate in the plasma of all tested strains of B. glabrata, in contrast to fixed sporocysts which agglutinate only in plasma from resistant snail strains. The agglutinating activity in resistant plasmas is not divalent cation dependent, and was not inhibited by the 26 carbohydrates and four amino acids tested. In addition, the observation that gelatinous deposits develop on transforming miracidia-sporocysts in B. glabrata plasmas is also reported. Both the agglutination and gel-formation phenomena may facilitate recognition of, and attacks on, sporocysts, thereby contributing to susceptibility and resistance in this host-parasite system. PMID- 6745387 TI - Eimeria tenella, Eimeria necatrix, and Eimeria adenoeides: peripheral blood leukocyte response of chickens and turkeys to strains adapted to the turkey embryo. AB - The peripheral blood leukocyte responses of chickens and turkeys inoculated with one of three strains of a chicken Eimeria species adapted to the turkey embryo with their respective parent lines, or with E. adenoeides of the turkey were studied. The adapted lines tended to cause hematological changes in chickens and turkeys similar to those caused by E. adenoeides. These parasites caused the most significant increases in large mononuclear white blood cells = (monocytes) in both chickens and turkeys. These results provide further evidence for a monocyte/macrophage effector mechanism in the rejection of heterologous species of Eimeria from a nonspecific host. The results also agree with previous studies that show that increases in mononuclear white blood cells during parent E. tenella and E. necatrix infections in chickens occur during the periods of greatest tissue damage (3-4 days after inoculation). The generally unaffected lymphocyte numbers and increases in mononuclear white blood cells during infections with the adapted lines probably explain the reduced pathogenicity and the lack of immunogenicity seen previously in chickens inoculated with these three lines. Possibly, monocytes/macrophages play a role in the host specificity of the parasites. PMID- 6745388 TI - Leishmania mexicana: serial cultivation of intracellular stages in a cell-free medium. AB - A cell-free liquid medium has been devised for serial cultivation of Leishmania mexicana pifanoi amastigotes at 33 and 35 C. It consists of tissue culture Medium 199 fortified primarily with a high concentration of water-soluble vitamins, nucleotides, and inactivated fetal bovine serum. The initial pH of the medium is 7.2. Starting with a population of promastigotes as inoculum and serially cultured at 33 or 35 C at 4- to 10-day intervals, the proportion of amastigotes steadily increased and that of promastigotes gradually decreased during the first subculture. By the end of the incubation period in the second subculture, practically all (99%) of the organisms are amastigotes. The amastigotes thus obtained can be cultured indefinitely by serial transfers. In this medium, amastigotes may reach a density of 8 X 10(7)/ml after 10 days of incubation at 33 C, and 5 X 10(7)/ml at 35 C. The medium was modified to have an initial pH of 8.0 by Hepes [4-(2-hydroxyethyl)-1-piperazineethanesulfonic acid] buffer and higher concentrations of sodium bicarbonate. When amastigotes cultured in the original medium at 33 or 35 C are transferred into the modified medium and incubated at 26 C, the amastigotes entirely transformed into promastigotes after three serial passages. These promastigotes could be serially subcultured indefinitely in the modified medium at 4- to 12-day intervals. The promastigotes cultured at 26 C may reach a population density of 7 X 10(7)/ml after 12 days of incubation. PMID- 6745389 TI - Trypanosoma musculi with Trichinella spiralis or Heligmosomoides polygyrus: concomitant infections in the mouse. AB - Inbred mice infected with Trypanosoma musculi displayed wide variations in peak blood parasitemia. The most susceptible mice were C3H and A strain, while Balb/c, C57B1/6, and the related congenic B10 strains were the most resistant. The effect of an intestinal infection with either Trichinella spiralis or Heligmosomoides polygyrus on proliferation of T. musculi was investigated. T. spiralis infections given at the same time or up to 45 days before a T. musculi infection always caused an increase in blood parasitemia in C3H mice. Maximum increases were observed when T. spiralis infections preceded T. musculi by 5-10 days. In all mouse strains examined, dual infections increased maximum parasitemia by two- to four-fold, regardless of the degree of resistance of that mouse strain to either T. musculi or T. spiralis. This suggested that the immunological "cost" of a T. spiralis infection was the same for strains that were strong or weak responders to a primary infection with T. spiralis. In contrast, infection with H. polygyrus did not promote T. musculi parasitemia over the level of a single infection. The increase in blood parasitemia in T. spiralis-infected mice was largely due to the intestinal adult worm, but migratory larvae and mature muscle larvae also stimulated increased parasitemias. The increase in parasitemia was proportionate to the dose of T. spiralis, and the sex of the host did not affect the blood trypanosome level. PMID- 6745390 TI - Trypanosoma brucei: biochemical and morphological studies of cytotoxicity caused by normal human serum. AB - The biochemical and morphological events which accompany lysis of Trypanosoma brucei by normal human serum have been described. The prelytic events include loss of infectivity and rapid cation shifts across the cell membrane. This is followed by cell swelling, fraying of the surface coat of the cell, loss of intracellular organelles, and eventually cell lysis. The data presented are consistent with a colloid osmotic mechanism of lysis induced by irreversible acute damage to the normal permeability properties of the trypanosome plasma membrane. PMID- 6745391 TI - Giardia lamblia: autoradiographic analysis of nuclear replication. AB - Giardia lamblia trophozoites, grown in axenic culture, were labeled for various periods of time with [3H]thymidine. After autoradiography, grains were counted over each of the two nuclei in each trophozoite. Analysis of the fraction of trophozoites labeled for each time period resulted in an estimate of a generation time of 15 hr. The DNA synthetic or S phase for a trophozoite in culture was calculated to be 1.8 hr. G1 and G2 periods were determined to be 8.5 and 3 hr, respectively. A comparison of the labeling density between the two nuclei indicated that replication takes place simultaneously in both nuclei for at least 70% of S period. The fraction of asymmetrically labeled trophozoites is consistent with a model in which the nuclei replicate out of phase by 15-30 min, but, due to the small diameter of the nuclei relative to the grain size, the possibility that replication takes place simultaneously in both nuclei of a trophozoite throughout the S phase cannot be ruled out. PMID- 6745392 TI - Viscero-somatic reflexes following distension of urinary bladder in cats: role of supraspinal neuraxis. AB - Viscero-somatic reflexes have been studied by recording monosynaptic reflexes following distension of the urinary bladder in intact, decerebrate and spinal animals. It was observed that the viscero-somatic responses following bladder distension are inhibitory in nature and this inhibition was highest in decerebrates and least in spinal animals. The site of viscero-somatic interaction probably lies in the bulbar area (supraspinal) and spinal cord. PMID- 6745393 TI - Changes with hypertension and maturation in the response of stomach fundus to acetylcholine. AB - The purpose of these experiments was to compare the contractile response to ACh of stomach fundal strips from hypertensive (SHR) and normotensive (WKY) rats during the development of hypertension. The results indicate that the reactivity to ACh is the same in fundal strips from young SHR and WKY rats; however, with maturation strips from WKY rats undergo a reduction in responsiveness which does not occur in the SHR. Therefore, strips from older SHR rats are more reactive to ACh than are those from age matched WKY rats. PMID- 6745394 TI - Accumulation of 3H-dopamine by synaptic vesicles from rat striatum in an impermeant medium. AB - The accumulation of 3H-dopamine by synaptic vesicles from rat striatum was significantly stabilized in a membrane impermeant medium. The characteristics of dopamine accumulation by striatal vesicles were quite similar to those reported for dopamine accumulation by a whole brain vesicle preparation in the same medium, and were significantly different from the characteristics previously reported for vesicular accumulation of norepinephrine. PMID- 6745395 TI - Effects of sympathetic stimulation on ventricular refractory periods in cats with acute coronary artery ligation. AB - Ventricular refractory periods shorten in the ischemic area following acute coronary artery ligation. Subsequent bilateral sympathetic nerve stimulation reduces disparity in refractory periods across normal, border (peri-ischemic) and ischemic areas. PMID- 6745397 TI - On the pathway of the rectosphincteric reflex. AB - In several rat models, including those with circular and semicircular rectal aganglionosis, the rectosphincteric reflex was examined. The reflex was confirmed to be essentially an intramural one and its route is considered to run mainly in the longitudinal and partly in the oblique directions. PMID- 6745396 TI - Acute physiological responses during blood substitution with colloidal gelatin in conscious rats. AB - The effects of exchange-transfusion with a proprietary gelatin-based plasma volume expander, Haemaccel, have been investigated in conscious, chronically catheterized rats. No adverse changes in basic cardiovascular or respiratory functions occurred during the procedure although an increase in intravascular fluid sodium but not potassium concentration was observed. PMID- 6745398 TI - The inhibitory effect of D-glucosamine on thymidine kinase in chick embryo retinas and HeLa cells. AB - D-Glucosamine markedly inhibits thymidine incorporation into the TCA-insoluble fraction and thymidine kinase activity in HeLa cells. Both the inhibitory effects are also observed in isolated retinas of chick embryos. In this case the inhibitory effects are age-dependent and the magnitude of the responses decreases with embryonic development. In addition the time of exposure to D-glucosamine which is necessary to reveal the inhibitory effect on thymidine kinase increases with the age of the embryos. PMID- 6745399 TI - Volatile constituents of wolf (Canis lupus) urine as related to gender and season. AB - The volatile constituents of wolf urine were examined via capillary gas chromatography and compared among male, female, and castrate male. Several compounds including methyl isopentyl sulfide, 3,5-dimethyl-2-octanone, and acetophenone were clearly associated with the gender of the animal and many displayed a seasonal dependence. In addition, 2 long-chain aldehydes isolated from urine samples by an HPLC procedure also correlated with the endrocrine status of the animal. PMID- 6745402 TI - A lectin in the pollen of marihuana, Cannabis sativa L. AB - A lectin was found in the pollen of Cannabis sativa L. which reacted with papain treated erythrocytes. The lectin has an affinity for glucose containing receptor sites. PMID- 6745400 TI - Studies on three kinds of lectins from Xenopus laevis skin. AB - Among skin extracts of various frogs, lectin activity was found only in fractions prepared from Xenopus laevis skin. 3 skin lectins have been separated. Among these, the lectin designated S2-Dlc was isolated in a homogeneous state and showed a preferential agglutination of Ehrlich and S-180 ascites tumor cells; other tumor cells and human erythrocytes were not agglutinated. The lectin dependent agglutination was inhibited by D-fucose, L-arabinose, D-galactose, lactose and lactulose. The sugar specificity of this lectin is similar to that of the lectin from Xenopus laevis eggs which agglutinates Ehrlich and S-180 ascites cells. PMID- 6745401 TI - Evolution of the thermotropic properties of large unilamellar vesicles (LUV). AB - The evolution of the thermotropic properties of large unilamellar vesicles (LUV) made by the reverse-phase evaporation technique has been studied by differential scanning calorimetry (DSC) and by fluorescence polarization of the diphenylhexatriene probe inserted in the lipid phase. Lipid fluidity and transition temperatures of DL-alpha-dimyristoyl-and DL-alpha-dipalmitoyl phosphatidylcholine vesicles were practically not modified at room temperature (19-20 degrees C), even after several days. Because a better knowledge of the physico-chemical properties of LUV seems essential for its use as a model membrane or as a carrier of exogenous material into cells, we compare it with the stability of the widely used multilamellar (MLV) and sonicated unilamellar vesicles (SUV). PMID- 6745403 TI - Isolation and partial characterization of cuticular collagen from the parasitic nematode Gaigeria pachyscelis. AB - The cuticle from adult Gaigeria pachyscelis was isolated by solubilizing the internal tissues with sodium dodecyl sulphate (SDS) at 37 degrees C. Cuticular protein was extracted with guanidine-HCl and beta-mercaptoethanol and purified by ammonium sulphate fractionation and DEAE-cellulose chromatography. SDS polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis of purified protein revealed 2 polypeptides with apparent mol. wts of 58,000 and 74,000. As judged from their hydroxyproline content both of them are collagenous in nature. Results of gel filtration indicate that cuticular collagen exists in two forms, a non-associated form at low concentration and an associated form at high concentration. PMID- 6745404 TI - A hypothalamic channel-system in the inferior lobes of a trigger-fish (Rhinecanthus aculeatus, Balistidae). AB - In the course of a general investigation of the optic system in some trigger fishes, a hypothalamic, ventricular channel-system with pores, leading to the outside of the brain, has been discovered in the inferior lobes of Rhinecanthus aculeatus (Balistidae). A description of the morphological relations of the channel-system to the blood-vessel-supply and the cranium suggests that the organ systems involved form a functional unit. The possibility of a hormone-producing system is discussed in the light of physiological and ecological aspects. PMID- 6745405 TI - Hydrogen bond catalysis of mononucleotide ethylation supports non-random DNA alkylations by N-ethyl, N-nitrosourea. AB - The axial (ax.) and equatorial (eq.) diastereomeric forms of phosphate triesters resulting from reactions of N-ethyl, N-nitrosourea with 3 cyclic mononucleotides were analyzed by column liquid chromatography (CLC). Evidence is presented that the 2'OH group of 3', 5'cAMP essentially contributes to the stereoselective eq. alkyl substitution, most probably by hydrogen bonding catalysis. The neighboring group direction of ethylation gives substantial support to non-random DNA alkylations by NEU. PMID- 6745406 TI - Potential for rat plague from nonencapsulated variants of the plague bacillus (Yersinia pestis). AB - Potentials for oral and flea-borne transmission of nonencapsulated Y. pestis were demonstrated when 45% of rats that consumed infected meat died of plague and 22% of the rats that died of plague had bacteremia. PMID- 6745407 TI - Effect of 5-hydroxytryptamine antibodies on pigment migration in the erythrophores of the fiddler crab, Uca pugilator: further evidence for 5 hydroxytryptamine as a neurotransmitter that stimulates release of red pigment dispersing hormone. AB - 5-Hydroxytryptamine (5-HT) antibodies inhibit red pigment dispersion in the fiddler crab, Uca pugilator. This observation supports the hypothesis that 5-HT stimulates release of red pigment-dispersing hormone. PMID- 6745408 TI - Developmental homeostasis and heterozygosity for blood group loci in a human population. AB - Relationship between the variability of 5 independent morphological characters and the heterozygosity level at 4 blood group loci were determined in Israel. An increase in the heterozygosity level led to a reduction of the range and coefficient of variation of the morphological traits and also led to an increase of modal phenotype frequencies in the group. PMID- 6745410 TI - The stage-dependent resistance of the chorion to external chemical damage and its relationship to embryonic diapause in the annual fish, Nothobranchius guentheri. AB - The resistance of the embryonic chorion of the annual fish Nothobranchius guentheri to chemical damage in vivo was investigated by the exposure of the embryos to protease. Embryos at stages 20, 33, and 43 were the most resistant to enzymatic action. These stages of development correspond respectively to the stages at which diapause I, diapause II, and 'delayed hatching' may occur. The magnitude of the resistance was further enhanced when diapause was induced prior to the treatment. PMID- 6745409 TI - Postnatal undernutrition: effect on antral gastrin levels at a later age. AB - In rats undernutrition from birth to 14 days of age resulted in retardation of growth and diminution of antral gastrin concentration. When the 14-day-old undernourished rats were nutritionally rehabilitated, they grew at a faster rate, and at 27 days of age their body weight and the weight of various tissues of the gastrointestinal tract including the antrum reached the levels of the well nourished littermate controls. In spite of this, antral gastrin concentration was found to be about one-half of that of the well-nourished littermates. PMID- 6745411 TI - Regulation of testosterone production in fetal testicular cells: effect of androgens. AB - Pre-incubation of dispersed testicular cells from 18-day-old mouse fetuses in presence of testosterone or dihydrotestosterone resulted in a significant decrease of the hCG-stimulated testosterone production. These results suggest that during late fetal life testosterone production may be inhibited by an ultra short loop feedback of androgens. PMID- 6745412 TI - Prolactin concentrations in mouse milk during lactation. AB - Prolactin levels in mouse milk increased from the day of parturition to give a concentration of 230 ng/ml on days 2 and 3 of lactation. Thereafter, levels dropped to 140 ng/ml by day 6 and were maintained at this concentration until weaning. PMID- 6745413 TI - Ultrasound assessment of gallbladder filling in presence or absence of pharmacologically stimulated biligenesis. PMID- 6745414 TI - Metabolites of esaprazole in rat, dog and human urine. PMID- 6745415 TI - The isolation and sequencing of human gastric inhibitory peptide (GIP). AB - Human GIP 1-42 and fragments of human GIP corresponding to GIP 10-42, GIP 11-42, and GIP 17-42 were isolated from acid-ethanol extracts of human small intestines with the aid of an anti-GIP serum specific for the extreme C-terminal portion of the GIP molecule. The full sequence of human GIP has been established by Edman degradation of these peptides and fragments thereof by automatic gas-phase sequencing. Human GIP differs from porcine GIP at residues 18 and 34. The sequence of human GIP is thus: (Formula: see text) Amino acid residues 18 and 34 are Arg and Ser, respectively, in porcine GIP. PMID- 6745416 TI - Internal mobility in a double-stranded B DNA hexamer and undecamer. A time dependent proton-proton nuclear Overhauser enhancement study. AB - The internal mobility of the deoxyribose H2'-H2" and base C(H5)-C(H6) and T(CH3) T(H6) vectors has been investigated by means of time-dependent nuclear Overhauser enhancement (NOE) measurements in a B DNA hexamer and undecamer. Cross-relaxation rates between these proton pairs are determined from the initial slopes of the time development of the NOEs, and, as the interproton distances between these proton pairs are fixed, apparent correlation times for the 3 interproton vectors are calculated from the cross-relaxation rate data. It is shown that there is little residue to residue variation in the cross-relaxation rates of the interproton vectors within each oligonucleotide, that the mean apparent correlation times of the C(H5)-C(H6) and T(CH3)-T(H6) vectors are approximately equal and significantly greater than that of the H2'-H2" vectors, and that the data for the H2'-H2" vectors of both oligonucleotides and the C(H5)-C(H6) and T(CH3)-T(H6) vectors of the undecamer cannot be accounted for by isotropic tumbling alone. The data are analysed in terms of a two motion model with isotropic tumbling and a single internal motion. The relaxation time of the internal motion at 23 degrees C is less than or equal to 1 ns for the H2'-H2" vectors of both oligonucleotides and less than or equal to 3 ns for the C(H5) C(H6) and T(CH3)-T(H6) vectors of the undecamer. In the case of the H2'-H2" vectors, however, the amplitude of the internal motion is found to be too large to be compatible with the known stereochemistry of DNA. This finding can only be explained by invoking additional degrees of internal freedom with a larger number of internal motions of small amplitude of the type deduced from the analysis of crystallographic thermal factors [(1984) J. Mol. Biol. 173, 361-388]. PMID- 6745417 TI - The effects of quinone analogues on cytochrome b6 reduction and oxidation in a reconstituted system. AB - The reconstituted system containing Photosystem I, plastocyanin and the cytochrome b6-f complex is used to study the effects of various quinone analogues on the redox behavior of cytochrome b6. The effects of DBMIB, DNP-INT and HQNO are compared in an attempt to discern the modes of action of these quinone analogues. Both DBMIB and DNP-INT are potent inhibitors of the plastocyanin reductase activity of the isolated cytochrome complex. However, while DBMIB abolished the oxidant-induced reduction of cytochrome b6, DNP-INT only inhibited about 25% of the net reduction. On the other hand, HQNO does not show any significant inhibition of plastocyanin reductase activity of the isolated cytochrome complex at concentrations up to 20 microM. An enhancement of the net amount of cytochrome b6 reduced is observed in the presence of HQNO. Both DNP-INT and HQNO inhibited the dark oxidation rate of cytochrome b6. The possible identity of the oxidant for cytochrome b6 is discussed. Plastoquinone is concluded to be the most likely candidate. DNP-INT is concluded to have at least two sites of inhibition in the cytochrome complex. The implications of these findings on quinone functions in the cytochrome b6-f complex are discussed. PMID- 6745418 TI - Isolation and chemical conversion of two novel prostaglandin endoperoxides: 5(6) epoxy-PGG1 and 5(6)-epoxy-PGH1. AB - 5(6)-Epoxy-PGG1 and 5(6)-epoxy-PGH1 were isolated after incubation of microsomes of RSV with 3H-labelled 5(6)-epoxy-C20:3 for 45 s at 37 degrees C. The endoperoxides were methylated and characterized by conversion to prostaglandins. In buffer, the endoperoxides were converted to methyl-5(6)-epoxy-PGE1 and methyl 5(6)-epoxy-15-hydroperoxy-PGE1, while treatment with SnCl2 reduced the endoperoxides to methyl-5-hydroxy-PGI1 alpha and methyl-5-hydroxy-PGI1 beta. Significant amounts of methyl-5(6)-epoxy-HHD were also formed. The endoperoxides could be separated by silicic acid chromatography and when 1 mM phenol was present in the incubation, 5(6)-epoxy-PGH1 was obtained as the main product. PMID- 6745420 TI - Chromatin-bound and free RNA polymerase A activities in rat thymus cells following glucocorticoid treatment. AB - Treatment of rat thymus cell suspensions with dexamethasone resulted in inhibition of engaged RNA polymerase A, without significant change in free pool activity. Studies with the re-initiation inhibitor, rifamycin AF/0-13, and measurements of numbers of RNA polymerase A molecules and of elongation rates showed that the inhibition of pre-rRNA synthesis resulted from a decrease in elongation rate. This effect was selectively abolished by mild proteolysis of nuclei. It is concluded that glucocorticoid treatment of rat thymus cells suppresses 45 S rRNA synthesis primarily by decreasing the polyribonucleotide elongation rate, rather than by effecting a change in enzyme redistribution or concentration. PMID- 6745419 TI - Fucosyl gangliosides of PC12 pheochromocytoma cells. AB - Three monosialogangliosides are highly labeled when PC12 pheochromocytoma cells are cultured in the presence of L-[3H]fucose, and two additional monosialogangliosides are labeled to a lesser extent. In contrast, neither of the two disialogangliosides of PC12 cells contains fucose residues. Removal of sialic acid and fucose by formic acid hydrolysis demonstrated the presence of 3 major 'core' structures in the monosialogangliosides, and a single asialo derivative of the disialogangliosides which has the same chromatographic mobility as one of the monosialoganglioside hydrolysis products. None of the major formic acid hydrolysis products of the PC12 cell gangliosides corresponds to asialo-GM1, supporting our previous conclusion that PC12 cells do not contain significant amounts of brain-type gangliosides. PMID- 6745422 TI - Sumithione, an organophosphorus insecticide, induces a puff at the locus 43D/42A in the polytene chromosomes of the mosquito Anopheles stephensi. PMID- 6745421 TI - Uroporphyria development in cultured chick embryo fibroblasts long-term treated with chloramphenicol and ethidium bromide. AB - Long-term chloramphenicol- and ethidium bromide-treated chick embryo fibroblasts synthesize large amounts of porphyrins from exogenously added delta aminolevulinic acid. The porphyrins consist mainly of uro- and heptacarboxyporphyrins and are retained within cells. Uroporphyria development is a time-dependent process which accompanies a step-wise decrease in the capacity of the mitochondrial respiratory chain. Upon removal of chloramphenicol from the medium, the pattern of porphyrin production readily returns to normal (mainly proto- and coproporphyrins found in the medium) while ethidium bromide-treated cells remain uroporphyric. The results suggest that impairment of mitochondrial functions in chicken by xenobiotics leads to uroporphyria development. PMID- 6745424 TI - Impairment of exogenous sphingomyelin degradation in cultured fibroblasts from familial hypercholesterolemia. AB - The degradation of exogenous sphingomyelin was investigated in cultured fibroblasts from normal subjects and subjects with familial hypercholesterolemia, either in whole medium or in lipoprotein-deficient medium. When introduced in whole medium, sphingomyelin degradation was significantly decreased (about 1.5 fold) in heterozygotes, and dramatically (about 4-fold) in homozygotes from familial hypercholesterolemia. Sphingomyelinase activity, measured in vitro by conventional methods, was not altered in fibroblasts from familial hypercholesterolemia. The sphingomyelin uptake was notably lower in familial hypercholesterolemia than in controls. The decrease in exogenous sphingomyelin degradation was also found in lipoprotein-deficient medium, suggesting that it is not related to the low density lipoprotein receptor impairment which exists in familial hypercholesterolemia. These results are discussed in relation to sphingomyelin and cholesterol metabolism, and possible abnormalities of the cell membrane in familial hypercholesterolemia are suggested. PMID- 6745423 TI - Proton magnetic resonance studies of 7Fe ferredoxins. Three redox states of the [4Fe-4S] cluster in a Pseudomonas ovalis ferredoxin. AB - The oxidizability of a redox couple, [4Fe-4S], in a 7Fe ferredoxin extracted from Pseudomonas ovalis was monitored by 1H-NMR. The iron-sulfur cluster in the ferredoxin was not only reducible (Nagayama et al., 1983) but also oxidizable in its native form. This result provided the first verification of 3 redox states for a redox center in ferredoxin, 4Fe, in the native form of the protein. PMID- 6745425 TI - Nonenzymatic glucosylation of proteins: a new and rapid solution for in vitro investigation. AB - The rates of nonenzymatic glucosylation of albumin, high density lipoprotein (HDL) and low density lipoprotein (LDL) were determined in vitro using [14C]glucose repurified by a new and rapid HPLC method. All commercial preparations were found to contain contaminants reacting 15-20-times faster with protein than the repurified [14C]glucose. Removal of contaminants was critical to the rate determinations and constitutes a substantial improvement over the widely used existing method. The initial rates of nonenzymatic glucosylation determined in vitro for albumin, HDL and LDL were used to predict normal in vivo levels of 0.40, 0.65 and 0.08 mol glucose per mol protein, respectively. This is within the range of values found in vivo for albumin and LDL, but low for HDL. These values would be expected to increase 2-4-fold in diabetes. PMID- 6745426 TI - Evidence for the glycoprotein nature of the crystalline cell wall surface layer of Bacillus stearothermophilus strain NRS2004/3a. AB - The surface layer of Bacillus stearothermophilus strain NRS2004/3a was isolated and chemically characterized. The results of these initial studies lead to the conclusion that the cell surface protein is glycosylated. PMID- 6745427 TI - Is the induction of neuroblastoma differentiation by CCA mediated by its effects on the electrochemical gradient? AB - Various mitochondrial inhibitors are tested in neuroblastoma cells. Their effects on the mit-proteins and some cytoskeletal proteins are compared to those of CCA, a differentiation inducer. This comparison favours the hypothesis that the primary effect of CCA induction is an alteration of the electrochemical gradient. PMID- 6745428 TI - Cleavage of oligosaccharides by rat kidney sialidase. Influence of substrate structure. AB - The specificity of the sialidase activity present in rat kidney cortex (12 000 X g pellet) was studied with various tritiated oligosaccharidic substrates: (i) alpha NeuAc2----3 beta Gal1----4Glc-itol[3H], alpha NeuAc2----6 beta Gal1----4Glc itol[3H]. and alpha NeuAc2----8 alpha NeuAc2----3 beta Gal1----4Glc-itol[3H] from bovine colostrum; (ii) alpha NeuAc2----6 beta Gal1----4 beta GlcNAc-itol[3H], alpha NeuAc2----3 beta Gal1----4 beta GlcNAcl----2 alpha Man1----3 beta Man1----4 GlcNAc-itol[3H] alpha NeuAc2----6 beta Gal1----4 beta GlcNAc1----2 alpha Man1--- 3(beta Gal 1----4GlcNAc1----2 alpha Man 1----6)beta Man1----4GlcNAc-itol[3H]et alpha NeuAc2----6 beta Gal1----4 beta GlcNAc1----2 alpha Man1----3(alpha NeuAc2-- -6 beta Gal1----4 beta GlcNAc1----2 alpha Man1----6)beta Man1 4GlNAc-itol[3H] isolated from the urine of a patient with mucolipidosis I. The enzyme cleaves alpha 2----3 and alpha 2----8 linkages at a greater rate than the alpha 2----6 bonds. Its activity decreases with the length of the oligosaccharidic chain. Substitution of a glucose moiety by Nacetylglucosamine results in diminished activity. The specificity of rat kidney sialidase differs from that reported for other mammalian of viral sialidases. PMID- 6745429 TI - Competitive solid-phase immunoassay of testosterone using time-resolved fluorescence. AB - A competitive solid-phase immunoassay for the determination of testosterone in serum samples using time-resolved fluorescence is described. The solid phase is a testosterone-3-(O-carboxymethyl)-oxime-ovalbumin conjugate coated to polystyrene microtiter strips. Europium-labelled polyclonal and monoclonal antibodies against testosterone-3-(O-carboxymethyl)-oxime-bovine serum albumin were compared. Their behavior was quite similar although the polyclonal antibody was more sensitive, giving a detection limit of 15 fmol testosterone per assay. Correlation with RIA was very good (r = 0.982 and y = -0.150 + 0.969x). PMID- 6745430 TI - Thymidylate synthetase-positive and -negative murine mammary FM3A carcinoma cells as a useful system for detecting thymidylate synthetase inhibitors. AB - The murine mammary FM3A/O and the thymidylate (dTMP) synthetase-deficient FM3A/TS carcinoma cell lines can be considered as a novel and useful test system for the detection of nucleoside analogues which are directly aimed at the thymidylate synthetase. These compounds should be inhibitory for FM3A/O but not for FM3A/TS- cells, and their inhibitory effects on FM3A/O cell growth should be readily reversed by exogenous dThd within the concentration range of 5-20 microM. PMID- 6745431 TI - In vitro methylation of total and foldback DNAs in normal and virus-transformed cells. AB - The levels of the in vitro methylation of total and palindromic DNAs in nuclei isolated from normal and virus-transformed cells are compared. The methylation rate of total DNA in normal rat kidney cells is much higher than that detected in normal mouse fibroblasts. However, for both cell species, while the maximal rate of DNA methylation is observed in the mid-logarithmic phase of the cell culture growth, palindromes are always found to be more heavily methylated than total DNA. The 5-methylcytosine content of DNA, especially of palindromes, is higher in virus-transformed cells than in untransformed cells. PMID- 6745432 TI - Increase in temperature induces the Z to B transition of poly[d(G-C)] in water ethanol solution. AB - An increase in temperature from 20 to 50 degrees C results in the complete transition from the Z to B form of poly[d(G-C)], dissolved in a 55% ethanol-water solution. The transition is fully reversible and displays a slow kinetics. The transition profiles for the free polynucleotide and for that in the presence of ethidium bromide, which is known to stabilize the B form, are obtained by circular dichroism. Based on these data the enthalpy value for the B-Z transition in our conditions is estimated to be delta HBZ = -0.7 kcal/mol. PMID- 6745433 TI - The initiation site for transcription of the TMV 30-kDa protein messenger RNA. AB - The initiation site for transcription of the 30-kDa protein mRNA of tobacco mosaic virus was mapped uniquely at residue 1558 from the 3'-terminus on TMV RNA using the primer-extension and the S1-nuclease mapping method. PMID- 6745436 TI - Detection of a bromoperoxidase in Streptomyces phaeochromogenes. AB - A bromoperoxidase could be detected after fractionation in the chloramphenicol producing actinomycete, Streptomyces phaeochromogenes. This enzyme is capable of catalyzing the bromination of the antifungal antibiotic pyrrolnitrin [3-chloro-4 (2-nitro-3-chlorophenyl)pyrrole] in the 2-position of the pyrrole ring. The enzyme had a pH optimum of 5.0. This procaryotic bromoperoxidase requires the presence of H2O2 and can also brominate monochlorodimedone, but cannot catalyze chlorination. This enzyme is the first haloperoxidase described from procaryotic sources. PMID- 6745434 TI - Reduction of daunorubicin aqueous solutions by COO.- free radicals. Reactions of reduced transients with H2O2. AB - Daunorubicin aqueous solutions were reduced by COO- free radicals produced by gamma-radiolysis. This reaction leads to 7-deoxyaglycon daunomycinone. Added before irradiation, H2O2 oxidized hydroquinone daunorubicin giving back the drug directly and thus preventing C-O bond cleavage. The implications of this reaction on the mechanism of the reductive cleavage are discussed. PMID- 6745435 TI - Hb Okazaki [beta 93(F8) Cys----Arg], a new hemoglobin variant with increased oxygen affinity and instability. AB - A new abnormal hemoglobin, Hb Okazaki [beta 93(F9) Cys----Arg], with an amino acid substitution at the tyrosine pocket of the beta chain as well as at the alpha 2 beta 1 contact of the quaternary structure of molecule, was discovered in a Japanese man. This hemoglobin showed increased oxygen affinity and molecular instability. PMID- 6745437 TI - Direct incorporation of microtubule oligomers at high GTP concentrations. AB - Chick brain microtubule protein consists primarily of a mixture of MAP2:tubulin oligomers and dimeric tubulin. The assembly of this protein is described by a single pseudofirst-order reaction at 20 microM GTP, but by the summation of two pseudofirst-order reactions at 1 mM GTP. The protein contains two GTP-binding species, corresponding to the tubulin dimers and the oligomers, and conditions which alter the dimer: oligomer equilibrium, affect the kinetics of microtubule assembly. The results indicate that the oligomers are only direct assembly intermediates at high GTP concentrations. PMID- 6745438 TI - Lectins facilitate calcium-induced fusion of phospholipid vesicles containing glycosphingolipids. AB - Ca2+-induced fusion of phospholipid vesicles containing globoside (GL-4) or disialoganglioside (GDla) is several-fold slower than the fusion of the pure phospholipid vesicles. Lectins specific for these glycosphingolipids, soybean agglutinin and wheat germ agglutinin, respectively, enhance the rate of fusion when added to the vesicle suspension before the introduction of Ca2+. The enhancement depends on the lectin concentration and the time of preincubation with the lectin. We propose that lectins facilitate membrane fusion by inducing intermembrane contact, which is the first step in the overall process of membrane fusion, or by laterally phase separating the inhibitory glycolipids. PMID- 6745439 TI - Purification and properties of a plasmid-encoded 2,4-dichlorophenol hydroxylase. AB - 2,4-Dichlorophenol hydroxylase, an enzyme involved in the bacterial degradation of the herbicide 2,4-dichlorophenoxyacetate (2,4-D) was purified from two bacterial strains that harbored the same 2,4-D plasmid, pJP4. The purified enzymes (Mr 224 000) from the two transconjugants were indistinguishable; they contained FAD and were composed of non-identical subunits, Mr 67 000 and 45 000, respectively. Various substituted phenols were hydroxylated, using either NADH or NADPH. The amino acid composition of the native enzyme was determined. PMID- 6745440 TI - Physico-chemical properties of the hydroxysterol binding protein of human lymphocyte cytosol. Effects of high salt concentrations and molybdate. AB - Side chain-hydroxylated derivatives of cholesterol (OH sterol) inhibiting lymphoblastic transformation bind with high affinity and specificity to a hydroxysterol binding protein (OHSBP) in the cytosol of human lymphocytes. These binding properties of OHSBP suggested some analogies with that of steroid hormone receptors. The observation of a nuclear binding of 25-OH[3H]cholesterol prompted us to apply to the cytosolic OH sterol-OHSBP complex the physico-chemical treatments known to 'activate' the steroid hormone receptors. A change of sedimentation coefficient from 8.3 to 4.3 S was observed in hypertonic buffer (0.4 M KCl) but the resulting 4.3 S complex dissociates easily whereas the 'native' 8.3 S form does not. Moreover, molybdate did not prevent the 8.3----4.3 S transformation induced by KCl and neither ammonium sulfate precipitation nor increasing temperature had any effect on the sedimentation coefficient of the 8.3 S complex. Thus, several physico-chemical features differentiate the OH sterol OHSBP complex from steroid hormone receptors. PMID- 6745441 TI - Isolation, properties and tissue distribution of rat glutathione transferase E. AB - A simple small-scale purification procedure is described for GSH transferase E. This enzyme is shown to be a dimer of subunits of apparent Mr 28 500, to have an isoelectric point of pH 7.0, GSH transferase activity towards certain alkyl epoxides and alkyl halides, and to be the most active Se-independent GSH peroxidase so far described. It is present in a number of tissues, although at a low concentration. It is relatively abundant in the epididymis and the adrenal gland, but undetectable in lactating mammary gland and skeletal muscle. Its previously observed lability is confirmed. PMID- 6745442 TI - Monoclonal antibodies block the trypsin cleavage site on human placental alkaline phosphatase. AB - Three of eleven monoclonal antibodies (mAbs) to human placental alkaline phosphatase (PLAP) were shown to block cleavage by trypsin at the only proteolytically sensitive site on the native molecule. These results illustrate the potential importance of using mAbs to restrict proteolysis of proteins, in general, and serve as a novel means to identify the relative locations of antigenic determinants. PMID- 6745443 TI - Human liver mitochondrial aldehyde dehydrogenase: a C-terminal segment positions and defines the structure corresponding to the one reported to differ in the Oriental enzyme variant. AB - A C-terminal segment of mitochondrial human liver aldehyde dehydrogenase was characterized. The results prove that a central part of this segment largely but not completely agrees with a structure of a tryptic peptide previously reported for the same isoenzyme. This part corresponds to a segment that contains the exchanged residue in the functionally deficient Oriental variant of mitochondrial aldehyde dehydrogenase [(1984) Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 81, 258-261]. The data suggest important functions for the C-terminal region of aldehyde dehydrogenase, clarify previously inconsistent results, and establish this structure in the typical enzyme, including the position corresponding to the mutation in the functional variant. PMID- 6745445 TI - Orientation of skeletal muscle actin in strong magnetic fields. AB - Measurement of birefringence is used to follow actin filament and paracrystal formation in a strong magnetic field. Both F-actin and paracrystals orientate parallel to the field. This confirms that globular proteins arranged in filamentous assemblies can orientate in magnetic fields. This is consistent with the alpha-helical component of the actin subunits being approximately aligned along the actin filament. PMID- 6745444 TI - Chemical modification of Cys-374 of actin interferes with the formation of the profilactin complex. AB - Chemical modification of the cysteine residue 374 of actin, both with N ethylmaleimide and with the fluorescent probe N-(1-pyrenyl)iodoacetamide, is shown to counteract the inhibiting effect of profilin on actin polymerization. PMID- 6745446 TI - Extramural instrumentation funding by the National Institutes of Health. PMID- 6745447 TI - Phospholipidosis in the alveolar macrophage induced by cationic amphiphilic drugs. AB - The administration of a number of cationic amphiphilic drugs to certain species of laboratory animals results in a phospholipid storage disorder in the lungs. The alveolar macrophage (AM) shows a pronounced response to drug treatment. The most thorough quantification of this response has occurred after chlorphentermine treatment of rats. There is a striking increase in the accumulation of AMs in the alveolar spaces. The accumulated cells are very heterogeneous in size with many being larger than AMs from untreated rats. Cells are present that have a volume 10 times larger than normal AMs. The hypertrophic AMs show striking ultrastructural changes. The cells become engorged with lamellar inclusions, which may give rise to larger quantities of granular or membranous material. The affected AMs show an increase in total phospholipid content, and there is a good correlation between the size of the AM and its level of phospholipid. The phospholipidosis is reversible after termination of drug treatment; however, the above-mentioned changes do not return to control levels at the same time. PMID- 6745448 TI - Cardiac sympathetic-parasympathetic interactions. AB - The cardiac response to neural activity in one autonomic division depends on the level of activity in the other autonomic division. The extent of this peripheral interaction varies considerably with the cardiac effector tissue under consideration. In sinoatrial nodal tissue the effect of efferent sympathetic activity is progressively attenuated as the level of vagal activity is increased. A similar type of interaction prevails in the regulation of atrioventricular (AV) junctional pacemaker tissue. Surprisingly, however, an analogous peripheral interaction cannot be detected with regard to the autonomic neural control of AV conduction. Strong vagal activity alone has only a weak negative inotropic effect on the ventricular myocardium. However, in the presence of a substantial background of sympathetic activity, the same level of vagal activity exerts a prominent negative inotropic effect. The peripheral autonomic influence occurs at prejunctional and postjunctional levels. Prejunctionally, acetylcholine (ACh) released from vagal terminals interacts with muscarinic receptors on postganglionic sympathetic terminals to inhibit norepinephrine (NE) release. Postjunctionally, the response of a cardiac effector cell to a given concentration of NE in the biophase will diminish as the concentration of ACh in the biophase is raised. PMID- 6745449 TI - Hydrolysis, synthesis, and release of acetylcholine in the isolated heart. AB - The occurrence of unhydrolyzed acetylcholine (ACh) in the cardiac perfusate during vagal stimulation in the absence of cholinesterase inhibition has been demonstrated by several methods. Because some ACh was found unhydrolyzed in the extracellular space for several seconds after vagal stimulation (half-time of decay 2.5 s), it appears that the prolonged time course of the cardiac responses to bursts of vagal activity is determined by a slow rate of transmitter inactivation (diffusion plus hydrolysis) in addition to slowly operating postsynaptic mechanisms mediated by activation of the muscarinic receptor. The neuronal uptake of choline in isolated heart preparations was found to be Na+ dependent, sensitive to hemicholinium 3, and activated by vagal stimulation. Activation occurred after a delay of 1 or 2 min and slowly faded within 5 min after stimulation. Resting release of ACh was insensitive to extracellular Ca2+ and to muscarinic feedback inhibition, in contrast to the evoked transmitter release. Inasmuch as atropine increased ACh release by vagal and field stimulation to the same extent, muscarinic feedback inhibition is likely to occur at postganglionic parasympathetic neurons. Adrenergic agonists and propranolol did not significantly change the release of ACh. PMID- 6745450 TI - Development of different electrophysiological mechanisms for muscarinic inhibition of atria and ventricles. AB - The negative inotropic effect of acetylcholine (ACh) in atrial muscle can be accounted for by a decrease of a voltage- and time-dependent slow inward current (Isi) carried by Ca2+/Na+ and an increase of outward time-dependent current carried by K+ (IK1) through inwardly rectifying channels. The negative inotropic effect of ACh in ventricular muscle is associated with a reduction of Isi; there is no important effect of ACh on IK1 in ventricular muscle. Because atrial and ventricular muscles display IK1 that is sensitive to Ba2+ and have similar numbers of muscarinic receptor sites, it is concluded that ventricular muscle lacks a metabolic link between the muscarinic receptor and inwardly rectifying K+ channels. Although there is much evidence for cyclic nucleotides as the mediator between muscarinic receptors and Isi channels, cyclic nucleotides do not seem to connect these receptors with inwardly rectifying K+ channels. According to this hypothesis, identification of a metabolic link between muscarinic receptors and IK1 channels should be demonstrable in atrial but not ventricular muscle. PMID- 6745451 TI - Dynamics of DNA duplexes containing internal G.T, G.A, A.C, and T.C pairs: hydrogen exchange at and adjacent to mismatch sites. AB - We have undertaken high-resolution NMR studies to elucidate the conformation and dynamics of the d(C1-G2-C3-G4-A5-A6-T6-T5-C4-G3-C2-G1) 12-mer duplex and its analogs where the symmetrically related dG.dC base pairs in position 3 are replaced by dG.dT, dG.dA, dA.dC, and dT.dC mismatch pairs. The pairing schemes for the dG.dA and dA.dC mismatch interactions have been elucidated from intra- and inter-base pair nuclear Overhauser effect measurements. The replacement of two dG.dC pairs by two dG.dA or two dG.dT pairs results in an approximately 20 C destabilization of the 12-mer; replacement by two dA.dC or two dT.dC pairs results in an approximately 30 C destabilization of the 12-mer. The hydrogen exchange kinetics of the resolved and assigned imino protons in the 12-mer duplex and its mismatch analogs in 0.1 M phosphate have been monitored by saturation recovery measurements. We observe kinetic destabilization at dG.dC base pair 4 adjacent to the mismatch site, which increases in the order 12-mer less than 12 mer GT less than 12-mer GA less than 12-mer AC less than 12-mer TC. By contrast, the kinetic destabilization at dA.dT base pairs 5 and 6 increases in the order 12 mer approximately 12-mer GT approximately 12-mer GA less than 12-mer AC less than 12-mer TC. These results demonstrate that the introduction of dG.dT and dG.dA mismatches results in dynamic perturbations that are localized at the adjacent base pairs, whereas introduction of dA.dC and dT.dC mismatches results in perturbations that extend several base pairs into the duplex. Both base pair opening and preequilibrium pathways contribute to the imino proton hydrogen exchange rates in the 12-mer GA, 12-mer AC, and 12-mer TC duplexes, which is in contrast to earlier studies that demonstrated that the imino proton hydrogen exchange rates were a direct measure of the base pair opening rates in the 12-mer and 12-mer GT duplexes. PMID- 6745452 TI - Freezing embryos. PMID- 6745453 TI - Vaginal forms for dilatation and/or to maintain vaginal patency. PMID- 6745454 TI - Analysis of 25 infertile patients treated consecutively by in vitro fertilization at Bourn Hall. AB - Twenty-five infertile women suffering from tubal disorders were treated consecutively by in vitro fertilization over a 14-day period. Follicular growth in 24 of them was stimulated with clomiphene citrate, ovulation being induced by an endogenous surge of luteinizing hormone or an injection of human chorionic gonadotropin. One patient was given tamoxifen and had an endogenous luteinizing hormone surge. One or more oocytes were fertilized, and at least one embryo was replaced in 19 patients. Nine pregnancies were established, and eight infants have been delivered, a pregnancy rate of 36% per laparoscopy and 47% per replacement. A detailed analysis of each patient is presented. PMID- 6745455 TI - Ectopic pregnancy subsequent to sterilization: histologic evaluation and clinical implications. AB - Ten ectopic pregnancies subsequent to tubal sterilization were histologically evaluated. In seven of the ten cases, the sites for the ectopic implantation appeared to be related to the presence of a distal remaining tubal segment that had a tuboperitoneal fistula on the medial side. As against a currently held opinion that the ectopic implantation occurs secondary to a relative disparity in the size of the sperm, the fertilized ovum, and the proximal tuboperitoneal fistula, we believe that the implantations are influenced by probable fluid movements within the remaining tubal segments. The need to consider conservative surgical approaches and good intraoperative notations in patients with an ectopic pregnancy subsequent to sterilization is stressed. PMID- 6745456 TI - The use of biodegradable norethisterone implants as a 6-month contraceptive system. AB - The effects of a 6-month contraceptive system of biodegradable norethisterone (NET) implants on the menstrual cycle, estradiol and progesterone levels, the presence of side effects, its contraceptive effectiveness, and the NET levels achieved were studied in a group of nine women. There was practically no disruption of the menstrual cycle and no important side effects. Ovulation was inhibited in four subjects, and another four subjects remained ovulatory. In all the subjects a cyclic secretion of estradiol was maintained. No pregnancies occurred. The circulatory levels of NET were very stable throughout the 6-month period of implant use. PMID- 6745457 TI - Chlamydia trachomatis is not an important cause of abnormal postcoital tests in ovulating patients. AB - To examine the role of Chlamydia trachomatis infections of the cervix and abnormal postcoital tests (PCT) in a general infertility clinic, 63 consecutive patients undergoing a midcycle PCT during a routine infertility workup underwent endocervical curettage, and a 10-ml blood sample was obtained. The endocervical tissue was cultured for C. trachomatis; the serum sample was analyzed for chlamydial IgG and IgM antibodies using an indirect microimmunofluorescence assay. A negative titer was considered to be less than or equal to 1:8 dilution for IgG antibodies and less than or equal to 1:32 dilution for IgM antibodies. A good PCT was defined as greater than or equal to 5 motile sperm per high power field (HPF). A poor PCT was defined as less than 2 motile sperm/HPF, and a fair PCT was defined as 2 to 4 motile sperm/HPF. Of the 63 PCTs done, 27 (42.9%) were good, 14 (22.2%) were fair, and 22 (34.9%) were poor. All endocervical tissue cultures for C. trachomatis obtained during PCTs were negative. All IgM chlamydial antibody titers were negative (less than or equal to 1:32 dilution), 55 (87.3%) of the patients having a zero titer. Eleven (17.5%) of the patients had negative IgG chlamydial antibody titers (less than or equal to 1:8 dilution), none of the patients had a 1:16 dilution, and 52 (82.5%) had positive IgG chlamydial antibody titers (greater than or equal to 1:32 dilution). Thus, chlamydial infections of the endocervix are rare and not commonly associated with poor PCTs in this patient population. PMID- 6745458 TI - Improved fertility after varicocele correction: fact or fiction? AB - Fertility after varicocele correction by embolization of the vena spermatica in 62 subjects was compared with fertility in an untreated group (n = 20) of subjects with varicocele. One year after varicocele correction of infertile males with oligozoospermia, asthenozoospermia, or teratozoospermia but normal follicle stimulating hormone levels, 15 of 62 had achieved a pregnancy; in the untreated group, 8 had achieved a pregnancy. Comparison of results by cumulative pregnancy rate analysis reveals that the pregnancy rate was only marginally higher in the treated group. Varicocele correction induced only a modest improvement of sperm quality; the severity of varicocele had no influence either on sperm characteristics or on the outcome of treatment. It is concluded that the effects of varicocele correction on the pregnancy rate can be seriously doubted and that large-scale prospective studies are urgently required to determine whether or not varicocele correction improves the pregnancy rate and which subjects could eventually benefit from the treatment. PMID- 6745459 TI - Testicular torsion: temporal considerations. AB - Unilateral testicular torsion may result in contralateral testicular alterations which appear immunologically mediated and avoidable by immunosuppression or orchiectomy of the twisted testicle within 24 hours. This study was instituted to assess three temporal aspects of these observations: (1) The effect of prepubertal torsion was studied. It was found that after prepubertal torsion, the contralateral testicle underwent normal development. (2) The duration of torsion necessary to result in contralateral testicular alterations in adult rats was studied. Deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) histograms were utilized to assess disturbed spermatogenesis. After greater than 8 hours of torsion, detorsion offered no protection to the contralateral testicle. Marked alterations occurred in DNA histograms of 60% to 80% of the animals. (3) The duration and significance of these alterations were assessed. The alterations persisted in the contralateral testis 6 months, and the fertility rates were significantly lower than for control animals. PMID- 6745460 TI - Human sperm penetration in bovine cervical mucus clinical studies. II. Use of split ejaculates. AB - Sperm penetration through bovine cervical mucus was determined and correlated with the sperm characteristics in three fractions of the split ejaculate and in the whole ejaculate from 40 men of infertile couples in which a female cause of infertility had been ruled out. Sperm concentration and motility were found to be significantly higher in the first fraction (n = 40) as compared with the rest of the fractions and the whole ejaculate, whereas normal sperm morphology was not significantly different among the various fractions and the whole ejaculate. The bovine mucus penetration (BCMP) test was found to be normal in a significantly high percentage (58%) of samples of the first fraction as compared with the other two fractions (32% and 17%, respectively) and the whole ejaculate (35%) (n = 17). Moreover, in the first fraction of the split ejaculate, the results of the BCMP test were correlated significantly with sperm concentration (P less than 0.01), motility (P less than 0.0001), and morphology (P less than 0.02). The data demonstrate the superiority of the first fraction of the split ejaculate in terms of cervical mucus penetrability and sperm characteristics. PMID- 6745461 TI - Aspiration biopsy of testis: another method for histologic examination. AB - The most important method for evaluating the pathogenesis of male infertility is open testicular biopsy. Herein we describe a method of aspiration biopsy of testis for histologic examination. Sexually mature dogs and rats treated with chemotherapeutic agents and ionizing radiation were followed with periodic testicular aspiration biopsy during and after treatment. The histologic findings from the aspiration biopsy compare with the results of routine histologic examinations in assessing spermatogenetic activity and delineating pathologic changes. The puncture in the experimental animals was performed under general anesthesia. In human patients testicular biopsy could be done under local anesthesia in an outpatient clinic. The procedure would be less painful, minimally invasive, and more cost-effective. PMID- 6745462 TI - In vitro fertilization in the rat: observations on living eggs. AB - The purpose of this study was to observe and record some of the key events during in vitro fertilization in the rat. Freshly ovulated eggs were incubated with epididymal spermatozoa at 37 degrees C and removed 4.5 to 7.5 hours later for microscopic examination. The head of the fertilizing spermatozoon penetrated the zona pellucida with its long axis perpendicular to the zona: this orientation was maintained during subsequent incorporation into the vitellus. Sperm motility was drastically reduced soon after sperm-egg fusion. Simultaneously, the flagellum, most of which was still outside the zona, assumed a characteristic curved posture. Time-lapse cinematography demonstrated that the vitellus frequently underwent surface movements during the tail incorporation process, suggesting that its cortex was undergoing significant changes. This study presents the first long-term observations on the fertilization of living rat eggs in vitro. PMID- 6745463 TI - Two pregnancies following transfer of intact frozen-thawed embryos. PMID- 6745464 TI - Unilateral tubal twin pregnancy following in vitro fertilization and embryo transfer. PMID- 6745465 TI - Gonadotropin secretory capacity in a patient with Sheehan's syndrome with successful pregnancies. PMID- 6745466 TI - A device for injecting and retaining a small volume of concentrated spermatozoa in the uterine cavity and cervical canal. PMID- 6745467 TI - The effect of an anti-insulin antiserum on human sperm motility. AB - Inhibition of sperm motility by anti-relaxin antiserum has been previously reported. This effect may be secondary to a nonspecific effect of immunoglobulins binding to sperm or to a specific inhibition of relaxin activity at the sperm surface. The current investigation demonstrates that an anti-insulin antiserum does not inhibit sperm motility in the same system in which an anti-relaxin antiserum results in inhibition. This supports the hypothesis that the anti relaxin antiserum effect is specific. PMID- 6745468 TI - [The role of endogenous dopamine on mineralocorticoids secretion in normal subjects, patients with primary aldosteronism, and idiopathic hyperaldosteronism]. AB - The role of endogenous dopamine (DA) on the secretion of several mineralocorticoids was studied in six normal subjects, eight patients with primary aldosteronism (PA), two patients with non-familial idiopathic hyperaldosteronism (NF-IHA), and four patients with familial IHA (F-IHA). To these subjects 10 mg metoclopramide (MCP) was administered intravenously, and plasma aldosterone (Ald), 18-OH-corticosterone (18-OH-B), 18-OH-11 deoxycorticosterone (18-OH-DOC), and DOC were measured by RIA. Further, five normal subjects were studied with MCP test after pretreatment with DA infusion (5 micrograms/kg/min over 90 min). After the administration of MCP, normal subjects showed significant increases in their plasma Ald and 18-OH-B, and slight increases in plasma 18-OH-DOC and DOC. However, no significant changes were observed in plasma ACTH, cortisol, PRA, serum K, Na and Cl. In patients with PA and NF-IHA, plasma Ald and the three precursors were increased after the administration of MCP. Especially, marked increases in plasma 18-OH-DOC were seen in PA patients. In contrast, F-IHA patients showed increases in the above mineralocorticoids except 18-OH-B. Following DA infusion in normal subjects neither basal plasma Ald secretion nor the responsiveness to MCP were modified. These results suggest that endogenous DA plays an inhibitory role in the terminal stages of mineralocorticoids production in man. However, the degree of the dopaminergic inhibition might be different between normal subjects and the patients with mineralocorticoids excess, and among the three groups of aldosteronism mentioned above. PMID- 6745469 TI - [Parenteral replacement of thyroid hormones]. AB - Because of the development in parenteral nutrition, the replacement of thyroid hormones in hypothyroid or athyroid patients under intravenous hyperalimentation has become a new problem to be considered. We tried parenteral replacement of the hormones, intravenously or by enema, in three such patients. Two patients, 54 y-o and 64 y-o females, who underwent laryngo-esophago-thyroidectomy for cervical esophageal cancer or thyroid cancer, had replacement with intravenous l-thyroxine with an initial dose of 100 micrograms/day for 9 and 22 days, respectively. Another patient, a 56 y-o female with dysphagia due to local recurrence of cervical esophageal cancer after laryngo-esophago-thyroidectomy, was given 100 mg of desiccated thyroid by enema for 8 days followed by intravenous l-thyroxine for 104 days. Serum levels of thyroxine, triiodothyronine and TSH before l-thyroxine treatment indicated severe hypothyroidism in all cases. During the first 7 days of the intravenous therapy, serum thyroxine and triiodothyronine levels increased by 0.87 +/- 0.14 microgram/dl/day and 6.7 +/- 4.7 ng/dl/day, respectively, while serum TSH levels decreased by 7.8 +/- 6.4 microU/ml/day. Plasma T4 levels reached the normal level within 7 days, and plasma T3 levels within 11 days, while it took 14 days for plasma TSH levels to decrease to the normal level. The maintenance dose checked by the normal TSH levels in a patient undergoing a long term therapy was 75 micrograms/day or 1.83 micrograms/kg of body weight/day.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS) PMID- 6745470 TI - [A case of iodide myxedema observed for 3 years under a low iodide diet- especially on the restoration of the mechanism of escape from the Wolff-Chaikoff effect]. AB - A 47-year-old housewife was admitted to our hospital because of general fatigue and constipation suggesting hypothyroidism. For 3 years before admission, general fatigue, arrhythmia, dry skin, drowsiness, cold intolerance and hypermenorrhea occurred insidiously. She had habitually taken considerable amounts of seaweed every day, e.g. more than 50 g of " Kombu " for more than 5 years and at least 1 g of " Wakame " for 6 months. On admission, serum thyroxine (T4) was 1.3 micrograms/dl, serum triiodothyronine (T3) was 47 ng/dl, TSH was 132 microunits/ml, and 123I thyroidal uptake was 60% at 3 hr. and 75% at 24 hr. Anti thyroglobulin hemagglutination antibodies and anti-thyroid microsomal hemagglutination antibodies were both negative. When seaweed was omitted from her diet, T4 rose to 6.3 micrograms/dl and T3 rose to 113 ng/dl, whereas TSH lowered to 11 microunits/ml in 2 weeks. The seaweed-free diet was continued and 4 months later, when she had become euthyroid, an open biopsy of the thyroid gland was carried out. Histological examination of the specimen revealed a marked colloid deposition without characteristic features of Hashimoto's disease. Five months after admission, with the daily administration of 100 mg potassium iodide (KI), the effects of inorganic iodide on thyroid function had begun to be seen. On the 16th day of the KI regimen, palpitation and tachycardia (pulse rate 160/min.) with multifocal ventricular premature beat appeared, and T4 on the 11th day was 5.9 micrograms/dl, which was clearly lower than the pretreatment level of 8.4 micrograms/dl. KI was discontinued on the 16th day, and one week after the withdrawal, T4, T3 and TSH all returned to the pretreatment level. For more than 3 years on a seaweed-free diet, she remained euthyroid without any thyroid regimen. To see the effects of inorganic iodide on thyroid function after this long period on a seaweed-free diet, KI was again administered. One hundred mg/day KI for 14 days followed by 200 mg/day for 21 days had virtually no effect on T4, T3 and free T4 and she remained well. None of the perchlorate discharge tests performed on 3 occasions during the 6 month period after the initiation of the seaweed-free diet showed a discharge.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 400 WORDS) PMID- 6745471 TI - Magnetic resonance imaging. PMID- 6745472 TI - Fiberendoscopic removal of ingested thermometers: a case report. PMID- 6745473 TI - Severe cellulitis due to Aeromonas hydrophilia following immersion injury. PMID- 6745475 TI - The incidence of PUVA-induced freckles. PMID- 6745474 TI - Basal cell nevus syndrome. Unresponsiveness of early cutaneous lesions to topical 5-fluorouracil or dinitrochlorobenzene. AB - A single patient with basal cell nevus syndrome is presented. Prolonged application of 5% 5-fluorouracil and dinitrochlorobenzene was unsuccessful in inducing regression or clearing of his cutaneous lesions. Our results suggest that these therapies, at least for the nevoid-appearing lesions, may not be effective in the management of some patients with basal cell nevus syndrome. PMID- 6745476 TI - Pigmentary lesions after PUVA treatment. PMID- 6745477 TI - [How do we detect and maintain surveillance on diabetic nephropathies at onset?]. PMID- 6745478 TI - [When and why to send the diabetic with renal insufficiency to the nephrologist?]. PMID- 6745479 TI - Self monitoring of blood glucose. A study of longer term experience in diabetic patients. PMID- 6745480 TI - [Prolonged treatment of sugar diabetes by subcutaneous insulin infusion using a peristaltic pump and an insulin solution concentrated to 100 Iu/ml]. AB - The authors have treated 6 diabetic patients for at least 3 months with subcutaneous insulin infusion system using a peristaltic pump and a highly stable preparation (U 100 with physiological pH). Correct diabetic control was achieved in each case, during a cumulative period of 44 patients-months. The high stability of the insulin preparation allows a prolonged insulin storage in the pump, from 2 to 3 months without any change in the hypoglycaemic effect of the solution. Advantages and risks of this method are discussed. PMID- 6745481 TI - Infected ectopic pregnancy presenting as unilateral tubo-ovarian abscess. AB - Ectopic pregnancy may be a dramatic occurrence, such as in the acutely ruptured extrauterine entity, or diagnosis may be delayed in the chronic ectopic gestation. Eight cases of infected ectopic pregnancy simulating tubo-ovarian abscess are reported; the diagnosis may be difficult and misleading. Symptoms and signs include abdominal pain and vaginal bleeding following a period of amenorrhea, usually accompanied by fever. All patients in our series presented with a picture of tubo-ovarian or pelvic abscess; however, the diagnosis of infected ectopic pregnancy was made preoperatively in all due to a positive beta hCG test. Surgery in our cases included unilateral salpingo-oophorectomy in 7, and salpingectomy in one. Attention was drawn to the fact that, in the case of unilateral tubo-ovarian abscess, infected ectopic pregnancy should be suspected whenever preoperative beta-hCG is positive. PMID- 6745482 TI - Fimbrial ciliated cells percentage and epithelial height during and after salpingitis. AB - Microbiopsies of 191 fimbriae were obtained from 146 patients undergoing laparotomy for acute salpingitis, or tubal surgery after salpingitis. The biopsies were classified in four groups according to the diagnosis at laparotomy: salpingitis, distal occlusion, peritubal adhesions or tuberculosis. The biopsies belonging to the group of distal occlusion were further classified in four sub groups according to the extent of the lesions observed during the hysterosalpingography and laparoscopy. Since the crucial role of the ciliated epithelium in the ovum transport has been established, the percentage of ciliated cells and the epithelial height were determined in the groups and compared to those observed in fimbriae obtained from fertile women during an ovulatory cycle. Significant differences were noted in all groups when compared to fertile women. Acute salpingitis provoked a rapid and severe deciliation which recovered 3 months after triantibiotherapy. In the groups of distal occlusion, there was a significant correlation between the rate of deciliation and the extent of lesions. This suggests that deciliation of tubal epithelium is a sequela of salpingitis and that the extent of disease allows a prognosis of the percentage of ciliated cells. PMID- 6745483 TI - Cellular receptor levels and glucocorticoid responsiveness of lymphoma cells. AB - A series of mouse lymphoma cell lines of independent origin was investigated with respect to glucocorticoid sensitivity, cellular receptor levels, and properties of receptors. The concentrations of the glucocorticoid dexamethasone required to produce comparable growth-inhibitory effects varied considerably amongst these cell lines. Also a wide range in the number of receptors per cell was found. When the receptor-steroid complexes were compared with respect to nuclear binding properties and affinities for DNA, no differences were seen. For 7 out of 10 cell lines studied we obtained a direct correlation between hormonal sensitivity and the number of cellular receptor sites divided by the dissociation constants KD for the receptor-dexamethasone complexes. This suggests that the receptor is a major quantitative determinant for steroid responsiveness. The limitations of receptor measurements for glucocorticoid therapy of lymphoid neoplastic disease are discussed. PMID- 6745484 TI - Subunit arrangement of insulin receptors in hepatoma cells. AB - Insulin receptors from rat hepatoma cells were studied by the three following methods. Firstly, the alpha subunit (Mr 130000) was labelled using a 125I photoreactive insulin analogue and UV irradiation. Secondly, using phosphorylation of partially purified and immunoprecipitated receptors with [gamma-32P]ATP, the beta subunit (Mr 95000) was labelled. Thirdly, both alpha and beta subunits were labelled by surface iodination catalysed by lactoperoxidase followed by cell solubilization and immunoprecipitation of the receptor with anti receptor antibodies. The results show that the native insulin receptor exists under different forms: free alpha and beta subunits and the following combinations of disulphide-linked oligomers: alpha beta, alpha 2, alpha 2 beta and alpha 2 beta 2. In addition, it appears that there is at least one insulin binding site per alpha subunit, and that the alpha and beta subunits may be in close physical association in the plasma membrane even when they are not linked by disulphide bonds. In intact cells, only the alpha subunit is sensitive to extracellular proteases that cleave preferentially the region of the alpha subunit bearing the sulphydryl groups responsible for the interchain binding. PMID- 6745485 TI - Determination of the time course of capacitation in mouse spermatozoa using a chlortetracycline fluorescence assay. AB - The heads of mouse spermatozoa obtained 5 min after release from the excised caudae epididymides showed a characteristic fluorescence pattern in the presence of the fluorophore chlortetracycline (CTC). There was uniform fluorescence over the entire head with about half the sperm population showing a brighter line of fluorescence across the equatorial segment; this fluorescence pattern was designated "F". After 90-min incubation in culture medium (CM) containing 2% (w/v) bovine serum albumin, most of the sperm heads showed a dark band of nonfluorescence over the equatorial and postequatorial segment, while the anterior portion of the head showed bright fluorescence. This fluorescence pattern was designated "B." The time course for the disappearance of pattern F matched the time course of the appearance of pattern B, with a half-time of 30 min. The transformation was complete in 90 min. At longer times of incubation in CM, the percentage of spermatozoa showing pattern B declined; fluorescence over the entire head was lost, characteristic of the pattern for acrosome-reacted sperm (P. M. Saling and B. T. Storey (1979). J. Cell Biol. 83, 544-555). Mouse sperm showing pattern B were able to undergo the acrosome reaction, either spontaneously or by induction with acid-solubilized zonae pellucidae from mouse eggs (H.M. Florman and B. T. Storey (1982). Dev. Biol. 91, 121-130). The latter reaction was blocked by its specific inhibitor 3-quinuclidinyl benzilate (QNB). Mouse sperm showing pattern F could not be induced to undergo the acrosome reaction by exposure to solubilized zonae. This implies that the change from fluorescence pattern F to fluorescence pattern B corresponds with changes in the sperm which make them susceptible to undergo the acrosome reaction. This change occurs during the time interval previously determined to be needed for capacitation of mouse sperm in vitro in CM (M. Inoue and D. P. Wolf (1975). Biol. Reprod. 13, 340-346). These results imply that spermatozoa showing CTC fluorescence pattern B can be considered to be capacitated and that a functional definition for capacitation is the acquired ability to undergo the acrosome reaction rapidly when treated with acid-solubilized zonae pellucidae. The CTC fluorescence assay provides for the first time a means to monitor the time course of epididymal mouse sperm capacitation in vitro. PMID- 6745486 TI - The cell cycle, cell death, and cell morphology during retinoic acid-induced differentiation of embryonal carcinoma cells. AB - Time-lapse films were made of PC13 embryonal carcinoma cells, synchronized by mitotic shake off, in the absence and presence of retinoic acid. Using a method based on the transition probability model, cell cycle parameters were determined during the first five generations following synchronization. In undifferentiated cells, cell cycle parameters remained identical for the first four generations, the generation time being 11-12 hr. In differentiating cells, with retinoic acid added at the beginning of the first cycle, the first two generations were the same as controls. The duration of the third generation, however, was increased to 15.7 hr while the fourth and fifth generation were approximately 20 hr, the same as in exponentially growing, fully differentiated cells. The increase in generation time of dividing cells was principally due to an increase in the length of S phase. Cell death induced by retinoic acid also occurred principally in the third and subsequent generations. Cell population growth was then significantly less than that expected from the generation time derived from cycle analysis of dividing cells. Cells lysed frequently as sister pairs suggesting susceptibility to retinoic acid toxicity determined in a generation prior to death. Morphological differentiation, as estimated by the area of substrate occupied by cells, was shown to begin in the second cell cycle after retinoic acid addition. These results demonstrate that as in the early mammalian embryo, differentiation of embryonal carcinoma cells to an endoderm-like cell is also accompanied by a decrease in growth rate but that this is preceded by acquisition of the morphology characteristic of the differentiated progeny. PMID- 6745487 TI - Autonomous muscle cell differentiation in partial ascidian embryos according to the newly verified cell lineages. AB - Recent analysis of cell lineages in ascidian embryos by the intracellular injection of a tracer enzyme has clearly demonstrated that muscle cells are derived not only from the B4.1-cell pair of the eight-cell stage embryo, as has hitherto been believed, but also from both the b4.2- and A4.1-cell pairs (H. Nishida and N. Satoh, 1983, Dev. Biol. 99, 382-394). In order to reexamine the developmental autonomy in muscle lineage cells, the B4.1 pair was isolated from the eight-cell stage embryo. The progeny cells of the B4.1 pair, as well as those of the six other blastomeres, were then allowed to develop in isolation into partial embryos. Autonomous muscle cell differentiation not only in partial embryos originating from the B4.1 cells but also in those from the six other blastomeres was substantiated by (a) occurrence of localized histospecific muscle acetylcholinesterase and (b) development of myofibrils. These results support the validity of the recent cell lineage study and confirmed the self-differentiation potency of muscle lineage cells in ascidian embryos according to the newly verified cell lineages. PMID- 6745488 TI - A fraction from extracts of demineralized adult bone stimulates the conversion of mesenchymal cells into chondrocytes. AB - Demineralized adult bone contains factors which stimulate nonskeletal mesenchymal cells to undergo a developmental progression resulting in de novo endochondral ossification. In this study, isolated embryonic stage 24 chick limb bud mesenchymal cells maintained in culture were utilized as an in vitro assay system for detection of specific bioactive components solubilized from adult chicken bone matrix. Guanidinium chloride extracts (4 M) of demineralized-defatted bone were fractionated and tested in limb mesenchymal cell cultures for possible effects upon growth and chondrogenesis. Two low-molecular-weight fractions were found to be active in these cultures. A cold water-insoluble, but warm Tris buffered saline-soluble fraction provoked a dose-dependent increase in the amount of cartilage formed after 7 days of continuous exposure as evidenced by an increased number of chondrocytes observed in living cultures, elevated cell-layer associated 35S incorporation per microgram DNA, and greater numbers of toluidine blue-staining foci (i.e., cartilage nodules). Growth inhibitory substances were detected in a low-molecular-weight, water-soluble fraction; 7 days of continuous exposure to this material resulted in less cartilage formation and reduced cell numbers (accumulated DNA) on each plate. These observations demonstrate the usefulness of stage 24 chick limb bud cell cultures for identifying bioactive factors extracted from adult bone matrix. In addition, the action of these factors on mesenchymal cells may now be studied in a cell culture system. PMID- 6745489 TI - Histochemical analysis of extracellular matrix material during embryonic mouse lens morphogenesis in an aphakic strain of mice. AB - Extracellular matrix material (ECM) present during early lens morphogenesis was analyzed histochemically in normal CFW mice and mutant strain aphakia by the Alcian blue 8GX, pH 2.5, Alcian blue 8GX, pH 2.5/periodic acid-Schiff combined, high-iron diamine, and van Gieson methods. At lens placode formation, the optic vesicle basal lamina in both strains was higher in sulfated glycosaminoglycan content than was the ectodermal basal lamina. In the aphakia strain, ECM components were observed intercellularly in the presumptive neural retina and lens rudiment of some specimens. This observation was peculiar to the aphakia strain. At the lens cup stage (10.5 days), the interface ECM became less uniformly dense in the CFW strain, resulting in the formation of a fibrillar structure in the widening interspace area. In contrast, the interface ECM in the mutant strain stained solidly and continuously for acidic materials, particularly sulfated glycosaminoglycans, for a full 2 days longer than in the normal strain. The optic cup and lens rudiment remained closely apposed and intercellular ECM components were observed in these tissues in most mutant specimens throughout these stages. The exact mechanism resulting in these intercellular deposits is unknown, although it is possible that they are either pulled along on the cell surface away from the interface ECM during cell shape changes related to the cell cycle or that they are secreted abnormally due to some disturbed cellular polarity. It is unclear at this time if these abnormalities of the ECM in the aphakia strain play a role in the pathogenesis of the multiple eye anomalies, or if they are a secondary effect of the gene mutation. PMID- 6745490 TI - Morphology and behavior of quail neural crest cells in artificial three dimensional extracellular matrices. AB - Neural crest cells migrate extensively through a complex extracellular matrix (ECM) to sites of terminal differentiation. To determine what role the various components of the ECM may play in crest morphogenesis, quail (Coturnix coturnix japonica) neural crest cells have been cultured in three-dimensional hydrated collagen lattices containing various combinations of macromolecules known to be present in the crest migratory pathways. Neural crest cells migrate readily in native collagen gels whereas the cells are unable to use denatured collagen as a migratory substratum. The speed of movement decreases linearly as the concentration of collagen in the gel increases. Speed of movement of crest cells is stimulated in gels containing 10% fetal calf serum and chick embryo extract, 33 micrograms/ml fibronectin cell-binding fragments, 3 mg/ml chondroitin sulfate, or 3 mg/ml chondroitin sulfate proteoglycan when compared to rates of movement through collagen lattices alone. Low concentrations of hyaluronate (250-500 micrograms/ml) in a 750 micrograms/ml collagen gel do not alter rates of movement over collagen alone, but higher concentrations (4 mg/ml) greatly inhibit migration. Conversely, hyaluronate (250 micrograms/ml) significantly increases speed of movement if the crest cells are cultured in high concentration collagen gels (2.5 mg/ml), suggesting that hyaluronate is expanding spaces and consequently enhancing migration. The morphology and mode of movement of neural crest cells vary with the matrix in which they are grown and can be correlated with their speed of movement. Light and scanning electron microscopy reveal rounded, blebbing cells in matrices associated with slower translocation, whereas rounded cells with branching filopodia or lamellipodia are associated with rapid translocation. Bipolar cells with long processes are observed in cultures of rapidly moving cells that appear to be adhering strongly, as well as in cultures of cells that are stationary for long periods. These data, considered with the known distribution of macromolecules in the early embryo, suggest the following: (1) Both collagen and fibronectin can act as preferred substrata for migration. (2) Chondroitin sulfate and chondroitin sulfate proteoglycan increase speed of movement, but probably do so by decreasing adhesiveness and thereby producing more frequent detachment. In the embryo, crest cells would most likely avoid regions containing high concentrations of chondroitin sulfate. (3) Hyaluronate cannot act as a substratum for migration, but in low concentrations it can open spaces in the matrix and consequently may stimulate movement. The complex interactions of combined matr PMID- 6745491 TI - Production of immunoreactive calcitonin and parathyroid hormone by embryonal carcinoma cells: alteration with retinoic acid-induced differentiation. AB - To determine possible ectopic production of, and altered responsiveness to, specific hormones and growth factors which may be involved in mediating embryonic differentiation and development embryonal carcinoma cells in culture have been employed to serve as an in vitro system of embryogenesis. Exposure of F9 embryonal carcinoma cells to all-trans-retinoic acid previously has been shown to induce differentiation of these undifferentiated stem cells to parietal endoderm and to markedly alter the ability of calcitonin and parathyroid hormone to stimulate adenylate cyclase activity. Evidence is presented that F9 cells secrete immunoreactive calcitonin into the culture medium (200 pg/12 hr/10(7) cells) while parietal yolk sac (PYS) cells secrete immunoreactive parathyroid hormone (800 pg/12 hr/10(7) cells). Retinoic-induced differentiation of F9 cells to endoderm results in a progressive reduction in immunoreactive calcitonin production, while there is an increase in the level of immunoreactive parathyroid hormone found in the conditioned medium. After exposure of F9 cells to retinoic acid for 5 days, little calcitonin is detectable in 12-hr conditioned medium. Changes in the intracellular levels of immunoreactive calcitonin and PTH follow a pattern similar to that noted for changes in the amount of secreted hormones. Thus, immunoreactive calcitonin is produced by undifferentiated F9 cells which possess a calcitonin responsive adenylate cyclase system, while parathyroid hormone is produced by parietal endoderm cells which respond to parathyroid hormone with increased cyclic AMP synthesis. Sephadex G50 gel filtration of F9 conditioned medium shows two peaks of immunoreactive calcitonin with Mr of 3500 and 20,000. Immunoprecipitation of calcitonin from 35S-labeled F9 cells reveals a specific band of 20,000 Mr. Likewise, two peaks of parathyroid hormone immunoreactive material of Mr 8000 and 39,000 are noted after gel filtration of PYS cell-conditioned medium, whereas parathyroid hormone immunoprecipitation from the same cells reveals a specific band of 39,000 Mr. These results raise the possibility that embryo production of these two hormones at specific stages in development may contribute to the regulation of subsequent steps of differentiation. PMID- 6745492 TI - Denervation disperses acetylcholine receptor clusters at the neuromuscular junction in Xenopus cultures. AB - The effect of denervation on acetylcholine receptor (AChR) cluster distribution on cultured Xenopus muscle cells has been examined in order to study the role of intact nerve in the maintenance of clusters at the nerve-muscle junction during development. AChRs on the muscle cell were labeled with tetramethyl rhodamine conjugated alpha-bungarotoxin and sequential changes in AChR cluster distribution were examined with a fluorescence microscope using an image intensifier. Denervation was carried out by exposing the nerve cell body to a focused laser light of a high intensity. After this procedure the neurites originating from the cell quickly disintegrated and large AChR clusters associated with nerve divided into smaller clusters. Individual clusters subsequently decreased in size and finally disappeared. In about 30% of the cases new AChR clusters appeared at the extrajunctional region after denervation. These observations indicate that intact nerves are necessary for the maintenance of receptor localization at the nerve muscle junction and that nerve-induced accumulation is seemingly reversible during the early period of synapse formation. We tested the idea that receptor clusters were lost due to diffusion of receptors in the muscle membrane after denervation. However, the rate of receptor cluster dispersal after denervation was much slower than that predicted by the diffusion model, suggesting that diffusion of receptors is not a rate-limiting step. Furthermore, we found that receptor clusters at the junction stabilize during days in culture. Thus, 80-90% of receptor clusters at the nerve-muscle junction disappeared at 7 hr after denervation in 1-day cocultures, while about 50% of receptor clusters remained after denervation in 3-day cocultures. PMID- 6745493 TI - Chemotactic behavior of myoblasts. AB - Earlier studies have suggested that myogenic cells of somite origin migrate into the developing limb, but little is known about the factors affecting the pattern of migration. In order to understand the migratory behavior of myogenic cells, embryonic skeletal muscle cells were tested for their ability to migrate chemotactically using a modified Boyden chamber assay system. It is shown here, for the first time, that embryonic skeletal muscle cells have the capacity to migrate toward a gradient of platelet-derived growth factor (PDGF) and PDGF-like factors present in serum and chick embryo extract (CEE). On the other hand, nonmyogenic limb mesenchyme cells do not exhibit such a response. A hypothesis is proposed here that chemotactic factors from the already patterned vasculature might influence the distribution of skeletal muscle cells during early limb development. PMID- 6745494 TI - Contractile proteins of fast and slow fibers during differentiation of lobster claw muscle. AB - Contractile protein populations were determined, using gel electrophoresis, during development of the claw closer muscles of the lobster Homarus americanus. In the adult the paired claw closer muscles are asymmetric, consisting of a crusher muscle with all slow fibers and a cutter muscle with a majority of fast and a few slow fibers. The electrophoretic banding pattern of these adult fast and slow fibers shows a similarity in the major proteins including myosin, actin, and tropomyosin which are common to both fiber types. Paramyosin is slightly heavier in fast fibers than in slow. However, fast fibers have three proteins and slow fibers have four proteins which are unique to themselves. Several of these unique proteins belong to the regulatory troponin complexes. In juvenile 4th stage lobster, where the paired closer muscles are undifferentiated, the banding pattern reveals the presence of proteins common to both fiber types including myosin, actin, and tropomysin but the conspicuous absence of all unique fast fiber proteins as well as one unique slow fiber protein. By the juvenile 10th stage most of these unique proteins are present except for one unique slow fiber protein. Thus lobster fast and slow fiber differentiation entails coordinate gene activation to add unique contractile proteins. PMID- 6745495 TI - Oligosaccharides containing fucose linked alpha(1-3) and alpha(1-4) to N acetylglucosamine cause decompaction of mouse morulae. AB - Two- to four-cell and eight-cell mouse embryos were incubated in various fucosylated and unfucosylated oligosaccharides, fucose binding protein, and fucosylated BSA. Compaction at the eight-cell stage was reversed by a mixture containing the oligosaccharides lacto-N-fucopentaose II (80-90%), in which fucose is linked alpha(1-4) to N-acetylglucosamine, and lacto-N-fucopentaose III (10 20%), in which fucose is linked alpha(1-3) to N-acetylglucosamine. Pure lacto-N fucopentaose III (LNFP III) and 3-fucosyl lactose (containing fucose alpha(1 3)glucose) had a similar effect. All three molecules affected blastocyst formation. Various closely related fucosylated and unfucosylated oligosaccharides did not induce decompaction or inhibit blastocyst formation. The proportion of embryos incubated from the two- to four-cell stage in LNFP II/III which reached the eight-cell stage and formed blastocysts was reduced. Those which formed compact morulae subsequently decompacted. Precompact or early compacting eight cell embryos incubated in LNFP II/III compacted normally but subsequently decompacted and failed to form blastocysts. Decompaction of eight-cell embryos in LNFP II/III occurred during a specific period of development (80-90 hr post-hCG) and was reversible up to 84-86 hr post-hCG, but not by 92 hr post-hCG. The period of sensitivity to LNFP II/III was associated with the decrease in the ability of calcium-free medium to cause decompaction. It appears that LNFP II/III interferes with a later calcium-independent phase of compaction and we propose that LNFP III and II inhibit an endogenous lectin-saccharide interaction between membranes involved in the stabilization of compaction. PMID- 6745496 TI - Ontogeny of the behavioral effects of lysergic acid diethylamide in cats. AB - The ontogeny of the behavioral effects of lysergic acid diethylamide (LSD) was examined in cats between the ages of 4 and 112 days postpartum. The kittens showed little LSD-induced behavioral change prior to 14 days of age. By the age of 21 days, however, the kittens exhibited many of the behavioral signs characteristic of LSD-induced behaviors in adult cats. These behaviors include limb-flicking, abortive grooming, head-shakes, grooming, and investigatory responses. In general, these behaviors began at a low frequency of occurrence, then increased rapidly with advancing age, reaching adult values by approximately 35-40 days of age, and remained relatively constant through 112 days postpartum. The time course for the behavioral effects following an acute injection of LSD showed the adult pattern, i.e., persisting for approximately 8 hr post-injection, from their earliest appearance during ontogeny. Young kittens (21-42 days of age) were resistant to the development of tolerance following repeated administration of the drug. LSD was capable of eliciting certain behaviors, such as head-shakes and grooming, well in advance of the age at which they normally appear spontaneously. This indicates that the neuronal and musculature substrata are developed for the performance of these behaviors long before the kitten naturally employs them. PMID- 6745497 TI - Maternal contributions to the development of masculine sexual behavior in laboratory rats. AB - Maternal licking was manipulated by lining the nasal passages of rat dams with polyethylene tubing to interfere with their olfactory competence. Olfactory cues from pups elicit maternal licking and handling, particularly of anogenital regions, and dams with olfactory deficits were observed to lick their pups less. Mature male and female offspring of these dams and their controls were gonadectomized, treated with testosterone propionate, and tested for masculine sexual behavior. The male offspring of dams that provided less maternal licking had longer ejaculatory latencies, longer post-ejaculatory intromission latencies, and longer inter-intromission intervals than controls. Female offspring of the intubed dams performed fewer mounts and intromissions, had longer intromission latencies, and longer inter-intromission intervals. It was concluded that stimulation from maternal licking contributes toward the development of a mechanism that underlies the timing of copulatory rate. PMID- 6745499 TI - Haloperidol differentially potentiates tonic immobility, the dorsal immobility response, and catalepsy in the developing rat. AB - The effects of a single subcutaneous injection of haloperidol (1 or 10 mg/kg) or the vehicle solution on three kinds of behavioral inhibition were investigated in rats of 10, 15, and 20 days of age. The behaviors measured were tonic immobility, a response induced by placing an animal on its back supported by a V-shaped trough; the dorsal immobility response, which can be elicited in young rodents by grasping the skin of the dorsal surface of the neck and lifting the animal into the air; and catalepsy, a form of immobility in which animals remain in unusual postures but are capable of righting themselves, and which can be elicited by drugs which block dopamine receptors. Haloperidol (10 mg/kg) significantly potentiated the duration of tonic immobility only at 10 days of age; potentiated catalepsy at all age levels, but significantly less in the 15-day-old rats than in the 10- or 20-day-old rats; and potentiated the duration of the dorsal immobility response in the 10- and 20-day-old animals but not in the 15-day-olds. These results are discussed with respect to the development of neurotransmitter systems in the brain. PMID- 6745498 TI - Appetitive conditioning in neonatal rats: conditioned ingestive responding to stimuli paired with oral infusions of milk. AB - Components of rat pups' ingestive responses to orally infused milk came to be elicited by a novel odor conditioned stimulus (cedar) that had been repeatedly paired with milk infusions (Experiment I). Pups responded specifically to one odor, and they did not generalize their conditioned responding to either another odor or an unscented airstream (Experiment II). Ingestive responses could also be conditioned to a vibrotactile CS paired with milk, although levels of conditioned responding were lower than were obtained with an odor CS (Experiment III). Pups' internal state determined the effectiveness of training, in that pups that were removed from their dam for 24 hr showed reliable conditioned responding, while nondeprived pups and dehydrated pups did not (Experiment IV). Finally, pups showed retention of conditioned responding for at least several days after training (Experiment V). PMID- 6745500 TI - Mother-infant visual interaction in Japanese macaques. AB - Patterns of visual interaction in mother-infant dyadic behavior have been reported for human and nonhuman primates, including age and gender differences among rhesus macaques. Such findings are tested with data from two developmental periods (Weeks 1-8 and 21-36) on Japanese macaque mother-infant visual behavior. Rates for look, infant facial-fixation, and eye contact are greater during the first period than in the second. In Weeks 1-8, infants interact visually with their mother significantly more than with any other kinship class. This pattern continues in the second period, with the exception of eye contact for female infants, and with relatively more attention to nonmatrilineal animals. In Weeks 1 8, all instances of eye contact between mothers and their female, but not male, infants are initiated by the mother. In Weeks 21-36, male, but not female, infants direct significantly more looks to their mother than they receive from her. PMID- 6745501 TI - Short-term exposure to an odor increases its subsequent preference in preweanling rats: a descriptive profile of the phenomenon. AB - Five experiments assessed the change in preference for an ambient odor after a brief period of exposure to that odor. Three minutes of exposure to a novel odor consistently increased subsequent preference for that odor. This effect occurred in preweanling rats 10 and 15 days of age even though, relative to the nest, the conditions of exposure were probably aversive tactually and thermally. There was relatively little variation in this effect between the ages of 10 Days postnatal and adulthood and over exposure durations ranging between 3 and 81 min. Substantial retention of this exposure effect was found for the 10-day-old rat, with no decline in induced preference over a 24-hr period. The effect was unchanged by brief familiarization with the testing situation, but was eliminated by prior aversive experience with the testing situation. These results have implications for the design and interpretation of experiments that test learning and memory of odors, and emphasize generally the facility of the developing rat for processing olfactory information. PMID- 6745502 TI - The use of tactile and olfactory cues in neonatal orientation and localization of the nipple. AB - A good deal of effort has been directed toward determining the sensory cues employed by neonatal animals in orienting to, and localizing, the nipple. The results of previous studies are contradictory. Some investigators have claimed that olfactory cues are critical, while others suggest that tactile cues are of primary importance in these behaviors. The present studies indicate that, in kittens, there are two essential components of the suckling process: orientation to the mother and localization of the nipple. In these experiments, the ability and time involved in localizing and attaching to the nipple of the anesthetized mother were measured in several conditions. With tactile input impaired, kittens had no difficulty locating the mother, but could not locate the nipple. In contrast, olfactory disruption never impaired nipple localization and attachment when the kitten was in contact with the mother, but interfered with the kitten's ability to locate the mother when removed from her. These data suggest that olfactory cues are employed in locating the mother, and tactile cues from the perioral region are employed in locating the nipple. PMID- 6745505 TI - Different morphologic aspects and clinical features in massive hepatic amyloidosis. AB - 4 cases of massive hepatic amyloidosis are reported with special reference to their clinical profiles and histologic features. On the basis of these data, two different clinical and histologic courses of the disease can be distinguished. 2 patients showed marked hepatomegaly without cholestasis, whereas in the other 2 the clinical picture was characterized by much less pronounced hepatomegaly, but by severe and progressive intrahepatic cholestasis. The time course of the disease seems to be different in the two forms, the cholestatic form being more rapidly fatal than the other. PMID- 6745504 TI - Stimulation of retinal capillary pericyte protein and collagen synthesis in culture by high-glucose concentration. AB - The influence of glucose concentration on cell multiplication and protein synthesis was studied in synchronized, long-term cultures of bovine retinal microvessel pericytes. The cell multiplication rate and the mitotic rate were reduced in media containing 20 mM glucose to 57% and 54%, respectively, of that obtained in media containing 5 mM glucose. Elevated glucose, however, did not change the DNA content of individual cells. Protein and collagen synthesis were measured by the incorporation of radioactive proline and lysine, or the posttranslational production of hydroxyproline and hydroxylysine, respectively. High glucose stimulated protein and collagen synthesis per cell 2.2 +/- 0.10 (SD) and 2.1 +/- 0.06 times, respectively. Aspirin (0.5 mM), an inhibitor of nonenzymatic glycosylation, did not alter the effect of elevated glucose concentration on protein and collagen synthesis. PMID- 6745506 TI - Consecutive phases of gastric acid response to secretin in rats with chronic hypergastrinemia. AB - Secretin is known to inhibit gastric acid secretion but in some cases is able to stimulate both gastrin release and acid output. Different studies suggest that gastrin concentration at the parietal cell level modulates the acid response to secretin. Our purpose was to investigate in rats with chronic endogenous hypergastrinemia, as well as in control rats, the effect of an intravenous bolus of secretin GIH (from 0.25 to 4 clinical units (CU)/rat) on acid secretion. Both groups of rats were equipped with a chronic double gastric fistula allowing the collection of diluted gastric secretion every 2 min. We observed a dose-related inhibition of acid output (ID 50 less than 0.5 CU/rat) by secretin. In addition, in rats with hypergastrinemia; the acid response was phasic: an initial increase of acid output forewent its inhibition by 4 CU secretin. This phasic response suggests that secretin could act on acid secretion by releasing mediators which stimulate (as gastrin) and/or inhibit (as somatostatin) acid output. PMID- 6745503 TI - The effect of salicylates on nonenzymatic glycosylation and thermal stability of collagen in diabetic rats. AB - The effects of glucose on the nonenzymatic glycosylation and thermal rupture time of rat tail collagen were examined by (1) in vitro incubation of collagen fibers in glucose and (2) in vivo in diabetic rats. In vitro, glucose caused a dose dependent rise in both nonenzymatic glycosylation and thermal rupture time and there was a good correlation between these two parameters (r = 0.68, P less than 0.0001). Aspirin, a known inhibitor of nonenzymatic glycosylation, was effective in preventing the glucose-induced rise in nonenzymatic glycosylation and thermal rupture time when present at concentrations of 0.78, 1.56, and 3.12 mM. Sodium salicylate at concentrations of 1.56 and 3.12 mM was also effective. In vivo, the nonenzymatic glycosylation and thermal rupture time of collagen fibers were both increased by 2-3-fold in rats with streptozotocin-induced diabetes of 4 wk duration. Aspirin or sodium salicylate treatment for 4 wk (240 mg/kg/day) from the onset of diabetes was able to prevent the rise in thermal rupture time without affecting nonenzymatic glycosylation of collagen or glycosylated hemoglobin levels. Aspirin or sodium salicylate treatment did not have detectable effect on properties of collagen in normal rats. The in vitro findings are consistent with the hypothesis that nonenzymatic glycosylation leads to the increased thermal stability of collagen fibers. The significance of nonenzymatic glycosylation in vivo is less certain, as thermal rupture time can be altered independently. The action of aspirin and sodium salicylate in vivo suggests new therapeutic options in the prevention and treatment of diabetic complications. PMID- 6745507 TI - Fate of intravenously injected trypsin in dog with special reference to the existence of an enteropancreatic circulation. AB - In 3 mongrel dogs the pancreatic duct and bile duct were cannulated. After intravenous injection of 125I-labelled anionic dog trypsin bile, pancreatic juice and blood samples were collected during 3 h. 125I-trypsin is eliminated from the circulation in dogs with a half time of 15 min. Only 0.15% of the radioactivity is secreted in the pancreatic juice and 0.75% in the bile during 3 h. 10% of the radioactivity in pancreatic juice is protein bound and 45% in the bile is protein bound. The results argue against biologically significant enteropancreatic circulation of trypsin in dogs. PMID- 6745508 TI - Changing clinical pattern of gastric ulcer: are anti-inflammatory drugs involved? AB - The changing pattern of gastric ulcer (GU) has been studied in a series of 528 cases presenting in one hospital department during the past 20 years. The male:female ratio has declined and is now equal, and age-adjusted figures show that this applies to all age groups. There was a significant decline in mid gastric ulcers in men. There was a 4-fold increased incidence of haemorrhage in proximal as opposed to antral ulcers and a 7-fold excess of haemorrhage in older women as opposed to younger women. GU in elderly women taking non-aspirin non steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NANSADs) showed an increased tendency to bleeding, accounting for half of all haemorrhages in women over 70 years. However, on statistical analysis NANSAD-associated ulcers showed no other distinguishing features, and the use of NANSADs did not contribute significantly to the changing sex ratio. There is still no satisfactory evidence that these drugs play a causal role in chronic GU. PMID- 6745509 TI - Effect of vasopressin on liver blood flow in the hypophysectomised rat. AB - Liver blood flow (xenon-133 clearance method) and portal venous flow were measured in hypophysectomised rats following the infusion of vasopressin at a range of infusion varying from 0.0125 to 0.8 microU/g b.w./min over the range 0.0125-0.1 microU/g b.w./min, portal venous flow was reduced, the reduction being linearly related to the logarithm of the dose (r = -0.88). Following the infusion of 0.8 microU/g b.w. of vasopressin, portal venous flow significantly increased above pre-infusion levels (p less than 0.05). Liver blood flow was increased significantly (p less than 0.05) when vasopressin was infused over the range 0.0125-0.2 microU/g b.w. At higher rates of infusion, liver blood flow was progressively reduced, and at 0.8 microU/g b.w./min liver blood flow was less than pre-infusion levels (p less than 0.05). These data suggest that the effects of vasopressin on hepatic haemodynamics is related to the rate of infusion with a reversal of effects at higher rates of infusion. The implications of these findings in relation to the use of vasopressin in the management of portal hypertension and bleeding oesophageal varices is discussed. PMID- 6745510 TI - Elimination of porcine heptadecapeptide gastrin (G17) and human leu big gastrin (G34) by the perfused pig liver. AB - In order to study some of the molecular events during the hepatic passage of gastrin, we perfused sulfated natural porcine gastrin (G17 II) through isolated pig livers. The disappearance half time of G17 II was about 20-30 min when the starting gastrin concentrations were greater than 100 pM; lower concentrations were reduced with half times of 40-100 min. Synthetic human leu-32 (G34) was not eliminated. The use of region-specific antibodies to gastrin indicated that degradation was more effective at the N-terminus of gastrin. Whereas Sephadex chromatography revealed no change of the molecular size, SDS-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis showed the presence of smaller immunoreactive fragments of gastrin in addition to immunoreactive fragments of gastrin of the heptadecapeptide size. These findings indicate that the isolated porcine liver degrades porcine G17 to smaller fragments. PMID- 6745511 TI - Lunchbag letdown? Shaughnessy offers solutions. PMID- 6745512 TI - Food fads: helpful or harmful? PMID- 6745513 TI - Survey assesses education needs for rehab personnel. PMID- 6745514 TI - Predicting physician time for melanoma outpatients. PMID- 6745516 TI - Telewriters: a new use for an old idea. PMID- 6745515 TI - Indian health services: a changing environment. PMID- 6745517 TI - Manual helps formalize discharge planning services. PMID- 6745518 TI - Installing NMR scanners: is your building ready? PMID- 6745519 TI - Post-occupancy evaluation: do you meet users' needs? PMID- 6745520 TI - Commissioning a building: what's involved? PMID- 6745521 TI - Energy task force strives to save operating costs. PMID- 6745522 TI - Experts advise limiting routine ultrasound examinations. PMID- 6745523 TI - Homes for the aged--improving their interiors. PMID- 6745524 TI - Determining costs--luxury or necessity? PMID- 6745525 TI - Vitamin supplements: how much is too much? PMID- 6745526 TI - Internal newsletters: the medium is the message. PMID- 6745528 TI - Chemical interactions and compromised immune system. AB - Only a limited number of reports are available on interactions between chemicals in relation to their effects in modifying immune functions. In many cases the exact site of chemical immunotoxicity is not well understood because immune functions are highly complex and multifaceted. Chemical interactions that have been proposed are difficult to investigate. In several cases the immunotoxicity of one chemical has been modified by a second chemical that alters xenobiotic metabolism. Immunomodulation by drugs having opposite effects on the immune system has been reported. Metals can either enhance or suppress immune responses and studies involving interactions of metals suggest both synergistic and antagonistic effects on immune responses. Various environmental chemicals that modify the immune functions may also interact with chemical carcinogens, especially since several carcinogens are also immunosuppressive. PMID- 6745527 TI - Mechanisms of toxicological interactions involving organophosphate insecticides. AB - Administration of apparently nontoxic doses of organophosphorus compounds can greatly alter the toxicity of other compounds. These might include other organophosphates, as well as other drug or nondrug xenobiotics. Mechanisms of toxicologic interactions are discussed. Emphasis is placed upon organophosphate inhibition of noncritical tissue esterases and alterations in the metabolism and toxicity of selected ester and amide containing xenobiotics. PMID- 6745529 TI - Preclinical safety evaluation of the nadolol/bendroflumethiazide combination in mice, rats, and dogs. AB - Nadolol, a beta-adrenergic antagonist, and bendroflumethiazide, a thiazide diuretic, were administered orally alone and in combination to animals in acute and 6-month toxicity studies and in a rat teratology study. The two drugs in combination showed no evidence of potentiation of acute toxicity in mice. Nadolol and/or bendroflumethiazide were administered orally to rats at daily doses of 1000 or 160 mg/kg of nadolol and 125 or 20 mg/kg of bendroflumethiazide and to dogs at daily doses of 160 or 40 mg/kg of nadolol and 20 or 5 mg/kg of bendroflumethiazide for 6 months. The two drugs, alone and in combination, caused only minor changes in clinical-laboratory tests and no major gross or histopathologic changes. Many of the changes noted were expected pharmacologic effects of the individual agents. The drugs, alone or in combination, produced no evidence of embryotoxicity, fetotoxicity, or teratogenicity in rats. The results of these studies indicate that nadolol and bendroflumethiazide have a low order of toxicity individually, and when given in combination show no additional or potentiated toxicity. PMID- 6745530 TI - Inhalation chamber with size discriminator for liquid aerosols. AB - To minimize data variation in inhalation toxicity testing and to evaluate human and animal hazards of inhaled chemicals, a practical inhalation chamber with a size discriminator for mists was developed to provide high concentration liquid aerosols of defined particle sizes. Liquid aerosols generated with an atomizer were separated by an impinging separator which was composed of aerosol jets directed upward against a flat plate. The principle of the separator eliminates particles larger than a calculated cutoff size in micrometer and submicrometer ranges by changing the orifice diameter of the jet nozzle under constant air flow. The mists thus separated are introduced into the space between two concentric cylinders just above the impaction plate. Ten rats can be positioned around the periphery of the chamber wall equidistant from the impaction plate, with their snouts thrust into the inhalation space. Preliminary testing with olive oil and water aerosols using particle cutoff sizes of 1, 3, and 3.3 micron showed that the obtained separation of particles was very clear, although the cutoff point seemed to shift somewhat to smaller values than calculated; the shift was especially evident with water aerosols. The concentrations obtained were more than 1 mg/liter when the cutoff point was selected at 1 micron. The mist at the inhalation space attained a steady concentration and particle size distribution within 2 min of the onset of mist injection, remained over a 4-hr period, and was cleared within 2 min of the cessation of mist generation. PMID- 6745531 TI - Naphthalene toxicity in CD-1 mice: general toxicology and immunotoxicology. AB - Random bred CD-1 mice were used to evaluate the acute oral toxicity and subchronic toxicity of naphthalene administered in corn oil. The acute oral LD50 of naphthalene was 533 and 710 mg/kg in male and female mice, respectively. Subchronic toxicity was evaluated with 14- and 90-day daily oral gavage studies. Doses utilized in the 14-day study were 27, 53, and 267 mg/kg, with the latter representing one-half of the male LD50. Both males and females demonstrated a 5 10% mortality and depressed body weight at the high dose only. Males had decreased thymus weights, and females had decreased spleen and increased lung weights at the high dose only. Other organ weights were unaffected at any dosage level. Serum enzyme and electrolyte levels were not altered in a dose-related manner. To assess the potential immunotoxicity of naphthalene the following screen was utilized: humoral immune response, response to mitogens, delayed hypersensitivity response, popliteal lymph node response, bone marrow stem cell number, and DNA synthesis. No evidence of immunotoxicity was demonstrated. The 90 day study employed daily oral doses of 5.3, 53, and 133 mg/kg. There was no treatment-related mortality in either sex, nor was body weight affected. Organ weights were not affected in males, and females showed reduced spleen weights only at the high dose. Serum enzyme and electrolyte levels, as well as the immunotoxicity screen, indicated that naphthalene doses up to one-fourth the LD50 for 90 days failed to elicit consistent statistically significant and biologically relevant compound-related effects. A screen of the effects of the 90 day naphthalene treatment on various aspects of the hepatic drug metabolizing system indicated no alterations, with the exception of a specific dose-related inhibition of aryl hydrocarbon hydroxylase activity in both male and female mice. PMID- 6745532 TI - The embryo-fetal toxicity and teratogenic potential of ammonium perfluorooctanoate (APFO) in the rat. AB - Ammonium perfluorooctanoate (APFO, greater than 95% pure) was administered to Sprague-Dawley rats from Days 6 through 15 of gestation by inhalation as a dust (whole body exposure) for 6 hr/day at 0, 0.1, 1, 10, and 25 mg/m3, or by gavage at 100 mg/kg body wt/day in corn oil. Maternal deaths occurred in the groups given the highest level of APFO by each route and overt toxicity was evident among the surviving dams of these groups and among those of the 10-mg/m3 group. The fetuses were examined for external, visceral, and skeletal alterations and for APFO-related macroscopic and microscopic alterations of the eyes. In the postpartum period, pups from additional control and experimental dams were examined externally and ophthalmoscopically, and the usual fertility and viability indices were calculated. A teratogenic response was not demonstrated. Toxic effects on the conceptus were noted only in the groups given the highest level of APFO by each route. Hence, APFO was not demonstrated to represent a unique hazard to the conceptus of the rat. PMID- 6745533 TI - Critical biochemical functions of isolated hepatocytes as sensitive indicators of chemical toxicity. AB - Isolated hepatocytes from adult male Wistar rats are a suitable experimental model to study the cytotoxicity of chemicals. Indeed, the isolated cells incubated in suspension in a Waymouth medium supplemented with 10% newborn calf serum maintain critical biochemical functions such as cytochrome P-450-dependent monooxygenase activity, glycogen, and protein synthesis capacities. This cellular model is used to detect the early biochemical effects of various xenobiotics, i.e., chlorpromazine, promethazine, bromobenzene, paracetamol, and isoniazid. Both cellular lysis (measured by the LDH leakage) and metabolic competence of the hepatocytes (glycogen deposits and protein synthesis) are modified as a function of both the duration of exposure to, and the concentration of, the chemicals. These results point out that the evaluation of metabolic functions of isolated cells surviving in suspension might be a sensitive test to predict early cell injury. Indeed, changes in the cellular behavior may occur before or without cell death. Furthermore, since both the cytochrome P-450 content and its dependent monooxygenase activity together with critical biochemical functions of the isolated cells remain stable, this model is of significant interest in ascertaining the mechanisms of toxicity. PMID- 6745534 TI - Measurement of respiratory tract ammonia in the rabbit and implications to sulfuric acid inhalation studies. AB - Ammonia (NH3) in the respiratory tract has the potential to neutralize inhaled acid vapors and aerosols. Levels of exhaled (nasal) NH3 were measured in rabbits at different times on the same day, on different days, and in rabbits in a normal fed state, or in a fasted or fed state in which the teeth were brushed and the mouth cleansed. The variability of NH3 levels within any individual rabbit was found to be of the same order as the variability found between different animals. In addition, rabbits which were fasted and had their teeth brushed exhaled significantly less NH3 than did fed animals. Levels in the former group ranged from 4 to 236 micrograms/m3, while those in the latter group ranged from 10 to 758 micrograms/m3. Although brushing the teeth of fed animals compressed the observable range of NH3 levels (22-404 micrograms/m3), this was not a significant reduction compared to fed, unbrushed animals. Thus, fasting likely minimized foodstuff in the mouth; the latter may contribute to NH3 formation through bacterial degradation, which appears to be a significant source of NH3 exhaled through the nose. The NH3 concentrations observed may produce variable degrees of neutralization of inhaled H2SO4 droplets before they deposit in the lungs. PMID- 6745535 TI - Subchronic inhalation toxicity of morpholine in rats. AB - The inhalation toxicity of 25-, 100-, and 250-ppm morpholine was investigated by 6 hr/day, 5 day/week exposures to Sprague-Dawley rats for 13 weeks. Irritant effects of morpholine exposures were evident mostly in the high exposure group; a reddish discharge was observed around the nose and mouth in the 250-ppm group rats after the first week; salivation was also observed. Ten rats/sex/dose level were sacrificed after 7 weeks. The high-level (250-ppm) exposure resulted in focal erosion and focal squamous metaplasia of the maxilloturbinates; effects were observed in 6/10 male rats and 2/10 female rats. There was also a sporadic increase of secretions in the Harderian gland sections. Almost all high-level rats sacrificed after 13 weeks demonstrated comparable effects; the lesions, which were increased in incidence and severity, involved the nasal septum and anterior nasal cavities in addition to the nasoturbinates and maxilloturbinates. Lesions of chronic murine pneumonia were increased in severity in the 250-ppm group. The only compound-related histomorphologic alterations observed in the 100 ppm group consisted of focal necrosis and necrotic cell debris in the nasal cavity of two female rats at terminal sacrifice. No exposure related effects were observed in the 25-ppm group. No significant compound-related effects on body weight, clinical chemistry, hematology, or organ weight data were observed. PMID- 6745536 TI - Chronic toxicity and oncogenicity bioassay of inhaled ethylene in Fischer-344 rats. AB - The toxicity and oncogenicity of inhaled ethylene was determined in Fischer-344 rats. Nine hundred and sixty animals were randomly divided into four groups of one hundred twenty animals of each sex and were exposed 6 hr/day, 5 days/week, for up to 24 months to concentrations of ethylene in air of 0, 300, 1000, or 3000 ppm. The maximum tolerated dose was not used as concentrations above 3000 ppm were considered hazardous because of the risks associated with ethylene's explosive properties. The calculated time-weighted average concentrations for the 24 months of exposure were 0.0, 301, 1003, and 3003 ppm, respectively. Randomly selected animals were necropsied and examined after 6, 12, and 18 months of exposure. All surviving rats were necropsied at 24 months. A complete selection of tissues and organs from all animals in the control and 3000-ppm groups were examined for microscopic lesions. All animals were examined for clinical changes throughout the course of the study and selected animals were used to determine ophthalmologic or hematologic effects and for clinical blood chemistry or urinalysis effects. There were 151 unscheduled deaths (15.7% of 960 animals). There was no difference in mortality between groups during the 2-year study. Gross examination of rats dying during the study, or of those that were sacrificed as scheduled, did not reveal any lesions attributable to ethylene exposure. Histologically, a variety of proliferative, degenerative, and inflammatory lesions were observed in both the control and 3000-ppm groups. These lesions were typical of those seen in this strain of animal and were considered unrelated to ethylene exposure.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS) PMID- 6745537 TI - Pharmacodynamics of alcide, a new antimicrobial compound, in rat and rabbit. AB - Alcide is a germicidal preparation which has been shown to kill a wide range of common pathogenic bacteria as well as fungi, in vitro. This preparation is composed of Part A and Part B which contains sodium chlorite (NaClO2) and lactic acid as the active ingredients, respectively. The two parts are combined in equal volumes immediately prior to application resulting in the formation of chlorine dioxide (ClO2). Alcide gel was applied to the shaven backs of 18 female Sprague Dawley rats in a 2.0-g/kg dose by combining 1 g of each part immediately prior to administration. This dose was applied for a period of 10 days to reach a steady state. On the 11th day, 36Cl-labeled Alcide gel, which contained Na36ClO2 in Part A, was administered to the animals in a 0.6-g dose (2.0 g/kg) containing 0.1 microCi. The half-life for 36Cl absorption was 22.1 hr while the elimination half life was 64.0 hr. 36Cl was excreted by the kidneys with chloride (Cl-) and chlorite as the metabolites. Ninety-six hours after Alcide administration, radioactivity was highest in whole blood and lowest in fat. In a 90-day subchronic dermal toxicity study in rabbits, exposure to Alcide gel resulted in decreased glutathione concentrations in blood of the group receiving 2.0 g/kg Alcide as well as in the placebo gel group which received the same dose of gel. PMID- 6745538 TI - Disposition and metabolism of p-nitroaniline in the male F-344 rat. AB - The disposition of p-[14C]nitroaniline (PNA) was studied in male F-344 rats following oral and/or intravenous (iv) administration. The gastrointestinal absorption of PNA was near complete and was not affected by dose in the range studied (2-100 mumol/kg). Following either oral or iv administration, PNA was rapidly distributed throughout the tissues and showed no marked affinity for any particular tissue. The clearance of [14C]PNA-derived radioactivity from various tissues was rapid and followed a two-component decay curve. The whole body half life of PNA was approximately 1 hr. Within 3 days clearance of PNA-derived radioactivity from the body was almost complete. [14C]PNA was rapidly cleared by metabolism to nine metabolites which were excreted primarily in the urine and to a lesser extent in feces. Most (56%) of the urinary radioactivity was in the form of sulfate conjugates of two metabolites of PNA; the excretion of unmetabolized PNA was minimal (less than 3%). Biliary excretion of [14C]PNA was significant, however, much of this PNA-derived radioactivity underwent enterohepatic circulation and was subsequently excreted in urine. The results of this study indicate that, if metabolism is a detoxification process, the rapid metabolism and excretion of this compound minimize the likelihood of significant toxicity from repeated exposure to PNA beyond that predicted by data from acute or short term exposures. PMID- 6745539 TI - Lack of tumorigenicity of sodium benzoate in mice. AB - Sodium benzoate was administered as a 2% solution in drinking water for life to randomly bred Swiss mice. Consumption of the chemical caused no detectable tumorigenic effect under the current experimental conditions. PMID- 6745541 TI - The mouse versus the rat in carcinogen bioassays. PMID- 6745540 TI - Pyrithione: plasma metabolite in man. AB - 2-Methylsulfonylpyridine (2-MSP) has been identified as the terminal plasma pyrithione metabolite in rats, rabbits, dogs, and monkeys (W. B. Gibson, A. R. Jeffcoat, P. D. Rodriguez, T. S. Turan, P. F. Hughes, and M. E. Twine, Toxicol. Appl. Pharmacol. 62, 237-250 (1982); C. Mitoma, T. Steeger, J. Rogers, D. Thomas, and J. H. Wedig, Fundam. Appl. Toxicol. 3, 256-263 (1983]. This metabolite was detected in the systemic circulation of humans involved in the chemical manufacturing process. This confirms that the terminal pyrithione metabolite in plasma is identical among rat, rabbit, dog, monkey, and man. PMID- 6745542 TI - Symposium on safety assessment: the interface between science, law and regulation. September 13-14. 1983, Arlington, Virginia. PMID- 6745543 TI - Symposium on safety assessment: the interface between science, law and regulation. Keynote address. PMID- 6745544 TI - Overview of factors that influence food safety decisions. PMID- 6745545 TI - Impact of risk assessment and the control of chemicals on assuring the safety of the food supply. PMID- 6745546 TI - What will food science require of toxicology? PMID- 6745547 TI - The changing expectations of society and the influence thereof on individual and societal decisions regarding foods. PMID- 6745548 TI - General toxicity testing: sense and non-sense, science and policy. AB - The dramatic increase in the number and variety of industrial chemicals in addition to natural compounds, and the increased public concern about their health effects, has in the last few decades led to a remarkable development in number and types of toxicity tests employed to assess safety of chemicals. Not too many years ago, toxicity tests were relatively simple in design and conduct. They were sometimes inadequate in a number of aspects. Toxicity testing has now become an unbalanced mixture of sound science and policy. Many times companies wishing to market products internationally are faced with a plethora of different national regulatory requirements. In this presentation attention is given to requirements for toxicity data and the need for harmonization in guidelines while avoiding rigid protocols. The wisdom and necessity of conducting all currently required tests will be considered. The relevance of certain biochemical, hematological, and pathological parameters is discussed as is the relevance of Good Laboratory Regulation for toxicity testing. The importance of a scientific evaluation of all chemical biological data derived from modern sensibly designed toxicity tests with respect to extrapolation and safety assessment is emphasized. Future development in certain areas of toxicity research is stressed and examples are given. PMID- 6745549 TI - Effects of scientific advances on the decision-making process: analytical chemistry. AB - The analytical chemist has taken the science of identification and quantitation of chemical compounds far beyond the capability of the toxicologist to correlate with the results of animal experiments. In pursuing the vanishing zero, however, the analytical chemist has failed to acknowledge the inherent variability of chemical measurements at very low concentrations that manifest itself not only as discrepant values but as an appreciable fraction of false positive and false negative results and as real negative values (the blank or control is greater than the determination). These are the symptoms of a system not in statistical control. The same type of variable results, evident in biological systems as "biological variability," are then manipulated by statisticians as if they were reproducible measurements. Progress in characterizing biological uncertainty cannot be made until the invisible systematic error of individual laboratories is transformed into random error, amenable to the application of statistical principles. In measurement theory, an examination and correction of systematic error requires knowledge or assignment of a "true value," a concept that does not appear to exist in many biological systems. PMID- 6745551 TI - Carcinogenicity testing and safety assessment. PMID- 6745550 TI - Strategies for assessing the effects of food additives on the brain and behavior. PMID- 6745552 TI - Reproduction/teratology. PMID- 6745553 TI - Drug-nutrient interactions and their implications for safety evaluations. AB - In order to assess the relevance of the drug-nutrient interactions described in this chapter to routine toxicologic studies, the range of nutrient concentrations within which these interactions may occur must be compared to the range of nutrient concentrations found in routinely used rodent diets. While obviously deficient levels of some nutrients were supplied to demonstrate some of the interactions, others occur when the nutrients are present in adequate or excess levels, such as might be found in commercially available diets. These diets are known to vary from batch to batch in nutrient content. A lifetime toxicity/carcinogenicity bioassay using rodents may last longer than 2 years, during which time several batches of diet will be used. The variation in diet composition, coupled with inadequate diet description, makes nutrient-toxin interactions not only possible, but difficult to recognize. These considerations raise the practical and philosophical question as to what type of diet is most appropriate for rodents used for safety evaluation of drugs and chemicals. Is it appropriate to use diets that vary unpredictably in nutrient content, that infer a degree of protection against chemical carcinogenesis and which supply some nutrients such as protein in great excess of dietary needs? Is the increase in sensitivity to chemical carcinogens of animals fed purified diets desirable or does this increased sensitivity of the bioassay exceed that required to assess the risk of human exposure? In other words, is the use of purified diets likely to increase the number of false positive results? Proper interpretation and extrapolation of safety evaluation studies requires adequate description of the test system. Given the profound influence of diet on the response to some toxins, the composition of the diet should, ideally, be defined with the same rigor as are the test compound and the strain, age, sex, and housing conditions of the animals. It is likely, however, that natural ingredients diets will continue to be the diets of choice in safety evaluation studies. This is largely due to economic reasons. It is possible, however, to use these diets with greater confidence if open-formula diets are used and the concentration of each nutrient is reported. Consideration should also be given to preparing diets for use in adult and aging rodents, diets in which protein content is reduced.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 400 WORDS) PMID- 6745554 TI - Biological aspects to the evaluation of risk: dosimetry of carcinogens in man. PMID- 6745555 TI - Symposium on safety assessment: the interface between science, law and regulation. Introductory remarks to session on risk assessment and risk management. PMID- 6745556 TI - Determining "safe" levels of exposure: safety factors or mathematical models? AB - The object of regulatory toxicology is to determine "safe" levels of human exposure to toxicants present in the environment. The traditional safety factor approach is compared to more recent mathematical modeling techniques, outlining the underlying assumptions and statistical properties of each procedure. Several linear extrapolation procedures are examined in detail using computer simulation, along with the impact of nonlinear kinetics on the extrapolation process. PMID- 6745557 TI - Role of mathematical models in assessment of risk and in attempts to define management strategy. AB - Risk assessment of food-borne carcinogens is becoming a common practice at FDA. Actual risk is not being estimated, only the upper limit of risk. The risk assessment process involves a large number of steps and assumptions, many of which affect the numerical value estimated. The mathematical model which is to be applied is only one of the factors which affect these numerical values. To fulfill the policy objective of using the "worst plausible case" in estimating the upper limit of risk, recognition needs to be given to a proper balancing of assumptions and decisions. Interaction between risk assessors and risk managers should avoid making or giving the appearance of making specific technical decisions such as the choice of the mathematical model. The importance of this emerging field is too great to jeopardize it by inappropriately mixing scientific judgments with policy judgments. The risk manager should understand fully the points and range of uncertainty involved in arriving at the estimates of risk which must necessarily affect the choice of the policy or regulatory options available. PMID- 6745558 TI - The role of law in risk management: a framework for managing uncertainty. PMID- 6745559 TI - The legal system's response to scientific uncertainty: the role of judicial review. PMID- 6745560 TI - Rapid induction of carcinoma in situ in dog urinary bladder by sequential treatment with N-methyl-N'-nitrosourea and N-butyl-N-(4-hydroxybutyl) nitrosamine. AB - A highly atypical intraepithelial proliferation, which was interpreted as carcinoma in situ, developed in the urinary bladder of 2 beagle dogs after repeated intravesical instillations of N-methyl-N'-nitrosourea followed by oral administration of N-butyl-N-(4-hydroxybutyl)nitrosamine. The latent period was 37 weeks. The technique may provide a useful model to study the natural history of bladder cancer, particularly carcinoma in situ. PMID- 6745561 TI - Tumor detection with some 99mTc-labeled S-containing amino acids. AB - 99mTc-labeled L-cysteine, DL-homocysteine, and S-carbamyl-L-cysteine were prepared and tested for effectiveness in gamma camera imaging and for bioradiodistribution in mice bearing Ehrlich solid tumors. Among these labeled compounds, 99mTc-DL-homocysteine seems most promising for the nuclear medical imaging of tumors. PMID- 6745562 TI - Squamous cell carcinoma found in the cardiac region of the stomach of an aged orangoutang. AB - A spontaneous tumor was found in the cardiac region of the stomach of an aged orangoutang (Pongo pygmeans) in the Ueno Zoological Garden. This tumor, which was 10 cm in diameter and had invaded the serosa, was diagnosed as a squamous cell carcinoma. Metastases were found in the lymph nodes at various sites and in the liver, spleen and bronchus. PMID- 6745563 TI - Heterogeneity of a tumor antigen TA-4 of squamous cell carcinoma in relation to its appearance in the circulation. AB - The heterogeneity of a tumor antigen TA-4 of squamous cell carcinoma was studied by using isoelectric focusing (IEF). IEF of squamous cell carcinoma tissue of the uterine cervix showed 2 major peaks of TA-4 with pI values of 5.9 to 6.2 (acidic TA-4) and 6.3 to 6.6 (neutral TA-4). The non-malignant squamous epithelium of the uterine cervix showed a major TA-4 peak at pI 6.3 to 6.6 (neutral TA-4), while TA 4 in the blood of patients with squamous cell carcinoma was mainly eluted at pI 5.9 to 6.2 (acidic TA-4). These results indicated that acidic TA-4 is implicated in the appearance of this antigen in the circulation of patients with squamous cell carcinoma. PMID- 6745564 TI - Assembly of transferred normal spleen cells in situ at sites eliciting the delayed hypersensitivity reaction to tumor antigens in mice. AB - Cell assembly at sites eliciting the delayed hypersensitivity reaction (DHR) to tumor antigens was studied using 51Cr-labeled cells. C3H/He mice were strongly immunized with syngeneic MM46 tumors. The MM46 antigen fraction elicited tumor specific DHR when injected into the footpad of MM46-immunized mice. The test mice were then injected iv with 51Cr-labeled spleen cells from normal mice, their feet were cut off, and radioactivity in the feet was counted in a gamma-scintillation counter as a measure of the assembly of 51Cr-spleen cells at the site of the antitumor DHR. Assembly of spleen cells persisted for 48 hr after injection of the antigen fraction. Local passive transfer of the DHR also induced assembly of spleen cells, indicating that it is a cell-mediated immune reaction. On the basis of these results, the role of cell movement in host defense systems against tumors is discussed. PMID- 6745565 TI - Host reactivity to a spontaneous tumor: generation of antitumor activity by lymph node cells following incubation in vitro. AB - A spontaneous fibrosarcoma (SP/T-1) which arose in a syngeneic Balb/c mouse failed to show clear evidence of immunogenicity when examined by the in vivo immunization/challenge technique. However, when the lymph node cells (LNC) of tumor-'immunized' donors were cultured in vitro for approximately 2 days in the absence of tumor cells, they were found to be markedly inhibitory to the tumor in cell transfer assays. A similar effect was also found in the LNC of tumor-bearers but this was less marked. The antitumor activity appeared to be mediated largely by the T cells, since the depletion of Thy 1 positive cells abolished or markedly decreased the LNC inhibitory activity towards the tumor cells. The activated LNC were found to be specifically cytotoxic to the SP/T-1 cells since they did not destroy cells of two other syngeneic cell types tested--a methylcholanthrene induced fibrosarcoma, MC677 and a neonatal heart-derived normal cell line NEO/H. Neither of these cell types showed virus particles by electron microscopy and since C type virus-like particles were detected within the SP/T-1 cells by electron microscopy the possibility exists that viral antigenic determinants expressed on the tumor cell surface acted in tumor cell recognition and destruction in this tumor system. However, the possibility cannot be excluded that in vitro-activated natural killer cells also participated in tumor cell killing. These observations clearly indicate the existence of tumor-associated transplantation antigens in certain 'non-immunogenic' tumors as well as antitumor effector mechanisms which remain totally suppressed in vivo. PMID- 6745566 TI - Different local therapeutic effects of various polysaccharides on MH134 hepatoma in mice and its relation to inflammation induced by the polysaccharides. AB - The local antitumor activities and inflammation-inducing activities of various antitumor polysaccharides were examined and the relation between the two types of activity was studied. The tested antitumor polysaccharides included MG (a mannoglucan prepared from the culture fluid of Microellobosporia grisea), lentinan, bacterial lipopolysaccharide, TAK (a glucan from Alcaligenes faecalis) and their derivatives. Local antitumor activity was tested by intratumoral administration of the polysaccharides 4, 7 and 10 days after inoculation of MH134 hepatoma intradermally (id) into the abdomen of C3H/He mice. MG and its derivatives showed strong local antitumor activity. Inflammation-inducing activity was assayed by measuring foot-pad swelling and accumulation of iv injected 51Cr-labeled spleen cells after injection of the test materials into the footpads of C3H/He mice. TAK had the strongest inflammation-inducing activity among the polysaccharides tested. No close correlation was found between the local antitumor activity and the inflammation-inducing activity. PMID- 6745567 TI - [What form of vasopressin to use for the emergency treatment of ruptured esophageal varices?]. PMID- 6745568 TI - [Anti-Gram-negative bacterial antibodies in alcoholic cirrhosis. Study of 58 patients]. AB - Gram-negative bacterial infections are frequent and severe in cirrhotic patients. Existence of endotoxemia in cirrhosis is controversial. The demonstration of Gram negative bacterial antibodies could be an alternative approach to the pathogenic role of these bacteria. In 58 patients with alcoholic cirrhosis, the immunoglobulin G specifically directed against the Gram-negative bacteria lipopolysaccharide expressed by the J5 mutant of Escherichia coli 0111:B4 was measured. Antibody titres were compared to those of a control group of blood donors. The distributions of antibody titres were similar in cirrhotic patients and in control subjects. No correlation was found between antibody titres and biological parameters of liver function. These results seem to confirm previous reports on the absence of latent endotoxemia in cirrhotic patients, and they suggest that antibody production against Gram-negative bacteria lipopolysaccharides is not enhanced in these patients. PMID- 6745569 TI - [Pragmatic diagnostic value of hepatobiliary echography in 193 consecutive jaundiced patients referred to an endoscopic retrograde cholangiography center]. AB - The aim of this retrospective work was to study the reliability of hepatobiliary sonography (SG) in a population of 193 icteric patients referred to our endoscopic retrograde cholangiography pancreatography (ERCP) unit between January 1980 and January 1983. One hundred and eight patients were female (ages varying from 9 to 90 years, average: 61 years) and 85 were male (ages varying from 9 to 91 years, average: 55 years). This study's objective was purely pragmatic. The initial SG report served as a basis for assessment of the diagnostic value of ultrasound examination. According to the sonographic patterns observed (biliary dilatation or not), jaundice was classified as intra- or extrahepatic. The sonographic results were then compared to the definitive diagnosis as determined from clinical, biological and pathological data. In the case of an obstacle, the final diagnosis was confirmed by either ERCP or laparotomy. When ERCP showed no obstruction, the final diagnosis was based on either percutaneous hepatic biopsy or clinical and biological evolution and in two cases, an autopsy findings. In this population and considering the pragmatic context of the study, the effectiveness of SG in classifying jaundice as extra- or intrahepatic was 76 p. 100 (70-82), the sensitivity was 75 p. 100 (67-83), specificity, 81 p. 100 (72 89), positive predictive value, 87 p. 100 (81-93) and the negative predictive value, 66 p. 100 (56-76). Sixty-seven p. 100 of the 30 false negative diagnoses in 120 cases of obstructive jaundice corresponded to misdiagnosis of cholelithiasis. SG was able to suggest the etiology of jaundice in 94 cases; this was correct in 58 cases (61 p. 100).(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS) PMID- 6745571 TI - Surgeons, surgery and pancreatitis. PMID- 6745570 TI - [Ascitic pH and infection in alcoholic cirrhosis]. AB - The pH values of 108 samples of ascitic fluid in 94 alcoholic cirrhotic patients were analyzed in order to assess their diagnostic and prognostic value. The mean pH value of ascitic fluid was significantly lower (p less than 0.001) in patients with spontaneous bacterial peritonitis (7.23 +/- 0.22) or with suspected diagnosis of spontaneous bacterial peritonitis (7.29 +/- 0.15) than in patients with sterile ascites (7.45 +/- 0.06). However, there was an important overlap between these groups. In patients with and without spontaneous bacterial peritonitis, measurement of the difference between blood and ascitic pH was more discriminative than the ascitic pH alone: a difference of 0.10 or more was detected in all patients with spontaneous bacterial peritonitis, in 2 of 5 patients with suspected diagnosis of spontaneous bacterial peritonitis and in 3 of 97 patients with sterile ascites. When the ascitic pH value was lower than 7.15, death occurred rapidly. Ascitic pH rapidly increased when treatment of spontaneous bacterial peritonitis was clinically effective. These results suggest that measurement of pH in ascitic fluid is contributive to the diagnosis and prognosis of spontaneous bacterial peritonitis in alcoholic cirrhosis. PMID- 6745572 TI - [Colonic motility and colostomy]. PMID- 6745573 TI - [Acute necrotic pancreatitis: toward restriction of surgical indications]. AB - Fifty-two patients operated for acute necrotising pancreatitis are reported. All severely-ill patients, operated early in order to perform a necrosectomy, died subsequently. Patients without severe illness were operated either for a complication of their pancreatic necrosis or electively for biliary lithiasis. The postoperative mortality was 29 p. 100 and 0 p. 100 respectively. Pancreatic necrosectomies were associated with a high morbidity whether performed for complications (64 p. 100) or during elective biliary surgery (33 p. 100). From this study, it appears that there is no indication for early necrosectomy in the severe forms of acute necrotising pancreatitis. However, pancreatic abscess remains a formal indication for drainage. It seems also justified to perform elective surgery without necrosectomy for biliary lithiasis complicated by acute necrotising pancreatitis. PMID- 6745574 TI - [Electromyographic analysis of the motility of the right and transverse colon in 9 colostomized patients]. AB - The aim of this work was to study the electric pattern of proximal colonic motility in patients with permanent colostomy but without past history of an irritable bowel syndrome. Nine patients (55 to 70 years-old) were investigated using a colonoscope with 5 annular electrodes. An electromyogram was recorded during 4 h. In 5 patients, the results observed before and after a standard test meal were compared. The two usual types of electric activity (i. e. Long Spike Bursts (LSB) and Short Spike Bursts (SSB)) were recorded in the right and transverse colon. The duration of LSB and SSB activities were 8.3 +/- 5.5 and 3.7 +/- 3.5 p. 100 respectively (m +/- SD). In 6 patients, the right and transverse colons were recorded simultaneously; in these patients there was a significant difference in LSB activity between the ascending colon and the transverse colon (10.6 +/- 3.7 and 5.6 +/- 4.3 p. 100 respectively; p less than 0.01). After a meal, the right colonic LSB activity increased (greater than 30 p. 100 of the basal level) in 4 out of 5 patients whereas the transverse colonic LSB activity increased only in one patient. The most striking finding of this study was that colonic hypomotility was of a propulsive and tonic nature. These results could explain the nearly continuous flow of faeces commonly observed in patients with colostomy. PMID- 6745575 TI - [Palliative treatment of cancers of the esophagus and cardia with YAG neodymium laser. (Preliminary noncontrolled trial)]. AB - The aim of this study was to report results of endoscopic YAG laser therapy in palliative treatment of esophageal and cardial carcinoma. Twenty-eight patients were treated: 9 with adenocarcinoma and 19 with squamous cell carcinoma. Among these patients, 9 had complete aphagia; radiotherapy was contraindicated in 17; in the remaining 2 patients the aim of laser therapy was to achieve sufficient luminal enlargement to allow the endoscopic insertion of a prothesis. Dysphagia improved in 24 cases; destruction of a major portion of the intraluminal tumor was achieved in 17 patients, and incomplete destruction was possible in 9 patients. In one case, the treatment had no effect. Among 22 subjects in maintenance treatment, 13 good results were obtained. Several complications of laser therapy were observed: 2 cases of minor bleeding, 2 cases of esophagitis and 1 perforation of the upper esophagus. The patient died after surgical operation. It is concluded that endoscopic YAG laser therapy for palliative treatment of esophageal and cardial carcinoma is effective, providing rapid improvement of dysphagia. Maintenance treatment is necessary to sustain the improvement. Randomized studies are now needed to compare endoscopic laser therapy with other palliative treatment of malignant tumors of the upper gastrointestinal tract. PMID- 6745576 TI - [Dietary behavior and nutritional status of patients with ileorectal anastomosis after total colectomy for hemorrhagic rectocolitis]. AB - In ulcerative colitis, total colectomy with ileo-rectal anastomosis is commonly performed in Europe. Whether this procedure induces a protein caloric malnutrition and/or a radical modification of diet is not known. Twenty-one patients with ileo-rectal anastomosis and 21 normal subjects who were matched for age, sex, social behavior and habitat were therefore studied concomitantly. In all subjects, the diet contents in energy, nitrogen, glucids, lipids, proteins, dietary fibers and vitamin C, were quantitatively determined. Evaluation of nutritional status included body weight measurement and determination of biological markers: serum albumin, prealbumin, transferrin, hemoglobin and urinary creatinine. The energy and nitrogen intakes of the patients were not different from those of control subjects: respectively 2,187 +/- 612 versus 2,038 +/- 589 kcal/day and 15.4 +/- 5.9 versus 16.0 +/- 5.2 g/day. In contrast, the dietary fiber and vitamin C contents of the diet were significantly lower in patients than in control subjects: respectively 9.7 +/- 5.5 versus 14.6 +/- 5.6 g/day and 43.5 +/- 29.9 versus 72.4 +/- 23.7 mg/day (p less than 0.05). There was no difference in nutritional status between patients and the control group. Thus, in ulcerative colitis, ileorectal anastomosis seems to cause neither protein caloric malnutrition nor radical modifications in diet. Nevertheless, the low intake in vitamin C suggests that supplementation with ascorbic acid may be useful in these patients. PMID- 6745577 TI - [Spontaneous pneumoperitoneum in scleroderma]. AB - A spontaneous and asymptomatic pneumoperitoneum was observed in two women presenting with pseudoileus resulting from severe gastrointestinal involvement in progressive systemic sclerosis. In the first case, pneumoperitoneum was associated with pneumatosis cystoides intestinalis and remained unchanged during 3 years. As obstruction resisted to medical management, surgery was performed; however at laparotomy neither perforation nor obstruction of the bowel could be found; the patient died during the postoperative course. In the second case, pneumoperitoneum disappeared after medical management of low-grade intestinal ileus but the patient died 6 months later because of cardiac failure. Autopsy revealed major distention of the bowel but failed to show any signs of perforation. These findings show that, in progressive systemic sclerosis, pneumoperitoneum can occur in the absence of digestive perforation and that surgery is not required. However this complication seems to carry a very poor prognosis. PMID- 6745578 TI - [Loco-regional chemotherapy of hepatic metastases of colorectal origin: failure of arterial chemotherapy; value of portal chemotherapy associated with ligation of the hepatic artery]. PMID- 6745579 TI - [Budd-Chiari syndrome and congenital antithrombin III deficiency]. PMID- 6745580 TI - [Hepatitis from pyricarbate]. PMID- 6745581 TI - [Anorectal stenosis related to the taking of suppositories combining dextropropoxyphene and paracetamol (Di-Antalvic)]. PMID- 6745582 TI - [A rare cause of gastric perforation: phytobezoar]. PMID- 6745583 TI - [Perforated sigmoiditis treated in an emergency without colonic resection (16 cases)]. PMID- 6745584 TI - Calcified mediastinal enterogenous cyst. AB - This report describes a case of esophageal duplication cyst presenting as a densely calcified lesion in the lower posterior mediastinum. PMID- 6745585 TI - The triangle sign: a CT sign of intraperitoneal fluid. AB - Ninety-four abdominal CT examinations of 91 patients with intraperitoneal fluid were reviewed, and in 25 scans (27%) triangular fluid collections were found within the leaves of the mesentery or adjacent to bowel. In a control group of 30 patients without CT evidence of intraperitoneal fluid, no triangular densities were identified. Triangular fluid collections were visualized in a higher percentage of patients when the quantity of intraperitoneal fluid was moderate to large, IV contrast was given, good bowel opacification was obtained, the amount of mesenteric fat was moderate to large, and the abdominal CT examination included cuts through the pelvis. A triangular fluid collection was reproduced in a cadaver by intraperitoneal infusion of saline. Percutaneous needle aspiration confirmed that the saline collection was responsible for the CT findings. The CT appearance of this new triangle sign is demonstrated. PMID- 6745586 TI - The syndromes of pancreatic pseudocysts and fluid collections. AB - The clinical and radiologic spectrum of pseudocysts associated with alcohol induced pancreatitis is wide and variable. Several illustrative cases which delineate the diversity of syndromes that occur with pseudocysts are presented. A classification is proposed to facilitate a more coherent approach to the concept of pseudocysts and is based on the clinical presentation. Thus, in acute pancreatitis duct disruption and enzyme activation may result in intrapancreatic or extrapancreatic fluid collections. In calcifying chronic pancreatitis duct obstruction may result in pseudocysts of the head, body, or tail of the pancreas, which can enlarge and penetrate into extrapancreatic sites. This subdivision will assist in elucidating the natural history of pseudocysts and pancreatic fluid collections. Furthermore, it may establish new guidelines for diagnosis and therapy. PMID- 6745587 TI - Demonstration of an internal pancreatic fistula by computed tomography. AB - The computed tomographic demonstration of a mediastinal pseudocyst communicating with the pancreatic duct in a patient with severe acute pancreatitis is reported. An awareness of this communication was essential in planning the appropriate surgical management. PMID- 6745588 TI - Abnormal intraabdominal gas collections visualized on computed tomography: a clinical and experimental study. AB - Abnormal intraabdominal gas collections visualized on CT scans during a 1-year period were reviewed. There were 34 collections in 29 patients. Sixty-two percent of these abnormalities were noninfectious and iatrogenic in origin, usually a direct result of procedures such as surgery, diagnostic tests, and needle or tube placement. Infections/abscesses (18%), hernias (15%), and gastrointestinal perforations (6%) produced the other abnormal gas collections. In the experimental animal study, gas collections as small as 5cc could be visualized on CT images. Collections of up to 20cc were visible for similar periods of time on both CT scans and conventional radiographs. It is concluded that most abnormally placed gas collections seen on CT are iatrogenic and that CT scans are very sensitive for the detection of such collections. PMID- 6745589 TI - Computed tomography of bowel perforation. AB - The authors present 2 cases of intestinal perforation which were not associated with free intraperitoneal air detectable on abdominal radiographs. Computed tomography demonstrated evidence of intraperitoneal leakage of orally administered contrast material and thereby provided the correct diagnosis. PMID- 6745590 TI - Ultrasonography in Crohn's disease. AB - Eighteen patients with acute and subacute Crohn's disease were examined by ultrasound. In 7, ultrasound was the initial screening procedure leading to the diagnosis of Crohn's disease. This diagnosis was subsequently proved by results of barium studies. The most frequent ultrasonographic finding was conglomeration: an irregular mass containing scattered echodense and sonolucent areas that represented matted inflamed bowel loops. Some of the conglomerations showed a fine diffuse echo pattern with ill-defined posterior borders due to poor transmission. These areas denoted mesenteric fat covering the matted loops (fatty conglomeration). Other ultrasonographic findings were the "target" or "bull's eye" sign, abscess formation, and fluid in the cul-de-sac. PMID- 6745591 TI - Computed tomography evaluation of local and extraintestinal complications of Crohn's disease. AB - Complications of Crohn's disease were demonstrated by computed tomography of the abdomen and pelvis in 7 patients. Four patients had developed abscesses, 2 located in the psoas region and 2 involving the retroperitoneum or the liver. Other abnormalities documented on CT included inflammatory masses, fistulae, carcinoma, mesenteric thickening, and extraintestinal complications such as gallstones, renal calculi, and sacroileitis. Computed tomography was found to be useful in the detection and follow-up of abdominal complications of Crohn's disease. PMID- 6745592 TI - Computed tomographic diagnosis of radiation ileitis. AB - Two patients were studied by CT after resection of colon carcinoma followed by abdominal radiation therapy. Based upon the findings of a localized, mass-like confluence of shortened loops of bowel with thickening of bowel wall, adherence of adjoining loops, thickening of the adjacent mesentery, and increased density of mesenteric fat the patients were considered to have radiation ileitis. Recurrent tumor was excluded by autopsy and confirmed by a 1-year asymptomatic follow-up period. PMID- 6745593 TI - CT diagnosis of hernia of Morgagni. AB - A single case of hernia of Morgagni diagnosed by computed tomography (CT) is presented. CT is an accurate, noninvasive method of evaluating this entity and can replace many of the other imaging modalities previously employed. PMID- 6745594 TI - CT findings in human fascioliasis. AB - Three patients with fascioliasis are presented in whom CT demonstrated abscesses and granulomas and permitted control of the disease's evolution after medical treatment. PMID- 6745595 TI - The extent of successful colonoscopy: a second assessment using modern equipment. AB - Records of 200 consecutive and unselected colonoscopies were reviewed to determine both the success in viewing the entire colon and the average extent of colon visualized, using the most modern equipment. Colonoscopy was completed to the cecum or ileum in 82.5% of studies, and an average of 93.8% of the colon was viewed. These data show considerable improvement compared to those previously reported by us. However, the significant number of incomplete colonoscopies still suggests that colonoscopy and barium enema examination must remain complementary for maximum detection of colonic lesions. PMID- 6745596 TI - Evaluation of intrahepatic cholestasis with radionuclide hepatobiliary imaging. AB - Since hepatobiliary imaging with 99mTc=labeled iminodiacetic acid derivatives (HIDA) allows relatively separate, sequential measurement of hepatocyte clearance, parenchymal transit, and biliary excretion, these agents should be useful in differentiating intrahepatic cholestasis (IC) from other hepatobiliary disorders. We studied 18 patients with clinical evidence of IC in whom the parenchymal transit time was increased disproportionately to any decrease in hepatocyte clearance. In a second group of 14 patients with hepatocyte disease but without clinical evidence of IC, the average parenchymal transit time was increased less in relation to the average decrease in hepatocyte clearance than in the IC group. In 15 patients with extrahepatic biliary obstruction, the average hepatocyte clearance was disproportionately increased, as in IC, but large-duct obstruction was identified by scintigrams, ultrasound, or computed tomography. These preliminary results suggest that IC can be diagnosed with hepatobiliary imaging. PMID- 6745597 TI - Hemobilia from ruptured hepatic artery aneurysm: angiographic demonstration of arteriobiliary fistula in a successfully treated case. AB - Rupture of a hepatic artery aneurysm into the biliary tree is a rare cause of hemobilia. The dramatic nature of the disease and the difficulties in obtaining a preoperative diagnosis are the main causes of its high mortality rate. Progress in vascular radiology and surgery seems to be an important factor in improving the survival rates in patients with this type of hemobilia. A case of a patient with an aneurysm of the common hepatic artery ruptured into the common bile duct is reported. Preoperative arteriography revealed the aneurysm and the arteriobiliary fistula causing massive hemobilia. The patient was successfully treated by arterial ligation and is symptom free after 2 years. PMID- 6745598 TI - Glycogenic acanthosis of the esophagus: radiographic and pathologic features. AB - Diagnostic features of glycogenic acanthosis of the esophagus on air-contrast radiography, endoscopy, and histopathologic studies in 10 selected cases are presented. Glycogenic acanthosis of the esophagus is a common benign entity, characterized by multifocal plaques of hyperplastic squamous epithelium with abundant intracellular glycogen deposits. At esophagoscopy or on autopsy specimens these lesions appear as slightly raised grey-white plaques which are usually 2-10 mm in diameter and may be confluent. They cause a finely nodular or cobblestone mucosal pattern demonstrable on double-contrast views of the well distended esophagus. The findings are not associated with mucosal ulcerations, luminal narrowing, or mobility disturbance, although some patients may have coexistent hiatal hernia and gastroesophageal reflux. PMID- 6745599 TI - Endoscopical determination of gastric mucosal blood flow by the crossed thermocouple method. AB - A crossed thermocouple method in combination with endoscopy was applied to determine the blood flow rate of the human gastric mucosa. Determination was carried out with 11 healthy control subjects at 8 sites of the stomach. The blood flow rates at all sites in the corpus were found to be higher than those at the antrum. In subjects less than 50 years old the blood flow rate in the corpus was higher than in older subjects. These results were in agreed well with those obtained by the hydrogen gas clearance method, which is widely adopted clinically. The crossed thermocouple method is easily applicable to all sites in the gastric mucosa and the time required for the assay is very short. This method dose not require the inhalation of hydrogen gas which is necessary for the hydrogen gas clearance method and which is possibly harmful to humans. Although the values obtained by the crossed thermocouple method are relative to the value at a certain fixed site, this method will holds great potential for the determination of gastric mucosal blood flow rate. PMID- 6745601 TI - A case of posttransfusion hepatitis A. AB - A 63-year-old female case of cancer of the colon who developed posttransfusion hepatitis A was presented. She became ill 49 days after receiving a single unit of concentrated red cells from a donor who also developed hepatitis A 10 days after donation. PMID- 6745600 TI - Immunological abnormalities involving the thymus in ulcerative colitis and therapeutic effects of thymectomy. PMID- 6745603 TI - Endoscopic screening for gastric stump cancer--would it be beneficial? A hypothetical cohort study. AB - The incidence of gastric cancer is increased in the gastric stump. It has, therefore, been recommended that subjects who have undergone partial gastrectomy be screened by regular endoscopy. However, several factors make it very difficult to test, in a clinical trial, the efficacy of such screening. To solve this problem, known clinical observations on partial gastrectomy patients were applied to a hypothetical cohort of 100,000 German or American partial gastrectomy patients. In this way the possible benefits of regular endoscopic screening in such a population were predicted. Markov type of decision analysis was used on the hypothetical cohorts to see if yearly endoscopy significantly improved outcomes as compared with no endoscopic screening. Under the very liberal, but arbitrary, assumption that endoscopic screening could prevent death from gastric stump cancer in 80% of those diagnosed as having gastric stump cancer, 8.5% and 5.4% of German male and female gastrectomy patients, respectively, and 2.2% and 1.3% of American male and female gastrectomy patients, respectively, would benefit from screening. Lives of German men and women would be prolonged 10 and 13 yr, respectively, [11 and 15 yr for American men and women]. Life expectancy of the total male and female cohort would increase by 9 and 8 mo, respectively, [U.S.A: 2 and 2 mo]. Per 100 endoscopies invested, 6.4 and 4.3 [U.S.A.: 1.8 and 1.2] male and female life years would be gained. However, a sensitivity analysis shows the outcomes of the calculations to depend most on the rate of a 5-yr survival gained by endoscopy and surgery: as the postoperative 5-yr survival of gastric stump cancer patients falls below 80%, the benefit achieved by endoscopic screening becomes even less apparent. In American subjects who have undergone partial gastrectomy, the benefit of endoscopic screening would probably be too low to justify screening. Only in populations with high frequencies of gastric cancer may endoscopic screening be beneficial. PMID- 6745602 TI - Fat absorption and metabolism. AB - This review spans almost 20 years during which the author's initial interest in the hypolipidaemia of patients with steatorrhoea eventually led him to treat hyperlipidaemia by deliberately inducing malabsorption of cholesterol and bile acids. Before discussing malabsorption, however, it is necessary to first consider the normal physiology of fat absorption and metabolism. This process can be divided into various phases as summarised below: The intraluminal phase, involves lipolysis and micellar solubilisation of dietary fat; The mucosal phase, involves uptake of micellar lipids and their subsequent re-esterification; The lymphatic phase, involves chylomicron formation and secretion into lymph; and The catabolic phase, which involves the peripheral hydrolysis of chylomicrons, the uptake of remnant particles by the liver and the subsequent recycling and exchange of lipids and apoproteins among the various plasma lipoproteins. PMID- 6745604 TI - Noradrenergic nerves in human small intestine. Distribution and ultrastructure. AB - Noradrenergic nerves in human jejunum and distal ileum were identified at the light microscopic level by fluorescence histochemistry and at the ultrastructural level by 5-hydroxydopamine loading in vitro and by the chromaffin reaction. The myenteric and submucous ganglia contained dense arrays of varicose noradrenergic fibers; the muscularis externa, muscularis mucosae, intestinal glands, and villi were sparsely supplied. Enteric axon profiles that had taken up 5-hydroxydopamine contained variable proportions of flattened, small round, and pleomorphic large vesicles all containing electron-dense material. Chromaffin-reactive enteric axon profiles and some enteric profiles in conventionally fixed untreated intestine contained similarly shaped vesicles. After 5-hydroxydopamine loading, noradrenergic nerves supplying blood vessels contained large round and small round vesicles with dense cores. Noradrenergic varicosities were concentrated near the edges of myenteric ganglia and were randomly distributed in submucous ganglia. Noradrenergic axons occasionally formed synapses on nerve processes in both myenteric and submucous ganglia, and on rare occasions, on nerve cell bodies in myenteric ganglia. Nonnoradrenergic axon profiles containing small round vesicles with granular inclusions (ring vesicles) were also found in human small intestine. The distribution and ultrastructure of noradrenergic nerves in human small intestine is similar to that in other mammals except for the occurrence of synapses in human ganglia. PMID- 6745605 TI - Trophic effect of pentagastrin on normal and regenerating parietal cells. A light and electron microscopic study in rats. AB - Gastric mucosal wounds were produced by cauterization of the oxyntic gland area in adult rats. From the first postoperative day, one group of animals was given two daily subcutaneous injections of pentagastrin, 250 micrograms/kg body wt, dissolved in hydrolyzed gelatin. The remaining rats served as controls and were given saline in the gelatin. After 90 days of treatment the animals were killed and the gastric mucosa was prepared for light and electron microscopy. Using stereologic techniques, data on parietal cells were obtained from both normal and regenerating mucosas. Pentagastrin induced a 2.3-fold increase in the parietal cell volume density in the regenerating mucosa and a 1.3-fold increase in normal mucosa. However, pentagastrin did not affect the ultrastructure of the parietal cells. Thus, the well-known trophic effect of pentagastrin on the gastric mucosa was confirmed; however, the absence of ultrastructural changes in the parietal cells suggests that the target for its trophic effect is likely to be the progenitor cell population. PMID- 6745606 TI - Effect of 13-norleucin motilin on water and ion transport in the human jejunum. AB - Passage of the interdigestive migrating myoelectric complex through the proximal small bowel is associated with elevated plasma motilin levels and an increase in transmucosal potential difference suggesting altered ion transport. The aim of the present study was to investigate whether motilin may have an effect on intestinal water and ion transport. Steady state jejunal perfusion studies were carried out in healthy volunteers while either saline (control) or synthetic motilin (256 pmol/kg X h) was infused via peripheral vein. Plasma motilin levels rose from a mean of 31 to a plateau of 832 pmol/L. Motilin infusion significantly reduced absorption of water, sodium, potassium, and chloride when a plasmalike electrolyte solution was perfused. During perfusion with a bicarbonate-free salt solution, motilin significantly enhanced secretion of water, potassium, and chloride. Chloride secretion was active inasmuch as it occurred against both an electrical and chemical gradient. Motilin infusion had no effect on transit time during perfusion of the 30-cm jejunal test segments. We conclude that motilin can act as an intestinal secretagogue in the human jejunum. PMID- 6745607 TI - Role of the microcirculation in ethanol-induced mucosal injury in the dog. AB - The aim of the present study was to assess the role of the intestinal microcirculation in the mucosal injury induced by intraenteric ethanol. Mucosal injury was assessed histologically in the ileum and jejunum and quantitated in the ileum by measuring clearance of albumin (37 A, radius) and beta-lactoglobulin A (27 A, radius). A steady-state analysis of the forces and flows governing transcapillary fluid movement was performed in autoperfused segments of jejunum and ileum. In the jejunum and ileum ethanol induced the formation of subepithelial blisters in 10%-40% of the villi. In the ileum, ethanol (5%, vol/vol) increased the clearance of both proteins but the ratio of lactoglobulin to albumin clearance decreased, indicating that the selectivity of the mucosal membrane was diminished. In both the jejunum and ileum ethanol produced similar alterations in the forces governing transcapillary fluid exchange. Ethanol increased the filtration coefficient (35%-40%), but did not alter the osmotic reflection coefficient of intestinal capillaries, indicating that surface area increased whereas vascular permeability was not affected. Capillary pressure increased (2-3 mmHg) whereas interstitial (lymph) protein concentration decreased resulting in an increase in the transcapillary oncotic pressure gradient (1-2 mmHg). The net result of the alterations in the forces governing transcapillary movement was only a doubling of the transcapillary filtration rate (lymph flow). It is concluded that the ethanol-induced increase in mucosal permeability to macromolecules cannot be explained solely on the basis of alterations in the forces and flows governing transcapillary fluid exchange in the small intestine. PMID- 6745608 TI - Selective myenteric neuronal denervation of the rat jejunum. Differential control of the propagation of migrating myoelectric complex and basic electric rhythm. AB - Serosal application of benzalkonium chloride (BAC), a cationic surfactant, was used to selectively ablate the myenteric neurons of the rat jejunum. The myoelectric activity of the BAC-treated area and the areas both orad and caudad to it were assessed. In the jejunal segment devoid of myenteric neurons, the basic electric rhythm (BER) pattern was erratic and the amplitude of the BER was attenuated. The BER frequency of the jejunal area caudad to the BAC-treated area was 30.7 +/- 0.73 cycles/min, which was significantly reduced from the normal BER frequency (37.7 +/- 0.64 cycles/min). Spike activity was normal in areas both orad and caudad to the treated area, existing in regular cycling bursts (migrating myoelectric complex). Spiking in the treated area did not appear until approximately 13-17 days after BAC treatment. These spikes, though of greater duration and lower frequency than the adjacent areas, always appeared after an orad burst and were followed by a caudad burst. In addition, the following motility parameters of the regions orad and caudad to the treated area were not significantly different from control animals: burst duration, period, and burst propagation velocity. In conclusion, the present investigation has demonstrated that BAC-induced ablation of the myenteric neurons in the rat jejunum disrupts the BER but not the migrating myoelectric complex propagation. This suggests that the myenteric neurons play a modulatory role in the generation and propagation of the BER, whereas humoral factors or the submucosal neurons may be more important in the control of the migrating myoelectric complex. PMID- 6745609 TI - Rice flour, breath hydrogen, and malabsorption. AB - In contrast to the incomplete intestinal absorption of many dietary carbohydrates in healthy humans, it has been suggested that rice flour is completely absorbed. The aims of this study were (a) to confirm efficient absorption of rice flour in healthy individuals, (b) to evaluate a "rice breath hydrogen (H2) test" in the investigation of patients with suspected malabsorption, and (c) to compare H2 results with quantitative fecal fat excretion. The test meal consisted of 100 g of carbohydrate in the form of rice pancakes. End expiratory breath samples were collected at 30-min intervals over 8 h and the H2 concentration was analyzed by gas chromatography. Three-day stool fat collections were performed on a 70-g fat intake. The results of the experiment indicated that healthy controls (n = 23) produced minimal H2 [mean increase (delta) +/- SE] = 6.9 +/- 1.4 parts per million (ppm). Patients with pancreatic disease produced 43.2 +/- 8.0 ppm. Complete or partial correction was achieved in each of 6 subjects with oral pancreatic supplements. Twenty-two patients with a variety of small bowel diseases produced a mean increase of 73.2 +/- 21.4 ppm. Breath H2 excretion was maximal in patients with bacterial overgrowth. Disease controls (n = 10) with diarrhea of colonic origin did not produce significant H2. The sensitivity of the rice-breath H2 test compared favorably with quantitative fecal fat excretion. Within individuals, there was a lack of correlation between breath H2 data (an index of CHO malabsorption) and daily stool weight that reflects the presence or absence of diarrhea. This lack of correlation supports the concept that the endogenous microflora salvage considerable quantities of unabsorbed carbohydrate. PMID- 6745610 TI - Pancreatic bicarbonate response to food-bound hydrogen ion along the gut. AB - Recent reports suggest most solid food enters the duodenum as small particles. Our studies showed that small particles of liver were capable of binding hydrogen ions (H+), but there was slow equilibration of H+ between particulate and aqueous phases. We wondered whether titratable acid as H+ bound to meat particles could effectively stimulate pancreatic bicarbonate secretion despite slow diffusion. We studied mongrel dogs with chronic pancreatic fistulas; the intestinal lumen was washed free of endogenous pancreatic enzymes. Pancreatic bicarbonate and protein responses were measured during duodenal perfusion with pH 2 or pH 3 gels that delivered 1, 2, or 4 mEq/15 min of titratable acid (endpoint pH 4.5). Gels consisted of acidified, 0.1-0.7-mm particles of beef liver or bovine serum albumin or lactic acid suspended with 2% starch in 0.15 M NaCl. The liver, bovine serum albumin, and lactate had similar titration curves. At pH 2 or pH 3, liver particles were about as effective as bovine serum albumin in stimulating pancreatic bicarbonate secretion. Likewise, pH 3 liver particles were equipotent with pH 3 lactate on pancreatic bicarbonate secretion when both perfusates were allowed access to the whole intestine. However, when confined to the first 45 cm of proximal intestine, much less H+ was dissipated from the liver versus the lactate; and, correspondingly, there was a much greater decrement in pancreatic bicarbonate secretion from whole gut responses with liver versus lactate. We conclude that titratable acid bound to solid food particles is a potent stimulus of pancreatic bicarbonate secretion despite its slow diffusion. Our studies suggest that H+ slowly diffusing from particles excites pancreatic bicarbonate secretion by triggering H+ receptors along more distal intestine. PMID- 6745611 TI - Effect of meal composition on calcium absorption: enhancing effect of carbohydrate polymers. AB - Meal components including fat, fiber, and carbohydrates can influence the intestinal absorption of calcium; such interactions may be of even greater importance in the presence of intestinal disease. This study compares intestinal absorption of 47CaCl2 administered in four ways: in water, within a standard meal, with a liquid formula (Ensure, Ross Laboratories, Columbus, Ohio), or with a glucose polymer solution (Frodex-15, Ross). Studies were carried out in 9 patients with ileal resection, 3 patients with jejunoileal bypass, and 14 controls. Fractional calcium absorption from water was lower in patients than in controls. Absorption was enhanced 1.5- to 5-fold when 47CaCl2 was administered with a liquid formula diet containing a glucose polymer or with the glucose polymer alone. Patients with the lowest calcium absorption from breakfast showed the greatest effect of calcium ingestion with formula or glucose polymer. These findings further emphasize the importance of meal composition on calcium absorption and provide a possible mechanism for enhancing calcium absorption in some patients with chronically impaired absorption. PMID- 6745612 TI - Methane production and colon cancer. AB - The cause of the high incidence of methane producers in patients with colorectal cancer is not clear. A total of 270 individuals were studied for methane production, using an end-expiratory breath sampling technique. They were divided into eight groups: 156 healthy controls (group 1); 47 patients with colorectal cancer (group 2); 36 patients (34 of them included in the previous group) after resection of the tumor (group 3); 7 (also included in group 2) with nonresectable tumor (group 4); 29 with nonmalignant diseases of the colon (group 5); 12 with extensive ulcerative colitis (group 6); 12 with ulcerative proctosigmoiditis (group 7); and 12 with colonic polyposis (group 8). Significantly more patients (91.4%) with colorectal cancer in group 2 produced methane than either healthy controls (42.9%) (p less than 0.001) or patients with benign diseases of the colon (41.3%) (p less than 0.001). In 36 patients (group 3) in whom the cancer was resected, the incidence of methane producers fell to 47.2%, similar to the control group, but significantly different from group 2 (p less than 0.001). The percentage of methane producers in patients operated on, but with unresectable cancer, remained very high (87.7%). A significantly higher proportion of patients with extensive ulcerative colitis (group 6) and colonic polyposis (group 7) produced methane than patients with ulcerative proctosigmoiditis (group 7), benign diseases of the colon (group 5), and healthy controls (p less than 0.05). The results suggest that the presence of cancer in the large bowel directly influences methane production. In addition, in the group of diseases with a high risk of malignancy, the prevalence of methane-producing individuals was significantly higher than in the healthy population and in patients with benign diseases of the colon. PMID- 6745613 TI - Cavitation of mesenteric lymph nodes, splenic atrophy, and a flat small intestinal mucosa. Report of six cases. AB - This study describes, in 6 patients with a flat small intestinal mucosa and splenic atrophy, a particular lesion of the mesenteric lymph nodes termed "cavitation." In 4 women and 2 men with abdominal mass, intestinal obstruction, or suspected celiac disease-associated lymphoma, unusual pseudocystic lymph node lesions were found in the jejunal or jejunoileal mesentery. These lesions consisted histologically of a large central cavity occupied by hyaline-type material and surrounded by fibrous tissue and remnants of lymph node structures. There was no histologic evidence of malignant lymphoma or mesenteric panniculitis. Diffuse subtotal villous atrophy involving at least the jejunum was found in each case, together with unequivocal biological and morphological evidence of splenic atrophy, severe malabsorption, and a history of chronic or childhood diarrhea. HLA B8 or DR3, or both, was present in 4 of 4 cases; dermatitis herpetiformis was present in 1 case. An unequivocal mucosal response to a gluten-free diet was observed in 2 cases. Four patients died of cachexia or hyposplenism-related infections. We conclude that cavitation of mesenteric lymph nodes is an original feature which may be associated with splenic atrophy and a flat small intestinal mucosa; some of these patients may have celiac disease. Pathogenesis is unknown. PMID- 6745614 TI - Comparison of the extrahepatic bile duct size measured by ultrasound and by different radiographic methods. AB - The present prospective study was done to compare the size of the extrahepatic bile duct as measured by ultrasound with those measured by different radiographic techniques. The sonographic diameters were significantly correlated to the diameters measured by intravenous cholangiography (r = 0.92), to the diameters measured by endoscopic retrograde cholangiography (r = 0.81), and to the diameters measured by percutaneous transhepatic cholangiography (r = 0.85). The mean radiographic diameters were significantly greater for intravenous cholangiography, endoscopic retrograde cholangiography, and percutaneous transhepatic cholangiography than the mean sonographic diameters. Analyzing the regression lines between the radiographic and sonographic diameters and studying the sonographic diameters during intravenous cholangiography, the discrepancy between sonographic and radiographic measurements appears to be due to several factors: (a) radiographic magnification, (b) choleretic effects in intravenous cholangiography, (c) sonographic minification, (d) dilatation of the extrahepatic bile duct due to direct injection of a contrast agent in endoscopic retrograde cholangiography and percutaneous transhepatic cholangiography, and (e) premedication in endoscopic retrograde cholangiography and percutaneous transhepatic cholangiography. Because the normal size of the extrahepatic bile duct is not usually assessed in healthy subjects by intravenous cholangiography, endoscopic retrograde cholangiography, and percutaneous transhepatic cholangiography, the mean diameter and the upper normal limit of the extrahepatic bile duct were calculated for intravenous cholangiography, endoscopic retrograde cholangiography, and percutaneous transhepatic cholangiography using previous sonographic data from healthy subjects and the present regression lines. The calculated upper limit for normal was 7-8 mm in intravenous cholangiography and 10-11 mm in endoscopic retrograde cholangiography and in percutaneous transhepatic cholangiography. PMID- 6745615 TI - Intermittency of cholesterol crystals in duodenal bile from gallstone patients. AB - The detection of cholesterol crystals in duodenal bile is of clinical value in the diagnosis of cholesterol gallstone disease; however, not all patients with cholesterol gallstones have crystals detected in their duodenal bile, thus limiting the value of examination of duodenal bile. The aims of this study were to (i) determine whether the lack of crystals in some patients with cholesterol gallstones was due to (a) the intermittent presence of crystals, (b) spontaneous crystal dissolution, or (c) changes in dietary cholesterol intake; (ii) determine whether incubation of duodenal bile for 24 h would result in crystal formation. Sixteen patients with radiolucent gallstones each underwent three duodenal biliary drainages. Thirty-one percent of patients had crystals in all three bile specimens, 12% in two specimens, 25% in one specimen, and 32% in no specimen. One of 31 specimens with small numbers of crystals initially had no crystals at 24 h, and five specimens initially devoid of crystals developed crystals by 24 h. Despite a significant increase in biliary cholesterol saturation index with increasing cholesterol intake, the prevalence of crystals in bile did not increase in gallstone patients. No crystals were identified in 18 specimens from normal subjects examined initially or in the 15 specimens that were examined after 24 h. We conclude that the intermittent presence of cholesterol crystals in duodenal bile is probably not due to dissolution of crystals or varying dietary cholesterol intake and that the frequency with which crystals are found increases with incubation. Determination of the diagnostic value of multiple duodenal biliary drainages or incubation of bile in patients with normal oral cholecystograms or gallbladder ultrasonograms, however, will require examinations of large numbers of patients. PMID- 6745616 TI - Diagnosis of hemochromatosis in young subjects: predictive accuracy of biochemical screening tests. AB - The reliability of serum iron, transferrin saturation, and serum ferritin in the detection of early iron overload in hemochromatosis was determined in 120 young (less than 35 yr old) relatives whose genetic susceptibility for the disease was determined by HLA typing of families. Serum ferritin and transferrin saturation demonstrated high levels of sensitivity and specificity, whereas serum iron concentration was an unreliable test in the detection of hemochromatosis. In hemochromatosis homozygotes there was an excellent correlation between serum ferritin and mobilized body iron (r = 0.92), 1 microgram/L of serum ferritin corresponding to approximately 7.5 mg of body iron stores. For a given age, serum ferritin values were higher in homozygotes compared with heterozygotes or homozygous-normal subjects and increased by approximately 65 micrograms/L X yr, reflecting the progressive accumulation of iron in hemochromatosis homozygotes. All hemochromatosis subjects with either hepatic fibrosis or cirrhosis had serum ferritin concentrations greater than 700 micrograms/L. We conclude that the combination of serum ferritin and transferrin saturation is a reliable screening regimen for the detection of hemochromatosis and for predicting the level of body iron stores in young hemochromatosis subjects. PMID- 6745617 TI - Inhibition of biliary phospholipid and cholesterol secretion by bilirubin in the Sprague-Dawley and Gunn rat. AB - Bilirubin is one of several organic anions that selectively inhibit the biliary secretion of phospholipid and cholesterol without affecting bile salt secretion. To determine the site of this inhibition and gain insight into its mechanism, normal, Sprague-Dawley and homozygous Gunn rats were infused with unconjugated bilirubin and a water-soluble model conjugate, bilirubin ditaurate. Either unconjugated bilirubin or bilirubin ditaurate infused into Sprague-Dawley rats caused an increase in biliary bilirubin secretion from 2.1 +/- 0.3 to 315 +/- 15 nmol/min, whereas phospholipid and cholesterol secretion fell significantly, in parallel, to 25% of control. Bilirubin ditaurate infused into homozygous Gunn rats caused changes in biliary lipid and bilirubin secretion similar to those seen in Sprague-Dawley rats. Biliary bilirubin secretion rose from 0.9 +/- 0.6 to 303 +/- 9 nmol/min, whereas biliary phospholipid and cholesterol secretion fell to 28% of controls. In contrast, unconjugated bilirubin infused into Gunn rats caused only a slight increase in biliary bilirubin secretion, from 0.9 +/- 0.3 to 6.0 +/- 2.1 nmol/min, whereas biliary lipid secretion remained within 90% of control. These results indicate that the inhibition of biliary phospholipid and cholesterol secretion by bilirubin occurs after microsomal conjugation. It is possible that the more hydrophilic conjugates of bilirubin aggregate with intracellular phospholipid and cholesterol destined for bile. Consequently, micelle-forming bile salts could be prevented from recognizing or aggregating with these lipids and fail to promote their secretion into bile. PMID- 6745618 TI - Biliary secretion and hepatic metabolism of taurine-conjugated 7 alpha-hydroxy and 7 beta-hydroxy bile acids in the dog. Defective hepatic transport and bile hyposecretion. AB - Experiments were carried out using chronic bile fistula dogs to define the physiologic properties and metabolism of two unnatural epimeric monohydroxy conjugated bile acids, 7 alpha-hydroxy cholanoyltaurine and 7 beta-hydroxy cholanoyltaurine. The compounds, labeled with 14C, were infused intravenously at a rate of 1 mumol/kg X min; effects on bile flow and biliary lipid secretion as well as hepatic biotransformation were defined. The 7-monohydroxy bile acids were secreted quite slowly in bile: recovery during the 90-min infusion interval averaged 16% for the 7 alpha compound and 23% for the 7 beta compound, and after 6 h was only about 60% for the 7 alpha compound and 80% for the 7 beta compound. Uptake by tissues, presumably the liver, appeared to be efficient, as the level of radioactivity in peripheral blood remained quite low. Both bile acids failed to induce the anticipated increase in bile flow; canalicular bile flow, which was assessed using erythritol clearance, was about half the value observed when cholyltaurine was infused at a similar rate. The "hyposecretion" of bile, which was thought likely to be caused by impaired canalicular transport of the monohydroxy conjugates, was fully reversible, as a subsequent cholyltaurine infusion at a rate of 1 mumol/min X kg immediately restored bile flow and the infused cholyltaurine was secreted normally. Each compound was partly 3 hydroxylated during hepatic passage: the 7 alpha compound, about 36% (to form chenodeoxycholyltaurine); the 7 beta compound, about 23% (to form ursodeoxycholyltaurine). No other biotransformation occurred. Each compound induced phospholipid and cholesterol secretion, but compared to the effects of cholyltaurine, the amount of phospholipid secretion induced (per micromole of secreted bile acid) was less, and that of cholesterol, greater. Thus, the two 7 monohydroxy taurine-conjugated bile acids caused a striking dissociation of induced phospholipid and cholesterol secretion. The results indicate that taurine conjugated 7-monohydroxy bile acids are poorly secreted by the liver and that their impaired transport is associated with bile hyposecretion, possibly reflecting decreased bile acid-dependent flow; the configuration of their 7 hydroxy group influences their rate of secretion into bile. The results also establish a novel type of bile acid biotransformation (3-hydroxylation) in the dog. PMID- 6745619 TI - Iron overload in three generations of a family with hemoglobin Olympia. AB - Erythrocytosis, increased whole blood oxygen affinity, and iron overload were found in a 37-yr-old man. Electrophoretic techniques to demonstrate a hemoglobin variant showed no abnormality. Structural studies of the hemoglobin from this patient revealed an abnormal hemoglobin previously described as Hemoglobin Olympia, a high-affinity variant. Study of three generations in this family showed increased hepatic iron or iron absorption in some members of all three generations studied. The findings in this family are consistent with an increase in iron absorption due to the consequences of Hemoglobin Olympia and the heterozygous state for hemochromatosis (allele for hemochromatosis associated with HLA-A3, B7) or the presence in the family pedigree of three different alleles for hemochromatosis (alleles for hemochromatosis associated with HLA-A3. B7, HLA-A3, B15, and HLA-A9, B44) with the heterozygous state being manifest with increased iron absorption. PMID- 6745620 TI - Proctitis after fecal diversion in Crohn's disease and its elimination with reanastomosis: implications for surgical management. Report of four cases. AB - Diverting the fecal stream has been considered to affect the course of Crohn's disease favorably. Adverse effects on the distal segment have not previously been distinguished from clinical signs and symptoms. The course of four patients with Crohn's disease who underwent fecal diversion with an in situ rectum were observed in whom sigmoidoscopy was initially normal at the time of the diversion, became distinctly abnormal during the year after the diversion, and then returned to normal within 3 mo following reestablishment of intestinal continuity. The entity of nonspecific diversion proctitis might account for this phenomenon independently or by accelerating the Crohn's disease process. The inflammation present was nonspecific and did not show the stigmata of Crohn's disease. Continuity of the intestinal tract should be maintained in the course of Crohn's disease surgery if feasible. If a diversion is clinically warranted, reanastomosis should be considered as early as possible despite evidence of inflammation in the rectal mucosa. PMID- 6745621 TI - Evaluating a Markov chain analysis. PMID- 6745622 TI - Methane and colorectal cancer. PMID- 6745623 TI - Chronic pancreatitis, pancreatic cancer, alcohol, and smoking. PMID- 6745625 TI - Pain relief in chronic pancreatitis with and without surgery. PMID- 6745624 TI - Blood glucose and gastric emptying. PMID- 6745626 TI - Leydig cell differentiation during the reproductive cycle of the seasonal breeder Camelus dromedarius: an ultrastructural analysis. AB - Spermatogenesis and Leydig cell development in the dromedary were analyzed at the ultrastructural level and correlated with fluctuations of testosterone synthesis during the mating and nonmating seasons. It was found that (1) spermatogenesis and diameter of the seminiferous tubules are dissociated from seasonal fluctuations of testosterone synthesis as they remain similar throughout the year; (2) the volume of the interstitial tissue and the rate of testosterone synthesis are correlated since both increase during the mating season and both diminish during the nonmating season; (3) during the mating season, reduction of the tubular smooth endoplasmic reticulum (SER) and proliferation of condensed SER correspond to the relatively high rate of testosterone synthesis by the 4-ene pathway; (4) during the mating season there is a drastic reduction of the SER and proliferation of myelin figures within the Leydig cells which disrupt at the end of their differentiation. During the nonmating season, testosterone synthesis is probably impaired only at the final stage of differentiation of the Leydig cell. PMID- 6745628 TI - Changes in pituitary and plasma levels of MSH in teleosts during physiological colour change. AB - Immunoreactive alpha MSH was measured in the plasma of eels, trout, and flounder, following different periods of adaptation to illuminated white or black backgrounds. In both eels and trout, plasma hormone titres changed rapidly in response to the background colour. By contrast, in the flounder, whose pituitary melanotrophs appeared cytologically unresponsive to background change, plasma hormone levels remained similar for fish from black or white tanks following a 3 week adaptation period, but a difference became apparent after nearly 7 weeks adaptation. Similarly, bioactive and immunoreactive levels of MSH in trout pituitary glands usually showed significant changes with black ground colour, whereas flounder pituitary levels were unaltered. It is concluded that MSH is involved in physiological colour change in eels and trout, but probably not in flounders. PMID- 6745627 TI - Primary structures of multiple forms of urotensin II in the urophysis of the carp, Cyprinus carpio. AB - Multiple forms of urotensin II (UII), one of the hormonal peptides of the caudal neurosecretory system of fishes, were purified from the urophyses of the carp, Cyprinus carpio. Three distinct peaks with UII activity (classified as UII-alpha, -beta and -gamma) were separated by reverse-phase high-pressure liquid chromatography (HPLC). Edman degradation as well as digestion with carboxypeptidase A revealed the primary structures of these peptides as UII alpha: Gly-Gly-Gly-Ala-Asp-Cys-Phe-Trp-Lys-Tyr-Cys-Val UII-beta: Gly-Gly-Ser-Asn Thr-Glu-Cys-Phe-Trp-Lys-Tyr-Cys-Val UII-gamma: Gly-Gly-Gly-Ala-Asp-Cys-Phe-Trp Lys-Tyr-Cys-Ile The results of thin-layer chromatography, HPLC, amino acid analysis, and sequencing indicate that UII-alpha and -gamma are homogeneous. UII beta appears, however, to be a mixture of two components, differing only at position 2. Thus, in the carp urophysis, four forms of UII appear to be present, although the separation of two components in UII-beta has not been obtained. Sequence of positions 6-11 is common to all forms of UII isolated from the carp, sucker (Catostomus commersoni) and goby (Gillichthys mirabilis). PMID- 6745629 TI - Characterization of a cytosolic steroid-binding protein in the liver of the winter flounder, Pseudopleuronectes americanus. AB - The winter flounder liver contains significant concentrations of estrogen binding protein(s) that fulfill some of the criteria normally assigned to receptor proteins, in that these proteins are saturated at low substrate concentrations (less than 5 nM) and have a high affinity for ligand (Kd approximately 6 X 10( 10) M for [3H]17 beta-estradiol). Sedimentation analysis of the 17 beta-estradiol binding protein complex on 5-20% sucrose density gradients detected an 8 S form of the binding protein under low salt conditions. Nonspecific sites sedimented in the 4 S region. These sedimentation characteristics are similar to those observed for the estrogen receptor and nonspecific binding sites in mammalian tissues. In contrast to mammalian estrogen receptor, which binds selectively to estrogens, the binding protein(s) investigated in our studies also binds other steroids. Competitive binding studies demonstrated that 10-fold excess of unlabeled testosterone and progesterone displaced 50 and 45% of [3H]17 beta-estradiol from the binding protein, respectively. These studies demonstrate the presence of steroid-binding protein in liver of female winter flounder which might play a role in regulating hepatic steroid hormone action. PMID- 6745630 TI - Thyroid and annual gonad development, body weight, plumage pigmentation, and bill color cycles of lal munia, Estrilda amandava. AB - Long-term administration of L-thyroxine (T4) in the wax bill (lal munia) inhibited the current gonad development cycle, and the increase in gonadal volume in the second cycle was suppressed only by higher concentrations. Gonadal inhibition by high but not by low doses of L-T4 was associated with a failure in the development of LH-dependent pigmented nuptial plumage. This suggests that L T4 depresses FSH secretion more readily than LH secretion. The results indicate that the effects of L-T4 administration on the body weight cycle depends upon the physiological and/or gonadal status of the bird at the start of the experiment and that the juvenile hypothalamo-hypophysial-gonadal axis is more sensitive to L T4 than that of the adult birds. The bill color, like plumage pigmentation, appears to be LH controlled. It is suggested that while thyroid hormone, acting by way of the hypothalamo-hypophysial complex and/or by direct action on the feather papillae, modulates the annual cycles of plumage pigmentation, bill color, gonad development, and body weight of lal munia, the finch has an endogenous mechanism which enables it to adapt to chronic hyperthyroidism in such a way that breeding occurs at the normal time of the year. PMID- 6745631 TI - Ovulation hormone, nutritive state, and female reproductive activity in Lymnaea stagnalis. AB - A study of the relation between nutritive state and female reproductive activity as affected by the ovulation hormone (CDCH) has been made in the freshwater pulmonate snail Lymnaea stagnalis. CDCH is produced by the neuroendocrine caudodorsal cells (CDC) in the cerebral ganglia. Spontaneous oviposition ceased within 6 days of the beginning of a starvation period. This is most probably partially due to a reduction in the CDC activities because (1) quantitative electron microscopy showed a nearly 80% decrease in the number of release phenomena in the CDC-axon terminals in the neurohemal area in the intercerebral commissure, and (2) a bioassay showed a considerable reduction in the amount of CDCH in this area. During starvation the ovotestis and the female accessory sex organs became progressively less sensitive and, after 25 days, were completely insensitive to injected CDCH. This was indicated by a decrease in the responses to CDCH injection and, correspondingly, by a gradual increase in the CDCH thresholds for ovulation and egg formation. It is argued that the insensitivity may be caused by a reduction in the activities of the endocrine dorsal bodies. During refeeding, CDCH injections again become effective in inducing egg mass production, followed by resumption of spontaneous oviposition. This suggests a rapid restoration of DB and CDC activities following refeeding. PMID- 6745632 TI - Thyroid and adrenal responses of ducks (Anas platyrhynchos) during saline adaptation. AB - Fresh water-reared Aylesbury ducklings were given 0.1 or 0.2 M NaCl drinking water and variations in the plasma concentrations of thyroxine (T4), triiodothyronine (T3), corticosterone, and aldosterone were determined. Within 24 hr of being transferred to 0.2 M NaCl the corticosterone concentration was increased, whereas the levels of plasma T3 and aldosterone were reduced. The increase in corticosterone secretion persisted for at least 7 days, but the T3 and aldosterone concentrations had returned to control levels within 5 days. The concentrations of plasma aldosterone and T3 were similarly affected in birds transferred to 0.1 M NaCl, although corticosterone levels increased only after the birds were maintained on 0.1 M NaCl for 7 days. Plasma concentrations of T4 were increased in 1- to 2-week-old (but not 7-week-old) birds 7 days after their transfer to 0.1 and 0.2 M NaCl. In birds maintained on saline for 6 weeks the basal concentration of each hormone was not significantly different from that in fresh water-reared controls. When saline-reared birds were returned to freshwater conditions the plasma aldosterone and T3 concentrations were increased over a 5 day period. Transfer to saline consistently reduced body weight and food intake, whereas the transfer of saline-reared birds to fresh water stimulated body weight gain. Consequently, although these endocrine responses during saltwater adaptation might be expected to minimise the loss of body reserves and to facilitate the extra renal excretion of sodium, these alterations in endocrine function may be partly due to salt water-induced changes in food intake. PMID- 6745633 TI - Simultaneous determination of juvenile hormone and ecdysteroid titers in the hemolymph of bumblebee prepupae (Bombus hypnorum and B. terrestris). AB - By means of radioimmunoassays the titer of juvenile hormone and ecdysteroids in the hemolymph was simultaneously determined in single prepupae throughout prepupal development. The concentrations of both hormones increase and show a peak, thereafter the titers fall sharply at larval/pupal ecdysis. Caste-specific differences in the time sequence of titer changes and in the concentration of JH are discussed. PMID- 6745634 TI - Influences of norepinephrine and alpha-adrenergic mechanisms on gonadotropin secretion in female goldfish, Carassius auratus. AB - Intraperitoneal or intraventricular (3rd cranial ventricle) injection of norepinephrine (NE) caused an increase in serum gonadotropin (GtH) concentrations in female goldfish at times of the year when the ovaries were regressed or at early stages of recrudescence, but had no influence at other stages of the ovarian cycle. In a previous report it was shown that clonidine (alpha-agonist) increased serum GtH levels in fish at early or mid-ovarian recrudescence [J. P. Chang, A. F. Cook, and R. E. Peter (1983) Gen. Comp. Endocrinol. 49, 22-31]; however, intraperitoneal injection of clonidine had no effect on circulating GtH levels when tested in fish at late ovarian recrudescence. In fish at early stages of ovarian recrudescence, intraperitoneal injection of phentolamine (alpha blocker) did not alter GtH levels, but it blocked the NE-induced increase in serum GtH levels when injected simultaneously with NE. These results suggest that NE stimulates GtH release by alpha-adrenergic mechanisms at the brain and/or pituitary level in female goldfish in a sexually regressed or early ovarian recrudescence condition. PMID- 6745635 TI - Redistribution of positively charged probes in membrane suspension under the action of transmembrane potential. AB - The distribution of amphiphilic and hydrophobic positively charged probes in suspensions of closed membrane vesicles was analysed by the methods of equilibrium thermodynamics. Two versions of the probe location in the membranes are discussed: near the boundary between the polar and hydrocarbon regions, and in the centre of the hydrocarbon region of a lipid bilayer. It is shown that, in the first case, the action of the inside-negative transmembrane potential results in an increased average probe concentration in the lipid phase and in a significant redistribution of the probe in the membrane interior. An inside positive transmembrane potential causes a decrease in the average probe concentration in membranes, the probe being redistributed in the membrane bilayer. If the probe is sited in the centre of the hydrocarbon layer, the transmembrane potential evokes only an increase or decrease in the probe concentration in membranes at a negative or positive sign of the potential inside the vesicles. PMID- 6745637 TI - Hybrids formed by fusion of X- or gamma-irradiated and non-irradiated mouse cells. AB - Hybrid cells were obtained by fusion of irradiated and non-irradiated mouse cells of two different lines; they differed from the parent lines and from the hybrid cells of non-irradiated parents in their morphological, growth and karyological properties. The frequency of their occurrence was lower than in hybrids from non irradiated cells, and unlike the irradiated cells of the parent line, these hybrid cells were capable of permanent proliferation in vitro. Chromosomes of the irradiated parent line were preferentially eliminated from the karyotype of the hybrids. PMID- 6745636 TI - Effect of alpha-tocopherol on the production of malondialdehyde in rat tissue homogenates after hypobaric exposure. AB - Alpha-tocopherol content and production of malondialdehyde (MDA) was measured in liver, kidney, heart, lung, brain and skeletal muscle homogenates of control and hypoxic rats (following a 2-h-exposure to 200 mm Hg): the samples were incubated at 37 degrees C in air for 1 h. MDA production showed no relation with the content of alpha-tocopherol in control and hypoxic rats. In control animals, the lowest MDA level was found in lungs: it was several fold lower than in other tissues. After hypobaric exposure, a marked increase in MDA level could be observed in lungs only. No marked changes in alpha-tocopherol concentration could be observed in any of the tissues tested. A single i.p. injection of 25 and 50 mg/alpha-tocopherol acetate/kg body mass, 2 hours prior to the exposure produced organ-specific accumulation of alpha-tocopherol. Both doses of alpha-tocopherol resulted in a reduced (by about 40%) production of MDA in lung homogenates. The addition of alpha-tocopherol (750 nmol/g wet tissue mass) to homogenates from control and hypoxic rats prior to the incubation resulted in a marked inhibition of MDA production in all tissues (49-70%). PMID- 6745638 TI - Calcium-induced changes in oxidized cholesterol bilayers. PMID- 6745640 TI - Thermal rescue of UV-irradiated bacteriophage T4 and biphasic mode of action of the WXY system. AB - When ultraviolet-irradiated bacteriophage T4 is assayed at plating temperatures ranging from 20 degrees to 40 degrees, its survival increases at the higher temperatures. This "thermal rescue" requires an intact WXY system but not the denV pyrimidine dimer excision system. Mutation rates decrease with increasing temperature, indicating that some lesions processed in a mutagenic manner at lower temperatures are accurately repaired or circumvented at high temperatures. When both the cold sensitivity of UV survival in the wild type and the temperature sensitivity of newly isolated ts mutants of uvsX and uvsY were used, expression of the WXY system was monitored in temperature shift UV survival experiments and was found to be biphasic: the uvsX and uvsY functions increase UV survival in two increments, one at an early and another at a late stage of infection. The uvsW function, however, increases UV survival only early in infection. PMID- 6745639 TI - Isolation and characterization of conditional alleles of bacteriophage T4 genes uvsX and uvsY. AB - The bacteriophage T4 uvsW, uvsX and uvsY gene functions are required for wild type levels of recombination and for normal survival and mutagenesis after treatments with ultraviolet (UV) and ionizing radiations. The ability of uvsX and uvsY mutations to suppress the lethality of gene 49 mutations was used to select temperature-sensitive and amber alleles of these two genes. (uvsW mutations do not suppress gene 49 mutations.) A simple and powerful complementation test was developed to assist in assigning uvs mutations to genes. The amber alleles of uvsX and uvsY behave as simple null alleles, fully suppressing a gene 49 defect, enhancing UV killing and abolishing UV mutagenesis. However, the properties of the ts alleles of uvsX and uvsY demonstrated that suppression of a gene 49 defect, sensitivity to UV-induced inactivation and UV mutability can be partially uncoupled. These results prompt the hypothesis that radiation mutagenesis occurs during DNA chain elongation past template damage within a recombinational intermediate rather than within a conventional replication fork. PMID- 6745641 TI - Expression of a DNA replication gene cluster in bacteriophage T4: genetic linkage and the control of gene product interactions. AB - The results of this study bear on the relationship between genetic linkage and control of interactions between the protein products of different cistrons. In T4 bacteriophage, genes 45 and 44 encode essential components of the phage DNA replication multiprotein complex. T4 gene 45 maps directly upstream of gene 44 relative to the overall direction of reading of this region of the phage chromosome, but it is not known whether these two genes are cotranscribed. It has been shown that a nonsense lesion of T4 gene 45 exerts a cis-dominant inhibitory effect on growth of a missense mutant of gene 44 but not on growth of phage carrying the wild-type gene 44 allele. In previous work, we confirmed these observations on polarity of the gene 45 mutation but detected no polar effects by this lesion on synthesis of either mutant or wild-type gene 44 protein. In the present study, we demonstrate that mRNA for gene 44 protein is separable by gel electrophoresis from gene 45-protein-encoding mRNA. That is, the two proteins are not synthesized from one polycistronic message, and the cis-dominant inhibitory effect of the gene 45 mutation on gene 44 function is probably expressed at a posttranslational stage. We propose that close genetic linkage, whether or not it provides shared transcriptional and translational regulatory signals for certain clusters of functionally related cistrons, may determine the intracellular compartmentalization for synthesis of proteins encoded by these clusters. In prokaryotes, such linkage-dependent compartmentation may minimize the diffusion distances between gene products that are synthesized at low levels and are destined to interact. PMID- 6745642 TI - Natural selection with nuclear and cytoplasmic transmission. I. A deterministic model. AB - A deterministic model allowing variation at a nuclear genetic locus in a population segregating two cytoplasmic types is formulated. Additive, multiplicative and symmetric viability matrices are analyzed for existence and stability of equilibria. The protectedness of polymorphisms in both nuclear genes and cytoplasmic types is also investigated in the general model. In no case is a complete polymorphism protected with this deterministic model. Results are discussed in light of the extensive variation in mtDNA that has recently been reported. PMID- 6745643 TI - Deviations from Hardy-Weinberg proportions: sampling variances and use in estimation of inbreeding coefficients. AB - An analysis is made of the distribution of deviations from Hardy-Weinberg proportions with k alleles and of estimates of inbreeding coefficients (f) obtained from these deviations. If f is small, the best estimate of f in large samples is shown to be 2 sigma i(Tii/Ni)/(k - 1), where Tii is an unbiased measure of the excess of the ith homozygote and Ni the number of the ith allele in the sample [frequency = Ni/(2N)]. No extra information is obtained from the Tij, where these are departures of numbers of heterozygotes from expectation. Alternatively, the best estimator can be computed from the Tij, ignoring the Tii. Also (1) the variance of the estimate of f equals 1/(N(k - 1] when all individuals in the sample are unrelated, and the test for f = 0 with 1 d.f. is given by the ratio of the estimate to its standard error; (2) the variance is reduced if some alleles are rare; and (3) if the sample consists of full-sib families of size n, the variance is increased by a proportion (n - 1)/4 but is not increased by a half-sib relationship. If f is not small, the structure of the population is of critical importance. (1) If the inbreeding is due to a proportion of inbred matings in an otherwise random-breeding population, f as determined from homozygote excess is the same for all genes and expressions are given for its sampling variance. (2) If the homozygote excess is due to population admixture, f is not the same for all genes. The above estimator is probably close to the best for all f values. PMID- 6745644 TI - Inpatient psychiatry: perspectives from the general, the private, and the state hospital. AB - Although it is widely recognized that inpatient psychiatry is different as it is practiced in the general, private, and state hospital, why and how it is different have not been clearly articulated. In this paper, the directors of inpatient units in a general hospital, a private hospital, and a state hospital first provide an analysis of how the history and the organizational structures of these units have shaped their identity. The authors then specifically detail the different patient populations, referral sources, financial bases, leadership arrangements, milieu philosophies, research and training activities, and lengths of stay on these units. Finally, on the basis of the reality and the value of different inpatient settings, a view toward the future of inpatient psychiatry is offered. PMID- 6745645 TI - Life events, abnormal illness behavior, and appendectomy. AB - Few studies have examined the role of stress and emotional disturbance in appendectomy patients. This paper explores the life events and illness behavior in such patients, in whom histologic signs of acute phlogosis were usually absent. 25 female appendectomy patients were compared to 25 depressed and 25 normal subjects, matched for age, sex, marital status, and social class. Life events were examined by means of Paykel and Mangen's Interview for Recent Life Events. No significant differences between the appendectomy and the depressed patients were found. However, both groups displayed more loss, socially undesirable events, and uncontrollable events than the nonpatients. The illness behavior profile, as measured by Pilowsky and Spence's IBQ, revealed that the appendectomy patients were more convinced of being ill and had less emotional disturbance than the depressed patients. These findings suggest that the appendectomy may mediate a psychologic disturbance characterized by a negation of psychologic problems, a reduced expression of emotional disturbances, and displacement toward somatic symptoms. PMID- 6745646 TI - Psychiatric consultation in a medical clinic: what do medical providers want? AB - A participant observation needs assessment of the use of a psychiatrist in a primary care medical setting was undertaken to quantify details of the interaction between a psychiatrist and primary care providers. Two hundred seventeen encounters involving 63 providers were recorded over a five and one half month period. Utilization of the psychiatrist was widespread but skewed, with only 17% of the sample using 50% of the services. The mean number of encounters for all providers was 3.44. Consultation occurred mainly in a private area of the clinic, usually in an unplanned fashion. Only 21% of encounters involved seeing a patient. The range and content of these interactions was broad. Initial reasons for consultation were often redefined as the consultation ensued. The kinds of help most frequently requested involved discussing nonpsychopharmacologic treatments (35%), assisting providers with evaluations (31%), and exploring unresolved feelings about patients or patient care issues (29%). Slightly more than 50% of encounters required some type of follow-up. The findings suggest that psychiatrists who wish to work in primary care settings must have expertise in a multitude of areas and must be flexible in adapting themselves to the setting in which the primary care providers work. PMID- 6745647 TI - Suicide risk in young schizophrenics. AB - A review of national statistics of suicide in the general population and in those diagnosed as schizophrenic indicates that in the younger age groups, schizophrenics are at a greater risk of committing suicide than those suffering from an affective disorder or neurotic depression. Case examples are given of young schizophrenics who committed suicide. Psychodynamic considerations are discussed, as are implications for the clinician in diagnosing and determining the risk for suicide in young schizophrenics. PMID- 6745649 TI - Self amputation and restitution. PMID- 6745648 TI - The briefest encounter: psychotherapy for medical and surgical patients. AB - The liaison psychiatrist is often called upon to deal with psychological problems that may create medical emergencies. This paper describes a series of brief psychological interventions along a spectrum from shamanism to interpretation of unconscious conflict. Behind all of these maneuvers must be an understanding of the psychodynamics of the situation. These interventions may spell the difference between comfort and distress, illness and cure, and even occasionally life and death. PMID- 6745650 TI - Two-way within-family and mass selection for 8-week body weight in different mouse populations. PMID- 6745652 TI - The normal ECG. PMID- 6745651 TI - New techniques for treatment of disk disease. PMID- 6745653 TI - Diagnosis and treatment of nutritional disorders in older patients. PMID- 6745654 TI - Geriatric hip fractures: how to limit their consequences. PMID- 6745655 TI - The marginality and salience of being old: when is age relevant? PMID- 6745656 TI - Intergenerational neighborhood networks: a basis for aiding the frail elderly. PMID- 6745657 TI - Home evaluation of psychiatrically impaired elderly: process and outcome. PMID- 6745658 TI - Reevaluation of the aging and modernization theory: the Samoan evidence. PMID- 6745659 TI - Stress and caring for elderly relatives: interpretations and coping strategies in an American Indian and white sample. PMID- 6745660 TI - Need for services by the elderly experiencing urban change. PMID- 6745661 TI - Environmental determinants of neighborhood satisfaction among urban elderly men. PMID- 6745662 TI - Age segregation and the interpersonal involvement and morale of the aged. PMID- 6745663 TI - Using health care: rural/urban differences among the Manitoba elderly. PMID- 6745664 TI - Assessing the effect of a personal health management system within retirement communities: a preliminary investigation. PMID- 6745665 TI - Inter-institutional relocation and its effects on health. PMID- 6745666 TI - Is volunteering a substitute for role loss in old age? An empirical test of activity theory. PMID- 6745667 TI - Graduate nursing students' attitudes toward sexually active older persons. PMID- 6745668 TI - Patterns of informal social support of the elderly: an international comparison. PMID- 6745669 TI - Economic pressures resulting from aging of kibbutz society. PMID- 6745670 TI - Confidants and well-being: a note on male friendship in old age. PMID- 6745671 TI - [Occupational hygiene of women workers engaged in sugarbeet cultivation]. PMID- 6745672 TI - [Effect of pesticides on the health status of pesticide technicians]. PMID- 6745673 TI - [Data on the comparative toxicity of aerosols formed during the welding of low- and high-alloy steel]. PMID- 6745674 TI - [Effect of hepatotoxic industrial substances on contact interactions of rat hepatocytes]. PMID- 6745675 TI - [Effect of the manufacture of acrylonitrile on endocrine function]. PMID- 6745676 TI - [Basis for improving the hygienic conditions of work in the confectionery industry]. PMID- 6745677 TI - [Hygienic characteristics of the work involved in servicing railroad passenger cars]. PMID- 6745678 TI - [Experimental study of the effect of vibration on reproductive function]. PMID- 6745679 TI - [Indices of the quantitative composition of intestinal microflora--one of the criteria for hygienic standardization of biological products]. PMID- 6745680 TI - [Blastomogenic properties of dimethyl sulfoxide]. PMID- 6745681 TI - [Regulation of the level of toxic substances in the air of the work zone when combined with general vibration and accompanying noise]. PMID- 6745682 TI - [Effect of hydrogen fluoride on the adenylic acid content of the erythrocytes and organs of white rats]. PMID- 6745683 TI - [Mechanism of damage to the cardiovascular system caused by allyl-alpha allyloxycarbonyloxyacrylate]. PMID- 6745684 TI - [Determination of the maximum allowable concentration of alpha, alpha, alpha trifluoro-4-chlorotoluene in the air of the work zone]. PMID- 6745685 TI - [Toxic action of allylchloroformate]. PMID- 6745686 TI - [Experimental determination of the maximum allowable concentration of the acaricide plictran in the air of the work zone]. PMID- 6745687 TI - [Comparative characteristics of the toxicity, safety and nature of the biological effect on the body of 4-hydroxy-2,2,6,6-tetramethylpiperidine and 4-amino-2,2,6,6 tetramethylpiperidine]. PMID- 6745688 TI - [Toxic properties of dimethylcyclohexylamine]. PMID- 6745689 TI - [Toxicity of dicyclobutylidene]. PMID- 6745690 TI - [Portable aspirator with its own power supply]. PMID- 6745691 TI - [Current theories on the etiology of congenital anomalies]. PMID- 6745692 TI - [Fibrinolytic system of plasma in women in cases of intrauterine fetal dystrophy]. PMID- 6745693 TI - [H3-adenine uptake by ovarian tissue in menopausal women]. PMID- 6745694 TI - [Preliminary results of studies on the immunological causes of infertility]. PMID- 6745695 TI - [Problem of prematurity in an occupational prenatal care department. II. Smoking]. PMID- 6745697 TI - [The giant fetus as an obstetrical problem]. PMID- 6745696 TI - [Uterine contraction during labor in different maternal positions]. PMID- 6745698 TI - [Results of mass cyto-oncological examinations in selected health care centers in the Opole province 1978-1980]. PMID- 6745699 TI - [Confirmation of suspicious cytological smears by the results of histopathological examinations in the prevention of cervical cancer]. PMID- 6745700 TI - [Use of low temperatures in the treatment of cervix erosion and the incidence of implanted endometriosis]. PMID- 6745701 TI - [Ischemic heart disease in total occlusion of the main trunk of the left coronary artery]. PMID- 6745703 TI - [Evaluation of bronchial circulatory disorders and its value in the surgical treatment of tetralogy of Fallot]. PMID- 6745702 TI - [Radical correction of total transposition of the main vessels associated with interventricular septal defect and pulmonary artery stenosis]. PMID- 6745704 TI - [Absorption of fatty acids by the dog heart during extracorporeal circulation and moderate hypothermia]. PMID- 6745705 TI - [Possibilities of axial angiocardiography in the precise diagnosis of congenital heart defects]. PMID- 6745706 TI - [Diagnosis and surgical treatment of pulmonary echinococcosis]. PMID- 6745707 TI - [Therapeutic endovascular occlusion-embolization of the bronchial arteries in pulmonary hemorrhage]. PMID- 6745709 TI - [Extirpation of the bronchi in bronchiectasis]. PMID- 6745708 TI - [Rethoracotomy in the surgical treatment of lung cancer]. PMID- 6745710 TI - [Diagnostic and surgical aspects of pathological conditions of the interventricular septum in post-infarction heart aneurysm]. PMID- 6745711 TI - [Problems of pathogenesis and treatment of acute suppurative destruction of the lungs]. PMID- 6745712 TI - [Pressure changes in the lesser circulation in chronic nonspecific lung diseases]. PMID- 6745713 TI - [Local use of fibrinogen in lung surgery]. PMID- 6745714 TI - [Hemodialysis in the treatment of circulatory insufficiency in myocardial infarct complicated by a rupture of the interventricular septum]. PMID- 6745715 TI - [Surgical treatment of Wolff-Parkinson-White syndrome associated with an atrial septal defect]. PMID- 6745716 TI - [Mitral valve prosthesis in a pregnant woman]. PMID- 6745717 TI - [Removal of an obturating tumor (leiomyoma of the right main bronchus) in a child during bronchoscopy]. PMID- 6745718 TI - [Case of generalized chondromatosis with massive chondroma of the anterior chest wall invading the pleural cavity]. PMID- 6745719 TI - Biochemical changes in the jejunal mucosa of dogs with a naturally occurring enteropathy associated with bacterial overgrowth. AB - The subcellular biochemical features of a naturally occurring enteropathy in the dog associated with bacterial overgrowth have been examined. Affected animals comprised a group of 10 German Shepherd dogs with raised serum folate and reduced vitamin B12 concentrations, mild steatorrhoea, reduced xylose absorption, and normal exocrine pancreatic function. Culture of duodenal juice showed bacterial overgrowth with mixed flora, most frequently including enterococci and Escherichia coli. Examination of peroral jejunal biopsies revealed predominantly minimal histological but distinct biochemical abnormalities in the mucosa. The specific activity of alkaline phosphatase was decreased, isopycnic density gradient centrifugation showing a marked loss particularly of the brush border component of enzyme activity. In contrast, gamma-glutamyl transferase activity was enhanced in brush border fragments of slightly increased modal density, but there were no changes in the activities of the carbohydrases, zinc-resistant alpha-glucosidase, maltase, sucrase, and lactase or of the peptidase, leucyl-2 naphthylamidase. Activities of lysosomal enzymes were increased and there was evidence for enhanced lysosomal fragility and mitochondrial disruption. The activities and density gradient distributions of marker enzymes for basal-lateral membranes, endoplasmic reticulum and peroxisomes were essentially unaltered. These findings show that bacterial colonisation of the proximal small intestine may be associated with specific alterations in microvillus membrane proteins and provide biochemical evidence for intracellular damage to the enterocytes. PMID- 6745720 TI - Comparison of faecal bile acid profiles between patients with adenomatous polyps of the large bowel and healthy subjects in Japan. AB - Faecal bile acid excretion was examined in 13 patients with adenomatous polyps of the large bowel and compared with a series of matched healthy subjects. Bile acids were analysed in detail with respect to the composition of individual bile acids and their mode of conjugation. The total excretion of bile acids by the patient group and the healthy subjects ranged from 55.0-837.6 mumol/day (median 233.8, mean 346.9) and 93.8-712.3 mumol/day (median 489.2, mean 386.7) respectively. Expressed as mumol/g faecal weight these values were 0.6-4.8 (median 2.2, mean 2.4) and 0.4-5.8 (median 2.2, mean 2.8) and in terms of mumol/g faecal dry weight, 1.9-50.7 (median 10.1, mean 16.5) and 3.9-32.4 (median 16.3, mean 16.7) respectively for the two groups. The composition of the individual bile acids and their distribution within the various conjugate fractions was essentially the same for both groups. Cholenoic acid (5 beta-chol-3-enoic acid), an unusual bile acid, was detected in one patient and three healthy subjects. These results revealed no significant quantitative differences in bile acid excretion between the group of patients with adenomatous polyps and those of healthy subjects. PMID- 6745721 TI - Faecal bile acid profiles in patients with large bowel cancer in Japan. AB - To study the possible role of bile acids in carcinogenesis of the large bowel faecal bile acid profiles were analysed in detail in 14 patients with large bowel cancer and compared with 14 matched healthy subjects. The total faecal bile acid excretion was lower in the patients (297.3 +/- 402.8 mumol/day) than in the healthy subjects (470.6 +/- 231.1 mumol/day) (p less than 0.01), although the difference became insignificant when these data were expressed as mumol per wet or dry faecal weight. The faecal profiles of individual bile acids and their conjugates were similar in both groups except that 5 beta-chol-3-en-24-oic acid, a bacterial metabolite of sulpholithocholic acid, was found in nine cancer patients (64%) compared with only two healthy subjects (14%) (p less than 0.01). The significance of 5 beta-chol-3-en-24-oic acid in carcinogenesis needs further prospective and experimental studies. PMID- 6745722 TI - Is raised breath hydrogen related to the pathogenesis of pneumatosis coli? AB - Clinical and physiological studies were carried out in five patients with pneumatosis coli in order to investigate the origin of the high fasting breath hydrogen concentration in this condition and to determine its possible significance in the pathogenesis of the disease. All five patients excreted abnormally high fasting concentrations of hydrogen in their breath (69 +/- 9 ppm, mean +/- SEM). Moreover, analysis of the contents of the gas filled cysts revealed between 2% and 8% of hydrogen gas. Colonic washout significantly reduced breath hydrogen concentrations to 9 +/- 6 ppm, but did not abolish the cysts. Conversely, deflation of the cysts was achieved with oxygen or antibiotics, though this only reduced breath hydrogen concentrations to about 66% of their original value. After feeding a radiolabelled meal, breath hydrogen concentrations rose before the meal appeared to reach the colon, suggesting overgrowth of anaerobic bacteria in the small intestine. Despite this, 14C glycocholate breath tests were within normal limits. An alternative possibility is that the high levels of hydrogen excreted in the breath may be produced in the intestinal lumen possibly from the fermentation of copious amounts of colonic mucus. Finally, measurement of whole gut transit time and stool weight suggested that patients were constipated despite passing mucus and blood. The relevance of our observations to the pathogenesis of submucosal cysts is unclear, but the data favour the hypothesis that these are produced by invasion of the colonic submucosa with anaerobic bacteria. PMID- 6745723 TI - Incidence of ulcerative colitis in the Cardiff region 1968-1977. AB - The incidence of ulcerative colitis in South Glamorgan during the decade 1968-77 remained steady with a mean of 7.2/10(5)/year. The disease was slightly more common in women, male:female ratio 1:1.2. Ulcerative colitis was rare in childhood but showed two peaks of incidence in adults, in the third and fourth decades and in the eighth decade. PMID- 6745724 TI - Multiple and recurrent inflammatory fibroid polyps in three generations of a Devon family: a new syndrome. AB - The recurrence of multiple inflammatory fibroid polyps is reported in three generations of a Devon family. Only one female in each has been affected in a direct line of descent. The grandmother has had nine polyps resected over 11 years, the mother seven over 18 years, and the daughter six over six years. None of the patients or their relatives are known to have any allergies, dietary fads, or gastrointestinal infections. Chromosome studies have been normal in two patients. No cancer risk has been identified. Conventional histology, electron microscopy, and immunohistology suggest that the lesion is a self-limiting proliferation of histiocytes; the initiating event or stimulus remains unknown. A genetic factor is likely to operate in this unique family which is probably polygenic and multifactorial in nature. PMID- 6745725 TI - Adenomas of the large intestine after cholecystectomy. AB - The frequency of adenomas of the large intestine in 331 cholecystectomised patients who underwent total colonoscopy was compared with that of a control group of patients with asymptomatic cholelithiasis who were matched for age and sex. Whereas no significant difference in the frequency of adenomas was found between two groups, a subgroup of patients aged 60-80 years with a postcholecystectomy interval of 10 years or greater exhibited a significantly (p less than 0.05) greater frequency of adenomas (38.5%) than matched patients with a postcholecystectomy interval of less than 10 years (21.8%) and matched controls with cholelithiasis (23.7%). This increase in the frequency of adenomas was primarily accounted for by an increase in the percentage of tubular adenomas (p less than 0.05) and corresponded to an increase in the frequency of cancer (p less than 0.05) of the large bowel. PMID- 6745727 TI - Duodenal total and ionised calcium secretion in normal subjects, chronic alcoholics, and patients with various stages of chronic alcoholic pancreatitis. AB - Previous studies have shown increased secretion of total calcium in the duodenal juice of patients with chronic alcoholic pancreatitis compared with healthy subjects. In order to get more detailed information on calcium secretion and pancreatic stone formation in chronic alcoholic pancreatitis, ionised and total calcium concentrations were determined in the duodenal juice of normal subjects, chronic alcoholics, and patients with various stages of chronic alcoholic pancreatitis. Total calcium secretion was in agreement with previously published data. Chronic alcoholics presented a significant increase of ionised calcium. In the course of pancreatitis all calcium fractions increased progressively revealing highest concentrations in patients with severe exocrine insufficiency. In non-calcified and calcified pancreatitis all calcium fractions were identical. It is suggested that the increase of ionised calcium originates from serum ionised calcium passing by diffusion into the damaged pancreatic duct system. PMID- 6745726 TI - Action of secretin on pancreatic enzyme secretion in man. Studies on pure pancreatic juice. AB - The action of pure, natural secretin on the pancreatic secretion of enzymes was investigated in six patients with external transduodenal drainage of the main pancreatic duct performed after biliary tract surgery. Secretin infused for five successive 50 minute periods at increasing doses of 0.03, 0.1, 0.3, 0.9 and 2.7 clinical units (CU)/kg/h, produce a dose dependent increase in protein and lipase output. A weak but significant (p less than 0.02) increase of enzyme output above the fasting level was already observed with the lowest dose. The maximal output of protein and lipase, observed with the highest dose of secretin infused, corresponded to about 50% of that induced by maximal doses of cerulein (100 ng/kg/h) plus secretin (1 CU/kg/h). As far as bicarbonate is concerned, the lowest dose of secretin (0.03 CU/kg/h) significantly (p less than 0.001) stimulated bicarbonate output. The dose of 0.9 CU/kg/h of secretin evoked a bicarbonate output of 526 +/- 49 micromol/min; trebling the dose of secretin did not significantly increase the output of bicarbonate above this value. Increasing doses of secretin induced a dose related increase in calcium output. There was a close parallel between calcium and protein outputs, suggesting that the increase in calcium output reflected primarily an increase in the enzyme-associated fraction of pancreatic juice calcium. It is concluded that secretin stimulates pancreatic enzyme secretion in man probably by a direct action on the acinar cells. PMID- 6745728 TI - Flow-cytometric DNA analysis as a means for early detection of malignancy in patients with chronic ulcerative colitis. AB - A new approach to the problem of monitoring patients with chronic ulcerative colitis is presented and discussed in connection with a case report. When annual colonoscopies are performed, biopsies are taken for histopathological examination and DNA measurements are made using flow-cytometric techniques (FCM). Using the latter approach, gross chromosomal aberrations indicating malignant transformation in a cell population may be detected. In a 46 year old man with a long history of ulcerative colitis, an area with slight mucosal dysplasia at light microscopy was accompanied by two aneuploid cells lines - that is, colonic mucosa cells with an abnormal amount of DNA in the nuclei. An operation one year later revealed a 5 X 2 mm large adenocarcinoma in the corresponding area of the colon. We suggest that flow-cytometric techniques can be used as a complement to already practised methods for monitoring the colorectal mucosa in colitic patients for the early detection of malignancy. PMID- 6745729 TI - In vitro determination of small intestinal permeability. PMID- 6745730 TI - Surgical education of gynecologists, II. PMID- 6745731 TI - Stage III epithelial ovarian cancer: the role of maximal surgical reduction. AB - One hundred forty-two cases of ovarian cancer of epithelial origin treated at Georgetown University Hospital between 1974 and 1980 were analyzed. Seventy-five patients (52.8%) were found to have Stage III disease at the time of the initial laparotomy, and the purpose of this study was to assess the outcome of the management in this group of patients. In spite of an aggressive approach, complete tumor excision could only be affected in 13 of the 75 Stage III cases (17.3%). Residual disease of less than 2 cm was achieved in a further 8 cases (10.7%). The ability to perform complete tumor clearance bore no relationship to the grade of the tumor. The survival rate in the complete clearance group was 100% with a mean survival time of 45 months (range 10-90 months) and 10 of these patients have been shown to be free of disease by second-look laparotomy. The outcome in terms of survival and disease-free status in these two groups of patients was unaffected by various chemotherapy regimens and the only factor of importance appeared to be the success of the initial surgery in clearing the disease. PMID- 6745732 TI - Ultrasound used for assessing the in situ position of intrauterine tandems. AB - Intracavitary radiation is an integral part of the treatment in many gynecologic cancers. The intrauterine tandem has a well-established role in treating both cervical and endometrial malignancies. The effectiveness of this therapy and its complications are directly related to the proper intracavitary position of the tandem. To date, there has been no objective technique appropriate for routine use in assessing the precise in situ location of these devices, apart from plain abdominal films. As such, little is known about the incidence or types of procedural complications and the sequelae associated with improper tandem placement. Here it is reported that ultrasound is an effective tool for evaluating the in situ position of the intrauterine tandem. Two cases are presented demonstrating important applications of this method. PMID- 6745733 TI - Multiple primaries among gynecologic malignancies. AB - Seventy-eight synchronous or metachronous tumors among 2362 patients followed by the Downstate Gynecologic Tumor Registry are reviewed. Significant synchronous tumor pairs include cervix (invasive and in situ)-ovary, cervix (in situ)-uterus, cervix (in situ)-kidney, endometrium-ovary, endometrium-rectosigmoid, and ovary breast. Significant metachronous pairs include cervix (invasive and in situ combined)-lung, cervix (invasive and in situ combined)-upper alimentary tract, and cervix (invasive)-rectosigmoid. In the case of in situ and invasive cervical cancer-lower genital tract, significance was determined for both synchronous and metachronous pairs. Long survival is an important factor in the appearance of a second tumor as demonstrated in patients with cervical carcinoma. Synchronous data prove to be valuable in assessing in risk of second primaries in patients surviving for short periods. The roles of cigarette smoking, hormones, immunosuppression, radiotherapy, and screening are discussed. PMID- 6745734 TI - Dysgerminoma with syncytiotrophoblastic giant cells presenting as a hydatidiform mole. AB - There have been a total of 11 cases of pure dysgerminoma with syncytiotrophoblastic giant cells (SGC) previously reported in the literature as of June 1981. All were Stage IA, all were treated with unilateral salpingo oophorectomy, and the preoperative serum human chorionic beta-gonadotropin (beta hCG) titers ranged from 2000 to 3160 mlU/ml. A recent case at William Beaumont Army Medical Center involved a 20-year-old Hispanic female who presented with a 20 weeks' size pelvic-abdominal mass which was sonographically consistent with a hydatidiform mole. An initial preoperative serum beta subunit hCG was 193,000 mlU/ml. At the time of surgery a Stage IC dysgerminoma of the right ovary was discovered and right salpingo-oophorectomy performed. In reviewing all 11 previously reported cases, not only is this case the first Stage IC reported, but it also is the first to present as a hydatidiform mole, has the highest ever reported preoperative beta-hCG, and provides the first ultrastructural study of this tumor type. The unusual clinical presentation and management of this case are discussed and a brief review of the clinical and pathological features of this unusual tumor is given. PMID- 6745735 TI - Estrogen and progesterone receptors in normal and malignant vulvar tissue. AB - Cytoplasmic receptors for 17 beta-estradiol (ER) and progesterone (PR) were measured in vulvar carcinomas. Tissues from 12 patients were examined. 5 of the vulvar carcinomas had detectable amounts of ER of whom 1 also had positive PR. Tissue samples from normal vulvar skin in 9 of the same patients were also examined for ER and PR activity. 3 had positive ER only and 1 had both ER and PR activity. The concentration of ER in cancer tissue showed a binding capacity of 2 23 pmol/g cytosol protein. In receptor-positive normal vulvar skin the binding capacity of ER ranged between 4 and 10 pmol/g cytosol protein. The binding capacity or PR, positive in 1 vulvar carcinoma and in 1 normal skin sample, was 12 and 10 pmol/g cytosol protein, respectively. PMID- 6745736 TI - Effect of various oral contraceptive combinations on dysmenorrhea. AB - The influence of different oral contraceptives on the prevalence and severity of dysmenorrhea was investigated in a representative sample of 19-year-old women from an urban Swedish population. The prevalence and severity of dysmenorrhea were significantly (p less than 0.01) reduced amongst users of progestogen dominated oral contraceptives compared to a control group of women who used neither oral contraceptives nor an intrauterine device. However, there was no significant difference in the prevalence and severity of dysmenorrhea between users of oral contraceptives with low progestogen activity and the same control group. Thus, the relative progestogen activity of the oral contraceptive used appears to be of importance for the effective treatment of dysmenorrhea. Possible reasons for the superior therapeutic efficacy of progestogen-dominated oral contraceptives are discussed. Further studies are, however, necessary to evaluate the importance of the progestogen activity of oral contraceptives in the treatment of dysmenorrhea. PMID- 6745737 TI - Diabetes-associated endometrial disruption in the Chinese hamster: structural changes in relation to progressive hyperglycemia. AB - The relationship between progressive diabetes and endometrial structure was examined in genetically diabetic Chinese hamsters. Uterine samples were collected from animals exhibiting prediabetic to overt diabetic conditions and from matched control animals. In controls (with blood glucose levels less than or equal to 145 mg/dl) the endometrium was typified by an intact luminal epithelium, a thin underlying basement membrane and a well-organized stroma layer. In contrast, mildly diabetic (150-250 mg/dl) animals exhibited a compressed luminal epithelium which was embedded in a thickened basement membrane infiltrated with phagocytic blood elements. The stromal layer contained several irregular cells which were characterized by cytoplasmic vacuolization and collagen fiber separation by an amyloid-like, intercellular ground substance. In overt diabetic animals (greater than or equal to 300-500 mg/dl), the luminal epithelial cells were located over a greatly thickened basement membranes which was infiltrated by phagocytic blood elements and degenerating stromal cell membranes. The lumens of the glands were closed and the stromal cells were separated by an increased intercellular space occupied by an amyloid-like ground substance. Many stromal cells exhibited cytoplasmic vacuolization. These studies demonstrate that uterine involution associated with diabetes occurs in a sequential manner and is temporally related to progressive elevations in blood glucose levels. PMID- 6745738 TI - Serum cortisol levels of maternal vein, umbilical artery, and umbilical vein classified by mode of delivery. AB - We measured maternal venous (MV), umbilical arterial (UA), and umbilical venous (UV) cortisol levels of 180 pregnancies at term. The cortisol level of MV was higher than that of UA and UV in all deliveries. The cortisol levels of three samples had no difference between the induced labor group and the spontaneous onset of labor group regardless of delivery mode. In spontaneous vaginal delivery the cortisol levels of three individual samples were significantly higher in primipara than in multipara. The positive correlations were observed in any modes of deliveries between the cortisol levels of MV and UA, and MV and UA and UV. These data suggest that the fetus may produce cortisol by itself and maternal cortisol may inflow to the fetus. PMID- 6745739 TI - Further evidence of prolactin production from human decidua and its transport across fetal membrane. AB - In this study the human decidua, chorion and amnion were incubated for short term. Only the decidua, secreted much prolactin clearly among them as a function of time. When the amounts of prolactin in the maternal blood, cord blood obtained from umbilical vein, or those released into decidual incubation medium were compared with the amniotic fluid prolactin levels, only the decidual prolactin correlated significantly with the amniotic fluid prolactin. The urine obtained from newborns showed a low concentration of prolactin. These results suggest that the origin of prolactin present in the amniotic fluid is not from the mother or fetus, but from the decidua which has the ability of producing prolactin, and that prolactin secreted from this tissue may be transported into the amniotic fluid through the fetal membrane and accumulated there. PMID- 6745741 TI - Changes in soluble proteins in cervical mucus during midcycle in normally menstruating women. AB - Albumin, IgG and complement C3c were analyzed by immunonephelometry in cervical mucus collected daily at midcycle. There was a statistically significant difference in the amount of mucus recovered on the day of the luteinizing hormone (LH) surge and on the following day. Several nadirs in protein concentration could be visualized in 8 out of 14 subjects, whereas in 6 subjects, no such changes in concentration were found. In terms of soluble protein concentrations and amounts there were no differences between cycle days. For changes in soluble protein concentrations and amounts, no systematic time relation to the LH peak could be found. PMID- 6745740 TI - Urinary excretion, osmolarity and electrolytes after bolus-injection of fenoterol in female rabbits. AB - The effects of bolus injections of 1.0-80.0 micrograms/kg body weight fenoterol on urinary excretion, osmolarity and electrolytes were studied in unanesthetized, water-loaded rabbits. In animals infused initially with isotonic solution over 2 h with 60 ml/h and thereafter over 10 h with 45 ml/h, urine excretion was 538 ml/12 h, sodium excretion was 65.4 mmol/12 h, and potassium excretion was 4.8 mmol/12 h. In animals injected with 5.0-80.0 micrograms/kg body weight fenoterol, a strong antidiuresis occurred, lasting for 2 (10.0 micrograms/kg) to 4 h (80.0 micrograms/kg). Due to the strong antidiuresis, urinary osmolarity was significantly elevated for 2 (10.0 micrograms/kg) to 3 h (80.0 micrograms/kg). The changes of sodium excretion after fenoterol injection were very similar to those of urine excretion. Maximum reduction of sodium excretion was found after injection of 10.0-80.0 micrograms/kg body weight fenoterol, the effect lasting for 1 h (10.0 micrograms/kg) to 4 h (80.0 micrograms/kg). Potassium excretion was significantly reduced after injection of 5.0-80.0 micrograms/kg body weight fenoterol. In contrast to all the other parameters measured, potassium excretion remained significantly reduced until the end of the infusion period in animals treated with 10.0-80.0 micrograms/kg body weight fenoterol and was not dose dependent. Our data presented in this work extend earlier findings in the rabbit in that bolus injection of fenoterol also results in a drastic decrease of urine and electrolyte excretion. The results are discussed with special reference for the management of acute fetal distress with betamimetics and to the development of pulmonary edema that has been shown to occur under therapy with betamimetics on both female rabbits and humans. PMID- 6745742 TI - Effects of repeated sampling on the properties of the cervical mucus during one day at midcycle. AB - Midcycle cervical secretions were collected every hour from 08.00 to 12.00 h in 12 normal women. There was a significant decrease in gram wet weight of mucus in the first four samples followed by an increase in the fifth specimen (trend analysis). Spinnbarkeit decreased significantly during repeated sample collection. Albumin concentration in cervical secretion increased significantly during repeated sample collection, but there was no statistically significant difference in the total amount of albumin recovered during repeated sample collection. The possibility of a hormonal regulation of the water content in the cervical mucus is discussed. PMID- 6745743 TI - Psychological distress and amniocentesis. AB - 40 women who underwent amniocentesis were administered the Symptom Questionnaire to evaluate changes in psychological distress. Anxiety, depression, somatic symptoms and hostility significantly decreased after the results of the procedure were communicated to the patient, replicating the findings in a previous study. Psychological distress, however, returned to the initial levels in the third trimester of pregnancy. Women whose only indication for amniocentesis was an age of 35 years or older displayed significantly higher hostility and somatic symptoms and less contentment before the procedure than the other women. Subsequently these differences lost their significance and the two groups showed similar patterns of psychological distress throughout the pregnancy. PMID- 6745744 TI - Trace metals in postdate pregnancy. AB - Maternal and cord serum calcium, copper, iron and zinc concentrations were analyzed in 20 women with a postdate pregnancy. The control group consisted of 20 parturients with delivery at term and their newborns. Serum free estriol (E3) was also determined. Maternal serum copper, zinc and E3 were statistically significantly lower, while cord serum copper and fetomaternal ratio of zinc were significantly higher in the study group than in the control group. Further, a positive correlation between E3 and maternal serum copper level (r = 0.63) was found. PMID- 6745746 TI - [Myositis ossificans localisata of the thenar muscles]. AB - In a case report the difficult histologic differential diagnosis between Myositis ossificans and extra-osseous osteosarcoma is illustrated. For the patient, one diagnosis means the preservation, the other the loss of an extremity with all possible complications of a malignant growth. PMID- 6745745 TI - Effects of 17 beta-estradiol on a permanent line of rat endometrial cells grown in vitro and in vivo. AB - A permanent line of epithelioid cells derived from a primary culture of rat endometrium by spontaneous transformation in vitro was studied as a model for the actions of estrogen on target cells. The cells contained typical cytosol and nuclear estrogen receptors. Estradiol added in vitro increased the accumulation of cells as much as 60% over controls. Cells injected into ovariectomized athymic mice grew into solid tumors whose incidence was increased by treatment of the animals with estradiol. PMID- 6745747 TI - [Joint saving forearm replantation using pedicled latissimus dorsi island flap]. AB - In a case report, replantation of a subtotally amputated forearm at the elbow region is described. The elbow joint was reconstructed. At the end of the operation a huge soft tissue defect remained leaving the vein grafts unprotected. Using a latissimus dorsi myocutaneous island flap, the soft tissue defect was covered and the function of the biceps muscle restored. PMID- 6745748 TI - [Adipose tissue in plastic surgery]. AB - Current knowledge about adipose tissue is reviewed. Adipose tissue represents a special type of reticular connective tissue. Its full development is reached with the termination of body growth. The structural units of adipose tissue are fat lobules, the vascular supply of each lobule being complete and independent. Problems associated with fatty tissue surgery can be attributed to its structural and functional features. Pathophysiological processes in healing and transplantation of fatty tissue are analysed and correlated with clinical observations. The combination of fatty tissue properties does not favour free transplantation. PMID- 6745749 TI - [Aspiration lipectomy, a status determination]. AB - The method of suction lipectomy, which was introduced by us in 1976, has proved to be successful as an alternative and supplementary form of therapy in cases of therapy-resistant localised fat deposits. Critical selection of suitable patients and a meticulous surgical technique are essential for this procedure, whilst the shape of the suction tube is of secondary importance. Opinions vary as to whether it is better to perform a continuous or layered fat resection or to use a "tunnelling" procedure. For the reasons already mentioned we prefer to use the procedure of layered fat resection; developments in the future will establish whether different indications exist for both these techniques. We will also be in a position to judge the efficacity of the fibrinogen adhesives which we have been using in certain selected cases for the past two years. PMID- 6745750 TI - [Long-term results following breast augmentation]. AB - One hundred late results of augmentation mammaplasty for the following conditions are reported: aplasia, hypoplasia, asymmetry and deformities after total and partial mastectomy. Our criteria for assessment were shape, consistency and quality of scars. The objective assessments were compared with the patients subjective assessments. The most unsatisfactory results were in augmentation after subcutaneous mastectomy and the best were in hypoplasias when small implants were used. Two types of implant were compared: gel filled and inflatable. Results were slightly better with gel filled implants. Better results were obtained if the implant was placed subpectorally and postoperative massage was carried out. Special note is made of the high rate of fibrous capsule contraction. PMID- 6745751 TI - [Mammoplasty planning using the Strombeck technic]. AB - Sagging of the breast may occur within the first year after mammaplasty. This may be prevented by shortening the distance between the areola and submammary fold to less than 25% of the distance between the sternal notch and the new site of the nipple. If this manoeuvre is combined with other modifications in relation to the lateral portion of the breast and the pedicles of the nipple, the results of Strombeck's mammaplasty can be improved. PMID- 6745752 TI - [Possibilities for using the tensor fasciae latae flap]. AB - The TFL flap is an unusual musculo-cutaneous flap because a large island of skin (three times the area of the muscle element) can be safely elevated on a small muscular pedicle. Because of this the flap has a wide application for the repair of defects in the groin, perineum and lower abdomen or to cover the trochanter, ischium and sacrum. PMID- 6745753 TI - [Hidradenitis suppurativa--treatment with myocutaneous island flap or the traditional method]. AB - Inflammations of the apocrine sweat glands are characterized by painful, nodose and often superficially phlogistic infiltrates with a tendency towards abscess formation and fistulation. These foci of inflammation are situated particularly in the armpit as well as the anal and genital region. The failure of conservative therapy--e.g., application of antibacterial ointments, red light, short-wave therapy or irradiation--is followed by a surgical intervention which involves excising the abscess cavity and leaving the wound open for secondary closure by granulation. The resultant scar is an impairment both functionally and cosmetically, particularly in the axilla; and, in many cases, a new focus of inflammation eventually develops in the immediate vicinity. For multiple occurrence of sudoriparous abscesses in the axilla with undermining of the surrounding cutaneous soft tissue mantle and fistulation, we therefore suggest the following therapeutic concept as an alternative to conventional methods: radical removal of the focus of inflammation far into the healthy tissue with concomitant excision of all sweat glands in the affected area and coverage of the resultant defect with a partial myocutaneous island flap from the latissimus dorsi muscle. PMID- 6745755 TI - [Arthrosis of the articulation of the pisiform bone]. AB - Osteoarthritis of the pisiform at its articulation with the triquetral bone is rarely reported in the literature. Four cases are presented with involvement of both hands in one. The diagnosis can be verified by clinical examination and X rays. The method of treatment selected was arthrodesis by means of wire suture. PMID- 6745754 TI - [Functional and morphologic studies on the reinnervation of the replanted rabbit external ear]. AB - Disturbances observed int he thermoregulation of replanted extremities were the stimulus for this experimental study. We chose the auricular conchae of rabbits as an experimental model, as these show--as do the fingers--innervation with the sympathic nervous system and fulfil thermoregulatoric functions. Twenty-five of thirty auricular conchae of rabbits took completely after amputation and replantation. Blood flow measurements with 133 Xenon, thermographic and histologic examinations were performed. Thermography showed dysfunction with temperature provocation even one year after replantation. Histological examinations revealed partly deficient reinnervation in vessels and also in cutaneous appendages. PMID- 6745756 TI - [Long-term results of pisiform bone transposition in lunate necrosis]. AB - Kienbocks disease is one of the most frequent manifestations of avascular necrosis. Multiple different surgical and conservative methods for treatment have been described. The transposition of pisiform on its vascular pedicle to replace the reamed out necrotic portion of the lunate has permitted revascularization and healing of the lunate. In the following article, the operative technique is described and the results of a five year follow-up study on 32 patients who underwent this operation are presented. On the basis of this study, we found, even in advanced cases of Kienbocks disease, that 50% of the 14 followed-up patients became free of symptoms or had pain only under stressful conditions. PMID- 6745757 TI - [Late results following pisiform transplantation in lunate malacia]. AB - The two cases shown, which have been followed up for four years, demonstrate that pisiform grafting after Beck in Stage I aseptic necrosis of the lunate provides a means by which the configuration of the carpus and the function of the wrist are preserved better than by any other previously published method, and by which further collapse of the lunate can be prevented. PMID- 6745758 TI - [Treatment of palmar and tendon sheath infections following aponeurectomy with gentamycin PMMA minichains]. AB - Soft tissue and bone infections of the hand often require long-term treatment. In most cases this will result in a poor function. In a case of infection after aponeurectomy it is shown that early revision and local therapy with Gentamycin PMMA-minichains bring very good results, as we have already shown in more than two hundred cases. PMID- 6745759 TI - [Os lunatum partitum: critical comment on the contribution of C.Hoffmann]. AB - This paper refers to the case published in "Handchirurgie" 14, 109-113 (1982). The author has conducted a critical analysis of the original records and of the literature. He concludes that the diagnosis is one of necrosis of the lunate (Kienbock's disease), not os lunatum partitum. PMID- 6745760 TI - [Nutritional support of cancer patients]. PMID- 6745761 TI - [Serum copper levels in Hodgkin's disease]. PMID- 6745762 TI - [Radiographic aspects of renal osteodystrophy]. PMID- 6745763 TI - [Continuous interscalene brachial plexus block for prolonged anesthesia and relief of pain]. PMID- 6745764 TI - [Surgical treatment of postirradiation rectovaginal fistula by sigmoidal flap]. PMID- 6745765 TI - [Acute myocardial infarction in a young woman with systemic lupus erythematosus]. PMID- 6745766 TI - [Pyloric channel ulcer in an infant]. PMID- 6745767 TI - [Prenatal ultrasonic diagnosis of occipital encephalocele]. PMID- 6745768 TI - [Suicide attempt with coumadin]. PMID- 6745769 TI - [Tissue damage induced by several fragrance compounds in use in food and cosmetics]. PMID- 6745770 TI - [The hypermobility syndrome]. PMID- 6745771 TI - [Paroxysmal supraventricular tachycardia: mechanisms and treatment]. PMID- 6745772 TI - [Endogenous opiates and mental illness: psychopharmacological aspects]. PMID- 6745774 TI - [Child health care in Israel]. PMID- 6745773 TI - [Pediatric health care within the family medicine framework]. PMID- 6745775 TI - [Reimplantation of arm and forearm]. PMID- 6745776 TI - [Chlamydia trachomatis--an old organism and new diseases]. PMID- 6745777 TI - [The effect of thiazides on calcium metabolism]. PMID- 6745779 TI - [Immediate definitive surgery of middle-face fractures]. PMID- 6745778 TI - [Function and death rate following fracture of the proximal femur in the elderly]. PMID- 6745780 TI - [Laser trabeculoplasty for glaucoma]. PMID- 6745781 TI - [Flank edema as a sign of retroperitoneal abscess]. PMID- 6745782 TI - [Diagnostic value of the 14c-d-xylose versus 14c-glycocholic acid breath tests for bacterial overgrowth]. PMID- 6745783 TI - [Congenital fibrosis of the extraocular muscles]. PMID- 6745784 TI - [Struma ovarii]. PMID- 6745785 TI - [Sick sinus syndrome in infants]. PMID- 6745786 TI - [Kaposi's sarcoma appearing during ampicillin treatment]. PMID- 6745787 TI - [Immunotoxins--a new approach for selective chemotherapy]. PMID- 6745788 TI - [Antimicrobial treatment in staphylococcal aureus endocarditis]. PMID- 6745789 TI - [Secular trends in the weight of Jerusalem children]. PMID- 6745790 TI - [Darwinian evolution and viruses--approach of Fred Hoyle]. PMID- 6745791 TI - [Laser treatment of glaucoma]. PMID- 6745792 TI - [Complete congenital atrio-ventricular block]. PMID- 6745793 TI - [Spontaneous pneumothorax in the newborn infant]. PMID- 6745794 TI - [Reye's syndrome: updated]. PMID- 6745795 TI - Redescription of Neocamallanus singhi (Nematoda: Camallanidae) with a note on related species. AB - The present paper deals with the redescription of the nematode Neocamallanus singhi Ali, 1957 based on specimens collected from the fish, Channa striata from Burdwan, West Bengal, India. Comparative study of this species with other related forms described from freshwater fishes of India and Pakistan indicates that Neocamallanus bengalensis Soota et Chaturvedi, 1971 and N. ophicephali Rehana et Bilquees, 1972 are synonyms of N. singhi. PMID- 6745796 TI - Notes on the development of metacercaria and adult of Echinostoma porteri Fashuyi (Echinostomatidae). AB - The metacercaria of E. porteri was found to retain its viability for a longer time in Bulinus (Physopsis) globosus (Morelet) than in Bulinus (Bulinus) forskalii (Ehrenberg) and Lymnaea natalensis (Krauss) which is the natural host for other larval stages. It becomes infective to definitive hosts about 6 h after commencement of encystment and loses its viability after 14 days in the snail host. Development of adult takes place experimentally in chicks, pigeons and rats, but hosts show age resistance to infection. Growth of adult worm is most rapid between 4th and 6th day and declines after the 17th day. Proportionate increase in body length is higher than similar increases in size of other parts of the body. PMID- 6745797 TI - Sense organs of the nematodes Trichinella pseudospiralis Garkavi, 1972 and T. nativa Britov et Boev, 1972. AB - The structure and distribution of the sense organs of the head and the tail of two day-old Trichinella species (females) have been determined by transmission (TEM) and scanning (SEM) electron microscopy. In both species occur 16 cephalic sense organs, which contain three modified dendritic processes, in addition to the amphids. The nerve cell bodies are situated in the area above the nerve ring. The amphid contains ten dendritic processes. The sense organs open to the external environment by pores through the cuticle. Above the bulbous tip, the dendritic processes are surrounded by hypodermal cells. They enter posteriorly the pseudocoelom and join in subventral, subdorsal and two sublateral nerves, with transparent nuclei, in the area above the nerve ring. The distribution of the sense organs of larvae from the muscles and from the uterus is similar to that of the adults. The dendritic processes are short, most of their distal chamber is compacted with a dense, filamentous material. The rectum in the tail end of the female is innervated from the dorsal ganglion composed by multipolar cells with numerous dendrites and a single axon. Close to the excretory pore occurs a hemizonid which consists of six to eight dendrites and is situated between the hypodermis and the muscles. This organ has not been found in the larva. PMID- 6745799 TI - The role of the house fly (Musca domestica L.) in the transmission of Coxiella burnetii. AB - The flies which are fed a single rickettsia suspension keep their infectivity throughout their life and can contaminate environment as long as that. Under conditions of experiment their life span is 32 days. Coxiella burnetii survives in the faeces of flies as long as 80 days, in the dead flies as long as 90 days. PMID- 6745798 TI - Susceptibility to DDT and some other insecticides of head lice (Pediculus capitis De Geer) in Czechoslovakia. AB - For testing the susceptibility of the head louse to insecticides impregnated bunches of polyamide fibres, whose diameter resembled that of human hair (0.1 mm) were used. In this manner a low mortality of control lice collected from infected persons was obtained (2.9% after 16 hours of exposure). Even after 25 years of DDT use no apparent resistance could be demonstrated in 25 tested louse populations and cross resistance to permethrin in 7 tested populations. The diagnostic concentration for resistance to pp'-DDT was established at 1%. Of the tested insecticides the highest toxicity was shown by malathion (LC50 = 0.000 018%), pirimiphos-methyl had on average a twice lower toxicity, trichlorphon 104 times lower, tetramethrin 1220 times lower, permethrin 2.5 times lower and pp' DDT 630 times lower toxicity. PMID- 6745800 TI - The replication and eclipse-phase of the tick-borne encephalitis virus in Dermacentor reticulatus. AB - Particles of tick-borne encephalitis virus measuring 42-50 nm were found in in D. reticulatus nymphs after eclipse-phase lasting 10 days and were localized in epidermal and salivary gland cells. PMID- 6745801 TI - First record of developmental stages of Cryptosporidium sp. in various organs of experimentally infected mice and spontaneously infected calves. PMID- 6745802 TI - Experimental concomitant toxoplasma and malaria infection in rats. AB - The effect of concomitant toxoplasma and malaria infection on the reticuloendothelial system was investigated in rats. This was evaluated by the level of plasmodial parasitaemia; humoral antibody response; effect on splenic weight; histopathological changes in thymus and spleen; histopathological and histochemical changes in liver. The parasitaemia appeared after 2 days in single malaria and concomitant infections. The peak was reached after 6 days with single and precedent malaria, and after 10 days with precedent toxoplasma. The clearance of parasitaemia was delayed to 30 days with concomitant infections instead of 14 days with single malaria. Higher than normal malarial antibody levels were reached with precedent toxoplasma, while the toxoplasma antibodies were lower than normal in both concomitant infections. There was a significant increase in splenic weight in both precedent malaria and toxoplasma, followed by a decrease which did not return to normal in case of precedent malaria. The thymus was packed with thymocytes in precedent malaria, while depletion in the cortex occurred in precedent toxoplasma. In the liver, there was glycogen depletion and decrease in succinic dehydrogenase activity in both concomitant infections. Choline esterase activity in precedent malaria was decreased and returned to normal on day 40 while in precedent toxoplasma the activity was normal all through the period. The alkaline phosphatase activity was decreased and returned to normal on day 40 in both concomitant infections. PMID- 6745803 TI - [Effect of butorphanol tartrate on cross-fostering in rats]. AB - In the preceding study, neonatal deaths were observed when an analgesic, butorphanol tartrate (BT), was administered subcutaneously to female rats during the perinatal and lactating periods. In the present study, cross-fostering using CRJ:CD (Sprague-Dawley) rats was employed to clarify the cause of death. When the litters naturally delivered from dams receiving BT (25 mg/kg/day, s.c.) during the perinatal period were switched among one another within the BT-treated dams or placed with control (saline-treated) dams, the viability of newborns on postpartum day 3 was significantly lowered. Since some of the BT-treated dams were observed to neglect the delivery cares that were fundamental to dams such as removing amnions, umbilical cords and placentas, as well as gathering and lactating to newborns immediately after natural delivery, it was considered that death after cross-fostering was the result of the pups being emaciated before cross-fostering. This finding was supported by the fact that a significant elevation in the viability was revealed when the newborns Cesarean-delivered from BT-treated dams were placed with control or untreated dams. No significant effects of BT were observed on the viability and body weight of newborns at birth and on those of pups from postpartum day 3 through the weaning day. PMID- 6745804 TI - [Pharmacological action of mazindol on behaviors and metabolism]. AB - To elucidate the mechanism of the action of mazindol, an anorectic drug, mazindol effects on behaviors of rats such as feeding, drinking and activities were examined. Mazindol (40 mg/100 g of diet) addition to the diet elicited the transient decrease in food and water intakes, and increases in Animex and running wheel activities compared to those behaviors seen before the mazindol addition. The mazindol addition essentially did not affect the circadian rhythms of the above behaviors. Continuous infusion of mazindol (1-10 ng/h) into the brain reduced the total food intake and increased the light period food intake. The strongest effect of mazindol on food intake was observed when it was infused into a site of median eminence which was 2 mm posterior to the suprachiasmatic nucleus of the hypothalamus. This fact suggests that the site of the anorectic action of mazindol might be located in this area. Since food efficiency (= body weight increase per day/food intake per day) reduced during the period of mazindol addition to the diet in the above experiment, metabolic alterations due to mazindol were examined in rats. The results suggest that mazindol administration enhances degradations of proteins and amino acids and increases gluconeogenesis in the liver. PMID- 6745805 TI - [Behavioral effects of amantadine on ambulatory activity and drinking in mice and on continuous and discrete avoidance responses in rats]. AB - Effects of amantadine on ambulatory activity in mice and conditioned avoidance responses in rats were investigated. In addition, the change in diurnal drinking rhythm induced by free intake of amantadine solution was also examined in mice. Amantadine (10-40 mg/kg, i.p.) tended to increase the ambulatory activity in mice. Pretreatment with amantadine (10-40 mg/kg, i.p.) at 30 min or 4 hr before augmented the ambulation-increasing effect of apomorphine (0.5 mg/kg, s.c.), but attenuated that of methamphetamine (2 mg/kg, s.c.). When amantadine solution of 0.1 mg/ml or 0.4 mg/ml was freely given to mice for 7 or 21 days, the amount of fluid intake per day decreased slightly, and the daily doses of amantadine intake were estimated to be 15-80 mg/kg/day. However, no marked change in the diurnal pattern of drinking, showing a higher rate during the dark period and a lower rate during the light period, was observed. These mice also demonstrated an increased sensitivity to the ambulation-increasing effect of apomorphine and a decreased sensitivity to that of methamphetamine as compared with the control mice that drank water with no added drugs. Amantadine (10-20 mg/kg, i.p.) did not induce a marked change in the avoidance responses in rats. However, more than 40 mg/kg, i.p. of amantadine suppressed the avoidance responses with a general worsening of bodily condition. Amantadine (10-20 mg/kg, i.p.) did not modify the avoidance-facilitating effects of methamphetamine (0.13-1 mg/kg, s.c.), atropine (1.3-10 mg/kg, s.c.) and scopolamine (0.031-0.13 mg/kg, s.c.), but attenuated the avoidance-suppressing effects of chlorpromazine (0.25-2 mg/kg, s.c.), haloperidol (0.018-0.05 mg/kg, s.c.), tetrabenazine (0.25-1 mg/kg, s.c.), pilocarpine (2-8 mg/kg, s.c.) and physostigmine (0.1-0.4 mg/kg, s.c.) in a dose-dependent manner. The present results suggest that amantadine affects not only the central catecholaminergic neurons but also the other neurons. PMID- 6745806 TI - [Mazindol effects on the salivary and gastric acid secretory mechanisms]. AB - The effects of mazindol on the salivary secretion of dogs was investigated. Mazindol (2 mg/kg, i.v.) decreased the volume and pressure of salivary secretion induced by either chemical (carpronium) stimulation or electrical nerve stimulation. It also reduced spontaneous salivary secretion. Secretion velocity in the mazindol treated group was significantly less than in the physiological saline administered control group at 4 to 6 min after injection. Saline and mazindol produced no significance differences in Na+, Cl- or K+ concentrations in the saliva or serum. Thus mazindol inhibition of salivary secretion was not caused by ion transport. The existence of some other inhibitory mechanism is suggested. The effects of mazindol on the peripheral and central control of gastric acid secretion was also investigated in rats. Gastric acid secretion induced by direct application of cholinergic agents on oxyntic cells was not affected by mazindol. Gastric acid secretion induced by insulin and/or 2-DG, on the other hand, was markedly inhibited by intra-hypothalamic injection or systemic (i.v.) injections of mazindol. Electro-osmotic mazindol mimicked the effects of glucose in the lateral (inhibition) and ventromedial (excitation) hypothalamus. The results suggest that the inhibitory effects of mazindol on salivary secretion may be through the hypothalamic feeding control centers. Mazindol also directly affected gastric acid secretory neurons in the lateral hypothalamus. It might thus be expected to be effective in the treatment of obesity. PMID- 6745807 TI - [Pharmacological effects of brovanexine hydrochloride (BR-222) on the respiratory tract system, particularly on the respiratory tract fluid, mucociliary transport and cough]. AB - Pharmacological effects of brovanexine hydrochloride (BR-222), a new expectorant, on the respiratory tract system was studied in comparison with that of bromhexine hydrochloride. 1. When doses ranging from 5 to 40 mg/kg of BR-222 were given orally (p.o.) or intraduodenally (i.d.) to rats, rabbits and dogs, it caused a significant increase in the output volume of respiratory tract fluid (RTF). It was almost as potent as bromhexine, but its pattern of increasing RTF was different from that of bromhexine. The increase in the serous ingredient of RTF after BR-222 administration seemed to be more remarkable than that after bromhexine treatment, though both drugs had no influences on the component ratio of glucose or protein in the RTF of dogs. 2. BR-222 at 10 and 20 mg/kg (i.d.) showed a tendency to reduce the viscosity of RTF in anesthetized dogs and so did bromhexine. A dose of 10 mg/kg (i.d.) of BR-222 also showed a tendency to reduce the viscosity of sputum obtained from the SO2-exposed rabbits. 3. A dose of 6 mg/kg (i.m.) of BR-222 caused a significant increase in the mucociliary transport rate in unanesthetized pigeons; in contrast with this, bromhexine caused a slight decrease. 4. Both drugs given orally showed no antitussive effects when examined by the "coughing dog" method. PMID- 6745808 TI - [Effects of cephem antibiotics on ethanol metabolism]. AB - Disulfiram-like reactions have been reported in patients receiving cephem antibiotics which possess a mercaptomethyltetrazole (Me-TZ) side chain in their molecular structure. The present study focused on the elucidation of the relationship between the formation of Me-TZ and its inhibitory action on alcohol metabolism after treatment with the cephem antibiotics. The cumulative urinary excretion of Me-TZ was determined in healthy volunteers and laboratory animals after i.v. administration of the cephem antibiotics: cefmetazole (CMZ), cefoperazone (CPZ) and latamoxef (LMOX). In humans, monkeys and rodents, the extent of urinary excretion of Me-TZ was found in the order of CPZ greater than LMOX greater than CMZ-treatment. To assess their influences on dehydrogenation of ethanol (EtOH) and acetaldehyde (AcH), rats and monkeys were treated with a single or multiple i.v. dose of Me-TZ and cephem antibiotics prior to the EtOH treatment. The blood EtOH levels were not affected with either the Me-TZ or the cephem pretreatments. On the contrary, the AcH levels were significantly elevated with each of the pretreatments. The dose response curves for AcH levels showed parallel lines corresponding to the urinary excretion of Me-TZ, i.e., CPZ greater than LMOX greater than CMZ-treatment. These results suggest that there are some differences in the disulfiram-like reactions among animal species and antibiotics, which will be attributed to the intrinsic distribution and stability of each of the antibiotics in the body. PMID- 6745809 TI - [Effects of KC-404 on bronchial anaphylactic reactions]. AB - The effects of 3-isobutyryl-2-isopropylpyrazolo [1,5-a] pyridine (KC-404), a new anti-allergic agent with a unique mode of action, on bronchial anaphylactic reactions were investigated in guinea pigs and rats. The inhibitory effects of orally administered KC-404 on systemic anaphylactic reaction caused by intravenous antigen and on anaphylactic bronchoconstriction caused by inhaled antigen in guinea pigs actively sensitized with egg albumin were observed at doses of 100 mg/kg and 10 mg/kg, respectively. When these animals were pretreated with diphenhydramine and atropine before antigen challenge, the inhibitory effects of KC-404 were markedly enhanced; doses as low as 0.25 to 0.5 mg/kg p.o. were effective in this situation. In guinea pigs similarly sensitized as above, KC-404 injected i.v. after the maximum development of antigen-induced constriction of airways resulted in a rapid dilatation. KC-404 was about 100 times as potent as aminophylline in this respect. KC-404 inhibited passive anaphylactic bronchoconstriction in rats mediated by an IgE antibody at an oral dose of 2.5 mg/kg. The inhibitory effect of KC-404 (10 mg/kg) persisted for at least 6 hr. These results indicate that KC-404 is orally effective in inhibiting anaphylactic bronchoconstrictions mediated by IgE as well as IgG antibodies. Furthermore, KC-404 is suggested to be able to control the SRS-A-induced component of bronchospasm. PMID- 6745810 TI - [Antihypertensive effect of trifluoropentoxypicolinic acid: a pharmacokinetic study]. AB - Two drugs, trifluoropentoxypicolinic acid (TFP) and 5-butoxypicolinic acid, which are composed of a picolinic acid skeleton and an alkoxyl group, were studied to determine characteristics of their antihypertensive effect. The study was carried out using normotensive rats and experimental hypertensive rats (DOCA type hypertensive, one-kidney type hypertensive and spontaneous hypertensive), and effects of these drugs were compared with those of fusaric acid (5-butylpicolinic acid), which is known as a hypotensive agent inhibiting dopamine beta hydroxylase. The hypotensive effect of the drugs (10, 30 and 100 mg/kg, p.o.) on normotensive rats was weaker than on hypertensive rats. TFP showed a dose dependent hypotensive effect which was not influenced by reserpine pretreatment. Though TFP showed the same inhibitory effect on serum dopamine beta-hydroxylase as fusaric acid, it had only approximately 0.5 times the inhibitory activity. However, TFP had a hypotensive effect which was 1.4 times stronger than that of fusaric acid. According to pharmacokinetic analysis based on the determination of blood drug concentration, the transfer rate of fusaric acid from the digestive tract to the blood was much higher than TFP by 1.6 X 10(4) times. Moreover, fusaric acid had a 4.5 times greater disappearance rate than TFP. From the above results, first of all, it is supposed that the antihypertensive effect of TFP is related to inhibition of dopamine beta-hydroxylase. In addition, it is suggested that prolonged presence of unchanged TFP in the blood increases its immediate depressive effect on the cardiovascular system, thereby causing a strong hypotensive effect. PMID- 6745811 TI - [Effects of 3,4,5-trimethoxy-N-(3-piperidyl) benzamide (KU-54) on respiration of the gastric mucosa and liver in rats]. AB - Effects of 3,4,5-trimethoxy-N-(3-piperidyl) benzamide (KU-54), an antiulcer drug, on the tissue respiration of the gastric mucosa and the liver were studied in rats. Oral KU-54 at 100 mg/kg twice daily for 5 days (though it was given only once on the 5th day) caused an increase in oxygen consumption of the gastric mucosa in rats, but did not affect that of the liver. Thus the principal active site of KU-54 on tissue respiration was found to be the gastric mucosa. Oral KU 54 at 100 mg/kg once daily for 11 days significantly accelerated the oxygen consumption of marginal gastric mucosa of acetic acid ulcer in rats. The effect of oral gefarnate at 200 mg/kg was about half that of KU-54 at 100 mg/kg, but it was not significant. In addition, oral KU-54 at 100 mg/kg twice daily for 5 days (though it was given only once on the 5th day) significantly inhibited the decrease of oxygen consumption of the gastric mucosa in hemorrhagic shocked rats. The effect of oral gefarnate at 100 mg/kg was not like that at KU-54 at 100 mg/kg in conscious rats. When KU-54 was added in the incubation medium with small gastric mucosal fragments of rats, the increase of oxygen consumption of the gastric mucosa did not occur. Oral KU-54 at 100 mg/kg significantly accelerated a glycogen consumptive stimulation of the gastric mucosa of the corpus in ischemic rats, but the respiration of the antral mucosa was not accelerated under anaerobic incubating conditions. Oral gefarnate at 200 mg/kg accelerated an anaerobic glycolysis of the gastric antral mucosa in rats. PMID- 6745812 TI - [Effects of 4-(4'-chlorobenzyloxy) benzyl nicotinate (KCD-232) on lipid metabolism in rats and mice]. AB - The hypolipidemic properties of KCD-232[4-(4'-chlorobenzyloxy) benzyl nicotinate], a new compound, were studied in rats fed a basal diet and mice fed a high-cholesterol diet with the following results: KCD-232 reduced serum cholesterol (CH), triglyceride (TG) and phospholipid (PL) levels in a dose dependent manner (20 approximately 160 mg/kg/day) in rats fasted for 16 hr. KCD 232 significantly reduced (LDL + VLDL)-CH and decreased the (LDL + VLDL)-CH/HDL CH ratio designated as the "atherogenic index" unlike clofibrate which was used as a reference. KCD-232 slightly increased relative liver weight, but not in the dose-dependent manner of clofibrate. KCD-232 also inhibited the elevation of serum CH level in mice fed a high-cholesterol diet in a dose-dependent manner, and this inhibitory effect was more pronounced than those of clofibrate and nicotinic acid (NA). Liver CH and fatty acid (FA) synthesis from [1-14C] acetate were inhibited both in vitro and in vivo in rats orally administered KCD-232. Clofibrate also decreased CH synthesis, whereas it increased FA synthesis. NA had no effect on either synthesis. After oral administration of [4-14C] cholesterol to rats that were cannulated into the thoracic-duct lymph, KCD-232 markedly depressed the appearance of 14C-cholesterol in lymph. KCD-232 induced no proliferation of hepatic peroxisomes in rats, unlike clofibrate. The detailed hypolipidemic mechanism of KCD-232 is not yet clear, but as shown, it decreased CH synthesis in the liver, exogenous CH absorption from the intestine and FA synthesis in the liver. These results suggest that the serum lipid-lowering profiles of KCD-232 differ from those of clofibrate and NA. PMID- 6745813 TI - [Active oxygen and anti-inflammatory drug: measurement by luminol dependent chemiluminescence]. AB - The active oxygen produced from stimulated phagocytic cells emits luminol dependent chemiluminescence (CL) upon reaction with luminol. So the active oxygen was measured by using the CL and the results of this were compared with those by the LDH-NADH method. Moreover, effects of nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAID) on the generation of active oxygen were studied by both methods. Rat peritoneal and pleural exudated cells (PEEC and PLEC) emitted strong CL on incubation with zymosan, but that from rat whole blood cells was very weak. The effects of superoxide dismutase, catalase, NaN3 and L-ascorbic acid on the generation of active oxygen from rat phagocytic cells were different between CL and LDH-NADH methods. These discrepancies seem to be due to the different kinds of active oxygen that can be measured by both methods. Except for BW-755C, most of the NSAID had only a slight inhibitory effect on the generation of active oxygen measured by both methods, and the ex vivo effect was the same as that observed in vitro. It may be considered that NSAID decrease the phagocytic function of cells by non-specifically stabilizing the biological membrane and inhibit slightly the generation of active oxygen from phagocytes. On the other hand, the CL method could be performed not only in PEEC and PLEC, but also in whole blood cells. From these results, it was suggested that CL measurement can be used as a simple and valuable method for the detection of all types of active oxygen including superoxide anion radical and its metabolites and for testing cellular functions and drug actions on them. PMID- 6745815 TI - Deacylation of acetylated amino acids by the esterase from Mycobacterium phlei. AB - In addition to typical acetyl esters, acetic ester acetyl-hydrolase from Mycobacterium phlei can degrade aliphatic acetylated amino acids under suitable conditions. PMID- 6745814 TI - [A chronobiological study of behavioral changes in rats]. AB - A chronobiological study of behavioral changes in Wistar Kyoto rats (WKY), spontaneously hypertensive rats (SHR) and stroke prone spontaneously hypertensive rats (SHRSP) was undertaken. Attention was focused on changes in ambulatory activity and drinking behavior using an Ambulo-Drinkometer, the effects of centrally acting antihypertensive drugs, and the relationship between behavioral changes and humoral factors. (1) The experiment was performed during a light-dark alternation cycle. Approximately 10 days were required for rats to acclimate to new cages. (2) Using power spectral analysis, a 24 hr periodicity was dominant in both sexes of WKY and SHRSP. A 120 hr periodicity was demonstrated in female SHRSP. This long periodicity may have been due to a female sexual rhythm. (3) Ambulatory activity of WKY and SHRSP tended to decrease with age. (4) After abrupt cessation of clonidine administration, an ambulatory ultradian rhythm was demonstrated. Guanfacine treated SHR showed less change in ambulatory ultradian rhythm than clonidine treated SHR. (5) Using a Drinkometer with attached metabolic cages, drinking counts, urinary volumes, urinary aldosterone and catecholamine excretion rates were higher during the dark phase than during the light phase. It was demonstrated that analysis of rhythmicities and measurement of behavioral amplitude are both needed in the study of behavioral pharmacology. PMID- 6745816 TI - Factors limiting the microbial conversion of sterols to 17-ketosteroids in the presence of metal chelate inhibitors. AB - Bioconversion of sterols to 17-ketosteroids by an Arthrobacter species occurred in the presence of hydrophobic metal-chelating agents but the production of 17 ketosteroids (17-KS) was seriously limited by the rapid loss of the viability of cells in the presence of these inhibitors. Besides, the conversion was inhibited by 17-KS at concentrations of 500 ppm or more. The 17-KS formed consisted exclusively of 1,4-androstadiene-3,17-dione (ADD) and 4-androstene-3,17-dione (AD) and these were found in the extracellular medium predominantly in bound form or as molecular aggregates which may limit their accumulation. It was concluded that enhanced production of 17-KS could be achieved by protecting the viability of cells and by removing the steroid metabolites from the site of inhibition. PMID- 6745817 TI - Fatty acids of Streptomyces cinnamonensis, producer of monensin. AB - Using the gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS) method we found in Streptomyces cinnamonensis saturated fatty acids of iso- and anteiso- types, cyclopropyl acids, and unsaturated fatty acids where the double bond position was determined by MS of their pyrrolidine derivatives. PMID- 6745818 TI - Degradation of 3-chlorobenzoate in soil by pseudomonads carrying biodegradative plasmids. AB - Degradation of continuously added 3-chlorobenzoate (3-CB) was studied in samples of chernozem soil. Soil columns were inoculated with Pseudomonas putida growing on 3-CB and carrying the biodegradation plasmid and with Pseudomonas aeruginosa incapable of growth on 3-CB and carrying the inserted biodegradation plasmid pBS 2 determining ortho-cleavage of the aromatic ring. While the 3-CB degradation was observed in both inoculated variants, the native microflora of the soil under study was incapable to degrade 3-CB. Among pseudomonads isolated from inoculated soil at different stages of cultivation and growth on 3-CB, some had the taxonomic features of P. putida as well as those differing in 1-5 characteristics. The study of the activities of the enzymes cleaving the aromatic ring revealed the presence of pyrocatechol 1,2-dioxygenase in the isolated strains only, as estimated by means of benzoate and 3-CB as substrates. PMID- 6745819 TI - The rate and kinetic order of ethanol elimination. AB - The rate and kinetic order of ethanol elimination was evaluated in human volunteers. Part I of the study involved dosing individuals with alcoholic beverages on two separate occasions. Breathalyzer tests were performed at 15-min intervals for a period of 5 h. Attention was focused on values obtained after peak blood ethanol levels had been reached. The second part of the study included having samples drawn from alcoholics at predetermined intervals during recovery from alcoholic intoxication. Blood ethanol concentration data was analyzed for kinetic order and a comparison of ethanol elimination rates of alcoholics and non alcoholics was made. The predicative capability of estimating a BAC from both the zero and first order theories was also investigated. It was concluded that ethanol elimination is a zero order process. For subjects classified as non drinkers (consume less than 6 ounces of ethanol/month), the mean ethanol elimination rate as determined in the study was 12 +/- 4 mg/h. For subjects classified as social drinkers (consume more than 6 ounces but less than 30 ounces of ethanol/month), the mean ethanol elimination rate was 15 +/- 4 mg%/h, and for alcoholics, the mean ethanol elimination rate was 30 +/- 9 mg%/h. These results indicate that the rate of ethanol elimination increases with drinking experience. PMID- 6745820 TI - Homicide during teenage years--the ten year Metro-Dade County experience from 1973 to 1982. AB - This article studies teenage homicide victims in Metro-Dade County, Miami, FL, U.S.A., between the years 1973 through 1982. A total of 263 cases were selected. Cases were then analyzed with respect to age, race, sex, cause of death, scene circumstances, alcohol and drugs detected at autopsy. A discussion follows that highlights these parameters from the standpoint of adolescence and the changing modern society. PMID- 6745821 TI - Death wearing a badge--a study of police officers who died in the line of duty in Metro Dade County from 1956 to 1982. AB - A study of police officers who died in the line of duty in Metro Dade County, U.S.A. was performed. All cases in which a law enforcement officer died while on duty or, off duty while performing police action were collected from the files of the Medical Examiner Department from 1956 to 1982. Cases were then analyzed as to age, race, sex, cause and manner of death, scene circumstances, alcohol and drugs detected at autopsy. A total of 37 cases was studied. PMID- 6745822 TI - A model for the aging of fly larvae in forensic entomology. AB - A method is described for determining the time of hatching of blowfly larvae on a corpse with respect to temperature. Temperature is known to have a profound effect on the rate of growth of fly larvae, and it is suggested that past assumptions that the growth of larvae found in a corpse has taken place at one approximated ambient temperature may have led to large overestimates of the development time of the larvae, and thus overestimates of time of death. Larvae of Lucilia cuprina, Calliphora vicina (= erythrocephala), Calliphora stygia and Calliphora hilli were cultured under constant temperatures, and their growth rates modeled with a logistic growth curve. Two programmes have been developed, one to compute the parameters for the logistic equations, the other is used to estimate the time elapsed from the time at which a sample is removed from a body to the estimated hatching time of the larvae comprising the sample, with temperatures and species as variables. PMID- 6745824 TI - [Vaginal hysterectomy with bilateral adnexectomy]. AB - 102 bilateral adnexectomies in simple vaginal uterectomy (UE.A.) were researched between 1975-1980 and compared to the same number of patients who had vaginal uterectomy without adnexectomy (VK). The average age of the UE.A. was 51.9 years and of the VK 36.8 years of age. The parity of both groups was balanced. The most frequent indication for operation of both collectives was uterus myomatosus. In 52.9% we found a pathology of the ovar: In 46% benign ovarial tumor, in 4.9% ovarial tumor, in 4.9% ovarial endometriosis, in 0.9% ovarial metastasis of breast carcinoma and in 0.9% tubal carcinoma with micrometastasis at the ovar of the same side. The most frequent postoperative histological diagnosis of both groups was uterus myomatosus. The number of complications (post operative bleeding, course of fever more than 38.5 degrees C) was the same in both groups. PMID- 6745826 TI - [Significance of periosteum interposition in epiphysiolysis]. AB - The periosteum interposition in epiphysiolysis does not lead to growth disorder, as has been shown in follow-up studies on 22 cases. The cortical, partial pseudarthrosis, which is caused by the periosteum interposition, heals and then changes into a bone scar, as could be proved histologically in rabbits. PMID- 6745823 TI - [Therapeutic strategy in acute pancreatitis (I). Endoscopic possibilities]. AB - Ampullary obstruction due to bile duct stones with consecutive bilio-pancreatic reflux probably plays a major role in the pathogenesis of acute biliary pancreatitis. Because of this presumable pathogenesis endoscopic papillotomy in several clinical studies has proven to be effective. At the Department of Medicine, University of Erlangen-Nurnberg, since 1979 27 patients with suspicion of biliary pancreatitis have been examined by means of ERCP. In 15 patients common bile duct stones could be verified; these patients underwent endoscopic papillotomy. Their clinical course could be influenced favorably. The remaining patients had a temporary bile duct obstruction. Spontaneous stone passage apparently led to a quick reduction of clinical symptoms. The problem of endoscopic papillotomy in biliary pancreatitis is discussed using a patient with gallbladder stones but failure to verify common bile duct stones. PMID- 6745825 TI - [Treatment of ergotism]. AB - Ergotism occurs in patients so disposed, particularly under ergotamine therapy for migraine. The principal signs are arterial spasms in the legs, or sometimes also the arms, which can lead to gangrene. Intravenous or intra-arterial infusion of sodium nitroprusside or nitroglycerine has proved the only reliably efficacious therapy. The best results have been obtained using nitroprusside: twelve cases are described here. By contrast, nonefficacious measures include, in particular, sympathetic blockade. PMID- 6745827 TI - [Prepartal diagnosis of fetal abnormalities from the viewpoint of the obstetrician]. AB - Over a period of 51/2 years 685 amniocenteses were carried out for genetic and obstetric indications at the University Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology Graz. In 39 cases (5,7%) the procedure had to be repeated. Chromosome diagnosis was achieved in altogether 99% of cases. Chromosome aberrations or malformations were found in 25 patients (3,6%). 18 pregnancies (2,6%) ended with a miscarriage or missed abortion up to the 28th week of gestation following amniocentesis. Leakage of amniotic fluid following amniocentesis was recorded in eight women. Seven of these gave birth at term, while one woman had an abortion. No case of maternal injury, bleeding or infection was recorded. In conclusion, when the risk of giving birth to a malformed child is compared with possible complications following amniocentesis there can be no doubt that this procedure is definitely indicated. PMID- 6745828 TI - [Alcohol-induced organ damage. 6: Pancreatitis, cardiomyopathy]. PMID- 6745829 TI - [The right course in obstetrics--what is "natural" and what is "right?"]. PMID- 6745830 TI - [Individual psychotherapy--family therapy in children and adolescents]. AB - The theoretical basis, the therapeutical approach and the methods of individual psychotherapy and of family therapy are presented. Possibilities and limitations, advantages and disadvantages of the two forms of therapy are discussed and illustrated by means of case histories. It is pointed out that the question of indication can only be solved if on the one hand the patient "individual" and the patient "family" are considered, and if the therapist with his theoretical and practical possibilities is included on the other hand. PMID- 6745831 TI - [Model concepts of the interaction of biological and psychosocial factors in schizophrenia]. AB - On the basis of the current research, his own contributions and complementary theoretical considerations, the author develops four possible models on the causal relations between biological and psychosocial factors in schizophrenia, namely 1. a biological-psychosocial model, 2. a psychosocial-biological model, 3. a parallelist- or multilevel-model and 4. a circular model. According to the latter as currently most probable model, variable interactions between biological and psychosocial factors lead to a premorbid vulnerability with lowered information processing capacities and increased tendencies to psychotic functioning under stress. Equally, variable interactions between different biological and psychosocial factors furnish the best explanation for the enormous multiformity and nearly unforeseeable variability of the long-term evolutions. The circular model is also particularly fruitful for therapeutic purposes. PMID- 6745832 TI - [Exogenous psychoses in Parkinson syndrome. Frequency and causal conditions]. AB - Exogenous psychotic symptoms of a wide variety have been reported to appear more and more frequently since the introduction of levodopa in the therapy of Parkinson's disease. They were considered to be caused by treatment related imbalance of cerebral neurotransmitters and hypersensitivity of the dopaminergic receptors, respectively. In the present investigation an analysis was done concerning the relevance of different antiparkinsonian drugs and other factors such as severity of neurological and cerebroorganic symptomatology, age, duration of treatment, EEG and brain atrophic changes and additional physical diseases for the appearance of psychotic symptoms. The questions were posed to 152 patients (54 men, 88 women) aged 34-76 years, which received a treatment with levodopa alone, in combination with a decarboxylase inhibitor, amantadines and/or anticholinergics for a period of 1-9 years. An exogenous psychotic symptomatology was observed in 42 patients (27,6%), explicitly under all antiparkinsonistic drugs, but not when amantadines were given as the initial treatment. In patients receiving levodopa/decarboxylase inhibitor psychotic symptoms could be observed most frequently but at the same time the duration of treatment was the longest. In 15 patients psychotic symptoms appeared under different antiparkinsonian drugs. In 28 patients this symptomatology was followed by a constant severe dementia. Predisposing factors for exogenous psychosis proved to be: a higher age at the beginning of the treatment and the initiation of treatment, a pronounced neurological symptomatology and signs of dementia as well as additional physical diseases. Because of the very complex conditions under which exogenous psychosis can be observed and the additional fact that they can appear under each antiparkinsonian substance, levodopa cannot be considered as the sole cause.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS) PMID- 6745833 TI - [Family with Roussy-Levy syndrome]. AB - In five members belonging to a Swiss kinship the typical signs of Roussy-Levy's syndrome are described, such as disturbances of gait and of standing, areflexia, foot deformities, slight muscular weakness and atrophies, minimal sensory disturbances and the typical course of the disease. The patients have been examined electrophysiologically and disturbances of sensory conduction velocity and sensory nerve action potentials are described. The question whether Roussy Levy's syndrome represents a disease entity or not, is discussed. The authors feel that the syndrome belongs to HMSN type I. PMID- 6745834 TI - Transcutaneous Doppler ultrasound in paediatric cardiology. AB - Recent developments in transcutaneous ultrasound, encompassing M-mode and two dimensional echocardiography as well as continuous wave and pulsed Doppler techniques, have provided substantial contributions in facilitating noninvasive cardiac assessment. With Doppler systems diagnostic information is obtained through analysis of changes in the velocity and direction of blood flow, pulsatile character and flow pattern (laminar or turbulent) in the arteries, veins and cardiac chambers. Using Doppler, measurements of peripheral blood pressure correlate well with invasive recordings; coarctation of the aorta can be localized and the pressure gradient determined; stenotic valvular lesions can be diagnosed and pressure gradients estimated; and, based on blood flow patterns, the orifice area of stenotic mitral valves can be calculated. Regurgitant valvular lesions are detected readily and their severity can be graduated semiquantitatively. Septal defects can be identified and the pulmonary to systemic flow ratio estimated. The flow characteristics associated with patent ductus arteriosus are adequately specific to enable its detection even in the presence of other complex anomalies and, similarly, the diagnosis of total anomalous pulmonary venous drainage can be established. Doppler ultrasound is useful in evaluating conduit blood flow after surgery for cyanotic congenital heart disease and enables anatomical and functional assessment after the Mustard or Senning procedure for transposition of the great arteries. Transcutaneous aortovelography has been used to monitor cardiac output, phasic blood flow velocities, changes in stroke volume, aortic systolic ejection times and other parameters considered indicative of myocardial performance. Combined application of Doppler and two-dimensional ultrasound enables calculation of cardiac output and stroke volume. Thus, Doppler ultrasound techniques will play an increasingly valuable role in noninvasive outpatient screening and post-surgical follow-up. PMID- 6745835 TI - [Oculomotor control by cerebellar flocculus studied in the monkey]. AB - 137 unitary activities were recorded from cerebellar flocculus of two pig-tail monkeys; 40 being Purkinje neurons and 81 being mossy fiber activities. Discharge patterns of these unitary activities were modulated accompanying to saccade in the dark. 11 Purkinje neurons stopped the discharge and 3 neurons and 26 mossy fibers showed burst discharges. The monkey was trained to fixate a target; 19 mossy fibers responded to the whole background sinusoidal movement, and 18 mossy fibers responded to passive head rotation. 15 mossy fibers responded to smooth target pursuit movement. 2 Purkinje neurons responded to eye position, 4 neurons responded to eye movement velocity. Responses of 3 Purkinje neurons correspond to sum of the velocity of the eye and head movements. 10 neurons respond to both position and velocity of the eye movement; response phase of 9 out of the 10 neurons changed according to the phase of the sinusoidal pursuit eye movement. The experimental results suggest that the Purkinje neurons in cerebellar flocculus of the monkey send informations concerning eye position, eye movement velocity and head movement velocity to the brain stem, thus functioning as a part of the oculomotor control system. PMID- 6745836 TI - [Studies on experimental miliary pulmonary embolism with special reference to the mechanism of initial elevation in pulmonary arterial pressure. Significance of myogenic factor]. AB - It is generally accepted that a vasoconstrictive mechanism participates in transient pulmonary hypertension observed in miliary embolism, in addition to the mechanical blockade of pulmonary vascular tree. For the explanation, some neural and humoral factors, especially those released from adhesion-aggregation process of platelets, have been emphasized. In our previous reports, we have stressed the importance of some local vascular factors in this vasoconstrictive mechanism. Present study was undertaken to elucidate those local factors extensively. Miliary pulmonary embolism in the isolated perfused canine lung lobe was produced by injecting lycopodium spore suspension in saline, in which hepalinized autologous blood and three different artificial solutions were employed as the perfusate. Although each perfusate made a slight difference in perfusing condition, probably owing to its viscosity and oncotic pressure, all preparations showed definite response to embolization. After each embolization, pulmonary inflow pressure was raised rapidly and reached to a maximal level after 30-60 sec., then fell gradually. Repeated embolization at an interval of 6 min., before pulmonary inflow pressure returned to the control level, produced a cumulative effect. There was no significant difference between perfusations with autologous blood and artificial perfusates at the first and the second embolizations, but it was more distinct in those with autologous blood at the third and the fourth embolizations. The results have showed that the initial pulmonary pressure elevation in miliary embolism is observed apparently even under the bloodless and denervated conditions. It was concluded that "Myogenic Factor" (existing locally in the pulmonary arterial and arteriolar endothelium-smooth muscle) must play a very important role as to initial elevation in pulmonary arterial pressure induced by miliary embolizations. Further advanced studies on the myogenic factor is expected. PMID- 6745837 TI - [Acute necrotizing pancreatitis caused by the injection of lysolecithin into the pancreatic duct in the rat. Its natural course and effect of drugs on rate of survival]. AB - Acute experimental pancreatitis was induced by retrograde injection of 0.15 ml of 0.8% lysolecithin into the pancreatic duct of Wistar rats. This procedure was always followed by severe necrosis of pancreatic parenchyma, bloody ascites and numerous fat necroses in the abdominal cavity. Histologically, at the 30th minutes after the induction of pancreatitis, spotty necrosis of pancreatic tissues and marked edema of interstitium were observed. The necrosis gradually expanded accompanying bleeding and inflammatory cell infiltration till the 60th hours. At the 72nd hours after the induction there were the replacement of the necrotic tissue with the fibroblasts, the neogenesis of the ductular epithelium and the formation of acinus-like structure. Among the changes of extrapancreatic organs those of the lung were pronounced. Macroscopically, from the 12th hours stiff and reddish lung frequently occurred. Histologically, micro macroatelectasis, edema and cell infiltration of the alveolar wall, and the stricture of the bronchioles were observed. In this experimental pancreatitis, the rate of survival was about 50% within 48 hours and about 30% within 72 hours, respectively. Continuous intravenous infusion of cytidine diphosphate choline at a dose of 300 mg/kg/day and intravenous injection of methylprednisolone at a dose of 60 mg/kg/day significantly improved the rate of survival within 24 hours and within 30 hours, respectively. PMID- 6745838 TI - [A case report of the incomplete double aortic arch]. AB - A case of the incomplete double aortic arch was observed on a male Japanese subject (69 years old) in students' dissection of Hokkaido University School of Medicine. The ascending aorta was directly followed by the right aortic arch, from which the left brachiocephalic trunk, right common carotid artery and right subclavian artery successively arose. As the cord-like structure (8 mm in length, 2 mm in diameter) of the left aortic arch was found between the left subclavian artery and descending aorta, the left brachiocephalic trunk seemed to be essentially equivalent to the initial portion of the left aortic arch. Thus, this anomaly of the aortic system was concluded as the incomplete double aortic arch. Through the vascular ring formed by the cord-like left aortic arch and right aortic arch, the trachea and esophagus passed. So-called aortic diverticulum was found at the site where this cord-like structure attached to the descending aorta. Histological examinations of the cord-like left aortic arch demonstrated that (a) it was completely closed and any structure suggesting to the tunica intima could not be also identified; (b) elastic and collagen fibers were scattered within the stroma of this structure, and somewhat concentrically arranged at its peripheral margin; and (c) several small blood vessels penetrated into this structure. The ligamentum arteriosum normally arose from the left pulmonary trunk, and connected with the aortic diverticulum just described above. The left and right recurrent laryngeal nerves respectively looped under the ligamentum arteriosum and right aortic arch. The thoracic duct did not open into the left venous angle, but into the right one. PMID- 6745839 TI - [Studies on rubella vaccination in adult females. I: Clinical and laboratory studies on clinical reactions]. AB - More than 1,000 young females were screened for rubella HI antibodies. Clinico laboratory studies were carried out in 272 seronegative healthy adult women who received Japanese licensed rubella vaccine, TO-336 or MEQ11 vaccine. Clinical reactions were observed in 51 (29.7%) of 172 vaccinees, aged 18-30 years (mean age; 20. 8 year), who received TO-336 vaccine, whereas only 4 cases (4.0%) had clinical reactions in 100 vaccinees, aged 18-26 years (mean age; 19.1 year), who received MEQ11 vaccine. The most troublesome and common clinical reaction was arthralgia, particularly in women received TO-336 vaccine. Joint symptoms, especially the knee, hand and finger joint, were observed in 41 of 51 cases with clinical reactions after TO-336 vaccination. On the other hand, vaccinees who received TO-336 vaccine gave a more satisfactory seroconversion response than vaccinees who received MEQ11 vaccine (100% vs 97%). This difference was also reflected in the geometric mean titers (1: 58 vs 1: 31). These results suggested strongly that MEQ11 vaccine might be a more attenuated rubella vaccine than TO 336 vaccine, according to the clinical reactions and antibody response. Associations of host factors to clinical reactions were examined. There was not a significant difference of antibody response between vaccinees who developed clinical reactions and those who did not. But vaccinees with HLA-B 15 responded well and high against two rubella vaccines. There was no specific association between HLA types and clinical reactions. PMID- 6745840 TI - [Studies on rubella vaccination in adult females. II: Hormonal influence on clinical reactions]. AB - All rubella vaccines may, on occasion, cause mild and transient clinical reactions, especially joint symptoms, which occur most commonly in females with increase in frequency and severity with advancing age. These facts suggested the role of hormonal influences. To clarify the role of hormonal influences on the development of clinical reactions, 110 vaccinees, aged 18-30 years (mean age; 20.9 year), who received TO-336 vaccine were examined for their menstrual cycles and basal body temperature (BBT). Clinical reactions were noticed in 33 cases (30.0%), including 26 cases with joint symptoms, 12 cases with lymphadenopathy and 1 case with a rash. Clinical reactions, especially joint symptoms, were observed significantly more often in vaccinees when the vaccine was given at the high phase on BBT than in vaccinees when the vaccine was given at the low phase on BBT. Serum progesterones were radioimmunoassayed at an interval of 7 days for 6 weeks after vaccination in 88 vaccinees (80.0%) of 110. Clinical reactions, especially joint symptoms, occurred more commonly in vaccinees who received vaccine at the progestational stage than in vaccinees who received it at the estrogenic and menstrual stages. But there was not a significant difference of progesterone levels between the reaction group and non-reaction group who received vaccine at the progestational stage. These results mentioned above were confirmed at any age groups; 18-20, 21-25 and 26-30 year of age. But there was not a significant difference of antibody response by the stage when the vaccine was given. Initial clinical reaction occurred commonly at the menstrual stage. According to the periods of the hormonal stage, clinical reactions, especially joint symptoms, occurred more commonly at the menstrual stage, but least commonly at the progestational stage. PMID- 6745841 TI - Plasma somatomedin activity and urinary hydroxyproline excretion during administration of human growth hormone in children with short stature. Short-term effects. AB - 15 prepubertal children with short stature and varying peak growth hormone (GH) levels were given daily injections of increasing doses of human growth hormone (hGH) for consecutive periods of 7 days. Somatomedin activity (SM-act) and total urinary hydroxyproline excretion (THP) were determined in each period. In patients with a varying degree of GH deficiency, but without non-pituitary dependent abnormalities, there was a high correlation between basal SM-act and height velocity. Patients with catch-up growth had an unproportionally low SM-act and the Prader-Willi and transient Cushing patients had an unproportionally high one. All patients showed increases of SM-act and THP on hGH administration, but there was considerable variation of the shape of the curve and of the amplitude of the response. 3 1/2 days after the last injection, SM-act was back to basal level. There was a good correlation between weight-for-height and SM-act during the first two hGH doses, which fits the hypothesis of GH and insulin synergism on SM generation. PMID- 6745842 TI - Plasma somatomedin activity and urinary hydroxyproline excretion during administration of human growth hormone in children with short stature. Long-term effects and relation with short-term changes. AB - Growth velocity, somatomedin activity (SM-act) and total urinary hydroxyproline excretion (THP) were studied in 9 prepubertal short children on long-term human growth hormone (hGH) therapy, and compared to the short-term responses to hGH, described in the accompanying paper. Positive correlations were found between the short-term increases of either SM-act or THP and growth acceleration, but these were too weak to be used as a predictor. On a schedule of biweekly injections, pre-injection SM-act values were only slightly higher than pre-treatment values, but post-injection values were considerably higher and similar to the values obtained with comparable hGH doses in the short-term study. There was an excellent relationship of the increment of SM-act during chronic therapy over untreated values and the increases of growth velocity. During the first year on hGH therapy the mean SM-act, mean THP and growth acceleration showed strong correlations. PMID- 6745843 TI - Adrenal adenoma with 18-hydroxycorticosterone excess and hypertension: a variant of aldosteronomas. AB - A 46-year-old woman with hypertension, normokalemia, suppressed renin, normal catecholamines, and a left adrenal mass on the CT scan was found to have excessive 18-hydroxycorticosterone (18-OHB) and normal aldosterone levels in plasma, both of which responded poorly to sodium restriction and angiotension II, and supranormally to ACTH. Plasma 18-hydroxydeoxycorticosterone (18-OHDOC) was normal. After adrenalectomy, amelioration from hypertension occurred with a reduction in plasma 18-OHB and aldosterone. The plasma 18-OHDOC remained normal. The adrenal tumor was histologically an adenoma, containing a large amount of 18 OHB and a small amount of aldosterone. Thus, the present adenoma seems to be a variant of aldosteronomas. PMID- 6745844 TI - Detection of hypothyroid myopathy by measurement of various serum muscle markers- myoglobin, creatine kinase, lactate dehydrogenase and their isoenzymes. Correlations with thyroid hormone levels (free and total) and clinical usefulness. AB - An accurate and close follow-up of serum levels of thyroid hormones and various muscle markers (myoglobin, creatine kinase and its isoenzymes CK-MB and CK-BB, lactic dehydrogenase, alpha-hydroxybutyric dehydrogenase, etc.) was carried out in 10 hypothyroid patients on replacement therapy. The main muscle markers, creatine kinase and myoglobin, were elevated respectively in 9 and 6 subjects. In 1 male significant CK-MB traces were measured, while in 1 woman significant CK-BB amounts were assayed. Significant correlations between patients' thyroid hormones and the levels of the muscle parameters were found. The rate of normalization of thyroid hormones and muscle markers in relation to replacement therapy was also studied. Myoglobin and creatine kinase have proved to be the best indicators of the hypothyroid myopathy, since they are sensitive for the early detection of muscle involvement due to the metabolic disorder and are closely correlated to the metabolic conditions of patients. PMID- 6745845 TI - Effects of temperature, storage and sodium molybdate on the analysis of estrogen and progesterone receptors in rabbit uterine tissue and gynecologic tumor. AB - The cytoplasmic estrogen receptor (ERc) and progesterone receptor (PRc) in mammary tumors have been recognized as useful biochemical markers for predicting the objective response of patients with advanced breast cancers to endocrine therapy. These proteins are also useful in the prognosis of gynecologic carcinoma. This report presents data showing the effect of sodium molybdate in the stabilization of estrogen and progesterone receptors. In rabbit uterine tissue, molybdate (20 mM) increased the binding of progesterone and estrogen to the receptors in several ways: (a) the apparent loss of detectable receptors during lengthy sucrose gradient analysis and at elevated temperature (30 degrees C) was reduced; (b) the instability of receptors due to storage at -70 degrees C was lessened, and (c) the conversion of the 7S PRc to the 3.5S form was minimized. Similarly, molybdate caused a qualitative and/or a statistically significant quantitative difference in receptor values for some human gynecologic tumors presented herein; the molybdate-associated changes vary with tumor specimen. Of the 8 tumors for which receptor values in the presence of molybdate (M+) and its absence (M-) can be compared, detectable ERc of 6 and PRc of 7 tumors increased with molybdate, and ERc of 2 and PRc of 1 tumor showed no change. In addition to the increase in receptor values, a concomitant shift of the 3-4S molecules to the 7-8S moieties was noted for some tumors (1 of 6 for ERc and 3 of 7 for PRc). In 2 receptor-poor tumor samples, ERc was only detected in M+ cytosols. These results show that molybdate is effective in reducing receptor degradation and stabilizes the 7-8S molecules from converting to 4S moieties. The addition of molybdate may be helpful for better quantitation of steroid receptors in clinical specimens. PMID- 6745846 TI - Hormones and calcium metabolism. International Symposium on Clinical Endocrinology, Paris, May 27-28, 1983. PMID- 6745848 TI - Transmission of duck hepatitis B virus from Chinese carrier ducks to Japanese ducklings: a study of viral DNA in serum and tissue. AB - Human hepatitis B-like viruses have been found in several animal species, including Chinese ducks. Sera from Chinese carrier ducks which were positive for duck hepatitis B virus (DHBV) were inoculated in 33 Japanese one-day-old ducklings. The same sera were inoculated in four 3-week-old ducklings, and three 3-month-old ducks. Ten uninoculated ducklings served as controls. Hepatitis B e antigen positive human sera and DNA polymerase-positive woodchuck sera were also inoculated into ducklings. DHBV was demonstrated in serum of all ducklings inoculated at one day of age and persisted for more than 6 months in 17 of 20 ducks. In the three ducks in which viremia disappeared, viral DNA was found in liver tissue. Southern hybridization revealed only free viral DNA in infected ducks. Only 1 of 7 ducklings inoculated at 3 weeks or later developed persistent infection. No cross-infectivity by hepatitis B virus or by woodchuck hepatitis virus was demonstrated. By inoculating DHBV-positive sera into 1-day-old ducklings of a virus-free Japanese flock, we were able to transmit DHBV in all of them and established a chronic carrier state in all ducks which were inoculated at 1 day of age. PMID- 6745847 TI - Hepatic glutathione homeostasis in the rat: efflux accounts for glutathione turnover. AB - Hepatic glutathione turnover and the efflux of glutathione from the liver into bile and blood were measured in male Sprague-Dawley rats in vivo. In fed rats the efflux of glutathione into blood, calculated from the hepatic arteriovenous concentration gradient and hepatic blood flow, amounted to 12.4 +/- 1.4 nmoles min X gm liver. Together with the excretion of glutathione into bile (3.4 +/- 0.4 nmoles per min X gm liver) total efflux accounted for the hepatic turnover of glutathione of 15.2 +/- 0.9 nmoles per min X gm liver. Fasting animals for 48 hr markedly increased hepatic glutathione turnover to 26.4 +/- 1.2 nmoles per min X gm liver. Increased efflux into blood rather than increased intrahepatic catabolism accounted for this increased turnover. The systemic clearance of glutathione was 3.22 +/- 0.51 ml per min X 100 gm body weight. The efflux of glutathione from liver therefore was calculated to contribute over 90% of total glutathione inflow into the circulation, as determined from the clearance and the arterial concentration of glutathione. Thus, the liver is the major source of plasma glutathione, and turnover of hepatic glutathione in the basal state is accounted for almost entirely by efflux of glutathione from the liver. During fasting, the plasma clearance of exogenous glutathione increased to 5.32 +/- 0.35 ml per min X 100 gm body weight, and the utilization of methionine for glutathione synthesis increased markedly. The increased extrahepatic catabolism during fasting results in a decrease in plasma glutathione, which in turn may account for the observed increase in sinusoidal glutathione efflux with concomitant stimulation of the rate of hepatic glutathione turnover and of synthesis.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS) PMID- 6745849 TI - The window period between hepatitis B e antigen and antibody in chronic type hepatitis. AB - To examine the period between disappearance of hepatitis B e antigen (HBeAg) and appearance of anti-HBe, 48 patients with clinicopathologically verified chronic B hepatitis were followed every 1 to 3 months after HBeAg clearance. Sera were tested by radioimmunoassay for HBeAg and anti-HBe. Anti-HBe appeared in days to years, mostly (78.7%) within 1 year, after disappearance of HBeAg. Only 40.5% of patients had an "e-window" shorter than 1 month. Clinical and histological exacerbation preceding HBeAg clearance precipitated or accelerated appearance of anti-HBe. Since the patients in the "e-window" period were positive for DNA polymerase, it is suggested that the "e-window" reflects relative insensitivity of the radioimmunoassay rather than absence of HBeAg/anti-HBe. Therefore, HBeAg can reappear and clinical activity can relapse particularly during immunosuppressive therapy. PMID- 6745850 TI - Complete resolution of inflammatory activity following corticosteroid treatment of HBsAg-negative chronic active hepatitis. AB - To assess the frequency and significance of complete resolution of inflammatory activity following corticosteroid therapy, 115 patients with severe HBsAg negative chronic active hepatitis were followed regularly for 84 +/- 5 months. Of 83 patients eligible to revert to normal liver tissue, 18 did so after 56 +/- 8 months. Five of the 18 relapsed after treatment withdrawal. Only patients who improved spontaneously after cessation of treatment from histologic features of chronic persistent hepatitis to normal invariably sustained the improvement. Of 32 patients with cirrhosis at presentation, 17 reverted to inactive cirrhosis after 48 +/- 10 months, but only 3 remained inactive after discontinuation of treatment. Mortality was similar in patients with and without reversion to normal tissue (0 vs. 14%, p greater than 0.2), but the frequency of relapse was less after complete resolution (28 vs. 76%, p less than 0.001). Reversion to inactive cirrhosis did not improve survival or reduce relapse frequency after remission and treatment withdrawal. Findings prior to therapy did not predict outcome. We conclude that complete resolution of inflammatory activity is possible, but that it occurs slowly, infrequently and unpredictably after therapy. In patients without cirrhosis, reversion to normal liver tissue decreases the likelihood of relapse and the requirement for retreatment. In patients with cirrhosis at presentation, elimination of inflammatory activity is rarely sustained and does not improve prognosis after remission and treatment withdrawal. PMID- 6745851 TI - Conjugation and maximal biliary excretion of bilirubin in the rat during pregnancy and lactation and during estroprogestogen treatment. AB - Hepatic bilirubin conjugation and excretion were investigated during pregnancy and lactation in the rat. Bilirubin uridine diphosphate-glucuronyltransferase activity was decreased by 30% in pregnant rats, both when expressed per milligram of protein or as specific activity and per unit of liver weight. Liver size increased during pregnancy, and, as a consequence, total hepatic glucuronyltransferase activity was unchanged. The biliary bilirubin output was normal in pregnant rats, and when loaded with bilirubin, the maximal output in bile for the whole liver was also normal. In lactating rats, specific glucuronyltransferase activity returned to control values, but the activity per unit of liver weight was still lower, due to the decreased hepatic protein concentration. The liver remained enlarged during lactation, and total hepatic glucuronyltransferase activity was increased, together with the maximal output of bilirubin in bile. Two weeks after delivery, hepatic bilirubin conjugation and excretion in nonlactating mothers were comparable to those of virgin females. Parallel modifications of bilirubin glucuronyltransferase assayed in vitro and of maximal biliary output of the pigment in vivo were observed in all animals studied. The output of bilirubin diconjugates in bile was decreased during pregnancy but no changes of the proportion of the mono-to diconjugates in bile were observed 2 weeks after delivery both in lactating and in nonlactating rats. The modifications observed during pregnancy could not be reproduced by treatment with beta-estradiol and progesterone. This suggests that different hormones or modifications of steroid metabolism are probably involved in the alterations of hepatic bilirubin metabolism in pregnant and lactating rats. PMID- 6745852 TI - Bioluminescence assays for bile acids in the detection and follow-up of experimental liver injury. AB - We evaluated the usefulness of recently developed bioluminescence assays for serum bile acids (BA) in the detection and follow-up of experimental liver injury. Liver damage was induced in rats by either D-galactosamine or CCl4, and BA were compared to SGPT and aminopyrine breath test (ABT). In severe liver injury, following D-galactosamine administration, all three methods revealed a significant difference from control values. The degree of abnormality was, however, far greater with SGPT and BA than with ABT. In moderate liver injury, induced by CCl4, the increase in BA was not significant. Values of SGPT and BA showed a very good correlation (3 alpha-OH: r = 0.88; 7 alpha-OH: r = 0.90; 12 alpha-OH: r = 0.83; p less than 0.001 for all correlations). Application of different assays for 3 alpha-OH, 7 alpha-OH and 12 alpha-OH BA allowed us to assess changes in individual BA. A 96-hr follow-up study in D-galactosamine treated animals showed an increase in BA up to 48 hr and a decrease thereafter. The bioluminescence assays for BA are simple, rapid and require only 10 microliter of serum. Thus, these assays may be the method of choice in detecting and monitoring liver injury in small laboratory animals. PMID- 6745853 TI - 16,16-dimethyl-PGE2 protection against alpha-naphthylisothiocyanate-induced experimental cholangitis in the rat. AB - Male rats were treated with subcutaneous vehicle or 16,16-dimethyl-PGE2 (dmPGE2, 100 micrograms per kg), 24, 18 and 0.5 hr prior to and 6, 24 and 30 hr after challenge with oral alpha-naphthylisothiocyanate (ANIT, 30 mg per kg). Forty eight hours after challenge, rats were sacrificed by decapitation; serum and liver samples were taken for biochemical and histological analysis, respectively. Rats treated with vehicle (2% ethanol in saline) and ANIT exhibited elevations in alkaline phosphatase, SGPT and bilirubin as well as cholangitis and mild parenchymal necrosis. Rats treated with dmPGE2 and ANIT had normal serum biochemical findings, no necrosis and only mild proliferation of bile duct epithelium. Thus, dmPGE2 may be able to protect the rat liver against the deleterious effects of orally administered ANIT. PMID- 6745854 TI - Influence of hydroxylation and conjugation of bile salts on their membrane damaging properties--studies on isolated hepatocytes and lipid membrane vesicles. AB - To characterize the relative toxicity of different bile salts, isolated hepatocytes were incubated with different concentrations of one bile salt or with identical concentrations of different bile salts and their conjugates. Incubation lasted for 1 hr; samples were taken at intervals and studied for enzyme release, urea synthesis and stimulation by glucagon, and by electron microscopy. While the trihydroxylated bile salt, taurocholate, did not produce alterations at concentrations up to 1,500 microM, the dihydroxylated salts, chenodeoxy- and deoxycholate, caused enzyme release and membrane lysis, and inhibited urea synthesis at concentrations above 500 microM. In contrast, ursodeoxycholate was ineffective at concentrations up to 1,500 microM. Conjugation of these bile salts did not result in significant differences with the exception of deoxycholate conjugates which induced enzyme leakage more rapidly. Studies of lipid membrane vesicles revealed corresponding alterations. The monohydroxylated salt, taurolithocholate, caused cellular damage as indicated by enzyme loss and impairment of hormonal sensitivity of cells at low concentrations (30 to 100 microM). Dihydroxylated salts produced a different time course of membrane leakage, ultrastructural changes and release of volume marker and lipid in liposomes, suggesting a possible different mechanism of damage induced by this bile salt. Both systems can readily be used to study bile salt membrane interactions. PMID- 6745855 TI - Evidence for valine intolerance in patients with cirrhosis. AB - Valine (62.5 mg per kg), leucine (70 mg per kg) and equal amounts of the calcium salts of the corresponding keto acids, i.e., alpha-ketoisovaleric acid (KIVA) and alpha-ketoisocaproic acid (KICA) were orally administered to patients with cirrhosis and to control subjects. Valine or leucine ingestion increased serum valine and leucine levels and the corresponding keto acids, KIVA and KICA, in cirrhotics and controls. KIVA or KICA ingestion increased serum KIVA and KICA concentrations within a few minutes associated with a rise in valine and leucine. In cirrhotics, administration of valine or KIVA resulted in significantly higher serum valine or KIVA concentrations than in control subjects. The clearance of valine and KIVA from blood was also delayed in cirrhotic patients. No such differences were observed after leucine or KICA ingestion. It is suggested that cirrhotics have a diminished tolerance for valine. Since the tolerance for KIVA, but not KICA, is also impaired, it appears that cirrhotics have a derangement in one or more metabolic steps distal to the branched-chain keto acid dehydrogenase. PMID- 6745856 TI - Does primary biliary cirrhosis in men differ from primary biliary cirrhosis in women? AB - Primary biliary cirrhosis is infrequently diagnosed in men, so that the clinical, biochemical and histopathological spectrum of this disease in men has not been evaluated. Therefore, we studied 30 men who had a histological diagnosis of primary biliary cirrhosis and had positive tests for antimitochondrial antibodies. Five patients had no hepatobiliary symptoms, and two of these patients had neither biochemical nor histological evidence of cholestasis. These 30 male patients' findings were compared with the findings in 30 age-matched women who also had primary biliary cirrhosis and antimitochondrial antibodies. Six of these patients were asymptomatic. Clinical findings and symptomatic status, in addition to biochemical and histopathological features, were generally similar in both male and female patients. The possible significance of higher serum alkaline phosphatase activities and lower frequency of occurrence of piecemeal necrosis in men with primary biliary cirrhosis, as compared with women, requires further study. PMID- 6745857 TI - Pigment gallstones of the common bile duct in infancy. AB - Ten infants of less than 6 months of age presented with cholestatic jaundice and gallstones. Jaundice occurred after a lag period, and sepsis was present in three children. Ultrasound examination showed dilatation of intrahepatic and extrahepatic bile ducts in eight patients and detected cholelithiasis in three. Percutaneous transhepatic cholangiography and/or surgery allowed separation of the patients into two groups: (i) six children with lithiasis in the distal common bile duct, and (ii) four children with lithiasis associated with bile duct perforation at the junction between the cystic and common bile ducts with gallstones probably secondary to bile stasis and infection. Surgical treatment was confined to removal of calculi and drainage in eight children; biliary reconstructive surgery was necessary in the other two who had serious biliary duct lesions. No recurrence was observed after 1 to 7 years. The pigmentary nature of cholelithiasis was established by stone morphology in all cases, and by bile and stone analysis in several cases. PMID- 6745858 TI - A comparison of liver ultrastructure in salicylate intoxication and Reye's syndrome. AB - All childhood liver biopsy specimens from The Cincinnati Children's Hospital Research Foundation which had been prepared for light and electron microscopy were reviewed to identify biopsies from children with salicylate intoxication. Only two cases of primary salicylate intoxication were identified. The histopathology and ultrastructural pathology were compared to that in two cases of Reye's syndrome which were selected because they had been treated with salicylates and had comparable serum salicylate concentrations at the time of liver biopsy. Liver biopsy specimens from the cases of salicylate intoxication were nearly normal by light microscopy. Lipid accumulation was minimal, and the content of glycogen and succinic acid dehydrogenase activity was normal. Mitochondria and peroxisomes appeared normal. Light and electron microscopy of liver specimens from the two cases of Reye's syndrome revealed swollen hepatocytes with microvesicular fat and central nuclei. Glycogen content and succinic acid dehydrogenase activity were diminished. All hepatocyte mitochondria were enlarged, pleomorphic, and had an expanded matrix and no mitochondrial dense bodies. The histopathology and ultrastructural pathology of liver biopsy specimens in salicylate intoxication were different from those in Reye's syndrome. In children in whom the diagnosis of Reye's syndrome is obscure, liver biopsy with electron microscopic examination is necessary for definitive diagnosis. PMID- 6745859 TI - Possible defect in the bile secretory apparatus in arteriohepatic dysplasia (Alagille's syndrome): a review with observations on the ultrastructure of liver. AB - Ultrastructural observations on 12 liver biopsies from 10 patients with arteriohepatic dysplasia syndrome (Alagille's syndrome) are reported. The electron microscopic changes in the liver in this condition are different from those seen in other forms of chronic intra- and extrahepatic cholestasis. In particular, the bile canalicular and pericanalicular changes classically observed in cholestasis are infrequently seen. When compared with other forms of intrahepatic cholestasis including syndromes associated with paucity of intrahepatic bile ducts, the ultrastructural changes in Alagille's syndrome appear to be distinctive. Bile pigment retention is found in the cytoplasm especially in lysosomes and in vesicles of the outer convex face of the Golgi apparatus (cis-Golgi), but rarely in bile canaliculi or the immediate pericanalicular region. These results suggest a block in the Golgi apparatus or in the pericanalicular cytoplasm. PMID- 6745860 TI - Correlation between liver morphology and portal pressure in alcoholic liver disease. AB - In 14 alcoholic patients, the degree of hepatic architectural destruction was graded (preserved architecture; nodules alternating with preserved architecture; totally destroyed architecture) and related to portal pressure. A positive correlation was found between the degree of architectural destruction and both wedged hepatic vein pressure (r = 0.72, p less than 0.01) and wedged-to-free hepatic vein pressure (r = 0.67, p less than 0.02). Degree of fatty change, fibrosis, inflammation, necrosis and occurrence of Mallory bodies showed no correlation with portal pressure. After morphometrical evaluation of liver biopsies, no significant correlation was found between mean hepatocyte volume or relative sinusoidal vascular volume and portal pressure. To test whether an increase in hepatocyte volume compresses the vascular structures and causes portal hypertension, the ratio of relative sinusoidal vascular volume to mean hepatocyte volume, which expresses the compression of the vascular structures exerted by enlargement of hepatocytes, was related to portal pressure. No significant correlation was found. Further, mean hepatocyte volume was not significantly correlated to relative sinusoidal vascular volume. The present findings are in accordance with the hypothesis that elevated hepatic vascular resistance and portal pressure in alcoholic liver disease are in part determined by the severity of the hepatic architectural destruction and subsequent distorsion and compression of the efferent vein system. Parenchymal changes, including changes in hepatocyte volume, seem to be of minor importance. PMID- 6745862 TI - Studies on the secretion of serum proteins from rat hepatoma cells. AB - We have used crossed immunoelectrophoresis to identify and establish the relative amounts of serum proteins secreted by a differentiated cell line (Fao) derived from a Reuber H35 rat hepatoma. Our results show that these cells secrete at least 15 plasma proteins. Ten of these: albumin, alpha 1-antitrypsin, alpha 1 lipoprotein, alpha 1-macroglobulin, alpha 1-antichymotrypsin, GC-globulin (transcalciferin), fibronectin, hemopexin, transferrin and the C3 component of complement have been identified. To examine the feasibility of using the Fao cell line as a model for studies on the regulation of hepatic protein secretion, we measured the relative amounts of 10 serum proteins secreted into the growth medium after exposure of these cells to dibutyryl cyclic AMP, hydrocortisone and a combination of both compounds. We also examined the effects of growth temperature (33.5 degrees, 37 degrees and 39 degrees C) and the removal of fetal calf serum from the growth medium on the relative amounts of these proteins secreted. We found that the rates of secretion of most of the serum proteins were altered by one or more of the treatments used in these experiments. In addition, detectable levels of secretion of three serum proteins, fibronectin and two unidentified, occurred only under certain of the experimental conditions. These results demonstrate that the pattern of proteins secreted from Fao cells can be experimentally altered and indicate that this cell line may be a useful model for studies on the control of hepatic protein secretion. PMID- 6745863 TI - Disposition and metabolism of metronidazole in patients with liver failure. AB - A pharmacokinetic study of metronidazole disposition was performed in 10 patients with severe liver disease, the majority of whom also had impaired renal function. Following a single intravenous dose, systemic clearance of metronidazole was decreased by 66% in patients compared with healthy controls (p less than 0.001). The apparent volume of distribution for metronidazole was also decreased in patients (by 21%), but the greater effect on clearance resulted in the elimination half-life being prolonged 152%. Total urinary excretion of unaltered metronidazole was not reduced in patients compared with controls, and systemic clearance of metronidazole did not correlate with creatinine clearance. Hepatic production of hydroxymetronidazole [1-(2-hydroxyethyl)-2-hydroxymethyl-5 nitroimidazole], the major oxidative metabolite of metronidazole, was significantly lowered in patients with liver failure. Peak plasma levels of this metabolite were lower, the time taken to achieve peak levels was longer and the area under the plasma concentration approximately time curve (AUC0-25h) was reduced in patients compared to controls (p less than 0.05). Similarly, urinary recovery of hydroxymetronidazole was lower in patients with liver disease while excretion of the other major oxymetabolite, 1-acetic acid-2-methyl-5 nitroimidazole, appeared reduced to an even greater extent. Thus, while the presence of renal function impairment in a patient with cirrhosis indicates that metronidazole elimination is likely to be abnormal, the principal mechanism for delayed elimination is impaired hepatic drug metabolism rather than reduced renal clearance of metronidazole and its major metabolites. PMID- 6745864 TI - Lipoprotein profiles in chronic alcoholics: use of high-density lipoprotein subspecies levels to differentiate subpopulations. PMID- 6745866 TI - Liver blood flow using clearance techniques. PMID- 6745861 TI - Portacaval transposition in the rat: definition of a valuable model for hepatic research. AB - Portacaval transposition (PCT) in rats results in a smaller loss of body mass and liver mass than end-to-side portacaval shunt (PCS). Detailed studies of liver function, mass and histology were not previously available and have been undertaken in two different strains of growing rat in order to define the value of this model. PCT rats gained weight normally, while only 50% of PCS rats regained their preoperative weight by the tenth week. Wet and dry weights of liver fell relative to control values after both operations, but the fall was significantly greater after PCS than after PCT: there were parallel changes in hepatocyte size. There was a marked rise in liver-associated enzymes in the first 2 days after PCS only, and minimal enzyme elevations persisted in this group. The extent of cellular damage seen histologically closely parallelled the rise in SGOT in individual rats. At 72 hr, PCS rats showed focal necrotic changes, and by 10 weeks there was marked fatty infiltration: PCT rats had normal histology or showed minimal changes. PCT therefore provides a model in which there is total portal diversion without the more severe effects of the conventional PCS on hepatic structure and function. This has particular value in studies of experimental hepatic encephalopathy, of hormonal and amino acid changes after portal diversion, and of factors initiating or controlling liver regeneration. PMID- 6745865 TI - New developments in glutathione metabolism and their potential application in therapy. PMID- 6745867 TI - Relapse following treatment withdrawal in autoimmune chronic active hepatitis. PMID- 6745868 TI - Leucocyte migration inhibition and leucocyte adherence inhibition studies, using ferritin as 'antigen', in patients with malignant lymphoma. AB - Isoelectric focusing of ferritin prepared from three spleens involved by Hodgkin's disease demonstrated only minor differences from normal spleen ferritin. The leucocyte migration inhibition (LMI) and leucocyte adherence inhibition (LAI) assays were used to assess sensitization to Hodgkin's disease spleen ferritin and its component acidic and basic isoferritins in patients with malignant lymphoma compared to patients with other malignancies and control subjects. A difference in response to ferritin was demonstrated in both tests with patients with malignant lymphoma compared to controls, and in LMI test compared to patients with other malignancies. There were also significant differences in responses in, patients with malignant lymphoma compared to controls, against acidic and basic isoferritins in both tests, in lymphoma patients versus patients with other malignancies against acidic isoferritins in both tests, lymphoma versus other malignancy against basic isoferritins in the LMI test only. However, no significant differences, within each group, between responses with acidic and with basic isoferritins were demonstrated, and there was no correlation between individual patients' responses in the two tests. PMID- 6745869 TI - The effects of interferon on granulopoiesis in vitro. AB - Colony formation by myeloid progenitor cells (CFU-c) in agar was inhibited to the same extent by heterogeneous human leucocyte IFN (IFN-Le) and 2 different cloned IFN-alpha 2 preparations, but approximately 10 times less by cloned IFN-alpha 1; cluster formation remained unaffected by any of the interferons. An anti proliferative effect is suggested by both lower cell yield and DNA synthesis in IFN containing liquid cultures. Incubation of cells with IFN for 18 h prior to plating with colony stimulating factor (CSF) reduced colony formation, indicating an altered responsiveness of CFU-c to CSF. In IFN treated cultures no consistent block of morphological differentiation occurred, but granulocyte alkaline phosphatase activity was reduced. Thus, IFN may play a modulatory role on functional markers. Our results indicate that the effects observed with heterogeneous preparations are due to IFN and not to impurities and that various differentiation parameters are unequally affected by IFN. PMID- 6745871 TI - Hypnosis in the courtroom. PMID- 6745870 TI - Relationship between myeloblasts and cluster-forming cells in acute non lymphocytic leukemia. AB - The relationship between myeloblast-like cells and cluster-forming cells detected by growth in agar has been studied in 22 untreated patients with acute non lymphocytic leukemia by means of comparing data for 3H-TdR labelling of myeloblast-like cells and 3H-TdR suiciding of cluster-forming cells. The fraction of myeloblast-like cells in S-phase was significantly smaller (13.1 +/- 8.7 per cent) than the fraction of cluster-forming cells in S-phase (35.5 +/- 15.3 per cent). In 2/22 patients approximately half of the myeloblast-like cells in DNA synthesis were calculated to produce clusters in agar which may suggest similarity for cell cycle active myeloblast-like cells and cluster-forming cells. The other patients showed decreased plating efficiency for myeloblast-like cells in S-phase indicating non-identity or modification of the growth pattern due to environmental factors and variations in death rate during culture. Sequential studies in three patients indicated a changing relationship between myeloblast like cells and cluster-forming cells suggesting non-identity or differences in growth regulation during the course of the disease. PMID- 6745872 TI - Ethical conflicts at the interface of advocacy and psychiatry. PMID- 6745873 TI - A review of trends in mental health services. PMID- 6745874 TI - Detoxifying and treating a woman who has been unable to stop drinking. PMID- 6745876 TI - Factitious posttraumatic stress disorder: the veteran who never got to Vietnam. AB - The historical uniqueness of the Vietnam War produced an unusually high rate of psychiatric dysfunction among veterans, particularly in the form of posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD). Now, in the wake of unprecedented media coverage of PTSD and the growth of veteran outreach centers documenting and publicizing the difficulties of some veterans, a heretofore unrecognized variant of PTSD factitious PTSD--has arisen. The authors present seven cases of factitious PTSD, a classic example of clinical deception found among veterans who were never in combat and, in some cases, were never in Vietnam. The authors discuss the etiologies of the disorder and the underlying psychopathology, which suggests either factitious syndromes, such as Munchausen's, or malingering. They conclude with recommendations for diagnosis and treatment. PMID- 6745875 TI - An assessment of the treatment needs of Vietnam-era veterans. AB - A needs assessment was conducted to determine the existence and extent of differences between Vietnam-era veterans and other veterans residing within the catchment area of the Northport Veterans Administration Medical Center. The results of a questionnaire completed by 486 veterans indicated that, compared with World War II and Korean War veterans, a greater percentage of Vietnam-era veterans reported experiencing the symptoms of posttraumatic stress disorder. They also reported more situational adjustment problems. A great number of Vietnam-era veterans expressed a need for psychotherapy and anger-control therapy, and they generally preferred to be treated with other Vietnam-era veterans who have had similar combat experience. PMID- 6745878 TI - Interminable treatment in patients who appear healthy. AB - Treatment interminability among nonpsychotic psychiatric patients is a subject not well understood. Those who treat such patients are often nagged by a feeling that they are somehow failing, especially if the patient has a history of personal achievement. The authors describe three such patients and propose that they exemplify a type of pseudomaturation. common features in the accounts of their childhood suggest a failure in the separation-individuation phase of development. The authors theorize that this failure first contributed to the development of psychiatric symptoms during adulthood and then to interminability in treatment. PMID- 6745877 TI - Restrictiveness of care among the severely mentally disabled. AB - Restrictiveness of care was assessed among 286 severely mentally disabled individuals known to an urban community mental health center. By examining clinical records, the authors rated each subject for each month during a period of up to 85 months on four dimensions of restrictiveness: physical freedom, time constraints, legal status, and conservatorship. The maximum restrictiveness experienced by most of the subjects was high, reflecting periodic involuntary hospitalization. The average restrictiveness they experienced, however, was well below the level represented by state hospital care. Thus the authors suggest that the average restrictiveness experienced by this population has been reduced since the initiation of deinstitutionalization. PMID- 6745879 TI - The role of diagnosis in a psychiatric emergency setting. AB - A sample of 253 psychiatric emergency patients consecutively evaluated in a general hospital was studied to determine the role of psychiatric diagnosis in disposition decisions and the possible influences of patient and staff variables on diagnoses. Except for patients with organic brain syndrome, age and sex were not significantly associated with diagnostic grouping; some racial differences were found. Diagnosis was strongly associated with disposition decisions: schizophrenic and manic patients were more frequently hospitalized, while patients with substance abuse disorders, adjustment and neurotic disorders were more often referred to outpatient treatment. The authors stress the importance of a reliable diagnostic system and the recruitment of diagnosis-oriented staff in improving the quality of psychiatric emergency care. PMID- 6745880 TI - Predictors of repeat pregnancies among low-income adolescents. AB - The authors compared a group of 58 adolescent girls who had been pregnant once during a two-year period with an age-matched group of 58 girls who had become pregnant at least twice during the same period. They found that the girls' attitudes toward contraception did not predict contraceptive use. Regular use of contraception was associated with a positive relationship between the girls and their mothers and with the presence of the girls' fathers in the home. The authors suggest that parental support of contraception plays a more important role in preventing repeat pregnancies than does the adolescents' reported attitudes toward contraception. PMID- 6745882 TI - A nonhospital alternative to acute hospitalization. PMID- 6745881 TI - A study of medication refusal by involuntary psychiatric patients. AB - The authors evaluated 31 patients consecutively admitted to a locked acute treatment unit in California to determine the severity of their symptomatology, their attitudes toward treatment, and whether they would refuse medication if they had the opportunity (patients in California do not have the right to refuse). Fifteen patients indicated that they would refuse medication if given the opportunity. Although they did not differ in diagnosis from the other patients, they showed evidence of more severe psychosis and higher mood elevation and had less positive attitudes toward treatment. Two-week follow-up of 12 patients in the refuser group showed that they were less likely to refuse drugs and were clinically improved; however, six of the patients still preferred to refuse medication despite their clinical improvement. The authors discuss their findings in the context of the broader issue of when a mentally ill person should be forced to give up the power to make decisions about drug treatment. PMID- 6745883 TI - Assaultive behavior in brain-damaged men. PMID- 6745884 TI - Disclosing diagnosis, continued. PMID- 6745885 TI - Psychiatrist assistants. PMID- 6745886 TI - Telemarketing boosts fund-raising results. PMID- 6745887 TI - Hospital sells answering service to MDs. PMID- 6745889 TI - Program measures effectiveness of support services delivery. PMID- 6745888 TI - Food services survey shows delivery shift. PMID- 6745890 TI - Rehab hospital promotes 'noninstitutional' atmosphere. PMID- 6745891 TI - Layoff wave rolls through industry. PMID- 6745892 TI - How to cope with staff reductions. PMID- 6745893 TI - Capital strategies: a new imperative. PMID- 6745894 TI - Hospitals generating revenue by selling telephone services. PMID- 6745895 TI - The health professions' collision course. PMID- 6745896 TI - Multivariate analyses of illness data for use in studies on the relationship of physical growth and morbidity. PMID- 6745897 TI - Health status of migrants. PMID- 6745898 TI - Reproductive performance of the Anglicans of Fogo Island, Newfoundland: bio cultural implications. PMID- 6745899 TI - A comparison of international standards versus local reference data for the triceps and subscapular skinfolds of Guatemalan children and youth. PMID- 6745900 TI - Transverse line formation in protein-deprived rhesus monkeys. PMID- 6745901 TI - Comparative thermoregulatory responses to acute cold in women of Asian and European descent. PMID- 6745902 TI - Anthropometric traits, balanced selection and fertility. PMID- 6745903 TI - The timing and variability of menarche, cumulative fertility and menopause: a symmetrical and parsimonious bioassay model. PMID- 6745904 TI - Bone mineral content in St. Lawrence Island Eskimos. PMID- 6745905 TI - The estimation of percent body fat, body density and total body fat by maximum R2 regression equations. PMID- 6745906 TI - Capitalizing on a fifth year in pathology: the 1983 Pathology Residency Program Directors Conference. PMID- 6745907 TI - Abnormal patterns of colonic mucin secretion after ureterosigmoidostomy. AB - Colonic epithelial mucin was investigated histochemically in biopsy specimens from a group of patients who had undergone ureterosigmoidostomy. For comparison, colonic biopsy samples from uninvolved mucosa adjacent to carcinomas from another group of patients and from a group of patients undergoing sigmoidoscopy for hemorrhoids were also studied. The high-iron diamine-alcian blue (HID-AB; pH 2.5) method was used, and the proportions of HID-positive and AB-positive cells were assessed semiquantitatively. In both ureterosigmoidostomy and cancer groups, highly significant increases in the proportions of AB-positive cells (sialomucins) were observed, particularly in the middle and lower segments of the crypts. Ureterosigmoidostomy introduces a high risk for the development of colonic carcinoma. Morphologic features that could account for such a high risk were investigated, and an abnormal pattern of colonic mucin secretion after ureterosigmoidostomy was demonstrated. Although this abnormality cannot be related specifically to ureterosigmoidostomy, data from the present investigation suggest that histochemical studies of colonic specimens from patients who have undergone ureterosigmoidostomy may provide a useful tool for follow-up studies. PMID- 6745908 TI - Hairy cell leukemia associated with focal vascular damage. AB - In a patient with hairy cell leukemia, segmental vascular alterations developed in many of the larger visceral arteries. In previously reported instances of this association, the vasculitis resembled polyarteritis nodosa. In contrast, in the present case the vessels did not show the typical necroses, polymorphonuclear infiltrates, and aneurysmal changes. Instead, vascular alterations consisted of edema, fibrosis, and infiltration by tumor cells. A possible pathogenetic mechanism for these findings may be a local immunologic interaction of tumor cells and vessels, suggesting a direct relation between hairy cell leukemia and vascular damage. PMID- 6745910 TI - Incidence and diagnostic significance of minor pathologic changes in the adult pancreas at autopsy: a systematic study of 112 autopsies in patients without known pancreatic disease. AB - In 112 unselected autopsies of adult patients without known pancreatic disease (except adult-onset diabetes mellitus), the pancreas was examined to establish the incidence and degree of such minor pancreatic lesions as lipomatosis, fibrosis, alterations of ducts and ductal epithelium, inflammatory infiltrates, focal necrosis, acinar dilation, and vascular changes. Each lesion was then tested for statistically significant correlations with the age of the patient and a number of clinical conditions, including cholelithiasis, adult-onset diabetes mellitus, adiposity, generalized severe atherosclerosis, chronic alcoholism, severe bacterial infection prior to death, and generalized malignant tumor. This was done in the hope of finding associated or predisposing factors for the pancreatic lesions. The results show, in addition to the unexpectedly high incidence of the various pancreatic lesions, a clear increase of lipomatosis, fibrosis, and both ductal and ductal epithelial alterations with increasing age; these conditions were accompanied by a steady decrease in the mean weight of the gland, starting at the age of about 40 years, except in cases of advanced lipomatosis. The latter condition was associated with adult-onset diabetes mellitus. Severe generalized atherosclerosis was correlated with lipomatosis and fibrosis, but the two latter conditions were found together only rarely. Acute (terminal) lesions, including focal necrosis and acinar dilation, were associated with severe bacterial disease prior to death. Other statistically significant correlations were rare, indicating the lack of specificity of these minor pancreatic lesions rather than offering a clue as to their pathogenesis. The diagnostic significance and the relations of these lesions to clinically relevant chronic pancreatitis are discussed briefly. PMID- 6745909 TI - Cancer of the esophagus and associated lesions: detailed pathologic study of 100 esophagectomy specimens. AB - One hundred surgical specimens from patients with esophageal cancers were studied in detail. The characteristics of the cancers were similar to those described in the literature. Subserial sectioning of the specimens permitted determination of the type, number, and extent of noncancerous mucosal lesions and their exact location in relation to the carcinomas. Ninety-five per cent of the resected esophagi contained at least one focus of intraepithelial neoplasia, for the most part adjacent to the invasive carcinoma; in 14 per cent of the cases, intraepithelial carcinomas were detected at some distance from the invasive carcinomas. The invasive carcinomas involved an average of 20 per cent of the mucosal surface and the intraepithelial neoplasias, 5 per cent. The noncancerous mucosal lesions were analyzed, and their extent was evaluated. Esophagitis, parakeratosis, atrophy, dyskeratosis of the epithelium, and hyperplasia and metaplasia of the mucosal gland ducts were encountered. The exact significance of these lesions in esophageal carcinogenesis is not known. The mucosal abnormalities associated with preoperative irradiation are defined. The results of iodine and toluidine blue testing are presented. PMID- 6745911 TI - Renal amyloidosis with crescents. AB - An unusual case of renal amyloidosis associated with extensive crescents is reported. Light and electron microscopic examination revealed that deposits of amyloid were almost invariably involved in the locations in which proliferations of epithelial cells in the capsular spaces had merged with the glomerular tufts. Gaps or fractures of the capillary walls were present at such sites, in which amyloid fibrils were mingled with thrombic material containing fibrin. It is highly conceivable that the gaps apparently induced by amyloid deposition, with leakage of fibrin-fibrinogen into the capsular space, play a crucial role in the development of the extracapillary proliferation. PMID- 6745912 TI - Inflammatory pseudotumor of the liver. AB - The clinicopathologic features of a rare case of hepatic "inflammatory pseudotumor" are described and compared with those of three similar cases reported in the literature. In all four cases symptoms were systemic. The marked reduction in tumor size and the changing cellular composition, from a predominance of fibroblasts to a predominance of histiocytes, confirmed the reactive nature of the lesion in the present case. The etiology is obscure, and the significance of the associated occlusive phlebitis remains to be determined. PMID- 6745913 TI - Serum enzyme determinations in the diagnosis of acute myocardial infarction: an update. AB - Serum CK-MB and LD-1 have proved extremely useful in the diagnosis and differential diagnosis of acute myocardial infarction. However, CK-MB is present in skeletal muscle and can be released during ischemic attacks; thus, abnormal serum CK-MB activities cannot be equated with myocardial injury. Even wider is the distribution of LD-1, which is found particularly in erythrocytes and renal cortex; hence, an abnormal LD-1 level also cannot be equated with myocardial injury. The method of choice and the final arbiter for the CK and LD isoenzymes is electrophoresis. The possibility of interpreting the results visually fulfills, in part, quality-control needs, and makes the technique suitable for small and large laboratories. Extreme analytic sensitivity is not needed, and electrophoresis provides clinically useful and acceptable results. PMID- 6745914 TI - Follicular (mineral oil) lipidosis: I. Epidemiologic studies of involvement of the spleen. AB - A histologic study of spleens from autopsies performed in 74 centers in 41 countries showed the incidence of follicular (mineral oil) lipidosis to vary from 50 per cent (North America, Australia, New Zealand) to nil (Africa, Central and South America) in 1970 and 1971. Analysis of the factors responsible for the condition leads to the conclusion that the lipid is ingested from sources related to the packaging and display of foodstuffs. PMID- 6745915 TI - Uses and contributions of diagnostic electron microscopy in surgical pathology: a study of 20 Veterans Administration hospitals. AB - Although the capability of electron microscopy to contribute to histopathologic diagnosis in selected instances, e.g., renal biopsies and biopsies of certain tumors, is generally recognized, its contribution in a broader range of surgical pathology accessions is not well established. To gain further information concerning this aspect of the use of electron microscopy, 7,193 surgical pathology reports, 290 (4 per cent) of which included electron microscopic findings, were analyzed; these reports represented all such accessions during the same single month at 20 VA medical centers. It was found that malignancies constituted 62 per cent of the lesions examined by electron microscopy but only 20 per cent of the total number of surgical cases examined by light microscopy. It was also found that the distribution of specimens by tissue site of origin differed considerably for specimens examined by electron microscopy and light microscopy; positive contributions of electron microscopy to diagnosis were found in 146 of the 290 electron microscopy cases (50 per cent), with higher percentages found in malignancies and in certain tissue site subsets (lower respiratory tract, soft tissue, kidney, skin, and lymph nodes with metastases); failure to examine some specimens (lung metastases to lymph nodes or other tissues and endobronchial biopsy specimens) suggests slight, but common, underutilization of electron microscopy in diagnosis. PMID- 6745916 TI - Infarction and squamous metaplasia of intraductal papilloma: a benign breast lesion that may simulate carcinoma. AB - Infarction of intraductal papillomas is uncommon. Six lesions of this type was referred to the authors as diagnostic problems, and two additional cases were found in a review of in-patient material. The patients' median age was 62 years (range, 30 to 81 years), and in each case the mass had been asymptomatic. Although the architectural pattern of the papillomas remained intact, ischemic necrosis rendered histologic evaluation difficult. Squamous metaplastic epithelium was present in three cases. Distortion of residual viable ductal epithelium by fibrosis at the periphery of the papillomas closely simulated invasive carcinoma. The appearance of the lesion on low-power magnification, the absence of malignancy elsewhere in the sample, and the absence of cytologic features of malignancy are useful criteria for distinguishing this lesion from carcinoma. None of these lesions recurred in the six patients for whom follow-up information was available (follow-up period, one to 20 years). PMID- 6745917 TI - Incidence by age and sex of intestinal metaplasia in the gallbladder. AB - The incidence by age and sex of intestinal metaplasia, focal mucosal hyperplasia, Rokitansky-Aschoff sinuses, and mucosal atrophy was determined histologically for 500 gallbladders from patients who had undergone cholecystectomy. All intestinal metaplastic changes increased steadily with age and were more frequent in female than in male patients younger than 70 years of age. Focal mucosal hyperplasia was often associated with mucous gland hyperplasia in elderly patients, particularly women. PMID- 6745918 TI - Primary carcinoid tumor of the mesentery. AB - A primary carcinoid tumor of the mesentery was associated with intestinal obstruction in a 74-year-old man. Increased levels of plasma pancreatic polypeptide were subsequently demonstrated. An autopsy performed four years later showed carcinoid metastatic dissemination and confirmed the primary mesenteric origin of the carcinoid tumor initially resected at surgery. PMID- 6745919 TI - X long-arm deletions. A review of non-mosaic cases studied with banding techniques. AB - A woman with secondary amenorrhoea and an X long-arm deletion (pter----q21:) is described and compared with 30 adult non-mosaic, banded cases. Approximately 50% of the patients had gonadal dysgenesis associated with a higher frequency of short stature and "Turner stigmata" than in women with indication of ovarian activity. It is suggested that preservation of bands Xq26----28 may be decisive for normal ovarian function. PMID- 6745920 TI - Expression of an X-linked muscular dystrophy in a female due to translocation involving Xp21 and non-random inactivation of the normal X chromosome. AB - A young female was diagnosed as having X-linked muscular dystrophy of the Duchenne type. Chromosome studies, including trypsin-Giemsa banding, Quinacrine fluorescence, and nucleolus organizer region (NOR) silver staining revealed an X autosome reciprocal translocation t(X;21) (p21;p12). Utilizing both [3H] thymidine autoradiography and the BrdU-Hoechst 33258-Giemsa technique, lymphocytes and fibroblasts were found to show a preferential inactivation of the normal X suggesting the presence of a single mutant gene on the translocated X. This patient is one of seven reported cases of an X-linked muscular dystrophy associated with an X-autosome translocation. In all seven cases the exchange point in the X chromosome is in band p21 at or near the site of the Duchenne gene. PMID- 6745921 TI - Ring chromosome 21 in a healthy woman with three spontaneous abortions. PMID- 6745922 TI - Exclusion of chromosomal mosaicism in prenatal diagnosis. AB - For use in prenatal diagnosis, tables were prepared giving the number of metaphases or clones, respectively, which must be analysed in order to detect fetal mosaicism of a given degree (= percentage of the aberrant cell population) or higher with at least 95% or 99% probability. Different tables are provided for the two techniques of chromosomal preparation: the colony method and the flask method. PMID- 6745923 TI - Osteogenesis imperfecta: a heterogeneous morphologic phenotype in cultured dermal fibroblasts. AB - Osteogenesis imperfecta (OI) is a phenotype with clinical and biochemical heterogeneity. We report here that expression of the OI phenotype extends to the level of dermal fibroblast morphology in vitro. Growth characteristics and morphology of control (n = 6) and OI cell strains (n = 10, representing the four major OI categories, Sillence classification) were compared by measuring the following: (i) days required in culture to reach confluence after plating at uniform density; (ii) cell density at confluence; (iii) width and length of cells (measured on phase contrast micrographs at 300 X magnification). Our results show that: (i) OI fibroblasts take longer (11-27 days, mean 20 days) than control cells (10-19 days, mean 16 days) to reach stationary phase; (ii) all OI phenotypes achieve a lower cell density (0.87 X 10(6) cells/P60, range 0.3-1.6 X 10(6] at stationary phase relative to control cells (2.2 X 10(6) cells/P60, range 1.7-2.6 X 10(6); F4,77 = 56.1, p less than 0.01, indicating that OI cells are larger than normal). Cell shape (expressed as the width : length ratio) was also abnormal in OI cells. (F4,730 = 37.6, p less than 0.01), types I and II OI cells have significantly increased ratios (p less than 0.01) relative to control, type III, and type IV cells. Intra-group phenotypic heterogeneity was also apparent in the OI categories and also within the control population. These findings confirm deviant morphologic phenotypes in OI dermal fibroblasts and further demonstrate interindividual heterogeneity in the expression of genes that determine size and shape of dermal fibroblasts in both OI and normal donors. PMID- 6745925 TI - Heterozygous carriers for Bloom syndrome exhibit a spontaneously increased micronucleus formation in cultured fibroblasts. AB - Cultured fibroblasts of homozygotes and heterozygotes for Bloom syndrome exhibit an enhanced formation of micronuclei. The number of spontaneously occurring micronuclei permit clear separation of heterozygotes from either normal controls or homozygous patients without overlap between these groups. The observed differences could not be enhanced further by the addition of various mutagens. We conclude from the increased chromosomal damage that heterozygotes for Bloom syndrome may have a higher risk for malignant diseases. PMID- 6745924 TI - DNA replication and inactivation patterns in structural abnormality of sex chromosomes. I.X-A translocations, rings, fragments, isochromosomes, and pseudo isodicentrics. AB - High resolution chromosome analysis and bromodeoxyuridine (BrdUrd) incorporation have been applied to study patterns of chromosomal replication (inactivation) in two cases of unbalanced X-autosome translocations, seven cases of X and Y chromosome rings or fragments, and five cases of dicentric isochromosomes (Xq). Our results indicate the following: (1) In (X-A) translocations, detailed replicational analysis of the translocated autosomal segment is informative. Absence of "spreading effect" and partial-incomplete spreading effect are the most common observations. (2) Sex chromosome derived fragments and rings can be differentiated based on their replicational features. (3) Dicentric isochromosomes (Xq) can be classified based on intercentromeric distances, replicational asynchrony, and centromere inactivation. (4) A correlation between intercentromeric distance and degree of 45,X mosaicism was observed in dicentric "i(Xq)" chromosomes. Evidence for spreading effect based on our results and on the review of the literature has been critically analyzed and general rules in evaluating spreading effects (SE) proposed. The cytologic detection of active regions on the late replicating X chromosome and the inactivation capacity of the juxtacentromeric region of Xp is evaluated. It is proposed that centromere suppression and underreplication are related phenomena. Finally, the analysis of informative replicational stages is emphasized and the application of their analysis in basic and clinical cytogenetics demonstrated. PMID- 6745926 TI - Statistical evaluation of sister chromatid exchanges. AB - Log-linear models are fitted to sister chromatid exchange (SCE) scores in order to test the significance of the differences in SCE scores observed between individuals or between experimental treatments. The analysis is performed at the level of chromosome groups. In each single test all measurements from all chromosome groups, both from the control and from the experimental sets, are utilized. By proceeding in this way full use is made of all the available information on the SCE scores at the level of chromosome groups and the shortcomings of the classical Student-t and chi-square tests are avoided. PMID- 6745927 TI - Inherited XX sex reversal in the cocker spaniel dog. AB - Nine XX true hermaphrodites and two XX males were discovered in a family of American cocker spaniels. The true hermaphrodites were partially-masculinized females with ovotestes; the XX males had malformed male external genitalia and cryptorchid aspermatogenic testes. Wolffian and Mullerian duct derivatives were present in both true hermaphrodites and XX males. All four sires of sex-reversed dogs were normal XY males; five of the dams were anatomically normal females and one was an XX true hermaphrodite. A second true hermaphrodite reproduced as a female, producing anatomically normal offspring. All matings that produced sex reversed offspring were consanguineous. Matings of the parents of sex-reversed cocker spaniels to normal beagles with no family history of intersexuality produced only normal offspring. Examination of G-banded karyotypes of the affected animals, their parents, and siblings, revealed no structural anomalies of the chromosomes that were consistently associated with sex-reversal. In assays for serologically-detectable H-Y antigen, the group of XX true hermaphrodites and the group of XX males had mean levels of the antigen not significantly different from that in normal male controls. Female parents of sex-reversed dogs and some of their female siblings were typed H-Y antigen positive, but the mean level of the antigen in this group was less than that of normal male controls. It is proposed that XX sex reversal in cocker spaniels is due to a mutant gene which when homozygous in females, results in a level of H-Y antigen similar to that found in normal males and the gonads develop as ovotestes or testes. When the gene is heterozygous in females, the level of serologically-detectable H-Y antigen is lower than that found in normal males and the gonads develop as normal ovaries. The persistence of Mullerian structures in the presence of testicular tissue suggests that Mullerian inhibiting substance is deficient or ineffective in its action in this condition. PMID- 6745928 TI - A new alpha 2HS-glycoprotein typing by isoelectric focusing. AB - Isoelectric focusing (pH 4.0-5.0) of serum alpha 2HS-glycoprotein on polyacrylamide gels has been found to be a useful tool in population genetics and forensic science. Using this method, we isolated three common types, alpha 2HS 1 1, alpha 2HS 2-1 and alpha 2HS 2-2, and showed that alpha 2HS types are determined by two autosomal codominant alleles, alpha 2HS1 and alpha 2HS2. The method is simple, fast and easy to perform. Results of typing for the two alleles, alpha 2HS1 and alpha 2HS2, are described for a Japanese population sample (n = 1003). PMID- 6745930 TI - The phenotype in partial 13q trisomies, apropos of a familial (13;15)(q22;q26) translocation. AB - A 12 month-old male patient with a karyotype 46,XY, 15,+der(15),t(13;15)(q22;q26)pat is presented. His stillborn sib showed malformations compatible with the 13q deletion syndrome, probably due to a 46,XY,der(13) karyotype. Phenotypic analysis of 41 cases from the literature with partial distal 13q (D13q) trisomies indicate that the segment 13q22----qter in trisomy with or without another concomitant aneusomy is sufficient to produce the majority of the trisomy 13 syndrome features, some of which (cleft palate, increased HbF and projections in PMN) are present in different non-overlapping partial 13q trisomies. About 82% of the D13q trisomies are inherited, more frequently from the mother. PMID- 6745929 TI - Satellited Y chromosomes: structure, origin, and clinical significance. AB - Three cases of inherited satellited Y chromosomes (Yqs) were analysed using several cytogenetic techniques. The cytogenetic data of the 14 cases of Yqs chromosomes described to date were reviewed. All Yqs chromosomes carry an active nucleolus organizer region (NOR) in their long arm and must have developed from translocations involving the short arms of the acrocentric autosomes. The structure of the heterochromatic satellite region in the Yqs chromosomes shows conspicuous inter-familial differences; this permits the reconstruction of the translocations from which the various Yqs were derived. Some causal factors leading to the development of Yqs chromosomes are considered: the specific localization of the four satellite DNAs and highly methylated DNA sequences in the karyotype, and some new experimental data on the spatial arrangement of heterochromatic regions in interphase nuclei. These provide distinct evidence for a preferential involvement of the autosomes 15 and 22 in the translocations with the Y heterochromatin. All clinical reports documenting Yqs males born with malformations were reviewed. It appears that the presence of an extra NOR and NOR associated heterochromatin in the Yqs chromosomes does not cause any phenotypic abnormalities (as long as the Y euchromatin is intact). The possibility that a Yqs chromosome predisposes to non-disjunction and/or to translocations of other chromosomes is discussed. PMID- 6745931 TI - Persistence of chromosome rearrangements in peripheral lymphocytes from patients treated with melphalan for ovarian carcinoma. AB - Chromosome aberrations were studied in peripheral lymphocytes from 50 patients treated with melphalan against ovarian carcinoma. The chromosome analyses were carried out 4-132 months (mean 57 months) after the end of melphalan therapy. Most of the patients were studied several times during four years. The mean frequency of cells with chromosome and chromatid aberrations was 5.4% in the patients and 2.3% in an untreated control group. The highest aberration frequency (average 18%) was found in a patient who later developed gastric carcinoma. The dominating types of aberrations in the patients were chromosome exchanges occurring as single marker chromosomes or as multiple chromosome rearrangements. These types of aberrations were found in only 0.3% of the control cells as compared to 3.8% of the patient cells. Patients with a high total dose of melphalan (above 420 mg) and a long duration of the therapy (average 22.5 months) had a higher frequency of cells with aberrations (6.3%) than patients with a lower total dose (below 420 mg) and a shorter therapy (12 months) (4.2%). No additive effect of radiation therapy was observed on the aberration frequency. PMID- 6745932 TI - A familial paracentric inversion: a short review of the current status. AB - We present here a familial case of a paracentric inversion in man with a short review of the literature. A paracentric inversion of chromosome 10(q11q26) was found in the amniocytes drawn for advanced maternal age. The presence of the inversion was investigated in 35 family members in three generations. No recombinants were recognized. The significance of these data for appropriate genetic counselling and possible reproductive risks is discussed. PMID- 6745933 TI - Reproductive outcomes of paracentric inversion carriers: report of a liveborn dicentric recombinant and literature review. AB - An abnormal infant had a dicentric chromosome 14 with an inverted tandem duplication [46,XY,inv dup(14) (pter----q32.3::q24.2----pter)], thus making him trisomic for the proximal two-thirds of chromosome 14. This abnormality was derived from a maternal paracentric inversion in chromosome 14 [46,XX,inv(14)(q24.2q32.3)]. To our knowledge, this is the first report of a liveborn infant carrying a stable, dicentric product of crossing over within a paracentric inversion loop. A review of the reproductive outcomes of paracentric inversion carriers in the literature suggests that they are at some risk for pregnancy wastage. The risk for liveborn recombinants is small but such births have occurred, at least to female carriers. PMID- 6745934 TI - A nonparametric and a parametric version of a test for the detection of the presence of a major gene applicable on data for the complete nuclear family. AB - Nonparametric and parametric tests are suggested for detecting the presence of a major gene for a quantitative trait. The model for the determination of the quantitative trait is an additive one with polygenic, family environment, and individual environment components. The power functions with respect to the major gene effect have been calculated by simulation, and the tests have therefore been compared with each other. The tests have been applied to nuclear family data on human obesity, and the results compared with those obtained using other methods on the same data. PMID- 6745936 TI - Population and formal genetics of the human C81(alpha-gamma) polymorphism. AB - One hundred and ninety-six unrelated healthy individuals and 30 families with 75 offspring have been studied for the C81(alpha-gamma) polymorphism. The following allele frequencies were calculated: C81*A = 0.5536; C81*B = 0.4286; C81*A1 = 0.0178. Observed and expected phenotype frequencies were in a good agreement according to the Hardy Weinberg law. No exceptions from the mode of inheritance were found. In family W the segregation of the rare allele C81*A1 could be followed. Comparing the results of this study with previous data from Boston and Oslo, a combined technology including C8-dependent lysis and C8 structural variation is suggested for future investigations. PMID- 6745935 TI - Meiotic studies and synaptonemal complex analysis in two infertile males with a 13/14 balanced translocation. AB - Meiotic and synaptonemal complex studies by light and electron microscopy have been carried out in two infertile males with a balanced 13/14 translocation. As expected, all metaphase I figures in conventional meiotic preparations contained a chain trivalent. Synaptonemal complex studies showed typical trivalent images with incomplete pairing of the acrocentric elements in the cis configuration. A review of the literature shows that the fertility of these patients is quite variable. All of them show a slightly reduced number of chiasmata (mean 46.6). Pairing in cis, as detected by electron microscopic studies, does not seem to have a prognostic value. PMID- 6745937 TI - The locus for apolipoprotein E (apoE) is close to the Lutheran (Lu) blood group locus on chromosome 19. AB - Linkage has been described between the loci for apolipoprotein E (apoE) and the complement C3 (C3) on chromosome 19. C3 is known to belong to a linkage group with gene order C3-Se-Lu. The present study revealed linkage between Se and apoE with peak lod score +3.3 at recombination fraction 0.08 in males and +1.36 at 0.22 in females, and linkage between apoE and Lu with lod score +4.52 at zero recombination in sexes combined. The C3-apoE linkage gives lod score +4.00 at theta = 0.18 in males, but +0.04 at theta = 0.45 in females. Triple heterozygote families confirm that apoE is on the Se side and on the Lu side of C3. Allelic association between apoE and Lu has not been ruled out. Combining our data with published data on C3-Se and Se-Lu, this segment of chromosome 19 has an average age sex ratio of female/male recombination of 2.3. PMID- 6745938 TI - Estimating the recombination frequency for the PTC-Kell linkage. AB - Two data sets are analyzed for linkage between the PTC and Kell blood group loci. The original report of close linkage for these loci was that of Conneally et al. (1976), where the maximum likelihood estimate of theta was 0.05. These two new data sets give a combined maximum likelihood estimate of theta m = f = 0.28. Estimating the recombination frequency for the sexes separately gave theta m = 0.29, theta f = 0.23. The combined maximum likelihood estimate over all published data sets including this report is theta m = f = 0.14, Zmax = 8.94. There is statistically significant evidence of heterogeneity among the published studies. PMID- 6745939 TI - New chromosomal syndrome: Miller-Dieker syndrome and monosomy 17p13. AB - The Miller-Dieker Syndrome (MDS) consists of lissencephaly, characteristic facies, pre- and postnatal growth retardation, plus various other birth defects. Autosomal recessive inheritance has been presumed based on four reported families with two or more affected siblings. We present substantial evidence that monosomy 17p13.3 causes the MDS phenotype. This includes two patients with ring chromosome 17, one patient with a de novo 17p13 deletion, and one patient with monosomy 17p due to an unbalanced 7p; 17p translocation. We report the first prenatal diagnosis of MDS in a 20-week fetus from this latter family. Additionally, we report a balanced translocation between chromosome 17 and different autosomes (8, 12, and 15) in three of the four familial cases of lissencephaly. The finding of a chromosomal basis for this presumed autosomal recessive disorder significantly alters genetic counseling and makes prenatal diagnosis possible in some families. PMID- 6745941 TI - The Cd technique identifies a specific structure related to centromeric function. AB - The evidence that the Cd technique identifies the kinetochore was based on the finding that inactive centromeres are C-positive but Cd-negative. The identity between Cd-positivity and centromere function is now confirmed by the reverse procedure: a stable abnormal chromosome is consistently C-negative but Cd positive at its single centromeric constriction. This demonstrates that the Cd dots are not a relic of C-banding but identify the active centromere. PMID- 6745940 TI - Facioscapulohumeral muscular dystrophy concentrated in the village Cullar, Nevsehir, Turkey. AB - In this paper genetic, clinical, and epidemiological studies on a muscular dystrophy which originated and is concentrated in the village of Cullar, Nevsehir of inland Turkey, are reported. A pedigree chart has been constructed by careful and repeated inquiries, and both clinical and laboratory examinations have generally been carried out in the field. The condition, facioscapulohumeral muscular dystrophy of Landouzy-Dejerine, has been found to have affected at least 53 individuals, 9 of whom are deceased. Both sexes in six generations are involved as would be expected from a dominant mendelian gene freshly mutated at least 100 years ago. Additionally, some 19 individuals have been described as having the disease or some of its stigmata, but have not been examined by us. Initial signs and symptoms seem to appear early in infancy, though variable, and because of complete dominance, some 75 individuals are at risk. The disease progresses slowly without interfering significantly with survival and reproduction. For prevention the so-called Cullar example measures have been taken to improve the area culturally and socioeconomically. PMID- 6745942 TI - A leftward deletional alpha+ thalassemia found in East Sicily in conjunction with heterozygous beta-thalassemia. AB - Two types of alpha+ thalassemia (-alpha l) have been described, respectively termed leftward and rightward, which correspond to nonhomologous crossing-over in different homology zones X and Z within the alpha-globin gene cluster. Up to now the leftward type has been described only in Asiatic populations, whereas the rightward type is universally distributed. We report here a first case of leftward deletion observed in a Sicilian male. This raises the question of an identical or not crossing-over event. PMID- 6745943 TI - Trisomy 11p15 and Beckwith-Wiedemann syndrome. A report of two cases. AB - Two patients with trisomy 11p15 and features of Beckwith-Wiedemann syndrome are reported. The first is a female infant with gigantism, macroglossia, abdominal hypotonia with umbilical hernia, moderate mental retardation, malformative uropathy, and atrial septal defect. Trisomy 11p15 was due to de novo duplication. The second patient was a stillborn (32-33 weeks pregnancy) with an abnormal tongue, posterior diaphragmatic eventration, inner organ congestion mainly of the adrenals. Trisomy 11p15 was due to a t(4;11)(q33;p14)pat. The association of trisomy 11p15 and Beckwith-Wiedemann syndrome is discussed with regard to cytogenetic data and the gene content of 11p, notably the genes coding for insulin and predisposition to Wilms tumour. PMID- 6745945 TI - Analysis of the DNA replication pattern of a translocation (tX/X, qter--- p221::p223----qter) chromosome in leukocyte and fibroblast cultures. AB - The results of a detailed analysis of DNA replication in a late replicating tX/X chromosome (qter----p221::p223----qter) are reported. The chronology of DNA replication has been analyzed by comparing (a) the replication patterns of each of the two moieties of the translocation chromosome in different cells and (b) the two moieties with each other in the same cell. The study has been done on leukocyte and fibroblast cultures after BUdR incorporation. A comparison with the late replication pattern of the normal X chromosome has also been done. PMID- 6745944 TI - Prenatal identification of a deleted Y chromosome by cytogenetics and a Y specific repetitive DNA probe. AB - A very small sex chromosome was identified prenatally as a Y chromosome by using molecular hybridization in conjunction with conventional cytogenetics techniques. The combination of R-banding, Q-banding, distamycin-DAPI staining suggested that the chromosome might be a de novo deletion of the Y chromosome as the father's Y chromosome was normal. Restriction enzyme analysis of amniotic fluid cell DNA using a Y chromosome repetitive probe confirmed the origin of this chromosome. PMID- 6745946 TI - Is a gene for microcephaly located on chromosome 1? AB - A 3-month-old boy with true microcephaly showed the same balanced reciprocal translocation 1q4p as his carrier mother. This reciprocal translocation had been transmitted for at least four generations. Different banding techniques allowed one to describe the rearrangement as: rcp t(1;4) (1pter----1q31::4p161----4pter; 4qter----4p153::1q321----1qter). On the other hand, the proband's father seemed to be a border-line mentally retarded and one of his relatives suffered from mental retardation of unknown origin. Taking into account all these results together with the current literature, it was concluded that the microcephaly appearing in our case could be due to the following two facts: (a) the father was an heterozygote for the gene for microcephaly, and (b) damage or a minute deletion on chromosome 1 between 1q31 and 1q321 bands could occur in the mother's family resulting in a mutation for microcephaly. If this was so, the gene for microcephaly should be located on chromosome 1 at the level of the 1q31-1q321 junction. PMID- 6745947 TI - Interstitial deletion of the short arm of chromosome 17. PMID- 6745948 TI - Meiotic translocations in two sterile males. PMID- 6745949 TI - Y chromosome R-bands. PMID- 6745950 TI - N-Acetyltransferase phenotypes in Iraqi and British population. AB - The paper reports the N-acetyltransferase results from three population groups and discusses some of the reasons for the current interest in this system as well as the implication for some of the observed geographical differences. PMID- 6745951 TI - A note on palmar dermatoglyphics of Nukadoras of Andhra Pradesh. AB - Rolled bilateral palm impressions of 148 unrelated Nukadora individuals in Visakhapatnam District of Andhra Pradesh have been studied. Mainline formula 9.7.5 is found to be predominant and the mainline index shows higher values on the right than the left palm. The frequency of true patterns is found to be higher on the IV interdigital area followed by III, hypothenar, II and thenar/I. PMID- 6745952 TI - Evidence that activities of coagulation factors VII and X are linked to chromosome 13 (q34). AB - In 7 patients with various anomalies of chromosome 13 coagulation, studies were performed. A 50% decrease of activities of factor VII and X were noted only in cases with deletion of 13 (q34) which supports the hypothesis that they are linked to this region. PMID- 6745953 TI - Anthropometric variation among Koyas. AB - Koyas, a tribe of Andhra Pradesh (India) have been studied for anthropometric variation. 15 anthropometric measurements showed significant sex difference. PMID- 6745954 TI - Haptoglobin types and unipolar depression. AB - Haptoglobin (Hp) has been used in association studies with unipolar depression and has led to investigations on the possible association of Hp genotypes with disease. Because of the reported association between the Hp-2 allele and depression we phenotyped 65 elderly patients with unipolar depression and 40 elderly individuals without mental disorders. We failed to find an association between either of the Hp alleles and unipolar depression. The Hp2 gene frequencies for the depressed patients and the comparison group were 0.585 and 0.550, respectively, and these values were not significantly different. Both values were within the gene frequency range reported for Caucasian populations. PMID- 6745955 TI - Prevalence of primary adult lactose malabsorption in Pakistan. AB - Lactose absorption capacity was examined in 414 apparently healthy, adult Pakistani subjects. In a subgroup of 44 subjects, the lactose tolerance test was performed using both blood glucose and breath hydrogen determination. The remaining 370 probands were examined using a field version of the breath hydrogen test. In the total sample of 414 probands, 248 lactose malabsorbers were identified (60%). This result differs considerably from previous reports of very low frequencies of lactose malabsorption in Pakistan and neighbouring areas. PMID- 6745956 TI - Chromosomal aberrations and cancer risk. AB - Chromosomal aberrations in lymphocytes were studied in patients with untreated cancers of the lung and skin (basal cell carcinoma) and in controls matched for sex, age, and smoking habits. Patients with skin cancer were found to have a significantly increased rate of chromosome type aberrations. Among the patients with lung cancer, there was a tendency towards an increased rate of aberrations which, however, did not reach statistical significance. The results suggest that an increased rate of chromosomal aberrations in cultured lymphocytes is an indicator of genetic damage which may increase the cancer risk. PMID- 6745957 TI - Admixture analysis of plasma cholesterol levels in a Jewish population sample in Jerusalem. AB - The frequency distribution of total plasma cholesterol levels (TC) in 17-year-old Jerusalem youngsters and their parents (n = 6,170) was examined for evidence of admixture of normal distributions. Probability plots indicated bimodality of age adjusted TC in both sexes. Using a maximum likelihood procedure, two normal distributions fitted the age- and sex-adjusted data significantly better than 1, with 0.9% males and 1.2% females coming from a lower distribution 2-3 standard deviations below the major mode and 0.2% males and 1.1% females belonging to the higher distribution. These results suggest that single genes may determine high as well as low cholesterol levels, but are open to other interpretations, and thus require confirmation by segregation analysis. Jews originating from Europe showed the highest TC levels followed by those from Israel, Asia, and Africa. Adjustment of TC for ethnicity did not alter the above estimates. Analysis of bimodality within countries of origin showed greater separation of the distributions in Asian and Israeli origin groups than in European and North African groups, in whom there was less evidence for admixture. PMID- 6745958 TI - Genetic linkage studies of transferrin, pseudocholinesterase, and chromosome 1 loci. AB - Genetic linkage analysis of a pedigree with four different alleles for pseudocholinesterase (CHE1) gives a positive lod score of 0.37 at theta = 0.16 for linkage with transferrin (TF), a finding which supports previous reports of linkage between CHE1 and TF. Evaluation of linkage relations of CHE1 and TF using unreported families from our data bank fails to establish linkage with chromosome 1 loci (6-PGD, Rh, PGM1, AMY2 and FY). These results are consistent with recent studies which suggest that TF is on human chromosome 3. PMID- 6745959 TI - Lidocaine and amitriptyline interaction during experimental haemoperfusion. AB - Displacement of amitriptyline by lidocaine was studied during haemoperfusion (HP) in five beagle dogs. Clearance of amitriptyline during HP was 0.93, although the amount of amitriptyline removed was only 2% of the given dose. Lidocaine does therefore not improve amitriptyline yield during HP. Clearance of lidocaine during HP was 0.99. Almost 13% of the lidocaine given intravenously was removed by HP. Lidocaine did not improve myocardial performance during HP in amitriptyline-intoxicated dogs. At necropsy the highest concentrations of amitriptyline in this model were found in the brain and the lung. The amitriptyline/nortriptyline ratio was lowest in the liver and lung, suggesting that these two organs are major sites of metabolism. PMID- 6745960 TI - Evaluation of genotoxicity of ampicillin and carbenicillin on human lymphocytes in vitro: chromosome aberrations, mitotic index, cell cycle kinetics, satellite associations of acrocentric chromosomes and sister chromatid exchanges. AB - A large number of drugs have been introduced into man's environment in recent years, many of which have been shown to have mutagenic, teratogenic and carcinogenic effects. Keeping in view the potential hazardous effects of drugs and chemicals, it is desirable to test new drugs for their genotoxic effects prior to widespread use. In the present investigation genetic effects of ampicillin and carbenicillin were studied in vitro in human lymphocytes using a number of end-points. These drugs were added at a range of concentrations and times during a 72h culture period. Concentrations corresponding to the plasma level after receiving therapeutic doses as well as concentrations higher than the plasma levels were examined. Neither drug affected the frequency of chromosome aberrations, satellite associations, mitotic index and cell turnover rate at plasma level concentrations. However, all these parameters were affected at higher concentrations. The frequency of SCEs was not increased with both the drugs irrespective of the concentrations or durations of treatment, suggesting that the mechanisms leading to the formation of SCEs and chromosome aberrations are different. Both ampicillin and carbenicillin were genetically non-toxic for the end points measured and non-clastogenic in vitro at therapeutic doses. However, previous studies have shown ampicillin to be clastogenic in vivo. For evaluation of genetic toxicity, drugs should be tested both in vitro and in vivo. PMID- 6745961 TI - Poisoning-associated deaths for England and Wales between 1973 and 1980. AB - The annual number of deaths in England and Wales associated with poisoning by solids and liquids over the 8-year period between 1973 and 1980 has remained fairly constant with an average of 2897. Marked trends in the number of deaths associated with specific drugs are evident and apparently reflect prescription trends and drug availability. Barbiturate poisonings dropped steadily following the downward trend in barbiturate prescriptions. Deaths associated with dextropropoxyphene, paracetamol and certain benzodiazepines increased dramatically. PMID- 6745962 TI - Lead poisoning: hair analysis shows the calendar of events. AB - A woman was given frequent oral doses of lead nitrate over an extended time period. Diagnosis was finally made about 6 months after the first symptoms appeared. Analysis of hair taken at 2 different times was used as evidence in court. The hair lead concentrations exhibited rapid changes and normalised shortly after chelation treatment had been instituted. This finding suggests that the hair lead level may reflect a current absorption level rather than the lead content of whole blood which, in this case, changed much more slowly. Despite the extremely high blood lead levels and the severe clinical lead poisoning, lead concentrations in hair were relatively low in comparison to the concentrations found in hair of workers exposed to high levels of airborne lead. This observation suggests that a large proportion of the lead content of hair from individuals with respiratory lead exposure may be exogenous. PMID- 6745963 TI - Use of absorbable mesh to displace bowel and avoid radiation enteropathy, during therapy of pelvic Ewing's sarcoma. AB - The use of absorbable polyglactin 910 mesh (Vicryl) is described in a case of Ewing's sarcoma of the pelvis. An operation was performed to hold the small bowel and colon out of the pelvis for a temporary period during which radical radiotherapy was delivered. The mesh allowed the temporary displacement of bowel and obviated bowel radiation morbidity. PMID- 6745964 TI - Lactic acidosis, hyperglycaemia and convulsions following nalidixic acid overdosage. AB - A woman survived ingestion of 32 g nalidixic acid despite developing lactic acidosis, hyperglycaemia, convulsions and abnormal behaviour. The maximum recorded plasma concentration of nalidixic acid was 185 mg/l and the elimination half-life was 3.2 h. Carboxy-nalidixic acid was demonstrated in the plasma. Previously reported cases of nalidixic acid overdosage are reviewed. PMID- 6745965 TI - Hypokalaemic hypertension due to a nasal spray containing 9 alpha fluoroprednisolone. PMID- 6745966 TI - Computer simulated analysis for assessment of ovarian function. PMID- 6745967 TI - Some theoretic results on a digital EMG signal processor. PMID- 6745968 TI - Time domain and spectral analysis of electrograms in man during regular ventricular activity and ventricular fibrillation. PMID- 6745969 TI - Modeling of the transfer function of the flow transducer used in ventilatory impedance measurements. PMID- 6745970 TI - An interactive computer system for guiding the surgical treatment of life threatening ventricular tachycardias. PMID- 6745972 TI - Special-purpose orthonormal basis functions--application to motor unit action potentials. PMID- 6745971 TI - Dielectric properties of fluid-saturated bone--the effect of variation in conductivity of immersion fluid. PMID- 6745973 TI - An information-theoretic analysis of cutaneous receptor responses. PMID- 6745974 TI - Comparing spectra of a series of point events particularly for heart rate variability data. PMID- 6745975 TI - An inexpensive eye movement monitor using the scleral search coil technique. PMID- 6745976 TI - Continuous thermal measurement of cardiac output. PMID- 6745977 TI - A computer-based system for automated quantitation of neurologic function. PMID- 6745978 TI - A flash kinetic spectrophotometer employing photodiode array sensors. PMID- 6745979 TI - Power spectrum density analysis of electrical noise in glass microelectrodes. PMID- 6745980 TI - A graphic method for estimating equivalent dipole of localized EEG discharge. PMID- 6745981 TI - Comments on "Upper extremity limb function discrimination using EMG signal analysis". PMID- 6745982 TI - Establishment and morphologic characterization of normal human endometrium in vitro. AB - Tissue culture offers a model system with which to study the endocrine-mediated growth, differentiation, and metabolic activities of the endometrium. We have established and continue to maintain monolayer cultures of normal human endometrial epithelial cells from each phase of the menstrual cycle. At present, eight proliferative, two secretory, and two menstrual phase cultures have been established. These have been passed at least three times. One proliferative phase culture has been growing for 18 mo, and passed 10 times. Colonies of epithelioid cells as well as single cells appear in the cultures within 2 to 8 h of initial culture and maintain this appearance throughout long-term growth. The cells are periodic acid Schiff positive for carbohydrates and positive for keratin, an immunochemical marker for epithelial tissues. Studies comparing the ultrastructure of the cultures with fresh endometrial tissue revealed morphologic features common to both, including prominent nucleoli, Golgi, mitochondria-rough endoplasmic reticulum complexes, and abundant glycogen. The cells are not tumorigenic in the nude mouse and do not form colonies on soft agarose, confirming the nonneoplastic identity of the cells. PMID- 6745984 TI - Characterization of a stable, anchorage-dependent clone obtained from a spontaneously transformed mouse cell line. AB - A variant nontransformed clone, I21, was selected from the spontaneously transformed mouse fibroblast line, IT22. Selection was done by plating IT22 in methylcellulose and picking single cells after 2 d. Cultures derived from these single cells were selected again and one clone, I21, derived from the second round of selection was characterized extensively. I21 and IT22 have the same plating efficiency (PE) on plastic, but in agarose they differ by 1000-fold. In comparison to IT22, I21 has a normal morphological appearance, a lower saturation density, a higher viability in stationary phase, an increased doubling time, an increased chromosome content, and is unable to form tumors in nude mice. I21 has remained remarkably stable in culture and has not reverted to the transformed phenotype for at least 300 generations in culture. Over 100 clones of I21, expanded to 10(6) cells, failed to show an increased PE in agarose. Even expansion of the rare colonies of I21 that grow in agarose failed to produce clones similar to IT22. PMID- 6745983 TI - Streptomycin retards the phenotypic maturation of chick myogenic cells. AB - As part of an effort to optimize conditions required for the complete maturation of muscle cells in vitro, we have investigated the effects of the antibiotics penicillin, streptomycin, and Fungizone (amphotericin B) on the development of cultured chick embryo skeletal muscle. It is shown that even low dosages of streptomycin, but not penicillin or Fungizone, retard protein synthesis and accumulation in these cultures. Myosin accumulation was also reduced and the appearance of striations in fused cells was delayed in myotubes formed in medium containing streptomycin. Additional data suggest that this overall retardation of myogenesis is due to the influence of streptomycin on maturing myotubes rather than early proliferation and cell fusion. These results are discussed with regard to recent efforts to promote the full maturation of muscle cells grown in culture. PMID- 6745985 TI - [Bacterial etiology of hospital-acquired infections]. AB - During the last decades the spectrum of microorganisms causing nosocomial infections has changed. The frequency of Streptococci group A decreased and bacteria formerly considered as apathogen now cause serious infections. More and more "new" organisms are responsible for nosocomial infections. Especially in immunocompromised patients Legionella pneumophila causes infections with often severe and fatal course. Clostridium difficile can be isolated in 6% to 48% in the stool of patients with antibacterial treatment. Up to 36% of all hospitalized patients excrete Clostridium difficile asymptomatically. Acinetobacter species are responsible for 1% to 3% of all nosocomial infections. These changes are probably due to selection by antibiotics and an increase of invasive medical procedures even in immunocompromised patients. PMID- 6745986 TI - [Prevention of fungal infections in hospitalized patients]. AB - Hospital acquired infections due to fungi are primarily caused by yeast species of the genus Candida and mould species of the genus Aspergillus. Underlying disease with severely impaired defence mechanisms as well as certain forms of immunosuppressive and aggressive chemotherapy are the most important prerequisites for such secondary fungal infections. Aspergillus spec. usually infect man via exogenous routes, whereas Candida spec. mostly originate from the patient's own microbial flora. Under certain circumstances invasion of tissues follows (endomycosis). Exogenous Candida infections may likewise occur through contaminated hands of personnel and medical devices. The density of yeast cell distribution in hospital wards decreases with the distance from the primary source: the Candida infected human patient. Preventive measures protecting the patient at risk include: Permanent surveillance by routine cultural and serological examinations for the detection of an early infection of the skin, mouth, oesophagus, urinary tract, vagina and the bowel. Monitoring of patients is essential for early detection of dissemination and contributes to the control of fungal decontamination measures. Selective local decontamination is effected by the use of nonabsorbable compounds such as nystatin and amphotericin B in the gastrointestinal tract, and in oral and genital mucous membranes. Oral administration of ketoconazole has also been recommended. For the disinfection of skin appropriate chemicals are available. In the control of the environment of the endangered patient special attention must be paid to meticulous management of catheters. These measures are to be supported by careful disinfection policy concerning the hands of personnel and medical equipment.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS) PMID- 6745987 TI - Detection of IgG in supernatants of pokeweed mitogen-stimulated human lymphocyte cultures by one step solid-phase radioimmunoassay (SPRIA). AB - A one step solid phase radioimmunoassay is used as a simple and reproducible method of detection and quantitation of IgG produced by human PBL after stimulation with PWM. Modifications of culture conditions are necessary to make culture supernatants suitable for this assay. Pulsing with PWM must be performed in serum-supplemented culture medium for 4-5 days. After thorough washing, medium is then replaced with serum-free medium. Under these conditions, synthesis and secretion of IgG continues for at least 9 days. The amount of IgG produced by 10(6) normal adult PBL as detected in this system is 0.77 +/- 0.47 micrograms. No close correlation between cell proliferation and IgG synthesis was observed. PMID- 6745988 TI - Kinetics of thymidine entry into tonsillar lymphocytes and its alteration in the presence of a lymphokine. AB - Thymidine uptake into the acid soluble cell fraction of human tonsillar lymphocytes was studied in vitro. Uptake was linear for 15-20 minutes at low concentrations (less than 1.2 microM) of thymidine. The plot of uptake versus time could be extrapolated to the origin. Value for KM (0.5-0.6 microM) and values for Vmax were determined. In the presence of a lymphokine which inhibited thymidine incorporation into DNA the uptake of thymidine into the acid soluble cell fraction was also inhibited. The decreased uptake could be characterized by an increase in the apparent KM, without the alteration of Vmax. Lymphokines which inhibit thymidine incorporation may influence and regulate in vivo the entry of the exogenous thymidine into the cells. PMID- 6745989 TI - A comparison of temperature-mediated immunomodulation between two species of flounder. AB - The kinetics of the temperature-mediated immunomodulation of the humoral antibody response to an erythrocyte antigen was remarkably different in two species of a marine teleost, the winter flounder (Pseudopleuronectes americanus) and the summer flounder (Paralichthys dentatus). These two species were caught in the same area, maintained under the same conditions and injected with the same antigen (horse red blood cells). Experiments were performed at 8, 12 and 17 degrees C during the same time of the year. Summer flounder showed only a delay in the appearance of circulating antibody at lower temperatures while winter flounder showed both a delay and a marked suppression at lower temperatures. Antibody titers remained high for over three months in summer flounder while in winter flounder antibody levels began decreasing after one month. PMID- 6745991 TI - Anamnestic chemiluminescence of murine spleen cells. AB - The oxidative response of murine spleen cells to secondary exposure to antigen was determined by luminol (5-amino-2,3-dihydro-1,4-pthalazinedione) amplified chemiluminescence, CL. BALB/cj and CBA/J mice were immunized with saline or an antigen solution of saline, luminol, and bovine serum albumin. Spleen cells were obtained from mice two and four days after immunization, and the CL response to in vitro antigenic exposure was measured for 35 minutes. At two days post immunization, there was no difference in the CL of control and antigen-primed cells. By day four, the antigen-primed CL response differed significantly in both magnitude and time course from the primary antigen-stimulated response of the controls. This early development of differential CL response to antigenic challenge suggests a role for oxidative metabolic activity in the expression of the anamnestic immune response. PMID- 6745990 TI - A modified microcomplement fixation test for antigen or antibody determination in soluble immune complexes, using gel filtration. AB - A Modified Microcomplement Fixation Test (MMFT), useful for detecting and quantifying soluble immune complexes (ICs) and their components in chromatographic separations, is described. This method is based on the addition of excess specific antibody to the ICs against any of their components in order to increase the ICs' anticomplementarity. The concentration of ICs is expressed as the sample dilution which fixes 50% of the added Complement. The MMFT was applied to profiles of ICs obtained in vivo and in vitro. MMFT allows great sensitivity, good reproductibility and the detection of noncomplement fixing ICs without any interference of free antigen (Ag) or free antibody (Ab). PMID- 6745993 TI - The presence of blocking factors in Brugia malayi microfilaraemic patients. AB - Serum from microfilaraemic patients have been shown to be unable to promote the antibody-dependent, cell-mediated adherence reaction to infective larvae of Brugia malayi in vitro. In this study, it was found that peripheral leucocytes from microfilaraemic patients were also incapable of promoting the adherence reaction even when incubated with serum of tropical pulmonary eosinophilia (TPE) patients. The TPE sera would normally promote the most intense adherence reaction. It was further shown that preincubation of normal human peripheral leucocytes with sera of microfilaraemic patients would similarly render them incapable of adherence. Such preliminary studies suggest that blocking factors may be present in microfilaraemic patients. PMID- 6745992 TI - Role of maternal immunity in the protection of newborn ferrets against infection with a virulent influenza virus. AB - Intranasal infection of newborn ferrets with a virulent strain of influenza virus invariably resulted in their deaths following virus replication to high titre in both lung and nasal turbinates (Collie et al., 1980). However, a similar challenge of newborn ferrets born to mothers immunized by infection with virulent or attenuated viruses resulted in complete protection; no virus replicated in their lungs and little or no virus was isolated from their nasal turbinates. Protection appeared to be antibody-mediated since it was sub-type-specific and milk-derived since newborn ferrets born to non-immune mothers but fostered onto immune mothers exhibited a similar level of protection to neonates born to and suckled by immune mothers. PMID- 6745994 TI - IgM-RF prevents complement-mediated inhibition of immune precipitation. AB - Rheumatoid arthritis (RA) serum inhibits complement-mediated inhibition of immune precipitation (solubilization). We have isolated inhibitory activity from RA sera and shown that it is a property of IgM-rheumatoid factor (IgM-RF) and, to a lesser extent, IgG-RF. PMID- 6745996 TI - TNP-Ficoll response in Xenopus laevis: substitution and reconstitution in thymectomized animals. AB - The capacity to respond to haptenated Ficoll, though thymus-independent in mammals, is lost in Xenopus laevis following thymectomy at any stage of development. This capacity can be restored to thymectomized Xenopus by whole allogeneic thymus implants, by thymus implants from animals treated with N-methyl N-nitrosourea (which have an active thymus medulla but no cortex, and which lack certain thymus-dependent immunological functions), and Concanavalin A. These results are discussed in terms of the cell populations and/or factors which may be involved. PMID- 6745995 TI - Interaction of purified precipitating and non-precipitating (coprecipitating) antibodies with hapten and with haptenated protein. Evidence of an asymmetric antibody molecule. AB - The interaction of monovalent hapten dinitrophenyl epsilon-amino caproic acid (DNP-EACA) with purified IgG1 sheep anti-DNP precipitating and non-precipitating antibodies, and their F(ab')2, F(ab') and Fab fragments, was studied by fluorescence quenching and by a radioimmunoassay. The Scatchard plots of whole non-precipitating antibody and its F(ab')2 fragment showed a bi-modal curve that could be interpreted as due to the existence of two populations of sites with very different affinity for the ligand, each population representing 50% of the total number of sites. The F(ab) fragments of the non-precipitating antibody could be fractionated by immunoadsorption into two populations of high and low affinity whose association constants differed by more than 2 logs. The study of the interaction of whole antibodies with DNP-bovine serum albumin (BSA) demonstrated that each molecule of precipitating antibody can combine with two molecules of antigen but non-precipitating antibody cannot combine with more than one molecule of antigen. It is concluded that the molecule of non-precipitating antibody is asymmetric and has a site of high affinity and another of low affinity. As a consequence of this structure the non-precipitating antibody behaves functionally as univalent and is unable to form precipitates with the multivalent antigen and to activate effector mechanisms. PMID- 6745998 TI - Generation of a unique fibroblast-activating factor by human monocytes. AB - Purified human monocytes incubated with phytohemagglutinin (PHA), bacterial lipopolysaccharide (LPS), or serum-opsonized zymosan particles (OZ) generate human dermal fibroblast-activating activity, as assessed by increased fibroblast incorporation of [3H]-thymidine. A maximum concentration of fibroblast-activating activity was attained within 4 hr with OZ, whereas similar maximum levels required 12 hr with LPS and PHA. Sonicates of unstimulated monocytes had only minimal activity and the protein synthesis inhibitor cycloheximide suppressed significantly the appearance of fibroblast-activating activity, suggesting that the factors are generated prior to release. Filtration of supernates from OZ stimulated monocytes on Sephadex G-75 yielded polydisperse fibroblast-activating activities, of which the major factors exhibited a mol. wt. of approximately 60,000 and 10,000. The supernates from PHA-stimulated monocytes had one predominant factor, termed fibroblast-activating factor of monocytes (FAF-M), with an apparent mol. wt. of 38,000 and a minor activity with a mol. wt. of 10,000. FAF-M was composed of two principles with isoelectric points of 5.1-5.2 and 4.0-4.2 and was free of interleukin-1, as determined by the absence of thymocyte-activating activity. FAF-M and other fibroblast-activating factors may contribute to wound healing and fibrosis in lesions characterized by mononuclear phagocyte infiltrates. PMID- 6745999 TI - Chairman's report to the WHO-IUIS Nomenclature Committee, Kyoto, 25 August 1983. PMID- 6745997 TI - Cloned mouse mast cells derived from immunized lymph node cells and from foetal liver cells exhibit characteristics of bone marrow-derived mast cells containing chondroitin sulphate E proteoglycan. AB - Cloned mouse mast cells which were T cell growth-dependent were derived both from immunized lymph node and from foetal liver, and were found to be morphologically and biochemically similar to mast cells previously differentiated in vitro from mouse bone marrow (BMMC). These two T cell growth-dependent mouse mast cell clones were identical to the BMMC in their preferential synthesis of chondroitin sulphate E proteoglycan rather than heparin proteoglycan. The hydrodynamic size of the cell-associated proteoglycan from each of the three mast cell sources was 150,000-250,000 mol. wt.; and that of the covalently bound glycosaminoglycans was 13,000-25,000 mol. wt. Chondroitinase ABC digestion of the [35S]proteoglycans from both cloned mast cells, as well as the BMMC, yielded only two disaccharides which comigrated on ascending thin layer chromatography with delta Di-4S and delta Di-diSE standards, respectively. Quantification of the radioactivity in the enzyme digests revealed that one-sixth to one-half of the resulting disaccharides were disulphated, similar to that found in BMMC containing chondroitin sulphate E. When sensitized with monoclonal IgE, washed, and subsequently challenged with specific antigen, each of the two cloned mast cells generated more than 100 ng of leukotriene C4 (LTC4)/10(6) cells, but only 3-12 ng leukotriene B4 (LTB4)/10(6) cells, characteristics also observed for the BMMC. Based upon these observations, it is concluded that the cloned mast cells from lymph node and liver and the bone marrow-derived mast cell belong to a distinct subclass of mast cells. These mast cells have been designated E-mast cells (E-MC) in order to distinguish them from heparin-containing mast cells (H-MC). PMID- 6746000 TI - Modulation of human natural killer cytotoxicity by influenza virus and its subunit protein. AB - The influence of intact influenza virus and purified detergent solubilized haemagglutinin (HA) subunits from these viruses on human natural killer (NK) cell activity was examined. Effector cells incubated with whole influenza virus for 18 hr initiated the production of alpha interferon which was associated with the enhancement of NK cell activity. In contrast, purified influenza virus HA suppressed NK activity in a dose-dependent manner, when added at the onset of the cytotoxicity assay, or when used to pre-treated effector cells prior to assay for cytotoxicity against K562 target cells. Effector cells exposed to influenza HA for 90 min, washed and re-incubated in fresh medium for up to 18 hr, failed to regain their cytotoxicity. Suppression of NK cell cytotoxicity could not be ascribed to direct toxicity of HA preparations or residual detergent and preservative in these preparations. The augmented cytotoxicity of activated human effector cells was also susceptible to suppression by virus HA, and pretreatment of human PBL effector cells with HA for 90 min, prior to exposure to human alpha interferon caused NK effector cells to become refractive to the enhancing effects of HIFN. That direct interaction between influenza virus HA and effector cells was a requirement for suppression of activity was shown in experiments using Bromelain-released influenza HA, which would not be expected to bind to cells and which failed to suppress NK cell activity. PMID- 6746003 TI - [Unusual clinical manifestations of porphyria cutanea tarda]. PMID- 6746007 TI - [Pattern of urinary porphyrins in porphyria cutanea tarda]. PMID- 6746002 TI - Clearance and organ localization of particles and soluble complexes in mice with circulating complexes. AB - The clearance and organ localization of a number of substances cleared by either Fc-dependent or -independent mechanisms was studied in normal mice and in mice with endogenously produced persistent circulating complexes. Clearance of covalent dimers of mouse IgG, chicken IgG and ovalbumin were no different between the two groups of mice. By contrast, hepatic and splenic uptake of dimeric mouse IgG (but not of chicken IgG or ovalbumin dimer) was impaired in the mice with persisting complexes. Surprisingly the rate of clearance of sheep red blood cells (SRBC) was increased in mice with persisting complexes as was hepatic uptake of polyvinyl pyrrolidone. It is suggested that the mononuclear phagocytes of mice with persistent circulating complexes are non-specifically stimulated while their ability to take up soluble complexes by Fc-dependent attachment is selectively impaired. PMID- 6746001 TI - Lymph node cells from rats with Heymann's nephritis produce in vitro autoantibodies directed against purified renal tubular antigen. AB - A method is described for the purification and identification of the nephritogenic glycoprotein in renal tubular epithelium (RTE-Gp) from Wistar and Lewis rats. This antigen is responsible for the induction of Heymann's nephritis (HN) in Lewis rats. RTE-Gp was detected in chromatographic fractions by an enzyme linked immunosorbent assay using rat antibodies eluted from glomeruli of Lewis rats with active HN. In each step of the purification procedure, an absolute correlation between detection of RTE-Gp in vitro and nephritogenicity in vivo was demonstrated. Lymph node cells obtained from rats with HN produced in vitro autoantibodies in a linear dose-response fashion against both allogeneic and autologous RTE-Gp, as detected by an enzyme-linked immune protein sorbent assay. During a 2 hr incubation period, 10(6) lymph node cells produced 10-40 ng of IgG. Antibody production above background levels could be detected with an input of 10(5) lymph node cells. This study shows that the specific autoimmune response in rats with NH can be measured at the cellular level. PMID- 6746006 TI - [Serum enzymes in porphyria cutanea tarda]. PMID- 6746004 TI - [Hepatopathy in porphyria cutanea tarda. Etiopathogenetic reflections and comparison with nonporphyric hepatopathy]. PMID- 6746005 TI - [Specific metabolic aspects and the HLA system in porphyria cutanea tarda]. PMID- 6746008 TI - [Carbohydrate turnover and capillary changes in porphyria cutanea tarda]. PMID- 6746009 TI - [Tryptophan metabolism in porphyria cutanea tarda]. PMID- 6746010 TI - [Ultrastructural aspects of the skin in porphyria cutanea tarda]. PMID- 6746011 TI - [Current therapeutic methods in porphyria cutanea tarda]. PMID- 6746012 TI - [Effects of the treatment of porphyria cutanea tarda on the changes of the urinary porphyrin pattern (determined by high performance liquid chromatography) and histopathological aspects of the liver]. PMID- 6746013 TI - [Introduction of a digital clinical record in porphyria cutanea tarda]. PMID- 6746015 TI - Androgen receptor in the human thymus. AB - An androgen binding species has been identified in partially purified cytosol from human thymic tissue, resolved from sex steroid binding globulin by gel chromatography. This putative 5 alpha-dihydrotestosterone receptor was characterised by high affinity (Kd 6.7 X 10(-10) M) and low capacity (9 fmol/mg of cytosol protein). High affinity binding was confirmed with methyltrienolone (R1881). Competition studies were carried out with a number of androgenic compounds and 5 alpha-19 nordihydrotestosterone was shown to possess the highest affinity for the androgen receptor. PMID- 6746014 TI - Lymphocyte subsets in human adenoids and tonsils. Rosette formation, alpha naphthyl acetate esterase cytochemistry, monoclonal antibodies and peanut lectin reactivity. AB - The distribution of mononuclear cell subsets has been studied in human adenoids, tonsils and peripheral blood (PB) by evaluating the presence of surface immunoglobulins, E-rosette formation, receptors for IgG Fc and for complement, alpha-naphthyl acetate esterase (ANAE) cytochemistry, reactivity with peanut lectin (PNA) and with monoclonal antibodies (McAb) (OK panel). Adenoids and tonsils, compared to PB, contain (1) fewer macrophages and T cells but more B cells; (2) higher proportions of ANAE negative, complement receptors and Ia-like antigens bearing T lymphocytes; (3) higher percentages of cells reacting with the McAbs OKT9 and OKT10 ("immature" lymphoid cells). In both adenoids and tonsils, clusters, formed by a central heavily ANAE stained interdigitating cell surrounded by lymphocytes with a sickle-shaped ANAE reaction, were found. Analogous clusters have been previously described in mice and human thymus. Two major hypotheses could be put forward: (1) adenoids and tonsils contain "immature" lymphoid cells undergoing education process, or (2) the above organs contain lymphocytes activated by a constant exposure to bacterial antigens or mitogens. PMID- 6746016 TI - Separation and isolation of lymphocyte subpopulations of different affinity for the antigen. AB - In order to separate, isolate, and determine the number and distribution of the subpopulations of lymphocytes of diverse affinities that are present in an immune response toward a single hapten, anti-trinitrophenyl (TNP) lymphocytes from immunized animals were purified by cell chromatography. Non-adherent spleen cells were passed through a column consisting of TNP-substituted polyacrylamide beads. The retained cells were eluted by applying a linear concentration gradient of TNP lysine. Elution profiles having a limited number of peaks were obtained in all cases. The avidity of the cells in each fraction was measured by inhibition of formation of immune rosettes by free hapten. Results showed that each peak was located along the gradient according to its affinity since there was a direct correlation between the affinity and the concentration of hapten needed for the elution. The cells in each peak appeared to belong to a homogeneous subpopulation as shown by the slope of the curves obtained in the determination of avidity, suggesting that each peak corresponded to one expanded clone. PMID- 6746017 TI - A rapid solid phase assay for the detection of circulating immune complexes. AB - A simplified process, which we have termed Enzyme Immune Complex Assay (EICATM) for the detection of circulating immune complexes (CICs), is described herein. The method utilizes readily available reagents, small quantities of serum, and can be performed quickly with a minimal amount of equipment. Serum from 38 normal controls, 98 burn patients, 36 frostbite injury patients, and 21 patients with elevated rheumatoid factor (RF) were tested for CICs in an immune function study. Elevated immune complex levels were found in the group of patients with frostbite injury, and in the group with elevated RF. Serum from thermally injured patients had slightly depressed yet normal CIC levels. The detection of elevated CICs by the EICATM method compared favorably with the more cumbersome Raji cell method, with the added advantage of simplicity, speed, and the ability to detect non-IgG immune complexes. PMID- 6746018 TI - The effect of surface sugars on liposomes in immunopotentiation. AB - The effect of surface sugars of liposomes on the immunological responses to entrapped antigen has been investigated. alpha-Mannose and beta-galactose were grafted on the surface of liposomes containing lysozyme by covalent coupling of p aminophenyl-D-glycosides to phosphatidyl ethanolamine liposomes using glutaraldehyde. Subcutaneous administration of antigen entrapped in beta galactose liposomes stimulated an antibody response comparable to that elicited by sugar-free neutral liposomes. However, alpha-mannose bearing liposomes with entrapped lysozyme elicited an immune response similar to that induced by lysozyme in saline. Based on these observations it is suggested that alpha mannose liposomes, that are specifically recognized by macrophages, are taken up rapidly by receptor mediated endocytosis and that the entrapped antigen is then rapidly degraded, resulting in low antibody production. PMID- 6746019 TI - Chemotactic factor-specific desensitization of skin to infiltration by polymorphonuclear leukocytes. AB - The accumulation of polymorphonuclear leukocytes (PMNs) was measured in rabbits following single or repeated injections into skin sites of the inflammatory agents, zymosan-activated plasma and formylmethionyl-leucyl-phenylalanine. Fewer cells entered lesions restimulated with the same agent during the subsequent inflammatory response than simultaneously entered skin sites stimulated for the first time. Decreased reactivity of a restimulated site was specific to the initiating stimulus, developed within 2 to 4 h of initial stimulation and persisted for at least 8 h. The results indicate that PMN accumulation in acute inflammatory lesions is regulated locally by a chemotactic factor-specific mechanism which differs from PMN deactivation and concentration gradient mechanisms currently thought to regulate PMN migration in vivo. PMID- 6746024 TI - Acrosomal damage and enzyme leakage during freeze preservation of buffalo spermatozoa. PMID- 6746021 TI - Phagocytic uptake of synthetic particles in blood leukocytes of fetal and newborn athymic nude mice. AB - Monocytes are the main phagocytic element in the blood of fetal mice; monocytes of athymic nude mouse fetuses (gestation days 17-20) ingest in vitro, in full blood, significantly more synthetic (HEMA) particles than the monocytes of their euthymic littermates. Blood leukocytes of athymic fetuses also bear much higher densities of Fc receptors for IgG2B. The differences in phagocytic uptake in blood leukocytes disappear and the differences in Fc(IgG2B) receptors decrease at postnatal days 2 and 4. PMID- 6746025 TI - Mechanism of neuromuscular blocking action of isocorydine methochloride, a new quaternary alkaloid from Cocculus laurifolius DC. PMID- 6746022 TI - A transmission electron microscopic study of fresh and frozen buffalo spermatozoa. PMID- 6746020 TI - Deficiency of monoclonal antibody (Leu 7) defined NK cells in newly diagnosed insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus. AB - Peripheral blood from 11 newly diagnosed patients with insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus (IDDM) was studied for the proportion of monoclonal antibody (HNK 1, Leu 7) defined natural killer (NK) cells using a fluorescence-activated cell sorter analyzer. The proportion of Leu 7+ cells in patients with IDDM (7.0 +/- 4.0) was significantly (P less than 0.001) lower than in simultaneously studied healthy controls (16.8 +/- 7.0). A 2-yr-old boy with recent onset IDDM had a deficiency of Leu 7+ NK cells (6.1%), while his healthy identical twin had normal proportions of Leu 7+ cells (22.2%), when compared to a simultaneously studied healthy control. Two patients reexamined in remission and one other studied in remission alone, showed deficiency of Leu 7+ NK cells. This study demonstrates a quantitative deficiency of monoclonal antibody (Leu 7+) defined NK cells in newly diagnosed patients with IDDM that persists during remission of the disease and therefore appears to be independent of metabolic abnormality. The deficiency of NK cells may predispose genetically susceptible individuals to viral-induced islet cell injury, contributing to the pathogenesis of IDDM. PMID- 6746023 TI - Effect of Acephate (orthene), an organophosphorus insecticide, on lipid metabolism in albino rats. PMID- 6746026 TI - Effect of cholinergic agonists and antagonists on jumping behaviour induced by morphine and L-dopa in mice. PMID- 6746027 TI - Studies of the mouse Ly-6 alloantigen system. II. Complexities of the Ly-6 region. AB - The discovery of several monoclonal antibodies provided the impetus to revisit the Ly-6 group of antigens. Our serological data point to the existence of at least five separate Ly-6 antigens. They are distinguished by the patterns of their tissue expression as (1) the classical Ly-6 alloantigen of peripheral lymphocytes (Ly-m6.2A), (2) a bone marrow cell-restricted antigen (Ly-m6.2B), (3) an antigen shared by bone marrow cells and peripheral lymphocytes (Ly-m6.2C, possibly identical with H9/25), (4) an antigen expressed on bone marrow cells, thymocytes, and peripheral lymphocytes (Ly-m6.2D), and (5) an antigen occurring exclusively on lymphoblasts (Ly-m6.1E, similar to Ala-1). ThB is a sixth distinct antigen of the group. The assumption that separate antigens exist is supported by distinctive distribution patterns in normal and neoplastic tissues. The genes controlling Ly-6 antigens are closely linked, as they are transmitted as two haplotypes only. One incidence of a crossover within the Ly-6 region was observed: the Ly-6B.2 alloantigen was expressed in NZB mice, which type Ly-6.1 for other Ly-6 specificities. PMID- 6746030 TI - Enteroinvasive model of Vibrio parahaemolyticus. PMID- 6746031 TI - Effect of carbohydrates on adherence of Vibrio cholerae to rabbit intestine & haemagglutination of sheep erythrocytes. PMID- 6746028 TI - H-2bm23, a new Kb mutant similar to, but not identical with H-2bm3. PMID- 6746034 TI - Latex agglutination test for pertussis antibody status of children before & after vaccination. PMID- 6746032 TI - Occurrence of Campylobacter jejuni in country chicken in Calcutta. PMID- 6746033 TI - Prevalence of serotypes of Streptococcus pneumoniae in patients in & around Chandigarh. PMID- 6746029 TI - The gene encoding the human class II antigen-associated gamma chain is located on chromosome 5. PMID- 6746035 TI - A pilot study on tetracycline therapy in chlamydial urethritis. PMID- 6746036 TI - Hepatic copper & copper associated protein in early Indian childhood cirrhosis. PMID- 6746040 TI - Ventilatory capacity of healthy tribals from Orissa State (India). PMID- 6746037 TI - Nutritional factors in the etiopathogenesis of amoebic liver abscess in golden hamsters. PMID- 6746039 TI - Immunological studies of multiple sclerosis. PMID- 6746041 TI - Pathogenesis of re-formation of intraperitoneal adhesions in albino rats. PMID- 6746038 TI - Diagnostic evaluation of lactate dehydrogenase activity in cerebrospinal fluid in meningoencephalitis. PMID- 6746042 TI - Immune complex mediated cardiac lesions in rats. PMID- 6746043 TI - Aortic enzyme alterations in experimentally induced atherosclerosis in rhesus monkeys. PMID- 6746045 TI - Histamine antagonists modify systemic digoxin cardiotoxicity by their central action. PMID- 6746047 TI - Two dimensional crossed immunoelectrophoresis on coverslips. PMID- 6746049 TI - Kinetics of heat inactivation of the Salmonella weltevreden typing phages. PMID- 6746050 TI - The new Salmonella serotypes S. palamaner & S. kolar reported from India. PMID- 6746044 TI - Experimental model for reduction deformities of forelimbs in rat foetus. PMID- 6746046 TI - Spectrophotometric determination of serum iron with nitroso-R-salt. PMID- 6746051 TI - Drug resistant enterotoxigenic staphylococci in the nails of hospital personnel. PMID- 6746048 TI - R-plasmid of some rarely isolated Salmonella serotypes. PMID- 6746052 TI - In vitro susceptibility to metronidazole of bacteria from the small intestine of tropical sprue patients. PMID- 6746055 TI - Phlebothrombosis as a common pathogenic denominator in noncirrhotic portal fibrosis & extrahepatic portal splenic venous obstruction. PMID- 6746056 TI - A preliminary report on cardiopulmonary indices in subjects with varying nutritional & socio-economic profiles. PMID- 6746054 TI - Clinical, biochemical & cytogenetic studies in mental retardation. PMID- 6746058 TI - Effect of milk & its culture products on the plasma & organ lipids in rats. PMID- 6746059 TI - Effect of atenolol, nifedipine & oxyfedrine on experimental myocardial infarct size in rhesus monkeys. PMID- 6746060 TI - Encephalo-omental synangiosis in primates following cerebral infarction. PMID- 6746063 TI - Time utilisation pattern of medical officers in Primary Health Centres of Pondicherry. PMID- 6746061 TI - Multivariate analysis of risk factors in coronary artery disease--predictive value in case detection in cardio vascular epidemiology. PMID- 6746062 TI - Effect of antiproliferative agents on healing of dead space wounds in rats. PMID- 6746066 TI - Absence of kernicterus in a case of severe neonatal jaundice. PMID- 6746065 TI - Evaluation of indices for assessment of therapeutic response in rheumatoid arthritis. PMID- 6746067 TI - Congenital prepyloric web. PMID- 6746053 TI - Impact of the Integrated Child Development Services in Uttar Pradesh. PMID- 6746071 TI - Alterations in intracranial pressure following ketamine anesthesia in hydrocephalic children. PMID- 6746057 TI - Harvard step test as a measure of physical fitness in adolescent boys. PMID- 6746069 TI - Breast feeding pattern in urban infants in Chandigarh. PMID- 6746075 TI - Recommended levels of salt iodation in India. PMID- 6746064 TI - Evaluation of the bone marrow culture versus the blood culture for laboratory diagnosis of enteric fever. PMID- 6746074 TI - Tracheostomy in children. PMID- 6746072 TI - G6PD deficiency in newborn infants. PMID- 6746068 TI - Omphalocele with patent omphalomesenteric duct and ileal prolapse. PMID- 6746070 TI - Phototherapy--a modified approach. PMID- 6746076 TI - The incidence of allergic diseases and feeding patterns in children upto 2 years of age. PMID- 6746073 TI - Serum lipids and ABO blood groups in cord blood of neonates. PMID- 6746078 TI - Hemangiopericytoma in infants and children. PMID- 6746077 TI - Rectal prolapse in childhood. PMID- 6746080 TI - Rat thymocyte sodium transport. Effects of changes in sodium balance and experimental hypertension. AB - The wide range of membrane electrolyte transport abnormalities associated with experimental, genetic, and essential hypertension may either reflect an underlying global change in the cell membrane or may be directly related to the underlying disturbance that causes hypertension or to changes in sodium balance. To investigate this further, we studied sodium transport and intracellular electrolyte composition in the thymocytes of normal rats undergoing salt loading or depletion, and in rats with renovascular, mineralocorticoid, or spontaneous hypertension compared to appropriate age-matched normotensive control rats. In normotensive rats, although there was no significant difference between the blood pressures at the two extremes of sodium balance, sodium loading caused a nonsignificant rise in sodium transport, whereas sodium depletion was associated with a significant fall in sodium transport and intracellular sodium. When cells from salt-loaded or normal animals were incubated in a medium containing their own serum, sodium transport was slightly stimulated in both, but there was no significant difference in the sodium efflux-rate constant of thymocytes obtained from rats on the normal as opposed to the high salt intake. Compared to normotensive rats, there was no significant change in the sodium efflux-rate constant in any of the hypertensive rat models studied. However, the sodium efflux-rate constant fell with age in both the spontaneously hypertensive and Wistar-Kyoto normotensive rats. The present studies show that dietary sodium intake and aging had considerable effects on rat thymocyte sodium transport, but neither of these changes was related to a change in blood pressure.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS) PMID- 6746081 TI - Temperature dependence of ionic transport and norepinephrine stimulation of rat aorta during DOCA hypertension. AB - Temperature perturbation was used to determine whether increased turnover of Na, K, and Cl at 37 degrees C in aortas from rats made hypertensive with deoxycorticosterone acetate salt treatment (DOCH) reflects an increased number of transport sites that individually maintain relatively normal function. Decreasing temperature reduced the resting effluxes of 42K, 36Cl, and 24Na (active and passive) from control and DOCH in parallel fashion. The slope of the Arrhenius plots (activation energies) and the transition temperatures at which major changes in slope occurred were similar in controls and DOCH. In contrast to the results for resting effluxes, the temperature dependence for the effects of norepinephrine (NE) on contraction and on 42K and 36Cl effluxes in DOCH differed from controls. At 20 degrees C, the responses to NE were either abolished or greatly suppressed in DOCH, as compared to controls, while no significant differences between the two groups were observed at 30 degrees C. These results indicate that alterations in resting 42K, 36Cl, and 24Na effluxes in DOCH may result from an increased number of transport sites in the membranes of vascular smooth muscle. The concept that alterations occurred in the integral components of the membrane is also supported by the observation that increased resting 42K and 36Cl effluxes in DOCH at 37 degrees C persisted in aortas that had undergone cold storage for 2 days before incubation at 37 degrees C. The altered temperature dependence for the effects of NE on DOCH, compared to controls, indicates that the involvement of agonist-receptor-membrane events may be dissociated from the alterations in resting ionic fluxes. PMID- 6746079 TI - Fournier's gangrene in an infant. PMID- 6746082 TI - Location of the area postrema pressor pathway in the dog brain stem. AB - Electrical stimulation of the dog's area postrema (AP) induces a response that mimics the pressor response produced by intravertebral infusion of low-dose angiotensin II, which causes an increase in mean arterial pressure associated with transient tachycardia and increased peripheral resistance. The present study investigated in morphine-chloralose anesthetized dogs whether: 1) the characteristics of the AP pressor response are influenced by the presence of carotid sinus afferents; 2) structures rostral to the medulla influence the AP pressor response; and 3) the pressor pathway is initiated by neurons within the AP. Since bilateral cervical sinovagal denervation, which potentiated the phenylephrine pressor response, did not affect the pressor response to AP stimulation, the data provide evidence for an inhibitory influence exerted upon the central baroreflex mechanism by the AP pressor mechanism. The unaltered AP pressor response after midcollicular transection suggests that the efferent pathway is contained within the brain stem caudal to the pons. Finally, the elimination of the pressor response following kainic acid microinjection into the AP provides evidence that the AP pressor mechanism is initiated by neurons within the AP, rather than by fibers of passage from other pressor centers. These results suggest that the AP produces its facilitation of central sympathetic vasomotor outflow via a pathway contained within the medulla. PMID- 6746084 TI - Connective tissue accumulation in the left coronary artery of young SHR. AB - The left coronary artery of 21-, 28-, and 45-day-old spontaneously hypertensive rats and Wistar-Kyoto rats was analyzed morphometrically to evaluate the structural alterations of the vessel wall during the development of genetically determined hypertension. In 45-day-old rats, hypertension was associated with a significant expansion of the partial volume of collagen and ground substance (119%) within the arterial wall. This change exceeded the concurrent accumulation of elastin (77%) and smooth muscle cell mass (34%). The growth of the muscle compartment was also characterized by a marked increment of rough endoplasmic reticulum (103%). The increase in the mural concentration of fibrous proteins at this early age may be viewed as the initial adverse effect of hypertension on muscular arteries. PMID- 6746085 TI - Neural and local control of arterioles in SHR. AB - This study sought to determine if neural influences and/or alterations in arteriolar responses to oxygen could contribute to an elevated microvascular resistance in spontaneously hypertensive rats (SHR). Diameters of third-order arterioles (3A) and fourth-order arterioles (4A) were measured in the cremaster muscle of 12- to 15-week-old SHR and normotensive Wistar-Kyoto (WKY) controls anesthetized with pentobarbital. The preparation was suffused with physiological salt solution (PSS) equilibrated with various concentrations of oxygen (0% O2, 5% O2, or 10% O2) with and without local neural blockade with 10(-7) g/ml tetrodotoxin (TTX). Total active tone was assessed with 10(-4) M adenosine. SHR 3A (but not 4A) exhibited a smaller resting diameter than WKY, and larger dilations in response to TTX and adenosine. When suffusion solution PO2 was elevated in the presence or absence of TTX, SHR arterioles constricted more than did those of WKY, and SHR 4A exhibited a higher incidence of complete closure. Therefore, both neural influences and local vascular control mechanisms may contribute to an elevated microvascular resistance in SHR. PMID- 6746083 TI - Regional hemodynamic effects of antihypertensive renomedullary lipids in conscious rats. AB - Renomedullary tissue has been proposed to exert an antihypertensive endocrine like action. The antihypertensive polar renomedullary lipids (APRL) and neutral renomedullary lipids (ANRL) are potential mediators of this action. We evaluated the blood pressure and regional hemodynamic responses to APRL administered peripherally (i.v.) and to the central nervous system (CNS) in normal rats and rats with sinoaortic deafferentation (SAD) to remove baroreflex buffering. Rats were chronically instrumented with Doppler flow probes for measurement of mesenteric, renal, and hind-quarter vascular resistance, with arterial pressure and intravenous catheters, and with lateral cerebroventricular cannuli for intracerebroventricular (i.c.v.) administration. Intravenous APRL (0.01 to 1.0 micrograms) produced a dose-dependent decrease in blood pressure, tachycardia, and dilation of all vascular beds studied. The dose-response relationships were shifted to the left in SAD animals. APRL administered i.c.v. had no effect on intact or SAD rats. Pressor and regional vasoconstrictor responses to norepinephrine, angiotensin, and vasopressin were markedly reduced in SAD animals during constant infusion of APRL. In a second group of conscious SAD animals instrumented for blood pressure and heart rate measurements, intravenous ANRL (500 micrograms) decreased both arterial pressure (-45 +/- 16 mm Hg) and heart rate (-50 +/- 16 bpm). When given i.c.v., however, ANRL (10-100 micrograms) had no significant effect on resting blood pressure or heart rate. These studies suggest that APRL and ANRL produce no significant cardiovascular effects that are mediated through the CNS. However, both lipids are potent depressor agents, and APRL exhibits a strong peripheral vasodilator action and nonspecifically reduces reactivity to vasoconstrictor agents. PMID- 6746089 TI - Tumor-dependent hypertension. PMID- 6746088 TI - Severe hypertension in childhood due to prolonged skin application of a mineralocorticoid ointment. AB - We report the case of a 9-year-old boy suffering from exzematous dermatitis who was treated for 6 years with a daily dose of 100 mg of a dermatological ointment containing 9 alpha-fluoroprednisolone-21-acetate. At examination the patient's blood pressure was persistently 230/160 mm Hg and was considered essential in origin after secondary forms of arterial hypertension had been excluded. Treatment with nifedipine and labetalol lowered the blood pressure to 150/100 mm Hg. When we became aware of the dermatological treatment, we advised its discontinuance. In the subsequent 7 days, the blood pressure fell to hypotensive levels (75/40 mm Hg) and then became normal a few days after discontinuance of the antihypertensive therapy. This case suggests that prolonged use of topical steroids, commonly prescribed for skin diseases, may cause hypertension, especially in childhood. PMID- 6746087 TI - Vasomotion of renal blood flow in essential hypertension. Oscillations in xenon transit. AB - To assess the frequency and magnitude of phasic renal blood flow changes in essential hypertension, we applied an analytical method based on the estimation of power spectral density to xenon transit through the kidney. Despite similar age and gender distribution of the patients and exclusion of those with accelerated hypertension, mean renal blood flow was significantly lower in 100 patients with essential hypertension (299 +/- 8 ml/100 g/min) than in the 144 normal subjects (335 +/- 6 ml/100 g/min; p less than 0.001). Normalized power, the index of oscillatory behavior, was more than twice normal in patients with essential hypertension (p less than 0.001), but there was no difference in the frequency or cycle length of the oscillation. Two maneuvers that induced renal vasoconstriction, the application of cuffs to the thighs which were then inflated to diastolic blood pressure and an emotional provocation, reduced renal blood flow much more in patients with essential hypertension (p less than 0.01) in association with a striking increase in normalized power (p less than 0.001). The oscillations, which reflected not the phasic blood pressure change but rather the phasic change in renal perfusion, provided additional evidence that renal vasoconstriction plays an active role in the pathogenesis of essential hypertension. PMID- 6746090 TI - Properties of crude Campylobacter jejuni heat-labile enterotoxin. AB - The amount of crude Campylobacter jejuni enterotoxin present in culture products was quantitated by comparing the response of these preparations with that of pure Escherichia coli heat-labile toxin (LT) in the Chinese hamster ovary assay and in enzyme-linked immunosorbent assays that used GM ganglioside or antisera to LT or both. Maximum C. jejuni enterotoxin production was achieved by growth at 42 degrees C for 24 h under agitation in supplemented GC medium. Adding polymyxin separately to either the broth supernatant or the cells enhanced the recovery of toxin; the yield from cell lysates was much lower. The quantity of C. jejuni enterotoxin produced by clinical isolates obtained locally or provided from Mexico varied widely, over a spectrum from none to large amounts; quantitative values for the amount of C. jejuni enterotoxin determined by the Chinese hamster ovary and enzyme-linked immunosorbent assays correlated with the degree of secretory potency of this material in ligated rat ileal loops. The cytotonic activity of C. jejuni enterotoxin in Chinese hamster ovary cells was abolished by heating at 96 degrees C for 10 min and by preincubation either with GM ganglioside or with LT or cholera toxin antisera. The secretory activity of C. jejuni enterotoxin in ligated rat ileal loops was passively neutralized by antiserum to LT, and immunizing rats with either LT or its B subunit significantly (P less than 0.001) reduced fluid response to active challenge with C. jejuni enterotoxin in ligated ileal loops. These observations indicate that strains of C. jejuni vary in their capacity to elaborate a heat-labile enterotoxin that has close immunological homology with LT and cholera toxin. PMID- 6746091 TI - Pathogenicity of anaerobic gram-positive cocci. AB - The pathogenicity of 20 strains of facultative or anaerobic gram-positive cocci (AGPC) was investigated by injecting them alone or mixed with other flora into mice, utilizing the subcutaneous abscess model. Abscesses induced by a mixture of two organisms were uniformly larger than those induced by single organisms. The relationships among seven AGPC strains, eight aerobes, and two Bacteroides spp. were determined by treating the infected animals with antibiotics and observing the effect of therapy directed against one or both organisms present in the abscess. A total of 70 different combinations were tested. As judged by their responses to antimicrobial therapy, facultative cocci or AGPC were relatively more important than the other species in 6 combinations, equally important in 35 combinations, and less important in 29 combinations. The AGPC most often found to be equal to or more important than the other bacteria were Peptococcus magnus, Streptococcus constellatus, and Peptostreptococcus anaerobius. Proteus mirabilis, Escherichia coli, and Staphylococcus aureus were frequently found to be of more importance than the AGPC. PMID- 6746086 TI - Decreased uptake of 3H-serotonin and endogenous content of serotonin in blood platelets in hypertensive patients. AB - The uptake and content of serotonin in blood platelets were studied in patients with essential hypertension and in five families in which at least one member was hypertensive. Blood was obtained from male and female normotensive volunteers and hypertensive patients who were free of medication. Lineweaver-Burk plots of 3H serotonin uptake from both control subjects and hypertensive patients were linear, which suggested simple Michaelis-Menten uptake kinetics. The maximal uptake velocity (Vmax) in hypertensive patients was significantly lower than in control subjects (control = 41.7 +/- 3.3 pmol/min/10(8) platelets, n = 17; hypertensive = 26.6 +/- 3.0 pmol/min/10(8) platelets, n = 16; p less than 0.005). The affinity constant (Km) was slightly but significantly lower in hypertensive patients (control = 0.70 +/- 0.08 microM; hypertensive = 0.46 +/- 0.08 microM; p less than 0.05). The serotonin content in blood platelets determined by high pressure liquid chromatography with electrochemical detection was significantly lower in hypertensive patients (control = 165.0 +/- 12.9 nmol/10(11) platelets, n = 29; hypertensive = 105.9 +/- 10.4 nmol/10(11) platelets, n = 27; p less than 0.001). In the five families investigated, the lowered serotonin content was observed in some normotensive members. The reduced number of carriers of serotonin uptake and the slight decrease in the affinity constant observed in platelets of patients with essential hypertension suggest that serotonin metabolism is altered in essential hypertension and that blood platelets may be a useful model in studying the serotonergic modifications at the molecular level. PMID- 6746092 TI - Zinc concentration and survival in rats infected with Salmonella typhimurium. AB - Percent survival was measured in male rats injected intravenously with live Salmonella typhimurium when plasma and tissue zinc levels were manipulated. Alzet pumps implanted intraperitoneally infused zinc gluconate or sodium gluconate (controls) from the onset of infection to 72 h postinfection. Plasma and tissue zinc levels were manipulated by infusing (i) 180 micrograms of Zn per h to achieve supranormal plasma and tissue zinc concentrations, (ii) 120 micrograms of Zn per h to prevent the infection-induced fall and to maintain plasma zinc levels at noninfection levels while raising tissue levels above that of infected controls, and (iii) 30 micrograms of Zn per h to increase tissue zinc levels while allowing the infection-induced decrease in plasma zinc. Preventing the fall in plasma zinc while raising liver zinc to supranormal levels enhanced rather than reduced percent survival; raising plasma and liver zinc to supranormal levels returned survival to control levels. Loading the liver with an excess of zinc without changing plasma zinc (30 micrograms of Zn per h) did not increase percent survival in the infected host. Pretreatment or administration of zinc at the time of infection led to increased percent survival compared with administration of zinc 4 h after the onset of infection. PMID- 6746093 TI - Role of heme compounds and haptoglobin in Vibrio vulnificus pathogenicity. AB - An induced peritonitis model was employed in mice to determine whether heme containing molecules enhance the lethality of infections by Vibrio vulnificus. The lethality of intraperitoneal (ip) inocula of the bacteria was increased by concurrent injections (ip) of hemoglobin, methemoglobin, or hematin, but not by myoglobin. Similar results were obtained in mice with phenylhydrazine-induced hemoglobinemia, in which after ip injections of V. vulnificus, a direct correlation between lethality and levels of plasma hemoglobin was observed. In vitro studies indicated that the growth of V. vulnificus, which was limited in an iron-poor medium, was enhanced by the addition of hemoglobin in a manner similar to an inorganic iron source, ferric ammonium citrate. These results suggest that V. vulnificus is capable of extracting iron from hemoglobin for use as a nutrilite, thereby promoting growth and increased lethality in the in vivo models. Further studies with human serum cultures demonstrated that the growth of V. vulnificus was not decreased when hemoglobin added to the serum was completely complexed with haptoglobin; these results are in opposition to those with cultures of Escherichia coli. These results are discussed relative to the capacity of V. vulnificus to produce fatal human infections. PMID- 6746094 TI - Effect of fluoride on growth and acid production by Streptococcus mutans in dental plaque. AB - The aim of this study was to measure the effect of fluoride on the production of organic acids by Streptococcus mutans in dental plaque. The effect was studied in a simplified model of dental plaque with gnotobiotic rats monoinfected with S. mutans Ny341. Adaptation of S. mutans to fluoride was induced by feeding one group of the rats on fluoride-containing diet and drinking water. No difference was found in the accumulation of S. mutans on the teeth between the fluoride adapted and the control groups. However, there was a significant difference in the amount of lactic acid in metabolically resting plaque between the groups, lactic acid being lower in the fluoride-adapted plaque. At 5 min after a rinse containing 10% sucrose, a high level of lactic acid was found in plaque from animals not exposed to fluoride. Rinses containing 4 or 20 mM fluoride before the sucrose rinse significantly inhibited the lactic acid production in the control group. In the plaque from rats on fluoridated diet and drinking water the sucrose induced production of lactic acid was not inhibited by a 4 mM fluoride rinse. Moreover, the production of lactic acid in the fluoride-adapted plaque was prolonged. The results indicate that due to fluoride adaptation the inhibition of acid production is unlikely to be important for the caries-preventive action of fluoride. PMID- 6746096 TI - Ultrastructure of Candida parapsilosis endocarditis. AB - We used light microscopy and scanning and transmission electron microscopy to study the structure of Candida parapsilosis vegetations on five surgically removed porcine bioprosthetic valves. Scanning electron microscopy revealed a "mossy" amorphous surface. In some areas, C. parapsilosis cells could be seen below the surface layer. In areas in which the vegetation had cracked, myriads of healthy C. parapsilosis cells were seen to be loosely adherent to one another. These cells were covered with a flocculent or fibrillar matrix. A compact intercellular matrix was evident by transmission electron microscopy. Hyphal elements were seen invading valvular tissue. The loose matrix that bound large clumps of C. parapsilosis cells explains why large emboli are frequent complications of Candida endocarditis. PMID- 6746095 TI - Properties and requirements for production of a macrophage product which suppresses steroid production by adrenocortical cells. AB - Lipopolysaccharide-treated murine peritoneal exudate macrophages (PEM) release a factor or factors into the supernatant that suppress adrenocorticotropic hormone induced steroidogenesis in explanted rabbit adrenocortical cells (J. C. Mathison et al., J. Immunol. 130:2757-2762, 1983). To determine the requirements for suppression, PEM supernatants (30 microliters) were added to explanted rabbit adrenocortical cells in a final volume of 120 microliters with 10 mU of adrenocorticotropic hormone per ml, and after 18 h at 37 degrees C, steroid concentrations were measured by a fluorometric assay. Supernatant from proteose peptone-elicited C3HeB/FeJ PEM (5 X 10(6) PEM per 3.5-cm well, 10 micrograms of Salmonella minnesota Re595 LPS per ml, 18 h) suppressed steroid production ca. 50%, and kinetic studies demonstrated that the appearance of suppressive activity in the supernatant was gradual over 4 to 18 h. Release of suppressive activity was not associated with decreased viability of the PEM (assessed by fluorescein diacetate staining and measurement of lactic dehydrogenase in the supernatant). Suppression was not observed when the PEM supernatant was diluted 10-fold before addition to the adrenocortical cells, whereas supernatant concentrated 20-fold (prepared with a 10,000-molecular-weight-cutoff filter) produced 75 to 80% suppression. The suppressive activity was stable at pH 4, pH 11, or 70 degrees C for 30 min but was inactivated at 100 degrees C (10 min). Suppressive activity was also induced in C3HeB/FeJ PEM by O111:B4 lipopolysaccharide or heat-killed Listeria monocytogenes. In contrast, PEM from C3H/HeJ mice did not produce detectable suppressive activity in response to Re595 lipopolysaccharide or heat killed L. monocytogenes. Thus, these results provide additional support for the inducible, selective release of a macrophage product that could affect the host response to lipopolysaccharide by regulation of the adrenocortical response to adrenocorticotropic hormone. PMID- 6746098 TI - Binding sites for streptococci and staphylococci in fibronectin. AB - Purified cathepsin G fragments of fibronectin were used to locate the binding sites for streptococci and staphylococci in the fibronectin molecule. The iodinated, NH2-terminal, 30-kilodalton (kd) fragment bound to group A and G streptococci and to Staphylococcus aureus. The 125I-labeled, COOH-terminal, 120- to 140-kd fragment bound weakly to group A streptococcus strain and to S. aureus when tested in a buffer of low ionic strength. The 30- and 120- to 140-kd fragments inhibited the binding of iodinated fragments to bacteria. The two fragments were, on a molar basis, equally effective, and they were more potent inhibitors than intact fibronectin. The gelatin-binding 40-kd fragment neither bound to any of the bacterial strains nor inhibited the binding of 125I-labeled 30-kd or 125I-labeled 120- to 140-kd fragments to bacteria. The results indicate that fibronectin has at least two separate binding sites for streptococci and staphylococci, one in the NH2-terminal region and another in the COOH-terminal region of the molecule, both capable of specific interaction with a complementary structure exposed on streptococcal and staphylococcal cell surfaces. PMID- 6746097 TI - Fractionation of hemagglutinating and bacterial binding adhesins of Bacteroides gingivalis. AB - An outer membrane complex containing hemagglutinating and bacterial aggregating activity has been isolated from Bacteroides gingivalis. Examination of the membrane material by biochemical analysis, sodium dodecyl sulfate-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis, and immunological means revealed that the crude outer membrane preparation contained three major proteins and a lipopolysaccharide population that displayed size heterogeneity. At least two membrane proteins as well as the lipopolysaccharide were found to be antigenically active by immunoblot analysis. With gel chromatography and a lipopolysaccharide disaggregating buffer the membrane material was separated into two fractions. An accompanying separation of the two adherence activities was observed. The first membrane fraction, containing mostly protein and carbohydrate material, was found to contain the bacterial aggregating activity. This fraction also contained a high-molecular-weight lipopolysaccharide population. The second membrane fraction, consisting of low-molecular-weight lipopolysaccharide, protein, and loosely bound lipid was found to contain the hemagglutinating activity. PMID- 6746103 TI - Gut mucosal, salivary and serum antitoxic and antibacterial antibody responses in Swedes after oral immunization with B subunit-whole cell cholera vaccine. AB - Gut mucosal, salivary and serum antibody responses to a new oral cholera vaccine, consisting of B subunit and whole cell vaccine (WCV), were studied in Swedish volunteers. A single immunization with a 0.5 mg dose of B subunit together with WCV (5 X 10(10) killed cholera vibrios) induced a local intestinal immunoglobulin A (IgA) antitoxin response in 4/6 (67%) vaccine recipients as evident from specific antibody titre rises in intestinal lavage fluid. A second administration of vaccine did not further enhance the intestinal immune response beyond the peak level induced by the initial immunization. Different doses of B subunit (2.5 and 0.5 mg) given together with 5 X 10(10) killed vibrios (WCV) induced antitoxin antibody responses in serum in about the same frequency, 10/13 (77%) responders versus 13/14 (93%), as well as in saliva, 7/13 (54%) versus 9/14 (64%), and a single immunization was almost as efficient as two vaccine administrations. Single or repeated oral vaccination only irregularly resulted in modest antibacterial titre rises in serum (9/27 = 33%) or saliva (12/27 = 44%), but stimulated a significant mucosal antibacterial response in intestine of 5/6 (83%) examined volunteers. PMID- 6746102 TI - Modifying effects of exercise on clinical course and biochemical response of the myocardium in influenza and tularemia in mice. AB - For a study of the interactions of strenuous physical exercise (daily swimming to exhaustion) and a viral as compared with a bacterial infection with regard to the clinical course and the biochemical response of the myocardium, influenza and tularemia of similar lethality were used in mice. In both infections, expected infection-induced catabolic alterations in the ventricular myocardium were evident 2 days before median lethality was achieved, with a more pronounced wasting in influenza than in tularemia. Exercise before inoculation (preconditioning) was beneficial in that the catabolic effects of both infections were limited and lethality in influenza was reduced. Thus, the myocardial protein degrading effect of influenza did not occur with preconditioning, and oxidative tissue enzyme activities decreased less. In tularemia, cytochrome c oxidase activity was fully preserved with preconditioning, and activation of catalase was less pronounced. Exercise during ongoing infection counteracted the infection induced decrease in the activities of glycolytic and oxidative enzymes in tularemia, but lethality and bacterial counts in the spleen were uninfluenced. Conversely, exhaustive exercise in influenza increased lethality and had no significant effect on cardiac enzymes. These exercise models caused no major alterations in activation of lysosomal enzymes (beta-glucuronidase and cathepsin D). PMID- 6746104 TI - Distribution of radiolabelled lymph cells in lymph nodes and the migratory properties of blood lymphocytes in sheep. AB - The results found in this study supported the concept of lymphocyte populations with preferential migratory pathways. Preferential localization of lymphocytes in lymph nodes could not explain the non-random lymphocyte migration patterns observed in sheep. The migration of lymphocytes isolated from the blood was similar to that of lymphocytes in the efferent lymph of a subcutaneous lymph node, but was different from the migration of lymphocytes isolated from efferent intestinal lymph. The subcutaneous lymph node did not need to be selective for lymphocytes which entered from blood. However, there must be a selective entry of a population of lymphocytes with preference for migrating through mesenteric lymph nodes into efferent intestinal lymph in order to observe the differential lymphocyte migration patterns exhibited by the lymphocytes in the efferent intestinal lymph of sheep. PMID- 6746100 TI - Extracellular phospholipase A2 and lysophospholipase produced by Vibrio vulnificus. AB - Phospholipase A2 and lysophospholipase activities were detected in the culture supernatant fluids of a virulent strain of Vibrio vulnificus. The phospholipase A2 was inactivated by heating at 56 degrees C for 30 min, had an apparent molecular weight of greater than or equal to 80,000 (estimated by gel filtration with Sephadex G-75), and a pI of ca. 5.0. Phospholipid hydrolysis was unaffected by Ca2+ or ethylene glycol-bis(beta-aminoethyl ether)-N,N-tetraacetic acid and was optimal at pH 5.0 to 5.5. The lysophospholipase was not affected by heating at 56 degrees C for 30 min but was inactivated at 100 degrees C and had an apparent molecular weight of greater than or equal to 80,000 and a pI of ca. 4.0. The enzymes were detected coincidentally with a previously described extracellular cytolysin of V. vulnificus; however, they were physically separable from the toxin (which did not possess phospholipase A, C, or D activity) by gel filtration with Sephadex G-75. PMID- 6746101 TI - Sequential metabolic alterations in the myocardium during influenza and tularemia in mice. AB - Mice with generalized influenza or tularemia of similar lethality were studied in an effort to compare biochemical responses of the myocardium during infections of viral and bacterial etiology. A progressive loss of body weight characterized the course of both infections. Accompanying this, the myocardial content of protein and the activities of lactate dehydrogenase, citrate synthase, and cytochrome c oxidase all decreased. However, myocardial protein degradation appeared earlier and was more pronounced in influenza, and the protein changes were accompanied by a rapid decline of myocardial RNA. Activation of acid hydrolases, such as cathepsin D and beta-glucuronidase, occurred in tularemia but not in influenza, whereas leakage of beta-glucuronidase into the plasma occurred in both infections. Conversely, there was a considerably greater activation of myocardial catalase in influenza. These findings suggested that different control mechanisms or metabolic pathways were operative in the degradation of myocardial constituents in influenza as compared with tularemia. The absence of histological signs of myocarditis in either infection appeared to exclude any direct local effects of an inflammatory process on myocardial cells. Since the infections were of comparable lethality (based upon the inoculated dose of organisms), the observed differences in pattern and extent of metabolic responses of the myocardium to these infections may be attributed to different pathophysiological mechanisms evoked by the different microorganisms. PMID- 6746099 TI - Activation of murine polymorphonuclear neutrophils for fungicidal activity with supernatants from antigen-stimulated immune spleen cell cultures. AB - An in vitro model of in vivo immunological activation of murine polymorphonuclear neutrophils (PMN) was developed. Culture supernatants of spleen cells from Blastomyces dermatitidis-immunized mice stimulated with B. dermatitidis antigens in vitro were studied. Incubation of the supernatants with thioglycolate-elicited PMN enabled the cells to significantly reduce (31 +/- 6%) B. dermatitidis inoculum CFU. Optimum production of active supernatants occurred after 4 to 6 days of stimulation in vitro and required 200 micrograms of nonviable B. dermatitidis cells per ml. Generation of activity by immune spleen cells was shown to be antigen specific in that stimulation with a heterologous antigen or stimulation of nonimmune spleen cells with B. dermatitidis antigen did not produce active supernatants. The activity in supernatants was dose dependent, nondialyzable (molecular weight greater than or equal to 14,000), and relatively heat labile (80 degrees C, 30 min). Activation of PMN by supernatants for fungicidal activity against B. dermatitidis required only a short incubation period (1 h) followed by a 2-h coculture (challenge) period. Stimulation of normal spleen cells with concanavalin A also resulted in the production of supernatants capable of activating PMN for significant fungicidal activity (31.1 +/- 8.5%). These findings demonstrate for the first time a link between soluble factors produced by antigen stimulation of sensitized lymphoid cells and activation of PMN for enhanced microbicidal activity. Such a process defines an additional immune defense mechanism whereby the immune host may clear specific microorganisms. PMID- 6746105 TI - Induction of tolerance in mice by uricase and monomethoxypolyethylene glycol modified uricase. AB - The ability to induce tolerance to uricase by the administration of native uricase, and uricase modified by the covalent attachment of monomethoxypolyethylene glycol (PEG) was examined. Uricase, and uricase with PEG attached to 35% (PEG-uricase 35%) and 70% (PEG-uricase 70%) of available amino groups were found to induce tolerance in mice not previously sensitized to uricase. There was a dampening of the IgG, IgE and IgM antibody response to uricase which persisted even after a second sensitizing dose of uricase was administered to these animals. PEG-uricases were found to have little or no immunogenicity when injected into mice and a reduced immunogenicity and antigenicity when tested in rabbits. Native uricase, however, was found to be immunogenic and antigenic in mice and rabbits. Mice sensitized to native uricase were injected with uricase, PEG-uricase 35% or 70% to induce tolerance. After a second sensitizing injection of uricase, circulating levels of IgE, IgG and IgM were measured. All three enzymes induced tolerance in the IgE class of antibody but there was no significant change in the hemagglutinating antibody levels of the mice. Mice injected with 1 mg of uricase died from anaphylaxis. PEG-uricase 35% was found to induce the most effective tolerance in both unsensitized and sensitized mice. PMID- 6746106 TI - Dissociation of chemotactic and inflammatory leukocyte responses. AB - Leukocyte accumulation at inflammatory sites probably involves chemotactic migration of the cells, and it is often presumed that abnormalities in cell accumulation derive from defective chemotaxis. The latter contention was examined by measuring the chemotactic response of leukocytes obtained from the circulation during conditions associated with depressed cellular inflammatory reactions. In two transplanted-tumor models induced by different chemical carcinogens in DA strain rats, monocyte chemotaxis was normal or enhanced while macrophage accumulation at inflammatory foci was severely curtailed. Late pregnancy in outbred Wistar rats depressed macrophage accumulation to peritoneal irritants while enhancing monocyte chemotaxis. Irritant-induced anti-inflammation (counterirritation) in Wistar rats decreased both polymorphonuclear leukocyte and macrophage accumulation during inflammation but enhanced the chemotactic activity of the corresponding cells obtained from the circulation. We concluded that in vitro chemotactic measurements were not predictive of cellular accumulation during inflammation in these conditions and that an intrinsic defect in chemotaxis was insufficient to explain anti-inflammation associated with cancer, pregnancy, or counterirritation. PMID- 6746107 TI - The passage of maternal dietary proteins into human breast milk. AB - Samples of breast milk and serum were taken from 29 women at various stages of lactation before and after they had ingested 1 raw egg and half a pint of cow's milk. The samples were analysed for cow's milk and egg proteins using a solid phase radioimmunoassay. beta-Lactoglobulin, ovalbumin (OA) and ovomucoid were detected in breast milk from 10 out of 19, 13 out of 22 and 7 out of 9 women, respectively, in concentrations ranging from 110 pg/ml to 6.4 ng/ml. Maximum levels in breast milk were attained 4 or 6 h after ingestion and in serum 1-2 h earlier. The OA in breast milk was of normal molecular size (43,500 daltons) and indistinguishable from native OA in the radioimmunoassay. Gel filtration of whole breast milk or high molecular weight fractions at pH 2.6 failed to reveal additional OA, suggesting that immune complexes were not present. In serum, OA was detected both in its native form and in immune complexes. The possible significance of these antigens in the suckling infant is discussed. PMID- 6746108 TI - Immunoglobulin E response during measles. AB - Serum IgE levels were determined in 41 patients with measles infection. 23 patients (56%) had an increased level (greater than 20%) during the acute phase of the disease in comparison with the recovery phase. 14 showed no change, and decreased levels were observed in 4 patients only. In contrast, both IgG and IgA levels decreased or remained unchanged in the majority of the patients during disease activity. The changes in the pattern of serum immunoglobulins during measles might be attributed to selective depletion of T-cell subpopulations. PMID- 6746109 TI - Influence of breast feeding on the development of cow's milk protein antibodies and the IgE level. AB - In 48 infants unselected with regard to atopic heredity, the levels of serum IgG, IgA and IgM antibodies against native cow's milk proteins and IgG antibodies against beta-lactoglobulin were measured with ELISA and the total serum IgE concentration with Phadebas PRIST. Using multiple regression analysis the level of each type of antibody was related to the age at weaning, at first exposure to cow's milk and at sampling. The longer the infants were exposed to cow's milk protein without concomitant breast feeding and the younger they were at the introduction of cow's milk formula, the higher were the IgG antibody levels against native cow's milk proteins. The investigated variables explained only 17% of the variation of the antibody level, however. The IgG antibodies against beta lactoglobulin showed significant negative correlations to the age at weaning and the age at first cow's milk exposure, explaining 8% of the variation. Specific IgA and IgM antibody levels an those of total serum IgE did not show any significant relation to the investigated independent variables. PMID- 6746110 TI - UICC Workshop on the evaluation of screening programmes for cancer. PMID- 6746115 TI - The ability to concentrate iodide as a marker of hormone dependence in GR mouse mammary tumors. AB - We have previously shown that hormone-dependent (HD) but not hormone-independent (HI) mammary tumors of GR mice concentrate iodide. Since hormone dependence is lost during serial transplantation of the tumors, we have investigated whether the ability to concentrate iodide is lost simultaneously. All tumors progressing to hormone independence lost the ability to concentrate iodide at the time of transition from the HD to the HI state. We believe, therefore, that the ability to concentrate iodide is a marker of hormone dependence in GR mouse mammary tumors. PMID- 6746111 TI - Tumor-cell-platelet aggregation does not correlate with metastatic potential of rat 13762NF mammary adenocarcinoma tumor cell clones. AB - The ability of tumor cells to induce platelet aggregation has been correlated with their capacities to colonize the lungs of experimental animals. We tested this hypothesis by studying the ability of cloned, low-passage metastatic tumor cell lines derived from rat 13762NF mammary adenocarcinoma to aggregate rat platelets in vitro and in vivo, and we then compared this activity to metastatic potential by determining the incidence of lung metastasis after subcutaneous or intravenous inoculation of the tumor cell clones into syngeneic rats. Our results failed to show a correlation between in vitro platelet-aggregating activity and metastatic potential. In this system we could not detect platelet-aggregation activity with the most metastatic tumor clone, while least metastatic clone clearly possessed high platelet-aggregating activity. In addition, by measuring changes in blood platelet and fibrinogen concentrations at various intervals following intravenous injection of tumor cell clones, we were able to confirm in vivo the observed in vitro differences in their platelet-aggregating activities. Thus, platelet aggregating activity is heterogeneously expressed among 13762NF cell clones and appears unrelated to spontaneous or experimental metastasis in this tumor system. PMID- 6746112 TI - Antigenic heterogeneity of clones and subclones from human melanoma cell lines demonstrated by a panel of monoclonal antibodies and flow microfluorometry analysis. AB - Cells from two melanoma cell lines, Me43 and GLL-19, were cloned in methylcellulose cultures and 20 randomly selected colonies from each line were picked up by micromanipulation, expanded in liquid cultures, and considered as clones of the original cell lines. The antigenic cell surface phenotype of these clones defined by panel of 12 monoclonal antibodies (MAb) was analyzed by flow microfluorometry (FMF) using a fluorescence-activated cell sorter (FACS II) and compared with the known stable phenotype of the parent cell line. The antibody panel consisted of eight MAb against melanoma-associated antigens, two MAb against monomorphic determinants of HLA-DR (la) and HLA-ABC, respectively, one MAb against the common acute lymphoblastic leukemia antigen (CALLA) and one MAb against carcinoembryonic antigen used as control. A remarkable heterogeneity in terms of qualitative and quantitative expression of the cell surface antigens studied was observed among and within the different clones. The single-cell origin of the clones was assessed by comparing the clonogenic cell frequency, determined by limiting dilutions in microculture plates, with the cloning efficiency observed in Petri dishes. Both techniques using methylcellulose medium gave the same percentages of growing colonies. Cells from four Me43 clones were recloned in methylcellulose and the phenotype of five randomly selected subclones from each clone was analysed using the same panel of monoclonal antibodies. Each subclone also displayed heterogeneity with individual phenotypes different from that of the original clone and from the parental Me43 cell line. The antigen expression by individual cells in situ within clones was analyzed on frozen sections from colonies using the same panel of MAb and a biotin-avidin immunoperoxidase method. The results confirmed the marked heterogeneity of antigen expression within and among colonies, as indicated by the FMF analysis. PMID- 6746113 TI - Enhanced susceptibility to a chemical carcinogen in rats carrying MHC-linked genes influencing development (GRC). AB - In an approach to testing the possible relationship between embryogenesis and carcinogenesis, we examined the susceptibility of rats carrying the grc, which is an MHC-linked gene complex affecting growth and development, to the development of the cellular and biochemical changes known to be associated with the induction of cancer. Genetically related strains which differed mainly by the presence or absence of the grc were fed a diet containing 0.02% N-2-acetylaminofluorene (AAF), and the induction of gamma-glutamyltranspeptidase (GGT)-positive foci, bile-duct proliferation and oval-cell proliferation in the livers of the two groups of animals were scored. All of the rats homozygous for the grc displayed GGT-positive foci (from three to six per section) and extensive bile-duct and oval-cell proliferation. By contrast, only 27% of the animals which did not carry the grc had GGT-positive foci in the liver, and these were present in smaller numbers (from one to three per section); there was no bile-duct or oval-cell proliferation. Biochemical studies of the liver and testes showed that the grc homozygotes had the metabolic abnormalities associated with the development of cancer: increased cholesterol biosynthesis; increased DNA synthesis, as indicated by an enhanced incorporation of 3H-thymidine into DNA; stimulation of the hexose monophosphate (HMP) pathway, as indicated by increased levels of glucose-6 phosphate dehydrogenase (G6PD) and 6-phosphogluconate dehydrogenase (6PGD); and decreased levels of circulating lipoproteins. Both the morphological response of the rats carrying the grc to feeding AAF and the biochemical abnormalities that exist in these animal are consistent with the changes which eventually lead to cancer. Thus, there appears to be a relationship in rats between aberrations in the control of growth and development, susceptibility to the chemical induction of cancer and the control of cholesterol biosynthesis. PMID- 6746117 TI - The isolation and characterization of colorectal epithelial cell lines at different stages in malignant transformation from familial polyposis coli patients. AB - The genetic disease familial polyposis coli (hereditary adenomatosis of the colon and rectum) provides an excellent model for the study of tumour progression in the large bowel. We have isolated and characterized four epithelial cell lines from colorectal tumours from polyposis coli patients. These cell lines are grown on collagen-coated Petri dishes in the presence of mouse 3T3 feeder cells in medium containing 20% foetal bovine serum. Of these cell lines three were isolated from premalignant adenomas and one from an adenocarcinoma. All four lines have a characteristic cuboidal epithelial morphology, and their epithelial origin was confirmed by positive staining with a monoclonal antibody which reacts specifically with the keratin filaments of simple epithelia. The adenoma-derived lines display ultrastructural features characteristic of colonic epithelium including desmosomes, microvilli and mucin droplets. One of the adenoma-derived cell lines, designated PC/AA, has retained differentiated functions in culture, namely mucin production, after 21 in vitro passages. PC/AA has a karyotype of 46, XY with no detectable chromosome rearrangements. The adenoma-derived lines could be passaged from clumps of cells but not from single cells even in the presence of 3T3 feeder cells. The carcinoma-derived line, designated PC/JW, could however grow from single cells in the presence of a feeder layer. The one premalignant adenoma-derived line tested so far, PC/AA, did not produce tumours in athymic nude mice. In contrast, the carcinoma-derived line, PC/JW was tumorigenic in athymic nude mice. PC/JW produced moderately well-differentiated tumours which were histologically similar to the adenocarcinoma from which the cell line was isolated. PC/JW has a near-diploid chromosome number with an isochromosome (1q), an isochromosome (14q) and an (Xp; 17q) translocation. Unidentified marker chromosomes were present in a few cells. The features at present which distinguish the carcinoma-derived line from the adenoma-derived lines are tumorigenicity, growth from single cells and chromosomal abnormalities. The isolation and characterization of differentiating human epithelial cell lines at different stages in malignant transformation provide an opportunity to examine the cellular and molecular mechanisms controlling tumour progression in the large intestine, and to obtain an insight into the multistep process of human epithelial carcinogenesis. PMID- 6746114 TI - Age-related expression of TL antigen in AKR/J mice. AB - A survey of age-related expression of thymus-leukemia (TL) alloantigens (TL 1,2,4) among bone marrow, spleen and thymus cells of grossly normal and leukemic AKR/J mice is presented. The response of the stained cells to antisera directed against TL antigens was analysed by means of the fluorescence-activated cell sorter (FACS) apparatus. A transient expression of TL antigens on cells among the bone marrow population was observed in 1- to 20-day-old AKR/J mice, followed by an undetectable level up to 3 months and its reappearance thereafter. Thymocytes expressed TL from the age of 4 months onwards, reaching a transient maximal level at the age of 6 months in females and 8 months in males. Subsequently, an age related decrease took place. In spleen cells from newborn mice TL expression was seen, followed by a rapid decrease to undetectable levels up to the age of 5-6 months. In most tests the expression of TL4 preceded the TL 1,2 phenotype. The frequency of TL+ leukemias was about 50% among the early-occurring spontaneous leukemias (in 5- to 7-month-old mice) and decreased to 20% with age increase. Leukemia development following treatment with methyl-nitrosourea (MNUA) or exposure to X-rays increased the frequency of TL+ tumors to 75-100%. These results suggest that heterogeneous target cells are involved in AKR leukemogenesis. PMID- 6746116 TI - Multicellular spheroids grown directly from human tumour material. AB - Human tumour cells from surgical material were grown as multicellular spheroids. In 16 out of 20 cultures spheroids with a diameter of more than 250 microns could be observed. In 6 out of 20 cultures more than 30 spheroids with a diameter of at least 300 microns were obtained, i.e. 30% of the cultures fulfilled the criterion for a possible chemosensitivity test on primary cell spheroids. A study of stained sections from the spheroids and the respective tumours, showed that the morphology of the spheroid was very similar that of the tumour from which the cells were derived. Samples from 9 malignant melanomas, 4 bladder carcinomas, 2 renal-cell carcinomas, 2 ovarian carcinomas, 1 lymphoma, 1 colon carcinoma, and 1 schwannoma were tested for spheroid growth. Spheroids were obtained from at least one representative of all these tumour types. However, investigations involving larger numbers of tumours are needed to find out which tumour types are most suitable for further biological characterization of primary cell spheroids and tests for therapy response. PMID- 6746118 TI - The impact of vaginal cytology on cervical cancer risks in Cali, Colombia. AB - The role of vaginal cytology screening in preventing invasive carcinoma of the cervix was investigated in Cali, Colombia. The history of previous participation in screening programs was obtained from 204 patients with invasive carcinoma and from 2 sets of age-matched controls: one from the same health center and one for the same neighborhood of the patient. Our results show that the risk of developing invasive carcinoma is at least 10 times greater in non-screened than in screened women. PMID- 6746119 TI - Socio-economic status, indoor and outdoor work, and malignant melanoma. AB - Among New Zealand non-Maori men, professional, technical, administrative and managerial workers had the highest incidence and mortality rates for malignant melanoma of the skin; labourers and workers in production and transport had the lowest rates. Reclassification of occupations, in terms of both socio-economic status and a three-step scale of outdoor exposure during work, suggested that differences between occupational groups were determined by differences in socio economic status. Outdoor work exposure seemed to have little effect on the risk of melanoma. PMID- 6746121 TI - Geographical distribution of lung cancer in the USSR. AB - During recent years medico-geographical studies on lung cancer in the USSR have been intensified. The results of these studies are reflected in works on the geographical distribution of lung cancer and on the influence of unfavourable natural-economic factors upon lung cancer incidence. The steady increase in lung cancer morbidity and mortality throughout the world is one of the urgent problems of today. Numerous studies have been carried out, and these have identified several aetiological factors which play a certain role in lung cancer development (smoking, occupational hazards, air pollution by industry and traffic). These studies have shown lung cancer to be one of the cancers most closely associated with environmental conditions. Lung cancer is considered to be a disease of the male population inhabiting highly industrialized cities and countries. However, lung cancer incidence has also been increasing recently in the female population of different countries. (V. Merabishvili, G. Tserkovny, 1981) Different levels of morbidity and mortality from lung cancer throughout the world make it necessary to undertake comprehensive studies on the complicated and ever-changing relations between the health status of the population and the effect of natural and economic factors. PMID- 6746122 TI - Geographical distribution of breast cancer in the USSR. AB - This work presents statistical data on breast cancer incidence in the population of the USSR and the Union republics (1970-1980). Mortality rates for the population are also presented, together with trends in compilation of breast cancer patient contingents. The study was based on summarized data on breast cancer incidence and patient follow-up carried out by oncological institutions. PMID- 6746120 TI - Isoenzyme pattern and subcellular localization of hexokinases in human breast cancer and nonpathological breast tissue. AB - Subcellular distribution of hexokinase (HK) isoenzymes in 22 human breast cancers (21 primary cancers and 1 axillary metastatic growth) and 7 non-pathological human mammary gland tissue samples was studied with starch gel electrophoresis on isolated cell fractions obtained by differential centrifugation. Fractions used were cytosol, mitochondria and microsomes. A comparison of two methods for detecting HK activity was made, yielding different results regarding HK II and HK III. A method based on the ability of NADPH to fluoresce in UV gave a constant pattern of HK isoenzymes. In non-pathological breast tissue, only HK I was seen, i.e. in the cytosol and the microsomal fractions. HK I was also seen in all fractions of the cancers, but another more anodal band of HK I, as well as HK II and HK III, consistently appeared in the cytosol fractions. The more commonly used staining technique with tetrazolium dye revealed HK II in 45% and HK III in 50% of the samples. The pattern of HK isoenzymes in the cancers was the same irrespective of estrogen and progesterone cytosolic receptor contents and the histology of the tumors. The fluorescence method is, therefore, much more sensitive than the tetrazolium technique for detecting HK activity after electrophoresis and could explain difference in results obtained by various laboratories. PMID- 6746123 TI - On the clinical value of conventional and new exercise electrocardiographic criteria: a comparative study. AB - We have evaluated the clinical value of new electrocardiographic criteria in exercise testing. In this study, we compared both ST-segment and R-wave amplitude criteria, separately and in combination with the findings from coronary arteriography in 122 patients. In these selected patients application of conventional ST-segment criteria gave a sensitivity of 31% and a specificity of 100%; with application of the slow upsloping ST-segment criteria the sensitivity was 51% and the specificity 82%. Analysis of R-wave amplitude changes alone led to a sensitivity of 50% and a specificity of 61%. In combined interpretation of ST-segment and R-wave amplitude changes the sensitivity was 51% and the specificity 93%. We conclude that slow upsloping ST-segment criteria constitute the most important recent improvement in interpreting exercise test results and that the value of R-wave amplitude changes during exercise in diagnosing significant coronary artery disease is rather low in the individual patient. R wave amplitude changes, however, may have value in patients with a previous myocardial infarction and in reducing false-negative and false-positive responses according to ST-segment criteria. Combined interpretation of ST-segment and R wave amplitude criteria is useful but not very efficient. PMID- 6746124 TI - Sinus node function after autonomic blockade in normals and in sick sinus syndrome. AB - Electrophysiologic studies were performed in 10 normals and 33 patients with sick sinus syndrome before and after total autonomic blockade with propranolol and atropine. In normals both corrected sinus node recovery time (SNRT) and sinoatrial conduction time (SACT) decreased significantly after autonomic blockade. In patients with sick sinus syndrome the corrected SNRT was abnormal (greater than 450 msec) in 16 (48.5%) cases before and 25 (76%) cases (greater than 285 msec) after autonomic ablation (P less than 0.02). Thirteen of 21 patients (62%) with normal intrinsic heart rate and all 12 cases with abnormally low intrinsic rate after autonomic blockade had abnormal corrected SNRT (greater than 285 msec). Mean SACT measured in 19 patients also shortened significantly following pharmacologic denervation. During control it was prolonged (greater than 226 msec) in 8 patients (44%). After autonomic blockade 2 of 13 patients with normal intrinsic heart rate and 3 of 6 with low intrinsic rate showed abnormal SACT (greater than 151 msec). The data suggest that the majority (76%) of patients with sick sinus syndrome have intrinsic abnormality of sinus node automaticity while in a minority (24%) disturbed autonomic regulation is the pathogenetic mechanism. Patients with normal intrinsic heart rate usually have normal intrinsic SACT, while a significant proportion of those with low intrinsic rate have abnormal perinodal conduction. Subjects with abnormal intrinsic heart rate have more severe disturbances of sinus node function than those with normal intrinsic rate. PMID- 6746125 TI - Similarity between women and men in manifestation of myocardial ischemia during exercise. AB - We assessed the effect of gender on the electrocardiographic changes and thallium 201 myocardial perfusion during exercise in patients with coronary artery disease. Eighty-nine patients with coronary artery disease (50% or greater diameter narrowing of one or more major coronary arteries) who had undergone exercise thallium scintigraphy were retrospectively studied. There were 29 women and 60 men. Fifty-six patients had one-vessel disease, 11 patients had two-vessel disease, and 22 patients had three-vessel disease or left main disease. The extent of coronary artery disease was assessed by the Gensini score. There was no difference between men and women in age, medications, number of diseased vessels and the coronary artery disease score. Exercise tolerance was lower, although insignificantly in women compared to men. However, exercise heart rate, double product, and the electrocardiographic response were similar in men and women. Also, both the presence and size of exercise-induced perfusion defects were similar in men and women. Thus, the electrocardiographic response to exercise is not influenced by gender in patients with similar extent of coronary artery disease and comparable manifestations of myocardial ischemia. PMID- 6746129 TI - Is exertional hypotension a useful indicator of high risk coronary artery disease? PMID- 6746128 TI - Candida parapsilosis endocarditis without predisposing cause. AB - Fungal endocarditis has become increasingly frequent in the past decade and invariably occurs in association with predisposing factors. We report a case of Candida parapsilosis in a patient with no predisposing cause. PMID- 6746126 TI - Pregnancy after heart valve replacement. AB - Thirty-two women, aged 21 to 44 years, who had undergone single (25) or multiple (7) heart valve replacement conceived 46 times and gave rise to 33 live-born infants. There were 12 abortions and one stillborn; a premature baby died 24 hr post-partum. Twenty-eight patients had mechanical prostheses and 4 had porcine xenografts, 29 patients being anticoagulated with acenocoumarol during the pregnancy. Cardiac status remained clinically satisfactory under medical treatment in all but one patient who developed heart failure. Fetal complications included cerebral hemorrhage in 1 premature infant, low birth weight in 3 newborns and 1 case of nasal hypoplasia. The incidence of abortion has decreased significantly during the latter part of our experience. It was significantly greater in patients with mitral prostheses. This review suggests that inadequate cardiac function, excessive anticoagulation and a history of primary infertility may increase the risk of abortion. Better control of anticoagulant therapy (accepting an elevation of the therapeutic limit) and improved prevention of pregnancy in high-risk patients are considered responsible for the improved results seen in recent years. PMID- 6746127 TI - Trans-oesophageal Dual-Chamber Pacing. AB - Non-invasive Dual-Chamber Pacing was performed with low threshold current using a newly developed trans-oesophageal lead-electrode in one healthy volunteer. PMID- 6746133 TI - Ultrasonic diagnosis of pulmonary embolism--the second time around. PMID- 6746134 TI - Prolonged sinoatrial pauses. PMID- 6746135 TI - Clinical and echocardiographic correlations in right heart endocarditis. AB - The echocardiographic findings were correlated with the clinical findings and outcome in 23 patients with tricuspid valve or pulmonary valve endocarditis. There were 15 males and 8 females with a mean age of 33.1 +/- 8.4 years. Eighteen patients had tricuspid valve endocarditis, 1 patient had pulmonary valve endocarditis, 3 patients had concomitant mitral valve and tricuspid valve endocarditis, and 1 patient had tricuspid valve and pulmonary valve endocarditis. Twenty of the 23 (87%) patients had a history of intravenous drug abuse. The most common organisms were Staphylococcus aureus (10 of 23 patients or 43%), Streptococcus viridans (5 patients) and Pseudomonas aeruginosa (4 patients). Pulmonary manifestations with septic pulmonary emboli were present in 18/23 (80%) patients, and a regurgitant murmur in 16/23 (73%) patients. Vegetations on the tricuspid valve or pulmonary valve were detected in all patients who had 2D echo, but they were missed by M-mode echo in 2 patients. Nine of the 23 patients (40%) improved on medical therapy, 5 (21%) expired, and 7 (30%) required surgery (tricuspid valve or pulmonary valve replacement in 3, and tricuspid valve excision without replacement in 4). CONCLUSIONS: (1) 11 of 13 patients with persistent infection, multivalvular involvement, fungal or Pseudomonas infection and increasing size of vegetations by echo died or underwent surgery compared to only 1 of 8 patients without these features (P less than 0.01). (2) Staphylococcus aureus infection (10 patients) and flail tricuspid valve or pulmonary valve by echo (6 patients) were not predictive of outcome. PMID- 6746131 TI - The genesis of bifid T waves: experimental demonstration in isolated perfused rabbit hearts. AB - In an attempt to elucidate the genesis of bifid T waves, we recorded transmembrane potentials of subepicardial ventricular muscle fibers simultaneously with a bipolar ventricular electrogram in isolated, perfused rabbit hearts, and the timing of the two apices of the T wave (aT1, aT2) was correlated with ventricular repolarization. The following results were obtained. (1) In seven of the nine hearts in which the repolarization process was mapped on the anterior and posterior surfaces of both ventricles, the 80% repolarization times of the left and the right ventricles were scattered around aT1 and aT2, respectively, and their average values closely corresponded to Q-aT1 and Q-aT2 intervals. This suggested that aT1 and aT2 depended on repolarization of the left and the right ventricles, respectively. (2) In one heart, aT1 appeared to reflect repolarization of the posterior ventricular wall, and aT2 that of the anterior wall. (3) In the remaining heart, aT2 coincided with repolarization of the anterobasal portion of the right ventricle, and aT1 that of the remaining portions of the ventricles. Even when ventricular repolarization was modified by low K+, low Ca2+ or procainamide perfusion, or by premature atrial stimulation, the close temporal correlation of the left and right ventricular repolarization with the two apices of the T wave was maintained. Selective cooling of the perfusate in either the left or the right coronary artery resulted in the production of bifid T waves in which aT2 coincided with the delayed repolarization of the cooled ventricle. We conclude that either physiologically or pathologically delayed repolarization in certain portions of the ventricles is most likely the cause of bifid T waves. PMID- 6746136 TI - Changes of Q wave amplitude during exercise for the prediction of coronary artery disease. AB - We have examined the changes of Q wave amplitude during exercise in 156 patients with chest pain with a view to improving the accuracy of stress testing for the diagnosis of coronary artery disease. Coronary arteriography showed significant disease in 127 patients and normal arteries or minimal disease in 29. The Q wave amplitude was measured in lead CM5 from the computer-derived average of 25 consecutive beats immediately before and at the peak of maximal treadmill exercise. The amplitude was greater in the normal subjects at rest and increased with exercise, but the reverse occurred in those with coronary disease. Using the criterion of decrease or no change of Q wave amplitude during exercise as indicating a positive test, the discriminative capacity of Q wave changes was equivalent to that of ST segment depression and was maintained when patients with myocardial infarction were excluded. Using either an abnormal Q wave or ST segment response to exercise improved the test's sensitivity with a loss of specificity but no change of predictive value. In 42% of patients with coronary disease when both the Q wave and ST segment exercise responses were abnormal coronary disease was predicted with an accuracy of 91%. Analysis of subgroups of patients with coronary artery disease suggested a possible explanation for the observed changes in Q wave amplitude, measurement of which can improve the stress test's accuracy for predicting obstructive coronary artery disease. PMID- 6746130 TI - Ventricular tachycardia soon after myocardial infarction: risk and management. PMID- 6746138 TI - Atrioventricular valve diverticulum--an unusual congenital malformation. AB - A previously unreported congenital malformation was noted in an infant with right atrial isomerism ("asplenia syndrome"). The superior bridging leaflet of a common atrioventricular valve was attached to a band of muscular tissue spanning the atrioventricular junction. A large ventricular diverticulum extended into the substance of this band, possibly due to traction during fetal life. PMID- 6746137 TI - Thrombotic obstruction of Bjork-Shiley valves--diagnostic and surgical considerations. AB - We have evaluated 12 patients with thrombotic obstruction of the Bjork-Shiley valve since 1975, 11 in the mitral and 1 in the aortic position. During this period 442 patients with 303 mitral (181 plano-convex and 122 convexo-concave) and 205 aortic (112 plano-convex and 93 convexo-concave) Bjork-Shiley valves were available for follow-up. The incidence of thrombosis for the plano-convex model was 1.06% per patient year for the mitral position and 0.19% per patient year for the aortic position. The new convexo-concave model has brought down the incidence to 0.78% per patient year for the mitral (P less than 0.01) and 0% per patient year for the aortic valve. The onset of symptoms was acute (less than 15 days) in 41.7% and subacute (greater than 15 days) in 58.3% patients. All patients presented with pulmonary edema. Evidence of inadequate anticoagulation was present in only 3 (25%) patients. Reduction of prosthetic sounds and appearance of a new murmur was highly suggestive of valve thrombosis. Echocardiography and cinefluoroscopy was very useful for the instant recognition of this condition and had obviated the need for cardiac catheterisation in the last 6 patients. Emergency surgery was obligatory in all. Thrombectomy alone was successful in 9 patients. Three patients required replacement of the prosthesis. There was one operative death (mortality 8.3%). The long-term follow-up of these patients (3-82 months, mean 34 months) is excellent. We conclude that thrombotic obstruction of the Bjork-Shiley valve is often not related to inadequate anticoagulation, and more than half of the patients do not present with abrupt onset of symptoms. The convexo-concave model has significantly reduced this problem. Emergency surgery with thrombectomy is the procedure of choice for clotted prostheses. PMID- 6746132 TI - What is the long-term prognosis of patients with coronary spasm and normal coronary arteries? AB - The clinical course of patients with pure coronary artery spasm is variable. Some patients have a chronic course characterized by recurrent angina at rest. Others develop spontaneous remission of symptoms. Most patients have a poor response to long-acting nitrate therapy and a good response to calcium antagonists. Despite the morbidity associated with this syndrome, cardiac mortality is low. When death occurs, it is usually sudden and probably secondary to an arrhythmia. PMID- 6746139 TI - Myocardial bridging: a cause of myocardial infarction? AB - A 50-year-old man was admitted to hospital because of severe and progressive chest pain at rest. Selective coronary arteriography revealed occlusion of the left anterior descending artery at the origin of an intramural course. Intracoronary thrombolysis restored the patency of the otherwise completely normal vessel but did not fully prevent myocardial infarction. PMID- 6746140 TI - Protective effect of metoprolol on emetine induced T wave changes in animals. AB - We studied the protective effect of metoprolol on emetine induced T wave changes in rabbits. None of the rabbits who were beta-blocked before administration of emetine develop the T wave changes observed consistently in the control group. These observations support our clinical impression that emetine-induced T wave changes are produced because of stimulation of peripheral sympathetic nervous system and can be effectively prevented by prior and concomitant beta-blockade. PMID- 6746145 TI - Amiodarone--application and clinical pharmacology in atrial fibrillation and other arrhythmias. AB - Forty patients with atrial fibrillation (AF), 23 patients with ventricular extrasystoles (VES), and 11 patients with various arrhythmias (VA) were treated with amiodarone (0.2-0.6 g/day). Suppression of arrhythmia was 67.5% in AF, 78.2% in VES, and 81.8% in others with VA. Median age of converted patients was higher than that of nonconverted. The duration of AF before treatment was inversely related to drug efficacy. Average time needed for conversion was 6-8 days of treatment. Plasma amiodarone concentration at the day of conversion did not differ from that of nonconverted patients. Amiodarone concentration levels off after the 8th day of treatment, whereas that of the metabolite increases with time of treatment. Biologic half-life of plasma amiodarone after discontinuation of treatment varied, but was higher than 4 days. The percent of decline of the metabolite concentration was lower than that of the parent drug. PMID- 6746143 TI - Caution: digitalis may be injurious to post-infarction patients. PMID- 6746142 TI - In defense of digitalis use in the coronary patient. PMID- 6746144 TI - The training of cardiologists in France. PMID- 6746141 TI - Atrial septal motion in obligatory right to left shunt. AB - An adult patient with a hypoplastic right heart with intact ventricular septum, pulmonary atresia, secundum ASD and a PDA was studied by 2-D echocardiography. A striking flap valve motion of the primum portion of the interatrial septum was observed. This is perhaps the first report of its kind in an adult. PMID- 6746146 TI - An individualized plastic intraoral device for the collection of human parotid saliva. AB - A new individualized, non-invasive device for the collection of parotid saliva is described which offers the following advantages: automatic placement in the proper position for saliva collection by patients without the help of a technician, lack of deadspace, lack of salivary leakage around the device, elimination of cross contamination between patients, and unlimited re-use. Because of its simplicity, it is an ideal device for routine collection of parotid saliva samples in therapeutic drug monitoring, biochemical monitoring of exposure to toxic materials, and detection of secretory component deficiencies of immune system disorders. PMID- 6746147 TI - Bioavailability of Nalidixic acid from uncoated tablets in humans--Part II: Bioavailability in beagles and its correlation with bioavailability in humans and in vitro dissolution rates. AB - The bioavailability of nalidixic acid in beagles was determined using the same tablet formulations previously tested on humans and was compared with bioavailability in humans and with in vitro dissolution rates. The beagle bioavailability test provided lower power in all of the bioavailability parameters than did the human test. Tmax of the tablets did not greatly differ in beagles, although in humans a wide variation of Tmax was seen. A linearity between Cmax and AUC0-infinity was observed in beagles, but Tmax did not show a linearity with Cmax or AUC in dogs, which is quite different from the relations observed in humans. The rank order of tablets according to Cmax was exactly the same between humans and beagles. AUC also showed the same rank order between humans and beagles except for on tablet with a poor disintegrating ability. A significant correlation between human and beagle Cmax values was obtained (r = 0.8952; p less than 0.05), but not between human and beagle AUC and Tmax values. PMID- 6746148 TI - Effects of atropine on atrial refractoriness and its dispersion in humans. AB - To evaluate the influence of atropine on atrial refractoriness and its dispersion, we studied ten subjects with sinus bradycardia who were otherwise healthy. Effective and functional refractory periods were measured at three sites of the right atrium (high, middle, and low in the lateral wall), in sinus rhythm and during atrial pacing (120/min), before and after i.v. administration of 0.04 mg/kg of atropine. Both before and after administration, dispersion of atrial refractoriness was determined from the range of refractory periods measured at the three atrial sites as the longest minus the shortest refractory period. Our data indicate that atropine was able to significantly reduce refractoriness and its dispersion. The study protocol allowed us to exclude the possibility that cycle length played a role. The antivagal effect of atropine seemed to explain our findings, even if the possibility that the drug had a direct effect could not be excluded. PMID- 6746150 TI - Effect of D-glucitol-hexanicotinate on platelet aggregability in patients with coronary heart disease. AB - D-glucitol-hexanicotinate (sorbinicate) was administered at a daily dose of 1.6 mg to 16 male patients who had survived myocardial infarction. Platelet aggregation induced by collagen (5 micrograms/ml), by ADP (2, 1.2, 0.8, and 0.4 X 10(-6)M), and by epinephrine (1 and 0.5 X 10(-6)M) was significantly decreased after 3 months of therapy. In a group of 13 comparable patients, who did not receive sorbinicate, platelet aggregation induced by ADP (1.2, 0.8, and 0.4 X 10( 6)M) and by epinephrine (1 X 10(-5)M and 1 X 10(-6)M) was significantly increased 3 months after entry into the study. Sorbinicate has effective lipid-lowering activity; the combination of hypolipidemic and anti-aggregating properties may prove important in primary and secondary prevention of atherosclerotic disease. PMID- 6746149 TI - Incidence of isoniazid acetylation phenotypes in North Indians. AB - Isoniazid acetylation phenotypes were determined in 110 cases (55 of pulmonary tuberculosis and 55 of nontubercular chest diseases) by sulphadimidine acetylation test (Bratton and Marshall method). Cases with more than 65% of acetylated sulphadimidine in urine at 6th h were classified as fast acetylators, those with less than 50% as slow acetylators and others with values between 50 65% as intermediate acetylators. There were 39.09% fast, 46.36% intermediate and 14.55% slow acetylators. Possible factors for difference in results from other Indian studies have been discussed. Sulphadimidine acetylation showed no variation due to presence of disease, age, sex, religion, place of origin, height, weight and smoking habits. However, 79% of those who took alcohol regularly turned out to be fast acetylators. PMID- 6746151 TI - Brand versus generic prescribing: a perspective of the Indian cardiologists' viewpoint. AB - Pretested mail survey questionnaires consisting of four close-ended, six open ended questions and an "anonymous prescribing" exercise were sent to 612 members of the Cardiological Society of India. This was done to assess their opinion regarding generic prescribing, to record the incidence of generic prescribing for digoxin and furosemide and to evaluate the extent of comprehension of novel terminology like bioequivalence, generic equivalence and therapeutic equivalence. The majority of the responders opted for brand prescribing and mentioned that substitution by a pharmacist was not acceptable. The reputation of the firm, availability and ease of remembering the name, cost and impact of medical representative were, in descending order, the reasons for the option of a specific brand name. The innovator's brand of digoxin (Lanoxin) was prescribed by 59% while 37% wrote the generic name. Lasix was the most often prescribed (77%) brand of furosemide. Comprehension of the novel terms was not related to years of practice or to the place of practice. The need for evaluation of brands encountered by the prescriber in future studies on brand versus generic prescribing has been emphasized. PMID- 6746153 TI - Pharmacokinetics of cefoxitin in patients with pleural effusion on a multiple dosage regimen. AB - The pharmacokinetics of cefoxitin were studied in 6 healthy volunteers and in 5 patients with pleural effusion of varied etiologies. The antibiotic was administered in a multiple dosage regimen of 30 mg/kg every 8 hours. Cefoxitin concentrations in serum and pleural fluid were determined after administration of the third dose corresponding to the levels of steady-state in both fluids. The elimination half-life of the antibiotic from the pleural fluid comes to 3.51 +/- 1.15 h, which is significantly greater than the serum half-life, (t 1/2 = 1.42 +/ 0.51 h). This kind of multiple dosage regimen ensures therapeutic levels of cefoxitin in the pleural fluid during the entire treatment. PMID- 6746158 TI - Conditioned abstinence in alcoholics: a controlled experiment. AB - The existence of conditioned abstinence symptoms in 16 abstinent alcoholics was investigated by comparing their subjective, physiological, and behavioral responses while viewing slides of alcohol-related and non-alcohol-related stimuli. The alcoholics were randomly assigned to one of two groups. The first group viewed a set of six alcohol-related slides the first day and a set of six non-alcohol-related slides the following day. The second group looked at the same slides, but the order of presentation was reversed. Alcohol-related slides produced significantly greater increases in subjectively reported alcohol craving and anxiety scores. There were no differences between the two sets with regard to physiological measures or subjective reports of heart rate. The global observations showed significant differences between the alcohol-related and non alcohol-related slides. PMID- 6746157 TI - An empirical examination of the social bond theory of drug use. AB - The purpose of the present study was to investigate the relationship between control theory, measured through a created social bond scale, and the respondents' self-admitted drug use (alcohol, marijuana, tobacco, amphetamines, and barbiturates). An analysis was conducted of self-reported drug use data from a general Texas adult population. This analysis included a series of bivariate cross-comparison correlations between the independent variable (social bond) and the dependent drug variables. The relationship between the independent and dependent variables was further examined by calculating the correlation and level of significance within selected categories of several demographic (age, race, sex, education, income, and marital status) variables. The results showed a significant positive correlation between reduced social bonding and greater drug use. However, while these relationships were significant, they were relatively weak and of little explanatory value. It was concluded that Hirschi's social bond theory fails to provide an adequate explanation for the use of drugs within the framework of this analysis. PMID- 6746154 TI - Increased nonrenal clearance of cimetidine during antituberculous therapy. AB - To investigate the influence of antituberculous treatment on Cimetidin (Ci) disposition, 300 mg Ci were administered intravenously to 12 patients on triple drug therapy (Ethambutol 25 mg/kg/d, Isoniazid 8 mg/kg/d, Rifampicin (Rif) 8 mg/kg/d) and to 13 healthy subjects. Plasma levels and urinary recovery of Ci and its major metabolite Ci-Sulfoxide (CiS) were measured by HPLC. In patients on tuberculostatics nonrenal clearance (Clnr) increased by 52% (395 +/- 85 ml/min, controls 261 +/- 74 ml/min), while total clearance (ClB) (703 +/- 154 ml/min controls 632 +/- 118 ml/min) and volume of distribution (Vd beta) (1.35 +/- 0.33 l/kg, controls 1.6 +/- 0.37 l/kg) remained unchanged. The reduced renal clearance of Ci in the patients (308 +/- 125 ml/min, controls 371 +/- 115 ml/min) appeared to be mainly dependent on reduced renal function and not on antituberculous therapy. The CiS/Ci ratio in urine was unchanged in the patients (16 +/- 6.5, controls 20.5 +/- 10.6). The increased elimination of undegraded Ci via nonrenal pathways under tuberculostatic triple drug therapy may be a consequence of Rifampicin induced microsomal enzyme induction. PMID- 6746155 TI - Pharmacokinetics of lidocaine in healthy individuals pretreated with multiple doses of metoprolol. AB - The effect of pretreatment with multiple doses of 100 mg of metoprolol on the pharmacokinetics of lidocaine has been studied in six young healthy subjects. The lidocaine dose was 100 mg and the infusion time 12 minutes. Metoprolol had no effect on the levels or the time course of lidocaine in the plasma. The disposition characteristics of the antiarrhythmic agent were not significantly altered by metoprolol in these individuals. These results cannot be extrapolated to prolonged infusion of lidocaine in patients with myocardial infarction. PMID- 6746156 TI - Paraprofessional versus professional drug abuse counselors: attitudes and expectations of the counselors and their clients. AB - Three groups of methadone maintenance and drug-free outpatient counselors, ex addict paraprofessionals (EXAs), non-ex-addict paraprofessionals (NEAs), and degreed professional counselors (PROs), were contrasted in terms of their views of drug abuse and drug treatment, their attitudes toward and expectations for their clients, and in terms of their clients' attitudes toward them. Across groups, counselors agreed on the major cause of drug abuse, the critical factor in treatment, the definition of treatment success, and their expectations for client success. While clients of the three groups viewed their counselors are equally able to understand them and were equally confident of the counselors, the clients of EXAs saw their counselors as more knowledgeable about critical issues of drugs and the street scene, were more willing to bring personal problems to their counselors, and expected and desired more participation from their counselors in both counseling-related and personal problems. PMID- 6746161 TI - The "urge to classify" the narcotic addict: a review of psychiatric classification. II. AB - Attempts to classify drug addicts are divided into three main groups: (1) psychiatric classifications, (2) psychosocial classifications, and (3) classifications by pattern of abuse. An extensive literature review of the psychiatric classifications of narcotic addicts suggests that there is no one diagnosis that fits all narcotic addicts and that the importance of psychopathology in drug addiction has been exaggerated. It is concluded that theoretical psychiatric classifications of narcotic addicts have failed to stimulate empirical research and that empirical classifications have not demonstrated their utility for treatment and prognosis. PMID- 6746159 TI - The phenomenological structure of drug-induced ego states. II. Barbiturates and sedative-hypnotics: phenomenology and implications. AB - Empirically derived descriptions of experiential states, induced by heavy, chronic consumption of drugs, provide valuable information for treatment personnel as well as for scientists studying drug abuse or pharmacology. A 7-year program of research has studied persons committed to heavy, long-term use of several prominent substances of abuse. This report results from that research and provides a phenomenological description of the psychological state induced by heavy, chronic use of barbiturates and sedative-hypnotics. Interview, Q-sort and semantic differential data indicate the barbiturate state is intensely unpleasant: a state in which users lose desired characteristics, take on undesired characteristics, engage in self-destructive acts, and emerge in worse condition than before entering it. Explaining why people choose to enter such a state is difficult. Several theoretical alternatives for doing so are considered. Psychotherapy with these individuals must deal with the theme of abandonment/rejection that permeates their lives and with the diffuse hostility, expectations of failure and defeat, self-destructive tendencies, and feelings of hopelessness that they display. Suggestions are presented for treatment of individual cases. PMID- 6746160 TI - Smoking cessation with hospital employees: an example of worksite smoking cessation. AB - Fifteen hospital employees and two patients completed a smoking cessation treatment program of 10 1-hour sessions. At 6-month follow-up, 13 of the employees were still working at the hospital and were able to be contacted. Of those employees who completed treatment and were still employed, seven were not smoking, a success rate of 53%. Worksite smoking cessation programs are viewed not only as cost-effective ways for hospitals to help their employees stop but as a way of encouraging their employees to model more healthy behavior to patients. PMID- 6746162 TI - Drug misuse/abuse intervention: a schematic tool for decision making and planning. AB - A catalytic conceptual tool is presented to facilitate the concerned reader's decision making with regard to personally developing and/or participating in more effective drug misuse/abuse intervention efforts. The reader is asked to consider and select the interface between 16 areas of potential intervention, 4 sources of drug abuse typologies, and 6 foci for intervention which is most suitable to his/her roles, skills, interests, and concerns. PMID- 6746152 TI - Clinical investigations on the pharmacology of azosemide (SK-110) in comparison with furosemide in healthy volunteers. AB - In this study, 60 mg of Azosemide and 40 mg of Furosemide were each administered to 2 volunteer persons. The daily urine volume after administration of both drugs was almost the same. Azosemide didn't show such rapid diuretic effect as was seen in Furosemide, but Azosemide proved to have a mild diuretic and protracted effect as compared with Furosemide. The influence on a daily urinary and fecal excretion of electrolyte and the decrease of serum electrolytes proved to be the same in administration of either drug. However, in the case of Furosemide, most of the electrolytes were excreted within 3 hours after administration, while Azosemide showed mild and prolonged excretion. The effect of both drugs on serum uric acid was almost the same showing a slightly rising trend. PMID- 6746164 TI - The ultrastructure of experimental arthrosis in dogs. AB - Experimental arthrosis was induced in previously healthy joints in a group of dogs by injection of fluid aspirated from another joint of the same animal previously damaged by trauma under sterile conditions. Using electron microscopy progressive degenerative changes were observed at the surface of the joint, in the extracellular matrix, in the chondrocytes and in the pericellular band. The changes increased following serial injections of the joint fluid. In another series, the joints were injected either with the centrifuged concentrate or the supernatant fluid and a comparison made of the contrasting effects upon the cellular and extracellular structures. PMID- 6746163 TI - The effects of exercise on the bones of postmenopausal women. AB - The effects of walking and aerobic dancing on the bones of 73 recently postmenopausal women have been compared by photon absorptiometry of the distal radius with a control group who did not exercise. The period of observation was six months. Results showed that the control group and the walking group lost statistically significant amounts of bone mineral content (1.6%, and 1.7% respectively), but that the dancing group did not (0.8%). The control group did not show a significant increase in the bone width (0.9%), but both the dancing (1.3%) and walking (1.6%) groups did. Changes in the cross-sectional moment of inertia of the radius were estimated for each subject based on bone mineral content and bone width values. Both exercise groups experienced significant increases in this variable, while the control group did not. Plasma oestrogen levels were not influenced by exercise. The results support the hypothesis that mechanical loading due to exercise may be effective in preventing postmenopausal osteoporosis. PMID- 6746165 TI - Osteotomy for osteoarthritis of the hip. A clinical and radiological survey. AB - The authors have reviewed the clinical and radiological results of 70 intertrochanteric osteotomies in 65 patients. The mean follow-up was 8 years and most of the patients (53 osteotomies) were examined from 6 to 15 years after operation. The mean age at operation was 47 years. In almost two-thirds of patients the osteoarthritis was secondary to congenital disorders of the hip. The technique was usually a rotational osteotomy with slight medial displacement. The clinical results were satisfactory in 49 osteotomies and unsatisfactory in 21. The radiological results were less encouraging, but an impression was gained that a poor radiological appearance does not necessarily preclude a good clinical outcome. There was no significant statistical difference in the results between primary and secondary osteoarthritis. No clear patterns could be established to explain why the operation succeeded in some patients and failed in others. PMID- 6746168 TI - A new method for osteosynthesis using dielectric (non-conductive) fixation devices. AB - Investigation in the field of electrophysiology shows that bioelectric phenomena of different origin are present in bone, the most important being the bioelectric potential connected with bone viability and metabolism. The negative biopotential is high at the fracture site where metabolism is also increased. During healing the negative values decrease and when it is complete the configuration of biopotentials along the length of the bone regains the pattern characteristic of intact bone. Negative biopotentials are needed to achieve callus formation and they disappear when healing has occurred. A metal device is used for osteosynthesis to obtain stable fixation of the fragments, but the electroconductive metal produces a 'short-circuit' of biopotentials along its length, so depriving the bone of necessary negative biopotential. Consequently the intensity of the metabolic processes is also reduced, leading to a relative delay in callus formation. Although a plaster cast may fail to provide adequate stability the natural electrophysiological conditions are preserved, and the period of callus formation is shortened. The negative biopotentials required for fracture union may be preserved by using non-conductive (dielectric) implants to achieve stable osteosynthesis. PMID- 6746166 TI - Bone mineral content in men with fractures of the upper end of the femur. AB - The bone mineral content in both forearms was measured in 34 men who had sustained fractures of the upper end of the femur and a 10-13% reduction from normal was found. Those men who were alcoholics or who had undergone gastric resection did not differ significantly from the remainder. In a parallel study in women the reduction of bone mineral mass was less and was scarcely detectable. PMID- 6746167 TI - [The Chance fracture and its variants]. AB - Five cases of Chance fracture are reported, representing 0.6% of the spinal fractures treated at the Orthopedic Clinic of the University of Athens during the last 10 years. This fracture is frequently not recognized and diagnosis is delayed because of this fact. The mechanism and the clinical and radiological signs are discussed. A classification is proposed that contains four varieties of this lesion. The Chance fracture is discussed with regard to stability, as surgical stabilization is reserved for unstable fractures (types B, C, D). PMID- 6746170 TI - Contracture of the adductor pollicis and the first dorsal interosseous muscles. AB - Trauma, infection, local injections and even acupuncture may cause fibrosis of the muscles of the first web space of the hand, leading to severe malposition and loss of function of the thumb and index finger. The authors present the anatomical basis for the deformity and the results of surgical treatment by tenotomy or tendon lengthening in 120 hands in 79 patients. Operation produced an excellent result in the majority of cases and the outcome was independent of the severity of the deformity or the duration of the condition. PMID- 6746169 TI - The pathogenesis of tendolipomatosis; an electron microscopical study. AB - The development of tendolipomatosis has been studied both by light and scanning electron microscopy in the tendons of healthy persons killed in accidents. Lipid cells are rarely seen in the intact tendon. In the early stages of tendolipomatosis lipid cells are found deep and singly but in the later phases lipocytes are seen to disrupt the continuity of collagen fibres and tendon bundles and so reduce the strength of the tendon. PMID- 6746174 TI - Proliferation of motor end-plates induced by increased muscular activity. AB - The effects of muscular activity on the motor end-plates were studied. To simulate an overload training on the diaphragm, Japanese waltzer mice were subjected to hypobaric hypoxia (simulated altitude of 3000 m) for 7 and 14 days. After demonstration of the end-plates by AChE-staining, their size and total number in the sternal part of the diaphragm were measured at the light microscopic level. The end-plate regions were enlarged after 7 days and were increased in number after 14 days. These changes can probably be explained by the mechanisms of terminal and collateral sprouting. The electron-microscopic examination showed no ultrastructural peculiarities in either of the experimental groups. The muscle fibers of the trained animals showed a strong reaction of AChE; thus, it was suggested that end-plate proliferation was myogenically induced. PMID- 6746172 TI - Carrageenan-mediated suppression or augmentation of mitogen-induced lymphocyte proliferation. AB - The effects of carrageenan on mitogen-induced lymphocyte proliferation were studied in the guinea pig. According to the dose used, carrageenan displayed opposite effects on thymidine uptake by spleen cells or peripheral blood leukocytes stimulated by Concanavalin A or phytohemagglutinin (25 micrograms ml-1 carrageenan increased whereas 0.25 microgram ml-1 depressed thymidine incorporation). Carrageenan, at the high concentration which increased thymidine uptake by mitogen-stimulated spleen cells, potentiated the enhancing activity of macrophages that was observed with cell suspensions containing 20% macrophages. Conversely, low concentrations of carrageenan abolished the enhancing effect of macrophages. These effects of carrageenan on lymphocyte proliferation could be explained by its activities on a macrophage functional subset rather than on the whole macrophage population. PMID- 6746171 TI - The early treatment of peritalar dislocation. AB - Peritalar dislocation is an uncommon injury and was first described after flying accidents. Ten patients are reported who sustained this injury after minor trauma. They were treated by closed reduction and immobilisation of the ankle in a plaster cast for between 10 and 12 weeks, the first 2 weeks being non weightbearing. No degenerative changes were detectable in the subtalar joints one year after injury. Early reduction and immobilisation may be significant in reducing the incidence of degenerative arthritis in the subtalar joint. PMID- 6746178 TI - Studies on the lysosomal enzyme system of the liver in rats undergoing swimming training. AB - Lysosomal acid phosphatase, beta-glucuronidase, and cathepsin-D were studied in liver cell fractions of rats regularly exercised by swimming. On the 21st day of the training, enzyme activities in the extralysosomal fraction and in the lysosomal fraction were higher and lower, respectively, than in the untrained controls. On the 40th day an increased enzyme activity was found in both fractions. By the end of the training period (54th and 80th days), a slightly decreased activity was recorded in both fractions. Lysosomal membrane permeability for enzymes was higher during the first period of the training, in particular when estimated under hypotonic conditions. Regular swimming training or 12-day treatment by ACTH stabilized the membrane of the liver lysosomes. This stabilization was believed to be mediated by corticosteroids mobilized by exercise or by the administration of ACTH. PMID- 6746173 TI - Immunoenhancing effect of flavonoid compounds on lymphocyte proliferation and immunoglobulin synthesis. AB - Flavonoid compounds are lipophilic agents which can interact with membrane lipids and may affect responsiveness of immune cells. We therefore studied whether cianidanol ((+)-catechin), the O-methyl-derivative (+)-3-methoxy-5,7,3',4' tetrahydroxyflavan and palmitoyl-derivative (+)-3-palmitoyl-5,7,3',4' tetrahydroxyflavan influence T and B cell functions. In addition, immunomodulatory property of ubiquinone 50 was also investigated. As controls were used cyclosporin A and inosine which are known to inhibit or enhance immune responses, respectively. The in vitro spontaneous, antigen and mitogen induced proliferation as well as immunoglobulin synthesis of peripheral blood mononuclear cells from healthy individuals was determined in the presence of different concentrations of the agents. All flavonoid compounds and ubiquinone 50 significantly increased (p less than 0.05 - less than 0.01) the spontaneous lymphocyte transformation but hardly affected antigen, alloantigen and mitogen induced proliferative response. Only cianidanol and O-methyl-derivative enhanced significantly (p less than 0.05 - less than 0.01) spontaneous, pokeweedmitogen and Staphylococcus aureus Cowan I induced immunoglobulin synthesis while the palmitoyl-derivative and ubiquinone 50 had only minor influence on B cell function. In contrast, Staphylococcus aureus induced immunoglobulin production was neither increased by inosine nor suppressed by cyclosporin A. These studies show that especially cianidanol and the O-methyl-derivative can exert an immunoenhancing effect on T and B cell functions. PMID- 6746176 TI - The effects of menopause and training on serum lipids. AB - Forty women were studied to determine the effect of training and menopause on serum levels of total cholesterol (Tc), HDL cholesterol (HDL-C), LDL cholesterol (LDL-C), and the ratio of HDL-C/LDL-C. Subjects were assigned to one of four groups: (a) premenopausal trained runners (Pre-T) (25-75 miles per week) (VO2max 44.82 ml/kg-1 X min-1) (N = 10); (b) premenopausal untrained who took part in no regular aerobic exercise (Pre-UT) (VO2max 28.60 ml/kg-1 X min-1) (N = 10); (c) postmenopausal trained runners (Post-T) (25-65 miles per week) (V02max 40.25 ml/kg-1 X min-1) (N = 10); (d) postmenopausal untrained who took part in no regular aerobic exercise (Post-UT) (VO2max 21.50 ml/kg-1 X min-1) (N = 10). None of the women smoked, were taking oral contraceptives, or any form of hormonal replacement. The postmenopausal women had all undergone natural menopause. Analysis of variance indicated: (a) no significant differences between Pre-T and Pre-UT in measures of Tc (188.04 mg/dl; 206.46 mg/dl) and HDL-C (73.2 mg/dl; 62.10 mg/dl) (P greater than 0.05) and a significant difference between Pre-T and Pre-UT in LDL-C (114.57 mg/dl; 144.57 mg/dl) and HDL-C/LDL-C (0.66; 0.44) (P less than 0.05); (b) no significant differences between Pre-T and Post-T for Tc, HDL C, LDL-C, and HDL-C/LDL-C (P greater than 0.05); (c) significant differences between Pre-UT and Post-UT in Tc (206.46 mg/dl; 241.15 mg/dl), LDL-C (144.36 mg/dl; 184.85 mg/dl), and HDL-C/LDL-C (0.44; 0.32) (P less than 0.05), and no significant difference between these groups in HDL-C (P greater than 0.05); (d) no significant difference between Post-T and Post-UT in Tc (P greater than 0.05) and significant differences between these groups in measures of HDL-C (74.14 mg/dl; 55.54 mg/dl); LDL-C (141.45 mg/dl; 185.85 mg/dl), and HDL-C/LDL-C (0.57; 0.32) (P less than 0.05).(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS) PMID- 6746179 TI - Pigmented cosmetic dermatitis. PMID- 6746175 TI - Steroid receptors in two types of rabbit skeletal muscle. AB - Radiolabeled synthetic steroid hormones and a charcoal adsorption assay were used to identify cytosolic androgen, glucocorticoid, and estrogen receptors in skeletal muscle from rabbits. The presence of the receptors was verified by saturation analysis showing low-capacity, high-affinity binding for the steroid receptor complexes, specific for each class of steroids. The concentration of androgen and estrogen receptors were of the same magnitude, whereas the corresponding value for the glucocorticoid receptor was about tenfold higher. Comparisons of fast-twitch (the gastrocnemius/plantaris complex) and slow-twitch (soleus) muscles revealed that the latter contained higher concentrations (expressed per g of tissue wet weight) of glucocorticoid and estrogen receptors, but not of androgen receptor. Expressed per mg of soluble protein, the slow twitch muscle contained higher concentrations of all three receptors, but when related to the concentrations of all three receptors, but when related to the concentration of DNA, only the concentration of estrogen receptor was higher in the slow-twitch muscle. Different response of the two fiber types to direct action of steroid hormones can hence be expected. The fast-twitch muscle contained a higher concentration of soluble protein, whereas the slow-twitch muscle contained higher concentration of DNA, resulting in lower protein/DNA ratio, i.e., smaller "cell units," in the latter muscle. PMID- 6746177 TI - Biological and technological variability of three anaerobic ergometer tests. AB - To assess the relative biological and technological variability of anaerobic testing, 27 male subjects performed either 30- or 60-s sprint bouts on a hydraulically braked Fitron ergometer or timed rides to exhaustion at 125% VO2max on an electrically braked Collins ergometer. Each subject performed four trials within a 4-week period, with blood drawn 10 min post-exercise for lactate determination. Total variability was estimated from the mean coefficient of variation (CV = SD/means X 100%) for each variable. There were no significant differences across the four trials of each test for any of the variables measured (mean power or ride time, peak torque, fatiguability, or blood lactate). There were also no significant differences in test variabilities. The mean CV of performance were 5.4%, 5.4%, and 5.3% for the 30-s Fitron, 60-s Fitron, and exhaustive tests, respectively. The magnitude of this variability is nearly identical to that reported for tests of aerobic fitness. Only 10%-30% of the variability was of technological origin. This variability must be considered in the interpretation of experiments utilizing anaerobic performance tests. PMID- 6746180 TI - Pathology of granulomatous diseases. Epithelioid granulomas, Part II. PMID- 6746181 TI - Is dermatitis herpetiformis a nutritional disease with hematologic consequences? PMID- 6746182 TI - In vivo studies of the evolution of physical properties of the human skin with age. AB - In vivo measurements taken by valid methods, help to interpret the phenomena associated with the aging process. The authors developed some routine techniques to measure physical properties of the skin both deep in the dermis-epidermis and at the surface (stratum corneum). Measurements on the forearm of 150 people yielded the following results regarding the dermis-epidermis level: (1) skin thickness begins to decrease at 45 years of age for men and women, when women's skin becomes thinner than men's skin; (2) torsion extensibility, normalized for a given skin thickness, sharply decreases after 35 years of age; (3) skin optical properties are modified, ie the photoplethysmographic signal, measured on the forehead, greatly increase after 60 years of age; (4) at the cutaneous surface level, the main modifications are increased shedding of stratum corneum after 60 years of age in parallel with a modification of the stratum corneum cohesivity, altered skin microrelief during the aging process, and slightly decreased transepidermal water loss while the corneocyte projected size increases. These findings allow consideration of the aging process at the skin level as a phased process. The alterations of the physical properties and their kinetics suggest a various process according to the different cutaneous sections. PMID- 6746183 TI - Cutaneous coccidioidomycosis simulating lepromatous leprosy. PMID- 6746184 TI - Psoriatic myopathy. PMID- 6746185 TI - Cysticercosis. PMID- 6746186 TI - Tuberculosis of the skin. PMID- 6746187 TI - Blood levels of hexavalent chromium in rats. "In vitro" and "in vivo" experiments. AB - For the Cr(VI) selective separation from biological materials we have developed a highly rapid extraction-separation method with liquid anion exchanger as Amberlite LA-1 or LA-2. The analytical determination of Cr(VI) in organic phase was carried out using electrothermal atomic absorption spectroscopy (ETA-AAS). After i.v. administration of 0.5 and 2.5 mg/kg b.w. of K2Cr2O7 in male Wistar rats the biological samples, collected at different times, were immediately analyzed. Cr(VI) was not detected in whole blood one minute after administration of the lower dose. In blood of rats receiving higher dose an incomplete reduction of Cr(VI) was observed. Such data demonstrate a highly rapid but limited metabolic capacity of hematic compartment to reduce Cr(VI) to trivalent status. "In vitro" incubation of K2Cr2O7 (4 microM) with rat erythrocytes or plasma at 37 degrees C showed a rapid reduction of Cr(VI) in red cells while plasma samples demonstrated a limited reductive power. These results obtained with a new and specific analytical method, confirmed a trigger role of red cells in Cr(VI) metabolism. PMID- 6746188 TI - Studies on lead pollution: atomic absorption spectrophotometric determination of lead in hair and teeth samples. AB - A simple, rapid and reliable method for the determination of lead in hair and teeth samples has been described. The method incorporates digestion of the samples by nitric acid followed by atomic absorption spectrophotometric determination of lead using 283.3 nm wavelength. PMID- 6746189 TI - Slim and obese children's perceptions of physical activities. AB - Two studies of children's perceptions of physical activities were carried out. The first examined the views of 600 ten-year-olds drawn from seven regions of Australia; the second examined the views of 528 ten-year-olds from South Australia. Both studies revealed consistent differences between the perceptions of obese and slim children. Obese children evaluated endurance activities more negatively and flexibility-coordination activities more positively than slim children. These differences were highly stable between samples and over time. PMID- 6746190 TI - Plasma cholecystokinin (CCK) before and after a jejunoileal bypass operation in obese patients with reference to appetite regulation. AB - Plasma cholecystokinin (CCK) rose significantly after a 15-min liquid test meal in six normal controls and six obese patients, both before and after a jejunoileal bypass operation. Post-prandial rises in the obese patients were virtually unaffected by the operation, and tended to be higher in the obese patients than in the normal controls. It is therefore concluded that hormonal CCK is unlikely to be a mediator of satiety signals from the digestive tract in obese persons. PMID- 6746191 TI - Weight-reducing diets: role of carbohydrates on sympathetic nervous activity and hypotensive response. AB - Two groups of obese, normotensive men were put on weight-reducing diets in an outpatient study. The groups were comparable with regard to age, weight, heart rate, blood pressure, energy and salt intake during a four-week control period. In a four-week dieting period, Gp I (n = 12) received an energy-reduced diet (1370 kcal, 5.7 MJ) with 24 energy per cent carbohydrates. Group II (n = 11) had an isocaloric diet (1400 kcal, 5.8 MJ) with 59 energy per cent carbohydrates consisting of mainly mono- and disaccharides. Significant decreases in systolic blood pressure, heart rate, plasma noradrenaline and urinary excretion of noradrenaline were observed in Gp I but not in Gp II. Weight reduction and decrease of urinary sodium output was equal in both groups. No difference in alcohol consumption was recorded. We conclude that in obese normotensive patients a high proportion of mono- and disaccharides counteracts the expected hypotensive response of weight reduction. On the other hand, and judged from the present data, the blood pressure decrease observed in the group on a low carbohydrate diet seems to be secondary to an effect on the sympathetic nervous system. PMID- 6746193 TI - Effects of mazindol on lipid metabolism of human adipose tissue in vitro. AB - The interaction of mazindol with catecholamine in regulating peripheral lipid metabolism was studied in vitro. Noradrenaline-induced and adrenaline-induced glycerol release was augmented by addition of 50 ng mazindol. On the other hand, isoproterenol-induced glycerol release was suppressed by addition of 50 ng mazindol. Basal and dopamine-induced glycerol release was not altered by addition of 50 ng mazindol. These results suggest that mazindol may interact with alpha 2 adrenergic receptors in adipose tissue. PMID- 6746192 TI - Weight reduction after gastroplasty: the predictive value of surgical, metabolic, and psychological variables. AB - Twenty-one grossly obese patients (mean body weight 126 kg, range 93-190 kg) were treated with gastroplasty ad modum Gomez. Eighteen months after surgery the average weight loss was 30.4 kg (range 1-71 kg); about 80 per cent of this weight loss represented loss of body fat. Mean weight loss of the entire programme, including preoperative weight reduction was 34.4 kg (range 1-71 kg). Dilation of the pouch and/or channel occurred in 14 patients and was generally discovered 6 12 months after operation. The wide range in weight reduction could not be unequivocally attributed to technical-surgical factors. Although the patients with the least weight reduction had all developed channel dilation, several patients with excellent weight loss also showed dilation of the pouch and/or channel. An extensive psychological investigation performed before surgery demonstrated more signs of sensitivity and denial in the unsuccessful patients; the successful ones were more dependent and tended to live in a supportive social environment. The unsuccessful patients were younger and their estimated alcohol consumption was higher. A number of morphological and biochemical variables including body weight, fat cell size, and variables reflecting thyroid function, lipid and glucose metabolism, and adipose tissue metabolism were not related to subsequent weight loss. PMID- 6746195 TI - The analyst at work. AB - This paper is built about a core, consisting of a detailed description of one session in the middle of a long analysis. The analytic encounter is placed in widening contexts. At each level, the context is at once biographical (in terms of the patient) and autobiographical (in terms of the analyst's professional identity). The difficulties in the presentation of analytic evidence are acknowledged and explored. The aim is to come as close as possible, from the author's point of view, to scientific and historical truths. Put another way, the aim is to represent, to whatever extent is possible, a particular analyst at work with a particular patient at a particular time--from the 'inside', so to speak. PMID- 6746194 TI - Is thinner better? PMID- 6746196 TI - Anxiety and the restitutional function of homosexual cruising. AB - Psychoanalytical exploration of latent homosexuality, of homosexual cruising and the related fantasies indicates that it is (among other things) an act of restitution, an effort to resurrect the father, to contradict the ambivalent wishes to rob and murder him, to make sure that he is alive and well and not the victim of the cruiser's competitiveness and destructiveness, to idealize him and render him into an object of love; thus to avoid anxiety and to preclude the father's wrath and retaliation. That such restitutional attempts fail and instead reflect the murderous (both the anal and the genital) intent is no surprise for the psychoanalyst who regularly witnesses contradictory aims in the manifestations of all the neuroses and psychoses including the obsessional. The observations (as well as a host of other clinical phenomena) indicate the intimate relation of anxiety to the aggressive strivings (despite the fact that anxiety instigates repression of the sexual wishes). Anxiety serves as a precipitant of repression and symptom formation while guilt, both conscious and unconscious manifestations, is a product of the oedipal sexual wishes. PMID- 6746197 TI - On the universal nature of primal scene fantasies. AB - The scope of this paper is limited to inspecting primal scene fantasies, their meaning and function, as part of the primary organizing fantasies in the psychosexual development of the human being. The aim is to examine how primal scene fantasies, throughout life, reflect the shaping of oedipal sexuality. An infant cannot cathect the use of genital functions or their psychic contents by practising them with his more knowledgeable parents or caring persons. In order to alleviate this deprivation the child creates fantasy self objects, proto fantasies of his sexual parents with whom, in the form of primal scene fantasies, he then tries to work out his sexual libido. In our opinion, the formless, psychically non-structuralized impulses of genital-oedipal sexuality tend to awaken an inner state of mind at any stage of life in which the infantile primitive dynamics, helplessness and readiness to destroy, are again repeated. Not only oral desire and the breast alone are 'good' or 'bad'. The same dynamics apply to every impulse for which the actual capacity for psychic work is insufficient. The new inner impulses brought along with progressing psychosexual development can create such a situation. The unstable cathexis of genital-oedipal sexuality is the universal fate of a human being. The child cannot participate in the sexual activities of adulthood, and is unable to cathect his genital functions under real conditions and with real partners. The cathectic wound thus inflicted on the self and the exclusion experienced are essentially bound together. The theme of inclusion or exclusion, so intertwined with the primal scene fantasies, concerns not only object relations, but self-esteem as well. PMID- 6746198 TI - Reflections on Dora: the case of hysteria. AB - It is with Dora that psychoanalysis becomes what we know it to be: the problem of the transference is introduced for the first time in her case. Although the number of papers written on this case is astonishing we still want to know more and more about her. Maybe this is a characteristic of the hysteric: it tantalizes us, waving a cape--like a bullfighter--that hides nothing behind it. In the second part of this paper, I refer to certain changes in psychoanalytic theory which would account for the apparent 'disappearance' of hysteria. In the third part, I relate hysteria to femininity. I suggest there is an hysterical stage in the development of women, characterized by divalence. Whilst ambi-valence describes a situation in which the subject has to decide whether he loves or hates his object, divalence would describe the situation in which the subject is confronted with the choice between mother and father, within the context of the oedipal drama. This is specifically feminine because it is the woman who has to change from one to the other in her development. When the subject gets 'fixed' to this stage, we find an hysteric who cannot determine the object of her desire, and she will always remain in the middle, unable to choose between mother or father, incapable of defining herself as a woman or a man--in spite of her apparently sexualized 'feminine self'. PMID- 6746199 TI - Rehabilitation for the elderly. PMID- 6746200 TI - The pharmacological management of depression. PMID- 6746202 TI - The place of amputation in the management of the ischaemic lower limb in the dysvascular geriatric patient. AB - Statistics show that today the majority of amputations of the leg are peripheral vascular disease in patients over the age of 60. The stages of management are discussed and in particular a plea made for taking a balanced view of vascular salvage procedure and amputation as alternative treatments. The advantages are stressed for these patients to be treated in a unit where the resources for appropriate investigation are available and the surgeon has the support of a multi-disciplinary team. The importance of the pre- and post-amputation rehabilitation programme is discussed. PMID- 6746201 TI - The influence of age on the clinical presentation and outcome of stroke. AB - Of 135 patients who survived the first 2 weeks following a stroke 25% were under the age of 65 years, 40% between 65 and 74 years and 35% were 75 years of age or older. Those under 65 years had a lower incidence of a previous history of lower limb arthritis, balance problems, and limited mobility but a greater incidence of ischaemic heart disease than those 65 years and over. This younger age group had a lower mortality and were more likely to progress beyond severe degrees of disability. However, if only those who survived the first year are included, then there was no difference in outcome between the age groups. In none of the parameters studied was there any difference between those 65 to 74 years of age and those 75 years and over. It was, however, those over the age of 74 years who were more likely to require long-term institutional care. These findings suggest that, although elderly 1-year survivors had a similar level of functional recovery to younger patients, other factors, probably social, affected the eventual placement of stroke patients. PMID- 6746203 TI - Construction methods and materials for external prostheses--present and future. AB - In the first part of this paper the methods of constructing lower limb prostheses and their major components are discussed. Attention is paid to the foot, shank, knee joint, swing control, thigh, and hip joint. The second part is devoted to the use of thermoplastics in prosthesis and orthotics. Thermoplastics are polymers of varying chain length which can be moulded when heated. The properties of the various materials are discussed and their potential use described. PMID- 6746204 TI - Rehabilitation engineering and the growth of prosthetics/orthotics practice. AB - The development of the professions of orthotics and prosthetics since the Second World War has been marked by a number of steps. These include the involvement of the universities and government in education, research, and provision of devices. The establishment of professional bodies has increased their status, and orthotists and prosthetists are recognized as important members of the rehabilitation team. Rehabilitation engineering is a newly defined discipline which is greatly extending the range of interest of orthotics and prosthetics and the future is one of expanding challenge. PMID- 6746205 TI - Prosthetics and orthotics in developing countries. AB - Principles of orthoses and prostheses in developing countries are discussed. Appropriate technological adaptations to suit cultural needs in developing countries have been identified and illustrative examples have been given. In view of the importance of the problem of leprosy in many developing countries, a separate description to cover prosthetic and orthotic appliances including footwear has been attempted. The material is a summary of the excellent publication from Alert in Addis Ababa. PMID- 6746206 TI - Early detection and identification of congenital/early acquired hearing disability. Who takes the initiative? AB - Questionnaires were distributed to parents of hearing-impaired children (average of the hearing thresholds greater than or equal to 35 dB at 500, 1000 and 2000 Hz) in order to perform an evaluation concerning the initiators of the detection and identification of congenital/early acquired hearing impairment. In 59% (23/39) the parents were the first to suspect the hearing loss. In 13% (5/39) the child failed the auditory screening test. In 16% (6/39) the child was registered as at risk and in 13% (5/39) the suspicion was raised by trained personnel in nurseries. In 43% (17/39) more than 4 weeks passed from the time the first suspicion was raised until a valid hearing threshold determination was performed. This delay was caused by health personnel in 59% (10/17). The median age at the hearing threshold assessment was 20 months (range 4-48 months) in this group of children. Only 33% (13/39) were diagnosed at the age of 1 year, despite the fact that the hearing loss was either congenital or acquired during the neonatal period. It is concluded that the parents are the first initiators of the identification of their hearing-impaired child, but the point of time at which the hearing loss is identified is still unacceptably late in most cases. Proposals for an improved early detection and identification of hearing-impaired children are made in order to prevent developmental disorders in speech, language, psychological and mental behaviour. PMID- 6746207 TI - Repair of postintubational lesions of the cartilaginous nose in infants- sometimes a surgical problem. AB - Among the complications of prolonged nasotracheal intubation in infants the possibility of pressure necrosis of the cartilaginous nose due to inadequate fixation or improper size of the tube is rarely mentioned. Three cases with postintubational alar defects and another child with a severe stenosis of the nasal entrance are reported. In the latter case a multi-staged reconstructive rhinoplasty had to be done in order to restore nasal breathing. While describing our surgical procedures the multiple difficulties and hazards of reconstructive rhinoplasty in early childhood are discussed. PMID- 6746208 TI - Posterior laryngeal cleft: an analysis of ten cases. AB - The object of this paper is to analyse our experience at the Hospital for Sick Children, Great Ormond Street (London, U.K.) in the management of 10 patients with posterior laryngeal clefts during the past 5 years. Of these 10 patients, 4 had minor clefts not causing significant laryngeal incompetence. The other 6 patients had clefts extending below the cords requiring repair. Other congenital abnormalities were prevalent in this series, particularly oesophageal abnormalities. The frequency of this association is stressed, the problems of diagnosis and management discussed and recommendations made to avoid delay in identification of these abnormalities. PMID- 6746209 TI - Acute epiglottitis: evolution of management in the community hospital. AB - One hundred and forty-eight cases of acute epiglottitis in children treated at the University of Rochester's Strong Memorial Hospital and two affiliated community hospitals between 1965 and 1983 are reviewed retrospectively. Patients seen prior to 1975 were usually managed with tracheotomy and intravenous antibiotics, while those after 1975 with nasotracheal intubation, antibiotics and steroids. Tracheotomy and nasotracheal intubation were equally safe in controlling the upper airway. We compared our results with other series, primarily from children's hospitals, using nasotracheal intubation and found comparable results. Steroids provided no significant effect on the duration of intubation or infectious complications, but was associated with gastrointestinal bleeding. Long- and short-term complications of intubation, including self extubation are discussed. We conclude that nasotracheal intubation is a safe method of management for acute epiglottitis in the community hospital. PMID- 6746210 TI - Pathogenesis of dysplasias of the face and the ear and dystopias of the temporal region. AB - Dysplasias of the face and ear are supposed to be caused by a premature involution of 3 different embryonal arteries of the branchial arches: (1) Dysfunction of the mandibular artery causes the otocephalia syndrome; (2) that of the stapedial artery causes dysplasias of the face; (3) dysfunction of the hyoid artery entails dysplasias of the ear; and (4) combination of (2) and (3) (dysfunction of truncus hyostapedialis) results in simultaneous dysplasias of the face and the ear. The earlier the deficiency of blood supply occurs the more serious the resulting dysplasias are. The dystopias in the temporal region (auricles, facial nerve, ossicles, petrous bone) are the consequence of an overbending of the proximal hyoid arch caused by a retardation in the development (shortening) of the mandibular arch. Therefore, dystopias of the ear always occur together with dysplasias of the face. Phenotype and appearance on radiographs are discussed. PMID- 6746211 TI - Multiple benign strictures of the oesophagus in the paediatric age-group- modified technique of antegrade dilatation. AB - Accidental ingestion of strong acids and alkalines still remains the commonest cause of benign strictures of the oesophagus in our country, particularly in children from the poor socio-economic strata, who are left alone to fend for themselves. Once the stricture is well-formed, repeated antegrade dilatations are required in order to dilate the lumen gradually. The procedure is done with the utmost care and gentleness in order to avoid rupture of the cicatricial wall of the oesophagus. The present series consisting of 10 cases of multiple, benign, mostly permeable, strictures of the oesophagus were successfully managed with Jackson's antegrade dilatation technique. During one of the dilatation sessions we observed that instead of pushing the bougie gently, it seemed to be sucked down entirely on its own, a few millimeters at a time (described in case 3) and traversed the entire stricture. This procedure appears safer for the patient and has now become routine with us. There was no mortality in our series. In all, a total of 168 dilatations have been done. The average lumen achieved in all our cases was 6 mm (Jackson's bougie No. 18) which was well maintained in all our cases on a permanent basis. PMID- 6746212 TI - Effect of early iron deficiency on reactivity of the rat parietal association cortex. AB - The effect of early iron deficiency on the reactivity of the rat parietal association cortex was studied by determining excitability thresholds, fatigability and extension of the responsive field to direct cortical stimulation. Iron deficiency during the period of rapid brain growth caused a significant increase of cortical chronaxie values as well as increased fatigability of direct cortical responses, indicating a detrimental effect on the axodendritic synapses. Since the parietal association area plays an important role in brain association processes, a dysfunction of this cortical area could be a causal link between early iron deficiency and behavioral or learning deficits. PMID- 6746213 TI - Selective forgetting of aversive memories cued in the right hemisphere. AB - Several writers have suggested that there is selective inhibition of aversive right hemisphere processes from reaching the left hemisphere, thus reducing reportable awareness, although the right hemisphere processes might still affect behavior. Two similar experiments are reported supporting this theory. In the first of three phases, subjects learned a paired associate list to a criterion of one perfect trial. Second, distant associates of some of the words learned in phase 1 were punished. Third, subjects attempted to recall the first word list, with recall cued sometimes in the left visual field and sometimes in the right. Associates of punished words were more likely to be forgotten than control words, when cued in the left visual field so they had to cross from right to left hemisphere to be vocalized. Surprisingly, associates of punished words were remembered better when cued in the right visual field. PMID- 6746214 TI - Selective inhibition of vocal reaction time to aversive words in the left visual field. AB - Four experiments are reported in which subjects vocalized words presented in the visual half-fields in a baseline period. Then two of the words were followed by aversive noise in a punishment phase, and finally, the baseline procedure was repeated. In two studies, as predicted, right handed males' reaction time improved least on words associated with the punished words when they appeared in the left visual field and had to cross from right to left hemisphere to be vocalized. The effect was not found among female subjects in the third study. Finally, the effect was found only among subjects in the highest third on the Repression-Sensitization scale. Taken together, the studies support the notion of selective inhibition of aversive processes that must cross from right to left hemispheres, although individual differences limit the generalizability of this statement. PMID- 6746215 TI - Transneuronal degeneration in different inbred strains of mice: a preliminary study of olfactory bulb events after olfactory nerve lesion. AB - Cytological analysis of the olfactory bulb was performed in two inbred strains of mice SEC/1 ReJ and C57/B16J after the lesion of the olfactory nerve. The data show an enhanced transneural degeneration in C57 mice as compared to the controls, while in the SEC mice this phenomenon did not exceed the level of spontaneous degeneration previously described by other authors. On the basis of our findings two different genetically adaptive systems are hypothesized and correlated with onto-genetical data. PMID- 6746216 TI - Familiarity-and-liking relationship under conditions of induced lateral orientation. AB - Right-handed subjects who oriented their bodies and their attention toward their right produced a significant relationship between their rated familiarity with and liking for several well-known individuals. Those induced to orient toward their left showed no such effect. It is argued that such orientation produces relatively greater activation of the contralateral hemisphere, and experiments and reviews are cited which show that the left hemisphere has been suggested as the site for both processing of familiar stimuli and positive affect. Even if familiarity does activate liking by some means by virtue of being predominantly processed in the same hemisphere, it is not known how this occurs nor how it is altered by lateralized attention. PMID- 6746217 TI - Neuropsychological and early environmental correlates of sex differences in crime. AB - Results of recent research suggest that longitudinal influences on sex differences in verbal and spatial abilities, and delinquent behavior, may be similar. The present study examined biological, environmental, and psychological variables collected from birth through age 17 on a sample of subjects who participated in the Philadelphia Collaborative Perinatal Project (CPP). Findings supported in part past research suggesting that environmental relationships with intellectual ability and delinquency are strongest for males, whereas biological relationships are somewhat more important for females. Socioeconomic factors were among the strongest predictors of delinquency for both sexes, however. In turn, biological and environmental influences on verbal and spatial abilities and their relationships with later achievement were different between the sexes. Results are discussed in terms of possible sex differences in the development of the left and right cerebral hemispheres, as well as in the vulnerability to environmental influences. PMID- 6746218 TI - A memory retraining program for nontoxic chronic alcoholics. AB - This study assessed the effectiveness of a memory rehabilitation program for fifty-nine alcoholics, using a pretest/posttest control group design. The Dooks Memory Test evaluated the different facets of memory, and the Trailmaking Test A and B measured attention and concentration. An analysis of covariance yielded a significant main effect for the Memory Retraining Program (p less than 0.001). The covariate for the composite memory scores was also significantly (p less than 0.025). There was also a significant effect of Age (p less than 0.025) and of IQ p less than 0.002. There were no interaction effects between age and treatment, or IQ and treatment, and no other independent variables (education, duration, days since last drink, depression) were significant. The results point to the potential effectiveness of a memory retraining program for a variety of educational levels, age groups and IQ scores. PMID- 6746219 TI - Dyslexia: two priorities for the 1980s. AB - Within the past decade significant advances have been made in articulating the unique neuropsychological and cognitive processes in dyslexic children. The brain mapping procedures and postmortum studies are especially important in this regard. However, two important issues remain largely unaddressed. First, to date, no recognized nosology for dyslexia or subtypes of dyslexia exist. Second, the functional neurolinguistic system involved in reading and severe reading failure is, as of yet, still not completely understood in regard to subtypes of dyslexia. This article discusses these two areas of priority and proposes a framework for addressing these areas of concern. PMID- 6746220 TI - The late positive component of the evoked waveform II: Relationship to picture recognition processes. AB - Averaged evoked potentials were collected from Cz, C3', C4', and Pz while subjects made cognitive decisions about pairs of pictures using perceptual and semantic features. Decisions were made at three different levels within the picture recognition process. These levels correspond to feature detection and synthesis, and semantic memory activation at the basic category and superordinate category levels. The late positive component of the evoked waveform systematically varied as a function of the nature of the cognitive decision being made. The late positive component of the waveform was highly correlated with the response times associated with each experimental condition. It would appear that the late positive component of the waveform provides an internal index of the neural processes which accompany cognitive decisions. As such, the late positive component of the evoked waveform serves as a source of converging evidence, along with response latency measures, that the picture recognition process can be successfully tapped at several different levels within the information processing system. This work should be applicable for studying disruptions to the pattern recognition process which accompany stroke, head trauma, and neurological problems associated with learning disorders. It should also be sensitive to any disorder which influences central processing time more than early perceptual and peripheral processes. PMID- 6746221 TI - Is infantile autism a universal phenomenon? An open question. AB - What we have tried to do in this paper is to question the universality of Infantile Autism as implied by the various definitions which have been provided. Our research of the literature has convinced us that infantile autism appears to be an illness of Western Civilization, and appears in countries of high technology, where the nuclear family dominates. We indicated that no research studies were located in the U.S.A. on Hispanics, in spite of their large number. Furthermore, it was found to be quite rare among Black families. We also saw that the illness seems to be quite infrequent in Latin American countries, Africa, and India, while the rate is high in Japan, but only in westernized families. Tinbergen (1974) likewise feels that infantile autism is "actually on the increase in a number of Western and westernized societies". Two major variables which are interconnected seem to be responsible for the confusion in the findings. One of them is the problem of diagnosis. It would seem that many researchers have extended the definition of infantile autism to include other seriously afflicted children, including those who are brain-damaged. This is no surprise, since such conflicts exist as Ritvo (1981) estimating that there are 300,000 autistic children in the U.S., while a report by the National Institute for Handicapped Research estimates the number of autistic children to be 71,000 (1981). Another aspect of the findings which has been contradictory is that some investigators have found that parents of autistic children tend to be of higher S.E.S., particularly in European studies, while some studies in the U.S.A. did not find such a difference among the parents of autistic and non-autistic children. We have provided some illustrations to indicate that studies which have found no differences were not dealing exclusively with autistic children as defined by Kanner, and often used childhood schizophrenia and autism interchangeably. Cantwell, Baker, and Rutter (1978) have pointed out that this persistent difference of superior S.E.S. of parents of autistic children is an embarrassing finding which is very hard to explain if one holds that the disease is organically determined. In conclusion to his review of the literature on the universality of adult schizophrenia, Torrey (1973) wrote the following: "Studies must be done soon or it will be too late to do them at all. But, until the universal prevalence of schizophrenia becomes an open question, this task is unlikely to be undertaken". The writer of this paper is of the same opinion.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 400 WORDS) PMID- 6746222 TI - Japanese responses to the defeat in World War II. AB - To learn about the defeat in World War II was a most intense shock to the Japanese. Various psychological responses developed, and some committed suicide. Defense mechanisms such as denial, negation, isolation, rationalization, intellectualization, and regression were observed. The conditions of the occupation were instrumental in letting the Japanese identify with the Occupation Forces in general and General MacArthur in particular, and identification with the aggressor soon became the most important defense mechanism to deal with the shock of the defeat. To learn about the defeat in a war is to be placed in an extreme condition which cannot be created experimentally. The crisis is extraordinary and the shock is immense. Furthermore, it is not a small number of people who are in such a condition; the residents is the defeated country offer a very unusual opportunity for understanding human beings in large numbers in a state of an intense shock. The purpose of this paper is to examine Japanese reactions and responses upon learning about the defeat in World War II in 1945. PMID- 6746224 TI - Suicidal ideation in university students and other groups. AB - A questionnaire was used to investigate the amount of suicidal ideation in a sample of University students and two control groups from general practice. A high proportion of students (55%) and of the General Practice group (45%) admitted to some suicidal ideation in their life time. The study confirmed the excess of females over males concerning all aspects of suicidal ideation and behaviour. The significance of these findings is discussed. PMID- 6746223 TI - Deviance imputations, early recollections and the reconstruction of self. PMID- 6746225 TI - Transsexualism and Slater's Selective Vocabulary Test. AB - It has been shown elsewhere that transsexual males use a vocabulary which differs from that of normal males. This could be demonstrated by Slater's Selective Vocabulary Test. This test was administered to 56 male transsexuals and the 'd' score - a device to eliminate the influence of I.Q. - was calculated. The normal d score for males is zero and the higher the score the greater is the degree of femininity. An attempt was made to find factors which facilitate this abnormal development of the vocabulary in male transsexuals. In order to do this the cases were divided into a group of high and a group of low 'd' scores, and tested for correlations with a number of factors which seemed likely to influence the vocabulary development. No such correlations could be established. PMID- 6746226 TI - Recent U.S. trends in the age decrement in health satisfaction: preliminary findings. AB - One of the most salient components of older patients' mental disposition involves satisfaction with health. Low health satisfaction has been observed to be associated with anomia, unhappiness, high body concern, poor adjustment to the environment, low activity, and depression. Yet a number of issues in the area remain under-investigated. One such issue involves change over time in the elderly populace's general level of contentment with health. The present study utilizes data from the National Opinion Research Center at the University of Chicago to investigate this subject. The preliminary findings suggest that the extent to which the aged are highly satisfied with their health has been declining, particularly in comparison to that of their younger counterparts. PMID- 6746227 TI - Anxiety provoking situations in Indian families. AB - Life situations pertaining to the relationship dimension are viewed in respect of families of anxiety patients and normals. Grand-parents' interference, parents-in law relationships, parents' role functioning, siblings' interaction, marital relationships and other relatives' cooperation are studied for 20 anxiety patients and 40 normals based on group matching. It was found that frequent interference of grand-parents, dissatisfaction with parents-in-law, inadequate mutually contradictory parents' role functioning, disharmonious siblings interaction, threatening and conflicting marital life and lack of cooperation and support on the part of other relatives seem to be sources of anxiety in the Indian setting. PMID- 6746228 TI - Role demands, privacy and psychological well-being. AB - Data from a 1973-74 survey and a five year follow-up survey in 1979, both conducted in New Zealand, are analyzed with regard to gender differences in role obligations, privacy and psychological well-being. The findings support the hypothesis that women are the primary providers of nurturance to family members. Women, more than men reported reductions in privacy because of their role obligations. Reduced privacy in turn caused a reduction in psychological well being. PMID- 6746229 TI - Social networks of Nigerian psychiatric patients. AB - Despite the indubitable cohesiveness of their community life, Nigerian psychiatric patients had social networks with deficiencies not dissimilar to those reported for patients in the industrialised societies. Interactions between these Nigerian patients as focal persons and other members of their network, were found to be intense, but seemed to lack a strong affectional core. As expected, the separated, and the divorced patients scored less than the married patients on intensity of social relationships, but the two groups were not significantly different on all other network parameters examined. These findings should constitute a substratum of a kinship community-based counselling service with the goal of providing individual-oriented support for the psychiatrically disabled persons. It is believed that this may be realised by the relevant training and utilisation of para-professionals; effective liaison with families and special attention to prevailing concepts and socio-cultural norms. PMID- 6746230 TI - Immunocytochemical localization of cellular retinol binding protein in the rat retina. AB - Cellular retinol binding protein (CRBP) was localized in the rat retina by means of light and electron microscopic immunocytochemistry. The peroxidase antiperoxidase (PAP) method employed at the light microscopic level showed that CRBP is sharply localized to the retinal pigment epithelium (RPE). None was detectable in the epithelium of the pars plana or pars plicata of the ciliary body. Likewise, the photoreceptors were negative. Within the neural retina, the PAP method revealed a bilaminar staining pattern in the inner plexiform layer and staining within elements near the vitreal surface. Indirect immunoferritin electron microscopy demonstrated that CRBP is distributed uniformly within the RPE cytosol from basal infoldings to apical processes. The nucleoplasm also was stained, albeit, more lightly than the cytoplasm. Labeled elements in the inner plexiform layer and vitreal surface were identified as Muller cell processes and end feet, respectively. Interpretation of the results includes a dual role for CRBP in the RPE, namely its involvement in gene expression and transcytoplasmic transport of retinol. PMID- 6746231 TI - Nonenzymatic glycosylation of bovine retinal microvessel basement membranes in vitro. Kinetic analysis and inhibition by aspirin. AB - Incubation of intact bovine retinal microvessels or isolated retinal microvessel basement membranes (RVBM) with radioactive D-glucose or L-glucose, followed by basement membrane collagenous protein purification, resulted in the isolation of nonenzymatically glycosylated RVBM collagens. Type IV collagen was identified in the RVBM by selective salt fractionation, SDS-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis, amino acid analysis, and immunoprecipitation with specific antibody. Kinetic analysis of the condensation of glucose with RVBM was carried out by labeling retinal microvessel basement membranes with D-[2-3 H]-glucose and D-[6-14 C] glucose. The rate constant for aldimine product formation, k1, was 1.95 +/- 0.24 (SD) X 10(-4) mM-1 h-1, and the rate constant for the reversed reaction, k-1, was 5.9 +/- 1.0 X 10(-2) h-1. Based on a rate constant for the Amadori rearrangement, k2, of 8.8 +/- 1.0 X 10(-3) h-1, which was the rate-determining step, the half life of this reaction was 80 +/- 9 h. These data may be useful in estimating the glycosylation of retinal microvessel basement membranes in vivo. The nonenzymatic glycosylation of retinal microvessel basement membrane proteins was progressively inhibited by increasing concentrations (0.1 to 2.0 mM) of aspirin. PMID- 6746232 TI - Photochemical lesions in the primate retina under conditions of elevated blood oxygen. AB - Under conditions of nonthermal radiant exposure to blue light (440 nm) the primate retina can suffer photic injury by a mechanism that must be photochemical in nature. We have examined the effects of elevated blood oxygen (pO2 of 270 mmHg) on the retinal photosensitivity to blue light in two macaque monkeys by histologic analysis of 12 lesions at 1 to 57 days after irradiation. The retinal image diameter from a xenon arc lamp source was 1 mm, the duration of exposure was 100 sec, and the radiant exposures ranged from 11 to 36 J/cm2. When blood oxygenation is not elevated experimentally, the threshold radiant exposure for a blue light lesion to be visible funduscopically at 2 days postexposure is about 30 J/cm2. At a high blood pO2 level, a radiant exposure of only 11 J/cm2 gave a funduscopically visible lesion at 1-day postexposure. This large increase in retinal sensitivity to blue light damage appears to be due to photodynamic action. The only direct effect of elevated blood pO2 on the retina observed histologically was the presence of numerous granules in the cells of the retinal pigment epithelium (RPE). However, there was no apparent histopathology associated with the elevation of blood pO2 alone. Analysis of the various photic lesions showed only moderate damage to the neural retina, but a strong response was seen in the RPE. This is the histopathologic pattern of a typical blue light lesion shown in previous studies but more severe. So the effect of elevated blood O2 is to increase retinal sensitivity to photic damage, to lower the damage threshold, and to increase the severity of damage at a given radiant exposure. The status of lesions at 23 and 57 days postexposure suggests that such injuries are repairable. PMID- 6746233 TI - Neuroectoderm of the early embryonic rat eye. Scanning electron microscopy. AB - A more accurate description of the changes that occur in the neuroectodermal portion of the developing eye is possible if the surface ectoderm and its underlying mesectoderm are dissected away prior to scanning electron microscopic analysis. A clean preparation of the basal surface of the neuroectoderm with its basal lamina can be prepared by this method. The primitive eyes form during day 11 as lateral diverticula from the forebrain in the rat embryo. These optic vesicles initially have a broad attachment to the diencephalon. By day 12, a true optic stalk connects the optic vesicle to the brain. As the vesicle approaches the surface ectoderm, it involutes to form the optic cup. During day 13, the cup deepens and creates a prominent rim on all but its ventral side. This cleft in the ventral portion of the optic cup is known as the optic fissure. Three portions of the neuroectodermal eye are apparent at this stage: the optic cup, optic stalk, and a short narrow region that joins these two--the collum. The optic fissure extends into the collum but ends abruptly at the junction of the collum with the stalk. The fissure closes on day 14. Its only remnants at this time are a shallow groove in the optic cup and a small patent portion in the collum that permits passage of the intraocular vessels. PMID- 6746234 TI - The permanence of the visual recovery that follows reverse occlusion of monocularly deprived kittens. AB - While the behavioral and physiologic effects of an early period of monocular deprivation can be extremely severe, they are not necessarily irreversible. Considerable recovery can occur if visual input is restored to the deprived eye sufficiently early, particularly if the nondeprived eye is occluded at the same time (reverse occlusion). This study examines the permanence of the visual recovery promoted by a period of reverse occlusion in kittens that were monocularly deprived from near birth for periods ranging from 3 to 18 weeks. During the period of reverse occlusion, the vision of the initially deprived eye improved from apparent blindness to good levels of acuity. However, upon restoring visual input to the formerly nondeprived eye a surprisingly rapid and reciprocal change occurred in the visual acuity of both eyes. Much of the substantial gain in the vision of the initially deprived eye that occurred during reverse occlusion was lost within 3 weeks, while at the same time the vision of the initially nondeprived eye improved substantially. Nevertheless, in many animals the acuity of the initially nondeprived eye did not recover to levels it had reached prior to reverse occlusion. These results hold important implications for the nature of the mechanisms responsible for the dramatic physiologic effects of monocular occlusion and reverse occlusion on the visual cortex. The results also may help elucidate recent observations on patching therapy in human amblyopia. PMID- 6746235 TI - Blood vessels of the glaucomatous optic disc in experimental primate and human eyes. AB - Experimental chronic glaucoma was produced in primate eyes and quantitative measurements were made of the capillary area in the optic nerve head. The percent of the nerve head occupied by capillaries remained normal despite considerable loss of disc tissue as glaucomatous excavation proceeded. This finding, identical to that in simple optic atrophy, suggests that the nerve head can maintain a stable capillary to tissue ratio despite substantial tissue loss. Further observations on human glaucoma eyes confirmed that there is not selectively greater loss of capillary volume out of proportion to the loss of neural tissue of the optic nerve head. Fluorescein angiography of primate and human glaucoma eyes showed that a change in the appearance of disc vessels occurred most frequently when there was little or no remaining neural or vascular tissue anterior to the scleral lamina cribrosa. PMID- 6746236 TI - VEPs in humans reveal high and low spatial contrast mechanisms. AB - The effect of contrast on visual evoked potential (VEP) amplitude was examined in nine observers. A 6.0 cycles/deg (cpd) grating was modulated in an "on-off" mode at 7.5 Hz. The VEP response contains significant first and second harmonic components: their growth with contrast is parallel, each function consisting of two limbs. The data are consistent with the hypothesis that the pattern VEP obtained with "on-off" presentation may reflect the contributions of "low" and "high" contrast neuronal populations demonstrated in physiological studies of the primate. PMID- 6746237 TI - Rate-dependent inhibition of pattern-evoked retinal responses in the pigeon. AB - Robust signals of corneal derivation were recorded from the pigeon (a foveate model) in response to alternating gratings. When a rotating windmill-like display was superimposed upon the visual field, there was rate-dependent inhibition of the response to the gratings. Inhibition diminished linearly with grating contrasts (11-40%) and nonlinearly above 50%. The responses to diffuse-light stimuli showed no rate dependence but a predictable, steady reduction at all windmill rates. Rate-dependent inhibition has been reported only in the inner retinal cells of other animals where intracellular recordings have been made. PMID- 6746238 TI - Effects on stereopsis of monocular versus binocular degradation of image contrast. AB - Stereoacuity on a number of common clinical tests was reduced twice as much by degradation of the contrast of one eye's image as by an equal reduction of contrast of the image in both eyes. This finding, in conjunction with related clinical and animal study results, emphasizes the need for early detection of conditions causing interocular contrast asymmetry in infants and children, if normal binocular visual development is to be achieved. It also raises question about the effect of monocular occlusion therapy on the binocular potential of amblyopic patients. PMID- 6746239 TI - Proptosis and increase of intraocular pressure in voluntary lid fissure widening. AB - The eyeball proptoses about 0.5 mM and increases in intraocular pressure (IOP) about 2 mmHg with voluntary widening of the lid fissure. The findings probably result from the retraction of the upper lid into the orbit, thus increasing the volume of orbit contents and forcing the eyeball forward. Decrease in IOP with repeated tonometry may result, in part, from decay of the increased pressure induced by lid fissure widening. PMID- 6746240 TI - Decrease of anterior ciliary arterial pressure with increased ocular pressure. AB - The relationship of the ocular pressure to the anterior ciliary arterial pressure was studied by measuring the pressure of the anterior ciliary artery using a modified pressure chamber. Of the 40 subjects, 9 were normal, 16 were ocular hypertensive patients, and 15 were primary, open-angle, glaucoma patients. A significant negative correlation was found between the anterior ciliary arterial pressure and the ocular pressure such that the former decreases as the latter increases. These results support the concept that the blood flow in the anterior ciliary artery is from the inside of the eye to the outside. PMID- 6746241 TI - Adult pyloric stenosis: a case report. PMID- 6746242 TI - The morbidity of membrane stripping. PMID- 6746243 TI - Nicotine gum as an adjunct in smoking cessation. PMID- 6746244 TI - Lanoxicaps: a new digoxin formulation with improved bioavailability. PMID- 6746246 TI - Slipped capital femoral epiphysis: a retrospective review of the clinical and radiological results. PMID- 6746247 TI - Carcinoma of the gallbladder: a six year review. PMID- 6746248 TI - Treatment of salt losing ileostomy diarrhoea with an oral glucose polymer electrolyte solution. PMID- 6746245 TI - Highly selective vagotomy versus truncal vagotomy and drainage for chronic duodenal ulceration: a ten year retrospective study (1972-1982). PMID- 6746249 TI - Measuring up to growth. PMID- 6746250 TI - Cosmetic surgery--an overview. PMID- 6746251 TI - The role of clinical immunology. PMID- 6746252 TI - Certification of unfitness for work. PMID- 6746253 TI - Short stature in an endocrine unit--a five-year review. PMID- 6746254 TI - Investigation, causes and treatment of short stature in 120 consecutive endocrine referral patients. PMID- 6746255 TI - Cardiac involvement in rheumatoid patients before and after D-penicillamine treatment--an echocardiographic study. PMID- 6746256 TI - Myopathy in hypokalaemic periodic paralysis: reversal with acetazolamide. PMID- 6746257 TI - Computed tomography in constrictive pericarditis. PMID- 6746258 TI - Teaching medical chemistry: the "Message" in a recent book on chemical pharmacology. PMID- 6746259 TI - Childhood non-fatal domestic accidents. PMID- 6746260 TI - Psychotropic drug prescribing in general practice. PMID- 6746261 TI - Psychiatric nurses and tuberculosis. PMID- 6746262 TI - Re: Vaginal dilation in the treatment of dyspareunia. PMID- 6746264 TI - The use of an autogenous vaccine in the treatment of sternal wound infections following open heart procedures: a preliminary report. AB - Five patients, who developed sternal wound infection following open heart surgery and in whom the standard methods of management of this complication had been unsuccessful, were treated with an autogenous vaccine. Complete healing of the sternal wound was obtained in 4 of them, while in one, who had an associated mediastinitis, a slow recovery with persistence of a sternal fistula occurred. The results of this preliminary experience indicate that the use of an autogenous vaccine might be regarded as an alternative method of treatment of sternal infections in selected patients. PMID- 6746263 TI - Development of optimized epoxy graphite implant for the total hip joint. AB - Various metal implants are available for total hip joint replacements. There are problems associated with the micromovement of the implants with bone and/or with bone cement and about ten percent failure cases are reported. The mechanical properties of the metal implants do not match with that of human bone in the femur resulting in a stress distribution in the femur different from one without implant. Many researchers are working with different materials like alloy materials with lower modulus of elasticity, ceramic, etc. The study conducted at S.D.S.M. & T. biomechanics laboratory investigates the feasibility of using epoxy graphite as an implant material. The mechanical properties of the implant material are being optimized using experimental and analytical methods. The reflection polariscope method (photo stress method) was used to determine the micromovement of the implant and the bone, and stress distribution in the femur subjected to cyclic loading. A finite element method was used to optimize the mechanical properties of the implant to obtain a stress distribution closer to the one without implant. An epoxy graphite implant with optimized mechanical properties is being manufactured and tests are in progress. PMID- 6746265 TI - Pre-and postoperative Tc 99m scanning in monitoring pulmonary perfusion in the tetralogy of Fallot. AB - Angiocardiopneumographic scanning with Tc 99m was used in pulmonary perfusion and intracardiac shunt before and after radical corrective surgery of the tetralogy of Fallot. The study was carried out on 25 patients with the tetralogy of Fallot undergoing radical treatment with infundibular patch. Preoperative scanning has shown increased thickening of right ventricle and contemporary injection of pulmonary artery and aorta, the latter with a much higher radioactivity; the obstruction to the right flow was not clearly defined with respect to morphology and function, pulmonary perfusion has shown an extremely poor radioactivity and prolonged duration. Scanning following surgical treatment showed normal right and left phase and absence of residual shunts. Captation of marker in the lungs was always complete. Such data illustrate the many advantages gained by the use of non invasive diagnostic procedures in cardiology and "the first pass technique" in the evaluation of results of surgical treatment. PMID- 6746266 TI - Cholelithiasis and colorectal cancer. AB - To assess whether the higher risk of colorectal cancer is related to cholelithiasis rather than to cholecystectomy, a retrospective epidemiologic study was carried out on 350 patients operated for colorectal cancer. The incidence of a previous cholecystectomy or concomitant cholelithiasis was shown to be significantly higher in colorectal cancer patients with respect to controls (relative risk: 1.48 and 1.99 respectively). The association in both cases was more frequent for colorectal cancer. These results permit to hypothesize that the association with colorectal cancer does not concern previous cholecystectomy but rather cholelithiasis which is contemporaneously present or responsible for cholecystectomy. PMID- 6746267 TI - Surgical management of lung metastases. AB - Data from 93 patients undergoing resection of lung metastases are examined. Survival at 5 years was 32% and operative mortality 2.1%. Histologically, metastases from carcinoma gave better results than metastases from sarcoma (5 year survival 40% and 0 respectively). The best overall results being obtained in the case of metastases from carcinoma of the testis and larynx (5-year survival 66% and 54% respectively). The free interval was shown to be a good therapeutic index when longer than 1 year (44% survival at 5 years when longer than 1 year, 16% when shorter). Resection of lung metastases is recommended when primary tumor is under control, there are no metastases to other organs, the operative risk is reasonable and no other effective therapeutic procedures are available. PMID- 6746268 TI - Clinical study and results of surgical treatment in 146 oligospermic men with varicocele. AB - Data of 146 infertile men undergoing surgical treatment for varicocele are reported. Patients with the following features were treated by surgery: normal FSH (follicle-stimulating hormone) not severe hypotrophy of the left testis and normal right testis; absence of azoospermia; absence of autosome or sex chromosome alterations; absence of signs of genital inflammation. A clear-cut improvement in the condition of seminal secretion was obtained both in oligospermic patients with less than 10 millions spermatozoa per ml preoperatively, and in patients with a higher number of spermatozoa. Particularly, a marked improvement in the valid motility and morphology of spermatozoa was observed. The biological index of a successful treatment in correcting infertility is represented by the high number (51) of successful pregnancies in the wives of operated patients. It is to be underlined that measurements of spermatic vein pressure, phlebography and intraoperative cineradioscopy completely avoid recurrence that otherwise affects about 5 to 6% of operated patients. PMID- 6746269 TI - Bound to treatment: the Ulysses contract. PMID- 6746270 TI - Who shall be saved? An African answer. PMID- 6746271 TI - Informed consent in the developing world. PMID- 6746272 TI - Surrogate embryo transfer: the perils of patenting. PMID- 6746273 TI - Environmental pollution & the threshold of harm. PMID- 6746274 TI - From loyalty to advocacy: a new metaphor for nursing. PMID- 6746275 TI - Questions and (some very tentative) answers about hospital ethics committees. PMID- 6746276 TI - House dust mites at altitude in Hawaii. PMID- 6746277 TI - Hormone treatment clinic for transsexuals. PMID- 6746278 TI - Mediastinal hemorrhage--diagnostic and therapeutic problems. PMID- 6746279 TI - Thyrotoxicosis associated with thrombocytopenia. PMID- 6746280 TI - Poisonous marine plants and animals. Summary of therapeutic guidelines. PMID- 6746281 TI - What's in a word? PMID- 6746282 TI - Methods of nominating for distinction and meritorious service awards in Scotland. PMID- 6746283 TI - The West of Scotland Surgical Training Scheme: the fate of the first 80 trainees. PMID- 6746284 TI - Sources of referral and letter content of acute surgical emergencies referred to one general surgical unit. PMID- 6746285 TI - The Joint Geriatric Orthopaedic Service in South Edinburgh: November 1979-October 1980. PMID- 6746286 TI - Short stature: when to refer. PMID- 6746287 TI - National Medical Consultative Committee: a review of 1983. PMID- 6746288 TI - The chief scientist reports ... multiple sclerosis in North East Scotland. PMID- 6746289 TI - [What should the dermatologist know about lithium?]. PMID- 6746290 TI - [Clinical course and genetics of congenital pigmented nevus]. AB - Based on our own sample of twenty patients, we attempted to make a contribution, from the genetic point of view, to the still controversial issue regarding a nosological entity of congenital pigmented nevi of varying size. In two of the nine patients suffering from "giant nevi" familial traits could be observed. The same was true for the sample of eleven patients suffering from middle-sized congenital pigmented nevi. Within the affected families the clinical manifestation as well as size and localization of the nevi varied from one individual to another. After reference to the relevant literature, we propose that congenital pigmented nevi ought to be seen as a formal genetic entity in spite of the variability in their clinical manifestations. PMID- 6746291 TI - [Human bone marrow burden in dermatologic radiation]. AB - The exposure to radiation of the entire red bone marrow was determined in three dermatologic X-ray treatment situations by means of a phantom in which the bones were supplied with 55 measuring sites. In each measurement the field was in the area of the left cheek. The parameters of radiation were in measurement 1/2/3: voltage = 50/43/43 kV, filter = 1.0/0.6/0.6 mm Al, field = 12.5/12.5/3.0 cm diameter, focus-skin distance = 30/30/15 cm, tissue half-value thickness = 13.0/7.5/5 mm. Related to a surface dose of 400 rad, the radiation exposure of the red marrow was 1555 mrad in measurement 1, 556 mrad in measurement 2 and 118 mrad in measurement 3. These results are discussed. The exposure to radiation of the red marrow in dermatologic X-ray treatments is not negligible and should not be omitted when evaluating the benefit and risk of dermatologic X-ray treatments. PMID- 6746292 TI - [Leg ulcers in essential thrombocythemia]. AB - By means of two case reports, essential thrombocythemia is discussed as an uncommon cause of leg ulcers, and the other possible cutaneous manifestations of this disease are briefly outlined. PMID- 6746294 TI - Obtaining information on patient satisfaction with hospital care: mail versus telephone. AB - Many objectives of the study examined here were to develop a questionnaire useful in eliciting the perceptions of patients regarding their hospital care, to compare the methodologic and substantive differences between a mail survey and a telephone survey of patients done approximately a week post discharge, and to develop methods allowing the questionnaire to be administered by an organization other than the hospital. Two independent surveys were conducted at the same hospital--a telephone survey with a telephone follow-up, and a mail survey with a telephone follow-up. The study demonstrated that an organization external to the hospital can economically conduct a patient satisfaction survey of a representative patient sample while ensuring confidentiality and producing potentially useful results. The mail survey was preferred over the telephone survey due to lower cost, lower chance of biased responses, and complete assurance of confidentiality. The aspects of hospital care most influencing patient satisfaction related to nursing services. PMID- 6746293 TI - Toward clinical applications of health status measures: sensitivity of scales to clinically important changes. AB - While the validity and reliability of many newer health status instruments have been reported, few data are available regarding the sensitivity of these instruments to clinically discernible changes in patient status. We studied this feature of the Sickness Impact Profile (SIP) in a group of patients with rheumatoid arthritis, comparing it with more traditional measures of functional status (the American Rheumatism Association (ARA) functional classification and a patient self-rating scale). Four different approaches were devised to measure "sensitivity to clinical change." These involved comparisons of functional score changes with clinical changes in patient status which were independently agreed upon by both clinician and patient, and also comparisons with several clinical disease severity indicators. When applied to groups of patients, the SIP and the patient self-rating scale were modestly superior to the ARA scale, but neither the SIP nor the self-rating scale was clearly superior to the other. For considering individual patients, all of the scales were relatively insensitive, and predictive accuracy for clinically estimated change was low. New strategies for assessing sensitivity to small changes should be developed and applied to health status and functional scales. Attention to this characteristic should allow refinement of existing scales and may enhance their clinical usefulness. PMID- 6746295 TI - Relationships of physician characteristics to performance quality and improvement. AB - The quality of ambulatory medical care provided by 1,135 physicians in five separate practice settings in the Midwest was measured using predetermined process criteria. Specialists performed better in their own areas of specialized training than did family/general practitioners or specialists performing outside their specialty areas. Physicians with fewer years of practice performed somewhat better than physicians with more years since medical school graduation. Board certification was not consistently related to performance. Performances of the physicians improved following quality assurance interventions in these sites. Differences in the rates of change in performance quality were not consistently related to any of the physician characteristics studied. PMID- 6746296 TI - Community correlates of hospital use. AB - This article demonstrates that the variation among communities in hospital use, measured by the total patient-day rate, is overwhelmingly associated with the variation in discharge rates. In particular, this variation is primarily attributable to the variation in nonsurgical discharge rates. While there is residual variance associated with variance in length of stay and interaction effects, more than two-thirds of the variance in the patient-day rates is attributable to variance in discharge rates. Further, little variation is demonstrated across communities in total average length of stay. High use communities have high discharge rates which are not explicable in terms of several need-determining characteristics of the community populations. Discharge rate variation is demonstrated to be strongly associated with differences in the supply of medical care resources--in particular, acute care beds, surgeons, and nonsurgical specialists. PMID- 6746297 TI - Factors explaining the use of health care services by the elderly. AB - The Anderson model of health services utilization, which relates use of service to predisposing, enabling, and need factors, has not often been applied to an elderly population. In this study, the factors of the Andersen model were used prospectively to predict utilization for a population sample of 1,317 elderly persons. Taken alone, the NEED construct was the most important single predictor of use of physician services, hospitalizations, ambulatory care, and home care. PREDISPOSING factors were better predictors of the use of dental services. Some of the variables studied were not related to utilization in the direction that would have been predicted from previous studies on general populations. Multivariate analyses demonstrated that the three constructs should be applied simultaneously when predicting use of services. These findings can be applied to the specific task of planning services for older people. PMID- 6746298 TI - Genetic linkage in the horse. I. Linkage relationships among 15 blood marker loci. PMID- 6746299 TI - An investigation of the mutagenic activity of four hair dyes in bacteriophage T4D. PMID- 6746300 TI - External beam treatment of inoperable non-small cell carcinoma of the lung. PMID- 6746301 TI - Elevated serum transaminase as a presenting clue for precirrhotic hemochromatosis. PMID- 6746302 TI - Screening of patients at high risk for cancer. PMID- 6746303 TI - Peritoneal lavage red blood cell and white blood cell count: a prospective comparison of usefulness. PMID- 6746304 TI - Cushing's disease due to pituitary carcinoma. PMID- 6746305 TI - Neurosonology: an update. PMID- 6746306 TI - Streptokinase for deep venous thrombosis. PMID- 6746307 TI - Hypocholesterolemic and prostate gland reduction activity of hamycin. PMID- 6746308 TI - Studies on the efficacy of the antihelminthic antibiotic (KT-199) in the control of root-knot nematode Meloidogyne incognita (Kofoid and White) Chitwood on tomato. PMID- 6746309 TI - Antifungal actinomycetes in soils of West Bengal. PMID- 6746310 TI - Controlling Xanthomonas phaseoli (Smith) Dowsen of moong seed through chemotherapy and heat therapy. PMID- 6746311 TI - Inhibitors of certain enzymes (of Botryodiplodia theobromae) in Piper betle leaf extracts. PMID- 6746312 TI - Antirespiratory activity of Vinca rosea extract against human pathogenic strains of Trichophyton rubrum Sab. PMID- 6746313 TI - Effects of N-methyl N'-nitro-N-nitroso-guanidine on the spores of Aspergillus ochraceus NRRL 405. PMID- 6746314 TI - Synthesis and characterisation of tetracycline hydrochloride and doxycycline hydrochloride complexes with Cu(II) and Zn (II). PMID- 6746315 TI - Collection of dietary data from children with cystic fibrosis: some problems and practicalities. AB - The literature on the collection of dietary data is both extensive and confusing. Few practical details are given, particularly for the clinical situation, which are useful to the novice. In response to this, and calls from various authors, the basis for deciding on methods for collecting dietary data from a group of patients in the clinical setting is illustrated here. Practical aspects of data collection and analysis are detailed. PMID- 6746316 TI - Self-appraisal: a formalised tool for improving dietitians' communication. AB - A self-assessment sheet was designed to help undergraduate and preregistration dietitians develop competence in oral communication. Responses identify problems in the delivery of formal and informal professional talks. PMID- 6746317 TI - Simultaneous use of four methods of estimating food consumption. AB - As part of a four-year longitudinal study examining changes in nutrient intakes, eating patterns, lifestyle and health on individuals before and after retirement from work, accurate assessments of customary food and beverage intakes were essential. This paper shows that by using four techniques simultaneously, a number of discrepancies were exposed, even though the subjects had filled in their records meticulously. Together they provide data more truly representative of what each individual eats. The techniques included: a week's weighed dietary record; a recall of customary food and beverages consumed throughout a typical day; key questions relating to foods and drinks (including alcohol) within a general questionnaire; and lists giving the frequency of consumption of specific foods and drinks. PMID- 6746318 TI - How effective is our advice to diabetics? A preliminary evaluation. AB - The dietary habits and knowledge of a random sample of 35 diabetic patients in the North London district of Islington were assessed by questionnaire and compared with the recommendations of the British Diabetic Association in order to evaluate the effectiveness of the dietary instruction given to diabetics. PMID- 6746319 TI - Gluten antibodies in patients with multiple sclerosis. AB - The level of gluten antibodies has been determined in plasma samples from 36 patients with MS using a haemagglutination technique. Only one of the 36 patients studied showed any evidence of gluten antibodies and the level of antibodies in this patient did not justify putting the patient on a gluten-free diet. This study has provided no evidence to support the use of a gluten-free diet as part of the management of MS. PMID- 6746320 TI - Growth faltering lacks association with the distribution of first year deaths. AB - A retrospective study of infant mortality from death registers was made in St Lucia and St Vincent. In both islands postneonatal deaths by month were found to be evenly distributed throughout the first year although the total infant mortality rates differed widely. The growth of a cohort of children from three St Lucian villages was studied. Their weight curve showed 'faltering' at 3 months, closely resembling the developing world pattern described by Waterlow, Ashworth & Griffiths (1980). We therefore conclude that there is no necessary association between this pattern of infant growth and infant mortality rate, nor between the distribution of weight velocity and the distribution of deaths in the first year. PMID- 6746321 TI - Vitamin E status in Italian children subsisting on a Mediterranean diet. AB - Serum vitamin E levels and food intake of 83 Italian children subsisting on a 'Mediterranean-type' diet were measured. Total fat intake was 66 g/d and polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFA) intake was 7.6 g/d. The dietary ratio of polyunsaturated to saturated fatty acids (P/S) was 0.30. Vitamin E intake was estimated to be about 4.5 mg/d and the theoretical requirement, calculated on the basis of their PUFA intake was 4.6 mg/d. The mean serum concentration of vitamin E was found to be 1.02 mg/dl which is similar or higher than reported by others. No correlation was found between serum level of vitamin E and total or HDL cholesterol, while a slightly significant correlation was found between PUFA intake and serum vitamin E. We conclude that the Mediterranean type of diet, characterized by a relatively low P/S ratio and PUFA content, provides a satisfactory vitamin E status. PMID- 6746322 TI - Impairment of taste and olfaction in patients with cirrhosis: the role of vitamin A. AB - Taste and olfaction sensory modalities and the response to vitamin A replenishment were studied in 37 vitamin A deficient patients (determined by low serum levels and abnormal dark adaptation) with stable alcoholic cirrhosis. Among this group of patients, 11 also had low serum zinc levels which ranged from 45 to 63 micrograms/dl. Initial taste and olfaction mean detection thresholds for all test substances were significantly higher (less sensitive) in all patients as compared to 21 sex-matched healthy subjects of the same age range (P less than 0.05). Twenty-seven patients including the 11 patients with low serum zinc were treated with oral vitamin A (10 000 micrograms/d) for 4 weeks. Among the vitamin a deficient patients there was significant improvement following vitamin A treatment in the mean detection and mean recognition thresholds for bitter and salty taste (P less than 0.01) and for pyridine olfaction (P less than 0.05) regardless of zinc status. Improvement in taste and olfaction correlated with a reversal of serum vitamin A levels and dark adaptation toward normal. The mechanism whereby vitamin A affects specific taste and smell (ie salty and bitter taste; pyridine smell) modalities is at present unknown. PMID- 6746323 TI - Glycaemic index of South African foods determined in rural blacks--a population at low risk of diabetes. AB - Published values on glycaemic indices of foods are based on studies made on subjects in diabetes-prone populations. Values have therefore been determined in South African black rural adolescents--a population at very low risk to the disease. While the profile of responses evoked by common foodstuffs on blood glucose levels was similar in blacks to that reported for white subjects, mean levels in blacks were 1 mmol/l or more lower. The glycaemic indices of legumes, particularly that of gram dal, were much lower than those for cereal products, vegetables and fruit. PMID- 6746324 TI - Relation of working energy output to basal metabolic rate and body size in different age groups. PMID- 6746325 TI - [Pain syndromes of the head, neck and locomotor system--determining current status]. AB - A small series of pain syndrome patients shows that disturbances of the head and neck motor system can lead to various pain syndromes as the vicious circle between pain and muscle tension is initiated by a triggering factor. These pain syndromes include varying combinations of the following symptoms: headache, referred otalgia, arthralgia of the temporomandibular joint, styloid syndrome, tendopathia of the hyoid bone, carotidynia, cervical dysphagia and probably most patients with superior laryngeal nerve neuralgia or glossopharyngeal neuralgia. A detailed differentiation of those syndromes is of little value for diagnostic and therapeutical purposes, because the mixed distribution of the pain irradiation does not indicate the localisation of the primary pathology. The pain syndromes of the head and neck motor system can be caused by temporomandibular joint pathology as well as by anatomical or functional alterations of the cervical spine. Acute exacerbations are triggered off by various influences such as inflammation, trauma, scarring after surgery or radiotherapy. Thus diagnostic and therapeutic measures must take into consideration both the motor system itself and any possible triggering factors. The problem frequently needs interdisciplinary co-operation. An attempt to handle the problem within the boundaries of a single discipline such as ENT, may lead to unnecessary and misleading steps. Guidelines for the management of such pain syndromes are outlined. PMID- 6746326 TI - [Operative approach to the retromaxillary space]. AB - From 1977-1982 we observed 59 tumours involving the retromaxillary fossa. The primary site, direction of spread and histology are described. In selecting one of the various approaches to this anatomical region it is necessary to distinguish between tumours which have invaded the retromaxillary fossa secondarily and those which have developed primarily within it. The importance of the transfacial premaxillary approach for the latter group is shown. PMID- 6746327 TI - [Diagnostic value of bone scintigraphy in otorhinolaryngology]. AB - 18 patients with inflammatory or neoplastic diseases of the skull underwent bone scintigraphy; the scintigraphic and radiologic findings were compared with the extent of the lesion found at surgery. Possible errors and the diagnostic value of this method are discussed. PMID- 6746328 TI - [Instrument for probe fixation in parotid gland sialography]. AB - An instrument is described for fixing the cannula used for sialography of the submandibular gland. Dislocation of the probe and early discharge of contrast medium can be avoided. PMID- 6746329 TI - [Sclerosing of the parotid gland using a protein solution for instillation in the excretory ducts. Long-term results of animal experiments]. AB - The histological changes of the parotid gland after instillation of a resorbable protein solution into the excretory ducts were investigated by animal experiments. The glands of eleven rabbits were examined twelve months or more after occlusion of the duct system. Atrophy of parenchyma, fibrosis of interstitial tissue and recanalisation of the ducts was found. The epithelial lining of the excretory ducts showed metaplasia, and sometimes even dysplasia. This histological feature is also seen in "necrotizing sialometaplasia" but has no tendency to undergo malignant transformation. The aim of the method described is elimination of secretory parenchyma. It depends on three mechanisms: suppression of secretion, chemical influence of the solution on tissue, and diminution of acinar blood supply. Complications such as abscesses or fistula occurred after paraductal instillation of the solution, or when the recanalization of the ducts was disturbed. Compared to ligation of Stensen's duct this method has some advantages in the treatment of chronic recurrent parotitis, sialadenosis, salivary fistulae or sialorrhea. PMID- 6746331 TI - [Elective coniotomy. Experiences with 103 personal cases]. AB - The view held for the last 60 years that coniotomy often leads to subglottic stenosis has recently been called into question. In the present study 103 elective coniotomies are analysed. The operation was much easier than tracheotomy, and there were no severe complications during or after operation. Six months after decannulation 31 patients were alive and 28 available for follow up examination. No evidence of subglottic stenosis was found. The main disadvantage of this operation would seem to be a tendency for the development of voice changes. PMID- 6746330 TI - [Endotracheal dystopia of thyroid tissue]. AB - Endotracheal ectopic thyroid tissue is rare. It can cause gradual obstruction of the tracheal lumen culminating in sudden dyspnoea. The diagnosis is relatively easy to make with the aid of a laryngeal mirror, by endoscopy, or by x-rays. However, it is most important to take the clinical picture into consideration. It is thought that the ectopic tissue arises from splitting of the thyroid gland during the descent in the embryonal stage. Treatment consists of removal via a tracheofissure. The tracheal mucous membrane must be treated with special care to prevent cicatricial stenosis of the trachea. PMID- 6746332 TI - Organization of the cat's lateral geniculate nucleus following interruption of prenatal binocular competition. AB - In adult cats which had an eye removed at least two weeks before birth the remaining retina projects to the entire ipsilateral and contralateral lateral geniculate nucleus. In these prenatally enucleated animals, all lateral geniculate neurons responded apparently normally to visual stimuli and retinotopy also appeared to be normal. These findings demonstrate that termination of in utero binocular competition induces marked morphological changes in the visual system, but the functional organization of the major retino-recipient structure develops normally. PMID- 6746333 TI - Neuronal mechanisms of developmental plasticity in the cat's visual system. AB - During early postnatal development various response properties of single neurones can be changed in the cat's visual system. These modifications must be based on changes of synaptic efficacy and depend on neuronal activity. Rearing kittens with artificial astigmatism creates meridional amblyopia demonstrable on different levels of investigation. Characteristic interdependencies of ocular dominance and orientation preference in visual cortex can be generated that demonstrate that synaptic changes involve a postsynaptic gating mechanism. The same conclusion can be drawn from the results of monocular strobe rearing, which has differential effects on cells in different cortical laminae. Connectivity changes can be induced by rather brief stimulation, but need time for consolidation, as can be shown by reverse occlusion experiments. Deprivation effects may also act across sensory modality borders: auditory neurones in superior colliculus are found much more frequently after visual deprivation. Judging from the number of bimodal cells, synaptic competition may be less powerful here than in visual cortex. PMID- 6746334 TI - The minimum extent of corpus callosum connections required for normal visual development in the cat. AB - The corpus callosum and its role in the development of the cat visual system was studied in terms of the minimum group of intact callosal fibers needed for normal visual development to result. Additionally, the fate of these surviving callosal fibers was studied morphologically to determine whether the resulting pattern of connectivity could account for the subsequent visual development. Incomplete corpus callosum sections were made in cats within the first two postnatal weeks, a time period when a complete callosum section results in permanent visual deficits. Visual development was assessed as a function of visual acuity, and connectivity of the intact callosal fibers was defined using the retrograde tracer, horseradish peroxidase. The results indicate that only a portion of the visual corpus callosum fibers need to be intact during the critical period of corpus callosum development in order for normal callosal connectivity and a normal visual system to result. PMID- 6746335 TI - The development of peripheral visual acuity in human infants. A preliminary study. AB - In 74 infants, we tested the resolution of gratings centered at 10 degrees in the peripheral visual field. The estimation of acuity was based on the direction of the first saccade from a fixation stimulus toward a peripheral grating stimulus. We also tested the development of the infants' "best acuity", using a method of forced-choice preferential looking (68 infants). Peripheral acuity developed dramatically in the first months of life and reached a plateau at about 4 months. By contrast, "best acuity" continued to increase significantly during the second half of the first year of age. At all ages, peripheral acuity was lower than the resolution evaluated with the same stimuli under free-viewing conditions. We conclude that, in spite of the known immaturity of the fovea in newborns (Abramov et al. 1982), even the youngest infants we tested (2 months old) showed a functional superiority of the central over the peripheral visual field. PMID- 6746336 TI - Development of retinal acuity in infants evaluated with pattern electroretinogram. AB - The electroretinographic (ERG) response to patterns of constant mean luminance (sinusoidal gratings reversed in contrast at 12 rev/s) has been recorded in infants 7 weeks to 6 months old. At each age the amplitude of the ERG for relatively fine gratings decreases with increasing spatial frequency and vanishes for a spatial frequency that can be defined as ERG acuity. It has been found that ERG acuity increases progressively with age. The acuity evaluated from cortical evoked potentials (VEP) recorded simultaneously with the ERG increases with age in parallel with ERG acuity. These findings are in agreement with data reported in the literature for the cat, indicating a parallel postnatal development of acuity at a retinal and cortical level. PMID- 6746337 TI - Temporal and spatial properties of the pattern-reversal VEPs in infants below 2 months of age. AB - Pattern VEP measurements in infants below 2 months of age do not seem to show appreciable developmental changes in contrast sensitivity and cut-off spatial frequency in spite of the marked structural maturation that takes place in the visual system. This paper investigates the temporal parameters of the pattern VEP in order to establish electrophysiological criteria in detecting developmental changes of the visual pathway in this age range. In comparison with the adult, the neonatal response latency is delayed about 155 ms. The delay shortens during the first two months with a slope of around 1 ms/day. The neonatal temporal and spatial tuning functions, as compared with the adult ones, are markedly shifted towards lower temporal and spatial frequencies respectively, and do not show measurable changes in the early post-natal period. PMID- 6746338 TI - Hyperbilirubinemia and phototherapy: a community hospital experience. PMID- 6746339 TI - Situs inversus totalis with calculi in a left-sided gallbladder: report of a case. PMID- 6746342 TI - Perforation of the gallbladder: report of a case and review of the literature. PMID- 6746340 TI - Leiomyosarcoma of the rectum: report of a case. PMID- 6746341 TI - Pyogenic osteomyelitis of the vertebral body. PMID- 6746344 TI - Changes in early and late effects with dose-per-fraction: alpha, beta, redistribution and repair. AB - Both tumor response and the manifestation of "early" and "late" effects in normal tissues as a function of overall treatment time and dose per fraction are thought to reflect an interplay between the inherent sensitivity of the target cells at risk, and their proliferation kinetics. In light of clinical and experimental studies which indicate that differences exist between early and late radiation responses in normal tissues after changes in fractionation pattern, several investigators have postulated that the intrinsic sensitivities of the respective target cells, in particular the alpha/beta ratios, are different. We suggest that the clinical and experimental findings may be explained, at least partly, in terms of cell cycle redistribution, and may also involve changes in the ability of early effects target cells to repair potentially lethal damage. PMID- 6746343 TI - Intracerebral hemorrhage in hemophilia. PMID- 6746345 TI - Acute normal tissue tolerance to 7 day per week accelerated fractionation. AB - Fifty-six sites in 49 patients were irradiated by a 7 day/week accelerated fractionation schedule to conventional tumor doses. Daily doses were 180 to 200 rad in 85% of sites. Patients were analyzed for normal tissue tolerance. A 7 day/week accelerated fractionation appears clinically tolerable at 180 rad per fraction. PMID- 6746348 TI - Prevention of radiation emesis in dogs by combinations of drugs. AB - Male mixed-breed dogs were used to evaluate the effectiveness of cimetidine (Cim), promethazine (Pro), and thiethylperazine (Thi), singly and in combination, to raise the threshold for radiation-induced emesis. Cim was chosen as an H2 antihistamine, Pro as an H1 antihistamine, and Thi as a phenothiazine derivative dopamine blocker. Doses were: 167 mg/m2 i.v. for Cim; 13.9 mg/m2 i.m. for Pro; and 5.6 mg/m2 i.m. for Thi. These doses were calculated on a mg/m2 basis to approximate doses for an average human (1.8 m2) of 300 mg Cim, 25 mg Pro, and 10 mg Thi. Exposure was to 60Co at 60 rad (midline) per min. The dogs were fed 0.4 kg canned dog food 1 hour before exposure, and injected with the appropriate drugs 30 minutes prior to exposure. Emesis onset times, number of episodes, and time to last episode were recorded. The radiation dose (midline tissue rad) to cause a 50% incidence of emesis (ED50) was calculated using an up-and-down procedure. The ED50 (95% confidence limits) were: 258 (212-315) for controls; 240 (151-380) for Cim; 313 (256-384) for Pro; 405 (319-514) for Thi; 334 (284-394) for Cim + Pro; 446 (365-546) for Cim + Thi; 347 (306-399) for Pro + Thi; and 478 (428-539) for Cim + Pro + Thi. PMID- 6746350 TI - Lack of correlation between basal cell survival and gross response in irradiated swine skin. AB - The relationship between basal cell survival and gross response in irradiated swine skin was tested by comparing dose survival curves derived from time-dose isoeffect data with curves obtained directly from basal cell counts in histological sections. Assuming equal effect per exposure and constant cell survival at isoeffect, best-fitting single-hit multi-target and linear-quadratic response curves were determined for time-dose schedules resulting in non-healing of 50% of irradiated fields. Basal cell survivals for single doses of 970, 1649, 2231, and 2619 rad were estimated 1) by counting regenerating islands and 2) by monitoring total basal cell counts through time. The dose survival curve derived from the isoeffect data was steeper than the curve obtained from direct basal cell counts. Furthermore, the direct basal cell survival curve extrapolates to less than 100% at zero dose, indicating the presence of a resistant basal cell subpopulation. The data show that the isoeffect in this case is not strongly coupled to basal cell survival. Rather, the probability of healing of an irradiated field is more sensitive to the dose per fraction than is basal cell survival, implying a contribution to non-healing from damage to stromal elements such as the capillary endothelium. PMID- 6746346 TI - Leg contracture in mice: an assay of normal tissue response. AB - Leg contracture, defined as the difference in extensibility of the control and irradiated hind legs of mice, was found to correlate with single doses of radiation from about 20 to 80 Gy. The time of development of the early phase of the response coincided with that reported for the appearance of the acute skin response, and in some cases, partially reversed as this reaction healed. The contracture then progressed again at a moderate rate through 90 days, and then more slowly through one year. Skin contraction, measured by decrease in intertattoo distance, was assayed in the same mice. It followed the same time course as leg contracture, but had a different dose-response relationship. Maximal contraction occurred following doses of 30 Gy or more, reaching this level sooner following higher doses. The early reactions in individual mice were not reliable in predicting late response for either assay. To determine the contribution of skin contraction to the overall leg contracture response, mice were sacrificed and the leg contracture measured before and after the removal of the skin of the leg. After doses of up to 30 Gy, little contracture remained from skinning the leg, indicating that skin contraction was largely responsible for leg contracture in this dose range. After doses of about 45 Gy and above, some contracture remained in the skinned legs, although less than in intact legs. This indicated that injury to the deeper tissues of the leg as well as to the skin was responsible for contracture at these higher doses. There was little or no enhancement of either skin contraction or leg contracture by the hypoxic cell sensitizers metronidazole or misonidazole. PMID- 6746347 TI - Oxygen at 2 atmospheres absolute pressure does not increase the radiation sensitivity of normal brain in rats. AB - Cranial radiation was administered to CD Fisher rats at 1.0, 1.5 and 2.0 atmospheres absolute oxygen pressure. Life span following radiation was recorded. Surviving animals were killed at 28 weeks and the brains were examined independently by two neuropathologists. Survival time was significantly less in animals receiving higher doses of radiation but showed no relationship to the oxygen pressure in the environment of the animal at the time radiation was administered. Microscopic examination of the brain did not reveal any differences in animals radiated in a normobaric or hyperbaric oxygen environment. It is concluded that hyperbaric oxygen does not sensitize the normal brain to the effects of ionizing radiation. PMID- 6746349 TI - Differential effect of cycloheximide on normal tissue tolerance and tumor control in irradiated rats. AB - The effect of the protein synthesis inhibitor cycloheximide (CHM) on normal tissue tolerance and tumor control in the rat following single doses of radiation has been studied. We have previously shown that the drug protects against skin damage when administered prior to irradiation of the hind limbs. It does not protect against six-month lethality when given prior to irradiation of the kidneys. In the present studies protection of rat bone marrow as evidenced by 30 day lethality was observed when CHM was given prior to whole-body irradiation. When CHM was given to rats bearing the BA1112 tumor, it had no protective effect on radiocurability. Therapeutically favorable differential protection of rapidly proliferating normal tissue over tumor can be achieved when CHM is administered prior to single radiation doses in the rat. This effect is most likely due to inhibition of protein synthesis and resultant interruption of the cell cycle in proliferating normal tissue. Further studies are required to determine the clinical applicability of CHM. PMID- 6746352 TI - Breakaway safety feature for an intra-oral cone system. AB - With an increasing number of high energy accelerators in operation, intra-oral electron radiotherapy is likely to become a more widely-used modality in the treatment of lesions of the oral cavity. However, there is one potential problem associated with this modality which concerns patient safety. There must never be any uncontrolled movement of the couch or gantry while the cone is in the patient's mouth, otherwise serious consequences could occur. In an effort to overcome this problem, a set of cones previously constructed by us for use in intra-oral electron radiotherapy has been modified to include a breakaway safety feature. This modification consists of separating the plate into which each of the treatment cones screws, into two pieces, the dividing line being in the shape of a cone frustum flaring out in the upward direction. A set of four spring plungers projecting into a notch on the inner ring prevents the cone from being pushed upwards without the application of an upward force. The amount of force required to push the cone upwards can be changed by adjusting the pressure of the spring plungers. PMID- 6746351 TI - Theoretical temperature profiles for concentric coil induction heating devices in a two-dimensional, axi-asymmetric, inhomogeneous patient model. AB - In this paper we report on theoretical calculations for the temperature distributions produced by an rf magnetic induction device that is placed concentrically about the long axis of the patient. A two-dimensional, axi asymmetric, inhomogeneous patient model was used in conjunction with a numerical moment method for calculating the electric fields in the tissues of the model and a numerical finite element method for calculating the resulting temperature distributions. The electric fields and the absorbed power per unit volume of tissue were calculated for both a thorax and viscera model, each of which included a tumor volume. The absorbed power values were input into the bioheat transfer equation and the temperature distributions were calculated for a wide range of blood flow rates. Based on the steady-state and transient results, our computer simulations predict poor therapeutic temperature profiles for tumors embedded deeply in the thorax and viscera. This heating technique appears to produce significant therapeutic volumes in superficial tumors located not greater than 7 cm in depth. These theoretical calculations should aid the clinician in the evaluation of induction heating devices for their effectiveness in heating deep-seated and superficial tumors. PMID- 6746353 TI - Computed tomography in the management of bladder carcinoma. AB - Between 1978 and 1980, 30 patients were evaluated by computed tomography (CT). CT differed from clinical stage in 10 of 30 patients (30%). In 9 of the 10 patients the change in stage resulted because of extravesical extension or involvement of the prostate. Seventeen patients underwent pre-operative irradiation, and CT scans done post-irradiation showed a decrease in tumor stage in 5 patients (33%). The accuracy of CT in detecting nodal involvement was limited with an overall accuracy of 65%. CT has limited value in staging of bladder cancer. PMID- 6746355 TI - Fast neutron irradiation of metastatic cervical adenopathy. PMID- 6746356 TI - Salivary gland tumors treated by postoperative electron and photon therapy or by neutrons. PMID- 6746357 TI - Short-term variation in labeling index as a predictor of radiotherapy response in human oral cavity carcinoma. AB - In vitro determination of [3H]thymidine labeling index (LI) was carried out on squamous cell carcinomas of the oral cavity from 52 patients before and during radiotherapy. Pretreatment LI values ranged from 0.01% to 50%. After administration of the first 10 Gy in five consecutive daily fractions, a decrease in LI was observed in 39 cases and an enhancement in 13 cases, with an overall median 70% decrease in the initial value. The type of variation induced by radiotherapy was not related to pretreatment LI except for tumors with a very low proliferative activity (LI less than or equal to 1.9%), which all showed a marked increase in LI. Pretreatment LI was not indicative of short- or long-term response to radiotherapy, whereas the variation induced on LI after 10 Gy was related to the clinical outcome. A variation in LI of more or less than 70% was not significantly associated (p = 0.077) with clinical objective response (respectively, 85 and 53%). However, all 8 patients who reached a complete regression, notwithstanding an enhancement or a slight decrease in LI, had a local recurrence within 19 months. Conversely, the probability of disease-free survival was 82% for the 11 patients whose tumors had a significant decrease in LI (greater than or equal to 70%) after the first 10 Gy. PMID- 6746354 TI - Distribution of and physiologic factors that affect 131I-antiferritin tumor localization in experimental hepatoma. AB - Polyclonal 131I rabbit anti-rat ferritin localizes in the H-4-II-E hepatoma model. The effect of tumor size, vascularity, and ferritin content on tumor localization was examined. The extravascular and intravascular quantity and location of 131I non-specific IgG and 131I-antiferritin IgG in tumors were determined by gamma counter analysis of tissue samples and autoradiography. Separate groups of 8-10 tumor bearing rats with 0.6-1 g, 1-3 g, 4-8 g, 8-14 g, and greater than 14 g tumors were injected with 500 microCi (200 micrograms) of 131I non-specific IgG or 131I-antiferritin. Tumor targeting with antiferritin occurred maximally in primary or metastatic lesions less than 1 g in size. Decreased localization occurred with increasing tumor size and no localization took place in tumors greater than 8 g in size. This finding is independent of administered dose because increasing the amount of injected antiferritin from 2- to 10-fold did not increase the antiferritin/normal IgG targeting ratio in any group of tumors greater than 4 g. The quantity and physical characteristics of the tumor vasculature may in part explain selective tumor localization. Tumor vascularity per gram as measured by 51Cr labeled erythrocytes decreased as tumor size increased. Decreased localization was evident in the necrotic portions of large tumors. Autoradiography of tumor sections revealed that most of the 125I IgG activity is deposited perivascularly with decreased deposition of antibody in necrotic areas of tumors and at increasing distance from the lumen of vessels. These findings have clinical importance since this non-homogeneous distribution of antibody could result in the delivery of low doses of radiation to large necrotic areas of tumors. These results help to demonstrate some of the complex physiologic factors that affect tumor localization and antibody distribution. PMID- 6746358 TI - Improved control of bulky prostate carcinoma with sequential estrogen and radiation therapy. AB - Patients with bulky prostate cancer have usually been treated by palliative measures because the likelihood of tumor control with definitive irradiation has been low and the development of distant metastases high. The addition of estrogen to irradiation has not been shown to be of value. However, we believe the method of estrogen administration may have been the cause for the apparent lack of benefit. Estrogen had been started either concurrent with irradiation or had been used for palliation and was given for long and unscheduled time periods prior to irradiation. We have used estrogen for two months prior to and concurrent with irradiation. We postulated that in those patients with estrogen responsive cancer, the reduced tumor burden prior to irradiation could enhance tumor control and survival. Between 1975 and 1980, 25 patients with bulky prostate cancer received sequential estrogen and irradiation, 12 patients irradiation alone and six patients irradiation after having become refractory to long-term estrogen use. One patient was lost to follow-up. Eighteen of 25 (72%) treated by sequential estrogen and irradiation, 14/17 (82%) with estrogen responsive cancer and 4/8 (50%) with estrogen resistant cancer had a complete tumor response. Six of 11 (55%) patients treated by irradiation alone and 2/6 (33%) treated by irradiation for estrogen refractory cancer had a complete tumor response. Disease free survival was observed in 13/25 (52%) treated by sequential estrogen and irradiation, and 8/17 patients (47%) with irradiation. It is also possible the improved survival in the estrogen responsive group was a direct result of improved local control. Persistent local disease can act as a source for distant metastases. Distant metastases was observed in 15% of patients when the primary tumor was controlled and 30% when there was persistent or recurrent local disease. Also, progressive local disease can be an important cause of death. This was most evident in our patients with estrogen refractory cancer. Almost all patients in this group had progressive local disease that caused serious urinary bleeding and urinary infection that were considered the major cause of death. Our results suggest bulky prostate cancer should be aggressively treated when first diagnosed. The value of adjunct estrogen is unproven. Our results with the use of estrogen prior to and concurrent with irradiation is encouraging. Estrogen may shrink the cancer and allow for a more favorable geometry for external irradiation. Tumor control and survival may be thereby improved.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 400 WORDS) PMID- 6746359 TI - Pineal region tumors: analysis of treatment results. AB - This article represents a review of 32 patients with pineal region tumors seen and treated at the University of Michigan Medical Center from January 1950 to December 1980. All patients presented with manifestations of increased intracranial pressure: limitation of the upward gaze (Parinaud's syndrome), hydrocephalus and a mass in the posterior aspect of the third ventricle. The tumor was demonstrated by pneumoencephalography, ventriculography, angiography or CT scans. Ventricular decompression was performed in all patients. Eighteen of the 32 patients (56%) had a histological diagnosis of germinoma, one patient had a diagnosis of hamartoma; no histological diagnosis was obtained in the remainder of the patients. Twenty-seven patients received post-operative irradiation. Irradiation dosage ranged between 30 and 55 Gy. The overall 10 year survival for evaluable patients was 16/24 (67%). The low incidence of spinal cord metastasis in these patients does not justify routine use of spinal irradiation. PMID- 6746361 TI - The art in analysis: the analyst's art. PMID- 6746362 TI - The role of the double in the creative process and psychoanalysis. PMID- 6746360 TI - The impact of myelography on the treatment results for medulloblastoma. AB - Two series of newly diagnosed patients with medulloblastoma are compared in terms of survival, relapse-free survival, and sites of relapse. Patients in series I were all diagnosed and treated prior to 1974 and did not have the benefit of myelography and CSF cytology for staging. All patients treated after 1974 had myelography and most had CSF cytology studies prior to radiotherapy. In addition, patients in the latter series were all followed with CT scanning. Improved survival and relapse-free survival rates were seen in the series II patients. Approximately 30% of the staged patients have had abnormal myelograms. It is suggested that involved portions of the cord be treated with higher doses than the usual prophylactic doses. The better results seen in the series II patients are probably due in part to a combination of adequate staging with radiation doses to the neuraxis based on the staging, close followup with CT scanning, and aggressive re-treatment of relapses. PMID- 6746363 TI - Sartre: ego and superego functions in fiction and ideology. PMID- 6746364 TI - The legend of the unicorn: an illumination of the maternal split. AB - The legend of the unicorn, which pervaded art and literature in the Middle Ages and Renaissance, has been curiously ignored by psychoanalytic writers. A close study of two forms of the legend - the early "virgin capture" and its later, expanded version, the "Holy Hunt," both of them Christian allegories - reveals, first, that the story is a reflection of oedipal conflicts and, second, that it clarifies the nature of these conflicts. Above all, the dual nature of the virgin, her simultaneous innocence and perfidy, is symbolic of the child's double image of the mother during this period. On the one hand, the oedipal child longs to restore the early mother-child fusion; hence the innocence and purity of the virgin who lures the unicorn. On the other hand, the child perceives the danger of his longing; hence the virgin's duplicity in leading the unicorn to his capture. This oedipal double image of the mother reawakens and validates the maternal split of infancy, elucidated by Klein. The result is an unhealable division, persisting through adulthood, in the perception of the love-object, and above all in male perceptions of the female love-object. Misogyny is thus shown to be the product of archaic conflicts, strengthened by the oedipal crisis. PMID- 6746365 TI - Shakespeare's "Timon of Athens": the progress from naivete to cynicism. PMID- 6746366 TI - Mange caused by Myialges (Metamicrolichus) nudus in a gray-cheeked parakeet. PMID- 6746367 TI - Guidelines for vaccination of horses. Equine Vaccination Guidelines Subcommittee, Council on Biologic and Therapeutic Agents, AVMA. PMID- 6746369 TI - More about pit bull terriers. PMID- 6746368 TI - Hypernatremia and adipsia in a dog. PMID- 6746370 TI - Mycoplasma as a cause of canine urinary tract infection. AB - Mycoplasmas were isolated from 60 specimens of urine obtained by cystocentesis from 41 dogs (23 males and 18 females) with urinary tract infection. Mycoplasmas were isolated in pure culture from 41 (68%) of the specimens, and were isolated in conjunction with one or more bacterial species from 19 (32%) specimens. Clinical signs of urinary tract infection were noted in 20 of 31 dogs in which mycoplasmas were isolated in pure culture, and numbers of WBC in the urine sediment were above the reported normal range in 22 of 25 urine specimens from those 20 dogs. Twenty-four of 29 mycoplasma isolates were found to be Mycoplasma canis, 4 were found to be M spumans, and 1 was identified as M cynos. PMID- 6746371 TI - Nasal intubation in the foal. PMID- 6746372 TI - Evaluation of fenbendazole as an extended anthelmintic treatment regimen for swine. AB - Fenbendazole was given in the feed to swine at a cumulative dosage of 9 mg/kg of body weight over a period of 3, 6, and 12 days to compare efficacy. Four treatment groups of ten 2- to 3-month-old pigs each, with a mean of 15 kg of body weight per group, received 3 mg of fenbendazole/kg/day for 3 days, 1.5 mg/kg/day for 6 days, 0.75 mg/kg/day for 12 days, and no medication. Medicated feed was scheduled so that all treated pigs reached the last day of treatment on the same day, thus making the time between the last treatment and necropsy equal for all groups. Ascaris suum and Trichuris suis were the target species, their presence before treatment being determined by fecal egg counts and at necropsy by worm counts. At necropsy, 9 control pigs were infected with A suum (mean of 18.0 worms/pig), and all control pigs had T suis infection (mean of 36.5 worms/pig). All 3 treatment schedules were 100% effective in removal of A suum; and for T suis, the 3-day regimen was 100% effective, the 6-day regimen, 99.2%, and the 12 day regimen, 91.0%. PMID- 6746373 TI - Results of surgical excision of perianal fistulas in dogs. AB - Eighty-seven dogs that had perianal fistulas diagnosed at the Veterinary Medical Teaching Hospital, University of California, Davis, were treated by excision of the diseased tissues and bilateral anal sacculectomy. Males were affected more often than females (66 to 21), and the German Shepherd Dog was the predominant breed (59 of 87). Information from owners regarding long-term postoperative progress was available for 41 dogs. Twenty-two of the 41 dogs had been euthanatized, 15 (36.6%) because of complications related to perianal fistulas and 7 because of unrelated causes. The mean postoperative period, ie, from the time of surgery to the time of euthanasia, was 34.7 months (range, 1 to 82 months). The remaining 19 dogs were examined after a mean postoperative period of 42.3 months (range, 13 to 100 months). Postoperative complications included development of clinically evident fistulas in 23 of the 41 dogs (56.1%), lack of normal continence (26.8%), tenesmus (19.5%), flatulence (17.1%), and anal stricture (14.6%). Twenty-one of the 41 dogs (51.2%) were judged by their owners to be satisfactory pets or to have been satisfactory pets before euthanasia for unrelated reasons PMID- 6746374 TI - Puncture of shoulder, elbow, and carpal joints in goats and sheep. AB - The forelimbs joints and bones of 16 normal goats and sheep were studied to determine optimal injection techniques for the shoulder, elbow, and carpal joints. Based on the findings, trial injections of marker substances were made in 8 anesthetized animals. The joints were then dissected and rates of success were determined, and they were 88% of shoulder, 87% of elbow, 94% of radiocarpal, and 81% of midcarpal and carpometacarpal joints. PMID- 6746375 TI - Use of a microtiter Coombs' test for study of age, gender, and breed distributions in immunohemolytic anemia of the dog. AB - Sixteen of 17 dogs with immunohemolytic anemia had a microtiter Coombs' test titer greater than or equal to 1:64. Performance of the test as a hemagglutination assay apparently increased the sensitivity of the test. Three of the dogs with immunohemolytic anemia were sexually intact females, 11 were spayed females, and 3 were sexually intact males. When age and gender were considered together, females were 4.3 times more likely to have immunohemolytic anemia than were males (P less than 0.05). When corrected for population age distribution, spayed females were not predisposed to the problem. PMID- 6746377 TI - Results of tube gastrostomy as treatment for gastric volvulus in the dog. AB - The Dragstedt modification of the Stamm tube gastrostomy was used in 29 dogs with gastric volvulus. A total of 17 dogs were monitored for 14 to 40 months after surgery. Volvulus recurred in one dog. All dogs with a presumptive diagnosis of gastric volvulus were treated surgically by gastric derotation and gastrostomy on an emergency basis. Mortality during the first week after surgery was 31%. PMID- 6746378 TI - Temporomandibular joint luxation in a horse. PMID- 6746376 TI - Clinical study of mastitis-metritis-agalactia in sows in Illinois. AB - Mastitis-metritis-agalactia (MMA) occurred in 6.9% of 16,405 farrowings recorded over 1 year (1981) in 31 Illinois swine herds. Prevalence of MMA among herds ranged from 1.1% to 37.2% and was not correlated to herd size. There was a significant positive correlation between the prevalence of MMA and the housing system wherein sows were moved from pasture gestation to crates immediately before farrowing. A significant seasonal peak of MMA was found for the third quarter of the year (10.3%). Mean prevalence of MMA was 13% in pluriparous sows and 4.2% in primiparous sows. The difference was not significant. Sows with MMA gave birth to more live pigs per litter compared with healthy sows (+0.7 pigs per litter). The number of stillbirths and pigs found dead after birth also was higher in sows with MMA (+4.6%). Total pig mortality until 1 week of age was 56% in litters of pluriparous sows with MMA and 17% in litters of healthy pluriparous sows and, respectively, 41% and 15% in litters of primiparous sows. The mean number of pigs per litter surviving at 1 week of age was 5.6 in pluriparous sows with MMA and 9.3 in healthy sows and, respectively, 6.2 and 8.3 in primiparous sows. For all herds investigated, mean litter size at birth (including stillbirths) was 11.0. Total pigs mortality until 1 week of age was 31%. Pig losses attributable to MMA, at 6.9% prevalence of the disease, were 4% of all pigs born and 12.9% of the pig mortality until 1 week of age. PMID- 6746380 TI - Factor IX deficiency (hemophilia B) in a litter of Labrador retrievers. PMID- 6746379 TI - Peritoneal dialysis for presurgical management of ruptured bladder in a foal. PMID- 6746381 TI - Congenital hypotrichosis in two dogs. PMID- 6746382 TI - Obstructive jaundice in a cat resulting from choledocholithiasis. PMID- 6746384 TI - Successful treatment of pericarditis in a horse. PMID- 6746383 TI - Acute renal failure associated with application of a mercuric blister in a horse. PMID- 6746385 TI - ECG of the month. Syncope. PMID- 6746386 TI - Considerations of copper metabolism in osteochondrosis of suckling foals. AB - Of 8 Thoroughbred foals in which osteochondrosis developed before weaning, 7 had serum copper and ceruloplasmin concentrations below normal. Three foals on one farm had serum zinc content high enough to suggest zinc toxicosis, and the liver of each foal contained abnormally high content of zinc. Four foals from the second farm had extremely low serum copper content, but normal serum zinc content. Evidence of environmental exposure to excess zinc was not found on either farm. The lesions in the zones of endochondral ossification of the afflicted foals were similar in many respects to those found in other species of animals with molybdenum-induced copper deficiency and with inhibition of the function of copper-dependent lysyl oxidase by beta-aminopropionitrile, a toxic component of Lathyrus odoratus known to cause osteolathyrism. PMID- 6746387 TI - Retrospective analysis of 29 fractures of the olecranon process of the equine ulna. AB - Twenty-nine fractures of the olecranon process of the ulna in horses treated at The Ohio State University College of Veterinary Medicine from 1973 through 1983 were evaluated. The objectives of the study were to determine the prognosis for various configurations of fractures of the olecranon process of the ulna, to determine what preoperative factors influenced the prognosis, and to evaluate the efficacy of the treatment methods used. The fractures were placed in one of 4 categories on the basis of severity of the injury: type-1 fractures involved the physeal plate; type-2 fractures involved the olecranon at the level of the anconeal notch (narrowest cross-sectional area of the ulna); type-3 fractures involved the proximal portion of the olecranon without involving the elbow joint; and type-4 fractures were severely comminuted fractures. Three modes of treatment used were: (1) open reduction and internal fixation, using a tension band plate, (2) elbow to ground splinting, with stall rest, and (3) stall rest alone. Internal fixation with a tension band plate was 68% successful. Of those horses in which repair was considered successful, 84% returned to excellent function. Elbow to ground splinting with stall rest was used successfully for nonarticular and nondisplaced fractures in 2 horses. Stall rest alone resulted in 28% "pasture sound" horses, with none of the 7 horses so treated returning to athletic performance. On the basis of this study, the following conclusions were derived. (1) Nonarticular/nondisplaced fractures are candidates for nonsurgical treatment, using full-limb splinting, stall rest, and periodic reevaluation.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS) PMID- 6746388 TI - Ulnar fracture and dislocation of the proximal radial epiphysis (Monteggia lesion) in the dog and cat: a review of 28 cases. AB - Ulnar fracture with dislocation of the proximal epiphysis of the radius (Monteggia lesion) was diagnosed in 16 dogs and 12 cats. The lesions were classified into 4 types on the basis of direction of the dislocation of the radial head and angulation of the ulnar fracture. Cranial dislocation of the radial head, with cranial angulation of the ulnar fracture (type 1 lesion) was the most common. Radial head chip fractures were frequently associated with the lesions. In 25 cases, open reduction and internal fixation were required. The most common postoperative complications were restricted range of motion in the elbow, osteoarthritis, and recurrent dislocation of the radial head. Follow-up evaluations in 16 cases revealed good to excellent results in 10 animals and fair to poor results in 6 animals. PMID- 6746390 TI - Prognostic factors for feline mammary tumors. AB - The case records of 100 cats with malignant mammary tumors were reviewed. All cats were staged clinically according to the staging system of the World Health Organization. The following information was obtained from the medical records: age at time of diagnosis, breed, tumor size, date of surgery, type of surgical procedure performed, histologic type of tumor, disease-free interval, survival time, and cause of death. Factors of no prognostic value were age (less than or equal to 10 years vs greater than 10 years) and breed. Tumor size was the most significant prognostic factor (P less than 0.0001). Cats with small tumors (1 cm3 to 8 cm3) had the best prognosis. The type of surgery, conservative vs radical, was significantly (P less than 0.01) related to disease-free interval, but was of no significance in prolonging survival time. PMID- 6746389 TI - Exercise-induced pulmonary hemorrhage in thoroughbred horses: response to furosemide or hesperidin-citrus bioflavinoids. AB - Of 61 horses with a history of exercise-induced pulmonary hemorrhage and treated with furosemide 4 hours prior to racing, 34 (55.7%) continued to bleed. Of 24 horses with exercise-induced pulmonary hemorrhage that were not treated with furosemide prior to racing, 17 (70.8%) still bled. There was no statistically significant difference between the treated and the nontreated groups. Of 45 horses given hesperidin-citrus bioflavinoids, 38 (84.4%) bled when exercised 90 days later. There was no statistically significant difference between the results for hesperidin-citrus bioflavinoid-treated horses and those for horses known to stop bleeding without any treatment. PMID- 6746391 TI - Serratia spp infection in 21 horses. AB - Twenty-three isolations of Serratia spp were made from 21 horses at the University of Florida Veterinary Medical Teaching Hospital between Jan 1, 1979 and July 1, 1983. Three Serratia spp were involved in single-organism and mixed infections of various tissues. Eight horses of this group died. All horses that died had massive, mixed, gram-negative infection. The other 13 responded to treatment, including systemic antibiotic therapy. Most of these horses were stressed and under antibiotic therapy prior to the time of culture. Possible nosocomial infection, variable antibiotic sensitivity, and a trend toward decreased antibiotic sensitivity after antibiotic administration were noted. PMID- 6746392 TI - Prostaglandin treatment and subsequent cystic ovarian disease in Holstein cows. AB - Using computerized herd health data, a prospective cohort study was devised to determine whether cows treated with prostaglandins had a higher incidence of cystic ovarian disease than comparable cows not treated. Of 744 cows selected as having diseases for which prostaglandin administration may be indicated, 240 received prostaglandin. Sixteen cows had cystic ovarian disease following prostaglandin administration. Chi-square analysis showed no association (P greater than 0.10) between cystic ovarian disease and the use of prostaglandin. Incidence of cystic ovarian disease within 150 days of calving in clinically normal cows was compared with that of cows with reproductive disorders. Cows with reproductive disorders had a significantly (P less than 0.01) higher incidence of cystic ovarian disease. PMID- 6746393 TI - Effect of atropine sulfate on tear production in the cat when used with ketamine hydrochloride and acetylpromazine maleate. AB - Schirmer I tear tests were done on 10 cats before and during anesthesia induced with ketamine hydrochloride in combination with acetylpromazine maleate, with and without atropine sulfate as a preanesthetic agent. Use of atropine sulfate alone decreased tear production from a mean base-line value of 16.9 +/- 3.7 mm/min to 8.2 +/- 4.9 mm/min, 10 minutes after its subcutaneous administration. Tear production continued to decrease from 8.2 +/- 4.9 mm/min to a mean of 2.3 +/- 2.5 mm/min at 30 minutes after the administration of the ketamine hydrochloride and acetylpromazine maleate combination. PMID- 6746394 TI - Serum thyroxine and triiodothyronine concentrations in canine pyoderma. AB - In an effort to evaluate the effect of pyoderma on circulating iodothyronines, plasma triiodothyronine (T3) and thyroxine (T4) values were determined before and after thyroid stimulating hormone administration in 25 dogs with pyoderma and in 15 controls. Basal T4 values were increased in dogs with pyoderma, but neither stimulated T4 nor T3 values were altered by this condition. On the basis of low values for circulating iodothyronines, hypothyroidism was suspected in 3 dogs in the pyoderma group. The dog with the most involved lesions had extremely low T3 and T4 values as well as an autoimmune disease. It was concluded that most dogs with pyoderma do not have thyroid dysfunction. PMID- 6746395 TI - Spirochete-associated arthritis (Lyme disease) in a dog. PMID- 6746396 TI - Tracheal actinomycosis in a cow. PMID- 6746397 TI - Hepatic lipidosis from dietary restriction in nonlactating cows. PMID- 6746398 TI - Vincristine-loaded platelet therapy for idiopathic thrombocytopenia in a dog. PMID- 6746399 TI - What is your diagnosis? Heartworm disease with thromboembolism and vena caval syndrome. PMID- 6746400 TI - The distribution of pneumatisation in the skeleton of the adult domestic fowl. AB - The occurrence of pneumatisation in the skull of the adult domestic fowl was investigated in eight birds by gross and histological examination. It was found to occur regularly throughout the neurocranium and in the quadrate and variably in the mandible, but to be absent in the facial skeleton. Close agreement was found between gross and histological examination. The entire skeletons of fifty one adult birds all from the same hatch and kept under the same conditions were examined grossly for evidence of the occurrence and extent of pneumatisation. Previous findings for the skull were confirmed with the additional information that pneumatisation in the pterygoid was variable. Variation in the extent of skull pneumatisation was less than in the postcranial skeleton, where only cervical vertebrae 5-9 were found to be regularly pneumatised. The humerus and coracoid were variably pneumatised, often unilaterally. The os coxae and sternum had a very low incidence of pneumatisation. The three cockerels in the group appeared to be relatively well pneumatised. Some possible factors governing the occurrence and extent of pneumatisation in the skeleton are discussed. PMID- 6746401 TI - Presence of a groove in the lateral wall of the human orbit. AB - The presence of a groove in the lateral wall of the human orbit (Royle, 1973) was found in 45 of 100 orbits examined (45%). In 15 skulls the groove was present bilaterally. The groove probably lodges an anastomosis between the middle meningeal and infraorbital blood vessels. No reference to this groove was found in general anatomical texts. PMID- 6746402 TI - The postnatal development of blood vessels in the optic nerve of normotensive and hypertensive rats. AB - The blood vessels in the optic nerve of normotensive and hypertensive rats have been examined at 2, 4, 8 and 12 weeks of age. The pattern of development was found to be different in the two strains, with the number of blood vessels in the hypertensive rat optic nerve being lower at 2 weeks, but greater at 12 weeks than the normotensive rat. There appeared to be no correlation between vascularity and either myelination or changes in the fibre diameter spectrum at the ages studied. It is concluded that while the cause of the increased vascularity of the optic nerve in hypertensive rats is not known, it appears to be without effect in the structural development of the optic nerve. PMID- 6746403 TI - The structure of the external rectus eye muscles of the carpet shark Cephaloscyllium isabella. AB - The external rectus muscles of the carpet shark Cephaloscyllium isabella contain two types of muscle fibre. A core of large white fibres which have regular myofibrils with extensive sarcoplasmic reticulum, triads located at the Z disc and a pronounced H band and M line. Mitochondria are frequent but tend to be smaller and less abundant than mitochondria of the smaller red fibre type. The red fibres which surround the central region are rich in mitochondria, have little sarcoplasmic reticulum and triads which are infrequent and dispersed. Sarcomere banding of red fibres is characterised by a faint H band and M line while the Z disc is thick in comparison with that found on the white muscle fibre sarcomere. PMID- 6746405 TI - Early differentiation of the testis in the native cat, Dasyurus viverrinus (Marsupialia). AB - The development of the testis in the native cat Dasyurus viverrinus (Marsupialia) is described, from Day 3 to 2.5 months post partum. The gonad rudiment consists of a mass of undifferentiated blastema cells of mesenchymal origin. The primordial germ cells populate the rudiment around the neonatal period. On Day 3 two cell types autodifferentiate from the gonadal blastema (pre-Sertoli and stroma cells) and the tunica albuginea begins to form. Pre-Sertoli cells are large, pale, cells which encompass the primordial germ cells and come to form a zone just beneath the tunica albuginea. By the end of the second week the cell complex has become transformed into a series of sex cords which encircle the gonad rudiment peripherally and converge on the rete cord in the hilar region. The stroma cells are fibroblast-like cells and occupy the central portion of the rudiment; by the eighth week, Leydig cells are appearing among them. No evidence was found for mesothelial invaginations or mesonephric contributions to the gonad. The classically recognised regions of 'cortex' and 'medulla' cannot be recognised and the seminiferous tubules differ in arrangement from that in eutherians. PMID- 6746404 TI - Identification of mitotic cells in the central nervous system by electron microscopy of re-embedded semithin sections. AB - Semithin (1-3 micron) sections of 5 days postnatal mouse spinal cord and 17 days postnatal mouse corpus callosum and hippocampal commissure were examined to find examples of mitotic glial cells. The sections were re-embedded for electron microscopy and the structure of the mitotic cells by light and electron microscopy was compared. The most commonly found type of mitotic cell had a cytoplasmic staining density similar to, or slightly darker than, the surrounding neuropil. This was seen electron microscopically to be an undifferentiated cell, similar to mitotic cells described by other authors in the subependymal layer. This cell was classified as a glioblast. Mitotic cells with cytoplasm which appeared unstained in semithin sections were identified as partially, or fully, differentiated astrocytes. Mitotic cells with processes in contact with myelin sheaths had a wide variety of cytoplasmic staining densities in semithin sections. Electron microscopy confirmed that these cells were involved in myelination and it is possible that the mitotic cells compared to the light, medium and dark varieties of oligodendrocytes. PMID- 6746406 TI - Ultrastructure of the parietal pericardium in teleosts. AB - The ultrastructure of the parietal pericardium in Melanogrammus aeglefinus, Paracheirodon innesi, and Poecilia reticulata is described in larvae of variable age. This structure is composed of a mesothelial layer facing the pericardial cavity and an outer layer of collagen tissue. The latter is continuous with the surrounding tissue, i.e. mainly skeletal muscles. Generally, the parietal pericardium is attached to loose connective tissue dorsally, whereas its ventral and lateral parts are connected to muscles and tendons. Posteriorly, it is fused with the peritoneum. In prenatal larvae of P. reticulata the parietal pericardium is in contact with yolk material. The parietal mesothelial cells are attenuated and contain numerous ribosomes, a well developed Golgi apparatus, and a number of membrane-bound inclusion bodies (0.1-0.4 micron) of moderate electron density. In addition, numerous pinocytotic vesicles (80-100 nm) occur in differentiated mesothelial cells, whereas they are scarce in undifferentiated cells. Furthermore, bristle-coated vesicles are very rare in differentiated mesothelial cells, whereas they are seen regularly in undifferentiated cells. The collagen fibre bundles of the parietal pericardium are often orientated perpendicularly to each other, and in postnatal larvae of P. reticulata a one cell thick layer of melanophores occurs within the fibrous tissue. These cells contain numerous membrane-bound, highly electron-dense inclusion bodies (0.3-0.6 micron). They are occasionally seen in Paracheirodon innesi also, whereas they are absent in 2 and 6 days old larvae of M. aeglefinus and prenatal larvae of P. reticulata. Macrophages, capillaries, and nerve bundles occur in the pericardial and subpericardial connective tissue. The present results are discussed and compared with those previously reported for mammalian parietal pericardium. PMID- 6746407 TI - The substantia innominata and adjacent regions in the human brain: histochemical and biochemical observations. AB - The substantia innominata was investigated in the adult human brain with particular reference to the cholinergic nature of the nucleus of Meynert. Based on histochemical observations of acetylcholinesterase activity and biochemical estimations of choline acetyltransferase the relations of the Meynert nucleus to adjacent structures in the substantia innominata region were identified precisely. A new dissection procedure is described which permits combined histochemical and histological examination of anatomically complex regions of the human brain, such as the substantia innominata, to be carried out in conjunction with accurate tissue dissection for neurochemical analysis. Using this technique, various acetylcholinesterase-positive and choline acetyltransferase-containing structures are apparent in coronal sections removed from the rostrocaudal length of the substantia innominata. These include, in addition to the prominently stained, putative cholinergic neurons, acetylcholinesterase-positive tracts which contain putative cholinergic projections to the neocortex, and 'islands' of acetylcholinesterase-positive neuropil which presumably reflect a collateral or intrinsic cholinergic innervation in the area. This anatomical complexity of cholinergic structures in the substantia innominata suggests that neurochemical analysis should be conducted on microdissected as opposed to macrodissected tissue samples. Neuropathologically, the present report provides a further basis for optimising quantification of putative cholinergic perikarya. Continued systematic analysis of the nucleus of Meynert at the morphological and biochemical level should thus establish the role of this nucleus in normal brain function and in disease. PMID- 6746408 TI - The canine vomeronasal organ. AB - The vomeronasal organ was studied in mature dogs with the optical, transmission electron, and scanning electron microscopes. The canine vomeronasal complex is structurally well developed. Large blood vessels are present deep to both the lateral, 'non-receptor' and medial, 'receptor' epithelia. In addition to the unmyelinated vomeronasal nerves in the lamina propria deep to the 'receptor' epithelium, numerous nerves containing both myelinated and unmyelinated fibres are present deep to the 'non-receptor' epithelium. The 'non-receptor' epithelium consists of basal cells, ciliated and non-ciliated columnar cells, and globular cells packed with mitochondria. Contained within the 'non-receptor' epithelium are leucocytes, plasma cells, and nerve endings. The 'receptor' epithelium consists of basal, sustentacular, and ciliated receptor cells. The microtubules in cilia of the receptor cells do not appear to have dynein arms or radial spokes. PMID- 6746409 TI - Cytoplasmic estradiol binding sites in testis of fertile and infertile men. AB - Free cytoplasmic estradiol receptor was determined in testicular biopsies from six adults showing various primary testicular disorders, and in testicular tissue obtained at autopsy from 18 males of various ages. Estradiol receptors were found in all cases examined. Receptor concentration varied during testicular maturation and from one patient to another. The presence of the receptor at an early stage of development and the changes observed in its concentration during testicular maturation and dysfunction support the idea that estradiol may play, through its receptor interaction, an important role in the regulation of testicular steroidogenesis during postnatal human development. PMID- 6746411 TI - Identification of arginine esterase as the major androgen-dependent protein secreted by dog prostate and preliminary molecular characterization in seminal plasma. AB - This work was undertaken to determine the identity of the major androgen dependent 15,000 molecular weight protein previously observed on SDS polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis of both dog prostate cytosol and dog seminal plasma. The protein was identified as one of the two chains of arginine esterase on the basis of its ability to bind 3H-diisopropylphosphofluoridate (DFP), an active site titrant of serine proteases. Furthermore, since the other polypeptide chain was heterogeneous, at least five distinct peaks of arginine esterase activity could be separated by chromatofocusing under nonreducing conditions. The molecular weight of the seminal plasma protein was estimated at 29,500 by Sephadex G-100 gel filtration, and at 25,000 by SDS polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis in the absence of mercaptoethanol. In the presence of mercaptoethanol, two major peaks were observed with molecular weights of 15,000 and 14,000. These results show that arginine esterase of dog seminal plasma is a serine protease composed of two different chains linked by disulfide bridges. One of the chains contains the reactive serine group. The other one is probably glycosylated since it presents several isoelectric points. PMID- 6746410 TI - Inhibition of 5 alpha-reductase activity and alteration of nuclear testosterone. Dihydrotestosterone ratio in human genital skin fibroblasts. AB - 17 beta-N, N-diethylcarbamoyl-4-methyl-4-aza-5 alpha-androstan-3-one (4-MA) inhibits 5 alpha-reductase activity in cultured human genital skin fibroblasts. Enzyme kinetic studies analyzed by Eadie-Hofstee plots demonstrated that 4-MA is a competitive inhibitor, with an apparent Ki of 15 nM. 4-MA had a very low binding affinity for the androgen receptor. When fibroblasts were incubated in the presence of testosterone (T) and 4-MA, nuclear uptake of 5 alpha dihydrotestosterone (DHT) decreased in parallel with the inhibition of 5 alpha reductase activity. While the overall sum for the nuclear uptake of T and DHT diminished, the nuclear uptake of T increased. Biological androgen inactivity cannot be precluded on the basis of nuclear T plus DHT uptake. PMID- 6746412 TI - Testicular blood flow in young and old rats and influence of hCG. AB - To evaluate the influence of age, testicular capillary blood flow (TCBF) was measured, using the microsphere technique, in rats 3 to 24 months old, under basal conditions and after hCG stimulation (10 IU/d for two days). Despite a decline in plasma T levels, testicular capillary blood flow did not decrease with age, and hCG stimulation resulted in similar increases of approximately 50% (P less than 0.01) in testicular capillary blood flow in all age groups. We concluded that the age-associated decrease in testosterone secretion in rats is not the consequence of a decreased testicular blood flow. PMID- 6746413 TI - Scrotal hypothermia and testicular blood flow in the dog. Absence of thermal regulation. AB - Two clinically tolerable methods of producing testicular hypothermia have been studied in dogs. Evaporative cooling produced a 3.7 degree fall and ice water a 9.7 degree fall in intratesticular temperatures. Scrotal skin blood flow (mls/100 gm/min) fell from 4.9 +/- 4.6 to 2.3 +/- 1.2 and 1.3 +/- .05 with the two techniques and was associated with increased vascular resistance. In contrast, no significant change was noted in testicular blood flow. These data show that testicular blood flow cannot be altered by clinically tolerable hypothermia. PMID- 6746414 TI - Structure of FA-2097, a new member of the dioxopiperazine antibiotics. PMID- 6746415 TI - Production of (S)-alpha-benzylmalic acid, inhibitor of carboxypeptidase A by actinomycetes. PMID- 6746416 TI - A new class of penems, the 2-heterocyclyl(thio)methyl derivatives. PMID- 6746417 TI - Frequency dependence of directional amplification at the cat's pinna. AB - We examined in detail the effects of changing stimulus frequency upon the inclination of the acoustical axis of the pinna and upon the solid angle (area) subtended by isoamplification contours. We measured the relative sound pressure level difference between points on a 1 m radius, coordinate sphere using the cochlear microphonic as an indicator of tympanic sound pressure. The inclination of the acoustical axis for a given frequency was found to vary with the posture of the pinna, and with the pinna in a drooped position (following midline incision) there was a frequency spreading of axial positions such that high frequency axes were inclined progressively more laterally. However, with the pinna in an upright posture the axes for all frequencies tested were relatively tightly clustered. Alternative models for sound localization can be formulated to suit either situation, but it seems likely that the cat can use the frequency spreading effect of its pinna sound transformation as a cue to location. The pinna becomes more directional at higher frequencies, and this is clearly shown when the solid angle of isoamplification contours is plotted against frequency. The inverse relationship formed was shown to be closely matched by a model based upon diffraction by the outer dimension of the pinna. PMID- 6746418 TI - Measurement of cochlear blood flow--new technique. AB - A newly-developed procedure which combines the microsphere method with surface preparation dissection was employed in an investigation of blood flow in cochleas of anesthetized gerbils. In these experiments, 10.1 +/- 0.9 microns carbon-coated microspheres were injected into the left auricle of the heart and a reference blood sample withdrawn at 0.165 ml/min from the iliac artery. The blood flow in the lateral portion (stria vascularis, ligamentum spirale, and suprastria) was calculated to be 337.20, 184.00 and 24.75 nl/min; in the spiral portion (basilar membrane, lamina spiralis ossea, and limbus spiralis) it was found to be 85.40, 39.55 and 6.10 nl/min; and in the central portion (modiolus) it was found to be 256.55, 43.60 and 2.45 nl/min in the first, second and third turns, respectively. The total blood flow in the left and right membranous cochleas was 1062.70 and 896.60 nl/min, respectively. Averaged total blood flow in both ears was 979.60 nl/min. This is a first attempt to measure blood flow in the very small, functionally different areas of the cochlea. This work has shown that it is possible to measure and compare blood flow between the turns and between different functional parts within the turns. PMID- 6746419 TI - Long-term adaptation in hearing impaired ears. AB - Recovery from adaptation was measured in acoustically-traumatized ears for pure tone adapters 2-15 min in duration at levels of 70-110 dB SPL. The whole-nerve potential was recorded in cats. The decrease in response to a probe stimulus (normalized decrement) was used as a measure of adaptation and, for a particular adapter, was assessed at different probe frequencies. Impaired animals showed generally less effect of the adapting stimuli at a given adapter level (in dB SPL) and faster recovery than in normal ears. The form of the normalized decrement vs probe frequency functions were generally normal. We interpret these observations to mean that while the effectiveness of the adapter is reduced the spread of adaptation to different frequency regions is relatively normal. PMID- 6746420 TI - Modifications of the nonlinearity of the cochlear microphonic responses produced by noise exposure in the guinea pig. AB - Cochlear microphonics (CM) were recorded with differential electrodes from several locations in the guinea pig cochlea. Input-output curves and amplitude frequency curves were plotted before and after short exposures to intense noise. In addition to amplitude losses, important changes in the intensity functions resulted in a decrease of the nonlinearity and in a modification of the frequency response. The mechanisms producing these alterations are discussed. PMID- 6746421 TI - Noise masking of tone responses and critical ratios in single units of the mouse cochlear nerve and cochlear nucleus. AB - Responses of single units in the cochlear nerve and cochlear nucleus to tone bursts in a background of continuous white broadband noise were recorded. Tone and noise intensities ranged from threshold to saturation levels. Masking of the tone response by the noise was demonstrated by comparing peristimulus-time histograms and spike rates recorded during the tone and between tone presentations. The response of a unit to masking was found to be predictable based upon the difference in its rate of response to the tone and to the noise when the tone was masked. Several nonlinearities of the masking process are described. The most prominent one is an increase in the difference between tone and noise levels at the threshold of masking with increasing tone levels, i.e. neural critical ratios increase with increasing tone level. On the average, the frequency dependence of single unit effective bandwidths and of critical ratio bandwidths is similar to that of mean behavioral critical ratio bands. PMID- 6746422 TI - Ultrastructural damage in cochleas used for studies of basilar membrane mechanics. AB - Cat cochleas used for interferometric studies of basilar membrane mechanics were examined with the electron microscope. The structures most severely damaged in the experimental cochleas are the outer hair cells and the radial afferent fibers to the inner hair cells. Since the basilar membrane and other supporting structures appear to be normal, mechanical changes observed in the experimental cochleas are most probably due to outer hair cell damage. Individual animals with varying degrees of damage showed large differences in the frequency of basilar membrane resonance at the same place in the cochlea. Shifts in tuning of this magnitude could occur as a consequence of hair cell damage only if the stiffness of the stereocilia and associated structures was greater initially than the stiffness of the basilar membrane and gradually decreased with damage. The present series of observations, therefore, suggest that the stiffness of the outer hair cell stereocilia determines basilar membrane tuning. PMID- 6746423 TI - Single cochlear fibre responses in guinea pigs with long-term endolymphatic hydrops. AB - Some cochlear fibre response properties have been measured in two GPs approximately one year after induction of endolymphatic hydrops (by surgical obliteration of the endolymphatic sac and duct). These animals are considered as models of the effects of hydrops in Meniere's disease, and the purpose of the study was to examine any modifications of fibre response properties which may underly auditory symptoms of the disease in man. Neurones towards more apical cochlear regions (with low characteristic frequencies) showed the greatest deterioration in tuning properties; on average, in the 1-6 kHz range, Q10dB values were reduced by a factor of two compared with normal animals. Discharge rate versus intensity functions of such units were abnormally steep, with dynamic ranges reduced by 10-20 dB. Towards higher frequency regions neurone response properties showed less deterioration (contrasting with many other types of cochlear pathology where, in general, the high frequency basal region exhibits greatest vulnerability). We have also observed in a few units an abnormal bursting in both spontaneous and driven discharge. Interspike intervals during burst are less than 1 ms (within relative refractory period). These findings are related to the auditory symptoms of Meniere's disease, in particular, poor frequency selectivity, loudness recruitment and tinnitus. PMID- 6746424 TI - Electrophysiological measures of cochlear function in guinea pigs with long-term endolymphatic hydrops. AB - Experimental endolymphatic hydrops was induced in guinea pigs by obliteration of the endolymphatic sac and duct. From 3 to 24 months after this operation, cochlear action potential (AP) audiograms and AP tuning curves were measured. The purpose of this study was to establish parallels, if any, between this supposed animal model of Meniere's disease and the auditory symptoms of the disease in man. In some animals, low and middle frequency AP threshold elevations were observed whilst higher frequency regions maintained normal sensitivity. Other animals developed flat or very gradually sloping AP audiograms. These patterns are qualitatively similar to those found clinically in Meniere's disease. AP tuning curves measured in frequency regions of threshold elevation indicated a deterioration of cochlear frequency selectivity; psychophysical and electrocochleographic studies demonstrate related changes in Meniere's patients. One animal exhibited modifications in AP thresholds and tuning as a result of glycerol administration. These observations improve our confidence in the validity of this animal model for further studies of the pathophysiology of Meniere's disease. PMID- 6746425 TI - Choline acetyltransferase and acetylcholinesterase in centrifugal labyrinthine bundles of rats. AB - Activities of choline acetyltransferase and acetylcholinesterase were measured for the acetylcholinesterase-positive fiber bundles containing axons projecting from the brainstem to the labyrinth of the rat. These activities were compared to those of a well-established cholinergic tract: the facial motor root. The choline acetyltransferase activities were roughly similar between the tracts, consistent with a conclusion that the centrifugal labyrinthine fibers are all cholinergic. The acetylcholinesterase activities were much higher in the centrifugal labyrinthine bundle than in the facial motor root, probably relating to the smaller diameters of the labyrinthine fibers. Transection of the centrifugal labyrinthine bundle led to virtually total loss of its choline acetyltransferase activity lateral to the cut, consistent with a centrifugal direction of all the fibers, but loss of only half its acetylcholinesterase activity, even after 34 days. These results agree with those for well-established cholinergic pathways, including the facial motor root in the present study, and with previous suggestions that a component of the acetylcholinesterase in cholinergic tracts might be synthesized by cells other than the neurons in the tract. PMID- 6746426 TI - Fine structure of cochlear innervation in the cat. AB - Examination of adult and juvenile cat cochleas by electron microscopy and semi serial sections permitted identification of the cytological features characteristic of the afferent and efferent nerve fiber populations identified in Golgi impregnations of the cochlea. This study demonstrated the distribution of synaptic contacts made by these fiber populations. As in the Golgi findings, radial and outer spiral afferent fibers were identified in well separated zones of the inner spiral bundle. The trunks of the outer spiral fibers, containing many microtubules and few neurofilaments, at first coursed spirally below the inner hair cells on the proximal face of the inner pillar, turned abruptly between adjacent pillar cells and entered the tunnel without branching. Radial afferents, containing many neurofilaments and a few microtubules, coursed through the inner spiral bundle, maintaining a radial or oblique orientation and proceeded directly toward the inner hair cells. Efferent fibers in the region of the inner spiral bundle were distinguishable by size, by orientation, and, to a lesser extent, by cytology. Small (1 micron) efferent fibers, containing few neurofilaments, an occasional microtubule, and mitochondria, occurred in the inner and tunnel spiral bundles and formed large varicosities, which contacted radial afferents. A separate population of much thicker efferents, containing many neurofilaments, mitochondria and dense-cored vesicles, but no microtubules, did not enter the inner spiral bundle but coursed directly to the level of the tunnel spiral bundle on the proximal face of the inner pillar cells. These fibers crossed the tunnel at the level of the tunnel spiral bundle and, upon reaching the outer hair cells, formed large synaptic contacts on outer hair cells and on outer spiral fibers as well. Some of these efferent fibers also synapse on afferent fibers while crossing the tunnel. The findings agree with previous observations with the Golgi method showing that entirely separate populations of spiral ganglion cells innervate the inner and outer hair cells. Likewise, there are efferent fibers innervating only inner or outer hair cells, but the probability of efferent fibers to both inner and outer hair cells cannot be ruled out. PMID- 6746427 TI - Detection of amplitude-modulated tones by frogs: implications for temporal processing mechanisms. AB - The whole nerve action potential (AP) from the auditory nerve and midbrain averaged evoked potential (AEP) were recorded in Hyla chrysoscelis and H. versicolor in response to synthesized amplitude-modulated stimuli with variable modulation frequencies (Fm). The AP from these frogs is similar to the potential described for mammals and showed a bandpass characteristic in its ability to follow sinusoidally amplitude-modulated (AM) sound stimuli. A lesioning study suggests that the midbrain AEP is a localized neural response of neurons near the ventral border of the torus semicircularis. The AEP is a complex waveform consisting of fast and slow components. The fast component encodes the temporal structure of acoustic stimuli and is used to measure temporal sensitivity in these two species. The AEP behaves like a low-pass filter with a cutoff frequency of 250 Hz when tracking AM signals. Threshold for detection requires a modulation depth of 8-12% of the total stimulus amplitude (delta I = 1.5-2.0 dB). Relative to the eighth nerve AP, the AEP displays an enhanced coding of AM signals when Fm less than 100 Hz, and a slightly inferior ability to code Fm above 250 Hz. The AEP reflects only that portion of the neural response that encodes amplitude fluctuations. In comparison to the range of amplitude fluctuations coded by single units in the rat inferior colliculus or by human evoked potential, the frog AEP codes higher rates of Fm. The proposal that these frogs process AM stimuli solely on the basis of amplitude fluctuations, and do not use spectral cues at higher modulation frequencies is considered. The AM sensitivity of the AEP, which encompasses most biologically relevant rates of amplitude fluctuation for the animal, and the limited frequency resolution of the periphery, lend support to this proposal. However, convergent spectral processing at higher auditory centers cannot be excluded by this study. Psychophysical tests will be required to determine whether both of these mechanisms may be operating during temporal information processing in anurans. PMID- 6746428 TI - Responses of the swimbladder of the carp to sound stimulation. AB - The oscillations of the swimbladder anterior chamber of the carp (Cyprinus carpio) following stimulation with tones of 300-1500 Hz were studied by the method of holographic interferometry. The oscillation amplitude appeared to be maximal at frequencies close to the resonance frequency of an air bladder of equivalent volume as well as at frequencies corresponding approximately to the second and third harmonics of the resonance frequency. A change in the frequency of the sound signal or in the instantaneous pressure amplitude could result in spatial displacement of the oscillation centers on the swimbladder wall. The interference picture which resulted from recording the swimbladder oscillations over the tested frequency range was not observed on the holograms recorded within 20-24 h after the fish had been killed. PMID- 6746429 TI - Wiener kernel analysis of responses from anteroventral cochlear nucleus neurons. AB - Responses to pseudo-random Gaussian white noise, tones and clics were recorded from neurons in the anteroventral cochlear nucleus (AVCN) of barbiturate anesthetized cats. The responses to white noise were used to calculate estimates of the zero-, first- and second-order Wiener kernels for these neurons. The Wiener kernels did contain useful information on the fundamental, DC and second harmonic components of the responses of AVCN neurons to tones, clicks and noise. However, they generally did not provide predictions of the difference tone distortion products found in the peripheral auditory system. Overall, the addition of the second kernel improved a prediction based on the zero- and first order kernels, but not by very much. If the estimates of the Wiener kernels were not very good, then a second-order prediction could be worse than a first-order one. To produce good estimates of the Wiener kernels, many repetitions of very long Gaussian white noise stimuli are necessary. Therefore the technique does not permit rapid data collection. Further, exposure to long duration high intensity noise can result in acoustic trauma. This damage effects the mechanism that generates the difference tone distortion products, and it can also affect the tuning of the auditory neurons. Thus Wiener's nonlinear system identification theory has only limited usefulness in the analysis of the peripheral auditory system. PMID- 6746430 TI - Effects of the bandwidth and level of noise and of the duration of the signal on binaural masking-level differences. AB - An investigation of the effects of the level and bandwidth of the masking noise and of the effect of test-tone duration on binaural masking-level differences (BMLDs) has been carried out using the standard Bekesy audiometric techniques. The BMLDs increase in magnitude with increasing masker level, reach a shallow maximum at bandwidths of the masker near 30 Hz, and scarcely differ for signal durations of 20 and 200 ms. Most of these data are consistent with previously reported results and are to be used in related studies with the same observers. PMID- 6746431 TI - Binaural masking-level differences with tones masked by noises of various bandwidths and levels. AB - Binaural masking-level differences (BMLDs) were measured for tones at frequencies below and above masking noises centred on 250 Hz, having 10, 31.6 or 100 Hz bandwidths and either 40 or 60 dB spectral density levels. The BMLD drops rapidly when masker and signal have no frequency components in common. The magnitude of the decrease in the BMLD is not merely a result of the reduced masking effect and is not to be predicted by the models of Durlach [2] or Schenkel [12]. PMID- 6746432 TI - The psychophysical basis of monaural localization. AB - Listeners were required to locate, monaurally, noise bursts emanating from the horizontal plane ipsilateral to the functioning ear. Loudspeakers were positioned from 0 through 180 degrees azimuth, separated by 15 degrees. Stimulus bandwidth was 1.0 kHz, and centered at 4.0-14.0 kHz in steps of 0.5 kHz. The location judgments were governed by the frequency composition of the stimuli, not by their place of origin. With a miniature microphone positioned at the entrance of the external ear canal, the relative amplification provided by the pinna was obtained for the stimuli employed in the localization tests. For each differently centered noise burst, that loudspeaker position re other positions which was associated with the greatest amplification of the stimulus was the one most likely to have been chosen as the source of that stimulus during the localization tests. PMID- 6746433 TI - A re-evaluation of cell coupling in the organ of Corti. AB - Intercellular electrical coupling was assessed in an in vitro organ of Corti preparation using separate electrodes to inject current and record voltage drops in Hensen's cells. The results demonstrate much better coupling among these supporting cells than previously thought. Coupling ratios between adjacent Hensen's cells are greater than 0.6. PMID- 6746434 TI - Performance of crosses among Hereford, Angus and Simmental cattle with different levels of Simmental breeding. I. Preweaning growth and survival. AB - Performance through weaning of 543 calves raised on 3-yr-old and older Hereford dams was studied. Calf breed groups were straightbred Hereford, 50% Angus-50% Hereford, 25% Simmental-75% Hereford and 50% Simmental-50% Hereford. Breed group was a significant source of variation for gestation length, birth weight, calving difficulty, late survival (from 24 h to weaning), percentage of calves weaned per cow calving, 180-d weight, 180-d withers height and 180-d weight:height ratio. Breed group differences were not significant for early survival or weaning condition score and approached significance (P less than .10) for net kilograms weaned (zero if no calf was weaned and 180-d weight if a calf was weaned). Fifty percent Simmental calves had the heaviest birth weight (41.4 kg), most calving difficulty (1.19 score), heaviest 180-d weight (200.5 kg) and tallest 180-d height (101.3 cm). Fifty percent Simmental calves also had the longest gestation length (287.5 d), lowest late survival rate (95%) and largest weight:height ratio (2.00), although they did not differ significantly in the first two traits from 25% Simmentals and in the latter trait from 50% Angus. Herefords differed (P less than .05) from 50% Simmentals in all traits for which breed group was significant except for percentage of calves weaned. Fifty percent Angus and 25% Simmental calves were similar to Herefords for many traits.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS) PMID- 6746435 TI - Performance of crosses among Hereford, Angus and Simmental cattle with different levels of Simmental breeding. II. Effect of calf breed on cow productivity. AB - Hereford cows were randomly bred to Hereford, Angus, Simmental X Hereford and Simmental sires. Each sire breed group was represented by nine or 10 sires. These matings produced approximately 100 calves in each sire breed group over 4 yr. The objective of this study was to determine the effect of calf breed on characteristics of the cow such as milk production, reproduction, measures of condition, weight and changes in condition and weight during lactation. All of the cows were contemporary Herefords that were raised and managed under similar environmental conditions. Hence, any detection of an important effect of calf breed on cow productivity should be a reflection of different levels of maternal requirement imposed on the cow by the different calf breed groups. Cows that raised crossbred calves gained less weight from precalving to weaning, had lower condition scores at weaning, had smaller gains in weight change per unit of height and experienced a lower pregnancy rate. All results consistently showed that crossbred calves challenged the maternal ability of their dams to a greater degree than the straightbred calves and that among the crossbred calves, those by Simmental sires challenged their dams the most. It appeared that calf breed group effects on cow traits were at least partially mediated through calf growth rate, but not through parturition stress. Therefore, benefits realized from crossbreeding need to be weighted against possible unfavorable results. PMID- 6746436 TI - Fetal hepatic and neural substrate utilization as affected by induced nutritional ketosis in swine. AB - Systemic ketosis was induced in first-parity gilts by the isocaloric substitution of glucose with 1,3-butylene glycol to supply 20% of the total dietary energy beginning on d 23 (23 BG) or d 60 (60 BG) of gestation. Ketosis reduced (P less than .05) maternal plasma glucose, urea N and insulin concentrations. Fetal carcass dry matter and carcass glycogen contents were reduced (P less than .05) by maternal ketogenic calorie substitution, whereas fetal hepatic glycogen and lipid contents were not influenced by maternal treatment. Neural acetate oxidation was reduced (P less than .05) in the 23 BG and 60 BG fetuses, with a concurrent increase (P less than .05) in beta-hydroxybutyrate (BOHB) oxidation. Neural lipogenesis measured from acetate and BOHB substrates was nominal in the d 105 pig fetus. Fetal hepatic acetate and BOHB utilization for lipogenesis were increased (P less than .05) by maternal ketosis. Reproductive performance characteristics (litter size, number stillborn and birth weight) were not improved by maternal ketosis. The substantial improvement in lactation weight gain by litters from 23 BG and 60 BG dams (20%, P less than .05) may suggest a carryover effect of gestation dietary treatment on lactation performance. PMID- 6746437 TI - The effect of diet on performance, digestibility, blood composition and intestinal microflora of weaned pigs. AB - Good evaluation variables are needed to study postweaning lag in early weaned pigs. In this study, performance, digestibility, concentration of blood components and aerobic fecal microflora under different dietary regimens from weaning at 3 wk of age to 35 d of age are reported. Treatment 1 (T1) consisted of a corn-soybean meal starter diet. Pigs in treatment 2 (T2) received a steamed, rolled oat groats-casein starter diet. Pigs in treatment 1 and 2 were weaned at 3 wk of age while those in treatment 3 remained with the sow. Treatment 1 pigs had lower average daily gains for the 2-wk trial as compared with T2 pigs (P less than .05). Three of the four animals consuming the corn-soybean meal diet were observed to have diarrhea during the experiment as compared with an occasional loose stool from the pigs fed oats-casein. There were no significant differences in digestibility of dry matter, crude protein or ether extract among pigs in T1 and T2. Digestibilities of ash and crude fiber were higher (P less than .05) in T1 pigs, while there was an increase (P less than .05) in digestibility of N-free extract by pigs in T2. Serum protein, Na, CO2 and blood hematocrit were not significantly different among treatments. Blood chloride was higher, whereas glucose was lower for pigs in T1 and T2 than T3 (P less than .05). Blood urea N was higher for pigs in T1 as compared with pigs in T2 or T3. Potassium was higher (P less than .05) for pigs in T1 as compared with those in T2 or T3.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS) PMID- 6746438 TI - The effect of diet on fecal moisture, osmolarity of fecal extracts, products of bacterial fermentation and loss of minerals in feces of weaned pigs. AB - Litters of pigs were allotted to one of three dietary treatments. Treatment 1 (T1) consisted of a corn-soybean meal starter diet. Pigs fed treatment 2 (T2) received a steamed, rolled oat groats-casein diet and pigs in treatment 3 (T3) remained with the sow. Four pigs/treatment were used to investigate the difference in performance and the cause of post-weaning diarrhea associated with early weaning of pigs at 4 wk of age to a starter diet. Fecal moisture, osmolarity, acetic acid, lactic acid and glucose contents were all good indicators of dietary differences because of treatment X age interactions. These variables increased faster in fecal extracts from pigs fed the corn-soybean meal diet. Lactic acid, volatile fatty acid (VFA) levels, glucose and pH values were indicative of a more active bacterial fermentation in pigs receiving T1 than in those receiving T2 or pigs remaining with the sow (T3). Excess minerals appear to contribute significantly to the osmolarity of fecal material. Of the anions, lactate was the main contributor to the osmolarity of feces of T1 pigs, followed by P, VFA, of which acetic acid contributed 70%, and Cl. The main cations were K, Na and Ca. In T2, P was the main anion, followed by lactate, VFA and Cl, while the main cations were Na, K and Ca. Minerals seemed to be the major osmotic particles in fecal extracts of pigs remaining with the sow. Phosphorus was the major anionic contributor to osmolarity, followed by VFA, Cl and lactic acid. Potassium was the major cation, followed by Na and Ca.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS) PMID- 6746439 TI - The effects of different photoperiods on reproduction in the sow. AB - Three groups of Yorkshire sows (total of 106) were exposed to photoperiods of light:dark (LD) 24:0, 12:12 and 0:24, respectively, from d 1 postweaning to 24 h postestrus. The onset and duration of estrus, conception rate, farrowing rate and litter size were recorded. Serum concentrations of luteinizing hormone (LH), estrogen and progesterone were measured. Sows in the LD 24:0 exhibited behavioral estrus for a longer period (P less than .0001) than those in LD 12:12 (4.0 vs 2.7 d). The number of days to estrus from d 1 postweaning (5.4, 4.5 and 4.7 d, respectively), conception rate (60, 67 and 73%, respectively), farrowing rate (60, 67 and 73%, respectively) and litter size (10.6, 10.2 and 10.8, respectively) were not different (P greater than .05) for the three light regimens of 24:0, 12:12 and 0:24. Maximum serum levels of LH (5.4, 5.0 and 4.5 ng/ml, respectively) and estrogen (71.8, 63.3 and 60.4 pg/ml, respectively) were not different, nor were progesterone profile means (P greater than .05) for the sows in LD 24:0, 12:12 and 0:24. These data suggest that long photoperiods prolong manifestations of behavioral estrus in the sow. PMID- 6746440 TI - Sex ratio after insemination of bovine spermatozoa isolated using a bovine serum albumin gradient. AB - This experiment was undertaken to determine if a method reported to successfully enrich the proportion of Y-chromosome-bearing spermatozoa in human semen could be adapted for separation of bovine spermatozoa. Semen was collected from four Angus bulls and aliquots were either separated on discontinuous gradients of bovine serum albumin (BSA) or untreated before processing for cryopreservation. Two hundred seventy-one cows or heifers were assigned randomly to be artificially inseminated (20 X 10(6) sperm/insemination) with separated or unseparated spermatozoa. The proportions of male offspring were 45 and 54% after inseminations with separated or unseparated spermatozoa, respectively. In a second phase of the experiment, pooled semen from three Holstein bulls was either extended and frozen without separation or frozen after separation using the discontinuous BSA gradient. Separated and unseparated spermatozoa were analyzed by flow cytometry to determine the ratio of X- and Y-chromosome-bearing spermatozoa based on differences in DNA content. The ratios of X- and Y-bearing spermatozoa in separated or unseparated samples were indistinguishable. We concluded that the separation method did not enrich the proportion of Y-bearing bovine spermatozoa. PMID- 6746441 TI - Monensin in cattle: introduction. PMID- 6746442 TI - Comparative toxicology of monensin sodium in laboratory animals. AB - The toxicology of monensin has been studied in several laboratory animal species. There was considerable species variation in acute oral LD50 values. The consistent signs of acute toxicity were: anorexia, hypoactivity, skeletal muscle weakness, ataxia, diarrhea, decreased weight gain and delayed deaths. The 3-mo study in rats fed diets containing 0, 50, 150 or 500 ppm monensin resulted in no effects at the lowest dose level, slight reduction of body weight gain in the middle-dose group and severe depression in body weight gain, skeletal and cardiac lesions, and deaths in the highest dose group. The 3-mo study in dogs given daily oral doses of 0, 5, 15 or 50 mg/kg monensin resulted in no effects at the lowest dose level. Dogs in the 15 and 50 mg/kg groups developed, during test wk 1 to 4, anorexia, weakness, ataxia, labored respiration, body weight loss, increased serum muscle enzyme values, severe skeletal muscle degeneration and necrosis with less severe heart lesions and deaths. Mice fed diets containing 0, 37.5, 75, 150 or 300 ppm monensin for 3 mo had reduced body weight gain in all test groups but no other physical signs. Serum creatine phosphokinase (CPK) values were increased in mice in the two highest dose groups and minimal heart lesions were found in the highest dose group. Dogs given daily oral doses of 0, 1.25, 2.5, 5 or 7.5 mg/kg monensin for 1 yr survived with no evidence of toxicity in the two lowest dose groups.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS) PMID- 6746443 TI - Histochemical and cellular aspects of adipose tissue development in decapitated pig fetuses: an ontogeny study. AB - Adipose tissue from fetuses decapitated at 45 d of gestation was removed and structurally and histochemically analyzed at 65, 85 and 110 d of gestation. Subcutaneous adipose tissue from decapitated and control fetuses at 65 d of gestation was histologically and histochemically similar. A reduced number of fat cell clusters in the outer layer of subcutaneous tissue and a poorly developed dermis was evident in decapitated fetuses at 85 d of gestation. Fat cell size was similar for control and decapitated fetuses at 65 d of gestation, whereas cells in 85 d-old decapitated fetuses were larger than cells in control fetuses. Adipocytes from control and 85 d-old decapitated fetuses were histochemically similar except for an elevated number of esterase positive cells in decapitated fetuses. At 110 d of gestation, adipocytes from decapitated fetuses had higher activities of the following enzymes than did control adipocytes: malate dehydrogenase (NADP dependent) glucose 6-phosphate dehydrogenase NADP dependent), isocitrate dehydrogenase (NADP dependent), alpha-glycerol phosphate dehydrogenase (NADP dependent), NADPH-tetrazoleum reductase and esterase. Levels of succinate dehydrogenase, glutamate dehydrogenase and NADH-tetrazoleum reductase were similar in cells from controls and decapitated fetuses. These data indicate that fetal decapitation probably exerts a positive influence on enzymes involved in lipid synthesis. However, fetal decapitation also exerts a negative influence on fat cell hyperplasia. PMID- 6746444 TI - The development of the inner layer of backfat in fetal and young pigs. AB - The development of the innermost layer of backfat was studied histologically and histochemically in fetuses from Yorkshire sows at 45, 60, 65, 75, 85, 90, 105, 110, and 112 d of gestation. Samples were also obtained from fetuses at 110 d of gestation from Ossabaw sows and from sows selected for high (obese) or low (lead) backfat thickness. Fetuses from some sows were decapitated at 45 d of gestation and samples were obtained from these fetuses at 110 d of gestation. The inner layer develops before 75 d of gestation and has stromal-vascular characteristics that clearly distinguish it from the middle layer of backfat. For instance, a well organized and dense collagen matrix immediately surrounds small fat cell clusters in the inner layer. Most fat cell cluster capillaries (in the inner layer) reacted strongly for ATPase histochemically and are histologically immature. The inner layer morphology and cell size was similar in Ossabaw, obese and lean fetuses. The number of PAS (Periodic Acid Schiff) positive cells were dependent on fetal strain. The number was highest in obese fetuses and lowest in Ossabaws. Comparison of decapitated fetuses and weight-matched controls indicated that the inner layer was most affected by decapitation. A decreased organization and amount of collagen was associated with larger fat cell clusters in decapitated fetuses, and most fat cell cluster capillaries reacted little for ATPase histochemically and were histologically mature. The range in inner-layer fat cell diameter was wider in decapitated fetuses (11 to 55 micron) than in control fetuses (11 to 30 micron). These results demonstrate that the characteristics of the inner layer are clearly different from the other layers and that the amount and organization of collagen was inversely associated with the size of fat cell clusters and fat cells and with the maturity of the adipocyte-associated capillaries. PMID- 6746445 TI - Effects of dam age, prepartum nutrition and duration of labor on productivity and postpartum reproduction in beef females. AB - Sixty-two, 2-yr-old heifers and 65 cows, 4 to 7 yr old, were assigned randomly at 60 d before the median predicted calving date to a factorially designed study. Main effects were: age of dam (heifer or cow), moderate (M) or high (H) precalving feed level (110 or 135% of National Research Council recommendation) and short (S) or prolonged (P) duration of Stage II of parturition. After calving, all dams were placed in the same range pastures and received supplemental hay and a grain-salt mix until adequate range forage was available to produce weight gains in the lactating dams. Dams were bred in a 45-d artificial insemination period. Calving difficulty scores and duration of labor (Stage II) were greater (both P less than .01) in heifers than in cows; calf birth weight (P less than .01), calf vigor at birth (P less than .05) and calf gains birth to weaning (P less than .01) were higher in cows. Effect of gestation feed level on precalving, calving and postpartum data were nonsignificant. Eighty two percent of the S females were given obstetrical assistance and 15% of the P females required assistance at parturition (P less than .01). More S dams exhibited estrus by the beginning of the breeding season than P dams (91.4 vs 81.7%, P less than .10), and October pregnancy of S dams was higher than P dams (89.5 vs 75.6%, P less than .05). Interaction effects of dam X duration of Stage II were not significant, but short duration of labor had beneficial effects on postpartum reproduction in both dam age groups. Results of this study indicate prolonged labor may result in depressed subsequent reproduction in beef dams. PMID- 6746446 TI - Sire breed effects in matings with Angus cows: I. Fertility, calf survival and performance to 18 months. AB - Over six calf crops, 524 exposures of Angus cows to three sire breeds resulted in 432 weaned calves for an 82.4% calf crop. Least-squares means for weaning rate by sire breed were 81.8, 80.5 and 83.9% for Angus, Charolais and Holsteins, respectively. Sire breed effect was not significant for calving rate, calf mortality or overall weaning rate, but was significant for all growth traits from birth to 18 mo. Angus-sired calves were smallest at birth, grew at a slower rate and were lightest in weight at all ages. Charolais-sired calves were heaviest at all weigh periods and Holstein-sired calves were intermediate. Holstein-sired calves scored significantly lower for both grade and condition than did Angus- and Charolais-sired calves. Charolais-sired calves had the highest grade. Calving rate tended to be influenced by the effect of cow (P less than .10) and sire breed X year (P less than .001). Calving rate was highest for 3-yr-old and for 6- to 10-yr-old cows and was also 1.5 percentage units higher for crossbred matings. Cow productivity (kg of calf weaned/cow exposed) is a combined measure of fertility, calf survival and weaning weight. Although sire breed did not significantly affect cow productivity (P less than .20), actual values favored cows producing crossbred calves by 14 and 9 kg for Charolais and Holstein crosses, respectively. Likewise, weight differences at 18 mo favored these crosses by 50 and 32 kg for heifers and 72 and 62 kg for steers. Among the two crossbred types, Charolais X Angus heifers were 28 kg heavier (P less than .05) than Holstein X Angus heifers at 18 mo but the 10 kg difference in steers was not significant. The fact that the large sire breeds produced calves with heavier weaning weights without demonstrating significant increases in overall productivity points out the importance of high weaning rates. PMID- 6746447 TI - Update: prevalence of Salmonella in pork sausage. AB - One hundred seventy-five samples of fresh pork sausage representing thirty-five different commercial brands from six different retail stores were examined for the presence of salmonellae by standard enrichment, plating, biochemical and serological techniques. Contamination levels varied from 0 to 50% among stores and from 0 to 28% among brands. Prior research implied reduced prevalence of salmonellae in fresh pork sausage; however, these results indicate no variation in prevalence since 1969. PMID- 6746448 TI - Effects of source and particle size on the biological availability of calcium in calcium supplements for growing pigs. AB - Five experiments were conducted to determine the biological availability of the Ca in high-Ca (calcitic) limestone, dolomitic limestone, oyster shell flour, gypsum, marble dust and aragonite for the growing pig, and to determine the influence of particle size of the Ca source on the bioavailability of Ca. A low Ca, fortified, corn soybean meal basal diet calculated to contain .2% Ca and .6% P was used. This diet was supplemented with 0 or .3% Ca from either CaCO3 precipitate (the standard) or the test source of Ca. Diets were fed on an ad libitum basis to three to eight replicate pens of pigs (one or two/pen) for 35 to 42 d. Average initial weight of the pigs was 15 kg. At the end of each experiment the pigs were killed, the third and fourth metacarpals and metatarsals and the femurs were removed, and breaking strength and ash were determined. The increase in bone strength from feeding the test source of Ca relative to the increase in bone strength from feeding the CaCO3 standard was used to calculate the relative availability of Ca in the supplements. The bioavailability of Ca in calcitic limestone (two sources), oyster shell flour, gypsum, marble dust and aragonite was similar, ranging from 93 to 102%. However, the Ca in two sources of dolomitic limestone was less available (51 and 78%) than in the other sources. Particle size of the Ca sources (geometric mean diameter of .10 to .54 mm) did not influence the availability of Ca. PMID- 6746449 TI - Response of sows and litters to added dietary biotin in environmentally regulated facilities. AB - A 3-yr study was conducted to evaluate the effects of biotin on sow longevity, reproductive performance and piglet performance to weaning utilizing 161 sows and 414 litters. Sows and gilts were fed a basal corn-soybean meal diet (without any antibiotic or chemotherapeutic compounds) during gestation and lactation containing either 0 or .55 ppm added biotin. The basal diet contained .17 ppm total dietary biotin based on microbiological assay. Results indicated sow culling rates and weight gains, number of live pigs at birth, pig weights at birth and weaning, and the interval from weaning to rebreeding were similar for both treatment groups. However, sows fed the diet with added biotin weaned more (P less than .05) pigs/litter overall and at gestation-lactation period 1 than did sows fed the basal diet without added biotin, although biotin did not increase (P greater than .10) the number of pigs weaned at gestation-lactation periods 2 through 5. The incidence of dermatitis, hair loss and soundness of feet and legs did not appear to be affected by adding biotin to the diet. Thus, the addition of .55 ppm biotin to a corn-soybean meal diet fed during gestation and lactation did not improve any of the criteria measured except number of pigs weaned overall. PMID- 6746450 TI - Serum folates during the reproductive cycle of sows. AB - In a first trial, serum folates concentration was measured in 105 sows randomly distributed into seven groups of 15 animals each. Each group represented one time period of the reproductive cycle: weaning, mating, 15, 30, 60, 90 and 110 d of gestation. The average serum folates concentrations for the different groups of sows were, expressed as ng/ml +/- SE, 99.5 +/- 8.9, 68.5 +/- 9.6, 63.9 +/- 7.4, 59.5 +/- 5.7, 39.6 +/- 5.7, 45.3 +/- 5.8 and 49.1 +/- 6.3, respectively. Results showed a biphasic decrease in serum folates levels, first at mating and then at 60 d of gestation. These results indicate a possible deficiency in serum folates during mid-gestation. In a second trial, 20 sows were assigned randomly to four groups of five animals each, representing four time periods of the reproductive cycle: weaning, mating, 30 and 60 d of gestation. One intramuscular injection of 15 mg folic acid was administered to all sows and serum folates concentration was measured before the injection and at 2-d intervals during a period of 14 d after the injection. An increase in serum folates was noted in sows of all groups. The time response curves observed after the injection are presented and discussed. The decrease in folates levels observed during early and mid-gestation could be moderated by im administration of this vitamin. PMID- 6746452 TI - Labile magnesium reserves in beef cows subjected to different prepasture supplementation regimens. AB - Thirty pregnant beef cows were utilized to determine the effects of winter Mg supplementation regimen on blood minerals after cows were turned to a spring tetanigenic tall fescue pasture. The winter Mg treatments were (1) tall fescue hay with free access to a Mg-deficient salt-mineral mix, (2) 6.4 kg of corn silage dry matter plus 114 g MgO/d and (3) tall fescue hay with free access to a salt-mineral mix containing 40% MgO from January 1 to February 15. All cows were then placed on the same tetanigenic pasture from February 15 to April 17 with free access to a Mg-deficient salt-mineral supplement. Forage Mg remained below .2% during the experiment. Forage Ca, P and Al changed throughout the spring, attaining maximum values of .35%, .46% and 415 ppm, respectively. Forage N and K also increased throughout the spring, reaching values of 3.5 and 3.8%, respectively, at the April 3 sampling. The forage K:(Ca + Mg) ratio approached 2.2 by March 26, which coincided closely with the average tetany date (March 29). Serum Mg averaged 1.97, 3.58 and 2.06 mg/dl for treatments 1, 2 and 3, respectively, on February 15 before turning cows to pasture. There were no treatment differences for serum Ca, P and K during the experiment. Eight cows exhibited symptoms of grass tetany (collapse) on an average date of March 29. Winter Mg supplementation provided little long-term protection against hypomagnesemia after turning cows to tetanigenic pasture, indicating that cows must have a supplemental source of Mg during this critical period. PMID- 6746451 TI - Absorption, excretion and tissue residue in feedlot heifers injected with the synthetic prostaglandin, fenprostalene. AB - Preliminary studies on use of the synthetic prostaglandin, fenprostalene, as an abortifacient had indicated that maximum effectiveness was dependent upon slow delivery. Because both route of administration and formulation control delivery rates, the influences of intramuscular (im) vs subcutaneous (sc) injections, and aqueous acetate buffer (AAB) vs polyethylene glycol-400 (PEG) vehicles on the plasma concentration and urinary excretion of fenprostalene were compared. Feedlot heifers were administered 1 mg injections of [13,14-3H]-fenprostalene. Blood samples and total urine excretion were collected during the following 96 h. The maximum concentration of tritium in plasma occurred at 2 h for AAB-im (.90 ng eq/ml), PEG-im (.75 ng eq/ml) and AAB-sc (.64 ng eq/ml), and then declined throughout 24 h with t 1/2 values of 6.1, 9.4 and 9.2 h, respectively. The peak concentration from PEG-sc was lower (.37 ng eq/ml, P less than .05), observed later (4h, P less than .05) and declined more slowly following peak concentration (t 1/2 = 15.1 h, P less than .05). Consistent with delayed absorption, a smaller fraction (P less than .05) of the total radioactivity excreted in urine was recovered during the first 24 h after injection for PEG-sc (85%) than for PEG-im (95%), AAB-sc (97%) or AAB-im (99%). In a tissue distribution study, plasma, urine and fecal samples were collected and heifers were slaughtered at various times following sc injection of 1 mg of [3H] fenprostalene in PEG. Peak concentrations of tritium in plasma occurred between 4 and 8 h and declined with a t 1/2 of 15.2 h.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS) PMID- 6746453 TI - Influence of molybdenum and sulfate supplementation and withdrawal of diets containing high copper broiler litter on tissue copper levels in ewes. AB - Thirty-six mature, nongestating, crossbred ewes were allotted randomly to three diets for 140 d: basal (six ewes); 50% basal and 50% broiler litter, dry basis (24 ewes) and 50% basal and 50% deep stacked broiler litter with the addition of 25 ppm molybdenum (Mo) and 5 g sulfate (SO4)/kg feed (six ewes). The control diet and the broiler litter contained 8 and 257 ppm Cu, dry basis, respectively. Liver samples from six ewes in each group were obtained by biopsy initially and at 40, 80 and 120 d and at slaughter (140 d). The remaining 18 litter-fed ewes were fed the basal diet after 140 d and six were slaughtered after 30-, 60- and 120-d. Liver Cu content continually increased (P less than .01) by feeding broiler litter (404 vs 1,543 ppm, dry basis), and was decreased (962 ppm) by supplementing Mo and SO4. During the withdrawal period, liver and duodenum Cu levels were not reduced (P greater than .05). A linear increase (P less than .001) in serum glutamic oxalacetic transaminase (SGOT) was observed with time during the withdrawal period. Serum Cu decreased at 30-d withdrawal and increased thereafter (quadratic effect (P less than .05). Hepatic Cu-metallothionein levels increased 15-fold above control values in the litter-fed ewes (P less than .05). PMID- 6746454 TI - Breed and sire effects on crossbred lamb production from Panama ewes and on spermatozoan midpiece length. AB - Three-hundred mature Panama-type range ewes were mated to Clun Forest, Dorset, Border Leicester, Polypay and Suffolk rams during the 1979 and 1980 breeding seasons. Sire breed and ram within breed effects on lamb growth, ewe reproduction, spermatozoan midpiece length (MPL) and midpiece length coefficient of variation (MPLCV) were examined. Associations among MPL and MPLCV and economically important traits also were assessed. Suffolk-sired lambs weighted .18, 2.0 and 1.5 kg more, at birth, weaning and post-weaning, respectively, than the average of all groups. Dorset-sired lambs had the lightest postweaning weight. Variation was greatest among Suffolk rams for average weaning and postweaning weights of their progeny. The Border Leicester breed had the least among ram variation for progeny weaning weight; while variation among Dorset rams was least for progeny postweaning weight. Fertility (ewes lambing/ewe exposed) and prolificacy (lambs born/ewe lambing) of the rams' mates were not influenced significantly by sire breed. Lamb mortality also was not influenced by breed of sire nor by rams within a breed. For variation in MPL, 26.4% was due to the breed effect (P less than or equal to .01) and 21.6% was attributable to ram variation within a breed (P less than or equal to .01). Clun Forest rams had the longest average MPL and greatest MPLCV, while Dorsets had the shortest MPL and smallest MPLCV. There were no important associations between either MPL or MPLCV and any of the economic traits. PMID- 6746455 TI - Inheritance of maternal immunoglobulin G1 concentration by the bovine neonate. AB - Serum samples were collected between 24 and 48 h of age from 408 Herefored calves of a Selection Experiment and from 200 Angus, Hereford and Red Poll calves of another experimental population (Germ Plasm Utilization Project). Concentrations of immunoglobulin G1 (IgG1) were determined by single radial immunodiffusion. Breed or selection line of calf and age of dam were the most important factors influencing IgG1 concentrations (P less than .01). In the Germ Plasm Utilization (GPU) herd, Angus calves were highest, Red Polls were intermediate and Herefords were lowest in serum concentrations. Calves from Hereford lines selected for weaning weight, yearling weight or an index based on yearling weight and muscling score were lower in IgG1 concentration than calves from the randomly selected control line. In both populations immunoglobulin levels in the calf increased as age of dam increased. In Selection Experiment Herefords, increased calving difficulty was associated with a decrease in calf IgG1 levels (P less than .05). Heritabilities of calf serum IgG1 concentration, estimated from paternal half-sib analysis on a within line or breed basis, were .03 +/- .09 and .13 +/- .19 in the two populations. In the Selection Experiment Herefords, when the component of variance for selection line was added both to the numerator and denominator of heritability, the revised estimate was .09 +/- .09. Heritabilities of maternal effects on IgG1 concentration were also estimated (by nesting calves within maternal grandsires) on a within line or breed basis. These heritabilities were .23 +/- .17 and -.07 +/- .27 for the Selection Experiment and GPU populations, respectively. In the Selection Experiment population, when the variance component for selection line was added to the numerator and denominator of maternal effects heritability, the estimate was .27 +/- . .17. Those calves that died had a lower mean IgG1 concentration than the population average (P less than .01). PMID- 6746456 TI - Heritability estimates for ages at farrowing, rebreeding interval and litter traits in swine. AB - Data from three commercial herds of swine located in Santa Catarina State, Brazil, were used to estimate least-squares means, variance components and heritabilities for reproductive traits. A total of 663 Landrace and Large White gilts by 155 sires provided information on first farrowing and litter traits and records on 433 sows by 118 sires were available for second farrowing traits. Age at conception and at farrowing, number born, number born alive and first to second farrowing interval were analyzed. Landrace females were younger than Large White females at first and second conception and first and second farrowing (P less than .05). Gilts born during summer months were younger at first farrowing (P less than .05) than those born during winter. Sows weaning their first litter during the summer had longer gestation periods and longer weaning to conception and farrowing intervals than sows weaning their first litter during the winter (P less than .001). Least-squares means for age at first conception and farrowing and at second conception and farrowing were 273.5, 388.3, 437.0 and 551.8 d, respectively. Average weaning to conception and farrowing intervals were 22.0 and 173.7 d, respectively. Sire variance components were usually negative or equal to zero for first and second litter traits. This was also observed for dams in some cases.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS) PMID- 6746457 TI - Environmental and genetic variation in milk yield of native cattle and crosses with Brown Swiss in India. AB - Effects of year, season, parity, age, their two-way interactions, lactation length and calving interval on milk yield were investigated utilizing 9,086 lactation records collected from 1930 to 1975 from six breed groups kept in one herd at Karnal, India. The breed groups involved three native breeds (Sahiwal, Red Sindhi and Tharpakar) and three crossbreds with Brown Swiss (F1 crosses between Brown Swiss and three native breeds, inter se crosses, and 3/4 Brown Swiss). Breed, year, season, parity, age and all of the two-way interactions with the exception of breed X season and parity X season were important. Tharpakar produced more milk than Sahiwal and Red Sindhi by 232 and 204 kg. The milk production difference between Sahiwal and Red Sindhi was only 28 kg. The three crossbreds outproduced the purebreds by an average of 766 kg; however, differences in management could have favored crossbreds. Among the crossbreds, F1 crosses were superior. The linear and quadratic regressions on lactation length accounted for 28% of the variation in milk yield after year, season, parity, age and their interactions were absorbed. Calving interval and lactation length together accounted for 29%. Estimates of heritability, from paternal half-sib analyses, and repeatability of milk yield for Red Sindhi, Sahiwal and Tharpakar ranged from .10 to .30. Differences among heritability estimates from different parities were small when more than 500 records were involved. PMID- 6746458 TI - Evaluation of a role for prolactin in growth and the photoperiod-induced growth response in sheep. AB - An experiment was conducted to determine whether prolactin is involved in growth or in mediating the photoperiod-induced growth response in sheep. Prolactin was manipulated by im injections of 2-Br-alpha-ergocryptine (CB154) or sc injections of ovine prolactin (oPRL) and by two light:dark regimens (16L:8D and 8L:16D). Fifty-six wether lambs (two/pen) were allotted to one of four treatments for a 9 wk growth study. Treatments were: 1) 16L:8D, placebo injections; 2) 16L:8D, CB154 injections; 3) 8L:16D, placebo injections and 4) 8L:16D, oPRL injections. Daily injections of CB154 (.1 mg/kg body weight.75), oPRL (.8 mg/kg body weight.75) or placebo were in 1 ml volume. Animals were fed ad libitum a complete mixed diet. At wk 8, plasma prolactin concentrations at 3 to 6 h postinjection were 214, 3, 90 and 228 ng/ml for treatments 1, 2, 3 and 4, respectively. Pattern of feed intake, measured at 8-h intervals for a 48-h period, was affected by photoperiod. Animals exposed to the 16L:8D photoperiod consumed 40.0, 42.4 and 17.6% of their total daily feed intake during the first 8 h of light, second 8 h of light and 8 h dark interval, respectively. Those exposed to the 8L:16D regimen consumed 55.2, 22.2 and 22.6% during their 8-h light interval, first 8 h of dark and second 8 h of dark, respectively. Both cumulative gain and feed intake were greater in 16L:8D control animals than in those animals receiving CB154.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS) PMID- 6746459 TI - Influence of photoperiod and prolactin on body composition and in vitro lipid metabolism in wether lambs. AB - An experiment was conducted to determine the possible effects of photoperiod and prolactin on the physical and chemical composition of body weight gain. Prolactin was manipulated by im injections of 2-Br-alpha-ergocryptine (CB154) or sc injections of ovine prolactin (oPRL) and by two light:dark regimens (16L:8D and 8L:16D). The four treatments employed were: 1) 16L:8D, placebo injections; 2) 16L:8D, CB154 injections; 3) 8L:16D, placebo injections and 4) 8L:16D, oPRL injections. After a 9-wk growth study, animals were slaughtered at similar body weights over the next 2-wk period. Weight of intestines was directly related and weight of pelt inversely related to circulating concentrations of prolactin. Content of N and lipid in the carcass was not influenced by treatment. However, N content of the noncarcass components was elevated (P less than .01) in animals receiving CB154. In vitro rates of acetate incorporation (nmol X 100 mg tissue-1 X 3 h-1) were higher in subcutaneous than in perirenal adipose tissue (1,920 vs 777; P less than .001). Rates for treatments 1, 2, 3 and 4 were 1,770, 953, 1,350, respectively. The rate for treatment 1 was greater than that for treatments 2 (P less than .001) and 3 (P less than .05). There was no stimulation of lipogenesis in response to insulin added to the incubation medium. In vitro rates of glycerol release (nmol X 100 mg tissue-1 X 2 h-1) were higher in perirenal than in subcutaneous adipose (135 vs 81; P less than .001). The respective treatment rates were 120, 84, 104 and 124, with treatment 1 being greater (P less than .05) than treatment 2. Epinephrine addition elevated glycerol release (156 vs 60; P less than .001). Differences for in vitro lipid metabolism between the perirenal and subcutaneous depots were independent of differences in cell size. Overall, these data indicate that the increased body weight gain due to extended lighting was not accompanied by detrimental effects on carcass composition. Nor was there any clear relationship between circulating concentrations of prolactin and in vitro lipid metabolism. PMID- 6746460 TI - Comparative study on Salmonella isolation from sewage-contaminated natural waters. AB - A comparative study of five factors influencing the isolation of salmonellas from sewage-contaminated natural waters was carried out. The effect of pre-enrichment in buffered peptone water was compared with single-step enrichment in NR10 broth incubated at 43 degrees C. A modification of NR10 has been compared with the original composition. Bismuth sulphite agar (BSA), Hektoen enteric agar (HE) and brilliant green agar (BGA) have been used as plating media. Other factors considered have been temperature of the water and sampling site. A total of 759 salmonella strains belonging to 36 different serotypes has been recovered in a two-year study. All five factors considered in the study have shown a significant effect on the recovery of salmonellas. The combination of direct enrichment in NR10, followed by BSA or HE as plating media was most effective for the isolation of Salmonella. The influence of water temperature and characteristics of the sampling sites have also been discussed. PMID- 6746461 TI - A note on an improved molybdate agar for the selective isolation of yeasts from tropical fruits. AB - Molybdate agar was fortified with 0.125% calcium propionate and used for routine isolation and differentiation of a variety of yeasts from mixed floras including large numbers of fungi and actinomycetes inhabiting tropical fruits. The results suggest that this technique could be usefully incorporated in yeast isolation and identification procedures. PMID- 6746462 TI - A rapid chemical spot test for the detection of lactic acid as an indicator of microbial spoilage in preserved foods. AB - A rapid method for the detection of lactic acid in preserved foods has been developed, based upon a chemical spot test which does not require solvent extraction or derivatisation of the lactic acid in the sample. The test can be completed within 5 min and was shown to confirm microbial spoilage detected by cultural techniques in a range of preserved foods. In addition the test was able to indicate microbial spoilage in samples where cultural techniques failed because the spoilage organisms were dead. The test may not be appropriate for products which have a naturally high lactic acid content. PMID- 6746463 TI - Isolation of Yersinia enterocolitica and related species from porcine samples obtained from an abattoir. AB - Swabs of swine carcasses and samples of porcine tongue and trim obtained from an abattoir were examined for the presence of Yersinia enterocolitica and related species (Y. intermedia, Y. kristensenii and Y. frederiksenii). Three enrichment media (phosphate buffered saline, sorbitol-bile salts-phosphate buffered saline, and a modified Rappaport's broth) were compared at 4 degrees C for their efficiency of recovery of Y. enterocolitica and related species. Two secondary enrichment procedures (post-enrichment in modified Rappaport's broth for 2 d at 25 degrees C and treatment with 0.5% KOH in 0.5% NaC1) also were evaluated. The porcine isolates were characterized by biochemical and serological examination, speciation, and biotyping. Eight of 43 samples were positive for Y. enterocolitica and related species. The combination of incubation in sorbitol bile salts-phosphate buffered saline for 21 d at 4 degrees C followed by post enrichment in modified Rappaport's broth yielded maximum number of isolates. All isolates, except one, were avirulent as determined by autoagglutination, calcium dependence at 37 degrees C, and HeLa cell invasiveness tests. PMID- 6746464 TI - A new rapid and sensitive bioluminescence assay for antibiotics that inhibit protein synthesis. AB - A new sensitive, rapid and simple bioluminescence assay for antibiotics inhibiting protein synthesis is described. In this assay the ability of the tested antibiotic to inhibit the de novo synthesis of the enzymes participating in the bacterial luminescence system is determined by means of a dark variant of a luminous bacterium that undergoes prompt induction of the luminescence system with certain DNA-intercalating agents. Upon induction, the in vivo luminescence of the dark variant is increased more than 50-fold within 30 min. Antibiotics that block the de novo synthesis of protein limit the development of luminescence at a level that was found to be a function of the antibiotic concentration. The minimum detectable concentration of antibiotics in the bioluminescence test, after 45-60 min of incubation, was 0.1 microgram/ml for streptomycin, gentamicin, kanamycin, lincomycin and chloramphenicol and 0.3 microgram/ml for neomycin, clindamycin and spectinomycin. The new bioluminescence test has been used to assay these antibiotics in serum. PMID- 6746465 TI - Two unusual budding bacteria isolated from a swimming pool. AB - Two unusual strains of budding bacteria were isolated on a Millipore Pseudomonas Count Water Tester during routine monitoring of Pseudomonas aeruginosa counts in a swimming pool. The first isolate has been identified as Blastobacter sp. It was a yellow-pigmented, Gram negative rod-shaped organism with a polar holdfast by which it attached to solid surfaces or other cells to form rosettes. The cells reproduced by asymmetric division or budding at the free pole of the cell, producing motile daughter cells with a single polar flagellum. The second isolate, which has not yet been identified, was a red-pigmented, Gram negative rod-shaped organism which produced one or more buds at each pole of the cell. Cell division appears to occur by both binary fission and by budding. Both organisms were strict aerobes, catalase and oxidase positive and did not produce acid from glucose in Hugh and Leifson medium. PMID- 6746466 TI - Changes in metabolism and cell size of the anaerobic bacterium Selenomonas ruminantium 0078A at the onset of growth in continuous culture. AB - Initial metabolism of Selenomonas ruminantium 0078A in continuous culture was characterized by a high lactate and low volatile fatty acid production; this was associated with poor growth as determined by bacterial dry weight production, yet individual cells were considerably larger than those of the inoculum. Biomass production increased, cell size decreased and the fermentation pattern reverted to the characteristic low lactate and high volatile fatty acid production after approximately 90 h growth. PMID- 6746467 TI - A note on the effect of host specific fermented milk on the coliform population of the neonatal rat gut. AB - An adhering strain of Lactobacillus salivarius isolated from the intestine of a rat was used to ferment cow's milk fortified with whey protein and threonine. When the fermented milk was used to dose baby rats orally for the first three days of life, the numbers of coliform organisms in the gut decreased significantly. PMID- 6746468 TI - A note on salmonella excretion in the black headed gull (Larus ribibundus) feeding at sewage treatment works. AB - The range of salmonella serotypes found in sewage sludge and in the faeces of black headed gulls (Larus ribibundus) feeding on the sludge was investigated. A close association was demonstrated between the serotypes found in both types of sample. Salmonella takoradi (a serotype which is uncommon in Scotland) appeared in the sludge for two short periods during the twelve week study and on both occasions it was later found in the gull faeces. It was shown that gulls become infected after feeding on contaminated sewage sludge but that the infection is probably short-lived. PMID- 6746469 TI - A note on the heterofermentative Lactobacillus isolated from kefir grains. AB - Heterofermentative lactobacilli have been isolated from kefir grains obtained from four different sources. A number of these isolates ferment only L-arabinose and gluconate and are similar to the species 'Lactobacillus desidiosus'. The DNA of these isolates, however, have 85-109% homology with 'L. caucasicus' NCDO 190 which is now regarded as L. kefir. The relationship between these strains is discussed. PMID- 6746470 TI - A note on the pectinolytic enzyme of Streptococcus bovis. AB - A pectinolytic strain of Streptococcus bovis isolated from the bovine rumen produced an endopolygalacturonate lyase (EC 4.2.2.2). The principal decomposition products of pectin were unsaturated methyl tetra- and tri-galacturonates. PMID- 6746471 TI - Near infrared reflectance spectroscopic determination of protein nitrogen in plant tissue. AB - A rapid, nondestructive method is described for the determination of protein nitrogen in plant tissue, using near infrared reflectance (NIR) spectroscopy. Procedures for instrument calibration are discussed. Comparisons between Kjeldahl nitrogen and NIR nitrogen are made for corn leaf tissue from Georgia and Indiana. Multiple correlation coefficients for other plant tissues such as peanuts, soybean, wheat, pecan, bermuda grass, and bent grass are also shown. PMID- 6746472 TI - Reverse phase liquid chromatographic determination of aspartame in beverages and beverage mixes. AB - A method is described for determining the artificial sweetener aspartame in beverages and beverage mixes by liquid chromatography. Aspartame is separated on a microC18 column, using a mobile phase of acetic acid, water, and isopropyl alcohol at pH 3.0 and UV detection at 254 nm. Beverages are filtered through 0.45 micron filters and injected directly into the chromatograph. Aspartame is eluted in approximately 7 min. Detection of aspartame is confirmed by a UV scan of the trapped peak. Aspartame is quantitated in the presence of other beverage additives such as saccharin, caffeine, sodium benzoate, artificial colors, and artificial flavors. Results are presented for spiked soda beverages, beverages from fruit-flavored mixes, instant tea, reconstituted presweetened drink mixes, and a powdered tabletop sweetener. PMID- 6746475 TI - Comparison of chemiluminescent and AOAC methods for determining nitrite in commercial cured meat products. AB - A chemiluminescent detector was used to measure nitrite in a variety of commercial cured meat products, using the AOAC sample preparation procedure, 24.041. A comparison of the NaNO2 values obtained by using sulfanilamide/N-(1 naphthyl)ethylenediamine (SAN/NED) reagent, sulfanilamide/1-naphthylamine reagent, and chemiluminescent detection (CLD) revealed no significant differences between the latter 2 detection methods. The AOAC SAN/NED reagent combination gave an average of 24.6% lower NaNO2 results than CLD. Examination of the sample preparation extraction and heating steps indicated that the procedure could not be made more rapid because of the need to destroy residual reductants and release "bound-complexed-reacted" nitrite from the meat samples. PMID- 6746474 TI - Dry column-thermal energy analyzer method for determining N-nitrosopyrrolidine in fried bacon: collaborative study. AB - A dry column method for isolating N-nitrosopyrrolidine (NPYR) from fried, cure pumped bacon and detection by gas chromatography-thermal energy analyzer (TEA) was studied collaboratively. Testing the results obtained from 11 collaborators for homogeneous variances among samples resulted in splitting the nonzero samples into 2 groups of sample levels, each with similar variances. Outlying results were identified by AOAC-recommended procedures, and laboratories having outliers within a group were excluded. Results from the 9 collaborators remaining in the low group yielded coefficients of variation (CV) of 6.00% and 7.47% for repeatability and reproducibility, respectively, and the 8 collaborators remaining in the high group yielded CV values of 5.64% and 13.72%, respectively. An 85.2% overall average recovery of the N-nitrosoazetidine internal standard was obtained with an average laboratory CV of 10.5%. The method has been adopted official first action as an alternative to the mineral oil distillation-TEA screening procedure. PMID- 6746473 TI - Liquid chromatographic determination of aspartame in dry beverage bases and sweetener tablets with confirmation by thin layer chromatography. AB - A liquid chromatographic method is described for the determination of aspartame in dry beverage bases and sweetener tablets. The sample was mixed with the mobile phase, the pH was adjusted to within +/- 0.1 pH unit of the mobile phase, and the sample was diluted to volume with the mobile phase. The solution was filtered and a 10 microL aliquot was injected onto a C18 reverse phase column. Aspartame was quantitated with an ultraviolet detector. Recoveries of aspartame ranged from 94 to 111%. The dry beverage bases contained 5-13% aspartame and the sweetener tablets contained 19% aspartame. The presence of aspartame was confirmed by using thin layer chromatography. PMID- 6746477 TI - Liquid chromatographic determination of strychnine as poison in domestic animals. AB - A liquid chromatographic (LC) method is described, using a preliminary thin layer chromatographic (TLC) screen followed by LC quantitation of strychnine in biological specimens of domestic animals. The TLC solvent system is also used as the LC mobile phase. Samples are extracted using acidic acetone, followed by evaporation of the acetone. The aqueous residue is extracted with ethyl ether, made basic with ammonium carbonate, and back-extracted into methylene chloride before TLC-LC analysis. The method has been successfully applied to liver, kidney, and urine specimens, as well as stomach contents. Six replicates each of a 0.75 and 7.5 ppm strychnine standard were taken through the method; recoveries ranged from 94 to 104%. Six replicates of a naturally incurred canine liver sample had a mean value of 3.9 ppm strychnine, with a standard deviation of 0.138 and a coefficient of variation of 3.58%. PMID- 6746476 TI - Spectrophotometric determination of bromhexine hydrochloride in pharmaceutical preparations. AB - The presence of an aromatic primary amino group in bromhexine HCl enables the use of diazotization-coupling, according to the classic Bratton-Marshall method, for its analysis in pharmaceutical preparations. Spectrophotometric parameters were established for standardization of the method, including statistical analysis of data. Substances such as potassium guaiacolsulfonate, ampicillin, cephalexin, oxytetracycline HCl, amoxycillin, and erythromycin ethylsuccinate do not interfere with the determination. The precision of the method is about 2.0%. PMID- 6746478 TI - Gas chromatographic analysis of coyote and magpie tissues for residues of compound 1080 (sodium fluoroacetate). AB - Tissues of coyotes and magpies administered known dosages of 1080 were analyzed for residues by an analytical method specifying gas chromatography and electron capture detection. The repeatability of the method was determined for the replicate analyses of coyote muscle tissue samples aged under different storage conditions. The average coefficient of variation (CV) was 6% for quadruplicate determinations of 1080 in fresh tissues, 12-14% for samples stored at - 10 degrees C for 30-60 days, and 24% for samples aged for 7 days at ambient temperatures. The larger CV value obtained for stored samples is attributed more to greater sample variability than to less precision of the analytical method. Residues of 1080 appear to be relatively stable in tissues; there was essentially no change in the concentration of 1080 in samples stored up to 28 days at ambient temperature. Residue levels in the muscle, heart, kidney, and intestine were comparable, slightly lower in the liver, and much higher in the stomach. The concentration of 1080 in the muscle tissue was related to the administered dosages. Correlation analyses of dosages and residue levels in coyote muscle tissue showed a correlation coefficient of 0.99 for 1080 administered by gavage, and 0.88 for 1080 administered by bait. A correlation coefficient of 0.99 was observed between dosages and mean residues in the breast muscle tissues of magpies. The average CV value was 3.5% for duplicate analyses of 1 g samples of magpie tissues. PMID- 6746479 TI - High temperature purge and trap procedure for determining seven volatile N nitrosamines in animal feed, using gas chromatography/thermal energy analyzer. AB - A rapid and sensitive procedure is described for determining 4 N nitrosodialkylamines (dimethyl, diethyl, dipropyl, and dibutyl) and the N-nitroso analogs of piperidine, pyrrolidine, and morpholine in animal feed. The volatile N nitrosamines were isolated by using a modified high temperature purge and trap apparatus designed for multiple sample cleanup. The feed sample was mixed with mineral oil and a nitrosation inhibitor, and the N-nitrosamines were purged onto a ThermoSorb/N cartridge, eluted with acetone-dichloromethane (1 + 1), and determined by gas chromatography, using a thermal energy analyzer. The effects of purge rate, purge time, and temperature on recovery are discussed. Feed samples spiked with 10, 50, and 200 ppb of the 7 N-nitroso compounds yielded recoveries ranging from 70 to 97%, with precision ranging from 1.3 to 5.4% and minimum detectable levels in the low parts-per-billion range. PMID- 6746480 TI - Practical screening procedure for chloramphenicol in milk at low parts per billion level. AB - A relatively simple screening procedure for the detection of chloramphenicol in cow's milk is detailed. The drug in 50 mL skim milk is adsorbed onto Chromosorb 102 and subsequently eluted; interfering impurities are removed by passing the effluent directly over one column containing small beds of alumina and cation exchange resin in the H+ form. After solvent is removed, the nitro group of the drug is reduced with zinc dust in HCl, and the drug is detected by diazotization and coupling to N-1-(naphthyl)ethylenediamine. Milk containing greater than or equal to 4 ppb chloramphenicol can be detected. A number of antibiotics and sulfa drugs permitted for use with dairy cows do not interfere with chloramphenicol detection, nor do some naturally occurring aromatic amino compounds. Nitromide (3,5-dinitrobenzamide) will interfere. It is estimated that approximately 50 samples of skimmed milk can be screened by one person during the working day. Cows secreted the drug into their milk for approximately 3 days following injection of chloramphenicol either intramuscularly or via infusion into the udder. PMID- 6746481 TI - Evidence for transformation of sulfamethazine to its N4-glucopyranosyl derivative in swine liver during frozen storage. AB - An analytical procedure for determining N4-glucopyranosylsulfamethazine (GPS) in swine livers is described. The sulfamethazine derivative is extracted from the tissues with water. GPS is isolated in sufficient purity for liquid chromatographic determination by a series of adsorption chromatographic procedures. Recovery of the conjugate from spiked swine livers was 82.2% with a coefficient of variation of 4.5%. Evidence is presented suggesting that sulfamethazine in swine livers is transformed to GPS during frozen storage. Two samples of swine liver in which incurred sulfamethazine residues were substantially depleted during frozen storage were analyzed for GPS. The conjugate accounted for 96.2% and 92.2% of the depleted sulfamethazine residues. PMID- 6746482 TI - Evaluation of cryogenic impact grinding technique for powdering whole fish for metal determinations. AB - A cryogenic grinding technique, which involves brittle fracture of samples by impact pressure, was evaluated for the final reduction of whole-fish samples for subsequent metal determinations. The technique incorporated a number of desirable features: protection of heat-labile components; incorporation of lyophilization to facilitate handling and storage; requirement of few procedural steps; short grinding time per sample; and easy, rapid cleanup of equipment. Particle size in the ground powder was less than 100 microns. Problems associated with the technique were contamination of fish samples with Cr, Fe, Mo, and Ni; limited size of the grinding container; and powder clumping caused by the presence of lipids. Approaches to alleviate these problems are discussed. PMID- 6746483 TI - Improved liquid chromatographic method for determination of aflatoxins in peanut butter and other commodities. AB - A combination of the extraction and cleanup procedures of Pons and Franz with the liquid chromatographic (LC) derivatization technique of Beebe is proposed as an accurate, precise, and sensitive method for determination of aflatoxins B1, B2, G1, and G2 in various foodstuffs. Mean recoveries of total aflatoxins added in the range 15-34 ng/g to peanut butter were 86-94% in 2 laboratories. Recovery of total aflatoxins (30 ng/g) from shelled peanuts, shelled Brazil nuts, pistachios, cashews, walnuts, and filberts exceeded 86% and from pumpkin seeds was 80%. Coefficients of variation for total aflatoxins were less than 7% for spiked samples and 15% for peanuts naturally contaminated with 16.7 ng/g of total aflatoxin (B1 + B2). Analyses of peanut meal, yellow corn meal, and peanut butter check samples (AOCS Smalley Series 1980/81 and 1981/82, IARC Series 1982/83) by this method compared favorably with reported averages. The detection limit is about 0.3 ng/g for each aflatoxin. PMID- 6746484 TI - Sensitivity of cultured human and mouse fibroblasts to trichothecenes. AB - Cultured human diploid fibroblasts and a cloned permanent line of Swiss mouse fibroblasts (3T3) have been adapted to a biological assay of trichothecenes and other toxic fungal metabolites both in purified form and as crude extracts. The assays are carried out in multi-well tissue culture trays with serial dilutions of toxins in 200 microL volumes of medium. Cells are cultured with the toxins for 3-4 days, fixed, and stained, providing a permanent record of results. The sensitivity of the assay ranges from 0.1 ng/mL (20 pg/assay) for T-2 toxin on mouse fibroblasts to no detectable toxicity at 5 micrograms/mL for cis zearalenone and verrucarol. Human skin fibroblasts exhibit patterns of relative sensitivities similar to that observed with mouse fibroblasts, but the absolute sensitivities are much greater with mouse fibroblasts because they can be cultured at much lower cell densities. PMID- 6746485 TI - Effect of sodium chloride and potassium chloride on growth response of yeasts Saccharomyces uvarum and Kloeckera brevis to free vitamin B6. AB - Acid hydrolysis is the most commonly used extraction procedure for the microbiological assay of vitamin B6 in food samples. Because NaCl or KCl is formed as a result of the extraction procedure, these 2 salts were tested as possible agents that may influence the growth response of the yeasts Saccharomyces uvarum and Kloeckera brevis. Results indicate that NaCl and KCl do effect the growth response of these 2 yeasts, depending on the salt concentration and the B6 vitamer present. PMID- 6746487 TI - Available amino acid score for evaluating protein quality of foods. AB - Amino acid scores corrected for true digestibility of individual amino acids (as determined by rat balance method) were termed "available amino acid scores" in the present investigation. Available amino acid scores were calculated for 7 protein sources and their 10 supplementary or complementary mixtures which have been tested in collaborative amino acid and rat growth assays for evaluating protein quality. The available amino acid scores were as follows: casein + methionine (100); egg white (100); rapeseed protein concentrate, RPC (94); casein (93); beef (89); soya assay protein, SAP (62); pea flour (61); whole wheat flour, WW (38); SAP + methionine (88); pea flour + methionine (72); WW + lysine (67); WW + casein (84); WW + egg white (79); WW + RPC (65); WW + beef (77); WW + SAP (70); and WW + pea flour (75). These scores were similar to the collaborative relative NPR values; the differences were less than 10 units (2-9 units) in most cases. The positive correlation (r = 0.92) between available amino acid scores and relative net protein ratio (RNPR, a rat growth method) values was highly significant (P less than 0.01) and the origin of the regression line (y = 0.92x + 1.88) was not significantly different from zero. Amino acid bioavailability has previously been a problem, preventing widespread acceptance of amino acid score. Available amino acid score solves this problem. PMID- 6746486 TI - Apparent nitrogen digestibility data: AACC-ASTM collaborative study. AB - Apparent nitrogen digestibility data were obtained from 4 laboratories for 6 protein sources and 2 diet levels, 6 and 10% protein, after a 2-day adaptation period during the AACC-ASTM protein efficiency ratio (PER) and net protein ratio (NPR) collaborative studies. For 5 protein sources fed as 10% of the diet, the interlaboratory variation as measured by coefficient of variation (CV) values was low (1.5-3.5%), indicating high precision of the method. Wheat flour (6% protein diet) had the highest variation and, therefore, the lowest precision (CV of 7.10%). The interlaboratory variation (CV value) for 3 of the 4 laboratories was considerably lower, less than half that for the 4 laboratories. An analysis of variance of apparent nitrogen digestibility data indicated significant (P less than 0.05) effects for the 4-laboratory group due to laboratories and protein diets at both 10 and 6% protein levels, and for the 3-laboratory group at the 10% protein level. The 3-laboratory ANOVA for the 6% diets indicated a significant effect (P less than 0.05) due to diet only. PMID- 6746488 TI - Specific determination of alpha-tocopherol in food and feed by fluorometry. Part 1. Manual method. AB - The proposed fluorometric method for determining alpha-tocopherol is highly specific and sensitive, yet requires low-cost equipment available in any laboratory. It is robust and fairly fast (4 determinations in 100 min, sample preparation not included). It has been tested in parallel with a conventional thin layer chromatographic method on foods and feeds. The only necessary cleanup is the usual saponification. The unsaponifiable fraction can be extracted with ethyl ether or, preferably, with Extrelut columns. Isooctane is used as a carrier solvent. Reagents and their solvents are added to the isooctane solution before each successive reaction and are then eliminated by partition with water. The alpha-tocopherol (alpha-T) derivative always remains in isooctane. The first step is nitrosation and elimination of tocopherols and tocotrienols other than alpha isomers. alpha-T is then oxidized to alpha-tocored (alpha-TR) with a mixture of sulfuric acid, ferric chloride, and iodine bromide. alpha-TR is then condensed to a new reagent: 4,5-dimethyl-o-phenylenediamine. The phenazine formed is strongly fluorescent. Iodine and bromine add to the double bonds of alpha-tocotrienol present and quench the fluorescence of its phenazine. A procedure for blank assays specifically inhibits the conversion of alpha-T to alpha-TR. PMID- 6746489 TI - Automated determination of alpha-tocopherol in food and feed. Part 2. Continuous flow technique. AB - The proposed determination of alpha-tocopherol is a continuous flow method with fluorometric detection. The only cleanup necessary is the usual saponification. A solution of the unsaponifiable matter in isooctane is automatically assayed. Isooctane is the carrier solvent and extractions are inserted between steps. These steps are selective reactions which render the method very specific. The natural homologs of alpha-tocopherol (alpha-T) do not interfere in the determination. A procedure for blank assays allows selective inhibition of alpha T conversions and measurement of interfering fluorescence. The method is highly sensitive, which allows the determination of alpha-T in very dilute solutions. This in turn suppresses matrix effects and renders the results reliable. The time interval between 2 peaks is 6 min, washing included, and it is possible to carry out 50 determinations per day (sample preparation not included). The system is robust and maintenance is easy. Parallel determinations of foods and feeds have been carried out with a conventional thin layer chromatographic method. PMID- 6746490 TI - Stored wheat insect infestation related to uric acid as determined by liquid chromatography. AB - Liquid chromatography is used to measure the uric acid content of wheat internally infested by various growth stages of granary weevil (Sitophilus granarius), rice weevil (Sitophilus oryzae), and lesser grain borer (Ryzopertha dominica). Good correlation exists between numbers of insects and uric acid content of grain infested by a given stage of an internally infesting stored product insect, with correlation coefficients ranging from 0.970 to 0.998. Uric acid content of infested grain increases as the insect life cycle progresses, with granary weevil producing the greatest quantities of uric acid followed in order by rice weevil and lesser grain borer. A detection limit for the analytical procedure of less than 1.0 ppm uric acid allows detection of infestation levels as low as one kernel per 100 g grain for late instar granary weevil larvae. This limit is sufficiently sensitive to detect levels of infestation that may be commonly encountered in commerce. PMID- 6746491 TI - Performance characteristics of methods of analysis used for regulatory purposes. I. Drug dosage forms. B. Gas chromatographic methods. AB - Gas chromatographic methods for the analysis of drug dosage forms consist of a simple extraction, dilution with an internal standard solution, and injection, or, even simpler, dilution with the internal standard solution and injection. These methods were used in 7 collaborative studies of the determination of 12 pharmaceuticals, published in the Journal of the AOAC during 1973-1983. A total of 43 individual materials consisting of various dosage forms were each analyzed, usually in duplicate, by an average of 8 laboratories, with a total of 582 reported determinations. The average within-laboratory coefficient of variation (CVo) was 1.25% and the average among-laboratories coefficient of variation (CVx) was 2.41%, for a CVo/CVx ratio of 0.52, at an average outlier rate of 1.4% of the reported values. The line of best fit for CVx plotted against concentration increases with decreasing concentration, extending from a CVx of approximately 1.8% at 100% concentration to a CVx of approximately 3.2% at 1% concentration. The change in CVx for a 10-fold decrease in concentration is approximately 0.7% CVx, independent of analyte and matrix. PMID- 6746492 TI - Ion-pair extraction cleanup for liquid chromatographic determination of bentazon in crops and soil. AB - Bentazon was selectively extracted as an ion pair with tetrabutylammonium ion into dichloromethane. This technique was used to clean up crop and soil samples before determination of bentazon by reverse phase liquid chromatography and UV detection. Recoveries from potatoes, cucumbers, wheat grain, and clay soil were 77-103%, with a detection limit of 0.02 mg/kg. PMID- 6746494 TI - Endoscopic cinematography. PMID- 6746493 TI - Photomacrographs using a point-source enlarger. PMID- 6746495 TI - Endoscopic photography of the ear: an update. PMID- 6746496 TI - Purchasing a computer-graphics system--applications and considerations. PMID- 6746497 TI - Portraiture on location in the medical center. PMID- 6746498 TI - In praise of copying with polarized light. PMID- 6746499 TI - Videolaryngoscopy using a low cost home video system color camera. PMID- 6746500 TI - Testing inhalation devices. PMID- 6746501 TI - HLA antigens and extrinsic bronchial asthma. PMID- 6746502 TI - Evaluation of bronchodilation from aerosol beta 2 agonists delivered by the Inhal Aid device to young children. AB - The Inhal-Aid is a device that combines a reservoir aerosol delivery system, two one-way valves, and an incentive spirometer to assist in the delivery of medication from metered-dose inhalers. It appears to result in bronchodilatory effect that is similar to that obtained from (9) compressed air driven nebulizer. Further data are needed to determine if the therapeutic advantages of an aerosol receiving chamber with metered-dose inhalers are matched by clinically important consequences for the patient with adequate coordination. For the patient unable to utilize metered-dose inhalers because of inability to coordinate inspiration with activation, however, the Inhal-Aid provides an effective means to conveniently deliver clinically important antiasthmatic medication. PMID- 6746503 TI - Management of asthma: understanding, communication, and health maintenance. PMID- 6746504 TI - The acquisition of grammatical morphemes in autistic children: a critique and replication of the findings of Bartolucci, Pierce, and Streiner, 1980. AB - The correct use of 13 morpheme rules by a group of 16 autistic children was investigated. The percentages of different morphemes used correctly correlated significantly with the results reported in an earlier study of Bartolucci, Pierce, and Streiner (1980), and internal consistency among the autistic children suggested some evidence of rule learning. As in the Bartolucci study, there were no significant correlations with the data presented by DeVilliers and DeVilliers (1973) for younger children. However, the conclusions drawn by Bartolucci et al. regarding the deviant nature of syntax acquisition by autistic children are questioned on various methodological grounds. More satisfactory ways of comparing language development in different groups of children are discussed. PMID- 6746505 TI - A reevaluation of stimulus overselectivity: restricted stimulus control or stimulus control hierarchies. AB - Stimulus overselectivity, previously described as restricted stimulus control, was examined in preschool children. Twenty-seven subjects, after being trained to respond to a two-component auditory stimulus (S+) and not to respond to a different two-component auditory stimulus (S-), were tested to determine which stimulus elements of the complexes exerted control. Subjects that met the operational definition of overselectivity were found to have exhibited a hierarchy of stimulus control. What differentiated the subjects who would not be labeled "overselective" from those who would be was the placement of S+ and S- elements within the hierarchy, not that one type of subject had restricted stimulus control and another did not. The results indicate that the current conception of stimulus overselectivity may require revision. Treatment and research implications are discussed. PMID- 6746506 TI - Infantile autism and Duchenne muscular dystrophy. AB - We report a boy with autism and Duchenne muscular dystrophy. Myopathy was noted after 2 years of age and has since progressed slowly. At present this autistic child, 11 years 4 months old, has shown no signs of deterioration. PMID- 6746507 TI - Familial autism and the fragile-X chromosome. AB - This report presents two male siblings in whom the diagnosis of infantile autism was found in association with a fragile site on the X chromosome. In addition to their marked autistic characteristics, formal examinations indicated that both boys were severely mentally retarded and had several physical features commonly observed in association with the fragile-X syndrome. The mother of these two siblings also gave birth to identical twin boys, who were developmentally delayed and showed several autistic features prior to their untimely death in a house fire. The possible role of the fragile-X chromosome as an etiological factor in families where there is a clustering of autism and related developmental disturbances is discussed. PMID- 6746508 TI - An observational study of stereotypic behavior and proximity related to the occurrence of autistic child-family member interactions. PMID- 6746509 TI - Some questions on sex differences. PMID- 6746510 TI - XXXIX joint annual conference of the Association of Physicians of India (21,22,23,24 and 25 January, 1984). Hyderabad. Abstracts. PMID- 6746511 TI - Value of cerebrospinal fluid lactic acid estimation in differential diagnosis of meningitis. PMID- 6746512 TI - Evaluation of double contrast barium meal study of stomach and duodenum. PMID- 6746513 TI - Bone changes in diabetes mellitus radiological manifestations in upper extremity. PMID- 6746514 TI - Role of vitamin D in pulmonary tuberculosis. PMID- 6746516 TI - Diagnosis and management of acute renal failure. PMID- 6746517 TI - Status of colonoscopy in large bowel diseases. PMID- 6746515 TI - Norethisterone and ethinyl estradiol kinetics during dapsone therapy. PMID- 6746519 TI - Systemic sarcoidosis involving the breast. PMID- 6746518 TI - The mechanism of the cardiac clicks. PMID- 6746520 TI - Tumoral calcinosis (report of 3 cases). PMID- 6746521 TI - A lowest estimate of the prevalence of cardiovascular disease in India. PMID- 6746522 TI - A non-invasive unmasking of left ventricular dysfunction in mitral stenosis. PMID- 6746523 TI - Tetanus on the decline. PMID- 6746524 TI - Incidence of G-6 PD deficiency in the tribal population of Rajasthan. PMID- 6746525 TI - Treatment of opium withdrawal using clonidine. PMID- 6746526 TI - Echocardiography--basic principles. PMID- 6746527 TI - A common disease: two rare complications. PMID- 6746528 TI - Malignant hypertension in a young boy. PMID- 6746529 TI - Haemoglobin D trait in Rajasthan (a case report). PMID- 6746531 TI - Left-sided pleural empyema due to ruptured amoebic liver abscess. PMID- 6746530 TI - Porphyria. PMID- 6746532 TI - Transient massive eosinophilia with arteritis in young stroke. PMID- 6746533 TI - Congenital erythropoietic porphyria. PMID- 6746535 TI - Typhoid hepatitis. PMID- 6746534 TI - Actinomycosis--unusual presentation (a report of two cases). PMID- 6746536 TI - High density lipoprotein cholesterol in diabetes. PMID- 6746537 TI - Systemic connective disease in India. VII. Deaths in systemic lupus erythematosus. PMID- 6746538 TI - Essential mixed cryoglobulinemia: clinical and immunological studies. PMID- 6746539 TI - Study of platelet adhesiveness in chronic renal failure. PMID- 6746540 TI - Evaluation of therapeutic response with micro dose of vitamin B12 and folic acid in patients of dimorphic anaemia. PMID- 6746541 TI - A comparative study of endoscopic and radiological evaluation of oesophageal varices in portal hypertension. PMID- 6746542 TI - Dermatoglyphics in essential hypertension. PMID- 6746543 TI - Computerized coronary arteriography data. PMID- 6746544 TI - In hospital course of cases of acute inferior myocardial infarction without and with ST segment depression in anterior precordial leads. PMID- 6746545 TI - Blood barbiturate levels in 175 suspected suicide patients. PMID- 6746546 TI - Viral hepatitis and ABO blood groups. PMID- 6746547 TI - Effect of intravenous propranolol on portal hypertension. PMID- 6746548 TI - Endemic fluorosis in India: a challenging national health problem. PMID- 6746550 TI - Understanding malpositions: non-invasive diagnosis. PMID- 6746549 TI - Value of echocardiography in ischemic heart disease. PMID- 6746551 TI - An uncommon presentation of internal carotid aneurysm. PMID- 6746552 TI - Primary miliary tuberculosis of the liver. PMID- 6746553 TI - Ataxic hemiparesis due to corona radiata infarction. PMID- 6746554 TI - Neuromyelitis optica--report of an autopsy proven case from South India. PMID- 6746555 TI - Wilson's disease: report of two cases. PMID- 6746557 TI - Familial mediterranean fever in South India. PMID- 6746556 TI - Bradycardia dependent intermittent bundle branch block. PMID- 6746558 TI - Cardiac arrhythmia in a case of rabies. PMID- 6746559 TI - Diffuse endocapillary proliferative glomerulonephritis with refractory hypertension and pulmonary oedema. PMID- 6746560 TI - Do we continue to prescribe dipyrone (analgin)? PMID- 6746562 TI - Chloroquine as capsules. PMID- 6746561 TI - Acute spinal epidural abscess. PMID- 6746563 TI - Computed tomographic study of chronic nonspecific inflammatory adnexal masses. PMID- 6746564 TI - [Value of tomodensitometry in the diagnosis and monitoring of retroperitoneal fibrosis]. PMID- 6746565 TI - Treatment of post-traumatic carotid-cavernous fistulas by detachable catheter balloon. PMID- 6746566 TI - Wandering spleen in supra-hepatic position. PMID- 6746567 TI - The radiological examination of the soft tissues of the neck. PMID- 6746568 TI - [Biliary and urinary endoprosthesis derived from percutaneous biliary drainage catheters]. PMID- 6746569 TI - Neonatal osteomyelitis. PMID- 6746570 TI - Patterns of electrochemical proton gradient formation by membrane vesicles from an obligately acidophilic bacterium. AB - Isolated membrane vesicles from the obligately acidophilic bacterium Bacillus acidocaldarius generated an electrochemical gradient of protons (delta mu- H+) upon energization with ascorbate-phenazine methosulfate at pH 6.0 or 3.0. At pH 6.0, there was little or no transmembrane pH gradient (delta pH), but a transmembrane electrical potential (delta psi) of ca. -77 mV, positive out, was observed. At pH 3.0, a delta pH equivalent to - 100 mV, acid out, and a delta psi of -73 mV, positive out, were observed upon energization. The total magnitude of the delta mu- H+ was higher than that of whole cells at acid pH, but the very large delta pHs and the reversed delta psi s, i.e., inside positive, that are typical of acidophile cells were not observed in the vesicles. The vesicles exhibited energy-dependent accumulation of alpha-aminoisobutyric acid that was inhibited by both nigericin and valinomycin (plus K+) at pH 3.0 but was inhibited little by nigericin at pH 6.0. PMID- 6746571 TI - Isolation and characterization of soluble peptidoglycan from several strains of Streptococcus faecium. AB - Two phenotypically autolysis-deficient strains of Streptococcus faecium ATCC 9790 were shown to produce high-molecular-weight, soluble, linear, uncross-linked peptidoglycan when incubated with benzylpenicillin in a wall medium which permits cell wall synthesis (wall thickening) but not balanced growth. This high molecular-weight s-peptidoglycan was shown to have a molecular weight of 46,000 to 54,000, lack peptide cross-links, and be virtually devoid of accessory wall polymers. It was hydrolyzed by hen egg white lysozyme and the endogenous, autolytic N-acetylmuramidase of S. faecium, but was not attacked by proteinases. Chemical analyses of the polymer are consistent with the following structure, where n is the number of repeating disaccharide units: (formula; see text). PMID- 6746572 TI - Hydrolysis of soluble, linear, un-cross-linked peptidoglycans by endogenous bacterial N-acetylmuramoylhydrolases. AB - Soluble, linear, uncross-linked peptidoglycans, prepared from two autolysis defective mutants of Streptococcus faecium ATCC 9790 and from Micrococcus leuteus, were used as substrates for studies of hydrolysis by an N acetylmuramoylhydrolase (muramidase). The kinetics of hydrolysis of these substrates and the ability of the muramidases isolated from S. faecium ATCC 9790 and from two autolysis-defective mutants, Lyt-14 and Aut-3, to carry out transglycosylation reactions were compared with the action of hen egg white lysozyme (EC 3.2.1.17). Hydrolysis of these substrates by the endogenous streptococcal muramidases resulted in the production of disaccharide-peptide monomers with the structure (formula; see text) as nearly the sole product. As estimated from increases in reducing groups, hydrolysis proceeded at a linear rate for extended intervals, with consumption of up to 75% of the substrate, even at substrate concentrations well below the Km value. Apparent Km and relative Vmax values for the three streptococcal enzymes were indistinguishable from each other or from those for hen egg white lysozyme. These results indicate that the autolysis-defective phenotype of these mutants cannot be attributed to differences in their muramidases. In contrast to the action of hen egg white lysozyme, the streptococcal muramidase failed to catalyze transglycosylations. The extended periods of hydrolysis at constant rates are consistent with the occurrence of multiple catalytic events after the formation of the enzyme substrate complex. PMID- 6746573 TI - Biosynthesis of phospholipids in Clostridium butyricum: kinetics of synthesis of plasmalogens and the glycerol acetal of ethanolamine plasmalogen. AB - The biosynthesis of the plasmalogen forms of phosphatidylethanolamine (plasmenylethanolamine) and phosphatidylglycerol (plasmenylglycerol) and of the glycerol acetal of plasmenylethanolamine has been studied in cultures of Clostridium butyricum IFO 3852. When growing cells were pulsed with [32P]orthophosphate, there was a lag of 5 to 7 min between the rapid incorporation of label into the acylphosphatides and the rapid incorporation of label into the corresponding plasmalogens. The labeling of the glycerol acetal of plasmenylethanolamine was even slower. In pulse-chase experiments with 32Pi, the kinetics of labeling indicated precursor-product relationships between phosphatidylethanolamine and plasmenylethanolamine and between the latter and its glycerol acetal. A precursor-product relationship was also seen between phosphatidylglycerol and cardiolipin, but the kinetics of labeling of the alkenyl containing forms of these lipids were not consistent with direct precursor product relationships with the acyl lipids. In the presence of hydroxylamine and 32Pi, both phosphatidylserine and plasmenylserine accumulated 32P in a ratio of ca. 15:1. Upon release of the inhibition of phosphatidylserine decarboxylase, label appeared in the following sequence: phosphatidylethanolamine, plasmenylethanolamine, and the glycerol acetal of plasmenylethanolamine. Acyl phosphatidylglycerol was identified as a major phospholipid (17% of lipid phosphorus) in C. butyricum grown in low-phosphate (1.13 mM) medium with 50 mM Tris buffer. Of the acyl phosphatidylglycerol, 13% was acid labile. There appear to be two plasmalogen forms of acyl phosphatidylglycerol. One of these has a single alkenyl ether group, and the other has alkenyl ether groups on both glycerols. PMID- 6746575 TI - Development of a minimally defined medium for the acetogen Clostridium thermoaceticum. AB - A minimally defined medium was developed for the cultivation of the acetogen Clostridium thermoaceticum. The medium contained glucose as the carbon and energy source, ammonium sulfate as the nitrogen source, nicotinic acid as the sole essential vitamin, reductant, a phosphate-bicarbonate buffer, mineral salts and chelator, and a CO2 gas phase. Adaptation of C. thermoaceticum from undefined medium containing yeast extract and tryptone to the minimally defined medium required sequential passage on defined medium supplemented with amino acids and vitamins. Growth and cell yields were reduced on the minimal medium, but the activities of carbon monoxide dehydrogenase, hydrogenase, and formate dehydrogenase were comparable between undefined and minimal media. PMID- 6746574 TI - Subcellular localization of alkaline phosphatase in Bacillus licheniformis 749/C by immunoelectron microscopy with colloidal gold. AB - Subcellular distribution of the alkaline phosphatase of Bacillus licheniformis 749/C was determined by an immunoelectron microscopy method. Anti-alkaline phosphatase antibody labeled with 15- to 18-nm colloidal gold particles (gold immunoglobulin G [IgG] complex) were used for the study. Both the plasma membrane and cytoplasmic material were labeled with the gold-IgG particles. These particles formed clusters in association with the plasma membrane; in contrast, in the cytoplasm the particles were largely dispersed, and only a few clusters were found. The gold-IgG binding was quantitatively estimated by stereological analysis of labeled, frozen thin sections. This estimation of a variety of control samples showed that the labeling was specific for the alkaline phosphatase. Cluster formation of the gold-IgG particles in association with the plasma membrane suggests that existence of specific alkaline phosphatase binding sites (receptors) in the plasma membrane of B. licheniformis 749/C. PMID- 6746576 TI - In vivo and in vitro acylation of polypeptides in Vibrio harveyi: identification of proteins involved in aldehyde production for bioluminescence. AB - Incubation of soluble extracts from Vibrio harveyi with [3H]tetradecanoic acid (+ ATP) resulted in the acylation of several polypeptides, including proteins with molecular masses near 20 kilodaltons (kDa), and at least five polypeptides in the 30- to 60-kDa range. However, in growing cells pulse-labeled in vivo with [3H]tetradecanoic acid, only three of these polypeptides, with apparent molecular masses of 54, 42, and 32 kDa, were specifically labeled. When extracts were acylated with [3H] tetradecanoyl coenzyme A, on the other hand, only the 32-kDa polypeptide was labeled. When luciferase-containing dark mutants of V. harveyi were investigated, acylated 32-kDa polypeptide was not detected in a fatty acid stimulated mutant, whereas the 42-kDa polypeptide appeared to be lacking in a mutant defective in aldehyde synthesis. Acylation of both of these polypeptides also increased specifically during induction of bioluminescence in V. harveyi. These results suggest that the role of the 32-kDa polypeptide is to supply free fatty acids, whereas the 42-kDa protein may be responsible for activation of fatty acids for their subsequent reduction to form the aldehyde substrates of the bioluminescent reaction. PMID- 6746577 TI - Oxygen toxicity in Streptococcus mutans: manganese, iron, and superoxide dismutase. AB - When cultured anaerobically in a chemically defined medium that was treated with Chelex-100 to lower its trace metal content, Streptococcus mutans OMZ176 had no apparent requirement for manganese or iron. Manganese or iron was necessary for aerobic cultivation in deep static cultures. During continuous aerobic cultivation in a stirred chemostat, iron did not support the growth rate achieved with manganese. Since the dissolved oxygen level in the chemostat cultures was higher than the final level in the static cultures, manganese may be required for growth at elevated oxygen levels. In medium supplemented with manganese, cells grown anaerobically contained a low level of superoxide dismutase (SOD) activity; aerobic cultivation increased SOD activity at least threefold. In iron supplemented medium, cells grown anaerobically also had low SOD activity; aerobic incubation resulted in little increase in SOD activity. Polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis of the cell extracts revealed a major band and a minor band of SOD activity in the cells grown with manganese; however, cells grown with iron contained a single band of SOD activity with an Rf value similar to that of the major band found in cells grown with manganese. None of the SOD activity bands were abolished by the inclusion of 2 mM hydrogen peroxide in the SOD activity strain. S. mutans may not produce a separate iron-containing SOD but may insert either iron or manganese into an apo-SOD protein. Alternatively, iron may function in another activity (not SOD) that augments the defense against oxygen toxicity at low SOD levels. PMID- 6746578 TI - Changes in cell surface hydrophobicity of Myxococcus xanthus are correlated with sporulation-related events in the developmental program. AB - Cell surface hydrophobicity was measured in the bacterium Myxococcus xanthus during vegetative growth, fruiting body formation, and glycerol-induced spore formation by the method of Rosenberg et al. (FEMS Microbiol. Lett. 9:29-33, 1980). A significant decrease in cell surface hydrophobicity was observed 12 to 36 h after fruiting body formation and 60 to 120 min after glycerol-induced sporulation. The hydrophilic shift was correlated with the ability of the cells to sporulate but not with their ability to aggregate. Sucrose gradient purification removed the hydrophilic substance from the fruiting body spores but not from the glycerol-induced spores. The change in cell surface hydrophobicity in M. xanthus should be a useful developmental marker. PMID- 6746579 TI - Thyroid hormone and the TRH stimulation test in refractory depression. AB - Seven of 21 refractory depressed patients responded within 7 days to combined thyroid hormone-antidepressant treatment. Five of the 7 responders revealed evidence of subclinical hypothyroidism, suggesting that this subpopulation of depressed patients may benefit most from adjunctive thyroid hormone. PMID- 6746580 TI - Late-onset delusional depression: a distinct clinical entity? AB - A comparison of the prevalence of delusions was made between early-onset (less than age 60) and late-onset (greater than or equal to age 60) primary endogenous depressives. Depressives with onset after age 60 had delusions more frequently than those with earlier onset. Fourteen of 16 late-onset depressives but only 5 of 18 earlier onset patients were delusional (p less than .005). Within the early onset group, those with delusions tended to be older at index episode than those without delusions (.05 less than p less than .10). This correlation between age of onset of depression and the tendency to be delusional is of heuristic and possibly pathogenetic interest. PMID- 6746581 TI - Rhabdomyolysis due to acute dystonic reaction to antipsychotic drugs. AB - Rhabdomyolysis is a rarely reported complication of antipsychotic drug-induced dystonia. The history, signs, symptoms, and laboratory findings in such a case are reported. The pathogenetic mechanisms of the rhabdomyolysis and the treatment in this case are discussed. Physicians who prescribe these drugs are advised to be aware of this potentially serious complication. PMID- 6746582 TI - Carbamazepine and desipramine: a toxic reaction. PMID- 6746583 TI - Smoking and hyponatremia in psychiatric patients. PMID- 6746584 TI - Trazodone and hemodialysis. PMID- 6746585 TI - Proteolytic digestion of band 3 from bovine erythrocyte membranes in membrane bound and solubilized states. AB - Bovine band 3 in membrane-bound and solubilized states was digested with chymotrypsin, trypsin, and papain. Bovine band 3 in red blood cells was fragmented by the proteases in a 5 mM NaH2PO4-Na2HPO4 buffer containing 0.3 M glucose, pH 8.0, but not in a 5 mM NaH2PO4-Na2HPO4 buffer containing 0.15 M NaCl, pH 8.0, in which human band 3 is cleaved by chymotrypsin and papain. When compared with the known data for human band 3, however, major fragments of bovine band 3 derived from intact cells, inside-out vesicles and unsealed ghosts were similar to those of human band 3, except that tryptic fragments were formed on the extracellular attack. The results suggest that bovine band 3 adopts a quite similar molecular arrangement in the membrane to in the human case. However, it was strongly suggested by molecular weight evaluation of fragments that the only detectable water-soluble 38,000-39,000 dalton fragment does not account for the entire hydrophilic pole of the band 3 molecule exposed in the cytoplasmic region of the membrane. When isolated band 3 was treated with the enzymes in a 2% solution of nonaethyleneglycol n-dodecyl ether, the major product was indistinguishable on sodium dodecyl sulfate-gel from the water-soluble fragment of the cytoplasmic domain origin of band 3. This fragment lost its resistance to further enzymatic degradation when treated with dimethylmaleic anhydride, thus band 3 oligomers were converted into their monomers. The chymotryptic 38,000 dalton water-soluble fragment obtained in nonaethyleneglycol n-dodecyl ether solution was a subfragment of a 50,000 dalton piece which was produced in a 2% solution of deoxycholate after chymotrypsin treatment of band 3. PMID- 6746586 TI - Analysis of the interaction between DNA and major core protein in adenovirus chromatin by circular dichroism and ultraviolet light induced cross-linking. AB - Adenovirus chromatin is constituted with three kinds of core proteins, VII, V, and mu, that are coded by the virus genome. Since a hexamer of VII contributes to formation of the nucleosome-like structure of the virion chromatin, we analyzed the interaction between DNA and VII in vitro, by the use of ultraviolet light induced cross-linking and circular dichroism (CD) spectroscopy. It was observed that DNA and VII in a plain mixture form a structure resembling viral chromatin. The DNA in the virion core or in the simply mixed complex appears to take a tight conformation by superfolding, based on the result that the ellipticity at 275 nm of DNA was reduced to approximately 3,000 degrees, and the wave-length of the positive peak was shifted from 275 to 285 nm. The change in CD spectrum caused by interaction of VII with DNA is similar to that of a protamine rather than that of a histone mixture. The interaction of VII with DNA is preferential, and VII is capable of associating more efficiently with double stranded DNA than with single stranded. The interaction is loosened by salt (0.3 M NaCl) and tightened by magnesium ion. However, the interaction of a precursor core protein pro-VII with DNA was not as tight as that of VII and was not influenced by magnesium ion, presumably because of the existence of a hydrophobic processing sequence in the molecule. PMID- 6746587 TI - Sarcophagine (beta-alanyl-L-tyrosine) synthesis in the fat body of Sarcophaga peregrina larvae. AB - The fat body of Sarcophaga peregrina larvae was found to have activity for synthesis of sarcophagine (beta-alanyl-L-tyrosine). This activity was due to a soluble enzyme (sarcophagine synthetase) that requires Mg2+ and ATP as cofactors. The enzyme activity decreased significantly after puparium formation and no sarcophagine synthesis was detected when fat body from white pupae was incubated in vitro with 3H-beta-alanine. This apparent loss of sarcophagine synthesis was found to be partly due to peptidase, which was induced in the fat body after puparium formation. The activity of sarcophagine synthetase itself in the lysate of pupal fat body, however, was found to be significantly lower than that in the lysate of larval fat body, suggesting the presence of a developmentally regulated mechanism of sarcophagine production. PMID- 6746588 TI - Absorption spectral properties of purified halorhodopsin. AB - Halorhodopsin in the membrane fragments of Halobacterium halobium Y1 showed an absorption band at 576 nm, the intensity of which decreased on irradiation with red light at 0 degrees C (Ogurusu, T., Maeda, A., Sasaki, N., & Yoshizawa, T. (1981) J. Biochem. 90, 1267-1273). Using this photobleachable property as the basis for an assay of halorhodopsin, we purified halorhodopsin by octyl-Sepharose column chromatography after extracting it from the membrane with Triton X-100. In NaDodSO4-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis, hR appeared as a major band with an apparent molecular weight of 22,000, but the preparation still showed several other faint bands. The purified halorhodopsin showed a main absorption band at 576 nm and a small band at around 415 nm in 1 M NaCl. The photoreactions of the purified halorhodopsin at 0 degrees C and at -75 degrees C were similar to those of halorhodopsin in membrane fragments. Irradiation of the purified halorhodopsin with red light at 0 degrees C resulted in a decrease of absorbance at around 576 nm with a concomitant increase of absorbance at around 410 nm. A hypsochromic photoproduct was obtained on irradiation with 650 nm light at -75 degrees C. The dependency of the absorption spectrum of halorhodopsin on the concentration of chloride indicates that halorhodopsin has a single chloride binding site, occupation of which is responsible for modifying the spectrum. PMID- 6746589 TI - The effect of K+ concentration on the energy metabolism in perfused rat heart. AB - From experiments at various perfusion pressures in hemoglobin-free perfused rat hearts, oxygen consumption and redox shift of pyridine nucleotide were found to vary linearly with cardiac work. This relation was used for analysis of the energy metabolism associated with ion pumps. Mechanical activities such as left ventricular pressure and heart rate varied with the extracellular K+ concentration. Ion-pump dependent changes in oxygen consumption and redox state of pyridine nucleotide, estimated as the difference of the values at normal (4.7 mM) and various other extracellular K+ concentrations with corrections for the change due to mechanical work, were found to vary linearly with the K+ concentration. The slope for oxygen consumption was about 0.1 mumol/min/g X wet wt per mM K+. Lactate release changed markedly but transiently, about 1 min after changing the extracellular K+ concentration, and its amount varied linearly with the K+ concentration. In the steady state, however, lactate release was almost independent of the extracellular K+ concentration, although oxidized pyridine nucleotide increased with increasing K+ concentration. Coronary flow increased with the extracellular K+ concentration. Heart rate changed little between 1 and 12 mM K+, but decreased sharply above 12 mM K+. At 20 mM K+, heart beat was arrested and approximately 40% of myoglobin was deoxygenated. The intracellular oxygen concentration was estimated to be about 10 microM even during aerobic perfusion. Similarly, Ca2+-free arrested heart was found to be in a hypoxic state. The results showed that oxygen entry into cardiac tissue is facilitated by the cardiac cycle. PMID- 6746590 TI - Unusual polyamines in slime molds Physarum polycephalum and Dictyostelium discoideum. AB - We analyzed the cellular contents of not only major polyamines but also minor polyamines in slime molds Physarum polycephalum and Dictyostelium discoideum. The presence of putrescine and spermidine in either plasmodia or myxamoebae of these molds as major polyamines was confirmed. In addition to these polyamines, appreciable amounts of 1,3-diaminopropane were detected in P. polycephalum and D. discoideum. Cadaverine and sym-homospermidine were detected in P. polycephalum even when the slime mold was cultured in a chemically defined growth medium. Spermine was not detected when these molds were grown in synthetic media. Other "unusual" polyamines such as norspermidine, norspermine, thermospermine, aminopropylcadaverine, and canavalmine were not detected in either mold. PMID- 6746591 TI - Analysis of apolipoproteins in high density lipoproteins by high performance liquid chromatography. AB - A simple and rapid method for the analysis of apolipoproteins in high density lipoprotein (HDL) by high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) has been developed (Kinoshita et al. (1983) J. Biochem. 94, 615-617). With this method, using a sodium phosphate buffer containing 0.1% sodium dodecyl sulfate (SDS) as an eluent, apolipoproteins can be analyzed from a very small amount of HDL fraction without delipidation using organic solvents. Separation profiles of apolipoproteins by this method were examined using several techniques. The elution pattern monitored by A280 can give precise quantitative as well as qualitative information about size-distribution of apolipoproteins, except for the apo C group. Moreover, separation of apo E from apo A-I was found to be improved by column elongation. PMID- 6746592 TI - Interaction of alpha-chymotrypsin with dimyristoyl phosphatidylcholine vesicles. AB - The amidolytic activity of chymotrypsin for Suc-Ala2-Pro-Phe-MCA was somewhat enhanced by dimyristoyl PC at low ionic strength, but not at high ionic strength. The activity was strongly inhibited by pure egg yolk PA. The inhibition by 200 ng PA was neutralized by addition of 1 microgram dimyristoyl PC or pure egg yolk PC, which formed vesicles with the PA. The Km and kcat (s-1) values of chymotrypsin for hydrolysis of Suc-Ala2-Pro-Phe-MCA changed from 15 microM to 42 microM, 0.1 mM and 0.5 mM, and from 1.5 to 2.7, 3.7, and 1.0 in the presence of 1 microgram dimyristoyl PC, 0.5 micrograms pure egg yolk PE and 0.2 microgram egg yolk PA, respectively. Gel-filtration chromatography showed that dimyristoyl PC formed a complex with chymotrypsin, but did not interact with the substrate, indicating that the basic globular protein, chymotrypsin, interacted with net-neutral PL. PMID- 6746593 TI - Glycosphingolipids of porcine pancreas. AB - Neutral and acidic glycosphingolipids were purified from porcine pancreas by chromatography on columns of DEAE-Sephadex and Iatrobeads. The chemical structures of the purified glycolipids were determined by carbohydrate analysis, methylation analysis, enzyme treatment, fatty acid analysis, NMR and IR. The major glycolipid of porcine pancreas was Gal(alpha,1-4)Gal(beta,1-)ceramide. Gangliosides GM3 and GD3 were major acidic components and galactosylceramide 3 sulfate was also found. PMID- 6746594 TI - Structural studies of Fc receptors. IV. Structure required for phospholipids for reconstitution of the delipidated Fc receptor of macrophages. AB - To analyze the interaction of the macrophage Fc receptor with phospholipids, we established an experimental system for delipidation of Fc receptor fraction and reconstitution of the Fc receptor activity in phospholipid vesicles. The separation of FcR from membrane phospholipids was achieved by ion exchange chromatography on DEAE-cellulose of the anionic detergent-lysate of the crude membrane fraction of guinea pig macrophages in the presence of detergent. The separation was based on the difference in charge between the complex of FcR and the anionic detergent and that of phospholipids and the detergent. The FcR fraction free of phospholipids showed no FcR activity as assessed in terms of its ability to inhibit the binding of labeled soluble immune complex of IgG2 antibody to macrophages, but the same fraction showed a definite activity when associated with phospholipids. This fraction was shown to contain a component of 44,000 daltons that is susceptible to surface-labeling and binds to IgG2-Sepharose in the affinity chromatography, indicating this component to be the Fc receptor. Reconstitution experiments with this fraction showed that phosphatidylcholine is the most effective phospholipid to reconstitute the FcR activity among those tested. Phosphatidylserine, phosphatidylinositol, and sphingomyelin were ineffective, while phosphatidylethanolamine showed a moderate effect. The inactivating effect of phospholipase C treatment on the Fc receptor activity of the membrane was shown to be due to the cleavage of phospholipids in the membrane but not due to modification of the Fc receptor molecule itself. PMID- 6746595 TI - Connectin content and its post-mortem changes in fish muscle. AB - Connectin was isolated from fish dorsal myofibrils by an SDS-gel filtration method and estimated to account for approximately 13% of the total myofibrillar proteins. There was no significant difference in the amount of connectin among seven fish species but rabbit skeletal myofibrils contained a slightly higher content (16%) of connectin. The high molecular weight connectins from carp and rabbit both showed a doublet band, consisting of bands 1 and 2, on SDS polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis using a large-pore gel. However, rabbit band 1 (a component of the connectin doublet) was found to migrate more slowly than carp band 1. During post-mortem ageing of the muscles, it was observed that the band 1 component rapidly disappeared with a concomitant increase in band 2 component and then the band 2 component was transformed slowly into faster migrating components. These results suggest that post-mortem ageing has qualitatively similar effects on the submolecular compositions of carp and rabbit connectins. However, the apparent rate of disappearance of the band 1 component was considerably higher in carp muscle than that in rabbit muscle. PMID- 6746596 TI - Purification and properties of a DNA ligase from sea urchin embryos. AB - DNA ligase was purified about 2,000-fold from blastulae of sea urchin, Hemicentrotus pulcherrimus, by means of 1 M KCl-extraction, phosphocellulose, DEAE-cellulose, Sepharose CL-6B, and double-stranded DNA cellulose column chromatography. The purified DNA ligase had a molecular weight of 80,000 (determined by Sephadex G-150) and a sedimentation coefficient of 4.1S (by glycerol gradient centrifugation). The purified enzyme required ATP and Mg2+ (or Mn2+) as cofactors for activity, and was inhibited by N-ethylmaleimide. Apparent Km values for ATP, Mg2+, and Mn2+ were 4 microM, 2.7 mM, and 0.3 mM, respectively. PMID- 6746597 TI - Hydrazinolysis of glycosphingolipids. A new method for preparation of N deacylated (lyso) glycosphingolipids. AB - A useful method for N-deacylation of the ceramide moiety of glycosphingolipids has been developed. Galactosylceramide, glucosylceramide, lactosylceramide, and galactosyllactosylceramide were effectively deacylated by heating with anhydrous hydrazine at 150 degrees C for 15-25 h. The lyso-derivative as the deacylated product of the ceramide moiety of each glycosphingolipid was isolated by preparative silica gel thin layer chromatography with a 70-85% yield from the starting glycolipids. Hydrazine sulfate was an effective catalyst for the deacylation of the ceramide moiety. No dissociation of oligosaccharide moieties of the glycolipids on hydrazinolysis was confirmed by gas chromatographic analysis and N-acylation of these lysoderivatives. The free amino groups of the lysoglycosphingolipids can be combined with various kinds of probes giving useful derivatives for biochemical and immunological studies on glycosphingolipids. PMID- 6746598 TI - The alpha-form of S-adenosylmethionine synthetase isozymes from liver is principally functional. AB - Treatment of rats with an ethionine plus adenine or a methionine diet leads not only to a marked increase of the alpha-form isozyme of S-adenosylmethionine synthetase in liver, but also to the accumulation of comparable amounts of S adenosylethionine and S-adenosylmethionine in liver. Transplantation of ascites tumor cells into mice leads to a marked increase only of the beta-form isozyme in the host liver, but the levels of S-adenosylmethionine do not significantly change in liver. PMID- 6746599 TI - Association and dissociation of estrogen receptor with estrogen receptor-binding factors is regulated by Mg2+. AB - It was recently shown that uterine estrogen receptor (ER) is translocated from the cytoplasm into the nucleus in the form of vero-ER X E (basic ER molecule bound with estradiol), and the translocation is inhibited by the specific binding of vero-ER X E with the cytoplasmic protein factors designated as ER-binding factors (ERBFs) ["5S" ER-forming factor ("5S" ER-FF), "6S" ER-FF, "8S" ER-FF] [Murayama, A. & Fukai, F. (1983) J. Biochem. 94, 511]. It was found that the specific interaction of vero-ER X E with the ERBFs is regulated by Mg2+ at physiological concentrations. The apparent Kd values of vero-ER X E for the ERBFs ["5S" ER-FF, 2.7 X 10(-9) M; "6S" ER-FF, 6.0 X 10(-8) M; "8S" ER-FF, 3.5 X 10(-8) M] observed in the presence of 1 mM Mg2+ were all increased over 10 times as compared with in the absence of Mg2+. The inhibitory effects of the ERBFs on the nuclear translocation of vero-ER X E were reduced by Mg2+. PMID- 6746601 TI - Induction of a phenobarbital-inducible form of cytochrome P-450 in rat liver microsomes by 1,1-di(p-chlorophenyl)-2,2-dichloroethylene. AB - When 1,1-di(p-chlorophenyl)-2,2-dichloroethylene (DDE) (100 mg/kg body weight) was injected into rats, the benzphetamine N-demethylation and 7-ethoxycoumarin O deethylation activities of liver microsomes increased by 7-fold and 3-fold, respectively, at 7 days after the injection, whereas the benzo(a)pyrene 3 hydroxylation activity did not increase. The content of cytochrome P-450 in the microsomes increased 2.5-fold at 7 days. By the use of the antibodies to a phenobarbital (PB)-inducible form (P-450(PB-1)) and a 3-methylcholanthrene (MC) inducible form (P-450(MC-1)) of cytochrome P-450, the contents of P-450(PB-1) and P-450(MC-1) in the liver microsomes of DDE-treated rats were measured. The form of cytochrome P-450 immunoprecipitable with anti-P-450(PB-1) antibodies increased by 10-fold at 7 days. A major component of cytochrome P-450 in the liver microsomes of DDE-treated rats, which was tentatively designated P-450(DDE), was purified. P-450 (DDE) was compared with P-450(PB-1), and they were found to be indistinguishable by the following criteria: 1) chromatographic behavior on aminooctyl-Sepharose 4B, hydroxyapatite, and DEAE-cellulose columns, 2) minimum molecular weight determined by SDS-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis, 3) spectral properties, 4) immunoreactivity, 5) amino acid composition, 6) peptide mapping, 7) NH2-terminal amino acid sequence, 8) catalytic activities. We concluded that DDE and PB induce an identical form of P-450 in rat liver microsomes, although DDE is apparently very different from PB in chemical structure. PMID- 6746602 TI - alpha-N-Acetylgalactosaminidase from squid liver: purification and characterization of two enzymes. AB - Squid liver contains two kinds of alpha-N-acetylgalactosaminidases, which could be separated by gel filtration on Sephadex G-200 or by SP-Sephadex ion exchange chromatography. The two alpha-N-acetylgalactosaminidases, alpha-N acetylgalactosaminidase I and II, were purified by procedures involving extraction, ammonium sulfate precipitation, and chromatographies on SP-Sephadex, Sephadex G-100, Sephadex G-200, DEAE-Sephadex, and Sepharose 6B. Enzyme I was purified 1,100-fold and enzyme II 3,000-fold. Both enzymes appeared to be homogeneous based upon the results of disc gel electrophoresis. Enzyme I had a pH optimum of 3.0 and was heat-stable. It was inhibited by N-acetylgalactosamine and galactose. On the other hand, enzyme II had a pH optimum of 4.2 and was heat labile. Galactose did not affect the enzyme activity. In contrast to enzyme I, which showed alpha-galactosidase activity even in the final preparation, enzyme II was practically free from alpha-galactosidase activity. PMID- 6746600 TI - Hepatic L-type pyruvate kinase: separation of unphosphorylated, phosphorylated and proteolytically modified in vivo forms. AB - After partial chromatographic purification of rat liver cell sap on DEAE cellulose, including the removal of type M2 pyruvate kinase, different forms of type L pyruvate kinase were separated by chromatofocusing. Three fractions of pyruvate kinase activity were found, eluting at pH 5.0, 5.2, and 5.3, respectively. The first one was identified as phosphorylated and the second one as unphosphorylated pyruvate kinase. There were strong indications that the third fraction represented a proteolytically modified form of the enzyme, since it co migrated with a form modified in vitro and had a similarly increased apparent Km for phosphoenolpyruvate. To rule out the possibility of this being a phosphorylated form of pyruvate kinase, the enzyme was incubated with a phosphoprotein phosphatase and then phosphorylated with cAMP-dependent protein kinase. The enzyme was not phosphorylated, like pyruvate kinase modified with subtilisin or calcium-activated protease. There is some evidence that a proteolytically modified pyruvate kinase exists in vivo. This enzyme form has not previously been demonstrated in cell sap, prior to exposure to proteolytic enzymes. The relative amounts of the three forms were determined in livers from starved rats and rats fed on a normal or a carbohydrate-rich diet. PMID- 6746603 TI - Positive and negative ion fast atom bombardment mass spectrometry of glycosphingolipids. Discrimination of the positional isomers of gangliosides with sialic acids. AB - High molecular weight gangliosides (GD1a, GD1b, GT1a, and GT1b) and neutral glycosphingolipids (Forssman antigen, globoside, and CTH) containing various fatty acids were analyzed by positive and negative ion fast atom bombardment mass spectrometry (POS-FAB-MS and NEG-FAB-MS) without any derivatization. NEG-FAB-MS of the molecules gave intense peaks of the molecular ion species, (M-H)-, and many fragment ions useful for the elucidation of carbohydrate structure were also detected with significant intensity. The fragment ions were assessed to be cleaved at the glycosidic linkages sequentially from the non-reducing end with or without the ceramide portion and it was possible to distinguish structural isomers having different binding positions of sialic acid. All molecular ion species of neutral glycosphingolipids with various fatty acids were detected at intensities that were in accordance with the relative abundance of the fatty acids. PMID- 6746604 TI - Flavin and iron-sulfur containing ferredoxin-linked glutamate synthase from spinach leaves. AB - Ferredoxin-dependent glutamate synthase (native enzyme) [EC 1.4.7.1] of spinach has been purified to homogeneity in the presence of 2-oxoglutarate and sodium chloride and the properties of the enzyme have been studied. The molecular weight of the enzyme was estimated to be 140,000 by gel filtration. Subunit analysis by SDS-gel electrophoresis yielded a single protein band whose molecular weight was about 170,000. This purified enzyme showed a flavo-protein-like absorption spectrum having maxima at 279 and 438 nm with shoulders at 415 and 460 nm and a broad band around 360 nm. Fluorometric data indicated the presence of 2 mol of flavin per mol of the enzyme. Preliminary paper chromatography results indicated the presence of FAD and FMN in the purified enzyme. The enzyme also contained 4 mol of acid-labile sulfide and 4 g-atoms iron per mol of enzyme. In the absence of 2-oxoglutarate and/or sodium chloride, the purified enzyme was separated by either DE-52 cellulose chromatography or gel filtration with Ultrogel AcA 34 into two molecular forms (modified enzymes) with considerable inactivation. When reduced methyl viologen plus ferredoxin was used as the electron donor, the purified (native) enzyme showed high ferredoxin-dependent activity with a specific activity of 100 units/mg protein. Methyl viologen-dependent activity was negligible in the absence of ferredoxin. Kinetic properties and results of ESR studies were described. The results indicate that ferredoxin-linked glutamate synthase of spinach leaves is an iron-sulfur flavoprotein. PMID- 6746605 TI - Fluorescence studies on the interaction of furocoumarins with DNA in the dark. AB - The dark interaction of furocoumarins with DNA has been studied by a fluorescence quenching technique. The intrinsic fluorescence of psoralen, 4,5', 8 trimethylpsoralen (TMP) and 8-methoxypsoralen (8-MOP) was quenched to an appreciable extent upon their noncovalent binding to DNA molecule. The analysis of the binding data revealed that TMP binds to DNA with higher efficiency than 8 MOP and psoralen, their apparent Scatchard binding constants being 13.2 X 10(5) M 1, 7.1 X 10(5) M-1, and 12.2 X 10(5) M-1, respectively. The interaction of furocoumarins with DNA was strongly dependent on the conformational stability of DNA in the particular interaction media. The perturbation of DNA structure by changing the ionic environment decreased its interaction with furocoumarins. However, the interaction was facilitated by the presence of an electron-donating moiety in the parent compound, psoralen. PMID- 6746606 TI - Reversible denaturation of thermophilic malate dehydrogenase by guanidine hydrochloride and acid. AB - Thermophilic malate dehydrogenase [L-malate:NAD+ oxidoreductase, EC 1.1.1.37] was denatured at pH 2.0 with complete loss of enzyme activity but without dissociation to monomers, suggesting the presence of strong intersubunit contact. On the other hand, the enzyme was completely denatured and dissociated to monomers in the presence of 5 M GdnHCl. Inactivation and denaturation of the enzyme by acid and GdnHCl were reversible. Upon dilution of the denaturants, the inactivated enzyme regained enzyme activity and the native structure with high yield (80-90%). Kinetic analyses of reactivation of the enzyme denatured by GdnHCl and by acid revealed that the reaction obeyed first-order kinetics. The rate constant and Arrhenius activation energy of the reactivation of the acid inactivated enzyme were almost the same as those of the enzyme inactivated by GdnHCl. These results suggest that the rate-limiting steps in the reactivation processes of the enzyme denatured by GdnHCl and by acid are the same and that a conformational change of the inactive dimer to active dimer is the rate-limiting step in the reactivation reaction. PMID- 6746607 TI - Mechanism of inactivation of pyridoxal phosphate-linked aspartate transaminase by gostatin. AB - The inactivation mechanism of pyridoxal phosphate-linked mitochondrial aspartate transaminase (pig heart) by gostatin (5-amino-2-carboxy-4-oxo-1,4,5,6 tetrahydropyridine-3-acetic acid), a novel amino acid produced by Streptomyces sumanensis, was investigated. Gostatin is a time-dependent inhibitor of the enzyme giving an enzyme half-life of 1.8 min at 3.1 microM (25 degrees C). The kinetic properties of the inhibitor suggest that it is a suicide substrate (mechanism-based inhibitor) of the enzyme, and the observed Ki is 59 microM and Kcat is 0.11S-1 at 25 degrees C. Incubation of the enzyme with a stoichiometric amount of the inhibitor (1 mol of inhibitor/1 mol of enzyme monomer) results in complete inactivation. Spectrophotometric titration and gel filtration experiments indicate the binding of 1 mol of gostatin with 1 mol of enzyme monomer. Gostatin serves as an efficient titrant for the enzyme. Liberation of a compound having inhibitory activity against the apo-form enzyme from the enzyme inhibitor complex under denaturing conditions suggests irreversible modification of the cofactor. PMID- 6746608 TI - Photo-oxidation of histidine residues in rat M1- and L-type pyruvate kinases. AB - Rat M1- and L-type pyruvate kinases were inactivated by photo-oxidation mediated by methylene blue at pH 8.0 and O degrees C according to first-order kinetics. The pH profiles of the inactivation rates of these isozymes showed that amino acid residues having a pK value of 7.0-7.5 were involved in the inactivation. Three histidine residues per subunit of M1- or L-type enzyme were destroyed by the photo-oxidation with complete loss of the enzyme activities. However, two of the three photo-oxidized histidine residues in the L-type enzyme were more important in the inactivation reaction. The kinetics of the partially inactivated L-type enzyme suggests that complete inactivation is achieved via an intermediate form having low affinity for phosphoenolpyruvate (PEP). These observations revealed the involvement of essential histidine residues of two different kinds in the catalytic mechanism of the L-type enzyme. In the photo-oxidation of M1 type enzyme, no intermediate form was observed. Addition of PEP or pyruvate to the reaction mixture markedly prevented the photo-oxidative inactivation of only the M1-type enzyme in the presence of K+ and Mg2+; the addition of ADP or ATP was ineffective even in the presence of both metal ions. This protective effect of PEP was counteracted by further addition of ATP but not by ADP. However, photo oxidative inactivation of the L-type enzyme was not prevented even by the addition of PEP in the presence of both metal ions, owing to the low affinity for PEP at 0 degrees C, in spite of the presence of fructose 1,6-bisphosphate (Fru 1,6-P2).(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS) PMID- 6746609 TI - Purification and characterization of hyaluronic acid from the horny layer of guinea pigs. AB - Hyaluronic acid was purified from the horny layer of guinea pigs and its biochemical and physical properties were studied. The horny layer, obtained by applying n-hexadecane to guinea pig skin, was digested with pronase, and glycosaminoglycans in the digest were separated from UV-absorbing material by Sephadex G-75 chromatography (sample A, 17.5 mg). On DEAE-Sephadex chromatography, the fraction obtained with 0.5 M NaCl was found to contain 94% of the total uronic acid. This fraction, consisting mainly of hyaluronic acid, was dialyzed and lyophilized (sample B, 12.5 mg). Sample B, consisting of 26.1% uronic acid and 27.0% glucosamine on a dry weight basis, could be digested completely with Streptomyces hyaluronidase. Sample B had a low reduced viscosity which showed almost no concentration dependence. The intrinsic viscosity of sample B was 0.83 dl/g and its molecular weight, calculated from its viscosity, was 34,000. Sample B was eluted from Sepharose CL-6B as a broad peak between the void volume and the total column volume. The enzyme levels of hyaluronidase, beta glucuronidase, and beta-N-acetylglucosaminidase in the n-hexadecane treated guinea pig skin increased to 1.7 to 2.5 fold those of controls after 6 days of the experiment. These results suggested that hyaluronic acid in the horny layer of n-hexadecane treated guinea pig skin might be degraded by hyaluronic acid degrading enzymes in the hyperkeratinized tissue. PMID- 6746610 TI - A 26K fragment of troponin T from rabbit skeletal muscle. AB - A 26K fragment of troponin T, which was produced by endogenous proteases in rabbit skeletal muscle, was isolated by SE-Sephadex column chromatography. This fragment sensitized both superprecipitation and ATPase of actomyosin to calcium ions, to the same extent as troponin T. There was no difference in affinity for tropomyosin between this fragment and troponin T as examined by affinity chromatography. Amino acid analysis showed that this fragment consisted of residues Ala-46-Lys-259 of troponin T. The N-terminal 45 residues of troponin T, therefore, are not essential for the physiological action of troponin T. It was also observed that Ca2+-activated neutral protease digested troponin T into the 26K fragment in the native thin filament, while the protease digested troponin T in a different way in the reconstituted thin filament. PMID- 6746611 TI - Effect of tryptic digestion of myosin subfragment-1 on its binding to F-actin. AB - We investigated the effect of tryptic digestion of S-1 (95K) into three segments (27K, 50K, and 20K) on the binding of F-actin with S-1, using an ultracentrifugal separation method and a light-scattering method. The tryptic digestion of S-1 decreased the affinity of S-1 for F-actin both in the absence of nucleotide and the presence of AMPPNP or ATP, suggesting that the peptide cutting impairs the structures participating in the binding of S-1 or S-1-nucleotide complex with F actin. Although nucleotides markedly weakened the affinity of S-1 for F-actin, the ratios of affinity of digested S-1 for F-actin to that of intact S-1 were all about 1/10 both in the absence and presence of nucleotides. This may be understood if we accept the assumption that two kinds of structure participate in the binding of S-1 with F-actin; one is independent of nucleotides and the other is dependent on them, with only the former being affected by the tryptic digestion of S-1. PMID- 6746612 TI - Changes in template-engaged and free RNA polymerase I activities in isolated nuclei from rat ventral prostates after treatment with testosterone and cycloheximide. PMID- 6746613 TI - Interactions among chymotryptic troponin T subfragments, tropomyosin, troponin I and troponin C. AB - The binding of various combinations of chymotryptic troponin T subfragments, troponin I and troponin C to tropomyosin, troponin C and troponin I was examined semiquantitatively by using affinity chromatography. The interaction between troponin T2 and troponin I intensified the interaction between troponin T2 (or troponin T) and tropomyosin. When a mixture of troponin T2 and troponin C was applied to a tropomyosin-Sepharose 4B column, neither troponin T2 nor troponin C was retained in the presence of Ca2+ ion, while only troponin T2 was bound in the absence of Ca2+ ion. Such a Ca2+-dependent effect was not observed with troponin T. Troponin T2 subfragments, except troponin T2 beta III, were retained by troponin C-Sepharose 4B in the presence of troponin I, even in the solution containing 1.0 M NaCl, in the presence and absence of Ca2+ ion. On the basis of these findings, the interactions among troponin components and tropomyosin are discussed. PMID- 6746614 TI - Molecular size and shape of beta-connectin, an elastic protein of striated muscle. AB - Connectin is an elastic protein of vertebrate striated muscle, and consists of doublet components, alpha and beta (also called titins 1 and 2). In the present study, beta-connectin isolated in the native state was investigated in order to characterize its molecular size and shape. The molecular weight was approximately 2.1 X 10(6) (SDS gel electrophoresis) or 2.7 X 10(6) (sedimentation equilibrium). The sedimentation coefficient (SO20, w) was 17S in 0.1 M phosphate buffer, pH 7.0. The intrinsic viscosity measured in an Ostwald-type viscometer was 1.8 dl/g. However, the viscosity was greatly dependent on the velocity gradient, and at a very low velocity gradient of 0.0007 s-1, a solution of connectin (0.3 mg/ml) showed a viscosity value of 17,000 cp. Flow birefringence measurements suggested a length distribution ranging from 300 to 450 nm. Electron microscopic observations revealed that connectin is a long flexible filament and the peaks of frequency of length distribution were at 150, 300, 450, and 600 nm. It was tentatively assumed that the connectin molecule is 300-400 nm long and 34-38 nm wide. It is likely that beta-connectin is derived from alpha-connectin, which has an apparent molecular weight of 2.8 X 10(6). PMID- 6746615 TI - Molecular weight and related properties of lily amylose determined by monitoring of elution from TSK-GEL PW high performance gel chromatography columns by the low angle laser light scattering technique and precision differential refractometry. AB - Amylose was fractionated according to its molecular weight by high performance gel chromatography using columns of a TSK-GEL PW series. Elution from the columns was monitored with a low-angle laser light scattering photometer and a precision differential refractometer. The following results were obtained indicating that the procedure is highly efficient for characterizing an amylose preparation with respect to its molecular weight: 1) the weight-average molecular weight of lily amylose used as a test material was determined to be 786,000 +/- 26,000 (n = 7); 2) the molecular weight distribution curve of the amylose was worked out from the chromatographic data; and 3) based on the concept of the universal calibration curve, the Mark-Houwink-Sakurada equation of the amylose was presumed to be [eta] = 2.27 X 10(-4)M0.62 (dl/g). The technique saves time and sample significantly compared with the conventional ones, and consequently enables the characterization of amylose in aqueous solvents without either the degradation or association peculiar to the amylose molecule. PMID- 6746616 TI - Isolation and characterization of rabbit H of the alternative complement pathway. AB - Rabbit factor H, a control protein of the alternative complement pathway, was isolated from rabbit serum by polyethylene glycol precipitation, DEAE-Sephacel chromatography, and gel chromatography on Sephadex G200. The protein migrated as a single-chain polypeptide with a molecular weight of 160,000 on sodium dodecyl sulfate-gel electrophoresis with Laemmli's buffer system, but hardly migrated into the gel with Fairbanks' buffer system. Physical and chemical properties of rabbit H were similar to those of human H, except that fragments produced by limited tryptic digestion from rabbit H had different molecular sizes from those produced from human H. Significant species-specificity was observed in the functional activity of factor H; activation of the alternative complement pathway was inhibited more efficiently with homologous H than with heterologous H. In contrast, factor H inhibited the hemolysis of homologous erythrocytes less than that of heterologous erythrocytes. PMID- 6746617 TI - Acidic glycolipids from kidney of suncus (Insectivora). AB - Lipids were extracted from the kidney of house musk shrew (Suncus murinus), which belongs to the order Insectivora. Acidic glycosphingolipids were purified from lipid extracts by mild alkaline methanolysis followed by column chromatographies on DEAE-Sephadex and silica beads (Iatrobeads). Purified glycolipids were analyzed by thin-layer chromatography, mild acid hydrolysis, gas liquid chromatography of the methyl glycosides after methanolysis and gas chromatography mass spectrometry of the partially methylated alditol acetates. The kidney of suncus was unique in that it contained ganglioside GM2 (NeuAc type, 28.7 nmol and NeuGc type, 15.8 nmol/g tissue) as the major ganglioside. GM4 (NeuAc) (2.6 nmol/g), and GM3 (NeuAc type, 11.5 nmol and NeuGc type, 8.7 nmol/g) were also present. The content (298.9 nmol/g) of galactosyl sulfatide (GalCer-I3-sulfate) was higher than the values reported previously for other animal species. The total amount of acidic groups in glycolipids of suncus kidney was compared with the values for the kidney of 4 placental mammals to obtain an allometric correlation: log Y = 0.266 + 0.780 log X where X designates body weight, kg and Y, total acidic groups, mumol. A highly significant correlation (r = 0.999) was obtained among values from 5 representative placental mammals which live in mesic environments, suggesting that acidic glycosphingolipids are essential for the kidney function. PMID- 6746618 TI - DNA ligase from mouse Ehrlich ascites tumor cells. AB - The molecular (Mr = 120,000; s20, w = 5S) and catalytic properties (Km (ATP) = 3 microM; Km (nicked DNA) = 0.2 microM; Km (Mg2+) = 3 mM) of DNA ligase from mouse Ehrlich ascites tumor cells are similar to those of the enzymes from calf thymus and rodent liver. The activity level of DNA ligase from the tumor cells is about 10-fold higher than that from mouse liver. Immunochemical titration of DNA ligase with antibodies against the calf thymus enzyme showed that the higher level of DNA ligase activity in the tumor cells is due to an increase in enzyme quantity and not to elevation of the catalytic efficiency of the enzyme molecule. These results suggest that there is little apparent difference between the qualities of DNA ligases from the tumor cells and normal tissues of rodents and calf. PMID- 6746619 TI - Direct evidence for a bimorphic structure of a DNA-RNA hybrid, poly(rA).poly(dT), at high relative humidity. AB - 31P solid state nuclear magnetic resonances of highly oriented poly(rA).poly(dT) fibers demonstrated that this hybrid undergoes a conformational transition induced by hydration at about 90% relative humidity, namely, the hybrid has a single backbone conformation of the A family below 87% and two distinct conformations above 92% relative humidity. The structural model (of the B-like form) proposed on the basis of the x-ray diffraction data of this hybrid by Zimmerman and Pheiffer (Zimmerman, S.B., and Pheiffer, B.H. (1981) Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A. 78, 78-82) was proved to be fully consistent with our NMR data. PMID- 6746620 TI - Effect of apolipoprotein C-II on the temperature dependence of lipoprotein lipase catalyzed hydrolysis of phosphatidylcholines. A hydrophobic model for the mechanism. AB - The lipoprotein lipase-catalyzed hydrolysis of diacylphosphatidylcholines (PC) in mixed micelles of Triton X-100/PC was studied as a function of temperature in the presence and absence of apolipoprotein C-II (apo-C-II), the activator protein for lipoprotein lipase. Dilauroyl-, dimyristoyl-, dipalmitoyl-, and distearoyl phosphatidylcholine (di-C12-PC, di-C14-PC, di-C16-PC, and di-C18-PC, respectively) were used as substrates. No systematic relationship between substrate fatty acyl chain length and either the rates of the activation energies for hydrolysis in the presence or absence of apo-C-II was observed. However, there was a linear relationship between fatty acyl chain length and both the logarithm of the activation factor (the ratio of enzyme activity with apo-C-II to that without apo-C-II) and the difference in activation energy in the presence and absence of apo-C-II. These relationships were not the result of an alteration in the physical form of the substrate, since a mixture of di-C14-PC and di-C16-PC gave activation factors for each PC which were the same as those obtained for each individual lipid. From the temperature dependence of the activation factor, thermodynamic functions of the apo-C-II-induced change in the reaction pathway were calculated. The free energy of activation decreased linearly with increasing chain length as the result of a linear increase in activation entropy which more than offset the unfavorable increase in activation enthalpy. We propose that the apo-C-II-mediated increase in the rate of the lipoprotein lipase-catalyzed hydrolysis of phosphatidylcholine is associated with transfer of a fatty acyl chain of the substrate or product to a more hydrophobic environment within the transition state complex. PMID- 6746621 TI - Multiple catalytic properties of the purified and reconstituted cytochrome P-450 (P-450sccII) system of pig testis microsomes. AB - The catalytic properties of the testis microsomal P-450, termed P-450sccII, have been studied in a refined assay system which consists of P-450sccII (13 nmol of P 450 heme/mg of protein) and its reductase has been purified extensively from pig testis. The results indicated that P-450sccII was highly active in catalyzing hydroxylation of 11 beta-hydroxyprogesterone at the 17 alpha-position to give 21 deoxycortisol and cleavage of 17 alpha-hydroxyprogesterone at the 17-20 bond to give androstenedione with turnover numbers of 25 and 30 mol/min X mol of P-450, respectively. In contrast, many physiologically important corticosteroids we tested were found to be poor substrates for both the hydroxylase and lyase reactions. The possible reason for the importance of these substrate specificity of P-450sccII in production of both corticosteroids and androgens in the endocrine tissues is discussed. P-450sccII also catalyzed conversion of testosterone to androstenedione, but 18O experiments failed to show incorporation of atmospheric oxygen into the androstenedione formed. However, this does not preclude the possibility that the P-450-bound intermediate gem-diol stereoselectively dehydrates to give the nonlabeled ketosteroid. In addition to these steroid-oxidizing activities, P-450sccII revealed considerable specificities toward various xenobiotics, suggesting that P-450sccII and liver microsomal P-450 are basically similar as regards enzymatic functions and activities. PMID- 6746622 TI - Isolation and characterization of TH3, a germ cell-specific variant of histone 3 in rat testis. AB - We have identified and purified TH3, a germ cell-specific histone. It has been characterized by amino acid analysis, tryptic peptide mapping, labeling with cystine, and by electrophoretic mobility as a variant of H3. On fully reduced Triton/acid/urea gels its mobility is retarded more than that of the somatic variants H3.2 and H3.3, but less than that of H3.1; it migrates between the H2As and H1s. Germinal cells from adult and sexually immature testes were purified by centrifugal elutriation followed by Percoll density gradient separation in order to study the distribution and synthesis of TH3. TH3 is found in significant levels in spermatogonia and in similar or slightly higher amounts in spermatocytes and round spermatids. The synthesis of TH3 takes place in the spermatogonia but not in spermatocytes, in contrast to the other testis-specific histones, TH2A, H1t, and TH2B. Therefore, TH3 may have a different role in spermatogenesis than do the other testis-specific histone variants. PMID- 6746623 TI - The structure of chromatin reconstituted with phosphorylated H1. Circular dichroism and thermal denaturation studies. AB - The effect of binding enzymatically phosphorylated H1 histone on the structure of reconstituted chromatin was determined by circular dichroism and thermal denaturation studies at low ionic strength. Procedures were developed for the selective removal of the lysine-rich histones H1 and H5 from chicken erythrocyte chromatin (stripped chromatin) and for the specific reconstitution of chromatin, without nucleosome sliding. Reconstitution was carried out with either rat thymus H1, phosphorylated rat thymus H1 (containing an average of 5.3 phosphates/molecule, or chicken erythrocyte H5. The maximum ellipticity in 1.0 mM phosphate buffer, pH 7.4, of stripped chromatin [( theta]282.5 = 4800 degree cm2/dmol) was effectively reduced to the value for native chromatin [( theta]282.5 = 3900 degree cm2/dmol) through reconstitution with approximately one molecule of either H1 [( theta]282.5 = 4050 degree cm2/dmol) or phosphorylated H1 [( theta]282.5 = 4100 degree cm2/dmol) per 200 base pairs of DNA. As the circular dichroic spectra for chromatin reconstituted with H1 and phosphorylated H1 are similar, it appears that phosphorylation per se does not induce a major structural alteration of chromatin structure. Thermal denaturation studies at low ionic strength of chromatin reconstituted with either H1 or phosphorylated H1 revealed a transition that occurs at a slightly lower temperature than the high temperature transition of native chromatin. This transition was shifted approximately 1 degree C to lower temperature when the chromatin was reconstituted with phosphorylated H1 as compared to H1. Thus, phosphorylation of H1 caused a significant destabilization of the chromatin structure at low ionic strength. When thermal denaturation was carried out on chromatin reconstituted with H5, native-like profiles were obtained. PMID- 6746624 TI - Rate constants for actin polymerization in ATP determined using cross-linked actin trimers as nuclei. AB - Chemically cross-linked actin trimer, prepared from F-actin covalently cross linked by N-N'-p-phenylenebismaleimide, was used to nucleate the assembly of actin polymers under a variety of ionic conditions at 25 degrees C. Gel-filtered G-actin (5% labeled with N-pyrenyl iodoacetamide) was prepared in buffers containing 5 mM Tris X HCl, 0.2 mM ATP, 0.05 mM MgCl2 or 0.1 mM CaCl2, 0.2 mM dithiothreitol, and 0.01% sodium azide, pH 7.5. Polymerization was initiated by adding salt to a solution of actin monomer (2-25 microM) mixed with actin trimer (0-24 nM). Pseudo-first-order polymerization kinetics were observed in all cases following a lag phase of 30-75 s. The length of the lag phase was independent of trimer concentration, monomer concentration, or preincubation of monomer or trimer in polymerizing buffer. A simple model is presented which explains all of the observed features of the lag phase. Lower limits for the sums of the elongation rate constants at the two filament ends, calculated assuming each trimer acts as a seed, were in the range 1.4-5.2 microM-1 s-1, and lower limits for the polymer dissociation rate constants (calculated from the elongation rate constants and the critical actin concentration) were 0.4-1.9 s-1, depending on ionic conditions. The observed rate constants were independent of actin concentration or trimer concentration under a given ionic condition. These polymerization rate constants are in good agreement with the values others have obtained by measuring the growth of actin filaments by electron microscopy. PMID- 6746625 TI - A 1H NMR comparison of the met-cyano complexes of elephant and sperm whale myoglobin. Assignment of labile proton resonances in the heme cavity and determination of the distal glutamine orientation from relaxation data. AB - The met-cyano complex of elephant myoglobin has been investigated by high field 1H NMR spectroscopy, with special emphasis on the use of exchangeable proton resonances in the heme cavity to obtain structural information on the distal glutamine. Analysis of the distance dependence of relaxation rates and the exchange behavior of the four hyperfine shifted labile proton resonances has led to the assignment of the proximal His-F8 ring and peptide NHs and the His-FG3 ring NH and the distal Gln-E7 amide NH. The similar hyperfine shift patterns for both the apparent heme resonances as well as the labile proton peaks of conserved resonances in elephant and sperm whale met-cyano myoglobins support very similar electronic/molecular structures for their heme cavities. The essentially identical dipolar shifts and dipolar relaxation times for the distal Gln-E7 side chain NH and the distal His-E7 ring NH in sperm whale myoglobin indicate that those labile protons occupy the same geometrical position relative to the iron and heme plane. This geometry is consistent with the distal residue hydrogen bonding to the coordinated ligand. The similar rates and identical mechanisms of exchange with bulk water of the labile protons for the three conserved residues in the elephant and sperm whale heme cavity indicate that the dynamic stability of the proximal side of the heme pocket is unaltered upon the substitution (His-- -Gln). The much slower exchange rate (by greater than 10(4] of the distal NH in elephant relative to sperm whale myoglobin supports the assignment of the resonance to the intrinsically less labile amide side chain. PMID- 6746626 TI - Ferredoxin:NADP+ oxidoreductase. Equilibria in binary and ternary complexes with NADP+ and ferredoxin. AB - Ferredoxin:NADP+ oxidoreductase (ferredoxin: NADP+ reductase, EC 1.18.1.2) was shown to form a ternary complex with its substrates ferredoxin (Fd) and NADP(H), but the ternary complex was less stable than the separate binary complexes. Kd for oxidized binary Fd-ferredoxin NADP+ reductase complex was less than 50 nM; Kd(Fd) increased with NADP+ concentration, approaching 0.5-0.6 microM when the flavoprotein was saturated with NADP+ K(NADP+) also increased from about 14 microM to about 310 microM, on addition of excess Fd. The changes in Kd were consistent with negative cooperativity between the associations of Fd and NADP+ and with our unpublished observations which suggest that product dissociation is rate-limiting in the reaction mechanism. Similar interference in binding was observed in more reduced states; NADPH released much ferredoxin:NADP+ reductase from Fd-Sepharose whether the proteins were initially oxidized or reduced. Complexation between Fd and ferredoxin: NADP+ reductase was found to shield each center from paramagnetic probes; charge specificity suggested that the active sites of Fd and ferredoxin:NADP+ reductase were, respectively, negatively and positively charged. PMID- 6746627 TI - Correlation between cytosolic free Ca2+ and aldosterone production in bovine adrenal glomerulosa cells. Evidence for a difference in the mode of action of angiotensin II and potassium. AB - Quantitative changes in cytosolic free calcium [( Ca2+]i), membrane potential, and aldosterone production in response to angiotensin II and extracellular potassium were measured in intact bovine adrenal glomerulosa cells loaded with the fluorescent calcium indicator quin 2. Angiotensin II (10(-9) M) induced a rapid rise in [Ca2+]i from 124 +/- 26 nM to 204 +/- 63 nM (n = 7), which was followed by steroid production, as measured in dynamic studies with superfused adrenal cells, and by slower changes in membrane potential, as assessed with the fluorescent probe 3,3'-dipropylthiadicarbocyanine. Both [Ca2+]i rises and functional response were blocked by the antagonist analogue [Sar1,Ala8]angiotensin II in a dose-dependent manner. Potassium (3-10 mM) provoked dose-dependent increases in [Ca2+]i, with ED50 of 6.5 mM, associated with rapid changes in membrane potential, a response superimposable upon the dose related aldosterone production induced by potassium in static incubations of quin 2-loaded glomerulosa cells (ED50 = 6.8 mM). Verapamil (2 X 10(-5) M) and nifedipine (10(-7)-10(-6) M) decreased resting [Ca2+]i and blocked entirely the rise in [Ca2+]i induced by potassium, but did not suppress the [Ca2+]i rises induced by angiotensin II. These findings indicate that two important physiological regulators of aldosterone secretion, extracellular potassium, by the opening of voltage-dependent calcium channels, and angiotensin II, by a receptor-mediated mechanism, induce rapid rises in cytosolic free calcium, which precede, and presumably trigger the steroidogenic response. PMID- 6746628 TI - Glutathione disulfide inactivates, destabilizes, and enhances proteolytic susceptibility of fructose-1,6-bisphosphate aldolase. AB - Disulfides (glutathione disulfide, cystine, cystamine) caused a first-order inactivation of rabbit-muscle fructose-1,6-bisphosphate aldolase at pH values of 7.4 and above. Inactivation by glutathione disulfide was partially reversed by reducing agents, but the enzyme became irreversibly inactivated with time. The disulfide-inactivated aldolase had a lower transition temperature and enthalpy of denaturation than the native enzyme. In addition, the disulfide-inactivated enzyme was extensively degraded by proteinases, whereas the native enzyme was resistant. Mixed disulfides were formed; a maximum ratio of 4-5 mol of glutathione/mol of the aldolase tetramer was found. The number of titratable--SH groups on aldolase decreased by 16 (out of 32 total on the control enzyme) after inactivation by glutathione disulfide, indicating that other oxidation reactions in addition to those resulting in mixed disulfides occurred. The substrate, fructose 1,6-bisphosphate, prevented inactivation of aldolase by glutathione disulfide, the formation of glutathione-enzyme mixed disulfides, thermodynamic destabilization of the enzyme, and a decrease of--SH groups on the enzyme. These data indicate that covalent modification of aldolase by biological disulfides is important in modulating enzyme stability and vulnerability to proteinases as well as enzyme activity and that the substrate protects against modification by disulfides. PMID- 6746629 TI - Acetate synthesis from carbon monoxide by Clostridium thermoaceticum. Purification of the corrinoid protein. AB - A corrinoid protein has been purified from Clostridium thermoaceticum which is required for the synthesis of acetyl-CoA from carbon monoxide and methyltetrahydrofolate. The purified protein is an alpha beta dimer with subunit molecular weights of 34,000 and 55,000, respectively, and contains 0.69 mol of corrinoid/mol of dimer. The corrinoid protein is methylated in the presence of methyltransferase and methyltetrahydrofolate; methylation is on the cobalt of the corrinoid moiety of the protein. When 14C-methylated protein is incubated with Fraction F3, ATP, CoASH, and CO, [14C]acetyl-CoA is formed. Methylation of cobalamin (B12) is catalyzed by the methyltransferase but methylcobalamin does not substitute for the methylated corrinoid protein as the source of methyl in the formation of acetyl-CoA. PMID- 6746630 TI - Intracellular localization of rat kidney hexokinase. Evidence for an association with low density mitochondria. AB - The subcellular location of hexokinase was investigated in rat kidney. Both soluble and particulate locations are indicated by differential centrifugation. The particulate form is predominant, representing about 80% of the total activity. None of the activity is latent. Density gradient centrifugation followed by marker enzyme analysis reveals the presence of two populations of mitochondria with distinct densities. Hexokinase is associated primarily with the mitochondrial population having the lower density. Association of hexokinase with brush border, plasma membrane, lysosomes, and endoplasmic reticulum is considered unlikely on the basis of density gradient centrifugation and enzyme analysis. About 95% of the hexokinase activity associated with the mitochondrial fraction can be released in soluble form by repeated incubations with glucose 6-phosphate. An incubation time of about 4 min at 30 degrees C is required to achieve a maximal solubilizing effect. Release is accomplished without disrupting the mitochondrial compartments. Hexokinase is released also by treatment of the mitochondrial fraction with increasing concentrations of digitonin. This technique disrupts and differentially releases the mitochondrial compartments. As observed with liver, but in contrast to that observed with tumor (Parry, D. M., and Pedersen, P. L. (1983) J. Biol. Chem. 258, 10904-10912), the release of hexokinase from the mitochondrial fraction of kidney does not correlate with the release of enzymes known to mark the mitochondrial membranes or compartments. These studies provide the first critical evidence about the subcellular location of hexokinase in kidney. They show that in this tissue hexokinase is associated primarily with low density mitochondria, a finding that adds credibility to the existence of this discrete population of mitochondria in vivo. Significantly, this association of hexokinase with kidney mitochondria appears unique in that its release on submitochondrial fractionation does not correlate with the release of known mitochondrial marker enzymes. These results are directly relevant to those cells in the kidney which utilize glucose as an energy source. It is suggested that the enhanced glycolytic capacity of these cells may be due, at least in part, to an association of hexokinase with low density mitochondria. PMID- 6746631 TI - Hepatic monoacylglycerol acyltransferase. Characterization of an activity associated with the suckling period in rats. AB - Hepatic monoacylglycerol acyltransferase activity is 700-fold higher during the suckling period than in the adult rat. Specific activity in total particulate preparations rose from 9.4 nmol/min/mg before birth to a peak of 78 nmol/min/mg on the 6th to 8th postnatal days. Monoacylglycerol acyltransferase activity fell sharply after day 8 and was 1.6 and 0.1 nmol/min/mg on day 28 and in adult rats, respectively. The activity had a pH optimum at 8.0 and was activated by albumin and by phospholipids. With [3H]palmitoyl-CoA and sn-2-monooleoylglycerol, more than 96% of the products were di- and triacylglycerols. More than 92% of the diacylglycerol product was the 1,2 isomer. The activity was stable at 43 degrees C for 50 min. Thermal inactivation showed t 1/2 values of 8 min and 4.5 min at 53.5 and 55 degrees C, respectively. In suckling rats, monoacylglycerol acyltransferase activities in liver and intestinal mucosa were 150- to 800-fold higher than in other tissues. Monoacylglycerol acyltransferase activity was 12.5 fold greater with palmitoyl-CoA than with octanoyl-CoA. Acetyl-CoA was not a substrate. The sn-2-monoacylglycerols were strongly preferred over the sn-1 isomers. No direct relationship was noted between 2-monoacylglycerol chain length and apparent Km value. The presence of high levels of monoacylglycerol acyltransferase activity in suckling rat liver suggests that the monoacylglycerol pathway functions as a major route of hepatic glycerolipid synthesis during the suckling period but not in adult animals. PMID- 6746632 TI - Permeation of long-chain fatty acid into adipocytes. Kinetics, specificity, and evidence for involvement of a membrane protein. AB - This study extends our earlier work (Abumrad, N. A., Perkins, R.C., Park, J.H., and Park, C.R. J. Biol. Chem. 256, 9183-9191) which showed that oleate permeates the plasma membrane of the rat adipocyte principally by a transport process with the characteristics of facilitated diffusion. In the present study, fatty acid (FA) transport is characterized with regard to its specificity and susceptibility to inhibition by protein modifiers. The kinetics of competitive inhibition for transport of oleate and stearate are shown under conditions where complications due to competition for binding of FAs to the albumin in the medium are minimized. Stearate inhibits influx of tracer oleate with a Ki that closely approximates its Km and, conversely, oleate inhibits similarly the influx of tracer stearate. Specificity of the FA transport system is shown in studies using a variety of natural FAs of different chain length, or FA analogues. Oleate (Km = 0.06 microM), stearate (Km = 0.16 microM), linoleate (Km = 0.22 microM), palmitate, (Km = 0.2 microM), and laurate (Km = 1.5 microM) are good substrates, but octanoate is not transported. An oxazolidine ring on C-5 but not on C-16 of stearate blocks binding to the transporter. Methylation of the carboxyl function but not alpha-bromination inhibits transport. These studies suggest that a FA must have a hydrocarbon chain of at least nine carbons and a free carboxyl function to be recognized by the transporter. FA transport does not require Na or ATP. Pronase but not trypsin treatment of intact cells reduces fatty acid influx. Transport is insensitive to maleimides. It is strongly and irreversibly blocked by pretreatment of the cells with the stilbene compounds, 4,4' diisothiocyanostilbene-2,2'-disulfonate and 4-acetamido-4'-isothiocyanostilbene 2,2'-disulfonic acid, but only slightly inhibited by dipyridamole. Polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis of plasma membrane proteins from cells treated with [3H] 4,4' diisothiocyanostilbene-2,2'-disulfonate shows a peak of radioactivity at about Mr = 85,000. When cells are incubated in various concentrations of this agent, the counts recovered in the peak reach a maximum coincident with maximum inhibition of transport. We conclude that permeation of the plasma membrane of the adipocyte by long-chain FAs at physiological concentrations is mediated by a protein transporter with distinct specificity requirements. PMID- 6746633 TI - Characteristics of glycylsarcosine transport in rabbit intestinal brush-border membrane vesicles. AB - Glycylsarcosine was found to be very resistant to hydrolysis by brush-border membrane vesicles from rabbit intestine. The dipeptide was transported intact into an osmotically responsive intravesicular space. The initial uptake rate of glycylsarcosine into these vesicles was greater in mannitol medium compared to that in the presence of an inward gradient of either Na+ or other monovalent cations. When vesicles preloaded with glycylsarcosine were incubated in a peptide free medium, there was a rapid efflux of the dipeptide and the t1/2 for the process was less than 2 min. An inside-negative K+ diffusion potential generated by valinomycin stimulated glycylsarcosine uptake even in the absence of Na+. Experiments with the potential-sensitive dye DiS-C3 (5) showed that glycylsarcosine depolarized the brush-border membrane in the presence and absence of Na+. Imposition of an inward proton gradient stimulated the initial uptake rates of glycylsarcosine while the equilibrium uptake was not affected. Carbonyl cyanide p-trifluoromethoxyphenylhydrazone decreased this proton gradient-induced stimulation. An inward proton gradient increased the Vmax of the transport system (10.8 +/- 0.8 nmol/min/mg of protein when [pH]o = [pH]i = 5.5; and 20.8 +/- 2.2 nmol/min/mg of protein when [pH]o = 5.5 and [pH]i = 7.8), without significantly affecting the apparent Kt (17.3 +/- 1.4 mM versus 19.5 +/- 2.0 mM). Glycyl-L proline uptake was inhibited by glycylsarcosine and KI for the process was 20.8 +/- 3.0 mM. A relatively lower KI (2.8 +/- 1.2 mM) was obtained for the inhibition of glycylsarcosine uptake by glycyl-L-proline. The uptake of glycyl-L proline and glycylsarcosine was strongly inhibited by L-carnosine, glycyl-L leucine, and L-prolylglycine. With each inhibitory peptide, the KI values for the inhibition of glycyl-L-proline uptake and of glycylsarcosine uptake were comparable. Preloading the vesicles with unlabeled glycylsarcosine stimulated the uptake of labeled glycyl-L-proline. These data suggest that in rabbit intestinal brush-border membrane vesicles (i) glycylsarcosine and proton(s) are co transported, (ii) this process results in a net transport of positive charge across the membrane and, (iii) a single transport system is involved in the translocation of glycyl-L-proline and glycylsarcosine. PMID- 6746634 TI - Interaction of thiamin diphosphate and thiamin thiazolone diphosphate with wheat germ pyruvate decarboxylase. AB - The interactions of the apoenzyme of wheat germ pyruvate decarboxylase with thiamin diphosphate and with thiamin thiazolone diphosphate have been investigated. The results test hypotheses concerning the structure of the transition state for decarboxylation of the enzyme-bound adduct of pyruvate and thiamin diphosphate. Thiamin thiazolone diphosphate, a possible transition state analogue, binds to the apoenzyme by a two-step process. The first is slow and reversible (k = 200 M-1 s-1; K = 5 X 10(-7) M). The second step is irreversible (k = 1 X 10(-6) s-1). The rate constant for activation by thiamin diphosphate is 160 M-1 s-1. Thiamin diphosphate is released very slowly from the holoenzyme (k = 2 X 10(-5) s-1). Thiamin thiazolone diphosphate competitively inhibits activation of the apoenzyme by thiamin diphosphate, Ki = 2 X 10(-6) M. Km for thiamin diphosphate is only 3 times larger. Thiamin thiazolone is solvated preferentially to thiamin in 2-butanol, a medium whose polarity should resemble that of the binding site. It is concluded that the observed high affinity of thiamin thiazolone diphosphate for the apoenzyme is the result of a combination of effects which do not require the assumption that it is an analogue of the transition state for the decarboxylation of enzyme-bound 2-(2-lactyl) thiamin diphosphate. PMID- 6746635 TI - Isolation and characterization of a novel phytosphingosine-containing GM2 ganglioside from mullet roe (Mugil cephalus). AB - The major ganglioside from the roe of striped mullet (Mugil cephalus) has been isolated and purified. Compositional analysis of this ganglioside revealed that it contained an equimolar ratio of the following residues: N-acetylneuraminic acid, N-acetylgalactosamine, galactose, glucose, and the long-chain base. Further structural studies by sequential enzymatic hydrolysis, permethylation analysis, and proton NMR spectroscopy indicated that the structure of the oligosaccharide moiety was identical to that of GM2 ganglioside from human brain: GalNAc beta 1-- -4Gal beta 1----4(3----2 alpha NeuAc)-Glc----ceramide. This ganglioside, however, differed from brain GM2 in its ceramide portion. The most striking differences are the presence of large amounts of C18 and C20 phytosphingosine (over 80% of the total long-chain bases) and the preponderance of monounsaturated alpha hydroxy fatty acids (over 80%). Such a phytosphingosine-containing GM2 ganglioside has never been reported. PMID- 6746636 TI - Inhibition of dihydropteridine reductase from human liver and rat striatal synaptosomes by apomorphine and its analogs. AB - Dihydropteridine reductase from human liver and rat striatal synaptosomes is noncompetitively inhibited by apomorphine and its analogs. The Ki or I50 values are in the range of 0.6 to 2.9 microM for R-(-)-apomorphine, R-(-)-and S-(+)-2, 10, 11-trihydroxyaporphine, R-(-)-norapomorphine, R-(-)-N hydroxyethylnorapomorphine, R-(-)-2,10,11-trihydroxy-N-n-propylnoraporphine, R-( )- and S-(+)-N-n-propylnorapomorphine, and R-(-)-N-chloroethylnorapomorphine; and 13 to 151 microM for R-(-)-2,11-dihydroxy- 10-methoxyaporphine, R-(-)-apocodeine, and S-(+)-bulbocapnine. Structure-activity studies reveal that 10,11-dihydroxy substitution of the D ring of apomorphine is required for the inhibitory effectiveness of these aporphines. Methylation of the 10-hydroxy group reduces, whereas the 2-hydroxyl substitution of the A ring enhances, their inhibitory potency. N-Alkylation variably affects the inhibitory potency of aporphines. In addition, S-(+)-enantiomers of aporphines and dopaminergic antagonists are equally potent as inhibitors of this enzyme, as compared to the corresponding R-( )-enantiomers and other aporphine agonists. Haloperidol (0.1 to 10 microM) failed to reverse the enzyme inhibitory effectiveness of apomorphine when it was incubated with intact rat striatal synaptosomes prior to or after the addition of apomorphine (0.5 to 1 microM). These results suggest that the inhibitory effects of apomorphine and its analogs against this enzyme are not mediated by their stimulation of dopamine autoreceptors. Since dihydropteridine reductase is required in vivo for the hydroxylation of tyrosine, the inhibition of this enzyme by apomorphine may represent one of several mechanisms by which apomorphine inhibits catecholamine synthesis. PMID- 6746637 TI - Effect of temperature on kinetics and differential mobility of empty and loaded nucleoside transporter of human erythrocytes. AB - The transmembrane equilibration of [3H]uridine was measured in human erythrocytes as a function of temperature using rapid kinetic techniques. Arrhenius plots of the maximum velocity of equilibrium exchange were continuous between 5 and 30 degrees C (Ea = 17-20 kcal/mol), but the increase in velocity with increase in temperature leveled off above 30 degrees C. This leveling off did not reflect heat inactivation of the carrier since transport activity was stable for 3 h at 37 degrees C. Transmembrane equilibration of uridine in equilibrium exchange and zero-trans modes at 5, 15, 25, and 35 degrees C conformed to appropriate integrated rate equations derived for the simple transporter. The nucleoside transporter exhibited directional symmetry, but the loaded carrier moved on the average 5 times more rapidly than the empty carrier at 15, 25, and 35 degrees C, but 25-40 times faster at 5 degrees C. This marked shift in differential mobility of loaded and empty carrier between 15 and 5 degrees C was entirely attributable to an impairment of mobility of empty carrier. The Michaelis-Menten constant for equilibrium exchange increased about 3-fold with increase in temperature between 5 and 35 degrees C. The van't Hoff plot of the values was approximately linear and yielded an estimate of the enthalpy of carrier:substrate dissociation of 7.8 kcal/mol. PMID- 6746638 TI - Primary structure determination of five sialylated oligosaccharides derived from bronchial mucus glycoproteins of patients suffering from cystic fibrosis. The occurrence of the NeuAc alpha(2----3)Gal beta(1----4)[Fuc alpha(1----3)] GlcNAc beta(1----.) structural element revealed by 500-MHz 1H NMR spectroscopy. AB - The structure of sialylated carbohydrate units of bronchial mucins obtained from cystic fibrosis patients was investigated by 500-MHz 1H NMR spectroscopy in conjunction with sugar analysis. After subjecting the mucins to alkaline borohydride degradation, sialylated oligosaccharide-alditols were isolated by anion-exchange chromatography and fractionated by high performance liquid chromatography. Five compounds could be obtained in a rather pure state; their structures were established as the following: A-1, NeuAc alpha(2----3)Gal beta(1- --4) [Fuc alpha(1----3)]GlcNAc beta(1----3)Gal-NAc-ol; A-2, NeuAc alpha(2--- 3)Gal beta(1----4)GlcNAc beta(1----6)-[GlcNAc beta (1----3)]GalNAc-o1; A-3, NeuAc alpha(2----3)Gal beta-(1----4)[Fuc alpha(1----3)]GlcNAc beta(1----3)Gal beta(1--- 3) GalNAc-o1; A-4, NeuAc alpha(2----3)Gal beta(1----4)[Fuc alpha(1----3)]Glc-NAc NAc beta(1----6)[GlcNAc beta(1----3)]GalNAc-o1; A-6,NeuAc alpha-(2----3) Gal beta(1----4)[Fuc alpha(1----3)]GlcNAc beta(1----6)[Gal beta-(1----4) GlcNAc beta(1----3)]GalNAc-o1. The simultaneous presence of sialic acid in alpha(2----3) linkage to Gal and fucose in alpha(1----3)-linkage to GlcNAc of the same N acetyllactosamine unit could be adequately proved by high resolution 1H NMR spectroscopy. This sequence constitutes a novel structural element for mucins. PMID- 6746639 TI - Rat liver dihydroxyacetone-phosphate acyltransferases and their contribution to glycerolipid synthesis. AB - Differential and isopycnic centrifugation of rat liver homogenates showed that, besides its established localization in peroxisomes and endoplasmic reticulum, dihydroxyacetone-phosphate acyltransferase is also present in mitochondria. The three activities differed in a number of properties (pH optimum, palmitoyl-CoA and dihydroxyacetone-phosphate dependence, and sensitivity toward N ethylmaleimide) and are therefore likely associated with three distinct proteins. Glycerol 3-phosphate (5 mM) did not inhibit peroxisomal dihydroxyacetone phosphate acyltransferase but inhibited the extraperoxisomal activities virtually completely. Peroxisomal dihydroxyacetone-phosphate acyltransferase was located at the inner aspect of the peroxisomal membrane, but the enzyme was not latent. Purified microsomes, from which intact peroxisomes had been removed, were still contaminated with peroxisomal membranes as deduced from the presence of two dihydroxyacetone-phosphate acyltransferase activities: a glycerol 3-phosphate resistant activity with properties similar to those of peroxisomal dihydroxyacetone-phosphate acyltransferase and a glycerol 3-phosphate-sensitive "true" microsomal dihydroxyacetone-phosphate acyltransferase. We propose that, assayed in the presence of 5mM glycerol 3-phosphate, dihydroxyacetone-phosphate acyltransferase can be used as a marker enzyme for peroxisomal membranes. Such a marker enzyme has not hitherto been available. The differential effect of 5 mM glycerol 3-phosphate on peroxisomal and extraperoxisomal dihydroxyacetone phosphate acyltransferases enabled us to determine the relative contribution of these activities to overall dihydroxyacetone-phosphate acylation in whole liver homogenates. At near-physiological pH and at near-physiological concentrations of unbound palmitoyl-CoA and of dihydroxyacetone-phosphate plus glycerol 3 phosphate, peroxisomes contributed 50-75%. The remaining percentage was mostly accounted for by the microsomal enzyme. At near-physiological concentrations of glycerol 3-phosphate plus dihydroxyacetone-phosphate, glycerolphosphate acyltransferase contributed 93% and dihydroxyacetone-phosphate acyltransferase 7% to overall glycerolipid synthesis in homogenates. This suggests that the dihydroxyacetone-phosphate pathway is of minor quantitative importance in overall hepatic glycerolipid synthesis but that its main function lies in the synthesis of ether lipids, which have acyldihydroxyacetone-phosphate as obligatory precursor.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 400 WORDS) PMID- 6746640 TI - Enzymatic function in crystals of delta 5-3-ketosteroid isomerase. Catalytic activity and binding of competitive inhibitors. AB - Crystals of the steroid-metabolizing enzyme, delta 5-3-ketosteroid isomerase (EC 5.3.3.1) from Pseudomonas testosteroni, exhibit many enzymatic properties. Each enzyme subunit in the lattice binds a competitive inhibitor, progesterone, with the same stoichiometry (1:1) and affinity (KD = 6 X 10(-6) M) as the enzyme in solution. Another competitive inhibitor, 19-nortestosterone, competes with progesterone for the same binding sites in the crystal. The enzyme crystals catalyze the conversion of delta 5- to delta 4-ketosteroids, but because the enzyme is so efficient, and substrate diffusion into the crystal is so slow, substrate cannot penetrate deeply into the crystal before being converted to product. A general theoretical formulation is presented to account for the effects of substrate diffusion into enzyme crystals of different shapes and sizes. The dependence of apparent mean enzyme activity in steroid isomerase crystals as a function of crystal size is shown to be consistent with this theoretical formulation. These inhibitor binding and catalytic properties suggest that the enzyme is in an active conformation within these crystals. PMID- 6746641 TI - The 6-A crystal structure of delta 5-3-ketosteroid isomerase. Architecture and location of the active center. AB - The crystal structure of the dimeric steroid metabolizing enzyme, delta 5-3 ketosteroid isomerase (EC 5.3.3.1), has been solved to 6-A resolution by multiple isomorphous replacement, augmented by real space direct methods. The unit cell is hexagonal (space group P6122) with dimensions a = b = 65.4 A, c = 504 A, and contains four identical 13,400-dalton protomers in each of its 12 asymmetric units. The 504-A c axis required double focusing mirrors (Franks optics) to resolve the reflections. The complexity of the combined local and lattice symmetry necessitated direct methods to establish the positions of heavy atoms in even the simplest of the isomorphous derivatives. The electron density map clearly showed both (a) the elaborate packing scheme of protomers, which accounts for this large and complicated unit cell, and (b) the coarse features of the functional dimer. The steroid-binding site has been established by imaging the bound inhibitor, 4-acetoxymercuriestradiol, in a difference Fourier map. Each of the dimer's two steroid-binding sites lies completely within one subunit but close enough to the opposing subunit that functional interactions may be possible. PMID- 6746642 TI - Mitochondrial phosphate transport. Large scale isolation and characterization of the phosphate transport protein from beef heart mitochondria. AB - The phosphate transport protein from beef heart mitochondria has been purified on a large scale by hydroxylapatite chromatography in the presence of sodium dodecyl sulfate and urea. As shown by sodium dodecyl sulfate-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis (silver stain), the pure phosphate transport protein preparation consists of two protein bands (alpha and beta, ratio 1:1) with similar mobilities (34 kDa) which display identical peptide maps if fragmented with either CNBr or HCl/dimethyl sulfoxide/HBr. The complete amino acid composition of phosphate transport protein is presented. Quantitative determination of N-terminal amino acids underlines the purity of the preparation and shows for alpha and beta the identical amino-terminals H2N-Ala-Val-Glu-Glu-Glx-Tyr-. Qualitative digestion shows that carboxypeptidase A is able to release at least three amino acids from the C termini of the alpha as well as the beta band of phosphate transport protein. The nature of these two protein bands is discussed. The sum of phosphate transport protein (alpha + beta) per total mitochondrial protein amounts to 2.3% or 1.4 nmol of phosphate transport protein (34 kDa) per nmol of cytochrome b. PMID- 6746644 TI - Processing of procollagen types III and I in cultured bovine smooth muscle cells. AB - The processing of type III and type I procollagen molecules in cultured bovine aortic smooth muscle cells was investigated. The molecular identities of the processing intermediates of type III and type I procollagen were characterized by analysis of the radioactive collagenous components using mammalian collagenase and pepsin digestions and cyanogen bromide peptide mapping. The results indicate that the processed intermediates for procollagen type III and type I are their respective pC components. Although the processing pathways for both collagen types are the same, data from pulse-chase experiments suggest that the rates at which the processing occurs are different. Type I procollagen is processed more rapidly to its intermediate than is type III procollagen. The type I pC intermediate is almost completely processed to alpha-chains and a significant portion of these fully processed molecules remains in a soluble form even after 11 h. In the same time period, the type III pC intermediate is slowly converted to alpha-chains. Since beta-aminopropionitrile was not employed in these studies, significant accumulation of collagen chains into the insoluble extracellular matrix was observed during the chase period. PMID- 6746643 TI - A platelet membrane protein expressed during platelet activation and secretion. Studies using a monoclonal antibody specific for thrombin-activated platelets. AB - To identify structures on the platelet surface which become expressed after platelet activation, we have prepared murine monoclonal antibodies specific for thrombin-activated platelets. Hybridomas were screened for clones producing antibodies which bound to thrombin-activated platelets but not to resting platelets. Clone KC4 was identified. The binding of purified I-labeled KC4 antibody, an IgG1k, to thrombin-activated platelets was saturable. Minimal binding was observed to resting platelets. The interaction of antibody with thrombin-activated platelets was characterized by a binding constant, KD, of 7.2 +/- 0.4 nM and revealed 13,400 +/- 3,000 binding sites per platelet. The presence of Ca2+ or EDTA, a pH ranging from 4 to 10, or high ionic strength had no influence on antigen-antibody interaction. The KC4 antigen was expressed on the platelet surface after activation with ADP, collagen, epinephrine, or thrombin. The extent of [14C] serotonin release during activation was directly proportional to the availability of antigen on the platelet surface regardless of agonist or platelet aggregation. The antibody is directed against a single protein which migrated between GPIIb and GPIIa after sodium dodecyl sulfate gel electrophoresis. This protein was purified from platelet membranes by immunoaffinity chromatography using KC4 antibody-agarose and demonstrated an apparent molecular weight of 140,000 in sodium dodecyl sulfate-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis under both nonreducing and reducing conditions. Of the cells examined, only platelets contained this protein. These results indicate that platelet secretion is associated with the expression of an Mr = 140,000 integral membrane protein composed of a single polypeptide chain. This protein may be component of the internal granule membrane which is fused with the plasma membrane during activation. PMID- 6746645 TI - Functional properties of the acetylcholine receptor incorporated in model lipid membranes. Differential effects of chain length and head group of phospholipids on receptor affinity states and receptor-mediated ion translocation. AB - Torpedo acetylcholine receptor was reconstituted into liposomes of pure synthetic lipids in order to study the influence of the lipid environment on affinity state transitions and the ion translocation function of the receptor. A critical concentration of 30 to 40% of cholesteryl hemisuccinate was necessary in liposomes made of cholesteryl hemisuccinate and dimyristoyl phosphatidylcholine to mimic the kinetics of agonist-induced state transitions observed in native membranes. With increasing chain length of the saturated lecithins, a marked increase in carbamylcholine dissociation constants was observed. Substitution by other dimyristoyl phospholipids for dimyristoyl phosphatidylcholine had the same, though quantitatively less pronounced effects. Introduction of unsaturation in the acyl chains reverted the effect of increasing chain length. Unsaturated phosphatidylethanolamines in combination with 28-35 mol% of cholesteryl hemisuccinate was the best lipid mixture for reconstitution of the receptor gating function. When phosphatidylethanolamine was replaced totally or partially by other phospholipids with the same or different acyl chain composition, a marked decrease of ion transport was apparent, even when similar vesicle size, receptor incorporation, and agonist-induced affinity transitions were obtained. Therefore, the maintenance of the affinity state transitions of the reconstituted receptor is a necessary but not sufficient condition for the manifestation of the ion-gating receptor activity. On the other hand, the more unsaturated the acyl chains of phosphatidylethanolamine are, the higher the response that was observed, suggesting that a critical lipid packing is essential for the ion translocation function of the receptor. PMID- 6746646 TI - Chinese hamster ovary cells resistant to borrelidin overproduce threonyl-tRNA synthetase. AB - Chinese hamster ovary cell lines that are 1000-fold more resistant to the threonyl-tRNA synthetase inhibitor borrelidin than the sensitive parental cells were isolated after stepwise selection for growth in increasing concentrations of the drug. These cells show a 10-20-fold increase in threonyl-tRNA synthetase activity. Quantitation of the amount of threonyl-tRNA synthetase protein by immunological techniques indicated a 60-100-fold increase compared to sensitive cells. No significant changes in the Km for substrates, inhibition by borrelidin or thermal stability were found for the threonyl-tRNA synthetase of resistant cells. These data suggest that the resistant cell lines may have amplified the gene encoding threonyl-tRNA synthetase, but no evidence of homogeneously staining regions or double minute chromosomes was found. The resistant cell lines should prove useful for the study of the regulation of threonyl-tRNA synthetase. PMID- 6746647 TI - Interaction of chlorpromazine with the human erythrocyte membrane. AB - The interaction of the amphipath chlorpromazine (CPZ) with the human erythrocyte membrane was evaluated. The partition coefficient of CPZ between the membrane bilayer and the aqueous compartment, measured spectrophotometrically, ranged between 1 and 3 X 10(3). An independent estimate, 4.6 X 10(3), was obtained by a novel method which avoided the measurement of binding and determined instead the variation of the hemolytic potency of the amphipath with the ratio of buffer volume to membrane volume. The maximal uptake of CPZ exceeded 2 X 10(9) molecules/red cell, corresponding to a volume greater than that of the bilayer itself. Such heavily loaded membranes were increased in thickness more than 2 fold, suggesting the formation of a CPZ-rich zone at the center of the bilayer. Ghosts loaded with massive levels of CPZ condensed approximately 20-fold in surface area and increased proportionately in thickness, suggesting the formation of a novel CPZ-lipid solution. CPZ caused hemolysis by a colloid-osmotic mechanism. By measuring the simultaneous uptake of mannitol and sucrose, we determined that CPZ induced holes of constant size but variable number. If circular, the holes would have had a diameter of approximately 14 A. The time averaged number of holes ranged from 0.09 per cell (signifying intermittency) to 16. Freeze-fracture electron microscopy of CPZ-treated red cells revealed multiple round patches of nearly particle-free bilayer up to 0.3 micron in diameter with crowding of the intramembrane particles into the surrounding membrane. We interpret these images to signify lateral phase separation within the CPZ-treated bilayer. Hemolysis could, therefore, result from the intermittent opening of weak seams at phase boundaries; these could then be fluctuating slits approximately 14 A in width and of variable length, rather than simple circular holes. PMID- 6746648 TI - Catalytic and structural properties of the dihydrolipoyl transacylase component of bovine branched-chain alpha-keto acid dehydrogenase. AB - Branched-chain alpha-keto acid dehydrogenase is a multienzyme complex consisting of three catalytic components, i.e. branched-chain alpha-keto acid decarboxylase (E1), dihydrolipoyl transacylase (E2), and dihydrolipoyl dehydrogenase (E3). In this report the E2 component of highly purified branched-chain alpha-keto acid dehydrogenase from bovine kidney and liver was characterized with an independent radiochemical assay for this component. The assay uses the model reaction: R-14CO S-CoA + Lip-(SH)2 in equilibrium R-14CO-S-Lip-SH + CoA-SH, which is similar to that catalyzed by the transacetylase component of the pyruvate dehydrogenase complex. In this reaction, exogenous dihydrolipoamide substitutes for the protein (E2)-bound dihydrolipoyl moiety, and [1-14C]acyl-CoA synthesized enzymatically is the acyl-CoA substrate. The thioester structure of the reaction product, S acyldihydrolipoamide, was identified by mass spectrometry, its characteristic absorption at 232-245 nm and by formation of hydroxamate with hydroxylamine. Rates of the E2-catalyzed transacylation reaction with various [1-14C]acyl-CoAs are in the order of [1-14C]isobutyryl-CoA greater than [1-14C] isovaleryl-CoA greater than [1-14C]acetyl-CoA. The activity with acetyl-CoA is 15% of that with isobutyryl-CoA. The E2 activity is strongly inhibited by arsenite. Modification of the covalently bound lipoyl moiety through reductive acylation in the presence of N-ethylmaleimide is without effect on the transacylation reaction. These data, along with results of initial velocity and product inhibition suggest that the model reaction proceeds via a random Bi Bi mechanism. Limited proteolysis of purified bovine liver branched-chain alpha-keto acid dehydrogenase with trypsin results in complete loss of the overall activity catalyzed by the complex. Nonetheless the activity of the E2 component is not affected. The tryptic digestion cleaves E2 subunits (Mr = 52,600) into a major fragment of Mr = 25,700. By contrast, E1 alpha and E1 beta subunits of the complex are relatively resistant to proteolysis with trypsin. The results indicate that structural properties of the E2 component of branched-chain alpha-keto acid dehydrogenase are similar but not identical to those of the transacetylase component of the pyruvate dehydrogenase complex. PMID- 6746649 TI - A new method for the rapid isolation of basolateral plasma membrane vesicles from rat liver. Characterization, validation, and bile acid transport studies. AB - Basolateral plasma membrane vesicles were prepared from rat liver by a new technique using self-generating Percoll gradients. The method is rapid (total spin time of 2.5 h) and protein yields were high (0.64 mg/g of liver). Transmission electron microscopy studies and measurements of marker enzyme activities indicated that the preparation was highly enriched in basolateral membranes and substantially free of contamination by canalicular membranes or subcellular organelles. High total recoveries for protein yield and marker enzyme activities during the fractionation procedure indicated that enzymatic activity was neither lost (inactivation) nor increased (activation). Thus, the pattern of marker enzyme activities found in the membrane preparation truly reflected substantial enrichment in membranes from the basolateral surface. Analysis of freeze-fracture electron micrographs suggested that approximately 75% of the vesicles were oriented "right-side-out." In order to assess the functional properties of the vesicles, the uptake of [3H]taurocholate was studied. In the presence of a Na+ gradient, taurocholate uptake was markedly stimulated and the bile acid was transiently accumulated at a concentration 1.5- to 2-fold higher than that at equilibrium ("overshoot"). In the absence of a gradient but in the presence of equimolar Na+ inside and outside of the vesicle, taurocholate uptake was faster than in the absence of Na+. These findings support a direct co transport mechanism for the uptake of taurocholate and Na+. Kinetic studies demonstrated that Na+-dependent taurocholate uptake was saturable with a Km of 36.5 microM and a Vmax of 5.36 nmol mg-1 protein min-1. The high yield, enzymatic profile and retention of transport properties suggest that this membrane preparation is well suited for studies of basolateral transport. PMID- 6746650 TI - Inhibition of glutathione efflux from isolated rat hepatocytes by methionine. AB - A substantial inhibition (50-70%) of GSH efflux by methionine was demonstrated in hepatocytes isolated from fed rats. Concurrent measurements of intracellular GSH revealed maintenance of a higher concentration in methionine-supplemented cells over the 1-h incubation. Analysis of total GSH suggested that maintenance of higher intracellular GSH by methionine could be quantitatively accounted for by inhibition of GSH efflux rather than by net GSH synthesis. This conclusion was supported by studies with propargylglycine, a potent inhibitor of cysteine synthesis from methionine. Identical results were obtained in incubations containing either propargylglycine and methionine or methionine alone, thereby suggesting that net synthesis of GSH from methionine was minimal under the assay conditions. Similar decreases (40-60%) in the rate of extracellular accumulation of GSH were observed with ethionine and buthionine, two higher homologs of methionine, but not with a wide range of other naturally occurring and synthetic amino acids. The inhibition of GSH efflux by methionine was not dependent on the presence of sodium in the medium and did not correlate with metabolic consumption of ATP. PMID- 6746651 TI - Kinetics of cytotoxicity induced by immunotoxins. Enhancement by lysosomotropic amines and carboxylic ionophores. AB - The kinetics of cytotoxicity induced by ricin and a series of immunotoxins consisting of ricin A-chain coupled to antibodies against cell-surface antigens has been studied. The inhibition of protein synthesis in cells treated with immunotoxins or ricin occurs after a lag period. The rate of protein synthesis decreases according to a mono-exponential function, indicating a first-order process. With increasing concentration of immunotoxin, a maximal rate of inhibition is reached. The inactivation rate induced by immunotoxins was much slower than that achieved with ricin, even when products were compared on a basis of an identical number of molecules bound per cell, demonstrating the real higher efficacy of ricin. The time required to reduce protein synthesis by 90%, denoted T10, was 1.4-1.6 h with ricin, 60 h with anti-T65 immunotoxin on CEM human T leukemia cells (T65 positive), 65 h with anti-p97 immunotoxin on SK-MEL 28 human melanoma cells (p97 positive), and 20 h with an IgM anti-Thy 1.2 immunotoxin on WEHI-7 mouse T leukemia cells (Thy 1.2 positive). In this latter case, when the IgM antibody was replaced by an IgG anti-Thy 1.2, a 5-fold increase in the inactivation rate was obtained, demonstrating the importance of the binding moiety for the immunotoxins. Lysosomotropic amines such as ammonium chloride, chloroquine, and methylamine and carboxylic ionophores such as monensin, which are known to interfere with the uptake of certain macromolecules, strongly increased the rate of protein synthesis inhibition by all immunotoxins tested and increased 4-50,000-fold the sensitivity of cells to the immunotoxin. Enhancement in the inactivation rate was as much as 7-10-fold when either of these compounds was added, generating T10 values comparable to those of ricin. PMID- 6746652 TI - Relative degradation of different molecular species of phosphatidylcholine in thrombin-stimulated human platelets. AB - The relative degradation of the various molecular species of [3H]phosphatidylcholine in response to thrombin was studied in human platelets following prelabeling with [3H]glycerol and compared to results obtained following labeling with [14C]oleic, [14C]linoleic, or [14C]arachidonic acids. This was of interest since previous work using radioactive fatty acids had led to the conclusion that the 1-acyl-2-arachidonoyl species of phosphatidylcholine is exclusively hydrolyzed in thrombin-stimulated platelets. Within 90 s, the thrombin-dependent release of [14C]arachidonic acid from phosphatidylcholine amounted to 25% but only 3 and 6% for oleic and linoleic acids, respectively, in general agreement with previous work. However, for [3H]glycerol-labeled phosphatidylcholine, all molecular species (saturates, monoenes, dienes, trienes, tetraenes, and greater than tetraenes) were subject to significant hydrolysis in the presence of thrombin within 90 s, ranging from 12-24% across the various classes. Furthermore, the degradation of the tetraenoic species (1-acyl-2 arachidonoyl) of [3H]phosphatidylcholine was found to be only 1.5 and 1.4 times that for the monoenoic (predominantly 1-acyl-2-oleoyl) and dienoic (predominantly 1-acyl-2-linoleoyl) species, respectively. A much heavier proportional labeling of plasma membrane relative to whole platelet phosphatidylcholine was observed with [3H]glycerol as compared to [14C] oleate or [14C]arachidonate. These results indicate that the 1-acyl-2-arachidonoyl species of phosphatidylcholine are not exclusively degraded by phospholipase A2 activity in thrombin-stimulated platelets and suggest that the differential compartmentation of molecular species of phosphatidylcholine according to their metabolic origins can influence their apparent susceptibility to hydrolysis. PMID- 6746654 TI - Synthesis of nucleotides with specific radiolabels in ribose. Primary 14C and secondary 3H kinetic isotope effects on acid-catalyzed glycosidic bond hydrolysis of AMP, dAMP, and inosine. AB - Adenosine 5'-phosphate was synthesized with 3H or 14C label specifically located as [1'-3H]AMP, [1'-14C] AMP, [5'-3H]AMP, and [5'-14C]AMP. The synthesis was accomplished from adenine and glucose or adenine and ribose using enzymes from the pentose pathway and/or from the purine salvage pathways. Structural analysis of the compounds confirmed the locations of the radiolabels. The methods provide a general scheme for the efficient synthesis of adenine nucleotides of high purity with 3H or 14C at any stable position on the ribose ring. Synthesis of [5' 14C]dAMP and [1'-3H] dAMP from the corresponding ribonucleotides was accomplished with ribonucleotide reductase. Labeled inosine was prepared by enzymatic dephosphorylation and deamination of labeled AMP. These compounds have been used to measure the secondary kinetic isotope effects on the acid-catalyzed hydrolysis of the N-glycosidic bond of AMP, dAMP, and inosine and the corresponding primary kinetic isotope effects with AMP. Acid hydrolysis in 0.1 or 0.2 N HCl at 50 degrees C gave 1H/3H secondary kinetic isotope effects of 1.23 +/- 0.01, 1.26 +/- 0.01, and 1.230 +/- 0.003 for AMP, dAMP, and inosine, respectively. The primary kinetic isotope effect for 12C/14C was 1.049 +/- 0.010 for AMP. The apparent rate constants for hydrolysis under these conditions were similar for inosine and AMP and were in the range 10(-6)-10(-5)s-1. Acid hydrolysis of dAMP is approximately 1000-fold faster than AMP but gives a similar 1H/3H kinetic isotope effect. The results of secondary isotope effects indicate that the transition states for the acid-catalyzed hydrolysis of the N-glycosidic bonds of inosine, AMP, and dAMP have similar bonding to 1'-3H in the transition state and have considerable carboxonium character. Results with [1'-14C]AMP demonstrate that a significant primary isotope effect can be measured in the acid solvolysis of the N-glycosidic bond of AMP. PMID- 6746653 TI - Characterization of ATP complexes with lanthanide (III) ions. AB - Several spectroscopic techniques are used to investigate the stoichiometry and properties of ATP complexes with lanthanide(III) (Ln(III)], ions. The ATP2 lanthanide(III) complex predominates at millimolar ATP levels and dissociates to the 1:1 complex with a Kd of 300 +/- 50 microM for the Eu(III) case. Two independent techniques, viz. field-dependent water proton relaxation for the Gd(III) complex and metal ion luminescence lifetime measurements for the Eu(III) complex, yield a value of approximately 2 for the number of water molecules coordinated to the metal ion. The latter technique yields an approximate metal ion hydration number of 4 for the 1:1 complex. Dynamic properties of the Gd(III) X ATP2 complex including the temperature dependence of correlation times describing rotation of the complex and ATP exchange have been studied by field dependent water-proton relaxation and by temperature-dependent 31P NMR relaxation studies. These data are consistent with formation of a 2:1 ATP-lanthanide complex at millimolar ATP concentrations. Other types of complexes are detected under conditions in which there is insufficient ATP to satisfy the 1:2 metal:nucleotide stoichiometry. PMID- 6746655 TI - Halobacterium volcanii tRNAs. Identification of 41 tRNAs covering all amino acids, and the sequences of 33 class I tRNAs. AB - Transfer RNAs of Halobacterium volcanii, an archaebacterium, were separated by two-dimensional gel electrophoresis and sequenced by a combination of methods. A total of 41 tRNAs, at least one for each amino acid, were identified. These are five tRNAs for Leu, four for Gly, three each for Ala, Arg, Pro, and Ser, two each for Glu, Ile, Lys, Met (initiator and noninitiator), Thr, and Val, and one each for the remaining eight amino acids. As in eucaryotes, only Leu and Ser tRNAs are class II (large extra arm). The sequences of the 33 class I tRNAs, for the remaining 18 amino acids, are presented here. These cover at least 44 codons out of a possible 49 codons for the 18 amino acids. Although these archaebacterial tRNAs follow general tRNA patterns, they are in detail distinct from both eucaryotic and eubacterial tRNAs. Moreover, the initiator tRNA is unique in having a 5'-triphosphorylated end. PMID- 6746656 TI - Oxidative phosphorylation and the Pi-ATP exchange reaction of submitochondrial particles under the influence of organic solvents. AB - The effect of some organic solvents, in particular dimethyl sulfoxide, on oxidative phosphorylation, the Pi-ATP exchange reaction, and ATP hydrolysis has been studied in submitochondrial particles from bovine heart. The three reactions are inhibited by dimethyl sulfoxide, but with a different sensitivity. Oxidative phosphorylation takes place at considerable rates in the presence of concentrations of dimethyl sulfoxide that completely inhibit the Pi-ATP exchange reaction. The sensitivity of the Pi-ITP exchange reaction to dimethyl sulfoxide measured in the presence of electron transport is also higher than that of oxidative phosphorylation. Dimethyl sulfoxide inhibits an electrochemical H+ gradient-dependent stimulating effect of inorganic phosphate on ATP hydrolysis which is linked to the Pi-ATP exchange reaction. In the absence of phosphate or in the presence of phosphate plus uncoupler, dimethyl sulfoxide does not inhibit hydrolysis. These findings, together with the observation that electron transport increases the rate of the Pi-ITP exchange reaction, suggest that electrochemical H+ gradients modify the kinetic characteristics of particulate Fi-ATPase. Glycerol and methanol, but not dimethylformamide, induce effects similar to those of dimethyl sulfoxide on oxidative phosphorylation and the Pi-ATP exchange reaction. This suggests that the described effects of solvents could be due to alterations of water structure. PMID- 6746657 TI - Purification of a primase activity associated with DNA polymerase alpha from HeLa cells. AB - Highly purified preparations of eukaryotic DNA polymerase alpha have been shown to contain primase activity (Kaguni, L.S., Rossignol, J-M., Conaway, R.C. Banks, G.R., and Lehman, I.R. (1983) J. Biol. Chem. 258, 9037-9039; Yagura, T., Kozu, T., and Seno, T. (1982) J. Biol. Chem. 257, 11121-11127; Shioda, M., Nelson, E.M., Bayne, M.L., and Benbow, R.M. (1982) Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A. 79, 7209 7213). We have investigated the de novo synthesis of DNA by a primase-DNA polymerase alpha preparation isolated from human HeLa cells using the synthetic homopolymers poly(dT) and poly(dC) as templates. In the presence of poly(dT), synthesis of poly(dA) required ATP in addition to dATP while synthesis of poly(dG) in the presence of poly(dC) required GTP in addition to dGTP. The primase activity required a much lower GTP concentration (Km = 0.1 mM) than ATP (Km = 0.8 mM) for the synthesis of DNA. Guanosine 5'-O-(3-thiotriphosphate), 5' guanylyl-beta, gamma-imidodiphosphate, and 5'-guanylyl methylenediphosphonate substituted for GTP but the corresponding ATP analogues did not substitute for ATP. Furthermore, ATP and ATP analogues inhibited the GTP-dependent reaction while GTP and GTP analogues inhibited the ATP-dependent reaction. DNase treatment of products labeled with [alpha-32P] GTP revealed that an RNA oligomer was covalently linked to newly synthesized DNA. Alkaline hydrolysis of these products yielded GMP and pppGp, indicating that the primer was initiated with GTP. Alkaline hydrolysis of [alpha-32P]dGTP-labeled products yielded 2'- and 3'-GMP showing that DNA chains are covalently linked to the 3' ends of RNA chains. The primase activity could not be separated from DNA polymerase alpha through a 200 fold enrichment involving phosphocellulose, DNA-cellulose, hydroxylapatite, DEAE cellulose and glycerol gradient purification steps. However, primase activity was found to be less stable than DNA polymerase alpha activity under a variety of conditions. PMID- 6746658 TI - Methionine metabolism in mammals. Distribution of homocysteine between competing pathways. AB - Using an in vitro system which contained enzymes, substrates, and other reactants at concentrations which approximated the in vivo conditions in rat liver, we measured the simultaneous product formation by three enzymes which utilize homocysteine. In the control system, 5-methyltetrahydrofolate homocysteine methyltransferase, betaine homocysteine methyltransferase, and cystathionine beta synthase accounted for 27, 27, and 46%, respectively, of the homocysteine consumed. Subsequent studies demonstrated that the adaptation from a high protein diet to a low protein diet is achieved by a significant increase in betaine homocysteine methyltransferase, and 83% reduction in cystathionine synthase, and a total decrease of 55% in the consumption of homocysteine. S-Adenosylmethionine, by activating cystathionine synthase, contributes significantly to the regulation of the pathway. PMID- 6746659 TI - Beta-lapachone, a specific competitive inhibitor of ligand binding to the glucocorticoid receptor. AB - Beta-Lapachone, a derivative of 1,2-naphthoquinone, inhibits the specific binding of [6,7-3H]triamcinolone acetonide (TA) to unbound hepatic and thymic glucocorticoid receptors in a dose-dependent manner with 50% of the maximal inhibition in thymus cytosol achieved at a final concentration of 5-10 microM. Preincubation of cytosol with 10 mM Na2MoO4, which stabilizes unbound receptors, potentiates the subsequent beta-lapachone-mediated inhibitory activity, while preincubation with 1 or 10 mM dithiothreitol blocks the subsequent inhibition of [6,7-3H]TA binding. A double reciprocal plot indicates that beta-lapachone is a competitive inhibitor of [6,7-3H]TA binding with an apparent Ki of approximately 6 microM. The ability of beta-lapachone to displace prebound [6,7-3H]TA and the ability of elevated concentrations of [6,7-3H]TA to reverse the beta-lapachone mediated inhibition are totally consistent with this kinetic interpretation. The ability of beta-lapachone to interact directly with the ligand-binding site is confirmed by the fact that this compound can block the binding of [6,7-3H]TA to highly purified unactivated hepatic glucocorticoid receptors. Although beta lapachone may interact specifically with receptor sulfhydryl groups, this compound is not a general oxidizing agent which inactivates the essential free sulfhydryl groups at the glucocorticoid-binding site. Beta-Lapachone does not affect activation of [6,7-3H]TA-receptor complexes nor does it itself act like a glucocorticoid and facilitate receptor activation (transformation). Interestingly, this compound does not affect the ligand-binding sites of estrogen, progesterone, androgen, or mineralocorticoid receptors or serum transcortin. Thus, beta-lapachone can be utilized as a specific probe for the ligand-binding site of the glucocorticoid receptor. PMID- 6746660 TI - Dissociation of heme metabolic activities from the microsomal cytochrome P-450 turnover in testis of hypophysectomized rats. AB - In the rat testis, 7 days after hypophysectomy, the microsomal content of cytochrome P-450 decreased to a negligible level. The sodium dodecyl sulfate gel electrophoresis of the microsomal preparation did not reveal a decrease in apocytochrome P-450; however, in this preparation, heme was undetectable. The latter did not reflect decreases in the activities of the heme biosynthesis enzymes. Also, an increase in heme oxygenase activity did not appear responsible for the suppression of the cytochrome levels. The cellular basis for the depression of the cytochrome was explored by measuring the incorporation of [14C]delta-aminolevulinate into the testicular microsomal and mitochondrial hemoproteins, and determining the relative affinity of microsomal heme for the endoplasmic reticulum membranes. In comparison with the sham-operated animals, in hypophysectomized rats, the specific 14C activity of heme in mitochondrial fraction was not decreased; however, that of the microsomal fraction was markedly reduced. The latter appeared to reflect a lowered binding affinity of the apoprotein moiety of cytochrome P-450 for heme. The treatment of hypophysectomized rats with human chorionic gonadotropin partially restored the normal level of the cytochrome. It is suggested that the anterior pituitary hormones control the level of cytochrome P-450 in the testis through factors which do not involve the production of heme; rather, the control appears to involve the processes of assembly of the hemoprotein and the association of the heme molecule with the apoprotein. PMID- 6746661 TI - Lipoprotein lipase enhances the cholesteryl ester transfer protein-mediated transfer of cholesteryl esters from high density lipoproteins to very low density lipoproteins. AB - These studies were undertaken to examine the effects of lipoprotein lipase (LPL) and cholesteryl ester transfer protein (CETP) on the transfer of cholesteryl esters from high density lipoproteins (HDL) to very low density lipoproteins (VLDL). Human or rat VLDL was incubated with human HDL in the presence of either partially purified CETP, bovine milk LPL or CETP plus LPL. CETP stimulated both isotopic and mass transfer of cholesteryl esters from HDL into VLDL. LPL caused only slight stimulation of cholesteryl ester transfer. However, when CETP and LPL were both present, the transfer of cholesteryl esters from HDL into VLDL remnants was enhanced 2- to 8-fold, compared to the effects of CETP alone. The synergistic effects of CETP and LPL on cholesteryl ester transfer were more pronounced at higher VLDL/HDL ratios and increased with increasing amounts of CETP. In time course studies the stimulation of cholesteryl ester transfer activity occurred during active triglyceride hydrolysis. When lipolysis was inhibited by incubating LPL with either 1 M NaCl or 2 mM diethylparanitrophenyl phosphate, the synergism of CETP and LPL was reduced or abolished, and LPL alone did not stimulate cholesteryl ester transfer. These experiments show that LPL enhances the CETP mediated transfer of cholesteryl esters from HDL to VLDL. This property of LPL is related to lipolysis. PMID- 6746662 TI - Cytochrome b, flavins, and ubiquinone-50 in enucleated human neutrophils (polymorphonuclear leukocyte cytoplasts). AB - Neutrophilic granulocytes contain an oxidase system in their plasma membrane that can be activated to generate superoxide radicals and hydrogen peroxide. Cytochrome b, flavoprotein, and ubiquinone-50 have been proposed as components of this oxidase system. These components have been quantitated, but the results are obscured by different isolation procedures for plasma membranes from resting and activated neutrophils. This problem has now been avoided by the use of enucleated neutrophils (polymorphonuclear leukocyte cytoplasts), which are almost completely devoid of intracellular structures but contain an intact, activatable oxidase system (Roos, D., Voetman, A.A., and Meerhof, L.J. (1983) J. Cell Biol. 97, 368 377). Membranes of resting and phorbol myristate acetate-stimulated cytoplasts contain equal amounts of cytochrome b (4 pmol/milliunit of alkaline phosphatase) and also equal amounts of noncovalently bound FAD (2 pmol/milliunit of alkaline phosphatase). These findings refute the hypothesis that incorporation of cytochrome b and/or a flavoprotein into the plasma membrane constitutes the mechanism of activation of the oxidase system. Ubiquinone-50 is present neither in intact neutrophils nor in cytoplasts, excluding a role for this compound in the generation of bactericidal oxygen species by neutrophils. PMID- 6746663 TI - Molecular mechanisms of gossypol action on lipid membranes. AB - Gossypol, an aldehyde extracted from cotton plants, produces both general toxic and antifertility effects in mammals. The cellular mechanisms by which gossypol exerts these effects are not understood. In this study, we have characterized the interactions of gossypol with lipid monolayer and bilayer membranes in order to assess if the drug acts by modifying the electrochemical properties of membranes. The charged form of gossypol binds to monolayers of different lipid compositions with apparent dissociation constants ranging from 0.7 to 2 microM. Binding of charged gossypol decreases the interfacial potential by 80-235 mV, the magnitude of this decrease being dependent upon the lipid composition. Gossypol also induces a conductance in phospholipid bilayer membranes. The relation between steady-state bilayer conductance versus gossypol concentration indicates that the current-carrying species is a single molecule of gossypol. The increase in bilayer conductance is accompanied by an increase in proton permeability. These changes induced by gossypol in model membranes can account for the mitochondrial uncoupling effects of this molecule and may be responsible for the inhibitory effects of gossypol on several membrane transport systems. PMID- 6746664 TI - Evidence for functional hexokinase compartmentation in rat skeletal muscle mitochondria. AB - Further studies of mitochondrially bound hexokinase have been carried out in order to elucidate the mechanism first proposed to increase efficiency of oxidative phosphorylation by the acceptor effect (Bessman, S. P. (1954) in Fat Metabolism (Najjar, V., ed) pp. 133-137, Johns Hopkins Press, Baltimore). During isolation of mitochondria, Mg2+ caused increased quantities of hexokinase to be bound or retained. This effect is concentration-dependent, saturable, and cannot be explained by Mg2+-linked activation or stabilization. Rebinding of hexokinase to isolated mitochondria also shows a similar dependence on Mg2+. When added to a homogenate made without it, Mg2+ could not bind the same amount of hexokinase to the mitochondria as could be observed when Mg2+ had been included in the homogenizing medium from the start. Using mitochondria prepared with Mg2+ in order to bind hexokinase to the largest extent possible, we have demonstrated that as in the case of mitochondrial creatine phosphokinase, a compartment exists that permits more efficient production of glucose 6-phosphate during mitochondrial respiration--the hexokinase acceptor effect. This effect probably results from a favorable positioning of the active site of hexokinase, perhaps within the intermembrane space, providing a diffusion-favorable situation. Thus, newly synthesized ATP transported through the inner membrane supplies substrate to hexokinase with greater efficiency than that of ATP which must pass through the outer membrane by diffusion from the medium. These observations lend support to proposals that in vivo modulation of the soluble particulate distribution of hexokinase by hormones or by metabolites may be physiologically necessary and important. PMID- 6746665 TI - Evidence for synergistic anion binding to iron in ovotransferrin complexes from resonance Raman and extended X-ray absorption fine structure analysis. AB - The 2,3-dihydroxybenzoate and thioglycolate complexes of iron(III)-ovotransferrin have been studied with resonance Raman and extended x-ray absorption fine structure spectroscopies, respectively, to obtain evidence for the coordination of the synergistic anion to the iron center. The dihydroxybenzoate complex exhibits resonance-enhanced Raman vibrations arising from both the endogenous tyrosinates and the added dihydroxybenzoate. A comparison of the extended x-ray absorption fine structure spectra of the carbonate and thioglycolate complexes shows a large feature at about 1.95 A assigned to Fe-(O,N) interactions. The latter complex exhibits an added feature at 2.32 A assigned to an Fe-S interaction. These experiments demonstrate that the Lewis base functions in the synergistic anions coordinate to the iron in ovotransferrin. PMID- 6746666 TI - Agrocinopine A, a tumor-inducing plasmid-coded enzyme product, is a phosphodiester of sucrose and L-arabinose. AB - Opines are unusual compounds found specifically in plant crown gall tumors. Genes for their synthesis and catabolism reside in agrobacteria as tumor-inducing (Ti) plasmid DNA. Only a small Ti-plasmid segment (24 kilobase pairs), the T-DNA, is transferred to the plant cell where it commonly codes for enzymes involved in the biosynthesis of nitrogenous opines such as nopaline (N2-(1,3-D-dicarboxypropyl)-L arginine) as well as the tumor phenotype. Ellis and Murphy, (Ellis, J.G., and Murphy, P.J. (1981) Mol. Gen. Genet. 181, 36-43) reported the existence of the phosphorylated opines, agrocinopines A and B in tumors containing nopaline. Pure agrocinopine A has now been isolated in a yield of 0.05-0.06 g/100 g, fresh weight, from such tumors. Physical, chemical, and biological data establish the structure of agrocinopine A as an unusual non-nitrogenous opine of sucrose and L arabinose with a phosphodiester linkage from the 2-hydroxyl of the arabinose to the 4-hydroxyl of the fructose moiety in sucrose. Agrocinopine B is the corresponding phosphodiester, in which the glucose has been hydrolyzed from the sucrose portion of agrocinopine A. Borohydride reduction of the free L-arabinose anomeric carbon of agrocinopine A, to the corresponding arabinitol derivative eliminates the characteristic inhibition zone enhancement produced by both agrocinopines A and B in the agrocin 84 (a fraudulent adenine nucleotide) bioassay. Because of the limited number of genes in the T-DNA, a generalization is proposed, whereby all opines will be found to comprise two common plant cell constituents linked in an uncommon manner by the minimum number of enzymes. PMID- 6746667 TI - A monoclonal antibody to a membrane glycoprotein binds only to activated platelets. AB - Rearrangements of membrane glycoproteins are believed to occur during platelet activation, but these changes have not been well defined. We have developed a monoclonal antibody, named S12, which demonstrates dramatically enhanced binding to platelets after thrombin activation. Unstimulated gel-filtered platelets from 12 normal individuals bound only 800 +/- 470 (S.D.) 125I-S12 molecules/cell, while platelets stimulated with 0.5 unit/ml of thrombin bound 9,600 +/- 2,600 molecules/cell (KD = 1.5 nM). Increasing thrombin concentrations produced similar increases in platelet 125I-S12 binding and [14C]serotonin secretion. S12 binding was not dependent on divalent cations. ADP and epinephrine, which caused no [14C]serotonin secretion, had little or no effect on S12 binding. We isolated the S12 binding protein by affinity chromatography of Lubrol PX-solubilized human platelet membranes on S12-agarose. When analyzed by sodium dodecyl sulfate polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis, the isolated protein stains with both periodic acid-Schiff and Coomassie Blue and has an apparent molecular weight of 138,000 (unreduced) and 148,000 (reduced). After radioiodination of intact platelets the protein was also labeled, with apparently equal intensity in both control and thrombin-stimulated cells. The protein's staining, radiolabeling properties, and mobility on sodium dodecyl sulfate gels relative to glycoprotein IIb-IIIa fit previously defined criteria for membrane glycoprotein IIa. Our studies provide further evidence for alterations in membrane glycoproteins after platelet stimulation and suggest that S12 may serve as a useful probe of in vivo platelet activation. PMID- 6746668 TI - The chicken delta-crystallin gene family. Two genes of similar structure in close chromosomal approximation. AB - delta-Crystallin is a major protein product of the differentiated chicken lens. We have isolated two, non-allelic delta-crystallin genes using a recombinant bacteriophage/chicken genomic DNA library. There appear to be only these two delta-crystallin genes in the haploid chicken genome. Southern hybridization and R-loop analyses indicate that the two genes are oriented on the chromosome with similar 5'-3' polarity. delta 1, arbitrarily designated as the directionally 5' of the two genes, is 6.7 kilobases in length, while delta 2 is 9.2 kilobases. The two delta-crystallin genes are about 4.2 kilobases apart. Structurally, both genes are arranged in a similar and characteristic pattern of 17 exons/16 introns, as judged by electron microscopy. The delta-crystallin gene locus represents a simple model for the study of structural co-evolution and/or functional co-expression of two related genes within a developmentally modulated region of the genome. PMID- 6746669 TI - Evidence for a role of myosin phosphorylation in the initiation of the platelet shape change response. AB - When platelets were stimulated with ADP to cause shape change without aggregation or secretion, myosin 20,000-Da light chain phosphorylation was rapid and appeared to precede slightly the shape change response. While the shape of the platelets remained spheroidal, myosin phosphorylation was transient and after 2-5 min returned to the same level as that of unstimulated cells. Phosphorylation of the 47,000-Da platelet protein was minimal under these conditions. The phosphorylation time course was not altered by the addition of indomethacin or allowing the cells to aggregate. The dose-response curve of myosin phosphorylation very closely paralleled that of shape change with a midpoint at 0.7 microM ADP. ATP, a competitive antagonist of ADP, inhibited both shape change and myosin phosphorylation with the same concentration of ATP causing 50% inhibition of each response. Similarly, when platelets were stimulated with either 15-hydroxy-9,11-azo-prostadienoic acid or collagen, myosin phosphorylation slightly preceded shape change. These results suggest that myosin phosphorylation is required for the initial change in platelet shape but is not necessary for maintenance of the spherical shape. PMID- 6746670 TI - Cathepsins B and H from porcine spleen. Purification, polypeptide chain arrangements, and carbohydrate content. AB - Procedures for the purification of cathepsins B and H from porcine spleens have been described. The purified porcine cathepsin B (Mr = 27,000) is predominantly a two-chain enzyme with a heavy chain (Mr = 22,000) and a light chain (Mr = 5,000). It also contains two minor forms of cathepsin B with different chain structures. Porcine cathepsin H is a single-chain enzyme with a molecular weight of 25,000. The carbohydrate analyses showed that these enzymes were glycoproteins. A glycopeptide containing 3 amino acids, 2 glucosamines, and 6 mannoses was isolated from cathepsin H. Proton NMR studies revealed that it contained a mixture of 4 high mannose-type of oligosaccharides characteristic of those found on lysosomal enzymes. The carbohydrate of cathepsin B consisted of a single residue of glucosamine and trace mannose. This sugar content is in agreement with the finding that about 80% of the porcine spleen cathepsin B contained a single N acetylglucosamine while 20% of the enzyme contained a 5-sugar oligosaccharide (Takahashi, T., Schmidt, P. G. and Tang, J. (1984) J. Biol. Chem. 259, 6059 6062). Thus, the studies on carbohydrate contents also indicated the good purity of the enzymes. PMID- 6746672 TI - Electron microscopy and hydrodynamic properties of blood clotting factor V and activation fragments of factor V with phospholipid vesicles. AB - The electron microscopic and hydrodynamic properties of factor V and factor Va vesicle complexes were determined. Images of negatively stained factor V bound to vesicles showed the protein as a relatively large globular domain (9.5 nm diameter) connected to the membrane through a narrow protein region 0.5-3 nm in length. This connecting region was not always visible and was measured as the distance between the globular region and the apparent vesicle edge. Factor V protein alone usually appeared as two connected globular regions of 10.2 and 6.5 nm diameter. The two-domain protein structure appeared consistent with both the image of factor V alone and bound to the membrane. Factor V had no biological activity in a phospholipid-free prothrombinase assay system used. The proteolytically activated form of factor V generated by digestion with thrombin (factor Va) was at least 30,000 times more active. The electron microscopic images of factor Va-vesicle complexes showed a smaller protein that was more closely associated with the vesicle surface than was factor V. The light chain (Mr about 80,000) component of factor Va also bound to the surface of the vesicles and appeared to be largely external to the membrane. Protein-induced hydrodynamic radius changes for the factor V-vesicle and factor Va-vesicle complexes were 12.8 and 6.3 nm, respectively. The images observed in the electron microscope were used to calculate protein-induced radius changes. Comparison of these values with the experimentally determined hydrodynamic radius changes showed approximate agreement for factor Va-membrane complexes. However, the images of factor V-vesicle complexes suggested smaller hydrodynamic radius changes than were actually observed. PMID- 6746671 TI - Characterization of a protein synthesis system from rat liver. Translation of endogenous and exogenous messenger RNA. AB - An in vitro system prepared from rat liver postmitochondrial supernatant exhibits a high rate of protein synthesis for an extended period of time. This system initiates translation of either endogenous or exogenous mRNA, incorporates Met at a rate of 13 pmol/mg of postmitochondrial supernatant protein/min, maintains this rate for at least 90 min, and performs several rounds of translation/mRNA molecule. Up to 50% of the activity is due to reinitiation of protein synthesis using endogenous mRNA. In addition, 60-70% of the protein synthesized was released from ribosomes into the medium. Addition of globin mRNA stimulates protein synthesis and results in the synthesis of a protein that comigrates with authentic rabbit globin. Black beetle virus mRNA 2 also stimulates protein synthesis and results in synthesis of a protein with molecular weight corresponding to that of the mature viral protein. With endogenous rat liver mRNA this system synthesizes a large number of proteins. PMID- 6746674 TI - What is congenital dislocation of the hip? PMID- 6746673 TI - In vitro and in vivo antiarrhythmic effects of prazosin in the rat. AB - The possible antiarrhythmic action of prazosin was studied on two experimental models: a focus of ectopic automaticity in the rat isolated right ventricle and arrhythmias induced by i.v. CaCl2 in anaesthetized animals. In vitro, prazosin at 10(-5)M abolished the ectopic automaticity focus in 83% of cases (10/12). The effects of prazosin were not modified by reserpine pretreatment. In vivo, prazosin modified the range of CaCl2 arrhythmias, reduced the mean control sinus rate (by 21.7% at 1 mg/kg), reduced incidence and mortality by ventricular fibrillation and lengthened survival time of animals that eventually died. The results indicate that antagonism of postsynaptic alpha 1-adrenoreceptors may partly explain the efficacy of prazosin against some experimental cardiac arrhythmias. PMID- 6746675 TI - Injuries to the cervical spine in schoolboys playing rugby football. PMID- 6746676 TI - Congenital dislocation of the hip and computerised axial tomography. AB - CT scans of 18 hips with typical congenital dislocation have been studied in 16 children. These show that the common position of dislocation is lateral, superior and slightly anterior, and that a "false acetabulum" can be distinguished even in young children. A defect in the posterior ischium causing distortion of the acetabulum was also present in most cases. The cartilage and the acetabular contents were well shown. Positions of reduction and the anteversion of the acetabulum and the femoral neck were studied. Hypotheses are presented on the mode of dislocation and on the cause of the pathological changes. PMID- 6746677 TI - Problems in the early recognition of hip dysplasia. AB - Ten children who had clinically stable hips at birth were radiographed at one month because they had factors predisposing to hip dislocation. In all cases one or both hips gave rise to a suspicion of dysplasia, though clinical abnormalities were slow to appear. Four of these hips subsequently dislocated. We believe that infants with late presentation of acetabular dysplasia and clinical abnormality belong to a different aetiological group from those with neonatal instability due to ligamentous laxity. The significance of this differentiation is that some infants presenting late have only recently dislocated, and the diagnosis has not necessarily been "missed" at neonatal examination. PMID- 6746678 TI - Derotation osteotomy in the management of congenital dislocation of the hip. AB - From 1956 to 1965, congenital dislocation of the hip was treated in a standard manner in 191 cases. Reduction and plaster immobilisation was followed by a period in a Batchelor type plaster in full medial rotation. Femoral neck anteversion was then corrected by derotation osteotomy. In 95 children 117 hips were treated in this way and have been reviewed annually for 18 to 27 years. In 1983 they were assessed; there were 101 hips with good clinical results; radiologically, on a modified Severin scale, 62 were good, 39 were fair and 16 were poor. Derotation osteotomy proved to be the stimulus for growth of the acetabular roof in most cases; its safety, ease of performance and predictability suggest that it is superior to other methods of correcting the dysplasia. PMID- 6746679 TI - The hip in the moulded baby syndrome. AB - The moulded baby syndrome comprises: head moulding (plagiocephaly); pelvic obliquity with unilateral loss of hip abduction in flexion; and occasionally scoliosis, torticollis and bat ears. The hips, however, are radiologically normal and do not require the treatment used in the management of congenital dislocation or dysplasia. A review of 67 hips confirms this finding. PMID- 6746680 TI - Ruptured femoral vein. A complication of the use of gentamicin beads in an infected excision arthroplasty of the hip. AB - Despite widespread use of gentamicin beads in the treatment of chronic infections of bone and soft tissue, no serious complications have been reported. This report describes a rupture of the femoral vein which occurred during the attempted removal of a chain of beads after radical excision of a chronically discharging Girdlestone arthroplasty. The patient later had a disarticulation at the hip. In the light of our experience with this and other cases we offer some suggestions as to the positioning of gentamicin beads, as well as the timing and method of their extraction. PMID- 6746681 TI - Injuries of the cervical spine in schoolboy rugby football. AB - Serious neck injury in rugby football is becoming more common, especially in schoolboys. We report five who presented with spinal cord damage between 1977 and 1983, two in the 1982-83 season. The mechanisms of injury, the treatment, and the outcome are discussed. We suggest measures to reduce the incidence of this most serious injury and draw attention to the appropriate management in the critical phase directly after injury. PMID- 6746682 TI - Surgical treatment of cervical spondylotic myelopathy complicating athetoid cerebral palsy. AB - Operative treatment was performed in nine patients with cervical spondylotic myelopathy complicating athetoid cerebral palsy. The first two patients were treated by laminectomy, and the other seven by anterior interbody fusion. The symptoms in both the laminectomy patients improved after operation, but became worse again when cervical instability developed; they then had to have an anterior fusion in addition. In six of the seven patients who had primary anterior fusion a halo-cast (or a halo-vest) was used to keep the cervical spine immobile, and good bony fusion was obtained with satisfactory results. However, in one patient no halo apparatus was used, bony union did not occur and the radiculopathy reappeared. In cervical myelopathy complicating athetoid cerebral palsy laminectomy is contra-indicated; anterior fusion combined with a halo apparatus is, however, satisfactory. PMID- 6746683 TI - Idiopathic scoliosis in three dimensions. A radiographic and morphometric analysis. AB - Eleven articulated scoliotic spines were examined radiographically and morphometrically. Measurement of the curve on anteroposterior radiographs of the specimens gave a mean Cobb angle of 70 degrees, though true anteroposterior radiographs of the deformity revealed a mean Cobb angle of 99 degrees (41% greater). Lateral radiographs gave the erroneous impression that there was a mean kyphosis of 41 degrees while true lateral projections revealed a mean apical lordosis of 14 degrees. Morphometric measurements confirmed the presence of a lordosis at bony level, the apical vertebral bodies being significantly taller anteriorly (P less than 0.02). There were significant correlations (P less than 0.01) between the true size of the lateral scoliosis, the amount of axial rotation and the size of the apical lordosis. This study illustrates the three dimensional nature of the deformity in scoliosis and its property of changing in character and magnitude according to the plane of radiographic projection. PMID- 6746684 TI - Intramedullary spinal cord tumours presenting as scoliosis. AB - Intramedullary spinal cord tumours may present as scoliosis without neurological signs. Those treating spinal deformities should be alert to this possible aetiology. The clinical features of 12 such cases are discussed with reference to early diagnosis and treatment. Patients with a painful scoliosis should be investigated with myelography as well as bone scintigraphy. Many intrinsic spinal cord tumours are now amenable to surgical removal. The prognosis for neurological recovery is poor once a severe deficit becomes established. The importance of early diagnosis and joint orthopaedic and neurosurgical management is emphasised. PMID- 6746685 TI - Excision of prolapse of thoracic intervertebral disc. A transthoracic technique. AB - A new technique for the transthoracic removal of a prolapsed intervertebral disc in the mid or lower thoracic spine is described. Investigations before operation include thoracic myelography, selective spinal angiography and CT scanning. Image intensification is used at operation to check the level of the prolapse. A tunnel in the coronal plane (vertebrotomy) is made through the posterolateral part of the disc and the adjacent vertebral bodies, to reach the spinal canal at the site of the prolapse. This gives good exposure and enables gentle removal of the disc prolapse and any associated osteophytes, under direct vision without need for retraction or pressure on the dura or spinal cord. Spinal stability is not compromised, and the blood supply of the cord is not disturbed. Five consecutive patients are reported, including one in whom the disc prolapse was calcified and had herniated into the spinal cord. All were treated successfully. PMID- 6746686 TI - The radiolucent line beneath the tibial components of the Oxford meniscal knee. AB - Radiolucent lines at the bone-cement interface beneath the tibial components were assessed in 91 consecutive Oxford meniscal knee replacements in 78 patients. Of 80 knees in which radio-opaque cement was used, a radiolucent line was observed in 77, with a radiodense line in the bone immediately adjoining. Radiolucent lines developed in the majority of patients within one year after operation. In 11 knees fixed with radiolucent cement (which precluded assessment of the radiolucent line) a radiodense line was observed beneath the lucent cement in all cases. Histological examination of the interface obtained from secure tibial components showed the lucent zone to be composed of fibrocartilaginous connective tissue and the radiodense line to be a thick lamella of bone. It is suggested that the living bone under a rigid prosthesis requires a layer of relatively compliant fibrocartilaginous material at its interface to accommodate load bearing. Attention is drawn to the importance of the radiodense line: its presence may constitute positive evidence that healing at the level of bone section is complete and that equilibrium is established; its absence at a mature interface may indicate disequilibrium and impending failure. PMID- 6746687 TI - Stability of union after tibial shaft fracture. Analysis by a non-invasive technique. AB - The stability of union following the conservative treatment of tibial shaft fractures has been examined in 157 patients by a non-invasive method. With this technique it is possible to ascertain when the fragments are united and whether the strength of union is sufficient for full weight-bearing without protection. The mean time required for union was 14.0 +/- 9.2 weeks, with a range of 4 to 48 weeks. In 31 cases union was judged to be delayed; in 22 of these, intended operations were avoided because repeated stability determinations indicated progressive union. Of nine fracture variables examined, the only ones which significantly affected the time required to achieve union were the age and the weight of the patient. Irrelevant factors were the type and level of the fracture, the energy of trauma, soft-tissue injury and the presence of multiple injuries. PMID- 6746688 TI - Diagnostic arthroscopy of the knee in children. AB - Seventy-two symptomatic knees were studied in 68 patients between 2 and 17 years of age. A firm clinical diagnosis was made in all knees before arthroscopy. The clinical diagnosis and the arthroscopic findings were compared to establish the accuracy of the clinical diagnosis. This was 42% in children under 13 years old (Group 1) and 55% in children between 14 and 17 (Group 2). Possible unnecessary arthrotomy was avoided in 58% of the knees in Group 1, and 31% of the knees in Group 2. The most common "incorrect" clinical diagnosis in Group 1 was that of a discoid lateral meniscus followed by a torn medial or torn lateral meniscus in that order. The most common "incorrect" diagnosis in Group 2 was a torn medial meniscus followed by a discoid lateral meniscus. It is considered that children presenting with knee symptoms should be managed by orthopaedic surgeons who are experienced in arthroscopic diagnosis. PMID- 6746689 TI - The treatment of fractures with a dynamic axial fixator. AB - The results obtained with a lightweight dynamic axial fixator in the treatment of fractures are reported. The apparatus comprises a single bar with articulating ends which clamp self-tapping screws and can be locked at an angle appropriate for axial alignment. A telescopic facility allows ready conversion from rigid to dynamic fixation once periosteal callus formation has commenced. Reduction and controlled distraction or compression are achieved by means of a detachable compressor unit. We treated 288 patients with fresh fractures and 50 with ununited fractures. The success rate for fresh fractures was 94%, with average healing times ranging from 3.4 to 6.5 months. In ununited fractures also, the success rate was 94% with average healing times ranging from 4.7 to 6.5 months. Complications were minimal. The device is versatile and can be applied in an average of 15 minutes. It permits ambulatory fracture care without sacrificing a sound anatomical result. PMID- 6746691 TI - Clinical assessment of instability of the shoulder. With special reference to anterior and posterior drawer tests. AB - Anterior and posterior drawer tests of the shoulder are described. Their purpose is to detect anterior and posterior shoulder instability and thereby to eliminate some of the failures of operative treatment. Their value in assessing unidirectional and multidirectional instability both before and after operation is discussed. PMID- 6746690 TI - The management of equinus deformity in Duchenne muscular dystrophy. AB - Equinus deformity of the ankle is one of the serious orthopaedic problems associated with Duchenne muscular dystrophy. Sixty-nine patients (age range 4 to 17 years) were treated, 43 conservatively and 26 operatively. They were followed up at six-monthly intervals for a minimum of two years and a maximum of six years. The patients were divided into three groups: independently mobile, mobile in calipers, and wheelchair-bound. It was found that conservative treatment could at best only minimise progression of the deformity. The indications for surgery, the operative procedure and the postoperative management are described; all varied according to the stage of the disease. The postoperative follow-up suggests that, though the deformity recurs, the patients have several years of benefit from the procedure. PMID- 6746692 TI - Bilateral avascular necrosis of the capitate. A case report and a review of the literature. AB - A case of bilateral avascular necrosis of the capitate is presented. A review of the literature has identified a clear-cut clinical syndrome. The aetiology and pathology of this syndrome is discussed and a new method of treatment is proposed. PMID- 6746693 TI - Traumatic floating clavicle. A case report. AB - Dislocation of both ends of the clavicle simultaneously is an injury usually sustained in a major accident; in this unusual case it resulted from a minor fall at home. The mechanism of injury and the treatment are discussed. PMID- 6746694 TI - Untreated intra-articular entrapment of the medial humeral epicondyle. AB - Six children with entrapment of the medial epicondyle in the elbow after closed reduction of a posterior dislocation were seen an average of 14 weeks after injury. The elbows were painful and the average range of flexion was 22 degrees. Two children had ulnar nerve involvement which recovered after operation. The epicondyle was removed from the joint and either reattached to the humerus or excised, and the muscles reattached. Two children had anterior transposition of the ulnar nerve, one for pre-operative hyperaesthesia, and the other to relieve tension on the nerve. At follow-up, at an average of 15 months after operation, flexion had increased fivefold, none of the children had pain and all were leading normal lives. PMID- 6746695 TI - Supracondylar osteotomy of the humerus for correction of cubitus varus. AB - Cubitus varus is the most common complication of supracondylar fracture of the humerus in children. Although function of the elbow is not greatly impaired, the deformity is unsightly. It usually results from malunion, since growth disturbance of the humerus after this fracture is uncommon. The normal carrying angle can be restored by supracondylar osteotomy. This operation was done in 32 patients over a ten-year period, 16 of them using the technique described by French (1959). The results in 27 patients are reviewed in the light of previous reports. French's method proved safe and satisfactory. PMID- 6746696 TI - Chronic sclerosing osteomyelitis. An unusual case. AB - An unusual case of bilateral chronic sclerosing osteomyelitis of the clavicles is reported. A culture of resistant Staphylococcus aureus was obtained. Curettage of the lesions resulted in healing and symptomatic relief. There has been no recurrence on follow-up at one year. PMID- 6746698 TI - Experimental epiphysial distraction producing and correcting angular deformities. AB - Angular deformities of the distal radius of 15 sheep were induced by asymmetrical epiphysial distraction. Eleven sheep were between 10 and 20 weeks old; four were older than 24 weeks. Gradual distraction on the medial side of the limb caused partial separation of the epiphysis from the metaphysis, resulting in a valgus deformity. The distraction device was removed three to six weeks after insertion. Spontaneous correction of angulation with growth occurred in the younger sheep; but when the induced valgus angle exceeded 20 degrees correction was poor. In two sheep further distraction was applied on the lateral side and this produced complete correction. Premature closure of epiphyses did not occur after distraction and longitudinal growth of the bone remained normal. In the older sheep asymmetrical distraction succeeded in inducing angulation in only one case, and correction was poor. PMID- 6746697 TI - Morton's metatarsalgia. Clinical, electrophysiological and histological observations. AB - In an attempt to improve the accuracy of diagnosis, 16 patients suffering from Morton's metatarsalgia were investigated clinically and electrophysiologically. The histological findings were related to these observations. The precise aetiology of Morton's metatarsalgia remains obscure, but the findings are compatible with an entrapment syndrome. Nerve conduction studies have a place in the investigation of patients with atypical presentation of pain in the foot. Further refinement of the electrophysiological technique should be possible. PMID- 6746699 TI - Fistula between the hip and the caecum. AB - A patient is reported who developed a fistula between the hip and the caecum 39 years after arthrodesis of her hip. She presented with a painful right hip and radiographs showed that the Smith-Petersen nail used for arthrodesis had moved up through the acetabulum and into the pelvic cavity. The nail was removed but within a week a fistula which discharged alimentary contents had developed between the hip and the caecum. The patient was treated conservatively, and three weeks later the fistula had closed. PMID- 6746701 TI - A study of betel quid carcinogenesis. IV. Analysis of the saliva of betel chewers: a preliminary report. AB - Betel quid chewing is strongly associated with cancer of the oral cavity, especially when tobacco is added to the quid. It is our working hypothesis that, during chewing, Areca-derived N-nitrosamines are formed and, in the presence of tobacco, Nicotiana-specific N-nitrosamines are formed as well and further that these agents may contribute to the high risk of oral cancer in betel-quid chewers. This preliminary report presents our finding of N-nitrosoguvacoline in the saliva of betel-quid chewers (2.2-350 ppb). When the quid contains tobacco, the tobacco-specific N-nitrosamines, N'-nitrosonornicotine (1.2-38.3 ppb), N' nitrosoanatabine (3.2-39.5 ppb), and 4-(methylnitrosamino)-1-(3-pyridyl)-1 butanone (1.0-2.3 ppb) are also found in the saliva. PMID- 6746700 TI - Sequential cellular changes during chemical carcinogenesis. AB - Phenotypically altered, preneoplastic cell populations were detected by micromorphological and cytochemical methods in a number of tissues treated with various chemical carcinogens. Further cellular analysis of carcinogenesis has shown that different cellular phenotypes follow each other during tumor development. Thus, stages of the neoplastic transformation leading from preneoplastic to early and advanced neoplastic cells can be observed directly. The cellular changes preceding the various tumor types suggest that cytologically different neoplasms have also a different cytogenesis. The identification of putative preneoplastic and early neoplastic cell populations by morphological and cytochemical methods allows for the first time the dissection and subsequent detailed investigation of target cells of chemical carcinogens that are at high risk of becoming cancer cells. Recent results of the cytochemical and biochemical microanalysis of preneoplastic hepatocytes support the concept that the well known aberration of carbohydrate metabolism in tumor cells might occur in response to a carcinogen-induced metabolic derangement, which frequently appears to be associated with an excessive storage of polysaccharides or lipids persisting for weeks and months until fast-growing tumors develop. The increasing reports on the appearance of hepatic tumors in humans suffering from inborn hepatic glycogenosis agree with this hypothesis. Whereas the cause of the persisting storage phenomena is most probably fixed at the genetic level, epigenetic changes, namely an adaptation of cellular enzymes gradually activating alternative metabolic pathways, might be responsible for the ultimate neoplastic transformation of the cell. PMID- 6746702 TI - Tumors of the nasal cavities induced in rats by 2,2-dioxopropyl-N propylnitrosamine. Comparative aspects with man. AB - Weekly SC administration of 2,2-dioxopropylnitrosamine to 88 Sprague-Dawley rats resulted in the induction of 76 separate neoplasms in the respiratory region of the nasal cavities. No tumors of the olfactory region were found. Histologically there were 37 squamous papillomas, 17 transitional papillomas, and 22 squamous cell carcinomas. These tumors were compared with a selected group of 53 related human tumors of the nasal and paranasal cavities, consisting of 11 squamous cell papillomas, 13 transitional papillomas, and 29 squamous cell carcinomas. While the experimental squamous cell papillomas showed a striking histological resemblance with the squamous papillomas observed in man, none of the experimental transitional papillomas had evidence of the characteristics inverted pattern seen in humans; nevertheless, the experimental tumors showed signs of incomplete squamous metaplasia and preservation of intraepithelial secretory glands, features commonly seen in transitional papillomas of man. The squamous cell carcinomas of this experiment were very similar to the corresponding human tumors in morphology and sex incidence. In both species a significant number of squamous cell carcinomas were keratinizing and of a high grade of histological malignancy. In addition, 69% of the human squamous cell carcinomas occurred in the male sex, and 72% of the experimental carcinomas developed in males. This comparative study suggests that further studies investigating the significance of nitrosamines as suspected etiologic factors of nasal carcinogenesis in man may be useful. PMID- 6746703 TI - Occurrence in human urine of new sulphur-containing N-nitrosamino acids N nitrosothiazolidine 4-carboxylic acid and its 2-methyl derivative, and their formation. AB - To quantitate endogenous nitrosation reactions in man, the quantity of N nitrosoproline (NPRO) excreted in the urine after ingestion of proline and/or nitrate was estimated. When this monitoring method (NPRO test) was applied in clinical and field studies, several hitherto unidentified N-nitroso compounds were frequently detected. These were recently identified as sulphur-containing N nitrosamino acids, N-nitrosothiazolidine 4-carboxylic acid (NTCA), and trans- and cis-isomers of N-nitroso-2-methylthiazolidine 4-carboxylic acid (NMTCA). NTCA and NMTCA were readily formed in vitro following nitrosation at acidic pH of the respective precursor, thiazolidine 4-carboxylic acid (TCA) or of 2 methylthiazolidine 4-carboxylic acid (MTCA). As the latter compounds can be formed by reaction of L-cysteine with formaldehyde or acetaldehyde, respectively, NTCA and NMTCA were also formed by reacting L-cysteine with the respective aldehyde and with nitrite at optimal pH (2.5 for NTCA and 4.5 for NMTCA). Up to 95% of NTCA and NMTCA given orally to fasted rats was recovered as such in urine and faeces within 2 days. Administration of TCA or MTCA, together with nitrite increased the urinary excretion of NTCA and NMTCA, as did co-administration of L cysteine, nitrite, and the respective aldehyde. NTCA and NMTCA were also detected in the 24-h urine of human volunteers, and smokers tended to excrete higher levels than nonsmokers. Daily excretion levels varied, however, and a diet supplemented with ascorbic acid significantly decreased the total amount of nitrosamino acids. NTCA and NMTCA may occur in human urine as a result of (i) intake of preformed N-nitroso compounds; (ii) intake of thiazolidine 4-carboxylic acid or its 2-methyl derivative and subsequent nitrosation in vivo; (iii) endogenous two-step synthesis by the reaction of L-cysteine with the respective aldehyde and a nitrosating agent. Thus, measurement of NTCA and NMTCA together with NPRO in urine may provide an index for the exposure of human subjects to nitrosamines or their precursors, i.e., nitrosating agents, certain aldehydes, or aldehyde-generating compounds. Our data demonstrate unequivocally that N-nitroso compounds are formed in the human body, as suggested previously by Druckrey. Their relevance to human cancer at specific sites should now be investigated. PMID- 6746704 TI - Biochemical mechanisms on species differences in gastric carcinogenesis. AB - The biochemical denitrosation of N-methyl-N'-nitro-N-nitrosoguanidine (MNNG) in tissues from four strains of rat, inbred Buffalo, Lewis, B-N, and the random-bred Sprague-Dawley, with different sensitivities to MNNG-induced gastric carcinomas was investigated as a possible explanation for the species/strain differences in MNNG-induced carcinogenesis. An analytical HPLC method was developed to assay denitrosation of MNNG to N-methyl-N'-nitroguanidine (MNG) by cytosolic, microsomal, mitochondrial, and nuclear cell fractions. All the activity was contained in the microsomal and cytosolic fractions, with the major portion occurring in the cytosol. The activity in both fractions was NADPH-dependent, but denitrosation was not reduced by inhibitors of the cytochrome P-450 system. Denitrosation of MNNG post-mitochondrial supernatant (S9) fractions from liver, glandular stomach mucosa, and duodenal mucosa of the four rat strains was determined. In all strains, denitrosation activities were highest in liver. Comparisons between the three strains most sensitive to MNNG-induced gastric carcinogenesis indicated no large differences for any tissue. However, Buffalo, the most resistant strain, did have a higher level of denitrosating activity in all three tissues, which is consistent with the hypothesis that higher levels of detoxifying enzymes may lead to a decreased incidence of tumors. On the other hand, denitrosation accounts for less than 3% of the MNNG that disappears during the incubation period so that the relevance of denitrosation as a mechanism in strain-specific sensitivity to MNNG-induced gastric carcinoma requires additional studies. PMID- 6746705 TI - Evaluation of new estrogen-linked 2-chloroethylnitrosoureas. I. Short term anticancer efficacy in methylnitrosourea-induced rat mammary carcinoma and hormonal activity in mice. AB - Short-term treatment of N-methyl-N-nitrosourea-induced mammary carcinomas in Sprague-Dawley rats with estradiol-linked nitrosoureas shows that the compounds in which the cytotoxic group is linked to position 17 of estradiol are superior to the 3-ester analogue. Moreover, N-(2-chloroethyl)-N-nitroso-carbamoyl (CNC)-L alanyl-L-alanine-estradiol-3-ester is more effective and less toxic than CNC-L alanine-estradiol-3-ester, being equivalent to ovariectomy in its therapeutic efficacy. Unlinked CNC-amino acid or-dipeptide in admixture with estradiol is less effective. Linked compounds at therapeutic dosages display estrogenic activity. PMID- 6746706 TI - Carcinogenic activity of condensate from coloquint seeds (Citrullus colocynthis) after chronic epicutaneous administration to mice. AB - In the Sahelian countries coloquint seed tar is used in traditional medicine. A condensate from the seed of Citrullus colocynthis was obtained in a camel nomad settlement. It contained a large number of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons, including known carcinogens [e.g., benzo(a)pyrene, benz(a)anthracene, benzo(b)fluoranthene, benzo(j)fluoranthene]. The dose-related carcinogenic activity of this condensate was established after chronic epicutaneous application to mouse skin. We conclude that the manufacture and use of coloquint tar and related compounds may involve a health hazard and could lead to the development of cancer. PMID- 6746707 TI - Volatile nitrosamines in the main stream smoke of black tobacco. AB - The cigarettes studied are smoked through an automatic device. The mainstream smoke is trapped in Citrate-Phosphate buffer pH 4.5 containing 20 mM ascorbic acid. The volatile nitrosamines are extracted in dichloromethane, purified on alumina column, then analysed by gas-chromatography with a thermal energy analyzer (TEA) detector. The two main volatile nitrosamines quantified are: Nitrosodimethylamine and Nitrosopyrrolidine. PMID- 6746708 TI - Contamination of toiletries and cosmetic products with volatile and nonvolatile N nitroso carcinogens. AB - Commercially available cosmetics and toiletries were analyzed for contamination with volatile and nonvolatile N-nitrosamines. Of a total of 145 samples analyzed 50 were found to contain N-nitrosodimethylamine (max. value found 24 micrograms/kg), 26 samples were contaminated with N-nitrosomorpholine (max. value found 640 micrograms/kg), and 25 samples contained N-nitrosodiethanolamine, a non volatile carcinogen (max. value found 1400 micrograms/kg). These results are discussed and compared with other published data on NDE1A in cosmetics, with reference to potential human exposure and to possible preventive measures. PMID- 6746709 TI - Cytostatic activity of steroid linked nitrosoureas. AB - First investigations on the therapeutic activity of a new group of steroid-linked N-(2-chloroethyl)-N-nitrosocarbamoyl-L-alanine esters (CNC-L-alanine esters) in a nitrosourea-sensitive rat leukemia (L 5222) characterized by a relatively high content of glucocorticoid binding sites are presented. Despite a considerable range of optimal and toxic doses of the different analogs, the respective therapeutic ratios do not appear to be significantly influenced by the nature of the carrier molecules to which CNC-L-alanine is attached. However several steroid linked representatives are distinctly more active than CNC-L-alanine. The androsterone-3-ester and the dihydrotestosterone-17-ester, in particular effected high percentages of cures in contrast to CNC-L-alanine. PMID- 6746710 TI - Dose-response study of urinary bladder carcinogenesis in rats by N-butyl-N-(4 hydroxybutyl)nitrosamine. AB - A dose-response study was carried out in male F344 rats with a specific urinary bladder carcinogen, N-butyl-N-(4-hydroxybutyl)nitrosamine (BBN), which was administered as a solution in drinking water for up to 112 weeks. BBN was given in four different concentrations, 50, 10, 5, and 1 ppm, to groups of 30 rats. The highest dose induced urinary bladder cancer in all rats treated by week 91, decreasing yields being associated with lower dose levels: an incidence of 76.7% was observed with 10 ppm, followed by 20.0% with 5 ppm. The lowest dose (1 ppm) only induced two cases of papilloma (6.9%). PMID- 6746711 TI - Immuno-slot-blot: a highly sensitive immunoassay for the quantitation of carcinogen-modified nucleosides in DNA. AB - We have established a highly sensitive immuno-slot-blot (ISB) procedure that can be routinely applied for detection and quantitation of any heat- or alkali-stable structural DNA modification (caused by carcinogens or mutagens, for example) for which a specific (monoclonal) antibody (MAB) is available. The essential step in this assay is the immobilization on nitrocellulose filters of the structurally modified DNA in its single-stranded form. The immobilized DNA is first reacted with an MAB specifically directed against a particular modified DNA component (e.g., an alkyldeoxynucleoside), and thereafter with a second antibody directed against the first one. The second antibody can be either labeled with 125I or linked to an enzyme complex capable of eliciting a color reaction with a suitable substrate. The sensitivity of the ISB is demonstrated for two different alkyldeoxynucleosides, O6-ethyldeoxyguanosine (O6-EtdGuo) and O4 ethyldeoxythymidine (O4-EtdThd), both of which are produced in cellular DNA exposed to the alkylating N-nitroso carcinogen N-ethyl-N-nitrosourea and both of which represent DNA lesions miscoding during DNA replication and transcription. Using anti-(O6-EtdGuo) and anti-(O4-EtdThd) MABs, respectively, O6-EtdGuo and O4 EtdThd are detected at levels as low as greater than or equal to 0.3 X 10(-15) mol O6-EtdGuo/3 micrograms DNA (O6-EtdGuo/deoxyguanosine molar ratio in DNA, greater than or equal to 2 X 10(-7) ) and greater than or equal to 0.1 X 10(-15) mol of O4-EtdThd/3 micrograms DNA (O4-EtdThd/deoxythymidine molar ratio in DNA, greater than or equal to 4 X 10(-8) ). PMID- 6746712 TI - Some actual aspects of tumor induction and promotion. AB - Quantitative data on chemical carcinogenesis illustrate how difficult it is to decide whether there are thresholds for complete carcinogens. With tumor promoters there probably are safe levels, but these are difficult to determine. The results recorded in the experiments of Fibiger, in which tumors of the stomach were seen, could have been caused by the tumor-promoting effects of a biological agent. PMID- 6746713 TI - Repair and replication of DNA in rat brain and liver during foetal and post-natal development, in relation to nitroso-alkyl-urea induced carcinogenesis. AB - The susceptibility of rat brain to induction of cancer by N-nitroso-N-ethyl-urea (NEU) increases dramatically from a very low level in the 12 day foetus to a maximum at the time of birth, and then decreases with age. Liver tumors are rarely induced by a single treatment with NEU at any age. If induction of cancer by nitroso-alkyl-ureas depends on replication of DNA containing the mispairing base O6-alkylguanine, susceptibility would reflect the balance between the protective effect of removal of the base by repair mechanisms and the potentiating effect of cell replication. The capacity of tissues to remove O6 alkyl-guanine from DNA depends on the amount of alkyl acceptor protein (AAP) present. To study the concept that carcinogenesis results from replication of alkylated DNA, the AAP contents and relative rates of DNA replication were studied in brain and liver of rats at various stages of development, from the 12 day foetus to the 48 week old rat. Replication in liver was approximately ten times higher than in intra-cranial contents at each stage of development studies. The AAP content was higher in the 12 day foetal brain than later, decreasing to low levels as susceptibility to NEU increased until the time of birth, and then remaining low in the adult. The peak sensitivity of brain therefore corresponds to the time at which AAP content is low and rate of DNA replication is high. With liver, AAP levels are low in the foetus, although higher than in brain, and increase after birth. The higher level of AAP in the foetal liver compared with that of brain is possibly sufficient to explain why cancer is not induced in liver in spite of the high rate of DNA replication. The results are consistent with the concept that replication of alkylated DNA is an essential event in initiation. There may be no quantitative relationship between replication and repair and susceptibility to cancer on comparison of different tissues, owing to the fact that, at the cellular level, cancer is a rare event. The amount of mispairing at replication necessary to bring it about may depend on the detailed organisation of the genome, and hence on cell type. PMID- 6746714 TI - O6-methylguanine repair in liver cells in vivo: comparison between G1- and S phase of the cell cycle. AB - To compare the formation and persistence of alkylated DNA bases in the G1- and S phase compartments in liver in vivo, regenerating rat liver was exposed to [14C]dimethylnitrosamine (0.57 mg/kg, IP injection) or N-[methyl14C]-N nitrosourea (3.3 mg/kg, intraportal injection) during the G1 phase of the cell cycle (12 h after partial hepatectomy), or at 24 h after partial hepatectomy with 30% hepatocytes in DNA synthesis, or at 43 h after partial hepatectomy, 4 h after an hydroxyurea block from 14 to 39 h after operation with 80% hepatocytes in DNA synthesis. At 120 min after dimethylnitrosamine and 90 s, 5, 10, or 60 min after the intraportal pulse of N-methyl-N-nitrosourea the molar fractions of 7 methylguanine (7megua), O6-methylguanine (O6megua), and 3-methyladenine (3mead) and of metabolically labeled guanine were determined from DNA hydrolysates by Sephadex-G10 radiochromatography. After dimethylnitrosamine only minor differences were observed for 7megua formation in the three groups; the 3mead/7megua ratio remained constant irrespective of the number of cells in S phase. In contrast, the O6megua/7megua ratio revealed a loss of O6megua, the extent of which appeared proportional to the fraction of DNA-synthesizing cells in the liver. The rapid loss of O6megua in S-phase cells was confirmed after intraportal administration of N-methyl-N-nitrosourea. During the first 10 min after the methylnitrosourea pulse the O6megua/7megua ratio was constant in G1 cells and dropped from 90 s to 10 min by about 15% in liver containing 30% S phase cells and by about 40% with 80% cells in DNA synthesis. DNA-synthesizing hepatocytes are apparently endowed with a higher O6megua DNA transferase activity than nonproliferating liver cells. The rapid, though exhaustible elimination of O6megua during S-phase might result in partial protection of DNA-synthesizing cells from base-mispairing and/or from hypomethylation at G-C sites. PMID- 6746715 TI - Species differences in nitrosamine carcinogenesis. AB - The carcinogenic action of approximately 50 N-nitroso compounds, nitrosamines, and nitrosoalkylamides has been compared in rats and in Syrian golden hamsters. The compounds were administered PO, as far as possible at comparable dose rates. The relative potencies of the treatments were assessed mainly by the time to death of the animals with tumors. The esophagus and other parts of the upper gastrointestinal tract were the most common sites for tumor induction in rats, but the esophagus was hardly ever affected in hamsters, although several compounds induced tumors of the forestomach in both rats and hamsters. No conclusion could be drawn about the relative susceptibility of the rat and hamster to these N-nitroso compounds, which varied with different compounds. Few generalizations can be made about these results, although it appeared that the 2 hydroxypropyl group was usually necessary for the induction of pancreas tumors in hamsters. PMID- 6746716 TI - DNA methylation in maternal, fetal and neonatal rat tissues following perinatal administration of procarbazine. AB - The cytostatic drug procarbazine has previously been shown to be a potent transplacental neurotropic carcinogen in rats. Following a single IP administration of (14C-methyl)procarbazine (110 mg/kg) on day 22 of gestation, methylation products with cellular DNA were determined in fetal and maternal rat organs. The concentration of the major adduct N7-methylguanine was highest in the maternal liver (224 mumol/mol guanine). Fetal and nonhepatic maternal tissues exhibited significantly lower levels, but differed little from each other. In brain, lung, intestines, and placenta the O6-methylguanine/N7-methylguanine ratio was close to 0.11, indicating that procarbazine, like other methylating carcinogens, initiates malignant transformation via methyldiazonium hydroxide as the ultimate reactant. Following a single dose of (14C-methyl)procarbazine to newborn animals, methylpurine values were 30-60 times lower than after prenatal administration. This suggests that DNA alkylation in nonhepatic tissues occurs by systemic distribution of a proximate carcinogen formed in the adult rat liver. PMID- 6746717 TI - Exposures associated with cancer in humans. AB - The IARC programme on the evaluation of the risk of chemicals to humans was initiated in the late 1960s in response to the request made to the Agency for information on environmental carcinogens. The programme, which has been implemented with the advice and the collaboration of a large number of international experts, is focused on the production of monographs on individual chemicals, groups of chemicals or complex exposures. The programme will shortly include also the evaluation of risks related to some of the most widely spread cultural habits. It has been, and still is, the policy of the programme to consider only published information in relation to biological data relevant to the evaluation of carcinogenic risks. One of the main limitations with regard to the possibility of accurately evaluating cancer risks was shown to be the shortage of information on the level of exposure to carcinogenic risk factors. To overcome such limitations it would appear that a close and continuous collaboration between experimentalists and epidemiologists be maintained. PMID- 6746718 TI - Carcinogenicity of diethylnitrosamine in newborn, infant, and adult mice. AB - Modifying effects of age, sex, and mouse strain on diethylnitrosamine (DEN) carcinogenesis have been investigated in C57BL/6Jx C3HeB/FeJ F1 (B6C3F1) and C3HeB/FeJxA/J F1 (C3AF1) hybrid mice. Animals each received four IP injections of 1.5 or 3.0 micrograms DEN/g body weight. The first injections were administered on days 1, 15, or 42 of life. Subsequent treatments were delivered at 3-, 6-, and 6-day intervals, respectively. Mice were kept under observation for the remaining life-span. DEN treatment induced tumors in liver, lungs, and forestomach in descending order of frequency. The majority of the induced liver tumors were hepatocellular carcinomas. Animals treated as newborns and infants developed significantly more liver tumors than animals that were treated as young adults. Newborn and infant females developed liver tumors at a later age (B6C3F1) and with a lower incidence (C3AF1) than similarly treated males. The B6C3F1 mice developed more hepatocellular carcinomas and a higher rate of pulmonary metastases than the C3AF1 mice. In contrast, C3AF1 mice developed lung tumors with a higher incidence and multiplicity than B6C3F1 hybrids. Forestomach tumors were observed also with a slightly but significantly higher incidence in C3AF1 mice. PMID- 6746719 TI - The metabolism of N-nitrosomethylaniline. AB - The distribution in the body, rate of disappearance from organs, tissues, and blood, and excretion in the urine of N-nitrosomethylaniline (NMA, N nitrosophenylmethylamine) was investigated after various single doses given IP to rats. The compound was distributed fairly evenly throughout the body with no preferential concentration in the esophagus, its target organ for carcinogenicity. The high lipid solubility of NMA did not lead to any increased accumulation in adipose tissue. According to its rate of disappearance from circulating blood and tissues of rats, and from the whole bodies of mice after injection, NMA appeared to be rapidly metabolized. Methylaniline (MA), the parent amine, was found in the urine after administration of NMA but the amounts present were small relative to the dose of NMA. Administered MA was mainly excreted unchanged in the urine, suggesting that denitrosation of NMA could only be a minor metabolic pathway. No volatile nitrosamines were found in the urine or blood of rats given NMA, indicating that little, if any, transnitrosation could have occurred to yield these compounds. PMID- 6746720 TI - Comparative metabolism and carcinogenicity of ring-halogenated 3,3-dimethyl-1 phenyltriazenes. AB - The objective of this study was to compare urinary metabolism of parent 3,3 dimethyl-1-phenyltriazene with that of its ring-substituted 1-(4-chlorophenyl) 3,3-dimethyltriazene and 1-(2,4,6-trichlorophenyl)-3,3-dimethyltriazene congeners, in an attempt to evaluate the molecular requirements for systemic carcinogenic activity. Complementary carcinogenicity assays were conducted at low equimolar dose levels using both 4- und 2,4,6-chlorinated and brominated analogues. Ring halogenation was found to prolong metabolic detoxification and to reduce carcinogenic activity. PMID- 6746721 TI - Dose-response study of the carcinogenicity of tobacco-specific N-nitrosamines in F344 rats. AB - Tobacco and tobacco smoke contain relatively high amounts of four tobacco specific N-nitrosamines. Of these, N-nitrosonornicotine (NNN), 4 (methylnitrosamino)-1-(3-pyridyl)-1-butanone (NNK), and N'-nitrosoanatabine (NAT) were bioassayed at three dose levels by subcutaneous injections into male and female F344 rats in 60 subdoses amounting in total to 9,3, and 1 mmol/kg. Compared with the solvent control group (trioctanoin), both NNN and NNK induced significant numbers of tumors of the nasal cavity (P less than 0.01) at all three dose levels in both male and female rats. Significant numbers of tumors were also induced by NNK in the lung at all three dose levels and in the liver at the highest dose level (P less than 0.05). In addition to nasal tumors NNN also induced esophageal tumors at a significant rate in male rats at the high and medium dose levels and in female rats at the high level (P less than 0.05); NAT was inactive at the three doses tested. Bioassays at lower dose levels as well as biochemical studies are strongly indicated for NNN and NNK since these nitrosamines occur in relatively high amounts in both chewing tobacco and tobacco smoke. PMID- 6746722 TI - Pharmacokinetics and mechanism of action of detoxifying low-molecular-weight thiols. AB - A number of thiol compounds have been studied with reference to their selective protective action against urotoxic side-effects of oxazaphosphorine cytostatics. The uroprotective capacity is determined exclusively by the pharmacokinetic behavior of the compound. When given PO, all compounds tested were absorbable from the gut. Both thiols and disulfides are rapidly eliminated from the blood, but during their short half-life a number of unknown chemical reactions probably take place to maintain a physiological redox equilibrium. Elimination from the blood plasma occurs via two fundamentally different mechanisms: by distribution throughout the tissues and intracellular uptake or, alternatively, by rapid renal excretion. Most of the compounds tested belong to the first group: N acetylcysteine, carboxycysteine, disulfiram and its metabolite DDTC, glutathione, WR 2721, etc. Few compounds are quantitatively excreted through the urine: mesna, dimesna, and DA 12. Only these compounds were suitable for selective regional detoxification and for the prevention of oxazaphosphorine-induced urotoxic lesions. PMID- 6746724 TI - The cytoplasmic matrix and the integration of cellular function. Proceedings of a conference. Fogarty International Center, National Institutes of Health, 17-20 October 1893. PMID- 6746723 TI - On the active principles of the spurge family (Euphorbiaceae). V. Extremely skin irritant and moderately tumor-promoting diterpene esters from Euphorbia resinifera Berg. AB - The irritant and tumor-promoting principles were isolated from the latex of Euphorbia resinifera Berg. and from the resin derived from latex (euphorbium), which is commercially available as a drug. The irritant Euphorbia factors RL 5 (mixture), RL 6, RL 7, RL 8, and RL 10 were identified as tigliane-type 12 deoxyphorbol esters each bearing, in the 13 position, either long-chain, partially methyl-substituted acyl residues (10-16 carbon atoms) or short-chain acyl residues (4 or 5 carbon atoms) or a (substituted) phenylacetyl group with a 20-acetoxy group. Euphorbia factors RL 15 (mixture), RL 16, RL 17, RL 18, and RL 21 are the corresponding 20-deacetylated derivatives thereof. The irritant Euphorbia factors RL 11, RL 12, RL 22, RL 23 were characterized as esters of the tigliane type 12-deoxy-16-hydroxyphorbol, i.e., 13-0-phenylacetyl-16-0-benzoyl-12 deoxy16-hydroxyphorbol-20- acetate (RL 11) and 13, 16-0-phenylacetyl, tigloyl-12 deoxy-16-hydroxy-phorbol-20-acetate (RL 12), RL 22 and RL 23 representing the respective 20-deacetylated derivatives. A mixture of irritant factors, RL 13, was shown to represent long-chain 3-esters of ingenane-type ingenol with similar acyl residues (10-16 carbon atoms, partially methyl-substituted) to RL 5 (RL 15) above. A further group of E. resinifera factors was of the daphnane type: RL 9 was identified as the extremely irritant 9,13,14-orthophenylacetate of resiniferonol-20-(4-hydroxy-3-methoxy)phenylacetate (Resiniferatoxin), RL 14 as the corresponding 9,13,14-orthophenylacetate of resiniferonol, and RL 20 as 14-0 phenylacetylresiniferonol-20-(4-hydroxy-3-methoxy)-phenylacet ate (Proresiniferatoxin). The irritant factors specified below were accompanied by nonirritant esters of the tigliane type 12,20-dideoxyphorbol, i.e., RL 1 and RL 2, and of the lathyrane type ingol, i.e., RL 3 and RL 4. In tumor promotion experiments the mixture of homologous irritant factors RL 13 was equipotent with the standard tumor promoter TPA, but at 10 times the dose of TPA. Several others of the irritant factors had low activity as tumor promotors, but of the few tumors obtained in these experiments a high percentage was malignant. The very high irritant activity of the latex may be ascribed to resiniferatoxin (RL 9), representing a new class of rapidly acting skin irritants. No promoting activity was detected on administration of the highly irritant resiniferatoxin. PMID- 6746725 TI - Properties of the 120,000- and 95,000-dalton actin-binding proteins from Dictyostelium discoideum and their possible functions in assembling the cytoplasmic matrix. AB - The cell cortex of Dictyostelium amebae contains an actin-rich cytoplasmic matrix. Changes in geometry of this matrix are believed to regulate protrusive activity and motility of the cell cortex. Two actin-binding proteins (120,000 and 95,000 daltons [120K and 95K]) are present in the cell cortex, and their properties, many of which are described here for the first time, suggest that they regulate growth and organization of cortical microfilaments. The 120K protein is a flexible dimer 35 nm in length with a native molecular mass of 241,000. It nucleates the polymerization of actin and crosslinks the filaments to form branched networks like those seen in situ in the cell cortex. The production of a branched network of short crosslinked filaments results in a lattice that would theoretically generate the maximum rigidity with minimum amount of polymer. This sort of lattice would be very useful as a space-filling cytoskeleton capable of resisting deformation. The 120K protein inhibits the actin-stimulated Mg ATPase of myosin. Competition for actin binding between 120K and myosin, the impenetrability of the 120K-actin network to myosin, and the rigidity of actin filaments that are crosslinked by 120K could all contribute to the decrease in the actin-stimulated Mg ATPase of myosin. The properties of 120K are consistent with a role for this protein in regulating the site of actin filament growth and gelation in the cell but not the assembly of actin-containing structures that would participate in force generation by a sliding-filament mechanism involving myosin. The 95K protein is a rigid dimer 40 nm in length with a native molecular mass of between 190,000 and 210,000. Its physical and antigenic properties lead us to conclude that the 95K protein is Dictyostelium alpha-actinin. Unlike 120K, it crosslinks actin filaments into lateral arrays and increases the actin stimulated Mg ATPase of myosin. Both activities are regulated by Ca2+. The properties of 95K are consistent with a role in organizing actin filaments in the cell into lateral arrays that are capable of efficient interaction with myosin to produce force for cell motility. PMID- 6746726 TI - Chromosome motion and the spindle matrix. PMID- 6746727 TI - Chromatophores--models for studying cytomatrix translocations. PMID- 6746728 TI - Water near intracellular surfaces. AB - In this paper we make the following points: Water is perturbed within several angstroms of the surfaces of soluble molecules. Removal of this water can require significant amounts of work, seen as an exponentially varying "hydration force" with respect to molecular separation. The favorable and specific attractions that occur in molecular assembly or in ligand binding imply that the specific association between the molecular surfaces is stronger than the association of those surfaces with water. The specificity of biochemical association is not simply a matter of protein-protein interaction but also of competing protein water interactions. Small structural changes in molecular surfaces can evoke large changes in the contact energy of hydrated surfaces; surface hydration and the energetics of water displacement are a likely mechanism for the contact specificity of intracellular associations integrating the cell matrix. PMID- 6746729 TI - Assembly associated with the cytomatrix. AB - Assembly in vivo has been studied both for endogenous cytoskeletal proteins and for several classes of viruses. Autoradiography of cytoskeletal proteins has shown that many associate with the cytoskeletal framework close to the time and place of synthesis. The cytoskeletal proteins rearrange after association with the cytoskeletal framework. Rearrangement in symmetrical giant cells occurs in a centrifugal and coherent pattern. Many of the cytoskeletal proteins associate cotranslationally, as shown by their puromycin resistance in a cell-free translation system. The assembly of several groups of viruses has been shown to be associated with various components of the cytoskeleton; whether such assembly is cotranslational has not yet been addressed directly. PMID- 6746730 TI - Interactions between glycolytic enzymes and components of the cytomatrix. AB - Evidence is provided that enzymes absorb to cellular structures in a wide range of tissues. In particular, the interactions between glycolytic enzymes and the microfilaments of the cytoplasm are described. The relevance of these interactions to the compartmentation of carbohydrate metabolism is discussed. Examples are given of the variations in degree of binding during alteration of tissue metabolism and, for individual glycolytic enzymes, during fetal development and differentiation. Overall, these data support the concept that metabolic activities in the cytoplasm have an organized structure. Just as the structural elements of the cytosolic compartment have evolved with the capacity to assemble and disassemble in response to the changing requirements of the organism, so the metabolic elements appear to have evolved a parallel system that provides for the appropriate positioning of an energy-producing sequence in relation to the specific, dynamic requirements of the cytoskeleton. PMID- 6746731 TI - Spatial organization of microtubule-organizing centers and microtubules. PMID- 6746732 TI - Kinetics and intermediates of marginal band reformation: evidence for peripheral determinants of microtubule organization. AB - The microtubules of the mature erythrocyte of the chicken are confined to a band at the periphery. Whole-mount electron microscopy after extraction reveals that the number of microtubules in each cell is almost the same. All the microtubules can be depolymerized by incubation in the cold, and the marginal band can be quantitatively and qualitatively reformed by return to 39 degrees C. These properties allow the reformation of the marginal band to be treated as an in vivo microtubule assembly reaction. The kinetics of this reaction and the intermediates detected during reformation suggest a mechanism of microtubule organization that is distinct from that observed in other cell types. Apparently only one or two growing microtubule ends are available for assembly--assembly is only detected at the cell periphery, even at early times--and there is no evidence of the participation of a microtubule-organizing center. PMID- 6746734 TI - The influence of light on cone disk shedding in the lizard, Sceloporus occidentalis. AB - The lizard, Sceloporus occidentalis has an all-cone retina. In lizards maintained on a 12-h light:12-h dark (12L:12D) cycle, a burst of cone outer segment (COS) shedding occurs 2 h after light offset (1400 h circadian time) (Young, R.W., 1977, J. Ultrastruct. Res. 61:172-72). In this investigation, we studied the effect of different lighting regimes on the pattern of cone disk shedding in this species. When lizards entrained to a 12L:12D cycle are kept in constant darkness (DD), the shedding peak is advanced approximately 2 h and the magnitude of shedding is reduced to 30% of control. COS increased in mean length from 12 micron in controls to 14 micron after one cycle in DD and maintained this length during a second cycle in DD. In constant light (LL), disk shedding was damped to approximately 10% of control values. Shedding synchrony in LL was also perturbed and therefore cyclic shedding bursts could not be distinguished. During LL there was a much larger increase in COS mean length than in DD. After one cycle of LL, COS length was 15 micron and after two cycles COS length exceeded 17 micron. When lizards entrained to 12L:12D are shifted to a 6L:18D regimen, the first shedding cycle is biphasic. The first peak of 5% shedding occurs 2 h after light offset whereas a second larger peak (13%) occurs according to the entrained schedule (1400 h). This manipulation separates out a dark-triggered and circadian shedding component, which is normally superimposed in lizards entrained to a 12L:12D cycle. When entrained lizards are placed in 36 h of LL followed by light offset, the peak shedding response after light offset is double the control response (53% vs. 27%). After 30 h of LL (lights off 90 degrees out of phase), there is a biphasic shedding response similar to the 6L:18D regimen although this time the dark-triggered shedding component is greater in magnitude then the circadian component. COS turnover is estimated by extrapolating from COS mean length increases during LL. From this method we obtained a 2.7-micron increase in COS length during each day in LL. If COS growth is not augmented during LL, this would yield a 4-5-d turnover time for the average 12.5-micron COS. PMID- 6746735 TI - Amino acid control of autophagic sequestration and protein degradation in isolated rat hepatocytes. AB - Sequestration of the inert cytosolic marker [14C]sucrose by sedimentable organelles was measured in isolated rat hepatocytes made transiently permeable to sucrose by means of electropermeabilization. Lysosomal integrity, protein degradation, autophagic sequestration, and other cellular functions were not significantly impaired by the electric treatment. Hepatocytes sequestered sucrose at an initial rate of approximately 10%/h, which is threefold higher than the estimated rate of autophagic-lysosomal protein degradation. Almost one-third would appear to represent mitochondrial fluid uptake; the rest was nearly completely and specifically inhibited by 3-methyladenine (3MA) and can be regarded as autophagic sequestration. A complete amino acid mixture was somewhat less inhibitory than 3MA, and partially antagonized the effect of the latter. This paradoxical effect, taken together with the high sequestration rate, may suggest heterogeneity as well as selectivity in autophagic sequestration. There was no detectable recycling of sequestered [14C]sucrose between organelles and cytosol. Studies of individual amino acids revealed histidine as the most effective sequestration inhibitor. Leucine may have a regulatory function, as indicated by its unique additive/synergistic effect, and a combination of Leu + His was as effective as the complete amino acid mixture. Asparagine inhibited sequestration only 20%, i.e., its very strong effect on overall (long-lived) protein degradation must partially be due to post-sequestrational inhibition. The lysosomal (amine-sensitive) degradation of short-lived protein was incompletely inhibited by 3MA, indicating a contribution from nonautophagic processes like crinophagy and endocytic membrane influx. The ability of an amino acid mixture to specifically antagonize the inhibition of short-lived protein degradation by AsN + GIN (but not by 3MA) may suggest complex amino acid interactions at the level of fusion between lysosomes and other vesicles in addition to the equally complex interactions at the level of autophagic sequestration. PMID- 6746733 TI - The eucaryotic aminoacyl-tRNA synthetase complex: suggestions for its structure and function. AB - Aminoacyl-tRNA synthetases from eucaryotic cells generally are isolated as high molecular weight complexes comprised of multiple synthetase activities, and often containing other components as well. A model is proposed for the synthetase complex in which hydrophobic extensions on the proteins serve to maintain them in their high molecular weight form, but are not needed for catalytic activity. The structural similarity of these enzymes to certain membrane-bound proteins, and its implications for synthetase localization and function in vivo, are discussed. PMID- 6746736 TI - Transcellular ion currents in the water mold Achlya. Amino acid proton symport as a mechanism of current entry. AB - Achlya, like other tip-growing organisms, generates an endogenous electrical current such that positive charge flows into the hyphal apex and exits from the trunk. The present study is concerned with the mechanism of current generation by hyphae growing in a defined, complete medium. The intensity of the current, measured in the extracellular medium with a vibrating probe, was unaffected by the removal of all the inorganic constituents of the growth medium. However, an increase in the external pH or the deletion of amino acids abolished the current. Removal of methionine alone diminished the current by two thirds. Hyphae also generated a longitudinal pH gradient in the extracellular medium; the region surrounding the tip was more alkaline than the bulk medium, whereas the region around the trunk was relatively acidic. These findings suggest that a flux of protons, dependent upon amino acids in the medium, carries current into the tip and creates the surrounding alkaline zone. The proton current appears to result from the transport of amino acids rather than their metabolism. Conditions that abolished the current also inhibited methionine uptake but had little effect on the respiratory rate. The findings imply a connection between the proton current and chemiosmotic energy transduction. We propose that protons flow into the hyphal tip through amino acid/proton symporters that are preferentially localized there. The proton flux energizes the uptake of amino acids into the growing zone and may also contribute to the polarization of hyphal growth. PMID- 6746737 TI - A study of chromosomal changes associated with amplified dihydrofolate reductase genes in rat hepatoma cells and their dedifferentiated variants. AB - We have examined the karyological consequences of dihydrofolate reductase gene amplification in a series of six rat hepatoma cell lines, all derived from the same clone. Cells of three of these lines express a series of liver-specific functions whereas those of three others fail to express these functions. Cells of each line have been subjected to stepwise selection for methotrexate resistance and, in most cases, resistance is associated with a 40-50-fold amplification of sequences hybridizing to a dihydrofolate reductase cDNA probe. In one line no modified chromosome is observed, whereas in two others the amplified genes are associated with an expanded chromosomal region. R-banding analysis of these karyotypes showed that few changes have occurred. These observations apply to two of the well-differentiated lines, and to a variant able to revert to the differentiated state. In contrast, in the two stably dedifferentiated hepatoma cell lines, amplified dihydrofolate reductase genes are found on large chromosomes of variable size, on ring chromosomes, and on chromosomes containing terminal, median, or multiple centromeres. We conclude that the nature of the chromosomal changes associated with dihydrofolate reductase gene amplification are the result of differences in cell lines rather than in the protocols employed for selection. PMID- 6746738 TI - Phalloidin enhances actin assembly by preventing monomer dissociation. AB - Incubation of the isolated acrosomal bundles of Limulus sperm with skeletal muscle actin results in assembly of actin onto both ends of the bundles. These cross-linked bundles of actin filaments taper, thus allowing one to distinguish directly the preferred end for actin assembly from the nonpreferred end; the preferred end is thinner. Incubation with actin in the presence of equimolar phalloidin in 100 mM KCl, 1 mM MgCl2 and 0.5 mM ATP at pH 7.5 resulted in a slightly smaller association rate constant at the preferred end than in the absence of the drug (3.36 +/- 0.14 X 10(6) M-1 s-1 vs. 2.63 +/- 0.22 X 10(6) M-1 s-1, control vs. experimental). In the presence of phalloidin, the dissociation rate constant at the preferred end was reduced from 0.317 +/- 0.097 s-1 to essentially zero. Consequently, the critical concentration at the preferred end dropped from 0.10 microM to zero in the presence of the drug. There was no detectable change in the rate constant of association at the nonpreferred end in the presence of phalloidin (0.256 +/- 0.015 X 10(6) M-1 s-1 vs. 0.256 +/- 0.043 X 10(6) M-1 s-1, control vs. experimental); however, the dissociation rate constant was reduced from 0.269 +/- 0.043 s-1 to essentially zero. Thus, the critical concentration at the nonpreferred end changed from 1.02 microM to zero in the presence of phalloidin. Dilution-induced depolymerization at both the preferred and nonpreferred ends was prevented in the presence of phalloidin. Thus, phalloidin enhances actin assembly by lowering the critical concentration at both ends of actin filaments, a consequence of reducing the dissociation rate constants at each end. PMID- 6746739 TI - Glycosyltransferase activities in Golgi complex and endoplasmic reticulum fractions isolated from African trypanosomes. AB - Highly enriched Golgi complex and endoplasmic reticulum fractions were isolated from total microsomes obtained from Trypanosoma brucei, Trypanosoma congolense, and Trypanosoma vivax, and tested for glycosyltransferase activity. Purity of the fractions was assessed by electron microscopy as well as by biochemical analysis. The relative distribution of all the glycosyltransferases was remarkably similar for the three species of African trypanosomes studied. The Golgi complex fraction contained most of the galactosyltransferase activity followed by the smooth and rough endoplasmic reticulum fractions. The dolichol-dependent mannosyltransferase activities were highest for the rough endoplasmic reticulum, lower for the smooth endoplasmic reticulum, and lowest for the Golgi complex. Although the dolichol independent form of N-acetylglucosaminyltransferase was essentially similar in all the fractions, the dolichol-dependent form of this enzyme was much higher in the endoplasmic reticulum fractions than in the Golgi complex fraction. Inhibition of this latter activity in the smooth endoplasmic reticulum fraction by tunicamycin A1 suggests that core glycosylation of the variable surface glycoprotein may occur in this organelle and not in the rough endoplasmic reticulum as previously assumed. PMID- 6746741 TI - High density of transmembrane glycoproteins on the flagellar surface of boar sperm cells. AB - Membrane halves of boar sperm flagella were produced by freeze-fracture and labeled in situ with concanavalin A and wheat germ agglutinin; the lectins were visualized with protein-gold complexes. Concanavalin A and wheat germ agglutinin binding sites partition with both protoplasmic and exoplasmic halves of the membrane. A high density of lectin marking was found on protoplasmic membrane halves; we conclude that the label corresponds to transmembrane glycoproteins that, on freeze-fracture, are dragged across the outer (exoplasmic) half of the phospholipid bilayer. Our demonstration of numerous transmembrane proteins in sperm flagella offers the structural setting for previous models on flagellar surface motility that postulate accessibility of motile membrane components to the submembranous cytoskeleton. PMID- 6746742 TI - Interaction of rat liver lysosomal membranes with actin. AB - Membranes were prepared from lysosomes purified 80-fold by centrifugation in a discontinuous metrizamide gradient. When salt-washed membranes were combined with rabbit muscle actin, an increase in viscosity could be measured using a falling ball viscometer. The lysosomal membrane-actin interaction was actin- and membrane concentration dependent and appeared to be optimal under presumed physiological conditions (2 mM MgCl2, 1 mM MgATP, neutral pH, and free calcium concentration less than 10(-8) M). The actin cross-linking activity of the membrane was optimal at pH 6.4. The interaction was maximal between 10(-7) and 10(-9) M free calcium ions and inhibited by approximately 50% at concentrations of calcium greater than 0.5 x 10(-7) M. The actin-lysosomal membrane interaction was destroyed if the membranes were pretreated with Pronase, or if the membranes were purified in the absence of protease inhibitors. The interaction was not destroyed if membranes were washed with high salt or extracted with KCl and urea. In addition, a sedimentation assay for the actin-lysosomal membrane interaction was also performed to corroborate the viscometry data. The results suggest the existence of an integral lysosomal membrane actin-binding protein. PMID- 6746740 TI - Components of Torpedo electric organ and muscle that cause aggregation of acetylcholine receptors on cultured muscle cells. AB - The synaptic portion of a muscle fiber's basal lamina sheath has molecules tightly bound to it that cause aggregation of acetylcholine receptors (AChRs) on regenerating myofibers. Since basal lamina and other extracellular matrix constituents are insoluble in isotonic saline and detergent solutions, insoluble detergent-extracted fractions of tissues receiving cholinergic input may provide an enriched source of the AChR-aggregating molecules for detailed characterization. Here we demonstrate that such an insoluble fraction from Torpedo electric organ, a tissue with a high concentration of cholinergic synapses, causes AChRs on cultured chick muscle cells to aggregate. We have partially characterized the insoluble fraction, examined the response of muscle cells to it, and devised ways of extracting the active components with a view toward purifying them and learning whether they are similar to those in the basal lamina at the neuromuscular junction. The insoluble fraction from the electric organ was rich in extracellular matrix constituents; it contained structures resembling basal lamina sheaths and had a high density of collagen fibrils. It caused a 3- to 20-fold increase in the number of AChR clusters on cultured myotubes without significantly affecting the number or size of the myotubes. The increase was first seen 2-4 h after the fraction was added to cultures and it was maximal by 24 h. The AChR-aggregating effect was dose dependent and was due, at least in part, to lateral migration of AChRs present in the muscle cell plasma membrane at the time the fraction was applied. Activity was destroyed by heat and by trypsin. The active component(s) was extracted from the insoluble fraction with high ionic strength or pH 5.5 buffers. The extracts increased the number of AChR clusters on cultured myotubes without affecting the number or degradation rate of surface AChRs. Antiserum against the solubilized material blocked its effect on AChR distribution and bound to the active component. Insoluble fractions of Torpedo muscle and liver did not cause AChR aggregation on cultured myotubes. However a low level of activity was detected in pH 5.5 extracts from the muscle fraction. The active component(s) in the muscle extract was immunoprecipitated by the antiserum against the material extracted from the electric organ insoluble fraction. This antiserum also bound to extracellular matrix in frog muscles, including the myofiber basal lamina sheath. Thus the insoluble fraction of Torpedo electric organ is rich in AChR-aggregating molecules that are also found in muscle and has components antigenically similar to those in myofiber basal lamina. PMID- 6746743 TI - Basal lamina formation by cultured microvascular endothelial cells. AB - The production of a basal lamina by microvascular endothelial cells (MEC) cultured on various substrata was examined. MEC were isolated from human dermis and plated on plastic dishes coated with fibronectin, or cell-free extracellular matrices elaborated by fibroblasts, smooth muscle cells, corneal endothelial cells, or PF HR9 endodermal cells. Examination of cultures by electron microscopy at selected intervals after plating revealed that on most substrates the MEC produced an extracellular matrix at the basal surface that was discontinuous, multilayered, and polymorphous. Immunocytochemical studies demonstrated that the MEC synthesize and deposit both type IV collagen and laminin into the subendothelial matrix. When cultured on matrices produced by the PF HR9 endodermal cells MEC deposit a subendothelial matrix that was present as a uniform sheet which usually exhibited lamina rara- and lamina densa-like regions. The results indicate that under the appropriate conditions, human MEC elaborate a basal lamina-like matrix that is ultrastructurally similar to basal lamina formed in vivo, which suggests that this experimental system may be a useful model for studies of basal lamina formation and metabolism. PMID- 6746744 TI - Effect of beta-D-xyloside on the glomerular proteoglycans. I. Biochemical studies. AB - The effect of p-nitrophenyl-beta-D-xylopyranoside on glomerular extracellular matrices (glomerular basement membrane and mesangial matrix) proteoglycans was studied. The proteoglycans of rat kidneys were labeled with [35S]sulfate in the presence or absence of beta-xyloside (2.5 mM) by using an isolated organ perfusion system. The proteoglycans from the glomeruli and perfusion medium were isolated and characterized by Sepharose CL-6B chromatography and by their behavior in CsCl density gradients. With xyloside treatment there was a twofold decrease in 35S-labeled macromolecules in the tissues but a twofold increase in those recovered in the medium as compared with the control. The labeled proteoglycans extracted from control kidneys eluted as a single peak with Kav = 0.25 (Mr = approximately 130,000), and approximately 95% of the radioactivity was associated with heparan sulfate proteoglycan (HS-PG), the remainder with chondroitin (or dermatan) sulfate proteoglycan (CS-PG). In the xyloside-treated kidneys, the proteoglycans extracted from the tissue eluted as two peaks, Kav = 0.25 (Mr = approximately 130,000) and 0.41 (Mr = approximately 46,000), which contained approximately 40 and approximately 60% of the total radioactivity, respectively. The first peak contained mostly the HS-PG (approximately 90%) while the second peak had a mixture of HS-PG (approximately 70%) and CS-PG (approximately 30%). In controls, approximately 90% of the radioactivity, mostly HS-PG, was confined to high density fractions of a CsCl density gradient. In contrast, in xyloside experiments, both HS-PG and CS-PG were distributed in variable proportions throughout the gradient. The incorporated 35S activity in the medium of xyloside-treated kidneys was twice that of the controls and had three to four times the amount of free chondroitin (or dermatan) sulfate glycosaminoglycan chains. The data suggest that beta-xyloside inhibits the addition of de novo synthesized glycosaminoglycan chains onto the core protein of proteoglycans and at the same time stimulates the synthesis of chondroitin or dermatan sulfate chains which are mainly discharged into the perfusion medium. PMID- 6746745 TI - Transport of a fluorescent phosphatidylcholine analog from the plasma membrane to the Golgi apparatus. AB - We have examined the internalization and degradation of a fluorescent analog of phosphatidylcholine after its insertion into the plasma membrane of cultured Chinese hamster fibroblasts. 1-acyl-2-(N-4-nitrobenzo-2-oxa-1,3-diazole) aminocaproyl phosphatidylcholine (C6-NBD-PC) was incorporated into the cell surface by liposome-cell lipid transfer at 2 degrees C. The fluorescent lipid remained localized at the plasma membrane as long as the cells were kept at 2 degrees C; however, when the cells were warmed to 37 degrees C, internalization of some of the fluorescent lipid occurred. Most of the internalized C6-NBD-PC accumulated in the Golgi apparatus although a small amount was found randomly distributed throughout the cytoplasm in punctate fluorescent structures. Internalization of the fluorescent lipid at 37 degrees C was blocked by the presence of inhibitors of endocytosis. Incubation of cells containing C6-NBD-PC at 37 degrees C resulted in a rapid degradation of the fluorescent lipid. This degradation occurred predominantly at the plasma membrane. The degradation of C6 NBD-PC resulted in the release of NBD-fatty acid into the medium. We have compared the internalization of the fluorescent lipid with that of a fluorescent protein bound to the cell surface. Both fluorescent lipid and protein remained at the plasma membrane at 2 degrees C and neither were internalized at 37 degrees C in the presence of inhibitors of endocytosis. However, when incubated at 37 degrees C under conditions that permit endocytosis, the two fluorescent species appeared at different intracellular sites. Our data suggest that there is no transmembrane movement of C6-NBD-PC and that the fluorescent probe reflects the internalization of the outer leaflet of the plasma membrane lipid bilayer. The results are consistent with the Golgi apparatus as being the primary delivery site of phospholipid by bulk membrane movement from the plasma membrane. PMID- 6746747 TI - Advance toward S phase and retreat toward deeper "G0" states in resting 3Y1 cells with environmental changes. AB - To elucidate conditions which affect the lag time for resting cells to enter S phase after serum stimulation, we used a wild-type 3Y1 rat fibroblast line and four temperature-sensitive mutants of 3Y1 (3Y1tsD123, 3Y1tsF121, 3Y1tsG125, and 3Y1tsH203). Among these five lines, in only tsG125 cells was there an obviously prolonged lag time with increase in time in resting state at 33.8 degrees C. The resting wild-type 3Y1 cells, preexposed to 39.8 degrees C, also showed a prolongation of lag time. The prolongation in tsG125 had a certain limit. Preexposure to 39.8 degrees C before serum stimulation accelerated such prolongation in tsG125 to its limit, but did not change the limit, per se. Resting tsG125 cells stimulated by serum at 39.8 degrees C, did not enter S phase, yet they did advance toward S phase. When they were kept at 39.8 degrees C, they retreated toward a deeper resting state ("G0") with time. These retreats correlated with the decrease in stimulating activity in the culture media. About 20% of the resting tsG125 cells stimulated by serum at 39.8 degrees C were committed to enter S phase, when the extent of commitment was examined at 33.8 degrees C. Most of the tsG125 cells committed at 33.8 degrees C did not enter S phase, when the extent of commitment was examined at 39.8 degrees C. More cells were committed after stimulation at 33.8 degrees C than at 39.8 degrees C, when the test was done at 33.8 degrees C. We suggest that resting cells may be reversibly changed within range of resting states, in either direction, that is, advance toward S phase or retreat toward deeper "G0." These changes may be determined by alterations in the balance between synthesis and decay of the preparedness for the initiation of DNA synthesis caused by cellular response to environmental changes (e.g., medium activity, temperature, etc.). The ts defect in tsG125 may affect the cell cycle progression, both before and after commitment by serum. PMID- 6746746 TI - Control of enzyme activity levels by serum and hydrocortisone in neonatal rat heart cells cultured in serum-free medium. AB - A serum-free, hormone-supplemented medium (SFHM) for maintaining neonatal rat heart cells in culture has been developed in this laboratory (Mohamed et al., 1983). Morphological assessment of heart cells grown in SFHM show it to be similar to commonly used serum-supplemented media. To quantitatively compare cell behavior in SFHM with serum-supplemented media, the activities of ten regulatory enzymes which represent four metabolic pathways were studied in heart cells cultured in SFHM. The enzyme activities which were measured included hexokinase, glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase, 6-phosphogluconate dehydrogenase, phosphofructokinase, pyruvate kinase, NAD+-linked sn-glycerol-3-phosphate dehydrogenase, malate dehydrogenase, NAD+-linked isocitrate dehydrogenase, NADH cytochrome c reductase, and succinic cytochrome c reductase. Rat heart cells maintained in culture on SFHM are not only qualitatively and quantitatively similar to those maintained in serum-supplemented medium but also provide a more suitable model system for metabolic studies of neonatal cardiac tissue for several reasons: 1) many enzyme activities that may represent dedifferentiation are elevated by serum; 2) NAD-linked glycerol-3-phosphate dehydrogenase activity in cells maintained on SFHM is similar to the in vivo activity; 3) cells beat at or near the in vivo frequency and can be maintained 3 months on SFHM; 4) the SFHM is chemically defined and thus can be completely manipulated by the investigator. The effects of three concentrations of hydrocortisone (HC) (5,000 ng/ml, 50 micrograms/ml, 0 ng/ml) on heart cells cultured in SFHM supported our previous conclusion that function (beating) and growth (protein accumulation) are inversely related in cultured neonatal rat heart cells. PMID- 6746748 TI - Dependence of lethality induced by a direct DNA perturbation of synchronized human diploid fibroblasts on different periods of the DNA synthetic period (S phase). AB - The cytotoxic effect of a direct perturbation of DNA during various portions of the DNA synthetic period (S phase) of cultured human diploid fibroblasts was examined. The cells were synchronized by a period of growth in low serum with a subsequent blockage of the cells at the G1/S boundary by hydroxyurea. This method resulted in over 90% synchrony, although approximately 20% of the cells were noncycling. Synchronized cells were treated for each of four 2-hour periods during the S phase with 5-bromodeoxyuridine (0.1-10 microM), followed by irradiation with near-UV (5-10 min). The 5-bromodeoxyuridine-plus-irradiation treatment was cytotoxic, while treatment with 5-bromodeoxyuridine alone or irradiation alone was not cytotoxic. The cytotoxicity was dependent upon the periods of S phase during which treatment was administered. The highest lethality was observed for treatment in early to middle S phase, particularly in the first 2 hours of S phase, whereas scarce lethality was observed in late S phase. The extent of substitution of 5-bromodeoxyuridine for thymidine in newly synthesized DNA was similar in every period of the S phase. Furthermore, no specific period during S phase was significantly more sensitive to treatment with respect to DNA damage, as determined by an induction of unscheduled DNA synthesis. These results suggest that a certain region or regions in the DNA of human diploid fibroblasts, as designated by their specific temporal relationship in the S phase, may be more sensitive to the DNA perturbation by 5-bromodeoxyuridine treatment plus near-UV irradiation for cell survival. PMID- 6746750 TI - The relationship between purines, pyrimidines, nucleosides, and glutamine for fibroblast cell proliferation. AB - Previous studies indicate that glutamine is a critical requirement for cell proliferation in vitro. We recently showed that depletion of glutamine from the culture medium supporting growing cells significantly reduced the proportion of cells undergoing DNA synthesis. Similarly glutamine depletion significantly reduced the stimulatory response of quiescent cells to 10% serum. This study shows that the inhibitory effects of depletion of glutamine--in either of these two situations--can be overcome by the addition of adenine or adenosine. Adenine was the only nitrogen base and adenosine was the only nucleoside for which this effect was observed. Such effects could, however, also be achieved by addition of the purine metabolites hypoxantine and inosine. Furthermore, it was found that glutamine (or adenine/adenosine) is only required during a limited interval coinciding with the late part of the G1-phase and the beginning of S-phase. These data suggest the possibility that glutamine exerts its main regulatory effects on cell proliferation by acting as a precursor for adenine and adenosine. PMID- 6746749 TI - Intravesicular pH and iron uptake by immature erythroid cells. AB - The intravesicular pH of intact rabbit reticulocytes was measured by two methods; one based on the intracellular:extracellular distribution of DMO (5, 5, dimethyl + oxazolidin-2,4-dione), methylamine, and chloroquine and the other by quantitative fluorescence microscopy of cell-bound transferrin. The latter method was also applied to nucleated erythroid cells from the fetal rat liver. A pH value of approximately 5.4 was obtained with both methods and in both types of cells. Treatment of the cells with lysosomotrophic agents, metabolic inhibitors, and ionophores elevated the intravesicular pH and inhibited iron uptake from transferrin. When varying concentrations of NH4Cl were used, a close correlation was observed between the inhibition of iron uptake and elevation of the intravesicular pH. At pH 5.4 iron release from rabbit iron-bicarbonate transferrin in vitro was much more rapid than from iron-oxalate transferrin. The bicarbonate complex donates its iron to rabbit reticulocytes approximately twice as quickly as the oxalate complex. It is concluded that the acidic conditions within the vesicles provide the mechanism for iron release from the transferrin molecule after its endocytosis and that the low vesicular pH is dependent on cellular metabolism. PMID- 6746751 TI - Structural determinants of the capacity of heparin to inhibit the proliferation of vascular smooth muscle cells. AB - Previous work from our laboratory has demonstrated that both anticoagulant and nonanticoagulant heparin species can inhibit the proliferation of vascular smooth muscle cells in vivo and in vitro. In this communication, we report studies on the structure-function relationships of heparin to its antiproliferative effect on vascular smooth muscle cells. These structure-function studies were carried out by preparing discrete sizes of heparin fragments and by chemically modifying heparin. The compounds were tested for their ability to inhibit rat and calf aortic smooth muscle cell growth. The minimum fragment size which retains some growth inhibitory activity is a hexasaccharide; maximal antiproliferative activity was obtained with dodecasaccharide and larger fragments. Both O sulfation and N-substitution were found to be important for the growth inhibitory effect. Comparison of the antiproliferative and anticoagulant activities of the different heparin species has allowed us to identify several heparin molecules which have lost their anticoagulant properties, but retain antiproliferative activity. PMID- 6746753 TI - HeLa cells form focal contacts that are not fibronectin dependent. AB - HeLa cells cultured on glass substrata produce numerous prominent focal contacts, which reside at the termini of actin microfilament bundles. However, very few of the cells stain for fibronectin with specific anti-fibronectin antibody. Moreover, the cells form focal contacts in fibronectin-depleted medium, in the presence of high concentrations of anti-fibronectin immunoglobulin G and in the presence of monensin. No fibronectin synthesis can be detected by [35S]methionine labelling and immunoprecipitation. The possibility that HeLa cell focal contacts are independent of fibronectin in their formation is discussed in relation to the controversy about the relationship between fibronectin and focal contacts. PMID- 6746752 TI - Factors modifying 3-aminobenzamide cytotoxicity in normal and repair-deficient human fibroblasts. AB - 3-Aminobenzamide (3-AB), an inhibitor of poly(ADP-ribosylation), is lethal to human fibroblasts with damaged DNA. Its cytotoxicity was determined relative to a number of factors including the types of lesions, the kinetics of repair, and the availability of alternative repair systems. A variety of alkylating agents, UV or gamma irradiation, or antimetabolites were used to create DNA lesions. 3-AB enhanced lethality with monofunctional alkylating agents only. Within this class of compounds, methylmethanesulfonate (MMS) treatments made cells more sensitive to 3-AB than did treatment with methylnitrosourea (MNU) or methylnitronitrosoguanidine (MNNG). 3-AB interfered with a dynamic repair process lasting several days, since human fibroblasts remained sensitive to 3-AB for 36 48 hours following MMS treatment. During this same interval, 3-AB caused these cells to arrest in G2 phase. Alkaline elution analysis also revealed that this slow repair was delayed further by 3-AB. Human mutant cells defective in DNA repair differed in their responses to 3-AB. Among mutants sensitive to monofunctional alkylating agents, ataxia telangiectasia cells were slightly more sensitive to 3-AB than control cells, while Huntington's disease cells had a near normal response. Among UV-sensitive strains, xeroderma pigmentosum variant (XPV) cells were more sensitive to 3-AB after MMS than were XP complementation group A (A) cells, which responded normally. Greater lethality with 3-AB could be dependent on inability of the mutant cells to repair damage by other processes. PMID- 6746754 TI - In vitro reassembly of basal body components. AB - Singlet microtubules and structures that have the morphology and dimensions of the basal body cartwheel complex self-assemble in extracts derived from Tetrahymena basal bodies. PMID- 6746755 TI - Attachment of the cap to the central microtubules of Tetrahymena cilia. AB - The central microtubule cap is bound to the ends of the two central microtubules in Tetrahymena thermophila cilia by plug-shaped structures similar in appearance to the distal filament plugs attached to the ends of the A-microtubules. The caps have been separated from the microtubules and are composed of a bead, two plates, and two peg-like plugs to which the microtubules are attached. The structure of the cap is discussed in relation to the directionality of microtubule assembly in vivo. PMID- 6746756 TI - An analysis of in vivo cell migration during teleost fin morphogenesis. AB - In the teleost embryo the pectoral fin bud initially displays an apical ectodermal ridge along its entire distal margin. The ridge subsequently becomes transformed into an apical fold as the distal ectodermal epithelium grows and folds to enclose an extracellular space between the apposed basal surfaces of the epithelium. Collagen fibrils up to 2 micron in diameter, termed 'actinotrichia', are deposited along the proximo-distal axis in two (dorsal and ventral) arrays. The actinotrichia are aligned parallel to one another with a regular spacing along the greater part of their length. Mesenchymal cells migrating distally from the base of the fin bud encounter the dorsal and ventral arrays of actinotrichia and move between them apparently using the fibrils as a substratum. The entire structure is transparent and, using the killifish Aphyosemion scheeli, we have investigated the migration of the mesenchymal cells between 135 and 220 h of development, using Nomarski interference contrast microscopy and time-lapse video recording. The number of cellular processes per cell increased significantly during the period of observation. These processes could be graded according to their diameters. Processes of diameter greater than 2 micron were not usually aligned along actinotrichia and arose at any aspect of the cell body. In contrast, processes with diameters less than 2 micron appeared to be confined to the distal aspects of the migrating cells and showed an increasing tendency to become aligned as development progressed. Time-lapse video recordings revealed that such aligned processes move faster (mean speed 17.98 (+/- 2.25) micron/h) than non-aligned processes (mean speed 4.66 (+/- 0.67) micron/h). Whole cell translocation was generally slower than rates of process movement: the lowest mean value (1.52(+/- 0.36) micron/h) was recorded between 135 and 160 h of development rising to a maximum mean rate (4.72(+/- 0.42) micron/h) between 195 and 220 h; the period of the fastest rate of cell translocation correlated with maximum process alignment along actinotrichia. Thin 1 micron plastic sections revealed that, generally, aligned processes were in close association with the surface of the actinotrichial fibrils and not the spaces between them. PMID- 6746757 TI - Pollen-stigma interactions in Brassica oleracea. I. Ultrastructure and physiology of the stigmatic papillar cells. AB - The osmotic potential (psi pi) of the stigmatic papillar cells of Brassica oleracea is -14.8 bars. In laboratory conditions each cell transpires water at rates within the range from 3 X 10(-5) to 5 X 10(-5) mm3h-1. A small increase in transpiration rate is detected following cross-(compatible) but not self (incompatible)pollination. No significant changes in psi pi occur following pollinations of either compatibility. Electron microscopy reveals an active papillar cytoplasm apparently secreting proteins into the cell wall via small vesicles. The cuticle is discontinuous and freeze-fracture techniques indicate that channels transverse the cell wall, suggesting a possible pathway for the movement of protein molecules of high molecular weight from the cytoplasm to the stigma surface. Analysis of electron-microscopic autoradiographs of mature, self incompatible papillae following pulse-chase experiments with L-[3H]leucine and treatment with cycloheximide shows that protein molecules secreted into the cell wall may return to the cytoplasm at a later stage. The significance of these results is discussed in terms of current models of the pollen-stigma interaction in Brassica. PMID- 6746758 TI - Pollen-stigma interactions in Brassica oleracea. II. The fate of stigma surface proteins following pollination and their role in the self-incompatibility response. AB - Mature, self-incompatible stigmas exposed to cycloheximide for 2 h prior to pollination supported identical germination and growth of both cross and self pollen. Treatment of self-pollinated pistils with cycloheximide resulted in the germination of hitherto inactive pollen after some 2-4 h. Pollen germination and initial tube growth in an in vitro germination medium were not significantly affected by cycloheximide. A continuous synthesis of stigmatic proteins is therefore essential for the operation of the self-incompatibility (S.I.) system. However, light-microscope autoradiography of stigmas fed with L-[3H]leucine prior to pollination revealed no movement of stigmatic proteins into the pollen, independent of the compatibility of the pollen with respect to the stigma. Further, tunicamycin, when applied in the same way as cycloheximide, had no effect on the S.I. system. These results are discussed in terms of the proposed cycling of proteins in the papillar cell wall and the involvement of a stigmatic glycoprotein in the S.I. response. PMID- 6746759 TI - Globin synthesis in heterokaryons formed between chick erythrocytes and human K562 cells or rat L6 myoblasts. AB - Chick globin synthesis was studied in heterokaryons formed between chick erythrocytes and human K562 erythroleukemia cells or rat L6J1 myoblasts. It was found that chick globin synthesis was activated after fusion of definitive (17 to 19-day) chick erythrocytes obtained from 17 to 19-day embryos with K562 cells. Chick globins appeared to be of the adult alpha A, alpha D and beta types, whereas no embryonic globin synthesis could be detected. The pattern and time course of globin synthesis was investigated after fusion of 4 to 5-day embryonic erythrocytes with rat L6J1 myoblasts. The level of globin synthesis was high at early time points but then decreased. Globin synthesis, however, was still detectable at 9 days in these heterokaryons. Chick alpha A, alpha D and epsilon globin chain synthesis was observed both at early and late time points after fusion. PMID- 6746760 TI - Effect of cell-substrate interaction time and shearing force on adhesion of L1210 cells to collagen and glass. AB - The early adhesive interaction of living cells with substrates was examined. L1210 cells were allowed to interact with collagen or glass in serum-containing medium (time of cell-substrate interaction, tint, under stationary conditions, was within 2-25 min) or in serum-free medium (tint was 5 s-15 min). The relative number A of cells adhering under stationary conditions, and remaining adherent to the substrate despite experiencing a shearing force F, was determined. The following was found for cells adherent to collagen and glass, both in the presence and absence of serum in the medium. The number A increases with the value of tint and tends to reach a plateau. The plateau value depends on adhesion conditions (presence or absence of serum). When adhesion occurred in serum containing medium (F congruent to 0.1 X 10(-13)N), function A(tint) increased up to 15 min. The plateau values were in the ratio of 2:1 for cells adherent to collagen and glass, respectively. When adhesion took place in serum-free medium, the function A(tint) increased within the first 20 or 130s for cells adhering to glass or collagen, respectively. The value of A(tint) increased up to the effective interaction time, teff int, i.e. the time after which a plateau was reached at 100% adhesion. This meant that after tint greater than or equal to teff int all cells were in adhesion with glass and collagen despite the application of the greatest shearing force, F congruent to 2 X 10(-9)N. The values of teff int for cells adherent to collagen and glass were in the ratio of 6:1, respectively. The value of A decreases with the value of F for cells adherent to substrate in the absence of serum when tint less than teff int. The function A(F) for cells adherent to collagen and glass in the presence of serum, but not in the absence of serum, can be described by the equation: A = a/square root F + c, where a and c = constant greater than 0. The values of a were in the ratio of 2:1 for cells adherent to collagen and glass, respectively. The Brownian motion of cells interacting with both substrates in the absence of serum ceased. The times during which cell motion persisted for cells interacting with collagen and glass, respectively, were in the ratio of 2.5:1. PMID- 6746761 TI - Primary cell cultures from human embryonic corneas. AB - This study shows that primary cell cultures can be established from corneas obtained from 8-week-old human embryos. Such corneas, even though they were obtained at an early stage of the embryonic development, are completely differentiated into three layers as in the adult cornea. Both corneal endothelial cells and stromal cells were found to attach and proliferate in vitro. Furthermore, it was possible to obtain pure uncontaminated cultures of stromal cells after five passages in vitro. It was also possible, using feeder cells as the substratum, to obtain pure endothelial cell cultures from embryonic corneas. PMID- 6746762 TI - Resorption of bone by isolated rabbit osteoclasts. AB - A carborundum wheel was used to prepare slices of cortical bone that demonstrate a predictable surface appearance in the scanning electron microscope. Osteoclasts were mechanically disaggregated from neonatal rabbit long bones and settled onto these slices. After 24h in culture osteoclasts were associated with areas of excavation in the bone surface. These excavated areas typically showed a well defined outline and a distinctive fibrillar base, which resembled the pattern of collagen fibrils in bone. The majority of such concavities were of approximately circular outline and of smaller diameter than the associated osteoclast, but other excavations were elongated or of complex morphology, and may have been produced by osteoclasts that were resorbing bone while they migrated. Irregular concavities tended to be more shallow but to occupy a greater area of the bone surface than circular concavities. Roughening of the bone surface without detectable excavation was also seen adjacent to osteoclasts. Calcitonin and cytochalasin B, which inhibit osteoclastic motility, also inhibited bone resorptive activity by these cells. The techniques described in this paper represent a model system with which to assess the direct and indirect effects of hormones, cells and substrate composition on the induction, stimulation and inhibition of osteoclastic bone resorption and to investigate the mechanisms by which cells degrade extracellular matrices. PMID- 6746763 TI - The reproductive potential of normal mouse embryo fibroblasts during culture in vitro. AB - A direct estimate of the reproductive potential of mouse embryo fibroblasts through their entire lifespan has been made using the mini-clone technique, which permits the direct observation of the growth fraction in a bulk population by inspection of the growth behaviour of individual cells. We have measured the colony size on each island that contained one or two cells at the beginning and the fraction of islands which, starting from one or two cells failed to divide even once. We observed that even in a young culture there are individual cells that can only reproduce two or three times. With each succeeding passage the distribution of colony sizes shifts to a greater proportion of small colonies. The median colony size decreases with each passage. Furthermore, the fraction of non-dividers directly observed increases smoothly with time; the fraction of non dividers is quite small at the first passage but increases steadily to reach 0.6 at the last passage, after about 30 generations. These smooth changes in the growth behaviour of this cell strain are accurately described by the mortalization theory of Shall and Stein, in which the single parameter gamma, describes the change in reproductive potential over the entire lifespan. The parameter gamma describes the rate at which the doubling time of the culture increases; it is the number of generations at which half of the newborn cells are themselves reproductively sterile. Our present data provide an estimate of gamma for this cell strain equal to 21.2 generations, which compares well with a previous estimate of 20.3 generations. PMID- 6746764 TI - Desmosomes in hamster cheek pouch epithelium: their quantitative characterization during epithelial differentiation. AB - Desmosomes in stratified squamous epithelia appear to exhibit quantitative alterations during differentiation. In this work we use stereological and other morphometric methods to quantify these structures in epithelial cells from defined basal, spinous and granular strata. Hamster cheek pouch mucosa from five animals was processed for electron microscopy using strictly standardized techniques and a stratified random sampling procedure was used to obtain micrographs of cells from basal, spinous and granular layers. Stereological intersection counting techniques were used to determine for each layer the relative surface area of plasma membrane occupied by desmosomes (Ss), the number of desmosomes per unit surface area of plasma membrane (Ns), the mean individual desmosomal diameter (delta) and the mean individual desmosomal surface area (s). In addition, estimates of nuclear volume were obtained by direct measurement of nuclear profiles and volume-to-surface ratios were obtained by a combination of point and intersection counting, which enabled estimates for the volume (Vcell) and plasma membrane surface area (SPM) of the 'average' cell within each stratum to be acquired. Using this information, it was then possible to calculate both the total surface area (S) and the number (N) of desmosomes on the plasma membranes of average cells. The parameters Ss and Ns showed progressive increases between basal and granular layers, whereas values for delta and s were lower in granular cells when compared with basal and spinous cells. The parameters Vcell, SPM, S and N all increased progressively and significantly during differentiation. Between basal and granular layers, the mean cell volume and surface area had each increased approximately threefold, whereas the surface area and number of desmosomes on the average cell plasma membrane had increased approximately seven- and eleven-fold, respectively. Granular cells thus possess more numerous desmosomes, which occupy a greater proportion of the plasma membrane area but which are individually smaller, when compared with basal and spinous layers. PMID- 6746765 TI - Asymmetric distribution of gap junctions amongst identified photoreceptor axons of Lucilia cuprina (Diptera). AB - The relative number of gap junctions within the ring of axon terminals of identified adult photoreceptors has been counted, in the lamina cartridges of Lucilia cuprina. Terminals are similar in size, but some pairs of terminals make up to four times as many junctions with each other as do other pairs; the frequency of connection varies markedly along the length of the cartridge. Junctions across the cartridge occasionally occur out of the normal sequence, frequently in the upper cartridge between one pair of axons. The distributions suggest that mechanical factors transmitted down from the upper cartridge are responsible for the non-uniformities. There may be indiscriminate competition between terminals at some stage of development for a fixed quota of junctions, the groupings of which have to reach a minimum size to remain viable. Amongst the neurones of the cartridge, great specificity is shown in which cells form gap junctions: only receptors R1-6 are involved, making junctions only with each other. Within this class R1-6, however, there is no evidence from the distribution of gap junctions for unique cell labelling, that distinguishes one photoreceptor from another. Connections appear to form indiscriminately, on the basis of proximity. This same generalization holds true for a particular class of chemical feedback synapse. The identity of tight-junction-like structures on the photoreceptor axon membrane is also discussed. PMID- 6746766 TI - Deficiency in intercellular communication in two established renal epithelial cell lines (LLC-PK1 and MDCK). AB - We have studied the cell-to-cell passage of uridine nucleotides in two renal epithelial cell lines (LLC-PK1 and MDCK) and in porcine aortic endothelial cells (PAE). All three cell types incorporated tritiated uridine. After a 3 h incubation the radioactivity was predominantly in the form of acid-soluble compounds, mainly UTP. Prelabelled LLC-PK1 or MDCK cells were unable to transfer radioactivity to added adjacent, non-labelled cells, whereas PAE cells readily formed communicating intercellular junctions, as judged by autoradiographic analysis after a 3 h co-culture period. Cell-to-cell communication in either of the renal cell lines was not promoted by treatment with dibutyryl cyclic AMP and methylisobutylxanthine. Radioactivity incorporated into the acid-insoluble pool was not available for intercellular transfer, as assessed in experiments in which cells were prelabelled 24 h before co-culture. PMID- 6746767 TI - Secreted glycoproteins of human kidney tumour cells contain sulphated complex type oligosaccharides. AB - Human kidney tumour cells in culture incorporated [3H]glucosamine and 35SO4 into glycoprotein products, which were secreted into the culture medium. The effects of sodium butyrate, a known differentiation-inducing agent, on the production of these sulphated glycoproteins were studied. Cells were cultured in the absence or presence of butyrate (2 mM) in serum-containing medium, for various times, and the labelled glycoproteins were partially purified by DEAE-cellulose chromatography. Treatment of these cells with butyrate resulted in an increase in the synthesis of secreted [3H]glucosamine- and 35SO4-labelled glycoproteins over several days of culture. This same increase in levels of 35SO4 incorporation was not observed with B16 melanoma cells. Sodium dodecyl sulphate (SDS)/polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis revealed that five major glycoproteins labelled with [3H]glucosamine also were labelled with 35SO4. The major secreted glycoproteins from cells cultured in the absence or presence of butyrate over a 3 day period were similar by SDS/polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis. Analyses of Pronase-derived glycopeptides indicated that these secreted 3H/35S-labelled glycoproteins contained sulphated oligosaccharides with terminal sialic acid--- Gal----GlcNAc residues similar to glycoproteins secreted by vascular endothelial cells. PMID- 6746768 TI - Ultrastructure of the flagellar roots in Chlamydomonas gametes. AB - The cytoskeleton of Chlamydomonas reinhardtii gametes has been studied by electron microscopy. The microtubular system, consisting of four flagellar roots inserted into the basal apparatus, is shown to include two daughter basal bodies and two striated fibres, newly described in this report. One new fibre associates with the 3-over-1 root and is similar to its counterpart, the striated fibre of the 2-member root. These similar root fibres connect each daughter basal body to the V-shaped microtubular root pair. The other new striated fibre joins the daughter basal body to both flagellar roots and is similar to the proximal striated fibre. In mt+ gametes, the conventional root microtubules make direct contact with the doublet zone of the non-activated mating structure. During activation, doublet zone microfilaments associate with the daughter basal body and the finely striated fibre of the 3-over-1 root. These observations suggest that the cytoskeleton acts as a scaffolding for membrane extension by the mt+ mating structure microfilaments. PMID- 6746769 TI - Demonstration of lymphocyte surface lectins that recognize sulphated polysaccharides. AB - Cholate extracts of murine lymphocytes were shown to contain haemagglutinating activity against autologous erythrocytes. The species specificity and sugar inhibition pattern of the haemagglutinin closely paralleled the specificity of autorosetting, an interaction that had been shown previously to involve the recognition by lymphocytes of carbohydrate structures on autologous erythrocytes. The probable identity of the haemagglutinin and autorosetting receptors was confirmed by experiments utilizing the unique plasma protein autorosette inhibition factor, which appears to block both interactions by masking carbohydrate acceptor sites on erythrocytes. Detailed sugar inhibition studies revealed that the haemagglutinin and autorosetting receptors have a high affinity for certain sulphated polysaccharides, such as heparin and dextran sulphate. Since similar sulphated polysaccharides have been shown previously to inhibit lymphocyte recirculation, a possible role for these receptors in lymphocyte homing and recirculation is discussed. PMID- 6746770 TI - Three-dimensional geometry of motile hamster spermatozoa. AB - Micrographs were made of free-swimming hamster spermatozoa using a high intensity xenon flash and two-colour darkground illumination - conditions that permit three dimensional reconstruction of the instantaneous shape of the flagellum. From the waveforms observed, we constructed an account of the three-dimensional kinematics of this flagellum. We found that near-planar bends grew on the proximal 25% of the flagellum to reach a mean angle of 1 X 7 rad. Principal bends achieved a greater angle than reverse bends. As bends propagated they maintained their near planarity and their angle, but decreased in radius of curvature. However, the plane of the more distal bends tended to become displaced, as though a predominantly clockwise torsion of the axoneme was developing in the interbend segment. This gave rise to a complex shape resembling a sinistral helix of reducing pitch and eccentricity. There are clear indications that not all cycles of bending lead to the same degree of three-dimensionality. PMID- 6746771 TI - Organization of extracellular matrix by chick embryonic corneal epithelial cells in culture and the role of fibronectin in adhesion. AB - Corneal epithelial cells from 15-day chick embryos produce an extensive extracellular matrix when cultured for up to 7 days on plastic, glass, and gelatin-coated substrata. Immunofluorescence studies revealed the presence of a fibrillar fibronectin matrix that became more extensive with time in culture. When cells were cultured in fibronectin-depleted medium little or no fibronectin was evident in the first 24 h, although the cells attached and spread normally when compared with controls. Considerably more fibronectin was associated with the cells after 48 h. Incubation of cells with [35S]methionine, followed by immunoprecipitation of cell extracts by specific anti-fibronectin antibody, confirmed that the cells synthesize fibronectin. Cells cultured in fibronectin coated substrata were able to reorganize the fibronectin into fibrillar form as well as to endocytose fibronectin. It is suggested that cells 'comb' fibronectin from the substratum and organize it into fibrils. Interference reflection microscopy revealed no simple correlation between the distribution of fibronectin and focal contacts. However, some focal contacts seemed to lack fibronectin. In the presence of anti-fibronectin immunoglobulin G cells initially attached but failed to spread, and subsequently detached from glass and fibronectin-coated substrata. However, they attached and spread on collagen substrata. The results suggest that fibronectin is unnecessary for initial cell attachment but may be important in maintaining cell adhesion and spreading on certain substrata. However, it is not necessary for attachment and spreading on collagen. Cells on collagen may attach and spread directly on the substratum via specific collagen receptors or by using some other type of attachment factor(s). Electron microscopy revealed a densely staining fibrillar matrix between the basal cell layer and substratum as well as in the intercellular spaces between cells. Components of this matrix and the cell surface were strongly stained by ruthenium red, which indicates the presence of acidic groups such as glycosaminoglycans. PMID- 6746772 TI - Role of glycosaminoglycans and collagen in the development of a fibronectin-rich extracellular matrix in cultured embryonic corneal epithelial cells. AB - Corneal epithelial cells from 15-day chick embryos produce a fibronectin-rich extracellular matrix when cultured on glass, plastic and fibronectin-coated substrata. Cell culture in the presence of Streptomyces hyaluronidase or chondroitinase ABC resulted in considerable reduction of the matrix; collagenase had a lesser effect but nevertheless also reduced the matrix. In all enzyme treatments the cells attached and spread to form characteristic epithelial cell islands, but the marginal cells of these islands showed a marked reduction in the number of lamellipodia and focal contacts. Also, the immunofluorescent staining pattern for fibronectin was considerably reduced. Control cells cultured on a fibronectin-coated surface were able to reorganize the fibronectin into fibrils, whereas cells cultured in enzymes showed little or no ability to do so. The cellular reorganization of fibronectin could also be inhibited by the addition of L-azetidine-2-carboxylic acid (LACA), an inhibitor of collagen secretion. Cells plated out in the presence of LACA spread much better on collagen substrata than on plastic, glass or fibronectin. However, in all cases very little fibronectin matrix was detectable in the epithelial islands. The results suggest that components of the extracellular matrix (ECM) such as collagen, hyaluronic acid and chondroitin sulphates are not essential for the initial attachment and spreading of corneal epithelial cells in culture, but are important in the development of the ECM, and in maintaining a flattened morphology and spreading behaviour. It is suggested that fibronectin plays an important role in these interactions and that the ability of cells to organize fibronectin into fibrils is dependent on the presence of other ECM components such as glycosaminoglycans and collagen. PMID- 6746773 TI - Nucleolar nomenclature. PMID- 6746774 TI - Association of an integral membrane protein with glucose transport and with anion transport. AB - A monoclonal antibody that recognizes a cell-surface glycoprotein associated with glucose transport was reported previously. Additional information about the function and intracellular distribution of the antigen recognized by this antibody is presented. The monoclonal antibody recognizes a cell-surface and a cytoplasmic determinant. The density of the cell-surface determinant is heterogeneous within the cell population. The subpopulation of cells that carry the cell-surface determinant at high density correspond with a subset of cells that incorporate 2-deoxy-D-[3H]glucose more rapidly than the population as a whole. The monoclonal antibody is used, with cell-affinity chromatography, to isolate this subset of cells. The cytoplasmic determinant, to which the antibody binds, is associated with the cytoplasmic microfilaments but the antibody is not absorbed by actin. The cell-surface and cytoplasmic components are not identical since the apparent affinity of the antibody for each site is different. The portion of the antigen in the membrane behaves as an integral membrane protein while the remainder is tightly associated with the detergent-insoluble cytoskeleton. The expression of the antigen on the cell surface is modified by covalent attachment of an inhibitor of anion transport, 4,4'-diisothiocyano-2,2' disulphonic stilbene. The possible interaction of the anion/lactate transporter with the glucose transporter is discussed. PMID- 6746776 TI - Patterns of early lexical and phonological development. PMID- 6746777 TI - The acquisition of gone and the development of the object concept. PMID- 6746775 TI - Kinetic parameters of neutral amino acid transport in hybrids between malignant and non-malignant cells. AB - The kinetics of neutral amino acid transport were examined in isogeneic matched pairs of hybrid cells, one member of each pair being tumorigenic, the other not. The L system of transport, which is sodium-independent, was measured by the uptake of leucine, and the A system, which is sodium-dependent, by the uptake of methylaminoisobutyric acid. Although there was variation from one cell type to another in both Km and Vmax for the transport of these amino acids, no systematic change was found to be associated with tumorigenicity. This is in marked contrast with hexose uptake where tumorigenicity was invariably found to be associated with a reduction in Km. It thus appears that whatever molecular change is responsible for the alteration in the kinetics of hexose transport, it is specific, at least to the extent that it does not affect either sodium-dependent or sodium-independent transport of neutral amino acids. PMID- 6746778 TI - Non-linguistic responses to verbal instructions. PMID- 6746779 TI - The acquisition of voicing contrasts in Spanish and English learning infants and children: a longitudinal study. PMID- 6746780 TI - Play with language: overextensions as analogies. PMID- 6746782 TI - Learning to stress: a case study. PMID- 6746781 TI - The defective tense hypothesis: on the emergence of tense and aspect in child Polish. PMID- 6746783 TI - Learning to in complement constructions. PMID- 6746784 TI - Acquisition of locative meanings: behind and in front of. PMID- 6746785 TI - Adverbial connectivity in conversations of children 6 to 12. PMID- 6746786 TI - Linguistic experience and infant speech perception: a re-examination of Eilers, Gavin & Oller (1982). PMID- 6746787 TI - Linguistic experience and infant speech perception: a reply to Jusczyk, Shea & Aslin (1984). PMID- 6746788 TI - Lateral preference and skill in dyslexics: implications of the right shift theory. AB - The lateral preferences and L-R skill of 109 male and 20 female dyslexics were as expected if the distribution of lateral asymmetry is shifted less far to the right in dyslexics than in controls. Several aspects of the data were consistent with Annett's hypothesis that some dyslexics lack the left hemisphere speech organising factor postulated by the right shift theory of handedness and that this would be sufficient to account for the proportion of affected relatives. Some dyslexics were strongly dextral and these differed from the less dextral cases in several ways which resembled the distinction between backward and retarded readers. PMID- 6746789 TI - Observation of parent-child interaction with two- to three-year-olds. AB - A method of home observations of mother-child interaction is described. Its development is outlined in terms of the relevant conceptual and methodological issues, and the concomitant tactical decisions involved in development are discussed. The scheme focuses on parental responsivity, affect, social communication and social control, and a novel combination of time-interval and event-sequential recording is used to discriminate parental functioning in these areas. The measures have been shown to have a satisfactorily high level of reliability, and preliminary analysis indicates construct validity. PMID- 6746790 TI - Personality, social skills, anomie and delinquency: a self-report study of a group of normal non-delinquent adolescents. AB - A group of over 200 'normal' adolescents were administered self-report measures of personality (extraversion, neuroticism and psychoticism), social skills, anomie and delinquency in order to establish which of three theories best predicted delinquency. Eysenck's personality factors, particularly psychoticism, correlated most highly with delinquency, while there was no correlation at all between self-reported social skills and delinquency. Overall the males tended to have lower neuroticism but higher psychoticism and anomie scores. The results are discussed in terms of the various psychological theories of delinquency, and the implications of these results for treatment are noted. It was pointed out that because this study was restricted to well-educated, middle class, above-average sixth-form college students the findings may not generalize to a group of convicted or institutionalized offenders. The limitations inherent in self-report measures and in studies of this sort are also considered. PMID- 6746791 TI - Handedness in Swedish 10-year-olds. Some background and associated factors. AB - Forty-five left-handed and 46 right-handed 10-year-old children were subjected to a limited set of neurological tests and a square tracing task. 'Pathological' handedness was diagnosed in cases showing poor performance with the non-preferred hand on the squares task. The frequency of left-handedness in the population was estimated at 9.2%. The boy : girl ratio was 1.6:1. 'Pathological' handedness was twice as common among left-handers as among right-handers. Neurological dysfunction was more common in 'pathological' handers, especially left-handers. Reduced pre-. peri- and neonatal optimality was seen in boys with 'pathological handedness'. School achievement problems and behaviour problems were much more common in left-handed boys than in other study groups. The results lend partial support for the extended pathological left-handedness model recently hypothesized by Bishop, but it is suggested that left-handedness in boys is more often a symptom of pathological shift of handedness than is left-handedness in girls. PMID- 6746792 TI - Black children's race awareness, racial attitudes and self-concept: a reinterpretation. AB - Results of a study of 130 black preschool children support the previous research finding that black preschoolers show majority group racial attitudes. Eighty percent of the sample obtained positive self-concept scores, while demonstrating pro-white biased cultural values on a racial attitude and preference measure. This significant finding is contrary to previous theorizing and consistent with recent data for a Southern sample (Spencer, 1982a). Few studies have empirically questioned this relationship, assuming less positive self-concepts of black children who have consistently shown pro-white cultural values. Race awareness affected majority group-preferenced racial attitudes. Results suggest that black preschool children effectively compartmentalize personal identity (i.e. self concept) from knowledge of racial evaluations. PMID- 6746793 TI - Short-term treatment outcome using parents as co-therapists for their own autistic children. AB - This study evaluates the effects of Schopler and Reichler's developmental treatment for autistic children, which uses parents as co-therapists. Fifteen children were followed during waiting and treatment periods. Direct behavioral observations, a blind rating of family stress based on interviews with mothers and two questionnaires were used to assess outcome. All data were collected during home visits. Significant treatment effects were found for appropriate child behavior and parental involvement. Treatment effects were not shown for inappropriate child behavior and the measure of family stress and adaptation. Data are presented which suggest a positive change with treatment in parent-child interaction patterns. A lack of change in independent play is noted. Questionnaire responses indicated that parents saw the treatment as helpful. The results are discussed in terms of their implications for treatment, prognosis and future outcome research. PMID- 6746794 TI - Chronic illness: psychosocial effects on siblings--I. Chronically ill boys. AB - Focusing on the adjustment of the siblings of three groups of male children: with pervasive developmental disability, diabetes and no known chronic illness, the present study failed to support the view that siblings of ill children are uniformly at greater risk for psychosocial impairment. However, several domains were identified in which siblings as well as parents of sick children were more susceptible to adjustment problems, though 'risk' seemed to relate more closely to illness-specific variables than the presence or absence of illness. Several sex differences were found suggesting that same-sexed siblings may be more vulnerable to maladjustment than opposite-sexed pairs. The results are discussed in terms of their implications for investigation and intervention for families with an ill member. PMID- 6746795 TI - Research note: young children's resolution of distress through play. AB - It has been suggested that play is important to the young child as a means of resolving a distressing experience. Pre-school children were observed as they exhibited distress on the first day of school. High- and low-anxiety children were allowed either the opportunity for free play or participation in a story reading session, each of which was performed in either the presence or absence of peers. The anxious children in the play condition were found to decrease in distress and their play was more solitary and imaginative in nature compared to other conditions. PMID- 6746796 TI - Gas chromatographic quantitation of underivatized amines in the determination of their octanol-0.1 M sodium hydroxide partition coefficients by the shake-flask method. AB - The use of gas chromatography (GC) for the determination of 0.1 M sodium hydroxide-octanol partition coefficients (log P) for a wide variety of ethylamines is demonstrated. The conventional shake-flask procedure (SFP) is utilized, with the addition of an internal reference, which is cleanly separated from the desired solute and solvents on a 10% Apiezon L, 2% potassium hydroxide on 80-100 mesh Chromosorb W AW column. The partitioned solute is extracted from the aqueous phase with chloroform and analyzed by GC. The method provides an accurate and highly reproducible means of determining log P values, as demonstrated by the low relative standard errors. The technique is both rapid and extremely versatile. The use of the internal standard method of analysis introduces consistency, since variables like the exact weight of solute are not necessary (unlike the traditional SFP) and the volume of sample injected is not critical. The technique is readily accessible to microgram quantities of solutes, making it ideal for a wide range of volatile, amine-bearing compounds. PMID- 6746797 TI - New support for hydrophobic interaction chromatography of proteins. PMID- 6746798 TI - The preparative separation of horse and human ferritins by chromatofocusing. PMID- 6746799 TI - Isolation of hen's egg phosphonolipids by thin-layer chromatography, their identification and silicic acid column chromatographic separation. PMID- 6746800 TI - Single ion monitoring of butadiene in plastics and foods by coupled mass spectrometry-automatic headspace gas chromatography. PMID- 6746801 TI - Quantitative gas and thin-layer chromatographic determination of methylparaben in pharmaceutical dosage forms. PMID- 6746802 TI - Separation of parathion metabolites by reversed-phase ion-pair high-performance liquid chromatography. PMID- 6746803 TI - Separation of vitamin A and retinyl esters by reversed-phase high-performance liquid chromatography. PMID- 6746804 TI - High-performance liquid chromatography in the analysis of the products of phospholipase A hydrolysis of phosphatidylcholine. PMID- 6746805 TI - Effects of starvation and refeeding on the excretion of urinary steroid metabolites in mice with different genetic background. AB - Gas chromatographic steroid metabolic profiling procedures have been applied to investigations of the effects of starvation and refeeding in mice. Urinary steroid metabolites were quantitatively followed during the starvation-refeeding experiments for mice with different genetic backgrounds. Some quantitative alterations were noted for certain congenic strains of mice. The metabolites which exhibited such quantitative variations were tentatively identified by means of combined gas chromatography-mass spectrometry. PMID- 6746806 TI - Detection of an abnormal lipoprotein in a large colony of pedigreed baboons using high-performance gel exclusion chromatography. AB - High-performance gel exclusion chromatography was used to detect an abnormal lipoprotein in a large colony of baboons. Serum obtained from fasting baboons was adjusted to density 1.21 g/ml and ultracentrifuged to obtain lipoproteins. A small fraction (equivalent to 50 microliter serum) was separated using a gel filtration column (TSK 4000 SW) or a combination of TSK 4000 PW and TSK 3000 PW columns. The unusual lipoprotein was detected either as a distinct peak between low- and high-density lipoproteins or as a distinct shoulder to the high-density lipoprotein peak. In some baboons the unusual lipoprotein was present on both chow and atherogenic diet, but in most cases it was induced by feeding an atherogenic diet. PMID- 6746807 TI - Quantitative metabolic profiling of testicular steroid secretions with bonded phase capillary gas chromatography. AB - A procedure is described for quantitative metabolic profiling of nine steroids secreted by mouse testes. The procedure incorporates Celite column chromatography and a gas chromatograph equipped with a bonded-phase capillary column. Validation tests demonstrated that the procedure is precise, efficient, sensitive, and capable of providing information about the spectrum of steroids secreted by testes perfused in vitro. The procedure was used to determine the effect of the hemimelic extra toes gene mutation on the steroidogenic potential of inbred mouse testes perfused in vitro. PMID- 6746808 TI - The separation of collagen alpha-chains by reversed-phase high-performance liquid chromatography. Comparison of column alkyl stationary phases and temperature effects. AB - Procedures for the separation of alpha 1(I), alpha 2(I), alpha 1(II) and alpha 1 (III) chains of human collagen by reversed-phase high-performance liquid chromatography are described. The influence of several different chromatographic parameters (stationary phase, mobile phase and temperature) has been examined and procedures to optimise resolution presented. These reversed-phase high performance liquid chromatographic conditions also permit the separation of collagen alpha 1(I), alpha 2(I), alpha 1(II) and alpha 1(III) monomers from their corresponding dimeric beta- and gamma-components. PMID- 6746809 TI - Rapid isolation, hydrolysis and chromatography of formaldehyde-modified DNA. AB - Deoxyadenosine, deoxyguanosine, deoxycytidine and thymidine were reacted with formaldehyde. High-performance liquid chromatographic (HPLC) analysis indicated that each deoxynucleoside had formed one major product. With the exception of the thymidine product, these adducts were analyzed by nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy and identified as hydroxymethyl derivatives at the exocyclic amines. Calf thymus DNA was incubated with [3H]formaldehyde and, after purification, enzymatically hydrolyzed to nucleosides. HPLC analysis indicated the presence of a substantial proportion of noncovalently bound formaldehyde and the following hydroxymethyl adducts, listed in order of decreasing concentration: N6 hydroxymethyldeoxyadenosine much greater than N4-hydroxymethyldeoxycytidine greater than N2-hydroxymethyldeoxyguanosine. Incubation of Chinese hamster ovary (CHO) cells with [3H]formaldehyde resulted in metabolic incorporation of the formaldehyde into purines and pyrimidines plus an appreciable concentration of formaldehyde noncovalently associated with the DNA. However, HPLC analysis clearly indicated the presence of N6-hydroxymethyldeoxyadenosine in the CHO cell genome. PMID- 6746810 TI - Determination of cyanide and thiocyanate in blood plasma and red cells by high performance liquid chromatography with fluorometric detection. AB - A method for the determination of cyanide and thiocyanate in blood plasma and red cells of humans was established. It involved high-performance liquid chromatography and fluorometric detection by the Konig reaction. Calibration curves for cyanide and thiocyanate were linear in the range 1-200 pmol and 2-300 pmol, respectively. Clean-up methods for the determination of cyanide and thiocyanate in red cells were also developed. These methods were applied for the determination of cyanide and thiocyanate in the blood of smokers and non-smokers. PMID- 6746812 TI - Amitriptyline and its basic metabolites determined in plasma by gas chromatography. AB - Gas chromatography was used to determine plasma levels of amitriptyline, nortriptyline and their 10-hydroxy derivatives after conversion to the dehydro compounds by heating with acid. The primary amine 10 hydroxydesmethylnortriptyline is also dehydrated and the dehydro compound coincides on the chromatogram with dehydronortriptyline. Treatment of the extract with salicylaldehyde selectively removed the primary amine, which was determined by difference. Cis- and trans-hydroxydesmethylnortriptyline were isolated from urine by thin-layer chromatography and used to standardize the estimation. The stability of all the metabolites in plasma was investigated. Results are given for hydroxydesmethylnortriptyline levels in the plasma of 41 patients treated with amitriptyline. PMID- 6746813 TI - Sensitive gas-liquid chromatographic-electron-capture detection method for determination of sobrerol in biological fluids. AB - A sensitive gas-liquid chromatographic assay for sobrerol in biological fluids has been developed. The assay procedure involves esterification of both hydroxyl groups of sobrerol with pentafluoropropionic anhydride to form the diester which can be quantitated using gas-liquid chromatography-electron-capture detection. The detection limit of plasma sobrerol under the conditions described is 5 ng/ml. The assay procedure permits the measurement of unchanged drug in plasma, whole blood or urine in the presence of its metabolites. PMID- 6746811 TI - Quantitative capillary column gas chromatographic method for the determination of glycopyrronium in human plasma. AB - A new sensitive and selective capillary column gas chromatographic method for the anti-cholinergic agent glycopyrronium bromide in human plasma is described. The procedure involves preliminary ion-pair extraction of the drug into dichloromethane, followed by concentration and analysis of the ion-pair complex by capillary column gas chromatography using a nitrogen-sensitive detector. The method depends on the thermal dequaternisation of the quaternary ammonium compound and can be used to detect 5 ng/ml in a 3-ml plasma sample. The assay procedure has been applied to the determination of the plasma concentration of glycopyrronium after intravenous administration to an anaesthetised patient. PMID- 6746814 TI - Determination of acids in whole lipopolysaccharide and in free lipid A from Actinobacillus actinomycetemcomitans and Haemophilus aphrophilus. AB - Acids from whole lipopolysaccharide and free lipid A of the closely related bacteria Actinobacillus actinomycetemcomitans and Haemophilus aphrophilus were determined by gas chromatography and gas chromatography-mass spectrometry. In whole lipopolysaccharide, 3-hydroxymyristic acid was most abundant, followed by myristic and 3-deoxy-D-manno-2-octulosonic acid. In the lipid A moiety, myristic acid dominated, followed by 3-hydroxymyristic acid. The acid composition of whole lipopolysaccharide and free lipid A from A. actinomycetemcomitans and H. aphrophilus was not so specific as to allow taxonomic differentiation between these bacteria. If fatty acids of lipopolysaccharide are essential for expression of endotoxicity, the present results suggested no marked difference in the endotoxic activities of A. actinomycetemcomitans and H. aphrophilus. PMID- 6746815 TI - Liquid chromatographic determination of nifedipine in plasma and of its main metabolite in urine. AB - A high-performance liquid chromatographic method was developed for the assay of nifedipine in plasma and its main metabolite (M-I) in urine. After liquid-liquid extraction nifedipine was chromatographed in a reversed-phase system with ultraviolet detection at 238 nm. The method was sensitive to 2 ng nifedipine per ml plasma and the standard curve was linear to at least 400 ng/ml. Standard deviations did not exceed 8.5%. There was no interference with photodecomposition products or metabolites. M-I was determined in urine after liquid-liquid extraction by ion-pair chromatography with ultraviolet detection at 290 nm. The method was sensitive to 0.02 micrograms M-I per ml urine and the standard curve was linear to at least 5 micrograms/ml. Standard deviations did not exceed 5.0%. The methods were used to study nifedipine disposition in healthy volunteers. PMID- 6746816 TI - Determination of progabide and its main acid metabolite in biological fluids using high-performance liquid chromatography and electrochemical detection. Application to the measurement of blood/plasma partition ratio. AB - A method for the measurement in plasma, blood and urine of progabide, its main acid metabolite, and the corresponding benzophenone is described. This assay allows the determination of progabide and its acid metabolite for therapeutic drug monitoring, and with a minimum detectable concentration of 1-10 ng/ml for progabide and its acid metabolite, it is sensitive enough for pharmacokinetic studies. Progabide and its metabolites are extracted from biological samples with toluene at pH 4.5. Following reduction of the imine bond with sodium borohydride, the reduced drugs are back-extracted into an aqueous phase at acid pH and reextracted by diethyl ether at alkaline pH. Progabide, its acid metabolite and the benzophenone are separated by high-performance liquid chromatography using a 3-micron ODS column with a quaternary solvent mixture of methanol-acetonitrile phosphate buffer (0.033 M, pH 5.5)-sodium chloride (1.5 M) (30:30:40:9, v/v), and detected electrochemically at a potential of +850 mV vs. an Ag/AgCl electrode. Antiepileptic drugs like carbamazepine, carbamazepine epoxide, phenytoin, valproic acid and ethosuximide do not interfere with the assay. Blood/plasma partition ratios of 0.69 and 0.55 for progabide and its acid metabolite, respectively, indicate that the former but not the latter is present in red blood cells. PMID- 6746819 TI - Determination of glaucine in plasma and urine by high-performance liquid chromatography. AB - A sensitive method is described for the measurement of d-glaucine in pharmacokinetic studies using only 100-microliter plasma samples or 200 microliter urine samples. It requires a simple extraction clean-up on kieselguhr micro-columns and straight-phase high-performance liquid chromatography with fluorescence detection. Data on selectivity, sensitivity and precision demonstrate the reliability of this method. Its applicability is revealed by single and repeated oral administration pharmacokinetic studies in human subjects. PMID- 6746817 TI - Quantitative determination of furosemide in plasma, plasma water, urine and ascites fluid by high-performance liquid chromatography. AB - A high-performance liquid chromatographic method using spectrofluorometric detection is described for the determination of furosemide in plasma, plasma water, urine and ascites fluid. The extraction procedure decreases interference from endogenous substances. The detection limit of furosemide is 10 ng in 0.5 ml of biological sample. The method is sufficiently sensitive for pharmacokinetic study of furosemide with normal subjects and patients with liver cirrhosis and/or renal disease after oral administration of furosemide in a retard capsule, and for study of protein binding of furosemide in patients with various diseases. PMID- 6746818 TI - Sensitive high-performance liquid chromatographic assay using electrochemical detection for a novel prodrug ester of methyldopa, pivaloyloxyethyl 3-(3,4 dihydroxyphenyl)-2-methylalaninate, in plasma and urine. AB - The pivaloyloxyethyl ester of methyldopa is an antihypertensive prodrug possessing improved bioavailability properties over methyldopa. A sensitive cation-exchange, high-performance liquid chromatographic assay using electrochemical detection has been developed for the ester in plasma and urine in order to determine the extent of its hydrolysis after oral administration. The chromatographic conditions involve two Altex Partisil 10 SCX columns (25 cm X 4.6 mm) in series; a mobile phase consisting of methanol, potassium phosphate buffer, pH 3.0, and EDTA disodium dihydrate; and an electrochemical detector set at 0.5 V. The pivaloyloxyethyl ester in plasma or urine is extracted into ethyl acetate, back-extracted into 0.1 M sulfuric acid, and analyzed directly by high performance liquid chromatography. For urine, the ethyl acetate extract is washed with a buffer (pH 8.0) prior to the back-extraction step. The assay gives a linear response over the concentration range of 10-160 ng/ml in plasma and 20-400 ng/ml in urine. PMID- 6746820 TI - Determination of bound cellular fatty acids in Actinobacillus actinomycetemcomitans and Haemophilus aphrophilus by gas chromatography and gas chromatography-mass spectrometry. PMID- 6746821 TI - Rapid analysis of C19-steroid metabolism by high-performance liquid chromatography and in-line monitoring of radioactivity. PMID- 6746822 TI - Application of reversed-phase high-performance liquid chromatography for radioimmunoassay of plasma 18-hydroxycorticosterone. PMID- 6746824 TI - High-performance liquid chromatographic determination of imidazole in biological fluids. PMID- 6746823 TI - Quantitative analysis of ascorbic acid-2-sulfate by high-performance liquid chromatography with electrochemical detection. PMID- 6746825 TI - Sensitive method for the determination of diclofenac in human plasma by gas chromatography-mass spectrometry. PMID- 6746826 TI - Determination of nanogram amounts of dicyclomine with gas chromatography and nitrogen-selective detection. PMID- 6746827 TI - Determination of ibuprofen by high-performance liquid chromatography. PMID- 6746828 TI - Determination of oxycodone in human plasma by high-performance liquid chromatography with electrochemical detection. PMID- 6746829 TI - High-performance liquid chromatographic method for the determination of pyrimethamine and its 3-N-oxide metabolite in biological fluids. PMID- 6746830 TI - High-performance liquid chromatography of propanidid in rat plasma. PMID- 6746831 TI - High-performance liquid chromatographic analysis of flordipine in human plasma. PMID- 6746832 TI - High-performance liquid chromatography of haloperidol in serum at the concentrations achieved during chronic therapy. PMID- 6746833 TI - Simultaneous determination of trimethadione and its metabolite in rat and human serum by high-performance liquid chromatography. PMID- 6746834 TI - An improved method for the determination of gamma-carboxyglutamic acid in human urine by high-performance liquid chromatography. PMID- 6746835 TI - An integrated scheme for the simultaneous determination of biogenic amines, precursor amino acids, and related metabolites by liquid chromatography with electrochemical detection. AB - A new method using high-performance liquid chromatography with electrochemical detection (HPLC-ED) for the simultaneous determination of monoamines, their precursor amino acids, and related major metabolites in small samples of brain tissue weighing from 0.5 to 50 mg is described. The method is based on the preliminary isolation of monoamines (dopamine, norepinephrine, epinephrine, and serotonin), their precursor amino acids (tyrosine, 3,4-dihydroxyphenylalanine, tryptophan and 5-hydroxytryptophan), and their major metabolites (3 methoxytyramine, normetanephrine, 3,4-dihydroxyphenylacetic acid, homovanillic acid, vanillylmandelic acid, 3-methoxy-4-hydroxyphenylethyleneglycol, and 5 hydroxyindoleacetic acid) by chromatography on small columns of Amberlite CG-50 and Dowex 50W, and by ethyl acetate extraction. All the compounds in the four isolated fractions were measured by HPLC-ED on a reversed-phase column under four different conditions. The sensitivity was from 0.1 to 40 pmol, depending on the substances analysed. This newly established method was applied to the study of the effects of an aromatic L-amino acid decarboxylase inhibitor (NSD-1015) and a monoamine oxidase inhibitor (pargyline) on the levels of monoamines, their precursor amino acids and their major metabolites in brain regions of mice. PMID- 6746836 TI - Measurement of hydroxylysine glycosides in urine and its application to spinal cord injury. AB - A new technique to evaluate the degradation of skin or bone collagen by measuring glucosylgalactosyl hydroxylysine and galactosyl hydroxylysine is presented. The method utilizes an automated amino acid analyzer. Eluents used are lithium buffers, and the color reagent is ninhydrin. Both glycosides elute in 3.5 h. Samples require minimum preparation. Urinary concentrations of both glycosides in ten patients with cervical spinal cord injuries of less than six months duration were higher than in five healthy controls. Proportional increases were different for each of the two glycosides. Variations in the proportional increase of each glycoside indicate different rates of degradation of skin and bone collagen. Repeated evaluations of the two urinary glycosides may help to predict whether patients are likely to develop skin- or bone-related clinical complications. PMID- 6746837 TI - Cysteinylglycine in urine determined by high-performance liquid chromatography. AB - Using N-(1-pyrene)maleimide as a reagent for thiol compounds and high-performance liquid chromatography with fluorometric detection, we have identified cysteinylglycine as an endogenous compound in dithiothreitol-reduced urine. In a quantitative method developed for cysteinylglycine, reduction of urinary disulphides was effected by dithiothreitol at pH 6. The pH was then brought to 1.5 and excess dithiothreitol together with acid thiols was extracted with water saturated ethyl acetate. After derivatization the concentration was determined by reversed-phase liquid chromatography. Precision of the method (C.V. = 6.5%) and analytical recovery (86 +/- 6.4%) were satisfactory. The urinary excretion of cysteinylglycine was 7.4 +/- 2.3 mumol/l (mean +/- S.D.) in eight healthy subjects. PMID- 6746838 TI - Analysis of hepatic reduced glutathione, cysteine and homocysteine by cation exchange high-performance liquid chromatography with electrochemical detection. AB - A high-performance liquid chromatographic method employing a mercury-based electrochemical detector and a cation-exchange column is described for the simultaneous measurement of reduced glutathione, cysteine, and homocysteine in liver homogenates. Sample preparation involves precipitation of protein with perchloric acid, removal of perchlorate by precipitation as its potassium salt and dilution with mobile phase. Mercaptoethylglycine is used as the internal standard. Using this procedure, the sum of the individual hepatic thiols agreed well with the total thiols determined with Ellman's reagent. Comparisons were made with (a) control rats, (b) rats depleted of hepatic thiols by pargyline pretreatment, and (c) rats administered L-cysteine. PMID- 6746839 TI - Simplified high performance liquid chromatographic quantitation of antipyrine. AB - Antipyrine is used as an index of hepatic drug metabolism. The authors devise a simple and rapid high performance liquid chromatography method to quantitate antipyrine in serum with small volume (50 microliters). Minimal sample preparation is needed and the assay is sensitive to concentrations of 0.2 micrograms/ml. Mobile phase consists of 35% methanol in 67 mM phosphate buffer pH 3.5 with antipyrine detected by monitoring the eluate at 225 and 254 nm. Within run and run-to-run coefficients of variation are less than or equal to 2.8 and 4.6%, respectively. Recoveries from serum average 100.8%. It is concluded that this technique for antipyrine is simple, rapid, and well characterized. PMID- 6746840 TI - DNA: DNA hybridization method for the diagnosis of hepatitis B infection. AB - Hepatitis B viral (HBV) DNA was detected in a hepatoma cell line which produces hepatitis B surface antigen (HBsAg) and in patients with acute hepatitis B. The serum of one patient with acute hepatitis B was found to be infectious when injected i.v. into a chimpanzee up to a dilution of 10(-8). Hepatitis B surface antigen (HBsAg) and hepatitis B e antigen (HBeAg) were detectable in the same serum sample by radioimmunoassay up to a dilution of 10(-5) and of 10(-3), respectively. Using DNA: DNA hybridization on nitrocellulose membranes, HBV DNA sequences were detectable up to 10(-8) dilution corresponding to the infectivity level. Based on this finding, it appears that DNA: DNA hybridization is the most sensitive method for detecting hepatitis B virus (HBV) infection. In situations with low virus levels it may be the only indicator of the presence of infectious hepatitis B virus. The use of a tritium-labelled probe makes the method economical and adaptable to hospital laboratories. PMID- 6746841 TI - Adsorption properties of different hepatitis B virus related antigens (HBsAg, HBcAg, HBeAg) on octanohydrazide-Sepharose 4B. AB - Chromatography of plasma containing hepatitis B virus and partially purified viral antigens on a hydrophobic gel derivative (octanohydrazide-Sepharose 4B) revealed that HbsAg and HbcAg were adsorbed to the gel in 0.75 mol/l ammonium bicarbonate and eluted by a detergent, Berol. HBeAg in a purified HBcAg preparation from human liver, but not HBeAg in plasma, was bound to the gel. Furthermore, HBeAg in the HBcAg preparation, but not HBeAg in plasma, lost its antigenic reactivity in the presence of Berol, indicating that the two HBeAgs were present in different molecular configurations. However, HBeAg could be released from HBV (HBcAg) and form a component which sedimented slowly and was immune-reactive in the presence of the detergent. The results contribute to knowledge of the interrelationship between hepatitis B-related antigens and indicate that chromatography on hydrophobic gel derivatives can be used not only for the purification (and removal) of HBsAg but also of HBcAg. PMID- 6746842 TI - Comparisons between different syndromes of heart attack--a multivariate analysis. AB - A register of acute coronary events in Auckland, New Zealand enabled characterization of cases of the following different coronary syndromes: definite myocardial infarction (MI) (divided to Type I with typical ECG findings and Type II with new symmetrical T wave inversion only), nonhypotensive definite infarction with and without ventricular fibrillation, possible myocardial infarction and sudden death. Comparisons between these syndromes were analyzed. ECG type II (as compared to ECG type I) definite infarction was a more chronic, repeated syndrome, with more myocardial fibrosis in fatal cases, and more previous prolonged anginal pain without documented infarction. Cases of possible (as compared to definite) myocardial infarction were also more likely to report previous prolonged aningal pain, to use beta blockers, furosemide and less likely to die within 30 days. They consumed significantly more alcohol and were more likely to be female, than cases of definite infarction. Patients with nonhypotensive definite infarction complicated by ventricular fibrillation had higher acute phase pulse rates and more pallor and sweating than similar patients not experiencing ventricular fibrillation. Some possible explanations for the above findings were discussed. PMID- 6746843 TI - Blood pressure in blacks and whites and its relationship to dietary sodium and potassium intake. AB - The 24-hour dietary intake and blood pressure of 1928 black and 9739 white adults derived from the data sets of the first US National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (NHANES I) of 1971-1974 were analyzed. Contrary to expectation, the absolute and relative intakes of sodium and potassium in blacks were less than those of whites. However, because the difference in potassium was greater than the difference in sodium, blacks did have a significantly higher sodium/potassium ratio than whites. Blacks had significantly higher blood pressure than whites even when adjusted for differences in sodium/potassium ratio. It is concluded that the higher blood pressure and prevalence of hypertension in blacks does not appear to be a function of an absolutely greater dietary sodium intake, but related to a relatively low intake of potassium. It is possible that blacks have a greater sensitivity than whites to the hypertensinogenic effects of sodium which, coupled with the relatively low dietary intake of potassium, accounts for their increased blood pressure. PMID- 6746844 TI - A quantitative assessment of pre-dental antibiotic prophylaxis for patients with mitral-valve prolapse. AB - Because antibiotic prophylaxis for dental procedures in patients with mitral valve prolapse (MVP) has been controversial, we performed a decision analysis to assess the costs and effects of the oral and parenteral penicillin regimens currently recommended for patients at high risk for bacterial endocarditis. The analysis suggests that there is a very small risk of post-dental endocarditis in MVP (4.1 cases per 10(6) procedures) which is outweighed by a greater risk of fatal reactions to parenteral penicillin (15 deaths per 10(6) courses). Parenteral penicillin prophylaxis therefore causes a net loss of life. For oral penicillin the risk of a fatal reaction is lower (0.9 deaths per 10(6) courses). However, oral penicillin prophylaxis appears to spare life only in older adults with MVP and at an extremely high cost: Over +1 million must be spent to spare one year of life. Personal preferences may still make antibiotic prophylaxis desirable for individual MVP patients. However, from a societal perspective, routine predental antibiotic prophylaxis for MVP is a very expensive preventive strategy. PMID- 6746845 TI - Exercise and risk factors for arteriosclerosis in 42 married couples followed over four years. AB - Forty-two married couples (30-69 years of age) were followed for 4 years with yearly measurements of risk factors for arteriosclerosis. Advice was given concerning relaxed, enjoyable exercise (mainly running at 10-13 km hr-1). Each person served as his own control by comparison of the first and the last yearly status. Both the group of women and the group of men significantly improved (two sided p less than 0.005) their maximum oxygen uptake, and reduced their blood glucose concentration (two-sided p less than 0.01). S-cholesterol (for the group of men) was reduced statistically significantly (two-sided p less than 0.01). At the first examination the groups of women and men with the lowest maximum oxygen uptake (group I) had higher average values for risk factors than the more active groups (group II). At the final examination almost all persons had improved their maximum oxygen uptake, so none of the other risk factor differences between groups I and II were statistically significant. Both the women and the men improved their well being and their health profile as evaluated in terms of risk factors for arteriosclerosis. Exhaustive exercise was not necessary for beneficial effects. PMID- 6746846 TI - Serum cholesterol, other risk factors, and cardiovascular disease in a Japanese cohort. AB - The relationship of serum cholesterol and other risk factors to cardiovascular disease was investigated in a 16-year cohort of 16,711 residents of Hiroshima and Nagasaki. Examined in detail were the relationship of serum cholesterol, and the joint relationships of serum cholesterol, systolic blood pressure, diastolic blood pressure, and other risk factors to coronary heart disease (CHD), cerebral infarction (CI), and cerebral hemorrhage (CH). Baseline and biennially collected risk factor data were analyzed. The latter type of measurement permitted separate investigation of both the short-term and long-term effects of cholesterol measurements. In both types of analyses, both serum cholesterol and blood pressure showed strong associations with CHD incidence. In particular, there were strong associations with short-term and delayed CHD incidence. Furthermore, the association of cholesterol with short-term CHD incidence could not be explained by its association with delayed CHD incidence, or vice versa. Multivariate analyses that also included several other risk factors (smoking habits, clinical diagnosis of diabetes mellitus, left ventricular hypertrophy or strain on electrocardiogram, relative body weight, hematocrit, and proteinuria) for which data were available showed such risk factors to be of lesser, but generally non negligible, importance in this population. In the case of CH and CI, serum cholesterol was found to be weakly or not at all related to incidence of either disease while blood pressure remained a strong correlate. For CI some suggestion of a statistical interaction between blood pressure and serum cholesterol was found. Discussed are implications for theories of disease pathogenesis for CHD, CI and CH. PMID- 6746848 TI - Haiti and the AIDS connection. PMID- 6746847 TI - Alcohol intake and hypertension among urban and rural Japanese populations. AB - A significant positive relationship was found between alcohol intake and blood pressure for men 40-69 years old living in urban Osaka (492 men) and in rural Akita (395 men), Japan, surveyed from 1975 to 1977. Both mean blood pressure and the prevalence of hypertension were related to alcohol intake in a graded fashion. Stepwise multiple regression also showed that both systolic and diastolic pressure were associated with alcohol intake independent of ponderosity index, serum cholesterol, triglycerides, hemoglobin, uric acid, smoking, and age. This cross-sectional study indicates a continuous--and not a threshold- relationship between alcohol and blood pressure, with the effect of even moderate consumption, e.g. 28-55 g per day (equivalent to about 2-4 U.S. drinks per day). PMID- 6746849 TI - Alcohol and hypertension. PMID- 6746850 TI - Assessment of hospital admission surveillance of stroke in a metropolitan community. AB - A system of hospital admission surveillance, developed to facilitate the communitywide study of incident stroke, has been evaluated in Monroe County, New York. Of 1604 consecutive patients admitted to the county's seven acute hospitals with a stroke-related diagnosis, 903 were subsequently confirmed as strokes, (predictive value positive = 56%). Among the 701 false positives, 52% were due to TIA or carotid stenosis, while 48% were due to other conditions mimicking stroke. Sensitivity was 68%. Among missed stroke cases 42% were admitted with non stroke related diagnoses; 25% occurred in hospital; and 32% were missed for clerical reasons. Predictive value positive and sensitivity rates of admission screening were not significantly affected by patient age or sex. In conclusion, admission surveillance has identified a representative sample of hospitalized strokes in a practical and timely manner for studying factors effecting stroke incidence and outcomes on a communitywide basis. PMID- 6746851 TI - Relation of alcohol and cigarette consumption to blood pressure and serum creatinine levels. AB - From the records of an automated multi-phasic health testing centre, daily drinkers in four alcohol consumption groups were each separately matched for sex, age and obesity to a single non-drinker control. All subjects satisfied strict eligibility criteria selected to exclude the effects of other factors known to influence blood pressure or renal function or both. The 5500 pairs of subjects were compared for systolic and diastolic blood pressure and serum creatinine. After allowing for smoking, drinkers had significantly elevated blood pressure compared with their controls, and the elevation was greater the heavier the alcohol intake, except for the heaviest drinking females. This result was more pronounced in males than females, and for systolic than diastolic blood pressure. By contrast, smoking cigarettes was shown to be associated with lower blood pressure, independent of sex and drinking history. Smoking was also associated with a decreased serum creatinine concentration as was drinking three or more drinks per day. However, drinkers of two or fewer drinks daily had higher serum creatinine concentrations than their non-drinker controls. PMID- 6746852 TI - Habitual vigorous exercise and primary cardiac arrest: effect of other risk factors on the relationship. AB - To determine if the relationship between habitual vigorous exercise and primary cardiac arrest (PCA) is modified by the presence of other risk factors, we investigated 133 male cases of PCA, 25-75 years of age, without prior heart disease or co-morbidity, and 133 controls, identified from the same community. Persons who did not engage in high-intensity leisure-time activity for more than 20 min per week were classified as non-vigorous. The risk of PCA was more than doubled for non-vigorous males, both in the presence and absence of other risk factors taken individually, i.e. age greater than or equal to 60, hypertension, cigarette smoking, obesity, and family history. The incidence of PCA attributable to lack of vigorous activity was greatest for older, hypertensive, or obese males; for each of these subgroups, it exceeded 19 cases/10,000 persons/yr. Efforts to discourage clinically healthy persons at risk of PCA from continuing to engage in vigorous exercise may be inappropriate. PMID- 6746853 TI - Dietary compliance among insulin-dependent diabetics. AB - An education program to improve dietary compliance in insulin-dependent diabetics was evaluated from 1978 to 1980 at the Royal North Shore Hospital of Sydney. Dietary intake, biochemical status, health beliefs, knowledge, anthropometric and other measurements were made on 140 diabetics and their family members before and, where possible, 6 months after the program. Four aspects of compliance were assessed: dietary composition, body weight, carbohydrate spacing among meal periods and carbohydrate variation between days. There was a significant increase in the proportion of subjects who achieved the recommended goal of a high carbohydrate/low fat diet. Diabetics who complied with this recommendation were significantly more likely to have adequate glycemic control. Most of the participants were initially near ideal weight and there were few substantial weight changes. The proportions of diabetics with acceptable scores for carbohydrate spacing and variation did not change significantly. Subjects who complied with one aspect of the dietary regimen did not necessarily comply with other aspects. Dietary compliance was related to initial patterns of dietary intake but could not be predicted from any other factors such as demographic characteristics, duration of disease, knowledge or health beliefs, although this could have been due to small sample sizes. PMID- 6746854 TI - Public policy on health and scientific evidence--is there a link? PMID- 6746855 TI - Some thoughts on early detection and intervention in diabetes mellitus. PMID- 6746857 TI - Logistic regression and multiple sclerosis. PMID- 6746856 TI - Secondary prevention in diabetes mellitus. PMID- 6746858 TI - Inhibitory action of relaxin on human cervical smooth muscle. AB - The influence of purified porcine relaxin on contractility of human cervical smooth muscle was investigated in vitro. Strips of cervical tissue were obtained by needle biopsy from pregnant and nonpregnant women and were mounted in a superfused organ chamber for isometric measurement of contractile activity. Relaxin (0.005-25 micrograms/ml) inhibited the spontaneous contractions in cervical strips from 18% of nonpregnant, 68% of early pregnant, and in 100% of term pregnant women. These results indicate that relaxin has an inhibitory action on cervical smooth muscle and that this effect is more constantly detected as pregnancy proceeds. PMID- 6746859 TI - Origin of plasma androstanediol glucuronide in men. AB - The role of testosterone (T) and dihydrotestosterone (DHT) as precursors of the peripheral metabolite androstanediol glucuronide (3 alpha diol G) in plasma from normal men was studied. An apparent steady state of both putative precursors and the steroid glucuronides were attained by 8-h constant iv infusions of 3H-labeled steroid after a loading dose. The unconjugated steroids and the steroid glucuronides (after beta-glucuronidase hydrolysis) with 14C indicator were purified by serial microcolumn and paper chromatography steps previously reported to achieve radiochemical purity. The specific activities of 3 alpha diol and 3 alpha diol G in plasma were widely different in each subject, confirming our earlier suggestion that the two peripheral metabolites are formed in different pools. The conversion ratios (CRPre-Prod BB) varied widely. The CRT-3 alpha diol G was generally less than 5%, while the CRDHT-3 alpha diol G was 10 times higher. These results are compatible with the expected model, T----DHT----3 alpha diol G. In some of the studies, T glucuronide (TG) and DHT glucuronide (DHTG) were isolated after T infusions, and DHTG was isolated after DHT infusion. The major conversion product of blood T was DHTG, not TG, and the major conversion product of DHT was 3 alpha diol G. This suggests that metabolism proceeds through a steroid reduction step and glucuronidation. The peripheral pathway to 3 alpha diol G may involve formation of DHTG and then 3 alpha-reduction to 3 alpha diol G. This may also explain why blood levels of unconjugated 3 alpha diol have not been helpful in elucidating disorders of androgen formation, as this androgen mostly arises from sites different from 3 alpha diol G. PMID- 6746860 TI - Necrotic changes in prolactinomas after long term administration of bromocriptine. AB - Six prolactinoma patients were studied endocrinologically and their tumors were examined histologically after long term bromocriptine therapy. In patient 1 with a large prolactinoma, a marked reduction in size and a remarkable decrease in elevated serum PRL levels occurred after bromocriptine treatment for 8 months. The histological findings consisted of two components, i.e. shrunken island-like cell nests and acellular spaces. Some degenerative and necrotic tumor cells, hyaline substance, and fibrosis were observed with light and electron microscopy in these acellular spaces. Island-like cell nests consisted of atrophic cells having disproportionally scanty cytoplasm. The same histological findings were observed in four other patients. However, in another patient whose tumor decreased in size only slightly during bromocriptine therapy, the specimen had few acellular spaces. Thus, long term bromocriptine treatment of patients with prolactinomas may result in necrosis of some adenoma cells in some patients. PMID- 6746861 TI - Characterization of plasma and cerebrospinal fluid human angiotensinogen and des angiotensin I-angiotensinogen by direct radioimmunoassay. AB - Angiotensinogen and the product of its hydrolysis by renin, des-angiotensin I angiotensinogen, were quantitated in human plasma and in cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) by a direct RIA. This assay was developed using polyclonal antibodies raised against pure human angiotensinogen. The antibodies recognized only primate angiotensinogen and des-angiotensin I-angiotensinogen. Results obtained with the direct RIA were compared with those of the indirect assay which measures angiotensinogen through angiotensin I liberated by an excess of renin. Both assays gave almost identical results in normal subjects whereas in three different conditions characterized by a high renin level (severe hypertension plus low sodium diet, converting enzyme inhibition, and adrenal insufficiency) higher results were obtained by the direct assay. This difference between the results of both methods was attributed to des-angiotensin I-angiotensinogen accumulation which is detected only in the direct assay. CSF angiotensinogen had similar immunochemical properties to plasma angiotensinogen and could also be measured by the direct RIA. Isoelectric focusing of plasma angiotensinogen and des-angiotensin I-angiotensinogen revealed a similar microheterogeneity. Microheterogeneity was also a characteristic of CSF angiotensinogen, but its isoelectric point was more basic than plasma angiotensinogen. PMID- 6746862 TI - Prolactin-secreting adenomas in women. VII. Dopamine regulation of prolactin secretion. AB - Previous studies demonstrated that high doses of dopamine administered as a constant infusion were capable of suppressing PRL secretion in both normal and hyperprolactinemic individuals. The present study was designed to examine the dose-response relationship of PRL suppression to low doses of dopamine (between 0.06 and 4 micrograms/kg X min) infused in a step-wise fashion. Ten hyperprolactinemic patients with PRL-secreting pituitary adenomas and 10 normally menstruating women in the early follicular phase of a cycle were studied. For hyperprolactinemic women, the mean (+/- SD) serum PRL level (by RIA) was 112 +/- 101 ng/ml, with a range of 26-386 ng/ml, the mean estradiol level (by RIA) was 28 +/- 8 pg/ml, and the mean baseline dopamine level by carboxy-o-methyl transferase assay (COMT) was 357 +/- 237 pg/ml (2.33 +/- 1.54 X 10(-9) M). The normal women had a mean PRL of 8.1 +/- 3.5 ng/ml, a mean estradiol level of 42 +/- 12 pg/ml, and a mean baseline dopamine level of 317 +/- 223 pg/ml (2.07 +/- 1.45 X 10(-9) M). Concentrations of dopamine achieved at the lowest doses infused were less than 10 times baseline levels and were in the nanomolar range. The measured IC50 (the concentration of dopamine required to achieve 50% of maximal suppression) was 6 +/- 3 X 10(-9) M for normal women and 14 +/- 4 X 10(-9) M for hyperprolactinemic patients. The apparent inhibition constant determined by a nonlinear least squares procedure, was 3 +/- 3 X 10(-9) M for normal women and 11 +/- 12 X 10(-9) M for women with hyperprolactinemia. Both groups exhibited dose dependent suppression of PRL to about 80% of initial values. Under these experimental conditions, the data do not support the hypothesis that there is a marked loss in sensitivity to dopamine in patients with PRL-secreting adenomas. PMID- 6746863 TI - Radioiodine in the treatment of hereditary medullary carcinoma of the thyroid. AB - The effect of 131I therapy as an adjunct to surgery in the management of patients with hereditary medullary carcinoma of the thyroid (MCT) was studied in 20 patients from 3 kindreds. Plasma calcitonin levels were measured before and after a dose of 131I sufficient to ablate postoperative thyroid remnants. In patients with residual biochemical MCT no significant reduction of the calcitonin levels was found after administration of radioiodine. In patients with normal postoperative calcitonin levels no (biochemical) recurrence developed 3 months to 2 yr subsequent to radioiodine therapy. It is concluded that 131I therapy as an adjunct to surgery is not indicated in the management of patients with residual hereditary MCT, although 131I may be of value in the prevention of tumor recurrence in patients with normal postoperative calcitonin values. PMID- 6746864 TI - Thyroxine distribution and metabolism in familial dysalbuminemic hyperthyroxinemia. AB - We studied two families with familial dysalbuminemic hyperthyroxinemia (FDH), a recently described entity characterized by marked elevation of serum T4 due to increased binding of T4 to albumin. The seven affected subjects had elevated serum total T4 levels (range, 15.3-25.2 micrograms/dl; normal, 4.5-11.0 micrograms/dl), but normal serum free T4 levels, as measured by equilibrium dialysis. Their serum T3 levels ranged from 1.40-2.46 ng/ml (normal, 0.9-2.0 ng/ml). The proportion of T4 associated with serum albumin was increased approximately 4-fold in the affected subjects, as shown both by reverse flow paper electrophoresis and immunoprecipitation of albumin-bound T4 with antihuman serum albumin. In vivo T4 kinetic studies were performed in the two index subjects to assess the effects of the increased binding of T4 to albumin on the in vivo transport, distribution, and disposal of T4. Compared to values in normal subjects, the MCR of T4 was decreased by about 50%, and its total body (extrathyroidal) pool size was increased by approximately 50%; the T4 production rate was normal. The extracellular T4 pool size was increased by about 100% in the FDH subjects, but the rapidly exchangeable intracellular T4 pool size was normal. The unidirectional T4 clearance rate from plasma into the rapidly exchangeable cellular compartment was reduced by approximately 50%, but the absolute rate of T4 flux from plasma into the cellular compartment was normal. Thus, the in vivo kinetic data indicate that the increased plasma binding of T4 in FDH alters the distribution of T4 in favor of the extracellular compartment, retards the fractional rate of transfer of T4 into cells, and slows the metabolic clearance of T4. However, the absolute rate of T4 flux into the rapidly exchangeable cellular compartment, the intracellular T4 pool size, and the T4 disposal rate are all normal in FDH, consistent with the normal serum concentrations of free T4 and the eumetabolic state of these individuals. PMID- 6746865 TI - Cholinergic mediation of growth hormone secretion elicited by arginine, clonidine, and physical exercise in man. AB - The role of acetylcholine in human GH secretion was studied with atropine, which selectively blocks cholinergic muscarinic receptors and crosses the blood-brain barrier. Paired tests were performed in 22 normal subjects divided into 4 groups. The stimuli employed were arginine (30 g/30 min, iv), clonidine (300 micrograms, orally), physical exercise for 20 min, and saline. In the second test, atropine (1 mg, im) was administered before GH stimulation. Arginine elicited a GH secretory peak of 16.6 +/- 5 ng/ml (mean +/- SEM), which was completely blocked when atropine was administered with arginine (0.9 +/- 0.1 ng/ml). Atropine did not, however, modify the PRL secretory response; peak levels after arginine and atropine plus arginine were 16.3 +/- 3.1 and 16.8 +/- 2.5 ng/ml, respectively. Clonidine elicited a GH secretory peak (11.8 +/- 2.7 ng/ml) which also was blocked by pretreatment with atropine (1.2 +/- 0.2 ng/ml). Neither clonidine nor clonidine plus atropine altered PRL secretion. GH levels also were sharply increased after physical exercise, with a peak level of 19.4 +/- 4.9 ng/ml. Atropine completely blocked exercise-induced GH secretion (2 +/- 0.9 ng/ml). Atropine alone did not modify GH or PRL values compared with saline administration. The potency of the atropine-induced suppression of GH secretion by three different stimuli, each with presumably different mechanisms of action, suggests that acetylcholine plays an important role in the regulation of GH secretion. PMID- 6746866 TI - Effect of overeating on plasma and urinary concentrations of norepinephrine. AB - This study examined the effect of overeating on plasma norepinephrine concentrations and urinary norepinephrine excretion in man, since overeating sucrose or fat increases norepinephrine turnover in rodents. Five normal subjects were overfed by 50% for 20 days, without substantially changing the proportions of protein, fat, and carbohydrate in the diet, after a control period of normal feeding. Sodium intake remained constant throughout the study. There was no effect of overfeeding on plasma norepinephrine concentrations when subjects were resting supine either before or after a meal. However, plasma norepinephrine concentrations after 10 min of orthostasis were 40% lower (P less than 0.05) at the end of overfeeding. Plasma norepinephrine concentrations during slow walking also tended to be lower during overfeeding, but this effect was not statistically significant. Mean 24-h norepinephrine and epinephrine excretion were not altered. These data do not support the hypothesis that overeating increases sympathetic nervous system activity in man. PMID- 6746867 TI - Induction of progesterone receptor with 17 beta-estradiol in human ovarian cancer. AB - We utilized a xenograft model of human ovarian cancer to study the ability of estrogen to induce progesterone receptor. Tumor cytosol from 17 beta-estradiol treated oophorectomized animals, but not oophorectomized controls, contained a [3H]ORG 2058 binding moiety of sedimentation coefficient 6-9S. This component showed specificity for the progestagens: progesterone, ORG 2058, and R5020 and for the antiprogestagen cyproterone acetate. At 1000-fold molar excess, 5 alpha dihydrotestosterone competed partially for these sites while diethylstilbestrol, dexamethasone, and the antiandrogen, SCH 16423, were ineffective competitors. The dissociation constant for this progestagen binding entity was 0.14 nM using [3H]ORG 2058 as labeled ligand and R5020 as competitor. In addition, saturation analysis demonstrated that approximately 400 fmol of progestagen specific binding capacity was available per mg of cytosol protein. These data suggest that estrogen can induce progesterone receptor in human ovarian carcinoma. PMID- 6746868 TI - [Studies on an anti-atherosclerotic drug, 4-(cis-p-menthan-8-yloxy) benzanilide (YM-95831)]. PMID- 6746869 TI - [A study of the activities of the postural muscle and oxygen consumption in juvenile and adult patients with cerebral palsy]. PMID- 6746870 TI - [Purification and characterization of two types of rat transferrin]. PMID- 6746871 TI - [Variations and correlation of hematological and serum iron values in pregnant and parturient women, neonates and infants: with special reference to feto maternal transfusion and infantile hemoglobin values]. PMID- 6746872 TI - [Studies of T and H waves in patients with herniated lumbar disc]. PMID- 6746873 TI - A study on natural history of chronic subdural hematomas by analyzing CT findings. PMID- 6746874 TI - Isolation of influenza viruses in Thailand during December, 1982-October, 1983. PMID- 6746875 TI - Antigenic analysis of influenza viruses isolated in Thailand, December, 1982 October, 1983. PMID- 6746876 TI - Study of postoperative left ventricular function with and without residual pulmonary stenosis. PMID- 6746877 TI - Effect of in utero exposure to anticonvulsants on craniofacial development and growth. AB - It has been widely reported that some children exposed to anticonvulsants in utero have a characteristic pattern of craniofacial anomalies including a broad, low nasal bridge with a short upturned nose, wide mouth, low set ears, epicanthal folds, and ocular hypertelorism, while others show no evidence of craniofacial abnormalities. The purpose of this paper is to define the craniofacial features in nine exposed children using anthropometric measurements and frontal and lateral cephalometric radiographs. These children were identified at birth as part of a prospective study of infants exposed to anticonvulsants at the Boston Hospital for Women (now part of the Brigham and Women's Hospital). At birth, none of these infants had any major malformations; at 4 to 10 years of age, none demonstrated any growth deficiency or mental deficiency, and all external craniofacial measurements were within the normal range. However, cephalometric analyses demonstrated a pattern of reduced bony interorbital distance, maxillary size, mandibular length, cranial base and skull size, and a reduction in nose dimensions when compared to data of normal populations. This study demonstrates the inadequacy of external measurements in determining the details of underlying craniofacial architecture. The data also suggest that a subtle craniofacial change occurs in exposed children which is characterized by a decrease in bony interorbital distance and the size of the cranial base and maxilla with concomitant decreases in nose and mandibular dimensions. PMID- 6746878 TI - Occlusofacial morphological integration lowered in baboons raised on soft diet. AB - Of a sample of 40 baboons, 24 were given soft experimental diet, removing masticatory stress, for a 2-year period during growth. In oral-facial and dental occlusal structures, the experimental animals showed significantly elevated variability, reduced correlations, and some disruption of normal occlusion. PMID- 6746879 TI - Fine structural aspects of the cranial neuroepithelium in early embryos of the rhesus monkey. AB - Temporal changes in the ultrastructure of cranial neuroepithelial cells and their developmental interactions with adjacent chordamesodermal cells were analyzed during early neurogenesis in rhesus monkey embryos at stages 8-12 (19-28 days of gestation). In the neural plate and early neural fold stages, microtubules and apical microfilaments are not as prominent in the neuroepithelial cells as they are after the neural tube closes, whereas gap junctional vesicles are more evident prior to closure. Initially, the association between neuroepithelial cells and the presumptive notochordal cells is relatively closer than that between neuroepithelial cells and mesenchymal cells. After neural tube closure, the notochord becomes more distant. Cytoplasmic processes from neuroepithelial cells, notochordal cells, and mesenchymal cells interact via the neural basal lamina. In the rhesus monkey embryo, the ultrastructural features of neuroepithelial cells and their interactions with adjacent chordamesodermal cells are similar to those which have been observed in the mouse at comparable stages of gestation. PMID- 6746880 TI - Studies on "Repeated Epilation" mouse mutant embryos: II. Development of limb, tail, and skin defects. AB - The present paper reports the development of limbs, tail, and skin abnormalities in homozygous Repeated Epilation (Er/Er) mouse embryos. Defects can first be observed on day 13 and become fully expressed at 18-19 days of gestation (vaginal plug = day 1 of gestation). In 13-day-old embryos, the apical ectodermal ridge and some areas of the limb epidermis are unusually thickened. A similar hyperplasia affects the tail tip and the flank epidermis. Limb defects are located in the autopod. Both pairs of footplates are shortened and deformed; no separation occurs between the digits. Only the phalanges are involved; they may be joined together either by soft tissues or by cartilage. Hypophalangy affects the most distal phalanges. Nails are missing or poorly developed. At stage 13, the tail tip is bent over the dorsal side and becomes twisted; at later stages, the tail appears shortened. From the 14-day stage onwards, there is a progressive fusion between the limb, the body, and/or the tail epidermis. The embryological analysis of the abnormalities indicates that the thickened and rigid epidermis impedes the normal growth of the limb buds and of the tail. Our observations suggest that limb and tail defects observed in mice homozygous for the Repeated Epilation mutation may be secondary to primary changes occurring in the epidermis. Some malformations described in this paper closely resemble those observed in sm/sm (syndactylism) and pf (pupoid fetus) mouse embryos. PMID- 6746881 TI - Immunoenzymatic absorption test for serodiagnosis of paracoccidioidomycosis. AB - A sensitive enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay is described for paracoccidioidomycosis serodiagnosis, with antigen represented by filtrates from Paracoccidioides brasiliensis cultures. Cross-reactivities were, however, observed with sera from patients with other mycoses such as histoplasmosis, lobomycosis, cryptococcosis, candidiasis, and sporotrichosis. These cross reactions did not occur when we used as antigen Yarzabal E2 component prepared by affinity fractionation of the culture filtrates. Specific results could also be obtained with the whole filtrate antigen when sera were absorbed with Histoplasma capsulatum yeast and mycelial components. Besides a very high sensitivity (100% of the 69 cases of paracoccidioidomycosis tested), this assay showed no false positive results for the 206 non-paracoccidioidomycosis sera studied, including those from patients with other mycotic diseases. PMID- 6746882 TI - Two coagulase-variant forms of Staphylococcus aureus isolated from blood cultures. AB - Two coagulase-variant forms of Staphylococcus aureus were isolated from blood cultures of a patient with infective endocarditis. The coagulase-positive isolate was hemolytic, whereas the coagulase-negative isolate was nonhemolytic. All other properties examined were identical in both strains. Since coagulase-negative S. aureus strains have been isolated from clinical specimens, laboratories should consider using a combination of other biological properties along with coagulase production for the identification of S. aureus. PMID- 6746883 TI - Comparison of immediate and delayed inoculation of HEp-2 cells for isolation of respiratory syncytial virus. AB - Immediate inoculation of HEp-2 cells is generally advocated for the isolation of respiratory syncytial virus. However, delayed laboratory inoculation of properly transported specimens obtained by aspiration of nasopharyngeal mucus provided an isolation rate similar to that obtained with immediate inoculation. PMID- 6746884 TI - Vibrio fluvialis and Vibrio furnissii isolated from a stool sample of one patient. AB - Vibrio fluvialis and Vibrio furnissii have been associated with diarrhea but have rarely been isolated in the United States. We received strains of V. fluvialis and V. furnissii that were isolated from the stool of a 1-month-old baby. A description of these two strains and the case history of the patient are given in this report. PMID- 6746885 TI - Immunoblot analysis of Toxoplasma gondii antigens by human immunoglobulins G, M, and A antibodies at different stages of infection. AB - The Toxoplasma gondii antigenic components eliciting the immunoglobulin G (IgG), IgM, and IgA antibody responses were studied by using follow-up sera from a laboratory worker who developed an acute glandular toxoplasmosis after an accidental infection with the protozoa. IgG toxoplasma antibodies reacted with multiple components over a wide molecular weight range from 6,000 to 150,000. In contrast, IgM toxoplasma antibodies reacted predominantly with polypeptides of 6, 25, and 35 kilodaltons, which might be useful in new diagnostic procedures. The general pattern of antigenic components in the IgA toxoplasma antibody response closely resembled that in the IgM response, even though some characteristic features were constantly observed. The possibility that the restricted IgM and IgA antibody responses relate to the pathogenetic events in human toxoplasmosis is considered. PMID- 6746886 TI - DNA relatedness among strains of Campylobacter jejuni and Campylobacter coli with divergent serogroup and hippurate reactions. AB - Eleven strains of Campylobacter from earlier fluorescent-antibody studies were examined by DNA hybridization to determine their species. Three of the strains hydrolyzed sodium hippurate, and eight did not. Four of the hippurate-negative strains were in Campylobacter jejuni serogroups, and the remaining strains were in both C. jejuni and Campylobacter coli serogroups. DNA relatedness to type strains of C. jejuni and C. coli indicated that all three of the hippurate positive strains and two of the hippurate-negative strains were C. jejuni. The six remaining hippurate-negative strains were C. coli. Two of the hippurate negative strains in C. jejuni serogroups were C. jejuni, and two were C. coli. Three of the strains in serogroups of both species were C. jejuni, and four were C. coli. These studies confirm that a few strains of C. jejuni are hippurate negative and show that identical or highly related antigens are found in C. coli and C. jejuni. PMID- 6746888 TI - Typing of Enterobacter spp. by bacteriocin susceptibility and its use in epidemiological analysis. AB - Most clinical isolates of Enterobacter cloacae are bacteriocinogenic and susceptible to bacteriocins. Both rapidly diffusing, nonsedimentable, protease susceptible and slowly diffusing, sedimentable, protease-resistant bacteriocins are produced. A practicable system was devised for epidemiological typing of E. cloacae isolates by their patterns of susceptibility to bacteriocins. A set of eight bacteriocin-producing strains was grown on tryptic soy agar plates for 16 h. After removal of the producer lawn, the isolates to be typed were inoculated on the agar media by a multipoint inoculator. After a second 16-h period of incubation, the strains were classified into bacteriocin types according to the patterns of growth inhibition. Typability of 134 clinical isolates was 96.3%. Only 11 (8.2%) of the isolates fell into the largest group. Repeat testing of isolates from the same patients within 2 months gave identical bacteriocin types. Other species of Enterobacter (E. agglomerans and E. aerogenes) are also typable by this method. PMID- 6746887 TI - Production of toxic-shock-associated protein(s) in Staphylococcus aureus strains isolated from 1956 through 1982. AB - A total of 281 Staphylococcus aureus strains selected from those submitted to the Centers for Disease Control for phage typing between 1956 and 1982 were tested for the production of toxic-shock-associated protein (TSAP) by isoelectric focusing (IEF) and solid-phase radioimmunoassay. The results suggest that the observed temporal trends in the incidence of toxic-shock syndrome were not primarily due to changes in the distribution of TSAP-positive strains of S. aureus. Overall, 39 (14%) were TSAP positive by both methods. The earliest positive strain was an isolate submitted in 1957. TSAP-positive strains were most prevalent in the group of isolates submitted in 1976 for which 29% reacted, but the percent positive subsequently declined for isolates submitted in later years. TSAP production was more frequent among strains of phage types 29, 29/52, and 52 than among other strains. The use of IEF to identify TSAP detected false-positive proteins. Seven strains were positive by IEF and negative by solid-phase radioimmunoassay, whereas only one was positive by solid-phase radioimmunoassay and negative by IEF. PMID- 6746889 TI - Selective enrichment broth culture for detection of Clostridium difficile and associated cytotoxin. AB - A procedure was devised for routine examination of feces for Clostridium difficile with selective enrichment broth culture containing increased levels of carbohydrates and antibiotics to detect cytotoxin and volatile acids in broths inoculated with fecal samples. C. difficile was detected and identified with a rapidity comparable to that of conventional culture on selective cycloserine cefoxitin fructose agar. Detection rates for C. difficile in inoculated broths (111/401 or 27%) were significantly higher than for culture on cycloserine cefoxitin fructose agar (47/401 or 11%, P greater than 0.001). All fecal samples containing C. difficile and cytotoxin were correctly identified by the procedure. Isocaproic acid peak heights greater than 2 mm in selective enrichment broths inoculated with fecal samples indicated that C. difficile was present in the fecal sample examined. Of the positive specimens examined, 58% (64/111) produced peak heights greater than 10 mm. Peak heights less than 2 mm were not associated with C. difficile in the fecal sample. The investigated procedure provided a reliable alternative to the routine processing of feces for detecting C. difficile and associated cytotoxin in feces. Inoculated broths with isocaproic acid peak heights greater than 2 mm, after 24 to 48 h of incubation, and in which cytotoxin was detected, were subcultured to blood agar to obtain isolates of the organism as required. Broths which showed isocaproic acid peak heights less than 2 mm, and in which cytotoxin was not detected, were discarded as negative for C. difficile. The procedure was deemed potentially useful for epidemiological surveys of C. difficile. PMID- 6746890 TI - Systematic investigation of enrichment media for wild-type Campylobacter jejuni strains. AB - Of the media examined, thioglycolate broth supplemented with 5% lysed sheep blood, Butzler antibiotic mixture, and 0.1% lauryl sulfate was the most sensitive enrichment medium for recovery of wild-type strains of Campylobacter jejuni from cecal contents of chickens and chicken livers. It allowed the retrieval of 1 CFU as did solid media but permitted the screening of 50-times larger volumes. Double strength enrichment medium required 5 to 10 CFU for growth. Omission of lauryl sulfate reduced the sensitivity. Replacement of Butzler antibiotic mixture with Blaser antibiotic mixture increased overgrowth and, therefore, decreased retrieval of C. jejuni. PMID- 6746891 TI - Proposed revision of the Wauters et al. antigenic scheme for serotyping of Yersinia enterocolitica. AB - The antigenic scheme of Wauters and co-workers was applied to serotype a total of 585 strains of Yersinia enterocolitica, 43 strains of Yersinia kristensenii, 40 strains of Yersinia frederiksenii, and 25 strains of Yersinia intermedia. The O antigens 11,23; 11,24; 12,25; 12,26; and 28 were exclusively associated with Y. kristensenii. O antigen 16 was associated with Y. kristensenii and Y. frederiksenii. The serogroups O:4,33 and O:17 were only found in Y. intermedia, whereas the remaining serogroups were associated with Y. enterocolitica. The O antigen 34 proved to be identical with O:10; O factor 29 was poorly expressed and is suggested to be excluded from the list of recognized antigens. As sera of O factors 1, 2a, and 2b of Y. enterocolitica are difficult to prepare, we propose to combine the serogroups O:1,2a,3 and O:2a,2b,3 with O group 3. The H antigens l, r, s, and t were characteristic of Y. kristensenii, whereas H:p was exclusively found in Y. frederiksenii. H:q belonged to Y. intermedia, whereas H:o occurred in Y. kristensenii, Y. frederiksenii, and Y. intermedia. The remaining H factors a to k, m, and n occurred in Y. enterocolitica in various combinations. Up to 15 different combinations of H antigen factors were identified in a single serogroup of Y. enterocolitica. We propose the definition of a new H antigen, u. We suggest the exclusion from the typing scheme of those O and H antigens which are not associated with Y. enterocolitica. For O typing, we present a revised antigenic scheme of Y. enterocolitica with 18 serogroups containing 20 O factors. We emphasize the necessity of its continuous usage, taking into account the international situation. PMID- 6746892 TI - The membrane capacity of mammalian skeletal muscle fibres. AB - Membrane capacity was measured as a function of fibre diameter in mammalian skeletal muscle fibres under normal conditions and under conditions designed to reduce the membrane chloride conductance, i.e. in solutions in which chloride ions were replaced by sulphate or methylsulphate ions, or in normal Krebs solutions containing 2,4-dichlorophenoxyacetic acid (2.5 mM). The experiments were done on rat sternomastoid, extensor digitorum longus and soleus muscle fibres. The average membrane capacity of fibres in each muscle was greater than normal when chloride conductance was reduced and the slope of the relationship between membrane capacity and fibre diameter increased. The results were consistent with the hypothesis that the space constant of the transverse tubule system in mammalian fibres is normally short because the transverse tubule membrane has a high chloride conductance. The experimental results imply that the space constant of the transverse tubule system was less than 40 microns for fibres in normal Krebs solution and greater than 100 microns for fibres with low membrane chloride conductance. The space constant was calculated using measured geometrical parameters of the transverse tubule, and measured membrane conductance, and the values were close to 20 microns for fibres in normal Krebs solution and between 50 and 120 microns for fibres with low chloride conductance. PMID- 6746893 TI - Heterogeneity of T-tubule geometry in vertebrate skeletal muscle fibres. AB - Average dimensions of transverse tubules were obtained from electron micrographs of thin sections of mammalian and amphibian skeletal muscle fibres and the effect of transverse tubule geometry on the electrical characteristics of the fibres has been considered. The preparations examined were toad sartorius, mouse soleus, rat extensor digitorum longus, soleus and sternomastoid muscles. The T-tubule dimensions varied considerably between the different preparations and the average volume to surface ratio of the transverse tubule in amphibian fibres (8.1 nm) was generally greater than that in mammalian fibres (3.0-6.2 nm). The small volume to surface ratio of the mammalian transverse tubule would tend to reduce the electrical space constant of the transverse tubule system and reduce the rate of cross-sectional activation of the fibres during a twitch contraction. The area of transverse tubule membrane in junctional contact with the sarcoplasmic reticulum was determined and was found to be greater in mammalian fibres than in amphibian fibres. The relative areas of junctional contact, along a unit length of transverse tubule, were the same in rat extensor digitorum longus and soleus fibres. PMID- 6746894 TI - Immune responses to myelin antigens in Guillain-Barre syndrome. AB - Antibodies to nerve antigens were sought in the sera of 17 patients with acute Guillain-Barre syndrome (GBS), 11 with chronic relapsing demyelinating poly radiculoneuropathy (CRP), 20 with other neuropathies (ON), 15 with other neurological diseases (OND) and 19 normal subjects. Complement-fixing antibodies to a suspension of human peripheral nerve tissue were identified in only 2 patients with GBS and 1 with chronic progressive neuropathy. Five GBS sera gave complement fixation reactions with rabbit sciatic nerve. The sera were also tested for galactocerebroside (Gal-C) binding activity using a solid phase assay. The range of values in all groups was the same, although the mean values for patients with GBS, ON and OND were higher than those of normal subjects. In a radioimmunoassay for antibodies to bovine P2 slightly more radiolabelled antigen was precipitated by the GBS group of sera than by sera from the other groups, but only one serum from the GBS and another from the CRP patients precipitated more than 10% of the label. Addition of bovine P2 to cultures of peripheral blood mononuclear cells from 11 patients with GBS did not cause significant stimulation. Immunoassay for antibody to myelin basic protein (MBP) showed an increased proportion of sera with low binding activity in the GBS and CRP groups. The results suggest that humoral immune responses to potentially neuritogenic antigens are found with marginally increased frequency in patients with GBS and CRP. PMID- 6746895 TI - Neonatal myasthenia gravis. Anti-acetylcholine receptor antibodies in the amniotic fluid. AB - Neonatal myasthenia gravis (NMG) with mild arthrogryposis was observed at birth in the newborn infant of a myasthenic mother. Anti-acetylcholine receptor (anti AChR) antibodies were present in the serum of both mother and child, in umbilical cord serum and in the amniotic fluid. The presence of anti-AChR antibodies in the amniotic fluid may be one of the causes of the NMG. PMID- 6746896 TI - IgE in the cerebrospinal fluid. AB - The level of IgE in the cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) was determined by particle counting immunoassay. With a limit of sensitivity of 0.2 IU/ml, this immunoglobulin was detected neither in CSF of non-neurological patients (n = 27) nor of patients with sciatica (n = 13). IgE was present in samples from some patients with either multiple sclerosis (MS) or various infections of the central nervous system. In these cases, an IgE index [CSF IgE/serum IgE: CSF albumin/serum albumin] was calculated as 0.29 (SD 0.12). This value is not abnormal as the mean IgG and monomeric IgA indices are 0.45 and 0.34, respectively. Therefore, the IgE detected in most of the CSF samples was not locally produced. However, most patients with tuberculous meningitis had clearly an increased IgE index suggesting a local biosynthesis, but we failed to detect any IgE antibody activity against purified protein derivatives. PMID- 6746897 TI - Acceleration of thrombin-antithrombin complex formation in rat hindquarters via heparinlike molecules bound to the endothelium. AB - We have examined the role of heparinlike molecules in the regulation of coagulation by perfusing rat hindquarters with purified human thrombin and with its plasma inhibitor, antithrombin. Our data indicate that contact of the hemostatic components with the endothelium enhances the rate of thrombin antithrombin complex formation by as much as 19-fold over the uncatalyzed rate of enzyme-inhibitor interaction. Heparinlike molecules are responsible for the antithrombin accelerating activity. The amount of thrombin-antithrombin complex generated within the hindlimb preparation after pretreatment of the vasculature with purified Flavobacterium heparinase or with addition of platelet Factor IV to the hemostatic components, was equal to the uncatalyzed levels. These heparinlike molecules appear to be tightly bound to the luminal surface of the endothelium, since they could not be detected within the physiologic buffer that was perfused through the animal. The above mucopolysaccharides function in a manner similar to commercial heparin, since modification of antithrombin at a site critical for heparin-dependent acceleration of the protease inhibitor resulted in a level of interaction product identical to the uncatalyzed amount. Finally, addition of diisofluorophosphate-thrombin to the enzyme perfusion stream reduced the amount of thrombin-antithrombin complex formed in the animal by 30-40%, which suggested that thrombin bound to the endothelium as well as enzyme free in solution are accessible to antithrombin that has interacted with heparinlike molecules present on the endothelium. PMID- 6746899 TI - Localized reentry. Mechanism of induced sustained ventricular tachycardia in canine model of recent myocardial infarction. AB - This study was undertaken to investigate the mechanism underlying sustained monomorphic ventricular tachycardia (VT) in late experimental canine myocardial infarction. The hypothesis that sustained and "organized" continuous electrical activity (CEA) displaying a reproducible pattern with recurrent components recorded by bipolar endocardial, intramural, or epicardial electrodes in 10 animals during electrically induced sustained monomorphic VT represented reentrant excitation in an anatomically small area of the ventricle, was evaluated in the light of the following observations: Organized CEA always preceded the first monomorphic ventricular complex (QRS) of VT as well as the discrete local electrograms from closely surrounding sites during the initiation of VT. The site of organized CEA corresponded to the site of origin of sustained VT determined by iso-chronous contour map analysis of activation sequence. Ventricular pacing at rates more rapid than that of VT failed to terminate VT despite ventricular capture unless it transformed CEA into discrete local electrograms. VT could be terminated in three animals, with a single, critically timed premature stimulus delivered at a critically located focus close to the site of CEA, which would result in local capture and interrupted CEA. In six animals, surgical ablation of the site of organized CEA effectively prevented the reinitiation of sustained VT by programmed cardiac stimulation. These data showed that organized CEA and sustained VT were closely associated phenomena and suggested that organized CEA probably represented an important component of the tachycardia circuit. PMID- 6746898 TI - Regulation of acylcoenzyme A. Cholesterol acyltransferase and 3-hydroxy-3 methylglutaryl coenzyme A reductase activity by lipoproteins in the intestine of parabiont rats. AB - Parabiont rats were used to study the regulation of intestinal cholesterol synthesis (3-hydroxy-3-methylglutaryl coenzyme A [HMG-CoA] reductase activity) and esterification (acylcoenzyme A/cholesterol acyltransferase [ACAT] activity) by lipoproteins and micellar cholesterol. The parabiont rat model offers a unique way to observe changes in cholesterol metabolism in the intestine, independently of luminal factors. In one group of six surgically joined pairs, one animal was fed rat chow and 0.1% propylthiouracil (PTU). Its joined mate was fed rat chow, 0.1% PTU, 5% lard, and 0.3% taurocholic acid. In another group of five pairs, one rat was fed rat chow, 0.1% PTU, 5% lard, 0.3% taurocholic acid, plus 1% cholesterol. Its joined mate was fed the same diet except the cholesterol was deleted. Serum cholesterol changes were equal between members of a given pair, attesting to their common circulation. The administration of PTU itself caused a significant elevation of serum cholesterol. When one parabiont ingested cholesterol, serum cholesterol concentrations increased significantly for both pair members compared with control pairs not ingesting cholesterol. Hepatic and intestinal HMG-CoA reductase activities were significantly decreased in rats fed the diet containing cholesterol. ACAT activities in both organs were markedly increased. This supports previous data that suggest that dietary or luminal cholesterol affects both HMG-CoA reductase and ACAT activity in the small intestine. Moreover, in rats that were hypercholesterolemic but not ingesting dietary cholesterol, hepatic and intestinal reductase activities were decreased and ACAT activities were increased compared with the control animals. Intestinal microsomal cholesterol content was increased only in rats fed cholesterol. No changes in intestinal microsomal cholesterol were observed in the other animals. The data suggest that intestinal HMG-CoA reductase and ACAT activities are regulated by plasma lipoproteins independently of luminal factors. This nonluminal regulatory effect occurs without a measurable contribution to the intestinal microsomal cholesterol pool. PMID- 6746900 TI - Pantethine and cystamine deplete cystine from cystinotic fibroblasts via efflux of cysteamine-cysteine mixed disulfide. AB - Children suffering from cystinosis, a genetic disease characterized by high levels of lysosomal cystine, are currently being treated with cysteamine to lower the cystine levels in their cells. In fibroblasts from these patients, cysteamine and its disulfide, cystamine, are equally effective in lowering cystine levels. We recently reported that pantethine, a dietary precursor of coenzyme A, depletes cystine from cultured, cystinotic fibroblasts as effectively as cystamine. To determine the mechanism of action of pantethine, and of cystamine, we have compared the fate of [35S]cystine-derived metabolites in the presence and absence of these agents. The results indicate that the ability of pantethine to deplete cystine resides in its being a metabolic precursor of cysteamine. Furthermore, both pantethine and cystamine act by generating the mixed disulfide of cysteamine and cysteine in the lysosomes, which is then rapidly excreted from the cells. The fall in intracellular [35S]cystine caused by these agents was not accompanied by a comparable increase in any intracellular metabolite; rather, it could be accounted for by the appearance of mixed disulfide in the medium. There was no accumulation of mixed disulfide in the cells. Radioactivity in cytoplasmic glutathione was, however, increased by cystamine or pantethine. Thus, cysteamine (formed intracellularly in these experiments) undergoes thiol-disulfide exchange with cystine in the lysosomes, producing cysteamine-cysteine mixed disulfide and free cysteine, which enter the cytoplasm. The free cysteine is available to several pathways, including oxidation to the disulfide or the mixed disulfide, and synthesis of glutathione. The mixed disulfide is excreted from the cell, which ultimately depletes the cell of its excess cystine. PMID- 6746901 TI - Acute local inflammation alters synthesis, distribution, and catabolism of third component of complement (C3) in rabbits. AB - In order to evaluate the basis for changes in plasma concentrations of the third component of complement (C3) during inflammation, we injected purified radiolabeled C3 into normal New Zealand White rabbits and into rabbits with turpentine-induced pleurisy. In the normal animals, C3 was distributed between the intravascular compartment (75%) and the extravascular space (25%), with an exchange rate of 1.8 +/- 0.1% of the plasma pool per hour. The fractional catabolic rate (FCR) was 2.7 +/- 0.3% of the C3 plasma pool per hour, the synthesis rate was 1.0 +/- 0.2 mg C3/kg per h, and the plasma concentration was 1.23 +/- 0.3 mg C3/ml. Rabbits with turpentine-induced inflammation showed a shift of the volume of C3 distribution in favor of the extravascular compartment. In addition, the rate by which 125I-C3 was cleared from the circulation increased by 29% and was related to the appearance of 20% of the C3-bound circulating radioactivity in the affected pleural cavity at the zenith of inflammation. The FCR, calculated by measuring urinary excretion of radiolabel, increased by only 9% and was probably related to the C3 degradation that was observed in the pleural fluid during the early stages of inflammation. The plasma C3 concentration reached a peak at 230% of the baseline concentration, owing to an increase in the rate of synthesis by as much as 480%. The latter increase could be blocked by cycloheximide, an inhibitor of protein synthesis. We conclude that the increase of plasma C3 in the acute phase is due to stimulated synthesis, which is partially offset by a rise in FCR and by a shift of protein to the site of inflammation. PMID- 6746902 TI - The anemia of chronic renal failure in sheep. Response to erythropoietin-rich plasma in vivo. AB - The hypoproliferative anemia in chronic renal failure has been assumed to be the result of decreased erythropoietin (Ep) production by the damaged kidney and of the shortening of erythrocyte survival. However, many in vitro studies suggest that erythropoietic inhibitors in uremic plasma may contribute to the anemia. To determine the in vivo relevance of uremic inhibitors, increasing amounts of Ep as Ep-rich plasma were infused into six uremic sheep, and their erythropoietic responses were compared with those of nine normal sheep receiving similar amounts of Ep-rich plasma. Three sheep were studied in both normal and uremic states. Ep rich plasma was obtained from phenylhydrazine- and phlebotomy-induced anemic sheep. Stable uremia was created by subtotal nephrectomy. Erythropoiesis was quantitated by reticulocyte response, ferrokinetics (plasma iron turnover and marrow transit time), and by hemoglobin C synthesis. Ep-rich plasma stimulated erythropoiesis similarly in uremic and normal sheep, regardless of the degree of uremia. Nondialyzed uremic sheep responded as well as dialyzed animals. The anemia was corrected in the uremic dialyzed animals. The anemia was corrected in the uremic sheep after 15-40 daily infusions of Ep-rich plasma, the total dosage depending on the severity of the anemia. Polycythemia was induced when the infusions were continued. Reticulocytes, plasma iron turnover, and erythrocyte mass changes increased as the amount of Ep-rich plasma was increased. These dose response effects, coupled with the identical erythropoietic response in normal and uremic sheep given the same amount of Ep-rich plasma, imply that there are no physiologically significant erythropoietic inhibitors in uremia. PMID- 6746903 TI - Extended major histocompatibility complex haplotypes in type I diabetes mellitus. AB - We have studied major histocompatibility complex markers in Caucasian patients with type I diabetes mellitus and their families. The frequencies of extended haplotypes that were composed of specific HLA-B, HLA-DR, BF, C2, C4A, and C4B allelic combinations, which occurred more commonly than expected, were compared on random diabetic and normal chromosomes in the study families. We demonstrated that all of the previously recognized increases in HLA-B8, B18, B15, DR3, and perhaps DR4 could be ascribed to the increase among diabetic haplotypes of a few extended haplotypes: [HLA B8, DR3, SC01, GLO2]; [HLA-B18, DR3, F1C30]; [HLA-B15, DR4, SC33]; and [HLA-BW38, DR4, SC21]. In fact, HLA-DR3 on nonextended haplotypes was "protective", with a relative risk considerably less than 1.0. There was a paucity or absence among diabetic patients of several extended haplotypes of normal chromosomes, notably [HLA-B7, DR2, SC31] and [HLA-BW44, DR4, SC30]. The extended haplotype [HLA-BW38, DR4, SC21] is found only in Ashkenazi Jewish patients, which suggests that extended haplotypes mark specific mutations that arise in defined ethnic groups. The data show that no known MHC allele, including HLA-DR3 and possibly HLA-DR4, is per se a marker for or itself a susceptibility gene for type I diabetes. Rather, extended haplotypes, with relatively fixed alleles, are either carriers or noncarriers of susceptibility genes for this disease. Thus, the increased frequency (association) or the decreased frequency (protection) of individual MHC alleles is largely explainable by these extended haplotypes. PMID- 6746904 TI - Alveolar macrophage replication. One mechanism for the expansion of the mononuclear phagocyte population in the chronically inflamed lung. AB - Within any chronically inflamed tissue, there is an increased number of macrophages, pluripotential phagocytic cells that, while critical to host defenses, are also able to profoundly damage parenchymal structure and function. Because of their central role in the inflammatory response, considerable attention has been focused on the mechanisms resulting in an expansion of the macrophage population within an inflamed tissue. Although recruitment of precursor monocytes from the circulation into inflamed tissues clearly plays an important role in macrophage accumulation, it is also possible that replication of tissue macrophages contributes to the expansion of macrophage numbers in inflammation. Because of the accessibility of tissue macrophages with the technique of bronchoalveolar lavage, the lung provides an ideal opportunity to test this hypothesis in humans. To accomplish this, bronchoalveolar lavage was performed to obtain alveolar macrophages from normals (n = 5) and individuals with chronic lung inflammation (normal smokers [n = 5], idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis [n = 13], sarcoidosis [n = 18], and other chronic interstitial lung disorders [n = 11]). Alveolar macrophage replication was quantified by three independent methods: (a) DNA synthesis, assessed by autoradiographic analysis of macrophages cultured for 16 h in the presence of [3H]thymidine; (b) DNA content, assessed by flow cytometric analysis of macrophages fixed immediately after recovery from the lower respiratory tract; and (c) cell division, assessed by cluster formation in semisolid medium. While the proportion of replicating macrophages in normals was very low, there was a 2- to 15-fold increase in this proportion in patients with chronic lung inflammation. In addition, morphologic evaluation demonstrated that individuals with chronic lung inflammation had alveolar macrophages undergoing mitosis. These results suggest that local tissue macrophage replication may play a role in the expansion of the macrophage population in chronic inflammation. PMID- 6746905 TI - Secretion of immunoglobulins and plasma proteins from the jejunal mucosa. Transport rate and origin of polymeric immunoglobulin A. AB - Parameters of secretion of IgA and several other plasma proteins from the jejunal mucosa were investigated in 11 individuals who had a normal distribution of Ig containing cells in the lamina propria and in one patient who was totally deficient in jejunal IgA and IgM plasmacytes. Jejunal samples were collected during segmental gut perfusion. The following results were obtained: (a) The secretion of polymeric IgA (p-IgA, mean equals 217 micrograms/40 cm per min) exceeded those of albumin (132 micrograms), IgG (35 micrograms), and monomeric IgA (m-IgA, 15 micrograms, or 6.4% of total IgA). About 35% of IgA was IgA2 in the jejunal secretion, compared with approximately 23% in serum. This closely corresponds to the 35 and 24% of IgA2 plasmocytes in jejunal mucosa and peripheral lymph nodes, respectively. (b) For each protein, a relative coefficient of excretion (RCE) was calculated (jejunum to serum concentration ratio expressed relative to that of albumin). RCEs of 1.41 for orosomucoid, 1.0 for albumin, 0.83 for IgG, and 0.74 for IgE and, in the deficient patient, of 0.64 for m-IgA and 0.016 for IgM were obtained. This was inversely related to the molecular weight of these proteins and indicated their predominantly passive transport into the jejunum. However, in normal individuals, the RCE of transferrin (approximately 1.11 greater than 1, P greater than 0.05), alpha 2 macro globulin (approximately 0.77), m-IgA (approximately 1.98), and p-IgA (approximately 218) exceeded the value expected from simple seepage from plasma, thus pointing to an additional role of either local gut synthesis and/or active transepithelial transport. (c) Approximately 98% of p-IgA, approximately 99% of IgM, and approximately 68% of m-IgA in jejunal secretions were derived from local production in the gut wall, as determined by 125I-p-IgA specific activities and/or by comparison between the RCE values of the deficient patient to the values of controls. Therefore, the jejunal production of p-IgA (approximately 312 mg/d per 40 cm vs. approximately 54 mg/d from bile) contributes the majority of upper intestinal IgA in humans. The active transport of plasma p-IgA across the intestinal mucosa (approximately 0.08 mg/40 cm per kg per d) contributes less than 2% of the total amount of p-IgA (4.5 mg/kg per d) that is cleared daily from plasma. PMID- 6746907 TI - Effects of alternating cycle lengths on refractoriness of the His-Purkinje system. AB - The effects of alternating cycle lengths (bigeminal rhythm) on His-Purkinje system refractoriness were studied in 14 patients using His bundle and right bundle recordings. Programmed atrial stimulation at constant cycle length (method I) was scanned using the atrial extrastimulus technique (A2) and compared with an atrial cycle length of identical duration coupled to A2 on alternate beats (method II). The results showed that (a) despite shorter cycle length of the His Purkinje system with method II due to effect of A2 on atrioventricular nodal conduction (699 +/- 90 vs. 743 +/- 87 ms, P less than 0.001), the relative refractory period of the His-Purkinje system was always longer with method II (463 +/- 52 vs. 440 +/- 43 ms, P less than 0.001). A similar increase also occurred in effective refractory period of the His-Purkinje system; (b) while functional right bundle branch block occurred in eight patients and functional left bundle branch block in two patients with method I, functional right bundle branch block occurred in all 14 patients and left bundle branch block in seven patients with method II; (c) in two patients where both functional right and left bundle branch block occurred with method I this never was manifest at identical degree of abbreviation of His-Purkinje system cycle length but was manifest at identical abbreviation in each of seven patients with method II; (d) site of conduction delay and/or block during functional right bundle branch block was always proximal, i.e., between the His bundle and right bundle recordings with both methods. During method II this resulted in shortening of the subsequent right bundle cycle length relative to the subsequent His bundle (and of necessity left bundle) cycle length. The finding of increased His-Purkinje system refractoriness despite shorter preceding cycle length of the His-Purkinje system during atrial bigeminy has never been previously described and suggests that classical concepts of His-Purkinje system behavior may require revision in this setting. Secondly, during atrial bigeminy the occurrence of alternating functional bundle branch block cannot be accounted for solely by the degree of abbreviation of His-Purkinje system cycle length, but may be explained by a relative shortening of the next ipsilateral bundle branch cycle length in the bundle manifesting block. PMID- 6746906 TI - Abnormalities of polymorphonuclear leukocyte function associated with a heritable deficiency of high molecular weight surface glycoproteins (GP138): common relationship to diminished cell adherence. AB - Investigations of polymorphonuclear leukocyte (PMN) function were performed in a 5-yr-old white female with delayed umbilical cord separation, impaired pus formation, and a severe defect of PMN chemotaxis. Sodium dodecyl sulfate polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis demonstrated an almost total deficiency of a high molecular weight glycoprotein(s) (GP138) in the granule and membrane fractions of the patient's cells, and NaB3H4-galactose oxidase labeling demonstrated the absence of a major glycoprotein complex on the surface of her PMNs. Monoclonal antibodies (MAb) were employed in flow cytometry experiments to demonstrate that two previously characterized glycoproteins (Mo1 and LFA1) were undetectable on the surface of the patient's PMNs and monocytes. Immunoprecipitation of 125I-labeled patient cells with subunit specific MAbs confirmed that the alpha-subunits of Mo1 (155 kD) and LFA1 (177 kD) and their common beta-subunit (94 kD) were totally deficient. Functional analyses of patient PMNs demonstrated severe impairment of adherence- and adhesion-dependent cell functions including spreading, aggregation, orientation in chemotactic gradients, antibody-dependent cellular cytotoxicity, and phagocytosis of particles (Oil-Red-0-paraffin, zymosan) selectively opsonized with C3-derived ligands. Patient PMNs demonstrated a normal capacity to rosette with IgG or C3b coated sheep erythrocytes, but rosette formation with C3bi-coated erythrocytes was profoundly diminished. Adhesion-independent functions including shape change, N-formyl-methionyl-leucyl-3H-phenylalanine binding, and O-2 generation or secretion elicited by soluble stimuli were normal. Membrane fluidity, surface charge, and microtubule assembly were also normal. These findings provide new evidence that critical PMN surface glycoproteins are required to facilitate multiple adhesion-dependent cellular functions of the inflammatory response. PMID- 6746908 TI - Porphyrin-heme biosynthesis in organotypic cultures of mouse dorsal root ganglia. Effects of heme and lead on porphyrin synthesis and peripheral myelin. AB - Well-myelinated cultures of mouse dorsal root ganglia incubated for 48 h with sigma-aminolevulinic acid (ALA) showed intense porphyrin fluorescence localized in myelin sheaths but not in axons or neuronal somata. When the cultures were continuously incubated with a high concentration of lead, focal swelling and segmental degeneration of myelin began to develop within 2 wk. Incubation of cultures with ALA after 3 wk of lead treatment revealed markedly decreased porphyrin fluorescence in myelin sheaths compared with untreated controls. After 6 wk of lead treatment, myelin showed severe segmental degeneration. Porphyrin fluorescence from ALA at this time was barely detectable in these cultures. No fluorescence was visible in the demyelinated axons; however, silver-impregnation staining after fixation demonstrated continuity of the axon despite the severe loss of myelin. When cultures were continuously incubated with lead and heme together for 6 wk, the segmental demyelination seen in cultures treated with lead alone did not occur. These findings suggest that the lead-induced segmental demyelination in cultured mouse dorsal root ganglia may be due to toxic effects of the metal on the heme biosynthetic pathway in myelinating cells and that exogenous heme may counteract this toxic effect of lead. PMID- 6746909 TI - Effects of acute changes of bile acid pool composition on biliary lipid secretion. AB - To elucidate the mechanism responsible for the bile acid-induced changes of biliary lipid secretion, we evaluated bile flow and biliary output of bile acids, cholesterol, phospholipids, and alkaline phosphatase activity in seven cholecystectomized subjects with a balloon occludable T-tube during two experimental periods: (a) depletion of the endogenous bile acid pool and (b) replacement of the pool by means of duodenal infusion with individual bile acids, such as deoxycholic (DCA), chenodeoxycholic (CDCA), cholic (CA), and ursodeoxycholic (UDCA) acids. Bile flow, cholesterol, and phospholipid output were linearly related to bile acid secretion in all experimental periods. During the replacement periods, the amount of cholesterol and phospholipids coupled to bile acids was significantly different (at 1% level at least) for each individual bile acid secreted; it was the highest during DCA secretion (slope value: 0.209 for cholesterol and 0.434 for phospholipids) followed, in the order, by CDCA (0.078 and 1.794), CA (0.044 and 0.127), and UDCA (0.030 and 0.122). The phospholipid to cholesterol ratio was higher during secretion of CA and UDCA as compared with DCA and CDCA. The secretion of CA seemed to stimulate a greater bile flow than the other bile acids did. The infusion of all bile acids, except UDCA, induced an increase of biliary alkaline phosphatase activity as compared with the values of the depletion period. The mean highest increase (13-fold the pretreatment value) was observed during DCA secretion followed by CDCA (fivefold) and CA (1.5-fold). These results would suggest that the physical chemical properties, namely the lipid-solubilizing capacity, of bile acids could directly contribute to the regulation of biliary lipid secretion. The observed changes in biliary alkaline phosphatase activity lend support to the view that bile acid induced lipid secretion may be, at least in part, contributed by membrane solubilization. PMID- 6746910 TI - Molecular properties of the Ro/SSA antigen and enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay for quantitation of antibody. AB - Antibodies to the Ro/SSA antigen occur in patients with systemic lupus erythematosus and Sjogren's syndrome. An immunoaffinity method for the preparation of electrophoretically homogeneous Ro/SSA antigen is described. Several molecular properties of the antigen have been determined. The native RNA protein particle has a molecular weight of approximately 100,000 D determined by gel filtration. Sodium dodecyl sulfate-analysis of the purified Ro/SSA antigen and analysis by staining of bands with silver and Coomassie Blue, Western blotting, and RNAase treatment leads to a hypothesis for the structure of the particle in which an antigenic 60,000 protein is bound to 24,000-27,000 RNA molecules which are not antigenic. An enzyme-linked immunoabsorbent assay method for assay of anti-Ro/SSA is also described which sensitively measures antigen binding at dilutions of sera containing anti-Ro/SSA precipitins up to 10(7) fold. Normal sera on average have 10(3) less binding activity. PMID- 6746913 TI - The MMPI: development of contemporary norms. AB - The original standardization of the MMPI was completed approximately 40 years ago. These norms were refined in 1957, but no attempt has been made to develop new standards. Therefore, a contemporary random sample of 1,408 persons living in the midwestern states who were similar to the original sample in area of residence and in the absence of significant medical problems were asked to complete the MMPI. The resulting MMPI data by age and sex are presented. In general, responses from this contemporary sample yielded higher mean scores than appeared in the original standardization group. These data suggest a somewhat more conservative approach to profile interpretation, with more careful consideration of the impact of age and sex on profile configurations. PMID- 6746911 TI - Sequence of the 20-kilodalton heavy chain peptide from the carboxyl-terminus of bovine cardiac myosin subfragment-1. AB - An almost complete amino acid sequence of the carboxyl-terminal 20-kD tryptic heavy chain peptide from bovine cardiac myosin Subfragment-1 (S-1) has been determined by automated sequential degradation of the undigested peptide and subfragments derived by chemical and enzymatic digestion. The fragment contains 169 residues, including two reactive cysteinyl residues which are located nine residues apart. At six positions in the sequence, two amino acid residues were present and two different versions of a chymotryptic peptide were isolated in approximately 53 and 24% yields, suggesting that there are two cardiac myosin beta-type heavy chains in this species. Analysis of the secondary structure of the 20-kD peptide predicts that there are two distinct regions within the fragment. The first region (residues 1-121) contains 12% alpha-helix, 25% beta sheet, 40% beta-bends, and 19% coil; the second region (residues 122-169) may form an extended alpha-helix. Comparison of the bovine sequence with the deduced amino acid sequence of a recombinant plasmid containing DNA sequences coding for the beta-heavy chain of rabbit cardiac myosin (pMHC beta 174) reveals approximately 86% homology. PMID- 6746912 TI - Isozymic changes in myosin of human atrial myocardium induced by overload. Immunohistochemical study using monoclonal antibodies. AB - An immunohistochemical study using monoclonal antibodies specific for the heavy chains of either human atrial (HC alpha) or ventricular (HC beta) myosin was performed to clarify the distribution of each isozyme in normal as well as pressure-overloaded human hearts. In normal human ventricles, all muscle fibers were stained by a monoclonal antibody (HMC14) specific for HC beta, whereas a small number of fibers reacted with a monoclonal antibody (CMA19) specific for HC alpha. In contrast, in normal human atria, almost all muscle fibers were stained by CMA19, and a relatively larger number of muscle fibers also reacted with HMC14. Furthermore, in pressure-overloaded atria, muscle fibers reactive with HMC14 were strikingly increased while those reactive with CMA19 showed a corresponding decrease. The extent of this isozymic redistribution was in good correlation with atrial pressure. These results not only confirmed the existence of isoforms of myosin heavy chain in human hearts, but also demonstrated that redistribution of iso-myosins could occur as an adaptation to pressure overload. PMID- 6746914 TI - Factor structure of the McCarthy scales for males and females. AB - Determined the factor structure of the McCarthy Scales (1972) for a referred group of male and female children, ages 6 to 81/2, from rural eastern North Carolina and compared their factor structure to that of the standardization sample. Three hundred and one males and 177 females were separated into two groups and examined independently. The 21 individual test scores of the McCarthy were correlated and then subjected to a principal factor analysis followed by Varimax rotation. Three meaningful factors emerged for males and females: Verbal, Perceptual, and Motor factors for males and General-Cognitive, Verbal, and Memory factors for females. The factor analyses for males and females agreed with previous factor analytic studies conducted with referred samples on the absence of a Quantitative factor and inconsistencies in the emergence of General Cognitive and Memory factors. Coefficients of congruence with Kaufman's (1975) standardization analysis suggest that the McCarthy Scales reflect a general dimension of cognitive ability rather than a measure of distinct abilities for a referred sample of males and females. PMID- 6746915 TI - Suicide and the MMPI: a cross-validation of predictors. AB - Compared a suicide-completion group to a psychiatric control sample on the 13 traditional MMPI scales, three experimental item pools, and eight profile patterns earlier described as indicative of suicidal tendencies (N = 84). Also compared the frequencies with which the groups endorsed each of the 566 MMPI items. The number of resulting significant differences was less than chance. The results argue against the use of the MMPI to predict suicide at this time. PMID- 6746916 TI - Personality correlates of the Fear of Death and Dying Scale. AB - A total of 88 female and male undergraduates completed the Fear of Death and Dying Scale, the Eysenck Personality Questionnaire, and the State-Trait Anxiety Inventory A-Trait scale. The four subscales on the Fear of Death and Dying Scale correlated significantly with the Neuroticism and Anxiety scales, but were independent of the Lie scale. No sex differences were found on the four subscales. These findings lend support to the validity of the Fear of Death and Dying Scale and its independence of social desirability. PMID- 6746917 TI - The Multiple Affect Adjective Check List: subscale intercorrelations from two independent studies. AB - Found the MAACL, the Anxiety, Depression and Hostility subscales to be intercorrelated in two independent studies (N = 84), thus raising doubts about their validity as measures of separate affective states. It is suggested that the scores of the subscales may usefully be summed to produce a measure of general negative affect. PMID- 6746918 TI - Relationship between the Luscher Color Test and the MMPI. AB - Administered the short form of the Luscher Color Test and the booklet form of the MMPI to 42 graduate students in a counseling program. For every S a report that described personality was written from the test results, i.e., each S had two reports, one from the Color Test and one from the MMPI. These reports were written independently by two separate examiners. Two independent raters then read the reports on each S and noted the degree of agreement between the two reports. The overall results showed very little agreement between the Color Test and the MMPI. Reasons for the poor rate of agreement are discussed. PMID- 6746919 TI - Chronic pain: replicated multivariate clustering of personality profiles. AB - Cluster analyzed the MMPI profiles of 70 male chronic pain patients into four homogeneous subgroups. Mean composites for each subgrouping were entered into a PDP 11 computer to generate an objective actuarial narrative description. Findings appeared to extend and replicate the work of earlier investigators. PMID- 6746920 TI - Cognitive components of social anxiety. AB - Designed a self-report questionnaire to measure the frequency of occurrence of self-relevant cognitions that accompany the experience of social distress. Male and female college students were asked to recall an experience of social anxiety and to report associated cognitions. One hundred and seventeen representative cognitions were selected and administered to a second sample, along with the Fear of Negative Evaluation Scale and the Social Avoidance and Distress Scale. Twenty one items were selected on the basis of their ability to predict social anxiety. Factor-analysis indicated a four-factor solution. This new measure may provide a means of identifying cognitive targets for treatment planning as well as an instrument for assessing change in cognitions associated with psychotherapeutic intervention. PMID- 6746921 TI - Validity of the Narcissistic Personality Inventory (NPI) in a psychiatric sample. AB - Investigated the validity of the Narcissistic Personality Inventory (NPI) in a psychiatric sample. Fifty psychiatric patients were given the NPI as part of a routine psychological evaluation. Correlations between the NPI and the basic personality style scales of the Millon Clinical Multiaxial Inventory (MCMI) were obtained; the largest correlation was between the NPI and the narcissism scale of the MCMI (r = .66, p less than .001). When classified into the low and high narcissistic groups, there was 74% agreement between the NPI and narcissistic scale of the MCMI. These results provide further support for the construct validity of the NPI. PMID- 6746922 TI - Utility of the MMPI-168 with adolescents. AB - Investigated the utility of the MMPI-168 with an adolescent psychiatric sample of 110 Ss by comparing published conversion values for adults to population-specific derived equations developed through both regression and substitution methods. Data analyses for the three equations compared 168 T scores to long-form scores via correlation coefficients and t-tests of mean scale score differences. The ability of the 168 to make accurate decisions with regard to profile validity, degree of elevation, high points, code typing, and diagnosis also was examined. Results that used the published equations were similar to those of previous 168 studies with adults. Although population-specific conversion equations produced means and standard deviations that more closely approximated the full MMPI, they failed to produce higher T score correlations or better prediction of profile validity and code-types than the published values. Appropriate uses and limitations of the 168 with adolescents are discussed. PMID- 6746923 TI - A cross-cultural study of the reliability and factorial dimensions of the Nurses' Observation Scale for Inpatient Evaluation (NOSIE). AB - Investigated the reliability and factor structure of the Nurses' Observation Scale for Inpatient Evaluation (NOSIE) in a group of short-stay psychiatric patients (N = 247) of a Dutch psychiatric university clinic. It was found that the NOSIE has good interrater reliability. With the exception of the Social Competence and Personal Neatness subscales five of the original seven scales could be replicated when compared with American and British studies. PMID- 6746924 TI - Behavioral dimensions in fourth-, fifth-, and sixth-grade students as rated by teachers. AB - The St. Francis Boys' Homes early intervention program for inadequately coping fourth-, fifth-, and sixth-grade students depends upon school teachers' nominations and employs their descriptions of pupil characteristics. In the interest of behavioral science, as well as the potential screening-in, selective placement, predictor purpose, and clinical gain within the tailored treatment program, the teachers completed a 99-item, favorable and unfavorable item description of 852 youths who were participating for 45 days in "Passport for Adventure." This large array of items yielded 14 first-order and four second order factors, many of which have been found in the extensive literature. These measures of 14 first-order factors obtained through ratings by numerous teachers in 122 school settings demonstrated the wide span of the usual teacher's perception of youths in a formative period of their lives. It included interpersonal and intrapersonal descriptors. Most prior studies entered analysis with a low number of items and therefore could describe only a few simpler dimensions and could name them with less certainty. In addition, the factor analysis was sometimes unrealistically orthogonal and not finally hand rotated for clearest simple structure. This study gives a more comprehensive understanding of what teachers can and do perceive within and among their students, made manifest by a more extensive sampling of behavior. PMID- 6746925 TI - Are separate black and white MMPI norms needed? An IQ-controlled comparison of accused murderers. AB - Investigated racial differences in MMPI responding by comparing samples of black and white males charged with murder (N = 160). Mancova was used to control statistically for the effects of intelligence on racial differences. Prior to the use of Mancova blacks had significantly higher scores on F and MA. When the effects of intelligence were controlled F and MA were no longer significantly different for blacks and whites. However, with black and white SS equated on IQ, significant differences emerged on the K and SI scales. These results indicate that construction of separate black and white norms for violent offenders is premature. More research is needed on variables that affect individual differences on the MMPI. PMID- 6746927 TI - Anxiety as a personality dimension of short and long sleepers. AB - To clarify the interpretation of a difference in anxiety level that Hicks and Pellegrini (1977) had reported as being incongruent with Hartmann's (1973) clinical findings that consistent short sleepers tend to be non-worriers while consistent long sleepers tend to worry, groups of 25 short- and long-sleeping undergraduate students were administered the Hindi version of Sinha Anxiety Scale. Higher mean score was found in the short sleepers than in the long sleepers. The difference between these means was significant at the .001 level. These findings supported Hicks and Pellegrini's earlier results, which questioned the validity of the clinical observations that were the basis for Hartmann's conclusions. PMID- 6746926 TI - Loneliness and attachment patterns in young adults. AB - Loneliness is a pervasive problem for many young adults. How early attachment patterns affect later development of loneliness was investigated in a college sample. Forty-seven young adults residing in Los Angeles were screened for race, disability, age and SES and then administered an attachment history questionnaire and several measures of loneliness, including the Revised UCLA Loneliness Scale. Pearson correlations revealed a moderate to strong relationship between feeling lonely and early disrupted attachment. The results of the study are consistent with Bowlby's notion that underlying attachment disorders may affect subsequent psychological development and social behavior. PMID- 6746928 TI - "Floating" MMPI profiles revisited. AB - Attempted to replicate and update the characteristics of a sample of hospitalized psychiatric patients who produced "floating" MMPI profiles (N = 69). While the demographic data were somewhat different, the historical information, types of psychopathology and symptoms observed, and response to treatment were markedly similar. If diagnosed using DSM-III, approximately 30% of the patients would be classified as borderline character disorder, while another 20% would be classified as major depressive disorder. PMID- 6746929 TI - Effects of anxiety and depression on anagram performance, ratings of cognitive interference, and the negative subjective evaluation of performance. AB - Studied whether any differential effects of anxiety and depression could be discerned in the anagram performance, ratings of cognitive interference, and subjective evaluation of anagram performance displayed by college students. Seventy-two undergraduates (36 male, 36 female) were selected to participate in the present experiment on the basis of their scores on the State-Trait Anxiety Inventory (A-Trait) and/or the Beck Depression Inventory. Results showed that depressed-anxious and anxious Ss displayed a tendency toward reduced efficiency in anagram solution, rated themselves as having experienced significantly more cognitive interference during the anagram task, and displayed a significantly more negative subjective evaluation of their anagram performance than did control Ss. Quasi-F analyses revealed that these results were related significantly to the anxiety factor common to both depressed-anxious and anxious Ss. Implications of these results for future research on anxiety and depression were discussed. PMID- 6746930 TI - The effect of sex differences and nondefensiveness on the predictive validity of Barron's Es scale. AB - Extended research reported by Clayton and Graham (1979) on the relationship between Es scores and nondefensiveness with respect to prognosis for positive change in treatment (N = 103). Sex differences and the effect of restricting the F-K index as a measure of defensiveness to the normal range (+1 to +9) were investigated. Results indicated that for females only low Es scores and nondefensiveness (as measured by patients' willingness to admit to having problems and by an F-K index in the normal range) were to a limited degree significantly related to positive outcome. Implications of these findings in terms of the validity of Barron's Es scale for an inpatient psychiatric population were discussed. PMID- 6746931 TI - Field-dependence factors in American Indian and Caucasian obesity. AB - Compared urban obese and non-obese American Indians and Caucasians on the Group Embedded Figures Test (N = 160). Results indicated an apparent relationship between obesity and field-dependence for Caucasians, but not for American Indians. American Indians were more field-dependent than Caucasians overall, which implies a social conformity factor. These results suggest that psychological factors related to obesity vary across ethnic groups because of apparent cultural differences. PMID- 6746932 TI - Self-disclosure patterns in clinical and nonclinical couples. AB - Examined differences in the self-disclosing patterns of 10 clinical and 10 nonclinical couples in a structured interview using the Self-Disclosure Coding System (SDCS), a behavioral content analysis system designed to assess the basic parameters of disclosing behavior. A discriminant function analysis revealed that two SDCS variables, (1) time spent talking; and (2) judged degree of congruence between verbal content and affective manner of presentation, could discriminate the two groups and would classify correctly 70% of the couples. These results suggest that it is not what clinical couples say, but how they say it that will distinguish them from nonclinical couples. PMID- 6746933 TI - Self-disclosure and its relationship to marital intimacy. AB - Examined the relationship between marital intimacy and self-disclosure from a multidimensional framework within a sample of 10 clinical and 10 nonclinical married couples. The linear combination of various parameters of self-disclosing behavior was able to account for 71.7% (R = .853) of the variance in intimacy ratings derived from a structured interview. Results are discussed in terms of both the role that self-disclosure plays in the development of marital intimacy and its therapeutic benefits and limitations in marital therapy. PMID- 6746934 TI - A five-step procedure for the clinical use of the MPD in neuropsychological assessment of children. AB - Described a five-step procedure that can be used to detect organicity on the basis of children's performance on the Minnesota Percepto Diagnostic Test (MPD). The first step consists of examining the T score for rotations to determine whether it is below the cut-off score, which has been established empirically as an indicator of organicity. The second step consists of matching the examinee's configuration of error scores, separation of circle-diamond (SpCD), distortion of circle-diamond (DCD), and distortion of dots (DD), with empirically derived tables. The third step consists of considering the T score for rotations and error configuration jointly. The fourth step consists of using empirically established discriminant equations, and the fifth step involves using data from limits testing and other data sources. The clinical and empirical bases for the five-step procedure also are discussed. PMID- 6746935 TI - Binocular locus of brain hemisphere reversal of time information effect in schizophrenia. AB - Investigated brain hemisphere laterality of time information among 60 schizophrenics and 60 nonschizophrenics. Duration estimation of a single dark dot presented to the left, center and right visual fields was studied with respect to an auditory warning signal of variable duration. Three conclusions were drawn: First, the relation between posterior and prior time information was shown to be that of inverse variation, and this relation was intact among schizophrenics. Second, time information was lateralized toward the left hemisphere among nonschizophrenics and toward the right hemisphere among schizophrenics, which indicates hemispheric reversal of time information as a characteristic of schizophrenia. Third, such hemispheric reversal of time information was confined to binocular, therefore, bilateral, stimulus input. PMID- 6746936 TI - A brief neuropsychological screening procedure that assesses left and right hemispheric function. AB - Assessed the utility of two brief neuropsychological tests in screening patients referred to a neuropsychological consulting service. Forty-three cortically impaired and 19 neurologically intact Ss completed the Cognitive Capacity Screening Exam (CCSE) and the Memory-for-Designs (MFD). The results of these tests analyzed individually and in combination were compared with the Ss' neurological reports. The analysis revealed that the combined system was significantly better than either single test in accurately detecting neuropathology. A closer look at the data suggests that the MFD was superior in identifying unilateral, right hemispheric damaged patients, while the CCSE was superior in identifying Ss with unilateral, left hemispheric damage. Results are discussed with reference to the difficulty in using single screening tests for detecting deficits that result from unilateral cortical dysfunction. PMID- 6746937 TI - A cognitive deficit subscale of the SCL-90-R. AB - Evaluated at two neuropsychology laboratories (N = 50) an 8-item Cognitive Deficit (CD) subscale of the SCL-90-R using both empirical and a priori criteria. After adjusting for symptom response rates, significant correlations are observed between the subscale and both the Impairment Index and Category Test of the Halstead-Reitan Battery. The issue of "organicity" subscales and the use of self reporting with cognitively impaired patients are addressed. PMID- 6746938 TI - Neuropsychological findings in diabetes mellitus. AB - Compared two groups of Type I diabetic Ss, visually impaired and nonvisually impaired (N = 39), to a non-neurologic chronically ill group and a healthy group (N = 44) on the Halstead-Reitan Neuropsychological Test Battery and the Wechsler Adult Intelligence Scale. The diabetic groups performed like each other and worse than the other two groups on somatosensory examination, motor strength and motor speed tasks. Impairment was more consistent and pronounced among male diabetics than among female diabetics. The non-visually-impaired diabetic group performed worse than the other two groups on Trail Making Tests and Performance IQ. Diabetics performed like the chronic illness group and worse than the healthy group on Category Test. In diabetics, impaired neuropsychological performance tended to be associated with severity of disease and number of severe hypoglycemic episodes. Diabetics demonstrate neuropsychological impairment on tasks that require visual and motor efficiency, and somatosensory discrimination. Cognitive skills and memory remain intact among most diabetics despite greater risks among diabetics for electrolyte imbalance, neurotransmitter deficiencies, and coma. PMID- 6746939 TI - Recovery from severe closed head injuries: repeat testings with the Halstead Reitan Neuropsychological Battery. AB - Evaluated 15 adult patients who were suffering severe, coma-producing closed head injuries for neuropsychological and intellectual impairment with the Halstead Reitan Neuropsychological Battery and the Wechsler Adult Intelligence Scale. All Ss were tested shortly after the time of their accidents and were reevaluated at approximately 1 year posttrauma to document residual deficits and rate of recovery. A group of 15 neurologically normal control Ss, matched for age, education, and sex, received the same battery of psychological tests. Although the brain-injured group demonstrated improvement on essentially all of the dependent measures from first testing to second, comparisons made with the control group revealed numerous areas of residual impairment, which suggests only partial recovery during the first year posttrauma. PMID- 6746940 TI - Error pattern and item order on Halstead's Speech Sounds Perception Test. AB - Examined the possibility that the previously reported pattern of errors on the Speech Sounds Perception Test could be explained on the basis of learning (N = 30). This possibility was examined by altering the order of presentation of subtests so that the series with the highest mean error scores in the previous study were moved to the positions in which fewest errors had been observed previously. It was found that in spite of the alteration of order of presentation, the subtests that had the greatest number of errors in the previous study again had the largest mean errors. Conversely, the subtests with the lowest mean errors previously again had the lowest mean errors. It was concluded that order of administration did not influence the number of errors on each subtest and that therefore the observed pattern could not be explained on the basis of learning. Further data were presented that suggested a relationship between the mean number of errors on each subtest and the number of items in each subtest with correct choices that were phonetically similar to real words. PMID- 6746941 TI - Brain syndrome and WAIS PIO VIO difference scores corrected for test artifact. AB - Found an artifactual discrepancy of six units between VIQ and PIQ in Ss (N = 62) of low and bright, but not of mid-range IQ. Despite the matching of psychiatric cases for dominant and nondominant cognitive function, the discrepancy took the form of a lowered PIQ. The application of an equivalent correction to the PIQs of consecutive and unmatched psychiatric cases failed to improve the neurological predictive utility of the VIQ PIQ difference score. The latter failed statistically as an alerting device for abnormal CT and EEG results and whether a neurological event was recorded in the file. Despite the observation of a strong relationship between CT outcome and VIQ PIQ difference score evidence of cognitive intactness, it was concluded that difference score, whether corrected or not, should be used with extreme caution as a screening device for psychiatric cases who might be harboring an underlying brain syndrome. PMID- 6746942 TI - Wechsler performance IQ greater than Verbal IQ index in a forensic sample: a reconsideration. AB - Explored the relationships of the Performance IQ (PIQ) greater than Verbal IQ (VIQ) to type of crime, ethnicity, and reading disability in a corrections sample of 70 adult males incarcerated on felony charges. The PIQ greater than VIQ sign was not related to Full Scale IQ or to violent vs. nonviolent crime, per se. The PIQ greater than VIQ sign showed a trend toward association with Ethnicity (black vs. white) and was related significantly to reading disability, with the reading disabled inmates more likely to show the sign, and to type of crime, with perpetrators of sex crimes most likely (87%) to show the sign and those incarcerated for murder or attempted murder least likely (33%) to show it. The difference in the proportion of inmates who showed the sign in these two classes of violent crimes (murder and sex crimes) was significant, and further analysis showed that with murder excluded, PIQ greater than VIQ occurred significantly more frequently in those accused of violent crimes than for nonviolent crimes. The latter findings suggested that differences between studies in the relationship of PIQ greater than VIQ and violence may be the result of differences in the proportion of murderers in the violent samples. Additional analyses indicated that the significant relationships between PIQ greater than VIQ and both type of crime and reading disability were most likely independent of ethnicity and each other. PMID- 6746943 TI - Validity of the Verbal IQ as a short form of the Wechsler Adult Intelligence Scale-Revised. AB - Assessed the validity of the Verbal IQ as a short form of the WAIS-R. Ss were 104 psychiatric patients with means for age, education, and Full Scale IQ of 36.22 (SD = 9.04), 12.46 (SD = 1.98), and 93.94 (SD = 12.19), respectively. A correlation of .93 (p less than .001) between the Verbal and Full Scale IQs was found. The average Verbal IQ exceeded the average Full Scale IQ by a small (i.e., 1.65 IQ points) but statistically significant amount (p less than .001). Thirty three (32%) Ss showed changes in their intelligence categories when the Verbal IQ was compared to the Full Scale IQ. However, when the Verbal IQ was banded by the standard error of measurement (SEM = +/- 3) and the precision range was compared to the Full Scale IQ, results indicated 88% agreement. If clinicians must rely on the Verbal IQ as an estimate of the Full Scale, reporting the score in conjunction with a precision range will increase its accuracy. PMID- 6746945 TI - Preliminary investigation into the Rorschach response patterns of children with documented learning disabilities. AB - Since the introduction of the Rorschach Inkblot Test, no normative data have been obtained on learning-disabled (LD) children. Indeed, there is little or no mention in the Rorschach literature on differences in perceptual accuracy, Self concept and reaction to emotion-laden stimuli of LD children as compared with non patient, withdrawn, and behavior-problem children. This study with a relatively small N of 20 compares the LD child with Exner (1978) norms on non-patient, withdrawn, and behavior-problem children. The findings show clearly differences in perceptual accuracy, affective ratio, egocentricity index, and reaction to emotion-laden stimuli. PMID- 6746944 TI - Comparison of delinquents and nondelinquents in ethnicity, ordinal position, and self-perception. AB - Compared three groups of black, white, and Mexican-American delinquent and nondelinquent males, aged 11 to 18, on measures of self-concept, self-esteem, and ordinal position by groups (N = 135). Data were analyzed with analysis of variance and Chi-square test. Significant main effects were found with respect to delinquency, self-concept, and self-esteem. A significant interaction was present for delinquency and ethnicity for both self-concept and self-esteem. Chi-square results found birth-order and ethnicity to be related significantly. PMID- 6746947 TI - Spouse contracting to increase antabuse compliance in alcoholic veterans. AB - Developed and evaluated a home-based contracting program to determine its effect on the compliance rates of discharged alcohol patients to a disulfiram (antabuse) regimen. The three comparison groups included (a) no contract/no recording; (b) contract/recording; and (c) contract/recording plus instructions for positive reinforcement. Twenty-five patients who had been treated in a behaviorally oriented inpatient alcohol dependence treatment program and who lived with a significant other (i.e., spouse, sibling, parent) participated in the study. At the end of the 3-month period for which the disulfiram was prescribed, those Ss who were involved in contracting and recording reached criterion more frequently than those who were in the minimal treatment group. Furthermore, 84% of this S sample were abstinent at the 3-month follow-up according to collateral reports. The discussion centers on the use of home-based contracting as an inexpensive alternative to other, more costly disulfiram programs. Additional methods for obtaining measures of reliability on self-report of disulfiram usage also are discussed. PMID- 6746946 TI - Perceptual differentiation among drug addicts: correlations with intelligence and MMPI scores. AB - Examined the level of perceptual differentiation, as measured by Witkin's Embedded Figures Test, as well as the correlations between perceptual differentiation and scores on The Shipley Institute of Living Scale and MMPI scales for drug addicts. The sample of 42 polydrug-dependent persons was court mandated into inpatient treatment as a condition of probation, parole, or furlough. Analysis of variance showed that addicts, like alcoholics, were less perceptually differentiated than normals. Correlational and/or multivariate procedures yielded significant relationships between differentiation, verbal and abstraction abilities, likelihood of cognitive impairment, and MMPI scales F, 1, 2, 3, 4, 6, 7, 8 and 0. PMID- 6746948 TI - MMPI Dependency Scale norms for alcoholics and psychiatric inpatients. AB - The MMPI Dependency (DY) Scale has a significant number of items that do not fall within the MMPI Form R format. The present study provides norms for the DY based on Form R responses from 1,505 male and female hospitalized psychiatric patients and alcoholics. While females had higher DY scores than males, alcoholics and psychiatric patients did not differ. It was found that T scores for a Form R version of the DY scale can be obtained easily from previously published DY norm tables. PMID- 6746949 TI - Reliability and validity of the short mast among psychiatric inpatients. AB - Examined the reliability and empirical validity of the Short Michigan Alcoholism Screening Test (SMAST) orally administered as an embedded scale to a sample of 120 male and female psychiatric inpatients, who reported a broad spectrum of current and lifetime drinking problems. Test results showed substantial reliability within and across administrations that spanned 1 to 3 days, but they were related only moderately to the psychiatric diagnosis. PMID- 6746950 TI - Personality dimensions related to premature termination from an inpatient drug abuse treatment program. AB - Comparison of 135 program completers and 65 dropouts from an inpatient drug abuse detox/rehab. unit on 29 variables (MMPI validity and clinical scales, 13 Wiggins Content Items, number of Grayson Critical Items selected, MacAndrews Alcoholism Scale, and Age) revealed few group differences with univariate analyses. Multivariate and stepwise discriminant function analyses resulted in selected variables that achieved 64-87% stay/leave classification accuracy, depending on method of application. However, when these functions were cross-validated on independent samples within the same program at 3-year intervals, the classification accuracy generally was reduced by 50% or more. Results suggest that (a) there are few individual MMPI indices that predict patients at risk for program attrition; and (b) "good" multiple regression equations may not generalize to independent samples across time. Conceptualizing the dropout process ontogenetically will facilitate further experimental refinement and clinical understanding. PMID- 6746951 TI - Anxiety in an alcoholic population: a normative study. AB - While anxiety is part of the clinical picture for alcohol abusers, there are no published normative data available for this population on state and trait anxiety as assessed by the STAI (Form Y). Pre- and posttreatment STAI-Y scores were examined from 107 males who volunteered for treatment at a Veterans Administration Medical Center Alcohol Dependence Treatment Unit. Normative data on the STAI (Form Y) from an alcoholic sample are presented (N = 107). Comparison of pre-admission and posttreatment scores yielded significant differences for both state anxiety and trait anxiety. Use of the STAI-Y with alcoholic inpatients for assessing self-reported changes of both transitory (state) anxiety and stable (trait) anxiety seems appropriate. The need for further construct validation as well as systematic manipulation of treatment variables and situational factors with this population is discussed. PMID- 6746952 TI - Sex-role affiliation among male alcoholics. AB - Male alcoholic veterans were sex-typed more frequently as feminine than masculine on the PRF ANDRO when compared to college males or older, nonalcoholic veterans (N = 123). Endorsement of passive-feminine characteristics among alcoholics (1) is interpreted to be a consequence, not a cause of the disorder; (2) is considered reversible with the achievement of sustained sobriety; and (3) is a feature that possibly needs to be addressed directly in order to facilitate successful therapeutic interventions. PMID- 6746953 TI - Patient diagnostic, behavioral and demographic variables associated with changes in civil commitment procedures. AB - Examined diagnostic and demographic characteristics of six groups of voluntary and committed patients (N = 300) over a 3-year period in order to assess the impact of a change in civil commitment procedures in the state of Missouri. Committed and voluntary patients differed on the basis of several demographic and behavioral variables, including diagnosis, employment status, and instances of serious physical harm recorded on admission. No differences were found between patients committed under the old law (which stipulated that the presence of "mental illness" was a sufficient criterion) and patients committed under the new law (which requires the presence of serious physical harm as an essential criterion). These findings were interpreted to suggest that, in at least some settings, clinicians were restricting commitment to cases that gave evidence of physical harm prior to the enactment of new legislation. PMID- 6746954 TI - Parents' treatment expectations and attrition from a child psychiatric service. AB - In a large Child Psychiatric Service a structured questionnaire completed by parents (N = 80) prior to clinic contact tested the hypothesis that congruence between parent expectations and clinic actions as to the form, duration and process of treatment would be associated with greater acceptance of services. Empirical support was found for the importance of congruent expectations of treatment form and duration, but not of treatment process. PMID- 6746955 TI - Detection and treatment of emotionally disturbed children in public schools: problems and theoretical perspectives. AB - Examined the effect of selected socio-demographic, mental health resource, and school system variables on the identification and treatment of children as emotionally disturbed. An explanatory model is provided, and the Labeling and Social Movements perspectives are examined in terms of their explanatory power. The major finding is that emotionally disturbed children are significantly underdetected and underserved nationally in public school systems, and, specifically, in Maryland and Washington, D.C. Further, results indicate that the attitudes of school system officials and the community in general, as well as the availability of mental health professionals, determine whether school systems detect emotionally disturbed children. When such children are detected, more specialized and expensive services are provided in school districts with higher per capita income, school budget, and proportion of mental health professionals. PMID- 6746956 TI - Attitude similarity and satisfaction of family members of schizophrenics with services of a professional. AB - Examined a hypothesis that satisfaction with professionals among families of schizophrenics varies as a function of how similar the professionals' attitudes about schizophrenia are to the family members' attitudes. Twenty-eight family members of individuals diagnosed by DSM-III criteria as having schizophrenia completed a questionnaire that assessed their attitudes with regard to causes and treatments of schizophrenia. Ss then were mailed a completed questionnaire and were asked to indicate how satisfied they would be working with a person who held the attitudes expressed in the questionnaire. In the attitude-similar condition, the questionnaire was 90% in agreement with their own attitudes, and in the attitude-discrepant condition, the questionnaire was 10% in agreement. Responses were received from 21 family members. Results supported the hypothesis; family members in the attitude-similar condition reported that they would be more satisfied with the professional than did family members in the attitude discrepant condition. Implications for work with families of schizophrenics are discussed. PMID- 6746957 TI - Responsivity/nonresponsivity in psychosomatic disorders. AB - Tested the hypothesis that gastrointestinal and dermatological symptoms are associated with differing psychological styles. Specifically, it was predicted that tendencies toward heightened environmental responsiveness and heightened experiences of urges and affects would be associated with gastrointestinal diseases, whereas affectively reduced environmental responsiveness and muted experiences of urges and affects would be associated with dermatological diseases. Forty adult male Ss, 20 in each disease category, were given an open ended interview--the basis for the main test of the hypothesis, the Mayman Early Memory Test, and the TAT. Based on the interview material, coders classified the Ss as predicted at levels well beyond chance. Though the data from the other tests did not provide clear-cut evidence, they did offer tentative support for the hypothesis. S responses are presented that highlight the contrast between the two styles. PMID- 6746958 TI - Factor-analytic support for DSM-III's post-traumatic stress disorder for Vietnam veterans. AB - Found substantial support for DSM-III's criteria for Post-Traumatic Stress using 405 Vietnam combat veterans. The results also suggested that some additional symptoms such as depression and anger be included as major signs, especially when one is dealing with Vietnam veterans. A comparison of symptom intensity was made between Vietnam veterans and non-Vietnam veterans. The results of the second study showed that Vietnam veterans attested to experiencing significantly greater intensities of DSM-III criteria behaviors than did non-Vietnam veterans. However, no significant differences were found for symptoms related to depression. PMID- 6746959 TI - Formal thought disorder among the first-degree relatives of schizophrenics: a new look at some old data. AB - Reanalysis of two nonsignificant ANOCOVAs by means of one MANOCOVA revealed a significant difference in the degree of measured thought disorder between the relatives of schizophrenics and the relatives of control patients. PMID- 6746960 TI - Therapeutic influence as a function of therapist attire and the seating arrangement in an initial interview. AB - Investigated the impact of therapist attire and seating arrangement on observers' perceptions of a therapist's attractiveness, expertise, and trustworthiness in an initial interview analogue. Each of 233 undergraduates listened to an audiotaped interview segment while viewing a synchronized slide presentation of a male therapist in one of four conditions cross-matched on attire formality (coat and tie vs. sports shirt) and seating arrangement (behind desk vs. no desk). Significant effects emerged for therapist attire, seating arrangement, and S gender. The casual attire/no desk setting elicited the highest attraction ratings, and the effects of the seating arrangement were mediated by the S gender. Females responded to the behind-desk arrangement with lower ratings of the therapist across all measures. Initial impressions, which were influenced by the therapist's attire and seating arrangement, were correlated highly with Ss' willingness to see this therapist for consultation. PMID- 6746961 TI - Use of an empathy algorithm with a role-played client. AB - Presented an empathy algorithm, a procedure for deciding whether to use an interchangeable or an additive empathy response and instructions for the construction of each response, to a randomly chosen group of novice counselors (N = 23). The experimental group performed significantly better in counseling a role played client than did a control group of classmates when the groups were measured on the Empathic Understanding Scale and the Counseling Evaluation Inventory. PMID- 6746962 TI - Thought-induced change in phobic beliefs: sometimes it helps, sometimes it hurts. AB - Derived two predictions from Tesser's (1978) work on thought-induced polarization. First, the longer individuals thought in a constrained manner about a phobic object, the more strongly they would believe that they were able to cope with the object. Second, the longer individuals thought in an unconstrained manner about a phobic object, the more strongly they would believe that they were unable to cope with the object. It was also predicted that, in both cases, the relationship between thought and belief change would be monotonic. These hypotheses were tested by randomly assigning phobic individuals (N = 20) to one of two treatment conditions: Constrained thought or unconstrained thought. Beliefs about extra-laboratory behavior were used to assess the effects of treatment, and results supported all predictions. PMID- 6746963 TI - Therapists and quasi-therapists in a therapy analogue situation. AB - Evaluated an assumption from previous psychotherapy analogue studies, namely, that trained psychotherapists and untrained quasi-therapists with personality similarities will respond similarly to patient presentations. Ss were 24 male psychotherapists and 24 male undergraduate students, chosen partially on the basis of their responses to an A-B personality scale derived from the work of Whitehorn and Betz (1954). The three-factor experimental design included S personality type (A or B), S professional status (psychotherapist vs. student), and videotaped patient simulations (neurotic vs. schizoid), with all Ss exposed to both patient prototypes. Therapists demonstrated a higher degree of accurate empathy, were less active, made shorter responses, and used more declarative sentences (p less than .01 for each variable). Second-order interaction effects indicated that therapist personality type X patient type pairings produced opposite results for quasi-therapists when compared to professional therapists. PMID- 6746964 TI - Factors that contribute to posttherapy persistence of therapeutic change. AB - Studied 30 outpatient, psychotherapy clients and assessed their relative change of status at termination and 6-months posttreatment. The vast majority of clients indicated improvement during the treatment period. A majority maintained or continued to make gains during the posttherapy period. Socioeconomic status, age, total psychotherapy sessions, initial neuroticism, and initial extraversion were identified as predictors of positive change in status at termination and follow up. Socioeconomic status, negative life events, marital change, total psychotherapy sessions, initial neuroticism, and age were identified as variables that discriminated between those individuals who did and did not improve. PMID- 6746965 TI - Readability and human interest scores of twenty-eight books on psychoanalytic technique. AB - Presented the readability and human interest scores of 28 books on psychoanalytic technique and briefly discussed in relation to "psychoanalyeese" and psychotherapy training. PMID- 6746966 TI - Orienting psychotherapists to better serve low income and minority patients. AB - As a part of a larger NIMH study, 29 psychotherapists who were beginning training at a large urban psychiatric outpatient clinic participated in a special orientation program. The orientation program had the following objectives: First, to increase the therapists' knowledge about low income and minority patients; second, to increase the therapists' sensitivity to minority patients' requests and problems; and, third, to increase the effectiveness of the therapeutic encounter. The majority of therapists acted as their own controls; they saw patients before and then after participating in the orientation program. Data indicated that therapists improved significantly in knowledge, sensitivity, and effectiveness as a result of the special therapist orientation program. PMID- 6746967 TI - Self-statement induction of mood: some variations and cautions on the Velten procedure. AB - Assessed the utility of the Velten mood induction procedure over two sessions and with a reduced number of self-statements. Ss (N = 72) read 25 or 50 statements that were elative, neutral (no change), or depressive and completed Multiple Affect Adjective Checklists on both days. On both days, statements were found to influence significantly mood ratings, although a slight reduction in change conditions was noted. Reading a full set of statements (50) was found to have the greatest impact on mood. PMID- 6746968 TI - The Whitaker Index of Schizophrenic Thinking (WIST) and thirteen systems for diagnosing schizophrenia. AB - Developed the present study in conjunction with a project that evaluated the psychiatric diagnosis of schizophrenia (Landmark, 1982; Landmark & Leslie, 1982). This design, which included 13 different interview systems for diagnosing schizophrenic disorders, allowed for an in-depth analysis of the Whitaker Index of Schizophrenic Thinking (WIST). Eighty-five outpatients who were receiving long term chemotherapy for schizophrenia at the Moditen Clinic of London Psychiatric Hospital were reassessed individually using each of the 13 systems, following a clinical interview format, and the WIST. Major statistical analysis evaluated the concurrent validity and discriminatory efficiency of the WIST in comparison to the 13 systems. The WIST was found to show a consistently high agreement with each of the 13 systems for an average WIST discriminatory efficiency of 70%. The WIST is suggested as a practical, easily administered, diagnostic tool that performs well in comparison to the interview systems. PMID- 6746969 TI - Redundancy and complexity of information in cognitive performances of schizophrenic and normal individuals. AB - Examined cognitive performance of schizophrenic and normal Ss matched on age, education, and intelligence (N = 120). Complexity of information and redundant cues were manipulated systematically in a concept identification (CI) task. Schizophrenics were not impaired compared to normals in solution of problems with low redundancy. Whereas normals' performance was facilitated by redundant information, schizophrenics demonstrated marked deficit in CI as a function of that information. Results were interpreted in terms of schizophrenics' inability to filter out irrelevant information, in addition to their deficit in channel capacity for utilizing relevant-redundant cues, which have been shown to reliably facilitate normals' CI. PMID- 6746970 TI - Characteristics of DSM-III borderline MMPI profiles. AB - Examined the distinction between the MMPI mean profile (8-4-2) obtained for a sample of 27 psychiatric inpatients diagnosed as borderline on the basis of DSM III criteria, and the actual frequency distribution of scale elevations and code types within the sample. Results of this study support the findings of previous investigations of a peak on scale 8, but suggest that the heterogeneity of this population will probably preclude the specification of any two- or three-point code type which would be obtained by even a sizable minority of a given sample. PMID- 6746971 TI - Community adjustment among older depressives. AB - Depression is the most common emotional disorder of later life, yet there is much confusion and clinical speculation about it. Adjustment of later-life depressives after psychiatric treatment is virtually an unknown area, as is the phenomenon of depression itself with this population. This study addressed these two issues. Community adjustment of younger and older clinically depressed patients after treatment was monitored. Also, adjustment differences in self and other ratings were compared between the two age groups. Results show that there are no significant differences in posttreatment adjustment ratings between the age groups. In addition, it was found that older depressives with a longer history of depression adjust less well than expected. Lastly, older depressives (relative to younger ones), particularly neurotic ones, show the following pattern of adjustment: Less alienation, less vigor, less confidence in skills, poorer work history, less abuse of alcohol or drugs, more social constriction, more agitation, and fewer household management skills. PMID- 6746972 TI - The defense mechanisms of coronary patients. AB - Tested 73 male inpatients with coronary heart disease on the Defense Mechanisms Inventory, State-Trait Anxiety Inventory, and a perception of health measure. Ss were followed for 5 years. Success of defenses was measured by lower anxiety, higher perception of health, and survival. Principalization was discovered to be the most successful and Projection the least successful defense. When a typology of patients was constructed using cluster analysis, those with high Principalization and low Reversal were judged to cope best. Although the efficacy of repressing defenses during crisis received support, both the type of repressing defense used and its relationship to other defenses were important in determining successful outcome. PMID- 6746973 TI - Outpatient treatment of primary anorexia nervosa in adult males. AB - The majority of studies of primary anorexia nervosa have focused on adolescent females. Relatively little has been written on anorectic males, and there has been scarcely any documentation of the occurrence of this disorder in adult males. The present paper describes three cases of adult-onset primary anorexia nervosa in males. For each case, the history and diagnostic patterns are considered, followed by a discussion of the course of outpatient treatment. The therapy was multimodal and included elements of behavioral contingency management, cognitive therapy, and dynamic psychotherapy. Suggestions are made for future research. PMID- 6746974 TI - The relationship between therapist behaviors and outcome for middle- and lower class couples in marital therapy. AB - Treated a sample of 77 distressed middle- and lower-class couples by 19 therapists using conjoint therapy. Batteries of tests that assessed marital satisfaction and communications skills were given pre- and posttherapy plus 3 and 6 months later. Couple and therapist therapy behavior were assessed using audio tapes of interview sessions. A variety of sex and social class differences were found that correlated with therapy outcome. The overall thrust of the findings suggests that no one marital therapy technique will be appropriate for the different sexes and with those of different SES backgrounds. PMID- 6746975 TI - Health behaviors of psychotherapists. AB - Examined the health behaviors practiced by psychotherapists (N = 86) themselves and the extent to which they focus on these behaviors with their clients during the course of psychotherapy. The specific health behaviors investigated were dietary habits, physical exercise, relaxation practices, sleeping, alcohol consumption, and smoking. Results indicate that psychotherapists are at this time actively engaged in both evaluating and making recommendations to their clients in the areas of diet, physical exercise, and relaxation practice. In addition, 51% of those who participated in this study evaluate health practices of their clients and make recommendations with regard to their physical health. While only 47% agreed that it is important for the psychotherapist to assess the typical client's physical health status, 72% of this group frequently inquire about chronic illness during an intake session. PMID- 6746976 TI - A cognitive-behavioral approach to social skills training with shy persons. AB - Developed, implemented, and evaluated a social skills training program for shy persons. Twelve Ss (6 males and 6 females) were given 9 hours of social skills training, while 12 other Ss (6 males and 6 females) served as a wait-list control group. Prior to and immediately after training, Ss completed self-report measures to assess social anxiety, cognitive self-statements, and perceived ability to participate actively in social situations. Results indicated that Ss in the experimental group, relative to the control group, significantly: (a) decreased their level of social anxiety; (b) decreased their negative self-statements; and (c) increased their perceived ability to participate actively in social situations. Discussion focused on directions of future research in the area of shyness. PMID- 6746979 TI - Increasing patient involvement with therapy goals. AB - Recorded patient and therapist goal-setting sessions. The relationship between patients' participation in these sessions and their later involvement with their therapy goals was studied (N = 29). How much patients participated and how much influence they had over the goals set were found to be related significantly to later goal involvement. PMID- 6746978 TI - A non-supervised training program for Carkhuff's discrimination and communication skills and its effects upon the reactions of others during brief interactions. AB - Used Carkhuff's Indices of Communication and Discrimination along with other measures to assess the level of communication and discrimination skills at various stages of communication training. Ss were 14 male and 9 female students in a psychology of adjustment class. Results indicated that: (a) treatment and control groups did not differ in communication skills before they went through training; (b) the treatment group offered higher levels of communication skill after it had completed training than did the control group before it began training; (c) the control group offered levels of communication skill equal to those of the treatment group once the control group also had completed training. A similar pattern was found for discrimination skill. The effects of training cannot be dismissed as paper-and-pencil artifacts because others who were ignorant of the growth conditions concept reacted differently in brief unstructured interactions to those who had completed training. PMID- 6746980 TI - Lexical differences between working and resistance sessions in psychoanalysis. AB - Divided 25 psychoanalytic sessions with a single patient into 10 working sessions, 5 neutral sessions, and 10 resistance sessions on the basis of ratings by psychoanalysts. Using the Regressive Imagery Dictionary on keypunched transcripts of these sessions, significantly more primary process content and less secondary process content was found in the patient's working-session speech, as opposed to resistance-session speech. Lexical diversity was also higher during working sessions. Results are compared with those obtained with other types of verbal material and are discussed in terms of psychoanalytic views on the process of psychotherapy. PMID- 6746977 TI - A comparison of in-vivo and imaginal participant modeling. AB - Recent research indicates that effective treatments of phobic reactions are often performance-based and involve exposure to the phobic object. The present study was designed to determine whether both of these components were necessary for the effectiveness of participant modeling procedures (N = 26). Phobic individuals were assigned randomly to one of two forms of participant modeling: In-vivo vs. imaginal. Both treatment analogues were identical except that the in-vivo version involved actual exposure to a phobic object, while the imaginal version simply required individuals to imagine that the phobic object was physically present. Results on behavioral and self-report measures indicated that both in-vivo and imaginal participant modeling were effective in generating increased approach behavior, but neither produced generalization beyond the laboratory setting. Explanations were discussed. PMID- 6746981 TI - Conversion equations for two modified MMPI short forms. AB - Extracted the MMPI-168 and Faschingbauer Abbreviated MMPI (FAM), along with the K scale items normally excluded from those MMPI short forms, from the full MMPIs of about 535 psychiatric inpatients. Those scales augmented by K items were used to estimate full MMPI scores via regression and substitution equations. The equations were cross-validated on samples of about 545 from the same population. Shrinkage was minimal and cross-validation estimates compared favorably with derivation estimates from other short-form studies. PMID- 6746982 TI - A statistical audit of the clinical utility of the 168 version of MMPI. AB - Measured MMPI protocols from 347 female and 563 male psychiatric patients according to the standard form and the 168 version. Clinical scales were derived and profiles were classified using the procedure of Marks, Seeman, and Haller (1978). Approximately 50% agreement between MMPI-168 and full scale profiles was obtained. Most disagreements tended to be clinically important. On a simple psychopathology/nonpsychopathology dichotomy, between 75 and 80% agreement occurred. PMID- 6746983 TI - Non-overlapping factor scales for the Mini-Mult. AB - Performed a principal axes factor analysis on Mini-Mult item data obtained from 249 medical and psychiatric patients. Six factors were extracted and after Varimax rotation were labeled Psychoticism, Alienation and Low Morale, Somatization, Shyness, Dysphoria, and Defensiveness. Corresponding to these factors, non-overlapping summative scales were constructed and their reliabilities evaluated. Alpha coefficients were satisfactory for three scales, but the remaining scales, which contained fewer items, had less adequate reliabilities. The scales were recommended for applications in which it is desirable to avoid the excessive item overlap of the standard Mini-Mult scales. PMID- 6746984 TI - Some general population norms for the short form Beck Depression Inventory. AB - Presented age and sex-specific norms for the 13-item short form of the Beck Depression Inventory, based on data collected during a general health survey (N = 1091). Females were found to score more highly than males, and an internal consistency reliability of .81 was found. PMID- 6746985 TI - Assessment of body elimination attitude. AB - Constructed a 26-item Likert format Body Elimination Attitude Scale with good internal consistency and temporal stability (N = 60). Factor analysis yielded seven factors labeled Fecal Smell, Personal Hygiene, Sight, Dirty Hair, Animal Feces, Mucous-like Discharge, and Sound. Both the prominence of items that pertained to defecation and the positive association of the Scale with a measure of obsessive personality-anal character were viewed as consistent with psychoanalytic theory. Correlations with psychometric instruments revealed greater body elimination disgust to be associated with psychopathology. Youth, lesser education, having fewer children, being female, and lesser income also were associated with greater disgust. PMID- 6746986 TI - FIRO-BC normative and psychometric data on 9- through 13-year-old children. AB - Study concerned principally with the need to provide normative and psychometric data for the FIRO-BC questionnaire. Reported are the means, standard deviations, test-retest reliability coefficients, and interscale correlation coefficients. Data are reported separately for boys and girls (N = 282). In addition, techniques of FIRO-BC data analyses are reviewed and alternatives are discussed. PMID- 6746987 TI - Emotional strategies and their relationship to complaints of psychosomatic and neurotic symptoms. AB - Examined the emotional strategies that people use and their psychological consequences. On the basis of a questionnaire answered by 270 adults, two questions were selected that would categorize people into "emotional strategy" groups; i.e., emotives and suppressed-emotives. A second sample of 329 psychotherapy group participants were classified according to their emotional strategy and also were scored on a Complaint Questionnaire (CQ) designed to measure psychological maladjustment and psychosomatic complaints. Suppressed emotives had a significantly higher score on the CQ than the emotive and non emotive groups. Because the CQ is similar to other questionnaires that have been shown to differentiate diagnosed "neurotics" from normals, we conclude that suppressed-emotives should be distinguished from non-emotives in that the former show neurotic tendencies, while the latter do not. PMID- 6746988 TI - The development and initial validation of a scale to measure social fear. AB - Developed a true-false scale to measure Social Fear, which Meehl argues is a sign of schizotypy, using procedures to maximize reliability and minimize response set bias (N = 910). Interviews with selected Ss (N = 44) confirm that the scale measures social fear, and the scale was found to correlate with previously developed schizotypy scales (N = 252). PMID- 6746989 TI - Rey Auditory-Verbal Learning Test performance of patients with and without memory impairment. AB - Investigated performance on the Rey Auditory Verbal Learning Test (AVLT) of 92 psychiatric and neurological patients classified as memory-impaired (N = 45) or non-memory-impaired (N = 47). The groups were comparable on age and education. Relative to the non-memory-impaired Ss, performance of the memory-impaired patients was significantly lower on all AVLT scores, ps less than .01. The AVLT appears to hold promise as a quick screening measure for the clinical evaluation of patients with suspected verbal learning and memory impairments. PMID- 6746990 TI - Wechsler Adult Intelligence Scale and Wechsler Adult Intelligence Scale-Revised in a neurologically impaired population. AB - Compared Verbal, Performance, and Full Scale IQ scores from two groups of neurologically impaired patients (N = 114) similar in age, years of education, occupation, race, sex, and etiology and location of cerebral dysfunction. One group had been given the WAIS and the other the WAIS-R. All three IQ scores were higher for the WAIS group, with Full Scale and Verbal scores significantly (p less than .05) higher. Changes in item content and standardization sample cohort effects are offered as partial possible explanation for the results. The IQ scores from the two tests cannot be considered as interchangeable for neurological patients. PMID- 6746991 TI - The reliability of the McCarthy Screening Test from the criterion-referenced testing perspective. AB - The McCarthy Screening Test, used to identify children with learning difficulties, yields a pass-fail decision for each subtest. The reliability of these decisions is studied using several criterion-referenced testing methods (N = 1,323). The several results are evaluated. It is suggested that dependability indices be adopted for clinical instruments such as the MST. PMID- 6746992 TI - The modified WAIS-R: an extension and revision. AB - The Modified WAIS-R (WAIS-RM) is an approach that integrates the procedures of Vincent (1979) and Himelstein (1983). Using the information subtest score as a guide, starting points on 7 of the remaining 10 subscales are upgraded in a way that can shorten administration time of the WAIS-R by as much as 30%. WAIS-R to WAIS-RM correlations for Verbal, Performance, and Full Scale IQs were .995, .996, and .998, respectively (N = 50). Subtest scatter profiles were shown to be retained accurately. This approach appears to have promise as a shortened WAIS-R that retains its clinical utility. PMID- 6746993 TI - Factor structure of the WPPSI in mental health clinic settings. AB - Factor analyzed the Wechsler Preschool and Primary Scale of Intelligence (WPPSI) scores of children (N = 181) seen at several outpatient mental health clinics. A two-factor solution that approximated Wechsler's grouping into Verbal and Performance sections was extracted. The Arithmetic subtest, however, loaded strongly onto both factors. The results suggest that the structure of intelligence for emotionally disturbed children is similar to that for normal children. The results also suggest that WPPSI profile analysis that uses subtest scores may be invalid in clinical settings because the specific variance of most subtests was low and because error variance exceeded specific subtest variance for half of the subtests. Further research is needed to clarify the utility of the WPPSI in outpatient clinical settings. PMID- 6746994 TI - Assessing the significance of differences between subtests on the Wechsler Adult Intelligence Scale-Revised. AB - Considered methods of evaluating the pattern of subtest scores on the Wechsler Adult Intelligence Scale-Revised. The rationale and method for calculating the size of a significant difference between a subtest and the mean of the subtests scores for an individual are described. The score differential necessary at three probability levels for a reliable difference between the subtest mean and any one subtest, corrected for the number of a-posteriori comparisons made, are presented. PMID- 6746995 TI - Implications of regression analysis and correlational data between subtests of the WISC-R and the PPVT-R for a delinquent population. AB - Computed correlations between the subscales of the Wechsler Intelligence Scales for Children-Revised (WISC-R) and the Peabody Picture Vocabulary Test-Revised (PPVT-R) using as a sample 72 adjudicated male delinquents aged 13-10 to 16-11. Significant relationships at the .0001 level were obtained for 10 subtests with only one, Object Assembly, computed at the .001 level. A forward selection multiple regression analysis resulted in six subtests of the WISC-R correlating to the PPVT-R with a R2 value of .78. The significance and the implications of this relationship for the juvenile delinquent population were discussed. PMID- 6746996 TI - Personal space of incarcerated offenders. AB - Administered the proxemic test (Kinzel, 1970) and a psychometric test battery to 49 incarcerated offenders on two occasions. Offenders also were rated by staff on their interpersonal behavior, and a 3-year follow-up was undertaken to assess recidivism. Immediate test-retest reliabilities were extremely high in all four directions (.93 to .97), but lower over a 10-week period (.65 to .89). The Behind distance was largest on both occasions. There were no changes in the four distance measures over time. An algebraic formula was devised to calculate Personal Space Area. Age was related inversely to offender's Personal Space (r = .32, p less than .03). Personality measures, observation ratings, and follow-up outcome data were related inconsistently to Personal Space Area, although there was some indication that offenders with a large personal space were less empathic, less socialized, less accepting of others, received poor evaluations, and were more likely to recidivate. The utility of personal space in the assessment of offenders is discussed. PMID- 6746997 TI - Chronicity of criminal behavior and psychopathology in male exhibitionists. AB - Conducted this study to resolve inconsistencies in the literature with regard to the personality characteristics of male exhibitionists. Both exhibitionistic and non-exhibitionistic criminal offenses as they relate to severity of psychopathology as measured by the MMPI in 84 exhibitionists were studied. An increase in psychopathology was not found to be associated with an increase in chronicity of exhibitionistic activity in exhibitionists. When exhibitionists who had been involved in other forms of illegal activity were considered alone, positive correlations were found between elevations on MMPI Psychopathic Deviate (PD) and Hypomania (MA) scales and an increase in both non-exhibitionistic criminal behavior and total criminal involvement. PMID- 6746998 TI - Response to interpersonal request styles by dependent and overcontrolled hostility personalities. AB - Assessed self-reported compliance, anger, and sympathy among two groups of Ss: One identified as dependent (N = 26) and the other high on overcontrolled hostility (N = 25). It was hypothesized that both groups of Ss would report higher levels of compliance than control Ss (N = 23). The 74 Ss read accounts of four different request styles (assertive, aggressive, passive aggressive, and submissive) and reported degrees of compliance, anger, and sympathy. Dependent and overcontrolled Ss were not more complaint, possibly because of the artificiality of the design. However, females responded to the assertive request with more anger and less sympathy than did males, which raises questions about sex differences in the judged appropriateness of the assertive style. PMID- 6746999 TI - PIC profiles for learning-disabled and behavior-disordered children. AB - Compared the performance of learning-disabled and behavior-disordered children (N = 60) on the recently published Personality Inventory of Children (PIC) to investigate the discriminant validity of the instrument. The data were analyzed by profile analysis and stepwise discriminant analysis. Results showed that learning-disabled and behavior-disordered children could be differentiated clearly on subtests that comprise the Cognitive Development and Conduct Disorder factors. However, less differentiation was found on the Internalization factor. Further examination indicated a possible diagnosis X scale "interaction" within the Internalization factor. Those learning-disabled children who also experienced "internal" difficulties tended to score high on the Somatic Concern Scale, while behavior-disordered children typically scored high on the other Internalization scales (i.e., Anxiety, Withdrawal, etc.). A total of seven of the PIC clinical and validity scales were selected in the discriminant function that separated the two groups. PMID- 6747000 TI - Development and validation of an automatic treatment referral system. AB - The alcoholism literature abounds with reports of the alcoholic personality and alcoholic subtypes. However, very minimal research on the relationship between the subtypes and treatment procedures is available. With the power of computer technology now accessible so readily, it is possible to apply sophisticated statistical methods to determine the extent of the association. The present paper describes the development of an automatic referral system (Autorf) on an inpatient alcohol and day unit (N = 150). More importantly, preliminary results with regard to the validity of the Autorf system are reported. Implications for treatment of alcoholics and program efficiency are discussed. PMID- 6747001 TI - Reply to "Validity of five MMPI alcoholism scales: a critique and reanalysis". AB - Replied to Hays and Stacy's critique of an article by Holmes, Dungan and McLaughlin in which the validity of MMPI alcoholism scales was questioned. Hays and Stacy asserted that the original authors misinterpreted the results of the statistical analyses. The present article presents support for the original conclusions and comments on Hays and Stacy's reanalysis. PMID- 6747002 TI - The relationship of MacAndrew alcoholism scale scores to MMPI profile type and degree of elevation. AB - Collected MMPI data for 38 Caucasian males who were hospitalized in a Veterans Administration alcoholism treatment program. On the basis of a Q-factor analysis, three prototypic profiles were derived, which adequately described 92% of the sample. These profiles were labeled: Type I (scales 1 and 2), Type II (F-K, Scales 4 and 9), and Type III (Scales K, 3 and 4). Type II was found to be correlated positively with scores on the MacAndrew Alcoholism Scale. No relationship was found between MacAndrew Alcoholism Scale scores and magnitude of psychological distress, as measured by mean T scores. PMID- 6747003 TI - Stability of psychological test results in newly admitted alcoholics. AB - Previous research has demonstrated that psychological test results of newly admitted alcoholics are not stable due to lingering alcohol toxicity. The present study (N = 40) demonstrated that a 10-day delay in testing is sufficient to obtain stable results on some psychological tests. PMID- 6747004 TI - Decision-making, professional discipline, and program affiliation: selection of an inpatient treatment alternative. AB - Used a hypothetical case history to examine the clinical decision-making of a group of 75 mental health practitioners representing the disciplines of alcohol/drug counseling, nursing, psychiatry, psychology, and social work. The variables of professional discipline, program affiliation, work setting, and influential case history items were studied in relation to clinicians' selection of an inpatient treatment alternative. All clinicians, including para professionals, performed similarly in that they followed an internally consistent process of reasoning in identifying influential case history items and using them in decision-making. Program affiliation and work setting had no biasing effect on decision-making, and only social workers showed a clear indication of a "set" related to their professional discipline. The implications of these findings for multi-disciplinary settings are discussed. PMID- 6747005 TI - A reorientation of clinical psychology? Look before you leap. AB - A recent proposal by Fox (1982) has suggested that the field of clinical psychology needs to undergo a reorientation away from psychopathology to the totality of human problems. This is viewed as a natural extension of the evolution of clinical psychology and is justified by the position that "Psychology is the only discipline that has both a comprehensive science of human behavior and an established professional arm" (Fox, 1982, p. 1052). Evidence is cited that suggests that many of the roles which Fox sees as appropriate for doctoral-level clinical psychologists can and are being performed adequately by master's-level professional social workers. The proposed reorientation of clinical psychology would be neither cost effective of educational resources nor feasible in terms of training adequate numbers of psychological service providers. This proposal by Fox further reflects a lack of awareness of the empirically based service tradition of many professional social workers (Thyer, 1981). PMID- 6747007 TI - Do patients like psychometric testing by computer? AB - Programmed a micro-computer to administer and score the Crown-Crisp Experiential Index (CCEI) (Crown & Crisp, 1979) for a study of the psychological state of 59 newly delivered mothers. This publication reports the findings of a separate paper-and-pencil questionnaire assessment of the patients' attitudes to the computer itself. The 59 patients were almost unanimous in finding the computer acceptable and easy to use; only 1 S minded using it. None found the instructions difficult to understand, and only 1 had difficulty in reading them. Only 2 would object to using the computer again. PMID- 6747006 TI - Defendants previous history and mock sentencing. AB - Six hundred forty-four undergraduates served as mock judges in sentencing male or female defendants convicted of homicide, child molestation, embezzlement, fraudulent issuance of checks, heroin possession, and consensual homosexuality. Defendants had a reported history of psychiatric hospitalization, imprisonment, or neither hospitalization nor incarceration. Results indicated: (1) those defendants with a mental health history were more likely to be accorded a disposition that involved mandatory health treatment; (2) dispositions of persons with a mental health history tended to be more restrictive than those of defendants with neither a mental health nor criminal history; and (3) sex of defendant of mock judge influenced sentencing disposition only in child molestation cases. PMID- 6747008 TI - A study of the enquiry workload in a regional drug information centre. AB - In a study of the workload in a regional drug information centre, 65% of enquiries received were classed as urgent and required an answer on the day of receipt. The number varied considerably from day to day but no discernible pattern of either urgent or non-urgent enquiries was found. Manpower requirements are discussed on the basis of workload on the busiest days for urgent enquiries. It is calculated that with an annual workload of 1,106 enquiries the mean utilization of a full-time pharmacist on this work is 64% rising to 93% on the busiest days. PMID- 6747009 TI - Drug information services: how health care professionals use the information provided. AB - This study has shown that the Drug Information Service is providing useful information to health professionals and that the information is being applied to patient-specific problems. More research, however, is needed to more concretely document patient outcomes in terms of the length of hospitalization, the number of laboratory tests ordered and the total number and expense of the drugs received. PMID- 6747010 TI - Analysis of drug information queries received by the pharmacy in a large psychiatric hospital. AB - Drug information queries were analysed over a representative period of 10 weeks in a 1,300 bed psychiatric hospital. A total of 90 queries were answered; 30 of these related to psychiatric drugs but 60 were concerned with general medical conditions. Half the number of questions came from doctors who, in presenting a diagnosis, were asking for information on the most appropriate therapy available. Queries from nurses formed the bulk of the remainder. The results of the survey disprove the misconception that pharmacy practice in a psychiatric hospital is highly specialized. PMID- 6747011 TI - Changes in bone histoquantitative parameters and histochemical staining reactions for aluminium in a group of patients with chronic renal failure following a reduction in the aluminium concentration of the haemodialysis fluid. AB - Bone biopsies from a group of 16 patients in chronic renal failure treated by intermittent haemodialysis were available for histoquantitative and histochemical assessment before and after the introduction of reverse osmosis treatment of the dialysis fluid. This treatment reduced the aluminium concentration of the fluid from 1.15 mg/l to less than 0.06 mg/l. After the changeover there was an increase in the extent of calcification fronts. Overall, there was a decrease in the histochemical staining reactions for aluminium, although a few cases showed increased reactions. A large percentage of cases showing decreased reactions also had decreased osteoid volumes. It is concluded that reduction of the concentration of aluminium in the dialysis fluid is associated with an improvement in mineralisation state, and this is further evidence of the importance of minimising the aluminium burden of patients with chronic renal failure. PMID- 6747012 TI - Endoscopic screening for malignancy in the gastric remnant: the clinical significance of dysplasia in gastric mucosa. AB - Five hundred and four asymptomatic patients in whom gastrectomy had been performed between 1931 and 1960 were investigated by endoscopy plus biopsy. Ten stump carcinomas were detected (1.98%). In five patients the tumour was limited to the mucosa and was not seen at endoscopy. In three patients with previously noted severe dysplasia intramucosal carcinoma was detected during follow up and in two the carcinoma was found at the site of the preceding severe dysplasia. True regression of severe dysplasia could not be shown. In 23 patients with previous mild or moderate dysplasia no progression was seen during follow up. Severe gastric dysplasia is a serious marker of malignancy demanding close follow up with repeated endoscopy and biopsy. The clinical significance of mild and moderate dysplasia remains unclear. Early detection of stump carcinoma is indeed possible. Physicians should rely not so much on the endoscopic appearance but on the results of multiple biopsies. PMID- 6747013 TI - Defective phagocytosis in insulin controlled diabetics: evidence for a reaction between glucose and opsonising proteins. AB - Neutrophils from diabetic patients controlled with insulin showed impaired phagocytosis of a yeast, Candida guilliermondii. The defect was detected by measuring the initial rate of phagocytosis at optimal concentrations of phagocytes and organisms in autologous plasma. By mixing normal neutrophils in diabetic plasma and vice versa both cellular and plasma abnormalities were shown. The defect was reproduced by incubating normal plasma at a D-glucose concentration of 15 mmol/l for 3 h or for shorter periods at higher concentrations of glucose. The data suggest that defective phagocytosis is partly due to a reaction between glucose and the plasma proteins concerned with opsonisation. Defective phagocytosis may be important not only in coping with infections but also in other diabetic complications as plasma proteins are concerned with the removal of damaged or effete cells as well as foreign antigens. PMID- 6747014 TI - An assessment of environmental contamination arising from the use of some automated equipment in microbiology. AB - The generation of aerosols and the contamination of surfaces arising from some equipment used to automate tasks in the microbiology laboratory have been assessed using a microbiological test method. When used for the designed purposes none of the equipment is likely to present any significant aerosol hazard. Some of the equipment gave rise to surface contamination, and it is recommended that decontamination of work surfaces should be carried out at frequent intervals. PMID- 6747015 TI - Reassignment of gram/litre values for international immunoglobulin standards. PMID- 6747016 TI - Possible role of deficiency of selenium and vitamin E in atherosclerosis. PMID- 6747017 TI - Localisation of aluminium and iron by histochemical and laster microprobe mass analytical techniques in bone marrow cells of chronic hemodialysis patients. PMID- 6747018 TI - Blood lipid effects of antihypertensive therapy: a double-blind comparison of the effects of methyldopa and propranolol. AB - Thirty-two middle-aged men with essential hypertension completed a double-blind randomly allocated comparison of the effects of methyldopa versus propranolol on blood lipid levels. After a four-week period on a placebo for each drug, subjects were titrated for the next six weeks with either methyldopa from 500 to 2000 mg/day or propranolol from 80 to 320 mg/day plus a placebo for the other drug until supine diastolic blood pressure was below 90 mm Hg or the ceiling dose was reached. Subjects were then maintained on the achieved drug dose for an additional six weeks and finally switched back to a placebo for each drug for four more weeks. Blood lipid levels were measured twice during each study period and the values averaged and compared. Neither drug significantly affected levels of total plasma cholesterol. However, both drugs reduced high-density lipoprotein (HDL) cholesterol levels about 10 per cent and increased the total cholesterol to HDL cholesterol ratio. In addition, propranolol significantly increased plasma triglyceride levels (28.3 per cent). The changes in lipid levels were not dose related. Whether or not these blood lipid changes persist and their possible clinical implication during prolonged therapy remain to be elucidated. PMID- 6747019 TI - A double-blind parallel comparison of ketoprofen, codeine, and placebo in patients with moderate to severe postpartum pain. AB - A total of 152 patients were treated at a single center in a single-dose, double blind parallel study designed to compare the safety and efficacy of 25, 50, and 100 mg ketoprofen to 90 mg codeine and placebo in patients with moderate to severe postpartum pain (i.e., postepisiotomy, uterine cramping, or cesarean section pain). The analgesic responses to all three doses of ketoprofen and 90 mg codeine were superior to placebo and were not significantly different from each other. No dose-related response was observed with ketoprofen. The number of side effects was significantly greater (P = 0.001) among patients receiving codeine (six patients) than among those receiving ketoprofen (three patients). PMID- 6747020 TI - The effects of five potassium chloride preparations on the upper gastrointestinal mucosa in healthy subjects receiving glycopyrrolate. AB - The effects on the upper gastrointestinal tract of five different preparations of KCl were compared in 90 healthy subjects treated with glycopyrrolate. The KCl preparations studied were wax-matrix KCl, microencapsulated KCl, liquid KCl, experimental extended-release capsules, experimental extended-release tablets,and placebo. The subjects were endoscoped prior to and after seven days of dosing. Upper gastrointestinal mucosal pathology was seen with all of the potassium preparations as well as with placebo. No statistically significant differences between the various KCl groups or between KCl groups and placebo were seen. All of the lesions were superficial, except for one ulcer seen with the microencapsulated KCl. None of the subjects developed occult gastrointestinal bleeding. There were no differences in the incidence of abdominal symptoms. PMID- 6747021 TI - Amikacin levels in the human biliary tract. AB - The concentrations of amikacin in serum, gallbladder, and common duct bile, and gallbladder tissue in patients undergoing surgery of the biliary tract were investigated. Patients received 500 mg amikacin intravenously or intramuscularly from 1 to 11 hours before surgery. Another group had T-tubes inserted and blood and bile levels were studied serially postoperatively. One half hour after 500 mg amikacin, serum levels were high and bile levels were 30 per cent of the serum levels, with tissue levels less than 19 per cent of the serum levels. At 6 hours, serum levels were 37 per cent of the 1-hour levels; however, bile levels were 34 per cent of the simultaneous serum levels. At 11 hours, both postdose serum and bile amikacin levels were low. However, simultaneous bile levels were higher than serum levels. No patient suffered from any side effects from amikacin. PMID- 6747022 TI - Absolute bioavailability and effect of food and antacid on diazepam absorption from a slow-release preparation. AB - A series of healthy volunteers received a single 7.5-mg intravenous dose of diazepam on one occasion and a single 15-mg oral dose of slow-release diazepam (DZ-SR) on another occasion. Diazepam concentrations were measured by gas chromatography in multiple plasma samples drawn during seven days after each dose. Absorption of diazepam from DZ-SR was slow, with mean +/- S.E. peak concentrations attained at 3.8 +/- 0.5 hours after dosage. Absolute bioavailability of DZ-SR averaged 0.98 +/- 0.06. In two other studies, diazepam absorption from DZ-SR was evaluated when coadministered with a standard breakfast or with an antacid preparation (Maalox). Neither food nor antacid altered the rate of diazepam absorption and did not impair the completeness of absorption. Higher peak total plasma diazepam concentrations occurred in the postprandial as opposed to the fasting state, but this was an artifact of reduced protein binding (increased free fraction) due to fasting. Thus, diazepam absorption from DZ-SR is slow and essentially complete. PMID- 6747023 TI - Effect of diltiazem on warfarin plasma protein binding. AB - Previous work by Bloedow et al. evaluated the effect of warfarin on diltiazem binding. Unbound diltiazem remained constant (22.5 +/- 3.6 per cent) in the presence of warfarin. We studied 10 patients, 51 to 72 years old, who were receiving warfarin as an anticoagulant for valvular replacement, thrombosis, or embolus. Our study demonstrates that a single 120-mg oral diltiazem dose, sufficient to cause hemodynamic changes, does not displace warfarin from plasma binding sites. PMID- 6747024 TI - Effects of enfenamic acid on renal electrolyte excretion in hypertensive patients. AB - Single and multiple doses of enfenamic acid were compared in hypertensive patients with those of hydrochlorothiazide using urinary output and electrolytes as parameters. With enfenamic acid, excretion of Na+, K+, and Cl- was significantly decreased in the multiple-dose study; after single doses, there was a significant decrease in the excretion of Na+ and Cl- only. PMID- 6747025 TI - Central neural connections of the pineal organ and retina in the teleost Gasterosteus aculeatus L. AB - The relations of the central neural connections of the pineal organ to those of the retinae of the lateral eyes were investigated in the three-spined stickleback, Gasterosteus aculeatus L. (Teleostei), by anterograde and retrograde transport of horseradish peroxidase (HRP). HRP was applied to the crushed pineal stalk and/or injected into the left or the right eye. Both pineal and retinal efferents project to area praetectalis, dorsal and ventral thalamic areas, and dorsal tegmentum. The most notable overlapping occurs in nucleus commissurae posterioris of area praetectalis. Pineal efferents also innervate the habenular nuclei and dorsal hypothalamus, while retinal efferents innervate rostral hypothalamus, ventrolateral thalamus, and tectum opticum. A small number of retinofugal axons recross and innervate the ipsilateral nucleus anterioris periventricularis and area praetectalis. After intraocular HRP injections, labeled perikarya were located both in retinofugal terminal areas and in areas not receiving direct retinal input, such as the telencephalic nucleus olfactoretinalis, deep tectal layers, and an area rostroventral to nucleus dorsolateralis thalami. No neurons afferent to the pineal organ were demonstrated. The close association of pineal efferents with retinofugal and possible retinopetal elements is in accordance with the view that both systems are potential neural mediators of photoperiodic events in the teleostean circadian system. PMID- 6747026 TI - Temporal and spatial constraints on the collateral sprouting of low-threshold mechanosensory nerves in the skin of rats. AB - We have studied the collateral sprouting of intact low-threshold mechanosensory nerves into adjacent denervated skin in rats. An "isolated" field was produced by extensive denervations of the surrounding skin; sprouting of the remaining cutaneous nerve supplying the field was looked for in the form of field expansion into the surrounding denervated territory at various postoperative intervals. Such isolated fields failed to expand in the adult rat for periods up to at least 85 days. "Nonfunctional" sprouting is unlikely to explain this failure. However, similar experiments done in very young animals gave a different result. In rat pups aged less than 20 days, isolated fields did expand, but this ceased at about 20 days, and attempts to evoke it after this time were unsuccessful. There seems to be a critical period for sprouting of these touch-sensitive nerves into denervated skin, and our evidence suggests that it may not begin until about 15 days of age. Within this developmental window the sprouting that occurs is spatially constrained, an isolated field expanding preferentially into denervated skin of the parent dermatome; if only skin of neighboring dermatomes is available there is no expansion. In contrast, low-threshold nerves regenerated readily after a crush at all ages studied, and the mechanosensory fields established by regenerating nerves expanded progressively into denervated skin without apparent constraints at dermatomal boundaries. The temporal and spatial constraints found for the sprouting of intact low-threshold axons are in marked contrast to their absence for the well-described sprouting of high-threshold (nociceptive) nerves. PMID- 6747027 TI - Dendritic and axonal organization of mitral and tufted cells in the rat olfactory bulb. AB - The output cells of the main olfactory bulb, the mitral and tufted cells, can be categorized into subclasses on the basis of their intrabulbar dendritic and axonal characteristics. Their form was studied in rats following labeling by iontophoretic injection of horseradish peroxidase into the external plexiform layer (EPL). The fact that these extracellular injections labeled small numbers of neurons permitted reconstruction of individual cells. The injection depth within the EPL determined the type of cells labeled. Secondary dendrites of each cell type lay in one of three partially overlapping zones in the EPL. The deepest zone contained the secondary dendrites of one group of mitral cells (Type I), which had the deepest and longest dendrites of the output cells. An intermediate zone of the EPL contained the secondary dendrites of middle tufted and a second class of mitral cells (Type II). The superficial zone, adjacent to the glomerular layer, contained the relatively short, asymmetric dendritic fields of external tufted cells. The few labeled internal tufted cells had secondary dendrites in either the intermediate or deep zones. Every cell type, except the Type I mitral cells, had axon collaterals in the internal plexiform and upper granule cell layers. No cell types had axons re-entering the EPL. These results for output cells combined with our previous observations on granule cells point to a functional sublaminar organization of the EPL that has not previously been proposed. PMID- 6747028 TI - Relationships between the nigrotectal pathway and the cells of origin of the predorsal bundle. AB - The goal of this study was to define the anatomical relationships between the terminal field of the nigrotectal pathway and the tectal neurons which project to contralateral brainstem gaze centers by way of the predorsal bundle. The distribution and morphology of the cells of origin for the predorsal bundle were determined by using a modification of the retrograde horseradish peroxidase technique which homogeneously filled their somas and dendrites. The terminal distribution of the nigrotectal tract was determined using both anterograde horseradish peroxidase and autoradiographic procedures. The results indicate that, in the grey squirrel (Sciurus carolinensis), the predorsal bundle cells are a heterogeneous population whose dendritic fields form a well-defined band confined to the inner half of stratum griseum intermediate. This inner sublamina also can be identified in Nissl and myelin stains. The same sublamina is the major target of the nigrotectal tract. The striking anatomical correspondence between the distribution of nigrotectal terminals and the cells projecting in the predorsal bundle supports a proposal, based on recent physiological investigations, that the nigrotectal tract plays an important role in the initiation of the saccade-related activity of the deep tectal cells (Chevalier et al., '81; Hikosaka and Wurtz, '83a-d). PMID- 6747029 TI - Retinal terminals in the goldfish optic tectum: identification and characterization. AB - Retinal terminal profiles in the goldfish optic tectum were identified electron microscopically after (1) labeling with horseradish peroxidase and (2) in the early stages of degeneration in short-term eye enucleates. All labeled terminals shared certain common morphological characteristics which were identical to those of a population of terminals in normal tecta. Terminals of this type disappeared 30 days after enucleation of the contralateral eye. Retinal terminal presynaptic profiles were characterized by (1) round and oval synaptic vesicles; (2) mitochondria with irregular, randomly oriented cristae, large intracristal spaces, dilated membrane spaces, and primarily light matrices; (3) a wide range in profile area, 0.06-6.82 micrometers2; (4) large numbers of synaptic vesicles per profile area (168 +/- 33 synaptic vesicles per micrometers2; (5) asymmetric synapses; and (6) multiple synaptic contacts (1.46 +/- 0.73 per terminal profile). The postsynaptic elements included both dendritic and, less commonly, pleomorphic vesicle-containing profiles. The majority of postsynaptic dendritic profiles were small (0.01-0.40 micrometers2). Serial synaptic contacts were occasionally seen. The combination of vesicular and mitochondrial morphology (1 and 2 above) was necessary and sufficient to establish the retinal origin of a terminal, but use of such criteria would underestimate the number of retinotectal terminals by omitting those which did not have a mitochondrion in the plane of section. The number of such terminals was calculated from independent measurements, and the total number of retinal terminal profiles per area of neuropil was estimated. PMID- 6747030 TI - Callosal and intrahemispheric connectivity of the prefrontal association cortex in rhesus monkey: relation between intraparietal and principal sulcal cortex. AB - Horseradish peroxidase (HRP) histochemistry and double labeling with the fluorescent dyes nuclear yellow (NY) and fast blue (FB) were used to examine and compare the laminar and tangential arrangement of ipsilateral (associational) and contralateral (callosal) neurons and their relative density in three regions of prefrontal granular cortex: Walker's area 46 (principal sulcus), area 8A (superior limb of the arcuate sulcus), and area 11 (lateral orbital sulcus). In all three prefrontal regions, neurons with ipsilateral projections were labeled following injections of tracers into the intraparietal sulcus (IPS) and neurons with callosal projections were sequentially or simultaneously labeled with injections into the contralateral principal sulcus (PS). Quantitative analysis indicates that associational and callosal neurons in prefrontal cortex are distinct cell populations with strikingly similar organization including (1) common topography; (2) common laminar positions in layers III, IV, and V; (3) two to three-fold higher densities in supragranular than infragranular layers; (4) common morphologies including a high proportion of nonpyramidal soma in the deeper cortical layers; (5) common uneven tangential distribution reminiscent of the interdigitation of their terminal fields; and (6) common subpopulations differing on the basis of terminal arbors. These findings indicate that the posterior parietal cortex and the prefrontal cortex form part of an integrated neural system important for spatiotemporal behaviors. PMID- 6747031 TI - Genesis of resting microglia in the gray matter of mouse hippocampus. AB - The genesis of resting microglia in the gray matter of mouse hippocampus was studied by 3H-thymidine autoradiography in combination with electron microscopy. Newborn mice were injected with 3H-thymidine singly or repeatedly at different postnatal stages, and killed shortly after the injection or after various intervals. Tissue specimens of the hippocampus at CA1 and CA2 were processed for light and electron microscopic autoradiography. The results showed that at least 91% of glial cells in the stratum radiatum of the hippocampus are produced after birth. About three-fourths of astroglia in this area are produced before the sixth postnatal day, and a larger part of resting microglia are formed after the ninth postnatal day. Morphological transition can be traced from either proliferating cells in the stratum radiatum at late postnatal days to resting microglia, or from those in early postnatal days to astroglia. A continuous morphological transition was observed between the proliferating cells at the late postnatal days (microglial production period) and those at the early postnatal days (astroglial production period). The latter retain some fine structural characteristics similar to small glioblasts in the subependymal layer. These findings strongly suggest that resting microglia, as well as astroglia, are derived from glioblasts, and are of neurectodermal origin. PMID- 6747032 TI - Axonal and dendritic development of substantia gelatinosa neurons in the lumbosacral spinal cord of the rat. AB - In the present study, developing neurons of the substantia gelatinosa (SG) are examined at short interval sequential stages from 15 days of gestation through 20 days postpartum. Rapid Golgi preparations are utilized to examine axonal and dendritic development and toluidine blue preparations are employed to study the overall growth pattern of SG cells by measuring changes in mean cell body area. Results show that there are two maturation periods, which involve two separate groups of SG neurons. The sequence and pattern of development for each group is different. The first period occurs prenatally and involves the axonal and dendritic development of presumptive projection and propriospinal neurons. In classical terminology, these cells can be classified as limiting, large and small central, and transverse cells. These neurons have axons that enter the white matter and their dendritic arbors develop through a relatively simple process of elongation and branching. The second maturation period occurs postnatally and involves the development of presumptive nonprojection intrinsic neurons that have axons which remain within the gray matter. These neurons are identified as islet, stalk, inverted stalklike, and vertical cells. Unlike projection or propriopinal neurons, the intrinsic nonprojection neurons sprout numerous short, beaded dendrites that radiate from the cell body in a starlike fashion. Starshaped cells undergo a metamorphosis involving a rearrangement of dendrites along adult dendritic patterns. Measurements taken from toluidine blue preparations indicate that the nonprojection intrinsic population makes up the greatest percentage of SG neurons, as evidenced by a marked increase in the size of the average SG nerve cell during the second maturation period. PMID- 6747033 TI - The neural substrate for the pupillary light reflex in the pigeon (Columba livia). AB - The neural substrate of the pupillary light reflex in the pigeon was investigated using anatomical, stimulation, and lesion techniques. In birds, as in mammals, the sphincter pupillae muscle (which constricts the iris) is innervated by cells in the ciliary ganglion (Pilar and Tuttle, '82). These cells are in turn innervated by cells in the Edinger-Westphal nucleus (EW) (Cowan and Wenger, '68; Narayanan and Narayanan, '76; Lyman and Mugnaini, '80). The efferent link of the pupillary light reflex must therefore involve cells in EW. To study the central course of this reflex pathway, injections of horseradish peroxidase (HRP) were placed in EW. These injections labeled cells in a number of regions including a contralateral pretectal nucleus, area pretectalis (AP). Only a limited number of cells in AP project to EW. Injections of tritiated amino acids into AP labeled a discrete region of the contralateral EW. This projection is confined to a dorsolateral region of caudal EW and overlies the somata of approximately 100 cells. Tritiated proline was injected into the eye, and the results confirmed an earlier report (Reperant, '73) that AP receives retinal input from the contralateral eye. Immunohistochemical studies demonstrated fibers in AP that stained positively for substance-P-like, enkephalin-like and tyrosine-hydroxylase like immunoreactivity. Injections of HRP were placed in AP to examine the retinal ganglion cells mediating the reflex. Cells with an average diameter of approximately 14 microns (5-25 microns range) were labeled and averaged approximately 6 microns greater in diameter than the retinal ganglion cells (mean = 7.3 microns) labeled by an optic chiasm injection. The cells labeled by AP injections were distributed unevenly throughout the retina with a higher concentration in the central and temporal retina and a paucity in the red field and fovea. Our results demonstrate that AP receives input from a distinct subpopulation of large retinal ganglion cells that comprises a very small percentage of the total population of retinal ganglion cells. Unilateral lesions of AP abolished the pupillary light reflex in the eye contralateral to the lesion; stimulation of AP elicited pupilloconstriction in the eye contralateral to the stimulation site. These results delineate the central course of the pupillary light reflex pathway in the pigeon and identify the retinal ganglion cells that subserve this reflex. They show that, at every point in the pathway, only a few cells mediate this simple reflex.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 400 WORDS) PMID- 6747034 TI - The representation of the visual field in parvicellular and magnocellular layers of the lateral geniculate nucleus in the macaque monkey. AB - Two-dimensional maps of individual layers of the dorsal lateral geniculate nucleus (LGN) in the macaque monkey were constructed and used as a basis for comparing laminar size, shape, and topographic organization. Topographical data from the electrophysiological investigation of the LGN by Malpeli and Baker ('75) were displayed on maps of all six layers. As known from previous studies, there is a significant over-representation of central vision in the LGN. Unexpectedly, though, the visual representation is anisotropic over portions of most LGN layers. That is, the linear magnification factor (millimeters along the laminar surface per degree of visual field) is not equal for all directions from a given point in the visual field. Moreover, the visual representations in the parvicellular and magnocellular divisions of the LGN differ both in their emphasis on central vision and in their anisotropies. To determine the degree of individual variability, laminar maps were prepared from the LGN of seven other hemispheres. The shapes of laminar maps varied considerably between LGNs, from nearly circular to highly elliptical, but the surface area was relatively constant for each layer. Topographical organization, determined by mapping the optic disc representation on the LGN laminae and by labeling from anterograde and retrograde tracer injections in striate cortex, showed significant individual variability. Interestingly, the visual representations in the LGN and striate cortex are topologically inverted with respect to one another. This indicates that the establishment of geniculocortical connections involves a systematic crossing-over of fibers. Information on cell densities and magnification factors in striate cortex obtained from other studies was compared to the results of the present study in order to estimate ratios of cortical neurons to LGN neurons at different eccentricities. The total number of cortical neurons per LGN neuron is about 130 on average, but it extends over approximately a tenfold range, from less than 100 in the far periphery to nearly 1,000 in the fovea. The estimated number of cells in layers 4A and 4C beta per parvicellular layer neuron is smaller and extends over a slightly narrower range, from 30 to 240, whereas the number of layer 4C alpha neurons per magnocellular neuron varies more widely, from about 45 to 7,000. PMID- 6747035 TI - The motor nuclei and primary projections of the IXth, Xth, XIth and XIIth cranial nerves in the monitor lizard, Varanus exanthematicus. AB - The motor nuclei and sensory connections of the IXth, Xth, XIth, and XIIth cranial nerves of the reptile Varanus exanthematicus were studied with the methods of anterograde degeneration and anterograde and retrograde axonal transport. The motor nuclei of nerve IX are located ventrally in the rhombencephalon and are constituted medially by the large-celled glossopharyngeal part of the nucleus ambiguus and laterally by the small-celled nucleus salivatorius inferior. The motor nuclei of nerve X consist of the dorsomedially located dorsal motor nucleus of the vagus and the laterally located vagal part of the nucleus ambiguus. The rostral portion of the latter cell group contains smaller cells than its caudal portion and is rostrally continuous with the nucleus salivatorius inferior of nerve IX. The efferent axons of nerves IX and X arising from the ventrolateral medulla first course dorsomedially, form genua beneath the IVth ventricle, and then exit the brainstem. All primary afferent fibers of nerve IX and the majority of those of nerve X enter the solitary tract. Terminations of vagal fibers were observed in the postvagal portion of the nucleus of the solitary tract, the dorsal motor nucleus of the vagus, and the nucleus of the commissura infima. A small contingent of vagal fibers courses caudally just dorsolateral to the descending trigeminal tract. A separate spinal component of nerve XI could not be found. The bulbar component of this nerve forms part of nerve X and takes its main origin from a detached caudal element of the nucleus ambiguus. The motor nuclear complex of nerve XII consists of a large dorsal nucleus and a small ventral nucleus that extend from the medulla oblongata into the first segment of the cervical spinal cord. PMID- 6747036 TI - A clinical model for enhancing adolescent ego identity. AB - A model of identity formation based on the cognitive developmental stages of social perspective-taking is described. The model assumes that identity can be achieved through cognitive strategies of considering the self in relation to one friend, one's family, the peer group, and society. Two studies were undertaken to test the model. In Study 1, 28 college students participated in a two week program in which the experimental students were asked to take the perspective of each social entity above and then to consider how the self was like and unlike these. The experimentals gained more than the controls on the identity subscale of Rasmussen's EIS. Fifty-nine college students participated in Study 2 which used a more sensitive discrepancy score measure on a revised identity scale. Discrepancy scores in an analysis of covariance indicated that the experimentals were higher than the controls at post-test and at a one month follow-up. PMID- 6747037 TI - Adolescent attitudes to authority. AB - This study is concerned with adolescent attitudes to authority. In particular the investigation focuses on notions of the ideal authority figure, attitudes to the sorts of conflicts experienced at home and in school, and on the types of resolutions to conflicts preferred by young people. Subjects were 43 adolescents from working class areas in outer London boroughs, all of whom were given a semistructured interview. Results indicated important differences in the amount of control required at home and in the school, and showed adolescents of 14 and 15 to have relatively little need for autonomy but a very considerable need for support from parents and teachers. PMID- 6747038 TI - Relativity of chronological age and level of awareness in crystallization of choice of career among Nigerian undergraduates. AB - This study attempts to assess the relative influence of chronological age and level of awareness on the crystallization of choice of discipline or career among Nigerian University undergraduates. Crystallization is defined as the ability to know or choose a discipline or vocational environment with characteristics congruent with one's personality or implementing one's vocational self-concept in the appropriate vocational environment. Level of awareness is the amount of information or data one has about a discipline. Seventy-six freshers of the University of Jos, Nigeria in two categories of disciplines--old/professional disciplines (medicine and law) and new disciplines (sociology and psychology) with different levels of awareness about them in Nigerian society were used. It was hypothesized that students in the old/professional disciplines of law and medicine would have better crystallization about their disciplines than students in the newer disciplines of psychology and sociology. This hypothesis was supported at P less than 0.01. Also supported was the hypothesis that crystallization would not increase with chronological age. In conclusion, it is suggested that level of awareness as against chronological age is a more potent determiner of crystallization of career choice in Nigeria. PMID- 6747039 TI - Adolescents and their experience of parental divorce. AB - This paper describes the results of an interview-based study of the reactions of 64 adolescents to the separation and divorce of their parents. The results of the interviews suggest that parental divorce does not necessarily interfere with adolescent development. They also suggest that adolescents would prefer to live in a one-parent home than a two-parent home which is fraught with conflict, and that it is preferable for parents who are unable to resolve such conflict in any other way to separate rather than allow it to persist. Further, the results of the interviews provide some suggestions as to the way divorcing parents should behave if they are to facilitate the adjustment of their adolescent children to the divorce process. In particular, attention is drawn to the extent to which they need to keep their children informed about their intentions, their conduct towards each other following the separation and their conduct in forming and maintaining new relationships. PMID- 6747040 TI - The individuality of teenage mothers and its implication for intervention strategies. AB - An exploratory longitudinal research project of teenage mothers and their infants was carried out, involving intensive study of a small number of cases. Four case studies from the research are presented which illustrate the tremendous differences between teenage mothers, their support systems and the need for and success of intervention. The cases also show the need to individualize support to teenage mothers and suggest that routine structured classes on child development and parenting skills are not always necessary or sufficient. The cases also suggest that there are at least three types of teenage mother-infant pairs each of which will require a different level of intervention, ranging from Level I to Level IV. A plea is made for the individualization of services to teenage mothers depending on the strengths, emotional capacities and needs of the mother and her infant. PMID- 6747041 TI - Muslim traditions and attitudes to female education. AB - It has been suggested that girls and women coming from a Muslim background in the Asian sub-continent are disadvantaged in the educational sphere. In this study two particular aspects of this suggested disadvantage are investigated. First, the importance of educating males rather than females and secondly, the issue of parental and husband's control over the rights of women to education and work. Twenty-six Muslim females living in a large Scottish town but of a Pakistani Punjabi background were interviewed in depth. The findings, that these women considered that it is as important to educate girls as it is to educate boys, and that they acquiesced in parental and husband's control over the rights of females to be educated and work, are discussed within a cross-cultural perspective. It is concluded that such issues cannot be isolated from traditional values about the importance of upholding family honour. PMID- 6747042 TI - Effect of propionic acid on kinetics of acetate and oleate and on plasma and milk fatty acid composition of goats. AB - Entry rates of acetate and oleate and their incorporation into lipids of blood plasma and fatty acids of milk were studied in lactating goats fed a concentrate roughage ration with propionic acid infused intraruminally at 0, 5.52, and 13.74 g/h by primed constant intravenous infusion of [1-carbon-14] acetate and [9, 10 hydrogen-3] oleate. Means for infusion rates were acetate, 60, 52, and 39 micrograms/ml blood plasma; propionate 9, 12, and 22 micrograms/ml; oleate, 19, 14, and 12 micrograms/ml; acetate entry rate, 3.9, 2.7, and 1.8 mmol/h per kg bodyweight; oleate entry rate, 47, 29, and 19 mumol/h per kg bodyweight; acetate oxidation rate, 2.0, 1.7, and 1.4 mmol/h per kg, and its contribution to the total carbon dioxide production, 16, 14, and 11%. Propionic acid increased incorporation of carbon-14 and hydrogen-3 into plasma lipids, elevated proportions of 7:0, 9:0, 11:0, 13:0, 15:0, and 17:0 fatty acids in milk, and tended to lower others. Specific radioactivities of milk fatty acids during infusion of propionic acid were elevated by 1.8 to 2.8 times, and total fatty acids in milk and plasma were lowered by 22 and 38%. Data support the glucogenic theory that propionic acid either directly or through gluconeogenesis stimulates insulin secretion, which in turn inhibits release of fatty acids from adipose tissue, resulting in milk fat depression. PMID- 6747043 TI - Enumeration and presumptive identification of bacteria from the small intestine of sheep. AB - Microflora of the small intestine of sheep was examined. Samples of tissue and digesta were taken from four sites along the small intestine (3, 8, 13, and 18 m from the pylorus) and maintained under anaerobic conditions. The pH of the digesta taken at the 3rd, 8th, 13th, and 18th m sections were 5.44, 6.37, 7.24, and 6.79. Digesta and tissue samples were diluted serially and plated within the anaerobic glove box on complex medium containing rumen fluid. In addition, each sample was plated on the same medium and incubated aerobically. As determined by growth under anaerobic conditions, viable counts of the digesta ranged from 5 X 10(4) to 7 X 10(6) cells/g, whereas counts for the tissue ranged from 2 X 10(2) to 4 X 10(4) cells/g. Viable counts determined aerobically for the digesta ranged from 1 X 10(4) to 5 X 10(6) cells/g, whereas the counts for the tissue ranged from 5 X 10 to 6 X 10(4) cells/g. Tentative identification of 50 isolates from samples of tissue and digesta in the 13th m section revealed a predominance of streptococcal organisms and rod shaped organism morphologically similar to Propionibacterium. An indigenous population of acid-tolerant bacteria with the ability to ferment simple sugars and starch was in the small intestine. PMID- 6747044 TI - Developmental changes in serum ferritin concentration of dairy calves. AB - Serum ferritin concentration of nursing calves was measured by a two-site immunoradiometric assay to assess developmental changes and to evaluate relationships of serum ferritin with iron-related blood characteristics. Serum ferritin concentration of calves was low at birth and elevated slightly at 3 days of age. From 1 wk of age onward, serum ferritin concentration of untreated calves and calves fed only whole milk for 4 wk decreased and remained low throughout the nursing period. This finding almost coincided with hematological characteristics. However, that nearly normal hematological measures and weight gain persisted and that they did not develop any anemic symptom indicate that serum ferritin concentration is more sensitive than other hematological characteristics to iron depletion. However, serum ferritin concentration of calves administered 130 mg of ferrous fumarate (40 mg iron) daily from 3 to 22 days of age or injected with 4 ml of iron-dextran intramuscularly (400 mg iron) at 3 days and 2 wk of age increased sharply just after treatment and persisted high for 2 to 6 wk of age. However, there was large variation between animals for serum ferritin concentration. Thus, it seems likely that serum ferritin concentration is an index for monitoring prelatent iron deficiency of calves. PMID- 6747045 TI - Vitamin A and beta-carotene in bovine and porcine plasma, liver, corpora lutea, and follicular fluid. AB - Bovine and porcine blood plasma, liver, corpora lutea, and follicular fluid were obtained from local abattoirs for study of distribution of vitamin A and beta carotene. Retinol, retinyl esters, and beta-carotene were separated on alumina columns and subjected also to thin-layer chromatography. Retinol and retinyl esters were in corpora lutea and follicular fluid of both species. Concentrations of beta-carotene were high in bovine plasma, corpus luteum, and follicular fluid. In contrast, beta-carotene was lower in porcine tissues. Retinol, retinyl esters, and beta-carotene were closely correlated in bovine follicular fluid and blood plasma; however, correlations between bovine plasma and corpora lutea were not significant except for retinol. Only porcine retinol was closely correlated with plasma and follicular fluid, whereas correlations were nonsignificant between plasma and corpora lutea retinol, retinyl esters, and beta-carotene. Further studies, therefore, are needed to elucidate the physiological role of vitamin A and beta-carotene in regulating ovarian functions. PMID- 6747046 TI - Evaluation of linear dodecyl benzene sulfonic acid as a teat dip in a commercial dairy. AB - A postmilking teat dip containing 1.94% linear dodecyl benzene sulfonic acid was evaluated for approximately 6 mo on a commercial dairy farm that milked an average of 75 cows. Sixteen Staphylococcus aureus infections were diagnosed, 12 in the undipped control quarters and 4 in the dipped. Incidence of intramammary infection with Staphylococcus aureus was reduced 68.1%. Seventy-five infections were diagnosed as micrococci, 42 in control and 33 in the dipped group, a 23.6% reduction. A total of 37 Corynebacterium sp. infections were diagnosed, 21 and 16 in control and dipped groups, a 25.8% reduction. Teat skin condition did not change during the study. PMID- 6747047 TI - Effect of varying protein and energy densities in complete rations fed to cows in first lactation. AB - Sixty-three Holstein cows in first lactation were allotted randomly at 28 days postpartum to receive one of nine rations in a 3 X 3 factorial design. Rations had crude protein 12, 15, or 18% in each of three energy densities from ratios of forage:concentrate of 75:25, 55:45, and 35:65. Corn silage and hay crop silage were combined in a ratio of 2:1 (dry basis) in each case, and diets were offered for ad libitum intake as complete feeds for an 11-wk experimental period plus 2 wk for a digestion trial. In regression analysis as energy density increased, feed intake, milk yield, milk protein, and lactose yields increased linearly, urea nitrogen in blood plasma decreased linearly, and milk fat percent and yield decreased curvilinearly. As dietary protein increased, feed intake, fat-corrected milk, milk fat yield, and plasma urea nitrogen increased linearly, and yields of milk, solids-corrected milk, milk protein, and lactose increased curvilinearly. Actual milk yield adjusted for dry matter intake increased with greater energy density but not with higher protein concentration. Increases of energy and protein each resulted in linear increases of digestibility of dry matter, crude protein, and energy of diets. There were no interactions of energy X protein for these measurements. Cows in first lactation will increase milk production in response to increasing protein over a range of energy densities when feed intake is increased. PMID- 6747048 TI - Lactational response of dairy cows to oral administration of L-tyrosine. AB - Tyrosine was administered to lactating cows to determine if the lack of response to canola meal treated with formaldehyde could be due to failure to increase uptake of tyrosine. Disappearance of free tyrosine from nylon bags suspended in the rumen of a fistulated steer was 27.4% after 12 h. Oral administration of tyrosine to sheep increased the free tyrosine concentration of duodenal fluid but did not affect tyrosin concentration in blood plasma. Tyrosine (50 g/cow per day) was fed to six lactating Holsteins in a switchback design. Milk yield was increased by 1.0 kg/day. In a second trial with a switchback design, tyrosine was fed to 12 lactating cows that were consuming diets containing formaldehyde treated canola meal. Supplementing tyrosine to the formaldehyde-treated diet increased milk production by 1.6 kg/day, but adding tyrosine to the untreated diet did not affect milk yield. Results suggest that availability of tyrosine can limit milk production in some circumstances and that the lack of response to canola meal treated with formaldehyde may be partly due to failure to increase the uptake of tyrosine. PMID- 6747049 TI - Rumen fermentation in vitro as influenced by long chain fatty acids. AB - Responses of rumen microbes to fatty acids were evaluated by production of total volatile fatty acid and ratio of acetate to propionate. Fermentations were under carbon dioxide for 20 h in 50-ml Erlenmeyer flasks in a Dubnoff metabolic shaking incubator. Flasks contained 20 ml medium, 1 ml reducing solution, 750 mg substrate (450 mg hay plus 300 mg grain), and varying amounts of long-chain fatty acids supplied as free acids, as calcium salts, or as triglycerides. They were inoculated with 5 ml rumen fluid obtained from a cow fed 3.6 kg grass hay, 2.3 kg grain, and .2 kg tallow daily. Volatile fatty acid production was decreased by long-chain fatty acids that contained less than 18 carbon atoms and by unsaturated long-chain fatty acids with 18 carbon atoms. Lauric acid decreased volatile fatty acid production by 69% and induced unusual acetate/propionate ratio (40:1). Stearic acid, however, did not affect volatile fatty acid production or acetate/propionate ratio. Within two series of long chain fatty acids (myristic, palmitic, stearic, arachidic; stearic, oleic, linolenic), melting point accounted for 93 to 95% of the variation of volatile fatty acid production and acetate/propionate. As calcium salts, long chain fatty acids caused small changes of fermentation. Our data support the proposition that hard fats and calcium salts of long-chain fatty acids do not interfere with ruminal fermentation. PMID- 6747050 TI - Effects of high but nontoxic dietary manganese and iron on their metabolism by calves. AB - Sixteen male Holstein calves were fed one of four diets for 18 days in an experiment consisting of 0 and 1000 ppm supplemental manganese and 0 and 1000 ppm added iron as manganese carbonate and ferrous carbonate. The control diet contained 55 ppm manganese and 220 ppm iron. All calves were dosed orally 48 h prior to sacrifice with 500 muCi of manganese-54. Small intestinal iron was less in calves fed a high manganese diet, a possible interaction of these two elements at the absorption site. Feeding a high manganese diet tended to decrease iron (total) concentrations in liver and pancreas. When the high manganese diet was supplemented with additional iron, antagonistic effects of manganese on iron were eliminated. Neither iron nor manganese concentrations in tissues were affected by an increase of dietary iron. Manganese-54 content of tissue was reduced by the high manganese diet but was not affected by dietary iron. Total manganese and iron in feces fairly closely reflected dietary intake of each element with no evidence of interaction. Calves fed the high iron diet excreted less manganese-54 in their feces over 2 days. Total iron in blood serum was not affected significantly by the dietary treatments. PMID- 6747051 TI - Effects of calving ease-calf survival on production and reproduction in Holsteins. AB - Data on 23,873 Holstein cows on official test of the Quebec Dairy Herd Analysis Service were analyzed for effects of calving ease-calf survival on cow productivity; data on 35,773 Holstein cows were analyzed for effects on culling and reproductive efficiency. Traits were milk, fat, and protein yields, percent fat and protein for 90-day and 305-day lactations, days from calving to first service and conception, percentage conception rate from first service, and services per conception. The effect of calving ease-calf survival on production traits was not significant in most cases except surgical calvings associated with stillbirth. For these the loss of 305-day production was approximately 300 to 500 kg milk, 8 to 17 kg fat, and 8 to 14 kg protein. Stillbirth in nonsurgical calvings was associated with lower production than when the calf survived; differences were 100 to 400 kg milk, 4 to 11.5 kg fat, and 2.5 to 13 kg protein. Age of cow and calving ease-calf survival significantly affected all measures of reproductive efficiency. Reproductive efficiency declined with advancing age. Effect of calving ease-calf survival tended to be more pronounced when calving was associated with stillbirth. PMID- 6747052 TI - Effect of thaw rates on survival of buffalo spermatozoa frozen straws. AB - Eighteen ejaculates from three buffalo bulls of Nili-Ravi breed were tested in a 3 X 6 X 3 factorial experiment. Semen was extended in lactose-fructose-egg yolk glycerol extender containing penicillin (1000 IU/ml) and streptomycin (1000 micrograms/ml). Semen was frozen in .5-ml polyvinyl chloride straws in liquid nitrogen vapor and stored in liquid nitrogen for 24 h. Straws were thawed at water bath temperatures of 0, 37, or 75 degrees C for 2 min, 15 s, and 9 s, respectively. At thawing bath temperature of 0, 37, or 75 degrees C, percentage of motile spermatozoa averaged 30, 40, and 50%. Differences were significant between thaw rates for initial postthaw motility, postthaw sperm survival at 37 degrees C, and absolute index of survival of spermatozoa. Bulls were also different for initial postthaw motility, postthaw sperm survival at 37 degrees C, and absolute index of survival of spermatozoa. Thaw rate of 75 degrees C for 9 s was superior to other rates. PMID- 6747053 TI - Neuropsychological changes in adolescents with insulin-dependent diabetes. PMID- 6747054 TI - Coping with chronic illness: a study of illness controllability and the influence of coping strategies on psychological adjustment. PMID- 6747055 TI - Influence of arousal, previous experience, and age on surgery preparation of same day of surgery and in-hospital pediatric patients. PMID- 6747056 TI - Preventing anchoring errors in clinical judgment. PMID- 6747057 TI - Discriminative validity of various intelligence and neuropsychological tests. PMID- 6747058 TI - Random assignment to abstinence and controlled drinking: evaluation of a cognitive-behavioral program for problem drinkers. PMID- 6747059 TI - Maintenance strategies for the treatment of obesity: an evaluation of relapse prevention training and posttreatment contact by mail and telephone. PMID- 6747060 TI - Effects of participant modeling on information acquisition and skill utilization. PMID- 6747062 TI - Sex role identity, marital satisfaction, and response to behavioral marital therapy. PMID- 6747063 TI - Will the real social desirability please stand up? Hopelessness, depression, social desirability, and the prediction of suicidal behavior. PMID- 6747061 TI - Effects of diet plus exercise on weight change in parents and children. PMID- 6747065 TI - Effectiveness of the K correction in the detection of psychopathology and its impact on profile height and configuration among young adult men. PMID- 6747064 TI - Comparison of the 2-7-8 MMPI profile and the Perceptual Aberration-Magical Ideation Scale in identifying hypothetically psychosis-prone college students. PMID- 6747067 TI - Diagnostic concordance for schizophrenia as a function of sex. PMID- 6747066 TI - Effects of race on ratings of social skill. PMID- 6747068 TI - Effect of a multicomponent maintenance program on long-term weight loss. PMID- 6747069 TI - Some self-reported correlates of runaway behavior in adolescent females. PMID- 6747070 TI - Chemosurgical reports: super widefield microscopy in Mohs surgery. AB - The super widefield microscope can increase the efficiency of the Mohs surgeon in evaluating frozen tissue sections. The increased microscopic viewing area allows more of the operator's visual fields to be used. The super widefield microscope is especially useful when multiple and/or large frozen sections are to be examined. PMID- 6747071 TI - Blue nevus of the lymph node capsule. PMID- 6747072 TI - Stump the experts. Squamous cell carcinoma of the foot. PMID- 6747073 TI - Electrocoagulation in a sterile surgical field. AB - A useful technique for the electrocoagulation of bleeders while maintaining a sterile surgical field is outlined. The method is fast and efficient, and no special equipment is required. PMID- 6747074 TI - Treatment of leg ulcers with split-thickness skin grafts. AB - A comparison is made between two groups of patients (Group A and Group B) suffering from chronic leg ulcers who were treated by split-thickness skin grafting. Group B was preoperatively treated with silver sulfadiazine cream; the healing results in this group were better than in Group A. PMID- 6747075 TI - Basal-cell carcinoma of the eyebrow region. AB - Five women (21 to 43 years of age), each with a basal-cell carcinoma involving the eyebrow region, are presented. The implications of the clinical situation in terms of therapy and reconstruction are discussed. PMID- 6747076 TI - Multiple basal-cell carcinoma of the vulva. PMID- 6747077 TI - Zoon's balanitis treated by circumcision. AB - Zoon's balanitis is a chronic balanitis affecting parts of the glans penis and prepuce, usually considered refractory to treatment. This article reports the study of seven cases successfully treated by circumcision. PMID- 6747078 TI - Treatment of localized morphea with Zyderm collagen implant. PMID- 6747079 TI - Influence of Psoroptes ovis (Hering) (Acari: Psoroptidae) on the performance of beef steers. PMID- 6747080 TI - Transmission of Moraxella bovis from blood agar cultures to Hereford cattle by face flies (Diptera: Muscidae). PMID- 6747082 TI - Effect of formulation, concentration, and application time on the efficacy of Bacillus thuringiensis (H-14) against black fly (Diptera: Simuliidae) larvae under natural conditions. PMID- 6747081 TI - Transmission of Moraxella bovis by regurgitation from the crop of the face fly (Diptera: Muscidae). PMID- 6747083 TI - Horn fly (Diptera: Muscidae) control on beef cows with permethrin-impregnated ear tags and effect on subsequent calf weight gains. PMID- 6747084 TI - Dermal and respiratory exposure to applicators and occupants of residences treated with dichlorvos (DDVP). PMID- 6747085 TI - Relocation of hosts by the sheep ked (Diptera: Hippoboscidae). PMID- 6747086 TI - [Activation of lipid peroxidation in a Crithidia oncopelti culture as a possible pathway for increasing drug sensitivity]. PMID- 6747087 TI - [The problem of determining equivalent intensities for the chronic electromagnetic irradiation of human beings and laboratory animals]. PMID- 6747088 TI - [Experimental model for the objective assessment of the degree of manifestation of a primary reaction to irradiation in rabbits]. PMID- 6747089 TI - [Cellular proliferative activity of human lung tumors]. PMID- 6747090 TI - [Antitumor activity of a combination of dimethylnitrosourea and a carbohydrate derivative of nitrosourea (ADEKO) with cyclophosphamide in an experiment]. PMID- 6747091 TI - [Conditions for the inactivation of comuton from the rat liver in vitro]. PMID- 6747092 TI - [Habituation to somatic and visceral stimulation in the cerebral cortex]. PMID- 6747093 TI - The forward and backward projection of acoustic fields from axisymmetric ultrasonic radiators using impulse response and Hankel transform techniques. AB - A generalized impulse response formulation to evaluate the harmonic pressure field of ultrasonic planar vibrators having axisymmetric nonuniform surface velocity distributions is presented. The harmonic pressure is expressed as a Fourier transform of a generalized impulse response which is a function of the spatially nonuniform velocity of the vibrator. A backward projection method is then developed to reconstruct the normal surface velocity of axisymmetric vibrators from harmonic field pressures using an angular spectrum or Hankel transform formulation. The numerical accuracy of the backward projection technique is evaluated using the impulse response formulation to evaluate the pressure fields for several velocity distributions on disk vibrators. Experiments were performed to reconstruct the velocity distributions over the surface of a uniformly driven piezoelectric ceramic disk and ceramic ring using farfield measurements of the complex pressure. The experimental results were in good agreement with theoretical results based on the electrode patterns of the transducers. PMID- 6747094 TI - The functional analysis of auditory discrimination. AB - Mammals have evolved the ability to acquire auditory discriminations. The characteristics of this discriminative ability presumably fit the natural conditions under which discriminations are normally acquired. The purpose of this paper is to review experiments which were directed at showing that auditory discriminations are most rapidly acquired when natural features are incorporated into the experiments. The experiments were also directed at discovering the underlying characteristics of the discriminative ability. When animals were trained to discriminate the position of a sound source in which natural features were incorporated into the experiment, the discrimination was acquired in one trial. Manipulation of the natural features suggested that one trial acquisition depends upon the following. (1) Stimulus novelty; the effect of reinforcement is stronger in the presence of novel than familiar stimuli. (2) Specific behavioral effect of reinforcement; the effect of reinforcing a response in the presence of a novel auditory stimulus is to increase the strength of approaching and manipulating the sound source. PMID- 6747095 TI - Comment on "Measurement of pitch in speech: an implementation of Goldstein's theory of pitch perception". AB - The pitch detection algorithm proposed by Duifhuis, Willems, and Sluyter [J. Acoust. Soc. Am. 71, 1568-1580 (1982)] can be made more than 20 times faster by replacing the harmonic sieve procedure by the approximate common denominator procedure, the results differing only slightly. PMID- 6747096 TI - Underlying dimensions and individual differences in auditory, visual, and auditory-visual vowel perception by hearing-impaired children. AB - Vowel perception studies were conducted on a group of four adolescent children with congenital profound sensorineural hearing impairments in the three conditions of audition alone, vision alone, and audition plus vision. Data were analyzed using the ALSCAL multidimensional scaling procedure to identify the underlying dimensions and individual differences in dimension emphasis. The three dimensions obtained from the analysis of data for the audition alone condition were interpreted as the parameters of first and second formant frequencies, and vowel length. The one dimension for the vision alone condition was interpreted as the parameter of the width of the internal lip opening. The three dimensions for the audition plus vision condition were interpreted as the parameters of first formant frequency, vowel length, and the width of the internal lip opening. Subject variations in parameter preferences were observed for the audition alone and audition plus vision conditions but not for the vision alone condition. PMID- 6747097 TI - Phonemic and phonetic factors in adult cross-language speech perception. AB - Previous research has indicated that young infants can discriminate speech sounds across phonetic boundaries regardless of specific relevant experience, and that there is a modification in this ability during ontogeny such that adults often have difficulty discriminating phonetic contrasts which are not used contrastively in their native language. This pattern of findings has often been interpreted as suggesting that humans are endowed with innate auditory sensitivities which enable them to discriminate speech sounds according to universal phonetic boundaries and that there is a decline or loss in this ability after being exposed to a language which contrasts only a subset of those distinctions. The present experiments were designed to determine whether this modification represents a loss of sensorineural response capabilities or whether it shows a shift in attentional focus and/or processing strategies. In experiment 1, adult English-speaking subjects were tested on their ability to discriminate two non-English speech contrasts in a category-change discrimination task after first being predisposed to adopt one of four perceptual sets. In experiments 2, 3, and 4 subjects were tested in an AX (same/different) procedure, and the effects of both limited training and duration of the interstimulus interval were assessed. Results suggest that the previously observed ontogenetic modification in the perception of non-native phonetic contrasts involves a change in processing strategies rather than a sensorineural loss. Adult listeners can discriminate sounds across non-native phonetic categories in some testing conditions, but are not able to use that ability in testing conditions which have demands similar to those required in natural language processing. PMID- 6747098 TI - Ultrasonic scattering properties of three random media with implications for tissue characterization. AB - Random media with different structural properties were used to simulate some of the differences in liver morphology that may occur with disease. First, a reference medium consisting of glass spheres in agar was studied to verify the accuracy and precision of the data obtained with our equipment and processing procedures. Then, studies were conducted on a pair of media comprised of graphite particles in gelatin, one of the pair with twice as many particles as the other. Finally, studies were carried out on a set of media composed of Sephadex particles in water. Three samples were employed, each with a different size of Sephadex. The average differential scattering cross section per unit volume sigma sd (v) of each media was obtained as a function of scattering angle v and frequency. The measured sigma sd were compared with predictions based on models of scattering from the media. The agreement between the measured and predicted sigma sd of the glass sphere medium was excellent. The graphite medium with twice the number of particles as the other was observed to scatter twice as much power as the other. The shape of the angular scattering pattern measured from each size of Sephadex followed the prediction reasonably well. The largest size exhibited marked variations in the shape of sigma sd as a function of frequency, while the absolute magnitude of sigma sd of the smallest size grade was extremely sensitive to frequency. Our results suggest that the dependence of sigma sd (v) on scatterer number density and size, both in absolute magnitude and shape, can provide reliable information which may be useful in the diagnosis of some diseases. PMID- 6747099 TI - Reference threshold sound pressure levels for the Welch Allyn AudioScope. AB - The Welch Allyn AudioScope has been evaluated as an audiometer screening instrument using a threshold, loudness balancing technique. Two sets of eartips have been compared to determine which eartip configuration would yield the most reliable audiometric data. The AudioScope has also been evaluated by the American National Standard Method for Coupler Calibration of Earphones using both sets of eartips, and reference threshold sound pressure levels for the AudioScope were developed by combining the coupler and loudness balance data. The most reliable eartip configuration for audiometric purposes is identified and guidelines for use of the audiometric screening instrument are proposed. PMID- 6747100 TI - Does silence simply separate speech components? AB - A study was conducted to test one possible acoustic explanation of one role played by silent intervals in the perception of stop consonants. We hypothesized that silence creates a separation between the different components of a speech stimulus, thus reducing the magnitude of the auditory interaction between the stimulus components. In order to test this auditory separation hypothesis, we attempted to trade silence against an auditory separation based upon the selective lateralization of the stimulus components created by an interaural phase shift. In finding no such trading relation, we failed to support the auditory separation hypothesis. PMID- 6747101 TI - The attenuation of ultrasound in biological fluids. AB - We have measured the ultrasonic attenuation parameters alpha o and n of several biological fluids in vitro in the frequency range 2.8-6.8 MHz, using frequency shift and/or a sinc (.) sidelobe ratio technique. The parameters alpha 0 and n describe the frequency-dependent attenuation via a power-law model, i.e., alpha(f) = alpha 0 fn, where f is frequency. The samples investigated were blood, pus, cyst fluid, bile, and infected hematoma. It was found that the values of alpha o span approximately the range between 0.03-0.3 dB cm-1 MHz-n, and values of n range from about 1.1-1.3. PMID- 6747102 TI - Phase relationship between bone and air conducted impulse signals in the human head. AB - Using the cancellation method we investigated the phase relationship as well as the amplitude ratio between impulse signals transmitted simultaneously via both bone and air conduction channels. The psychophysical findings indicated a phase difference corresponding to a time delay of about 0.9 ms by which the air input led the bone input in the case of frontal bone stimulation. Changing the polarity of the bone conduction signal a maximum in the loudness sensation was found just in the same phase difference. The psychophysical findings, predicted mathematically, were verified with brainstem evoked potentials elicited to similar signals. Preliminary results showed that the time lag observed relied on the location of the bone vibrator on the head and furthermore on the frequency used. This suggests different transmissions of vibratory energy reaching the inner ear along the skull. PMID- 6747103 TI - Comparison of the responses of auditory nerve fibers to consonant-vowel syllables with predictions from linear models. AB - The responses of cat auditory-nerve fibers to synthesized consonant-vowel syllables were compared with predictions from linear models based on individual fibers' threshold tuning curves. Comparisons with the linear predictions provided information about the specific effects of peripheral nonlinearities on the representation of speech sounds. Spectral peaks, such as the formants of vowels, were more prominently represented in synchronized discharge patterns than in the linear predictions. Suppression of responses to other spectral peaks and to stimulus components between spectral peaks accounted for the differences. While profiles of fibers' synchronized responses were usually dominated by a single formant, predicted linear responses often included broad responses having two or more formants as well as components near the fibers' characteristic frequencies. In contrast, when no stimulus peak fell within a fiber's response area, the agreement between the neural response and the linear prediction was quite good. The results suggest that one role for peripheral nonlinearities in the auditory system may be to enhance the neural representation of spectral features such as formants. PMID- 6747104 TI - Infants' discrimination of intensity variation in multisyllabic stimuli. AB - Two groups of 5- to 11-month-old infants were tested for their ability to discriminate within-utterance intensity variations similar to those associated with linguistic stress. A visually reinforced discrimination procedure was used to determine sensitivity to increments in peak intensity for a final position, synthetic CVC syllable within either a bisyllabic (CVCVC) or a trisyllablic (CVCVCVC) context. Discrimination performance was above chance for a 2-dB increment, and improved for 4- and 6-dB increments. In addition, infants were more sensitive to intensity increments in the bisyllablic as compared to the trisyllabic context. Infant sensitivity for within-utterance intensity variations is sufficient for the detection of some linguistic stress contrasts. PMID- 6747105 TI - Perception of the voiced-voiceless contrast in syllable-final stops. AB - A computer editing technique was used to remove varying amounts of voicing from the syllable-final closure intervals of naturally produced tokens of /p epsilon b, p epsilon d, p epsilon g, pag, pig, pug/. Vowels for all six syllables were approximately the same duration, and the final release bursts were retained. Identification results showed that voiceless responses tended to occur in relatively large numbers when all of the closure voicing and, in most cases, a portion of the preceding vowel-to-consonant (VC) transition had been removed. A second experiment demonstrated that removal of final release bursts had very little effect on the identification functions. Acoustic measurements were made in an attempt to gain information about the acoustic bases of the listeners' voiced voiceless judgments. In general, stimuli that subjects tended to identify as voiceless showed higher first-formant offset frequencies and shorter intensity decay times than stimuli that subjects tended to identify as voiced. However, for stops following /i/ and /u/ these acoustic differences were relatively small. We were unable to find a single acoustic measure, or any combination of measures, that clearly explained the listeners' voiced-voiceless decisions. PMID- 6747106 TI - Monitoring for vowels in isolation and in a consonantal context. AB - The identifiability of isolated vowels (/V/) was compared to that of vowels in consonantal context (/pVp/) when subjects performed a monitoring task. On successive blocks of trials in a test series, the subjects listened for instances of one or another of nine monophthongal vowels (Formula: see text) and identified each test item as being an instance or not. On average, resulting false alarm errors occurred significantly less often in the /pVp/ condition, consistent with the previous finding that vowel perception may be aided by consonantal context. This beneficial effect of context was found to be restricted to the class of open vowels, however, with perception of the close vowels being somewhat hindered by context. The error data for misses also showed an interaction between context and vowel height. Various accounts of the interaction are considered. PMID- 6747107 TI - The critical interval in dolphin echolocation: what is it? AB - A backward masking function relating target detection to masker delay was generated for a bottlenosed dolphin in an active echolocation target detection task. The masker was triggered by each outgoing echolocation click and could be temporally adjusted from coincidence with the target echo to delays of 700 microseconds. The animal reported target condition using a go/no-go response procedure. A modified method of constants was used to present the four masking delay intervals. Results indicated that 700- and 500-microseconds delays had little effect on target detection. However, as the delay was reduced to 100 microseconds, detection dropped to chance performance. The calculated 70% detection threshold corresponded to a delay of 265 microseconds. The results are discussed in support of the view that time separation pitch (TSP) may be an analytic mechanism used by the dolphin to discern various within-echo target attributes rather than an analytic mechanism for determining target range. PMID- 6747108 TI - Discrimination of relative distance in the auditory modality: the success and failure of the loudness discrimination hypothesis. AB - Difference limens for auditory distance discrimination were determined using the method of limits. Eight untrained subjects were tested across a wide range of distances (49 to 4876 cm) using broadband noise sources. For sources in excess of 304 cm, the Weber ratios observed approximated the function predicted by the inverse first power loss equation. At the longer distances, the subjects appear to be judging distance on the basis of the loudness difference cue. At the shorter distances (49 to 304 cm), the Weber ratios were considerably larger than would be predicted from the inverse first power loss equation. In this range, distance discrimination becomes increasingly degraded as the referent source approaches the subject. PMID- 6747109 TI - Recognition of speech spectrograms. AB - The performance of eight naive observers in learning to identify speech spectrograms was studied over a 2-month period. Single tokens from a 50-word phonetically balanced (PB) list were recorded by several talkers and displayed on a Spectraphonics Speech Spectrographic Display system. Identification testing occurred immediately after daily training sessions. After approximately 20 h of training, naive subjects correctly identified the 50 PB words from a single talker over 95% of the time. Generalization tests with the same words were then carried out with different tokens from the original talker, new tokens from another male talker, a female talker, and finally, a synthetic talker. The generalization results for these talkers showed recognition performance at 91%, 76%, 76%, and 48%, respectively. Finally, generalization tests with a novel set of PB words produced by the original talker were also carried out to examine in detail the perceptual strategies and visual features that subjects abstracted from the training set. Our results demonstrate that even without formal training in phonetics or acoustics naive observers can learn to identify visual displays of speech at very high levels of accuracy. Analysis of subjects' performance in a verbal protocol task demonstrated that they rely on salient visual correlates of many phonetic features in speech. PMID- 6747110 TI - Relation between cubic-difference-tone generation and suppression. AB - Two aspects of the relation between cubic-difference-tone (CDT) generation and suppression were investigated in normal hearing listeners. First, the effects of narrow-band noise and sinusoids on the two processes were examined using a forward-masking paradigm. Within individual listeners, cubic difference bands (CDBs) behaved much like CDTs whereas the suppression effects produced by narrow band noise were substantially less than those produced by sinusoids. These results suggest that at least partially different processes underlie the two the two phenomena. Second, the role of suppression in the difference between forward- and simultaneous-masking estimates of CDB amplitude was investigated. The data across listeners were highly variable but indicated a more complicated interpretation than that proposed by Shannon and Houtgast [J. Acoust. Soc. Am. 68, 825-829 (1980)]. PMID- 6747111 TI - Detection in noise by spectro-temporal pattern analysis. AB - Detectability of a 400-ms, 1000-Hz pure-tone signal was examined in bandlimited noise where different spectral regions were given similar waveform envelope characteristics. As expected, in random noise the threshold increased as the noise bandwidth was increased up to a critical bandwidth, but remained constant for further increases in bandwidth. In the noise with envelope coherence however, threshold decreased when the noise bandwidth was made wider than the critical bandwidth. The improvement in detectability was attributed to a process by which energy outside the critical band is used to help differentiate signal from masking noise, provided that the waveform envelope characteristics of the noise inside and outside the critical band are similar. With flanking coherent noise bands either lower or higher in frequency than a noise band centered on the signal, it was next determined that the frequency relation and remoteness of the coherent noise did not particularly influence the magnitude of the unmasking effect. An interpretation in terms of nonsimultaneous masking was reconciled with some aspects of the data, and with an interpretation in terms of across-frequency temporal pattern analysis. This paradigm, in which detection is based upon across frequency temporal envelope coherence, was termed "comodulation masking release." Comodulation offers a controlled way to investigate some of the mechanisms which permit signals to be detected at adverse signal-to-noise ratios. PMID- 6747112 TI - The perceptual reality of tone chroma in early infancy. AB - It has often been advanced that pitch is a two-dimensional perceptual attribute, its two dimensions being: (1) tone height, a perceptual quality monotonically related to frequency; and (2) tone chroma, a quality shared by tones forming an octave interval. However, given that many musically uneducated adults do not seem to perceive tone chroma, this model is controversial. We investigated the sensitivity of three-month-old infants to tone chroma by means of a behavioral habituation-dishabituation procedure. Infants were presented with two successive melodic sequences of pure tones, the second sequence being a distorted version of the first one. The distortion consisted in shifting the frequency of some of the original tones, through a seventh or a ninth for some infants, through an octave for others. In the former case, infants displayed significant novelty reactions. In the latter case, significant novelty reactions were observed when the two sequences differed in melodic contour, but not when they had the same contour. These results suggest that young infants are sensitive to both tone height and tone chroma, and thus that tone chroma perception does not necessitate some form of musical experience. PMID- 6747113 TI - Temporal gap resolution in masked normal ears as a function of masker level. AB - Recent studies of temporal resolution in hearing-impaired listeners indicate that many ears with cochlear damage exhibit elevated temporal gap thresholds. The deviations from normal may be large, for equivalent-SPL comparisons, but are often small or absent for equivalent-SL comparisons. In the present experiment, we examine the premise that SL effects in gap resolution are independent of sound pressure level. Normal hearing subjects used a Bekesy procedure to track the minimum level of an octave-band signal at 1 kHz needed to keep a periodic temporal gap at threshold. Performance functions were generated to show stimulus intensity as a function of gap duration, for gaps from 25 ms to the smallest detectable value. In separate conditions, the level of a white-noise background was varied to shift the subject's audibility threshold. Results indicate that the limits of resolution are largely invariant with SPL, but criterion sensation levels for resolution are progressively reduced at higher SPL. It is concluded that gap thresholds from normal and impaired ears should be compared for equivalent SPL; comparisons made with SL equated are likely to underestimate the consequence of cochlear damage on resolving capacity. PMID- 6747114 TI - Discrimination of dynamic interaural intensity differences. AB - An experiment was conducted to measure observers' ability to detect time-varying interaural intensity differences (IIDs). In a two-interval forced-choice task, observers discriminated a binaural amplitude modulated (AM) noise in which the modulating sinusoid was interaurally in-phase from the same AM noise in which the modulator was interaurally phase-reversed. The latter stimulus produces a sinusoidally varying IID whose rate and peak IID depend on the frequency (fm) and depth (m) of modulation. The carrier was a narrow-band noise, interaurally uncorrelated, centered at 500, 1000, or 4000 Hz. Presentation level was 75 dB SPL; duration was 1.0 s. For a given fm, m was varied in an adaptive procedure to estimate the depth required for 71% discriminability (mthr). Three of the four observers displayed "low-pass" modulation functions: at 500 Hz, as fm increased from 0-50 Hz, mthr increased from 0.08 (IID = 1.3 dB) to 0.50 (peak IID = 9.5 dB). At 1000 and 4000 Hz observers were more sensitive to IID and the functions (mthr vs fm) were flatter than at 500 Hz. Comparison of these data to previously published data indicates that the binaural system can follow fluctuations in IID more efficiently than it can follow fluctuations in interaural time difference, although there are large individual differences in subjects' capacity to process these two types of binaural cues. PMID- 6747116 TI - Effects of age and mild hearing loss on speech recognition in noise. AB - Using an adaptive strategy, the effects of mild sensorineural hearing loss and adult listeners' chronological age on speech recognition in babble were evaluated. The signal-to-babble ratio required to achieve 50% recognition was measured for three speech materials presented at soft to loud conversational speech levels. Four groups of subjects were tested: (1) normal-hearing listeners less than 44 years of age, (2) subjects less than 44 years old with mild sensorineural hearing loss and excellent speech recognition in quiet, (3) normal hearing listeners greater than 65 with normal hearing, and (4) subjects greater than 65 years old with mild hearing loss and excellent performance in quiet. Groups 1 and 3, and groups 2 and 4 were matched on the basis of pure-tone thresholds, and thresholds for each of the three speech materials presented in quiet. In addition, groups 1 and 2 were similar in terms of mean age and age range, as were groups 3 and 4. Differences in performance in noise as a function of age were observed for both normal-hearing and hearing-impaired listeners despite equivalent performance in quiet. Subjects with mild hearing loss performed significantly worse than their normal-hearing counterparts. These results and their implications are discussed. PMID- 6747115 TI - Lateralization and frequency selectivity in normal and impaired hearing. AB - The onset-time difference delta T required to lateralize a 30-ms bifrequency tone burst toward the leading ear was measured as a function of the frequency difference delta F between the tone in the left ear and the tone in the right ear. At center frequencies of 0.5 and 4 kHz, four normal listeners tested at 80 and 100 dB SPL had delta Ts that were relatively constant at subcritical delta Fs, but increased at delta Fs wider than a critical band. At 1 kHz, delta T increased with delta F even at subcritical delta Fs. Ten listeners with cochlear impairments were tested at 100 dB SPL. Seven had normal delta Ts at 4 kHz, despite hearing losses between 50 and 70 dB. At 0.5 and 1 kHz, mildly impaired listeners had nearly normal lateralization functions, whereas more severely imparied listeners had very large delta Ts and no frequency selectivity. These and other findings indicate that listeners even with moderate to severe hearing losses can lateralize normally on the basis of interaural differences in onset envelope, but not on the basis of temporal differences in the fine structure. PMID- 6747117 TI - Multichannel communication in normal and delinquent families. AB - Families containing adjudicated delinquents or nondisturbed adolescents were engaged in a laboratory interaction procedure aimed at assessing inconsistent (nonredundant) verbal-nonverbal communication patterns. Detailed analyses of verbal, facial, and auditory channels indicated higher rates of positive nonverbal, negative verbal communications in control versus delinquent families and in parent-parent versus parent-child interaction. Results are discussed in terms of the potential adaptive characteristics of such "positive inconsistent" communications. PMID- 6747118 TI - The consequents of problem behavior in toddler children. AB - Three hundred children (ages 18-27 months) were observed as they entered peer play groups consisting of 12-15 children and 2-3 caregivers. One hundred and sixty-eight of the children were boys and 142 were girls. A schedule was used that allowed the observer to code the child's behavior and the reaction of peers and caregivers to that behavior. Four different categories of child problems were selected for study: conduct problems with aggression, withdrawn undersocialized behaviors, separation anxiety, and dependent personality. Three different questions were asked concerning the persistence and consequences of problem behaviors in toddler children: Do the behaviors persist over a period of 1 year to 2 years; what kinds of reactions does a child who is engaged in the behaviors defined in these categories receive from peers and teachers; and how do the reactions received from peers and teachers of problem children compare to those of the average of their own class? The stability of problem behaviors and the reactions received by the child were related to gender of the child and sex appropriateness of the behavior. PMID- 6747119 TI - Differentiating attributes of children referred to a school mental health program. AB - A group of 275 first- and fourth-graders referred to a school mental health project were compared to a demographically matched sample of 509 non-referred classmates on the frequency of occurrence of 39 background descriptive variables reflecting four clusters: (a) physical and health characteristics, (b) recent critical life-events, (c) concurrent school activities and special services, and (d) current family status. Referred children had more serious problems of coordination and health and were judged to be less attractive physically. They experienced many more recent critical life-events, were involved in more problem related special services and fewer extracurricular activities, and evidenced more signs of familial disruption. PMID- 6747120 TI - Marital discord and child behavior problems in a nonclinic sample. AB - Mothers' evaluations of their marital relationship and of their children's behavior at home and teachers' ratings of the children's behavior in school were obtained using well-established measures. While an association was found between ratings of marital discord and children's problematic behavior, the relation was a fairly weak one. The present findings are discussed in comparison to the results of other research that has relied upon clinic samples and nonindependent ratings in examining the relation between marital and child problems. In general, it appears that different methodological procedures lead to quite different conclusions about the strength of the association between interparental conflict and child behavior problems. PMID- 6747121 TI - Convergence of clinically derived diagnoses and parent checklists among inpatient children. AB - The extent to which parent rating scales differentiated children according to DSM III diagnoses was examined. A total of 113 psychiatric inpatient boys (ages 6-11) were rated by their mothers or maternal figures on the Child Behavior Checklist (CBCL) and the Behavior Problem Checklist (BPC). Children with DSM III diagnoses of conduct disorder or depression were compared to children without these diagnoses. Externalizing and internalizing scales of the parent checklists and additional measures of child aggression and depression differentiated children according to major diagnoses. The use of parent checklists to classify children indicated a high level of sensitivity for CBCL and BPC scales for diagnosing conduct disorder and depression. However, specificity of the subscales, particularly for the CBCL, was relatively low, indicating a high rate of false positives. The need for further work that extends the range of diagnosis, that examines subtypes of disorders, and that increases the specificity of the measures for diagnostic purposes is discussed. PMID- 6747122 TI - Intelligence, classroom behavior, and academic achievement in children at high and low risk for psychopathology: a structural equation analysis. AB - The intelligence, academic achievement, and classroom behavior of 158 children were assessed in a sample that is being followed longitudinally. The sample included children at high risk for mental disorder by virtue of having a parent with a psychiatric diagnosis of schizophrenia or affective disorder, children at moderate risk, and children at low risk. A series of path analyses indicated that in this sample (1) classroom behavior was more likely an affect that a cause of academic achievement, and (2) the influence of parental psychopathology on classroom behavior was mediated by a child's intelligence and academic achievement. We were unable to substantiate an unmediated causal link between parental psychopathology and children's academic achievement or classroom behavior. PMID- 6747123 TI - The selective attention of learning-disabled children: three studies. AB - Three studies were performed to assess the selective attention of learning disabled (LD) children. In the first study, 10 LD and 16 non-LD children were given the Speeded Classification task. LD children sorted cards more slowly than non-LD children, and children in both groups had trouble ignoring irrelevant information. Non-LD children became more accurate across trials, while LD children did not. In the second study, one group of 13 LD children was taught to accompany their Speeded Classification sorting verbally in an attempt to improve their performance; the other group of LD children (n = 12) received no such instruction. The experimental group, however, showed poorer performance across trials compared with the control group. In the third study, the children from Experiments 1 and 2 were given the Central-Incidental Learning Task. Older children learned more central memory items than younger children and, LD children learned more incidentally than non-LD children. PMID- 6747124 TI - Social information processing in child psychiatric populations. AB - This study examined three kinds of social information-processing deficits in child psychiatric populations. The deficits studied were response decision biases, hostile attributional biases, and cue-utilization deficiencies. Subjects were diagnosed as hyperactive/aggressive (H/A) (n = 24), exclusively hyperactive (n = 14), exclusively aggressive (n = 14), psychiatric control (n = 23), and normal control (NC) (n = 60) boys according to procedures suggested by Loney and Milich (1982). They were administered several tasks to solicit information processing patterns. The H/A group was found to be deficient in all three areas assessed, relative to the NC group. They were also deficient in response decisions and cue-utilization, relative to the other three groups of psychiatrically referred boys. Discriminant function analyses demonstrated that the H/A group displayed a distinct processing pattern. These results were found to be relevant to the study of behavior disorders, to social information processing theory, and to intervention efforts with these boys. PMID- 6747126 TI - Student choices and effectiveness. PMID- 6747125 TI - An examination of predictor variables for child compliance and noncompliance. AB - The purpose of this study was to examine the antecedents of child compliance and noncompliance. Both maternal and child behaviors served as predictors. Fifty-six clinic-referred children and their mothers served as subjects. Data were collected in the home setting by independent observers. Four multiple regression analyses were performed. The results indicated that the behavior immediately preceding child compliance or noncompliance typically was the best predictor. Furthermore, the antecedents for child compliance and noncompliance differed. For maternal antecedents, the type of command that served as the best predictor for child compliance and noncompliance differed; however, the final predictor equation was similar for the two types of child behaviors. For child antecedents, compliance was best predicted by compliance and noncompliance was best predicted by noncompliance. The results were discussed in terms of Patterson's coercion hypothesis. PMID- 6747127 TI - Awareness of the existence of postcoital contraception among students who have had a therapeutic abortion. PMID- 6747128 TI - Nutritional preparation of athletes: what makes sense? PMID- 6747129 TI - Biological and psychological effects--clinical and laboratory research findings. PMID- 6747130 TI - A survey of campus peer counseling activities. PMID- 6747132 TI - An invitation to experience health. PMID- 6747131 TI - Coronary risk factors in Jerusalem medical students. PMID- 6747133 TI - Spiritual health--an essential element in optimum health. PMID- 6747134 TI - Antigens and allergens from the common house dust mite Dermatophagoides pteronyssinus. Part I. Demonstration of multiple allergens by immunochemical and biologic analyses. AB - The complexity of a highly allergenic water-soluble extract of the common house dust mite Dermatophagoides pteronyssinus has been investigated by use of the preparative fractionation techniques of ultrafiltration, gel permeation chromatography, and isoelectric focusing, and the allergenic properties of the resultant fractions are assessed by skin prick tests, RAST, and a histamine release assay. In addition, two analytical approaches were used to identify allergens-radioimmunoelectrophoresis and a new technique for detecting IgE binding proteins separated by isoelectric focusing and transferred onto a nitrocellulose membrane by transverse electrophoresis. These various techniques for allergen detection revealed differences in the number and distribution of allergens in the crude mite extract. The data obtained are consistent with the conclusion that allergenic activity of D. pteronyssinus extracts is due to the existence of a number of antigenically distinct allergens and not due to a single, major allergen. PMID- 6747135 TI - Cat allergen 1: Biochemical, antigenic, and allergenic properties. AB - Cat allergen 1, an important agent in human allergic reactions, has been partially purified by affinity chromatography. Heating the purified allergen at 100 degrees C for 30 min resulted in a 28% loss in the antigenicity of the allergen molecule (determined by Laurell rocket assay), although lower temperatures had little effect. Its allergenicity (determined by passive transfer skin test) was diminished slightly after heating to 56 degrees C or 100 degrees C. Reduction with dithiothreitol or 2-mercaptoethanol resulted in greater losses of antigenicity and allergenicity but did not obliterate these properties. Three forms of the affinity-purified allergen (isoallergens) differing slightly in isoelectric point were demonstrated by isoelectric focusing followed by crossed immunoelectrophoresis. The molecular weight of cat allergen 1 under physiologic conditions was 35,000 +/- 2000 as determined by gel filtration in Sephadex G-75. Under the dissociative conditions of sodium dodecyl sulfate-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis, with or without prior reduction by dithiothreitol, cat allergen 1 appeared to exist as an antigenically active subunit with a molecular weight of 18,000 +/- 2000. This subunit molecular weight estimate was confirmed by gel filtration in 6M guanidine hydrochloride. The stability of the allergenic and antigenic activity of cat allergen 1 suggests that this activity may be determined partially by the primary sequence of allergenic sites on the molecule. The separation and purification of molecular subunits may allow sequence analysis of these sites. PMID- 6747136 TI - Specificity and sensitivity of methacholine inhalation challenge in normal and asthmatic children. AB - The provocative dose of inhaled methacholine required to cause a 20% drop in the forced expiratory volume in 1 sec was evaluated in two selected pediatric populations. On the basis of a standardized respiratory questionnaire, 165 individuals 5 to 21 yr of age were identified. Included were 110 normal nonatopic individuals and 55 current asthmatic subjects. Methacholine inhalation challenges were performed by use of a standard inhalation procedure. Fifty-four (98.1%) of the asthmatic subjects responded to methacholine with a 20% drop in the forced expiratory volume in 1 sec. Seventy (63.1%) of the normal individuals did not respond to methacholine. The specificity and sensitivity of the methacholine challenge was best obtained at a provocative dose of 100 breath units of methacholine. PMID- 6747137 TI - Antigenic and allergenic properties of the storage mite Tyrophagus putrescentiae. AB - The antigens and allergens in the storage mite Tyrophagus putrescentiae, commonly found in grain and hay and sometimes in house dust, were characterized by crossed immunoelectrophoresis and crossed radioimmunoelectrophoresis. Three mite extracts, T. putrescentiae (TP) mite bodies, feces, and a combination of mites, feces, and culture medium (TP + CM) were studied. TP and TP + CM (primarily feces) extracts exhibited 20 and 18 antigens, respectively. By use of serum from two skin test-positive patients, autoradiograms demonstrated TP contained two allergens and TP + CM contained five allergens, three of which probably originated from feces. CM (whole wheat flour) did not stimulate antibody production in rabbits. TP feces shared 10 antigenic determinants with TP and 14 with TP + CM. Two antigens common to TP feces and TP were also shared allergens. PMID- 6747138 TI - Cross antigenic and allergenic properties of the house dust mite Dermatophagoides farinae and the storage mite Tyrophagus putrescentiae. AB - The crossed antigenicity and allergenicity of the storage mite Tyrophagus putrescentiae (TP) and the house dust mite Dermatophagoides farinae (DF) were characterized by means of crossed immunoelectrophoresis and crossed radioimmunoelectrophoresis. DF extracts exhibited 32 antigens and as many as eight were demonstrated to be allergens. DF feces exhibited 20 antigens and six of these were allergens. Twenty antigens and two allergens were demonstrated for TP. Two antigenic and allergenic determinants were shared by DF and TP, and two determinants were also shared by DF feces and TP feces. TP feces and DF shared two antigenic and allergenic determinants. Our results demonstrated that the two mites and their feces extracts contain multiple antigens and allergens. PMID- 6747139 TI - Hypersensitivity pneumonitis in rabbits. Modulation of pulmonary inflammation by long-term aerosol challenge with antigen. AB - Immunized rabbits that were aerosol challenged for 2 to 3 wk with pigeon dropping extract, an etiologic agent of hypersensitivity pneumonitis, developed chronic pulmonary inflammation associated with cell-mediated immunity in bronchoalveolar cells. However, prolonged aerosol challenge for 12 wk resulted in the diminution of pulmonary inflammation (modulation) and the loss of demonstrable cell-mediated immunity. This was probably not due to loss of sensitized lymphocytes that mediated pulmonary inflammation. Furthermore, rabbits undergoing modulation when they were challenged with an unrelated antigen were refractory to the development of pulmonary inflammation for at least 9 wk. After this refractory period, animals reimmunized and aerosol challenged with pigeon dropping extract displayed an anamnestic response and produced pulmonary lesions that were strikingly similar to the histopathology of human hypersensitivity pneumonitis. PMID- 6747140 TI - Asthma and bacterial sinusitis in children. AB - Signs, symptoms, and radiographic abnormalities of sinusitis are frequent in children with asthma; it is not known whether sinus inflammation is associated with bacterial infection or other mechanisms. Eight asthmatic patients with exacerbation of asthma despite bronchodilator therapy were studied after maxillary sinusitis was confirmed by radiographs. All had cough, wheezing, nasal stuffiness, rhinorrhea and were afebrile. Four patients had headaches, and two had facial pain. Maxillary sinus aspirates were obtained, and bacterial cultures were positive in five: Branhamella catarrhalis (2), nontypeable Hemophilus influenzae (2), Streptococcus pneumoniae (1). Nose and throat cultures did not correlate with sinus cultures. All patients received bronchodilators, and four of eight patients received steroids. All were treated for 14 to 28 days with antibiotics during which seven of the eight patients improved clinically including all with positive sinus cultures. Asthma-symptoms diary scores were kept by five; all demonstrated improvement. Pulmonary-function tests improved in five of seven patients after the antibiotic and asthma therapy including the four patients with positive cultures. Sinus radiographs cleared in three, improved in three, and were unchanged in two patients after antibiotic therapy. PMID- 6747141 TI - Drug abuse and the asthmatic patient: a case report. AB - The case history of a 17-year-old girl with sudden onset of theophylline toxicity and a serum theophylline concentration of 63 micrograms/ml is presented. A change in theophylline elimination was not sufficient to explain this observation. Subsequently, the patient admitted to recent self-medication with several over the-counter medications and illicit drugs. Although the etiology of theophylline toxicity in this patient could not be defined, several theories are proposed. Included is a discussion of possible interactions of illicit drugs with asthma medications and a summary of personality characteristics associated with a high potential for drug abuse. PMID- 6747142 TI - A comparison between streptokinase/streptodornase and streptokinase on delayed hypersensitivity skin testing. AB - The use of streptokinase (SK) to replace streptokinase/streptodornase (SK/SD) in delayed hypersensitivity skin testing was evaluated in 325 patients. Sixty patients responded to SK/SD (100 U of SK per 25 U of SD) and 36 to SK (375 U). Thirty-two responded to SK/SD but not to SK, and eight responded to SK but not to SK/SD. SK, at the dosage used, is not a suitable substitute for SK/SD in delayed hypersensitivity testing. SD may be the more potent recall antigen. Perhaps more importantly is that of 250 positive responders to a recall-antigen battery consisting of SK/SD, SK, Candida, Trichophyton, tetanus toxoid, purified protein derivative, and coccidioidin, 99.2% (248) would have been detected had the testing for SK and SK/SD not been done. PMID- 6747143 TI - Toward a new classification of serious psychopathology in children. PMID- 6747144 TI - The nature of mother-infant gaze patterns during interaction as a function of emotional expression. PMID- 6747145 TI - A comparison of schizophrenic and autistic children. PMID- 6747146 TI - Identification of depression in children and adolescents: the role of the dexamethasone suppression test. PMID- 6747147 TI - Suicidal behavior in normal school children: a comparison with child psychiatric inpatients. PMID- 6747148 TI - Conversion reactions in childhood and adolescence. PMID- 6747149 TI - Emotional and learning disorders in 6-12-year-old boys attending special schools. PMID- 6747150 TI - EEG sleep "abnormalities" in preadolescent boys with a diagnosis of conduct disorder. PMID- 6747151 TI - Aggressive behavior, seclusion and physical restraint in an inpatient child population. PMID- 6747152 TI - Neuropsychological assessment of seriously delinquent adolescents. PMID- 6747153 TI - Parent and teacher assessment of children's behavior in child maltreating families. PMID- 6747154 TI - Mothers who work outside of the home and their children: a survey of health professionals' attitudes. PMID- 6747155 TI - Retrospective reports of mothers' work patterns and psychological distress in first-year medical students. PMID- 6747156 TI - Working mothers and their children. PMID- 6747157 TI - A study of three brothers with infantile autism: a case report with follow-up. PMID- 6747158 TI - Munchausen syndrome by proxy. PMID- 6747159 TI - Validity of selection criteria for a coordinated undergraduate program. AB - Academic records and selection interview results of 46 graduates of the University of Minnesota coordinated undergraduate program (CUP) in dietetics were examined to determine relationships between selection criteria and subsequent performance in the program and on the registration examination for dietitians. Data collected included (a) entering science, communication, and overall grade point averages (GPAs), (b) junior and senior year grades in professional didactic and clinical courses, (c) registration examination scores, and (d) interview scores. Entering GPAs were significantly related to performance on the registration examination and to didactic, but not to clinical, performance in the program. Grades in clinical courses were seldom related to registration examination performance. Interview results showed little relationship either to program performance or to registration examination scores. PMID- 6747160 TI - Influence of noon meal on nutrient intakes and meal patterns of selected fifth grade children. AB - Fifth-grade students were subjects in a study designed to determine adequacy of dietary intakes and the contribution of the school lunch to diet adequacy. Seven day food records and 24-hour food recall data showed that only protein and riboflavin were consumed in adequate quantities. There were wide individual variations in consumption of calcium, iron, thiamin, niacin, vitamin A, and ascorbic acid. Vitamin A and ascorbic acid intakes were not significantly related to family income or the mother's education, but fat consumption correlated positively with family income. School lunches as served must provide at least one third of the RDAs. Meals served in this study contained from 110% to 295% of the nutrients included in the Type A lunch. Even though less than 65% of the available iron, vitamin A, thiamin, riboflavin, and niacin served was consumed, the average intakes met the goal for most of the nutrients. School lunches and noon meals consumed at home were nutritionally superior to bag lunches from home. No significant differences were noted between school and home lunches. PMID- 6747161 TI - Use of vitamin supplements for burned patients: a national survey. AB - Vitamin losses and requirements of critically ill and burned patients remain undefined in the current research and clinical literature. A survey was conducted to determine the vitamin supplementations routinely prescribed for burned patients, dosages, and the criteria for administration. A questionnaire was sent to 271 health care providers (dietitians and physicians) who work in burn care facilities in the United States. Forty-seven percent of the questionnaires were completed and returned. They showed that 87% of the respondents routinely prescribed vitamin supplementation. Of those, 97% used some kind of multivitamin preparation. Fifty-eight percent of the multivitamin dosages exceeded 100% of the Recommended Dietary Allowances. Several respondents indicated that extra vitamins were given in addition to the multivitamin preparations. Most facilities used more than one specific criterion for prescribing vitamins when supplementation was not routine. Burn size, nutritional status prior to admission, and poor dietary intake were the criteria most commonly identified. Further research is needed to provide guidelines for the kind and amount of vitamin supplements needed for burned patients. PMID- 6747162 TI - Planning for continuing education: goal setting and self-assessment. AB - The American Dietetic Association placed the responsibility for professional growth and development on individual dietitians when the membership voluntarily accepted registration in 1969. One goal of registration was to improve individual competency of dietitians through their participation in continuing education activities. Such participation, to be effective, requires self-assessment of needs, formulation of goals, and the setting of priorities for learning. A recent study revealed, however, that only 20% of registered dietitians desire to assess their own learning needs and to plan their own continuing education experiences to meet those needs. This discrepancy between the goals of the professional association and the behavior of individual members may be a result of members not knowing about ways to plan effectively for their own professional growth. The "Well-Dones" method is presented as a tool for dietitians to use in planning their own learning by determining needs, setting goals, and assessing achievements. Professional concern over the improvement of competency through continuing education should be a matter of importance for each registered dietitian. PMID- 6747163 TI - Nutrition information delivered via pension check envelopes: an effective and well-received means of providing nutrition education. PMID- 6747164 TI - Marketing in dietetics. PMID- 6747166 TI - Diet and migraine. PMID- 6747165 TI - Information on rutin. PMID- 6747168 TI - Plasma norepinephrine levels of elderly men on a controlled sodium intake diet. AB - Plasma levels of norepinephrine were compared between young (n = 5) and old (n = 5) men maintained for five days on a diet providing a controlled and uniform sodium intake (2 mEq/kg body weight). The groups were compared after an overnight period of recumbency and fasting (10 hours) and after postural stimulation (20 minutes standing). Plasma norepinephrine concentrations were slightly, though not significantly, higher in older men after prolonged recumbency (older men, 232 +/- 39 pg/ml; younger men, 183 +/- 24 pg/ml). After postural stimulation, the plasma norepinephrine levels were elevated in both groups, but the measured increase of the older group was significantly greater than that of the younger group (older men, 607 +/- 72 pg/ml; younger men, 393 +/- 51 pg/ml; P less than 0.05). The results of this study suggest the greater response of plasma norepinephrine to postural stimulation observed in elderly men occurred even though the extracellular fluid volume statuses of the older group were comparable to those of the younger group. Whether the exaggerated plasma norepinephrine response of the older men represented a higher degree of sympathetic activity or a diminished plasma clearance of norepinephrine was not established. PMID- 6747167 TI - The use of monoamine oxidase inhibitors in the treatment of elderly, depressed patients. AB - Depression is an extremely common illness in the elderly, and is, at times, refractory to the usual therapies. The elderly are also particularly prone to develop toxic side effects from standard antidepressive agents. Monoamine oxidase inhibitors are rarely used in this population, although much evidence and clinical experience would indicate that they can be extremely effective and non toxic. This paper outlines the indications and precautions for use and side effects of monoamine oxidase inhibitors in the treatment of depression in elderly patients. PMID- 6747169 TI - Small intestinal manometry in healthy elderly subjects. AB - Small intestinal manometry was performed on ten healthy elderly subjects (mean age, 72 years) and ten healthy young-adult subjects (mean age 25 years). All three phases of the migrating motor complex were observed in both groups during fasting. There were no differences in the motility index between the two groups, the frequency and the mean amplitude of contractions of phases 2 and 3, or the duration and the velocity of propagation of phase 3. After a meal the motility index and the frequency of contractions were significantly lower (P less than 0.05) in the elderly group. The results suggest that intestinal motility after a meal is less in the elderly than in young adults. PMID- 6747170 TI - Strategies for obtaining compliance with medications regimens. AB - Case examples of doctor-patient interactions are used to examine educational strategies employed by physicians to obtain compliance with medication regimens from elderly patients. The problems addressed by the physicians included the complexities of pharmaco-therapy in the elderly (the patients each presented multiple problems involving the use of multiple medications), the limited understandings of the drugs showed by patients and their relatives; and the issue of compliance with instructions. Educational strategies that were effective are described. PMID- 6747171 TI - An appraisal of the role of estrogens in the treatment of postmenopausal osteoporosis. PMID- 6747172 TI - Pastoral enlightenment for seniors: do they need it? Do they want it? PMID- 6747173 TI - Decisions about death and dying. PMID- 6747174 TI - Low yield of screening for hypothyroidism in healthy elderly. PMID- 6747175 TI - Pasteurella multocida pneumonia in an elderly patient. PMID- 6747176 TI - Electroconvulsive therapy and the catatonic dilemma. PMID- 6747177 TI - Sodium hypochlorite: a useful therapeutic adjunct for herpes simplex infections. PMID- 6747178 TI - Refitting the unsuccessful contact lens patient. AB - An evaluation of the grief contact lens patient is presented and an approach to solving his or her problem is suggested. PMID- 6747179 TI - Effectiveness of visual therapy for convergence insufficiencies for an adult population. AB - Visual therapy has long been considered an appropriate treatment for children with functional problems. The authors have expanded the parameters of effectiveness to include adults with convergence insufficiency. PMID- 6747180 TI - Convergence spasm--two case reports. PMID- 6747181 TI - Electrophysiological detection of aniseikonia. AB - Steady-state and transient Visually Evoked Responses (VERs) were used to verify a paradoxical aniseikonic condition in an anisometropic patient. Testing on the Remole multimeridional horopter apparatus indicated that a 2% overall magnification was required for the more hyperopic eye to eliminate ocular image size differences. A special lens correction for the patient's aniseikonia resulted in a very significant improvement in visual comfort and binocular function. PMID- 6747182 TI - The validity of the Frisby stereotest as a measure of precise stereoacuity. AB - This paper reports the outcomes of a study that compared the performance of 20 binocular adults on the Frisby stereotest and the TNO. (All subjects were prescreened with the Random-dot E stereotest administered at 1.5 m.) Significant intercorrelations were found (Pearson r = .73; two-tailed p less than .001), adding support to the clinical usefulness of the Frisby stereotest. Other characteristics of the two tests--including communication requirements and administration time--are compared. PMID- 6747183 TI - Severe allergic reaction to saline preserved with thimerosal. PMID- 6747184 TI - Internal carotid artery disease. AB - Internal carotid artery disease is a challenge to the optometrist because of its full spectrum of manifestations. A detailed case history and a thorough evaluation of the ocular and visual signs and symptoms are invaluable in the appropriate management of the patient. The optometric practitioner must consider this disease in middle-aged or elderly patients who present with suggestive signs and/or symptoms. Appropriate diagnosis and management of the disease will, it is hoped, result in the continued visual health and longevity of these patients. PMID- 6747185 TI - Providing for continuity of care: the referral process. AB - The optometrist is often called upon to make patient referrals. These can be difficult if the resources are infrequently used or the patient has a low income. An overview of major referral sources is presented along with a means for organizing the information and quickly sorting through the problem. PMID- 6747186 TI - The replacement of the chair, stand and phoropter by subjective autorefraction--a candid evaluation. AB - With all the competition from outside of professional optometry, it is imperative that the doctor of optometry offer the patient a service that is superior. Keep in mind that I am no better than or different from other doctors, but my patients see me that way. That is an important ingredient in a successful practice. My experience demonstrates that the Humphrey Over-refraction System can function with great efficiency as the primary and indeed the only subjective refraction device in a busy solo practice. It can also take a mediocre practice and help to put it on the map. Some may not have confidence in automation. Others may feel that the methods described herein are maverick or financially risky. If you are skeptical, whatever the reason, you will obviously stick with traditional refractive methods. If, on the other hand, you are dissatisfied with traditional methods and the fruits of your labor, automation is a solid alternative as long as sound management guidelines are followed. PMID- 6747187 TI - Cost containment. Understanding the attempts to contain health care costs. PMID- 6747188 TI - Ethical issues in optometric practice. PMID- 6747189 TI - Lesser metatarsal fractures. Incidence, management, and review. PMID- 6747190 TI - Prophylactic antibiotics. Control of implant contamination. PMID- 6747191 TI - Tourniquet use in sickle cell disease patients. PMID- 6747193 TI - Fibromatosis of the plantar aspect of the hallux. A case report. PMID- 6747192 TI - The plantaris tendon: a lateral ankle stabilization procedure. A case report. PMID- 6747194 TI - Citrobacter diversus osteomyelitis. A case report. PMID- 6747195 TI - Subacute and chronic action of acrylonitrile on adrenals and gastrointestinal tract: biochemical, functional and ultrastructural studies in the rat. AB - A single dose of acrylonitrile can produce fatal adrenal apoplexy within approximately 2 h. Our previous studies also indicate that multiple injections of the chemical cause acute hemorrhagic and occasional nonperforating duodenal ulcers. Other authors have reported increase in gut and lung neoplasia after chronic exposure. The present study was designed to elucidate the subacute and chronic actions of acrylonitrile on the adrenals, stomach and duodenum by correlating biochemical, functional and morphologic investigations, as well as to gain insight into the mechanisms of action of acrylonitrile. Rats were exposed to 0, 0.0001% (1 ppm), 0.002%, 0.01%, 0.05% or 0.2% acrylonitrile in drinking water, or to the same amount of the chemical given through daily gavage, for 7, 21 or 60 days. Acrylonitrile caused a time- and dose-dependent decrease in plasma corticosterone levels; aldosterone was affected only by the 'high' dose and prolonged time of exposure. Young rats were more susceptible than adults to this action of acrylonitrile. The adrenal cortex, especially the zona fasciculata, was atrophic in rats that had ingested the nitrile through drinking water. At 0.05% and 0.2%, it also caused decreased food intake and body weight gain. The adrenals were enlarged with a hyperplastic zona fasciculata after daily doses of a bolus of acrylonitrile. Ingestion of the chemical did not interfere with compensatory enlargement of the adrenal gland following unilateral adrenalectomy. On the other hand, the ACTH-induced elevation of corticosterone plasma concentration was significantly attenuated by acrylonitrile in drinking water. Electron microscopy of the adrenal glands revealed no consistent changes in the steroid-producing cells. We thus postulate that accelerated turnover of circulating corticoids and/or interference with the secretion or action of ACTH may primarily be responsible for the decreased plasma levels of corticosterone and aldosterone in rats that ingest acrylonitrile. The mucosa in the stomach at the junction of the forestomach and glandular region of animals that had ingested acrylonitrile was hyperplastic. The corpus also showed regional mucosal hyperplasia with the appearance of 'cobble-stoning'. These changes were preceded and associated with an elevated concentration of non-protein sulfhydryls mostly in the mucosa of the glandular stomach. A similar, less prominent elevation also occurred in the proximal duodenum. These alterations may resemble the preneoplastic combination of elevated glutathione and focal hyperplasia described in the liver with hepatocarcinogens.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 400 WORDS) PMID- 6747196 TI - Effect of intermittent carbon monoxide inhalation on erythropoiesis and organ weights in rats. AB - Sprague-Dawley rats were exposed to 450 ppm carbon monoxide (CO) for 6 h per day, 5 days per week for 33 days. The effect of CO on reticulocyte count, hematocrit, hemoglobin concentration, body weight and selected organ weights was measured. Exposure to CO caused a three-fold increase in the youngest reticulocyte population, concomitant with an increase in the total reticulocyte count. Despite continued CO exposure, reticulocyte number and distribution returned to normal by day 9, suggesting that reticulocyte response of the organism to CO had changed. Both hematocrit and hemoglobin concentrations began to increase 16 days after CO exposure and remained at the increased level for the duration of the exposure period. There were no changes in kidney, liver and adrenal weights throughout the course of study. However, spleen weight was increased after 5 days of CO exposure. Left and right ventricular organ weight ratios increased equally at the same time during the study. These results indicate that the increase in the young reticulocyte population and the subsequent increase in total reticulocyte count are the earliest erythropoietic responses to intermittent CO exposure and that CO induced polycythemia is associated with cardiac hypertrophy in rats. PMID- 6747197 TI - Subacute oral toxicity of tri-n-butyl phosphate in the Sprague-Dawley rat. AB - Tri-n-butyl phosphate was administered by gavage to male and female Sprague Dawley rats for 14 consecutive days (low dose: 0.14 ml kg-1; high dose: 0.42 ml kg-1). Effects of this chemical were investigated at the end of the feeding period. Histopathological examination of the testes (high-dose group) showed the presence of microscopic degenerative changes in the seminiferous tubules. No other abnormal microscopic changes were observed. PMID- 6747198 TI - Influence of age and cold stress on plasma catecholamine levels in rats. AB - We measured arteria plasma concentrations of norepinephrine (NE) and epinephrine (E) in pentobarbital-anesthetized 3- and 24-month-old male F344 rats in basal (control) conditions and following acute cold exposure (6 h at 4 degrees C). Basal levels of circulating NE and E were also determined in 3- and 24-month-old Sprague-Dawley animals. Basal NE did not change between 3 and 24 months of age in either strain of rat, whereas older animals of both strains had significantly higher basal plasma E concentrations compared to younger counterparts. Cold exposure increased plasma NE approximately 100 pg . ml-1 above respective basal levels in 3- and 24-month-old F344 rats, suggesting no age-related differences in sympathetic nervous system reactivity to cold stress. Plasma E in young cold stressed F344 animals was elevated approximately 336 pg . ml-1 (287%) over basal levels, and approximately 370 pg . ml-1 (155%) over basal levels in older animals, resulting in cold-induced circulating E concentrations of 515 +/- 90 pg . ml-1, and 1040 +/- 122 pg . ml-1 in 3- and 24-month-old animals, respectively. Thus, arterial plasma E concentration in older rats is significantly elevated, both in basal conditions and in response to acute cold stress, suggesting enhanced adrenal medullary activity with advancing age. PMID- 6747199 TI - The peripheral pathway for extracranial vasodilatation in the cat. AB - The locus coeruleus was electrically stimulated in 27 cats with high spinal cord sections. Common carotid blood flow was measured using electromagnetic flow probes, and arterial resistance calculated from mean arterial blood pressure and flow. Activation of the locus coeruleus caused an ipsilateral decrease in common carotid resistance, an effect previously demonstrated to depend on the integrity of the facial nerve. This vasodilator response is now shown to be mediated approximately equally by the pterygopalatine (sphenopalatine) and otic ganglia. PMID- 6747200 TI - Effect of prolonged physical training on the histochemically demonstrable catecholamines in the sympathetic neurons, the adrenal gland and extra-adrenal catecholamine storing cells of the rat. AB - The effect of daily physical training for 24 months on the sympathetic neurons, adrenal gland, extra-adrenal catecholamine storing cells and on the heart was investigated in rats. The tissue catecholamine fluorescence intensity was determined by microfluorimetric quantitation of catecholamines. The maximal and final body weights were significantly lower in trained animals. The trained rats showed prominent increase of heart weight relative to body weight, while the adrenals did not enlarge. The adrenergic nerve fiber density of the heart and the fluorescence intensity of the terminal axons were significantly increased. There were no changes in the fluorescence intensity of the perikarya of the sympathetic neurons and the amount of extra-adrenal catecholamine storing cells after physical exercise. The volume of the superior cervical ganglion was doubled and the neuronal perikarya were enlarged in trained animals. The prolonged physical training throughout the life span of the rat gave new information about the reactions of the sympathetic nervous system to physical exercise. PMID- 6747201 TI - Neurons of the vagal division of the solitary nucleus activated by the paraventricular nucleus of the hypothalamus. PMID- 6747202 TI - The effect of neonatal guanethidine administration on hemodynamic and physical alterations in the adult rat pulmonary artery during the development of hypoxia induced pulmonary hypertension. PMID- 6747204 TI - Tutorial. Interference, wavefronts and diffraction. PMID- 6747203 TI - Responses of cardiac vagus and sympathetic nerves to excitation of somatic and visceral nerves. AB - Somato-vagal and somato-sympathetic reflex responses were studied by recording simultaneously the activity of cardiac vagal and sympathetic efferents following excitation of various somatic (and 1 visceral) nerves in chloralose-anesthetized dogs. Stimulation of pure cutaneous (infraorbital, superficial radial, sural nerves), muscle (gastrocnemius, hamstring nerves) and mixed nerves (sciatic, brachial, intercostal, spinal) with short trains of pulses inhibited the activity of cardiac vagus nerve and excited that of cardiac sympathetic nerve after a latency of approximately 40-60 ms, depending on the nerve stimulated. These responses were followed by the opposite response, i.e. excitation of vagus and long-lasting inhibition ('silent period') of sympathetic nerve activity. These biphasic reflex responses recorded from both autonomic nerves had similar latencies so that a clear reciprocal relationship was observed. In addition to the above reflex responses which were observed in most instances, two peaks of excitation of short duration were recorded from the vagus nerve, in some instances, and an 'early (spinal) reflex' in sympathetic nerve was also observed. Both excitatory and inhibitory responses described above in either nerve were readily evoked by excitation of Group II (A beta), but not Group I (A alpha), afferent fibers and increased in magnitude when Group III (A delta) afferents were also excited. Group IV (C) afferent contributed insignificantly to the somato-vagal reflex. The vagus nerve discharge evoked by sinus nerve stimulation was inhibited during reflex inhibition produced by somatic nerve stimulation. The latency of such inhibition was less than 20 ms and lasted for 100 ms after sural nerve stimulation. We conclude that, as in case of the baroreceptor reflex and autonomic component of the 'defense reaction', the somato-vagal and somato sympathetic reflex responses are reciprocal in nature. PMID- 6747205 TI - A method used to photograph a case of classical retinoblastoma for the specific demonstration of leucoria. PMID- 6747206 TI - A vibration-free shutter. PMID- 6747207 TI - Copyright and contracts for artists. PMID- 6747208 TI - General observations on the preservation of photographs. PMID- 6747210 TI - Some applications of holography to medical assessment. Part II. PMID- 6747209 TI - The representation of depth in skin replicas. PMID- 6747212 TI - [Retinal vasculitis in systemic lupus erythematosus]. AB - The authors report three patients with systemic lupus erythematosus (S.L.E.) who developed primary retinal vasculitis. All patients showed evidence of four American Rheumatism Association diagnostic criteria for S.L.E. The first case consisted of a woman with retinal central vein occlusion. Auto-immunization against retinal S antigen was present. She improved under heparin therapy. In the second case, a young girl had chronic optic disk vasculitis for seven years. In the third case, retinal arterial occlusive disease was present with optic nerve involvement. The differential diagnosis with multiple sclerosis is discussed. S.L.E. is considered as autoimmune disease where circulating immune complexes play a major role in the pathogenesis. The ocular complications are probably a manifestation of the widespread systemic disease in patients without arterial hypertension. The authors summarize the ocular findings in S.L.E.: venous obstruction, constriction of retinal arteries, capillary vasculitis and disc neuritis. In some cases, there may be the first manifestations of the disease. PMID- 6747211 TI - [Iridociliary vascularization. Study by intravascular injection of polymer resin]. AB - The authors present an intravascular polymeric resin injection method for scanning electron microscopy of iris and ciliary body vasculature. The resin used is a methyl-methacrylate blend, prepolymerised and monomeric. Injection is done through catheterization of the intracranial ophthalmic artery followed by enucleation. Tissues are removed with sodium hydroxide. The vascular system in this way is dissected and metallized to be studied with the scanning electron microscope. The major arterial circle of the iris was found to be coupled with a "venous circle". There is no anastomosis between the anterior ciliary arteries and the major arterial circle of the iris. The vasculature of the ciliary processes and of the ciliary muscle seem to be independent. Venous blood of the anterior part of the ciliary processes seems to be drained by the venous circle. PMID- 6747213 TI - [Hemorrhage in the vitreous and retinal venous loop in a diabetic subject]. AB - A vitrectomy was performed in a diabetic patient because of unilateral vitreous hemorrhage, which persisted for six months. There was only background retinopathy in the other eye. In the operated eye, no proliferative retinopathy was found. During surgery a partial posterior vitreous detachment was noted with persistent vitreoretinal attachment to the superotemporal vascular arcade. Postoperative fundus examination and fluorescein angiography showed background retinopathy and the presence of a venous loop involving the superotemporal vein. Histologic description of venous loops with vitreoretinal adhesion was recently reported and it was suggested that this could lead to vitreous hemorrhage even in absence of severe proliferative retinopathy. To our knowledge, there is no previous report of diabetic vitreous hemorrhage probably due to a venous loop with vitreoretinal attachment. PMID- 6747214 TI - [Ocular toxocariasis. Diagnostic and therapeutic attainments]. AB - Toxocara canis is nematode parasite of dogs. Children are particularly subject to infestation, however the larva remains quiescent at stage II. Toxocara can localize in the eye and induce a variety of clinical manifestations. A case of ocular toxocara is presented in which there was granulomatous endophthalmitis. Immunologic testing was negative in the serum but positive in the vitreous, where numerous eosinophils and plasma cells where found. Vitreous and aqueous IgE levels were elevated. Corticosteroid therapy was ineffective in quieting the inflammation, but vitrectomy was beneficial. Biological testing demonstrated the advantages of using specific antigens with ELISA techniques. Negative test results in the serum do not obviate the need to perform assays of the aqueous and/or vitreous. The demonstration of an eosinophilic inflammatory response and elevated IgE levels support the diagnosis of ocular parasite infection. In the absence of specific anti-parasite therapy corticosteroid treatment appears to yield inconsistent results. Vitrectomy seems to be beneficial in these circumstances. The new diagnostic technique should improve the accuracy of ocular toxocara diagnoses. PMID- 6747215 TI - [Echographic study of the structure of a malignant melanoma of the choroid]. AB - The case of a 74 yr. old male affected by a mixed cell choroidal melanoma is reported. Ophthalmoscopic examination suggested a choroidal melanoma; this diagnosis was confirmed by fluorescein angiography, ultrasonography and CT-scan. In particular, contact ultrasonography (A-mode and B-mode), following topographic, kinetic and quantitative diagnostic criteria, revealed a solid lesion with the typical features of a choroidal melanoma. Ultrasonography by differential selective echographic technique revealed that the lesion consisted of two components with different acoustic features : the first characterized by a 41 dB reflectivity (peripheral and superior portions), the second by a 23 dB reflectivity (central and inferior portions). Attenuation values were 1.2 dB/mm and 0.7 dB/mm, respectively. CT-scan did not show any significant change in density within the mass. Histopathologic evaluation confirmed a clear-cut edge between the epitheloid and the spindle-cell components. The more reflecting lesion (23 dB), located in the central-inferior portion of the lesion, was histologically less dense and was due to the epitheloid component. The superiorally located more attenuating lesion (1.2 dB/mm) was histologically more dense and due to the spindle-cell component. PMID- 6747216 TI - [A new hypothesis for the treatment of amblyopia: the flicker stimulator]. AB - A variety of cells are involved in the pathogenesis of amblyopia : ON, OFF, ON OFF cells, postsynaptic cells, neurons of striate cortex and the select interest of the macula. The need for stimulation of these cells in treating amblyopia forms the theoretical basis of the Flicker stimulator with red monochromatic light (LED, 655 nm). The authors present a clinical investigation on 35 subjects with anisometropic or strabismic amblyopia, before extensive treatment with classic anti-amblyopic techniques without satisfactory improvement obtaining significant statistical results (p less than 0,001). PMID- 6747217 TI - [Accommodation in strabismus]. AB - This paper describes clinical observations of optico-sensori-motor symptomatology prior to and during treatment for strabismus. These findings were compared with theoretical data of the binocular visual function. We consider that binocular function has the structure and the working of a "set" in cybernetic sense. In this psycho-physiological set, the accommodative system constitutes a "sub-set". The classification of accommodative disturbances as "pure or impure" and "typical or atypical" arises from the fact that a rebuilding of the visual function has occurred. Thus in "pure" accommodative strabismus the disturbances of accommodation results from "peripheral" accommodation and is easily reversible. In this situation ocular deviation has been perfectly corrected for and binocular vision normally built up since there is enough compensation of the whole optical correction. In "impure" accommodative strabismus the perturbation of accommodation affects the whole accommodation system and also the sensorial motor system. Thus there is a restructuring of the optico-sensori-motor set that is more or less reversible due to a variety of factors. From these investigations we conclude: every strabismus is accommodative in the sens that in every strabismus there is a disturbance of accommodative mechanism. Furthermore, we oppose believers of "all sensorial" and "all motor" mechanisms. Considering that strabismus is a disturbance of optico-sensori-motor binocularity, nothing can be only "accommodative", only "sensorial" and only "motor". From this it follows that treatment should not be only "motor", only "accommodative" or only "sensorial". PMID- 6747218 TI - [And tonography?]. PMID- 6747219 TI - [Functional and cyclovertical surgery of strabismus]. PMID- 6747220 TI - The effect of aldicarb on nematode population and its persistence in carrots, soil and hydroponic solution. AB - Aldicarb, Temik 15 G, was incorporated in furrows at 3.37 and 6.73 kg ai (active ingredient)/ha and carrots (Daucus carota L.) were directly seeded on the same day. The numbers of nematode larvae were significantly suppressed in the treated plots; averages were 249, 74, and 51/50 cc soil samples for control (0), 3.37 and 6.73 kg ai/ha, respectively. Aldicarb treatment resulted in a 28% yield increase as compared to the untreated. Aldicarb residue in carrots was 28 ppb for the low treatment and 46 ppb for the high. Residual levels in soil of high treatment declined from 61 to 31 ppb during two weeks prior to harvest, meanwhile, those in the low decreased slightly from 13 to 12 ppb. Carrots placed in hydroponic solution containing aldicarb 14.5 ppm for 6 days, had an aldicarb residue of 10.26 ppb and the hydroponic solution, 2.7 ppb. Persistence of aldicarb residue was in carrot greater than in soil greater than in hydroponic solution. PMID- 6747221 TI - Elemental analysis of airborne grain dusts. AB - The elemental composition of a group of airborne and settled grain dusts is reported. This survey was undertaken as part of a study to systematically describe the chemistry and morphology of these representative dusts. Our data show that airborne or settled grain dusts differ from each other with respect to elemental composition. Such fundamental differences may be related to previously observed differences in the biological activities of the dusts. PMID- 6747222 TI - The behavioural state in human perinatal life. AB - Behavioural states are easy to recognise in healthy neonates with a gestational age of 36 weeks or more. In younger neonates stable behavioural states, as seen at full-term, are not present, but activity cycles exist. In utero stable behavioural states can also be recognised from 36 to 38 weeks onwards. The existence of awake states in utero remains controversial. A close relationship exists between neural mechanisms regulating the behavioural state cycling and those modulating breathing. Our understanding of these is still very limited. The absence of behavioural states or of activity cycles is a very sensitive but non specific sign of nervous system dysfunction in human perinatal life. PMID- 6747223 TI - Arousal responses to chemical stimuli during sleep. AB - Arousal from sleep is an important component of any co-ordinated response to an external stimulus. Respiratory stimuli imposed during sleep are capable of eliciting arousal responses as well as the classic ventilatory responses Considerable survival advantage may result as a consequence of intact arousal mechanisms. Developmental studies of arousal responses to respiratory stimuli are lacking. Arousal responses to chemoreceptor stimuli have been examined in adult tracheotomized dogs, both before and following bilateral surgical denervation of the carotid bodies. Prior to denervation of the carotid bodies arousal in response to isocapnic progressive hypoxia occurred at an arterial oxygen saturation (SaO2) of 83% during slow-wave sleep and 70% in rapid-eye-movement sleep. Airway occlusion induced arousal from Slow-wave-sleep at SaO2 of 88% and from rapid-eye-movement sleep at SaO2 of 84%. Following denervation of the carotid bodies, arousal failed to occur in response to either progressive hypoxia or airway occlusion despite desaturation to 60% in Slow-wave sleep and 50% in rapid-eye-movement-sleep, at which level experiments were arbitrarily terminated. The effect of sleep fragmentation on arousal responses of sleeping dogs to chemoreceptor stimuli has also been studied. A marked impairment of both hypoxic and hypercapnic arousal was produced by sleep fragmentation. The consequences of interfering with arousal mechanisms in experimental animals indicates the considerable potential for similar dysfunction in man to contribute to the pathophysiology of the clinical syndromes of obstructive sleep apnoea and sudden infant death.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS) PMID- 6747224 TI - Brain mechanisms, hypoxia and fetal breathing. PMID- 6747225 TI - Growth of the fetal lung. AB - Pulmonary hypoplasia occurs consistently when thoracic volume is reduced by any of a variety of congenital and acquired disorders and supports the hypothesis that distension of the fetal lung is necessary for normal growth. Many of these disorders also impair fetal breathing movements suggesting that growth is dependent on phasic as well as tonic forces. Results of animal experiments to test the hypothesis by obstructing or facilitating outflow of lung fluid are inconclusive but interrupting breathing movements by upper motor neurone lesions that preserve diaphragmatic tone causes hypoplasia. Episodes of breathing may distend the lungs by retaining secreted lung fluid while single breaths may redistribute fluid within the lungs. PMID- 6747226 TI - Perinatal development of laryngeal function. AB - The resistance of the upper airway is strongly influenced by the action of opposing sets of laryngeal muscles. Expiratory airflow may be retarded by active adduction of the arytenoid cartilages or by a reduction in the activity of abductor muscles. In developing sheep the adductor muscles appear to represent the principal means by which lung recoil is opposed. This mechanism, which is most pronounced during non-rapid-eye-movement sleep, is regulated by afferent traffic from the lungs. In fetal sheep the laryngeal muscles are also influenced by breathing movements and sleep states. The adductor muscles are normally tonically active during non-rapid-eye-movement sleep when rhythmical breathing movements are absent. It is possible that this activity is at least partially responsible for elevated tracheal pressures and depressed flow of tracheal fluid during fetal apnea. This hypothesis has been tested by observing the effects of fetal paralysis and recurrent laryngeal nerve section. These experiments suggest that in the fetus near term the larynx makes a major contribution to upper airway resistance and hence to the maintenance of pulmonary expansion which has been shown to influence lung development. PMID- 6747227 TI - Fetal physiology and behaviour: changing direction 1954-1983. PMID- 6747228 TI - Fetal oxygen consumption, umbilical circulation and electrocortical activity transitions in fetal lambs. AB - Chronically instrumented fetal lambs were employed to test the hypothesis that the high voltage electrocortical activity phase is a state of low fetal oxygen consumption compared with the low voltage electrocortical activity phase. Measurements of umbilical flow (electromagnetic flowmeter) together with oxygen saturations and haemoglobin concentration of umbilical venous and arterial blood were used to calculate oxygen consumption. Significant depression of umbilical flow occurred at the transition from low voltage electrocortical activity to high voltage electrocortical activity; the maximum change averaged 14% 2 min after the onset of the high voltage phase. Significant depressions of oxygen saturation in umbilical venous and arterial blood were found within 5 min of the onset of high voltage electrocortical activity, averaging 2.2% and 5.2% respectively. No depression of oxygen consumption was found during these transient changes in early high voltage electrocortical activity, as the venous-arterial oxygen content difference widened significantly as a consequence of a greater fall in umbilical arterial oxygen content (0.7 ml/dl) than in umbilical venous oxygen content (0.3 ml/dl). Overall, we detected no significant depression of oxygen consumption in high voltage electrocortical activity. However a small but significant depression of oxygen consumption (6%) was found late in the high voltage electrocortical activity phase when the level of oxygen consumption in low voltage electrocortical activity was greater than 7 ml/min per kg. We conclude that the high voltage electrocortical activity in fetal lambs is not associated with a marked depression of oxygen consumption, despite significant transient depressions of umbilical flow and oxygen levels in umbilical venous and arterial blood.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS) PMID- 6747230 TI - Functional maturation of the neuroendocrine system in the perinatal period: studies of the somatotropic axis in the ovine fetus. AB - Studies of the maturation of hypothalamic control of adenohypophyseal hormone secretion are reviewed with particular reference to the somato-tropic axis in the ovine fetus. In the ovine fetus, circulating growth hormone concentrations are 20 fold higher than postnatal concentrations falling in the 72 h prior to delivery. These high fetal growth hormone concentrations are postulated to reflect an immaturity of hypothalamic control mechanisms. Synthetic human growth hormone releasing factor (10 micrograms/kg) markedly stimulates fetal circulating growth hormone release between 77 and 135 days of gestation. The response decreases with advancing maturation. Thus fetal growth hormone release is not under maximal stimulation. Fetal growth hormone, thyrotropin and gonadotropin release is pulsatile in nature and the growth hormone and thyrotropin pulses have exaggerated amplitudes compared to the postnatal pattern. It is suggested that in each case, this enhanced pulsatility is a consequence of immature feedback loops. Stereotaxic lesioning of the fetal median eminence at 110 days of gestation abolishes the pulsatility of fetal growth hormone release. However the basal secretion of growth release remains elevated in some fetuses compared to postnatal growth hormone concentrations. The basis for this high basal rate of secretion is speculative but it is postulated to reflect immaturity of inhibitory control mechanisms, in particular of the negative feedback loop. Neuropharmacological studies of circulating growth hormone release in the perinatal period are reviewed. These demonstrate that the potential for many neurotransmitters to influence fetal circulating growth hormone release has differentiated by midgestation. However antagonist studies have not demonstrated a tonic role for any stimulatory neurotransmitters, only for the inhibitory neurotransmitter, GABA. Growth hormone does not exert a major influence upon fetal growth. Studies of the ontogeny of growth hormone receptors in the ovine liver show that somatotropic receptors are first detected in the newborn lamb suggesting receptor immaturity as the basis for this lack of an effect of growth hormone in utero. The two insulin-like growth factors, IGF-I and IGF-II show different patterns of secretion in the perinatal period. IGF-I levels are low in utero, rise gradually through gestation with a marked postnatal rise perhaps related to the development of hepatic growth hormone receptors. IGF-II levels are high in the fetus and fall over the 3 days prior to delivery but are not affected by fetal decapitation. The role of placental lactogen as a stimulus of fetal IGF II secretion is suggested.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 400 WORDS) PMID- 6747229 TI - Control of the pulmonary circulation in the perinatal period. PMID- 6747231 TI - Hands on stamps. Bangladesh--issue of 1982. PMID- 6747232 TI - Internal morphology of human phalanges. AB - The internal morphology of human phalanges has been defined by measurements taken directly from specimens of these bones. For this study, all 14 phalanges were prepared from 25 fresh cadaver hands. Measurements were taken of both external and internal variables. Intramedullary structures are described. In the proximal metaphysis of the phalanges, the canal presents the shape of a tunnel with a flat floor on its palmar aspect and an arching roof dorsally. Distally, toward middiaphysis, the canal becomes more elliptic and its size is smaller relative to the metaphyseal area. This suggests that not only dimensions but also the shape of the canal should be given full consideration in the design of intramedullary devices. PMID- 6747233 TI - The extensor retinaculum of the wrist. AB - The dorsal retinaculum of the wrist consists of two layers: the supratendinous and the infratendinous. The infratendinous layer is limited to an area deep to the ulnar three compartments. There are six compartments for the tendons dorsal to the wrist separated by six longitudinal vertical septa. Each septum originates from the supratendinous retinaculum and inserts onto the radius. The sixth compartment for the extensor carpi ulnaris is complex. The tendon of the extensor carpi ulnaris is enclosed in an independent fibrous tunnel formed by the supratendinous retinaculum superiorly, the infratendinous retinaculum inferiorly, the sixth septum laterally, and the ulnar insertion of the retinaculum reinforced by longitudinal fibers called the "linea jugata" medially. Our findings support the concept of an adaptable dynamic collateral ligament system rather than the traditional radial and ulnar collateral ligaments. PMID- 6747234 TI - Lunotriquetral sprains. AB - Injuries to the ulnar side of the carpus have not been well defined. Lunotriquetral (LT) sprains have only recently been described and are often unrecognized. They usually occur from hyperextension: and twisting of the wrist. Symptoms include pain, weakness, limitation of motion, and a "click" with lateral motions. The sprain may be associated with dorsal subluxation of the ulnar head and supination of the carpus. Physical examination discloses point tenderness, laxity, and often a snap over the LT joint. Dorsopalmar manipulation of the triquetrum on the lunate demonstrates crepitus and laxity. A radiocarpal arthrogram is helpful in confirming the diagnosis. Palmar-flexion instability patterns represent a more extensive continuation of this injury, which then may be termed an LT dissociation. Treatment with adequate immobilization for acute injuries appears to be useful if the diagnosis is established early. Chronic sprains may require stabilization of the LT joint by ligament repair, reconstruction, or LT fusion. Associated injuries, such as carpometacarpal (CMC) or hamulus fractures, have been noted. Results of treatment have varied considerably and depend in part on the severity and chronicity of the condition at the time of recognition. PMID- 6747235 TI - Ligamentous reconstruction for chronic intercarpal instability. AB - Twenty-one patients with chronic intercarpal instability were operated on an average of 13.2 months after injury or onset of symptoms. Fourteen had reconstruction via dorsal approaches by use of radial wrist extensor or other tendon graft. Seven patients were approached dorsally and palmarly, three had ligament repair, and four had reconstructions. The average follow-up was 25.4 months. Pain decreased in 85.7% of patients, although only two were pain free. Range of motion (ROM) generally decreased, and grip strength increased slightly. Radiologically, there was significant improvement on the initial postoperative roentgenograms, much of which was lost by the time the final roentgenograms were obtained. A clinical and radiologic grading system was devised to evaluate results. The average clinical grade improved from poor (26.5%) preoperatively to fair (44.4%) postoperatively. The radiologic grade remained in the poor range postoperatively, although there was some improvement from 40.4% to 45.6%. PMID- 6747236 TI - Isolated tears of the triangular fibrocartilage of the wrist: results of partial excision. AB - Sixteen patients who underwent partial excision of the triangular fibrocartilage (TFC) to treat chronic wrist pain were studied retrospectively. Eleven patients (69%) had no symptoms at follow-up: Five other patients later underwent distal ulnar resection. All patients over 40 years of age did poorly after the operation. The patients who had no symptoms showed no significant alteration in wrist function after partial excision of the TFC. Removal of a perforated TFC is contraindicated in the presence of radiocarpal or distal radioulnar arthritis. PMID- 6747238 TI - Scaphoid fractures in children. PMID- 6747237 TI - Arthrodesis of the wrist by internal fixation in rheumatoid arthritis: a follow up study of forty-five consecutive cases. AB - Between 1972 and 1981, 59 wrists of 44 patients destroyed by rheumatoid arthritis were arthrodesed by internal fixation with a Rush pin. This study comprises 45 wrists of 38 surviving patients--nine men and 29 women, aged 20 to 72 years. The follow-up time ranged from 1 to 11 years with a mean of 3.9 years. The surgical technique used in this study is simple and safe, and a good position of the wrist in both frontal and lateral projections can easily be achieved. The Rush pin is passed down the third metacarpal and into the radius. It stabilizes the wrist adequately. All the wrists operated on obtained a strong bony fusion of the radiocarpal joint. The complication rate was low. Five of 45 Rush pins were removed because the subcutaneously located distal tip between the metacarpals irritated tendons and skin. In one male patient a thin Rush pin broke and a pseudoarthrosis of the intercarpal joints developed; there was, however, no need to remove the pin. PMID- 6747239 TI - A centralization procedure for radial clubhand. AB - A modified centralization procedure for radial club hand caused by partial or total absence of the radius is presented. This technique differs from the methods presently used in that no carpal bones are resected. Adequate release of the wrist from the fibrotic radial anlage is provided through two Z-plasty incisions to allow the hand to move easily to the new position. Stabilization is then obtained with a Kirschner wire placed via the lunate and capitate into the long finger metacarpal and then directed in a retrograde fashion into the ulna. A total of 12 centralization procedures with the above technique have shown very good results. Long-term follow-up results demonstrate remodeling of the ulna, which becomes broad in its distal end, resembling a radius. PMID- 6747240 TI - The Krukenberg procedure: a method of treatment for unilateral anomalies of the upper limb in Chinese children. AB - Eight Chinese patients with congenital absence of the hand were treated with the Krukenberg procedure to provide a pinching function of the forearm bones. The rehabilitation program was simple and the functional results were satisfactory. We have selected three cases to illustrate the Krukenberg procedure and the indications for this operation, a procedure that is particularly suitable for the Chinese who are culturally adapted to chopstick functions. PMID- 6747241 TI - Evaluation of normal values for stationary and moving two-point discrimination in the hand. AB - Stationary and moving two-point discrimination were tested in a normal population stratified by age and sex. The 467 subjects tested consisted of 202 females and 265 males whose ages ranged from 4 years to 92 years. Statistical analysis of the data revealed the following: (1) Moving two-point values were of lesser magnitude than stationary two-point values in all areas tested; (2) test values for median innervated areas were lower by both methods than values for ulnar innervated areas; (3) there was a gradual increase in the magnitude of the test values for both methods with advancing age; (4) female subjects consistently tended to discriminate at shorter distances when compared with male subjects at corresponding sites; and (5) the absolute values obtained were dependent upon the individual examiner, but the statistical significance applied to the data of all of the examiners. PMID- 6747242 TI - The use of three-phase radionuclide bone scanning in the diagnosis of reflex sympathetic dystrophy. AB - One hundred forty-five consecutive three-phase radionuclide bone scans were reviewed. One hundred two of these were performed to evaluate pain in the hand. Of these, 23 patients clinically had reflex sympathetic dystrophy (RSD). The hand scans were performed by the three-phase technique. Phase I is a radionuclide angiogram. Phase II is the blood pool or tissue phase. Phase III consists of delayed images obtained 3 to 4 hours after radionuclide injection. Detailed analysis of the 145 three-phase radionuclide bone scans of the hand demonstrated that the diffuse increased tracer uptake in the delayed image (phase III) is diagnostic for RSD, with a sensitivity of 96% and a specificity of 98%. The two early phases (radionuclide angiogram and blood pool) were positive in only 45% and 52% of the RSD patients, respectively. The strictly interpreted delayed radionuclide image is extremely sensitive in the diagnosis of RSD and will facilitate the early diagnosis and subsequent treatment of this syndrome. PMID- 6747243 TI - Inhibition of neural and muscle degeneration after epineural neurorrhaphy. AB - Investigations were undertaken on the regeneration of transected rat sciatic nerves. The ability of the protease inhibitor leupeptin to inhibit wallerian degeneration and muscle atrophy was evaluated. After transection of a sciatic nerve and immediate neurorrhaphy, animals were treated with leupeptin for a period of 1 week to 6 months. Our results indicate a significant increase in the numbers of myelinated and unmyelinated neurofibers in the distal segment of treated nerves. Peroxidase tracer, injected intramuscularly, was transported by retrograde axonal flow and was observed to label increased numbers of treated axons both distal and proximal to the repair site. This finding suggests that treated neurofibers are functionally viable. Evaluation of muscle showed that secondary muscular atrophy is also significantly inhibited by leupeptin. PMID- 6747244 TI - Tardy posterior interosseous nerve palsy as a result of an unreduced radial head dislocation in Monteggia fractures: a report of two cases. AB - Tardy palsy of the posterior interosseous nerve after a malunited Monteggia fracture with an unreduced dislocation of the radial head is considered to be extremely rare. Four earlier cases were treated by excision of the radial head or by tendon transfers. Another two cases have been reported, both treated successfully by decompression of the nerve in the radial tunnel between the two heads of the supinator. This simple operation should be given a trial before tendon transfers are considered, even if the palsy has been of long duration. PMID- 6747245 TI - Ulnar nerve entrapment neuropathy in the forearm. AB - A 74-year-old male attorney developed rapidly progressive weakness of the fourth and fifth digits of the right hand with impairment of his grip and ability to perform cursive writing. Lancinating pain occurred spontaneously and was triggered by pressure along the ulnar border of the forearm about 5 cm proximal to the wrist crease. Nerve conduction studies revealed a complete electrical block to stimulation at a point 5 cm proximal to the wrist crease when recording from the abductor digiti minimi. Distal to this point, responses of normal amplitude and latency were recorded. Surgical exploration disclosed two fibrovascular bands coursing from the ulnar artery to the distal belly of the flexor carpi ulnaris, entrapping and grooving the ulnar nerve. Release of these bands resulted in reversal of the electrical block, complete relief of pain, and a full neurologic recovery during the ensuing six months. PMID- 6747246 TI - Anconeus epitrochlearis, a rare cause of cubital tunnel syndrome: a case report. PMID- 6747247 TI - Carpal tunnel syndrome in hemophilia. AB - Carpal tunnel syndrome occurring as a complication of hemophilia is documented in the literature. Most reports, however, indicate that the condition can be relieved by splinting and replacement therapy. Two cases of carpal tunnel syndrome in hemophiliacs are presented. In one patient, replacement therapy was successful in relieving the condition. However, in the other patient, decompression of the carpal tunnel and internal neurolysis of the median nerve were carried out after replacement therapy failed. To our knowledge, this is the first time that intraneural bleeding in the nerve has been documented as a cause of peripheral neuropathy in hemophilia. Surgical release of the carpal canal together with the epineurectomy and internal neurolysis resulted in complete recovery. PMID- 6747248 TI - Fibrous dysplasia of a metacarpal: a case report. AB - Monostotic fibrous dysplasia limited to the hand has not been described previously. We report a case of fibrous dysplasia of a thumb metacarpal in a black man. PMID- 6747249 TI - Synovial chondromatosis of the distal radioulnar joint. AB - This case presentation of synovial chondromatosis describes a rare lesion in the distal radioulnar joint. The distal radioulnar joint was locked and damaged by an impinging chondral body. Use of standard resection principles produced an asymptomatic wrist. PMID- 6747250 TI - Sparing effect of tendon injury on osteoarthritis. AB - A case is reported in which a finger with no active flexion did not develop erosive osteoarthritis at the time that it developed in the other active digits. PMID- 6747251 TI - Pseudovideoma. PMID- 6747252 TI - The relevance of in vitro anthelmintic screening tests employing the free-living stages of trichostrongylid nematodes. AB - The response of the free-living stages of Nippostrongylus brasiliensis, Nematospiroides dubius, Haemonchus contortus, Trichostrongylus colubriformis and Ostertagia ostertagi to a wide variety of antiparasitic agents in vitro was investigated. All the major broad spectrum veterinary anthelmintics showed good activity against each of these worms with EC50 values varying from about 0.0002 mg/l for certain benzimidazoles and ivermectin to about 6.5 mg/l for febantel. Of 22 known narrow spectrum anthelmintics useful only against H. contortus and/or helminths other than trichostrongyles, only 10% showed good activity at concentrations equal to or less than 10.0 mg/l. Further, only one of 15 antiprotozoal agents showed good activity in these tests at the 10.0 mg/l level. The screening test employing free-living Nippostrongylus brasiliensis was selected for an extended trial where the evaluation of 1400 miscellaneous organic chemicals was undertaken. Approximately 10% of these showed activity at concentrations equal to or less than 10.0 mg/l. It is concluded that in vitro screening tests employing the free-living stages of these five genera of nematodes afford simple yet effective means for selecting relevant compounds for further evaluation as possible leads to new broad spectrum anthelmintics for use in ruminants. However, tests using the free-living stages of these worms, including H. contortus, are unsuitable for detecting narrow spectrum 'specifics', e.g., for the treatment of haemonchiasis. PMID- 6747253 TI - Trematodiasis in Turkey: comparative efficacy of triclabendazole and niclofolan against natural infections of Fasciola hepatica and F. gigantica in sheep. AB - A new fasciolicide, triclabendazole, tested at single oral dose rates of 5 and 10 mg/kg body-weight, proved to be highly effective (greater than 99%) against chronic field infections of Fasciola hepatica and F. gigantica in sheep. The performance of the new drug compared favourably with niclofolan at the recommended dose. Neither product was effective against Dicrocoelium dendriticum and Paramphistomum spp. PMID- 6747254 TI - The relationship between the size of Lymnaea truncatula naturally infected with Fasciola hepatica and the intensity and maturity of the redial infection. AB - Of the 2,652 Lymnaea truncatula collected from sites in Cumbria and Gwynedd during 1973-75, when the prevalence of fascioliasis in the primary host was low and declining, only 123 were infected with Fasciola hepatica. Dissection of these snails revealed that the proportion infected, the mean redial burden and the proportion of mature rediae in each snail increased with shell length. The results are compared with a similar data set acquired when the prevalence of infection in both the primary and intermediate hosts was uncharacteristically high. Although the results are qualitatively similar, there are important quantitative differences. The mean redial burden of infected snails at times of high disease prevalence was generally twice as high as that reported in the present study. It is suggested that differences in habitat microclimate could not account entirely for the observed differences in redial burden and the role of multiple miracidial infection is discussed. PMID- 6747255 TI - Litomosoides carinii in jirds (Meriones unguiculatus): ability to retard development of challenge larvae can be transferred with cells and serum. AB - To test the ability of cells and/or serum from jirds (Meriones unguiculatus) infected with Litomosoides carinii to transfer the ability to retard development of challenge larvae, a series of transfer experiments were done. Groups of jirds received larval challenge preceded by one of eight preparations: spleen cells and/or serum from 10-day-patent infected jirds; normal spleen cells and/or normal serum; primary larvae; challenge larvae only. No significant differences in size or numbers of larvae recovered were found among groups receiving either cells or serum only. However, significant differences in larval size were found between groups receiving both cells and serum from infected donors and those receiving normal cells and serum. These comparisons indicate that the ability of infected jirds to retard development of challenge infection larvae can be transferred with cells and serum together but not separately. PMID- 6747256 TI - Toxocara canis infection in dogs in Beersheba, Israel. AB - In the desert city of Beersheba, Israel, a survey was made of the infection rate of Toxocara canis in dogs. 3.0% of dogs destroyed at the municipal dog pound had intestinal T. canis. 7% of faecal samples gathered from day care centres throughout the city were shown to contain T. canis eggs. This low rate of infection could possibly be explained by the hot, arid climatic conditions which may render eggs non-infective or by the sandy soil in the area that may cover faeces containing T. canis ova and make the eggs unavailable to other dogs. PMID- 6747257 TI - Induction of peripheral blood eosinophilia in mice by excretory and secretory antigen of Toxocara canis larvae. AB - Medium in which T. canis larvae had been cultured was applied to a Sephadex G-25 gel column and four fractions (Fr. 1-Fr. 4) were isolated. Each fraction was administered to mice by implanting a mini-osmotic pump into the peritoneal cavity and the subsequent peripheral blood eosinophilic counts were recorded. Mice given Fr. 1 showed a markedly greater eosinophilic response than did those given the other fractions. Complement activation by each fraction was investigated using normal human serum. Fr. 1 and Fr. 3 had a capacity to activate complement. The results suggest that Fr. 1 may be not only antigenetic and allergenic but also could induce eosinophilia and activate complement. PMID- 6747258 TI - An SEM study of the cephalic region, buccal cavity and male tail of the species of the genus Strongylus Muller, 1780 (Nematoda, Strongyloidea). AB - The four species of the genus Strongylus Muller, 1780, namely, S. equinus, S. edentatus, S. vulgaris and S. asini were examined with the scanning electron microscope (SEM). The buccal cavity of each species was cut transversely and longitudinally and the scanning electron micrographs illustrate the shape of the buccal cavity and the dorsal gutter. The micrographs also show the presence of denticles near the oral rim of the buccal cavity of S. edentatus and the shape of the teeth in the buccal cavity of S. equinus, S. vulgaris and S. asini. The bursa of the four species has three symmetrical lobes, one dorsal and two lateral. The length of the three lobes in relation to each other varies between the species. The genital cone has a single large ventral papilla, a pair of dorsal raylets, a median dorsal cuticular appendage and a variety of cuticular appendages lateral and ventral to the cloaca. The development and arrangement of these components differs between the four species of the genus and can be used as a supportive character for specific identification. PMID- 6747260 TI - The histopathology of Neoechinorhynchus hutchinsoni Datta, 1936 (Neoacanthocephala): Neoechinorhynchidae) infection in Nemacheilus kashmirensis Hora. AB - Histopathological studies of Neoechinorhynchus hutchinsoni infection in Nemacheilus kashmirensis show partial or complete damage of the host intestinal wall, depending upon the degree of penetration. Increased number of goblet cells are seen at the site of unperforated wounds but where the intestinal wall is completely perforated the goblet cells were undifferentiated. The parasite destroys the mucosa, lamina propria, muscle layer and serosa leading to perforation. This report of perforation by Neoechinorhynchus hutchinsoni is the first in the genus Neoechinorhynchus. PMID- 6747259 TI - Studies on infectivity, longevity and fecundity of Ancylostoma ceylanicum in golden hamsters. AB - Ancylostoma ceylanicum is a new introduction as an experimental hookworm model. Information on the biology of this parasite in its laboratory host--the golden hamster, is meagre. Its infectivity, longevity and fecundity were studied to obtain relevant information especially on vulnerable points in the maintenance and continuation of the infection. 100% infectivity was obtained with an inoculum of 60 larvae per animal. Maximum numbers of parasites were harboured from day 15 to day 18 after infection and thereafter gradually declined. Approximately 10% of the worms were still present at the end of the third month of infection. The in vitro release of eggs in a 24-hour period by one female nematode peaked from day 25 to day 39, a second rise occurred in day 70 after infection. PMID- 6747261 TI - Experimental Schistosoma mansoni infection in vervet monkeys (Cercopithecus aethiops) in Kenya: I. Susceptibility to a primary infection. AB - Groups of five 3-kg Kenyan monkeys, Cercopithecus aethiops, were exposed individually to 150,600 or 1500 Schistosoma mansoni cercariae per monkey. Three monkeys died soon after the infections became patent and the survivors were autopsied 4 months after exposure. Mortality and most haematological, parasitological and pathological sequelae of infection were dose-related, but not the white cell response or changes in the levels of serum proteins or fibrinogen. No gross liver fibrosis was seen. Comparison of this study with earlier ones on related cercopithecine monkeys suggests that the vervet closely resembles the baboon in its response to S. mansoni infections. Difficulties in managing and maintaining vervets can be overcome by using colony-bred or properly adapted feral animals. Thus, the vervet provides a cheaper, more readily available primate model for experimental S. mansoni studies. A prolonged infection, sufficiently heavy to permit reliable parasitological monitoring without undue mortality, should be provided by 150 S. mansoni cercariae per kg body-weight, using the Kenyan strains of vervet and parasite. PMID- 6747262 TI - Scanning electron microscope studies of the mucosa of rats infected with Hymenolepis diminuta (Cestoda). AB - The intestinal morphology of rats given one, 10 or 100 cysticercoids of hymenolepis diminuta was examined by scanning electron microscopy. The presence of this tapeworm causes extensive villous atrophy and fusion. The most extreme changes in mucosal architecture were observed adjacent to the mature proglottides of the worm and in these areas the villi were reduced either to flattened plate like structures or to low irregularly shaped undulations. The presence of one large H. diminuta resulted in more severe pathological damage than caused by several smaller worms. Colonization of the upper region of the ileum by long filamentous bacteria was also observed in rats infected with H. diminuta. PMID- 6747263 TI - Linkage associations in hybridized Salvelinus genomes. The duplicate loci encoding pepidase-D and glucosephosphate isomerase and the unduplicated sorbitol dehydrogenase locus. AB - Electrophoresis was performed on parents and progeny of 21 families of tetraploid derivative Salvelinus species. Variable phenotypes were shown for the duplicate loci encoding the enzyme peptidase D in lake (S. namaycush) and brook trout (S. fontinalis) and in the fertile hybrid (splake) between them. Pairwise examinations of joint segregation between the duplicated PepD loci and 23 other biochemical loci were performed. Nonrandom assortment was found among progeny of parents doubly heterozygous for the PepD-1 and PepD-2 loci, the duplicate loci encoding glucosephosphate isomerase (Gpi-1 and Gpi-2) and the single locus encoding sorbitol dehydrogenase (Sdh). Two classical linkage groups were found among the uniquely marked loci; PepD-1 with Gpi-1 and PepD-2 with Gpi-2 with Sdh. Pseudolinkage among loci in the two different groups was found in males. The results are shown to fit a chromosomal model involving preferential tetravalent pairing of homoeologous chromosomes. The linkage of PepD and Gpi loci is consistent with that reported in a variety of vertebrate species and indicates the conservation of this linkage group over taxa separated by at least 300 million years of evolution. PMID- 6747264 TI - Inheritance of brachydactyly type D. AB - Inheritance of brachydactyly type D (BD-D) was studied in two unreported Caucasian family pedigrees and in 36 previously reported family pedigrees. The inheritance pattern was characteristic of a single autosomal dominant gene with incomplete penetrance. Using the proportion of individuals exhibiting the trait as the index, penetrance was sex influenced, being complete in females and approximately 62 percent in males. Expression of BD-D in both females and males was bilateral (both thumbs) for approximately three-fourths and unilateral (either right or left thumb) for approximately one-fourth of the individuals. PMID- 6747267 TI - Prognostic indicators in critical care. PMID- 6747266 TI - Evaluation of short stature in children and adolescents. PMID- 6747265 TI - Rat esterases: an update of linkage group V. PMID- 6747268 TI - Riley children's hospital ureteroceles: a 12-year experience. PMID- 6747269 TI - Experimental medical devices, drugs and techniques. Their future social, medical and political implications (Part 2). PMID- 6747270 TI - The otologist's approach to vertigo. PMID- 6747271 TI - Epidemic inflammatory disease of the bronchial tree with systemic effects. PMID- 6747272 TI - Differential localization of "brain-specific" S-100 and its subunits in rat salivary glands. AB - In the rat, the S-100 antigens in the submandibular gland were found to be immunochemically identical with those in the brain (glial cells) when compared using crossed immunoelectrophoresis. Specific antibodies against the S-100a non beta and against the S-100 beta subunit were prepared from antibodies against crude S-100 protein and from S-100 components (S-100a and b) by affinity chromatography. In the rat salivary glands a differential distribution of subunit immunoreactivity was clearly evidenced using indirect immunofluorescence. Certain intercalated duct cells of the submandibular gland as well as Schwann cells contained the S-100 beta subunit immunoreactivity exclusively, while other duct cells in parotid, submandibular, and sublingual glands contained S-100a non-beta subunit immunoreactivity. Both subunits were present in astrocytes and ependymal cells. The immunocytochemical localization of alpha and beta subunits is a promising technique for the classification of various types of S-100-containing cells. PMID- 6747273 TI - Localization mechanisms in enzyme cytochemistry studied with alkaline phosphatase loaded erythrocyte ghosts. AB - Erythrocyte ghosts containing varying amounts of alkaline phosphatase were used to study the localization mechanisms of three metal salt and one azo method for this enzyme. For the azo method, the minimal amount of alkaline phosphatase that can be visualized within the ghosts proved only to be limited by the optical properties of the azo compound. In contrast, for the metal salt methods, a certain threshold activity had to be present in the ghosts in order to obtain correct localization of the final reaction product. The localization properties of both azo and metal salt methods conformed to the theories of cytochemical enzyme localization presented to date. By determining the rate constant of the capture reaction and the diffusion constant of the primary product, the localization properties of the azo method could be predicted. Some remaining discrepancies between theory and practice are discussed. PMID- 6747274 TI - Differences in basement membrane-associated microdomains of type I and type II pneumocytes in the rat and rabbit lung. AB - The basement membrane-associated microdomains of type I pneumocytes in rat and rabbit pulmonary alveoli were found to be uniquely different from those of type II pneumocytes in the specific distribution of cytochemically detectable sulfate esters as demonstrated with the high iron diamine (HID) technique at the electron microscopic level. Aldehyde-fixed frozen or Vibratome sections of neonatal and adult lungs were treated with a mixture of the meta and para isomers of N,N dimethyl-phenylenediamine-HCl in the presence of ferric chloride, which at low pH (1.0) has been previously shown to be highly specific for sulfate esters of glycosaminoglycans and glycoproteins. Reaction product was subsequently enhanced with a thiocarbohydrazide-silver proteinate, postembedding sequence for electron microscopy. Samples of lung parenchyma treated in this fashion were observed to have discrete, electron-dense silver grains associated with the various microanatomical components of pulmonary basement membranes. In the region of the alveolar basement membrane, the lamina rara externa associated with type I cells was observed to contain an abundance of regularly disposed, cytochemically detectable sulfate esters, while the lamina densa and lamina rara interna were diffusely and sparsely reactive by comparison. Quantitatively, 62% of all reactive sites found in the basement membrane region of type I cells were localized in the lamina rara externa. By contrast, the lamina rara externa of type II cells had less than half as many reactive foci indicative of sulfate esters as the same region of type I cell basement membranes. HID-reactive sulfate esters were found evenly distributed within the laminae associated with the basement membrane of type II cells. This cytochemically detectable difference in the sulfate ester composition of basement membrane-associated sulfate ester composition of basement membrane-associated microdomains of type I compared with that of type II pneumocytes may be highly significant when considering known patterns of epithelial renewal in pulmonary alveoli. Since type II cells are known to divide and either remain type II cells or differentiate into type I cells, regional differences in the molecular composition of the alveolar basement membranes and their associated structures may be key determinants of cell specific processes of cytodifferentiation in the pulmonary alveolus. PMID- 6747276 TI - Distribution of oncodevelopmental markers in neoplastic cells: therapeutic implications. AB - When the subcellular distribution of secretory component (SC) and carcinoembryonic antigen (CEA) were determined immunoelectronmicroscopically, SC was found on the baso-lateral surface and CEA on the apical surface of the normal gastrointestinal epithelium. In contrast, on the neoplastic cells SC and/or CEA were found all around the cell surface. Taking the change in the distribution of CEA on the neoplastic cells as an advantage, an attempt was made to develop an immunotherapeutic method for adenocarcinoma. The method was based upon an assumption that intravenously injected anti-CEA is not accessible to normal epithelial cells, since the tight junction will act as a barrier for the diffusion of antibodies from the interstitium to the apical cell surface, but the anti-CEA will form immunecomplexes with the CEA on the baso-lateral surface of neoplastic cells. Specifically, CEA-producing human gall bladder carcinoma were transplanted into nude mice. To the tumor-bearing mice, glucose oxidase-labeled anti-CEA was intravenously injected. As a control, glucose oxidase-labeled normal rabbit IgG was injected. This was followed with an injection of NaI. It was found that in those mice injected with the labeled anti-CEA, the size of tumor was reduced as much as 30% within three days. In the controls, the tumor continued to grow. In those injected with the labeled anti-CEA, CEA-anti-CEA immunecomplexes were deposited on the glomerular basement membrane, consequently a search for an insoluble apical antigen is currently made. PMID- 6747275 TI - Ultrastructural localization of lectin receptors on the surface of the rat retinal pigment epithelium. Decreased sensitivity of the avidin-biotin method due to cell surface charge. AB - Monosaccharides on the apical processes of the retinal pigment epithelium were examined using lectin-affinity cytochemical methods. Lectin receptor sugars were localized with lectin-horseradish peroxidase (HRP) and lectin-ferritin conjugates as well as with biotinylated lectins, avidin, and biotinylated HRP. In contrast, only wheat germ agglutinin (WGA) receptors were identified with biotinylated WGA followed by avidin-ferritin or free avidin and biotinylated ferritin. Labeling with avidin-ferritin subsequent to biotinylated lectin treatment was dependent upon the source and lot of the reagent. These findings are similar to those reported for the endothelium of bone marrow sinusoids (Pino RM: Am J Anat, 169:259, 1984). Since both the retinal pigment epithelial and bone marrow sinusoidal surfaces are highly anionic (negative), we investigated the possibility that the charge of the lectin reagents and cell surfaces might affect the localization of monosaccharides on cell surfaces. Analytical isoelectric focusing revealed that biotinylated ferritin and some avidin-ferritins are highly anionic, while the other lectin reagents have more cationic (positive) components. Based on this information, a less charged biotinylated ferritin marker was made that made it possible to localize biotinylated lectins bound to the cell surface. PMID- 6747277 TI - Proceedings of the Histochemical Society. 35th annual meeting, San Diego, California, April 5-7, 1984. Abstracts. PMID- 6747278 TI - Potassium ferricyanide: a stabilizer for horseradish peroxidase. AB - Sodium nitroprusside has been used as a stabilizing agent for HRP histochemistry since 1919. However, it is known to have toxic effects orally, intravenously, and subcutaneously. In order to avoid the use of sodium nitroprusside as a stabilizer in HRP histochemistry, we have tested other chemically related compounds to stabilize the reaction product equally well. We will show that potassium ferricyanide is an excellent stabilizer of the chromogen reaction product. In addition, the reaction product remains stable without noticeable changes over a period of several months. As it is far less toxic than sodium nitroprusside, it should be the stabilizer of choice, especially in those laboratories where the histochemical HRP reaction is used frequently. PMID- 6747279 TI - Lactate dehydrogenase isozymes in developing rat oral mucosa. A comparative study of LDH biochemistry and histochemistry. AB - Histochemical lactic acid dehydrogenase (LDH) staining methods seem unable to demonstrate the total LDH activity in tissue sections. An analysis was made of LDH tissue staining methods applied on LDH zymograms. The menadione-mediated LDH staining of tissue sections can not possibly reflect true LDH activity. The addition of cyanide also slightly inhibited LDH activity. The cyanide inhibition was confirmed via LDH assay and found to be competitive in character. It is concluded that cyanide and menadione should be replaced by agents suitable from both a histochemical and a biochemical point of view. Based on the findings of this study the presence of LDH in oral epithelium was analyzed. Evidently LDH of the oral epithelium is basically anaerobic in character and located primarily in spinosum/granulosum layers and only sparsely in the basal layer. PMID- 6747280 TI - Histochemical localization of NADP-dependent dehydrogenase activity with four different tetrazolium salts. AB - The properties of the four most commonly used tetrazolium salts, neotetrazolium, nitro blue tetrazolium (nitro-BT), tetranitro-BT, and 2-(2-benzothiazolyl-3-(4 phthalhydrazidyl)-5-styryl-te trazolium (BPST), have been compared for their effects on the localization of nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate (NADP) dependent dehydrogenases under optimal incubation conditions in cryostat sections of rat liver. Glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase has been selected as an example of these dehydrogenases. It was found that the use of nitro-BT and tetranitro-BT, unlike neotetrazolium and BPST, in combination with an exogeneous electron carrier and azide, resulted in localization patterns in agreement with the sites of activity as determined by microchemical techniques. In the absence of an intermediate carrier the localization was very similar to that of NADPH cytochrome c (P450) reductase as demonstrated immunocytochemically. BPST did not properly localize dehydrogenase activity, most probably because of the redistribution of formazan, due to its lack of firm substantivity. Neotetrazolium reduction in nitrogen gave the localization pattern, both in the presence and absence of carrier, of the reductase, suggesting that the transfer of reducing equivalents from the exogenous electron carrier to neotetrazolium proceeds via cellular electron transport systems. The reduction of nitro-BT and tetranitro-BT via intermediate carriers was oxygen sensitive in parenchymal cells, but not in the non-parenchymal liver cells. This oxygen sensitivity could be blocked by azide. With neotetrazolium, oxygen inhibited both carrier-mediated and carrier independent reactions, effects that were not reversed with azide. Possible mechanisms of action between oxygen, reduced carriers, and tetrazolium salts are discussed. PMID- 6747281 TI - Epidemic influenza in Greater London. AB - The Kermack & McKendrick theory of epidemics has been applied to data on deaths from influenza and influenzal pneumonia in Greater London in the years 1950-78. As a whole the theory gives a good description of the data, and the estimated values of the parameters can be plausibly related to the natural history of the disease. However, the possibility exists that the agreement is merely empirical, and field studies would be required to confirm its validity. PMID- 6747283 TI - Prospective study of Clostridium difficile colonization and paracresol detection in the stools of babies on a special care unit. AB - Infants' stools were examined for the presence of Clostridium difficile and its cytotoxin in a study performed over a one-year period on a special care baby unit. Overall, 21% of infants were colonized, but the organism was only recovered in a seven-month period during which its weekly prevalence in the group varied from zero to 44%, with a distinct clustering of colonized infants being observed. Tests for the presence of cytotoxin in the stools and in supernatants of broth that had been inoculated with each isolate were negative. The factors predisposing to colonization were a prolonged stay in the unit, low birth weight, younger gestational age and being nursed in an incubator. The organism was recovered only once from an environmental screen. An antibiogram, used in conjunction with toxin production, was helpful in distinguishing these isolates from a collection obtained from other units in the hospital. We conclude that Cl. difficile was acquired by nosocomial spread although we did not establish the precise mechanism involved. The detection of para-cresol by gas-liquid chromatography was found to be specific but insufficiently sensitive as a screening test for the organism's presence in the stools. It could only be demonstrated in infants whose birth-weights were less than 2500 g, and no association was observed between the type of feed and para-cresol presence in stools. PMID- 6747282 TI - Susceptibility of various animals to the vesiculovirus Piry. AB - To determine the pathogenic potential of the vesiculovirus Piry for domestic animals, two ponies, two steers, three sheep, three goats and three pigs were inoculated intradermally in the tongue or, in the case of the pigs, in the snout, heel and coronary band. Inoculated animals were housed in one room and allowed to mingle freely with an equal number of uninoculated contact animals of each species. Clinical signs of infection, consisting of elevated temperature and ulcers at the inoculation sites, were only observed in the ponies, but all inoculated animals developed specific antibody following inoculation. In addition, one of the contact sheep had neutralizing antibody to Piry at 7 and 29 days post inoculation suggesting a contact infection. Virus was not demonstrated in tissues, other than tongue, of any animal. The failure of Piry virus to produce lesions in steers, sheep, goats and pigs and only limited ulcerations in ponies suggests that this virus is not similar pathogenically to New Jersey and Indiana strains of vesiculoviruses which produce classical vesicular stomatitis. Lethal infections were produced by inoculation into suckling mice and hamsters, adult hamsters and embryonating chicken eggs. Further, lethal infections followed contact of adult female hamsters with their inoculated litters. PMID- 6747284 TI - The effect of the use of different selective media on the ability to recover salmonellae from seagull faeces. AB - Solid media were compared for their ability to recover salmonellae from seagull faecal material after pre-enrichment in buffered peptone water and enrichment in Rappaport's broth. Of the 847 specimens examined 96 were found to be positive for salmonellae. Use of Brilliant Green agar containing sulphamandelate supplement resulted in the detection of salmonellae from each of the 96 samples found to be positive and was the most efficient medium tested. Brilliant Green agar lacking the supplement was the least effective medium, salmonellae being isolated from only 80 samples using this medium. All of the media tested were shown to support the growth of a wide range of salmonella serotypes, although Salmonella typhi and S. dublin did not form colonies on those media which contained Brilliant Green. Hynes' modification of deoxycholate citrate agar was shown to be considerably less inhibitory to salmonellae after ageing for four days. Ageing of other media had no significant affect on their ability to support the growth of salmonellae. PMID- 6747285 TI - Stability of aminoglycoside resistance in vitro in gentamicin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus. AB - Stability of aminoglycoside resistance has been investigated in 20 strains of Staphylococcus aureus resistant to gentamicin (16 strains were also resistant to methicillin). In view of previous reports that incubation at elevated temperatures can hasten the loss of unstable antibiotic resistance, we passaged strains daily in a liquid medium for 24 days at 43 degrees C. The nine strains which were resistant to neomycin kept their aminoglycoside resistance virtually intact, whereas most of the other 11 strains (sensitive to neomycin) lost almost all their resistance to gentamicin and kanamycin after 5 days. It thus appears that the stability of aminoglycoside resistances in Staph. aureus is closely linked to the resistance of the strains to neomycin. This finding has important possible consequences in terms of the advisability of the clinical usage of preparations containing neomycin or framycetin for topical application and bowel sterilization. PMID- 6747286 TI - A comparison of the original Rappaport medium (R medium) and the Rappaport Vassiliadis medium (RV medium) in the isolation of salmonellae from meat products. AB - The Rappaport-Vassiliadis enrichment medium (RV medium) in 10 ml quantities (RV/43 degrees C, 10 ml) inoculated with 0.1 ml of pre-enrichment medium (P medium) was found more efficient in the isolation of salmonellae from 409 pre enriched samples (mainly meat products), than the original Rappaport medium incubated at 43 degrees C (R/43 degrees C) and the RV medium in 5 ml quantities (RV/43 degrees C, 5 ml) inoculated with 0.01 ml of P medium (P less than 0.001, in both instances). Therefore, the inoculum from pre-enriched foods should not be less than 0.1 ml in 10 ml of RV medium. The RV/43 degrees, 10 ml was also better (P less than 0.01) in detecting samples containing salmonellas than the original Rappaport medium incubated at 37 degrees C (R/37 degrees C, 10 ml) and the modification R25 of R medium incubated at 37 degrees C. The R25 modification was used in 10 ml quantities (R25/37 degrees C, 10 ml) inoculated with 0.1 ml of P medium and in 5 ml quantities (R25/37 degrees, 5 ml) inoculated with 0.01 ml of P medium. The last two R25 procedures were of the same efficiency in isolating salmonellas from meat products. PMID- 6747288 TI - Identification of multiple-resistance (R) and colicinogeny (Col) plasmids in an epidemic Salmonella agona serotype in Rio de Janeiro. AB - A Salmonella agona strain has caused a hospital outbreak of gastroenteritis in a pediatric unit in Rio de Janeiro. It bears two plasmids, a small (6.5 MDa molecular weight) plasmid coding for type B colicin production and a larger one (36 MDa molecular weight) determining resistance to ampicillin, gentamicin, kanamycin and trimethoprim-sulphamethoxazole. The R-plasmid, but not the Col plasmid, is self-transferable to a Escherichia coli recipient strain. Curing for the R-plasmid was achieved by treatment with 0.05% SDS followed by incubation at 44 degrees C. It has not been possible to cure the S. agona strain for its Col plasmid. PMID- 6747287 TI - Interspecific co-transfer of antibiotic resistance plasmids in staphylococci in vivo. AB - The co-transfer of plasmid-borne genes governing resistance to gentamicin, tetracycline, erythromycin and chloramphenicol has been demonstrated on human and mouse skin. Two different gentamicin resistance plasmids have been studied in detail; both appear to have the ability to mobilize in vivo otherwise non transferable resistance plasmids from coagulase-negative to coagulase-positive staphylococci. This emphasis the role of the skin in maintaining a pool of resistance genes available to pathogenic staphylococci. PMID- 6747289 TI - Junctional diversity is essential to antibody activity. AB - Many mechanisms of antibody diversification have been shown to exist, including combinatorial pairings of heavy and light chains, the use of multiple gene segments (combinatorial diversity), and the imprecise joining of these gene segments (junctional diversity). The contributions of each of these mechanisms to functional antibody activity has not been fully explored, especially in the case of junctional diversity. A chain recombination experiment between an anti arsonate monoclonal antibody and an anti-oxazolone molecule in which light chains differ essentially only at the V/J junctional position show that junctional diversity may play an important role in antigen binding. PMID- 6747290 TI - Homologous monoclonal antibodies induce idiotope-specific suppression in neonates through maternal influence and in adults exposed during fetal and neonatal life. AB - The fine specificity of idiotype suppression induced early in ontogeny was investigated in the murine A/J anti-azophenylarsonate (Ar) response. Suppression was induced with two hapten-inhibitable, homologous monoclonal anti-idiotopic antibodies, AI and MB, that recognize partially overlapping sets of Ar-immune antibodies. Suppression was found to be idiotope-specific when adult mice were exposed to anti-idiotope as neonates; suppression was also idiotope specific when adult mice were exposed to anti-idiotope during fetal (through maternal inoculation) and neonatal life. Of particular interest, anti-idiotope, administered maternally, induced suppression in offspring first immunized with Ar as neonates, and this suppression was idiotope specific too. Thus, AI and MB induce idiotope-specific suppression in mice exposed to anti-idiotope early in ontogeny. These results parallel previous findings in adult mice and suggest that the mechanism of suppression in very young mice is the same as that in adults. PMID- 6747291 TI - Binding of C-reactive protein to the pneumococcal capsule or cell wall results in differential localization of C3 and stimulation of phagocytosis. AB - C-reactive protein (CRP) is a serum protein that shows rapid increases of as much as 1000-fold in concentration in response to infection, traumatic injury, or inflammation. CRP reacts with the phosphocholine moiety of pneumococcal cell wall C-polysaccharide, and this reaction can lead to complement activation in vitro and protection against pneumococcal infection in vivo. We have previously studied the chemiluminescence response of human neutrophils to Streptococcus pneumoniae as a measure of in vitro opsonophagocytosis by CRP and complement. CRP in the presence of complement was an effective opsonin for S. pneumoniae serotype 27 (Pn27), but not for serotypes 3 or 6. Because Pn27 differs from most serotypes of S. pneumoniae in containing phosphocholine in its capsular polysaccharide, we have determined the sites of CRP and C3 fixation to Pn27 and S. pneumoniae serotype 4 (Pn4), and related these to the ability of CRP and complement to opsonize these serotypes in vitro. By using a chemiluminescence (CL) assay to measure opsonophagocytosis, CRP was shown to enhance the response of human neutrophils and monocytes to Pn27 in the presence of normal human serum. The CL response of neutrophils and monocytes to Pn4 was not affected by the addition of CRP to serum. The addition of anti-capsular antibody to Pn4 and Pn27 enhanced the CL responses of both neutrophils and monocytes to both bacteria. The localization of bound CRP and C3 on Pn4 and Pn27 was determined by immunoelectron microscopy. CRP bound to Pn4 only in the cell wall region and C3 was located in this area whether or not CRP was present. Anti-capsular antibody deposited C3 in the capsule of Pn4. In contrast, Pn27 bound CRP throughout the capsule and cell wall areas. C3 was deposited in the cell wall region of Pn27 by serum alone and in the cell wall region and capsule when CRP or anti-capsular antibody was present. Because C3 fixation to the capsule was consistently associated with enhanced responses by phagocytic cells, it appears that the site of CRP binding and subsequent complement activation may be critical in the opsonophagocytosis of S. pneumoniae. These findings extend the correlation between capsular C3 and opsonization to a nonimmune system. By using CRP and different pneumococcal serotypes we have shown that the same molecules that are effective in the stimulation of phagocytic cells when bound to the capsule are not effective when bound to the cell wall. PMID- 6747292 TI - Isolation and characterization of the third component of complement in the serum of the clawed frog, Xenopus laevis. AB - The hemolytic activity against SRBC in the serum of normal Xenopus is dependent on specific antibody and both Ca++ and Mg++, whereas the activity against RRBC is dependent on Mg++ alone. Both of these hemolytic activities disappeared after treatment of the serum with zymosan or with the specific rabbit antiserum against one of the zymosan-binding proteins in Xenopus serum. By using this antiserum as a probe, a complement component (XC) was purified as a single entity from the Xenopus plasma after polyethylene glycol precipitation, DEAE-Sepharose CL-6B, Sepharose CL-6B, and Sephadex G-200 column chromatographies. The XC, contained at 2.3 mg/ml in normal serum, showed an electrophoretic mobility of beta-globulin, with a m.w. of 204,000 (204K) comprising two distinct subunits of 125K and 85K, which are linked with each other by disulfide bonds. The 204K protein exhibited a strong hemolytic activity in association with other components in Xenopus serum. Digestion of 204K protein by trypsin resulted in a specific cleavage of the 125K subunit and a conversion of its immunoelectrophoretic mobility to the anodal side, leaving the 85K subunits intact. The treatment of XC with SDS and urea resulted in the splitting of 125K subunits into 78K and 40K, but this splitting was inhibited upon pretreatment with methylamine, suggesting the presence of a thiol ester bond in the XC. The amino acid composition of the XC revealed a striking resemblance to that of mammalian C3. In all aspects, the 204K protein (XC) is regarded as representing the C3 of Xenopus laevis, which plays a key role in both the classical and alternative hemolytic pathways. PMID- 6747293 TI - On the cause and nature of C9-related heterogeneity of terminal complement complexes generated on target erythrocytes through the action of whole serum. AB - The binding of C8 and C9 from human serum to target erythrocytes was quantified, and the molecular stoichiometries of C9:C8 within terminal C5b-9(m) complexes were determined. Low doses of serum generated terminal complexes with mean C9:C8 ratios of 2 to 3:1, whereas complexes generated by highest serum doses harbored an average of six to eight C9/C8 molecules. From the collective biochemical and ultrastructural data, we concluded that heterogeneous populations of terminal complexes regularly form on target membranes; those containing high numbers of C9 molecules (greater than or equal to six to eight) exhibit the structure of the classical "lesion", whereas those containing low numbers of C9 do not exhibit this typical structure, although they probably still function as small pores. A major cause for this heterogeneity of the lesions derives from shortage of C9, which is naturally present in a 2 to 1 molar ratio relative to C8 in serum. Generation of terminal complexes harboring high numbers of C9 on erythrocyte membranes is possible in spite of this natural shortage because SC5b-9 does not form in the fluid phase to compete for C9 binding. If interrupted, the process of C9-C9 oligomerization cannot be recontinued, and "incomplete" C5b-9 complexes are unable to bind additional C9 upon reincubation with this component. The demonstrated heterogeneity of terminal complexes with respect to their C9 content may explain the functional heterogeneity of complement lesions observed previously by other investigators. PMID- 6747294 TI - Inhibition of immune precipitation by complement. AB - Normal human complement serum (NHS) inhibited precipitin reactions between tetanus toxoid and human or rabbit anti-tetanus toxoid IgG antibody, between bovine serum albumin (BSA) and rabbit anti-BSA IgG antibody, and between hen egg albumin and rabbit anti-egg albumin IgG antibody. Ethylene-diaminetetraacetic acid (EDTA) prevented this inhibition. Mg-ethyleneglycol-bis(aminoethyl)-tetra acetic acid-(EGTA) also prevented the inhibition except with lower concentrations of antibody and antigen. Therefore, the inhibition of immune precipitation seemed to occur mainly through the classical pathway of complement activation. The alternative pathway was usually dispensable, but it augmented the inhibition. Guinea pig complement serum (NGS) was less effective than NHS in inhibiting immune precipitation. Guinea pig serum deficient in C4 (C4DGS) did not inhibit the immune precipitation. Mouse complement serum was effective for inhibiting precipitation, and C5-deficient serum was as effective as normal serum. Therefore, the inhibition of immune precipitation is considered to occur by activation of complement up to the step of C3. The size of the soluble immune complexes formed in the presence of NHS varied depending on the concentrations of antibody and antigen, even when the ratio of antigen to antibody was constant. On incubation at 37 degrees C immune precipitation was inhibited by 1/2 dilution of NHS for 2 to 3 hr and then gradually increased to the level in the absence of complement. When the immune complexes were formed in the presence of serum containing complement, fragments of C4 and C3 were incorporated into the soluble immune complexes. The C3 fragments incorporated into the soluble complexes were C3b, iC3b, C3c, and C3d, some of which were bound covalently with heavy chains of IgG antibody molecules. Some of the covalent linkages between C3 fragments and IgG seemed to be destroyed by alkali treatment, but not by hydroxylamine treatment. The formation of covalent bonds between IgG and C3 and probably C4 was essential for inhibition of immune precipitation, because inhibitors of their formation, such as putrescine, cadaverine, and salicylhydroxamic acid, effectively prevented the inhibition of precipitation. When antigen and antibody reacted in the presence of mixtures of various combinations of isolated complement components, C1, C4, C2, and C3 showed maximal inhibition of immune precipitation, whereas factors I and H had little effect. PMID- 6747295 TI - Effect of catalase on the proliferation of human lymphocytes to phorbol myristate acetate. AB - Phorbol esters have been documented to stimulate the proliferation of human blood mononuclear cell cultures. In addition, these agents are also known to stimulate the production and release of reactive oxygen species by monocytes. We demonstrated previously that H2O2, one of these oxygen metabolites, impairs the proliferative capacity of human blood lymphocytes. Therefore, in these experiments, we determined whether or not the H2O2 released by monocytes after activation by PMA modifies the proliferation of lymphocytes to this agent. Human blood mononuclear cells (80% lymphocytes and 20% monocytes) were incubated with PMA, and lymphoblastic transformation (LBT) was quantitated at 3 and 5 days by pulsing the cultures with thymidine. Initial experiments established that the concentration of PMA required for optimal LBT was 50 ng/ml. We then demonstrated that this concentration of PMA also induces a burst in hexose monophosphate shunt activity and H2O2 production of mononuclear cells as indicated by the enhanced oxidation of 14C-glucose and 14C-formate, respectively. The amount of H2O2 released into the medium was substantial. Our measurements indicate that the concentration of H2O2 could reach values as high as 0.008 mM during the first 2 hr of the cultures. The addition of catalase to PMA-treated cultures in concentrations sufficient to scavenge the H2O2 released by the monocytes was associated with an enhanced thymidine uptake (mean 79%). These results indicate that the hydrogen peroxide released by the monocytes modifies the response of lymphocytes to the PMA. Paradoxically, mononuclear cell cultures depleted of monocytes also had a lower proliferation to PMA than mononuclear cell cultures. This observation indicates that monocytes also produce factors required for lymphocyte proliferation to PMA such as an interleukin. In contrast, to PMA cultures, catalase did not alter the proliferation of mononuclear cell cultures stimulated by PHA. We previously documented that PHA does not stimulate an immediate burst in the oxidative metabolism of mononuclear cultures. Therefore, the effect of catalase in these two culture systems appears to correlate with the capacity of the mitogen to stimulate the oxidative metabolism of mononuclear cells. These observations suggest that the release of reactive oxygen species by monocytes may modify the response of lymphocytes to antigens both in vitro and in vivo. PMID- 6747296 TI - Monoclonal antibodies specific for beta-adrenergic ligands. AB - After somatic cell fusion between splenocytes of immunized BALB/c mice and NS-1 myeloma cells, eight clones were obtained secreting anti-alprenolol antibodies as characterized by means of an ELISA. Four of these were subcloned and were studied further. The association constant for alprenolol ranged from 1.9 X 10(6) M-1 to 24 to 10(6) M-1. Competitive inhibition of [3H]-l-dihydroalprenolol binding revealed cross-reactivity with beta-adrenergic ligands, with a higher avidity for antagonists than for agonists. Two of the antibodies had a higher affinity for the l-isomer than for the d-isomer. The most stereospecific of these antibodies showed only affinity for beta-adrenergic antagonists and for the agonist isoproterenol. The other recognized both beta-adrenergic antagonists and agonists; it also showed an increase in tryptophan fluorescence after ligand binding. This property was used for the physicochemical study of the hapten antibody interaction. PMID- 6747297 TI - Genetics of resistance to the African trypanosomes. III. Variant-specific antibody responses of H-2-compatible resistant and susceptible mice. AB - Genetically based differences in variant-specific immunity to the African trypanosomes were examined. H-2-compatible inbred mouse strains that differed in relative resistance were infected with Trypanosoma rhodesiense clone LouTat 1. Antibody responses to exposed epitopes of the LouTat 1 variant-specific surface glycoprotein (VSG) were measured. Relatively resistant B10.BR mice (H-2k) made predictable IgM antibody responses to the VSG of LouTat 1 which were associated with clearance of the LouTat 1 variant antigenic type from blood; IgG responses to LouTat 1 surface antigen appeared after clearance occurred, and were lower than peak titers of IgM. Intermediately susceptible CBA mice (H-2k) also made predictable IgM and IgG responses which followed the same pattern as the more resistant strain. Peak titers were lower for both Ig classes, however, and a delayed appearance of antibody was correlated with delayed clearance of LouTat 1. In contrast to B10.BR and CBA mice, the susceptible C3H mice (H-2k) failed to make detectable antibodies to LouTat 1 surface antigen and also failed to control the first peak of parasitemia. The absence of immunity in infected C3H mice was selective for antibody to exposed epitopes of LouTat 1 VSG because antibody was detectable to invariant VSG or internal trypanosome antigens. Also, the C3H strain was shown not to be a genetic nonresponder to LouTat 1 surface antigen because VSG-specific antibodies appeared within 1 wk after trypanocidal chemotherapy. Finally, we demonstrated that the susceptibility of C3H mice was not associated with an inability of the mononuclear phagocyte system to clear the parasites because drug cure, passive transfer of immune serum, or sensitization of trypanosomes with antibody all led to trypanosome clearance from blood by the liver. In summary, we show for the first time that major differences in variant specific immunity occur in MHC-compatible animals after infection with the African trypanosomes. PMID- 6747298 TI - Defective vaccine-induced immunity to Schistosoma mansoni in P strain mice. I. Analysis of antibody responses. AB - Inbred P4 strain mice have previously been shown to be uniquely defective in their resistance to challenge infection induced by irradiated cercariae of Schistosoma mansoni. To assess whether the low levels of resistance developed by vaccinated P mice could be due to a defective antibody response, we compared the anti-schistosomulum antibody responses in vaccinated P animals with those occurring in vaccinated C57BL/6J (B6) mice, a strain that consistently develops high levels of resistance to challenge infection. Our results indicate that vaccinated P mice develop levels of total anti-schistosomulum antibodies that are significantly lower than those occurring in B6 mice for at least 15 wk after immunization, with the exception of the fifth week, at which time the responses are indistinguishable. Further analysis revealed that the defect in P strain antibody response occurs specifically in the IgM isotype and that specific IgM levels in P mice are less than one-half the levels in B6 mice at every time point examined. In contrast, no differences in total IgM immunoglobulins were evident when sera from normal (nonvaccinated) P and B6 mice were compared. P mouse anti schistosomulum IgG antibody responses reached the same levels as those observed in B6 mice by 5 wk after vaccination. However, a much faster decay in IgG antibody levels occurred after this time point in P animals. No differences were observed when the levels of anti-schistosomulum antibodies occurring in each of the major IgG isotypes (IgG1, IgG2a, IgG2b, IgG3) were compared in sera from P and B6 mice vaccinated 4 wk previously. Similarly, vaccinated P and B6 mice were found to mount indistinguishable IgG anamnestic responses after challenge infection. Finally, no differences between vaccinated P and B6 mice were observed when immediate (30 min) skin test and mast cell degranulation responses to a soluble schistosome antigenic preparation were compared. The above findings suggest that P strain mice have a specific defect in their ability to mount IgM antibody responses after immunization with irradiated cercariae. The possible contribution of this defect in IgM response to the decreased resistance of vaccinated P mice to challenge infection is discussed. PMID- 6747300 TI - Mycoplasma infection of cell cultures: thymidine incorporation of culture supernatants as a screening test. PMID- 6747299 TI - Modulation by recombinant DNA leukocyte (alpha) and fibroblast (beta) interferons of the expression and shedding of HLA- and tumor-associated antigens by human melanoma cells. AB - With a panel of monoclonal antibodies, the effect of recombinant human leukocyte interferons (i.e., IFN-alpha A, IFN-alpha D), of a hybrid leukocyte IFN (i.e., IFN-alpha A/D (Bg1)), and of recombinant fibroblast (beta) IFN on the expression and shedding of four types of melanoma-associated antigens (MAA) and of HLA antigens by the cultured melanoma cell line Colo 38 was investigated. None of the IFN affected the expression of the high m.w. melanoma-associated antigen (HMW MAA), but all of them increased its shedding. The expression and shedding of the 115,000 MAA and of the 100,000 MAA were increased by IFN; the magnitude of the effect as well as the kinetics were different for the various IFN preparations. The cytoplasmic MAA was the most sensitive to modulation by IFN, because all four types increased its surface expression, its total content, and its shedding. The three types of leukocyte IFN, as well as the fibroblast IFN, were all effective in increasing the expression of HLA-A,B,C antigens, the effect being more marked on the free heavy chain than on the HLA-A,B,C complex. However, only leukocyte IFN enhanced the shedding of the HLA-A,B,C molecular complex. The three types of leukocyte IFN and especially fibroblast IFN enhanced the expression of the gene products of the HLA-D region, the effect being more marked on DC-1 antigens than on HLA-DR antigens. No effect on the shedding of HLA-DR and DC-1 antigens was detected. PMID- 6747301 TI - Influence of antibody affinity on the performance of different antibody assays. AB - The effect of antibody affinity on the performance of 5 commonly used assays was studied. The assays used were measurement of antigen binding capacity in a Farr type assay, haemagglutination, solid-phase radioimmunoassay (SP-RIA), solid-phase ELISA and precipitation. The first 4 assays were all more sensitive for high affinity antibodies. Precipitation was not related to affinity, suggesting that factors secondary to antigen-antibody binding may be more important in determining the level of precipitate formation. The effect of epitope density of the antigen was also investigated in the SP-RIA and ELISA. Affinity dependence was more marked when antigen of low epitope density was used and this dependence could be reduced in the ELISA by choosing a low OD endpoint. Thus, the most reliable way to estimate antibody content by the ELISA may be to determine a low OD endpoint titre against antigen of high epitope density. When epitope density per molecule cannot be increased, an alternative approach to the problem is to increase epitope density by covalent coupling of antigen to the solid-phase rather than by adsorption. PMID- 6747302 TI - Enzyme-linked crossed immunoelectrophoresis: a technique for detection of allergens and their respective antibodies in human schistosomiasis. AB - A method is described which allows the demonstration of allergens in complex antigens and their respective antibodies. Schistosoma mansoni antigens are separated in agarose by 2-dimensional electrophoresis, using an anti-S. mansoni serum from goats in the second dimension. After extensive washing test serum is spread over the gel and allowed to bind to the precipitated antigens. After further extensive washing, horseradish peroxidase-coupled anti-IgE antibodies are put on the plate and allowed to react. Bound antiserum is visualized with tetramethylbenzidine as a substrate. In pooled sera from schistosomiasis patients at least 7 antigen fractions of adult S. mansoni and 2 of cercarial antigen reacted with IgE antibodies. No reaction was found in normal sera. PMID- 6747303 TI - Re: Affinity, avidity and the E-rosette receptor. PMID- 6747304 TI - Determination of the affinity of antibodies to hepatitis B surface antigen in human sera. AB - The measurement of the affinity of anti-HBs antibody in human sera using 3 HBsAg related antigens is described. The antigens used were (i) a synthetic linear peptide corresponding to amino acids 139-147 of the major polypeptide of HBsAg, (ii) a cyclical form of this same peptide and (iii) a polypeptide complex of a 28,000 MW glycoprotein and a 23,000 MW protein from purified HBsAg. The method was established with a pooled human anti-HBs immunoglobulin preparation and a monoclonal anti-HBs antibody reactive to the 'a' determinant of HBsAg. The results indicate that both these antibody preparations effectively bind the 3 antigens with affinity values of between 2 X 10(6) to 9 X 10(7) litres/mole. However, the affinity of both antibody preparations for the cyclical form of the peptide was higher than for the linear form. The level of antibody (expressed as Abt, molar antigen binding sites) in the pooled human immunoglobulin for each of the 3 antigens was similar. Measurements of anti-HBs antibodies in the sera of recovered acute hepatitis B patients and from HBsAg negative chronic liver disease patients showed that the cyclical form of the antigen was bound with a higher affinity than the linear form. Affinity values of antibody in the sera of the latter group of patients was significantly lower (3 X 10(5) to 2.7 X 10(6) litres/mole) than those observed in sera from other individuals. The implication of these results in determining the importance of the measurement of affinity in the assessment of the efficacy of vaccines is discussed. PMID- 6747305 TI - Simplified assays of hemolytic activity of the classical and alternative complement pathways. AB - Simplified hemolytic assays for the classical (CP) and alternative (AP) pathways of complement (C) were developed. The CP function was tested with sensitized sheep erythrocytes in a diluent containing Ca2+ and Mg2+, while AP was tested with unsensitized rabbit erythrocytes in a diluent containing Mg2+-EGTA. In contrast to the commonly used hemolytic titration (CH50) assays, the present techniques tested the activity in reaction mixtures containing C at final dilutions which would not affect its function. These ranges fell between 1/1 and approximately 1/20 for CP and between 1/1 and approximately 1/3 for AP. With the adopted assay techniques single aliquots of serum were tested at single final dilutions of 1/8 for CP and 1/2 for AP, in the presence of excess target cells. Hemolysis was allowed to take place at 37 degrees C for 20 min. The number of cells lysed by CP and AP under these conditions was directly proportional to the dose of serum and unaffected by the presence of a large excess of target cells. Each pathway was tested independently of the other. Serum C levels, measured as described, correlated strongly with those determined by standard hemolytic titration (CH50) assays. The modified assays should offer less laborious alternatives for the functional assay of C than current routine procedures. PMID- 6747306 TI - Immunochemical evaluation of radioiodinated protein A. AB - The [125I]iodoprotein A iodinated by the chloramine-T method using carrier-free 125I- to various specific activities (0.02-2.0 125I/mole protein A) displayed 85% binding activity to excess solid-phase rabbit IgG. On storage, however, the solid phase IgG binding activity of the high specific activity [125I]iodoprotein A (approximately 2 125I/protein A) decreased rapidly while that of the low specific activity [125I]iodoprotein A (approximately 0.2 125I/protein A) remained essentially unchanged. Analysis of aged high specific activity [125I]iodoprotein A by thin-layer chromatography revealed that free 125I- was released from the [125I]iodoprotein A during storage. Removal of the released 125I- was accomplished by using anion exchange resin. High specific activity [125I]iodoprotein A was found to be more sensitive than the low specific activity [125I]iodoprotein A in quantitating aggregated IgG while the latter was as useful as the former in hybridoma screening. When protein A was labeled with the Bolton Hunter reagent, the [125I]iodoprotein A had an IgG binding property and stability similar to the [125I]iodoprotein A labeled with the chloramine-T method. Since the chloramine-T method can yield high specific activity [125I]iodoprotein A and repurification of the aged preparation can easily be achieved by using anion exchange resin, we concluded that chloramine-T is more efficient than Bolton Hunter reagent and that both methods yield materials with comparable immunochemical properties. PMID- 6747307 TI - Comparison of polyethylene glycols as fusogens for producing lymphocyte-myeloma hybrids. AB - In order to improve the yield of hybridomas for monoclonal antibody production, 8 different sources and molecular weights of polyethylene glycol (PEG) were compared as fusing agents. Sp2/0 myeloma cells were fused with murine splenic lymphocytes immunized with sheep red blood cells. The Kodak 1450 PEG produced the maximum number of hybridomas. The optimal technique consisted of slowly adding 1 ml of freshly prepared fusogen (5 g Kodak 1450 PEG, 0.5 ml dimethylsulfoxide, and 5 ml of phosphate-buffered saline, pH 7.0) to the cells over a 1 min period, incubating the mixture at 37 degrees C for 90 s, then gradually diluting the mixture in 50 ml of Hanks' buffered salt solution. After 10 min, the cells are centrifuged, resuspended in selective medium with feeder macrophages and cultured. This procedure routinely produces between 600-3,000 hybridomas per fusion. PMID- 6747308 TI - Expression of protozoan antigens by hybrids between Leishmania mexicana and myeloma SP2/0. AB - Hybrid cells were obtained between Leishmania mexicana promastigotes and mouse myeloma SP2/0 cells, and examined for expression of leishmanial antigens. A ratio of 1:10 of myeloma to T. cruzi cells was unsuccessful because of outgrowth of non fused cells. With a ratio of 2:1 four waves of multiplication of 'chimeric' cells were observed over 45 days. The death of the hybrids after this period is explained by segregation of DNA and loss of chromosome material. Hybrid cells gave a positive reaction with antibodies in the sera from patients infected with Leishmania, as demonstrated by indirect immunofluorescence. Conversely, promastigote forms of Leishmania gave a negative reaction with the same antibodies, which recognize surface antigens of the amastigote stage of Leishmania. It is possible therefore that amastigote stage antigens are expressed on the surface of the 'chimeric' hybrid as a result of transformation of promastigotes following hybridization. PMID- 6747309 TI - A report on kala-azar cases in Malda district during 1980-81. PMID- 6747310 TI - Evaluation of intermittent peritoneal dialysis in the management of renal failure. PMID- 6747311 TI - A clinicopathological study of hepatitis. PMID- 6747312 TI - Impact of active management of labour on perinatal mortality. PMID- 6747313 TI - Neurilemmoma of vagus nerve in the neck. PMID- 6747314 TI - Kocher Debre Semelaigne syndrome. PMID- 6747315 TI - Hookworm anaemia in an infant of two and half months. PMID- 6747316 TI - Neuroblastoma in an adolescent. PMID- 6747317 TI - Ectopic adrenal cortical tissue in inguinal hernia sac. PMID- 6747318 TI - Isolated true macroglossia. PMID- 6747320 TI - Effectiveness of DDT spraying in control of malaria in Hazaribagh. PMID- 6747319 TI - Polio vaccine. PMID- 6747321 TI - Chronic arsenic poisoning from tube-well water. PMID- 6747322 TI - Role of acupuncture in medicine. PMID- 6747323 TI - Menstrual disorder after medical termination of pregnancy. PMID- 6747324 TI - Copper sulphate poisoning. PMID- 6747325 TI - Clinical study on pregnancy with heart disease. PMID- 6747326 TI - Clinical evaluation of surgical treatment of haemorrhoids. PMID- 6747327 TI - A study on tuberculosis in children in and around Simla Hills. PMID- 6747328 TI - Foetal outcome in cases of meconium stained amniotic fluid during labour. PMID- 6747329 TI - Clinical assessment, spirometry and arterial blood gas tensions in status asthmaticus. PMID- 6747330 TI - Monitoring high risk pregnancy by maternal counting of foetal movement. PMID- 6747331 TI - Cancer of the tongue and palate following occupational exposure to petroleum products. PMID- 6747332 TI - Deaf-mutism associated with bicuspid aortic valve defect. PMID- 6747333 TI - Adenolymphoma of palate. PMID- 6747334 TI - Leukaemoid reaction in tuberculosis. PMID- 6747335 TI - Shy-Drager syndrome. PMID- 6747336 TI - Rhinosporidiosis of urethra. PMID- 6747337 TI - Adenocarcinoma of the third part of duodenum. PMID- 6747338 TI - Prevent blindness from glaucoma. PMID- 6747339 TI - Changing trends of obstetrics in Manipur. PMID- 6747340 TI - Public relations in hospital. PMID- 6747341 TI - Detection of hepatitis B viral DNA in sera positive for antibody to delta antigen. AB - Hepatitis B virus (HBV) DNA was detected in 17 sera positive for antibody to delta antigen (anti-delta). Six sera from two patients were positive for HBV DNA. Analysis by the Southern blot technique showed identity between HBV DNA in anti delta-positive and anti-delta-negative sera. These results show that anti-delta positive sera contain HBV DNA, although these sera were also positive for antibodies to hepatitis B e antigen. PMID- 6747342 TI - Human interferon-alpha production in homosexual men with the acquired immune deficiency syndrome. PMID- 6747343 TI - Mycoplasma pulmonis in the brains of rodents: a rare event. PMID- 6747344 TI - Transfer of tetracycline or clindamycin resistance among strains of Bacteroides fragilis in experimental abscesses. AB - The ability of strains of Bacteroides fragilis resistant to clindamycin and/or tetracycline to transfer resistance to a susceptible recipient strain in experimental subcutaneous abscesses in mice was investigated. The results indicated that such transfer took place at a frequency similar to that observed in vitro. Transfer of resistance determinants at infected sites may play a role in the epidemiology of disseminated resistance to antimicrobial agents. PMID- 6747345 TI - In vitro and in vivo neutralizing activity of human colostrum and milk against purified toxins A and B of Clostridium difficile. AB - The neutralizing activity (NA) of supernates of colostral samples collected postpartum from 55 women and tested against a 50% cytopathic dose of purified toxins A and B of Clostridium difficile was evaluated in Y1 adrenal cells. Thirty one (56%) of the samples had NA against one or both toxins. Samples of breast milk were collected postpartum from five women-three had colostral NA and two did not. All milk specimens from the three women with colostral NA had NA titers of 1:1-1:4 throughout the study (609 days in one case). Samples from the two women without colostral NA did not exhibit NA during a 60-day follow-up period. In suckling mice either toxin plus human milk with in vitro NA elicited significantly less fluid accumulation than did toxin plus diluent or toxin plus milk without in vitro NA (P less than .025 to P less than .05). Twelve (63%) of 19 milk samples with in vitro NA against toxin A and 15 (65%) of 23 with in vitro NA against toxin B inhibited fluid accumulation caused by the corresponding toxin. In vitro NA against toxin A appeared to reside in the secretory IgA fraction of one milk sample assessed by immune precipitation. The results suggest that human milk may protect newborn infants against toxins A and B of C. difficile. PMID- 6747346 TI - Rat fibroblast-derived interferon: production in serum-free medium and enhancement by theophylline. AB - Incubation of rat fibroblasts (RFA-1) with theophylline after Newcastle disease virus (NDV) induction, increased rat fibroblast interferon (RfIFN) yields 3 to 10 fold. However, incubation with butyric acid for 24 or 48 h before NDV addition resulted in no change or decrease in IFN production. Combined treatment with butyric acid and theophylline did not improve the yields obtained with the methylxanthine alone. Production of IFN by RFA-1 cells was the same in serum-free and in serum-containing media. These findings will facilitate RfIFN production and purification. PMID- 6747347 TI - Analysis of replicating vaccinia DNA in interferon-treated, virus-infected cells. AB - The effect of interferon (IFN) on the replication of vaccinia DNA has been examined. Studies were carried out in infected mouse L cells grown in monolayer cultures. We examined discontinuous synthesis of small DNA fragments, ligation of the small fragments to form intermediate-sized DNA molecules, completion of unit length DNA molecules, and introduction of crosslinks at each end of the newly replicated DNA molecules late in infection. We measured by pulse-label and pulse chase experiments the extent of incorporation of 3H-thymidine into DNA and the conversion of small size DNA into mature and cross-linked viral DNA molecules. Interferon inhibited the initiation of viral DNA and this correlated with an overall inhibition of protein synthesis. Interferon inhibited elongation of viral DNA but this did not correlate with an inhibition of protein synthesis. The effect on elongation was not the result of increased degradation of newly synthesized DNA. It is suggested that the effects of IFN on initiation and elongation of vaccinia DNA may be the result of a decrease in the availability of enzymes or factors involved in the regulation of viral DNA synthesis. PMID- 6747348 TI - Effect of intravenous recombinant alpha-2 interferon on monocyte Fc-dependent phagocytosis in patients with malignant melanoma. AB - Recombinant alpha interferons (IFN-alpha) have diverse effects on the immune response. Alpha IFNs have been shown to increase the number of monocyte Fc receptors and Fc dependent phagocytosis in vitro. Therefore, we prospectively evaluated Fc-dependent phagocytic activity in a group of 14 patients with Stage III melanoma receiving from 10 to 100 X 10(6) u of recombinant DNA-produced alpha 2 interferon (IFN-alpha 2) five days a week for four weeks. Monocyte Fc-dependent phagocytosis (FcDP) was assayed by measuring the ingestion of 51Cr-labeled, IgG coated sheep erythrocytes before, and on Days 2, 5, and 19 of IFN therapy. Each patient was simultaneously compared with the same unmatched normal controls during the assay period. Monocyte FcDP was unchanged in 8/14 patients on each of the three sampling days. Increases in FcDP occurred in 4/14 patients on Day 2 and only 1/14 on Day 19. Recombinant DNA-produced IFN-alpha 2 did not persistently augment monocyte FcDP irrespective of the dose administered. Moreover, there may be untoward effects on monocyte FcDP in vivo from intravenous administration of high dose IFN-alpha 2 since a distinct, but statistically insignificant (p = 0.06) trend of inhibition of FcDP by Day 19 of therapy was observed. Monocyte FcDP activity of normal controls fluctuated from day to day. The intrinsic variability in monocyte FcDP as assessed by this technique may conceal an effect(s) of IFN preparations in vivo. Additional studies are needed to further define the effects of purified IFN preparations on monocyte and tissue-derived macrophage effector functions. PMID- 6747350 TI - [A study of autologous pulmonary valve replantation]. PMID- 6747349 TI - (2'-5')oligo(A) synthetase as a monitor of interferon action in juvenile laryngeal papillomatosis. AB - Four children with juvenile laryngeal papillomatosis were treated with human leukocyte interferon (IFN-alpha) by intravenous infusions. In three cases the clinical course of the disease was effected favorably. Serum IFN titers and (2' 5')oligo(A) synthetase (OAS) levels in lymphocytes of the patients were measured once a week during therapy. Levels of serum IFN determined 15 min after the end of 1 h infusions corresponded to only 15%-40% of the amount infused. Comparable OAS activities in the four children were measured before infusion, i.e., one, two, or three days, respectively, after the preceding infusion, though mean IFN titers of the patients differed from each other (200-400 and 400-600 u/ml). This suggests a saturation of the lymphocytes' antiviral system by these IFN levels. A discontinuation for two weeks in the early phase of IFN treatment, accompanied by a decrease of the OAS activity in the lymphocytes to the basal level, resulted in a deterioration of the patient's condition. A change in treatment schedule causing a decrease of OAS activity to a lower, though still elevated level, for six weeks until the present did not influence the course of therapy. Therefore, we suppose that the maintenance of elevated levels of OAS activity in lymphocytes for some months may be a necessary, even though not always a sufficient, criterion for a successful therapy schedule in IFN treatment of juvenile laryngeal papillomatosis. In addition, our results suggest OAS activity to be suitable in monitoring effects of an IFN therapy. PMID- 6747352 TI - [An experimental study on dissecting aortic aneurysm]. PMID- 6747351 TI - [The evaluation of myocardial protection from ischemia by means of 31P-NMR--the role of changes in myocardial high-energy phosphate levels]. PMID- 6747353 TI - [Multivariate analysis for prediction of low cardiac output syndrome (LOS) after mitral valve replacement]. PMID- 6747354 TI - [A new method to close ventricular septal defect in corrected transposition of the great arteries (SLL)]. PMID- 6747355 TI - [Repair of complete atrioventricular canal associated with tetralogy of Fallot: report of two successfully treated cases]. PMID- 6747356 TI - [Successful correction of double outlet right ventricle with L-malposition of the aorta (SDL & SLL): report of 2 cases]. PMID- 6747357 TI - [Transvascular removal of catheter fragments from the great vessels and the heart]. PMID- 6747358 TI - [Surgical experience with interruption of the aortic arch]. PMID- 6747359 TI - [Tetralogy of Fallot with a conus defect associated with a common atrioventricular canal and atrioventricular discordance [IDN]. A case report]. PMID- 6747360 TI - [A case of dissecting aneurysm DeBakey type IIIb associated with pheochromocytoma]. PMID- 6747361 TI - [A case of solitary thymoma of the left pulmonary hilus]. PMID- 6747362 TI - [Primary tracheal anastomosis after resection of mediastinal thyroid carcinoma- successful management of paralysis of bilateral recurrent laryngeal nerves]. PMID- 6747363 TI - [Experimental study on the effects of compositions of cardioplegic solutions on coronary arteries]. PMID- 6747364 TI - [Surgical treatment of descending thoracic aneurysms using V-A bypass and left bronchial blocking]. PMID- 6747365 TI - [Postoperative course and problems of the interruption of aortic arch]. PMID- 6747366 TI - [Hemodynamic studies of tetralogy of Fallot immediately after total correction]. PMID- 6747367 TI - [Analysis of blood flow pattern in the right heart after Fontan procedure]. PMID- 6747369 TI - [A case of left atrial thrombus in a 42-year-old woman. Heparin anticoagulation during extracorporeal circulation in an antithrombin III deficit patient]. PMID- 6747368 TI - [Bone and bone marrow function of the reconstructed chest wall after surgical correction of pectus excavatum]. PMID- 6747370 TI - [Surgical treatment of aneurysms of the transverse aortic arch]. PMID- 6747371 TI - [A case of right traumatic diaphragmatic hernia containing polyp-shaped strangulated liver]. PMID- 6747372 TI - [Modified Hardy's operation for Ebstein's anomaly using a Carpentier ring--report of a case]. PMID- 6747373 TI - [Anomalous pulmonary venous drainage of the entire left lung with intact atrial septum: report of a case with surgical correction]. PMID- 6747374 TI - [Surgical treatment of thoracoabdominal aortic aneurysms: report of four cases and review of the literature]. PMID- 6747375 TI - [A rapid sensitive method of gel fluorography--how to use Enlightning economically]. PMID- 6747376 TI - [The method for determination of protein band in polyacrylamide gels]. PMID- 6747377 TI - [Studies on the early diagnosis of endometrial carcinoma. Analysis of risk factors and cytological approach]. AB - Clinical, cytological and hormonal studies were performed on 86 cases of endometrial carcinoma and 34 cases of endometrial hyperplasia for their early diagnosis. 68.6% of the endometrial carcinomas were in patients aged 50 to 64 and 3.5% in patients under 45 ages. The figures 17.4% infertility, 20.9% no delivery and 19.8% only one delivery indicate that endometrial carcinoma is associated with no birth or the birth of few child. Almost all cases of endometrial carcinoma had existed for more than ten years since the last pregnancy, when the lesions were detected. 20.9% of endometrial carcinomas belonged to premenopause and 24.4% to within the first 5 years following menopause. In total, 45.3% of them range around menopause and hormonal imbalance in climacteric periods. Clinical stages of endometrial carcinoma revealed no relation to enlargement of the uterus. 61.4% of endometrial carcinoma were found in obese patients. 63.1% of them showed abnormal glucose tolerance titers and preclinical lesions. Hypertension was found in 28.0% of them, but we did not consider it very significant, considering their advanced age. The serum steroid level indicated no hyperestrogenism in endometrial carcinoma. Diagnostic data showing positive and suspecious smears in endometrial carcinoma were 36.5% in vaginal, 67.5% in cervical and 84.3% in endometrial cytology. This means that direct sampling of cells from the uterine cavity is essential in the detection of endometrial carcinoma. The cytological features of endometrial carcinoma were nuclear enlargement, anisokaryosis, irregular distribution of chromatin and prominent nucleoli. Undifferentiated types of endometrial carcinoma were more characterized by these factors than differentiated types. PMID- 6747378 TI - [Estrogen biosynthesis in human female adipose tissue in vitro]. AB - The level of androstenedione aromatase activity in 10 cases of abdominal adipose tissues of premenopausal patients with benign gynecological disease (myoma uteri 7 cases, ovarian cyst 1 case, intersex 1 case, and hydatidiform mole 1 case) was examined. The adipose tissue homogenate (500mg) was incubated with [1,2,6, 7-3H] androstenedione (10 microCi, 110 pmol), and NADPH (0.5mg) at 37 degrees C for 2h in air. After stopping the enzyme reaction, [14C]-estrone, estradiol (1 X 10(4) dpm) and cold estrone, estradiol (250 micrograms) were added as tracers. Ethyl acetate extract was submitted to Bio-Rad AG1-X2 column chromatography, TLC, and co-crystallization to constant specific activity and 3H/14C ratio. Estrone was formed in all samples (29-65 fmol/g/h), and estradiol was formed in 7 samples. The estradiol level was extremely low compared to estrone. Control samples (no tissue blank and zero time incubated samples) were under 1 fmol/g/h for estrone and estradiol through this procedure, respectively. This result indicates that adipose tissue may contribute to estrogen formation as one of the extragonadal tissues. The enzyme activity did not differ significantly according to gynecological disease, age, and superficial area. PMID- 6747379 TI - [Serum prolactin levels following abortion in normal and molar pregnancy]. AB - The changes in serum specific hCG and prolactin levels were studied in 20 women after the evacuation of normal pregnancy at 5-10 weeks (group A) and 10 patients after the evacuation of molar pregnancy of 9-16 weeks (group B). The elimination of circulating hCG was faster in group A than in group B, and that in women after term delivery(group C)was faster than in both groups A and B. The half-life of the serum hCG level was 44.4 hrs in group A, 42.7hrs in group B, and 38.9hrs in group C, respectively. The mean level of serum prolactin in group A was 27.4ng/ml at 0 day, 64.5ng/ml at 4-7 days, and 31.9ng/ml at 13-15 days after evacuation, respectively. The surge was statistically significant. Though no regular tendency was found in the prolactin levels in group B, the levels were relatively higher than in group A and nonpregnant women. No correlation was found between hCG and prolactin levels in either group A or group B. The administration of drugs, such as methotrexate, did not affect the prolactin levels. On BBT, the resumption of ovulation tended to occur when the prolactin level, rather than the hCG level, returned to its normal range. PMID- 6747380 TI - Clinical usefulness of terbutaline in the management of placenta praevia. AB - Terbutaline was given to five patients with complete placenta praevia in order to prevent massive bleeding while at the same time prolonging the pregnancy. The longest period gained on therapy was 48 days and the shortest was 6 days. Doses of terbutaline used in these periods were 0.71-4.47 mg/dl. No serious complications were observed. PMID- 6747381 TI - [Monitoring the structural development of fetus]. PMID- 6747382 TI - [Fetal heart rate monitoring]. PMID- 6747383 TI - [Registration of perinatal diseases: a committee report]. PMID- 6747384 TI - [An epidemiologic study on low-birth-weight babies]. AB - A case-control study was made in Gunma Prefecture of 1,390 mothers of babies born weighing 2,500 grams or less and an equal number of mothers of 3,000-up to-4,000 gram babies matched by place and month of birth. A correlation was found between low-birth-weight babies and maternal age, stature, menstrual history and past history. The mother's occupation, educational career, smoking habits, amount of sleep each day, date of issue of the Mother's Handbook and the number of the periodical health examinations received can be listed as socio-medical factors. Bleeding and lower abdominal pain during pregnancy, anemia and toxemia of pregnancy are found as prenatal factors. Low-birth-weight babies are found to be correlated with multiple pregnancy, breech presentation, placenta previa and premature separation of the placenta, also. PMID- 6747385 TI - [Developments in mass screening for uterine cancer in the past 10 years (1972 1981) in Shimane Prefecture--cell sampling method and the central cytological diagnostic system]. AB - Mass screenings for uterine cancer have been done on 200,000 women in Shimane Prefecture, Japan, from 1972-1981. Up to 1978, a cotton-tipped applicator was used for sample procurement and since that time a wooden spatula type instrument has been used. A central, cytological diagnostic system has been used since 1979. The cytology activity index (CAI) was about 90 each year. The rate of second examination performed is about 60% for women requiring an accurate examination. Cancer detection rates increased from 0.05% to 0.12%, the false negative rate decreased, cytological and histological findings were in close parallel and the mortality rates have decreased. These positive results are attributed to the use of the wooden spatula and central diagnostic systems. By the mass screening for uterine cancer during these 10 years, 81 women were detected as having carcinoma in situ and 107 women as having invasive carcinoma in the histological findings. The number of first screenings has decreased gradually, but the number examined 6 times or more has increased. These results include that same women have tended to undergo the mass screening examination. In women over 50 y.o., particularly those 60 or over, the number screened was low, yet the incidence of invasive cancer exceeded that in other groups. PMID- 6747386 TI - [A study on the correlation between automated fetal heart rate analysis and changes in umbilical cord arterial blood]. AB - A correlation between various parameters of automated analysis of fetal heart rate (FHR) and blood gases of umbilical cord artery examined immediately after vaginal delivery was investigated in 71 cases by external monitoring and 61 cases by internal monitoring. Parameters of automated analysis including FHR score, fetal distress (FD) index, uterine contraction area value and number of accelerations were determined every 5 minutes by using microcomputer-aided automatic analysis of FHR. Almost all of these neonates showed a high Apgar score of 8 or more except for 7 infants. However, parameters of automated FHR analysis of 15 or 20 minutes before delivery were well correlated with umbilical cord arterial BE and HCO3- in the externally monitored group. The maximum correlation coefficients were noted between FHR score and BE(r = -0.375), FD index and BE (r = -0.393) 20 minutes before delivery, FD index and HCO3- (r = -0.401) and FHR score and HCO3- (r = -0.393) 15 minutes before delivery. The uterine contraction area value was well correlated with BE and HCO3- of umbilical cord blood 10 minutes before the maximum correlation of FD index and FHR score was observed. In the internally monitored group, FHR parameters were well correlated with BE and HCO3- 35 minutes before delivery. PMID- 6747388 TI - [The fetal systolic time intervals as an indicator of fetal hemodynamics- physiologic changes of the fetal systolic time intervals with fetal growth]. AB - The fetal systolic time intervals (fetal STIs) with advancing fetal age were analysed in normal fetuses by means of the fetal STIs monitoring system which we had devised. The following results were obtained: The electro-mechanical delay (EMD), isometric contraction time (ICT) and pre-ejection period (PEP) were gradually prolonged during gestation; they were markedly prolonged after 32 weeks' gestation. The ventricular ejection time (VET) and VET corrected by heart rate (VET425) were shortened with advancing fetal age. The ejection index (PEP/VET425) and %PEP were increased, especially after 32 weeks' gestation. The PEP showed a high correlation with the ICT. The VET had a negative correlation with fetal heart rate between 36 and 40 weeks' gestation. The mean values (+/- S.D.) of these parameters between 36 and 40 weeks' gestation were as follows: EMD = 43.0 +/- 1.3 msec, ICT = 29.2 +/- 3.0 msec, PEP = 72.4 +/- 3.6 msec, %PEP = 17.1 +/- 1.4%, VET425 = 177.1 +/- 3.9 msec and PEP/VET425 = 0.407 +/- 0.022. The parameters were not correlated with birth weight. These results suggest marked fetal hemodynamic changes after 32 weeks' gestation, and these parameters may be used to indicate functional adaptation of the cardiovascular system with fetal growth. PMID- 6747387 TI - [Ultrasound measurement of fetal head and body sizes in the assessment of fetal growth]. AB - The growth of the ultrasound biparietal diameter (BPD), head circumference (HC), chest circumference (CC) and abdominal circumference (AC) during normal pregnancy is presented. A total of 799 measurements of 619 pregnant women from 20 to 42 weeks gestation were taken. 1) The correlation coefficient between gestational weeks and BPD, HC, CC, AC was 0.901, 0.972, 0.990, 0.988 respectively. 2) The correlation of HC, CC and AC was HC greater than AC greater than CC before 35 weeks but after 35 weeks it was AC greater than HC greater than CC. 3) The growth of large-for-date fetuses (LFD) was more rapid than that of appropriate-for-date fetuses (AFD). It was difficult to detect LFD before 30 weeks. 4) In the group of small-for-date fetuses, the HC/AC ratio was always greater than one. It was suggested that the growth of the fetal body was slower than that of the head. PMID- 6747389 TI - [The effect of maternal exercise on the fetal heart rate]. AB - The effect of maternal exercise (the two-step test of Master) on the fetus was studied in 28 pregnant women. These subjects consisted of 5 cardiac cases, 5 cases with IUGR, 5 cases with preeclampsia and 13 normal pregnant women. Overt deceleration of the FHR was found after exercise only in 3 cardiac cases whose FHR tracings had been normal before. Slight changes such as a small rise or a small fall in FHR after exercise were seen in 4 of 7 cases who had shown decelerations in FHR before, and in a normal case. Fetal tachycardia appeared in 2 normal cases immediately before exercise; in one case the FHR tracing appeared not to be influenced by exercise; in the other case it rested at the normal baseline level after exercise. In most cases the amplitude of baseline variability remained unchanged or decreased after exercise. The severity of deceleration before exercise did not correlate well with the results of the exercise test. The exercise test did not reveal any new patients who might have placental insufficiency, suggesting that this procedure may not be warranted for evaluating a patient with placental insufficiency. Fetal response to exercise, however, may disclose a maternal hemodynamic problem. The exercise test with FHR monitoring should be recommended to a patient with heart disease. PMID- 6747390 TI - Systolic time intervals and impedance cardiogram in pregnant and toxemic women. AB - STI measurements and impedance cardiography were carried out during gestation and post partum in 231 cases. In normal pregnant women, prolongation of the Q-I interval, isometric contraction time (ICT), preejection period (PEP) and shortening both of the Q-II interval and ejection time (ET) were all marked in late stages of pregnancy. Mean values for stroke volume (SV), cardiac output (CO) and cardiac index (CI) were at the maximum at 16-23 weeks of pregnancy, and then fell in the antepartum period. The total peripheral resistance (TPR) at 16-23 weeks of pregnancy was lower than in other periods. In the postpartum period, the heart rate was lowered, and the Q-II interval and ICT were prolonged. In toxemic pregnancy, SV, CO and CI were lower than those of the normal group and various changes in STI were more apparent than those of non-toxemic pregnants in the supine position. By the postural change from supine to left lateral in toxemia, the improvement in STI was not as good as in the normal pregnant group and, moreover, SV and CO were decreased and TPR was increased. These results suggest that in toxemic pregnancy the left ventricle might be less complaint and less sensitive to the increase in venous return. PMID- 6747391 TI - The lipid metabolism in normal and diabetic pregnancy. AB - In order to study the lipid metabolism in normal and diabetic pregnancy, the serum obtained in the third trimester and postpartum was fractionated into VLDL, LDL, and HDL by ultracentrifugation. The lipid concentrations in each lipoprotein fraction were determined. The hyperlipidemia induced by pregnancy was mainly due to the increase in the amount of VLDL-triglyceride, which was enhanced in diabetic pregnancy. Each lipid in the VLDL fraction was increased, but compositionally unchanged from that observed in non-pregnant women. On the contrary, the percentage of triglyceride in the LDL and HDL increased with reciprocal percentage reductions in cholesterol and phospholipid. This tendency was more prominent in diabetic pregnancy than in normal pregnancy. PHLA, which was determined to study the catabolism of triglyceride, was suppressed in the third trimester in normal and diabetic pregnancy, compared to that in non pregnant women. Moreover, the ratio of apo C II/C III1 + C III2 in the VLDL was investigated and found to be significantly lower in the third trimester in normal and diabetic pregnancy than than in non-pregnant women. The impaired removal of VLDL-triglyceride was one of the factors which caused hyperlipidemia during pregnancy. In addition, the overproduction of VLDL-triglyceride affected hyperlipidemia in diabetic pregnancy. PMID- 6747392 TI - A simple and rapid assay of serum luteinizing hormone by hemagglutination reaction. PMID- 6747393 TI - [Cytological diagnosis of endometrial cancer with "Endocyte"]. PMID- 6747394 TI - [High-risk factors and criteria of screening for endometrial cancer]. PMID- 6747395 TI - [Successful management of ruptured dermoid cyst and 12 similar cases]. PMID- 6747396 TI - [A report and review on fertilization in vitro]. PMID- 6747397 TI - [New approach for diagnosis and postoperative evaluation in herniated lumbosacral disc]. AB - Dermatomally activated somatosensory evoked potentials (DSSEP's) were recorded over the scalp in 50 healthy subjects and 40 patients who later underwent exploration for herniated lumbosacral discs. The control subjects showed three negative peaks, N40, N56 and N78, and N41, N59 and N82 after bilateral stimulation of L5 and S1 dermatomes, respectively. In the patient group, the first two peaks were often abnormal in the presence of clinical sensory deficit, whereas the third peak tended to remain normal. At surgery, herniated disc was confirmed in all but six patients. The findings in myelogram were misleading in eight patients, showing either false positive or false negative results. The DSSEP's were normal in seven patients with documented disc protrusion at the level of L5 or S1 root. The test was also normal in another case with herniation at the level of S2 root. In this series, DSSEP's was extremely accurate in defining the level and the degree of lumbosacral root involvement. The findings on electrophysiology and myelography are not comparable, but are complementary, the former indicating function and the latter structure. Thus, electrophysiologic studies and myelography were complementary in providing an accurate diagnosis for herniated lumbosacral disc. PMID- 6747398 TI - A new method for external fixation with single crystal alumina ceramic screw nail and its biomechanical study. AB - Through the use of the Hoffmann external fixator, we have recognized the importance of strength of fixation between the screw nail and the bone in the external fixation and have fully realized the necessity of an affinity of the screw nail to the soft tissue at the thrusting site of the screw nail. We made a screw nail for external fixation with single crystal alumina ceramic on an experimental basis and after its basic test of strength, tried its clinical application by the Hoffmann external fixator. When this screw nail was used, it was found difficult to fix the screw nails thrusted in each different direction by the Hoffmann external fixator because of the small elasticity of the sapphire screw nail itself. However when the screw nails were fixed by force, a great stress concentration occurred in them or the bone around them and this caused their breakage and loosening. To protect this, we have developed a new external fixator which enables to hold, connect and fix each screw nail at the individual thrusting positions and directions and is therefore completely universal to each plane. PMID- 6747399 TI - [Forces at the implant-bone interface of condylar knee prosthesis--with special reference to the retention of the posterior cruciate ligament]. AB - Breakdown of the implant-bone interface is the most important factor limiting the effective life of total joint replacement. A particular example is the tibial component of the knee prosthesis which interfaces with trabecular bone. It is postulated that one of the major reasons for interface breakdown is excessive shear, compressive and moment stresses at the implant-bone interface. These stresses can be greatly influenced by the design of the prostheses, namely surface contour of the tibial component and the retention of the posterior cruciate ligament. Forces across the tibial component-bone interface was measured for prostheses both retaining and sacrificing the posterior cruciate ligament and for partially conforming and non-conforming, flat geometries. The results are as follows: Shear force, normal force and moment force across the interface were significantly greater for the prostheses sacrificing the posterior cruciate ligament than for those retaining it. Moment force was markedly greater for the tibial component with anterior curvature than for flat tibial component. It was suggested from this experiment that the knee prosthesis should retain the posterior cruciate ligament and the surface of the tibial component should probably be flatter for reducing the forces at the implant-bone interface. PMID- 6747401 TI - [Injuries of finger bones and joints]. PMID- 6747400 TI - Intracytoplasmic collagen fibers observed in cartilage of the pathological conditions. AB - The young male rabbit ear cartilage after intravenous injection of chymopapain was studied by electron microscope. Fibrous long spacing (FLS)-like fibers were observed in the cytoplasm of the cartilage cells. These fibers were then compared with segment long spacing (SLS) fibers within the golgi vacuoles in the secondary well differentiated chondrosarcoma cells. These collagen fiber formation do not represent a normal collagen fiber formation, but it may be possible that the tropocollagen molecules are aggregated in the golgi vacuoles in a manner characteristic to FLS or SLS fiber by the close relationship with lysosome. PMID- 6747402 TI - [Serial strain gauge measurement of bone healing in Hoffmann external fixation]. AB - Since 1978, the author has applied Hoffmann external fixation to the treatment of open fractures and infected pseudoarthrosis of long bones in the lower limbs, but has some difficulties in determining when weight bearing should be started after operation, how much weight bearing should be and when the pin should be removed. As new method to mechanically analyze the callus strength, I tried to estimate the amount of strain at intervals of 2 to 3 weeks, beginning from the second week after operation, by bending or compressing the fracture site through the strain gauge glued to the middle of the external fixator's connecting rod. From a strength test by means of a model of fracture using a vinyl chloride pipe and also from a study of computer calculation using the model of plane beam structure for architectural design, it was found that the amount of the strain on the connecting rod decreased hyperbolically when the mechanical properties of the callus increased, and that it became constant when the mechanical properties of the callus reached 50% of the intact bone. The strength test using an cadaveric skin bone demonstrated that the callus volume was one of the most important and affecting factor. Twenty-three cases were treated by Hoffmann external fixation, and the bone healing was achieved in 20 of them. On the basis of the bone healing curve obtained by the serial strain gauge measurement in those cases, the bone healing process could be classified into 5 types: normal healing, slow healing, non-union, arrest in evolution and breakage of callus; and were employed as indexes in the post-operative rehabilitation program. PMID- 6747403 TI - [Histological investigation of nail growth in human embryos and regrowth of nail after its removal in adult monkeys--with reference to clinical observation in injuries to the nail and its surrounding tissues]. AB - As the basis to develop adequate treatments which can preserve the nail plate or assure its regrowth in frequently encountered injuries to the nail-surrounding tissues, a histological investigation was made of nail growth in human embryos and regrowth of nail after its removal in adult monkeys. The author's investigation in these two series indicated the following. Firstly the nail plate composed of parakeratotic layer is produced solely of "nail matrix", thus, supporting Zaias' and opposing Lewis' theory as to the nail production. Secondly though the normal, completely formed nail matrix and nail bed have no granulosa cell nor horny layer, the nail bed is temporarily covered with "false nail" which contains these two layers during the process of embryonal nail growth as well as during that of regrowth after its removal. This "false nail" well incorporates with the volar surface of growing or regrowing nail plate, and is gradually pushed distally as the nail grows and stretches distally . These findings raise a question why healthy nail does not grow over ordinary skin graft placed on the nail bed damaged by trauma. Is there any essential difference between "false nail" and ordinary skin graft, though both having these two layers in common? The author thinks there must be and presumes that it lies in the difference of turn over time as exemplified with autoradiographical study by Zaias, i.e. turn-over time of germinative layers of healthy nail bed is much slower than in ordinary skin, therefore not so thick horny layer as in ordinary skin is formed by the time the growing or regrowing nail plate spread over it, which allows "incorporation" between palmar surface of the growing nail and germinative layer of the nail bed. On the contrary, too thick horny layer provided or formed in the grafted ordinary skin does not allow the "incorporation" between these tissues. Clinical observations coincide with the above result and presumption. PMID- 6747404 TI - Nuclear magnetic resonance studies on experimental malignant bone tumors. AB - The relaxation times of water protons were studied by nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) method in two kinds of experimental malignant bone tumors, intramedullary transplanted VX2 carcinoma and Gardner osteosarcoma 519. The relaxation times for malignant tumor tissues were significantly elevated than those for normal bone tissues. Bone marrow sample, where VX2 carcinoma was transplanted 1 week before and included only a few scattered malignant tumor cells, showed the elevation in the relaxation times compared with that of normal bone marrow. In addition, analyses of the electrolytes and the water content of each tissue suggest that the elevation of the relaxation times is not necessarily attributable to the factor of the water content. PMID- 6747405 TI - Nuclear magnetic resonance studies on human bone and soft tissue tumors. AB - The relaxation times of water protons of 71 normal, benign and malignant specimens of human bone and soft tissue were studied by nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) method. By combining T1 and T2 into a malignancy index, it was possible to discriminate malignant and nonmalignant (normal and benign) tissue in 41 out of 44 bone tissue specimens and all 27 soft tissue specimens. In chondrosarcoma, there appeared to be a correlation of the malignancy index with the degree of tissue differentiation. Furthermore, the relaxation times might have been influenced by chemotherapy before operation was carried out. PMID- 6747406 TI - An experimental study of the effects of pulsed electromagnetic field (Diapulse) on nerve repair. AB - This study investigates the effects of a pulsed electromagnetic field (PEMF) (Diapulse) on experimentally divided and sutured common peroneal nerves in rats. Evidence is presented to show that PEMF accelerates recovery of use of the injured limb and enhances regeneration of damaged nerves. PMID- 6747407 TI - The split sternomastoid muscle flap. A method to improve the bed for brachial plexus grafts. AB - The transposed sternomastoid muscle split longitudinally, provided a good bed for free nerve grafts in a brachial plexus repair. PMID- 6747408 TI - An experimental study on incompletely cut chicken tendons--a comparison of two methods of management. AB - One hundred and twenty tendons in the chicken were partially cut to a different extent either transversely or obliquely. In half of the tendons, the cuts were sutured and then immobilised for three weeks, while in the other half, they were left unsutured and started on free movement on the third day. From the gross examination and histological studies, the results were significantly better in the sutured and immobilised group. The results became significantly worse when the cut was more than 50%, and there was no difference between an oblique or a transverse cut. PMID- 6747409 TI - Flexor tendon grafts in the fingers. AB - The authors present the results of twenty-five tendon grafts performed between 1972 and 1982. The end results were evaluated according to these parameters: the pre-operative condition, the donor tendon, the level of the lesion, the age of the patient, and the time elapsed from injury to operation. PMID- 6747410 TI - Closed rupture of flexor pollicis longus tendon associated with treatment of Bennett's fracture. AB - A case of closed rupture of the tendon of flexor pollicis longus following treatment of a Bennett's fracture is described. This unusual complication was treated by transfer of the tendon of flexor digitorum superficialis of the ring finger. PMID- 6747411 TI - Correction of ulnar claw hand by a loop of flexor digitorum superficialis motor for lumbrical replacement. AB - The current dynamic procedures for correction of ulnar claw hand are extensor carpi radialis longus many tail graft, palmaris longus four finger many tail graft and extensor by pass operation. Each of these procedures takes a minimum of one and a half hours and needs extensive post operative re-education and training. These procedures employ a graft of plantaris tendon, fascia lata or extensor tendon, with the disadvantages of operating at another site and adhesion of grafts. The procedure described in this article obviates these disadvantages. The operation is simple to perform and has given good results even when performed at leprosy camps where no extensive re-education physiotherapy was available. This operation also tends to correct the reversal of transverse arch. The technique and observations are discussed in detail. PMID- 6747412 TI - Spontaneous rupture of both flexor tendons in a single digit. AB - The rare event of simultaneous, spontaneous rupture of both flexor tendons in the mid-segment of one finger is described and discussed in relation to previous reports of tendon rupture in the hand. PMID- 6747413 TI - Acute carpal tunnel syndrome due to spontaneous haemorrhage. AB - A case of acute carpal tunnel syndrome due to spontaneous haemorrhage is presented. Urgent decompression is suggested as the treatment of choice. PMID- 6747414 TI - Median nerve compression, with tendon ruptures, after Colles' fracture. AB - A rare case of rupture of the flexor pollicis longus tendon following a Colles' fracture is described. The patient also had a ruptured flexor digitorum profundus to the index finger and compression of the median nerve of the same hand. The ruptures were noted after four weeks of plaster immobilisation. Decompression of the median nerve and corrective osteotomy was performed but no tendon repair was attempted. The patient regained good function of the hand. PMID- 6747415 TI - Palmaris profundus of Frohse and Frankel in association with carpal tunnel syndrome. AB - The occurrence of the anomalous Palmaris Profundus muscle in association with median nerve compression in the wrist in two patients is described. In one of the patients this muscle was a substitute for an absent Palmaris Longus in the left hand. In the right hand, and in the left hand in the second patient, this anomalous muscle was present in addition to the normal Palmaris Longus muscle. PMID- 6747416 TI - Familial congenital hypoplasia of the thumb--report on a family. AB - Congenital hypoplasia of the thumb is not a rare condition in clinical practice, but a familial occurrence of this condition is exceedingly rare. We report a family with familial congenital hypoplasia of the thumb. In three generations, five members were proved to be affected and another two were presumed to be affected. To our surprise, a younger sister of the propositus had tetralogy of Fallot and triphalangeal thumbs on both hands. PMID- 6747417 TI - Triphalangeal thumb and dermatoglyphics. AB - The dermatoglyphics of nine Japanese (three males and six females) with triphalangeal thumb were studied. The dermal pattern on the triphalangeal thumb showed the high increased frequency of radial loop pattern (69.2%). PMID- 6747418 TI - Congenital radio-ulnar synostosis. AB - Thirty-three patients with congenital radio-ulnar synostosis were examined. There was one familial predisposition. Chromosomal patterns were examined in seventeen patients and were normal. Bone maturation appeared normal. The radial deviation angle, in the patients whose distal radial epiphysis had closed, was elevated (Madelung's deformity). However, in the patients whose distal epiphysis maturation score was 8, it was not elevated. On the other hand, elongation of the ulna (plus variant) and/or dorsal dislocation of the distal end of the ulna was seen in early life. In terms of treatment, all attempts to divide the two bones failed. It was found that derotation of the nonwriting hand by an osteotomy through the proximal fusion mass was a useful procedure. PMID- 6747419 TI - Assessment of percutaneous fasciotomy in the management of Dupuytren's contracture. AB - This prospective study of the treatment of Dupuytren's Contracture in 78 hands has been designed to investigate the role of subcutaneous fasciotomy. The results suggest that in hands where the contracture is predominantly at the metacarpophalangeal joint, then percutaneous fasciotomy is of value. PMID- 6747420 TI - The incidence of Dupuytren's disease in patients with rheumatoid arthritis. AB - Some conditions commonly associated with Dupuytren's disease are well-known. No attention has been paid to conditions with a significantly low incidence of Dupuytren's. A large number of patients with rheumatoid arthritis were studied, and were found to have a statistically significantly lower incidence of Dupuytren's disease, than was observed by the same clinicians in age, sex, matched controlled patients. PMID- 6747421 TI - Small joint fusions of the hand using the Herbert Bone Screw. AB - The Herbert Bone Screw has a thread at both ends and was originally developed for internal fixation of fractured scaphoid bones. The two main advantages of compression and no head, make it most suitable for internal splinting of the small joints of the hand. The authors have used this device on thirty-nine joints in ten different sites of the hand, and it has proved to be an extremely successful method. PMID- 6747422 TI - Vibration disease of the capitate. AB - There are four previous cases of isolated avascular necrosis of the capitate in the literature. This report describes a fifth, and the first to be associated with vibration. A paint sprayer presented with wrist pain, tenderness over the capitate and radiological changes of avascular necrosis of the capitate. Following mid-carpal arthrodesis, he returned to work. The role of trauma and a pre-existing ligamentous abnormality of the wrist in the aetiology of this condition is discussed. PMID- 6747423 TI - Wrist joint arthroplasty in rheumatoid arthritis: a comparison between the Meuli and Swanson prostheses. AB - A personal series of twelve wrist arthroplasties performed on ten patients with rheumatoid arthritis of the radio-carpal joint were reviewed in retrospect. Six arthroplasties were of the Meuli metal/plastic/metal design and six were of the Swanson silastic type with an additional silastic ulnar head prosthesis. Both prostheses were successful in giving a pain free stable joint with some degree of useful movement. The Meuli appeared to give a greater range of movement than the more constrained Swanson prosthesis. Although complications were encountered it is concluded that wrist arthroplasty does have a place in the management of patients with rheumatoid arthritis of the radio-carpal joint. Our present policy is to continue with the use of the Swanson design because of the advantages of a cement free prosthesis. PMID- 6747424 TI - Silastic scaphoid implants in osteoarthritis of the radioscaphoid joint. AB - The long term results of Silastic Scaphoid implants are presented in two groups of patients, with osteoarthritis of the radioscaphoid joint without known history of trauma or established pseudarthrosis of the scaphoid bone. The patients in the former group all became satisfied with the operative result whereas in the latter group only half of the patients were satisfied with the result. PMID- 6747425 TI - The dangers of sclerotherapy in the treatment of ganglia. AB - Sixteen ganglia were treated by injection with sclerosant (Sodium Tetradecyl Disulphate), fifteen failed to respond. We present radiological and electron microscopical data together with animal studies to explain the failure and to show the inherent dangers of this therapy. PMID- 6747426 TI - Short term review of the De La Caffiniere trapeziometacarpal arthroplasty. AB - We present a short term review of twenty-one De La Caffiniere trapezio-metacarpal prostheses inserted into twenty patients with an average review time of fifteen months. Only one case was of rheumatoid arthritis and the main indication for operation was pain. From a functional and symptomatic point of view the results are similar to other series with surgery for trapezio-metacarpal arthritis but due to cup loosening 24% have needed revision, 24% have loose cups and a further 19% have lucent cement lines around the cup. This review draws attention to the worrying frequency of loosening with this prosthesis. PMID- 6747427 TI - Bone scanning of fractures of the scaphoid. AB - The value of isotope scanning in patients with clinical signs of fracture of the carpal scaphoid bone and negative or non-diagnostic initial radiographs was examined. 30 patients were examined using both radiography and isotope scanning. A normal scan excludes a fracture. Increased activity localized to the scaphoid bone indicates a fracture. 9 patients had fracture of the scaphoid evident on bone scans within 2 weeks of the injury. It took 2-6 weeks before these fractures showed up on radiographs. PMID- 6747428 TI - Complete disruption of collateral mechanism of proximal interphalangeal joint of fingers. AB - The results are reported of a trial on the management of collateral mechanism disruption of the proximal interphalangeal joints of fingers. The incidence of the injury in Edinburgh, over a seven month period, averaged one case per week. Most (80%) had proximal avulsion of the main ligament. In the operated group all reached the state of painless stability at about two months. In the unoperated group none reached this stage, even at the final follow up, 64% complained of functional disability. It is concluded that operation is the treatment of choice for this injury. PMID- 6747429 TI - Foreign bodies in the hand. AB - A prospective study was carried out on 164 consecutive cases presenting at the Accident Department with foreign bodies in the hand. The distal segment of the digits was the commonest site. The late, symptomatic presentation of patients, together with the development of symptoms in patients managed conservatively indicate that foreign bodies should be removed. General anaesthesia is rarely required, but an effective "block" with a tourniquet is necessary, as infiltration anaesthesia has a high failure rate, and secondary exploration a high complication rate. Glass fragments are almost always visible on plain x rays. PMID- 6747430 TI - The best dressing for a nail bed is the nail itself. AB - The replacement of a surgically avulsed nail as a splint and dressing with "Superglue" is reported. It provides a painless cover for the sterile matrix and facilitates the dressing of finger tip injuries. PMID- 6747431 TI - Osteoid osteoma of the terminal phalanx. AB - The occurrence of osteoid osteoma in the hand is rare, and the rarest of all locations is the terminal phalanx. An osteoid osteoma of the terminal phalanx of the middle finger in a twenty-four-year old woman is described. This case illustrated the very typical clinical and x-ray features of an osteoid osteoma, which made diagnosis and treatment of this rare clinical entity straightforward. On pathological examination, a bundle of nerve fibres was found in the lesion, an explanation that the pain of this tumour may have been mediated by the nervous system via the nerve fibre. PMID- 6747432 TI - A very large keratin horn of the hand. PMID- 6747433 TI - A case report of a true aneurysm of a digital artery. AB - A case report of true aneurysm of a digital artery is presented. Only one other case of this condition has been found in the literature. The treatment for this condition and possible reasons for its rarity are discussed. PMID- 6747434 TI - Foreign body granuloma. A cause of trigger thumb. AB - Snapping or triggering of fingers is a common complaint, the most frequent cause being tenosynovitis of the flexor tendon sheath. Injury of the flexor tendon as a precursor of triggering is infrequent. Foreign body granuloma of the tendon sheath as an antecedent factor has not been yet recorded. We report a case of stenosing tenosynovitis of the flexor tendon of the thumb caused by local reaction to a foreign body. PMID- 6747435 TI - Hand injuries at work. AB - This study of industrial hand injuries describes the nature of commonly encountered injuries, the significance of hand dominance, and the circumstances contributing to the cause of injury. Although many histories were unique, and the contributory factors correspondingly diverse, some recommendations can be made for future prevention and investigation. PMID- 6747436 TI - Tinel or not Tinel. PMID- 6747437 TI - A modified Kleinert Controlled Mobilization Splint following flexor tendon repair. AB - The Controlled Mobilization Splint as described by Kleinert for use following flexor tendon repair has been modified to more closely simulate the normal range of motion of the fingers and in particular to increase the range of motion at the distal interphalangeal joint and so enhance the relative gliding of the flexor digitorum superficialis and flexor digitorum profundus tendons and hence possibly to reduce potential intertendinous adhesions. PMID- 6747438 TI - Unmasking artifactual increases in creatine kinase isoenzymes in patients with renal failure. AB - Previous reports have suggested that creatine kinase isoenzymes are elevated in patients with chronic renal failure and thus are less useful in the evaluation of chest pain in such patients. Our data in 88 patients with chronic renal failure receiving maintenance dialysis confirm this observation for total plasma creatine kinase. However, elevations in MB and BB creatine kinase, although statistically significant, were biologically unimpressive (5.9 +/- 0.05 [SEM] IU/L compared with 4.8 +/- 0.04 IU/L for MB creatine kinase [p less than 0.02], and 5.5 +/- 0.08 ng/ml compared with 3.2 +/- 0.05 ng/ml for BB creatine kinase [p less than 0.0002] ), and were unlikely to cause diagnostic confusion. In 92% of patients with chronic renal failure, plasma MB creatine kinase activity was within the normal range (less than 13 IU/L). Eight percent of patients manifested abnormal MB creatine kinase values; the highest was 20 IU/L. The glass bead method for measuring MB creatine kinase was used to avoid the potential confusion induced by non-creatine kinase-mediated fluorescence, which occurs in the region of MB and BB creatine kinase on electrophoresis. The infrequent and modest increases in plasma MB creatine kinase observed in patients with chronic renal failure should be appreciated, but it should not cause diagnostic confusion, because acute myocardial infarction usually results in more substantial elevations of MB creatine kinase. PMID- 6747439 TI - The effect of nitroso-chloramphenicol on mitochondrial DNA polymerase activity. AB - We studied the effects of nitroso-chloramphenicol, chloramphenicol, amino chloramphenicol, and thiamphenicol on the activity of mitochondrial DNA polymerase of rat liver. 3H-thymidine triphosphate incorporation into DNA was used to measure the DNA polymerase activity in the mitochondrial matrix fraction. This fraction was in the supernatant of sonicated mitochondria obtained by ultracentrifugation. Under standard experimental conditions, thymidine triphosphate incorporation was time dependent up to 10 minutes. This activity was enhanced by beta-mercaptoethanol and was blocked by the known polymerase inhibitors ethidium bromide and 2',3'-dideoxythymidine 5'-triphosphate. Chloramphenicol and its analogues, amino-chloramphenicol and thiamphenicol, did not have a significant effect on the polymerase activity, whereas nitroso chloramphenicol was inhibitory. The degree of inhibition was dependent on the experimental conditions. Thus, in the absence of beta-mercaptoethanol, nitroso chloramphenicol caused inhibition; however, in its presence, there was no significant inhibitory effect. Under similar conditions, the addition of dithiothreitol also provided partial protection. On the other hand, the inhibition by nitroso-chloramphenicol was significantly enhanced with its preincubation in the mitochondrial matrix fraction before the addition of nucleotides and DNA; thus after 40 minutes of preincubation, nitroso chloramphenicol at a concentration of 200 mumol/L gave 53% inhibition, and produced total inhibition at 600 mumol/L. The addition of NADH or NADPH to the preincubation medium produced substantial protection against nitroso chloramphenicol, whereas nicotinamide-adenine dinucleotide had no effect. These results suggest that mitochondrial DNA polymerase may be a target for nitroso chloramphenicol action. The potentiation of that action by preincubation and the protection against it by NADH and NADPH suggest the involvement of intermediate metabolic steps for maximal inhibition. PMID- 6747440 TI - Purification and characterization of hereditary abnormal antithrombin III with impaired thrombin binding. AB - Investigations of a family predisposed to recurrent venous thromboses disclosed a hereditary antithrombin III deficiency. The reactive antithrombin III concentration in plasma was reduced approximately 50%, and the antigen concentration of the inhibitor was normal. Antithrombin III from two members of this family was purified by dextran sulfate precipitation, affinity chromatography on heparin-Sepharose, and ion-exchange chromatography on DEAE Sephadex A-50. Sodium dodecyl sulfate-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis and crossed immunoelectrophoresis showed that only approximately half of the purified antithrombin III was capable of forming a complex with thrombin. This corroborated the finding that approximately twice as much purified antithrombin III from these patients compared with antithrombin III from normal humans was needed for titration of a given amount of thrombin. The nonreactive as well as the reactive population of antithrombin III bound heparin with the same affinity as normal antithrombin III. This was shown by crossed immunoelectrophoresis using heparin in the first dimension, by the elution pattern during salt gradient elution of antithrombin III from heparin-Sepharose, and by heparin enhancement of intrinsic fluorescence. Kinetic studies in the absence and in the presence of heparin indicated that the fraction of antithrombin III that could inactivate thrombin was functionally normal. The affected family members appeared to be heterozygotes with two autosomal codominant alleles that encode a normal and an abnormal antithrombin III protein, respectively. PMID- 6747441 TI - Elevated plasma triglyceride levels are associated with human protoporphyria. AB - Six patients with protoporphyria had mildly elevated triglyceride levels (200 to 300 mg/dl) on serum chemistry screening panels. Measurement of fasting plasma lipid profiles indicated that triglyceride levels were mildly elevated in 22 patients with protoporphyria compared with the values of a age- and sex-matched population of the Lipid Research Clinics prevalence study (p = 0.021). The effect of ingestion of the retinoid precursor beta-carotene on plasma triglyceride levels was assessed in 13 of these patients, both during carotene therapy and during therapy-free intervals. There was no significant increase in plasma triglyceride levels during administration of carotene; eight of 13 patients had lower levels during therapy. There was no significant correlation between plasma triglyceride levels at p less than or equal to 0.05 and serum carotene or blood protoporphyrin levels. Our results indicate that mild hypertriglyceridemia occurs with increased frequency in patients with protoporphyria, but not as a direct result of beta-carotene therapy. PMID- 6747442 TI - Intraabdominal pressure and resorption of ascites in decompensated liver cirrhosis. AB - We determined the levels of total intraabdominal pressure and the tension resulting from the distention of the abdominal wall in 12 patients with ascites resulting from alcoholic cirrhosis of the liver. The measurements were performed first when ascites was tense, and were repeated later when ascites became non tense with treatment. Using intraperitoneal injections of 131I-labeled human serum albumin, we measured the ascites volume and the resorption of albumin from the ascitic compartment at the same time as the pressure studies. Reduction in intra-abdominal pressure from 29.5 +/- 4.1 to 21.7 +/- 6.0 cm H2O (p less than 0.001) and in tension from 8.3 +/- 2.7 to 2.9 +/- 1.6 cm H2O (p less than 0.001) did not result in significant changes in resorption of albumin from the peritoneal cavity. Lowering of intra-abdominal pressure was not associated with any change in the volume of the resorbed ascitic fluid or the amount of albumin resorbed. We conclude that the ascites resorption rate in cirrhosis is not linearly related to intra-abdominal pressure and that in tense ascites, the decreased permeability of the parietal peritoneum counteracts the effects of the increased intra-abdominal pressure on albumin resorption. Cirrhotic ascites is associated with a changing permeability of the peritoneal membrane. PMID- 6747444 TI - Hearing loss in childhood communication disorders. PMID- 6747443 TI - Effect of furosemide on urinary acidification in distal renal tubular acidosis. AB - Furosemide stimulates urinary acidification in normal humans probably by increasing distal Na delivery and transport, thus creating a favorable electric gradient for H+ and K secretion. Therefore, furosemide should stimulate urinary acidification in patients with distal renal tubular acidosis, provided the distal nephron is capable of transporting Na and the H+ pumps can respond to the favorable electric gradient. We examined the effect of short-term furosemide administration on urinary acidification in five normal participants and 12 patients with normokalemic, hypokalemic, or hyperkalemic distal renal tubular acidosis. In controls, furosemide decreased urine pH and increased net acid and K excretion. In six of eight patients with normokalemic or hypokalemic renal tubular acidosis, furosemide decreased urine pH and increased net acid and K excretion to levels not significantly different from control values. The patients that had normal responses were interpreted as having a rate-dependent or gradient distal renal tubular acidosis, and thus increased distal Na delivery created a favorable electric gradient for H+ and K secretion. The normokalemic patients who did not have a response were considered to have a defect in the pumps (secretory defect). Of the four hyperkalemic patients, two had a voltage-dependent defect and the other two had aldosterone deficiency. The patients with selective aldosterone deficiency had low baseline urine pH values that did not change with furosemide administration, but net acid and K excretion did increase significantly. The patients with voltage-dependent defect did not lower urine pH or increase net acid and K excretion. Our data demonstrate that administration of furosemide enhances urinary acidification in certain patients with distal renal tubular acidosis. We suggest that furosemide administration may be useful in the characterization of the mechanism responsible for distal renal tubular acidosis and in the treatment of distal renal tubular acidosis in selected patients. PMID- 6747446 TI - Mortality in pediatric cardiac surgery. Review of a seven-year experience with 944 operations. PMID- 6747445 TI - Neonatal herpes simplex virus encephalitis. PMID- 6747447 TI - Anatomic repair of transposition of the great arteries. PMID- 6747448 TI - Multi modal hearing: the fundamental importance of the kinociliary servo mechanism and the folly of psychoacoustics. Part II. The garrulous fish and the unemployed kinocilium. PMID- 6747449 TI - Tympanometric findings in patients with adenoid hyperplasia, chronic sinusitis and tonsillitis. AB - Tympanograms were done on 120 patients with adenoid hyperplasia, chronic sinusitis and chronic tonsillitis to measure the middle-ear pressure as a parameter to eustachian tube function. The results were compared with those obtained in 50 normal subjects. The statistical significance of the mean values of middle-ear pressure is very highly significant in patients with adenoid hyperplasia, significant in chronic sinusitis group and insignificant in patients with chronic tonsillitis, as compared to the normal control group. Hence, eustachian tube dysfunction is maximum in patients with obstructing adenoids, less in chronic sinusitis and least in chronic tonsillitis. PMID- 6747450 TI - Epidemiology of acoustic neuromas. AB - In Denmark one surgical team, during the last 7 years, has performed about 80 per cent of all acoustic neuroma surgery. Because of this centralization, in such a limited population as that of Denmark, we have attempted to make a epidemiological survey of all diagnosed tumours in the period from 1976 to 1983. Systematic and prospective records were made by the authors of all patients with translabyrinthine operations, and data on patients with suboccipital operations were collected retrospectively from the six neurosurgical departments in Denmark. The average annual incidence was 8 tumours per million inhabitants, with the highest incidence of approximately 13 tumours per million occurring in Copenhagen County. The incidence reported in previously published autopsy series is 800-900 times higher and the following may serve as an explanation for this enormous difference: Autopsy series are in all probability based on highly selected cases; they are predominantly based on elderly people and the incidence is not directly applicable to the population at large. Several of the silent tumours from the autopsy series were located in the cochlea or in the labyrinth and not in the internal ear canal. The conclusion from our study is that both the knowledge and data available at present are insufficient to serve as a basis for an actual calculation of incidence and prevalence of acoustic neuromas.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS) PMID- 6747451 TI - A simple and time saving cold mini caloric test. AB - A simple and time-saving office procedure is presented. The test consists of placing a small piece of cotton-wool soaked in ice water against the tympanic membrane. We term this test the Cold mini caloric test. Our method has been compared quantitatively with the Bithermal caloric test in 20 normal controls, 50 unspecific dizzy patients with no vestibular or obvious neurological disorder, 22 Meniere ears, 12 acoustic neuromas and 20 cases of vestibular neuronitis. The comparison between the two methods has shown the Cold mini caloric test to present consistently similar, though somewhat shorter, nystagmic reactions. There was no difference in the clinical information obtained by the two methods. PMID- 6747452 TI - Cancer of the paranasal sinuses and nasal cavities. Part II. Results of treatment. AB - Part I of this account of a large consecutive series of 561 patients with cancer of the paranasal sinuses and nasal cavities treated at the Royal Marsden Hospital reveals some significant clinical and radiological features. The histopathology of every case has been carefully reviewed by one pathologist. Carcinoma was found to account for almost 80 per cent of tumours. An account is given of treatment methods in present use. End-results are reported in Part II of the paper and demonstrate that patients with sinus cancer receiving combined treatment in one centre have a better prognosis than when it is given in two or more hospitals. The discussion also concentrates on the use of main treatment methods and emphasizes some advances in surgical techniques. The value of initial cytotoxic chemotherapy is unproven but may offer some further advantage in prognosis. Precise comparison with the results of other series is not possible owing to lack of agreement on classification, variable case selection and differing treatment techniques. PMID- 6747453 TI - Brain abscess secondary to paranasal sinusitis. AB - Paranasal sinusitis is the commonest source of infection causing a subdural and frontal lobe abscess and is associated with a mortality of 25 per cent. The ear, nose and throat surgeon should be consulted by his neurosurgical colleague at the earliest stage of management in order to deal with the primary source of infection. PMID- 6747454 TI - Calcified acoustic neurinoma. AB - An unusual case history of a patient with an acoustic neurinoma is reported. The patient had a two-year history of unilateral sensori-neural hearing impairment, normal radiological appearance of the internal acoustic meatus at tomography and on CT a grossly calcified tumour in the cerebello-pontine angle, indicating pathology other than an neurinoma. Vertebral angiography was normal, and at surgery a grossly calcified tumour was found, while microscopy revealed a typical neurinoma pattern. The tumour had to be removed in two stages, both via the translabyrinthine approach, with a satisfactory post-operative condition, including near-normal facial function. It is concluded that dense calcifications in tumours in the cerebello-pontine angle do not necessarily exclude a neurinoma, and vertebral angiography is therefore not indicated routinely. However, such findings do predict difficulties at surgery. PMID- 6747455 TI - Near-drowning, scuba diving: an unusual late sequela of bulbar polio. AB - This case report illustrates an unusual hazard of underwater sports: vagal neuropathology secondary to early poliomyelitis which resulted in residual palato pharyngeal paresis. Gag and swallowing reflexes appeared to function adequately but in fact were not normal. When stressed, during water aspiration, they were inadequate, resulting in great risk to the underwater enthusiast. A history of early viral myelitis must be considered as a potential hazard in underwater sports. PMID- 6747456 TI - Pseudolymphoma of the tongue mimicking Hodgkin's disease. (A case report). AB - We have presented a case of what we believe to be pseudolymphoma arising on the dorsal aspect of the anterior part of the tongue in a middle-aged male with histological features initially suggestive of Hodgkin's disease. The nature and significance of pseudolymphoma have been discussed, together with a critical review of the relevant literature and a suggested outline of management for patients with this type of lesion. PMID- 6747457 TI - Tracheo-oesophageal fistula following blunt trauma. PMID- 6747459 TI - Preparation of biologically active analogs of serum low density lipoprotein. AB - A method for the preparation of stable and water-soluble analogs of low density lipoprotein (LDL) is presented. The experimental protocols start with the preparation of a cholesteryl ester/phospholipid microemulsion by a combined injection-sonication procedure and delipidation of apoprotein B (apoB) with sodium deoxycholate (NaDOC). The association of lipid microemulsion and NaDOC solubilized apoB is achieved by incubation and sonication of the components above the melting point of the cholesteryl ester. The reconstituted model LDL (m-LDL) proved to be quite homogeneous both with respect to particle size and composition. Negative-stain electron microscopy shows spherical particles with a mean diameter of 21 nm. The mean density of the reconstituted LDL was 1.07 g/ml as determined by sucrose density gradient centrifugation. The reconstituted LDL retained its beta-mobility on agarose gel electrophoresis, and sodium dodecyl sulfate (SDS)-gel electrophoresis showed no degradation of apoB during the reconstitution procedures. Studies of biological activity showed that the m-LDL particles are bound, incorporated, and degraded by human fibroblasts in a way similar to native LDL. The reconstituted m-LDL has potential use for metabolic, physiochemical, and enzymatic studies of lipoproteins. PMID- 6747460 TI - A role for hepatic lipase in chylomicron and high density lipoprotein phospholipid metabolism. AB - The rate of removal of phosphatidylethanolamine and phosphatidylcholine from the plasma of rats treated with antiserum to hepatic lipase was measured. The hepatic lipase antiserum was injected intravenously into animals prior to injection of 32P-labeled chylomicrons or 32P-labeled high density lipoproteins. In experiments in which 32P-labeled chylomicrons were injected, antiserum treatment inhibited removal of [32P]phosphatidylethanolamine from chylomicrons, and the unlabeled serum phosphatidylethanolamine levels increased 2-2.5-fold in 30 min. In contrast, hepatic lipase antiserum had no significant effect on the clearance of chylomicron [32P]phosphatidylcholine or on unlabeled phosphatidylcholine concentrations in serum after injection of chylomicrons. In experiments in which 32P-labeled high density lipoproteins were injected, the inhibitory effect of the antiserum on the rapid removal of [32P]phosphatidylethanolamine from the circulation was even more marked than its effect on the removal from chylomicrons. The removal of high density lipoprotein phosphatidylcholine on the other hand was unaffected by the antiserum, although a moderate increase in serum phosphatidylcholine concentration was seen. In antiserum-treated rats injected with 32P-labeled chylomicrons or high density lipoproteins, hepatic [32P]phosphatidylethanolamine radioactivity was decreased. Significantly more [32P]phosphatidylethanolamine was recovered from blood plus liver in the antiserum-treated rats, indicating that the antiserum inhibited the overall degradation of injected [32P]phosphatidylethanolamine. The data suggest that phosphatidylethanolamine is a preferred substrate for hepatic lipase in the metabolism of chylomicron and high density lipoprotein phospholipid. PMID- 6747461 TI - Studies on the mechanism of hypertriglyceridemia in the genetically obese Zucker rat. AB - The possibility that impaired removal of lipoprotein triglyceride from the circulation may be a participating factor in the hypertriglyceridemia of the obese Zucker rat was examined. We found no significant differences in the heparin released lipoprotein lipase (LPL) activities of the adipose tissue, skeletal muscle, and heart (expressed per gram of tissue) from the lean and obese Zucker rats. Furthermore, the kinetic properties of adipose tissue and heart LPL from the lean and obese rats were similar, indicating that the catalytic efficiency of the enzyme was unaltered in the obese animals. The postheparin plasma LPL activities of lean and obese rats were also similar. However, the postheparin plasma hepatic triglyceride lipase (H-TGL) activity in the obese rats was elevated. The higher activity of H-TGL could not alleviate the hypertriglyceridemia in these animals. Since hypertriglyceridemia in the obese rats could also be due to the hepatic production of triglyceride-rich lipoproteins which are resistant to lipolysis, we therefore isolated very low density lipoproteins (VLDL) from lean and obese rat liver perfusates and examined their degradation by highly purified human milk LPL. Although certain differences were observed in hepatic VLDL triglyceride fatty acid composition, the kinetic patterns of LPL-catalyzed triglyceride disappearance from lean and obese rat liver perfusate VLDL were similar. The isolated liver perfusate VLDL contained sufficient apolipoprotein C-II for maximum lipolysis. These results indicate that impaired lipolysis is not a contributing factor in the genesis of hypertriglyceridemia in the genetically obese Zucker rat. The hyperlipemic state may be attributed to hypersecretion of hepatic VLDL and consequent saturation of the lipolytic removal of triglyceride-rich lipoproteins from the circulation. PMID- 6747458 TI - Prevention of cholesterol-induced gallstones by hyodeoxycholic acid in the prairie dog. AB - Prairie dogs of both sexes were fed a semisynthetic diet containing 0.35% cholesterol for a period of 8 weeks. This lithogenic diet induced cholesterol gallstones in ten "lithogenic control animals", five males and five females. Three animals maintained with a high glucose, fat-free diet did not develop gallstones although the cholesterol saturation of their bile approached unity. The formation of gallstones was prevented in four out of five males and all five females fed the lithogenic diet plus 0.1% hyodeoxycholic acid (30 mg per kg body weight per day). The biles of the prairie dogs receiving hyodeoxycholic acid were abnormally colored, cloudy, and highly saturated with cholesterol but contained neither cholesterol crystals nor gallstones (with the exception of one male). Feeding the relatively hydrophilic bile acid, hyodeoxycholic acid, was associated with an increase in hepatic microsomal HMG-CoA reductase activity. Cholesterol 7 alpha-hydroxylase, on the other hand, was inhibited by the administered bile acid. The dietary hyodeoxycholic acid was transformed, in part, to 3 alpha, 6 beta-dihydroxy-5-beta-cholanoic acid and hyocholic acid. It is concluded that hyodeoxycholic acid and its metabolites did not prevent the induced cholelithiasis by causing a decrease in the concentration of biliary cholesterol. Instead, this hydrophilic bile acid apparently increases the amount of cholesterol in the bile, probably in the form of a liquid crystalline mesophase. Hyodeoxycholic acid apparently prevents gallstones by preventing the nucleation and aggregation of cholesterol crystals. The lithogenic diet induced moderate to marked bile duct proliferation together with portal fibrosis and inflammatory infiltration. The addition of hyodeoxycholic acid to the lithogenic diet reduced all of the portal tract changes. PMID- 6747462 TI - Comparison of apolipoprotein B to cholesterol in low density lipoproteins of patients with coronary heart disease. AB - This study was carried out to determine whether patients with coronary heart disease (CHD) have an unusually high level of apolipoprotein B (apoB) relative to cholesterol (C) in low density lipoproteins (LDL). Seven groups of men were studied. Seventy-two with normolipidemia (NLP) had CHD documented on clinical grounds; another 34 NLP patients had proven coronary artery disease (CAD) by angiography (greater than 50% occlusion of two or three coronary arteries). Another group of 37 with documented CHD had hypertriglyceridemia (HTG), and still another 25 with HTG had proven CAD. Three normolipidemic control groups consisted of 30 healthy young men, 40 healthy middle-aged men, and 35 hypertensive men. In normolipidemic CHD and CAD patients, plasma LDL-C averaged 142 +/- 37 (SD) and 136 +/- 32 mg/dl, respectively; in HTG patients with CHD and CAD, LDL-C levels were 137 +/- 37 and 127 +/- 34 mg/dl, respectively. These values were near those of hypertensive controls (141 +/- 31 mg/dl), but higher than middle-aged and younger healthy controls (118 +/- 32 and 106 +/- 26 mg/dl, respectively). Levels of LDL-apoB followed a similar pattern: CHD-NLP (88 +/- 25 mg/dl), CAD-NLP (83 +/ 25 mg/dl), CHD-HTG (94 +/- 30 mg/dl), CAD-HTG (89 +/- 25 mg/dl), hypertensive controls (89 +/- 24 mg/dl), middle-aged controls (80 +/- 25 mg/dl) and younger controls (58 +/- 14 mg/dl). Normolipidemic patients with CHD and CAD did not have higher LDL-C and LDL-apoB levels than hypertensive and normotensive controls. HTG patients with CHD and CAD however tended to have higher LDL-apoB levels, and their LDL-apoB/C ratios were higher on average than normal. Nevertheless, among all coronary groups, there were no sizable subgroups with elevated LDL-apoB; only about 11% of all coronary patients had LDL-apoB levels over 120 mg/dl (compared to 8% for normo- and hypertensive controls of middle age). The data of this study therefore suggest that LDL-apoB may not prove to be a better indicator of coronary risk in normolipidemic people, but LDL-apoB could be a superior predictor of risk in HTG patients. PMID- 6747463 TI - Cholesterol absorption in rat intestine: role of cholesterol esterase and acyl coenzyme A:cholesterol acyltransferase. AB - Cholesterol esterase of pancreatic juice origin and acyl coenzyme A:cholesterol acyltransferase, both associated with the intestinal mucosa, are implicated in the extensive esterification of exogenous cholesterol during absorption. To assess the role of each enzyme, [4-14C]cholesterol absorption into mesenteric lymph of rats with normal mucosal levels of both esterification enzymes was compared with that of rats with normal acyl coenzyme A:cholesterol acyltransferase activity but deficient cholesterol esterase activity. The cholesterol esterase deficiency was accomplished by either surgical diversion of the pancreatic juice from the intestinal lumen or removal by specific immunoprecipitation of cholesterol esterase from the otherwise complete pancreatic juice. In the rats that were transferase-complete and esterase deficient, cholesterol absorption into lymph and esterase activity in the mucosa were decreased an average of 83% and 75%, respectively, compared with rats complete with both esterification enzymes. Of the absorbed [4-14C]cholesterol in all rats, 82-90% was esterified and the mucosal levels of cholesterol esterase, even in the esterase-deficient rats, could readily account for this esterification. Because transferase activity was normal in rat intestine in which cholesterol esterase was deficient and cholesterol absorption was inhibited, transferase alone does not support the absorption of exogenous cholesterol in the absence of esterase. These results reconfirm the importance of esterification in the absorption of exogenous cholesterol and demonstrate that cholesterol esterase plays an essential role in the regulation of the absorption process. PMID- 6747465 TI - High performance liquid chromatography preparation of the molecular species of GM1 and GD1a gangliosides with homogeneous long chain base composition. AB - A semi-preparative, analytical high performance liquid chromatographic (HPLC) procedure is described for the isolation of molecular species of GM1 and GD1a gangliosides containing a single long chain base, C18 or C20 sphingosine, C18 or C20 sphinganine, each in its natural erythro or unnatural threo form. The threo forms were obtained from 2,3-dichloro-5,6-dicyanobenzoquinone/NaBH4 -treated gangliosides. The ganglioside molecular species separated by HPLC were analyzed for carbohydrate, fatty acid, and long chain base composition. In particular, long chain bases were submitted to gas-liquid chromatographic-mass spectrometric analyses as their trimethylsilyl (TMS) or N-acetyl-TMS derivatives, and chain length, presence or absence of C4-C5 double bond, and C-3 steric configuration were ascertained. The final preparations of individual molecular species of GM1 and GD1a gangliosides were more than 99% homogeneous in their saccharide moiety, contained a single long chain base (homogeneity higher than 99%), and had a fatty acid composition primarily of stearic acid (92 to 97%). All the individual molecular species of GM1 and GD1a gangliosides were also prepared in radioactive form by selective tritiation at C-3 of the long chain base. Their specific radioactivity ranged from 1.3 to 1.45 Ci/mmol. The availability of these molecular species of gangliosides is expected to facilitate studies aimed at ascertaining the role played by the hydrophobic portion in the functional behavior of gangliosides. PMID- 6747464 TI - Identification of free ceramide in human erythrocyte membrane. AB - Free ceramide was characterized in human erythrocytes and ghosts. Its concentration was found to be 5.6 mumol/100 ml of packed cells. It was isolated by thin-layer chromatography of its acetylated form and purified by thin-layer chromatography after deacetylation. It was constituted mainly of C16, C22, C24:0, and C24:1 nonhydroxy fatty acids and of C18:1 sphingosine. A small amount of 2 hydroxy fatty acids was also detected, containing mainly C24:0 hydroxy fatty acid. The structures of the ceramides and identification of the minor bases were confirmed by electron-impact and chemical ionization mass spectra of the trimethylsilylated ceramides. PMID- 6747466 TI - Advantages and limitations of density gradient ultracentrifugation in the fractionation of human serum lipoproteins: role of salts and sucrose. AB - Two density gradient ultracentrifugation methods, Redgrave et al. (1975. Anal. Biochem. 65: 42-49) and Nilsson et al. (1981. Anal. Biochem. 110: 342-348), currently used for the separation and analysis of plasma lipoproteins were compared with respect to their resolving power and capacity to obtain pure products as a function of time of ultracentrifugation using the same rotor (Beckman SW-40), speed (150,000 g), and temperature (14 degrees C). The effects of sucrose and salts were also investigated. The Redgrave gradient insured the separation of the major classes of plasma lipoproteins after 24 hr of centrifugation; however, equilibrium conditions were only reached after 48 hr, at which time the lipoproteins were contaminated by albumin. When the effluents from each rotor tube were continuously monitored at 280 nm, each lipoprotein band gave values that were higher than those from mass analyses. This was due to a light scattering effect, the extent of which was dependent on the concentration of lipoproteins and salts. Sucrose prevented the scattering effect and was found to bind irreversibly to the apolipoproteins. In contrast, after 66 hr centrifugation, the lipoproteins obtained from the Nilsson gradient exhibited a close correspondence between protein mass and absorbance values at 280 nm, had no scattering effect, and were uncontaminated by albumin. The difference in spectroscopic behavior between the Redgrave and the Nilsson procedures was attributed to three factors: 1) the presence of sucrose in the latter gradient and incorporation of this sugar into lipoproteins as assessed by mass and radioactivity measurements; 2), the salt density to which the serum samples were exposed to at the beginning of the ultracentrifugation; and 3) the final lipoprotein concentration.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS) PMID- 6747467 TI - Vitamin A metabolism: analysis of steady-state neutral metabolites in rat tissues. AB - High-performance liquid chromatography systems were developed to rapidly separate retinol from its esters, analyze the total spectrum of neutral vitamin A compounds, and purify retinyl esters to homogeneity. Chemical ionization mass spectrometric techniques were used to identify vitamin A compounds; these techniques are also applicable to quantification of tissue vitamin A compounds. These methods provide rapid and sensitive techniques for separation and quantification of neutral retinol metabolites. Their utility was demonstrated by analysis of vitamin A metabolites in rat tissues under steady-state conditions. Tissue specificity was noted for the concentrations of retinol and its long-chain fatty acid esters, the ratio of retinol to retinyl esters, and the fatty acid composition of retinyl esters. Quantitatively minor amounts of several neutral polar retinol metabolites were detected, but neither 13-cis-retinol nor 4 hydroxyretinol was observed in vivo as metabolites of retinol in kidney. PMID- 6747469 TI - Improved version of the Kean partition assay for cerebroside sulfate. AB - In the Kean method for the colorimetric determination of sulfatide (1968. J. Lipid Res. 9: 319-327), the lipid is partitioned together with a blue cationic compound between two phases formed from chloroform, methanol, and water. The blue cation enters the chloroform-rich phase only as an ion pair with the lipid. This method has been improved by the use of a new mixture of solvents in which the desired layer floats above the excess dye. The lower volatility of the new solvent system improves the reproducibility of the technique. PMID- 6747468 TI - Stereospecific synthesis of 3 beta-hydroxylated bile alcohols. AB - This paper describes the synthesis of 5 beta-cholestane-3 beta, 7 alpha,25-triol and 5 beta-cholestane-3 beta, 7 alpha, 12 alpha, 25-tetrol from their corresponding 3 alpha-analogs. The method consists of refluxing a mixture of a steroid alcohol, triphenylphosphine, and diethyl azodicarboxylate in benzene solution with an acid such as formic acid. The sterically pure ester (3 beta formate) so formed after saponification then allows an easy access to the epimer of the starting alcohol. Differentiation of these 3 beta-hydroxy bile alcohols from their corresponding 3 alpha-epimeric analogs was made possible on the basis of proton, 13C-NMR, and mass spectra as well as chromatographic mobility. Steric requirements of sterols and nucleophilicity of attacking acidic components played an important role for the success of this synthesis. Only equatorial hydroxyl groups in these bile alcohols reacted under mild conditions and epimerization, as well as protection of the alcoholic group, was achieved in one step. Formic acid was the acid of choice since the axial formate ester formed is sufficiently reactive to be hydrolyzed (KHCO3/aq X MeOH) under mild conditions. PMID- 6747470 TI - [Peripheral circulatory effects of sodium nitroprussate. Evaluation by plethysmography and capillaroscopy]. AB - Circulatory effects of intravenous injection of sodium nitroprusside are appreciated in 6 patients by monitoring systemic pressure, heart rate, digital systolic pressure, pulse plethysmography and nail-fold capillaroscopy. Low doses of nitroprusside (1.5 microg./kg/mn) enhance digital blood flow (+ 78.9%) and maximum height of the plethysmographic curve (+ 71.6%), without any significant modification of the systemic blood pressure (- 0.6%), heart rate (+ 6.3%) and digital pressure (- 1.15%). The peripheral resistances are strongly reduced. Nail fold capillaroscopy is unchanged. Higher doses, even with an adequate vascular filling, are potentially harmful for microcirculation. PMID- 6747471 TI - [Value and limitations of venous blocks using reserpine in acrosyndromes of the upper extremities]. AB - A block Bier technique using a one milligram Reserpine injection has been applied to ten patients with severe Raynaud's phenomenon (six of them had digital gangrene). Six patients have been improved and three have completely healed. This method must only be applied to severe cases and may be used as a pretherapeutic test in upper sympathectomy. PMID- 6747472 TI - [Digital dynamic telethermography: an aid in the study of vascular reactivity to cold]. AB - Vascular reactivity to cold has been studied on 22 patients by means of digital dynamic thermography. Using an interface the thermographic images are digitized in real time and stocked in the computer. After the cooling (two minutes in water at 10 degrees C) the warming-up is followed by sequential thermographic images. Profiles of thermic evolution are represented for 12 regions of interest (at the level of each finger and two for the back of the hands). Four types of thermic profiles are observed: Type 0: all fingers and back of hands have the same basal temperature. After cooling the warming-up is immediate, synchronic for all fingers and goes on more or less rapidly. Type I: at the basal state all fingers have identical temperature. After cooling, the warming-up starts after a latency period of several minutes, which is identical for all fingers. After it the warming-up is fast and synchronic with a thermic "overshot" phenomenon at the end of the examination. Only the thumbs are warmed-up without a latency period. Type II: a latency period similar that of type I is observed but the following warming up takes place with variable speeds for each considered finger. Type III: at the basal state the fingers are colder than the back of the hand. Spontaneously, some fingers are warmed only by the influence of the hand vertical position. After cooling, the warming-up takes place with variable speeds and after variable latency periods which are a characteristic of each finger.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS) PMID- 6747473 TI - [Correlation between the measurement of PO2 by percutaneous route and the measurement of cutaneous irrigation by thermal clearance in the foot in chronic obliterative arteriopathies of the lower limbs]. AB - Possible influence of skin circulation in percutaneous determination of pedal TcPO2 of patients with lower limbs arteriopathy was investigated. Findings demonstrated close correlation between TcPO2 and the morphology of the pulsatile signal on digital plethysmography in hyperemia, and the degree of lower limbs ischemia, particularly during the stage of permanent ischemia. Histograms of skin irrigation values measured by thermal clearance were similar in normal subjects and patients with lower limbs arteriopathy. Values for skin irrigation measured in this way failed to show linear correlations with TcPO2 values. These findings suggest that TcPO2 values reflect any global tissue ischemia at the measurement site and not cutaneous vascularization alone. PMID- 6747474 TI - [In loco fibrinolytic treatment of acute ischemia of the lower limbs]. AB - Peripheral artery occlusion produced by thrombosis or embolus can be cured by intra-arterial low dose thrombolysis without severe hemorrhagic complications. 18 patients suffering of acute ischemia of lower limbs were treated by intra arterial streptokinase infusion. Diagnostic angiography is performed by antegrade femoral puncture using a 5F straight catheter. The tip of the catheter is placed within the thrombus. After a bolus of 10 000 U, streptokinase is infused at the rate of 2,000 U/min. Fibrinolysis is usually achieved within 70 min with a total dose of 150,000 U. Arterial recanalization occurred in 14 patients, in 6 cases underlying stenosis was successfully treated by percutaneous transluminal angioplasty. No severe complications were encountered. PMID- 6747475 TI - [Assessment by transcutaneous PO2 measurement of the treatment of venous ulcers with naftidrofuryl]. AB - A double-blind therapeutic trial was undertaken in 40 subjects with large venous ulcers and distributed on a homogeneous basis. They were treated with naftidrofuryl by intravenous infusions for one week followed by oral treatment for three months, in comparison with a placebo (infusions of saline and lactose tablets). All the patients received the same local treatment. Results were assessed not only clinically (changes in ulcer) but also objectively by the measurement of TcPO2. TcPO2 by the measurement of transcutaneous tissue oxygenation is an indicator of the state of the microcirculation and hence the trophic condition of the tissues. Study of the results (Student t) showed that in the treated group and at the ulcer site there was a significant (p less than 0.05) difference from D7 onwards, which increased further during treatment (p less than 0.02 at 3 months). For the placebo group, significance occurred only at D90 (p less than 0.05). The intergroup course difference was itself significant at D45 and D90. The tolerance of naftidrofuryl in both of its forms was unremarkable. Clinical study showed a good correlation between improvement in PO2 and ulcer healing. This trial confirmed the efficacy of naftidrofuryl in the treatment of venous ulcers. PMID- 6747476 TI - [Radioisotope evaluation of the interaction between blood and vascular prostheses. Preliminary results]. AB - In order to illustrate the phenomena which occur at the first contact between arterial prostheses and blood, an in vitro test is suggested which may be used to quantify the retention of the cruoric matrix using labelled compounds and confirming the nature by scan electron microscopy. Reorganisation of the cruoric matrix is dependent upon the scarring of polyesters which retain considerably more blood substances than microporous polytetrafluoroethylenes or the biological models dealt with, the course of which after implantation is closer to passivation. PMID- 6747477 TI - [A large aneurysm of the inferior mesenteric artery. Apropos of a case. Review of the literature]. AB - The prevalence of inferior mesenteric aneurysms is difficult to evaluate in the literature, only four cases having been published up to the present. The case described here was a large aneurysm of the inferior mesenteric artery measuring 10 cm by 8 cm of atheromatous origin, discovered echotomographic investigation of an abdominal mass and confirmed by aortography. Operation consisted in endoaneurysmorrhaphy with reimplantation of the main branch supplying the sigmoid arteries into the aorta combined with reimplantation of the right common iliac eroded by the aneurysm into the right side of the aorta. This type of lesion raises two problems: diagnostic: echotomography and digitalised angiography will certainly facilitate the detection of such lesions, the risk of rupture of which is considerable; therapeutic: distal reimplantation of the inferior mesenteric artery which is decided on the basis of its anatomical state and above all the superior mesenteric and coeliac collateral circulation in order to avoid any risk of ischaemia of the descending colon. PMID- 6747478 TI - [Cutaneous lymphangioma. Value of the scanner. Pathogenic hypothesis and therapeutic implications]. AB - The authors report the case of a 10-year-old child with a cutaneous lesion of the thigh present since birth and made up of small translucid raised areas grouped in clumps. The association with these pseudo-vesicles of erysipelatous exacerbations 3 or 4 times a year and the discharge of clear fluid indicative of lymphorrhoea led to a clinical diagnosis of complicated cutaneous lymphangioma. CT scan of the thigh showed absence of spread to deeper layers. This case serves as a basis for discussion of the pathogenic hypothesis of Whimster suggesting that the superficial vesicles are connected to larger lymphatic chambers in the subcutaneous tissue and that the course depends upon pressure variations within these chambers. If this were the case, surgical excision of these lymphatic chambers would be a logical alternative to symptomatic medical treatment of inflammatory episodes. PMID- 6747479 TI - [Superior mesenteric embolism. Apropos of 2 patients treated successfully with streptokinase]. AB - Authors report two observations of embolus in the superior mesenteric artery. Patient's age, bad general status of the first, obesity of the second, importance of one emboli and especially affirmative angiography indicate treatment by streptokinase like the usual one in venous pathology. Good clinical result is approved by new control arteriography in two cases. PMID- 6747480 TI - [Extensive venous thrombosis disclosing an aneurysm of the common iliac artery]. AB - Although aneurysms of the common iliac artery are a rare occurrence they should be investigated routinely in patients with urinary or thrombo-embolic venous manifestations in the pelvis minor. Clinical signs are inconstant and diagnosis requires the use of abdominopelvic ultrasound tomography. Venous and urinary complications constitute warning signals suggesting the need for surgery to avoid sudden or untimely rupture. Operation in patients with a poor general condition should be performed as a function of the course of the lesion. PMID- 6747481 TI - [Axillo-femoral bypass using PTFE. Early and secondary results. 104 patients]. AB - Between 1977 and 1981, 104 patients underwent 115 axillo-femoral bypass operations (AFB). All the indications were based upon limb salvage. Ninety-nine unilateral bypasses and only 8 axillo-bi-femoral procedures were performed. Prolongation of revascularisation by femoro-popliteal bypass was necessary in 10 cases, in 1 or 2 stages. Secondary bilateralisation of an unilateral bypass was required in only 6 cases because of the development of gangrene of the other limb. The postoperative mortality was 6% (5 patients) in the gangrene group and was 33% (6 patients) in the acute ischaemia group. Study of the cumulative permeability of bypasses until the time of their first thrombosis showed that 62% were permeable at 1 year and 44% at 4 years. Thrombectomy was followed by a percentage permeability of 10%. Weight bearing was still possible by 75% of limbs after 5 years. In conclusion to this study: axillo-femoral bypass remains reserved for salvage of the limb; extension of implantations to the distal and/or pathological artery remains legitimate; PTFE seems the most suitable material at present; the development of a thrombosis in the first 18 months should be treated by thrombectomy in order to decrease the number of amputations. PMID- 6747482 TI - [Influence of the type of arterial anastomosis on the development of endothelial hyperplasia]. AB - This study was designed to evaluate intimal hyperplasia distal to the suture line in two types of vascular anastomosis: end to end and end to side. 49 aorto-iliac homografts have been performed on rabbits New-Zealand. The aortic anastomosis was side to end, iliac anastomosis were end to end on one side, end to side on the other one. Scanning electronic microscopical study and histological evaluation were carried out at various time of survival from 2 hours to 180 days. The scanning microscopy has evidenced the surface changes: early platelets adhesion and the healing process. Histological evaluation demonstrated that the intimal proliferation was prevailing at the level of the suture line in both anastomosis, and at the opposite to the mouth of the anastomosis in the end to side one. Intimal thickness was measured on arterial section immediately distal to the suture line. In the end to end anastomosis, hyperplasia was absent on the 5th post-operative days, it reached 120 mu +/- 33 on the 40th days, and decreased to 40 mu +/- 35 on the 150th post-operative day. In the end to side anastomosis evolution was the same: 0 mu on the 5th, 106 mu +/- 49 on the 40th day and 53 mu +/- 45 on the 150th post-operative day. In conclusion, this experimental study gives some support to the fact that the type of anastomosis, per se, end to side or end to end does not influence the development of intimal hyperplasia. PMID- 6747483 TI - [Peroperative sclerosis]. AB - Complete, rapid destruction of the insufficient surface network as a one-stage procedure constitutes the best method for prevention of trophic disorders and especially pigmentation. Marked, rapid regression is obtained when these have unfortunately become installed. Combined surgery and multiple peroperative injections of a sclerosant allows the exclusive use of a gently acting sclerosant, 66% glucose solution, which is particularly well tolerated. PMID- 6747484 TI - [66% glucose, a safe sclerosant. Experimental study]. AB - Although accidents due to the intra-arterial injection of detergent sclerosant are very rarely observed, they are dramatic in their effects and often result in amputations, a risk accepted with difficulty for a treatment with a functional aim. To avoid these incidents, which may occur even when treatment is applied by the most experienced surgeons, the authors have used 66% glucose solution without accident since 1948. To confirm efficacy of the method, an experimental study compared 66% glucose (66 G) with a very commonly used product, 1% sodium tetradecyl sulfate (STD), in the rabbit. Except when enormous doses of 66 G are employed, the only effect noted was eosinophilic necrosis of the vessel wall without clinical symptoms, whereas doses eight times lower of STD produced an irreversible ischemia from obliterating endarteritis of the branches of the vascular tree injected. The 66% glucose solution appears to be a very safe, gently acting sclerosant, and the product of choice for peri- and post-operative sclerosis, particularly in regions where accidental arterial puncture is anatomically possible. PMID- 6747485 TI - Lateralization of weight in the presence of structural short leg: a preliminary report. AB - Previous research has reported upon the use of a radiographic method to determine the presence of structural short leg using full spine radiography. In the current study, ninety-two (92) freshman students at the National College of Chiropractic in Lombard, Illinois were first measured for the presence of structural short leg and then placed on a modified Janse-Illi four quadrant weight scale. Measurements of weight were taken at fifteen, thirty, forty-five and sixty seconds. Precise placement of the feet were used. The data collected in kilograms of weight was then converted to total force in Newtons, and the data was normalized as percentage of total body weight. This was then compared to the side of structural short leg. Certain trends have tended to appear. Those subjects with small leg length differential had a greater tendency to bear weight upon the homolateral side of short leg, while those with greater degree of short leg (six millimeters or more) tended to bear weight upon the contralateral leg. It is felt that this is so due to a compensatory mechanism involving the gluteus medius muscle in its use as a "tie-rod" for pelvic function. The greater the degree of short leg, the more the gluteus medius is needed to level the pelvis, and thus the greater shift of body weight to the contralateral side. With a small leg length differential the compensatory mechanism is believed not to be activated, and thus weight bearing will occur on the homolateral side.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS) PMID- 6747486 TI - Educational preparation for chiropractic clinical research. AB - Chiropractic is severely criticized by organized medicine for its lack of scientific proof and publications. The official stance is that the onus for demonstrating the scientific validity of chiropractic rests with the chiropractic profession rather than the health care system. It is therefore desirable that chiropractic practitioners gain a practical comprehension of research methodology during their undergraduate course. This paper theorizes on how the teaching of research methodology may be implemented so as to facilitate clinical chiropractic research. By linking research and diagnosis in the form of case studies it is suggested that a significant contribution to chiropractic clinical research publications can be made by field practitioners. Changes in the undergraduate chiropractic program and at the Phillip Institute of Technology are examined in the light of the above proposal. PMID- 6747487 TI - Diagnosis of thyroid dysfunction: applied kinesiology compared to clinical observations and laboratory tests. AB - Sixty-five patients presenting to three clinics were independently evaluated for thyroid dysfunction by applied kinesiology (AK), a clinical protocol, and laboratory testing. Each was rated on a scale of 1 (unquestionably hypothyroid) to 7 (unquestionably hyperthyroid). AK ratings correlated with clinical ratings (rs = .36, p less than .002) and with laboratory ratings (rs = .32, p less than .005). Correlation between clinical and laboratory ratings was .47, p less than .000. Three AK therapy localizations had a significant correlation with the laboratory diagnosis (p less than .05). Two of these (right neurovascular-left brain and left neurolymphatic-right brain) were points associated with thyroid function. The third, ventral hand on the glabella with the other on the external occipital protuberance, is associated with pituitary function. AK enhanced but did not replace clinical/laboratory diagnosis of thyroid dysfunction. Preliminary evidence indicates that there may be a significant correlation between certain AK tests and an elevated LDH in the serum. PMID- 6747488 TI - Reproductive effects of aerobic exercise in women. PMID- 6747489 TI - Child passenger safety in Georgia. PMID- 6747490 TI - The southern regional picture of physician manpower. PMID- 6747491 TI - Military family separation--togetherness apart. PMID- 6747492 TI - Medical malpractice in Georgia--1984. PMID- 6747493 TI - Hospital liability under the theory of independent corporate negligence. PMID- 6747494 TI - Diagnosing coronary artery aneurysms in patients with mucocutaneous lymph node syndrome (Kawasaki's disease). PMID- 6747495 TI - Sun damage to the skin: aging, wrinkling, and cancer. PMID- 6747496 TI - Sexual inhibition in a prosimian primate: a pheromone-like effect. AB - The effect of dominant urine odour on plasma levels of testosterone and cortisol was studied in the prosimian primate Microcebus murinus. This species shows a photoperiod-dependent cycle of sexual activity. In particular, mean testosterone levels vary from 15 nmol/l during the annual rest period to 245 nmol/l during the breeding season. When males of this solitary and territorial species are artificially grouped in captivity, they develop a social hierarchy which in turn results in physiological disorders, especially of reproductive function, in non dominant individuals. Since olfactory behaviours appear to be important in the establishment and maintenance of the social structure, we have tested the effects of dominant odorant signals upon the sexual inhibition observed in male conspecifics. A preliminary experiment showed that a decrease in plasma testosterone concentrations could be induced by dominant scent marks. Furthermore, dominant urine odour alone was found to be sufficient to induce this modification. Plasma cortisol levels also increased in these animals. Conversely, when sexually inhibited males were olfactorily isolated from dominant urine odour, testosterone and cortisol concentrations returned to a normal seasonal level. These effects were observed even in males which had had no previous contact with the dominant urine donor. It is inferred from these results that a pheromone-like process could lead to sexual inhibition in male Microcebus murinus exposed to an odorant urinary signal produced by a dominant individual. Nevertheless, the endocrine response seems to vary according to the seasonal period of the sexual activity cycle which suggests that the social effect described is modulated by other external (e.g. photoperiodic) or internal (e.g. reproductive physiology) factors. PMID- 6747497 TI - Effect of adrenalectomy and steroid treatment on rat skin cytosol glucocorticoid receptor. AB - Using an exchange assay to measure occupied and unoccupied binding sites, the glucocorticoid receptor in rat skin cytosol has been measured after adrenalectomy and parenteral steroid administration. Adrenalectomy increased the number of receptor sites with maximal effect after 5 days, after which numbers decreased to those of intact animals. Injection of adrenalectomized animals with the unlabelled agonist corticosterone resulted in a rapid dose-related decrease in the number of cytosolic receptor sites at 30 min whereas the antagonist progesterone had no effect. It is concluded that changes in glucocorticoid concentration lead to rapid inverse changes in cytosolic receptor. PMID- 6747498 TI - Analysis of activated androgen receptors in rat brain and anterior pituitary and ventral prostate glands: nuclear binding and RNA polymerase activity. AB - Cytosolic androgen receptors from neocortex, hypothalamus and anterior pituitary and ventral prostate glands were analysed by miniature isoelectric focusing and sucrose density-gradient centrifugation before and after precipitation of [3H]dihydrotestosterone (DHT)-bound complexes with ammonium sulphate. In the hypothalamus and neocortex (NH4)2SO4 precipitation appeared to cause heterodisperse peaks, and in the case of the ventral prostate there was a clear shift to a more basic isoelectric point. After sucrose density-gradient centrifugation all cytosols sedimented as large aggregates which appeared to dissociate into subunits in 0.4 M-KCl gradients. The functional significance of these altered forms was tested by nuclear uptake studies of cytosolic [3H]DHT bound complexes, which could only be detected in brain and pituitary nuclei after prior precipitation with (NH4)2SO4, which also significantly increased extraction of ventral prostate [3H]DHT-bound complexes from the nucleus. The nuclei apparently responded to the (NH4)2SO4-precipitated and redissolved complexes by increased RNA polymerase activity. These results are consistent with the possibility that the neural androgen receptor is altered before interaction with the genome, and this alteration may be necessary for the action of the hormone to be expressed. PMID- 6747499 TI - Effects of pinealectomy, oestradiol and melatonin on plasma prolactin and LH secretion in ovariectomized sheep. AB - The study examines whether the pineal gland mediates in the seasonal rhythm in the response of the hypothalamo-pituitary axis to oestrogen in the sheep. Five groups of ewes, each comprised of five sham-pinealectomized ewes and five pinealectomized ewes, were maintained under field conditions over a 2-year period. Group I ewes were ovariectomized and treated with two oestradiol capsules in the first year and one oestradiol capsule in the second year; group 2 ewes were ovariectomized and treated with two oestradiol capsules and three melatonin sachets in the first year and one oestradiol capsule and three melatonin sachets in the second year; group 3 ewes were ovariectomized and treated with three melatonin sachets in the first year and one oestradiol capsule in the second year; group 4 ewes were ovariectomized and treated with empty implants; group 5 had intact ovaries. Blood samples were taken at weekly intervals for determination of plasma prolactin, LH and FSH levels. Cyclic ovarian activity, determined by rams fitted with a marking harness, occurred in both sham pinealectomized and pinealectomized ewes in group 5 during December to May in both years. A circannual rhythm in plasma prolactin levels was apparent in all ten groups of animals. The levels were highest in spring (September to November) and decreased before the onset of breeding activity in midsummer (December). Ovariectomized ewes with intact pineal glands and treated with oestradiol capsules (group 1) exhibited marked changes in LH and FSH concentrations during the study.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS) PMID- 6747500 TI - Perineal muscles: possible androgen regulation of glucocorticoid receptor sites in the rat. AB - The glucocorticoid receptor population of the androgen-dependent levator ani bulbo cavernosus muscle complex in response to both androgen withdrawal and androgen replacement was examined in rats. After castration the concentration of receptor sites more than doubled. The increase in the sites began within the first 24 h after castration and reached a plateau level within 7 days. Parallel dry weight studies demonstrated that no loss in muscle mass is observed until 48 h after castration. In a second series of experiments, both the regrowth of the muscle and the number of receptor sites in response to androgen injections were examined. By day 11 of injection, the muscle had increased in dry weight to a point where it was equal to the size of this muscle in normal intact male controls. During this process, the concentration of receptor sites began to decline 5 days after the beginning of injections and reached control or below control values by 11 days. PMID- 6747501 TI - Effects of prolactin, progesterone and ovariectomy on metabolic activities and insulin receptors in the mammary gland and adipose tissue during extended lactation in the rat. AB - Prolactin implants prevented the decline in milk yield and the resumption of oestrous cycles which occurred between days 22 and 28 in untreated lactating rats. Ovariectomy and progesterone implants only partially prevented the decline in milk yield despite preventing the occurrence of oestrous cycles. All three treatments increased total RNA content of the mammary gland compared with controls. In untreated rats there were no changes in mammary DNA content or the number of insulin receptors whereas lipoprotein lipase (LPL) activity decreased significantly during the declining phase of lactation. In contrast, the number of insulin receptors, LPL activity and glucose incorporation into lipid increased in adipose tissue. Prolactin prevented the increase in insulin receptors and lipid synthesis and significantly decreased LPL activity in adipose tissue. Progesterone stimulated LPL activity in the mammary gland and also prevented the increase in lipid synthesis and insulin receptors in adipose tissue but was without effect on LPL activity whereas ovariectomy stimulated LPL activity in the mammary gland but prevented only the increase in the number of insulin receptors in adipose tissue. The results show that raising the serum prolactin concentration can prevent the decline in milk yield during extended lactation and whilst part of this effect may be due to a direct effect on the mammary gland and an indirect effect due to inhibition of oestrous cycles, prolactin may also produce part of its effect on milk synthesis by inhibiting competitive metabolic processes in tissues such as adipose tissue. PMID- 6747502 TI - Evidence for the participation of a melanin-concentrating hormone in physiological colour change in the eel. AB - The hormonal and nervous control of colour change in the eel has been investigated. The only bioactive forms of MSH found in eel pituitary extracts or secreted by eel pituitary cultures were forms of alpha-MSH; no beta-MSH was detected. After transfer of eels from a black to a white background, the melanin concentration in skin melanophores was accompanied by a rapid decline in plasma alpha-MSH titres. Hypophysectomy resulted in melanin concentration, and pituitary extracts injected into hypophysectomized eels caused melanin dispersion. This effect was eliminated if the pituitary extracts were first incubated with a specific alpha-MSH antiserum or if the antiserum was injected into the hypophysectomized eel. However, injection of alpha-MSH antiserum into intact, black-adapted eels failed to result in melanin concentration although the same antiserum was effective in causing pallor in black-adapted toads. Partially purified preparations of teleost melanin-concentrating hormone (MCH), free from catecholamines, induced melanin concentration when injected into black-adapted eels and this effect was significantly potentiated by injections of alpha-MSH antiserum. The denervation of melanophores on the pectoral fin had only a slight effect on the responses of the melanophores to humoral agents. It is concluded that the control of physiological colour change in the eel is largely hormonal, and involves the antagonistic effects of alpha-MSH and a melanin-concentrating agent which is probably MCH. PMID- 6747503 TI - Effects of prolactin on follicular oestradiol production in the rat. AB - The effect of prolactin on follicular oestradiol production was studied in rat ovaries in which luteal tissue was absent. A silicone tube containing progesterone was implanted before first ovulation and removed 14 days later. This resulted in the presence of preovulatory follicles 2 days later and ovulation 60 h after removal of the implant. Prolactin concentrations were raised either by injection of purified prolactin or by implantation of pituitary tissue under the kidney capsule. Injections with 100 or 200 micrograms prolactin starting at the time of removal of the implant (16.00 h on day 0) had no effect on in-vitro oestradiol production by preovulatory follicles obtained on day 2 (day of pro oestrus). However, implantation of two pituitary glands under the kidney capsule, 2 weeks before progesterone removal, resulted in significantly lower follicular oestradiol production, although ovulation was not inhibited. Lowering of serum prolactin by injections of bromocriptine resulted in an increased follicular oestradiol production. These results indicate that, in addition to its well-known luteotrophic effect, prolactin can have a direct inhibitory effect on follicular oestradiol production. This effect might contribute to the reduced fertility seen during hyperprolactinaemia. PMID- 6747504 TI - Suckling and serum prolactin and LH concentrations in lactating rats. AB - The frequency of pup sucking behaviour was related to serum concentrations of prolactin and LH in rats during various phases of lactation. Sucking frequency and prolactin levels decreased and LH levels increased as lactation progressed. There was no clear relationship between sucking frequency and either prolactin or LH levels. Serum prolactin concentrations were highest when the rats spent most of their time away from their pups and lowest when the rats spent most of their time with the pups attached to their nipples. Prolactin was secreted episodically during prolonged continuous nipple stimulation. Removal of the pups in late lactation and replacement with a newborn litter increased sucking frequency but did not affect serum LH levels and only marginally increased serum prolactin levels. Injection of the dopamine receptor antagonist domperidone produced a far more pronounced release of prolactin from the pituitary gland in early than in late lactation. A circadian control mechanism and an episodic pattern of release may contribute to the great variation in serum prolactin concentrations seen in early lactation; decreased pituitary sensitivity to dopamine receptor blockade may be related to the low concentration of serum prolactin found in late lactation. PMID- 6747505 TI - The use of salivary progesterone assays in the assessment of ovarian function in postmenarcheal girls. AB - Menstrual cycle profiles of salivary progesterone were derived from daily samples obtained from 75 postmenarcheal girls aged between 12 and 17 years. Data were analysed to establish the proportion of girls exhibiting ovulatory cycles in each of several age groups following menarche or in groups based solely on chronological age. 'Luteal'-phase profiles of salivary progesterone, which were similar in shape to those characteristic of mature premenopausal women, were taken to indicate the probable occurrence of ovulation. The percentage of cycles in those subjects judged to be ovulatory, grouped according to gynaecological age, rose from 14% in the first year to 56% in the fourth year. Those classified according to chronological age, and where sufficient data permitted reliable estimates of the percentage of subjects ovulating, rose from 11% at 12 years of age to 64% for girls aged 16. These data are in reasonable concordance with published data using plasma progesterone and urinary methods for establishing ovulatory incidence, and indicate the value of salivary progesterone measurements in studies of ovarian function in adolescence. PMID- 6747506 TI - IXth Anglo-Dutch Endocrine Meeting. 12-14 September 1984, University of Leeds. Abstracts. PMID- 6747507 TI - Non-cancer effects of exposure to A-bomb radiation. AB - A slight rearrangement of the data included in a recent report from the Radiation Effects Research Foundation (RERF) has shown differences between cardiovascular and other non-malignant diseases of A-bomb survivors which probably result from two factors: selection effects of early infection deaths and residual effects of marrow damage. Both effects were dose related but neither was obvious becasue one reduced the risk of later infection deaths and the other increased the risk. Allowance for these factors is bound to alter present RERF estimates for cancer effects of radiation and the change will probably be in an upward direction, thus bringing these estimates closer to ones based on radiation workers. PMID- 6747508 TI - Soft tissue sarcomas in agriculture and forestry workers. AB - The National Cancer Register maintained by the Office of Population Censuses and Surveys (OPCS) was used to investigate the relative risks of soft tissue sarcomas among farmers, agricultural workers, and related occupational groups. The relative risk for the group as a whole was 1.15 (95% confidence limits 0.83 1.59). One of the four subgroups (which comprises farmers, farm managers, and market gardeners) experienced a relative risk of 1.7 which just achieves significance at the 5% level (95% confidence limits 1.00-2.88). The risks in the other three subgroups were respectively 1.0 (agricultural workers, 003), 0.7 (gardeners and groundsmen, 005), and 1.0 (foresters and woodmen, 006). No attempt has been made in this study to determine exposure to phenoxy herbicides in cases or controls. The significance of these findings is discussed. PMID- 6747510 TI - Factors associated with speed of diagnosis, referral, and treatment in colorectal cancer. AB - Delay in the presentation of symptoms and in referral of patients for surgical opinion remains an important problem in colorectal cancer. Factors influencing patients to consult early include advice from close family or other associates and abdominal pain or vomiting, or both, as one of the early symptoms. More localised rectal symptoms and loss of weight are often associated with long delay. The "classic" symptom pictures are not often seen in the early stages of the disease. Few identifiable factors were associated with delay in referral for surgical opinion. Doctors who examine their patients (rectally or otherwise) refer them sooner. In the districts studied delay in instituting definitive treatment after consultant referral does not seem to be a major problem. There is some evidence that delay is associated with stage of the disease at presentation. PMID- 6747509 TI - Occupational causes of laryngeal cancer. AB - In a case-control study of all new cases of laryngeal cancer in Denmark from 1980 to 1982, 326 cases and 1134 community selected controls participated. Questionnaires were used to obtain information on education, occupation, and number of occupational exposures as well as smoking and drinking habits. High risk ratios for laryngeal cancer were found for semiskilled and unskilled workers, workers exposed to dust, out of doors workers, drivers, and people working in the cement industries and port services. The study hypothesis was that exposure to chromium or nickel increases the incidence rate of laryngeal cancer. No support for this was found concerning chromium, but exposure to nickel had a statistically significant risk ratio of 1.7. PMID- 6747511 TI - Changing demands made by senile dementia on the National Health Service. AB - In 1976 and 1981 two studies were undertaken to identify the numbers of elderly severely mentally infirm patients receiving care in a range of institutions in Worcestershire and to examine the appropriateness of the special units planned for them. The numbers of planned places matched the totals of patients in care but the nature of the provision was wrong. The new units were planned for able bodied but demented patients, with a relatively low staff/patient ratio. The number of these patients had fallen by one third, being replaced by patients who needed heavy physical nursing care. The new units would not therefore be able to fulfil their planned role of providing cheaper care than did the geriatric or psychiatric hospitals. PMID- 6747512 TI - Perinatal mortality in rural India: a strategy for reduction through primary care. I Stillbirths. AB - In a prospective community based study of the distribution and determinants of stillbirths in a rural area of Maharashtra, India, that was carried out for two years, 3129 singleton and 22 twin births were recorded in a population of 47 000. Of the 3173 babies, 85 singletons and five of the twins were stillborn giving a stillbirth rate of 28.4/1000 births. The causes of stillbirths are analysed and the possibility of reducing the unacceptably high stillbirth rate by adequate training of grassroot level workers in screening pregnant women for detection of "at risk" mothers and their timely referral is discussed. PMID- 6747513 TI - Perinatal mortality in rural India: intervention through primary health care. II Neonatal mortality. AB - Early neonatal mortality is unacceptably high in most developing countries. A large majority of births in rural areas of these countries occur at home, attended by relatives or traditional birth attendants and without easy access to skilled professional care. Under these circumstances cause of death has to be based on lay descriptions of terminal events. Analysis of cause of death shows that 74% of the early neonatal deaths are amenable to intervention. Admittance to hospital of the "at risk" neonates is not practicable. Intervention through primary health care can be effective if based on scientific principles and offered through female community health workers. Objectives of domiciliary care given by these workers should be to educate and guide the mother to protect the delicate newborn from the effects of adverse environmental conditions, to ensure adequate nutrition, and to prevent infections. Interventions supporting beneficial traditional cultural practices as well as simple techniques for care of the newborn are discussed. PMID- 6747514 TI - Some epidemiological data on spontaneous abortion in Hungary, 1971-80. AB - A population based survey of women who had spontaneous abortion in Hungary between 1971 and 1980 has been evaluated. Individual data sheets completed by specialists in obstetrical institutions were used. The ratio of spontaneous abortions was 13.1% during the whole period studied but declined during the decade. The maximum occurrence was in the fifth to eighth week of gestation, when more than 40% of all spontaneous abortions occurred. Thereafter spontaneous abortion ratios decreased gradually with duration of pregnancy. The distribution of spontaneous abortions by calendar month shows characteristic seasonal changes, the minimum values being found from April to July whereas the maximum values were from October to February. The spontaneous abortion ratios increased significantly with the age of mother, over age 40 it approached 50%. They also increased with the pregnancy order, a minimum figure being registered at the first pregnancy of women in their 20s. The risk for women with a history of spontaneous abortion was 33%. PMID- 6747515 TI - Spontaneous abortions among dental assistants, factory workers, painters, and gardening workers: a follow up study. AB - This investigation was conducted to test the hypothesis that exposure of pregnant women to chemicals increases the risk of spontaneous abortion. The chemical risk factors under study to which dental assistants, factory workers, painters, and gardening workers were exposed were nitrous oxide, inorganic mercury, organic solvents, and pesticides. The study was carried out within the Danish county of Funen. It included all dental assistants employed in private or public dentistry. A comparable reference group was made up by employees less exposed to chemicals. Further study groups included all women painters within the county, women factory workers from selected factories, and about 50% of the women gardening workers within the county. Shop assistants and packers formed their control group. Information was obtained through a postal questionnaire study in May 1980 and from hospital records. Only among factory workers and painters was the odds ratio of spontaneous abortion found to be significantly increased. Neither among these women nor among dental assistants and gardening workers, however, was the reported exposure to any single chemical during pregnancy associated with a significantly increased odds ratio of spontaneous abortion. PMID- 6747516 TI - Perceived health: age and sex comparisons in a community. AB - The need to find accurate and reliable indicators on which to base the planning, provision, and evaluation of health services gave impetus to the attempt to develop reliable and valid measures of the perceived health status of the consumers of health care. Subjective measures can provide an important complement to traditional statistics by giving direct access to the personal feelings of discomfort or distress that influence the use of health services. Such measures also give meaningful criteria for the evaluation of the efficacy of such services. Self assessments of health obtained from surveys and interviews have consistently found age and sex differences in the tendency to report symptoms, ill-health, disability, visits to doctors, and sickness absence. Many of these data, however, may have been misleading in using instruments of unknown or uncertain validity and reliability. Nevertheless, subjective assessments of health have been shown to have value and to add a dimension to objective measurements of health. They have been considered to be one of the better predictors of mortality and of adjustment to major episodes of illness. PMID- 6747517 TI - Mortality among Japanese Zen priests. AB - A cohort study was done on 1396 deaths seen among 4352 Japanese male Zen priests during a follow up period from 1 January 1955 to 31 December 1978. Standardised mortality ratios were computed for major causes of death by comparing with the counterparts of the general Japanese male population. The SMR for all causes of death was 0.82 (p less than 0.001) and the SMR values for cerebrovascular diseases, pneumonia and bronchitis, peptic ulcer, liver cirrhosis, cancer of the respiratory organs, and cancer of the lung were all significantly smaller than unity. Taking regional mortality differences into account, a similar computation was made dividing the cohort into two subcohorts--that is, the priests living in eastern Japan and those in western Japan. Both subcohorts showed a highly significantly smaller SMR than unity for all causes of death. With the exception of only a few causes of death for which the observed number of deaths was small, they also showed such reduced SMRs for nearly all of the causes of death tested. A questionnaire survey on the current life style of active priests showed that they smoke less, eat less, meat and fish as they follow the more traditional Japanese dietary habits, and live in less polluted areas, but their drinking habits do not differ much from that of the average Japanese adult man. Possible reasons for their reduced mortality are discussed. PMID- 6747518 TI - School characteristics and adolescent smoking. Results from the MRC/Derbyshire Smoking Study 1974-8 and from a follow up in 1981. AB - In the MRC/Derbyshire Smoking Study a cohort of about 6000 adolescents was surveyed annually from 1974 when they entered secondary school aged 11-12 years until 1978 when they reached 15-16 years. In 1981 after the adolescents had left school they were again surveyed by post. Each year from 1974 to 1978 and again in 1981 they answered a questionnaire on their smoking behaviour and other issues. Information on the schools attended by these adolescents was obtained from their teachers and headteachers. This paper examines the relation between the school environment and the adolescents' smoking behaviour both before and after leaving school. The prevalence of smoking was higher among those boys who attended schools that were single sex, non-denominational, or had a parent-teacher association, no health education, no female teachers, or whose headteacher smoked cigarettes. Among girls the prevalence of smoking was higher if they attended a school that had optional school uniform and no health or antismoking education. The importance of these findings for the development of effective preventive measures is discussed. PMID- 6747519 TI - Vegetable consumption and blood lead concentrations. AB - Women resident in an area heavily contaminated by spoil from old lead mining have blood lead concentrations that are about 50% higher (p less than 0.001) than those of women living in a "control" area some distance away. Blood lead concentrations were related to the consumption of home grown produce. Those with the highest consumptions had blood lead concentrations that were 28% higher (p less than 0.001) than those of women who consumed no locally grown vegetables. Nevertheless, in the total population in the area this effect seemed likely to account for only about 5% of the population mean blood lead concentration. The data suggested that an increase in soil lead of 1000 micrograms/g is associated with an increase in blood lead of about 0.20 microM/1 (4.2 micrograms/dl). PMID- 6747520 TI - Generation of spatially periodic patterns by a mechanical instability: a mechanical alternative to the Turing model. AB - We have studied the generation of spatial patterns created by mechanical (rather than chemical) instabilities. When dissociated fibroblasts are suspended in a gel of reprecipitated collagen, and the contraction of the gel as a whole is physically restrained by attachment of its margin to a glass fibre meshwork, then the effect of the fibroblasts' traction is to break up the cell-matrix mixture into a series of clumps or aggregations of cells and compressed matrix. These aggregations are interconnected by linear tracts of collagen fibres aligned under the tensile stress exerted by fibroblast traction. The patterns generated by this mechanical instability vary depending upon cell population density and other factors. Over a certain range of cell concentrations, this mechanical instability yields geometric patterns which resemble but are usually much less regular than the patterns which develop normally in the dermis of developing bird skin. We propose that an equivalent mechanical instability, occurring during the embryonic development of this skin, could be the cause not only of the clumping of dermal fibroblasts to form the feather papillae, but also of the alignment of collagen fibres into the characteristic polygonal network of fibre bundles - which interconnect these papillae and which presage the subsequent pattern of the dermal muscles serving to control feather movements. More generally, we suggest that this type of mechanical instability can serve the morphogenetic functions for which Turing's chemical instability and other reaction-diffusion systems have been proposed. Mechanical instabilities can create physical structures directly, in one step, in contrast to the two or more steps which would be required if positional information first had to be specified by chemical gradients and then only secondarily implemented in physical form. In addition, physical forces can act more quickly and at much longer range than can diffusing chemicals and can generate a greater range of possible geometries than is possible using gradients of scalar properties. In cases (such as chondrogenesis) where cell differentiation is influenced by the local population density of cells and extracellular matrix, the physical patterns of force and distortion within this extracellular matrix should even be able to accomplish the spatial control of differentiation, usually attributed to diffusible 'morphogens'. PMID- 6747521 TI - Myogenic cell movement in the developing avian limb bud in presence and absence of the apical ectodermal ridge (AER). AB - Fragments of quail wing bud containing myogenic cells of somitic origin and fragments of quail sphlanchopleural tissue were introduced into the interior of the wing bud of fowl embryo hosts. No movement of graft into host tissue occurred in the control, but myogenic cells from the quail wing bud fragments underwent long migrations in an apical direction to become incorporated in the developing musculature of the host. When the apical ectodermal ridge (AER), together with some subridge mesenchyme, was removed at the time of grafting, no such cell migration occurred. The capacity of grafted myogenic cells to migrate in the presence of AER persists to H.H. stage 25, when myogenesis has begun, but premyogenic cells in the somites, which normally migrate out into the early limb bud, do not migrate when somite fragments are grafted into the wing bud. Coelomic grafts of apical and proximal wing fragments showed that apical sections of quail wing buds become invaded by myogenic cells of the host, but grafts from proximal wing bud regions do not. PMID- 6747522 TI - Differentiation potentiality of rat visceral yolk sac in organ culture. AB - Visceral yolk sacs removed at day 12 of pregnancy in the rat were kept in organ culture for as long as 28 days. During this in vitro culture, proliferation of the endoderm and the mesoderm as well as of poorly differentiated cells was observed. The latter displayed neither the characteristics of endodermal nor mesodermal cells and their presence was frequently associated with the development of giant trophoblast cells. The hypothesis is proposed that these trophoblast cells originate from these poorly differentiated cells that acquire in vivo and in vitro the potentiality to differentiate. PMID- 6747523 TI - Differentiation of allantoic endoderm implanted into the presumptive digestive area in avian embryos. A study with organ-specific antigens. AB - Quail allantoic endoderm was implanted into the presumptive digestive-tract area of chick embryos, and the differentiation of the endoderm was examined morphologically and immunocytochemically with antisera against pepsinogens and sucrase. The allantoic endoderm was incorporated into the host digestive organs. It often became continuous with the host endoderm and formed a chimaeric digestive-tract epithelium. It differentiated morphologically into the epithelium of the digestive organ into which it was incorporated, showing the morphological inductive ability in situ of the digestive-tract mesenchyme against the allantoic endoderm. However, the allantoic endoderm did not produce pepsinogens even when it was incorporated into the host proventricular mesenchyme and formed well developed proventricular glands. This result indicates that the heterotypic morphogenesis of the allantoic endoderm is not necessarily accompanied by the heterotypic cytodifferentiation. In contrast, the anti-sucrase antiserum-reactive cells often differentiated in the allantoic endoderm incorporated into not only the intestine but also other organs. This confirmed our previous observation that the allantoic endoderm has a tendency to differentiate into the intestinal epithelium in the heterologous environment. PMID- 6747524 TI - Genetic analysis of developmental mechanisms in hydra. XII. Analysis of chimaeric hydra produced from a normal and a slow-budding strain (L4). AB - Chimaeric hydra strains were produced from a normal strain (105) and a naturally occurring mutant strain (L4) which has a large polyp size, a low budding rate and a high head-inhibition potential. Various properties of the chimaeras were then examined and compared to those of the two parental strains. Hydra tissue consists of three cell lineages: the ectodermal epithelial, the endodermal epithelial and the interstitial cell lineages. Using the methods recently developed by Marcum & Campbell (1978b) and by Wanek & Campbell (1982), six chimaeric strains were produced which contained six different combinations of the three cell lineages from 105 and L4. Evidence obtained from the comparison of the chimaeras and their parental strains indicates that the ectodermal epithelial cell lineage in L4 is primarily responsible for the large polyp size and the low budding rate of this strain, whereas the endodermal epithelial cell lineage is largely, and the interstitial cell lineage is also partially, responsible for the high head inhibition potential in L4. This suggests that the mechanisms determining the occurrence and location of bud formation and the mechanisms determining the inhibition potential levels are not related to each other (cf. Takano & Sugiyama, 1983; Bode & Bode, 1983). Evidence was also obtained which suggests that the levels of the head-activation and head-inhibition potentials in the chimaeras are determined independent of each other, apparently without the cross-catalytic relationship between them assumed in the Gierer-Meinhardt model (Gierer & Meinhardt, 1972; Meinhardt & Gierer, 1974). PMID- 6747525 TI - SEM localization of cell-surface-associated fibronectin in the cranium of chick embryos utilizing immunolatex microspheres. AB - Fibronectin has been localized to basement membranes and cell surfaces with the light microscope by fluorescent staining of thick sections, and with the TEM by immunoperoxidase reaction. However, these methods are limited because it is difficult to appreciate the patterned distribution of fibronectin from sectioned material. We have developed a probe for fibronectin that facilitates its identification with the SEM. Our probe consists of two parts; the first component is a derivatized methacrylate microsphere 90 nm in diameter, linked to purified sheep anti-rabbit IgG. The second component is anti-fibronectin IgG raised in rabbits. Stage-3 to -12 chick embryos were fixed and the ectoderm covering the cranial mesoderm was removed. Embryos were treated with testicular hyaluronidase, exposed to rabbit anti-fibronectin IgG and finally to sheep anti-rabbit IgG conjugated microspheres. As expected, the basal lamina of surface and neural ectoderm as well as the remaining fibrous ECM were heavily decorated with microspheres, whereas control embryos treated with preimmune serum were beadless. Fibronectin was localized on the cell soma and processes of primary mesenchyme as early as stage 3. In addition, it was possible to decorate to various extents, populations of prosencephalic, mesencephalic, and rhombencephalic cranial neural crest cells. Our studies suggest that fibronectin is present in the cranium of chick embryos at earlier times than heretofore realized, and that fibronectin accumulates in a cranial to caudal gradient that reflects the sequential differentiation of the embryonic axis. PMID- 6747526 TI - Development of the apical ectodermal ridge in the chick wing bud. AB - Histological examination of the stage-18 to stage-23 chick wing bud apex revealed the following. Initially, the wing bud was covered by a cuboidal to columnar epithelium with an overlying periderm. Thickening of the apical ectoderm was not obvious until late stage 18 (36 pairs of somites), after the appearance of the wing bud. At late stage 18, cells of the inner layer of ectoderm had elongated slightly along an axis perpendicular to the epithelial-mesenchymal interface. Well-defined apical ectodermal ridge morphology, i.e., pseudostratified columnar epithelium with an overlying periderm, was not apparent until stage 20. Subsequently the ridge lengthened along the anteroposterior perimeter of the wing bud. We demonstrated histologically that the apical ectodermal ridge of the wing bud was asymmetric with respect to the anteroposterior axis, in that there was more ridge associated with posterior mesoderm. Other observations include the spatial and temporal location of a groove in the base of the thickest part of the ridge. The groove can be correlated with the specification of distal wing elements. The groove was first seen at stage 20 and became more prominent through stage 23. An anteroposterior progression of ectodermal cell death was also observed. This began at late stage 18 and continued through each of the stages examined. PMID- 6747527 TI - Heterogeneous differentiation of external cells in individual isolated early mouse inner cell masses in culture. AB - Inner cell masses (ICMs) were isolated from early blastocysts by immunosurgery and incubated in a dense suspension of melanin granules for 3 h after 21 h in culture. The majority of such labelled ICMs subsequently formed outgrowths in vitro in which either giant cells or small solitary cells contained melanin granules. However, a substantial minority produced outgrowths in which both types of cell were unequivocally labelled. Labelled cells appeared from the results of control experiments to have originated within the external layer of the ICM. The giant cells were indistinguishable morphologically from those formed by authentic trophectodermal tissue. The small cells were identified as belonging to the extraembryonic endodermal lineage on the basis of their distribution in host conceptuses following injection into blastocysts. These findings support the conclusion reached in previous studies that early ICM cells can engage in trophectodermal differentiation under certain conditions. In addition, by providing evidence that both trophectoderm and endoderm cells can differentiate from the outer layer of the same ICM, they argue that loss of cellular lability is not coordinated throughout this tissue. Heterogeneity in the differentiation of external cells may depend on differences in both the stage of the mitotic cycle and the number of such cycles that they have completed since fertilization. Finally, cell number in isolated early ICMs was found to increase approximately two-fold during the first 24 h of culture in the present experiments. This contrasts with the results of previous experiments in which cell number either increased more modestly or failed to do so altogether. PMID- 6747528 TI - Cell death in the dorsal part of the chick optic cup. Evidence for a new necrotic area. AB - The spatiotemporal pattern of morphogenetic cell death during the early development of the chick retina was studied by means of the neutral red vital staining and light microscopy. A modification of the conventional procedure of vital staining, which consisted of the injection of the dye into the neural tube lumen, was used for this purpose. In addition to the two areas of cell death known from previous literature, the first located in the ventral part of the optic cup and the second located in the insertion of the optic stalk with the diencephalon, a new area of cell death was described. This third necrotic area was located in the protruding dorsal part of the optic cup rim and was present throughout the stages 15 to 18. The area consisted of dying cells, fragments and phagocytosed cells. We suggest that this dorsal area of cell death could stop the intense dorsal growth of the optic cup and/or reshape the optic cup rim. Moreover, this area may influence the production of cell degeneration in the dorsal part of the invaginating lens placode. PMID- 6747529 TI - Regional biosynthetic markers in the early amphibian embryo. AB - A search has been made for regional differences in macromolecular synthesis in the axolotl embryo at a stage when the principal regions have become determined but terminal differentiation has not yet begun. The epidermis of the neurula makes a number of abundant proteins which are not made elsewhere. Some of these are identified by immunoprecipitation as cytokeratins (relative molecular masses (Mr) 62,59,54,51 and 46 X 10(3)). At the same stage a network of tonofilaments becomes visible by electron microscopy and is also confined to the epidermis. There is no significant incorporation of 3H-sugars into glycoproteins before neurulation. During neurulation specific species begin to be made by the notochord (Mr 265 and 185 X 10(3)), the mesoderm (315 X 10(3)) and the epidermis (170 X 10(3)). The latter species is water soluble, has a native Mr of 470 X 10(3), is somewhat resistant to trypsin and has a high sugar content. Since these characteristics do not relate to any known glycoprotein it has been given a new name: epimucin. Several neutral glycolipids and gangliosides are present in the early embryo, the most abundant of which is identified as galactocerebroside. Synthesis occurs from fertilization onwards, however even by the neurula stage the qualitative pattern is the same in all parts except for the epidermis which shows two substantial enhancements and one reduction compared to other regions. The differences reported probably relate to physiological functions rather than to the mechanism of determination itself, so their chief importance is as markers of early embryo regions in experiments on induction. PMID- 6747530 TI - In vitro development of isolated ectoderm from axolotl gastrulae. AB - The development of ectoderm isolated from the animal pole of axolotl gastrulae is monitored by light microscopy, electron microscopy and analysis of newly synthesized proteins, glycoproteins and glycolipids. When control embryos are undergoing neurulation it is shown that the explants autonomously begin to express epidermal markers and do not express mesodermal markers. However the results suggest that not all the cells become epidermal and electron microscope examination shows that only the outer layer does so, the inner cells remaining undifferentiated. PMID- 6747531 TI - The mode of cell death associated with cavitation in teratocarcinoma-derived embryoid bodies. AB - Cell death occurring in embryoid bodies derived from the embryonal carcinoma cell line, PSA4, which undergo cavitation, and in those from the related cell line S2, which do not undergo cavitation, was classified as apoptosis or necrosis by ultrastructural criteria. Both modes of cell death were seen in PSA4 embryoid bodies while apoptosis alone was seen in S2 embryoid bodies. No significant difference was found between PSA4 and S2 embryoid bodies either in apoptotic incidence score or in the spatial distribution of apoptotic events. We therefore conclude that although apoptosis and tissue modelling coexist in PSA4 embryoid bodies, necrosis rather than apoptosis is causally related to formation of the cavity. PMID- 6747532 TI - Influence of injected pluripotential (EK) cells on haploid and diploid parthenogenetic development. AB - A number of pluripotential embryo-derived EK cells were introduced into the blastocoele of haploid and diploid parthenogenetic embryos which were subsequently transferred to suitable recipients. At autopsy on day 10 or 11 of pseudopregnancy 22% of decidua in the diploid series contained somite-stage embryos while an additional 12% contained abnormal egg cylinder-like sacs. In the haploid series, 7% of the decidua contained somite-stage embryos and an additional 5% contained abnormal 'sacs'. In 'injected' diploid and haploid 'controls' in which the zonae were pierced with an empty injection pipette 3% and 0% respectively of decidua in these two series contained somite-stage embryos, while an additional 17% and 3% respectively of decidua in these two series contained abnormal sacs. GPI analysis revealed that the EK cells were incorporated into somite-stage conceptuses in only one third of the diploids and in none of the haploid embryos. Although the presence of EK cells considerably increases the chance of normal embryonic development taking place, a detectable contribution from the EK cells into the resulting somite-stage embryo is apparently not necessary. Possible mechanisms allowing successful early post implantation development to occur in this study are discussed. PMID- 6747534 TI - Brain oscillator(s) underlying rhythmic cerebral and buccal motor output in the mollusc, Pleurobranchaea californica. AB - Tonic (d.c.) intracellular depolarization of the previously identified phasic paracerebral feeding command interneurones (PCps) in the brain of the carnivorous gastropod Pleurobranchaea causes oscillatory neural activity in the brain, both before and after transecting the cerebrobuccal connectives. Therefore, cycle-by cycle ascending input from the buccal ganglion is not essential to cyclic brain activity. Instead the brain contains an independent neural oscillator(s), in addition to the oscillator(s) demonstrated previously in the buccal ganglion (Davis et al. 1973). Transection of the cerebrobuccal connectives immediately reduces the previously demonstrated (Kovac, Davis, Matera & Croll, 1983) long latency polysynaptic excitation of the PCps by the polysynaptic excitors (PSEs) of the PCps. Therefore polysynaptic excitation of the PCps by the PSEs is mediated by an ascending neurone(s) from the buccal ganglion. The capacity of feeding command interneurones to induce neural oscillation in the isolated brain declines to near zero within 1 h after transection of the cerebrobuccal connectives, suggesting that this capacity is normally maintained by ascending information from the buccal ganglion. The results show that this motor system conforms to a widely applicable general model of the neural control of rhythmic behaviour, by which independent neural oscillators distributed widely in the central nervous system are coupled together to produce coordinated movement. PMID- 6747533 TI - Ontogeny of the granulocyte/macrophage progenitor cell (GM-CFC) pools in the beagle. AB - The pattern of development of the granulocyte/macrophage progenitor cell (GM-CFC) pools in the course of canine ontogeny was studied by means of the agar culture technique. Colony formation was stimulated by colony stimulating activity (CSA) in serum from lethally irradiated dogs in combination with erythrocyte-depleted peripheral blood leukocytes from normal adult dogs. The colonies thus obtained in cultures from the different organs were in general large (estimated maximum 50 000 cells) and consisted predominantly of mononucleated macrophages, suggesting that, in these studies, a progenitor cell with high proliferative potential (HPP CFC) has been monitored. In the yolk sac, a transitory GM-CFC pool became established between day 23 and day 48 of gestation, reaching maximum numbers of approximately 41 X 10(3) per organ on days 36/37. At the same time the GM-CFC concentration in blood collected from the heart also reached a maximum of about 31 X 10(3)/ml, indicating its carrier function for the migration of GM-CFC. In the liver a quasi-exponential increase in the GM-CFC numbers took place between days 36/37 and days 57 to 59 when a total of about 15.2 X 10(6) was found but thereafter and up to day 4 post partum the GM-CFC numbers decreased by almost two orders of magnitude. A continuous increase in the GM-CFC numbers was found in the spleen between day 42 of gestation and day 4 post partum when a maximum of 5.1 X 10(6) to 8.7 X 10(6) was reached. In contrast to the GM-CFC numbers in the liver, the splenic GM-CFC dropped only by 50% of peak values when the dogs reached adulthood. The bone marrow always had the highest incidence of GM-CFC, the concentration per 10(6) cells being 18.7 X 10(3)/10(6) cells on days 45/46, the earliest time point at which cultures could be set up. The absolute GM-CFC numbers in the two femora increased continuously between days 45/46 and day 4 post partum in parallel with the growth of the bones. In the thymus a relatively small population of GM-CFC developed between days 42 and 48 of gestation that was kept quite constant at average numbers between 13 X 10(3) and 30 X 10(3) up to day 4 post partum. PMID- 6747535 TI - An anticalmodulin drug, W-7, inhibits the voltage-dependent calcium current in Paramecium caudatum. AB - The anticalmodulin drug, W-7 [N-(6 aminohexyl)-5-chloro-1 naphthalenesulphonamide] specifically inhibits the voltage-dependent Ca-current of Paramecium as well as the behavioural consequence of Ca2+ influx, backward swimming. The dechlorinated analogue, W-5, is four to five times less effective. Analysis of membrane currents under voltage clamp shows that W-7 not only reversibly inhibits the voltage-dependent Ca-current but also shifts the voltage sensitivity of this Ca-current towards less negative voltages in a concentration dependent manner. We suggest that Paramecium can be used as a system to screen behaviourally for other Ca-channel blockers as well as to study the mechanism of action of these drugs. PMID- 6747536 TI - Development of swimming movements and musculature of larval herring (Clupea harengus). AB - A kinematic analysis was made of swimming of larval herring Clupea harengus L. Swimming style was found to change with growth and development; the amplitude of swimming movements of early post-yolk-sac larvae increases linearly towards the tail, a style of swimming which relies mainly on resistive forces for propulsion. Later, after the caudal and dorsal fins have developed, the swimming style changes, in response to an increase in Reynold's Number, such that inertial forces are more important. In this type of swimming the amplitude increases more rapidly than linearly towards the tail. The distribution of red and white muscle fibre types was studied in relation to development. On hatching, red muscle fibres were found to be arranged as a single layer on the outside of the myotomes. They develop into the adult distribution, concentrated at the midline of the flank near the skin, only after the gills and circulation become fully functional. PMID- 6747537 TI - Lability of blood volume in snakes and its relation to activity and hypertension. AB - The lability of blood volume and its relationship to locomotor activity was investigated in two species of snakes Elaphe obsoleta, Say and Crotalus viridis, Rafinesque. Repetitive measurements of blood volume, determined from changes in the specific activity of circulating 51Cr-labelled erythrocytes, indicated that 15 min of locomotor activity reduced blood volume by 21% due to filtration of plasma from capillaries. This magnitude of plasma translocation exceeds that measured in exercising mammals by factors of 2 to 7, depending on the intensity and duration of muscular activity. Activity produced changes in arterial blood pressure, heart rate and haematocrit that were proportionately similar in both species, increasing approximately 57, 85 and 25%, respectively, above resting values. Arterial infusion of norepinephrine increased arterial pressure by more than 100% and reduced blood volumes 8.6 and 17.0% in Elaphe and Crotalus, respectively. These data demonstrate that blood volume varies substantially in relation to activity or the hypertensive state of these reptiles. Thus care must be employed in interpreting or comparing reported measurements of blood volume in these and probably other vertebrates. PMID- 6747538 TI - Characterization of the intermittent breathing pattern in Xenopus laevis. AB - Xenopus laevis exhibits an extensive repertoire of breathing patterns during voluntary diving-emergence behaviour. In experiments where animals surfaced to breathe at a blowhole fitted with a pneumotachograph, two noticeably different patterns of breathing were observed. In the first (burst breathing), long periods of diving were periodically interrupted by short visits to the surface when a discrete series of evenly spaced ventilations occurred. On other occasions, the same animal might rise to the surface and begin ventilating its lungs, not in discrete bursts, but intermittently over a long period of time (a breathing bout). Minute ventilation during a breathing burst was more than double that of a bout and represents a more active diving-emergence behaviour on the part of the animal. Regulation of the amount of gas exchanged in both breathing styles appears to be due to manipulation of the temporal pattern of lung ventilations (i.e. the breath-hold durations), rather than to an alteration in the overall depth of breathing; the latter is possible to some extent, however, through adjustments in the composition of individual ventilations. PMID- 6747539 TI - Growth and ion-specificity of excitability in regenerating cockroach giant interneurones. AB - The effects of lesions on cockroach giant interneurones (GIs) were studied to investigate the transient, Ca-dependent, action potentials which have been reported to appear near the tips of regenerating GIs (Meiri, Spira & Parnas, 1981). We were unable to repeat these observations. Ligation of connectives, before cutting, delayed the degenerative changes in segments of GIs that were separated from their cell bodies. The short-term injury response (which was normally observed on cutting while recording close to the site of lesion) was not recorded when the axon was ligated. The effect of cutting GIs at different distances from their cell bodies was also investigated. There was no apparent relation between the response of GIs to a lesion and the site of the lesion. Sprouting of GIs was observed both at the tip of the axon and also at sites some distance from the lesion. No changes of the cell body or its dendritic tree in the terminal ganglion were seen but sprouting was observed in other ganglia. PMID- 6747540 TI - Maintenance of isolated smooth muscle cells of the ctenophore Mnemiopsis. PMID- 6747541 TI - Plasma and red cell ionic composition in rainbow trout exposed to progressive temperature increases. AB - Yearling rainbow trout, Salmo gairdneri Richardson, were exposed to progressive increases in temperature from 10 to 26.1 degrees C, and variations in haemoglobin, haematocrit and plasma and erythrocytic concentrations of Na+, K+, Ca2+, Mg2+ and Cl- were compared with those of animals maintained at 10 degrees C. Despite the effects which increases in temperature are known to have on branchial ventilation, perfusion and effective exchange area, and consequently upon passive water and electrolyte fluxes, plasma ion concentrations were little affected at other than acutely stressful temperatures. Presumably this reflects the consequences of previously demonstrated changes in branchial, renal and erythrocytic (Na+/K+)- and (HCO3-)-activated ATPase and carbonic anhydrase activities. Haemoglobin and haematocrit were also little influenced by increases in temperature between 10 degrees C and about 25 degrees C. It is unclear whether the decreases seen at higher temperatures reflected accelerated ageing and breakdown of circulating red cells or were a consequence of changes in tissue water content and distribution with resulting haemodilution. Red cell levels of Cl- and K+ increased more or less steadily at temperatures exceeding 16-18 degrees C. So also did [Cl-]: [Hb] and [K+]: [Hb]. Sodium and [Na+]: [Hb] were essentially constant up to about 25 degrees C but thereafter increased sharply. Much the same was true of Ca2+. However, red cell Ca2+ concentrations were normally less than 0.15 mmol l-1 cell water, and may be physiologically insignificant in the context of the present study. A more complex pattern of change was encountered in the case of Mg2+. Concentrations of this ion and the [Mg2+]: [Hb] ratio declined between 10 degrees C and 20-22 degrees C and thereafter increased. A significant positive correlation existed between red cell levels of Cl- and K+; significant negative correlations between Cl- and Mg2+ and K+ and Na+. Negative, but insignificant correlations were also seen between Ca2+ and both Cl- and K+. Given the known direct and indirect effects of inorganic ions upon haemoglobin-oxygen affinity, the reductions in intraerythrocytic pH which accompany increases in temperature and the effects of temperature per se on affinity, the compositional changes observed in this study would be expected to prompt reductions in haemoglobin-oxygen affinity and increases in P50 values. Previous studies have, however, revealed little thermo-acclimatory variation in the P50 of this species. Thus, some as yet unidentified factor or factors may operate in opposition to these influences. PMID- 6747542 TI - Functional conflicts between feeding and gas exchange in suspension-feeding tadpoles, Xenopus laevis. AB - Air-breathing tadpoles of Xenopus laevis (Amphibia: Anura) use buccopharyngeal surfaces for both gas exchange and capture of food particles in the water. In dense food suspensions, tadpoles decrease ventilation of the buccopharynx and increase air breathing. The lung ventilatory frequency is elevated even though the rate of oxygen consumption is at or below resting levels, suggesting that the lung hyperventilation reflects compensation for decreased buccopharyngeal respiration rather than an increased metabolic requirement. If tadpoles in hypoxic water are prevented from breathing air, they increase buccopharyngeal respiration at the expense of feeding. Aerial respiration evidently permits the buccopharyngeal surfaces to be used primarily for food entrapment. PMID- 6747543 TI - Effects of hierarchical organization on children's judgments of distance and direction. AB - The impact of the hierarchical organization of a space on judgments of direction and distance was assessed in two studies using two-dimensional models analogous to those used by A. Stevens and P. Coupe (1978, Cognitive Psychology, 10, 422 437). In each study the models contained two stars and were divided into two parts by a curved boundary line. In the Homogeneous condition the stars were located in the same subsection. In the Congruent condition the leftmost star was in the left subsection and the rightmost star was in the right subsection. In the Incongruent condition the rightmost star was in the left subsection and the leftmost star was in the right subsection. In Experiment 1 first graders, third graders, and college students were required to remember the location of the stars. Results indicated that the first and third graders tended to use the relationship between the subsections as a clue to the relationship between the sites within them, thus extending the results of Stevens and Coupe (1978) to children. In Experiment 2 preschoolers, first, and third graders were asked to judge with the materials directly in front of them, which of the two stars was closer to a site located in one of the subsections. Results indicated that the Incongruent condition led to errors among the preschoolers and first graders but not the third graders, thus indicating that these groups tended to judge as closer the site within the same subsection even though it was really farther away. The results of both studies are discussed as indicative of a tendency among young children to impose organization on information encoded in memory and in relation to increases in metric accuracy, decentration, and efficient scanning which enable them to more accurately evaluate when such organization is and is not appropriate. Implications for behavior in large-scale environments are also discussed, with particular reference to the effect of barriers on perceptions of distance and direction. PMID- 6747544 TI - Individual differences among children in spelling and reading styles. AB - Previous studies have found differences among children in their relative reliance on spelling-sound rules and word-specific associations in reading words. Children at one end of the continuum ("Phoenicians") rely heavily on spelling-sound rules; children at the other end ("Chinese") are more likely to use specific associations. This study found evidence for a Phoenician-Chinese continuum in spelling as well as in reading. Ability to spell nonsense word (e.g., "prunt") correlated more highly with ability to spell regular words (e.g., "grunt") than with ability to spell exception words (e.g., "front"). Children who were skilled at rules tended to overgeneralize them to exception words. In addition, a measure of rule use in spelling correlated with measures of rule use in reading. PMID- 6747545 TI - Infants' perception of pictorially specified interposition. AB - Five- and seven-month-olds were tested for sensitivity to pictorial interposition in two experiments. Reaching was used as the dependent measure. Seven-month-olds gave evidence of sensitivity to pictorial interposition. In both experiments they showed a significant preference to reach for the pictorially nearer side of a flat interposition display which stimulated three overlapping surfaces and showed no reaching preferences when viewing control displays. Five-month-olds' reaching tendencies did not differ significantly between experimental (interposition) and control conditions in the second experiment. This result indicated that their responses may have been due to nonspatial proximal stimulus variables in the displays. Five-month-olds, therefore, gave no evidence of sensitivity to pictorial interposition. The finding that 7-month-olds are sensitive to pictorial interposition and the failure to find sensitivity in 5-month-olds is consistent with findings from other studies on infants' sensitivity to pictorial depth information. The cumulative results of these studies suggest that sensitivity to pictorial depth information first appears between 5 and 7 months of age. PMID- 6747546 TI - Classical conditioning and retention of the infant's eyelid response: effects of age and interstimulus interval. AB - Independent groups of 10-,20-, and 30-day-old infants were subjected to a classical eyelid conditioning procedure involving either a 500- or a 1500-msec interstimulus interval (ISI). Ten days later, all received a second conditioning session. A reliable increase in conditioned responding was observed at all ages but only by infants receiving the 1500-msec ISI. Although age was not a significant factor in any conditioning measure except final performance level, which was greater for the oldest than for the youngest group, it did influence long-term retention. A reliable memory component was observed in the Session 2 performance of infants initially trained at 20 and 30 days but not at 10 days. These data demonstrate the importance of temporal parameters in the formation of conditioned associations very early in infancy and provide evidence for the long term behavioral consequences of those associations. PMID- 6747547 TI - The selective impact of question form and input mode on the symbolic distance effect in children. AB - Five experiments are reported on the symbolic distance effect (SDE) and related phenomena with 6- and 9-year-old children. In the first of these, children were asked to judge the relative sizes of animals in verbal and pictorial tests featuring the comparatives "bigger" and "smaller." A perceptual condition with actual objects was included by way of comparison. A Symbolic Distance Effect was obtained for both lexical and pictorial input. Mode differences were also observed. Pictures produced faster responses than words, and congruity effects occurred only in the pictorial condition. Although performance was similar in tests with either comparative, our subsequent experiments on both 6- and 9-year olds reveal a significant asymmetry in the child's capacity to verify statements of relation as a function of the direction along the (size) continuum implied by the question. However, important differences between age groups also apparent in the data lead us to conclude that the older subjects develop strategies to overcome this asymmetry by translating certain statements of relation into a form more congruent with their natural modes of encoding. PMID- 6747548 TI - The expression of memorization in early childhood. AB - This experiment examined the expression and effectiveness of memorization in young children. Sixty children at each of the ages 4, 5, and 6 were randomly assigned to a memory group or to one of two control groups. All of the children were told that they could play with a group of toys during a brief activity period; the children in the memory condition were also instructed to memorize a specified subset of the toys. Mnemonic mediators were identified on the basis of differences in the activity period behaviors of children given memory and play instructions. Relative to the children in the play groups, the children in the memory conditions played with the toys less; further, their use of naming and visual examination as mnemonic mediators differentiated the groups at all ages and increased with age. Only the oldest subjects given memory instructions, however, demonstrated superior recall. The relationships between activity period behavior and recall among the different conditions were explored with regression techniques. although previous research has focused on identifying the earliest use of memory strategies, the present findings underscore the importance of examining the development of these skills. PMID- 6747549 TI - Stimulus context and infant orientation discrimination. AB - In three experiments, the effect of additional "contextual" elements on the discrimination of the orientation of linear and curvilinear segments was investigated with 4-month-old infants. In Experiment 1, paired visual matrices (one which contained some irregularity in orientation of internal elements, vs one which contained no irregularities) were presented. Infants detected irregular matrices significantly better than chance, but such detection was not aided by contextual elements. Discrimination of orientation in Experiment 2 was assessed with a paired-comparison familiarization-novelty paradigm. It was found that the addition of elements here significantly aided discrimination of linear segment orientation, but not curvilinear segment orientation. Experiment 3 investigated why this effect was not found for curvilinear segments; after equating the curvilinear stimuli to linear ones used in Experiment 2 with respect to the closedness of figure, discrimination of curvilinear orientation was observed. PMID- 6747550 TI - Speech versus sign comprehension in autistic children: analysis and prediction. AB - Autistic children have severe problems in acquiring language. For this reason, special techniques have been developed to teach them speech and sign language. It is not known, however, whether these children will profit more from speech or sign training. The research literature implies that verbal imitative ability may predict language learning characteristics particularly in the speech modality. In view of this possibility, two groups of autistic children--good versus poor verbal imitators--were studied within the context of a receptive label acquisition task. Good imitators acquired receptive speech whereas poor imitators typically did not. Both groups acquired receptive signs. The results were discussed in terms of the role that imitative ability may play with respect to language acquisition in this population. PMID- 6747551 TI - Self-schemas, depression, and the processing of personal information in children. AB - ecent research in information processing has yielded evidence supporting the self as-schema model with adults. Further self-schema research with depressed and nondepressed persons has suggested the existence of negative self-schemas in depression, lending support to a content-specificity self-schema model. The present studies were designed to investigate the applicability of the self-as schema model to children and to examine the extent of negative self-schemas in relatively depressed children. A depth-of-processing incidental recall memory paradigm was employed with two groups of normal third- to sixth-grade children. Results supported the self-as-schema model as applied to children, even the youngest group, by indicating superior recall for words encoded under self reference instructions, compared to semantic or structural orienting instructions. The content-specificity hypotheses were tested with relatively depressed and nondepressed children, and were supported only for the nondepressed children, who recalled mostly positive content words. The relatively depressed children did not demonstrate content specificity in their recall, showing a more "confused" pattern, and the results were discussed in terms of a developmental model of acquisition of depression vulnerability requiring repeated depressive experiences over time. Although the results were consistent with a self-schema approach, current controversies over the implications of depth-of-processing methods require further research to clarify mechanisms of enhanced self-reference recall. PMID- 6747552 TI - The development of orientation categories between 2 and 4 months of age. AB - Recent research has indicated that infants are capable of responding to stimuli in a manner indicating that they categorize them. Infant perception of orientation was examined within a framework of categorization. In one experiment, it was shown that 4-month-old infants generalized habituation from one range of oblique grating stimuli to another, consistent with the interpretation that any two oblique stimuli were perceived as more similar than a vertical and an oblique. Four-month-old infants' generalization was not due to a simple inability to discriminate between obliques (Experiment 2) so the results of Experiment 1 reflect in large part true categorization behavior and not categorical perception. Results for 2- and 3-month old infants suggest that "vertical" serves as a reference stimulus in infant orientation perception such that gross distinctions between vertical and nonvertical precede the development of the "oblique" category. The category boundary between oblique and vertical did not successfully predict better between-than within-category discrimination in 4 month-old infants (Experiment 3) under the conditions of these experiments. PMID- 6747553 TI - What starts an internal clock? AB - Five experiments with rats investigated under what conditions a stimulus is timed by the internal clock used in time-discrimination procedures. In Experiments 1-4, we trained rats to time one stimulus (e.g., light) and then asked whether they timed a stimulus from another modality (e.g., sound). The second stimulus was treated in three ways: exposed (presented alone), paired with food, and extinguished. Experiments 1 and 2 used the peak procedure, similar to a discrete trial fixed-interval schedule, and paired the treated stimulus with food using instrumental training; Experiments 3 and 4 used a psychophysical choice procedure and paired the treated stimulus with food using classical conditioning. All four experiments found that there was cross-modal transfer of the time discrimination after pairing, but not after exposure or extinction. This suggests that the rat's internal clock timed the treated stimulus after pairing, but not after exposure or extinction. Experiment 5 tested a theory of extinction based on the results of Experiments 1-4; the results suggested that the decline of responding observed in extinction is not due to changes in timing. The main conclusion is that the internal clock apparently times stimuli with signal value (associative strength) and does not time stimuli without signal value. PMID- 6747554 TI - Two-step acquisition: modification of an internal clock's criterion. AB - Ten rats were trained on a discrete-trial peak procedure in which food, if available, occurred following the first response after a signal had been present for 10 s. Ten other rats were trained on the same procedure with a 20-s criterion. When the time of reinforcement was changed (10 to 20 s or 20 to 10 s), subjects adjusted their temporal criterion in two abrupt steps. During the intermediate state of the three-step function, rats used a temporal criterion that was near the geometric mean of the initial and terminal times of reinforcement. The conclusion is that the intermediate transition state reflects an internal structure in the animal's information processing system not readily accounted for by stimulus-response models of behavior. PMID- 6747555 TI - Age of first appearance of simultaneous and successive negative contrast in infant rats. AB - Simultaneous (SimNC) and successive negative contrast (SNC), two paradoxical effects that are related to shifts in reward magnitude, were studied in rats from 11 to 17 days of age. Experiments 1 and 2 looked at the emergence of SimNC at 11, 14, and 17 days. At all of these ages, rats were able to discriminate between the large (milk suckling) and small (dry suckling) reward odor cues as measured by attachment latencies, but only the 14- and 17-day-olds showed SimNC. At none of the three ages was a discrimination formed to the differential odor cues in the alley in terms of runway speeds. Experiment 3 was designed as a further test of the absence of SimNC at 11 days. In this experiment, the pups were placed directly on the dam's ventrum to facilitate attachment. As in the earlier experiment, the 11-day-old pups discriminated between the odors signaling the two reward conditions but did not show the SimNC effect. In Experiment 4, SNC was measured in pups 14 and 17 days of age. SNC was shown at 17 days but not at 14 days in the attachment latency measure and at neither age in the run measure. These four experiments extend our earlier findings that the paradoxical effects that emerge out of intermittent schedules of reward magnitude occur earlier than those associated with single abrupt shifts in reward magnitude. PMID- 6747556 TI - Isobias and alloiobias functions in animal psycophysics. AB - An analogue of the human yes-no detection task was used to train six pigeons to discriminate luminance differences under two different reinforcer-scheduling procedures. When a controlled reinforce-ratio procedure was used, relative stimulus frequency was constant at .5, and relative reinforcer frequency for correct detections was held constant at three different values for each of five luminance differences. When an uncontrolled reinforcer-ratio procedure (the typical detection paradigm) was used, relative reinforcer frequency for correct detections was allowed to covary with changes in relative stimulus frequency for each of five luminance differences. Two measures of bias, response bias (Davison & Tustin, 1978) and the detection-theory likelihood-ratio measure (beta obt), were compared. The controlled reinforcer-ratio procedure generated equal- or iso response-bias functions, and the uncontrolled reinforcer-ratio procedure gave changing or alloio-response-bias functions. The Davison-Tustin model accounted for 88% and 93% of the data variance in the controlled and uncontrolled reinforcer-ratio procedures, respectively. The best-fitting equal-beta functions accounted for an average of 53% and 69%, respectively, in the two procedures. In addition, neither procedure gave constant measures of beta obt for constant bias manipulations across different discriminability measures. PMID- 6747557 TI - Diphtheria-tetanus immunization. PMID- 6747558 TI - Training family practice residents in university obstetrics-gynecology departments: a national survey. PMID- 6747559 TI - The periodic health examination: expectations gone awry. PMID- 6747560 TI - Patients' expectations of periodic health examinations. AB - The periodic health examination is a major part of medical care in the United States, but has been infrequently studied. Adult family medicine center patients were surveyed to learn their expectations about the timing and content of preventive checkups. Over 90 percent desired such examinations, most often on an annual basis. At least 75 percent selected care items that added up to extensive physical examinations and use of laboratory and other procedures. Their choices usually exceeded those recommended by an expert group as most likely to detect or prevent disease. Other data showed that recorded practice by their physicians neither met their expectations nor was consistent with recommended care patterns. These findings suggest the need to align patients' and their physicians' expectations to allow more effective practice of preventive care. PMID- 6747561 TI - Cardiovascular risk factors and life changes. AB - Many variables are considered risk factors for cardiovascular disease. This study examines the associations among a psychological variable (type A personality measurement), a social variable (Holmes and Rahe Schedule of Recent Events), and physiologic variables (age, blood pressure, smoking, and cholesterol), as measured to fill out a health hazard appraisal. These tests and questionnaires were administered to 572 persons from the San Francisco Bay area when they enrolled in a health promotion program (Common Health Care). Recent life changes and a self-measurement of coronary prone behavior showed no significant correlations to major heart disease risk factors. PMID- 6747562 TI - Alcoholism in the families of family practice outpatients. AB - As part of a screening process for alcoholism, 147 patients at a university-based family practice center were each asked to complete two tests: the Michigan Alcohol Screening Test (MAST) concerning themselves and a modified MAST concerning their families. Charts of patients with positive results for family alcoholism were reviewed for presenting complaints, ongoing medical problems, and recognition or mention of family alcoholism by the physician. Over 34 percent (50) of patients had definite alcoholism problems in their families. Women were more likely than men to have a positive family MAST (37.7 percent women vs 24.4 percent men, P less than .001), whereas men were more likely to be alcoholic (34.1 percent men vs 10.4 percent women, P less than .001). Nearly 40 percent of patients with a positive family MAST had complaints that could be attributed to the family disruption of alcoholism, and another 20.8 percent had medical problems that might be exacerbated by stress, but use of alcohol by a family member was mentioned in only 12.5 percent (5/40) of charts reviewed. PMID- 6747563 TI - Male midlife development. AB - Clinical experience and several long-term studies have shown that fundamental changes in attitude and behavior continue to occur throughout adult life. An understanding of development during middle age helps put into perspective the mystifying and unusual behavior shown by a minority of middle-aged adults. Levinson delineates alternating phases of structure-building periods (six to eight years) with transitional upheavals of four to five years' duration. The latter includes one in the early 40s and again in the 50s. Vaillant emphasizes a career consolidation stage between Erikson's young adulthood (intimacy) and the generativity stage of the 50s. This consolidation stage corresponds in many ways to Levinson's transitional stage of the 40s. Vaillant also makes the point that maturity in midlife is reflected by the changes in the use of more mature adaptive mechanisms (corresponding somewhat to Hamburg's coping behavior) as the adult moves toward the 60s. Development tasks during middle age include adjusting to bodily changes; achieving career goals; readjusting to the marital dyad, adult children, and aging parents; and planning for security in old age. PMID- 6747564 TI - A continuity model for research consultation in family medicine. AB - This paper describes a model of individualized research consultation designed to assist family physician faculty members to develop research skills. The consultative relationship described here is a one-to-one helping relationship between a client (a family physician researcher) and a research consultant that is directed toward enabling the client to complete a research project and ultimately to function as an independent researcher. The continuity model stresses a relatively longterm, intensive relationship--a departure from the typical consultation in which the consultant renders advice and then exits. Within this continuity model, the consultant is involved at regular intervals throughout the duration of the research project and is committed to its completion. The principal role of the consultant is that of educator, within which the consultant may at various times act as reflective listener, agent of change, role model, "linker" to resources, and informational expert. PMID- 6747565 TI - Use of a sports medicine clinic in a family practice residency. AB - The experience of a pilot sports medicine clinic in affiliation with a family practice residency program is reviewed. The use of volunteer orthopedic staffing along with residents working in an acute sports medicine clinic in a community hospital proved to be a valuable addition to the orthopedic exposure during residency training. Seventy-eight patient contacts involving 93 injuries were encountered over a seven-week period. Three injuries required hospitalization for further definitive care. The benefits derived suggest that a similar clinic setup in other residency training programs could enhance the required orthopedic rotation as well as give acute, responsible care to the injured athlete. Educationally the resident's role as the athlete's physician provided a clinical experience valuable to a primary care practice. PMID- 6747566 TI - Idiopathic scoliosis and mitral valve prolapse. PMID- 6747568 TI - Excellence--the next priority in family practice. PMID- 6747567 TI - The impact of physician reinforcement on breast self-examination practice. PMID- 6747569 TI - Bipartite axiation follows incomplete epiboly in zebrafish embryos treated with chemical teratogens. AB - Medial clefts in the axis of the trunk region are malformations known from many chordates and are mostly referred to as rachischisis anterior. In teleosts, rachischisis was previously ascribed either to secondary rifting of a single uniform axial rudiment, or to the establishment of two (half) axes and body halves physically separate from the very beginning. In order to decide between these conflicting interpretations, we treated zebrafish embryos during blastodisc stages and epiboly with several chemical teratogens causing rachischisis anterior. Treatment with ethanol, Colcemid, hydroxyurea, or cycloheximide was found to delay the proliferation and movements of the deep cells more strongly than the timing of cell differentiation, so that the deep cells embark on organogenesis before having reached their destinations in the uniform germ shield. Treatment with alpha-amanitin, on the other hand, seems primarily to affect the periblast and enveloping layer; the incomplete epiboly observed in these layers appears to restrain deep cell epiboly physically and thus to cause rachischisis. In both instances, the split condition of the embryo's trunk region is clearly due to the ectopic formation of physically separate body halves right from the beginning, a mode we call bipartite axiation. We also describe secondary anomalies specific for individual teratogens, and briefly discuss the possible origins of rachischisis anterior among other chordates including man. PMID- 6747570 TI - Neural tube occlusion precedes rapid brain enlargement. AB - Histological examination of early vertebrate embryos during rapid brain enlargement (an event partially driven by fluid pressure) reveals that the spinal cord lumen is occluded. Occlusion (if it is not merely a fixation artifact) may confine neural tube fluid to brain regions and seal off the ventricles before posterior neuropore closure. We injected neural tubes of living chick embryos with dyes, asking (1) is occlusion real; and (2) does occlusion precede brain enlargement? Both questions were answered affirmatively. Experimental analyses of occlusion and brain enlargement are in progress. PMID- 6747571 TI - The effect of trifluoperazine on maturation of Xenopus laevis oocytes. AB - Full grown Xenopus oocytes were incubated with trifluoperazine (TFP) or injected with TFP. Incubation of oocytes in TFP resulted in normal-appearing meiotic maturation, as judged by the presence of the white spot and the absence of the germinal vesicle. Cortical granule breakdown in TFP-incubated oocytes was not normal. Abnormal cortical granule breakdown was also observed when progesterone maturated oocytes were activated in the presence of TFP. Oocytes microinjected with TFP and incubated with progesterone appeared to mature in a normal manner, as judged by the absence of the germinal vesicle; these underwent cortical granule breakdown following activation, but frequently lacked the white spot. Oocytes microinjected with TFP did not mature in the absence of progesterone. We conclude that incubation, although not microinjection, of oocytes with TFP induces essentially normal resumption of meiotic maturation. PMID- 6747572 TI - High survival of mouse embryos after rapid freezing and thawing inside plastic straws with 1-2 propanediol as cryoprotectant. AB - A method for obtaining a high survival rate of frozen-thawed mouse embryos is presented. Eight-cell mouse embryos were frozen inside small plastic straws in the presence of 1-2 propanediol and stored at -196 C. After thawing, the embryos were diluted for only 5 min in a 1.0 M sucrose solution to remove the 1-2 propanediol from the cells. At high rate of thawing (is equivalent to 2500 C/min) more than 88% of the embryos survived in vitro to the blastocyst stage provided that the dilution of propanediol was performed rapidly during thawing. At a lower rate of thawing (is equivalent to 300 C/min), survival tended to be higher (94.7%) when dilution was done 5 min after thawing. When the frozen-thawed embryos were transferred to the oviducts of day 1 pseudopregnant recipients either directly after the dilution of 1-2 propanediol or after 24 or 48 hr of culture, a high proportion of them (65.9%) develop normally to viable fetuses. PMID- 6747573 TI - Partially irreversible cold-induced lipid phase transitions in mammalian sperm plasma membrane domains: freeze-fracture study. AB - In an effort to investigate the nature of the cellular injury caused when mammalian spermatozoa are cooled prior to cryopreservation, the occurrence of thermal phase transitions amongs the lipid components of the sperm plasma membrane was investigated by the use of freeze-fracture electron microscopy. The mechanisms by which glycerol and egg yolk exert protective effects during semen cooling and freezing were also examined. Ram and blackbuck spermatozoa, maintained at 30 degrees C prior to fixation at this temperature, exhibited randomly distributed intramembranous particles over the acrosomal, postacrosomal, and flagellar regions of the plasma membrane. In contrast, spermatozoa fixed at 5 degrees C after slow cooling to this temperature exhibited particle clustering over the postacrosomal region of the head as well as over the tail. These effects were not influenced by the presence of egg yolk or glycerol during the cooling procedure, although these substances protected the spermatozoa against loss of motility. Particle clustering over the sperm tail, induced by the slow cooling process, was found to be only partially reversible. The extensive areas of particle-free lipid, noted to result from the cooling procedure, were absent if the spermatozoa were rewarmed to 30 degrees C; however, the original distribution of particles was not restored and numerous small particle-free domains persisted. It is proposed that this type of irreversible change within the sperm plasma membrane may contribute to the loss of motility and fertility suffered by spermatozoa after cooling and freezing. Furthermore, it is suggested that protective substances such as egg yolk may exert their effects by countering these deleterious changes, rather than by preventing their occurrence. PMID- 6747575 TI - The advantages of simulated crime scenes in teaching forensic anthropology. PMID- 6747574 TI - "Trophic" effect of transferrin on amphibian limb regeneration blastemas. AB - In light of the recent demonstration that one "neurotrophic factor" of peripheral nerves is the iron-transport glycoprotein transferrin, we tested the effects of heterologous transferrin on cellular events in cultured newt forelimb blastemas. Addition of transferrin to medium containing 1% fetal bovine serum resulted in DNA labeling and mitotic activity approximately twice as high as that of blastemas cultured in medium with 1% serum alone. Blastemas maintained for 24 hr in medium with 1% serum were stimulated to increased levels of DNA synthesis by the addition of transferrin, and this response was dose-dependent. Varying the concentrations of iron and transferrin in the medium gave results indicating that the glycoprotein's trophic effect is due to its ability to furnish iron to the cells in an appropriate manner. Results of the study are consistent with the hypothesis that blastema cell proliferation is promoted by transferrin or transferrin-like factors released from nerves. PMID- 6747577 TI - The desirability of a Ph.D. program in forensic science. AB - The results of a national survey to determine the need for and desirability of a Ph.D. program in forensic science revealed that crime laboratory scientists and administrators favor the establishment of such a program by a margin of almost three to one. Seventy-nine percent of laboratory personnel who had already received doctoral degrees also favored establishment of Ph.D. program. Forty-five percent of all those responding to the questionnaire who do not already hold a Ph.D. indicated interest in such a program, but only 6.1% would consider leaving their present positions to matriculate. PMID- 6747576 TI - Discussion of "Minimal velocities necessary for perforation of skin by air gun pellets and bullets". PMID- 6747578 TI - A computer-assisted population frequency study of 14 polymorphic blood grouping systems in North Carolina. AB - Results of a population frequency study conducted on 14 polymorphic blood grouping systems in the North Carolina white and black populations are reported. A microcomputer program has been developed to facilitate the handling and storage of the large volume of data generated during the two years it took to complete this study. This computer program was also designed to calculate the combined phenotypic frequency for a given set of blood types. PMID- 6747579 TI - A method of matching skulls with photographic portraits using landmarks and measurements of the dentition. AB - A method of matching and identifying skulls to family snapshots or passport photographs is described. The technique depends on the recovery of teeth, particularly the maxillary anterior teeth, with the skull and the availability of an antemortem photograph showing those teeth. Measurements of the anterior dentition of unidentified skulls are used to determine the magnification factor necessary for the preparation of life-sized transparencies of photographs. Superimposition of dental landmarks in these transparencies leads to correlation of further cranial features, thus enabling a successful positive identification. Suggestions are made for a system of identification based on assessment of visible features of the dentition. PMID- 6747580 TI - Metropolitan Forensic Anthropology Team (MFAT) studies in identification: 1. Race and sex assessment by discriminant function analysis of the postcranial skeleton. AB - A case study is presented to demonstrate the utility of the team approach to the identification of human remains, and to illustrate a methodological innovation developed by MFAT. Case 1 represents the first of several planned case studies, each designed to present new methodological solutions to standard problems in identification. The present case describes a test, by application, of race and sex assessment of the postcranial skeleton by discriminant function analysis. PMID- 6747581 TI - The anonymous letter writer--a psychological profile? AB - Anonymous letters fall into many categories--threats, obscene messages, racial slurs, extortion demands, guilty conscience statements, stool pigeon letters, robbery or burglary notes, and so forth. These are examined by the document examiner for any information that may lead to the identity of the writer. Such examinations involve unusual aspects of paper or envelopes, watermarks, detection of indented impressions, and so on, and also a comparison with previous anonymous submissions. Several cases will be discussed where, additionally, psychological profiles of the writer were produced by a psychiatrist and a psychologist, based upon the content of the letters. PMID- 6747582 TI - Family violence. AB - Violence within family differs in significant respects from criminal assultiveness. Failure to differentiate these two forms of violence contributes to the ineffectiveness of the criminal justice system. Love relationships account for the majority of homicides; however, the fiction of the criminal as the killer persists because of the entertainment media. Prevention requires comprehension of the causes and construction of typology of violence. PMID- 6747583 TI - The treating psychiatrist as forensic evaluator. AB - Much has been made in the literature of the importance of "objective" or "impartial" expert psychiatric testimony in forensic psychiatric cases; one result of this emphasis is a strong feeling that a treating physician cannot present unbiased testimony in court on issues such as competency to stand trial and especially criminal responsibility. Many states have explicit regulations designed to ensure that expert psychiatric witnesses who testify in criminal cases are not contaminated by past (or even the potential of future) treatment relationships with defendants. The author argues that such policies often prevent mentally ill defendants from receiving treatment from psychiatrists with the most experience in working with forensic psychiatric patients; and that the opportunity to treat as well as to evaluate such patients might well attract more treating psychiatrists to the forensic science field. PMID- 6747584 TI - Nonemergency forensic psychiatric house calls. AB - Recent literature on medical house calls in general is not extensive, and that on nonemergency forensic psychiatric calls in particular is nearly nonexistent. Two cases of nonemergency forensic psychiatric house calls are described in this communication; it is our contention that they led the psychiatrist to a better appraisal of the person's capacity to perform than would have been expected from office visits. One situation involved testamentary capacity; the other, possible abrogation of parental rights. In our estimation the individual, as well as the legal system, would benefit if this type of house call were promoted. PMID- 6747585 TI - Electrocution by street lighting. AB - Four lethal and one nonlethal electrocutions from street lighting equipment are described. These cases have in common old installations, metal light poles, wet environment, 480-V power sources, and intact fuses. Identification of causative factors may permit future accommodation in design to reduce risk. PMID- 6747586 TI - Suicide reconstruction by glue-lift of gunshot residue. AB - Based upon the recently developed glue-lift collection of gunshot residue particles for examination in the scanning electron microscope with energy dispersive X-rays, this laboratory has undertaken a research program to determine if reconstruction of gunshot deaths is feasible. Because undisturbed conditions of suicide victims may help in securing unambiguous results and high success rates, the program has been carried out to reconstruct suicides only. Data obtained from 13 firearms suicides and their laboratory reconstruction which involved primarily shotguns and handguns, indicate that reconstruction can be immensely useful to interpretation of the gunshot residue distributions on a suspect's or victim's hands. This reports outlines the basic experiments performed to relate the residue emission from the gun to the deposits found on the firing hand(s) and a description of the reconstruction technique that uses a target to simulate a human body. The technique can determine the specifics of a victim's hand position at the time of firing and which hand was used to pull the trigger. Because the technique is sensitive to the nature of the grasp of the firing hand and of the supporting hand, in the case of a shotgun, it has been possible in all cases to date, to determine which one of the potential eight hand positions existed at the time of shooting. PMID- 6747587 TI - Suggested guidelines for the use of forensic hypnosis techniques in police investigations. AB - This article suggests standards and guidelines for the use of forensic hypnosis techniques in police investigations. Topics addressed include the type of procedures that should be used, intervention milieu considerations that need to be taken into account, the types of cases in which hypnosis should be avoided, and recommended qualifications for those performing the intervention. Each of these topics is discussed separately, commencing with a summary of the applicable policies established by selected law enforcement, professional, judicial, and governmental entities; a brief review of the pertinent theoretical and empirical literature; and commentary on the extent to which that information supports those policies. After laying this foundation, additional guidelines derived from the literature are presented for each section. PMID- 6747588 TI - Identification of human blood with hybridoma-derived antibody to human immunoglobulin G. AB - During production of monoclonal anti-Gamma (Gm) antibody by the hybridoma technique, an antihuman immunoglobulin G (IgG) antibody was obtained. Unlike conventional antihuman IgG heteroantisera, this antibody reacted with the serum of humans and chimpanzees but did not cross-react with that of other primates or lower animal species in hemagglutination-inhibition tests with anti-D-coated red cells. To examine for the practical utility of the antihuman IgG antibody in an enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) for identification of human blood, microtiter wells were coated with human IgG and allowed to react with the antibody in the presence of human or animal serum under test. The bound antibody was detected with enzyme labeled antimouse IgG. The ELISA gave satisfactory results. PMID- 6747589 TI - Illicitly imported heroin products: some physical and chemical features indicative of their origin. AB - Samples taken from over 200 seizures of imported illicit heroin preparations of known geographical origin have been examined by gas liquid chromatography (GLC). The chromatographic characteristics were considered in conjunction with the physical appearance of the materials and it was found possible in many instances to discriminate between samples of different origin. Thus by carrying out GLC and HPLC and a visual inspection on a sample of unknown provenance, it may be possible to give an opinion as to its geographical origin. PMID- 6747590 TI - Comparative study of postmortem barbiturates, methadone, and morphine in vitreous humor, blood, and tissue. AB - With the introduction of radioimmunoassay (RIA) techniques, it has become toxicologically possible to determine drug concentrations in postmortem vitreous humor. This study demonstrates and confirms this toxicological feasibility. In 49 medical examiner's drug related cases, postmortem tissue levels of morphine, barbiturates, and methadone were compared to the vitreous humor. PMID- 6747591 TI - Adrenal hypofunction and sudden death. AB - Adrenal insufficiency is an infrequent and easily overlooked cause of sudden death, often occurring in individuals being treated for other serious disease processes. Three cases are presented to demonstrate some of the clinical presentations encountered, and the symptoms and signs are discussed. PMID- 6747592 TI - Symmetrical hypopigmentation of the nipples secondary to trauma. AB - Deviant sexual behavior may lead to unusual skin lesions. The following is a case report of unusual trauma-related, symmetrical lesions of the nipples in a male homosexual from repeated application of bondage apparatus to his areolae and nipples. PMID- 6747594 TI - Have you heard the one about.... PMID- 6747593 TI - Use of colour reactions for benzyl alcohol when screening cocaine and other benzoyl compounds following their reduction with lithium aluminium hydride. PMID- 6747595 TI - A note on the variability of barium and antimony levels in cartridge primers and its implication for gunshot residue identification. PMID- 6747596 TI - Interrogative suggestibility and its relationship with self-esteem and control. PMID- 6747597 TI - Light and dark adaptation in Phycomyces phototropism. AB - Light and dark adaptation of the phototropism of Phycomyces sporangiophores were analyzed in the intensity range of 10(-7)-6 W X m-2. The experiments were designed to test the validity of the Delbruck-Reichardt model of adaptation (Delbruck, M., and W. Reichardt, 1956, Cellular Mechanisms in Differentiation and Growth, 3-44), and the kinetics were measured by the phototropic delay method. We found that their model describes adequately only changes of the adaptation level after small, relatively short intensity changes. For dark adaptation, we found a biphasic decay with two time constants of b1 = 1-2 min and b2 = 6.5-10 min. The model fails for light adaptation, in which the level of adaptation can overshoot the actual intensity level before it relaxes to the new intensity. The light adaptation kinetics depend critically on the height of the applied pulse as well as the intensity range. Both these features are incompatible with the Delbruck Reichardt model and indicate that light and dark adaptation are regulated by different mechanisms. The comparison of the dark adaptation kinetics with the time course of the dark growth response shows that Phycomyces has two adaptation mechanisms: an input adaptation, which operates for the range adjustment, and an output adaptation, which directly modulates the growth response. The analysis of four different types of behavioral mutants permitted a partial genetic dissection of the adaptation mechanism. The hypertropic strain L82 and mutants with defects in the madA gene have qualitatively the same adaptation behavior as the wild type; however, the adaptation constants are altered in these strains. Mutation of the madB gene leads to loss of the fast component of the dark adaptation kinetics and to overshooting of the light adaptation under conditions where the wild type does not overshoot. Another mutant with a defect in the madC gene shows abnormal behavior after steps up in light intensity. Since the madB and madC mutants have been associated with the receptor pigment, we infer that at least part of the adaptation process is mediated by the receptor pigment. PMID- 6747598 TI - Threshold and adaptation in Phycomyces. Their interrelation and regulation by light. AB - The absolute light sensitivity of Phycomyces sporangiophores was determined by analyzing the intensity dependence of the phototropic bending rate and of the light growth and dark growth responses to step changes of the intensity. We found that the different methods give approximately the same results for the wild-type strain, as well as for several behavioral mutants with defects in the genes madA, madB, and madC. A crucial factor in the determination of thresholds is the light intensity at which the strains grow during the 4 d after inoculation and prior to the experiment. When the wild-type strain grows in the dark, its threshold for the bending rate is 10(-9) W X m-2, compared with 2 X 10(-7) W X m-2 when it is grown under continuous illumination. Further, the maximal bending rate is twice as high in dark-grown strains. This phenomenon is further complicated by the fact that the diameter and growth rate of the sporangiophores also depend on the illumination conditions prior to the experiment: light-grown sporangiophores have an increased diameter and an increased growth rate compared with dark-grown ones. Some of the behavioral mutants, however, are indifferent to this form of light control. Another factor that is controlled by the growth conditions is adaptation: the kinetics of dark adaptation are slower in light-grown sporangiophores than in dark-grown ones. We found empirically a positive correlation between the slower dark adaptation constant and the threshold of the bending rate, which shows that the two underlying phenomena are functionally related. PMID- 6747599 TI - Metaretinochrome in membranes as an effective donor of 11-cis retinal for the synthesis of squid rhodopsin. AB - Aporetinochrome, which is a protein moiety of retinochrome without chromophore retinal, is found in the membrane containing retinochrome. All of the prosthetic retinal of retinochrome in membranes, which is all-trans retinal, is bound to the chromophoric site on the protein moiety, with protonated Schiff bases showing an absorption band with the maximum at 495 nm. On exposure to light, retinochrome is converted to metaretinochrome at room temperature. The prosthetic retinals of metaretinochrome in membranes, which are 11-cis retinals, are in two states: retinals bound to the chromophoric site with protonated Schiff bases, and the free retinals, which are separated from the protein moiety. These states are suggested from the following observations. (a) The ratio of the absorbance at 470 nm of metaretinochrome to that at 495 nm of the parental retinochrome differs because of differences in samples and is higher in the purer preparations. (b) The difference spectrum of absorption of metaretinochrome caused by alkalinization shows two minimum peaks at approximately 420 and 470 nm. (c) The rate of bleaching of metaretinochrome in membranes with dilute NH2OH is much faster than that of retinochrome, and the absorption band in the near-UV region is more susceptible to NH2OH than the visible absorption band. The state of the prosthetic retinals in metaretinochrome was confirmed directly by the reaction of metaretinochrome in membranes with NaBH4. After treatment with NaBH4, the sodium dodecyl sulfate-polyacrylamide gel electrophoretic pattern shows two fluorescent bands: one at the position that corresponds to the retinochrome protein (mol wt 27,000 +/- 2,000), and another at the front of migration, where no band of protein is observed. Retinoids extracted from the NaBH4-treated metaretinochrome in membranes and analyzed with high-pressure liquid chromatography show a main peak of 11-cis retinol. The results of this and earlier (Seki et al., 1982) papers are summarized, and it is strongly suggested that metaretinochrome in the squid retina may play the role of 11-cis retinal donor for opsin and contribute to the synthesis of the squid rhodopsin. PMID- 6747600 TI - Dark regeneration of rhodopsin in crayfish photoreceptors. AB - The eyes of crayfish were exposed to lights of known spectral composition, and the course of regeneration was followed in the dark by measuring the content of rhodopsin and metarhodopsin in single rhabdoms isolated at various times after the adaptation, using an assay that is based on the fluorescence of metarhodopsin. Complete recovery requires several days in the dark after intense adaptation to orange light, but requires less than 2 d after blue light exposure. Following an orange light exposure with blue produces recovery kinetics characteristic of the blue light exposure alone. This quickening of recovery occurs whether the receptors are exposed to blue light either immediately or many hours after the original exposure to orange. Conversely, following blue light adaptation with orange leads to slow recovery, which is characteristic of orange alone. Recovery from long-wavelength adaptation is slower principally because many rhabdoms seem to delay the onset of regeneration. We suggest that the regeneration system is itself photosensitive, and after orange light adaptation the supply of active chromophore (presumably 11-cis retinal) limits the rate of recovery. Once started, recovery proceeds slowly and continuously, and the total pigment concentration (rhodopsin plus metarhodopsin) in the rhabdomeric membrane remains approximately constant. Within hours after intense adapting exposures, the rhabdoms become altered in appearance, the surfaces become coated with accessory pigment, and the bands of microvilli are less distinct. These changes persist until recovery of rhodopsin proceeds, which suggests that visual pigment regeneration results from addition of newly synthesized rhodopsin associated with membrane turn-over. PMID- 6747601 TI - Coxsackievirus B3 persistence and myocarditis in N:NIH(S) II nu/nu and +/nu mice. AB - N:NIH(S) II nu/nu (athymic) and +/nu (euthymic) mice were inoculated with coxsackievirus B3 (CBV-3) and examined at various times after infection for virus titres in the heart, myocarditis and serum neutralizing antibodies. Virus was recovered from the hearts of nu/nu mice for up to 94 days post-inoculation, but was not recovered from the hearts of any +/nu mice beyond 14 days. Inflammatory cell infiltration and necrosis were present in the hearts of +/nu mice at all harvest times (7, 14, 21 and 28 days). Inflammation and necrosis did not become evident in nu/nu mice until 14 days post-inoculation, and was the present in mice from each harvest until the end of the experiment (94 days). In athymic mice, myocarditis showed a strong correlation with persistence of CBV-3 in the heart. In N:NIH(S) II mice, the presence (+/nu) or absence (nu/nu) of a thymus had a major influence on the clearance of virus from the heart and on the development of myocarditis. PMID- 6747602 TI - Expression of cloned vaccinia virus DNA sequences introduced into animal cells. AB - Individual cloned HindIII fragments of vaccinia virus DNA were introduced into cells by DNA-mediated gene transfer. The presence of individual fragments in the different transformants was confirmed by Southern blot hybridization analysis. Several of the transformants were found to express viral sequences at various levels. The sizes of the transcripts containing vaccinia virus sequences were highly heterogeneous, with no discrete species of RNA. Positive clones contained vaccinia virus sequences in both the poly(A)+ and poly(A)- RNA fractions, although the prevalence of these sequences was variable in the two fractions. The S1 nuclease map of the 5' end of the transcripts from transformants containing the HindIII-J fragment revealed a unique 5' end, similar to RNA from virus infected cells. In contrast, analysis of the 3' end of RNAs from these transformants showed a high degree of heterogeneity, which might explain the heterogeneity found in Northern blot patterns. In this report, it is shown for the first time that in cells transformed with vaccinia virus DNA there is proper initiation for, at least, the viral thymidine kinase gene. PMID- 6747603 TI - Persistent infection and transformation of mouse glial cultures by K virus, a murine papovavirus. AB - Foetal mouse glial cultures were inoculated with murine K papovavirus and subjected to serial subcultivation. Two cell lines were developed. The first of these, KVBCG2A, remained positive for viral infectivity and K virus capsid (V) antigen for over 30 subcultivations. Productive infection was not abolished by serial subcultivation in the presence of antiviral antibody. The second cell line, KVBCG1B, became negative for infectious virus and K virus V antigen, could be cloned from single cells and produced tumours in mice. Sera from tumour bearing animals produced nuclear fluorescence of KVBCG1B cells and K virus infected mouse embryo cells but did not react with uninfected mouse embryo cells or with cells infected by polyoma virus. DNA hybridization studies confirmed the presence of K virus DNA in KVBCG1B cells and suggested integration of the viral genome into host chromosomal DNA. K virus produces both persistent infection and cell transformation in glial cultures derived from its natural host. PMID- 6747604 TI - Defective interfering Semliki Forest virus populations are biologically and physically heterogeneous. AB - This study demonstrates that populations of defective interfering Semliki Forest virus (DI SEV) are heterogeneous particularly in respect of their interference properties. Interference was quantified by two assays, one measuring inhibition of the yield of infectious progeny virus, and the other measuring reduction in virus-directed RNA synthesis; for 11 different DI SFV preparations a ratio of the two interference titres was calculated. These ratios varied up to 46-fold indicating that each DI virus preparation contained an interference activity that varied independently of the other. However, sister stocks made from the same parental inoculum had similar properties. The effects of different DI virus preparations on other parameters (virus polypeptide synthesis, yield of DI virus and yield of infectious virus) were investigated using inocula with interference titres standardized by either assay. Co-inoculation of L929 cells with 50 p.f.u. SFV showed that these parameters varied independently of each other and of the DI virus inoculum. There was no correlation with the number of undiluted passages each DI stock had received. Direct evidence of physical heterogeneity was demonstrated by metrizamide density gradient centrifugation. Although infecting virus sedimented as a narrow band, DI SFV was distributed over a broad region of the gradient. Its position on the gradient indicated that DI SFV has a higher nucleic acid: protein ratio than standard virus. DI virus progeny obtained by using fractions of the gradient as inoculum were as heterogeneous as the unfractionated parent, confirming that DI viruses retain heterogeneity on passage. PMID- 6747605 TI - Isolation and characterization of subspecies of murine interferon alpha. AB - Interferon produced by mouse L-929 cells by incubation with poly(rI).poly(rC) is known to be composed of a mixture of MuIFN-alpha and MuIFN-beta. The alpha component was separated from the bete species by affinity chromatography over a monoclonal anti-MuIFN-beta agarose column and partially purified by gel filtration. MuIFN-alpha, prepared by this method was separated into at least five subspecies by chromatofocusing. The approximate pI values of these components are greater than or equal to 7.5, 6.5, 6.2, 5.9 and 5.6, respectively. Component 3 (pI 6.2) was the most prominent subspecies present in our MuIFN-alpha preparations, representing 40 to 50% of the total antiviral activity. Component 1 (pI greater than or equal to 7.5) which accounted for about 5% of the antiviral activity on mouse cells, differed in some properties from the other interferon subspecies. It showed a relatively high antiviral activity on heterologous cells and it was eluted from a Sephadex column after the other alpha subspecies. Furthermore, it showed a diminished binding to heparin as compared to the other MuIFN-alpha subspecies, indicating a lower affinity for polynucleotides. PMID- 6747606 TI - Properties of hepatitis B e antigen synthesized by rat cells transfected with circular viral DNA. AB - Transfection of Buffalo rat liver cells with closed circular hepatitis B virus DNA resulted in the synthesis of both hepatitis B e and surface antigens. A 14000 mol. wt. peptide bearing hepatitis B e antigenic determinants was isolated from cell culture fluids. Native hepatitis B e antigen was present in multimeric forms in the cell culture fluids and was associated with protein phosphokinase activity. The multimeric forms of hepatitis B e antigen may serve both structural and enzymic functions for the hepatitis B virion with its small genome. PMID- 6747607 TI - Mechanism of interference between influenza A/WSN and B/Kanagawa viruses. AB - Simultaneous infection of MDCK cells with influenza viruses A/WSN and B/Kanagawa resulted in mutual interference with virus protein synthesis and in significant suppression of A/WSN growth. When infection by one virus preceded the other by 1 or 2 h, growth of the superinfecting virus was selectively inhibited at the level of transcription. Interference by the pre-infecting virus was strongly dependent on the expression of the viral genome but not on haemagglutinin activity. When the replication of both virus types was restricted to primary transcription by cycloheximide, the only translation products following removal of the drug were those of the preinfecting virus. This result was not affected by blocking secondary transcription by actinomycin D. These findings suggest that intertypic interference occurs at the level of primary transcription. This concept was supported further by the observation that a ts mutant of A/WSN (ts-65) with a defect in primary transcription interfered only with superinfection by B/Kanagawa at the permissive temperature. PMID- 6747608 TI - Plaque titration and inhibition tests for bovine parvovirus. AB - Bovine parvovirus readily produced plaques when inoculated into 60% confluent, actively growing bovine embryonic lung cells. Incorporation of DEAE-dextran, MgCl2 and DMSO in the agarose overlay medium was found to improve plaque production, especially with the latter chemical. In contrast, protamine sulphate inhibited plaque development. It was found that plaque titration and plaque inhibition tests could be conveniently carried out in 24-well cell culture plates, using an agarose overlay containing DMSO, DEAE-dextran and foetal calf serum. The procedures were highly sensitive, when compared with other established techniques. PMID- 6747609 TI - Detection and characterization of hepatitis B virus DNA in serum of HBe antigen negative HBsAg carriers. AB - Sera from 153 Israeli patients in various stages of hepatitis B virus (HBV) infection with undetectable hepatitis Be antigen (HBeAg) were studied for the presence of HBV DNA in the serum by molecular hybridization. HBV DNA was detected in 10 patients: 3 with acute hepatitis, 4 asymptomatic hepatitis B surface antigen (HBsAg) carriers, 1 with chronic active hepatitis, 1 with cirrhosis, and 1 with mixed cryoglobulinemia. HBV DNA was detected in 7 of 10 HBeAg-positive control samples tested. Hybridization analysis was used for quantitative comparison of HBV DNA levels in serum. HBV DNA levels, found in HBeAg-negative patients sometimes exceeded the levels found in HBeAg-positive patients. Restriction enzyme analysis of serum HBV DNA from four HBeAg-negative samples gave undistinguishable digestion patterns as compared to 3 HBeAg-positive samples. However, heterogeneity in HBV DNA restriction fragments was detected among HBV genomes in sera of HBeAg-positive samples. These data demonstrate that HBV DNA may be present in the serum at various stages of HBV infection, regardless of HBeAg detection. Failure to detect HBeAg in these patients does not necessarily reflect low serum levels of viral particles, or the occurrence of HBV genome variants. PMID- 6747610 TI - Evaluation of a reduced dose of hepatitis B vaccine administered intradermally. AB - Intradermal inoculation of hepatitis B vaccine (HBsAg subtype adw) caused no side effects, but the vaccine was less immunogenic than following intramuscular administration. Intradermal inoculation does not, therefore, offer a major advantage to the generally used intramuscular immunization. A single multisite intradermal administration of a reduced dose of vaccine did not result in a more rapid seroconversion compared to intramuscular inoculation. Although the antibody levels were similar after two intradermal or intradermal or intramuscular injections given 1 month apart, the booster (third injection) at 6 months resulted in anti-HBs levels that were about 10 times higher following intramuscular inoculation as compared to intradermal. All persons immunized developed anti-HBs. The levels of anti-HBs (a and w) were about 30-40% of the total anti-HBs, and the proportion did not change significantly during the course of immunization. Cross-protection against all HBV strains is thus also assured after intradermal administration of vaccine containing only one HBsAg subtype (adw). A skin reaction was elicited only in a small proportion of anti-HBs positive individuals, and the reaction correlated roughly with the immune responses. PMID- 6747612 TI - Diagnosis of respiratory syncytial virus infection in children: comparison of viral antigen detection and serology. AB - Direct detection of viral antigen in nasopharyngeal secretion by radioimmunoassay was compared with serology by IgG antibody enzyme immunoassay for diagnostic efficacy in 77 children with clinically suspected respiratory syncytial virus (RSV) infections. Antigen detection gave a positive diagnosis in 26 of 33 (79%) children in whom RSV infection was diagnosed by any of the two methods. The diagnostic efficacy of antigen detection was dependent upon the interval after onset at which specimens were collected; 88% of specimens taken during the first 5 days and 50% of specimens taken 6-10 days after onset of illness were positive. It was also dependent on the age of the patients, the diagnostic efficacy being 88 and 76% in children under and over 6 months of age, respectively. PMID- 6747611 TI - Acquisition of antibodies to various Coxsackie and Echo viruses and hepatitis A virus in agricultural communal settlements in Israel. AB - A seroepidemiological study was conducted to measure the antibody prevalence for eight different enteric viruses. These include seven "classical" enteroviruses, ie, Coxsackie virus types A9, B1, B3, B4 and three ECHO virus types 4, 7, and 9, as well as hepatitis A virus (HAV), recently classified as enterovirus 72. Sera samples were obtained from 791 residents living in 29 agricultural settlements (kibbutzim) with a total population of 15,950. The results indicated that the acquisition of antibodies to Coxsackie and ECHO viruses occurred at a significantly earlier age than to HAV. Prevalence of antibodies to Coxsackie and ECHO viruses at two to four years of age was 40%-69%, in contrast to 4% for HAV. At age 5-17 years, 85% had antibodies to five or more of the seven "classical" enteroviruses, as compared with 10% to HAV. The latter steeply increased to 63% for age group 18-24 years and reached a peak of 95% for age group 50 years and older. Prevalence of antibodies to ECHO and Coxsackie viruses were often found to be higher in in females than in males, within the age group of 18 years and older, but not in age groups 18 years and younger. Prevalence of antibodies to HAV was observed to be much higher in males than in females 18-24 years of age. No significant difference was found in the prevalence of individuals harboring antibodies to three or more and even up to five or more Coxsackie and ECHO viruses between those HAV-negative versus those HAV positive.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS) PMID- 6747613 TI - Immunoglobulin class-specific antibody response in respiratory syncytial virus infection measured by enzyme immunoassay. AB - Immunoglobulin class-specific enzyme immunoassay (EIA) was used for determination of antibody responses in sera collected from 26 children with acute primary respiratory syncytial virus (RSV) infections. All 26 patients had IgG antibody responses with a significant titer increase in 24 (92%); an IgM antibody response was detected in 19 of the 26 (73%). From patients aged 6 months or less only 5 of 8 produced detectable IgM antibodies, whereas all patients aged 1-2 years did so. IgM antibodies appeared within 1 week after onset of illness and persisted from 20 days to 2-3 months. An IgA antibody response was observed in 20 of 26 (77%) patients with a significant titer increase detected in 17 of 26 (65%) patients. In some patients the persistence of IgA antibodies followed that of the IgM antibodies, but in others the IgA antibody titers remained stable up to the end of the follow-up. The most sensitive assay system for serological diagnosis of acute RSV infection in children was the determination of titer increases by IgG antibody. PMID- 6747614 TI - Prevalence of depression among Asian-Americans. AB - The dearth of population-based studies and epidemiological investigations on the mental health problems of Asian-Americans, especially since the change in the immigration laws in 1965, has led to contradictory speculations about the prevalence rates of mental illness and the general mental health status among Asian-Americans, as opposed to other segments of the population. We administered the Center for Epidemiologic Studies Depression (CES-D) scale to 499 samples drawn from a Northwestern coastal city in order to make an initial assessment of the amount of depression experienced by Asian-Americans. The investigation compared the Asian-Americans' CES-D scores with those of whites and other minority groups, examined the scale's patterns of factor loading by ethnicity, and discovered that, even with statistical controls, there exists a distinction among the individual groups of Chinese, Filipinos, Japanese, and Koreans with respect to their score averages of depressive symptoms. PMID- 6747615 TI - The consistency of thought disorder in mania and schizophrenia. An assessment of acute psychotics. AB - This report presents an assessment of 20 manic and 20 schizophrenic patients using a clinical rating instrument: the Scale for Assessment of Thought, Language, and Communication (TLC). These 40 patients were assessed three times within a 10-day period at the outset of an acute psychotic episode with open ended interviews which were then evaluated with the TLC. It was found that clinically rated speech disorders were relatively consistent within these patients at the outset of a psychotic episode. Furthermore, it was found that composite ratings of positive and negative speech disorders, as defined by the TLC, were stable discriminators of the manic and schizophrenic patients, while global thought disorder was not useful as a discriminator. The results provide evidence that thought disorder in psychosis may be a stable trait of patients during acute episodes and that positive and negative disorder is a useful construct. PMID- 6747616 TI - Gender differences in schizophrenia. AB - Lewine (Psychol. Bull., 90: 432-444, 1981) has proposed sex differences, specific to schizophrenics, in age at first psychiatric hospitalization, age at first reported symptoms, and premorbid social competence. To evaluate Lewine's hypothesis we collected data on 64 schizophrenic and 30 nonschizophrenic psychiatric outpatients. As no interaction between sex and diagnostic groups was found, our data failed to demonstrate sex differences specific and unique to schizophrenia. It is possible that Lewine's evidence is due to a cultural artifact. PMID- 6747617 TI - Influence of life events on outcome in psychotherapy. AB - The life events occurring to 64 outpatients participating in a psychotherapy outcome study were assessed for the 6 months before intake, during therapy itself, and during a follow-up period that averaged 7.2 months. Events were identified using a combined checklist and interview methodology. The impact of events was assessed by examining their predictive validity above and beyond that attributable to a set of demographic and clinical variables (sex, age, socioeconomic status, chronicity, and history of prior treatment). The major findings were that: a) life events did have a significant influence, but only at intake and termination and not at follow-up; b) "negative" events were more useful than the total number of events in predicting status; and c) when life events did have predictive power, the average increase in explained variance attributable to events was 13.4 per cent. PMID- 6747618 TI - Verbal impairment after closed head injury. Report of a replication study. AB - This study is a replication of an earlier study published in this journal (Sarno, M. T. The nature of verbal impairment after closed head injury. J. Nerv. Ment. Dis., 1968: 685-692, 1980). Consecutive admissions of 69 closed head injured (CHI) postcoma patients at an average of 1 year post-trauma in a rehabilitation medicine center were examined with standardized aphasia tests. As in the first study, all patients evidenced linguistic impairment which was not necessarily manifest clinically but was apparent on testing. Again the population divided itself into three relatively equally sized groups: those with classical aphasia, those with dysarthria accompanied by linguistic deficits, and those with "subclinical" aphasic deficits. As in the first study, consistency of performance was noted for all groups. For example, dysarthric patients consistently evidenced severe language impairment on at least three out of four linguistic tasks taken from an aphasia test. Also, the major types of aphasia were represented in the aphasia group. This study confirms the observation that all CHI postcoma patients suffer important, disabling verbal changes, however mild or apparent, which persist up to 1 year post-trauma. The findings are considered important for patient management, particularly with respect to social, vocational, and psychological aspects in the chronic stage of recovery. PMID- 6747619 TI - Relation of the Fliess-Swoboda Biorhythm Theory to suicide occurrence. AB - Data on occurrence of suicide from a population of 993 Veterans Administration hospital patients were used to test the validity of the Fliess-Swoboda Biorhythm Theory. Using a novel approach to analysis, semicritical day types were included. Sixty-four day types were generated and divided a priori into five categories which corresponded to predictions of increased or decreased suicides according to biorhythm theory. The results showed that the number of suicides observed was significantly different from the calculated number of expected suicides. The largest discrepancy between expected and observed frequencies occurred in category I for day types with all combinations of critical and semicritical days. It was concluded that biorhythm theory has some validity when the novel methods in this study are employed. The findings have heuristic value and may be useful to clinicians treating male Caucasian Veterans Administration inpatients. Suggestions for future research are also presented. PMID- 6747620 TI - Acute paranoid disorder in a Southeast Asian refugee. AB - The clinical course of a 23-year-old male Vietnamese refugee who was seen for psychiatric evaluation and treatment after a self-inflicted abdominal stab wound is described. His attempted suicide was precipitated by a rejection of his romantic advances by an American woman and teasing by fellow co-workers that he was a Communist spy. Central to the development of paranoid delusions in this patient was the fact that he had been a member of the Communist forces in Cambodia and feared deportation. Emigration and acculturative stressors were seen as contributing significantly to this patient's paranoid disorder. PMID- 6747621 TI - Impaired brain functions due to diazepam and meprobamate abuse in a 53-year-old male. AB - The following case study demonstrates the important influence of diazepam and meprobamate on a patient's neuropsychological test performance. This article includes: a brief medical history and summary of previous physical examinations; brief description of the neuropsychological test battery; formulation of the original neuropsychological test findings; follow-up neuropsychological testing; and discussion. The profound interaction effect of these prescribed drugs revealed severe cognitive, memory, and motor function deficits in a 53-year-old male. These findings are in contrast to reports in the literature. PMID- 6747622 TI - The Amytal interview in the diagnosis of late onset psychosis with cultural features presenting as catatonic stupor. AB - A case history of a man with atypical psychosis who exhibited catatonic stupor is reported. Amytal interview procedures used and the differential diagnosis for catatonia are discussed. Response to Loxitane was excellent, though this was clouded by the patient's belief in root medicine, a source of cultural incongruity between him and his therapist. Distinguishing between psychosis and cultural belief systems is shown to be essential in therapy. PMID- 6747623 TI - 3H-imipramine and 3H-cyano-imipramine binding in rat brain tissue: effect of long term antidepressant administration. AB - 3H-imipramine and 3H-cyano-imipramine binding was determined in brain homogenates of rats which had been treated for 21 days with imipramine or desimipramine. When compared to control animals, long-term administration of these antidepressants did not induce any alteration in the maximal number of 3H-imipramine or 3H-cyano imipramine binding sites. However, a transient increase in the apparent dissociation constant was observed. Such findings are discussed in respect to previous studies, which have been highly contraversial. PMID- 6747624 TI - Acute effects of a single afternoon melatonin injection on LH, prolactin, and pineal melatonin titers in the Syrian hamster. AB - Young adult male Syrian hamsters maintained in an LD 14:10 photo-period (lights out at 8 p.m.) were given a single injection of 25 micrograms melatonin or ethanolic-saline at 4 p.m. Animals from each group were sacrificed at 5 p.m., 4 a.m., and 10 a.m. following the injections. Pituitary and plasma LH and prolactin as well as pineal melatonin levels were determined in all animals by RIA. Pineal melatonin levels were significantly (p greater than 0.025) reduced at 10 a.m. in the melatonin treated group. Melatonin administration also suppressed pituitary LH levels at 4 a.m. and plasma LH levels at 10 a.m. Plasma prolactin concentrations at 4 a.m. and pituitary prolactin levels at both 5 p.m. and 10 a.m. were significantly elevated in melatonin treated hamsters compared with those given ethanolic-saline. These results indicate that exogenous melatonin has immediate effects on several hormones important in the regulation of reproductive events in this species. This acute injection model may therefore aid in the elucidation of melatonin's mechanism of action in the Syrian hamster. PMID- 6747625 TI - Characterization of 125I-lysergic acid diethylamide binding to serotonin receptors in rat frontal cortex. AB - 125I-Lysergic acid diethylamide (125I-LSD) is the first 125I-labeled ligand for serotonin receptor studies. Its binding to rat frontal cortex membranes is saturable, reversible, and stereospecific. Specific binding is linearly dependent on tissue concentration and represents 70-80% of the total binding. Scatchard plots of the binding data are linear with a KD of 1.5 nM, a Bmax of 12.4 fmol/mg wet weight tissue, and a Hill slope of 1.02. The binding kinetics are highly temperature-dependent. At 37 degrees C the bimolecular association rate constant is 1.28 X 10(8) min-1 M-1 and the dissociation rate constant is 0.087 min-1 (t 1/2 = 8.0 min). At 0 degrees C less than 4% dissociation occurs over 40 min and the association rate is similarly depressed. Inhibition of 125I-LSD binding by a variety of serotonergic, dopaminergic, and adrenergic ligands reveals a 5 hydroxytryptamine2 (5-HT2) serotonergic profile for this binding site. Regional distribution studies of 125I-LSD binding in rat brain show that areas with the highest levels of binding include the cortex and striatum. Iodinated radioligands can be synthesized with specific activities exceeding 2,000 Ci/mmol, which makes them approximately 75-fold more sensitive than tritiated radioligands. This high specific activity, coupled with the selectivity of 125I-LSD for 5-HT2 sites, makes this ligand a sensitive new probe for 5-HT2 serotonin receptors. PMID- 6747626 TI - Incorporation of [14C]glucose into lipids of bovine oligodendroglia. AB - Oligodendrocytes were isolated from the white matter of ox brains. Light microscopy revealed that the cells were greater than or equal to 90% phase-bright with a mean diameter of 7.6 micron. Transmission electron microscopy was employed to identify the classic morphology associated with mature oligodendrocytes. Homogenates of the isolated cells showed negligible activity of neuronal and astrocytic cell markers. Using a suspension culture method cells were incubated with [14C]glucose. This simple precursor labelled the five complex lipids choline glycerophospholipid, ethanolamine glycerophospholipid, inositol glycerophospholipid + serine glycerophospholipid, and the two cerebroside species. The incorporation of label was shown to be dependent on glucose concentration, protein concentration, and the length of incubation. In addition the glucose uptake blocker phloretin (1 mM) reduced the degree of labelling by up to 97%, and the metabolic poisons KCN (1 mM) and iodoacetate (0.5 mM) had varying deleterious effects on the amounts of labelling of the five lipids measured. PMID- 6747627 TI - Some characteristics of glutamic acid decarboxylase of chick ampullary cristae. AB - In a previous study, it was demonstrated that enzyme-mediated gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA) synthesis occurs in the vestibule of the chick inner ear. As deeper knowledge of the properties of its synthesizing enzyme might contribute to the understanding of the role of GABA in inner ear function, some characteristics of glutamate decarboxylase (GAD) were studied in chick isolated ampullary cristae under conditions in which 14CO2 release from [1-14C]glutamate and [14C]GABA formation from [U-14C]glutamate for estimating GAD activity were equal. It was found that Km for glutamate is 5 mM and that the enzyme pH optimum is 7.3. These values fall within the range described for the corresponding enzyme in nervous tissue of other species. Pyridoxal phosphate (PLP) activates the enzyme and aminooxyacetic acid inhibits it, the same as these agents activate or inhibit GAD from several nervous tissue sources. 2-Mercaptoethanol shows some protection from inactivation of the PLP-dependent enzyme and Triton X-100 exerts some inhibition of vestibular GAD activity, as previously shown in other nervous tissue preparations. Although its cellular localization is at present uncertain, these results indicate that GAD of chick vestibular tissue possesses properties resembling those of the brain enzyme and might be controlled in a manner similar to that of GAD in brain, thus possibly participating in the regulation of inner ear function. PMID- 6747628 TI - Depolarisation-dependent protein phosphorylation in rat cortical synaptosomes is inhibited by fluphenazine at a step after calcium entry. AB - The sequence of molecular events linking depolarisation-dependent calcium influx to calcium-stimulated protein phosphorylation is unknown. In this study the effect of the neuroleptic drug fluphenazine on depolarisation-dependent protein phosphorylation was investigated using an intact postmitochondrial pellet isolated from rat cerebral cortex. Fluphenazine, in a dose-dependent manner, completely inhibited the increases in protein phosphorylation observed previously. The concentration of fluphenazine required for 50% inhibition varied for different phosphoproteins but for synapsin I was 123 microM. Other neuroleptics produced effects similar to fluphenazine with their order of potency being thioridazine greater than haloperidol greater than trifluoperazine greater than fluphenazine greater than chlorpromazine. Fluphenazine also increased the phosphorylation of proteins in nondepolarised controls at concentrations of 20 and 60 microM. The inhibition of depolarisation-dependent phosphorylation was apparently not due to a loss of synaptosomal integrity or viability, a decrease in calcium uptake, a change in substrate availability, or to a change in protein phosphatase activity. The data are most consistent with an inhibition of protein kinase activity by blockade of calmodulin or phospholipid activation. PMID- 6747629 TI - Dopamine synthesis in synaptosomes: relation of autoreceptor functioning to pH, membrane depolarization, and intrasynaptosomal dopamine content. AB - Factors affecting dopamine (DA) synthesis in rat striatal synaptosomes were examined by measuring the conversion of [3H]tyrosine (Tyr) to [3H]DA. Any [3H]DA that was synthesized was extracted into a toluene-based scintillation cocktail and quantitated by liquid scintillation spectrometry. The extraction was facilitated using di-(2-ethylhexyl) phosphoric acid (DEHP), a liquid cation exchanger. DA, apomorphine, and other DA agonists were much less potent inhibitors of DA synthesis in striatal synaptosomes at pH 6.2 than at pH 7.2. 3 (3-Hydroxyphenyl)-N-n-propylpiperidine (3-PPP), a putative DA autoreceptor agonist, was inactive at pH 6.2. However, at pH 7.2, 3-PPP did inhibit DA synthesis. This inhibition was reversed by sulpiride, a DA receptor antagonist, but not by benztropine, a DA uptake blocker, suggesting that 3-PPP inhibits DA synthesis by stimulating the DA autoreceptor. DA release from synaptosomes was much greater at pH 6.2 than at pH 7.2, most probably because the synaptosomal membrane appears to be depolarized at pH 6.2, as measured by the accumulation of [3H]tetraphenylphosphonium ions. Since tyrosine hydroxylase is inhibited by DA, this finding suggested that low assay buffer pH (i.e., pH 6.2) might interfere with the ability of 3-PPP and other DA agonists to inhibit DA synthesis, by promoting DA release. Likewise, reserpine and tetrabenazine, compounds which disrupt vesicular DA storage, were much less effective inhibitors of DA synthesis at pH 6.2 (high basal DA release). Moreover, D-amphetamine and high buffer potassium concentrations, treatments which promote DA release, also interfered with the ability of 3-PPP to inhibit DA synthesis. Thus, modulation of the release of DA in equilibrium with tyrosine hydroxylase may be a mechanism by which the DA autoreceptor regulates DA synthesis. PMID- 6747630 TI - Angiotensin II synthesis studies in dissociated brain cell cultures. AB - The biosynthesis of angiotensin II-like peptide was measured in primary cultured brain cells from the fetal rat. Cells from the whole brains of 20-day gestational age Sprague-Dawley rats were dissociated by mild trypsinization and grown for 5 days in supplemented (serum-free) medium prior to experimental analysis. The time dependent incorporation of [3H]proline into newly synthesized angiotensin II-like peptide was measured by radioimmunoassay using specific angiotensin II antisera. Analysis of radioimmunoassay data revealed an increase in the amount of tritium labeled angiotensin II in the crude extract of the brain cells during the first 24 h in culture. The chromatographic character of the angiotensin II-like peptide was further identified by high pressure liquid chromatography. Elution profiles for newly synthesized angiotensin II were identical to those profiles generated for [3H]angiotensin II and nonradiolabeled angiotensin II standards. To determine the bioactivity of the angiotensin II-like peptide, fractions of the column purified peptide were injected into the region of the rat lateral ventricle via an indwelling cannula. Systolic pressure increased up to 20 mm Hg depending upon the amount of peptide injected. These data clearly support the existence of an endogenous renin-angiotensin system is dissociated brain cell cultures from the fetal rat, and provide an experimental model for further analysis of the regulatory mechanisms of angiotensin II synthesis. PMID- 6747631 TI - High doses of vitamin B6 in the rat are associated with inhibition of hepatic tryptophan metabolism and increased uptake of tryptophan into the brain. AB - Acute administration of vitamin B6 to rats (10 mg/kg body weight) led to reduced urinary excretion of N1-methyl nicotinamide and methyl pyridone carboxamide, indicating inhibition of the oxidative metabolism of tryptophan. There was a considerable reduction in the production of 14CO2 from [ring-2-14C]tryptophan, and a significant inhibition of hepatic tryptophan oxygenase when measured in liver homogenates, together with an increase in the concentration of tryptophan in plasma. There was an increase in both the concentration of tryptophan in the brain and the uptake into the brain of peripherally administered [3H]tryptophan, accompanied by a small increase in the rate of synthesis of 5-hydroxytryptamine in the brain. It is suggested that this increase in the uptake of tryptophan into the brain following a relatively large dose of vitamin B6 may explain the beneficial action of the vitamin in some cases of depressive illness. PMID- 6747633 TI - Basic and regulatory mechanisms of in vitro release of Met-enkephalin from the dorsal zone of the rat spinal cord. AB - Under control conditions, superfused slices of the dorsal half of the lumbar enlargement from adult rats released Met-enkephalin-like material (MELM) that behaved as authentic Met-enkephalin under two different chromatographic procedures (Bio-gel filtration, HPLC). MELM release increased markedly on exposure of slices to batrachotoxin (0.5 microM) or to an excess of K+ (28 and 56 mM instead of 5.6 mM). The K+-evoked release was totally dependent on the presence of Ca2+ in the superfusing fluid whereas the spontaneous efflux of MELM was only partially Ca2+-dependent. Further experiments performed with tissues of polyarthritic rats indicated that the increase in their MELM levels was associated with a lower fractional rate constant of MELM release, therefore suggesting that spinal Met-enkephalin turnover might be reduced in chronically suffering animals. Examination of the possible modulation of MELM release by various neuroactive compounds present within the dorsal horn revealed that cholecystokinin (10 microM), but not its desulphated derivative, substance P sulphoxide (10 microM), and to a lesser extent substance P, enhanced the K+ evoked MELM release. In contrast, gamma-aminobutyric acid (10 microM) and (-) baclofen (1 microM) partially prevented the stimulatory effect of K+ on MELM release. Other compounds such as serotonin, somatostatin, and neurotensin altered neither the spontaneous nor the K+-evoked release of MELM. PMID- 6747632 TI - Effects of kainic acid in rat brain synaptosomes: the involvement of calcium. AB - The effects of kainic acid were investigated in preparations of rat brain synaptosomes. It was found that kainic acid inhibited competitively the uptake of D-[3H]aspartate, with a Ki of approximately 0.3 mM. Kainic acid also caused release of two excitatory amino acid neurotransmitters, aspartate and glutamate, in a time- and concentration-dependent manner, but had no effect on the content of gamma-aminobutyric acid. Concomitant with the release of aspartate and glutamate, depolarization of the synaptosomal membrane and an increase in intracellular calcium were observed, with no measurable change in the concentration of internal sodium ions. The increase in intrasynaptosomal calcium and decrease in transmembrane electrical potential were prevented by the addition of glutamate, whereas the kainate-induced release of radioactive aspartate was substantially inhibited by lowering the concentration of calcium in the external medium. It is postulated that kainic acid reacts with a class of glutamate receptors located in a subpopulation of synaptosomes, presumably derived from the glutamatergic and aspartatergic neuronal pathways, which possesses high-affinity uptake system(s) for glutamate and/or aspartate. Activation of these receptors causes opening of calcium channels, influx of calcium into the synaptosomes, and depolarization of the synaptosomal plasma membrane with consequent release of amino acid neurotransmitters. PMID- 6747634 TI - An evaluation of irreversible inhibition of synaptosomal high-affinity choline transport by choline mustard aziridinium ion. AB - Choline mustard aziridinium is a potent, irreversible and selective blocker of sodium-dependent, high-affinity transport of choline into rat forebrain synaptosomes; it was found to be 30 times less potent against low-affinity transport of choline. The IC50 value for high-affinity transport was 0.94 microM, compared to 29 microM for low-affinity uptake. The inhibitory action of choline mustard aziridinium ion on high-affinity transport of choline was graded with respect to time; a 12-fold increase in potency was obtained by increasing the inhibitor preincubation times from 1 to 30 min. Low concentrations of choline mustard aziridinium ion could produce significant blockade of choline carriers providing the exposure time was prolonged. The characteristics of the blockade of synaptosomal high-affinity choline transport by choline mustard aziridinium ion also changed depending upon preincubation time. The kinetics of inhibition of high-affinity choline transport by choline mustard aziridinium ion showed apparent competitive inhibition initially, followed by noncompetitive characteristics at longer preincubations with inhibitor. The rate of irreversible inhibition of carriers by this nitrogen mustard analogue would appear to be rapid; the rate constant was determined to be 5 X 10(-2) s-1 for micromolar concentrations of inhibitor. This action may preclude the transport of the mustard analogue into the nerve terminal, although initially some reversible binding with the carrier may result in the translocation of some choline mustard aziridinium ion into the presynaptic ending. The progressive alkylation of high affinity carriers by the analogue could indicate the presence of excess carrier sites in the presynaptic membrane, or subpopulations of carriers in an inactive state in equilibrium with active carriers. A model is described for the inhibitory action of choline mustard aziridinium ion on synaptosomal high affinity choline carriers. PMID- 6747635 TI - Role of creatine phosphate in the discharge of the electric organ of Torpedo marmorata. AB - The role of creatine phosphate and adenosine triphosphate, as high energy phosphate sources, has been investigated during the discharge and recovery of the electric organ of Torpedo. ATP serves as the immediate source of energy for the biochemical process supporting the electrical activity of the electric organ. Under repetitive stimulation, when the energy demands exceed production, ATP levels are maintained constant at the expense of creatine phosphate. Only when the reservoir of creatine phosphate is depleted do the levels of ATP decrease, and this point corresponds to the state of maximal fatigue of the electric organ. Recovery studies show that the electric organ rapidly recovers the capacity to respond to single pulse stimuli. This recovery is statistically related to the recovery of the levels of ATP and acetylcholine. However, in this phase, the fatiguability of the electric organ is very high since its energy reservoir is still depleted. The complete recovery of the electric organ requires several hours and is closely related to the restoration of the levels of creatine phosphate. PMID- 6747636 TI - Bovine nucleus caudatus acetylcholinesterase: active site determination and investigation of a dimeric form obtained by selective proteolysis. AB - The number of catalytic subunits of purified bovine nucleus caudatus acetylcholinesterase (E.C. 3.1.1.7) has been determined by active site labelling with [3H]diisopropyl fluorophosphate ([3H]DFP). The 10.5 S, 16 S, and 20 S forms were estimated to contain two, four, and six active sites, respectively, per molecule. A 4.8 S form, which showed a weak amphiphile-dependent activity behavior, was obtained by selective proteolytic digestion with pronase. The inability of the purified 4.8 S form to aggregate after detergent removal, and the molecular mass in the range of 130-165 kD under nondenaturating conditions, indicate that this form is a dimeric form, lacking those hydrophobic regions responsible for aggregation. PMID- 6747637 TI - Determination of 1-methylimidazole-4-acetic acid in brain tissue from rat and mouse. AB - The concentration of the histamine metabolite 1-methylimidazole-4-acetic acid was determined in brain tissue from rat and mouse with a gas chromatographic-mass spectrometric method. Mouse brain contained 1.7-3.2 nmol/g, depending on the strain. The concentration in cerebrum from Sprague-Dawley rats was 1.2 nmol/g, whereas cerebellum contained 0.24 nmol/g. The concentration of tele methylhistamine in mouse brain was 1.4-2.2 nmol/g. The concentration of 1 methylimidazole-4-acetic acid in rat brain after death did not change significantly during 2 h at room temperature. PMID- 6747638 TI - Release of the NILE and other glycoproteins from cultured PC12 rat pheochromocytoma cells and sympathetic neurons. AB - Studies were carried out on the glycoproteins (GPs) released by cultured rat sympathetic neurons and by cultured PC12 rat pheochromocytoma cells with and without nerve growth factor (NGF) treatment. Cultures were prelabeled with [3H]fucose and then incubated for 4-8 h in fresh unlabeled medium. The material released into the medium was analyzed by sodium dodecyl sulfate-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis (SDS-PAGE) and fluorography. The patterns of labeled material released by all three types of cultures were similar. One of the major components released was of apparent Mr less than or equal to 230,000. Another major component of apparent Mr = 55,000 as well as minor components of apparent Mr less than or equal to 180,000, 140,000, 118,000, and 105,000 were also detected. An additional peptide of apparent Mr less than or equal to 210,000 was released only by the sympathetic neurons. The soluble released Mr less than or equal to 230,000 component appeared to be derived from a previously characterized neuronal integral membrane GP referred to as the NILE (NGF-inducible large external) GP. Evidence for this included recognition of the released component by a monospecific antiserum prepared against membrane-derived NILE GP. At least several of the other released GPs appeared to be derived from membrane-bound components with which they share immuno-crossreactivity. Since the soluble NILE and other released GPs had somewhat faster mobilities on SDS-polyacrylamide gels than their apparent membrane-bound correspondents, release could either be due to, or accompanied by, minor changes in molecular structure. PMID- 6747639 TI - Colchicine neurotoxicity demonstrates the cholinergic projection from the supracommissural septum to the habenula and the nucleus interpeduncularis in the rat. AB - Colchicine injections in the supracommissural septum of the rat caused degeneration of several neurons in the nucleus triangularis septi and the nucleus septofimbrialis. The lesions resulted in significant decreases of choline acetyltransferase in the habenula (-34%) and in the nucleus interpeduncularis ( 36%), thus demonstrating the existence of a major cholinergic projection to these nuclei from the supracommissural septum. A large fall in choline acetyltransferase was also noticed in the dorsal hippocampus as a consequence of colchicine damage to the fimbria-fornix fibers crossing the injected area. PMID- 6747641 TI - Concanavalin A binding glycoproteins in subcellular fractions from the developing rat cerebral cortex. AB - Synaptic plasma membrane (SPM) and mitochondrial fractions were prepared from 3 50-day rat cerebral cortex and their purity assessed. The fractions were subjected to electrophoresis on slab gels, stained for protein, and overlaid with 125I-concanavalin A (ConA). ConA binding glycoproteins (CABGs) were revealed by autoradiography. In the SPM fraction CABGs of MW 25,000, 63,000, 80,000, 115,000, 174,000, and 239,000 increased while those of MW 47,000, 75,000, and 190,000 decreased developmentally. In the mitochondrial fraction, CABGs of MW 25,000, 44,000, 115,000 and 174,000 increased while those of 34,000, 43,000, 47,000, 51,000, 80,000, 107,000, and 195,000 decreased developmentally. CABGs of MW 32,000, 63,000, 88,000, 153,000, 190,000, and 239,000 appear to be unique to the SPM fraction and those of MW 34,000, 107,000, and 195,000 are unique to the mitochondrial fraction. PMID- 6747640 TI - Developmental differences between soluble and membrane-bound fractions of choline O-acetyltransferase in neonatal mouse brain. AB - Three fractions (one soluble and two membrane-bound) of choline acetyltransferase (ChAT) isolated from a nerve ending fraction of mouse forebrain, which have previously been reported to differ in several biochemical and physical aspects, were also found to differ in their rates of postnatal development. At 2 days of age, the activity in all three fractions was very low. Sodium phosphate buffer soluble (cytoplasmic) ChAT activity increased significantly by 8 days of age, whereas the ChAT activity of the two membrane-bound fractions (NaCl- and Triton soluble) did not increase until 13 days of age. These results suggested that the differences observed between the three fractions of ChAT prepared from mouse brain are not solely artifacts of the isolation procedure. PMID- 6747642 TI - An exchange assay for the measurement of cell nuclear estrogen receptors in microdissected brain regions. AB - An exchange assay is described for the measurement of nuclear estrogen receptors (ERn) in microdissected brain regions. The distribution of ERn in the hypothalamus and amygdala of the rat 1 h after an injection of estradiol (E) is presented. Combining the exchange assay with a previously described method for measurement of cytosol estrogen receptors (ERc) in microdissected brain samples, gonadectomized male and female rats were compared for ERc and ERn. While ERc concentrations tended to be higher in females than in males in all regions of the hypothalamus, with a significant sex difference in the arcuate-median eminence, no sex difference in ERn concentrations was observed after E injection. These results suggest that ERc measurements alone are not sufficient to establish the capacity of the E receptor system: ERn measurements are also necessary to establish the relationship between receptor levels and physiologic estrogen responsiveness. PMID- 6747643 TI - Transient global amnesia: neuropsychological dysfunction during attack and recovery in two "pure" cases. AB - Two patients with transient global amnesia are reported. Comprehensive neuropsychological evaluation, during the amnesic episode, as well as follow-up examinations on memory were performed. The course of the amnesia was exemplified by two comparable memory tests in different modalities. Partial retrograde amnesia and complete anterograde amnesia were demonstrated during the transient episode. Objective recovery was found to be slower than subjectively experienced, but test performance was completely normal one month after onset. PMID- 6747645 TI - Diabetic gastroparesis from autonomic neuropathy: surgical considerations and changes in vagus nerve morphology. AB - Two cases with intractable vomiting due to gastroparesis, a rare feature of diabetic autonomic neuropathy, are described. Both required surgical treatment. In the first a gastroenterostomy was complicated by reflux gastritis requiring a revision operation; in the second a gastrojejunostomy was successful. Electron microscopic studies of the vagus nerve in one of the cases showed a severe reduction in the density of unmyelinated axons, the surviving axons tending to be of small calibre. The severity of the abnormalities supports the view that diabetic gastroparesis is related to vagal denervation. PMID- 6747644 TI - Characteristic alterations of long-loop "reflexes" in patients with Friedreich's disease and late atrophy of the cerebellar anterior lobe. AB - Sudden tilting of a platform around the axis of the human ankle joint causes a regular pattern of short and medium latency EMG responses in the stretched triceps surae muscle and a long latency response in its antagonist, the anterior tibial muscle. This paper reports alterations of these EMG responses in 41 patients with cerebellar lesions. Patients with anterior lobe atrophy exhibited normal latencies of all EMG responses, but an increase in duration and amplitude of the long latency response. This may at least partially explain the 3 Hz postural tremor, which can be evoked in these patients through a toe-up tilt of the platform. Patients with lesions restricted to the vestibulocerebellum and to the cerebellar hemispheres exhibited normal latencies of all EMG responses. The most specific finding in all of the patients suffering from Friedreich's ataxia (affecting spinal afferents) was the massive delay of the stabilising response of the anterior tibial muscle. The fact that the patients with lesions restricted to the cerebellum invariably exhibited normal latencies of postural "reflexes" indicates that the exact "timing" of these responses is independent of the cerebellum. The duration and amplitude of the long latency response of the antagonist, however, seems to be controlled by the cerebellum. PMID- 6747646 TI - Hemi-dystonia secondary to localised basal ganglia tumour. AB - An 8-year-old boy with an 18 month history of left limb hemi-dystonia due to a right lenticular nucleus astrocytoma originating in the putamen is reported. Subsequent neuropathological study demonstrated that the tumour was mainly localised to the right lenticular nucleus, with cystic necrosis in the infero lateral putamen. Solid tumour also infiltrated the right hypothalamus, the anterior commisure and the optic chiasm, and there was perivascular spread into the globus pallidus, internal capsule and roof of the right lateral ventricle. This case, and the few other published reports of symptomatic dystonia due to focal brain lesions verified pathologically, indicate that damage to the lenticular nucleus, and to the putamen in particular, can cause limb dystonia in man. PMID- 6747647 TI - Cerebrospinal fluid enolase in stroke. AB - This study relates the level of alpha and gamma enolase in cerebrospinal fluid sampled within 4 days of a stroke to the volume of the cerebral infarct measured on the CT image and to the clinical outcome of the patient. Twenty-eight patients were studied, two with transient ischaemic attacks and 26 with completed stroke due to infarction. The cerebrospinal fluid enolase was raised in the two patients with transient ischaemic attacks and 23 with completed stroke. There was a positive correlation between the volume of the infarct and the level of cerebrospinal fluid alpha and gamma enolase. A high cerebrospinal fluid enolase was always associated with a poor prognosis. PMID- 6747649 TI - The relation of essential tremor to Parkinson's disease. AB - To test the alleged genetic linkage between essential tremor and Parkinson's disease, the relatives of patients with essential tremor were examined to see whether Parkinson's disease occurred more frequently than expected. There was no increase of Parkinson's disease in the essential tremor families. It is concluded that essential tremor and Parkinson's disease are genetically independent diseases. PMID- 6747648 TI - Cerebrospinal fluid hypoxanthine and xanthine concentrations as indicators of metabolic damage due to raised intracranial pressure in hydrocephalic children. AB - Intracranial pressure and cerebrospinal fluid hypoxanthine and xanthine concentrations were measured in hydrocephalic children with suspected raised intracranial pressure. There was a highly significant correlation between intracranial pressure and cerebrospinal fluid hypoxanthine and xanthine levels. PMID- 6747650 TI - Tetrahydrobiopterin metabolism in the temporal lobe of patients dying with senile dementia of Alzheimer type. AB - There is a defect in tetrahydrobiopterin metabolism in brains from subjects with senile dementia of Alzheimer type compared to age-matched controls. This defect results in lowered total biopterin concentrations in brain. Brains from subjects with senile dementia of Alzheimer type retain their ability to synthesis neopterin and have normal dihydropteridine reductase activity, indicating a specific loss of ability to convert dihydroneopterin triphosphate to tetrahydrobiopterin. PMID- 6747651 TI - Afferent pupillary defect in pineal region tumour. AB - A patient is described in whom an afferent pupillary defect was an early sign of a tumour in the pineal region. It is suggested that this was due to involvement of the pupillary afferent fibres between the optic tract and pretectal nucleus contralateral to the affected pupil. PMID- 6747652 TI - Nerve lesions associated with shoulder dislocation; an electrodiagnostic study of 11 cases. AB - Electrodiagnostic examination of 11 patients with shoulder dislocation revealed nerve damage not previously reported. Although axillary nerve lesions were most common, posterior cord and musculocutaneous nerve damage occurred each in five cases. The mechanism of injury was important. The most surprising patterns were associated with blunt injury or recurrent spontaneous dislocation. PMID- 6747653 TI - Neck-abdominal reflex. PMID- 6747654 TI - Spinal neck-tongue syndrome. PMID- 6747655 TI - HLA antigens and multiple sclerosis in Greeks. PMID- 6747656 TI - Papilloedema with extramedullary erythropoiesis and Cushing's syndrome. PMID- 6747657 TI - Hypoperfusion in the aetiology of subcortical arteriosclerotic encephalopathy (Binswanger type) PMID- 6747658 TI - Primary orthostatic cerebral ischaemia. PMID- 6747659 TI - Studies on neurotransmitter receptor systems in neocortex and hippocampus in senile dementia of the Alzheimer-type. AB - Ligand binding to alpha 1-, alpha 2- and beta-adrenergic, serotonin, benzodiazepine and GABA receptors was studied in neocortex and hippocampus of controls and patients with senile dementia of the Alzheimer-type. A selective loss of serotonergic binding sites characterised as a loss of both S1 and S2 sites was observed. The reduction in serotonin receptors did not correlate with a clinical assessment of the degree of dementia, or with the extent of Alzheimer type neuropathological change. PMID- 6747660 TI - Specific gravity increases and brain water content decreases during short epileptiform seizures in discrete rabbit brain areas. AB - In rabbits subjected to bicuculline (BC)- or pentylenetetrazole (PTZ)-seizures of 3 or 20 min duration or to adrenaline-induced hypertension, specific gravity (SG) was measured bilaterally in 15 regional brain areas in order to detect possible associations between the regionally limited blood-brain barrier openings due to these insults (see Nitsch and Klatzo 1983) and the presence of brain edema. In controls, a large variation between regional SG levels became evident: between 1.0467 in cerebellum and 1.0417 in preoptic area. A seizure duration of only 3 min was not sufficient to change SG significantly. After 20 min of seizures independent from the inducing agent, SG increased in all brain areas. The degree of increase seemed to be unrelated to presence or absence of a blood-brain barrier opening. In an attempt to avoid the influence of blood impregnation on the SG value, blood was replaced by saline before measurement. In controls, saline perfusion decreased SG only in the two areas with the highest original levels, thus documenting the partial dependency of the regional SG on the hematisation of the tissue. After 20 min of PTZ-induced seizures, SG in saline perfused rabbits increased, but no longer significantly in all brain areas. This suggests that a part of the seizure-induced SG increase can be attributed to the hyperemia of the brain during the convulsions. On the other hand, an increase in flow volume due to hypertension did not change SG with the exception of the septum, preoptic area and hypothalamus. The direct measurement of water content with the classical wet/dry method in 4 gross brain areas showed that early seizure periods are in fact associated with a dehydration of the brain. This phenomenon could be explained by a glucose- and lactate-induced rise in blood osmolarity which in turn might cause a dehydration of the brain tissue. PMID- 6747661 TI - Behr's syndrome. A family exhibiting pseudodominant inheritance. AB - A family with the clinical features of Behr's syndrome is described that exhibited probable pseudodominant inheritance. The salient clinical manifestations consisted of mental retardation and dementia, optic atrophy, cerebellar ataxia, pyramidal signs and peripheral neuropathy. Nerve biopsy from the index case showed a chronic neuropathy with axonal degeneration and regeneration. A muscle biopsy from the same patient demonstrated multiple inclusions composed of spiral cylindrical structures possibly derived from the sarcoplasmic reticulum, and less obtrusive accumulations of mitochondria, some of which contained paracrystalline inclusions. PMID- 6747662 TI - Comparison between the growth pattern of cell cultures from normal and Duchenne dystrophy muscle. AB - The growth "in vitro" of muscle cells from 12 patients with Duchenne muscular dystrophy (DMD) was compared with that of muscle cells from 20 age-matched controls. In the DMD explants, the lag phase (3 days) was shorter than in controls (6 days). In dissociated cells, plating efficiency (20%) and doubling time (30 h) were identical in DMD and controls. In cultures from three DMD patients, cell clusters were occasionally observed. Myotube morphometry showed significant abnormalities in DMD cultures: the number of myotubes per field was 8.2 +/- 0.8 and 26.7 +/- 0.6 in controls, P less than 0.001; myotube length (151 +/- 20 micron) and diameter (8.2 +/- 0.9 micron) in DMD cultures were half the control values (312 +/- 46 micron and 15.6 +/- 1.2 micron, respectively, P less than 0.001). The number of nuclei per myotube in DMD was one-quarter of that in control muscle (4.0 +/- 0.2 vs 15.8 +/- 2.2, P less than 0.001). It is concluded that DMD cultures show cellular heterogeneity with the presence of fibroblasts and non-fusing myoblasts; furthermore they show delayed myoblast fusion and poor myotube differentiation. PMID- 6747663 TI - Peroneal muscular atrophy and epilepsy with cerebellar ataxia and choreoathetosis in the same family. AB - Seven members in three generations of a family are affected with peroneal muscular atrophy. Five have the disorder in combination with epilepsy. The proposita exhibits a cerebellar syndrome, she and one brother show choreiform movements, and she, her mother and a great-uncle have pes cavus. One member has EEG abnormalities but no muscular atrophy. The familial occurrence of this combination of symptoms has not been described before. In this family the syndrome is transmitted as an autosomal dominant with variable expressivity. PMID- 6747664 TI - The location of neuromuscular junctions on regenerating adult mouse muscle in culture. AB - The location of neuromuscular junctions which form in vitro between regenerating adult mouse muscle fibres and sections of embryonic mouse spinal cord was examined. The position of the original motor end-plates on the explanted muscle fibres was determined by using either rhodamine-labelled alpha-bungarotoxin (R alpha BT) binding to the acetylcholine receptors, or by stains to demonstrate acetylcholinesterase (AChE) also located at the end-plate. In this culture system, the explanted muscle fibres degenerate and regenerate to form new myotubes which develop cross-striations and contractions. The location of the newly-formed neuromuscular junctions in these mature cultures was then demonstrated using R alpha BT-binding to acetylcholine receptors, silver impregnation and cholinesterase techniques. Less than half the new neuromuscular junctions were at the original end-plate areas indicating that, at least in this system, junctions can form at sites other than those of the original end-plate. PMID- 6747665 TI - Conduction of the sciatic nerve in its proximal and distal segment in patients with ALS (amyotrophic lateral sclerosis). AB - Conduction in the proximal segment of the sciatic nerve was assessed by recording the latencies of M and H responses from soleus muscle, in the distal segment by comparing the latencies of M waves from the abductor hallucis muscle, obtained by stimulating the tibial nerve in the popliteal fossa and at the ankle. Data from 30 patients with amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS) were compared with an age matched group of healthy subjects. We observed an increase in the difference between the latencies of M and H responses from soleus, and a lengthening of the distal latency of the M wave from abductor hallucis. The motor conduction velocity of the tibial nerve was preserved. The functional significance of the data are discussed. It is suggested that they indicate a slowing of conduction in the proximal segment of the sciatic nerve and that they can be correlated with pathological findings in proximal nerves in ALS and in the experimental anterior horn cell disorder. PMID- 6747666 TI - Long-term remyelination fails to reconstitute normal thickness of central myelin sheaths. AB - The relationship between the thickness of the myelin sheath and the square area of the axon was measured in both short-term and long-term remyelinated axons following demyelination in the central nervous system, and compared with that of controls. The normal linear relationship between thickness of myelin sheath and axon size was not present in either group of remyelinated axons even though there was a trend, not statistically significant, in the long-term remyelinated animals to approach that of normal animals. PMID- 6747667 TI - Demyelination following diphtheria toxin in the presence of axonal atrophy. AB - In 23 guinea-pigs a constricting ligature was placed on the tibial nerve in the thigh on one side, in order to produce axonal atrophy in the distal part of the nerve. Either before or after ligature, 10 of the guinea-pigs received subcutaneous diphtheria toxin into the abdominal wall, in a dose insufficient to cause generalised paralysis or reduced motor conduction velocity (MCV). In 7 of the 10 animals, MCV distal to the ligature fell below the range seen after ligature alone. In animals which had received toxin histological studies revealed paranodal and segmental demyelination in the distal tibial nerve, which was more extensive on the side of the ligature than in the opposite leg. Occasional paranodal but no segmental demyelination was seen distal to ligature alone. These results indicate that a small dose of systemic diphtheria toxin is more likely to produce peripheral nerve demyelination if an axonal abnormality is also present. PMID- 6747668 TI - Complexes containing Staphylococcus aureus protein A: composition and biological activity. PMID- 6747669 TI - Treatment of canine transmissible venereal tumor by intravenous administration of protein A. AB - To determine if protein A can induce tumoricidal effects, transmissible venereal tumor-bearing dogs were treated by intravenous protein A administration. Each dog in the experimental group was treated twice a week with protein A, 100 micrograms/kg body weight, for a total of 10 treatments. Control dogs were treated with a 0.9% sodium chloride solution. No decrease in tumor volume attributable to protein A treatment was observed. However, transient healing of ulcerated tumors was observed in two dogs in the protein A-treated group but not in any in the control group. Following the first inoculation of protein A, a significant transient increase in polymorphonuclear cells and a significant transient decrease in lymphocyte and monocyte counts was detected, with a return of the counts to pretreatment levels by 24 h after the last protein A treatment. Intravenous protein A administration also failed to induce tumor regression in a guinea pig and a murine tumor model. These results suggest that the antitumor effects observed in protein A immunoadsorption studies have not been induced by leakage of protein A into the circulation. PMID- 6747671 TI - Dexamethasone-induced increase in in vitro clonogenicity of human neoplasms. AB - The addition of the corticosteroid hormone, dexamethasone, to the culture medium results in a significant enhancement of tumor colony growth in the human tumor clonogenic assay. Taking 20 as the mean minimum number of colonies per dish that allows evaluation of 122 cultured tumors, 67 were fully evaluable in the presence of dexamethasone whereas only 34 were evaluable when it was omitted. The addition of dexamethasone significantly (P less than .05) increased the number of evaluable tumors by 23. Tumors cultured included those of the breast, lung, colon, ovary, kidney, and stomach. The response to dexamethasone showed a dose response relationship over a concentration range typical of corticosteroid receptor-mediated reactions, and it appeared to be steroid specific. Possible mechanisms for this hormone effect are discussed. PMID- 6747670 TI - Paradoxical effects of prophylactic phenothiazine antiemetics in children receiving chemotherapy. AB - The effectiveness of prophylactic phenothiazine antiemetics on reduction of nausea and vomiting was assessed for 23 children (age, 9-17 years) who had intermittently received antiemetics (ie, for one course but not for another). Each patient was his own control and the courses with antiemetics were compared to the matched courses without antiemetics (Wilcoxon matched-pairs, signed-ranks test). In each case, the matched courses with and without antiemetics were temporally consecutive and equivalent for chemotherapeutic agents and dosages. Significantly higher ratings for severity of nausea (P less than .004), vomiting (P less than .02), and the extent to which these symptoms bothered patients (P less than .001) were found during courses with prophylactic antiemetics. Duration (in hours) of nausea and vomiting was analyzed for the last eight consecutive study patients; in eight of eight patients, a significantly longer duration of nausea (P less than .05) and vomiting (P less than .02) was found for the courses in which antiemetics were given prophylactically. This study suggests that prophylactic phenothiazine antiemetics do not predictably reduce children's nausea and vomiting and may even be associated with an increase in symptoms. Further studies in children are needed to determine which patients might benefit most from antiemetic intervention. PMID- 6747672 TI - Disclosure of information to adult cancer patients: issues and update. AB - Clinicians are regularly faced with decisions regarding disclosure of information to cancer patients. Many of these decisions constitute a dilemma between the physician's paternalistic concern for the patient and the patient's right to know as much as possible. This paper reviews changes in the attitudes of physicians over the last several decades, elaborates on the problems that confront the clinician in the process of disclosure, and reviews the available data concerning the documented impact on the patient from receiving or not receiving information. The arguments both supporting and challenging the paternalistic view are discussed, and the necessity for viewing the disclosure of clinical information as a clinical process is offered. PMID- 6747673 TI - Responses of neurons in inferior colliculus to variations in sound-source azimuth. AB - This study aimed to classify the responses of single units in the auditory midbrain to acoustic stimuli presented in the free field in order to characterize those units likely to have a role in sound localization in the horizontal plane. The responses of 131 single units in the inferior colliculus of the cat and the brush-tailed possum were studied using tone and noise-burst stimuli presented from a speaker capable of movement at any point along a plane 10 degrees above the horizontal plane. Speaker positions along this plane are referred to as speaker azimuths; those on the same side as the recorded inferior colliculus as ipsilateral, and on the opposite side as contralateral, azimuths. For each unit, spike counts were measured as a function of azimuth either at the best frequency (BF) or using noise bursts. These functions are referred to as azimuth functions and were usually measured for at least two intensities, between 10 and 70 dB above threshold. The recording sites of most units were identified histologically with the aid of microlesions and were related to the major subdivisions of the inferior colliculus: the central nucleus (ICC), the lateral part of the external nucleus (ICX), and the rostroventral process (R-ICX). Two units were located in the pericentral nucleus and two in the dorsal nucleus of the lateral lemniscus. Two major classes of neuron were identified: omnidirectional and directionally sensitive. Omnidirectional units exhibited azimuth functions that were either flat or that declined gradually at progressively ipsilateral azimuths. For the latter units, discharge rates at all points monotonically increased with stimulus intensity. There was no indication, for either type of omnidirectional unit, of significant binaural interaction. A good correlation was found between the summed proportions of excitatory-excitatory (EE) and monaural (EO) units observed in dichotic studies (46-55%) and the proportion of omnidirectional units in the present study (47%). A subgroup of directionally sensitive units (36% of the total) displayed azimuth functions for which the azimuthal position of the discharge border or peak firing azimuth remained essentially unaltered over a range of stimulus intensities. These azimuth-selective units are likely to have a role in the detection of the location of stimuli in the horizontal plane and appear to include units that would be considered excitatory-inhibitory (EI) or delay sensitive in dichotic studies. The azimuths over which directionally sensitive units showed their marked directional effects were influenced by the position of the contralateral pinna.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 400 WORDS) PMID- 6747674 TI - An electromyographic analysis of compartments in cat lateral gastrocnemius muscle during unrestrained locomotion. AB - Cat lateral gastrocnemius (LG) muscle is composed of four compartments, each of which is supplied by a primary branch of the LG muscle nerve and each of which contains a discrete population of motor units/muscle fiber types. The activation patterns of these different motor-unit populations were examined from recordings made using selective electromyographic (EMG) electrodes, which were carefully placed into the different LG compartments. Recordings were made as the cats stepped overground along a wooden walkway at a variety of different stepping speeds. Electrical activity was correlated with stepping movements using high speed cinematography. A number of different activation patterns of the different compartments were noted during stepping. In one such pattern, more intense EMG activity was found in distal than proximal compartments at slow stepping speeds, but at moderate to fast stepping speeds the intensity of activity in proximal compartments was equal to or greater than in distal compartments. In other patterns, a less consistent relationship between compartment EMG intensity and stepping speed was observed. These results are generally consistent with an orderly pattern of activation of motor units in the LG during stepping but also indicate that more than one activation pattern exists. PMID- 6747675 TI - Activity of trigeminothalamic neurons in medullary dorsal horn of awake monkeys trained in a thermal discrimination task. AB - We analyzed the activity of 51 trigeminothalamic neurons in the medullary dorsal horn (trigeminal nucleus caudalis) of monkeys during the performance of behavioral tasks requiring the monkeys to discriminate innocuous and noxious thermal stimuli applied to the face and to detect the onset of visual stimuli. Static properties of trigeminothalamic neurons in behaving monkeys were similar to those in anesthetized monkeys. Responses to passively presented mechanical and thermal stimuli, receptive-field properties, and conduction velocities did not differ in the awake and anesthetized states. For most wide dynamic range and nociceptive-specific trigeminothalamic neurons, there was a negative correlation between the magnitude of thermally evoked activity and behavioral latencies to discriminate 47 and 49 degrees C stimuli. Thus, both groups of neurons provide information that could be used by the monkey to discriminate noxious thermal stimuli. The magnitude of thermal responses of trigeminothalamic neurons was modulated by the behavioral significance of the stimulus. Behaviorally relevant thermal stimuli presented during the thermal discrimination task produced a greater neuronal response than equivalent irrelevant thermal stimuli presented between behavioral trials or presented while the monkey performed the visual detection task. Neurons whose activity is modulated by behavioral state are likely to be involved in discrimination of thermal stimuli, since the activity of these neurons correlates with the behavioral response to the stimuli and information from the modulated neurons is sent to the thalamus. Some trigeminothalamic neurons that exhibited somatosensory responses also responded to behaviorally relevant stimuli and events associated with trial initiation and receipt of reward in the behavioral tasks. Similar events outside a behavioral task evoked no neuronal responses. These task-related responses were similar to those described previously for medullary dorsal horn neurons not identified as to projection sites (14).(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 400 WORDS) PMID- 6747676 TI - Central compensation of vestibular deficits. II. Influences of roll tilt on different-size lateral vestibular neurons after ipsilateral labyrinth deafferentation. AB - The activity of 168 Deiters' neurons projecting to lumbosacral segments of the spinal cord has been recorded in precollicular decerebrate cats after ipsilateral acute (aVN) or chronic vestibular neurectomy (cVN), and their response characteristics to sinusoidal stimulation of contralateral labyrinth receptors at the standard parameters (roll tilt at 0.026 Hz, 10 degrees peak displacement) have been related to cell size inferred from the conduction velocity of the corresponding axons. These findings were compared with those elicited in decerebrate cats with both vestibular nerves intact. In all experimental conditions, the higher the coefficient of variation (CV) of the vestibulospinal neurons, reflecting a more irregular unit discharge, the lower was the mean discharge rate at rest. However, the proportion of regularly discharging units (with the lowest CV) decreased after aVN but increased after cVN. The relation found in control experiments, i.e., the faster the conduction velocity of vestibulospinal axon the lower was the unit discharge at rest, was lost after aVN due to a decrease in resting discharge rate of the slow neurons. The mean discharge rate of these units, however, recovered after cVN, so that the negative correlation between resting discharge rate and axonal conduction velocity was reestablished. After aVN, the decrease in resting discharge rate of the slow vestibulospinal neurons was not associated with significant changes in gain (impulses per second per degree) of the unit responses to standard parameters of tilt, so that the sensitivity of these units (percentage change of the mean discharge rate per degree) increased; on the other hand, the resting discharge rate of the fast neurons, which remained almost unchanged after aVN, was associated with a significant increase in gain, thus leading to an average increase in response sensitivity of these units.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 400 WORDS) PMID- 6747677 TI - Comparison of responses of cutaneous nociceptive and nonnociceptive brain stem neurons in trigeminal subnucleus caudalis (medullary dorsal horn) and subnucleus oralis to natural and electrical stimulation of tooth pulp. AB - The activity of 160 single neurons excited by electrical stimulation of the canine tooth pulp was studied in the subnucleus caudalis (medullary dorsal horn) and the subnucleus oralis of the trigeminal (V) spinal tract nucleus in chloralose-anesthetized cats to test the effects of natural as well as electrical stimulation of the tooth pulp. The neurons were functionally classified on the basis of their cutaneous receptive-field properties as low-threshold mechanoreceptive (LTM), wide dynamic range (WDR), or nociceptive specific (NS). The orofacial receptive-field properties and responses evoked by electrical stimulation of the tooth pulp indicated that the oralis and caudalis neurons examined had characteristics typical of those previously documented for oralis LTM neurons and for caudalis LTM, WDR, and NS neurons. Each neuron was also tested with cold and warm stimulation of the canine tooth, and some neurons were also tested for responsiveness to thermal stimulation of the premolar tooth or to mechanical and chemical stimuli delivered to the dentine of the canine tooth. Although all the neurons could be excited by electrical stimulation of the pulp, we found that the only neurons that consistently responded to thermal pulp stimuli were those located in the V subnucleus caudalis. Moreover, only those caudalis neurons that had been functionally classified as nociceptive (4 WDR and 21 NS neurons) showed this responsiveness. Heating of the canine or premolar tooth excited 24 of these 25 nociceptive neurons; cooling activated only 3, and none of the small number of neurons tested with mechanical and chemical stimulation of the dentine was excited. The response of the nociceptive neurons to heating of the tooth contrasted with the responses of the same neurons to pinching and heating of their cutaneous receptive field.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 400 WORDS) PMID- 6747678 TI - Synaptic regulation of cellular properties and burst oscillations of neurons in gastric mill system of spiny lobsters, Panulirus interruptus. AB - The properties of neurons in the stomatogastric ganglion (STG) participating in the pattern generator for the gastric mill rhythm were studied by intracellular current injection under several conditions: during ongoing gastric rhythms, in the nonrhythmic isolated STG, after stimulation of the nerve carrying central nervous system (CNS) inputs to the STG, or under Ba2+ or Sr2+. Slow regenerative depolarizations during ongoing rhythms were demonstrated in the anterior median, cardiopyloric, lateral cardiac, gastropyloric, and continuous inhibitor (AM, CP, LC, GP, and CI) neurons according to criteria such as voltage dependency, burst triggering, and termination by brief current pulses, etc. Experiments showed that regenerative-like behavior was not due to synaptic network interactions. The slow regenerative responses were abolished by isolating the stomatogastric ganglion but could be reestablished by stimulating the input nerve. This indicates that certain CNS inputs synaptically induce the regenerative property in specific gastric neurons. Slow regenerative depolarizations were not demonstrable in gastric mill (GM) motor neurons. Their burst oscillations and firing rate were instead proportional to injected current. CNS inputs evoked a prolonged depolarization in GM motor neurons, apparently by a nonregenerative mechanism. All the gastric cells showed prolonged regenerative potentials under 0.5-1.5 mM Ba2+. We conclude that the gastric neurons of the STG can be divided into three types according to their properties: those with a regenerative capability, a repetitively firing type, and a nonregenerative "proportional" type. The cells are strongly influenced by several types of CNS inputs, including "gastric command fibers." PMID- 6747679 TI - Functional maturation of tactile sensory fibers in the kitten. AB - The maturation of tactile coding capacities was investigated in sensory fibers supplying the forelimb footpads in anesthetized kittens. Fibers were isolated by microdissection from the median or ulnar nerves of neonatal kittens (1st to 5th postnatal day) and kittens in the age categories 10-15, 25-30, 55-63, and 83-90 days. The use of quantitative, reproducible tactile stimuli, in particular, cutaneous vibration, and objective analytical procedures enabled response parameters to be quantified and compared at different ages with those of adult fibers. While three classes of myelinated tactile sensory fibers are associated with the footpads in adult cats, one of them slowly adapting (SA) and two, the rapidly adapting (RA) and pacinian corpuscle (PC) classes, showing pure dynamic sensitivity, this breakdown into three classes is not apparent until 10-15 days after birth. In all age groups, the SA fibers displayed responses that were graded depending on the magnitude of the skin indentation. However, in younger kittens (less than 25-30 days) plateau levels of response were sometimes attained over a narrow range (0.5 mm) of indentation. From 10-15 days, when RA fibers are identifiable, their sensitivity, as measured by absolute and 1:1 thresholds to cutaneous vibration, was independent of age at low vibration frequencies, less than or equal to 80 Hz. However, at high frequencies, e.g., 200 Hz, their thresholds appeared to decrease during the 1st postnatal month with a resulting expansion in their bandwidth of vibratory sensitivity. At their best frequency, around 30 Hz, RA fibers appear mature by 10-15 days in their capacity for encoding vibratory frequency information. The PC class of tactile afferents displayed the most striking functional changes with age. Their vibratory bandwidths, at 50-micron amplitude, expand from an upper limit of about 200-300 Hz in the neonate to mature values of about 800-1,000 Hz over a 2-mo postnatal period.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 400 WORDS) PMID- 6747680 TI - Tactile sensory coding during development: signaling capacities of neurons in kitten dorsal column nuclei. AB - The functional maturation of cuneate neurons was studied using reproducible tactile stimulation procedures and quantitative assessment of coding capacities in anesthetized (N2O/O2 plus barbiturate infusion) or decerebrate cats from six different age groups; neonatal (1-5 days), 10-15, 25-30, 55-63, and 83-90 days, and an adult group. Cuneate neurons were distinguished from input fibers to the nucleus on criteria of spike configuration and time course and on response profiles. Extracellular spike durations underwent a progressive shortening with age, reaching the adult range at approximately 3 mo when background activity levels also reached maturity. Despite an increase in conduction-path length, response latencies decreased to adult values by 25-30 days of age, presumably reflecting the increased conduction velocity in the input fibers. In each age group three functional classes of neurons responsive to tactile stimulation of the footpads were identifiable. One consisted of slowly adapting neurons whose stimulus-response relations resembled those of the adult in responsiveness and dynamic range by 25-30 days postnatal age. The remaining neurons were purely dynamically sensitive, but among them two classes could be distinguished by their differential sensitivity to cutaneous vibration, one receiving rapidly adapting (RA) fiber input the other pacinian corpuscle (PC) input. The combined bandwidth of vibration sensitivity in dynamically sensitive cuneate neurons expands from approximately 5-300 Hz in the neonate to the mature range of 5-1,000 Hz by 1 mo of age. The PC class of cuneate neurons showed an upward shift in peak sensitivity from 30-200 Hz in the neonate to 100-300 Hz at 10-15 days, reaching adult values of 200-600 Hz by 25-30 days. Over this period absolute thresholds dropped by an order of magnitude at 200-500 Hz reflecting the threshold trends in primary PC fibers. During the first 1-2 postnatal months, the capacity of cuneate PC neurons to signal information in a pattern code about vibration frequencies around 300 Hz is restricted because of poor phase locking and low responsiveness, which preclude an impulse periodicity reflecting the vibratory frequency.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 400 WORDS) PMID- 6747681 TI - Intra-arterial BCNU chemotherapy for treatment of malignant gliomas of the central nervous system. AB - Because of the rapid systemic clearance of BCNU (1,3-bis-(2-chloroethyl)-1 nitrosourea), intra-arterial administration should provide a substantial advantage over intravenous administration for the treatment of malignant gliomas. Thirty-six patients were treated with BCNU every 6 to 8 weeks, either by transfemoral catheterization of the internal carotid or vertebral artery or through a fully implantable intracarotid drug delivery system, beginning with a dose of 200 mg/sq m body surface area. Twelve patients with Grade III or IV astrocytomas were treated after partial resection of the tumor without prior radiation therapy. After two to seven cycles of chemotherapy, nine patients showed a decrease in tumor size and surrounding edema on contrast-enhanced computerized tomography scans. In the nine responders, median duration of chemotherapy response from the time of operation was 25 weeks (range 12 to more than 91 weeks). The median duration of survival in the 12 patients was 54 weeks (range 21 to more than 156 weeks), with an 18-month survival rate of 42%. Twenty four patients with recurrent Grade I to IV astrocytomas, whose resection and irradiation therapy had failed, received two to eight courses of intra-arterial BCNU therapy. Seventeen of these had a response or were stable for a median of 20 weeks (range 6 to more than 66 weeks). The catheterization procedure is safe, with no immediate complication in 111 infusions of BCNU. A delayed complication in nine patients has been unilateral loss of vision secondary to a retinal vasculitis. The frequency of visual loss decreased after the concentration of the ethanol diluent was lowered. PMID- 6747682 TI - Microsurgical anatomy of the proximal segments of the middle cerebral artery. AB - The microvascular anatomy of the proximal segments (M1 and M2) of the middle cerebral artery (MCA) was studied in 70 unfixed brain hemispheres from 35 cadavers. The arteries were injected with a tinted polyester resin and dissected under magnification by microsurgical techniques. The authors studied the outer diameter (OD), length, site of origin, and pattern of branching of the main trunk, secondary trunks, and the initial insular portion of the cortical branches of the MCA. The degree of mobilization of the arteries lying over the insular cortex was also assessed. The main trunk of the MCA, which had an OD of 3 +/- 0.1 mm bilaterally and a length of 15 +/- 1.1 mm in the right hemisphere and 15.7 +/- 1.3 mm in the left hemisphere, could be divided into four groups: Group I: absence of a main division (that is, a single-trunk type of MCA) (in 6% of cases); Group II: bifurcation (64%); Group III: trifurcation (29%); and Group IV: quadrifurcation (1%). The secondary trunks resulting from the division of the main trunk of the MCA had a mean OD ranging from 1.4 to 2.3 mm and a mean length that varied from 12.1 to 14.9 mm. The mean OD of the cortical branches measured near their origin in the main and secondary trunks indicated that the angular artery was the largest vessel, with a mean OD of 1.5 mm on both sides of the brain. The temporopolar artery was the smallest, with a mean OD of 0.8 mm in the right hemisphere and 0.9 mm in the left hemisphere. The authors also describe the patterns of origin of the cortical vessels from the main trunk (early branches) and from the secondary trunks, as well as their branching pattern at the site of origin (single vessels and common stems). These anatomical data indicate that it is possible to perform microvascular reconstructive procedures, such as anastomosis, grafting, and reimplantation of branches in the insular area. The advantages of using unfixed specimens, intravascular injections, and magnification to reproduce in vivo conditions as closely as possible are also discussed. PMID- 6747683 TI - Microsurgical anatomy of the anterior perforating arteries. AB - The anterior perforating arteries, the group of arteries that enter the brain through the anterior perforated substance (APS), were examined using X 3 to X 40 magnification in 50 cerebral hemispheres obtained from 25 adult cadavers. These arteries arose from the internal carotid, middle and anterior cerebral, and the anterior choroidal arteries. The carotid branches to the APS arose distal to the origin of the anterior choroidal artery. The anterior choroidal artery branches arose from the main or superior branch of the artery. The middle cerebral artery branches to the APS (the lenticulostriate arteries) arose from the M1 and M2 segments and were divided into medial, intermediate, and lateral groups, each of which had a characteristic configuration. The anterior cerebral artery branches arose from the A1 segment and from the recurrent artery. The internal carotid and anterior choroidal artery branches entered the posterior half of the central portion of the APS. The lenticulostriate branches entered the middle and posterior portions of the lateral half of the APS. The A1 segment gave rise to branches which entered the medial half of the APS above the optic nerve and chiasm. The recurrent artery sent branches into the anterior two-thirds of the full mediolateral extent of the APS. The relationship of these branches to the cerebral structures above the APS and to the common aneurysm sites is reviewed. PMID- 6747684 TI - Morphological changes of the basilar artery, ventricles, and choroid plexus after experimental SAH. AB - Experimental subarachnoid hemorrhage (SAH) was induced in adult rabbits by three repeated cisterna magna injections of autologous nonheparinized blood. One week after the last blood injection the animals were sacrificed and examined for morphological change. No vasculopathy was noted in the basilar arteries and no periarterial thrombus was seen around the majority of these arteries. Gross and microscopic changes were observed in both the ventricles and choroid plexus. Ventricular changes included dilation of the lateral ventricles, destruction of ciliated ependymal cells, and deposition of small amounts of blood throughout the ventricular system. These ventricular changes are similar to the pathological sequelae of SAH in patients. Choroid plexus changes included electron-dense cytoplasmic inclusions and dilation of the lateral and subcellular spaces. The ventricular surface and the choroid plexus are both affected by the intracisternal injection of blood. The hydrocephalus that follows SAH may be potentiated by ependymal disruption and loss of ciliated activity in the ventricles. Changes in choroid plexus function may also occur. PMID- 6747685 TI - Intimal proliferation of cerebral arteries after subarachnoid blood injection in pigs. AB - A model of experimental subarachnoid hemorrhage in young pigs has been created using two subarachnoid blood injections. Cerebral arteries of the pig demonstrate intimal proliferation and medial necrosis 10 days after experimental blood injection; this appears to be a reaction to arterial injury. The similarity between the arterial reaction to subarachnoid blood and the general process of atherosclerosis is noted, and steps have been taken to insure that the vasculopathy described is truly a response to the injected blood. The authors conclude that the intimal proliferation observed between 1 and 2 weeks after experimental subarachnoid blood injection is an indicator of arterial injury and is, therefore, a good end point for further studies. PMID- 6747686 TI - The syndrome of normal-pressure hydrocephalus. AB - A series of 40 patients with the syndrome of normal-pressure hydrocephalus is presented. Diagnosis was based on clinical and computerized tomography (CT) scan criteria and was followed by the insertion of a ventriculoperitoneal shunt in every instance. All patients responded favorably to treatment (four of them had a fair outcome), and this response was maintained. There was one postoperative death, but no other serious complications. This study demonstrates that it is possible to diagnose the syndrome of normal-pressure hydrocephalus on the basis of clinical and CT scan criteria without any other invasive investigations. Such patients should respond favorably to an adequately functioning shunting system. PMID- 6747687 TI - Cerebral hemodynamics in normal-pressure hydrocephalus. Evaluation by 133Xe inhalation method and dynamic CT study. AB - Cerebral hemodynamics in 31 patients with suspected normal-pressure hydrocephalus were studied by means of the xenon-133 (133Xe) inhalation method and on dynamic computerized tomography (CT) scanning. Cerebral blood flow (CBF) is reduced in all patients with dementia. Hypoperfusion was noted in a frontal distribution in these patients compared with normal individuals. There was no difference in CBF patterns between patients with good and those with poor outcome. The CBF was increased following cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) shunting in patients who responded to that procedure: increase in flow correlated with clinical improvement, frontal and temporal lobe CBF was most markedly increased, and the CBF pattern became normal. In contrast, CBF was decreased after shunt placement in patients who were considered to have suffered from degenerative dementia, as evidenced by non response to shunting. Dynamic computerized tomography studies demonstrated that patients with a good outcome showed a postoperative reduction in mean transit time of contrast material, most prominent in the frontal and temporal gray matter, and slight in the deep frontal structures, but not in the major cerebral vessels. Patients with poor outcome after shunting, however, had an increase in transit time in all regions. This corresponded well with the results as determined by the 133Xe inhalation method. PMID- 6747688 TI - The Dandy-Walker malformation. A review of 40 cases. AB - Forty cases of Dandy-Walker malformation referred to the Hopital Necker Enfants Malades between 1969 and 1982 have been reviewed. The incidence of the malformation in hydrocephalus was 2.4%. There was a slight, statistically insignificant, female prevalence. Hydrocephalus should not be included in the definition of the syndrome. In 80% of the cases, it was actually a post-natal complication of the malformation and most often developed within 3 months after birth. In 80% of the cases, a communication, although insufficient, was found between the dilated 4th ventricle and the subarachnoid space. Since this communication is probably established through the foramina of Luschka, the definition of the Dandy-Walker malformation should only include atresia of the foramen of Magendie. Associated brain and systemic malformations were numerous. Among facial anomalies, facial angiomas were found in 10% of our cases. The association of facial and cardiovascular anomalies favors the hypothesis that the onset of the malformation occurs between the formation and the migration of the cells of the neural crest (that is, between the 3rd and the 4th post-ovulatory week, earlier than previously thought). Except in selected patients, membrane excision has a high rate of failure and should be abandoned. Cyst-peritoneal shunting avoids the risk of an entrapped fourth ventricle and is presently the best surgical procedure. The overall mortality in this series was 12.5%. Intelligence quotients were over 80 in 60% of the patients. Other studies will be necessary to understand why the communication between the fourth ventricle and the subarachnoid spaces, sufficient in utero, usually becomes insufficient for a normal cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) circulation in the first months following birth. Two hypotheses are discussed: a change in CSF circulation, or bleeding in the dilated fourth ventricle during delivery. PMID- 6747689 TI - Identification and management of high-risk patients with Klippel-Feil syndrome. AB - Patients with Klippel-Feil syndrome are often at high risk for neurological injury. The cervicomedullary junction and cervical spinal cord are especially vulnerable. Twenty-one patients examined and treated over a 20-year period are reviewed. The salient features of the syndrome are identified, and an approach to management is proposed. PMID- 6747690 TI - Surgical treatment of syringomyelia. Favorable results with syringoperitoneal shunting. AB - The authors reviewed the clinical findings, radiological evaluation, and operative therapy of 39 patients with syringomyelia. Syringoperitoneal (SP) shunting was used in 15 patients and other procedures were used in 24 patients. Follow-up periods ranged from 1 1/2 to 12 years. During the period of this study, metrizamide myelography in conjunction with early and delayed computerized tomography scanning replaced all other diagnostic procedures in patients with syringomyelia. Preoperative accuracy for the two procedures was 87%. The most common symptoms were weakness (79%), sensory loss (67%), pain (38%), and leg stiffness (28%). Surgery was most effective in stabilizing or alleviating pain (100%), sensory loss (81%), and weakness (74%); spasticity, headache, and bowel or bladder dysfunction were less likely to be reversed. Approximately 80% of patients with idiopathic and posttraumatic syringomyelia and 70% of those with arachnoiditis improved or stabilized. Better results were obtained in patients with less severe neurological deficits, suggesting the need for early operative intervention. A higher percentage of patients had neurological improvement with SP shunting than with any other procedure, especially when SP shunting was the first operation performed. Patients treated with SP shunts also had the highest complication rate, most often shunt malfunction. These results indicate that SP shunting is effective in reversing or arresting neurological deterioration in patients with syringomyelia. PMID- 6747691 TI - Ultrastructural alterations in blood vessels of the white matter after experimental spinal cord trauma. AB - The ultrastructure of the microvasculature of the white matter of the spinal cord was studied after experimentally induced trauma in the cat. Immediately after the induction of trauma, disruption of endothelial cell junctions, increased pinocytotic activity in endothelial cells, and perivascular edema were seen in the blood vessels at the site of injury, but not in those of adjacent segments. However, within 2 hours of injury, the blood vessels of the white matter of the rostral and caudal segments also showed evidence of increased endothelial cell pinocytotic activity and perivascular edema, but disruption of endothelial junctions was not seen. It is therefore concluded that vasogenic edema occurs in the white matter at the site of injury soon after trauma and is due both to leakage from vessels with damaged endothelial cell junctions and also to increased transvesicular transport. By contrast, vasogenic edema develops only after a lapse of time in segments rostral and caudal to the site of injury, and probably results from increased transvesicular transport. A possible role for neurogenic chemical mediators in the genesis of the perivascular edema is discussed. PMID- 6747692 TI - Effect of laminectomy and anesthesia upon spinal cord blood flow. AB - Spinal cord blood flow (SCBF) in 10 sheep subjected to laminectomy at L6-7, T6-7, and C7-T1 was compared to that of 10 control sheep subjected to anesthesia alone. Blood flow was measured using the radioactive microsphere technique, with the PaCO2 maintained at 40 +/- 2 mm Hg. Both laminectomy and control animals showed a decrease in SCBF at a rate of 7% to 16%/hr for the 3 hours following the first blood flow determination. When prelaminectomy and postlaminectomy SCBF values were compared to their counterparts in the control animals, there were no significant differences. Laminectomy does not appear to alter SCBF from control values. Spinal evoked potentials (SEP's) were elicited in the laminectomy group by direct cord stimulation at C-7 and L-7. No changes were noted in amplitude or latency of SEP's over time in either caudal or rostral conduction. PMID- 6747693 TI - Alternative techniques in the treatment of unilateral coronal synostosis. AB - Premature closure of one coronal suture results in bilateral abnormalities. There is always ipsilateral flatness of the orbital rim, and contralateral frontal bossing is often found. The authors have employed three operative techniques for correction of unilateral coronal synostosis: frontal bone overlay, lateral canthal advancement, and the tongue-in-groove procedure. The choice of operative technique depends upon the exact deformity to be corrected. The authors believe that altering the relations between the bone and dura by techniques such as radical remodeling and dural plication may improve the results of surgical correction of craniosynostosis. PMID- 6747694 TI - Variants of sagittal synostosis: strategies for surgical correction. AB - Sagittal synostosis is discussed with respect to the variations seen with the deformity. The morphological spectrum ranging from marked frontal bossing to prominent occipital bulging is described. Surgical techniques have been specifically designed for these variants. These techniques provide an immediate correction of scaphocephaly, and achieve a reduction of the specific deformity with morbidity comparable to that associated with conventional operations. The lack of large areas of craniectomy and the avoidance of synthetic materials are cited as additional advantages of these techniques. The importance of altering the surgical approach to the specific clinical problem is underscored. Two illustrative cases of sagittal synostosis variants are described, and recent experience with the modified operative techniques in treating these and similar cases is discussed. PMID- 6747695 TI - Pathways for orofacial pain sensation in the trigeminal brain-stem nuclear complex of the Macaque monkey. AB - Eleven Macaque monkeys underwent a variety of lesions in the trigeminal afferent system; namely, tractotomy, rhizotomy, and radiofrequency destruction of various components of the bulbospinal trigeminal nuclear complex. Behavioral responses were evaluated before and after the lesions using a quantitative paradigm which measured lever-pressing in response to electrical stimulation of the dental pulp or facial skin, and by assessing adversive responses to facial cutaneous and intraoral pin-scratch. Thresholds for lever-pressing in response to cutaneous facial stimulation were elevated by tractotomy, elevated further by a combination of tractotomy and rhizotomy of the seventh, ninth, and 10th cranial nerves and cervical dorsal roots C1-3, and maximally elevated by complete radiofrequency destruction of the trigeminal nucleus caudalis. These lesions also abolished adversive responses to cutaneous facial pin-scratch. None of these lesion combinations, however, altered lever-pressing responses to dental pulp stimulation. Radiofrequency destruction of the trigeminal nuclei principalis, oralis, and interpolaris caused elevations of lever-pressing thresholds in response to dental pulp stimulation, and also smaller but statistically significant elevations on cutaneous electrical stimulation. Mild reductions in adversive responses to cutaneous pin-scratch were also produced by these rostral nuclear lesions, suggesting analgesia. The experiments suggest that primary afferent fibers for dental pain perception travel only in the trigeminal nerve and that these fibers relay via the trigeminal brain-stem nuclei principalis, oralis, and interpolaris. Primary afferent fibers for cutaneous facial pain perception travel in the trigeminal, facial, glossopharyngeal, and vagus nerves, and the upper cervical dorsal and ventral roots, and these afferents relay mainly in the trigeminal nucleus caudalis. PMID- 6747696 TI - Residual anterior pituitary function following transsphenoidal resection of pituitary macroadenomas. AB - A series of 84 patients with pituitary adenomas greater than 1 cm in diameter is presented. Full preoperative and postoperative endocrine evaluations were carried out, and the effects of transsphenoidal surgery on remaining anterior pituitary function were analyzed. Of the patients who had normal anterior pituitary function before surgery, 78% retained normal function after surgery. Thirty-three percent of those patients with pituitary deficits who did not have panhypopituitarism before surgery had improved function after surgery; 33% had worsened function after surgery. None of the patients with panhypopituitarism before surgery regained function after surgery. Transsphenoidal surgery carries an acceptable risk for sacrificing anterior pituitary function, but the risk is greater in patients with larger tumors and preoperatively compromised pituitary function. PMID- 6747697 TI - Predicting outcome from closed head injury by early assessment of trauma severity. AB - The relationship between severity of head injury and outcome was studied in 96 patients. Severity was assessed based on the level of coma and presence of mass lesion, hemiparesis, skull fracture, and pupil abnormality. Outcome was assessed using the Wechsler Adult Intelligence Scale, the Halstead-Reitan neuropsychological battery, and the Glasgow Outcome Scale. The relationship between assessment of severity of trauma and the outcome measurements was calculated by multiple regression analysis. Results indicate that coma grade and estimates of premorbid intelligence quotient (IQ) served best to predict IQ as assessed after the injury. The combination of coma grade, mass lesion, and skull fracture were important predictors of the Halstead Impairment Index. Coma grade and pupil abnormality predicted the Glasgow Outcome Scale. Low to moderate relationships were found between the predictor variables and the measurement of IQ and the Glasgow Outcome Scale; multiple regression coefficients were 0.63 and 0.61, respectively. The relationship between measurement of trauma severity and the Halstead Impairment Index was also low (R = 0.37). PMID- 6747698 TI - Trigeminal neuralgia associated with seizure and syncope. Case report. AB - A patient with trigeminal neuralgia experienced a generalized seizure and a prolonged syncopal episode. He was found to be asystolic during the syncopal episode. There was no recurrence of loss of consciousness after implantation of a pacemaker. Mechanical stimulation of the trigeminal nerve during craniotomy for microvascular decompression of the trigeminal nerve resulted in bradycardia. Since vascular decompression of the trigeminal nerve, there has been no recurrent facial pain, and no further syncope, seizures, or bradycardia. Syncope and seizures have not been previously reported in association with trigeminal neuralgia, although they are well described with glossopharyngeal neuralgia. PMID- 6747699 TI - CT characteristics of sacral perineural cysts. Report of two cases. AB - The authors report two cases in which the appearance of sacral perineural cysts, as seen in the computerized tomography scan, prompted the possible diagnosis of a neoplastic lesion. Additional investigation led to the proper diagnosis. PMID- 6747701 TI - A variable-depth motorized skull perforator. Technical note. AB - A new variable-depth drill point has been designed which holds its position when applied to the skull, and which prevents plunging through the skull plate. PMID- 6747700 TI - Selective peripancreatic sarcoma metastases from primary gliosarcoma. Case report. AB - Two phenomena associated with malignant gliomas are: 1) the ability to metastasize systemically, and 2) the capacity to induce sarcomatous transformation within the supportive mesenchyma. An unusual case is presented of selective metastases of the sarcomatous elements of a mixed gliosarcoma. Immunohistochemical cell staining with glial fibrillary acidic protein was used to confirm the presence of abnormal glial elements in the primary brain tumor as well as the absence of such glial elements in the abdominal metastases. PMID- 6747702 TI - A radionuclide method of evaluating shunt function and CSF circulation in hydrocephalus. Technical note. AB - A simple technique for the evaluation of shunt function and cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) circulation in hydrocephalic patients is described. The method utilizes clearance rates of a radionuclide tracer injected into the lateral ventricle via an indwelling frontal catheter which is separate from the shunt apparatus. This permits an accurate assessment of drainage of ventricular CSF via the shunt, or the patency of normal or alternative CSF pathways where the shunt is malfunctioning. PMID- 6747703 TI - An improved subarachnoid screw for intracranial pressure monitoring. Technical note. AB - A new subarachnoid screw for monitoring intracranial pressure has been developed incorporating a lock-nut and multiple subarachnoid ports in a low-profile design. This device offers enhanced stability and flexibility. PMID- 6747704 TI - Automatic artifact rejection during intraoperative recording of somatosensory evoked potentials. Technical note. AB - A device is described that performs automatic artifact rejection for somatosensory evoked response analysis in intraoperative and other electrically noisy environments. Although based on amplitude discrimination, rejection is not triggered by the large stimulus-dependent voltage transients associated with somatosensory evoked potentials. The device readily interfaces with commercially available evoked potential equipment. PMID- 6747705 TI - Cortical artery pressure. PMID- 6747706 TI - Preoperative embolization for meningiomas. PMID- 6747707 TI - Moyamoya syndrome in twins. PMID- 6747708 TI - Lhermitte-Duclos disease. PMID- 6747709 TI - Antibiotic prophylaxis in neurosurgery. PMID- 6747711 TI - Metabolic reaction to head injury. PMID- 6747710 TI - Cavernous sinus syndrome. PMID- 6747712 TI - BCNU treatment of astrocytomas: erratum. PMID- 6747713 TI - Evaluation of intrathoracic goiter with I-123 scintigraphy and nuclear magnetic resonance imaging. AB - Iodine-123 thyroid scintigraphy allows the diagnosis of a functioning retrosternal goiter in a patient with a mediastinal mass. The case report of a 60 yr-old lady demonstrates this. The correlative values of nuclear magnetic resonance imaging and thyroid scintigraphy in the initial evaluation and continued management of patients with thyroid mediastinal mass are presented. In addition, this observation demonstrates the ability of nuclear magnetic resonance to identify retrosternal thyroid tissue. This may obviate the need for TCT evaluation, which involves both ionizing radiation and iodinated contrast enhancement. PMID- 6747714 TI - Tc-99m HIDA dosimetry in patients with various hepatic disorders. AB - The pharmacodynamics of Tc-99m dimethyliminodiacetic acid were studied for normal subjects and for patients with a variety of hepatobiliary disorders. It was determined that, in normal subjects, approximately 65% of the gallbladder agent bypassed the gallbladder and was excreted directly from the liver into the small intestine. This bypassing of the gallbladder was even higher in patients with cystic-duct or common-duct obstruction. The radiation burdens to the gallbladder wall and other critical organs were calculated using the dynamic data obtained from patients with a variety of gallbladder disease. The dose to the gallbladder wall was found to be significantly lower than previously reported. Gallbladder ejection and clearance characteristics when stimulated by food intake were studied for normal subjects. Dosimetry calculations demonstrated a fivefold reduction of absorbed dose to the gallbladder wall when the gallbladder was stimulated to contract using a fatty meal. Accordingly, a fatty meal is recommended for patients at the end of all gallbladder imaging studies. PMID- 6747715 TI - Estimates of left-ventricular volumes by equilibrium radionuclide ventriculography (ERNV): importance of attenuation and proper background correction. PMID- 6747716 TI - Re: Estimates of left-ventricular volumes by equilibrium radionuclide angiography: importance of attenuation correction. PMID- 6747717 TI - Re: Filling of the gallbladder as studied by computer-assisted Tc-99m HIDA scintigraphy: concise communication. PMID- 6747718 TI - Re: A comparison of two cerebral perfusion tracers, N-isopropyl I-123 p iodoamphetamine and I-123 HIPDM in the human. PMID- 6747719 TI - The influence of level of valine on nitrogen status and plasma free amino acid levels in infused sheep. AB - A 4 X 4 Latin square design with an extra period was used to determine the influence of different levels of valine (Val) on the nitrogen metabolism of sheep receiving all nutrients by infusion. Glucose, amino acids and water-soluble vitamins were introduced in the jugular vein while inorganic nutrients and volatile fatty acids were given intraruminally. The amino acid mixture contained 1, 3, 5 or 7 g of Val with varying amounts of glycine (Gly) to balance the nitrogen level. The infusion in the extra period was isonitrogenous but contained no Val. When Val was omitted from the infusion, nitrogen balance (NB) was significantly reduced and plasma urea nitrogen (PUN) was significantly increased compared with all levels of added Val. The level of Val infusion that supported the numerically highest NB and the lowest PUN and urinary urea nitrogen (UUN) was 3 g/day, although NB and PUN, at all levels of added Val, were not statistically different. Plasma free Val increased abruptly at infusion levels above 3 g of infusion. It was concluded that Val is metabolically essential for the sheep and the best estimate of the requirements would be 200 mg/(kg body weight)0.75 per day in animals of this age and sex. PMID- 6747720 TI - Long-term effects of inadequate and excessive dietary ascorbate on bile acid metabolism in the guinea pig. AB - The effects of long-term chronic ascorbic acid deficiency and excessive ascorbic acid consumption on bile acid metabolism and biliary lipid composition were studied in guinea pigs. Male, weanling guinea pigs were fed a cereal-based scorbutigenic diet for 19 or 21 weeks. Ascorbic acid was administered either orally at 0.15 (group A) or 2.0 (group B) mg/100 g body weight, or it was mixed in the diet at levels of 500 (group C), 16-22 (group D), or 20,000 mg/kg (group E). Chronic ascorbic acid deficiency (groups A and D) caused depression of hepatic cytochrome P-450 levels and elevation of plasma cholesterol. Excessive ascorbate consumption did not alter these parameters relative to control levels. In contrast to results obtained in guinea pigs fed low or high amounts of ascorbate for 7-9 weeks, prolonged consumption of inadequate or excessive ascorbate resulted in little or no change in bile acid metabolism and biliary lipid composition except that bile acid pool size was increased 12% as a result of excessive ascorbate ingestion. Results of the present study suggest that there may be important differences in the guinea pig's metabolic response to ascorbic acid deficiency and ascorbic acid excess, depending on the length of the experimental period. PMID- 6747721 TI - Self-selection of a high calcium diet by vitamin D-deficient lactating rats increases food consumption and milk production. AB - Lactating and nonlactating rats, both deficient and replete in cholecalciferol, were allowed a free selection among three diets containing 0.47% Ca, 0.3% P (normal Ca, normal P diet); 2.0% Ca, 0.3% P (high Ca diet); and 0.47% Ca, 1.0% P (high P diet). An additional group of vitamin D-deficient lactating rats was fed only the normal Ca, normal P diet. Vitamin D-deficient rats showed a strong selection preference for the high Ca diet but avoided the high P diet, whereas cholecalciferol-replete rats consumed the normal Ca, normal P diet predominantly. Compared to the nonselecting rats, the selection of the high Ca diet by the lactating rats deficient in vitamin D resulted in an increase in plasma calcium levels, hypophosphatemia, a doubling of food consumption, a reduction in maternal body weight loss and a stimulation of milk production as indicated by pup growth. These results demonstrate that vitamin D-deficient rats select a high Ca diet and that the decrease in milk production found in vitamin D deficiency results from a decrease in food consumption and that this anorexia is at least partially dependent on the hypocalcemia normally occurring in vitamin D deficiency. PMID- 6747722 TI - Comparison of isotope dilution and excretion methods for determining the half life of ascorbic acid in the guinea pig. AB - The half-life of ascorbic acid (AA) in guinea pigs was investigated by the isotope dilution and excretion methods. The dilution method measures [1-14C]AA disappearance from the plasma, whereas the excretion method measures the elimination of [1-14C]AA and the metabolites from the body. Two groups of animals underwent both isotope studies in reverse order. Animals were conditioned to the experimental procedures and fed 2.5 mg AA/100 g body weight orally to maintain a daily intake of the vitamin independent of food consumption. The two isotope procedures imposed similar stress on the animals, as determined by plasma cortisol levels and body weight changes. The AA half-life calculations of the rapidly exchangeable pool by the isotope dilution method yielded values of 1.23 and 0.34 hours for the two groups, respectively. The half-life of the slowly exchangeable pool for the two groups was 60.2 and 65.8 hours, respectively. The half-life of AA in the rapidly exchangeable pool, as measured by the excretion studies, was 4.57-8.75 hours. For the slowly exchangeable pool, it was 146-149 hours. The longer half-life of both pools obtained with the excretion method indicates that the isotope is disappearing from the plasma more rapidly than it is being excreted. This suggests that a portion of the [1-14C]AA leaving the plasma is removed to a body pool that is not sampled by the isotope excretion method. PMID- 6747724 TI - Intestinal metabolism of orally administered glucose and fructose in Yucatan miniature swine. AB - Absorption rates and metabolism of orally administered glucose and fructose were quantitated in conscious, overnight-fasted, Yucatan miniature swine. The pigs were surgically prepared, with catheters in the portal vein and a carotid artery. A continuous wave Doppler flow cuff was placed around the portal vein. Four to 7 days after surgery, arterial and portal venous blood samples were obtained in the basal state and at 15-minute intervals for 4 hours following oral administration of glucose or fructose (1.5 g/kg body weight). Absorption rates and intestinal metabolism were calculated from portal blood flow and arterio-venous concentration differences for glucose, fructose and lactate. Oral fructose administration was accompanied by a rise in intestinal lactate production, which correlated significantly with the fructose absorption rate. Intestinal lactate output during fructose absorption could account for 12% of the fructose absorbed or metabolized. A small rise in glucose output from the gut was also observed. In contrast, after oral glucose administration, only a modest rise in intestinal lactate output was noted. It could account for only 2% of the glucose absorbed or metabolized. No correlation between glucose absorption rate and intestinal lactate output was observed. These studies indicate that a significant portion of oral fructose is converted to lactate during absorption but that the major part enters the portal vein as fructose. Only minimal intestinal metabolism of ingested glucose occurs. PMID- 6747723 TI - Protein depletion and iron deficiency in rats. AB - Rats were fed on low iron diets containing 5, 10 and 30% protein. All animals demonstrated typical iron deficiency. Body size was reduced as protein intake decreased. The severity of anemia was related to the growth of the animal. Erythropoiesis appeared to be stimulated in proportion to the severity of the anemia. Iron absorption from the iron-deficient diet appeared unaffected by the associated protein deficiency. When doubly depleted animals were refed with iron, there was active red blood cell production despite the protein-depleted state, whereas with protein refeeding there was resumption of growth and increased anemia. These studies demonstrate the inverse relationship between protein and iron deficiency states when they coexist. PMID- 6747725 TI - Effects of dietary phytate, calcium and magnesium levels on zinc bioavailability to rats. AB - Young rats were fed diets containing 12 mg Zn/kg and varied levels of sodium phytate for 21-day ad libitum feeding periods. In experiment 1, Ca levels were 0.3, 0.5, 0.8 and 1.0%, and phytate:Zn molar ratio varied between 0 and 50. In experiment 2, Ca was maintained at 0.3%, Mg levels were 0.07, 0.22 and 0.37%, and phytate:Zn molar ratios were 0, 10, 20 and 30 at each Mg level. Major response criteria were body weight gain and tibia Zn accumulation. Weight gain was not influenced by Ca level in the absence of phytate or by phytate at 0.3% Ca; it was increasingly depressed as phytate was increased and by each increase in Ca in the presence of phytate. Total tibia Zn content was decreased at the highest Ca level in the absence of phytate; increasing the phytate progressively depressed tibia Zn at all Ca levels. Mg and phytate additions did not affect weight gain. Tibia Zn tended to be depressed by Mg and by phytate but these effects were significant only at the highest levels of the combined additions. These data corroborate and extend previously published findings on Ca and phytate effects on Zn utilization and show bone Zn accumulation to be a more sensitive criterion than weight gain in this connection. They also indicate that Mg exerts a less pronounced effect on Zn utilization in phytate-containing diets than does Ca. PMID- 6747726 TI - Metabolism of cysteine, cysteinesulfinate and cysteinesulfonate in rats fed adequate and excess levels of sulfur-containing amino acids. AB - The oxidation of cysteine, cysteinesulfinate and cysteinesulfonate labeled with 14C in the 1- and 3-positions was studied in rats that had been fed diets with adequate or excess cysteine. Consumption of excess cysteine for 5 or 10 days resulted in an increase in hepatic cysteine dioxygenase activity and a decrease in hepatic cysteinesulfinate decarboxylase activity but had no effect on the oxidation of the C-1 or C-3 of cysteine, cysteinesulfinate or cysteinesulfonate. When the labeled compounds were administered by intraperitoneal injection, 41% of cysteine, 100% of cysteinesulfinate and 37% of cysteinesulfonate were oxidized over an 8-hour period. The percentage of the oxidized cysteine, cysteinesulfinate and cysteinesulfonate that was converted to taurine was calculated to be 83, 70 and 100%, respectively. When these same compounds were administered intragastrically, the relative flux to taurine was lower for all compounds; 41% of the oxidized cysteine, none of the cysteinesulfinate and 11% of the oxidized cysteinesulfonate appeared to be converted to taurine. Metabolism of intragastrically administered cysteine may be more indicative of what happens to dietary cysteine, whereas metabolism of intraperitoneally administered cysteine and cysteinesulfinate may be more indicative of liver metabolism and of the metabolism of endogenous cysteine and cysteinesulfinate. PMID- 6747727 TI - Effects of sugars and vitamin B-6 deficiency on oxalate synthesis in rats. AB - Rats fed diets containing galactose as the source of carbohydrate excreted greater amounts of endogenously formed oxalic acid in their urine, compared to rats fed glucose, fructose or sucrose. Rats fed lactose showed similar but less marked effects. The greatest amounts of urinary and fecal oxalate excretions were observed among rats fed galactose and no vitamin B-6. This group had the lowest body weights after 3 weeks of feeding. Control rats fed galactose or lactose diets weighed less than those fed sucrose, glucose or fructose diets. All rats fed galactose developed cataracts. More [14C]oxalic acid was recovered in the urine and kidneys of control rats injected with D-[U-14C]galactose compared to those injected with D-[U-14C]glucose or D-[U-14C]fructose. Similar results were observed in kidneys of vitamin B-6-deficient rats. The possible mechanisms by which galactose and other sugars may be converted to oxalate are discussed. PMID- 6747728 TI - Retention and distribution of iron added to cow's milk and human milk as various salts and chelates. AB - Iron supplementation of infant formulas is recommended by most national and international organizations, but the optimal form of supplementation has not been determined. We have compared the bioavailability and tissue distribution of iron from four iron chelates and two commonly used iron salts. Weanling C57BL/6J mice were fed for 1 week an evaporated cow's milk diet supplemented with vitamins and minerals (except for iron). Following the adjustment period, mice were divided into 12 groups of 20 each. Six groups continued to receive the cow's milk diet for 18 hours, while the other six groups were fed a similar diet based on human milk. Individual groups received a single dose of milk radioactively labeled with Fe(II)Cl2, Fe(II)SO4, Fe(III)NTA, Fe(III)EDTA, Fe(III)citrate or Fe(III)lactobionate. Wholebody retention was measured after 4 days; animals were then killed and individual tissues were counted for radioactivity. Iron from FeCl2, FeSO4 and FeNTA were the best retained from both milk diets. Fe citrate had a significantly lower iron retention than all other groups in either diet and is probably not an effective chelate for delivering iron to milk diets. Iron bioavailability was higher from the human milk diets than from the cow's milk diets from all vehicles used except citrate and lactobionate. Absorption of Fe citrate was similar from the two milk diets, while percent retention from Fe lactobionate was higher from cow's milk than from human milk. Tissue distribution of retained iron was similar for the milk diets and among the groups, indicating that, once absorbed, iron from the different vehicles is metabolized in a similar manner. PMID- 6747729 TI - Protein synthesis during lactation: no circadian variation in mammary gland and liver of rats fed diets varying in protein quality and level of intake. AB - Circadian changes in protein synthesis were studied in lactating rats fed diets varying in protein quality and feeding level. At parturition, rats previously fed a stock diet were assigned to semipurified diets supplying 23% protein. Two groups were fed wheat gluten (WG) or casein (C) ad libitum; a third group was pair-fed casein to consumption of the WG group (C-PF). At four different times on day 15 of lactation, protein synthesis was measured in vivo in mammary gland, liver and calf muscle with a large dose of L-[4-3H]phenylalanine. Pup weights at day 15 for dams fed WG, C and C-PF were 19.3 +/- 0.3, 33.9 +/- 0.5 and 27.2 +/- 0.5 g, respectively. No significant circadian variation in fractional synthesis rate (FSR) was observed in either mammary gland or liver. Higher variability in muscle FSRs precludes conclusions in regard to this tissue. However, protein quality and level of feeding both affected FSR. For rats fed WG, C and C-PF, FSRs were, respectively: 77 +/- 4, 116 +/- 6 and 64 +/- 3%/day in mammary gland; 67 +/ 4, 78 +/- 5 and 74 +/- 4%/day in liver; and 3.4 +/- 0.5, 6.7 +/- 1.0 and 4.0 +/- 0.8%/day in muscle. Absolute synthesis rates were, respectively: 584 +/- 60, 1743 +/- 148 and 663 +/- 58 mg/day in mammary gland; and 469 +/- 46, 970 +/- 72 and 702 +/- 62 mg/day in liver. The results confirm that dietary protein quality and feeding level affect protein synthesis rates in lactating rats and demonstrate that there is no circadian variation in protein synthesis in mammary gland and liver of lactating rats. PMID- 6747730 TI - Reduction of plasma lecithin--cholesterol acyltransferase activity by acute magnesium deficiency in the rat. AB - Weanling Wistar rats were pair-fed for 8 days control and magnesium-deficient diets. Acute magnesium deficiency increased plasma triglycerides and free cholesterol levels and decreased esterified cholesterol levels. The plasma activity of lecithin--cholesterol acyltransferase was markedly diminished in fasting magnesium-deficient rats (54% reduction) and plasma high density lipoprotein (HDL) free cholesterol was significantly increased in the HDL fraction. The results of this study showing that dietary magnesium affects the activity of the enzyme involved in the esterification of free cholesterol to cholesterol ester provide a possible basis for the reduced plasma cholesterol esterification and hyperlipidemia associated with acute magnesium deficiency. PMID- 6747731 TI - Metabolism of [75Se]selenite by rhesus monkeys. AB - The metabolism of [75Se]selenite was studied in rhesus monkeys. In blood samples taken various times after injection, Sephadex G-150 gel filtration revealed that the majority of the 75Se was associated with hemoglobin and low-molecular-weight compounds in erythrocytes up to 24 hours after selenium injection. Subsequently a gradual increase of 75Se occurred in glutathione peroxidase (GSH-Px) with a concurrent decrease of label with hemoglobin. In contrast to the erythrocytes, over 80% of the labeled selenium in plasma was associated with one peak 3 hours and later after injection. This major protein eluted at a position similar to GSH Px on gel filtration, but subsequent chromatography on diethylaminoethyl (DEAE) Sephacel separated the radiolabeled protein from GSH-Px. Gel filtration of heart, muscle, brain and pancreas cytosol revealed two major selenium-containing proteins, whereas one was predominant in liver and kidney. The major selenium peak was associated with GSH-Px in liver but not in the kidney. GSH-Px activity with either organic or inorganic peroxides as substrates and glutathione transferase activity were higher in liver than kidney. PMID- 6747732 TI - The effect of magnesium depletion on thyroid function in rats. AB - The effects of dietary magnesium (Mg) depletion on thyroid function were studied in young male rats. The rats were fed a semipurified diet containing either 12 ppm Mg (deficient rats) or 662 ppm Mg (control rats) for 14 to 28 days. Results showed that the Mg-deficient rats had decreased body weight gain, lowered concentrations of plasma thyroxine (T4) and Mg, but increased weight of the thyroid gland when expressed in proportion to the body weight (milligrams/100 g). There was no difference in the accumulation (uptake) of 131I, 24 hours after Na131I injection, between the Mg-deficient and Mg-supplemented rats. The protein bound 131I (PB131I) level and the ratio of PB131I to total 131I in plasma was significantly reduced in Mg-deficient rats. Serum thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH) levels after thyrotropin-releasing hormone injection (TRH, 50 ng/100 g body weight) increased fivefold at 30 minutes, but declined to near the basal level at 2 hours in both groups. No consistent difference in TSH response was observed between the two treatments. Serum T4 response to TRH challenge was significantly reduced in Mg-deficient as compared to Mg-adequate rats at all time intervals. The reduction of T4 level could be due to an impaired T4 synthesis or release in Mg-deficient rats. PMID- 6747733 TI - Utilization of dietary tryptophan in iron-deficient rats. AB - Excretion of urinary tryptophan in iron-deficient rats increased threefold while the excretion of N-methyl nicotinamide, a catabolic product of tryptophan, decreased by one-half compared to control rats. The activity of hepatic tryptophan oxygenase, the first enzyme of tryptophan metabolism, was not affected by iron deficiency. It is concluded that tryptophan supplementation in severe iron deficiency would not be beneficial. PMID- 6747734 TI - Further evaluation of hydrofluoric acid burns of the eye. PMID- 6747735 TI - Hydrofluoric acid skin treatment not approved by FDA. PMID- 6747736 TI - Heat disorders in industry. A reevaluation of diagnostic criteria. AB - Morbidity rates associated with occupationally induced heat syndromes have been infrequently reported. In part this results from the inconsistency of diagnostic criteria for heat syncopy, exhaustion, and cramps. This problem is augmented by inconstant administration and completion of population survey instruments. With due regard for these shortcomings, we can provide only estimates of heat-induced morbidity, ranging between 0.12 and 1.4 cases per 1,000 man-years. To facilitate diagnosis of occupational heat stress disorders, a series of algorithms is presented for diagnosis of heat-induced syncopy, exhaustion, and cramps. A differentiation between heat-induced and heat-aggravated clinical states is proposed, and a heat disorder questionnaire with instructions for use is presented. PMID- 6747738 TI - Examining the 'occupational' in occupational medicine. The 1983 George H. Gehrmann lecture. PMID- 6747737 TI - Physicians at risk. Some epidemiologic considerations of alcoholism, drug abuse, and suicide. AB - Physicians are at high risk of addiction by alcohol and other chemicals. The consequences are costly and disastrous, the scope of the problem is grossly underestimated and underreported, treatment is not overwhelmingly favorable, and prevention is even less successful. A modern treatment facility dealing with the problem is described and suggestions are made regarding the underlying issues and policies that face the administrators of training programs and treatment centers. Even more important is the need to persuade physicians to "cherish themselves" and avoid the dangers of "role strain" - two important self-help behavior modifications that may help lessen an important occupational health risk. PMID- 6747739 TI - The relationship of job performance to exercise adherence in a corporate fitness program. AB - An investigation of the relationship between exercise adherence and job performance was conducted over a six-month period among a group of white-collar workers (3,231) eligible to participate in a corporate fitness program. The study population was divided into four job categories - management (561), professional (1,265), clerical (1,078), and other (327) - and five exercise adherence groups - nonmember (1,090), nonexerciser (926), exercised less than one time per week (738), exercised one to two times per week (238), and exercised more than two times per week (239). Current job performance ratings were determined for all individuals. A strong association (p less than .01) was observed between above average performance and increasing adherence levels. An inverse relationship was demonstrated between poor performance and increasing adherences levels (p less than .0001). In each adherence group no differences in performance were noted when prior performance was compared with current performance. On the basis of these findings there appears to be a positive although probably noncausal relationship between exercise adherence in a corporate fitness program and above average job performance. PMID- 6747740 TI - Biological tests of lead absorption following a brief massive exposure. AB - A contractor's man suffered a brief, massive exposure to lead fume by contaminating and then smoking hand-rolled cigarettes. His blood lead concentration rose very rapidly to very high levels, but zinc erythrocyte protoporphyrin, urinary lead, and urinary coproporphyrin did not. It is possible that only the blood lead concentration is of value in detecting brief massive exposure. PMID- 6747741 TI - Detection of light and flicker at low luminance levels in the human peripheral visual system. I. Psychophysical experiments. AB - The interaction between summation and adaptation mechanisms near the absolute threshold of vision is studied. In this paper, results are presented of measurements of both light detection and flicker detection for circular flashes with a diameter of 5.7-480 min of arc, a flash duration of 5-1000 msec, a period of 0-8000 msec, and at eccentricities of 7 and 40 deg in the temporal retina. It is confirmed that the estimates of the summation times obtained from the light detection-threshold energy as a function of the period and from the light detection threshold as a function of the flash duration are similar; these estimates depend on the stimulus size and eccentricity. It is suggested that two summation mechanisms can be distinguished, one for the preprocessing and one for the detection mechanism. The summation time of the first mechanism is estimated to be about 100 msec; that of the latter, about 500 msec. At 40-deg eccentricity, decreasing the period of presentation leads initially to a rise in the light detection threshold, pointing to adaptational phenomena. The flicker threshold is determined by the energy per flash (for brief flashes); when the flash duration exceeds 100 msec, the intensity of the flash is the important parameter. The flicker threshold depends strongly and in an irregular way on the stimulus size because of lateral inhibition effects. PMID- 6747742 TI - Physical limits of acuity and hyperacuity. AB - An ideal detector is derived for the discrimination of arbitrary stimuli in the two-alternative forced-choice paradigm. The ideal detector's performance is assumed to be limited only by quantal fluctuations, the optics of the eye, and the size and spacing of the receptors in the retinal mosaic. Detailed predictions are presented for two-point acuity and hyperacuity tasks. The ideal detector's two-point resolution, over a wide range of luminances, is approximately 10 times worse than its two-point vernier acuity or separation discrimination. Furthermore, two-point resolution is shown to vary in proportion to the -1/4 power of spot intensity, but vernier acuity and separation discrimination vary in proportion to the -1/2 power of spot intensity. It is shown that this ideal detector can be implemented by the use of appropriately shaped receptive fields. The derivation provides a simple way to determine the shapes of these optimal receptive fields for arbitrary stimuli. The sensitivities of real (human) and ideal detectors are compared. PMID- 6747743 TI - Cerebral stroke treated in a general medical department. PMID- 6747744 TI - [CO2 laser surgery for carcinoma of the larynx. A preliminary report]. PMID- 6747745 TI - [Radiological evaluation of ethmoidomaxillary plate]. PMID- 6747746 TI - [Experimental studies on auditory disturbance of cerebral apoplectic patients]. PMID- 6747747 TI - [Experimental and clinical study of endolymphatic hydrops by means of electrocochleogram]. PMID- 6747748 TI - [How to read auditory brain stem responses]. PMID- 6747749 TI - The diagnosis of malignant mesothelioma. PMID- 6747750 TI - Hypertension, cerebral vascular changes and stroke in Ghana. 1. Microaneurysm formation and stroke. AB - A modification of the post-mortem arteriographic technique of Ross Russell was used to study the brains of 284 consecutive autopsy cases dying from non traumatic causes; and made up of 159 hypertensives and 125 normotensives. Microaneurysms were demonstrated in 30.8 per cent of the hypertensives compared with 9.6 per cent normotensives. Haemorrhagic stroke was the cause of death in 37.6 per cent of the hypertensives, the majority of which were in younger age groups compared with hypertensive strokes in whites. The much lower incidence of microaneurysms in the brain of black hypertensives (even those with haemorrhagic strokes) compared with that found by workers among white hypertensives further emphasized the different nature of hypertension in blacks. It is suggested that, in the absence of significant structural differences in the cerebral vasculature between blacks and whites, the high incidence of haemorrhagic strokes occurring in the relatively younger subjects in Ghana may be due to the direct effect of high blood pressures on small intracerebral vessels and that microaneurysm formation may not be as important as in the much older white subjects dying of haemorrhagic strokes. PMID- 6747751 TI - The effects of long-term administration of methyltestosterone on the development of liver lesions in BALB/c mice. AB - Male and female BALB/c mice were treated orally with 5 mg/kg body weight of methyltestosterone for 10 months. Age-matched control animals received no steroid treatment. The livers of all animals were examined by standard histopathological methods. Hepatocellular dysplasia was found in livers of all treated mice, but not in control animals. The extent and severity of this dysplasia showed a sex difference. Most of the male mice (55/78) developed severe dysplasia and in 23/78 the dysplasia was only moderate; the corresponding numbers for female mice were: mild, 15/71; moderate, 48/71 and severe dysplasia, 8/71. Microscopic hepatocytic nodules were found in 6/78 males and 7/71 females. Hepatocellular carcinoma was seen in one male mouse. These findings indicate that methyltestosterone appears to act as a weak total hepatocarcinogen under the experimental conditions used. PMID- 6747752 TI - DTP reactions and serologic response with a reduced dose schedule. AB - In a double-blind study, infants received standard (0.5 ml) or modified (0.25 ml) doses of DTP vaccine for the primary series of three immunizations administered at 2, 4, and 6 months of age and the booster immunization at 18 months. Side effects and antibody responses were determined in 80 children who completed the primary series and 73 who received the booster. The modified regimen was associated with significantly reduced febrile reactions and behavioral changes after the primary series and booster inoculation: 63.2% of those who received the standard dose had febrile reactions, compared to 42.3% who received the modified dose during the primary series; a similar difference was observed with the booster. Only 47.2% of the reduced dosage recipients demonstrated marked behavioral changes, and 62.4% of the standard vaccine recipients had comparable reactions. An even larger difference (33.3% vs 64.7%) was noted at the time of the booster. The modified vaccine produced a local reaction incidence of 58.5%, compared to 72.6% in the control population during the primary immunization series; no differences were noted in local reactions with the booster dose. All patients had serologic evidence of protective titers against diphtheria and tetanus. After the primary immunization series, 97.6% and 97.3% of the infants given the modified and standard doses, respectively, had pertussis agglutinin titers of greater than or equal to 1:16. One patient who received the standard dosage had a titer of less than 1:16 one month after the booster immunization, whereas all those given the modified dose had titers greater than or equal to 1:16. Geometric mean titers of pertussis agglutinins were higher in the standard vaccine recipients after the primary series, but were similar in the two study groups before and after the 18-month immunization. PMID- 6747753 TI - Insulin pump therapy in young children with type 1 diabetes. AB - Six 17- to 53-month-old diabetic children had marked metabolic instability characterized by chronic hyperglycemia and frequent or severe hypoglycemia with conventional management that included twice daily insulin injections, diet, and home blood glucose monitoring. Because of the metabolic instability, all were given continuous subcutaneous insulin infusions (CSII) via portable externally worn infusion pump. During 6 months of CSII, there was marked improvement: hemoglobin A1 decreased from 192% +/- 8% (SD) to 152% +/- 31% of the normal mean (P less than 0.02), and hypoglycemic episodes decreased in both severity and frequency. CSII was incorporated into the children's treatment with no appreciable adverse psychologic effects or interference with normal activities. CSII, under carefully controlled clinical conditions, may be of benefit in some preschool children with unacceptable metabolic control of diabetes mellitus. PMID- 6747754 TI - Serial thyroid function measurements in children with Hodgkin disease. AB - Thyroid function was measured serially in 28 children with Hodgkin disease diagnosed from 1971 to 1978. The patients' ages ranged from 4 to 16 years at diagnosis, and treatment consisted of chemotherapy only (four patients), radiation alone (15), or radiation plus chemotherapy (nine). None of the four children given chemotherapy only developed thyroid hypofunction, in contrast to 21 (88%) of the 24 children given high doses of radiation (P less than 0.001). Thyroid function in three patients with compensated hypothyroidism and in one child with primary hypothyroidism reverted to normal without thyroid replacement. One child given chemotherapy only and one child given radiation only became transiently hyperthyroid. These results indicate that patients given combined modality therapy for Hodgkin disease are at high risk for thyroid abnormalities. The results of long-term follow-up of thyroid function demonstrate, however, that all such thyroid abnormalities may not necessarily be permanent. PMID- 6747755 TI - Association of hemolytic anemia and early-onset pulmonary emphysema in three siblings. AB - Three of four siblings born to nonconsanguineous parents of Italian origin were affected with severe congenital hemolytic anemia of unknown cause, and early onset pulmonary emphysema. Two of the three affected siblings died of septic shock after splenectomy, at the ages of 7 and 3 1/2 years, respectively. The remaining affected sibling was shown to have cutis laxa and severe pulmonary emphysema at 15 years of age. Assay of serum components indicated that alpha 1 antitrypsin and alpha 2-macroglobulin levels were normal or slightly elevated. However, there was markedly elevated activity of an elastase-like serum enzyme. The relation of the hemolytic anemia to the pulmonary findings in this family is not clear; pedigree analysis suggests a recessively inherited defect. PMID- 6747757 TI - Generalized arterial calcification of infancy: three case reports, including spontaneous regression with long-term survival. AB - Generalized arterial calcification in infancy is a rare disorder in which death usually occurs in infancy, the diagnosis generally being made at autopsy. Three patients are reported. The diagnosis was made during life in two, enabling new information to be collected. Cardiac catheterization in one provided evidence suggesting stiffness of pulmonary and systemic arterial walls. Another is a long term survivor with spontaneous regression of calcification. The third case, diagnosed at necropsy, was associated with endocardial fibroelastosis. PMID- 6747758 TI - Long-term follow-up and booster immunization with polyvalent pneumococcal polysaccharide in patients with sickle cell anemia. PMID- 6747759 TI - Splenic function after nonsurgical management of splenic rupture. PMID- 6747756 TI - Immunolocalization of neuroblastoma using radiolabeled monoclonal antibody UJ13A. AB - The monoclonal antibody UJ13A, raised after immunization of mice with human fetal brain, recognized an antigen expressed on human neuroblastoma cell lines and fresh tumors. Antibody was purified and radiolabeled with iodine isotopes using chloramine-T. In preclinical studies, 125I-labeled UJ13A was injected intravenously into nude mice bearing xenografts of human neuroblastoma. Radiolabeled UJ13A uptake by the tumors was four to 23 times greater than that by blood. In control animals, injected with a similar quantity of a monoclonal antibody known not to bind to neuroblastoma cells in vitro (FD44), there was no selective tumor uptake. Nine patients with histologically confirmed neuroblastoma each received 100 to 300 micrograms UJ13A radiolabeled with 1 to 2.8 mCi 123I or 131I. Sixteen positive sites were visible on gamma scans 1 to 7 days after injection: 15 were primary or secondary tumor sites, and one was a false positive; there were two false negatives. In two of the 15 positive sites, tumor had not been demonstrated by other imaging techniques; these were later confirmed as areas of malignant infiltration. No toxicity was encountered. PMID- 6747760 TI - Tuberculous osteitis of the skull mimicking histiocytosis X. PMID- 6747762 TI - Nonthrombocytopenic purpura with eosinophilia. PMID- 6747763 TI - Treatment of a spontaneous intracerebral hematoma with exchange transfusions in an infant with hemophilia B. PMID- 6747764 TI - Chorioretinal coloboma and Joubert syndrome: a nonrandom association. PMID- 6747761 TI - Nutritional deficits exist before 2 months of age in some infants with cystic fibrosis identified by screening test. PMID- 6747765 TI - Prolonged bleeding time in preterm infants receiving indomethacin for patent ductus arteriosus. AB - Sequential bleeding times were performed on 25 preterm infants receiving intravenous indomethacin for closure of the patent ductus arteriosus. Prolongation of bleeding time was observed after the initial dose of indomethacin, with an increase from a pretreatment mean of 3.6 minutes to 8.7 minutes. The bleeding time was not further prolonged at the end of the three-dose course of indomethacin, but was still elevated 48 hours after the completion of therapy. Clinical bleeding developed in six of the patients, but was generally limited to occult hematuria. Serial echoencephalography during indomethacin therapy showed progression from mild periventricular-intraventricular hemorrhage to moderate or severe grades in five of 21 infants at risk for this complication. However, no clear temporal relationship between indomethacin administration and intraventricular hemorrhage extension was observed, and no difference in the degree of bleeding time prolongation was noted between infants with and without hemorrhage extension. Other factors, including surfactant deficiency, amount of volume expansion used, and lowest PO2 in the first day of life, did distinguish those with hemorrhage extension. The results suggest that indomethacin-induced platelet dysfunction is not associated with major hemorrhagic complications in the majority of preterm infants with patent ductus arteriosus. PMID- 6747766 TI - Nasotracheal intubation in the neonate: physiologic responses and effects of atropine and pancuronium. AB - Thirty infants with birth weights from 580 to 3450 gm (25 to 40 weeks gestation) were prospectively studied during nasotracheal intubation. The infants were randomized to receive atropine 0.01 mg/kg, atropine 0.01 mg/kg plus pancuronium 0.1 mg/kg, or no medication (controls) prior to intubation. There was a significant decrease in transcutaneous PO2 (27.3 torr, P less than 0.02), associated with significant increases in mean arterial blood pressure (57%, P less than 0.01) and intracranial pressure (mean increase 18.9 cm H2O, P less than 0.01) with intubation in all three groups of infants. Only in control infants and infants receiving atropine was there significant decrease in heart rate (52.2 and 36.2 bpm, respectively, P less than 0.01) during intubation. Control infants experienced a significantly greater decrease in heart rate and demonstrated the lowest mean heart rate, compared with the other two groups. Pancuronium plus atropine was associated with lesser increases in intracranial pressure and with the least changes in heart rate in response to intubation. There was no significant difference between the groups for changes in systemic blood pressure or transcutaneous PO2. Further studies are required to determine the clinical consequences, if any, of these responses, and the use of pretreatment in the neonate requiring intubation. PMID- 6747767 TI - Persistent antithrombin III deficiency: risk factor for thromboembolic complications in neonates small for gestational age. AB - Coagulation and fibrinolytic factors were investigated daily in 24 SGA and 26 AGA neonates. The results were correlated with placental form and structure and with hematologic values. In the SGA infants, a higher incidence of placental infarction (P less than 0.01), polycythemia (P less than 0.005), and thrombocytopenia (P less than 0.001) was present. During the first 9 days, the mean antithrombin III level in the AGA group increased from 0.36 to 0.53 U/ml, whereas in SGA neonates this value was initially significantly lower (0.27 U/ml) and remained at that level for the entire observation period. The same pattern was found for alpha 2-antiplasmin. The persistent AT-III deficiency and reduced blood flow associated with polycythemia may explain the increased risk of thromboembolic complications in SGA infants described by others. PMID- 6747768 TI - Hyperkalemia after neonatal exchange transfusion: risk eliminated by washing red cell concentrates. PMID- 6747769 TI - A child with chronic abdominal pain and leg weakness. PMID- 6747770 TI - Apnea monitor-related hypertension. PMID- 6747771 TI - Diuresis and lung function. PMID- 6747772 TI - Prognostic factors in dermatomyositis. PMID- 6747773 TI - Evaluation of vitamin A stores. PMID- 6747774 TI - Prenatal corticosteroid therapy to prevent respiratory distress syndrome. PMID- 6747775 TI - Maternal administration of dexamethasone to prevent RDS. PMID- 6747776 TI - Distal phalangeal hypoplasia and fingertip arches. PMID- 6747778 TI - Design control and validation of a facility for sterile clinical trial preparations. PMID- 6747779 TI - An examination of the sterilization of eye drops using ultra-violet light. PMID- 6747777 TI - The influence of clean room design on product contamination. PMID- 6747781 TI - The advisory role of FDA district offices in the planning of a new parenteral facility. PMID- 6747780 TI - Quantitative determination of chemicals leached from rubber stoppers into parenteral solutions. PMID- 6747782 TI - Computer-assisted evaluation of microbiological environmental control data. PMID- 6747784 TI - Potential hazards of pediatric rigid bronchoscopy. AB - Bronchoscopy in infants and children has been facilitated by recent technologic advances. Better optical systems, intense "cold" light sources, and miniaturization of instrumentation have all contributed to the more effective use of the bronchoscope as a diagnostic and therapeutic tool. Despite these advances, two persistent problems remain major concerns for the endoscopist and anesthesiologist. The first concern is selection of an appropriately sized instrument for the pediatric patient. Our measurements demonstrate that the stated size of a rigid bronchoscope's internal diameter may differ significantly from its actual size. In many instances the actual diameter may be significantly greater than the stated size. The second problem concerns difficult ventilation of the patient while the bronchoscope is in place. Our measurements indicate that major increases in resistance to gas flow through the bronchoscope can be encountered particularly when utilizing smaller caliber instruments with accessory sheaths and/or telescopes. Appropriate knowledge and planning preoperatively should minimize the potential hazards associated with these problems. PMID- 6747783 TI - Experience with iatrogenic laryngeal and tracheal stenoses. AB - Experience with 38 patients with subglottic stenosis and two with tracheal stenosis is reviewed. The average age of patients in this series was 18 months and all developed their problem because of the need for endotracheal intubation and assisted ventilation. It was concluded that endotracheal intubation is safe in infants for up to 3 to 4 weeks but no longer than seven days in patients over 6 months of age. Since the presence of infection contributes to airway stenosis, the latter intervals should be shortened when this factor is present. While direct operative repair has been described for the management of subglottic and upper tracheal stenosis, serial endoscopic resection of scar, dilation and intralesional steroids have proven to be effective therapy in the vast majority of patients within 1 year of initiation of therapy. PMID- 6747785 TI - A preoperative x-ray scoring system for risk assessment of newborns with congenital diaphragmatic hernia. AB - The survival rate for newborn infants with congenital diaphragmatic hernia (CDH) is about 50%. The preoperative x-rays of 34 babies with CDH, presenting during the first 12 hours of life were reviewed to determine whether or not the 16 survivors (47%) might be identified. A scoring system using five roentgen findings having a significant correlation with survival (side of diaphragmatic hernia, location of stomach, presence of pneumothorax, relative volume of aerated ipsilateral and contralateral lung) were summed to obtain a total x-ray score. Cumulative scores ranged from 2 to 9 with 4 of 16 survivors (25%) and 16 of 18 (89%) non-survivors scoring above 6. Twelve of 16 (75%) survivors and 2 of 18 non survivors (11%) (P less than 0.005), scored 6 or less. Individual x-ray findings were less specific in predicting outcome than the total score. Careful examination of the preoperative chest x-ray may give the surgeon an additional method for predicting outcome following repair of CDH during the first 12 hours of life. PMID- 6747787 TI - Fatal overwhelming postsplenectomy sepsis following autologous splenic transplantation in severe congenital osteopetrosis. AB - We report a boy with severe congenital osteopetrosis who underwent splenectomy at age 4, with simultaneous transplantation of portions of the spleen into the anterior rectus compartments. Despite demonstrated survival and partial functioning of the splenic implants, the patient died 9 years later from an overwhelming postsplenectomy infection (OPSI). This report suggests that the presence of the amount of retained splenic tissue transplanted in this case after splenectomy ultimately provides relatively ineffective protection against OPSI in congenital osteopetrosis. PMID- 6747786 TI - Histological liver evaluation 5 years after surgery for extrahepatic biliary atresia: a study of 20 cases. AB - Clinical, biological, and histological data are described in 20 patients at least 5 years after surgery for extrahepatic biliary atresia. Seventeen had an " uncorrectable " type and underwent hepatoportoenterostomy or hepatoportocholecystostomy , 3 patients had a "correctable" type and underwent cystojejunostomy . Clearing of jaundice was observed in all patients. Portal hypertension developed in 16 out of the 20. Liver specimens were obtained by surgical biopsy in all patients. Definite biliary cirrhosis was seen in all but two. Particular patterns were observed in some cases: biliary structures without bile stasis were absent in 8, while 4 displayed marked cell infiltration in portal areas, and 7 had distended vascular channels. The appearance of liver cells was always normal. No relationship could be clearly established between the degree of fibrosis and the earlier presence of cholangitis. PMID- 6747788 TI - Complications of excessive operative fluid administration in children receiving steroids for inflammatory bowel disease. AB - Twenty-five adolescents receiving chronic steroid therapy for inflammatory bowel disease underwent major intestinal surgery and each experienced vasodilation during induction of anesthesia. Systemic hypotension occurred in each patient and was treated by large volumes of intravenous crystalloid solution which caused intraoperative and postoperative water retention with resultant hypertension as well as occasional pulmonary edema and seizures. Ten adolescents who did not receive steroids and who underwent similar operations had higher urine outputs during and immediately after surgery, but did not experience these complications. Intravenous fluid administration in excess of maintenance requirements and calculated fluid losses should be given with caution to children receiving high dose steroids who undergo major intestinal surgery. Perioperative fluid retention under those circumstances may be best treated with early diuretic administration. PMID- 6747789 TI - An experimental study on the mechanism of rectosphincteric reflex in special reference to Hirschsprung's disease. AB - In order to clarify the mechanism of rectosphincteric reflex (RSR), an experimental study was performed using mongrel canine models. The RSR exists in normal anesthetized mongrel dogs. It does not disappear in dogs with isolation of the rectoanal portion from the surrounding tissues. The RSR disappeared after circular transection of the rectal muscle coat at the level between the rectum and the anal canal, and also after selective destruction of the myenteric plexus of the rectum. These data suggest that the RSR is a local reflex contained within the rectoanal wall and its regulating center and neural pathway are in the myenteric plexus of the rectum. PMID- 6747790 TI - Observation on erythrocyte acetylcholinesterase (AChE) in infants and children with Hirschsprung's disease. AB - In 31 cases of Hirschsprung's disease, the mean value of erythrocyte AChE activity was discovered to be 91.24 +/- 10.24 u/mL, being significantly higher than that from 127 normal children of 73.51 +/- 9.36 u/mL (P less than 0.001); whereas serum ChE mean value of 14.49 +/- 4.04 u/mL showed no difference from normal control (16.89 +/- 8.86 u/mL, P greater than 0.05). In addition, the erythrocyte AChE activity of six newborns with Hirschsprung's disease was also found to be much higher than its own normal control. It was therefore, concluded that this assay may be of supplementary diagnostic significance in diagnosing neonatal Hirschsprung's disease. PMID- 6747791 TI - Manometric diagnosis of Hirschsprung's disease in the neonatal period. AB - A newly designed semiconductor manometer was assembled for anorectal manometry in the neonatal period. Sixty apparently healthy neonates and 17 patients who presented gastrointestinal obstructive symptoms were examined by the eighth day of life. All 60 apparently healthy neonates showed a normal fluctuating wave and rectoanal reflex. Prematurity and postnatal age do not influence the normal rectoanal reflex. Among 17 patients, 5 were diagnosed as having Hirschsprung's disease based on absence of the reflex. There were no false negative or false positive results among these cases. It appears that anorectal manometry could be a reliable diagnostic test of Hirschsprung's disease even in the neonatal period. PMID- 6747792 TI - The effect of ketamine anesthesia on anorectal manometry. AB - Two hundred and twenty-five patients aged from neonate to 15 years presenting with chronic constipation and soiling had anorectal manometry without sedation, and 142 patients in the same age range and with a similar range of presenting complaints had anorectal manometry using ketamine as an anesthetic. There were no significant differences between the groups in the resting pressures recorded in the anal canal, in the amount of inhibition with rectal distension, or in the frequency or amplitude of rhythmical activity of the internal anal sphincter. Classical inhibitory troughs were seen when expected in both groups as were signs of external sphincter activity. Ketamine anaesthesia is a suitable sedative which enables anorectal manometry to be performed on young or nervous patients and does not alter the qualitative or quantitative responses. PMID- 6747793 TI - Double termination of the alimentary tract in females: a report of 12 cases and a literature review. AB - Twelve female infants with double termination of the alimentary tract were reported. One patient had a high rectovaginal fistula, but in the other 11 cases the tract opened into the bowel uniformly at the level of the levator ani (anorectal-vestibular fistula). In these patients, diagnosis of the anatomical level of the fistula was made definitely with our radiological technique. Excision of not only the fistulous tract but also the anterior half of the rectum below the fistula is essential to achieve a cure without recurrence. The pathogenesis of this condition is discussed and the pertinent literature reviewed. PMID- 6747794 TI - Microdissection and radiographic studies of the arterial vasculature of the human testes. AB - Conflicting and sparsely detailed reports concerning the arterial vasculature of the testes prompted us to study 51 human cadaveric testicles radiographically in order to document any interarterial communications. Twelve specimens were harvested from the pediatric age group and 39 from adult cadavers. Vascular communication was demonstrated between the testicular, cremasteric, and vasal arteries in all specimens studied. Large-caliber anastomotic channels were demonstrated between the testicular and vasal arteries in 87% of specimens. No discernible differences in these vascular communications were documented among adult, pediatric, and undescended testes. PMID- 6747795 TI - A 19-year follow-up of multiple juvenile hyaline fibromatosis. AB - Nineteen years observation of two siblings with multiple juvenile hyaline fibromatosis is presented. This entity was described 14 years ago. It is concluded that this disease can be effectively controlled by surgical excision of all newly discovered subcutaneous tumors. PMID- 6747796 TI - Congenital epulis of the newborn. AB - A case history of congenital epulis of the newborn is described and two unusual features are noted. First, two lesions were present, and second, following excision, the patient continued to have minor feeding difficulties due to associated partial nasal obstruction. PMID- 6747797 TI - Fatal pulmonary embolism following removal of a central venous catheter. AB - A 1-year-old child developed fatal septic pulmonary embolism upon removal of a central intravenous catheter. Histologically identical material was found in the pulmonary arteries and in the inferior vena cava at the catheter tip site. The pathophysiology of pulmonary embolism occurring during childhood is reviewed. PMID- 6747798 TI - True aneurysm formation in a 6-month-old child. AB - A patient had a true aneurysm of the left iliac artery, first noted at 6 months of age. The aorta was normal and no septic course could be documented. Furthermore, the umbilical artery catheter tip did not lie in the vicinity of the aneurysm. To our knowledge, this is a heretofore unreported event. PMID- 6747799 TI - Tubular duplication of the rectum treated by mucosal resection. AB - This is a case report of an infant with tubular duplication of the rectum, extra lobular lung sequestration, gut malrotation, and a Meckel's diverticulum. The duplication was removed by a mucosal sleeve resection similar to that used in a Soave procedure for Hirschsprung's disease. PMID- 6747800 TI - Neonatal bowel contrast studies with metrizamide. PMID- 6747801 TI - Pancreatitis. PMID- 6747803 TI - Comparative validity of the MMPI and two short forms: psychiatric ratings. AB - Minnesota Multiphasic Personality Inventory (MMPI) scales were used to predict psychiatric ratings in two male and two female groups of adult state psychiatric hospital inpatients. The resulting regression coefficients were cross-validated on the other same-sex group using MMPI, MMPI-168, and Faschingbauer Abbreviated MMPI (FAM) scales as predictors. The validity coefficients obtained in this manner were generally small and similar across MMPI forms. There was a trend for MMPI-based predictions to be superior to those of the short forms as the validity coefficients grew larger. This finding suggested caution in the use of the MMPI 168 and FAM as substitutes for the full MMPI. A suggestive for blending realism and rigor in future research is offered. PMID- 6747802 TI - A methodology for the use of the Rorschach in clinical research. AB - Traditional approaches to the Rorschach produce a myriad of isolated but overlapping variables and ratios which limit the utilization of the Rorschach in research. Several new conceptual approaches to the Rorschach provide the basis for integrating the multitude of Rorschach scores into more molar variables that can be scored reliably and that measure central dimensions of personality organization. These new approaches assess dimensions of explicit personality theories rather than being derived from the test alone. Factor analysis of variables derived from several of these new approaches along with several more traditional scores, indicate seven basic factors which assess important dimensions on the Rorschach: degree of reality testing, primary experiential mode (action or ideation), degree of access to primitive modes of thought and the extent to which these modes are integrated effectively, degree of the investment in appropriate and inappropriate interpersonal relationships, and severity of pathological thinking. These seven empirically independent, orthogonal factors can be assessed by single variables that significantly differentiate opiate addicts and psychiatric patients and significantly correlate with independent estimates of ego functioning and development as evaluated in the Bellak clinical interview and on the Loevinger Sentence Completion Test. PMID- 6747804 TI - The MMPI and problem drinking: statistical controls and multifactor criteria. AB - Relationships between sociodemographic variables and the MMPI, on the one hand, and several dimensions of problem drinking, on the other, were examined from a multiple regression strategy that enhanced control and clarified sizes of effects. To investigate a sample of 385 persons convicted on drunk driving, a plan was implemented calling for entry of five sociodemographic variables first in equations, to assess and control for their effects, before entering 14 MMPI validity and clinical scales, and entering finally product terms representing sex by-MMPI interactions. These factors were used to predict six problem drinking criteria, all continuous, based on factors and total scores from the Michigan Alcoholism Screening Test (MAST). Results indicate substantial variance attributable to personality factors in comparison with sociodemographic ones, and a pattern of prediction confirming generalizations reported in the literature, but also qualifying them by indicating confounding and interactions. PMID- 6747805 TI - Efficiency of local MMPI norms in the detection of psychopathology. AB - The standard MMPI was compared with the MMPI based on local norms for hit rate between a patient and nonpatient sample. Using the patient group only, a comparison was also made between the two sets of norms to determine their differential influence on profile height and configuration. The standard MMPI produced a significantly better hit rate overall (80.2%) than did the MMPI with local norms (71.8%). Standard norms produced significantly higher means for all scales except Si. A majority of single scale and two scale high points were different under the two sets of norms. It is concluded that the standard norms are more effective among these subjects than are the local norms. Results also indicate that the usual interpretations applied to scale elevations with the standard norms may not be applicable when other norms are used. PMID- 6747806 TI - An examination of the factor structure of the Millon Clinical Multiaxial Inventory. AB - This study involved a comparison of the factor structure of the MCMI in: a general psychiatric sample, a substance misuse sample, and a drug misuse sample. Examination of the factor matrices for the three clinical samples provided evidence for a sturdy factor measuring a negativistic-avoidant personality style with associated anxiety, depression, and somatization. Evidence was also available in all three samples for factors measuring: a) a paranoid cognitive and interpersonal pattern, and b) an asocial-avoidant personal orientation. PMID- 6747807 TI - Viscometric and electron microscopic analysis of effects of griseofulvin and its derivatives on in vitro polymerization of microtubule proteins and depolymerization of microtubules. AB - Griseofulvin and its sixteen derivatives were investigated by viscometry to examine their effects on in vitro polymerization and aggregation of microtubule proteins and depolymerization of microtubules. Of these compounds, eight pairs of enantiomers were compared in their activities. Electron microscopic studies were performed in several samples. The results indicate that in the C ring moiety of griseofulvin derivatives natural (+)-griseofulvin structure is essential to show their functions on microtubule proteins and microtubules. PMID- 6747808 TI - Mechanisms of depressant action of muscle relaxants on spinal reflexes: participation of membrane stabilizing action. AB - The participation of local anesthetic action in spinal reflex inhibition produced by mephenesin-type muscle relaxants was examined by comparing the local anesthetic effects (in vitro), the depressant effects on muscle afferent discharges (in situ) and the depressant effects on spinal reflexes (in situ) of the drugs in rats. At doses producing depression of spinal reflexes, mephenesin, tolperisone (mephenesin-type) and lidocaine (local anesthetic) reduced the frequency of afferent discharges from the muscle. The order of reducing afferent discharges by these drugs corresponded to that of their conduction blocking activities in the isolated sciatic nerve of rats. These results suggest the participation of a membrane stabilizing action in spinal reflex inhibition produced by mephenesin-type muscle relaxants. Baclofen (non-mephenesin-type) did not show any local anesthetic action. PMID- 6747809 TI - Effect of digoxin on plasma clearance and anticoagulant effect of warfarin in rats. AB - The possible effects of digoxin on the elimination and anticoagulant action of warfarin were examined in rats. The pharmacokinetic parameters of warfarin after a single i.v. (1.2 mg/kg) or repeated oral coadministration with anticoagulant (0.6 mg/kg on day 1, thereafter 0.3 mg/kg) and digoxin (50 micrograms/kg) were not significantly different as compared with those in the group treated with warfarin alone. However, prothrombin complex activity (PCA) following coadministration with the diuretic was significantly and relatively rapidly recovered as compared with that in the warfarin group. The amounts of warfarin extracted by liver 2 and 6 h after a single i.v. dosing or 3 and 8 h after repeated oral dosing in the coadministered group were significantly decreased as compared with those in the group received warfarin alone. The renal function (renal plasma flow rate (RPF) and glomerular filtration rate) in the group coadministered with digoxin was significantly higher than that in the group receiving warfarin alone. On the other hand, the fraction of warfarin bound to BSA or rat plasma and the plasma water were little changed in the presence of digoxin. These results suggest that a pharmacological interaction, the decrease in the anticoagulant action, is induced between warfarin and digoxin coadministered. PMID- 6747810 TI - Intestinal absorption of carboxyfluorescein entrapped in liposomes in comparison with its administration with lipid-surfactant mixed micelles. AB - The absorption of carboxyfluorescein (CF) entrapped in liposomes from the small intestine was investigated in vivo using bile fistula rats. Within the intestine CF was not metabolized, but 32% of the entrapped CF was released for 3 h from the liposomes when incubated with luminal incubation solution. The data of CF disappearance from the intestinal lumen and of CF plasma concentration showed that no apparent difference was observed between administration of the liposomal CF and that of free dye. Especially in initial 60 min after administration of liposomal CF, the plasma concentration was obviously lower than that in free CF administration. On the contrary, the coadministration of 40 mM lipid-surfactant mixed micelles induced a remarkable promotive effect on the absorption of free CF already in the early periods of the initial 60 min. When liposomal CF was administered into the intestinal lumen of thoracic duct-cannulated rats, the concentration in lymph was lower than that in plasma. Intramural injection of liposomal CF into intestinal wall, however, showed a much higher concentration in lymph than that in plasma. These findings suggest that liposomal entrapment of CF has rather difficulty to be absorbed through the intestinal mucosa, while lipid surfactant mixed micelles exert a remarkable promotive effect on the absorption of CF. PMID- 6747811 TI - The effects of the administration routes on the biliary excretion of antibiotics. AB - The effects of the administration routes on the biliary excretion of gentamicin and cefazolin were investigated in male white rabbits. The administration routes studied were intravenous, intramuscular injection and injection into portal vein. In both antibiotics, total excretion into bile was the highest when drug was administered by the injection into portal vein. In case of gentamicin, the bile level above MIC (against P.aeruginosa) could be obtained only by the administration into portal vein. These results indicate that the administration into portal vein is useful clinically, for the drug delivery to biliary tract, especially in drugs like aminoglycoside antibiotics which have an extremely low rate of transfer to the bile. PMID- 6747812 TI - Replicated item level factor analysis of the full MMPI. AB - We completed a comprehensive factor analysis of the full MMPI item pool by using recent advances in computational facilities. Nearly 20,000 MMPI protocols were collected for the analysis, however, we discarded invalid records and protocols with more than 50 missing items. Analyses were computed on a developmental sample of 5,506 subjects and a cross-validation sample of 5,632. Twenty-one replicated factors were found by using an orthogonal varimax solution. The rotated factors were submitted to several experts on MMPI for factor naming. The consensus obtained on the item factors suggests that this analysis provides an unambiguous picture of the major content dimensions in the MMPI item pool. PMID- 6747813 TI - Hypnotic susceptibility and performance on various attention-specific cognitive tasks. AB - We conducted two experiments to investigate cognitive performance as related to level of hypnotic susceptibility. In Experiment 1 time-to-location of a target in a visual search task was assessed. For this task the letter Z was embedded either within straight-form or round-form letters. Results indicated that high-hypnotic susceptibility subjects (highs) were significantly faster than low-susceptibility subjects (lows) in locating the embedded letter. Experiment 2 investigated performance on single- and double-digit arithmetic (addition) problems as a function of hypnotic susceptibility level. Subjects were presented with arithmetic problems and were asked to complete them within a 60-s time period. Highs completed a significantly greater number of double-digit problems but not single-digit problems within this time frame than did lows. The results of the two experiments are explained in terms of the application of differing strategies or operations by highs and lows in the performance of cognitive tasks. PMID- 6747814 TI - Sex role attributes, symptom distress, and defensive style among college men and women. AB - Eighty-four male and 90 female college students completed the PRF-Andro masculinity and femininity scales, a symptom checklist, and a defense mechanism inventory. Results indicated that interrelations among sex role attributes, defense preferences, and symptom distress differed for men and women. Cross-sex typed persons mostly accounted for differences in symptom distress within each sex: Masculine women reported relatively low and feminine men reported relatively high degrees of symptom distress. In addition, sex roles interacted with sex in determining defense preferences. We also explored the possibility that defensive styles mediated between sex role attributes and symptom distress. Among women, an association between masculine attributes and a rejection of self-blaming defenses accounted for the negative relation between masculinity and symptom distress. Among men, sex role attributes and defensive styles, for the most part, contributed independently to symptom distress. PMID- 6747815 TI - Depressive attributions: selection of different causes or assignment of dimensional meanings? AB - Attributional models of depression suggest that depression is associated with internal, stable, and global causal explanations of events. However, the models do not specify whether the depressive attributional process involves the selection of certain causes, the assignment of dimensional meanings to those causes, or both. A distinction between these two processes was suggested by the findings that the choice of causes does not reliably indicate the perceived dimensions and that there is poor convergence between existing methods that assess causes and those that assess dimensions. When causes and dimensions were each measured in a manner that avoided confounding by the other, each made a unique contribution to the prediction of depression scores. Cause ratings alone were significantly associated with depression scores, but the optimal prediction of depression included both causes and dimensions. The implications of the distinction between these two processes for experimental manipulations of attributions and for reattribution training programs are discussed. PMID- 6747816 TI - Effect of schema-incongruent information on memory for stereotypical attributes. AB - Two studies were performed to determine the effect of incongruent information on recall of schematic information in the domain of person memory. Subjects heard descriptions of five sterotypical characters, followed by additional information varying in level of relevance to, and congruence with, the initial information. We measured free recall of the initial information establishing the schema, which included a stereotype label and two highly congruent facts. Results showed that the introduction of information that is highly incongruent with a schema makes schematic information more memorable, under both immediate- and delayed-recall conditions. This effect may be one mechanism by which inappropriate schemata persevere in the face of counterevidence. The pattern of results is found to be more consistent with Hastie's (1980) depth of processing-network associational model of schematic processing (with slight modification) than with Smith and Graesser's (1981) schema-pointer + tag model. PMID- 6747817 TI - Pharmacokinetics of quinidine and three of its metabolites in man. AB - Disposition parameters of quinidine and three of its metabolism, 3-hydroxy quinidine, quinidine N-oxide, and quinidine 10,11-dihydrodiol, were determined in five normal healthy volunteers after prolonged intravenous infusion and multiple oral doses. The plasma concentrations of individual metabolites after 7 hr of constant quinidine infusion at a plasma quinidine level of 2.9 +/- (SD) 0.3 mg/L were: 3-hydroxy quinidine, 0.32 +/- 0.06 mg/L; quinidine N-oxide, 0.28 +/- 0.03 mg/L; and quinidine 10,11-dihydrodiol, 0.13 +/- 0.04 mg/L. Plasma trough levels after 12 oral doses of quinidine sulfate every 4 hr averaged: quinidine, 2.89 +/- 0.50 mg/L; 3-hydroxy quinidine, 0.83 +/- 0.36 mg/L; quinidine N-oxide, 0.40 +/- 0.13 mg/L; and quinidine 10,11-dihydrodiol, 0.38 +/- 0.08 mg/L. Relatively higher plasma concentrations of 3-hydroxy quinidine metabolite after oral dosing probably reflect first-pass formation of this quinidine metabolite. A two compartment model for quinidine and a one-compartment model for each of the metabolites described the plasma concentration-time curves for both i.v. infusion and multiple oral doses. Mean (+/- SD) disposition parameters for quinidine from individual fits, after i.v. infusion were as follows: Vl, 0.37 +/- 0.09 L/kg; lambda 1, 0.094 +/- 0.009 min-1; lambda 2, 0.0015 +/- 0.0002 min-1; EX2, 0.013 +/ 0.002 min-1; clearance (ClQ), 3.86 +/- 0.83 ml/min/kg. Both plasma and urinary data were used to determine metabolic disposition parameters. Mean (+/- SD) values for the metabolites after i.v. quinidine infusion were as follows: 3 hydroxy quinidine: formation rate constant kmf, 0.0012 +/- 0.0005 min-1, volume of distribution, Vm, 0.99 +/- 0.47 L/kg; and elimination rate constant, kmu 0.0030 +/- 0.0002 min-1. Quinidine N-oxide: kmf, 0.00012 +/- 0.00003 min-1; Vm, 0.068 +/- 0.020 L/kg; and kmu, 0.0063 +/- 0.0008 min-1. Quinidine 10,11 dihydrodiol: kmf, 0.0003 +/- 0.0001 min-1; Vm, 0.43 +/- 0.29 L/kg; and kmu, 0.0059 +/- 0.0010 min-1. Oral absorption of quinidine was described by a zero order process with a bioavailability of 0.78. Concentration dependent renal elimination of 3-hydroxy quinidine was observed in two out of five subjects studied. PMID- 6747818 TI - Pharmacokinetics of the hepatic transport of organic anions: influence of extra- and intracellular binding on hepatic storage of dibromosulfophthalein and interactions with indocyanine green. AB - The influence of intracellular and extracellular protein binding on the hepatic storage and biliary elimination of dibromosulfophthalein (DBSP) was studied in isolated perfused rat liver. Under first order kinetic conditions the amount of DBSP in the liver at a given plasma concentration (hepatic storage) was determined by extracellular binding to albumin and intracellular binding to the cytosolic Y and Z proteins as well as concentrative membrane transport from plasma into the liver. At higher doses, extensive binding of DBSP to intracellular organelles also occurred while liver cytosol/plasma concentration gradients of unbound DBSP were much lower. Hepatic storage increased with decreasing albumin concentration in the perfusate of isolated perfused rat livers. However, it was shown that this parameter is dose-dependent, and errors can be introduced in its calculation if nonlinearity of sinusoidal and canalicular transport processes as well as nonlinear protein binding are not taken into account. The influence of another organic anion, indocyanine green (ICG) on the hepatic storage, subcellular distribution, and elimination of DBSP was subsequently studied. At equimolar amounts the presence of ICG resulted in a 50% decrease in hepatic clearance and hepatic distribution volume of DBSP. It was inferred that these changes are due to an inhibition of carrier-mediated transport across the sinusoidal and canalicular membrane and preferential displacement from intracellular binding sites. In contrast DBSP in equimolar amount enhanced the initial disappearance rate and biliary excretion of ICG, probably due to increasing its free fraction in plasma. It is concluded that the level and mechanism of interaction of two drugs within the eliminating organ can be characterized by combining clearance studies with data on subcellular and extracellular binding. PMID- 6747819 TI - Hepatic elimination of drugs with concentration-dependent serum protein binding. AB - For a drug with concentration-dependent serum protein binding, the unbound fraction of drug decreases during the drug elimination process. The clearance of the drug at a given blood flow rate is lower than would be expected from the observed unbound fraction in venous blood from a noneliminating organ. Based on both the "well-stirred" and "parallel tube" models, simulations demonstrated that consideration of concentration-dependent binding during drug elimination is important when the intrinsic clearance is higher than the blood flow and when the unbound drug concentration is much greater than the dissociation equilibrium constant of the binding complex. PMID- 6747820 TI - A new statistical procedure for testing equivalence in two-group comparative bioavailability trials. AB - The clinical problem of testing for equivalence in comparative bioavailability trials is restated in terms of the proper statistical hypotheses. A simple t-test procedure for these hypotheses has been developed that is more powerful than the methods based on usual (shortest) and symmetric confidence intervals. In this note, this new procedure is explained and an example is given, including the method for sample size determination. PMID- 6747821 TI - Analysis of pharmacokinetic data using parametric models--1: Regression models. AB - This is the first in a series of tutorial articles discussing the analysis of pharmacokinetic data using parametric models. In this article, the purposes of modelling are discussed; regression models for individuals and populations are defined; and structural and variance models are discussed as the two required submodels of the overall regression model. Topics of future articles are: point estimates of parameters; interval estimates of parameters; model criticism and choosing among contending models; population kinetic models and estimation; and elements of optimal design. PMID- 6747822 TI - Calcium entry blocker activity of cyproheptadine in isolated cardiovascular preparations. AB - Cyproheptadine was compared with nifedipine, verapamil and diltiazem for calcium entry blocker activity in isolated cardiovascular preparations. Using rat aortic strips, all compounds (10(-7) M) inhibited both the contraction caused by the readdition of calcium (1.0 mM) into regular buffer or buffer containing potassium (130 mM) or norepinephrine (10(-5) M) and the potassium-stimulated uptake of 45Ca. The rank order of potency for these experiments was in general nifedipine greater than cyproheptadine greater than or equal to verapamil greater than diltiazem. The same order of potency also was found for the four compounds in relaxing potassium (40 mM)-contracted aortic strips (IC50 values: nifedipine, 2.6 X 10(-9) M; cyproheptadine, 6.3 X 10(-8) M; verapamil, 7.6 X 10(-8) M; and diltiazem, 2.1 X 10(-7) M), but cyproheptadine was the least potent agent in antagonizing the spontaneous contractions of the rat portal vein (IC50 values: nifedipine, 6.6 X 10(-9) M; verapamil 7.7 X 10(-8) M; diltiazem 9.6 X 10(-8) M; and cyproheptadine 3.9 X 10(-7)M). None of the compounds (10(-7) M) inhibited the contraction to norepinephrine (10(-5) M) in rabbit aortic strips bathed in calcium-free buffer (1 mM ethylene glycol bis(beta-aminoethyl ether)-N, N' tetraacetic acid). Nifedipine, verapamil and diltiazem were more potent in inhibiting the restoration of contractility by isoproterenol in potassium depolarized rabbit papillary muscles than decreasing force in normally polarized muscles; cyproheptadine was equipotent when tested in these two preparations. Cyproheptadine was the least potent of the four compounds in lowering perfusion pressure in the perfused canine hindlimb.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS) PMID- 6747823 TI - Effects of calcium antagonists and vasodilators on arterial myosin phosphorylation and actin-myosin interactions. AB - The mechanism of action of many direct-acting vascular smooth muscle relaxant agents is undefined. Moreover, an additional intracellular locus of action for some Ca++ entry blockers has been proposed. We have examined the potential for direct action by some of these agents at the level of smooth muscle contractile proteins by quantitating changes in Ca++-dependent superprecipitation of native arterial actomyosin. Moreover, inasmuch as previous research has linked phosphorylation of the 20,000 dalton myosin light chain to Ca++-dependent regulation of contraction, effects on myosin phosphorylation also were quantitated. Whereas the standard calmodulin antagonist W-7 inhibited both parameters by approximately 50% at 10(-4) M, diazoxide, hydralazine, 3-isobutyl-1 methylxanthine, papaverine, propranolol, nifedipine, nitrendipine, sodium nitroprusside and verapamil did not significantly inhibit either parameter at equimolar concentrations. Cyclandelate significantly delayed the onset of superprecipitation, but did not affect the extent of superprecipitation or myosin phosphorylation. The Ca++ antagonists felodipine and diltiazem inhibited superprecipitation by approximately 25%. However, unlike W-7, or felodipine, diltiazem did not concomitantly inhibit myosin phosphorylation. Inhibition of superprecipitation by diltiazem was apparent at a concentration of 10(-6) M, was manifest by a rightward shift in the pCa relationship and could be attenuated by exogenous calmodulin. These results show that most vasodilators do not have direct effects on smooth muscle contractile protein function. However, diltiazem may inhibit Ca++-dependent arterial actin-myosin interactions by a mechanism which is independent of regulation of myosin light chain phosphorylation. PMID- 6747824 TI - Agonist and antagonist effects of prototype opiate drugs in rats discriminating fentanyl from saline: characteristics of partial generalization. AB - The experiments reported here characterized the partial generalizations that prototype opiate drugs may produce in rats that are trained to discriminate 0.04 mg/kg of fentanyl from saline. Cyclazocine, nalorphine, ketocyclazocine and N allylnormetazocine produced partial generalization with fentanyl; the same compounds also partially antagonized fentanyl. The fentanyl-like and the fentanyl antagonist effects of these compounds occurred within similar ranges of dose. An orderly incompatibility was apparent between the agonist and antagonist effects produced by each drug; cyclazocine, for example, was unlikely to antagonize fentanyl in animals in which it produced generalization, whereas it did antagonize fentanyl in animals in which it produced no generalization. Cyclazocine, nalorphine, N-allylnormetazocine and naloxone produced either fentanyl-like or fentanyl-antagonist effects in all animals tested. A reliable relationship was apparent among the agonist and antagonist effects of different opiate drugs; rats that generalized cyclazocine also were likely to generalize nalorphine and ketocyclazocine and were relatively less responsive to cyclazocine, nalorphine, N-allylnormetazocine and naloxone as antagonists of fentanyl. The results point to the importance of a number of new methods in the analysis of drug discrimination data. Among these are the analysis of individual generalization data and the examination of agonist and antagonist effects of test drugs in the same animals. A parsimonious molecular interpretation of the data can be offered by assuming that morphine, ketocyclazocine, cyclazocine, nalorphine, N-allylnormetazocine and naloxone have affinity for, but differ in activity at, an opiate receptor where fentanyl acts to produce discriminative effects. PMID- 6747825 TI - Phencyclidine analogs and precursors: rotarod and lethal dose studies in the mouse. AB - A series of phencyclidine (PCP) related analogs, carbonitrile synthetic precursors and two monohydroxylated metabolites were compared pharmacologically in mice for their ability to produce ataxia using the rotarod method and toxicologically for their acute 4-hr lethality. The slope of the PCP dose-ataxic response curve was steeper than those of diazepam, pentobarbital, morphine and ketocyclazocine but not the slope of the sigma agonist, N-allylnormetazocine curve. Responses for all analogs, metabolites and precursors produced curves parallel to that of PCP. Ataxia potencies of all PCP-related compounds ranged from 0.05 to 2.15 X PCP and durations of action ranged from 18 to 65 min. N-ethyl 1-phenylcyclohexylamine, 1-[1-(2-thienyl)-cyclohexyl]-piperidine and 1-[1-(2 thienyl)-cyclohexyl]-pyrrolidine were most potent and least potent were 1-(1 phenyl-cyclohexyl)-4-methylpiperidine, the phenyl and thienyl morpholines and 4 phenyl-4-piperidinocyclohexanol. Among the PCP analogs, modifying the piperidine or aromatic ring effected changes only in potency. Seizures and respiratory depression characterized the lethal effects of PCP, its analogs, metabolites and precursors. However, the precursors failed to elicit the stereotyped movements and hyperactivity that preceded seizures produced by the other compounds. Overall potencies for lethality relative to PCP covered a narrow range (0.16-1.83) with the carbonitrile precursors being most potent. Therapeutic indices indicated relatively large margins of safety for 1-[1-(2-thienyl)-cyclohexyl]-piperidine, 1 [1-(2-thienyl)-cyclohexyl]-piperidine, N-ethyl-1-phenylcyclohexylamine and ketamine and the smallest were for 1-(1-phenylcyclohexyl)-4-methylpiperidine, the metabolite 4-phenyl-4-piperidinocyclohexanol and the three precursors.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS) PMID- 6747826 TI - Interaction of atenolol with the systemic and regional hemodynamic effects of hydralazine in conscious renal hypertensive rabbits. AB - Using the radioactive microsphere technique, we investigated the interaction between atenolol and hydralazine after acute administration in conscious hypertensive rabbits. Hydralazine, 0.3 mg/kg i.v., increased heart rate, stroke volume and cardiac output and decreased total peripheral resistance. Only at higher doses (1.0 and 3.0 mg/kg i.v.) was a fall in arterial blood pressure observed due to a further reduction in total peripheral resistance. The drug caused vasodilatation in the heart, brain, kidneys, skeletal muscles, diaphragm, chest wall and large intestine and a, probably reflex-mediated, vasoconstriction in the skin, stomach and small intestine. In the heart hydralazine preferentially increased blood flow to the outer layers of the left ventricular wall, which resulted in a significant decrease in the endocardial/epicardial blood flow ratio. Hydralazine also greatly enhanced the percentage of 15-micron microspheres distributed to the lungs, indicating an increased arteriovenous anastomotic flow. Atenolol (1 mg/kg i.v.) elicited bradycardia and moderately reduced blood pressure due to a decrease in cardiac output. Pretreatment with atenolol attenuated the cardiac stimulation and thereby accentuated the hypotensive effect of hydralazine, 0.3 mg/kg. With the high hydralazine dose (3.0 mg/kg) the synergistic effect on blood pressure disappeared due to an increase in cardiac output, despite effective beta adrenoceptor blockade. Moreover, atenolol interfered with the vasodilator response of hydralazine in the heart, skeletal muscles and the arteriovenous anastomoses. The beta adrenoceptor antagonist increased the endocardial/epicardial blood flow ratio and thereby abolished the negative effect of hydralazine on this parameter. In conclusion, the antihypertensive drugs acted synergistically only at a low hydralazine dose.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS) PMID- 6747827 TI - Decreased nutrient blood flow during dopamine- and epinephrine-induced intestinal vasodilation. AB - Mesenteric blood flow returned to control values promptly upon termination of i.a. infusions of vasodilator doses of acetylcholine (ACh) and isoproterenol (Iso) into the canine superior mesenteric artery (SMA). However, termination of vasodilator infusions of dopamine (DA) and epinephrine (Epi) into the SMA resulted in an additional increase in flow resembling the reactive hyperemic response observed upon termination of norepinephrine infusion into the SMA. In experiments that measured the effect of these agents on intestinal oxygen kinetics, i.a. ACh and Iso increased oxygen uptake but did not affect percent oxygen extraction. Equivasodilator i.a. infusions of DA and Epi decreased percent oxygen extraction. DA decreased oxygen uptake whereas Epi did not alter oxygen uptake. After administration of phenoxybenzamine, the effects of i.a. DA and Epi on oxygen kinetics became identical to those produced by equivasodilator infusions of ACh or Iso. Moreover, the reactive hyperemia-like response on cessation of DA and Epi infusions was abolished. In experiments that utilized 125I absorption from the jejunum as a measure of intestinal mucosal blood flow, i.a. ACh and Iso were found to increase mucosal blood flow in proportion to the increase in total SMA flow. In contrast, i.a. doses of DA and Epi that increased SMA flow nevertheless decreased mucosal flow. It was concluded that vasodilator doses of dopamine and Epi decrease oxygen delivery to the intestine at least in part due to a decrease in mucosal blood flow; this probably involves action on alpha adrenoreceptors. PMID- 6747828 TI - Diisopropylfluorophosphate increases clofibric acid clearance: supporting evidence for a futile cycle. AB - Clofibric acid has been shown previously to undergo a futile cycle in which its net clearance is dependent upon conjugation to form an acyl (ester) glucuronide and a combination of hydrolysis of the conjugate and its renal clearance. If hydrolysis is mediated by esterases then inhibition of these enzymes should increase clofibric acid clearance. Plasma clofibric acid clearance was measured in a group of six rabbits both while conscious and then while anesthetized and treated with diisopropylfluorophosphate (DFP). Clofibric acid clearance also was determined in a control group of six rabbits both while conscious and subsequently while anesthetized. Plasma clearances of unbound and total clofibric acid (protein bound plus unbound) were similar in both groups while conscious but increased 2-fold in DFP-treated compared with conscious animals (P less than .001) and were 3-fold greater in DFP-treated animals than in control, anesthetized animals (P less than .001). These data support the futile cycle for clofibric and implicate esterases in the in vivo hydrolysis of clofibric acid glucuronide. PMID- 6747830 TI - Comparison of the effects of naloxone and picrotoxin on schedule-controlled responding in the pigeon: possible GABA-antagonistic effects of naloxone. AB - The effects of naloxone and picrotoxin were determined alone and in conjunction with pentobarbital, diazepam or clonazepam, in pigeons responding under a multiple fixed-ratio 30-response, fixed-interval 5-min schedule of food presentation. Naloxone (10.0-80.0 mg/kg i.m.) and picrotoxin (0.1-0.56 mg/kg i.m.) alone produced only dose-related decreases in responding in both fixed ratio and fixed-interval components. Pentobarbital (3.0 and 10.0 mg/kg i.m.) administered in combination with naloxone and picrotoxin shifted dose-response curves for both naloxone and picrotoxin to the right. In contrast, both diazepam (1.0-10.0 mg/kg p.o.) and clonazepam (0.3-3.0 mg/kg p.o.) attenuated the rate decreasing effects of 0.56 mg/kg of picrotoxin, but not those of 80.0 mg/kg of naloxone. Dose-effect curves for naloxone and picrotoxin were then determined during daily administration of 10.0 mg/kg of diazepam. Dose-response curves for both naloxone and picrotoxin were shifted to the right under these conditions. These data support previous evidence that naloxone exerts gamma-aminobutyric acid antagonistic effects in addition to its potent opioid-antagonistic effects. PMID- 6747829 TI - Stereoselective metabolism and pharmacogenetic control of 5-phenyl-5 ethylhydantoin (nirvanol) in humans. AB - Aromatic hydroxylation of 5-phenyl-5-ethylhydantoin (PEH) has been investigated in humans. Single oral doses of S-PEH (247 mumol) were given to seven extensive and seven poor hydroxylators of mephenytoin. Urinary recovery of PEH and 5-(4 hydroxyphenyl)-5-ethylhydantoin (4-OH-PEH) indicated that all extensive metabolizer subjects excreted appreciable quantities of 4-OH-PEH, whereas all poor metabolizer subjects had only trace amounts of 4-OH-PEH in their urine. Four extensive metabolizer subjects received dual radiolabeled (S-[14C]PEH, R-[3H]PEH) pseudoracemic (494 mumol R-PEH, 494 mumol S-PEH) PEH and had serial urine and blood samples collected over 16 days. The urinary excretion rates of S-PEH and S 4-OH-PEH had half-lives of approximately 4.5 days whereas those of R-PEH and R-4 OH-PEH were approximately 10 days. The initial S/R ratio of 4-OH-PEH in urine was 14:1 whereas that of PEH was 1:1. Stereoselective hydroxylation in these four subjects was confirmed by the negligible recovery of 4-OH-PEH after oral administration of R-PEH (494 mumol). After racemic administration, the sum of S and R-PEH plasma concentrations declined biexponentially with half-lives of the alpha- and beta-phases being consistent with the total plasma concentration reflecting the sum of the different rates of elimination of the two enantiomers. These results are consistent with the hypothesis that the same drug metabolizing enzymes are involved in the aromatic hydroxylation of S-mephenytoin and S-PEH. PMID- 6747831 TI - Obligatory role of thyroid hormones in development of peripheral sympathetic and central nervous system catecholaminergic neurons: effects of propylthiouracil induced hypothyroidism on transmitter levels, turnover and release. AB - Thyroid status is thought to play a major role in establishing the time course of development of sympathetic nerve pathways. Hypothyroidism induced by perinatal administration of propylthiouracil to developing rats resulted in substantial deficits in cardiac norepinephrine levels that persisted into adulthood. This shortfall was not accompanied by compensatory receptor supersensitivity or by increased utilization of remaining transmitter. Indeed neonatal hypothyroidism is known to result in end-organ subsensitivity and the norepinephrine turnover rate, an index of spontaneous activity of the neuron, was found to be markedly subnormal. The ability of cardiac sympathetic neurons to release transmitter upon pharmacological challenge was also compromised by hypothyroidism: in control neonates, administration of tyramine resulted in displacement of norepinephrine from nerve terminals, a response which was present very early in development. Hypothyroid rats did not develop the ability to release transmitter in response to tyramine until 10 days postnatally and a fully mature response was not apparent until weeks later. Ontogeny of the capability to release norepinephrine in response to hypotension (baroreflex) also was assessed through administration of hydralazine, a direct arteriolar vasodilator; control rats showed a characteristic development of this response at the end of the 2nd postnatal week, whereas hypothyroid rats did not show any potential for norepinephrine release until young adulthood (41 days). In comparison to cardiac sympathetic neurons, an overall evaluation of central catecholaminergic pathways in whole brain indicated a much smaller effect of hypothyroidism, with no (norepinephrine) or only minor (dopamine) deficits in transmitter content and smaller, transient reductions in turnover.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS) PMID- 6747832 TI - Effects of enantiomers of indacrinone (MK-196) on cation transport by the loop of Henle and distal tubule studied by microperfusion in vivo. AB - We have studied the effects of the two enantiomeric forms of the diuretic agent, indacrinone (MK-196), upon transport of sodium and potassium by the loop of Henle and distal tubule, using the technique of continuous microperfusion, in vivo, of individual tubular segments in the rat kidney. In the loop of Henle, both the (+) and (-)-enantiomers, when included in the tubular perfusion fluid at a concentration of 5 X 10(-4) M, inhibited the reabsorption of sodium and potassium, but the (-)-enantiomer was significantly more effective in this regard than the (+)-enantiomer. Although loop sodium reabsorption was incompletely blocked by either form of the drug, potassium reabsorption by the loop was on average abolished by (-)-MK-196 and was actually converted in some experiments to an appreciable net secretory flux. In the distal tubule, both enantiomers inhibited net sodium reabsorption, but neither affected the control level of potassium secretion. These experiments provide direct evidence that the natriuretic effect of this agent is due to actions on sodium transporting sites in the loop of Henle and distal tubule. Furthermore, because potassium transport was affected only in the loop, they suggest that the nature of the cellular cation transport mechanism influenced by the drug may be different at the two nephron sites studied. PMID- 6747833 TI - Ethanol suppresses hepatic glutathione synthesis in rats in vivo. AB - Ethanol-induced depletion of hepatic glutathione has been construed as evidence supporting the hypothesis that reactive oxygen intermediates generated during the metabolism of ethanol lead to glutathione oxidation and lipid peroxidation and are responsible for the toxic effects of ethanol. However, the evidence for a pathogenetic role of lipid peroxidation in ethanol-induced liver injury is indirect and a decreased synthesis might well account for the glutathione depletion produced by large doses of ethanol. In order to determine whether a decreased synthesis or an increased consumption of glutathione is responsible for the ethanol-induced glutathione depletion, hepatic glutathione turnover, plasma glutathione and the biliary excretion of glutathione and its disulfide were measured in rats. The administration of 5 g/kg of ethanol p.o. resulted in a decreased incorporation of labeled cysteine and labeled methionine into the hepatic glutathione pool and decreased the hepatic concentration of glutathione from 3.7 +/- 0.1 to 2.7 +/- 0.2 mumol/g. Kinetic analysis of the specific activity-time curves revealed that ethanol decreased significantly the rate of influx of cysteine into the glutathione pool but did not stimulate the rate of consumption of glutathione. Moreover, the plasma concentration of glutathione and the biliary excretion of glutathione disulfide and reduced glutathione decreased after the administration of ethanol, indicating that ethanol does not increase the efflux of glutathione from the liver. Our data demonstrate that a large dose of ethanol does not produce an oxidative stress, which would increase glutathione consumption, but rather impairs glutathione synthesis.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS) PMID- 6747834 TI - Multiple actions of convulsant barbiturates on mouse neurons in cell culture. AB - The convulsant barbiturate 5-(2-cyclohexylidene-ethyl)-5-ethyl barbituric acid (CHEB) depolarized most (greater than 90%) mouse spinal cord (SC) neurons in primary dissociated cell culture in a concentration-dependent fashion with threshold effects at 10 to 50 nM. Dorsal root ganglion (DRG) neurons were also depolarized by CHEB, but only about 50% of the neurons responded. The threshold concentration for depolarization of DRG neurons was several hundred-fold higher than for SC neurons. CHEB depolarizations may be mediated by an increase in a cation conductance which is calcium-dependent because CHEB depolarizations had an extrapolated reversal potential near 0 mV, were insensitive to intracellular anion (chloride ion) injection, were absent after removal of extracellular calcium ions and were reduced by cadmium ions. In contrast, the nonconvulsant barbiturates, pentobarbital and phenobarbital, did not produce membrane depolarization. However, at concentrations of CHEB somewhat higher than those which directly depolarized cells, CHEB resembled pentobarbital and phenobarbital because it reduced the spontaneous activity of SC neurons and shortened calcium dependent action potentials of DRG neurons. Two other convulsant barbiturates, trans-5-ethyl-5-(3'-methyl-but-2'-enyl) barbituric acid and trans-5-ethyl-5 (1',3'-dimethyl-but-1'-enyl) barbituric acid, also produced membrane depolarization, reduced spontaneous activity and shortened calcium-dependent action potentials. Another convulsant barbiturate, S(+)-1-methyl-5-phenyl-5 propyl barbituric acid, did not alter membrane potential or conductance of SC neurons, suggesting that mechanistic subclasses of convulsant barbiturates exist.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS) PMID- 6747835 TI - Dose-dependent bioavailability and metabolism of salicylamide in dogs. AB - The dose-dependent first-pass metabolism and pharmacokinetics of salicylamide (SAM) were studied at four dose levels in six dogs. Four minutes after each oral dose, a tracer dose of [14C]SAM was given i.v. to determine clearance and bioavailability. Over the dosage range studied, 5 to 40 mg/kg, bioavailability increased from 0.24 +/- 0.14 (mean +/- S.D.) to 0.76 +/- 0.20 (P less than .05). Clearance decreased from 3.4 +/- 1.0 to 0.60 +/- 0.11 liters/min (P less than .01) and half-life increased from 5.0 +/- 1.2 to 23.5 +/- 6.1 min (P less than .01). Measurement of SAM clearance to individual metabolites indicated that the sulfoconjugation and not the glucuronidation pathway was responsible for the dose dependent effects observed. These effects occurred even at doses not expected to have caused significant depletion of body stores of inorganic sulfate; the plasma concentration of inorganic sulfate decreased by only a maximum of 13 and 26% after the 5- and 10-mg/kg SAM doses, respectively. When [14C]SAM was given alone in tracer amounts, clearance values greatly exceeded cardiac output. This suggests that SAM undergoes sulfation in organs other than the liver and intestinal wall. PMID- 6747836 TI - Urea distribution kinetics analyzed by simultaneous injection of urea and inulin: demonstration that transcapillary exchange is rate limiting. AB - The kinetics of urea and inulin were studied after simultaneous i.v. injection in six anesthetized dogs. The distribution of both compounds was characterized by a three-compartment model. The initial volume of urea distribution averaged 2.21 +/ 0.39 liters (+/- S.D.) and was similar to the expected volume of intravascular space. Although the 0.66 +/- 0.05 liters/kg of total volume of urea distribution corresponds to total body water, transcapillary exchange between intravascular space and rapid and slow equilibrating interstitial fluid spaces is the rate limiting step in urea distribution and accounts for the three-compartmental structure of the system used to model the distribution kinetics of both urea and inulin. The free-water diffusion coefficient ratio of urea and inulin and the intercompartment clearances calculated after the simultaneous injection of these compounds were used to estimate blood flows to the fast and slow equilibrating interstitial fluid compartments. The sum of these flows averaged 97% of measured cardiac output (range, 83-113%) and was not significantly different from cardiac output. These studies suggest that the rate of urea removal during dialysis may be affected by hemodynamic factors, as we have shown previously for drugs. PMID- 6747837 TI - Effects of cerebroventricular administration of ouabain on renal hemodynamics in anesthetized dogs: evidence for the participation of renal dopaminergic vasodilator fibers. AB - Cerebroventricular infusion of ouabain (10(-6) M) in cerebrospinal fluid produced significant increases in renal blood flow and reductions in renal vascular resistance in chloralose anesthetized, vagotomized dogs; these renal effects were not accompanied by any changes in arterial blood pressure and heart rate. Infusion of a higher concentration of ouabain (10(-5) M) enhanced significantly blood pressure, heart rate, renal vascular resistance and reduced renal blood flow. The renal vasodilator effects precipitated by lower concentration of ouabain have not been documented before and the mechanisms involved in these observations were investigated in the present study. Pretreatment of the dogs with indomethacin did not prevent renal vasodilator effects of ouabain, indicating that prostaglandins were not involved. Acute renal denervation abolished these actions suggesting that these renal vascular effects were mediated neurogenically. In the dogs, pretreated with i.v. sulpiride, a dopamine receptor antagonist, central infusions of ouabain (10(-6) M) produced significant increases in blood pressure, renal vascular resistance and reduced renal blood flow. These effects were opposite to those noted in control animals. These data suggested that vasodilatation induced by central ouabain was mediated via activation of renal dopaminergic fibers. Prior intraventricular infusion of small doses of sulpiride that antagonized central dopamine receptors, without affecting peripheral sites, also prevented but did not reverse the renal effects of ouabain. Selective blockade of central alpha receptors with phentolamine also abolished ouabain-induced renal vasodilatation. In addition, after central alpha receptor blockade ouabain increased arterial blood pressure. In the dogs pretreated with i.v. phentolamine, cerebroventricular ouabain did not produce any changes in these parameters.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS) PMID- 6747838 TI - Imipramine and its metabolites: relationship to cerebral catecholamines in rats in vivo. AB - The relationship between blood and brain levels of imipramine (IMI) and its demethylated and hydroxylated metabolites was studied in rats after chronic administration of IMI. It was found that the combined concentration of IMI and its metabolites was about 10-fold higher in brain than in plasma and this ratio was independent of the dose or the time of sacrifice. However, the brain-to plasma ratio for the individual compounds varied with the time of sacrifice after the last IMI dose. The metabolite, didesmethylimipramine, was found in significant quantities in plasma and brain tissue with a distribution similar to that of desmethylimipramine. The hydroxylated metabolites constituted less than 6% of the combined concentration of IMI and its metabolites in plasma. Small amounts of 2-OH-desmethylimipramine were found in brain but 2-OH-IMI was rarely detected in cerebral tissue. With the exception of the hypothalamus, there were no significant differences in the distribution of IMI or its metabolites among various brain regions. The relationship between the concentrations of IMI or its active metabolites in plasma or brain and the extracellular availability of cerebral norepinephrine was also studied and found to be nonlinear: the concentration of norepinephrine in the cerebroventricular fluid approached a maximal value when the combined concentration of IMI and its metabolites was 10 micrograms/g in the brain or 1.5 micrograms/ml in plasma. Cerebroventricular application of IMI or each of its metabolites resulted in an increased concentration of both norepinephrine and dopamine in the cerebroventricular fluid whereas the concentrations of catecholamine metabolites remained unchanged.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS) PMID- 6747839 TI - Indirect stimulatory action of the calcium channel blocker AQA-39. AB - AQA-39 is a new bradycardia-inducing drug chemically related to verapamil that reduces potassium conductance and blocks calcium channels. In canine ventricular trabeculae studied at 25 degrees C and at a pacing rate of 12 stimuli per minute. AQA-39, in concentrations of 1 and 2 X 10(-5) M, had a significant positive (and only positive) inotropic effect. Propranolol significantly diminished this positive inotropic action of AQA-39. After catecholamine depletion with reserpine, AQA-39 still elicited a significant increase in contractility but the magnitude of the increment in contractile performance was considerably less than the one observed when normal muscles were exposed to AQA-39. AQA-39 had no significant inotropic action on reserpinized and atropinized muscles. From these results we can conclude that AQA-39 is not a beta adrenoceptor agonist although adrenergic influences via neuronal norepinephrine release are mediating part of the inotropic effect of the drug. Furthermore, at this low rate of stimulation and at the concentrations used, AQA-39 has no direct inotropic action of its own but part of its indirect stimulatory action is mediated through an antimuscarinic effect. PMID- 6747840 TI - Identification of 2-bromohydroquinone as a metabolite of bromobenzene and o bromophenol: implications for bromobenzene-induced nephrotoxicity. AB - 2-Bromohydroquinone was identified as a metabolite of both bromobenzene and o bromophenol in the rat in vivo and in vitro. Identification was based on high pressure liquid chromatography and gas chromatography-mass spectrometry. Formation of 2-bromohydroquinone by rat liver microsomes from both bromobenzene and o-bromophenol was increased by treatment of rats with either phenobarbital or 3-methylcholanthrene. Covalent binding of o-bromophenol to rat liver microsomes was inhibited by glutathione and ascorbate but not by superoxide dismutase or catalase. Liver microsomes converted o-bromophenol to 2-bromohydroquinone and covalently bound material, whereas kidney and lung microsomes metabolized o bromophenol less rapidly. Administration of 2-bromohydroquinone to rats caused a dose- and time-dependent decrease in hepatic and renal glutathione levels, an increase in blood urea nitrogen levels and histopathological changes in kidney without causing any alterations to the liver. The histological changes in the kidney were indistinguishable from those observed after either bromobenzene or o bromophenol administration. However, the dose of 2-bromohydroquinone required to elicit a similar nephrotoxicity was less than 10% of that of bromobenzene. Thus, 2-bromohydroquinone may play a role in the nephrotoxicity observed after bromobenzene administration. Although the nature of the nephrotoxic metabolite of 2-bromohydroquinone is not known, our present results suggest that 2 bromohydroquinone or a conjugate thereof may be formed in the liver and transported to the kidney where it elicits toxicity. PMID- 6747842 TI - Hypotensive and hemostatic properties of rattlesnake (Crotalus viridis helleri) venom and venom fractions in dogs. AB - Hypotensive and hemostatic properties of Southern Pacific rattlesnake (Crotalus viridis helleri) venom (100 micrograms/kg; i.v. bolus) or venom fractions (40 micrograms/kg) were studied in mongrel dogs (n = 27, 15-27 kg). Venom was separated by gel filtration (Sephadex G-100) into three lethal fractions (FR I, II and III). Nonreduced crude venom contained 11 main protein bands on sodium dodecyl sulfate-10% polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis with a molecular weight range of 104 to 13 kD. FR I contained nine of these prominent bands (104-27 kD) and FR II contained five bands (34-13 kD). A 19-13 kD band comprised 92% of FR III. Crude venom rapidly produced hypotension, thrombocytopenia, hemolysis, the generation of fibrin monomers and a decrease in Factor VIIIC activity. Fibrin/fibrinogen degradation products appeared at +15 min and fibrinogen concentration was significantly depressed at +120 min. There was no significant change in prothrombin time or concentration of Factors VII, X and XII activity. However, the partial thromboplastin time was increased (P less than .05) by +30 min. Our data show that a high molecular weight thrombin-like venom component in FR I (greater than 27 kD) directly digests fibrinogen without activation of extrinsic and intrinsic coagulation factors. In addition, this fraction leads to the activation of the fibrinolytic system. It appears to be likely that the thrombocytopenia is primarily the result of ca. 27 kD platelet aggregating protein found in similar amounts in FR I and II. Venom components in FR II (ca. 34 and 29 kD,) were associated with hypotension and hemolysis.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS) PMID- 6747841 TI - Comparative actions of dihydropyridine slow channel calcium blocking agents in conscious dogs: alterations in baroreflex sensitivity. AB - The effects of five dihydropyridine slow channel calcium blocking agents, nifedipine, nitrendipine, FR 34235, niludipine and nisoldipine were compared to those of the peripheral vasodilator hydralazine on the reflex bradycardia and tachycardia after abrupt increases and decreases in arterial pressure in conscious dogs. On alternate days, the baroreflex was elicited during control conditions (drug vehicle) and/or after low (2.5 micrograms/kg/min) or high (5.0 micrograms/kg/min) equihypotensive doses of calcium antagonists or hydralazine (0.05 and 0.1 mg/kg/min). Baroreflexes were elicited by means of bolus injection of nitroprusside and phenylephrine. Certain of the dihydropyridine calcium channel blocking agents were found to interfere significantly with the reflex bradycardia after a rise in pressure, a phenomenon usually attributed to an increase in parasympathetic tone. Nisoldipine, niludipine and FR 34235 decreased baroreceptor sensitivity (defined as delta cardiac interval/delta systolic arterial pressure; milliseconds per millimeter of mercury) in a dose-related manner. On the other hand, nifedipine, nitrendipine and hydralazine had no significant effect. The dihydropyridines and hydralazine had little effect on baroreceptor-induced withdrawal of vagal tone or increases in sympathetic tone in response to sudden decreases in blood pressure. Calcium antagonists with isopropyl substitution as part of the ester function on the dihydropyridine nucleus, nisoldipine, niludipine and FR 34235, interfered to a greater extent with the vagally mediated reduction in cardiac rate. Changes in baroreflex gain may provide a basis for differential actions of dihydropyridine calcium channel blockers on the magnitude of change in heart rate in response to an abrupt increase in arterial pressure. PMID- 6747843 TI - Flow dependence of propranolol elimination in perfused rat liver. AB - The effect of experimental variations of the blood flow rate on hepatic elimination of propranolol was studied in livers from 200 g rats perfused in a recirculating system given a constant infusion of propranolol into the reservoir throughout each experiment. This design ensures that, at steady state, the elimination rate of propranolol is the same as the infusion rate of propranolol, and equal to the hepatic blood flow rate multiplied by the hepatic inlet to outlet propranolol concentration difference. Thus, when flow is increased, the concentration difference will decrease, and vice versa. It is currently a matter of debate whether or not this change in concentration difference will influence the outlet substrate concentration. The venous equilibration model (Rowland et al., J. Pharmacokinet. Biopharm. 1: 123-136, 1973) predicts that at a given elimination rate, the outlet concentration is flow-independent, whereas the sinusoidal perfusion model (Bass et al., J. Theor. Biol. 61: 393-410, 1976) predicts that both inlet and outlet concentrations will change. In 13 of 14 experiments, increasing the flow rate (from an average 9 to 14 ml/min) resulted in a decrease of the inlet concentration and elevation of the outlet concentration (each P less than .005). Thus, the data reject the venous equilibration model but are consistent with the sinusoidal perfusion model under the experimental conditions investigated. PMID- 6747844 TI - Presynaptic inhibitory effect of Met-enkephalin on [14C] acetylcholine release from the myenteric plexus and its interaction with muscarinic negative feedback inhibition. AB - The effect of Met-enkephalin on the release of radioactivity (14C) from a myenteric plexus-longitudinal muscle preparation loaded with [14C]choline has been investigated under different conditions, when the muscarinic receptor mediated negative feedback inhibition was operative or when it was completely excluded by atropine. Separation of the [14C]acetylcholine (ACh) and [14C] choline components of the released radioactivity revealed that during 45-min incubation periods about 3.2% of the ACh store became labeled and that during stimulation only the release of [14C]ACh increased above resting level. The fractional release at rest measured in the 5-min collection period was 1.07 +/- 0.09 X 10(-2) in the absence and 1.56 +/- 0.07 X 10(-2) in the presence of physostigmine. Met-enkephalin had no effect on the release of ACh evoked by a 2 Hz stimulation when cholinesterase was inhibited by physostigmine. However, in the presence of atropine or in the absence of cholinesterase inhibition, the release by stimulation was significantly higher and subject to inhibition by Met enkephalin. The present results indicate that Met-enkephalin is able to reduce ACh release only under those conditions in which the negative feedback modulation is negligible and the release is not yet reduced completely. These findings also suggest that in the myenteric plexus there is no independent population of cholinergic neurons exclusively sensitive to either ACh or to Met-enkephalin; cholinergic varicosities are equipped with at least both types of receptors we studied. When the effect of Met-enkephalin on twitch tension and on the release of radioactivity was studied simultaneously, a positive correlation was found.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS) PMID- 6747845 TI - Interaction between areas of the central nervous system in the control of water intake and arterial pressure in rats. AB - Water intake induced by injection of 0.2 M-NaCl into the lateral preoptic area was increased by the injection of angiotensin II into the subfornical organ of rats. The injection of hypertonic saline solution into the subfornical organ increased water intake. However, the increase was lower than when the solution was injected into the lateral preoptic area. The injection of 4 micrograms angiotensin II into the lateral preoptic area further augmented this effect. Injection of angiotensin II into the subfornical organ caused a rise in blood pressure which preceded the thirst-inducing effect. The injection of 0.2 M-NaCl into the subfornical organ caused no changes in blood pressure, whereas the injection of angiotensin II into the lateral preoptic area caused some increase. Dehydration of the lateral preoptic area by means of 0.2 M-NaCl in combination with intravenous infusion of angiotensin II caused a summation of effects in terms of the water intake, without changing cardiovascular alterations induced by the infusion of angiotensin II. A summation of effects in the water intake, but not in blood pressure, was also observed when 0.5 M-NaCl was infused intravenously in combination with the injection of angiotensin II into subfornical organ and into the lateral preoptic area. The results indicate that there are interactions between the subfornical organ and lateral preoptic area in the regulation of cardiovascular and thirst mechanisms. PMID- 6747846 TI - Effects of chronic stimulation on the metabolic heterogeneity of the fibre population in rabbit tibialis anterior muscle. AB - Chronic indirect stimulation (10 Hz) was performed on rabbit tibialis anterior muscle. Long-term stimulation (52-140 days) produced a transformation of the fast tibialis anterior into a slow red muscle as judged from the histochemistry of myofibrillar actomyosin ATPase, the pattern of myosin light chains and the thorough rearrangement of the enzyme activity pattern of energy metabolism. Activity levels of citrate synthetase (CS), malate dehydrogenase (MDH), succinate dehydrogenase (SDH), 3-hydroxy-acyl-CoA dehydrogenase (HAD), and lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) were determined quantitatively by either microbiochemical assays (CS, MDH, HAD and LDH) on microdissected, single fibres or by kinetic microphotometry on cross-sectioned fibres (SDH). The activity profiles of these enzymes displayed pronounced scattering in the fibre population of the unstimulated muscle. Despite a several fold increase in the activities of CS, MDH, SDH and HAD and a pronounced decrease in LDH, chronic stimulation failed to abolish the metabolic heterogeneity of the fibre population. It is possible that chronic indirect stimulation cannot produce uniformity of fibres because of continuing diverse natural activity of the motor units. PMID- 6747847 TI - Programmed electromyographic activity and negative incremental muscle stiffness in monkeys jumping downward. AB - We trained monkeys to jump down from different heights, and recorded electromyograms (e.m.g.s) in arm muscles, and ground reaction forces. The landing movements were also recorded by high-speed cinematography. The e.m.g. of the triceps began about 80 ms before landing. The initial burst lasted until about 20 ms after ground contact and was succeeded by bursts of gradually declining amplitude. These discharges were not of reflex origin, because when the monkey was deceived by a collapsible platform, they were time-locked to the expected, not to the true landing. The amplitude of the e.m.g. in the triceps increased with the height of the jump, indicating adaptive control. The timing of the e.m.g. pattern was assumed to be programmed before take off, because it was unaffected by extinction of the light during the fall. The vertical ground reaction force produced by the arms had an inflexion on its rising phase which arose from the very rapid stretch of the muscles which control the wrist. Then came a sharp peak produced mainly by stretch of the triceps. The inflexion and the sharp peak were probably produced by short-range stiffness of the muscles of the upper arm. The torque acting on the elbow joint, and the elbow joint stiffness were calculated from the ground reaction forces and the movement of the arm. The torque was high at impact and gradually declined during the landing. The force produced by the triceps increased sharply, then decreased while it continued to lengthen. Thus, the elbow joint showed high initial stiffness, which then decreased, and finally became negative. This dynamic relation between length and tension was very different from the static length-tension characteristic of skeletal muscles. The observed behaviour of the muscles presumably takes advantage of the resistance of the musculo-skeletal system to transient forces. The observed negative stiffness occurs only during submaximal contractions. We propose that the segmented pattern in the e.m.g. produces submaximal contractions in both slow and fast fibres in spite of a high excitatory drive. PMID- 6747849 TI - The relationship between energy expenditure and environmental temperature in congenitally obese and non-obese Zucker rats. AB - The energy expenditure of normal and congenitally obese adult female Zucker rats has been measured by continuous indirect calorimetry for periods of 3-10 days at ambient temperatures varied from 30 to 5 degrees C. Rectal temperatures were also recorded. Exposure to cold caused no ill-effects in normal or obese rats. The rectal temperatures of obese rats were about 1 degree C lower than those of normal rats. The rectal temperatures of normal rats did not change measurably with ambient temperature; in obese rats rectal temperature rose slightly as ambient temperature fell. In normal and obese rats, energy expenditure showed a smooth, steeply sloping, negative relationship to ambient temperature. Energy expenditure per rat was higher in obese than in normal rats at all temperatures. The two slightly curvilinear regressions were nearly 'parallel', with a separation of about 40 kJ/day per rat at the mid-point. This study therefore does not confirm suggestions that obese Zucker rats suffer from a defect in the level of energy expenditure, or in their capacity to increase it when exposed to cold. It is suggested that in both normal and obese rats the level of energy expenditure was determined by thermoregulatory control. The greater heat production of obese rats may have been a response to their lower core temperature. A steady state in which greater heat production is associated with lower core temperature implies lower insulation between body core and surface. This could be due to greater blood flow. PMID- 6747848 TI - Hormone-induced co-transport with specific pharmacological properties in erythrocytes of rainbow trout, Salmo gairdneri. AB - On the addition of isoprenaline to an isotonic suspension of red blood cells of rainbow trout (Salmo gairdneri), the cell volume increases. This increase in volume is the result of net uptake of Na+ and osmotically obligated water. Two different pathways are involved in the salt uptake. The minor component of Na+ entry (about 20%) corresponds to a Na+ uptake independent of Cl- and is inhibited by amiloride, yet is insensitive to DIDS, furosemide and niflumic acid. It could result from Na+/H+ countertransport. The major component of salt uptake is due to Na+ entry which requires Cl- as anion, and is electroneutral, independent of extracellular K+, sensitive to amiloride, DIDS, niflumic acid and furosemide, but insensitive to other loop diuretics such as piretanide or bumetanide. These characteristics, as well as the response of valinomycin-treated cells to isoprenaline and some other properties (ionic selectivity, drug sensitivity) of the anion exchange system of volume-static trout red cells, permit the definition of the nature of this Cl--dependent pathway. The findings are inconsistent with the electrically silent double antiporter model (proposed in amphibian red cells by Cala, 1980) and with the co-migration of Cl- with Na+ through parallel conductive pathways, but strongly suggest a symport mechanism. Striking differences, mainly pharmacological, exist between this NaCl co-transport and the duck red blood cell Na+/K+/2Cl- co-transport (Kregenow, 1977, 1978; McManus & Schmidt, 1978). PMID- 6747850 TI - Haemodynamics of pelvic nerve induced penile erection in the dog: possible mediation by vasoactive intestinal polypeptide. AB - The haemodynamics of erection were elucidated in the anaesthetized dog by analysing in quantitative terms the changes of penile arterial inflow, venous outflow and tissue volume during graded pelvic nerve stimulation. The study also provides information on possible neurotransmitter mechanisms of the erectile response. Erection evoked by pelvic nerve stimulation appeared to result from two main circulatory events: first, there was a prompt dilatation of the penile 'resistance vessels', causing a greatly increased arterial inflow which in the early phase bypassed the cavernous bodies and, hence, increased venous outflow to the same extent. Secondly, the erectile response proper began after a distinct delay (approximately equal to 20 s). This was apparently caused by sudden opening of low resistance 'shunt vessels' diverting part of the arterial inflow into the cavernous bodies, leading to rapid filling. During the filling phase arterial inflow greatly exceeded venous outflow, and returned to the venous outflow level again in the steady state of full erection. The initial dilator response seemed to ensure rapid erection by establishing a high pressure head from the arterial microvessels to the cavernous spaces. The threshold frequency for the penile vasodilator response to pelvic nerve stimulation was 1-2 Hz and was always higher for the erectile volume response, viz. 2-4 Hz. Maximal effects for both were obtained at 16 Hz, causing on the average a 25-fold increase in peak arterial inflow, a 17-fold increase in venous outflow and a 107% increase in penile volume. Muscarinic blockade by atropine caused no significant decrease in the blood flow response induced by pelvic nerve stimulation, but clearly curtailed the erectile response. This indicates that the dilatation of the penile 'resistance vessels' is mainly non-cholinergic in nature, whereas a cholinergic mechanism seems to contribute to the erectile volume response proper. Pelvic nerve stimulation caused a substantial output of vasoactive intestinal polypeptide (VIP) from the penis which was correlated in onset and duration to the vasodilator response. Intra-arterial (I.A.) infusion of VIP elicited moderate erection and a penile vasodilator response which resembled the neural response. Similar effects were evoked by I.A. infusion of substance P, but the output of this peptide from the penis during stimulation was poorly correlated to the vascular events. These in vivo observations indicate that VIP might be the neurotransmitter responsible for the non-cholinergic pelvic nerve induced penile vasodilatation. PMID- 6747851 TI - Restoration of function in external intercostal motoneurones of the cat following partial central deafferentation. AB - The activity of external intercostal motoneurones in the cat was studied under anaesthesia and paralysis before and after partial central deafferentation caused by single or double ipsilateral hemisections of the thoracic spinal cord. The normal efferent inspiratory discharges recorded from external intercostal nerve filaments caudal to the upper lesion were greatly reduced acutely, but activity of approximately normal intensity and phase at eupneoic levels of CO2 was restored within a few days and remained at similar levels for up to two years. The patterns of the restored activity were abnormal, with more discharges of alpha-motoneutrones during expiration than normal and a stronger modulation of the discharges by the respiratory pump than normal. A common abnormal component of the restored activity was a tonic discharge in hypocapnic apnoea, often modulated by the respiratory pump. This activity was never seen in normal animals or in those with acute lesions under similar conditions of anaesthesia. Synchronization of the discharges of alpha-motoneurones caudal to the upper lesion was studied by constructing cross-correlation histograms between paired groups of motoneurones, each group being represented by the discharges in one filament. Synchronization was stronger than normal, usually extending over a time course of +/- 20 to +/- 50 ms (broad-peak synchronization). This synchronization was particularly strong for the discharges in hypocapnic apnoea. We conclude that the restored activity was derived in large part from abnormal tonic (non respiratory-phased) inputs, partly proprioceptive in origin, probably involving spinal cord interneurones with abnormally synchronized discharges. This conclusion is supported by intracellular measurements including respiratory drive potentials, synaptic noise and average common excitation potentials. PMID- 6747852 TI - Aortic wall properties and baroreceptor behaviour at normal arterial pressure and in acute hypertensive resetting in dogs. AB - In order to throw light on the mechanism of acute hypertensive baroreceptor resetting, we examined the relationship between aortic baroreceptor firing and aortic wall properties in anaesthetized dogs as pressure was varied in a number of ways. We recorded baroreceptor impulses from the left aortic nerve, and measured aortic pressure with a catheter-tip transducer and external aortic diameter with ultrasonic transit-time transducers. Narrow anticlockwise hysteresis loops were evident in the pressure-diameter relationship of the upper thoracic aorta, both during the rapid pulsatile pressure changes of the cardiac cycle and during the slow excursions of mean pressure imposed for construction of baroreceptor pressure--response curves. In contrast to the 'phase-lag' response of diameter to pressure, the baroreceptor response was 'phaselead' in character, decreasing when stress-induced creep occurred in the aortic wall. When the mean arterial pressure set-point was increased from 100 to 125 mmHg for 20 min, the hysteresis loops relating mean diameter to mean pressure in the range 60-200 mmHg were displaced along the diameter axis in the direction of wall creep. A reduction in the baroreceptor response to pressure (i.e. resetting) always accompanied this displacement. Administration of ouabain (25-35 micrograms/kg) had no consistent effect on baroreceptor resetting. It has been suggested that acute baroreceptor resetting is akin to adaptation. To investigate the possibility that the two processes are accompanied by similar changes in aortic wall properties, we converted the aorta into a closed sac and distended it with a square wave of pressure. Like resetting, adaptation of the baroreceptor response to maintained pressure was associated with a small degree of creep of the aortic wall. Our results are compatible with the hypothesis that acute hypertensive resetting of aortic baroreceptors is similar to adaptation, both phenomena being attributable to relaxation of viscoelastic coupling elements, leading to a reduction of strain at the receptor membrane. Whether viscoelastic processes alone can account for acute resetting, or whether changes in ionic balance are involved also, baroreceptor responsiveness is a function of the stress history of the wall, the pressure-response curve moving along the pressure axis in the direction of the prevailing set-point. Hence, in early hypertension physiological resetting of baroreceptors will precede pathological resetting, and may even promote an upward movement of set-point. PMID- 6747853 TI - Topographical localization in the motor cortex of the cat for somatic afferent responses and evoked movements. AB - Microwires chronically implanted in the pericruciate cortex of free-to-move cats were used to record extracellularly from cortical neurones and to deliver intracortical stimulation. Natural stimulation of cutaneous and/or deep mechanoreceptors in limbs and trunk evoked discharges in 89% of 165 neurones, 57% of which were pyramidal tract neurones. Out of 112 cells with receptive fields on the contralateral forelimb, 41% had cutaneous fields, 29% had fields involving deep tissues and 30% were driven from both sources. Cutaneous receptive fields were much commoner than deep ones among cells with fields including the forefoot; this relationship was reversed for cells with more proximal fields. Many more cells had distal than proximal fields. The 'zones' of the forelimb (i.e. foot, wrist, elbow, shoulder) provided input to widespread and overlapping cell populations within the coronal gyrus and the lateral parts of the anterior and posterior sigmoid gyri. Despite the overlap a somatotopy existed with successively more distal limb zones represented successively further laterally in the pericruciate area. Intracortical stimulation (eleven cathodal pulses, duration 0.2 ms, frequency 330 Hz, intensity 35 microA or less) evoked flick movements of the contralateral limbs which were abolished by pyramidectomy. In the forelimb, shoulder movements were commonest and elbow, wrist and digits were represented with decreasing frequency. Both for 35 microA and for threshold stimulation the distributions of the effective electrodes revealed an overlapping somatotopy such that the wrist movements were almost restricted to the coronal gyrus and shoulder movements were most often evoked from the lateral part of the anterior sigmoid gyrus. The movement and receptive field somatotopies overlapped heavily but the former showed a distinct lateral shift relative to the latter. As a result shoulder movements were not uncommonly evoked from the coronal gyrus although the shoulder provided almost no input to cells in that area. PMID- 6747854 TI - Synaptic and antidromic potentials of visceral neurones in ganglia of the lumbar sympathetic chain of the cat. AB - Intracellular recordings were obtained in vitro from two hundred and twenty post ganglionic neurones of the fourth and fifth lumbar paravertebral ganglia of cats. Thirty-seven percent of neurones tested evoked antidromic responses during electrical stimulation of post-ganglionic fibres in the inferior lumbar splanchnic nerves. Twenty-seven percent of neurones tested evoked antidromic responses during electrical stimulation of post-ganglionic fibres in the lumbar sympathetic chain. Twenty-four percent of neurones tested evoked convergent antidromic responses during electrical stimulation of post-ganglionic fibres in separate inferior lumbar splanchnic nerves or lumbar sympathetic chain, and by inferior lumbar splanchnic nerves and lumbar sympathetic chain. Eighty-six percent of paravertebral post-ganglionic fibres which project to the inferior lumbar splanchnic nerves or lumbar sympathetic chain were composed of B fibres with maximal conduction velocities ranging from above 2.0 to 16.0 m/s. Fourteen percent of post-ganglionic fibres were composed of C fibres with maximal conduction velocities ranging from 0.2 to 2.0 m/s. Synaptic responses of neurones were recorded intracellularly during electrical stimulation of preganglionic fibres in inferior lumbar splanchnic nerves, lumbar white rami communicantes and lumbar sympathetic chain located one to three segments above the fourth and fifth lumbar ganglia and one to two segments below. Synaptic responses consisting of excitatory post-synaptic potentials and action potentials were mediated via nicotinic receptors. Twenty-seven percent of neurones tested received synaptic input from only one or two segments of the lumbar sympathetic chain. Seventy three percent of neurones tested received convergent synaptic input from one or two segments of the lumbar sympathetic chain, lumbar white rami communicantes and inferior lumbar splanchnic nerves. It is concluded that central preganglionic fibres which project to inferior lumbar splanchnic nerves also project to the lumbar sympathetic chain to innervate neurones in the L4 and L5 ganglia. Synaptic responses of neurones during electrical stimulation of preganglionic fibres in the lumbar sympathetic chain and in the inferior lumbar splanchnic nerves were reduced in a chronic isolated segment of the sympathetic chain devoid of central preganglionic inputs. It is concluded that synaptic responses elicited in neurones during electrical stimulation of inferior lumbar splanchnic nerves and lumbar sympathetic chain were mediated in part via collaterals of central preganglionic axons and in part via axons whose cell bodies were located in the periphery.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 400 WORDS) PMID- 6747855 TI - The asymmetrical effects of some ionized n-octyl derivatives on the sodium current of the giant axon of Loligo forbesi. AB - The effects of octyltrimethylammonium ions (OTMA+), octyl sulphate ions (OS-) and octanoic acid (OA) on the sodium current of the voltage-clamped squid giant axon have been investigated using intracellular and extracellular application of the test substances. OTMA+ applied externally at concentrations of 0.8-5.0 mM produces a small reversible increase in the peak inward sodium current in both intact and CsF-perfused axons. Intracellular application of OTMA+ at 0.8 mM to CsF-perfused axons causes a reversible 50% suppression of peak inward sodium current. The inhibition of peak inward current by internal OTMA+ arises largely from a shift of the steady-state activation parameter (m infinity) in the depolarizing direction along the voltage axis. There is little use dependence of the current suppression by OTMA+ OA applied either internally or externally is more effective at suppressing peak inward sodium current at pH 6.0 than at pH 7.4. At pH 6.0 external application of 5 mM-OA to perfused axons causes approximately 60% suppression. This is associated with a depolarizing shift of m infinity of about 13 mV and a hyperpolarizing shift of the steady-state inactivation (h infinity) curve of about 4 mV. The effects of internal and external OA are broadly similar except that the h infinity shift is not seen with internal application. OS- at concentrations above 2.0 mM produces complete irreversible loss of sodium current. At 2.0 mM, OS- produces 10% current suppression and a small depolarizing shift of the m infinity curve. Internal and external applications of OS- differ little except that external OS- causes a 25% increase in the time constant of activation (tau m). The possible origins of these effects are discussed. It is proposed that the shift of m infinity caused by internal OTMA+ is due to a diminution of the lipid dipole potential at the internal surface of the membrane caused by OTMA+ adsorption. This effect could also account for the m infinity shift caused by OA. The results showing that OA produces shifts of opposite sign in the voltage dependence of m infinity and h infinity are discussed with respect to their implications for models of sodium channel gating. PMID- 6747856 TI - Direct observations of muscle arterioles and venules following contraction of skeletal muscle fibres in the rat. AB - Direct observations have been made of responses of individual arterioles and venules of rat spinotrapezius muscle to contraction of the skeletal muscle fibres. Stimuli of 4-6 V intensity, 0.1 ms duration, delivered via a micro electrode inserted into the spinotrapezius, evoked contraction of a small bundle of skeletal muscle fibres, followed by vasodilatation which was limited to all those arterioles and venules which crossed or ran alongside activated muscle fibres. Since venules outside the region of contraction, but supplied by dilating arterioles, were not passively distended by the attendant rise in intravascular pressure, it is concluded that both the arterioles and venules dilated actively in response to muscle contraction. All arterioles responded to a single twitch contraction, the terminal arterioles (7-13 micron i.d.) showing the largest increase in diameter. Collecting venules (9-18 micron i.d.) responded to just two twitches in 1 s and larger venules to five twitches in 1 s. When twitch contractions were continuously evoked for 10 s, the responses in individual arterioles and venules were graded with twitch frequency, the fastest and largest response occurring at 6-8 Hz. Tetanic contraction, at 40 Hz for 1 s, produced faster responses in all vessels, a maximum 55% increase from resting internal diameter being attained in only 8 s in some terminal arterioles. In all vessels the responses to tetanic contraction were equal to the maximal dilatation induced by papaverine. These results, in contrast with conclusions drawn from indirect estimates of venous responses, show that venules, like arterioles, dilate actively in response to muscle contraction. Venule dilatation may reduce the rise in capillary hydrostatic pressure, thereby limiting the outward filtration of fluid. PMID- 6747857 TI - Axonal projections from the rostral expiratory neurones of the Botzinger complex to medulla and spinal cord in the cat. AB - Axonal projections of eighty-four rostral medullary expiratory neurones of the Botzinger complex were tested using antidromic mapping techniques in anaesthetized cats. A projection to the ventral respiratory neurones of the medulla (n.r.a.) was shown in eleven out of twelve tested neurones. Also a spinal projection to the C5-C6 cervical segments was evident in more than 72% of tested neurones; probably near 100% project to cervical cord. These axonal projections were found bilaterally in both brain stem and spinal cord. The majority of Botzinger complex expiratory neurones were seen to have two to four axonal collaterals to the ventro-lateral (v.l.) nucleus of the solitary tract (n.t.s.) and/or the n.r.a. and/or the spinal cord. In eight out of twelve of the tested neurones, electrophysiological evidence of axonal arborization in more than one of n.r.a. inspiratory, n.r.a. expiratory or v.l. n.t.s. regions was obtained. Similar evidence for the terminal arborization was found for 26% of tested neurones in the phrenic motor nucleus. The descending spinal expiratory axons of the Botzinger complex neurones are located in the dorsal and medial parts of the lateral funiculus in C4 and C5 segments. Conduction velocity measurements indicate that these are large myelinated axons. We propose that the Botzinger complex expiratory neurones are a source of synaptic inhibition for n.r.a. inspiratory neurones and phrenic motoneurones. PMID- 6747859 TI - Synaptic input from identified muscle afferents to neurones of the dorsal spinocerebellar tract in the cat. AB - Single identified group I a and I b muscle afferent fibres were injected with horseradish peroxidase in the lumbar dorsal columns of anaesthetized cats. The morphological details of the axon collaterals and terminal boutons of these muscle afferents within Clarke's column were subsequently reconstructed. The rostro-caudal extent of synaptic terminals from a single afferent fibre within Clarke's column was found to be restricted to less than 1 mm. In the same experiments, dorsal spinocerebellar tract (d.s.c.t.) neurones were retrogradely labelled by injection of horseradish peroxidase into the cerebellum. Synaptic contacts between labelled group Ia and Ib afferent fibres and the soma and proximal dendrites of d.s.c.t. neurones were found. The synaptic contacts from both Ia and Ib fibres varied greatly in size, from 1 X 1 micron up to 'giant' synapses of 20 X 3 micron. Excitatory post-synaptic potentials (e.p.s.p.s) were evoked in d.s.c.t. neurones by impulses in single group I muscle afferent fibres. The fluctuations in peak amplitude of each e.p.s.p. were determined from e.p.s.p. and noise recordings, using a numerical deconvolution procedure. In general, these single-fibre e.p.s.p.s fluctuated between discrete amplitudes separated by an incremental amplitude which was approximately constant. This incremental amplitude did not depend on the average peak amplitude of the particular e.p.s.p. examined. Our anatomical observations of 'giant' boutons arising from Ia and Ib afferent fibres contacting d.s.c.t. neurones raises the possibility of multiple transmitter release sites within an individual synaptic bouton. It is proposed that synaptic transmission between group I muscle afferents and d.s.c.t. neurones occurs with discrete all-or-nothing e.p.s.p.s associated with transmitter release sites. PMID- 6747858 TI - White noise analysis of pace-maker-response interactions and non-linearities in slowly adapting crayfish stretch receptor. AB - Input-output relations were investigated in the slowly adapting stretch receptor organ of crayfish using a Gaussian white noise length input with a 0.03-12.5 Hz band width and the resulting action potential output. The noise input was presented to the de-efferented receptor in situ, at three mean elongations and at four different amplitudes. The three mean elongations were set within the normal range in vivo, two at the extremes close to the minimum and maximum physiological lengths and the other in the mid-range. With white noise inputs there is a finite probability that the system will be tested in all possible conditions within the chosen band width because white noise has the advantage that it contains, with a finite probability, all possible stimulus wave forms at random. The analysis indicated similarities between the effects of the input variables, namely white noise amplitude and mean elongation. With low input variables the activity was periodic. With larger inputs, impulse rates were higher and irregular. The average length trajectories leading to a spike (i.e. the average stimulus) were either biphasic with high inputs or multiphasic and periodic with lower input variables. The frequency of periodicity increased with mean elongation. Although for a given length and noise amplitude a variety of individual length trajectories preceded spikes, the final biphasic shortening-lengthening average stimulus sequence before a spike was similar in all cases irrespective of the input variables. The number of possible trajectories decreased with increments in the input variables. The standard deviation of length values for each average stimulus was computed and displayed as a function of time relative to the spike. It was first constant, and decreased gradually to a minimum value at the spike reference. Standard deviation values were lower for higher white noise amplitudes and mean elongation. Simple, short-lasting stimulus wave forms in the white noise were isolated and the corresponding responses were computed. Responses were periodic at low input variables and aperiodic with larger inputs and also asymmetric, being larger and briefer for lengthenings than for shortenings. Asymmetries augmented with input increments. Investigation of the interactions between the pace-maker and the white noise effects showed that lengthenings were more effective when they occurred just after a spike while the effectiveness of shortenings was greater just before a spike.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 400 WORDS) PMID- 6747860 TI - Factors influencing free intracellular calcium concentration in quiescent ferret ventricular muscle. AB - The photoprotein aequorin was injected into cells of ferret papillary muscles to monitor the resting intracellular free Ca concentration [( Ca2+]i). Increasing the external Ca concentration [( Ca2+]o) increased both resting [Ca2+]i and resting tension. The tension and [Ca2+]i both rose to a peak and then declined to a steady-state level which was higher than the control. Qualitatively similar, but larger, effects were observed if [Ca2+]i was first elevated with strophanthidin. The increase of [Ca2+]i was accompanied by the development of spontaneous oscillations of [Ca2+]i. When a steady level of [Ca2+]i had been reached in high [Ca2+]o, [Ca2+]o was reduced back to the control level for a brief period. A subsequent increase of [Ca2+]o produced a rise of [Ca2+]i to the same steady level as that previously found in the high [Ca2+]o but the initial peak and subsequent decline were absent. It is suggested that the decline of [Ca2+]i from the initial peak is mediated by a fall of intracellular Na concentration [( Na+]i) limiting Ca entry on a Na-Ca exchange. Increasing external K concentration [( K+]o) from 5 to 30 mmol/l had no detectable effect on [Ca2+]i under control conditions. However, if [Ca2+]i was first increased either by applying strophanthidin or by increasing [Ca2+]o, increasing [K+]o produced a transient rise of [Ca2+]i and tension. This rise was unaffected by D600. It is suggested that the secondary decline of [Ca2+]i after the initial rise may, again, be produced by a fall of [Na+]i acting on an Na-Ca exchange. Acidification produced by increasing [CO2] had no detectable effect on [Ca2+]i under control conditions. However, if [Ca2+]i was increased by strophanthidin, acidification produced a rise of [Ca2+]i. This rise of [Ca2+]i was partly transient even when the intracellular acidification was presumably maintained (raising CO2 at constant [HCO3-]). Acidification in Na-free solutions had qualitatively similar effects to those in Na-containing solutions. In Na-free solutions (Na replaced by K) the [Ca2+]i could be maintained at a low level for at least several hours. Increases of [Ca2+]o in Na-free solutions led to a decrease of [Ca2+]i, and similarly decreasing [Ca2+]o led to an increase in [Ca2+]i. These anomalous effects of [Ca2+]o on [Ca2+]i could be abolished by Mn ions or D600. It is suggested that changes in [Ca2+]o may have reciprocal effects on Ca permeability and hence on [Ca2+]i. The application of the mitochondrial uncoupler FCCP in Na free solutions led to an increase of resting tension followed, after a substantial delay, by an increase of [Ca2+]i.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 400 WORDS) PMID- 6747861 TI - On re-excitation of feline motoneurones: its mechanism and consequences. AB - Conditions required for re-excitation of lumbosacral motoneurones, i.e. for double impulses in the motor axons associated with a single soma-dendritic action potential, were examined in cats anaesthetized with pentobarbitone and paralysed with gallamine triethiodide. Simultaneous recording from a motoneurone (intracellular, and in some experiments also extracellular), and from its axon in a ventral root, was used to assess the relations between the soma and the double axonal action potentials. Action potentials (greater than 70 mV) evoked by brief depolarizing current pulses applied intracellularly were never observed to cause re-excitation. Re-excitation could, however, be regularly induced by procedures which increased the delay between the initial segment and soma-dendritic components of these potentials. Re-excitation could be evoked (i) when brief hyperpolarizing pulses were applied before the onset of the soma-dendritic spikes, (ii) when the depolarizing pulses were applied on a background of long hyperpolarizing pulses or (iii) when two action potentials were evoked in a quick succession (by two brief depolarizing pulses). No relationship was found between the presence of re-excitation of motor axons and the presence of the delayed depolarization which follows the soma-dendritic spikes. Neither re-excitation nor delayed depolarization were found to be dependent upon re-excitation of the initial segment. These observations are thus at variance with previous suggestions that the initial segment spikes induce the re-excitation of motor axons and that the initial segment spikes cause the delayed depolarization following soma-dendritic spikes. Since re-excitation of a motor axon occurred without any signs of a second initial segment spike, it is concluded that it is initiated at the level of the axon, most likely at the first node of Ranvier. Re excitation of motor axons was also observed during repetitive firing induced by intracellular current injection. However, it occurred then only occasionally, and only under strong depolarizing drive. It is thus not expected to be a common phenomenon under natural conditions of repetitive firing. PMID- 6747862 TI - Changes in vergence mediated by saccades. AB - When binocular fixation is shifted between two targets which require change in vergence as well as an equivalent or greater alteration in the mean visual direction, the observed eye motions do not--as asserted by Yarbus (1957) and widely accepted today--consist of slow symmetrical change in vergence, upon which a conjugate (binocularly balanced) saccade is additively superimposed. In all tested target configurations, an unexpectedly large fraction of the total change in vergence occurred during the saccades; observed values ranged from about 40% in certain tasks, to essentially 100% when large version (4 degrees) was combined with small vergence change (less than 1 degree). In these latter situations, binocular congruence can be restored within about 50 ms by appropriately unbalanced saccades, rather than about 500 ms, as expected if slow fusional vergence movement were required. When larger vergence changes are demanded, additivity between vergence movement and conjugate saccade is also violated in that the rate of vergence change during the saccades is several-fold larger than the rate before the saccade or during subsequent completion of the required change in vergence. Furthermore, the residual fusional vergence movement observed in these tests was usually strongly asymmetrical, and often almost entirely monocular. Vertical saccades are nearly as effective as horizontal saccades in mediating a large fraction of an intended change in vergence. In saccades, which contributed strongly to (or fully mediated) an intended vergence change, target specific binocular differences in saccadic excursion of as much as 40-50% were observed; hence, these eye movements are not fully yoked, as the term 'conjugate' implies. Instead, the eyes behave in such situations as though visual information from each eye is processed separately prior to the saccade, in order to generate the neural signals which control open-loop saccadic movement of the eye. PMID- 6747864 TI - Stimulus-specific patterns of intracellular calcium levels in smooth muscle of ferret portal vein. AB - Aequorin was loaded into cells of the ferret portal vein in order to follow intracellular Ca2+ levels during smooth muscle contraction. In response to a single d.c. pulse, the aequorin signal reaches a peak during the rising phase of the evoked force transient and begins to rapidly fall while force is still rising. In response to the addition of phenylephrine to the bathing solution, the aequorin signal rises rapidly to a peak while force is still rising but then falls rapidly to a lower level from which it declines more slowly, staying above base-line levels as long as force is maintained. In response to the elevation of K+ concentration in the bathing solution, light and force rise together and the elevated light level is maintained as long as is force. With increasing concentrations of K+, force increases up to a concentration of 50-60 mM but light increases up to 90 mM, suggesting that at a concentration of 50-60 mM-K+, the Ca2+ concentration may be saturating with respect to a site of action on the contractile apparatus. During the period of force maintenance, phenylephrine produces a larger ratio of force to light than does K+ depolarization. The maintenance of force in the presence of either phenylephrine or elevated K+ requires an elevation of intracellular Ca2+ levels above base-line values. These results suggest that phenylephrine can increase the effectiveness of Ca2+ on the contractile apparatus. PMID- 6747863 TI - Mechanoreceptor pathways from the distal colon to the autonomic nervous system in the guinea-pig. AB - Electrophysiological and histological techniques were used to trace sensory pathways for stretch mechanoreceptor fibres from the distal colon to dorsal root ganglia. Extracellular and intracellular recording techniques revealed sensory pathways for mechanoreceptors to the prevertebral sympathetic ganglia but no further centrally. Histological studies involving the retrograde transport of horseradish peroxidase revealed sensory pathways from the distal colon to the spinal cord, mainly to the level of the second lumbar vertebra. Few (less than 2000) fibres were involved; their perikarya were small (ca. 25 micron). Sensory perikarya in spinal ganglia in the guinea-pig could be categorized into two populations, F and H cells, after a previously defined nomenclature for murine spinal ganglion cells. F and H cells were distinguished initially by their times to decay by 50% of the action potential. H cells took three times as long to repolarize. F and H cells were distinguished further by their electrical properties including membrane potential, input resistance and amplitude and duration of the after-potential following the action potential. Both F and H cells showed unusual time-dependent rectification following either depolarizing or hyperpolarizing current pulses. Threshold currents to show rectification were different for F and H cells. When taken in conjunction with conduction velocities, the electrophysiological evidence may assist in identifying sensory neurones. For example, H cells appeared to have slow conducting (C fibre) axons. From the lack of electrophysiological evidence and limited histological support for major central sensory pathways, it is concluded that stretch mechanoreceptor information from the colon of the guinea-pig is referred mainly to the prevertebral ganglia with minimal involvement of the spinal cord. PMID- 6747866 TI - The response to hypoxia of arterial chemoreceptors in fetal sheep and new-born lambs. AB - Carotid chemoreceptor activity was detected in each of fourteen halothane or pentobarbitone anaesthetized exteriorized fetal lambs of 90-143 days gestational age. Activity was about 5 Hz at a Pa,O2 of 25 mmHg and it increased as Pa,O2 was reduced, either by compressing the umbilical cord or by reducing the (FIO2) oxygen fraction of the gas used to ventilate the ewe. Activity increased briskly when 1-2 ml CO2-saturated saline was injected retrogradely into the lingual artery, but not when saline of pH 7.4 or fetal arterial blood was injected. In two fetuses near-term chemoreceptor activity was recorded continuously whilst the umbilical cord was ligated and ventilation with air started. Activity increased 200-500% as Pa,O2 fell, but then fell to below control as Pa,O2 rose. We suggest that these changes in activity reflect those occurring naturally at birth. No spontaneous chemoreceptor activity could be detected on the day of birth in twelve pentobarbitone anaesthetized lambs delivered vaginally or by Caesarean section at 135-146 days. Single baroreceptor activity could however be recorded in these lambs, and chemoreceptor activity could be elicited by hypercapnia. Spontaneous chemoreceptor activity was detected in six of seven lambs more than 2 days old. In eight conscious lambs the steady-state respiratory response to isocapnic hypoxia was variable on the day of birth. In six of these lambs the response was significantly greater by the third day. We conclude that the arterial chemoreceptors are active and responsive in the fetus, but quiescent in the lamb on the day of birth when Pa,O2 has risen. The hypoxic sensitivity of the chemoreceptors is reset from the fetal to the adult range over the next few days. PMID- 6747865 TI - Human smooth and saccadic eye movements during voluntary pursuit of different target motions on different backgrounds. AB - Horizontal and vertical eye movements of ten human subjects were recorded with a scleral induction-coil technique during voluntary pursuit of sinusoidal, triangular and pseudo-random target motions of different frequency, amplitude and dimensionality upon a dark, diffuse or structured background. Data processing included separation of the composite eye movement into a cumulative smooth and saccadic displacement, computation of gain and phase of the composite and smooth eye movements with respect to the target movement and analysis of retinal position error. Pursuit eye movements were never completely smooth. Smooth pursuit gain was always lower than 0.95 and saccades were used to supplement the smooth eye movements in pursuing the target with the proper amplitude. The gain of composite eye movements was about unity for sinusoidal target motions and ramps; it exceeded unity for the highest frequency components in a pseudo-random motion. The gain of the smooth eye movements decreased monotonously whenever target velocity increased. It was higher for single sine waves than for a pseudo random motion, however, with pseudo-random motion it was relatively higher for the higher frequency components. Phase lags were in general smaller for single sine waves than for pseudo-random motion, but for the latter a phase lead of the smooth component was consistently found for the lower frequency components. During pursuit of a rhomboid trajectory, the eye movements showed directional errors which are interpreted as anticipatory behaviour. The distribution of the retinal error was symmetrical around zero. Its standard deviation varied between about 0.2 and 1.3 degrees; it was about proportional to target velocity and inversely proportional to smooth pursuit gain. It was limited by the insertion of saccades which were in general corrective. The influence of a diffusely illuminated background was minimal. A structured background inhibited smooth pursuit in the horizontal direction by about 10% and in the vertical direction by about 20%. This deficit of smooth pursuit was fully compensated by the insertion of more saccades and had no consequences for the standard deviation of the retinal error. The type of structure of the background was only of marginal importance. Horizontal pursuit was in general slightly smoother and more precise than vertical pursuit. PMID- 6747868 TI - The influence of variations in muscle fibre composition on muscle strength and cross-sectional area in untrained males. AB - The force produced by a maximum voluntary isometric contraction of the knee extensor muscles was measured in a group of fifteen healthy young male volunteers. All subjects were untrained at the time of the study. The cross sectional area of the knee-extensor muscles was measured at the mid-thigh level using computed tomography. Skeletal muscle samples were obtained by needle biopsy from the mid-point of m. vastus lateralis of the stronger leg of each subject. Samples were mounted, frozen and sectioned for histochemical analysis. On the basis of the pH dependent lability of the myosin ATP-ase reaction, fibres were classified as Type I, Type IIA or Type II B. Using computerized planimetry, muscle fibre cross-sectional areas were measured on serial sections stained for succinate dehydrogenase activity. As previously described, muscle strength (maximum voluntary contraction) was correlated with the muscle cross-sectional area (r = 0.70, P less than 0.01). The ratio of strength (in N) to cross sectional area (in cm2) was 8.92 +/- 1.01 (mean +/- S.D.) with a wide range of values, from 7.09 to 10.85. Muscle fibre composition of m. vastus lateralis in these subjects was 46.1 +/- 10.5% Type I, 42.8 +/- 11.4% Type IIA and 11.1 +/- 9.7% Type IIB. After correction for differences in the cross-sectional areas of the different fibre types, the proportions of total area occupied by the different fibre types were: 43.6 +/- 11.9% Type I, 46.4 +/- 13.1% Type IIA and 10.0 +/- 9.1% Type IIB. No relationship was observed to exist between muscle strength and muscle fibre composition. Similarly, the muscle strength/cross sectional area ratio was not related to the proportions of the different fibre types present or to the fraction of the total cross-sectional area occupied by the different fibre types. From the results it can be concluded that there is no difference in the force per unit area which can be generated by the different muscle fibre types present in human skeletal muscle. Variations in muscle fibre composition between individuals cannot, therefore, account for the large variations observed in the ratio of strength to muscle cross-sectional area. PMID- 6747867 TI - Pre-and post-junctional effects of tubocurarine and other nicotinic antagonists during repetitive stimulation in the rat. AB - The effects of tubocurarine and trimetaphan have been examined at voltage-clamped rat diaphragm neuromuscular junctions during (a) single and repetitive stimulation of the phrenic nerve in cut muscles and (b) repetitive ionophoretic application of acetylcholine (ACh). Tubocurarine (2.5 X 10(-7)-10(-6)M) produced a concentration-dependent reduction in the amplitude of neurally evoked end-plate currents (e.p.c.s). It also reduced their time constant of decay (tau e.p.c.) in a manner that was independent of membrane potential, and not markedly dependent on the tubocurarine concentration. Likewise the snake alpha-neurotoxin, erabutoxin b, reduced the e.p.c. amplitude and produced a voltage-independent shortening of tau e.p.c. Estimates of mean channel lifetime (tau noise) from ACh induced e.p.c. fluctuations revealed that (a) tau noise was 46.4 +/- 3.7% shorter than tau e.p.c. measured at the same end-plate. At these same end-plates in the presence of tubocurarine (2.5 X 10(-7)M) tau e.p.c. was 32.6 +/- 1.0% shorter than the control tau e.p.c. but tubocurarine did not change tau noise, (b) trimetaphan (2.5 X 10(-5)-2 X 10(-4)M) produced a concentration-dependent and voltage-dependent reduction of tau e.p.c., and a concentration-dependent reduction of peak e.p.c. amplitude. Trimetaphan (2.5 X 10(-5)M) produced a 50% reduction of tau noise. (a) Both tubocurarine and trimetaphan produced concentration-dependent increases in the run-down of trains of neurally evoked e.p.c.s (50 Hz, 0.4 s). This effect did not vary with membrane potential in tubocurarine, but was voltage dependent when induced by trimetaphan. (b) Erabutoxin b reduced the e.p.c. amplitude but did not produce any increase in the run-down of trains of neurally evoked e.p.c.s. During 50 Hz repetitive ionophoretic application of ACh, tubocurarine (2.5 X 10(-7)M) reduced the amplitude of each current in the train without inducing any run-down of the current amplitudes. This effect was not dependent on the membrane potential. In contrast trimetaphan (2.5 X 10(-5)M) induced a voltage-dependent run-down of trains of ionophoretically evoked e.p.c.s. We conclude that tubocurarine and erabutoxin b reduce the e.p.c. amplitude by blocking the post-junctional ACh receptor. Tubocurarine produces tetanic rundown of e.p.c.s. by a prejunctional mechanism, whereas the effects of trimetaphan during single and repetitive stimulation are at least partly due to block of the open ion channel associated with the ACh receptor. PMID- 6747870 TI - Discharges of nucleus interpositus neurones during locomotion in the cat. AB - Extracellular recordings were made from ninety-five cerebellar nuclear neurones in the cat. All were studied during periods of steady walking at 0.5 m/s and most were also studied in the resting animal. Most neurones were in nucleus interpositus anterior; forty-four cells were shown by antidromic invasion to project to the mid-brain. Most neurones discharged tonically in the absence of overt movements and the mean rate was 42 impulses/s (S.D. +/- 23). During locomotion the mean rate was 68 impulses/s (S.D. +/- 32). In all but seven neurones the discharge during locomotion was frequency modulated but in different neurones the depth of modulation varied from 5 to 161 impulses/s (mean 52 impulses/s; S.D. +/- 30) and the time of peak discharge relative to the step cycle in the ipsilateral forelimb also varied widely. Despite the individual differences the population as a whole was much more active during forelimb swing than during stance, both in numbers of neurones strongly active and in over-all average discharge rate (74 impulses/s as compared with 55). Most neurones had tactile receptive fields on the ipsilateral forelimb while others received input from head and neck or from both ipsilateral limbs. The tendency to discharge preferentially during early swing was greatest for the first group, especially the subpopulations with receptive fields around or proximal to the elbow. Cells encountered in close sequence during a micro-electrode track had similarly located receptive fields and usually showed similar patterns of discharge during locomotion. These findings are discussed in relation to the suggestion by Orlovsky (1972a, b, c) that nucleus interpositus assists in regulating locomotion by evoking rubrospinal discharges which facilitate the flexor muscle activities produced by the spinal mechanisms responsible for generating the swing phase of the step cycle. PMID- 6747869 TI - Two types of neurones lacking synaptic input in the submucous plexus of guinea pig small intestine. AB - Intracellular recordings were made from neurones in the submucous plexus of guinea-pig small intestine. Approximately 20% of all neurones studied appeared to lack synaptic input; two types of neurones without synaptic input were identified. The action potential recorded from one of these types of ganglion cells was followed by a prolonged after-hyperpolarization. The after hyperpolarization was abolished by Co2+ or Mn2+. A Ca2+ component of the evoked action potential was demonstrated after the Na+ component had been abolished by tetrodotoxin (TTX). The other type of neurone was characterized by a high input resistance (220-320 M omega) and spontaneous action potentials which were unaffected by hexamethonium, curare, atropine or TTX. The ionic basis of the action potentials evoked from spontaneously active cells differed from other enteric neurones. These action potentials exhibited a TTX-insensitive Na+ component as well as a Ca2+ component. It is suggested the spontaneously active neurones may be responsible for the ongoing synaptic activity recorded from many submucous plexus neurones in the absence of stimulation. PMID- 6747871 TI - Common noise in the firing of neighbouring ganglion cells in goldfish retina. AB - Pairs of goldfish retinal ganglion cells with overlapping receptive fields were recorded during stimulation with repeated light flashes. Cross-correlation histograms for 'maintained' discharge, 'on' responses, and 'off' responses were computed with a correction for the systematic responses to the stimuli; cross covariances were derived from these. If stimulus-induced signals and noise combine linearly, then the cross-covariances are independent of differences in mean firing rate. Cross-covariances of pairs of cells with the same response polarity displayed a positive peak near zero lag; pairs with complementary responses showed a negative peak. 'On-off' cells could generally be classified as on-like or off-like, based on the plateau of firing during a prolonged flash and the relative magnitudes of the on and off peak responses; the cross-covariances of these cells were as one would predict if they were pure on- or off-centre neurones. The cross-covariances derived from the on period usually differed in magnitude from those derived in the dark (either maintained or off response). In general, cross-covariances for off responses were nearly identical to those for the maintained discharges of the same pair, although the mean rates at off were usually quite different from the maintained. The change in magnitude of the cross covariances from on responses therefore appears to be a non-linear effect of light, and not of the changes in firing rate induced by the light. Other features of the cross-covariances were not affected by stimulation. The general shapes remained fairly constant, and the lags at which the peaks occurred were not consistently affected. We estimated the variance of the firing rate of each unit in three ways, and used two methods of portioning the variance implied by the cross-covariances; from these estimates, we obtained an upper bound for the proportion of the variance of firing of a cell which is due to the common noise that affects both members of a pair. We found that the common influence accounts for less than 20% of the total variance. During stimulation, both the magnitude of the cross-covariance and the variance of the rates change; however, the percentage of total variance contributed by the common noise source is constant. We conclude that light has the effect of changing the gain of the pathway after the introduction of both the common and unshared (private) noise sources but before the ganglion cell.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 400 WORDS) PMID- 6747872 TI - Depolarization of feline primary afferent fibres by acidic amino acids. AB - When administered micro-electrophoretically into the spinal grey matter of cats anaesthetized with pentobarbitone, acidic amino acids known to be neuronal excitants lower the threshold of electrically stimulated muscle and cutaneous primary afferent fibres and terminations. This depolarizing effect was not observed with fibres stimulated in the white matter. Depolarization by micro electrophoretic potassium and excitant amino acids appeared not be be associated with an alteration in terminal membrane conductance since there was no change in synaptically evoked primary afferent depolarization. Excitant amino acid depolarization was not blocked by the gamma-aminobutyric acid antagonist bicuculline methochloride, but was reduced by selective excitant amino acid antagonists. The results are discussed in relation to the probable absence of specific excitant amino acid receptors on afferent terminals, the depolarizing effect of the amino acids on myelinated fibres and non-myelinated terminals being more likely a consequence of changes in the extracellular medium associated with the depolarization and firing of neurones. PMID- 6747873 TI - Slow non-cholinergic excitatory potentials in neurones of the guinea-pig coeliac ganglia. AB - Intracellular recordings were made from neurones of the coeliac ganglia of the guinea-pig in vitro. In addition to the fast excitatory post-synaptic potential (e.p.s.p.) repetitive stimulation (10-20 Hz, 1-2 s) of the left greater splanchnic nerves elicited a slow depolarization in about 70% of the neurones examined. This depolarization lasted for minutes and was resistant to nicotinic and muscarinic antagonists; it was abolished reversibly in a low-Ca2+, high-Mg2+ solution. The response is henceforth termed non-cholinergic e.p.s.p. In about 10% of the neurones the non-cholinergic e.p.s.p. exhibited a biphasic pattern. The fast as well as the non-cholinergic e.p.s.p. could be effectively induced by stimulation of any of the several nerve trunks that enter the ganglion. Moreover, simultaneous stimulation of two separate nerves resulted in a much larger non cholinergic e.p.s.p. than could be achieved by stimulation of a single nerve. When the membrane potential was manually clamped, the non-cholinergic e.p.s.p. was associated with an increase of membrane resistance in the large majority of cells tested. Membrane hyperpolarization generally caused an increase in the amplitude of the non-cholinergic e.p.s.p.; a decrease was observed in only a few cells. Subthreshold depolarizations induced by direct intracellular stimulation as well as fast e.p.s.p.s elicited by heterosynaptic nerve stimulation were facilitated during the course of a non-cholinergic e.p.s.p., often resulting in spike discharges. A potentiation of lesser magnitude occurred when the membrane potential was manually clamped during the course of the slow response, indicating that the facilitation may be attributed to both membrane depolarization and increased membrane resistance. These results indicate that the non-cholinergic e.p.s.p. constitutes an integral part of synaptic transmission in coeliac ganglia, and that its function may be to provide a mechanism for increasing the responsiveness of sympathetic neurones to incoming fast e.p.s.p.s. PMID- 6747874 TI - Interactions between splanchnic and vagus nerves in the control of mean intragastric pressure in the ferret. AB - To determine whether splanchnic nerves relax the stomach by direct or indirect mechanisms, ramp inflations of the stomach, section and electrical stimulation of the vagus and greater splanchnic nerves, and step inflations of the duodenum were used. A high threshold, sustained inhibition of the gastric pressure response to ramp inflation was mediated by the vagus. Prior splanchnectomy increased vagal inhibition. The greater splanchnic nerves had no effect on gastric responses to inflation, although after vagotomy they were shown to be mediators of a low threshold, powerful but transient inhibition of the stomach. This was not dependent on intrinsic neurones with nicotinic receptors. Electrical stimulation of the greater splanchnic nerves produced a relaxation of the stomach, the magnitude of which was determined by resting pressure. Splanchnically mediated relaxation was not abolished by atropine, nor was it reduced by concurrent vagal stimulation. At submaximal levels of vagal stimulation the two nerves had a partially additive effective on relaxation. Duodenal inflation had an effect on intracorpus pressure similar to that of electrical stimulation of the greater splanchnic nerves on intragastric pressure. Reflex relaxation of the corpus evoked by duodenal distension was decreased by atropine but greatly increased by atropine coupled with vagotomy. These changes were caused by variations in resting pressure. It was concluded that the principal effect of splanchnic nerves on mean gastric pressure is direct and does not depend on inhibition of cholinergic neurones either centrally or peripherally. Evidence is presented for central interactions between the vagus and the greater splanchnic nerves in the anaesthetized ferret. PMID- 6747875 TI - The force-velocity relation of rat fast- and slow-twitch muscles examined at different temperatures. AB - The steady-state force-velocity relation was examined at temperatures between 35 and 10 degrees C in rat fast-twitch (extensor digitorum longus, e.d.l.) and slow twitch (soleus) muscle preparations in vitro, with direct stimulation, and employing the isotonic release technique. The curvature of the force-velocity relation increased with cooling in both muscles; the increase was more pronounced below 25 degrees C. The maximum shortening velocity of e.d.l. muscle decreased with a Q10 (temperature coefficient) of 1.8 in cooling from 35 to 25 degrees C; it decreased with a Q10 of 2.4 in cooling below 20 degrees C. The shortening velocity of slow muscle was more temperature sensitive. The Q10 values for soleus muscle were 2.0 at 35-25 degrees C and 3.5 below 20 degrees C. The maximum rate of isometric tetanic tension rise had a temperature sensitivity similar to the maximum velocity of shortening in each muscle type. PMID- 6747876 TI - Indoleamine-mediated reciprocal modulation of on-centre and off-centre ganglion cell activity in the retina of the cat. AB - The effects of applying the indoleamines serotonin (5-hydroxytryptamine) and 5 methoxy-N,N-dimethyltryptamine (MDT) ionophoretically onto cat retinal ganglion cells were studied in the optically intact eye of the cat. Serotonin suppressed both the spontaneous activity and light-evoked discharge of on-centre ganglion cells, regardless of the visual stimulus used; on the other hand, it enhanced the activity of off-centre ganglion cells. MDT produced the opposite effects, i.e. it enhanced the activity of on-centre ganglion cells but suppressed that of off centre ganglion cells. Much of the effect of serotonin on light-evoked discharge can be attributed to an alteration of maintained discharge. There was no major difference in the way brisk-sustained (X) and brisk-transient (Y) cells responded to the application of serotonin and MDT, although the effects of the indoleamines on brisk-transient (Y) cells were generally weaker than on brisk-sustained (X) cells. In view of the fact that the action of serotonin is similar to the action of a gain control system, a possible contribution of indoleamine-accumulating neurones to gain control in the cat retina is discussed. PMID- 6747877 TI - Active reactions of the rabbit ear artery to distension. AB - Changes in the external diameter of active arteries, excised from the rabbit ear, were recorded following jumps in pressure within the arteries. The arteries were either spontaneously active or were constricted with noradrenaline. Active arteries dilated when the transmural pressure was jumped from 60 to 100 mmHg, but the dilatation was largely, sometimes completely, overcome by compensatory constriction within 1-2 min. Varying the constriction from 15 to 80% of the maximal constriction had no effect on the ability of the arteries to counteract distension. An average of 90 +/- 2% of the distension was overcome in 2 min and this was achieved against increases in stress (force/wall cross-sectional area) on the muscle of not less than 74%. Jumps in pressure rarely enhanced constriction and then only when constriction was slight (less than 15% of maximal). Restoring the transmural pressure to 60 from 100 mmHg produced a transient constriction when the initial constriction was less than 50% of the maximal constriction. The sequence of counteraction of distension and transient constriction on reversing the pressure jump was reproducible for many hours. Increasing constriction of the arteries first decreased and then, at maximal constriction, suppressed all transient changes in diameter. Smaller jumps in pressure produced less dilatation which was more readily prevented by increasing constriction. These results show that the wall of the ear artery possesses a pressure-sensitive, negative feed-back mechanism which minimized changes in diameter following jumps in pressure. PMID- 6747878 TI - Comparison of cholinergic activation and desensitization at snake twitch and slow muscle fibre end-plates. AB - Characteristics of receptor-channel activation and desensitization have been compared at voltage-clamped snake slow and twitch fibre end-plates maintained in an isotonic potassium propionate solution. Miniature end-plate current (m.e.p.c.) decay was slower and less voltage dependent at slow fibre end-plates than at twitch fibre end-plates. The peak m.e.p.c. amplitude versus voltage relationship and reversal potential were similar at the two end-plate types. Acetylcholine induced noise and m.e.p.c.s were recorded at slow fibre end-plates. At most slow fibres the spectral density was not adequately fitted by a single Lorentzian function. Rather, the observed spectral density was greater at high frequencies than the values predicted using the m.e.p.c. decay rate. The noise could be well described by the sum of two Lorentzian functions, one of which corresponded to a single Lorentzian function with the corner frequency determined by the m.e.p.c. decay rate. The shape of the carbachol concentration-peak end-plate current relationship was similar at both slow and twitch fibre end-plates. However, for all concentrations tested, the peak carbachol-induced end-plate current (e.p.c.carb.) value was markedly less at slow fibre end-plates than at twitch fibre end-plates. The onset of desensitization was determined using two methods. The first concerned analysis of the time course of decay of the e.p.c.carb. from a peak value during the sustained application of agonist. The second involved a double-perfusion technique in which a 'desensitizing' dose was applied for varying intervals before the application of a second 'test' dose of carbachol. With both methods the development of desensitization at both end-plate types was dependent on carbachol concentration and duration of exposure. At each end-plate type the time course of desensitization onset often exhibited two components; one with a time constant of seconds and a slower component having time constants in the range of tens to hundreds of seconds. The slope of the relationship between carbachol concentration and equilibrium desensitization at slow and twitch fibre end-plates was close to two, suggesting that two molecules of agonist are probably bound during the development of desensitization. However, for all concentrations tested, desensitization developed more rapidly and to a greater extent at twitch fibre end-plates than at slow fibre end-plates. The voltage dependence of the 3 min steady-state desensitization produced by 108 microM carbachol was very similar (approximately -0.0250 mV-1) at both fibre types.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 400 WORDS) PMID- 6747879 TI - Differential effect of nerve injury at birth on the activity pattern of reinnervated slow and fast muscles of the rat. AB - The activity patterns of the reinnervated slow soleus and fast extensor digitorum longus (e.d.l.) muscles were studied in rats during the first 6 months after sciatic nerve crush at birth, using chronic electromyography. When the nerve lesion was inflicted shortly after birth, the recovery of the muscle weight and size was always much less than if the same lesion was inflicted on adult animals. As previously demonstrated, this effect is due to motoneurone and muscle fibre loss. Following reinnervation after a neonatal crush, the soleus muscle recovered its normal tonic activity pattern during postural and spontaneous locomotor activity. By contrast, in the reinnervated e.d.l. muscle, abnormal tonic motor unit activity was recorded during locomotion, in addition to the phasic activity characteristic of the normal muscle. In response to postural reflexes elicited by tilting the animal, tonic motor unit activity was recorded from the reinnervated e.d.l. muscle, whereas the normal muscle was not activated by these stimuli. The aggregate activity recorded from the reinnervated e.d.l. during spontaneous locomotion was about 2-3 times greater than normal, whereas in the reinnervated soleus no significant change took place. In animals which had their nerves crushed as adults, the activity pattern and aggregate activity of both muscles was similar to normal. The firing pattern of individual motor units from normal and reinnervated muscles was compared. After a neonatal crush, the mean frequency of firing of e.d.l. motor units was significantly lower compared to normal or to that after an adult crush, whereas in soleus no significant change was found. These results indicate that peripheral nerve lesions during early development affect predominantly the development of motoneurones with a phasic, high frequency discharge pattern resulting in a shift towards tonic, lower-frequency motor unit activity. PMID- 6747881 TI - The direct inhibition of pancreatic electrolyte secretion by noradrenaline in the isolated perfused cat pancreas. AB - The continuous infusion of noradrenaline into the arterial supply of the isolated saline-perfused pancreas caused a dose-dependent rise in perfusion pressure, a reduction in perfusion rate and an inhibition of pancreatic secretion. With increasing dose there was always a greater reduction in secretion rate than there was of perfusate flow rate. Manual reduction of the perfusion rate resulted in a reduction in secretion rate. When noradrenaline reduced the perfusate flow by 44.2 +/- 6.0% the secretion rate fell by 76.6 +/- 14.1%. Manual reduction of the perfusion flow rate by a similar amount (43.0 +/- 5.7%) only reduced the secretion rate by 41.4 +/- 7.0%. The infusion of noradrenaline, when all calcium had been removed from the perfusate, caused only a small increase in perfusion pressure with little change in the perfusion flow whilst at the same time the inhibition of electrolyte secretion was relatively unaffected. The vasomotor and secretory effects of noradrenaline were abolished by phentolamine. It is concluded that noradrenaline inhibits pancreatic electrolyte secretion by a direct action on the secretory cell and indirectly by vasoconstriction and that both these effects are mediated through the alpha-receptor. PMID- 6747880 TI - Extracellular ions and excitation-contraction coupling in frog twitch muscle fibres. AB - Intracellular calcium transients were recorded from voltage-clamped frog twitch muscle fibres using Arsenazo III. The possible role of extracellular ions in excitation-contraction (e.-c.) coupling was examined using ion substitutions and blocking drugs in the bathing medium. Parameters measured included the Arsenazo response size to a standard depolarizing pulse (5 ms, 0 mV) and the strength duration curve for threshold Arsenazo signal. Addition of tetrodotoxin (TTX) decreased the response size to small (-30 mV, 5 ms), but not large (+30 mV, 10 ms) depolarizations, probably because of poor voltage clamp of the tubular membrane in the absence of TTX. Clamping TTX-treated fibres with the wave form of a recorded action potential gave an Arsenazo response similar to that elicited by the normal action potential (at 10 degrees C). Complete substitution of sodium (by choline, lithium or Tris) or chloride (by methyl sulphate or maleate) in the bathing solution gave no appreciable changes in the size of the Arsenazo response. Reduction of extracellular free [Ca2+] to low levels using EGTA caused a slight reduction in the calcium signal elicited by the standard depolarization (to 74% after a few hours, and to 62% after 2 days; temperature 5-10 degrees C). The strength-duration curve was unchanged. Arsenazo responses about 75% of the control size could be elicited in high potassium solution (42 mM-K2SO4) by strong (+80 mV, 20 ms) depolarizations, after re-polarizing the fibres to -90 mV for a few minutes. The voltage dependence of activation was shifted to more positive potentials in this solution. Tetraethylammonium (TEA) bromide at a concentration of 20 mM did not alter the Arsenazo signal, whilst 120 mM-TEA reduced the response by 25%. 3,4-diaminopyridine (DAP) reduced the size of the Arsenazo signal at a concentration of 5 mM, and caused spontaneous release of calcium from the sarcoplasmic reticulum (s.r.) in the absence of membrane potential changes. The Arsenazo signal elicited by an action potential was enhanced by 1 mM-DAP, because of prolongation of the action potential, but was depressed by higher concentrations. We conclude that e.-c. coupling does not involve the influx of any external ions into the muscle fibre. If a current flow between the T-tubules and the s.r. is involved in e.-c. coupling, then this is probably carried by an efflux of potassium ions. PMID- 6747882 TI - The tendon of flexor pollicis longus: its effects on the muscular control of force and position at the human thumb. AB - Human flexor pollicis longus tendons obtained at autopsy were subjected to repeated sinusoidal stretching movements. The associated force changes were almost in phase with the movement (force led position by less than 4 degrees), and alterations in the frequency of movement between 2 and 16 Hz had little effect on them. Examination of the thumbs of formalin-fixed cadavers demonstrated that the tendon exerts its force 7.4-8.0 mm in front of the axis of movement of the interphalangeal joint. From a knowledge of the tendon properties and the joint anatomy, one can calculate the changes in tendon length that would accompany any force change at the joint. Equipped with this information one can re-examine the responses to sinusoidal movements of the thumb interphalangeal joints of normal subjects. When the subject exerts a steady flexing force in which stretch reflexes play no important part, measurements of joint stiffness indicate that only a portion of the imposed movement reaches the muscle fibres. The extension of those (visco-elastic) muscle fibres lags behind the extension of the (elastic) tendon. Stretch reflexes contribute to the mechanical resistance of muscle fibres to low frequency (3-5 Hz) displacements, but in the presence of a compliant tendon the length of the muscle fibres does not determine the angle of the joint in any positive way. It is suggested that the compliant tendons of many thumb and finger muscles simplify the neuromuscular control of forces during gripping and handling movements. PMID- 6747883 TI - The activity of cerebellar neurones of the decerebrate dogfish Scyliorhinus during spontaneous swimming movements. AB - Patterns of activity of cerebellar neurones in response to cutaneous stimulation and during spontaneous, swimming-like movements were examined, using microelectrodes, in decerebrate dogfish (Scyliorhinus canicula). Continuous swimming movements, lasting for several hours, were obtained in fish in which the medial longitudinal fasciculus (m.l.f.) was lesioned in the rhombencephalon. Purkinje cells (P cells) and some stellate cells (S cells) were observed to discharge rhythmically, in phase with swimming movements. These units were distributed throughout the cerebellum, but with no apparent somatotopic distribution. After curarization, rhythmic motor discharges could still be recorded from ventral roots and phase locked P cell discharges were recorded from the cerebellum. P cells that discharged rhythmically during active swimming movements, did not do so when the body was oscillated passively during quiescent periods. Cutaneous stimulation evoked burst discharges in many P cells at long latency (ca. 100 ms) both before and after curarization and whether or not a rhythmic motor output was being generated. In rhythmically discharging units, a similar response was obtained when cutaneous stimulation was applied during that part of a cycle when the unit was most or least active. It was concluded that cerebellar neurones discharged in phase with the output of the spinal locomotory rhythm generators and independently of peripheral sensory feed-back. PMID- 6747884 TI - Effect of cooling on supraoptic neurohypophysial neuronal activity and on urine flow in the rat. AB - The activity of antidromically identified supraoptic neurosecretory neurones was recorded in Sprague-Dawley rats under urethane or sodium pentobarbitone anaesthesia during cooling of the body with a cold pack. Of twelve phasic neurones studied during a complete cooling and rewarming cycle, six displayed an initial increase, followed by a depression in activity during the period of reduced body temperature. The remaining six phasic neurones did not alter their activity during cooling. Non-phasic neurohypophysial neurones displayed a reversible reduction (n = 8), or increase (n = 6) in activity during cooling, while seven neurones were unaffected by changes in body temperature. In four other anaesthetized Sprague-Dawley rats, urine flow was reduced by approximately 50% during cooling; this was followed by a diuresis after removal of the cold pack and return of body temperature to normal. The antidiuresis did not occur in homozygous Brattleboro rats which lack arginine vasopressin. The electrophysiological data from a proportion of the supraoptic neurohypophysial neurones correlate with the observed changes in urine flow. PMID- 6747885 TI - Characterization of oscillations of intracellular calcium concentration in ferret ventricular muscle. AB - The photoprotein aequorin was injected into superficial cells of ferret papillary muscles. Tension and aequorin light (a function of intracellular [Ca2+]) were monitored. Increasing intracellular Ca concentration ([Ca2+]i), either by decreasing extracellular Na, or by inhibiting the Na pump with strophanthidin, produced spontaneous oscillations of [Ca2+]i and tension. Fourier analysis showed that these oscillations had frequencies of up to 3-4 Hz. If the muscle was stimulated in these conditions the Ca transient associated with the twitch was followed by a series of damped oscillations of [Ca2+]i which were accompanied by after-contractions. Under a given set of conditions the frequency of the stimulated oscillations was similar to that of the spontaneous oscillations. Manoeuvres which increase [Ca2+]i increased the frequency of both spontaneous and stimulated oscillations. Drugs which inhibit the function of the sarcoplasmic reticulum (caffeine and ryanodine) abolished both stimulated and spontaneous oscillations. The spontaneous oscillations during a Na-free contracture were unaffected by the Ca channel blocker D-600. When repetitive stimulation was begun the frequency and magnitude of the stimulated oscillations increased over several minutes. Increasing the frequency of stimulation increased the magnitude of the stimulated oscillations. It is concluded that the spontaneous oscillations of [Ca2+]i may be due to oscillatory Ca release from the sarcoplasmic reticulum. The similar properties of the spontaneous and stimulated oscillations suggest that the latter may be due to a synchronization of the former. PMID- 6747886 TI - Rhythmic discharge of climbing fibre afferents in response to natural peripheral stimuli in the cat. AB - The rhythmicity of inferior olivary neurones evoked by natural ipsilateral forepaw inputs was evaluated in the climbing fibre afferent discharge of Purkinje cells recorded in the cerebellar cortex of the decerebrate, unanaesthetized cat. Almost 50% of all Purkinje cells responding to the forepaw stimulus with an increase in complex spike activity exhibited periodic discharge, with the dominant periodicity being between 100 and 160 ms. In ten of twenty-five neighbouring, simultaneously recorded Purkinje cells the forepaw stimulus evoked similar periodicity in their complex spike discharge. For some cells two peaks of complex spike activity were evoked by a forepaw stimulus without an obvious third peak. By altering the stimulus duration the second peak of the response was shown to be temporally uncoupled to the 'off' phase of the displacement for many cells. The interdependence of the trials contributing to the periodic peaks in the peristimulus time histogram (p.s.t.h.) was examined by a 'separation technique'. This analysis indicated that the complex spikes contributing to a specific peak in the p.s.t.h. were generated with a high degree of independence (i.e. in different trials) from the complex spikes contributing to any other peak. It was hypothesized that the independence of the rhythmic complex spike peaks is due to the long relative refractoriness following a complex spike in a single cell. Therefore, the probability of a complex spike occurring at the next one or two cycles is decreased significantly. As a consequence, an inferior olivary neurone fires usually at only one of the various peaks in response to a single presentation of the forepaw stimulus. This hypothesis predicts that stimuli evoking a complex spike at the initial peak in a high percentage of trials should give rise to less periodicity. This prediction was tested by comparing the presence or absence of evoked oscillation with the probability of evoking a complex spike in the first peak of the p.s.t.h. Cells exhibiting a probability for complex spike discharge of over 50% in the first peak showed much less periodicity than cells with a complex spike occurring in less than 50% of the trials in the first peak. These results are discussed in the context of the inferior olive being viewed as a population of coupled elements with a tendency to oscillate. The natural forepaw stimulus is hypothesized as synchronizing the phases of spontaneously oscillating climbing fibre afferents, resulting in the observed periodicity in the complex spike p.s.t.h. PMID- 6747887 TI - Characterization of a slow cholinergic post-synaptic potential recorded in vitro from rat hippocampal pyramidal cells. AB - Intracellular recording from CA1 pyramidal cells in the hippocampal slice preparation was used to compare the action of exogenously applied acetylcholine (ACh) and cholinomimetics to the effect of electrically stimulating sites in the slice known to contain cholinergic fibres. ACh depolarized pyramidal cells with an associated increase in input resistance, blocked a calcium-activated potassium conductance (GK(Ca], and blocked accommodation of action potential discharge. All of these actions were blocked by the muscarinic antagonist, atropine. Repetitive electrical stimulation of stratum (s.) oriens evoked a series of fast excitatory post-synaptic potentials (e.p.s.p.s) followed by an inhibitory post-synaptic potential. These potentials were followed by a slow e.p.s.p. that lasted 20-30 s. The slow e.p.s.p. was selectively enhanced by eserine and blocked by atropine. Ionophoretic application of ACh closely mimicked the time course of the slow e.p.s.p. The slow e.p.s.p. was blocked by tetrodotoxin and cadmium, indicating that it was dependent on propagated action potentials and on calcium. Considerably higher stimulus strengths were needed to elicit a slow e.p.s.p. than to elicit the earlier synaptic potentials. The size of the slow e.p.s.p. was markedly increased by repetitive stimulation. Stimulation of the alveus, s. oriens, s. pyramidale and fimbria all evoked a slow e.p.s.p., while stimulation of s. radiatum was relatively ineffective. The input resistance of the cell increased during the slow e.p.s.p. Hyperpolarizing the cell decreased the size of the slow e.p.s.p. and at membrane potentials of -70 mV or greater, little response was recorded. Stimulation of s. oriens blocked GK(Ca) and accommodation of action potential discharge. These effects, which could be seen in the absence of any change in membrane potential, were enhanced by eserine and blocked by atropine. The present electrophysiological results establish that CA1 pyramidal cells receive a cholinergic input and demonstrate that this input can dramatically alter the firing properties of these neurones for tens of seconds in the absence of any marked effect on membrane potential. Such an action contrasts with previously characterized synaptic potentials in this region of the brain. PMID- 6747888 TI - Increased sodium conductance in the synaptic region of rat skeletal muscle fibres. AB - Differences in sodium conductance between end-plate and extrajunctional regions of rat lumbrical muscle fibres were measured by comparing action potential maximum rate of rise (Vmax) in the two regions and by using a vibrating micro electrode to record steady inward current produced by application of veratridine. In normal Krebs solution, action potential Vmax was significantly greater (by 43%) in the end-plate region than in extrajunctional regions of the fibres. When chloride conductance was greatly reduced by bathing muscles in solutions with low chloride concentration, Vmax was still significantly higher (by 28%) in the end plate region than in extrajunctional regions. The increased Vmax could be recorded only within a distance of about 150-200 microns of the end-plate. Steady inward current was recorded with a vibrating micro-electrode at the end-plate in response to veratridine; the current persisted when veratridine was introduced in low-chloride Krebs solution, and it was rapidly reversed by tetrodotoxin. The current reflected a 5 mV difference in membrane potential between the end-plate region and extrajunctional regions. The results suggest that sodium conductance is increased in the synaptic region relative to extrajunctional regions of the fibres. PMID- 6747889 TI - The effects of neural crest deletions on the development of sensory innervation patterns in embryonic chick hind limb. AB - Selected lumbosacral dorsal root ganglia (d.r.g.s) were eliminated from chick embryos by removing the parent neural crest, and the dermatomes and axonal projection patterns established in the hind limb by the remaining intact d.r.g.s were studied physiologically and/or anatomically. Dermatomes of intact d.r.g.s expanded into denervated skin regions, partially but never completely replacing the lost innervation; some skin regions consistently remained without apparent innervation. Dermatome expansion was detected in young embryos, soon after skin innervation was established, suggesting that skin sensory axons in operated embryos ignored their usual dermatome borders. The axonal pathways (nerve trunks) normally supplied by axons from the deleted d.r.g.s were missing, and axons from intact d.r.g.s were only rarely found in aberrant pathways. In contrast, the relative distribution of axons from intact d.r.g.s within their usual complement of pathways was altered, with axonal projections shifting toward, but not into the deleted pathways. Shifts in axonal projection patterns were observed in embryos prior to the onset of sensory cell death. Thus, d.r.g. deletions appeared to affect the initial growth of axons into the limb. Together these results suggest that during normal development competitive interactions among axons from neighbouring d.r.g.s play an important role in establishing the borders between dermatomes and in determining the distribution of axons within projection pathways in the limb. PMID- 6747890 TI - Turnover of acetylcholinesterase in innervated and denervated rat diaphragm. AB - The acetylcholinesterase (AChE) in rat diaphragms was labelled by intravenous injection of echothiophate in order to evaluate the turnover of AChE in innervated and denervated muscle in vivo. Echothiophate diethylphosphorylates AChE thereby inactivating it. Labelled (diethylphosphorylated) enzyme is rapidly and quantitatively reactivated with 1-methyl-2-hydroxyiminomethylpyridinium (2 PAM), so labelled (diethylphosphorylated) AChE was conveniently measured as 2-PAM reactivatable AChE activity. In homogenates in vitro, label is lost spontaneously (diethylphosphorylated AChE spontaneously reactivates) with a half-time of 27 h. In innervated diaphragm, labelled non-end-plate AChE is lost with a half-time of 13 h. When correction is made for the spontaneous loss of label on the basis of in vitro measurements, this data indicates that non-end-plate AChE turns over with a half-time of about 26 h. In innervated diaphragm, labelled end-plate specific AChE is lost more slowly than non-end-plate AChE and at a rate essentially identical to the rate of spontaneous loss of label in vitro. The rate of loss of labelled non-end-plate AChE is essentially identical in 18 h denervated and in paired innervated diaphragms. The rate of loss of labelled end plate-specific AChE is significantly faster in 18 h denervated diaphragms than in paired innervated diaphragms. On the basis of these observations, hypotheses concerning the mechanisms of the denervation-induced decreases in non-end-plate and end-plate-specific AChE are formulated and discussed. PMID- 6747891 TI - Spatial summation in subregions of simple-cell receptive fields in cat striate cortex as a function of slit length. AB - Spatial summation along the optimum stimulus orientation in subregions of simple cell receptive fields in cat striate cortex was studied quantitatively by measuring the response to stationary light slits of variable length. Before summation analysis, the cell's discharge field was mapped by flashing a test slit on and off in a sequence of positions through the receptive field. A static activation procedure was used to determine the extension of subregions of the receptive field where light stimulation increased (enhancement) or decreased (suppression) the firing rate. An activation slit in the optimum orientation was positioned in the most responsive position of the discharge field and the effects of a parallel test slit, in a series of broadside positions, were assessed from the changes induced in the discharge elicited by the activation slit. Length response curves for on and off responses were made by positioning a test slit in the respective subregions of the discharge field. The activation procedure was used to make length-response curves for suppression. A test slit of variable length was positioned in a suppression region defined by the activation profiles and an activation slit of fixed length was centred in the most responsive discharge field position. Length summation was found for all cells, both with respect to on and off responses, and suppression. The curves for on and off responses had a maximum value beyond which the response declined or levelled off, but some cells had a secondary, more shallow increase beyond an initial, steeply rising part. Similar properties were found for summation of suppression except that the effects were opposite in sign. Curves made for both on and off regions in the same cell often differed in shape. Such differences were also found when length-response curves made in different suppression regions of the same cell were compared. The various length-summation functions were explained by a model presuming that simple-cell receptive fields consist of partially overlapping non concentric excitatory and inhibitory fields. This arrangement would also explain why length-response curves in various subregions often had different shapes. PMID- 6747892 TI - Self-generated electrical currents through Xenopus neurulae. AB - An extracellular vibrating electrode has been used to investigate epithelial current production by Xenopus neurulae. Xenopus neurulae, in 5% DeBoer (DB) solution, stages 14-22, generated an endogenous current which left the blastopores of the embryos, and entered all other locations. The inward current declined near the mid line of the neural groove in stage 15 embryos. The inward current was abolished or drastically reduced by exchange of 5% DB with Na+-free (choline- or bis(2-hydroxyethyl)dimethylammonium (BDAC)-substituted) 5% DB, 5.5 mM-KCl, 1 mM-verapamil in 5% DB, 50 or 500 microM-ouabain in 5% DB, or 1 microM amiloride in 5% DB. Verapamil (10 microM) in 5% DB, 5.5 mM-NaCl and 1 mM-CoCl2 in 5% DB had little or no effect on the magnitude observed. The current also was present in 5% DB containing Li+ instead of Na+; current carried by Li+ was abolished by amiloride. This is consistent with a Na+ current, similar to that of short-circuited adult frog skin. PMID- 6747893 TI - The inhibitory effects of monovalent ions on force development in detergent skinned ventricular muscle from guinea-pig. AB - Trabeculae from guinea-pig ventricles were bathed in a physiological saline, were stimulated electrically and were stretched until isometric force production was maximal. They were then 'skinned' by superfusion for 30 min with a solution containing the non-ionic detergent, Triton X-100. The steady isometric force generated by these skinned trabeculae was measured in solutions of different pCa (-log10 [Ca2+]) and salt concentration to investigate the influence of salt concentration on (i) the maximum Ca2+-regulated force (at pCa approximately 3.8), (ii) the resting force (at pCa greater than 8) and (iii) the pCa required for 50% Ca2+ activation (pCa50). The apparent affinity constants of EGTA (ethyleneglycol bis-(beta-aminoethylether)-N,N,N',N'-tetraacetic acid) for Ca2+ were measured in the solutions of different salt composition by a pH-metric method and these constants were used in the calculation of solution pCa. Increases in ionic strength (gamma/2) (and osmolarity) over the range 0.1-0.4 mol/l produced by the addition of various monovalent Cl or K salts resulted in an approximately linear decrease in the maximum Ca2+-regulated force. The inhibitory actions of the different salts were similar despite the differences in size and structure of their constituent ions. Increases in solution osmolarity alone, produced by the addition of sucrose up to 0.6 mol/l, did not significantly alter the maximum Ca2+ regulated force. It was concluded that the influence of monovalent salts on the maximum Ca2+-regulated force was due entirely to the changes in ionic strength and was not related to changes in solution osmolarity or to specific ion effects. Resting force was little affected by changes in salt concentration at ionic strengths of 0.2 mol/l and above. At lower ionic strengths the muscles exhibited an elevated resting force and an inability to relax completely after a Ca2+ regulated contracture. A decrease in ionic strength from 0.2 to 0.1 mol/l produced by a reduction in KCl concentration raised the pCa50 from 5.56 to 5.85, i.e. the Ca2+ sensitivity was increased. However, the same increase in pCa50 was observed when the [K+] was lowered at constant ionic strength, osmolarity and [Cl ] by the replacement of KCl with tetramethylammonium Cl or choline Cl. Therefore, the change in pCa50 induced by an alteration in KCl concentration was due entirely to a specific inhibitory action of K+ on the Ca2+ sensitivity of cardiac myofibrils and was unrelated to changes in ionic strength, osmolarity and [Cl-]. Substitution of KCl 0.1 mol/l in the solutions by NaCl did not significantly alter the pCa50.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 400 WORDS) PMID- 6747894 TI - Release of hydrolases and acetylcholine sensitivity in rat skeletal muscle. AB - Cytosol prepared from the hind-limb muscles of the rat contained factors which increased the acetylcholine (ACh) contractures in intact normally innervated muscles in vitro. Muscles which had been denervated 4-6 days previously and normally innervated muscles released a factor upon incubation which increased the ACh responses of normal muscles. The normal muscles, however, also released an inhibitor of this effect. The medium obtained after incubation of the muscles contained a variety of hydrolytic enzymes including phospholipase C, acid protease and calcium-activated neutral protease. The amounts of phospholipase C released by normal and denervated muscles were similar, but approximately four times more of the two proteases was released from the denervated muscles than from normal muscles. The possibility that these hydrolases could be the factors which increased the ACh sensitivity in normal muscles is discussed. PMID- 6747895 TI - Vago-vagal reflexes to the colon of the anaesthetized ferret. AB - Electrical stimulation of the central end of the vagal communicating branch in the thorax at frequencies between 2 and 20 Hz elicited, after a latency of 7.2 +/ 0.8 s, large-amplitude colonic contractions. 5 Hz stimulation gave near maximal contractions and, because vomiting was more likely to occur at higher stimulus frequencies, was used as the standard stimulus for subsequent experiments. At this frequency the peak colonic contraction was 6.5 +/- 0.9 kPa. Following atropine the characteristics of the response to central vagal stimulation differed from that seen before atropinization. The latency was longer (45.7 +/- 8.2 s) and the amplitude greatly attenuated (0.7 +/- 0.2 kPa). Cooling the vagus nerves to 2 degrees C at a level either above or below the site of stimulation completely abolished both the cholinergic and the atropine-resistant colonic responses to central vagal stimulation. These results are consistent with the vagus containing two motor pathways to the colon which are reflexly stimulated by a vagal afferent input. The functional significance of these reflexes is discussed. PMID- 6747896 TI - Discharges of Purkinje cells in the paravermal part of the cerebellar anterior lobe during locomotion in the cat. AB - Extracellular recordings were made from 124 Purkinje cells in the paravermal part of lobule V of the cerebellum in cats walking steadily at a speed of 0.5 m/s on a moving belt. All cells tested had a tactile receptive field from which simple spikes could be evoked and 96% of these were on the ipsilateral forelimb. Seventy six of the cells were also studied whilst the animals sat or lay quietly without movement. Complex spikes were discharged at 1-2/s and these were accompanied by simple spikes in fifty-nine cells (78%); in the remaining cells there were no or few simple spikes. The over-all mean discharge rate (including both types of spike) was 37.8 +/- 27 impulses/s (+/- S.D.). During locomotion all cells discharged both types of spike and the over-all mean rate was 57.6 +/- 29 impulses/s (+/- S.D.). In all cells but one, the frequency of the simple spikes was modulated rhythmically in time with the stepping movements but the phasing relative to the step cycle varied widely between cells. Peak rates also varied widely, the average being 91.5 +/- 44 impulses/s (+/- S.D.). Most cells (63%) generated one period of accelerated discharge per step but others generated two (35%) or three (2%) such periods. Despite the individual variations in discharge timing the population as a whole was considerably more active during the swing than the stance phase of the step cycle in the ipsilateral forelimb (68 impulses/s as compared with 49 impulses/s on average). Thirty-four cells were electrophysiologically identified as lying in the c1 zone of the cortex and twenty-five as being in the c2 zone (nomenclature of Oscarsson, 1980). During locomotion, the population activity in the two zones differed slightly: activity in the c1 population was phase advanced by approximately one-tenth of the step cycle. The results are discussed, with particular emphasis on the finding that population activity in the Purkinje cells of the c1 zone fluctuated during the step cycle in parallel with that in the part of nucleus interpositus to which they project. PMID- 6747897 TI - Rearrangement of neuronal responses in the trigeminal system of the rat following peripheral nerve section. AB - The infraorbital nerve was cut in either neonatal (on day 0) or adult (day 60) rats and the peripheral regeneration prevented. After 60 days either anatomical or electrophysiological techniques were used to study the peripheral nerve, trigeminal nucleus and somatosensory cortex. In neonatally sectioned animals the number of myelinated fibres surviving, at 60 days, in the peripheral nerve proximal to the lesion was 11% compared with 100% survival after adult nerve section. This reduction in surviving nerve fibres in neonatally lesioned animals was associated with a significant reduction in cross-sectional area of all trigeminal nuclei (principalis, oralis, interpolaris and caudalis) of 18-29%. No significant change in area was present in animals sectioned as adults. Neonatally lesioned animals also showed a reduction of approximately 20% in the number of cells visible in cross-sections of all trigeminal nuclei. Animals sectioned as neonates showed marked plasticity at all nuclei in the trigeminal complex as well as in the cortex. Deafferented cells responded to new peripheral receptive fields so that the somatotopic organization of these cells was modified. Such cells are referred to throughout as 'reactivated' cells. However, in animals sectioned as adults no evidence of plasticity could be detected in the trigeminal nuclei. Only very limited reactivation was apparent in the cortex, so that the majority of deafferented cells remained unresponsive at both sites. A detailed comparison was made of twenty-three reactivated cells and twenty-five normal cells from nucleus principalis of animals with nerve section on day 0. The reactivated cells commonly showed larger, more complex receptive fields, longer latencies and lower following frequencies, although stimulus thresholds were similar. Thus reactivated cells showed more convergence and poorer synaptic security than normal cells. However, stimulation of the contralateral thalamus produced similar responses from both groups of cells, suggesting that not all inputs to reactivated cells were modified. The time course of the reactivation of cells in nucleus caudalis from animals lesioned on day 0 was followed over 30 days. No acute effect, for up to 24 h, was detected. However, somatotopic reorganization had started by day 7, proceeded rapidly between days 7 and 14, and was completed by day 21. PMID- 6747899 TI - Natriuretic response of the rat to plasma concentrations of arginine vasopressin within the physiological range. AB - The relationship of plasma vasopressin concentrations in the physiological range to renal electrolyte excretion was investigated. Unanaesthetized rats, when normally hydrated, were found to have a plasma vasopressin concentration of 1.13 +/- 0.15 mu u./ml. 16 h water deprivation raised this to 1.98 +/- 0.21 mu u./ml. Inactin-anaesthetized rats infused with 0.45% NaCl had a plasma vasopressin concentration of 1.19 +/- 0.18 mu u./ml. Administration of synthetic arginine vasopressin at 6 and 24 mu u./min raised plasma vasopressin levels to 1.88 +/- 0.17 and 4.26 +/- 0.43 microunits./ml respectively. In addition to the expected antidiuresis, vasopressin at a rate of 6 microunits./min also produced a highly significant increase in Na+ excretion from 8.9 +/- 0.6 to 10.5 +/- 0.6 mumol/min and Cl- excretion from 9.1 +/- 0.7 to 10.5 +/- 0.7 mumol/min. At 24 microunits./min it produced larger increases in Na+ and Cl- excretion. Inactin anaesthetized hypophysectomized rats infused with 0.45% NaCl had a plasma vasopressin concentration of only 0.17 +/- 0.04 microunits./ml. Administration of vasopressin at 6 and 24 microunits./ml raised plasma vasopressin levels in these animals to 0.63 +/- 0.17 and 2.20 +/- 0.11 microunits./ml respectively. Hypophysectomized rats failed to exhibit a natriuresis in response to the lower dose of vasopressin, despite exhibiting an undiminished antidiuresis. The failure of the natriuresis may be related to the lower plasma vasopressin concentration achieved. It is concluded that in the rat plasma vasopressin concentrations within the physiological range do influence Na+ and Cl- excretion by the kidney as well as controlling urine flow rate. PMID- 6747898 TI - Electrophysiological evidence for facilitatory control of oxytocin neurones by oxytocin during suckling in the rat. AB - Antidromically identified paraventricular neurones were recorded simultaneously with intramammary pressure in urethane (1.2 g/kg) anaesthetized rats during suckling. The correlation of the firing pattern of these neurones with milk ejection enabled distinction between oxytocin and vasopressin neurones. Oxytocin neurones displayed a short (2-6 s) characteristic high-frequency burst of spikes. This activation probably occurred simultaneously in all oxytocin neurones 12-18 s before milk ejection and was regular in both frequency and amplitude (total number of spikes). The role of neurohypophysial peptides and analogues in the control of these characteristics was studied. Injecting 10 pg, 100 pg and 1 ng of oxytocin into the 3rd ventricle increased background activity of slow-firing oxytocin neurones (less than 3 spikes/s) and had a strong dose-dependent facilitatory effect on the milk ejection reflex, increasing both the amplitude and frequency of neurosecretory bursts. No effect was observed on non neurosecretory neurones. Such injection also triggered the milk ejection reflex when it had not appeared an hour after suckling began. Oxytocin did not itself induce neurosecretory activation, which only appeared if the young rats were sucking. Injecting oxytocin into the lateral ventricle was less effective than into the 3rd ventricle. No effect was observed after injection into the venous blood or into the 4th ventricle, which suggested that oxytocin acts in the hypothalamus. Injecting mesotocin or isotocin into the 3rd ventricle had a facilitatory effect similar to that of oxytocin but vasopressin, vasotocin, MIF I (pro-leu-gly-NH2, terminal triplet oxytocin) or bovine neurophysins I and II did not modify neurosecretory activation or the milk ejection pattern. Injecting an oxytocin antagonist, ([1(beta-mercapto-beta, beta cyclopentamethylene propionic acid), 8-ornithine] vasotocin, d(CH2)5OVT) into the 3rd ventricle decreased milk ejection frequency and considerably delayed the reappearance of the first milk ejection. This resulted from a decrease in both frequency and amplitude of neurosecretory bursts, which were too small to induce detectable oxytocin release. Moreover, d(CH2)5OVT suppressed the facilitatory effect of exogenous oxytocin. Under normal conditions, endogenous oxytocin seemed to be involved in the control of neurosecretory activation. Injecting 1 ng oxytocin or 1 or 10 ng vasopressin into the 3rd ventricle did not modify the firing pattern of vasopressin neurones whether activated by hyperosmotic stimulation (1 ml NaCl, 9% solution (w/v) I.P.) or not.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 400 WORDS) PMID- 6747900 TI - The effect of leakage on micro-electrode measurements of intracellular sodium activity in crab muscle fibres. AB - The effect of lowering extracellular Na (Nao) on the intracellular Na activity has been measured in single muscle fibres from the crab Carcinus maenas using Na+ sensitive glass micro-electrodes. Measurements have been made with recessed-tip micro-electrodes inserted radially into intact fibres, and with axial electrodes in cannulated fibres. Reducing Nao to one-tenth normal caused local contractions in intact fibres. The apparent steady-state internal Na (Nai) and the fall in Nai when Nao was reduced were found to vary considerably not only between different fibres but also when measured with different electrodes in the same fibre. The steady-state Nai, and the extent and rate of its decrease when Nao was reduced, could be reduced by pushing the Na+-sensitive electrode deeper into the fibre. Cannulated fibres generally had higher internal Na activities than intact fibres, but at comparable levels of Nai the rate of fall recorded from cannulated fibres when Nao was reduced was much slower than with intact fibres. In both intact and cannulated fibres the decrease in Nai was reduced by ouabain. The level of Nai recorded in cannulated fibres was sensitive to depolarization. Depolarizations from -50 to -30 mV resulted in a rise in Nai while further depolarization to 0 mV resulted in a fall in Nai. We conclude that both our results and those of Vaughan Jones (1977) on undissected fibres are contaminated by leakage into the fibre round the micro-electrode. The true internal Na activity is probably much lower than previously reported. PMID- 6747901 TI - Receptive fields of cricket giant interneurones are related to their dendritic structure. AB - The structural relationship between the afferent projection and the dendrites of the interneurones was examined in the cercal-to-giant interneurone system of the cricket using intracellular recording and dye injection techniques. The physiology of the sensory neurones beneath the cercal filiform hairs was investigated by placing a recording pipette over the end of a cut hair and using movements of the pipette to characterize the directionality of the receptor. Most of the filiform receptors could be classified as belonging to one of four major types. Each type is sensitive to a different wind direction and is confined to particular regions of the cercus. The location of the terminal arborizations of each type of sensory cell was revealed by staining with cobalt chloride. Single cells were stained reliably by placing a dye-filled pipette over a cut hair. Each physiological receptor type arborizes in a different region of the central nervous system. Therefore the neuropile is functionally divided according to wind direction. The dendrites of three identified interneurones were examined in the context of this afferent projection. It was found that each of these neurones has dendrites in regions of neuropile corresponding to different wind directions. By searching for unitary synaptic potentials in identified interneurones, it was possible to show a strong correlation between anatomical overlap of primary afferent and interneurone and the existence of a synaptic connexion. Further, when there was no overlap, no synaptic potentials were seen. Therefore the over all excitatory receptive field of an interneurone could be predicted by examining its dendritic structure. Each of the three identified interneurones examined in this study was found to have a directional response that matched the response predicted on the basis of its anatomy. PMID- 6747902 TI - Oscillatory hyperpolarizations and resting membrane potentials of mouse fibroblast and macrophage cell lines. AB - L cells (a mouse fibroblast cell line) and macrophages have been reported to exhibit slow oscillatory hyperpolarizations and relatively low membrane potentials, when measured with glass micro-electrodes. This paper describes the role of micro-electrode-induced leakage in these oscillations for L cells and a mouse macrophage cell line (P388D1). Both L cells and macrophages showed fast negative-going peak-shaped potential transients upon micro-electrode entry. This shows that the micro-electrode introduces a leakage conductance across the membrane. The peak values of these fast transients were less negative for L cells (-17 mV) than for macrophages (-39 mV), although their sustained resting membrane potentials were about equal (-13 mV). This indicates that the pre-impaled membrane potential of macrophages is more negative than that of L cells. Ionophoretic injection of Ca2+ into the P388D1 macrophages showed the existence of a Ca2+ -dependent hyperpolarizing conductance presumed to be involved in the oscillatory hyperpolarizations of L cells and macrophages. Cells increased in size by X-ray irradiation to reduce membrane input resistances were still found to be susceptible to micro-electrode-induced leakage. Impalement transients upon entry of a second electrode during a hyperpolarization evoked by a first electrode, were often step-shaped instead of peak-shaped due to the high membrane conductance associated with hyperpolarization. Since peak-shaped impalement transients were always seen with the first impalement both in oscillating and non oscillating cells, oscillatory hyperpolarizations cannot be regarded as spontaneously occurring in the unperturbed cells but are induced by micro electrode penetration. Since the hyperpolarizing response can be evoked by ionophoretic injection of Ca2+, and oscillatory as well as single hyperpolarizing responses are absent in a Ca2+ -free medium, it is concluded that the Ca2+ needed intracellularly to activate the hyperpolarizing responses enters the cell via the leakage pathway introduced by the measuring electrode. PMID- 6747904 TI - A quantitative analysis of interactions between photoreceptors in the salamander (Ambystoma) retina. AB - A quantitative description of the electrical properties of the photoreceptor layer in the salamander retina was obtained from earlier data on the characteristics of isolated rods and cones and on rod-rod coupling, and from new data on rod-cone and cone-cone coupling and on the rod photocurrent. Injecting -1 nA current into a rod elicits hyperpolarizations of about 20 mV in an adjacent rod and 4 mV in an adjacent cone. Responses of more distant receptors are smaller. Injecting -1 nA into a cone elicits hyperpolarizations of about 4 mV in an adjacent rod and 0.4 mV in a nearby cone. Depolarizing current evokes smaller responses. Assuming, in agreement with anatomical evidence, that each rod is electrically coupled to four rods and to four cones around it, and that there is no direct electrical coupling between cones, we found these results could be predicted from the properties of isolated rods and cones if adjacent rods are coupled by a resistance of 300 M omega and adjacent rods and cones are coupled by a resistance of 5000 M omega. The small cone-cone coupling seen is due to coupling via intervening rods. The two halves of double cones are not electrically coupled. The spectral sensitivity of both halves is a maximum around 620 nm wave-length. The rod photocurrent has been characterized by voltage clamping rods isolated from the retina. In agreement with Bader, MacLeish & Schwartz (1979) we found the time course of the photocurrent to be approximately independent of voltage between -35 and -85 mV. The voltage responses of rods, single cones and double cones isolated from the retina obey the principle of univariance. Responses of receptors in the retina do not obey univariance. The main deviations from univariance observed can be explained if adjacent rods and cones are coupled by a resistance of 5000 M omega. Our data demonstrate that rod cone coupling is relatively weak. We simplified our description of the photoreceptor network, by omitting cones, to investigate the spatiotemporal processing that the rod network is capable of. Computer simulations predict, as is found experimentally, that the rod voltage response to a large spot of bright light should show a much more pronounced initial transient hyperpolarization than the response to a small spot of light of the same intensity. This difference is produced by the combination of electrical coupling of the rods with the existence of a voltage-gated current, IA, in the rod membrane.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 400 WORDS) PMID- 6747903 TI - Distribution of receptors for acetylcholine and 5-hydroxytryptamine on identified leech neurones growing in culture. AB - The spatial distribution of receptors on identified leech neurones removed from the C.N.S. and grown in culture has been studied by applying acetylcholine (ACh) and 5-hydroxytryptamine (5-HT) ionophoretically and by pressure. Two cells were selected: a neurone called anterior Pagoda (Ap), that shows responses to ACh, and the pressure sensory neurone (P cell), upon which 5-HT synapses form in culture. ACh receptors of Ap neurones in culture had properties similar to those of their counterparts in situ. Thus, ACh responses of Ap cells were mediated by Cl- and were blocked by curare and alpha-bungarotoxin. The cell bodies of these neurones in culture had low (10 mV/nC) and uniform sensitivity to ACh over the surface of the soma. When a sprout grew out from the Ap cell, a region of increased sensitivity appeared at its base, with a gradient of sensitivity decreasing toward the tip of the neurite. Characteristically, the base was 3-5 times more sensitive to ACh than the soma or the growth cone. Cells with multipolar processes developed a similar pattern of sensitivity for each sprout. P sensory neurones in culture showed similar distributions of sensitivity to 5-HT and ACh. Experiments made with voltage clamp suggested that the non-uniform responses to transmitter represent true differences in sensitivity. Together these findings suggest that the receptors for ACh and 5-HT have a greater density at the base of each neurite compared to that of the soma and the tip. PMID- 6747905 TI - Effects of fast and slow patterns of tonic long-term stimulation on contractile properties of fast muscle in the cat. AB - Different physiological rates of 'tonic' long-term electrical stimulation (rates 5-40 Hz; activity greater than or equal to 50% total time) were delivered to the left-side common peroneal nerve of the cat hind limb. The duration of treatment was 8 weeks, and the animals had previously been subjected to a left-side hemispinalization and dorsal rhizotomy. In the absence of stimulation, these operations had no slowing or weakening effects on peroneal muscle contraction. The minimum two-pulse interval that gave a summation of tension (neuromuscular refractory period) was longer for stimulated than for non-stimulated muscles. Twitches of chronically stimulated muscles had become prolonged by more than 100%. Corresponding changes were found in the tension-frequency relation and in the 'sag'-behaviour of the stimulated muscles. There were no differences between the 'fast' (20 or 40 Hz pulse rates) and the 'slow' (5 or 10 Hz pulse rates) patterns of tonic stimulation with respect to their effects on speed-related muscle properties. Furthermore, during the period of chronic stimulation, the prolongation of twitch contraction time occurred along the same time course for the fast and slow patterns of tonic treatment. All chronically stimulated muscles had become weaker than normal. In comparison to the slow patterns, the present fast patterns of long-term activation caused (1) a smaller amount of decline in maximum muscle force, (2) a smaller twitch: tetanus ratio, and (3) the retention of a normal amount of post-tetanic potentiation of twitch size (decreased by the slow patterns). When tested by a series of 40 Hz bursts, force was better maintained in chronically stimulated muscles than in normal ones. These effects on fatigue resistance were the same for the fast and slow patterns of long-term activation. In peroneus longus muscles contralateral to the side of chronic activation, an evident impairment had commonly occurred in the capability to maintain force during tetani at the high rates needed for a maximum tetanic contraction. The results are discussed in relation to problems concerning the long-term effects of motoneuronal activity patterns on the contractile properties of their muscle units. PMID- 6747906 TI - Cable analysis in quiescent and active sheep Purkinje fibres. AB - Cable properties of sheep cardiac Purkinje fibres were studied under resting and paced conditions. Standard micro-electrode techniques were used to apply intracellular current pulses and record the resultant voltage changes at various distances from the current input. In a parallel set of experiments, fibre dimensions were measured after freezing and serial sectioning. Fibres selected on the basis of a cylindrical appearance had approximately uniform cross-sectional diameters which varied +/- 12% along their length. Electrotonic potentials recorded at rest and in diastole (under conditions that minimized diastolic depolarization) adhered quite closely to the behaviour expected for a unidimensional cable provided voltages were recorded greater than or equal to one fibre diameter from the current source. The unidimensional space constant, input resistance, and membrane time constant were significantly larger during quiescence than in diastole. These differences were accounted for by a 90% increase in membrane resistance at rest. There was no significant change in internal longitudinal resistance nor membrane capacitance associated with activity. The voltage distribution close to the current input (i.e. within one fibre diameter) strongly deviated from the theoretical three-dimensional voltage decay expected for a homogeneous cylinder. This finding suggests that the transverse resistance to current flow is much greater than the longitudinal resistance. The anisotropic behaviour within the cardiac Purkinje fibre may explain several previous observations: (i) the lack of a relationship between conduction velocity and fibre diameter; and (ii) the much shorter liminal length for excitation in Purkinje fibres than for point-stimulated squid axons. PMID- 6747907 TI - Sensitivity of guinea-pig hippocampal granule cell field potentials to hexoses in vitro: an effect on cell excitability? AB - Evoked granule cell field potentials, and levels of tissue metabolites, in superfused guinea-pig hippocampal slices have been studied in the presence of low glucose and an alternative glycolytic substrate (D-fructose). The effects of glucose analogues (5-thio-D-glucose, 2-deoxy-D-glucose or 3-O-methyl-D-glucose) in the presence of glucose were also tested. Concentrations of glucose or fructose in excess of 2 mM and 10 mM respectively were required to maintain normal evoked activity. 5-Thioglucose (15 mM) in the presence of 5 mM-glucose decreased the amplitude of the population spike by 60% with little effect on population excitatory post-synaptic potential (e.p.s.p.). Tissue levels of phosphocreatine and ATP were essentially unchanged under all conditions tested, with the exception of 10 mM-fructose. The decrease in rates of lactate efflux from superfused tissue during and after superfusion with 3-O-methylglucose, 2 deoxyglucose or 5-thioglucose was found to be positively correlated with the extent of attenuation of field potentials. Analysis of the relationship between population spike amplitude and rates of rise of e.p.s.p., under conditions where field potentials were attenuated, showed that the population spike was always more sensitive to metabolic perturbation than was the e.p.s.p., thus indicating an effect on cell excitability. It is suggested that some aspect of non-oxidative glucose metabolism is important in maintaining this granule cell excitability. PMID- 6747908 TI - Changing patterns in muscular potentials at MG and SOL muscles of dystrophic and normal mice due to prolonged stimulation. PMID- 6747909 TI - Erythrocyte choline transport in drug-free and lithium-treated individuals. AB - The choline (Ch) content of erythrocytes (RBCs) has been reported to be elevated in several psychiatric and neurologic disorders. The present investigation was conducted in order to examine the relationship between in vivo RBC Ch content and Ch flux across the RBC membrane (measured in vitro). To perform the in vitro studies, we measured the outward transport of endogenous Ch (DoCh efflux) and the concomitant inward transport of deuterated Ch (D4Ch influx), in RBCs that were incubated in physiologic media for 24 min at 17 degrees C. Transport of the Ch isotopes was linear during these incubations. In drug-free, psychiatrically normal control subjects, DoCh efflux was inversely correlated with the natural logarithm of in vivo RBC Ch content (r = -0.97, p less than 0.001), and there was a nearly significant correlation between D4Ch influx and in in vivo RBC Ch content (r = -0.81, p less than 0.06). In patients with bipolar affective disorder, lithium treatment both inhibited DoCh and D4Ch transport, and substantially elevated in vivo RBC Ch content. However, varying degrees of transport inhibition were produced by this drug in different subjects. Our findings suggest that membrane Ch transport may have a role in the regulation of endogenous RBC Ch content. Studies of membrane Ch transport in RBCs or other types of cells could potentially help to increase our understanding of cholinergic function in psychiatric or neurologic disorders. PMID- 6747910 TI - Affective disorders and ABO blood groups: new data and a reanalysis of the literature using the logistic transformation of proportions. AB - No statistically significant associations were found between ABO blood group distributions and RDC subtype diagnoses in 79 subjects with unipolar (single episode and recurrent) and bipolar major depressive disorder using data from our sample. We discuss methodological issues related to the control samples and choice of statistical methods in the reported studies which have looked for associations between ABO blood types and patients diagnosed as having an affective disorder. After presenting our rationale for employing the logarithm of the cross product ratio (lambda) in place of the more traditionally utilized chi squared, we used lambda to reanalyze the original data from nine studies in the literature. The individual studies are equivocal on the basic issue of an association between type O blood and bipolar I illness, either compared to controls or to recurrent unipolar patients. The combined (weighted average) measure of association indicates a small but definite association, but statistical analysis of the dispersion of the individual estimates around this combined estimate reveals that the studies have a higher degree of heterogeneity in results than expected by chance. The consequences of this finding are discussed, and possible explanations are offered. PMID- 6747911 TI - Platelet monoamine oxidase activity in schizophrenia: relationship to family history of the illness and neuroleptic treatment. AB - Platelet monoamine oxidase (MAO) activity was determined in a large population of drug-free and haloperidol-treated schizophrenic patients and healthy controls and, in a second study, in a sample of schizophrenics after a wash-out period and at different times during treatment with haloperidol. Enzyme activity was significantly decreased in both acute and chronic haloperidol-treated schizophrenics, but not in drug-free schizophrenics, compared with normal controls. No significant difference was observed between drug-free schizophrenics with a family history of the illness and those without such history, and between healthy relatives of schizophrenic patients and normal controls without a family history of schizophrenia. MAO activity was significantly reduced after 14 and 21 days of haloperidol treatment, and such reduction did not correlate with response to treatment. These data strongly support the idea that neuroleptic intake may, at least in part, explain low MAO values repeatedly reported in schizophrenics. PMID- 6747914 TI - Validity and utility of the present state examination in assessing neurosis: empirical findings and critical considerations. AB - The validity and clinical utility of the Present State Examination was investigated in 70 neurotic patients referred for inpatient behavioural treatment. We conclude that the instrument is reasonably valid and can be helpful in everyday clinical practice. Suggested for refinement of the PSE are given. PMID- 6747913 TI - Urinary mhpg in anorexia nervosa patients with and without a concomitant major depressive disorder. AB - Twenty-four hour urinary MHPG excretion was measured in a group of anorexia nervosa patients before and after five weeks of treatment and in matched normal control subjects. A sub-group of anorexia nervosa patients who met research diagnostic criteria (RDC) for a concomitant major depressive disorder (AN-RDC +) was found to have, both initially and after treatment, significantly lower mean urinary MHPG levels than the normal control subjects. In contrast, mean urinary MHPG levels in anorexia nervosa patients who did not meet criteria for major depressive disorder (AN-RDC +) were similar to values in normal controls. Utilizing the median value of all urinary MHPG samples as the cut-off point, it was found that significantly more AN-RDC + patients excreted low MHPG compared with AN-RDC-patients and normal control subjects. The manifestation of a major depressive disorder according to RDC was found to be more important than body size variables in predicting the variance of MHPG. It is suggested that urinary MHPG levels may be useful in discriminating between sub-types of anorexia nervosa patients. PMID- 6747912 TI - Lithium concentration in the muscle compartment of manic-depressive patients during lithium therapy. AB - Pharmacokinetic (PK) techniques were used to study the effect of lithium (Li+) on Li+ fluxes and concentrations in body compartments of manic-depressives. Patients not yet on Li+ therapy were similar to normal controls in all parameters. Comparison of patients before and during chronic Li+ therapy showed no effect of Li+ therapy on intestinal absorption and renal excretion of Li+. The calculated erythrocyte (RBC)-to-plasma Li+ concentration ratio increased with Li+ therapy, as already known from direct measurements. The calculated muscle-to-plasma Li+ concentration ratio was 6-8 times higher than the RBC ratio, and increased from 1.8 to 4.2 with Li+ therapy. The higher Li+ concentration in human muscle compared to RBC is attributed to muscle's higher inside-negative resting potential, and may underlie side effects that arise in muscle from Li+ therapy. The discrepancy between the observed muscle-to-plasma ratio and that predicted for a passively distributed ion is attributed to extrusion by a countertransport process, and the increase in the observed ratio with Li+ therapy is attributed to inhibition of countertransport, as already established for RBC. Since muscle resembles nerve as an excitable cell, muscle Li+ warrants evaluation as a predictor of therapeutic response and side effects during Li+ therapy. PMID- 6747915 TI - Interactions of a non-selective monoamine oxidase inhibitor, phenelzine, with inhibitors of 5-hydroxytryptamine, dopamine or noradrenaline re-uptake. AB - Interactions of combined antidepressants which occur in man were reproduced in rats pretreated with phenelzine, features elicited including myoclonic phenomena, an augmented lower limb flexor reflex, muscle fasiculation and fatalities, particularly with combinations incorporating 5-hydroxytryptamine (5-HT) re-uptake inhibitors. Combinations of antidepressants included phenelzine with 5-HT re uptake inhibitors (paroxetine, fluoxetine, clomipramine); with "mixed" re-uptake inhibitors affecting 5-HT and noradrenaline (imipramine, amitriptyline); with noradrenaline re-uptake inhibitors (desipramine, maprotiline, nisoxetine) and with dopamine re-uptake inhibitors (benztropine, nomifensine). Myoclonic phenomena such as forelimb flexor-extensor movements, head and body twitches, occurred in phenelzine pretreated rats after paroxetine, fluoxetine, clomipramine, imipramine, amitriptyline and desipramine. Wet dog shakes, the most intense phenomenon, were obtained only after paroxetine, fluoxetine, clomipramine and imipramine. Myoclonic features were prevented when pretreatment included p chlorophenylalanine but were unaffected when this incorporated alpha-methyl-p tyyrosine; there were attenuated by methysergide, cyproheptadine, clozapine or pimozide. The myoclonic phenomena were reproduced by combination of 5 hydroxytryptophan but not L-3,4-dihydroxyphenylalanine with clomipramine. Electrocortical changes observed included 2-4 Hz, 5-8 Hz, large amplitude potentials unrelated to the myoclonic incidents and unaffected by sensory stimulation. Following phenelzine, brain monoamine oxidase (MAO) A inhibition was 99% and that of MAO B, 88%; 5-HT concentration was significantly elevated in the cortex and hypothalamus, as was hypothalamic noradrenaline. Peak and basal tensions of a lower-limb flexor reflex were elevated in phenelzine pretreated spinal rats by fluoxetine, paroxetine, clomipramine and imipramine, effects attenuated by cyproheptadine. Forelimb flexor-extensor movements and body twitches were elicited by fluoxetine and paroxetine in phenelzine pretreated spinal rats in the presence of electrical stimulation of the central stump of a divided posterior tibial nerve. Pressor responses were observed in phenelzine pretreated spinal rats given 5-HT re-uptake inhibitors, "mixed" re-uptake inhibitors and those affecting noradrenaline re-uptake; ECG anomalies occurred in such rats given clomipramine. PMID- 6747916 TI - Colorectal carcinoma in young patients. A 20-year retrospective review. PMID- 6747917 TI - Pulsed electromagnetic energy fails to prevent postoperative ileus. PMID- 6747918 TI - Porcine dermal collagen implants in man. PMID- 6747919 TI - Porcine dermal collagen repair of inguinal hernias. PMID- 6747920 TI - Extra-anatomic grafts for limb salvage. PMID- 6747921 TI - Modified supraclavicular approach for upper thoracic sympathectomy. PMID- 6747922 TI - Skeletal tuberculosis in the Lothian Region of Scotland. A 10-year survey. PMID- 6747923 TI - Tibialisation of fibula for bone defects in haematogenous osteomyelitis. PMID- 6747924 TI - Suprapubic puncture for non-deflating urethral balloon catheters. A safe method of deflation. PMID- 6747925 TI - Spontaneous biliary peritonitis. PMID- 6747926 TI - Emphysematous pyelonephritis. PMID- 6747928 TI - Spontaneous pneumomediastinum associated with vibration injury. PMID- 6747927 TI - Bowel herniation through a defect in the appendices epiploicae. PMID- 6747929 TI - Acute emphysematous cholecystitis. PMID- 6747930 TI - Recurrent granulosa cell tumour of the ovary 22 years after primary excision. PMID- 6747932 TI - Images of health and medical science conveyed by television. AB - Content analysis was carried out on medical programmes on BBC television over a three-month period. Television medical programmes were shown to concentrate on hospital-based, technological and expert-dependent issues at the expense of primary care and community health. Images of technology, the hospital and the hospital specialist were found to predominate. Issues such as the family, preventive care, housing and the environment were rarely raised. Doctors appeared and spoke in 94 per cent of programmes, whereas nurses were seen (although not necessarily heard) in 30 per cent. Of 70 doctors interviewed on television, nearly three quarters were hospital doctors or scientists. Only one doctor was explicitly referred to as a general practitioner. PMID- 6747931 TI - Demands made on general practice by women before and after an abortion. PMID- 6747933 TI - Inclusion of social problem categories in disease registers. AB - The reliability of a disease register as a record of the number and type of social problems was investigated in one practice of approximately 12,000 patients. A comparison with a randomly selected sample of the practice population, matched for age and sex, indicated that some social problems were not included. The types of problem concerned, and the reasons why they were not included, are discussed. PMID- 6747934 TI - General practice management of childhood urinary tract infection. AB - The incidence of urinary tract infections (UTI) in the paediatric population of a group practice was recorded. A questionnaire involving two case studies was sent to general practitioners and paediatric consultants in the region to assess the management of children suspected of having UTI and the attitudes to referral of these cases to the paediatrician. Disturbing inconsistencies in the management plans were found among both general practitioners and consultants. The reasons for these inconsistencies and the implications arising from them are discussed. PMID- 6747935 TI - Obesity in a Somerset town: prevalence and relationship to morbidity. AB - Body mass index was determined for 953 subjects, randomly selected from the electoral roll of a town in south-west England. Morbidity was estimated using a questionnaire.The prevalence of obesity (body mass index < 28) was 21 per cent for males and 22 per cent for females. Overall morbidity was significantly increased in obese females. The three main disease groups that were more prevalent in both the obese males and females were hypertension, cardiovascular disease and musculoskeletal disorders. PMID- 6747936 TI - Terminal care: the role of the general practitioner hospital. AB - A survey of all deaths occurring over a two-year period in a group practice population was carried out to assess the contribution of the local general practitioner hospital to terminal care overall. With the availability of the hospital, the general practitioners were able to provide a higher proportion of terminal care for their patients than in areas where general practitioners did not have access to hospital beds. This was particularly so in terminal care for patients dying of cancer. PMID- 6747937 TI - Response from women to adverse publicity about oral contraceptives. PMID- 6747938 TI - Care in the community. PMID- 6747939 TI - Follow-up of subjects in prospective studies based in general practice. AB - In prospective studies of ischaemic heart disease, data on the incidence of morbidity as well as mortality are critical to the understanding of the natural history of disease. In the Regional Heart Study, 7,735 middle-aged men recruited from general practices in 24 towns in England, Wales and Scotland have been examined, and are being followed for morbidity and mortality for at least five years. This paper explains the methods used and the difficulties encountered in maintaining the flow of information on these subjects and, in particular, discusses the problems of removal and tracing. A network of enquiries, using Family Practitioner Committees, the NHS Central Register and the additional 500 doctors (to date) to whom subjects have transferred, has enabled contact to be maintained. In the first seven towns reviewed at five years from the initial examination, replies have been received from 98 per cent of the original sample still alive and living in Great Britain. PMID- 6747940 TI - Controlled trial of an open-access physiotherapy service. AB - A randomized controlled trial of outpatient open-access physiotherapy was carried out at West Cornwall Hospital during 1979/80. The referral rate to consultant outpatient clinics for those patients offered open-access physiotherapy was considerably lower than for the control group (17 per cent and 56 per cent respectively). Patients using the service received physiotherapy promptly although this did not result in shorter treatments. Those of the control group who eventually received physiotherapy had faced considerable delays. An analysis of self-reported information showed that patients receiving open-access physiotherapy recovered more rapidly. Taken overall, the results support the concept of open-access physiotherapy. PMID- 6747941 TI - The clinical psychologist in general practice: a six-year study of consulting patterns for psychosocial problems. AB - Three quarters of the patients in a group practice referred to a clinical psychologist during a three-year period showed marked reductions in the consulting and psychotropic drug prescription rates in the six months after treatment compared with the six months leading up to treatment. However, the rates for the whole practice revealed a general falling trend over the period of study. Furthermore, examination of the records of all patients with at least one psychosocial problem over a six-year period during which they were registered with the practice has shown that encounters for psychosocial problems tended to be concentrated in a relatively short period - the ;worst year' - rather than being evenly distributed over the whole six years. It is concluded that the natural history of most psychological disorders is one of crisis and remission and that no benefit has been demonstrated from individual therapy by clinical psychologists. PMID- 6747942 TI - A move to a health centre: the effect on home visiting, repeat prescribing and patients' choice of transport. AB - A group of general practitioners recorded data about their work before and after moving into a health centre. A group of doctors who did not enter the health centre made equivalent observations for comparison.Patients of the health centre doctors increased their use of public transport by 13 per cent; the ;no-entry' group of doctors did not record a similar increase. A 27 per cent reduction in home visits was thought to be a direct result of entry into the health centre, contributing factors being, in all probability, availability of public transport and the provision of a pharmacy. An increase in the issue of repeat prescriptions without consultation was considered to be evidence of a wider trend since this change was not confined to the health centre doctors.It was concluded that patients will attend a health centre if public transport is easily available and that this factor should be born in mind when planning health centres, especially in inner city areas. PMID- 6747943 TI - Night calls: an Irish dimension. AB - Night calls made by 17 general practitioners in Cork in the Republic of Ireland in 1980 were analysed and compared with similar studies in the UK. There were 323 night calls: 11 per cent were classified as irresponsible, 59 per cent of which involved patients in social classes IV and V who make up 26.5 per cent of the population of Cork. Young children and the elderly had more calls than expected, and significant sex differences emerged in all age groups apart from the 45-65 age group. The incidence of night calls done comes towards the lower range of studies in the UK. PMID- 6747944 TI - Fetal damage after accidental polio vaccination of an immune mother. AB - Irreparable damage to the anterior horn cells of the cervical and thoracic cord was found in a 20-week-old fetus whose mother was immune to poliomyelitis before conceiving but who was inadvertently given oral polio vaccine at 18 weeks gestation. Polio neutralizing antibody titres in sera, taken before and after pregnancy, were identical and were at levels normally regarded as providing protection. Unsuccessful attempts were made to isolate poliovirus from extracts of fetal brain, lung, liver and placenta. Fluorescent antibody tests were performed on various levels of the central nervous system and on the left and right extensor forearm muscles. Specific positive fluorescence to poliovirus 2 and 3 antigens was detected at dorsal spinal cord level only. One positive result was seen with Coxsackie A9 antiserum and fresh guinea-pig complement in the inflammatory cells in the right extensor forearm muscles.This experience, as yet unexplained, underlines the importance of ensuring that women are not pregnant prior to oral polio vaccination. PMID- 6747945 TI - Guidelines in the management of hypertension in general practice--detection and assessment of hypertension. The Lothian Hypertension Group. PMID- 6747946 TI - Where does the College stand in the field of classification? PMID- 6747947 TI - Changes in photoperiod and nutrition and their effect on testicular growth of rams. AB - Groups of 6 Ile-de-France rams were housed in light-proof rooms and subjected in a factorial design to two light regimens, 180 degrees out of phase, and two levels of protein in their diets. The daily duration of daylight was varied sinusoidally to produce 6-month years with 'winters' of 8 h light and 'summers' of 16 h light. The diets were formulated to supply 50% above or 25% below maintenance requirements in protein. Testicular diameter and volume increased with decreasing light and decreased with increasing light but the diet had no effect. The frequency of LH pulses was measured monthly and was high (3/12 h per ram) when the daylight was being reduced and low (1/12 h per ram) when it was increased. At the extremes of the duration of dark or light the frequency of pulses was around 1.6/12 h per ram, regardless of the duration of light. The two diets had no effect on testicular dimensions but rams fed the 'high' protein diet had a total of 175 LH pulses, which was significantly higher (P less than 0.05) than the 131 pulses recorded from rams on the 'low' protein diet. It is concluded that, in these '6-month years', decreasing light stimulates LH pulsatility and testicular growth and increasing light is inhibitory. Pulsatility of LH appears to be influenced by the protein level in the diet. PMID- 6747948 TI - Xenogenous fertilization of goat ova in the rabbit oviduct. AB - Eggs from superovulated goats were surgically placed in the oviducts of pseudopregnant rabbits previously inseminated with goat semen. Out of 81 eggs, 30 (37%) exhibited two pronuclei or two blastomeres when recovered 24-36 h later. Transplantation of these embryos into foster nanny goats resulted in the birth of kids. PMID- 6747949 TI - Steroid production by isolated theca and granulosa cells after initiation of atresia in the hamster. AB - Hypophysectomized PMSG-primed hamsters were injected with PMSG antiserum and the theca and granulosa cells of the resulting atretic follicles were incubated in vitro. In the absence of added hormone, 17 alpha-hydroxyprogesterone and oestradiol production was not detectable in granulosa cells collected and incubated at 0, 12 and 24 h after antiserum. Progesterone production was not detected in control incubations at 0 h but was measurable with cells collected at 12 h after PMSG antiserum. When incubated with androstenedione or pregnenolone (10 ng/ml for each) 17 alpha-hydroxyprogesterone and progesterone production by granulosa cells were significantly increased at 0, 12 and 24 h after antiserum. Granulosa cells were capable of aromatizing androstenedione to oestradiol at all times examined. At 0 and 12 h after antiserum to PMSG, isolated thecal shells produced androstenedione. LH stimulation caused increased androstenedione production in all thecae at 0 h, in 50% of the thecae at 12 h and in none at 24 h after antiserum. Thecal shells produced 17 alpha-hydroxyprogesterone in response to LH at 0, 12 and 24 h after antiserum, and produced progesterone at all times examined. Thecae also responded to LH with increased progesterone production up to 72 h after antiserum. These experiments demonstrate that one important steroidogenic event in atresia may be the loss of activity of C 17,20 lyase in the theca leading to loss of substrate (androstenedione) for granulosa cell aromatization, although aromatase activity is present until at least 24 h after the induction of atresia. PMID- 6747951 TI - Epididymal proteins mimic the androgenic effect on zona pellucida recognition by immature hamster spermatozoa. AB - The increase in zona pellucida binding caused by the exposure of cultured proximal corpus epididymidis to 2 microM-5 alpha-DHT (0.87 and 4.29 spermatozoa/egg for control and 5 alpha-DHT group respectively) was lost when 20 microM-cycloheximide was also added to the medium (0.72 spermatozoa/egg). These results were interpreted as meaning that de-novo protein synthesis was required to obtain the effect of androgens. When a fraction enriched in epididymal glycoproteins EP2-EP6 (18% total protein in epididymal cytosol and 30% in enriched fraction) and depleted of androgens (less than 120 pg testosterone + DHT/ml) was added to the cultured epididymal tubules, the zona pellucida-binding ability of the contained spermatozoa increased from 0.55 in controls to 2.73 spermatozoa/egg in the extract-treated group (P less than 0.02). When the enriched fraction was prepared from epididymides of 30-day castrates, the stimulatory effect was lost (1.04 spermatozoa/egg). We suggest that proteins synthesized in the epididymis are required to obtain the effect of androgens and that the glycoproteins EP2-EP6 may be involved. PMID- 6747952 TI - Addition of an androgen-free epididymal protein extract increases the ability of immature hamster spermatozoa to fertilize in vivo and in vitro. AB - The fertility of spermatozoa from the different epididymal segments of hamsters was tested by in-vivo insemination. Caput and proximal corpus spermatozoa were non-fertile; spermatozoa from the distal corpus epididymidis fertilized 13% (38/290) oocytes and those from the proximal and distal cauda epididymidis 71 and 87%, respectively. When tested by in-vitro insemination, distal corpus spermatozoa penetrated 44% of oocytes while those from the distal cauda fertilized 87% of oocytes. Spermatozoa from the distal corpus recovered in Medium BMOC fertilized 13% (28/219) of oocytes in vivo, while those mixed with an epididymal protein preparation (0.8 mg protein/ml) fertilized 24% (49/204; P less than 0.01) of oocytes. When distal corpus spermatozoa were inseminated in vivo with 0.8 mg epididymal protein preparation 34% (31/90) oocytes were fertilized and only 22% (23/103; P less than 0.05) oocytes were fertilized when the proteins were obtained from epididymides of animals castrated for 30 days. When distal corpus spermatozoa were preincubated for 5 h in medium without (control) or with protein preparation (0.8 or 1.6 mg protein/ml), a significant increase in in vitro oocyte penetration was found (25 compared with 45%; P less than 0.05) when the protein was present at 1.6 mg/ml. These results confirm and extend previous observations suggesting a role for androgen-dependent glycoproteins secreted by the epididymis in the acquisition of fertilizing ability that occurs during sperm maturation. PMID- 6747950 TI - Effect of embryonic treatment with oestradiol benzoate on reproductive morphology, ovulation and oviposition and plasma LH concentrations in female quail (Coturnix coturnix japonica). AB - Quail eggs were injected on Day 10 of incubation with 0, 5, 10, 20 or 40 micrograms oestradiol benzoate. Females hatching from these eggs were reared on a 16L: 8D photoperiod and egg laying was recorded. Blood samples were taken at 37, 40, 43, 46, 49, 52, 55, 58 or 61 days of age and LH concentrations were measured by a double-antibody radioimmunoassay. Birds were killed at 61 days of age; ovaries and oviducts were weighed and examined. Egg laying was greatly reduced by oestradiol benzoate treatment, but for birds that did lay, age at first oviposition was normal. LH levels were not affected by oestradiol benzoate treatment, and were highest at 40 and 49 days of age. Oestradiol benzoate had no effect on ovarian weight, number of follicles with diameter greater than 1 cm, or number of post-ovulatory follicles. Oestradiol benzoate had a dose-related effect on the likelihood that females would have two oviducts, and for those females that had retained the right oviduct, the left oviduct was smaller than normal. Oestradiol benzoate-treated females were more likely to have ovulated yolks in the body cavity. Embryonic treatment with oestradiol benzoate therefore appears to inhibit egg laying by causing oviduct abnormalities, rather than by (as happens in mammals) inhibiting ovulation. PMID- 6747953 TI - Effects of elevated temperatures on the embryonic development and corpus luteum activity in the Japanese long-fingered bat, Miniopterus schreibersii fuliginosus. AB - Gravid female Japanese long-fingered bats were kept in captivity without hibernation at elevated temperatures (23-25 degrees C) in winter. The embryonic growth rate was accelerated and consequently parturition was advanced by a period equivalent to that of exclusion from hibernation as compared with that in the wild population. The corpus luteum became active, as indicated by an increase in the 'light' lutein cells in an experimental bat pregnant with a 15-mm embryo, but was less active (more 'dark' cells) in 2 hibernating control bats with an implanting blastocyst. PMID- 6747955 TI - Behavioural and morphological effects of 5 alpha-dihydrotestosterone and oestradiol-17 beta in the prepubertally castrated boar. AB - Three groups of 5 prepubertally castrated boars received twice weekly subcutaneous injections from 16 to 28 weeks of age of 5 alpha-dihydrotestosterone propionate (1 mg/kg), oestradiol-17 beta dipropionate (0.1 mg/kg), or a combination of the two steroids. The pigs were tested each week for sexual behaviour with an oestrogen-treated ovariectomized gilt. 5 alpha Dihydrotestosterone did not induce copulatory behaviour whereas oestradiol initiated mounting, although this behaviour was not maintained. However, the combined hormonal treatment induced the full pattern of copulation, including ejaculation, in 4/5 pigs. Oestrogen-treated animals also showed champing and salivation. None of the pigs treated with 5 alpha-dihydrotestosterone showed lordosis when exposed to a mature boar. Increases in the size of the penis, the ischio- and bulbocavernosus muscles, seminal vesicles and bulbourethral glands were produced by 5 alpha-dihydrotestosterone, and, with the exception of the penis, this hypertrophy was further enhanced by additional treatment with oestradiol. Increases in the weight of the prostate and muscular urethra were due mainly to the effects of oestrogen; this steroid caused extensive development of fibromuscular tissue and also increased mammary teat length. In the submaxillary salivary glands, synergism between 5 alpha-dihydrotestosterone and oestradiol resulted in hypertrophy of the serous cells. PMID- 6747954 TI - Rate of blood flow and growth of the corpora lutea of pregnancy and of previous cycles throughout pregnancy in the rat. AB - The rate and distribution of ovarian blood flow was measured with radioactive microspheres in nulliparous rats at Days 4, 7, 10, 13, 16 and 22 of gestation; term is Day 23. Ovaries were dissected into large corpora lutea (or CL of pregnancy), small CL, assumed to be those of previous cycles, and the ovarian stroma which included follicles and additional small CL. Total ovarian blood flow was similar over Days 4-10, but then increased progressively to reach 916 +/- 69 microliter/min at Day 22. The main cause of this increase was a 786% rise in blood flow to the large CL over Days 10-22. Weight of the CL of previous cycles increased by 289% over Days 10-16 and their rate of blood flow and histological appearance were similar to those of the large CL. These results indicate that neither reduced blood flow nor vascular degeneration, as determined by light microscopic examination, initiates the reported fall in progesterone secretion near term. At least some of the CL of previous cycles are maintained and indeed grow during gestation and have a blood circulation and histological appearance characteristic of steroidogenic tissue. PMID- 6747956 TI - Changes of the adenine ribonucleotide content during preimplantation development of mouse embryos in vivo and in vitro. AB - The amount of ATP, ADP and AMP and also the adenylate energy charge and the ATP/ADP ratio were determined in preimplantation mouse embryos (strain NMRI) in vivo. The ATP content decreased from 0.64 pmol at fertilization to 0.21 pmol in late blastocysts. ADP decreased from 0.1 pmol in the zygote to 0.06 pmol in 4-8 cell embryos and increased again to 0.15 pmol in late blastocysts. AMP changed considerably at the 1-cell and the 2-cell stage and increased from 0.04 to 0.2 pmol between the 4-cell and the late blastocyst stage. These developmental changes between fertilization and implantation result in a continuous decline of the total amount of adenine ribonucleotides (from 0.79 to 0.64 pmol), of the adenylate energy charge (from 0.87 to 0.45) and of the ATP/ADP ratio (from 6.4 to 1.4). In C57BL embryos developing to the 2-cell stage in vivo or in vitro there was a decrease in ATP content, as in NMRI embryos in vivo whereas the ATP content remained unchanged in NMRI embryos during culture to the 2-cell stage (no further development in vitro). In blastocysts cultured for 24 h in media supporting differentiation during implantation (MEM and NCTC-109) the content of ATP and ADP increased but AMP remained constant. The total adenine ribonucleotide content rose to 1 pmol and the ATP/ADP ratio and adenylate energy charge remained unchanged. After 48 h of culture in the two media to late blastocysts there was a decrease in ATP, an increase in AMP and a decline in adenylate energy charge and ATP/ADP ratio, as occurs in vivo. PMID- 6747957 TI - Effects of very small doses of urine on acceleration and delay of sexual maturation in female house mice. AB - Four types of chemosignal donors were used: adult intact males, grouped adult intact females, pregnant females and lactating females. A daily dose of 0.001 ml urine was sufficient to produce the same degree of acceleration or delay known to occur with whole urine from each donor type. With 0.00001 ml the age of puberty did not differ from that of water-treated controls for any of the treatments. With the intermediate, 0.0001 ml/day dose, the results were variable, depending upon the donor type. The results indicate that for young mice daily exposure to extremely small quantities of urine can influence the physiological events accelerating or delaying puberty. PMID- 6747958 TI - Pulsatile secretion of gonadotrophins, ovarian steroids and ovarian oxytocin during the periovulatory phase of the oestrous cycle in the cow. AB - An injection of 500 micrograms prostaglandin (PG) analogue was given on Day 12 (mid-luteal phase) of the oestrous cycle to 8 cows. An LH surge occurred 59 +/- 2 h later. LH, FSH, prolactin, oestradiol-17 beta, progesterone and oxytocin concentrations were determined in blood samples collected from the caudal vena cava and/or the jugular vein at 20-min (5 cows) or 5-min (3 cows; only LH and FSH concentrations were determined) intervals for 24 h, beginning 48 h after the PG injection. Oxytocin concentrations were low and similar in the vena cava and the jugular vein. In blood samples collected every 5 min the interpulse interval for LH and FSH during the period before the LH surge was 38-40 min. In the 20-min samples the interpulse interval for oestradiol was similar to that for LH and FSH, but pulse amplitude and basal concentrations steadily increased to reach maximum concentrations 6-8 h before and again during the LH surge. A decrease in oestradiol concentrations, lasting at least 60 min, occurred just before the start of the LH surge. Progesterone concentrations also increased at the same time as the LH surge. The magnitude of the LH surges varied from 7 to 32 ng/ml, but all cows ovulated and had oestrous cycles of normal length. Distinct pulses of LH and FSH were observed throughout the LH and FSH surges. Pulsatile secretion of LH was not detected for a period of up to 6-12 h following the LH surge, but then low-amplitude pulses occurred. In contrast, the pulsatile secretion of FSH remained at a frequency similar to that observed during the descending phase of the FSH surge. Furthermore, a second increase in FSH concentrations occurred, beginning 4-12 h after the LH-surge. It is concluded that: (1) the frequent, high amplitude pulses of oestradiol that occur before and during the LH surge are probably due to stimulation by pulses of LH; (2) the LH surge is the result of an increase in frequency and amplitude of the LH pulses; (3) the second increase in FSH that follows the LH and FSH surges appears to be the result of an increase in the amplitude (not frequency) of the FSH pulses; and (4) very little, if any, oxytocin is secreted from the ovary during the periovulatory phase of the oestrous cycle. PMID- 6747959 TI - Role of calmodulin in blastocyst formation in the mouse. AB - Preimplantation mouse embryos were recovered by flushing the oviducts on Day 3 at 09:30-10:00 h, 15:30-16:00 h and 21:30-22:00 h: When placed in culture for 48 h, 79% of the 4-8 cell embryos recovered at 09:30-10:00 h developed into blastocysts, but a large number of these embryos failed to form blastocysts when exposed to trifluoperazine, a calmodulin antagonist, at 0.5 or 0.6 microM in culture. About 45% of the embryos recovered at 15:30-16:00 h were compacted and blastocyst formation was again markedly depressed in the presence of the drug. Advanced compacted embryos recovered at 21:30-22:00 h showed normal development into blastocysts in the presence of 0.6 microM-trifluoperazine. Trifluoperazine sulphoxide (the inactive form of trifluoperazine) at 0.6 or 1.2 microM concentration had no effect on blastocyst formation of uncompacted embryos recovered at 09:30-10:00 h. These embryos and those recovered at 21:30-22:00 h and developed into blastocysts in the presence of trifluoperazine were transferred to Day-4 pseudopregnant mice and healthy young were born. When exposed to calcium-free medium or medium containing trifluoperazine all compacted embryos recovered at 18:30 h became decompacted; development to the blastocyst stage was normal in medium alone but reduced when trifluoperazine was added. Compacted embryos recovered at 23:00 h showed 100% decompaction in the calcium free medium but completely failed to decompact in the presence of 0.6 microM trifluoperazine. We suggest that extracellular calcium is essential for the continuance of compaction, while intracellular calcium is required only during the initial phase of this process. PMID- 6747960 TI - Studies of the distribution of glycogen between the inner cell mass and trophoblast cells of mouse embryos. AB - Autoradiographic and histochemical techniques were used to determine the localization of glycogen synthesized during in-vitro culture of preimplantation mouse embryos. During early cleavage embryos accumulated little glycogen and that which was synthesized was spread evenly in the blastomere cytoplasm. However, morula and early blastocyst stages accumulated relatively large amounts of glycogen, especially in the peripheral or trophoblastic cells in comparison to the inner cells or inner-cell-mass cells. Immunosurgical techniques were used to study the incorporation of radiolabelled glucose into the biochemical pools of inner-cell-mass and trophoblastic cells during culture for 24 h. In general, trophoblastic cells incorporated considerably more isotope than did inner-cell mass cells, especially into the acid-soluble glycogen fraction. However, inner cell masses isolated on Day 4 of pregnancy incorporated more glucose into acid soluble glycogen than did inner cells isolated from blastocysts at the end of culture for 24 h in isotope. PMID- 6747961 TI - The occurrence of spermiophagy under natural conditions in the cauda epididymidis of the Cape horseshoe bat (Rhinolophus capensis). AB - In Cape horseshoe bats large numbers of spermatozoa remain in the cauda epididymidis after copulations have ceased in September. Light microscopy has shown that for 5 months after September phagocytes are present in the lumen of the cauda epididymidis and electron microscopy has shown these cells to be active spermiophages. The large numbers of spermiophages present suggests that these cells could be responsible for removal of most of the excess spermatozoa. Spermiophagy by the epididymal epithelial cells occurs rarely and is not significant in the treatment of excess spermatozoa. PMID- 6747962 TI - Variations in oxytocin, vasopressin and neurophysin concentrations in the bovine ovary during the oestrous cycle and pregnancy. AB - Bovine ovaries were obtained from the abattoir and corpora lutea were classified as: (1) early luteal phase (approximately Days 1-4); (2) mid-luteal phase (Days 5 10); (3) late luteal phase (Days 11-17); (4) regressing (Days 18-20) and (5) pregnant (Days 90-230). In addition, preovulatory follicles and whole ovaries without luteal tissue were collected. Concentrations of oxytocin, vasopressin, bovine neurophysin I and progesterone were measured in each corpus luteum by radioimmunoassay. Progesterone and neurophysin I levels increased from Stage 1 to Stage 2, plateaued during Stage 3 and declined by Stage 4. Oxytocin and vasopressin concentrations increased from Stage 1 to Stage 2 but declined during Stage 3 and were low (oxytocin) or undetectable (vasopressin) in follicles, whole ovaries and pregnancy corpora lutea. Therefore the concentrations of both peptide hormones were maximal during the first half of the cycle and declined before those of progesterone. The high concentration of oxytocin within the corpus luteum coupled with the presence of bovine neurophysin I suggests that oxytocin is synthesized locally. PMID- 6747963 TI - Site of action of indomethacin on implantation in the rabbit. AB - Blastocysts recovered from oil- or indomethacin-treated donor rabbits between 5 1/2 and 6 days after insemination and hCG injection were transferred to oil- or indomethacin-treated recipients between 135 and 147 h after hCG injection. Indomethacin treatment of donor rabbits (10 mg/kg s.c.) given every 6 h during the day before transfer had no effect on subsequent implantation of the blastocysts. However, indomethacin treatment of the recipients (10 mg/kg s.c. every 6 h from 120 to 168 h after hCG) prevented implantation of all transferred blastocysts, although 6 of the 8 rabbits died between Days 9 and 16 of (pseudo)pregnancy. Restriction of the indomethacin treatment of the recipients to only 3 injections of 10 mg/kg s.c. between 128 and 140 h after hCG injection had no effect on the implantation of the transferred blastocysts. It is concluded that indomethacin exerts its inhibitory influence on implantation via an action on the endometrium rather than on the blastocyst. PMID- 6747964 TI - Viability of alpha-momorcharin-treated mouse blastocysts in the pseudopregnant uterus. AB - Mouse morulae and early blastocysts developed normally to the late blastocyst stage in the presence of alpha-momorcharin in culture. When these embryos were transferred to a pseudopregnant uterus, they showed a poor ability to induce the decidual reaction and many failed to implant. Those that had implanted showed retarded embryonic development and many implantation sites contained only trophoblastic giant cells and extraembryonic membranes. Implantation of blastocysts was inhibited when the recipient animal was given alpha-momorcharin at the time of embryo transfer. We suggest that termination of early pregnancy by alpha-momorcharin is the result of the deleterious effect of the protein on the implanting embryos and the endometrium. PMID- 6747965 TI - Two-step freezing of two-cell rabbit embryos after partial dehydration at room temperature. AB - The effect of rapid freezing and thawing on the survival of 2-cell rabbit embryos was examined. When embryos in 2.2 M-propanediol were directly plunged from room temperature to liquid nitrogen some of them survived after thawing (8%) but only if they had been pretreated by exposure to an impermeable solute, sucrose, that makes the blastomeres shrink osmotically before cooling. High survival (77-88%) in vitro was obtained when pretreated embryos were first held at -30 degrees C for 30-240 min before immersion into liquid nitrogen. Transfer of such frozen thawed embryos gave a survival rate to live young similar to that obtained with controls (26% and 32% respectively). DMSO was less effective than propanediol; only 2 out of 38 sucrose-pretreated frozen-thawed embryos developed in vitro. The present work shows that a combination of partial dehydration of blastomeres at room temperature with their permeation by a cryoprotective agent offers a simple method for successful rapid freezing and thawing of rabbit embryos. PMID- 6747966 TI - Stimulation of sperm motility and oxygen consumption of fowl spermatozoa by a low molecular weight fraction of seminal plasma. AB - Washed fowl spermatozoa were incubated in a phosphate buffer containing various concentrations of fowl seminal plasma at 41 degrees C, normal body temperature, and the motility and oxygen consumption of spermatozoa were determined. Immediately after the incubation, spermatozoa showed good motility in the various diluents. However, with concentrations of seminal plasma at or below 20%, spermatozoa quickly became immotile. In contrast, at concentrations higher than 40% seminal plasma, spermatozoa were motile even after 15 min. As the concentration of seminal plasma was increased, oxygen consumption of spermatozoa also increased. A filtrate of the seminal plasma, obtained by passing the fluid through an Amicon YM-2 ultra-filtration membrane (Mr less than 1000), also stimulated the motility and oxygen consumption of spermatozoa. These results suggest that some low molecular weight factor(s) in fowl seminal plasma stimulated motility and oxygen consumption of fowl spermatozoa at 41 degrees C. A physiological role of this factor(s) may be to assist passage of spermatozoa through the vagina after natural mating. PMID- 6747967 TI - A monoclonal antibody to an antigen present on the microvillous membrane of the trophectoderm of the preimplantation blastocyst of the pig. AB - Immunization of BALB/c mice with 14-day pig preimplantation blastocyst material followed by fusion of spleen cells with NS-0 myeloma cells resulted in a clone, SN 1/38, which secreted IgG1 which reacted specifically with the microvillous border of the pig trophectoderm and trophoblast as assessed by immunohistology. SN 1/38 did not react with other fetal tissues, or with blastocysts from other animal species. It was shown by absorption studies and by enzyme-linked immunoabsorbent assay that SN 1/38 was not directed against the placental form of pig alkaline phosphatase. The location of this antigen and its apparent presence throughout gestation indicate a functional role in the materno-fetal interaction. PMID- 6747968 TI - Production of monozygotic (identical) horse twins by embryo micromanipulation. AB - The blastomeres of 192- to 8-cell embryos recovered surgically 1-3 days after ovulation from 23 Pony mares were mechanically separated and inserted, in various combinations, into evacuated pig zonae pellucidae to make 27 'half' and 17 'quarter' micromanipulated embryos. These were embedded in agar and cultured in vivo in the ligated oviducts of ewes for 3.5-5 days to allow development to the late morula/early blastocyst stage. Subsequent surgical or non-surgical transfer of 13 'half' and 17 'quarter' embryos to mares resulted in 10 established pregnancies, including 2 monozygotic pairs. Surgical transfer to mares that had not been recently used as donors of embryos was more successful (10/20) than surgical or non-surgical transfer to recently operated mares (0/10). PMID- 6747969 TI - Pediatric vulvovaginitis. AB - Childhood gynecologic problems are different from adult problems in physiology, disease, psychology, evaluation and management. The most common is vulvovaginitis. The child is susceptible to vulvovaginitis because of a relatively exposed vulva, a thin vaginal wall and poor hygiene. Additional problems are heat and moisture, clothing, coverings and possible sexual abuse. Most vulvovaginitis is primary, nonspecific vulvitis with secondary vaginitis. It is set off by poor hygiene and responds to keeping the vulva clean, cool and dry. Persistent or recurrent vulvovaginitis may be due to a variety of causes, including vulvar skin disease, a foreign body in the vagina, primary vaginitis, ectopic ureter and rhabdomyosarcoma. Vaginoscopy is indicated for recurrent vulvovaginitis or bleeding and for suspicion of a foreign body, neoplasm or congenital anomaly. The extent of evaluation depends on the anxiety of the child versus the extent of the problem, and therefore individualization is required. PMID- 6747970 TI - Treatment of congenital anomalies in girls and women. AB - The presence of a Y chromosome in patients with gonadal dysgenesis requires removal of the streak gonads for fear of tumor formation, the most likely one a gonadoblastoma. When estrogen-progestin replacement is given to patients with gonadal dysgenesis, sampling of the endometrium at regular intervals should be done in order to screen for endometrial hyperplasia. Obstructive lesions of the mullerian ducts should be diagnosed promptly to allow egress of the menstrual flow and preserve reproductive function. It is advisable to delay construction of an artificial vagina for patients with congenital absence of the vagina until such time as the patient is interested in sexual activity and motivated sufficiently to use a vaginal form on a regular basis postoperatively. Genetic females with ambiguous external genitalia should be evaluated carefully to make sure that they do not have the salt-losing variety of the adrenogenital syndrome, which can be life threatening. PMID- 6747971 TI - Genitourinary problems in adolescence. AB - Urinary tract abnormalities in adolescent girls can range from previously unrecognized anatomic problems to metabolic diseases (which may lead to stone formation) to voiding patterns that can produce urinary incontinence. This paper reviews the various abnormalities and describes their pathophysiology so that practitioners can increase their understanding of these entities and improve their diagnostic acumen. PMID- 6747972 TI - Vaginal bleeding in adolescents. AB - Abnormal vaginal bleeding in the teenage years usually has nonorganic causes; however, a careful elimination of organic causes is necessary before the diagnosis of dysfunctional uterine bleeding is made. The differential diagnosis in the case of such a complaint and a management plan are discussed. PMID- 6747973 TI - A school-, hospital- and university-based adolescent pregnancy prevention program. A cooperative design for service and research. AB - Based upon prior service and research findings, a program was designed to reduce the incidence of early childbearing among a high-risk, inner-city junior and senior high school population. Combining a strong research design with medical and educational service in a school- and clinic-based program, the project team sought to develop a replicable model the individual components of which could be evaluated against baseline data collected from 1,709 male and female students before the program began. This paper reports levels of sexual activity, contraceptive use and pregnancy in the student population, using data from anonymous, self-administered questionnaires, and outlines the program's objectives and major features. It also suggests variables that can be used in the measurement of program impact. PMID- 6747974 TI - Unwanted pregnancy: a failure of contraceptive education. PMID- 6747975 TI - PUVA therapy for psoriasis. PMID- 6747976 TI - Drugs and exposure treatment in phobic and obsessive-compulsive disorders. PMID- 6747977 TI - Adult community-acquired pneumonia in central London. AB - Strep. pneumoniae was diagnosed as the cause of pneumonia in 40 (50%) of 80 consecutive adults admitted to St Stephen's Hospital with community-acquired pneumonia. None of the patients had evidence of Mycoplasma pneumoniae infection, and Legionella pneumophila serology was positive on only one occasion. In 29 patients (36%) no causative organism was demonstrated. The diagnosis of pneumococcal infection was obtained in 15 cases by isolating Strep. pneumoniae from the sputum, in 13 further cases by demonstrating pneumococcal capsular antigen in sputum, and in 12 other cases by detecting pneumococcal antigen in serum only. Only 2 cases with pneumococcal pneumonia were bacteraemic and 3 patients (7%), all aged more than 75 years, died. The relatively low bacteraemic and mortality rates suggest that community-acquired pneumococcal pneumonia currently seen in patients admitted to hospital in central London may not be so severe as in some other areas. PMID- 6747978 TI - Blood loss associated with Ring uncemented total knee replacement: comparison between continuous and intermittent suction drainage. AB - In a retrospective comparison of blood loss following uncemented total knee replacement, in which either continuous or intermittent suction drainage was used, measured blood loss was significantly greater with continuous drainage. However, a method of calculating actual blood loss demonstrated no significant difference. With intermittent drainage, more blood remains undetected around the knee joint; this technique should therefore be abandoned in favour of continuous suction drainage. PMID- 6747979 TI - Outlet syndrome: is there a surgical option? AB - Of 46 patients investigated for constipation, 21 were found to have some other primary abnormality, leaving 25 patients for study: 6 had evidence of the outlet syndrome alone, 5 had slow transit constipation, 8 had both abnormalities and 6 had no apparent physiological disorder in the colon or rectum. Although colectomy and ileorectal anastomosis gave good results for slow transit constipation, partial pelvic floor division provided satisfactory long-term improvement in only one of the 7 patients with the outlet syndrome. PMID- 6747980 TI - Rectal biopsies: inaccuracy of histological grading in carcinoma of the rectum. AB - In a consecutive series of 70 patients with carcinoma of the rectum, 42 had operable tumours and in these the histology of the initial biopsy was compared with that of the excised specimen. In 9 of the 42 patients the histological grading of the original biopsy was different from that of the final specimen; in 3 the carcinoma was missed despite repeated preoperative biopsies; and in 5, errors were made in the diagnosis of carcinoma in polyps. In 5 of 7 cases of poorly differentiated carcinoma the initial biopsies indicated moderate differentiation: there was therefore a 70% inaccuracy in the preoperative diagnosis of poorly differentiated carcinoma of the rectum. The implications of this inaccuracy for the surgery of rectal cancer are discussed. PMID- 6747981 TI - Variations in perinatal mortality in Gloucestershire: preliminary communication. AB - The perinatal mortality rate (PNMR) was calculated for each rural parish in Gloucestershire for the years 1968-79. The characteristics of high- and low-rate parishes (each set comprising about 10% of all births) were contrasted according to routinely recorded fetal, maternal and environmental variables. The overall PNMR in the high-rate set was six times higher than in the low-rate set; congenital malformations and low birth weight distribution could explain about one-third of this difference but the residue was not attributable to fetal gestation, maternal age or parity or social class as may have been expected. However, there was a strong association with population and housing density. It is suggested that comparisons within districts may provide more sensitive associations with PNMR than comparisons between districts, regions and countries. PMID- 6747982 TI - Is AIDS an epidemic form of African Kaposi's sarcoma? Discussion paper. PMID- 6747983 TI - Confidentiality--a decrepit concept? Discussion paper. PMID- 6747984 TI - Screening for familial medullary thyroid carcinoma: a review. PMID- 6747985 TI - Iron and the oral epithelium: a review. PMID- 6747986 TI - Unexplained subcutaneous deposits of metallic mercury. PMID- 6747987 TI - Intravenous catheter fragment irretrievable by radiographically-guided non surgical techniques. PMID- 6747988 TI - A reappraisal of the effect upon thymidine kinase of thymidine derivatives carrying large groups at the 5'-position. AB - Several thymidine derivatives with hydrophobic 5'-substituents, linked by chemically stable amide and ether links, were synthesized as potential thymidine kinase inhibitors. None of these was active nor were several derivatives of thymidine 5'-acetate, which were previously reported to be inhibitors. It was shown that the apparent inhibition by the latter compounds was due to their facile hydrolysis in aqueous solution with release of thymidine. These results must cast doubt on any conclusions drawn from biological studies with 5'-esters of thymidine. PMID- 6747989 TI - Potential antitumor agents. 42. Structure-activity relationships for acridine substituted dimethyl phosphoramidate derivatives of 9-anilinoacridine. AB - Replacement of the 1'-methanesulfonamide group of the 9-anilinoacridine class of antitumor agents with the 1'-(dimethyl phosphoramidate) group provides compounds that are generally more lipophilic and bind more tightly to DNA. On the average, the dimethyl phosphoramidates are twice as dose potent as the corresponding methanesulfonamide (AMSA) compounds against P388 leukemia in vivo, but also show about twice the acute toxicity and no resultant improvement in tumor cell selectivity (ILSmax values) is seen. A pairwise comparison of a range of acridine substituted compounds shows that structure-activity relationships within each series are similar and dominated by the acridine substitution pattern. PMID- 6747990 TI - Structure-activity studies on antidepressant 2,2-diarylethylamines. AB - A series of 2,2-diarylethylamine derivatives has been examined for potential antidepressant activity in the tetrabenazine (TBZ) test. Diethanolamine 4 (McN 4187) was one of the more potent compounds despite its polar alcohol functionalities [ED50 values of 15 mg/kg (exploratory activity) and 1.5 mg/kg (ptosis)]. Structure-activity relationships are described. Minor structural modifications of 4 were sufficient to strongly attenuate activity. For example, changing one phenyl group to a 2-thienyl, cyclohexyl, or 3,4-dimethoxyphenyl group greatly reduced activity. Replacing both phenyl groups by 4-chlorophenyl groups also dissipated activity. The bisethanol functionality was not essential for activity (q.v. 17-19 in Table I). Although 17-19 compared well with 4 in the TBZ assay, only 19 (like 4) showed a satisfactory profile in the maximal electroshock seizure threshold test. PMID- 6747991 TI - Antihypertensives. N-1H-Pyrrol-1-yl-3-pyridazinamines. AB - The hypothesis that the side effects of hydralazine, such as mutagenicity and lupus erythematosus like syndrome, might be due to the NHNH2 group prompted us to incorporate part of this moiety into a pyrrole ring. Therefore, we prepared a series of N-1H-pyrrol-1-yl-3-pyridazinamines and a limited number of N-1H-pyrrol 1-yl-1-phthalazinamines by reaction of 3-hydrazinopyridazines and 1 hydrazinophthalazines with gamma-diketones. Most of these compounds, especially in the pyridazine series, showed moderate to strong antihypertensive activity in spontaneously hypertensive rats. The decrease in blood pressure generally had a slow onset after either oral or intravenous administration. N-(2,5-Dimethyl-1H pyrrol-1-yl)-6-(4-morpholinyl)-3-pyridazinamine hydrochloride (30) (MDL 899) showed no mutagenic activity in several tests and is now in clinical trials in patients. PMID- 6747993 TI - Pyrroloisoquinoline antidepressants. Potent, enantioselective inhibition of tetrabenazine-induced ptosis and neuronal uptake of norepinephrine, dopamine, and serotonin. PMID- 6747992 TI - The preferred solution conformation of warfarin at the active site of cytochrome P-450 based on the CD spectra in octanol/water model system. AB - An octanol/water model system and circular dichroism (CD) spectroscopy have been used to study the solution conformation of warfarin in aqueous and lipid environments. Upon partitioning of (S)-warfarin from buffer pH 7.4 into octanol, the position of the absorption band due to the alpha, beta-unsaturated carbonyl chromophore shifts from 210 nm in the aqueous phase to 220 nm in the octanol phase. The shift is coupled to an increase in the molecular ellipticity of the band, suggesting the formation of a dissymmetric chromophore. Comparison of CD spectra of conformationally fixed analogues of warfarin to that of warfarin in solution suggests that the compound shifts from the open side chain keto form in the aqueous phase at pH 7.4 to the cyclic hemiketal form after partitioning into the lipid octanol phase. On the basis of these results, the hemiketal form is proposed as the preferred solution conformation of warfarin in the lipid environment of the active site of cytochrome P-450 and the relationship between solution conformation and stereoselectivity of warfarin metabolism by beta naphthoflavone inducible cytochrome P-450 is discussed. PMID- 6747994 TI - Synthetic CNS agents. 1. (+/-)-1,2,3,4,4a,5,10,10a-Octahydro-5,10[1',2'] benzenobenz[g]isoquinoline hydrochloride. A new, highly potent, potential antidepressant. PMID- 6747995 TI - Design, synthesis, and testing of potential antisickling agents. 4. Structure activity relationships of benzyloxy and phenoxy acids. AB - In this paper we further establish the activity of two classes of small molecules, benzyloxy and phenoxy acids, as potent inhibitors of hemoglobin S (HbS) gelation. Structural modifications with a large number of each class confirm our earlier work that the highest activity is observed with compounds that contain dihalogenated aromatic rings with attached polar side chains. We have also found a halogenated aromatic malonic acid derivative to be quite active. Compounds reported in this paper are compared with other antigelling agents studied in our laboratory. Comments are made concerning the antigelling activity and binding sites of four derivatives and their effect on the allosteric mechanism of hemoglobin (Hb) function. PMID- 6747996 TI - [(E)-1-[123I]Iodo-1-penten-5-yl]triphenylphosphonium iodide: convenient preparation of a potentially useful myocardial perfusion agent. AB - A rapid iodination method has been developed for the synthesis of the new 123I labeled phosphonium cation [(E)-1-iodo-1-penten-5-yl]triphenylphosphonium iodide by I+ treatment of the corresponding trans-vinylboronic acid. This new model myocardial perfusion agent is obtained after purification in 25-50% yield in less than 1 h. High myocardial uptake (5 min, 2.38% dose/g) with prolonged retention (3 h, 2.21% dose/g) was observed in rats. In addition, heart/blood ratios were high and continued to increase over a 1-day period (5 min, 17:1; 60 min, 23:1; 3 h, 27:1; 1 day, 158:1). In rats, the liver uptake was moderate (5 min, 1.40% dose/g; 60 min; 0.25% dose/g). Excellent myocardial images were obtained in a dog. PMID- 6747998 TI - Aedes triseriatus (Diptera: Culicidae) and La Crosse virus. III. Enhanced oral transmission by nutrition-deprived mosquitoes. PMID- 6747997 TI - cis-1,3,4,6,7,11b-Hexahydro-2-methyl-7-phenyl-2H-pyrazino[2,1-a] isoquinoline: a new atypical antidepressant. AB - Molecular modelling studies suggested the synthesis of cis-1,3,4,6,7, 11b hexahydro-2-methyl-7-phenyl-2H-pyrazino[2,1-a]isoquinoline (7a) as a rigid analogue of the atypical antidepressant mianserin. Acylation of 2,2 diphenylethylamine with chloroacetyl chloride gives the chloroacetamide (2). Cyclization of 2 with P2O5 in xylene provides 1-(chloromethyl)-3,4-dihydro-4 phenylisoquinoline (3). Amination of 3, followed by reduction, gives the isomeric (aminomethyl)tetrahydroisoquinolines (4a and 5). Treatment of 4a with diethyl oxalate, followed by reduction of the diamide with borane, provides 7a. A variety of N-substituted, aromatic substituted, and optically resolved derivatives were prepared and evaluated for anticholinergic, antihistaminic, and antidepressant activity. In particular, the target cis isomer 7a as predicted from the modelling studies appears to possess excellent atypical antidepressant activity. This activity resides in the (+)-S,S optical isomer 10, which has the same absolute configuration as (+)-mianserin. PMID- 6747999 TI - Three new species and new records of chiggers (acari: Trombiculidae) from the northwestern Hawaiian Islands. PMID- 6748000 TI - A new genus of trombiculine chiggers (Acari: Trombiculidae) from western North America. PMID- 6748001 TI - Blood feeding affects age-related changes in the host-seeking behavior of Aedes aegypti (Diptera: Culicidae) during oocyte maturation. PMID- 6748002 TI - Repellent tests against Leptotrombidium (Leptotrombidium) fletcheri (Acari: Trombiculidae). PMID- 6748003 TI - Development and survival of immature mosquitoes (Diptera: Culicidae) in Philippine rice fields. PMID- 6748004 TI - Venereal transmission of Sindbis virus between individuals of Aedes australis (Diptera: Culicidae). PMID- 6748005 TI - Evidence of the role of the cheliceral digits in the perception of genital sex pheromones during mating in the American dog tick, Dermacentor variabilis (Acari: Ixodidae). PMID- 6748006 TI - Thelytoky in the American dog tick, Dermacentor variabilis (Acari: Ixodidae). PMID- 6748007 TI - A checklist of types of Ixodoidea (Acari) in the collection of the Rocky Mountain Laboratories. PMID- 6748008 TI - Tick (Acari: Ixodidae) paralysis in dogs from northern California: acarological and clinical findings. PMID- 6748009 TI - A small collection of chiggers (Acari: Trombiculidae) from mammals collected in Paraguay. PMID- 6748010 TI - Ornithodoros (Alectorobius) yunkeri, new species (Acari: Ixodoidea: Argasidae), from seabirds and nesting sites in the Galapagos Islands. PMID- 6748011 TI - Relationships of larval rearing variables to fly attraction and oviposition responses in the screwworm, Cochliomyia hominivorax (Diptera: Calliphoridae). PMID- 6748012 TI - Homozygosity for autosomal dominant Marfan syndrome. AB - Marfan syndrome is an autosomal dominant condition with varying phenotypic manifestations. Affected persons are usually heterozygotes. A family is presented in which the gene for this syndrome is segregating in a large number of members. Two sibs suffered from unusually severe, identical, and fatal manifestations from birth, their parents having mild cardiovascular and somatic symptoms common in Marfan syndrome. Investigation of collagen biosynthesis in fibroblasts revealed no abnormalities in fibronectin and procollagen I and III synthesis and secretion or in the procollagen to collagen conversion. We suggest that these two sibs are examples of homozygosity for the Marfan syndrome gene, based on the large number of affected members, the absence of additional consanguinity, manifestation of the syndrome in both parents, and the severity of the disease in the two sibs. PMID- 6748013 TI - Carrier detection in the testicular feminisation syndrome: deficient 5 alpha dihydrotestosterone binding in cultured skin fibroblasts from the mothers of patients with complete androgen insensitivity. AB - Specific binding of 5 alpha-dihydrotestosterone (androgen receptor activity) could not be detected in cultured genital skin fibroblasts (GSF) from two patients with complete androgen insensitivity (CAI). In GSF from the mother of one patient, androgen receptor activity (8.5 fmol/mg cell protein) was reduced in comparison with controls (34.0 +/- 10.1 (SD) fmol/mg protein n = 15). These results favour X linked inheritance of CAI and X inactivation at the androgen receptor locus. Androgen receptors were not detected in GSF of the second mother. It appears that female carriers of CAI could be detected by decreased 5 alpha dihydrotestosterone binding in GSF. Androgen receptor activity was also undetectable in non-genital skin fibroblasts (NGSF) from the second mother and two further CAI patients. However, in 1 in 10 control NGSF lines androgen receptor activity was at the lower limit of assay sensitivity (1 to 2 fmol/mg protein) demonstrating that NGSF may not be reliable for family studies of androgen receptor deficiency. PMID- 6748014 TI - Risk estimates for neonatal myotonic dystrophy. AB - Children who inherit the autosomal dominant gene for myotonic dystrophy from their mother rather than their father may develop the severe neonatal type rather than the late onset type. The families of 22 neonatal type probands and 59 late onset type probands were studied to determine the risk of occurrence and recurrence of the neonatal type. The frequency of the neonatal type in sibs of neonatal type probands was 29%, or 37% if cases of neonatal deaths are counted as affected. This is significantly higher than the 6% of the neonatal type found in the offspring of affected women not ascertained through a child with the neonatal type. These data suggest that certain women carrying the gene for myotonic dystrophy are predisposed to have children affected with the neonatal type rather than the late onset type. The female near relatives of these women do not seem to share this predisposition. The data should be useful for genetic counseling. PMID- 6748015 TI - Orofaciodigital syndrome with mesomelic limb shortening. AB - Two sisters, the children of first cousin Pakistani Moslem parents, have unusual facies, tongue hamartomata, pre- and postaxial polydactyly, severe talipes, and mesomelic limb shortening associated with tibial dysplasia. Homozygosity for a recessive gene defect is probable. The phenotype resembles, but is distinct from, the orofaciodigital syndromes delineated to date. We suggest that this condition be labelled OFD IV. PMID- 6748016 TI - Cytological subdivision of the S phase of human cells in asynchronous culture. AB - A method is described for subdividing S phase cells in asynchronous cell cultures on the basis of replication band patterns produced in chromosomes by bromodeoxyuridine incorporation. The criteria used for cell classification are objective, requiring the presence or absence of specific bands on particular chromosomes, and therefore lead to subdivisions amenable to quantitative analysis and for comparative purposes. Two schemes are given: key 1, based on bands in chromosomes 2 and 5, leads to five sub-phases; and key 4, based on bands in chromosomes 3 and 4, leads to four sub-phases. The order of the sub-phases, though not their relative durations, is identical in the six primary cell cultures (four fibroblast and two lymphocyte) tested. The technique provides for a detailed study of the programme of chromosome replication in normal and abnormal cells which, in time, should produce new criteria for diagnostic purposes. PMID- 6748017 TI - An analysis of the parental age effect for inv dup (15). AB - Parental ages and birth order were analysed in 16 sporadic cases of inv dup (15) using the method of Smith. A significant maternal age effect was apparent (dm = 5.989, SE 1.86; df = 2.02, SE 2.496; db = 0.138, SE 0.46). PMID- 6748018 TI - Report of the Clinical Genetics Society Working Party on the role and training of clinical geneticists, September 1983. PMID- 6748019 TI - Fragile site at 12q13 associated with phenotypic abnormalities. AB - A dysmorphic 3 year old boy with severe psychomotor retardation is described. His karyotype was 45,XY,t(13q;14q)rob, fra (12q13). The relationship between fra(12q13) and the clinical picture is discussed. PMID- 6748020 TI - Inv dup (15) with mental retardation but few dysmorphic features. AB - We report a Scottish child with inv dup (15) and compare the clinical features with those of previously reported cases. Since the first report by Parker and Alfi in 1972, there have been 44 reports of patients with confirmed or suspected inv dup (15). The extra chromosomal material has been variously described, but in all cases there appears to be an additional G group sized chromosome in which both ends are derived from the short arm, centromere, and proximal long arm of chromosome 15. In most cases there are satellites at both ends of this extra chromosome. We report the first patient from Scotland with similar cytogenetic findings. PMID- 6748021 TI - Interstitial deletion of the short arm of chromosome 4. AB - A 17 year old girl investigated for mental retardation and minor anomalies was found to have an interstitial deletion of 4p. Her clinical and cytogenetic findings are compared with previous reported case of interstitial 4p deletion and with terminal 4p--deletions (Wolf-Hirschhorn syndrome). PMID- 6748022 TI - An unbalanced (6q;13q) translocation in a male with clinical features of Ehlers Danlos type II syndrome. AB - Ehlers-Danlos syndrome has been divided into several different types according to the variety and severity of clinical manifestations, and may follow autosomal dominant, autosomal recessive, or X linked patterns of inheritance. Only rarely have chromosome anomalies been seen in patients manifesting phenotypic features of the syndrome and most are considered insignificant. However, one case report involved a balanced t(9;17)(q34;q11) in a female with the clinical features of Ehlers-Danlos type I and IV syndromes and, as noted by McKusick: "It is possible, furthermore, that certain very rare syndromes that are transmitted in a Mendelian manner are the result of small chromosome aberrations, such as deletion or inversion, affecting the action of several genes". We present a 14 year old male with features of Ehlers-Danlos type II syndrome and an unbalanced (6q;13q) translocation. PMID- 6748023 TI - Mosaic hexasomy 21. AB - Cases in which there are more than three copies of a sex chromosome, and rarely of an autosome, have been reported, but to our knowledge hexasomy has never been described except in tissue undergoing neoplastic change. This report describes a female infant with multiple malformations in whom we found a mosaic hexasomy 21. This was first detected in amniotic fluid cells and subsequently in skin fibroblasts. PMID- 6748024 TI - De novo translocation involving chromosomes 2, 8, and 20. PMID- 6748025 TI - 49,XXYY, +18 in a liveborn male. PMID- 6748026 TI - Ring (13),t(2;6) associated with familial fragile (16). PMID- 6748027 TI - Whole arm translocation t(1;13) in an infertile man. PMID- 6748029 TI - Paradigms and problem-solving: a literature review. AB - Thomas Kuhn's conceptions of the influence of paradigms on the progress of science from the framework for analyzing how medical educators have approached research on medical problem-solving. Kuhn's ideas help to explain the often conflicting research results that have appeared over the last 20 years. Specifically, underlying assumptions about the problem-solving process are explored in light of data that demonstrate (a) low correlations between different measures of problem-solving, (b) inconsistent relationships between the amount of clinical experience and problem-solving ability, and (c) case specificity of performance. A new paradigm emphasizing multiple types of problems with varied solution strategies is proposed. PMID- 6748028 TI - Undergraduate medical education in prepaid health care plan settings. AB - The authors in this article focus on prepaid health care plan (PHCP) involvement in undergraduate medical education and report the results of two surveys undertaken to determine the extent of such involvement. Additionally, the authors provide a review of published studies that have examined the costs of such training. The survey findings show that current use of PHCPs for educational purposes is distributed throughout all four years of undergraduate medical education and is apparently on the rise. In addition to 26 medical schools reporting formal educational arrangements with health maintenance organizations, 35 other schools indicated that they either planned or were seriously considering such arrangements with PHCPs had ongoing ad hoc arrangements with PHCPs, or attributed their lack of an arrangement to an absence of appropriate opportunities rather than to any conceptual reservations. Three studies represented the extent of the published research that could be identified on the costs of formal undergraduate clinical training in PHCPs. Serious inconsistencies in the methodologies employed in those studies resulted in widely varying and even contradictory findings. PMID- 6748030 TI - Diversity in membership of medical school admissions committees. AB - Tradition has restricted the range of members on medical school admissions committees to medical school faculties. To test whether diversity among members of admissions committees may be as desirable as diversity among students, the University of Massachusetts Medical School (UMMS) sponsored a simulated admissions conference. The conference offered nonmedical professionals opportunities to critique the admissions process, to suggest new approaches, and to participate a simulated admissions procedure. The conferees identified and rank-ordered the 12 characteristics they considered desirable in medical school applicants. These were compared with the rankings of these characteristics by the UMMS Admissions Committee. The simulated admissions committee declared that undergraduate college grades and scores on the Medical College Admission Test were of subordinate significance to humanistic and philosophic values. However, when actually selecting from facsimile applications, the conferees placed greater emphasis on quantifiable data than they had expected. The conference emphasized the desirability of the cross-fertilization of ideas between nontraditional members and the actual admissions committee. PMID- 6748032 TI - Participation in continuing medical education of general practitioners in New Zealand. AB - Continuing professional education has become increasingly recognized as an essential element of a professional's working life. Because participation in continuing education is usually on a voluntary basis, it is essential that organizers of continuing education understand the patterns of participation among their prospective clientele. Such an understanding can help identify areas of deficiency in program provisions as well as indicate possible ways of rectifying them. The study reported here surveyed approximately one-third of all general practitioners in New Zealand on their present participation in continuing medical education (CME), their attitudes toward continuing learning, and their specific preferences for future CME programs. Although overall rates of CME participation are very high, there are nonetheless significant variations in the amount of continuing education that general practitioners undertake. The rate of CME participation appears to be linked with the general practitioner's degree of involvement in a wide range of professional activities, and those general practitioners who are only minimally involved have lower rates of CME participation. PMID- 6748031 TI - Graduate medical education and the law. AB - The law can become involved in graduate medical education in several contexts: (a) when applicants are denied admission to residency programs; (b) when residents are dismissed from programs; and (c) when residents, hospitals sponsoring residency programs, or attending physicians are sued for malpractice. A knowledge of the rights and responsibilities of residents, hospitals, and attending physicians is crucial if they are to avoid unnecessary litigation. The authors here review the law in this area and recommend guidelines to be followed by those areas of graduate medical education. PMID- 6748033 TI - Factors associated with behavior change in family physicians after CME presentation. AB - Registrants of a four-day family practice refresher course responded to a survey assessing their reaction to a brief presentation recommending the use of penile anesthesia in newborn circumcision. Of the 110 respondents who had attended that session, 56 percent reacted favorably to the recommendation, 27 percent rejected it, and 17 percent had mixed reactions. Twenty-three percent of the respondents who were performing circumcisions at the time of the survey said they began using the recommended procedure following the conference, most with good results. Those who did not adopt the recommendation said using penile anesthesia for newborn circumcision was unnecessary, potentially dangerous, or both. The results suggest that evaluation of behavior change resulting from continuing medical education efforts should consider attitudinal variables on the part of those attending conferences in addition to variables related to the overall quality of the conference. PMID- 6748034 TI - An evaluation of a preparation program for medical students who previously failed part I of the NBME examinations. PMID- 6748035 TI - An interdepartmental division of geriatric medicine. PMID- 6748036 TI - A learning-curve approach to the self-assessment of internal medicine training. PMID- 6748037 TI - Enhancing career opportunities in medicine and the sciences for minority students. PMID- 6748038 TI - Factors affecting the lethality of Campylobacter fetus subspecies jejuni in mice. AB - Intraperitoneal injection of Campylobacter fetus ss. jejuni into HAM/1CR mice was lethal, but viable counts of bacteria from whole body homogenates, organs and blood indicated that death was not due to sustained bacterial multiplication. Heat-killed organisms (5 X 10(9) cfu) injected into 7-day-old mice caused death within 24 h and this was shown to be due to endotoxin. Both ferric iron and heterologous lipopolysaccharide enhanced virulence; the LD50 was lowered from 1.8 X 10(9) cfu to 2.7 X 10(7) cfu when both were used. Three-day-old or adult animals survived challenge with Campylobacter fetus without clinical symptoms when challenged orally or by intravenous or intraperitoneal routes. PMID- 6748039 TI - Degradation of albumin, haemopexin, haptoglobin and transferrin, by black pigmented Bacteroides species. AB - Strains of six black-pigmented Bacteroides species and one un-named strain were examined for their ability to degrade the plasma proteins albumin, haemopexin, haptoglobin and transferrin. Strains of B. gingivalis were most effective, degrading all four plasma proteins at different rates. Strains of B. intermedius and B. asaccharolyticus showed intermediate activities, degrading different individual plasma proteins; strains of B. melaninogenicus, B. loeschei and B. denticola were least active, degrading only haemopexin. These findings are discussed in relation to the availability in tissue fluids of iron for bacterial growth. PMID- 6748040 TI - Vaginal carriage and neonatal acquisition of Clostridium difficile. AB - The relationship between vaginal carriage and subsequent neonatal acquisition of Clostridium difficile was investigated. Vaginal carriage of C. difficile was detected in 11% of women attending the Department of Genital Medicine Clinic. C. difficile was isolated from the vagina in 18% of 50 mothers before delivery, and 8% after delivery; 62% of their babies had positive faecal cultures. Eight of nine of the babies whose mothers had positive cultures before delivery became colonised with C. difficile, while 23 of 41 babies whose mothers had negative cultures became colonised. This suggests that both the vagina and the environment may act as sources of neonatal acquisition of C. difficile. Broth enrichment culture proved a more sensitive method for isolating C. difficile from the vagina than direct plate culture and should be used in such investigations. PMID- 6748041 TI - Fingerprinting Acinetobacter strains from clinical sources by numerical analysis of electrophoretic protein patterns. AB - A total of 57 strains of Acinetobacter calcoaceticus was fingerprinted by SDS PAGE of cellular protein. All strains were also examined by conventional, API and N/F-Tek methods, and antibiotic sensitivity patterns were determined. In general, using the API 20E and N/F-Tek methods, it was possible to assign isolates of A. calcoaceticus to the two accepted "biotypes" or "varieties", A.c. anitratus and A.c. lwoffi, but these methods did not offer useful subdivision of the biotypes. Gel electrophoresis permitted subdivision of the strains into clusters in a manner which suggests that the technique may be valuable in typing strains isolated during outbreaks of infection in hospital. PMID- 6748042 TI - Elucidation of the phagocytosis mechanism with the aid of luminous bacteria. AB - Phagocytosis of the luminous bacterium Vibrio cholerae var. albensis caused a similar decrease both in viable count and in the in-vivo luminescence. These effects of polymorphonuclear neutrophil leukocytes (PMN) were oxygen-dependent processes. Exposure of PMN to oxygen caused a prompt decrease in the luminescence of bacteria that had been ingested in anaerobic conditions. Cell-free supernates from active PMN suspensions caused a decrease in luminescence and as much as 10% of the killing could be attributed to extracellular killing. Similarly, bacteria entrapped on a membrane filter showed a decrease in luminescence upon addition of active PMN, even though they could not be ingested. PMID- 6748043 TI - Antinucleolar autoantibodies demonstrated by monolayers of human fibroblasts in sera from patients with systemic lupus erythematosus, progressive systemic sclerosis and chronic active hepatitis. AB - Antinucleolar antibody (ANoAb) was tested for in sera from 25 patients with systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE), 61 with progressive systemic sclerosis (PSS), 22 with chronic active hepatitis (CAH) and 28 healthy persons, using immunofluorescence reactivity with acetone-fixed monolayers of cultured human fibroblasts, and a procedure to reveal ANoAb when other antinuclear antibodies were concurrently present. ANoAb was found on direct testing in sera from 6 patients with SLE, 15 with PSS and 7 with CAH, but not in any of 28 sera from healthy persons; homogeneously reactive antinuclear antibody was also present in the serum of these 6 cases of SLE, in 6 of the 15 with PSS and in 3 of the 7 with CAH and, in SLE specifically, pre-treatment of fibroblast monolayers with DNase "unmasked" the presence of ANoAb in a further 7 sera which had shown only homogeneous nuclear staining in fibroblasts. ANoAb belonged to the IgG, IgM and IgA class in sera from cases of SLE and PSS, and to only the IgG and IgM class in sera from cases of CAH. ANoAb titres were highest in patients with PSS. ANoAb were sensitive to RNase in 5 cases, to RNase and DNase in 6, and were sensitive to combinations of RNase, DNase, NaC1, and trypsin in the remaining cases. We conclude that (i) fibroblast monolayers are a suitable substrate for the demonstration of ANoAb, (ii) homogeneous staining of cell nuclei may mask ANoAb, so that the incidence of ANoAb becomes higher in SLE than in PSS, (iii) low-titre ANoAb in CAH not visualized in frozen tissue sections may be detected on fibroblast monolayers, and (iv) nucleolar antigens probably include RNA, RNA bound to DNA, and RNA bound to proteins. PMID- 6748044 TI - Induction of impaired activation of lymphocytes by suppressive factor in Crohn's disease patients. AB - Lymphocyte proliferative response to phytohemagglutinin (PHA) and relevance of serum factors to the response were studied in 12 patients with Crohn's disease (CD). The lymphocyte proliferative response was markedly reduced in patients with Crohn's disease (S.I. = 38.8 +/- 36.8) (mean +/- SD), as compared with normal controls (S.I. = 100.6 +/- 28.6) (p less than 0.01). In addition, the effect of sera from patients with CD or 10 patients with ulcerative colitis (UC) who had extremely impaired lymphocyte responsiveness to PHA on the proliferative response of normal lymphocytes to PHA was also measured. Sera from CD patients had a marked suppressive effect on the blastogenesis of normal lymphocytes (S.I. = 46.4 +/- 28.5), as compared with normal sera (S.I. = 126.2 +/- 14.7) (p less than 0.001). On the other hand, UC sera did not suppress the blastogenesis of normal lymphocytes (S.I. = 114.9 +/- 27.7). Moreover, serum immunosuppressive acidic protein (IAP) levels in patients' sera were measured by single radial immunodiffusion assay. A marked increase in serum IAP levels was revealed both in CD patients (780 +/- 470 micrograms/ml) and in UC patients (601 +/- 278 micrograms/ml), as compared with normal controls (376 +/- 92 micrograms/ml) (p less than 0.001). But there was no precise correlation between the suppressive effect of sera and serum IAP levels in patients with CD. Thus, we demonstrated an impairment of the lymphocyte responsiveness to PHA in CD patients and the possible existence of immunosuppressive factors which is not identical with IAP in the sera from patients with CD. PMID- 6748045 TI - Fluorometric assay for anti-DNA antibodies: use of ethidium bromide as intercalating dye. AB - Autoantibodies against double-stranded DNA in the sera of patients with various autoimmune diseases have been examined by fluorometric assay using ethidium bromide as intercalating dye. Forty-three per cent of SLE patients, 14% of SLE patients with overlapping PSS, 20% of PSS patients and none of the RA and SS patients were positive for anti-DNA antibodies. The method was found to be more sensitive than immunoprecipitation techniques and comparable with the hemagglutination assay. The technique is simple, sensitive, specific and can be employed for the detection of low concentration of anti-DNA antibodies. PMID- 6748046 TI - Chemotactic behaviour of peripheral and synovial neutrophils during rifamycin SV therapy in rheumatoid arthritis. AB - The effect exerted by rifamycin SV, used intra-articularly in the treatment of rheumatoid arthritis, on polymorph function was studied. Random and directional locomotion of synovial fluid neutrophils was compared with that of peripheral blood cells in 10 patients followed up during 5 drug applications. PMNs from the two sources were characterized by different responsiveness to this pharmacological agent: blood cells activated chemotaxis in a dose-response way during rifamycin therapy, whereas synovial polymorphs did not modify their locomotor behaviour. It is proposed that the presence of immune complexes and/or factors produced by cell-cell interactions in the articular space may change the synovial neutrophil response to stimuli. PMID- 6748047 TI - Analysis of sera from ovarian cancer patients for immune complexes. AB - In contrast to other malignancies, circulating immune complexes (CICS) are usually not detected by conventional assays in the sera of ovarian cancer patients. However, a polyethylene glycol (PEG) precipitation assay has been reported to detect putative CICS in ovarian cancer. To determine if CICS were indeed present, we analyzed sera from 12 women with ovarian cancer. All were negative for CICS by the Raji cell assay; 5 (42%) were positive by the PEG assay. However, the PEG precipitate did not possess characteristics of immune complexes. IgG in sera or in the precipitate sedimented in sucrose gradients solely at the same rate as 7S monomeric IgG. In addition, the precipitates were not able to activate the complement system and the four IgG subclasses were present in the same relative concentration as that found in normal serum. The results suggest that it is probably a misnomer to label the material detected in ovarian cancer sera by the PEG precipitation assay as CICS. Instead a non-immune interaction of IgG with other components, possibly membrane fragments, is probably being measured. PMID- 6748048 TI - Circulating immune complexes and sperm antibodies following vasectomy in Austrian men. AB - The incidence of circulating immune complexes (CICs) following vasectomy in men and the timing of their appearance and disappearance remain unsettled. A prospective study was initiated to measure CICs and sperm antibody formation in 44 Austrian men undergoing a vasectomy. Using the Raji cell assay, the incidence of CICs was 11% (5 of 44) prior to surgery, 24% (10 of 42) at 2-3 months, 10% (1 of 10) at 4-6 months and 0% (0 of 23) at 15-26 months following surgery. The incidence of sperm antibodies, employing a sperm agglutination assay and an enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay, was 7% (3 of 44), 17% (9 of 52), 25% (3 of 12) and 27% (3 of 11), at 0, 2-6, 15-20 and 21-26 months following vasectomy, respectively. CICs and sperm antibody levels were not correlated at any time point. These results support previous studies indicating a transient increase in the incidence of CICs, detectable by the Raji cell assay, only at early times following vasectomy. PMID- 6748049 TI - The detection of circulating immune complexes containing immunoglobulin G. AB - An immune complex assay using radiolabelled immunospecific antibodies against human IgG and polyethylene glycol precipitation (IgG-PEG assay) is described. The material reactive in this assay was evaluated using aggregated immunoglobulins, immune complexes prepared in vitro, sera of patients with a variety of disorders and normal human serum. Sucrose density gradient ultracentrifugation showed that only large-sized immune complexes (greater than 25 S) were detected. Comparison of the results of the IgG-PEG assay with those of the C1q binding assay showed a highly significant positive correlation (p less than 0.001). It was found that rheumatoid factors do not influence the results of the IgG-PEG assay. The method described in this study detects specifically immune complexes containing IgG and might be extended to the detection of other constituents of circulating immune complexes. PMID- 6748050 TI - The specific detection of IgG, IgA and the complement components C3 and C4 in circulating immune complexes. AB - Four immune complex assays (PEG assays) are described; they are based on the binding of radio-labelled immunospecific antibodies to immune complexes containing IgG, IgA, C3 or C4, and subsequent precipitation with polyethylene glycol. Comparison of the results of the IgA-PEG assay with those of an existing immune complex assay (alpha-IgA-InhBA) showed that the former detects only large sized (greater than 25 S) material. This was also demonstrated by sucrose density gradient ultracentrifugation of immune complexes in patients' sera as well as in preparations of aggregates containing IgA, C3 or C4. By using aggregates of mixed composition (IgG, IgA, C3 and C4) it was shown that each constituent could be detected by one of the 4 assays. Immune complexes containing the various constituents could also be detected in sera of patients with a variety of disorders. Further studies are needed to establish whether these constituents occur within the same complex or within different complexes. PMID- 6748051 TI - Yeast opsonization and phagocytosis studied by a visual assay and measurement of neutrophil chemiluminescence. AB - Yeast opsonization was examined by a visual phagocytic assay which identified intracellular particles by means of staining with reduced nitroblue tetrazolium, and by measurement of the chemiluminescent response of neutrophils to opsonized particles. With both assays optimal opsonization was dependent on the classical complement pathway at lower serum concentrations, however, alternative pathway activity alone was able to opsonic optimally at higher serum concentrations. Examination of the complement pathway and opsonic activity of sera from 17 children with atopic dermatitis revealed 2 subjects with defective alternative pathway lytic activity. There was no significant difference in the opsonic activity between atopic children and control subjects. This investigation does not confirm the suggestion that yeast opsonization is a common defect in atopic individuals and indicates yeast can be opsonized by both classical and alternative pathways. PMID- 6748052 TI - Interrelations among Na and K content, cell volume, and buoyant density in human red blood cell populations. AB - This study establishes a method for determining the concentration of Na and K in single red blood cells from electron probe microanalysis of a cell's Na and K content. To this end, red blood cells were separated into subpopulations according to their buoyant density by means of bovine serum density gradient centrifugation. Cell water and Na + K contents were then determined in each fraction by conventional analytic methods with cell volume estimated from measurements of hematocrits and cell number. It was found that an inverse relationship obtains between the mean cell volume and buoyant cell density since cells increased in size as density decreased. Although the amount of hemoglobin per cell was found to slightly increase as cell density decreased, hemoglobin concentration showed the inverse relationship, indicating that buoyant cell density differences are primarily the result of differences in hemoglobin concentration. In confirmation of Funder and Wieth (Funder, J., Wieth, J.O. 1966. Scand. J. Lab. Invest. 18:167-180) cell water and cell volume was found to vary directly with the summed content of Na + K. Finally, by means of electron probe microanalysis of single cells, the cellular concentration of hemoglobin was found to vary inversely with the Na + K content, providing a quantitative basis for directly estimating cell volume, and thus ionic concentration, with this technique. PMID- 6748053 TI - Isolation and compositional analysis of secretion granules and their membrane subfraction from the rat parotid gland. AB - A secretory granule fraction has been isolated from rat parotid by discontinuous gradient centrifugation using hyperosmotic sucrose-Ficoll solutions of low ionic strength. The secretion granule fraction comprises 25% of the total tissue alpha amylase activity and is judged to be of high purity, both morphologically and by its low level of contamination by enzyme activities associated with other organelles. Secretion granules were lysed by capitalizing on their lability in KCl-containing media, and the low density granule membranes were separated from residual organelle and soluble contaminants by flotation in a sucrose gradient. Residual, poorly extractable secretory contaminants of the granule membrane subfraction were selectively removed by a saponin- (10 micrograms/ml) Na2SO4 (0.3 M) wash, apparently with negligible disruption of granule membrane structure. Based on detailed consideration of the extent of contamination by residual mitochondria and incompletely removed secretory polypeptides, it is possible to estimate that approximately 95% of the protein associated with the purified secretion granule membrane is bona fide granule membrane protein. Further analyses indicate that gamma-glutamyltransferase constitutes a marker enzymatic activity shared by granule membranes and the apical domain of the plasma membrane. Sodium dodecyl sulfate (SDS)-polyacrylamide gel electrophoretograms of radio-iodinated granule membrane polypeptides are characterized by 20-25 radioactive bands of which 5-6 are suggested to be glycoproteins by virtue of their binding of concanavalin A. The limited polypeptide composition of the secretion granule membrane (in comparison to membranes of other cellular compartments) and the high phospholipid-protein ratio (4.4 mg/mg) may reflect the functional specialization of this storage container for secretory proteins. PMID- 6748056 TI - Effects of different stimulus manipulations of the acquisition of word recognition in trainable mentally retarded children. AB - The present study was designed to assess the efficacy of different procedures for establishing transfer of stimulus control from pictorial representations to printed words in trainable mentally retarded school children. The study consisted of two experiments. In experiment 1, four training conditions were used, i.e. two conditions (stimulus shaping and stimulus connected prompt fading) in which the subjects' attention was guided to the training stimuli, and two conditions (stimulus disconnected prompt fading and no fading) in which the subjects were allowed to respond only to the prompts. The results showed that stimulus shaping and stimulus connected prompt fading were far more effective than either one of the other procedures. Subsequent analyses revealed that 1 the stimulus control of the trained words was restricted to one or two letters, and 2 in case it was restricted to one letter, this was frequently a letter other than the one used for training. Furthermore, it was noted that the learned discriminations deteriorated as time or training progressed. Experiment 2 was designed to replicate some of the findings of experiment 1, and to control for one of the variables contributing to the superior efficiency of stimulus shaping over stimulus connected prompt fading. In general, the results of this experiment confirmed those obtained in experiment 1. PMID- 6748055 TI - Effect of temperature on the occluding junctions of monolayers of epithelioid cells (MDCK). AB - In previous works it was demonstrated that the monolayer of MDCK cells behaves as a leaky epithelium where the electrical resistance across reflects the sealing capacity of the occluding junction. In the present work we study whether this sealing capacity can be modified by temperature and whether this is accompanied by changes in the structure of the occluding junction. Monolayers were prepared on disks of nylon cloth coated with collagen and mounted as a flat sheet between two Lucite chambers. The changes in resistance elicited by temperature were large (306% between 3 and 37 degrees C), fast (less than 2 sec), and reversible. An Arrhenius plot of conductance versus the inverse of temperature shows a broken curve (between 22 and 31 degrees C), and the activation energies calculated (3.2 and 4.0 kcal X mol-1) fall within the expected values for processes of simple diffusion. The morphology of the occluding junction was evaluated in freeze fracture replicas by counting the number of strands and the width of the band occupied by the junction every 133 nm. In spite of the change by 306% of the electrical resistance and the phase transition, we were unable to detect any appreciable modification of the morphology of the occluding junction. Since the freeze-fracture replicas also show a density of intramembrane particles (IMP) different in the apical from that in the basolateral regions of the plasma membrane, as well as differences between face E and face P, we also investigated whether this is modified by temperature. Cold increases the population of IMP, but does not affect their polarization with the incubation time it takes to elicit changes in electrical resistance. PMID- 6748057 TI - Aicardi's syndrome: (agenesis of the corpus callosum, infantile spasms, and ocular anomalies). AB - A case of Aicardi's syndrome is reported. A 12-year-old mentally handicapped female has all the characteristics of the syndrome: agenesis of the Corpus callosum; female infant with mental handicap, epilepsy, characteristic eye lesions, vertebral anomalies and abnormal EEG pattern. The results of supporting examination and investigations are noted. PMID- 6748054 TI - Electrical effects of potassium and bicarbonate on proximal tubule cells of Necturus. AB - The effects of stepwise concentration changes of K+ and HCO3- in the basolateral solution on the basolateral membrane potential (Vbl) of proximal tubule cells of the doubly-perfused Necturus kidney were examined using conventional microelectrodes. Apparent transference numbers were calculated from changes in Vb1 after alterations in external K+ concentration from 1.0 to 2.5 mM (tK, 1.0 2.5), 2.5 to 10, and in external HCO3- concentration (at constant pH) from 5 to 10 mM (tHCO3, 5-10), 10 to 20, or 10 to 50. tK, 2.5-10 was 0.38 +/- 0.02 under control conditions but was sharply reduced to 0.08 +/- 0.03 (P greater than 0.001) by 4 mM Ba++. This concentration of Ba++ reduced Vb1 by 9 +/- 1 mV (at 2.5 external K+). Perfusion with SITS (5 X 10(-4)M) for 1 hr hyperpolarized Vb1 by 10 +/- 3 mV and increased tK, 2.5-10 significantly to 0.52 +/- 0.01 (P less than 0.001). Ba++ application in the presence of SITS depolarized Vb1 by 22 +/- 3 mV. In control conditions tHCO3, 10-50 was 0.63 +/- 0.05 and was increased to 0.89 +/ 0.07 (P less than 0.01) by Ba++ but was decreased to 0.14 +/- 0.02 (P less than 0.001) by SITS. In the absence of apical and basolateral chloride, the response of Vb1 to bicarbonate was diminished but still present (tHO3, 10-20 was 0.35 +/- 0.03). Intracellular pH, measured with liquid ion-exchange microelectrodes, increased from 7.42 +/- 0.19 to 7.57 +/- 0.17 (P less than 0.02) when basolateral bicarbonate was increased from 10 to 20 mM at constant pH. These data show that the effects of bicarbonate on Vb1 are largely independent of effects on the K+ conductance and that there is a significant current-carrying bicarbonate pathway in the basolateral membrane.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS) PMID- 6748058 TI - Issues in the development of language intervention programmes. AB - An attempt has been made in this paper to address some issues involved in the development of language intervention programmes. The relative neglect of 'language' in the paper is justified by the importance of more general issues. After cursory attention to prescriptiveness in programmes, the concentration has been on the 'training of the trainers' and the need for an adequate and effective instructional model. Particular attention is given to evaluation and the need for a design which while acknowledging the practicalities of life in the field can nevertheless assist in determining the effects of the intervention (with a nod in the direction of casting the net sufficiently wide to encompass possible unintended effects). Finally, there is discussion of implementation, covering guidelines to bear in mind the developing the intervention and stressing that without successful implementation even the most effective programme fails, as it disappears like water in to the sands of the desert. PMID- 6748059 TI - Measurement of cellular elastic properties by acoustic microscopy. AB - The acoustic microscope is used to investigate the elastic properties of living biological cells. A quantitative model is developed relating acoustic microscope image contrast to cellular elastic properties. Cytoplasmic acoustic attenuation is measured by focusing the acoustic microscope on the surface of the underlying substrate. Cytoplasmic acoustic impedance is measured by focusing the acoustic microscope on the top surface of the cell. The model allows the acoustic microscope to give quantitative information about cellular elasticity on a subcellular scale. PMID- 6748060 TI - Quantitative analysis of pore patterns on rat prostate nuclei using spatial statistics methods. AB - Spatial statistics methods have been used to analyse the nuclear pore pattern in rat ventral prostate nuclei isolated from adult animals. The observed results show that: (1) pores on prostate nuclear membranes are not randomly distributed; (2) the data sets obtained from different micrographs are consistent with the same statistical model thus suggesting the existence of a typical pore distribution. PMID- 6748061 TI - A simple inexpensive cryogenic storage device for microscopy specimens. AB - Cryogenic storage devices for microscopy specimens are costly and may require a particular size or type of dewar. Described here is a simple inexpensive storage container for small specimens (less than 5 mm in diameter) which can be constructed in less than 15 min from common laboratory materials. The unit is modular in design, can fit into any thermos type dewar and is reusable. PMID- 6748062 TI - Locational stereology performed within sampling fields in rat aortic wall, a polarized tissue. AB - One-dimensional structural localization on a scale approximating the sizes of the structures themselves is accomplished for polarized tissue by a new microcomputer based stereological method The tissue of interest is the inner rat aortic wall, viewed by transmission electron microscopy. Particular attention is given to the interface between intima and media. Locational analysis of smooth muscle cells, elastin, collagen and other structures near this interface can be performed. The key to accomplishing the analysis within a reasonable time rests with a microcomputer program which simultaneously records structure codes from the microcomputer keyboard and X,Y-coordinates from an electronic digitizing board. The stereological solution to this problem is applicable to a wide range of situations with polarized geometries. PMID- 6748063 TI - An improved method for rapid electron microscopic autoradiography. PMID- 6748064 TI - A unidirectional temperature gradient stage for solidification studies in aqueous solutions. AB - A low temperature light microscope stage has been designed and fabricated for quantitative analysis of the solidification of aqueous solutions. Thermal boundary conditions are controlled during freezing so as to enable direct comparison of data with complementary theoretical models. Evolution of the temperature distribution within the system is monitored by a one-dimensional thermocouple array, and growth of the phase interface is measured via a displacement transducer. The two-dimensional solution concentration field is assessed by computer densitometric analysis of the grey scale distribution for a light absorbing solute. Experimental and theoretical analyses of freezing processes with the stage correlate well, and the data base is shown to be internally consistent by independent thermal and mechanical measures of the interface velocity. PMID- 6748065 TI - A simple and inexpensive liquid helium cooled 'slam freezing' device. AB - A liquid helium cooled copper block device has been designed for the rapid freezing of biological material. The apparatus differs from previous designs in being easily constructed from readily available components. It incorporates a novel and simplified specimen carrying system. Construction of this apparatus is possible for any laboratory and makes the advantages of freeze substitution reliably available for many cell types at minimal cost. PMID- 6748066 TI - Measuring social support: a synthesis of current approaches. AB - Definitions and concepts of social support are reviewed in an attempt to develop a theoretical structure for future research. Fourteen techniques for measuring social support are assessed to ascertain the degree to which they reflect common theoretical elements. A paradigm that should help to focus research efforts on the construction of a systematic knowledge base about social support is proposed. PMID- 6748067 TI - Harassment, hostility, and type A as determinants of cardiovascular reactivity during competition. AB - Anger/hostility and Type A behavior have been implicated in elevated cardiovascular reactivity and disease. In the present experiment systolic blood pressure (SBP), diastolic blood pressure (DBP), and heart rate (HR) were monitored during conditions of competition alone or in conjunction with goal blocking or harassment. Cardiovascular reactivity was examined as a function of conditions, Type A or B pattern, and various measures of anger/hostility. Harassment elicited significantly elevated SBP and HR changes relative to goal blocking and control conditions. Type As reliably exceeded Type Bs in magnitude of SBP change during the harassment condition only. However, exploratory analyses correlating anger/hostility measures and cardiovascular reactivity indicated that only subjects scoring high on the Buss-Durkee Hostility Inventory showed significantly elevated SBP reactivity as a function of Type A behavior pattern, rated hostility during the A-B interview, or outward expression of anger assessed by the Framingham Anger-In vs Anger-Out Scale. PMID- 6748068 TI - Cue enhancement and the long-term practice of breast self-examination. AB - This study investigates the stimulus control of breast self-examination (BSE) using two methods of cue enhancement: self-managed use of calendars with sticker reminders and monthly reminder postcards. One hundred eighty-nine women patient volunteers with or without menstrual cycles ("cyclic" or "non-cyclic") were randomly assigned to experimental conditions after an initial interview and teaching session. Their monthly BSE records, returned by mail during the 6-month experimental period, constituted the major dependent measure of the study. Results indicate an overall positive effect of postcard reminders and a positive effect for self-management for the cyclic women only. In addition, noncyclic women practiced BSE at a higher rate than cyclic women. A subsequent analysis clarified these results substantially by showing that timing of the postcard and use of self-management account for these group differences. Thus, the interventions seem to be extraordinarily effective in obtaining high rates of BSE over 6 months provided only that they can be appropriately instituted. During the postexperimental period, the rate of BSE practice declined, especially in the postcard conditions. Results are discussed in terms of the applicability of behavioral analysis to intractable problems of patient compliance. PMID- 6748069 TI - Coronary-prone behavior attitudes in moderate to severe coronary artery occlusion. AB - This study was undertaken to clarify the relationship between coronary artery occlusion (CAO) and coronary-prone behavior attitudes (CPBA) in a large coronary arteriography population. A group of 2451 male patients responded to a questionnaire prior to coronary arteriography. Ten questions from the questionnaire, selected to form a scale measuring CPBA, were found to be reliably associated with standard measures of Type A behavior. No differences in CPBA were found when the group was divided into mild, moderate, and severe CAO, but angina pectoris (AP) tended to increase from mild to severe CAO. Multiple regression analysis confirmed that CPBA were independently associated with AP but were not associated with CAO. These findings suggest that angina pectoris is an important intervening variable between CPBA and CAO and that the relationship of AP in a population should be carefully considered before conclusions are drawn as to the relationship between CPBA and CAO. PMID- 6748070 TI - Physical activity, smoking, and exercise-induced fatigue. AB - This study determined whether persons with coronary risk factors have increased fatigue during or after exercise. Ratings of perceived exertion were first shown to be a valid measure of fatigue; i.e., ratings of perceived exertion correlated with heart rate both during and after exercise and at each of three exercise tests (all within-subjects r greater than 0.88). Physical inactivity and smoking were associated with increased fatigue. Inactive men and smokers had higher levels of fatigue during both exercise and recovery conditions and at each of three exercise test. The increased fatigue of men who were inactive and smoked was not entirely due to their lower level of fitness. The risk factors of age, Type A behavior pattern, blood pressure, serum cholesterol, serum high-density lipoprotein, and obesity were not associated with increased fatigue. The increased fatigue experienced by inactive persons and smokers may account for their decreased compliance to exercise programs. PMID- 6748071 TI - Single- and successive-site EMG training in responding to anticipated pain. AB - In a comparison among relaxation procedures, 32 college students were assigned to four group of equal size. Electromyographic response training was given with biofeedback (EMG training) on the forehead (frontal area) alone, on the frontal area, neck (sternomastoid), and forearm areas in succession, or on these three sites in conjunction with recorded relaxation instructions used at home. Relative to a control group, which received no training, the three biofeedback-trained groups maintained lower EMG levels on the frontal and sternomastoid sites, and the group provided with the relaxation instructions plus EMG training showed lower skin conductance levels. These patterns were generally maintained during the presentation of a stimulus (stressor) that ostensibly signaled an impending electric shock. Other measures, including peripheral temperatures and self reported anxiety, also showed effects consistent with the stressor presentations but did not differentiate the groups. The results are discussed in terms of common clinical relaxation procedures, an alternative procedure for training several sites simultaneously, and implications for models of EMG training and arousal. PMID- 6748073 TI - Pulmonary mycetomas. PMID- 6748072 TI - Psychometric properties of the SUNYA revision of the Psychosomatic Symptom Checklist. AB - The Psychosomatic Symptom Checklist (PSC), a questionnaire assessing psychosomatic symptoms, was administered to two separate samples of college students. For Sample 1 (N = 698), the questionnaire was readministered to three separate subsets at intervals of either 1 week (N = 143), 4 weeks (N = 74), or 8 weeks (N = 48). Each subset of subjects recompleted the PSC on only one of the three retest intervals. Based on the initial administration an analysis of the normative data revealed a mean total score of 23.7, suggesting a relatively low degree of psychosomatic symptoms in this group. Although total scores decreased slightly over time, test-retest correlations remained high (r greater than 0.80, P less than 0.0001). Individual item correlations was greater than r = 0.50 throughout. Sample 2 (N = 249) completed the PSC, Beck Depression Assertiveness Scale (RAS), and intercorrelations were computed between these measures. This analysis revealed little overlap between the psychosomatic complaints assessed by the PSC and other commonly used measures of psychological distress. Finally, a factor analysis revealed one major factor on which all but 2 of the 17 questionnaire items loaded significantly. These results suggest that the PSC is sensitive to psychosomatic distress and remains reliable over time. PMID- 6748074 TI - New concepts in the management of venous varicosities and stasis ulceration. PMID- 6748075 TI - Radiologic seminar CCXXXVIII: mammography--benefit and risk. PMID- 6748076 TI - Image analysis of the heavy form of the acetylcholine receptor from Torpedo marmorata. AB - The structure of the heavy (H) form of the acetylcholine receptor, which comprises two covalently linked 250,000 Mr oligomers, has been investigated by numerical analysis of electron microscope images. Na-cholate solubilized Torpedo marmorata H-form receptor was reintegrated into artificial lipid vesicles and negatively stained with uranyl acetate prior to imaging in a conventional transmission microscope. The reconstituted preparations exhibited the standard polypeptide composition of the purified receptor (alpha 2 beta gamma delta) and the same transmembrane arrangement as in the native subsynaptic membrane. Covalent disulfide linkage between the two oligomers took place exclusively through the delta chains. In agreement with previous work (Cartaud et al., 1980) the H-form appeared as "doublets" of two coplanar 9 nm rosettes at a center-to center distance of 9.2 +/- 1.1 nm. The relative angular orientation of the two rosettes in a doublet was examined by correlation analysis in the real space. It exhibited a marked variability, few of the doublets featuring any kind of symmetry, suggesting that the two oligomers of a doublets are connected via an extended and flexible chain or loop. The area of contact between the two rosettes of a doublet therefore does not necessarily represent a reliable clue as to the location of the delta chain within the structure. Averaged images obtained after reorientation and summation of up to 132 rosettes revealed the three major peaks and the two grooves already observed in previous studies. Two additional smaller peaks were identified. Tentative assignment of structural details to individual subunits was deduced from an examination of alpha-bungarotoxin-labeled doublets. The alpha subunits, which carry part or all of the acetylcholine binding sites, are probably located in nonadjacent positions in the vicinity of the newly found peaks. This assignment is consistent with the image analysis of receptor-toxin complexes recently reported by Zingsheim et al. (1982b). PMID- 6748077 TI - Modulation of mutation rates in bacteriophage T4 by a base-pair change a dozen nucleotides removed. AB - Neighboring base-pairs are known to affect site-specific mutability. A previous analysis had suggested that such effects might decrease rapidly with distance. Here, however, we demonstrate a longer-range (unneighborly) base-pair effect on site-specific mutabilities: a single base-pair substitution substantially alters transition mutation rates at sites more than ten base-pairs away. DNA sequencing carried out during this analysis extends the known sequence of the rIIA cistron by 333 residues. PMID- 6748078 TI - Crystalline fibril structure of type II collagen in lamprey notochord sheath. AB - We report here the existence of a crystalline molecular packing of type II collagen in the fibrils of the lamprey notochord sheath. This is the first finding of a crystalline structure in any collagen other than type I. The lamprey notochord sheath has a composition similar to that of cartilage, with type II collagen, a minor collagen component with 1 alpha, 2 alpha and 3 alpha chains, and cartilage-like proteoglycan. The high degree of orientation of fibrils in the notochord makes it possible to use X-ray diffraction to determine collagen fibril organization in this type II-containing tissue. The low angle equatorial scattering shows the fibrils are all about 17 nm in diameter and have an average center-to-center separation of 31 nm. These results are supported by electron microscope observations. A set of broad equatorial diffraction maxima at higher angles represents the sampling of the collagen molecular transform by a limited crystalline lattice, extending over a lateral dimension close to the diameter of one fibril. This indicates that each 17 nm fibril contains a crystalline array of molecules and, although a unit cell is difficult to determine because of the broad overlapping reflections, it is clear that the quasi-hexagonal triclinic unit cell of type I collagen in rat tail tendon is not consistent with the data. The meridional diffraction pattern showed 26 orders with the characteristic 67 nm periodicity found for tendon. However, the intensities of these reflections differ markedly from those found for tendon and cannot be explained by an unmodified gap/overlap model within each 67 nm period. Both X-ray diffraction and electron microscope data indicate a low degree of contrast along the fibril axis and are consistent with a periodic binding of a non-collagenous component in such a way as to obscure the gap region. PMID- 6748079 TI - Two-state model for bacterial chemoreceptor proteins. The role of multiple methylation. AB - To help understand the bacterial chemotactic response of excitation and adaptation, we propose a simple two-state model for receptor proteins (methyl accepting chemotaxis proteins), in the light of evidence that they undergo multiple methylation in a preferred order. The model includes the following assumptions. (1) The receptor protein is in rapid equilibrium between two conformations, S and T, and the equilibrium shifts towards the T form as the number of methyl groups increases. (2) Attractants bind to the S form of the receptor, repellents bind to the T form, and both classes of ligand shift the S/T equilibrium according to the mass-action law. (3) The S form of the receptor accepts methyl groups one by one in a definite order, while the T form releases the methyl groups in the reverse order. Methylation and demethylation are slow reactions, and changes in the total number of methyl groups lag behind shifts in the S/T equilibrium. (4) The pattern of bacterial swimming at any moment is determined by the partition of the receptor between the two conformations, with tumbling frequency being a monotonically increasing function of the total T fraction of the receptor. This model shows that, if the receptor satisfies two sets of relationships imposed on its equilibrium and kinetic constants, it can maintain the steady-state total T fraction essentially constant over a broad range of ligand concentration, enabling cells to adapt to large changes in chemical environment. A stepwise change in ligand concentration leads to a rapid change in the total T fraction (excitation), followed by a slow relaxation process (adaptation). Computer simulations have been made of the whole response process, employing a receptor with six methylation sites per molecule and assuming simple sets of parameters. The results are in general agreement with published data on receptor methylation, as well as with a variety of observations of bacterial chemoresponse. Multiple methylation of the receptor proves to be necessary for the cells to respond sensitively to environmental changes. PMID- 6748080 TI - X-ray diffraction analysis of crystals of bovine platelet factor 4. AB - Bovine platelet factor 4 has been crystallized by "vapor dilution" in space group P2(1)2(1)2(1), a = 63.7 A, b = 66.7 A, c = 80.5 A, with four molecules, each 9505 Mr, in the asymmetric unit. The crystals diffract X-rays to better than 2.8 A resolution. PMID- 6748081 TI - Morphology, function and isolation of halobacterial flagella. AB - Halobacterium halobium has right-handed helical flagella. During the logarithmic phase of growth, cells are predominantly monopolar, whereas in the stationary phase they are mostly bipolarly flagellated. The flagellar bundle consists of several filaments. Halobacteria swim forward by clockwise and backwards by counterclockwise rotation of their flagella. The flagellar bundle does not fly apart when the sense of rotation changes. In addition to the flagella attached to the cells, large amounts of loose flagella, which aggregate into thick super flagella, can be observed at all phases of growth. During stationary phase, the production of these super-flagella, which are generally 10 to 20 times longer than the cell body, is significantly higher. Dissociation and association by high temperature and differential centrifugation allow the isolation of pure flagella. Three different protein bands, of 23,500, 26,500 and 31,500 apparent molecular weights, are seen on sodium dodecyl sulphate/polyacrylamide gels. Antibodies against halobacterial flagella were produced in chicken; these antibodies interact with the flagella even in 4 M-NaCl. Rotation of tethered cells demonstrates that Halobacteria move due to the rotation of the flagella. PMID- 6748082 TI - DNA binding spectrum of the carcinogen N-acetoxy-N-2-acetylaminofluorene significantly differs from the mutation spectrum. AB - The 3'----5' exonuclease activity of bacteriophage T4 DNA polymerase is found to be blocked in the vicinity of the N-2-acetylaminofluorene (-AAF) adducts to DNA. This observation allowed us to determine the binding spectrum of the -AAF adducts along a given DNA sequence. The mutation spectrum in a forward mutation assay within this same sequence has been established. Comparison between the -AAF binding spectrum and the mutation spectrum shows that there is no direct correlation. PMID- 6748083 TI - Some x-ray diffraction patterns from single crystals of the large ribosomal subunit from Bacillus stearothermophilus. AB - X-ray diffraction patterns of three-dimensional crystals of the large ribosomal subunit from Bacillus stearothermophilus have been obtained using a synchrotron radiation beam. The patterns contain resolved diffraction spots and indicate packing in relatively small unit cells, the dimensions of which have been tentatively determined. The internal order of the crystals, as reflected in these patterns, has been correlated with the size, shape and conditions of growth of these crystals. PMID- 6748084 TI - T4 DNA polymerase. Rates and processivity on single-stranded DNA templates. AB - Three different methods have been used to determine the rate at which an individual bacteriophage T4 DNA polymerase molecule moves when synthesizing DNA on a single-stranded DNA template chain. These methods agree in suggesting an in vitro rate for this enzyme of about 250 nucleotides per second at 37 degrees C. This rate is close to the rate at which bacteriophage T4 replication forks move in vivo (about 500 nucleotides per second). Comparison with the overall amount of DNA synthesis seen in in vitro reactions reveals that only a small fraction of the T4 DNA polymerase molecules present are synthesizing DNA at any one time. This is explicable in terms of the limited processivity of the enzyme in these reactions, along with its capacity for non-productive DNA binding to the DNA template molecules. PMID- 6748085 TI - Ultrastructure of a complex epithelial system: the pharyngeal lining of the larval lamprey Petromyzon marinus. AB - Electron microscopy shows that the pharyngeal lining of the larval lamprey Petromyzon marinus is a structurally complex epithelial system that can be separated into eight epithelial types: gill lamellar, gill interlamellar, goblet cell, protective, terminal (taste) bud, preciliated, ciliated in tracts, and ciliated in grooves. Furthermore, these epithelial types encompass at least sixteen different cell types based on ultrastructure and, in some cases, correlative histochemistry (PAS, Alcian blue). Common to nearly all the epithelial types are basal cells and intermediate cells. These two cell types are seen as undifferentiated. Among mature cells, structural specialization as proceeded in three directions: 1) elaboration of mitochondria, probably related to molecular transport (ion-uptake cells, chloride cells); 2) ciliogenesis (preciliated and ciliated cell types); and 3) production of mucous secretory granules (mucous-platelet cells, goblet cells, superficial protective cells, columnar mucous cells, "cobblestone" cells, and marginal and dark cells in the terminal buds). Many of the functions of the cell types relate to the process of suspension feeding in this animal. PMID- 6748086 TI - Regulation of the tricarboxylic acid cycle pool size in heart muscle. AB - The anaplerotic mechanisms are mainly responsible for the intricate control of the size of the total tricarboxylic acid cycle pool, since cataplerotic fluxes leading out of the cycle can even increase during net synthesis of the cycle intermediates. Pyruvate carboxylation is probably the most important anaplerotic mechanism regulating the pool size of the citric acid cycle. However, not much is known of the regulation of pyruvate carboxylation or other ana- or cataplerotic mechanisms, and further research in this area is needed. The evidence accumulated so far indicates that regulation of the tricarboxylic acid cycle pool size serves to optimize energy transduction in heart muscle. This is seen at the level of the tricarboxylic acid cycle, where the tricarboxylic acid cycle intermediates can be taken to act in a catalytic manner to adjust the activities of the individual enzymes of the cycle at an appropriate level for a certain metabolic situation. On the other hand, increase in the mitochondrial citrate content serves as the mediator between the mitochondrial and cytosolic spaces and leads to diminished glucose utilization in glycolysis due to feed-back inhibition. However, net anaplerosis does not constitute a major energy-releasing system in the ischemic myocardium. PMID- 6748087 TI - The relationship between myocardial enzyme release and Ca2+ uptake during hypoxia and reoxygenation in the newborn and adult heart. AB - The relationship between creatine phosphokinase (CPK) release and sarcolemmal permeability to divalent cations (Ca2+ and Ba2+) during hypoxia and reoxygenation was studied in the isolated arterially perfused septal preparation of the newborn and adult rabbit. Tissue 47Ca2+ or 133Ba2+ uptake was measured by a juxtaposed gamma-probe. Since Ba2+ is not taken up by the sarcoplasmic reticulum and mitochondria, 133Ba2+ was used to determine sarcolemmal permeability to divalent cations (Ca2+ and Ba2+). In the two age groups, tissue Ca2+ uptake was unchanged during hypoxia and increased significantly during reoxygenation. Ba2+ uptake remained unchanged during hypoxia and reoxygenation. CPK release was small during hypoxia and increased significantly during reoxygenation. The increases in tissue Ca2+ uptake and CPK release in the newborn were significantly less than in the adult. Perfusion with low Ca2+ solutions (0.3 mM, 0.5 mM and 'zero') decreased tissue Ca2+ gain but did not prevent CPK release during reoxygenation. In the muscle perfused with an oxygenated solution containing phospholipase C (0.1 U/ml), the rate of CPK release increased significantly, but tissue Ca2+ uptake and Ba2+ uptake remained unchanged. These data suggest that: (1) sarcolemmal damage (evidenced by enzyme release) during hypoxia and reoxygenation in the newborn is less than in the adult. (2) enzyme release and tissue Ca2+ gain can occur during reoxygenation without significant changes in sarcolemmal permeability to divalent cations (Ca2+ and Ba2+) that can be detected by the present techniques, and (3) enzyme release during reoxygenation is associated with but may not be caused by the increased tissue Ca2+. PMID- 6748088 TI - Possible role of nickel ions in the pathogenesis of ischemic coronary vasoconstriction in the dog heart. AB - To test the hypothesis that nickel ions released from the ischemic dog myocardium [18] play a role in the pathogenesis of ischemic coronary vasoconstriction, the present experiments on the in situ heart of the anesthetized open-chest dog were designed to analyze coronary vascular action of intravenous (i.v.) and intracoronary (i.c.) injection of exogenous NiCl2 under the influence of ischemia, arterial hypoxemia and adenosine. The experimental results showed that (1) exogenous NiCl2 induced coronary vasoconstriction by a direct action on coronary vessels in low doses (0.02 mg X kg-1 i.v. bolus injection, or 0.04 mg X min-1 X kg-1 i.c. infusion) comparable to the Ni amount released endogenously, (2) NiCl2 significantly inhibited postocclusion reactive hyperemia and coronary vasorelaxation in response to arterial hypoxemia or intracoronary infusion of adenosine, (3) NiCl2 is capable of inducing coronary vasoconstriction when the coronary arteries are dilated by low flow ischemia, arterial hypoxemia and adenosine infusion, and (4) the Ni-sensitivity of coronary arteries increases significantly under these conditions. A hypothetical model is proposed summarizing the possible positive feedback loops triggered by endogenous Ni release, which may cause coronary vasoconstriction in the ischemic dog myocardium. PMID- 6748089 TI - 2,4-Dinitrophenol (DNP)-induced injury in calcium-free hearts. AB - Rat hearts were perfused on a Langendorff apparatus at 37 degrees C with oxygenated Krebs-Henseleit medium with 2.5 mM Ca2+ or Ca2+-free medium for 5 min prior to addition of 0.04 or 1 mM DNP. Effluent was analyzed for creatine kinase (CK) activity and tissue was sampled at 0, 1.5 and 3 min for ATP and CP analysis. Hearts were perfusion-fixed for light and electron microscopy. Contractile function was monitored by intraventricular balloon or a force displacement transducer. In control hearts, 1 mM (but not 0.04 mM) DNP caused a rapid contracture, without CK release. In Ca2+-free hearts, 1 mM (but not 0.04 mM) DNP produced a rapid, massive release of CK. Tissue CP and ATP fell to low levels coincident with contracture and CK release. Morphology of injured hearts showed cellular contracture with uniform sarcomere shortening and widely separated cells with dehiscence of opposing intercalated disc membrane faces. Separated cells had bleb-like protrusions of cytoplasm surrounded by fragmented sarcolemmal membranes. The results demonstrate that following Ca2+-free perfusion, irreversible damage can occur in the absence of extracellular Ca2+ and in hearts with uncoupled mitochondria which were depleted of ATP. It is postulated that Ca2+-free perfusion weakens intercalated discs and that DNP-stimulated mitochondrial calcium release produces contracture, which tears cells apart at weakened cell junctions, causing sarcolemmal membrane damage and CK release. PMID- 6748090 TI - Regional variations in myosin heavy chain concentration after healing of experimental myocardial infarction in cats. AB - Densitometric scanning of SDS-polyacrylamide gels was used to measure myosin heavy chain concentration in left ventricular specimens obtained from cat hearts 3 to 12 months after healing of small experimental myocardial infarctions. The study was designed to test the hypothesis that myosin concentration varies as a function of anatomic proximity to the infarct scar. Myosin heavy chain concentration was elevated in non-scarred areas adjacent to a healed infarct and normal in areas remote from the scar. The scar itself had reduced concentrations, reflecting the loss of muscle mass in this area. The increased myosin heavy chain concentration in regions adjacent to the scar may be an attempt to regulate or compensate for the decrease in mechanical function of the scarred area. PMID- 6748091 TI - Effects of substrate supply and aortic pressure on the transmural distribution of glucose uptake in the isolated perfused rat heart. AB - The effects of lactate and free fatty acids (oleate) on the transmural distribution of glucose uptake in the left ventricular wall of the isolated perfused rat heart were studied using the deoxyglucose tracer method. The left ventricular glucose uptake was 2.9 +/- 0.3 mumol/min per gram protein (mean +/- S.D.) in the control heart and about 30% higher in the innermost third of the ventricular wall than in the more superficial layers (P less than 0.001). The addition of lactate (5 or 15 mM) or oleate (0.7 mM) to the perfusate decreased the mean myocardial glucose uptake by 40% to 50% (P less than 0.01), but the subendocardial: subepicardial glucose uptake ratio remained unaltered. Elevation of the aortic pressure from 7.85 kPa to 14.7 kPa resulted in an increase of 65% (P less than 0.01) in the average cardiac glucose uptake and caused the transmural uptake gradient to disappear. The present results indicate that although total cardiac glucose utilization is influenced by both the mechanical work load and the substrate supply, it is the former that determines the transmural distribution of glucose uptake. PMID- 6748092 TI - Enhancement by glutathione of the inotropic actions of catecholamines and glucagon. AB - We have previously shown that cardiostimulation produced by catecholamines, glucagon, tachycardia or CaCl2, resulted in a metabolically induced increase in coronary flow [9, 11, 12]. Slow infusion of prostaglandin E2 (PGE2) or its precursor, arachidonic acid, inhibited the development of metabolic coronary dilatation without major alterations of the effects of the cardiostimulating agents on the cardiac activity [9, 11, 12]. Since PGE2 synthesis is known to be enhanced by glutathione we thought that its addition to the perfused heart would intensify the inhibition of the metabolic coronary dilatation produced by arachidonic acid. While testing the influence of noradrenaline in the isolated perfused heart, we found that the inotropic action and the resulting coronary dilatation were markedly increased during glutathione administration. We diverted the investigation from its original purpose to further study this novel action of glutathione and we report here that catecholamines and glucagon inotropic effects, and resulting metabolic coronary dilatation are enhanced by glutathione. Neither the CaCl2 nor the coronary dilatations due to reactive hyperaemia or adenosine were altered by glutathione. PMID- 6748094 TI - Micropenis: adult follow-up and comparison of size against new norms. AB - In eight cases of micropenis, the follow-up period was from childhood through adulthood (age range 22 to 31). Topical treatment of the penis with testosterone propionate in childhood increased its size relative to the rest of the body before adolescence. In adolescence and adulthood, the penis with a prior history of treatment with testosterone (N = 5) had no size advantage over the untreated one (N = 3). Topical testosterone postponed the age of developing a coping strategy, but not the necessity of developing one. New data (N = 65) for the stretched length of the adult penis give a M +/- SD of 16.69 +/- 1.90 cm, or 6.57 +/- .75 inches. PMID- 6748093 TI - Increased myocardial adenosine release in heart failure. AB - Volume overload congestive heart failure in dogs is associated with a reduced myocardial inotropic responsiveness to the exogenous administration of beta adrenergic agonists [10, 11]. This same blunted inotropic responsiveness to beta agonists has now been identified in the failing human myocardium [2]. Volume overload congestive heart failure in dogs is also associated with a reduced resting coronary vascular resistance [7, 12] suggesting the possibility of increased myocardial production of a metabolic vasodilator in the failing heart. Adenosine is a metabolic coronary vasodilator [1] and also has recently been shown to antagonize the inotropic action of beta-adrenergic agonists through a mechanism involving action on the sarcolemmal adenylate cyclase system [4, 13]. Given the findings of blunted inotropic responsiveness of the failing myocardium to beta-adrenergic agonists and reduced coronary vascular resistance in heart failure, we hypothesized that heart failure was associated with elevated myocardial production of adenosine. Accordingly we measured myocardial adenosine release in normal dogs and dogs with volume overload heart failure. Basal levels of myocardial adenosine release were found to be elevated three-fold above normal in dogs with heart failure. It is possible that elevated adenosine release in the failing myocardium contributes both to abnormalities of coronary blood flow and to the blunted inotropic responsiveness of the failing heart to catecholamines. PMID- 6748095 TI - The older patient with a sexual dysfunction. AB - Individuals over 50 who sought evaluation in a Sexual Behaviors Clinic were studied. Commonly male, the group displayed high rates of both organic and psychiatric disorders. Self-referred males were more likely to have psychogenic causes for their complaints. PMID- 6748096 TI - Current marital trends and outcome of marriage counseling in Japan: 1982. AB - The purpose of this communication is to review recent marital trends in Japan, especially with reference to similar trends in the USA. Marital statistics can be difficult to interpret, especially since they are often calculated using differing methods. Where possible, an attempt has been made to recalculate Japanese statistics to make them more comparable with US ones. PMID- 6748097 TI - From deference to confidence: changing attitudes toward menarche. PMID- 6748098 TI - G Spot co-author replies to Hoch and Alzate. PMID- 6748099 TI - An essay on the nature of sexual desire. AB - The propensity to behave sexually--unlike the frequency of sexual behavior--is not a discrete quantifiable phenomenon. At every stage of adulthood, sexual desire is produced by the interaction of biologic drive, psychologic motivation and cognitive aspiration. Motivation, the most clinically vital of these components, can be understood within four contexts: sexual identity, quality of the current non-sexual relationship, reasons for specific episodes of sexual behavior and transference from past significant attachments. The common psychological inhibitions of sexual desire can be translated into motivations for not behaving sexually deriving from one or more of these contexts. The less frequent excesses of desire can also be understood from the vantage points of these contexts. Rather than continue to oversimplify the concept of sexual desire, the term should be recognized as a shorthand means of referring to the mind's capacity to integrate biologic, intrapsychic and interpersonal complexity. PMID- 6748100 TI - Strategies and techniques for the treatment of inhibited sexual desire. AB - This paper, based on a clinical sample of 20 couples and 10 males without partners, presents a cognitive-behavioral model for conceptualizing and treating inhibited sexual desire. Tentative hypotheses and observations are made including: 1) there is a better prognosis if the desire dysfunction is not complicated by any other dysfunction; 2) females have a better prognosis than males; 3) it is crucial to break the self-defeating cycle of negative anticipation, aversive experience and avoidance; 4) therapeutic focus should be on quality and satisfaction of the broadly defined sexual relationship rather than the performance goal of intercourse frequency. PMID- 6748101 TI - Blood pressure and urinary sodium in black American adolescents. AB - For 56 black American adolescents ranging in age from 13 to 19 years, 24-hour urinary sodium excretion was compared with blood pressure. The volunteers came from families of middle to low economic levels. Their body weight varied from 70 to 129 percent of ideal body weight. The average systolic pressure of all the subjects was 112.1 mmHg with a standard deviation of 9.5 mmHg; mean diastolic pressure was 69.6 mmHg with a SD of 8 mmHg. The average 24-hour urinary sodium excretion of the total population was 131.5 mEq/24 h with a SD of 59 mEq. For the 29 male subjects, the mean value was 137 mEq/24 h (range, 30 to 309 mEq) and for 27 female subjects, 126.3 mEq/24 h (range, 40 to 197 mEq). The average urinary excretion among these groups was not significantly different (P > .05) and the urinary Na/K ratio of the total group was 4.3 with a SD of 2.0. This ratio among various age and sex subgroups was not significantly different (P > .05). Urinary sodium excretion values were taken as a reflection of dietary salt intake among these volunteers. The data suggest that the black adolescents studied do not consume excess sodium and contradict the belief that blacks eat excess sodium. Further, these baseline data must be considered among the factors responsible for the development of hypertension. PMID- 6748102 TI - Skin color in the development of identity: a biopsychosocial model. AB - The role of skin color in the development of identity has been studied by a variety of paradigms. This paper applies the biopsychosocial model to this problem, with the hope that systems hierarchies offer a way to understand how many variables have an impact on a single point. This model postulates that complex social interactions are the life setting for the individual whose development also reflects biological endowment, including the contributions of heredity and nurturance. The final personal integration of an adult understanding of skin color requires an active assertion by the individual. This model is explored through the writings of Jessie Fauset, a leading participant in the literary movement known as the Harlem Renaissance. PMID- 6748104 TI - Remission of diabetes mellitus in a geriatric patient. AB - A 67-year-old thin diabetic man went into remission four months after onset of diabetes mellitus and initiation of therapy with an oral hypoglycemic agent. Eighteen months later the patient was still in remission. During this period, he experienced the severe stress of a modified jaw resection for carcinoma. PMID- 6748103 TI - Intraracial factors in blood pressure variations among the black population. AB - High blood pressure affects various segments of the black population with variation in incidence, prevalence, and risk factors. Morbidity and mortality as a result of this disease also vary in different segments of the black population. Differences in geographical location, acculturation, and dietary habits have been studied and found related to the differences in disease (hypertension) patterns within the black population. These and several other intraracial factors remain to be studied effectively. PMID- 6748105 TI - Characteristics and significance of the latent phase in the outcome of labor among Nigerian parturients. AB - The characteristics and significance of the latent phase in labor among 716 West African parturients were studied. A wide variation in duration (1 to 70 hours) of this phase was noted. A consistent correlation was found between the duration of the latent phase and subsequent events, such as the duration of the active phase, duration of ruptured membranes, and the total modes of delivery. This correlation holds true to all parities even when latent phase duration is within normal limits. No difference was noted in the incidence of abnormal latent phase between the primigravida and the multigravida. Although these findings have potentially useful but limited application, the significant correlation with Apgar score at 1 minute and the association of larger breeches with prolonged latent phase are sufficient predictive indices of great value to the obstetrician in the prompt management of such labors. PMID- 6748106 TI - A psychosocial study of schizophrenic patients treated at a Nigerian psychiatric hospital. AB - A study of the sociodemographic and psychological characteristics of schizophrenics treated at a psychiatric hospital in Nigeria over a period of six months was conducted along with a limited five-year follow-up. Male patients exceeded female (2:1) and 65.7 percent were below 30 years of age. Whereas there were more married female subjects than single, there were more single male subjects than married ones. However, single persons predominated. The majority (61.3 percent) either were illiterate or had low education and 52 percent were either unemployed or un-skilled. Paranoid and catatonic schizophrenia were the most common diagnostic subgroups. The short-term prognosis was very good in that 96.1 percent were greatly improved at the time of discharge. There was, however, a high default rate of 57.4 percent over a period of five years. Of those still attending, 73.5 percent remained improved. The sociocultural basis of some of the findings is discussed. PMID- 6748107 TI - Hypoxemia during hemodialysis. AB - Decrease in arterial oxygen tension has been reported during hemodialysis.(1-3) The etiology of the hypoxemia has not been clearly demonstrated. Intravascular leukostasis,(1) pulmonary arterial microembolization,(3) and loss of CO(2) through the dialyzer are some of the explanations given for this abnormality.(2,4) Why a small percentage of hemodialysis patients develop profound, symptomatic hypoxemia has not been satisfactorily explained. PMID- 6748108 TI - Primary cancer of the gallbladder: a concept for improvement. AB - A sample of the experiences of three representative hospitals in Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, with cancer of the gallbladder substantiates the poor prognosis of the disease. The author's attitude, however, is optimistic. Patients and professionals are obligated to improve their approach to prophylaxis, early diagnosis, and the institution of effective and adequate surgical therapy with follow-up. PMID- 6748109 TI - Ultrastructure of fetal spinal cord and cortex implants into adult rat spinal cord. AB - The ultrastructure of cortex and spinal cord from 11-, 12-, and 15-day-old fetuses implanted into the spinal cord of adult rats was studied over 3 months. Under deep Chloropent anesthesia, a 0.5 X 1.0-mm square of fetal cortex or a 1.0 mm segment of fetal spinal cord was implanted subpially between the left dorsal column and the dorsal horn of 70 adult rats. Implants grew toward gray matter, usually interfacing with the host at the isthmus between the horns of the spinal cord. However, implants were observed that occupied the entire left dorsal and ventral horns of the left half of the host spinal cord. Implants had concentric zones: A central zone with basal lamina lined joined channels and subjacent neuroglia; a zone of differentiating implant nervous system; a zone with basal lamina lined implant with overlying pial cells on the dorsal and lateral surfaces of the implant; a zone that interfaced with the host with overlapping neuropil on the lateral and ventral surfaces of the implant. Neuron types were typical for cortical or spinal implants. Implants survived for 3 months and reached stages of neuronal and neuroglial maturation similar to controls. Both fetal spinal cord and brain were successful as implants, had delayed differentiation, and formed complex neuropils. The zone of overlapping interface of the donor and host is an anatomical indication of physiological and functional integration. PMID- 6748110 TI - Effects of dopamine on photopic L-type S-potentials in the catfish retina. AB - Photopic L-type responses were recorded from the soma and the axon terminal of horizontal cells of the catfish (Ictalurus punctatus) retina in eye-cup preparations. The responses were produced by a spot of light with 100-micron diameter (intensity, 10 microW/cm2), which was flashed or steadily illuminated and swept along a 6-mm length over the retinal surface at a speed of 0.95 mm/sec. In some experiments, a traveling random bar stimulus was used instead of the sweeping spot. While recording the responses, dopamine (DA) was applied in a jet form via a nebulizer over the retinal preparation or as superfusate to the eye cup preparation. DA increased the response amplitude by about 50% and markedly narrowed the spatial profile of the responses from the soma but not from the axon terminal. These DA effects were observed in both normal retinas and those from which DA cells had been deprived by prior intraocular injection of 6 hydroxydopamine. Deprival of DA cells from the retina resulted in a slightly wider spatial profile of the soma and axon terminal responses than that in normal retinas. The results indicate that the spatial properties of photopic L-type responses are modulated by DA at the soma level of horizontal cells. PMID- 6748111 TI - Biosynthesis of phospholipids and sphingolipids from acetoacetate and glucose in different regions of developing brain in vivo. AB - The incorporation of 14C-label from subcutaneously injected [3-14C]acetoacetate and [U-14C]glucose into phospholipids and sphingolipids in different regions of developing rat brain was determined. In all regions, phosphatidylcholine was the lipid synthesized most readily from either substrate. The percentages of radioactivity in other phospholipids and most sphingolipids remained relatively constant throughout postnatal development. An exceptional increase in the percentage of radioactivity incorporated into cerebroside, coinciding with a decrease of incorporation into phosphatidylcholine, was first noted on day 12 and continued until a maximal level was reached between days 18 and 20 of postnatal age. These developmental changes in preferential synthesis of lipids were associated with increased demands for phospholipids and cerebroside during the early and late postnatal stages, respectively. There was no difference in accumulation of radioactivity from acetoacetate, expressed as dpm of [14C]acetoacetate recovered in phospholipids plus sphingolipids per g of tissue, among all brain regions during the first 5 days of life. During active myelination (12 to 20 days of age); however, the amount of 14C-label was highest in brain stem, ranging from 1.9- to 2.3-fold greater than values for cerebrum and thalamus. The region with the next highest accumulation was cerebellum, followed by midbrain. During the same period, brain stem was likewise the most active site of accumulation of radioactivity from 14C-labeled glucose. Higher amounts of [14C]acetoacetate label accumulated in lipids of brain stem and cerebellum, relative to midbrain, thalamus, and cerebrum, coincide with evidence that active myelination begins in the hindbrain and proceeds rostrally toward the forebrain. Ketone bodies could therefore serve as a potential source of phospholipids and sphingolipids for brain growth and maturation. PMID- 6748112 TI - Age-related alteration in catecholamine activity within microdissected brain regions of ovariectomized Fischer 344 rats. AB - The effects of increasing age on catecholamine (CA) metabolism in microdissected brain regions and on serum and pituitary hormone levels were examined in ovariectomized Fischer 344 rats. Young (4 to 5 months old) and middle-aged (9 to 10 months old) normally cycling and old repeated pseudopregnant rats (21-22 months old, PP) were ovariectomized to eliminate the complicating effects of cyclic gonadal steroid fluctuations. CA metabolism was examined 2 weeks later. To determine CA turnover rates, each age-group was subdivided into three groups, which were killed by decapitation 0, 45, or 90 min after administration of alpha methyl-para-tyrosine (alpha-mpt). Dopamine (DA) and norepinephrine (NE) concentrations were determined in microdissected brain regions by radioenzymatic assay, and turnover rates were estimated. Steady-state concentrations of NE were not altered in middle-aged rats, but NE turnover rates increased in middle-aged rats in five of the six areas examined. While NE concentrations did not change with age in the median eminence (ME), NE turnover rates increased significantly in the two older age groups. These data indicate that the age-related decline in NE concentrations in several ventral diencephalic nuclei is preceded by a period of hyperactivity in noradrenergic neurons. DA concentrations were generally decreased in most areas examined in old versus young rats, with dramatic DA depletions (42-78%) observed in five regions. However, no consistent relationship between DA concentrations and turnover rates was seen either in regions with stable DA levels or in those which showed an age-associated decrease in DA concentrations. In the ME, a 42% decline in DA concentration was associated with an increase in the DA turnover rate in the oldest group of rats. Serum luteinizing hormone (LH) levels were similar in all three age groups of ovariectomized rats, while serum prolactin was elevated four-fold in old compared to younger animals. These data indicate that a complex pattern of regional alterations in CA metabolism accompanies the aging process and these may be related to the pseudopregnant state and hormone secretory capacity of aging Fischer 344 rats. PMID- 6748113 TI - Cerebral endogenous substrate utilization during the recovery period after profound hypoglycemia. AB - Markedly decreased levels of energy-rich phosphates were seen in cerebral cortex after severe hypoglycemia, followed by their partial restitution during the recovery period. During hypoglycemia the nonglucose endogenous substrates were provided by glycolytic intermediates, by Krebs cycle intermediates, and by related amino acids. Other potential substrates for brain oxidation were provided by the breakdown of phospholipids and fatty acids. After a 20-min period of posthypoglycemic recovery, partial restoration of carbohydrates and amino acids occurred, although the amino acid pool size was still reduced. The alterations in phospholipids and fatty acids persisted, while there was a tendency toward normalization of the free fatty acid content. During the posthypoglycemic recovery, treatment with some specific metabolic modulators (6-aminonicotinamide, hopantenate, uridine, L-acetylcarnitine) suggested the possibility of an alternative cerebral substrate utilization owing to modulation of the cerebral biochemical machinery. Thus, increased carbohydrate utilization by hopantenate was consistent with decreased lipid breakdown, while increased carbohydrate utilization by uridine was concomitant with decreased amino acid degradation. In this way, decreased cerebral carbohydrate utilization by 6-amino-nicotinamide was associated with increased lipid and amino acid breakdown. Furthermore, the increased loss of cerebral phospholipids and phospholipid-bound fatty acids by L acetylcarnitine occurred in the presence of a large glucose availability and was associated with an extensive reduction of cerebral glycolytic flux. PMID- 6748114 TI - Military science and military surgery: 1984 Fitts lecture, A.A.S.T. PMID- 6748115 TI - The risk:benefit of autotransfusion--comparison to banked blood in a canine model. AB - Recent enthusiasm for intraoperative autotransfusion has overshadowed critical assessment of its potential risks. In this study, adult mongrel dogs underwent controlled intraperitoneal hemorrhage of twice their estimated blood volume over a 4-hour period. The blood was replaced by an equal volume of banked blood (Group I, n = 5), or collected and reinfused via the Sorenson System (Group II, n = 6), or the Haemonetics Cell Washing Device (Group III, n = 6). Acid citrate dextrose was the local anticoagulant for Groups I and II, and heparin for Group III. Pulmonary capillary wedge pressure and cardiac output were maintained at baseline values with crystalloid infusion. Core temperature, pO2, and systemic pH remained normal throughout the 4 hours of evaluation. Red blood cell recovery was efficient in all animals, and the 2,3 DPG levels remained normal in the autotransfused dogs. Thrombocytopenia, however, developed uniformly and was more pronounced after autotransfusion. Platelet numbers decreased nearly 45% in the Sorenson as well as Haemonetics animals. Additionally, platelet dysfunction occurred after one blood volume exchange as evidenced by prolonged bleeding times and loss of the secondary wave on Sonoclot profiles. Coagulation studies revealed progressive consumptive coagulopathy and fibrinolysis in autotransfused dogs. The P.T., P.T.T., and T.T. lengthened, and levels of factors II, V, VIII, and fibrinogen fell. Autotransfusion clearly eliminates the infectious and incompatibility problems of banked homologous blood. Despite advances in technique, however, consumptive coagulopathy, fibrinolysis, and platelet dysfunction occur.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS) PMID- 6748116 TI - Geriatric trauma: injury patterns and outcome. AB - Over a 2-year period, 100 consecutive patients more than 70 years of age with multiple injuries were evaluated at a metropolitan trauma center for injury patterns and factors that affected survival. The analysis incorporated mechanism of injury, body region affected, Injury Severity Score, shock, change from level of prehospital function, and mortality. The mortality for the group was 15%. It was found that the Injury Severity Score was not predictive of survival in the elderly injured. However, central nervous system injury (p less than 0.01) and hypovolemic shock (p less than 0.001) were predictive of survival. While 85% of the injured patients survived, 88% of these did not return to their previous level of independence. PMID- 6748117 TI - Erectile failure following pelvic trauma: a review of pathophysiology, evaluation, and management, with particular reference to the penile prosthesis. AB - Twenty-five inflatable and two semi-rigid rod type penile prostheses have been implanted in 27 patients with erectile failure following pelvic trauma. Reoperation was required in 13 patients in the inflatable prosthesis group but ultimate success and satisfaction were achieved in 92%. The etiology of erectile failure following various types of trauma is reviewed, as well as the approach to the evaluation of erectile failure in such a patient. Where etiology-specific corrective therapy is not possible, the penile prosthesis has proven to be an acceptable form of substitution therapy. PMID- 6748118 TI - Effect of bilateral adrenalectomy on blood sugar level and plasma refill in a rat hemorrhagic shock model. AB - Recent studies suggest that the hyperglycemic response to hemorrhage and shock may play a role in promoting plasma refill via its hyperosmolar effect. This relationship was tested in a bilaterally adrenalectomized rat model. After a left carotid arterial cannulation, seven adrenalectomized rats and seven control rats with intact adrenal glands were bled periodically for periods of 15 min followed by 15 min of rest. The initial hemorrhage depleted 7.5% of the total blood volume (TBV) and subsequent hemorrhages 5% each. The study period extended up to 120 min to replicate a hemorrhage of 22.5% of TBV. Micromethod hematocrits (Hct) and blood sugar (BS) were monitored every 15 min and results were analyzed by use of a BMD-P statistical package on an AMDAHL 470 computer. A significant (p less than 0.05) increase in BS during shock was seen in the control rats, while the adrenalectomized animals did not demonstrate a significant hyperglycemic response. There was no significant difference in the plasma refill observed between the two groups. At 60 min, the Hct fell 3.6 +/- 1.7 and 4.6 +/- 0.6 percentage points for control and adrenalectomized animals, respectively, while at 120 min, a respective Hct drop of 7.5 +/- 1.6 and 5.4 +/- 1.1 percentage points was noted. This study indicates that the absence of the hyperglycemic response in the adrenalectomized rats had no effect on plasma refill when compared to the response of control rats with intact adrenals. PMID- 6748119 TI - Injuries associated with fractures of the transverse processes of the thoracic and lumbar vertebrae. AB - The records of 92 patients who sustained fractures of the transverse processes of thoracic or lumbar vertebrae between 1976 and mid-1982 were reviewed. The majority were injured in motor vehicle accidents. Trauma to abdominal viscera occurred in 19 patients including hepatic injuries in six, splenic injuries in 12, and colonic injuries in five. Hematuria was present in 51 patients and five of 51 had urinary tract injury requiring operative treatment. None of 34 patients without hematuria incurred anatomic disruption of the urinary tract. Thirty-two patients suffered other associated injuries, including thoracic, orthopedic, maxillofacial, and cerebral trauma. Fifteen patients incurred other spinal injuries. The overall mortality was 11% (ten patients). The mean Injury Severity Score in the 92 patients was 13.9. The frequency of abdominal visceral trauma with this bony injury (19/92-21%) suggests great energy expenditure and should alert physicians to seek other severe injuries. PMID- 6748120 TI - Experience with 112 shotgun wounds of the extremities. AB - Although shotgun and gunshot injuries are frequently grouped together, shotgun injuries are ballistically and clinically very different from gunshot wounds. Because of the differences between gunshot and shotgun injuries, the clinical records of 85 patients with 112 extremity shotgun wounds treated over a 6-year period were reviewed: 11% had Type I injuries; 30% and 59%, respectively, had Type II and Type III injuries. Overall, 59% had major soft-tissue injuries and 44% had bone or joint injuries, and nerve and vascular injuries were documented in 21% and 26%. The major cause of a prolonged hospital stay was the presence of a major soft-tissue injury, while the presence or absence of a neural injury was the most important determinate of whether the extremity would be functional. In contrast, neither skeletal nor vascular injuries resulted in long-term extremity disability. Thus, we recommend an aggressive operative approach towards early wound closure in these patients to decrease hospitalization time. Further, we believe that the operative determination of the presence or absence of anatomic damage of the nerves in patients with neural deficits is an important component in the long-term management of these patients. PMID- 6748121 TI - Antebrachium fractures: rush pin fixation today in the light of late results. AB - A study was undertaken to clarify the usefulness of the Rush pin intramedullary semirigid nailing technique in the treatment of 88 antebrachium fractures in 48 consecutive adult patients during the years 1966 through 1977. Of the patients 45 were followed for an average of 7.6 years (range, 2-14 years). The clinical results (antebrachium and wrist movements) were good in 78% of the cases with few complications. Union was delayed in five cases. There were no cases of wound infection, nonunion, or bone atrophy. The method was suitable for almost all types of fracture, even in elderly patients. Severe comminuted fractures with a shortening tendency on the radius require a special technique to prevent ulnar variance. The low degree of operative trauma may contribute to the excellent results obtained with the Rush technique. PMID- 6748122 TI - Technetium-fibrinogen lung scanning in canine lung contusion. AB - To detect experimentally induced acute lung contusion in anesthetized dogs, serial radionuclide images of the lung were recorded following intravenous infusion of 99mTc-labelled human fibrinogen (Tc-HF). The accumulation of Tc-HF in canine lungs was serially quantitated for up to 20 hours after lung contusion. A contusion (#1) was produced in one lung, Tc-HF was injected IV after 15 minutes, and 75 minutes later a contralateral lung contusion (#2) was produced in a series of 14 dogs. At autopsy the excised lungs were scanned, sectioned, and counted for radioactivity. Radiolabelled fibrinogen accumulated within 2-4 minutes of contusion #2 and remained stable over the next 20 hours in 14 dogs; contusion #1 was barely visible in four dogs. Lung Tc-HF activity in the central region of contusion #2 remained sixfold higher than in normal lung tissue. These data suggest that following lung contusion, fibrinogen deposition occurs rapidly and remains stable over a 20-hour interval of observation. PMID- 6748123 TI - Death and injury patterns, Toronto Subway System 1954-1980. AB - Since the opening of the Toronto Transit Commission Subway System in 1954, detailed records have been kept of person/train contact incidence. Until the end of 1980, 207 people committed suicide and 223 attempted suicide and have been unsuccessful. There have been 25 fatal accidents and 11 nonfatal accidents. This study analyzes sex, monthly, yearly, time of day, and individual station statistics. We studied in detail 119 City of Toronto coroner's reports to assess the causes of death, associated injuries, and psychiatric histories of suicide victims. This included 11 patients who arrived alive to hospital but subsequently died. A number of psychiatric papers suggest that 90% of patients who attempt suicide and are unsuccessful, will not die in the future as a result of suicide and 60 to 80% will not repeat their attempt. PMID- 6748124 TI - Traumatic esophageal injuries: 12-year experience at Henry Ford Hospital. AB - We reviewed our 12 years' experience and the literature on traumatic and nontraumatic esophageal injuries. A total of 28 patients were diagnosed and managed at Henry Ford Hospital. Cervical esophageal injuries should be explored surgically as soon as possible but, in our experience, a negative contrast swallow has not been reliable. In thoracic esophageal injuries, however, we rely more on contrast swallow to avoid routine exploratory thoracotomy and its morbidity. Abdominal esophageal injuries are readily identifiable during exploratory laparotomy performed for other abdominal injuries. Early diagnosis and treatment are the key to a successful outcome. PMID- 6748125 TI - Gynecologic injury in the nongravid female during blunt abdominal trauma. AB - Fifteen cases of uterine and adnexal findings in the nongravid female were identified among 220 exploratory laparotomies performed for blunt abdominal trauma. These include: 13 cases of ovarian cyst hemorrhage, one case of ovarian laceration, and one case of uterine and vaginal lacerations. All patients had positive peritoneal lavage. In 13 of the patients in this series, the bleeding was associated with and in proximity to an existing corpus luteum. PMID- 6748126 TI - Vascular injury related to lumbar disk surgery. AB - This report summarizes the Walter Reed Army Medical Center experience with six patients operated on from 1949 through 1982 for vascular injury related to lumbar disk surgery. All had common iliac artery injuries generated by L4-5 disk operations. Four patients had isolated arterial injuries and two had combined arteriovenous injuries. Three underwent vascular repair acutely, two with shock and one with a false aneurysm. Delay in diagnosis occurred in two patients who presented 6 weeks and 3 years postinjury with minimally symptomatic arteriovenous fistulae. A sixth patient had a known arterial injury and was operated on after a 1-month delay. All patients survived. Two patients had had repeated back operations, suggesting that this may be a risk factor for perforation of the anterior spinal ligament by an operative rongeur. PMID- 6748127 TI - Iatrogenic cardiac herniation: post mortem case. AB - A case is presented in which sudden cardiac death was caused by herniation of the heart through a pericardial incision following a gunshot wound to the chest, resulting in acute compression of the coronary arteries. At autopsy the heart protruded through the pericardial incision, which appeared to have elongated, and the cause of death was thought to be acute myocardial infarction secondary to coronary artery constriction. PMID- 6748128 TI - Choosing health care services in Nigeria: a developing nation. PMID- 6748129 TI - Problems of water storage in the rural village home: the Egyptian zir. AB - Although the potential adverse health impact of domestic water storage vessels that are used frequently in developing countries has been widely recognized, a search for systemic investigations found little data. This report describes the use of water storage vessels in rural Egyptian homes. This system of storage was found to have a number of implications: (1) for quality and quantity of water used in the house, (2) for undermining the potentially positive health benefits of current and new water supply programmes and (3) for confounding the interpretation of epidemiological investigations on water-related disease transmission. PMID- 6748130 TI - Epilepsy in Sri Lanka: public awareness and attitudes. AB - Public awareness and attitudes toward epilepsy were surveyed in Sri Lanka using a self-administered questionnaire. The respondents belonged to seven different occupational categories--school children, teachers, university students, medical students, student nurses, army personnel and adult education participants. The results showed that the knowledge was deficient in many aspects among all the groups and the attitudes towards epilepsy and epileptics were marginally positive. The knowledge appeared to be most widespread with regards to symptomatology and least in the areas of aetiology and treatment. A significant proportion of the respondents seemed to harbour mythical beliefs about the disease. The study indicates the need for better utilization of the health and educational infrastructure of the country in educating the public and special groups. PMID- 6748131 TI - Single-dose intramuscular iron dextran in pregnancy for anaemia prevention in urban Zambia. AB - One hundred and thirty-three pregnant Zambians from a low socio-economic group had 5 ml of iron dextran complex injected into each buttock at their first antenatal visit. The haemoglobin change between then and delivery was measured and compared with a similar group of 142 patients who served as controls. Of the treated group 84% showed a rise in haemoglobin level (mean change 1.025 g/dl) compared with 56% of the control group (mean change 0.26 g/dl). This regimen may be appropriate for areas where general health is poor, iron deficiency is common and antenatal care is hindered by distance, acceptance or compliance with tablet taking. PMID- 6748132 TI - Effects of ecological changes on the malaria vectors Anopheles funestus and the Anopheles gambiae complex of mosquitoes in Accra, Ghana. AB - Studies have been conducted on mosquito breeding, indoor resting density and some parasitological and vectorial indices in Accra since 1911. An. gambiae s.l. has adapted to breeding appreciably in water-filled domestic containers in recent times (viz. 21.14 +/- 4.4% of all breeding), compared with a low frequency of breeding in such domestic containers in the earlier years 1911-1930 (viz. 1.97 +/ 1.67% of all breeding). Its breeding has also increased (viz. 5.3% to 25.4% of all breeding) in the numerous polluted water habitats created as a result of urbanization. This more widespread breeding in Accra city gave rise to only reduced indoor-resting densities of An. gambiae s.l. Several factors may be responsible for these changes, including the possible replacement of An. gambiae s.s. by the more versatile An. arabiensis as the predominant species in Accra. The almost complete elimination of An. funestus and decrease in breeding intensity of An. gambiae s.l. over the years have contributed to diminishing malaria parasite rates between 1912 and 1964 and may also account for low incidence of W. bancrofti infection in Accra in recent times. PMID- 6748134 TI - Phased-array transducer. PMID- 6748133 TI - Referral of children for nutritional interventions in an under-fives clinic: would weight-for-height assessment help? AB - This study investigates decision making in an under-fives clinic by examining the referral of children for nutritional help on the basis of weight-for-age assessments ('Road to Health Card'). The weight-for-age status of each child is compared with his weight-for-height status. Children with a weight-for-height status of less than 89% and who were still failing to gain weight were considered 'at risk' and in need of referral. Of 28 such children, only four were referred. The growth curves of five wasted children who were not referred showed acute weight loss. It is suggested that community health nurses may experience problems in interpreting the trend of a child's growth curve, possibly because the information is inadequate or because they fail to interpret the given information correctly. Alternatively, community health nurses may have other reasons for nonreferral and these are also discussed. The study also considers whether incorporating a weight-for-height assessment into the clinic routine would increase the efficiency of nutritional intervention. However, there appears to be no obvious advantage if children's ages are known and the majority of children are not severely malnourished. The emphasis should be on training, not on new techniques. PMID- 6748135 TI - Case of the month. Benign cystic teratoma of the right ovary. PMID- 6748136 TI - The binocular distance: a new way to estimate fetal age. AB - Fetal ocular biometry has been previously established and reported. The purpose of this communication is to report an equation to predict fetal age from the binocular distance. The error of the estimation is also reported. The potential value of this measurement is illustrated in a case of thanatophoric dysplasia. PMID- 6748137 TI - The sonographic appearances of gastric lymphoma. AB - The sonographic images obtained from 17 patients with gastric lymphoma were reviewed. In 15/17 cases the tumor presented as an abdominal mass, either with a "target-like" pattern or with a solid, homogeneous structure; in the remaining two cases only thickening of portions of the gastric wall was seen. Two features that may help to differentiate lymphoma from other gastric diseases were observed in patients of this series. In eight cases thickened mucosal folds could be identified within the gastric mass, outlined by strong luminal echoes arranged like the spokes of a wheel. A hypoechoic appearance of hte infiltrated gastric wall was seen in 13/17 cases; it was less echogenic than the adjacent liver parenchyma and, often, it was almost echo-free. Sonography is often used as the first imaging method in cases of patients with abdominal complaints and clinically unsuspected tumors of the stomach may be visualized first by it. In such cases, identification of these features within a gastric mass may allow sonography to suggest the lymphomatous nature of the disease. PMID- 6748139 TI - A reevaluation of placental grading and its clinical significance. AB - Pregnancies complicated by preeclampsia or intrauterine growth retardation have an earlier and faster placental maturation than normal. This is demonstrated in a study of 1,096 obstetrical examinations of 473 non-diabetic mothers. It is recommended that a pregnancy demonstrating grade I maturational changes prior to 27 weeks, grade II changes prior to 32 weeks, or especially grade III changes prior to 34 weeks be followed clinically and ultrasonically for possible complications. PMID- 6748138 TI - "Falling snowflakes," an ultrasound sign of hydatid sand. AB - It has been claimed that the distinction between a simple cyst and a simple noncomplicated hydatid cyst cannot be made by ultrasound examination. It is very important to make this distinction before attempting a diagnostic or therapeutic puncture of a cyst, at least in geographic areas where echinococcosis is endemic. The authors report an ultrasound sign that makes this differential diagnosis possible. PMID- 6748140 TI - Chronic pancreatitis: the diagnostic significance of pancreatic size and echo amplitude. AB - Pancreatic size and pancreatic echo amplitude were examined to determine their value for distinguishing chronic pancreatitis from normal. Using patients with cystic fibrosis as a model for chronic pancreatitis, a prospective study was performed comparing 16 patients with this disease and 16 normals. Absolute measurements of the pancreatic body and the ratio of pancreatic size to vertebral body size were determined. Pancreatic echo amplitude was both measured clinically from the B-scan and evaluated in a blind review by seven observers. The pancreases of cystic fibrosis could be distinguished on the basis of echo amplitude with sensitivity and specificity of 94 per cent and 100 per cent for direct B-scan echo amplitude measurements and 74 per cent and 88 per cent for reviewers. Pancreatic size was of no value as a distinguishing characteristic, probably because as the diseased pancreas increases in echo amplitude by fat and fibrous tissue replacement, it blends imperceptibly with the peripancreatic soft tissues. Measurement of pancreatic size in chronic pancreatitis is therefore inaccurate and probably overestimated. PMID- 6748141 TI - Sonography of bilateral testicular epidermoid cysts. PMID- 6748142 TI - A gastric bezoar causing a target lesion as revealed by ultrasound. AB - A case of a bezoar of the stomach causing a "target lesion" of the gastrointestinal tract is presented. The observance of this mass as water passed through the stomach may, in the future, differentiate the mass from a true stomach-wall lesion as more of these patterns are recognized. Other lesions that may enter into the differential diagnosis are blood clots and pedunculated polyps. PMID- 6748143 TI - Progression of infantile polycystic kidney disease in early pregnancy. PMID- 6748144 TI - Sonography of the Mirizzi syndrome. PMID- 6748145 TI - Real-time diagnosis of an intraamniotic fluid blood clot. PMID- 6748146 TI - The sonographic appearance of the Heyer-Schulte testicular prosthesis. PMID- 6748149 TI - Ultrasound evaluation of female isosexual precocious puberty. AB - Fifty-six female children with signs of precocious puberty were examined. Adult sized ovaries and an intermediate-sized uterus were characteristic of true sexual precocity, either idiopathic or due to a CNS lesion. Premature thelarche and premature adrenarche showed normal infantile pelvic organs, while in cases of precocious pseudopuberty, the appearances of the ovaries and uterus varied depending upon the underlying process. Large ovarian cysts and large ovaries were found in six patients with McCune-Albright syndrome. An ultrasound study is of benefit in the evaluation of female children with precocious sexual development because it can demonstrate the adult-sized ovaries of true precocious puberty, thereby distinguishing this condition from premature thelarche and premature adrenarche, and it can demonstrate specific causes of precocious sexual development, such as adrenal and ovarian tumors and ovarian cysts. PMID- 6748147 TI - The inaccuracy of total uterine volume measurements: sources of error and a proposed solution. AB - Inaccuracies in total intrauterine volumes calculated using the prolate ellipse equation have been reported. No previous study has examined all the sources of error. In this study, a comprehensive approach was undertaken. Measurements were obtained from scans of the pregnant uterus in the prone position using an automated water-path scanner (Octoson) and in the supine position using standard static B-mode scanners. Several conclusions could be drawn: 1) From the Octoson prone scans, uterine volumes obtained using the prolate ellipse formula were markedly different from the true uterine volumes obtained by the summation of stepped areas. This showed that the prolate ellipse formula was inaccurate. 2) From the static supine scans, many observer inconsistencies were found in uterine volumes obtained from the prolate ellipse formula. This made the prolate ellipse formula unreliable. 3) Previously published graphs calculated from the prolate ellipse equation, comparing fetal age with total intrauterine volume, were found to vary accuracy, presumably as a result of 1 and 2. A more accurate approach is proposed. Using the outer uterine wall as the boundary, the stepped area-to volume values of transverse scans taken at 3-cm intervals were found to closely approximate true volumes, with an average error of only 3.5 per cent. Since these measurements encompass the intrauterine contents and the myometrium, it is suggested that the term "total uterine volume" be used instead of "total intrauterine volume." PMID- 6748148 TI - Total uterine volume: a new graph and its clinical applications. AB - The prolate ellipse formula has been shown to be inaccurate and inconsistent in the calculation of total uterine volume. The stepped area-to-volume technique has proven to be both accurate and consistent and provides a value equal to the true uterine volume. When these true volumes were plotted on previously published graphs of total uterine volume derived from the prolate ellipse formula, the graphs were found to be inaccurate. New graphs based on normal values have been constructed, comparing total uterine volume with both biparietal diameter and average gestational age. When 26 abnormal values were plotted on the total uterine volume versus biparietal diameter graph, almost all fell outside the 90 per cent confidence limits. Seven of the abnormal value were from fetuses found to have growth retardation. Six of these cases, including two not appreciated either clinically or ultrasonographically, were detected by this method. The stepped area-to-volume technique should allow reconsideration of the total uterine volume concept and aid in the detection of the subtle changes in uterine size. PMID- 6748150 TI - Respiratory movement of the pancreas: an ultrasonic study. AB - Respiratory movement of the pancreas was documented ultrasonically in 36 normal patients and volunteers. Pancreatic excursion from full inspiration to full expiration was measured in the plane of the superior mesenteric artery in supine, prone, and decubitus positions. Excursions ranged from 0 to 3.5 cm. The average respiratory excursion was 1.8 cm in the supine position, 1.9 cm when prone, and 2.2 cm in the lateral decubitus position. Such respiratory movement of the pancreas has obvious implications both for static B-mode ultrasound scanning and for CT scanning. PMID- 6748151 TI - A longitudinal study of fetal weight growth. AB - In a longitudinal study of fetal growth, the authors attempted to provide normal values for estimating fetal weights at various gestational ages. PMID- 6748152 TI - Cholecystosonography in pregnancy. AB - Ultrasound is currently the modality of choice for examination of the fetus in pregnancy. Pregnancy is felt to be a possible risk factor for the development of gallstones. The purpose of this study was to determine whether obstetric patients sent for ultrasonic evaluation should have a simultaneous ultrasonic examination of the gallbladder to detect asymptomatic gallstones. In this study, 11.3 per cent of 142 patients were found to have gallstones. The authors conclude that cholecystosonography should be performed on pregnant patients sent for ultrasonic examination. PMID- 6748153 TI - Antenatal sonographic diagnosis of achondrogenesis. PMID- 6748154 TI - The pharmacokinetics of ketamine administered intravenously in calves and the modifying effect of premedication with xylazine hydrochloride. AB - Ketamine hydrochloride was administered intravenously to unpremedicated and xylazine-treated calves. The plasma concentrations of ketamine and norketamine were measured at several time intervals after drug administration and the data were fitted to a two-compartment open model. In unpremedicated female calves the distribution and elimination half-lives averaged 6.9 and 60.5 min, respectively. The volume of the central compartment was 1.21 l/kg and the peripheral compartment was 4.04 l/kg. Total body clearance of ketamine averaged 40.4 ml/min/kg. Premedication with xylazine, whilst not affecting the half-lives significantly, reduced volumes of distribution and the clearance rate of the drug by approximately 50%. The results for the male calves which were premedicated were intermediate between the two groups of female calves. PMID- 6748155 TI - Plasma concentration, mammary excretion and side-effects of phenylbutazone after repeated oral administration in healthy cows. AB - Seven clinically healthy dairy cows were each given 2.5 g phenylbutazone (approximately 5 mg/kg body weight) by oral administration twice daily for 8 days. The concentrations of phenylbutazone in plasma and milk and several blood parameters were studied. The minimum plasma concentration during steady state was 100.4 +/- 7.3 micrograms/ml. During the same period the milk concentration never exceeded 1% of the plasma concentration. The elimination half-life in plasma was 38.6 +/- 3.7 h. Five days after administration had been discontinued, the milk concentration was 0.05 +/- 0.01 microgram/ml. All seven cows were clinically healthy throughout the experiment. The most pronounced side-effect of the blood parameters studied was a decreased concentration of leucocytes to about two thirds of the control value. This might have a pronounced influence on the effectiveness of the immune system. There was also a significant decrease in total bilirubin indicating a decrease in the breakdown of erythrocytes. PMID- 6748157 TI - Dispersion of a fluorescein dye-ampicillin mixture after intratracheal administration in calves. AB - The pulmonary and systemic dispersion of a dye mixture after intratracheal (i.t.) administration was characterized in young dairy calves. Five calves were given i.t. injections of a fluorescein and ampicillin mixture, and were then killed at 2, 5 or 15 min after treatment. The respiratory system, nasal pharynx area, nose, liver, kidney, stomach and esophagus were removed and examined. Sections were taken from lung areas for histopathological examinations and all tissues were photographed, using floodlight and ultraviolet light. There was uniform low-grade fluorescence throughout the lung, but the greatest fluorescence followed an anterior ventral dispersion. The dye was readily absorbed from the lung into the bloodstream, causing fluorescence in the liver, bile, kidney and urine. Coughing of the calves during the injection caused some of the mixture to be expectorated and swallowed, resulting in fluorescence in the esophagus, stomach contents, and nasal pharanges, turbinates and nostrils. PMID- 6748156 TI - A correlation of toxicity of albendazole and oxfendazole with their free metabolites and bound residues. AB - The possible correlations between embryotoxicity, plasma kinetics of toxic metabolites and covalent binding of metabolites to foetal tissues were studied using two drugs, albendazole and oxfendazole. In the rat, the metabolic inhibitor, SKF-525A, induced changes in embryotoxicity which were well correlated with plasma levels of identified embryotoxic metabolites, but not with the levels of foetal tissue bound drug metabolites. PMID- 6748158 TI - Effects of tryptamine antagonists on the anaphylactic contractions of the bovine pulmonary smooth muscles. AB - Calves were sensitized with horse plasma (H.P.), 0.2 ml/kg, i.v., and H.P. (0.2 ml/kg) in Freund's complete adjuvant, s.c. The latter injection was repeated 1 week later and the animals were killed 10 days after the second injection. Spirally cut strips of pulmonary artery and vein and the trachealis muscle from the sensitized calves contracted to 5-hydroxytryptamine (5-HT) and specific antigen (horse plasma). Antigen-induced contractions of the pulmonary smooth muscles were significantly blocked (P less than 0.05) by the 5-HT antagonists, methysergide and ketanserin. The trachea, however, appeared less sensitive to the antagonists than the pulmonary vessels. The results suggest that 5-HT participates in the pulmonary anaphylactic reactions of cattle and that ketanserin may be useful in suppressing bovine pulmonary hypersensitivities. PMID- 6748159 TI - The effects of combined intravenous infusions of oestradiol 17 beta and progesterone on uterine activity of ovariectomized ewes. PMID- 6748161 TI - The gene order for rubella virus structural proteins is NH2-C-E2-E1-COOH. AB - The order of translation in vivo of the genes coding for rubella virus structural proteins was studied in infected B-Vero cells. The proteins were sequentially pulse-chase labeled with [35S]methionine after synchronization of translation initiation with hypertonic salt treatment. A sequential labeling procedure ("window-labeling") to specifically label defined segments of the structural proteins was also used. The labeled proteins were identified by sodium dodecyl sulfate-gel electrophoresis after immunoprecipitation with specific antisera directed against the two virion glycoproteins (E1 and E2a/E2b) and the nucleocapsid (C) protein. The order of translation was found to be NH2-C-E2-E1 COOH. We have previously shown that the structural proteins are synthesized in vitro from a cytoplasmic 24S subgenomic mRNA as a 110,000-dalton (p110) precursor (Oker-Blom et al., J. Virol. 49:403-408, 1984). Here, it is shown that p110 is precipitated with anti-C, anti-E2, and anti-E1 sera, indicating that p110 is the precursor of all three structural proteins. Two major in vitro translation products (Mrs, 66,000 and 62,000) that could represent preterminated polypeptide chains or proteolytic cleavage products were precipitated with anti-C and anti-E2 sera, but not with anti-E1 serum, indicating, in conformity with the in vivo results, that the genes for the C and E2 proteins are adjacent to each other. Using these specific antisera, we have also confirmed the identity of the unglycosylated forms of E1 (Mr, 53,000) and E2 (Mr, 30,000) immunoprecipitated from tunicamycin-treated infected cells. PMID- 6748160 TI - Intracellular transport and secretion of hepatitis B surface antigen in mammalian cells. AB - The oligosaccharide processing and secretion of hepatitis B surface antigen (HBsAg) was studied in Chinese hamster ovary cells stably transfected with the gene coding HBsAg. HBsAg was secreted from cells with a relatively long half time (ca. 5 h). This appeared to be a characteristic of HBsAg itself, since HBsAg producing cells infected with vesicular stomatitis virus transported the viral envelope glycoprotein to the cell surface with normal kinetics (half time of ca. 30 min). The secreted HBsAg was comprised of both the unglycosylated (P20) and the glycosylated (G25) polypeptides, characteristic of HBsAg isolated from human serum or secreted from other cell lines (C. W. Crowley, C.-C. Liu, and A. D. Levinson, Mol. Cell. Biol. 3:44-55, 1983; M. F. Dubois, C. Pourcel, S. Rousset, C. Chang, and P. Tiollais, Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A. 77:4549-4553, 1980; C. C. Liu, D. Yansura, and A. D. Levinson, DNA, 1:213-221, 1982; G. M. Macnab, J. J. Alexander, G. Lecatsas, E. M. Bey, and J. M. Urbanocvicz, Br. J. Cancer, 24:509 515, 1976; A. M. Moriarity, B. H. Hoyer, J. W.-K. Shih, J. L. Gerin, and D. H. Hamer, Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A. 78:2606-2610, 1981; D. L. Peterson, J. Biol. Chem., 256:6975-6983, 1981). The glycosylated polypeptide (GP25) contained complex oligosaccharide chains. Cell-associated HBsAg also was comprised of both an unglycosylated and a glycosylated polypeptide; however, the glycosylated form (GP23) contained only high-mannose oligosaccharide chains. No oligosaccharide processing of the high-mannose chains could be detected within the cells. Thus, most of the time before secretion of HBsAg from cells must have been spent in a pre-Golgi or early Golgi compartment. Glycosylation was inhibited completely by tunicamycin, although unglycosylated particles were still secreted from cells and were antigenic. The secretion and oligosaccharide processing of HBsAg were inhibited with high concentrations of monensin, but at lower concentrations of monensin HBsAg was still secreted, although only half of the oligosaccharide chains were processed to the complex form. PMID- 6748162 TI - Isolation of vaccinia virus mutants capable of replicating independently of the host cell nucleus. AB - alpha-Amanitin-resistant vaccinia virus mutants were isolated after serial viral passages in BSC-40 cells that were carried out in the presence of inhibitory levels (6 micrograms/ml) of alpha-amanitin. One such mutant, alpha-27, was highly refractory (greater than 95%) to alpha-amanitin-mediated inhibition and was selected for further study. In the absence of drug, the phenotypes of alpha-27 and wild-type vaccinia virus were indistinguishable with respect to growth kinetics. DNA synthesis, protein synthesis, and morphogenesis. Infections in the presence of alpha-amanitin revealed two striking differences, however. First, wild-type virus was unable to catalyze proteolytic processing of the two major capsid proteins VP62 and VP60, whereas alpha-27 was most efficient at this process. Second, wild-type viral morphogenesis within the infected cells was arrested by alpha-amanitin at an apparently analogous step to that previously described for enucleated cells. This observation was supported by the ability of alpha-27 virus to replicate in enucleated BSC-40 cells. Restriction enzyme analyses of alpha-27 versus wild-type genomes revealed that a XhoI cleavage site was altered in the alpha-27 DNA molecule, suggesting a possible location for the alpha-amanitin resistance locus. PMID- 6748163 TI - Modulation of hepatitis B infection by intravenous application of an immunoglobulin preparation that contains antibodies to hepatitis B e and core antigens but not to hepatitis B surface antigen. AB - Repeated administration of an intravenous immunoglobulin containing antibody to hepatitis B e antigen (anti-HBe) and antibody to hepatitis B core antigen (anti HBc) but free of antibody to hepatitis B surface antigen (anti-HBs) before and after the inoculation of 10(4.9) 50% chimpanzee infective doses of hepatitis B virus (HBV) markedly prolonged the incubation period of HBV in experimentally infected chimpanzees. Similar administration of an immunoglobulin preparation containing anti-HBc but free of anti-HBe and anti-HBs or intramuscular administration of a single dose of immunoglobulin containing anti-HBe and anti HBc 3 days before or after inoculation with HBV did not appear to modulate HBV infection. These observations suggested that anti-HBe, or an unidentified antibody associated with it, may have biological activity in the modulation of HBV replication. PMID- 6748164 TI - Translation of adenovirus 2 late mRNAs microinjected into cultured African green monkey kidney cells. AB - Adenovirus 2-infected monkey cells fail to synthesize fiber, a 62,000 Mr virion polypeptide expressed at late times in productively infected cells. Yet these cells contain fiber mRNA that, after isolation, can be translated in vitro. The reason for the failure of monkey cells to translate fiber mRNA has been approached by microinjecting adenovirus mRNA into the cytoplasm of cultured monkey cells. Late adenovirus 2 mRNA, isolated from infected HeLa cells, was efficiently expressed when microinjected into the African green monkey kidney cell line CV-C. Expressed viral proteins identified by immunoprecipitation included the adenovirus fiber polypeptide. This result demonstrates that the monkey cell translational apparatus is capable of recognizing and expressing functional adenovirus fiber mRNA. Microinjection of late virus mRNA into cells previously infected with wild-type adenovirus 2 failed to increase significantly the yield of infectious virus. PMID- 6748166 TI - Psychiatrists analyze their present problems, project a bright future. PMID- 6748167 TI - A sharper focus for psychotherapy. PMID- 6748165 TI - Mutations in the hemagglutinin receptor-binding site can change the biological properties of an influenza virus. AB - Avian influenza virus reassortants containing human influenza virus hemagglutinins do not replicate in ducks. Two mutations in the receptor-binding site of a human hemagglutinin at residues 226 and 228 allowed replication in ducks. The mutations resulted in a receptor-binding-site sequence identical to the known avian influenza virus sequences. PMID- 6748168 TI - Leads from the MMWR. Gonorrhea--United States, 1983. PMID- 6748170 TI - The Hollywood syndrome (I want to see my name in headlines) PMID- 6748169 TI - Neonatal bladder injury after umbilical artery catheterization by cutdown. PMID- 6748171 TI - Importance of teaching anatomy. PMID- 6748172 TI - Medical care for the homeless. PMID- 6748173 TI - Medical help for developing nations. PMID- 6748175 TI - Mystique, medical training, and clinical excellence. PMID- 6748174 TI - Tenure in medical schools. PMID- 6748176 TI - President's address. Should we learn to say no? PMID- 6748177 TI - Zinc ingestion and lipoprotein values in sedentary and endurance-trained men. AB - The finding that high doses (160 mg) of zinc lowered high-density lipoprotein cholesterol prompted us to study the effect of low-dose zinc supplementation on lipoprotein values in sedentary and endurance-trained men. Twenty-one endurance trained and 23 sedentary men received either placebo or 50 mg of zinc sulfate daily for eight weeks. Despite the fact that plasma zinc increased 15%, fasting plasma high-density-lipoprotein cholesterol, total cholesterol, low-density lipoprotein cholesterol, and triglyceride levels did not change in response to zinc ingestion. We conclude that low-dose zinc supplementation does not affect lipid or lipoprotein values in either endurance-trained or sedentary men. PMID- 6748178 TI - Long-term outcome of episodes of major depression. Clinical and public health significance. AB - Twenty-one percent (20/97) of patients with an episode of major depressive disorder and no history of chronic minor depression who sought treatment at five university medical centers had not recovered after two years of prospective follow-up. The rate of recovery was highest in the three months after entry into the study, with a notable decrease in rate after one year. Most patients who did not recover had severe depressive symptoms throughout the two years of follow-up. Long duration of episode before entry into the study, inpatient hospitalization status at entry, intact marriage, low family income, admitting research center, and a history of nonaffective psychiatric disorders (including alcoholism) predicted a chronic course. The implications of these findings for clinicians, researchers, and public health planners are discussed. PMID- 6748179 TI - The emotional care of a person with a spinal cord injury. PMID- 6748181 TI - Consensus conference: Osteoporosis. PMID- 6748180 TI - Toothpick-related injuries in the United States, 1979 through 1982. AB - From 1979 to 1982, an estimated 8,176 toothpick-related injuries occurred yearly (3.6 per 100,000 population per year). The rate of injury was greatest among children 5 to 14 years old, but children younger than 5 years had a rate of injury to the eyeball and ear more than 20 times greater than that of other persons. Since young children appear to be at greatest risk, toothpicks should be kept out of their reach. PMID- 6748182 TI - Caffeine labeling. Council on Scientific Affairs. American Medical Association. PMID- 6748183 TI - Fertilization, embryo transfer procedures raise many questions. PMID- 6748184 TI - Leads from the MMWR. Recommendations of the Immunization Practices Advisory Committee (ACIP). Rabies prevention--United States, 1984. PMID- 6748186 TI - Acute clinical outcomes of hepatitis B infection. PMID- 6748185 TI - The Cambridge Diet. PMID- 6748187 TI - Influences on prescribing practices. PMID- 6748188 TI - Monosodium glutamania: the Chinese restaurant syndrome revisited. PMID- 6748189 TI - Economic incentives of faculty practice. PMID- 6748190 TI - Vietnam veterans' risks for fathering babies with birth defects. AB - Vietnam veterans' risks for fathering babies with major structural birth defects were assessed using a case-control study. Information regarding military service in Vietnam was obtained from interviews with mothers and fathers of babies in case and control groups and from review of military records. Vietnam veterans, in general, did not have an increased risk of fathering babies with defects (all types combined; relative risk estimate, 0.97). Vietnam veterans who had greater estimated opportunities for Agent Orange exposure did not seem to be at greater risk for fathering babies with all types of defects combined. However, for a few specific types of defects the estimated risks were higher for subgroups of Vietnam veterans that may have had a greater likelihood of exposure to Agent Orange. These seemingly higher risks could be chance events, the result of some experience in the Vietnam service of the father, or the result of some other unidentified risk factor. PMID- 6748191 TI - Toxoplasmic encephalitis in patients with acquired immune deficiency syndrome. AB - An epidemic of cases of toxoplasmic encephalitis is occurring in patients with acquired immune deficiency syndrome (AIDS). Serological or histopathologic studies were performed on 70 cases with AIDS and toxoplasmic encephalitis. In many cases conventional stains of brain-tissue specimens failed to disclose Toxoplasma organisms; all were positive when stained by the peroxidase antiperoxidase technique. Except for a single patient, serological titers were not indicative of an acute acquired infection. The ratio of titers in the agglutination test to titers in the Sabin-Feldman dye test seemed to be more predictive of active toxoplasmic encephalitis in patients with AIDS than either test alone. Based on histological and serological data, an approach is presented for diagnosis and treatment of suspected toxoplasmic encephalitis in patients with AIDS. PMID- 6748192 TI - Bathtub-related electrocutions in the United States, 1979 to 1982. AB - From 1979 to 1982, in the United States, at least 95 persons were electrocuted in bathtubs; 66% of the deaths occurred during the winter and spring. Children younger than 5 years had the greatest mortality rate, and hair dryers were responsible for 60% of the deaths. Until electric appliances used in bathrooms are made safer, the appliances should be disconnected when not in use, not used in wet bathtubs, and kept away from children. PMID- 6748194 TI - Cat-scratch disease. Bacteria in skin at the primary inoculation site. AB - Cat-scratch disease is a zoonotic infection characterized by a skin papule at the site of the scratch followed by regional lymphadenitis. Recently, small gram negative pleomorphic bacilli were demonstrated in sections of lymph node from patients with the disease. We now report identical bacteria in the primary inoculation site of three patients with cat-scratch disease. Lymph nodes from two of these patients also contained the same bacilli. Identical bacteria in both skin and lymph nodes from these patients are further evidence that the bacilli are the cause of cat-scratch disease. In early infections, biopsy of the primary site of inoculation and demonstration of bacilli may replace excision and histologic examination of lymph node in establishing the diagnosis of cat-scratch disease. PMID- 6748193 TI - Competency to give an informed consent. A model for making clinical assessments. AB - A patient's decision must be informed and free, and he/she must be competent either to consent to or refuse treatment. Rather than selecting a single standard of competency, a sliding scale is suggested that requires an increasingly more stringent standard as the consequences of the patient's decision embody more risk. The standard of competency to consent to or to refuse treatment depends on the dangerousness of the treatment decision. Three different standards are correlated with the psychiatric abnormalities that are most likely to undermine them. A model with guidelines for use is provided to aid the physician who is called on to make a determination of competency. PMID- 6748195 TI - Teaching touch at medical school. AB - The association between touch and healing is ancient and worldwide. Skilled hands are among the physician's most important diagnostic and therapeutic tools. Yet a survey of medical schools in the English-speaking world revealed that most offer no touch training in their curricula. Of 169 medical schools, only 12 give any formal instruction in the uses and meaning of therapeutic touch in medicine. The teaching modes of these 12 schools are discussed, and the program of the most touch-conscious school, the University of Otago, is described. PMID- 6748196 TI - Initial observations of the effect of radiotherapy on epidemic Kaposi's sarcoma. AB - Fifteen patients who had Kaposi's sarcoma in conjunction with the acquired immune deficiency syndrome (AIDS) received radiotherapy to a total of 17 selected lesions. All tumors exhibited at least partial regression, and the majority responded completely. The radiosensitivity of these lesions is similar to that observed in the classic form of the disease. We conclude that in appropriately selected cases radiotherapy should be considered the treatment of choice. PMID- 6748197 TI - Vietnam and birth defects. PMID- 6748198 TI - Neuropsychiatric manifestations of human leukocyte interferon therapy in patients with cancer. AB - The conditions of ten patients with metastatic renal cell carcinoma were serially evaluated by neuropsychiatric examination to determine the nature of the fatigue asthenia symptoms resulting from human leukocyte interferon alpha therapy. The majority of the patients had moderate to severe behavioral changes and mild to moderate cognitive, affective, and personality changes within the first week of daily intramuscular administration of 3 X 10(6) units of interferon. This descriptive clinical study suggests that the intense fatigue may be a manifestation of a complex neurotoxicity, most suggestive of frontal lobe changes, and resulting in neurasthenia syndrome with reversible impairment of some higher mental functions. PMID- 6748199 TI - From the NIH. Long-term vasectomy shows no association with coronary heart disease. PMID- 6748200 TI - Evolution of language. PMID- 6748201 TI - Diagnosis of herpes simplex. PMID- 6748202 TI - Nonmedical use of butorphanol and diphenhydramine. PMID- 6748203 TI - Choroidal melanoma and levodopa. PMID- 6748204 TI - Hemiparesis and Bell's palsy following brachial plexus herpes zoster. PMID- 6748205 TI - Staphylococcal food poisoning associated with an Easter egg hunt. AB - Staphylococcal contamination of intact, hard-boiled eggs resulted in the food poisoning of an estimated 300 children out of 850 who had participated in an Easter egg hunt. Enterotoxigenic staphylococci that were isolated from the Easter eggs matched that obtained from an infected cook who prepared the eggs three to five days before the hunt and which he left unrefrigerated. Experimental studies demonstrated that heated eggs can absorb 2 mL of contaminated cool water through intact eggshells. When water was inoculated with pathogenic staphylococci at even low contamination levels, rapid growth and enterotoxin production within cooked eggs could be easily duplicated. This is the first large outbreak of its type; safeguards can and should be employed to prevent future ones. PMID- 6748206 TI - Vasectomy and health. Results from a large cohort study. AB - In this historical cohort study we identified, located, and, if living, interviewed 10,590 vasectomized men from four cities, along with a paired neighborhood control for each. The times between procedure data and interview or death ranged from under one to 41 years, with median equal to 7.9 years and with 2,318 pairs having ten or more years of follow-up. Participant reports of diseases or conditions that might possibly be related to vasectomy through an immunopathological mechanism were validated by direct contact with physicians and review of medical records. Results of this study do not support the suggestions of immunopathological consequences of vasectomy within the period of follow-up. Except for epididymitis-orchitis, the incidence of diseases for vasectomized men was similar or lower than for their paired controls. PMID- 6748207 TI - Discovery of new adverse drug reactions. A review of the Food and Drug Administration's spontaneous reporting system. AB - Recently, several studies of spontaneous reporting systems (SRSs) have reported on the published literature's role in producing first reports of new adverse drug reactions. In order to provide further information on other components of SRS, the Food and Drug Administration's SRS was examined with regard to its effectiveness and efficiency in identifying new adverse drug reactions and the form, consistency, and timeliness of its communication of new adverse drug reactions to the medical community. While there was evidence that the literature was more effective in producing first reports of new adverse drug reactions for the years compared, there was reason to conclude that FDA's SRS was capable of making a contribution to the alerting process. Moreover, direct participation by practitioners in FDA's SRS was found to be the most efficiently obtained FDA source of new adverse drug reaction reports. PMID- 6748209 TI - The unusual cecum. PMID- 6748208 TI - High-density lipoprotein metabolism in runners and sedentary men. AB - We studied the high-density lipoprotein (HDL) metabolism of five trained men who ran 16 km daily and five inactive men. Runners were leaner and their aerobic exercise capacity was much greater. The mean HDL cholesterol level was 65 mg/dL in the runners and 41 mg/dL in the controls. The lipid-rich HDL2 species accounted for a much higher proportion of the HDL in runners (49% v 29%). Tracer studies of radioiodinated autologous HDL demonstrated that runners did not produce more HDL protein but rather catabolized less. The mean biologic half-life of HDL proteins was 6.2 days in the runners compared with 3.8 days in the sedentary men. The activity of lipoprotein lipase was 80% higher in the postheparin plasma of the runners, whereas the activity of hepatic triglyceride hydrolase was 38% lower. Thus, the prolonged survival of plasma HDL proteins in runners may result from augmented lipid transfer to HDL by lipoprotein lipase or diminished HDL clearance by hepatic lipase. PMID- 6748210 TI - Evaluating pleural effusions. A two-stage laboratory approach. PMID- 6748211 TI - Staphylococcus epidermidis septicemia in children: an emerging and difficult problem. PMID- 6748212 TI - The FDA does not approve uses of drugs. PMID- 6748213 TI - Pianist's cramp to stage fright: the medical side of music-making. PMID- 6748214 TI - Music therapy accompanies medical care. PMID- 6748215 TI - Leads from the MMWR. Syphilis--United States, 1983. PMID- 6748216 TI - [China-Japan International Congress of Microbiology]. PMID- 6748217 TI - [Host defense mechanism in experimentally immunocompromised animals and restorative effect of immunopotentiators]. PMID- 6748218 TI - [Time course of the production of immunoglobulins in patients with tularemia]. PMID- 6748219 TI - Distribution of action potential durations in the canine left ventricle. AB - The distribution of action potential durations (APD) in the left ventricle were investigated and compared to the spatial orientation of the maximum T vector (MaxTv). Eight dogs with similar vectorcardiographic spatial orientations of MaxTv were used. Action potentials were recorded from 42 to 64 sites on each isolated endocardial and epicardial specimen with glass microelectrodes. Preparations included the entire left ventricular free wall. The APD50 and APD90 had similar distributions, but the APD90 distribution was less uniform in all 8 dogs. On the endocardium, APDs were longest between the roots of the papillary muscles, and progressively shorter toward the upper edge (base) where the shortest APDs were found. On the epicardium, APDs were longest in the lower lateral region, and gradually shortened, approximately concentrically, toward the anterior and posterior bases. APDs were longer in the endocardium than in the corresponding epicardium. Maximum APD endocardial-epicardial differences were found in the lower lateral region of the ventricular free wall. Results agree with reports of ventricular recovery properties in vivo, and partly account for the spatial orientation of the MaxTv. This study adds new details, and delineates the longest and shortest distributions of APDs. PMID- 6748220 TI - Direct effects of catecholamines and tyramine on sinoatrial conduction in isolated and blood-perfused dog atria. AB - We have investigated the effects of catecholamines (dopamine, norepinephrine, epinephrine and isoproterenol) and tyramine on sinoatrial conduction time (SACT), sinus cycle length (SCL) and developed tension (DT) in isolated atrial muscle, using an isolated and blood-perfused dog atrial preparation, perfused with heparinized blood from the carotid artery of the anesthetized donor dog. Each substance was continuously administered intraarterially into the cannulated sinus node artery. They had dose-dependent positive chronotropic and inotropic effects. Each produced not only a shortening but a prolongation of SACT. In experiments in which only a shortening occurred, the order of the potency for inducing the shortening of the SACT was isoproterenol greater than norepinephrine = epinephrine greater than dopamine greater than tyramine. The ratio of doses required to produce roughly a 15-25% shortening of the SACT was 1: 10: 10: 100: 300, respectively. The isoproterenol-induced shortening of the SACT was inhibited by treatment with propranolol. Tyramine-induced shortening was inhibited by imipramine. From these results, it is suggested that sympathomimetic amines induce a shortening of SACT through adrenergic beta-receptors and also readily induce a pacemaker shift in the SA nodal area. PMID- 6748221 TI - Functional and metabolic effects of cardioplegia induced by a young's solution (YNG solution) as assessed in isolated atrial preparations and in isolated perfused heart preparations of the guinea pig. AB - p6e protective effects of Young's solution (YNG solution), a cardioplegic solution, on the myocardial function and metabolism were assessed in isolated atrial preparations and isolated perfused heart preparations of the guinea pig. In atrial preparations, the time to arrest of the contraction became shorter as the concentrations of the K+, Mg++, and K+-Mg++ solutions increased, while the time to resumption of the contraction was lengthened. There was no difference in the time to arrest between K+ and K+-Mg++ solutions, but the time to resumption was reduced with K+-Mg++ solution to about half the value with K+ solution. YNG solution represented an optimum solution for obtaining a quick cardiac arrest and quick resumption of contraction. In the isolated perfused heart, the time to arrest was similar for all the cardioplegic solutions used and the heart stopped in diastole. However, the time to arrest was longer with cold Krebs-Henseleit's solution (cold cardioplegia). The time to resumption of the contraction was the shortest with YNG solution, which yielded the highest mitochondrial respiratory control ratio (RCR) and ADP/O ratio. There was a negative correlation between the time to resumption of contraction and mitochondrial RCR or ADP/O ratio (r = -0.50 and -0.58, respectively). PMID- 6748222 TI - Effects of cardioplegia induced by a Young's solution (YNG solution) on the blood perfused canine papillary muscle preparation. AB - Experiments were carried out in the blood-perfused canine papillary muscle preparation to evaluate the protective effect of a cardioplegic solution, Young's solution (YNG solution), on the myocardial function. Both in spontaneously contracting preparations and in electrically paced (2 Hz) preparations, the time to the cardiac arrest and the time to the maximum blood flow were found to be significantly shorter when the cardiac arrest was induced with cardioplegic solutions than when it was induced with the cold modified Krebs-Ringer's solution (cold cardioplegia). The maximum blood flow of the paced preparation tended to be greater with cardioplegic solutions. The time to resumption of regular contractions was significantly shorter with YNG solution as compared with cold cardioplegia. The developed tension and the blood flow at the time of resumption of the regular contractions tended to approach the control value more quickly with YNG solution, as compared with other cardioplegic solutions and cold cardioplegia. It is concluded that YNG solution represents an optimal cardioplegic solution. PMID- 6748223 TI - Effect of intra-arterial sodium nitroprusside on intracranial pressure and cerebral autoregulation. AB - In cats with normal intracerebral pressure (ICP), administration of sodium nitroprusside (40 micrograms/Kg/min) through the common carotid leads to an increase of ICP, which is attributed to vasodilatation. When ICP is raised gradually to 40 mmHg by intracisternal infusion of artificial CSF prior to the application of SNP, increments of ICP due to SNP become smaller. This reduced vasodilatatory response can be attributed to either a decrease in cerebral perfusion pressure or a direct influence of intra-arterially administered SNP on the autoregulatory capacity of cerebral vessels. PMID- 6748224 TI - The sequence and correlation of the changes in several parameters of energy metabolism induced by ischemic insult in heart muscle. AB - Samples of myocardium with varying degrees of ischemia were obtained from subendo and subepicardium of nonischemic, ischemic border and center zones of canine left ventricles to assess the sequence of rapid alterations of several parameters of energy metabolism induced by myocardial ischemia. Ischemia was induced by occluding the left anterior descending coronary artery. The contents of creatine phosphate (CP) and ATP decreased significantly. There was a significant accumulation of lactate. The redox potential (Eh) and phosphorylation potential (l') also decreased sharply, but only a slight decrease in energy charge (E.C.) was noted. A close correlation was found between ATP and total adenine nucleotide (r = 0.99). There were various degrees of linear correlation between other parameters, except for ATP (and total adenine nucleotide) and Pi, and CP and l', which were uncorrelated. The sequence of rapid alterations in the parameters of energy metabolism induced by ischemia was: (1) l' and CP, (2) Pi, ATP and Eh, and finally (3) lactate and E.C. A significant increase of the heart rate and a decline of the mean blood pressure and left ventricular pressure (LVP) were also observed in association with a slight change in the maximum rate of rise of the left ventricular pressure (dP/dtmax). PMID- 6748225 TI - Suppression of renal sympathetic activity with potassium supplement in DOCA-salt rats. AB - We studied the involvement of renal sympathetic nervous system activity in the antihypertensive and natriuretic effects of potassium supplement in DOCA-salt treated rats. Systolic blood pressure of DOCA-salt rats rose substantially, reaching 181 +/- 3 mmHg after 4 weeks of DOCA-salt administration. In contrast, the supplement of 1% KCl solution attenuated the development of the hypertension until the fourth week (120 +/- 1 mmHg). After the 4-week treatments, renal norepinephrine turnover rate was calculated from the decline in specific activity after the injection of dl-3H-norepinephrine. It was markedly accelerated in DOCA salt rats as compared to control rats. In contrast, 1% KCl supplement significantly restored to normal the increased renal norepinephrine turnover rate in DOCA-salt rats. Taken together, evidence presented suggests that the normalization of the increased renal sympathetic tone may be involved in the natriuretic and antihypertensive effects of potassium supplement in DOCA-salt hypertensive rats. PMID- 6748226 TI - Profile of pregnancy in young spontaneously hypertensive rats. AB - The uterine contents and ovaries of pregnant spontaneously hypertensive rats (SHR) were compared to those of control Wistar-Kyoto rats (WKY). Although there were no strain differences in the number of released oocytes as indicated by corpora lutea, there were fewer viable fetuses in the SHR litters compared to WKY. Since there was no difference in post-implantation intrauterine loss, the lower SHR fetal number was most likely due to fewer successful implantations in the SHR. Maternal blood pressures declined significantly in both strains on day 18 of gestation. PMID- 6748227 TI - Body surface maps in 2 cases of atrial flutter. AB - Body surface maps during one cycle of atrial flutter were recorded in 2 cases. The sequences of movements of the maximum and the minimum were compared to those of the sinus P waves. The maps of normal sinus P waves usually show that a maximum first appears at the anterior chest near the sternum and moves to the left side of the thorax in the later half of the P wave. The maps of atrial flutter in Case 1 showed that a maximum first appeared on the upper right back and then moved to the right side of the anterior chest. The maps of Case 2 showed that a maximum first appeared on the upper right back and then moved down the right side of the posterior thorax. There were no movements of the maxima in either case from the right side of the chest to the left as seen in the sinus P waves. PMID- 6748229 TI - [Current issues and future prospects of gastric mass survey]. AB - In general, it is necessary to consider morbidity rate and mortality in the population at risk when mass survey for cancer is performed. From our long-term follow-up study, it is clearly suggested that gastric mass survey contributed toward reducing the mortality from stomach cancer. However, the effectiveness of gastric mass survey depends on the screening system. The screening system with a low grade in its accuracy and reliability may also cause spoil the effectiveness of mass survey. PMID- 6748230 TI - [Problems and future directions for early detection of lung cancer]. AB - Mass screening methods for lung cancer consist of X-ray examination in men and women over 40 years of age and X-ray examination plus sputum cytology test confined to high risk groups. Examination methods which seem to be most effective for early detection at present are introduced based on the results of the examinations and treatment provided. If we are to conduct this method extensively in the future there remain many problems unsolved yet: how to systematize the execution, to contact with more examinees, to increase examination capability and effectiveness etc. Our recent directions for the nation-wide mass screening of lung cancer consist of four methods: 1. Utilization of local self-governmental mass screening. 2. Mass screening conducted by general practitioners at local clinics. 3. Active cooperation of general practitioners with local self government. 4. Public participation in the lung project. We should continue our efforts to solve these problems. PMID- 6748231 TI - [Current issues and future prospects of mass screening for breast cancer]. AB - As the breast carcinoma has a tendency to increase lately, the mass screening for it is being undertaken on a national wide scale. Kanagawa prefecture obtaining cooperation from universities and many hospitals there, 144,000 women for five years have undertaken the mass screening since 1978. As a primary examination, many doctors are sent to each parts of Kanagawa prefecture. This mass screening enables to examine the women in the wide area economically and easily. Moreover, it can be a great opportunity for them to get knowledge for the detection of the early breast carcinoma. However, this kind of way needs so many doctors and limits the numbers of examinees. We got the conclusion comparing to the way of the mass screening adapted by Kawasaki city, that is the examinees should go to the public health centers. PMID- 6748228 TI - [Tumor antigen TA-4 of squamous cell carcinoma in patients with cervical cancer]. AB - A tumor-marker TA-4 was purified from squamous cell carcinoma of the uterine cervix. TA-4 is a glycoprotein with a molecular weight of approximately 48,000. Although some amounts of TA-4 activity have been found in the non-malignant squamous epithelium, there is a significant difference in TA-4 release between the malignant and non-malignant tissues, resulted in the specific detection of TA 4 in the circulation of patients with squamous cell carcinoma. Clinical studies with the TA-4 RIA have demonstrated that TA-4 assay is useful to evaluate the extent or prognosis of disease and effectiveness of treatments, and to detect early recurrent disease. PMID- 6748232 TI - [Mass screening for colorectal cancer--issues and future prospects]. AB - The incidence of colorectal cancer has been gradually going up among the Japanese in the past decade, but a ratio of early cancer is only ten per cent of total lesions. To improve this problem, mass screening in asymptomatic populations will be needed urgently. In order to establish a mass program, it is important to match various factors regarding a disease and method, which makes the screening valuable and acceptable. Fecal occult blood test is the method which will be most acceptable with regard to the cost, time and number to be examined. Since 1979 the author and his colleagues have been evaluating mass screening for colorectal cancer with fecal occult blood testing in combination with gastric mass screening already established in Japan and would like to stress that this combination method is useful and widely acceptable from the viewpoints of cost-benefit and early detection of colorectal cancers. Finally, the author expects that "Gastrointestinal mass screening" with this combination method will be spread throughout the country in the near future. PMID- 6748233 TI - [Problems in treating early cases of head and neck cancer]. AB - The term "early case" is defined as a Stage I case, i.e. a T1N0M0 case in this paper. Cases of Tis are also included. During the 10-year-period from 1971 to 1980, the rate of early cases to the entire cases was the greatest for the larynx, followed by the nasal cavity, tongue, oropharynx and hypopharynx and cervical esophagus. The purposes of this paper are to review retrospectively the patients with early carcinoma of these organs who were treated in our hospital during the last 23 years, to discuss the no-recurrence rate and function following varying treatments and to propose some improvements in treatment. Carcinomas of the nasal cavity and the maxillary sinus are successfully treated with transoral surgeries with/without chemo-radiotherapy. A Nd-YAG laser is very useful for the surgery. For carcinomas of the oropharynx and oral cavity, surgical removal with/without (chemo-) radiotherapy yielded good results, whereas radiotherapy with/without chemotherapy presented with frequent failures. Extensive surgical removals, however, resulted in significant functional disorders. Currently, we have been using CO2 laser. For those lesions confined to the mucosa, a simple laser excision is applied. For those lesions with extension to the submucous tissue, we first remove the visible and palpable tumor by means of laser and, then, post-laser chemoradiotherapy is applied. The function after these treatments is excellent. For carcinomas of the hypopharynx and cervical esophagus, surgical treatments associated with total laryngectomy yielded better results than those without total laryngectomy. Total laryngectomy, however, causes serious problems in speech communication. Recently, we have tried partial pharyngo-esophagectomy followed by (chemo-)radiotherapy. This seems to be a promising modality. Supraglottic carcinoma was best treated with total laryngectomy. Partial laryngectomy was also successful when conducted by well trained surgeons. Small lesions were successfully treated with radiation. We feel partial laryngectomy with the use of CO2 laser should be the first choice in many cases. Endolaryngeal laser can be applied to small lesions. For glottic carcinoma, radiotherapy is indicated in most head and neck cancer clinic over the world, and so had been in our hospital until a few years ago. Recently, we have adopted endolaryngeal laser surgery. Laser is advantageous over radiotherapy because it takes less treatment time, it has no side effect or carcinogenicity and it saves radiotherapy as a future treatment for possible recurrence or second primary.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 400 WORDS) PMID- 6748234 TI - [Controversy on the treatment of early breast cancer]. AB - Ten year survival rate following modified radical mastectomy for breast cancer with stage I was 84 per cent. Sixteen per cent of them had metastases in the axillary lymph nodes. However, setting limits to under 1.0 centimeter in diameter of the tumor, rate of the axillary metastases was 7 per cent. In addition to it, using the X ray mammography and the histological examination of the biopsied specimen, an early breast cancer without metastasis could be selected rather accurately, that is the axillary dissection could be saved for such early breast cancer. On the other hand, it was recognized that intramammary multicenctricity was 96 cases, (8.5%), in 970 breast cancer, residual cancer following the excisional biopsy was 61 cases (32%) in 176 breast cancer, and breast cancer risk following microdochectomy for intraductal papillary lesions was 6.7%. Accordingly, now that a lesion is certified as breast cancer, total mastectomy is required at least. PMID- 6748235 TI - [Some problems in the treatment of early breast cancer]. AB - In Japan, most surgeons regard Stage I cancer of TNM system as "early breast cancer". Modified radical mastectomy is generally performed for the Stage I cancer. However, most recurrence sites of those cases, even in Stage I cancer, are distant organs such as lung, bone, etc. Corresponding to this, the Stage I cancer has blood vessel invasion in some cases and the incidence is almost 10%. Consequently, postoperative adjuvant chemotherapy is required in such cases. We have experienced several cases of small (less than or equal to 5 mm) non infiltrating carcinoma detected only by microcalcification on mammogram. In such cases, a quadrantectomy and further follow-up are indicated as an appropriate treatment at present. Thus, even the treatment for the early breast cancer should be applied a wide-varied policy. PMID- 6748236 TI - [Controversies on the treatment of early esophageal cancer]. AB - Early cancer of the esophagus was defined as the mucosal and the submucosal cancer without any metastasis. The five-year-survival rate for early cancer cases was 61%. From our experience with nine cases of early mucosal cancer, not only no lymph node metastasis but also no vascular invasion was observed. So the diagnosis and the surgical treatment of mucosal carcinoma and further intraepithelial carcinoma must be important to obtain the long term survivals. The post operative combined treatments, such as the irradiation and the immunochemotherapy, were necessary for the early submucosal cancer with vascular invasion to improve the postoperative survivals. PMID- 6748237 TI - [Problems and present status of surgical treatment for early gastric cancer]. AB - We investigated 81 cases resected in our department about 10 years. The following conclusions were obtained. The R2-operation in lymph node dissection should be made even for early gastric cancer. Early gastric cancer with the unclear border, uneven surface or induration should be operated as advanced cancers. Because the positive rate of lymphatic permeation in these cases is high and the hematogenous metastasis is not rarely found. We also sent out a questionnaire to 430 hospitals which were attached to the Japanese Research Society for gastric cancer. We do believed that we should not easily performed the non operative treatment for early gastric cancer, because we could be only obtained the exact information after the histological examination of resected specimens. PMID- 6748238 TI - [Problems on the treatment of early pancreatic cancer]. AB - Surgical results on pancreatic cancer are extremely unsatisfactory, therefore early diagnosis is the most urgent problem. The definition and frequency of early pancreatic cancer were discussed. We developed a screening method for detection of early cancer of the pancreas. As a results of endeavor at early detection of pancreatic cancer mainly by screening method, nine (35%) of 26 curative resected cases encountered in the four years from 1978 through 1981, were found to be early pancreatic cancer. Out of 9 cases with cancer localized in the pancreas without metastasis, one case died after 4 years and 6 months, and remaining 8 cases have survived for 22 to 48 months. These cases could be called early pancreatic cancer. In most cases, cancer of the pancreatic head discovered through jaundice is advanced cases with bad prognosis, so it is the most important to detect early pancreatic cancer by our screening method, before appearance of jaundice. PMID- 6748239 TI - [Early carcinoma of the colon and rectum]. AB - Between 1965 and 1980, 76 early colorectal carcinomas were resected surgically in 70 patients. Twenty nine of 76 lesions were "m" carcinomas. Four patients had reoperation because of late local recurrences, but no patients had distant metastasis. Fourty seven lesion were "sm" carcinomas. There were four patients with lymph node metastases. Distant metastases occurred in four patients. From this study it was concluded that: (1) Local resection is a satisfactory method of treatment for patients with "m" carcinoma, (2) For patients with "sm" carcinoma, radical resection is necessary for most cases. PMID- 6748241 TI - [Problems in the treatment of early carcinoma of the uterine cervix]. AB - Limited operation is in side spread use recently in surgical treatment of in situ (Stage 0) and microinvasive (Stage Ia) carcinomas of the uterine cervix. Which purpose is to avoid such postoperative complications as vesical paralysis, therefore the simple total or modified radical hysterectomy is performed. However, the conization of the cervix may be received among the young women with strong desire to preserve their child-bearing potential. It is utmost importance to make a correct histological diagnosis prior to the performance of these procedures. In addition it is of importance to examine the histological rest of cancer, postoperatively. On the radiation therapy for Stage 0 and Stage Ia cancers, it is a general agreement that be treated only by intracavitary irradiation. PMID- 6748240 TI - [Treatment of early urogenital cancer]. AB - Problems in the treatment of early urogenital cancer were discussed. Bladder cancer: Prevention of recurrence of superficial tumor and early diagnosis of microinvasive cancer are important. Renal cancer: Ultrasound study is helpful method for the purpose of early detection of asymptomatic renal cancer. Prostatic cancer: It is necessary to produce the method which detects early prostatic cancer. Testicular cancer: The combination chemotherapy including cis-platinum is very effective. PMID- 6748242 TI - [Treatment of maxillary cancer]. AB - In order to avoid post-operative cosmetic and functional disabilities, simultaneous combined surgery, radiotherapy and regional chemotherapy was introduced in treating carcinomas of the maxillary sinus. The combined therapy consists of a reduction operation succeeded by daily cleaning of the residual tumor, external irradiation and intra-arterial infusion of 5-fluorouracil and broxuridine. Thirty-six cases of squamous cell carcinoma of the maxillary sinus were treated between 1974 and 1981, and followed up for more than 2 years. Some modifications were made in order to decrease the incidences of local recurrences as well as distant metastasis. The result of these modifications in the combined treatment is too short of time and cases to estimate. However, 5 year survival rate of 10 cases analysed by life table method showed 88%. PMID- 6748243 TI - [Lymphedema and function of the arm after mastectomy for breast cancer]. AB - We made an investigation of lymphedema and function of the arm in 1,115 patients after mastectomy. Slight edema was observed in 26.7 per cent, moderate edema in 3.9 per cent and severe in 0.9 per cent. Lymphedema is dependent upon the extensiveness of surgical operation. The incidence of moderate and severe edema is 2.5 per cent for 637 patients with modified radical mastectomy, 7.7 per cent for 440 patients with standard radical mastectomy and 10.5 per cent for 38 patients with extended radical mastectomy. The development of edema is more frequent in irradiated patients than in those without irradiation. No difference of the incidence of arm movement limitation is observed between modified radical mastectomy and standard radical mastectomy. Modified radical mastectomy, especially Auchincloss operation, offers a much cosmetic appearance. PMID- 6748244 TI - [Radical operation for rectal cancer to preserve anorectal, urinary and sexual function]. AB - Recently, preservation of physiological functions have become to be considered in the operative treatment for rectal cancer. Dysfunction caused following radical operation for rectal cancer is divided into two parts as follows, (1) disturbance or loss of anorectal function due to sacrifice of the anus in abdomino-perineal resection and decrease function as fecal reservoir following anal sphincter preserving resection of the rectum. (2) anorectal, urinary and sexual dysfunction following surgical injury to the autonomic nerves by pelvic lymph nodes dissection. Our conceptions of the indication for sphincter preserving operation and for wide dissection of pelvic lymph nodes which cause severe dysfunction of urinary and sexual functions postoperatively were discussed. PMID- 6748245 TI - [Problems of the preservation treatment of vesical function of bladder cancer]. AB - Prognosis of the recurrent cases which broke out after the preservation treatment of the vesical function as a first treatment tend to be worse in comparison with the primary cases. Especially the partial cystectomy has this tendency. Preservation treatment of the vesical function can be applied to the low stage, however, the application of this treatment to the tumor which is indicative of the invasive cancer is very difficult. From the long term observation type 1 (bush type) by the endoscopic classification did not worsen in a recurrence after the treatment with preservation of the vesical function. A repetition of the preservation treatment of the vesical function for a intravesical recurrence will incur a danger that a tumor will be getting worse even if it is low grade or low stage. PMID- 6748247 TI - [Treatment of macroscopical subtypes in Borrmann type 4 gastric carcinoma]. AB - According to macroscopical appearances of the gastric lesions, we classified Borrmann-4 Type of gastric carcinoma into 4 subtypes; (1) giant rugae type, (2) IIc surface type, (3) erosion type, and (4) stricture type. The important points of treatment for each subtype are as follows: For carcinomas of the giant rugae type and the stricture type, neighboring organs and surrounding tissues of the stomach should be resected with total gastrectomy and a long-term chemotherapy should be performed postoperatively. For IIc surface type and erosion type, regional lymph nodes should be thoroughly cleaned up and the aggressive adjuvant therapies should be given from the early day after the surgical operation. PMID- 6748246 TI - [Functional saving in the treatment of cervical cancer]. AB - The radicality of Okabayashi's radical hysterectomy for treatment of cervical cancer has been well-known. However, its radicality also brought up the disturbance of fertility, endocrine and sexual function as well as the dysfunction of micturition and defecation. As early cervical cancer cases have increased yearly, and social rehabilitation became more necessary nowadays, functional saving is important and must be considered as the responsibility of the oncologists. This report denotes the preservation of ovarian function, sexual rehabilitation as well as the fertility in the treatment of cervical cancer. PMID- 6748249 TI - [A case of localized lipomatosis in the pancreatic head presenting a lipoma-like appearance]. AB - A 63-year-old woman with localized lipomatosis in the pancreatic head is reported. She was diagnosed to have a lipoma by clinical data including CT scanning. Histopathological examination of the extirpated mass revealed that the lesion was mostly composed of mature fatty tissue without any lobulation or encapsulation by connective tissue, there was a small amount of scattered pancreatic parenchyma at the peripheral and deeper parts of the mass. No Langerhans' islets were detected. Based on these findings, the lesion was diagnosed as localized lipomatosis in the pancreatic head. PMID- 6748248 TI - [Previous abortions exert favourable effects on the prognosis of breast cancer patients]. AB - The effect of previous abortions, both induced and spontaneous, on the prognosis of breast cancer patients was analysed, applying the hazard regression model of 1190 radically mastectomized Japanese women. The 10-year disease-free survival rate of 800 patients without abortion, 312 with one or two abortions and 78 with 3 or more abortions was 64.8%, 69.8% and 77.3%, respectively. Previous abortions had a significantly favourable effect on the prognosis when the effects of 8 other co-variants were taken into account (p = 0.008). Histologic findings on resected materials showed that patients with previous abortions had a higher incidence of well-differentiated breast cancer (25%) than those without abortions (19%) (p = 0.026). The former group had significantly less metastasis to visceral organs (11.8%) than the latter (17.5%) (p = 0.011) when the first recurrence site was investigated. PMID- 6748250 TI - [Interstitial irradiation of rectal carcinoma with rectal template]. AB - Using Iridium-192 wires through a rectal template after Syed, interstitial brachytherapy was conducted in a patient with inoperable adenocarcinoma of the rectum. 67-year-old man with constipation and change in the stool caliber underwent external radiotherapy (4,000 cGy/4 W) to the whole pelvis including the perineum, followed by interstitial implant using a template, at the Department of Radiology, Osaka University Hospital. Marked tumor regression, marked circumferential fibrosis and a remarkable decline of CEA titers (pre-RT: 35.8 ng/ml, post-RT: 6.2 ng/ml) were observed until 7 months post-RT. The domestic production of Iridium-192 wires has made possible the integrated use of brachytherapy in the perineal region in Japan. PMID- 6748251 TI - [Squamous cell carcinoma of the bladder--report of two cases]. AB - Two cases of squamous cell carcinoma of the urinary bladder are presented. Initial pathologic diagnosis was based on biopsy findings; it was confirmed by findings on resected specimens. Since aggressive surgical therapy has been reported to be successful, we attempted radical surgery in both of our patients. A 76-year-old woman underwent total cystectomy with resection of segments of rectal and vaginal walls with ureterocutaneostomy and colostomy. The other patient, a 66-year-old woman was inoperable due to wide tumor invasion. She died two months later of cerebrovascular accident apparently unrelated to original disease. The ultrastructural findings, which typically show numerous tonofilaments, ribosomes and desmosomes, are presented and discussed. PMID- 6748252 TI - [A case of highly atypical hyperplasia--difficult to differentiate from carcinoma]. AB - We present a 51-year-old nulliparous woman with highly atypical hyperplasia of the uterus induced by the prolonged use of exogenous estrogen. The patient was given nearly 1,415 mg of estradiol dipropionate intramuscularly for over 23 years after operation for bilateral ovarian cysts. She complained of vaginal bleeding and diagnostic endometrial curettage revealed highly atypical hyperplasia which was difficult to differentiate from well differentiated adenocarcinoma. On hysterectomy, atypical tissues were limited to the upper part of the posterior wall of the uterus with no muscle invasion. PMID- 6748253 TI - [Treatment of anemia--recent progress]. PMID- 6748254 TI - [Effect of antithrombin III concentrate infusion therapy on congenital antithrombin III deficiency]. PMID- 6748255 TI - [Clinical studies on the deficiency of vitamin K-dependent coagulation factors in adult patients]. PMID- 6748256 TI - [A case of malignant lymphoma (clear cell type) probably derived from immunoblastic lymphadenopathy]. PMID- 6748258 TI - [Thin section CT appearance of the normal pituitary gland]. PMID- 6748257 TI - [Computed tomographic diagnosis of thyroid nodules]. PMID- 6748259 TI - [Assessment of routine screening of liver and bone RI imaging and brain CT in bronchogenic carcinoma]. PMID- 6748260 TI - [Computed tomographic appearances of hepatic hemangiomas]. PMID- 6748261 TI - [Computed tomography of gastrointestinal smooth muscle tumors]. PMID- 6748262 TI - [Multiple primary malignant neoplasms of the head and neck]. PMID- 6748263 TI - [Management of cancer in England]. PMID- 6748264 TI - [Association of aneurysm and arteriovenous malformation on the posterior inferior cerebellar artery. Report of two cases]. PMID- 6748265 TI - [A case of congenital partial absence of the left pericardium with herniation of the left atrial appendage observed by CT]. PMID- 6748266 TI - [Two cases of hepatic portal venous gas]. PMID- 6748267 TI - [An adult case of the right aortic arch and persistent superior vena cava]. PMID- 6748268 TI - [Congenital absence of the left lobe of the liver: CT diagnosis]. PMID- 6748270 TI - [Computed tomographic appearance of the abdominal lymphadenopathy due to tuberculosis]. PMID- 6748269 TI - [Two cases of localized splenic lesion associated with hepatic hemangioma]. PMID- 6748272 TI - [201T1-chloride imaging of malignant thymus neoplasm]. PMID- 6748275 TI - [CT diagnosis of the invasion to the gallbladder in neoplastic and inflammatory diseases]. PMID- 6748271 TI - [Atelectasis associated with bronchial adenoma and postoperative lobar torsion]. PMID- 6748274 TI - [Prognosis after percutaneous transhepatic biliary drainage]. PMID- 6748273 TI - ["SI" unit for the measurement of radiation dosage]. PMID- 6748276 TI - [CT findings of the retained surgical gauze and towel]. PMID- 6748277 TI - [Present status and trends in NMR diagnosis--impressiona at the Second International Congress of the NMR Society and observations on related institutions]. PMID- 6748278 TI - [A case of ganglioglioma in an infant]. PMID- 6748279 TI - [Obui-himo syndrome: a case report]. PMID- 6748280 TI - [Malignant hemangioendothelioma]. PMID- 6748281 TI - [A case of well-localized emphysematous pyelonephritis]. PMID- 6748282 TI - [Computed tomography of retroperitoneal dermoid cyst]. PMID- 6748283 TI - [A case report of horseshoe kidney incidentally detected by Tc-99m-phytate liver scintigraphy]. PMID- 6748284 TI - [Radiologic improvement of Paget's disease of bone by porcine calcitonin therapy: a case report]. PMID- 6748285 TI - [Case of pneumatosis coli]. PMID- 6748286 TI - [X-ray classification and clinical course of esophageal hiatus hernia]. PMID- 6748287 TI - [Pancreatic stones dissolution with dimethadione (DMO). I. In vitro dissolution]. PMID- 6748288 TI - [A case of intrahepatic cholesterol stone]. PMID- 6748289 TI - [Surgical treatment of cavernous hemangioma of the liver with disseminated intravascular coagulation]. PMID- 6748290 TI - [Primary biliary cirrhosis and chronic pancreatitis in a patient with ulcerative colitis]. PMID- 6748291 TI - [Effect of calcium antagonist on reactive hypoglycemia]. PMID- 6748292 TI - [Effect of a fraction of methanol extraction of licorice root on release of secretin in humans]. PMID- 6748293 TI - [Continuous measurement of gastric mucosal blood flow by laser-Doppler velocimetry in the rat]. PMID- 6748294 TI - [Antigenicity of phenol water extract of human fetal colon. Confirmation of antigenicity in polysaccharide fraction]. PMID- 6748295 TI - [Manometric study in right-sided diverticular disease of the colon]. PMID- 6748296 TI - [Drug-induced hepatic injury. A review of the Japanese articles for the past 70 years]. PMID- 6748297 TI - [Studies on lymphokines which enhance hepatic fibrosis in chronic liver diseases, detected by a simplified method]. PMID- 6748298 TI - [Clinico-radiological anatomy of the intrahepatic portal vein branches studied by percutaneous transhepatic portography. Proposal of a new nomenclature for the branching order and third order (subsegmental) branches]. PMID- 6748299 TI - [Clinical and pathological studies on changes of interlobular bile ducts in acute viral hepatitis with zonal necrosis]. PMID- 6748300 TI - [An experimental study on influence of anacidity and hyperacidity of gastric juice on the development of gastric cancer]. PMID- 6748301 TI - [Diagnostic ability of angiography on invasion depth of gastric cancer]. PMID- 6748302 TI - [Effects of devascularization and bowel obstruction on experimental ischemic colitis in rats]. PMID- 6748303 TI - [Hepatic hemodynamics in patients with alcoholic liver injuries assessed by organ reflectance spectrophotometry and hydrogen clearance method]. PMID- 6748305 TI - [A case of Hirschsprung's disease associated with Laurence-Moon-Bardet-Biedl syndrome]. PMID- 6748304 TI - [Relation between fat malabsorption and fecal bile acid excretion in patients with hepatobiliary diseases]. PMID- 6748306 TI - [A case of primary amyloidosis with interesting clinical course after HBV infection]. PMID- 6748308 TI - [Clinical significance of intrinsic factor antibody in gastric and various other disease]. PMID- 6748307 TI - [A case of pancreatic cystadenoma with high level of CEA in the cyst fluid]. PMID- 6748309 TI - [Decrease in serum apoprotein A-IV levels in patients with chronic pancreatitis, diabetes mellitus and malabsorption syndrome]. PMID- 6748310 TI - [Changes of plasma amino acids and plasma transferrin in alcoholic liver diseases]. PMID- 6748311 TI - [Purification of a new glutathione S-transferase from rat liver cytosol and its significance during hepatocarcinogenesis]. PMID- 6748312 TI - [Hepatic tissue oxygen tension and regional hepatic blood volume in alcoholic fatty liver]. PMID- 6748313 TI - [A comparative study between dilated branches in the post-mortem pancreatogram and histological findings]. PMID- 6748314 TI - [Relationship between pancreatic exocrine function and ductal morphology in chronic pancreatitis]. PMID- 6748315 TI - [A case report of simple ulcer cured by predonine therapy]. PMID- 6748317 TI - [A case of Crohn's disease associated with selective IgM deficiency]. PMID- 6748318 TI - [A case of common variable immunodeficiency (CVID) with hypokalemic periodic paralysis due to intractable diarrhea]. PMID- 6748316 TI - [A case of ileo-ileal intussusception caused by ileal neurofibroma]. PMID- 6748319 TI - [A case of fulminant hepatitis developing in a HBsAG carrier after chemotherapy of malignant lymphoma]. PMID- 6748320 TI - [Effect of jaundice and cimetidine on electrolyte changes in the saline solution instilled into the stomach of rats under restraint]. PMID- 6748321 TI - [Experimental study on gastric submucosal blood flow influenced by autonomic nervous system and catecholamines during development of stress ulcer]. PMID- 6748322 TI - Detection of electrophysiological responses in rabbits affected by short-term exposure to static magnetic field. PMID- 6748323 TI - [Measurement of the level of vibration on the human body. Transmission of train vibration to the human head in residential buildings]. PMID- 6748324 TI - [Human body density to estimated by anthropometric factors--with special reference to male college students]. PMID- 6748325 TI - The Prader-Willi syndrome and interstitial deletion of chromosome 15: high resolution chromosome analyses of 14 patients with the Prader-Willi syndrome and of 5 suspected infants. PMID- 6748326 TI - The esterase D polymorphism: analysis of esterase D 7 by two-dimensional gel electrophoresis. PMID- 6748328 TI - Inheritance of dermal ridges: relation between finger and palmar a-b ridge counts. PMID- 6748329 TI - A case of an interstitial deletion of the long arm of chromosome 5: 46,XX,del(5)(q15q22). PMID- 6748327 TI - Effects of parental age and birth order in motor neuron disease. PMID- 6748330 TI - A case of mosaic trisomy 14 due to an isochromosome, i(14q). PMID- 6748331 TI - Dyschondrosteosis with tibia vara--report of three cases. PMID- 6748332 TI - [Structure and function of glomerular mesangium--vulnerability of juxtamedullary glomeruli]. PMID- 6748333 TI - [Effect of FUT-175 on rat experimental nephritis. I. Rat Masugi nephritis]. PMID- 6748334 TI - [Effect of FUT-175 on rat experimental nephritis. II. Rat BSA nephritis]. PMID- 6748335 TI - [A study of guanidine metabolism in uremia, with special reference to serum guanidinoacetic acid in anephric patients]. PMID- 6748336 TI - [Plasma l-carnitine in patients with chronic hemodialysis. II. Pharmacokinetics of l-carnitine and its replacement therapy in these patients]. PMID- 6748337 TI - [The effects of exercise training by cardiac rehabilitation program in chronic hemodialysis patients]. PMID- 6748338 TI - [Antinephritic effect of tiaramide on experimental nephritis in rats. (1). Effects on nephrotic-type and crescentic-type anti-GBM nephritis]. PMID- 6748339 TI - Defibrination of intraglomerular fibrin deposits by urokinase in patients with IgA nephropathy. PMID- 6748340 TI - Experimental studies on membranous nephropathy. (II) Role of complement system in proteinuria of passive Heymann nephritis. PMID- 6748341 TI - Postoperative acute renal and hepatic failure in a case of pheochromocytoma, possibly induced by disseminated intravascular coagulation. PMID- 6748342 TI - Surgical approach for pediatric open renal biopsy: anterior extraperitoneal, flank and posterior approaches using the muscle-splitting method. PMID- 6748343 TI - Systemic lupus erythematosus complicated with pulmonary thromboembolism originating from verrucae of Libman-Sacks endocarditis. PMID- 6748344 TI - Ultrasonographic assessment of perirenal hematoma after percutaneous renal biopsy in adult patients. PMID- 6748345 TI - Epidemiological considerations of gastric cancer and its counterplans. PMID- 6748346 TI - In vitro assay of erythropoietin: simple determination in a small amount of human serum samples. AB - An in vitro method for the determination of erythropoietin (EPO) titres in human serum samples was developed to detect low levels of EPO titres in various haematological states. Fetal mouse liver cells (FMLC) were incubated in methylcellulose-containing media, and radioiron incorporation into haem was estimated in cultured FMLC. We could determine the concentrations of EPO from around 20 to 600 mU per ml of a very small amount of serum samples from patients and normal adults. Using this method, EPO titres of normal adults (54 +/- 31 mU/ml), chronic renal failure patients (29 +/- 23 mU/ml), aplastic anaemia patients (545 +/- 74 mU/ml), and polycythaemia vera patients (16 +/- 7 mU/ml) were determined. PMID- 6748347 TI - Electrocardiographic abnormalities in cerebrovascular accidents. AB - In order to assess the relationship of electrocardiographic (ECG) changes in acute cerebrovascular accidents (CVA) to the locations of the cerebral lesions, ECG records and brain computerized tomographic (CT) scans which were taken within 48 hours of CVA onset were examined in 39 patients without heart disease and/or treatment with cardiovascular drugs. The ECG was normal in 25% (3/12) of basal ganglial CVA, 22% (2/9) of frontal CVA and 36% (4/11) of temporo-parietal CVA. Nonspecific ST-T changes occurred in basal ganglial CVA (25%), frontal CVA (22%), temporo-parietal CVA (18%) and in the other categories of CVA locations. Corrected QT interval (QTc) elongation was observed not only in frontal (22%), but also in basal ganglial CVA (25%), temporo-parietal CVA (36%) and cerebellar CVA (50%). There were no ECG changes specific to a particular CVA location. These findings suggest that widely distributed neurons and pathways within the central nervous system may influence ECG. PMID- 6748348 TI - Lymphatic system or hydro-oncotic forces. Which is more significant in drainage of pleural fluid? AB - Artificial pleural fluids, containing plasma protein from 0.1 to 9.0 g per 100 ml, indocyanine green (ICG) and para-aminohippurate (PAH), were injected into the pleural cavity of dogs. The concentration of these two indicators were measured at a regular time interval, and the lymphatic and non-lymphatic flows and PAH clearance were calculated by Stewart's and Takashina's equations. When the protein concentration in the pleural fluid was less than 4 g per 100 ml, the pleural fluid volume decreased at a rate of 0.20 ml/kg/hour. The decrease was due to pleural fluid drainage by the lymphatic flow, because the inward and outward non-lymphatic flows due to hydro-oncotic forces balanced each other and the net non-lymphatic flow was essentially zero. When the protein concentration was 6 g per 100 ml or more, the decrease of pleural fluid was remarkably attenuated, because of an increase of the inward non-lymphatic flow due to an increase of protein concentration in the pleural fluid. Even in these situations, the lymphatic flow was kept at the rate of 0.20 ml/kg/hour, similarly with the former conditions. From these results, it may be concluded that the lymphatic system is a principal factor, and that factors governed by hydro-oncotic elements have additive effect to that of the lymphatic system in the regulation of pleural fluid dynamics. PMID- 6748349 TI - Left ventricular function in patients with diabetes mellitus. AB - The left ventricular function was assessed in 70 diabetics under 60 years of age without clinically evident heart disease using established non-invasive methods, these include systolic time interval method and echocardiography. The ratio of pre-ejection period to left ventricular ejection time (PEP/ET) was remarkably elevated in diabetics with severe microangiopathy (0.431 +/- 0.037). Even in diabetics without microangiopathy PEP/ET ratio was significantly higher (0.374 +/ 0.037) compared with that in controls (0.331 +/- 0.023, P less than 0.01). Most of diabetics with a PEP/ET value of higher than 0.40 were not under proper care with regard to diabetic control. A tendency toward normalization of PEP/ET values was often observed with the improvement in diabetic control during six to twelve months among the inadequately controlled diabetics. Isovolumic relaxation time in diabetics was longer than in controls (80 +/- 14 msec, 59 +/- 11 msec, P less than 0.005). Our results suggest that abnormalities of left ventricular function in diabetics may be related to not only severity of microangiopathy but also the state of diabetic control. The maintenance of adequate control of diabetes seems to play an important role in the prevention of congestive heart failure in patients with diabetes mellitus. PMID- 6748350 TI - Bisalbuminemia in nephrotic syndrome (a case report). AB - A rare case of bisalbuminemia in a patient with minimal lesion glomerulonephritis (MLGN) in which the course of the disease and therapeutic response to steroid were typical of minimal lesion glomerulonephritis, is presented and literature reviewed. PMID- 6748351 TI - Adult type beta-galactosidase and neuraminidase deficiency in three siblings. AB - In recent years, there have been described a number of patients with beta galactosidase and neuraminidase deficiency of juvenile onset. The clinical features in these patients are myoclonus, cherry-red spots, insidious visual loss, corneal clouding, gargoyle like appearance and ataxia. The condition appears to be transmitted as an autosomal recessive trait. Pathologically it has been characterized that there are vacuolation of lymphocytes, and inclusion bodies such as concentric membranous bodies in the ganglion cells of the rectum. Here we report a patient with beta-galactosidase and neuraminidase deficiency of juvenile onset in whom unusual "fingerprint" profiles were obtained in the submucosal ganglion cells in the rectum and will discuss the clinical significance of the inclusion bodies. PMID- 6748352 TI - An ectopic, ACTH producing, oncocytic carcinoid tumor of the thymus: report of a case. AB - A 39-year-old man with an ACTH producing oncocytic carcinoid of the thymus is reported here. His symptoms were pigmentation, facial and pretibial edema, and high blood pressure. Endocrinological examination revealed the ectopic ACTH syndrome and, especially, high content in the intrathoracic venous blood. On histological examination, the tumor was found to be composed of uniform eosinophilic cells, with no argentaffin granules being demonstrated. Ultrastructural findings revealed a large number of mitochondria and numerous distinct electron-dense neurosecretory granules in the cytoplasm. Abnormally high levels of ACTH, beta-endorphin and gamma-MSH were also found in this tumor tissue. By total extirpation of the tumor, clinical symptoms and laboratory data were entirely normalized. PMID- 6748353 TI - The progress of diagnosis of the alimentary tract cancer. PMID- 6748354 TI - Progress in therapeutic results. A multidisciplinary approach to patients with malignant lymphoma. AB - Malignant lymphoma is a type of malignant neoplasma which responds well to therapy. A multidisciplinary approach to patients with this disease will improve the survival and quality of their life. PMID- 6748355 TI - Treatment of malignant lymphoma with special reference to chemotherapy and immunotherapy. PMID- 6748356 TI - Present status and problems of treatment of malignant lymphoma in Japan. PMID- 6748357 TI - Quantitative determination of human aqueous proteins by crossed immunoelectrophoresis. AB - Crossed immunoelectrophoresis having high resolving power and sensitivity was applied to the human aqueous humor, in an attempt to determine which of the following is the most appropriate parameter for detecting the concentration of protein components: 1) the height of the precipitation line, 2) the length of the line itself or 3) the area under the precipitation line. Furthermore, the concentrations of several proteins were determined in the aqueous humor from normal subjects. Although it has been reported that the area under the precipitation line was proportional to the concentration of the protein, the present study showed that both the height and the length of the precipitation line are also equally valid for concentration determinations. The amount of protein antigens in 100 ml of the normal human aqueous humor were prealbumin 0.31 0.41 mg, albumin 5.4-6.5 mg, alpha 1-acid glycoprotein 0.05-0.17 mg and transferrin 1.3-1.7 mg. PMID- 6748358 TI - Dynamic topography of visual evoked potentials and extrageniculate projection in case of Riddoch phenomenon. AB - A 34-year-old woman showing the Riddoch phenomenon was studied by the technique of dynamic topography of visual evoked potential (VEP). This case had cortical blindness which developed during the process of massive intestinal hemorrhage, shock and surgery. The visual acuity was limited to hand movement, and perception of white and colored light was present, but there was no form recognition. Tracking eye movement for a flashlight was possible and optokinetic nystagmus (OKN) also appeared. CT-scan showed a diffuse low density area in the white matter of the occipital lobe. The VEPs by flash and a checkerboard of 60'-100' were detectable. Dynamic topography of the VEP showed that a strong negative deflection from the brainstem appeared at around 30 msec and this deflection expanded to the parietal region at about 90 msec. Subsequently, a positive deflection extending from the frontal region to the occipital region continued at 100 msec to 150 msec. Such a process of reaction is not observed in the normal subject. These findings suggest that the visual reaction was conducted abnormally through the extrageniculate system; from the brainstem to the parietal area and then to the occipital area. PMID- 6748359 TI - Colobomatous dysplasia of optic disk with homonymous field defect and epilepsy. PMID- 6748360 TI - Argon laser iridotomy and surgical iridectomy in treatment of primary angle closure glaucoma. AB - In an attempt to compare surgical peripheral iridectomy and laser iridotomy with regards to the long-term control of the intraocular pressure (IOP), analyses were carried out of the clinical records of 195 eyes of 149 primary angle-closure glaucoma patients who had undergone either peripheral iridectomy or laser iridotomy and were followed up for at least one year. One hundred and ten eyes underwent peripheral iridectomy and 85 eyes had laser iridotomy. The postoperative IOP not exceeding 20 mmHg was taken as the criterion for success. The iridectomized eyes showed no significant difference from those treated with laser iridotomy in 13 clinical factors, including age at treatment, sex, type of angle-closure glaucoma, preoperative mean IOP with medication, visual field, extent of peripheral anterior synechiae (PAS) and horizontal cup/disk (C/D) ratio. The rate of successful IOP control was obtained in 76.4% of the eyes in the peripheral iridectomy group and in 75.3% of the eyes in the laser iridotomy group. It appears that laser iridotomy is just as effective as surgical iridectomy in normalizing IOP. Discriminant analysis was done to derive a discriminant function consisting of a set of factors that will prognosticate the response of primary angle-closure glaucoma either to surgical iridectomy or to laser iridotomy. Four factors were demonstrated to be significant prognosticators. They were preoperative mean IOP with medication, visual field change, C/D ratio and PAS-index, in order of statistical significance. The discriminant function yielded the discriminant efficacy of 71.2% in overall cases. PMID- 6748361 TI - Effects of superior cervical ganglionectomy on choroidal melanocytes in pigmented rabbit eye. AB - Unilateral removal of the superior cervical ganglion was performed in the pigmented rabbit. Degenerative axons which were presumed to be adrenergic were observed postoperatively in the denervated choroid. At 2-3 months after the operation, there was evidence of degeneration of the choroidal melanocytes on the denervated side. Choroidal melanocytes contained degraded granules (melanosomes) of varying degrees and occasionally presented myelin-like configuration. These results indicate the direct adrenergic innervation of choroidal melanocytes in the pigmented rabbit. PMID- 6748362 TI - Chorioretinitis sclopetaria caused by fishing line sinker. AB - A case of chorioretinitis sclopetaria caused by a grazing injury from a fishing line sinker was reported. A man was struck in his left orbit by the sinker, and immediately lost visual acuity. The sinker was removed, but funduscopy showed the typical appearance of chorioretinitis sclopetaria six months later. On fluorescein angiography, mottled background fluorescence appeared in a star shaped scar. Fluorescein angiography, computed tomography, and roentgenography indicated that direct damage to the ciliary vessels was present. PMID- 6748363 TI - Sympathetic ophthalmia: induced by vitrectomy not by trauma. AB - A case of sympathetic ophthalmia that occurred after corneoscleral laceration due to blunt trauma and after vitrectomy was encountered, and the patient was treated without enucleation of the exciting eye; this is the sixteenth case of sympathetic ophthalmia reported to occur after vitrectomy. In the reported cases including the present one, the intervals between the primary trauma or primary intraocular surgery and secondary vitrectomy and the onset of sympathetic ophthalmia were compared with those in patients who suffered from this disease without vitrectomy. The statistical analysis by the probit method revealed that the onset of sympathetic ophthalmia was critically influenced by the secondarily delivered operation, ie, vitrectomy (P less than 0.05). PMID- 6748364 TI - Aging alterations of retina and choroid of Japanese: light microscopic study of macular region of 176 eyes. AB - A light microscopic study of the retina and choroid was performed on 176 eyes of the Japanese with the ages ranging from 42 to 96 years with an average of 75 years. The age-related changes were examined with particular emphasis on the retinal pigment epithelium, Bruch's membrane and choriocapillaris. The histological features of the age-related changes of these structures were classified into six groups with increasing severity of pathologic alterations, according to the criteria of Sarks. Of the present 176 eyes, 51 eyes (29%) belonged to Group I, 87 eyes (49.4%) to Group II, 35 eyes (19.9%) to Group III and 3 eyes (1.7%) to Group IV. No eyes could be found that belonged to Groups V and VI. The drusen was classified histopathologically into three types, simple, confluent and continuous drusen. Simple drusen were encountered in many eyes, but confluent and continuous drusen were seen in only 20 eyes (11.4%). In no eyes was retroretinal neovascularization encountered. The present results indicated that severe changes of these structures are less frequent in the Japanese than in the Caucasian. This would account for the low incidence and slow progression of senile macular degeneration in the Japanese as compared to the Caucasian. PMID- 6748365 TI - Clinical application of temporal modulation transfer function. AB - The temporal modulation transfer function (temporal MTF) was measured in normal controls and in patients with retinal diseases, optic neuritis and amblyopia. The temporal MTF of controls showed "band-pass" filter properties, having a peak sensitivity at about 15 Hz at 1,000 trolands of mean retinal illuminance. As the retinal illuminance was reduced, the sensitivity decreased, first at high temporal frequencies, then the peak sensitivity decreased. Finally at low temporal frequencies the sensitivity decreased and the peak shifted toward the lower frequency. In retinal diseases, abnormal temporal MTF was detected, and the curves were very similar to those of normal controls when retinal illuminance was reduced. These patterns were not specific to any retinal diseases, and the severity of the condition seemed to determine the pattern. In optic neuritis, an attenuated sensitivity was detected in all frequency ranges; however, the degree of attenuation was more severe than that found in retinal diseases even when the visual acuity was similar. At the convalescent stage, the low frequency sensitivity was restored first, and high frequency loss was observed even when the visual acuity was recovered to 1.0. Two amblyopic patients showed an attenuated sensitivity in the high and intermediate frequency ranges, and in one case sensitivity was attenuated in all frequencies. Three other patients showed normal sensitivity. By occlusion of the nonamblyopic eye, recovery of the sensitivity was observed in one patient whose visual acuity improved. PMID- 6748366 TI - Effects of chronic haloperidol and chlordiazepoxide treatment on lateral hypothalamic self-stimulation behavior in rats. AB - The effects of chronic administration of haloperidol and chlordiazepoxide for 14 days on self-stimulation behavior were investigated in rats with electrodes chronically implanted in the lateral hypothalamus. Haloperidol produced a prominent decrease in self-stimulation behavior during chronic treatment, followed by a significant increase in the lever-pressing rate during a 2 week withdrawal period, with a return to the control level about 5 weeks after drug withdrawal. Chlordiazepoxide produced a significant increase in self-stimulation behavior during chronic treatment. However, the lever-pressing rate was not significantly different from the control level during a 3 week observation period following drug withdrawal. These results indicate an increase in the sensitivity of central dopaminergic receptors following chronic haloperidol treatment, but not following chronic chlordiazepoxide treatment. PMID- 6748367 TI - Mechanisms of slow contracture induced by potassium and caffeine in skeletal muscle of the dog. AB - Effects of diltiazem (3 micrograms-0.3 mg), verapamil (3 micrograms-0.3 mg), tetracaine (30 micrograms-3 mg), MnCl2 (0.1 mg-10 mg) and CaCl2 (0.1 mg-10 mg) on the skeletal muscle contracture induced by KCl and caffeine infusions were studied in the isolated, blood-perfused canine diaphragm preparation. All drugs were injected intra-arterially. Continuous intra-arterial infusion of KCl (50-100 mg/min) produced a biphasic contracture, which was characterized by a fast phasic contracture and a following tonic contracture. All drugs tested in this study except for CaCl2 produced a dose-dependent relaxation in the state of tonic contracture induced by KCl infusion. Dose-response curves for the relaxation of muscle to these drugs were all in parallel. Diltiazem and verapamil were equipotent and were about 10 and 30 times more potent than tetracaine and MnCl2 on a weight basis. Conversely, CaCl2 produced a contractile response in a dose dependent manner. On the other hand, diltiazem, verapamil and CaCl2 had almost no effect on contracture induced by continuous intra-arterial infusion of caffeine (20 mg/min). MnCl2 produced a slight relaxation in the caffeine-contracture with much higher doses than those against potassium-contracture. However, tetracaine produced a dose-dependent relaxation of caffeine-contracture. Thus, the results suggest that the entry of external calcium plays an essential role in the potassium-induced tonic contracture and that the potassium- and caffeine contractures were maintained by different mechanisms. PMID- 6748368 TI - Cholesterol metabolism in serum and aorta of inbred mice fed a high-cholesterol diet. AB - Biochemical characterization of the serum and aorta in inbred C57BL/6Cr mice fed a high-cholesterol diet was investigated by determining the total cholesterol (TC) and free cholesterol (FC) levels in serum, high density lipoprotein (HDL) and aorta. Serum lecithin:cholesterol acyltransferase (LCAT) activity was also determined. A modified fluoroenzymatic method for microdetermination of cholesterol was successfully used. TC and FC levels of the aorta in the mice were significantly increased by the high-cholesterol diet. Serum TC and FC levels of mice fed the high-cholesterol diet were increased about 80% and 110%, respectively, compared with the control. On the other hand, both HDL-TC and HDL FC levels were decreased about 50%. The HDL-TC/serum-TC ratio was markedly decreased, while the atherogenic index was markedly increased with the high cholesterol diet. LCAT activity was also strikingly decreased. A positive correlation was observed between LCAT activity and HDL-cholesterol. These changes in the serum may facilitate cholesterol accumulation in the aorta. The results indicate that a biochemical approach using mice may be possible for drug evaluation. PMID- 6748369 TI - Effects of trimebutine maleate (TM-906) on the spontaneous contraction of isolated guinea pig colon. AB - Effects of trimebutine maleate (TM-906) on the spontaneous contraction of isolated guinea pig colon were investigated. TM-906 in the concentrations of 10( 6) g/ml and 10(-5) g/ml increased the tone without affecting the amplitude of the spontaneous contraction in the preparations with low tone, whereas it decreased the tone and the amplitude of the spontaneous contraction in the preparations with high tone. At the higher concentration (10(-4) g/ml). TM-906 decreased the tone and finally abolished the spontaneous contraction in any preparation. The increase in tone induced by TM-906 was prevented by diltiazem and exposure to Ca++-free solution, but not by tetrodotoxin, atropine, phentolamine or propranolol, and depended on the extracellular concentration of CaCl2. On the other hand, the decrease in tone and amplitude of the spontaneous contraction produced by TM-906 were not prevented by tetrodotoxin, phentolamine or propranolol. TM-906 further increased the tone increased by 10 mM KCl, while it decreased the tone increased by 30 mM KCl. From results described above, it is suggested that TM-906 possesses both a relaxing effect and an excitatory effect which seem to be due to its direct action on the smooth muscle. PMID- 6748370 TI - Kinin-forming enzyme in rat brain mitochondria fraction and biological activity of a kinin released from rat plasma kininogen by this enzyme. AB - The kinin-forming enzyme of rat brain was studied by bioassaying kinin using a rat uterus. The enzyme released a kinin from the partially purified kininogen of rat plasma. The activity is exclusively distributed in the mitochondrial fraction and was detected in the pH range of 2.5-4.0 (optimally at pH 3.0). The enzyme was potently inhibited by pepstatin, but not by aprotinin. Released kinin was extracted by n-butanol and it was purified using Amberlite CG-50 absorption and CM-cellulose column chromatography. The elution profile of kinin from the CM cellulose column did not coincide with that of bradykinin, Lys-bradykinin or Met Lys-bradykinin. Isolated kinin was inactivated by treatment with chymotrypsin, but not with trypsin. In addition to the contractile activity on rat uterus, the kinin caused contraction of guinea pig ileum, with the response being potentiated by the presence of bradykinin-potentiator B. It also relaxed a rat duodenum, decreased rat blood pressure, and increased the vascular permeability in guinea pigs. Relative potencies of kinin on these pharmacological activities did not coincide with those of bradykinin. From these results, it is concluded that a kinin-forming enzyme is present in the rat brain. It is a cathepsin D-like enzyme, and furthermore, the enzyme releases a kinin-like peptide from the plasma kininogen fraction. PMID- 6748371 TI - A comparative study on the contraction induced by high K/Na deficient solution in the trachea, gall bladder and urinary bladder in guinea-pig. AB - In the present paper, a comparative study of high K solution was carried out on the mechanical response, wet and dry weights of tissue, and extracellular space of 14C-sorbitol in the trachea, gall bladder, and urinary bladder of guinea-pig. Hyperosmotic addition of KCl to the physiological solution produced a sustained contraction, while isosmotic substitution of K for Na in the physiological solution induced a contraction followed by a small sustained one in the trachea, gall bladder or urinary bladder. At 120 min after application of the substituted KCl, Na deficient solution, it increased cell water content in the smooth muscle cells of the trachea or gall bladder, but did not change that in the urinary bladder. Both the inhibition of contraction and the swelling in the trachea or gall bladder were prevented by the hyperosmotic application of sucrose or NaCl. The substitution for NaCl with the K salts with more permeable anions (I- greater than NO3- greater than Cl-) produced a greater inhibition of contraction in the trachea and gall bladder. Although the impermeable anion C2H5CO2- did not inhibit the contraction in the trachea, this anion partially inhibited it in the gall bladder. On the other hand, the inhibition of contraction in the urinary bladder was prevented by addition of pyruvate, oxalacetate or NaCl.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS) PMID- 6748372 TI - Ulcerogenic effects of indomethacin in pregnant rats. PMID- 6748373 TI - Effect of dextromethorphan and dimemorfan on the neutral lipids of tumor cells. PMID- 6748374 TI - Enzymic and molecular characteristics of a new form of monoamine oxidase, distinct from form-A and form-B. AB - The present study was undertaken to clarify the enzymic and molecular properties of monoamine oxidase (MAO) in carp brain. In particular, its sensitivities to selective MAO inhibitors, kinetic properties and molecular weight were compared with those of the enzyme in carp liver. The selective and potent MAO-A and MAO-B inhibitors FLA 788(+), FLA 336(+), MD 780236 and benzylcyanide caused dose dependent inhibitions of MAO activity in both carp brain and liver; the inhibition curves were all single-sigmoidal, and the degrees of inhibition of the activities towards 5-hydroxytryptamine (5-HT, selective MAO-A substrate), tyramine (substrate for both forms of MAO) and beta-phenylethylamine (PEA, selective MAO-B substrate) were similar. This was also the case for inhibition of activity in carp brain by the irreversible and selective MAO-A and MAO-B inhibitors clorgyline and I-deprenyl, indicating the presence in both preparations of a single MAO which differs from either form of MAO. Studies on the substrate specificities and Km values for these three substrates and the inhibitory effects of some compounds suggested that the enzymic characters of MAO in carp preparations were similar and that these enzymes might be FAD-containing enzymes, like MAO in various mammals. By labelling the preparations with radioactive pargyline and then subjecting them to sodium dodecyl sulfate electrophoresis, the apparent molecular weights of carp brain and liver MAO were estimated as 60,000 daltons. The same value was also obtained for rat brain and liver mitochondrial MAO-B. These results indicate that by the present definitions of MAO-A and MAO-B, MAO in carp brain and liver is similar to, but distinct from, both these forms of MAO. PMID- 6748376 TI - Defense mechanisms against cadmium toxicity II. Effects of pretreatment with a small oral dose of cadmium on absorption, distribution and excretion of cadmium after a large oral dose in mice. AB - Uptake of Cd2+ by the liver and kidney of female mice 24 hr after challenge with a large dose of Cd2+ (100 mg Cd2+/kg, p.o.) was greatly reduced by pretreatment with a small dose of the cation (15 mg Cd2+/kg, p.o.) at 24 hr (for liver) and at 6, 24 or 48 hr (for kidney) prior to the challenge dose. The hepatic concentration of Zn2+ tended to be increased by the Cd2+ challenge and was increased further by pretreatment. The renal concentration of Zn2+ was not influenced by Cd2+ administration. The retention rate of Cd2+ in the stomach and its contents 24 hr after the Cd2+ challenge was decreased by pretreatment. In addition, the excretion rate of Cd2+ into the feces 24 hr after the Cd2+ challenge was increased by pretreatment at 6 to 24 hr prior to the challenge dose. Consequently, the absorption rate of Cd2+ 24 hr after the Cd2+ challenge was markedly reduced by pretreatment at 24 hr prior to the challenge dose. The urinary and biliary excretion of Cd2+ was very low. The motility of the small intestine was stimulated 6 hr after a small dose of Cd2+, but returned to normal within 24 hr. The motility tended to be reduced 4 hr after the Cd2+ challenge, but conversely, it was facilitated at 24 hr. Pretreatment at 6 or 24 hr prior to the challenge dose prevented the reduction of the motility 4 hr after the Cd2+ challenge. PMID- 6748375 TI - Selective suppression of schedule-induced ethanol drinking by antialcoholic drugs in rats. AB - Effects of disulfiram and calcium cyanamide, antialcoholic drugs, on schedule induced ethanol drinking as well as on schedule-controlled response (lever pressing) under a fixed interval 1 min schedule of food reinforcement were investigated in Wistar strain rats. When ethanol solution was available, the schedule-induced ethanol drinking decreased depending on the ethanol concentration (2-8%). However, the dose of ethanol intake during the 1 hr experimental session was at maximum (2.8 g/kg) when 4% ethanol solution was available. Thereafter, 4% ethanol solution was used in the experiment for studying the effects of disulfiram and calcium cyanamide on the schedule-induced ethanol drinking. Disulfiram (100-200 mg/kg, p.o.), pretreated at 1 hr before the start of the experiment, tended to suppress schedule-induced water drinking. However, the same treatment of calcium cyanamide (5-10 mg/kg, p.o.) did not produce a marked change in it. In contrast, disulfiram (100 and 200 mg/kg) and calcium cyanamide (5 and 10 mg/kg) markedly suppressed schedule-induced ethanol drinking without eliciting a marked change in schedule-controlled response. The present results suggest that both disulfiram and calcium cyanamide selectively suppress ethanol drinking in rats. PMID- 6748377 TI - Defense mechanisms against cadmium toxicity. III. Effects of pretreatment with a small oral dose of cadmium on metallothionein synthesis after a large oral dose of cadmium in mice. AB - Pretreatment of female mice with a small oral dose of Cd2+ (15 mg Cd2+/kg) decreased Cd2+ uptake by the liver and kidney and increased that by the small intestinal mucosa at 4 or 24 hr after challenge with a large oral dose of Cd2+ (100 mg Cd2+/kg). By 4 hr after the challenge dose, more Cd2+ taken up by the liver was bound to metallothionein (MT) in the Cd2+-pretreated mice than the water-pretreated controls (10 ml H2O/kg); but at 24 hr, the amount of Cd2+ bound to MT in the liver and kidney were lower in the former than the latter. The amount of Cd2+ not bound to MT in the liver at 4 and 24 hr after the challenge dose and that in the kidney at 24 hr were lower in the Cd2+-pretreated mice than the water-pretreated controls. These results suggested that the factor directly related to the toxic action of Cd2+ was the amount of Cd2+ not associated with MT in the liver and other organs. More Cd2+ taken up by the small intestinal mucosa at 24 hr after the challenge dose was associated with MT in the Cd2+-pretreated mice than the water-pretreated controls. The present study indicates that MT induced in the small intestinal mucosa by pretreatment prevents Cd2+ absorption by sequestering subsequently administered Cd2+, and Cd2+ taken up by the liver and kidney is bound to MT in an inert form, thus the decrease in the amount of Cd2+ not bound to MT, giving protection from the acute oral toxicity of the cation. Pretreatment 24 hr prior to the challenge dose was found to be the most effective. PMID- 6748378 TI - A simple assay for monoamine oxidase using glutathione peroxidase and glutathione reductase. AB - A new fluorometric assay for the determination of monoamine oxidase activity that is applicable to any substrates including dopamine and serotonin is described. Hydrogen peroxide formed during the monoamine oxidase reaction was reduced in the presence of glutathione and glutathione peroxidase, and the oxidized glutathione was measured fluorometrically as NADP+ via oxidation of NADPH by glutathione reductase. This method was applied for inhibitor studies using clorgyline and deprenyl. PMID- 6748379 TI - Determination of chlorpromazine in the blood and brain of mice by high performance liquid chromatography combined with electrochemical detection. AB - A simple and sensitive procedure was developed for determining the concentration of chlorpromazine (CPZ) in the blood and brain of mice with promethazine as the internal standard. The procedure involves (1) primary extraction by a mixture of heptane and isoamyl alcohol (99:1) in an alkaline condition and (2) determination by means of high performance liquid chromatography with electrochemical detection. The detection limit of CPZ was 0.5 ng for one chromatographic injection. The drug was detectable in a 100 microliters sample of the blood by 6 hr after an intravenous injection of 0.25 mg/kg. The concentration of CPZ was about 40 times higher in the brain compared with that in the blood. The biological half life was estimated to be 87 and 65 min, in the blood and brain, respectively. The proposed method is also applicable for the determination of other phenothiazine derivatives and effective for pharmacokinetic study of the compounds in clinics and laboratories. PMID- 6748380 TI - Inhibition of lipid peroxidation by a novel compound, idebenone (CV-2619). PMID- 6748381 TI - The possible role of the pituitary gland and uterine tissue in the production system of 13,14-dihydroprostaglandin F2 alpha in rat ovary. AB - In order to examine a possible role of the pituitary gland and uterine tissue in the formation of 13,14-dihydroprostaglandin F2 alpha (13,14H2-PGF2 alpha) in rat ovary, hypophysectomized and hysterectomized rats were used. Gonadotropins stimulated the formation of 13,14H2-PGF2 alpha from prostaglandin F2 alpha (PGF2 alpha) and 13,14-dihydro-15-keto-PGF2 alpha (15KD-PGF2 alpha) in the ovarian homogenate of hypophysectomized and hysterectomized rats as well as in intact rats. Ovarian steroids, estradiol and progesterone, reduced the formation of 13,14H2-PGF2 alpha in the ovarian homogenate of intact rats. However, in hysterectomized and hypophysectomized rats, its formation was not affected by ovarian steroids. On the other hand, when pregnant mare serum gonadotropin (PMS) and estradiol were simultaneously administered to intact and hypophysectomized rats, the formation of 13,14H2-PGF2 alpha in the ovary showed a tendency to be increased as compared with that after treatment with PMS alone. These results not only suggest that the formation of 13,14H2-PGF2 alpha in rat ovary is regulated by gonadotropins and ovarian steroids, but also that uterine tissue may take part in the process of its formation. PMID- 6748382 TI - Clinicopathological studies of minimal thyroid and ordinary thyroid cancers. AB - Clinicopathological studies were carried out on 27 patients with minimal thyroid cancer and 56 with ordinary thyroid cancer at Kanazawa University, from April, 1979 to December, 1982. There was a significant difference in the rate of preoperative diagnosis between the minimal and the ordinary cancer groups. Subtotal thyroidectomy with modified neck dissection was usually performed in both groups. The histological types in minimal cancer group included 16 papillary carcinomas, 7 nonencapsulated sclerosing carcinomas, one follicular carcinoma, one anaplastic carcinoma with squamous cell metaplasia and two multiple mixed carcinomas. There was no significant difference in the rates of intrathyroidal and lymph node metastases between the two groups. While the metastatic lesions of sclerosing carcinoma were localized to the central cervical lymph nodes, the ordinary cancer in general and the papillary variant of minimal cancer metastasized not only to the central cervical lymph nodes but also to the ipsilateral and even to the contralateral jugular lymph nodes. PMID- 6748383 TI - Minimal thyroid carcinoma: a report of nine cases discovered by cervical lymph node metastases. AB - From 1962 to 1983, nine patients with minimal carcinoma of the thyroid were referred to Aichi Cancer Center Hospital and to Aichi Medical University Hospital for evaluation of enlarged lymph nodes in the neck. The radiographic study and scintigraphy of the thyroid were useful in detection of small thyroid lesions. In two cases, a lymph node biopsy was required for confirmation of the diagnosis. The thyroid lesions were histologically papillary carcinoma, in all the cases. A modified neck dissection with total thyroidectomy was carried out in five patients and modified neck dissection with thyroid lobectomy was done in four cases. Nine patients were followed for 6 months to 20 years and all the patients except one are alive. PMID- 6748384 TI - Muscarinic cholinergic receptors in human gastric mucosa. AB - Muscarinic cholinergic receptor sites in human gastric mucosa were analyzed directly by using radioligand binding techniques with the specific muscarinic antagonist 3H-quinuclidinyl benzilate (QNB) as ligand. Specific binding of 3H-QNB to membrane preparations from human gastric mucosa was saturable, of high affinity (Kd = 4.17 +/- 1.94 nM, Bmax = 0.37 +/- 0.04 pmol/mg protein) and selectively inhibited by muscarinic antagonists (atropine, scopolamine) and agonists (acetylcholine, pilocarpine). These findings provide direct evidence for the existence of muscarinic cholinergic receptors in human gastric mucosa. The specific 3H-QNB binding to its receptor was blocked by atropine but not by histamine, cimetidine, pentagastrin, or synthetic human gastrin. The muscarine and histamine H2-receptor, or muscarine and gastrin receptor, probably do not share the same locus. PMID- 6748385 TI - Early gastric cancer with widespread lymph node metastases; a case report. AB - The resected stomach from a 58-year old male patient showed a 4.3 X 3.2 cm, depressed (II c) lesion in the body, histology of which revealed moderately differentiated tubular adenocarcinoma with invasion reaching the submucosa. Widespread metastases of lymph nodes including superior mesenteric and para aortic ones were noted. The patient once worked in a mustard gas (Yperite) factory, and had chronic bronchitis. The exposure to this toxic substance was discussed in relation to the diffuse metastases of cancer. PMID- 6748386 TI - Retroperitoneal bleeding due to a ruptured aneurysm of the middle colic artery. AB - In a 51-year-old man the middle colic artery ruptured. The patient had abdominal pain for several days, and then suddenly, a considerable intraperitoneal bleeding occurred. The aneurysm was extirpated and in the postoperative angiogram, numerous aneurysms were detected in the colic artery. Splanchnic artery aneurysm mainly occurs in renal artery, splenic artery and hepatic artery, but rarely in the mesenteric artery. The pathogenesis of mesenteric artery aneurysms is usually mycotic false aneurysm from prior aortic endoarteritis. In the present case, the etiology of the aneurysm was not confirmed. PMID- 6748388 TI - Prevention of spinal cord injury after cross-clamping of the thoracic aorta. AB - Paraplegia has been a devastating and unpredictable complication following surgical procedures involving temporary occlusion of the thoracic aorta. This study was undertaken to determine the effect of the pressure gradient between the aortic pressure distal to the occluding aortic clamp and cerebrospinal fluid pressure, defined as "Relative spinal cord perfusion pressure" (RSPP) on the development of the ischemic spinal cord injury. In twelve mongrel dogs, the thoracic aorta just distal to the left subclavian artery was cross-clamped. Somatosensory evoked potentials (SEP) were generated by peripheral stimulation of the bilateral peroneal nerves. After complete loss of SEP was evident, six dogs, Group 1, were subjected to occlusion of the descending thoracic aorta for a period of 20 minutes with maintenance of 0 mmHg of RSPP, by an injection of normal saline into the subarachnoid space. Six other dogs, Group 2, likewise underwent 40 minutes of aortic occlusion, keeping the RSPP at 15 mmHg by withdrawal of cerebrospinal fluid. All the dogs in Group 1 developed paraplegia, whereas all the dogs in Group 2 demonstrated complete postoperative recovery without any neurological sequelae. Thus, RSPP is a most important factor in the development of the ischemic spinal cord injury during the temporary thoracic aortic occlusion. PMID- 6748387 TI - Poorly differentiated adenocarcinoma of the rectum in a nephrotic patient with focal segmental glomerulosclerosis. AB - We report herein a case of poorly differentiated adenocarcinoma of the rectum occurring in a nephrotic patient with focal segmental glomerulosclerosis. The neoplasm which first appeared to be a submucosal tumor occurred in a 29-year old Japanese man with a nephrotic syndrome for 2 years and 6 months. Autopsy disclosed a large tumor located between the rectum and urinary bladder. Renal specimens showed changes consistent with focal segmental glomerulosclerosis. PMID- 6748389 TI - Increased biliary cholesterol secretion in alloxan diabetic mice. AB - Plasma and liver cholesterol levels and biliary cholesterol, phospholipid and bile acid concentrations were examined in normal and alloxan diabetic mice fed ordinary and 0.5 per cent cholesterol diets. The plasma and liver cholesterol levels markedly increased in the diabetic mice, and the cholesterol diet further increased the liver cholesterol level but not that in the plasma. The gallbladder bile weight increased in the diabetic mice, but not after the cholesterol diet. The biliary lipid concentrations markedly increased in the diabetic mice, and the increases of the cholesterol and phospholipids exceeded that of the bile acids, resulting in increases of the cholesterol molar concentration ratio (mole percent) and the lithogenic index. The cholesterol diet increased the biliary cholesterol concentration and slightly the phospholipid, but not the bile acids. Therefore, the cholesterol mole percent and the lithogenic index increased. Among the biliary bile acid composition, cholic and deoxycholic acids increased and beta-muricholic acid decreased in the diabetic mice, whereas the cholesterol diet feeding decreased cholic acid and increased chenodeoxycholic and alpha-muricholic acids. These data suggest that the mechanism of the increase of biliary cholesterol secretion in diabetic mice is different from that after cholesterol diet. PMID- 6748390 TI - Results of mobilization and drainage of the pancreas for acute pancreatitis. AB - The surgical treatment of acute pancreatitis remains controversial. Since 1969, we treated 60 patients with acute pancreatitis. In 34 with severe acute pancreatitis who were not responding adequately to intensive medical care, surgical intervention was made by mobilization of the pancreas from retroperitoneal tissue and drainage of the pancreatic bed (M-D procedure). Thirty four operative cases were classified into 7 edematous, 7 hemorrhagic, and 20 necrotizing. Macroscopic findings of the pancreas did not correlate either to the severity of the acute pancreatitis or to the mortality rate. Eight of 34 who underwent M-D procedure died (23 per cent), but the rate became 14.7 per cent after excluding 3 who died of unrelated causes. These data suggest that the M-D procedure is highly effective in the treatment of early cases of severe acute pancreatitis. There was an associated marked reduction in the mortality rate with the prophylactic use of broad spectrum antibiotics. With M-D procedure, there was a low incidence of late sequelae of pancreatic or peripancreatic abscess. PMID- 6748391 TI - Diagnostic significance of bile cytology in obstructive jaundice. AB - Cytological examination of exfoliated cells in the bile or irrigated fluid from a percutaneous transhepatic choledochal drainage (PTCD) tube and other jaundice reducing fistula was performed in 59 patients with obstructive jaundice. Malignant cells were found in 22 of 27 patients with choledochal cancer, 50 of 17 patients with pancreatic cancer, 3 of 6 patients with gallbladder cancer, and one of 5 patients with other malignancies. Exfoliated malignant cells were found at a higher rate in the washed fluid of the PTCD tube than in the pure bile aspirated from the PTCD tube. Half of the positive cases were diagnosed as such upon the first cytological examination, and the remaining in second or subsequent cytological examinations. The cytological appearance of cells in the washed fluid or bile reflected the type of cancer cells found by touch-smear of the lesion and also the histological type. This method requires no special technique and facilitates accurate diagnosis in patients with malignant lesion of the choledochal duct. PMID- 6748392 TI - Colony growth of cells from primary breast carcinoma in soft agar culture. AB - An in vitro soft agar culture system was utilized to evaluate the colony growth of cells from primary breast carcinoma. A total of 53 specimens from fifty-three patients were placed in culture. Of these, 29 samples (55 per cent) formed at least 30 colonies per 500,000 cells plated. In relation to histologic type of tumor and clinical status of the disease, 4 of 4 samples from mucous carcinoma grew into colonies and, then, t-categories, i.e. histological extent of primary tumor, and colony growth showed an inverse correlation. Estrogen receptor status did not appear to influence growth of the colonies. The in vitro sensitivity studies to adriamycin showed a dose dependent increase in lethality. However, the in vitro response rate was relatively low. This assay system can be used to study the biology and clinical approaches to treatment of breast carcinoma. PMID- 6748393 TI - Hormone conditioned cancer chemotherapy for recurrent breast cancer prolongs survival. AB - Left suprarenal-inferior mesenteric venous shunt (Inokuchi) was prescribed for 80 patients with recurrent breast cancer and the efficacy of hormone conditioned cancer chemotherapy was assessed. The patients were separated into 3 groups according to the historical regimen of combined chemotherapy: Group I; surgical hormone therapy alone, Group II; surgery plus short term chemotherapy, and Group III; surgery plus long term chemotherapy. The 5 year survival rate of the responsive patients to the surgical hormone therapy was as high as 84.6 per cent in Group III, as compared to that of Groups I and II, 41.7 per cent and 16.7, respectively. Survival was not prolonged in non-responsive patients, regardless of the group. These findings indicate that surgical hormone therapy combined with postoperative long term cancer chemotherapy is a valid and effective method for treating recurrence of breast cancer. PMID- 6748394 TI - Assessment of bowel control with anorectal manometry after surgery for anorectal malformation. AB - Bowel function after surgery for anorectal malformation was assessed by Kelly's score in 101 children over 3 years of age. Seventy-two were examined using anorectal manometry. In the "good" group, resting pressure of the anal canal was as high as in the normal children, and the frequency of contraction waves in the anal canal was the same as in the normal children. Recto-anal reflex was recognized in about three fourths of the "good" group. On the other hand, in the "poor" group resting pressure was low, in only one were contraction waves evident and in none was there a recto-anal reflex. The findings of the anorectal manometry placed the "fair" group between the "good" and the "poor" groups. The clear contraction waves of the anal canal or the clear recto-anal reflex related to a resting pressure in the anal canal of over 20 cmH2O. This high pressure in the anal canal is important for good and continence, and depends on a precise pull-through of the rectum into the puborectalis muscle. PMID- 6748395 TI - Pheochromocytoma without specific symptoms. AB - A 72-year-old Japanese woman with pheochromocytoma, who had had no characteristic symptoms was treated. A large retroperitoneal tumor was discovered incidentally by sonographic examination for mild upper abdominal pain and, with CT-scan and abdominal angiography confirmed that the tumor originated in the right adrenal gland. The tumor was suspected of being a pheochromocytoma because preoperative laboratory examinations revealed only a mild elevation of daily urinary excretions of adrenaline and noradrenaline. Provocation tests for pheochromocytoma and even angiographic examination revealed no diagnostic change in serum levels of catecholamines and distinctive clinical signs were nil. Thus, surgery was performed without preoperative prescription of any catecholamine blockade. During the surgery, the blood pressure and pulse rate fluctuated considerably. A non-functioning pheochromocytoma detected incidentally must be preoperatively managed as a functioning one, even in the absence of specific symptoms of pheochromocytoma. PMID- 6748396 TI - Lesser curve necrosis following selective proximal vagotomy--a case report. AB - A case of the lesser curve necrosis following selective proximal vagotomy for a perforated duodenal ulcer is reported. Although little is known of this very rare complication, it is potentially a fatal complication after selective proximal vagotomy. Early recognition and immediate reoperation must be save the life of the patient when this complication is suspected. PMID- 6748397 TI - Antireflux mechanism in Nissen fundoplication--an experimental study. AB - The antireflux mechanism of the Nissen fundoplication was investigated in 15 mongrel dogs by esophageal manometry. Nissen fundoplication increased the lower esophageal resting pressure for 2 weeks after operation; however, by 4 weeks it had decreased to a level which did not differ significantly from the preoperative value. Thus, lower esophageal sphincter (LES) length, unlike LES pressure, was maintained for a long period. These results suggest that restoration of competence at the gastroesophageal junction after Nissen fundoplication depends on an adequate length of LES as well as increased LES pressure. The gastrin stimulated LES pressure 1, 2 and 4 weeks after operation was significantly higher than the preoperative stimulation pressure. Therefore, it seems that the antireflux mechanism is associated not only with the mechanical aspect of the wrapping but also with creation of a new muscular sphincter substitute that reacts sufficiently to gastrin stimulation. PMID- 6748398 TI - [Studies on bronchial asthma and air pollution--clinical features of Kawasaki asthma]. PMID- 6748399 TI - [Effect of deep inspiration on maximum expiratory flow (Vmax) in males and females]. PMID- 6748400 TI - [Diagnostic value of carcinoembryonic antigen in pleural effusion and peripheral serum from patients with pleuritis]. PMID- 6748401 TI - [Explanation for mesothelial predominance in pleural effusion based on DNA cytophotometry and autoradiographic 3H-thymidine uptake]. PMID- 6748402 TI - [Three autopsy cases of generalized mucormycosis with lung involvement complicating lymphoma and leukemia]. PMID- 6748403 TI - [A case of asbestosis with exudative pleurisy and severe glomerulonephritis]. PMID- 6748404 TI - [A case of a partial defect of the left parietal pericardium]. PMID- 6748405 TI - [Surgical treatment of postinfarction ventricular septal perforation]. PMID- 6748406 TI - [A new classification of aortic dissection]. PMID- 6748407 TI - [Surgical management of bacterial endocarditis of the aortic valve with an aortic left ventricular discontinuity]. PMID- 6748408 TI - [Experimental study on reconstruction of full thickness chest wall defect]. PMID- 6748409 TI - [Left atrial pressure measurement and catecholamine infusion through one lumen of a double lumen catheter]. PMID- 6748410 TI - [Cardiopulmonary bypass in the treatment of malignant hyperthermia]. PMID- 6748411 TI - [The present and future of simplified Fick's method in the immediate postoperative period]. PMID- 6748412 TI - [A case report of successful anatomical correction for transposition of the great arteries]. PMID- 6748414 TI - [A case of Morgagni's hernia with esophageal hiatus hernia]. PMID- 6748413 TI - [Anatomic correction of complete transposition of the great arteries by Lecompte procedure]. PMID- 6748415 TI - [Two cases of the spontaneous hemopneumothorax with massive bleeding]. PMID- 6748416 TI - [High dose furosemide for treatment of acute renal failure following radical operation of tetralogy of Fallot]. PMID- 6748417 TI - [Estimation of surgical procedure in complex cardiac anomalies on the ventricular characteristics in immediate postoperative period]. PMID- 6748418 TI - [Aorto-pulmonary shunt using curved E-PTFE (Gore-Tex) tube--a experimental study]. PMID- 6748419 TI - [Endomyocardial biopsy using a biotome for the stomach]. PMID- 6748420 TI - [Surgical treatment of pulmonary arteriovenous fistula]. PMID- 6748421 TI - [Total correction of tetralogy of Fallot in adults--report of a case]. PMID- 6748422 TI - [Tricuspid valve replacement for incomplete endocardial cushion defect]. PMID- 6748424 TI - [Surgical treatment of saccular aneurysm of the upper abdominal aorta complicated with renovascular hypertension]. PMID- 6748423 TI - [A case report of combined the mitral and pulmonary valve replacement 24 years after initial pulmonary valvotomy]. PMID- 6748425 TI - [Clinical conference at the 3d Department of Surgery, Nara Medical University. A case of right atrial embolism with epicardial calcification presenting as multiple pulmonary infarction]. PMID- 6748427 TI - [Clinical study of the brain bladder. With special reference to the correlation between the side of brain lesions and the disturbance of micturition]. PMID- 6748426 TI - [Electron microscopic evaluation of the renal tubular damage in rats after aminoglycoside administration]. PMID- 6748428 TI - [Clinical application of nuclear magnetic resonance computed tomography (NMR-CT) in urology (preliminary report)]. PMID- 6748429 TI - [Clinical study on transitional cell carcinoma of the bladder]. PMID- 6748430 TI - [Vasopressor effect of connective tissue protein in renal artery. 1. Enhanced synthesis of collagen and non-collagenous protein in renal artery of spontaneously hypertensive rats: the possible role of causing hypertension]. PMID- 6748431 TI - [Vasopressor effect of connective tissue protein in renal artery. 2. High amount of collagen and non-collagenous protein in renal artery of hypertensive patients]. PMID- 6748432 TI - [Brain metastasis from renal cell carcinoma]. PMID- 6748433 TI - [Histological studies on non-neoplastic lesions of the urinary bladder epithelium. Second report: the influence of indwelling catheterization]. PMID- 6748434 TI - [Pyeloplasty: morphological evaluation by radiography and functional evaluation by urodynamic study]. PMID- 6748435 TI - [Complications of transabdominal nephrectomy for renal cell carcinoma]. PMID- 6748437 TI - Morphological study on the junctura cells of the rat oviduct after hormonal treatment. PMID- 6748436 TI - [A case of familial renal hypouricemia associated with bladder cancer]. PMID- 6748439 TI - Larval development of Echinococcus multilocularis in beige mice with the Chediak Higashi syndrome. PMID- 6748440 TI - Dermonecrotic activity of Pasteurella multocida strains isolated from pigs in Japanese field. PMID- 6748438 TI - Labeled avidin-biotin enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (LAB-ELISA) for detection of Japanese encephalitis antibody in swine sera. PMID- 6748441 TI - Serotypes of Erysipelothrix rhusiopathiae strains isolated from slaughter pigs affected with chronic erysipelas. PMID- 6748442 TI - Drug susceptibility of Haemophilus pleuropneumoniae strains isolated from pigs. PMID- 6748443 TI - Morphology and quantification of juxtaglomerular cells of the chicken kidney. PMID- 6748444 TI - Immune responses to Babesia rodhaini in rats. PMID- 6748445 TI - Diagnostic ultrasound imaging in domestic animals: fundamental studies on abdominal organs and fetuses. PMID- 6748446 TI - Observation of free-living protozoa in treatment process of anaerobic fermentation of swine feces. PMID- 6748448 TI - Localization of two types of nerve ending in the Corpus vasculare paracloacale of the cock. PMID- 6748447 TI - The critical period of pyrimethamine teratogenesis in the rat. PMID- 6748449 TI - Calcium concentrations in maternal and fetal blood and in amniotic fluid from pregnant rats. PMID- 6748450 TI - Isolation and serological survey of chlamydiosis in feral pigeons and crows in Hokkaido. PMID- 6748451 TI - Multiple ganglioneuroma derived from intramural plexus of jejunum in a sow. PMID- 6748452 TI - Amyloidosis in rabbits infected with Trypanosoma evansi. PMID- 6748453 TI - [Relationship between prevalence rates of non-tuberculous lung mycobacteriosis and active lung tuberculosis. Geographic difference of the prevalence rate of non tuberculous lung mycobacteriosis]. PMID- 6748454 TI - [A study on experimental mycobacterioses provoked by atypical mycobacteria. Trials in airborne infection of mice with Mycobacterium intracellulare. (2)]. PMID- 6748455 TI - [An outbreak of tuberculosis among high school students]. PMID- 6748456 TI - [Clinical observation of active pulmonary mycobacteriosis in tumor-bearing patients]. PMID- 6748457 TI - [A study on short-course chemotherapy for pulmonary tuberculosis. Initial intensive regimens containing streptomycin]. PMID- 6748458 TI - [Modification of the development of experimental mouse tuberculosis by administration of a non-ionic detergent Triton WR-1339]. PMID- 6748459 TI - [Rifampicin-induced nonresponsiveness to corticosteroid treatment in systemic lupus erythematosus: a case report]. PMID- 6748460 TI - [Portable cardiac monitors in the diagnosis and treatment of cardiac arrhythmias: various results and prospects]. PMID- 6748461 TI - [Effect of isoptin on the microcirculation of hypertension patients]. PMID- 6748463 TI - [Condition of redox processes in myocardial infarction and their correction]. PMID- 6748464 TI - [Features of the regulation of central hemodynamics in borderline hypertension]. PMID- 6748465 TI - [Suppression of the contractile activity of isolated cardiomyocytes in response to high concentrations of catecholamines and prevention of this phenomenon by means of an antioxidant]. PMID- 6748462 TI - [Quantitative evaluation of electrocardiographic changes in acute myocardial infarction]. PMID- 6748466 TI - [Functional morphology of the adrenals in hypertension]. PMID- 6748467 TI - [Supraventricular tachycardia caused by dual conduction paths in the atrioventricular junction]. AB - An intracardiac electrophysiological study of 23 patients with a history of frequent attacks of supraventricular tachycardia showed that one of the underlying mechanisms of tachycardia development was reciprocation in the atrioventricular conjunction caused by binary conduction occurring in this structure (longitudinal dissociation). Two electrophysiological variants of reciprocal atrioventricular tachycardia were identified, namely ortho- and antidromal. The electrophysiological criteria for the diagnosis of both variants of reciprocal atrioventricular tachycardias are presented. PMID- 6748468 TI - [Method of evaluating antiarrhythmic therapy in patients with paroxysms of supraventricular tachycardia]. AB - Potentialities of the non-invasive method of trans-esophagus electrostimulation of the heart were studied with regard to the selection and assessment of the effectiveness of antiarrhythmic therapy in 16 patients with paroxysms of supraventricular reciprocal tachycardia. The antiarrhythmic therapy selected by this method proved effective in 13 patients following a prolonged course of treatment. The method was highly informative in predicting the efficacy of the systemic course treatment of patients with supraventricular tachycardia paroxysms. PMID- 6748469 TI - [Long-term prognosis (survival) of myocardial infarct patients after clinical death as a result of ventricular fibrillation (results of a 16-year study)]. AB - The occurrence of primary ventricular fibrillation in the acute period of myocardial infarction has little if any effect on the late survival rate of either the entire group of patients or different age subgroups. The primary fibrillation of the ventricle has no effect on the survival of patients with the first and recurrent myocardial infarction who have had repeated episodes of clinical death. The survival rate of patients resuscitated in the hospital does not differ from that seen in patients resuscitated at the pre-hospital stage. The secondary ventricular fibrillation reduces survival very markedly. Recent years have seen an increase in the survival rate following ventricular fibrillation. PMID- 6748470 TI - [Clinico-electrophysiologic study of the anti-arrhythmic action of trimecaine]. AB - The antiarrhythmic activity of trimecaine hydrochloride administered orally and intramuscularly was studied in 58 patients with coronary heart disease accompanied by ventricular and supraventricular rhythm disorders. In 73.9% of the cases the drug exhibited antiarrhythmic action which was reflected in a longer period of the recovery of sinus node function, inhibited conduction in the atrioventricular node and a decreased time of intraatrial conduction. Side effects were observed in 17.3% of the cases mostly with the oral drug; they tended to abate spontaneously 2-4 h after trimecaine hydrochloride withdrawal. PMID- 6748471 TI - [Atrial flutter and fibrillation (several urgent questions)]. PMID- 6748472 TI - [Ethacizin: pharmacologic properties and prospects for clinical application]. AB - The study of the regularities between the chemical structure and pharmacologic action of phenathiazine dialkylaminoacyl derivatives led to the identification and investigation of a new drug called ethacizine-phenothiazin-2-carbethoxyamino 10 (beta-diethylamino-propionyl) hydrochloride. Ethacizine exceeds its structural analogue ethmozin by two times in terms of intensity and by 4-5 times in terms of the duration of antiarrhythmic effect. Ethacizine has marked antianginal properties. It shows a prolonged inhibitory effect on the average elevation of the ST interval at multiple leads of the epicardial electrogram during coronary occlusion, increases the threshold of myocardial ischemia development, and reduces the size of experimental infarction. The combination of potent antiarrhythmic activity, already confirmed by clinical observations, with antianginal properties and a capacity to limit the size of infarction makes in possible to consider ethacizine a promising means for treating coronary heart disease. PMID- 6748473 TI - [Role of lipid peroxidation in the pathogenesis of arrhythmias and the anti arrhythmogenic action of antioxidants]. AB - In the initial phase of its action on the contracting myocardium the inductor of lipid peroxidation (LPO) H2O2 displays marked positive ino- and chronotropic as well as relaxant effects which are, therefore, close to catecholamine effects. Since catecholamines activate LPO it suggests that such activation may be involved in the mechanism of their physiologic action. The prolongation of H2O2 action inevitably leads to the development of bradycardia and bradyarrhythmic arrhythmia which may ultimately end in cardiac arrest. The atrial resistance to H2O2 in animals exposed to stress is considerably diminished: in response to this inductor of LPO such animals develop more pronounced bradyarrythmic arrhythmia and cardiac arrest without the stage of the initially positive inotropic effect. The preincubation of the contracting atrium by HP-6, a LPO inhibitor of the hydroxypyridine class, checks the development of bradyarrhythmic arrhythmia and in many cases prevents cardiac arrest. Taken as a whole these data suggest that LPO activation may play an important role in the pathogenesis of cardiac rhythm disorders which may serve as substantiation for the use of antioxidants in the treatment and prevention of arrhythmias. PMID- 6748474 TI - [Mathematical model of the sinus rhythm of the heart]. AB - As a result of mathematical simulation a group of signs was formed necessary and sufficient for the description of the oscillatory structure of the cardiac sinus rhythm at the quasi-stationary sections of the recording. The practical employment of the "adjustable" model permits one to obtain the present statistical accuracy of the assessment of signs with a lesser amount of baseline data. A procedure for the automatic measurement of signs by a mini-computer has been elaborated. PMID- 6748475 TI - [Means of differential diagnosis between angina pectoris and neurocirculatory dystonia]. AB - Plasma somatotropic hormone and cortisol were measured at rest, at the peak of physical stress and 2 hours after the discontinuation of exercise in 15 normal male subjects, 18 male patients with neurocirculatory dystonia and 69 with angina pectoris. The determination of one-dimensional hyperplanes of plasma STH and cortisol during and after exercise allows one to distinguish anginal patients from those with neurocirculatory dystonia and make a diagnosis in patients with nonspecified chest pains. PMID- 6748476 TI - [Value of the isometric exercise test in objectively evaluating the effectiveness of hyperbaric oxygenation in ischemic heart disease]. AB - The isometric test was conducted prior to and after a hyperbaric oxygenation (HBO) session in 31 coronary heart disease (CHD) patients. The results were compared with the findings provided by the examination of 138 coronary patients and 23 normal subjects receiving no HBO treatment. It was shown that the isometric test makes it possible to objectively assess the HBO effect in CHD patients. The results of the test reflect reduction in the severity of angina pectoris or cardiac failure following hyperbarotherpy. The results obtained justify the recommendation of the isometric test for the individual evaluation of the hyperbaric treatment in CHD. PMID- 6748477 TI - [Use of a psychoemotional test in patients with ischemic heart disease]. AB - Sixty-three patients with coronary heart disease (CHD) of II-IV functional classes and with stable angina pectoris were examined using the psychoemotional test (PET). Psychoemotional stress was modeled by giving an assignment under conditions of time deficit as well as by the appropriate motivation of the patients (the factor of the patient's interest in the study) and the punishment by light and sound in cases of failure. Seventeen patients presented ischemic changes on the ECG with or without attendant pain. In 18 subjects the test was stopped due to an anginal attack unattended by ischemic changes on the ECG. Thus, 37 out of the 63 patients (58.7%) showed positive results during the psychoemotional test. The frequency of the positive PET is directly correlated with the severity of the disease as judged by the tolerance to exercise and the degree of damage to the coronary bed. PMID- 6748478 TI - [Various features of the hemodynamics of native inhabitants of different mountainous zones of the Mongolian People's Republic]. AB - The native inhabitants of Mongolia living at relatively moderate altitudes (2200 2300 m) showed a statistically decreased heart rate, elevated venous pressure, cardiac output and stroke volume as well as a reduced rate of the blood flow which should be considered as compensatory responses to high altitude and cold hypoxia. In inhabitants of colder zones the systolic pressure was 132 +/- 1.2 mm Hg, the diastolic pressure was 83.8 +/- 0.6 mm Hg as against 122.8 +/- 1.0 and 77.6 +/- 0.6 mm Hg, respectively, in inhabitants of warmer zones (p less than 0.01). The incidence of blood hypertension in 40-69-year-olds in cold zones equaled 19 +/- 2.5% as compared to 8.3 +/- 2.1% (p less than 0.01) in warmer high altitude zones. No correlation was found between the subjects' blood pressure and the altitude of their place of living which suggests that high altitude hypoxia has no decisive effect on the blood pressure and that the significantly higher prevalence of hypertension in cold zones can be explained by the impact of a complex of adverse climate and geographic factors, with low temperatures being especially important. PMID- 6748479 TI - [Features of the peripheral circulation and tolerance to isometric exercise in patients with chronic ischemic heart disease and different variants of the cardiac pain syndrome]. PMID- 6748480 TI - [Transcutaneous monitoring of the oxygen tension and local blood flow of the skin in circulatory failure patients undergoing sodium nitroprusside treatment]. PMID- 6748481 TI - [Noncoronarogenic myocardial infarct in acute carbon monoxide poisoning]. PMID- 6748482 TI - [A case of underdevelopment of the valvular apparatus of the heart]. PMID- 6748483 TI - [Mechanisms of disordered cardiac energy supply in transient coronary insufficiency]. AB - Experiments conducted on 240 albino non-inbred male rats, using models of transitory coronary insufficiency of various duration (the period of myocardial ischemia lasted 10, 40 and 120 min), showed impaired energy supply to the heart in both periods of its ischemia and reperfusion in relation to three principal stages; first the synthesis of ATP, then the transportation and utilization of its energy. The period of ischemia was associated with disorders of predominantly the ATP synthesis and to a lesser degree of the transport and utilization of its energy. In the period of the post-infarction resumption of the coronary blood flow mostly affected were the mechanisms of the transportation and absorption of ATP energy by the effector apparatus of cardiomyocytes. At the early stage of myocardial reperfusion after a prolonged (40 and 120 min) local ischemia, the heart was damaged to a greater degree than in continuing ischemia of the same duration. The development of transitory coronary insufficiency following the preliminary administration of the antihypoxant gutimin is characterized by less marked disorders in the process of cardiac energy supply both in the period of myocardial ischemia and at the early stage of the reperfusion. PMID- 6748484 TI - [Determination of the dimensions of the heart in experimental animals using tomography based on the principle of nuclear magnetic resonance]. AB - A new method of tomography based on the principle of nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR-tomography) was used to determine the heart size in experimental animals. The study involved 25 rabbits and NMR-tomograms of their hearts were obtained both in situ and on the isolated heart. The results obtained were compared with the morphometric findings. It was found that the values of the heart size determined by NMR-tomograms as compared with the morphometric values both in situ and on the isolated heart were very similar, showing no statistical difference. When the tomographic findings were compared with the morphometric data, the correlation coefficient for the thickness of the left ventricle wall was 0.64; for the short axis of the left ventricle 0.55; for the perimeter of the left ventricle 0.70, and for the total size of the heart it equalled 0.98. It is inferred that NMR-tomography is quite adequate for taking the necessary measurements of the heart with sufficient precision. PMID- 6748485 TI - [Cortical and medullary circulation of the kidneys in pressor and depressor sinocarotid reflexes]. AB - An experimental study in 12 anesthesized rabbits has demonstrated, by means of the hydrogen clearance test, that carotid sinus baroreceptors participate in the control of both the cortical (CF) and the medullary (MF) renal flow. The direction and magnitude of CF and MF changes in case of sinocarotid reflexes are determined by the relationships between extrarenal nervous effects, systemic blood pressure (BP) and self-regulative response of the cortex and the medulla. Arterial hypotension during depressor sinocarotid reflexes is accompanied by decreased CF and MF, while blood pressure stabilization increases CF and MF in these conditions. Arterial hypertension associated with pressor sinocarotid reflexes is accompanied by decreased CF, whereas MF changes may take different directions depending on the severity of hypertension. In a denervated kidney, sinocarotid reflexes cause CF and MF changes of the same direction as changes in BP, which are, however, less pronounced due to self-regulative intrarenal mechanisms being switched on. Simultaneous denervation of the kidney and BP stabilization can prevent completely CF and MF changes associated with sinocarotid reflexes. PMID- 6748486 TI - [Effect of myocardial ischemia on adenine nucleotide metabolism]. AB - Patients with coronary heart disease (CHD), neurocirculatory dystonia and acute myocardial infarction showed statistically significant, positive linear correlations between the levels of inosine and hypoxanthine as well as the total concentration in the arterial blood and the blood from the coronary sinus. The correlation analysis ascertained that CHD patients in the initial state exhibited a considerable extraction of inosine by the myocardium as compared to patients with neurocirculatory dystonia and that in electrically stimulated ischemia it was sharply reduced. Electrostimulation in the group of patients with neurocirculatory dystonia had no effect on the rate of inosine extraction. Acute myocardial infarction was related to a higher rate of inosine extraction and to inosine production in the myocardium, the latter being explained by the degradation of adenyl nucleotides in conditions of acute ischemia. It is outlined that the total level of inosine and hypoxanthine in the arterial blood of patients with acute myocardial infarction may indicate the severity of infarction while its variations over time may be prognostically valuable. PMID- 6748487 TI - [Quantitative evaluation of the zone of impaired myocardial blood supply by topograms constructed on the basis of coronarograms]. AB - Using the suggested technique for the determination of the extension of the impaired blood supply zone, an analysis was made of the data provided by the pathomorphologic examination of the hearts of 30 controls and 131 patients with chronic coronary heart disease (CHD). The method proposed is based on the establishment of the ratio of the myocardial masses of the areas supplied by the anterior interventricular branch, the circumflex branch and the right coronary artery. The index proposed depends on the type of coronary blood supply and the localization of coronary artery constriction. The analysis of the clinical data and the survival of patients with chronic CHD has shown that the extension of the zone of impaired blood supply is an important diagnostic and prognostic parameter in CHD. PMID- 6748488 TI - [Echocardiographic study of the coronary vessels]. AB - The coronary arteries were studied in normal subjects and in patients with coronary heart disease, using two-dimensional echocardiography. The authors succeeded in obtaining the image of the major trunk of the left and of the opening of the right coronary artery and in ascertaining various forms of coronary artery lesions. In twenty cases the findings of echocardiography and coronary angiography were compared. PMID- 6748489 TI - [Dilatation reserves of the myocardial microcirculation in ischemic heart disease patients based on scanning data using labelled microspheres]. AB - Labelled microspheres in combination with reactive myocardial hyperemia were used to assess the state of the expansion reserves of the myocardial microcirculation in patients with coronary heart disease (CHD). It was found that in the majority of CHD patients the expansion reserves were reduced whereas in patients with marked atherosclerosis of the coronary arteries and post-infarction cardiosclerosis they were absent altogether. PMID- 6748490 TI - [Radionuclide evaluation of myocardial perfusion in intensive physical training in patients with a history of myocardial infarct]. AB - Forty patients who had had myocardial infarction six months before their entry into the study were examined using perfusion scintigraphy of the myocardium with 201TI. The patients were divided into the test and the control group. The patients of the test group trained intensively for 12 months according to the special programme which contributed to an improvement of myocardial perfusion at rest irrespective of the nature of the previous myocardial infarction and the clinical severity of coronary insufficiency. A considerable enhancement of tolerance to exercise as a result of the training leads to prevention of the ischemic response to the exercise whose earlier level proved to be the threshold. PMID- 6748491 TI - [Postinfarct aneurysms of the left ventricle in patients without an atherosclerotic lesion of the coronary arteries]. AB - A total of 93 patients with post-infarction aneurysm of the left ventricle were observed; eight (8.6%) of them showed no atherosclerotic damage to the coronary arteries as judged by the findings provided by selective cinocoronarography and the inspection of the arteries during surgery. All patients had a history of a macrofocal transmural myocardial infarction of the left ventricle anterior wall. In one case the coronary arteries were intact. Four patients (group I) presented an angiographic picture of the recanalized thrombus of the anterior interventricular artery (AIVA). Three patients (group II) showed uniform stenosis of the AIVA with the impoverishment of its distal portions. The contractility parameters were worse in the group I patients whereas the clinical manifestations of angina were more pronounced in the group II patients. PMID- 6748492 TI - [Current concepts of the pathogenesis of coronary insufficiency]. PMID- 6748493 TI - [Isometric load in assessing the severity of coronary insufficiency in heart surgery patients]. AB - The test involving isometric muscular tension has been proved promising for the non-invasive quantitative evaluation of the severity of coronary insufficiency. Fifty-seven males with coronary stenosing atherosclerosis and 24 normal subjects have been studies. It has been shown that the isometric test is the method of choice in angina at rest and of a low effort as well as in labile angina, whereas tests with increasing exercise are more adequate in angina associated with moderate and hard exercise. PMID- 6748494 TI - [Quantitative ECG analysis in diagnosing ischemic heart disease: a comparison with coronary angiographic data]. AB - By collating the results of qualitative and quantitative analysis of the ECG with the findings of selective coronary angiography obtained from 32 patients with coronary heart disease, considerable informative value of the planimetric method of the quantitative analysis of the ECG has been proved. It is concluded that the quantitative interpretation of changes in the areas of the initial and end fragments of the ventricular complex of the ECG contributes to early diagnosis of coronary heart disease and in some cases it helps to specify the localization of coronary impairments. PMID- 6748495 TI - [Use of an additionally intensified ECG in diagnosing ischemic heart disease]. AB - The article deals with the use of the additionally intensified ECG while conducting the bicycle ergometric test in 92 patients with coronary heart disease. It has been shown that when additionally intensified ECG is combined with bicycle ergometry the use of such parameters as the value of ST segment depression and the average rate of ST integral increases the resolving capacity of the technique. In patients with a positive result of the test according to the criterion of ST segment depression (0.1 mV or more), the ischemic changes on the additionally intensified ECG are determined one grade earlier than the threshold exercise and precede the anginal attack. In patients with an anginal attack without diagnostically significant changes on the ECG during 1 mV = 10 mm intensification, the employment of additionally intensified ECG makes it possible to identify the ischemic changes and confirm the pain attack by objective findings. PMID- 6748496 TI - [Mechanisms of the anti-anginal effect of obzidan]. AB - Using the blind method, a group of 91 coronary heart disease patients were studied. A two-week course of obsidan therapy proved to be most effective in patients with two impaired vessels and also in patients with a simultaneous decrease in the heart rate and in the systolic blood pressure during the threshold exercise. A parallel increase in the stroke index during exercise and a decrease in the myocardial contractile function at rest (by echocardiographic findings) suggest that the decrease in the systolic arterial pressure is associated with a negative inotropic effect of the drug. A decrease in the heart rate and myocardial contractility was observed only in patients with initial tachycardia and the intact functional state of the cardiac muscle. The best antianginal response occurs when these effects are combined. PMID- 6748497 TI - [Effect of probucol on lipid metabolism and the clinical course of ischemic heart disease and arteriosclerosis obliterans of the vessels of the lower extremities]. AB - Thirty-eight men with chronic coronary heart disease (CHD) aged 38 to 65 years (ten patients with attendant obliterating atherosclerosis of lower extremity vessels) were treated with the hypolipidemic drug probucol in a dose of 1000 mg/day for three months. Probucol exerted a beneficial effect on the clinical course of CHD and obliterating atherosclerosis of the lower limb vessels. The drug has a marked hypocholesterolemic effect in CHD patients with high cholesterol levels in the blood serum which warrants the advisability of its use in type IIa and IIb hyperlipoproteinemia. The probucol therapy is associated with a decrease in the cholesterol/erythrocyte membrane phospholipids molar ratio which improves the rheological properties of the blood in CHD patients. The drug produces no side effects. PMID- 6748498 TI - [Changes in the circulatory indices of healthy persons under various levels of physical load in relation to the initial type of hemodynamics]. AB - The parameters of the central hemodynamics were studied in 78 normal subjects at rest and during bicycle ergometry of various intensity, using bipolar chest rheography. Three types of circulation were identified (eu-, hyper-, and hypokinetic) which represent normal variants ensuring (at exercise of various intensity) the constant level of energy required for the transportation of one litre of blood and the mean hemodynamic pressure. Various mechanisms of maintaining the adequate level of the mean hemodynamic pressure during exercise were identified. PMID- 6748499 TI - [Potentials of a noninvasive method for studying volumetric cerebral blood flow in mitral stenosis and following its surgical correction]. AB - The volumetric parameters of the cerebral blood flow were studied in 15 patients who had undergone comissurotomy, using the comprehensive rheographic method including tetrapolar rheoencephalography and transthoracic rheography. The non invasive method makes it possible to determine the minute's volume of the brain circulation as well as its ratio to cardiac output. The results obtained point to a positive time-course of the brain blood flow following the surgical correction of mitral stenosis. The rheographic findings were verified by the results of computer-aided angioscintigraphy of the brain which showed the validity of the technique. PMID- 6748500 TI - [Morphometric criteria and the problems of the surgical procedure in Ebstein's anomaly]. AB - There is already a complete description available of the Ebstein's anomaly, and the criteria of its identification have also been thoroughly elaborated. An accurate quantitative assessment of anatomical changes determined morphometrically, however, would help to gain a better insight into the anatomofunctional features of the defect and would present an objective substantiation for selecting the surgery tactics. For this purpose 20 hearts with Ebstein's anomaly and 15 normal hearts were studied morphometrically. The measurements have shown that this anomaly is characterized by an enlargement of the right atrium, a dilated fibrous ring of the tricuspid valve, a lengthened inflow portion of the right ventricle at the expense of either sinuses or the atrial portion as well as by a sharp change in the cusps and the subcusp apparatus. Thus, in selecting surgical tactics and the extension of the surgery it is necessary to take into account the existing anatomical alterations and their severity. PMID- 6748501 TI - [Effect of hemodialysis on digoxin pharmacokinetics in heart failure in patients with chronic kidney failure]. AB - The authors have estimated the effect of hemodialysis on the pharmacokinetics of digoxin instilled intravenously to patients with the terminal stage of chronic renal insufficiency. It has been shown that dialysis was associated with an almost double increase in the clearance constant of digoxin due to its additional elimination through the membrane of the dialyzer. Over five h of dialysis the body excretes 12.5% of the administered dose of digoxin which is only 3.8% more (by 19 micrograms) than the average amount eliminated without dialysis. The contribution of dialysis to the elimination of digoxin is insignificant and, therefore, the regimen of its administration on days when dialysis is performed should be left unchanged. PMID- 6748502 TI - [Hemodynamics of ischemic heart disease patients during attacks of stenocardia at rest and during effort]. PMID- 6748503 TI - [Central hemodynamics of patients with neurocirculatory dystonia]. PMID- 6748504 TI - [Results of surgical treatment of stomach cancer in patients with concomitant diseases]. PMID- 6748505 TI - [Hyperbaric oxygenation in the prevention of postoperative complications in patients with cancer of the large intestine]. PMID- 6748506 TI - [Computerized tomography in the diagnosis of pelvic recurrences in males after extirpation of the rectum]. PMID- 6748507 TI - [Simultaneous operations in multiple primary cancer of 3 organs]. PMID- 6748508 TI - [Intraabdominal desmoid fibroma after gastrectomy for cancer]. PMID- 6748509 TI - [Repeated radical operations in primary cancer of the gastric stump]. PMID- 6748510 TI - [Chronic mediastinitis simulating esophageal tumor]. PMID- 6748511 TI - [A rare cause of intestinal obstruction]. PMID- 6748513 TI - [Successful surgical treatment of bilateral synchronous lung cancer]. PMID- 6748512 TI - [Carcinoid tumor of the appendix in children]. PMID- 6748514 TI - [Lipomatosis of the small-intestine mesentery]. PMID- 6748515 TI - [Volvulus of the small intestine in angioleiomyoma]. PMID- 6748516 TI - [Results of treatment of cancer of the proximal segment of the stomach depending on surgical approach]. PMID- 6748517 TI - [Pseudolymphomas of the stomach]. PMID- 6748519 TI - [Diagnostic thoracotomy as the final stage of morphological verification of peripheral lung cancer]. PMID- 6748518 TI - [Liver enzyme activity before and after surgical treatment of stomach cancer]. PMID- 6748522 TI - [Causes of neglected breast cancer]. PMID- 6748520 TI - [Computerized tomography in the diagnosis of lung cancer]. PMID- 6748521 TI - [Fibrobronchoscopy in the diagnosis and treatment of bronchial stump insufficiency and empyema of the residual cavity]. PMID- 6748523 TI - [Breast cancer associated with cancer of other organs]. PMID- 6748524 TI - [Cancer of the terminal segment of the large intestine]. PMID- 6748525 TI - [Carcinoembryonic antigen in the diagnosis of recurrent rectal cancer]. PMID- 6748526 TI - [Inflammatory "tumors" of the greater omentum]. PMID- 6748527 TI - [Selection of surgical approach for the removal of perisacral teratomas]. PMID- 6748528 TI - [Causes of mistakes in ultrasonic diagnosis of diseases of the pancreatoduodenal zone]. PMID- 6748529 TI - [Complications after sphincter-preserving operations in rectal cancer]. PMID- 6748530 TI - [Surgical tactics in complicated forms of colonic cancer]. PMID- 6748532 TI - [Prevention of postoperative pulmonary thromboembolism with small doses of heparin]. PMID- 6748531 TI - [Intra-abdominal complications after surgical treatment of cancer of the rectum and colon]. PMID- 6748533 TI - [Use of polymer materials in the treatment of fistulas]. PMID- 6748534 TI - [A cryogenic method of treating skin tumors of large size and complex configuration]. PMID- 6748535 TI - [Use of thermography in the diagnosis of breast diseases]. PMID- 6748536 TI - [Proceedings of the 76th general meeting of the Swiss Ophthalmological Society. 22-24 September 1983, Lugano]. PMID- 6748537 TI - [Limitations of eyeglasses and contact lens care of keratoconus]. AB - The principal criteria for the correction of keratoconus with spectacles are the upper radii values, meridian differences and the position of the apex in relation to the fixation line. Possibilities of correction with contact lenses may be limited by optical (opacities, bad peripheral image influence etc.) and fitting factors (among others increasing ectasis, major differences in the arrow height between the apex of the cone and the surrounding cornea). Some of the problems encountered hitherto can be solved with a new "smooth flat fitting" lens. PMID- 6748538 TI - [Topography of age-related size changes in corneal endothelial cells]. AB - Age-related changes in corneal endothelial cell size were investigated in 116 eyes, from newborn to 96 years of age, by light microscopy. The preliminary findings show a regional distribution of cell changes on the endothelial surface. The endothelium of a newborn was homogeneous in cell size and shape. From the third decade of life onward, polymorphism and cell size variations occurred in the central endothelium. In corneas of patients over 50 years old, one-third of the cases often had a geographic arrangement of cells of increased size in the mid-periphery (3.5-4.0 mm paracentrally). Small cells were always predominant at the periphery. PMID- 6748539 TI - [Ocular venous thrombosis and general vascular pathology]. AB - A retrospective study was carried out covering 100 patients hospitalized at the Geneva Ophthalmological Clinic between 1973 and 1977, in whom an occlusion of the central retinal vein or one of its branches had been diagnosed. An attempt was made to assess the significance of the occurrence of venous occlusion and the relation between the angiographic fundus aspect, the general pathology, and the survival prognosis. The patients still alive were examined between 1982 and 1983, and the occurrence of general vascular pathology was compared with a control group. The results of this study indicate the important role played by arterial pathology (hypertension, arteriosclerosis, diabetes) in the pathogenesis of retinal vein occlusion. It was found that patients presenting an ischemic type of venous occlusion were in a higher risk category as regards the development of cardiac or cerebral ischemia. PMID- 6748540 TI - [Reproducibility of perimetric study results]. AB - Theoretical and experimental aspects of the reproducibility of visual fields in static automated perimetry are described. Special emphasis was placed on factors which could potentially influence reproducibility, such as cooperation, the patient's age and the size of his/her pupils, learning and fatigue effects, the depth of scotomas and the influence of drugs. PMID- 6748541 TI - [Effect of grid orientation of interference patterns on contrast sensitivity in white and colored light]. AB - The contrast sensitivity of 34 healthy eyes and 32 suspected of having glaucoma was measured at 3, 6, 12, 18, and 24 cycles/degree with vertical, oblique and horizontal interference fringes. These were produced by the Haag-Streit Visometer as modified by Lotmar with an additional device for contrast variation. At all frequencies, maximum contrast sensitivities were found for vertical gratings. However, there was a tendency for oblique gratings to show relatively low contrast sensitivities at high spatial frequencies; the same applied for horizontal gratings at low frequencies. The effect of stimulus orientation was similar for white, red, green and blue light. PMID- 6748542 TI - [Echographic measurement of eyeball length in pseudophakic eyes]. AB - Refraction affects ultrasound as it passes obliquely through tissues or materials with different propagation speeds. Therefore, the accuracy of axial length measurements might theoretically be influenced after implantation of an IOL, which has a propagation speed exceeding those of the ocular humors by a factor of 1.8 (2718 m/s-1 vs. 1532 m/s-1). The in vitro studies of the present paper clearly demonstrate that ultrasound length measurements were not affected significantly by inclination of the lens up to 25 degrees or variation of the transducer-lens distance from 0 to 25 mm. Axial lengths measured in 26 patients were found to be virtually the same after IOL implantation. The authors conclude from these data that accurate ultrasound axial length measurements of the eye can be obtained after IOL implantation if the different propagation speed in PMMA and the thickness of the IOL are taken into account in the calculation. PMID- 6748543 TI - [Anterior capsulotomy using a diathermy cutter. Experimental principles (1)]. AB - In experimental studies a new method for anterior capsulotomy of the crystalline lens was developed. The anterior lens capsule can be cut by diathermy in such a manner that this action can be reproduced. The effects of current are illustrated by means of light-microscopic sections, which are also helpful in estimating the degree of surgical trauma. Advantages of the new method are outlined and discussed, with references to other publications. PMID- 6748544 TI - [Pseudophakia--correction of unilateral cataract following penetrating eye injuries in children]. AB - Between 1972 and 1980 extracapsular cataract surgery was performed in 24 children, followed by implantation of an iris clip lens, after primary reconstruction of the anterior segment. Regular follow-ups were carried out at 3 month intervals. Discission of a secondary cataract was necessary in 19 cases. Visual acuity of 0.5 or more was achieved by 19 children. An orthophoria or exophoria was also found in 19 children with positive depth perception after a minimum of 2 and a maximum of 9.5 years' observation. PMID- 6748545 TI - [Bipolar wet-field diathermy in microsurgery]. AB - The author describes a miniature bipolar diathermy unit which can be used for several microsurgical purposes. It was developed from a standard endodiathermy instrument which has been in use for pars plana vitrectomy since 1973. It features bipolar forceps which can be used for welding conjunctival flaps and macrohemostasis in strabismus, orbital and lid surgery; bipolar electrodes with and without infusion, for extraocular hemostasis and intraocular microhemostasis in the anterior and posterior segments; bipolar electrodes with infusion for special purposes (still at the experimental stage), for capsulotomy of the anterior lens capsule for extracapsular cataract extraction, section of intraocular strands and membranes and sector iridectomy for tumors or rubeosis of the iris. PMID- 6748546 TI - [Importance of vitrectomy in the treatment of posterior uveitis]. AB - In 30 cases of panuveitis which did not respond to treatment with drugs (corticosteroids and/or immunosuppressors), pars plana vitrectomy was performed with good functional results. There were no further recurrences and it was possible to discontinue anti-inflammatory or respectively immunosuppressive treatment after surgery. PMID- 6748547 TI - [Experimental studies on the effect of cooled silicone on the retina and vitreous body]. PMID- 6748548 TI - [Flash test in electroretinography as a new dynamic method of examination]. PMID- 6748549 TI - [Preliminary evaluation of the flash test in electroretinographic diagnosis of various eye diseases]. PMID- 6748550 TI - [Visual acuity in macular degeneration]. PMID- 6748551 TI - [Treatment of retinoblastoma with radioactive cobalt and xenon photocoagulation]. PMID- 6748553 TI - [Evaluation of corrective contact lenses used after cataract extraction and surgical treatment of retinal detachment]. PMID- 6748552 TI - [Use of calciparin, curantyl and polopirin S in the treatment of retinal vein thrombosis]. PMID- 6748554 TI - [Pathogenesis of central retinal detachment caused by a congenital pit of the optic disk]. PMID- 6748555 TI - [Diagnostic difficulties in granulomas of the posterior pole of the eyeball]. PMID- 6748556 TI - [Content and distribution of histamine in the retina and optic nerve. I. Materials and methods]. PMID- 6748557 TI - [Effect of light and chronic phenol poisoning on the visual system of the rabbit]. PMID- 6748558 TI - [New aspects in the antiemetic therapy of cytostatic drug-induced vomiting]. AB - The present intensification of cancer chemotherapy has resulted in increased toxicity. Nausea and vomiting are often severe and prolonged, rendering a patient unfit for further treatment. This review summarizes the current understanding of the physiology of vomiting and the pharmacology and efficacy of the antiemetics in clinical use. It also discusses new approaches with agents, such as cannobinoids, high-dosage metoclopramide, and high-dosage corticosteroids. The new agents are superior to standard antiemetic drugs as demonstrated in a number of trials. PMID- 6748559 TI - [Pharmacokinetics and cardiac effect of beta-acetyldigoxin and digitoxin in combination therapy with nifedipine]. AB - The effect of nifedipine (N) on the pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics of beta acetyldigoxin (AD; n = 11) and digitoxin (DGT; n = 10) was studied in 21 patients with cardiac insufficiency stage II-III NYHA. Glycoside plasma concentration and renal excretion as well as electrocardiogram heart rate, atrioventricular transconduction time (PQ), duration of electrical systole corrected for heart rate (QTc), mean amplitude of T waves in leads V2 to V6 (TV2-6) and systolic time intervals total electromechanical systole index (QS21), left ventricular ejection time index (LVETI), pre-ejection period index (PEPI), PEP/LVET-ratio were recorded repeatedly before and during co-administrations of 40-60 mg/day N. Plasma AD concentrations were 0.64 +/- 0.22 ng/ml (mean +/- SD) before and 0.61 +/- 0.21 ng/ml during co-administration of N over 10-14 days, plasma DGT concentrations 13.9 +/- 4.1 ng/ml before and 13.7 +/- 4.5 ng/ml during co administration of N over 4-6 weeks. Daily glycoside excretion was not affected by treatment with N. Heart rate and PQ-interval were not significantly changed during co-administration of N whereas T-wave flattening was intensified and QT duration was lengthened. Concomitant treatment of AD and N led to an increase of PEPI and PEP/LVET compared to AD alone in ten patients whereas the systolic time intervals after concomitant treatment of DGT and N in most patients did not differ from those after DGT alone. From our findings we conclude that N had no clinically significant effect on pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics of AD or DGT. PMID- 6748560 TI - Reversible hypertension in primary hyperparathyroidism--pre- and posteroperative blood pressure in 75 cases. AB - In 75 operatively proved cases of primary hyperparathyroidism (PH) mean systolic and diastolic blood pressure (BP) values were significantly higher pre- than postoperatively. There were 27 patients (36%) who showed hypertension before operation (systolic BP greater than or equal to 150 mm Hg, mean 169 +/- 20 mm Hg). In 20 of these the hypertension was reversible after successful treatment of PH, in seven cases elevated values persisted. The mean age of patients with persisting hypertension was significantly higher than the group with normalization of BP after operation (P less than 0.01). As far as clinical presentation of PH was concerned it were those cases with hypercalcaemic syndrome and with accidentally discovered hypercalcaemia who most often showed hypertension. In cases with recurrent urolithiasis and with osteitis fibrosa as leading symptoms there was no significant increase of hypertension as compared to the whole group. Because of the relatively high incidence of hypertension in PH this possibility should be taken into consideration in each diagnostic clarification of hypertensive patients. PMID- 6748562 TI - Serum calcium--an important determinant of the survival of elderly patients. PMID- 6748561 TI - Cells and inflammation: modern trends and technical outlook. PMID- 6748563 TI - Avian schistosomiasis (Paddy Field dermatitis) in a rural city of Hyogo Prefecture, Japan--seasonal emergence of Gigantobilharzia sturniae cercariae from an intermediate host snail, Polypylis hemisphaerula. PMID- 6748564 TI - [Gastrectomy in giant stomach ulcer]. PMID- 6748565 TI - [Filling of a large intestine fistula through the endoscope]. PMID- 6748566 TI - [Syndrome of posttraumatic periodic sleeping sickness]. PMID- 6748567 TI - [Reversible acute renal failure caused by brufen]. PMID- 6748568 TI - [Clinical aspects of mushroom poisoning]. PMID- 6748569 TI - [Parkinsonism]. PMID- 6748570 TI - [Roentgenological diagnosis of developmental anomalies of the biliary tract and its arteries]. PMID- 6748571 TI - [Chronic acalculous cholecystitis]. PMID- 6748572 TI - [Pathogenesis of peptic ulcer]. PMID- 6748573 TI - [Criteria for evaluation of acid-neutralizing function of the antral segment of the stomach]. PMID- 6748574 TI - [Method of recording intragastric pH and its clinical application]. PMID- 6748575 TI - [Disorders of hydrolysis of carbohydrates and oligopeptides in gastric and duodenal diseases]. PMID- 6748576 TI - [Deglutition disorders in post-burn cicatrical esophageal stenosis]. PMID- 6748577 TI - [Electric stimulation of the heart: current state and perspectives of its development]. PMID- 6748578 TI - [Effect of various social and life-style factors on the incidence of stomach disease]. PMID- 6748579 TI - [Characteristics of iron metabolism in patients with chronic hepatitis]. PMID- 6748580 TI - [Diagnostic value of serum alkaline phosphatase isoenzymes in liver diseases]. PMID- 6748581 TI - [Diagnosis and results of treatment of patients with liver injuries]. PMID- 6748582 TI - [Mistakes in the diagnosis of acute pancreatitis]. PMID- 6748583 TI - [Use of thermo- and echography in chronic pancreatitis]. PMID- 6748584 TI - [Clinico-roentgenological examination of the pancreas in occupational expert testimony]. PMID- 6748585 TI - [Pancreatic pseudocyst complicated by hemorrhage]. PMID- 6748586 TI - [Role of blood coagulation disorders in the pathogenesis of gastrointestinal hemorrhage in burns]. PMID- 6748587 TI - [Clinico-economical aspects of the treatment of cholelithiasis]. PMID- 6748588 TI - [Lactase activity of small intestine mucosa and intraduodenal digestion of proteins and polysaccharides in patients with milk intolerance]. PMID- 6748589 TI - [Characteristics of the pathogenesis of the hemorrhagic syndrome in viral hepatitis and the icteric form of leptospirosis]. PMID- 6748590 TI - [Clinical use of continuous atrioventricular electric stimulation of the heart]. PMID- 6748591 TI - The effect of accelerated lactation on fetal maintenance in the rat. AB - Rats mated post partum were permitted to nurse 2 pups until day 9, at which time laparotomy was performed and the number of implantation sites counted. Control animals were left to nurse 2 pups or none, while lactation was then accelerated in 4 other groups by the addition of more pups to totals of 3, 5, 7 or 9. On day 19 the mothers were killed and the fetuses counted, weighed and checked for normality. With increased lactational demand the proportion of fetuses maintained decreased. Total fetal weight was decreased significantly only when 7 or more pups were being nursed. Individual fetal weights and normalcy were not affected by accelerated lactation. PMID- 6748592 TI - Blood pressure in rats: a comparison of a multifactorial experimental design to measurements in an outbred stock. AB - Systolic blood pressure was measured in males of 8 inbred strains and 1 outbred stock of rats 5 times over a period of 20 min on 5 consecutive days. The strain means ranged between 107.9 mmHg and 149.3 mmHg. The estimated variance between strains (V = 248.7 mmHg) was about 5 times higher than the variance within strains (V = 54.3 mmHg). The intraindividual variance within strains was relatively constant (V = 24.0-37.6 mmHg), while the interindividual variance varied to a great extent (V = 4.5-44.5 mmHg) from strain to strain. The outbred stock showed values of blood pressure and components of variance similar to those of a single inbred strain. Thus, by investigation of a battery of 8 inbred strains in a multifactorial experimental design a greater phenotypic variability due to genetic strain differences is achieved than by measurements in a single outbred stock. PMID- 6748594 TI - Phase relationship of the circadian rhythms of feed intake, caecal motility and production of soft and hard faeces in domestic rabbits. AB - In rabbits kept under 12:12 h light conditions, caecal contractions were recorded by implanted strain gauges or induction coils. In animals fed ad libitum caecal contraction frequency varied cyclically in phase with the circadian rhythm of feed intake. Both had their minimum during the time of soft faeces production. Thus all 3 functions seem to depend on the same circadian clock. The close link between caecotrophy and caecal contractions can, however, be upset by either time restricted feeding or by fasting. PMID- 6748593 TI - Midazolam and fentanyl-fluanisone: assessment of anaesthetic effects in laboratory rodents and rabbits. AB - The anaesthetic effects of a combination of midazolam, a water-soluble benzodiazepine, and fentanyl-fluanisone were assessed in laboratory rodents and rabbits. This combination of drugs produced good surgical anaesthesia in all of the species investigated. An important advantage of the combination was that it could be administered as a single intraperitoneal injection. PMID- 6748595 TI - Spontaneous osteochondrosis in rats. AB - 143 Sprague Dawley rats, ranging from 19-63 weeks of age, were examined pathologically for the occurrence of spontaneous joint lesions. Macroscopically, a white round plaque was observed in the caudocentral portion of the medial femoral condyle or humeral head and sometimes it had a partially detached margin. Microscopic examination revealed a local thickening of the articular cartilage protruding into the subchondral bone, which suggested cessation of endochondral ossification and retention of cartilage. As the lesion advanced there was fissure formation in the thickened cartilage and proliferation of fibrous tissue beneath the fissure. Formation of a cartilage flap and extensive fibrosis with large cysts were also observed in the most advanced cases. Total incidence of the lesion in the distal femur was 22.2% in male and 2.8% in female rats. The change detected in the rats was identical with pathologic descriptions of osteochondrosis in domestic animals. PMID- 6748597 TI - The influence of various housing conditions on the ocular fundus in Wistar rats. AB - Examinations of ocular fundi were performed on male Wistar rats which were housed for 2 years individually or in groups of 3, 5 or 10 animals per cage. Photographs were taken to make the data objective and provide a permanent record. The results indicated no differences between the various groups, although there were marked differences between individual rats. PMID- 6748596 TI - Vertical transmission of Bacillus piliformis infection (Tyzzer's disease) in a guinea pig: case report. AB - Tyzzer's disease (Bacillus piliformis infection) was diagnosed at necropsy in a hysterectomy-derived, gnotobiotically reared guinea pig. This is the first description of spontaneous vertical, presumably transplacental, transmission of B. piliformis infection. Subsequent horizontal transmission of the infection was concluded from the presence of specific anti-B. piliformis antibodies in the sera from guinea pigs originating from different litters but reared in the same isolator. PMID- 6748598 TI - Spontaneous pineal body tumours (pinealomas) in Wistar rats; a histological and ultrastructural study. AB - The pathology of 5 cases of pinealomas in Wistar rats used in long-term toxicological studies is described both grossly, microscopically and ultrastructurally, together with a review of the related literature. PMID- 6748599 TI - Seasonal variation of temperatures in rabbits. AB - Determinations of rectal temperatures were performed in a series of measurements in male and female drug-naive SPF rabbits of the Chinchilla type maintained under standard environmental conditions (temperature 19 degrees C, relative humidity 60%, light 14 h/day) in weekly tests collected over 3 1/2 years. The results indicated a seasonal variation in rectal temperature. The temperature was affected by restraint, and female animals showed significantly higher temperatures than males. Bodyweight had no effect on temperature. PMID- 6748600 TI - Mandible analysis of NOD and NON strains of mice. AB - 10 inbred strains of mice including NOD and NON were identified by discriminant and canonical discriminant analysis of the mandible measurements. The number of erroneous discriminations was 0.5% (1/199) for the females and 0% for males (0/232). In canonical discriminant analysis (discriminant analysis with reduction of dimensionality), NOD and NON inbred strains were separately located on 2 dimensional planes, Z1-Z2, Z1-Z3, and Z2-Z3. These results clearly indicate that the genetic constitution of NOD and NON differs, although they have been established from a common ancestor ICR mouse. Causes of divergence between NOD and NON mice are discussed. PMID- 6748601 TI - Chronic fistulation and cannulation of the rabbit caecum. AB - A PTFE cannula was introduced into the rabbit abdomen through the right flank. A purse string suture was used to fix a small plastic flange within the caecum. A larger flange was sutured under the skin to fix the cannula. Caecal contents could be collected from the chronic fistula via a threaded stainless steel cap on the cannula. Animals tolerated the fistulation well and sepsis was never seen. PMID- 6748602 TI - Development of gas-tight joints to connect entry ports and filters to flexible film isolators. PMID- 6748603 TI - An improved method of diet preparation for toxicological feeding experiments. AB - Groups of 30 rats each were fed 1 of 4 diets to determine feeding preference for freeze-dried meal compared to dry meal, and to determine if 3% agar is a desirable component of freeze-dried meal. The diets were: dry meal, meal + distilled water(freeze-dried), meal + 3% agar in distilled water(freeze-dried), and meal + 3% agar in distilled water(gel). Diet preparation, and the method for introducing a toxin in a toxicological study, is described. Feed consumption, bodyweight, and observational data were collected. Rats ate freeze-dried meal in amounts comparable to dry meal. There were no significant variations in feed conversion ratios among the dietary treatment groups. Agar is not required for freeze-dried diets, and we recommend that it be omitted to save resources and preparation time. Freeze-dried diets have a longer storage and cage life, thus the frequency of diet preparation, animal feeding and clean-up are reduced. For studies involving a toxin, these factors would reduce the potential for accidental exposure of personnel to potentially harmful materials. PMID- 6748604 TI - The effect of diet on the incidence of pituitary tumours in female Wistar rats. AB - Each of 5 groups of 50 weanling Wistar-derived female rats was fed a different diet ad libitum for 2 years. The diets included 3 commercial maintenance diets (R and M No. 1, R and M No. 491 and RDM 22), a purified or semi-synthetic diet (LJ 80) and the diet (LAD 2) normally used in this laboratory. A weighed amount of LAD 2 diet (less than would be consumed under ad libitum conditions) was fed each day to a 6th group of rats. The survivals of the groups of rats fed either the standard diet (LAD 2) in restricted amount or the maintenance diet (RDM 22) were 62% and 66% respectively and were significantly better than the 40% survival of the group fed LAD 2 ad libitum. The survivals of the groups fed either R and M No. 491 or LJ 80 were 40-42%, and the group fed R and M No. 1 had a survival of 52%. At the end of 2 years the 2 groups with the best (greater than 60%) survivals weighed significantly less than the group fed LAD 2 ad libitum. The groups fed either LAD 2 in restricted amount or RDM 22 had the least gross pathological lesions for the majority of the organs. These same groups also had fewer pituitary tumours per group (72% and 66%) than the group fed LAD 2 ad libitum (90%). The group fed RDM 22 also had the largest % (26%) of normal pituitaries of all the groups in the study. There were some significant differences between the haematological and clinical chemistry results of the group fed LAD 2 ad libitum and the other groups but none of the changes was considered adverse, although the groups fed either RDM 22 or R and M No. 491 had significantly increased mean aminotransferase (AST and ALT) values with large variations which were adjudged undesirable. There was less protein in the urine of the groups fed either RDM 22 or LAD 2 (restricted). PMID- 6748605 TI - Antibiotic sensitivity patterns of Campylobacter jejuni/coli isolated from laboratory animals and pets. AB - Fifty-four strains of Campylobacter jejuni/coli isolated from a variety of species of laboratory animals as well as pet dogs were tested by an agar dilution technique for susceptibility to each of 12 antimicrobial agents. Gentamicin and furazolidone were the most active of the drugs examined. The strains tested frequently were sensitive to two other aminoglycoside antibiotics, neomycin and kanamycin. Erythromycin also was effective at levels achievable in serum except in three strains which were resistant. Doxycycline and chloramphenicol were active against most strains, with 51 (96%) being susceptible to 8 micrograms/ml. The minimal inhibitory concentrations were high for penicillin, ampicillin, tetracycline, metronidazole, and sulfadimethoxine. PMID- 6748606 TI - Simian varicella infection in the African green monkey (Cercopithecus aethiops). AB - A severe and highly fatal disease occurred in African green monkeys (Cercopithecus aethiops). The disease was marked by an extensive maculo-vesicular rash. In fatal cases, multifocal necrosis and hemorrhage were found characteristically in many organs and tissues. New cases of the disease occurred over a 39-day period. Nine of 49 exposed African green monkeys were affected and five of the nine died. Four cynomolgus (Macaca fascicularis) and 31 stumptailed monkeys (Macaca arctoides) which were exposed were not affected. Delta Herposvirus was isolated from affected African green monkeys. Stumptailed monkeys housed in association with the African green monkeys, as well as those housed elsewhere, had significant serum concentrations of neutralizing antibodies to this agent. PMID- 6748607 TI - Incomplete abortion and hydrometrosis in a squirrel monkey (Saimiri sciureus). AB - A 6-year-old, primiparous female squirrel monkey, diagnosed as being at approximately 100 days of gestation, developed clinical signs of pregnancy toxemia. An ovariohysterectomy was performed and complete recovery followed supportive treatment. Based on histopathology, a diagnosis of incomplete abortion and hydrometrosis was made. PMID- 6748608 TI - The Schirmer tear test in rhesus monkeys (Macaca mulatta). AB - A clinical case of keratoconjunctivitis sicca prompted a study to determine normal values for the Schirmer tear test in rhesus monkeys. Normal values for rhesus monkeys were calculated to be 6 to 24 mm wetting/minute (mean = 15.1) and it was determined that neither sex nor ketamine had a statistically significant effect on these values. PMID- 6748609 TI - Activated partial thromboplastin time of owl monkey (Aotus trivirgatus) plasma. AB - Owl monkey plasma samples produced short, reproducible activated partial thromboplastin times, similar to those obtained with samples from many other mammalian species. This was an apparent contradiction to an earlier report of long irreproducible activated partial thromboplastin times from owl monkey samples. The discrepant data could not be explained by differences in anticoagulants (citrate or oxalate), assay reagents (partial thromboplastin with either diatomaceous earth or ellagic acid), or activation incubation times (2, 5, or 10 minutes); nor could they be explained by differences in the monkeys' sex, age or previous experimental exposure to Plasmodium falciparum malaria. PMID- 6748610 TI - A surgical procedure and tethering system for chronic blood sampling, infusion, and temperature monitoring in caged nonhuman primates. AB - A jacket and tethering system was used to maintain chronic catheters in monkeys, which provided catheter access and manipulability without further restraint. Surgical placement of catheters and a temperature probe allowed for a common cutaneous exit and interface with the jacket and tether. Monkeys were fitted in a sterile leather or denim jacket which was attached to a sterilized flexible stainless steel cable. Through this conduit, an indwelling temperature probe, as well as catheters from the internal jugular and femoral veins, were attached to a swivel unit located on the upper portion of the cage. The internal jugular catheter was used for the continuous infusion of support solution. The catheter from the femoral vein was maintained with a heparin lock and used for serial blood sampling. Using this system, it was possible to obtain frequent blood samples and body temperature readings, and to administer a continuous intravenous infusion without chemical or excessive physical restraint. To date, 367 monkeys, 322 cynomolgus (Macaca fasicularis), 16 rhesus (Macaca mulatta), and 21 African green (Cercopithecus aethiops) have been studied using this procedure. PMID- 6748611 TI - Multilayer cannula for long-term infusion of unrestrained rats. AB - A multilayer cannula was constructed from a long, thin inner cannula of siliconized rubber tubing with an outer collar of siliconized rubber tubing held in place by three "rubber bands" made from the same tubing as the collar. This multilayer cannula has been used for long term infusion studies of unrestrained rats and has several advantages over those described in the literature. It is easily secured into place without bending near the entry to the vein, or constricting the lumen. The use of a collar also insures that the correct length of cannula is inserted into the vein of the size rat being used. PMID- 6748612 TI - Atypical gnawing and cage destructive behavior in one strain of laboratory rat. AB - Approximately 80% of a colony of 900 Long Evans rats, Blu:(LE), gnawed on polypropylene shoe box type cages around the automatic watering grommet. The gnawing led to cage destruction and escape of the animals. The addition of a large stainless steel shield between the original grommet backing and the cage prevented further gnawing on the cage. PMID- 6748613 TI - The composition of glomerulosclerosis. I. Studies in focal sclerosis, crescentic glomerulonephritis, and membranoproliferative glomerulonephritis. AB - The composition of glomerulosclerosis was examined in focal sclerosis, membranoproliferative glomerulonephritis, and crescentic glomerulonephritis, using antisera specific for laminin and collagen types III and IV. Mesangial sclerosis consisted exclusively of extracellular matrix found in normal glomeruli, as did small synechiae in focal sclerosis and all synechiae in membranoproliferative glomerulonephritis. The large synechiae in focal sclerosis and all stages of the developing crescents associated with vasculitis contained mainly interstitial collagen, type III, a component not found in normal glomeruli. In the latter there were also disruptions of Bowman's capsule and an increase in the number of periglomerular interstitial cells. These observations suggested that glomerulosclerosis varied in composition and distribution, and some types of crescentic glomerulonephritis may have arisen from either cells resident in the glomerulus or cells coming from the interstitial space. PMID- 6748614 TI - Mechanism of deletion of endothelial cells during regression of the corpus luteum. AB - Endothelial cells are deleted rapidly, and in large numbers, during cyclical regression of the corpus luteum of the guinea pig. This paper reports a study of the mechanisms, structural and causal, by which this deletion occurs. Corpora lutea from guinea pigs were examined by transmission electron microscopy on day 9 (functional stage) and day 16 (regressing) of the estrous cycle. Corpora lutea were also studied at 1, 3, 12, 24, and 48 hours after administration of a synthetic luteolytic substance (cloprostenol), and after temporary occlusion of the ovarian blood vessels for 15, 30, 60, or 120 minutes. Early signs of endothelial cell degeneration included protrusion of some individual cells into capillary lumina and the formation of adherens junctions across the lumen. Intermediate stages of degeneration included nuclear and cytoplasmic condensation and cellular and nuclear lobation or fragmentation in cells either protruding into, or lying within, the lumen. Terminal changes included loss of plasma membrane integrity and cytoplasmic density, together with disruption of cell organelles. Some degenerate endothelial cells were engulfed by viable endothelial cells. Macrophages were not seen to be involved in removal of dead endothelial cells, and integrity of the walls of capillaries was maintained while individual endothelial cells were deleted. Experimental findings were consistent with the hypothesis that cessation or reduction of flow of blood along capillaries plays an etiologic rule in endothelial cell deletion. PMID- 6748615 TI - Early events in the formation of a venous thrombus following local trauma and stasis. AB - A jugular vein was exposed in 20 cats divided into four groups of five cats each. In group 1 the vein was removed immediately after exposure. In group 2 the vein was removed after three 5-minute periods of stasis and reflow. Groups 3 and 4 had the jugular vein occluded for 24 and 72 hours, respectively. In all groups, veins were perfused under physiologic pressure by heparinized saline to remove blood and immersed in 2.5% glutaraldehyde for fixation. All vessels were prepared for scanning and transmission electron microscopy. Group 1 cats had a normal appearing luminal surface. Group 2 cats had deposition of leukocytes with few erythrocytes or platelets. Groups 3 and 4 had deposition of leukocytes, platelets, and erythrocytes. Leukocytes were found in all areas and associated with all cell types. Platelets and erythrocytes were seldom found in the absence of leukocytes. Thrombi were found on normal-appearing and damaged endothelium. The majority of thrombi were found at side branches and valve pockets. Our results suggest that leukocytes play a primary role in the initiation of deep vein thrombosis. Platelets may have only a secondary role. PMID- 6748616 TI - Tubulocisternal endoplasmic reticulum in human eccrine sweat glands. AB - Human eccrine sweat glands, including those expressing the gene for cystic fibrosis, were stained sequentially en bloc with uranyl acetate, lead citrate and copper sulfate, and osmium tetroxide for the ultrastructural demonstration of tubulocisternal endoplasmic reticulum (TER). This organelle has been associated with water and electrolyte transport in other epithelia. TER was present in the apical cytoplasm and basolateral cytoplasm circumscribing intercellular canaliculi of clear cells in the secretory coil and in the apical cuticular cytoplasm of luminal cells in the coiled duct. In both the secretory coil and duct, TER was situated strategically around the tight junctions. Together, the TER and tight junctions may regulate the secretory and absorptive permeability of the eccrine sweat gland to NaCl and water. The dark cell of the coil which is exocrine, and the deep cell of the duct which lacked tight junctions, did not contain TER. In sweat glands obtained from three cases of cystic fibrosis, elements of TER were more prevalent and complex in luminal cells of the secretory duct than was the TER in normal sweat glands. This difference may be a consequence of the basic electrolyte abnormality of cystic fibrosis. PMID- 6748618 TI - Psychometric principles in the selection, interpretation, and evaluation of communication self-assessment inventories. AB - A variety of self-assessment inventories have been introduced in recent years for use with hearing-impaired patients. These instruments differ considerably, both conceptually and operationally. Audiologists, therefore, are faced with the task of selecting a test instrument that is appropriate to their patient population and testing purpose. This paper outlines the psychometric principles that guide the selection, interpretation, and evaluation of self-assessment inventories. The application of these principles to a specific clinical population is illustrated by three studies of the Hearing Performance Inventory (Giolas, Owens, Lamb, & Schubert, 1979) conducted at Walter Reed Army Medical Center (WRAMC). PMID- 6748617 TI - Methods in laboratory investigation. Isolation of guinea pig monocytes and Kurloff cells: characterization of monocyte subsets by morphology, cytochemistry, and adherence. AB - Guinea pig mononuclear cells were separated from peripheral blood using high density Ficoll-Hypaque, following which the monocytes and Kurloff cells were isolated using counterflow centrifugation elutriation and Percoll gradient centrifugation. Monocytes were obtained in four counterflow centrifugation elutriation fractions. Small monocytes (283 micron3) constituted 33% of all monocytes and were acid phosphatase negative, nonadherent cells with a scant cytoplasm but characteristic reniform nucleus. Although present in low purity after counterflow centrifugation elutriation, they were enriched using Percoll gradients to 35%. Large monocytes (317 micron3) comprised 41% of all monocytes and were obtained in 81% purity by counterflow centrifugation elutriation. They were adherent cells positive for acid phosphatase and nonspecific esterase. Peroxidase-positive cells constituted 41 and 33% of the small and large monocytes, respectively. Intermediate-sized monocytes (300 micron3) comprised a mixture of monocytes with characteristics of both small and large monocytes. Very large monocytes (354 micron3) were peroxidase-negative, strongly adherent cells with a distinctive morphology characterized by a spherical nucleus and highly vacuolated cytoplasm. They comprised 7% of the total monocytes and are a heretofore unrecognized cell type in the circulation. These procedures also isolated Kurloff cells in high purity and yield. Kurloff cells are distinct to the guinea pig and were nonadherent cells that did not stain for acid phosphatase, peroxidase, or nonspecific esterase. This is the first report of the successful isolation of Kurloff cells as well as monocytes other than human into fractions that differ in size and function. PMID- 6748619 TI - Untrained acquisition of /s/ in a phonologically disordered child. AB - The untrained /s/ productions of a phonologically disordered child were followed over a period of several months as she produced /s/ in imitated words and in spontaneous connected speech. For this child, as has been reported in the literature for children acquiring phonology normally, /s/ occurred earliest in the word-final position, appearing in word-initial position only several weeks later. Two word-medial, or intervocalic, contexts were compared: (a) monomorphemic words in which /s/ is word- and morpheme-medial (e.g., lasso); and (b) bimorphemic words in which /s/ is word-medial but morpheme-final (e.g., missing). In this latter group, a grammatical inflection or morpheme was added to a morpheme that ends with /s/. Correct responses to the intervocalic position where /s/ occurred at a morpheme boundary (i.e., in inflected morphemes) occurred earlier and more frequently than responses to single-morpheme intervocalic position. The variability of the child's productions over time is examined and discussed. PMID- 6748620 TI - On describing idiosyncratic phonologic systems. AB - A phone distribution procedure for analyzing idiosyncratic phonologic systems in children is applied to a phonologically impaired child's distribution of alveolar and velar stops. Results show that these stops occur in complementary distribution: Alveolar stops occur before high vowels and velar stops occur before nonhigh vowels. It is further demonstrated that phonologic process analysis fails to reveal this unusual distribution of alveolar and velar stops. Thus, it is argued that phonologic process analysis must necessarily be supplemented by other procedures capable of detecting and describing unusual distribution patterns in order to achieve an accurate clinical diagnosis and to select the most appropriate target for a successful clinical treatment program. PMID- 6748621 TI - Comparison of the Auditec and Rintelmann recordings of the NU-6. AB - Word discrimination scores were obtained for 30 normally hearing listeners using Auditec and Rintelmann recordings of the NU-6 presented at 60 and 70 dB SPL in quiet and in a background of multitalker noise at signal-to-noise (S/N) ratios of +12, +6, 0, and -6 dB. This was done to obtain normative data and to determine whether these two recordings of the same word lists were equivalent at conversational levels in quiet and in a noisy background. The word discrimination scores for each recording in quiet and at each S/N ratio were not significantly different when presented at 60 and 70 dB SPL. However, the word discrimination scores were significantly poorer as the S/N ratio became more severe, and the scores obtained with the Auditec recording were significantly poorer than those obtained with the Rintelmann recording at each S/N ratio. These differences between word discrimination scores using the Auditec and Rintelmann recordings were primarily attributed to the recorded level of the test word and secondarily attributed to carrier phrase and talker differences. PMID- 6748622 TI - Esophageal insufflation testing in nonlaryngectomized adults. AB - Esophageal insufflation testing has been advocated for laryngectomized patients considered for tracheoesophageal puncture. The present work was undertaken to document the degree to which nonlaryngectomized individuals were able to produce and sustain esophageal voice in association with esophageal insufflation testing. Fifteen young, healthy adults were tested in a uniform way. Results were interpreted to support the views that (a) normal function of the pharyngoesophageal segment represents an influence detrimental to the ultimate acquisition of functionally serviceable esophageal or tracheoesophageal speech and (b) laryngectomized patients having airtight closure of the pharyngoesophageal segment during insufflation testing exhibit a normal esophageal response. Implications for completing air insufflation testing and selective myotomy are discussed. PMID- 6748623 TI - Signal-to-noise ratio advantage of binaural hearing aids and directional microphones under different levels of reverberation. AB - The signal-to-noise ratio necessary for a constant performance level was determined for normally hearing and hearing-impaired subjects under three levels of reverberation (0.3, 0.6, and 1.2 s) with monaural and binaural hearing aids having directional and omnidirectional microphones. Results indicated (a) a significant binaural advantage (2-3 dB) which was independent of microphone type and reverberation time, (b) a significant directional microphone advantage (3-4 dB) which was independent of hearing aid arrangement (monaural or binaural) but dependent on level of reverberation, (c) a significant reverberation effect which was larger than either the binaural or directional microphone effect, and (d) additive binaural and directional microphone advantages. The results suggest that the signal-to-noise ratio is optimized when binaural hearing aids with directional microphones are used in rooms with short reverberation times. PMID- 6748624 TI - The role of inconicity in early sign language acquisition. AB - A longitudinal study of sign language acquisition was conducted with 13 very young children (median age 10 months at outset of study) of deaf parents. The children's sign language lexicons were examined for their percentages of iconic signs at two early stages of vocabulary development. Iconic signs are those that clearly resemble the action, object, or characteristic they represent. Analysis of the subjects' vocabularies revealed that iconic signs comprised 30.8% of the first 10 signs they acquired. At age 18 months, the proportion of iconic signs was found to be 33.7%. The finding that a majority of signs in the subjects' early vocabularies were not iconic suggests that the role of iconicity in young children's acquisition of signs may have been overrated by some investigators, and that other formational features may be of greater importance in influencing young children's ability to acquire signs. PMID- 6748625 TI - Threshold of octave masking as a predictor of temporary threshold shift following repeated noise exposure. AB - Cumulative auditory effects of repeated exposure to a 3-min 110 dB SPL white noise were examined in 20 subjects (10 male, 10 female). Statistical analysis revealed greater 8-kHz temporary threshold shift in female ears despite equivalent preexposure 8-kHz thresholds across gender. Cumulative effects were seen in thresholds of octave masking scores, especially in female subjects, possibly reflecting increased susceptibility following the second noise exposure. PMID- 6748626 TI - On the prediction of phonologic generalization learning patterns. AB - The purpose of this study was to obtain information on six children's misarticulation of consonant clusters in order to illustrate how certain factors influence generalization learning patterns. While all subjects evidenced generalization, individual differences in learning patterns did emerge. These patterns were explained in terms of the following three factors: (1) information about the children's unique knowledge about the phonologic system, (2) the linguistic relationships among sounds, and (3) the interaction of these factors with the treatment target. The implications of this explanation are discussed as they relate to the selection of treatment targets that will facilitate generalization. PMID- 6748627 TI - Auditory processing tests for children: normative and clinical results on the SSW test. AB - Staggered Spondaic Word (SSW) test results were studied in 93 normally achieving children and 97 children referred to a learning disabilities clinic. All subjects were 8-11 years of age. The SSW test was found to differentiate between the normally achieving children and those experiencing classroom learning difficulties. Further, it was found that the performance of the normally achieving group was generally better than current test norms would imply. This finding suggests the use of stricter criteria in determining when a child is at risk for central auditory processing difficulties. Results for children with classroom learning difficulties show a progression toward better performance with age, except for the Left-Competing condition. This makes it unclear whether one can or cannot expect some resolution of auditory processing difficulties by age 11. PMID- 6748628 TI - Airway resistance characteristics of voice button tracheoesophageal prostheses. PMID- 6748629 TI - Postmortem examination: Shriberg and Kwiatkowski (1982). PMID- 6748630 TI - Cholecystectomy stimulates hypertrophy and hyperplasia in the hamster pancreas. AB - Cholecystectomy may be a risk factor for carcinoma of the pancreas. In this study the morphometric and autoradiographic changes in the hamster pancreas following cholecystectomy (chole) were compared with changes observed in sham-operated controls. After operation significant increases were observed in percent acinar cell labeling with [3H]thymidine from 0.29 +/- 0.07 (controls) to 0.57 +/- 0.06 (chole) at 2 weeks and from 0.05 +/- 0.00 (controls) to 0.75 +/- 0.18 (chole) at 4 weeks. The number of labeled duct epithelial cells/mm duct length increased from 0.00 +/- 0.00 (controls) to 4.64 +/- 1.89 (chole) at 2 weeks and from 1.19 +/- 0.97 (controls) to 3.00 +/- 0.75 (chole) at 4 weeks. Duct epithelial cell height (micrometers) increased from 13.90 +/- 1.06 (controls) to 26.98 +/- 1.32 (chole) at 2 weeks and from 13.20 +/- 1.06 (controls) to 23.90 +/- 0.86 (chole) at 4 weeks. It was concluded that cholecystectomy results in hyperplasia and hypertrophy of pancreatic cell populations in the hamster. These data extend previous observations that cholecystectomy has a significant trophic effect on the pancreas. PMID- 6748631 TI - Does portal pressure influence direction of portal flow and encephalopathy rates after 10-mm portacaval shunts in man? AB - Direction of portal flow after small diameter portacaval H graft has been found to significantly correlate with postshunt portasystemic encephalopathy rates. While some patients maintaining prograde portal flow were found to have a lower incidence of portasystemic encephalopathy, it has been suggested that high portal pressures are responsible for minimizing this complication. If both statements are true, then postshunt pressures should be higher in patients with prograde flow and in encephalopathy. Portal pressure and portal flow patterns were determined by shunt cannulation and fluoroscopy in 16 patients fully recovered from operation. Patients were screened for portasystemic encephalopathy over a 6- to 24-month period (average 12 months) at which time shunt patency was documented. Portal pressures were similar in patients with and without portasystemic encephalopathy and in patients with and without prograde flow. These results do not support the concept that protal pressure is an important determinant of portasystemic encephalopathy rates or flow patterns after 10-mm portacaval H graft. PMID- 6748632 TI - The synergistic influence of the intravascular starling forces on pulmonary microvascular solute flux in human ARDS. AB - To assess the importance of the intravascular Starling forces on the pulmonary microvascular flux of solutes in ARDS, the clearance from blood to pulmonary edema fluid of a small-molecular-weight hydrophilic radiotracer, indium-111-DTPA, and a large-molecular-weight radiotracer, iodine-125-HSA, in patients with noncardiac pulmonary edema was measured. Since permeability changes of the pulmonary microvessels in ARDS are likely not homogeneous, the severity of the permeability lesion according to the magnitude of I-HSA flux was predefined. A significant positive correlation between the clearance of In-DTPA and the Pmv-pi mv gradient was found both in patients with a "moderate" (R2 = 0.46, P less than 0.01) and "severe" (R2 = 0.45 P less than 0.01) increase in microvascular permeability. The clearance of I-HSA from blood to edema fluid was also positively correlated with the Pmv and the Pmv-pi gradient. Therefore, even though ARDS is primarily characterized by a spectrum of change in permeability within the pulmonary microvasculature, the flux of both small- and large molecular-weight solutes remains synergistically modulated by the measurable intravascular Starling forces. PMID- 6748633 TI - The relationship of body temperatures to the efficacy of chemotherapy against systemic metastases from B16 melanoma. AB - Potential synergy between physiologic levels of heat and chemotherapy was investigated in C57BL/6 mice bearing the B16 melanoma. Low levels of hyperthermia alone had no effect on the growth of the primary tumor but augmented the growth delay induced by cyclophosphamide. Although the addition of hyperthermia to chemotherapy and amputation increased the duration of survival and decreased the number of pulmonary metastases, heat did not increase the cure rate of animals with gross or microscopic pulmonary metastases. The incidence of local recurrence was decreased by hyperthermia in animals treated with chemotherapy and incomplete excision of the primary tumor. PMID- 6748634 TI - Prediction of improvement in ankle blood pressure following arterial bypass. AB - Percutaneous femoral artery pressures and lower extremity segmental Doppler derived blood pressures in 116 lower extremities were analyzed to determine if postbypass ankle/brachial indices (ABIs) could be predicted based on preoperative pressures. Predicted ABIs were calculated by increasing the prebypass ABI by the same percentage that the extremity/brachial index at the distal end of the bypass would be increased, assuming a postbypass index of 1.0 at the distal graft. The correlation between predicted ABI and actual postbypass ABI was strong for aortofemoral bypass (r = 0.8735) and moderate for infrainguinal bypass (r = 0.5961), with 75% of the postinfrainguinal bypass ABIs being greater than predicted. Minimum postoperative increases in ABI can be predicted based on preoperative hemodynamic measurements, thus providing important information relative to choosing the appropriate level of revascularization in patients with multisegmental disease. PMID- 6748635 TI - Effect of cyclosporine on carcinogenesis induced in rats by N-methyl-N'-nitro-N nitrosoguanidine. AB - Cyclosporine administration has been associated with the development of lymphomas in human transplant patients as well as animals. Its effect on the genesis of common epithelial carcinomas is unknown. To investigate this N-methyl-N'-nitro-N nitrosoguanidine (MNNG) was administered in drinking water to Wistar rats. Seventy-five young healthy male animals were divided into six groups and received cyclosporine alone, cyclosporine followed by MNNG, MNNG alone, cyclosporine during MNNG administration, MNNG followed by cyclosporine, and no treatment. Cyclosporine seemed to have minimal overall health effects and no cancers were encountered in the group receiving this agent alone. Animals in all carcinogen treated groups developed gastric and upper intestinal carcinomas by Week 39. No statistically significant differences among carcinogen-treated groups were evident with respect to tumor incidence, histology, or distribution. There appeared to be trends (not statistically significant) toward a greater incidence of small bowel carcinomas in animals receiving cyclosporine plus MNNG as compared to those receiving MNNG alone; greater multiplicity of small intestinal carcinomas in animals receiving cyclosporine after MNNG as compared to all other groups; and greater incidence of small bowel tumors greater than 1 cm3 in animals receiving cyclosporine after MNNG as compared to all other groups. The median total tumor volume in the animals receiving cyclosporine following carcinogen was significantly greater than in any other group. This study does not support a policy of aggressive surveillance for gastrointestinal carcinoma in the human population receiving cyclosporine. PMID- 6748636 TI - Tissue oxygen tension in externally stabilized tibial fractures in rabbits during normal healing and infection. AB - Permanently implanted Silastic tonometers were used to measure average extracellular oxygen tension in the medullary cavity of osteotomized rabbit tibias stabilized with external pin fixation. During uncomplicated healing the baseline bone pO2 rose slowly with time from 10 to 20 mm Hg while during staphylococcal infection pO2 varied between 8 and 15 mm Hg and showed no correlation with the healing time. The maximal response of the bone pO2 to oxygen breathing correlated linearly with the healing time whether the osteotomy was infected or not. On the 42nd day the maximal pO2 during systemic hyperoxia was 85 mm Hg for the control bones, 42 mm Hg for the osteotomized bones, and 30 mm Hg for the infected osteotomized bones. The results indicate moderate bone tissue hypoxia during uncomplicated healing and more profound hypoxia during healing affected by infection. PMID- 6748637 TI - Heparin-mediated inactivation and transformation of mammary cytoplasmic glucocorticoid receptor. AB - Glucocorticoid receptor of lactating mouse mammary gland cytosol was exposed to heparin when the receptor was either steroid-free or steroid-bound. Heparin caused a dose-dependent and time-dependent loss of steroid binding activity (inactivation) of the steroid-free receptor; this heparin-induced inactivation was inhibited by molybdate. In contrast, steroid-bound receptor maintained its steroid binding capacity in the presence of heparin but the heparin caused transformation of receptor as detected by increased binding to DNA-cellulose and ATP-Sepharose. Heparin also converted steroid-bound receptor from the 7-8S form to the 4S form. Molybdate inhibited both the heparin-induced transformation and associated conversion to the 4S form. PMID- 6748638 TI - In vitro binding of tritiated glucocorticoids directly on unfixed rat brain sections. AB - We describe a new technique for measuring specific in vitro binding of tritiated adrenal steroids on unfixed cryostat brain sections. The specific binding of [3H]corticosterone represents about 70% of the initial binding. Kinetic studies show that specific binding for [3H]corticosterone reaches equilibrium after 15 min incubation at room temperature. Scatchard analysis of [3H]corticosterone in vitro binding gives a linear plot with an apparent dissociation constant (Kd) and a number of binding sites (Bmax) in the range of 10(-8) M and 100 fmol/mg protein, respectively. [3H]Dexamethasone binding under the same conditions gives a similar Kd and a Bmax of 55 fmol/mg protein. The order of potency for the relative binding affinity for [3H]corticosterone labeled sites is as follows: corticosterone greater than progesterone, dexamethasone, RU 38486 (a "pure" antiglucocorticoid), RU 26988 (a "pure" glucocorticoid), aldosterone greater than estradiol, testosterone. Anatomical studies reveal that sections at the level of the hippocampus bind more [3H]corticosterone and [3H]dexamethasone in vitro than more rostral sections taken at the level of the septum. Adrenalectomy increases the capacity of [3H]corticosterone to bind to these sites and perfusion of the brain to remove transcortin and other blood proteins does not modify [3H]corticosterone binding. We conclude that it is possible to measure in unfixed frozen brain sections glucocorticoid binding sites. PMID- 6748639 TI - Additive effects of aminoglutethimide, testololactone, and 4 hydroxyandrostenedione as inhibitors of aromatase. AB - In vitro p450 spectral data suggested that combinations of aromatase inhibitors might produce enhanced biologic effects. If correct, two clinically available aromatase inhibitors, aminoglutethimide (AG) and testololactone (TL) could potentially be given together at lower than usual dosage with reduction of patient side effects and preservation of aromatase inhibition. Using a [3H]water aromatase assay and a placental microsomal system, AG and TL were tested individually and in combination over their respective dose response ranges. Additive effects of these two compounds were observed. Another inhibitor, 4 hydroxyandrostenedione, given with AG produced similar additive inhibition. These data provide a basis for a future trial of AG and TL in combination in patients with breast carcinoma. PMID- 6748640 TI - Metabolism of testosterone to 17 beta-hydroxy-5 alpha-androstane-3-one and 5 alpha-androstane-3 alpha, 17 beta-diol in alveolar macrophages from rat lung. AB - 5 alpha-Reduction of testosterone was observed in lung cells obtained by bronchoalveolar lavage (greater than 95% macrophages) from the rats. This activity was inhibited by progesterone and corticosterone. Production of 17 beta hydroxy-5 alpha-androstane-3-one and 5 alpha-androstane-3 alpha, 17 beta-diol from testosterone was higher in rat pulmonary alveolar macrophages than by the 800 g supernatant fraction of whole lung homogenate from the same animals. Alveolar macrophages from rats treated with the 5 alpha-reductase inhibitor 17 beta-N,N-diethylcarbamoyl-4-aza-4-methyl-5 alpha-androstane-3-one (5 mg/100 g b.w., s.c.) showed decreased metabolism of testosterone to 17 beta-hydroxy-5 alpha-androstane-3-one and 5 alpha-androstane-3 alpha, 17 beta-diol 4 h after treatment. This metabolism was also decreased in alveolar macrophages from rats exposed to potassium dichromate by intratracheal instillation. When bovine alveolar macrophages were incubated with potassium dichromate, 5 alpha-reduction of testosterone decreased significantly. The function of steroid 5 alpha reduction in alveolar macrophages is currently not known. PMID- 6748641 TI - Preparation of 11 alpha-hemisuccinyl-progesterone for immunological purposes and structural determination of the hapten. AB - Progress in reproductive endocrinology to some extent is due to the application of immunogens produced from synthetic haptens. In this preliminary study the synthesis of the hapten 11 alpha-hemisuccinyl-progesterone (11 alpha-hemisuccinyl pregn-4-ene-3,20-dione) from 11 alpha-hydroxy-progesterone and its complete structure elucidation by u.v./VIS, i.r., [1H]NMR-spectroscopy and E.I.-mass spectrometry is described. Estimates of sample purity are given. PMID- 6748642 TI - Metabolism of androstenedione by Sertoli cell enriched preparations and purified Leydig cells from boar testes in relation to estrogen formation. AB - The metabolism of [3H]androstenedione in relation to estrogen formation was studied in incubations of Sertoli cell-enriched preparations (30-40% Sertoli cells) and purified Leydig cells (greater than 98%) from testes of mature male pigs. Radioactive metabolites were partitioned by countercurrent distribution (CCD) into unconjugated and 'conjugated' (water-soluble) fractions. Both unconjugated and solvolysed metabolites were separated into neutral and phenolic fractions by CCD with toluene and NaOH. The distribution of radioactivity was examined subsequently for each fraction by partition chromatography on celite columns. Major differences were noted in the products of metabolism from the two cell types. More than half of the radioactivity appeared in the conjugate fraction for Leydig cell incubations, but little or no conjugation occurred in Sertoli cell preparations. Metabolism of androstenedione to other neutral substances was extensive only for Leydig cells, with approx 2% remaining unchanged. No clear evidence of estrogen formation was observed with Sertoli cells; however, both unconjugated and conjugated phenolic for Leydig cell products showed radioactivity corresponding to estrone and estradiol-17 beta on chromatography. About 2-5% of androstenedione was converted to these two estrogens, whereas most of the phenolic material was present as compounds more polar than estradiol. PMID- 6748643 TI - Mechanism of 4-ene-steroid 5 alpha-reductase proton transfer in androgen target tissues. AB - The conversion of testosterone to 5 alpha-dihydrotestosterone, catalysed by 4-ene steroid 5 alpha-reductase (3-oxo-5 alpha-steroid: NADP+ 4-ene-oxidoreductase EC 1.3.1.22) requires NADPH. In the present study, the role of flavins and Co-enzyme Q in this proton transfer was investigated for the first time in any male androgen target tissue. Flavin mononucleotide (FMN) and flavin adenine dinucleotide (FAD) inhibited epididymal nuclear 4-ene-steroid 5 alpha-reductase activity non-competitively with respect to the substrate testosterone. However, neither the oxidized nor reduced forms of Co-enzyme Q affected the Kmapp or the Vmaxapp and the reduced form was unable to support catalytic activity in the absence of NADPH. Further investigation of the effects of flavins revealed that the inhibition was caused by an elevation of NADP+ in the incubations and that the incorporation of a NADPH generating system abolished the inhibition. Therefore, neither flavins nor Co-enzyme Q directly affected the 4-ene-steroid 5 alpha-reductase activity. Further evidence to support this conclusion was obtained when several inhibitors of electron transfer reactions failed to inhibit 4-ene-steroid 5 alpha-reductases from rat epididymides, prostate and seminal vesicles. These findings show that, in male rat androgen target tissues, the conversion of testosterone to 5 alpha-dihydrotestosterone does not require intermediates of electron transfer reactions. We propose that the reduction proceeds by the direct transfer of protons from NADPH to testosterone. PMID- 6748644 TI - Nuclear androgen binding sites in the male rat. I. Unoccupied sites in the prostate. AB - A study was made of unoccupied androgen binding sites in the nuclei of ventral prostate glands of male rats. They were measured at 0 degrees C by comparing specific binding of 1 nM [3H]DHT to salt extract of purified nuclei during the first hour with specific binding during both hours. This method was dependent upon demonstrated completion of uptake into unoccupied binding sites within the first hour and linearity of exchange with occupied binding sites during both hours. Unoccupied binding sites were not artefactual. They did not increase if tissue concentration was diluted prior to homogenization, while they decreased if homogenization was delayed after the tissue was minced. They could be occupied, both in vitro (if precharged with at least 1 nM unlabeled DHT) or in vivo, by administering testosterone propionate subcutaneously or by infusing testosterone into the jugular vein. Exposure to a high concentration of unoccupied prostatic cytosolic binding sites (608.4 fmol from castrated rats) as compared to low concentration (29.3 fmol from intact rats) during homogenization had little effect upon nuclear unoccupied binding site concentrations (2.16 fmol/mg DNA vs 2.41 fmol/mg DNA, respectively). In individual rats, concentration of unoccupied nuclear androgen binding sites was 4.61 +/- 1.05 fmol/mg DNA, while total binding site concentration (measured with 10 nM [3H]DHT for 24h at 12 degrees C) was 866 +/- 103 fmol/mg DNA. Unoccupied nuclear binding sites reached their highest concentration in animals 4 months old (15.09 fmol/mg DNA) when animals 21 days through 720 days of age were studied. By use of association and dissociation rates of binding, it was determined that the apparent Kd of nuclear binding sites was 1.11 X 10(-12) M. There were no observed differences between unoccupied and occupied binding sites in steroid specificity or in sedimentation rate in an 8 24% glycerol density gradient. Although no physiological importance can be attributed as yet to unoccupied nuclear androgen binding sites in the prostate, they do provide a convenient comparison with putative androgen binding sites in the nuclei of testicular and epididymal germ cells. PMID- 6748645 TI - Nuclear androgen binding sites in the male rat. III. Late spermatids and spermatozoa in the testis, with an introduction to epididymal spermatozoa. AB - Nuclear androgen binding sites were examined in late spermatids (stages 12-19) which resisted sonication of homogenized testes of mature male rats. The measurement of unoccupied binding sites in salt extract of purified spermatid heads by nuclear exchange at -10 degrees C was developed and validated. As in the prostate, unoccupied nuclear androgen binding sites in sonicated testes were in low concentration, were not artefactual, and could be occupied both in vivo and in vitro by exogenous androgens, and uniquely in hemicastrated rats by endogenously compensated androgens in the remaining testis. The properties of occupied binding sites in salt extract of purified spermatid heads (measured by nuclear exchange at 4 degrees C for 48 or more hours with 5 nM [3H]dihydrotestosterone) were almost identical to those of occupied binding sites in nuclei of the ventral prostate, except for their concentration. However, levels of specific binding activity approaching 50 fmol/mg DNA could be expected in salt extract of spermatid pellets, by use of a sulfhydryl reducing agent (dithiothreitol) prior to salt extraction, a protease inhibitor (phenylmethylsulfonyl fluoride) in all buffers, and optimization of the sonication protocol. Nuclear androgen binding sites of sonicated epididymal spermatozoa, collected by retrograde perfusion of the cauda epididymidis, were found to be completely salt-resistant. These binding proteins could be extracted by 0.4 M KCl if dithiothreitol and dihydrotestosterone were incorporated into the sonication buffer, if phenylmethylsulfonyl fluoride was added to all buffers, and if the purified epididymal sperm pellet was treated with sarkosyl, a non-ionic detergent, just before salt extraction. The salt extract of epididymal spermatozoa which were treated as described above contained two binding components: a soluble form which was eluted from hydroxylapatite by increasing concentrations of phosphate buffers, and a non-soluble form, free of DNA, which remained in the hydroxylapatite column, and which contained most of the androgen binding sites. Affinity (Kd) of dihydrotestosterone to the soluble and insoluble fractions of the steroid-binding protein complex was determined to be 0.7 and 0.1 nM, respectively. Salt-resistance of binding proteins in germ cells was shown to develop significantly in the last stages of spermiogenesis. PMID- 6748646 TI - Synthesis of 3 alpha, 5 alpha-tetrahydroaldosterone. AB - 3 alpha, 5 alpha-Tetrahydroaldosterone (12a), a metabolite of aldosterone, has been synthesized from the lactone 2a or, preferably 11 beta, 21-dihydroxy-5 pregnene-3,20-dione-18-oic acid 3,20-di-(ethylene glycol)-ketal (18----11) lactone 21-acetate (6b), via 11 beta, 21-dihydroxy-5 alpha-pregnane-3,20-dione-18 oic acid 3,20-di-(ethylene glycol) ketal (18----11) lactone 21-acetate (4b). Selective hydrolysis of the latter at C-3 furnished the monoketal 5 which, on reduction with potassium tri-sec-butylborohydride, yielded predominantly 3 alpha, 11 beta, 21-trihydroxy-5 alpha-pregnan-20-one-18-oic acid 20-(ethylene glycol) ketal (18----11) lactone (8a) and its acetate 8b. Further reduction with diisobutylaluminum hydride afforded 3 alpha, 5 alpha-tetrahydroaldosterone-20 ketal (10a), which was directly hydrolyzed to 12a with dilute acid in tetrahydrofuran-dioxan. Periodate oxidation led to the gamma-etiolactone 14a, which was then further converted into 5 alpha-dihydroaldosterone-gamma etiolactone (14c). PMID- 6748647 TI - Heterogeneity and distribution of estrogen binding sites in guinea pig seminal vesicle. AB - Cytosol fractions from the separated epithelium and fibromuscular stroma of the guinea pig seminal vesicle exhibit two types of [3H] 17 beta-estradiol binding. High affinity, low capacity, estrogen-specific sites are observed in each component. In addition, secondary binding sites with moderate affinity (Kd = 35 nM) and high capacity (500 fmol/mg cytosolic protein) are also observed. In epithelial cytosol, 10 mM sodium molybdate or 1 mM dithiothreitol enhance [3H] 17 beta-estradiol binding to the secondary sites. In stromal cytosol, sodium molybdate is without effect while dithiothreitol completely abolishes binding of [3H] 17 beta-estradiol to the secondary sites. Specificity studies indicate that [3H] 17 beta-estradiol binding to the secondary sites in stromal cytosol is inhibited by estrogens, but not by androgens. In epithelial cytosol estrogenic specificity is not evident. These results demonstrate the existence of [3H] 17 beta-estradiol binding sites in the fibromuscular stroma which are similar to the Type II estrogen binding components present in rat uterus and prostate. The secondary sites in epithelium may in part, represent binding of [3H] 17 beta estradiol to another steroid hormone receptor present in this tissue component. These results also suggest a possible mechanism which may account for the known sensitivity of the seminal vesicle fibromuscular stroma to estrogen stimulation. PMID- 6748648 TI - Parotid saliva cortisol in normal subjects: increase during pregnancy. AB - Cortisol concentration was measured by radioimmunoassay in parotid saliva: values for normal subjects averaged 15 nM at 8:00 and 4 nM at 18:00. Parotid saliva cortisol was shown to react promptly and in a clearcut fashion to factors leading to rise and fall in cortisol secretion. Cortisol levels in parotid saliva were uninfluenced in young women taken estrogen-containing drugs for contraceptive purposes; on the other hand, they increased significantly during the third trimester of pregnancy. This increase corresponds to the reported increase in ultrafilterable cortisol, itself being presumably the result of the hypersection of progesterone characterizing this physiological condition since progesterone competes with cortisol not only at the level of transcortin but also at that of cytoplasmic glucocorticoid receptors. PMID- 6748649 TI - The effects of oestradiol-17 beta on the synthesis and modification of ribosomal proteins in the uterus of the immature rat. AB - The effects of oestrogen on the incorporation of newly-made ribosomal proteins into the ribosomes of the immature rat uterus has been investigated. Different newly-made proteins were shown to enter ribosomes at different rates and there was some evidence that the hormone exerted differential effects. Oestradiol also stimulated the phosphorylation of ribosomal protein S6 but the effect could be explained by hormone-induced changes in the precursor pools. PMID- 6748650 TI - Improvement of specificity of anti-testosterone and anti-5 alpha dihydrotestosterone rabbit antibodies by immunotolerance techniques. AB - Anti-testosterone (T) and anti-5 alpha-dihydrotestosterone (DHT) antibodies were raised in rabbits after preimmunization with 17 beta-hemisuccinamido, 7 beta hemiglutaramido- and 3 beta-hemiglutaramido haptens of DHT and T covalently linked to D-glutamic acid-D-lysine (D-GL) copolymer, followed by immunization with the corresponding haptens covalently linked to bovine serum albumin. Preimmunization with DHT-D-GL in the case of anti-T-antibodies or with T-D-GL, in the case of anti-DHT antibodies significantly lowered the T-DHT cross-reactivity in all cases, the most striking effect being observed with anti-17 beta hemisuccinamido-T antibodies (CR less than 1%). The evolution with time of the binding characteristics was also studied, showing that in several cases the lowered T-DHT cross-reactivity could be maintained after several booster injections until a useful titer was reached. The better results obtained with 17 beta-hemisuccinamido haptens suggest that the structure of the hapten exerts a strong influence on the induction of immunotolerance. PMID- 6748651 TI - Irreversible androgen induced growth in seminal vesicle smooth muscle. AB - The dihydrotestosterone (DHT)-sustained normal pubertal development of the guinea pig seminal vesicle epithelium proved to be highly reversible in that 4 weeks after cessation of hormone treatment there were significant reductions in epithelial wet weight, DNA content, and collagen content. In contrast, the DHT induced prepubertal development of smooth muscle DNA and collagen contents were not significantly reduced following hormone withdrawal. In adult animals treated daily with DHT for 4 weeks, there was an increase in collagen content of approx 80% above either castrate or normal controls, which also proved to be irreversible. These findings indicate that the autophagic mechanisms, which are activated upon withdrawal of the androgenic stimulus and serve to degrade epithelial cells and the associated collagenous matrices, are not operant in the smooth muscle of the organ. PMID- 6748652 TI - The physico-chemical properties of the AtT-20 cell's glucocorticoid receptor during depletion. AB - Glucocorticoid agonists decrease the number of glucocorticoid receptors in the cloned AtT-20 mouse pituitary tumor cell. To investigate whether the structure of the receptor is altered during this process, we monitored the physico-chemical properties of the nuclear and cytosolic receptors undergoing depletion. Agarose chromatography, DEAE-cellulose chromatography and sucrose gradient ultracentrifugation were employed. Cells were sampled after 2, 24, 48 and 96 h incubation with 10 nM tritiated triamcinolone acetonide. Agarose chromatography yielded, in each case, a single receptor-containing peak that had a Stokes radius of 5.8 nm. Nuclear and cytosolic glucocorticoid receptors from each preparation eluted from DEAE-cellulose as a single, symmetric peak at a KCl concentration of 0.075 M. Sucrose gradient ultracentrifugation of all samples also yielded only a single peak. For each technique the amount of receptor recovered was inversely related to the length of intact cell incubation. Thus, depletion of the glucocorticoid receptor is not accompanied by observable changes in its size, surface charge or hydrodynamic properties. These results suggest that the first step of agonist-induced glucocorticoid receptor depletion in the AtT-20 cell involves the loss or alteration of the receptor's steroid-binding site. PMID- 6748653 TI - Binding of the chicken oviduct progesterone receptor to steroid affinity resins: resistance to elution with mercurial reagents. AB - Mercurial reagents rapidly and reversibly dissociated purified chick oviduct progesterone receptor-hormone complex in solution. However, batchwise incubation of steroid affinity resin-receptor complex with organic mercurials or HgCl2 resulted in release of less than 10% of the adsorbed hormone binding activity. Limited treatment of the affinity resin-receptor complex with mercurials did not reduce the amount of receptor that could be eluted by subsequent incubation with progesterone. Continuous flow elution with HgCl2 increased the percentage of receptor recovered; however, the major fraction remained resistant to mercurial treatment and was recovered upon subsequent elution with steroid. After purification by affinity chromatography, the mercurial-treated receptor, but not the hormone-receptor complex, bound to steroid affinity resin in a biospecific manner. Thus the effect of mercurials on hormone binding is more complex than deduced from studies performed on receptor in solution. The progesterone receptor may contain a second, low-affinity hormone binding site that is insensitive to mercurials. Alternatively, mercurials may not block hormone binding completely, but rather reduce the affinity so that binding can only be detected at high concentrations of hormone such as are present within the steroid affinity resin. PMID- 6748654 TI - Characterization of nuclear estradiol receptors released by micrococcal nuclease and deoxyribonuclease I. AB - Interaction of estradiol receptor with chromatin was probed by nuclease digestion of receptor-chromatin complex. The complex was formed by incubating partially purified receptor with chromatin. Micrococcal nuclease digestion of the complex released a 7S form of receptor which could be converted to 2.8S form by DNAase I. Digestion of the complex with DNAase I yielded different forms of receptors ranging from 7S to 2.8S depending on the digestion time. Receptor distribution was also examined by isolating nuclei form tissue pre-incubated with radioactive estradiol. Micrococcal nuclease digestion of receptor-filled nuclei released 7S, 5.5S and 3.5S forms of receptors. Collectively, these results indicate that the 7S nuclear receptor may have an associated chromatin fragment which is sensitive to DNAase I activity. The desirable features of receptor-chromatin method over conventional methods for studies relating to receptor interaction at the gene site are discussed. PMID- 6748655 TI - Time-course of the effects of nafoxidine and oestradiol on separate groups of responses in the uterus of the immature rat. AB - The effects of 0.05 or 15 micrograms oestradiol, and of 5 or 50 micrograms nafoxidine on the uterus of immature rats were investigated. Nafoxidine appeared at least as efficient as oestradiol for the action on RNA, protein and glycogen content but was less efficient for inducing early increase in wet weight and in eosinophil migration into the uterus. If eosinophil counts in the deep stroma were considered, a strong parallelism was revealed between this response and the increase in wet weight. These results represent a further argument for a dissociation between early and late effects of oestrogens and for the existence of separate sites of hormone action. They also lend support to the hypothesis of a mediation of wet weight response by eosinophils. PMID- 6748656 TI - Steroidogenesis in the monkey testis: relationship of enzyme organization to endogenous steroids, steroidogenesis and gonadotropin treatment. AB - To explore testicular factors which determine steroidogenesis, circulating and intratesticular steroid levels were measured and in vitro steroidogenesis in testicular mines and microsomes was investigated using adult rhesus monkeys before and after treatment with pharmacological doses of hCG or hCG together with hMG. After gonadotropin treatment serum and intratesticular levels of 17 alpha hydroxyprogesterone as well as end product testosterone were markedly elevated. Dynamic studies revealed that 17 alpha-hydroxyprogesterone produced from pregnenolone was partly metabolized to C19-steroids but almost no 17 alpha hydroxyprogesterone produced from progesterone was utilized by C17-20 lyase. Androstenedione levels increased in serum after both treatments and were elevated in testis tissue after hCG treatment. Androstenedione accumulated in vitro during incubation of untreated and hCG-treated testes with [3H]pregnenolone and [14C]progesterone. The major portion of the accumulated androstenedione was produced from pregnenolone through dehydroepiandrosterone rather than through 17 alpha-hydroxyprogesterone, indicating differential availability of androstenedione to 17 beta-hydroxysteroid oxidoreductase according to its origin. The 3H/14C ratio in product androstenedione was much greater than the ration in product testosterone in both untreated and hCG-treated testis; in testes of animals treated with hCG together with hMG, the ratios in both products were closely linked. Among the enzymes examined, 17 alpha-hydroxylase and C17-20 lyase activities for 5-ene-C21-steroids were increased and 17 beta-hydroxysteroid oxidoreductase activity were decreased by gonadotropin treatment. Our findings confirm the phenomenon of unequal substrate availability to enzymes depending upon the provenance of the substrate and demonstrate that gonadotropin(s) change substrate availability as do direct changes in enzyme activities. The unequal substrate availability validates the assumption, previously proposed by others, that microsome enzymes have an organized arrangement as enzyme complexes. PMID- 6748657 TI - Biotransformation of 16-dehydroprogesterone by the intestinal anaerobic bacterium, Eubacterium sp. 144. AB - Eubacterium sp. 144 biotransformed 16-dehydroprogesterone by initially hydrating approx 50% to 16 alpha-hydroxyprogesterone. The detection of this reaction was dependent, in part, on the solubility state of 16-dehydroprogesterone and was less extensive when the concentration of methanol was insufficient to solubilize the steroid. Cultures containing a mixture of 16-dehydroprogesterone and 16 alpha hydroxyprogesterone formed isoprogesterone as a final steroid end product. However, the extent of the reductive reaction was influenced by culture age at the time of 16-dehydroprogesterone addition and decreased in older cultures. Moreover, both mid- and late-log phase cells also formed progesterone as a reduced steroid end product. The enzyme(s) responsible for isoprogesterone formation (16-dehydroprogesterone reductase) appeared to be inducible because activity was not evident until 3-6 h after the addition of 16-dehydroprogesterone to early log-phase cultures. Growth inhibitory concentrations of chloramphenicol or rifampin prevented isoprogesterone formation, but not the production of progesterone. At lower concentrations, chloramphenicol delayed both growth and isoprogesterone formation by strain 144. Interestingly, rifampin partially inhibited the 16 alpha-hydroxyprogesterone dehydratase (hydration reaction) in cultures of strain 144, but did not affect the enzyme's activity in cell extracts. PMID- 6748658 TI - The direct determination of aldosterone in human saliva. AB - A method is described for the direct radioimmunoassay of aldosterone in human saliva without preliminary extraction or chromatographic purification. The method has been validated with respect to sensitivity, accuracy, precision, specificity and other criteria. Under basal conditions concentrations of aldosterone in saliva ranged from 10-63% those of plasma (mean +/- SD = 32.5 +/- 13.1%). When plasma aldosterone responded to such acute stimuli as postural change, exercise or ACTH infusion, this was promptly reflected in corresponding changes in saliva aldosterone concentration. In subjects going about their normal daily business saliva aldosterone concentration fluctuated markedly during the day. It is therefore difficult to define a normal range for saliva aldosterone concentration but present observations suggest an upper limit of 150 pmol/l under basal conditions. PMID- 6748659 TI - Replenishment of pituitary estrogen receptor in chronically estrogenized rats. AB - Replenishment of pituitary estrogen receptor (ER) following a single injection of estradiol-17 beta (E2) was examined in chronically estrogenized ovariectomized rats. Subcutaneous implantation of E2-pellet in castrated rats for 7 days caused a shift of ER distribution in the pituitary (39.9 +/- 5.7 fmol/10 mg tissue in the cytosol vs 24.8 +/- 1.9 fmol/10 mg tissue in the nucleus). An intraperitoneal injection of 5 micrograms E2 in the E2-implanted rats resulted in a significant decrease in cytosol ER with a concomitant significant increase in nuclear ER (16.6 +/- 1.2 fmol in the cytosol vs. 36.7 +/- 4.1 fmol in the nucleus at 1 h). However, cytosol ER was rapidly replenished, which was accompanied by nuclear ER reduction, and both values returned to the pre-injection levels at 4 h. An administration of 150 micrograms cycloheximide, that effectively blocked protein synthesis in the E2-implanted and 5 micrograms E2 injected rats, completely inhibited the replenishment of ER. These findings suggest that replenishment of ER following E2 administration in the pituitary of chronically estrogenized rats is entirely dependent on protein synthesis. PMID- 6748660 TI - The risk function for liver cirrhosis from lifetime alcohol consumption. AB - A hypothesis on the effects of level and duration of alcohol misuse on individual risks for liver cirrhosis is proposed. The hypothesized risk function is a generalized version of the exponential law of other researchers. Some predictions are derived and tested against two types of aggregate data--the age structure of cirrhosis mortality and time-series data for the general population. It is shown that both types of data are compatible with the proposed risk function. It is also shown that the fact that extensive alcohol misuse will result in death from cirrhosis only after a considerable number of years does not contradict the observation that changes in per capita consumption normally have an instantaneous effect on cirrhosis mortality. PMID- 6748661 TI - Mood-altering effects of disulfiram in alcoholics. AB - The effects of disulfiram on depression and anxiety were examined. In a 3-week double-blind study, 40 inpatients in al alcohol rehabilitation unit (ARU) were randomly assigned to receive placebo, 250 mg/day of disulfiram or 500 mg/day of disulfiram. During their first week in the ARU and prior to beginning medications, all subjects were administered the Zung self-rating depression scale, the Hamilton observer rating scale for depression, the Zung self-rating scale for anxiety and the Hamilton observer rating scale for anxiety. All subjects were rescored on these instruments at the end of their third week in the ARU. Three psychiatrists, blind to the medication condition, sequentially scored the Hamilton items. To evaluate intergroup differences at baseline as well as changes in scale scores during the 3 weeks, scale scores were subjected to analyses of variance. No statistically significant effect attributable to disulfiram was found but significant changes due to a time effect were noted. PMID- 6748662 TI - Alcoholic denial: a biopsychological interpretation. AB - A theory of the origins and mechanisms of denial, which is frequently characteristic of alcoholics, is proposed on the basis of a biopsychological rather than a psychodynamic model of emotion. The biopsychological approach views denial as a consequence of a developmental defect in the apperception of interoceptive stimuli and in the appraisal of the significance of environmental events. Three hypotheses must be substantiated in order to support this theory: (1) alcoholics were physiologically unstable in arousal regulation; (2) alcoholics cannot cognitively discriminate interoceptive cues and physiological states; and (3) alcoholics cognitively underestimate emotion-laden events in their lives. Research which demonstrates the validity of these hypotheses is reviewed and implications for future research and treatment strategies are discussed. PMID- 6748664 TI - Alcohol misuse as a response to perceived powerlessness in the organization. AB - The relationship between the perceived characteristics of a job and employee alcoholism was examined. Research has determined that it is a perceived lack of power that better distinguishes an alcoholic from a nonalcoholic, and that such a perceived lack of power causes an alcoholic to suffer frustration because of the inability to feel competent and self-determining. The job has been shown to influence psychological functioning in all aspects of an individual's life, and specific job characteristics which contribute to feelings of competence and self determination were studied. These included (1) personal power in the organizational hierarchy, (2) participation in decision making, (3) job autonomy and (4) job responsibility. Regression analysis of data from questionnaires administered to 293 full-time employees demonstrated significant F ratios for perceived job responsibility and perceived lack of personal power in the organization when regressed against the CAGE questionnaire, which identified covert alcoholics. These data support the notion that aspects of the job are associated with and may help to induce alcoholism among employees. PMID- 6748663 TI - Alcohol and the disinhibition of sexual responsiveness. AB - In a balanced placebo design, in which the joint and separate effects of alcohol and expectation of intoxication were investigated, 22 men undergraduate students who were social drinkers listened to an erotic audiotape while penile tumescence was continuously recorded. The intoxicated subjects showed significantly shorter latency to onset of tumescence and to peak level of tumescence than did their sober counterparts. In contrast to previous research, no effect of expectations about drinking was obtained in this study. The findings are interpreted as indicating a specific effect of alcohol in impairing men's ability to inhibit sexual responsiveness. It appears that the sexual response threshold is lowered but that, once the process of arousal begins, tumescence reaches an average level that is unaffected by a small amount of alcohol. PMID- 6748665 TI - Chronicity of drinking problems among men: a longitudinal study. AB - Analyses demonstrate that the chronicity of alcohol problems among men is a function of age; the probable chronicity over time is greater among older than among younger men. Alcohol problems among older men show greater interrelationships; remission is higher among younger men. The data have implications for estimates of the prevalence of alcoholism in the U.S. population. If the percentage of problem drinkers in the general population is used, actual prevalence will be overestimated. If the percentage of alcoholics in treatment is used, actual prevalence will be underestimated. The ability to identify men in the general population who are at risk for becoming alcoholics has implications for prevention of alcohol-related problems and the treatment of alcoholism. PMID- 6748666 TI - "Serious drinking," "white man's drinking" and "teetotaling": drinking levels and styles in an urban American Indian population. AB - The differences between abstainers, moderate drinkers and heavy drinkers were examined in American Indians living in Los Angeles, California. Equal numbers of these three groups (total N = 155) were selected from four tribal groups: Siouan speaking, Navaho, Five Civilized Tribes (of eastern Oklahoma origin) and indigenous California tribes. The relative predictive powers of sociostructural, cultural and psychological variables in accounting for current drinking levels were then assessed. The results indicated that, much as for non-Indian populations, heavy drinkers were more likely to have had heavy-drinking models in the family of origin, to be men and to score high on psychophysiological stress indices. Socioeconomic status and traditionalism were found to be weaker predictors of drinking level. Differences in drinking styles over individuals' lifetimes and between tribes were also studied. Ethnographic observations, case vignettes and statistical summaries of the sample by tribe and by drinking level showed that tribal origins, age and socioeconomic status influenced drinking style and attitudes toward alcohol, even if they did not predict the current drinking level of the subjects. PMID- 6748667 TI - The engagement of new residents: a missing dimension in the evaluation of halfway houses for problem drinkers. AB - Residents (N = 29) and staff of a halfway house for problem drinkers in England were studied over 6 months to determine the cause of premature departure. Each new resident was interviewed in depth every week during his first 8 weeks in the house (or until he left if that occurred sooner), and the staff members were also interviewed weekly over the complete 6 months. The significant findings centered on two areas: staff's attitudes toward residents and residents' satisfaction with the house. The staff judged residents who subsequently left prematurely less positively overall, liked them less and spent less time with them. Residents who subsequently left prematurely were more dissatisfied with the lack of privacy, saw life as being better outside, judged the staff more negatively and felt generally that their expectations about the house had not been matched. The implications of these findings are discussed in terms of the notions of "sudden disappearances" from halfway houses, and of engagement of new residents. Conclusions about levels of staff training and support, and the "matching hypothesis are made. PMID- 6748668 TI - Effects of supervisory style and experientially based frames of reference on organizational alcoholism programs. AB - Theoretical works concerning the influence of personal characteristics of work supervisors on their referral of subordinates to organizational alcoholism programs are reviewed. These works hypothesize two barriers to such referrals: supervisory style and experientially based frames of reference. The effects of these behavioral and attitudinal characteristics on supervisors' perceptions of subordinates' work readjustment are analyzed with a sample of 84 supervisors who had utilized the Federal Employee Alcoholism Policy (FEAP). Zero-order hypothesis tests illustrated that supervisory style, operationalized by the Least Preferred Co-worker Measure, was inversely related to perceived readjustment. Hence interpersonally oriented and more cognitively complex supervisors were less likely to perceive improvement. Experientially based frames of reference were operationalized by the Attitude toward the Recovering Alcoholic Scale and the Attitudes toward FEAP Scale. Only the latter was a significant influence, with high policy evaluation being positively associated with perceived readjustment. Multivariate analysis illustrated a significant main effect only for attitudes toward the alcoholism policy. These findings are discussed in terms of a need to reappraise the influence of supervisory style on referral to organizational alcoholism programs and the potential positive effects of organizational engineering on the success of such programs. PMID- 6748669 TI - Alcohol use patterns of graduate students in social work and in business. AB - This comparative study is among the first to survey the drinking behavior of graduate students in social service (N = 256) and in business (N = 147). A large majority (88%) drank. A significantly greater number of social service students abstained. Irrespective of school, age or religion, men and women drank at a similar level of frequency--several times weekly. Only business school women, controlling for age and religion, were significantly heavier drinkers than were women in social service. Older Hispanic social service men were significantly lighter drinkers than similar Caucasians. All women preferred wine, whereas men had no particular beverage preference. Although there was no significant difference in the location of drinking--in bars, restaurants or at home--most students drank in restaurants. Irrespective of previous course work or work experience with alcoholics, social service students wanted alcohol education. However, business students showed almost no interest in this area of study, despite the known deleterious role that alcohol misuse plays in the employment arena. Major conclusions are that both business and social service students lack alcohol education, although most drink. This is an important blind spot among business students, who will be making critical business decisions. It is also inadequate preparation for social service practice. PMID- 6748670 TI - When alcoholics are not anonymous: socioperceptual effects of labeling and drinking pattern. AB - The influence of the label "alcoholic" on observers' social perceptions and behavioral intentions about peers who consume alcohol normatively or excessively was examined. College students (40 men and 40 women) listened to a tape-recorder bogus interview in which a male interviewee reported either a normative or an excessive drinking pattern after having or ot having been labeled an alcoholic by the experimenter. Subjects then rated their reactions to the interviewee on several dimensions. Relative to the normative drinker, the excessive drinker was more likely to be judged by both sexes as deviant, an alcoholic, not in control of his drinking, poorly adjusted, psychologically ineffective, unlikely to improve, in need of professional help and responsible for this behavior, and was more strongly rejected as a potential friend and co-worker. The label of "alcoholic" negatively affected nearly all these perceptions at each level of alcohol use but without perceptual distortion of the interviewees' amount of consumption. The implications for the contribution of interpersonal stigma to alcohol-related problems are discussed. PMID- 6748671 TI - Alcohol, aggression and assertiveness in men: dosage and expectancy effects. AB - The effect of alcohol on aggression and assertiveness was examined in 54 men college students. A 2 (high vs low dosage expectancy) x 3 (0.0, 0.5 and 1.0 ml of 95% alcohol per kg of body weight) design was used. There was an increase in self reported aggression at the moderate dosage but an increase only in profanity at the high dosage. The expectancy manipulation also produced an increase in self reported aggression. Actual dosage and dosage expectancy did not influence assertiveness. PMID- 6748672 TI - Alcohol and aggression in men: a comparison of brewed and distilled beverages. AB - The effects of distilled and brewed alcoholic beverages on aggressive behavior were compared in a 2 x 2 factorial design with 16 subjects per cell (N = 64 men social drinkers). One-half of the sample population was told that they would be consuming an alcohol (distilled spirits) beverage and the other half that they would be consuming beer. Within each of these conditions, one-half of the subjects received the expected drug (alcohol) and one-half was given a corresponding placebo beverage. Aggression was measured using a modified version of the Buss aggression machine. Subjects who consumed beer or believed that they were consuming beer were significantly less aggressive than subjects who consumed distilled spirits or believed that they were consuming distilled spirits. Differences between subjects receiving the drug (alcohol) and the placebo were not significant. PMID- 6748673 TI - Comment on Roy's "Alcohol misuse and posttraumatic stress disorder (delayed): an alternative interpretation of the data". AB - The statistical methods used by Roy to compare veterans who served in Vietnam with Vietnam-era veterans who did not serve there are questionned. His method of pooling means is considered improper and his data are considered incomplete because they do not relate to alcohol use in veterans with posttraumatic stress disorder. Roy's argument that the military is not liable for problems caused by predispositions is questioned. PMID- 6748674 TI - Alcohol misuse and posttraumatic stress disorder: a response to Lacoursiere and Coyne. AB - The criticisms in Lacoursiere and Coyne's comment are refuted point by point. The criticisms of Roy's statistical methods are judged irrelevant because statistical significance related to what was only a tangential issue in Roy's study. The clinical implications of the relationship between posttraumatic stress disorder and alcohol misuse are also discussed. PMID- 6748675 TI - Application of the Goldman-Hodgkin-Katz current equation to membrane current voltage data. AB - A new approach for the analysis of current-voltage (IV) data is presented and applied to a variety of published data collected from various systems. Our analysis of published results shows that our method of analysis can account for the observed IV data. The calculated permeability coefficients are in reasonable agreement with those calculated from ion fluxes. In those cases where two ions are assumed to carry the current, the ratios of the calculated permeability coefficients are in agreement with those ratios determined from the Goldman Hodgkin-Katz voltage equation. In most cases, the entire IV curve can be accounted for by using our method of analysis. In several examples, only a portion of the IV curve is in agreement with the predictions. We attribute the failure to account for the IV data to reflect the failure of one or more of the assumptions used by the GHK current equation. In other cases, assuming that an additional ion carries the current, the treatment can account for the IV data. However, the identity of the extra ion cannot be established from these published data without additional studies (e.g., ionic replacement studies). PMID- 6748676 TI - The frequency of matching sequences in DNA. AB - Equations are presented which allow prediction of the number of direct or indirect matching sequences in DNA. Predicted match frequencies can be calculated for any match length, DNA strand length and DNA base composition, assuming only that the DNA sequence is random. The effect of varying these parameters is described, and match frequency is related to the total frequency of repeats. Equations were verified by computer search of randomly generated DNA sequences. A group of published DNA sequences was searched for matches and the results compared to the calculated predictions for random DNA. In general, natural DNA was found to be similar to random DNA with respect to frequency of matching sequences. PMID- 6748677 TI - Determination of relative size: the "criterion of subtraction" problem in allometry. AB - By providing a predicted value against which to judge observed values, allometric equations are often used as a "criterion of subtraction" to calculate measurements corrected for the effects of overall size. The observed and predicted values have been used to calculate several different versions of a size adjusted measurement; two of the more common being (observed/predicted) and (log observed-log predicted). Using data on brain size, tooth size, metabolic rate, and long bone shape, it is found that the manner in which the relative size value is calculated can alter interpretations and statistical results. Some of the assumptions underlying use of a criterion of subtraction calculated from empirical data are reviewed. It is suggested that predicted values determined from a priori theoretical equations often have several advantages over those from empirical equations. PMID- 6748678 TI - Are intragametic conflicts common in nature? Do they represent an important factor in evolution? PMID- 6748679 TI - An evolutionary model of a neural network. AB - A very general model of an idealized neural network is proposed, in which the system is governed by an evolution equation. The equation determines the state of the network at time t greater than 0, if its state at time t = 0 and the kernel (in the equation) are known. It is shown that, by making specific assumptions about the kernal and the initial state, the evolution equation describes a distributed memory having the properties of recognition and association. In this case the model of the distributed memory is identical to that of Anderson and Cooper. Further, it is shown that by a different choice of the kernel, the evolution equation goes beyond the earlier model and is able to describe learning as a dynamic process. PMID- 6748680 TI - Steroid receptor recycling and its possible role in the modulation of steroid hormone action. AB - The fate of steroid-receptor complexes after their nuclear retention in target cells is not firmly established. Nuclear glucocorticoid- and androgen-receptor complexes could be recycled back to the cytosol in their responsive tissues, whereas this has not been clearly established for the case of progesterone and estrogen receptors. The models of steroid receptor recycling proposed so far involve release of chromatin-bound complexes into the cytosol, loss of steroid, and receptor inactivation. These receptors, however, can eventually be reactivated to a steroid binding form to reinitiate a cycle of steroid binding and further nuclear translocation. We propose that this model can represent a general aspect of steroid hormone action, provided that inactivation/reactivation processes occur in every steroid responsive system. A process involving a reversible receptor inactivation could play a major role in the control of steroid receptor recycling. It is proposed that a control on the extent of receptor available to steroid binding could result in a modulation of cellular responses to steroid hormones. PMID- 6748681 TI - Molecular association and the viscosity of hemoglobin solutions. AB - Assuming that hemoglobin in solution associates isodesmically, it is possible to calculate the concentrations of the different oligomeric species at each concentration and to estimate the effect they have on the viscosity of the solution. The calculations show an increasing viscosity with concentration, and suggest a change from flexible chain to rigid rod at the higher concentrations. This could come about if higher oligomers of normal hemoglobin form coils as a result of head to tail interactions in the same chain. The association properties of human sickle hemoglobin may, therefore, be a special case of association, where the strength of the subunit interactions and the geometry of the resulting structures strongly favor the associated forms. PMID- 6748682 TI - On the evolution of an inner conflict. AB - A simple two-locus genetic model is suggested, in which a "conflict" between alleles located at different loci leads to the establishment under certain conditions of fixation of a double mutant type which is different from the wild type only in the fact that a smaller fraction of its offspring, either males or females, survive to maturity. The double mutant is characterized by conflicting features determined by the different loci. The results are obtained by an analysis of an exact genetic model, though they are partly interpreted in terms of locus-dependent kin selection. PMID- 6748683 TI - Cooperativity and extrema of the Hill slope for symmetric protein-ligand binding polynomials. AB - The relationships between cooperativity types, both macro- and microscopic, and extrema of the slope of Hill plots for symmetric binding polynomials of degrees three and four are analyzed in detail. It is shown that the Hill plot for 1 + ax + ax 2 + x3 has three extrema for a greater than 15 which occurs in the presence of totally negative microscopic cooperativity sequences. The extrema are a maximum and a pair of minima and the absolute minimum slope is shown to be 3(square root a + 1-2)/(a - 3). For a symmetric binding polynomial of degree four, necessary and sufficient conditions for three extrema of the Hill slope are derived and again it is shown that this phenomenon can occur in the presence of totally negative microscopic cooperativity sequences. An upper bound, which is an improvement on the current best bound of two, is obtained for the absolute maximum slope when a minimum and a pair of maxima occur. A lower bound for the absolute minimum slope is found when a maximum and a pair of minima occur. PMID- 6748684 TI - A thermodynamic interpretation to formation of clusters at the cell surface. AB - We develop further the original paper by Gershon, concerning the formation of receptor caps at the cell surface. The phenomenon is interpreted in terms of simple thermodynamic factors like boundary tension and supersaturated concentration of membrane components, within the Gibbs free energy change. The hypothesis that the total number of mol receptors is conserved is a sufficient condition to have a minimum of delta G as a function of the radius of the aggregates. We pay particular attention to effects induced by electrostatic interactions among charged receptor molecules. We discuss extensively the simultaneous formation of N aggregates and the role played by either the electrostatic repulsive forces or boundary tension in controlling the size and the number of stable aggregates. Depending on supersaturation of membrane receptors and in the absence of electric charge up to 50% of solute molecules may condense in a cap-like aggregate. PMID- 6748686 TI - Why are there two kinds of chain in tetrameric hemoglobins? AB - It is shown that the mean allosteric free energy G0(34,12) measures cooperative dioxygen binding in tetrameric hemoglobins. For human hemoglobin G0(34,12) is slightly temperature enhanced between 10 and 35 degrees C. This remarkable thermal behaviour depends on the presence in Hb of two functionally non equivalent chains. It is proposed that this made the existence of alpha 2 beta 2 hemoglobins biologically advantageous. PMID- 6748685 TI - The role of ascorbic acid deficiency in human gingivitis--a new hypothesis. AB - Periodontal disease is one of the most prevalent health problems in the world and is the major cause of tooth loss in the adult population. Its two major subdivisions are gingivitis where disease is confined to the gingiva, and periodontitis where disease is present both in the gingiva and the supporting periodontal tissues. During the first stage there is a vasculitis of vessels subjacent to the junctional epithelium which is followed by exudation of fluid from the gingival sulcus and migration of leukocytes. There is variable expression of this stage throughout the mouth with new areas of involvement appearing in place of healed areas. Mast cells which are present in the gingival connective tissues may participate in this inflammatory response by liberating histamine. Ascorbic acid deficiency has been shown to be a conditioning factor in the development of gingivitis. When humans are placed on ascorbic acid deficient diets there is increased edema, redness and swelling of the gingiva. These changes have been attributed to deficient collagen production by gingival blood vessels. However, this may be due to an antihistamine role of ascorbic acid. This vitamin may act to directly detoxify histamine or effect a change in the level of enzymes responsible for histamine metabolism. This could occur through the influence of ascorbic acid in altering cyclic AMP (c-AMP) levels. Such changes in the level of this regulatory molecule could result in increased histamine-N methyl transferase and other enzymes responsible for the breakdown of histamine.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS) PMID- 6748687 TI - Local resource competition and the evolution of male-biased sex ratios. AB - In many mammalian species, maturing males disperse from their natal groups, while females remain near their places of birth. If sources are limited locally, related females may be forced to compete with one another for access to resources, while mature males will compete primarily with unrelated individuals in non-natal groups. Clark (1978) suggested that under such circumstances the extent of competition among females could be reduced if females uniformly skewed the sex ratio of their offspring in favor of males. Skewed secondary sex ratios and investment patterns in galagos and red deer appear to be consistent with this hypothesis. Several authors have recently demonstrated that the evolution of skewed sex ratios may be influenced by population structure, and Wilson & Colwell (1981) have shown that male-biased sex ratios can evolve in structured haplodiploid populations. Here, I construct an intrademic group selection model to simulate the effects of density-dependent mortality upon diploid populations structured much as Clark describes: males disperse, females remain near their female relatives, and local resource competition limits the size of local groups. The results confirm that male-biased sex ratios can evolve in a diploid species, even when groups are large and the skew in sex ratio is substantial. PMID- 6748688 TI - Males and the advantage of sex. AB - Most sexual populations are at a two-fold disadvantage to parthenogenetic populations. This is because males are produced in equal numbers to females and males contribute virtually no food supplies to the zygote. Females therefore "waste their energy" in the production of sons. Parthenogenetic females produce only daughters and therefore have a two-fold advantage. It is argued that female choice (of males) and male: male competition can reduce mutational loads and this may compensate for the two-fold disadvantage of males. The Haldane mutation load principle indicates a load of 2mu, where mu is the mutation rate per gamete. Female choice and male: male competition are capable of reducing this substantially. The effect is greatest with mildly deleterious mutations and is therefore dependent on the fitness of the mutations. This is in contrast to the Haldane principle load which is determined by the mutation rate only. As most mutations appear to be mildly deleterious the load in many sexual populations may be substantially below that indicated by the Haldane principle. PMID- 6748689 TI - Mathematical modeling of capillary density. AB - Capillary density is important as a determinant for total oxygen transport to tissue. Because both capillary morphology and fiber composition vary considerably from muscle to muscle, measurement of capillary morphology and fiber composition vary considerably from muscle to muscle, measurement of capillary density alone cannot provide the detailed information necessary for analyzing physical phenomena. In this report we consider the capillary:fiber ratio, fiber types, fiber diameters, and fiber composition as components of a unit to express capillary density. We have applied the hexagonal fiber array model to calculate capillary density in cat and dog striated muscle and compared this with experimental data in the literature. The results indicate that this model may be useful for predicting capillary densities from simple biopsy procedures. PMID- 6748690 TI - Mathematical model of visual perception. AB - A mathematical model of visual perception is presented with the intention of throwing some light on the problem of perceptual invariance. Two types of differential manifolds (receptive and effector) are associated with the repertoire which is the fundamental concept in the model. The elements of the repertoire carry weights which control the input-output relation in the repertoire and which can be modified by a learning process. It is shown that, under reasonable conditions, these repertoires possess good stability properties and can adjust to the various environments to which they may be subjected. In particular cases, it is shown that the stochastic learning process can be considered as deterministic to a first approximation. PMID- 6748691 TI - The control of ventilation: a theoretical analysis of the response to transient disturbances. AB - Serial measurements of respiration in infants from birth to 7 months have revealed a changing pattern of response with age to spontaneous transient disturbances (e.g. deep sighs). These responses may be interpreted in terms of changing stability of the respiratory control system. The simplest possible model of respiratory control is analysed here. The control system is described by a feedback loop comprising a lung compartment, central and peripheral CO2 detectors and a circulatory delay. The differential equations representing this model are analysed in terms of the phase portrait. First we define the bounds of the solutions in the phase space and the equilibrium points. Next we discuss the local stability and damping of the system under small displacements from these equilibrium points. This local stability can be described in terms of the solution of a linear approximation about the equilibrium points. The trajectories of the solution vector under larger displacements from the equilibrium points are discussed in terms of Taylor expansions. It is shown by this analyses that this simple model can account qualitatively for the observed patterns of respiration following a deep sigh and the changes in that response from birth to 7 months. PMID- 6748692 TI - Genetic and strategic models for the evolution of mating systems. AB - Male and female fitnesses in the Shaw-Mohler equation are partitioned into components which putatively determine mating systems. The resultant genetic models provide criteria for evolutionary stable population states and yield strategic models based on maximization principles and fitness sets. PMID- 6748693 TI - Calculation and application of the anterior surface area of a model human cornea. AB - The macroscopic anterior surface area was calculated for three models of the average human cornea. Two models, a general ellipsoid and a rotational ellipse (rotationally symmetric ellipsoid) gave a surface area of 132 mm2, while a spherical model gave 126 mm2. A general ellipsoidal model having the maximum radius horizontal (with-the-rule corneal astigmatism) has less surface area than a rotational ellipse with the same horizontal radius. For a corneal sagittal height of 2.59 mm, the surface area of an ellipsoidal cornea equals -19.2Q + 16.3R -0.476 which specifies a rotational ellipse (radius R, asphericity Q) of equal surface area. In a cornea with the maximum radius vertical (against-the rule corneal astigmatism), the ellipsoid has slightly more surface area than a rotational ellipse with the same horizontal radius of curvature. For a given horizontal radius of curvature, the sphere has the lowest surface area. For a corneal sagittal height s of 2.59 mm, the sphere underestimates by 8% the surface area of a rotational ellipse with asphericity -0.5. The anterior corneal surface area of a rotational ellipse model, radius R, asphericity Q is given by 2 pi Rs- 19.2Q. In all three models, the surface area increases with horizontal radius of curvature. In the rotational ellipse model, the rate of increase (slope) is independent of asphericity, and the slope found in with-the-rule astigmatism is less than the slope found with against-the-rule astigmatism. The calculated surface area predicts a precorneal tear volume of 0.86 microliter for a 6.5 micron tear thickness. The apparent, or plane projected are of an epithelial lesion underestimates the curved surface area with a percentage error that increases rapidly with lesion diameter. For a 12 mm diameter lesion on a rotational ellipse model, the apparent area underestimates the surface area by 18%. The average posterior corneal surface in human is not spherical but imitates the anterior surface, and has an area of 137 mm2 or 3.8% greater than the anterior area. PMID- 6748694 TI - Coevolution of bacteria and phage: are there endless cycles of bacterial defenses and phage counterdefenses? AB - The assertion that the coevolution of bacteria and bacteriophage leads to an endless arms race between resistant bacterial mutants and corresponding host range phage mutants is questioned. In general, structural constraints on the highly site-specific phage adsorption process appear more severe than physiological constraints on resource assimilation by bacteria. Several alternative hypotheses are presented that could account for the persistence of phage, despite this fundamental asymmetry in the coevolutionary potential of bacteria and phage. PMID- 6748695 TI - Theory of epigenetic coding. AB - The logic of genetic control of development may be based on a binary epigenetic code. This paper revises the author's previous scheme dealing with the numerology of annelid metamerism in these terms. Certain features of the code had been deduced to be combinatorial, others not. This paradoxical contrast is resolved here by the interpretation that these features relate to different operations of the code; the combinatiorial to coding identity of units, the non-combinatorial to coding production of units. Consideration of a second paradox in the theory of epigenetic coding leads to a new solution which further provides a basis for epimorphic regeneration, and may in particular throw light on the "regeneration duplication" phenomenon. A possible test of the model is also put forward. PMID- 6748696 TI - Efficient sequence alignment algorithms. AB - Sequence alignments are becoming more important with the increase of nucleic acid data. Fitch and Smith have recently given an example where multiple insertion/deletions (rather than a series of adjacent single insertion/deletions) are necessary to achieve the correct alignment. Multiple insertion/deletions are known to increase computation time from O(n2) to O(n3) although Gotoh has presented an O(n2) algorithm in the case the multiple insertion/deletion weighting function is linear. It is argued in this paper that it could be desirable to use concave weighting functions. For that case, an algorithm is derived that is conjectured to be O(n2). PMID- 6748697 TI - RNA polymerase III control regions in retrovirus LTR, Alu-type repetitive DNA, and papovavirus. AB - Sequences analogous to the intragenic bipartite RNA polymerase III promoter regions in tRNA genes, are described in mammalian Alu-type repetitive DNA, LTR of retroviruses and control regions of papovaviruses. The RNA polymerase III control regions in some of these DNA elements are present in enhancer sequences which are known to increase the transcription of RNA polymerase II transcribed genes. It is suggested that the host and tissue specificity of the enhancer elements may be explained by differences in the RNA polymerase III control sequences. The RNA polymerase III promoters may thus participate in regulation of cell differentiation and transcription of tissue specific genes. PMID- 6748698 TI - Coevolution of directly contacting proteins in phage-bacterium ecosystem: possibility or fiction? AB - The possibility of phage and bacterium coevolution at the level of directly contacting proteins is considered. The arguments are presented that a deterministic approach is quite legitimate in theoretical descriptions of the main features of the process. PMID- 6748699 TI - A stochastic-mechanical model of longitudinal long bone growth. AB - A typical mammalian long bone will increase in length during the growth phase of the individual. This increase in length does not occur uniformly throughout the bone, since bone tissue is incapable of internal expansion after formation. The growth occurs at two, disc-shaped, regions near either end of the long bone. These regions are called growth plates. These plates are located between the osseous shaft (diaphysis) and osseous tip (epiphysis) whose bone tissues are discontinuous. The present study develops a stochastic-mechanical model for such a bone growth and demonstrates the capability of the model to reproduce the observed overall behavior of longitudinal long bone growth based on realistic information of cellular mitosis, growth and ossification. A numerical analysis was performed on the model under the assumption that the number of cells in the proliferation zone remains constant throughout the growth period. The growth curves thus obtained compare favorably with those growth curves proposed elsewhere essentially on the basis of phenomenological observation. The present model can demonstrate the effects of such parameters as the proliferation rate, initial age distribution and compressive stress on the growth. More importantly, the stochastic-mechanical model so developed permits one to incorporate further experimental evidence and statistical observation at the cellular level into the analysis to improve the solutions. PMID- 6748700 TI - Transport similarity: dimensional analysis of diffusion at cellular level. AB - Scale dependent variables in animals of different sizes can be studied by means of dimensional analysis and biological similarity criteria. The aim of this report is to demonstrate a transport similarity at the cellular level, based on two postulates derived from Fick's law of diffusion; the constancy of the "concentration gradient" between two compartments separated by a membrane; and the invariance of the "diffusion coefficient" of a given substance in homologous cells. A general equation for a transport similarity was deduced from these two postulates and it was then possible to calculate the corresponding "reduced exponents" as functions of body weight, which, in turn, can be compared with the empirical allometric exponents of Huxley's power equation. The biological meaning of the theoretically predicted reduced exponents of the transport similarity are discussed and the predicted values are compared with the experimental findings. PMID- 6748701 TI - Enzyme specificity: its meaning in the general case. AB - If an enzyme catalyses two competing reactions, their relative rates are determined by the concentrations of the competing substrates and the two specificity constants, i.e. the catalytic constants for the two substrates divided by the corresponding Michaelis constants. The concept of a specificity constant can be extended to reactions that require two or more substrates: in such cases the specificity for any competing substrate is determined by the apparent specificity constant measured at whatever concentrations of co substrates, inhibitors, etc., exist under the conditions of competition. The partitioning between two competing substrates is independent of the concentration of any species, such as co-substrate, inhibitor, etc., that reacts only in the part of the mechanism that is common between the competing substrates. PMID- 6748703 TI - Medawar's theory of senescence. PMID- 6748702 TI - A tetrahedral representation of poly-codon sequences and a possible origin of codon degeneracy. AB - A novel and interesting representation of codon space is introduced in which the 64 codons are grouped and re-arranged as vertices in a tetrahedral lattice. Amino acids are then assigned to the lattice in a suggestive way which, when combined with earlier work, leads to an interesting speculation on the origin and development of the genetic code. PMID- 6748704 TI - Frequency conversion mechanism in enzymatic feedback systems. AB - The frequency conversion mechanism in enzymatic feedback systems which can keep the system's natural frequency against oscillating perturbations has been investigated with computer simulations. The results indicate that the feedback system, including time-delay element, has the property that the resulting period of the sustained oscillation is an integral multiple of the system's natural period related to frequency entrainment by relaxation oscillators, and the interaction of this system and oscillating inputs could be represented by the theoretical equation proposed for the synchronization of two interacting oscillating systems. PMID- 6748705 TI - Rhythmic processes in the cerebral cortex. AB - A differential equation describing the electroencephalogram (EEG) is deduced based on the data on the structure of the brain cortex and the conceptions about a recurrent inhibition. This equation allows the study of a number of essential electrophysiological phenomena: the philogenetic differences in the frequency composition of the EEG, the shift of the EEG spectrum to higher frequencies upon excitation of the cortex, the lowering of the EEG rhythms and changes in cell reaction on deafferentation of the cortex, the identity in the spectra of a spontaneous EEG and evoked responses. A possible mechanism for the onset of epileptic activity is proposed. PMID- 6748706 TI - A mathematical model that applies to protein degradation and post-translational processing of proteins and to analogous processes for other molecules in non growing and exponentially growing cells. AB - A mathematical model is presented that describes first order degradation and post translational processing of proteins in non-growing and exponentially growing cells. The model applies to proteins that are substrates or products of processing. General equations are presented that can be applied to many different experimental protocols. Application of the model to pulse-chase and continuous labeling experiments is illustrated. The mathematical expressions apply to any cellular component that is synthesized in proportion to cellular mass and is degraded or processed by reactions that follow first order kinetics. However, in this paper, the model is discussed solely as it applies to protein metabolism. PMID- 6748707 TI - Ethnopharmacologic study of Chinese rhubarb. AB - This paper deals with an interdisciplinary study covering historic, botanical, phytochemical, pharmacological and clinical aspects of rhubarb and related species, to lay stress on the correlation between plant phylogeny, chemical constituents and purgative activity. It was found that the official rhubarbs were exclusively restricted in the Sect. Palmata, e.g. Rheum palmatum, R. palmatum var. tanguticum, R. officinale; the following criteria may serve as their standard, viz., the presence of sennoside derivatives and rhein, the occurrence of the reduced form of rhein and aloe-emodin, the leaves with any kind of palmate incision. Comprehensive multivariate analyses showed that there is a very close relationship between the leaf incision, existence of sennosides or rhein and purgative activity. PMID- 6748708 TI - Ethnobotanical survey of medicinal plants in northern Israel. AB - An ethnobotanical survey was conducted in Israel on native plants which are known as medicinal plants by different ethnic groups practicing traditional medicine. In this work 43 species are reported, based on quotations and frequency of utilization. Their current medicinal uses, as well as methods of preparation and administration are described and compared with literary evidence. PMID- 6748709 TI - Hypoglycemic activity of Neurolaena lobata (L.) R. BR. PMID- 6748710 TI - A laboratory for progress. PMID- 6748711 TI - Surgery for benign esophageal stricture. AB - The long-term results of five different operations for benign lower esophageal reflux stricture, carried out over the 5 year period 1973 to 1977, are presented and evaluated. The 94 patients, 51 women and 43 men (mean age 61 years), underwent one of the following procedures: I, transthoracic Nissen fundoplication (26 patients); II, Bingham gastroplasty (20 patients); III, colon interposition (17 patients); IV, jejunal interposition (10 patients); and V, jejunal bypass (21 patients). Residual dysphagia (mean follow-up period 62 months) was significantly less in groups III, IV, and V (p less than 0.05), the more radical procedures, 87% of the patients having no dysphagic symptoms. This observation was corroborated by the greatly reduced (one sixth) number of postoperative dilatations required and also by the reduced need for reoperation. Only the colon interposition group, however, had an acceptable operative mortality (0%). The Bingham gastroplasty group also had a 0% operative mortality but achieved less good functional results, only 55% of patients having no dysphagic symptoms. Further analysis of functional results showed groups III, IV, and V to be superior regardless of the preoperative grade of stricture. The pros and cons of surgical antireflux procedures coupled with dilatation versus radical procedures to excise the stricture are presented. We conclude that, for an established benign stricture of the lower esophagus, colon interposition may offer the best long-term relief from dysphagia, with very low operative mortality. PMID- 6748712 TI - Primary pulmonary sarcoma with left atrial extension via left superior pulmonary vein. En bloc resection and radical pneumonectomy on cardiopulmonary bypass. AB - A primary pulmonary sarcoma whose tumor stalk traversed the left superior pulmonary vein to occupy half of the left atrial cavity is reported. Because this extension was suspected and diagnosed preoperatively, appropriate surgical resection was possible. Had this extension not been recognized, an exploratory thoracotomy and division or manipulation of the pulmonary vein might have been undertaken, and systemic embolization might have occurred. By use of the median sternotomy approach and cardiopulmonary bypass, the tumor was removed en bloc through a combined left atrial resection and radical left pericardiopneumonectomy. A lung tumor invading the heart can be safely resected with the use of cardiopulmonary bypass if the extent of cardiac involvement is recognized preoperatively. PMID- 6748713 TI - Performance characteristics of the Starr-Edwards Model 1260 aortic valve prosthesis beyond ten years. AB - The Starr-Edwards non-cloth-covered silicone ball (Model 1260) aortic valve prosthesis has been widely used for over 15 years and remains a standard against which newer values are compared. To define more completely the performance characteristics of this prosthesis, this study (including 449 patients) analyzed the long-term function of this specific valve over a cumulative total of 2,896 patient-years (pt-yrs) of follow-up which extended beyond 13 years. Expressed in both actuarial (% [+/- standard error of the mean] free at 10 years) and linearized (%/pt-yr) terms, respectively, valve-related complications occurred at the following rates: thromboembolism, 76 +/- 3 and 2.7; anticoagulant-related hemorrhage, 74 +/- 3 and 3.1; prosthetic valve endocarditis, 92 +/- 2 and 0.9; reoperation, 90 +/- 2 and 1.1; valve failure, 82 +/- 2 and 2.2; all valve-related morbidity and mortality, 51 +/- 3 and 6.0; and valve-related death, 88 +/- 2 and 1.3. Thirteen percent of hospital and 18% of late deaths were due to valve related causes. No case of structural failure was documented. This prosthesis has an admirable structural durability record out to 13 years, and its long-term performance is satisfactory, albeit not optimal. Despite the indestructable design and construction of this mechanical valve substitute, 12% +/- 2% of patients had died of valve-related complications by 10 years, and fully 49% +/- 3% had had some form of serious valve-related complication. The long-term data reported herein can be used for analytical comparison when follow-up of patients with newer mechanical prostheses and tissue bioprostheses reaches 10 years to elucidate whether or not these newer valves truly represent improvements and which type of valve substitute proffers the most possible net benefit to the patient. PMID- 6748714 TI - Implications of late morphology of Braunwald-Cutter mitral heart valve prostheses. AB - Interrelationships among silicone poppet wear, cloth wear, and tissue ingrowth were investigated in 14 retrieved Braunwald-Cutter heart valve prostheses following implantation of 37 to 118 (mean 83) months. Six aortic valves (mean 81 months) had severe cloth and poppet wear. In three the poppet had escaped. The lesser wear of the strut covering on the eight mitral valves (mean 84, range 37 to 108 months) was generally functionally insignificant. Mean decrease in mitral poppet diameter was 0.4% (range 0% to 1.5%), in contrast to a mean of 5.8% for aortic poppets. Histologic examination of the cloth/tissue complex demonstrated well-collagenized tissue ingrowth in areas of intact fabric with focal endothelial lining. Functionally trivial calcific deposits were often noted deep in the tissue coating, adjacent to cloth fibers or the strut metal. These results suggest that the mitral Braunwald-Cutter prosthesis need not be electively replaced without specific indication. A model is presented which explains the favorable clinical course demonstrated for mitral recipients and provides a rationale for the disparate clinicopathological behavior of mitral and aortic Braunwald-Cutter prostheses. Although inconsequential in this setting, the focal microcalcification noted in all mitral prostheses implanted for more than 72 months may have implications for the development of clinical cardiac assist devices for long-term application. PMID- 6748715 TI - Valve replacement in children under twenty years of age. Experience with the Bjork-Shiley prosthesis. AB - Prosthetic valve replacement in young patients has been reported to be associated with a high mortality and morbidity because of valve-related problems. Of 549 patients undergoing valve replacement with the Bjork-Shiley valve prosthesis, 136 were under the age of 20 years. Sixty-four patients were under 16 years of age, the youngest being 6 years old. Of the 136 patients, 61 underwent mitral valve replacement, 50 received an aortic valve, and 25 received both aortic and mitral valves. Overall operative mortality was 10.3%. Late mortality over a follow-up period of 6 months to 8 years was 4.4%. Actuarial survival curves up to 8 years of follow-up are presented. Results obtained in this group are compared with those obtained in 413 patients over 20 years of age operated during the same period. Valve thrombosis was not seen in any patient under 20 years of age, but it occurred in 4.13% of the patients over 20 years of age. The incidence of thromboembolism and anticoagulant-related hemorrhage was very low. There has been no instance of structural failure of the valve. Long-term results are excellent, with 90% of the survivors returning to New York Heart Association Functional Class I. The Bjork-Shiley valve gives excellent and durable long-term palliation in young patients requiring valve replacement. PMID- 6748716 TI - Factors influencing postoperative survival in aortic regurgitation. Analysis by Cox regression model. AB - From 1965 to 1981, 114 patients underwent aortic valve replacement for severe aortic regurgitation in our institution. Catheterization was performed preoperatively in 103 patients. Follow-up was possible in 98% of the survivors. Long-term survival was significantly different between patients in preoperative Functional Class I-II and those in Class III-IV (p less than 0.03); those with a preoperative cardiothoracic ratio less than 0.64 versus greater than or equal to 0.64 (p less than 0.001); and those with a preoperative ejection fraction greater than 0.50 versus less than or equal to 0.50 (p less than 0.03). A multifactorial analysis was used to identify the dominant preoperative prognostic variables affecting survival. Three of the 13 parameters examined simultaneously were found to independently influence survival rates: cardiothoracic ratio (p = 0.001), strain pattern on the electrocardiogram (p = 0.072), and left ventricular end systolic pressure (p = 0.127). After stratification of the population into two groups according to preoperative functional class, the predictive variables were cardiothoracic ratio (p = 0.014), strain pattern (p = 0.050), and acute/chronic form of aortic regurgitation (p = 0.034). This statistical analysis enabled us to derive a mathematical equation for predicting an individual patient's probability of survival. We found a close fit between the survival rate predicted by the mathematical model and the observed survival rate. PMID- 6748717 TI - The Ionescu-Shiley valve: a solution for the small aortic root. AB - Valve replacement in patients with a small aortic anulus can cause difficult technical problems or leave the patient with a significant residual transvalvular gradient. Between August, 1977, and June, 1983, 35 patients with a small aortic root (21 mm or less) underwent aortic valve replacement with Ionescu-Shiley pericardial xenograft valves. They ranged in age from 29 to 76 years (mean 52.8 years) and in weight from 64 to 91 kg (mean 76.3 +/- 3.6 kg). Preoperatively, 26 patients were in New York Heart Association Functional Class III-IV. The valve sizes used were 17 mm in three cases, 19 mm in 16 cases, and 21 mm in 16 cases. There were four hospital deaths (11.4%) resulting from sepsis or low cardiac output. There were no late deaths. Cumulative duration of follow-up was 819.4 patient-months. Twenty-four (78%) of the 31 surviving patients are asymptomatic. Up to the time of review, there have been no episodes of thromboembolism, infective endocarditis, perivalvular leak, valve thrombosis, or primary tissue valve failure. Fifteen patients were hemodynamically evaluated 2 to 47 months (mean 14.3 months) after operation. The average resting transvalvular gradients for 19 and 21 mm valves were 15.1 and 10.8 mm Hg, respectively. Our experience suggests that the Ionescu-Shiley pericardial xenograft valve is a valid alternative in the surgical treatment of patients with a small aortic root. PMID- 6748719 TI - Serous fluid leakage: a complication following the modified Blalock-Taussig shunt. AB - Polytetrafluoroethylene tubular grafts are useful in performing a systemic-to pulmonary artery shunt (modified Blalock-Taussig). They allow a controlled-volume shunt, avoid kinking of the pulmonary artery, and preserve distal flow in the subclavian artery. Unfortunately, occasionally excessive serous fluid will drain through the interstices of the fabric. This results in excessive and prolonged chest tube drainage and/or localized seroma formation around the graft. This complication occurred in 26 children, an incidence of 18.8% of the 138 modified Blalock-Taussig operations. Repeat thoracotomy was required in four of these children--for evacuation of seroma mass in three and for relief of cardiac tamponade in one. Four other children required reinsertion of pleural or pericardial chest drains for excessive serous drainage persisting as long as 6 weeks after operation. Wrapping of the graft with silicone sheeting to facilitate subsequent takedown of the shunt led to seroma formation in five of nine children. We believe this practice should be abandoned. Excessive drainage of serous fluid through the interstices of PTFE grafts in almost 20% of our patients has compromised an otherwise satisfactory result of the modified Blalock-Taussig operation. PMID- 6748718 TI - The early course of pulmonary artery hypertension in patients undergoing mitral valve replacement with cardioplegic arrest. AB - In an effort to describe the immediate course of pulmonary hypertension following mitral valve replacement, we reviewed preoperative and postoperative data from 62 patients who underwent mitral valve replacement. Patients were divided based on the absence (Group I) or presence (Group II) of severe preoperative pulmonary hypertension, defined as a mean pulmonary artery pressure greater than or equal to 40 mm Hg. Group II patients were subdivided based on the absence (Group IIa) or presence ( Group IIb) of markedly elevated preoperative pulmonary vascular resistance indices, defined as a greater than or equal to 700 dynes . sec . cm-5 . m2. Pulmonary artery wedge pressures fell promptly following mitral valve replacement in all groups, but the course of other hemodynamic parameters varied among groups. Cardiac index increased significantly among Group I and IIb patients but not among Group IIa patients. Group I patients did not have significant changes in mean pulmonary artery pressure and pulmonary vascular resistance index. Group IIa patients had substantial reductions in mean pulmonary artery pressure while pulmonary vascular resistance index remained near 400 dynes . sec . cm-5 . m2. Group IIb patients had substantial reductions in mean pulmonary artery pressure while pulmonary vascular resistance index fell significantly to about 400 dynes . sec . cm-5 . m2. Primary valvular lesion and pharmacologic support were insignificant variables. Data from these hemodynamic groups suggest that at least three mechanisms contribute to the pulmonary hypertension seen in mitral valve disease: passive transmission of elevated left atrial pressures, reactive pulmonary arteriolar vasoconstriction, and morphologic changes in the pulmonary vasculature. The first two mechanisms appear to be rapidly reversed following mitral valve replacement. While others have described the regression of pulmonary hypertension several months following mitral valve operations, data presented here suggest that changes in pulmonary artery pressures and pulmonary vascular resistance index may occur much earlier. PMID- 6748720 TI - Noninvasive determination of exercise cardiac function following Fontan operation. AB - The purpose of this investigation was to define mechanisms which increase cardiac output during exercise in patients without a functioning right ventricle. Radionuclide studies were performed at rest and during upright bicycle exercise on 16 patients following Fontan procedures and compared to studies in 10 normal children. The mean cardiac index of patients following Fontan procedures was 5.2 +/- 2.0 L/min/m2 (standard deviation) at rest and increased to 9.4 +/- 3.5 L/min/m2 during exercise (p less than 0.0001). Exercise values were similar to those observed in normal children. The mechanisms utilized to achieve high cardiac output following Fontan procedures included an increase in heart rate. Mean systemic ventricular ejection fractions were significantly less than in normal children. The resting ventricular end-diastolic volume and stroke volume indices were above normal and remained constant during exercise to high heart rates. These data clearly document that a large exercise cardiac output can be achieved by patients without a functioning right ventricle. PMID- 6748721 TI - Epicardial cryoablation of the bundle of His. An experimental study. AB - An extracardiac, transepicardial approach to the atrioventricular junction, allowing selective cryoablation of the bundle of His, was performed in 10 mongrel dogs. This technique appears to minimize dissection complications, the risk of endocardial damage, and injury to the tricuspid valve, which are reported with endocardial cryoablation. All dogs survived this experiment, and no morbidity was reported. Cryodestruction of the atrioventricular junction is histologically selective and permanent, as was shown at the 3 month follow-up pathological examination. PMID- 6748722 TI - An asanguineous reperfusion solution. An effective adjunct to cardioplegic protection in high-risk valve operations. AB - The protection afforded by cardioplegia during elective ischemic arrest can be partly compromised by a reperfusion injury, which may impede the recovery of cardiac function. We previously showed experimentally that this postischemic damage could be largely avoided by an appropriate crystalloid reperfusate. The present study was thus undertaken to assess the effects of this "reperfusion solution" clinically. One hundred twelve patients undergoing valve replacement with the aid of hypothermic cardioplegia (K+ 12 mEq, Mg2+ 26 mEq) were prospectively divided in two groups: Group I (n = 49) received an unmodified blood reperfusate. In Group II (n = 63), 1 L of the reperfusion solution was delivered just prior to removal of the aortic clamp. The formulation of the reperfusion solution adhered to the following principles: (1) maintenance of cardioplegia (K+ = 15 mEq), (2) replenishment of Ca2+ stores (Ca2+ = 2.5 mEq), (3) substrate provision (glutamate = 2,942 gm), (4) buffering (pH = 7.70 at 28 degrees C), and (5) hyperosmolarity (370 mOsm). The two groups were matched for preoperative data except for a higher incidence of isolated aortic valve replacement (p = 0.01) in Group II. Also, the cross-clamp time (mean +/- standard error of the mean) was longer in Group II (94 +/- 4 minutes versus 63 +/- 4 minutes, p less than 10(-6]. The reperfusion solution was found to increase both the rate and extent of postischemic functional recovery, as evidenced by (1) a lower proportion of catecholamine-supported patients 48 hours after operation (9/63 [14.28%] versus 16/49 [32.6%] in the control group [p less than 0.03]) and (2) a lower amount (gamma/kg/min) of dobutamine required to achieve stable hemodynamics (11 +/- 1 versus 26 +/- 6 in the control group [p less than 0.03]). A similar recovery pattern was noted in the high-risk subgroup of patients with mitral valve disease. Further, serial postoperative hemodynamic measurements were performed in 31 randomly selected patients (10 control and 21 reperfused). Although the reperfused patients were found to be at higher risk because of lower preoperative cardiac indices and longer cross-clamp times, they consistently achieved better postoperative hemodynamics with a lower incidence of catecholamine support. This hemodynamic improvement was particularly reflected by a higher left ventricular stroke work index throughout the postoperative course, the difference being significant 6 hours and 12 hours postoperatively.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 400 WORDS) PMID- 6748723 TI - Cardioplegic protection of the child's heart. AB - The advantages and limitations of cardioplegia as a mode of myocardial preservation in the pediatric cardiac surgical context are investigated. Review of early mortality related to ischemic time demonstrated no difference in overall mortality in consecutive series each of 200 patients, the first protected by reperfusion between intermittent periods of aortic cross-clamping and the second protected by cardioplegia. There was a tendency to accept longer ischemic time with cardioplegia (p less than 0.01). Mortality with cardioplegia increased sharply beyond 85 minutes of ischemia. Cytochemical and biophysical assessment of 129 pairs of right ventricular biopsy specimens taken before and after ischemia usually demonstrated deterioration of myocardium despite cardioplegia, and poor scores were predictive of hospital death. Use of a logistic analysis suggested that about half the hospital deaths were attributable to inadequate myocardial preservation despite cardioplegia. PMID- 6748724 TI - Occlusion of Medtronic Hall mitral valve prosthesis by ruptured papillary muscle and chordae tendineae. AB - A 63-year-old woman had an unusual, but lethal complication after mitral valve replacement. Six hours after the operation, the ruptured head of the posterior papillary muscle migrated between the valve ring and disc and caused the disc to be wedged tightly shut. This complication appears to be unique to a tilting disc prosthesis. PMID- 6748725 TI - Temporary division of the superior vena cava for exceptional mitral valve exposure. AB - Temporary division of the superior vena cava allows the performance of an extensive left atriotomy from anterior to the atrial appendage laterally, then inferiorly toward the inferior vena cava. Gentle retraction then gives exceptional exposure of the entire mitral valve area. This technique has been used effectively in three patients. Anticipated potential problems with division and reanastomosis of the superior vena cava have not occurred. PMID- 6748726 TI - A scientific critique of an Omniscience clinical paper. PMID- 6748727 TI - Seroma formation after implantation of Gore-Tex vascular grafts in cyanotic children. PMID- 6748728 TI - Successful intraventricular repair of Taussig-Bing anomaly in infancy: report of a case. PMID- 6748729 TI - Purulent pericarditis in children. PMID- 6748730 TI - Establishment and characterization of a subclone (U-937-AG) from a permanent human monocyte cell line. AB - The human cell line U-937 has many features suggestive of the monocyte. It may be stimulated in vitro to develop attributes of an activated macrophage with increased phagocytosis and enhanced Fc receptor expression. We describe the establishment of a subclone designated U-937 AG through the use of a mutagenic agent. The features of this subclone include increased tumoricidal cytotoxicity, increased Fc receptor expression for IgG and enhanced phagocytosis of antibody coated erythrocytes, while retaining the usual light microscopic features. The mutant cell line is also capable of producing an erythroid potentiating factor while temporary production of a granulocyte macrophage colony stimulating factor was noted. The availability of a "resting" parent and a more "activated" subclone of this human monocyte cell line should assist in the study of human monocyte activation. PMID- 6748731 TI - In vitro radiation response studies on bone marrow fibroblasts (CFU-F) obtained from normal and chronically irradiated dogs. AB - The radiation resistance of bone marrow fibroblasts as measured by their proliferative potential was evaluated in chronically irradiated dogs. Bone marrows were obtained from eight dogs that had been chronically irradiated beginning at 21 days of gestation or after birth and eight age-matched controls. Of these irradiated dogs, four were either preleukemic or exhibited frank acute nonlymphocytic leukemia. The other four were clinically normal but demonstrated abnormalities in their marrow that could be attributed to radiation effects and/or other pathologic changes. Fibroblasts from six of the irradiated dogs were significantly more radioresistant than those of their controls. Five of these six dogs subsequently succumbed to hematopathologic disease, while the two irradiated dogs with normal fibroblasts remained clinically normal, suggesting that this observed radioresistance may be linked to the disease process. PMID- 6748732 TI - Analytical infrared spectral differences between human normal and leukaemic cells (CLL)--I. AB - Two series of normal and leukaemic lymphocytes were examined by infrared spectroscopy in order to try to find spectral differences connected with chemical and biological modifications. The bands at 965 and 530 cm-1 present only in the spectra of leukaemic lymphocytes, assume particular significance. The C-H stretching region furnishes useful indications about the different ratios of the methyl groups compared with the methylene ones in the two cases. The infrared bands characteristic of the leukaemic lymphocytes seem to be due to chemical modifications not involving the DNA chain. PMID- 6748733 TI - A double-cycle high-speed voltammetric technique allowing direct measurement of irreversibly oxidised species: characterisation and application to the temporal measurement of ascorbate in the rat central nervous system. AB - The oxidation of ascorbic acid at carbon fibre microelectrodes is irreversible due to rapid hydration of the product. This feature has been employed in the development of a voltammetric assay using a double-cycle voltage sweep. The difference between the current generated on the first and second anodic sweeps is proportional to the concentration of ascorbate. The characterisation and application of the method are discussed. PMID- 6748734 TI - A simple cannula for intraventricular drug administration in rodents. AB - We describe a new cannula for the intraventricular administration of drugs which is easily and rapidly constructed, is inexpensive and has significant advantages over other cannulas of similar type. The structure of the cannula includes a guiding funnel which greatly facilitates insertion of the injection needle. The cannula also has a locking cap/stylet which is rat-tamper-resistant. PMID- 6748735 TI - The motor effects of commercial samples of SITS. PMID- 6748736 TI - The determination of an empirical correction factor to deal with the problem of nucleolar splitting in neuronal counts. AB - Nucleolar counts are the method of choice for determining neuronal numbers. The main problem is the determination of an accurate correction factor for split nucleoli. The difficulties are that small nucleolar fragments are often unrecognizable and that nucleoli may be pushed or rolled rather than cleanly cut by the knife. A widely used method uses an estimate to account for the difficulties, and almost all methods depend on measurements of such things as section thickness and nucleolar diameters. We differ from previous procedures by identifying neurons first and then determining whether the nucleolus in each identified neuron is split or whole. If N is the true number of neurons, n the number of nucleoli counted to estimate N, T the number of nucleoli counted for the correction factor and S the number of nucleoli in T that are split, then N = [(T-S/2)/T] X n. The advantages are that the observations are easily done and that there are no estimates, only a determination of the numbers of whole and split nucleoli for a sample population of neurons. PMID- 6748737 TI - A method for calibrating the gain of the electro-oculogram (EOG) using the optical properties of the eye. AB - A method has been developed to measure the gain of the electro-oculogram (in volts per degree of eye rotation) which does not require the experimental subject to gaze at reference targets. The basis of the method is that the positional difference between the center of the entrance pupil and the corneal reflection of a light source is linearly related to the angle of eye rotation and is equal to zero when the pupillary axis of the eye is directed at the light source. The method has been validated in man and cat. PMID- 6748738 TI - Blocking of impulse conduction in peripheral nerves by local cooling as a routine in animal experimentation. AB - Small thermodes, cooled by the Peltier effect and heated by transistor dissipation, were developed for reversible nerve blocking. Temperature control is achieved by an electronic feedback circuit for two thermodes independently. This enables simple operation of the cooling system during animal experimentation. Any nerve temperature between 0 and 37 degrees C can be obtained within 90 s and maintained within 0.2 degree C. The instrument can be used both as a stand alone apparatus or under computer control. Effects of local cooling of the cervical vagus nerve of the rabbit on the A-wave of the compound action potential and on spontaneous activity are given as examples of application of the cooling system in biological experiments. PMID- 6748739 TI - Modification of the David-Kopf puller (DKI 700 C) for the preparation of multi barrel glass micropipettes. AB - The DKI vertical pipette puller (Model 700 C), which is normally used to make single or multi-barrel glass pipettes out of prepulled blanks, can be modified for the construction of a variety of multi-barrel pipettes. The use of the modified pipette puller is described for the production of small diameter 4 barrel pipettes. PMID- 6748740 TI - Pressure injections of fluid in the nanoliter range via micropipettes. AB - The relationship between pressure, ejection duration and volume ejected was experimentally determined in vitro for micropipettes with different external tip diameters. The relationship between ejection duration and ejected volume is linear in the steady state (i.e. with ejection durations of 1 s or longer) and at sufficiently high pressures (above about 100 kPa) and for pipettes with a sufficiently high hydrodynamic conductance (larger than 1 pl s-1 kPa-1 at 230 kPa). In this range, flows were found with low Reynolds numbers (smaller than 10), which is consistent with laminar flows. For all but the largest micropipettes, the relationship between pressure and ejected volume is alinear: the pipettes' apparent hydrodynamic conductances increase with increasing pressure. Micropipettes with apparent hydrodynamic conductances between 0.04 and 1400 pl s-1 kPa-1 (at 230 kPa) were tested. Duration-pressure combinations could be defined where the duration-volume relationship was either linear or monotonic. such duration-pressure combinations were different for pipettes with different apparent hydrodynamic conductances. A quick method is described to measure the pipette's apparent hydrodynamic conductance at the pressure used, corrected for the fluid's viscosity. Measurement of this conductance permits predictable injections of known volumes of fluid in the range of 100 pl to 1 microliter with a precision of 10-20%. PMID- 6748741 TI - A quantitative method for the estimation of the degree of uniformity and isotropy of the structures of the central nervous system in cytoarchitectonic preparations. AB - The statistical method for the estimation of the degree of uniformity and isotropy of structures in brain sections proposed in this paper allows integral estimates to be made of the character of the distribution of nerve cells during the formation of the central nervous system. The method is convenient to work with in photomicrographs. Automatic computerized counting of cell elements takes little time and involves a minimum of images. PMID- 6748742 TI - The role of monocyte/macrophage products in the genesis of the cellular lesions in nephritis. PMID- 6748743 TI - Postoperative use of epidurally administered morphine in children and adolescents. AB - Epidurally administered narcotics are increasingly used to provide relief of pain in adults after major surgical procedures. This report describes the use of epidurally administered morphine for postoperative analgesia in nine pediatric patients after 15 major surgical procedures. The mean dose of morphine was 0.12 +/- 0.03 mg/kg of body weight, and the mean duration of analgesia per dose was 10.8 +/- 4.0 hours. Catheters remained in place for a mean duration of 50.3 +/- 16.0 hours. Increasing the dose of morphine to more than 0.1 mg/kg did not prolong the duration of analgesia but it did increase the frequency of side effects. No complications from placement of the catheter and no serious side effects were encountered. The postoperative requirements for narcotics were significantly less in the patients who received morphine epidurally than in those who received narcotics parenterally. Epidurally administered morphine can provide reliable postoperative analgesia in pediatric patients. The potential benefits include improved quality of pain relief at low total requirements, improved pulmonary function, and early ambulation. PMID- 6748744 TI - Treatment of parapsoriasis and mycosis fungoides: the role of psoralen and long wave ultraviolet light A (PUVA). AB - Psoralen and long-wave ultraviolet light A (PUVA) was used to treat 12 patients with parapsoriasis and 19 patients with mycosis fungoides. Excellent results were obtained in all 12 patients with parapsoriasis: 8 patients had complete clearing, 3 had more than 80% improvement, and 1 had considerable improvement. The response to PUVA in patients with mycosis fungoides varied according to the stage of the disease. Of 10 patients with early disease (stage I or II), 7 had complete clearing and the 3 others had more than 80% improvement. The nine patients with more advanced disease generally did not respond well to PUVA, with the exception of one patient with stage IV disease and one with stage V disease. PUVA may be the treatment of choice for parapsoriasis and is highly effective in the early stages of mycosis fungoides. PMID- 6748745 TI - Clinical significance of histopathologic patterns of cardiac amyloidosis. AB - Cardiac amyloidosis may be asymptomatic or an important cause of progressive heart failure and refractory arrhythmia. To identify the morphologic markers of clinically significant cardiac amyloidosis, we analyzed the hearts of 47 patients with autopsy-proven cardiac amyloidosis (21 with primary amyloidosis [AL] and 26 with senile cardiac amyloidosis [SCA]) histologically for the extent and pattern of amyloid deposits. The extent of amyloid deposition was graded 1 through 4, corresponding with less than 10%, 10 to 25%, 26 to 50%, and more than 50% histologic involvement of the myocardium, respectively. The pattern of deposits was classified as nodular, perifiber, or mixed type, and the presence or absence of vascular involvement was determined. The hearts with primary amyloidosis showed predominantly high-grade deposits (76% grades 3 and 4), a perifiber (65%) or mixed (30%) pattern of deposits, and frequent (90%) vascular involvement. The hearts with senile cardiac amyloidosis tended to have low-grade deposits (62% grades 1 and 2), a nodular pattern (92%) of deposits, and infrequent (4%) vascular involvement. Clinically significant cardiac amyloidosis was associated with grade 2 or greater amyloid deposits in the heart and with involvement of intramyocardial arterioles. PMID- 6748746 TI - Status epilepticus as a complication of concurrent electroconvulsive and theophylline therapy. AB - Status epilepticus that occurs after electroconvulsive therapy is a rarely reported event. Seizures associated with use of theophylline usually result from severe toxicity. We report a case in which status epilepticus occurred after electroconvulsive therapy in a patient who had a theophylline level above the accepted therapeutic range but below that generally associated with seizures. Caution should be exercised in the concurrent administration of electroconvulsive therapy and theophylline preparations. PMID- 6748747 TI - Antibacterial prophylaxis during intermittent catheterization. PMID- 6748749 TI - Coronary artery disease and hypertension in the U.S. black populations. PMID- 6748748 TI - Cardiopulmonary collapse associated with an overdose of desipramine. PMID- 6748750 TI - Update: the Maryland Medical Assistance Oxygen and Related Respiratory Equipment Program. PMID- 6748751 TI - Systemic lupus erythematosus XI: Nonpharmacological management. PMID- 6748752 TI - Identification and characterization of non-dividing cell populations in phase II cultures of human glial cells. AB - It has been reported that cultures of normal cells in phase II contain a non multiplying cell population, the size of which increases with passage number. In phase II cultures of normal human glial cells we have found two subpopulations of non-proliferating cells, one of which has a characteristic morphology, and differs from the actively dividing cells in a number of respects: (1) they are larger although of various sizes and are well spread over a very large substratum area: (2) they contain a great number of granules showing acid phosphatase activity, being heavy metal positive and displaying the characteristic natural fluorescence of lipofuscin pigment; and (3) they frequently contained a central somewhat irregular nucleus with various numbers of darkly staining nucleolar-like structures. Cytophotometric nuclear DNA measurements of the described "large" cell population show a decreased proportion of diploid cells as compared to their smaller sister cells. Moreover, with increasing passage number, the DNA values for large cells shift towards higher ploidy levels resulting in a scattered aneuploid pattern in the oldest passage. This "large" cell subpopulation consists of between 2% and 3% of all passages and becomes greatly decreased following subcultivation. The other subpopulation of non-dividing cells is generally morphologically similar to the dividers, increases in size with passage number and is the more important in the phase III phenomenon. PMID- 6748753 TI - Lifelong food restriction prevents senile osteopenia and hyperparathyroidism in F344 rats. AB - Studies were carried out on male F344 rats to examine the influence of aging and life-prolonging food restriction on bone and circulating parathyroid hormone levels. In ad libitum fed animals, the weight, density and calcium content of the femur increased with age and achieved their peak levels by 12 months of age. These levels remained stable until about 24 months and by 27 months of age the ad libitum fed animals had lost appreciable amounts of bone. The maturation of the femurs of the animals maintained on 60% of the ad libitum food intake was delayed and their bones were lighter, less dense and contained less calcium than bones from ad libitum fed rats of corresponding ages. But at 6, 12 and 24 months of age, the femur strength to body weight ratios were very highly significantly greater (P less than 0.0001) for the restricted animals compared to the ad libitum fed controls. Circulating immunoreactive parathyroid hormone increased progressively with aging in the animals fed ad libitum and the animals that experienced bone loss at advanced age also had the highest level of the hormone. In contrast, in the food restricted animals aging was not associated with a marked increase in serum parathyroid hormone or with senile bone loss. The data are discussed in relation to the mechanism of the observed changes. PMID- 6748754 TI - Structural and replicative forms of mitochondrial DNA in tissues from adult and senescent BALB/c mice and Fischer 344 rats. AB - Age-related changes in the structure and replication of mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) were investigated in different organs from young adult (9-10 months' old) and senescent (28-29 months' old) BALB/c mice and Fischer 344 rats. Total mtDNA from brain, heart, kidney and liver was isolated by centrifugation in ethidium bromide CsCl gradients and examined for the occurrence of complex forms and replicative intermediates by electron microscopy. The frequency of catenated mtDNA (interlinked molecules containing two or more circular units) varied from about 2.5% to 5% in adult tissues and showed a small increase in the majority of senescent organs. The frequency of double-sized circular molecules, or circular dimers, was very low in adult tissues, with an average of about 0.04% in mice and 0.1% in rats. The frequency of circular dimers increased with aging to 1.9% in mouse brain and 1.5% in rat kidney, with smaller increases (0.4% and 0.7%) in heart mtDNA from both species; there was no significant increase in the other organs. It is suggested that the increase in the frequency of circular dimer mtDNA reflects an overall deterioration of tissue physiology rather than intrinsic senescent changes in the mitochondria. The frequencies and types of the various replicative forms of mtDNA varied significantly according to tissue but not according to species or donor age. The only exception was a significant increase in the frequency of larger replicative forms in senescent mouse liver, to about 20% compared with 12% in adult liver, suggesting an age-related change in the rate of mtDNA replication and/or turnover in this organ. PMID- 6748755 TI - Resistance of germinal nucleus to aging in Paramecium: evidence obtained by micronuclear transplantation. AB - A diversity of time when increase in mortality after conjugation occurs during the lifespan was found in subclones of three stocks of Paramecium caudatum. A possible micronuclear contribution to the increase in sterility has been investigated by micronuclear transplantation. We found two classes of micronuclei in aged clones: those that can function normally if the cytoplasmic environment is young, and those that cannot, even in a young cytoplasmic environment. The results indicate that in the former, the age-dependent increase in sterility is due to a deleterious macronucleus and/or cytoplasm, and in the latter it is due to micronuclear damage. The micronuclear damage in aged clones is probably induced by a deleterious cytoplasmic environment because aged clones with transplanted young micronuclei showed an abrupt decrease in progeny survival between 14 and 42 cell divisions after transplantation. Overall, the micronucleus seems not to be a source of age-related damage but rather is subjected to damage from macronuclear and/or cytoplasmic sources. PMID- 6748756 TI - The pyruvate dehydrogenase complex during aging. AB - Acetylcholine synthesis and pyruvate oxidation decline with age. To determine the role of the pyruvate dehydrogenase complex in these age-related deficits, its activity and activation state were measured in vivo and in vitro in the brains of 3-, 10- and 30-month-old mice. Aging did not alter the active form of pyruvate dehydrogenase complex in vivo, although the total complex was 17% lower at 30 than at 3 months of age. In vitro, total or active forms of pyruvate dehydrogenase complex did not change with age. The results suggest that neither changes in total activity nor in the activation state of the pyruvate dehydrogenase complex account for the age-related deficits in oxidative or acetylcholine metabolism. PMID- 6748757 TI - Effect of physical activity on superoxide dismutase, catalase, inorganic peroxides and glutathione in the adult male housefly, Musca domestica. AB - Average and maximum life spans of the adult male housefly are considerably prolonged by the elimination of flying activity. The objective of this study was to elucidate further the biochemical basis of this phenomenon. Activities of the enzymes superoxide dismutase and catalase, and the concentrations of inorganic peroxides and glutathione were compared between houseflies kept under conditions of relatively high and low levels of physical activity at different ages. The activities of superoxide dismutase and catalase were not appreciably affected by the level of physical activity whereas the concentrations of inorganic peroxides and glutathione were higher in flies undergoing relatively high level of physical activity. These results are interpreted to support the concept that by-products of oxygen metabolism may play a causal role in the aging process. PMID- 6748758 TI - Autoantibodies in highly aged humans. AB - The presence of 14 different autoantibodies was determined in 65 persons, aged 95 years and older, without overt disease. The prevalence of positive anti immunoglobulin latex tests, of autoantibodies against nuclear components and against thyroid microsomes was significantly increased. This selective increase of autoantibodies of low titre and without cluster formation is considered to be the result of a loss of control within the immune system due to ageing, rather than as a sign of latent disease. PMID- 6748759 TI - Grading score system: a method for evaluation of the degree of senescence in senescence accelerated mouse (SAM). AB - For evaluation of the degree of senescence in SAM-P, accelerated senescence prone mouse, formerly called SAM or prone series or P-series, consisting of SAM-P/1, SAM-P/2, SAM-P/3 and SAM-P/4 corresponding to P-1, P-2, P-3 and P-4 series, respectively, in the previous reports, and in SAM-R, accelerated senescence resistant mouse, formerly called resistant series or R-series, consisting of SAM R/1, SAM-R/2 and SAM-R/3 corresponding to R-1, R-2 and R-3 series, respectively, in the previous reports, the grading score system was adopted. The items to be examined in this system include 11 categories selected from the clinical signs and gross lesions considered to be associated with the aging process. The degree of the senescence in each category was graded from 0 to 4 according to the detailed criteria devised in our laboratory. After 8 months of age each mouse was examined every 4 months, and some of the mice were examined after 2 months of age. In almost all categories, the grading score and incidence began to increase from 4 or 6 months of age and continued to increase with advancing age in both SAM-P and SAM-R. The increase, however, was more marked in SAM-P than in SAM-R. The slow but steady increase in the SAM-R levelled out at 24 months of age and was comparable to that at 12 months of age in SAM-P. In both SAM-P/1 at 8 months of age and SAM-R/2 at 12 months of age, there was a significant reverse correlation between total score of this grading score system and length of residual life after examination. Systematic and extensive studies using the grading score system showed that if the validity of the system is, based on "irreversibility" and "universality" of the changes in each category with advancing age, most categories are valid for evaluation of the degree of senescence. This grading score system is a unique, useful and convenient method for evaluation of the degree of senescence in mice. PMID- 6748760 TI - Possible roles of membrane lipids and prostaglandins in alcohol-related headache. PMID- 6748761 TI - Influence of neomycin pretreatment on stimulated and maturative renal transport of p-aminohippurate (PAH). AB - Renal tubular transport of organic anions is immature at birth and can be stimulated in adult rats by repeated administration of xenobiotics. There is some evidence of an increased synthesis of carrier proteins in renal tubular cells following stimulation as well as during postnatal development of renal tubular transport processes. The effect of pretreatment with an inhibitor of protein biosynthesis (neomycin) on stimulated and maturative transport of p aminohippurate (PAH) was measured. Neomycin has a dose dependent long acting and reversible effect on stimulated PAH transport and on postnatal maturation of PAH excretion, and increased protein biosynthesis is the likely common basic phenomenon of both processes. PMID- 6748762 TI - Injured arterial smooth muscle cells in culture release factors affecting viability and collagen secretion of new cultures. AB - Cultures of arterial smooth muscle cells were exposed to ultraviolet light, dimethylsulphoxide-soluble particles from cigarette smoke (DSP) and hypoxia. Hypoxia produced no lasting toxic effects but the other stimuli did. Serum free medium was conditioned by cells damaged by these stimuli and the effects on new smooth muscle cell cultures were studied. Hypoxia did not induce any transferable effects. Cells damaged by a standard concentration of DSP released factor(s) that reduced cell mass of new cultures by 25% compared to controls; cell death increased 23%, and DNA synthesis fell by 23% but collagen secretion was unchanged in absolute amounts. If correction for the smaller cell mass was performed, collagen secretion increased 46% while DNA synthesis was unchanged. The DSP induction of transferable cell injury was biphasically dose dependent, maximal effect being noted in the intermediate DSP levels. If ultraviolet light was used as stimulus, cell mass of secondary cultures fell by 32% and cell death increased 31%. Correction for the smaller cell mass showed that both DNA synthesis and collagen secretion were increased compared to controls, both by 61%. The transferable activity remained after dialysis but was completely destroyed by heating at 100 degrees C. The results are discussed in relation to the pathogenesis of atherosclerosis, and it is suggested that cell injury might lead to selection of more active cell clones that could contribute to the progression of atherosclerosis. PMID- 6748763 TI - Possible misinterpretations of radioimmunoassay results of endocrine tissues containing peptides in the micromolar range. AB - This paper describes the possible inhibition of labelled peptidic antigen antibody bindings of high affinity (affinity constant above 10(11) l/mol) by structurally non-related synthetic peptides according to their primary aminoacid sequence at concentrations of only 10(-6) mol/l i.e. approximatively 10(-3) g/l, in two radioimmunoassays. Such concentrations of peptides are present in 10% weight/volume suspension of various neuroendocrine and endocrine fresh tissues and may therefore be responsible for false positive results. PMID- 6748764 TI - Computer-controlled manipulator/display system for human-movement studies. PMID- 6748765 TI - Capacitive transducer for continuous measurement of vertical foot force. PMID- 6748766 TI - Analysis of posturographic measurements on children. PMID- 6748767 TI - Automatic method to detect and determine the preferential frequency of EMG signals from patients with pathological tremours. PMID- 6748768 TI - Analysis of gaseous exchange in open-circuit indirect calorimetry. PMID- 6748769 TI - Extraction of the constituent components of brain stem auditory evoked responses by a filtering and optimisation procedure. PMID- 6748770 TI - Digital myoelectric signal processor with decision boundaries. PMID- 6748771 TI - Analysis of eye fixations during the diagnostic interpretation of chest radiographs. PMID- 6748772 TI - Electronic rotameter for quantitative evaluation of rotational behaviour in rats after unilateral lesions of the nigrostriatal dopamine system. PMID- 6748773 TI - Conductimetric experiment to assay the haemoglobin content of blood. PMID- 6748774 TI - Subtraction of 50 Hz interference from the electrocardiogram. PMID- 6748775 TI - Coefficients of variation of two random variables, y and x, which are linked by a functional relationship y = g(x). PMID- 6748776 TI - Simulation of voltage clamp experiments with FET analogue circuits. PMID- 6748777 TI - Further precautions in the use of time-domain dielectric spectroscopy with biological and other lossy dielectrics. PMID- 6748778 TI - [A simple device, using a microprocessor, to record the circadian locomotor activity of animals]. PMID- 6748779 TI - Hospital effects of maternity early discharge. AB - Although the programs are of increasing popularity, little has been published on the effects of discharging maternity patients early from the hospital. In particular, there is almost no evidence to date to prove that these programs actually achieve two objectives for which they were designed; to reduce occupancy pressure on maternity beds and to lower hospital costs. Evaluation of the early stages of a relatively small and flexible maternity early discharge program in Alberta, Canada suggests that the program is effective in reducing length of stay in the hospital and hospital costs, but there is little evidence that it is actually used to reduce pressure on bed space in the maternity unit. PMID- 6748780 TI - Measuring adequacy of physician performance. A preliminary comparison of four methods in ambulatory care of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. AB - Issues that arise in the development of methods for measuring adequacy of physician performance (MAPP) are discussed. The comparative content validity, scorability, cost, and acceptability of four MAPP strategies are assessed using a sample of clinic-based physicians treating 30 patients with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD). Criteria for adequate care are contained in a "criteria map." No one of the four methods (physician interview, patient interview, videotaped observation, and chart audit) was best at capturing all aspects of the management of COPD. The relative content validity of a method depended on the aspect of care evaluated. The interviews provided the broadest range of information and the chart audit the most limited. The patient interview yielded the largest proportion of encounters upon which physician performance could be scored, although specific criteria map subscales were differentially scorable depending on the method used. Relative cost and acceptability are also discussed. PMID- 6748781 TI - Quality assurance in eight adult medicine group practices. AB - Four evaluations of ambulatory medical care tasks were developed for use in quality assurance. The evaluations used medical records data and explicit criteria incorporating branching logic. They were implemented in eight general medicine provider groups in two teaching hospitals and six related health centers. Agreement with criteria among 316 provider responses to questionnaires varied from 57% to 100%. The percentage of cases with one or more variation from evaluation criteria, confirmed on peer review to have a deficiency in care, ranged by task from 6% to 42%, with substantial variation between sites. Physician reviewers from each site varied in leniency. Numbers of actions taken to correct deficiencies ranged by site and task from zero to six. Multisite evaluations revealed differences in performance and efforts to improve that are not apparent when each site conducts its own evaluations. More uniformly effective and impartial quality assurance is needed to correct some important deficiencies in care observed in this study. PMID- 6748782 TI - Preferences for treatment approaches in medical care. College students versus diabetic outpatients. AB - Preferences for degree of involvement in health care of 47 low-income, inner city, outpatient diabetic patients were measured by the Health Opinion Survey (HOS). These scores were compared with those of three normative groups of college students. Significant differences were found between the samples on each HOS subscale and the total HOS (all P values less than 0.001). Implications of these differences for health care providers are discussed. PMID- 6748783 TI - Mode of payment and identification with a regular doctor. A prospective look at reported use of services. AB - Despite the apparent success of health maintenance organizations (HMOs) in lowering the costs of health care, they have been criticized for other reasons, including the lack of doctor-patient continuity in the patient's having a regular doctor. Consistent with previous research, HMO members sampled from Los Angeles County (N = 190) were less likely to identify with a regular doctor than comparable fee-for-service (FFS) subscribers (N = 653) (P less than 0.001). When differences in this variable were not controlled statistically, HMO members reported higher rates of physician visits, but only for acute respiratory problems (P less than 0.05). It was not until differences in having a regular doctor were taken into account that HMO members were found to report higher rates of use for all symptoms (P less than 0.05) as well as for digestive problems (P less than 0.10). These findings suggest the importance of taking physician patient continuity into account when comparing utilization rates across health plans. Additionally, few differences were found in reports of morbidity, although HMO members were less likely to report cold symptoms during this 1-year survey than comparable FFS subscribers (P less than 0.05). PMID- 6748784 TI - The dependability of medical encounter diagnostic information. AB - The dependability of medical billing diagnostic information was evaluated using a rating scale developed by Studney and Hakstian. Generalizability theory offers a comprehensive and flexible framework for analyzing problems associated with measures derived from multiple raters. The medical record and billing system diagnostic information from 45 patient encounters were rated according to similarity and value by three physician judges on two occasions. Data were analyzed using a three-way ANOVA design with levels of judges (3), occasions (2), and encounters (45). Examination of variance components and associated generalizability indicated that the judges and occasions factors or the interaction with occasions and other factors contributed little variance. The greatest proportion of variance was attributable to interindividual differences among the encounters and the interaction of judges and encounters. This investigation illustrates the application of a relatively new approach to practical measurement problems, generalizability theory. PMID- 6748785 TI - Intensity of resource utilization in the treatment of myocardial infarction: 1972 and 1979. PMID- 6748786 TI - Continuity of care. An application of visit-based measures. PMID- 6748787 TI - Patient requests and expectations. Definitions and clinical applications. PMID- 6748788 TI - [Radiologic stage in sarcoidosis: correlation with pulmonary gammagraphy with gallium-67, bronchoalveolar lavage and pulmonary function tests]. PMID- 6748789 TI - [Leukopathy in chronic osteomyelitis]. PMID- 6748790 TI - [Testicular recurrences in acute leukemia]. PMID- 6748791 TI - [Chronic serum sickness associated with hepatitis B virus surface antigen]. PMID- 6748792 TI - [Spontaneous subdural hemorrhage of arterial origin: an acute cerebrovascular accident of difficult diagnosis]. PMID- 6748793 TI - [A 61-year-old woman with hematuria and pain in left lumbar fossa]. PMID- 6748794 TI - [2 cases of non-secreting myelomas]. PMID- 6748795 TI - [Felty's syndrome. Initial presentation of rheumatoid arthritis]. PMID- 6748796 TI - [Bilateral recurrent pneumothorax in active pulmonary tuberculosis]. PMID- 6748797 TI - [Anti-HBc and post-transfusion hepatitis B. Problems pending solution]. PMID- 6748798 TI - [Cryptococcus meningitis]. PMID- 6748799 TI - [Burkitt's lymphoma of breast]. PMID- 6748800 TI - [Cholestasis hepatitis caused by erythromycin propionate]. PMID- 6748801 TI - [Calcification of the auricular cartilages in suprarenal insufficiency]. PMID- 6748802 TI - [Acute renal failure with low fractional excretion of sodium]. PMID- 6748803 TI - [The physician, health and the economy ]. PMID- 6748804 TI - [Aortic valve replacement]. PMID- 6748805 TI - [Association of Marchiafava-Bignami disease with centro-pontine myelinosis and Morel's laminar sclerosis: presentation of a case]. PMID- 6748806 TI - [Hypothyroidism with muscular hypertrophy (Hoffmann syndrome): histochemical, histometrical and ultrastructural study of skeletal muscle]. PMID- 6748807 TI - [Family medicine, epidemiological drug research and social pharmacology]. PMID- 6748808 TI - [Exertion and coronary spasm: an uncommon association]. PMID- 6748809 TI - [Diabetes insipidus as an initial manifestation of adenocarcinoma of the colon]. PMID- 6748810 TI - [Acute pericarditis, an unusual complication of Mediterranean boutonneuse fever]. PMID- 6748811 TI - [Is the study of metabolic abnormalities justified in nephrolithiasis?]. PMID- 6748812 TI - [The economic cost of ambulatory medicine. Study of a general medicine practice under the Social Security System]. PMID- 6748813 TI - Symposium on hematology and hematologic malignancies. PMID- 6748814 TI - General principles of the evaluation and therapy of anemias. AB - The etiologic explanation of an anemia is important for the most effective therapy of that anemia. This may also define an underlying disease process. The etiology of the anemia can be achieved by appropriate use of the history, physical examination, and laboratory data. This information may be used to clarify the anemia, define a diagnosis, and direct appropriate therapy. PMID- 6748815 TI - Reversible antagonism between acetylcholine and phenoxybenzamine in isolated atria of guinea-pigs. AB - The antagonism between acetylcholine and phenoxybenzamine on isolated driven left atria of guinea-pigs has been examined. Phenoxybenzamine (10(-6) and 2.5 X 10( 6)M), added to the bath fluid 5 minutes before the administration of acetylcholine (10(-7) - 10(-6)M), caused an almost parallel shift (to the right) in the log dose-response curve of acetylcholine on isolated driven left atria of guinea-pigs. There was no fall in the maximum attainable response induced by acetylcholine. These results were taken to imply a reversible, competitive antagonism between acetylcholine and phenoxybenzamine in isolated atria of guinea pigs. It is suggested that phenoxybenzamine probably combines reversibly (like atropine) with the muscarinic cholinoceptors on the atrial muscle to antagonise, in a competitive manner, the inhibitory action of acetylcholine on isolated atrial myocardium. PMID- 6748816 TI - Effect of lignocaine on monoamine oxidase activity of brain and liver. AB - In vivo administration of a single dose (100-150 mg/kg, i.p.) of lignocaine produces no change in MAO activity, while long-term treatment (50 mg/kg/day for 15 and 30 consecutive days, i.p.) produces a slight but appreciable inhibition of MAO activity with tyramine or serotonin but not with benzylamine as substrate in both rat brain and liver mitochondria. Lignocaine (2-20 mM) inhibits (in vitro) both brain and liver mitochondrial MAO activity, using tyramine, serotonin and benzylamine as substrates, in a concentration-dependent manner. Furthermore, lignocaine produces a marked in vitro inhibition of serotonin and tyramine oxidation in MAO-A and not in MAO-B preparation of rat brain. Ackermann-Potter plots of MAO indicate that lignocaine-induced inhibition of MAO activity is reversible in nature. Lineweaver-Burk plots show that lignocaine (2-10 mM) produces a significant increase in Km and decrease in Vmax of MAO for tyramine and serotonin in both brain and liver. Similarly Km and Vmax values are changed using benzylamine as substrate in the presence of relatively higher concentrations of lignocaine (5-20 mM). These results suggest that lignocaine induced inhibition of mitochondrial membrane-bound MAO activity of both neuronal and non-neuronal tissues is associated with its conformational change. PMID- 6748817 TI - The effects of vincamine on experimental cerebral infarction in Mongolian gerbils: a pilot study. AB - Unilateral ligation of the common carotid artery was performed in 134 gerbils. Study I was comprised of 60 controls and 60 animals receiving I.P. vincamine 1 mg/kg q4h. In a small second study 14 animals received vincamine I.P. 40 mg/kg q12h. In all groups ligation of the carotid artery was performed 6 days after starting dosing. The animals were observed for a further 6 days after carotid artery ligation. Whereas vincamine had no effect on the percent of animals in each group dying after carotid ligation, the extent of stroke lesion, measured histometrically, was significantly reduced (P less than 0.05) in the vincamine treated animals. PMID- 6748818 TI - Partitioning of thioridazine and mesoridazine in human blood fractions. AB - The partitioning of 3H-thioridazine and 3H-mesoridazine in fresh human whole blood was studied. The packed red blood cells were solubilized using the New England Nuclear protocol for whole blood solubilization. The plasma fraction was further fractionated into protein bound and free drug by molecular ultrafiltration. All solutions were counted in Biofluor LSC cocktail and corrected for quenching. Greater than 99% of the labeled drug was bound to the red blood cells and plasma protein. For thioridazine, 59% is bound to RBC, 41% is bound to plasma protein and 0.7% is free; for mesoridazine, 63% is bound to RBC, 37% is bound to plasma protein and 0.9% is free. Though substantial overlap is found in the bound percentage for mesoridazine and thioridazine, more mesoridazine binds to RBC than thioridazine (p less than 0.01). There is no statistically significant relationship between the amount of drug bound to the RBC or to plasma protein and the percent free drug. Though the total drug concentration is the same (1 microgram/ml) the percent free drug is quite variable across subjects by as much as a factor of three. Since free drug is the pharmacologically active portion and therefore determinant of clinical response, the reported variation in free drug concentration at the same total blood concentration invalidates the measurements of total serum or plasma drug concentration as predictive of clinical response. PMID- 6748819 TI - A method for perfusing and ventilating rat lungs in vitro. AB - A method is described for perfusing and ventilating rat lungs in vitro that was developed for pharmacological studies of the pulmonary circulation. A blood physiological salt solution-albumin (Blood-PSS-Alb) mixture is equilibrated with selected gas tensions in an oxygenator circuit composed of a pump, a reservoir and a Kolobow membrane lung. A fraction of this perfusate is diverted to the pulmonary artery of a rat lung, ventilated and suspended in a temperature controlled chamber. Perfusate emerging from the left atrium is returned to the circuit reservoir. This technique allows independent regulation of the perfusate and alveolar gas tension and the temperature, carbon dioxide tension and pH of the system is controlled. The model has been utilized for studies of hypoxic pulmonary vasoconstriction (HPV) and consistent and reproducible responses observed for four hours. Practical details for the preparation, cleaning and successful operation of this system are described herein. PMID- 6748820 TI - Protective effects of various compounds on lysis of antibody-coated sheep erythrocytes by hypotonic shock or complement. AB - The combination of the two well known in vitro methods of hypotonic shock and immune hemolysis employing sheep erythrocytes (E) were used to evaluate membrane stabilization. Direct drug-induced hemolysis of antibody-coated E (EA), protection against hypotonic shock and complement (C)-mediated hemolysis can be recorded from a consecutive preparative procedure to give information to irreversible drug effects. The most active probable working mechanisms are interference with binding sites of the complement membrane attack complex (MAC) and unspecific membrane stabilization. Protection against C-mediated erythrolysis appeared more sensitive than against hypotonic shock. PMID- 6748821 TI - Hepatic mixed-function oxidase system and microsomal lipid peroxidation in rats treated with a synthetic immunomodulator, N-acetylmuramyl-L-alanyl-D-isoglutamine (MDP). AB - Effects of synthetic muramyl dipeptide (MDP) on activity of liver microsomal mixed-function oxidase system and on the susceptibility of liver microsomes to lipid peroxidation, were tested in rats at intervals of 1 or 24 hours after single i.p. injection of MDP (1 mg per animal). No significant changes were found in levels of cytochrome P-450 and b5, microsomal heme, or in activities of aniline hydroxylase, ethylmorphine demethylase, glucuronide transferase or cytosol glutathione-S-transferase. However, significantly less (about 45%) TBA reactive material accumulated in microsomal samples at the 1 h-interval after the MDP administration. The same inhibitory effect of MDP on lipid peroxidation was shown in vitro (in 1 mM concentration) after incubation of microsomes with the NADPH/ADP/Fe system. PMID- 6748822 TI - Impedance cardiography--a reliable method for measuring cardiac function noninvasively. AB - The paper describes a new and further developed assessment for the measuring of cardiac function with impedance cardiography. The method is described in detail including the mathematical equations leading to the results. The relevance for clinical pharmacology is shown by one example with a beta 1-, beta 2-mimetic compound. PMID- 6748823 TI - Segment or syllable? A reaction-time investigation of phonetic processing. PMID- 6748824 TI - Intonational accompaniments of Japanese morphemes wa and ga. PMID- 6748825 TI - Differences in manner of phonation of infant cries: relationship to communicative context. PMID- 6748826 TI - Otosclerosis and endolymphatic hydrops. AB - It has been postulated that otosclerosis may produce vertigo by several mechanisms. One mechanism is by causing endolymphatic hydrops. We present six temporal bones in which otosclerosis and endolymphatic hydrops coexist. We consider that there is a spectrum-like interrelationship between these two entities. At one end of the spectrum the relationship is coincidental, while at the other end of the spectrum we consider the massive amount of active otosclerosis to be a causative factor in the development of the endolymphatic hydrops. PMID- 6748827 TI - Facial paralysis in longitudinal temporal bone fractures: a review of 26 cases. AB - The management of facial nerve injury resulting from temporal bone fracture continues to be a topic of discussion. The indications for surgery as well as the proper timing and extent of surgical exploration are the principal questions debated. This study reviews a large series of patients (26), treated for facial paralysis following a longitudinal temporal bone fracture. The most frequent site of injury was the area of the geniculate ganglion. The injury to the facial nerve was often severe. We recommend early exploration in these cases when electrical studies indicate a severe injury. In most cases a combined mastoid and middle fossa approach is required. PMID- 6748828 TI - Mastoidectomy for acquired cholesteatoma: follow-up to 20 years. AB - The results of 423 mastoidectomies for acquired cholesteatoma were reanalyzed 6 years after the first analysis. The mastoidectomies were placed into three groups: open-cavity, 135 modified radical and 37 radical; obliterated-cavity, 60 modified radical and 20 radical in which the mastoid cavities were obliterated with pedicle muscle grafts; and intact-canal-wall, 69 complete and 102 complete with opening of the facial recess. The following observations were made. The cholesteatoma failure rate increased: for the open-cavity group, from 6% to 7%; obliterated-cavity group, 16% to 18%; intact-canal-wall group, 35% to 45%. The precholesteatoma (retraction pocket) failure rate in the open-cavity and obliterated-cavity groups did not change. In the intact-canal-wall group, recurrent cholesteatomas developed in 8 cases initially classified as precholesteatoma failures. In 9 initially classified as successful, retraction pockets developed and 7 of these went on to recurrent cholesteatomas. Consequently, despite the progressive increase in formation of retraction pockets, the overall incidence dropped from 20% to 16%. Failure due to chronic or frequent recurrent infection did not change in the open-cavity and intact-canal wall groups. However, in the obliterated-cavity group, it increased from 4% to 5%. The overall failure rate increased: open-cavity group, 18% to 19%; obliterated-cavity group, 29% to 30%; intact-canal-wall group, 60% to 66%. PMID- 6748829 TI - The occlusal wafer: simple technique for construction and its use in maxillofacial surgery. AB - The acrylic occlusal wafer is a thin piece of plastic which fits between and indexes the occlusal surfaces of the maxillary and mandibular teeth. This appliance has three functions: it positions the jaws relative to one another; it prevents sliding movement during intermaxillary fixation; and it prevents unwanted orthodontic movement during intermaxillary fixation from the pressure of intermaxillary wires or rubber bands on unsupported teeth. The role of the occlusal wafer is well established in orthognathic surgery where it is used as a key for setting the jaws when osteotomies are performed. It has been underutilized in trauma due to the time and technical expertise required for fabrication. This paper describes a technique which can result in occlusal wafers of surgical quality in about 20 minutes, requires minimal laboratory equipment, and can be mastered by clinical personnel. Four cases are presented which illustrate the use of occlusal wafers and the indications for the device are discussed. PMID- 6748830 TI - Office diagnosis of sinus disorders: the role of ultrasound scanning. AB - The accurate diagnosis of sinus disorders has traditionally depended on history taking, physical examination, and sinus radiographs. Other helpful tools include transillumination, sinus irrigation, and direct sinoscopy. Ultrasound scanning to define and follow the course of sinus disorders, although used for years in Europe, has only recently been introduced in this country. It is characterized as an inexpensive, non-invasive diagnostic aid which does not carry the risk of ionizing radiation. This paper discusses the use of ultrasound scanning in the management of sinus disorders commonly seen in office otolaryngologic practice, comparing it to other diagnostic modalities, and pointing out its advantages and shortcomings. PMID- 6748831 TI - Surgical approaches to malignant tumors of the nasal septum. AB - Malignant tumors of the nasal septum are rare, probably not more than 300 having been reported. Most of these tumors are epidermoid carcinomas; the second most common histologic type is melanoma. Unless diagnosed and treated early, these tumors are lethal. We report five cases, four carcinomas and one melanoma. We recommend a combined approach with early, wide surgical excision and postoperative irradiation therapy. Surgical considerations must include functional and cosmetic restoration as well as adequate excision of the tumor. Prosthetic appliances can be quite helpful in patients with large resections. PMID- 6748832 TI - Visual loss associated with orbital and sinus diseases. AB - Visual loss associated with orbital and sinuses diseases is mainly due to infectious processes, trauma and neoplasm. From 1975 to 1983, we have encountered 34 such cases. The most common cause in our series was infectious processes, either due to aerobic or anaerobic bacteria or fungi (aspergillosis and phycomycosis). Iatrogenic trauma resulting in complete unilateral irreversible blindness was the second most common etiology in the series of cases that came to our attention for several reasons. Three of our patients with complete blindness, even with documented absence of light perception, secondary to infections or mucocele, underwent emergency surgical treatment with successful restoration of vision. Other patients with various degrees of visual loss experienced improvement, often to normal levels, when timely appropriate surgical treatment was applied. Orbital or optic nerve decompression was used according to pathologic findings encountered. High resolution CT scan has been very helpful in precisely pinpointing the lesion. It is also indispensable in the follow-up of orbital abscesses in order to rule out intracranial complications. Blindness with immediate onset secondary to either external or iatrogenic trauma, with rare exceptions, has a dismal prognosis. Early diagnosis and prompt treatment are essential for salvage of vision or even lives of patients affected by such dreadful complications. PMID- 6748833 TI - Twenty-five years' experience treating cerebro-rhino-orbital mucormycosis. AB - Mucormycosis is an acute fungal disease with high mortality exhibiting craniofacial, pulmonary, cutaneous, gastrointestinal and disseminated forms. Cerebro-rhino-orbital (CRO) mucormycosis is the type that most frequently involves the structures of the head and neck. While usually non-pathogenic, these saprophytic organisms can be particularly lethal in chronically debilitated patients. Between the years 1957 and 1982, 18 cases of CRO mucormycosis were seen at the Medical College of Virginia Hospital and the McGuire VA Medical Center. Four illustrative cases of CRO mucormycosis are presented to emphasize: the importance of clinical awareness of the disease, the necessity of tissue biopsy for diagnosis, the need of appropriate management of any underlying disorder, administration of amphotericin-B, and the performance of adequate surgery. PMID- 6748834 TI - Extracranial presentation of craniocervical chordoma. AB - Chordomas are rare tumors of notochordal origin which arise in the sacral, vertebral, and craniocervical areas. Most patients with craniocervical chordomas have either neurological or ophthalmological symptoms. A patient presented with a parotid mass which was initially diagnosed as benign mixed tumor. One and one half years later, this patient was found to have an extensive intracranial tumor which was diagnosed as chordoma. Treatment consisted of subtotal surgical excision and radiotherapy. This case demonstrates an unusual presentation of an unusual tumor and the difficulty that may arise in in diagnosing these tumors. PMID- 6748835 TI - Occult metastases in cancer of the larynx and their relationship to clinical and histological aspects of the primary tumor: a four-year multicentric research. AB - The authors have tried to verify whether some clinical or pathological features of laryngeal cancer may favor the occurrence of occult metastases in the lymph nodes of the neck in N0 cases. The purpose of the investigation was to define the possible existence of tumors, where elective neck dissection, in the absence of palpable nodes, could be done without, thus contributing to settlement of a long debated problem. Different parameters, both clinical and pathological, have been considered. The result of a cross comparison of such parameters in 237 cases of cancer of the larynx without palpable nodes, submitted to surgery on the primary and elective neck dissection, indicates that, although the frequency of occult metastases is significantly related to the site and size of the tumor, its grading, and the degree and type of stromal reaction, the favorable concurrence of all said parameters occurs in 2% of cases only. However, if only clinical parameters, viz. site and size of tumor, are taken into account, a favorable concurrence occurs in 18% of cases with an incidence of occult metastases lower than 2%. These cases are almost exclusively represented by T1N0 supraglottic and T2N0 glottic tumors. We can conclude by saying that clinical and pathological preoperative findings may offer a useful clue in evaluating the risk of occult metastases, and hence advising, or not, an elective neck dissection in N0 cases. Nevertheless, in the vast majority of cases, an elective functional neck dissection still offers the best guarantee of oncologic safety while avoiding unnecessary mutilation. PMID- 6748836 TI - Sphenoid wing meningioma occurring as a lateral orbital mass. AB - The differential diagnosis of a mass presenting in the lateral aspect of the orbit with bony erosion and involving the skin includes many malignancies, predominantly sarcomas. A total evaluation of the mass to include histopathologic characteristics and the true extent of the disease is critical to proper management of the patient. A 68-year-old man was referred for therapy with a diagnosis of fibrosarcoma. Evaluation of the disease revealed contiguous tumor from the right temporal region into the posterior orbit, with displacement of the globe and extension intracranially. During operation a frozen section analysis of the tumor was also interpreted as fibrosarcoma. A craniofacial resection was performed, including orbital exenteration and resection of a large 10 X 12 cm segment of attached dura. There was no evidence of extension into the brain. Final pathologic evaluation of the tumor was meningioma rather than fibrosarcoma. This unusual presentation of a meningioma has never been reported in the medical literature. The difficulty with interpretation of the original biopsies will be discussed, as well as the management of this case PMID- 6748837 TI - Laryngeal tuberculosis: review of twenty cases. AB - Despite a dramatic reduction in incidence of laryngeal tuberculosis over the last three decades, tuberculous involvement still has to be considered in the differential diagnosis of laryngeal lesions. The majority of the 20 cases in our series consists of patients in whom the working diagnosis of carcinoma of the larynx was initially made. These patients presented with the chief complaint of hoarseness of several months duration, frequently associated with dysphagia, but in most cases with chest symptoms that were not prominent despite the fact that most of these patients had far advanced pulmonary tuberculosis. This presentation consists of a detailed analysis of 20 cases, and a discussion of the incidence, pathogenesis, clinical presentation and management of laryngeal tuberculosis. PMID- 6748838 TI - Curved laryngotelescope. AB - The purpose of this paper is to report on a newly developed curved laryngotelescope whose shape allows for smooth insertion through the oral and to the laryngeal cavity. Its principle of image processing involves lenses and prisms, which results in the maximum magnification of x6. Therefore, it is very useful for microscopic examination. We can obtain a clearer picture by this device than by conventional laryngoscopes. Examination with this laryngotelescope is easily performed after only topical application of a local anesthetic and patients experience less pain. PMID- 6748840 TI - Efficient history taking in professional singers. PMID- 6748839 TI - Stridor and obstructive sleep apnea in Shy-Drager syndrome treated by laryngofissure and cord lateralization. AB - A patient with obstructive sleep apnea due to Shy-Drager syndrome, who has been successfully managed by cord lateralization, is presented. This has allowed successful rehabilitation of the patient without prejudicing subsequent surgery, and appears to be an effective procedure in this rare condition. PMID- 6748841 TI - On planning before rhinoplasty. PMID- 6748842 TI - Leprosy of the eye--a general outline. PMID- 6748843 TI - Incubation time of relapses after treatment of paucibacillary leprosy. PMID- 6748844 TI - The association of pregnancy and leprosy--III. Erythema nodosum leprosum in pregnancy and lactation. PMID- 6748845 TI - Short-course multi-drug therapy for paucibacillary patients in Guyana: preliminary communication. PMID- 6748846 TI - Dapsone-resistant leprosy in Addis Ababa: a progress report. PMID- 6748847 TI - Urban leprosy--an appraisal from northern India. PMID- 6748848 TI - High density lipoprotein cholesterol (HDL-C) analysis in leprosy patients. PMID- 6748849 TI - An alcohol test for superficial cutaneous sensibility. PMID- 6748850 TI - XII International Leprosy Congress, New Delhi, India, 20-25 February 1984. PMID- 6748851 TI - Kinetic analysis of the histamine N-methyltransferase reaction as used in the histamine radioenzymatic assay: optimization of assay specificity. AB - The specificity of the histamine N-methyltransferase (HNMT) based radioenzymatic assay for histamine has been questioned since N-alpha-methylhistamine is also a substrate for this enzyme. Purification of HNMT for use in the radioenzymatic assay improves sensitivity and specificity of this procedure. In this investigation, further improvements in specificity, with respect to other HNMT substrates, were attained by optimization of reaction conditions based on the evaluation of HNMT kinetic parameters. These studies demonstrate that appropriate control of reaction temperature and concentration of both the enzyme and the radiolabeled methyl donor improve the specificity of this assay for histamine. PMID- 6748852 TI - Higher sensitivity of cerebral arteries isolated from premature and newborn baboons to adrenergic and cholinergic stimulation. AB - To find whether effects of adrenergic and cholinergic agents on cerebral artery were dependent on maturity, we examined responses of isolated cerebral artery strips harvested from premature, term newborn and adult baboons. Although cerebral arteries from many species are only mildly sensitive to norepinephrine, we found the perinatal cerebral arteries to be quite responsive to the amine. Cerebral arteries from premature and newborn baboons were significantly (P less than 0.001) more sensitive to norepinephrine than were arteries from adults; medium effective concentration (EC50) for norepinephrine were 3 X 10(-8), 6 X 10( 8) and 32 X 10(-8)M for prematures, newborns and adults, respectively. Arteries showed a similar age-dependence in the sensitivity of the response to phenylephrine, an alpha 1-adrenoceptor agonist. EC50 values for KC1 did not differ among groups, nor did the maximum response to norepinephrine. Arteries from premature and newborn baboons showed marked contractile response to acetylcholine (maximum tensions 5.9 +/- 0.6 and 6.4 +/- 0.8 g/mm2, respectively), whereas arteries from adult baboons showed little response (0.6 +/- 0.1 g/mm2). Arteries from premature and newborn animals showed a more marked relaxation response to isoproterenol than did arteries from adult animals; the degree of relaxation from an induced contraction was 63% (premature), 72% (newborn) and 10% (adult). There was no age-dependence in the relaxation response to sodium nitrite. We conclude that the events coupling alpha 1, beta or muscarinic receptor activation with cerebral arterial contraction or relaxation are more effective in perinatal than in adult baboons. PMID- 6748853 TI - Localization of vasopressin in synaptic vesicles of extra-hypothalamic rat brain. AB - The subcellular localization of vasopressin (VP) from extra-hypothalamic areas of rat brain was investigated by measuring its distribution (a) along a continuous sucrose gradient; (b) during the preparation of isolated nerve endings (synaptosomes) and (c) during the preparation of synaptic vesicles. Quite large amounts of vasopressin are isolated in the same fractions as mitochondria, as well as synaptosomes. Osmotic rupture of membrane bound organelles in the homogenate results in the vasopressin being measured largely in the fraction containing synaptic vesicles. These results would suggest that vasopressin could be released by nerve terminals which is consistent with the hypothesis that it may have a neurotransmitter/neuromodulator function in the CNS. PMID- 6748854 TI - GABA modulation of cholinergic transmission in rat oviduct. AB - The effects of electrical stimulation, gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA), acetylcholine (ACh), norepinephrine (NE), 5-hydroxytryptamine (5-HT), GABA agonists and bicuculline were studied on spontaneous movements of isolated rat oviduct. The tissue did not respond to electrical stimulation or to GABA, NE and 5-HT when added to the incubation medium. ACh produced contractions related to its concentration which were maximal at the diestrous-1 phase when GABA caused a 20% rise in the ACh contraction. This effect was mimicked by GABA agonists whereas it was suppressed by bicuculline. beta-Estradiol benzoate (EB) increased ACh contractions in diestrous-1 and in the late proestrous phases. GABA did not modify the EB effect. Progesterone did not modify ACh contractions in any of the studied phases. These findings suggest a possible modulatory role for GABA on ACh responses in the isolated rat oviduct. PMID- 6748855 TI - The effects of ouabain in the medullary site of the hypotensive action of clonidine. AB - Blood pressure was studied in pentobarbital anesthetized rats and cats after central administration of ouabain. Intracerebroventricular (i.c.v.) injections caused a classical biphasic effect, a short lasting hypotension followed by a hypertensive phase. When injected directly into the nucleus reticularis lateralis region (NRL), ouabain (0.01-2 micrograms/kg) caused a dose-dependent pressor effect. In the same region, kryptofix 221, a sodium complexing agent, produced a fall in blood pressure. Moreover, central administration of ouabain prevented the hypotensive effect of i.v. clonidine whereas the central hypotensive effect of muscimol was not affected. It is concluded that sodium movements play an important role in the blood pressure regulation within the NRL region. We also report here that ouabain antagonizes the hypotensive effect of clonidine suggesting that sodium movement might be the essential link of this action. PMID- 6748856 TI - Release of endogenous dopamine from tuberoinfundibular neurons. AB - Release of endogenous dopamine(DA) from arcuate-periventricular nucleus-median eminence fragments has been analyzed in an in vitro static incubation system. Exposure of these hypothalamic fragments to increasing concentrations of K+ ions produced a dose-dependent release of endogenous DA. The highest rate of K+ stimulated DA efflux occurred in the first 10 minutes, thereafter it progressively declined reaching prestimulated levels at 30 minutes. If two consecutive depolarizing stimuli of 40 mM KCl were applied to the same hypothalamic fragment, after a 40 minutes rest period, an equivalent release of endogenous DA occurred. Removal of Ca++ ions from the incubation medium containing the Ca++ chelator EGTA caused a decrease of basal DA efflux and completely prevented the K+-induced release of DA. Furthermore when verapamil, a blocker of Ca++ entrance, was added to the incubation medium in a concentration of 50 microM, the K+-induced DA efflux was completely counteracted, whereas spontaneous release was unmodified. Finally nomifensine, a potent blocker of DA uptake, added in vitro in a final concentration of 10 microM, significantly reinforced K+-induced release of endogenous DA. Since nomifensine did not modify basal DA release, this study confirmed its prevalent uptake blocking property rather than its releasing action on DA. PMID- 6748857 TI - "Calcium antagonists" and "calcium agonists": is there a place in pharmacology for these two misnomers? PMID- 6748858 TI - Differences in Ca2+ mobilization induced by alpha-adrenergic agonist and phosphatidic acid in cultured hepatocytes. AB - In an attempt to elucidate the relationship between phosphatidylinositol breakdown and alpha-adrenergic responses, effects of phosphatidic acid and phosphatidylinositol related metabolites on Ca2+ mobilization and glucose output in cultured hepatocytes were examined. Norepinephrine induced the net 45Ca2+ efflux from preloaded cells and stimulated glucose output via alpha-adrenergic receptor stimulation, whereas phosphatidic acid caused 45Ca2+ uptake to cells and did not stimulate glucose output. Myo-inositol-monophosphate, diglyceride and arachidonic acid, which are released by phosphatidylinositol breakdown, had no effect on 45Ca2+ efflux and glucose output in cells. These results suggest that phosphatidic acid and phosphatidylinositol related metabolites can not mimic the alpha-adrenergic actions in cultured hepatocytes. PMID- 6748859 TI - Role of norepinephrine in regulating the activity of serotonin-containing dorsal raphe neurons. AB - Previous studies have yielded conflicting results concerning the role of noradrenergic afferents to the dorsal raphe nucleus in regulating the activity of serotonergic neurons. In the present study, we recorded the activity of serotonin containing dorsal raphe neurons in mouse brain slices in vitro under the following conditions: (a) no treatment, (b) phenylephrine added to the incubation medium, (c) in tissue obtained from mice that were anesthetized with halothane, (d) same condition as c, with phenylephrine added to the incubation medium, and (e) same as condition c, with the addition of bicuculline to the incubation medium. The data revealed that the neurons recorded with no treatment exhibited a spontaneous discharge rate of 3.40 +/- 0.29 spikes/sec and a cell/tract ratio of 1.15, while cells recorded from tissue slices obtained from halothane anesthetized mice exhibited a discharge rate of 2.01 +/- 0.27 spikes/sec and a cell/track ratio of 0.58. Addition of phenylephrine to the incubation media in slices obtained from anesthetized mice increased both the discharge rate (4.23 +/ 0.30 spikes/sec) and cell/tract ratio (1.28). Similarly, addition of bicuculline to the incubation media increased both the discharge rate (4.09 +/- 0.46 spikes/sec) and cell/tract ratio (1.21) in mouse brain slices obtained from anesthetized animals. Thus, we conclude that a noradrenergic input (which is removed in the tissue slice preparation) is not necessary to maintain the spontaneous activity of serotonergic dorsal raphe units. Halothane anesthesia depressed the activity of these neurons, presumably by releasing GABA from interneurons. Finally, while dorsal raphe neurons are not dependent upon an excitatory noradrenergic input to maintain their spontaneous activity, these neurons can be excited by noradrenergic afferents under certain conditions. PMID- 6748860 TI - Association of leucogenenol, a thymothyroid hormone, with carrier proteins in the thymus. AB - Leucogenenol a heterocyclic enolic thymothyroid hormone (MW 383) whose concentration in the serum regulates the rate at which already committed cells of the bone marrow develop into functional cells, was found to be associated in the thymus with a carrier protein. The carrier protein for leucogenenol is not precipitated by heating to 80 degrees but following this treatment leucogenenol is precipitated in association with proteins precipitated by acetone and then by saturated ammonium sulfate. On chromatography on Sephacryl G-200 it was found that leucogenenol was associated with proteins of MW approximately 38,000. Leucogenenol is not eluted from the chromatographic column if it is not associated with its carrier proteins. It is suggested that other hormones such as those associated with the reproductive cycle or compounds that result from tissue damage induce the liberation of leucogenenol from its carrier protein in the thymus to the circulation where it is associated as previously described, with a protein of approximately MW 300,000. PMID- 6748861 TI - Intracellular free [Ca2+] in circulating lymphocytes of spontaneously hypertensive rats. AB - In the light of previous reports suggesting a common abnormality of Ca handling in most tissues of hypertensive humans and rats, we applied a novel technique using the fluorescent probe Quin 2 for measurement of cytosolic free Ca2+ in lymphocytes of spontaneously hypertensive rats (SHR). (Ca2+)i is increased in SHR (122.1 +/- 7.4 nM) versus normotensive Wistar-Kyoto (WKY) control rats (81.1 +/- 6.3 nM) Membrane exchange, as challenged by varying the extracellular Ca concentration over a 10(5)-fold range proved to be relatively unimportant in regulating (Ca2+)i and did not significantly affect the difference between SHR and WKY. Catecholamines and ouabain had no appreciable effect on (Ca2+)i. The mechanisms of increased (Ca2+)i in SHR lymphocytes remain to be fully elucidated. PMID- 6748862 TI - Beta-adrenoceptor mediated inhibition of behavioral action of desipramine and of central noradrenergic activity in forced swimming rats. AB - The immobility-reducing action of desipramine (DMI) in forced swimming rats was attenuated by intracerebroventricular (i.c.v.) injection of isoproterenol (ISO) and potentiated by i.c.v. atenolol (ATE), a beta 1-adrenoceptor antagonist. The effect of ISO was blocked by ATE. When administered i.c.v. in normal rats, ISO reduced the contents of 3-methoxy-4-hydroxyphenylethyleneglycol sulfate (MHPG SO4), a major metabolite of noradrenaline, in the septal area, thalamus and hypothalamus while ATE had no effect in most of the brain regions. However, in forced swimming rats treated with DMI, ISO reduced MHPG-SO4 in 6 out of 8 brain regions tested and conversely, ATE increased the levels in the amygdala, septal area and hypothalamus. Similar to the behavioral effect, the effect of ISO was antagonized by ATE. These results support the hypothesis that central beta 1 adrenergic mechanisms inhibit the immobility-reducing action of DMI by reducing the activity of noradrenergic neurons in the brain. PMID- 6748863 TI - Activation and detoxification of bromobenzene in extrahepatic tissues. AB - Bromobenzene causes hepatic and extrahepatic toxicity in rats. Toxicity is related to the presence of covalently bound material in these tissues. A major bromobenzene metabolite, p-bromophenol, has been shown to give rise to covalently bound material in liver, lung and kidney in vivo, but is not toxic. p-Bromophenol is formed from bromobenzene in liver, lung and kidney microsomes and is subsequently metabolized to 4-bromocatechol and covalently bound material. Bromobenzene-3,4-oxide generated in situ by liver microsomes, is detoxified by kidney, liver and lung cytosol. The results suggest that the kidney toxicity caused by bromobenzene is probably not mediated by either bromobenzene-3,4-oxide or the reactive metabolites of p-bromophenol. In contrast, bromobenzene-3, 4 oxide may play a role in the lung toxicity observed after bromobenzene administration. However, the covalently bound material found in extrahepatic tissues may be derived from both bromobenzene-3,4-oxide or the reactive metabolites of p-bromophenol, which may be formed directly by these tissues or transported there from the liver. PMID- 6748864 TI - Tolerance to ethanol-induced contractions of vascular smooth muscle: role of endothelium. AB - Ethanol, at high concentrations, produced a dose-dependent contraction of male rat aortic rings, in vitro. Mechanical removal of endothelial cells from aortic rings of control rats resulted in a small, but significant, shift of the ethanol dose-response curve to the right without a change in the maximal contraction. Removing the endothelial cells of aortic rings obtained from rats intoxicated with ethanol for two days significantly shifted the ethanol dose-response curve to the left and significantly increased the maximal contraction induced by ethanol. A comparison of the ethanol dose-response curves in aortic rings with endothelium obtained from control rats with those obtained from intoxicated rats indicated a significant shift to the right with no change in maximal response. No significant changes were observed when the responses of aortic rings without endothelium obtained from control and intoxicated rats were compared. These observations confirm that tolerance to ethanol can be demonstrated in vascular smooth muscle. In addition, they demonstrate that the endothelium is required for the development of tolerance to ethanol in the aorta. PMID- 6748865 TI - Brain dialysis in conscious rats confirms in vivo electrochemical evidence that dopaminergic stimulation releases ascorbate. AB - The first faradiac peak in the voltammogram at +0.12 volts vs an Ag/AgCl reference recorded using a carbon paste working electrode results primarily from the oxidation of extracellular ascorbic acid (AA) with lesser contributions from dopamine (DA) and 3,4-dihydroxyphenylacetic acid (DOPAC). The rise in this peak following DA agonist treatment cannot be explained by changes in DA or DOPAC levels since these would be expected to decrease. We carried out brain dialysis and in vivo voltammetry studies in parallel to determine the identity of the substances released into the striatal extracellular fluid by the DA agonist, pergolide, and the dopamine releaser, d-amphetamine. PMID- 6748866 TI - The antagonistic action of 6-aminomethyl-3-methyl-4H,1,2, 4-benzothiadiazine-1,1 dioxide (TAG) on the prolactin-releasing action of taurine. AB - The action of the putative taurine antagonist 6-aminomethyl-3-methyl-4H-1, 2,4 benzothiadiazine-1,1 dioxide (TAG) was examined on the prolactin-releasing action of taurine. The study utilized unanesthetized male rats with indwelling jugular and cerebroventricular cannulas. The intracerebroventricular (I.C.V.) infusion of taurine (0.5 mumole) elicited an increase in prolactin (PRL) secretion elevating plasma levels significantly by 10 min. The I.C.V. infusion of TAG (0.01 mumole) did not alter baseline plasma PRL levels. When a combined I.C.V. infusion of taurine and TAG was given the PRL levels normally induced by taurine were significantly reduced. Neither taurine nor the antagonist TAG altered pituitary secretion of luteinizing hormone. PMID- 6748867 TI - Species difference of liver cytosolic fatty acid-binding protein in rat, mouse and guinea pig. AB - Binding properties of liver cytosolic protein for oleic acid, palmitoyl-CoA and bromosulphophthalein (BSP) were compared for rat, mouse and guinea pig. Hepatic cytosol of rat, mouse and guinea pig contained proteins with a molecular weight of ca. 12,000 and had an affinity for [1-14C]-oleic acid. The concentration of fatty acid-binding protein (FABP) was almost the same in livers of the animals of the 3 species and was ca. 50 micrograms/mg cytosolic protein. Electrophoretic studies revealed that FABP from hepatic cytosol of rat, mouse and guinea pig, purified with affinity chromatography, are distinct from one another in terms of their charge. FABP of rat liver was capable of binding any 3 ligands--oleic acid, palmitoyl-CoA and BSP--at relatively high binding capacity. FABP of mouse liver also bound oleic acid and palmitoyl-CoA to a great extent, but its binding capacity for BSP was only one-third that of rat liver. FABP of guinea pig liver bound less oleic acid and palmitoyl-CoA than rat liver, whereas it had almost the same binding capacity for BSP as rat liver. PMID- 6748868 TI - Effects of bile acid oxazolines on gallstone formation in prairie dogs. AB - The effects of 2 bile acid analogs, chenodeoxy-oxazoline [2-(3 alpha, 7 alpha dihydroxy-24-nor-5 beta-cholanyl)-4,4-dimethyl-2-oxazoline] and ursodeoxy oxazoline [2-(3 alpha, 7 beta-dihydroxy-24-nor-5 beta-cholanyl)-4,4-dimethyl-2 oxazoline] were examined in the prairie dog model of cholesterol cholelithiasis. Gallstones and biliary cholesterol crystals were induced in 5 out of 6 male prairie dogs fed a semisynthetic diet containing 0.4% cholesterol for 8 weeks. Six animals maintained on a low cholesterol control diet (0.08% cholesterol) exhibited neither gallstones nor biliary cholesterol crystals. The addition of 0.06% chenodeoxy-oxazoline to the lithogenic diet did not prevent induced cholelithiasis or the appearance of cholesterol crystals in bile. In contrast, 0.06% dietary ursodeoxy-oxazoline prevented gallstones in 5 out of 6 prairie dogs (but cholesterol crystals were present in the bile of 4 of these animals). Histologically, most of the livers from the prairie dogs fed the cholesterol supplemented semisynthetic diet showed bile duct proliferation, inflammatory infiltration and fibrosis along the portal tracts. These pathologic changes were generally not ameliorated by adding chenodeoxy-oxazoline or chenodeoxy-oxazoline plus chenodeoxycholic acid to the diet. Portal tract pathology was markedly reduced in most animals by adding ursodeoxy-oxazoline to the cholesterol supplemented diet. The pathologic changes overall could best be correlated with the presence of gallstones, but not with the incidence of biliary cholesterol crystals. PMID- 6748869 TI - Determination of the composition of mixed micelles of bile salts by kinetic dialysis. AB - A kinetic dialysis method for determining the critical micelle concentration and the composition of mixed micelles has been adapted to study a binary system of bile acids. Using kinetic dialysis, the critical micelle concentrations of taurocholate, deoxycholate and taurodeoxycholate were determined. Monomer analysis was performed by colorimetric and radioactive tracer techniques on aliquots of the dialysates. Similarly, the composition of mixed micelles made from various molar fractions of deoxycholate and taurocholate containing tritium and 14C tracers were determined by this method. The results suggest that, for these bile acids, mixed micelle composition is largely predicted by the molar composition of the binary system. Kinetic dialysis has proven to be a rapid procedure and to yield results that agree with critical micelle concentration values previously reported. PMID- 6748870 TI - Analytic ultracentrifuge calibration and determination of lipoprotein-specific refractive increments. AB - Accurate quantification of the major classes and subfractions of human serum lipoproteins is an important analytical need in the characterization and evaluation of therapy of lipid and lipoprotein abnormalities. For calibrating the analytic ultracentrifuge (AnUC), we routinely use a Beckman calibration wedge cell with parallel scribed lines 1 cm apart. Such a cell gives a rectangular pattern in the schlieren diagram, which determines magnification and also provides an area corresponding to an invariant refractive increment. We have independently validated this wedge calibration cell using a special boundary forming cell in which 1.174% sucrose is overlayered with distilled water. Comparing wedge cell area with extrapolated zero time boundary area refractive increment gives agreement to within less than 1%, corresponding to a refractive increment error of +/- 0.00002 delta n. Complete calibration for AnUC analysis of lipoproteins also requires accurate determination of the specific refractive increments (SRI) of the major lipoprotein classes, namely low density lipoprotein (LDL) and high density lipoprotein (HDL). These are measured in the density in which they are analyzed, i.e., 1.061 g/ml for LDL and 1.200 g/ml for HDL. Five fresh serum samples were fractionated for total LDL and total HDL and their SRI determined. Total lipoprotein mass was determined using precise CHN elemental analysis and compositional analyses. The results yielded corrected SRI of 0.00142 and 0.00135 delta n/g/100 ml for LDL and HDL. Thus, our current values using 0.00154 and 0.00149 delta n/g/100 ml underestimate LDL and HDL by 9% and 11%. Corrections of all previous LDL and HDL AnUC data can be made using appropriate factors of 1.087 and 1.106. PMID- 6748871 TI - Behavior of sugar derivatives in procedures for ganglioside isolation. AB - A common method of studying ganglioside metabolism is to measure the amounts of radioactivity incorporated into ganglioside from a radiolabeled precursor. This requires that radioactive nonganglioside material be completely removed from the ganglioside fraction. Nucleotide sugars and aminosugars comprise an important source of such contaminants. Therefore, we have studied their behaviors in several procedures currently employed to isolate gangliosides. Over 50% of the radioactivity associated with several nucleotide sugars added to a brain homogenate is extracted with chloroform/methanol (2:1, v/v), and most of this is recovered in the upper phase of a Folch partition. Dialysis against water removes almost all of the free aminosugar but only 70% of nucleotide sugar. Treatment with alkaline phosphatase, phosphodiesterase and alkaline methanol followed by dialysis removes almost all of the nucleotide diphosphate sugars but only 88% of cytidine 5'-monophosphate sialic acid (CMP-NeuAc). Nucleotide sugars cannot be separated from gangliosides by Unisil or Iatrobead chromatography, but nucleotide diphosphate sugars and gangliosides are resolved with Sephadex LH-20 chromatography following treatment with phosphodiesterase and alkaline phosphatase. CMP-NeuAc was not satisfactorily separated from gangliosides using any of the procedures. PMID- 6748872 TI - Delta agent infection: an unfavourable event in HBsAg positive chronic hepatitis. AB - To investigate the clinical value of delta agent infection in HBsAg positive chronic hepatitis, we detected anti-delta antibody (anti-delta) in serum and delta antigen (delta-Ag) on sequential liver biopsies of nine patients with HBsAg positive CPH and 45 patients with HBsAg-positive CAH without cirrhosis observed for at least 2 years. The initial group of patients with CAH was composed of 54 patients who were consecutively either left untreated or treated with 15 mg of prednisolone daily. Nine patients dropped out. Delta-Ag was searched by the direct immunofluorescence technique. HBsAg, anti-delta, HBeAg and anti-HBe were detected by RIA. All CPH patients were delta-Ag negative in the 1st liver biopsy and anti-delta negative in serum. Out of these nine patients, seven remained delta-Ag negative CPH throughout the observation and the remaining two became delta-Ag positive, anti-delta positive and developed CAH. The 73% of patients with CAH were delta-Ag positive on the 1st biopsy and anti-delta positive in serum. The patients in the delta-Ag positive group (24 were always delta-Ag positive and two became delta-Ag positive during the observation) more frequently than those in the delta-Ag negative group (10 were always delta-Ag negative and nine became delta-Ag negative during the study) showed deterioration or died (77 vs. 16%; P less than 0.001). Neither in the delta-Ag positive group nor in the delta-Ag negative group did prednisolone modify the course of the disease.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS) PMID- 6748873 TI - Hepatitis B virus DNA (HBV-DNA) in anti-HBe positive sera. AB - HBV-DNA measured by the spot hybridization technique, was found in the sera of 28 of 106 (26.4%) anti-HBe positive carriers of HBsAg. Dane particle-associated HBeAg, HBcAg and HBV-specific DNA-polymerase activity were found in the sera of nine (8.5%), five (4.7%) and two (1.9%) of these patients, respectively. All carriers with serum HBV-DNA had chronic liver disease and 18 had intrahepatic delta-Ag and serum anti-delta at titers higher than 1/5000. Intrahepatic HBcAg was detected in the nuclei of 90% of delta negative individuals; 50% of them also had cytoplasmic fluorescence. Only two of the 18 patients with intrahepatic delta Ag (11%) had HBcAg in the liver. Viral nucleic acid was not found in the sera of 15 other patients with chronic hepatitis, seven of whom had intrahepatic delta Ag. Serum HBV-DNA was also negative in the remaining 63 symptomless carriers of HBsAg lacking markers of delta infection. Interestingly, although DNA-polymerase negative, some sera gave autoradiographic spots of high optical density. HBV-DNA was detected in them at concentrations typical of sera which are usually both DNA polymerase and HBeAg positive. Detection of HBV-DNA in serum represents the most direct and sensitive in vitro assay for assessing HBV infectivity and characterizes HBsAg carriers with HBV-related liver damage and ongoing HBV replication independently from the state of HBeAg/anti-HBe system. In the Mediterranean area, the majority of anti-HBe positive carriers with serum HBV-DNA have chronic liver disease and delta infection. PMID- 6748874 TI - Epidemiology of primary biliary cirrhosis. AB - A multi-national survey of the clinical and epidemiological aspects of primary biliary cirrhosis (PBC) has been conducted in 10 countries in Western Europe, surveying a population of over 24 million. The prevalence on 31 December, 1981 was 23/million, but this showed a marked variation from centre to centre for reasons which are not clear. The annual incidence of PBC has remained constant at about 4/million over the past 4 years, while the point prevalence has continued to rise, suggesting that the true prevalence may be rather higher than present figures suggest. The female: male sex ratio is 10:1, but in stages I & II this ratio is 6.5:1 compared with 11.4:1 in stages III & IV. Possible reasons for this are discussed. PMID- 6748875 TI - Value of serum immunoglobulins in the diagnosis of liver disease. AB - Serum immunoglobulins were determined in 145 consecutive patients with biopsy proven steatosis, alcoholic hepatitis, alcoholic hepatitis with fibrosis, alcoholic hepatitis with cirrhosis, inactive cirrhosis, chronic active alcoholic hepatitis, chronic active hepatitis, primary biliary cirrhosis and nonspecific hepatitis. IgM was both a sensitive (90.5%) and specific (86.2%) marker for primary biliary cirrhosis, and mean IgM levels were higher in primary biliary cirrhosis than in other diagnostic categories (p less than 0.05). IgA levels were most commonly elevated in alcoholic liver disease (p less than 0.005). IgA detected 95% of alcoholic disease, but was poorly specific (41.1%). A trend of rising IgA with increasing severity of alcoholic injury was observed, but the differences were not significant. IgG was most commonly elevated in chronic active hepatitis and alcoholic hepatitis with cirrhosis, but the IgG values did not differ significantly from those found in other diagnostic categories. Our results substantiate assertions of a diagnostic sensitivity for elevated IgA in alcoholic liver disease and IgM in primary biliary cirrhosis. With the exception of IgM in primary biliary cirrhosis, however, serum immunoglobulins are not specific markers of liver histology. PMID- 6748876 TI - A simple HPLC method for the determination of urate in serum and urine using 8 chlorotheophylline as internal standard. PMID- 6748877 TI - Measurement of erythrocyte glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase activity using a centrifugal analyzer. PMID- 6748878 TI - Today's antibiotics--the way ahead. PMID- 6748879 TI - Laboratory tests: where should they be performed? PMID- 6748880 TI - Clinical chemistry equipment outside laboratories. PMID- 6748881 TI - [Gastroscintigraphy in the evaluation of gastric emptying in patients with duodenal ulcer before and after surgical treatment]. AB - While analysing 246 gastroscintigrams in 186 patients with duodenal ulcer prior to and at varying times after surgery 6 types of the evacuatory curves in preoperative examination have been defined (normal, degree I acceleration, degree I-IV evacuatory retardation) as well as 8 types of the curves after different types of organ sparing operations with vagotomies (degree I-II acceleration, a curve which was close to normal and I-IV degree evacuatory retardation). Gastroscintigraphy results make it possible to specify and quantify changes in stomach evacuatory function in order to select an optimum surgical method and to give an objective evaluation of the results of different types of vagotomy used for the treatment of duodenal ulcer. PMID- 6748882 TI - [Hepatobiliary scintigraphy in the diagnosis of common bile duct cysts in children]. AB - A cyst of the common bile duct, the most frequent variant of cystic dilatation of the extrahepatic biliary tract, presents a serious diagnostic problem. Using serial scintigraphy with 99mTc-HIDA 13 children with cysts of the common bile duct confirmed by the results of operative cholangiography, were examined. In 8 of them a radionuclide study was performed at varying times after operation (cyst extirpation with the establishing of hepatoenteroanastomosis--4 patients, and variants of internal drainage operations--4 patients). Typical scintigraphic signs were the following: sacculated or spheroidal dilatation of the common bile duct in combination with dilatation of the left (7), right (1) or both lobular bile ducts, absence of the gall bladder visualization. In the first 15 min of examination in large size cysts zones of the lowered accumulation of the radiopharmaceutical agent were revealed in the area of the portal fissure. Indicators of absorptive-excretory hepatic function changed mainly in children with spheroid-shaped cysts demonstrating alongside with the time of intestinal visualization the degree of disorder of permeability of the choledoch distal parts. The recovery of the anatomic-functional state of the biliferous system occurred earlier (up to 1.5 year) in children after cyst extirpation than after internal drainage operations. It manifested itself in returning the diameter of the bile ducts to normal and in the improvement of absorptive-excretory hepatic function. PMID- 6748883 TI - [Effectiveness of repeated radiotherapy in patients with laryngeal cancer]. AB - The authors present the results of repeated radiotherapy of 86 patients with laryngeal cancer; of them 64 (74.4%) had local recurrences, 13 (15.2%) extended tumor growth and 9 (10.4%) metastases to the neck lymph nodes. Immediate cure was achieved in 36 (42%) patients, the volume of involvement not exceeding 1 cm3 irrespective of the site of a recurrence in the larynx. Long-term results were followed up in 74 patients after repeated irradiation. Thirty-seven patients have been alive from 1 to 13 years, disease extension was noted in 13, 19 patients were operated upon, and 5 died of laryngeal cancer. Late radiation complications were revealed in 13 (17.5%) patients. Basing on the previous results (V. V. Kholin, 1979, 1981) one can conclude that in order to avoid radiation complications the summary focal dose in repeated irradiation should not exceed in an equivalent value the optimum single therapeutic dose of 24 Gy with reference to 1 cm3 of the involvement volume. PMID- 6748884 TI - [Radiotherapy of cancer of the stump of the cervix uteri]. AB - The paper is concerned with the results of combined radiotherapy provided to 68 patients with cancer of the cervix uteri stump. An impossibility of homogenous irradiation of the whole affected organ due to its anatomic specificities during intracavitary gamma-therapy following the prior supravaginal amputation of the uterus results in a dose deficiency in the cupola of the cervix uteri stump which should be made up for by gamma-beam therapy. It makes it possible to achieve the 5-year survival in 81.8% of patients. PMID- 6748885 TI - [Radiotherapy in degenerative-dystrophic and inflammatory diseases of the osteoarticular system]. AB - Analysis of a 3-6-year follow-up of 565 patients with deforming arthrosis, spondylosis, osteochondrosis, spondylarthrosis and calcareous bursitis indicates the efficacy of the proposed standardized complex of topometric and roentgenotherapeutic methods. Medical and social rehabilitation was achieved in most of the patients. The quantitative assessment of the therapeutic results makes it possible to interpret them objectively and unambiguously. PMID- 6748886 TI - [Integral dose and evaluation of the volume of irradiated tissue]. PMID- 6748888 TI - [Energy dependence of dosimetric equipment operating in the long-wave roentgen radiation range]. PMID- 6748887 TI - [Dose distribution near radiation sources in contact radiotherapy]. PMID- 6748889 TI - [Interstitial radiotherapy of squamous cell carcinoma of the anal canal]. PMID- 6748890 TI - [Comparative diagnostic effectiveness of different radionuclide methods in patients with nodular goiter]. PMID- 6748891 TI - [Clinico-roentgenological characteristics of aneurysmal cysts of the tubular bones]. PMID- 6748892 TI - [Possible effect of methodological errors on the accuracy of diagnostic conclusions in thermographic examination of patients]. PMID- 6748893 TI - [Structure and catabolism of DNA in bone marrow and spleen cells exposed to tritium oxide and 137Cs gamma radiation]. PMID- 6748894 TI - [The EO2-01 automated electrooculography system]. AB - The system EO2-01 is intended for diagnostic electrooculographic examinations of the constant retina potentials in humans and animals. The intensity and the duration of light stimuli are preset. The system performs measuring, processing and recording electrooculograms as well as their amplitude- and time-dependent parameters. The algorithms for data processing built by the conventional method and by the method of the pulse electrooculography are described. A flow chart of the system is presented with the description of its functioning, main specifications are also given. The system permits more objective evaluation and the considerable expansion of diagnostic capabilities during electrooculographic examinations of ocular and general diseases. PMID- 6748895 TI - [Effect of the x-ray tube anode current on the intensity and energy spectrum of the radiation]. AB - Operating modes of the X-ray equipment that determine the energy spectrum of the X-radiation have been experimentally studied. Based on the spectrum analysis performed with a multichannel analyzer and a computer the quantitative relations are derived demonstrating the impact of the current and voltage waveform upon the effective radiation energy for several types of X-ray devices. The correlation tables of the X-ray equipment voltage for various rectification circuits are presented. PMID- 6748896 TI - [Adaptive time selector for the information elements of electrocardiographic signals]. AB - The functional diagram of the adaptive time selector is described, and some experimental results are given. With the device, a considerable increase in noise immunity of instruments to measure and control ECG informative signs becomes possible when recording ECG under conditions of the patient motor activity. PMID- 6748897 TI - [Medical Worker's Day]. PMID- 6748898 TI - [The sinus VK experimental apparatus for assisted circulation]. AB - Presented in the paper is the unit for cardiosynchronized extra- and intracorporal control in the course of the intensive therapy of patients with acute cardiac failure. It provides several methods of the assisted circulation and can be used in clinical cardiology, surgery and reanimation departments. Main specifications, the structure and the principle of functioning are given. The prototype testing has shown that "CHHyc B K" can be used to advantage in clinical practice and should be introduced for the full - scale production. PMID- 6748899 TI - [Method of computing the geometrical parameters of contact lenses]. AB - Contact lenses of home-made production are classified, and the methodology of computing their structural elements for several types of lenses is presented. Some design features of the parameters are considered with regard to the properties of the water-receptive material used for soft lenses. PMID- 6748900 TI - [Measures for raising the efficiency of invention and patent-licensing work in a technical field]. PMID- 6748901 TI - [A system of work safety standards. X-ray diagnostic offices. Safety requirements (OST 42-21-15--83)]. PMID- 6748902 TI - [Use of 2-30 BD 11-150 and 14-30 BD-10-150 type x-ray tubes in the radiator of the Seriomet fluorographic apparatus]. PMID- 6748903 TI - [The RMS-1 rectomicroscope]. PMID- 6748904 TI - [The Hy-VS-1 hysteroscope with fiber light guide]. PMID- 6748905 TI - [The Am-VS-2 amnioscope with fiber light guide]. PMID- 6748906 TI - [The ONVS-1 head illuminator with fiber light guide]. PMID- 6748907 TI - [The NIO-VS ophthalmological instrument set with fiber light guides]. PMID- 6748908 TI - [The NEI-02 endoscopic attachment for measuring the size of objects]. PMID- 6748909 TI - [Method of measuring human body temperature with a decimeter radiothermometer]. AB - The technique of absolute measurements of an internal human body temperature is proposed from the estimation of the intrinsic heat radiation over the radiofrequency range. Its principle is based on the thermodynamic equilibrium of the radiometer inputs. The method and the equipment are capable of providing measurements of the average depth temperature with the accuracy of +/- 0.1. PMID- 6748910 TI - [B. E. Votchal's SFON-01 stethophonendoscope]. PMID- 6748911 TI - [The UDS-1 humidifiers for respiratory gas mixtures]. PMID- 6748912 TI - [A gurney chair]. PMID- 6748913 TI - [A folding wheelchair for adults]. PMID- 6748914 TI - [A tabletop rack for hanging blood containers]. PMID- 6748915 TI - The effect of exercise training on human hypertension: a review. AB - Numerous sources of information in both the medical and exercise physiology areas state that exercise training lowers blood pressure at rest and during submaximal exercise in normotensive and hypertensive individuals. Based on these statements, the medical community is currently recommending regular exercise as a non pharmacological therapy for reducing blood pressure in hypertensive patients. The purpose of this review was to assess the existing literature in this area to determine whether a basis exists for this recommendation. Our findings indicate that most of the studies reviewed reported modest reductions in blood pressure (means less than or equal to 10 mmHg) at rest and during submaximal exercise after training. However, even the modest reductions in blood pressure reported in these studies must be interpreted with caution because of numerous methodological shortcomings and inadequate study design, most notably the omission of non exercising hypertensive control groups. Therefore, the evidence available at the present time is inadequate to recommend exercise training as a non pharmacological therapy in hypertension. PMID- 6748916 TI - Current concepts in the role of steroids in the treatment of sprains and strains. AB - With the development of nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs, the use of corticosteroids in the treatment of sprains and strains has greatly diminished. They are used occasionally in the treatment of tendinitis in various areas of the body, but they are not used for ligamentous sprains and muscle strains. Injection of corticosteroids into ligaments, tendons and joints is often quite controversial and most clinicians have abandoned their use in the treatment of common athletic injuries. PMID- 6748917 TI - Effect of carbohydrate feedings on muscle glycogen utilization and exercise performance. AB - Ten men were studied during 4 h of cycling to determine the effect of solid carbohydrate (CHO) feedings on muscle glycogen utilization and exercise performance. In the experimental trial (E) the subjects ingested 43 g of sucrose in solid form along with 400 ml of water at 0, 1, 2 and 3 h of exercise. During the control trial (C) they received 400 ml of an artificially sweetened drink without solid CHO. No differences in VO2, heart rate, or total energy expenditure were observed between trials; however, respiratory exchange ratios were significantly (P less than 0.05) higher during E. Blood glucose was significantly (P less than 0.05) elevated 20 min post-feeding in E; however, by 50 min no differences were observed between trials until 230 min (E = 4.5 +/- 0.2 mmol X l 1 vs C = 3.9 +/- 0.2, means +/- SE; P less than 0.05). Muscle glycogen utilization was significantly (P less than 0.05) lower during E (100.7 +/- 10.2 mmol X kg-1 w.w.) than C (126.2 +/- 5.5). During a sprint (100% VO2max) ride to exhaustion at the end of each trial, subjects performed 45% longer when fed CHO (E = 126.8 +/- 24.7 s vs C = 87.2 +/- 17.5; P less than 0.05). It was concluded that repeated solid CHO feedings maintain blood glucose levels, reduce muscle glycogen depletion during prolonged exercise, and enhance sprint performance at the end of such activity. PMID- 6748918 TI - The effect of long-distance running upon appendicular bone mineral content. AB - The bone mineral content (BMC) of the os calcis was measured for a group of 20 male runners at the beginning and the end of a 9-month marathon training program. The participants had no previous running experience. The percent change in bone mineral in the runners was compared with that of a control group of male subjects of the same age range (38-68 yr). The consistent runners showed a significant increase in bone mineral over that of the controls; the increase was not significant for inconsistent runners. The data suggest that those runners with longer, more consistent distances gained more bone mineral than those with shorter, more inconsistent distances. PMID- 6748919 TI - Temporomandibular joint repositioning and exercise performance: a double-blind study. AB - In the present study, the effects of temporomandibular joint (TMJ) repositioning by use of an acrylic appliance on maximum and submaximum physiologic and performance measures were evaluated in seven male and four female volunteers with documented TMJ malalignment. In an attempt to remove design inadequacies of previous research in this area, a double-blind strategy was utilized. Subjects were randomly assigned to each of four conditions: 1) normal, without a bite splint, 2) with a placebo splint with no occlusal contact so as to maintain normal jaw position, 3) with a splint that optimized jaw position, and 4) with a splint that magnified the subjects normal degree of malocclusion. Measurements were taken of visual reaction time and movement time, muscular strength of the grip, elbow flexors, and leg extensors, submaximal and maximal oxygen uptake, perceived exertion, anaerobic power output, and all-out working capacity in both arm and leg exercise on a cycle ergometer. Analysis of variance for repeated measures indicated that in no instance were the differences in mean scores on physiologic and performance measures with TMJ repositioning or placebo statistically significant when compared with the normal condition. This was the case for the group as a whole or when the five subjects with the greatest TMJ dysfunction were analyzed separately. These findings strongly support the contention that the beneficial effects of short-term TMJ repositioning on exercise performance noted in previous reports may be the result of inadequacies in research design and evaluation rather than the true effects of the bite splint. PMID- 6748920 TI - Body segment contributions to height achieved during the flight a springboard dive. AB - The way in which athletes achieve the necessary height to accomplish the rotational requirements of springboard dives was investigated by focusing upon the take-offs of dives from the forward and reverse groups. Films of eight women in the 3-m final of the 1982 Canadian championship and of five men practicing for the 1979 Fort Lauderdale Invitational Meet provided data for the analysis. The vertical acceleration of the diver's center of gravity was expressed relative to that of the metatarsals, which represented the point on the board directly beneath the feet. The divers were only able to accelerate upward relative to the metatarsals for approximately the first half of springboard depression. This period of positive relative acceleration was considered to be a key factor in effective deflection of the springboard. The lower extremities were responsible for about three-quarters of the diver's vertical acceleration during this period. Two-thirds of their contribution was attributed to their role in accelerating the large mass of the trunk upward. The upper extremities accounted for about 10% of the diver's vertical acceleration during the initial half of springboard depression. Their acceleration-time patterns clearly fell into three classifications depending upon whether their upward acceleration relative to the shoulders preceded, coincided with, or followed initial contact with the board for the take-off. PMID- 6748921 TI - Thyroidal changes associated with endurance training in women. AB - The associations between endurance training, body composition, and the pituitary thyroid axis were studied in 17 healthy, young women. Body composition and plasma concentrations of T4, T3, rT3, resin T3 uptake, TSH, and TRH-stimulated TSH were examined at baseline and after each subject's weekly distance had increased 48 km (delta 48) and 80 km (delta 80) above baseline. Total body weight did not change at delta 48 or delta 80. Mean (+/- SE) lean weight in kg increased from 42.9 +/- 1.2 at baseline to 44.8 +/- 1.2 at delta 80 (P = 0.002). We have reported previously that at delta 48 the subjects had evidence of mild thyroidal impairment, which consisted of decreased T3 and rT3, and an exaggerated TSH response to TRH. With more prolonged training (delta 48 to delta 80) there were significant increases in T4, rT3, and unstimulated TSH, while the ratios of T4/rT3 and T3/rT3 and the TSH response to TRH decreased significantly. Some of the thyroidal changes that occurred between delta 48 and delta 80 are similar to those seen in other stressful non-thyroidal conditions. PMID- 6748922 TI - Intravascular volume and protein responses to running exercise. AB - The roles of posture and mean skin temperature (Tsk) in determining intravascular volume and protein responses to running exercise were examined in 12 male subjects. Moving from a sitting to a standing position before exercise was always accompanied by a decrease in blood volume (BV), as indicated by increases in the hematocrit and hemoglobin concentration. Although neither the onset of running nor alterations in Tsk during running caused any further consistent change in BV, there was an acceleration of the rate at which protein entered the intravascular space. At the end of exercise and in recovery this led to an augmentation of intravascular protein. It is concluded that intravascular volume responses to running exercise are determined by the accompanying postural hemoconcentration, and that running per se and any imposed thermal stress have minimal effects on BV thereafter. A hypothesis is presented which accounts for the reportedly diverse effects of different forms of exercise on BV in terms of the posture-dependent BV being obtained immediately before exercise begins. PMID- 6748923 TI - Blood volume and hemoglobin concentration as determinants of maximal aerobic power. AB - Changes in blood volume (BV) and hemoglobin concentration ( [Hb] ) were induced in five healthy young men. After acute hypovolemic anemia was achieved by blood withdrawal, VO2max values decreased, while the same [Hb] due to acute plasma volume expansion (6% dextran) did not alter VO2max. After reinfusion of red blood cells, leading to hypervolemia and increased [Hb], VO2max increased. Plasma volume expansion in this situation, leading to hypervolemia at normal [Hb], resulted in a slight reduction in VO2max, which, however, remained elevated (approximately 4%) above control values. Physical performance, measured as time to exhaustion, corresponded to the changes in VO2max except for the hypervolemic anemic situation, where it decreased. Changes in peak heart rate were inversely related to BV changes, but were also influenced by [Hb]. The results point to a significant influence of the total amount of Hb rather than the blood hemoglobin concentration for obtaining a high maximal aerobic power. Thus, a reduced [Hb], concomitantly with an elevated blood volume (plasma volume), may result in an unchanged VO2max, but reduced performance time. PMID- 6748924 TI - Effects of phosphate loading on 2,3-diphosphoglycerate and maximal oxygen uptake. AB - Increased concentration of red blood cell 2,3-diphosphoglycerate (RBC 2,3-DPG) shifts the hemoglobin-oxygen dissociation curve to the right, thus theoretically allowing better oxygenation of tissues. To determine whether such a shift is physiologically significant, we investigated the effects of oral phosphate loading on several parameters including plasma phosphate concentration, RBC 2,3 DPG, hematocrit and hemoglobin concentration, maximal oxygen uptake (VO2max), and degree of lactic acidemia in 10 well-trained distance runners. After control determinations were made, either a phosphate load or a placebo was given for 3 d before the athlete was restudied. A placebo and two phosphate-loading studies were performed at weekly intervals, followed by 2 wk of rest and another post intervention control study. Blood samples for control values were drawn before and after a standard warm-up period, after treadmill exercise at a 10% grade, and at the completion of the VO2 determination. After oral phosphate loading there was a significant increase in serum phosphate and RBC 2,3-DPG. Maximal oxygen uptake was significantly increased and correlated with the rise in RBC 2,3-DPG (r = 0.81). The increase in blood lactate after exercise on the 10% grade was attenuated during sessions which followed phosphate loading. PMID- 6748925 TI - Effects of high- and low-intensity exercise training on aerobic capacity and blood lipids. AB - Sixteen non-obese, non-smoking males, ages 20-30 yr, were assigned to one of two training groups, exercising on a cycle ergometer 3 d/wk for 18 wk: high-intensity (H; N = 7; 80-85% Vo2max, 25 min/session) or low-intensity (L; N = 9; 45% VO2max, 50/min/session). Data were obtained at 3-wk intervals for Vo2max, body weight, percent body fat, and 12-h fasting blood levels of cholesterol (CHOL), triglycerides (TG), high-density lipoprotein cholesterol (HDL-C), and low-density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL-C). The average post-training increase in VO2max for group H (0.56 l X min-1, 8.5 ml X min-1 X kg-1) was not significantly (P greater than 0.05) greater than for group L (0.45 l X min-1, 6.5 ml X min-1 X kg-1). Significant reductions in percent body fat occurred in both groups, amounting to an average fat loss of approximately 1.35 kg. No statistically significant changes in CHOL, TG, HDL-C, LDL-C, CHOL/HDL-C, or HDL-C/LDL-C occurred in either group. However, changes in HDL-C after 18 wk of training were inversely correlated (r = -0.57, P less than 0.05) with pre-training levels. We conclude that 1) the minimum exercise training-intensity threshold for improving aerobic capacity is at least 45% Vo2max; 2) 18 wk of high- or low-intensity exercise training is ineffective in significantly altering CHOL, TG, HDL-C, LDL-C, CHOL/HDL-C, and HDL-C/LDL-C in young male subjects with low blood lipid levels, and 3) exercise training-induced changes in HDL-C are dependent upon initial pre training levels. PMID- 6748926 TI - A longitudinal assessment of anaerobic threshold and distance-running performance. AB - Longitudinal changes in the anaerobic threshold (AT) and distance-running performances (DRP) were assessed with a 4.5-month interval between the pre-, mid , and post-tests in a relatively homogeneous (in terms of both maximal aerobic power and DRP) sample of 21 male, trained, endurance runners (means age = 18.5 yr) than had been employed previously. ANOVA with repeated measures followed by the Newman- Keuls post-hoc comparison revealed that there were significant alterations in both DRP and AT. Even in this improved state, higher relationships (r greater than or equal to 0.75) between the DRP and AT-related attributes held up consistently over the 9-month training period. Anaerobic threshold (expressed as ml O2 X min-1 X kg-1) showed a correlation higher than 0.80 with 10,000-m race time in every set of tests. When the relationships between the absolute amount of change in the Vo2@AT and the absolute amount of change in DRP were evaluated, significant correlations (r = -0.56 to -0.83) were found in several different time periods. Running velocity at AT (V@AT) also improved significantly, and was closely related to DRP changes. It is speculated that DRP changes are more directly accounted for by the Vo2@AT and/or V@AT changes rather than changes in other physiological attributes. PMID- 6748927 TI - Caloric cost of performing the Perrier Parcourse Fitness Circuit. AB - The metabolic cost of performing a Perrier Parcourse Fitness Circuit was determined in 18 men, ages 18-26 yr. A laboratory simulation of the Parcourse was conducted using a treadmill for the running phases between exercise stations, and apparatus was constructed to simulate the various apparatus at each of the specific exercise stations on the Parcourse. Subjects completed two simulations on separate days, performing at a pace that enabled them to maintain a training heart rate of 70-85% of absolute maximum heart rate. Metabolic data for rest, exercise, and recovery were collected. With a mean exercise time of 29.6 min, the average total gross energy expenditure was 394.9 kcal for simulation I and 382.1 kcal for simulation II. It was concluded that performance of the Parcourse would be an adequate exercise for expending energy in programs emphasizing weight control and would be appropriate for cardiorespiratory endurance conditioning. PMID- 6748928 TI - The physique of sportsmen: a study using factor analysis. AB - A range of anthropometric measurements was taken on 116 sportsmen who were successfully involved in a variety of sports. The measurements included 11 skeletal lengths, 4 bone widths, 14 trunk and limb circumferences, and 15 skinfold thicknesses. The greatest inter-subject variability occurred in the skinfold measurements. The variability of limb bone lengths and muscle circumferences was generally high, particularly in the case of lower thigh circumference and leg bone lengths. The variability of trunk length and biacromial diameter was low. Alpha factor analysis produced seven factors as follows (the percentage of the total variance explained is in parenthesis): 1) circumferences and bone widths (32%), 2) skeletal lengths, particularly of limb bones (17%), 3) skinfolds on the trunk (10%), 4) leg and triceps skinfolds (8%), 5) muscle size specific to the legs (6%), 6) trunk length (5%), and 7) pelvic depth (4%). These seven factors were stable across other factoring solutions. Canonical factor analysis produced five additional factors corresponding to proximal limb-bone lengths, distal limb-bone lengths, hip width, shoulder width, and a further skinfold factor. Step-wise multiple regression analysis of factor scores indicated that 83% of the variance could be accounted for by six anthropometric measurements and 95% by a total of twelve measurements. PMID- 6748929 TI - Exaggerated systolic blood pressure response to exercise in a water polo team. AB - Twenty-three top-level water polo players (WP) were examined for blood pressure (BP) response to graded and continuous cycle ergometry. Testing also included resting muscle biopsy for fiber typing, exercise ECG recording for heart rate (HR), exercise concentrations of blood lactate (LA), measured VO2max, and ratings of perceived exertion (RPE). A control group (C), whose subjects were physically active in endurance sports, but were older and less fit than the experimental subjects, was tested by an identical protocol. The BP response to exercise was significantly higher in the WP group at all comparison criteria including onset of blood lactate accumulation, absolute HR, percent of HRmax, and power loads (including loadless pedaling). To date, we are unaware of other reports on whole groups of sportsmen showing an exaggerated BP response to exercise. While it would appear from previous studies that normotensive individuals showing such a response are at a greater risk of developing hypertension, the significance of this BP response in highly-trained athletes in a specific sport remains unclear. PMID- 6748930 TI - Peripheral limitations to exercise. AB - We present a computer simulation of a two-compartment model of the systemic circulation which demonstrates how this model can be used to understand the mechanism(s) for the maximal exercise cardiac output (Q). The model consists of two parallel vascular channels, the splanchnic channel (all blood draining through the hepatic veins) and the peripheral channel (all other vascular beds). The distinguishing characteristic of each channel is the product of its venous compliance and venous resistance. Model parameters for the human circulation were estimated from similar parameters obtained directly from animal experiments. "Exercise" was achieved by decreasing the compliance of both channels to 40% of their initial value and by redistributing the Q such that the fraction of Q perfusing the splanchnic channel fell from 38 to 5%, while that perfusing the peripheral channel (skeletal muscles) increased from 62 to 95%. These combined changes increased Q from 4.4 to 22.0 l X min-1 and suggest that maximal adjustments of the two-compartment model parameters lead to a prediction of a maximal Q that approaches the maximal Q usually obtained by humans during exercise. PMID- 6748931 TI - Body composition and expiratory reserve volume in female gymnasts and runners. AB - Previous research in this laboratory demonstrated a reduction in expiratory reserve volume of the lungs (ERV) with increasing body fatness (%F, by densitometry). The present study was done to determine if smaller ERV values could be demonstrated in lean female athletes with greater than normal upper-body muscle development. Expiratory reserve volume, vital capacity (VC), and segmental body volumes by densitometry were measured in members of two collegiate women's teams--gymnastics (G) (N = 10) and track (R) (N = 10). The runners provided a control group by being similar to gymnasts in age, weight, and body fatness, but they did not engage in upper-body weight training or gymnastic exercises. The two groups were not significantly different in body weight (means G +/- SD = 53.0 +/- 6.1 kg; means R = 50.8 +/- 4.6 kg) or %F (means G = 16.8 +/- 3.2%; means R = 14.8 +/- 3.8%), but R subjects were taller (means = 165.4 +/- 5.5 cm vs 158.7 +/- 4.8 cm, P less than 0.01). Expiratory reserve volume, expressed as a percent of VC, (ERV X VC-1) 100, was significantly (P less than 0.001) less in the gymnasts (means +/- SD = 29.7 +/- 7.1) as compared to the runners (43.1 +/- 6.4). All other lung capacities as volumes were comparable in both groups. Arm and thorax volumes indicated greater upper-body size in the G subjects (arm volume, means +/ SD of G = 4.8 +/- 0.6 liters, of R = 4.0 +/- 0.6 liters, P less than 0.01; thorax volume, means +/- SD of G = 7.8 +/- 1.4 liters, or R = 5.6 +/- 1.0 liters, P less than 0.001).(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS) PMID- 6748932 TI - Arm x-ray assessment of percent body fat in men and women. AB - The present experiment determined the validity of arm radiography for quantifying total body fat in young and older men and women. One hundred subjects were measured for 1) body density by underwater weighing with correction for residual air volume to estimate percent body fat and 2) horizontal right upper arm x-ray at KV 76, exposure time 1/30th s, 300 MA, and focal length 72 inches. Total radiation was 10 millirems (mR). The width of fat on the x-ray was measured at three cross-sectional sites (FAT,x-ray). Errors of measurement and measurement for reliability were assessed from duplicate x-rays and repeated measures on the same x-rays (r = 0.92-0.99). The equation to convert FAT,x-ray to individual estimates of percent fat is %Fat = FAT,x-ray/3F X k constant, where 3F = 3 square root wt,kg/ht,dm, and the k constant is a previously determined mean value. The correlation between Fat,x-ray and percent fat (density) was r = 0.89 (N = 100, Se = +/- 2.54); for 25 young men (ages 18-30), r = 0.90 (Se = +/- 1.84); for 25 older men (ages 30-40), r = 0.89 (Se = +/- 2.20); for young (N = 25) and older (N = 25) women, r = 0.85 (Se = +/- 2.08) and 0.87 (Se = +/- 2.61), respectively. These results demonstrate that the new, arm radiogrammetric method is a reliable and valid technique for assessment of body composition in men and women ages 18 40 yr.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS) PMID- 6748934 TI - A microminiature photoplethysmograph probe for microvascular surgery. PMID- 6748933 TI - Experience with epigastric free flap transfer in the rat: technique and results. AB - We have described the advantages and disadvantages of using the rat epigastric free flap as a means of studying transplantation phenomena. The study comprises 20 epigastric free flap autografts in rats. After 1 1/2 years of working on the model, we achieved a 75% success rate in the last 20 consecutive procedures. From our experience with this model, we feel that the rat epigastric flap has a place in the study of transplantation phenomena in the experimental laboratory. In addition, we feel that this is an excellent technical exercise for maintaining proficiency in performing microvascular anastomoses. PMID- 6748935 TI - Energy metabolism and histomorphological findings in replanted rat hind limbs using various conservation methods. AB - Using various storage and conservation methods, we examined amputated and subsequently replanted limbs for their ischaemia tolerance level by investigating the changes in the adenylphosphocreatine system and glycolysis cycle. After replantation, amputated limbs that had been stored at room temperature (21.0 +/- 1.5 degrees C) for 2 hours were examined 14 days after operation. The adenosine triphosphate level of the skeletal muscle was reduced to 51% and the creatine phosphate to 77% of that of the control group. The glycogen was 13% of the normal value. The biochemical findings correlate with the histomorphological findings. After 2 hours ischaemia, the cross striations of the skeletal muscle and nuclear staining remained intact. There is a breakdown of the biochemical systems after 4 hours of ischaemia. They are no longer intact and the ischaemic limb does not recover. Histologically, muscle necrosis can be observed. PMID- 6748936 TI - Effect of cigarette smoking on experimental microvascular anastomoses. AB - Cigarette smoking has been shown to cause cutaneous vasoconstriction, a decrease in digital blood flow, impaired wound healing, and it was implicated as a cause of failure of microvascular anastomoses in replanted digits. The subject of the following study was to assess the effect of cigarette smoking on experimental microvascular anastomoses. Twenty Sprague-Dawley male rats weighting 200 to 250 grams were divided into groups of ten. Both the experimental and the control groups were acclimatized to a Maddox/ORNL rat smoke inhalation exposure system for six days prior to operation. At this time they were anesthetized and bilateral femoral artery end to end anastomoses were performed by two surgeons, using standard microsurgical techniques. After a recovery period of 24 hours, both groups were started on a smoking/sham-smoking regime for 12 to 13 days. After this time they were anesthetized again, the femoral artery anastomoses were checked for patency in vivo and excised for histological evaluation. Five cm3 of blood was drawn from each animal to be analyzed for the presence of nicotine and its metabolites, and the rats were sacrificed. All the anastomoses in both groups were patent at the time of exploration and no histological difference could be demonstrated between the two groups. The radioimmunoassay of nicotine and cotinine showed large amounts in the smokers, and none in the nonsmokers. PMID- 6748937 TI - Objective control of replanted fingers by transcutaneous partial O2 (PO2) measurement. AB - Transcutaneous PO2 measurement is a suitable means of confirming the healing of replanted fingers. The method allows continuous monitoring of blood circulation; therefore, failing blood circulation in replanted fingers can be detected early. PMID- 6748938 TI - Automatic milking apparatus for the insufficient venous drainage of the replanted digit. AB - An automatic milking apparatus composed of a finger attachment and a pump to push out the air was devised in order to perform the forced drainage from replanted digits with insufficient venous drainage. Seven replanted digits with insufficient venous drainage after replantation were applied, and remarkable improvement was found in five digits. An interesting case is reported in which a replanted digit without venous anastomosis survived as a consequence of applying the milking apparatus. The advantages of our milking apparatus are also discussed. PMID- 6748939 TI - Microsurgical tubal anastomosis: a controlled trial in four Asian centers. AB - An international program to determine the reversibility of female sterilization in Asia using microsurgical technique was established in 1980. One hundred eleven of 219 patients (51%) conceived following tubal anastomosis; of these, 79 delivered living children. The overall cumulative probability of conception at the end of follow-up, as determined by life-table analysis, was 63%. A decreased pregnancy rate was associated with anastomosis of tubes sterilized by electrocautery methods. PMID- 6748940 TI - Physiologic isolation of the canine proximal fibular epiphysis on a vascular pedicle. AB - In order to create a model for epiphyseal growth plate transplantation by microvascular technique, a well-defined donor site was established. Dissection of latex-injected adult and juvenile dogs established the vascular supply to the proximal canine fibula. By isolating 7 cm of proximal fibula on the popliteal vessels, the nutrient supply to the epiphyses, metaphysis, and diaphysis is retained. This preserves the nutrient arterial supply to the fibula originating from the cranial tibial artery, the caudal tibial artery, and the small blood vessels from these to the epiphysis. Perfusion of the graft through the defined vascular pedicle was confirmed using 141Ce-labeled microspheres. These results showed a perfusion of the established graft that was as great as or greater than the control, unoperated side. It is concluded that the technique described for isolation can be used for developing a model for vascularized transplantation of epiphyseal growth cartilage in canines. PMID- 6748941 TI - [Salmonella typhi: lysotype VI and biotyping in samples from some regions of Brazil]. PMID- 6748942 TI - [Histochemical methods for the identification of leukocytes and macrophages]. PMID- 6748943 TI - Variable clinical and hormonal manifestations of hyperandrogenemia. AB - This study was undertaken to contrast the hormonal profiles in patients with various hyperandrogenemic states in an attempt to correlate clinical manifestations with specific hormonal abnormalities. Patients with idiopathic hirsutism, polycystic ovaries, and a syndrome recently described by us, amenorrhea with cryptic hyperandrogenemia, ie, without hirsutism, participated. Total testosterone, the testosterone: sex-hormone-binding globulin (SHBG) ratio, and androstenedione levels were elevated in each group of patients. SHBG levels were suppressed in patients with idiopathic hirsutism and in patients with polycystic ovaries. In patients with polycystic ovaries or cryptic hyperandrogenemia, plasma estrone levels were elevated and the luteinizing hormone (LH) responses to luteinizing-hormone-releasing hormone (LH-RH) were exaggerated. Estrone is derived from androstenedione under the influence of the enzyme, aromatase. While elevated androstenedione occurred in both patients with polycystic ovaries or idiopathic hirsutism, estrone levels were only elevated in patients with polycystic ovaries. Reduced aromatase activity may have protected patients with idiopathic hirsutism from elevated estrone values and, thereby, from menstrual disturbances. The hormonal profiles in polycystic ovary syndrome and in patients with amenorrhea with cryptic hyperandrogenemia were very similar, with the exception that SHBG levels were high normal in three of five patients with cryptic hyperandrogenemia while estrone values were markedly elevated in these patients. Elevated estrone levels may explain the normal SHBG values, which are usually suppressed in hyperandrogenemic states. While each of the hyperandrogenemic disorders studied has a characteristic hormonal profile, the various clinical manifestations cannot be accounted for solely by abnormalities in circulating hormonal levels.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS) PMID- 6748944 TI - A comparison of cardiovascular and catecholamine responses to three stimuli in mild hypertension. AB - In five males with mild essential hypertension, simultaneous hemodynamic and arterial and venous plasma catecholamine responses to three stimulation tests (mental arithmetic, isometric handgrip exercise, and cold) were studied. Plasma norepinephrine (NE), epinephrine (EPI), and dopamine (DA) were measured radioenzymatically. Isometric exercise was the best stimulus for systolic and diastolic blood pressure and NE. Mental arithmetic produced the highest levels of plasma EPI, but there was great intersubject variability. Dopamine levels did not increase with any of these stimuli. Consistent arterio-venous differences across the forearm were seen for EPI but not NE, consistent with local production of NE. Isometric exercise produced the closest correlations between peripheral plasma catecholamine levels, blood pressure, and heart rate. Good correlations were seen with mental arithmetic, but with the stimulus of cold correlation was poor. PMID- 6748945 TI - Concomitant production of immunoreactive gastrin-releasing peptide and calcitonin in medullary carcinoma of the thyroid. AB - Immunoreactive gastrin-releasing peptide (IR-GRP) was found to be present in medullary carcinoma of the thyroid (MCT) by use of a radioimmunoassay (RIA) specific for the carboxyl-terminal portion of GRP. Immunohistochemical studies revealed IR-GRP in the MCT tumor cells, indicating that the tumor cells produce IR-GRP. Immunoreactive GRP was also detected in macroscopically normal thyroid tissue of patients with multiple endocrine neoplasia type II (MEN II, or Sipple's syndrome) and in areas of C cell hyperplasia and micronodules in the thyroids of patients with MCT. When these tissue extracts were examined with a bombesin RIA that recognizes bombesin but not GRP, no IR-bombesin was detected, suggesting that the IR-GRP detected in these tissues is more similar to GRP than to bombesin. IR-GRP was also undetectable in normal thyroid tissues. Plasma IR-GRP was also undetectable in normal thyroid tissues. Plasma IR-GRP was elevated to 130 to 780 pg/mL (normal: undetectable, less than 62.5 pg/mL) in three patients with metastatic MCT, and both calcium and tetragastrin increased the plasma levels of IR-GRP. Sephadex G-50 gel filtration of the MCT extracts revealed two peaks, one coeluted with porcine GRP (1-27) and the other eluted just after its carboxyl-terminal (14-27) fragment. There was a significant correlation (P less than 0.01) between the concentration of IR-GRP and that of IR-calcitonin in MCT tumor tissue and in macroscopically normal portions of thyroid tissue from two patients with MEN II, although the concentration of IR-GRP was only about 0.1% of that of IR-calcitonin.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS) PMID- 6748946 TI - Evaluation of a test using saralasin to differentiate primary aldosteronism due to an aldosterone-producing adenoma from idiopathic hyperaldosteronism. AB - We evaluated a new method utilizing saralasin to differentiate primary aldosteronism due to an aldosterone-producing adenoma from idiopathic hyperaldosteronism. The test is based on the marked difference in sensitivity to angiotensin II of aldosterone-producing adenomas and hyperplastic adrenal glands and the partial angiotensin II agonist property of saralasin in low-renin states. Saralasin was infused into 14 patients with primary aldosteronism and the plasma aldosterone responses determined. Plasma aldosterone concentration increased in all eight patients with idiopathic hyperaldosteronism, whereas there was no increase in plasma aldosterone in six patients who had a solitary adenoma. We concluded that saralasin may be a clinically useful, noninvasive tool to distinguish patients with an aldosterone-producing adenoma from those who have idiopathic hyperaldosteronism. PMID- 6748947 TI - Pyrroline-5-carboxylate in human plasma. AB - Pyrroline-5-carboxylate is the intermediate in the interconversions of proline, ornithine, and glutamate. Recent studies have suggested that pyrroline-5 carboxylate has regulatory properties in a wide range of tissues. Physiologic studies in humans have been limited by the unavailability of a sufficiently sensitive assay for this compound. Until now pyrroline-5-carboxylate has not been detectable in plasma of normal humans or even in plasma of patients with type II hyperprolinemia. We now report a method for measuring pyrroline-5-carboxylate made possible by a preparation of purified Escherichia coli pyrroline-5 carboxylate reductase. This method is more sensitive than currently available methods by two or three logs and is applicable for all biologic fluids. We have quantitated pyrroline-5-carboxylate in normal plasma, urine, and saliva. In addition, we have found pyrroline-5-carboxylate levels 10x to 20x normal in two patients with type II hyperprolinemia. The ability to measure physiologic concentrations of pyrroline-5-carboxylate now enables further characterization of its role as a regulatory molecule. PMID- 6748948 TI - Meal size and thermic response to food in male subjects as a function of maximum aerobic capacity. AB - The relationship between size of a mixed, liquid meal and the thermic effect of food (TEF) was studied in two groups of nonobese male subjects differing in maximum aerobic capacity (VO2 max). A design using repeated measures was chosen in which each subject received each meal (water, 500 kcal, 1000 kcal, 1500 kcal) on a different morning. TEF was measured by indirect calorimetry for three hours following each meal and was found to increase systematically, in a nonlinear fashion, as meal size was increased. Subjects with a high VO2 max responded to the two higher calorie meals with a greater TEF than did subjects with a low VO2 max. They also showed a greater increase in TEF for any given increase in meal size. This study establishes a precise relationship between meal size and the thermic effect of food. It also identifies an important variable, VO2 max, in determination of the individual thermic response to food. These findings suggest that individuals with a high VO2 max (such as aerobically trained athletes) show a greater caloric expenditure after eating, particularly after a large meal, than do individuals with a low VO2 max. A high thermic response to food could be beneficial in body weight homeostasis. PMID- 6748949 TI - Hypouricemia in cirrhosis reflects hemodynamic alterations. AB - In a population of 27 consecutive patients with liver cirrhosis, systemic hemodynamics were investigated and correlated to uric acid concentrations, fractional uric acid excretion, and creatinine clearances. Mean serum uric acid concentration was lower than in normal controls, and this was related to abnormally high uric acid clearances. Uric acid concentrations correlated positively to total peripheral resistances and negatively to cardiac output. Fractional uric acid excretions correlated negatively to total peripheral resistances and positively to cardiac output. There was no correlation between creatinine clearances and any variable of systemic hemodynamics. Serum uric acid concentration and fractional uric acid excretion are dependent of the hemodynamic state in cirrhosis. PMID- 6748950 TI - Influence of alcohol and sucrose consumption on energy balance and brown fat activity in the rat. AB - Voluntary intake of solutions of alcohol (7%) and sucrose (10%) represented 20% and 25% of total metabolizable energy intake, respectively, in young male rats maintained on a stock diet, but total energy intake was similar to that of controls drinking water. Body weight and energy gains were similar for control and sucrose-treated rats but were significantly reduced in the group drinking alcohol, and energy expenditure, corrected for body size (kJ/kg0.75/day), was elevated in rats drinking alcohol (17% above control) or sucrose (18%). Gross and net energetic efficiencies were markedly depressed by consumption of alcohol but not by consumption of sucrose. Resting oxygen consumption, before and after injection of norepinephrine (25 micrograms/100 g body weight) was similar for all groups. Brown adipose tissue (BAT) mass and mitochondrial protein did not differ between groups, but the activity of the mitochondrial proton conductance pathway, assessed from the binding of 3H-guanosine diphosphate, was significantly elevated by alcohol and sucrose consumption. Thus, the increased energy expenditure associated with alcohol and sucrose ingestion may involve BAT thermogenesis, but this alone cannot explain the larger effects of alcohol on metabolic efficiency. PMID- 6748951 TI - Depolarization-induced increase in synaptosomal membrane calcium monitored by chlorotetracycline fluorescence. AB - Chlorotetracycline (CT) was used as a fluorescent probe for membrane calcium with intact synaptosomes. The net increase in fluorescence intensity at 520 nm, which is a measure of membrane-bound Ca, increases with increasing Ca, saturating in the millimolar range. Membrane Ca can also be detected in the absence of added external Ca. Potassium-induced depolarization of synaptosomes leads to an increase in membrane Ca, reaching a new steady-state value within 5 min. Neither opiates nor phenytoin affected synaptosomal membrane Ca. Relatively high concentrations of chlorotetracycline increased depolarization-induced uptake of 45Ca into synaptosomes. The data suggest that the Ca-CT complex binds to synaptic plasma membranes, and that depolarization-induced Ca influx results in increased Ca binding to the internal surface of the plasma membrane and/or other internal membranes. PMID- 6748952 TI - Changes in interfacial potentials induced by carbonylcyanide phenylhydrazone uncouplers: possible role in inhibition of mitochondrial oxygen consumption and other transport processes. AB - The charged and uncharged forms of carbonylcyanide phenylhydrazone uncouplers bind to phosphatidylcholine monolayers in a dose-dependent fashion, inducing changes in the interfacial potential of these model membranes. The interfacial potential change produced by the charged uncoupler is composed of a double-layer potential and an internal electrostatic potential (boundary and/or dipole). Changes in double-layer potential induced by the uncouplers in mitochondrial membranes can explain both the inhibition of oxygen consumption (QO2) caused by the uncouplers and the competition shown by succinate when mitochondria are respiring in the presence of rotenone. From these results and from dose-response curves of QO2 versus uncoupler concentrations, we conclude that 1 microM is an upper limit for free uncoupler concentration in the medium to avoid unwanted side effects during cell physiology studies that require total mitochondrial uncoupling. PMID- 6748953 TI - Different ability of novobiocin and coumermycin A1 to interact with nucleic acids. AB - The possibility of two structurally related antibiotics, Coumermycin A1 and Novobiocin, to interact with nucleic acids was investigated. Only Coumermycin A1 was able to form complexes with DNA showing an apparent affinity constant comparable to that of the interaction with ribosomal RNA. A binding specificity for A + T complementary and repeating sequences was also exhibited by Coumermycin A1. In view of the different behaviour of the two compounds some considerations are made on their mode of action; although they are acting on the same target enzymes in Escherichia coli, they may affect the functions of eukaryotic cells through a different mechanism not equally specific and probably distinct for each of the two antibiotics. PMID- 6748954 TI - Correlation between morphological and physiological characteristics in species of microsporum. AB - The correlations between the physiological and morphological characteristics of various Microsporum strains were studied together with the inhibitory activities toward different microorganisms. PMID- 6748955 TI - Effect of preirradiation tissue target temperature upon selective vascular damage induced by 577-nm tunable dye laser pulses. AB - The effect of hamster cheek pouch temperature upon the microvascular injury induced by pulsed laser dye radiation was studied. An appropriate wavelength (577 nm) and pulse width (300 nsec) were delivered by a flashlamp-pumped dye laser to induce selective vascular damage, as previously described. With increasing pulse energies, transient slowing of blood flow, stasis with brown discoloration of blood, and hemorrhage were observed. Cooling the cheek pouch to 8 degrees before irradiation increased the laser exposure threshold for induction of such injury. Measurement of the exposure thresholds for hemorrhage at different temperatures suggests that microvessels are heated to between 90 and 100 degrees, before hemorrhage occurs. These data are consistent with microvaporization as a major event in the sequence leading to hemorrhage, but do not exclude other possible mechanisms. PMID- 6748956 TI - Centripetal spread of endothelial cell mitotic activity in the artery leading to a rapidly growing tumor. AB - Vascular proliferation and growth have been attributed either to biophysical forces in the vessel lumen or to chemical mediators. In this study growth and endothelial cell tritiated thymidine uptake in the spermatic artery of the rat during early growth of the Walker 256 carcinoma in the testicle were examined. Testicular blood flow was measured with radioactive microspheres; radioautography following administration of tritiated thymidine was employed to define the endothelial cell labeling index; angiography was employed to assess the diameter of the spermatic artery lumen; and the mass of the artery was determined directly. Endothelial proliferation in the spermatic artery was increased on the second day, simultaneous with rather than subsequent to a significant increase in blood flow to the testicle. Moreover, endothelial cell thymidine uptake began to decline well before the blood flow through the artery reached a maximum. A gradient in endothelial cell proliferation and in lumen diameter of the spermatic artery became apparent during tumor growth; the increase in both lumen diameter and endothelial cell thymidine uptake in the spermatic artery occurred first in the portions nearest the testicle and spread centripetally throughout the length of the artery over several days. Because the spermatic artery is an end artery, without branches and without a normal change in internal diameter, and because the increase in blood flow must have occurred throughout the length of the artery at the same time, we conclude that factors other than those related to an increase in blood flow were primarily responsible for the increase in endothelial cell turnover. These observations make a chemical messenger, perhaps moving retrogradely through cell-to-cell contact, the most likely candidate as the responsible mediator. PMID- 6748958 TI - Glomerular hemodynamics and vascular structure in uremia: a network analysis of glomerular path lengths and maximal blood transit times computed for a microvascular model reconstructed from subserial ultrathin sections. AB - The dimensions of individual capillary segments were determined from a glomerular model constructed on the basis of electron micrographs of subserial ultrathin sections of kidney tissue from a rat made chronically uremic by subtotal nephrectomy. Hemodynamic calculations used computer programs for node pressure analysis and for the determination of path lengths and transit times from afferent to efferent arteriole. The afferent arteriole divided into five primary capillary segments. Three of these carried 84% of the flow through 632 paths, which accounted for 54% of the capillary endothelial area. Their mean path length was 520.97 micron, mean of segment numbers per path 17.66, and mean transit time 0.50 sec. The remaining two capillary segments carried 16% of the flow and led to paths accounting for the remaining 46% of the capillary area. The number of paths from the afferent arteriole through these two segments was 21,244. Mean path length from the initial node through these two segments was 852.18 micron, mean of segment numbers per path 29.62, and mean transit time 20.76 sec. The most striking difference between the two sets of paths was in transit time. This asymmetry would tend to reduce the filtration surface and the Kf (hydraulic conductance x filtering surface area) by causing early filtration pressure equilibrium in much of the capillary network, and suggests an intrinsic glomerular aspect of chronic renal insufficiency. PMID- 6748957 TI - Inaccuracies in blood flow estimates in microvessels during arteriolar vasoconstriction. AB - The effect of vasomotor tone on blood flow estimates was evaluated in the hamster cheek pouch and cremaster muscle microcirculation. The products of arteriolar cross-sectional area and red blood cell velocity were calculated in three different cases: (1) at arteriolar bifurcations, (2) in short segments of an arteriole constricted by iontophoretic application of norepinephrine, and (3) at randomly selected second- and third-order arterioles. Vasodilation of the microcirculation was induced by topical application of adenosine. Vasoconstriction was induced by elevation of superfusion solution PO2. If true volume flow is accurately estimated by this method then: the sum of measured branch flows at a bifurcation should equal feed flow; measured flow through constricted arteriolar segments should equal flow proximal or distal to the constricted segment; and, following experimental manipulations, relative changes in estimated flow in second- and third-order arterioles should be equal. Our findings suggest that the blood flow estimates were not always accurate. The sum of branch flows was equal to feed flow only across bifurcations with low or resting vascular smooth muscle tone. During vasoconstriction, feed flow averaged 40% higher than the sum of downstream flows. In addition, estimated flow was 15% lower in constricted segments of an arteriole compared to dilated contiguous segments of the vessel. During alterations in vasomotor state, estimated fractional changes in flow in second- and third-order arterioles differed by more than sixfold. Therefore, blood flow estimates with the dual-slit method may not be reliable under conditions of high vasomotor tone. We speculate that the error may result largely from uncertainties in the diameter measurement. PMID- 6748959 TI - Kinetics of adhesive interaction in vitro of human erythrocytes in plasma. AB - The initial step in rouleaux formation, the stacking of two red blood cells, is mechanically a process of three stages, compression, sliding, and creeping. Although this has been thoroughly described for cells in synthetic polymer solutions the present work was undertaken to analyze the process for cells in normal plasma, in order to lay the basis for comparison for ongoing studies of blood from patients with blood disorders. For each experiment a small amount of blood was diluted in its own plasma. A drop from the suspension was then placed on a coverslip, the coverslip covered with paraffin oil in a chamber, and the chamber quickly placed on the stage of an inverted microscope for observation and cinemicroscopy. Twenty-four doublet formations in blood plasma from five subjects were analyzed. After two cells make rim to rim contact, they move closer together by deformation of the contiguous rims to a straight line boundary (compression). Then one of the cells moves up over the other and begins the process of registration which previous work has established as a sliding interaction. The peak sliding velocity (on average 0.35 micron/sec) occurs near halfway to complete overlap. Sliding almost completely stopped just before full overlap, which was achieved very slowly (creeping). The several forces involved during sliding were identified, the force balance was examined, and from the variation of the velocity of sliding it was concluded that the medium between the touching membranes exhibits shear-rate-dependent viscosity. PMID- 6748960 TI - Adult sympathetic and vascular dysfunction in experimental juvenile-onset diabetes mellitus. AB - This study was designed to determine if vascular dysfunction and enhanced norepinephrine sensitivity occurring in early experimental juvenile diabetes (S. M. Mueller, T. M. Mueller, and P. J. Ertel, 1982, Amer. J. Physiol. 243, H139 H144) persist, improve, or worsen in adulthood. Alloxan was administered to rats at 4 weeks of age and they were studied 14 weeks later. After Seconal anesthesia, the hindquarters of diabetic and control rats were perfused at a constant flow rate per 100 g through the abdominal aorta with oxygenated Tyrode solution containing dextran. Efflux was from the ligated and severed inferior vena cava. In order to test the effect of a strong sympathetic stimulus producing reflex peripheral vasoconstriction, the cephalad portions of the rats were rapidly hemorrhaged. The time to the maximal increase was significantly longer in the diabetics (122 +/- 6 sec, P less than 0.05) than in the controls (102 +/- 5 sec) and the increase in perfusion pressure was markedly less in the diabetics (D) (48 +/- 9 mm Hg, P less than 0.01) than in the age-matched controls (C) (88 +/- 10 mm Hg). The threshold to norepinephrine in the perfusate was determined. The threshold was significantly lower in D than in age-matched C [0.112 +/- 0.026 (P less than 0.05) vs 0.265 +/- 0.057 micrograms/ml, respectively]. The maximum vasoconstrictor capacity of the vasculature was tested with supramaximal doses of vasopressin and was significantly lower in D than in C [190 +/- 10 (P less than 0.001) vs 284 +/- 15 mm Hg, respectively]. These data suggest that both vasculopathy and enhanced norepinephrine sensitivity persist in chronic uncontrolled experimental diabetes mellitus. However, when the severity of the abnormalities was compared to early experimental diabetes mellitus, mild improvement had occurred--an apparent adaptation to the diabetic state as the animal grew. PMID- 6748961 TI - Response of cultured endothelial cells to steady flow. AB - A system has been developed for subjecting endothelial cell monolayers to prolonged steady flow while maintaining normal culture conditions. Cloned bovine endothelial cells were grown to confluence on one wall of a square glass tube which was then incorporated in the flow circuit. Flow rates of 19-21 ml/min were sustained for periods of 6-45 hr, subjecting the cells along the center line of the wall of the tube to a maximum shear stress of 34 dyn/cm2. The cells in all the experiments remained attached and viable when subjected to this shear stress. Photographic data from experimental runs were qualitatively assessed for changes in cell morphology, confluence, and orientation and were compared to data from matched stationary controls. Five experiments were chosen for quantitative morphometric analysis. In three experiments, the cells showed elongation with their long axes aligned with the direction of flow in 6.5, 21, and 22 hr. In the other experiments, either the cells formed a swirling pattern or no change in morphology was apparent. Although cell shape (form) changed in response to shear stress, cell area remained unaffected by exposure to flow. PMID- 6748962 TI - New morphological evidence for a mechanism of lymph formation in skeletal muscle. AB - A new mechanism of lymph formation associated with pulsation and vasomotion of arterioles is proposed in skeletal muscle. To provide evidence for this proposal, an investigation of the lymphatic vessels in the spinotrapezius muscle of the rat was undertaken. The lymphatics were visualized by microinjection of a contrast medium (Evans blue albumin), and histological sections of the muscle were prepared and examined with the light and the electron microscope. The studies indicated that lymphatics ranging in size from 20 to 200 micron in this skeletal muscle have no smooth muscle but only a thin lining of endothelium. All lymphatics lie in immediate proximity to the arcading and transverse arterioles and occasional muscular venules, and appeared to be wrapped around them. It was further observed that when the arterioles were dilated, the contiguous lymphatics were partially or completely collapsed, whereas lymphatics around contracted arterioles were wide open. No significant deformation of the adjacent skeletal muscle cells was observed. These results suggest that the contraction of vascular smooth muscle, as well as pulsatile elastic distension of arterioles, may cause periodic changes in lymphatic volume and thereby serve as peristaltic mechanisms for lymph transport. Vascular smooth muscle may thus influence not only blood flow in the microcirculation, but also water transport in the interstitium and into the lymphatics. PMID- 6748963 TI - DSS studying variety of health care delivery systems. PMID- 6748964 TI - How to offer arbitration to patients. PMID- 6748965 TI - MSMS testifies for malpractice bill. PMID- 6748966 TI - Immunochemical characteristics of Streptococcus mutans serotype h carbohydrate antigen. AB - Serotype h carbohydrate antigen was prepared from cell walls of Streptococcus mutans strain MFe28 of monkey origin. The h antigen was extracted from the cell walls with 5% trichloracetic acid at 4 C, and purified by DEAE-Sephadex A-25 ion exchange chromatography followed by Sephacryl S-300 gel filtration. The purified antigen was composed of galactose (75%), glucose (16%), and rhamnose (3%). Although the antiserum against whole cells of S. mutans MFe28 gave a strong cross reaction with serotype d S. mutans, serotype h-specific antiserum could be obtained by adequate adsorption. The precipitin reactions and hapten inhibition test using serotype h-specific antiserum showed that galactose, glucose, and their derivative sugars were markedly potent inhibitors. It was concluded that the serotype h antigen is immunologically distinguishable from the known serotypes of S. mutans, although it is closely related to serotype d antigen of S. mutans. PMID- 6748968 TI - Antibody-dependent cellular cytotoxicity and natural killer cytotoxicity of peritoneal cells from nude mice to herpes simplex virus-infected cells. AB - Nude BALB/c mice (athymic) were more susceptible to fatal herpes simplex virus (HSV) than normal BALB/c mice (P = 0.002). The peritoneal cells of nude mice mediated levels of antibody-dependent cellular cytotoxicity (ADCC) of equal or greater magnitude than cells from normal BALB/c, heterozygote nu/+, or C57BL/6 mice. Unstimulated natural killer cytotoxicity of peritoneal cells from nude mice was higher (P less than 0.05) than that mediated by cells from C57BL/6 mice. Nude mice failed to make anti-HSV ADCC antibody 6 to 14 days post HSV inoculation, at times when nu/+, BALB/c, and C57BL/6 mice produced antibody. Passive reconstitution of nude mice with high titer intraperitoneal anti-HSV immune globulin provided circulating anti-HSV ADCC antibody and significant protection against lethal HSV infection. PMID- 6748967 TI - Abortive infection of L cells by influenza B virus: defect in bud formation. AB - Host-dependent restriction of influenza B virus replication in L cells was analysed in comparison with productive infection in MDCK or 1-5C-4 cells. The synthesis and intracellular distribution of virus-specific proteins and the production of cytoplasmic ribonucleoproteins in nonpermissive L cells were similar to those in permissive MDCK cells. However, an electron microscopic study of infected L cells showed neither extracellular virions nor budding virus particles on the cell surface, in contrast to MDCK cells which produced numerous virus particles. PAGE analysis of the plasma membrane isolated from the cells demonstrated no significant difference in the composition of viral polypeptides between permissive 1-5C-4 and nonpermissive L cells. It was noted that the abortiveness of influenza B virus infection in L cells may be due to a defect in host cell function involved in the initiation of virus budding. PMID- 6748969 TI - Difference in susceptibility of various cell cultures to cytotoxic culture filtrates of Clostridium sordellii. PMID- 6748970 TI - Cellular sugar pattern of Vibrio anguillarum. PMID- 6748971 TI - [Absorption of 14C-dicarboxylic acids by bacteria of the family Halobacteriaceae]. AB - Cultures of the family Halobacteriaceae belonging to the species Halobacterium halobium, H. cutirubrum, H. vallismortis and Halococcus morrhuae were shown to be capable of assimilating 14C-succinate. Halobacterium salinarium lacked this ability. The transport systems of C4-dicarboxylates differed in Halobacterium halobium 996 and H. vallismortis 1398, on the one hand, and Halococcus morrhuae 1235, on the other. The differences involve the kinetic parameters and stereospecificity of transport systems, the ability to take up different labelled C4-dicarboxylates, the pH-dependence of transport, and the action of CCCP, a protonophorous uncoupling agent. Halobacteria are capable of labelled succinate uptake at a lower NaCl content in the incubation medium than it is necessary for their growth. The optimal temperature for 14C-succinate uptake by halobacteria is higher than the optimal temperature of their growth. For all of the studied cultures, the transport system of dicarboxylate was shown to differ from that of E. coli common for C4-dicarboxylates and aspartate. PMID- 6748972 TI - [Emulsifying activity of yeasts growing on normal alkanes]. AB - The ability to emulsify n-hexadecane was compared among ten strains of Candida lipolytica. The cultures were shown to differ in the activity of emulsification. The highest activity was recorded in the phase of growth deceleration. Substances involved in n-alkane emulsification were isolated. PMID- 6748973 TI - [Variability of Bacillus thuringiensis under various growth conditions]. AB - When a lysogenic culture of Bacillus thuringiensis subsp. galleriae 69-6 was grown under the batch conditions, 93-99% of cells in the population produced R form colonies and ca. 1% yielded S-form colonies. The amount of spore-forming cells was 99% in R-variants and 8% in S-variants. The quantity of S-variants rose abruptly to 99% when the culture was grown under the chemostat conditions. The number of S-variants increased with the rate and the duration of growth. The process was influenced by growth-limiting factors. Temperate phage variants capable of host culture lysis on solid media (i.e. h-mutants) were not found under the conditions of batch cultivation. However, such phage particles (h mutants) appeared under the conditions of chemostat. The titre of these phage particles reached 10(8), 10(7) and 10(4) particles per 1 ml at limitation with yeast extract, glucose and phosphorus, respectively. Under the conditions of chemostat, the particles behaved as temperate ones and their growth was not found. Irrespective of the limitation, the phage titre did not correlate with the ratio of R and S-forms in the population. When the growth was limited with phosphorus, the quantity of S-forms increased abruptly while the spontaneous induction of the phage was inhibited. The quantity of cells capable of spore formation decreased in the cultures isolated from the chemostat and grown on MPA: 69-80% of the cells in R-forms and merely 8% in S-forms. PMID- 6748974 TI - [Effect of the cultivation conditions on alkaloid biosynthesis by Penicillium gorlenkoanum]. AB - The effect of a carbohydrate component of the medium, trace elements and aeration on biosynthesis of the alkaloids costaclavine and epicostaclavine was studied with Penicillium gorlenkoanum. Alkaloid biosynthesis was shown to depend on the nature of a carbohydrate component: virtually no alkaloids were accumulated in media with glucose and fructose although these were synthesized at a high rate in a medium with mannitol. The quantity of synthesized alkaloids and the dynamics of the biosynthesis depended on carbohydrate concentration. The growth and alkaloid synthesis were influenced by traces of zinc, iron, copper and manganese. A more intensive aeration stimulated biomass accumulation but suppressed alkaloid biosynthesis. PMID- 6748975 TI - [Ultrastructure of the bacterial spores and crystals of various Bacillus thuringiensis serotypes]. AB - Spores and crystals of various Bacillus thuringiensis serotypes were studied by electron microscopy. The serotypes were shown to differ in the fine structure of the exosporium and crystals. The packing parameters of morphological subunits were determined by analysing electron photomicrographs by the technique of optical diffraction and filtration. Some of the strains are characterised by hypersynthesis of surface spore structures. The individual morphological properties of crystals can be used for their differentiation. PMID- 6748976 TI - [Comparative characteristics of the transport systems of C4-dicarboxylic acids in cultures of the genera Halobacterium and Halococcus]. AB - The transport systems of the extreme halophilic organisms, Halobacterium and Halococcus, differ to a considerable degree in the kinetic parameters of succinate and fumarate transport, the exchange between exocellular and endocellular labeled dicarboxylates, and the rate at which labeled compounds in the cell are incorporated into cellular metabolism. PMID- 6748977 TI - [Campylobacter jejuni gastroenteritis]. AB - Acute gastroenteritis is a major cause of hospital admission with attendant morbidity and occasional mortality. Campylobacter jejuni recently has been recognized as a common cause of acute bacterial gastroenteritis in children and adults. Its frequency of isolation is comparable to and in many studies exceeds that of Salmonella isolations from diarrheal stools of hospitalized patients. Medical workers in many parts of the world confirmed that Campylobacter jejuni was found more commonly in feces in diarrheic than in non-diarrheic people. The feces is loose to watery and commonly contains blood and leukocytes. Although, Campylobacter jejuni has been isolated from feces and gallbladder of healthy and diarrheic animals, until now, to our knowledge, there is no report on the isolation of the microorganism from healthy or diarrheic subjects in Turkey. This paper reports three human infections found to have Campylobacter jejuni in their stools as part of our ongoing investigation of the incidence of diarrheal disease due to this organism. PMID- 6748978 TI - [Effects of storage conditions on the rate of disappearance of bacterial contamination of toothbrushes]. AB - This investigation was made to show the effects of storage conditions on the decrease rate of bacterial contamination of tooth brushes. Tooth brushes were soaked into the broth cultures of Staphylococcus aureus, Escherichia coli and Pseudomonas aeruginosa strains, and then kept either in closed containers or in free circulating room air. The germ counts were made 24, 48 and 72 hours later and found that the decreases were much more rapid in brushes who kept in free air. PMID- 6748979 TI - [Salmonella serotypes isolated in Turkey through 1983]. AB - Sixty Salmonella serotypes which belong to A, B, C1, C2, C3, D1, E1, E4, F, G1, H, I, M, P, Q and U groups of Kauffman-White's schema were isolated in Turkey until the end of 1983. PMID- 6748980 TI - [Diagnosis and classification of the genus Lactobacillus]. PMID- 6748981 TI - [Relation between the surface components of microorganisms and their pathogenicity]. PMID- 6748982 TI - [Isolation of a moderately halophilic bacterium from Salt Lake, Turkey]. AB - A moderate halophilic bacterium was isolated from Salt Lake, Turkey. Dundas' complex medium was used for further investigations. The bacterium showed optimal growth in medium containing 8% NaCl. Growth was also detected in media with 0, 5, 12.5, 20 and 25 (%) NaCl. PMID- 6748983 TI - [Effect of chemotherapy on certain species of the Cohn Bacillus]. AB - This study covers investigations on 15 strains of 7 species included in the genus Bacillus Cohn; by using discs which had absorbed the chemotherapeutic agents. In all, effects of 12 chemotherapeutic substances were followed. The results show that in addition to the normal determination methods it is possible to separate some of the varieties of these species with the help of this technique. PMID- 6748984 TI - [A case of diphtheria resulting in death]. AB - A 10 years old girl admitted to the hospital on 7.5.1983. She was sent from Etimesgut Hospital with the preliminary diagnosis of diphtheria bronchopneumonia, and glomerulonephritis. Cultures taken from the throat and nose of the patient yielded toxigenic diphtheria bacilli. Inspite of antitoxin and antibiotic treatment and a tracheostomy the patient died two days later. Diphtheritic membranes occluding larynx and trachea were found at the autopsy. In six out of the nine of the family members the throat cultures were found to be positive for toxigenic C. diphtheriae. The family was visited by a woman who had a bloody nasal discharge and ulcers around her nostrils. Close contacts, including the neighbours and the classmates of the children were checked for diphtheria bacilli and all were found to be negative. PMID- 6748985 TI - [Importance of classifying beta hemolytic Streptococci and comparison of various tests used for the classification]. AB - We grouped hundred beta hemolytic streptococci, isolated from several clinical specimens with precipitation, coagglutination test and biochemical properties. Among the hundred isolates, 64 percent belonged to group A, 19 percent to group B. 3 percent to group C, 2 percent to group D and 12 percent to group G with the precipitation test. The positive correlation between biochemical and precipitation tests was determined to be 91 percent, where as 99 percent of the strains were correctly identified with the coagglutination test. It is important to group Streptococci, from the epidemiological and clinical aspects, with a rapid and reliable method, chosen due to laboratory feasibilities. PMID- 6748986 TI - Blood volume expansion among blacks: an hypothesis. AB - Black persons are believed to have developed in a tropical environment and an expanded blood volume would have facilitated adaptation to such an environment. Throughout most of the first half of the life cycle blacks have slower heart rates than whites, and several lines of evidence suggest that heart rate is inversely related to blood volume. Review of blood volume studies in normotensive whites and normotensive blacks does not permit any conclusion concerning the blood volume hypothesis. Among patients with hypertension results of blood volume studies are inconsistent, but indirect evidence suggests that black patients with hypertension have greater plasma volume expansion than white patients with hypertension. PMID- 6748987 TI - Smoking, abnormal haemorheology and the pathogenesis of coronary heart disease. AB - Presently held views on the cause of coronary heart disease (CHD) considers hypertension, hypercholesterolemia and cigarette smoking to be the major risk factors. Large scale intervention trials which sought to evaluate the contribution of the major risk factors have failed to provide clear-cut results. Another significant, but clinically unrecognised factor in CHD is abnormal haemorheology which is exacerbated by smoking, and is associated with decreased RBC filterability. It is proposed that coronary heart disease may result directly from haemorheologic causes but occurs more often when lesions in two or more coronary arteries are associated with increased blood viscosity and poorly deformable RBCs. Treatment should be aimed at reducing blood viscosity and RBC stiffening. PMID- 6748988 TI - The production of antibodies which function like enzymes and the treatment of hereditary diseases. PMID- 6748989 TI - Age, environmental factors and prostatic cancer. AB - Although prostatic cancer is evident late in life, pathological evidence suggests this disease is initiated earlier in life. As prostatic cancer is an endocrine associated disease and as adult hormone profiles are established during puberty, it was of interest whether difference in pubertal hormone levels occurred in populations at low or high risk for prostatic cancer. Accordingly we have investigated the hormone profiles in rural Black South African and urban white boys during puberty. It has been suggested that the timing of puberty is modified by environmental factors and that there is a concomitant control of gonadotrophin release and food intake by CNS-peptide hormones. It is therefore postulated that dietary factors during puberty modify the gut-CNS peptide hormones which in turn control the hypothalamic-pituitary-testicular axis. Distinct difference in plasma androgen and gonadotrophins between the two races are in part concordant with a modification of CNS-peptide hormones by environmental factors during puberty. PMID- 6748990 TI - Origin of calcification in healed meconium peritonitis. AB - Calcification is the most characteristic pathologic feature of healed meconium peritonitis. Occurrence of calcification in meconium peritonitis has been reported, but its mechanism has not been discussed. According to our studies, the cause of calcification and giant cell reaction is meconium peritonitis is related to several distinct factors leading to three morphologic presentations described under type I, II and III in this paper. These factors can be traced to components of meconium. These morphologic findings are specific and in the proper context diagnostic of meconium peritonitis. PMID- 6748991 TI - RNA tumor viruses, DNA tumor viruses and developmental switches: a unifying hypothesis. AB - It is hypothesized that oncogenic viruses (both RNA and DNA tumor viruses) use cellular differentiation switches as part of their mechanism for viral replication. Chemical or radiation-induced carcinogenesis is the result of mutations which also affect these differentiation switches and their cellular controls. A transformed cell is characterized by the uncontrolled and inappropriate expression of embryonic (developmental) sequences. Many of the oncogenic viruses, both RNA and DNA, are lineage- and stage-specific in the cells they can productively infect, in keeping with their means of replication. The interaction between virus and host cellular controls determines whether recognizable neoplasia will result from viral infection. PMID- 6748992 TI - Non-equilibrium thermodynamics and degenerate disease. AB - Non-equilibrium thermodynamics, biochemistry and physiology can be associated to form a possible foundation for a theory of nutritional medicine. The theory predicts a new class of diseases. The relationship between this new class and cancer is discussed. PMID- 6748994 TI - Do we get too much iron? AB - Iron in hemoglobin of 14 gm/100 ml, which is considered normal, may predispose to malignancies and to rheumatoid, heart, bacterial and other infective diseases. Conversely, a mild state of iron-deficiency anemia as presented by hemoglobin of 10 gm/100 ml may be an affordable price for protection from these disease states. The harm due to too much iron is discussed. PMID- 6748993 TI - The increased prevalence of multiple sclerosis among people who were born and bred in areas where goitre is endemic. AB - The adverse effects of feeding vitamin A deficient diets to newborn infants are found to include an increased propensity for them to fall victim to multiple sclerosis (MS) later in life. When they are artificially fed on cow's milk, this deficiency is accentuated by a number of factors such as the need to dilute the milk in view of its high protein content, births occurring during the winter when the vitamin A content of the milk reaches its lowest value, insufficient selenium (Se) in the cow's forage which is otherwise required to safeguard the vitamin against peroxidation, and finally a lack of iodine in the soil which deprives the cattle of the thyroid hormone thyroxin necessary to effect the conversion of the carotene in their diet to vitamin A. Whichever of these factors preponderates, newborn infants who are fed on cow's milk for the normal period of approximately six months are at risk of suffering from MS. PMID- 6748995 TI - Nutritional need versus optimal intake. AB - The lack of biochemical basis for "nutritional need" is discussed. The current use of "nutritional need" as the basis in nutritional recommendations suggests that the general approach of such recommendations should be re-evaluated. "Optimal intake" -approach is suggested as an alternative. PMID- 6748996 TI - Interstitial hyperthermia. AB - The effectiveness of hyperthermia as a treatment modality for cancer continues to gain popularity in the medical community. One of the disappointing findings has been the inability to deliver uniform thermal doses to tumor volumes. This inability to heat certain tumors is due to a variety of physical and physiologic phenomena. To increase the ability of heating tumors, local interstitial techniques have been developed that are proving to be safe and effective. These techniques employ implanted microwave or radiofrequency antennae for the delivery of local thermal doses. Recently, investigations into the placement of interstitially located ferromagnetic seeds for local hyperthermia have also been conducted. The seeds can be heated by delivery of a high-wattage RF magnetic field to the implanted volume by an external source after implantation. The tissue surrounding the ferromagnetic implant is heated by conduction of heat away from the implanted seeds. While these techniques have been effective, further development of the instrumentation for interstitial therapies is continuing. These developments will include the application of specific control circuitry for delivery of accurate thermal doses. PMID- 6748997 TI - Thermoradiotherapy of refractory malignant tumors: an experience with microwave and RF capacitive hyperthermia. AB - Basic and clinical evidence that hyperthermia with radiation therapy or selected chemotherapy could significantly improve therapeutic ratios has attracted considerable interest. A variety of heating equipment and techniques have been used in many early clinical studies, with encouraging results: 60-70% with complete tumor regression without concomitant increase of normal-tissue toxicity. New generations of hyperthermia systems being developed should improve results significantly. However, since tumor response is directly related to hyperthermic temperature and the uniformity of the temperature distribution within target tissues, adequate characterization of the temperature profile within tumors as well as normal tissues is of primary importance. Clinical experience with microwave hyperthermia treatment combined with radiotherapy has been encouraging (complete regression response rate of 68% in 63 tumors in 50 patients) at Duke and VA Medical Centers, as have the results obtained (complete regression in 21 of 40 tumors treated in one clinic; 13 of 20 tumors treated in another clinic) with an 8-MHz RF capacitive hyperthermia system being evaluated in Japan. PMID- 6748998 TI - Nuclear magnetic resonance: the state of the art from the clinical engineer's viewpoint. AB - Clinical engineers must understand the present state of the art in nuclear magnetic resonance systems in order to make recommendations on the purchase of these systems. PMID- 6748999 TI - A new surgical monitoring and resuscitation cart. AB - To enhance patient safety after cardiac surgery, a new surgical cart has been designed to allow monitoring and resuscitation during transport of patients from operating room to intensive care unit. PMID- 6749000 TI - Consensus guidelines for product sterilization. AB - Sterilization requires a thorough understanding of both technical and regulatory requirements. The development of consensus guidelines has proven to be an effective method of establishing sterilization practices that can meet both regulatory and technical requirements. Regulatory rules prepared without industry participation have proven to be more costly and less effective than consensus guidelines. The AAMI recommended practice, Guideline for Industrial Ethylene Oxide Sterilization of Medical Devices, exemplifies the value of the consensus approach. PMID- 6749001 TI - Multiple use of dialysers. Six uses is the optimum. AB - In-vivo small-molecule clearances, ultrafiltration rate, and priming volumes were measured in a modern hollow-fibre dialyser after three, six, and 12 uses in a study group of nine regular dialysis patients. A detailed costing of reuse was carried out in order to determine the most cost-beneficial number of uses. Dialyser performance was not affected by any measurable criteria up to 12 uses. A 50% reduction in dialyser cost can be achieved by a policy of three uses, and a 62.5% reduction with a six-use policy. It is recommended that six uses of a dialyser represents the most cost-beneficial decision. A survey of reuse in Australian dialysis units showed that 42% of these are using dialysers, and that there were large regional differences in reuse policy. PMID- 6749002 TI - University general practices in Australasia. AB - The nature of the general practice departments in the medical schools of Australian and New Zealand universities, and the role of general practice conducted by these departments, are discussed. A number of arguments for, and against, the establishment of university general practice units, and comments on these, are listed. A greater involvement in the general practice and primary care units by the university departments over the next decade is predicted. PMID- 6749003 TI - Aboriginal mortality in Queensland. PMID- 6749004 TI - Vibrio vulnificus septicaemia. AB - A patient, who had been receiving treatment for refractory anaemia with excess of myeloblasts for three years, developed septic shock due to Vibrio vulnificus septicaemia. The infection was believed to have been introduced with the ingestion of raw oysters. This organism is comparatively rare, but it can cause serious infection, and is known to be capable of very rapid tissue invasion. PMID- 6749005 TI - Dissecting aneurysm of the femoral and popliteal arteries. AB - Dissecting aneurysms of peripheral arteries within the extremities are very rare. We report a case of dissection of the superficial femoral and popliteal arteries, in which the preoperative arteriography was diagnostic and surgical treatment was undertaken before the onset of severe ischaemia. It is recommended that the diagnosis of dissecting aneurysm of a major artery should be considered when limb ischaemia occurs in a younger patient. PMID- 6749006 TI - Staphylococcus hominis septicaemia in patients with cancer. AB - We report two cases of Staphylococcus hominis septicaemia associated with the use of intravenous catheters. Both patients had advanced malignant disease, but infection was eliminated rapidly with antibiotic treatment administered via the catheters. This report confirms the pathogenicity of Staph. hominis, particularly in immunocompromised patients. We recommend the wider use of an effective scheme for the correct identification of blood culture isolates of coagulase-negative staphylococci. PMID- 6749007 TI - Cancer in migrants. PMID- 6749008 TI - Pregnancy after percutaneous transvesical ultrasound-guided follicle aspiration for in-vitro fertilization. AB - A case, in which pregnancy (unfortunately ectopic) followed oocyte collection by an ultrasound technique, is reported. Nevertheless, the procedure is less invasive than laparoscopic follicular aspiration, does not require general or major regional anaesthesia, and is suitable for patients in whom access to the ovaries by means of laparoscopy is either not possible or severely restricted. PMID- 6749009 TI - Immunization non-compliance. PMID- 6749011 TI - Academic general practice. PMID- 6749010 TI - Cancer in a general hospital. PMID- 6749013 TI - Elective colo-rectal surgery. PMID- 6749014 TI - Breath hydrogen analysis during sleep. PMID- 6749012 TI - Effects of connective tissue massage in subacute asthma. PMID- 6749015 TI - Abuse of APF Linctus Codeine and cardiac glycoside toxicity. PMID- 6749017 TI - Belted-up. PMID- 6749016 TI - Are buccal smears a useful diagnostic test? PMID- 6749018 TI - Hydatid disease in Australia. PMID- 6749019 TI - Ruptured ectopic pregnancy presenting as gastroenteritis. PMID- 6749020 TI - General practice research. PMID- 6749021 TI - Standard classifications and terminology for general practice. PMID- 6749022 TI - Reuse of artificial kidneys. PMID- 6749023 TI - Euthanasia 1984. PMID- 6749025 TI - Dying of cancer. Home, hospice or hospital? PMID- 6749024 TI - Life at any price? PMID- 6749026 TI - Calcium requirement and the menopause. PMID- 6749027 TI - Adolescent pregnancy. PMID- 6749028 TI - Dying of cancer. Factors influencing the place of death of patients. AB - An analysis of factors influencing the place of death of patients seen by two medical oncology units is reported. There were 1295 recorded deaths of patients from the Royal Prince Alfred Hospital, Sydney, and 688 from The Royal North Shore Hospital of Sydney during 1979-1981; the places of death were known in 1724 instances (87%). Of these, 73% of patients died in hospital, 9% died in terminal nursing care (TNC) institutions, and the remainder at home. Factors influencing the place of death were the place of residence, age, home circumstances-social support, diagnosis, and interval from first contact with the medical oncology unit. Our data indicate that a complex interrelation of these factors determines the place of death. Improvements in community services may allow more patients with cancer to die at home or in TNC institutions, but a substantial proportion of these will still die in major hospitals. Therefore, there is a need for the improvement of palliative care services in these institutions. PMID- 6749029 TI - Depression in general practice. AB - The nature and course of depressive disorders in a group of general practice patients were assessed by screening 564 subjects who attended representative practices in Sydney by means of a self-report depression inventory. Of these, 25% of women and 17% of men reported significant depressive symptoms. An interview was sought with these "potential depressives" to determine, in particular, the extent to which they might be considered to have a psychiatric disorder, using the PSE case-finding procedure. Of those interviewed, 83% scored as psychiatric "cases", while the mean duration of their depression was nine months. A longitudinal component to the study suggested that the mental condition of the sample had improved minimally at six weeks' and at 20 weeks' follow-up assessments. PMID- 6749030 TI - Health lifestyle education in high schools. A three-year follow-up study. AB - An experimental "healthy lifestyle programme" was initiated in Year 7 (first year of high school) in selected high schools in 1980 and was conducted over a three year period. The programme had two main objectives: to influence attitudes and increase knowledge about health matters, in order to improve lifestyle; and to strengthen the general case for the more organized instruction of schoolchildren in this field. As part of the programme, children were given lessons on nutrition, physical activity and fitness, and on alcohol, tobacco and drugs. The programme was reasonably implemented in three of the four schools which took part in the experiment. Significant improvements, over three years, in attitudes and knowledge about health and nutrition and a reduction in cigarette smoking, were noted among children in schools where the programme had been implemented reasonably. The reasons for the partial success of the programme are discussed. PMID- 6749031 TI - Current clinical applications and dose regimens of metronidazole and related nitroimidazoles. AB - Metronidazole, in particular, and the other nitroimidazoles (tinidazole, ornidazole) available in Australia are well established drugs for the treatment of protozoal (trichomonal or amoebic) infections; recent data testify to their efficacy in the prevention and therapy of anaerobic infections. Administration by oral and rectal routes is indicated rather than by the intravenous route on the basis of efficacy, safety and cost; this recommendation is applicable to both loading and maintenance dosing. Intravenous administration should be restricted to emergency preoperative loading (single 500-mg dose); to patients with proven anaerobic infections; patients with serious sepsis associated with an unidentified organism; patients who are unable to take medication by mouth and those without a functional rectum or with diarrhoea; and patients with leukaemia who are vomiting. These drugs are remarkably safe under conditions of acute use if the intravenous route is avoided. However, extreme caution in their long-term use and use in obstetric and paediatric patients should be exercised until toxicological issues are resolved. It is concluded that the nitroimidazoles are effective, cheap and safe drugs for the short-term treatment of protozoal and bacterial (anaerobic) infections. PMID- 6749032 TI - Interpretation of drug mutagenicity tests. PMID- 6749033 TI - Asthma, bronchodilator drugs and education. PMID- 6749034 TI - Treatment of epilepsy. PMID- 6749036 TI - Greer again. PMID- 6749037 TI - The economics of general practice. PMID- 6749035 TI - Some medical aspects of euthanasia. PMID- 6749038 TI - Vietnam service and congenital anomalies. PMID- 6749039 TI - Morbidity in Vietnam veterans. PMID- 6749040 TI - Transfer of bioactive substances in breast milk. PMID- 6749041 TI - Delta infection in Pacific Islanders. PMID- 6749042 TI - Diabetes in an ethnic community. PMID- 6749043 TI - Diagnosis of eye strain. PMID- 6749045 TI - Herpes zoster in the S3 dermatome. PMID- 6749044 TI - HLA and colorectal cancer. PMID- 6749046 TI - Prevalence and risk factors of chronic respiratory disease in a farming population. PMID- 6749047 TI - [Urinary secretion of D-glucaric acid in subjects exposed to styrene]. PMID- 6749048 TI - [Bronchial asthma due to occupational exposure to a dioctylphthalate. Description of a case]. PMID- 6749049 TI - [Thermal comfort in a hospital]. PMID- 6749050 TI - [An episode of acute poisoning with methylene chloride and experimental evaluation of the exposure]. PMID- 6749051 TI - [Anesthetic gases: efficacy of various antipollution systems for operating rooms]. PMID- 6749052 TI - [X-ray difractometric behavior of fine cement dust]. PMID- 6749053 TI - [Recent and current toxicological problems of office work]. PMID- 6749055 TI - Drugs that cause psychiatric symptoms. PMID- 6749054 TI - Toxic effects of vitamin overdosage. PMID- 6749056 TI - Hodgkin's disease presenting in epitrochlear nodes. AB - Two cases of Hodgkin's Disease (HD) presenting in epitrochlear nodes are described, and compared to four similar cases gleaned from the literature. The nodular sclerosis type of HD was present in 5 of the 6 patients. Of the four patients staged with laparotomy, two had infradiaphragmatic disease. A treatment approach using radiation alone for patients with disease limited to the epitroclear region is presented, and anatomical considerations of the treatment technique are given. PMID- 6749057 TI - Influence of local-regional lymph node metastases on prognosis in neuroblastoma. AB - Data relative to the prognostic and therapeutic significance of lymph node metastases in regionally confined neuroblastoma (Evans stages II-III) are scant. We have analyzed lymph node status in order to assess the significance of nodal involvement. Disease-free survival (minimum follow-up of 2 years) was 84% (21/25) among node-positive patients compared with 95% (18/19) for node-negative patients (P greater than 0.1, two-tailed test). These results contrast with the results from two other centers in which lymph node involvement was a significant adverse prognostic indicator. The use of intensive multimodal therapy including surgical resection of the primary tumor, wide-field radiation therapy to the tumor bed and regional lymph nodes, and chemotherapy may have accounted for the better survival in our node-positive patients. PMID- 6749058 TI - [Evaluation of the effectiveness of methods of fecal analysis for parasite eggs in the diagnosis of opisthorchiasis. 1]. PMID- 6749059 TI - [Soil contamination by Toxocara eggs at Moscow preschool institutions and its sources]. PMID- 6749060 TI - [Histological and electron microscopic studies of the heart in mice with ascariasis migrans]. PMID- 6749061 TI - [Current problems of controlling the major human helminthiases in the USSR]. PMID- 6749062 TI - [Evaluation of the effectiveness of the latex agglutination reaction and the passive hemagglutination reaction using different echinococcal diagnostic agents]. PMID- 6749063 TI - [Clinical aspects of the acute stage of strongyloidiasis]. PMID- 6749064 TI - [Seroepidemiological study of echinococcosis foci in northern Yakutia]. PMID- 6749065 TI - [Fauna and distribution of blood-sucking mosquitoes of the genus Culex L. (Diptera, Culicidae) in the Ukraine]. PMID- 6749066 TI - [New data on the geographic range of opisthorchiasis in central Siberia]. PMID- 6749067 TI - [Opisthorchiasis in domestic cats in Taishet District, Irkutsk Province]. PMID- 6749068 TI - Effects of dietary calcium on renal calcium, magnesium and phosphate excretion by the rabbit. AB - The renal handling of calcium, phosphate and magnesium was evaluated in rabbits fed diets varying in calcium content. Rabbits fed a low calcium diet (0.29%) exhibited a significant decrease in 24-hour excretion of calcium and in plasma calcium, and a significant increase in 24-hour excretion of phosphate, compared with rabbits fed a normal calcium diet (0.61%). Rabbits fed a high-calcium diet (1.89%) excreted significantly more calcium and less phosphate than the group fed normal dietary calcium. When measured under acute clearance conditions, the fractional excretion of calcium averaged 1-2% in rabbits fed either the low- or normal-calcium diets and increased to 6% in rabbits fed the high-calcium diet. In both acute and chronic studies, fractional phosphate excretion declined as the content of dietary calcium was raised. Magnesium excretion was not altered by the dietary calcium levels. Although calcium excretion by rabbits is set proportionately higher than that of other species, renal calcium handling in the rabbit is appropriate. Phosphate handling by the rabbit kidney similarly responds appropriately to dietary calcium manipulation. PMID- 6749069 TI - Thyroid replacement in thyroparathyroidectomized dogs. AB - The thyroparathyroidectomized dog is an important experimental model of hypoparathyroidism and has been widely utilized for acute and chronic studies of the physiologic role of parathyroid hormone on systemic and renal acid-base, electrolyte and vitamin D physiology. Despite widespread use of this model, the appropriate thyroid hormone replacement dose necessary for achievement of postoperative euthyroidism has not been established for this species. Accordingly, serum thyroxine (T4) concentration was measured prior to and following chronic thyroparathyroidectomy in dogs given thyroid hormone replacement at different doses and routes of administration: sodium levothyroxine, 2.4 micrograms/kg daily in one or two divided subcutaneous doses (group I, n = 9), 20 micrograms/kg daily in two divided oral doses (group II, n = 8), and a wide range of intravenous doses (group III, n = 3). Group I dosage was based on the reported T4 production rate in dogs and is slightly greater than the reported production rate in man. Group II dosage was based on published clinically derived estimates of required replacement amounts. With subcutaneous replacement (group I) serum T4 concentration decreased from a preoperative value of 1.80 +/- 0.20 to 0.60 +/- 0.10 microgram/100 ml (p less than 0.001) following thyroparathyroidectomy. With oral replacement (group II), serum T4 concentration after thyroparathyroidectomy was not significantly changed from control (1.88 +/- 0.22 vs. 1.66 +/- 0.43 microgram/100 ml). Group III studies revealed that both total and free serum T4 concentration could be normalized after thyroparathyroidectomy with an intravenous dose of 10 micrograms/kg daily. As found with subcutaneous administration, intravenous replacement with lesser amounts of T4 than 10 micrograms/kg daily (i.e. 2.5 micrograms/kg) resulted in significant decreases in serum T4 concentration from control.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS) PMID- 6749070 TI - Intracellular pH of the urinary bladder and red blood cells of the fresh water turtle. AB - Intracellular pH is thought to play an important role in several aspects of cell function including urinary acidification. The turtle urinary bladder is capable of urinary acidification in vitro and it is considered an analogue of the mammalian distal nephron. In the present study we measured intracellular pH in the epithelial layer of the turtle urinary bladder utilizing phosphorus nuclear magnetic resonance. In 14 experiments, the intracellular pH of the stripped turtle bladder epithelium bubbled with compressed air was 6.91 +/- 0.02; in turtle red blood cells the mean intracellular pH was 6.97 +/- 0.05 (n = 20), a value not significantly different from the pH value obtained in the turtle bladder. Gassing the turtle bladder with 95% air and 5% CO2 while maintaining the extracellular pH constant resulted in a rapid decrease in intracellular pH. Lowering of extracellular pH with HCl also resulted in a decrease in intracellular pH. The results demonstrate that phosphorus nuclear magnetic resonance allows rapid, noninvasive measurement and frequent monitoring of intracellular pH in the turtle bladder. PMID- 6749071 TI - Effects of highly selective vagotomy on small intestinal calcium transport in the rat. AB - In parathyroid-intact and parathyroidectomized rats we studied the influence of highly selective vagotomy (HSV) on net absorption and bidirectional (lumen-to plasma, LP; plasma-to-lumen, PL) calcium (Ca) fluxes in the duodenum and ileum. In parathyroid-intact rats, Ca fluxes in the duodenum and ileum are not significantly altered by HSV. Nevertheless, net absorption is increased in the duodenum and decreased in the ileum. In parathyroidectomized rats duodenal LP flux is reduced and ileal PL flux is increased, by HSV, with the result that there is a decrease in the net absorption in both intestinal segments. It is suggested that (1) in intact rats, the influence of HSV on the net absorption of Ca is different in the duodenum and the ileum; (2) after prior parathyroidectomy, HSV is potentially harmful to the Ca balance of the body, and (3) the mineral metabolic effects of HSV have so far not been adequately studied. PMID- 6749072 TI - Renal handling of urate during water immersion in the nephrotic syndrome. AB - Renal handling of urate was examined in 11 patients with nephrotic syndrome before, during, and after 4 h of water immersion up to the neck. Urinary urate excretion, urate clearance, and fractional excretion of urate all increased significantly during water immersion, and decreased in the hour following water immersion. During water immersion fractional excretion of urate rose to a maximum of 16 ml/ml of glomerular filtrate, and fell towards control levels on removal from the bath. It is concluded that either there is a decrease in proximal tubular urate reabsorption or secretion caused by water immersion. In contrast, diurnal control studies showed no significant change in fractional excretion of urate during the same period of the day. It is postulated that the increased fractional excretion of urate on water immersion is due to hypervolemia induced by the hydrostatic pressure of the water on the lower limbs and abdomen. PMID- 6749073 TI - Effect of desferrioxamine on aluminum kinetics during hemodialysis. AB - The effects of desferrioxamine administration on aluminum kinetics during hemodialysis were studied. Desferrioxamine leads to an increase of plasma aluminum levels in patients on chronic hemodialysis which could be attributed to mobilization of tissue aluminum. The in vivo protein binding of aluminum was found to be 70% after administration of desferrioxamine vs. 80% without a premedication with desferrioxamine, thus greatly enhancing the concentration gradient between free diffusible plasma aluminum and dialysate aluminum. Desferrioxamine therefore leads to increased aluminum removal during hemodialysis and should be considered in the therapy of aluminum toxicity syndromes. PMID- 6749074 TI - Difference between 1-84 parathyroid hormone and the 1-34 fragment on renal tubular calcium transport in the dog. AB - Acute clearance studies were performed in chronically thyroparathyroidectomized dogs to determine similarities and differences between the effects of 1-34 and 1 84 parathyroid hormone (PTH) on urinary calcium excretion. In a small (physiological) dose, 1-84 PTH caused no mean change in percentage calcium excretion, while the 1-34 fragment was frankly calciuric. At this dose, the two hormone preparations were equally phosphaturic. Fragments of PTH in the range 25 84 did not alter calcium or phosphate transport. We conclude that the entire molecule is required in order for the distal nephron effect of the hormone to enhance net calcium transport in the kidney to become manifest. PMID- 6749075 TI - [Dog bites in children. Etiology, consequences, prevention and treatment]. PMID- 6749076 TI - [Well known statistical studies of breast feeding in Alta Brianza in a sample of 982 infants]. PMID- 6749077 TI - [Renal insufficiency due to uropathy. Incidence and evolution]. PMID- 6749078 TI - [Pulmonary hemorrhage in the newborn infant]. PMID- 6749079 TI - [Maternal 5/10 translocation in a typical case of crying cat syndrome]. PMID- 6749080 TI - [Treatment of gluteo-perineal erythema using a protective compound with a gelatin and pectin base]. PMID- 6749081 TI - Adventure therapy: an innovative treatment for psychiatric patients. PMID- 6749082 TI - Treatment resisters or system resisters?: Toward a better service system for acute care recidivists. PMID- 6749083 TI - The young adult chronic patient: affective responses to treatment. PMID- 6749084 TI - Disability in young adult chronic patients at discharge from a private psychiatric hospital. PMID- 6749085 TI - A flexible model of case management. PMID- 6749086 TI - Treating the young adult chronic patient: an update. PMID- 6749087 TI - Increasing medication compliance in young adult chronic psychiatric patients. PMID- 6749088 TI - The family consumer movement: a new force in service delivery. PMID- 6749089 TI - An agenda for family intervention: issues, models, and practice. PMID- 6749090 TI - Are families satisfied with services to young adult chronic patients?: A recent survey and a proposed alternative. PMID- 6749091 TI - The wilderness challenge: an adjunctive treatment. PMID- 6749092 TI - Changes in self-image during early adolescence. PMID- 6749093 TI - The mental health professional and the normal adolescent. PMID- 6749094 TI - Prominent features of depression in affective- and conduct-disordered inpatients. PMID- 6749095 TI - The self-image of normal adolescents. PMID- 6749096 TI - Psychopathology and adolescent self-image. PMID- 6749097 TI - The quietly disturbed adolescent. PMID- 6749098 TI - Historical time and social change in adolescent experience. PMID- 6749099 TI - [Angiographic analysis of vascular anatomy in gastric cancer]. AB - Celiac, left gastric, common hepatic and superior mesenteric angiography was performed in 296 gastric cancer patients. Relationship between anatomical variations and the mode of lymphatic metastasis was discussed. The emergence of right gastric artery was from hepatic artery proper in 46.9%, right, middle and left hepatic in 26.4%, common hepatic and gastroduodenal in 18.6%, and others in 5.4%. The rate of metastasis to suprapyloric nodes was the highest (20.0%) among the cases, in which the right gastric artery was given off distal to the hepatic artery proper. Left gastric artery emerged from the celiac in 94.9%, splenic in 2.7%, abdominal aorta in 2.1%, and common hepatic in 0.3%. Knowledge of the origin of the arteries is essential to thorough dissection of the perivascular lymph nodes. The accessory hepatic arteries emerged from left gastric artery in 17.9% of the cases, in which the rate of lymph node metastasis along left gastric artery was higher than others. Left gastric artery should be severed at its point of emergence for thorough dissection of lymph nodes along this artery in gastric cancer. However, the fact that 20.8% of accessory left hepatic arteries were perfusing more than 2 liver segments must be into consideration. PMID- 6749100 TI - [Pelvic exenteration combined with sacral resection for recurrent rectal cancer. The roles of carcinoembryonic antigen and pelvic computed tomography for early detection]. AB - Local recurrence of rectal cancer following abdominoperineal resection is rarely amenable to limited resection. CT study of the pelvis revealed recurrent tumor images in relation to the adjacent pelvic structures. Six patients with deeply invading recurrent lesions were subjected to pelvic exenteration combined with sacral resection. No postoperative deaths were encountered. The postoperative sharp drops of serum CEA levels are useful for judging the adequacy of this procedure. The follow-up status of the 6 patients is as follows, respectively: 16 months dead from pulmonary & hepatic metastasis, 11 months and 9.5 months alive without symptoms but with slightly elevated CEA level, and 5 months, 2 months and 2 weeks alive with no evidence of disease. All patients who were relieved of perineal or sciatic nerve pain are now able to walk without any assistance or trouble. Total en bloc residual pelvic exenteration combined with sacral resection is a reasonable treatment for locally recurrent rectal cancer. PMID- 6749101 TI - [Cardiorespiratory dynamics following hepatic resection]. AB - The cardiorespiratory dynamics following hepatic resection was investigated with the use of Swan-Ganz catheter in 34 patients with major hepatic resection. In the patients without cirrhosis or jaundice, cardiac index (CI) appeared to decrease with increased systemic vascular resistance (SVR) during the first postoperative day. CI tended to increase on the second or third postoperative day with normal SVR. In the majority of the patients without hepatic cirrhosis or jaundice who underwent more than 50% hepatectomy the circulating blood volume decreased immediately after the operation and increased after the second postoperative day. In the cirrhotic patients, hyperdynamic state was noted pre- and post operatively, and was prominent in the cases with poor prognosis. These patients had relatively higher pulmonary arterial and wedge pressure, and were liable to yield to cardiorespiratory insufficiency by overhydration. In the jaundiced patients, the patterns of hemodynamic change were similar to those of the patients without cirrhosis or jaundice except for decreased SVR. The jaundiced patients did not develop severe respiratory distress in spite of having lower PO2 and higher AaDO2. PMID- 6749102 TI - [Susceptibility of intraductal papillomas to carcinogenesis based on 3 dimensional reconstruction study]. AB - Surgical specimens from 16 patients with intraductal papilloma were subjected to 3-dimensional reconstruction studies of mammary ducts in order to detect early cancerous foci developing in papilloma, to analyze growth behavior of papilloma and to establish morphological features of papilloma particularly prone to cancerous change. Papilloma of the multiple type (10 cases) originated in the terminal duct lobular units (TDLU), while papilloma of the solitary type (6 cases) originated in the large ducts except for one. In 4 out of the 16 patients small foci of intraductal carcinoma were found during specimen reconstruction. Two of the four patients harbored minimal cancer as small as 3 mm or less. The carcinomas with multifocal origins in the TDLUs were anatomically connected with peripheral papilloma so far as to take the form of "cancer in papilloma". Papilloma preceding carcinoma was of the multiple type in 3 cases and of the solitary type in one. But according to the sites from which papillomas originated, 4 out of the 11 cases originating in the TDLU had cancerous foci, whereas none of the 5 cases originating in the large ducts did. This suggests that the peripheral papilloma is highly susceptible to cancerous change. From a clinical point of view, we proposed a nomenclature of peripheral vs. central papillomas instead of the conventional multiple vs. solitary. PMID- 6749103 TI - [Right-sided traumatic diaphragmatic hernia following blunt trauma]. AB - The mechanism of right-sided traumatic diaphragmatic hernia following blunt trauma was examined. In 13 cases of Traumatic diaphragmatic hernia admitted to the Department of Traumatology Osaka University Hospital, 3 cases were on the right. All cases were associated with severe injuries in the chest, abdomen and pelvis. Rib fractures, hemothorax, and liver injury were seen in the same site of the ruptured diaphragm. So it seemed that there were some differences in the force itself caused diaphragmatic rupture between right-sided and left. We reviewed 40 cases of right-sided traumatic diaphragmatic hernia reported in Japan. The following results were obtained. Main force which caused right-sided diaphragmatic rupture was the blunt impact to the right thoracic wall. In the right-sided diaphragmatic hernia, the most frequently herniated organ was the right lobe of the liver and there was high-frequency of G-I tract herniation in delayed types. Herniation of the abdominal organs seemed to be varied as the time passed. PMID- 6749104 TI - [In vivo evaluation of cellular immunity in melanoma patients against melanoma]. AB - Evaluation of cellular immunity against human melanoma was performed in an in vivo model using Balb/c nude mice bearing the human melanoma. Intraperitoneal injection of 1 X 10(7) melanoma cells produced peritonitis carcinomatosa which lead to death of the mice at 23.8 +/- 2.6 days (N = 12). Peripheral blood lymphocytes (PBL) from healthy donors and the melanoma cells cultured on the back of the nude mouse were given to nude mice intraperitoneally, and survival times of 22.0 +/- 2.3 days were observed (N = 8). PBL from four of the five healthy donors which have been presensitized on monolayers of the melanoma tissue culture cells in flask failed to prolong host survival times. In contrast, PBL from 15 of 20 melanoma patients were found to prolong the survival of the tumor bearing nude mice. Of these 15 patients, 8 were treated with specific active immunotherapy, but 7 had not been sensitized except by the disease process. The ability of PBL from patients to prolong survival of the melanoma bearing nude mice did not seem to correlate with either the stage of the disease or the clinical course. The possible mechanisms for the prolonged survival and the usefulness of this in vivo model were discussed. PMID- 6749105 TI - [Serum levels of immunosuppressive acidic protein (IAP) in various disease states and their clinical significance]. AB - The IAP level of sera from normal subjects and patients with various diseases were quantitatively measured by single radial immunodiffusion method. The mean IAP concentration in the sera from 152 normal individuals was 375.3 +/- 100.1 micrograms/ml, whereas among 86 patients with benign diseases, the level in 26 patients with acute abdominal inflammation or rheumatoid arthritis was particularly higher than normal level. The IAP level in 277 patients with carcinoma was 642.9 +/- 311.0 micrograms/ml which carcinoma was about 2-hold higher than normal level, especially in the patient with lung, biliary tract and esophageal cancer. Following successful surgical resection of carcinoma, the IAP level gradually decreased to normal level, but in the recurrent cancer patients the level increased markedly again. The changes of IAP level was quantitatively correlated with the serum level of alpha 1-acid glycoprotein (alpha 1-AG). However, IAP level had relatively higher response more than that of alpha 1-AG in patients with inflammation and carcinoma. In gastric cancer patients, there was a good correlation between IAP in increased level and phytohemagglutinin response in peripheral lymphocytes. The evidence suggests that IAP level is a good immunological marker, which is associated with the tumor progression, recurrent involvement and effectiveness of therapeutic programs. PMID- 6749106 TI - [Intrathoracic application of latissimus dorsi muscle flap for extended radical esophagectomy]. AB - The problem of extensive surgery for patients with a carcinoma of the esophagus, involving the trachea, was discussed. The right latissimus dorsi muscle flap was utilized intrathoracically in order to cover up and reinforce the tracheal suture line. The technique of the intrathoracic application and merits of this procedure were discussed. PMID- 6749107 TI - [Experimental and clinical studies on esophago-gastric hemodynamics before and after devascularization for esophageal varices]. AB - Esophago-gastric hemodynamics subsequent to devascularization was studied in a view of changes in mucosal blood flow and tissue oxygen tension (PtO2). Thirty four mongrel dogs (26 normal dogs and 8 portal hypertensive dogs) were used in experimental studies, and mucosal blood flow was determined by means of hydrogen gas clearance. Remarkable reduction of a 73% in gastric cardia was recognized on normal dogs just after extended devascularization, and those dogs died of severe gastric necrosis within 4 days after surgery. Reduction of a 28.5% in the cardia was found by the devascularization on portal hypertensive dogs produced by a whole liver compression. These portal hypertensive dogs survived for 2 weeks after surgery, and then mucosal blood flows were returned to the previous levels. Liver cirrhosis (10 cases) with esophageal varices were used for clinical studies. Gastric hemodynamics was measured by PtO2 before and after devascularization. Reduction of a 25.7% in the cardia was recognized on cirrhotic patients. These results suggest that influences of extended devascularization on esophago-gastric hemodynamics would be a small in cirrhotic patients with esophageal varices. PMID- 6749108 TI - [Preoperative and postoperative lengths of extrahepatic biliary duct measured by direct cholangiography]. AB - The lengths of extrahepatic duct of 110 cases of cholecystolithiasis and 108 cases of choledocholithiasis were compared by direct cholangiography. An average length of the former was 11.0 +/- 1.45 cm, while that of the latter was 12.5 +/- 1.50 cm. There was remarkable change in length between cholecystolithiasis and choledocholithiasis. The length of 75 postoperative choledocholithiasis was 10.4 +/- 1.06 cm. The postoperative length of extrahepatic duct of choledocholithiasis was shorten significantly. There was no significant postoperative change in length in cholecystolithiasis and post-operative significantly. There was no significant postoperative change in length in choledocholithiasis. Because almost same length as that of cholecystolithiasis. As for the location of duodenal entry of the choledochus, there was no remarkable difference between cholecystolithiasis group and choledocholithiasis group. Remarkable difference of the length of extrahepatic duct between cholecystolithiasis group and choledocholithiasis group was not observed after surgery. These data suggested that the length of the extrahepatic bile duct is not the cause of stone formation, but the result of choledocholithiasis. PMID- 6749109 TI - [Evaluation of pancreatic ductal decompression procedure for patients with advanced chronic pancreatitis, mainly from the viewpoint of pancreatic ductal changes]. AB - Several pancreatic ductal decompression procedures have been applied for chronic pancreatitis. Unresolved problems, however, remain, i.e., to select the appropriate procedure among several different decompression procedures, to investigate the changes of pancreatic endocrine and exocrine functions resulting from such procedures, etc. In this paper we evaluated these problems, mainly by comparing conditions of the pancreatic duct as seen with pre- and post-operative endoscopic retrograde pancreatography (ERP). We classified the pancreatic duct of patients with chronic pancreatitis into seven types. This classification was devised so that the selection of the suitable operative procedure could be made. The severity of the abnormal ductal change was also evaluated. Eighteen patients were studied with reference to the post-operative change in the pancreatic duct and the patency of the pancreaticoenteral anastomosis in each procedure. Postoperative ERP showed good patency in the patients with lateral pancreaticojejunostomy and modified bilateral pancreaticojejunostomy, both having long anastomotic stoma. Among the findings of postoperative pancreatic ductal changes, the dilatation of the main duct was reduced in most of the patients, while the stenosis of the main duct remained unchanged in nearly all the patients. The duct in the tail area showed the best results, which suggested the importance of preservation of the pancreatic tail. PMID- 6749110 TI - [Studies of red cell deformability and lipid composition of red cell membrane in chronic arterial occlusive diseases]. AB - Red cell deformability (RCD), by a filtration method, was studied on patients with chronic arterial occlusive diseases: Arteriosclerosis obliterans (ASO) and Buerger's disease (TAO). RCD decreased significantly in both ASO and TAO. Furthermore, RCD decreased in patients with gangrene and complications in other organs much more than in those without them in ASO. In ASO positive correlation was observed between RCD and serum HDL-cholesterol level, while negative correlation between RCD and serum lipid peroxide level. The deformability of the red cells resuspended in a standard plasma protein fraction was also studied to assess the influences of plasma factors on RCD. As the result decreased RCD was considered probably due to a change in red cells rather than plasma factors in ASO. PMID- 6749111 TI - [Effect of catecholamine on reperfused myocardium following hypothermic global ischemia]. AB - This study was aimed to evaluate the effect of catecholamine on the myocardium reperfused after hypothermic global ischemia, by changes of hemodynamics, biochemistry and ultrastructure. Under cardiopulmonary bypass (CPB) at flow rate 80 ml/kg/min., the aorta was clamped for 60 min. at 28 degrees C of myocardial temperature and reperfused for 60 min. in 26 mongrel dogs. They were divided into 4 groups by infusion of physical saline solution (control), epinephrine 1 microgram/kg/min. (group 1), epinephrine 0.1 microgram/kg/min. (group 2) and dobutamine 5 micrograms/kg/min. (group 3) during reperfusion. The hemodynamic parameters and myocardial isoenzyme (m-AST, MB-CPK) of coronary sinus venous blood were measured before CPB, 30 and 60 min. after declamp. The myocardial adenosine triphosphate (ATP), creatine phosphate (CP), water content, tissue Ca content and fine structure with score of mitochondrial membrane and cristae were examined in epicardium and endocardium at the end of experiment. Hemodynamic parameters after declamp were higher in group 1, 2 and 3 than control (p less than 0.05). The water content and tissue Ca content in group 1 were higher than control. The ATP of endocardium was lowest but CP was no significant difference among four groups. The mitochondrial score in group 1 was lower than control. These data suggest that epinephrine and dobutamine increase hemodynamics and tissue Ca content on the reperfused myocardium following 60 min. of hypothermic global ischemia, but they do not improve depletion of ATP and disruption of myocardial ultrastructure. High dose of epinephrine accentuates ischemic damage of reperfused myocardium after hypothermic global ischemia. PMID- 6749112 TI - [Long-term cross-circulation on galactosamine induced hepatic failure rats]. AB - Cross-circulation was carried out in between galactosamine treated hepatic failure rats and normal rats and its efficacy was mainly evaluated by measuring mitochondrial respiratory function of the liver. Twenty-four hours after the injection of galactosamine, cross-circulation was performed at a blood flow rate of 1 ml/min for 8 hours. Survival rate of the rats in 48 hours and 60 hours after the injection of galactosamine was 86% and 57% in a cross-circulation group and 66% and 23% in a sham-circulation group, respectively. In a cross-circulation group, there showed significant increases of ATP synthesis per 100 gr. body weight, turnover number of phosphorylation and Cyt a (+a3) which were markedly reduced in a sham-circulation group. These appear to suggest that cross circulation provides augmented mitochondrial energy supply in the liver and contributes higher survival rate of the rats. PMID- 6749113 TI - [Homologous plasma cross-circulation on galactosamine induced hepatic failure rats]. AB - Plasma cross-circulation which resembles plasma exchange clinically was carried out in between galactosamine (GalN) treated hepatic failure rats and normal rats. Twenty-four hours after the injection of GalN, plasma cross-circulation was performed at a plasma flow rate of 0.1 ml/min for 6 hours. In eighteen hours after the completion of a procedure, survival rate was 75% (6 out of 8 survived) in GalN injected rats treated with plasma cross-circulation, as compared to 40% (4 out of 10 survived) in GalN injected rats treated with sham-circulation. State 3 oxygen consumption and ATP synthesis in the liver mitochondrial respiratory function, and ATP and total adenine nucleotide contents in the liver in the former group were significantly higher than those in the latter group at the time of sacrifice of the survived animals. These appear to suggest that plasma cross circulation enhances mitochondrial phosphorylative activity in the liver and may contribute higher survival rate of the rats. Plasma exchange using a large amount of fresh plasma, therefore, would be effective for the treatment of acute liver failure in its early stage. PMID- 6749114 TI - [Surgical treatment of infective endocarditis in childhood--report of 3 cases]. AB - This is the case report of 3 surgical patients with infective endocarditis in childhood. Case 1: A 8 year-old boy was admitted with high fever and congestive heart failure. Aureus staphylococci were identified by blood culture. Echocardiogram showed a vegetating mass on the posterior mitral leaflet. This patient was cured by emergency mitral valve replacement during the active phase of infection. Case 2: A 3 year-old girl was admitted with infective endocarditis related to VSD. Viridans streptococci were identified by blood culture. Echocardiogram showed a vegetating mass on the septal tricuspid leaflet. After successful antibiotic therapy, this patient underwent the closure of VSD and tricuspid valvuloplasty. Case 3: A 7 year-old boy was admitted with infective endocarditis related to VSD. Aureus staphylococci were identified with blood culture. Echocardiogram showed a vegetating mass on the anterior tricuspid leaflet and moderate tricuspid regurgitation. After successful antibiotic therapy, this patient underwent the closure of VSD and tricuspid valvuloplasty. We believe that echocardiography plays an important role in the diagnosis and management of infective endocarditis and that tricuspid valvuloplasty is the method of first choice in treatment of the patient with regional tricuspid infective endocarditis. PMID- 6749115 TI - The Kirschner-Ehmer splint in small animal orthopedics. AB - The Kirschner-Ehmer splint can be used to treat open, infected or highly comminuted fractures, gunshot fractures, nonunions, delayed unions, mandibular fractures and angular deformities in association with osteotomy, as well as to immobilize joints and as an adjunct to other fixation devices. After the fracture is reduced, 2-4 percutaneous pins are inserted with a Jacobs hand chuck through one or both cortices at 45-60 degrees to the longitudinal axis of the bone and attached to a connecting bar with clamps. Complications are minimized by not inserting the pin through large muscle masses, the fracture hematoma, large blood vessels or the incision line, avoiding encroachment of soft tissue with the clamps, and restricting the animal's activity during healing. PMID- 6749116 TI - Congenital cardiac disease in dogs. AB - Pulmonic stenosis is caused by a malformed pulmonic valve, stricture of the right ventricular outflow tract or stricture of the pulmonary artery. English Bulldogs, Beagles, Samoyeds, Fox Terriers and Chihuahuas are predisposed. Clinical signs in severely affected dogs include exercise intolerance, stunting, dyspnea, syncope and ascites. Auscultation reveals a high-frequency, crescendo-decrescendo murmur during systole, loudest over the left side of the thorax, near the sternal cardiac border. An ECG may reveal a right-axis deviation of greater than 120 degrees, S waves in leads I, II and III, deep S waves in CV6LL, CV6LU and V10, Q waves deeper than 0.5 mv in leads II, III and AVF, and positive T waves in lead V10. Plain film LAT thoracic radiographs reveal an elevated carina, increased sternal contact of the heart, loss of the cranial cardiac waist and a widened cardiac silhouette, with normal pulmonary vasculature. A DV projection reveals an inverted "D" shape of the right ventricle and a pulmonary artery bulge. A nonselective angiocardiogram reveals poststenotic dilation of the main pulmonary artery. Treatment involves surgical correction of the stenosis. PMID- 6749117 TI - Diseases of the adrenal cortex of dogs and cats. AB - The most common cause of hypoadrenocorticism in dogs is idiopathic immune mediated destruction of the adrenal cortex. Other causes include anterior pituitary insufficiency, pituitary or adrenal neoplasia, acute withdrawal of exogenous corticosteroids, and mitotane toxicity. Females are affected more often than males; only 1 feline case has been documented. Animals 2-5 years old are most commonly affected. Clinical signs include lethargy, weakness, weight loss, anorexia, vomiting, diarrhea and bradycardia. Hematologic and biochemical changes can include eosinophilia, lymphocytosis, anemia, hyperkalemia, hyponatremia and hypercalcemia. Diagnosis is by finding negligible resting levels of plasma cortisol and no response to ACTH administration, and a serum Na:K ratio of 20:1 or less. Treatment involves restoring fluid volume, correcting acidosis, and supplementing salt and glucocorticoids. Daily oral use of prednisone at 0.05 mg/kg can safely maintain most affected dogs. Some dogs only require glucocorticoids in stressful situations. Iatrogenic secondary adrenocortical insufficiency (iatrogenic Cushing's disease) may result from a single injection of long-acting glucocorticoids or from long-term use. Clinical signs are the same as for natural hyperadrenocorticism, but endogenous cortisol release is suppressed. Treatment is gradual withdrawal of the offending glucocorticoid and elimination of the cause that initially prompted glucocorticoid therapy. PMID- 6749118 TI - Emergency treatment of urethral obstruction in male cats. AB - Cats with mild urethral obstruction are anesthetized, the obstruction removed and the bladder lavaged. Moderately affected cats are sedated and given IV fluids, and usually return to normal soon after the obstruction is removed. Severely affected cats are given IV fluids, NaHCO3 and Ca gluconate, sedated or anesthetized and unblocked. Fluid administration is continued to avoid renal failure. The bladder can be expressed 3-4 times daily or bethanechol given to aid recovery of detrusor muscle function. Halothane, 1% thiopental or thiamylal, or ketamine-acepromazine can be used to anesthetize blocked cats. An 18- or 20-ga, 2 1/2-inch over-the-needle catheter or a lacrimal needle is used to relieve the obstruction, after which a 3 1/2-Fr Silastic or vinyl catheter is used for catheterization and bladder lavage with sterile saline. Cystotomy allows recuperation before definitive corrective surgery. PMID- 6749119 TI - Anesthesia for cesarean section in large animals. AB - Respiratory minute volume, blood volume, RBC mass and cardiac output increase while the functional residual capacity decreases during late pregnancy. General anesthetics reach the fetus in high concentrations and tend to persist in the fetus after delivery. Use of small doses of a combination of anesthetics is recommended. Ephedrine increases vascular tone and cardiac output. Glycopyrrolate and fentanyl-droperidol are used to restrain sows for cesarean section. Morphine alone or with acepromazine works well in depressed sows. Acepromazine or xylazine, used with ketamine, is good in restraining small ruminants. A sedative and local blocks can be used in standing cows. Anesthesia in mares is induced with xylazine, guaifenesin and ketamine and maintained with halothane, guaifenesin or thiopental. Large doses of xylazine should be avoided. Lidocaine toxicity can result from overuse in local blocks. PMID- 6749120 TI - Managing reduced-fertility beef herds. AB - Many beef herds with less than ideal reproductive efficiency have an 85-90% pregnancy rate, a breeding season longer than 90 days, and less than 60% of the calf crop born in the first 21 days of the calving season. The previous years' fertility levels should be used as a guideline for estimating calf losses and assessing improvement after implementation of reproductive programs. Acute infectious causes of reproductive inefficiency tend to be expressed as abortion or delayed conception. Management-related reproductive problems are common and involve inadequacies in nutrition, replacement heifer development, bull fertility and cow culling. PMID- 6749121 TI - Degenerative myelopathy in a German shepherd. AB - A 9-year-old male German Shepherd had marked stumbling, staggering and weakness in both rear limbs. Pelvic radiographs revealed only mild hip dysplasia, while survey spinal radiographs and a myelogram revealed only areas of possible pachymeningitis. Results of CSF analysis were normal. Degenerative myelopathy was suspected, but a mitogen response assay failed to confirm this diagnosis. Another mitogen response assay, performed several months later, again failed to indicate degenerative myelopathy as the cause of clinical signs. The dog's condition worsened and the animal was euthanized. At necropsy, classic histopathologic lesions of degenerative myelopathy were noted in the thoracic spinal cord. PMID- 6749122 TI - Procedures for introducing a baby to a dog. PMID- 6749123 TI - Pleuritis and peritonitis in a golden eagle. AB - A female Golden Eagle died despite intensive treatment after being struck by a vehicle. Necropsy revealed poor body condition, with no fat stores. The proventriculus and ventriculus contained a pellet of fur and bone fragments, at the center of which was the leg of a Red-Tailed Hawk. A talon on the leg had punctured the ventriculus, resulting in fatal pleuritis and peritonitis. PMID- 6749124 TI - Coagulopathy in 2 dogs. PMID- 6749125 TI - Corneal dermoid in a beef calf. AB - A 10-mm circumscribed nodule, containing hair, was noted on the ventral cornea, limbus and conjunctiva of the right eye of a 6-month-old male Hereford calf. With the animal restrained in a chute and proparacaine used as a topical anesthetic, superficial keratectomy was performed to remove the mass. The edge of the bulbar conjunctival wound was sutured to the limbus with 6-0 Vicryl. Chloramphenicol ophthalmic ointment was applied TID for 5 days. Recovery was uneventful. PMID- 6749126 TI - Multiple states of the 5-hydroxytryptamine1 receptor as indicated by the effects of GTP on [3H]5-hydroxytryptamine binding in rat frontal cortex. AB - In several monoamine receptor systems, agonist but not antagonist binding is found to be associated with both a high- and a low-affinity state of the receptor. Guanine nucleotides, like GTP, can eliminate the high-affinity receptor state such that only the low-affinity state of the receptor is present. Since [3H]5-hydroxytryptamine ([3H]5-HT) is an agonist, its binding may also be associated with multiple states of a receptor. To evaluate this, the binding of [3H]5-HT to rat frontal cortical membranes was measured in the absence and presence of GTP. Three different types of binding experiments were performed: (a) saturation experiments, (b) dissociation experiments, and (c) competition experiments with 5-hydroxytryptamine (5-HT) agonists. When all three types of binding experiments were carried out in the absence of GTP, results from either graphical representations or computer analysis of the data indicated that a two component model of binding described the data better than a single-component model. By contrast, in the presence of GTP, a one-component model adequately described the data obtained from either saturation or dissociation experiments. Competition of [3H]5-HT (15 nM) binding by three 5-HT agonists (5 methoxytryptamine, 5-HT, and d-lysergic acid diethylamide) was adequately described by a single-component system in the presence of GTP as well, even though all three agonists produced biphasic inhibition curves in the absence of the guanine nucleotide. These experimental results are consistent with the idea that the binding of [3H]5-HT in the absence of GTP is associated with multiple receptor states. Since the presence of multiple states can confound the interpretation of inhibition curves of [3H]5-HT binding caused by agonists, it is important to eliminate the high-affinity state of the receptor by including GTP in the binding assay. PMID- 6749127 TI - DT-diaphorase and peroxidase influence the covalent binding of the metabolites of phenol, the major metabolite of benzene. AB - The role of various enzymes and biological molecules on the activation and deactivation of the metabolites of phenol was investigated in vitro. Phenol, the major metabolite of benzene, is metabolized to hydroquinone and catechol. Activation of these metabolites and deactivation of their oxidized forms was assessed by the amount of covalent binding to microsomal protein. [14C]Phenol and NADPH were incubated with hepatic microsomes isolated from phenobarbital pretreated guinea pigs, and 2.33 nmoles of hydroquinone and 0.12 nmole of catechol were formed per minute per milligram of microsomal protein. Covalent binding of the metabolites to microsomal protein incubated with microsomes isolated from guinea pigs pretreated with phenobarbital was 252 pmoles bound/min/mg; with microsomes from untreated guinea pigs, covalent binding was 146 pmoles bound/min/mg. Covalent binding was inhibited greater than 90% with the addition of N-octylamine, ascorbate, or GSH. The addition of superoxide dismutase inhibited covalent binding with microsomes isolated from phenobarbital-pretreated guinea pigs 35% but did not inhibit it with microsomes isolated from untreated animals. Partially purified guinea pig hepatic DT-diaphorase [NAD(P)H (quinone acceptor) oxidoreductase, EC 1.6.99.2] inhibited covalent binding 70%. This effect was reversed in the presence of dicumarol, a specific inhibitor of DT diaphorase. DT-diaphorase present in the 10(5) X g supernatant fraction was also active in inhibiting covalent binding but only after the removal of endogenous reduced glutathione. This effect could also be reversed by dicumarol. The addition of diaphorase (NADH:lipoamide oxidoreductase, EC 1.6.4.3) partially purified from Clostridium kluyveri inhibited covalent binding 86%. The addition of hydrogen peroxide and horseradish peroxidase (peroxidase, EC 1.11.17) or myeloperoxidase(s) increased covalent binding 30-fold and 6-fold, respectively. Ascorbate decreased this binding greater than 95%. These results indicate that hydroquinone, catechol, and phenol as well as their oxidized forms can be activated or deactivated by several of the above model systems. These systems may play a role in the myelotoxicity of benzene by modulating covalent binding. PMID- 6749128 TI - Free radicals in vivo. Covalent binding to lipids. AB - As one means of determining the extent to which free radical metabolites are involved in the interaction of hepatotoxic drugs with target tissues, we have measured the covalent binding to hepatic lipids of carbon tetrachloride, acetaminophen, 2-furamide, furosemide, dimethylnitrosamine, and bromobenzene. Transesterification of the Folch lipid fraction was required to distinguish radioactive label present but not covalently bound to alkyl residues through radical addition or combination reactions. Although all hepatotoxins were covalently bound to hepatic protein in the range of 1-2 nmoles/mg, thereby confirming tissue alkylation by reactive metabolites under the present experimental conditions, only carbon tetrachloride gave significant covalent binding to the alkyl residues of hepatic lipids (4.34 nmoles/mg). Thus, although these data further support the already well-documented role of a free radical in the reaction of carbon tetrachloride with target tissue molecules, none of the other hepatotoxins gave similar indications. Dimethylnitrosamine did give significant covalent binding to lipids, but the removal of the binding by transesterification indicates that the binding apparently resulted from electrophilic attack on nucleophilic centers present in phospholipids rather than from radical attack on electroneutral alkyl residues of the lipids. PMID- 6749129 TI - Structural gene products of the Ah locus. Transcriptional regulation of cytochrome P1-450 and P3-450 mRNA levels by 3-methylcholanthrene. AB - Mouse liver cytochromes P1-450 and P3-450 represent those forms of polycylic hydrocarbon-induced P-450 most closely associated with induced aryl hydrocarbon (benzo[a] pyrene) hydroxylase and acetanilide 4-hydroxylase activity, respectively. These two proteins are controlled by the Ah receptor: C57BL/6N mice possess the high-affinity receptor; DBA/2N mice, the poor-affinity receptor. 3 Methylcholanthrene at the highest dose technically possible induces both proteins in C57BL/6N but not DBA/2N mice, whereas sufficiently high doses of 2,3,7,8 tetrachlorodibenzo-p-dioxin (TCDD) induce both proteins in both inbred mouse strains. Plasmids containing DNA complementary to P1-450 and P3-450 mRNA, respectively, were used in an in vitro nuclear transcription assay to determine the mechanism of the induction response. In C57BL/6N mice, transcriptional rates of the P1-450 and P3-450 genes increase dramatically as early as 3 hr after 3 methylcholanthrene treatment and at 12 hr reach maximal levels of 20- and 15 fold, respectively, above control values. In contrast, no increase in either gene is found in 3-methylcholanthrene-treated DBA/2N mice. Following TCDD administration, both P1-450 and P3-450 gene transcription rates are elevated in DBA/2N mice. There is a 3- to 6-hr lag period between the early onset of enhanced transcription rates and the later rise in P1-450 and P3-450 mRNA. Basal and induced levels of P3-450 mRNA are about 5-fold greater than those of P1-450 mRNA. These data confirm that the 3-methylcholanthrene and TCDD induction responses, governed by the Ah receptor, are mediated principally through an increase in specific gene transcription. PMID- 6749130 TI - Inhibitors of cytoplasmic protein synthesis purified from rat liver mitochondria. AB - Purified mitochondria from rat liver were found to contain protein synthesis inhibitors, that could be extracted by disruption of mitochondrial membranes and fractionated by gel filtration into two fractions of low and high molecular weight. Small size inhibitors were also released from the latter peak by high ionic strength followed by gel filtration. Both types of factors inhibit incorporation of radioactive amino acids into protein by liver cytoplasmic polysomes programmed with endogenous mRNA or poly U, and by rabbit reticulocyte lysates programmed with added globin mRNA and by incubations of Walker carcinoma cells. They decrease to the same level the cytoplasmic synthesis of proteins for the mitochondrial and extra-mitochondrial compartments in intact cells, but do not appear to inhibit substantially endogenous mitochondrial protein synthesis. Inhibitors were purified by paper chromatography and reverse phase high performance liquid chromatography into fractions which block with the same kinetics the incorporation of [14]leucine and [35]methionine into protein in systems able to initiate protein synthesis, such as reticulocyte lysates or intact cells, but differ in this respect in incubations of liver ribosomes where re-binding of mRNA is a limiting step. Some of these factors behave as oligopeptides that are assumed to inhibit in vitro primarily the initiation stage but whose function in vivo is still undetermined. PMID- 6749131 TI - Immunochemical study of chromatin non-histone proteins. II. Localization of immunogenic tissue-specific proteins in nuclease-hypersensitive sites of chromatin. AB - Localization of immunogenic tissue-specific and tissue-non-specific non-histone proteins in thymocyte chromatin has been investigated using antibodies against rat thymus and liver chromatin. After chromatin digestion by DNAase II and subsequent fractionation with 2 mM MgCl2, the Mg2+-soluble fraction interacts with both types of antibodies 5-6 times more effectively than Mg2+-insoluble chromatin. The experiments on chromatin digestion with DNAase I indicate that tissue-specific and tissue-non-specific proteins, reacting with antibodies, are released only upon hydrolysis of the first 1-3% of DNA. Further digestion with DNAase I causes no additional solubilization of these proteins. The chromatin fraction enriched in immunogenic proteins is also released upon autolytic digestion of chromatin with endogenous nuclease. The data obtained suggest that by their function tissue-specific and tissue-non-specific antigenic determinants belong to the same class of non-histone proteins localized in the chromatin sites hypersensitive to nucleases. The possible role of these proteins in regulation of the transcription is discussed. PMID- 6749132 TI - Heavy and light forms of some aminoacyl-tRNA synthetases in fraction X, microsomes and cytosol of rabbit liver. AB - Aminoacyl-tRNA synthetase activity for alanine, glutamic acid, lysine and phenylalanine was studied in the three subcellular fractions of rabbit liver: fraction X, microsomes and cytosol. From 60 to 80% of the enzyme activities were found in fraction X and microsomes. Fraction X was especially rich in the synthetase activities. By means of gel chromatography, heavy (over 10(6) daltons) and light (below 480 X 10(3) daltons) forms of lysyl- and phenylalanyl- but only light ones of alanyl- and glutamyl-tRNA synthetase activities were found in all the subcellular fractions studied. It is concluded that in higher organisms (mammals) all aminoacyl-tRNA synthetases, at least in part, are associated with cell structural constituents. PMID- 6749133 TI - Antibody response to myoglobins: effect of host species. AB - Using both direct and competitive binding studies it is demonstrated that antibodies to beef myoglobin raised in sheep are able to distinguish between beef and sheep myoglobins although these two proteins differ by only six of the 153 amino acid residues. By contrast, antibodies to beef myoglobin raised in rabbits, dogs and chickens bind almost equally well to beef and sheep myoglobins. It is also shown that antibodies to beef myoglobin raised in sheep have a lower avidity for beef myoglobin than do antibodies raised in more distantly related species. Furthermore, only 50% of the specific anti-beef myoglobin antibodies isolated from sheep antisera will bind to sheep myoglobins whereas 100% of the specific antibodies isolated from the antisera of the other immunised species will bind to sheep myoglobin. It is suggested that antibodies to beef myoglobin are raised to those surface regions which are topographically altered as a result of sequence differences from the host's own myoglobin. When the host animal is evolutionarily distant these sequence differences are considerable and antibodies are raised to the entire surface of the molecule. However, when the host's myoglobin is very similar in sequence to beef myoglobin (as is the case when using sheep as the host animal) antibodies are made only to surface regions affected by the sequence differences. Some of these antibodies--those to the regions of greatest difference--will bind weakly if at all to sheep myoglobin, while those directed to areas of lesser difference will bind well to sheep myoglobin. PMID- 6749134 TI - The antigenicity of myoglobin-related peptides synthesised on polyacrylamide and polystyrene resin supports. AB - Polyacrylamide resins [Atherton et al., Bioorg. Chem. 8, 351-370 (1979)] have been found suitable for solid-phase radioimmunoassay of peptides synthesised on the same supports; they are sufficiently stable during side-chain deprotection and swell sufficiently in aq. media to admit antibody molecules to the sites of peptide attachment. A re-examination of five synthetic peptide sequences corresponding to (15-21), (56-62), (94-99), (113-119) and (145-151) of beef myoglobin analogous to those delineated by Atassi [Immunochemistry 12, 423-438 (1975)] for sperm whale myoglobin shows that they all bind anti-beef myoglobin antibodies raised in rabbits, with binding capacities in the order V = III greater than IV greater than I = II. The resin-bound peptide (72-88) binds such antibodies even more extensively, as do certain sequential variants of peptide V. Other peptides, bound to polyacrylamide or polystyrene resins but unrelated to any of the five sequences and varying in size and amino acid composition and sequence were also tested with various antisera. It was concluded that the antibody binding properties of the 30 or so small peptides (two-seven residues) are dominated by their cationic and/or hydrophobic properties. In small peptides, therefore, antibody binding can be safely interpreted only in terms of general structural properties but not in terms of biological specificity. The latter property becomes assessable only with peptides representing larger areas of antigenic protein surfaces. PMID- 6749135 TI - Phospholipid transmethylation in human mononuclear cells is not influenced by mitogens. AB - The importance of accelerated methyl transfer from methionine to membrane phospholipid (PL) as an early event in lymphocyte activation is vigorously debated. We have examined pokeweed mitogen (PWM)- and phytohemagglutinin (PHA) stimulated human peripheral blood lymphocytes for this early activation event. Without mitogen, methyl groups rapidly entered into the PL of unfractionated human lymphocytes by 10 min, and then adopted a rate which stayed constant for at least 2 hr. Whether or not mitogen was added after a 60-min preincubation, with [3H]methyl methionine, after a further 20 min, Sephadex G-10 adherent monocytes were incorporating methyl groups into PL 4 times faster than B-cells and 9 times faster than T-cells. At 10(7) cells/ml, neither PWM nor PHA changed total PL labeling kinetics, or produced a significant change of methyl groups from phosphatidyl-N-mono- and dimethylethanolamine to phosphatidylcholine or lysophosphatidylcholine in B-cells, T-cells or monocytes, whether these populations were cultured separately or together. Even for the slowly incorporating human T-cells, the background rate of methyl transfer per cell was much greater than that previously reported for mouse or pig mononuclear cells. Accelerated methylation of phospholipid appears not to be a favorable early event by which to study human lymphocyte activation, and we agree with Moore et al. [J. biol. Chem. 257, 8183-8189 (1982)] that it may not be a universal activation event. PMID- 6749136 TI - Preparation and some properties of dimeric rabbit IgG antibody. AB - By reacting rabbit IgG with the fragment AB of protein A from S. aureus (mol. wt 14,000) an IgG dimer was formed with an approx. mol. wt of 320,000 and a molar composition of IgG2-AB1. A hybrid dimer with dual specificity consisting of IgG anti-sheep red blood cells/AB/IgG anti-bovine red blood cells was also obtained by reacting successively both rabbit antibodies with the AB fragment. The immunologic properties (affinity for antigen, complement activation and binding to Fc receptors) of the dimeric IgG were investigated in comparison with monomeric rabbit IgG and a tetrameric IgG obtained by reaction with protein A, (IgG2-protein A1)2. PMID- 6749137 TI - Subfractionation of human immunoglobulin G with dye-Sepharose adsorbents. AB - Seventeen reactive dyes were separately covalently attached to Sepharose-4B and examined for their ability to subfractionate the immunoglobulin G found in human serum. Each dye-Sepharose-4B adsorbent appeared to bind a characteristic proportion of the protein when tested with "pure" preparations. It is suggested that this is due to stereospecific interactions between each dye and various interaction sites on the immunoglobulin G molecules. These sites of interaction are not those which define the four major subclasses of the H-chain nor those which distinguish the kappa and lambda light chains. The adsorption may be influenced by the presence of other proteins when serum samples are tested due to competition for binding to the immobilised ligands but sequential use of the adsorbents can progressively enrich a particular immunological activity in human serum. This method offers a convenient and gentle way to subfractionate immunoglobulin G especially when the antigen is not known or unavailable for conventional affinity chromatography. PMID- 6749138 TI - The mechanism of action of antibodies. PMID- 6749139 TI - Characterization of a monoclonal antibody defining a macrophage activation specific cell surface antigen. AB - Macrophages have been obtained from the peritoneal cavities of C57BL/6 mice following treatment with C. parvum, MVE-2, mineral oil, or thioglycollate. Cell populations were primarily composed of mononuclear phagocytes as determined by a latex bead uptake assay. Macrophages obtained from C. parvum or MVE-2 were activated as judged by enhanced cytostatic activity against two tumor cell target lines. Thioglycollate-elicited macrophages demonstrated much lower cytostatic ability. Rats were immunized with activated MVE-2 macrophages. Hybridomas were prepared by fusion with a non-secreting myeloma cell line followed by cloning. Cell supernates were selected on the basis of binding to activated but not elicited macrophages. The monoclonal antibody produced has been characterized by flow cytometry. The antibody does not react with syngeneic erythrocytes, thymocytes, or spleen cells. Reaction with thioglycollate macrophages is very low. Alternatively, intense binding is found on activated macrophages. This antigen which accompanies macrophage activation for tumor cell cytostasis is designated as macrophage activation antigen-1 (MAA-1). Several important physiological changes accompany the process of macrophage activation. For example, activated macrophages demonstrate enhanced microbicidal, phagocytic, secretory, and tumoricidal activity (for reviews see refs. 1,2). Concommitant alterations in cell surface properties have been observed. These include: (a) changes in surface morphology and spreading (3-5), (b) altered lipid and protein content (6,7), (c) decreases in 5'-nucleotidase activity and alkaline phosphodiesterase (8), increases in leucine aminopeptidase (8), decreases in mannose receptors (11,12), and antigen F4/80 (11), (d) increases in Ia antigens (11,12), and (e) increased tumor cell binding (13). These structural and functional modifications indicate that activated macrophages represent a unique class of functionally differentiated cells (9). Antigenic modifications accompanying macrophage differentiation are of special interest. Markers for specific macrophage classes might be useful in defining differentiation pathways, dissecting type-specific functional activities such as tumor cytotoxicity, and providing a means to identify macrophage subsets in heterogeneous cell populations. In the present work we have taken the first step in this direction by defining a cell surface macrophage activation antigen. PMID- 6749141 TI - Cellular ageing. PMID- 6749140 TI - The role of glycosylation in secretion and membrane expression of immunoglobulins M and A. AB - The role of glycosylation in membrane expression and secretion of IgM and IgA was investigated in murine lymphoma and hybridoma cell lines, derived from I.29 tumor, which synthesize IgM or IgA with identical variable regions. Tunicamycin, a selective inhibitor of N-linked glycosylation, prevented the membrane expression of both isotypes, as demonstrated by immunofluorescence, radioiodination and endogenous labeling experiments. Selective immunoprecipitation and immunochemical analysis of membrane, intracellular and secreted molecules permitted us to determine the amount of membrane heavy chain externalized in the presence or absence of tunicamycin. Id 150 and Id 43, two I.29-derived hybridomas secreting IgA and IgM respectively, were differently affected by tunicamycin. While secretion of IgM was inhibited to greater than 95%, no inhibition of secretion of non-glycosylated IgA could be detected in Id 150 cells. These results indicate that different requirements for glycosylation exist in the biosynthetic pathways of immunoglobulin isotypes, and suggest that distinct intracellular transport systems may operate for membrane and secreted alpha-chains. PMID- 6749143 TI - Cellular aging: an overview. PMID- 6749142 TI - Molecular mechanisms decisive for neuronal ageing: a new theory on senescent cellular deterioration. PMID- 6749144 TI - Mitochondrial alterations in ageing mouse neuroblastoma cells in culture. PMID- 6749145 TI - Evidence that paromomycin induces premature ageing in human fibroblasts. PMID- 6749146 TI - Effect of in vitro ageing on the transport of neutral amino acids in human fibroblasts. PMID- 6749147 TI - Band 3, the predominant transmembrane polypeptide, undergoes proteolytic degradation as cells age. PMID- 6749148 TI - Cellular aging of human retinal epithelium in vivo and in vitro. PMID- 6749149 TI - [Late study results following megacolon operations]. AB - The basic pathophysiologic disturbance in Hirschsprung's disease is a functional obstruction caused by defective intramural nerve supply and by internal anal sphincter achalasia. Therapy consists in resecting the dysganglionic bowel segment. In each case however an aganglionic segment of different length and an internal analsphincter with a different degree of achalasia remain in situ. Therefore the postoperative results are dependant on an equilibrium between the proximal normal innervated colon and the length and function of the remaining aganglionic and achalic parts of the rectum and anal canal. In about one third of all patients with Hirschsprung's disease disturbances of this equilibrium postoperatively lead to enterocolitis, encopresis, or chronic constipation. Five years later however the authors could observe enterocolitis in only 7.3% chronic constipation in 9.5% and encopresis in 13.9% of their operated patients. With increasing time after operation there is a growing tendency towards the spontaneous regeneration. Therefore, the prognosis of Hirschsprung's disease is very good: about 90% of all cases can be cured. PMID- 6749150 TI - [Necrotizing enterocolitis of the newborn infant]. AB - The experience at the Hospital for Pediatric Surgery in Dortmund with 47 cases of necrotizing enterocolitis in 16 years are reviewed. 43 patients had been transferred from pediatric hospitals for immediate operation. 7 newborns had developed gastric perforation, 25 previously intestinal perforation. 4 patients had undergone laparotomy for other indication before. The chance to survive the necrotizing process is smaller in case of inflammation of the small bowel than of the large bowel. The current knowledge about necrotizing enterocolitis is summarized, including modern aspects about the indication to operate. PMID- 6749151 TI - [Systematic ultrasound measurements of the lateral ventricles: an A-scan/B-scan comparison]. AB - In 100 newborn and infants the total diameter of both lateral ventricles in the region of cella-media was measured ultrasonographically by one-dimensional (A Scan) and two-dimensional (B-Scan) technique. Comparison of the results of both methods showed good correlation (r = 0,945). Possible reasons of differing results are discussed. The importance of cella-media-index is emphasized. The transparietal A-Scan technique is sufficiently reliable in determining the width of the lateral ventricles. However, the B-Scan (through the open fontanel) will give many additional informations about intracranial structures and should be applied whenever possible. PMID- 6749152 TI - [Effect of vitamin K2 syrup in neonatal hypoprothrombinemia]. AB - To clarify whether vitamin-K prophylaxis in newborns is effective, a double-blind study with oral vitamin-K2 syrup was performed. There were no side-effects. Various dosages of vitamin K2 or placebo syrup were tried in 148 newborns with thrombotest results below 20%. The efficiency decreased as follows: vit-K2 6 mg greater than vit-K2 2 mg greater than vit-K1 2 mg greater than placebo. The effect of all vitamin K preparations on the coagulation system was significantly different from the placebo effect. With regard to our own results and the literature, general vitamin-K prophylaxis for newborns is not recommended. However, vitamin K 1 X 6 mg orally is helpful in newborns with thrombotest results below 20%, in infants at risk, and in all premature, dystrophic or otherwise underweight infants. PMID- 6749153 TI - [Late manifestation of vitamin K deficiency in breast fed infants]. AB - Two breast fed infants had late manifestations of Vitamin K deficiency. No underlying disease was found in the first case. The second patient was found to have alpha 1-Antitrypsin deficiency (Pi type ZZ). The latter patient initially responded well to a single dose of vitamin K administered orally (3 mg). However, three weeks later, he was admitted to our hospital with severe intracranial hemorrhage due to severe vitamin K deficiency. Vitamin K requirements in infants and clinical characteristics of vitamin K deficiency in infants older than 1 week are discussed. PMID- 6749154 TI - [Legionnaires' disease in cystic fibrosis]. AB - A "new pneumonia" is named legionnaires' disease after a gramnegative bacillus - Legionella pneumophila, unknown until 1977. Sofar it has been observed mostly in older male patients, rarely in children and never before in Germany. The legionnaires' disease in our patient, a five and half years old boy with cystic fibrosis caused a severe dyspnea and multilobular pulmonary densifications on the chest X-ray film. The diagnosis was verified by the rise of the titer in the indirect immune fluorescence test and the success of the therapy with erythromycin. PMID- 6749155 TI - [Pharmacotherapy of acute infant enteritis]. AB - The management of acute diarrhea in infants with drugs is justified only where these drugs have specific interactions with the pathophysiologic mechanisms involved. Most of the infectious diarrheas are self-limited, many patients recover spontaneously. Antimicrobial drugs are only indicated if mucosal destruction takes place and symptoms of dysentery respectively inflammation are observed. Some authors propose to treat newborn and young infants in case of doubt. If antimicrobial drugs are given uncritically a selection of not obligatory microorganisms can occur, or the number of asymptomatic carriers increases. There is no confirmation that drugs like adsorbents (kaolin, pectin, charcoal) or lyophilized microorganisms have a therapeutic effect. In contrast morphine derivatives like loperamide act not only by slowing the intestinal motility but also by inhibiting the secretion mechanisms of the enterocyts. Nevertheless these drugs can not be recommended for infants since ileus symptoms have been observed. PMID- 6749156 TI - [First aid in craniocerebral trauma in the child]. PMID- 6749157 TI - "Difficult" children as elicitors and targets of adult communication patterns: an attributional-behavioral transactional analysis. AB - A transactional model of adult-child interaction was proposed and tested. In determining the effects that caregivers and children have on each other, it was maintained that adult attributions act as important moderators in the interaction process. Specifically, it was predicted that adult beliefs about the causes of caregiving outcomes act as selective filters or sensitizers to child behavior- determining the nature and amount of adult reaction to different child behaviors. It was further predicted that adult attributions act in a self-fulfilling fashion, that is, the communication patterns that follow from caregiver beliefs act to elicit child behavior patterns that maintain those beliefs. In a synthetic family strategy, elementary-school-aged boys were paired with unrelated mothers (N = 96) for videotaped interactions. Children were either trained or preselected on two orthogonal dimensions: responsiveness and assertiveness. Mothers were premeasured on their self-perceived power as caregivers (S+) and the social power they attributed to children (C+). Videotapes were analyzed separately for adult facial expression and posture, voice intonation, and verbal communication. Each of these behavioral dimensions was measured on the dimensions of affect, assertion, and "maternal quality" (e.g., baby-talk). We expected low self perceived power to sensitize the adult to variations in child responsiveness and high child-attributed power to sensitize the adult to variations in child assertiveness. Two transactional sequences were obtained (the same patterns were obtained for acted and dispositional enactments of child behavior): 1. Low S+ mothers (in comparison with high S+ mothers) were selectively reactive to child unresponsiveness. These adults reacted to unresponsive children with a communication pattern characterized by a "maternal" quality, negative affect, and positive affect that was unassertively inflected. Unresponsive children, in turn, reacted to low S+ mothers with continued unresponsiveness. 2. High C+ mothers (in contrast to low C+ mothers) were selectively reactive to child unassertiveness. These adults reacted to shy children with a "maternal," strong, and affectively positive communication style. Unassertive children, in turn, reacted to high C+ mothers with increased assertiveness. High S+ and low C+ mothers demonstrated no significant alterations in their behavior as a function of child behavior. This nonreactivity had positive consequences for child unresponsiveness (reduced) and negative consequences for child unassertiveness (maintained).(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 400 WORDS) PMID- 6749158 TI - Chromosomal aberrations and SCEs in Allium cepa root-tip cells treated with caffeine and pyronin Y. AB - The effectiveness of caffeine and pyronin Y in the induction of both chromosomal aberrations and sister-chromatid exchanges (SCEs) in root meristematic cells of A. cepa was studied. The rate of SCEs proved to be increased when 5-bromo-2' deoxyuridine- (BrdU) substituted chromosomes were allowed to replicate in thymidine (dT) for a second S period simultaneously with caffeine or pyronin Y. In contrast, only caffeine was able to induce aberrations in BrdU-substituted chromosomes, while pyronin Y seemed to be ineffective at the doses employed. PMID- 6749159 TI - Genetic effects of specific DNA lesions in mammalian cells. AB - Accurate dosimetry for chemical mutagens is extremely difficult, and precise manipulation of the frequency of a particular lesion is ordinarily impossible. With 8-MOP plus UVA, however, both are possible because 8-MOP, when photoactivated by one photon of UVA, forms monoadducts whilst crosslinks are formed only if a second photon of light photoactivates the monoadducts. If 8-MOP molecules that are unreacted after a UVA exposure are removed from cells by washing, the effect of a subsequent UVA irradiation can be attributed only to the conversion of monoadducts to DNA interstrand crosslinks. Using this experimental procedure and L5178Y mouse lymphoma cells, we have shown that DNA interstrand crosslinks are at least 10-fold more effective at causing both sister-chromatid exchanges and chromosomal aberrations than are monoadducts. In contrast, crosslinks are no more effective than monoadducts in mutation induction. These experiments identify directly for the first time that a particular chemically induced lesion, DNA interstrand crosslinks, can, like thymine dimers, cause chromosomal aberrations and sister-chromatid exchanges. The results also show that sister-chromatid exchanges can be induced independently of mutations. PMID- 6749160 TI - Alterations in the baseline sister-chromatid exchange frequency in human lymphocyte culture following a number of cell divisions. AB - A significant decrease in the baseline of sister-chromatid exchanges (SCEs) was observed in cultured human lymphocytes, if 5-bromodeoxyuridine (BrdU) was added after 60 h of culture, and the cells were harvested at least 24-30 h after BrdU exposure. This decrease is supposed to occur if at least one cell division takes place before the addition of BrdU. For cytogenetic monitoring of mutagenic environmental factors, using human lymphocyte cultures, it is assumed that two time periods are sufficient for comparison. PMID- 6749161 TI - The persistence of micronucleated erythrocytes in the peripheral circulation of normal and splenectomized Fischer 344 rats: implications for cytogenetic screening. AB - Micronucleated erythrocytes are selectively removed from the peripheral circulation of normal rats. Splenectomy prevents this selective removal. In normal rats treated daily for 20 days with 0.2 mg/kg triethylenemelamine (TEM), micronucleated normochromatic (mature) erythrocytes did not accumulate in peripheral blood. In these same animals, the frequencies of micronucleated cells among polychromatic (newly formed) erythrocytes increased from 0.21 to 5.25 per thousand in peripheral blood and from 1.75 to 31.5 per thousand in bone marrow. Since both control and induced frequencies in peripheral blood were approximately 15% of those in bone marrow, the removal appears to be equally efficient for cells containing either spontaneously occurring or clastogen-induced micronuclei. In splenectomized rats treated daily for 11 days with 0.2 mg/kg TEM, the frequency of micronucleated normochromatic erythrocytes (NCEs) in the peripheral blood rose rapidly to 9 times the control value and remained elevated for 50-55 days, indicating a life span approximately equivalent to that of normal erythrocytes. Among splenectomized rats exposed to either 0.15 mg/kg triethylenemelamine, 6.5 mg/kg cyclophosphamide, or 300 mg/kg urethane for periods exceeding the erythrocyte life span, the incidences of micronucleated NCEs in the peripheral blood rose steadily from a control value of 1.0 per thousand to maximum values of 15.0, 12.7 and 8.9 per thousand, respectively. During these extended exposures, the mean frequencies of micronucleated polychromatic erythrocytes (PCEs) in peripheral blood increased from a spontaneous value of 0.9 per thousand to 23.0, 13.0 and 6.6 per thousand, respectively, reflecting the frequencies among PCEs in the bone marrow and approximating the maximum values among NCEs in the peripheral blood. Thus, the frequency of micronucleated erythrocytes in the peripheral blood of splenectomized rats can be used as an index of both acute and cumulative chromosomal damage, while in normal rats the use of peripheral blood for cytogenetic monitoring is restricted by the selective removal of these micronucleated cells. PMID- 6749162 TI - Lack of effect of self-poisoning on subsequent reproductive outcome. AB - Reproductive outcome as assessed by personal interview was studied after severe self-poisoning in 1399 index patients below the age of 30 years and 881 control cases. Rates of delayed conception, infertility, spontaneous abortion, ectopic pregnancy and stillbirth were no higher in the study sample after self-poisoning than in the control sample. Among livebirths of index and control cases, there were no significant differences with respect to the sex ratio, mean birth weight, distribution of birth weight groups, percentage with low birth weight, twin occurrence, birth prevalence and distribution of congenital anomalies verified medically, rates of early death and some kinds of postnatal diseases. Consequently, there is no evidence that semilethal drug intoxication produces epidemiologically detectable germinal mutations in a sample involving 2503 pregnancies. PMID- 6749164 TI - Response to 'Variants and mutants' by U.H. Ehling. PMID- 6749163 TI - Variants and mutants. A critical comment to P.B. Selby and S.L. Niemann, Non breeding-test methods for dominant skeletal mutations shown by ethylnitrosourea to be easily applicable to offspring examined in specific-locus experiments. PMID- 6749165 TI - Depletion of the reduced glutathione level in the liver and production of the mutagens in the intestine in the mice inducing hepatoma by feeding on a high level dose of sorbic acid. AB - Mutagenicity was detected using Salmonella typhimurium TA98 in the acidic components of the intestinal contents of mice, in which a high incidence of hepatoma had been reported due to feeding on a diet containing 15% sorbic acid (Ishizawa et al., 1980). Furthermore, the glutathione level in the liver of the 15% sorbic acid group was decreased to 40% of the amount found in controls after a 3-month feeding period, and this low level was maintained for long periods (12 months) until the end of the experiments. There was also a close correlation between the extent of depletion of the hepato-glutathione level and the concentration of sorbic acid added to the diet. Consequently, the hepatoma which developed in mice fed a 15% sorbic acid diet was considered to be induced both by the depletion of the hepato-glutathione level over the long periods, and by the gradual production of various mutagens in the intestine which were absorbed and transferred to liver to be metabolically activated. PMID- 6749166 TI - The in vitro micronucleus assay for detection of cytogenetic effects induced by mutagen-carcinogens: comparison with the in vitro sister-chromatid exchange assay. AB - The sensitivity of a cytogenetic assay, as expressed by the in vitro induction of micronuclei (MN), was compared to the in vitro induction of sister-chromatid exchanges (SCEs). Chinese hamster lung (V79) cells were exposed to 3 known alkylating agents: methyl methanesulphonate (MMS), ethyl methanesulphonate (EMS) and N-methyl-N'-nitro-N-nitrosoguanidine (MNNG) and to 5 newly synthesized naphthofurans: 2-nitro-7-methoxynaphtho[2,1-b]furan (A), 2-nitro-8 methoxynaphtho[2,1-b]furan (B), 2-nitronaphtho[2,1-b]furan (C), 2-nitro-7 bromonaphtho[2,1-b]furan (D) and 7-methoxynaphtho[2,1-b]furan (E). The induction of MN only was also analysed after exposure of the cells to 4 alcohols: ethanol, methanol, butanol and propanol. The lowest dose at which a significant effect could be observed was determined. In both assays, MNNG, MMS and EMS were equally active with the following order of potency: MNNG greater than MMS greater than EMS, the latter being a very weak inducer of MN and SCE. Compounds A and B were also very effective in both assays. Compound C was a more active inducer of SCE than MN. Compounds D and E were not active in either assay. None of the 4 alcohols induced MN. Our results are compared with the previously published data on in vitro and in vivo induction of SCE and MN. We conclude that the MN in vitro assay which detects clastogens as well as agents affecting the spindle apparatus, is a good indicator of genotoxicity, though slightly less sensitive than the in vitro SCE test. It could provide a rapid, simple and inexpensive complementary short-term test for the evaluation of potentially mutagenic chemicals. PMID- 6749167 TI - Evaluation of the genotoxicity of cresols using sister-chromatid exchange (SCE). AB - o-, m- and p-Cresols were evaluated in both an in vitro and in vivo SCE assay. Dose-dependent SCE increases were not observed in cultured human fibroblasts with any of the isomers at concentrations up to 8 mM. There was a small but significant increase in SCE frequency compared to control at 8 mM o-cresol. A significant decrease in cell-cycle progression as measured by average generation time (AGT), was seen for all isomers at a concentration of 8 mM. Furthermore, no increase in SCE frequencies was observed in bone marrow, alveolar macrophages, and regenerating liver cells of male DBA/2 mice treated with a single i.p. injection of either o-cresol (200 mg/kg), m-cresol (200 mg/kg), or p-cresol (75 mg/kg) 21.5 h prior to sacrifice. PMID- 6749168 TI - Effect of dose-rate on the frequency of X-linked lethal mutation in the nematode Panagrellus redivivus. AB - A total X-ray dose of 50 Gy was applied to the nematode Panagrellus redivivus using dose-rates ranging from 0.23 Gy/min to 10.49 Gy/min, and the frequency of lethal X-chromosomes was determined. This frequency ranged from approximately 1.6% at the lower dose-rate to 4.3% at the highest dose-rate, indicating a dose rate dependency of mutation frequency in the spermatogonia and oogonia of this organism. PMID- 6749169 TI - Sister-chromatid exchange in cultured lymphocytes of ewes and their newborn lambs. AB - The incidence of sister-chromatid exchange (SCE) in cultured lymphocytes of ewes and their newborn lambs was determined using the BrdU-Giemsa technique. In all ewe-lamb pairs, the SCE rate in the lambs was less than that of the ewes. The mean SCE frequencies per chromosome of the ewes after lambing and of the newborn lambs were 0.1909 and 0.1581, respectively. The statistical analysis shows that a significant difference exists between SCE in the adult female sheep and their lambs. At the same time, a negative correlation was observed between SCE rate and cell proliferation. The results of this study are compared with those of previous reports on age-dependency of SCE. PMID- 6749170 TI - A comparative study of the clastogenicity of maleic hydrazide and some of its putative degradation products. PMID- 6749171 TI - Antimutagenic effects on male germ cells of mice. AB - The alkylating agent cyclophosphamide (CPA) and the antioxidant ethoxyquin (EQ) were administered perorally to NMRI mice. The strong clastogenic action of CPA on spermatogonia was diminished by simultaneous doses of EQ. Higher doses of the antioxidant produced greater anticlastogenic action. Furthermore, the action of the mutagen and the antioxidant on the late spermatids and the spermatozoa was observed using the dominant lethal test. The antioxidant had only a weak influence on these postmeiotic stages. PMID- 6749172 TI - Chemical protection against genetic effect of radiation in male mice. AB - A study was made of the protective effect of some radioprotective agents against dominant lethal mutations (DLM) in postspermatogonial stages and reciprocal translocations (RT) in spermatogonia induced by gamma-radiation. Among the radioprotective agents used, cystaphos, a combination of cystamine and 5-MOT and a mixture of 6 components proved to be most effective against DLM, and cystaphos, gammaphos and cystamine combined with 5-MOT proved effective against RT. The degree of radioprotective efficacy was relatively low. The efficacy of cystamine in protecting against RT was higher with exposure of gonocytes of 18.5-day embryos than spermatogonia of pubertal animals. The degree of the radioprotective effect varied depending on the stage of spermatogenesis, and, in all cases, it was lower than that observed in studies of protection against lethal effects of ionizing radiation. PMID- 6749173 TI - Sperm abnormality assay of metronidazole and tinidazole. PMID- 6749174 TI - Inability of the mutagen-blocking agent oleic acid to protect against colon carcinogenesis in the rat. AB - Oleic acid has been found in cooked beef and human feces. It has also been found to protect against mutagenesis as measured by the Salmonella microsomal assay test. Addition of oleic acid to the diet of rats treated with 1,2 dimethylhydrazine, a colon carcinogen, failed to protect the rats against the induction of colon cancer. PMID- 6749176 TI - Black dot mycetoma. PMID- 6749175 TI - In vivo cytogenetic effects of the cooked-food-related mutagens Trp-P-2 and IQ in mouse bone marrow. AB - Sister-chromatid exchange and chromosomal aberrations were measured in vivo in mouse bone marrow following intraperitoneal injection of the cooked food mutagens, Trp-P-2 and IQ. Trp-P-2 produced a significant positive dose response for both endpoints while IQ produced only a weak but significant sister-chromatid exchange response. The relative potency of these two chemicals is similar to that seen in mammalian cells in vitro but opposite to their potency in Salmonella. PMID- 6749177 TI - Phoma minutispora as a human pathogen. PMID- 6749178 TI - Putative polypeptide transfer from male to female Schistosoma mansoni. AB - Mature males and females, and unisexual females of Schistosoma mansoni were incubated in medium containing [14C]leucine. By use of polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis and fluorography no differences were detected in their ability to synthesize polypeptides. Male worms thus labelled were paired for various periods with unlabelled mature or unisexual females both in vitro and by surgical implantation into hamsters. Female worms paired in vitro had two controls: an accompanying female that did not pair and an additional female placed in the conditioned medium after removal of the other worms. After separation and washing, only small amounts of label were found in females by liquid scintillation counting despite the release by males of substantial amounts of label into the medium. No label was detected in fluorograms of polyacrylamide electrophoresis gels of re-paired females after 7 days' exposure to X-ray film, but a faint pattern of normal polypeptides above 50 kDa did develop after 6 weeks. In light microscope autoradiographs a low grain count was found over sections of unlabelled females paired with labelled males but this was no greater than that over females incubated in medium that had formerly held males. We have been unable to detect any polypeptide reported to be synthesized exclusively by male worms and transferred in large amounts to females. Although female worms did take up small amounts of male-derived metabolic products, the transfer of a specific polypeptide of 66 kDa in significant quantities did not take place under the conditions investigated. PMID- 6749180 TI - Energy metabolism in Cotugnia digonopora and the effect of anthelmintics. AB - Incorporation of 32Pi into organic phosphate by mitochondria of Cotugnia digonopora was supported maximally by malate. Fumarate and succinate induced lower but significant production of ATP. Pyruvate, alpha-ketoglutarate and oxalacetate proved to be poor substrates and citrate and isocitrate had no effect. A net phosphorylation of approximately 2 mol of ADP was observed for each mol of CO2 liberated from malate or succinate. In contrast, with pyruvate, in spite of a high rate of decarboxylation, the production of ATP was extremely low. 2,4-Dinitrophenol inhibited phosphorylation. All anthelmintics examined interfered with the mitochondrial phosphorylation of ADP, with maximum inhibition by salicylanilide compounds. The anticestodal activity of the latter group of compounds, niclosamide for example, may, therefore, be attributed to their ability to inhibit mitochondrial phosphorylation. PMID- 6749179 TI - Biosynthesis of a putative protective Plasmodium knowlesi merozoite antigen. AB - A putative protective Plasmodium knowlesi antigen, recognized by two monoclonal antibodies which prevent invasion of erythrocytes by merozoites in vitro, is synthesised only by schizonts with 7 or more nuclei, during the last 1.5-2 h of the 24 h erythrocytic cycle of parasite development. The 66 000 MW antigen, which constitutes a minor parasite protein, is processed at the time of schizont rupture and merozoite release, to give rise to two smaller molecules of 44 000 and 42 000 MW. The 44 000 and 42 000 MW antigens and traces of the 66 000 MW antigen are present on the surface of isolated merozoites and the smaller antigens are readily shed. The antigens which are shed are soluble in culture medium and are not readily degraded further. None of the molecules can be detected in newly invaded ring stage parasites, indicating that they are either excluded when the merozoite invades, or if internalised, they rapidly undergo further structural alteration since newly parasitised red cells no longer contain epitopes which react with the inhibitory monoclonal antibodies. This antigen is distinct from other putative protective antigens described in bloodstage malaria parasites. PMID- 6749181 TI - Schistosoma mansoni: relationship between turnover rates of membrane proteins and susceptibility to immune damage of schistosomula. AB - Both dialysed fetal calf serum (DFCS) and concanavalin A (Con A) are known to decrease the susceptibility of schistosomulum of Schistosoma mansoni to damage by antibody and complement in vitro. The effects of DFCS and Con A on the synthesis and turnover rate of individual proteins in the surface membranes have been measured. DFCS increases the synthesis and turnover rate of low molecular weight proteins while Con A decreases the synthesis and turnover rate of high molecular weight proteins. It is suggested that DFCS and Con A act by different mechanisms to alter the properties of the surface membrane and that in vivo both mechanisms operate to protect the membrane against immune damage. PMID- 6749182 TI - A bifunctional thymidylate synthetase-dihydrofolate reductase in protozoa. AB - Thymidylate synthetase and dihydrofolate reductase exist as a bifunctional protein in a number of species of protozoa which span diverse groups of the subkingdom. The enzymes copurify upon gel filtration and on affinity chromatography columns specific for dihydrofolate reductase. The bifunctional protein has been found in species of Crithidia, Leishmania, Trypanosoma, Plasmodium, Eimeria, Tetrahymena and Euglena. For reasons unknown, neither enzyme could be detected in Entamoeba histolytica or E. invadens. Since neither enzyme has yet been found as a separate protein in protozoa, it is likely that the bifunctional protein is widespread among these primitive eukaryotes. In most cases, the apparent size of the native protein is approximately twice that of the subunit possessing thymidylate synthetase. Further, with one exception, the subunit sizes are close to the sum of the subunit sizes of the separate enzymes found in other sources. PMID- 6749183 TI - Processing of a major parasite surface glycoprotein during the ultimate stages of differentiation in Plasmodium knowlesi. AB - A monoclonal antibody (13C11) was used to investigate the processing of a Plasmodium knowlesi plasma membrane protein during the late stages of schizogony. 13C11 bound to the surface of merozoites, blocked invasion of erythrocytes and immunoprecipitated a 230 kDa glycoprotein from metabolically labelled schizonts. This protein was a major parasite surface component inserted into the membrane of immature schizonts as shown through the study of saponin-freed schizonts which bound 13C11 to their surface (indirect immunofluorescence and immunoelectron microscopy); in addition, the 230 kDa protein on saponin-freed schizonts was susceptible to trypsin treatment. Cleavage of the protein in pulse-chase experiments was followed by immunoprecipitation with 13C11. As schizogony proceeded, the 230 kDa protein was cleaved to 200, 145 and 110 kDa polypeptides. However, this cleavage did not reflect processing but occurred in vitro during detergent extraction and was due to a proteolytic activity which appeared in the parasite during the later stages of schizogony. As schizonts reached maturity and infected erythrocytes lysed, the 230 kDa protein was processed to 75, 57, 50 kDa and 43 kDa polypeptides which were the surface labelled components on purified merozoites immunoprecipitated by 13C11. PMID- 6749184 TI - Structural studies on the major oligosaccharides in a variant surface glycoprotein of Trypanosoma congolense. AB - The carbohydrate moieties in the four isotypes of a variant surface glycoprotein from Trypanosoma congolense were analyzed. All variant surface glycoprotein isotypes were found to contain up to 15% by weight of D-galactose, D-mannose, and N-acetyl-D-glucosamine in molar ratios approaching 1:3.2:3.9 (isotypes I-III) or 1:2.4:2.4 (isotype IV); in addition, the presence of sialic acid could be demonstrated. After metabolic labelling with D-[6-3H]glucosamine, the four isoglycoproteins were successively digested with pronase and with endo-beta-N acetylglucosaminidase H. Up to two thirds of the oligosaccharides were thus liberated and were separated by gel filtration, and by high performance liquid chromatography. Using methylation, gas chromatography, mass spectrometry and digestion with alpha-mannosidase, they were shown to be mainly typical oligomannosidic oligosaccharides of size classes Man5GlcNAc to Man9GlcNAc. The residual glycans were liberated by hydrazinolysis, and were fractionated by serotonin affinity chromatography. After separation by gel filtration, the neutral oligosaccharides from isotype I were subjected to methylation analysis and successive exoglycosidase digestions. They were found to be biantennary oligosaccharides of the N-acetyllactosaminic type: (GalGlcNAc)2Man3GlcNAc1-2. Only about 30% of the sialylated glycans were susceptible to neuraminidases. The T. congolense variant surface glycoprotein studied here contains mainly high mannose and biantennary 'complex' oligosaccharides as found in many other eukaryotic glycoproteins, except that they seem to carry unusually substituted/linked sialic acid residues. PMID- 6749185 TI - A possible molecular basis for strain specific immunity to malaria. AB - A 250 kDa antigen implicated in the induction of protective immunity to Plasmodium chabaudi was examined with a panel of 11 monoclonal antibodies in cloned parasite lines. 2 antibodies cross-reacted with the different parasite lines while 9 were specific for one line. This antigenic diversity was correlated with major differences in one dimensional peptide maps between the purified antigen from different lines of parasites. The peptide maps also revealed some apparently conserved structure which may have been responsible for the antigenic cross reactivity. Using cloned lines of P. falciparum and a second series of monoclonal antibodies, similar antigenic and structural diversity was evident in the equivalent antigen from the important human pathogen. These findings are discussed with relationship to the induction of protective immunity to malaria. PMID- 6749186 TI - Membrane permeability of secondary hydatid cysts of Echinococcus granulosus. Determination of the water diffusional and osmotic permeability coefficients through a syncytial membrane. AB - Diffusional (Pw) and osmotic (Pf) water permeability coefficients were determined for the syncytial epithelium of larval Echinococcus granulosus. Pw was calculated from simultaneous influx measurements of tritiated water and n-[14C]butanol through the hydatid cyst wall. The total diffusional water permeability coefficient, P'w, was found to be 2.2 X 10(-4) cm s-1; which is similar to that previously reported by Rotunno et al. (1974, J. Parasitol. 60, 13-620). Nevertheless, when P'f is corrected for the unstirred water layer effects, a Pw value of 6.2 X 10(-4) cm s-1 is obtained. Thus, the unstirred water layer effects have a very important contribution to P'w. Total steady state osmotic permeability coefficient, P'f, was bound to be about 15 X 10(-4) cm s-1 and it is scarcely affected by those mechanisms that tend to distort the evaluation of Pf. The experimentally determined osmotic coefficient differs from the corrected Pf by only 6%. The Pf/Pw ratio was found to be 2.4. The present study clearly confirms that syncytial membranes can be highly permeable to water, in spite of the fact that they lack tight junctions. Thus, water permeability through epithelial syncytium must be exclusively controlled by the permeability of the apical and/or basocellular membranes. PMID- 6749187 TI - A comparison of the glycosomes (microbodies) isolated from Trypanosoma brucei bloodstream form and cultured procyclic trypomastigotes. AB - Highly purified glycosomes were isolated from Trypanosoma brucei bloodstream forms and cultured procyclic trypomastigotes. A comparison of the specific activities of glycosomal enzymes revealed that glycosomes from insect stages had decreased levels of hexokinase, phosphoglucose isomerase, phospho-fructokinase, fructose-bisphosphate aldolase, glyceraldehyde-phosphate dehydrogenase and phosphoglycerate kinase, but contained increased levels of adenylate kinase, malate dehydrogenase and phosphoenolpyruvate carboxykinase. Glycosomes from bloodstream forms were almost totally devoid of the latter two activities. Comparison of the two types of glycosomes by sodium dodecylsulphate polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis revealed that bloodstream form glycosomes contained 3 prominent polypeptides (64, 46 and 40 kDa) which were hardly detectable in insect stage glycosomes, whereas the latter contained 3 insect stage specific bands with molecular weight of 34 000, 61 000 and 77 000 and 4 additional bands with molecular weights between 94 000 and 110 000. Both types of glycosome contained the phospholipids phosphatidylcholine and phosphatidylethanolamine. Insect stage glycosomes contained in addition also phosphatidylinositol and some phosphatidylserine. PMID- 6749188 TI - An iron-containing superoxide dismutase in Tritrichomonas foetus. AB - Dialysed extracts of Tritrichomonas foetus were found to have superoxide dismutase at substantially higher levels than those found in trypanosomatids and mouse red blood cells. The activity was sensitive to inhibition by H2O2 but not by cyanide, suggesting that this organism has iron-containing superoxide dismutase(s). Three isozymes were seen by isoelectric focusing which appeared to be sensitive to inhibition by H2O2. PMID- 6749189 TI - Role of the parasympathetic system in airway obstruction due to emphysema. AB - To study the relative contributions of parasympathetic and sympathetic mechanisms in airway obstruction in patients with emphysema, we gave supramaximal doses of anticholinergic and adrenergic agents in sequence and in combination. Serial doses of one agent were administered to achieve a plateau of bronchodilatation; after that the other agent was administered. The plateau achieved with the anticholinergic agent (atropine methonitrate) was significantly higher than that achieved with the adrenergic agent (salbutamol). When the adrenergic agent was given first, additional bronchodilatation was achieved with subsequent use of the anticholinergic agent. When the anticholinergic agent was given first, no additional bronchodilatation was achieved with subsequent administration of the adrenergic agent. When both agents were given simultaneously, the degree of bronchodilatation was virtually identical to that obtained with the anticholinergic agent alone. Tests sensitive to small-airway and large-airway function and lung volumes gave essentially the same results. Thus, all achievable bronchodilatation was obtained with the anticholinergic agent alone. These results suggest that the two classes of agents produce bronchodilatation through a common cholinergic pathway in emphysema, and support the concept that parasympathetic activity is the dominant reversible component of airway obstruction in this disease. PMID- 6749190 TI - Involvement of upper-airway muscles in extrapyramidal disorders. A cause of airflow limitation. AB - To identify the site and cause of airflow limitation in patients with parkinsonism, we tested pulmonary function in 27 patients with extrapyramidal disorders. In 24 patients, an abnormal flow-volume loop contour, showing either regular (18 patients) or irregular (6 patients) flow oscillations, was found. On direct fiberoptic visualization of the upper airway, these oscillations corresponded to either rhythmic (4 to 8 Hz) or irregular involuntary movements of glottic and supraglottic structures. Ten patients had physiologic evidence of upper-airway obstruction, which was symptomatic in four. We conclude that the upper-airway musculature is frequently involved in extrapyramidal disorders. This causes upper-airway dysfunction that can be severe enough to limit airflow. PMID- 6749191 TI - Analyzing data from ordered categories. AB - Clinical investigations often involve data in the form of ordered categories- e.g., "worse," "unchanged," "improved," "much improved." Comparison of two groups when the data are of this kind should not be done by the chi-square test, which wastes information and is insensitive in this context. The Wilcoxon-Mann-Whitney test provides a proper analysis. Alternatively, scores may be assigned to the categories in order, and the t-test applied. We demonstrate both approaches here. Sometimes data in ordered categories are reduced to a two-by-two table by the collapsing of the high categories into one category and the low categories into another. This practice is inefficient; moreover, it entails avoidable subjectivity in the choice of the cutting point that defines the two super categories. The Wilcoxon-Mann-Whitney procedure (or the t-test with use of ordered scores) is preferable. A survey of research articles in Volume 306 of the New England Journal of Medicine shows many instances of ordered-category data (about 20 per cent of the articles had such data) and no instance of analysis by the preferred methods presented here. We suggest that investigators who are unfamiliar with these methods should seek the assistance of a professional statistician when they must deal with such data. PMID- 6749192 TI - Cobalamin C mutation (methylmalonic aciduria and homocystinuria) in adolescence. A treatable cause of dementia and myelopathy. PMID- 6749193 TI - Case records of the Massachusetts General Hospital. Weekly clinicopathological exercises. Case 33-1984. A 75-year-old diabetic woman with an osteolytic lesion of the spine. PMID- 6749194 TI - Adoration of the vagi? PMID- 6749195 TI - Transderm Scop for prevention of motion sickness. PMID- 6749196 TI - Coronary spasm versus coronary dissection. PMID- 6749197 TI - Diabetes and stress. PMID- 6749198 TI - Nonsexual transmission of gonorrhea to a child. PMID- 6749199 TI - Shared idiotypes among surface immunoglobulins in non-Hodgkin's lymphoma. PMID- 6749201 TI - Acute respiratory infections in children. PMID- 6749200 TI - Transsphenoidal microadenomectomy for Cushing's disease in children. PMID- 6749202 TI - Psychopharmacology in children. PMID- 6749203 TI - Health care in China. PMID- 6749204 TI - To drink or not to drink? PMID- 6749205 TI - Early experience with an implantable cardioverter. AB - We tested the efficacy and safety of a fully programmable cardioverter weighing 95 g, in terminating sustained ventricular tachycardia. The device was implanted tranvenously under local anesthesia in seven patients. On command from a programmer or automatically, the cardioverter delivered shocks through a lead inserted to the apex of the right ventricle. It also served as a demand ventricular pacemaker and could perform programmed ventricular stimulation or overdrive pacing. Cardioversion of ventricular tachycardia required less than 0.5 J (mean) and was well tolerated by the patients, who were awake and not sedated. In one patient, a shock terminated ventricular tachycardia with the device in the automatic mode but produced atrial fibrillation with a rapid ventricular response that was intermittently recognized as ventricular tachycardia, triggering additional shocks. One such shock in the ST segment produced ventricular fibrillation that was terminated transthoracically in the emergency room, without residual impairment. We conclude from these preliminary observations that cardioversion of sustained ventricular tachycardia by means of an implantable catheter device is feasible, but for the present its use in the automatic mode must be cautious and selective. The unit's small size, ease of implantation, usefulness for noninvasive electrophysiologic studies, programmability, and bradycardia pacing functions are advantages. The next-generation device must be able to defibrillate and provide better differentiation of arrhythmias. PMID- 6749206 TI - Effect of treatment on the evolution of renal abnormalities in lupus nephritis. AB - We retrospectively studied the evolution of histopathologic features in successive renal biopsies in patients with lupus nephritis, to evaluate the effects of various treatment regimens. Repeat renal biopsies had been performed in 62 patients after more than 18 months of observation (median interval, 44 months) in randomized therapeutic trials comparing prednisone with cytotoxic drugs. Renal histopathologic features were graded individually, and a composite score reflecting the number and severity of irreversible lesions was defined as a chronicity index. The chronicity index for patients treated with conventional high-dose prednisone increased linearly with the interval between biopsies, whereas the index in the group receiving cytotoxic-drug treatments did not increase over time. After statistical adjustment for important prognostic factors (age and initial chronicity index) identified by multiple linear regression, the difference in the slopes between the group receiving prednisone and the group receiving cytotoxic drugs was significant (P less than 0.0001). We conclude that cytotoxic-drug treatment reduces the likelihood of progressive renal scarring in lupus nephritis. PMID- 6749207 TI - Fibrinogen as a risk factor for stroke and myocardial infarction. AB - To study the possible risk factors for cardiovascular disease, we collected data on plasma levels of coagulation factors, blood pressure, serum cholesterol, and smoking in a random sample of 792 men 54 years of age. During 13.5 years of follow-up, myocardial infarction occurred in 92 men, stroke in 37, and death from causes other than myocardial infarction or stroke in 60. The blood pressure, degree of smoking, serum cholesterol, and fibrinogen level measured at the base line examination proved to be significant risk factors for infarction by univariate analyses during follow-up, and blood pressure and fibrinogen were risk factors for stroke. Fibrinogen and smoking were strongly related to each other. The relation between fibrinogen and infarction, and between fibrinogen and stroke, became weaker when blood pressure, serum cholesterol, and smoking habits were taken into account, but was still significant for stroke. Although causality cannot be inferred from these data, it is possible that the fibrinogen level plays an important part in the development of stroke and myocardial infarction. PMID- 6749208 TI - Psychosocial status in chronic illness. A comparative analysis of six diagnostic groups. AB - Assumptions that psychological attributes are specific to particular diagnoses characterize many investigations of chronically ill patients. We studied 758 patients, each of whom had one of six different chronic illnesses, to determine and compare their scores on the Mental Health Index. Five groups of physically ill patients (with arthritis, diabetes, cancer, renal disease, or dermatologic disorders) did not differ significantly from one another or from the general public, but all had significantly higher scores for psychological status when compared with the sixth group, patients under treatment for depression. There was a significant direct relation between higher mental-health scores and advancing age across all patient populations. Patients with recently diagnosed illness in all groups had poorer mental-health scores than did patients whose illness had been diagnosed more than four months previously. A direct relation between declining physical status and mental-health scores was observed. These results suggest that psychological adaptation among patients with chronic illnesses is remarkably effective and fundamentally independent of specific diagnosis. PMID- 6749209 TI - Current concepts. Fiberoptic bronchoscopy. PMID- 6749210 TI - Cytotoxic-drug treatment of lupus nephritis. PMID- 6749211 TI - Should heroin be legalized for the treatment of pain? PMID- 6749212 TI - Compassionate pain relief: is heroin the answer? PMID- 6749213 TI - In defense of the reintroduction of heroin into American medical practice and H.R. 5290--the Compassionate Pain Relief Act. PMID- 6749214 TI - Nurse practitioners. PMID- 6749215 TI - Ethanol and arterial disease. PMID- 6749216 TI - Sublingual isoproterenol for primary pulmonary hypertension. PMID- 6749217 TI - Scavenging of hydrogen peroxide--a new mechanism of action for D-penicillamine in rheumatoid arthritis? PMID- 6749218 TI - Instability of hematin solutions. PMID- 6749219 TI - Chorionic biopsy. PMID- 6749220 TI - Postmortem accumulation of 3-methoxytyramine in the brain. PMID- 6749222 TI - Talking with patients about CPR. PMID- 6749221 TI - Saving on soaks. PMID- 6749223 TI - Clinical epidemiology defined. PMID- 6749224 TI - Are sulfite additives really safe? PMID- 6749225 TI - Call to quarters. PMID- 6749226 TI - Money and medicine. PMID- 6749227 TI - Policies on exportation of hazardous substances in western developed countries. A public-health problem. PMID- 6749228 TI - Psychosocial influences on mortality after myocardial infarction. AB - Psychosocial interviews with 2320 male survivors of acute myocardial infarction, participants in the beta-Blocker Heart Attack Trial, permitted the definition of two variables strongly associated with an increased three-year mortality risk. With other important prognostic factors controlled for, the patients classified as being socially isolated and having a high degree of life stress had more than four times the risk of death of the men with low levels of both stress and isolation. An inverse association of education with mortality in this population reflected the gradient in the prevalence of the defined psychosocial characteristics. High levels of stress and social isolation were most prevalent among the least-educated men and least prevalent among the best-educated. The increase in risk associated with stress and social isolation applied both to total deaths and to sudden cardiac deaths and was noted among men with both high and low levels of ventricular ectopy during hospitalization for the acute infarction. PMID- 6749229 TI - Bacteriuria in the catheterized patient. What quantitative level of bacteriuria is relevant? AB - We studied 110 catheterized patients to determine the concentration of microorganisms that would indicate infection in urine aspirated from an indwelling urethral catheter. High-level bacteriuria or candiduria (greater than 10(5) colony-forming units per milliliter) developed in 34 patients. However, low level bacteriuria or candiduria (less than 10(5) organisms per milliliter), which developed in 41 patients, progressed to concentrations above 10(5) organisms per milliliter 96 per cent of the time (P less than 0.001), usually within three days of the initial culture showing growth, unless the patient received intercurrent suppressive antimicrobial therapy. We conclude that the urinary tract of catheterized patients is highly susceptible to infection once small numbers of microorganisms gain access and that a concentration considerably below 10(5) organisms per milliliter may be clinically and epidemiologically important in this setting. PMID- 6749230 TI - American paragonimiasis treated with praziquantel. PMID- 6749231 TI - Chromosome translocation in peripheral neuroepithelioma. PMID- 6749232 TI - Stress and the aching heart. PMID- 6749233 TI - Healing by the fundamentals. PMID- 6749234 TI - Treatment of antithrombin III deficiency with danazol. PMID- 6749235 TI - Hypermagnesemia, serum calcium, and parathyroid hormone levels. PMID- 6749236 TI - Fibrotic processes associated with long-term ergotamine therapy. PMID- 6749237 TI - Peridural morphine analgesia is mediated by a direct spinal effect. PMID- 6749238 TI - The flipping-pacemaker phenomenon. PMID- 6749239 TI - Efficiency of mitochondria. PMID- 6749240 TI - Alpine slide anaphylaxis. PMID- 6749241 TI - Effect of estrogen dose in postmenopausal bone loss. PMID- 6749243 TI - Management operations of the National Cancer Institute that influence the governance of science. PMID- 6749242 TI - Divalent cations in essential hypertension. PMID- 6749244 TI - Use of small fish species in carcinogenicity testing. Proceedings of a symposium. Bethesda, Maryland, December 8-10, 1981. PMID- 6749245 TI - Use of the mudminnow, Umbra sp., in an in vivo sister chromatid exchange test. AB - Elevated frequencies of sister chromatid exchange (SCE) have been observed in the chromosomes of mammals and birds as a result of exposure to mutagenic carcinogens. More recently, this phenomenon has been demonstrated in the chromosomes of fishes exposed to genotoxicants. A short-term screening system for mutagenic carcinogens with the use of the mudminnow, Umbra sp., has been developed with SCE as the indicator of genetic damage. This genus of fish possesses a small number (2n = 22) of large chromosomes enabling easy and rapid quantitation of cytogenetic damage. When mudminnows were exposed by ip injection or in situ by the aquatic environment to either direct- or indirect-acting mutagens, dose-dependent increases in SCE were observed. In addition to screening capabilities, the mudminnow system has had application as a biological monitor for genotoxicants in contaminated water systems. The increasing use of the mudminnow SCE system illustrates a renewed interest in the utilization of fishes in mutagenicity and carcinogenicity testing. PMID- 6749246 TI - Hyperplastic lesions of the primitive meninx of fathead minnows, Pimephales promelas, induced by ammonia: species potential for carcinogen testing. AB - In our laboratory, fathead minnows were reared from time of hatching to adulthood at 5 concentrations of ammonia in a toxicity test lasting 304 days. The ammonia concentration test range was 9.36 to 30.0 mg NH3-N/liter (0.639 to 2.17 mg NH3/liter). Intracerebral lesions were observed in fish from each ammonia concentration but not in the controls. The severity of the lesions was positively correlated with increased ammonia concentration. Massive hyperplastic lesions developed in fish tested at the 2 highest concentrations. Histologically, lesions appeared to originate from the primitive meninx, which grew into the cranial cavity, and in some fish through the cranium. Based on the orderly appearance of tissues and evidence of regression of lesions, the lesions are not considered to be neoplasms but hyperplasias of primitive meninx tissue induced as a response to ammonia exposure. Fathead minnows (Pimephales promelas) have proved useful for acute toxicity testing of environmental contaminants and have a potential usefulness in carcinogenicity testing. They are easily maintained in the laboratory, can be readily induced to spawn during their first year of life, and have a relatively short period of embryogenesis. PMID- 6749247 TI - Rainbow trout embryos: advantages and limitations for carcinogenesis research. AB - Rainbow trout embryos are sensitive to the initiation of neoplasms in various tissues by brief exposures to solutions of water-soluble carcinogens. This characteristic was first demonstrated with the sparingly soluble liver carcinogen, aflatoxin B1 (AFB1). A 30-minute exposure of 21-day-old embryos (embryos hatch in 24-25 days at 12 degrees C) to a 0.5-ppm aqueous solution of AFB1 will result in approximately 65 of the survivors having at least 1 liver tumor, 1 year after treatment. The embryos are responsive to both AFB1 dose and the length of exposure and become increasingly sensitive with increased embryonic age. We have used rainbow trout embryos to demonstrate the hepatocarcinogenicity of other aflatoxin metabolites and precursors; aflatoxicol, aflatoxin G1, versicolorin A, and sterigmatocystin. In addition to mycotoxins, trout embryos are sensitive to several nitrosamine hepatocarcinogens including: dimethylnitrosamine, diethylnitrosamine, nitrosopyrrolidine, and 2,6 dimethylnitrosomorpholine. However, with the highly water-soluble nitrosamines, longer exposure time (up to 24 hr) are required. It is generally accepted that each of the above-named carcinogens requires metabolic activation to the ultimate carcinogenic form. This provides indirect evidence that the trout embryo is capable of cytochrome P-450-mediated metabolism. Finally, trout embryos are sensitive to the direct-acting carcinogen, N-methyl-N'-nitro-N-nitrosoguanidine. This compound produces tumors of the liver, stomach, kidney, and swim bladder, and a pronounced female-to-male sex reversal. Results to date have shown that the trout embryo is a sensitive, convenient, and economical whole animal model system with many distinct advantages for carcinogen testing and research.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS) PMID- 6749248 TI - Usefulness of the hermaphroditic marine fish, Rivulus marmoratus, in carcinogenicity testing. AB - Hepatocellular carcinoma and other pathological changes were induced in the self fertilizing hermaphroditic fish Rivulus marmoratus by aqueous exposure to 15, 30, and 45 ppm diethylnitrosamine (DENA). Fish exposed as larvae for 12 weeks and adults exposed for 5 weeks showed rates of hepatocellular carcinoma as high as 76.5 and 31.3%, respectively, when examined 1 year later. Fish exposed as embryos in various stages of development for 1 week to 10, 32, 100, 320, and 1,000 ppm DENA were without neoplasms when examined 1 year later. Other pathological changes of rivulus livers were cholangioma, adenofibrosis, and granuloma with incidences as high as 38.9, 88.9, and 61.1%, respectively. Simple rearing methods were developed and relevant biological data pertaining to reproduction, embryonic development, and subsequent growth of R. marmoratus are discussed. Advantages and disadvantages of the use of R. marmoratus as a carcinogenicity test animal are assessed. PMID- 6749250 TI - Primary cell cultures from the teleost, Cyprinodon variegatus: culture establishment and application in carcinogen exposure studies. AB - Methods were developed for aseptic maintenance of Cyprinodon variegatus fry for extended periods. Preliminary studies indicated that under optimum conditions sterile embryos develop normally for a sufficient time to function as carcinogen teratogen assay systems. An embryo-primary cell culture technique was developed that incorporates, in a single system, certain characteristics of both intact embryos and primary cell cultures and allows simultaneous observation of the effects of carcinogens on the whole organism and primary cell monolayers. The effective use of these systems provides one the opportunity to study the effects of carcinogens on teleosts at the cellular and organismic level. PMID- 6749251 TI - Culture of embryos and cells from platyfish and swordtails for carcinogenicity testing and studies on melanoma formation. AB - We introduce inbred strains of platyfish and swordtails as well as their hybrids as laboratory animals for carcinogenicity testing. We especially propose to take advantage of the platyfish-swordtail melanoma system, which permits the breeding of animals with high susceptibility to carcinogen-induced melanoma. Based on our present view that, in melanoma formation, such fundamental processes as the determination and differentiation of a specific cell type are affected, we suggest the use of embryos and embryo-derived cell cultures. In both systems, all stages of pigment cell differentiation can be followed and screened for abnormal development. The in vitro culture of the embryos of the viviparous fish and the establishment of cell cultures are described. PMID- 6749252 TI - Physiological responses of experimental fish to stressful conditions. AB - Common stress factors in the laboratory aquarium can include extremes of pH, temperature, or other factors, such as the accumulation of intermediates of nitrification. Each aberration from optimal conditions has a direct physiological effect on fish that can cause death in a variety of ways. The stress effect in fish leading to infectious diseases is a common physiological manifestation of some common biochemical change, probably hormonal, which may compromise the immune system and lead to a decreased disease resistance and ultimately death. Minimization of stress by careful attention to basic fish culture practices is perhaps the best way one can ensure successful laboratory experiments. PMID- 6749249 TI - Preliminary studies on the usefulness of medaka, Oryzias latipes, embryos in carcinogenicity testing. AB - Medaka (Oryzias latipes) embryos were exposed continuously for 10 days to diethylnitrosamine (DENA) at concentrations of 25, 50, or 100 ppm. Following exposure and after hatching, the embryos were placed in clean, carcinogen-free water. Fish were sampled for pathological examination after 1 month, 3, and 6 months. Grossly visible liver tumors were evident after 3 months in 10 and 30% of the fish treated with 50 and 100 ppm DENA, respectively. Following 6 months exposure, 4% of the fish treated with 25 ppm, 15% of those given 50 ppm, and 43% of those treated with 100 ppm DENA contained liver tumors. Focal areas consisting of 10 to 40 highly basophilic cells in the liver were noted at all the exposure concentrations. The incidence of the focal areas increased proportionately with the concentration of DENA and the age of the fish. Liver tumors were examined by light and electron microscopy. Most of the hepatic tumors were moderate to well differentiated trabecular hepatomas, although 2 cholangiomas and 2 poorly differentiated hepatomas were noted. No liver lesions or tumors were observed in controls. PMID- 6749253 TI - Procedures for use of freshwater fishes in the development of reproducible toxicological information. AB - Toxicity testing with fish began early in this century, but standardized methods have been developed only within the last three decades. Standardized test procedures promote reproducibility of results; healthy fish properly handled and acclimated to test conditions are a given prerequisite. The principles of acute toxicity testing are important in the design of chronic tests for suspected carcinogens because certain factors influence the activity of chemicals or contaminants. The pH of test water is a critical factor in governing the uptake of chemicals by fish. Buffering is required so that uniform pH in waters of different hardnesses and different pHs in water of a given hardness are maintained. The importance of water quality control is graphically demonstrated by the lampricide 3-trifluoromethyl-4-nitrophenol; the toxicant is over 50 times more toxic in water at pH 6.5 than at pH 9.5. Results of laboratory tests on toxicity or carcinogenicity of single compounds in a clean environment represent an oversimplification of the real world because organisms are actually exposed to multiple chemicals or stresses. Because the environment is a complex interaction of physical, chemical, and biological factors that are extremely variable and dynamic, simulation of these systems in the laboratory is, at best, artificial; therefore, results developed must be considered to be predictive. PMID- 6749255 TI - Serological alterations in carcinogen-exposed teleosts: procedures for preparation and analysis of samples from small fish. AB - To study the effects of environmental carcinogens on the immune system of Cyprinodon variegatus, we had to miniaturize or modify standard immunological procedures due to the small size of the fish. Modifications in standard bleeding procedures allowed collection of sufficient serum for most serological procedures. Serum electrophoresis showed considerable variation between exposed and unexposed fish as did qualitative immunoelectrophoresis techniques. We successfully adapted a bacteriophage neutralization procedure for use with the C. variegatus system to measure antiviral antibodies. The presence of antibody forming cells in spleen suspensions from fish immunized with human type O erythrocytes was demonstrated by a modified immune rosette procedure. A capillary tube procedure was developed for separation of leukocytes from erythrocytes in blood from C. variegatus. PMID- 6749254 TI - Nutritional requirements of experimental fish. AB - Satisfactory fulfillment of the nutritional requirements of experimental fish under subchronic and chronic test conditions (such as carcinogenesis studies) is critical to the outcome of a study. Nutritional requirements of many coldwater, warmwater, and marine fishes have been determined in part by the use of semipurified diets. Generally, these diets were fed to small fish in controlled environment tanks with no supplemental food available. The control diets contained semipurified natural ingredients, or, when appropriate, purified (crystalline) nutrients and were formulated to meet the requirements (approximate) of the test species. We fed the fish representative diets to insure that their nutritional needs were met and that no adverse pathology would develop. We then modified these control diets by removing one or more of the purified nutrients to determine the essentiality of a dietary component. Later, other diets were formulated to contain different amounts of the essential nutrients, or one ingredient was substituted for another, so that the quantitative requirements could be decided. Thus we could determine the dietary requirements for protein, fat, carbohydrate, and bulk, and the qualitative and quantitative requirements for the individual amino acids, vitamins, fatty acids, and some minerals. Semipurified diets were later used in toxicity studies for the measurement of the effect of different levels of manufactured contaminants, such as insecticides, or natural toxicants, such as aflatoxin, on the well-being of fishes. Information on the preparation of semipurified diets for fishes, feeding techniques, and nutritional requirements as well as suggestions on care of small fishes in tanks appropriate for longer term carcinogenesis studies is provided. PMID- 6749256 TI - Debate: mouse versus minnow: the future of fish in carcinogenicity testing. PMID- 6749257 TI - Protein loss in piglets infected with different enteropathogenic types of Escherichia coli. PMID- 6749258 TI - A review of some aspects of possible associations between the feeding of silage and animal health. PMID- 6749259 TI - Developmental analysis of raphe dorsalis unit activity in the rat. AB - Unit activity of raphe dorsalis neurons was recorded in rats between 3 and 24 days of age. Both a regular discharge pattern and a slow firing rate were observed as early as day 3. The frequency of discharge was not statistically different at any age from the mean discharge rate in the adult rat. It was concluded that the electrophysiological activity of 5-HT neurons develops early in the process of maturation, prior to that of the biochemistry and anatomy of these neurons. PMID- 6749260 TI - The efficacy of professional flossing in the control of gingival health. PMID- 6749261 TI - Scientific study contains "flaws". PMID- 6749262 TI - Aneurysmal bone cyst involving mandible. PMID- 6749263 TI - Ameloblastic fibro-odontoma: report of a case. PMID- 6749264 TI - Electroimmunochemical analysis of plasma membrane vesicles from Saccharomyces cerevisiae. AB - Plasma membrane vesicles of Saccharomyces cerevisiae were extracted with 1% (w/v) Triton X-100 and the solubilized proteins examined by crossed immunoelectrophoresis using rabbit antibodies against the vesicles. Solubilization was shown to be nonselective and 23 immunoprecipitates were observed reproducibly. Four glycoproteins were identified by interaction with concanavalin A and lentil lectin, either immobilized on agarose beads in an intermediate gel or incorporated in the free form in the first dimension gel. One glycoprotein was stainable by the periodic acid--Schiff procedure. None of the glycoproteins had their origin in the cell wall. Five amphiphilic proteins were identified on the basis of charge-shift and hydrophobic interaction crossed immunoelectrophoresis as well as [14C]Triton X-100 and Sudan black B binding. Three of the amphiphilic proteins were also glycoproteins. Based on the carbohydrate content and amphiphilic properties of the proteins, purification schemes using concanavalin A-Sepharose and phenyl-Sepharose were proposed. Trial separations using 1-mL columns were monitored by fused rocket and crossed immunoelectrophoresis. PMID- 6749265 TI - A cell-free system for Streptococcus faecium for studies on the biosynthesis of triterpenoid carotenoids. AB - A cell-free enzyme extract from Streptococcus faecium UNH 564P has been prepared. The extract incorporates either [2-14C]mevalonic acid (MVA) or [1-14C]isopentenyl pyrophosphate (IPP) into squalene and the carotenoids of the bacterium. ATP and manganese ion were found to be absolute requirements for MVA incorporation by the extract. Only manganese ion was found to be an absolute requirement for IPP incorporation by the extract. Other cofactors including magnesium ion, glutathione, potassium fluoride, NADP, and FAD significantly increase the incorporation of both substrates into the S. faecium terpenoids. Isolation and purification of the radioactive terpenoids from the cell-free system confirmed that the carotenoids of S. faecium are triterpenoids. PMID- 6749266 TI - Interlamellar refractive keratoplasty in rabbits. AB - The suitability and effectiveness of hydrophilic soft contact lenses and donor corneal buttons for interlamellar refractive keratoplasty were evaluated in a study with rabbits. In each experimental eye a trephined button of Bausch & Lomb Soflens (polymacon), Cooper Permalens (perfilcon A) or rabbit cornea 6.5 mm in diameter was inserted in a corneal pocket created with a lamellar dissector. Among the inserts available for long-term follow-up all five of the Soflens inserts showed "melting" (perforation and sloughing) by 3 weeks, whereas six of the seven Permalens inserts and all four of the donor corneal inserts were clear at 3 to 6 months. Myopia was induced and the corneal curvature steepened with all but the high-minus Soflens inserts. Thus, interlamellar refractive keratoplasty with soft contact lenses of high water content or lathe-cut donor corneal buttons has potential for the correction of aphakia in rabbits and may well have similar potential in humans. PMID- 6749268 TI - Evaluation of an X-ray microprobe technique as a possible aid to detect salmonellae. AB - The X-ray microprobe was examined as a possible aid in the detection of salmonellae. Results obtained indicate that specific bacterial antigen (Salmonella) increased in phosphorus and sulfur after reaction with the fluorescein isothiocyanate tagged specific antibody. Nonspecific antigen (Escherichia coli) did not increase in phosphorus and sulfur after reaction with fluorescein isothiocyanate tagged anti-Salmonella antibody. The technique developed supports the hypothesis that X-ray microprobe analysis may be useful in detecting salmonellae, or other bacteria, by determining increases in the elemental constituents of bacterial cells when reacted with elemental-tagged antibodies. PMID- 6749267 TI - Effect of adenosine in the cardiac actions of prostaglandins E2, I2, and F2 alpha. AB - Previous reports have demonstrated an antagonistic influence of adenosine in the biological effects of prostaglandins (PGs). We examined such a possible relationship on the isolated rat heart perfused at constant pressure and maintained at a constant heart rate. PGE2 and PGF2 alpha (2.8 X 10(-11) to 2.8 X 10(-7) M) exerted a positive inotropic influence on the heart with PGF2 alpha demonstrating the greater maximum effect. PGI2 had a negative inotropic effect only at high concentrations (2.8 X 10(-9) to 2.8 X 10(-7) M). The coronary flow was decreased by both PGE2 and PGF2 alpha. The concentrations of PGI2 employed had minimal vasoactive properties (20% increase in flow at 2.9 X 10(-7) M). Adenosine at concentrations which increased coronary flow by 24 to 63% (0.1 to 10 microM) had no influence on either the alteration in contractile force produced by PGE2 PGF2 alpha, or PGI2 or on the coronary effects of PGE2 or PGI2. Adenosine did, however, attenuate the degree of coronary flow reduction produced by PGF2 alpha administration. These results are suggestive of a selective inhibiting influence of adenosine on the coronary constricting effects of PGF2 alpha, in the isolated rat heart. PMID- 6749269 TI - Nutritional iron status and susceptibility to Proteus mirabilis pyelonephritis in the rat. PMID- 6749270 TI - Should prophylactic antibiotics be given perioperatively in acute appendicitis without perforation? AB - The authors question the need to give prophylactic antibiotics perioperatively in all cases of acute appendicitis without perforation to reduce the rate of wound infection. A retrospective study of 82 patients showed a wound infection rate of 4.8%; 3 of 53 patients who did not receive antibiotics had a wound infection compared with 1 of 29 patients who received antibiotics. A prospective double blind clinical trial was performed comparing the results of perioperative administration of cefamandole and placebo. One of 21 patients who received the placebo had a wound infection; none of the 21 patients given cefamandole had infection. Thus, the authors conclude that, although reports in the literature suggest that antibiotics given perioperatively decrease the rate of wound infection in acute appendicitis without perforation, the incidence of such infection is too low to warrant routine administration. They suggest that such antibiotic use be reserved for those suspected of having more serious disease. PMID- 6749271 TI - Cefamandole in gastroduodenal surgery: a controlled, prospective, randomized, double-blind study. AB - Acceptance of the value of antibiotic prophylaxis in gastroduodenal surgery is growing, but only one controlled, double-blind study justifying this is available. In this second, controlled, randomized, double-blind study 60 patients underwent urgent and elective gastroduodenal operations. Among 32 patients receiving cefamandole perioperatively for prophylaxis, only 1 subsequently had a wound infection, but wound infections occurred in 8 of the 28 patients who received a placebo (P less than 0.01). Infection rates were higher in contaminated wounds and in urgent operations than in clean-contaminated wounds and elective surgery. The results confirm the value of antibiotic prophylaxis in this setting. PMID- 6749272 TI - The latex agglutination test versus counterimmunoelectrophoresis for rapid diagnosis of bacterial meningitis. AB - A modified latex agglutination (LA) test was compared with Gram-staining and counterimmunoelectrophoresis (CIE) for the rapid detection in the cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) of antigen to Haemophilus influenzae type b, Neisseria meningitidis groups A, B and C, Escherichia coli K1, Streptococcus pneumoniae and group B streptococci, seven frequent causes of bacterial meningitis in children. Of 50 CSF samples from patients with culture-proven bacterial meningitis 90% were correctly shown by the LA test to contain antigen of the responsible organism. Gram-staining revealed organisms in 80% of 45 of these samples. In 75% of the 40 samples that were of sufficient volume for CIE, positive results for the appropriate antigen were obtained. The concentration of antigen detected in the CSF by the LA test varied from undetectable to 800 000 ng/ml. Patients with a high concentration (more than 2000 ng/ml or a positive result at dilutions of CSF over 1/8) were significantly more likely to have a poor response to therapy (two died and two had persistent pleocytosis or bacteria in the CSF) than patients with a lower concentration (4/16 v. 0/18, P < 0.05). After appropriate therapy was begun the concentration of antigen fell dramatically, but measurable amounts of antigen persisted in the CSF for up to 6 days. The LA test detected bacterial antigen at concentrations 2 to 70 times below the lower limit detected by CIE. In seven additional patients who had received antibiotics before lumbar puncture was performed the LA test detected antigen from meningitis-causing bacteria even though cultures of the CSF were sterile. In another 145 patients who did not have meningitis the results of the LA test were negative. The LA test, done as described in this article, is easier to perform than CIE and should be a useful addition to the diagnostic tests carried out on the CSF of any patient suspected of having meningitis. PMID- 6749274 TI - The use and potential of bone marrow allograft and whole-body irradiation in the treatment of leukemia. AB - A brief history of the clinical application of marrow transplantation based on knowledge gained from ten years work utilizing the dog as an animal model is summarized. The techniques for marrow transplantation, donor selection, and conditioning of the recipient are described. Thirteen of the first 110 endstage leukemic patients who received allogeneic grafts and six of 16 patients who received syngeneic grafts are alive 6-11 years after grafting. Encouraged by the apparent "cure" of leukemia in these poor-risk patients, the Seattle transplant group in 1976 decided to give patients transplants earlier in the course of their disease. Patients with acute lymphoblastic leukemia in second or subsequent relapse were considered to have a poor prognosis. Twenty-two such patients received transplants, with seven surviving in remission 3-5 years later. Nineteen patients with acute nonlymphoblastic leukemia received transplants in first remission and 11 are living in remission 3.5-5.5 years after grafting. The median survival will not be less than 42 months. The problems associated with graft versus-host disease and recurrence of leukemia and methods aimed at eliminating these problems are discussed. PMID- 6749275 TI - Bladder and prostatic tumors in the intergroup Rhabdomyosarcoma study (IRS-I): results of therapy. AB - Sixty-four children with primary rhabdomyosarcoma of the bladder or prostate were enrolled in the IRS during the initial five years (October 1972-November 1977). Observation of these patients for from 2 1/2-8 years forms the basis of this report. The chemotherapy-radiotherapy regimens employed (IRS) for each Clinical Group were: (1) Group I (completely excised tumor), sequential actinomycin-D (ACD), vincristine (VCN), and cyclophosphamide (CYP), i.e., standard (VAC), with or without radiotherapy (RT); (2) Group II (resected local disease with node involvement, "microscopic" residual, or local extension), RT plus sequential ACD and VCN, or RT plus standard VAC; (3) Group III, (gross residual disease); and (4) Group IV (dissemination), RT and either pulse VAC or pulse VAC plus Adriamycin (ADR). Pulse VAC consisted of VCN (day 1), plus daily intravenous ACD and CYP (days 1-5). Relapse rates were: Group I, 0/8; Group II, 6/23; and the mortality in Group III, 6/23; and in Group IV, 7/10. Among patients with bladder tumors, the rate of relapse was 2/11 following pelvic exenteration (anterior, 10; total 1); 5/12 following partial cystectomy or gross tumor excision; and 3/5 following a primary chemotherapy-radiotherapy (PCR) regimen. In patients with prostatic tumors (Groups I-III), relapse occurred in 0/14 patients treated initially by pelvic exenteration (anterior, 12; total, 2); and in 2/11 patients treated by a PCR regimen. PMID- 6749273 TI - Disseminated tuberculoid lesions in infants following BCG vaccination. AB - The records of 830 consecutive autopsies at Children's Hospital, Winnipeg revealed that 26 of the 36 infants (34 Canadian Indian, 1 Inuit and 1 Caucasian) given BCG vaccine shortly after birth had tuberculoid granulomas in various sites, including the vaccination site, regional lymph nodes, liver, spleen, lung, bone marrow and salivary gland. Mycobacterium bovis, BCG type, was identified in three of the four cases in which isolation was attempted. The principal causes of death had been sudden infant death syndrome and respiratory tract infections. None of the infants had histologic evidence of an immune deficiency. However, it is possible that in two cases the dissemination of BCG was enhanced by a temporary immunologic defect induced by malnutrition. PMID- 6749276 TI - Agnogenic myeloid metaplasia preceded by repeated leukemoid reactions and persistent acquired Pelger-Huet anomaly of granulocytes: case report with review of acquired Pelger-Huet anomaly. AB - A case report of agnogenic myeloid metaplasia (AMM) is presented in which a patient had a preliminary 18-month period characterized by leukemoid reactions to repeated infections alternating with normal health, throughout which an acquired Pelger-Huet anomaly persisted. This is the only reported case of the anomaly as a premonitory hematologic marker of AMM. The literature concerning the acquired Pelger-Hut anomaly is reviewed. PMID- 6749277 TI - Histiocytic lymphoma and malignant angioendotheliomatosis: one disease or two? AB - The case history of a patient with diffuse histiocytic lymphoma and skin lesions characteristic of malignant angioendotheliomatosis is reported. The patient initially responded to aggressive chemotherapy but quickly had a relapse, CNS disease developed, and the patient died one year after diagnosis. Microscopic, ultrastructural, and surface membrane studies showed that the intravascular tumor cells were not of endothelial origin. The morphologic similarity of the malignant intravascular cells and peripheral blood cells, as well as the demonstration of surface membrane immunoglobulin on malignant blood cells suggested that, in some cases, unusual features of malignant lymphoma may be confused with malignant angioendotheliomatosis. PMID- 6749278 TI - Carcinoembryonic antigen in sweat-gland carcinomas. AB - Using standard immunoperoxidase techniques, four cases of malignant sweat-gland carcinoma were examined for the presence of carcinoembryonic antigen (CEA). This substance was universally present in these lesions in spite of their wide spectrum of histologic features. CEA was mainly localized within the cytoplasm of tumor cells and in the lumina of neoplastic glands. The findings indicate that the presence of CEA in malignant skin adnexal tumors could help to identify and categorize these lesions as derived from eccrine or apocrine adnexal epithelium. PMID- 6749279 TI - Predicting therapeutic outcome in patients with diffuse histiocytic lymphoma treated with cyclophosphamide, adriamycin, vincristine and prednisone (CHOP). AB - Seventy-five patients with diffuse histiocytic lymphoma (DHL) ranging in age from 33 to 94 years were treated with cyclophosphamide, Adriamycin, vincristine and prednisone (CHOP). Thirty-eight patients (51%) achieved complete remission, but nine of these patients relapsed after remission lasting one to 23 months (median time to relapse, four months). We used multivariate analysis to identify those characteristics that significantly affected treatment outcome. The chances for complete remission were adversely affected by DHL appearing after histologic conversion from another lymphoma (P = 0.006), the presence of systemic symptoms (P = 0.24), and not having the large noncleaved (LNC) histologic subtype (P = 0.40). The chance for relapse from complete remission was increased only by the presence of systemic symptoms (P = 0.042). Overall survival was adversely affected by the presence of bone marrow involvement (P = 0.002), having other than LNC histologic subtype (P = .010), and the presence of systemic symptoms (P = 0.043). It appears that patients whose DHL appears de novo and who also are symptom status A (70% long-term disease-free survival) or have the LNC histologic subtype (67% long-term disease-free survival) have an excellent outlook when treated with CHOP at the doses used in this study. However, patients with B symptoms (16% long-term disease-free survival), histologic conversion to DHL (8% long-term disease-free survival), previous chemotherapy (8% long-term disease free survival), and bone marrow involvement (8% long-term disease-free survival) respond poorly and for these patients other treatments need to be identified. In addition, patients with B symptoms who achieve complete remission with CHOP are at high risk to relapse (59% relapse rate) and should be considered for "intensification" therapy after complete remission is documented. PMID- 6749280 TI - Prolonged intermittent adjuvant chemotherapy with CCNU and hydroxyurea after resection of carcinoma of the lung. AB - Eight hundred sixty-five patients with a microscopically curative resection for carcinoma of the lung were accepted for study, none of whom were excluded from analysis. Adjuvant therapy was randomly assigned about the tenth to 14th postoperative day; 432 patients (treated) were to receive CCNU and hydroxyurea for one year, while 433 patients (controls) were to receive no adjuvant therapy. Toxic reactions to therapy were reported, but only 1% were severe enough to require stopping therapy. No evidence of improved survival or delayed recurrence of disease was seen in treated patients as a whole or when examined by cell type and by postsurgical TNM category. On the contrary, survival beyond the second year of follow-up may have been impaired by the drugs when administered to patients without evidence of tumor spread to the lymph nodes. PMID- 6749281 TI - Carcinoembryonic antigen producing cultured cell lines enable detection of autoantibodies in sera from patients with gastrointestinal cancer. AB - Of 16 human malignant tumor cell lines established in our laboratory, seven lines, including three gastric cancer cell lines derived from patients with cancer, were found to carry carcinoembryonic antigen on their cell surface, as determined by radioimmunoassay and indirect immunofluorescence. The existence of antibodies (IgG class) against the gastric cancer cell lines (HPE-GAC-T, -2, -3) and lung cancer cell line (HPL-Ad-K) in the sera of patients with gastrointestinal cancer (incidence 70.8%) was demonstrated by indirect immunofluorescence. In nonmalignant cases and healthy controls, the incidence was 7.7 and 3.2%, respectively. Specificity of the antibodies detected in the sera of patients with gastric cancer was examined by absorption and blocking test methods of immunofluorescence. Even though there was an apparent heterogeneity of the specificity among the antibodies, the detection of such antibodies may be a feasible and practical approach to a clinical diagnosis of malignancy. PMID- 6749282 TI - B-lymphoid cell involvement in chronic myelogenous leukemia: implications for the pathogenesis of the disease. PMID- 6749283 TI - Effects of estrogens and antiestrogens on androgen-dependent growth of Shionogi carcinoma 115: role of estrogen receptor. AB - Experiments were performed to observe the role of estrogen receptor in the proliferation of androgen-dependent mouse tumor, Shionogi carcinoma 115. Estradiol and diethylstilbestrol inhibited tumor growth as well as the weight gain of seminal vesicles and prostate glands in intact male mice. Tamoxifen decreased the tumor weight in intact males. Both nitromifene given to intact mice and tamoxifen given to castrated androgenized mice decreased the weight of seminal vesicles, but increased tumor weight. Estradiol was bound to the androgen receptor of the tumor cytosol with relatively high affinity, whereas diethylstilbestrol, tamoxifen and nitromifene were not. These were effective competitors in the estrogen receptor present in the tumor cytosol. These results suggest that the estrogen receptor system in Shionogi carcinoma 115 inhibits the proliferation of tumor cells. PMID- 6749284 TI - Is it ethical not to conduct a prospectively controlled trial of adjuvant chemotherapy in osteosarcoma? PMID- 6749285 TI - Structure of the 3-deoxy-D-manno-octulosonic acid-containing polysaccharide (K6 antigen) from Escherichia coli LP 1092. AB - The acidic polysaccharide (K6) antigen from Escherichia coli LP 1092 contains D ribose and 3-deoxy-D-manno-octulosonic acid in the molar ratio of 2:1, respectively. Spectroscopic data (13C- and 1H-n.m.r.), methylation analyses, and periodate oxidation indicate that the polysaccharide is composed of the foregoing components essentially in the following trisaccharide sequence: leads to 2)-beta D-Ribf-(1 leads to 2)-beta-D-Ribf-(1 leads to 7)-alpha-D-KDO-(2 leads to. The polysaccharide also contains O-acetyl substituents (approximately 0.2-0.3 mol per KDO residue). PMID- 6749287 TI - Localization of neuropeptides in the avian retina: an immunohistochemical analysis. PMID- 6749286 TI - Physiological effects of aging and pathophysiology of hypertension in the elderly. PMID- 6749288 TI - Induction of stringency by hyperoxia in Escherichia coli. PMID- 6749289 TI - [Reminiscences of Dr. Zdenek Stich]. PMID- 6749291 TI - [Medicine gone astray]. PMID- 6749290 TI - [Nacton-induced cholinergic block and its effect on insulin secretion in obese patients]. PMID- 6749292 TI - [Antibody coated bacteria in urinary sediment during infections of urinary tract ]. PMID- 6749293 TI - [Norbert Mrstik (1867-1905). From the life of a country doctor at the beginning of the 20th century]. PMID- 6749294 TI - Frontal deafferentation of the mediobasal hypothalamus in the neonatal rat and its effects on the preoptico-infundibular LHRH-tract. AB - By use of the peroxidase-antiperoxidase-complex (PAP) immunohistological method, the preoptico-infundibular LHRH-tract was studied in adult female rats in which frontal hypothalamic deafferentation was performed at the third or tenth postnatal day. In the former group, this LHRH-tract appeared to be similar to that of the intact controls; the animals showed regular vaginal cycles and ova were present in their oviducts. In the latter group, however, marked reduction in the number of the LHRH-nerve fibers was observed behind the sites of the deafferentation in the mediobasal hypothalamus (MBH), whereas LHRH-immunoreactive perikarya and nerve fibers containing the immunoreactive material were seen rostral to the plane of severance. In these animals reduction of LHRH-fibers in the MBH was accompanied by an anovulatory syndrome characterized by constant vaginal cornification and polyfollicular ovaries. Comparing the glial scar formation induced by the cut, significant differences were detected between the two experimental groups. In the animals deafferented on the 3rd day of life, reduction of nerve cells was seen along the cut, but LHRH-fibers crossing the thin glial scar were detectable in large numbers. On the other hand, in the animals deafferented on the 10th postnatal day, extensive glial scar tissue appeared to interrupt the LHRH-fibers rostral to the cut. PMID- 6749295 TI - Distribution of a galactose-specific lectin in endoderm cells from early chick embryos. AB - Cells from the endoderm of the area opaca of gastrulating chick embryos were maintained in stationary cultures, stained with antibodies against the endogenous beta-D-galactoside-binding lectin and examined by immunofluorescence. In the majority of cells fluorescence was present as an irregular circular web in the central cytoplasm. In cells that appeared to be migrating increased fluorescence was observed in the peripheral cytoplasm and retraction fibers. In regions where a portion of the cell was detaching from the substratum high fluorescence was observed in the extracellular "footprints" deposited by the cell. PMID- 6749296 TI - Reformation of organized epidermal structure by transplantation of suspensions and cultures of epidermal and dermal cells. AB - The development of epidermis and epidermal appendages from dissociated cells of neonate mouse skin was examined by transplantation of cell suspensions to subdermally prepared, protected graft beds. Using Ficol gradients and culture procedures, we prepared subfractions of primary cell suspensions consisting of essentially pure epidermal cells or fibroblasts. Reformation of an epithelium structurally similar to the epidermis was observed from transplanted epidermal cell suspensions, but formation of hair follicles and development of normal epidermal microarchitecture was observed only when epidermal cells were transplanted together with cells of dermal origin. This pattern was observed following transplantation of either fresh-cell isolates or cells cultured up to 7 days prior to transplantation. PMID- 6749297 TI - Calcium metabolism in vertebrate photoreceptors. AB - So far all attempts to demonstrate a rapid, light-stimulated release of calcium from disks into the cytosol at a sufficiently high stoichiometry have failed. Either the release stoichiometry was too small or the velocity too slow to account for the amplification in visual transduction. The multitude of failures demonstrate that regulation of intracellular calcium is a very delicate process and the idea of a robust calcium channel in the disk membrane that is opened by rhodopsin itself is certainly an oversimplification. The strongest evidence in favour of the "calcium transmitter hypothesis" is the large calcium efflux from rods in a retina. However as long as the source of the calcium efflux inside the rod cells is unknown conclusions about the role of this calcium efflux are premature. Unfortunately, measurements of intracellular calcium, such as those by Brown and coworkers (93,94) in their pioneering work on photoreceptors in the ventral eye of Limulus, have not yet been feasible in vertebrates. PMID- 6749299 TI - Translational control of bacteriophage f1 gene II and gene X proteins by gene V protein. AB - The gene II region of bacteriophage f1 DNA codes for two proteins, the 46 kd gene II protein and the 13 kd gene X protein, which results from an in-phase start at codon 300 of gene II. Using antigene II protein IgG, we show that the intracellular concentration of both proteins is controlled by the phage gene V protein. In wild-type f1-infected cells, the amount of gene II protein reaches a plateau of about 1500 molecules per cell at 20 min after infection, as measured by blot immunoassay. Similarly, the amount of gene X protein reaches a peak of about 500 molecules per cell around 10 min after infection. In contrast, when the gene V protein is inactive, both gene II and gene X proteins continue to accumulate at a high rate for at least 40 min after infection. This difference is caused by decreased synthesis of gene II and gene X proteins in the presence of gene V protein, which represses the translation of these two proteins. PMID- 6749298 TI - Cross-reactivity in the use of immunofluorescence tests for the diagnosis of three species of intestinal helminths. PMID- 6749300 TI - Nonhelical, fibronectin-binding basement-membrane collagen from endodermal cell culture. AB - A novel method of affinity chromatography on insolubilized collagen-binding fragments of fibronectin was utilized to isolate a random-coil collagenous protein from culture media of mouse teratocarcinoma-derived endodermal cells. These cells also produced another collagenous protein, which did not bind to fibronectin but could be isolated by differential salt precipitation. The affinity-purified collagen differs from its conventionally isolated counterpart in that it is not triple-helical in structure, its polypeptides are not disulfide crosslinked and it has affinity for fibronectin in its native state. Both collagens resemble previously characterized type IV basement-membrane collagens with respect to their amino acid composition, cyanogen bromide peptides, chain size, immunological reactivity and tissue localization. The random-coil collagen is directly active in promoting the attachment of some lines of cells, but for attachment of the endodermal cells addition of fibronectin is required. This suggests that the presence of nonhelical, fibronectin-binding collagen may have biological significance in the interaction of cells with the extracellular matrix. PMID- 6749301 TI - Myosin heavy chains from two different adult fast-twitch muscles have different peptide maps but identical mRNAs. AB - Myosin heavy chains prepared from the pectoralis major and from the posterior latissimus dorsi of the same adult chicken exhibit different peptide maps when cleaved with Staphylococcus aureus V8 protease. These differences were observed at five different enzyme concentrations and in chickens of various strains. The cleavage pattern of pectoralis major myosin heavy chain from different adult chickens was always identical, as was that of posterior latissimus dorsi myosin heavy chain, demonstrating the reproducibility of the technique. However, when RNAs extracted from the pectoralis major and from the posterior latissimus dorsi were translated in a cell-free reticulocyte lysate, the myosin heavy chain encoded by pectoralis major RNA and the myosin heavy chain encoded by posterior latissimus dorsi RNA exhibited identical peptide maps. These results suggest that the different peptide maps of myosin heavy chains from the pectoralis major and posterior latissimus dorsi may arise from posttranslational modifications. PMID- 6749302 TI - Temporal and spatial distribution of fibronectin during development of the embryonic chick limb bud. AB - Indirect immunofluorescence has been used to study the distribution of fibronectin during the course of embryonic chick limb morphogenesis and differentiation. At all stages of development from 19 through 25, fibronectin is distributed throughout the non-differentiating mesenchymal tissue directly subjacent to the apical ectodermal ridge (AER), i.e. the mesenchyme extending 0.15 mm or so from the AER. Fibronectin is also distributed throughout the proximal condensing central core of the limb during the early stages of cartilage differentiation. In fact, fibronectin persists as a major component of the intercellular matrix in the central core of the limb following overt chondrogenic differentiation, since it is present as late as stage 27 throughout the well differentiated cartilage rudiments of the radius, ulna, and humerus. The detection of fibronectin in differentiated cartilage is facilitated by pre treatment of the sections with testicular hyaluronidase prior to immunofluorescent staining. In contrast to the chondrogenic central core of the limb, in the peripheral dorsal and ventral (myogenic) regions in which muscle differentiation is progressing, there is a progressive and striking diminution in fibronectin staining. By stage 27, little, if any, is present in the well differentiated muscle primordia. Finally, at all stages of development, there is an accumulation of fibronectin at the ectodermal-mesenchymal interface, suggesting it is a component of embryonic limb basement membranes. On the basis of these observations, the possible role of fibronectin in limb cartilage and muscle differentiation and in other aspects of limb morphogenesis is discussed. PMID- 6749303 TI - The disappearance of the nuclear lamina during spermatogenesis: an electron microscopic and immunofluorescence study. AB - The nuclear lamina is a proteinaceous layer lying directly beneath the inner nuclear membrane in somatic cells. Here we demonstrate by indirect immunofluorescence and electron microscopy that the lamina is completely absent from the nuclei of spermatocytes and spermatids of the chicken. The absence of a lamina in these cells can also be demonstrated in isolated nuclei lacking the two nuclear membranes. Implications of this finding for possible functions of the nuclear lamina are discussed. PMID- 6749304 TI - Redistribution of rat renal allograft-responding leukocytes during rejection. 1. Model. PMID- 6749305 TI - A defect of in vitro monocyte leukotaxis induced by cutaneous allograft rejection. PMID- 6749306 TI - Health systems agencies: the feds pull out. PMID- 6749307 TI - [The science and technology revolution in pharmacy science and research]. PMID- 6749308 TI - [Synthetic immunostimulation and its use in antineoplasm therapy]. PMID- 6749309 TI - [Titre FTA-ABS in the treatment of stages I and II of syphilis]. PMID- 6749310 TI - [Test-tube LAI test in the diagnosis of malignant melanoma]. PMID- 6749311 TI - [Controlled comparison of nalorphine with haloperidol in acute psychoses of the schizophrenic group ]. PMID- 6749312 TI - [Lithium in 1980]. PMID- 6749313 TI - Changing over to U-100 insulin. PMID- 6749314 TI - [Comparative study of penetrating 8 and 9 mm diameter keratoplasties]. PMID- 6749315 TI - [Actual prevention of strabismic amblyopia. History and perspectives]. PMID- 6749316 TI - [Proposal for a method for retaining artificial lenses by strapping]. PMID- 6749317 TI - [A case of chorioretinal involvement in a patient with Bancroft's filariasis]. PMID- 6749318 TI - [Bone marrow transplantation for bone marrow aplasia]. PMID- 6749319 TI - Fluoro-substituted N-nitrosamines. 4. Comparative genotoxic activities of N nitrosodibutylamine and three fluorinated analogues in two bacterial systems. AB - N-Nitrosodibutylamine (NDBA) and three fluorinated analogues (N-nitroso (4,4,4 trifluorobutyl-amine, F3NDBA; N-nitrosobis (4,4,4-trifluorobutyl)amine, F6NDBA; and N-nitrosobis (2,2,3,3,4,4,4-heptafluorobutyl) amine, F14NDBA were comparatively investigated for biological activity in two bacterial systems. Opposite orders of magnitude were obtained for their potency in the two tests. For inducing his+ reversion in auxotrophic strains of Salmonella typhimurium the sequence was F3NDBA greater than F6NDBA greater than NDBA and for inducing lethal DNA damage in repair deficient strains of Escherichia coli WP2 it was NDBA greater than F6NDBA. F14NDBA was not active in either test system. PMID- 6749320 TI - The nonmutagenicity of purified 4-amino-2-nitrophenol in Salmonella typhimurium. AB - Two samples of 4-amino-2-nitrophenol were tested for mutagenicity in Salmonella typhimurium strains TA1535, TA1537, TA1538, TA98, and TA100. Significant mutagenic activity was detected with a sample of this compound obtained from Aldrich (technical grade (Aldrich), TGA) both in the presence and in the absence of a rat-liver S9 metabolic activation mixture. When toluene-insoluble contaminants of the TGA product were separated and tested for mutagenicity, they were found to be mutagenic in the same strains as the TGA sample. After removal of these major contaminants from the TGA product its mutagenicity was reduced; a nonmutagenic sample was obtained by further purification. The other sample of 4 amino-2-nitrophenol, which was synthesized and purified in our laboratory, was nonmutagenic. H.p.l.c. profiles of the unpurified TGA sample and the purified samples revealed a large number of contaminants in the TGA product. Likewise, t.l.c. revealed the presence of contaminants in the TGA product. PMID- 6749321 TI - Endotoxin-induced inhibition of steroid binding by mouse liver cytosol. AB - Glucocorticoids have been reported to ameliorate the lethal effects of endotoxin in a wide variety of animals, including man. Restoration of hepatic gluconeogenic enzymes and nucleotides may be involved in this effect. In this study decreased binding of 3H-dexamethasone was observed in liver cytosol preparations obtained from adrenalectomized C3HeB/FeJ mice treated with 100 micrograms of Escherichia coli 0111:B4 endotoxin (Boivin). Adrenalectomy significantly reduced th endotoxin LD50 value from 4.7 mg/kg to 2.3 micrograms/kg. The amount of labeled steroid bound by endotoxin-treated mice was 13,606 +/- 2,027 dpm/mg cytosol protein compared with 17,247 +/- 2,084 dpm/mg cytosol protein in adrenalectomized controls. Results from studies on the distribution of 14C-endotoxin suggested the inhibition of steroid binding seen in liver may be a mediated event. It is likely perturbations in steroid action at the subcellular/molecular level are involved. PMID- 6749322 TI - Changes in hepatic lipoperoxide concentration in endotoxemic rats. AB - Wistar strain rats were treated with E. coli endotoxin by intraperitoneal injection (1 mg/100g body weight). Three hours after injection, the livers were excised to determine lipoperoxide concentration and superoxide dismutase activity. A significant elevation of lipoperoxide concentration and a marked reduction of superoxide dismutase activity were observed. Treatment with xanthine oxidase inhibitor were observed. Treatment with xanthine oxidase inhibitor allopurinol (10 mg/100g) 20 minutes prior the injection of endotoxin inhibited the elevation of lipoperoxide and the reduction of superoxide dismutase induced by endotoxin. Pretreatment of free radical scavengers such as reduced glutathione and alpha-tocopherol prevented the accumulation of lipoperoxide in the liver. Reduced glutathione protected the hepatic superoxide dismutase from decrease by endotoxin treatment. However, alpha-tocopherol did not maintain liver superoxide dismutase activity following the injection of endotoxin. These results indicate that endotoxemia gives rise to the accumulation of hepatic lipoperoxide by the activation of a production system and impairment of an elimination system of superoxide radicals. PMID- 6749323 TI - Forelimb skeletal muscle and skin glucose uptake during Escherichia coli endotoxin shock in the dog. AB - We previously demonstrated an increase in gracilis muscle glucose uptake during endotoxin shock in the dog. The present study was completed to investigate this phenomenon in forelimb skeletal muscle and skin. The isolated forelimb preparation was used. Mongrel dogs were anesthetized with nembutal and heparinized. Shock was induced by i.v. infusion of E. coli endotoxin. When isolated forelimb temperature was maintained at contralateral intact forelimb temperature (which was always the same as core temperature), forelimb skeletal muscle and skin glucose uptake increased by 30 minutes of shock, and remained above control for the 4 hour shock period. Total forelimb blood flow decreased and the limb became severely hypoxic (mean venous PO2 = 24 mmHg). However, when the isolated forelimb temperature was not artificially maintained at contralateral intact forelimb temperature (same as core temperature), the isolated forelimb temperature fell approximately 3 degrees C and the elevation of glucose uptake was not observed. Although forelimb blood flow decreased to the same level as in the temperature controlled group, the forelimbs were only moderately hypoxic. This study emphasizes the important influence of temperature on tissue metabolism and the recognition of its importance in experimental data interpretation, especially when metabolic variables are involved. It also demonstrates that changes in glucose uptake during shock are similar in dog forelimb skeletal muscle, provided that changes in muscle temperature are similar. PMID- 6749324 TI - Cardiopulmonary function as related to intestinal mucosal lesions in experimental septic shock. AB - The purpose of the present investigation was to explore a possible relationship between cardiopulmonary function and small intestinal mucosal lesions in experimental septic shock. The filling pressure of the left ventricle of the heart (LVEDP) and the maximal pressure change during systole (max dP/dt) were monitored continuously by a tip-transducer catheter. The pulmonary and femoral arterial pressures and pressure changes in the trachea were recorded. The aortic blood flow was measured electromagnetically. Stroke volume, external cardiac work, and the pulmonary vascular resistance could be calculated. Twenty-two cats were made septic by i.v. infusion of live E. coli bacteria. Controls received saline i.v. After 2 hours of bacteremia, preload was increased by a rapid infusion of dextran to unmask cardiac dysfunction. Small intestinal specimens were taken for microscopical examination. The occurrence and the degree of mucosal damage was established. Thirteen cats had virtually normal mucosal appearances, whereas nine disclosed severe lesions. The loading procedure revealed a more pronounced cardiac dysfunction in cats with severe mucosal damage, compared to those without. Pulmonary vasoconstriction, bronchoconstriction, and impaired ventilation-perfusion ratio were also demonstrated, but these signs of pulmonary dysfunction did not differ when comparing animals with and without mucosal damage. A correlation between impaired cardiac function on one hand and hypotension--intestinal mucosal lesions on the other, suggests cardiotoxic material released from the damaged intestine as one contributing mechanism. PMID- 6749325 TI - The role of anesthesia and catecholamines in the renal response to mild hemorrhage. AB - The role of the sympathoadrenal system in the renal response to mild hemorrhage was investigated in animals anesthetized with either sodium pentobarbital (Group I) or alpha-chloralose (Group II). Significantly greater decreases in renal blood flow (RBF) and increases in renal vascular resistance (RVR) were seen after hemorrhage in Group II than in Group I. Concomitant with these changes were increases both in circulating catecholamines and plasma renin activities. In Group II, however, the rise in plasma epinephrine was also significantly higher than in Group I. Additional studies were performed in pentobarbital anesthetized dogs either chemically denervated with 6-hydroxydopamine (Group III) or treated with the prostaglandin synthetase inhibitor indomethacin (Group IV). In Group III, following hemorrhage, changes in renal hemodynamics and circulating catecholamines were similar to those of Group I. In Group IV, although blood pressure was better maintained during hemorrhage than in the other groups, RVR increased to the same extent as in Group II, although increases in circulating catecholamines were comparable to those observed in Group I. Whereas pentobarbital anesthesia attenuated the sympathoadrenal response to mild hemorrhage, indomethacin appeared to sensitize the animals to adrenergic discharge by removing the modulatory effect of the prostaglandin system. PMID- 6749326 TI - Lung metabolism and systemic organ function. AB - In the past decade a variety of metabolic events have been described which occur in the lungs. These processes, such as the clearance of serotonin and norepinephrine, the inactivation of bradykinin and the activation of angiotensin II, and the synthesis of prostaglandins, may have a direct impact on systemic organ function. Under certain circumstances the lungs produce prostaglandins that may lead to severe hemodynamic instability and death. Pressure breathing with hyperinflation is a potent pulmonary metabolic stimulus. This commonly used therapeutic maneuver has been shown to increase fibrinolytic activity. The application of end-expiratory pressure will further enhance the fibrinolytic state by virtue of the pulmonary secretion of plasminogen activator. Positive end expiratory pressure (PEEP) will also cause a lowering of the cardiac output, which is related at least in part to lung metabolism. Circulating factors are released during PEEP that have a negative inotropic effect. It is reasonable to view respiratory failure not only as a defect in gas exchange but also as a derangement in lung metabolism. PMID- 6749327 TI - Role of kallikrein in the hypertensive effect of captopril after sympathetic stimulation of the rat submandibular gland. PMID- 6749329 TI - Key references. Cardiopulmonary resuscitation. Part 1. PMID- 6749328 TI - The nitrates and myocardial ischemia. PMID- 6749330 TI - Japanese summer-type hypersensitivity pneumonitis: studies using Cryptococcus antigen. AB - Sixty-six patients, diagnosed as Japanese summer-type hypersensitivity pneumonitis at Osaka Prefectural Habikino hospital between 1973 and 1980, were studied. The diagnosis was based on the clinical features and summer-seasonal nature of the disease. The presence of an aetiological agent within patients' home environment was suggested by the recurrence of acute symptoms of high fever, cough and dyspnoea 5-8 hr after coming home from hospital, and by spontaneous improvement on leaving home. Immunological studies revealed the presence of anti Cryptococcus antibody in sixty-four of sixty-five patients' sera, by indirect immunofluorescence against Cryptococcus neoformans. Precipitating antibody against culture supernatant protein-antigen of Cr. neoformans was detected in more than 80% of sera obtained from patients during the active stage of the disease. The positive result on inhalation provocation-challenge, using culture supernatant protein-antigen, suggested that Cr. neoformans or antigenically related Cryptococcus species may cause Japanese summer-type hypersensitivity pneumonitis. PMID- 6749331 TI - A selected review of palatal training procedures. AB - The modification of velopharyngeal closure deficits is generally achieved through the utilization of some type of surgical or prosthetic management. In addition to these primary techniques, a number of experimental palatal training procedures have been reported in the literature. The experimental procedures differ primarily with respect to: type of treatment, evaluation of treatment change, and subject characteristics. This paper reviews the various palatal training procedures and discusses variables that may deserve consideration in future research. PMID- 6749332 TI - Upper gastrointestinal bleeding: a review. PMID- 6749333 TI - A radioimmunoassay for total human cathepsin B. AB - A radioimmunoassay for human cathepsin B is described, which demonstrates the usefulness of protein A-bearing Staphylococcus aureus as an immunosorbent in a system where the primary antibody IgG has a low binding affinity for protein A. The removal of bound antigen from the incubation mixture is achieved by the use of a rabbit second step antiserum which confers high binding affinity for protein A to the primary immune complex. This method, as employed in the assay for human cathepsin B, is very reproducible and economical for large numbers of samples. The use of a monospecific antiserum to human cathepsin B and slightly alkaline assay conditions allow the determination of total cathepsin B protein in tissue fluids which is not possible by enzyme activity determination. PMID- 6749334 TI - The nature of 'oligoclonal' bands in cerebrospinal fluid of patients with multiple sclerosis. AB - The presence of 'oligoclonal' IgG in cerebrospinal fluid is increasingly being used as a confirmatory test in the diagnosis of multiple sclerosis. Visual inspection of stained gels following electrophoresis is currently the routine method of analysis. In order to minimise subjective error and increase the sensitivity of this test, a labelled antibody technique for visualising IgG has been developed. The results of tests on cerebrospinal fluid samples from 49 patients with multiple sclerosis suggest that the incidence of 'oligoclonal' bands containing IgG may be very much lower than previously supposed. The implications of this unexpected finding are discussed. PMID- 6749335 TI - Determination of erythrocyte superoxide dismutase, catalase, glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase, reduced glutathione and malonyldialdehyde in uremia. AB - Erythrocyte superoxide dismutase (SOD: EC 1.15.1.1), catalase (EC 1.15.1.6), glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase (G-6-PD: EC 1.1.1.49), reduced glutathione (GSH) and malonyldialdehyde (MDA) were studied in 27 patients with chronic and 11 patients with acute renal failure. A comparison with 15 age- and sex-matched healthy subjects showed that patients with both acute and chronic renal failure had significantly low G-6-PD (p less than 0.05) values whereas SOD, catalase and MDA showed significantly elevated levels (p less than 0.05). After adequate dialysis or renal transplantation the SOD, G-6-PD, catalase and MDA values returned to normal. The findings suggest that the erythrocyte SOD, catalase, and G-6-PD can undergo an adaptive alteration which however appears reversible. PMID- 6749336 TI - Enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) of acylase in serum of patients with viral hepatitis. PMID- 6749337 TI - Improved procedures for purification of human and canine creatine kinase isoenzymes. PMID- 6749338 TI - Determination of ferritin in urine and in serum of normal adults with a sensitive enzyme immunoassay. AB - We have determined ferritin in both urine and serum of normal subjects by means of a sensitive sandwich-type enzyme immunoassay method. The assay system consisted of an antibody Fab'-beta-D-galactosidase conjugate and an antibody F(ab')2-immobilized solid phase. The lowest concentrations of ferritin detectable with the present method were 0.2 and 1 ng/ml in urine and in serum, respectively. There was a high correlation between the levels of ferritin in urine and those in serum (r = 0.79), and the geometric mean level in urine of normal males (4.1 ng/ml) was significantly higher than that of normal females (1.8 ng/ml) as was observed in their corresponding levels in serum. These results indicate that urine ferritin in normal subjects may also reflect body iron stores, and that the assay of urine ferritin may provide a useful means of evaluating iron stores. PMID- 6749339 TI - A quantitative ELISA for IgG in cell culture supernatants. AB - The measurement of IgG, using a sandwich-type enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA), is described. The assay is specific, sensitive, and simple to perform. Purification of the antibody, prior to attachment to the plastic solid phase, results in a more sensitive test. Optimum standardisation of the reagents and conditions is described and discussed. The assay is capable of detecting IgG to 2.5 X 10(-5) IU/ml (approximately equal to 3 ng/ml) and is useful for measuring IgG produced by cells in culture. The coefficient of variation within assays is 6.0% and between assays is 7.7%. PMID- 6749340 TI - Acanthosis nigricans, hirsutism, insulin resistance and insulin receptor defect. AB - A 24-year-old negress with the triad of acanthosis nigricans, hirsutism associated with polycystic ovaries and insulin resistance is reported. Metabolic studies were done 3 years after a bilateral ovarian wedge resection. Partial remission of the hirsutism and return of menstrual cycles occurred after surgery. Extreme resistance to endogenous and exogenous insulin was observed. Three studies of insulin receptors on circulating red blood cells (RBC) showed abnormal inhibition-competition curves, characterized by increased percentage insulin binding at higher unlabelled insulin levels. Scatchard plots suggested an apparent increase in the number of low affinity receptors. Despite the changes in receptor-insulin interaction, the defect does not seem to explain the insulin resistance since binding of insulin to a target tissue (RBC) appeared to be quantitatively normal at physiological insulin levels, suggesting a simultaneous post receptor defect. PMID- 6749341 TI - Evidence for independent regulation of human erythrocyte and adipocyte insulin receptors. AB - Specific binding of [125I]-insulin was measured in erythrocytes and fat obtained at the time of mastectomy in twenty-three subjects. There was a significant negative correlation between the level of specific binding to fat and fasting insulin concentration (r=0.55, p less than 0.05, n=23) suggesting down-regulation of fat insulin level by insulin. Insulin binding to erythrocytes did not correlate with insulin nor was there any relationship between insulin binding to erythrocytes and fat from the same subject. Thus while the erythrocyte insulin receptor may be of interest in its own right, it may not be subject to the normal regulatory influences seen in classical insulin target tissues. Insulin binding to erythrocytes may therefore be invalid as a model to study down-regulation of insulin receptors. PMID- 6749342 TI - Trilostane and the normal hypothalamic-pituitary-testicular axis. AB - Trilostane, a competitive inhibitor of the 3 beta-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase enzyme system, has adrenal blocking activity and has been used to treat Cushing's syndrome and other disease. To investigate is effect on the normal human hypothalamic-pituitary-testicular axis, trilostane (initially 240 mg/day) was given to ten healthy adult males, the dose increasing at weekly intervals by 240 mg/day up to 960 mg/day. When chromatography was used to remove trilostane and metabolites from the assay system, serum testosterone was found to fall on trilostane therapy (P less than 0.01) and this was accompanied by a rise in LH (P less than 0.01). The responses of FSH and LH to LHRH were unaffected by treatment. It is concluded that trilostane inhibits human testicular 3 beta hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase and male patients on trilostane should be monitored for sexual dysfunction and impairment of testicular steroidogenesis. PMID- 6749343 TI - Hypertension and age: clinical and biochemical correlates. AB - Plasma renin activity, aldosterone and norepinephrine levels were determined in 247 ambulatory hypertensive patients divided into young, middle aged, and old groups. PRA and the increase of PRA after furosemide were higher in the younger; NE was higher in the old group. Some relationships may be inherent in aging and not necessarily confined to hypertensives. This may explain discrepancies between reports by investigators who studied homogenous groups classified in different ways. PMID- 6749344 TI - Cerebral blood flow changes with diuretic therapy in elderly subjects with systolic hypertension. AB - It has been feared that lowering the blood pressure (BP) of elderly patients with systolic hypertension (SH) may compromise cerebral perfusion. To test this hypothesis, BP, cerebral blood flow (CBF), plasma renin activity (PRA), blood counts, urinary and serum electrolytes and other blood chemistries were measured in fifteen elderly patients (ages 61-76 years) with SH (systolic BP greater than 170 and diastolic BP less than 100 mmHg). Gray matter flow (Fg) was calculated from clearance curves of inhaled 133-Xenon. All subjects were studied while untreated, as well as during long-term treatment (average 15 weeks) with hydrochlorothiazide. BP fell during treatment from 186/90 to 160/86 while average Fg and cerebrovascular resistance (CVR) were not significantly changed. There was some suggestion, however, that in patients who became normotensive the CVR decreased (p less than 0.05) while in those who did not Fg fell (p less than 0.05). Cerebrovascular response to 5% CO2 inhalation was impaired during both the treated and untreated states. Individual changes in Fg and CVR did not correlate with changes in BP or with changes in PRA, electrolytes or other chemistries. In general, cautious, gradual reduction of BP with a thiazide diuretic in SH of the elderly seems not to impair cerebral perfusion, but individual differences exist and further studies are needed to characterize them. PMID- 6749345 TI - Exchangeable sodium, plasma renin activity and blood pressure changes during the development of 2 kidney 1 clip hypertension, and after subsequent contralateral nephrectomy. AB - Sequential changes in exchangeable sodium, fluid intake, blood pressure and plasma renin activity were measured in 2K1C hypertensive rats during the development of severe hypertension. Exchangeable sodium was measured by the equilibration of the rats' exchangeable sodium with radioactive saline. In rats drinking saline, both PRA and exchangeable sodium levels increased as hypertension developed, and captopril induced large falls in blood pressure. Subsequent removal of the contralateral kidney reduced PRA, but did not alter exchangeable sodium or blood pressure. Captoril had no effect on blood pressure. It is concluded that the rise in PRA in 2K1C hypertension depends on the presence of the contralateral kidney, but occurs in the absence of sodium depletion. PMID- 6749346 TI - Enhanced renin levels after discontinuation of furosemide: additional effects of loop diuretics on renin release. AB - The rate of recovery of the renin-angiotensin-aldosterone axis after stopping diuretic administration was examined in 18 male patients with essential hypertension. Upright plasma renin activity (PRA) and plasma aldosterone (PA) were measured during sodium restriction (10 mEq sodium intake), after three days of furosemide administration (40 mg BID po) and for five days following cessation of the diuretic. After diuretic administration, the mean PRA level (8.2 +/- 1.7 ng/ml/hr) was significantly elevated compared to the level on low sodium diet (4.2 +/- 0.5 ng/ml/hr). However, the major finding was that PRA levels continued to increase significantly compared to levels during diuresis on days 1 (11.3 +/- 1.7 ng/ml/hr) and 2 (10.8 +/- 1.5 ng/ml/hr) of the postdiuretic period. Mean PA values paralleled PRA responses in the study. Infusion of normal saline on postdiuretic day 1 failed to suppress PRA to levels seen in subjects not receiving diuretics. The postdiuretic period was accompanied by increased urinary sodium reabsorption and decreased urinary potassium excretion and by significant decreases in creatinine, PAH and free water clearance. The mechanism of this sustained renin response several days after cessation of diuretic therapy may be best explained by a prolonged action of furosemide or by partial ongoing volume depletion with reduced sodium load to the distal nephron. Since all patients demonstrated a marked and consistent PRA response after diuretic withdrawal, this time period represents a potent stimulatory challenge for monitering renin responses. PMID- 6749347 TI - Clinical evaluation of endralazine (BO22708), a new vasodilator, in essential hypertension. AB - In the treatment of severe hypertension the choice of vasodilator is limited by side-effects, of which the lupus erythematosus syndrome induced by hydralazine is potentially the most serious, particularly in patients with the slow acetylator phenotype. This study describes the clinical evaluation of a new vasodilator, endralazine, which is related to hydralazine but which is not metabolised to any great extent by acetylation. In 6 essential hypertensives not adequately controlled by combined beta-blocker and diuretic therapy the additional administration of the first dose of 10 mg endralazine resulted in a significant reduction in blood pressure, without orthostatic symptoms, but associated with significant increases in heart rate and plasma noradrenaline concentration. These 6 patients and a further 9 similar hypertensive patients were then prescribed twice daily endralazine for 4 weeks with significant improvement in blood pressure control. During this short period of maintenance treatment with endralazine the single dose observations were repeated and no significant changes in heart rate or plasma noradrenaline concentration were observed. In summary, endralazine is an effective vasodilator/antihypertensive which was well tolerated in a triple therapy regimen in this study. PMID- 6749348 TI - Long-acting and short-acting diuretics in mild essential hypertension. AB - A randomised, placebo-controlled, double-blind crossover study was conducted in 14 patients with mild essential hypertension comparing different regimens of administration of the "short-acting" diuretic, chlorothiazide and the "long acting" diuretic, chlorthalidone. There were 6 randomised treatment phases each of 5 weeks duration. For blood pressure recorded both at the Clinic and at home the most prominent effects were seen with standing blood pressure, for which significant reductions of mean blood pressure compared to the placebo phase were observed with chlorthalidone 25 mg once daily (-5 +/- 1 (SE) mm Hg - p less than 0.05), chlorthalidone 50 mg once daily (-7 +/- 1 mm Hg - p less than 0.01) and chlorothiazide 500 mg twice daily (-4 +/- 1 mm Hg - p less than 0.05). Blood pressure reductions with chlorothiazide 500 mg once daily and 1000 mg once daily were not significant. About half of the patients completing the trial could be described as "non-responders". The observed biochemical changes (reduced plasma potassium and chloride concentrations and increased plasma bicarbonate and urate concentrations) were most marked in the phases with the most prominent blood pressure effects. The result support the suggestion that a sustained diuretic effect is desirable when diuretics are used in the treatment of hypertension. This can be obtained by selection of the appropriate dosage regimen for a particular diuretic, such as once daily administration for "long-acting" and twice daily for "short-acting" thiazide-type diuretics. PMID- 6749349 TI - Segregation of autoantibody to cytoskeletal filaments, actin and intermediate filaments with two types of chronic active hepatitis. AB - Regional differences in serological features of chronic active hepatitis (CAH) were assessed from study of unselected patients with CAH, 53 from Zagreb, Yugoslavia and 53 from Melbourne, Australia. A group of 29 patients from Zagreb with chronic persistent hepatitis (CPH) was also included. The serological marker studied was immunofluorescence reactivity to cytoskeletal components, actin cables (AC) and intermediate filaments (IF), these being mostly responsible for the smooth muscle antibody reactivity which occurs in CAH. The Zagreb cases of CAH differed from the Melbourne cases by having a significantly lower frequency of anti-AC (8% vs 55%) and a significantly higher frequency of anti-IF (34% vs 15%), and correspondingly had a higher frequency of markers of hepatitis B virus (HBV) infection (HBsAg, 53% vs 8% and anti-HBc, 72% vs 34%), and a differing HLA profile, with HLA BW35 higher (38% vs 14%) and B8 lower (18% vs 56%). This study illustrates the differences among populations in expression of CAH, in that HBsAg is held to specify the HBV-associated type, and antibody to actin is held to specify the autoimmune type. These differences would be determined in part by environmental influences, notably HBV, and genetic influences, notably HLA, and are reflected by the differing patterns of immunofluorescence reactivity with the cellular cytoskeleton. PMID- 6749350 TI - Hypertension and calcium antagonists. AB - 1. Recent evidence suggests that mild hypertensives benefit from antihypertensive drug treatment. 2. The variable course of mild hypertension suggests that drug treatment is best reserved for patients whose blood pressures do not fall in repeated observation. 3. The possibility that thiazide diuretics and beta adrenoceptor blocking drugs may have adverse effects suggest that calcium channel blockers should be considered for the early treatment of mild hypertension. PMID- 6749351 TI - Verapamil in cardiac arrhythmias: an overview. AB - 1. Verapamil remains the most widely used calcium antagonist for the treatment of cardiac arrhythmias. It is the most potent and effective drug for the acute treatment of paroxysmal supraventricular tachycardia particularly, circus movement tachycardia with or without pre-excitation. 2. As it is a powerful depressant of atrioventricular nodal conduction it reduces the ventricular rate in atrial flutter and fibrillation with reversion to sinus rhythm in a proportion of patients with these arrhythmias. Because verapamil does not increase airways resistance it can be used in patients with obstructive airways disease. The drug is also effective in supraventricular tachyarrhythmias following open-heart surgery and myocardial infarction. 3. It is not an effective drug against ventricular arrhythmias unless due to coronary artery spasm. The use of verapamil should be avoided in the presence of sick sinus node syndrome, clinical cardiac failure and treatment with other negative inotropic drugs. PMID- 6749352 TI - Verapamil in acute myocardial infarction. The Danish Multicentre Study Group. AB - The reasons for starting a trial of verapamil in early intervention of acute myocardial infarction (AMI) are reviewed. In a pilot study of sixty-one patients it was demonstrated that verapamil probably had no harmful effects in patients with AMI. A multicentre study is now in progress in Denmark; 1433 have been included. Patients are treated with either placebo or verapamil 120 mg three times a day for 6 months. The results of the study, that is effect of verapamil treatment on death and reinfarction, will be available in 1982. PMID- 6749353 TI - Detection of an antisquamous antibody in multiple keratoacanthoma. PMID- 6749354 TI - Immune complexes in the portal and systemic circulation of patients with alcoholic liver diseases. PMID- 6749356 TI - Alteration of murine serum lipase activity after allogeneic bone marrow transplantation. PMID- 6749355 TI - Use of intravenous gamma-globulin in antibody immunodeficiency: results of a multicenter controlled trial. PMID- 6749357 TI - Homologous antibody to human immunoglobulin (Ig)-A suppresses in vitro mitogen induced IgA synthesis. PMID- 6749358 TI - Activation of the fifth component of human complement (C5) induced by monosodium urate crystals: C5 convertase assembly on the crystal surface. PMID- 6749359 TI - Impairment of renal function in patients on long-term lithium treatment. AB - A survey of the renal function in 278 patients on long-term lithium treatment maintained on plasma lithium concentration of 0.7-1.2 mmoles/l was conducted. The extent of renal damage were studied with urinary concentration tests, beta-2 microglobulin excretion and measurement of glomerular filtration rate. The mean treatment time was 6.5 years and the longest treatment time was 15 years. Forty nine per cent of the patients could not concentrate their urine to above 800 mOsm/kg of water, which did not correlate with the presence of polyuria. The urine concentration capacity decreased as a function of time in the lithium treated group, and it was also influenced by the type of tablet administration (readily soluble or sustained release), but not by combination with other drugs, such as neuroleptics. Beta-2-microglobulin excretion was not increased. A reduced glomerular filtration rate was found in 17% and the filtration rate in the whole group of patients was clustered around the lower limit of normal. The filtration rate decreased as a function of the duration of treatment. It was found that the concentrating capacity and the filtration rate decreased in parallel and that there was no selective impairment of the concentrating capacity. We conclude that severe impairment of renal function is uncommon in well controlled patients. Urinary concentration tests are shown to be the most suitable test for detection of kidney damage in long-term lithium treatment. PMID- 6749360 TI - The detection of monocytes in human renal biopsies: a prospective study. AB - A total of 52 non-transplant and 16 transplant renal biopsies were examined for the presence of monocytes in the glomeruli using the non-specific esterase reaction. Four of the non-transplant and 4 of the transplant group were positive. The 4 non-transplant samples all showed the presence of granular IgG and C3 together with electron dense deposits in the basement membrane. In contrast the positive transplant samples showed vascular rejection with little immune protein deposition and no deposits. One patient with focal glomerulosclerosis had large clumps of esterase positive material in the glomeruli in association with deposits of C3 and the presence of foam cells. PMID- 6749361 TI - Cimetidine prophylaxis after renal transplantation. AB - Over an 18 month period 66 consecutive kidney transplant patients at risk of gastrointestinal bleeding were treated prophylactically with the histamine H2 blocker cimetidine, without antacids. The incidence of gastrointestinal bleeding, the number of rejection episodes, and graft survival were compared with those of 66 patients, who had received a transplant in the period immediately preceding the start of the study, and who had never received cimetidine. The incidence of gastrointestinal hemorrhage was significantly reduced in the cimetidine-treated patients (P less than 0.05). In addition, cimetidine treatment neither increased the total number of rejection episodes nor did it impair long-term graft survival. PMID- 6749362 TI - Abnormal prostacyclin metabolism in the hemolytic uremic syndrome: equivocal effect of prostacyclin infusions. AB - In a child with the hemolytic uremic syndrome, plasma 6 keto-prostaglandin F1 alpha levels remained undetectable throughout the acute phase of the disease. The patient's plasma failed to stimulate prostacyclin production by "exhausted" rat aorta rings. In vitro study of the patient's vessels indicated that they retained the capacity to synthesize prostacyclin from exogenous arachidonic acid but that their endogenous arachidonic acid stores were either depleted or non-available. The response to repeated infusion of exogenous prostacyclin was equivocal, suggesting that abnormal prostacyclin metabolism in the hemolytic uremic syndrome may not be the only factor in its pathogenesis. PMID- 6749363 TI - Membranoproliferative glomerulonephritis characterized by focal, segmental proliferative lesions. AB - Of 61 children with membranoproliferative glomerulonephritis (MPGN), 6 (10%) were distinguished by segmental lesions in up to 1/3 of glomeruli. Light microscopy showed mild to moderate generalized mesangial proliferation in addition to segmental membranoproliferative lesions. Mesangial fluorescence with antiserum to C3 was present in all glomeruli while focal lesions were characterized by segmental granular fluorescence with antiserum to IgG. Segmental lesions, identified by electron microscopy in four biopsies, were produced by prominent mesangial proliferation. Subendothelial deposits were present in two. Contiguous subendothelial and subepithelial deposits were present in one, and in a fourth, capillary wall deposits could not be found although mesangial deposits were present. Circulating immune complexes were present in 2 of the 4 hypocomplementemic patients and 1 normocomplementemic patient. Clinically, all patients presented with hematuria (gross in 3) and five had proteinuria. Only one had hypoalbuminemia. All patients have improved (5 treated with alternate day prednisone) as judged by the return of complement levels to normal and by improvement in urinalysis and in glomerular morphology on subsequent biopsy. The results give evidence that focal, segmental MPGN is an early manifestation of Type 1 or, uncommonly, Type III MPGN and that the patients have an excellent prognosis. PMID- 6749364 TI - Methacholine provocation of Prinzmetal's variant angina pectoris: a revised perspective. AB - We report 13 patient with unequivocal Prinzmetal's variant angina pectoris as the entire experience with this syndrome during a 7-year period in a single institution. The clinical diagnosis of this relatively uncommon disorder is emphasized. Five patients were given 10 mg of methacholine subcutaneously. Three demonstrated subsequent delayed appearance of chest pain, ECG change, and coronary vasospasm following early appearance of muscarinic effects. Two Prinzmetal patients had no provocation of variant angina following methacholine, though they did experience significantly less blood pressure fall in response to muscarinic provocation. Another 23 subjects with incompletely explained chest pain given methacholine had neither ECG change nor spasm. Methacholine provocation of variant angina need not necessarily implicated a parasympathomimetic mechanism for otherwise spontaneous episodes. Rather, provocation would appear to occur via the customary reflex adrenergic response to drug-induced hypotension. Methacholine is probably safe though unreliable as an agent to be used for spasm provocation. PMID- 6749365 TI - Replacement treatment with insulin in diabetes mellitus: problems and promise. AB - The results of epidemiological and clinical studies of diabetes in man and of studies of experimental diabetes in animals provide strong evidence: (1) that insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus is due to absolute or severe deficiency of insulin; (2) that replacement treatment with insulin is potentially capable of normalizing the metabolic abnormalities; and (3) that normalization of the metabolic abnormalities can be expected to prevent or ameliorate the complications of the disease. However, consideration of the problems involved in replacement treatment with insulin raises practical and physiological questions regarding the appropriate patterns and routes of delivery of the hormone. Studies with glucose-controlled automatic infusion systems delivering into systemic or portal vessels point to the question whether the homeostatic mechanism can be viewed as one dominated by the responses of the endocrine pancreas to glucose. Nevertheless, empirical studies with non-glucose-controlled portable programmed infusion systems delivering insulin by intravenous, subcutaneous, or intraperitoneal routes have suggested that these techniques can produce near normoglycemia under everyday conditions in a high proportion of insulin-dependent diabetic subjects. The blood levels of biologically active insulin resulting from these treatments are not higher, and may be lower, than those with conventional depot injection therapy. It appears also that the results of intensive depot injection therapy making use of 3 or 4 injections day-1 of crystalline and intermediate-acting insulins can approximate the effects of insulin infusion treatment. It is argued that the intensive insulin treatment regimens with continuous or intermittent use of the subcutaneous route of delivery can be viewed as options in the management of insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus when adequate supervision and monitoring is available, and that clinical systems fulfilling these conditions must be provided. PMID- 6749366 TI - Canadian gastroenterology: yesterday, today and tomorrow. PMID- 6749367 TI - Acquisition of thymic uptake of radiogallium in a child after therapy for infection. PMID- 6749370 TI - The evaluation of antepartum fetal well-being using the nonstress test. AB - Nonstress testing appears to be an effective means of identifying fetal condition. Its most definitive benefit is the identification of the "normal" fetus, which often permits a path of nonintervention. A significant benefit of the nonstress test approach is its simplicity and portability which, in a practical sense, may be extended into the office setting. Continuing simplification of definitions and consistency within testing techniques are desired goals. A better understanding of the "abnormal" patterns of fetal heart rate should be sought, and commentary from emerging ultrasonographic techniques will no doubt prove to be helpful. With enhanced understanding, it would seem reasonable to expand the application of antepartum fetal heart rate testing to broader segments of the population. It would seem to be appropriate to design a prospective randomized study to clearly demonstrate the efficacy of this simple approach in the screening of a pregnant population. In this author's opinion, such a study would demonstrate the selective superiority of this testing scheme to our statistically derived approaches to assessment of risk in current use. The decade of the 1980's holds considerable challenge for those who wish to better understand the meaning of the term "assessment of fetal well-being." Hopefully, rapid strides will lead us to a more concise and clear understanding that will have practical utility. PMID- 6749369 TI - Plasma protein binding of drugs in pregnancy. AB - The degree of binding to plasma proteins is an important determinant of drug disposition and response. Normal human pregnancy is associated with concentration of plasma proteins, free fatty acids and possibly other endogenous substances interfering with drug binding. The possibility of an associated change in plasma binding capacity therefore needs to be taken into consideration. Experimental studies conducted mostly in vitro have shown that the plasma protein binding of many (but not all) drugs is decreased during pregnancy, particularly during the last trimester. This phenomenon should be taken into account when interpreting serum concentrations of total (free + protein-bound) drug in clinical practice. Notable examples of drugs whose unbound fraction increases during pregnancy include diazepam, valproic acid, phenytoin, phenobarbitone, salicylic acid, pethidine, lignocaine, dexamethasone, sulphafurazole and propranolol. For many drugs, important differences have been demonstrated in the degree of protein binding between maternal and cord plasma. In some cases, this may provide an explanation for the finding of marked differences in total drug concentration between maternal and fetal plasma at the time of delivery. PMID- 6749371 TI - Evaluation of antepartum fetal well-being by measuring growth. PMID- 6749372 TI - Determination of fetal maturity. AB - A variety of tools are currently available for assessing the various aspects of fetal maturation. Assuring mature neonatal pulmonary function is the goal of maturity testing, and specific test procedures are available to meet this need. The procedures vary from rapid screening tests to very specific phospholipid profiles that incorporate phosphatidylglycerol analysis. One may select from the various procedures those best suited to the clinical needs of a particular patient and the resources of a given institution. Consequently, the inadvertent delivery of a premature infant should no longer occur. PMID- 6749368 TI - Clinical pharmacokinetics of cerebrospinal fluid. AB - The distribution of drugs into the cerebrospinal fluid has long been considered a challenging field of investigation in 2 major respects: (a) understanding how the physicochemical properties (molecular weight, pKa, plasma protein binding) of various molecules influence their movements across such a specific structure as the blood-brain barrier; and (b) defining the relationship between cerebrospinal fluid concentrations of various drugs and their central (side) effects. An attempt has been made to review the very dispersed information presently available to offer a clinically orientated picture of this area of pharmacokinetics. Drugs acting on the central nervous system (benzodiazepines, tricyclic antidepressants, anticonvulsants, opioids), antibacterial agents, cardiovascular drugs (beta-adrenoceptor blockers and digoxin), antineoplastic drugs (mainly methotrexate), and other miscellaneous agents (corticosteroids, cimetidine, methylxanthines) are reviewed. The available evidence seems to support the conclusion that only for methotrexate and antibacterial agents does knowledge of cerebrospinal fluid pharmacokinetics have direct therapeutic implications, while the mosaic of information available for other drugs does little more than provide a partially satisfactory picture. PMID- 6749373 TI - Diagnosis and management of hypoxic fetal heart rate patterns. PMID- 6749374 TI - Diagnosis and management of intrapartum reflex fetal heart rate changes. PMID- 6749376 TI - Prediction of acid-base values from intrapartum fetal heart rate data and their correlation with scalp and funic values. PMID- 6749375 TI - Physiology and clinical use of fetal heart rate variability. PMID- 6749377 TI - Intrapartum monitoring and management of the low birth weight fetus. AB - All physicians responsible for the care of gravidae at high risk for preterm labor and delivery must be expert in the management of these pregnancies. Only a fraction of women who present in labor remote from term are candidates for long term tocolysis. Whatever treatment regimen is utilized, the clinician must be familiar with their risks as well as their benefits. The majority of women who present with preterm labor will require delivery or will deliver despite efforts to the contrary. If delivery is imminent or indicated, intensive intrapartum monitoring of these fetuses, especially those weighing less than 1500 gm, is mandatory. The mother should be transferred to a facility that contains both expert obstetric care and a neonatal intensive care unit staffed with individuals experienced in the management of these very low birth weight infants. Attempts at pharmacologic induction of lung maturation should be reserved for those situations in which: (1) the fetal membranes are intact, (2) the fetal lungs are likely to be immature, (3) delivery of the infant may be delayed without undue risk for 48 hours following initiation of therapy, and finally, (4) the informed consent of the parents has been obtained. (By the same token, the probable efficacy of glucocorticoids should not serve as license to deliver the preterm infant.) Preterm infants are viable, even at 25 to 26 weeks of gestation, provided that labor and delivery are managed expertly. When vaginal delivery is contemplated, labor, if induced, should not be forceful. Fetal heart rate and uterine contractions should be monitored continuously. Evidence of fetal jeopardy must be dealt with expeditiously. Nontraumatic delivery, including the liberal use of cesarean section, into the hands of an experienced neonatologist will reduce the number of asphyxiated premature infants and, therefore, the risk of hyaline membrane disease. For the very low birth weight infant presenting as a breech, abdominal delivery is recommended. It is important that the uterine incision, regardless of type, be large enough to allow for nontraumatic delivery of the infant. If greater improvements in the survival and outcome of low birth weight infants are to continue, it is mandatory that there be close collaboration not only between obstetrician and pediatrician, but also between all physicians and nursing staff who care for this group of high-risk patients. PMID- 6749378 TI - Intrapartum monitoring and management of the postdate fetus. AB - Postdate pregnancy presents a difficult problem in both the antepartum and intrapartum periods. Because of the various complications associated with prolonged gestation, the following precautions should be taken during intrapartum monitoring and delivery: 1. Strict criteria must be established for elective induction should it be needed. Elective induction should be limited to those postdate patients with inducible cervices. 2. Extensive intrapartum fetal heart rate and uterine activity monitoring should be done on all patients. Physicians should be alert and ready for intervention and for any possible abnormal finding. Fetal biochemical assessment should be done liberally, especially when meconium is passed. 3. For patients with thick meconium passage, close intrapartum surveillance should be done by both biophysical and biochemical means. During delivery, attention should be given to minimizing the possibility of meconium aspiration. Good neonatal resuscitation is essential. 4. When the estimated fetal weight is 4500 gm or greater, the possibility of shoulder dystocia should be considered. Unless the patient's previous obstetric history or the progress of labor suggests a possible successful vaginal delivery, cesarean section should be considered. PMID- 6749379 TI - The fetal monitoring polemic. PMID- 6749380 TI - Current status of continuous fetal pH monitoring. PMID- 6749381 TI - Current status of fetal oxygen monitoring. PMID- 6749382 TI - Kinetic analysis of transport processes in the intestine and other tissues. PMID- 6749383 TI - The use of saliva samples to determine total body water by tritium dilution. PMID- 6749384 TI - Neutrophil surface-bound immunoglobulin--a feature of Felty's syndrome? AB - In a study of eight patients with Felty's syndrome, surface-bound immunoglobulin (IgG +/- IgM and complement) was demonstrated in all cases by a fluorescein labelled antihuman globulin technique using paraformaldehyde-fixed neutrophils to prevent non-specific surface adsorption of immunoglobulin. The test was negative in control patients with rheumatoid arthritis alone. The neutrophil binding of immunoglobulin occurred in vivo and could not be reproduced with the patient's serum and normal neutrophils. The presence of alloantibodies due to previous pregnancy or transfusion can obscure this picture. A neutrophil autoantibody or cell-bound immune complexes may be the cause of this phenomenon, which may be a useful marker of Felty's syndrome in patients with rheumatoid arthritis. PMID- 6749385 TI - Macroscopic and microscopic evaluation of respiratory specimens. PMID- 6749386 TI - An approach to the diagnosis of anaerobic pleuropulmonary infections. PMID- 6749387 TI - A practical approach to the diagnosis of fungal infections of the respiratory tract. PMID- 6749388 TI - Laboratory diagnosis of infections caused by Legionella species. PMID- 6749389 TI - The current status of the diagnosis of chlamydial respiratory infections. PMID- 6749390 TI - Diagnosis of viral respiratory infections in the 1980s. PMID- 6749391 TI - Nosocomial respiratory infection: The essential role of the laboratory in control efforts. PMID- 6749392 TI - ANA-negative SLE. PMID- 6749393 TI - CNS lupus. PMID- 6749394 TI - Cardiac manifestations of SLE. PMID- 6749395 TI - Skin manifestations of SLE. PMID- 6749396 TI - Lupus in childhood. PMID- 6749397 TI - Intrathoracic manifestations of SLE. PMID- 6749398 TI - Sex hormones and modulation of immune response in SLE. PMID- 6749399 TI - Pulse methylprednisolone in SLE. AB - Insufficient information is available about the effectiveness of high-dose intravenous corticosteroid treatment in non-renal SLE to determine whether it provides better management of the disease. Issues of steroid preparation, dose and frequency have not been addressed. Significant short-term complications appear to be minimal; the question of long-term effects on avascular necrosis may not be answerable since most patients also receive oral corticosteroids at some time during their course. No large randomized controlled trial of pulse IV-MP in lupus nephritis is available. Ideally, such a trial would include randomization with stratification according to important prognostic variables. Previous studies of other agents have been hampered by lack of agreement about both the identification of relevant prognostic variables and the selection of 'significant' measures of outcome. The observation that patients with recent deterioration in glomerular filtration rate are more likely to improve after IV MP may form the basis for stratification in a controlled trial of the comparative efficacy of IV-MP and other forms of treatment. However, lack of improvement in glomerular filtration rate among patients without recent deterioration in function may reflect the inadequacy of our outcome measures rather than a true lack of beneficial effect for the patient. PMID- 6749400 TI - Antimalarial therapy in SLE. PMID- 6749401 TI - C-reactive protein in SLE. PMID- 6749402 TI - Infective endocarditis: current perspectives. PMID- 6749403 TI - Quantity and translation efficiency of liver microsomes in young and old rats following partial hepatectomy. AB - 1. Liver microsomal quantity decreased in young rats 2 days after partial hepatectomy or sham operation, increased to preoperative values by 8 days, and remained unchanged 16 days following surgery. 2. In old rats, microsomal quantity remained unchanged following surgery, but increased in sham-operated controls. 3. Translational efficiency of microsomes from young, sham-operated animals was unaffected, but decreased 2 days after partial hepatectomy. 4. In old, sham operated controls, efficiency decreased, but remained unchanged 2 days after partial hepatectomy. 5. Eight and 16 days after surgery, efficiency of microsomes from young and old animals appeared indistinguishable, and were similar to those of adults before surgery. PMID- 6749404 TI - In vitro digestion of actomyosin by extracts from tails of metamorphosing Xenopus laevis. AB - 1. Actomyosin purified from the tails of immature tadpoles of Xenopus laevis was degraded by exposure to low salt, 16,000 g supernatant extracts of involuting tadpole tails, as assayed by SDS polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis. 2. The proteolytic activity of the tail extracts was inhibited by ATP and leupeptin. Myosin (193,000 daltons) is initially cut to produce a 161,000 dalton fragment, then in a second step yielding 95,000 dalton fragments. 3. Both ATP and leupeptin inhibit the formation of these smaller fragments. 4. Ca2+ at approximately 100 microM stimulates early degradative steps. PMID- 6749405 TI - The glycoconjugates from Trypanosoma Cruzi, purification and composition of a glycoprotein. AB - 1. The complex of glycoconjugates extracted with phenol-water from culture epimastigotes of a non-infective line (To) of Trypanosoma cruzi, derived from the Tulahuen strain showed only two components by sodium dodecyl sulfate polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis. 2. The slower migrating glycoconjugate, a glycoprotein of molecular weight 45, 000 was purified to apparent homogeneity. 3. A content of 76% protein, 17% neutral sugars and 6% glucosamine was analysed. Galactose and mannose occur in a ratio of 3:1 as determined by gas-liquid chromatography. A trace of glucose was detected in some samples. PMID- 6749406 TI - On the precision of the plaque count. PMID- 6749407 TI - The unravelling of hypertension: a tribute to Jan Brod, a true European. PMID- 6749408 TI - Stress and hypertension. Dietary and metabolic factors in the development of atherosclerosis. PMID- 6749409 TI - Obesity and essential hypertension. PMID- 6749410 TI - Changes in cell membrane transport and kidney function in relation to 'essential' hypertension. PMID- 6749411 TI - Diurnal and daily variations of PRA, plasma catecholamines and blood pressure in normotensive and hypertensive man. PMID- 6749412 TI - Personality and adrenergic factors in essential hypertension. PMID- 6749413 TI - Psychological management of essential hypertension. PMID- 6749415 TI - Hormonal influences on glomerular function. PMID- 6749414 TI - Alcohol and hypertension. PMID- 6749416 TI - Familial glomerular disease. PMID- 6749417 TI - The definition of the mechanism of hypercalciuria is necessary for the treatment of recurrent stone formers. PMID- 6749418 TI - Control of parathyroid hormone secretion. PMID- 6749419 TI - Management of pericardial heart disease in uremia: tap, drainage, fenestration or pericardectomy? PMID- 6749420 TI - Should mild hypertension be treated? PMID- 6749421 TI - Should mild hypertension be treated? PMID- 6749422 TI - Calcium antagonists in the treatment of hypertension. PMID- 6749423 TI - Glomerular response to renal injury. PMID- 6749424 TI - Pulmonary problems in renal patients. PMID- 6749425 TI - A case report of data monitoring experience: the nocturnal oxygen therapy trial. AB - The monitoring of accumulating data in a clinical trial is a challenging endeavor, yet one that must be undertaken to fulfill the ethical responsibility to the participating subject. This paper, using the Nocturnal Oxygen Therapy Trial as an example, discusses three issues often faced by data monitoring committees. These are (1) the multiplicity of outcomes, (2) decisions about extension of the patient recruitment period in order to achieve specified sample size goals, and (3) problems in monitoring survival data with a lag in the reporting of events. The decision process can be quite complex and existing statistical methodology can at best serve as a guide in this decision process. PMID- 6749426 TI - Can dropout and other noncompliance be minimized in a clinical trial? Report from the Veterans Administrative National Heart, Lung and Blood Institute cooperative study on antihypertensive therapy: mild hypertension. AB - Long-term clinical trials must face the problem of participants who drop out before the study is closed or who in other ways do not comply with the protocol. In a joint Veterans Administration-National Heart, Lung and Blood Institute study of mild hypertension, 1,012 men and women, 21 to 50 years of age with diastolic pressure from 85 to 105 mm Hg, were randomized into two double-blind treatment groups and followed for up to 30 months. The data were analyzed for factors related to dropout and to medication and visit noncompliance. Large differences in dropout and compliance rates were found by clinic and age but not by treatment allocations (active vs. placebo) nor race-sex. In addition, noncompliance was 78% 118% higher in participants who subsequently chose to drop out of the study. Indications were that the attitude of a clinic towards participant complaints, willingness to temporarily reduce medication and vigorous pursuit of those who failed to keep appointments were important factors in reducing dropout. Strategies for minimizing dropout and noncompliance must be part of the study protocol, clinic personnel should be trained in using such strategies, and both clinic and participant compliance should be centrally monitored. PMID- 6749427 TI - National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute type II Coronary Intervention Study: design, methods, and baseline characteristics. AB - The Type II Coronary Intervention Study (Type II Study) is a double-blind, randomized, placebo-controlled clinical trial conducted by the Division of Intramural Research of the National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute of Bethesda, Maryland. The study was designed to evaluate the 5-year treatment effect of cholestyramine on low density lipoprotein (LDL) cholesterol and on lesions in the coronary arteries. One hundred forty-three patients with Type II hyperlipoproteinemia (elevated LDL cholesterol) and coronary artery disease (CAD) were entered into the study between 1972 and 1976. Patients were stratified by sex and extent of coronary disease as defined angiographically and were randomly allocated to a daily dosage of 24 g cholestyramine and diet (treatment group) or placebo and diet (control group). Changes in the coronary arteries were evaluated by sequential coronary angiography carried out before and after five years of treatment. This report describes the trial design and baseline characteristics of the study patients. PMID- 6749428 TI - Usefulness of clinical chemistry measurements in classifying patients with breast cancer. AB - Laboratory measurements can be used to detect, classify, and monitor patients with breast cancer. This review covers in detail the clinical usefulness of carcino embryonic antigen, tissue polypeptide antigen, various glycoproteins, pregnancy-associated proteins, casein, lactalbumin, beta-2-microglobulin, ferritin, immunoglobins, acute phase proteins, placental-like alkaline phosphatase, liver-associated enzymes, glycosyltransferases, human chorionic gonadotropin, calcitonin, polyamines, and collagen breakdown products, in relationship to their diagnostic utility in patients suspected of having or known to have breast cancer. In addition, these authors assess the merits of various multivariate techniques using a number of clinical chemistry quantities in the same regard. Finally, the relative contribution of biochemical tests vs. the information values gained from "surgical pathology" data (number of positive nodes, number of negative nodes, and degree of anaplasia) is discussed. PMID- 6749429 TI - Creatine kinase. AB - Creatine kinase is present in significant concentrations in skeletal muscle and cardiac muscle and to a lesser extent in gastrointestinal tract and brain tissue. The enzyme has been purified from a variety of tissues and an examination of its kinetic and physical properties reveal that the enzyme consists of two subunits and can exist as three isoenzymes containing essential cysteine residues. These properties are important in understanding its stability, the assay conditions, and the techniques used to identify the different isoenzymes. The relationship between the properties and the determination of the enzyme in biological fluids will be a main thrust of the review. Creatine kinase activity in serum rises rapidly in conditions such as acute myocardial infarction and trauma to skeletal muscle. However, the interpretation of such increases is dependent upon a sound knowledge of the factors which influence both the total and isoenzyme activities. The nature of these factors will be discussed in detail. PMID- 6749430 TI - Analyte stability in clinical chemistry quality control materials. AB - Maximum stability of analytes in chemistry control materials is desired. Stability testing is customarily performed by manufacturers, both prior to distribution of products and during the period following distribution when the products are in the field. Users and evaluators of such materials periodically have reported on experienced stability of various analytes in distributed manufactured products. A wide variety of both testing protocols and definitions of acceptable stability have characterized published reports on the topic. In the present review, we summarize published studies on control material stability in clinical chemistry, review criteria employed to define instability, and present an approach to evaluating stability of analytes involving both statistical and clinical criteria. PMID- 6749431 TI - Adverse reactions to whole blood donation and plasmapheresis. AB - Whole blood donation is recognized to be extremely safe, yet there have been reports of serious problems stemming from whole blood donation, and so-called "donor reactions" are regularly seen. While the physiologic causes of the common donor reactions are not completely understood, some effects of whole blood donation (such as transient iron deficiency) are understood but probably not significant. In order to avoid accepting any volunteer donor who might be at risk of a serious reaction, we may have been overly cautious in exclusion of potential donors. The pheresis donor is subjected to potential depletion of the protein or cellular elements being removed, problems caused by the device used for automated pheresis, or problems related to the infusion of potentially toxic substances. Documented benefit to the patient must balance these additional risks. PMID- 6749432 TI - Plasma lipid alterations in patients with chronic renal disease. AB - Hyperlipidemia is common in patients with renal disease. This fact may be of great clinical relevance in view of the overwhelming evidence associating disturbed lipid metabolism and atherogenesis. Thus, hyperlipidemia may predispose to vascular disease in patients with chronic renal disorders and premature atherosclerosis could be an important risk in renal disease and a major factor limiting survival of patients on long-term maintenance hemodialysis. The aim of the present review is to present a brief but clinically relevant description of lipoprotein physiology and then to survey the now considerable literature concerned with lipoprotein and thus lipid abnormalities in patients with renal disease. A particular emphasis is placed on the role of the plasma lipoproteins in forming an integrated and controlled pathway for lipid metabolism, and how altered regulatory control within the pathway may be associated with pathogenic mechanisms. Finally, the evidence for accelerated development of vascular disease associated with these lipid abnormalities is briefly considered. PMID- 6749433 TI - Comparison of high frequency jet ventilation to conventional ventilation during severe acute respiratory failure in humans. AB - High frequency jet ventilation (HFJV) was compared to conventional (high tidal volume, low frequency) ventilation in 9 patients with acute respiratory failure (ARF). Alveolar ventilation was comparable or lower with HFJV in all but one case. When comparisons were made at the same concentration of oxygen and level of PEEP, no consistent change in arterial oxygenation (PaO2) was found. In one case, it was possible to increase PaO2 during HFJV by additional increases in PEEP without elevation in peak airway pressure (AWP) compared to conventional ventilation (CV). At the same level of PEEP, peak AWP was lower during HFJV, except in 1 patient with bronchospasm. Cardiac output did not differ significantly between the 2 ventilation systems, except in the same patient with bronchospasm. HFJV may be useful in acute respiratory failure when peak AWP during CV limits effective use of mechanical ventilation for gas exchange. Patients with significantly elevated airway resistance may be an exception. Improvement in PaO2 will usually depend on increases in PEEP. PMID- 6749434 TI - Left ventricular contractility using isovolumic phase indices during PEEP in ARDS patients. AB - The effects of incremental increases in PEEP during mechanical ventilation on left ventricular (LV) contractility before and after intravascular volume expansion (IVE) were studied in 10 patients treated for ARDS. A pulmonary artery (PA) catheter, a LV catheter-tip micromanometer, and an esophageal balloon catheter were inserted in these patients. We measured transmural right atrial and PA pressures, transmural LV end-diastolic and systemic arterial pressures, the first derivative of LV pressure (LV dP/dt), the ratio of LV dP/dt at transmural developed LV pressure (dP/dt/DPt) with DPt = 5, 10, 40 mm Hg, cardiac index (CI) at every level of PEEP and after IVE at the highest PEEP. Stepwise increases in PEEP (from 0-20 cm H2O) were associated with progressive fall in CI whereas heart rate remained unchanged. Transmural right atrial and PA pressures did not change; transmural LV end-diastolic and systemic arterial pressures and peak dP/dt decreased significantly with PEEP, except for dT/dt/dPt. IVE reversed this fall in CI and peak dP/dt. Whereas transmural LV end-diastolic pressure rose markedly. We conclude that the observed fall in LV performance during PEEP is not the result of a depressed LV contractility because PEEP does not induce a decrease in dP/dt/DPt, the least sensitive to change in preload isovolumic phase indices of contractility. PMID- 6749435 TI - Effect of graded administration of PEEP on lung water in noncardiogenic pulmonary edema. AB - The effect of graded application of positive end-expiratory pressure (PEEP) was studied in 10 mongrel dogs with pulmonary edema induced by oleic acid infusion. Six animals received progressive increases in PEEP (5 cm H2O) 120 min after the injection of oleic acid. These animals were compared to 4 control animals who did not receive PEEP. We found no difference between the 2 groups in lung water measured by a double indicator dilution technique during PEEP application. Lung water determined by gravimetric analysis was also not different between groups at the end of the experiment. PEEP did result in significant reductions in shunt fraction and alveolar-arterial oxygen tension difference suggesting that PEEP improves gas exchange in pulmonary edema by increasing lung volume, but not by altering lung water accumulation. PMID- 6749436 TI - Ultrastructural observations in canine kidneys perfused hypothermically for 7 days in a comparative study of three preservative solutions. PMID- 6749437 TI - Syndromes of polyposis coli and cancer. PMID- 6749438 TI - Traumatic heart disease. PMID- 6749439 TI - Surgical management of benign lesions of the bile ducts. PMID- 6749440 TI - Sulconazole nitrate 1.0 percent cream: a comparison with miconazole in the treatment of tinea pedis and tinea cruris/corporis. AB - Sulconazole nitrate 1.0 percent cream was compared to miconazole nitrate 2.0 percent cream in a double-blind, parallel study involving ninety-six patients with cutaneous dermatophytosis. Both agents were highly effective, with no statistically significant differences in the parameters studied. Among tinea pedis patients, all of seven treated with sulconazole and six of nine treated with miconazole were mycologically cured (negative culture and potassium hydroxide test) at the end of four weeks of twice a day treatment, and there were no relapses by week 9. Among tinea cruris/corporis patients, the rates of mycological cure after three weeks of twice a day treatment with sulconazole or miconazole were, respectively, twenty-nine of thirty-two (91 percent) and 100 percent of thirty one (accompanied in all cases by complete or significant clearing of signs and symptoms); the respective relapse rates were four of twenty five (16 percent) and eight of twenty-three (35 percent). Miconazole resulted in two cases of severe irritant dermatitis requiring discontinuation of treatment, whereas sulconazole produced no severe irritant reactions. PMID- 6749441 TI - Genetically determined chromosome instability syndromes. AB - Spontaneously increased chromosomal instability is well documented in the three autosomal recessive diseases, Fanconi's anemia (FA), Bloom's syndrome (BS), and ataxia telangiectasia (AT). Other conditions have been reported to be associated with chromosomal breakage. Some are still single observations: in Werner's syndrome only fibroblasts are affected, and systemic sclerosis may not be an inherited disease. Various aspects of FA, BS, and AT are discussed which have emerged since recent reviews have been published. The differential diagnosis in FA has become more important than it was in the past. Proven heterogeneity in FA demands definition of what to name FA and FA variants. The analysis of cancer frequencies and types in FA and AT lacks important clues. This should stimulate all of us to mutual exchange of data and creation of registries not only of patients and follow-ups, but also of characterized cell strains. A synopsis of results from cell and cytogenetic studies demonstrates similarities and differences in detail of the general phenomenon of chromosomal instability which FA, BS, and AT share. Results from biochemical studies at the DNA level together with cytogenetic findings indicate different but still undefined failures in DNA metabolism or DNA repair mechanisms due to the different genes. A new approach to analyzing the impairment of DNA repair in FA is briefly described. DNA related enzymes are produced in the cytoplasm and have to be transported to the nucleus. The subcellular distribution of topoisomerase activity was found to be unusual in three placentas of FA patients. Other DNA enzymes were distributed normally. Thus, a specific mechanism for movement of the enzyme through the nuclear membrane seems to be defective. PMID- 6749442 TI - The use of Robertsonian translocations in the mouse for studies on non disjunction. AB - In the mouse, gametes with gross chromosome duplications and deficiencies can complement each other to give viable zygotes (with some notable exceptions involving particular chromosomes). These complementation-type offspring can be recognised in intercrosses between translocation heterozygotes in which one parent is homozygous for a recessive genetic marker not carried by the other. This system has beeN used by Lyon and colleagues (1976) to study non-disjunction in heterozygotes for tobacco mouse and laboratory-derived Robertsonian translocations. Although non-disjunction is frequent in the former group, still higher frequencies are needed for a workable test system in which wild type mice are treated and mated to a tester stock generating many aneuploid gametes. Possible approaches include (1) use of semidominant markers, (2) marking both arms, (3) combining two or three independent Robertsonians in the tester stock, (4) use of compounds of Robertsonians wih monobrachial homology, since these give very high frequencies of non-disjunction, (5) generation of a compound of three Robertsonians with tribrachial homology, which should produce aneuploid gametes only. This last seems the most promising approach, if the compound proves fertile, and would be analogous to the isochromosome system of Drosophila. PMID- 6749443 TI - Intravenous methylprednisolone in adults in status asthmaticus. Comparison of two dosages. PMID- 6749444 TI - Cardiac function in end-stage renal disease. AB - To assess cardiac status in end-stage renal disease, we compared clinical, ECG, and echocardiographic data from 37 patients on maintenance hemodialysis with data from 42 patients with functioning renal transplants. Cardiovascular symptoms and abnormal cardiovascular findings were more common in dialysis-maintained patients than in those with transplants. Follow-up studies indicated that despite a high prevalence of cardiac symptoms, abnormal physical signs, and dilated left ventricles among patients with end-stage renal disease, systolic left ventricular function was generally well preserved irrespective of renal failure therapy. Compared with maintenance hemodialysis, however, successful renal transplantation is associated with an overall enhancement of cardiac status, the majority of which is probably secondary to transplant-associated improvement in hemoglobin level and control of intravascular volume. PMID- 6749446 TI - Localization of emphysema within the lung. An hypothesis based upon ventilation/perfusion relationships. PMID- 6749445 TI - Staging of bronchogenic carcinoma. PMID- 6749448 TI - A tale of two families. PMID- 6749447 TI - Evaluation of ribavirin in the treatment of acute hepatitis. AB - In this double-blind, placebo-controlled study, treatment of 60 acute hepatitis patients with ribavirin resulted in a more rapid reduction of abnormal laboratory values when compared with the placebo group. Moreover, improved clinical status as reflected by increased appetite with resultant weight gain was noted to be significantly greater in the ribavirin-treated patients. Ribavirin was well tolerated. With this dosage regimen, there were no side effects or changes in laboratory values that could be associated with drug-related toxicity. Since hepatitis A is one of the most common viral infections afflicting the Indian population, the use of a safe and effective therapeutic agent, such as ribavirin, will be necessary to treat these cases. PMID- 6749449 TI - [Experiences with deep anterior resection in Hirschsprung's disease]. PMID- 6749450 TI - [Operative management of spontaneous kidney transplant rupture. Personal experiences and literature review]. AB - Spontaneous rupture of the cadaver kidney is not rare in the early post transplant period. In the literature the rupture complication rate varies between 0.3% and 8.5%. in our series 4.2% (12 of 285) of transplanted kidneys ruptured spontaneously. All transplant ruptures occurred as an early complication within 6 weeks postoperatively in the clinical setting of oliguria. In 8 of 12 patients we tried to preserve the graft by covering it with dehydrated solvent-dried human dura that is then sutured in place. In these cases surgical repair resulted in diuresis and restoration of normal graft function with long-term survival. This study emphasizes the possibility and necessity of conservation and repair of the ruptured allograft. PMID- 6749451 TI - [Current possibilities of reconstruction of the lower jaw in bony defects following tumor resection. Animal experiments and clinical results]. AB - The animal experimental methods as well as the clinical application in patients and histological results of a new reconstruction plate for use in bridging defects in the lower jaw are discussed. The principles of fixation of the plate with hollow titanium powder sprayed screws and a titanium mesh for stabilising the autologous cancellous bone are also given. Resection was carried out in irradiated and non-irradiated mandibles of dogs. The direct contact between the surface of the screw and the bone as well as proliferation of bone into the hollow screw are demonstrated by light and scanning electron microscope studies. New methods for the evaluation of the interface between implant and bone are described. PMID- 6749452 TI - [Henry Delageniere, 1858-1930]. PMID- 6749453 TI - [Conservative treatment of splenic injuries]. PMID- 6749454 TI - Circadian rhythms of plasma renin. Aldosterone and cortisol Effect of beta adrenergic blockade by propranolol in patients with recent, advanced and complicated forms of essential hypertension. PMID- 6749455 TI - Influence of surgical techniques on survival in patients with colorectal cancer. AB - This review was undertaken in an attempt to accumulate and critically evaluate all evidence that suggests that special techniques may alter survival rates of patients undergoing surgery for large-bowel cancer. Data suggesting reduced survival with a distal margin of resection less than 5 cm in patients undergoing anterior resection were found to be inconsistent. En bloc removal of the primary tumor and an adhesed adjacent structure seemed important, for 30 to 60 per cent survival has been reported using this approach, and adhesions were found to contain malignant cells at the interface of the primary tumor and adjacent structure in 40 to 100 per cent of patients. No statistically significant differences in survival rates were found in studies comparing conservative segmental bowel resection with radical hemicolectomy. This was true for colonic as well as rectal resections; while patient morbidity was not markedly increased for radical colectomy, it was found to be much greater with radical rectal resections. No data to support the use of "no-touch techniques" could be uncovered. Data to support the use of techniques for control of intraluminal tumor cells were sparse; however, because these maneuvers cost the patient little in terms of added morbidity, they should be used. Important aspects of the techniques for large-bowel surgery need to be investigated by prospective controlled clinical trials. PMID- 6749456 TI - Classic articles in colonic and rectal surgery. James Young Simpson 1811-1870. PMID- 6749457 TI - Effect of colistin on reduction of biliary flow induced by endotoxin in E. coli. AB - In order to evaluate whether an antiendotoxin agent can inhibit the action of endotoxin of Escherichia coli on biliary flow, we used 18 models of isolated perfused pig liver divided into four groups: (A) five perfused livers (control), (B) five perfused livers with 2 mg/100 ml of endotoxin added, (C) five perfused livers with 2 mg/100 ml of endotoxin added and treated with 1,500,000 IU of colistin, and (D) three perfused livers with 1,500,000 IU of colistin with no endotoxin. The livers were isolated and perfused according to a technique previously described by our laboratory. The viability of the perfusions was controlled by means of the mitochondrial respiration test. Transaminase and LDH levels were measured in the perfused circuit. A significant reduction of the biliary flow was found in the group with endotoxin of Escherichia coli (P less than 0.002). There was no reduction of biliary flow after addition of 1,500,000 IU of colistin (P less than 0.001). No significant changes were observed in the other parameters measured, and no increase of the bile flow was observed in the colistin group. From our results we conclude that colistin is an inhibitor in vitro of the diminished biliary flow induced by endotoxin of Escherichia coli. PMID- 6749459 TI - Pyogenic liver abscess with an uncommon presentation. PMID- 6749458 TI - Branched-chain amino acids vs lactulose in the treatment of hepatic coma: a controlled study. AB - A controlled study was carried out in two groups of 20 patients with cirrhosis of the liver and deep coma in order to compare the efficacy of intravenous branched chain amino acid solutions in 20% glucose (group A) vs lactulose plus glucose in isocaloric amount (group B). There were 3 drop-outs from each group. Plasma amino acids and ammonia were assayed at fixed intervals throughout the 10-day observation period. Routine tests were assayed daily. Complete mental recovery was obtained in 70% of patients in group A and in 47% in group B. The difference was not significant, likely due to the lack of placebo group. With the exception of free tryptophan/all competing amino acids ratio, the modifications in plasma amino acid levels showed no correlation with the clinical course under either treatment. Ammonia, like free tryptophan, decreased significantly upon mental recovery, paralleling the clinical course throughout the study. In conclusion, branched-chain amino acids are at least as effective as lactulose in deep hepatic coma. It is suggested that branched-chain amino acids may reverse coma either by competing with brain entry of the aromatic amino acid or by metabolically decreasing free tryptophan and ammonia. PMID- 6749460 TI - Bone reaction to retained radiolucent foreign bodies. PMID- 6749461 TI - Pfannenstiel wound dehiscence complicated by cecal bascule. AB - A 43-year-old female with a Pfannenstiel wound dehiscence complicated by cecal bascule is reported. The etiology of both cecal bascule and dehiscence is discussed. Contributing factors in this case include increased intra-abdominal pressure from the cecal bascule, and a running catgut closure of the anterior rectus sheath. When the diagnosis of cecal bascule is made, cecostomy with cecopexy is the treatment of choice. For prevention of wound disruption, the optimal closure of a Pfannenstiel incision utilizes interrupted nonabsorbable suture material. PMID- 6749462 TI - [Effect of insulin deficiency on the ganglioside content and metabolism of tissue membranes]. PMID- 6749463 TI - [Cycloheximide binding with eukaryotic ribosomes]. PMID- 6749464 TI - [Relation of mitochondrial and cytoplasmic protein synthesis in Saccharomyces cerevisiae yeasts]. PMID- 6749465 TI - [Motility-effective drugs for therapy of gastrointestinal functional disorders]. PMID- 6749466 TI - [Fibronectin. Clinical and biological aspects]. PMID- 6749467 TI - [Significance of optic and somatosensory evoked potentials for neurologic diagnosis]. PMID- 6749468 TI - [Improvement in diabetes control by treatment with bezafibrate]. AB - 380 diabetic patients with hyperlipidaemia and undergoing treatment with sulphonylureas or insulin were given 200 mg bezafibrate t.i.d for 3 months after a control period of 4 weeks. After cessation of treatment a follow-up examination was performed a further 4 weeks later. 194 treatment centres took part in the investigation. Total cholesterol fell by 17%, triglycerides by 36% and HDL cholesterol rose by 15% during the treatment period. In addition, a glucose lowering effect was seen which led to a definite improvement in the control of diabetes both with glibenclamide and with insulin. The degree of glucose reduction was most marked in moderately or poorly controlled diabetics. There was no correlation between the triglyceride reduction and the glucose reduction. After cessation of bezafibrate treatment the cholesterol, triglyceride and fasting glucose increased again and the HDL-cholesterol diminished. However, they did not reach pretreatment values. Bezafibrate was well tolerated, hypoglycaemia or hypoglycaemic reactions were not observed. PMID- 6749469 TI - [Vitamin D metabolism and D-hormone]. PMID- 6749470 TI - [Therapy of rapidly progressive glomerulonephritis]. PMID- 6749471 TI - Short-course therapy for tuberculosis. AB - The discovery of rifampicin was the turning point away from the standard long term treatment for tuberculosis of 18 to 24 months and towards a 6-month curative programme. Rifampicin has proven to be highly effective and vital to short-course tuberculosis therapy, but its disadvantage is its cost. This makes it relatively unavailable where it is most needed, i.e. in countries where tuberculosis is still rampant, but which are economically underdeveloped. In such areas other needs take precedence over a chronic and non-spectacular medical condition like tuberculosis. During the past 10 years pyrazinamide has been 'rediscovered' and restudied, and when used in combination with rifampicin has been shown to play an important role in short-course chemotherapy. Its contribution to efficacy does not appear to extend beyond the first 2 months of therapy, and it should be discontinued after 2 months. This relatively short administration period helps to minimise adverse reactions to the drug. The main measure of success in short course chemotherapy is the relapse rate, and this has been higher, sometimes unacceptably so, in regimens where bacteriostatic drugs were substituted for bactericidal ones. In conclusion, isoniazid, rifampicin and pyrazinamide in combination may be deemed essential to an effective short-course regimen of 6 months' duration. Curtailing the duration of treatment to less than 6 months in smear-positive tuberculosis results in high relapse rates and thus is not acceptable. Several studies have been undertaken varying the drug combinations, the dosages and the drug administration routines (i.e. whether daily followed by intermittent or intermittent throughout), in an effort to arrive at the simplest, most effective, least toxic and most economical all-round treatment programme. Such studies are still in progress. When recommended dosage regiments are followed, the incidence of adverse reactions is low with short-course therapy, and in only 5% or less of patients is it necessary to withdraw one or more drugs. PMID- 6749472 TI - The premenstrual syndrome: a review of the present status of therapy. AB - Treatment of the premenstrual syndrome is complicated by many factors, but principally by its unknown aetiology. In addition, diagnosis, definition and symptom evaluation methods are unclear. The multitudinous studies of treatment regimens have been largely inconclusive; this is partly due to difficulties in numerically evaluating the symptoms, but more to the lack of appreciation of the marked placebo effect which has been estimated as being up to 50%. The majority of studies have been open studies, and therefore interpretation of the results have been almost impossible. The end result is that great claims have been made for a large number of therapeutic agents on ill-founded evidence. Some of the drugs used in the treatment of the premenstrual syndrome, however, have been better evaluated than others, although even with those studied more extensively results have often been variable. Thus, hormonal agents such as progestagens and oral contraceptives, diuretics, pyridoxine, bromocriptine and danazol have been effective in some studies but not universally so. The latter 2 agents seem to be effective in relieving breast symptoms, but have only a limited effect on other symptoms. It is therefore important to realise that one drug does not cure all patients or all symptoms, although it is often claimed that this is the case. It has been suggested that more than 40% of women suffer from premenstrual syndrome. Greater awareness of the problem, both by patients and doctors, necessitates a more rational approach to therapy. PMID- 6749474 TI - A brief history of the European meetings on electroencephalography and epileptology better known as the "Colloques de Marseille". PMID- 6749475 TI - A brief outline of the career and accomplishments of Henri Gastaut. PMID- 6749473 TI - Tinidazole in anaerobic infections: a review of its antibacterial activity, pharmacological properties and therapeutic efficacy. AB - Tinidazole, like the structurally-related drug metronidazole, was initially introduced for treating protozoal infections. However, both these nitroimidazole compounds are also active in vitro against most clinically important obligate anaerobes. Most of the clinical experience with tinidazole to date has involved prophylactic use to prevent postoperative anaerobic infection. Prospective placebo-controlled studies demonstrated that a single dose of tinidazole administered orally prior to elective colorectal surgery significantly reduced postoperative infection. Similarly, when given intravenously prior to appendectomy, tinidazole reduced the incidence of postoperative infection in some subgroups of patients. Although results of non-blinded studies with prophylactic tinidazole were encouraging when used in women undergoing gynaecological surgery (mainly hysterectomy), results from double-blind placebo-controlled studies in this situation have been somewhat equivocal. Thus, although the overall weight of evidence suggests that the drug is effective in this area of use, further study is needed to clarify its role in preventing anaerobic infection following gynaecological surgery compared with other antibiotics which can also be used for this purpose. Relatively few studies have been conducted with tinidazole in the treatment of established anaerobic infections, and this is an area needing further investigation. The drug is well tolerated when administered orally or intravenously. PMID- 6749476 TI - Henri Gastaut and the Marseilles school's contribution to the neurosciences. Proceedings of the 25th and final Colloque de Marseille. PMID- 6749477 TI - The birth of the International Brain Research Organization: a tribute to Henri Gastaut. PMID- 6749478 TI - Some comments on the treatment of epilepsy by clonazepam with special reference to serum concentrations and EEG beta activity. PMID- 6749479 TI - Professor Gastaut and his contributions to the World Health Organization programme. PMID- 6749481 TI - Mediation and the electroencephalogram. PMID- 6749480 TI - Cerebral evoked potentials: a historical review of the marseilles contributions and a preliminary report on a study of the effects of various stimulus parameters on the P90 component of the pattern visual evoked potential. AB - A preliminary report is given of a study in 10 normal subjects comparing the laterality of the P90 component of the PVEP as elicited by pattern reversal and pattern appearance stimuli delivered monocularly and binocularly in the central and peripheral portions of one-life field. P90 was shown often to appear maximally over the hemisphere ipsilateral to the stimulus field with pattern reversal stimuli in central targets viewed monocularly. Pattern appearance, peripheral targets and binocular stimulation provoked less consistently lateralized and sometimes differently configured responses. It is concluded that while all combinations provoked responses consistent with a dipole generator model similar to that proposed by Blumhardt et al. (1978), these different modes of stimulation cannot be considered to be equivalent. PMID- 6749482 TI - Gastaut and the EEG Federation. PMID- 6749483 TI - Professor Gastaut's contribution to the International League against Epilepsy. PMID- 6749484 TI - Identification of insulin-degrading enzyme on the surface of cultured human lymphocytes, rat hepatoma cells, and primary cultures of rat hepatocytes. PMID- 6749485 TI - Evidence that luteinizing hormone from the maternal pituitary gland may promote antepartum release of relaxin, luteolysis, and birth in rats. PMID- 6749486 TI - The transplantation of parathyroid tissue in man: development, indications, technique, and results. PMID- 6749487 TI - Correlation of mutagenic assessment of Houston air particulate extracts in relation to lung cancer mortality rates. PMID- 6749488 TI - Effects of fly ash inhalation on murine immune function: effects on systemic response. PMID- 6749489 TI - The effects of smoking on fertility from gametogenesis to implantation. PMID- 6749490 TI - Serum beta-N-acetylglucosaminidase isoenzymes in insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus. PMID- 6749491 TI - Human low-molecular-weight urinary urokinase. Partial characterization and preliminary sequence data of the two polypeptide chains. AB - Low-molecular-weight urokinase (molecular weight 33100) was separated by analytical and preparative isoelectric focusing into five major subforms with isoelectric points between 8.7 and 9.6. These subforms are very similar in molecular weight, specific activity, amino acid composition and content of amino sugar and their N-terminal sequence constellation is identical. Low-molecular weight urokinase consists of two polypeptide chains connected by a single disulfide bridge. The N-terminal region of the heavy chain (calculated Mr 30700) exhibits homology within the first 46 residues analyzed, with the known primary structure of other serine proteases. The mini chain (Mr 2426), whose complete sequence was determined, consists of 21 residues which show homology with the primary structure of the C-terminal region of the plasmin heavy chain. Based on sequence data and homology criteria with serine proteases a single-chain urokinase precursor is postulated having a peptide bond constellation between heavy and light chain region compatible with the requirements for serine protease activation. PMID- 6749492 TI - Ribonuclease E is involved in the processing of 5-S rRNA from a number of rRNA transcription units. AB - Strains of Escherichia coli having a thermosensitive RNase E produce a number of 5-S ribosomal RNA precursors at a non-permissive temperature. One of these precursors, 9-S RNA, was reported earlier [Ghora, B.K. and Apirion, D. (1978) Cell, 15, 1055-1066]. Here we show the existence of additional precursors to 5-S rRNA, originating from a number of rRNA genes. All the precursors are very similar in the first 200 nucleotides and the last part of this sequence contains the mature 5-S rRNA. Precursors that contain only these nucleotides (8-S RNA) accumulate. They probably originate from the rrn genes C, D and F which contain trailer tRNAs. The 9-S RNA precursors contain in addition a termination stem and loop structure and are derived from genes which do not contain trailer tRNA (Singh and Apirion, unpublished results). In addition, a 10-S precursor was identified. It contains distal to the 5-S rRNA a trailer tRNA, tRNAAsp, and a transcription termination signal. It is derived from the rrnF gene. The accumulation of an RNA precursor containing an RNase P site in an rne mutant suggests that the efficiency of one RNA processing enzyme depends on the activity of other RNA processing enzymes. PMID- 6749493 TI - Auramine O as a conformational probe to study glyceraldehyde 3-phosphate dehydrogenase. PMID- 6749494 TI - Anion binding to liver alcohol dehydrogenase. AB - 1. Complex formation at the general anion-binding site of the liver alcohol dehydrogenase subunit has been characterized by transient-state kinetic methods, using NADH as a reporter ligand. Equilibrium dissociation constants for anion binding at the site are reported. They conform basically to the lyotropic series of affinity order, with exceptionally tight binding of sulphate. The particular specificity for sulphate might be a general characteristic of anion-binding enzymic arginyl sites. 2. Anionic species of phosphate and pyrophosphate buffer solutions do not interact significantly with the general anion-binding site over the pH range 8-10. At lower pH, phosphate binding becomes significant due to complex formation with the monovalent H2PO4 species. The latter interaction corresponds to a dissociation constant of about 60 mM, indicating that phosphate binding is comparatively weak also at low pH. 3. It is concluded that previously reported pH dependence data for coenzyme binding to liver alcohol dehydrogenase cannot be much affected by coenzyme-competitive effects of buffer anion binding. Kinetic parameter estimates now determined for NADH binding in weakly buffered solutions agree within experimental precision with those obtained previously from measurements made in buffer solutions of 0.1 M ionic strength. PMID- 6749495 TI - Purification by affinity chromatography of 2,4-dienoyl-CoA reductases from bovine liver and Escherichia coli. AB - 1. Dye-ligand chromatography using immobilized Cibacron blue F3GA (blue Sepharose CL-6B) and Procion red HE3B (Matrex gel red A) as matrices and general ligand chromatography employing immobilized 2',5'-ADP (2',5'-ADP-Sepharose 4B) and immobilized 3',5'-ADP (3',5'-ADP-Agarose) were employed for purification of NADPH dependent 2-enoyl-CoA reductase and 2,4-dienoyl-CoA reductase from bovine liver (formerly called 4-enoyl-CoA reductase [Kunau, W. H. and Dommes, P. (1978) Eur. J. Biochem. 91, 533-544], as well as 2,4-dienoyl-CoA reductase from Escherichia coli. 2. The NADPH-dependent 2-enoyl-CoA reductase from bovine liver mitochondria was separated from 2,4-dienoyl-CoA reductase by dye-ligand chromatography (Matrex gel red A/KCl gradient) as well as by general ligand affinity chromatography (2',5'-ADP-Sepharose 4B/NADP gradient). The enzyme was obtained in a highly purified form. 3. The NADPH-dependent 2,4-dienoyl-CoA reductase from bovine liver mitochondria was purified to homogeneity using blue Sepharose CL-6B, Matrex gel red A, and 2',5'-ADP-Sepharose 4B chromatography. 4. The bacterial 2,4-dienoyl CoA reductase was completely purified by ion-exchange chromatography on DEAE cellulose followed by a single affinity chromatography step employing 2',5'-ADP Sepharose 4B and biospecific elution from the column with a substrate, trans,trans-2,4-decadienoyl-CoA. 5. The application of dye-ligand and general ligand affinity chromatography for purification of NADPH-dependent 2,4-dienoyl CoA reductases taking part in the beta-oxidation of unsaturated fatty acids is discussed. It is concluded that making use of coenzyme specificity for binding and substrate specificity for elution is essential for obtaining homogeneous enzyme preparations. PMID- 6749496 TI - Cloning and amplified expression of the tyrosyl-tRNA synthetase genes of Bacillus stearothermophilus and Escherichia coli. AB - Two fragments of DNA which carry the genes coding for the tyrosyl-tRNA synthetases of Escherichia coli and Bacillus stearothermophilus have been cloned into the plasmid pBR322 and were selected by complementation of an E. coli temperature-sensitive mutant. Transformation of this strain with either of the recombinant plasmids results in a 100-fold increase in tyrosyl-tRNA synthetase activity measured in vitro and the protein products co-migrate with the corresponding purified enzymes on polyacrylamide gels. PMID- 6749497 TI - The context theory as applied to the decoding of the initiator tRNA by Escherichia coli ribosomes. AB - The involvement of nucleotides adjacent to the termination codons in tRNA during the suppression of termination has been formulated as the 'context theory' by Bossi and Roth (1980) [Nature (Lond.) 286, 123-127]. The finding that U-U-G functions as an initiator codon has revived the discussion on the participation of the nucleotides flanking the initiator triplet in the decoding of initiator tRNA (context theory of initiation by the ribosome). We compared the capacity of oligonucleotides cognate to the anticodon loop of formylmethionine tRNA, such as A-U-G, A-U-G-A and U-A-U-G-A, to enhance the formation of the 30-S and 70-S ribosomal initiation complexes. Three different methods were used to determine the apparent binding constants and the stoichiometries of the respective complexes: adsorption of the complexes to nitrocellulose filters, equilibrium dialysis, and velocity sedimentation. We found that in the 30-S ribosomal initiation complex and in the presence of initiation factor 2 and GTP, formylmethionyl-tRNA is preferentially decoded by more than three mRNA bases. With the 70-S ribosome, however, once initiation factor 2 had been released, A-U G represented the most effective codon to direct the formylmethionyl-tRNA to the peptidyl site. An extended initiator sequence may either give additional stability to the 30-S initiation complex or may allow for an ambiguity by one base pair in the decoding of the initiator tRNA. PMID- 6749498 TI - The primary structure of Escherichia coli K12 2-deoxyribose 5-phosphate aldolase. Nucleotide sequence of the deoC gene and the amino acid sequence of the enzyme. AB - The sequence of the deoC gene of Escherichia coli K12 and the amino acid sequence of the corresponding protein, deoxyriboaldolase, has been established. The protein consists of 259 amino acids with a molecular weight of 27 737. The purified enzyme may exist both as a monomer and as a dimer. On the basis of amino acid composition, molecular weight and catalytic properties, the enzymes from E. coli and Salmonella typhimurium seem to be almost similar. They belong to the class I aldolases, which form Schiff base intermediates. Using data for the S. typhimurium enzyme, the lysine residue involved in the active site in the E. coli enzyme was tentatively identified. PMID- 6749499 TI - Fluorogenic substrates for bacterial aminopeptidase P and its analogs detected in human serum and calf lung. AB - A sensitive fluorimetric assay was developed for bacterial aminopeptidase P, based on intramolecularly quenched fluorogenic substrates. Two substrates were synthesized. Phe(NO2)-Pro-HN-CH2-CH2-NH-ABz (substrate I) and Phe(NO2)-Pro-Pro-HN CH2-CH2-NH-ABz (substrate II), in which the Phe(NO2) group (rho-nitro-L phenylalanyl) quenches the fluorescence of the ABz group (omicron-aminobenzoyl). Both substrates were readily cleaved by aminopeptidase P from Escherichia coli, releasing rho-nitro-L-phenylalanine and causing a proportional increase in fluorescence. Complete hydrolysis of the two substrates resulted in a 7.5-fold and 3.4-fold fluorescence increase, respectively. Applying this fluorogenic assay, we were able to detect and measure quantitatively amino-peptidase P-like activity in the human serum and calf-lung extracts. Substrate II was shown to be specifically cleaved by aminopeptidase P in these preparations, while substrate I was apparently cleaved by other enzymes as well. In both preparations, the enzyme activity was independent of Co2+ ions, and Pro-HN-CH2-CH2-NH-ABz (Cbz) was inhibitory. The kinetic constant Km was determined as 0.35 mM and 0.28 mM for the human serum and the calf-lung enzymes respectively. The enzyme activity was only slightly dependent on pH in the range 7.0-8.4. PMID- 6749500 TI - Classification of trimethoprim-resistant dihydrofolate reductases mediated by R plasmids using isoelectric focussing. PMID- 6749501 TI - Biosynthesis of Escherichia coli Braun's lipoprotein precursors in vitro and binding to membrane vesicles. AB - A cell-free system only programmed by endogenous mRNA present in a 30000 X g supernatant fraction is described in which 15-40% of the material produced was constituted by two lipoprotein precursors. These two polypeptides (a) are immunologically related, (b) contain the signal peptide and (c) apparently differ by the presence in one of them of a substituent on the -SH group of the single cysteine residue. The nature of this substituent could not be determined but no evidence was obtained that it could be a glyceride. No processing of any of these prolipoprotein forms could be demonstrated by addition of either Triton X-100 or membrane vesicles. A similar binding of both precursors to inverted membrane vesicles was observed when they were provided either co-translationally or post translationally and this reaction occurred without the help of major membrane compounds. PMID- 6749502 TI - Isolation of enzymically active fragments formed by limited proteolysis of ATP citrate lyase. PMID- 6749503 TI - Immunocytochemical localization of beta-glucuronidase in the male rat preputial gland. AB - Present knowledge of the in situ intracellular localization of acid hydrolases is mainly based on enzyme-cytochemical observations. In the preputial gland cells beta-glucuronidase and acid phosphatase were thus demonstrated in lysosome-like secretory granules and the GERL system. We applied immunocytochemistry to localize beta-glucuronidase at the earliest sites of biosynthesis. Lysosomal beta glucuronidase was purified from preputial gland by column chromatography and SDS gel electrophoresis. Antibodies were raised in rabbit and affinity-purified preparations were used for immunocytochemistry on thin frozen sections of perfusion fixed preputial glands. Indirect procedures were applied with a second antibody labelled with rhodamine for fluorescence, and 5 or 8 nm protein A-gold probes for electron microscopy. beta-Glucuronidase occurred in all cells, except for the precursor cells, and was localized throughout the endoplasmic reticulum and perinuclear space, in all Golgi cisternae and storage granules, and in autophagic vacuoles. Thus in the preputial gland cell, beta-glucuronidase is present in both the lysosomal and the secretory system. PMID- 6749504 TI - Comparative study of the sensitivity of CT and quantitative angioscintigraphy in cerebrovascular disease. AB - A method for multiparametric quantitative cerebral angioscintigraphy is described. For the evaluation of the symmetry of hemispherical bolus transit the following parameters were used: the cumulative L/R hemispheric ratios expressed in arctangent values and the sequential hemispheric activity difference. Both the sensitivity and specificity of this technique for detection of proven stenosis of carotid or cerebral arteries (25 cases) were 80%, in comparison with 60% for computerized axial tomography. A few clinical examples illustrate the diagnostic utility of quantitative cerebral angioscintigraphy. The value of the different quantitative parameters is discussed and compared with other similar studies. With regard to the complementary role of computerized axial tomography and serial cerebral scintigraphy the results of other authors were confirmed. Considering the broad field of application for dynamic brain scintigraphy and the fact that both sensitivity and specificity of this exploration are comparable to, or even better than, CT, it is our opinion that isotopic exploration remains a reliable detection method for cerebrovascular disease. PMID- 6749505 TI - Growth and endocrine changes in the hepatic glycogenoses. AB - The biochemical and endocrine responses of 13 patients with hepatic glycogen storage disease (HGSD) (type I-six patients, type Ib-two, type III-three, type IX two patients) to an oral glucose load have been investigated. Longitudinal growth data was available in all patients. The height velocity standard deviation score (HVSDS) was positively correlated with the plasma somatomedin and inversely correlated with the glucose-insulin ratio, plasma cortisol and plasma growth hormone concentrations. There was no correlation between plasma glucagon and HVSDS with treatment was accompanied by a rise in plasma somatomedin and a fall in growth hormone and cortisol. In two patients the glucose-insulin ratio decreased. Growth retardation in HGSD can be explained as part of the adaptation to the inability to maintain normal glucose homeostasis. PMID- 6749506 TI - Cellular immunity in children with coeliac disease. AB - The experimental evidence implicating defective cell-mediated immunity in coeliac disease, a condition where symptomatology is believed to be due to immunological reaction to wheat gluten, is often inconsistent and sometimes controversial. Studies of certain parameters of cellular immunity in four groups of pediatric patients were performed: coeliac patients on normal diet; coeliac patients consuming gluten-free diet; children with cow's milk sensitivity. In all these assays no significant differences were found between treated or untreated coeliac children, infants with milk allergy or the gastro-intestinal control groups. On the basis of this study we could find no evidence of impairment of cell-mediated immunity in coeliac children. This conclusion is compatible with the hypothesis that intestinal damage may be due to a subpopulation of lymphocytes sensitive to gluten in persons with normal immune systems. In adults where abnormalities of cell-mediated immunity have sometimes been noted, the reason could be a loss of lymphocytes from the damaged mucosa of the gastrointestinal tract following prolonged antigenic stimulation. This indicated the need for strict adherence to a gluten-free-diet. PMID- 6749507 TI - Progressive interstitial pulmonary lobar emphysema. AB - Progressive pulmonary interstitial lobar emphysema is a complication of artificial ventilation in premature infants with RDS. Three cases are presented who developed a progressive form of PIPE. It is demonstrated that PIPE is caused by air escaping through alveolar leaks into the pulmonary lymphatic capillary system causing dilation of lymphatic channels. Because of its increasing compressive effect on adjacent lung areas PIPE requires rapid and effective therapy. Although several types of conservative approach are suggested, lobectomy is not indicated when prolonged ventilation with high pressures and high concentrations of oxygen have caused severe bronchopulmonary dysplasia. PMID- 6749508 TI - Successful treatment of pulmonary and cerebral aspergillosis in an immunosuppressed child. AB - A favourable outcome was observed in a 12 year-old boy who developed invasive pulmonary and cerebral aspergillosis during antineoplastic treatment for central nervous system relapse of acute lymphoblastic leukemia. Combination therapy with amphotericin B and 5-Fluorocytosine led to complete regression of pulmonary infiltrates. Despite enlargement of the cerebral lesion monitored by computerized tomography, no viable fungi were found in the completely resected abscess after a 4 weeks' course of antifungal treatment preceding neurosurgery. Histological examination confirmed the diagnosis of an aspergillotic abscess. The initially severe neurological symptoms disappeared after successful surgery. Aspergillus fumigatus was detected in the soil of a potted ornamental plant in the mother's living room, suggesting that this might have been the source of the infectious agent. PMID- 6749510 TI - Long-term effect of pancreas transplantation on diabetic hyperglucagonemia. AB - Pancreas isotransplantation was performed on streptozotocin-diabetic Wistar rats. To study the influence of the graft on diabetic hyperglucagonemia, immunoreactive glucagon (IRG) and its response to alanine (peak IRG) were determined in peripheral blood at intervals for up to 8 months after the transplantation. Concentrations of IRG and immunoreactive insulin (IRI) in effluent blood from host pancreas (portal vein) and graft (caval vein) were measured 4 months after the transplantation to estimate the hormone release from both organs. Following transplantation, caval IRI increased sixfold. Portal IRI increased 180% and reached 65% of the concentration observed in control rats. Peripheral basal and peak IRG were initially restored to normal, but were later increased to levels equal to those of diabetic rats. Also portal and caval IRG concentrations were similar in recipients and diabetic rats. The results show that relatively small amounts of glucagon are released from the graft, and that the exaggerated glucagon release from the host pancreas is only transiently normalized following pancreas transplantation. PMID- 6749509 TI - Clinical pharmacokinetics of atenolol--a review. AB - Atenolol is a hydrophilic betareceptor blocking drug, which is predominantly eliminated via the kidneys, only about 5% of the atenolol is metabolised by the liver. After oral administration atenolol is incompletely absorbed from the intestine, so about 50% of the beta blocker are finally biovailable. In plasma only 3% of atenolol are protein-bound. There exists a linear relationship between the atenolol plasma levels and the degree of beta blocking effect measured by inhibition of the exercise-induced tachycardia. No correlation was found between plasma levels of atenolol and blood pressure lowering activity of the drug. After oral administration elimination half life of atenolol is calculated from 6 to 9 h by different authors. In patients with impaired renal function elimination half life of atenolol gradually increases to values of 36 h in uraemic patients (glomerular filtration rate (GFR) less than 10 ml/min). Between GFR and atenolol plasma clearance as well as renal clearance a close significant correlation is described. Prolongation of elimination half life requires a dosage adjustment of atenolol in patients with renal failure. A marked interaction of atenolol is found when calcium or aluminium hydroxide are concurrently administered with the beta blocker whereas cimetidine does not influence atenolol kinetics. PMID- 6749511 TI - Femoral nerve lesion subsequent to renal transplantation. AB - Severe femoral neuropathy subsequent to renal transplantation is described in a patient who died in the 5th postoperative week. Postmortem examination revealed a compression of the femoral nerve by an older hematoma of the iliac muscle, ipsilateral to the transplantation, and severe Wallerian degeneration of the nerve beginning at the site of the hematoma. It is postulated that the hematoma resulted from surgical trauma on the iliac muscle and was facilitated by previous anticoagulation and hypertensive vasculopathy. We suggest that every patient with similar symptoms occurring after renal transplantation should be investigated for a retroperitoneal hematoma. If such a hematoma is diagnosed, immediate decompression neurolysis should be performed in order to prevent prolonged recovery time or permanent disability. PMID- 6749512 TI - Comparative growth of human tumors in pharmacologically immunosuppressed, immune deprived, cyclosporin A-treated and nude mice. AB - The growth of three human tumor xenografts, namely an Ewing sarcoma, a colon carcinoma and an osteosarcoma, was compared in nude and conditioned mice. Conditioning protocols included (1) immune deprivation (thymectomy, lethal irradiation and cytosine arabinoside pretreatment); (2) immunosuppression with procarbazine, cyclophosphamide and antithymocyte serum; and (3) continuous administration of cyclosporin A. Similar tumor growth was seen in nude mice, immune-deprived mice and mice treated with the medium and high-dose immunosuppressive protocol. Cyclosporin A allowed only very modest tumor growth. In the main comparative experiment with the Ewing sarcoma and the colon carcinoma, overall survival was lowest with nude mice (17%), higher with immune deprived mice (61%) and best with immunosuppressed mice (81 and 87%). For the screening of anticancer agents the immunosuppressive protocol consisting of synergistic procarbazine, cyclophosphamide and antithymocyte serum may be added to the already available models. It allows adequate tumor growth with good animal survival and does not require operative procedures and irradiation. PMID- 6749513 TI - Contemporary sport psychology. PMID- 6749514 TI - Fiber architecture and muscle function. PMID- 6749515 TI - Cardiovascular hazards of physical activity. PMID- 6749516 TI - Achievement motivation in sport. PMID- 6749517 TI - Data smoothing and differentiation procedures in biomechanics. PMID- 6749518 TI - Biomechanics of postural control. PMID- 6749519 TI - Physiological consequences of reduced physical activity during bed rest. PMID- 6749520 TI - Strengthening muscle. PMID- 6749521 TI - The prediction of forces in joint structures; distribution of intersegmental resultants. PMID- 6749522 TI - Exercise in a cold environment. PMID- 6749523 TI - Injuries to the human spinal column: biomechanics and injury classification. PMID- 6749524 TI - Biomechanical analysis of shot putting technique. PMID- 6749525 TI - EMG/force relations and fatigue of human voluntary contractions. PMID- 6749526 TI - The effect of food on the bioavailability and pharmacodynamics of tolbutamide in diabetic patients. AB - The effect of food on the rate and extent of absorption of tolbutamide in diabetic patients was studied by varying the time of drug administration in relation to the ingestion of a standard meal. Serum levels of tolbutamide, insulin and glucose and related bioavailability parameters were compared following the administration of a single dose of tolbutamide 0.5 g to diabetic patients 30 min prior to and immediately before a standardized meal. A placebo dosage form was also administered to determine baseline glucose and insulin response to the meal. The 700 calorie standard meal was composed of 41% carbohydrate, 18% protein, and 41% fat. Administration of the drug with the meal resulted in a 6% (statistically significant) decrease in the extent of absorption, as determined by measurement of the area under the tolbutamide serum level-time curve from zero to infinity. Serum levels of tolbutamide were also significantly higher 0.5 h after drug administration when the drug was taken with the meal. Except for these two minor effects, no other differences between the drug treatments were observed in any other parameters of tolbutamide absorption or in the postprandial glucose and insulin serum levels. Therefore, the small differences found were judged to be clinically meaningless. These findings demonstrate that administration of tolbutamide 0.5 g tablets 30 min prior to or with a standard meal results in equivalent therapeutic actions. PMID- 6749527 TI - The roles of host and donor cells in the rejection of skin allografts by T cell deprived rats injected with syngeneic T cells. PMID- 6749528 TI - Expression of a distinct B cell clonotype profile after recovery from antigen induced unresponsiveness. AB - The purpose of these experiments was to determine whether the B cell clonotype profile expressed in mice which have recovered from antigen-induced unresponsiveness is similar to that of nontolerized mice. Unresponsiveness to phosphorylcholine (PC) was initiated by injection of neonatal mice with PC coupled human gamma globulin, resulting in the inability to respond to challenge with PC-lipopolysaccharide at 1.5 months of age. By 3 months of age, pretreated mice were 50% responsive while by 5 and 7.5 months of age, full responsiveness was observed. At each time point two differences distinguished the anti-PC antibody from nonpretreated mice. First, whereas nonpretreated mice displayed T15 dominance, pretreated mice did not. Second, the average avidity of T15-negative antibody produced in pretreated mice was greater than that in nonpretreated mice and similar to that of T15-positive antibody. Possible mechanisms for this "permanent" alteration of the antibody profile are discussed. PMID- 6749529 TI - Restoration of antibody responsiveness in early thymectomized Xenopus by implantation of major histocompatibility complex-mismatched larval thymus. AB - The restorative potential of isogeneic and fully allogeneic thymic implants to restore in vivo antibody responsiveness to a thymus-dependent antigen has been examined in thymectomized clawed toads. Isogeneic clones (Xenopus laevis/gilli and X. laevis/muelleri hybrids) of known major histocompatability complex (MHC) haplotypes were thymectomized at 5-7 days, implanted with MHC-identical or mismatched (normal or irradiated ) thymuses from 5-week-old larvae and 4 months later injected with dinitrophenylated keyhole limpet hemocyanin. IgM antibody responsiveness (measured by phage inactivation) was restored in terms of its quantity, affinity and specificity in those thymectomized animals given two haplotype-different thymuses. Isoelectric focusing data revealed that low molecular weight antibody production was also restored with isogeneic and allogeneic thymus and that the antibody spectrotypes were of the host type. The finding that in vivo T-B collaboration in thymectomized animals develops normally following thymus implantation, even when the thymus genotype is disparate from the host, is discussed both in the light of previous experiments revealing MHC restriction of Xenopus T helper cells in vitro and in terms of the role of the thymus in promoting adaptive differentiation of this lymphocyte subset. PMID- 6749530 TI - A prostaglandin analogue which potently relaxes human uterus but not gut muscle. PMID- 6749531 TI - Comparison of the potencies of some prostaglandins as vasodilators in three vascular beds of the anaesthetised dog. AB - Following close intra-arterial administration to the carotid and femoral arterial beds of the anaesthetised dog the rank order of potency for producing vasodilation was PGE greater than 11-deoxy PGE0 greater than PGA greater than PGI2 greater than PGB with the 1- and 2-series prostaglandins equipotent. PGI2 was about 60 times weaker than PGE1. In the mesenteric arterial bed the rank order of potency for producing vasodilation was the same except PGI2 was about equipotent with PGE1. The absolute potency of the prostaglandins, with the exception of PGI, was similar on all three vascular beds. A similar differential action of PGI2 relative to PGE1 was also observed following both left intraventricular and intravenous administration. We suggest that all three arterial beds contain PGE-receptors mediating vasodilatation at which the E series prostaglandins are potent and PGI2 is weak. In addition the mesenteric bed contains PGI2-receptors which are absent or sparse in the carotid and femoral beds. PMID- 6749532 TI - Chronotropic effects of angiotensin I, angiotensin II, bradykinin and vasopressin in guinea pig atria. AB - Chronotropic responses to angiotensin I and angiotensin II, vasopressin and bradykinin were measured in guinea pig isolated right atria. Angiotensin II (100 30,000 pg/ml) was slightly more potent than angiotensin I and caused a maximum tachycardia of 30-40 b/min; only 20% of the maximum response to (--) noradrenaline. Propranolol (1 micro M) or reserpine pretreatment (1 mg/kg i.p., 24 h) did not alter the response to angiotensin II or bradykinin. Converting enzyme inhibition by captopril (10 micrograms/ml) did not affect resting rate nor the response to angiotensin II but shifted the location of the angiotensin I curve by 40 fold to the right. Bradykinin (5-500 ng/ml) caused small increases in rate while vasopressin 1-100 ng/ml was completely without effect. These results suggest that angiotensin II has a small positive chronotropic effect that is not dependent on tissue noradrenaline release or beta-adrenoceptors and that tissue converting enzyme is active in right atria. Relatively high concentrations of angiotensin and bradykinin were required to directly stimulate the sino-atrial node compared with plasma levels measured during physiological stimuli. Therefore these effects on atria are probably of little physiological significance for peptide concentrations in plasma but may be important in relation to local tissue generation of angiotensin II. PMID- 6749533 TI - Laminin inhibits the adhesion of a murine tumor of macrophage origin. PMID- 6749534 TI - Immunofluorescence and inhibitor studies on creatine kinase and mitosis. PMID- 6749535 TI - Epidermal growth factor (EGF) and somatomedin C regulate G1 progression in competent BALB/c-3T3 cells. PMID- 6749536 TI - On the existence of an internal nuclear protein structure in HeLa cells. PMID- 6749537 TI - On the mechanism of premeiotic DNA synthesis in the yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae. PMID- 6749538 TI - The effect of the cdc9 mutation on premeiotic DNA synthesis in the yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae. PMID- 6749539 TI - Calf lens neutral proteinase activity using calf lens crystallin substrates. PMID- 6749541 TI - International Society for Experimental Hematology. Membership roster 1981-1982. PMID- 6749540 TI - Toxic effects of DL-alpha-aminoadipic acid on muller cells from rats in vivo and cultured cerebral astrocytes. PMID- 6749542 TI - International Society for Experimental Hematology: 11th annual meeting, Baltimore, 12-15 August 1982. Abstracts. PMID- 6749543 TI - Bone marrow cellularity in normal and polycythemic mice estimated by DNA incorporation of 3H-TdR. AB - Nucleated bone marrow cell numbers in normal and polycythemic mice were determined using 3H-thymidine (3H-TdR). The cellularities were estimated by extrapolating the exponential disappearance of labeled cells after a single injection of 3H-TdR to the time of injection. Dermestid beetles (Anthrenus piceus) were used to prepare tissue-free skeletons labeled with 3H-TdR. The correlation between tritium activity in bone marrow DNA and tritium derived from the combusted skeleton was determined. The total skeletal cellularity determined by isotope dilution analysis in both normal and polycythemic mice was 2.6 x 10(8) cells/mouse or 17.6 x 10(9) cells/kg body weight. Although the red cell component of the marrow was reduced in the polycythemic mouse, the total numbers of nucleated cells in both types of animals were similar. The differential distribution of cells in the polycythemic animal showed a twofold increase in granulocytic cells, which may explain the identical nucleated cell count in normal and in polycythemic mice. PMID- 6749544 TI - Cell-mediated and humoral immune responses in guinea pigs sensitized with the thermostable antigen of human granulocytes (TSGA). AB - Cell-mediated and humoral immune responses are induced shortly after a single injection of the human thermostable granulocyte antigen TSGA to guinea pigs. This was proved by means of the lymphocyte transformation assay and the estimation of MIF and LIF activity in supernatants of antigen-stimulated lymph node cells as well as by immunodiffusion, immunoelectrophoresis and immunohistology. The maximum of the cellular response was observed 10 days after immunization. The antibody production appeared after a lag time and increased continuously thereafter. The antisera of guinea pig yields a strong specific fluorescence in neutrophils and a weak fluorescence in monocytes of man. The humoral immune responses of guinea pig antisera correspond to the results obtained with antisera from rabbits. PMID- 6749545 TI - Factor-free and one-factor-promoted poly(U,C)-dependent synthesis of polypeptides in cell-free systems from Escherichia coli. PMID- 6749546 TI - Evolutionary relationship between eukaryotic 29--32 S nucleolar rRNA precursors and the prokaryotic 23 S rRNA. PMID- 6749547 TI - Phosphorylation of the hepatic insulin receptor: stimulating effect of insulin on intact cells and in a cell-free system. PMID- 6749548 TI - Bacterial chemotaxis controls the catabolite repression of flagellar biogenesis. PMID- 6749549 TI - Internalization and degradation of a low affinity insulin ([LeuB24]insulin) by rat adipocytes. PMID- 6749550 TI - Endogenous ionophoretic activity in the neonatal rat pancreatic islet. PMID- 6749551 TI - Cellular dynamics of insulin action. PMID- 6749552 TI - Trace minerals and atherosclerosis. AB - Although there is no evidence for a direct cause-effect relationship between mineral and trace element status and atherosclerosis in humans, many elements exert a strong influence on individual risk factors for cardiovascular disease, such as disorders of blood lipids, blood pressure, coagulation, glucose tolerance, and circulating insulin. Studies in humans and animals have shown that optimal intakes of elements such as sodium, magnesium, calcium, chromium, copper, zinc, and iodine can reduce individual risk factors; some of these studies are consistent with the results of epidemiologic correlations. Influences of local geochemical environment and of dietary practices can result in mineral and trace element imbalances; deficiencies of chromium, iron, copper, zinc, selenium, and iodine are well defined. Detection and correction of such imbalances in populations, through diminishing individual risk factors, might ultimately reduce the incidence of atherosclerotic heart disease. PMID- 6749553 TI - [Vasilii Ivanovich Razumovskii (on the 125th anniversary of his birth)]. PMID- 6749554 TI - [Leonardo da Vinci as anatomist]. PMID- 6749555 TI - [Concern of the Soviet government for maternal and child health protection]. PMID- 6749556 TI - Neutral alpha-1,4-glucosidase in human seminal plasma: molecular forms in varicocele and after vasectomy. AB - Neutral alpha-1,4-glucosidase catalyzes the breakdown of oligosaccharides in several tissues including the reproductive organs, and we have demonstrated the presence of two molecular forms (F1 and F2) of the enzyme in human seminal plasma. The identification of these forms can be achieved by sucrose density gradient analysis and/or electrophoresis in the presence of detergents. Individuals with normal sperm analyses or affected by a varicocele, thus showing normo- or oligoasthenozoospermia, show a similar prevalence of F1 only and F1 + F2 forms, while the presence of F2 alone becomes obvious following vasectomy. In conclusion, molecular forms of the enzyme do not appear to be indicative of the presence of a varicocele, but they may reflect modifications in the secretory function of specific reproductive organs (prostate) or glands (seminal vesicles), as observed in the course of an obstructive abnormality at the epididymal or vas deferens level. PMID- 6749557 TI - Impairment of rat spermatogenesis following unilateral experimental ischemia. AB - When one testis in a rat is rendered ischemic, histologic damage occurs in the contralateral testis, which can be explained on immunologic grounds. An increase in the quantity of a naturally circulating cytotoxic antitestis antibody or an alteration in the specificity of this antibody was observed via cytotoxic antibody tests. Immunocytochemical techniques further demonstrated this phenomenon, showing binding of fluorescein-labeled antibody to sections of normal control testis or to sections of contralateral testis. It appeared that the ischemic testis presented altered ischemic cells or normal cells to the immune system as its blood-testis barrier was broken down. It is suggested that to leave a necrotic testis within the scrotum following prolonged torsion of the testis in the human may be a reason for subfertility or infertility in this type of condition, and a similar result may occur following unilateral testicular damage caused by varicocele or orchitis. PMID- 6749558 TI - Growth hormone secretion in the Prader-Labhart-Willi syndrome. PMID- 6749559 TI - [Mechanisms of cellular regulation of production of a factor experimentally inhibiting macrophage migration]. PMID- 6749560 TI - [Functional activity of T-lymphocyte suppressors and helpers following experimental kidney allotransplantation]. PMID- 6749561 TI - [Production of monoclonal antibodies and use of monospecific and monoclonal antibodies in immunochemical analyses]. PMID- 6749562 TI - [Antigens of the heart]. PMID- 6749563 TI - [Compensation of the disturbed functions of the central nervous system]. AB - Plasticity of the c. n. s. as revealed by the general laws, mechanisms and limits of disturbed functions compensation in recovery after brain damage, is described. Data are cited showing that after special treatment and long-term training more or less effective compensation can be attained even in spinal animals and humans with spinal cord severance. The role of the sympathetic nervous system is discussed according to L. A. Orbeli's concept of the regulatory adaptive-trophic function of the nervous system. In c. n. s. dysfunctions and disorganization resulting in an impairment of the self-regulatory system ("regulation diseases") compensation at our present state of treatment means is rather poor. PMID- 6749564 TI - Bite mark science. Forensic dentistry's hottest frontier. PMID- 6749565 TI - [Insulin resistance with acanthosis nigricans: a case report]. AB - We described a 12 7/12-year-old boy presenting the syndrome of insulin resistance and acanthosis nigricans Type A. Insulin levels at fasting state and after glucose loading were 149 +/- 63 microunits/ml (mean +/- SD) and over 1000 microunits/ml, respectively, while fasting levels of blood glucose were 77.7 +/- 8.9 mg/dl (mean +/- SD). A marked resistance to exogenous insulin was observed. Circulating levels of insulin antagonists such as growth hormone, cortisol and glucagon, were within the normal range. Proinsulin was less than 5% of the total radioimmunoassayable insulin. Insulin antibody and anti-receptor antibody were not detected. Insulin binding to mononuclear cells were decreased to about 50% of controls. Analysis of membrane receptors demonstrated the normal average affinity, dissociation kinetics and negative cooperativity with a decreased number of receptors. After two days fasting, plasma IRI levels decreased to 27 microunits/ml, however insulin binding kinetics were not affected. This might suggesting that the receptor decrease was not secondary to hyperinsulinemia. These findings indicate that a decreased number of receptors was one of the causes for insulin resistance in the patient. PMID- 6749566 TI - A specification of marital fertility by parents' age, age at marriage and marital duration. AB - The positive association between wife's age at marriage and fertility experienced at the older reproductive ages, cited in recent natural fertility literature, is explored using Mormon birth cohorts from 1840 to 1879. When this relationship is specified by husband's age at marriage and marriage duration, the results indicate that older-aged husbands depress marital fertility only at higher marriage durations. The general decomposition of age-specific fertility utilizing both mother's and father's age is also considered. The results show that mother's aging is the most important factor, while father's aging has a moderately negative effect under a natural fertility regime. PMID- 6749567 TI - The contribution of medical measures to the decline of mortality from respiratory tuberculosis: an age-period-cohort model. AB - The decline of mortality in the more developed nations has been related to two major influences, economic development and the introduction of medical measures. The contribution of medical measures has been a source of continuing controversy. Most previous studies employ either a birth cohort or calendar year arrangement of mortality data to address this controversy. The present study applies an age period-cohort model to mortality from respiratory tuberculosis in England and Wales, Italy, and New Zealand in an attempt to separate economic influences from that of medical measures. The results of the analysis indicate that while the overall contribution of medical measures is small when examined by calendar year, specific birth cohorts both in Italy and in England and Wales benefited substantially from these measures. The environmental conditions in New Zealand, however, were such that the introduction of medical measures barely affected declining mortality levels from respiratory tuberculosis. PMID- 6749568 TI - Transfer factor in atopic dermatitis. PMID- 6749569 TI - Leishmaniasis review. PMID- 6749570 TI - Jean Louis Baudelocque. PMID- 6749571 TI - Classic illustrations: From St. Anthony's fire to ergometrine (Ergonovine). PMID- 6749572 TI - Steady-state cultures of human skin. AB - Pretransplantation cultivation of adult human skin has been optimized for rapid and prolonged outgrowth of epidermal cells from tissue explants using autonomic perfusion, thin-layer culture technology (steady-state). This system fostered growth of autologous mesenchymal elements via critical control of the culture environment. The resulting cellular outgrowth maintained a balanced epithelial dermal relationship, contained keratinocytes as well as minority epidermal cells, melanocytes and possibly Langerhans cells. Critical control of culture pH and osmolarity was found to enhance epithelial cell proliferation. PMID- 6749573 TI - Culture human skin: heterotransplantation. AB - We have reported that human skin, cultured in a controlled environment system (steady state), yields epidermis-like growth from adult donor split thickness specimens. A procedure for transplantation of such cellular outgrowths to athymic nude mice for functional and morphological evaluations is reported. Successful transplants were definitely scored by the presence of histologic epidermal markers and human glucose phosphate isomerase. We suggest that the transplantation procedures reported here may contribute to the knowledge required for the use of autologous cultured skin in patients with large skin wounds. PMID- 6749574 TI - Proteoglycan modifications by granulation tissue in culture. AB - To study the process of tissue remodeling that occurs during wound healing, radioactive proteoglycan ([35S]-PGS) was used to assay for enzymatic activities present in the extracellular fluid of healing tissue. Mice, wounded by removal of a 2 x 1.5 cm patch of skin from the dorsal surface, were sacrificed after 3 days of healing. Granulation tissue (1 cm2) was removed, spread onto a sterile wire mesh support and placed in the center well of an organ culture dish. To each well was added 1 ml MCDB medium supplemented with 10% fetal calf serum and antibiotics and 5-20 microliters of [35S]-PGS (100,000 cpm/10 microliters). Medium, removed from the well by aspiration after 24 and 48 h of culture, was boiled 5 min at 100 degrees C and stored frozen at -20 degrees C. Alterations of the PGS were assayed with a Sepharose 4B column (1 x 50 cm) which had an excluded and included volume of 17 and 46 ml, respectively. PGS, incubated without cells or with tissues from unwounded animals, eluted at 26 ml. PGS, incubated with granulation tissue and cultured for either 24 or 48 h, eluted from the Sepharose 4B at 29 ml, a 10% increase in elution volume, suggesting that the size or shape of the PGS has been altered by enzymes secreted by the cells of the granulation tissue. In contrast, PGS incubated with tissues from unwounded animals or without granulation tissue showed no changes. These data suggest that enzymatic activities secreted by cells of granulation tissue may be involved in remodeling during healing. PMID- 6749575 TI - A high molecular weight peptide hydrolase in erythrocytes. AB - 1. A peptide hydrolase has been partially purified from the soluble fraction of erythrocyte lysates. 2. The enzyme has a molecular weight of approximately 600,000 and hydrolyses the chymotrypsin substrate glutaryl-Gly-Gly-Phe-7-amido-4 methylcoumarin (pH optimum 7.0) and the trypsin substrate CBZ-Gly-Gly-Arg-2 naphthylamide. The two activities could not be separated by the purification procedure used. 3. The activity towards glutaryl-Gly-Gly-Phe-7-amido-4 methylcoumarin in rat reticulocytes was four times that in mature erythrocytes. 4. Activity was abolished by 10 microM p-hydroxymercuriphenylsulphonic acid. PMID- 6749576 TI - A comparative study of the effectiveness and safety of two non-steroidal anti inflammatory agents, nabumetone and naproxen in rheumatoid arthritis. AB - A single-blind crossover study of two non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs, nabumetone (1000 mg/day) and naproxen (500 mg/day) was performed in thirty patients suffering from definite or classical rheumatoid arthritis. Nabumetone significantly improved the various parameters assessed, while this was not observed with naproxen. The superiority of nabumetone over naproxen appeared for the anti-inflammatory activity (e.g. E.S.R., articular index, P.I.P. joint circumference, grip strength) as well as for the analgesic activity (patient's opinion). The clinical tolerance appeared equally good for both drugs. PMID- 6749577 TI - A comparison of Bracen and ampicillin in the treatment of acute respiratory tract infections in children. PMID- 6749578 TI - Effect of LHRH on plasma prolactin and LH levels in female rats neonatally treated with oestradiol benzoate. PMID- 6749579 TI - Mechanism by which GnRH inhibits androgen synthesis directly in ovarian interstitial cells. AB - The mechanism by which GnRH acts on ovarian interstitial cells to inhibit androgen synthesis was studied in primary cultures of ovarian cells from hypophysectomized immature rats. Interstitial cells cultured in defined medium with LH showed a 200-fold increase in steroid production, of which androsterone was the principal metabolite (88% of the total steroid content). Treatment with GnRH (10(-8) M) inhibited LH-stimulated androsterone production by 92%. This inhibitory effect of GnRH was not due to changes in cell number, cell viability, or 125-I-hCG binding capacity. Prostaglandin E2, cholera toxin and 8-Br-cyclic AMP mimicked the LH effect on androsterone synthesis and these increases were also inhibited by GnRH. Metabolic studies of GnRH-treated cultures revealed that LH-stimulated androsterone and 5 alpha-androstane-3 alpha, 17 beta-diol were decreased by 90%; androstenedione, testosterone and DHEA were decreased by 70%; 17 alpha-hydroxypregnenolone and 17 alpha-hydroxyprogesterone were decreased by 50%; pregnenolone was unchanged; and progesterone was increased 40%. Collectively, these results suggest that GnRH directly inhibits androgen synthesis in ovarian interstitial cells by selectively inhibiting the 17 alpha hydroxylase and C17-20 desmolase activities. PMID- 6749581 TI - Family study of congenital hydrocephalus. AB - This study concerned 74 patients with uncomplicated congenital hydrocephalus who were born in Northern Ireland between 1974 and 1977. Three of their 159 sibs (1.89 per cent) were also themselves hydrocephalic, which represents a recurrence risk of 26 times the population incidence. There was a smaller but significant increase of congenital hydrocephalus among first-cousins; three of 846 (0.35 per cent) first-cousins were affected, five times the population frequency. The occurrence of neural-tube defects among sibs and cousins was similar to that for the general population. For the purpose of genetic counselling, this study indicates that once X-linked inheritance has been excluded in uncomplicated congenital hydrocephalus, the over-all empirical risk of recurrence is approximately one in 50; or one in 40 after an affected male and one in 80 after a female index patient. PMID- 6749580 TI - Compartmentalization of luteinizing hormone pools: dynamics of gonadotropin releasing hormone action in superfused pituitary cells. AB - Cultured rat anterior pituitary cells were continuously perfused with medium 199, and exposed to short (5 min), intermediate (30 min), or long (6 h) pulses of a maximally effective concentration of gonadotropin-releasing hormone (GnRH). Assay of the effluent by radioimmunoassay and interstitial-cell bioassay revealed a biphasic response to GnRH, and indicated that 3 pools of luteinizing hormone (LH) are present in the gonadotroph. A rapidly releasable peak of bioactive LH comprising about 2% of the total cellular LH was mobilized within 1 min of GnRH addition, lasted for 3-4 min, and was independent of the duration of stimulation. The second, larger pool of bioactive LH varied from 15 to 50% of the total LH as the duration of exposure to GnRH was increased from 5 min to 6 h. A third LH pool comprising up to 50% of the total LH could be mobilized by 50 mM potassium but not by continuous GnRH treatment, due to refractoriness of the cells to prolonged stimulation by the decapeptide. In contrast, repeated pulses of GnRH evoked a series of biphasic LH peaks with profiles similar to that observed during a single response to GnRH, indicating that continuous exposure to GnRH is necessary for densensitization. Release of LH from the perfused cells was calcium dependent, and the bio-immuno ratio of the first and second pools of LH was similar. The in vitro secretion profile of cultured rat cells is comparable with the early and late phases of LH release observed in GnRH-infused man, but occurs much more rapidly, and demonstrates heterogeneity of the LH release process at the level of the gonadotroph. The superfusion technique provides a powerful tool to further investigate the bioactivity of GnRH and its analogs for use in fertility control. PMID- 6749582 TI - Metformin reduces post-prandial insulin needs in type I (insulin-dependent) diabetic patients: assessment by the artificial pancreas. AB - It has been suggested that biguanides should be used in Type 1 (insulin dependent) diabetic patients in order to diminish insulin requirements and reduce the chances of insulin reactions. The efficacy of these compounds in such patients has been controversial. We have studied the effect of metformin (850 mg) given at 08.00 h in diminishing insulin needs after a 60 g carbohydrate mixed meal taken at 12.00 h, using an artificial pancreas and a sequential analysis of the results. The morning test dose of metformin or placebo was preceded by 48 h treatment with metformin (850 mg twice daily) or placebo. After the eighth patient a 26% saving of insulin need was demonstrated in the metformin-treated group (p less than 0.01). Metformin is thus effective in reducing post-prandial insulin needs in Type 1 diabetic patients, although its use in such circumstances requires consideration of several other issues. PMID- 6749583 TI - Effect of intraduodenal and intravenous triglyceride infusions on plasma gastric inhibitory polypeptide and insulin in fetal and neonatal pigs. AB - The responses of gastric inhibitory polypeptide (GIP) and insulin to intraduodenal and IV triglyceride infusions were measured in 11 late fetal and 10 neonatal pigs. Basal plasma glucose, insulin, and GIP concentrations were lower in fetal than in neonatal pigs. In the fetal pigs, plasma glucose increased slightly during intraduodenal and IV triglyceride infusions, whereas plasma insulin remained unchanged during the tests. No significant changes were observed in plasma GIP concentration following intraduodenal triglyceride infusion in the fetal pigs, but plasma GIP fell during the IV infusion of triglyceride in these pigs (p less than 0.01). In the neonatal pigs, plasma glucose and insulin remained unaffected by intraduodenal and triglyceride infusions. Plasma GIP did not change during the IV triglyceride infusion, but exhibited a paradoxical decline after the intraduodenal triglyceride infusion (p less than 0.05). It is concluded that the GIP-cell response to an oral triglyceride load is suppressed in late fetal and neonatal pigs. The abolished GIP response to oral triglycerides could play a causal role in the inactivity of the enteroinsular axis which is seen in both human and animal neonates. PMID- 6749584 TI - 125I-labelled insulin degradation by isolated rat hepatocytes: the roles of glutathione-insulin transhydrogenase and insulin-specific protease. AB - Isolated rat hepatocytes degraded 125I-insulin with a Km of 150 nmol/l. Degradation was stimulated by the addition of glutathione and dithiothreitol. In cells incubated with diamide, glutathione was oxidised to the disulphide. Regeneration of reduced glutathione commenced after a further 30 min incubation at 37 degrees C. Diamide (1 mmol/l) significantly inhibited insulin degradation by hepatocytes (p less than 0.001). The 'apparent Vmax' for insulin degradation was decreased tenfold and the Km decreased to 25 nmol/l. The diamide-insensitive degrading activity was cell-associated and produced an intermediate of hormone degradation that was apparently of a higher molecular weight than insulin A chain. The biological activity of the intermediate was 0.03% of that of insulin. The diamide-insensitive activity was not due to release of protease into the medium by cell lysis. We conclude that there are at least two pathways capable of degrading insulin existing in rat hepatocytes. PMID- 6749585 TI - Efflux of radioactive nucleotides from mouse pancreatic islets prelabelled with 2 3H-adenosine. AB - Cultured mouse pancreatic islets were prelabelled with 2-3H-adenosine in order to monitor the efflux pattern of radioactivity and insulin. The outflow of radioactivity decreased continuously when the islets were perifused with glucose (1.67 mmol/l). When raising the glucose concentration to 16.7 mmol/l, there was a prompt inhibition of the radioactive efflux concomitant with an increased rate of insulin release. These effects were reversed when the high glucose challenge was withdrawn. Similar radioactive efflux patterns were obtained after addition of alpha-ketoisocaproic acid, leucine or pyruvate to the perifusion medium, and also when the islets were challenged with high glucose concentrations in the absence of calcium. Both antimycin A and glipizide stimulated the efflux of radioactivity, although only the addition of glipizide was accompanied by a stimulation of the insulin release. Nucleotides constituted approximately 90% of the total effluent radioactivity. Decrease in the radioactive AMP and ADP efflux due to high glucose was furthermore found to be the cause of the observed inhibition of the total radioactive efflux. The changes in radioactive efflux induced by glucose probably reflect changes in the intracellular concentrations of AMP and ADP. It is concluded that no simple correlation exists between radioactive efflux and insulin release and that changes in the intracellular concentrations of nucleotides may be an early event in the stimulus-secretion coupling of glucose-induced insulin release. PMID- 6749586 TI - Insulin production rate, hepatic insulin retention and splanchnic carbohydrate metabolism after oral glucose ingestion in hyperinsulinaemic Type 2 (non-insulin dependent) diabetes mellitus. AB - To differentiate peripheral and hepatic insulin resistance in hyperinsulinaemic overweight Type 2 (non-insulin-dependent) diabetic patients (n = 17; 143 +/- 4% ideal body weight; mean +/- SEM) arterial concentrations and splanchnic exchange of glucose, pyruvate, lactate, non-esterified fatty acids, beta-hydroxybutyrate and acetoacetate, as well as the insulin production rate, were determined before and during oral glucose loads of 25 g or 100 g. Insulin production rate, hepatic insulin retention and splanchnic exchange of glucose and metabolites were estimated by means of the hepatic venous catheter technique. In the basal state insulin production rate was greater in overweight Type 2 diabetic patients (2.57 +/- 0.28 pmol.kg-1. min-1) than in healthy control subjects (1.68 +/- 0.17 pmol.kg-1.min-1; p less than 0.01). After ingestion of 25 g glucose, the cumulative insulin production rate exceeded normal values (p less than 0.05), but was below normal with 100 g glucose (p less than 0.01). Relative insulin trapping by the splanchnic bed in the diabetic patients was 54 +/- 3%, not different from normal. Following a 100 g glucose load, splanchnic insulin retention fell by 20% in the patients, and less consistently so in healthy controls. Splanchnic glucose output was normal in the diabetic patients both in the basal state and after glucose ingestion although the induced arterial blood glucose levels were greater in the diabetic patients than in control subjects (p less than 0.005). Splanchnic output of pyruvate (p less than 0.025), lactate (p less than 0.01), and beta hydroxybutyrate (p less than 0.005) were greater in the basal state in the diabetic patients than in healthy subjects. However, no difference in splanchnic exchange was seen between the two groups in their metabolites' respective response to glucose ingestion. These data suggest that obese hyperinsulinaemic Type 2 diabetic patients may represent a subgroup of diabetic patients with predominantly peripheral, but compensated hepatic, insulin resistance being associated with an increased basal insulin production rate which only exhausts after ingestion of a large glucose load. PMID- 6749587 TI - Subcutaneous versus intraperitoneal administration of insulin on post-prandial hyperglycaemia and glucose turnover in alloxan diabetic dogs. AB - The effects of subcutaneous and intraperitoneal insulin delivery by a closed-loop insulin infusion device on post-prandial hyperglycaemia and rates of glucose appearance and disappearance were compared in alloxan diabetic dogs. No differences in basal or post-prandial values or patterns of response were observed between the two routes of insulin delivery. In addition, the amounts of insulin infused and the plasma insulin concentrations achieved were not different for the two routes of insulin administration. These studies demonstrate that in the dog there appears to be no difference in the pattern of disposal of glucose from a mixed meal when insulin was administered intraperitoneally or subcutaneously at the rates of insulin infusion used in these experiments. PMID- 6749589 TI - [30 years' existence of the Sociedad Potosina de Estudios Nedicos. An interesting experience]. PMID- 6749588 TI - Alloxan diabetes: the sorcerer and his apprentice. AB - The remarkable discovery of alloxan diabetes came about between a Professor of Pathology and an apprentice who was foisted on him. The Professor (J. Shaw Dunn) had a lifetime behind him largely dedicated to studies on the kidney and particularly reno-tubular necrosis. The apprentice (McLetchie), despite overburdening duties and discouragement against endocrine research in wartime, developed a passion for endocrine investigation. A Colonel Sheehan (later to be enshrined in Sheehan's syndrome) in a brief wartime collaboration with the apprentice left him with a vivid description of hypoglycaemia associated with post-partum pituitary necrosis. The apprentice saw this behavior paralleled in rabbits which had been given alloxan in a vague belief that it would further wartime research on the Crush Kidney syndrome. And so, alloxan diabetes was born. Shaw Dunn achieved some posthumous recognition and World War 2 closed over the other actors in the scene. PMID- 6749590 TI - Macrophage activities in sarcoma 180-bearing mice and EL4-bearing mice. AB - Four types of macrophage activities were studied in sarcoma 180-bearing ICR mice and EL4-bearing C57BL mice. Sarcoma 180 cells grow very slowly and do not metastasize, while EL4 cells grow very rapidly and metastasize rapidly to the liver. Chemotactic activity of macrophages was significantly reduced from an early stage in both sarcoma 180-bearing ICR mice and EL4-bearing C57BL mice as compared with that in normal mice. Digestive activity, which was determined by following O2- production by chemiluminescence measurements was also reduced from an early stage in tumor-bearing mice, whereas no reduction of engulfment activity of microorganisms was observed until an advanced stage in both sarcoma 180 bearing mice and EL4-bearing mice. In contrast enhancement activity of macrophages in the blastogenic response of spleen lymphocytes to bacterial lipopolysaccharide was retained at the normal level at the early stage of the tumor graft and was reduced in later stages. These results suggest that activities of Ia-negative macrophages were at first depressed generally in tumor bearing hosts and later the activities of Ia-positive macrophages were depressed by factor(s) which might be produced by tumor cells. PMID- 6749591 TI - Combination antitumor therapy with lentinan and bacterial lipopolysaccharide against murine tumors. AB - The antitumor effects of lentinan and bacterial lipopolysaccharide (LPS) were studied. Combined treatment with lentinan and LPS was very effective against Ehrlich carcinoma in ddY mice, and the syngeneic mammary carcinoma MM46 in C3H/He mice. Studies on the effective doses and times of administration showed that a single injection of lentinan plus LPS 12 days after subcutaneous inoculation of these tumors caused complete regression in 60 approximately 90% of the animals; complete regression of MM46 carcinoma was seen in 83% of the animals. PMID- 6749592 TI - In vitro production of tumor-related human monoclonal antibody and its immunohistochemical screening with autologous tissue. PMID- 6749593 TI - Alternative view of the bruxism phenomenon. PMID- 6749594 TI - Composite binding of etched metal bridge. PMID- 6749595 TI - Effects of hagfish insulin in the atlantic hagfish, Myxine glutinosa. The in vivo metabolism of [14C]glucose and [14C]leucine and studies on starvation and glucose loading. PMID- 6749596 TI - Formation of F'trp plasmids in Escherichia coli K12. AB - From strains carrying two different F-prime factors, we recovered F' derivatives that acquired the trp chromosomal region. These F'trp plasmids can be isolated at a frequency of 10(-5) to 10(-6). They were characterized genetically by looking at the size of the trp segment they acquired and at the location of that segment in the parental F' plasmid. Results are discussed in relationship to possible transposition mechanisms. PMID- 6749597 TI - A new mapping method employing a meiotic rec-mutant of yeast. AB - A rapid new mapping method has been developed for localizing a dominant or recessive mutation to a particular chromosome of yeast. The procedure utilizes the ability of strains homozygous for the spo11-1 mutation to undergo chromosome segregation without appreciable recombination during sporulation. The level of sporulation in spo11-1/spo11-1 diploids is reduced and asci are often immature or abnormal in appearance; spore viability is less than 1%. The first step of the mapping procedure is the construction of a haploid spo11-1 strain carrying a recessive drug-resistance marker and the unmapped mutation(s). This strain is crossed to a set of three spo11-1 mapping tester strains containing, among them, a recessive marker on each chromosome. The resulting spo11-1/spo11-1 diploids are sporulated and plated on drug-containing medium. Viable meiotic products that express the drug-resistance marker due to chromosome haploidization are selectively recovered. These meiotic products are haploid for most, but generally not all, chromosomes. The level of disomy for individual chromosomes averages 19%. Each of the recessive chromosomal markers is expressed in approximately a third of the drug-resistant segregants. Ninety-eight percent of these segregants show no evidence of intergenic recombination. Thus, two markers located on the same chromosome, but on different homologs, are virtually never expressed in the same drug-resistant clone. The utility of this mapping procedure is demonstrated by confirming the chromosomal location of seven known markers, as well as by the assignment of a previously unmapped mutation, spo12-1, to chromosome VIII. In addition, the analysis of the products of spo11-1 meiosis indicates that several markers previously assigned to either chromosome XIV or chromosome XVII are actually on the same chromosome. PMID- 6749598 TI - Cold-sensitive cell-division-cycle mutants of yeast: isolation, properties, and pseudoreversion studies. AB - We isolated 18 independent recessive cold-sensitive cell-division-cycle (cdc) mutants of Saccharomyces cerevisiae, in nine complementation groups. Terminal phenotypes exhibited include medial nuclear division, cytokinesis, and a previously undescribed terminal phenotype consisting of cells with a single small bud and an undivided nucleus. Four of the cold-sensitive mutants proved to be alleles of CDC11, while the remaining mutants defined at least six new cell division-cycle genes: CDC44, CDC45, CDC48, CDC49, CDC50 and CDC51.--Spontaneous revertants from cold-sensitivity of four of the medial nuclear division cs cdc mutants were screened for simultaneous acquisition of a temperature-sensitive phenotype. The temperature-sensitive revertants of four different cs cdc mutants carried single new mutations, called Sup/Ts to denote their dual phenotype: suppression of the cold-sensitivity and concomitant conditional lethality at 37 degrees. Many of the Sup/Ts mutations exhibited a cell-division-cycle terminal phenotype at the high temperature, and they defined two new cdc genes (CDC46 and CDC47). Two cold-sensitive medial nuclear division cdc mutants representing two different cdc genes were suppressed by different Sup/Ts alleles of another gene which also bears a medial nuclear division function (CDC46). In addition, the cold-sensitive medial nuclear division cdc mutant csH80 was suppressed by a Sup/Ts mutation yielding an unbudded terminal phenotype with an undivided nucleus at the high temperature. This mutation was an allele of CDC32. These results suggest a pattern of interaction among cdc gene products and indicate that cdc gene proteins might act in the cell cycle as complex specific functional assemblies. PMID- 6749599 TI - Determination of the order of gene function in the yeast nuclear division pathway using cs and ts mutants. AB - Cold-sensitive (cs) and heat-sensitive (ts) conditional-lethal mutations that affect specifically the cell division cycle of budding yeast (Saccharomyces cerevisiae) were used to determine the order of gene function. Reciprocal temperature-shift experiments using cs-ts double mutants revealed a detailed order of function among genes whose execution points and mutant phenotypes are very similar. The data suggest that the nuclear branch of the overall cell-cycle pathway itself contains at least one branch. PMID- 6749600 TI - Max Delbruck, 1906-1981. PMID- 6749601 TI - [Genetic mapping of the mitochondrial markers of antibiotic resistance in PG strain Saccharomyces cerevisiae yeasts]. AB - The mitochondrial mutations conferring resistance to antibiotics erythromycin, neomycin, oligomycin and mucidin, have been isolated in a number of strains. An attempt was made to genetically map these markers. The principle of coretention/or loss of two markers in UV induced petite mutants was used for localisation of the mitochondrial markers. The unique order of markers E-O-M-N was established in our experiments. The preferential loss of the Nr marker in petite mutants was observed. No significant differences in the gene order and in gene relative distances were observed between our PG strain and other nonrelated strains of Saccharomyces cerevisiae. PMID- 6749602 TI - [The structure of the vitreous body in vivo and after fixation ]. AB - The condensations of the vitreous consist of parallel, in some cases of horse's tail like structures of the vitreous body. These tractus according to their position are equivalent to the funnel shaped embryonic blood vessels which run from the optic disc to the ora serrata, and are thus determined by the embryonic development. The always parallel structures produced by the vitreous cells appear as multiple beginning and ending fibers. The reticular "fibers" appearing after fixation or equally well in liquefaction of the vitreous can be produced in the watery filtrate of the vitreous, for instance by addition of acetone. They might be regarded, therefore, mainly as fiberlike artificial precipitation products. PMID- 6749603 TI - [Common atrioventricular canal: improvement in the results of surgical treatment]. PMID- 6749604 TI - Branched-chain amino acids in the treatment of chronic hepatic encephalopathy. AB - The therapeutic efficacy of orally administered branched-chain amino acids in patients with liver cirrhosis and chronic encephalopathy was examined in a double blind, randomised crossover study. Seven patients with manifest hepatic cirrhosis and encephalopathy of six months' duration or longer ingested 30 g branched-chain amino acids or placebo during two 14-day periods. Psychometric tests and electroencephalograms were used to evaluate cerebral function. Neither clinical observations nor psychometric testing or electroencephalogram indicated a significant difference in the patients' response to branched-chain amino acids as compared with placebo. In four patients given branched-chain amino acids for longer periods (five to 22 weeks), psychometric tests also remained unchanged. The plasma concentrations of these acids after oral intake increased significantly, demonstrating adequate absorption. Basal plasma amino acid concentrations were unchanged, however, after branched-chain amino acid therapy. No side-effects were seen, which indicates that these amino acids are well tolerated as an extra protein supply in patients with chronic hepatic encephalopathy. As compared with placebo, however, no effect of branched-chain amino acids on the encephalopathy could be detected. PMID- 6749605 TI - Simultaneous culture of saliva and jejunal aspirate in the investigation of small bowel bacterial overgrowth. AB - Both saliva and jejunal aspirate were cultured from 22 patients with suspected small bowel bacterial overgrowth and from eight controls. Large numbers of organisms (greater than 10(6)/ml) were recovered from the jejunal aspirate of 16 subjects, in five of whom the same organisms were present in similar relative proportions in the saliva, suggesting contamination of the sample with saliva, while in 11 the jejunal organisms differed from those in saliva. In eight of these the jejunal flora was a typical 'faecal' flora usually associated with small bowel bacterial overgrowth but, in three, the jejunal floral was superficially similar to that of saliva. Distinct subpopulations of bacteria, typically Gram-positive non-sporing rods, were, however, evident in the jejunum of these patients, and were also recovered, in smaller numbers, from the jejunum of controls, suggesting that they form a distinct jejunal microflora. Culture of saliva in addition to jejunal aspirate may be useful in the recognition of contamination of the proximal small bowel with saliva, and in the diagnosis of small bowel bacterial overgrowth. PMID- 6749606 TI - Mallet-finger injuries: a prospective, controlled trial of internal and external splintage. PMID- 6749607 TI - Treatment of mallet fingers by tenodermodesis. PMID- 6749608 TI - Immunological monitoring in lung cancer: use of the leukocyte migration inhibition assay. AB - The agarose microdroplet leukocyte migration inhibition assay has been applied to the management of patients with lung cancer. Sera of patients with various stages of the disease were assayed in the indirect LMI system for their influence on the LIF production of normal leukocytes. A probably cell-mediated immunity blocking activity could be detected both in the serum of patients with inoperable tumours and in that of operable patients before and two weeks after surgery. The activity, however, disappeared in two thirds of the cases in about 6 months after surgery. The immune competence of patients with inoperable tumours was investigated before and during combined chemotherapy. A positive correlation was established between the tuberculin skin reactions and the leukocyte migration inhibition obtained in the direct LMI assay against PPD, but only in the presence of autologous serum. Sera of patients were also tested for putative in vivo LIF activity by their effect on the migration of autologous leukocytes. A significant correlation between anergy to PHA, as evaluated by skin testing, and the migration inhibition caused by sera was found. When, however, sera from healthy persons and from patients with chronic bronchitis or lung cancer were compared for their effect on the migration of normal leukocytes, no difference could be detected among the three groups. Single doses of the drugs temporarily weakened the skin reactions to PHA and the migration inhibition to PPD in autologous serum, but activity was restored when the drug influence had ceased. PMID- 6749609 TI - [Leukocyte adherence inhibition test and carcinoembryonic antigen in colorectal carcinoma]. PMID- 6749610 TI - [Interstitial pulmonary edema following venous air embolism]. PMID- 6749611 TI - [Sinus arrhythmia and severe bradycardia in sleep-apnea syndrome]. PMID- 6749612 TI - [Richter's syndrome]. PMID- 6749613 TI - [Spontaneous rupture of transplanted kidney]. PMID- 6749614 TI - [Spontaneous rupture of renal allografts]. PMID- 6749615 TI - [Serological diagnosis of viral hepatitis]. PMID- 6749616 TI - [Experience with chronic hemodialysis and kidney transplantation]. PMID- 6749617 TI - Professor Jozef Kolaczkowski, M.D. (1910-1980). PMID- 6749618 TI - Achievements of the Polish morphology in 35 years of the Polish People's Republic. PMID- 6749619 TI - Professor Antoni J. Bant, M.D. (1891-1981). PMID- 6749620 TI - A hundred years of Lvov-Wrocxaw veterinary anatomy (1881-1981). PMID- 6749621 TI - Immature glomeruli in cot death kidneys. PMID- 6749623 TI - [Emergency medicine today]. PMID- 6749622 TI - [Internal diseases caused by alcoholism]. PMID- 6749624 TI - [Emergency measures at the site of the accident from the anesthesiologist's viewpoint]. AB - Within the scope of emergency medicine nearly every arrest of respiration and circulation must be treated in its critical phase by clearing the airways, artificial respiration and external cardiac compression. Chances for a successful cardiopulmonary resuscitation can be essentially improved, if the lifesaving emergency-treatment is improved by suitable technical measures. Start of an intravenous infusion, suctioning the airways with techniques, insertion of oropharyngeal airways, intratracheal intubation or in special cases coniotomy and transtracheal insufflation improve the chances of oxygenation. Simultaneously must be treated complicating accident effects as pneumothorax and shock. Additional administration and intravenous or intratracheal application of sympathicomimetic drugs, counteraction of acidosis with sodium bicarbonat often are the only possibility to continue successfully the cardiopulmonary resuscitation. In scope of emergency care the electrical external defibrillation is for treatment of fibrillation the best method to be applied. PMID- 6749625 TI - [Diclofenac in the treatment of progressive polyarthritis]. PMID- 6749626 TI - Insulin and C-peptide levels in obese patients with polycystic ovaries. PMID- 6749627 TI - Glucose tolerance in rats with elevated circulating prolactin levels. AB - The consideration of prolactin as one of the anti-insulin hormones has been based on studies describing the ability of injected prolactin to raise the serum glucose. We studied the glucose tolerance of rats made hyperprolactinemic by the implantation of extra anterior pituitary glands under the kidney capsule. Surprisingly the hyperprolactinemic rats had lower serum glucose levels after a bolus injection of dextrose. Furthermore, their serum insulin levels were no higher than sham-operated control rats. AFter a fast of 18 or 24 hours, the serum glucose was lower in the hyperprolactinemic rats, and the serum insulin concentrations were similar in implanted and control rats. These data suggest that chronic hyperprolactinemia does not decrease glucose tolerance. Whether prolactin has a direct insulin-like effect or whether it may potentiate insulin's effects will require further study. PMID- 6749628 TI - Ceruletide and IRI and blood glucose levels in normal subjects and in diabetics: a controlled study. PMID- 6749629 TI - A radioreceptor assay for insulin: direct measurement of human serum insulin. AB - A simple radioreceptor assay was established with sensitivity and accuracy sufficient to detect concentrations of insulin in human peripheral sera. The radioreceptor assay was carried out at 4 degrees C using rabbit erythrocyte membranes and 125I-insulin. In the absence of native insulin, approximately 31% of the total 125I-insulin concentration was bound to erythrocyte membranes. Fourty-six per cent of this binding was displaced by 312 microunits/ml of native insulin. The precision expressed as coefficient of variation was 3 to 21% of the mean for the within-assay, and 1 to 21% for the between-assay, respectively. The recovery of standard porcine insulin added to the serum was 105% on the average. Insulin values in 24 samples of human sera measured by the present assay agreed well with immunoreactive insulin values. PMID- 6749630 TI - Effect of L-dopa administration on insulin binding: possible role of growth hormone in regulation of insulin receptor affinity. AB - We have investigated changes in insulin binding to erythrocytes in response to the oral administration of 500 mg of L-Dopa in ten healthy subjects. L-Dopa administration increases insulin binding from 5.18 +/- 0.14% (mean +/- SEM) to 6.18 +/- 0.34% (P less than 0.05) with concomitant increase in basal plasma growth hormone from 1.3 +/- 0.1 ng/ml to 14.4 +/- 4.8 ng/ml (P less than 0.05). The increase in insulin binding is due to increase in affinity of insulin receptor without changes in the number of insulin receptors. The plasma insulin and glucose did not show significant changes after L-Dopa administration. Direct incubation of L-Dopa with erythrocytes did not affect insulin binding to the cells. These results suggest that growth hormone may directly or indirectly induce acute alteration in affinity of insulin receptors on erythrocytes. PMID- 6749631 TI - Insulin binding and degradation by kidney cell membranes of streptozotocin diabetic rats. AB - The interaction of insulin with purified rat kidney cell membranes was studied with the use of 125I-insulin. The membranes showed high insulin-degrading activity which was dependent on temperature, time and membrane concentration. Specific binding of insulin was demonstrated in the presence of 0.3 mM bacitracin and was time- and temperature-dependent. 125I-insulin was displaced by native insulin, AI-B29 dodecoyl insulin and proinsulin in proportion to their relative bioactivity. Kidney membranes isolated from streptozotocin-diabetic rats bound more insulin per mg of membrane protein (approx. 65%) than did membranes of control animals. Scatchard analysis indicated that this increase in binding was due to an increased binding capacity rather than an increased affinity for insulin. Injection of diabetic rats with insulin resulted in a decrease of insulin binding when compared with the untreated diabetic animals. Diabetes also resulted in altered kinetics of insulin degradation. PMID- 6749632 TI - Inhibition by insulin of ethanol-induced hyperglycaemia in perfused livers from fed rats. AB - Livers from fed male rats were perfused with homologous whole blood and infused with ethanol and insulin. Ethanol raised hepatic glucose output by enhancing gluconeogenesis from perfusate lactate and amino acids. Ketogenesis and the ratio [3-hydroxy butyrate]/[acetoacetate] were also raised. Insulin, infused alone, lowered blood glucose, ketogenesis and total serum amino acids and when added with ethanol opposed the metabolic effects of the latter. Ethanol did not affect serum fatty acids but their concentrations were raised by insulin. PMID- 6749633 TI - Insulin and insulin-like substances in pancreatic juice at various stages of pancreatic diseases. PMID- 6749634 TI - Discrepancy between ultrasound and oral cholecystography in the assessment of gallstone dissolution. AB - The Sunnybrook Medical Centre Gallstone Study is a randomized, controlled, double blind study of chenodeoxycholic acid for dissolution of radiolucent gallstones. Of the first 22 patients whose stones were apparently totally dissolved on oral cholecystography, seven were found to have residual small stone fragments on ultrasound examination of the gallbladder. Continuing chenotherapy was unsuccessful in dissolving these fragments. The possibility that the residual stones represent insoluble nuclei of the original calculi must be considered. Responses to choleitholytic therapy and subsequent stone recurrences need to be reevaluated using ultrasound. PMID- 6749636 TI - Liver transplantation in adults. PMID- 6749637 TI - Separation and comparative characterization of the cationic protease and anionic protease from the culture medium of Thermoactinomyces vulgaris. AB - The anionic protease component which frequently contaminates preparations of routinely isolated cationic protease (thermitase) from Thermoactinomyces vulgaris was purified, virtually to homogeneity, by rechromatography on controlled pore glass (CPG-10). Starting materials were column eluates with anionic protease, contaminated with residual thermitase activity. The purified anionic enzyme shares several properties with thermitase, such as size, sensitivity against phenylmethanesulfonyl fluoride and Hg2+, UV-spectral, immunological and pH behavior. On the other hand, the isoelectric point (at pH 6.5), temperature dependence (more heat stable) and enzymatic activity (less active) of anionic protease differ significantly from thermitase. At pH 8 or 6 and 25 degrees or 4 degrees C anionic protease is hydrolysed completely by thermitase. Like other protein substrates, anionic protease simultaneously acts as a stabilizer for thermitase. In contrast to thermitase, the anionic enzyme partially changes spontaneously during long-term storage at 4 degrees C and pH 6 to a cationic protein species endowed with proteolytic activity. PMID- 6749638 TI - Changes in proteolytic activities of human leukemic promyelocytes (HL-60 cells) during maturation. AB - Proteolytic activity was measured in human leukemic promyelocytic cell line (HL 60) grown in culture, before and after the addition of agents which promote differentiation. The 36000 X g soluble fraction of the cells degraded [14C]globin with maximal activity at pH 3.6, while the insoluble fraction had a pH optimum at 8.0. This pattern did not change upon differentiation. The acid protease activity of the soluble fraction increased following differentiation. After 4 days in the presence of dimethyl sulfoxide, the differentiated cells exhibited 4-fold higher specific activity as compared with 4 day-old control cells. In contrast, the alkaline activity of the insoluble fraction of the differentiated cells was 4 fold lower than that of the undifferentiated cells. It is suggested that the changes in enzyme activities may serve the new functions acquired by the mature granulocytes. PMID- 6749639 TI - Lysozyme in human gastric carcinoma: a retrospective immunohistochemical study. AB - A total of 171 gastric carcinomas comprising 69 advanced cancers and 102 early cancers were examined immunohistochemically for lysozyme. Tumour cells containing lysozyme were detected in 65 cases or 38% of the 171 gastric cancer cases. The incidence of these cells did not differ remarkably by histological type and infiltrative growth of gastric carcinoma. Of the foregoing 65 cases, two well differentiated adenocarcinomas and three signet ring cell carcinomas had numerous lysozyme-containing tumour cells, 13 had many argentaffin or argyrophil cells, and 40 had various amounts of several types of mucin. In addition, tumour cells containing both lysozyme and mucin could be identified. No correlation could be observed between lysozyme immunoreactivity in the tumour cells and cellular infiltration of granulocytes or macrophages around the tumour. The lysozyme appeared to be produced by tumour cells. The two year survival rates indicate a tendency for advanced gastric cancers containing lysozyme to have a poor prognosis. PMID- 6749635 TI - Evolution of liver transplantation. PMID- 6749640 TI - Changes in the mucosa of the stomach and duodenum during immunosuppressive therapy after renal transplantation. AB - Upper gastrointestinal endoscopic examination of 40 patients on immunosuppressive therapy after successful kidney transplantation revealed a duodenal ulcer in four cases and duodenal erosions in six. Between four and six biopsies were collected from the antral and the fundal mucosa in each case and from the duodenal mucosa in 29. Antral superficial gastritis was found in 13 cases and fundal superficial gastritis in three. In the fundus, heterotopic calcifications were seen in eight cases and cytomegalovirus inclusion bodies in two. Parietal cells were increased in number and reached the pyloric zone in 34 cases, whilst they spread within the duodenal mucosa in 12. Multinucleate parietal cells were of common occurrence and in some cases showed mitotic figures. Duodenitis was found in 16 cases and in duodenal mucosal cells cytomegalovirus inclusion bodies were seen in nine cases. Biopsy evidence of hyperplasia of Brunner's glands was encountered in 26 cases. Of 20 patients tested for gastric acid secretion, hypersecretion occurred in 14 and normal secretion in six. Endoscopic and histological changes relate to the secretory pattern. Cytomegalovirus inclusion bodies relate to immunosuppressive therapy. An inverse temporal relationship exists between heterotopic calcification and the duration of renal transplant. Steroids seem to be responsible for gastroduodenal changes in transplanted patients. PMID- 6749641 TI - Female sex behaviors in the South African clawed frog, Xenopus laevis: gonadotropin-releasing, gonadotropic, and steroid hormones. PMID- 6749642 TI - Congress give hospitals a target rate per case. PMID- 6749643 TI - Profile: a question of responsibility. PMID- 6749644 TI - Home care: hospitals rediscover comprehensive home care. PMID- 6749646 TI - Home health monitoring: ensuring quality in home care services. PMID- 6749645 TI - Home care: utilizing resources to develop home care. PMID- 6749647 TI - Home care legislation: new tax bill mandates changes for HHAs. PMID- 6749648 TI - Clinical experience with antilymphocyte serum. AB - Many different antilymphocytic antisera have been used clinically, and the properties of any particular type of ALS are not necessarily identical to those of any other type. Nevertheless, it is possible to draw certain general conclusions about the effects of ALS in human subjects. ALS administration has often been shown to reduce the number of circulating E-rosette-positive lymphocytes, although the precise mechanisms by which this reduction occurs are not known. Using a combined technique of E-rosette formation and immunofluorescence, heterologous immunoglobulin has been demonstrated on T and non-T lymphocytes from patients receiving non-selective ALS. Fifteen years' experience has failed to provide convincing support for the view that ALS (including immunoglobulin prepared from the whole antiserum) prolongs human renal allograft survival. It is not yet known whether ALS is a useful immunosuppressive agent in cardiac transplantation. One observation of possible clinical interest is that bone marrow regeneration has occurred in a number of patients with aplastic anemia who have been treated with ALS. No satisfactory method has been developed for monitoring the dose of ALS in human subjects. Appropriate studies may determine whether monoclonal antilymphocytic antibodies are clinically useful, for example in prolonging the survival of transplanted organs, in preventing or treating graft-versus-host disease, or in treating lymphoma, leukemia, or aplastic anemia. PMID- 6749649 TI - Wellness: survival skills. PMID- 6749650 TI - Organ culture of suckling rat intestine: comparative study of various hormones on brush border enzymes. AB - Jejunal mucosa of 6 d-old rats were cultured for 24 and 48 h in the presence of thyroxine, insulin, pentagastrin, glucagon, epidermal growth factor (EGF) or dibutyryl-A-3:5-MP cyclic with or without dexamethasone (DX). The enzymes were assayed on the purified brush borders. The various agents added alone to the basic culture medium had no effect with the exception of DX on the levels of enzyme activities. Dexamethasone alone induced sucrase, stimulated maltase, and protected other brush border enzyme activities (aminopeptidase, lactase, and alkaline phosphatase). When added to DX-supplemented medium, only the following factors modified the levels of enzymatic activities observed with DX alone. Insulin (10(-6) M) increased maltase, alkaline phosphatase, and lactase activity to a greater extent than DX at 24 h culture, the effect being maintained at 48 h on alkaline phosphatase only. At 48 h culture, both EGF (10(-8) M) and dbcAMP (10(-3) M) decreased DX-induced sucrase activity. The latter agent also depressed DX-stimulated aminopeptidase activity. PMID- 6749651 TI - Dome formation by oral epithelia in vitro. AB - Multicellular, cystic structures, termed domes, have been described previously in epithelia cultured from various tissues that have a known transport or secretory function in vivo and in vitro. We report for the first time dome formation in cells cultured from "covering" and "rest" epithelia of oral tissues: porcine gingival and alveolar mucosa epithelium and epithelial rests of Malassez. As demonstrated by light- and electron microscopy, the morphology of the domes varied with the location of their lumen and the number of cells or cell layers involved in their structure. Sequential observations using phase contrast microscopy and time lapse cinematography of living cultures showed that the domes were dynamic structures with expansion-collapse cycles of between 30 min and 17 h duration. Dome formation in oral epithelia was stimulated by dibutyryl cyclic AMP (dbcAMP, 10(-3) to 10(-6) M) and abolished by ouabain (10(-10) M), an inhibitor of sodium transport. The morphological features and the dynamic nature of domes found in oral epithelia, and their dbcAMP and ouabain responsiveness are similar to those demonstrated previously in several other epithelia that have a known transport function in vivo and in vitro. Such fluid transport is not thought to be a property of oral epithelia in vivo. Our data, however, suggest a similar function of these epithelia cultured in vitro, and perhaps in pathological cyst formation in vivo. PMID- 6749652 TI - Fish cell culture: initiation of a line of pituitary cells from carp (Cyprinus carpio) to study the release of gonadotropin in vitro. PMID- 6749653 TI - Methionine dependence in cancer cells - a review. PMID- 6749654 TI - Effects of feeder layers made of human, mouse, hamster, and rat cells on the cloning efficiency of transformed human cells. AB - The effect of feeder layers on cloning efficiency of transformed human cells was investigated. Embryonic human skin or lung fibroblasts; adult human skin fibroblasts; early passage cells from embryos of mouse, rat, and hamster; established mouse cell lines; 3T3 and 10T1/2 were used as feeder layers after they were lethally exposed to Co-60 gamma-rays at 3,000 rad. As test cells to study the effect of feeder layers on cloning efficiency, WI-38 CT 1 cells transformed in vitro by Co-60 gamma-rays and HGC cells cultured from a human gastric cancer were used. The effect of feeder layers on the cloning efficiency of the test cells was dependent on cell density of feeder layer cells, sources of the feeder layer cells, and kinds of test cells. An optimal density of feeder cells produced cloning efficiencies 3 to 15 times higher than in cultures without a feeder layer. Generally, high density of cells in feeder layers decreased the cloning efficiency of the test cells, presumably owing to contact inhibition of growth and depletion of essential nutrients by the feeder layer cells. Regarding the effect of the feeder layers made of human fibroblasts, there were no significant differences in population doubling levels; tissue origins of fibroblasts, or fibroblasts derived from normal individuals, patients with cancer, or with a genetically high familial incidence of cancer, hereditary adenomatosis of the colon and rectum. PMID- 6749655 TI - Morphological and proliferative characteristics of human breast tumor cells cultured on plastic and in collagen matrix. AB - Collagen, a major component of the extracellular matrix, is important in maintaining the in vivo characteristics of epidermal cells in vitro. In the present study, the morphological and proliferative characteristics of two human mammary epithelial cell lines (T-47D and MCF-7) cultured in cowhide collagen (Vitrogen 100) were studied. When grown in collagen, the tumor cells displayed a spherical shape and formed multilayered, tumorlike aggregates; desmosomes were observed between cells. In contrast, both cell lines grew as monolayers on plastic substratum; cells were characteristically flat and polygonal. When grown in collagen matrix, the human breast cancer cells became more dependent on serum for growth: cells proliferated in the presence of 10% fetal bovine serum (FBS) but failed to grow in 1% serum. On the other hand, these cells proliferated rapidly in 1% serum when they were grown on plastic. Even in 10% serum the doubling time of cells cultured in collagen was longer than that of cells maintained on plastic. In addition, cells cultured in collagen proliferated rapidly in a serum-free medium containing insulin, epidermal growth factor (EGF), estrogen, and transferrin. The collagen gel system may be useful for characterizing physiologically important trophic factors that regulate the proliferation and other functions of human breast tumor cells. PMID- 6749656 TI - Preparation of human hepatocytes for primary culture. PMID- 6749657 TI - Human peripheral eosinophils with receptors for IgM: demonstration and ultrastructural morphology. AB - Receptors for IgM were detected on peripheral blood human eosinophils by a rosette technique with ox red blood cells coated with the IgM fraction of the specific immunserum. Between 14% and 43% (mean 27%) FcmuR positive cells were found after an overnight incubation period at 37 degrees C by using this technique. The specificity of the receptors for IgM was assessed by studying the inhibitory capacity of purified human IgM in the rosette assay. From an ultrastructural point of view, the EAM rosette-forming cells are mature eosinophilic granulocytes characterized by a nucleus with a variable number of lobes and a certain number of "first type" granules partially or totally devoid of their content. PMID- 6749659 TI - Inbred mouse strain resistance to Mycobacterium lepraemurium follows the Ity/Lsh pattern. AB - Inbred mouse strains and their F1 hybrids infected intravenously with Mycobacterium lepraemurium showed different mean survival times (MST). BALB/c and C57BL mice were particularly susceptible, whereas C3H, CBA and DBA/2 mice were relatively resistant. Resistance as judged by MST was dominant in the F1 hybrids. A similar ranking order was obtained by comparing the doubling time of the bacillus in the bone marrow, the increase in spleen weight between 4 and 12 weeks after infection, and the pathology of the liver during infection. The general pattern suggests that mouse resistance to M. lepraemurium is, at least in part, controlled by a gene with the same strain distribution as the genes for resistance to Salmonella typhimurium (Ity') and Leishmania donovani (Lsh') and the gene controlling resistance to Mycobacterium bovis BCG (Bcg). Ity, Lsh and Bcg are all known to be on chromosome 1, suggesting a centre controlling reactions to intracellular infections. PMID- 6749660 TI - Different effect of LPS-induced macrophage factor on antibody responses to TI-1 and TI-2 antigens. AB - Effect of macrophage culture fluid (MF) on thymic independent (TI) antibody responses was examined. MF potentiated antibody responses of spleen cells to dinitrophenyl (DNP)-Ficoll and DNP-liposome, TI-2 antigens, but not to trinitrophenyl (TNP)-BA and TNP-LPS, TI-1 antigens. The enhancing effect of MF on the anti-DNP-Ficoll response was dose-dependent. Neither T cells nor macrophages were required for MF to exert the effect, suggesting that MF works on B cells directly. B cells modulated by MF in their antibody responses were indicated to be in mature B-cell subset for the following reasons: (i) the cells were in (CBA/N x BALB/c) F1 female but not in F1 male mice; (ii) the cells bore the receptors for C3 on their surface. MF was indicated to exert the enhancing effect on the antibody response by modulating the proliferation and/or early events in differentiation of B cells and not by promoting antibody secretion. The active component of the MF was indicated to be Interleukin 1. PMID- 6749658 TI - Characteristics and function of Fc receptors on human lymphocytes. PMID- 6749661 TI - Isolation and partial characterization of a novel subset of human T lymphocytes defined by monoclonal antibodies. AB - A novel subset of human blood lymphocytes was isolated by means of labelling with monoclonal antibodies and fluorescence-activated cell sorting. In normal individuals, the new subset accounts for about 2% of the blood T lymphocytes. The cells of this subset bind monoclonal antibodies specific for T lymphocytes in general [e.g. OKT3, Hu-Lyt 3(9 . 6) and Leu-22] and they also form E rosettes. However, no binding is seen with monoclonal antibodies to T-lymphocyte subsets (OKT4, OKT8, Leu-2A and Leu-3A). Moreover, the lymphocytes of this new subset express neither Ia antigens nor membrane immunoglobulins. They do not bind OKM1, an antibody against cells of the myelomonocytic lineage that also reacts with natural killer cells, nor do they bind OKT6 or OKT10, specific for thymocyte antigens. The cells have a high specific gravity, a thymocyte-like pattern of lactate dehydrogenase isoenzymes and do not contain terminal deoxynucleotidyl transferase. Although these lymphocytes are viable, also after culture in vitro, and can be stored in liquid nitrogen, they are inert in all functional systems tested: they neither proliferate upon stimulation with mitogens or allogeneic cells, nor do they display suppressor or natural killer cell activity. A patient who was successfully reconstituted by bone marrow transplantation for severe combined immunodeficiency, was found to contain an abnormally high (25%--30%) fraction of these OKT3 positive, OKT4 and OKT8 negative cells among his circulating T lymphocytes. PMID- 6749662 TI - Effect of T-cell factors on the induction of anti-ssDNA antibodies by bacterial lipopolysaccharide. PMID- 6749663 TI - Atherosclerosis and prostaglandins. AB - Atherosclerosis is a curious process of the intima of the vessel walls characterized by platelet aggregation, deposition of thrombotic material, lipid and fibrin which finally culminates in the intimal thickening, vascularization, and haemorrhage from the new vessels. The lipids demonstrated in the atherosclerotic plaque are mainly cholesterol, triglycerides, and phospholipids. Hyperlipidaemia initiates and maintains the atherosclerotic process and a diet rich in unsaturated essential fatty acids is known to be of benefit in arresting the process. Prostaglandins are formed from unsaturated essential fatty acids and are known to regulate platelet aggregation and thrombus formation. Thus atherosclerosis may be a disease of altered PG system and if so this would pave the way for new therapeutic strategies. PMID- 6749664 TI - Detection of antinuclear antibody in the serum of patients with multiple sclerosis. PMID- 6749665 TI - Are mitogenic sera necessary for the generation of human plaque-forming cells? AB - Human plaque-forming cells (PFC) have been quantitated following pokeweed mitogen stimulation by a protein A plaque technique using human erythrocytes. The PFC are generated in cultures supplemented with non-mitogenic human AB serum of foetal bovine serum (FBS) of varying degrees of inherent mitogenicity. In the latter case, no correlation exists between the mitogenicity of the serum supplement used in these cultures and the PFC response obtained. This fact, in addition to the demonstrated usefulness of the AB sera in facilitating the generation of PFC makes it unlikely that serum mitogenicity is a requirement for in vitro human immunoglobulin synthesis and secretion. PMID- 6749666 TI - Anabolic hormone levels in immunized rats. PMID- 6749667 TI - Phorbol myristate acetate inhibits immunoglobulin synthesis by human peripheral blood lymphocytes. AB - Phorbol myristate acetate (PMA), a known lymphocyte mitogen, has been shown to inhibit immunoglobulin synthesis by human peripheral blood lymphocytes. This effect occurs with low concentrations of the agent and following only 12 h contact with the lymphocytes. PMA was also capable of preventing pokeweed mitogen stimulation of lymphocytes. These experiments suggest that PMA prevents the complete differentiation of B-cells into plasma cells capable of secreting immunoglobulin. PMID- 6749668 TI - Platelet transfusions can induce transplantation tolerance. AB - Recently we have shown that the induction of antibodies against the H-2 antigens after multiple platelet transfusions is due to leukocyte contamination of the platelet suspensions. Pure platelets are not able to induce a primary antibody response. The present study shows that the platelets, however, can be recognized by the immune system but they induce a suppression of the response. Mice pretreated with donor platelets will not give a primary antibody response upon a subsequent injection of donor leukocytes and the survival of donor skin grafts will be prolonged. Similar results were obtained by pretreatment of the responder mice with heat-treated donor leukocytes. Furthermore, repeated injections of heat treated leukocytes of the recipient strain to the donor before bone marrow grafting, will delay graft-versus-host mortality. These data show that cells which have only class I antigens on their surface and no activating class II antigens, induce a suppression of the response against class I antigens. PMID- 6749669 TI - Isolation & characterization of a cloxacillin-resistant Escherichia coli. PMID- 6749670 TI - Effect of ascorbate deficiency on liver glycogen metabolism in guinea pig. PMID- 6749671 TI - Effect of hydroxyurea on UV-induced mitotic crossingover & gene conversion in Saccharomyces cerevisiae. PMID- 6749672 TI - A simple method to measure cell area photometrically. PMID- 6749673 TI - Effect of centpiperalone, a new hypoglycemic agent on insulin biosynthesis & release from isolated pancreatic islets of rat. PMID- 6749674 TI - Drug resistance and incompatibility groups of R-plasmids in intestinal Escherichia coli. PMID- 6749677 TI - Bacteriology of weaning foods in some areas of Varanasi. PMID- 6749678 TI - [Reverse or inverse reaction - a present-day point]. AB - The reversal or inversal reactions, well studied in some research centers, is still imperfectly known, even contested or denied. This lack of knowledge has been one of the hindrances in the understanding of the mechanism of the hansenic neuritis. The evolution of the concepts about this question is studied, starting with Souza Lima and Souza Campos (1950), followed by Tajiri (1955), up to the present "I reaction" of Jopling, involving the "up grading" and "down grading" reactions. An interpretation of the reactional mechanism is given, with better possibilities for the understanding of clinical aspects and for therapy. PMID- 6749679 TI - [Aspects of Hansen's disease in the urban area of the municipality of Sao Paulo - undifferentiated Hansen's disease, 1963-1977]. AB - The purpose of this work is to analyze the epidemiological changes that have occurred in Sao Paulo due to geographical and historical influences. This research was made during the period of 1963 to 1977, covering 6,664 cases and two main aspects: origin and age. In 1977, Sao Paulo presented 5,179 inhabitants per square kilometer and a percentage of 5,3 hanseniasis patients per square kilometer. The data compiled during the research have led to the following conclusions: Sao Paulo has become an important economical center and as such a point of attraction to intense migratory currents; this increase has caused the formation of unplanned and outnumbered populational centers in the outskirts which are obstacles to medical and social welfare assistance and to diagnosis and control as well; changes in the social and economical structures leading to a poorer family life; increase in the possibilities of transmission of hanseniasis either by non-intimate or long-termed contacts; decrease in the number of cases in the same family and, finally, the characterization of hanseniasis as a grown up and urban disease. PMID- 6749680 TI - An inquiry into the adoption of the term Mycobacterium hansenii. AB - An inquiry was made among various organs of the Public Health Service of the State of S. Paulo, Brazil, members of the Scientific Council and Editorial Board of "Hansenologia Internationalis", and Professors of Dermatology, Bacteriology, Neurology, Pathology and Preventive Medicine of Brazil, having in view the possibility of using the term Mycobacterium hansenii in that periodical, as a substitute for Mycobacterium leprae. The results were considered favorable to the change and led to the adoption of the new term by the Institute of Health, which publishes the periodical. The First Congress of Hansenology of the Endemic Countries and the Third Brazilian Congress of Hansenology, held in Rio de Janeiro, November 1980, were informed of the change and resolved to introduce Myco. hansenii as a synonym for Myco.leprae, upon a recommendation of their Workshops on Bacteriology. Appeals are made to the International Committee of Systematic Bacteriology and Societies of Bacteriology of the whole world to study the grave moral, social, medical and preventive problems caused by the "bacteriological stigma" in endemic Christian countries. PMID- 6749681 TI - Temperature-inducible outer membrane protein of Yersinia pseudotuberculosis and Yersinia enterocolitica is associated with the virulence plasmid. AB - A strain of Yersinia pseudotuberculosis which harbors a 63-kilobase plasmid was found to cause a lethal infection in Swiss albino mice. The rate of infection paralleled the ability of the pathogenic organism to attach to a monolayer of HeLa cells. One novel outer membrane protein (protein 1) with a molecular weight of 140,000 was found to be associated with the possession of the 63-kilobase plasmid not at 26 degrees C, and expression was moderately affected by the concentration of calcium in the growth medium. Moreover, it was found that synthesis of protein 1 associated outer membrane protein showing similar properties was also found to be expressed in plasmid-containing strains of Yersinia enterocolitica. The properties of protein 1 indicate that it could be identical to the previously described virulence W antigen. PMID- 6749682 TI - Development of a vaccine of cross-linked heat-stable and heat-labile enterotoxins that protects against Escherichia coli producing either enterotoxin. AB - A vaccine of cross-linked heat-stable (ST) and heat-labile (LT) toxins that protects against heterologous serotypes of strains of Escherichia coli which produce either the LT or ST enterotoxin was developed by conjugating ST to LT by the carbodiimide reaction. Three interrelated factors were found to affect the composition and properties of the final conjugate: (i) the amount of carbodiimide added to the toxins, (ii) the initial ratio of ST to LT, and (iii) the duration of the conjugation reaction. Optimal conjugation conditions were identified as a carbodiimide-to-toxin ratio of 10:1 by weight, an initial molar ratio of ST to LT of 100:1, and a conjugation reaction time of 96 h. This approach yielded a conjugate that contained 96% by moles and 36% by weight pure ST, determined with radioiodinated pure ST, and 34% by weight semi-pure ST, determined by the Lowry protein method. The retained antigenicities of the conjugated toxins, as determined by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assays, was greater than or equal to 82%, and their toxicities, as determined by the Y1 adrenal cell assay for LT and by the suckling mouse assay for ST, were reduced to less than or equal to 0.15%. Immunization of rats with this cross-linked ST-LT vaccine provided strong protection against challenge with either the LT or the ST toxin or with viable heterologous strains which produce these toxins, either singly or together. These observations indicate that conjugation of ST to LT results in a unique new immunogen in that ST acquires immunogenicity as a function of the reaction, LT retains most of its antigenicity, and the toxic properties of each individual toxin are greatly reduced. PMID- 6749683 TI - Serum regulation of in vitro lymphocyte responses in early experimental syphilis. AB - Sera from rabbits with early experimental syphilis were tested for their effect on in vitro lymphocyte transformation responses to related specific antigens (sonicated T. pallidum), unrelated specific antigens (sheep erythrocytes), and the T cell mitogen, concanavalin A. Results were compared with responses in preinfection sera and in sera from sham-infected rabbits. Titration experiments in which normal serum was used indicated that optimal lymphocyte responsiveness is obtained with a final serum concentration of 1%. Under these conditions, no differences in concanavalin A stimulation were observed in cultures with syphilitic sera. Responses to sonicated T. pallidum were inhibited, but only by 17 to 25% when compared with the response in preinfection sera. In cultures containing 10% serum, inhibition of lymphocyte proliferation to sonicated T. pallidum antigens was evident with sera from all syphilitic animals from day 10 (55% inhibition) through day 31 (80% inhibition) of infection. Responses to concanavalin A and sheep erythrocytes were significantly inhibited by day 10 sera; only 20% of the sera tested demonstrated substantial nonspecific inhibitory capacity. No differences were evident among sera from any of the sham-infected animals or among the preinfection sera from either group. Pooled serum with high inhibitory activity was fractionated by ammonium sulfate precipitation, DEAE ion exchange chromatography, and Sephadex G-200 gel filtration. Two separate inhibitors were identified: (i) a low-molecular-weight, ammonium sulfate-soluble, nonspecific inhibitory fraction containing albumin and alpha-globulins with the capacity to inhibit both antigen and mitogen responses and (ii) a high-molecular weight, ammonium sulfate-precipitable, inhibitory fraction containing alpha globulin and FTA-ABS-reactive immunoglobulin M which affected only the antigen specific response to sonicated T. pallidum. Immunodiffusion failed to detect immunoglobulin or T. pallidum antigens in either fraction. DEAE-purified immunoglobulin G from immune serum was not inhibitory. PMID- 6749684 TI - Acquired resistance of hamsters to challenge with homologous and heterologous virulent treponemes. AB - Hamsters infected with Treponema pallidum Nichols (venereal syphilis), T. pallidum Bosnia A (endemic syphilis), or T. pertenue (frambesia, or yaws) developed substantial resistance to homologous reinfection. Hamsters infected for 10 weeks developed no lesions, and their lymph nodes contained fewer treponemes after reinfection with the same strain. The degree of cross-resistance among the treponemes correlated well with pathological changes occurring in infected hamsters and with the persistence of treponemal antigen during primary infection. Only hamsters infected with T. pallidum Bosnia A developed substantial resistance to heterologous reinfection. These animals also had extensive chronic skin lesions and lymph nodes containing measurable numbers of treponemes. Frambesial hamsters had less extensive lesions and were resistant to T. pallidum Nichols and, to a lesser extent, to T. pallidum Bosnia A. Hamsters infected with T. pallidum Nichols developed no cutaneous lesions and were resistant only to reinfection with T. pertenue. Confirmation of these results was obtained in normal hamsters infused with syphilitic (Nichols or Bosnia A) or frambesial immune cells and challenged with homologous or heterologous treponemes. PMID- 6749685 TI - Pathogenesis of Lassa virus infection in guinea pigs. AB - A rodent model for human Lassa fever was developed which uses inbred (strain 13) and outbred (Hartley) guinea pigs. Strain 13 guinea pigs were uniformly susceptible to lethal infection by 2 or more PFU of Lassa virus strain Josiah. In contrast, no more than 30% of the Hartley guinea pigs died regardless of the virus dose. In lethally infected strain 13 guinea pigs, peak titers of virus (10(7) to 10(8) PFU) occurred in the spleen and lymph nodes at 8 to 9 days, in the salivary glands at 11 days, and in the lung at 14 to 16 days. Virus reached low titers (10(4) PFU) in the plasma and brain and intermediate titers in the liver, adrenal glands, kidney, pancreas, and heart. In moribund animals, the most consistent and severe histological lesion as an interstitial pneumonia. In contrast, the brain was only minimally involved. The immune response of lethally infected strain 13 guinea pigs, as measured by the indirect fluorescent antibody test, was detectable within 10 days of infection and was similar in timing and intensity to the fluorescent antibody test response of both lethally infected and surviving outbred animals. In contrast to the fluorescent antibody response, neutralizing antibody developed late in convalescence and was thus detected only in surviving outbred guinea pigs. The availability of a rodent model for human Lassa fever in uniformly susceptible strain 13 guinea pigs should facilitate detailed pathophysiological studies and efficacy testing of antiviral drugs, candidate vaccines, and immunotherapy regimens to develop control methods for this life-threatening disease in humans. PMID- 6749686 TI - Chemiluminescence response of peritoneal macrophages to parasitized erythrocytes and lysed erythrocytes from Plasmodium berghei-infected mice. AB - The chemiluminescence response of normal mouse peritoneal macrophages to parasitized erythrocytes isolated from mice 3 weeks after infection with Plasmodium berghei was examined. Only 4 of 12 animals showed positive responses, whereas 8 showed negative responses. Photomicrographs revealed that only in chemiluminescence-positive animals were parasitized erythrocytes attached to or phagocytized by macrophages. When lysed parasitized-erythrocyte cell suspensions were added to the peritoneal macrophages, chemiluminescence could be induced in all cases. The response was enhanced remarkably by the addition of very small amounts of immune serum. Normal macrophages activated in vitro by supernatant from antigen-stimulated spleen cells from immune mice showed much higher parasite induced chemiluminescence responses than did nonactivated macrophages, especially in the presence of immune serum. PMID- 6749687 TI - Fibronectin-mediated binding of group A streptococci to human polymorphonuclear leukocytes. AB - Human plasma was shown to promote the attachment of an avirulent strain of Streptococcus pyogenes to human polymorphonuclear leukocytes. Removal of the fibronectin by absorption of the plasma with agarose-immobilized gelatin abolished the attachment-promoting activity. The activity of the absorbed plasma was restored with purified human serum fibronectin. The fibronectin was found to promote the attachment of three M protein-negative, but not of three M protein positive, strains of streptococci. Radiolabeled fibronectin was shown to bind in various degrees to all strains of S. pyogenes tested. Thus, in the absence of streptococci surface M protein, fibronectin promotes the association of group A streptococci with human polymorphonuclear leukocytes. PMID- 6749688 TI - Comparison of virulence and colonizing capacity of Escherichia coli K1 and non-K1 strains in neonatal rats. AB - Neonatal rats fed three strains of Escherichia coli K1 at birth had bacteremia rates of 29 to 81%; negligible bacteremia was seen with K92 and an unencapsulated strain. Despite this marked difference in virulence, K1, K92, and the unencapsulated strain all promptly, reliably, and stably colonized the entire alimentary tract, from pharynx to colon. PMID- 6749690 TI - Man-made vitreous fibers: present status of research on health effects. AB - Concerns engendered by inappropriate extrapolation from rat intracavitary cancer experiments stimulated the initiation of new retrospective and prospective epidemiologic studies of man-made vitreous fibers (MMVF). The results of these new studies have confirmed those of previous investigations that MMVF exposure had not caused an increased risk to develop lung cancer or nonmalignant respiratory disease. In contrast to the high pathogenic potential of MMVF (thin long fibers) when injected into the body cavities of rats, the pulmonary reaction of rodents inhaling such fibers has been that of a nuisance-type dust. The results of new experimental inhalation studies have not yet been published. In vitro studies have demonstrated cytotoxicity of thin long MMVF. Although there is a parallelism between the in vitro cytotoxicity results of MMVF and those of the in vivo intracavitary carcinogenesis studies with the same fibers, it is difficult to attach significance to this parallelism insofar as man is concerned because the rat intracavitary carcinogenesis results have no relevance to man. PMID- 6749689 TI - Differences in virulence of clinical isolates of Candida tropicalis and Candida albicans in mice. AB - Prior reports from this institution indicated that Candida tropicalis was more pathogenic than C. albicans in oncology patients. Pairs of clinical isolates of C. tropicalis and C. albicans recovered from similar patients at other institutions were examined to determine their relative virulence. After intravenous inoculation in normal mice, three pairs of isolates had no significant differences in the 50% lethal dose, and one C. tropicalis isolate was less virulent than its companion C. albicans isolate. In contrast, in mice treated with antibiotics and cytarabine, an antineoplastic drug which damages the gastrointestinal mucosa and produces granulocytopenia, oral inoculation of yeast cells produced striking differences in the 50% infective dose: each C. tropicalis isolate was more virulent than the companion C. albicans isolate from the same institution. The increased virulence of the C. tropicalis isolates compared with the C. albicans isolates when given orally to compromised mice parallels clinical observations in compromised patients. PMID- 6749691 TI - Standards for chemical quality of drinking water: a critical assessment. AB - The author critically reviews present standards for the chemical quality of drinking water, particularly the limits proposed by the Commission of the European Communities (CEC) in 1979. Particularly, the general principles of standard setting are discussed. It appears that there exists a surprisingly high similarity in drinking water limits, issued by various national and international authorities, although for other environmental compartments important discrepancies exist. Usually, drinking water limits lack adequate documentation, and appear often to be copied from other existing lists. There is an apparent lack of logical consistency in limits set for food, ambient or workroom air, and drinking water, probably due to lack of communication between health experts and decision-making authorities. Moreover, there is a lack of toxicologic studies, explicitly aimed at setting limits. Extrapolation from the acceptable daily intakes (ADI) for food or the Threshold Limit Value (TLV)-Maximum Acceptable Concentration (MAC) for workroom air could be undertaken to derive tentative drinking water limits, as long as explicitly designed studies for drinking water are not yet available. PMID- 6749692 TI - Aetiology of developmental enamel defects not related to fluorosis. AB - The aetiological factors in enamel defects of a non-fluoride nature can be divided into systemic and local. The systemic factors comprise a variety of conditions: genetically determined, chromosomal anomalies, congenital defects, inborn errors of metabolism, neonatal disturbances, infectious diseases, neurological disturbances, endocrinopathies, nutritional deficiencies, nephropathies, enteropathies, liver diseases and intoxications. The genetically determined enamel defects include amelogenesis imperfecta, which may occur as an isolated phenomenon or as part of other disorders such as epidermolysis bullosa, pseudohypoparathyroidism and taurodontism. The congenital defects include heart disorders and unilateral facial hypoplasia and hypertrophy. Among the inborn errors of metabolism are: galactosaemia, phenylketonuria, alkaptonuria, erythropoietic porphyria and primary hyperoxaluria. Neonatal disturbances are important in the development of enamel hypoplasia, foremost among these are premature birth and hypocalcaemia. The latter causes postnatal hypoplasias, which, however, are never seen in breast-fed children. Haemolytic anaemia, mostly in conjunction with erythroblastosis foetalis, may cause enamel hypoplasia. In children with neurological disturbances a rather large number have enamel hypoplasias, and these changes may be a significant aid in neurological diagnosis. When the tetracyclines were introduced, many children had these drugs prescribed in the period when the teeth were undergoing mineralization. The result was a yellow-brown stain of the affected teeth. In recent years, however, there appears to have been a reduction in the incidence of tetracycline staining. As for local causes the most important are traumatic injuries and periapical osteitis of primary teeth. PMID- 6749693 TI - Fluorides and dental fluorosis. AB - This paper attempts to review present knowledge on the ingestion and metabolism of fluoride in relation to the occurrence of endemic dental fluorosis, a condition caused by an excessive intake of fluoride during tooth formation. The clinical appearance of dental fluorosis is characterized by lustreless opaque white patches in the enamel which may become striated, mottled and/or pitted. The opaque areas may become stained yellow to dark brown. The affected teeth may show a pronounced accentuation of the perikymata and, in more severe cases, multiple pits and larger areas of hypoplasia of the enamel appear so that the normal morphology of the tooth is lost. Due to the universal presence of fluoride in water, soil and the atmosphere it is not surprising that humans are exposed to various levels of fluoride intake , not only through food and water, but in industrial and pharmaceutical products and other sources. Water-borne fluoride, however, has been said to represent the largest single component of this element's daily intake, except where unusual dietary patterns exist. The daily amount of fluoride intake through water varies with climate (maximum daily temperature) and age. It has been postulated that significant changes in patterns of food and beverage ingestion, because of changes in available products and the ways in which they are marketed as well as many foods and beverages being processed in fluoridated communities, may have caused a change in the prevalence and severity of dental fluorosis over the past 30 years. Since fluoride remains pre-eminent among the measures available for increasing the resistance of teeth to caries attack, continued and renewed research on the ingestion and metabolism still has high priority. PMID- 6749694 TI - Clinical management of non-carious enamel defects. AB - Enamel defects not caused by decay may occur singly or may be generalized over the entire tooth surface. In the past, treatment of these aesthetic problems required large cavity preparations or full crown coverage of the affected teeth. Now, with the advent of various resin restorative materials capable of bonding to enamel, new techniques are being developed which are less radical. By etching the surface of the enamel with varying concentrations of dilute phosphoric acid, sufficient porosity is produced to allow the resin to adhere to it. Thus, by removing a minimal amount of tooth structure, the affected area can be masked with a thin layer of resin material after the surface has been properly prepared. If the fault in the enamel is generalized, the whole surface of the tooth may be restored using this technique, effectively covering the tooth with an aesthetic veneer. The new resin filling materials offer good colour stability as well as resistance to abrasive wear. Tests have revealed that this mode of treatment has a successful retention rate of over 92 per cent after 5 years. Lightly discoloured or stained defects of the enamel may be treated by bleaching the affected area with no adverse effect on the pulp tissue. Those teeth not improved by bleaching can be conservatively managed by veneering their surfaces with smooth finishing plastic materials. PMID- 6749695 TI - Facial deformities and their treatment. AB - Even minor facial deformities impose a burden on the personality: the face is vital for its identification of the individual. Defects in facial form cannot be concealed. The origins of most deformities lie in the bony skeleton. They may be either congenital or acquired. In the congenital deformities, form, size and function are disturbed during the course of development, whereas in the acquired deformities parts of the face are lost by surgery or trauma. Occlusion is always affected in deformities of the central and lower thirds of the face. Conversely, massive disturbances of occlusion have repercussions on facial form. Congenital deformities should be corrected early if function is also disturbed, but additional correction is often necessary after growth is complete. If only the proportions of the bony skeleton of the face are affected, the deformity is corrected after the termination of growth. Reconstruction of normal occlusion is essential in the correction of facial deformities. Tissue missing as a result of surgery or trauma is replaced by grafts. Disturbances of development caused by local disease (neoplasia or osteomyelitis) affecting the face constitute an intermediate form of deformity. These defects should receive only functional correction during growth, final reconstruction not being undertaken until it is complete. PMID- 6749696 TI - Social and psychological problems of adolescence and their relevance to dental care. AB - Troublesome behaviours of adolescent patients are explained using the cognitive developmental framework of Elkind (1978). Self-contradictory and seemingly irrational behaviours reflect the limited experience of adolescents with newly acquired thinking and reasoning processes. The most important task of adolescence is establishing the adult identity. Just as physiological factors are producing a new adult body, cognitive processes are producing a new adult mind with new behaviour patterns. The erratic behaviours of adolescents are 'symptoms' of the cognitive-developmental process. Four such symptoms are described. 'Pseudostupidity' is the adolescent's tendency to overlook the obvious and inability to make appropriate choices. It results from the lack of experience with newly attained abilities to perceive many possibilities simultaneously. The 'imaginary audience' is the adolescent's self-conscious belief that everyone is watching and evaluating him or her. It reflects the new ability to think about the thoughts of others and the inability to distinguish them from personal thoughts. The 'personal fable' refers to a strong feeling of invulnerability and uniqueness, which reflects an incomplete understanding of the self. 'Apparent hypocrisy' comes from the new ability to conceive ideals and the inability to relate ideals to behaviours. These constructs are applied to situations in the dental setting that reflect difficulties in communication between dentists and adolescent patients and the aesthetic concerns of adolescents. Dentists are advised to remember that adolescent behaviour patterns are not fixed. Of primary importance is the willingness of dentists to listen to young patients and to work towards trusting relationships with them. By serving as a stable adult role model the dentist can facilitate the adolescent's personal growth, as well as positively influencing dental health. PMID- 6749697 TI - Effects of charcoal hemoperfusion with prostacyclin on the coagulation fibrinolysis system and platelets of patients with fulminant hepatic failure- preliminary observations. PMID- 6749698 TI - The PTFE Y-graft: one year experience in 21 patients. A preliminary report. AB - 21 patients had aortoiliac reconstructions for aortic aneurysms or occlusive disease with the new PTFE Y-graft during the past 12 months. 2 patients in the aneurysm group with additional renal artery reconstruction suffered postoperative myocardial infarction and subsequently died. 2 patients older than 80 years died after aneurysm repair in cause of graft infection, respectively respiratory insufficiency. All grafts (n=17) are functioning well or did so until death of the patient (n=4). The obvious advantage of the PTFE Y-graft is the fact, that there is no need of preclotting. Suture line--even using 4-0 material at the proximal anastomosis--and graft body is absolutely tight and no blood loss has to be expected from this site. However positioning of the left limb of the y-graft can be difficult in patients with right sided extraperitoneal approach and proximal side end anastomosis. Performing an end-end anastomosis can overcome this problem. For occlusion of the prosthesis limbs two vascular clamps on each side are needed to control blood flow within the rather stiff graft. Immediate and short term function is excellent. There was no material specific complication noted until now. Further longterm experience is necessary to evaluate the definitive quality of this new prosthetic material after some years. PMID- 6749699 TI - Antigens of the basement membrane and the peritumoral stroma in human colonic adenocarcinomas: an immunofluorescence study. AB - Twenty colonic adenocarcinomas were studied by immunofluorescence with antisera against components of the basement membrane: type IV collagen, laminin and heparan sulfate-rich proteoglycan, as well as antisera against antigens of the connective tissue: type-III collagen, fibronectin and hyaluronectin. Marked alterations of the basement membranes were consistently observed on staining with each one of the first three antisera. In contrast, staining of the normal components of connective tissue was in most cases as intense as in normal colonic mucosa. Hyaluronectin, a marker of peritumoral stroma, was found to be present in 12 out 15 tumors studied. PMID- 6749700 TI - Antihypertensive effect of nicardipine hydrochloride in essential hypertension. AB - The antihypertensive effect of a new calcium antagonist, nicardipine hydrochloride (YC-93), was studied in 47 mild to moderate essential hypertensives. YC-93 (30-60 mg/day) was administered orally alone for 8 weeks (Group I, 31 patients) or in combination with diuretics, beta blockers, or both (Group II, 16 patients). Blood pressure was reduced from 173.6 +/- 2.2/103.5 +/- 1.7 to 139.7 +/- 2.0/87.2 +/- 1.1 mmHg in Group I and from 172.9 +/- 3.9/108.9 +/ 2.9 to 140.5 +/- 2.3/89.5 +/- 2.5 mm Hg in Group II. Pulse rate was not altered in Group I but increased transiently in Group II. The side effects seen in seven patients were mostly related to the vasodilatation and were generally transient and mild. These results indicate that YC-93 is an effective antihypertensive drug for the treatment of essential hypertension. PMID- 6749701 TI - A comparative randomized double-blind clinical trial of isoaminile citrate and chlophedianol hydrochloride as antitussive agents. AB - The efficacy and safety of a new centrally acting antitussive agent, isoaminile citrate, was compared with that of chlophedianol hydrochloride in a double-blind, randomized interpatient study. A total of 66 patients participated, two and four patients were lost to follow-up with isoaminile and chlophedianol, respectively. In the experimentally induced cough in 12 normal human subjects, isoaminile (40 mg) was as effective as chlophedianol (20 mg), but its duration of action was somewhat longer. One subject developed allergic skin rash with chlophedianol and was withdrawn from the study. In 60 patients with cough associated with chest diseases, isoaminile (40 mg, 3 x daily) was as effective as chlophedianol (20 mg, 3 x daily) in suppressing cough as judged from the 3-h and 24-h cough counts. The increase in PEFR at day 7 of treatment was somewhat more marked with chlophedianol as compared with isoaminile. None of the drugs interfered with the expectoration process. The side effects observed were few, mild in nature, and did not require a decrease in dose or withdrawal of treatment in any of the patients. Isoaminile citrate was concluded to be an effective and relatively safe antitussive agent. Isoaminile citrate, alpha(isopropyl)-alpha-(beta dimethylaminoproyl) phenylacetonitrile citrate, is a centrally acting antitussive agent. In animal experiments this drug was as efficacious as codeine but was devoid of any respiratory depressant effect [Krause 1958, Kuroda et al. 1971]. This controlled double-randomized interpatient study was designed to test the comparative efficacy and safety of isoaminile and chlophedianol, another centrally acting antitussive, in humans. PMID- 6749702 TI - Long-term antihypertensive therapy with guanfacine. AB - Twenty patients with essential hypertension were treated with guanfacine given in single 1-5 mg daily doses over a period of 24 weeks. Compared with the initial values at the end of the first washout period, there was a significant decrease in blood pressure and heart rate. The most common side effect, dryness of the mouth, usually disappeared after 8-10 weeks of treatment. No changes in laboratory values were seen. In the post-treatment placebo period there were significant increases in blood pressure and heart rate compared with the last readings during the treatment period. However, these never exceeded the pretreatment values. In a second series guanfacine (1-5 mg daily) was abruptly discontinued in 11 patients after 6-20 weeks of treatment. Blood pressure was measured twice a day, in lying and standing positions, during the 4 days preceding abrupt withdrawal of guanfacine and for 7 days after discontinuation. Clopamide was given concurrently to two patients, and this was continued after withdrawal of guanfacine. Only in two patients did the blood pressure rise to values above the initial levels (30 mmHg systolic and 10 diastolic), but no clinical symptoms were observed during the withdrawal. A transitory increase in heart rate between 10 and 30 bpm was observed in five patients after abrupt discontinuation of the drug. PMID- 6749703 TI - Clofazimine-resistant leprosy, a case report. PMID- 6749704 TI - Syphilis in patients with Hansen's disease. AB - Between 1975 and 1979, 630 patients with leprosy of Hansen's disease (HD) were examined clinically and screened for syphilis using both the rapid plasma reagin (RPR) and fluorescent treponemal antibody absorption (FTA-ABS) tests. Seropositive syphilis was found more frequently than in the general population; 10% were true positive reactors with a reactive RPR, a reactive FTA-ABS, and historical, clinical, and/or postmortem evidence of syphilis. Only 8% exhibited false positive tests for reagin with a negative FTA-ABS and neither historical nor clinical evidence of treponemal infection. Among those with FTA-ABS test reactivity, highly positive FTA-ABS immunofluorescence (+3, +4) was highly predictive for syphilis (94.7%). Seropositive HD patients with both RPR and FTA ABS reactivity should be seriously evaluated for syphilis and, if not yet treated, they should be treated. PMID- 6749705 TI - Histology of indeterminate leprosy. AB - Skin biopsies from 20 patients with indeterminate leprosy were studied histopathologically. The most common clinical manifestation of the disease was a hypopigmented macule. In most cases, 5% to 10% of the dermis was occupied by the infiltrate. Sweat glands were involved in two thirds of the cases, and approximately half the biopsies showed involvement of arrector pili muscle and pilosebaceous glands. Ninety-five percent of the cases had involvement of the dermal nerves, with perineural infiltration being the most common finding. Twenty five percent of the cases showed lesions of the epithelium. PMID- 6749706 TI - Tissue response to lepromin, an index of susceptibility of the armadillo to M. leprae infection--a preliminary report. AB - In this preliminary report the histopathological appearance of the lepromin reaction in armadillos was correlated with their response to infection with M. leprae. Three different types of lepromin response were described, namely the lepromatous, the borderline, and the tuberculoid lepromin reactions. It was found that 10 out of the 11 animals with a lepromatous lepromin reaction and the one animal with a borderline lepromin reaction developed disseminated disease. The two with a tuberculoid lepromin reaction and one of the 11 with a lepromatous lepromin reaction failed to develop leprosy. It is suggested that by using the lepromin response it is possible to assess, to a great extent, the susceptibility of armadillos to infection by M. laprae. The pros and cons of using the armadillo as an animal model for a vaccine trial are briefly discussed. PMID- 6749707 TI - BCG vaccination in leprosy. PMID- 6749708 TI - Casimiro B. Lara, M.D. 1896-1981. PMID- 6749709 TI - Co-incident (simultaneous) dapsone sensitive and dapsone resistant leprosy. PMID- 6749710 TI - Serological activity of purified glycolipid from Mycobacterium leprae. PMID- 6749711 TI - American leishmaniasis. PMID- 6749712 TI - Alopecia: a pathologist's view. PMID- 6749713 TI - History of Dermatology and Venerology from 1848 to the end of 1944 in Prague, Czechoslovakia. PMID- 6749714 TI - Increase of postheparin plasma-lipoprotein-lipase activity in ventromedial hypothalamic obesity in rats. AB - Postheparin plasma-lipoprotein lipase (LPL) and hepatic triglyceride lipase (H TGL) were investigated in rats 1 week after ventromedial-hypothalamic lesions. The enzyme activities were measured using radio-labelled triolein as a substrate. Two lipases were measured separately using specific antiserum prepared against H TGL. VMH-lesioned rats fed ad lib. showed an increase in plasma LPL with normal H TGL activity and an elevation of plasma insulin. There was a positive correlation between plasma-LPL activity and insulin levels in VMH-lesioned rats. When rats were examined after overnight fast, VMH-lesioned rats again showed an increase in plasma LPL with normal H-TGL activity and an elevation of plasma insulin. There was also a positive correlation between plasma LPL activity and insulin levels. In order to examine the effect of insulin, rats were treated with daily doses of 3 units of insulin for 1 week. Rats fed ad lib. were insulin treatment showed an increase in plasma LPL with normal H-TGL activity. These results indicate that hyperinsulinemia which was produced by VMH lesions may increase postheparin plasma-LPL activity. We speculate that this increase in plasma-LPL activity mainly reflects that of adipose tissue. The increase of LPL activity can accelerate fat deposition into adipose tissue, contributing to one of the factors causing hypothalamic obesity. PMID- 6749715 TI - Hyperinsulinaemia as an independent risk factor for atherosclerosis. AB - There is both epidemiological evidence that elevated insulin levels are associated with clinical atherosclerosis and experimental evidence that insulin has actions on the arterial wall which may be relevant to the development of atheromatous lesions. This paper reviews the evidence and puts forward the hypothesis that insulin may have a role in the pathogenesis of atherosclerosis. If this hypothesis is correct, measures to reduce insulin levels, including weigh reduction, exercise and improved methods for treating diabetes, may contribute to the prevention of atherosclerosis. PMID- 6749716 TI - Hyperinsulinemia and hypertriglyceridemia, a vicious cycle with atherogenic potential. AB - This paper reviews and integrates a number of experiments which suggest the existence of a vicious cycle. In this cycle hypertriglyceridemia can lead to insulin resistance even without concomitant obesity or non-insulin dependent diabetes. This insulin resistance may be the basis for the hyperinsulinemia response to a glucose challenge. The hyperinsulinemia can stimulate VLDL triglyceride production. This increase in production, if it is not accompanied by an equivalent increase in removal, will result in hypertriglyceridemia. The whole cycle would accelerate VLDL-triglyceride turnover and may increase the supply of potentially atherogenic VLDL-remnants. PMID- 6749717 TI - Insulin-receptor turnover and down regulation in hepatocytes. AB - Receptor-mediated degradation of 125I-insulin by hepatocytes was studied to evaluate its role in down-regulation of insulin receptors in liver. The amount of 125I-insulin bound to the cell surface was found to remain relatively constant during times of active insulin degradation over a wide range of insulin concentrations, even in the presence of cycloheximide. This observation, as well as other considerations discussed in the text, suggest that down-regulation of insulin receptors is not an inevitable consequence of receptor-mediated degradation in insulin, but rather represents a distinct metabolic effect of the hormone. PMID- 6749718 TI - Glucose storage deficiency as a cause of insulin resistance in obese hyperinsulinaemic diabetes. AB - Continuous indirect calorimetry has been used to measure the amount of glucose both stored and oxidized during the three hours following a 100 g oral glucose load in groups of normal and diabetic subjects. In normal subjects, a much greater amount of glucose was stored (62 g) than oxidized (19 g) above basal oxidation, emphasizing the greater importance of glucose storage in glucose disposal. Impairment of glucose oxidation alone, as shown in experimental conditions of increased plasma FFA levels was shown to affect glucose tolerance to a limited extent only whereas marked glucose intolerance always accompanied decreased glucose storage. Impairment of glucose storage was observed not only in patients with decreased insulin secretion, but also in hyperinsulinaemic-obese diabetics. In these last case, the presence of a normal rate of glucose oxidation demonstrates that their apparent insulin resistance was not resulting from deficiency of peripheral glucose oxidation, but from a major alteration in glucose storage. This alteration was reversed in great part through a 3-d fast. Whatever the nature of the underlying biochemical mechanisms, this study shows that insulin resistance can occur not only from lack of peripheral glucose oxidation, but also from impairment of the capacity of the storing tissues to store glucose in the first hours following immediately oral glucose intake. PMID- 6749719 TI - Hyperinsulinemia in hepatic steatosis. AB - Blood glucose, serum insulin, C-peptide, free fatty acids and growth hormone were evaluated in 45 patients with histologically established hepatic steatosis after an oral glucose load (100 g). Glucose tolerance was impaired in 59 per cent of the patients. Significantly increased levels were found for blood glucose (fasting and after 60 and 120 min), insulin (after 60, 120 and 180 min), C peptide (fasting and after 60, 120 and 180 min), and free fatty acids (fasting and after 60 and 120 min). Human growth hormone levels were not altered. After glucose administration the C-peptide/insulin ratio was significantly reduced in hepatic steatosis compared to controls. In patients with hepatic steatosis there were no differences between subjects with normal body weight or overweight nor between stadium I and stadium II ('alcoholic hepatic steatosis') concerning glucose, insulin, C-peptide, HGH and FFA levels in blood. We conclude, that hepatic steatosis is associated with relative insulin resistance to which elevated FFA may contribute. In addition, the decreased C-peptide/insulin ratios suggest an impaired hepatic insulin degradation as it was already described for more serious liver diseases. PMID- 6749720 TI - Natural history of glucose intolerance in obesity. A ten year observation. PMID- 6749721 TI - Obesity-associated disorders in normal-weight individuals: some speculations. AB - A number of disorders including maturity-onset (Type II) diabetes, hypertension and hypertriglyceridemia are frequently associated with adult-onset obesity and improve with energy restriction. It is the premise of this brief review that there are patients with these disorders who are not obese according to standard criteria; but who would also respond favorably to energy restriction. It is proposed that these 'metabolically-obese, normal weight' individuals might be characterized by hyperinsulinism and possibly an increase in fat cell size, compared to patients of similar age, height and weight and/or to themselves at an earlier time. It is also proposed that in some of these individuals inactivity and diet composition might be important contributing factors, and that for them, the appropriate therapy would include exercise and altered diet composition. PMID- 6749722 TI - Possible role of the CNS in regulating insulin secretion via humoral factors. AB - Among the several possible mechanisms responsible for hyperinsulinemia of obese rodents, an abnormal CNS-endocrine pancreas axis has been postulated. This axis appears to involve neural (parasympathetic, sympathetic) relationships. A humoral link between the CNS and the pancreas could also exist, as based on data from these and other laboratories. Indeed, CNS sites such as the ventrolateral, the ventromedial hypothalamus or the neurointermediate lobe of the pituitary, have been shown to contain substances possessing insulin secretion modulating activity. The precise nature of these substances has yet to be determined, as well as their ability to actually be released into the systemic circulation. PMID- 6749723 TI - Physical training in insulin-resistant states. AB - It is the scope of this review to summarize animal experimentation carried out to investigate the effects of changes in habitual physical activity on glucose tolerance. Various studies in normal rats and in obese Zucker rats have demonstrated that physical training of mild intensity can partially revert or prevent the development of insulin resistance, glucose intolerance, and skeletal muscle insulin insensitivity. The molecular basis for these phenomena remains to be elucidated. Nevertheless, these observations strongly suggest the possibility to use physical exercise programmes in order to improve glucose tolerance in patients with maturity-onset type diabetes mellitus, especially if associated with obesity. PMID- 6749724 TI - Glucoregulation in obese man: effects of fasting, glucagon infusion, exercise and diabetes. PMID- 6749725 TI - Insulin secretion, insulin resistance, and obesity. PMID- 6749726 TI - Amino acid sequence of the small cyanogen bromide peptide of thermitase, a thermostable serine proteinase from Thermoactinomyces vulgaris. Relation to the subtilisins. AB - The following amino acid sequence of the small cyanogen bromide peptide (mol. wt. 5399) of thermitase from Thermoactinomyces vulgaris has been determined: Ala-Thr Pro-His-Val-Ala-Gly-Val-Ala-Gly-Leu-Leu-Ala-Ser-Gln-Gly-Arg-Ser-Ala-Ser -Asn-Ile Arg-Ala-Ala-Ile-Glu-Asn-Thr-Ala-Asp-Lys-Ile-Ser-Gly-Thr-Gly-Thr-Tyr-Trp-Ala-Lys Gly-Arg-Val-Asn-Ala-Tyr-Lys-Ala-Val-Gln-Tyr. The results obtained support the classification of the enzyme as a serine proteinase of the subtilisin type as proposed in a previous paper (1). This partial sequence extending from the serine residue involved in the active site to the C-terminal amino acid of the enzyme shows a 40% homology with the corresponding part of the subtilisin BPN' or subtilisin Carlsberg molecule but a 56% homology as regards conservative amino acid replacements. The secondary structure of this polypeptide fragment, predicted from the data obtained by the method of Chou & Fasman (2) agrees fairly well, within the limit or error of the method, with the structure of the corresponding part of the subtilisin BPN' molecule. Therefore, as expected, no dramatic changes in the spatial structure appear to account for the higher thermostability of thermitase, at least in this area of the polypeptide chain. PMID- 6749727 TI - Evidence that human ceruloplasmin molecule consists of homologous parts. AB - The products of spontaneous and induced proteolysis of human ceruloplasmin (Cp) were studied. Some physico-chemical properties of the six fragments with electrophoretically determined Mr 130,000 (F1), 110,000 (F2), 66,000 (F3), 48,000 (F4) 22,000 (F5) and 18,000 (F6) were compared. The amino acid compositions and N terminal amino acid sequences coincide in F1-F5, but differ from those of F6. Limited tryptic proteolysis of Cp causes the accumulation of polypeptide fragment with Mr 22,000, the N-terminal primary structure of which is identical to that of F5 produced by spontaneous proteolysis. Electrophoretic fragments of Cp were extracted from polyacrylamide gel, treated with 125I and then studied by peptide mapping with subsequent radioautography. The comparison of the "finger prints" showed the identity of F1 to F2 and F3 and gross similarity between F4 and F1-F3. It also revealed similar peptides in F5 and F6 hydrolyzates and almost perfect matching of the F4 map to the map of F5 + F6 mixture. On the basis of the obtained data general principles of Cp molecular organization are discussed and intramolecular homology is suggested to be a feature of the protein. PMID- 6749728 TI - Partial characterization of a subtilisin inhibitor from black bean seeds. AB - The subtilisin inhibitor (SI), isolated from black beans (Phaseolus vagaris) has a molecular weight of 8918 and it contains four half cystine residues. The N terminal residue is arginine and the C-terminal is lysine. The subtilisin inhibiting site is composed of an Ala-Leu or Ile bond. This site interacts in addition to subtilisin (S) with elastase from human leukocytes (HLE), both of which compete for the inhibitor. Also, HLE-cleaved SI (SIHLE) is inactive against HLE as well as against S. It was shown that the inhibition of S by SI resembles a temporary inhibition, involving a very slow release of enzyme activity. The trypsin reactive site is a Lys-Val bond, and its interaction with bovine trypsin is very weak. No complexes of SI or trypsin-cleaved SI (SIT) with trypsin could be detected on cellulose-acetate membrane electrophoresis, while SIT forms a clearly visible complex with S. PMID- 6749729 TI - Penguin egg-white and polar fish blood-serum proteins. AB - The development of, and findings in, a long-term research program on penguin proteins and polar fish blood proteins are described. Two of the egg-white proteins from the Adelie penguin (Pygoscelis adeliae) have unique properties: a glycoprotein named penalbumin that is a major constituent with some characteristics similar to ovalbumin, and an ovomucoid with strong inhibitory capacity for subtilisin as well as for bovine trypsin and alpha-chymotrypsin. The antifreeze glycoproteins from Antarctic fish (Trematomus borchgrevinki and Dissostichus mawsoni) and an Arctic fish (Boreogadus saida) appear to function noncolligatively by lowering the freezing temperature without affecting the melting point. Current evidence indicates that the antifreeze glycoprotein functions at the ice-solution interface, either on the ice surface or in a transition layer between the solution and the ice. PMID- 6749730 TI - Circular dichroism studies of relaxin and insulin peptide chains. AB - The circular dichroism (CD) spectra of pig relaxin and pig insulin are similar, reflecting the known structural similarities between the two hormones. However, the conformational characteristics of the separate chains of insulin and relaxin show significant differences. The S-sulfo forms of insulin A and B chains and S sulfo relaxin A chain have CD spectra consistent with largely unordered structures whereas the S-sulfo form of relaxin B-chain has at least 90% beta- structure. This beta-structure may explain the unusual solubility and adsorptive properties of the relaxin B-chain and the poor combination yields with A-chain. The relaxin B-chain changes to a largely unordered conformation if the peptide is shortened at the carboxyl terminus by six amino acid residues. This conformational change has important implications in planning relaxin synthesis strategy. Significant interactions and conformational changes are observed between the oxidized forms of the A and B chains of both relaxin and insulin. In using CD to monitor chain recombination of native relaxin peptides it was found that the spectra obtained after depending on whether the reduced chains are separated or not separated from the reaction mixture prior to reoxidation. Although the spectra differ the biological activity was 20% in both cases. The remainder of the reoxidized but inactive material contains beta-structures which make a greater contribution to the CD spectrum when the chains have been separated and processed than when they are reoxidized in situ. PMID- 6749731 TI - Waardenburg's memorial lecture: Waardenburg's syndrome. PMID- 6749732 TI - Management of the contracted eye socket. AB - The approach to the surgical management of the contracted eye socket requires a good patient history and preliminary evaluation. Upon assessing the extent of socket contraction, the surgeon has at his disposal several procedures. For moderate socket contraction, a mucous membrane graft may be employed. For severe contraction, split thickness skin graft and a socket mold wired to the orbital rim is advocated. For the extruding or exposed implant, a dermal-far graft is recommended. PMID- 6749733 TI - Short- and long-term response of the adult dog ovary after 1200 R whole-body X irradiation and transfusion of mononuclear leukocytes. AB - The effect of 1200 R whole-body X-irradiation after transfusion of mononuclear blood cells was investigated in 34 dog ovaries (beagle) for 6-1460 days after irradiation. Morphological observations suggest that gonadal and extragonadal function regenerated after irradiation. Follicular growth started 60 days after irradiation. The time required for follicular maturation was inferred to be about 110 days and the time of first ovulation about 170 days. Graafian follicles and corpora lutea were found 2, 3 and 4 years later. A pregnancy occurred 2 years after irradiation. Larger, growing and vesicular follicles were primarily affected by irradiation-induced atresia with damage of the granulosa. Oocytes appeared to be normal, even without the supporting granulosa cells ('naked oocytes'). The interstitial cortical tissue of the ovaries reacted in two ways. Either, it remained inactive (radiation effect I) or it showed the endocrine structure of mature interstitial gland cells (radiation effect II). Microadenomata were observed 195 days after irradiation. PMID- 6749734 TI - Detection of bacteremia: technical aspects of the blood culture. PMID- 6749735 TI - Federal policy for pneumococcal immunization and its implementation in the Medicare program. AB - The Congress has authorized the Medicare program to pay for the cost of pneumococcal vaccine and its administration. The history of this legislation demonstrates that chance and political considerations quite separate from the scientific issues on vaccination played an important role in the development of this policy. It demonstrates both the need for and the difficulty of achieving more effective coordination of the activities related to national policies on vaccines and immunization. PMID- 6749736 TI - Assessing the functional significance of lesion-induced neuronal plasticity. PMID- 6749737 TI - Dopamine receptors in the central nervous system. PMID- 6749738 TI - Functional studies of the central catecholamines. PMID- 6749739 TI - Sleep mechanisms: biology and control of REM sleep. PMID- 6749740 TI - Use of nonabsorbable fascial sutures in urological surgery. PMID- 6749741 TI - Naturally occurring neuron death and its regulation by developing neural pathways. PMID- 6749742 TI - The brown fat cell. PMID- 6749743 TI - Mechanisms that regulate the structural and functional architecture of cell surfaces. PMID- 6749744 TI - Moderately repetitive DNA in evolution. PMID- 6749745 TI - Structural attributes of membraneous organelles in bacteria. PMID- 6749746 TI - What is the role of naturally produced electric current in vertebrate regeneration and healing. PMID- 6749747 TI - Organization and expression of viral genes in adenovirus-transformed cells. PMID- 6749748 TI - Highly repeated sequences in mammalian genomes. PMID- 6749749 TI - Heterotopic corneal grafting in mice: a new approach to the study of corneal alloimmunity. AB - Heterotopic grafting of murine corneas to the thoracic cage of recipient mice affords an opportunity to study the alloimmune rejection process in this well characterized laboratory species. Immune rejection of cornea allografts can be reliably identified by direct visual, slit-lamp, and histologic observations. Virtually intact syngeneic corneal epithelium and stroma survive at the heterotopic site for at least 21 days. Allogeneic corneal epithelium is destroyed by an intense fibrovascular infiltrative process. If Descemet's membrane is preserved, integrity of the stroma and epithelium of syngeneic corneal grafts is preserved, whereas when this membrane is broken, progressive stromal deterioration sets in. This property of Descemet's membrane is particularly apparent in allogeneic corneal grafts. PMID- 6749750 TI - An animal model of trachoma II. The importance of repeated reinfection. AB - An animal model of chronic cicatrizing trachoma has been produced by repeated ocular inoculation with Chlamydia trachomatis serotype E, a genitally transmitted strain. We have now produced a chronic follicular conjunctivitis on cynomolgus monkeys by repeated inoculation with C. trachomatis serotype A, which has been isolated from an area of endemic trachoma. This disease was similar in all respects to that which followed infection with the serotype E strain. Cynomolgus monkeys inoculated with a single dose of serotype E of C. trachomatis strain developed an acute, self-limited follicular conjunctivitis, which was intense for 4 weeks and then slowly subsided. The organism could be reisolated only during the first 4 weeks after inoculation. On reinoculation at 15 and 30 weeks after the initial infections, these animals demonstrated only a mild and transitory clinical response, and the agent could be recovered for only up to 14 days after inoculation. In contrast, repeated weekly reinoculation with either serotype led to a chronic progressive clinical response in these animals, although after the first 6 weeks the agent was isolated only occasionally. This chronic disease was shown not to be due to hypersensitivity to the egg yolk components in which the organism was grown. These data suggest that the serotype of the chlamydial organism may not be as important in determining the clinical course of disease as is the frequency or persistence of exposure to the chlamydial agent. Although a single inoculum produced an acute follicular conjunctivitis, repeated inoculation is needed to produce the chronic disease characteristic of trachoma in this animal model. PMID- 6749751 TI - Pulmonary blood volume: correlation of equilibrium radionuclide and dye-dilution estimates. AB - In fifteen prospective patients with aortic stenosis undergoing transseptal cardiac catheterization, dye-dilution and count-based estimates of pulmonary blood volume (PBV) were performed. Three radionuclide methods were evaluated. Two were based on electrocardiogram (ECG)-gated imaging of the thorax, where pulmonary counts (PC) were corrected for frame-time, venous radioactivity, and either (1) the number of processed heart beats or (2) the total duration of acquisition. The third method involved ungated frame mode acquisitions, where PC were corrected for the duration of acquisition and the venous activity. PC (per channel element) were derived from manual assignments of the right lung. All methods correlated well with standard dye-dilution techniques (r greater than 0.82), though at greater volumes it was clear that count-based methods underestimated the dye-dilution values. In five acutely instrumented, anesthetized dogs, radionuclide (ungated formula) and dye-dilution estimates of PBV were made during multiple interventions (19 data points). The five control count volumes as well as the 14 separate intervention points correlated well (r greater than 0.89). It is concluded that PC from equilibrium blood pool images reflect PBV and that induced changes in PC can be utilized as a reflection of changes in PBV. PMID- 6749752 TI - Intrathecal dextrose to prevent seizures after metrizamide myelography in dogs. AB - Seizures are possible complications of metrizamide myelography. The protective effect (as measured by reduction in seizure incidence) of dextrose in solution with metrizamide was studied by conducting a double-blind trail. Fourteen dogs each had two myelograms at five- to 16-day intervals in a crossover study, while ten additional dogs each had a single myelogram. Metrizamide alone and metrizamide in dextrose were used for the myelograms. No significant protective effect of dextrose was found. PMID- 6749753 TI - Pervenous hepatic transplant angiography using a new low osmolar contrast medium: an experimental study in dogs. AB - The patency of the vascular anastomoses in a canine liver transplantation model was imaged by serial pervenous angiography using ioxaglate, which is a new ionic low osmolar contrast medium. No premedication or general anesthesia was administered. No major adverse reaction was noted, not even after repeated angiography. Except for the occurrence of one hematoma formation and one paravenous injection, which resolved without leaving sequellae, no local complications occurred. Sufficient information regarding the patency of the hepatic artery anastomosis was obtained in 94% of the angiographic studies, while in 70% the patency of the caval anastomoses could be determined. In addition, portal vein patency was imaged in 21% of the angiograms. Even better visualization results can be expected when combining this method with video subtraction techniques, although patient cooperation or general anesthesia would then be mandatory. PMID- 6749754 TI - Preexamination prediction of radiographic findings. AB - Computerized medical logic has been developed to calculate the patient-specific pretest likelihood of pleural fluid for radiographic examinations. This medical logic was determined by searching the computerized data base for clinical indicants which are found to differ between groups of patients with and without pleural fluid. By using a priori probabilities of pleural fluid and sequential application of Bayes' equation to revise the likelihood according to the presence of significant indicants, patient-specific likelihood were calculated. This medical logic was tested on a group of 591 patients with and without pleural fluid by radiographic evidence. The results indicated a sensitivity of 95% and a specificity of 81%. PMID- 6749755 TI - Predicting the cause of common bile duct obstruction with sonographic data: analysis of binary variables. AB - A retrospective analysis of 71 patients with proven common bile duct obstruction, who had not undergone previous biliary surgery, was performed. To determine optimal criteria for differentiating stone from nonstone obstruction by ultrasonography, five sonographic signs were analyzed as binary variables. These signs are the demonstration of (1) common duct stones, (2) mass at the site of the common bile duct, (3) gallbladder stones, (4) gallbladder volume greater than a critical value, and (5) common duct diameter greater than a critical value. Maximum expected accuracy was 85% achieved by prediction based on a set of three variables: common duct stone, common duct mass, and gallbladder stones. This was not significantly better than the accuracy (82%) achieved by prediction on the basis of gallbladder stones alone. Three signs in combination, ie, demonstration of gallbladder stones, gallbladder volume less than 52 ml, and common duct diameter less than 14 mm, had predictive value equal to demonstration of a common duct stone as an indicator that common bile duct obstruction is the result of a stone. PMID- 6749756 TI - Insulin receptors in myotonic dystrophy: a study with mononuclear leucocytes and erythrocytes. AB - We evaluated insulin receptor activity on mononuclear leucocytes and erythrocytes in 9 patients with myotonic dystrophy and in 9 controls. The results demonstrated that in myotonic dystrophy: 1. insulin binding to specific receptors was significantly impaired (P less than 0.01) because of a reduction in the number of high and low affinity receptors. 2. the affinity constants were not significantly affected 3. there was no correlation between receptor activity, insulin behaviour and glucose tolerance. These data obtained in two different cellular systems suggest that the constant numerical reduction of insulin receptors was probably due to a systemic membrane defect, typical of myotonic dystrophy. PMID- 6749757 TI - Somatomedin, insulin, growth hormone and growth: a review. PMID- 6749758 TI - Does the pattern of ventilation determine the degree of lung damage following intensive care of the newborn? AB - Lung function tests were performed on 14 infants 22 to 67 wk following mechanical ventilation of 6 h to 51 days and on 5 infants of comparable age who had been treated with continuous positive airway pressure (CPAP). Airway resistance increased (P less than 0.01) and specific airway conductance decreased (P less than 0.001) in the ventilated infants compared with the CPAP-treated group who were normal. The airway resistance and specific airway conductance were normal in two ventilated infants and in one CPAP-treated infant who were studied earlier in the neonatal period. There were no significant differences in thoracic gas volume between groups of ventilated and nonventilated babies studied initially or at follow-up. There was no relationship between lung damage and the following: peak inspiratory pressure, the duration of high pressure ventilation, the level of CPAP or its duration, or the duration of greater than 60% oxygen administration. The degree of lung damage was not related to the maximum ventilatory frequency used, but there was a significant correlation with the duration of rapid frequency ventilation. This study supports the view that barotrauma is a major cause of lung disease following neonatal intensive care. PMID- 6749759 TI - A decisive period in cefoxitin prophylaxis of experimental synergistic wound infection produced by Bacteroides fragilis and Escherichia coli. AB - In an experimental model of synergistic infection produced by Escherichia coli and Bacteroides fragilis, a single injection of cefoxitin 1 h before inoculation of the bacteria was able to prevent both death and local wound infection (P less than 0.05). When cefoxitin was administered 1 h after the bacterial inoculum, death of the animals, but not the wound infection, was prevented (P greater than 0.1). Cefazolin, active against the E. coli only, could prevent death, but had no significant effect (P greater than 0.1) on the prevention of wound sepsis. PMID- 6749760 TI - Legionnaires' disease: a case acquired in Israel. AB - What is probably the first case of presumably nosocomial Legionnaires' Disease (LD) in Israel is described in a 56-yr-old man hospitalized for acute myocardial infarction. The patient developed bilateral pneumonia and hemorrhagic pleural effusion. The diagnosis of LD was confirmed by serological examinations that showed a significant increase and decrease in IgM- and IgG-type antibodies to Legionella pneumophila serogroups 1 and 3. The patient recovered on antibiotic treatment which included erythromycin. PMID- 6749761 TI - Managing professional work: three models of control for health organizations. AB - Three arrangements for structuring the work of professional participants in professional organizations are described, contrasted and evaluated. Arguments are illustrated by application to the organization of physicians within hospitals. The primary rationale, the support structures that have fostered its development, the key structural features and the advantages and disadvantages of each arrangement are described. The effect on these arrangements of structures and forces external to any particular professional organization is emphasized. PMID- 6749762 TI - The pathology of head and neck tumors: spindle cell lesions (sarcomatoid carcinomas, nodular fasciitis, and fibrosarcoma) of the aerodigestive tracts, Part 14. AB - The term spindle cell lesion, or tumor, is a purely descriptive one and if applied without further qualification is meaningless as a guide to therapy and prognosis. The three lesions presented in this report--sarcomatoid carcinomas, nodular fasciitis, and fibrosarcoma--serve to illustrate this point. One, the sarcomatoid carcinoma, is an epithelial malignancy in which the majority of the sarcoma-like spindle cells are believed to be variants of the epithelial cells. Nodular fasciitis, a self-limited and benign soft tissue lesion, is composed principally of myofibroblasts. Primarily an extramucosal lesion, it presents a pseudosarcomatous microscopic appearance. Fibrosarcomas represent the other end of the spindle cell lesion spectrum in that they are soft tissue malignancies of fibroblastic origin. Clinical, pathologic, and biologic implications of these lesions when they arise in the mucosae of the upper aerodigestive tracts of the head and neck are presented. PMID- 6749763 TI - Localization of a mouse submandibular sialomucin by indirect immunofluorescence. AB - A sialomucin from the mouse submandibular gland was localized in the gland by indirect immunofluorescence. Fluorescence was localized over the acinar cells and, to a lesser extent, in the lumen of the ducts. The mucin antiserum did not show cross-reactivity with cells from the sublingual gland or with other mucous producing cells from the respiratory and gastrointestinal tracts of the mouse, or with salivary gland tissue of the rat. The sialomucin lacks both sulphate and L fucose. Localization of a mucin with such a composition, within acinar cells of the mouse submandibular gland, is consistent with previous observations from histochemistry and autoradiography. PMID- 6749764 TI - Nutrition in adverse environments, 2. Energy balance under polar conditions. PMID- 6749765 TI - Trace elements in human nutrition. PMID- 6749766 TI - Reduction of low density and high density lipoprotein cholesterol by fat-modified diets. A survey of recent findings. AB - The aim of this review is to summarize recent findings concerning the effects of fat-modified diets on serum lipoproteins, especially on high density lipoprotein (HDL) and low density lipoprotein (LDL) cholesterol concentrations. Generally, both HDL and LD cholesterol are reduced in subjects on diets enriched in polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFA diets). The only exceptions to this rule are hypertriglyceridaemic patients with low HDL or LDL concentrations. The changes in HDL and LDL cholesterol are inversely related to the respective HDL and LDL concentrations before dietary treatment. Increasing HDL cholesterol concentrations are seen only during simultaneous body weight reduction. Low HDL cholesterol concentrations are not normalized on PUFA diets. The ratio of LDL cholesterol to HDL cholesterol shows only marginal changes during treatment with a PUFA diet. Thus we cannot clearly state how a lipid-lowering diet might contribute to the anti-atherogenic effect which seems to be characteristic of this type of diet, on the basis not of the change in fasting serum lipoprotein concentrations, but of epidemiological and experimental data. PMID- 6749767 TI - Histochemical localization of kallikrein-like Pro-Phe-Arg-naphthylester esterase activity in the rat kidney. AB - In the rat kidney the presence of the kallikrein-like pro-phe-argnaphthylester esterase activity was demonstrated by a simultaneous coupling azo dye method. The enzyme was identified as a serine-protease because it was inhibited by preincubation with diisopropyl-fluorophosphate and unaffected by sodium iodoacetate. Since kallikrein is a serine-protease and prophe-arg-naphthylester is a synthetic and sensitive substrate for kallikrein, the enzyme activity revealed by this method was considered to represent kallikrein, although non kallikrein esterase activity is not totally excluded. The enzyme activity was localized mainly in the outer stripe of the outer medulla, with focal extensions primarily only in the lower half of the cortex corresponding to the medullary rays. PMID- 6749768 TI - A rise in activity of natural cold isolymphocytotoxins after hemostimulation. AB - Natural cold isolymphocytotoxins (NCILCT) were studied in sera of patients with chronic renal insufficiency who had undergone 3-200 hemodialyses, in sera of healthy subjects before and after intramuscular injections of 5-9 ml of whole autologous blood, and in sera of hemophilia patients before and after a transfusion of 130-250 ml of freshly drawn donor plasma concentrate. It was noted NCILCT activity rose from 20-50% to 50-100% dead cells after injections of autologous blood and plasma transfusions in the majority of cases. In subjects who had undergone hemodialysis from 50 to 200 time NCILCT activity was considerably higher (50-80% dead cells) compared to patients with 3-10 hemodialyses (20-30% dead cells). It was suggested that the graft protection effect of blood transfusions and hemodialysis on kidney graft may be associated with an increase in NCILCT activity. PMID- 6749769 TI - Cellular enzyme-linked immunospecific assay (CELISA). I. A new micromethod that detects antibodies to cell-surface antigens. AB - A novel, indirect immunoassay capable of detecting human anti-HLA antibody bound to lymphocytes has been developed. This cellular enzyme-linked immunospecific assay (CELISA) utilizes an antiglobulin covalently linked to alkaline phosphatase to quantitate the amount of anti-HLA antibody bound to cell-surface HLA antigens. During the CELISA, V-bottom polyvinyl microplates served as the receptacle in which as little as 5 microliters of sera and as few as 25,000 lymphocytes per well were incubated. We devised a rapid and simple technique to transfer the cells from the original V-bottom plate to a flat-bottom plate before adding the enzyme substrate. Using this strategy, background noise because of the nonspecific adsorption of the different protein immunoreactants to plastic was eliminated. This strategy, the identification of an optimal cell concentration and an optimal conjugate source and dilution, enabled us to detect the anti-HLA activity in sera diluted out 250-fold more than their maximum titer as determined by the microdroplet cytotoxicity test. Since this assay is capable of sensitively and objectively quantitating antibody bound to cell-surface antigens, it may be of value in the areas of transplantation, blood banking, autoimmune disease, tumor immunology, and the study of cell-surface differentiation and viral antigens. PMID- 6749770 TI - In vitro quantitation of lethal and physiologic effects of total body irradiation on stromal and hematopoietic stem cells in continuous bone marrow cultures from Rf mice. AB - The role of stromal-supportive cells in hematopoietic stem cell responses to irradiation is poorly understood. The effects of in vivo total body irradiation (TBI) and interval from TBI to explant of marrow on: stromal cell proliferation in vitro; stromal cell support of hematopoiesis in continuous bone marrow culture; and generation of WEHI-3 growth factor (GF)-dependent lines of hematopoietic progenitor cells were evaluated. Continuous marrow cultures from non-irradiated control RfM/UN, C57BL/6J, C3H/HeJ, and N:NIH (Swiss) mice generated pluripotential hematopoietic stem cells (CFUs) and committed granulocyte-macrophage progenitor cells (GM-CFUc) for over 20 weeks. Explant of marrow at 2, 4, 5, or 6 months after single fraction TBI (300-800 rad) was associated with decreased longevity of hemopoiesis (2-12 weeks), and a decrease in the proliferative capacity of fibroblastic adherent-stromal colony forming cells (CFUf) as measured by colony size at 14 days and number of colonies per 10(6) cells plated. In contrast, explant of marrow 8 to 24 months after TBI produced cultures with longevity that was indistinguishable from age-matched control cultures (19-24 weeks). Marrow from irradiated first and second generation recipients of serially transferred marrow demonstrated a similar 7 month in vivo recovery period; however, the plateau maximum duration of hemopoiesis did not return to control levels. Purified stromal cell cultures were prepared by corticosteroid-deprivation of explanted marrow for 28 days and were then engrafted in vitro with marrow from C57BL/6J or RfM/UN mice that had been irradiated 1 month previously. Hemopoiesis in these cultures was restored, and they produced GM-CFUc and granulocytes for 15-24 weeks. Thus, healthy stroma supported growth of recently irradiated hemopoietic cells in vitro. Nonadherent cells removed from the above continuous marrow cultures generated clonal non leukemogenic WEHI-3 GF-dependent hemopoietic progenitor cell lines with a frequency concordant with radiation effects on culture longevity, and this was increased by the presence of purified healthy stromal cultures. Indirect effects of x-irradiation on hemopoietic stem cells through damage and repair in the stromal cell compartment can be effectively studied with the present bone marrow culture system. PMID- 6749771 TI - Monoclonal antibodies: potential role in radiation therapy and oncology. AB - Specificity, which is a hallmark of the immune system, will be used in radiation oncology in both diagnosis and therapy through the application of radiolabelled monoclonal and polyclonal antibodies. Antigenic specificities, antibody preparations, and the tumor as a target for radiolabelled antibody is reviewed. Several clinical situations, i.e. single tumor cell suspensions, intraperitoneal single cells and masses, and solid tumors are reviewed in regard to both immune antibody targeting and specific differences between tumors in these regions. The concentration of tumor associated antigens is introductory to radiolabelled antibodies in diagnosis. In the radiation therapy of solid tumors, data regarding tumor dose, tumor effective half-life, varied antibody preparations, and the use of radiolabelled antibody as a method of tumor implantation is discussed using antiferritin 131I-IgG as a model as a model in hepatoma. The theoretical applications of monoclonal antibody integrated in cancer therapy are then presented as a new goal for future development. PMID- 6749772 TI - Pulmonary surfactant. AB - Pulmonary surfactant reduces the surface tension of the alveolar air-liquid interface, thereby providing mechanical stability and preventing alveolar atelectasis. More than 50% of surfactant is dipalmitoyl phosphatidylcholine, a material that is capable of reducing the surface tension of the alveolar interface to uniquely low values. The functions of the remaining 25% unsaturated phosphatidylcholines, 5-10% phosphatidylglycerol, 5% cholesterol, and 8-10% protein are unknown. Surfactant is synthesized by alveolar epithelial type II cells and is probably secreted as a lipoprotein complex. Lamellar bodies, which distinguish type II cells, are likely to be intracellular sites of transport of processing. The catabolism of surfactant after it is secreted into the alveolar lumen is complicated and involves different turnover times for the phosphatidylcholines, phosphatidylglycerol, and the proteins. The metabolic events are under hormonal control and may involve an interplay between beta adrenergic agonists cAMP, and prostaglandins. In disease, such as the neonatal and adult respiratory distress syndromes, derangements in the metabolic processes may produce surfactant that is abnormal with respect to its chemical and physical properties. PMID- 6749773 TI - Dose-dependent inhibition of cold air-induced bronchoconstriction by atropine. AB - We undertook a study to demonstrate whether inhalation of atropine could inhibit cold air-induced bronchoconstriction in a dose-dependent fashion. In seven subjects with asthma we assessed the effects of placebo and of various doses of inhaled atropine (0.13-2.08 mg) on a base-line specific airway resistance (sRaw) and on the increase in sRaw produced by 5 min of voluntary eucapnic hyperventilation with subfreezing air at -17 degrees C. We also assessed the effect of the lowest doses of atropine on the increase in sRaw produced by five breaths of 1.0% metacholine. Atropine in doses of 0.13 or 0.26 mg caused a maximal reduction in base-line sRaw and completely inhibited the effect of 1.0% methacholine on sRaw, but it did not inhibit the bronchomotor response to cold air. Higher doses of atropine did inhibit the effect of cold air on sRaw in a dose-dependent fashion. The dose of atropine required to inhibit this effect of cold air varied with the increase in sRaw produced by cold air after placebo. These results suggest that cold air causes bronchoconstriction through vagal pathways and that higher doses of antimuscarinic agents are required to inhibit vagally mediated bronchoconstriction than those required to reduce base-line airway tone or to inhibit the effects of a large dose of an inhaled muscarinic agonist. PMID- 6749774 TI - Effect of different levels of positive end-expiratory pressure on lung water content. AB - To compare the effects of 2-, 5-, and 10-cmH2O positive end-expiratory pressure (PEEP) on pulmonary extravascular water volume (PEWV), pulmonary blood volume (PBV), pulmonary dry weight (PDW), and distensibility, we separately ventilated perfused dogs' lungs in situ and produced pulmonary edema with oleic acid (0.06 ml/kg). Three groups were studied: I, PEEP, 5 cmH2O in both lung; II, PEEP, 2 cmH2O in one lung and 10 cmH2O in the other; and III, PEEP, same as II, but the chest was rotated to compensate for differences in heights. The PEWV and distensibility were less (P less than 0.05) in lungs exposed to 10-cmH2O than to either 2- or 5-cmH2O PEEP. After chest rotation, the difference between 10- and 2 cmH2O PEEP on PEWV was eliminated but that on distensibility was not. We conclude that 10-cmH2O PEEP 1) decreased water content because of lung volume-induced effects on intravascular hydrostatic pressure and 2) improved distensibility by recruitment of alveoli, irrespective of PEWV. PMID- 6749775 TI - Effect of heating rate on evaporative heat loss in the microwave-exposed mouse. AB - Male CBA/J mice were administered heat loads of 0-28 J X g-1 at specific absorption rates (SARs) of either 47 or 93 W X kg-1 by exposure to 2,450-MHz microwave radiation at an ambient temperature of 30 degrees C while evaporative heat loss (EHL) was continuously monitored with dew-point hygrometry. At an SAR of 47 W X kg-1 a threshold heat load of 10.5 J X g-1 had to be exceeded before EHL increased. An approximate doubling of SAR to 93 W X kg-1 reduced the threshold to 5.2 J X g-1. Above threshold the slopes of the regression lines were 1.15 and 0.929 for the low- and high-SAR groups, respectively. Thus the difference in threshold and not slope attributes to the significant increase in EHL when mice are exposed at a high SAR (P less than 0.02). In separate experiments a SAR of 47 W X kg-1 raised the deep body temperature of anesthetized mice at a rate of 0.026 degrees C X s-1, whereas 93 W X kg-1 raised temperature at 0.049 degrees C X s-1. Hence the sensitivity of the EHL mode of heat dissipation is directly proportional to the rate of heat absorption and to the rate of rise in body temperature. These data contradict the notion that mammals have control over whole-body heat exchange only (i.e., thermoregulation) but instead indicate that the EHL system is highly responsive to the rate of heat absorption (i.e., temperature regulation). PMID- 6749776 TI - Estimation of transmural cardiac pressures during ventilation with PEEP. AB - Assessment of ventricular performance during positive end-expiratory pressure (PEEP) requires accurate measurement of transmural cardiac pressures. We investigated the influence of PEEP on the atrial and juxtacardiac pressures estimated by different methods in eight dogs. Left atrial pressure was measured by hydraulic and transducer-tipped catheter systems. Juxtacardiac pressure was estimated by an esophageal balloon and by air- and fluid-filled mediastinal wafer sensors. The supine canine heart was observed radiographically to lift and tilt during PEEP subjecting the left atrial catheters and the fluid-filled mediastinal wafer to a hydrostatic pressure increase. The esophageal balloon seriously underestimated the pressure increment occurring during the application of PEEP in the supine (but not prone) position, perhaps because mediastinal weight was lifted from the esophagus during lung distension. Similar phenomena were also observed in three human subjects. We conclude that lung distension lifts and tilts the heart in a supine preparation causing a hydrostatic increase of intracavitary pressure and attenuation of the esophageal pressure increment. These effects help to account for the apparent alterations of ventricular compliance and performance previously attributed to PEEP. PMID- 6749777 TI - In vivo and in vitro characteristics of eccrine sweating in patas and rhesus monkeys. AB - Biopsy specimens from the chest, palm, back, and lateral calf were obtained from three patas (4-6 kg) and two rhesus monkeys (6 and 8 kg) tranquilized with ketamine hydrochloride (10 mg/kg). The eccrine sweat glands of the specimens were subsequently isolated under a stereomicroscope and prepared for analysis. In both palmar and hairy skin (chest, lateral calf) patas eccrine glands were larger than those isolated from corresponding sites obtained from the rhesus specimens. In vitro stimulation of the patas' glands with methacholine (MCH) chloride produced a dose-dependent increase in sweating rate that was blocked by atropine. Maximal palmar sweating was comparable between the two species of monkey. Mean maximal in vitro sweating rates on the chest and lateral calf of the three patas monkeys were 3.79 and 4.6 nl. gl-1.min-1, respectively. In contrast, the in vitro sweating rate of the rhesus chest glands was negligibly small, i.e., 0.05 nl.gl 1. min-1. Maximal in vivo sweating rates measured by resistance hygrometry during exercise in a hot (40 degrees C) environment were usually synchronous, cyclic, and only slightly below maximal in vitro rates. When the monkey (patas) was already sweating, the onset and cessation of exercise produced an immediate rise and decline in sweating, respectively. At any given rectal or mean skin temperature, sweating was two- to sixfold higher in the patas compared with that of the rhesus monkey. These results indicate that the patas monkey is an excellent model for studying the physiology of sweating in humans. PMID- 6749779 TI - The origins, development, and goals of adolescent medicine. AB - This essay offers the author's recollections and opinions on such topics as when and why an interest in adolescents' medical care originated, under what circumstances those developments occurred which preceded and soon followed the recognition of Adolescent Medicine by medical schools and hospitals, and the goals of those physicians who pursued that interest. It attempts to recount and document the events, circumstances, persons, and groups of people associated with the emergence and early development of this venture into the medical care of yet another age-group. PMID- 6749778 TI - Critical fat, menarche, and the maintenance of menstrual cycles: a critical review. AB - The critical weight (fat) hypothesis has generated interest as a mechanism for the onset and maintenance of normal reproductive cycles in human females. It postulates that menarche is triggered by the attainment of a critical percentage fat and that the maintenance of menstrual cycles requires the persistence of a minimal level; each level is argued to be universal for a particular population or race and, by implication, for the species as a whole. However, an examination of the evidence reveals the hypothesis to have a number of serious methodological and empirical shortcomings which may be grouped under three headings. First, there are no acceptable measures of body fatness, and workers rely instead on estimates from height and weight which have been shown to be intolerably erroneous for individuals. Second, using either these estimates, or more reliable ones using appropriate methods, it may be shown that critical levels do not apply: numerous exceptions involving fat levels above and below the suggested threshold may be shown. Finally, where specific conditions involving reduced fatness and menstrual delay or dysfunction are used to support the hypothesis, it may be shown that other confounding factors are equally plausible. Consequently, based on available evidence, the critical weight (fat) hypothesis cannot be accepted. Hypotheses based on normal maturational processes, especially of the central nervous system, currently provide better explanations. PMID- 6749780 TI - Vincristine for treatment of transmissible venereal tumor in the dog--. PMID- 6749781 TI - Canine hypothyroidism. PMID- 6749782 TI - Aculeacin A resistant mutants of Candida albicans. AB - Mutants of Candida albicans resistant to aculeacin A, a yeast cell-wall inhibitor, were isolated after mutagenesis with ultraviolet light. The parental strain was sensitive to 0.1 approximately 0.5 microgram/ml of the antibiotic. In contrast, the minimum inhibitory concentration for the mutants ranged from 50 to 200 microgram/ml. Except for papulocandin, another cell-wall inhibitor, the antibiotic susceptibility of the mutants was similar to the parental strain. The parent strain and the aculeacin resistant mutants exhibited similar morphological changes at subinhibitory levels of aculeacin and had comparable growth rates on complex media. The lipid and sterol content of the parent and the mutants were significantly different. For example, the total lipid content was two-fold higher in the mutant strains. Drug resistance in the mutants was specific for aculeacin and papulocandin and appeared to be associated with alteration in the lipid composition of membranes. PMID- 6749783 TI - Theory and programming of a computer identification system for coliform strains. PMID- 6749784 TI - A simplified strategy for the identification of Gram negative fermenting rods using a desk-top computer. PMID- 6749785 TI - Experimental ecological studies on H2 plasmids in the intestine and faeces of the calf. PMID- 6749786 TI - Accumulation of carbohydrate by Escherichia coli B/r/1 during growth at low water activity. PMID- 6749787 TI - A note on fermentation reactions of anaerobic bacteria on a solid medium. PMID- 6749788 TI - Leprosy and its chemotherapy. PMID- 6749789 TI - Interactions between micro-organisms and metronidazole. PMID- 6749790 TI - The pre-eminent role of anaerobes in mixed infections. PMID- 6749791 TI - Factors affecting the choice of antimicrobial therapy for anaerobic infection. PMID- 6749792 TI - The role of anaerobes and possible indications for anti-anaerobe chemotherapy in infections of the head, neck and thorax. PMID- 6749794 TI - Microbiological properties of tinidazole: spectrum, activity and ecological considerations. PMID- 6749793 TI - The development of 5-nitroimidazoles for the treatment and prophylaxis of anaerobic bacterial infections. PMID- 6749795 TI - Tinidazole: a review of clinical experience in anaerobic infections. PMID- 6749796 TI - The laboratory and the management of anaerobic infection. PMID- 6749797 TI - Tinidazole in the prevention of post-operative wound infection after hysterectomy. PMID- 6749798 TI - Certification of lead concentration in standard reference materials by isotope dilution mass spectrometry. AB - In response to needs for analytical standards by researchers studying the exposure of humans to lead, a wide variety of environmental and "food" Standard Reference Materials have been prepared and certified for lead as well as for many other elements. Among the food types are SRM 1571, Orchard Leaves, 45 ppm; SRM 1575, Pine Needles, 10.8 ppm; SRM 1573, Tomato Leaves, 6.3 ppm; SRM 1566, Oyster Tissue, 0.48 ppm; SRM 1577, Bovine Liver, 0.34 ppm; SRM 1568, Rice Flour, 0.045 ppm; and SRM 1567, Wheat Flour, 0.020 ppm. These materials, intended for use in calibrating instruments and methods, have been certified by a definitive method, isotope dilution mass spectrometry. The advantages and disadvantages of this technique are discussed and some suggestions for the use of its isotopic selectivity in the study of lead in the human environment are presented. PMID- 6749799 TI - Comparison at steady state of sustained-release theophylline tablets and capsules. PMID- 6749800 TI - Growing up with "intractable" asthma and growing out of it. PMID- 6749801 TI - Molecular cloning of pheR in Escherichia coli K-12. AB - The regulator gene pheR, which in Escherichia coli controls the expression of pheA, the structural gene for chorismate mutase P-prephenate dehydratase, was cloned on to multicopy plasmids directly from the E. coli chromosome; this was achieved with the aid of the tetracycline resistance transposon, Tn10, that had been inserted very close to the pheR gene. Subsequently, pheR was subcloned on a 1.1-kilobase-pair fragment on the plasmid vector pBR322; its position on the plasmid was localized by the method of gamma delta-mediated transpositional inactivation. The pheR gene product was identified in maxicells and found to be a protein of subunit molecular weight 19,000, suggesting that the coding segment of the gene is about 500 nucleotide pairs long. PMID- 6749802 TI - Exogenous dTMP utilization by a novel tup mutant of Saccharomyces cerevisiae. AB - The rate and extent of entry of dTMP were measured in strains of Saccharomyces cerevisiae carrying two new tup mutations (tup5 and tup7) and most of the other tup mutations which have been reported previously by others. The tup7 mutation allowed dramatically greater accumulation of dTMP than any of the other mutations tested. Specific labeling of DNA by [CH3-3H]dTMP, fate of the dTMP pool inside of the cells, and degradation of the dTMP in the culture medium were investigated in strains carrying the tup7 mutation. The extracellular dTMP was not appreciably degraded, and that accumulated intracellularly was readily phosphorylated to dTDP and dTTP. Under optimum labeling conditions, 60 to 80% of the total thymidylate residues in newly synthesized DNA were derived from the exogenously provided dTMP, even in the absence of a block in de novo dTMP biosynthesis. An apparent Km for entry of 2 mM dTMP was found. The tup7 mutation increased permeability to dTMP (and some other 5'-mononucleotides), but did not affect uptake of nucleosides and purine and pyrimidine bases. Uptake of dTMP could be almost completely inhibited by moderate concentrations of Pi. These findings and other observations suggest that entry of dTMP in strains carrying the tup7 mutation is mediated by a permease whose function in normal cells is the transport of Pi. PMID- 6749803 TI - Insertion of a MalE beta-galactosidase fusion protein into the envelope of Escherichia coli disrupts biogenesis of outer membrane proteins and processing of inner membrane proteins. AB - The synthesis of a membrane-bound MalE beta-galactosidase hybrid protein, when induced by growth of Escherichia coli on maltose, leads to inhibition of cell division and eventually a reduced rate of mass increase. In addition, the relative rate of synthesis of outer membrane proteins, but not that of inner membrane proteins, was reduced by about 50%. Kinetic experiments demonstrated that this reduction coincided with the period of maximum synthesis of the hybrid protein (and another maltose-inducible protein, LamB). The accumulation of this abnormal protein in the envelope therefore appeared specifically to inhibit the synthesis, the assembly of outer membrane proteins, or both, indicating that the hybrid protein blocks some export site or causes the sequestration of some limiting factor(s) involved in the export process. Since the MalE protein is normally located in the periplasm, the results also suggest that the synthesis of periplasmic and outer membrane proteins may involve some steps in common. The reduced rate of synthesis of outer membrane proteins was also accompanied by the accumulation in the envelope of at least one outer membrane protein and at least two inner membrane proteins as higher-molecular-weight forms, indicating that processing (removal of the N-terminal signal sequence) was also disrupted by the presence of the hybrid protein. These results may indicate that the assembly of these membrane proteins is blocked at a relatively late step rather than at the level of primary recognition of some site by the signal sequence. In addition, the results suggest that some step common to the biogenesis of quite different kinds of envelope protein is blocked by the presence of the hybrid protein. PMID- 6749804 TI - Regulation of invertase synthesis by glucose in Saccharomyces cerevisiae. AB - Saccharomyces cerevisiae growing under repressible conditions (1% of glucose or more) produces a burst of external invertase when shifted to higher temperatures. The secretion of this invertase requires protein synthesis, but was found to be independent of RNA formation. The level of mRNA accumulated and translated was inversely proportional to the glucose present in the growth medium. These results are consistent with the hypothesis that invertase is continuously synthesized both in the presence and absence of glucose, but under repressible conditions is degraded before secretion takes place. PMID- 6749805 TI - Mechanisms of appearance of the Pasteur effect in Saccharomyces cerevisiae: inactivation of sugar transport systems. AB - Saccharomyces cerevisiae does not show a noticeable Pasteur effect (activation of sugar catabolism by anaerobiosis) when growing with an excess of sugar and nitrogen source, but it does do so after exhaustion of the nitrogen source in the medium (resting state). We have found that this different behavior of growing and resting S. cerevisiae seems due to differences in the contribution of respiration to catabolism under both states. Growing S. cerevisiae respired only 3 to 20% of the catabolized sugar, depending on the sugar present; the remainder was fermented. In contrast, resting S. cerevisiae respired as much as 25 to 100% of the catabolized sugar. These results suggest that a shift to anaerobiosis would have much greater energetic consequences in resting than in growing S. cerevisiae. In resting S. cerevisiae anaerobiosis would strongly decrease the formation of ATP; as a consequence, various regulatory mechanisms would switch on, producing the observed increase of the rate of glycolysis. The greater significance that respiration reached in resting cells was not due to an increase of the respiratory capacity itself, but to a loss of fermentation which turned respiration into the main catabolic pathway. The main mechanism involved in the loss of fermentation observed during nitrogen starvation was a progressive inactivation of the sugar transport systems that reduced the rate of fermentation to less than 10% of the value observed in growing cells. Inactivation of the sugar transports seems a consequence of the turnover of the sugar carriers whose apparent half-lives were 2 to 7 h. PMID- 6749806 TI - Regulation of the ColV plasmid-determined iron (III)-aerobactin transport system in Escherichia coli. AB - Regulation by iron was studied in Escherichia coli strains whose iron supply was entirely dependent on the iron(III)-aerobactin system determined by the ColV plasmid. By the insertion of phage Mu (Ap lac) into the ColV plasmid, mutants were selected that could no longer grow in iron-limited media. The inserted Mu (Ap lac) strongly reduced the amount of aerobactin and he cloacin receptor protein formed by the cells. Their production was no longer subject to regulation by iron. The Mu (Ap lac) insertion apparently led to a polar effect on the expression of the presumably closely linked genes that control the synthesis of aerobactin and the cloacin receptor protein. The expression of the beta galactosidase gene on the inserted phage genome came under the control of the iron state of the cells. Under iron-limited growth conditions, the amount of beta galactosidase synthesized was, depending on the strain studied, 6 to 30 times higher than under iron-sufficient growth conditions. In fur mutants with an impaired iron regulation of ll iron supply systems studied so far, high amounts of beta-galactosidase were synthesized independent of the cells' iron supply. The results demonstrate an iron-controlled promoter on the ColV plasmid which is subject to regulation by the chromosomal fur gene. PMID- 6749807 TI - Genetic mapping of mutations in a highly radiation-resistant mutant of Salmonella typhimurium LT2. AB - The genes involved in the high radiation resistance of mutant R68 of Salmonella typhimurium LT2 were mapped by conjugation. It was observed that the high radiation resistance involved genes localized in two regions of the chromosome, which have been designated as garA and garB for high gamma resistance. The garA gene mapped near gal and uvrB at about 18 map units, and the garB gene mapped near purC at about 49 map units. The resistance of R68 was reduced to the wild type level by the acquisition of the two wild-type alleles, garA+ and garB+. Recombinants carrying the garA or garB gene repaired single-strand breaks in their DNA faster than did the wild-type strain. However, only those with the garA mutation showed a marked increase in UV irradiation resistance above the wild type level, whereas those with garB mutation exhibited an increased rate of spontaneous degradation of DNA beyond the level observed in recA cells. PMID- 6749808 TI - Molecular cloning of eucaryotic genes required for excision repair of UV irradiated DNA: isolation and partial characterization of the RAD3 gene of Saccharomyces cerevisiae. AB - We describe the molecular cloning of a 6-kilobase (kb) fragment of yeast chromosomal DNA containing the RAD3 gene of Saccharomyces cerevisiae. When present in the autonomously replicating yeast cloning vector YEp24, this fragment transformed two different UV-sensitive, excision repair-defective rad3 mutants of S. cerevisiae to UV resistance. The same result was obtained with a variety of other plasmids containing a 4.5-kb subclone of the 6-kb fragment. The UV sensitivity of mutants defective in the RAD1, RAD2, RAD4, and RAD14 loci was not affected by transformation with these plasmids. The 4.5-kb fragment was subcloned into the integrating yeast vector YIp5, and the resultant plasmid was used to transform the rad3-1 mutant to UV resistance. Both genetic and physical studies showed that this plasmid integrated by homologous recombination into the rad3 site uniquely. We conclude from these studies that the cloned DNA that transforms the rad3-1 mutant to UV resistance contains the yeast chromosomal RAD3 gene. The 4.5-kb fragment was mapped by restriction analysis, and studies on some of the subclones generated from this fragment indicate that the RAD3 gene is at least 1.5 kb in size. PMID- 6749809 TI - Changes in cell dimensions during amino acid starvation of Escherichia coli. AB - Electron microscopic analysis was used to study cells of Escherichia coli B and K 12 during and after amino acid starvation. The results confirmed our previous conclusion that cell division and initiation of DNA replication occur at a smaller cell volume after amino acid starvation. Although during short starvation periods, the number of constricting cells decreased due to residual division, it appears that during prolonged starvation, cells of E. coli B and K-12 were capable of initiating new constrictions. During amino acid starvation, cell diameter decreased significantly. The decrease was reversed only after two generation times after the resumption of protein synthesis and was larger in magnitude than that previously observed before division (F. J. Trueba and C. L. Woldringh, J. Bacteriol. 142:869-878, 1980). This decrease in cell diameter correlates with synchronization of cell division which has been shown to occur after amino acid starvation. PMID- 6749810 TI - Molecular cloning and regulation of expression of the genes for initiation factor 3 and two aminoacyl-tRNA synthetases. AB - A 22-kilobase fragment of the Escherichia coli chromosome which contains the genes for translation initiation factor 3, phenylalanyl-tRNA synthetase, and threonyl-tRNA synthetase was cloned into plasmid pACYC184. The hybrid plasmid (designated pID1) complements a temperature-sensitive pheS lesion in E. coli NP37. pID1-transformed NP37 overproduce initiation factor 3 and phenylalanyl-tRNA synthetase. Gene expression from pID1 was studied in vitro in a coupled transcription-translation system and in minicells. The results suggest that the genes for initiation factor 3 and phenylalanyl- and threonyl-tRNA synthetase are regulated by different mechanisms. PMID- 6749811 TI - Cloning of trg, a gene for a sensory transducer in Escherichia coli. AB - Clones of trg, a gene which codes for a chemotactic transducer, were isolated linked to ColE1 and pBR322 vectors. Studies with the hybrid plasmids demonstrated unequivocally that trg is the structural gene for methyl-accepting chemotaxis protein III. The Trg protein was found to be structurally complex, electrophoresing as a series of seven bands on high-resolution sodium dodecyl sulfate-polyacrylamide gels. The multiplicity of bands is a function of the activity of cheR, which codes for a methyltransferase, and of cheB, which codes for a demethylase. It appears that Trg, a quantitatively minor transducer, resembles the two major transducer proteins, Tsr and Tar, in that all three are multiply methylated and also multiply modified in a second way which requires an active cheB gene. However, preliminary analysis of the Trg protein indicated that it is significantly less related structurally to the Tsr or Tar protein than those two transducers are to each other. This implies that the features of multiple methylation and cheB-dependent modification are likely to be critical for the common physiological functions in chemotactic excitation and adaptation performed by all three transducers. PMID- 6749812 TI - Effects of pH and repellent tactic stimuli on protein methylation levels in Escherichia coli. AB - Intracellular pH (pH(int)) and extracellular pH (pH(ext)) of Escherichia coli were measured at 12-s time resolution by (31)P-nuclear magnetic resonance: a sudden neutral-to-acid shift in pH(ext) (e.g., from 7.0 to 5.6) caused a transient failure of homeostasis, with pH(int) decreasing by about 0.4 unit in ca. 30 s and then returning to its original value (ca. 7.5) over a period of several minutes. Membrane proton conductance was estimated to be 20 pmol s(-1) cm(-2) pH unit(-1). Addition of the membrane-permeant weak acid benzoate at constant pH(ext) also caused a lowering of pH(int); at high concentrations it generated an inverted transmembrane pH gradient (DeltapH). The buffering capacity of the cells was estimated by such experiments to be ca. 50 mM per pH unit. Effects of pH-related stimuli on the methyl-accepting chemotaxis proteins (MCPs) were examined: the steady-state methylation of MCP I was found to decrease when pH(int) was lowered by weak acid addition or when pH(ext) was lowered. The extent of demethylation in the latter case was too great to be explained by imperfect steady-state homeostasis; a small but reproducible undershoot in methylation level correlated with the observed short-term homeostatic failure. MCP II underwent smaller and more complex changes than MCP I, in response to pH-related stimuli. The methylation level of MCP I could not, by any condition tested, be driven below a limit of ca. 15% of the control level (unstimulated cells at pH(ext) 7.0). The weak-acid concentration needed to reach that limit was dependent on pH(ext), as would be expected on the basis of DeltapH-driven concentrative effects. The potency ranking of weak acids was the same with respect to lowering pH(int), demethylating MCP I, and causing repellent behavioral responses. The data are consistent with a model whereby MCP I and hence tactic behavior are sensitive to both pH(int) and pH(ext). Evidence is presented that pH(int) may also have a direct (non-MCP-related) effect on motor function. Comparison of methyl-(3)H- and (35)S-labeled MCP I revealed that in both unstimulated and repellent-stimulated cells the major species did not carry methyl label, yet it had an electrophoretic mobility that indicated that it was more positively charged than the unmethylated form observed in methyltransferase mutants, and it was susceptible to base hydrolysis. This suggests that a substantial fraction of MCP I molecules is methylated or otherwise modified but neither exchanges methyl label nor undergoes reverse modification by repellent stimuli. PMID- 6749813 TI - Nickel in the catalytically active hydrogenase of Alcaligenes eutrophus. AB - Nickel is a constituent of soluble and particulate hydrogenase of Alcaligenes eutrophus. Incorporation of 63Ni2+ revealed that almost the total nickel taken up by the cells was bound to the protein. Chromatography of a crude extract on diethylaminoethyl cellulose demonstrated an association of 63Ni2+ with soluble and particulate hydrogenase, supported by further analysis like polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis. Unspecific binding of 63Ni2+ to the protein was excluded by comparison with a mutant extract free of hydrogenase protein. X-ray fluorescence analysis of the homogeneous soluble hydrogenase indicated the presence of 2 mol of nickel per mol of enzyme, whereas the amount of nickel determined by incorporation of 63Ni2+ was calculated to be approximately 1 mol/mol of enzyme. Cells grown under nickel limitation contained catalytically inactive, but serologically active, soluble and particulate hydrogenase. The immunochemical reactions were only partially identical with the enzyme from nickel-cultivated cells indicating a structural modification of the proteins in the absence of nickel. It is concluded that nickel is essential for the catalytic activity of hydrogenase and not involved as a regulatory component in the synthesis of this enzyme. PMID- 6749814 TI - Plasmolysis during the division cycle of Escherichia coli. AB - Cells of Escherichia coli were plasmolyzed with sucrose. They were classified according to length by way of electron micrographs taken from samples prepared by agar filtration. The percentage of plasmolyzed cells increased about two- and threefold between mean cell sizes of newborn and separating cells. However, dividing cells were less frequently plasmolyzed than nondividing cells of the same length class. Analysis of cell halves (prospective daughters) in dividing cells showed that they behaved as independent cellular units with respect to plasmolysis. The results indicate that compressibility of the protoplast (given a certain plasmolysis space) is inversely related to cell size. That a dividing cell does not react as one osmotic compartment to osmotic stress may suggest that cell size-dependent strength of the cell membrane-cell wall association, rather than variation in turgor, plays a role during the cell division cycle. PMID- 6749815 TI - Virus-like particles and lytic plaque formation in lawns of Candida albicans. AB - The antifungal agent Aculeacin A at subinhibitory levels induced lytic plaques in lawns of Candida albicans. Electron microscopic examination of plaque lysates suspended in phosphotungstic acid revealed the presence of spherical particles 12, 18, and 28 to 30 nm in size. Particles were also found in ultrathin sections of treated C. albicans cells. The plaque lysate lost infectivity after treatment with UV light, heat treatment at 80 degrees C for 10 min, or being held at pH 2 for 30 min. PMID- 6749817 TI - DNA replication in a diploid strain of Saccharomyces cerevisiae homozygous for the rad6-1 mutation. AB - The generation time of a diploid strain homozygous for the rad6-1 mutation was 160 min, and the duration of the S phase was 80 min; in the parental heterozygote, these values were 90 and 40 min, respectively. Analysis of DNA sedimentation in an alkaline sucrose gradient revealed that heterozygote high molecular-weight DNA appeared after 60 min, and homozygote high-molecular weight DNA only after a 100-min pulse. PMID- 6749816 TI - Sequence analysis of the heat-labile enterotoxin subunit B gene originating in human enterotoxigenic Escherichia coli. AB - In this study, we determined the amino-terminal coding sequence, covering the signal peptide and the amino-terminus of the mature peptide, of the heat-labile enterotoxin subunit B (LT-B) gene originating in human enterotoxigenic Escherichia coli. Neither the signal sequence nor the amino-terminal sequence of the mature LT-B was identical to those sequences from porcine enterotoxigenic E. coli, but there was an extensive homology. PMID- 6749818 TI - Cytoplasmic transfer of oligomycin resistance during protoplast fusion of Saccharomycopsis lipolytica. AB - Mitotic segregation of oligomycin resistance and oligomycin sensitivity was observed among the prototrophic progeny of protoplast fusion between drug resistant and drug-sensitive complementary auxotrophs of Saccharomycopsis lipolytica. The transfer of oligomycin resistance by protoplast fusion without karyogamy suggests a cytoplasmic inheritance of this drug resistance determinant. PMID- 6749819 TI - O6-methylguanine-DNA methyltransferase in wild-type and ada mutants of Escherichia coli. AB - O(6)-Methylguanine-DNA methyltransferase is induced in Escherichia coli during growth in low levels of N-methyl-N'-nitro-N-nitrosoguanidine. We have developed a sensitive assay for quantitating low levels of this activity with a synthetic DNA substrate containing 3H-labeled O(6)-methylguanine as the only modified base. Although both wild-type and adaptation-deficient (ada) mutants of E. coli contained low but comparable numbers (from 13 to 60) of the enzyme molecules per cell, adaptation treatment caused a significant increase of the enzyme in the wild type but not in the ada mutants, suggesting that the ada mutation is in a regulatory locus and not in the structural gene for the methyltransferase. PMID- 6749820 TI - New antibiotic substance produced by Salmonella typhimurium LT2. AB - Salmonella typhimurium LT2 excreted under certain conditions an antibiotic substance designated typhimuricin. It is suggested that the LT2 "cryptic" plasmid is involved in its production and in the immunity to it. Preliminary characterization of typhimuricin is presented. PMID- 6749821 TI - Evolutionary divergence of the Citrobacter freundii tryptophan operon regulatory region: comparison with other enteric bacteria. AB - The regulatory region of the trp operon of Citrobacter freundii was sequenced and compared with the corresponding regions of other enteric bacteria. Significant differences were noted in the promoter region. These differences are presumably responsible for the weak expression of the cloned trp operon in Escherichia coli. The presumed operator region, although nonfunctional in E. coli, has dyad symmetry, but the sequence of the symmetrical region differs appreciably from those of operators that can be regulated by the E. coli trp repressor. The sequence of the trp leader region of C. freundii resembles that of other enteric bacteria, suggesting that the C. freundii operon is also regulated by attenuation. Comparison of the sequence of the initial portion of trpE with the homologous regions of E. coli and Salmonella typhimurium indicates that the three organisms probably are evolutionary equidistant. PMID- 6749822 TI - Genetic and physical map of a P1 miniplasmid. AB - The prophage form of bacteriophage P1 is a unit-copy plasmid which is maintained with great fidelity in its Escherichia coli host. The plasmid maintenance functions of P1 are clustered in one region of the genome. An 11.5-kilobase fragment from this region has been cloned into a lambda delta att vector and promotes stable unit-copy plasmid maintenance. The properties of the lambda vector facilitated the isolation of deletion mutants affecting the P1 DNA. Twenty eight deletion mutants were isolated, and their lesions were mapped by physical techniques. The genetic properties of the mutants with respect to plasmid replication, stability of plasmid maintenance, and ability to exert incompatibility effects against P1 and P7 plasmids were determined. These properties, along with those of several subfragments of the P1 insert cloned into high-copy-number plasmid vectors, allow the construction of an unambiguous genetic and physical map of the maintenance functions. A region of less than 3 kilobases, the rep region, is essential for plasmid replication and contains the incA incompatibility determinant within an 800-base-pair segment. Immediately adjacent to rep is a second region of approximately 3 kilobases which is required for stable plasmid maintenance, but not replication. This region, par, contains a second incompatibility element incB which is approximately 1 kilobase in size. The par region appears to specify equipartition of plasmid copies to daughter cells during cell division. PMID- 6749823 TI - Effect of silver ions on transport and retention of phosphate by Escherichia coli. AB - Silver ions inhibited phosphate uptake and exchange in Escherichia coli and caused efflux of accumulated phosphate as well as of mannitol, succinate, glutamine, and proline. The effects of Ag+ were reversed by thiols and, to a lesser extent, by bromide. In the presence of N-ethylmaleimide and several uncouplers, Ag+ failed to cause phosphate efflux, but still inhibited exchange of intracellular and extracellular phosphate, indicating an interaction at more than one site. It is unlikely that Ag+ caused metabolite efflux by acting solely as an uncoupler, as an inhibitor of the respiratory chain, or as a thiol reagent. PMID- 6749824 TI - Potentiation by L-cysteine of the bactericidal effect of hydrogen peroxide in Escherichia coli. AB - Under anaerobic conditions an exponentially growing culture of Escherichia coli K 12 was exposed to hydrogen peroxide in the presence of various compounds. Hydrogen peroxide (0.1 mM) together with 0.1 mM L-cysteine or L-cystine killed the organisms more rapidly than 10 mM hydrogen peroxide alone. The exposure of E. coli to hydrogen peroxide in the presence of L-cysteine inhibited some of the catalase. This inhibition, however, could not fully explain the 100-fold increase in hydrogen peroxide sensitivity of the organism in the presence of L-cysteine. Of other compounds tested only some thiols potentiated the bactericidal effect of hydrogen peroxide. These thiols were effective, however, only at concentrations significantly higher than 0.1 mM. The effect of L-cysteine and L-cystine could be annihilated by the metal ion chelating agent 2,2'-bipyridyl. DNA breakage in E. coli K-12 was demonstrated under conditions where the organisms were killed by hydrogen peroxide. PMID- 6749825 TI - A clinical review of alcohol, alcoholism, and the elderly patient. AB - Alcohol intake can precipitate problems, especially confusion, in nonalcoholic older individuals suffering from medical disorders. Alcoholism is seen in 15% or more of older patients presenting to psychiatrists with psychopathology ranging from depression to acute psychotic states. The older alcoholic rarely fits the stereotype of alcoholism, tends to report stable early life adjustment, presents with restricted areas of alcohol-related pathology, and is likely to drink only 5 6 days a week, with an intake of 4-5 drinks per occasion. Effective treatment of alcoholism in the elderly includes education, pressure from significant others, and assistance to help the individual readjust to a life without alcohol. This treatment resembles techniques used with the younger alcoholic, with modifications to take cognizance of the special medical and social needs of older patients. PMID- 6749826 TI - Amitriptyline-perphenazine and doxepin in depressed outpatients: a controlled double-blind study. AB - Amitriptyline-perphenazine (100/8-150/12 mg/day) and doxepin (100-150 mg/day) were compared for clinical efficacy and safety in a sample of 130 nonpsychotic depressed outpatients. Maximum study duration was 4 weeks; 19 amitriptyline perphenazine and 29 doxepin patients completed less than or equal to 3 weeks of treatment and 45 amitriptyline-perphenazine and 37 doxepin patients completed 4 weeks of treatment. Patients in both groups showed significant improvement in depression, but amitriptyline-perphenazine produced greater improvement than doxepin on several measures of depressive symptomatology. The incidence of anticholinergic and sedative side effects was higher in the amitriptyline perphenazine treated group. PMID- 6749827 TI - A controlled comparison of relaxation and diazepam in panic disorder. AB - Subjects with panic disorder (N = 23) were randomized into a crossover design involving diazepam, placebo, relaxation therapy, or control. Anxiety was measured by a 3-day hourly diary, psychological tests, and assessment of heart rate and skin conductance level during baseline, stress test, and interview. The greatest and only significant physiologic changes occurred with diazepam. The largest pre/posttreatment changes on the psychological tests and self-reported anxiety and depression occurred with relaxation, although the differences were not statistically significant. Relaxation therapy may be useful for treating the general anxiety associated with panic disorder. PMID- 6749828 TI - Amoxapine and amitriptyline: serum levels and clinical response in patients with primary unipolar depression. AB - Amoxapine, a new antidepressant of the dibenzoxazepine class, was compared with amitriptyline in 80 patients with primary unipolar depressive disorders. In a four-week double-blind trial, the two medications were equally effective and had similar onsets of therapeutic action. The range of side effects was similar, although there was a trend for fewer side effects in the amoxapine group. Serum levels were not related to therapeutic response for either medication. PMID- 6749829 TI - Proline-specific dipeptidyl aminopeptidase from Flavobacterium meningosepticum. AB - A proline-specific dipeptidyl aminopeptidase was highly purified from cell-free extract of Flavobacterium meningosepticum by a series of column chromatographies on DEAE-Sephadex A-50, Sephadex G-150, hydroxyapatite, and a second gel filtration on Sephadex G-150. The enzyme was most active at pH 7.4-7.8 for both Gly-Pro-beta-naphthylamide (Gly-Pro-2-NNap) and Gly-Pro-p-nitroanilide (Gly-Pro pNA) and was stable between pH 7 and 9.5. The enzyme was markedly inhibited by diisopropylphosphofluoridate (DFP) and mercury ion but not by sulfhydryl-blocking reagents and metal chelators. The molecular weight of the enzyme was about 160,000 as judged by the gel filtration method and the subunit molecular weight was estimated to be 75,000 by sodium dodecyl sulfate (SDS)-gel electrophoresis, suggesting a dimeric form of the native enzyme. The isoelectric point was at pH 9.5. The enzyme hydrolyzed peptides and peptide amides at the carboxyl side of a proline residue penultimate to the amino-terminal amino acid, as did post-proline dipeptidyl aminopeptidases from various mammals. However, antiserum raised against post-proline dipeptidyl aminopeptidase from porcine kidney did not cross react with the Flavobacterium dipeptidyl aminopeptidase. PMID- 6749830 TI - Proton magnetic resonance spectroscopy of an essential histidyl residue in a milk clotting acid protease, Mucor rennin. AB - The location and state of an essential histidyl residue in a milk-clotting acid proteases, Mucor rennin, were investigated by NMR spectroscopy. Assignment of the C2H resonance peak of the essential histidyl residue was possible by comparison of the NMR spectrum of the native enzyme with that of the photo-oxidized enzyme. The pH titration curve for the chemical shift of the C2H proton showed two inflections, a major one with pKa = 7.4 and a minor one with pKa = 3.5 at 30 degrees C. The major inflection, corresponding to an intrinsic protonation of the imidazole ring, shifted toward the alkaline side upon addition of acetyl pepstatin, an inhibitor specific for the acid protease. Modification of an essential carboxyl group in the enzyme with diazoacetyl-DL-norleucine caused disappearance of the minor inflection as well as an acidic shift of the major pKa value. Perturbation effects on the C2H resonance of the lanthanide metals, Pr3+, Eu3+, and Gd3+, suggested their selective binding to a carboxyl group and location of the bound metal atom close to the essential histidyl residue. All data suggested that the essential histidyl residue of Mucor rennin is located close to one of the two essential carboxyl groups in the catalytic site of the enzyme. PMID- 6749831 TI - A simple and sensitive proteinase assay using Sepharose 4B-coupled fluorescamine labeled casein as a substrate. AB - A simple and sensitive method for proteinase assay was developed, which uses fluorescamine-labeled casein-Sepharose 4B as a substrate. Casein-Sepharose 4B was prepared most effectively by coupling casein to cyanogen bromide-activated Sepharose 4B at pH 10.0. Fluorescamine-labeled casein-Sepharose 4B was then prepared by mixing fluorescamine and casein-Sepharose 4B suspension at pH 8.0 and used for the assay as a substrate after removal of the excess reagent and/or its hydrolysis products. The assay can be done by simple measuring the fluorescence (excitation at 390 nm and emission at 475 nm) of the filtrate of the assay mixture after incubation of the substrate with enzyme solution. This method is suited for the assay of proteinases active at neutral to slightly alkaline pH values, and the activity of 3 ng of trypsin or 10 ng of alpha-chymotrypsin can be determined with reasonable accuracy. This method is therefore almost as sensitive as those using radioisotope-labeled proteins as substrates. PMID- 6749832 TI - Kinetic mechanisms in the reduction of aldehydes and ketones catalyzed by rabbit liver aldehyde reductases and hydroxysteroid dehydrogenases. AB - The kinetic properties of the NADPH-dependent reduction of aromatic aldehydes and ketones catalyzed by low- and high-molecular-weight aldehyde reductases [alcohol : NADP oxidoreductase, EC 1.1.1.2] and 3 alpha- and 3 beta-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenases [EC 1.1.1.50 and 1.1.1.51] of rabbit liver were compared. Initial velocity measurements with pyridine-4-aldehyde, 4-benzoylpyridine and androstadione as substrates and inhibition studies with their products indicated that all the enzymes followed an ordered Bi Bi reaction mechanism with coenzyme binding first and leaving last. However, phenylpyruvic acid inhibited 3 alpha hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase and low-molecular-weight aldehyde reductase noncompetitively with respect to either NADPH or substrate, whereas it inhibited 3 beta-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase and high-molecular-weight aldehyde reductase uncompetitively. Cibacron blue F3GA dye was a dead-end inhibitor of the enzymes, being competitive with respect to NADPH and noncompetitive with respect to the other substrate, but the Ki value of 3 alpha-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase for this dye was much higher than those of the other enzymes. PMID- 6749833 TI - Dipeptidyl aminopeptidase IV from porcine pancreas. AB - Dipeptidyl aminopeptidase IV [EC 3.4.14.5] was purified from the water extract of porcine pancreas acetone powder by a series of column chromatographies on DEAE Sephadex and gel filtration on Sephadex G-200, and was finally subjected to gel filtration on Toyo-pearl in the presence of 1% deoxycholate. The purified enzyme was homogeneous as judged by disc gel and SDS gel electrophoreses. The enzyme was most active at pH 8.0 with Gly-Pro-beta-naphthylamide (Gly-Pro-2-NNap) as the substrate and hydrolyzed peptide bonds involving the carboxyl group of prolyl residues penultimate to unprotected termini. The enzyme was completely inactivated by diisopropyl phosphorofluoridate (DFP), but only slightly inhibited by phenylmethane sulfonylfluoride (PMSF), SH-blocking reagents and metal chelators. The isoelectric point of the enzyme was 4.8, and the molecular weight was estimated to be 230,000 by gel filtration on Sephadex G-200 and 115,000 by sodium dodecyl sulfate (SDS) gel electrophoresis, suggesting that the enzyme is composed of two identical subunits. PMID- 6749834 TI - Mechanism of action of cerulenin on fatty acid synthetase. Effect of cerulenin on iodoacetamide-induced malonyl-CoA decarboxylase activity. AB - Cerulenin, an antibiotic with the structure of (2R)(3S)-2,3-epoxy-4-oxo-7,10 dodecadienoylamide, irreversibly inactivates yeast fatty acid synthetase. Of all catalytic activities of the synthetase, only the condensation reaction is inhibited by cerulenin. At 0 degrees C and pH 6.5, the second-order rate constant of k = 88 M-1 . S-1 was obtained for the inactivation by cerulenin. This value was about 90-times greater than the rate constant for the inactivation of the enzyme by iodoacetamide. The enzyme was protected against the action of cerulenin by prior treatment with acetyl-CoA but not malonyl-CoA. Treatment of the enzyme with iodoacetamide, while impairing the synthetase activity, induced malonyl-CoA decarboxylase activity [Kresze, G.-B., Steber, L., Oesterhelt, D., and Lynen, F. (1977) Eur. J. Biochem. 79, 191-199]. Cerulenin had no effect on the malonyl-CoA decarboxylase activity of the iodoacetamide-treated enzyme. N-Ethylmaleimide, in contrast, inhibited the iodoacetamide-induced malonyl-CoA decarboxylase activity. When the enzyme was preincubated with cerulenin, malonyl-CoA decarboxylase activity could not be detected even after treatment of the enzyme with iodoacetamide. These results indicated that the reaction of cerulenin with the peripheral SH-groups of the synthetase is responsible for the inactivation. PMID- 6749835 TI - Avian antisera to various gangliosides: detection by enzyme immunoassay. AB - We attempted to produce specific antibodies to various gangliosides by immunizing chickens. Antibody activity was determined by enzyme immunoassay (EIA). The optimal conditions for EIA were examined by using chicken anti-GM1 ganglioside (GM1) serum and the final procedure was as follows. Fifty microliters of ethanol solution containing 2.5 micrograms of the glycolipid antigen and 50 micrograms of taurodeoxycholate were added to each well of an EIA microtitration plate and dried at 37 degrees C for 2 h. Nonspecific sites were blocked by incubation with 1% gelatin-containing buffer, then titration of the chicken antisera was carried out in the antigen-coated plate by incubation at 4 degrees C for 12 h. Next, alkaline phosphatase-labeled anti-chicken IgG (specific antibody, 15 ng; enzyme, 0.054 units) was allowed to react at 37 degrees C for 2 h. The enzyme activity which was bound to the plate was assayed with p-nitrophenol phosphate as substrate. Under the above conditions, anti-GM1 serum reacted strongly with GM1 and asialo GM1, and anti-GM2 serum indicated a considerable specificity for GM2. However, we failed to elicit any antibody to GD1a, GD1b, and GT1b. Anti-NeuAc sialosylparagloboside and anti-NeuGc-sialosylparagloboside sera showed a high specificity for the homologous ganglioside. However, anti-NeuGc-hematoside serum reacted equally with both the homologous antigen and NeuGc-sialosylparagloboside, and anti-NeuAc-hematoside (GM3) serum cross-reacted with both N-acetyl and N glycolyl types of hematoside and sialosylparagloboside. PMID- 6749836 TI - In vivo biosynthesis of the vacuolar proteinases A and B in the yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae. AB - Proteinase A and proteinase B, two vacuolar enzymes in Saccharomyces cerevisiae, are synthesized as larger precursors with apparent molecular weights of approximately 52,000 and 42,000, respectively. These precursor molecules are processed to their mature forms of 42,000 molecular weight for proteinase A and 33,000 molecular weight for proteinase B. In the presence of tunicamycin, an inhibitor of the synthesis of protein-asparagine linked carbohydrate moieties, two smaller molecular forms each of precursor and mature proteinase A were synthesized, indicating that proteinase A contains N-linked carbohydrate which is apparently not required for processing. Tunicamycin interferes also with the glycosylation of the proteinase B precursor, whereas no unglycosylated mature proteinase B could be detected. PMID- 6749837 TI - The elongation factor Tu binds aminoacyl-tRNA in the presence of GDP. AB - Escherichia coli elongation factor (EF-Tu) binds aminoacyl-tRNAs (aa-tRNA) not only in the presence of GTP but also in the presence of GDP. Complex formation leads to a protection of the aa-tRNA against nonenzymatic deacylation and digestion by pancreatic ribonuclease, as well as to a protection of EF-Tu against proteolysis by trypsin. The equilibrium constant for the binding of Phe tRNAPheyeast for example to EF-Tu.GDP has been determined to be 0.7 X 10(5) M-1 which is 2 orders of magnitude lower than the equilibrium constant for Phe tRNAPheyeast binding to EF-Tu.GTP. In the presence of kirromycin, aminoacyl-tRNA binding to EF-Tu.GDP is not affected as much: Phe-tRNAPheyeast is bound with an equilibrium constant of 3 X 10(5) M-1. While there is also a measurable interaction between EF-Tu.GTP and tRNA, such an interaction cannot be detected with EF-Tu.GDP and tRNA, not even at millimolar concentrations. A so far undetected complex formation between aminoacyl-tRNA and EF-Tu.GTP in the presence of pulvomycin, however, could be detected. The results are discussed in terms of the structural requirements of ternary complex formation and in the light of proofreading schemes involving A-site binding on the E. coli ribosome. PMID- 6749838 TI - The quantitative determination of the in vivo dephosphorylation of glucose 6 phosphate in rat brain. PMID- 6749839 TI - Extracellular matrix synthesis by skeletal muscle in culture. Proteins and effect of enzyme degradation. AB - Extracellular matrix proteins produced by a mouse skeletal muscle cell line, G8 1, were isolated and characterized. Cultures were incubated with [35S]methionine or [3H]glycine and [3H]proline, and the labeled, substrate-attached proteins were obtained after cellular proteins were extracted by deoxycholate in neutral salt. The labeled matrix was analyzed by gel electrophoresis and fluorography before and after enzymatic digestion. Of the nine major bands present in the matrix, four were identified. Fibronectin and collagen were detected on the bases of their relative mobilities, differential labeling with 3H-versus 35S-labeled amino acids and their solubilization by protease free collagenase. High molecular weight material which was present in the matrix was also sensitive to collagenase and probably included cross-linked collagen and laminin. Proteins co-migrating with actin and myosin were also present in the extracellular matrix. These results are novel in that they demonstrate that the skeletal muscle phenotype, not contaminated with fibroblastic elements, is able to synthesize basal lamina type macromolecules and incorporate them into an insoluble, extracellular matrix. Since this cell line is able to form functional synaptic contacts with neuronal cells, the influence of nerve on basal lamina production by muscle in vitro is possible. PMID- 6749840 TI - ATP activation of DNA polymerase III holoenzyme of Escherichia coli. I. ATP dependent formation of an initiation complex with a primed template. AB - ATP (or dATP) stimulates DNA synthesis by DNA polymerase III holoenzyme (holoenzyme) on the synthetic template-primer poly(dA).oligo(dT)12. Nonhydrolyzable ATP analogs and other natural (deoxy)ribonucleoside triphosphates are inactive. Because the nonhydrolyzable analog 5'-deoxyadenylylimidodiphosphate is efficiently used by holoenzyme for incorporation, the ATP (or dATP) requirement for activation of replication of natural DNA could be determined. Analysis of lag times in DNA synthesis and isolation of intermediates showed that ATP (or dATP) is required in the formation of an initiation complex between holoenzyme and primed DNA template, but not for subsequent DNA synthesis. ATP is bound to holoenzyme in the absence of DNA with a KD value of 0.8 microM; 2 to 3 molecules of ATP per molecule of holoenzyme are bound without apparent cooperativity. Binding of ATP to DNA polymerase III (holoenzyme minus beta subunit) is weak (KD greater than 5 microM) and binding to the beta subunit alone is not observed. However, holoenzyme reconstituted by mixing DNA polymerase III with beta subunit binds ATP as tightly (KD = 0.6 microM) as the original holoenzyme. PMID- 6749841 TI - ATP activation of DNA polymerase III holoenzyme from Escherichia coli. II. Initiation complex: stoichiometry and reactivity. AB - DNA polymerase III holoenzyme (holenzyme) has an ATPase activity elicited only by a primed DNA template. Reaction of preformed ATP.holoenzyme complex with a primed template results in hydrolysis of the ATP bound to the holoenzyme, release of ADP and Pi, and formation of an initiation complex between holoenzyme and the primed template. Approximately two ATP molecules are hydrolyzed for each initiation complex formed, a value in keeping with the number bound in the ATP.holoenzyme complex. The possibility that the latter and the initiation complex contain two holoenzyme molecules is supported by the presence of two beta monomers in the initiation complex. Holoenzyme action in the absence of ATP resembles that of pol III (the holoenzyme core) or DNA polymerase III (holoenzyme lacking the beta subunit), with or without ATP, in sensitivity to salt and in processivity of elongation. The initiation complex formed by ATP-activated holoenzyme resists a level of KCl (150 mM) that completely inhibits nonactivated holoenzyme and the incomplete forms of the holoenzyme, and displays a processivity at least 20 times greater. Upon completing replication of available template, holoenzyme can dissociate and form an initiation complex with another primed template, provided ATP is available to reactivate the holoenzyme. By inference, no essential subunits are lost in the cycle of initiation, elongation and dissociation. PMID- 6749842 TI - Inhibition by bacitracin of rat adipocyte plasma membrane degradation of 125I insulin is associated with an increase in plasma membrane bound insulin and a potentiation of glucose oxidation by adipocytes. AB - The present study demonstrated that at physiological concentrations of insulin bacitracin inhibited the degradation of specifically bound insulin by enzymes located in the rat adipocyte plasma membrane. Bacitracin increased the amount of intact insulin specifically bound to the plasma membrane and potentiated the stimulation of adipocyte glucose oxidation by submaximal concentrations of the hormone. In contrast to agents such as chloroquine, which inhibit lysosomal degradation of internalized insulin, bacitracin was shown by two approaches to inhibit a degradative process localized to the adipocyte plasma membrane. Cyanide and 2,4-dinitrophenol, agents which inhibit energy requiring endocytosis, had no effect on the bacitracin inhibition of cellular degradation of 125I-insulin. Bacitracin directly inhibited 125I-insulin degradation by isolated plasma membranes at similar concentrations and to a similar extent as found with cells. The degradative process inhibited by bacitracin accounted for the majority of cellular degradation of the hormone. The increased 125I-insulin bound to adipocytes was shown to be intact by gel chromatographic analysis and was localized to the plasma membrane by direct and indirect approaches. Bacitracin increased 125I-insulin specifically bound to isolated plasma membranes as early as 2 min. The 125I-insulin bound to adipocytes in the presence of bacitracin was completely dissociable by the addition of 8 microM unlabeled insulin whereas a significant portion of 125I-insulin bound to chloroquine-treated cells could not be dissociated. Bacitracin slowed dissociation of 125I-insulin from the cells. Bacitracin increased the 125I-insulin binding to cells in the presence and absence of cyanide and 2,4-dinitrophenol. Bacitracin potentiated the stimulation of adipocyte glucose oxidation at submaximal concentrations of insulin. PMID- 6749843 TI - The simple model of adipocyte hexose transport. Kinetic features, effect of insulin, and network thermodynamic computer simulations. AB - Kinetic studies of the rat adipocyte hexose transport system were performed using the integrated rate approach and these compared to the simple carrier model of transport. Equilibrium exchange 3-O-methylglucose entry and exit studies showed directional symmetry with Km = overall dissociation constants = 8-10 mM. Comparison of zero-trans and equilibrium exchange entry also revealed similar Km and Vmax values. Insulin pretreatment increased the maximal rate of transport at 20 mM 3-O-methylglucose about 5- to 6-fold with each procedure. Studies of glucose-induced steady state 3-O-methylglucose countertransport provided evidence that carrier permeability and not carrier-substrate dissociation was rate limiting for overall transport. These data, therefore, indicate equal mobility of the loaded and unloaded carriers. Network thermodynamic computer simulations of the simple carrier model using kinetic parameters derived from zero-trans experiments provided good fits of actual data. The effect of insulin was best represented by an increase in total number of carrier units. It is concluded that the adipocyte hexose carrier displays bidirectional symmetry, limitation of transport by carrier movement rather than substrate-carrier interaction, equal rates of movement of loaded and unloaded carriers, and adherence to a simple carrier model in which insulin increases the total number of carrier units. PMID- 6749844 TI - Escherichia coli glutaminyl-tRNA synthetase. II. Characterization of the glnS gene product. AB - Glutaminyl-tRNA synthetase has been purified by a simple, two-column procedure from an Escherichia coli K12 strain carrying the glnS structural gene on plasmid pBR322. The primary sequence of this enzyme as derived from the DNA sequence (see accompanying paper) has been confirmed. Manual Edman degradation was used to identify the NH2-terminal sequence of the protein. Oligopeptides scattered throughout the primary sequence of glutaminyl-tRNA synthetase were sequenced by the gas chromatographic-mass spectrometric method and matched to the theoretical peptides derived from the translated DNA sequence. The expected carboxyl terminus at position 550 was verified by carboxypeptidase B digestion. The primary sequence of glutaminyl-tRNA synthetase contains no extensive sequence repeats. A search was made for sequence homologies between this enzyme and the few other aminoacyl-tRNA synthetases for which primary sequences are available. A single homologous region is shared by at least three of the synthetases examined here. PMID- 6749845 TI - Demonstration of an ATP-dependent, vanadate-sensitive endoprotease in the matrix of rat liver mitochondria. PMID- 6749846 TI - Purification and structural determination of nontoxic lipid A obtained from the lipopolysaccharide of Salmonella typhimurium. AB - Endotoxin extracted from the heptose-less mutant of Salmonella typhimurium was hydrolyzed in 0.1 N HCl in methanol/water (1:1, v/v) at 100 degrees C to yield lipid A, which was then fractionated on a Sephadex LH-20 column to yield a major monophosphoryl lipid A fraction. The monophosphoryl lipid A was further fractionated by preparative thin layer chromatography. This process yielded three major bands (TLC-1, -3, and -5) and two minor bands (TLC-7 and -9). The purity of these fractions was established by ion exchange and reverse phase high performance liquid chromatography. The thin layer fractions were analyzed by fast atom bombardment mass spectrometry. TLC-1 and -3 gave molecular ions (M-H)- at m/e 1730 and 1716, respectively. Both of these fractions contained beta hydroxymyristic, lauric, and 3-myristoxymyristic acids in O-acyl linkages. The molecular formula and Mr of TLC-1 are C95H179O22N2P and 1731.16; those of TLC-3 are C94H177O22N2P and 1717.15. TLC-1 was a methyl homolog of TLC-3. The major component of TLC-5 (C80H151O22N2P and Mr = 1506.99) gave a molecular ion at m/e 1506 and contained two beta-hydroxymyristic acids and a lauric acid in the O-acyl linkages. The major component of TLC-7 (C66H125O19N2P and Mr = 1280.83) and the single component of TLC-9 gave molecular ions at m/e 1280 and 1098, respectively. TLC-7 contained lauric and beta-hydroxymyristic acids in the O-acyl linkages. TLC 9 (C54H103O18N2P and Mr = 1098.69) contained a single O-acylated beta hydroxymyristate group. TLC-1 and -3 were nontoxic in the chick embryo lethality test and regressed established tumors in the syngeneic guinea pigs. PMID- 6749847 TI - Retinol dehydrogenase from bovine retinal rod outer segments. Kinetic mechanism of the solubilized enzyme. AB - Retinol dehydrogenase solubilized by Lubrol 12A9 from bovine retinal rod outer segments forms mixed micelles of Stokes radius 8.5 nm. The kinetic properties of the solubilized retinol dehydrogenase were examined and retinaldehyde reduction and retinol oxidation were seen to proceed at pH 8.3 by a sequential Ordered Bi Bi mechanism. This conclusion was supported by bisubstrate initial velocity studies, dead-end and product inhibition. The kinetic mechanism of retinol dehydrogenase is not altered by the effect of Lubrol until a concentration of 2 mM is reached, at which the detergent lowers the values of the Michaelis and dissociation constants. The catalytic rate of the retinol dehydrogenase is significantly lowered by detergent in the range of pH 3 to 9. PMID- 6749848 TI - A bacterial secretory protein requires signal recognition particle for translocation across mammalian endoplasmic reticulum. AB - In vitro transcription of DNA from plasmid pBR322 was coupled to cell-free translation in a wheat germ system. The major translation product was pre-beta lactamase. Upon addition of dog pancreas microsomes, the precursor was processed to authentic beta-lactamase as shown by partial NH2-terminal sequence analysis. Processing was linked to translocation into the microsomal vesicles. Salt extracted microsomes did not process pre-beta lactamase but could be reactivated by purified signal recognition particle, which is the functional component of the salt wash (Walter, P., and Blobel, G. (1980) Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U. S. A. 77, 7112-7116). Signal recognition particle alone caused a drastic translation arrest that could be released by salt-depleted membranes. These data are consistent with those obtained for eukaryotic proteins and suggest that co-translational translocation of both bacterial and eukaryotic secretory proteins across the endoplasmic reticulum require identical components. PMID- 6749849 TI - Studies on identifying the allosteric binding sites of deoxycytidylate deaminase. AB - Thymidine triphosphate, a negative regulator of deoxycytidylate deaminase, was found to bind covalently to this enzyme on exposure to UV light at 254 nM. The rate of half-maximal fixation was extremely rapid, occurring within 30 s and probably attaining a maximum of about 1 mol of dTTP fixed/mol of enzyme subunit. In contrast to the case of ribonucleotide reductase (Ericksson, S., Caras, I. W., and Martin, D. W., Jr. (1982) Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U. S. A. 79, 81-85) where the fixation of dTTP inactivated this enzyme, the activity of the deaminase was unaffected. The bound nucleotide could be released on exposure to UV 254 nm light in the presence of dCTP or dTTP but not dATP or dGTP. The enzyme-fixed nucleotide was found to remain with the larger of the two peptides released as a result of CNBr treatment of the labeled enzyme. Studies are in progress to define the location of this nucleotide, which will be aided greatly by our recent clarification of the complete amino acid sequence of T2-deoxycytidylate deaminase. PMID- 6749850 TI - Inhibition of intracellular proteolysis by insulin in isolated rat hepatocytes. Possible role of internalized hormone. AB - The mechanism of insulin's action upon intracellular proteolysis in isolated hepatocytes was studied. At 37 degrees C insulin inhibited intracellular degradation of intracellular proteins in a dose-dependent manner. A maximal 40% inhibition of intracellular proteolysis was achieved at an insulin concentration of 500 ng/ml with a half-maximal inhibition observed at 2.5 ng/ml of insulin. Insulin inhibited intracellular proteolysis both in the presence and in the absence of amino acids in the incubation mixture. Low concentrations of trypsin (10 micrograms/ml) mimicked insulin's effect upon glucose incorporation into glycogen, but not on intracellular proteolysis. Four protease inhibitors (phenylmethylsulfonyl fluoride (0.5 mM), p-nitrophenyl-p-guanidinobenzoate (0.25 mM), p-tosyl-L-arginine methyl ester (1 mM), and N alpha-p-tosyl-L-lysine chloromethyl ketone (1 mM) blocked the stimulatory effect of insulin upon [14C]glucose incorporation into glycogen, but did not affect the inhibitory action of insulin upon intracellular proteolysis. These results suggest that the mechanism of insulin's action upon intracellular proteolysis differs from that involved in stimulation of glycogenesis. Low temperature (15 degrees C) and short time exposure (10 min) of the hepatocytes to insulin eliminated the inhibitory effect of insulin on intracellular proteolysis. Similarly, insulin's effect on intracellular proteolysis was eliminated by dansylcadaverine, a transglutaminase inhibitor that blocked insulin internalization. In contrast, dansylcadaverine had no effect on insulin's ability to stimulate [14C]glucose incorporation into glycogen. These experiments strongly suggest the necessity of insulin internalization for its inhibitory effect on endogenous protein degradation. PMID- 6749851 TI - Dipeptidyl-aminopeptidase III of rat brain. Selective affinity for enkephalin and angiotensin. AB - The cytosolic dipeptidyl-aminopeptidase III (EC 3.4.14.4) from rat brain was partially purified using Arg-Arg-4-methoxy-beta-naphthylamide as a substrate. It was completely separated from aminopeptidase B on DEAE-Sephacel ion exchange chromatography. Similar to bovine pituitary dipeptidyl-aminopeptidase III, it has a pH optimum of 9, prefers Arg-Arg-4-methoxy-beta-naphthylamide as a substrate, and catalyzes the sequential release of dipeptides from the NH2 terminus of peptide substrates provided they are not smaller than a tetrapeptide. Among numerous biologically active peptides tested, angiotensins and enkephalins were the most preferred substrates with micromolar affinities, suggesting that dipeptidyl-aminopeptidase III may play a physiologic role in regulating enkephalin and/or angiotensin disposition. PMID- 6749852 TI - Copies of protein S6 in Escherichia coli ribosomes. AB - A reinvestigation of the copy number of protein S6 in Escherichia coli ribosomes shows that there is only one copy of S6 in 30 S subunits and in 70 S ribosomes. The previously reported higher value (Subramanian, A. R. (1980) J. Biol. Chem. 255, 6941-6946) is shown to arise from the presence in the usual ribosome preparations of a protein which co-electrophoreses with S6 but does not react with S6 antiserum. This protein is removed when ribosomes are purified by passage through a sucrose gradient. PMID- 6749853 TI - S-adenosylmethionine decarboxylase of Escherichia coli. Studies on the covalently linked pyruvate required for activity. AB - A covalently linked pyruvoyl group is essential for the enzymatic activity of S adenosylmethionine decarboxylase from Escherichia coli. A rapid purification method based on affinity chromatography is described for the isolation of this enzyme from an E. coli K12 strain which contains a plasmid containing the structural gene for S-adenosylmethionine decarboxylase, and which overproduces this enzyme. The purified enzyme contains one pyruvate moiety on each of six subunits. The enzyme is inactivated by incubation with carbonyl group reagents such as NaBH4 and phenylhydrazine; after inactivation, 1 mol of lactate or 1 mol of phenylhydrazone is found/mol of enzyme subunit. The enzyme is also inactivated by NaCNBH3 but only in the presence of either substrate or product and the divalent metal ion activator Mg2+; inactivation is accompanied by incorporation of 1 mol of the product, decarboxylated adenosylmethionine, per mol of enzyme subunit, suggesting that the pyruvoyl group participates in catalysis by formation of a Schiff base with the substrate. Equilibrium dialysis studies indicated a single substrate (or product) binding site/enzyme subunit. PMID- 6749854 TI - Products of DNA cleavage by the 1,10-phenanthroline-copper complex. Inhibitors of Escherichia coli DNA polymerase I. PMID- 6749855 TI - Insulin binding leads to the formation of covalent (-S-S-) hormone receptor complexes. PMID- 6749857 TI - Conformational changes associated with proteolytic processing of presecretory proteins allow glutathione-catalyzed formation of native disulfide bonds. PMID- 6749856 TI - The signal sequence of ovalbumin is located near the NH2 terminus. AB - Ovalbumin, unlike other secretory proteins, is synthesized and secreted without cleavage of a hydrophobic signal peptide. Kinetic experiments were performed in a cell-free translation system to measure the minimum size of ovalbumin nascent chains required for binding of both the nascent chain and the corresponding mRNA to microsomal membranes derived from dog pancreas. Results of these experiments revealed that 50 to 60 amino acid residues are sufficient to bind ovalbumin synthesizing polysomes to membranes in vitro. When microsomes with associated polysomes were isolated from chick oviduct, nascent ovalbumin chains longer than 50 residues were protected from proteolysis as long as the membranes remained intact, suggesting that the polypeptides were sequestered by the endoplasmic reticulum. We conclude that the functional signal for membrane translocation of ovalbumin becomes accessible when the nascent chain is 50 to 60 residues long. We speculate that the hydrophobic sequence which lies between residues 25 and 45 folds back on the preceding residues to form an amphipathic hairpin structure which is the signal element recognized by the membrane. PMID- 6749858 TI - The phosphorylation of ribosomal protein S6 in rat tissues following cycloheximide injection, in diabetes, and after denervation of diaphragm. A simple immunological determination of the extent of S6 phosphorylation on protein blots. AB - The extent of phosphorylation of S6 was measured in a variety of cells, organs, and tissues using a simplified procedure. Ribosomal proteins were separated by electrophoresis on a one-dimensional urea-sodium dodecyl sulfate gel. They were transferred electrophoretically to nitrocellulose, and S6 was specifically stained by means of its reaction with a monoclonal antibody. The mobility of the stained protein was shown to be a measure of the extent of its phosphorylation. Using this method, we found that cycloheximide injection of rats gives rise to the phosphorylation of S6 in a variety of organs and tissues: diaphragm, heart and skeletal muscle liver and kidney, but not brain. Diabetes induced with alloxan did not result in the phosphorylation of S6 in any of the tissues examined, and subsequent insulin injection resulted in a slight increase in the phosphorylation of S6 in liver. Insulin injection in normal rats also caused the phosphorylation of liver S6. Unilateral denervation of rat diaphragm resulted in phosphorylation of S6 in the denervated portion but not in the innervated portion of the diaphragm. PMID- 6749859 TI - Study of lipoprotein lipase content in Ob17 preadipocytes during adipose conversion. Immunofluorescent localization of the enzyme. PMID- 6749860 TI - Purification and structural characterization of LFA-1, a lymphocyte function associated antigen, and Mac-1, a related macrophage differentiation antigen associated with the type three complement receptor. AB - LFA-1, an antigen associated with antigen-specific T lymphocyte-mediated killing, and Mac-1, a macrophage differentiation antigen associated with type three complement receptor function, contain alpha chains of Mr = 180,000 and 170,000, respectively, and beta chains of Mr = 95,000. The monoclonal antibodies defining these antigens do not cross-react. The LFA-1 and Mac-1 beta chains are highly homologous or identical, whereas the alpha chains are highly different by tyrosyl tryptic peptide mapping (Kurzinger, K., Ho, M. K., and Springer, T. A. (1982) Nature (Lond.) 296, 668-670). T lymphoma cell lines express LFA-1 but not Mac-1 as shown by immunofluorescence and immunoprecipitation. Conversely, some macrophage-like lines express Mac-1 but not LFA-1. Other macrophage-like lines co express Mac-1 and small amounts of LFA-1. Mac-1 and LFA-1 are present as separate molecules in these cells. [35S]Methionine and [[3H]glucosamine are incorporated into both alpha and beta chains of Mac-1 and LFA-1, showing both chains are endogenously synthesized and are glycoproteins. Cross-linking and two-dimensional sodium dodecyl sulfate-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis experiments show that in both Mac-1 and LFA-1 the alpha and beta chains are noncovalently associated in alpha 1 beta 1 quaternary structures. By quantitative immunofluorescence flow cytometry, the EL-4 T lymphoma and P388D1 macrophage-like lines were estimated to express 10(5) LFA-1 and 1.6 x 10(5) Mac-1 molecules/cell, respectively. From these sources the antigens have been purified to homogeneity in 200-400 micrograms quantities by monoclonal antibody affinity chromatography. The purified antigens contain only the alpha and beta subunits. PMID- 6749861 TI - Identification of a constituent of the junctional feet linking terminal cisternae to transverse tubules in skeletal muscle. AB - This study describes the biochemical composition of junctional feet in skeletal muscle utilizing a fraction of isolated triad junctions. [3H]Ouabain entrapment was employed as a specific marker for T-tubules. The integrity of the triad junction was assayed by the isopycnic density of [3H]ouabain activity (24-30% sucrose for free T-tubules, 38-42% sucrose for intact triads). Trypsin, chymotrypsin, and pronase all caused separation of T-tubules from terminal cisternae, indicating that the junction is composed as least in part of protein. Trypsin and chymotrypsin hydrolyzed four proteins: the Ca2+ pump, a doublet 325,000, 300,000, and an 80,000 Mr protein. T-tubules which had been labeled covalently with 125I were joined to unlabeled terminal cisternae by treatment with K cacodylate. The reformed triads were separated from free T-tubules and then severed by passage through a French press. When terminal cisternae were separated from T-tubules, some 125I label was transferred from the labeled T tubules to the unlabeled terminal cisternae. Gel electrophoresis showed that, although T-tubules were originally labeled in a large number of different proteins, only a single protein doublet was significantly labeled in the originally unlabeled terminal cisternae. This protein pair had molecular weights of 325,000 and 300,000 daltons. Transfer of label did not occur to a substantial degree without K cacodylate treatment. We propose that the transfer of 125I label from T-tubules to terminal cisternae during reformation and breakage of the triad junction is a property of the protein which spans the gap between T-tubules and terminal cisternae. PMID- 6749862 TI - Immunofluorescent detection of erythrocyte sialoglycoprotein antigens on murine erythroid cells. AB - A sialoglycoprotein fraction isolated from murine (DBA/2) erythrocytic ghosts (see companion article, Sarris and Palade, 1982, J. Cell. Biol. 93:583-590) was used to raise antibodies in rabbits. By immune-IgG (serum)-[125I] protein A overlays, the antibodies were found to react positively with the four sialoglycoprotein monomers (gp-2.1, gp-2.2, gp-3.1, and gp-3.2) of the original fraction, with the sialoglycoproteins detected in erythrocytic ghosts (gp-2.1 and gp-3.1), with a diffuse component (probably a macroglycolipid) trailing around gp 3.1 in SDS polyacrylamide gel electrophoretograms of solubilized ghosts, and with a minor sialoglycoprotein hidden under this trail. IgG's isolated from immune and nonimmune rabbit sera were conjugated to tetramethylrhodamine isothiocyanate and used to survey, by fluorescence microscopy, the distribution of the cognate antigens on the three different erythroid lines known to succeed each other during the life span of the mouse. In the peripheral blood of the adult, the antibodies recognized only mature erythrocytes; they did not crossreact with either platelets, monocytes, or different types of granulocytes. In the spleen of adult anemic mice, the antibodies reacted weakly with proerythroblasts and strongly with all types of erythroblasts. In enucleating erythroblasts, antigens were preferentially segregated on the cell membrane of the nascent reticulocyte. In the 10-day-old embryo, antigens were already present on the primitive nucleated erythrocytes (produced by the blood islets of the yolk sack), and in the 14-d fetus they were found on all hepatic erythroblasts and derived non nucleated erythrocytes. A positive immunoreaction was also obtained on Friend erythroleukemic cells, before or after induction by dimethyl sulfoxide. Nonimmune serum, or nonimmune IgGs gave negative reactions in all cases. The antibodies were species-specific: they did not crossreact with either human or rat erythrocytes. PMID- 6749863 TI - Stress fibers in cells in situ: immunofluorescence visualization with antiactin, antimyosin, and anti-alpha-actinin. AB - Stress fiber-like patterns are visualized by indirect immunofluorescence in scleroblasts (fibroblasts) in situ on the scale of the common goldfish, Carassius auratus, using an affinity-purified antiactin, antimyosin, and anti-alpha actinin. These fibers demonstrate the classical convergent and parallel patterns exhibited by stress fibers in tissue culture cells. Because the dimensions, the composition, and the pattern of distribution of these cytoplasmic fibers correspond well with those of stress fibers in cultured cells, we will call these fibers stress fibers also. The staining patterns with anti-alpha-actinin and antimyosin along the stress fibers often reveal a periodicity of 1-2 microM, identical to that found in cells in vitro. The majority of scleroblasts do not exhibit stress fiber staining and they are specifically located in the central regions of the scale. Stress fibers are present in scleroblasts residing on or near the edges or radical ridges of the scale. They are consistently orientated perpendicular to these structures; however, unlike microtubules, stress fibers show no co-alignment with collagen fibers of the scale. The finding that stress fibers are located in regions of the scale more subject to shearing forces may indicate their role in increased cellular adhesion to the substratum. PMID- 6749864 TI - Localization of Ca2+ + Mg2+-ATPase of the sarcoplasmic reticulum in adult rat papillary muscle. AB - Localization of the Ca2+ + Mg2+-ATPase of the sarcoplasmic reticulum in rat papillary muscle was determined by indirect immunofluorescence and immunoferritin labeling of cryostat and ultracryotomy sections, respectively. The Ca2+ + Mg2+ ATPase was found to be rather uniformly distributed in the free sarcoplasmic reticulum membrane but to be absent from both peripheral and interior junctional sarcoplasmic reticulum membrane, transverse tubules, sarcolemma, and mitochondria. This suggests that the Ca2+ + Mg2+-ATPase of the sarcoplasmic reticulum is antigenically unrelated to the Ca2+ + Mg2+-ATPase of the sarcolemma. These results are in agreement with the idea that the sites of interior and peripheral coupling between sarcoplasmic reticulum membrane and transverse tubules and between sarcoplasmic reticulum and sarcolemmal membranes play the same functional role in the excitation-contraction coupling in cardiac muscle. PMID- 6749865 TI - Fluorescent phycobiliprotein conjugates for analyses of cells and molecules. AB - The synthesis of a novel class of reagents for fluorescence analyses of molecules and cells is reported. These compounds consist of a highly fluorescent phycobiliprotein conjugated to a molecule having biological specificity. Phycoerythrin-immunoglobulin, phycoerythrin-protein A, and phycoerythrin-avidin conjugates were prepared. These conjugates bind specifically to beads containing a covalently attached target molecule and render them highly fluorescent. Femtomole (10(-15) mole) quantities of phycoerythrin conjugates can be detected because of the high extinction coefficient (epsilon M = 2.4 x 10(6) cm-1 M-1 for 2.4 x 10(5) daltons) and high fluorescence quantum yield (Q = 0.8) of the phycobiliprotein moiety. An important feature of these conjugates is that they emit in the orange-red spectral region, where background fluorescence is less than at shorter wavelengths. Phycoerythrin conjugates are well-suited for two color flow cytofluorimetric analyses employing a single excitation line. The distributions of Leu antigens (also called OKT antigens) on the surface of T lymphocytes were analyzed using fluoresceinated antibody as the green-fluorescent stain and biotinylated antibody counter-stained with phycoerythrin-avidin as the red one. This one-laser two-color analysis showed that cells express Leu-3a and Leu-3b or neither antigen. In contrast, the distributions of Leu-2a (a marker of suppressor and cytotoxic T-cells) and Leu-3a (a marker of helper and inducer T cells) are mutually exclusive. These studies show that phycobiliprotein conjugates can be applied to fluorescence-activated cell sorting and analysis, fluorescence microscopy, and fluorescence immunoassay. PMID- 6749866 TI - Cell surface molecules and fibronectin-mediated cell adhesion: effect of proteolytic digestion of membrane proteins. AB - Proteases have been used as a tool to investigate the role of surface molecules in fibronectin-mediated cell adhesion. Proteolytic digestion of membrane-proteins by pronase (1 mg/ml for 20 min at 37 degrees C) completely inhibited adhesion of baby hamster kidney (BHK) fibroblasts on fibronectin-coated plastic dishes. Various degrees of inhibition were also obtained after treatment with proteinase K, chymotrypsin, papain, subtilopeptidase A, and thermolysin. Protein synthesis was required to restore the adhesive properties of pronase-treated cells, showing the protein nature of the molecules involved in adhesion to fibronectin. A peculiar feature of these proteins was their resistance to cleavage by trypsin. After prolonged trypsin treatment (1 mg/ml for 20 min at 37 degrees C), cells adhered and spread on fibronectin-coated dishes, even when protein synthesis was inhibited by 4 microM cycloheximide. Under these conditions only three glycoproteins (gp) of molecular weight 130,000, 120,000, and 80,000 were left on the cell surface. These were precipitated by a rabbit antiserum against BHK cells that also inhibited adhesion of trypsin-treated cells. gp120 and gp80 were left at the cell surface after mild pronase digestion (0.2 mg/ml for 20 min at 37 degrees C), under conditions not affecting adhesion. These data suggest that these glycoproteins may be involved in fibronectin-mediated cell adhesion in some yet unknown way. PMID- 6749867 TI - Reexpression of blood group ABH antigens on the surface of human thyroid cells in culture. AB - Using indirect immunofluorescence (IFL) on viable human thyroid cultures, it has been shown that, although adult follicular cells do not express blood group ABH antigens in vivo, they invariably reexpress the corresponding antigens on the cell surface when cultured in monolayers, even for very short periods. The absence of blood group antigens on noncultured thyroid cells was confirmed by negative IFL on cell suspensions obtained after enzymatic digestion of the glands, whereas these antigens were readily demonstrable on cell suspensions obtained by trypsinization of established monolayers. The quantitative expression of ABH antigens on individual thyroid cells was variable and the cell-surface IFL pattern due to binding of blood group isoantibodies was different from that given by organ-specific thyroid autoantibodies on viable cultures. Reexpression of blood group antigens by cultured thyroid cells could not be related to the secretor status of the donors, the presence of a particular source of serum in the culture medium or cell division in vitro. After 2-3 wk in culture, thyroid cells became morphologically dedifferentiated and no longer displayed blood group antigens, though they still expressed cell-surface beta 2-microglobulin. Fibroblasts present in the primary thyroid cultures were invariably negative for ABH antigens. These results demonstrate that the surface antigenic repertoire of cultured human cells is not necessarily identical to that present on the same cells in vivo. Furthermore, the possibility that blood group natural isoantibodies bind to the cell surface must be taken into account in experiments in which cultured thyroid cells are exposed to human sera. PMID- 6749868 TI - Lipid monolayer-coated solid surfaces do not perturb the lateral motion and distribution of C3b receptors on neutrophils. AB - We have used epifluorescence and photobleaching techniques to study the lateral distribution and motion of fluorescein-conjugated Fab fragments of anti-C3b receptor antibody bound to human neutrophils when the cells rest on various solid supports (microscope slides or cover slips). Supports composed of quartz, glass, or alkylated glass induced cellular adhesion, spreading, and an extensive lateral redistribution of C3b receptors (but not HLA antigens). The neutrophil C3b receptors become patchy, and the patches apparently undergo nonrandom translational motion. Many patches are found on the upper surfaces of the cells removed from the region of cell membrane-glass contact. In contrast, neutrophils supported by lipid monolayer-coated glass do not adhere or spread, and the C3b receptor remains uniform and diffuses freely (D approximately equal to 2 X 10( 10) cm2/s). PMID- 6749869 TI - Partial purification of presynaptic plasma membrane by immunoadsorption. AB - During transmitter release, synaptic vesicle membrane is specifically inserted into the nerve terminal plasma membrane only at specialized sites or "active zones." In an attempt to obtain a membrane fraction enriched in active zones, we have utilized the electric organ of the marine ray. From this organ, a fraction enriched in nerve terminals (synaptosomes) was prepared by conventional means. These synaptosomes were bound to microscopic beads by an antiserum to purified electric organ synaptic vesicles (anti-SV). The success of this immunoadsorption procedure was demonstrated by increased specific activities of bead-bound nerve terminal cytoplasmic markers and decreased specific activities of markers for contaminating membranes. To obtain a presynaptic plasma membrane (PSPM) fraction, we lysed the bead-bound synaptosomes by hypoosmotic shock and sonication, resulting in complete release of cytoplasmic markers. When the synaptosomal fraction was surface-labeled with iodine before immunoadsorption, 10% of this label remained bead-bound after lysis, compared with 2% of the total protein, indicating an approximately fivefold enrichment of bead-bound plasma membrane. Concomitantly, the specific activity of bead-bound anti-SV increased approximately 30-fold, indicating an enrichment of plasma membrane which contained inserted synaptic vesicle components. This PSPM preparation is not simply synaptic vesicle membrane since two-dimensional electrophoresis revealed that the polypeptides of the surface-iodinated PSPM preparation include both vesicle and numerous nonvesicle components. Secondly, antiserum to the PSPM fraction is markedly different from anti-SV and binds to external, nonvesicle, nerve terminal components. PMID- 6749870 TI - [Long-term modifications in unequal size small intestine anastomoses in the rat]. AB - Long-term modifications in unequal size small intestine anastomoses were studied in a group of 20 rats, following operation during the neonatal period. Isolated small intestine loops in anisoperistalsis were then replaced in the abdomen during the growing period, the animals being sacrificed after reaching adults age. Various plastic procedures to correct the unequal size were studied, as well as the histological results both in the anastomoses themselves and the replaced isolated loops. Preliminary results tend to demonstrate that the only valid techniques were those plastic operations in which the dilated loops were remodelled, and that any dilated intestinal segment present during the neonatal period will remain dilated in spite of the permeable anastomosis. PMID- 6749871 TI - Ion-exchange high-performance liquid chromatography in drug assay in biological fluids. I. Ethmozin. PMID- 6749872 TI - Routine monitoring of carbamazepine and carbamazepine-10,11-epoxide in plasma by high-performance liquid chromatography using 10-methoxycarbamazepine as internal standard. AB - Carbamazepine and carbamazepine-10,11-epoxide were separated by high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) with acetonitrile-water as mobile phase, and detection was effected by UV absorption at 215 nm with a total retention time of less than 10 min. Plasma samples were extracted with dichloromethane and 4 M sodium hydroxide, and 10-methoxy-carbamazepine was added as internal standard. Other commonly used anticonvulsant drugs present in plasma showed no significant interference. The within-batch coefficient of variation for carbamazepine was 4.9% and carbamazepine-10,11-epoxide 5.9%. Between-batch coefficients of variation were 3.7% and 5.3%, respectively. Mean recovery for carbamazepine was 100.2% and for carbamazepine-10,11-epoxide 100.6%. This HPLC method was compared with both an enzyme immunoassay procedure (EMIT) and a gas-liquid chromatographic (GLC) method. Correlation coefficient between HPLC/EMIT for carbamazepine was 0.983, HPLC/GLC carbamazepine 0.988 and HPLC/GLC carbamazepine-10,11-epoxide 0.981. PMID- 6749873 TI - Multiple inverse isotope dilution assay for the stereospecific quantitative determination of R(-) and S(+)-oxaprotiline in biological fluids. AB - An isotope dilution assay for the determination of both oxaprotiline enantiomers in biological samples after administration of the racemic mixture has been developed. The enantiomers were reacted with synthetically prepared, optically pure N-trifluoroacetyl-S(-)-prolyl chloride, followed by high-performance liquid chromatographic separation of the diastereoisomers formed. Quantitation was performed by on-line UV detection at 260 nm and off-line radiometry by liquid scintillation counting. Endogenous compounds and metabolites do not interfere in the assay. Analysis of water and the blood and urine of rats spiked with [14C]oxaprotiline X HCl showed recoveries for S(+)-oxaprotiline X HCl (mean +/- coefficient of variation, n = 4-6) of 98.0 +/- 1.0% (water), 100.5 +/- 0.6% (blood) and 101.5 +/- 2.0% (urine), and for R(-)-oxaprotiline X HCl of 101.3 +/- 2.0% (water), 102.2 +/- 2.1% (blood) and 103.2 +/- 0.2% (urine). A pilot study to determine blood levels of the two enantiomers in two rats dosed with racemic [14C]oxaprotiline X HCl (10 mg/kg i.v.) was carried out to test the method. The results indicated stereoselective disposition of oxaprotiline enantiomers in the rat. The ratio of the areas under the blood concentration curves for R(-)-to S(+) oxaprotiline X HCl was 1.14. PMID- 6749874 TI - Fractionation of transfer RNA on Sepharose 4B. Effects of Sepharose batch differences. PMID- 6749875 TI - The effectiveness of progressive relaxation in chronic hemodialysis patients. AB - An experimental group of 38 patients on chronic hemodialysis were presented a 30 min, self-instructional, color videotape on progressive relaxation (PR) exercises; and a control group of 23 patients viewed a neutral videotape. Both groups were given the State-Trait Anxiety Inventory while on the dialysis machine, before and after the actual viewing. The experimental group significantly reduced its state anxiety level while the control group remained the same. Patients who reported higher levels of state anxiety and experienced tension more frequently tended to achieve the greater benefit from the program. It is postulated that PR can be a useful resource to overcome the sometimes severe anxiety related to the stresses of chronic hemodialysis. PMID- 6749876 TI - Is extrapancreatic tumor hypoglycemia associated with elevated levels of insulin like growth factor II? AB - We have tried to answer the still controversial question of whether or not extrapancreatic tumor hypoglycemia is associated with elevated levels of insulin like growth factor II (IGF II), keeping in mind that controversial results may be due to methodological differences. Serum levels of IGF II were determined by a rat liver membrane radioreceptor assay and by RIA. Serum samples were gel filtered at acidic pH, and some sera were also tested after acid-ethanol extraction as an alternative method for dissociating and separating IGF from the IGF carrier protein. Additionally, the radioreceptor assay was performed with a labeled partially purified IGF preparation [nonsuppressible insulin-like activity soluble in acid-ethanol (NSILA-s "70")] that was used by a group reporting elevated NSILA-s levels in about 40% of their patients with tumor hypoglycemia. Mean serum levels of receptor-reactive IGF II and immunoreactive IGF II (+/- SD) were 436 +/- 169 and 540 +/- 256 ng/ml in 22 patients with tumor hypoglycemia, as compared with 578 +/- 155 and 647 +/- 217 ng/ml in 28 normal adults. This pattern of slightly, but not significantly lower mean IGF II values in tumor hypoglycemia was unchanged when a less pure IGF preparation (NSILA-s 70) was used as a tracer or when the sera were extracted with acid-ethanol. Thus, hypoglycemia resulting from extrapancreatic tumors is not likely to be associated with increased receptorreactive or immunoreactive IGF II levels. PMID- 6749877 TI - Influence of ageing on glucose homeostasis. PMID- 6749878 TI - Somatomedins in pregnancy: a cross-sectional study of insulin-like growth factors I and II and somatomedin peptide content in normal human pregnancies. AB - To explore the role of the somatomedins (SM) during human pregnancy, we have measured plasma levels of insulin-like growth factor I (IGF-I), IGF-II, and SM peptide content (SMPC) in 79 women in various stages of normal pregnancies. IGF-I and IGF-II were measured by specific RIAs, and SMPC was measured by a radioreceptor assay using human placental membranes. IGF-I and SMPC rose during pregnancy, showing a significant positive correlation with the length of gestation. Plasma levels of IGF-I in the third trimester averaged 324 ng/ml, a 33% increase over the first trimester average of 243 ng/ml (P less than 0.05). Although IGF-II did not correlate with the length of gestation, the third trimester average was significantly higher than the first trimester average (780 vs. 630 ng/ml; P less than 0.05). After delivery, both IGF-I and IGF-II levels rapidly dropped to levels significantly below those seen in the third trimester. The gestational rise in SMPC and plasma levels of both IGF-I and IGF-II supports the hypothesis that SM play a role in the regulation of fetal growth. PMID- 6749879 TI - Human chorionic cells in primary culture: a model for renin biosynthesis. AB - Amnion and chorion cells from human fetal membranes have been cultured. Chorionic cells secrete renin whereas amnionic cells do not. Renin is secreted by chorionic cells as an inactive form that can be activated by trypsin treatment or acid dialysis. The antigenic and enzymatic properties of activated chorionic renin and kidney renin are similar. Incorporation of [35S]methionine in the culture demonstrates that chorionic renin is secreted as a high molecular weight form, 54K. This 54K inactive renin could represent the proenzyme. PMID- 6749880 TI - Hypercortisolism and insulin resistance: comparative effects of prednisone, hydrocortisone, and dexamethasone on insulin binding of human erythrocytes. AB - We have studied the effects of 3 days of hydrocortisone (30 mg every 8 h), dexamethasone (1 mg every 8 h), and prednisone (7.5 mg every 8 h) ingestion on glucose intolerance and insulin resistance in three groups of lean normal volunteers and compared these parameters to specific insulin binding in erythrocytes. All three glucocorticoids caused significant reduction of glucose tolerance as assessed by glucose and insulin areas under oral glucose tolerance text curves and insulin sensitivity in response to 0.1 U insulin/kg BW, iv. Although both hydrocortisone and dexamethasone caused significant reduction in insulin binding compared to that during the pretreatment period (11.0 +/- 0.7 vs. 9.0 +/- 0.5% (P less than 0.01) and 11.8 +/- 0.7 vs. 9.0 +/- 0.5% (P less than 0.05), respectively), prednisone ingestion did not significantly alter insulin binding (10.6 +/- 0.6 before vs. 9.4 +/- 0.5% after). Decreased insulin binding with hydrocortisone and dexamethasone was caused by decreased binding affinity rather than by a decreased number of receptors. In two subjects in whom receptor binding was measured daily for 3 days during prednisone (one subject) or hydrocortisone (one subject) ingestion, the inhibition of binding was highest on the first day, with subsequent reduction of this inhibited binding toward normal by the third day. We conclude that although hydrocortisone, dexamethasone, and prednisone all cause deterioration of glucose tolerance and decreased insulin sensitivity, only hydrocortisone and dexamethasone exhibit significant decreases in insulin binding to erythrocytes. This decreased binding is not due to changes in receptor numbers but to decreased affinity brought about by hyperinsulinemia. Prednisone ingestion caused significant insulin resistance with an insignificant decrease in insulin binding. We believe that other mechanisms, such as alteration of postreceptor events, may play a major role in the induction of insulin resistance in hypercortisolism in man. PMID- 6749881 TI - Characterization of somatomedin binding in human serum by ultracentrifugation and gel filtration. AB - It is known that the somatomedins exist in human serum complexed to specific binding proteins. The existence of unbound somatomedins in serum has never unequivocally been demonstrated. We have characterized the distribution of insulin-like growth factor (IGF) I in different fractions after gel filtration of serum through Sephadex G-200 in neutral buffer. IGF-I was measured by RIA after acid extraction. Seventy-two percent of serum IGF-I was associated with large complexes with an estimated size of about 150,000 daltons and 25% was associated with smaller complexes of about 50,000 daltons. No unbound IGF-I was detected. Ultracentrifugation of 10 ml fresh serum was carried out at 106,000 X g for 17 h, after which the tube was aspirated in 1-ml fractions beginning at the top. IGF-I by RIA in fractions 2 and 3 sedimented with albumin; in fractions 4 to 7, the sedimentation pattern approached that of immunoglobulin G. This shift is consistent with the size distribution of IGF-I complexes demonstrated by gel filtration. The failure to find any significant increase in the concentration of IGF-I relative to albumin in the top 30% of the tube (fractions 1-3) after centrifugation argues against the presence of measurable free IGF-I in these fractions. The ability of upper fractions to bind added [125I]IGF-II proved to closely approximate the binding of the initial serum, indicating little sedimentation of the accessible binding protein. The relative binding of [125I]IGF-II by serum aliquots proved to be markedly concentration dependent. At concentrations above 5% serum, the incremental increase of binding as a function of serum concentration was much reduced. We interpret this to indicate that with dilution there is a dissociation of complexes and an increase in accessible binding sites. This phenomenon may modify tissue delivery of somatomedins in interstitial fluid. The data suggest that in undiluted serum there is no significant concentration of free somatomedins but at the dilution of serum that exists in the interstitial fluid, dissociation of bound somatomedins may be facilitated. PMID- 6749882 TI - Characterization of an insulin-like growth factor-I/somatomedin-C radioimmunoassay specific for the C-peptide region. AB - Insulin-like growth factor-I (IGF-I) and somatomedin-C )SM-C) have been shown to be functionally identical by a number of criteria. We have synthesized the 12 amino acid C-peptide region of IGF-I (Gly-Tyr-Gly-Ser-Ser-Ser-Arg-Arg-Ala-Pro-Glu Thr) and developed a RIA based on antibodies against this synthetic peptide. IGF I and SM-C were indistinguishable in this RIA. No other peptides competed for this antiserum. The SM-C/IGF-I values of acid-chromatographed serum were strongly age dependent. The mean of children 1-5 yr old was 0.67 +/- 0.033 U/ml (mean +/- SD; n = 23), whereas the mean of children 12-17 yr old was 2.01 +/- 0.66 U/ml (n = 39) and the mean of 38 adults 26-85 yr old was 1.05 +/- 0.34. The SM-C/IGF-I values measured by this RIA were also growth hormone dependent. Thus, this region specific RIA provides a clinically useful assessment of serum SM-C/IGF-I levels. PMID- 6749883 TI - The effect of growth hormone on glucose metabolism and insulin secretion in man. PMID- 6749884 TI - Daytime pulsatile growth hormone secretion during childhood and adolescence. AB - Spontaneous GH secretory patterns were studied in 91 subjects (84 children, 2-18 yr old, at various stages of pubertal development and 7 healthy adults). Plasma GH was determined every 20 min for 6 h (0900-1500 h), and at least 1 spontaneous GH secretory episode (peak, greater than or equal to 5 ng/ml) was evident in 61 children and 5 of 7 adults. There was no significant difference in the mean number of GH secretory episodes or the mean 6-h plasma GH levels in 40 children with short stature compared to those in children of the same sex and pubertal maturation with normal or tall stature. The mean number of GH secretory episodes observed during the sampling period was significantly less in Tanner Stage II males (1.3 +/- 0.15) than in Tanner Stage III males (2.1 +/- 0.20; P less than 0.05). Also, the mean 6-h plasma GH level and the amplitude of the highest GH peak in Tanner Stage III (or greater) boys were greater than those in the prepubertal, early pubertal, or adult male subjects. Among females there was no difference in the number of peaks, mean 6-h plasma GH, or mean peak amplitude in prepubertal, pubertal, or adult subjects. Furthermore, there was no significant difference in overall mean 6-h plasma GH levels between male and female subjects. The frequency of GH secretory bursts was greater between 0830-0930 and 1330-1430 h. The GH secretory profiles were not different in children fed 1 or 2 meals. Children failing to show spontaneous peaks had GH deficiency secondary to central nervous system pathology (n = 10), psychosocial GH deficiency (n = 4), estrogen dependent GH deficiency (n = 2), and optic nerve hypoplasia (n = 3). There were 2 false negatives and 2 children who were not retested. Pulsatile GH secretion is present during the daytime in children of all ages and stages of puberty. Determination of spontaneous GH secretory bursts is a safe and effective method for assessing GH deficiency. PMID- 6749885 TI - Insulin-like growth factors in the fed and fasted states. AB - The effect of GH administration (5 mg twice daily for 5 days) on the serum concentration of insulin-like growth factors I and II (IGF I and IGF II) was compared in GH-deficient subjects during a period of fasting and a period of normal food intake. Before treatment with GH, the mean concentration of IGF I was 35.2 +/- 7.5 ng/ml. After 5 days of GH treatment in the fed state, IGF I increased nearly 10-fold to 317.4 +/- 55.9 ng/ml (P less than 0.001 vs. pretreatment value). During fasting, identical treatment of the group resulted in only a modest increase of IGF I to 81 +/- 23 ng/ml (P less than 0.001 vs. fed state response). The serum concentration of IGF II before therapy was reduced to only 174 +/- 37 ng/ml. With GH given in the fed state, IGF II increased to 793 +/ 171 ng/ml. These data suggest that IGF II, like IGF I, is GH dependent and, hence, a somatomedin. GH therapy in the fasted state increased IGF II to 437 +/- 70 ng/ml (P = 0.05 vs. fed state response). In a second study, six normal subjects were fasted for 72 h. The integrated serum IGF I concentration (24 samples/subject) decreased 42% by the third day of fasting; IGF II decreased 27% during the same period. The data from both studies are consistent with the conclusion that the metabolic milieu of fasting inhibits IGF secretion in man. IGF I appears to be affected more than IGF II. PMID- 6749886 TI - Antibody-mediated cellular cytotoxicity against Raji cells ADCC(Raji): evaluation of false positives in the detection of circulating immune complexes by Raji-cell assay. AB - Raji-cell radioimmunoassay is a very sensitive and reproducible method for the detection of circulating immune complexes. Using a complement-independent, antibody-dependent cellular cytotoxicity assay against 51Cr-labeled Raji cells, there is no correlation between activity against Raji cells and positivity in Raji-cell radioimmunoassay for circulating immune complexes in three sets of sera (from renal transplantation patients, multiparous women, and patients suffering from systemic lupus erythematosus). We conclude that IgG antibodies to Raji membranes are not a significant cause of false-positive results in circulating immune complexes as detected by Raji-cell radioimmunoassay. PMID- 6749887 TI - Transplantation of the reversed dermis from skin leading to repair of the buccal mucosal epithelium. AB - Skin grafting or mucosal grafting has been widely applied as the established method to compensate mucosal defects. However, in the grafted skin the epidermis never transformed into the mucosal epithelium; the original nature of the transplant was maintained as skin. The available donor of mucosa is also strictly limited. Therefore, an improvement in method has been much needed in the field of oral surgery. We tried to transplant the dermis freed completely from the epidermis instead of the full-thickness skin, and succeeded in compensation of the mucosal defect. The defects of the buccal mucosa in 30 dogs were repaired, one side with reversed dermis graft (RDG) in which the dermis was turned inside out and sutured onto the bed. On the other side, the ordinary free full-thickness skin graft (FTSG) was carried out as a control. Comparative clinical and histological observations were conducted to analyze the healing processes. In RDG the graft was covered by the surrounding mucosal epithelium to form the mucosal tissue, while the implanted tissue inhibited the wound constricture. Histological examination revealed that the epithelial elements underwent degeneration, presumably through being embedded by the grafting of the dermis inside out. The epithelium covering the dermis graft seems to be nothing but normal oral mucosal epithelium. PMID- 6749888 TI - Evaluation of the MS-2 urine screening method for detection of bacteriuria. AB - A collaborative evaluation of the MS-2 urine screening system indicated that the automated method could successfully identify at least 84% of urine specimens that contained greater than or equal to 10(5) colony-forming units per ml. Most specimens not detected as positive by the system contained primarily diphtheroids and yeasts. Excluding those specimens which contained diphtheroids and yeasts, the MS-2 system correctly identified as positive 94.8% of specimens that contained greater than or equal to 10(5) colony-forming units per ml and as negative 96.1% of specimens that contained less than 10(4) colony-forming units per ml. The automated system is an attractive method for the screening of urine specimens for significant bacteriuria. PMID- 6749889 TI - Inactivation of rabies virus in reagents used for the fluorescent rabies antibody test. AB - Procedures for inactivating rabies virus in reagents used for the fluorescent rabies antibody test are described. Mouse brain adsorbing suspensions containing greater than or equal to 10(9) 50% lethal doses of virus per ml were rendered noninfectious by treatment with 0.1% beta-propiolactone or by heating at 56 degrees for greater than or equal to 30 min. Viable virus in tissue impression smears was inactivated by acetone fixation at 50 degrees C for greater than or equal to 30 min or by immersion in 0.1% beta-propiolactone at 37 degrees C for 2 h. Inactivated reagents gave specific and sensitive reactions in the fluorescent rabies antibody test. PMID- 6749890 TI - Reliability of early identifications obtained with Enterobacteriaceae-plus biochemical cards in the automicrobic system. AB - The AutoMicrobic system (AMS) is capable of identifying most Enterobacteriaceae within 8 h and many glucose-nonfermenting, gram-negative bacilli after 13 h of incubation. Early preliminary results can be readily obtained from the computer as the tests incubate. Data with 1,023 bacterial isolates were reviewed to determine the relative accuracy of 4-, 6-, 8-, 10-, and 13-h identifications. All AutoMicrobic system identifications with probability (P) values of less than 0.80 were considered equivocal responses which needed supplementary tests before a final report could be issued. Analysis of our data suggests that early identifications of Morganella morganii, Acinetobacter sp., Yersinia spp., Salmonella spp. (other than Salmonella typhi), Shigella spp. (other than Shigella sonnei), Enterobacter agglomerans, Pseudomonas spp. (other than Pseudomonas aeruginosa or Pseudomonas maltophilia), Klebsiella spp. (other than Klebsiella pneumoniae or Klebsiella oxytoca), Citrobacter amalonauticus, Serratia liquefaciens, or Vibrio spp. Should be considered nonspecific responses, even when P greater than or equal to 0.80. Other identifications reported after 4 h were 96% accurate. At least half of our isolates (60% of our Enterobacteriaceae) could be identified reliably within 4 h, the remaining isolates required longer incubation. PMID- 6749891 TI - Evaluation of a new rapid plasma reagin card test as a screening test for syphilis. AB - This study evaluates the American Dade (Biokit Laboratories) rapid plasma reagin (Dade RPR) card test, currently used in Spain for the diagnosis of syphilis, which has been recently released to the U.S. market. Used as a basis for comparison with the Dade card test were the 18-mm standard rapid plasma reagin (standard RPR) card test and the Venereal Disease Research Laboratory (VDRL) slide test, using both fresh sera obtained from 505 individuals and paired serum plasma specimens from 174 individuals. Results obtained proved the Dade RPR card test with serum to be very similar to the standard RPR card test; sensitivity was 92.3% and specificity was approximately 99% for both RPR card tests. Although the sensitivity of the VDRL slide test was lower at 88.5%, its specificity was also approximately 99%. Quantitatively, the agreement +/- 1 dilution between the two card tests was 93.6%. Agreement +/- 1 dilution between the Dade RPR card test and the VDRL slide test was 46.5% for sera, comparable to the standard RPR-VDRL agreement of 50%. In the limited evaluation of the RPR card tests with plasma, the specificity was 99.4% and the sensitivity was 100% for both tests. Quantitative agreement +/- 1 dilution between plasma and serum pairs was 100% for the Dade RPR card test. Our results showed that the Dade RPR card test is as sensitive and as specific as the standard RPR card test. Therefore, it was concluded that one card test has no particular advantage over the other. PMID- 6749892 TI - Comparison of CampyPak II with standard 5% oxygen and candle jars for growth of Campylobacter jejuni from human feces. AB - To determine optimal temperature and atmospheric conditions for isolating Campylobacter jejuni from fecal specimens of humans, we studied six laboratory isolates and 19 fecal specimens that were known to contain C. jejuni. We compared incubations in 5% oxygen, the CampyPak II (BBL Microbiology Systems, Cockeysville, Md.) with 6 plates per jar (CP-6) and 12 plates per jar (CP-12), and candle jars at 37 and 42 degrees C. At both temperatures, the colony sizes for the laboratory strains were larger in the 5% O2 and the CP-6 than under the other two conditions. For the primary isolations, CP-12 failed to detect one and two campylobacters at 42 and 37 degrees C, respectively, whereas the candle jar failed to detect one at 42 degrees C and four at 37 degrees C. Colony size was again larger in the 5% O2 and the CP-6. For all four atmospheric conditions tested, colonies were significantly larger at 42 degrees C than at 37 degrees C. These studies showed that incubation at 42 degrees C in either 5% O2 or the CampyPak II with six plates per jar was optimal for primary isolation of C. jejuni from fecal specimens of humans. The candle jars incubated at 42 degrees C appeared to be satisfactory for primary isolation of C. jejuni from human feces, but incubation at 37 degrees C was not acceptable. PMID- 6749893 TI - Detection of mixed Mycoplasma species. AB - Immunofluorescence can be used to demonstrate mixed species within a mycoplasma culture; however, it may fail to do so if one species is present in very low numbers. To enhance the detection of minor components in such mixtures, a technique was developed, based on the growth inhibition test, whereby the growth of the major component in a mixed culture was inhibited, thus permitting the minor component to emerge. The method was applied to 67 field isolates from chickens and turkeys, which had been examined by immunofluorescence and were thought to contain only one mycoplasma species. Of these, 26 cultures were found to be mixtures, and in some instances the pathogenic species Mycoplasma gallisepticum and M. meleagridis were revealed. PMID- 6749894 TI - Enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay for detection of respiratory syncytial virus infection: development and description. AB - An indirect enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay for detection of respiratory syncytial virus (RSV) antigens was developed, using commercially available antisera. Horse anti-RSV and calf antiserum to bovine RSV were used as capture and detector antibodies, respectively. The assay could detect as few as 50 PFU of unpurified RSV per ml in infected cell culture supernatant fluids and as little as 10 ng of affinity-purified RSV antigen per ml. No cross-reactions were observed with heterologous virus types. Freeze-thaw treatment had no effect on RSV enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay titers, but viral transport medium inhibited RSV enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay titers from 10- to 100-fold. The assay can be easily performed in 24 h and is a sensitive and specific method for the detection of RSV antigens. PMID- 6749895 TI - Enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay for detection of respiratory syncytial virus infection: application to clinical samples. AB - An enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) for respiratory syncytial virus antigens was applied to the rapid diagnosis of acute infections in children and was compared with viral culture and immunofluorescence tests. The ELISA test employed commercially available reagents and was run on a day-to-day basis as specimens were received in the laboratory. Sensitivity and specificity by ELISA were 82 and 95%, respectively, compared with culture. In the same specimens, the sensitivity and specificity by immunofluorescence were 86 and 96%, respectively. Nasopharyngeal aspirates were proven to be a better source of viral antigen than were nasopharyngeal swabs. ELISA-positive samples remained positive even when left unrefrigerated for a week or mailed to the laboratory in plastic containers. Respiratory syncytial virus ELISA, like culture, became negative as the disease progressed and showed no superiority over culture for diagnosis late in the illness. PMID- 6749896 TI - Comparison of an enzyme-linked immunoassay and a quantitative indirect fluorescent-antibody test with the conventional indirect fluorescent-antibody test for detecting antibodies to Toxoplasma gondii. AB - Two new methods for the detection of antibodies to Toxoplasma gondii, an enzyme linked immunosorbent assay and a quantitative immunofluorescence assay, were evaluated and compared with the conventional indirect fluorescent-antibody slide test. Each of 100 human sera was assayed twice by the three procedures. Both the enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay and the quantitative immunofluorescence assay correlated well with serologically positive (indirect fluorescent-antibody titer greater than or equal to 1:32) and negative sera. The enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay was more specific, but less sensitive, than the quantitative immunofluorescence assay. However, the quantitative immunofluorescence assay was more reproducible and more rapid than the enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. PMID- 6749897 TI - Abnormal morphology of bacteria in the sputa of patients treated with antibiotics. AB - Filaments of Klebsiella pneumoniae were observed by Gram stain in the sputum of a patient with a respiratory infection who was treated with half the usual dose of cefazolin. Identical filaments were observed in vitro when this strain was incubated with subminimum inhibitory concentrations of cefazolin. Large gram positive cocci containing multiple cross walls were observed by electron microscopy in the sputum of a patient with a respiratory infection who was treated with ampicillin and gentamicin. Antibiotic administration was suspended the night before the sputum was obtained. The ultrastructure of these cocci was very similar to the ultrastructure of Staphylococcus aureus incubated with subminimum inhibitory concentrations of cephaloridine or oxacillin. It was suspected that the low dose of cefazolin and the intermittent therapy with ampicillin resulted in a subminimum inhibitory concentration of antibiotic in the respiratory tract which induced the the abnormal morphology of the bacteria observed in the sputum of both patients. The presence of abnormal forms of bacteria in the specimen of a patient, rather than in the culture of a specimen, has clinical significance. PMID- 6749899 TI - Isolation of Mycobacterium chelonei with the lysis-centrifugation blood culture technique. AB - Mycobacterium chelonei was isolated from a patient by the lysis-centrifugation and the conventional two-bottle blood culture methods. The lysis-centrifugation method was significantly more sensitive and rapid than the conventional method in detecting and isolating this organism; quantitations done by this method were useful for monitoring response to therapy. PMID- 6749898 TI - Antibody reactive with Peptostreptococcus micros in the sera of patients with periodontal disease. AB - Subgingival plaque samples were cultured for the isolation of Peptostreptococcus micros from individuals with and without chronic periodontitis. Humoral antibody from each person reacted with P. micros in an indirect fluorescent-antibody test, but not all of the sera reacted in a passive hemolysis test. No correlations were observed between the presence of antibody reactive with P. micros and the isolation of P. micros or the gingival health of the individual. PMID- 6749900 TI - Serotype B/C Cryptococcus neoformans isolated from patients in nonendemic areas. AB - Of 90 clinical isolates of Cryptococcus neoformans studied, 3 were determined to be serotype B/C. The patients from whom these B/C isolates were obtained were identified as never having lived in or visited the areas associated with B/C serotypes. This finding suggests a broader geographic distribution of this serotype group than previously believed. The glycine-cycloheximide-phenol red medium described by Salkin and Hurd (J. Clin. Microbiol. 15:169-171, 1982) was shown to be more accurate in differentiating A/D and B/D serotype pairs of C. neoformans than the creatinine-dextrose-bromthymol blue medium described by Kwon Chung et al. (Int. J. Syst. Bacteriol. 28:616-620, 1978). PMID- 6749901 TI - Comparison of virus culturing and immunofluorescence for rapid detection of respiratory syncytial virus in nasopharyngeal secretions: sensitivity and specificity. AB - I compared the fluorescent antibody test for respiratory syncytial virus in nasal secretions to virus cultures (N = 310). The sensitivity, specificity, and predictive value (+) were 95.1%, 86.5%, and 88.5%, respectively. PMID- 6749902 TI - Indirect bonding technique. PMID- 6749905 TI - Immunocytochemical identification of breast carcinoma cells in effusions using a monoclonal antibody. PMID- 6749903 TI - Mechanism of insulin-resistant glucose transport activity in the enlarged adipose cell of the aged, obese rat. AB - The effects of increasing cell size on glucose transport activity and metabolism and on the concentrations of glucose transport systems in both the plasma and low density microsomal membranes in isolated adipose cells from the aging rat model of obesity have been examined. Glucose transport activity was assessed by measuring l-arabinose transport and the concentration of glucose transport systems estimated by measuring specific d-glucose-inhibitable cytochalasin B binding. Basal glucose transport activity increases from 0.3 to 1.4 fmol/cell/min with a 10-fold increase in cell size, but remains constant per unit cellular surface area and is accompanied by a constant 5 pmol of glucose transport systems/mg of membrane protein in the plasma membrane fraction. Maximally insulin stimulated glucose transport activity, on the other hand, remains constant at 2.3 fmol/cell per min with increasing cell size, but markedly decreases per unit cellular surface area and is accompanied by a decrease from 30 pmol of glucose transport systems/mg of plasma membrane protein to the basal level. These diminished effects of insulin on glucose transport activity and the number of glucose transport systems in the plasma membrane fraction in enlarged cells are paralleled by an 80% decrease in the basal number of glucose transport systems/mg of membrane protein in the low density microsomal membrane fraction, the source of those glucose transport systems appearing in the plasma membrane in response to insulin. The effects of cell size on the metabolism of a low concentration of [1-(14)C]glucose (0.56 mM) directly parallel those on glucose transport activity and the concentration of glucose transport systems in the plasma membrane fraction, and are not associated with significant alterations in the cell's sensitivity to insulin. Thus, adipose cellular enlargement is accompanied by the development of a marked "insulin resistance" at the glucose transport level, which may be the consequence of a relative depletion of glucose transport systems in the intracellular pool. PMID- 6749904 TI - Biological activity, lipoprotein-binding behavior, and in vivo disposition of extracted and native forms of Salmonella typhimurium lipopolysaccharides. AB - Although phenol-extracted gram-negative bacterial lipopolysaccharides (LPS) have been used to study the properties of endotoxins for many years, nothing is known about the behavior of native (unextracted) LPS in vivo. Accordingly, we have compared extracted and native forms of LPS with regard to their biological activity, their ability to bind to plasma high density lipoproteins (HDL), and their fate after intravenous injection into rats. The LPS of Salmonella typhimurium G-30 were labeled with [(3)H]galactose, and whole bacteria, bacterial outer membranes, outer membrane fragments (harvested from the bacterial culture supernatant), and phenol extracts of the bacteria were prepared. After defining the LPS, phospholipid, and protein composition of these preparations, we compared the activity of the LPS in phenol extracts and membrane fragments in two assays. In both the limulus lysate assay and the rabbit pyrogen test, the LPS in phenol extracts were slightly more potent than the LPS in membrane fragments. We next studied the ability of the LPS in each preparation to bind to rat lipoproteins in vitro, and each preparation was then injected intravenously into rats for measurements of LPS-HDL binding and tissue uptake in vivo. Two patterns of lipoprotein binding were observed. Less than 25% of the LPS in both outer membranes and whole bacteria bound to HDL in vitro. When the outer membranes and whole bacteria were injected into rats, their LPS again bound poorly to HDL and they were rapidly removed from plasma into the liver and spleen. In contrast, >50% of the LPS in both culture supernatant membrane fragments and phenol-water extracts bound to HDL in vitro. When these preparations were injected into rats, approximately 50% of the LPS in the membrane fragments and phenol-water extracts bound to HDL and remained in the plasma over the 10-min study period. Moreover, the LPS in these preparations accumulated in the ovary and the adrenal gland, two tissues that use HDL-cholesterol for hormone synthesis. Binding to HDL thus greatly influenced the plasma half-life and tissue uptake of both extracted and native LPS. We conclude that extraction of S. typhimurium LPS with phenol does not significantly alter the biological activity or the lipoprotein binding behavior of the LPS and that the in vivo fates of phenol-extracted and membrane fragment LPS are essentially identical. The results thus provide important support for many previous studies that have used phenol-extracted LPS to mimic the activities of native LPS in vivo. However, the only native LPS that resembled the behavior of extracted LPS were the LPS that had been shed from the bacteria in fragments of membrane that had reduced amounts of protein and phospholipid. Removal of LPS from other outer membrane constituents, whether by chemical extraction or by a natural process of surface shedding, thus alters the behavior of the LPS; the most important feature of this alteration appears to be the ability of these LPS to bind readily to HDL. PMID- 6749907 TI - Neutrophil granulocytic cell antigen defined by a monoclonal antibody--its distribution within normal haemic and non-haemic tissue. AB - Monoclonal antibodies were raised against normal human bone marrow cells. One of the antibodies obtained, monoclonal antibody 3C4 (MA 3C4), the subject of this paper, was characterised by immunofluorescence studies with viable normal peripheral blood and bone marrow cells and by immunoperoxidase studies using paraffin sections. In bone marrow and peripheral blood MA 3C4 reacts selectively with cells of late neutrophilic granulopoiesis (myelocytes, metamyelocytes, and neutrophilic granulocytes). Cells of erythropoiesis, thrombopoiesis and lymphopoiesis are negative. In lymph node and spleen only neutrophils react with MA 3C4. In non-haemic tissue reactivity was seen with epithelial cells of a variety of different gland ducts. Thus the antigen detected by MA 3C4 can serve as a marker for neutrophil differentiation in normal haemopoiesis and as a marker for ductal epithelial cells of a variety of organs within non-haemic tissue. The antigen is formalin-resistant and can be detected in paraffin sections. The antibody thus appears to be a valuable reagent for both haematological research and for routine pathology. PMID- 6749906 TI - Plasma carcinoembryonic antigen concentrations and immunohistochemical patterns of epithelial marker antigens in patients with large bowel carcinoma. AB - Carcinoembryonic antigen (CEA), secretory component (SC), and epithelial IgA were traced by paired immunofluorescence staining in 102 large bowel carcinomas from 99 patients. The immunohistochemical results were evaluated semiquantitatively in relation to histological tumour grade, clinicopathological stage, and preoperative plasma CEA concentration. CEA expression was significantly increased (p less than 0.05) in the following order: histologically normal colon mucosa, transitional mucosa adjacent to tumours, neoplastic epithelium; the reverse was true for the expression of SC and epithelial IgA (p less than 0.01). CEA was significantly more abundant in the moderately and poorly differentiated tumors than in the well differentiated ones (p less than 0.05), whereas the latter showed better expression of SC (p less than 0.05) and epithelial IgA (p approximately 0.06). In the transitional mucosa, CEA staining tended to be inversely related to histological tumour grade, whereas SC and epithelial IgA were significantly better seen in this zone when the adjacent tumour was well differentiated than when it was moderately or poorly differentiated (p less than 0.01). Furthermore, the expression of SC and epithelial IgA in the transitional mucosa decreased with increasing invasiveness of the tumours, whereas the opposite relation was indicated for CEA expression. Plasma CEA concentrations were not clearly correlated with histological levels than the localised well differentiated tumours tended to be associated with lower levels than the localised moderately differentiated ones (p approximately 0.06). Moreover, the latter variety was associated with lower plasma CEA concentrations than disseminated tumours of comparable differentiation (p less than 0.01). PMID- 6749908 TI - The classification of anxiety and hysterical states. Part I. Historical review and empirical delineation. AB - The history of the classification of anxiety, hysterical, and hypochondriacal disorders is reviewed. Problems in the ability of current classification schemes to predict, control, and describe the relationship between the symptoms and other phenomena are outlined. Existing classification schemes failed the first test of a good classification model--that of providing categories that are mutually exclusive. The independence of these diagnostic categories from each other does not appear to hold up on empirical testing. In the absence of inherently mutually exclusive categories, further empirical investigation of these classes is obstructed since statistically valid analysis of the nominal data and any useful multivariate analysis would be difficult if not impossible. It is concluded that the existing classifications are unsatisfactory and require some fundamental reconceptualization. PMID- 6749909 TI - Nonpharmacological supportive care compared to chlormethiazole infusion in the management of severe acute alcohol withdrawal. PMID- 6749910 TI - Students' perceived supervisory needs. AB - One hundred and ninety-one students from six Michigan University speech-language pathology training programs completed a 43-item questionnaire concerning their perceived supervisory needs in five areas: lesson plan and report writing, supervisor observation, conferencing, professional responsibility, and general supervisory practices. Selection criteria for students were academic status, university attended, and earned clinical clock hours. Student's perceptions of positive and negative supervisory practices differed significantly as a function of earned clinical clock hours and site of training. However, there were no differences in perception between undergraduate and graduate students. PMID- 6749911 TI - Enkephalin-mediated basal ganglia influences over the optic tectum: immunohistochemistry of the tectum and the lateral spiriform nucleus in pigeon. AB - By using immunohistochemical techniques with antisera directed against either leucine-enkephalin or methionine-enkephalin (generously supplied by K.-J. Chang), four distinct bands of fibers with enkephalinlike immunoreactivity were demonstrated in the pigeon tectum: (1) a thin band of thick fibers and tightly clustered bulbous swellings in layer 3, (2) a broader band of fibers with less tightly clustered bulbous swellings in layer 5, (3) a broad band of numerous obliquely and radially oriented fibers that spanned layers 8-13, and (4) a band of sinuous fibers in layer 15. In addition, numerous enkephalinergic cell bodies with radially ascending processes were seen in layers 8-10. Since the neurons of the avian lateral spiriform nucleus (SpL) of the pretectum are known to contain enkephalin (Davis et al., '80; De Lanerolle et al., '81) and project to the tectum (Brecha et al., '76; Reiner et al., '82), unilateral electrolytic lesions were made of SpL. In birds with unilateral lesions of SpL, layers 8-13 of the ipsilateral tectum were nearly devoid of enkephalinergic fibers, but no alterations were seen in layers 3, 5, and 15. Since no other neurons in the vicinity of SpL are enkephalinergic and project to the tectum, the loss of enkephalin-immunoreactive fibers in the ipsilateral tectal layers 8-13 is attributable to the destruction of SpL. Although the source of the enkephalinergic fibers in tectal layers 3, 5, and 15 is unclear, part of the enkephalin pattern in layers 3 and 5 may derive from the ascending processes of the enkephalinergic neurons of layer 8-10. The present results indicate that SpL has an enkephalinergic projection to layers 8-13 of the ipsilateral tectum. The avian SpL receives its major input from the ascending processes of the enkephalinergic neurons of layers 8-10, nuclei that themselves receive major basal ganglia inputs (Reiner et al., '82) and projects to the tectal layers 8-13 (Reiner et al., '82), the layers of origin of the major tectal efferent projections (Reiner and Karten, '82). The enkephalinergic fibers in layers 8-13 may, thus, have some influence upon the motor output functions of the avian tectum. PMID- 6749912 TI - Raphespinal projections in the North American opossum: evidence for connectional heterogeneity. AB - Retrograde transport studies revealed that the nuclei pallidus, obscurus, and magnus raphae as well as the adjacent reticular formation innervate the spinal cord in the opposum. HRP-lesion experiments showed that a relatively large number of neurons within the nucleus obscurus raphae and closely adjacent areas of the nucleus reticularis gigantocellularis project through the ventrolateral white matter and that many cells within the nucleus magnus raphae, the nucleus reticularis gigantocellularis pars ventralis, and the nucleus reticularis pontis pars ventralis contribute axons to the dorsal half of the lateral funiculi. Neurons within the rostral pole of the nucleus magnus raphae and the adjacent nucleus reticularis pontis pars ventralis may project exclusively through the latter route. Each of the above-mentioned raphe and reticular nuclei contain nonindolaminergic as well as indolaminergic neurons (Crutcher and Humbertson, '78). When True-Blue was injected into the spinal cord and the brain processed for monoamine histofluorescence evidence for True-Blue was found in neurons of both types. Injections of 3H-leucine centered within the nuclei pallidus and obscurus raphae and/or the closely adjacent nucleus reticularis gigantocellularis labeled axons within autonomic nuclei and laminae IV-X. Labeled axons were particularly numerous within the intermediolateral cell column and within laminae IX and X. Injections of the caudoventral part of the nucleus magnus raphae or the adjacent nucleus reticularis gigantocellularis pars ventrialis labeled axons in the same areas as well as within laminae I-III. When the injection was placed within the rostral part of the nucleus magnus raphae or the adjacent nucleus reticularis pontis pars ventralis axons were labeled within laminae I-III and external zones of laminae IV-VII, but not within lamina IX. The immunohistofluorescence method revealed evidence for indolaminergic axons in each of the spinal areas labeled by injections of 3H-leucine into the raphe and adjacent reticular formation. They were particularly abundant within the intermediolateral cell column and within laminae IX and X. These data indicate that raphe spinal systems are chemically and connectionally heterogeneous. PMID- 6749913 TI - Fine structural localization of a new Purkinje cell-specific glycoprotein subunit: immunoelectron microscopical study. PMID- 6749914 TI - The distribution and origin of serotonin-containing fibers in the septal area: a combined immunohistochemical and fluorescent retrograde tracing study in the rat. AB - The distribution of 5-hydroxytryptamine (serotonin, 5-HT)-containing nerve fibers and terminals in the septal area of the rat was studied by using immunohistochemistry with specific antibodies to 5-HT in combination with fluorescent retrograde tracing methods. The 5-HT innervation of the septum is heterogeneous with regard to both the morphology of individual processes and the density of distribution in different parts of the septum. Three major classes of 5-HT like immunoreactive processes can be distinguished: 1) thin, convoluted fibers with small, round or elongated varicosities; 2) thick and relatively straight fibers with few varicosities; and 3) pericellular plexuses with large varicosities in close association with perikarya in the lateral septum. Three areas of the septum receive a prominent innervation by 5-HT processes: the diagonal band of Broca, the ventral part of the lateral septum, and an area bordering the medial edge of the islands of Calleja (insula magna). Whereas the two latter areas contain dense terminal networks, the diagonal band of Broca is occupied primarily by 5-HT fibers en route to other parts of the septum. Intraseptal injections of HRP or fluorescent dyes (granular blue, propidium iodide) resulted in retrograde labeling of neuronal cell bodies in several nuclei of the brainstem which are known to contain 5-HT neurons: the dorsal raphe, the median raphe, the nucleus reticularis tegmenti pontis, the raphe pontis, and the raphe magnus. Where fluorescent retrograde tracing was performed with 5-HT immunohistochemistry on the same tissue section, a prominent 5-HT containing pathway and a non-5-HT-containing pathway from the raphe nuclei to the septum were revealed. Finally, double retrograde fluorescent labeling after injections of granular blue or propidium iodide into the septum and entorhinal area respectively of the same rat revealed extensive branching of the raphe efferents. Thus, individual raphe neurons may simultaneously connect with septum and the entorhinal area, two structures essential for normal hippocampal function. PMID- 6749915 TI - Digital subtraction angiography and dynamic computed tomography in the evaluation of arteriovenous malformations and hemangioblastomas of the spinal cord. AB - Digital subtraction angiography (DSA) and dynamic computed tomography (DCT) were used in the evaluation of five patients with surgically approachable vascular lesions of the spinal cord, including three arteriovenous malformations (AVM), one hemangioblastoma, and one lesion with a questionable radiographic-surgical diagnosis (AVM? hemangioblastoma?). Digital subtraction angiography was positive in three of the five cases and was particularly informative in the patient with hemangioblastoma, even vis a vis arteriography, which is considered the definitive diagnostic test for these lesions. Dynamic computed tomography was positive in four of the five cases. From this preliminary study, DSA and DCT appear to be useful screening and follow-up procedures which, in a number of aspects, complement each other. PMID- 6749916 TI - Freeze-fracture replication technique of human skin. AB - The freeze-fracture replication technique represents one of the most advanced methods for studying the ultrastructure of biological tissues and has given a new dimension to the ultrastructure research. This technique makes it possible to obtain a cast of a fracture surface of frozen preparations. Apart from allowing samples to be examined without being dehydrated, i.e. under conditions very close to those of living state, it has proved especially useful for the analysis of many tissue functions concerned with membrane activity and exchanges between cells and their disturbance in specific disease conditions. Even through good quality replicas had already been obtained back in 1961 (Moor et al. 1961), only after 1970, mainly thanks to the contribution made by Breathnach and his collaborators (Breathnach et al. 1972, Breathnach 1973, Breathnach et al. 1973) was the freeze-fracture replication technique successfully used in the study of the skin, since this tissue had proved especially difficult to process. In this review paper, technical principles will be summarized and the most important findings so far obtained in the study of normal and pathologic skin will be illustrated. PMID- 6749917 TI - Efficacy of relaxation training and guided imagery in reducing the aversiveness of cancer chemotherapy. PMID- 6749918 TI - Biofeedback and relaxation training with three kinds of headache: treatment effects and their prediction. PMID- 6749919 TI - The legality of using hand-over-mouth exercise for management of child behavior. AB - The objective of this article has been to delineate the possible legal grounds upon which a dentist may base his use of HOM and HOMAR for child behavior management. It has been pointed out that the use of HOM will not subject the dentist to liability to the patient when HOM is used properly and parental consent to treat the child is obtained. Such parental consent need not specifically identify the prospective use of HOM, because HOM is an inseparable component of the treatment of certain children. Parental consent to the treatment is informed consent to the necessary use of HOM. The use of HOMAR is more nearly objectionable legally and may result in liability of the dentist practicing in some jurisdictions, unless express parental consent to its use is obtained in advance of treatment. It must be emphasized that no reported decision of any court has indicated the legal standing of the use of HOM or HOMAR. It is hoped that this article may also be of some guidance to courts faced with the issue of the legality of a dentist's use of HOM or HOMAR. Until a court rules on the legitimacy of the use of HOM and HOMAR, there will be some uncertainty how a court will view its use. And of course, the dentist cannot avoid liability, if the dentist utilizes HOM or HOMAR in a manner inconsistent with the standard of the dental profession. Yet, despite such uncertainty, the dentist who uses HOM or HOMAR in accordance with the standard of the ordinarily prudent dentist in the locality and who obtains the requisite consent to treatment should not fear liability for battery or for malpractice. The dentist has done all his profession and his society can ask of him. PMID- 6749920 TI - The dentist and child-patient encounter: an Adlerian analysis. PMID- 6749921 TI - Comparison of methods for monitoring changes in the pH of human dental plaque. AB - Changes in human dental plaque pH can be used to obtain estimates of the acidogenic potential of ingested foods. The presence of acid in plaque is influenced by a large number of host, microbial, and substrate factors. Several useful methods have been developed for monitoring changes in plaque pH. Plaque sampling involves repeated removal of small samples of plaque from a number of teeth at intervals after food ingestion, dispersion of the sample, and in vitro measurement of pH. Touch electrode methods utilize glass or antimony microelectrodes, which are placed onto plaque in situ where direct readings can be obtained. Telemetry methods involve placement of glass microelectrodes or ion sensitive field effect transistors within the dentition. Plaque is allowed to accumulate, and pH changes can subsequently be transmitted with radio or wire. Each of the methods has clear advantages and limitations. The methods have been simultaneously compared in human volunteers using solutions of fermentable carbohydrate. Inter-method differences in response were observed depending upon the site of measurement. Data obtained from caries-prone surfaces via telemetry showed lower pH minima and retarded returns to resting pH levels. The technology is available for controlled comparative plaque pH studies, with the method of choice depending upon the goals of the investigation. It is essential that the results be compared to data obtained with other models designed to evaluate the cariogenic potential of foods. PMID- 6749922 TI - Duration of response and stimulus sequence in the interpretation of plaque pH data. PMID- 6749923 TI - Human interdental plaque-pH data and rat caries tests: results with the same substances. AB - Interdental plaque-pH telemetry measures, in vivo, H-ion concentration at the level of the enamel surface under an undisturbed layer of plaque. It is better suited to test non- or hypo-acidogenic products than are rat caries tests. These products can, with a very high probability, be considered non- or hypocariogenic ("safe, or friendly, for teeth"), no matter how frequently they are consumed. Plaque-pH telemetry is poorly suited for judging the effectiveness of agents directed at enamel - e.g., topical fluoride, remineralizing solutions, etc. - or agents which may have long-term effects on plaque composition. Plaque-pH telemetry is able to demonstrate the effects of different meal patterns and the form and texture of foods on oral clearance and plaque pH. PMID- 6749924 TI - The antimony pH electrode and its role in the assessment and interpretation of dental plaque pH. PMID- 6749925 TI - Margin adaptation of dispersion and traditional amalgams with reference to plasticity: a clinical comparison. AB - Margin adaptation of dental amalgam restorations made from traditional vs. dispersion-type alloy was compared by clinical evaluation with the reference to plasticity of the mix at insertion. Also, variations in sealing properties were assessed for precondensed and not-precondensed amalgam mixes of both alloys. The data presented confirm the clinical superiority of amalgam made from dispersed type alloy. A higher plasticity tended to result in less margin deterioration for amalgams of the traditional type alloy. In vitro leakage with the dispersion type amalgam far exceeded that of the traditional amalgam. PMID- 6749926 TI - Estimation of solidification time during casting by use of a heat transfer model. AB - Time-dependent temperature profiles in dental casting molds were analyzed by an unsteady heat conduction model. The thermal conductivity and initial temperature of the mold greatly affected the heat transfer in the mold. The thermal conductivities of gypsum- and phosphate-bonded investments at high temperatures were accurately measured by means of the hot wire method. From the data obtained, the solidification times of Ag, Ag alloy, and Co-Cr alloy were calculated and compared with the experimental results. PMID- 6749927 TI - Critique of the national conference on dental education from the perspective of a faculty member. PMID- 6749929 TI - Auricular reconstruction: selected single-stage techniques. PMID- 6749928 TI - Techniques of facial lesion excision and closure. AB - The goals of facial lesion excision and closure are to minimize scar formation and to camouflage the unavoidable. The extent and quality of the scar depend upon the patient's age and heredity, the exact location of the lesion, and the degree of inflammation. Of these, only the inflammatory response can be controlled. Scarring may be reduced by keeping inflammation to a minimum through atraumatic tissue handling, absolute hemostasis, suture placement to avoid strangulation, and early removal of skin sutures. When these plastic surgical maxims are followed, and if the incision is placed correctly, the final scar will be nearly invisible. PMID- 6749930 TI - Principles of nasal reconstruction. AB - The human nose poses a difficult problem to the management of cutaneous malignancies, especially basal-cell carcinoma. Located in the center of the face, it is frequently involved with skin tumor, yet its prominent location and graceful contours present a formidable reconstructive challenge. Histographic excision of the lesion with immediate plastic surgical reconstruction offers the best prospects for tumor control with the least residual deformity. PMID- 6749931 TI - Perineural invasion by squamous-cell carcinoma. AB - Perineural invasion by squamous-cell carcinoma is an ominous sign when discovered by either the pathologist or the chemosurgeon. This report details our experience with seventeen cases of perineural invasion and their successful outcome, using a multidisciplinary approach, including Mohs' surgery. PMID- 6749932 TI - Bullae: to study or not to study? PMID- 6749934 TI - Handling of pathologic specimens for gross and microscopic examination in dermatologic surgery. PMID- 6749933 TI - The evolution of Mohs' surgery. PMID- 6749935 TI - The use of staples in dermatologic surgery. AB - Staples are an excellent form of wound closure for certain types of cutaneous surgery, namely, scalp reductions, application of split-thickness grafts, axillary vault resections, and truncal excisions. Various staplers currently in use, their advantages and disadvantages, are reviewed in the context of these aforementioned procedures. PMID- 6749936 TI - Some tips on wound closure. PMID- 6749937 TI - [Correlation of the rate of metabolic processes in tumor cells]. PMID- 6749938 TI - [Processes for culturing microorganisms]. PMID- 6749939 TI - [Ornithine lipids: a new class of microbial lipids]. PMID- 6749940 TI - Hospital ward layout and nurse staffing. AB - This literature review discusses the evidence that modern wards divided into small bedrooms or bays, require higher nurse staffing levels. Aspects of ward design and operation such as patient privacy, nursing efficiency, patient dependency and ward organization are outlined and methods for establishing staffing levels which take ward design into account are described. The majority of ward evaluation studies concerned with nurse staffing concentrate on two areas, the use of the nurses' time (particularly in travel) and user opinion of wards. The conclusions drawn suggest that the two main measures of ward layout which relate to effective and efficient nursing care are short travel distances and features which facilitate the maximum contact between nurses and patients. Further, how these two principles are incorporated effectively into a ward will depend upon a number of other factors which effect nursing work viz, the number and characteristics of the patients and ward staff and the policies and practices of the nurses themselves. PMID- 6749941 TI - Impediments to health care for the foreign student. PMID- 6749942 TI - The presidents. Mark Florus Finley, 1905 - 1906. PMID- 6749943 TI - Periodontal and restorative considerations in rotary gingival curettage. AB - A relatively new surgical gingival retraction technique has been discussed from a periodontal point of view. This technique provides a method of enlarging the gingival sulcus so preparation margins for cast restorations can be visualized and accurately recorded in impression material. The preoperative health of the periodontium is an important consideration when selecting this technique. The attachment apparatus must be free of inflammation and the marginal gingiva must have an acceptable width and a high degree of keratinization. If these criteria are met, a hemorrhage-free opened gingival trough will be easily and consistently obtained. The following restorative sequence was suggested and should be used and completed one step at a time: pulp therapy, buildup restoration, supragingival casting preparation, rotary gingival curettage, reversible hydrocolloid wet field impression technique, indirect provisionalization, placement of final cast restoration. These recommendations were based on the compatibility with the periodontal tissues. Such periodontal compatibility is evident in consistent postoperative tissue healing. There is minimal or no change in the position of the epithelial attachment and location of the crest of the free marginal gingiva. Histological and longitudinal clinical research studies are needed on the rotary gingival curettage technique. Clinical studies on the reversible hydrocolloid wet field technique would also be helpful. Until such evidence is available, my clinical experience indicates that rotary gingival curettage is an excellent technique producing predictable and gratifying results if the treatment planning and restorative sequence suggested in this paper are followed. PMID- 6749944 TI - The effects of psychological factors on recovery from surgery. AB - This paper has reviewed correlational studies from both inpatient hospital settings and outpatient oral surgery that demonstrate that several psychological factors are related to postsurgical recovery. Examination of these factors indicates that dentists might improve patients' recovery by giving the surgery a more positive meaning (making the outcome seem desirable), improving patients' acceptance of their condition, making patients' expectations more positive and, reducing anxiety about recovery. Other psychological factors may be helpful in identifying patients who need more support, for example, those with higher trait anxiety, vigilant coping behavior, or an internal locus of control. The review of intervention studies indicates that the best preparation techniques include giving positive suggestions and teaching coping techniques. The value of giving increased amounts of information has not been demonstrated. Also, the literature is not conclusive on varying the type of preparation to fit the personality traits of patients. PMID- 6749945 TI - Health science on stamps. PMID- 6749946 TI - Bullous dermatosis of hemodialysis in the foot and hand: a case report. PMID- 6749947 TI - Pedal pustular psoriasis: a review of the literature and case report. PMID- 6749948 TI - Alterations in gastric acid secretion following hepatic portal injections of D glucose and its anomers. AB - Changes in acid outputs from the stomach were examined after portal injections of D-glucose and its optical anomers in the bilaterally adrenalectomized rats with insulin hypoglycaemia. Significant decrease in gastric acid outputs was noted after portal injections of alpha-D-glucose, optically equilibrated D-glucose (OEDG) consisting of 36% alpha-anomer and 64% beta-anomer and beta-D-glucose. The effect of beta-D-glucose was most potent in reducing the acid outputs and the inhibitory response was entirely prevented by prior vagotomy at the hepatic level. The injections of isotonic NaCl solution, however, produced no change in the acid outputs. Results suggest that changes in glucose levels in the portal vein may modulate gastric acid secretion through hepatic vagal afferents and gastric vagal efferents and suggest that activation of hepatic glucosensitive mechanisms may be dependent on the anomeric stereospecificity of D-glucose in the blood. PMID- 6749949 TI - Microscopic surgery of the foot and lower leg: an introduction. PMID- 6749950 TI - The use of freeze-dried bone allografts: a review of the literature with special emphasis on their use in treatment of solitary bone cysts. PMID- 6749951 TI - Results of bunion correction using Mitchell osteotomy. AB - The results of Mitchell osteotomy for repair of hallux valgus/bunion deformity are presented. Twenty-five consecutive patients on whom 33 first metatarsal osteotomy/bunionectomy procedures of the Mitchell-Hawkins variety demonstrate satisfactory and durable reduction of deformity. These was an average decrease in the first intermetatarsal angle of 6.1 degrees and an average decrease in the hallux abductus angle of 18.4 degrees. This procedure successfully corrects an elevated intermetatarsal angle and an elevated proximal articular set angle at a single osteotomy site. Nonunion of the osteotomy site was not found. The most common complication (9%) was second metatarsalgia. This was found in one patient with a pre-existing callus, and two patients due to technical error. PMID- 6749952 TI - The continuous running pulley stitch. PMID- 6749953 TI - Malignant melanoma and podiatry--a review of the literature. PMID- 6749954 TI - Gram-negative foot infections: antimicrobial therapy. PMID- 6749955 TI - Infectious arthritis. AB - Septic arthritis results from invasion of the synovium by microorganisms, and most infectious organisms can cause arthritis. In children, septic arthritis is usually associated with systemic infections such as pneumonia or meningitis; in young adults, gonococcal arthritis is the most common cause; and in the aged, septic arthritis is usually superimposed on chronic joint disease. Underlying rheumatoid arthritis is common, and Dr. Knights stresses the importance of recognizing septic arthritis as a complication of rheumatoid arthritis. PMID- 6749957 TI - Hematogenous Serratia marcescens osteomyelitis of the carpal scaphoid from an indwelling radial artery catheter. PMID- 6749956 TI - Properties of local anesthetics. PMID- 6749958 TI - The liver in long-term survivors of marrow transplant--chronic graft-versus-host disease. AB - We have studied five long-term survivors of allogeneic bone marrow transplantation. All exhibited prolonged serum biochemical evidence of hepatic dysfunction during 2- to 5-year periods of follow-up. Two patients developed chronic cholestasis without pruritus. The serum of a third patient became chronically positive for HBsAg. A fourth patient developed an acute hepatic syndrome and high titers of antibody to cytomegalovirus. Nuclear, mitochondrial, and smooth muscle antibodies were not detected. Seven liver biopsies, obtained from three of the patients, all revealed a hepatocellular necroinflammatory lesion suggestive of chronic active hepatitis, a paucity of interlobular bile ducts, and intrahepatic cholestasis. Possible etiologies for these hepatic changes include reactivation of chronic non-A, non-B hepatitis and chronic graft versus-host disease per se. Our study emphasizes the diagnostic problems posed by hepatic dysfunction occurring in an immunosuppressed multiply-transfused patient after bone marrow transplantation. PMID- 6749959 TI - Cimetidine and duodenal ulcer: an analysis of methodologic problems in randomized controlled trials. AB - The double-blind placebo-comparison randomized clinical trials (RCTs) of cimetidine in the treatment of duodenal ulcer (DU) are examples of good, well designed clinical trials. With the publication of the first United States RCT in 1978, which reported superiority for cimetidine for only 2 weeks of treatment, grounds for healthy skepticism arose. We undertook a methodologic review of the 16 RCTs published in English through 1980 testing cimetidine in endoscopically documented DU to ascertain if methodologic problems could explain the disparate results. The lack of a clinical classification of disease severity, the failure to consider the additional effect of iatrotherapy (the healing effect of the investigator), the failure to separate duodenitis from ulceration and to note transitions--change in duodenitis and change in ulcer size, and the failure to calculate beta error statistics for "negative" RCTs are important methodologic problems that could explain the disparate results. Future RCTs of therapy in DU should address these issues. PMID- 6749961 TI - Activation of the alternative complement pathway in ascitic fluid during spontaneous bacterial peritonitis. AB - We studied complement and immunoglobulin profiles on the serum and ascitic fluid of a patient before and during gram-negative spontaneous bacterial peritonitis (SBP). During the infection, activation of the alternative complement pathway in ascitic fluid was manifested by a 35% reduction in functional activity and depression of both properdin and factor B concentrations to nondetectable levels. Activation of the complement cascade was also demonstrated by a 50% reduction in the C3 concentration and depression of total hemolytic complement. There was no evidence of complement activation of a functionally intact complement system in the ascitic fluid of cirrhotic patients. Complement consumption in ascitic fluid may predispose the cirrhotic to SBP. PMID- 6749960 TI - Use of trifluoroisopropyl cyanoacrylate polymer (MBR 4197) in patients with bleeding peptic ulcers of the stomach and duodenum: a randomized controlled study. PMID- 6749962 TI - Freud's "Project" and its relationship to psychoanalytic theory. AB - Sigmund Freud wrote the "Project for a Scientific Psychology" in 1895. Although the "Project" is essential a neurological model of mind, it will be shown that major concepts in psychoanalytic theory can be traced to this work. These include libido, primary process and the pleasure principle, secondary process and the reality principle, wish fulfillment, the ego, consciousness, and repression. The "Project" signifies a transition in Freud's thinking from a neurological to a psychological realm of discourse. PMID- 6749964 TI - Ernst Unger: a pioneer in modern surgery. PMID- 6749963 TI - Eponymy, obscurity, Twitmyer, and Pavlov. AB - The discovery of the conditioned reflex is generally credited to Ivan P. Pavlov. So closely is Pavlov associated with this phenomenon that it is commonly referred to as the Pavlovian conditioned reflex. Edwin B. Twitmyer independently discovered the conditioned reflex at approximately the same time and reported the finding in 1904 at the meeting of the American Psychological Association. Unlike Pavlov's, Twitmyer's data had little impact on psychology. There have been various hypotheses to explain the failure of the field to recognize Twitmyer's discovery. These explanations are criticized and modified to reflect an emphasis on Twitmyer's and Pavlov's respective social and intellectual contexts. PMID- 6749965 TI - The rise and fall of typhomalarial fever: II. Decline and fall. PMID- 6749966 TI - Children's Ward. Lithograph by Robert Riggs, ca. 1940-45. Yale Medical Library. PMID- 6749967 TI - Dr. Samuel Pitcher (1824-1907): Cape Cod and Castoria. PMID- 6749968 TI - Psychological treatment of anorexia: a case from the ninth century. PMID- 6749969 TI - The telephone directory, a source of evidence for historians. PMID- 6749970 TI - Antibodies to serotonin for neuroimmunocytochemical studies. PMID- 6749971 TI - In vitro culture of serotonergic neurons from fetal rat brain. PMID- 6749972 TI - Combined serotonin immunocytochemistry and 3H-thymidine autoradiography: in vivo and in vitro methods. PMID- 6749973 TI - Intracellular recording in vivo from serotonergic neurons in the rat dorsal raphe nucleus: methodological considerations. PMID- 6749974 TI - Recording serotonergic unit activity in the brains of freely moving cats. PMID- 6749975 TI - Serotonin binding proteins. PMID- 6749976 TI - Tryptophan hydroxylase: variational kinetics. PMID- 6749977 TI - Small wild rodents rabies in Czechoslovakia. AB - During a period of 1969-1979 a total of 3174 small wild rodents of the genus Muridae and Microtinae (predominantly Microtus arvalis) were examined. The animals were trapped in five localities differing both in type of ecological conditions and epizootologic situation. Fox-rabies occurred here either enzootically, or epizootologically, or had been completely absent for many years in one of the localities investigated. Of the 71 isolated strains of RV 18 strains were isolated from brain, 25 from brown fat and 28 from salivary glands. Simultaneous isolation positivity in more than one tissue was sporadic. Virus isolations from deep-frozen material were mostly unsuccessful. Basic biological characteristics were determined in each isolate. The isolated strains differed in the rate of adaptation on albino mice and in intracerebral virulence. All isolates exhibited extraneural pathogenicity for common laboratory animals, dogs and foxes, showed distinct viscerotropism, stimulated formation of interferon and produced various forms of non-lethal infection. Incidence of "murine" rabies did not show any locality-specific differences and in longitudinally studied areas was enzootic. In a number of Czech districts there was observed a distinct relationship between fox-rabies incidence and the density of small game animal populations. Role of small wild rodents in the epizootology and epidemiology of rabies is discussed. PMID- 6749978 TI - Peculiarities of the composition and functional state of lymphocytes in patients with impaired bone tissue regeneration. AB - In patients with delayed bone tissue regeneration, changes in the indices of cellular immunity were revealed, consisting in a decreased number, both absolute and relative, of T lymphocytes, and in their reduced ability to respond to PHA stimulation by the reaction of blastic transformation. Autoimmunization to bone tissue antigen was observed in the same patients. This was confirmed by the reactions of blastic transformation and cytotoxicity of lymphocytes as well as by the reaction of leukocyte migration inhibition in the presence of bone antigen. It is recommended to take into account the indices of cellular immunity in treating patients with poorly healing bone fractures. PMID- 6749979 TI - Immunodepression in autoimmune reactions (review of literature). AB - The topicalness of the study of immunodepression developing in the course of autosensitization was pointed out on the basis of an analysis of literary data published both in the USSR and abroad. One of the unfavourable consequences of autosensitization is the reduced resistance of the organism to infection. As evidence of this regularity, the author presents results of research into the immunodepressive effect of experimental homosensitization and of clinical observations of increased morbidity from infectious diseases in persons with expressed autoimmune reactions. Data on the role of various factors leading to the formation of autoallergic reactions and decreased resistance to infection are discussed. PMID- 6749980 TI - Role of Fc receptor modulation by immobilized immune complexes in generation of nonspecific (bystander) cytotoxicity for autologous and xenogeneic targets by porcine alveolar macrophages. PMID- 6749981 TI - In vivo allogeneic effects: shift in the isotype profile of primary TI-2 responses in mice undergoing graft-vs-host reaction. AB - We showed previously that primary responses to T-dependent (TD) and T-independent type 2 (TI-2) antigens were differentially affected by allogeneic effects induced in vivo during a graft-vs-host reaction (GVH). TD responses were greater than or equal to 80% suppressed, whereas the TI-2 responses were greatly enhanced, particularly the IgG component, which normally is very low. We have analyzed the IgG subclass distribution in primary responses of normal and GVH F1 mice in order to determine whether the strong T cell signals that occur during GVH reactions also induce shifts in the isotype profile. The effect of GVH on responses to TI-2 antigens was of particular interest because they are usually dominated by IgM and IgG3 classes in normal mice. We found a threefold to 10-fold increase in the PFC numbers of all four IgG subclasses in the response to TI-2 antigens, with an apparent shift from the usual IgG3 dominance to IgG1 in GVH mice. This IgG1 dominance was not found in serum antibodies where IgG3, IgG1, and IgG2b were equally expressed, although total IgG was increased greater than 20-fold. No isotype shift was found in either the TNP-KLH response, which was greater than or equal to 75% suppressed (IgG1 dominance was retained), or in the TI-1 response to TNP-Ba. The latter response was reduced (25 to 50%) in GVH mice and continued to be dominated by IgG2b/2a and IgG3. Unlike the unique isotype patterns found in primary responses, TNP-KLH primed mice challenged with TD, TI-1, or TI-2 antigens gave memory responses with identical isotype profiles that were dominated by IgG1 PFC. The role of T cells in B cell differentiation and isotype expression is discussed. PMID- 6749982 TI - Oral ingestion of epicutaneously applied hapten in mice may unwittingly induce down-regulation of contact hypersensitivity. PMID- 6749983 TI - Anti-hapten antibody in primary immune antiserum can specifically inhibit antibody-secreting cells. PMID- 6749984 TI - Subclass restriction of anti-Sm antibodies in MRL mice. AB - The subclass distribution of anti-Sm antibodies in the serum of MRL/Mp-Ipr/Ipr and MRL/Mp- +/+ mice was investigated with a sensitive ELISA technique. In both strains, but particularly in the Ipr mice, anti-Sm antibodies were predominantly of the IgG2a isotype. This preponderance was not an artifact of the sensitivity or specificity of the subclass-specific anti-Sm ELISA, nor did it reflect the subclass distribution of total serum IgG. A plaque-forming cell assay for anti-Sm antibodies also showed a predominance of the IgG2a isotype, indicating that the serum findings could not be explained by differential catabolism of IgG subclasses. Finally, antibodies to double-stranded DNA, as detected by the Crithidia luciliae assay, did not show a restricted subclass distribution. The isotype expression of anti-Sm antibodies in MRL mice must reflect in vivo mechanisms regulating the production of these autoantibodies. The IgG2a restriction in particular suggests an important in vivo role for T cells. PMID- 6749985 TI - Studies of congenitally immunologically mutant New Zealand mice. VII: the ontogeny of thymic abnormalities and reconstitution of nude NZB/W mice. PMID- 6749986 TI - Immunopathology of BCG infection in genetically resistant and susceptible mouse strains. AB - Natural resistance to Mycobacterium bovis (BCG) is under the control of a single gene, designated Bcg. Resistant (Bcgr) mice prevent multiplication of an i.v. injected inoculum of congruent to 10(4) dispersed BCG cells, whereas progressive multiplication of this pathogen occurs in the first 3 wk of infection in spleens and livers of susceptible (Bcgs) mice. Striking differences in the development of cellular immunity, as measured by granuloma formation in the liver and spleen, delayed-typed hypersensitivity, and a resistance to the challenge with homologous (BCG) and heterologous (Listeria monocytogenes) pathogens, were detected between Bcgr (C3H/HeN and A/J) and Bcgs (C57BL/6J and B10.A) strains. Cellular immune reactions progressively developed in the Bcgs mice, as a response to the increasing bacterial load, whereas greatly inferior levels of acquired immunity were observed in Bcgr strains. These findings support the concept that mice genetically resistant to BCG infection are able to prevent bacterial multiplication without the need for a cellular immune response, whereas genetically susceptible mice will eventually control bacterial multiplication with the acquisition of cellular immunity. PMID- 6749987 TI - Generation of disparate immunoregulatory factors in two inbred strains of mice with disseminated histoplasmosis. PMID- 6749988 TI - Virulent P. berghei malaria: prolonged survival and decreased cerebral pathology in cell-dependent nude mice. AB - The course of lethal Plasmodium berghei infection was examined in nu/+ and T cell deficient nu/nu BALB/c mice. A rapidly fatal neurologic syndrome, including ataxia, hemiparesis, and seizures, was seen in the nu/+ mice early in the infection, whereas this syndrome was absent in the nu/nu mice. The nu/nu mice also developed anemia more slowly, had lower levels of immune complexes and total IgG, and had smaller decreases in serum C3 compared with the nu/+ mice. Histopathologic examination of the brains revealed cerebral malaria lesions, including vascular plugging and micro-hemorrhages, in the nu/+ mice but not in the nu/nu mice. Cerebral lesions similar in frequency and severity to those in nu/+ mice developed in nu/nu mice given spleen cells from normal nu/+ mice. The results suggest that an intact immune system is necessary for the expression of cerebral malaria. PMID- 6749989 TI - NK-2.1: an NK-associated antigen detected with NZB anti-BALB/c serum. PMID- 6749990 TI - A simple semi-automated plaque method for the detection of antibody-forming cell clones in microcultures. AB - A simple semi-automated method for the assay of large numbers of replicate microcultures for the presence of antibody-forming cell clones is described. The supernatant medium is removed from microcultures by a single sharp flick on inverting the tray. The cultured cells are mixed with 0.05 ml of a plaque revealing mix containing indicator erythrocytes and complement and then transferred to new flat-bottomed 96-well microculture trays, using a multichannel pipette or 96-channel replicator. The tray is centrifuged, the indicator erythrocytes and cultured cells forming an even monolayer on the bottom surface of the well. Trays are held at 37 degrees C for 1-1 1/2 h to allow plaque development. Using a dissecting microscope, the number of plaques in each well is counted, or in the case of limiting dilution analysis, each well is simply scored as positive or negative. This assay procedure provides a simple, rapid and inexpensive means of assaying large numbers of microculture trays for the detection and enumeration of antibody-forming cell clones. There is no loss in sensitivity compared with the standard hemolytic plaque assay methods. The method is particularly useful for limiting dilution analysis which necessitates the assay of large numbers of replicate cultures for either the presence of absence of a clone of antibody-forming cells. PMID- 6749991 TI - An indexing stage for microscopic scanning of microtitre tray wells. AB - A simple stage has been designed to hold and to move microtitre trays for examination under a low power dissecting microscope. Movement of a ball on a handle from well to well of a reference tray to the left of the stage is mechanically translated into movement from one well to another under the microscope field. Movement can be controlled entirely by touch, and the particular well under the field can be determined from the reference tray position. The flat bottoms of all 96 wells stay in alignment and in focus without further adjustment, enabling rapid scanning of all wells on a tray. The apparatus is particularly useful for the microtitre tray antibody-forming cell plaque assay described by Pike et al. (1982). PMID- 6749992 TI - Rapid replicate reverse haemolytic plaque assay directly in microwells used for tissue culture. AB - The reverse haemolytic plaque assay was adapted as a micromethod using microwells of flat-bottomed microtitre trays. To microwells containing the lymphocytes under test were added protein A-coupled ox erythrocytes, developing antisera directed against any class of immunoglobulin, and guinea pig complement absorbed with protein A-coupled erythrocytes. Plaques were scored by counting with a stereoscan microscope. The method is applicable both to spontaneous and mitogen-induced plaque formation and, as a further development of the technique to differentiated B cells in pokeweed mitogen-driven cultures, plaques were enumerated directly in the same wells of the microtitre tray as were employed for culture of the B cells. The method allows for several hundred plaque assays at one sitting. PMID- 6749993 TI - Plaque formation by B cell colonies. AB - A method is described for routinely detecting secretion of antibodies by intact B cell colonies grown in soft agar. Protein A-coupled sheep red blood cells and hapten-conjugated sheep red blood cells were found to be suitable targets. Using this assay we have determined that approximately 1 in 3 B cell colonies contain cells secreting IgM while approximately 1 in 6 contain cells secreting IgG. We have also determined the frequency of clones which secrete antibodies which lyse TNP3-SRBC, NIP4-SRBC, NP4-SRBC, FITC5-SRBC, SRBC, and HRBC. This assay can be used to study the mitogen-induced maturation of clonable B cells into plaque forming cells, to follow antigen-specific clonable B cells during an immune response, and unambiguously to detect B cell colonies when other colony types are present. The method is also suitable for morphological analysis of stained colony cells. PMID- 6749994 TI - Immunoglobulin and complement demonstration in kidney following transport medium preservation. AB - Transport media have been widely utilized for the preservation of immunoglobulins and complement in skin biopsies submitted for direct immunofluorescence. Critical studies have been performed to evaluate the quality of immunoreactivity maintained following such handling of skin specimens. We assessed the degree of immunoreactant preservation in kidney specimens derived from 2 murine models of renal disease, namely the NZW/BiNJ and the C57BLKsJ-db/db strains. There was excellent preservation of glomerular immunoglobulin and complement through 48 h of transport medium holding time, with especially good maintenance of granular staining patterns. While fresh-frozen tissue is preferable for direct immunofluorescence study of renal disease, acceptable preservation of immunoreactants may be maintained for a moderate period of time by transport medium utilization. PMID- 6749995 TI - A solid-phase fluoroimmunoassay for human IgE. AB - A fluoroimmunoassay (FIA) for the measurement of immunoglobulin E (IgE) is described. The method involves a sandwich technique in which antiserum to human IgE is adsorbed on a cellulose acetate/nitrate disc which is attached to a plastic StiQTM sampler. The prepared sampler is reacted with serum and antigen is bound specifically. After buffer wash and treatment with goat serum to block non specific binding, the samplers are reacted with monospecific fluorescein conjugated antisera to human IgE. Two buffer washes remove unbound material and the fluorescence which is directly proportional to the IgE concentration is measured in a FIAX fluorometer. Assay standards range from 2 to 400 IU/ml. The method gives within run coefficients of variation (CV) from 3.3 to 8.4% and between run CV from 6.2 to 16.1% being less precise at low analyte concentrations. IgE concentrations of a group of 74 sera determined by FIA using StiQsTM prepared with antisera from 2 sources correlated well with results found by radioimmunoassay. PMID- 6749996 TI - Alternative fluorochromes to ethidium bromide for automated read out of cytotoxicity tests. AB - Propidium iodide (PI) and diamidinophenylindol (DAPI) were compared with ethidium bromide (EB) in cytotoxicity tests. Double blind studies showed similar results with the 3 dyes in terms of percentages of dead (fluorescing) cells. The dyes were also investigated for their potential combination with the immunofluorescent membrane markers FITC and TRITC. Both EB-FITC and PI-FITC are suitable for conventional HLA-DR typing procedures. Because of its spectral properties, the DAPI-TRITC combination is promising for automated read out of DR-typing tests by image analysis systems. PMID- 6749997 TI - Methods for the establishment of continuously growing cytolytic T cell clones. PMID- 6749998 TI - Evaluation of immunological methods for detection of bovine growth hormone (BGH) produced in E. coli. AB - The use of several immunological methods for studies on synthesis of bovine growth hormone (BGH) by E. coli is described here. The ELISA procedure was shown to be the least sensitive and unfit for assaying BGH in E. coli extracts. The solid-phase radioimmunoassay (RIA) proved to be highly sensitive, but since E. coli extract itself (not containing BGH) interfered with the immunological reaction, its use for measuring BGH was practically limited. The best adequate procedure proved to be radioimmunoassay in solution, which was not adversely affected by the E. coli extract and was sufficiently sensitive to detect nanogram quantities of BGH. The size of the BGH produced by normal bacterial cells was investigated by protein fractionation, transfer to nitrocellulose paper and detection by anti-BGH serum. This method was also served for semi-quantitative determination of BGH in the bacterial extract. PMID- 6749999 TI - A simple rapid method for quantifying microorganisms by their metabolic activity when bound to a specific adsorbent. AB - A simple rapid assay for microorganisms is described. An adsorbent capable of binding microbial cells is deposited in a disposable plastic syringe. A sample to be analyzed is drawn into the syringe and the number of attached microorganisms is calculated from their ability to produce metabolites. The smallest number of yeast cells in a given sample was 50,000. Each analysis takes 2.5 h. PMID- 6750000 TI - Possible artifacts in the radioiodination of surface proteins of trypanosomatids. AB - Three different methods for the radioiodination of surface proteins in trypanosomatids have been comparatively analyzed. Data interpretation in the lactoperoxidase-mediated method was impaired by autoiodination of the enzyme and its tight retention by the cells. In the enzymobeads method, iodinated enzymes were released from the beads upon solubilization of the preparation with SDS, thus mixing with iodinated proteins of the trypanosomatids. Therefore, upon separation by polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis of the cell lysates, both methods yielded autoradiographic patterns in which prominent bands did not represent labeled cell surface components. In contrast, the autoradiographic patterns obtained by use of the Iodo-Gen method were apparently free of artifacts. PMID- 6750001 TI - Induction of immunoglobulin-producing human peripheral blood lymphocytes in serum free medium. AB - Induction of immunoglobulin-secreting cells from human peripheral blood lymphocytes in a serum-free culture medium was studied. Albumin, transferrin, insulin and fibronectin can replace serum entirely for support of pokeweed mitogen (PWM)-stimulated B lymphocytes, measured by a reverse hemolytic plaque assay using protein A-coated red cells. In this serum-free system, growth and maturation to IgM and IgG secretion occur at the same or higher efficiency as in conventional serum-containing medium, with maximum numbers of plaque-forming cells on day 6 at optimal dose of PWM, 0.5-5 micrograms/ml. This system can be used to avoid the interference from undefined serum components. PMID- 6750002 TI - Evaluation of Kiel bone in benign cystic lesions of the jaws. PMID- 6750003 TI - Prosthetic rehabilitation following maxillectomy. PMID- 6750004 TI - Reshaping of maxillary arch form by conventional expansion (a case report). PMID- 6750005 TI - Local factors in the periodontal diseases. PMID- 6750006 TI - Bronchial reactivity in experimental infections with influenza virus. AB - In an attempt to develop an objective, quantitative test to assess the reactogenicity of candidates for attenuated influenza virus vaccines, the clinical responses and bronchial reactivity to methacholine were assessed in 36 normal volunteers lacking antibody to both hemagglutinin and neuraminidase (doubly seronegative) who were inoculated with either wild-type or temperature sensitive attenuated influenza A (H1N1) virus by intranasal droplets. Five of six volunteers infected with wild-type virus developed systemic and/or febrile illness that lasted for a mean of five days. Nineteen of 30 persons who received attenuated virus developed infection without febrile or systemic illness. In the six recipients of wild-type virus, bronchial reactivity appeared to increase after inoculation and persist for four weeks. This trend was not observed in infected or noninfected vaccinees. Analysis of variance provided suggestive (but not significant) evidence that the different trends in bronchial reactivity manifested by the wild-type virus and vaccine groups were distinct (P = 0.075). PMID- 6750007 TI - Antibody to Ebola virus in guinea pigs: Tandala, Zaire. AB - A case-control study was conducted to investigate the findings of antibody to Ebola virus in the serum of a guinea pig from Tandala, Zaire. Case households, defined by the possession of one or more guinea pigs, were compared to neighboring households without guinea pigs. Seven (5.1%) of 138 samples of human sera and 36 (26%) of 138 samples of guinea pig sera had antibody to Ebola virus. There was no clustering of seropositivity among humans or guinea pigs within households, nor was there any association between the ownership of guinea pigs and seropositivity among household members. These data suggest sporadic subclinical infection of guinea pigs and humans without a dominant role for person-to-person or guinea pig-to-guinea pig transmission. PMID- 6750008 TI - Serology of Chlamydia trachomatis in infants. AB - Sera from 502 infants with pneumonia were tested for antibodies to Chlamydia trachomatis by the microimmunofluorescence test; 175 (34.9%) were positive for IgM antibodies (titer, greater than or equal to 1:32). Chlamydiae were recovered from 42 (46.2%) of 91 IgM antibody-positive infants as compared with six (3.3%) of 181 IgM antibody-negative infants (P less than 0.0001). Two (4%) of 46 of the infants with inclusion conjunctivitis, but not pneumonia, had titers of IgM antibody of greater than or equal to 1:32; both shed the organism from the rectum. IgM antibody to C. trachomatis is not maternally transmitted to infants and was detected at a low rate (1.1%) in infants with nonpneumonic conditions. Diagnosis of pneumonia due to Chlamydia in infants by isolation of the agent is slow and unreliable. High levels of IgM antibody (greater than 1:32) appear to reflect a systemic chlamydial infection and offer the possibility of a same-day diagnosis. Thus, the detection of specific IgM antibodies to C. trachomatis may be the method of choice in diagnosing chlamydial pneumonia in infants. PMID- 6750009 TI - Surface hydrophobicity of Group A streptococci. PMID- 6750010 TI - Thrombolytic therapy: controversial aspects. PMID- 6750011 TI - [Reconstructive surgery for thoracic exophageal cancer]. PMID- 6750012 TI - [Surgery of esophageal varix]. PMID- 6750013 TI - [Riegel telescope method used in lateral free end removable dentures]. PMID- 6750014 TI - Senescent T cell: aging and the immune system. PMID- 6750015 TI - A three-day treatment regimen for vulvovaginal candidiasis. PMID- 6750016 TI - Dimethyl sulfoxide: a perspective of its use in rheumatic diseases. PMID- 6750017 TI - Subendothelial deposition of von Willebrand's factor requires the presence of endothelial cells. AB - The presence of FVIII/VWF in human aortic subendothelium has been previously established. The present study was undertaken to determine the origin of this FVIII/VWF. Indirect immunofluorescence microscopy was employed to detect FVIII/VWF in rabbit aortas, after passage of a balloon catheter. Immediately after this de-endothelialization, FVIII/VWF was found to be present directly luminal to the internal elastic lamina. However, in the subsequent 5 days to 2 months, no FVIII/VWF was found on the luminal surface of exposed, nonre endothelialized neointima. After endothelial cell regrowth, however, FVIII/VWF was again seen on the luminal surface. Thus these studies reveal that the deposition of subendothelial FVIII/VWF in neointima requires the presence of endothelial cells and that relatively trivial amounts of plasmatic FVIII/VWF are deposited on neointimal connective tissue after de-endothelialization. PMID- 6750018 TI - Electron beam irradiation for mycosis fungoides using variable energy. PMID- 6750021 TI - Phagocytic defects. PMID- 6750019 TI - Kentucky Medical Association 1982-1983 Membership Directory as of May 1, 1982. PMID- 6750020 TI - Determination of anti-malignin antibody and malignin in 1,026 cancer patients and controls: relation of antibody to survival. PMID- 6750022 TI - Diffusion of medical information systems technology in the United States. PMID- 6750023 TI - Increasing physician utilization of clinical information systems. PMID- 6750024 TI - Effects of pancreatectomy, tolbutamide and insulin on glucose fluxes in chickens. AB - The effects of pancreatectomy and of injection of insulin or Tolbutamide on glucose fluxes in chickens were examined. This was prompted by earlier observations that Tolbutamide seems not to require the presence of pancreatic insulin for its acute hypoglycaemic action in this species. Rates of appearance (Ra) and disappearance (Rd) of glucose were estimated by isotope dilution using [14C]glucose in single-injection experiments and [14C]glucose and [6-3H]glucose in priming-injection + constant-infusion experiments. Six hours after sub-total pancreatectomy (splenic lobe remained in situ), chickens were hyperglycaemic (16.7 v. 10-4 mmol glucose/1 in controls), had a larger sampled glucose pool (4.41 v. 3.10 mmol) and a higher average rate of glucose utilization (41.7 v. 33.3 micron mol/kg per min) than sham-operated controls as estimated in single injection experiments. Tolbutamide (50 mg/kg injected i.v.) reduced Ra in intact chickens from 33.9 to 1.1 micro mol/kg per min and reduced Ra in pancreatectomized chickens from 42.2 to 10.2 micro mol/kg per min. in priming injection + constant-infusion experiments tolbutamide again reduced Ra significantly. In all case Rd tended to fall, apparently as a result of the developing hypoglycaemia. tolbutamide did not affect the volume of extracellular fluid (sucrose space). In single-injection experiments , insulin (1 unit/kg injected i.v.) reduced Ra by 56% and transiently increased Rd by 39%. It was concluded that pancreatectomy and injection of insulin or tolbutamide produce responses in glucose movements in chickens that are qualitatively similar to those in mammals. In chickens the hypoglcaemic action of tolbutamide, which persists in the absence of the pancreas, depends on an inhibition of glucose release by the liver. PMID- 6750025 TI - A correlation between the capacity of cavity formation and the subsequent differentiation of teratocarcinoma embryoid body lines. AB - Seven different embryoid body (EB) lines of mouse teratocarcinoma were isolated from a single EB. With regard to each of the lines, a comparison was made of the following developmental properties, including potentiality: (1) cavity formation in a short term intraperitoneal passage, (2) growth in vivo, (3) cardiac muscle differentiation in vitro following intraperitoneal passage and (4) differentiation of solid tumours in vivo. These lines could be divided into three distinct groups with respect to their capacity for cardiac muscle differentiation. It has been shown that a high capacity for cell differentiation in vitro correlates well with the capacity for cavity formation of an EB during the in vivo period. This cavity formation was followed by the appearance of primitive-streak-like structures, from which mesodermal cells were subsequently formed. PMID- 6750026 TI - Organization of actin filaments in early chick embryo ectoderm: an ultrastructural and immunocytochemical study. AB - By combining transmission electron microscopy (TEM), scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and immunocytochemistry at both light and TEM levels the organization of actin in early chick ectoderm has been demonstrated. Every cell is encircled by a ring of actin filaments which are associated with apically situated intercellular junctions. In this way the actin ring of each individual cell is connected to that of surrounding cells and a continuous network is formed. As clearly shown by immunofluorescence and SEM studies on intact and Triton X-100 treated whole-mount preparations this network extends throughout the entire layer, interrupted only at the blastoderm margins and the primitive streak. A more diffuse arrangement was sometimes seen at cell bases. It is suggested that the network extending throughout the ectoderm gives it stability and cohesion and is important in gross morphogenetic movements involving the entire layer. The less-organized arrangement at cell bases is associated more with movements of individual cells. PMID- 6750028 TI - Collection and transportation of specimens in anaerobic infections. AB - Management of anaerobic infection depends on appropriate documentation of the bacteria causing the infection. Proper collection of specimens in a manner that avoids contamination by normal flora and prompt delivery to the microbiology laboratory are of utmost importance. Materials appropriate for anaerobic culture include blood specimens, aspirates of body fluids (pleural, pericardial, cerebrospinal, peritoneal, and joint fluids), urine collected by suprapubic aspiration, abscess contents, deep wound aspirates, and specimens obtained by special procedures such as transtracheal aspiration or lung puncture. Unacceptable or inappropriate specimens can be expected to yield normal flora also and therefore have no diagnostic value. These include coughed sputum, throat swabs, feces, gastric aspirates, voided urine, and vaginal swabs. Aspirates of liquid specimen or tissue are always preferred to swabs, although systems for the collection of all culture forms are commercially available. PMID- 6750027 TI - Otitis media. AB - The spectrum of otitis media includes acute and chronic forms, each of which can be either suppurative of nonsuppurative. In the usual clinical setting distinctions between these several forms can be difficult. Determination of accurate incidence figures is impeded by the unavailability of universally accepted diagnostic criteria. Risk factors include season of the year, genetic factors, race, preceding respiratory tract infections, cleft palate, and others. The effect of household size and allergy are uncertain. The most common infecting organisms are Streptococcus pneumoniae and Hemophilus influenzae, although in a significant number of cases either the fluid is nonpathogenic or no organisms can be isolated. The effects of several therapies are reviewed, including antibiotics, myringotomy, steroids, and middle-ear ventilating tubes. PMID- 6750029 TI - An evaluation of a homogeneous enzyme immunoassay (EMIT) for cannabinoid detection in biological fluids. PMID- 6750030 TI - The stability of drugs to the conditions used in the enzymic hydrolysis of tissues using subtilisin Carlsberg. PMID- 6750031 TI - Alkaline extracellular protease produced by Saccharomycopsis lipolytica CX161-1B. AB - Saccharomycopsis lipolytica CX161-1B, a strain suitable for genetic studies, when grown at neutral pH produced a single alkaline extracellular protease, lower levels of acid extracellular protease(s) and no neutral extracellular protease. The alkaline protease was purified to homogeneity (as determined by polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis) by ultrafiltration, gel filtration and DEAE cellulose chromatography. The molecular weight of the enzyme was estimated by gel filtration to be 27000-30000, and the isoelectric point was pH 5.7. The purified enzyme had an alkaline pH optimum (pH 9-10). It was completely inhibited by phenylmethylsulphonyl fluoride, reversibly inhibited by EDTA, partially inhibited by o-phenanthroline, and not inhibited by dithiothreitol, N-ethylmaleimide or 4 hydroxymercuribenzoic acid, indicating that it is a serine protease. The content of sulphur amino acids was determined, and the purified protease contained no more than 1.8% carbohydrate as determined by the phenol-sulphuric acid method. The N-terminal amino acid sequence (25 residues) was determined; the N-terminal amino acid was alanine. PMID- 6750032 TI - Genetic block of outer plaque morphogenesis at the second meiotic division in an hfd1-1 mutant of Saccharomyces cerevisiae. AB - An hfd1-1 mutant of Saccharomyces cerevisiae, SOS4, characterized by predominant production of two-spored asci at 29 degrees C, undergoes normal meiotic nuclear divisions and produces four haploid nuclei, but only two non-sister nuclei among them are incorporated into mature ascospores. Spindle pole bodies and prospore wall membranes at the second meiotic division at 29 degrees C were observed in this mutant by electron microscopy. The spindle pole body at one pole of each spindle had a normal outer plaque which was larger than the inner plaque. At the other pole, the outer plaque was entirely absent and a normal prospore wall membrane was not detected. It was concluded that at 29 degrees C the hfd1-1 mutation blocks the morphogenesis of outer plaques and prospore wall membranes at the two non-sister poles in the second meiotic division, and consequently only non-sister nuclei in the resulting meiotic cell are incorporated into ascospores. PMID- 6750033 TI - Polysaccharase activity in Streptococcus agalactiae (group B streptococci). AB - Of 300 recently isolated strains of Streptococcus agalactiae from human sources, 97% degraded starch. Representative strains also degraded glycogen, pullulan, amylopectin and amylose. The polysaccharase activity is easily detected by clearing around growth on Columbia agar base medium. The activity is weaker than that of some S. pyogenes strains, and it does not appear to produce fermentable products but is inhibited by the presence of easily used sugars. PMID- 6750034 TI - Coordinate production of three exoenzymes of Staphylococcus staphylolyticus. AB - Staphylococcus staphylolyticus produced three exoenzymes (a staphylolytic endopeptidase, a hexosaminidase and a protease) coordinately under a range of conditions of induction and repression by various peptides and carbohydrates. Mutants of S. staphylolyticus were isolated and shown to have pleiotropic variations in the production of the three enzymes. Hypo- or hyperproducing mutants of one enzyme were invariably hypo- or hyperproducers for the other two enzymes. Mutants that had lost the ability to produce one of the exoenzymes invariably failed to produce the other two enzymes. Revertants isolated from non producers that regained the ability to produce one of the exoenzymes always regained the ability to produce the other two as well. These results suggest that the three exoenzymes share a common regulatory or processing mechanism. PMID- 6750035 TI - Accessibility of enterobacterial common antigen to antibodies in encapsulated and non-capsulated S and R forms of Escherichia coli. AB - Antiserum specific for the enterobacterial 'common antigen' (ECA) was obtained by absorbing a rabbit ECA antiserum with an ECA-negative mutant. Accessibility of ECA to antibodies in encapsulated and non-capsulated S and R forms derived from Escherichia coli O8:K27 was studied using the indirect immunoferritin technique (whole-mount electron microscopy). The number of ferritin particles on the bacterial surface decreased in the order, non-capsulated R greater than encapsulated R greater than on-capsulated S greater than encapsulated S form, indicating that both the O and K antigens partly cover ECA on the surface of the outer membrane. Whole-mount and thin-section electron microscopy showed that ferritin was evenly distributed on the surface of R mutants, whereas it formed clusters on the S forms. PMID- 6750036 TI - Structural and functional differences of the anionic and cationic antigens in K99 extracts of Escherichia coli B41. AB - Radiolabelled anionic and cationic components were purified from K99 extracts of Escherichia coli B41 by immunoelectrophoresis using absorbed K99 antisera. SDS polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis revealed that the apparent molecular weights of the polypeptide subunits were 34,000 and 19,000, respectively. Both anionic and cationic antigens in cell-free K99 extracts adhered to sheep erythrocytes after 90 min at 4 degrees C, but the cationic antigen eluted after a further 1 h at 37 degrees C. The anionic antigen did not elute from sheep erythrocytes after 18 h at 37, 43 or 56 degrees C. PMID- 6750037 TI - Tetracycline resistance determinants from groups A to D vary in their ability to confer decreased accumulation of tetracycline derivatives by Escherichia coli. AB - The ability of four genetically distinct plasmid-located tetracycline resistance determinants (TetA, B, C and D) to confer decreased accumulation of tetracycline and some of its analogues by Escherichia coli K12 was examined. Accumulation of oxytetracycline, tetracycline, demethylchlorotetracycline, 6-demethyl-6-deoxy-5 hydroxy-6-methylene-tetracycline, chlorotetracycline, doxycycline and 6-demethyl 6-deoxytetracycline was examined by fluorescence spectroscopy. The determinants varied in their ability to promote decreased accumulation of tetracyclines, defined as an R+/R- fluorescence ratio of less than 0.85. Plasmid pIP7 (TetA) caused reduced accumulation of only oxytetracycline, tetracycline and chlorotetracycline, but plasmid pDU301 (TetB) promoted reduced accumulation of all the compounds tested except 6-demethyl-6-deoxytetracycline. The TetC determinant of pBR322 caused decreased uptake of five derivatives, but not doxycycline or 6-demethyl-6-deoxytetracycline. Plasmid RA1 (TetD) encoded reduced accumulation of oxytetracycline, tetracycline, 6-demethyl-6-deoxy-5-hydroxy-6 methylenetetracycline and chlorotetracycline. In general, the resistance determinants were more efficient in promoting decreased accumulation of hydrophilic tetracyclines. These accumulation studies provide a satisfactory method for the phenotypic identification of Tet resistance determinants. PMID- 6750038 TI - beta-Glucanases from Candida albicans: purification, characterization and the nature of their attachment to cell wall components. AB - beta-Glucanase activities were found associated with Candida albicans and their culture fluids. Mild acid treatment of the organisms led to rapid inactivation of beta-glucanase activities, the degree of loss increasing with the age of the cultures; the results suggested an extracytoplasmic location of the cell associated enzymes. Most of the beta-glucanase activities were associated with the cell walls in organisms phenotypically resistant to amphotericin B methyl ester (AME). Two proteins (I and II) exhibiting beta-glucanase activity were isolated and purified by conventional procedures from cell-free extracts, cell wall autolysates and culture fluids of C. albicans sensitive and phenotypically resistant to AME. The purified enzymes appeared homogeneous on isoelectric focusing, gel electrophoresis and ultracentrifugation, with molecular weights of 150000 (I) and 49000 (II). Both enzymes hydrolysed cell walls purified from AME sensitive and phenotypically resistant organisms, but showed different substrate specificities and patterns of activity. Enzyme II hydrolysed (1 leads to 3)-beta glycans by an endolytic mechanism releasing laminaritetraose as the initial product. Glucose was the only product released by enzyme I. The properties of th individual enzymes were unaffected by their localization or the age of the culture of the organisms. The loosening of the polysaccharide packing by ultrasonic treatment of cell walls purified from AME-resistant organisms increased the beta-glucanase activities bound to the walls, but did not solubilize them. Autolysis of cell walls released 58 to 66% of their beta glucanase activity in 20 h, but no further release was attained on prolonged incubation. The amount of beta-glucanase activity released by autolysis was increased by a variety of pretreatments. Diethyl pyrocarbonate inhibited beta glucanase activity and prevented autolysis. Evidence is presented indicating that interactions with lipids, polysaccharides and other cell wall proteins may be involved in the control of the activity of the cell wall-associated beta glucanases in organisms phenotypically resistant to AME. PMID- 6750039 TI - Proteinase isoenzyme patterns of Bacteroides nodosus: distinction between ovine virulent isolates, ovine benign isolates and bovine isolates. AB - Bacteroides nodosus isolates from ovine virulent footrot and ovine benign footrot and bovine isolates of low virulence for sheep were distinguishable from each other by their proteinase isoenzyme patterns after polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis. Variants of low virulence were not always distinguishable from their virulent parent strains. The molecular weights of the isoenzymes ranged from 70000 to 129000. The relationship of isoenzyme patterns to virulence is discussed. PMID- 6750040 TI - The influence of glucose, ammonium and magnesium availability on the production of protease and bacitracin by Bacillus licheniformis. AB - Bacillus licheniformis was cultivated in a range of defined media varying in both the nature of the growth-limiting component and the concentration of excess nutrients. The compositions of the media were such as to ensure that the final absorbance (A430) of the culture was the same in each case. Samples taken during the stationary phase were assayed for their content of extracellular serine protease and bacitracin. The nature of the growth-limiting nutrient had a profound effect on the amounts of these products formed while those components which were present in excess also exerted an influence in proportion to their concentration. Thus, for example, a four-fold increase in serine protease production occurred when ammonium replaced glucose as the growth-limiting nutrient. Serine protease and bacitracin production responded differently to these varying cultural conditions suggesting they are subject to separate control mechanisms. The results are discussed in relation to the need for rigorously controlled cultural conditions during physiological studies of this nature. PMID- 6750041 TI - Repression of cytidine triphosphate synthetase in Salmonella typhimurium by pyrimidines during uridine nucleotide depletion. AB - Regulation of the synthesis of cytidine triphosphate (CTP) synthetase (EC 6.3.4.2) was investigated in Salmonella typhimurium. CTP synthetase appeared to be repressed only when intracellular concentrations of uridine nucleotides were significantly lowered. Under such nucleotide pool conditions, a cytidine compound and, to a lesser degree, a thymidine compound appeared as putative repressing metabolites of enzyme synthesis. PMID- 6750042 TI - Reclassification of Corynebacterium pyogenes (Glage) in the genus Actinomyces, as Actinomyces pyogenes comb.nov. AB - Corynebacterium pyogenes (Glage) differs to such an extent from the type species of Corynebacterium, Corynebacterium diphtheriae (Lehmann and Neumann), that it cannot be retained in this genus. Numerical phenetic and chemical data indicate a close relationship between Corynebacterium pyogenes and the species Actinomyces bovis (Harz). It is proposed that Corynebacterium pyogenes be reclassified in the genus Actinomyces, as Actinomyces pyogenes (Glage) comb.nov. PMID- 6750043 TI - Schizoaffective disorders. AB - Schizoaffective disorders should be divided by polarity. Much of the data on schizoaffective mania indicate that most cases are very similar in symptomatology, course, family history, and response to treatment to bipolar affective disorder patients. They may be the most severe episodic affective disorder patients. A few are probably excited schizophrenics. The data on the schizoaffective depressed patients are far more confusing. No clear data emerge from these studies, except when using biological markers of sleep and dexamethasone suppression on these patients. Future work must be concentrated on these patients. PMID- 6750044 TI - Circular dichroism (CD) studies on yeast enolase: activation by divalent cations. AB - The effect of divalent cations on the near ultraviolet circular dichroism (CD) spectrum of yeast enolase showed that calcium, magnesium, and nickel ions produced identical changes. This was interpreted as indicating that the cations bound to the same sites on the enzyme and produced identical changes in tertiary structure. There was no effect of magnesium ion on the far ultraviolet spectrum. Evidently magnesium ion has no effect on the secondary structure. Substrate bound to the enzyme when the above cations were present although calcium permits no enzymatic activity. The CD spectral difference produced by the substrate was nearly the reverse of that produced by the metal ions. Glycolic acid phosphate, a competitive inhibitor lacking carbon-3, produced no effect, indicating carbon-3 was necessary for the CD spectral changes. The CD and visible absorption spectra of nickel and cobalt bound to various sites on the enzyme showed that the binding sites were octahedral or distorted octahedral in coordination and that the ligands appeared to be oxyligands: water molecules, hydroxyl or carboxyl groups. Examination of the effects of substrate and two compounds thought to be "transition state analogues" showed that these perturbed the "conformational" sites of the enzyme. The "catalytic" and "inhibitory" sites did not appear to be very CD active. PMID- 6750045 TI - Raman and infrared spectroscopy of the oxo-bridged iron(III) complex, [Cl3Fe-O FeCl3]-2 as a spectroscopic model for the oxo bridge in hemerythrin and ribonucleotide reductase. AB - Vibrational spectroscopic data were collected on the salt [C5H6N]2[Cl3FeOFeCl3] . C5H5N, which has previously been structurally characterized by X-ray crystallography. The modes associated with the oxo bridge were identified by experiments on the 18O-containing species. Spectra for the mu-16O complex contain Raman bands at 870, 458, and 203 cm-1 that shift to 826, 440, and 198 cm-1 in the mu-18O complex. These are respectively assigned to the asymmetric, symmetric, and angle deformations of the bent Fe-O-Fe moiety. A normal mode vibration analysis based on a simple valence force field for the Fe-O-Fe portion of the molecule provides surprisingly good agreement with these experimental frequencies and their assignments. The vibrational data for this simple inorganic complex confirm the assignment of a resonance Raman band around 500 cm-1 in the oxygen-carrying protein hemerythrin and enzyme ribonucleotide reductase as the symmetric stretch of an oxo bridge between two iron(III) centers. PMID- 6750046 TI - Dysmyelination of shiverer mutant mice in vivo and in vitro. AB - Demyelination in the CNS of shiverer mutant mice was studied in vivo and in vitro. By immunohistochemical reaction with glial fibrillary acidic protein antibody, hypertrophy of the fibrous astrocytes was observed in the white matter of shiverer cerebella. The cerebella of shiverer mice in primary culture from the day of birth showed very poor myelination under optical microscopy. Axons of Purkinje cells are thought to be the main myelinated axons in the primary culture of the cerebellum. Purkinje cells from shiverer appeared normal with regard to Bodian silver impregnation, hematoxylin and eosin staining, and P400 protein characterization of Purkinje cells. Addition of the conditioned culture medium of shiverer to the control culture did not interfere with myelination. We concluded that the demyelination in the CNS of shiverer could be caused by an intrinsic defect of the oligodendrocyte rather than by hypertrophy of the astrocytes or by diffusible factors. PMID- 6750047 TI - The independency of choline transport and acetylcholine synthesis. AB - The coupling of choline transport to acetylcholine synthesis has been investigated by measurement of the isotopic dilution of a pulse of [3H]choline during its incorporation into the recently synthesised acetylcholine of cerebral cortex synaptosomes. Recently synthesised acetylcholine was identified as that containing 14C-labelled precursors introduced by a preincubation before the pulse. When [14C]glucose was used to label acetyl-CoA coupling ratios (calculated as the inverse of the dilution of extracellular [3H]choline during its incorporation into [3H]acetylcholine) of about 0.05-0.2 were found at a choline concentration of 1 microM, rising to 0.5 at choline concentrations of 10-50 microM. Experiments using [14C]choline as a precursor gave similar results, and it was shown that the isotopic dilution did not occur extrasynaptosomally and was not affected by low glucose concentrations. Coupling ratios were always less than unity and rose as the choline concentration increased. It is concluded that choline transported into the nerve terminal has no privileged access to choline acetyltransferase. The results can be explained by a rate-controlling transport of choline into the terminal followed by its rapid acetylation rather than any linkage or coupling of the two processes. PMID- 6750048 TI - Post-traumatic tremor due to vascular injury and its treatment by stereotactic thalamotomy. PMID- 6750050 TI - Nursing management of chronic pain. PMID- 6750049 TI - The ultrastructural localization of serotonin immunoreactivity within the nucleus of the solitary tract of the cat. AB - Using a modification of the peroxidase-antiperoxidase technique, serotonin immunoreactivity was localized at the ultrastructural level in the nucleus of the solitary tract of the cat. Structures containing serotonin immunoreactivity included unmyelinated axons, varicosities (0.5 to 2 micrometers in diameter), and synaptic terminals. The serotonin-containing synaptic terminals were found less frequently than axons or varicosities. Within unmyelinated axons and varicosities, the immunoreactivity was associated mainly with large granular vesicles (80 to 150 nm). While large granular vesicles were found in all immunoreactive structures, greater numbers were observed in axons and nonsynaptic varicosities. Serial sections of several nonsynaptic serotonin-immunoreactive varicosities indicated the lack of synaptic specializations associated with these structures. In a typical section, only one or two granular vesicles were in synaptic terminals which contained numerous small clear vesicles. Serotonin immunoreactive terminals formed asymmetrical contacts with dendrites and spines. No synaptic contacts involving immunoreactive terminals were found on cell bodies or other axonal structures. Serotonin-containing neuronal perikarya within the nucleus of the solitary tract were never observed. The abundance of nonsynaptic varicosities containing large granular vesicles suggests a possible neurohumoral role for serotonin within the feline nucleus of the solitary tract. This is discussed in relation to previous reports concerning the paucity of genuine synaptic contacts involving serotonin in other regions of the central nervous system. The presence of serotonin-immunoreactive terminals in the nucleus of the solitary tract also suggests its function as a putative neurotransmitter. PMID- 6750051 TI - Multicystic dysplastic kidneys suggesting hydronephrosis during Tc-DTPA imaging. PMID- 6750052 TI - Removal of bolus fragmentation artifacts from pulmonary curves as applied to QP:QS shunt determination. PMID- 6750053 TI - Purine availability and metabolism in dogs fed single-cell protein or RNA. AB - For the evaluation of single-cell protein (SCP) the proportion of dietary purines made available by digestion and absorption was estimated with dogs (Dalmatian) in total urine collection experiments. The animals received a low purine control diet with 25% casein, diets with 25-100% replacement of casein by a bacterial SCP grown on methanol, and the control diet plus yeast RNA purine equivalent to SCP diet. Nucleic acids, bases, and purine metabolites were determined by reversed phase high-pressure liquid chromatography. The quantitative influence of dietary purines (x) on renal purine excretion (y) was described by the equation (millimoles per day) y = 0.57x + 3.52 (r = 0.955) indicating the endogenous excretion rate of 3.5 mmol/day and the metabolic availability of 57% of ingested purines. As the ratio of urate to allantoin increased with purine intake, individual equations were established for both metabolites. On the control diet + RNA and SCP diet (100% replacement for casein), purine intakes of 20.0 and 18.2 mmol/day resulted in purine excretion values of 7.3 and 11.4 mmol/day (P less than 0.05). The proportion of free bases in the latter diet appeared as the main reason for this differences. Other influences are discussed. PMID- 6750054 TI - Plasma magnesium levels as influenced by cold exposure in fed or fasted sheep. AB - Eight ewes weighing about 52 kg were used in a 2 X 2 factorial arrangement of treatments replicated with temperature reversal to determine the effect of cold exposure on plasma Mg, Ca, free fatty acids (FFA), glucose and insulin concentrations and on renal clearance of Mg and Ca. Closely sheared ewes were fed a complete mixed diet at either 1.5% of body weight with no pretreatment fast or fed ad libitum followed by fasting 3 days before initiation of temperature treatments. Fasting superimposed on cold exposure reduced (P less than 0.01) plasma Mg at 1 hour after exposure to cold, and this effect continued during the cold treatment period, whereas Mg concentration was not significantly affected in fed sheep. Plasma FFA measured across temperature treatments was increased (P less than 0.01) by fasting. FFA measured across dietary treatments was only slightly increased by cold exposure. Plasma glucose levels of fasting sheep were lower (P less than 0.05) than those of fed sheep; however, levels rose (P less than 0.05) after exposure to cold. A tendency for plasma insulin to increase after cold stress was observed. Renal clearances of Mg and Ca were markedly reduced (P less than 0.01) by fasting, but clearance was not changed by cold stress. These results suggest that exposure to cold (2-5 degrees) and a deficient dietary intake synergistically reduce plasma Mg in sheep. PMID- 6750055 TI - Longitudinal study of adiposity in chickens selected for high or low abdominal fat content: further evidence of a glucose-insulin imbalance in the fat line. AB - Selected fat (FL) or lean (LL) lines of chickens have been further studied. Total lipid and abdominal fat content and size of adipocytes isolated from the gizzard were significantly increased in both sexes of the fat line from 2 to 4 weeks of age onwards. The divergence in abdominal fat content was maximum at 9 weeks of age. Both in the fed and the fasted state, the plasma glucose level was lower in FL than in LL chickens, at hatching and shortly after. This was not, however, associated with higher plasma insulin levels in FL chickens. At 2 weeks of age, insulin content of the pancreas did not differ. From 5-8 weeks of age after ad libitum refeeding or forced-feeding following a fast, plasma glucose increased to similar levels in both lines but in contrast, plasma insulin levels were largely enhanced in FL chickens. At 17 weeks of age, glucose clearance was faster in FL chickens and associated with a slightly (although nonsignificant) higher insulin release. In eggs laid by FL hens, yolk weight was disproportionately increased and albumen glucose content was decreased. During the last third of embryonic development, plasma glucose levels were similar in both lines at the F4 generation and in contrast lower in the FL embryos at the F5 generation. The physiological situation of FL chickens appears therefore very similar to short lived preobese state observed in mammals. PMID- 6750056 TI - Re-evaluation of the role of carbon monoxide in production or aggravation of cardiovascular disease processes. AB - As an environmental pollutant carbon monoxide (CO) is without equal with regard to ubiquity. Data suggesting adverse effects on the human cardiovascular system associated with CO exposure have engendered concern. In contrast to previous reviewers, our evaluation of the available studies suggests that this concern is largely unwarranted. We found no convincing evidence to support the conclusion that chronic CO exposure increases the risk of developing clinically significant atherosclerotic disease. Acute, low level, Co exposure has been shown to reduce exercise performance. We believe that this effect does not represent a specific toxic action of CO, but is instead a consequence of the induced hypoxia. Finally, we conclude that low to moderate level CO exposure does not adversely affect cardiac rhythm in man. PMID- 6750057 TI - Nasal carcinoma in woodworkers: a review. AB - Analysis of data from 12 countries revealed that 61.3% of cases of primary cancer of the upper respiratory tract, and 78.5% of those classified as adenocarcinoma, observed in areas in which furniture making or other manipulation of wood was an important occupation, had occurred in woodworkers. Machine sanding of hardwoods may entail an especially high risk of development of cancer within the sinonasal area. The data suggest that, although the mean period of latency for development of sinonasal cancers is of the order of 40 to 45 years, the period of exposure to wood dust that may result in the development of mucosal neoplasms may be considerably shorter. PMID- 6750058 TI - Occupational asthma: an overview. PMID- 6750059 TI - Parental occupations and cancer in children--a case-control study and review of the methodologic issues. AB - The findings of a number of published reports have been conflicting with regard to the role of parental occupation in the occurrence of cancer in children. In the present study, the occupations and occupational exposures of parents before and after the birth of a child who later developed leukemia or a brain tumor (cases) were compared with the occupational experience of parents of children with other cancers and of normal children. Forty-three children diagnosed with leukemia from 1969 through 1974 and 70 children diagnosed with brain tumors from 1965 through 1974 in the Baltimore Standard Metropolitan Statistical Area were ascertained. The findings of the present study do not demonstrate a relationship between parental occupation and occurrence of leukemia or brain tumors in the offspring. The results of this and other studies are evaluated in the context of a number of important but difficult methodologic issues that arise in studies of this potentially significant subject area. PMID- 6750060 TI - Treatment of jaw defects with demineralized bone implants. PMID- 6750061 TI - Experiences with microsurgical reconstruction of the inferior alveolar nerve. PMID- 6750062 TI - Localization of lymphocyte population and their effects in the periodontal tissue. PMID- 6750063 TI - Localization of endotoxin and its role. PMID- 6750064 TI - Plant hallucinogens, sexuality and shamanism in the ceramic art of ancient Peru. PMID- 6750065 TI - Effect of iron saturation on the bacteriostasis of human serum: in vivo does not correlate with in vitro saturation. AB - Human serum inhibits the growth of a variety of human pathogens. One of the serum bacteriostatic components is transferrin, the major iron-binding protein. In the presence of transferrin, free iron, which is required for bacterial nucleoprotein synthesis, is unavailable and bacterial growth is inhibited. In an in vitro system, we tested the hypothesis that serum with highly saturated transferrin allows free iron to be available for rapid bacterial growth. We first confirmed the finding that addition of ionic iron sufficient to saturate transferrin in normal sera inhibits the bacteriostatic activity for Escherichia coli. In contrast, no differences were found in the growth rate of E. coli in sera from individuals representing the entire range of transferrin saturation found in humans (iron-deficient, normal, and thalassemic). This finding supports the thesis that iron added in vitro is more easily extracted than in vivo, where it is tightly bound to transferrin, and does not support the contention that ordinary iron treatment predisposes infants to infection. PMID- 6750066 TI - Neonatal hyperinsulinism after short-term maternal beta sympathomimetic therapy. PMID- 6750067 TI - Double-blind multicenter comparison of cyclacillin and amoxicillin for the treatment of acute otitis media. AB - A multicenter double-blind study of 363 pediatric outpatients with acute otitis media demonstrated that cyclacillin, administered in three divided doses (three times a day) for ten days, is as effective as and better tolerated than a similar regimen of amoxicillin. The bacteriologic cure rate for patients with middle-ear cultures was 98% in both treatment groups. Remission of signs and symptoms was significantly faster in the cyclacillin group (3.1 days) than in the amoxicillin group (4.3 days) (P less than 0.05). Of the 179 children treated with cyclacillin, three (1.7%) had drug-related diarrhea in contrast to 18 of the 184 (9.8%) children treated with amoxicillin (P less than 0.01). Cyclacillin produces a rapid resolution of symptoms and a low incidence of diarrhea. PMID- 6750068 TI - Acyclovir therapy of chickenpox in immunosuppressed children--a collaborative study. AB - A randomized double-blind, placebo-controlled, multicenter investigation assessed the usefulness of acyclovir in the treatment of immunosuppressed children with chickenpox. Twelve patients received placebo and eight received acyclovir. If the event of clinical deterioration, patients could be removed from the study to receive acyclovir. Eighteen patients had skin lesions within 96 hours of admission to the study. Nineteen patients had malignancies. The two groups of patients were similar in age, in concomitant or preceding immunosuppressive therapy, in status of malignancy, and in presenting granulocyte and lymphocyte counts. Zoster immune globulin or plasma had been given to 50% of the placebo group but to only 25% of the acyclovir group. One patient in each group had pneumonitis at entry. Of the patients without pneumonitis at entry, five of the 11 placebo patients compared with none of the seven acyclovir patients developed pneumonitis during treatment (P = 0.054). No evidence of toxicity related to acyclovir was observed. PMID- 6750069 TI - Crossed-immunoelectrophoretic analyses of Trypanosoma cruzi epimastigote, metacyclic, and bloodstream forms. AB - Sonicated suspensions of epimastigote, metacyclic, or bloodstream forms of Trypanosoma cruzi were emulsified in Freund's complete adjuvant. Rabbits immunized with epimastigotes or metacyclics received five intramuscular (i.m.) injections of 1 x 10(9) sonicated trypanosomes at weekly intervals. Immunization with bloodstream forms included three i.m. injections of 5 x 10(7) and six injections of 2 x 10(8) sonicated trypanosomes. Selected antisera from these rabbits were employed in crossed immunoelectrophoretic studies against the homologous or heterologous extracts of sonicated trypanosomes. Extracts of epimastigote, metacyclic, and trypomastigotes produced 31, 29, and 11 precipitin peaks respectively against the homologous rabbit antisera. Tandem, crossed immunoelectrophoresis of these extracts against antiepimastigote or antimetacyclic sera revealed that epimastigotes or metacyclics may each have at least four antigens that did not appear to be shared by the other, whereas each of these forms may have at least eight or nine antigens that were not detected with extracts from trypomastigotes. Cross-absorptions of antiepimastigote or antimetacyclic sera with live trypanosomes caused marked reductions in the numbers of precipitin peaks formed against the homologous extracts, but cross absorptions with sonicated suspensions of epimastigotes or metacyclics showed that epimastigotes or metacyclics each have at least two antigens that were not detected in extracts of the other. Differentiation appeared to be accompanied by antigenic change. More antigens appear to be shared by epimastigotes and metacyclic forms than by trypomastigotes and epimastigotes or metacyclics. PMID- 6750070 TI - Fansidar prophylaxis, therapy, and immune responses in rodent malaria (Plasmodium berghei). AB - In order to determine the effect of Fansidar on plasmodial infection in mice, outbred, adult, Swiss-Webster mice were treated with Fansidar (20 mg sulfadoxine and 1 mg pyrimethamine/kg body weight) at various intervals before and/or after inoculation with blood stages of Plasmodium berghei. Drug therapy resulted in cure if it was given before the parasitemia rose to 53%. Oral administration of Fansidar was more effective in reducing or preventing parasitemia than intramuscular injection. Fatal infections were prevented if mice were treated orally with one dose of Fansidar 2 days before inoculation with P. berghei, whereas only partial protection occurred in animals treated 4 or more days before inoculation. Fansidar administered on two consecutive days provided protection if the drug was given at 3 and 2 days before inoculation. Administration of Fansidar for three consecutive days protected all animals if given on days 8 to 6 before inoculation. After oral administration of Fansidar, the parasitemia dropped dramatically and was undetectable at 60 hr. At 12 hr after oral treatment, schizonts and trophozoites were numerous, but there were few merozoites. Schizonts were the predominant stage at 24 hr, whereas merozoites predominated at 36 hr. Swiss-Webster and C57BL/6 mice became immune to a lethal dose of P. berghei after 4 cycles of inoculation and drug cure. Protective immunity was still present at 472 days after the fifth parasite inoculation. PMID- 6750071 TI - Observations on two strains of plasmodium falciparum from Haiti in Aotus monkeys. AB - Two strains of Plasmodium falciparum originating in Haiti were studied in the Aotus monkey. The Haitian I/CDC strain was first adapted to in vitro cultivation and subsequently inoculated into monkeys. The Haitian III/CDC strain was inoculated directly from a human patient into the Aotus monkey. The strains varied in their levels of pathogenicity to the animals. The Haitian I/CDC strain was highly virulent in six splenectomized animals; in one intact animal, the infection could be controlled but not eliminated with periodic doses of quinine and chloroquine. After subsequent splenectomy, the animal developed high parasitemias and died. No gametocytes developed in any of the Haitian I infections. The Haitian III strain was lethal to five of the 14 splenectomized monkeys inoculated, but some were able to control their infections without drug intervention. Gametocytes developed in all infections that persisted for an adequate length of time, and infections of mosquitoes were obtained both during the primary attack and the first recrudescence of the parasitemia. Of the mosquitoes tested, Anopheles freeborni was most susceptible to infection, followed by An. culicifacies, An. dirus, An. maculatus, and An. albimanus. The Haitian III strain was successfully transmitted to four other splenectomized Aotus monkeys via sporozoite inoculation using An. freeborni. PMID- 6750072 TI - Split notochord syndrome with dorsal enteric fistula. PMID- 6750073 TI - Maintenance of healed periodontal pockets after a single episode of root planing. AB - The present study evaluated the clinical stability of healed periodontal pockets over a 3 month time period to determine whether this time interval is appropriate for periodontal maintenance therapy. The clinical characteristics of 128 pockets (3-7 mm depth) distributed in 10 patients, were monitored immediately before and 4, 8 and 16 weeks after a single episode of subgingival root planing. The clinical parameters measured were: pocket depth and bleeding after probing with 15, 25 and 50 gm and manual probing, gingival margin location, clinical attachment level, and gingival and plaque indices. Oral hygiene instruction and supragingival cleaning were given at each time point. An average aggregated score for each subject and for each parameter was calculated at each time point. A repeated measure all within analysis of variance was done, and the Tukey multiple range test was used to assess the significance of differences among and between the means. The significant decreases in plaque, gingival and bleeding indices, and pocket depth as well as the significant gingival recession and gain of clinical attachment which were present at the 4 week point were maintained at 8 and 16 weeks after root planing. It was concluded that the favorable clinical changes which occur in periodontal pockets within 1 month after a single episode of subgingival root planing combined with improved oral hygiene can be maintained for an additional 3 month time period. PMID- 6750074 TI - Robert Neumann: a pioneer in periodontal flap surgery. AB - The contributions of Robert Neumann to the development of periodontal flap surgery are acknowledged. Neumann, born in 1882 was the leader of the Berlin group of dentists who advocated "the radical surgical treatment of pyorrhea". This approach was widely reported in European journals and sometimes referred to as the "Neumann operation". A biographical sketch and detailed descriptions of his operative procedures are included. Some of the historical background surrounding the priority question in the development of flap surgery is outlined. PMID- 6750075 TI - Proceedings from the State of the Art Workshop on Surgical Therapy for Periodontitis. Sponsored by National Institute of Dental Research, National Institutes of Health May 13-14, 1981 Workshop background paper. PMID- 6750076 TI - Histologic evaluation of new attachment in human intrabony defects. A literature review. PMID- 6750077 TI - Enzyme immunoassay of cyclazocine using peroxidase as label. AB - A sensitive enzyme immunoassay for the determination of serum or urinary cyclazocine was developed. Horseradish peroxidase was used as the labelling enzyme; it was conjugated with cyclazocine derivatives by the mixed anhydride method. After the immune reaction, bound and free fractions were separated by a double-antibody solid-phase method, using Sepharose 4B gel coupled with purified IgG from goat anti-rabbit IgG serum. The enzyme activity was measured fluorophotometrically, with p-hydroxyphenyl propionic acid and hydrogen peroxide as substrates. The correlation coefficients verified that there was excellent agreement between the results obtained by the new enzyme immunoassay and those of radioimmunoassay (r=0.92) and gas chromatography-mas spectrometry (r=0.94). PMID- 6750078 TI - Enzyme immunoassay for cuprozinc-superoxide dismutase in serum and urine. AB - A highly sensitive enzyme immunoassay system for the determination of cuprozinc superoxide dismutase (Cu,Zn-SOD) in serum and urine by using beta-galactosidase as a labeling enzyme is reported. This assay had a greater sensitivity than that of previously reported radioimmunoassay methods and could measure from 0.05 to 10.0 ng of Cu,Zn-SOD with good reproducibility. Coefficients of variation for this enzyme immunoassay were 2.8-8.3% within a day and 5.6-16.1% between days. The average recoveries were 96-103% from sera and 96-105% from urines, respectively. Using this enzyme immunoassay, serum Cu,Zn-SOD concentrations increased significantly in patients with renal diseases and were slightly elevated in patients with liver diseases. Urinary Cu,Zn-SOD appeared to be the highest in all renal diseases. By immunofluorescent staining, Cu,Zn-SOD was located in the thickened portions of the glomerular basement membrane and proliferating mesangial cells of the kidney tissue from a patient with membranous glomerulonephritis. PMID- 6750079 TI - Oxygen--insensitive nitrofuran reductases in Salmonella typhimurium TA100. AB - The present study demonstrated by DEAE-cellulose column chromatography that oxygen-insensitive nitrofuran reductases in Salmonella typhimurium TA100 consisted of at least two reductases, NADPH- and NAD(P)H-linked enzymes. The NADPH- and NADH-linked activities of the latter enzyme seemed to originate from a single enzyme, because both activities were similarly inactivated by heat and urea treatments, and also inhibited by dicumarol. On the other hand, the NADPH linked enzyme was less sensitive to heat, urea and dicumarol. Furthermore, the study showed that the NAD(P)H-linked enzyme was a flavoenzyme which could be inactivated by dialysis against 1 M potassium bromide and reactivated by FMN. PMID- 6750080 TI - Microencapsulation IV: Cross-linked hemoglobin microcapsules. AB - Hemoglobin microcapsules were prepared through cross-linking of hemoglobin itself with various acyldichlorides. Variations in the reticulation conditions were preformed in order to ameliorate the oxygen dissociation curve, the mean diameter, and the possibility for the microcapsules to be lyophilized. With terephthaloylchloride, as the cross-linking agent, incorporation of inositol hexaphosphate and glucose, followed by stabilization through glutaraldehyde and using high stirring speed, allowed preparation of stable hemoglobin microcapsules, 5 micrometers in diameter, which suffered rapid lysis by proteases. They were able to ensure oxygen transfer: the dissociation curve was sigmoidal with a p50 = 13 mm Hg. They retained these properties after lyophilization followed by rehydration. PMID- 6750081 TI - Involvement of endogenous prostaglandin I2 in the vascular action of histamine in dogs. AB - In helical strips of dog mesenteric and gastroepiploic arteries contracted with prostaglandin (PG) F2 alpha, the addition of histamine (10(-6) M) caused a relaxation, which was markedly attenuated by treatment with aspirin, indomethacin or tranylcypromine. Treatment with chlorpheniramine prevented the inhibitory effect of aspirin or tranylcypromine. Combined treatment with chlorpheniramine plus aspirin or tranylcypromine slowed the development of histamine-induced relaxations as did the treatment with chlorpheniramine alone. Relaxations of mesenteric and gastroepiploic arteries induced by histamine were markedly attenuated or abolished by combined treatment with chlorpheniramine and cimetidine. Histamine-induced relaxations of coronary and renal arterial strips were suppressed by cimetidine alone but were unaffected by aspirin. Contractile responses of cerebral arterial strips to histamine were attenuated by chlorpheniramine and potentiated by aspirin. The collagen-induced platelet aggregation was inhibited by treatment with bathing media in which mesenteric arteries were stimulated by histamine; the inhibition was prevented by treatment of the arteries with aspirin. It may be concluded that relaxation of mesenteric and gastroepiploic arteries induced by histamine is mainly associated with the release of prostaglandin I2 from the arterial wall, which results from an activation of histaminergic H1 receptors. Histamine-induced cerebroarterial contractions mediated via H1 receptors appear to be partly counteracted by prostaglandin I2 released. PMID- 6750083 TI - A new method to measure the stresses deforming and separating living cells. PMID- 6750082 TI - Diuretic and natriuretic effects of nifedipine on isolated perfused rat kidneys. AB - The effects of nifedipine, a vasodilating drug which acts through calcium antagonism, were studied in vitro using isolated perfused rat kidneys. Most of the nifedipine was neither metabolized nor excreted by this preparation. Four doses were tested: 50, 250, 500 and 750 nM. The two higher concentrations enhanced urine flow and sodium (UNaV) and potassium excretion. Tubular reabsorption of sodium was reduced compared to untreated control kidneys. The glomerular filtration rate was not modified but the filtration fraction decreased. The magnitude of urine volume, UNaV, urinary potassium excretion and filtration fraction changes were related to the dose of nifedipine. The decrement of total renal resistance and the increment of UNaV were correlated for 500 and 750 nM nifedipine (n = 13; r = -0.77; P less than .001), suggesting that it acted by dilating the renal vascular bed. Nifedipine at 250, 500 and 750 nM significantly increased the renin secretion rate compared to that of untreated control kidneys. When renin secretion was enhanced by 50 nM isoproterenol, this stimulatory effect was enhanced in kidneys concomitantly treated with 500 and 750 nM nifedipine. Dihydralazine, another vasodilating drug, was tested at a comparable molar dose (500 nM) and induced similar changes in urine volume, UNaV, urinary potassium excretion and Na reabsorption. The variations in total renal resistance and UNaV were also inversely correlated (n = 8; r = -0.68; P less than .05). Dihydralazine did not modify renin secretion rate significantly. These results suggest that: 1) both nifedipine and dihydralazine increase diuresis, natriuresis and kaliuresis in the isolated perfused rat kidney and 2) nifedipine enhances basal renin release from the juxta-glomerular cells and potentiates renin release caused by beta receptor stimulation. PMID- 6750084 TI - Effects of the autonomic system on insulin release in response to exogenous glucose in weaned lambs. AB - 1. The role of the autonomic innervation to the pancreas in mediating the release of insulin in response to exogenous glucose has been investigated in conscious weaned lambs 4-5 months after birth. 2. The incremental rise in mean plasma insulin concentration was consistently lower in lambs with cut splanchnic nerves, which had been pre-treated with atropine (0.2 mg kg-1), than in normal control lambs, although the differences did not achieve statistical significance. 3. Pre treatment with propranolol (0.25 mg kg-1) effectively suppressed release of insulin in response to exogenous glucose in atropinized lambs with intact splanchnic nerves, but not in atropinized lambs with cut splanchnic nerves. 4. The rise in mean plasma insulin concentration was significantly greater in lambs pre-treated with atropine (0.2 mg kg-1) and phentolamine (0.1 mg kg-1 initially, followed by 0.02 mg kg-1 min-1) than in atropinized lambs with cut splanchnic nerves. 5. It is concluded that release of insulin in response to exogenous glucose is normally modified by both sympathetic alpha-adrenergic inhibition and beta-adrenergic excitation in this species. PMID- 6750085 TI - [Rheology of red cell ]. PMID- 6750086 TI - Herpes: facts and fallacies. PMID- 6750087 TI - Five-year survey of treatment with removable partial dentures. Part I. AB - A survey involving 137 patients treated with 203 removable partial dentures was conducted in England, the Netherlands, and the United States from samples of 1 year and 5-year posttreatment data. The objectives were to (1) develop a practical clinical and radiologic method to evaluate the results of removable partial denture treatment and (2) establish baseline values and results of removable partial denture treatment for use by all investigators. The results indicated the following: 1. Gingival pocket depth around abutment teeth was reduced at posttreatment examination. 2. There was an increase in posttreatment abutment teeth mobility that was greater in mandibular than maxillary teeth. Mobility increase was less for abutment teeth than for control teeth. 3. There was a slight loss of bone around abutment teeth that was about equal to loss around control teeth. 4. Oral care (plaque index) showed that 62.4% of all tooth surfaces had plaque accumulation at posttreatment examination. 5. Eleven of 616 abutment teeth (1.78%) were extracted. PMID- 6750088 TI - Esthetic considerations in the use of face-bows. PMID- 6750089 TI - The stressed pulp condition: an endodontic-restorative diagnostic concept. AB - The stressed pulp condition is a clinical concept that describes pulps that have received repeated previous injury and survived with diminished responses and lessened repair potentials. Before performing restorative dentistry the dentist should conduct a comprehensive pulpal health evaluation on teeth to be restored. This evaluation should include (1) traditional pulp-testing methods and (2) a review of the past, present, and planned future treatment of the tooth. This analysis will usually identify teeth with stressed pulp conditions. Teeth with stressed pulps should be treated before complex restorative dentistry. PMID- 6750090 TI - A comparative study of the strength of aluminous porcelain jacket crowns constructed with the conventional and twin foil technique. AB - The purpose of this study was to evaluate and compare the strength of aluminous porcelain jacket crowns made in the following manners: (1) the conventional technique, (2) the conventional technique with a pure alumina insert, (3) the twin foil technique, and (4) the twin foil technique with a pure alumina insert. The conclusions of this investigation can be summarized as follows: 1. Porosity was observed in all the restorations made by each of the techniques. 2. The porosity was greater at the porcelain-platinum foil interface than anywhere else throughout the restoration with both the conventional and twin foil techniques. 3. The porosity seemed to be evenly distributed along the interface, with no concentration in any area. 4. Regardless of the technique, crowns that were more porous fractured at lower values. 5. Crowns built by the twin foil technique were significantly more porous at the interface of the tin-plated platinum and the porcelain core than those built by the conventional technique. 6. Crowns constructed with the conventional technique were significantly stronger than those constructed with the twin foil technique. 7. There was no bond between the core porcelain and the platinum foil matrix in crowns constructed by the conventional technique. 8. There seemed to be a strong bond between the core porcelain and the tin-plated platinum matrix in crowns built by the twin foil technique. 9. The presence or absence of the alumina insert on crowns constructed with the conventional and twin foil technique did not affect the strength of the crowns when tested at the incisal edge. PMID- 6750091 TI - An approach to determining the bond strength of ceramometal systems.